bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consumers' Processing Mindset As a Moderator of the Effect of Country-of-Origin Product Stereotype
Authors: Yang Chen , Wang Haizhong , Zhong Ke
Published: September 2015

In 2 studies we investigated the relationship between consumers' processing mindset and the effect of a stereotype about developing countries as the country of origin (COO) of a product. Participants were 61 Chinese undergraduate students in Study 1 and 104 Chinese undergraduate students
in Study 2. We found (Study 1) that, relative to a global processing mindset, inducing a local processing mindset effectively decreased negative effects of COO associated with a product made in a developing country. However, we found (Study 2) that the ethnicity of a product made in a developed
country interacted with processing mindset. When the participants' perception of the ethnicity of the product was favorable (e.g., a Swiss watch), those participants who were utilizing a global processing mindset were less likely to have a negative perception about COO than were those who
were utilizing a local processing mindset. These findings show an effective way of weakening negative COO effect of developing countries in different conditions.
Theoretical Issues Associated with Cultural Readiness for End-of-Life Care Planning in Taiwan
Authors: Hsiung Yvonne
Published: September 2015

I examined the use of the transtheoretical model in the context of end-of-life advance care planning in Taiwan. My aim was to address several theoretical concerns given the complexity of characterizing and defining the individual patient's readiness for ACP. I also investigated the
need to design an appropriate stage-based outcome measure, addressed the problem of using inaccurate time points to differentiate among the various ACP stages, and noted difficulties in describing processes of behavioral change. Further research is necessary to understand better how Taiwanese
people with terminal illnesses and their families progress through the process of planning end-of-life treatment and care, in order to shed light on the optimal design of ACP for a Chinese population.
Factors of the safety in bicycle traffic in the City of Zagreb and its surrounding
Authors: Sindik Josko
Published: September 2015

The aim of this study was to determine the differences in underlying factors
of Zagreb cycling, compared to the "types of cyclists" (driving style), i.e.
different ways of using bicycles as a means of transport. The study included
over 3,000 frequent participants in urban traffic cycling, sample of members
of the association Cyclist Union (N = 1259) and snowball sample of "typical"
of cyclists, i.e. people who are using the bike, but are not the members of
the Cyclist Union (N = 1831), using the conveniently assembled questionnaire.
Study participants who bike used in various applications prefer the safest
driving style (only on sidewalks and bike paths / lines). Barriers of the
weather conditions are ubiquitous in the safest driving style. Daily, weekly
and yearly riding a bicycle are more often found in those who prefer the
safest driving style. Cyclists who drive with medium secure style (roads with
less traffic and lower speeds), more often ride a bike, as compared with
those who prefer the safest driving style. Having a better bike line / track
and other infrastructure is the most often considered at those with the
highest risk driving style. The results provide the guidance for local
authorities and for the cyclists to improve the conditions for a safer and
more often by bicycle circulation in the City of Zagreb and its surroundings.
Sustainable planning and tourism development policy exemplified by medieval fortresses along the river Danube
Authors: Belij Srdjan , Ilincic Marina , Belij Jelena , Belij Marija
Published: September 2015

The coastal area of the Danube had the greatest strategic importance in the
preservation of the waterway, which was the most important road in this part
of Europe until the late 19th century. On the banks of the Danube were
located the cradle of many civilizations that were built by European values
and identities created by different people. As a natural border Danube has
played a significant role in military strategy in the struggle for supremacy
and domination of European territories, which are the most significant and
most monumental fortress in Serbia, built right on the banks of the Danube.
Cultural Route ?Fortresses on the Danube?, which floats our sector of the
Danube, displays our most important monuments of military architecture in
this part of Serbia, the preserved remains of seven fortresses: Bac,
Petrovaradin, Belgrade, Smederevo, Ram, Golubacka and Fetislam. Mentioned
fortress are an important resource for sustainable tourism development and an
important part of the cultural corridor not only in Serbia, but also
South-Eastern Europe, which value is recognized by UNESCO. A special segment
of the tourism industry in the development of the Danube region represents
the development of geotourism as tourism specific niche markets Danube
fortresses, and other objects of natural and cultural heritage of the Danube
basin is recognized as an interesting tourist destinations and sites worth
visiting and retention during a cruise on the Danube. Protection of cultural
heritage as a unique and irreplaceable wealth, is very important for the
Republic of Serbia and the Danube Region. The development of ?cultural
routes? and other forms of cluster connectivity properties of cultural
heritage will help better interpretation of heritage and the creation of
cooperative networks that will provide obtaining the status of an important
heritage resource in the development of cultural tourism and to be involved
in politics purposeful tourism planning. Moreover, investments in the
restoration of the Danube fortress create the conditions for a greater volume
of tourist traffic and a significant share of foreign tourists from cruise
ships in their unique offer.
Exchange rate pass-through and the frequency of price adjustment across different inflation regimes
Authors: Petrovic Pavle , Mladenovic Zorica
Published: September 2015

