bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Computational pathology definitions, best practices, and recommendations for regulatory guidance: a white paper from the Digital Pathology Association
Authors: Abels Esther , Pantanowitz Liron , Aeffner Famke , Zarella Mark D , van der Laak Jeroen , Bui Marilyn M , Vemuri Venkata NP , Parwani Anil V , Gibbs Jeff , Agosto‐Arroyo Emmanuel , Beck Andrew H , Kozlowski Cleopatra
Published: July 2019

In this white paper, experts from the Digital Pathology Association (DPA) define terminology and concepts in the emerging field of computational pathology, with a focus on its application to histology images analyzed together with their associated patient data to extract information. This review offers a historical perspective and describes the potential clinical benefits from research and applications in this field, as well as significant obstacles to adoption. Best practices for implementing computational pathology workflows are presented. These include infrastructure considerations, acquisition of training data, quality assessments, as well as regulatory, ethical, and cyber‐security concerns. Recommendations are provided for regulators, vendors, and computational pathology practitioners in order to facilitate progress in the field. © 2019 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Hybrid phthalonitrile‐based materials with advanced mechanical and nuclear shielding performances
Authors: Derradji Mehdi , Zegaoui Abdeldjalil , Medjahed Aboubakr , Liu Wenbin , Henniche Abdelkhalek
Published: July 2019

Phthalonitrile resins as one of the leading high performance polymers are currently used in highly exigent applications. Herein, aiming to achieve the best combination of mechanical, thermal, and nuclear shielding performances, we prepared hybrid materials based on the typical phthalonitrile resin and the silane surface modified chopped carbon fibers and tungsten carbide nanoparticles. The obtained results suggested that a synergistic combination between the three constituent was clearly achieved leading to excellent mechanical and gamma rays shielding properties. For instance, the tensile and bending strengths reached up to 505 and 584 MPa for the composite containing 20 and 30 wt% of carbon fibers and tungsten carbide nanoparticles, respectively. Similarly, the gamma rays screening ratio also reached the exceptional value of 39% for the same 2 cm thick hybrid. Finally, the as such described hybrid materials proved that a multi‐approach strategy is often the best solution to achieve the requirements of highly exigent applications.
The Neural Architecture of General Knowledge
Authors: Genç Erhan , Fraenz Christoph , Schlüter Caroline , Friedrich Patrick , Voelkle Manuel C. , Hossiep Rüdiger , Güntürkün Onur
Published: July 2019

Cognitive performance varies widely between individuals and is highly influenced by structural and functional properties of the brain. In the past, neuroscientific research was principally concerned with fluid intelligence, while neglecting its equally important counterpart crystallized intelligence. Crystallized intelligence is defined as the depth and breadth of knowledge and skills that are valued by one's culture. The accumulation of crystallized intelligence is guided by information storage capacities and is likely to be reflected in an individual's level of general knowledge. In spite of the significant role general knowledge plays for everyday life, its neural foundation largely remains unknown. In a large sample of 324 healthy individuals, we used standard magnetic resonance imaging along with functional magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging to examine different estimates of brain volume and brain network connectivity and assessed their predictive power with regard to both general knowledge and fluid intelligence. Our results demonstrate that an individual's level of general knowledge is associated with structural brain network connectivity beyond any confounding effects exerted by age or sex. Moreover, we found fluid intelligence to be best predicted by cortex volume in male subjects and functional network connectivity in female subjects. Combined, these findings potentially indicate different neural architectures for information storage and information processing. © 2019 European Association of Personality Psychology
Movement Mobilization in the Age of Hashtag Activism: Examining the Challenge of Noise, Hate, and Disengagement in the #MeToo Campaign
Authors: Lindgren Simon
Published: July 2019

This article analyses the challenges faced by the #MeToo campaign, during its first weeks of existence on Twitter. These included the challenges of maintaining its frame, and making a consistent impact in a complex and volatile media landscape. This mixed‐methods study draws on a data set of four million tweets accessed through Twitter's public data interface. It addresses the following research questions: To what degree did the #MeToo campaign on Twitter have a clear focus, and was it able to maintain it? How did the tone of the campaign on Twitter change over time, in terms of the positivity or negativity of expressed sentiments? To what extent were tweets simply reiterated, or instead made the subject of customization and active debate? The article finds that #MeToo quickly started to lose its momentum after the initial and explosive impact, with noise, antagonism, and sloganization increasingly weighing down and diluting the campaign. However, a cross‐platform perspective is needed to grasp a full picture of how hashtag activism functions; including the #MeToo campaign.
Antidepressant‐like effects of 20(S)‐protopanaxadiol in a mouse model of chronic social defeat stress and the related mechanisms
Authors: Jiang Ning , Lv Jing‐wei , Wang Hai‐xia , Wang Qiong , Lu Cong , Yang Yu‐jie , Huang Hong , Xia Tian‐ji , Lv Guang‐hua , Liu Xin‐min
Published: July 2019

