bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Problematika dalam Pengisian Jabatan Pimpinan Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi (Kajian Kritis Terhadap Kewenangan DPR dalam Memilih Pimpinan KPK)
Authors: Kurniawan Muhamad Beni
Published: August 2018

Mekanisme pemilihan pimpinan KPK melalui DPR, sebagai bentuk berjalannnya check and balances antara kekuasaan Presiden dan DPR. Namun jika DPR dalam pemilihan pimpinan KPK tidak mereprsentasikan suara rakyat melainkan memilih pimpinan KPK guna melindungi proyek-proyek illegal untuk menambah pundi-pundi uang mereka, pada posisi inilah akan menimbulkan masalah. KPK sulit berjalan secara objektif karena adanya konflik interest antara pimpinan KPK dan DPR yaitu ketika mengusut anggota Dewan yang telah memilih mereka sebagai Pimpinan KPK. Rumusan masalah Bagaimana mekanisme dalam pengisian jabatan pimpinan Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi? Metode Penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif dengan menggunakan data sekunder. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan evaluasi terhadap mekanisme dalam pengisian Jabatan Pimpinan KPK yaitu (1) memperkuat Peran Panitia seleksi (Pansel). Dalam menjamin keobjektifan dan jalannya mekanisme check and balances dalam pemilihan pimpinan KPK, maka Pansel dapat berjumlah 7 orang yang terdiri dari unsur pemerintah, unsur DPR, unsur Yudikatif, unsur praktisi, dan unsur akademisi. Kewenangan DPR direduksi yaitu hanya mengajukan salah satu anggotanya untuk menjadi anggota Pansel KPK dari unsur DPR. (2) membentuk badan khusus yang independen dalam pemilihan pimpinan KPK dimana Presiden dan DPR tidak dapat mengintervensi Badan tersebut. Presiden hanya berwenang menetapkan calon pimpinan KPK yang dipilih oleh Badan tersebut  dengan Keputusan Presiden.
Como a moeda e a inflação moldam os rumos de nosso desenvolvimento econômico
Authors: Maycon David
Published: August 2018

Resenha do livro

MISES, Ludwig von. Sobre a Moeda e Inflação. São Paulo: LVM, 2017. 272p.
Penerapan Metode Whole Brain Teaching dalam Meningkatkan Motivasi Belajar Anak Usia Dini
Authors: Aulina Choirun Nisak
Published: August 2018

The aims of this research are to improve children's learning motivation through the implementaion of Whole Brain Teaching and to describe the improvement of children's learning motivation through the implementation of Whole Brain Teaching. This research is a classroom action research, then research subjects consisted of 18 students at TK Aisyiyah 1 Tanggulangin, especially group A. The location of this research is in TK Aisyiyah 1 Tanggulangin. Data collection technique is done by observation. The results show that the implementation of Whole Brain Teaching method can improve the learning motivation of students at TK Aisyiyah 1 Tanggulangin. It  can be seen from the improvement of children's learning motivation from the state of the 33% grade completeness score in the pre cycle, up to 56% in cycle I, then 83% grade mastery score in cycle II. So in accordance with the level of completeness of the action that the score of 75% -100% is in very good qualifications and the implementation of the action declared successful
La arquitectura foliar de las especies de Lauraceae Nativas de Misiones, Argentina.
Authors: Poszkus Borrero Pablo A. , Bohren Alicia V , Keller Héctor A , Grance Luis A. , Dummel Claudio  J.
Published: August 2018

La arquitectura foliar de 12 especies leñosas de la familia Lauraceae que crecen en la Provincia de Misiones (Argentina) fueron estudiadas con el objetivo de contribuir al conocimiento de las acuminado y con o sin domacios. Los patrones de venación de primero, segundo, tercero, cuarto y quinto orden fueron descriptos e ilustrados para las especies estudiadas; éstas presentan una venación secundaria de varios tipos: broquidódroma (Nectandra megapotamica, Cryptocarya aschersoniana, Ocotea diospyrifolia, Endlicheria paniculata, Ocotea puberula y Ocotea sp.), acródroma suprabasal imperfecta-broquidódroma (Cinnamomum amoenum, Ocotea pulchella), craspedódroma (Ocotea acutifolia) y eucantódromo-broquidódroma (Nectandra lanceolata, Nectandra angustifolia, Ocotea lancifolia). La densidad de areolas fue observada como un carácter diagnóstico importante; no siendo el caso del número de lados que éstas poseen. Todas las especies presentaron estomas paracíticos. Los caracteres analizados, junto con los morfológicos y epidérmicos, permitieron la diferenciación de las 12 especies estudiadas, evidenciando la importancia de la arquitectura foliar en el reconocimiento en estadovegetativo. Por primera vez para la flora Argentina, Endlicheria paniculata es citada en esta contribución.
Variabilidad germinativa en semillas de diferentes poblaciones de cuatro especies de gramíneas nativas de Patagonia: Un estudio de caso en el noroeste de Chubut.
Authors: Nagahama Nicolás , García Martínez Guillermo C. , Buduba Carlos G. , Opazo Walter , Caruso Cecilia A. , Ciari Georgina
Published: August 2018