The paper explores the link between the inflationary environment and the size
of the exchange rate pass-through (ERPT) into domestic prices, as inflation
descends from an extreme, second highest and second longest hyperinflation in
the 20th century, to high and then moderate inflation in Serbia. We found
that ERPT decreases with a decline in the inflation level, variability and
persistence, thus supplementing findings previously acquired in panel studies
across countries. Our findings can be explained by surging empirical evidence
on state contingent behavior of pricing, which indicates a sharp increase in
the frequency of price adjustment as one moves from moderate, via high to
hyperinflation, suggesting that the degree of price rigidities is a key
determinant of the size and speed of ERPT. ERPT estimates are embedded in
careful analysis of inflation episodes in Serbia, showing that hyper and high
inflation episodes subscribe to the same, fiscal explanation, as opposed to
the moderate inflation ones, where supply and demand shocks have been the
main inflation drivers.
Evaluation of life quality in patients with psoriasis
Authors: Stojkovic Tatjana , Hadzi-Pesic Marina , Savic Natasa , Stojkovic Ivan
Published: September 2015

Psoriasis is a disease that has a profound impact on all aspects of life
quality because over years patients are faced not only with poor health, but
also with a number of restrictions imposed by the disease in their
professional, social and emotional life. The aim of the study was to assess
the level of impairment to the life quality in patients with chronic plaque
psoriasis in relation to the clinical status of the disease, disease
duration, and age and gender of the examinees. The cross-sectional study was
conducted at the Clinic for Skin and Venereal Diseases of the Clinical Center
of Nis. The total sample consisted of 142 examinees, 82 in the primary group
(patients with psoriasis), and 60 in the control group (healthy volunteers).
In order to assess the impact of psoriasis on life quality and compare it to
the life quality of healthy population, the DLQI questionnaire (Dermatology
Life Quality Index)was used and the disease severity was estimated based on
the value of the PASI score (Psoriasis Area and Severity Index). The results
showed that the groups of examinees differ appreciably in self-assessment in
all five dimensions of life quality. In patients with psoriasis, there was
statistically significantly lower life quality as a reflection of the disease
severity and subjective perceptions of the disease impact and treatment
impact, but also as a result of a number of restrictions in daily functioning
caused by the disease. Patients with a severer clinical status gave low
ratings to their ability to function in all areas covered by the DLQI
questionnaire, especially in the symptoms and feelings subscale. The results
of our study indicate the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in the
treatment of patients with psoriasis and the possibility of introducing a
supportive therapy, which would, along with a regular dermatological therapy,
notably improve the life quality of these patients.
Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Health-Related Physical Fitness in Secondary School-Aged Male Students With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Pan Chien-Yu , Tsai Chia-Liang , Chu Chia-Hua , Sung Ming-Chih , Ma Wei-Ya , Huang Chu-Yang
Published: September 2015

Background

Recent evidence suggests that childhood obesity is increasing in children with typical development (TD) and in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The associations between physical activity (PA) levels and physical fitness components have not yet been objectively examined in this population but may have clinical implications for the development of secondary health complications.

Objective

The aims of this study were: (1) to compare PA and physical fitness between secondary school-aged male students with ASD and their peers with TD and (2) to assess possible interrelationships between PA and physical fitness levels in each group.

Design

This was a cross-sectional study.

Methods

Physical activity was recorded every 10 seconds by using accelerometry in 70 male students with (n=35) and without (n=35) ASD for up to 5 weekdays and 2 weekend days. The Brockport Physical Fitness Test was used to assess physical fitness.

Results

The primary findings were: (1) participants with ASD were less physically active overall and engaged in moderate-to-vigorous PA for a lower percentage of time compared with participants with TD during weekdays; (2) participants with ASD had significantly lower scores on all physical fitness measures, except body composition; and (3) group-dependent relationships existed between physical fitness profiles and PA levels.

Limitations

The study design limits causal inference from the results.

Conclusion

Specific interventions for maximizing PA and physical fitness levels in secondary school-aged male students with ASD are urgently needed.
Reduced Time and Toxicity with SIB IMRT in Carcinoma Breast
Authors: Agrawal Rashi , Agrawal Sandeep , De Sudarsan
Published: September 2015

Introduction: To reduce treatment duration, we are treating our carcinoma breast patients with simultaneous integrated boost radiotherapy after breast conservation surgery. Here we are presenting our experience at median follow up of three years. Material and methods: Patients having at least 6 months of follow up after completion of radiotherapy were evaluated .All patients were treated with intensity modulated image guided radiotherapy technique. Dose prescribed to clinical target volume breast was 50 Gy in 25 fractions and CTV boost was 60 Gy in 25 fractions. Results: Median age of our patients was 49 years. Five patients (10.2%) had acute grade 2 skin toxicity and all other (89.7%) grade 1.Grade 2 toxicity was noted in patients with pendulous and bulky breast. Average treatment duration was 34 days (range 32-56 days). Median follow up is three years after completion of radiotherapy. Twenty six (53.06 %) patients had late grade zero and twenty three (46.9% ) grade 1 skin reactions.Conclusion: With simultaneous integrated boost in carcinoma breast patients, overall treatment time can be reduced without increasing early and late toxicities. Implementation is easy with decreased replanning workload. Henceforth SIB can be a feasible option for early breast cancer patients.Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(3): 561-565
Flowering Behaviour and Seed Yield of French Bean as Affected by Variety
Authors: Kakon S.S. , Bhuiya M.S.U. , Hossain S.M.A. , Sultana N.
Published: September 2015