20(S)‐Protopanaxadiol (PPD) is a basic aglycone of the dammarane triterpenoid saponins and exerts antidepressant‐like effects on behaviour in the forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) and in rat olfactory bulbectomy depression models. However, the antidepressant effects of PPD have not been studied thoroughly. The objective of the present study was first to investigate the effect of PPD on depression behaviours induced by chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) in mice. The results showed that CSDS was effective in producing depression‐like behaviours in mice, as indicated by decreased responses in the social interaction test, sucrose preference test, TST, and FST, and that this effect was accompanied by noticeable alterations in the levels of oxidative markers (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and lipid peroxidation) and monoamines (5‐HT and NE) in the hippocampus and serum corticosterone levels. Additionally, western blot analysis revealed that CSDS exposure significantly downregulated BDNF, p‐TrkB/TrkB, p‐Akt/Akt, and p‐mTOR/mTOR protein expression in the hippocampus. Remarkably, chronic PPD treatment significantly ameliorated these behavioral and biochemical alterations associated withCSDS‐induced depression. Our results suggest that PPD exerts antidepressant‐like effects in mice with CSDS‐induced depression and that this effect may be mediated by the normalization of neurotransmitter and corticosterone levels and the alleviation of oxidative stress, as well as the enhancement of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR‐mediated BDNF/TrkB pathway.
Parameterizing robust manipulator controllers under approximate inverse dynamics: A double‐Youla approach
Authors: Friedrich Stefan R. , Buss Martin
Published: July 2019

We consider the goal of ensuring robust stability when a given manipulator feedback control law is modified online, for example, to safely improve the performance by a learning module. To this end, the factorization approach is applied to both the plant and controller models to characterize robustly stabilizing controllers for rigid‐body manipulators under approximate inverse dynamics control. Outer‐loop controllers to stabilize the nonlinear uncertain loop that results from approximate inverse dynamics are often derived by lumping uncertainty in a single term and subsequent analysis of the error system. Here, by contrast, the well‐known norm bounds of these uncertain dynamics are first recast into a generalized plant configuration that preserves the characteristic uncertainty structure. Then, the overall loop uncertainty is expressed with respect to the nominal outer‐loop feedback controller by means of an uncertain dual‐Youla operator. Therefore, using the dual‐Youla parameterization, we provide a novel way to rigorously quantify permissible perturbations of robot manipulator feedforward/feedback controllers. The method proposed in this paper does not constitute another robust control law for rigid‐body manipulators, but rather a characterization of a set of robustly stabilizing controllers. The resulting double‐Youla parameterization for the control of robot manipulators is amenable to numerous advanced design methods. The result is thoroughly discussed by a planar elbow manipulator and exemplified with a six‐degree‐of‐freedom robot scenario with varying payload.
Minors of a random binary matroid
Authors: Cooper Colin , Frieze Alan , Pegden Wesley
Published: July 2019

Let A be an n × m matrix over GF2 where each column consists of k ones, and let M be an arbitrary fixed binary matroid. The matroid growth rate theorem implies that there is a constant CM such that m ≥ CMn2 implies that the binary matroid induced by A contains M as a minor. We prove that if the columns of A = An,m,k are chosen randomly, then there are constants kM,LM such that k ≥ kM and m ≥ LMn implies that A contains M as a minor with high probability .
Synthesis, Alkylation and Reduction of 4‐Aryl‐2H‐1,2,3‐benzothiadiazine 1,1‐dioxides
Authors: Porcs‐Makkay Márta , Gyűjtő Imre , Lukács Gyula , Komáromi Anna , Tóth Gábor , Garádi Zsófia , Simig Gyula , Volk Balázs
Published: July 2019

ortho‐(2‐Aryl‐1,3‐dioxolan‐2‐yl)benzenesulfonyl chlorides obtained from benzophenone ketals by directed ortho‐lithiation chemistry were cyclized either with hydrazine monohydrate or with acetohydrazide to furnish variously substituted 4‐aryl‐2H‐1,2,3‐benzothiadiazine 1,1‐dioxides. Alkylation of benzothiadiazine dioxides with alkyl iodides under basic conditions was elaborated, revealing significant differences compared to the reactivity of 4‐unsubstituted ones. Hydrogenation of the C=N double bond in the presence of platinum(IV) oxide is also described. Detailed NMR studies and DFT calculations supported the structure elucidation of the compounds.
Non‐Enzymatic Amperometric Detection of H2O2 on One‐Step Electrochemical Fabricated Cu2O/Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite
Authors: Doğan Hülya Ö. , Çepni Emir , Urhan Bingül K. , Eryiğit Mesut
Published: July 2019