En este estudio se analizó la calidad y el comportamiento germinativo de semillas de diferentes poblaciones localizadas en un gradiente de precipitación anual oeste-este (500 a 150 mm) en cuatro especies de gramíneas forrajeras nativas (Bromus setifolius, Hordeum comosum, Festuca pallescens y Poa ligularis), del NO de Chubut. Se estimó el peso y el porcentaje de semillas llenas a nivel inter- e intra-específico. Las semillas fueron sembradas en un ambiente común y se calculó el porcentaje de germinación y la velocidad de emergencia para las especies y las poblaciones. En este trabajo se presentan datos relacionados a la germinación de semillas recolectadas en un año en particular (2015) de estas cuatro especies y se discuten principalmente los resultados obtenidos para P. ligularis, la especie que presentó mayor variabilidad entre las poblaciones analizadas. En P. ligularis un gran porcentaje de semillas de la población del sitio más árido germinaron/emergieron en menos días. Esta característica podría estar asociada a adaptaciones fisiológicas de las plantas para germinar, emerger y establecerse rápidamente ante la escasa disponibilidad de agua en este sitio. Los genotipos de esta población particular podrían ser utilizados para programas de restauración de ambientes áridos con precipitación media anual menor a 150 mm. Finalmente, debido a la variabilidad observada al menos en P. ligularis, se sugiere que para futuros programas de mejoramiento con estas especies nativas sería necesario analizar un mayor número de poblaciones para seleccionar los potenciales bancos de semilla.
Función de la corona en Passiflora caerulea (Passifloraceae) como atrayente de sus vectores de polinización.
Authors: Varela Gonzalo , Cocucci Andrea , Sérsic Alicia N.
Published: August 2018

Las flores de Passiflora caerulea L., como las de muchas otras especies zoófilas, ofrecen néctar como recompensa a sus agentes de polinización a modo de atrayente primario. Esta especie ha desarrollado estímulos, o atrayentes secundarios, que anuncian la presencia de los primarios y que garantizan las visitas repetidas de los vectores de polinización optimizando su reproducción. En P. caerulea, la corona, una estructura característica de la familia, ha sido citada como estructura productora de aromas atrayentes y, en conjunto con otras piezas florales, estaría encargada de producir estímulos visuales y olfativos sobre sus polinizadores. Mediante experimentos de preferencia, anulando una o ambas funciones, se determinó la importancia de cada una de ellas. La supresión de las funciones, tanto de manera individual como en conjunto, produjo una disminución significativa en la cantidad de visitas con respecto a los controles. De esta manera, se verificó tanto la importancia de la función visual como odorífera, aunque se registró mayor efectividad de esta última en cuanto a la frecuencia de visitas. Adicionalmente, se identificaron los compuestos volátiles producidos por las flores, algunos de los cuales fueron, sorprendentemente, producidos por el perianto y no por la corona como se esperaba.
Bryophytes as a material to build birds’ nests in Brazil.
Authors: De Almeida Amélio Leandro , Do Carmo. Dimas Marchi , Soares de Lima Jéssica , Fernandes Peralta Denilson
Published: August 2018

Birds’ nests are elaborate constructions that are built to provide a safe and secure environment for the eggs and hatchlings of birds to develop. Twigs and leaves represent common nesting materials in birds’ nests globally and with their beaks, they can carry materials, sometimes larger than the birds themselves, to construct their nests. In addition to twigs and leaves, birds also use various other materials less frequently, such as bryophytes, and in this study we examined the prevalence of bryophytes in birds’ nests in Brazil. We analyzed the nest composition of 21 birds’ nests from the Brazilian bryophyte collection at the Institute of Botany (SP Herbarium) and found that bryophytes were a widely used nesting material. The liverworts were dominant in terms of the species richness and the main structural components of the nests were mosses because they represent the main group of structurally bigger and constitutive bryophytes in the habitat in which the birds bred.
Revisión de la familia Polytrichaceae (Bryophyta) para Colombia.
Authors: Aponte-R. Angélica , Uribe-M. Jaime
Published: August 2018

Se presenta la revisión taxonómica de la familia Polytrichaceae para Colombia. Diez y siete especies son reconocidas para el país. Se registra a Steereobryon elamellosum por primera vez para el país; se modifica la representación de especies en los casos de Atrichum, Polytrichum, Pogonatum, Polytrichadelphus y Steereobryon; se confirma la representación de Notoligotrichum y Oligotrichum. Seproponen quince nuevos sinónimos. La revisión incluye una clave general para los géneros de la familia, sinonimia, descripciones, ilustraciones y mapas de distribución.
Three new mosses records from the Andes of northwestern Argentina.
Authors: Cano María J. , Alonso Marta
Published: August 2018

Two mosses are newly reported for Argentina based on recent collections from Saltaprovince: Aligrimmia peruviana R.S. Williams and Conostomum cleistocarpum Herzog. Hitherto, they were considered endemic to Bolivia and Peru, respectively. In addition, Crossidium squamiferum (Viv.) Jur., a species distributed in Europe, North America, Mexico, Asia, North Africa, and Macaronesia, is here reported for the first time in South America.
Caracterización morfo-ecológica y composición de briofitos en pastizales rocosos en el Cerrado Brasileño
Authors: Do Carmo Dimas Marchi , Fernandes Peralta Denilson
Published: August 2018