The effect of flowering pattern and floral abscission on the yield and yield attributed characters of French bean varieties were studied in a field of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur. There nine varieties were treated- (1) BARI Jharsheem-1 (2) BARI Jharsheem-2 (3) Sylhet local-1 (4) Sylhet local-2 (5) Sylhet local-3 (6) Sylhet local-4 (7) Sylhet local-5 (8) Sylhet local-6 and (9) Sylhet local-7. Among the treatments, the highest number of flower was recorded within 5 to 8 days in BARI Jharsheem-2 although, the maximum flower opened within 5 to 8 days and following ceased within 15 to 20 days after first flowering. The total number of flowers per plant varied between 19.36 to 45.06 and 22.0 to 47.20 in two consecutive years while percentage of pod abscission varied between 70.53 to 82.26 and 73.46 to 80.75 in two consecutive years. The maximum yield of French bean was obtained from BARI Jharsheem-1, however identical yield was obtained from BARI Jharsheem-2 treatment. The flowering pattern and percent abscission as well greater number of pod were found to be the influential character for the highest yield of French bean. In addition, seed yield was strongly correlated to the number of opened flowers as well as number of mature pods.  Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(3): 483-489
Enzymatic Screening and Molecular Characterization of Thermophilic Bacterial Strains Isolated from Hotspring of Tatopani, Bhurung, Nepal
Authors: Adhikari Hriush , Ghimire Sangam , Khatri Binod , K.C. Yuvraj
Published: September 2015

Background and Aim: In Nepal not much of study of Thermophilic area and Thermophiles have been done. Thermophilic bacteria are less studied but are important group of microorganisms due to their ability to produce industrially important enzymes. Methods: In this study, thermophilic bacteria were isolated from hot spring of Bhurung, Nepal. Wide range of bacteria that could grow at high temperatures and tolerate extreme temperature were characterized by morphology, biochemistry and sequencing of its 16S rRNA gene sequence. The isolates were screened for production of extracellular enzymes like protease, amylase, lipase, cellulase, caseinase, pectinase and xylanase activity. Phylogenetic tree construction and G+C content evaluation of the isolate was also studied.Results: 15 isolates with ability to tolerate high temperatures were identified as Bacillus sp. by morphology, biochemistry and sequencing of its 16S rRNA gene sequence. BLAST search analysis of the sequence was performed and result showed maximum identity (99% similarity) with Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus pumilus. Isolated strains exhibited considerable amount of extracellular exozymes activity. Phylogenetic analysis of the isolates revealed the relatedness among the species. The G+C content of each species was also evaluated and was found to be in range of 54.87 to 55.54%.Conclusion: The study of isolates confirmed that the isolated Bacillus sp. to be a true thermophile and could be a source of various thermostable exozymes which can be exploited for pharmaceutical and industrials applications. Much detailed study of the isolates can Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(3): 392-397
DNA extraction technique for different rice varieties grown in Sri Lanka
Authors: Kapilan Ranganathan
Published: September 2015

Extraction of DNA is very important nowadays in bio-molecular researches. Extracted DNA should be purified and the quality of DNA should also be very high. The objective of the study was to develop a simple efficient method to isolate DNA from the rice varieties in an open laboratory environment, and to eliminate the usage of expensive chemicals and tools. The DNA extraction methods developed by the DNeasy plant kit method supplied by QIAGEN, Cheng et al., Doyle et al. and Michiels et al. were applied to five different rice varieties grown in different parts of Sri Lanka. Based on the quantity and quality of the extracted DNA tested by measuring the absorbance of DNA at 260 nm using Nanodrop® ND-1000 spectrophotometer and measuring the ratio of A260 / A280 and gel running on agarose, the efficiency of the extraction method chosen varied among rice varieties. Among the methods used, the methods introduced by DNeasy plant kit method supplied by QIAGEN and Cheng et al, yielded good and amplifiable quality DNA with satisfactory concentration for all the rice varieties tested. Therefore the modified method of Cheng et al, 1987 could be used to extract DNA from rice varieties instead of the commercially available expensive and hazardous DNeasy plant kit method supplied by QIAGEN.Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(3): 398-401
Studies on the Enhancement of Chebulinic Acid Using the Composition of Medicinal Herbs by Baker’s Yeast
Authors: Prakash D.V. Surya , Vangalapati Meena
Published: September 2015

Chebulinic acid is a phenolic compound, commonly found in the Terminalia chebula, Phyllanthus emblica, Dimocarpus longan species etc. The enhancement of Chebulinic acid was obtained from the composition of medicinal herbs by using Baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) under fermentation process. The optimum results were observed for the effect of % inoculum, substrate wt, incubation period, temperature, pH, carbon sources and nitrogen sources were 2.0ml, 6g, 48hr, 30oC, 4.0, sucrose and yeast extract respectively. The Chebulinic acid concentration enhanced from 3.4 to 6.8mg/ml for the optimised conditions. Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(3): 439-442
Correlation of Traits Afffecting Grain Yield in Winter Maize (Zea mays L.) Genotypes
Authors: Poudel M. , Paudel H.K. , Yadav B.P.
Published: September 2015

