bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Milwaukee County’s Geologic History and Setting
Authors: Wiggers Raymond
Published: October 2024

This chapter delves into the extensive and interconnected field of geology, a fundamental branch of natural history that has evolved over three centuries. The chapter emphasizes historical geology, which integrates findings from paleontology, stratigraphy, petrology, and geochronology to chronicle Earth's 4.54 billion-year history. The geologists' quest to understand the past through rock units and structures is encapsulated in the geologic time scale. The chapter also emphasizes the significance of various geologic periods, particularly the Silurian and Devonian, which shaped Milwaukee County's bedrock and landscapes. By examining the contributions of early geologists and the transformative theories of plate tectonics, the chapter provides a comprehensive view of Earth's dynamic history and its implications for architectural geology in Milwaukee.
Milwaukee: Yankee Hill, Lower East Side, Northpoint, Downer Woods, and Estabrook Park; Village of Shorewood
Authors: Wiggers Raymond
Published: October 2024

This chapter explores Milwaukee's architectural heritage through a diverse array of landmarks, such as the Immanuel Presbyterian Church at 1100 N. Astor Street. The James S. Brown Double House at 1122–1124 N. Astor Street, dating back to ca. 1852, represents Milwaukee's early Federal style architecture. The chapter discusses the Jason Downer House, now the Milwaukee Art Museum Research Center at 1201 N. Prospect Avenue, which stands as a pinnacle of Gothic Revival elegance. The chapter also highlights the George P. Miller House at 1060 E. Juneau Avenue that features Hinckley Sandstone and Cream City Brick, a testament to late nineteenth-century architectural diversity. The St. Paul's Episcopal Church at 914 E. Knapp Street embodies Richardsonian Romanesque grandeur and reflects Milwaukee's deep architectural and geological richness.
Liminal Minorities
Authors: Tezcür Günes Murat
Published: October 2024

This book addresses the question of why some religious minorities provoke the ire of majoritarian groups and become targets of organized violence, even though they lack significant power and pose no political threat. The book argues that these faith groups are stigmatized across generations, as they lack theological recognition and social acceptance from the dominant religious group. Religious justifications of violence have a strong mobilization power when directed against liminal minorities, which makes these groups particularly vulnerable to mass violence during periods of political change Offering the first comparative-historical study of mass atrocities against religious minorities in Muslim societies, the book focuses on two case studies—the Islamic State's genocidal attacks against the Yezidis in northern Iraq in the 2010s and massacres of Alevis in Turkey in the 1970s and 1990s—while also addressing discrimination and violence against followers of the Baha'i faith in Iran and Ahmadis in Pakistan and Indonesia. The book reveals how religious stigmatization and political resentment motivate ordinary people to participate in mass atrocities.
Liminality in the Broader Muslim World
Authors: Tezcür Günes Murat
Published: October 2024

This chapter provides historical narratives of the experiences of Baha'is in Iran and Ahmadis in Pakistan and Indonesia. Emerging as messianic movements in the late nineteenth century, Baha'is and Ahmadis challenged established Islamic orthodoxies, particularly regarding the finality of prophecy. The chapter reveals how the Baha'is and Ahmadis have been persecuted primarily due to their theological differences, which have fueled sustained campaigns of stigmatization led by clerical authorities. Unlike Yezidis and Alevis, who faced historical massacres but less state-led persecution, Baha'is and Ahmadis contend with legal frameworks that explicitly deny them basic citizenship rights, exacerbating their marginalization. The chapter covers the ongoing persecution of Baha'is and Ahmadis, underscoring the deep theological discomfort these communities provoke within mainstream Islamic interpretations.
Religious Liminality and Societal Discrimination in a Global Perspective
Authors: Tezcür Günes Murat
Published: October 2024

This chapter cites the Alevis in Turkey, Yezidis in Iraq, Baha'is in Iran, and Ahmadis in Pakistan as paradigmatic examples of liminal religious minorities facing constant questioning and stigmatization by dominant majorities. These groups have endured significant official and societal discrimination, a phenomenon not confined to Muslim-majority regions but also evident in South America and Europe. The chapter probes whether Jehovah's Witnesses and other non-Muslim liminal minorities share similar experiences and advances the understanding of global religious discrimination through the lens of liminality. The chapter employs a mixed-method approach, combining quantitative analyses with case studies to examine discrimination patterns against both liminal and non-liminal religious groups across fifty-one countries. It finds that liminal minorities, irrespective of their geographic location, are more likely to face societal discrimination compared to non-liminal groups, underscoring the universal impact of liminality on religious minority experiences worldwide.
Conclusion
Authors: Tezcür Günes Murat
Published: October 2024