Caracterización morfo-ecológica y composición de briofitos en pastizales rocosos en el Cerrado Brasileño. El objetivo de este estudio es proporcionar información sobre las relaciones ecológicas y la composición florística de la comunidad de briofitos en los pastizales rocosos del Cerrado brasileño en el estado de Minas Gerais. Hay pocos estudios de comunidad de briofitos y su relación con el ambiente para Cerrado brasileño, además de esto, estos ambientes son sometidos a presiones intensas. Para este estudio se seleccionaron al azar nueve transectos de 50 m con un total de 45 parcelas para analizar la composición y las características morfo-ecológicos de las comunidades de briófitos. Las medidas de diversidad se realizaron utilizando el software PAST y EstimateS para realizar el agrupamiento de las especies encontradas entre las tres diferentes áreas de pastizales rocosos. Se encontraron 176 ocurrencias de 47 especies de briofitos en el área de rocas. La familia más rica de musgos fue Leucobryaceae (Bryophyta) con siete especies y Lepidoziaceae (Marchantiophyta) para hepáticas con nueve especies. Antóceros no fueron encontrados. De acuerdo con PCoA (Análisis de Coordenadas Principales), la composición florística de la comunidad de briofitos en los pastizales rocosos es homogénea, sin diferencias entre las parcelas estudiadas. La comunidad tiene predominio de especies terrestres, colonizadoras de largo plazo, tolerantes a la luz directa del sol y la desecación. Esas características están relacionadas con su ciclo de vida.
Musgos (Bryophyta) de bosques de Polylepis sericea (Rosaceae) del estado Mérida (Venezuela
Authors: Delgado Jesús , León-Vargas Yelitza
Published: August 2018

Se presenta un listado de 90 especies de musgos asociados a parches de bosques de Polylepis sericea Wedd., en el estado Mérida, Venezuela. La familia Leucobryaceae es la más diversa con 14 especies. Bryaceae, Bartramiaceae y Pottiaceae, le siguen en orden de importancia taxonómica. Los géneros más diversos son Campylopus (14 especies), Leptodontium (5), Breutelia (4), Bryum (4), Zygodon (4) y Racomitrium (3). La condición acrocárpica es la dominante, representada por 68 especies, siendo los tepes altos los más frecuentes (41,11%), seguidos por los tepes cortos (24,44%) y los tapetes extensivos (8,89%). El análisis fitogeográfico muestra una predominancia del elemento neotropical (36%) sobre el elemento ampliamente distribuido en el mundo (27%). En la Sierra Nevada de Mérida, son exclusivas 39 especies y 34 en la Sierra de La Culata. Solo el 19% de las especies es compartido por ambas sierras, indicando que existe un recambio de las especies en los parches de bosque inventarios lo que podría estar asociado con variables físicas y ambientales de cada localidad. Se adicionan las especies Drepanocladus sordidus (Amblystegiaceae), Myurella sibirica (Plagiotheciaceae) y Pleurochaete luteola (Pottiaceae) a la brioflora venezolana, así como nueve nuevos registros para la brioflora del estado Mérida.
Lorentziella (Gigaspermaceae, Bryophyta) nuevo para Chile, y lectotipificación del género
Authors: Larraín Juan , Fife Allan , Atala Cristian
Published: August 2018

Lorentziella (Gigaspermaceae, Bryophyta) nuevo para Chile, y lectotipificación del género. El género Lorentziella es reportado por primera vez para Chile sobre la base de múltiples colecciones realizadas durante los meses de julio y septiembre de 2016. Se entrega información acerca de la ecología de la especie y su distribución mundial conocida, así como un mapa de distribución. Un lectotipo para el género Lorentziella es aquí seleccionado y se corrige la autoría del nombre.
Propuesta metodológica para el estudio de macrorrestos de briofitas en turberas.
Authors: Savoretti Adolfina , Fernández Damián Andrés , Iglesias Ari , Ponce Juan Federico
Published: August 2018

En esta contribución se dan a conocer las técnicas empleadas para el procesamiento de testigos provenientes de turberas, con el fin de abordar estudios paleobrioflorísticos sobre la base de macrorrestos del Cuaternario. El procesamiento propuesto procura que los restos preservados sean dañados en la menor medida posible y realizar un conteo de los diferentes tipos de fragmentos de cada uno de los taxones/morfotipos con el objetivo de realizar estudios comparativos de la tafonomía y con ello enriquecer las interpretaciones paleoecológicas y la comprensión del desarrollo de la turbera. Se propone adoptar la digitalización de imágenes de las muestras, permitiendo comparar de forma simple los macrorrestos entre las alícuotas, entre las secciones del testigo y entre testigos de turberas de cualquier región, e incluso poder realizar determinaciones y cuantificaciones de parte de su material. Esta metodología ofrece una repetitividad necesaria para la comparación entre análisis de diferentes investigadores.
Leptodontium stellatifolium (Pottiaceae, Bryophyta) in la Réunion Island, a major range disjunction.
Authors: Zander Richard H. , Hedderson Terry A.
Published: August 2018

A species of mountainous regions of Latin America, Leptodontium stellatifolium, is reported from La Réunion Island in the Indian Ocean. This is a major geographic range disjunction. The species is illustrated and described from La Réunion material, and its considerable variation across its range and within La Réunion is discussed. Explanations of its distribution are suggested in terms of both ancient sky and ocean island spore dispersal, and recent, human-mediated introduction. We provide a key for species of Leptodontium occurring on La Réunion.
Los géneros de Heliotropiaceae en Argentina
Authors: Luebert Federico
Published: August 2018