In this study, we present a new approach to electrochemical growth of Cu2O/electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (Cu2O/ERGO) nanostructures that are based on simultaneous co‐reduction of both copper ions and graphene oxide from an aqueous suspension on gold electrode. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) spectra of as‐prepared Cu2O/ERGO electrode showed that Cu2O and graphene structures in composite nanostructures. The SEM image exhibited that combining the crumpled ERGO and nanocubes shapes of Cu2O in nanocomposite stucture. The Cu2O/ERGO nanocomposite electrode exhibits good electrocatalytic activity toward detection of non‐enzymatic H2O2, compared to bare Au and Au/Cu2O electrodes, in terms of low working potential and high current density. The linear detection range for H2O2 is 1–1000 μM while the detection limit is 0.14 μM. Furthermore, a very high sensitivity is achieved with 168.2 mA mM−1 cm−2 estimated for H2O2. These results suggest that Cu2O/ERGO nanocomposites thus easily prepared through an electrochemical co‐reduction method are promising electrode materials for biosensor application.
Dppf‐Ligated Palladium Complex as an Efficient Catalyst for the Synthesis of Biaryl Ketones Using Co2(CO)8 as a C1 Source with High TON and TOF
Authors: Gaikwad Vinayak V. , Mane Pravin A. , Dey Sandip , Bhanage Bhalchandra M.
Published: July 2019

In this reports, we have synthesized and characterized the palladium catalyst [Pd2(dppf)2(SC12H8S)]2(OTf)4 which is successfully applied for Carbonylative Suzuki‐Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction. Synthesized catalyst was characterized by various analytical techniques such as 1H NMR, 31P NMR, CHNS, and single crystal X‐ray diffraction. The use of Co2(CO)8 as a C1 source instead of gaseous CO is an additional advantage of the developed protocol. The current protocol showing excellent catalytic activity at ppm level of “Pd” concentration to provided high TON and TON. TON could be achieved up to 104 and TOF up to 103. The protocol could tolerate a variety of functional groups and provided wide substrate scope including Heteroaryl ketones. The practical applicability of the proposed protocol up to gram level with marginal loss of the yield of the product. Remarkably, we have synthesized (4‐methoxyphenyl) (3,4,5‐trimethoxyphenyl)methanone and oxybenzone which is pharmaceutically active drug molecules under co‐catalyst, and additive free condition. .
Facile Nanolization Strategy for TherapeuticGanoderma Lucidum Spore Oilto Achieve Enhanced Protection against Radiation‐Induced Heart Disease
Authors: Dai Chengli , He Lizhen , Ma Bin , Chen Tianfeng
Published: July 2019

Radiotherapy (RT) has been extensively utilized for clinical cancer therapy, however, excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is becoming a main cause for radiation‐induced heart disease (RIHD).Ganoderma lucidum spore oil(GLSO) is a popular functional food composite with potent antioxidant activity, but it is compromised by poor solubility and stability for further application. Therefore, a strategy for rational fabrication of GLSO@P188/PEG400 nanosystem (NS) is demonstrated in this study to realize good water solubility and achieve enhanced protection against RIHD. As expected, GLSO@P188/PEG400 NS can attenuate X‐ray‐induced excessive ROS levels thanks to its enhanced free radical scavenging capability, simultaneously protecting on mitochondria from X‐ray irradiation (IR). Moreover, GLSO@P188/PEG400 NS alleviates DNA damage and promotes self‐repair processes against IR, thus recovering G0/G1 proportion back to normal levels. Furthermore, pre‐ and post‐treated GLSO@P188/PEG400 NS demonstrates potential protection on heart from X‐rays in vivo, as evidenced by attenuating cardiac dysfunction and myocardial fibrosis. Meanwhile, the cell antioxidant capacity (including T‐SOD, MDA, and GSH‐x) stays in balance during this process. This study not only provides a promising strategy for facile nanolization of functional food composites with hydrophobic defects but also sheds light on their cardiac protection and action mechanisms against IR‐induced disease.
Coho Salmon and Habitat Response to Restoration in a Small Stream
Authors: Anderson Joseph H. , Krueger Kirk L. , Kinsel Clayton , Quinn Timothy , Ehinger William J. , Bilby Robert
Published: July 2019

Stream restoration is a common conservation strategy for salmonids, but evidence that it has improved watershed scale habitat conditions or fish population abundance, survival, or spatial distribution is rare. We employed an intensively monitored watershed approach to measure the responses of both the habitat and Coho Salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch to a culvert replacement (2002) and a three‐phase large woody debris (LWD) addition (2007, 2009, and 2016) in Little Anderson Creek (LA), a small stream in western Washington. Following the replacement of a fish barrier culvert with a channel‐spanning bridge near the mouth of the creek, average smolt abundance for Coho Salmon more than tripled (910 vs. 275), demonstrating a significant increase in production capacity. In evaluating the habitat responses to the LWD placement, a series of mixed effects models indicated a modest, reach‐scale increase in LWD density and a statistically divergent trend in spawning gravel and pool frequency, whereby both metrics increased at a slightly lower rate in treated sites than in reference sites. However, substantial interannual habitat variation appeared be driven by regional processes rather than treatment effects, as habitat change among years was consistent between the treatment and reference watersheds. Although we observed more Coho Salmon smolts after the 2009 LWD placement (364 fish), this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.22) and neither parr abundance nor parr‐to‐smolt survival increased. Also, we did not detect a change in density‐dependent growth dynamics or the spatial distribution of redds. Our results suggest that increasing accessibility through barrier removal can provide an immediate boost to freshwater fish production, but measurably improving population performance by adding LWD requires greater treatment magnitudes or more time for response than was examined in our study. Our ability to detect a fish response also may have been limited by low population abundance, which appeared to be below carrying capacity in most years following the LWD treatment.
Sensitivity‐based fuzzy multi‐objective portfolio model with Value‐at‐Risk
Authors: Zhang Huiming , Watada Junzo , Wang Bo
Published: July 2019