This chapter addresses the potential for interreligious relations to move beyond liminality and achieve progressive change, examining the factors that can lead to the emancipation of liminal minorities and foster greater harmony. It argues that neither democracy nor secularism alone is sufficient to end liminality as democracy's majority rule can amplify antiliminal sentiments, while secularism can provoke resentment among those feeling excluded from the political system. It also suggests that transformative changes in religious teachings are essential for granting recognition to stigmatized groups and promoting genuine interfaith coexistence. The chapter highlights the importance of considering religious faith's role in shaping political behavior and calls for nuanced, context-specific approaches to studying religious demographics and discrimination. It reflects on the need for broader historical and geographical perspectives to understand the conditions under which religiously inspired violence gains popular support and the strategies that can counteract such discourses.
Ecologizing Education
Authors: Blenkinsop Sean , Kuchta Estella C.
Published: October 2024

Going beyond “green” schooling programs that aim only to shape behavior, this book advances a pedagogical approach that seeks to instill eco-conscious and socially just change at the cultural level. Ecologizing education, as this approach is called, involves identifying and working to overcome anti-ecological features of contemporary education. This approach aims to develop a classroom culture in sync with the more-than-human world where diversity and interdependency are intrinsic. The book illustrates this educational paradigm shift through the real-world stories of two public elementary schools located in British Columbia. It shows that this approach to learning starts with recognizing the environmental and social injustices that pervade our industrialized societies. By documenting how ecologizing education helps children create new relationships with the natural world and move toward mutual healing, the book offers a roadmap for what may be the most potent chance we have at meaningful change in the face of myriad climate crises. The book is vital reading for any parent, caregiver, environmentalist, or educator looking for wholistic education that places nature and the environment front and center.
Notes and Notetakers
Authors: Cribiore Raffaella
Published: October 2024

This chapter describes the realm of annotations, noting their close connection to both the recorder and the user. Notes offer a unique insight due to their direct association with those who create and utilize them. The chapter aims to categorize contexts where note-taking was prevalent, shedding light on various situations where authors relied on notes for their written projects. The chapter sociohistorically filters selection and analysis of annotations, focusing mainly on literary, rhetorical, philosophical, medical, and religious figures in late antiquity, as well as authors of miscellanies originating from notes. It acknowledges the limitations in categorizing notes and discourses about them and sets the stage for a more in-depth exploration in subsequent parts, particularly regarding notes derived from teachers' words.
Notae of Stenographers
Authors: Cribiore Raffaella
Published: October 2024

This chapter explores the role of stenographers in recording viva voce texts, highlighting their presence during lectures and speeches to accurately transcribe spoken words without much initiative. Unlike students who also listened to lecturers, stenographers required special training in tachygraphic signs and were professionals compensated for their work. The chapter discusses the potential presence of stenographers in the classes of Epictetus and Didymus the Blind, with a focus on the quality of their notes, their competencies, and their social and educational standing. The chapter scrutinizes historical evidence that suggests that stenographers were crucial for accurately recording speeches and sermons, despite being often accused of imprecision and omissions. It underscores the credibility and precision of stenographers, who played a vital role in the educational and literary traditions of antiquity.
Epictetus and the World of Culture
Authors: Cribiore Raffaella
Published: October 2024

This chapter examines Epictetus's use of rhetoric, emphasizing his debt to the prevalent practices of his time. Epictetus's writings feature dialogic parts, solo performances, the argumentative technique of antithesis, and impersonation speeches, necessitating an analysis of whose voices are heard in the Discourses. The chapter emphasizes how Epictetus valued practical application over theoretical knowledge, contrasting traditional education's focus on reading and writing with his viva voce instruction. The chapter examines Epictetus's use of Homeric texts and humor that further illustrated his pedagogical approach, blending ethical lessons with familiar cultural references. The Discourses ultimately portray a dynamic classroom environment where Epictetus's rhetorical skills and philosophical insights intertwine to educate and challenge his students.
Notes from Athens
Authors: Cribiore Raffaella
Published: October 2024

This chapter examines the discovery of the Roman villa at Herculaneum, now known as the Villa dei Papiri, which contained a vast library of carbonized book rolls. Likely belonging to Lucius Calpurnius Piso, son-in-law of Julius Caesar, the villa's library held philosophical works, especially those of the Epicurean Philodemus. The chapter reveals Philodemus's dedication to Epicurean philosophy and his efforts to transplant its teachings to Italy, possibly due to a crisis in the Epicurean Garden in Athens. The chapter discusses Philodemus's work On Frank Criticism as part of his broader ethical inquiries and his admiration for his teacher Zeno. It sheds light on ancient philosophical education and the transmission of philosophical ideas in antiquity.
Women and the Emerging Postwar Camorra
Authors: Allum Felia
Published: October 2024