La delimitación genérica dentro de Heliotropiaceae ha sufrido cambios en el último tiempo que no son recogidos en publicaciones taxonómicas recientes sobre el grupo en Argentina. En este trabajo se actualiza la taxonomía de los géneros argentinos de Heliotropiaceae y se enumeran las especies aceptadas en cada uno de ellos. Se proporciona una breve descripción para cada género y una clave para diferenciarlos. Los géneros de Heliotropiaceae aceptados en este trabajo son Euploca, Heliotropium, Ixorhea y Myriopus, todos presentes en Argentina. Se designan lectotipos para Heliotropium hasslerianum (?Euploca hassleriana) y Heliotropium patagonicum y se propone la nueva combinación Heliotropium lilloi (basada en Tournefortia lilloi) para completar el cuadro taxonómico de la familia en Argentina.
Preventing deterioration of occupational health in employees of electric locomotive construction plant
Authors: Kontorovich E. P. , Piktushanskaya T. E. , Ponamareva O. P.
Published: August 2018

Complex study of work conditions and health state covered workers of electric locomotive construction plant. Occupational health disorders appeared to be highly reliably associated not only with traditional factors of work and working process, but also with psycho-social occupational factors. Findings were leading types of diseases in the workers, prediction of health risk from circulatory system diseases. Based on integrated approach to evaluation of work conditions, workers’ health care and well-being at workplace, the authors specified and scientifically justified a complex program of health disorders prevention for workers of major electric locomotive construction plant.
Rostov State Medical University
Authors: Gorblyansky Yu. Yu. , Kontorovich E. P. , Yakovleva N. V. , Ponamareva О. P.
Published: August 2018

Integrated approach to occupational health preservation is based on complex consideration of work conditions (factors of working environment and working process, and psycho-social factors) wiThevaluation of health state and management practice of employer, coordinating topics of work safety and health preservation for workers engaged into electric locomotive construction plant. Based on integrated approach, there is a possibility to specify complex preventive program including work safety, worker health and well-being at workplace.
Features of morbidity from locomotory system diseases in medical staff ers
Authors: Ermolina T. A. , Martynova N. A. , Kuzmin A. G.
Published: August 2018

Lately, locomotory diseases defi nitely take one of the leading places in morbidity of medical staff ers — that is due not only to occupational exertion level, but to infl uence of climate and ecologic factors. The authors analyzed morbidity from locomotory system diseases in workers of various medical institutions.
‘Fool me once, but rarely fool me twice’: Recapture rates and the effect of lure-ageing in pheromone traps for the burnet moth Zygaena filipendulae (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae)
Authors: Oleander Ashen , Burman Joseph , Buswell Victoria
Published: August 2018

Pheromone lures are a powerful tool in monitoring and recording moths. An important part of accurately interpreting the data obtained is determining the recapture rate of pheromone traps and the longevity of pheromone lures. This study investigates the recapture rate and longevity of
Zygaena filipendulae (linnaeus, 1758) pheromone lures. 175 Z. filipendulae were trapped using a pheromone, individually marked and then released within a 1 metre radius of a pheromone trap. The recapture rate of the pheromone traps and the number of times individuals were caught
was studied over 5 consecutive days. The recapture rate dropped from 52% on the first day to 9% on the fifth day. 45% of marked moths were not recaptured, 36% were recaptured once, 14% were recaptured twice, 2% were recaptured 3 times and 3% were recaptured 4 times. In the lure longevity experiment
lures were exposed to field conditions for 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 28, 42, 56, 70 and 84 days. The lures of different ages were tested for attractiveness in the field. Lures that had been exposed for 0, 1 and 3 days attracted significantly more moths, but all lures still attracted moths and an
endpoint in the lure's longevity was not reached. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Coleophora arctostaphyli Meder, 1934 (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae): observations on the early stages
Authors: Heckford R. J. , Beavan S. D.
Published: August 2018

The ovum and larva of the case-bearing stage of Coleophora arctostaphyli Meder, 1934, are apparently undescribed, unlike the larva of the leaf-mining stage, larval case and biology. Descriptions of the ovum and final instar are provided but for reasons given in the text only
a limited account is given of the final instar. We also record finding several mines on the foodplant, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng., containing dead larvae.
The Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera) of the Rostov-on-Don Province of Russia, III. Family Pyralidae
Authors: Poltavsky A. N. , Artokhin K. S.
Published: August 2018

The present paper is the third part of the series comprising data on the Pyralidae occurring in the Rostov-on-Don Province of southern Russia, based on studies undertaken during the present century. The systematic list comprises 109 species collected in 58 localities, together with
the dates of collecting and the number of specimens.
Bror Hanson's 'About Hepialus hecta' (1938): a pioneering study of moth behaviour (Lepidoptera, Hepialidae)
Authors: Turner John R. G.
Published: August 2018