The research was conducted under RCBD with three replication to study the inter relationships among traits affecting yield and its affecting character at National Maize Research Programme (NMRP), Rampur, Nepal in 2013. The eleven inbreeds line of maize variety at winter season in 2013 were evaluated for estimation yield and its affecting character. For efficient selection of grain yield, it is necessary to know relation of yield of maize and its morphological traits which are influencing on the grain yield. One of the objectives of this paper was to determine interrelationship between traits and the yields. Correlation coefficients among traits showed that yield was positively and highly significantly related with number of kernel rows per ear (0.788), number of kernels per row(0.571), ear girth(0.516), plant height(0.498), hundreds kernels weights(0.444) and significantly related with other character. .Number of Kernels rows per ear, number of kernels per row, plant height could be the important selection criteria in improving open pollinated maize varieties for high grain yield.Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(3): 443-445
A Comparative Study of Bioethanol Production from Aquatic Weeds
Authors: Sunil Kodichetty Ramaiah , John Merin , Girish Venkatachalapathi , Girisha Sirangala Thimappa
Published: September 2015

A greatest challenge for society in the 21st century is to meet energy demand, where biomass is subjected for pre-treatment and converted into biofuel (alcohol). Aquatic weeds are potential bio resources which are easily available for biofuel production. Aquatic weeds like Alternanthera sessilis, Typha latifolia, Eichhornia crassipes, Baccopa monnieri, Ipomoea aquatica and Pistia stratiotes are estimated for carbohydrates content. Highest content of reducing sugar was observed in Alternanthera sessilis (296.8µg/ml), total sugar in Ipomoea aquatic (880.00mg/ml), starch in Alternanthera sessilis (57.13mg/ml), cellulose in Pistia stratiotes and Typha latifolia (280.00mg/ml), hemicellulose in Typha latifolia (26.85mg/ml); high cellulosic aquatic weeds were subjected to pre-treatment methods like physical, chemical and enzymatic method.Meanwhile different yeast strains from the fruits of Manilkara zapota, Cucumis melo, Musa paradisiaca, Citrullus lanatus, Punica granatum and Ananas comosus were isolated yeast of Citrullus lanatus shows highest amount of alcohol production (307µg/ml), which is inoculated to pre-treated hydrolysate, where Alternanthera sessilis and Typha latifolia shows high amount of alcohol in physical method (160.5 and 115.4µg/ml). In chemical method in acid hydrolysis it shows 387.1 and  69.63µg/ml  and  in alkali hydrolysis  62 and  170µg/ml, so these two weeds were taken for enzymatic method for alcohol production, on seventh day Alternanthera sessilis shows highest alcohol production (113.33µg/ml), hence among  six weeds Alternanthera sessilis and the yeast of Citrullus lanatus produces more amount of  alcohol than others and it also shows that enzymatic method of pre-treatment is best in hydrolysis of biomass than physical and chemical method. The study revealed the possibility of producing alcohol from locally available fruits using simple, cheap and adaptable technology with biochemically characterized yeast strains.Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(3): 446-451
Scenario of Entomological Research in Legume Crops in Nepal
Authors: Neupane Bishnu Prasad , Shrestha Jiban
Published: September 2015

This review paper highlights scenario of entomological research in grain legumes in Nepal into headings of the monitoring, survey and surveillance, insect pest management, existing problem and future strategies. A survey study on yield loss assessment of chickpea due to Helicoverpa pod borer under field condition has been recorded up to 75% in the year 1996-1998 at Banke and Bardiya district. While monitored Helicoverpa armigera through pheromone trap, during the 2nd week of March, peak catches of 91 male moths were recorded at Rampur, while it was the maximum (42 male moths) during the 3rd week of March. Synthetic pyrethroids, deltamethrin, fenvalerate and cypermethrin used at 0.01% concentration (a.i.), were effective in controlling the chickpea pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner. Genotypes NCH-18, NCH -31, NCH-138 and ICC 3075 WR were found resistant. Ripcord 10%@0.05% was found to be superior and effective chemical insecticides to control stem fly and soybean hairy caterpillar. The late sowing date December, 10 showed significantly higher percentage of chickpea pod borer damage with lower grain yield. Inter crops combinations of Chickpea +wheat (2:1) ratio was found effective against Helicoverpa armigera damage (1.2%) followed by chickpea+barley (2.36%) and Chickpea+linseed (2:1) ratio (3.7%).  Bakaino (Melia azederach L.) was identified as the best indigenous pesticides to check the normal growth of hairy caterpillar (Spilarctia casigneta kollar) under laboratory condition. Metarhizium anisopliae was found effective for the management of Helicoverpa armigera that caused maximum mortality (94.67%), infection (45.33%) within 7.49 days (LT50). Similarly, Beauveria bassiana caused maximum mortality (98.67%), infection (80.00%) with the least LT50 value (5 days). Crop sprayed with HaNPV had the lowest pod damage (0.3%) and the highest in Racer (2.2%). This review work provided a lot of information to conduct entomological research activity conducted in grain legumes and opens the door for future research and strategy.Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(3): 367-372
Efficiency of Traditional Water Treatment Plant and Compact Units in Removing Viruses
Authors: Osman Yehia A. , El-Senousy Waled M. , El-Morsi Adel A. , Rashed Mohammed K.
Published: September 2015