The chapter examines the stories and experiences of Camorra women from the 1950s through the 1980s. During the postwar period, the rhetoric of Italian mafias regarded women of all ages were incapable of being involved in criminal activities. The chapter elaborates on the criminal landscape pre-1982 to highlight that women were more active and significant than suggested. In the immediate postwar era, women either worked in the illegal economy in their street-level flats or were close or related to emerging camorristi. The chapter also focuses on the narratives of women who have their respective social capital, influence, and power.
“Bent on Making Quick Money”
Authors: Fulton R. E.
Published: October 2024

This chapter details how Josephine McCarty reconnected with Milton Thomson in Utica, after her failed marriage and losing custody of her children. In the 1850s, an American woman separated from her husband occupied a fairly limited social position. Without a legal divorce, she could not remarry, but without a husband's income, she had to find ways of supporting herself financially. Tom offered her financial support. The chapter considers how women could and did own and run businesses in the mid-1800s, occasionally with the assistance of husbands or male family members, but often independently. Adolphus Ranney, a New York publisher originally from the Utica area, gave Josephine her first sales job. Whatever he paid her, Ranney gave Josephine a foot in the door to a new and more exciting job: that of political lobbyist. The chapter discusses how Josephine moved on to the Female Medical College of Pennsylvania and the chaotic profession of medicine. Feminism was not the only reason for a woman to attend medical school in the 1850s; many women who went to medical school in the early years also saw medical practice as a lucrative means of self-support.
The Privilege of Murder
Authors: Fulton R. E.
Published: October 2024

This chapter recounts how Josephine McCarty shot Milton Thomson after he refused to support their children. However, the bullet failed to kill Milton Thomson and instead killed his nephew, Henry Hall. Josephine's crime was big news—and so was she. In the days following the shooting, as news of the crime spread from Utica to the rest of the nation, the woman who killed the wrong man became a source of rampant curiosity. By the weekend, all the major papers were trading various versions of Josephine's biography, with an emphasis on her career as an abortionist, her stint as a Confederate spy, and her repeated intrigues with powerful men from Albany to Washington to Philadelphia. In addition to the prisoner's biography and updates on her children, the Utica Daily Observer offered its readers a little primer on the law: the law had no specific rule defining the appropriate punishment for a person who, in the process of trying to murder one person, accidentally killed another. As a white woman on trial for murder in the United States in the nineteenth century, Josephine was simultaneously privileged and disadvantaged by her own gender. It all came down to what kind of woman Josephine McCarty was.
Mrs. McCarty Takes the Stand
Authors: Fulton R. E.
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses the start of Josephine McCarty's murder trial. By the third day of the trial, the prosecution had established a compelling picture of a jealous woman who had planned the murder of her former lover—and then bungled it. Now it was up to Lewis Babcock and his colleagues to convince the jury and present an alternative reading of Josephine's story. Josephine had never met Henry Hall, and he had never done anything to harm her. Milton Thomson, on the other hand, had beaten her down over eighteen years. Babcock basically accused Thomson of his own attempted murder. He was relying on something considerably stronger than state law: moral outrage at a man who had tormented the mother of his children. The following morning, Josephine McCarty would take the stand and tell the jury her life story. That narrative would serve to implicate not only Milton Thomson but also almost every man in Josephine's life in a pattern of unmanly manipulation, seduction, and violence that had broken her down over the years until, faced with the ultimate shame and rejection, she resorted to the only remedy she had left against the battering of male cruelty.
The Unwritten Law
Authors: Fulton R. E.
Published: October 2024

This chapter examines the efforts of the defense team to convince the jury that Josephine McCarty was insane at the time of the murder. Everyone who had known Josephine in the months leading up to 1872, from her friends and neighbors to her own son, agreed that she had been anxious, irrational, and paranoid. Taken together, their testimony painted a picture of a woman on the verge of a mental breakdown. There was just one problem: none of the defense's witnesses were doctors. Without expert witnesses, Josephine's insanity defense would fall flat. In the case of the insanity defense, lawyers often used medical evidence to build a narrative that had very little to do with medicine and everything to do with notions of gender, honor, and family that mattered much more to juries than the definition of insanity. In doing so, they invoked what legal historians call the “unwritten law.” This unique form of the insanity defense can be traced back to a specific case: the 1859 murder trial of Daniel E. Sickles.
The Smoking Pistol
Authors: Fulton R. E.
Published: October 2024

This chapter details how the murder trial of Josephine McCarty entered its final week on May 13, 1872. Despite the lull in public interest, Monday morning would see the prosecution's star witness on the stand. His name was John Perdue Gray, the superintendent of the New York State Lunatic Asylum in Utica and a former president of the state medical society. In his judgment, Josephine's defense had met neither of the criteria for temporary insanity: her attack had a clear motive easily explained by something other than madness, and none of the emotional blows and health problems she had described amounted to an “efficient predisposing case” of insanity. The following morning, the prosecution called Judson Andrews of the State Lunatic Asylum to the stand. Like his colleague Gray, he denied that Josephine's case could be considered one of transitory mania; she was, in his view, definitely sane.
Unexpected Revolutionaries
Authors: Moschella Manuela
Published: October 2024