To quantitatively discuss the effects and uncertainties of yield changes in each stock for portfolio selection results and then to provide a more reliable portfolio solution for investors, sensitivity analysis is introduced to improve the multi‐objective portfolio model with fuzzy VaR (SA‐VaR‐FMOPSM). Compared with the existing fuzzy VaR multi‐objective portfolio model (VaR‐FMOPSM), the calculation formulas of expected and VaR value of parabolic fuzzy variable are derived when stock yields are set as a more generalized parabolic fuzzy variable as well as the sensitivity of the total objective to the VaR‐FMOPSM model is defined. Meanwhile, based on the fuzzy simulation technique, the model adapted to a series of different distributed fuzzy variable, an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm (IPSO) is used for numerical simulations. To illustrate the proposed model, New York Stock Exchange and National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations‐Global Select Market (NASDAQ‐GS) stock data were selected for empirical testing, and to better reflect the true value of each stock for each day, we selected the ex‐right price data in the experiment, a comparison with the existing fuzzy VaR multi‐objective portfolio model (VaR‐FMOPSM) is performed. The results show that the fuzzy VaR multi‐objective portfolio model based on the sensitivity analysis method can effectively identify and quantitatively analyze the sensitivity of individual stocks to yield changes, i.e. that can identify which stock has more stable yields and that can calculate the degree of stability, then to obtain stable portfolio solutions. In addition, compared with the VaR‐FMOPSM model, our sensitivity‐based improved model with the IPSO algorithm also performs better than Genetic Algorithm and Simulate Anneal Algorithm (SA), it provides the same performance on this point. © 2019 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A novel model‐predictive direct control for induction motor drives
Authors: Yang Xiaoliang , Liu Guorong , Le Van Dai , Le Cao Quyen
Published: July 2019

Three‐phase induction motor (IM) drives play an important role in the variable speed applications from fractional horsepower to multi Megawatt power; it controls and evaluates them to be an interesting subject. This study presents a novel model‐predictive direct torque control (MPDTC) for IM drives. It combines the direct torque control (DTC) and finite control set model‐predictive control (FCS‐MPC) methods, and uses the predictive look‐up tables to enhance the overall performance of IM as the good steady‐state performance, lower switching frequency, and to achieve relatively low computational complexity. The simulations and experiments are performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy. As the main conclusion of this work, it overcomes the disadvantages of the DTC method such as the high torque and stator flux ripples and those of the FCS‐MPC method such as the large amount of calculation and high average switching frequency. © 2019 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Surface hopping methods for nonadiabatic dynamics in extended systems
Authors: Wang Linjun , Qiu Jing , Bai Xin , Xu Jiabo
Published: July 2019

The review describes recent method developments toward application of the trajectory surface hopping approach for nonadiabatic dynamics simulations of extended systems. Due to the ease of implementation and good balance between efficiency and reliability, surface hopping has become one of the most widely used mixed quantum‐classical methods for studying general charge and exciton dynamics. In extended systems (e.g., aggregates, polymers, surfaces, interfaces, and solids), however, surface hopping suffers from the difficulty to treat complex surface crossings in the adiabatic representation, and thus the relevant applications have been limited in the past years. The latest studies have allowed us to make a systematic classification of the surface crossings and identify their different influence mechanisms on the traditional surface hopping machinery, including problems related to the phase uncertainty correction of adiabatic states, the wave function propagation, the calculation of hopping probabilities, the velocity adjustment after surface hops, and the artificial long‐range population transfer amplified by decoherence corrections. Elegant solutions to each of these problems have enabled us to get fast time step convergence and size independence even for very large systems with different strengths of electron–phonon couplings. Thereby, the recent theoretical progresses have opened the door to simulate the real‐time and real‐space dynamics (e.g., charge separation, recombination, relaxation, and diffusion) in realistic extended systems, and will generate comprehensive understanding to promote the development of many research fields in chemistry, physics, biology, and material sciences in the near future.