The fecal bacteria have been taken as the gold standard for water industry. However, the spread of viral gastroenteritis due to drinking water have given a momentum to a recent push by microbiologists to consider viruses as important pollution indicator as fecal bacteria. Therefore, we designed a study to evaluate the efficiency of two types of water purification systems: the traditional water treatment plant and two types compact units. Both systems produced drinking waters free of bacteria, chemical contaminants and mostly viruses free.  However, recent advances in molecular biology techniques, such as RT-PCR have detected Rotaviruses in chlorinated drinking waters resulted from all systems. The frequency of Rotaviruses since October 2010 till September 2012 in Shark El-Mansoura WTP in drinking water samples was 12.5% similar to raw water. While the compact unit at Depo Awam (American design) the frequency of Rotavirus was 16.6% in both raw and drinking water samples.  On the other hand the virus frequency in the raw and drinking water sample in El-Danabik unit (Egyptian design) were 12.5% and 4.16% respectively. Signifying failure of the chlorination process in removing viruses completely.  However, detection of Rotavirus genome in the drinking water samples does not means the presence of its infectivity. The infectious ability of the rotaviruses was confirmed by CC-RT-PCR in all positive samples, where viral RNA was not detected in the collected drinking water samples.  In conclusion RT-PCR and CC-RT-PCR techniques high lightened the need to include viruses as mandatory pollution indicator in water treatment plants. Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(3): 528-536
Growth and Yield Characters of Potato Genotypes Grown in Drought and Irrigated Conditions of Nepal
Authors: Luitel Binod Prasad , Khatri Bhim Bahadur , Choudhary Duryodhan , Paudel Bishnu Prasad , Jung-Sook Sung , Hur On- Sook , Baek Hyung Jin , Cheol Ko Ho , Yul Ryu Kyoung
Published: September 2015

This experiment was conducted to assess the genotypic variation for the growth, yield and yield components of potato grown under drought and irrigated conditions at Hattiban Research Farm, Khumaltar during the summer cropping season (Feb.-May) of the two consecutive years (2013 and 2014). The results revealed that canopy cover, stem height and number of leavers were more sensitive to drought and the effect was more pronounced in early cultivar Desiree. Stem height and leaf number of plant were more (36% and 45%, respectively) reduced in Desiree than other genotypes. Mean tuber number decreased by 55% under drought condition. Drought stress reduced marketable tuber number by 79% as compared to irrigated treatment. Drought stress reduced the marketable tuber yield from 70% to 87%. The clones CIP 392242.25 and LBr-40 had relatively lower yield loss, and less drought susceptibility index under drought indicating their tolerance to drought in field condition. Further experiment is recommended to study the physiological parameters of these genotypes under different water and soil conditions. Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(3): 513-519
Flexing test of HDPE/EPR filled CNT radiated nanocomposites for sport shoe soles
Authors: Khalit Muhammad Ilham Bin , Anuar Hazleen Binti , Shaffiar Norhashimah Mohd
Published: September 2015

This study was conducted to examine the effect of electron beam (EB) irradiation on the flexing of high density polyethylene (HDPE)/ethylene propylene rubber (EPR) blends and HDPE/EPR filled carbon nanotube (CNT) nanocomposites. The blends are compression molded into the soles of shoes before exposed to EB irradiation. Radiated and non-radiated matrixes as well as nanocomposites were subjected to single force and flexed at specified angles of 90º according to ISO 17707 for flexing test. The flexes were more for samples that were exposed to EB irradiation. Moreover, samples filled with CNT showed a lower flex number.
The impact of the output stereometry and absorbent coating on the efficiency of ablative laser texturing of iron alloy 100CrMnSi6-4
Authors: Napadłek Wojciech
Published: September 2015

The present publication presents an analysis of the impact of surface stereometry and the absorption coating on the efficiency of ablative laser texturing of 100CrMnSi6-4 bearing steel. Using different variants of surface development and an absorbent resulted, under the same process conditions, in micro-trays differing from each other in geometrical structure (diameter, depth). In the experimental studies, a pulsed Yb:YAG laser with λ = 1.07 µm and a maximum power of 30 W was used. The diameter of the laser beam ranged between 15 and 60 µm, the repetition frequency was 20 kHz and the laser radiation exposure time ranged between 0.5 and 100ns. In the zone adjacent to the trays, fine crystalline martensitic, martensitic-bainitic and bainitic microstructures were found. These microstructures formed as a result of ultrafast phase transformations occurring, among others, during the crystallization of the alloy Fe-C-Cr-Mn-Si liquid phase and the very fast heating and cooling of the surface layer of steel in the solid state. Use of the absorption coating and developing the exposed steel surfaces improve the absorptivity of the laser radiation. With the increase of surface roughness, the efficiency of the laser texturing process was also increased. The results from these tests are promising and may be used, among others, in the production processes of roller bearings, such as in the ablative surface texturing of treadmill roller bearings.
Effects of magnesium chloride polluted soils on underground Q235 steel pipelines
Authors: Han Pengju , Chen Y. Frank , Bai Xiaohong , He Bin
Published: September 2015