This book investigates the institutional transformation of central banks from the 1970s to the present. Central banks are typically regarded as conservative, politically neutral institutions that uphold conventional macroeconomic wisdom. Yet in the wake of the 2008 global financial crisis and the 2020 COVID-19 crisis, central banks have upended observer expectations by implementing largely unknown and unconventional monetary policies. Far from abiding by well-established policy playbooks, central banks now engage in practices such as providing liquidity support for a wide range of financial institutions and quantitative easing. They have even stretched the remit of monetary policy into issues such as inequality and climate change. This book argues that the political nature of central banks lies at the heart of these transformations. While formally independent, central banks need political support to justify their policies and powers, and to obtain it, they carefully manage their reputation among their officials, market actors, and citizens. Challenged by reputational threats brought about by twenty-first-century recessionary and deflationary forces, central banks, such as the Federal Reserve System and the European Central Bank, strategically deviated from orthodox monetary policies to preempt or manage political backlash and to regain public trust. Central banks thus evolved into a new role only in coordination with fiscal authorities and on the back of public contestation. The book is necessary reading for discussions on the future of the neoliberal macroeconomic regime, the democratic oversight of monetary policymaking, and the role that central banks can or cannot play in our domestic economies.
Central Banks as Political Institutions
Authors: Moschella Manuela
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses the transformation that has occurred in central banking and articulates the theoretical arguments developed in this book. It begins by situating the central banks' transformation within the scholarship of political economy. In particular, the chapter looks at the literature that helps shed light on the policy choices of central banks and the evolution of macroeconomic regimes. In doing so, it highlights a fundamental distinction between explanations that emphasize the technocratic nature of central banks (the standard view) and those that emphasize their political nature instead. The chapter then presents the book's analytical framework based on the notion of reputation and its importance to the maintenance of political support for public institutions. It applies the notion of reputation to central banks and then elaborates on the empirical expectations that will be assessed in the ensuing empirical analysis.
The US Federal Reserve
Authors: Moschella Manuela
Published: October 2024

This chapter assesses how the US Federal Reserve System responded to the 2008 global financial crisis and the 2020 COVID-19 crisis. The empirical evidence shows that, at the beginning of the crisis period, the Fed's policy responses were significantly shaped by the Fed's attempts to preserve the institution's past reputation. In particular, Fed policymakers were reluctant to engage in policies that would have tainted the institution's anti-inflation and politically neutral reputation. This reluctance translated into cautious policies and untimely attempts at policy “normalization” that weakened the Fed's departure from monetary orthodoxy. A key condition that allowed the Fed to venture into unconventional policies lies in its relationship with US elected policymakers and the US public and the influence that these political audiences exerted on the Fed through reputation protection. Indeed, the Fed's responses to recessionary and deflationary challenges were significantly dependent on supportive actions from US administrations and Congress, which offered the Fed political cover for the adoption of policies that challenged its established conservative and neutral reputation. As time wore on, the reputational threat posed by the politicization of monetary policy among the US public encouraged the Fed to sustain and even deepen its deviation from orthodoxy.
The Last Ta'ifa
Authors: Minnema Anthony H.
Published: October 2024

This book shows how the Banu Hud, an Arab dynasty from Zaragoza, created and recreated their vision of an autonomous city-state (ta'ifa) in ways that reveal changes to legitimating strategies in al-Andalus and across the Mediterranean. In 1110, the Banu Hud lost control of their emirate in the north of Iberia and entered exile, ending their century-long rule. But far from accepting their fate, the dynasty adapted by serving Christian kings, nurturing rebellions, and carving out a new state in Murcia to recover, maintain, and grow their power. By tracing the Banu Hud across chronicles, charters, and coinage, the book shows how dynastic leaders borrowed their rivals' claims and symbols and engaged in similar types of military campaigns and complex alliances in an effort to cultivate authority. It uses the history of the Banu Hud to connect the pursuit of legitimacy in al-Andalus to the politics of other emerging kingdoms and emirates. The actions of Hudid leaders echoed across the region as other kings, rebels, and adventurers employed parallel methods to gain power and resist the forces of centralization, highlighting the constructed nature of legitimacy in al-Andalus and the Mediterranean.
Al-Andalus Regained
Authors: Minnema Anthony H.
Published: October 2024

This chapter offers a reexamination of the career of al-Mutawakkil (r. 1228–1238) and his efforts to unite al-Andalus. In addition to examining chronicles and coinage, the chapter utilizes Arabic diplomatic collections to detail the emir's expansive political vision. The chapter begins by addressing questions surrounding his ancestry and demonstrates how Latin and Arabic sources accepted his Hūdid pedigree. It discusses the grandiosity behind his early activities, including his campaigns and pursuit of ʿAbbāsid recognition. It also elucidates how these expeditions matched his outsized agenda and how caliphal support affected his supporters and opponents. His chancery records show how the emir's administration endeavored to undo the effects of Almohad rule by supporting the return of Mālikī jurisprudence. The chapter then considers his failure to halt the Christian incursions and explores the reasons for his assassination. Although various reversals precipitated the rebellions against him, his decline was not inevitable, and his agenda survived his demise.
The Nameless Coin
Authors: Minnema Anthony H.
Published: October 2024