Hanson's (1938) atmospheric narrative of the mating behaviour of Phymatopus hecta is reprinted in a new translation from the Swedish. The paper is a classic of focussed investigation within a century in which only fragmentary information about this species was published; regrettably
it remained unnoticed for forty years. Hanson established that the courtship behaviour was non-stereotypic (each of his three observed courtships was unique), and that both males and females could attract each other. He suggested that the males were deploying a pheromone, noted an extraordinary
back to front copulation procedure, and was the first to report predation by wasps. All of which waited from half to three-quarters of a century before being reconfirmed. Some of his detailed observations are ambivalent, being at variance with recent observations in Scotland, suggesting either
that the populations have diverged, or that the behaviour was locally modified because of a highly distorted sex ratio. Or he may simply have been inaccurate in distinguishing males from females. The reported timing of events suggests, using the time of sunset, that the observations were made
in the region of Kalmar and Öland in south-eastern Sweden; there is a strong suggestion that the period of activity is shifted to a time more in advance of sunset, relative to the Scottish populations.
Mineralization of Organic Residues, Dynamics of Microbial Biomass and Enzyme Activities in an Aridisol and Alfisol Soil under Rain-Fed Dry Farming
Authors: Ullah Rehmat , Mehdi Shehzada Munawar , Khan Khalid Saif Ullah , Sheikh Aftab Ahmed , Sulistyowati Endang , Saud Muhammad
Published: August 2018

This study was planned with hypothesis to quantify mineralization rate of wheat and groundnut straw spiked in Kahuta and Guliana soil series. Results revealed that groundnut and wheat strawspiked soils had increased quantum of microbial biomass carbon (Cmic), biomass nitrogen (Nmic) and biomass phosphorous (Pmic) and activities of enzyme dehydrogenase (DHA) and alkaline phosphatase (APA) than un-amended soils. Initially, the contents of soil Cmic, Nmic, Pmic, DHA, and APA increased gradually during 2-14th days of incubation (DAI), again increased significantly at 28th DAI and then decreased slowly at 60th DAI in all treatments under both series. Hence, the addition of groundnut straw mineralized better than to other organic sources in both soil series.  These results suggested that groundnut straw must be incorporated in soil one month before sowing of crop to enhance crop yield under rain-fed dry farming.Key words: Crop Residues, Microbial Biomass, Soil Enzymes, Aridisol, Alfisols
Agroindustrial Study of Banana Crackers and Salai Based on Income, Value Added and Break Even Point
Authors: Hidayat Lukman , Koto Hidayat , Andanu Odi
Published: August 2018

The aim of this research was to analyze and calculates the income, added-value, and break even point of agroindustry that processing bananas into banana crackers and salai. Methods of data collection in this research were using observation and interviews. Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis, qualitative and quantitative, for the value-added, income, Break Even Point (BEP) and Revenue Cost ratio (R/C). The results shown that the average of value added per kilograms for Salai Rp. 4.371,37, sweet and salted banana crackers   are Rp 2.944,00 and Rp 3.627,90. The income of salai, sweet and salted banana crackers per year’s are Rp. 29.566.251,-, Rp. 18.437.067, 96,- and Rp. 20.286.567,-.  The average of BEP per month’s for salai is salai Rp. 1.415.636, sweet and salted banana crackers are Rp. 988.966, and Rp.781.352. The Average of BEP, units or packs per month’s for salai is 145 packs, sweet banana crackers were 124 packs and salted were 98 packs. R/C of Salai was 1.66, sweet banana crackers were 1.49 and salted was 1.71. Added-value of banana Salai Rp. 743, 47 more than salted banana crackers, amounted to 1.471,37 compared to sweet banana crackers. Banana salai income greater Rp. 9.279.684 than salted banana crackers, amounting to Rp. 11.129.183 compared to sweet banana crackers.Keywords: Value Added, Income, Banana crackers, Salai, Break Even Point
Securing Minimum Protection Standards for Canada’s Marine Protected Areas
Authors: Watson Maryann
Published: August 2018

In 2015, the Government of Canada committed to protecting 5% of marine and coastal areas by 2017, and 10% by 2020. While admirable progress towards this target has been made, less attention has been given to improving the quality of protection afforded to marine areas. Extensive scientific study supports that several factors are critical to the success of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) for marine biodiversity conservation and management objectives, including no-take areas and prohibitions on extractive and industrial activities. However, the majority of Canada’s MPAs allow extractive uses within their boundaries. As Canada works toward international and national commitments to marine protection targets, it is critical to consider the degree of protection afforded by the legal designations used to create these areas. This paper reviews the current inconsistent standards of protection across marine protected areas (MPAs) designated under the Oceans Act, Canada’s flagship legislation for marine protection. Recommended amendments to the law include standards of protection that would exclude all extractive industrial activities from MPAs in order to better guide the designation and decision-making processes for marine protection.
Learning and Memory in the Aging Brain: The Function of Declarative and Nondeclarative Memory Over the Lifespan
Authors: Lighthall Nichole Renee , Conner Lindsay B , Giovanello Kelly Sullivan
Published: August 2018

Human memory consists of distinct learning and memory systems, each contributing in unique ways to the acquisition, retention, and subsequent retrieval of information. This chapter focuses on age-related changes to long-term declarative (episodic and semantic memory) and nondeclarative (priming, classical conditioning, procedural and reinforcement learning) systems. Although these systems exhibit considerable independence in processing characteristics and neural underpinnings, accumulating evidence points to interactions between systems, which may increase observable age differences in learning and memory performance. Thus, while this chapter largely highlights age effects within traditional memory-system boundaries, a frontier in aging research is emerging at their intersections.
Affect in the context of self-determination theory
Authors: Hagger Martin S , Protogerou Cleo
Published: August 2018