This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Computational Materials Science

Theoretical and Physical Chemistry > Reaction Dynamics and Kinetics

Theoretical and Physical Chemistry > Statistical Mechanics

Molecular and Statistical Mechanics > Molecular Dynamics and Monte‐Carlo Methods
Discovering the influence of sarcasm in social media responses
Authors: Peng Wei , Adikari Achini , Alahakoon Damminda , Gero John
Published: July 2019

Sarcasm in verbal and nonverbal communication is known to attract higher attention and create deeper influence than other negative responses. Many people are adept at including sarcasm in written communication thus sarcastic comments have the potential to stimulate the virality of social media content. Although diverse computational approaches have been used to detect sarcasm in social media, the use of text mining to explore the influential role of sarcasm in spreading negative content is limited. Using tweets during a service disruption of a leading Australian organization as a case study, we explore this phenomenon using a text mining framework with a combination of statistical modeling and natural language processing (NLP) techniques. Our work targets two main outcomes: the quantification of the influence of sarcasm and the exploration of the change in topical relationships in the conversations over time. We found that sarcastic expressions during the service disruption are higher than on regular days and negative sarcastic tweets attract significantly higher social media responses when compared to literal negative expressions. The content analysis showed that consumers initially complaining sarcastically about the outage tended to eventually widen the negative sarcasm in a cascading effect towards the organization's internal issues and strategies. Organizations could utilize such insights to enable proactive decision‐making during crisis situations. Moreover, detailed exploration of these impacts would elevate the current text mining applications, to better understand the impact of sarcasm by stakeholders expressed in a social media environment, which can significantly affect the reputation and goodwill of an organization.

This article is categorized under:

Technologies > Data Preprocessing

Ensemble Methods > Text Mining

Application Areas > Industry Specific Applications

Fundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge > Big Data Mining
An Introduction to Crisis Reporting: Setting Out
Authors: Kotišová Johana
Published: July 2019

The author delimits the research problem and questions. Based on the literature review of existing research on emotions and media, she argues that within media and journalism studies, the emotional aspects of crisis reporting are persistently under-researched and under-theorized. The vast majority of research on the media in crises focuses on the coverage of crisis situations. Those studies that address journalists’ practices and professionalism mention emotions only in the margins. Kotišová argues that what thus needs to be addressed is the meaning of “crisis” in “crisis reporting,” crisis reporters’ emotional experience, and the role of newsmaking technology in shaping of the experience. The fictional story in this chapter is located at an airport. The readers get acquainted with the main character James, a fictional journalist.
Defining a Crisis: Boarding
Authors: Kotišová Johana
Published: July 2019

The chapter addresses the first research question: What does “crisis” in “crisis reporting” mean? Based on the data, the author argues that for journalists, crisis is defined by its polyphony and multi-level scope. Crisis is both an inside-the-media situation and an outside-the-media major negative event, defined by the suffering of individuals. Crisis is both short-term and continuous, both real and media-constructed. As a result, crisis is a ubiquitous, all-encompassing phenomenon, an environment for life; the journalists live inside the crisis, rather than with it or next to it. This also means that crisis reporters simply cannot be mere observers and non-actors. The fictional plot of the chapter observes James queuing, entering the airplane, and meeting other fictional characters.
Emotions, Technology, and Crisis Reconsidered: Ending
Authors: Kotišová Johana
Published: July 2019

The concluding chapter summarizes the empirical findings and discusses how the findings shed new light on the concepts of technology, crisis, and emotions. Importantly, the author extends the meaning of “crisis” in “crisis reporting” to the ideological cynicism permeating media organizations and journalists’ practices. The author also suggests practical implications of the findings and identifies ways on how individual journalists, media organizations, and global NGOs can critically reappraise journalists’ professional ideology in order to tackle the ideological cynicism. In particular, the author highlights the potential of narrative journalism. The fictional part of the narrative ends with James’ role model giving him a helping hand, thus stressing the importance of assistance from more senior reporters.
BPS soliton-impurity models and supersymmetry
Authors: Adam C. , Queiruga Jose M. , Wereszczynski A.
Published: July 2019

Abstract

We find supersymmetric extensions of the half-BPS soliton-impurity models in (1+1) dimensions which preserve half of the

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= 1 supersymmetry. This is related to the fact that in the bosonic sector (i.e., the half-BPS soliton-impurity model), only one soliton (for example, the kink) is a BPS configuration which solves the pertinent Bogomolnyi equation and saturates the topological energy bound. On the other hand, the topological charge conjugate state (the antikink) is not a BPS solution. This means that it obeys the full Euler-Lagrange equation and does not saturate the topological energy bound. The supersymmetric approach also allows us to construct half-BPS soliton-impurity models in (2+1) dimensions. Concretely, in the case of the CP
1 model, its BPS impurity generalisation preserves one-quarter of the

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= 2 SUSY, while for the Abelian Higgs model at critical coupling both impurity generalisations preserving one-quarter (the case of a new, so-called Higgs impurity) as well as one-half of the

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= 2 SUSY (the case of the previously known magnetic impurity) are possible. We also discuss a possible relation between the BPS CP
1-impurity model and the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction energy.
Phase 1 study of the MDM2 inhibitor AMG 232 in patients with advanced P53 wild-type solid tumors or multiple myeloma
Authors: Gluck W. Larry , Gounder Mrinal M. , Frank Richard , Eskens Ferry , Blay Jean Yves , Cassier Philippe A. , Soria Jean-Charles , Chawla Sant , de Weger Vincent , Wagner Andrew J. , Siegel David , De Vos Filip , Rasmussen Erik , Henary Haby A.
Published: July 2019