This paper discusses the effects of soils polluted with different magnesium chloride (MgCl2) contents on the corrosion of Q235 low-carbon steel pipelines. The material has a yield strength of 235 MPa. The following major parameters were considered in the experimental study to analyze MgCl2 polluted soils: degree of saturation Sr, electrical resistivity ρs, oxidation reduction potential Eh7 and corrosion potential Ecorr. The corrosion properties of Q235 steel samples buried in soils, such as corrosion behavior of macrographs and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) photos, chemical elements components of corrosive products by energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), corrosion weight loss mcor, corrosion rate vcor, and dynamic equation of mcor, were studied in detail. Based on the statistical analysis results obtained from this study, MgCl2 has a significant impact on ρs, while MgCl2 has lesser effects on other parameters. Corrosion macro and micro behaviors of Q235 steel were revealed. The vcor of Q235 steel decreases with the increase of corrosion time (t), while it increases with MgCl2 contents. The dynamic equation for mcor and the pollution impact factor β for Q235 steel in MgCl2 polluted soils are proposed. Lastly, a developed multi-linear regression equation for vcor is recommended.
Surface roughness during the turning process of a 50CrV4 (SAE 6150) steel and ANN based modeling
Authors: Ozkan Murat Tolga
Published: September 2015

This study presents experimental and ANN modelling work to determine machining parameters and achieve better surface roughness in turning operation using coated and uncoated cermet cutting inserts (CCCT and UCCT). 50CrV4 (SAE 6150) material (Brinell hardness (HB) 311) was machined on CNC lathe. Processing parameters were determined using experimental design techniques. Cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, tip radius and type of cutting inserts were defined as turning processes parameters. During the machining processes cutting forces and then surface roughness were measured. Multiple regression and ANOVA analysis were performed and significant process parameters defined. An ANN model was also developed on the basis of experimental study results. The model is used for prediction of surface roughness and cutting forces achieving a very close agreement with experimental results.
Mechanical properties, microstructure and toughness assessment of a X70 pipeline steel
Authors: Baig Muneer , El-Danaf Ehab , Soliman Mahmoud , Almajid Abdulhakim , Alshalfan Waleed , Alhajeri Khaled
Published: September 2015

This study was performed to fully characterize the microstructure, texture and mechanical properties of API X70 steel in terms of tensile and compressive responses and toughness. The toughness was studied using a compact-tension specimen that was machined in three directions. The variations in the toughness values along three orientations were studied and revealed almost similar high values of 124 ± 4 MPa√m. Compression experiments were performed over a wide range of strain-rates. A compression split Hopkinson pressure bar (SPHB) was used for performing dynamic experiments. API X70 exhibited positive strain-rate sensitivity of 0.01. Electron back scattered diffraction and optical microscopy revealed a grain size of 2.4 µm with an average misorientation angle of 30°. Texture study revealed high orientation density values around the γ-fiber. The results suggest that the present steel exhibits high strength, elongation and toughness.
Effect of welding parameters on the mechanical properties of GMA-welded HY-80 steels
Authors: Durmusoglu Şenol , Türker Mehmet , Tosun Murat
Published: September 2015

In this publication, investigations of HY-80 steels joined by gas metal arc welding by using different welding parameters are described. Different samples obtained from the welded joints were subjected to mechanical testing by means of tensile, hardness and impact toughness tests. The tensile test results showed that the strength of weld metal and heat affected zone were higher than of base metal. Similar Charpy impact toughness test results were obtained for weld metal and heat affected zone. Weld metal hardness was almost similar to the base metal hardness, nevertheless, the heat affected zone indicated higher values. The base metal has ferritic-perlitic structure with fine grains. Martensite needles and bainite are seen in the heat affected zone. Weld metal has martensite needles, partial bainite and residual austenite.
Germany's Green Energy Revolution: Challenging the Theory and Practice of Institutional Change
Authors: Hager Carol
Published: September 2015

The energy revolution poses a fundamental challenge to the German corporatist institutional model. The push for renewables in Germany arose almost entirely outside the prevailing channels of institutional power. Eventually, federal legislation helped support the boom in local energy production that was already underway, and it encouraged the further development of new forms of community investment and citizen participation in energy supply. Recently, the federal government has tried to put the genie back in the bottle by shifting support to large energy producers. But, as this article shows, the energy transition has provided a base for local power that cannot easily be assailed. The debate over German energy policy is becoming a contest between centralized and decentralized models of political and economic power. Prevailing institutionalist theories have difficulty accounting for these developments. I analyze the local development of renewable energy by means of a case study of the Freiburg area in southwestern Germany, which has evolved from a planned nuclear power and fossil fuel center to Germany's “solar region”. Incorporating insights from ecological modernization theory, I show how the locally based push for renewables has grown into a challenge to the direction of German democracy itself.
Mission Accomplished? Erika Steinbach and the Center Against Expulsions in Berlin
Authors: Luppes Jeffrey
Published: September 2015

Erika Steinbach, Die Macht der Erinnerung, 2nd ed. (Vienna: Universitas Verlag, 2011).
Neopterin plasma concentrations in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: correlation with infection and long-term outcome
Authors: Azurmendi Leire , Degos Vincent , Tiberti Natalia , Kapandji Natacha , Sanchez-Peña Paola , Sarrafzadeh Asita , Puybasset Louis , Turck Natacha , Sanchez Jean-Charles
Published: September 2015

OBJECT

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is associated with high rates of mortality and morbidity. The main predictor for the poor outcome is the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) scale. However, this scale does not take into account proinflammatory events, such as infection occurring after the aSAH, which could modify the long-term status of patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate neopterin as an inflammatory biomarker for outcome and infection prediction in aSAH patients.