Self-determination theory has been applied to understand the role of affect in motivation and behavior in health contexts. According to self-determination theory, autonomous forms of motivation, reflecting self-endorsed reasons for acting and the satisfaction of psychological needs, are related to participation and persistence in health behavior. Research examining the role of affect in determining health behavior from the perspective of the theory is relatively sparse. Affect has served as both an outcome and process in applications of the theory to health behavior. Positive affect and psychological well-being have been identified as important outcomes of participating in behaviors for autonomous reasons. Affect is inextricably linked to motivational processes through eudaimonic and hedonic well-being, the passionate pursuit of activities, and the regulation of behavior through active management of aversive emotional responses. The chapter outlines how support for autonomous motivation by significant others may lead to adaptive behavioral engagement and affective responses in health behavior.
The brain represents people as the mental states they habitually experience
Authors: Thornton Mark Allen , Schwyck Miriam E. , Tamir Diana
Published: August 2018

Social life requires us to treat each person according to their unique disposition: habitually enthusiastic friends need occasional grounding, whereas pessimistic colleagues require cheering-up. To tailor our behavior to specific individuals, we must represent their idiosyncrasies. Here we advance a hypothesis about how the brain achieves this goal: our representations of other people reflect the mental states we perceive those people to habitually experience. That is, rather than representing other people via traits, our brains represent people as the sums of their states. For example, if a perceiver observes that another person is frequently cheerful, sometimes thoughtful, and rarely grumpy, the perceiver’s representation of that person will be comprised of their representations of the mental states cheerfulness, thoughtfulness, and grumpiness, combined in a corresponding ratio. We tested this hypothesis by measuring whether neural representations of people could be accurately reconstructed by summing state representations. Separate participants underwent functional neuroimaging while considering famous individuals and individual mental states. Online participants rated how often each famous person experiences each state. Results supported the summed state hypothesis: frequency-weighted sums of state-specific brain activity patterns accurately reconstructed person-specific patterns. Moreover, the summed state account outperformed the established alternative – that people represent others using trait dimensions – in explaining interpersonal similarity, as measured through neural patterns, explicit ratings, binary choices, reaction times, and the semantics of biographical text. Together these findings demonstrate that the brain represents other people as the sums of the mental states they are perceived to experience.
Variations in Music Education Curriculum and the Organization of Listening
Authors: Klett Joseph
Published: August 2018

Sociologists argue that we learn evaluative skills, such as those to distinguish qualities of music, through practical knowledge. Yet sociologists have not asked how we understand those sonic events as musical in the first place. Through nine months of semi-structured observations in six elementary school music classrooms, I examine how music education draws symbolic boundaries around musical sound. I find that variations in curriculum produce different organizational practices in the classroom. These practices develop what is a basic sensory skill – listening – in very different ways. I identify four dimensions of teacher performance that support these differences: authorized sound-makers, constrained movement, enforced perspectives, and selected attention. These variations in music education produce contrasting performances for recognizing musical sound.
Model Penanggulangan Kelangkaan Penyadap di Perkebunan Karet
Authors: Pane Erwin , Siregar Tumpal H , Rahman Abdul
Published: August 2018

Pengambangan karet di sekitar hulu dan hilir sekaligus di hadapkan pada maslaah kelangkaan tenaga kerja, terutama penyadap  dimana aktivitas nya menyerap  45-50% dari biaya produksi. Halini semakin berat pada perkebunan yang jauh dari pusat kota, dimana sarana dan prasarana akses terhadap pelayanan umum terbatas.Tujuan penilitian adalah untuk mendapatkan suatu modul strategi penanggulangan terhadap kelangkaan penyadap di perkebunan karet. Penilitian di lakukan di Sikijang,Riau. Data diperoleh dengan menggunakan insrumen kuisioner pada 58 orang responden terpilih yan data nya di olah dengan Microsoft excel .Data sekunder di dapatkan dari BPS (badan pusat statistic), Dinas dirjen perkebunan, Deperindak, Depnaker,dan browsing website terkait. Variable yang di ukur  dikelompokkan dalam faktor faktor strategis internal dan eksternal yang di analisis melalui pendekatan SWOT, berdasarkan penilaian aspek kesejahteraan tenaga penyadap, ketersedian tenaga kerja, persaingan antar kebun/ industri, dan prefensi tenaga kerja yang menghasilakan tujuh alternative kebijakan strategis untuk meningkatkan daya tarik menjadi penyadap

  
Pengaruh Relationship Marketing terhadap Loyalitas Pelanggan pada Konsumen Tropicana Slim di Kota Padang
Authors: Putri Siska Lusia , Nursinta Lili
Published: August 2018

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh relationship marketing terhadap loyalitas pelanggan dan untuk menentukan variabel dari relationship marketing yang paling dominan berpengaruh terhadap loyalitas pelanggan. Indikator relationship marketing yang digunakan mencakup (kepercayaan, komitmen, dan komunikasi) pada konsumen Tropicana Slim di Kota Padang. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kuantitatif dengan menggunakan analisis regresi dan korelasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semua indikator relationship marketing (kepercayaan, komitmen, dan komunikasi) bernilai positif dan berpengaruh terhadap loyalitas pelanggan dan nilai R-Square untuk semua indikator bernilai 0.650.
Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Pendapatan Rumah Tangga Tani Padi
Authors: Saragih, M.Sc Faoeza Hafiz
Published: August 2018