Background This open-label, first-in-human, phase 1 study evaluated AMG 232, an oral selective MDM2 inhibitor in patients with TP53 wild-type (P53WT), advanced solid tumors or multiple myeloma (MM). Methods In the dose escalation (n = 39), patients with P53WT refractory solid tumors enrolled to receive once-daily AMG 232 (15, 30, 60, 120, 240, 480, and 960 mg) for seven days every 3 weeks (Q3W). In the dose expansion (n = 68), patients with MDM2-amplified (well-differentiated and de-differentiated liposarcomas [WDLPS and DDLPS], glioblastoma multiforme [GBM], or other solid tumors [OST]), MDM2-overexpressing ER+ breast cancer (BC), or MM received AMG 232 at the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). Safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and efficacy were assessed. Results AMG 232 had acceptable safety up to up to 240 mg. Three patients had dose-limiting toxicities of thrombocytopenia (n = 2) and neutropenia (n = 1). Due to these and other delayed cytopenias, AMG 232 240 mg Q3W was determined as the highest tolerable dose assessed in the dose expansion. Adverse events were typically mild/moderate and included diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, decreased appetite, and anemia. AMG 232 plasma concentrations increased dose proportionally. Increases in serum macrophage inhibitor cytokine-1 from baseline were generally dose dependent, indicating p53 pathway activation. Per local review, there were no responses. Stable disease (durability in months) was observed in patients with WDLPS (3.9), OST (3.3), DDLPS (2.0), GBM (1.8), and BC (1.4–2.0). Conclusions In patients with P53WT advanced solid tumors or MM, AMG 232 showed acceptable safety and dose-proportional pharmacokinetics, and stable disease was observed.
The Civil Law, the Common Law, and the English Language – Challenges and Opportunities in Asia
Authors: BELL Gary F
Published: July 2019

This article addresses three questions. First, what is the effect on the civil law in Asia of young (and old) academics adopting English, the language of the common law, as a second language – rather than a civil law language, either a Continental European language (French, German etc), or another Asian civil law language (Japanese, Chinese etc)? Second, what is the effect on the civil law of civil law jurists pursuing their graduate studies not only in English but also in common law jurisdictions, rather than in civil law jurisdictions and returning home to become academics or practicing lawyers in civil law jurisdictions? Finally, since English is the lingua franca of civil law jurists in Asia, how can we adapt English to the civil law so as to make English one of our civil law languages?
Validating curricular competencies in innovation and entrepreneurship for biomedical research trainees: A modified Delphi approach
Authors: Garbutt Jane , Antes Alison , Mozersky Jessica , Pearson James , Grailer Joseph , Toker Emre , DuBois James
Published: July 2019

Introduction:

Biomedical researchers need skills in innovation and entrepreneurship (I&E) to efficiently translate scientific discoveries into products and services to be used to improve health.

Methods:

In 2016, the European Union identified and published 15 entrepreneurial competencies (EntreComp) for the general population. To validate the appropriateness of these competencies for I&E training for biomedical researchers and to identify program content, we conducted six modified Delphi panels of 45 experts (6–9 per panel). Participating experts had diverse experience, representing such fields as entrepreneurship, academic research, venture capital, and industry.

Results:

The experts agreed that all 15 EntreComp competencies were important for biomedical research trainees and no additional competencies were identified. In a two-round Delphi process, the experts identified 120 topics to be included in a training curriculum. They rated the importance of each topic using a 5-point scale from not at all important (1) to extremely important (5) for two student groups: entrepreneurs (those interested in starting their own ventures) and intrapreneurs (those wanting to be innovative and strategic within academia or industry). Consensus (mean importance score >4) was reached that 85 (71%) topics were of high importance for the curriculum. Four topics were identified by multiple panels for both student groups: resiliency, goal setting, team management, and communication skills.

Conclusions:

I&E training for biomedical trainees should address all 15 EntreComp competencies, including “soft skills,” and be flexible to accommodate the needs of trainees on different career trajectories.
National trends in the treatment of urinary tract infections among Veterans’ Affairs Community Living Center residents
Authors: Appaneal Haley J. , Caffrey Aisling R. , Lopes Vrishali V. , Crnich Christopher J. , Dosa David M. , LaPlante Kerry L.
Published: July 2019

Objective:

To describe urinary tract infection (UTI) treatment among Veterans’ Affairs (VA) Community Living Centers (CLCs) nationally and to assess related trends in antibiotic use.

Design:

Descriptive study.

Setting and participants:

All UTI episodes treated from 2013 through 2017 among residents in 110 VA CLCs. UTI episodes required collection of a urine culture, antibiotic treatment, and a UTI diagnosis code. UTI episodes were stratified into culture-positive and culture-negative episodes.

Methods:

Frequency and rate of antibiotic use were assessed for all UTI episodes overall and were stratified by culture-positive and culture-negative episodes. Joinpoint software was used for regression analyses of trends over time.