METHODS

Plasma concentrations of neopterin were measured in 61 aSAH patients (22 male and 39 female; mean age [± SD] 52.8 ± 11.8 years) using a commercial ELISA kit. Samples were collected daily for 10 days. Outcome at 12 months was determined using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) and dichotomized as poor (GOS score 1, 2, or 3) or good (GOS score 4 or 5). Infection was determined by the presence of a positive bacterial culture.

RESULTS

Patients with poor outcome at 12 months had higher concentrations of neopterin than patients with good outcome. In the same way, patients who had an infection during the hospitalization had significantly higher concentrations of neopterin than patients without infection (p = 0.001). Moreover, neopterin concentrations were significantly (p < 0.008) elevated in infected patients 2 days before infection detection and antibiotic therapy.

CONCLUSIONS

Neopterin is an efficient outcome predictor after aSAH. Furthermore, it is able to differentiate between infected and uninfected patients as early as 2 days before clinical signs of infection, facilitating earlier antibiotic therapy and better management.
Long-term angiographic results of endovascularly “cured” intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas
Authors: Ambekar Sudheer , Gaynor Brandon G. , Peterson Eric C. , Elhammady Mohamed Samy
Published: September 2015

OBJECT

Dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) are complex lesions consisting of abnormal connections between meningeal arteries and dural venous sinuses and/or cerebral veins. The goal of treatment is surgical or endovascular occlusion of the fistula or fistulous nidus or at least the disconnection of the feeding vessels and the draining veins. Delayed angiographic data on previously embolized dural fistulas is lacking. The authors report their experience and the long-term angiographic results with embolization of intracranial DAVF using Onyx.

METHODS

All cases of DAVF treated primarily with Onyx at the authors’ institution from 2006 to 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. Patient demographics, fistula characteristics, embolization details, and angiographic follow-up were analyzed.

RESULTS

Fifty-eight patients with DAVFs were treated during the study period. Twenty-two patients were treated with open surgery with or without prior embolization. Thirty-six patients were treated with embolization alone, of whom 26 underwent an attempt at curative embolization and are the subject of this review. All but 2 of these patients were treated in a single session. Angiographic “cure” was achieved in all cases following treatment. Follow-up angiography was performed in 21 patients at a mean of 14 months after treatment (range 2–39 months). Asymptomatic angiographic recurrence of the fistula was evident in 3 of the 21 patients (14.3%). On reviewing the procedural angiograms of the cases in which the DAVFs recurred, it was observed that the Onyx cast did not reach the venous portion in 1 case, whereas it did reach the vein in the other 2 cases.

CONCLUSIONS

Recurrence following initial angiographic cure of DAVF is not uncommon. Incomplete penetration of the embolic material into the proximal portion of the venous outlet may lead to delayed recurrence. Long-term angiographic follow-up is highly recommended.
Neurosurgical intervention in patients with mild traumatic brain injury and its effect on neurological outcomes
Authors: Tierney Kevin James , Nayak Natasha V. , Prestigiacomo Charles J. , Sifri Ziad C.
Published: September 2015

OBJECT

The object of this study was to determine the mortality and neurological outcome of patients with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) who require neurosurgical intervention (NSI), identify clinical predictors of a poor outcome, and investigate the effect of failed nonoperative management and delayed NSI on outcome.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study of 10 years was performed, capturing all adults with mTBI and NSI. Primary outcome variables were mortality and Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) score. Patients were divided into an immediate intervention group, which received an NSI after the initial cranial CT scan, and a delayed intervention group, which had failed nonoperative management and received an NSI after 2 or more cranial CT scans.

RESULTS

The mortality rate in mTBI patients requiring NSI was 13%, and the mean GOS score was 3.6 ± 1.2. An age > 60 years was independently predictive of a worse outcome, and epidural hematoma was independently predictive of a good outcome. Logistic regression analysis using independent variables was calculated to create a model for predicting poor neurological outcomes in patients with mTBI undergoing NSI and had 74.1% accuracy. Patients in the delayed intervention group had worse mortality (25% vs 9%) and worse mean GOS scores (2.9 ± 1.3 vs 3.7 ± 1.2) than those in the immediate intervention group.

CONCLUSIONS

Data in this study demonstrate that patients with mTBI requiring NSI have higher mortality rates and worse neurological outcomes and should therefore be classified separately from mTBI patients not requiring NSI. Additionally, mTBI patients requiring NSI after the failure of nonoperative management have worse outcomes than those receiving immediate intervention and should be considered separately.
Differences in surgical outcomes for patients with craniosynostosis in the US: impact of socioeconomic variables and race
Authors: Shweikeh Faris , Foulad David , Nuño Miriam , Drazin Doniel , Adamo Matthew A.
Published: September 2015

OBJECT

Craniosynostosis is often treated with neurosurgical intervention. The aim of this study was to report and analyze the clinical and socioeconomic characteristics of patients with craniosynostosis and to present current national trends.

METHODS

Using the Kids’ Inpatient Database for the years 2000, 2003, 2006, and 2009, the authors identified patients with craniosynostosis using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis codes and their associated procedure codes. Clinical features, demographics, inpatient procedures, outcomes, and charges were collected and analyzed.