This chapter looks at Murcia as the region becomes a Castilian protectorate under Bahāʾ al-Dawla (r. 1241–1259). Using Latin, Arabic, and vernacular sources, the chapter outlines the emir's decision to surrender his autonomy to Castile and his argument for the ʿAbbāsids' continued recognition of the dynasty. When Bahāʾ al-Dawla emerged as emir, many cities and elites acknowledged his office, but the quality of their support was dubious, and the emir possessed little or no means to compel obedience. Aragon and Castile meanwhile continued to menace Murcia's northern frontier and seized several strongholds. Facing this combination of dangers, the new emir entered into the costly Treaty of Alcaraz in 1243 with Fernando III, turning Murcia into a Castilian protectorate to safeguard Hūdid governance. The emir's appearance in Castilian documents reveals how he preserved authority by balancing cooperation and defiance. His appearance in Christian charters, along with his building projects, coins, and delegations to Baghdad and Rome, represents a continuation of the dynasty's agenda.
The Energy of Artists
Authors: Pollock Tiffany Rae
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses the concept of phalang or energy as a central theme in the lives and performances of Thai fire dancers. Fire dancers, such as Som and Nu, emphasize the importance of creating, feeling, and transmitting energy to others, which forms the foundation of their skill-building and performance ethos. The chapter highlights Som and Nu’s view of their roles as affective laborers that are responsible for conjuring and controlling energies to impact the feelings and experiences of tourists. The chapter explains how the work of fire dancers emphasizes the porousness of bodies and the circulation of affects on the beaches, expanding the analysis of affective labor to include the interembodied nature of energies. It demonstrates how fire dancers manage moods, vibes, and desires and channel these affects through their performances, which they consider a mark of moral artistry.
The Everyday Comfort of Practice
Authors: Pollock Tiffany Rae
Published: October 2024

This chapter explores Som’s extraordinary skill set with various fire dancing toys, such as poi, sticks, rope dart, fans, double staff, fire juggling, that was developed through his insatiable desire to learn and practice. Som explained the connection between respect and talent, noting that his daily routine involved practicing on the beach, interacting with tourists, watching YouTube videos, and chatting with friends, which embodied the “ordinary affects” of island life. The chapter emphasizes how these ordinary affects, characterized by a mix of liveness, exhaustion, and a dream of escape, illustrate the atmospheric intensities of island tourism that shaped Som’s life rhythms and motivations. Som’s laid-back yet dedicated practice reflects the sabai sabai or content lifestyle, underpinned by the various energies driving him to navigate tourist economies and pursue his extraordinary dreams.
The Gulf Migration System
Authors: Gardner Andrew M.
Published: October 2024

This chapter evaluates the primary waypoints, the principal components, the key relations, and the significant stakeholders that altogether comprise the Gulf migration system. The Gulf migration system can be envisioned as encompassing six destination states in the transnational movement of a massive labor force. Since 1981, those six states have formed the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Proceeding north to south along the western shores of the Persian Gulf, the GCC includes Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, and Oman. Beginning in about 2010, the figure of twenty-five million has been a convenient estimate for the total number of foreigners at work in these six states. Few of the foreigners at work on the Arabian Peninsula desire either naturalization or, more broadly, social integration. Both possibilities are also actively prohibited by the policies put in place by the GCC host states. As a result, the tens of millions of migrants at work in Arabia are best conceived as temporary workers, for the most part. The chapter then looks at the sponsorship system, widely referred to by the Arabic term kafala, which distinguishes the Gulf migration system from many other extant migration systems.
Conclusion
Authors: Gardner Andrew M.
Published: October 2024

This concluding chapter begins by explaining how the evolutions of Mecca place it in the ambit of other cities on the Arabian Peninsula. Like Doha and the other cities of the Arabian Peninsula, Mecca has grown in tandem with an array of different mobilities, regional interconnections, and capital accumulations. In the case of Mecca, those mobilities and connections are all tethered to the Kaaba, the elegant holy cubic structure toward which all Muslims pray, and to the Grand Mosque that surrounds it. The financing of Mecca's recent urban redevelopments also blurs the division between the public and private sectors, as seen in Qatar and elsewhere in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). The chapter then looks at the concept of cultural gravity, before considering the numerous challenges and impediments to the maintenance of cultural diversity in this era of mobility.
Byzantine Media Subjects
Authors: Peers Glenn
Published: October 2024