Results:

We identified 28,247 UTI episodes in 14,983 Veterans. The average age of Veterans was 75.7 years, and 95.9% were male. Approximately half of UTI episodes (45.7%) were culture positive and 25.7% were culture negative. Escherichia coli was recovered in 34.1% of culture-positive UTI episodes, followed by Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella spp, which were recovered in 24.5% and 17.4% of culture-positive UTI episodes, respectively. The rate of total antibiotic use in days of therapy (DOT) per 1,000 bed days decreased by 10.1% per year (95% CI, −13.6% to −6.5%) and fluoroquinolone use (ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin) decreased by 14.5% per year (95% CI, −20.6% to −7.8%) among UTI episodes overall. Similar reductions in rates of total antibiotic use and fluoroquinolone use were observed among culture-positive UTI episodes and among culture-negative UTI episodes.

Conclusion:

Over a 5-year period, antibiotic use for UTIs significantly decreased among VA CLCs, as did use of fluoroquinolones. Antibiotic stewardship efforts across VA CLCs should be applauded, and these efforts should continue.
Inappropriate intravenous antimicrobial starts: An antimicrobial stewardship metric for hemodialysis facilities
Authors: Hahn Phillip D. , Figgatt Mary , Peritz Tiina , Coffin Susan E.
Published: July 2019

We assessed the appropriateness of intravenous antimicrobial starts (IVASs) in Philadelphia County hemodialysis facilities using only National Healthcare Safety Network data. We classified 57.5% of IVASs as inappropriate. These findings warrant further investigation into the determinants of inappropriate IVASs in hemodialysis facilities to enhance antimicrobial stewardship.
Characterization of cerebral cortical endocannabinoid levels in a rat inguinal surgery model using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS)
Authors: Ita M. , Kelly J.
Published: July 2019

Background:

The brain endocannabinoid system is believed to play significant roles in anti-nociception, fear response, anxiety, and stress. This study investigated the effects of rat inguinal surgery on the levels of endocannabinoids in the cerebral cortex.

Aim:

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of acute post-surgical pain on the levels of endocannabinoids in the cerebral cortex.

Methods:

Quantitation of endocannabinoids in the rat cerebral cortex was performed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry.

Results:

There was no significant difference in the cerebral cortical levels of anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) between the sham and surgery experimental groups. However, there were lateralized differences in the levels of these endocannabinoids between the right and left cerebral cortices irrespective of the two groups. The concentrations of AEA and 2-AG were significantly higher in the right cerebral cortex compared to the contralateral cerebral cortex.

Conclusion:

Acute post-surgical pain did not induce significant alterations in the cerebral cortical levels of endocannabinoids in this study, but the phenomenon of lateralization of the cerebral cortical AEA and 2-AG levels was observed; this latter finding may be related to the role played by endocannabinoids in fear conditioning.
Large Eddy Simulation of Two-Phase Flow Pattern and Transformation Characteristics of Flow Mixing Nozzle
Authors: Zhao Jin , Ning Zhi , Lü Ming
Published: July 2019

The two-phase flow pattern of a flow mixing nozzle plays an important role in jet breakup and atomization. However, the flow pattern of this nozzle and its transformation characteristics are still unclear. A diesel-air injection simulation model of a flow mixing nozzle is established. Then the two-phase flow pattern and transformation characteristics of the flow mixing nozzle is studied using a numerical simulation method. The effect of the air-diesel velocity ratio, ratio of the distance between the tube orifice and nozzle hole and the tube diameter (H/D), and the diesel inlet velocity was studied in terms of the jet breakup diameter (jet diameter at the breakup position) and jet breakup length (length of the diesel jet from the breakup position to the nozzle outlet). The results show that the jet breakup diameter decreases with the decrease in H/D or the increase in the air-diesel velocity ratio and diesel inlet velocity. The jet breakup length increases first and then decreases with the increase in H/D and air-diesel velocity ratio; the trend of the diesel inlet velocity is complicated. In addition, a change in the working conditions also causes some morphological changes that cannot be quantitatively analyzed in the diesel-air flow pattern. The transition characteristics of the flow pattern are analyzed, and it is found that the main reason for the change in the flow pattern is the change in the inertial force of the air, surface tension force, and viscous force of diesel (non-dimensional Reynolds number and Weber number describe the transition characteristics in this paper). The surface tension force of diesel decreases and the viscous force of diesel and inertial force of air increase when the air-diesel velocity ratio increases or H/D decreases. However, the effects of the diesel surface tension force and viscous force effect are much smaller than that of the air inertial force, which changes the diesel-air flow pattern from a drop pattern to a vibration jet pattern, broken jet pattern, and then a chaotic jet pattern.
What characteristics of funding, provision and regulation are associated with effective social investment in ECEC in England, France and Germany?
Authors: WEST ANNE , BLOME AGNES , LEWIS JANE
Published: July 2019

Early childhood education and care (ECEC) is seen as a crucial element of the social investment state. Whilst the extent of social investment in ECEC depends on financial expenditure, its effectiveness depends on certain conditions being met: namely, affordable, high quality provision being available. We explore policy development and the role played by government in the funding, provision and regulation of ECEC in England, France and Germany and then compare availability, affordability and quality. We argue that for children aged three and over, social investment can be deemed to be broadly effective in France and Germany, but in England quality is compromised by low staff qualification levels in private childcare centres. For children under three, effective social investment is elusive in all countries, although as a result of different conditions not being met. Our findings lead us to question the limitations of the concept of social investment in ECEC, particularly in marketised contexts.
Border clashes: the distributive politics of professional liberalisation in Greece, 2010–2018
Authors: Stolfi Francesco , Papamakariou Natalia
Published: July 2019