Desa Sei Buluh, kecamatan Teluk Mengkudu Serdang Bedagai dijadikan kawasan agrotechnopark berbasis tanaman pangan yang  didukung oleh teknis pertanian yang baik secara ekonomi dan social. Tujuan dari tulisan ini adalah untuk mengetahui factor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pendapatn petani. Metode yagn digunakan adalah regresi linier berganda dengan 60 sampel petani. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variable yang berpengaruh terhadap  pendapatan petani padi adalah harga benih dan luas lahan sedangkan variable harga pupuk urea dan TSP, harga pestisida dan biaya tenga kerja tidak berpengaruh terhadap pendapatan petani padi
Low-power Density Radiations Emitted from Common Wi-Fi Routers Influence Sperm Concentration and Sperm Histomorphometric Parameters: A New Horizon on Male Infertility Treatment
Authors: Delavarifar S , Razi Z , Tamadon A , Rahmanifar F , Mehrabani D , Owjfard M , Koohi-Hoseinabadi O , Zaker Abasali S
Published: August 2018

Background: Male infertility is defined as an inability to impregnate a fertile female; it is a widespread problem which is usually caused by some male factors such as low quantity and quality of sperm, specifically oligospermia and azoospermia.Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the bio-positive effects of low power density Wi-Fi radiation on the reproductive system of infertile and healthy mice.Materials and Methods: Thirty adult male Balb/c mice were randomly divided into 5 groups. Groups oligospermic-sham (OS), oligospermic-exposure 1 (OE1) and oligospermic-exposure 2 (OE2) received Busulfan, 10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, but the control-sham (CS) and control-exposure (CE) groups left without Busulfan therapy. Groups CE, OE1 and OE2 were exposed to 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi radiation while, the CS and OS were sham exposed to Wi-Fi radiation without energizing the Wi-Fi router. The right and left testes and right epididymis were dissected out and histopathological, histomorphologic changes and the quality of the sperms were analyzed.Results: Low power density Wi-Fi radiation significantly increased sperm concentration in the CE group compared to that in CS, while enhancement of spermatid cells was not significant. Sperm concentration in OE2 was more than that in OE1 as the spermatid cells enhanced.Conclusion: Findings revealed that radiation hormesis induced by low power density Wi-Fi radiation have biological beneficial effects on mouse sperm concentration and sperm histomorphometric parameters.
Geo-Strategic Significance of Kandahar for Mughal Empire
Authors: Zahid Anwar , Sumaira  , Sadia Riaz
Published: August 2018

Kandahar is one of the most significant and important region of Afghanistan. It had been ruled by the great dynasties like Greece, Muryans, Kushans, Hindu Shahis, Mongols and the Mughals etc. Because of its significant location, Kandahar remained the bone of contention between different Empires and dynasties. When the Mughal occupied India, it became necessary for them to make a strong hold on Kandahar because of its strategic location that connects Persia with India. Kandahar was a gateway to India from Persia and for the safety of India and Kabul the Mughals were struggling to have strong control over the area. It connects South Asian subcontinent with Central Asia, Middle East and the Persian Gulf. On the other side Persia considered Kandahar as her integral part particularly from the reign of Shah Tahmasp and always remained busy in taking its control from the Mughals. It was necessary for them to take control of Kandahar for accomplishing the Safavid expansion policy. Thus, Kandahar remained a sandwich between two great Empires.
Conflicts of interest and industry professional relationships in psychiatric neurosurgery: a comparative literature review
Authors: Cabrera Laura Y. , Boyce Hayden M. K. , McKenzie Rachel , Bluhm Robyn
Published: August 2018

OBJECTIVE

The research required to establish that psychiatric treatments are effective often depends on collaboration between academic clinical researchers and industry. Some of the goals of clinical practice and those of commercial developers of psychiatric therapies overlap, such as developing safe and effective treatments. However, there might also be incompatible goals; physicians aim to provide the best care they can to their patients, whereas the medical industry ultimately aims to develop therapies that are commercially successful. In some cases, however, clinical research may be aiming both at improved patient care and commercial success. It is in these cases that a conflict of interest (COI) arises. The goal of this study was to identify differences and commonalities regarding COIs between 2 kinds of somatic psychiatric interventions: pharmacological and neurosurgical.

METHODS

The authors conducted a study focused on professional concerns regarding pharmacological and neurosurgical psychiatric interventions. They used medical and bioethics journal articles as an indicator of professionals’ concerns and carried out a thematic content analysis of peer-reviewed articles published between 1960 and 2015, using PubMed and Google Scholar.

RESULTS

One hundred thirty-seven relevant articles were identified, of which 86 papers focused primarily on psychopharmacology and 51 on neurosurgery. The intervention most discussed in the psychiatric neurosurgery data set was deep brain stimulation (n = 42). While there were no significant differences at the level of categories, pharmacological and neurosurgical interventions differ in the underlying themes discussed. Two issues widely discussed in the articles on pharmaceutical interventions, but largely neglected in the neurosurgery articles, were medical professional issues and industry involvement.