This book asks readers to think themselves into a world where representation reigned and humans followed, and indeed were formed. Interrogating the fundamental role of representation in the making of the Byzantine human, the book argues that Byzantine culture was (already) posthuman. The Byzantine experience reveals the extent to which media like icons, manuscripts, music, animals, and mirrors fundamentally determine humans. In the Byzantine world, representation as such was deeply persuasive, even coercive; it had the power to affect human relationships, produce conflict, and form self-perception. Media studies has made its subject the modern world, but this book argues for media having made historical subjects. Here, it is shown that media long ago also made Byzantine humans, defining them, molding them, mediating their relationship to time, to nature, to God, and to themselves.
Animal Media and Personhood
Authors: Peers Glenn
Published: October 2024

This chapter examines the role of animals as media subjects in Byzantium, demonstrating how the category of “animal” operates as both spirit and machine to define human identity. Focusing on the illustrated Greek manuscript of the early Christian moralizing handbook, the now-destroyed Physiologus from Smyrna, the chapter explores its significance in Late Byzantine scientific inquiries. The manuscript, reconstituted from photographs and descriptions after its destruction in 1922, reveals how animal acts and voices embody divine will and presence, serving as a technology by which God can be known. This medium, which stores and denatures understanding in vision and speech, shows its media integrity by illustrating divine revelation, such as God appearing to Moses as an icon of the Virgin Mary and Christ child. Contrary to its interpretation as straightforward Christian pedagogy, the manuscript materializes animal vision as a self-fulfilling media process of human formation.
Eddies
Authors: Van Noy Rick
Published: October 2024

This chapter describes a night of restlessness and unexpected encounters during the author's camping trip. It mentions how the sounds of waterfowl disturbed both the author and Sully, the dog, whose restless barking added to the difficulty of falling asleep. The night took an unusual turn when the author woke to find Sully, a natural scavenger, rummaging through the food bag, leading to a brief but tense moment. The chapter narrates how the author broke camp as the morning dawned and began paddling, reflecting on the historical significance of the Lordville bridge and the quirky local character, Boris, whose presence seemed to dominate the area. With a mixture of nostalgia and curiosity, the author navigated the day's challenges, ultimately seeking the solitude and connection with nature that the river journey provided.
Rapids
Authors: Van Noy Rick
Published: October 2024

This chapter starts with a description of the quiet ambiance of a morning rain, where the author, with sore shoulders and bare feet, waited out the droplets before making coffee with a stainless-steel French press. The narrative then transitions to a stroll past Nora's and a visit to 2 Queens Coffee, highlighting a chat with the owner, Martin, who mentions plans for a swim under the bridge. The chapter covers the author's reflection on the inclusivity and sustainability efforts of the coffee shop and the shooting incidents at the Pulse nightclub and Club Q. It recounts the author's journey along the Delaware River, encounters with wildlife, and interactions with local business owners, including Rick Lander of Lander's River Trips, whose business has thrived due to people seeking outdoor activities during the pandemic. The chapter touches on historical aspects of the region, like the impact of tuberculosis and the integrative treatment approaches at Loomis Sanitarium.
The Rolling Spectacle of the Croisière Noire
Authors: Denning Andrew
Published: October 2024

This chapter explores the late 1920s efforts of Panhard & Levassor to tackle fuel supply challenges that had hindered automotive imperialists like Joseph Gallieni and Paul Graetz. In 1929, Panhard organized a tour through French West and Equatorial Africa to demonstrate the viability of wood-fueled trucks. The chapter cites Henri Lena's account of Panhard's journey that highlighted the potential of Africa's forests as a renewable fuel source and framed gasified motors as revolutionary for the colonial–industrial complex. The chapter details how Panhard's expedition revealed the fetishization of automobiles by Europeans, portraying them as powerful deities and integrating automotive empire into European consumer culture. The Croisière Noire expedition exemplified the collaboration between private companies and colonial officials, showcasing the dual impact of automotive empire on both African colonies and European metropolitan life.
The Classroom and the Culture Wars
Authors: Barton Nimisha
Published: October 2024

This chapter examines the culture wars present in classrooms. Academic freedoms and safe spaces are some of the diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) issues present in the classroom for faculty which became proxy conflicts in the wider culture wars. The chapter suggests inclusive teaching as an easy and useful way to implement equitable pedagogical practices. It argues that an education system built upon white supremacy needs more transformative pedagogies. Incorporating a historically informed equity-and-justice framework exposes oversights and biases that fundamentally structure academia and shape the college classroom. The chapter mentions that the COVID-19 pandemic proved how rapidly academia can adapt to a constantly changing world.
Programs and Pedagogical Innovation
Authors: Barton Nimisha
Published: October 2024

