Evidence of an aseismic slip event continuously driving the 2017 Valparaiso earthquake sequence
Authors: Moutote Luc , Itoh Yuji , Lengliné Olivier , Duputel Zacharie , Socquet Anne 
Published: February 2023

Both laboratory experiments and friction theory predicts that earthquake ruptures do not begin abruptly but are preceded by an aseismic slip acceleration over a finite nucleation zone. Such a nucleation phase may also trigger precursory ruptures known as foreshocks. Therefore, the scalability of the nucleation phase and its detectability before actual earthquakes is an important question with direct implications for earthquake prediction and seismic hazard assessment. Both Slow Slip Events (SSEs) and seismicity rate increase have already been identified before a few large earthquakes and are often interpreted as evidence of their nucleation process. However, such observations still remain scarce and are associated with different characteristic lengths that raise doubt on the actual preparatory nature of these signals. Here, we further study the case of the 2017 Valparaiso Mw= 6.9 earthquake that was preceded both by an SSE and an intense seismicity suspected to reflect the nucleation phase. We further investigate seismic and aseismic interplay over the complete earthquake sequence, from foreshock up to post-mainshock times, to search for a possible connection with the mainshock occurrence. For that, we build a high-resolution catalog (Mc=2) of the region using cutting edge picking tools, reporting more than 100 000 events from 2015 to 2021 (compared with the ~8000 events reported by the Centro Sismol&#243;gico Nacional over the same time-period). First, we search for anomalous seismicity rate increases in the vicinity of the mainshock compared to usual earthquake to earthquake triggering models. Using a modified Epidemic Type Aftershock Sequences model that accounts for short-term incompleteness (Hainzl 2021) and MISD declustering (Marsan and Lenglin&#233; 2008), we highlight a significant over-productive earthquake rate starting within the foreshock sequences and persisting continuously after the mainshock for several days. Then, thanks to repeating earthquakes, we show that the slow slip event is continuously decelerating from the foreshock sequences up to months after the mainshock. The estimated slip rate is lightly impacted by large magnitude occurrences and does not accelerate toward the mainshock or any large magnitude earthquake. The slip estimate from repeaters is also compared with original high-rate GPS observations during the complete 2017 sequence, further supporting the continuity of the slow slip from the foreshock up to post-mainshock times. The joint observation of an SSE and a transient background seismicity continuously from the foreshock up to post mainshock suggests a close connection between the SSE and the seismicity. Results suggest that the unusual seismic and aseismic activity observed do not reflect the nucleation phase accelerating to the mainshock dynamic rupture. The SSE would rather underlie the complete 2017 earthquake sequence, mediating a part of the seismicity, possibly by stress transfer. The resulting seismicity is then further enhanced with usual earthquake to earthquake triggering, building up the sequence. This suggests that high resolution analysis of seismic and aseismic processes over the complete earthquake sequence is needed to properly assess the significance of signals preceding mainshocks.