CONCLUSIONS

COIs are a neglected issue in the discussion of ethics concerns regarding medical devices in psychiatry. Yet as these interventions become more common, it is important to address them in part through learning from the discussion regarding COIs in the pharmaceutical industry and by developing approaches to address those aspects of COIs that are unique to the medical device industry.
Toward adaptive deep brain stimulation for dystonia
Authors: Piña-Fuentes Dan , Beudel Martijn , Little Simon , van Zijl Jonathan , Elting Jan Willem , Oterdoom D. L. Marinus , van Egmond Martje E. , van Dijk J. Marc C. , Tijssen Marina A. J.
Published: August 2018

The presence of abnormal neural oscillations within the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical (CBGTC) network has emerged as one of the current principal theories to explain the pathophysiology of movement disorders. In theory, these oscillations can be used as biomarkers and thereby serve as a feedback signal to control the delivery of deep brain stimulation (DBS). This new form of DBS, dependent on different characteristics of pathological oscillations, is called adaptive DBS (aDBS), and it has already been applied in patients with Parkinson’s disease. In this review, the authors summarize the scientific research to date on pathological oscillations in dystonia and address potential biomarkers that might be used as a feedback signal for controlling aDBS in patients with dystonia.
Open-loop deep brain stimulation for the treatment of epilepsy: a systematic review of clinical outcomes over the past decade (2008–present)
Authors: Zhou James J. , Chen Tsinsue , Farber S. Harrison , Shetter Andrew G. , Ponce Francisco A.
Published: August 2018

OBJECTIVE

The field of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for epilepsy has grown tremendously since its inception in the 1970s and 1980s. The goal of this review is to identify and evaluate all studies published on the topic of open-loop DBS for epilepsy over the past decade (2008 to present).

METHODS

A PubMed search was conducted to identify all articles reporting clinical outcomes of open-loop DBS for the treatment of epilepsy published since January 1, 2008. The following composite search terms were used: (“epilepsy” [MeSH] OR “seizures” [MeSH] OR “kindling, neurologic” [MeSH] OR epilep* OR seizure* OR convuls*) AND (“deep brain stimulation” [MeSH] OR “deep brain stimulation” OR “DBS”) OR (“electric stimulation therapy” [MeSH] OR “electric stimulation therapy” OR “implantable neurostimulators” [MeSH]).

RESULTS

The authors identified 41 studies that met the criteria for inclusion. The anterior nucleus of the thalamus, centromedian nucleus of the thalamus, and hippocampus were the most frequently evaluated targets. Among the 41 articles, 19 reported on stimulation of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus, 6 evaluated stimulation of the centromedian nucleus of the thalamus, and 9 evaluated stimulation of the hippocampus. The remaining 7 articles reported on the evaluation of alternative DBS targets, including the posterior hypothalamus, subthalamic nucleus, ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus, nucleus accumbens, caudal zone incerta, mammillothalamic tract, and fornix. The authors evaluated each study for overall epilepsy response rates as well as adverse events and other significant, nonepilepsy outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

Level I evidence supports the safety and efficacy of stimulating the anterior nucleus of the thalamus and the hippocampus for the treatment of medically refractory epilepsy. Level III and IV evidence supports stimulation of other targets for epilepsy. Ongoing research into the efficacy, adverse effects, and mechanisms of open-loop DBS continues to expand the knowledge supporting the use of these treatment modalities in patients with refractory epilepsy.
Deep brain stimulation for the treatment of disorders of consciousness and cognition in traumatic brain injury patients: a review
Authors: Kundu Bornali , Brock Andrea A. , Englot Dario J. , Butson Christopher R. , Rolston John D.
Published: August 2018

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a looming epidemic, growing most rapidly in the elderly population. Some of the most devastating sequelae of TBI are related to depressed levels of consciousness (e.g., coma, minimally conscious state) or deficits in executive function. To date, pharmacological and rehabilitative therapies to treat these sequelae are limited. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been used to treat a number of pathologies, including Parkinson disease, essential tremor, and epilepsy. Animal and clinical research shows that targets addressing depressed levels of consciousness include components of the ascending reticular activating system and areas of the thalamus. Targets for improving executive function are more varied and include areas that modulate attention and memory, such as the frontal and prefrontal cortex, fornix, nucleus accumbens, internal capsule, thalamus, and some brainstem nuclei. The authors review the literature addressing the use of DBS to treat higher-order cognitive dysfunction and disorders of consciousness in TBI patients, while also offering suggestions on directions for future research.
Convenient synthesis of amides by Zn(ClO4)2·6H2O catalysed Ritter reaction with nitriles and halohydrocarbons
Authors: Feng Chengliang , Yin Guibo , Yan Bin , Chen Junqing , Ji Min
Published: August 2018

A convenient and high yielding procedure for the synthesis of amides by the Ritter reaction of nitriles and halohydrocarbons in the presence of Zn(ClO4)2·6H2O as a highly stable, effective and available catalyst is described.
La historia de la ciencia, en la búsqueda de un interlocutor: el caso de la densidad de los cuerpos
Authors: Quinto Moya Jaime Antonio , Romero Chacón Ángel Enrique
Published: August 2018

Methodological and theoretical foundations obtained from an investigative work are presented, whose purpose was to establish and explain the possible relationships between the implementation of experimental activities in the Science class and the social construction of scientific knowledge, through reflections about the measurement process around the phenomenon flotation within the bodies and its relation with the concept of density. To reach the stated purpose, the flotation phenomenon of the bodies is organized in relation to the concepts of specific weight and density, and the interlocution is formed, through a historical and critical analysis using authors like Galileo and Archimedes. The previous information constitutes an alternative to the traditional way of assuming the magnitude and measurement processes as external to the phenomenon and separate any sensible experience from the subject conducting the experiment.