RESULTS

Of the 3415 patients identified, 65.8% were White, 21.4% were Hispanic, and 3.2% were Black. More than 96% were treated at urban teaching hospitals and 54.2% in southern or western regions. White patients were younger (mean 6.1 months) as compared with Blacks (mean 10.9 months) and Hispanics (mean 9.1 months; p < 0.0001) at the time of surgery. A higher fraction of Whites had private insurance (70.3%) compared with nonwhites (34.0%–41.6%; p < 0.001). Approximately 12.2% were nonelective admissions, more so among Blacks (16.9%). Mean hospital length of stay (LOS) was 3.5 days with no significant differences among races. Following surgical treatment, 12.1% of patients developed complications, most commonly pulmonary/respiratory (4.8%), wound infection (4.4%), and hydrocephalus (1.4%). The mean overall hospital charges were significantly lower for Whites than nonwhites ($34,527 vs $44,890–$48,543, respectively; p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

The findings of this national study suggest a higher prevalence of craniosynostosis in Hispanics. The higher predisposition among males was less evident in Hispanics and Blacks. There was a significant percentage of nonelective admissions, more commonly among Blacks. Additionally, Hispanics and Blacks were more likely to receive surgery at an older age, past the current recommendation of the optimum age for surgical intervention. These findings are likely associated with a lack of early detection. Although mean LOS and rate of complications did not significantly differ among different races, nonwhites had, on average, higher hospital charges of $10,000–$14,000. This discrepancy may be due to differences in type of insurance, craniosynostosis type, rates of comorbidities, and delay in treatment. Although there are several limitations to this analysis, the study reports on relevant disparities regarding a costly neurosurgical intervention, and ways to diminish these disparities should be further explored.
Flexibility and fatigue evaluation of oblique as compared with anterior lumbar interbody cages with integrated endplate fixation
Authors: Freeman Andrew L. , Camisa William J. , Buttermann Glenn R. , Malcolm James R.
Published: September 2015

OBJECT

This study was undertaken to quantify the in vitro range of motion (ROM) of oblique as compared with anterior lumbar interbody devices, pullout resistance, and subsidence in fatigue.

METHODS

Anterior and oblique cages with integrated plate fixation (IPF) were tested using lumbar motion segments. Flexibility tests were conducted on the intact segments, cage, cage + IPF, and cage + IPF + pedicle screws (6 anterior, 7 oblique). Pullout tests were then performed on the cage + IPF. Fatigue testing was conducted on the cage + IPF specimens for 30,000 cycles.

RESULTS

No ROM differences were observed in any test group between anterior and oblique cage constructs. The greatest reduction in ROM was with supplemental pedicle screw fixation. Peak pullout forces were 637 ± 192 N and 651 ± 127 N for the anterior and oblique implants, respectively. The median cage subsidence was 0.8 mm and 1.4 mm for the anterior and oblique cages, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Anterior and oblique cages similarly reduced ROM in flexibility testing, and the integrated fixation prevented device displacement. Subsidence was minimal during fatigue testing, most of which occurred in the first 2500 cycles.
The use of fluorescein sodium in the biopsy and gross-total resection of a tectal plate glioma
Authors: Ung Timothy H. , Kellner Christopher , Neira Justin A. , Wang Shih-Hsiu J. , D’Amico Randy , Faust Phyllis L. , Canoll Peter , Feldstein Neil A. , Bruce Jeffrey N.
Published: September 2015

Intravenous administration of fluorescein sodium fluoresces glioma burden tissue and can be visualized using the surgical microscope with a specialized filter. Intraoperative guidance afforded through the use of fluorescein may enhance the fidelity of tissue sampling, and increase the ability to accomplish complete resection of tectal lesions. In this report the authors present the case of a 19-year-old man with a tectal anaplastic pilocytic astrocytoma in which the use of fluorescein sodium and a Zeiss Pentero surgical microscope equipped with a yellow 560 filter enabled safe complete resection. In conjunction with neurosurgical navigation, added intraoperative guidance provided by fluorescein may be beneficial in the resection of brainstem gliomas.
Shrinkage of Satopanth and Bhagirath Kharak Glaciers, India, from 1936 to 2013
Authors: Nainwal H.C. , Banerjee Argha , Shankar R. , Semwal Prabhat , Sharma Tushar
Published: September 2015

We have compiled and analysed available records and data on the shrinkage of Satopanth (SPG) and Bhagirath Kharak (BKG) Glaciers, Uttarakhand, India, during the period 1936–2013. We estimate the mean retreat rates of the snouts of SPG and BKG for this period at 9.7±0.8m a–1 and 7.0±0.6m a–1 respectively. We have also revised the estimates of the area vacated during the period 1956–2013 to be 0.27 ± 0.05 km2 and 0.17 ± 0.04 km2 for SPG and BKG respectively, corresponding to front-averaged retreat rates of 5.7±0.6m a–1 and 6.0±0.9m a–1. The study revealed an average thinning of glacial ice in the lower ablation zone of SPG of 9 ± 11 m in the past 51 years. We observed that while the fronts of SPG and BKG depicted in the Survey of India topographic map published in 1962 are inconsistent with other available records, the elevation contours are consistent with them.