This chapter considers the design, structure, and implementation of some of the most effective and innovative scholars' programs. It explains how the scholars' programs provide diversity practitioners the rare opportunity to influence curriculum, guide faculty, and create an integrated system wherein students receive support. Moreover, scholars' programs also offer other opportunities to enhance institutional collaborations. The chapter discusses the extent of the scholar's programs' success while detailing the features of outreach, financial aid, summer bridge programs, and multiyear programming. It also mentions how racial affinity groups became a common way for institutions to attempt to support historically marginalized students and promote their sense of belonging.
Epilogue
Authors: Barton Nimisha
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses transformation justice in higher education. It highlights that transformative efforts in higher education require significant paradigm shifts and new ways of thinking. Historically white colleges and universities (HWCUs) have produced and reproduced a variety of exclusions based on class, gender, ability, and especially race. Though diversity practitioners at HWCUs have certainly made headway over the years, their wins remain partial because they operate within institutions that obscure structural inequality, mask institutional whiteness, and bow under the immense pressure of whitelash. The chapter explains that structural transformation offers ways to disrupt and reverse legacies of exclusion that continue to shape higher education.
Teaching a Dark Chapter
Authors: Weiner Daniela R. P.
Published: October 2024

This book explores how textbook narratives about the Fascist/Nazi past in Italy, East Germany, and West Germany followed relatively calm, undisturbed paths of little change until isolated “flashpoints” catalyzed the educational infrastructure into periods of rapid transformation. Though these flashpoints varied among Italy and the Germanys, they all roughly conformed to a chronological scheme and permanently changed how each “dark past” was represented. Historians have often neglected textbooks as sources in their engagement with the reconstruction of postfascist states and the development of postwar memory culture. But as this book demonstrates, textbooks yield new insights and suggest a new chronology of the changes in postwar memory culture that other sources overlook. Employing a methodological and temporal rethinking of the narratives surrounding the development of European Holocaust memory, the book reveals how, long before 1968, textbooks in these three countries served as important tools to influence public memory about Nazi/Fascist atrocities. As Fascism had been spread through education, then education must play a key role in undoing the damage. Thus, to repair and shape postwar societies, textbooks became an avenue to inculcate youths with desirable democratic and socialist values. The book weds the historical study of public memory with the educational study of textbooks to ask how and why the textbooks were created, what they said, and how they affected the society around them.
History as Political Education
Authors: Weiner Daniela R. P.
Published: October 2024

This chapter evaluates how and why the teaching of contemporary history took center stage during the late 1950s and early 1960s in the three countries under discussion. It illustrates how neofascist and neo-Nazi defacements led to increased educational attention to Fascist/Nazi crimes—especially those against the Jews. Under much greater international scrutiny, West Germany moved more swiftly and comprehensively than Italy. East Germany, which had since the beginning educated its young people about Nazi crimes, also increased its coverage of Jewish victims during this period, likely to keep up with its capitalist neighbor. All this resulted in new generations of textbooks in all three states' contexts. Teaching about the Fascist/Nazi past became a way to “democratize” young people, who many feared were displaying revanchist, neo-Nazi, or neofascist tendencies—an issue that most prominently came to the fore during the transnational “swastika wave” of 1959.
Who Should Poison the People?
Authors: Taylor Scott K.
Published: October 2024

This chapter uses gin to investigate the ethics of the marketplace. It talks about historians studying morality and early capitalism who often highlight the slave–sugar boycott, which connected sugar consumption with Caribbean slavery's horrors. However, long before the sugar boycott, commentators were alarmed by the influx of cheap gin into London's poor neighborhoods, while defenders of the stimulant prioritized economic growth over moral concerns. The chapter notes the critics' argument that psychotropic drugs like gin encouraged idleness, undermining the work discipline of the laboring poor and hindering economic prosperity. As psychotropic drugs increasingly mediated social relationships, Europeans recognized the market's profound impact on both their consuming and moral lives.
Stalinism, the Terror, and Social History
Authors: Goldman Wendy Z.
Published: October 2024

This chapter begins by providing a personal overview of the author's trajectory as a historian of Stalinist society and politics. Beginning in the early 1990s, the author's immersion in the archives demonstrated that Stalinism could best be understood as a dialectical process involving social pressure, state response, and new realities, which posed their own problems in turn. The author is also interested in social antagonisms. For the author, the interplay of broad social forces and state policies “produced a propulsive dialectic that determined the beginning, escalation, and end of the Terror.” Similarly, the author's more recent work has stressed not only state policies like wartime evacuation, rationing, deportation, and labor mobilization, but their dynamic relationship to people's material needs, the flourishing black markets, and widespread disobedience of draconian labor laws.
Stalin as Revolutionary Social Democrat
Authors: Lih Lars T.
Published: October 2024