This article studies the political conflict surrounding the implementation of the European Union’s Services Directive in Greece between 2010 and 2018, the period in which the country was subject to external conditionality by external institutions. Focusing on the opening of jurisdictional boundaries for four professions (tourist guides, taxi owners, lawyers and engineers) that differ in terms of power and of organisational structure, we find that power differences, including control of the professions’ institutions of interest aggregation and representation, explain the liberalisation outcomes across the four professions. This article thus puts the spotlight on the role of domestic interest groups in the implementation of EU legislation and directs researchers’ attention to the broader issue of bias in interest intermediation, a classic, but lately understudied, issue in the study of politics.
A critical review of research relating to the learning, use and effects of additional and multiple languages in later life
Authors: Pfenninger Simone E. , Singleton David
Published: July 2019

While there is a growing body of research on second language acquisition (SLA) in children, adolescents, young and more mature adults, much remains to be explored about how adults in later life learn a new language and how good additional language learning is forthem. Our goal in this article is to survey and evaluate what is known about the linguistic, socio-affective, neurobiological and cognitive underpinnings of the second language (L2) learning process in older individuals, the extent to which L2 acquisition may be seen as contributing to healthy and active ageing, and how these phenomena are to be approached scientifically, methodologically and pedagogically. Our view is that a developmental enterprise as complex as L2 learning in senior adulthood and its effects in later life cannot be explained by a single theory or set of principles. Furthermore, we take it that L2 acquisition in the third age needs to be regarded not just as a goal in itself but as a means of promoting social interaction and integration, and that it is partly through the stimulation of social well-being that its cognitive effects may potentially be observed.
Internal Model Control and Experimental Study of Ankle Rehabilitation Robot
Authors: Wang Lan , Chang Ying , Zhu Haitao
Published: July 2019

In the present work, the ankle rehabilitation robot (ARR) dynamic model that implements a new series of connection control strategies is introduced. The dynamic models are presented in this regard. This model analyzes the robot LuGre friction model and the nonlinear disturbance model. To improve the ARR system’s rapidity and robustness, a composite 2-degree of freedom (2-DOF) internal model control (IMC) controller is presented. The control performance of the compound 2-DOF IMC controller is simulated and analyzed in the present work. The simulation shows that the composite 2-DOF IMC controller has high following performance. For practical testing purposes, 1-DOF passive training and predetermined trajectory following have been completed for different swing amplitudes and frequencies. Moreover, the thrust and tension torque of the robotic dynamic and static loading characteristics are studied in active control mode. The experimental results show the effectiveness of passive training of the given trajectory and impedance training active control strategy. This paper gives the specific functions of ARR.
Congeneric mutualist ant symbionts (Tetraponera, Pseudomyrmecinae) differ in level of protection of their myrmecophyte hosts (Barteria, Passifloraceae)
Authors: Kokolo Bertrand , Atteke Christiane , Mintsa Boris Achille Eyi , Ibrahim Brama , McKey Doyle , Blatrix Rumsais
Published: July 2019

Barteria fistulosaandB. dewevrei, central African rain-forest trees, provide nesting cavities forTetraponera aethiopsandT. latifronsants, respectively, which protect them against herbivores. To compare protection efficiency between these two symbioses, for 20 plants of each species in two sites in Gabon we measured the time elapsed before ants reached a focal leaf, for host leaves that were undisturbed, damaged (cut with scissors) or subjected to slight vibration (mimicking such damage), and for damaged leaves of the non-hostBarteriaspecies.Tetraponera aethiopsdisplayed stronger protective behaviour than didT. latifrons. Time to reach a damaged host leaf (4.5 ± 2.6 min, mean ± SD) did not differ significantly from time to reach a leaf subjected to slight vibration (5.2 ± 3.0 min) forT. aethiops, but response to a leaf subjected to slight vibration (9.5 ± 1.9 min) was significantly slower than that to a damaged leaf (7.8 ± 1.9 min) forT. latifrons. The faster response ofT. aethiopsto slight vibration may have masked a response of this species to chemical signalling. Both ants reached damaged host leaves faster than damaged leaves of the non-hostBarteriasp., indicating host plant specificity in ant responses.
INTRODUCTION TO THE SPECIAL ISSUE ON LEARNING, OPTIMIZATION, AND THEORY OF G-NETWORKS
Authors: Pekergin Nihal
Published: July 2019

We introduce the special issue on “Learning, Optimization, and the Theory of G-Networks” of the journal Probability in the Engineering and Informational Sciences that appears in 2019. We first outline some of the applications and developments of G-Networks which motivate the ongoing interest for this area, including some areas which could not be covered in this special issue. We then briefly discuss the contributions presented in the ten papers that are published in this special issue in the context of related work.