This chapter explains that Stalin had more in mind than simply inflicting violence, and he took himself seriously as a Marxist and Leninist. Lenin and the Bolsheviks saw themselves as the Russian representatives of Revolutionary Social Democracy. In a typical comment from 1909, Lenin stated flatly that “Bolshevism pursues the tactics of Revolutionary Social Democracy in all fields of struggle, in all fields of activity.” Stalin acquired his essential political identity in his youth and remained loyal to it throughout his life. In his case, this political identity was the detailed and explicit outlook of Revolutionary Social Democracy. But it turns out that Stalin is key to answering the question of why such a central concept can simply disappear. The person most responsible for this outcome is Stalin because in his presentation of “Leninism” and of party history, he simply airbrushed Revolutionary Social Democracy and its spokesman Karl Kautsky out of the picture. The chapter then looks at Stalin's early published writings, particularly Foundations of Leninism, first published in 1924.
Introduction
Authors: Murray Yxta Maya
Published: October 2024

This introductory chapter provides a background of the emergence of activist art and how its authors invented manifold strategies of engagement. The 1990s through the early 2000s witnessed the arts-inflected protests of international activist movements and collectives such as the Zapatista revolution in Chiapas, Italy's pro-immigrants' rights and antiglobalization Tute Bianche movement, and Britain's anticapitalist Reclaim the Streets movement. While theorists were naming artist-activist practices, scholars of color were also recognizing that this valence had special meaning for female and minority artists. The chapter looks at the term “artivism,” the practice of which is rooted in the engagement of women of color artists. The chapter explains that the book studies the practices not only of women of color artists but also queer Black, Brown, Asian, and Indigenous artists, reflecting on the ways in which these creatives relate to contemporary social movements and their legal challenges.
Bounds of Blackness
Authors: Tounsel Christopher
Published: October 2024

Ancient Sudan occupies a central place in the Black American imaginary as an exemplar of Black glory, pride, and civilization, while contemporary Sudan, often categorized as part of “Arab Africa” rather than “Black Africa,” is often sidelined and overlooked. In this pathbreaking book, the author unpacks the vacillating approaches of Black Americans to the Sudanese state and its multiethnic populace through periods defined by colonialism, postcolonial civil wars, genocide in Darfur, and South Sudanese independence. By exploring the work of African American intellectuals, diplomats, organizations, and media outlets, the book shows how this transnational relationship reflects the robust yet capricious terms of racial consciousness in the African Diaspora.
Plain Imperialism
Authors: Tounsel Christopher
Published: October 2024

This chapter investigates Horace R. Cayton Jr.'s life and his significant contributions to African American discourse, particularly regarding Sudan. Born in 1903 to a distinguished family in Seattle, Cayton was exposed early on to influential Black figures and leaders like Booker T. Washington, who stayed at his family's home in 1909. The chapter notes how Cayton's long tenure at the African American Pittsburgh Courier showcased his intellectual vigor, which was evidenced by his controversial claim in 1951 linking American Negro heritage to Sudan. The chapter highlights Cayton's nuanced views on racial solidarity and historical connections that contrasted sharply with earlier engagements, such as Booker T. Washington's silence on Sudanese issues. Cayton's insights foreshadowed later narratives of African American solidarity with marginalized Sudanese communities, reflecting ongoing themes of racial identity and global solidarity amidst colonial contexts.
The Great Divergence
Authors: Tounsel Christopher
Published: October 2024

This chapter explores Andrew Brimmer's early impressions of Sudanese nationhood, beginning with his attendance at the independence celebration on January 1, 1957. As a young economist with the US Federal Reserve Bank mission in Sudan, Brimmer vividly described the event as one of the most remarkable celebrations he had witnessed. Brimmer noted the presence of diplomatic corps and high-ranking Sudanese officials, including a memorable encounter with a Shilluk man dressed in a suit, which highlighted his fascination with Sudanese diversity. The chapter discusses how Brimmer's experiences reflect broader shifts in American perceptions of racial identity during the civil rights era, where terms like “Negro” gave way to “Black.” It explains how the evolution of the terms paralleled changing views on Sudanese identity amidst political turmoil and racial tensions, framing northern Sudanese as oppressors and southern Sudanese as oppressed during the First Sudanese Civil War.
Conclusion
Authors: Tounsel Christopher
Published: October 2024

This chapter reviews the intricate intersection of African American engagement with Sudan, highlighting its evolution from early twentieth-century literary and cultural connections to contemporary diplomatic relations. Sudan has been viewed through lenses of racial kinship during colonial oppression and independence struggles and as a site of complex geopolitical dynamics involving Arab identity and Pan-Africanism. The chapter interrogates how African Americans have navigated these complexities, from supporting Sudanese independence to confronting issues of racial solidarity amidst Sudan's own internal conflicts. The chapter looks back at moments where Sudanese Arabs were framed either as allies or antagonists, reflecting broader shifts in Black diasporic consciousness. It challenges readers to reconsider the boundaries of Blackness and the dynamic nature of racial solidarity within global contexts, offering insights into how these relationships continue to evolve in the twenty-first century.