bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Its Clinical Management
Authors: Croarkin Paul , Shafi Reem
Published: January 2021

Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a psychiatric disorder classified in the DSM-5 among disruptive, impulse control, and conduct disorder. The core features of ODD include a pervasive and impairing pattern of anger, irritability, inflexibility, defiance, malevolence, and aggression. Symptoms of ODD typically present during preschool. ODD can be a harbinger of conduct disorder. Isolated, transient symptoms of ODD are normal during development. Mood disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and neurodevelopmental disorders are important considerations in differential diagnosis. However, ODD frequently co-occurs with other psychiatric diagnoses. Complex interactions with temperamental emotional dysregulation, family stress, early life stress, inconsistent parenting, and genetic and physiologic factors likely underlie the risk, pathophysiology, and prognosis of ODD. Unfortunately, these interactions and the neurobiological underpinnings of ODD are still poorly characterized. Although first-line treatments for ODD involve behavioral and psychosocial interventions, a thoughtful consideration of pharmacotherapy for co-occurring disorders and severe symptoms is an important component of treatment planning. Herein we review the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment planning of ODD. Recent applicable controversies such as dimensional conceptualization of psychiatric disorders and the potential intersection of ODD and disruptive mood dysregulation disorder are also summarized. 
This review contains 5 figures, 4 tables, and 44 references.
Key words: aggression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, defiance, disruptive behaviors, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, DSM-5, irritability, oppositional defiant disorder, parent management training
Clinical Management of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
Authors: Chamberlain Samuel R
Published: January 2021

Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (OCRDs) now have their own category in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition. Disorders currently classified as OCRDs are obsessive-compulsive disorder, trichotillomania (hair pulling disorder), excoriation (skin picking) disorder, hoarding disorder, and body dysmorphic disorder. Collectively, the OCRDs are prevalent, cause considerable functional impairment, and are often overlooked by clinicians. This review surveys current definitions and diagnosis of OCRDs, highlighting recommended assessment tools, differential diagnoses, and medical issues. The heritability of OCRDs is examined, based on available twin data, along with implicated genetic factors. Neurobiological understanding of OCRDs is outlined, focusing on dysregulation of habit generation and top-down response control corticostriatal pathways. The review then highlights evidence-based treatments for OCRDs, which differ considerably between individual disorders. Treatment guidance includes descriptions of target medication doses and therapy content. Lastly, limitations in the current knowledge base for OCRDs are reviewed, with implications for future research directions.
This review contains 1 figure, 7 tables, and 40 references.
Key words: compulsivity, dopamine, glutamate, impulsivity, screening for OCD, serotonin
Overview of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Downs Dana , North Carol
Published: January 2021

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric disorder that may follow exposure to trauma. The experience of trauma has potential personal implications. Some individuals develop PTSD after trauma; others may be more resilient, experiencing distress but not succumbing to psychopathology; and yet others may emerge from the experience with new strength and direction.
This review contains 1 figure, 7 tables, and 48 references
Keyword: Posttraumatic stress disorder, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), deep brain stimulation, vagal nerve stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
Endovascular Procedures for Renovascular Disease
Authors: Edwards Matthew S , III William B. Newton , Hansen Kimberley J
Published: January 2021

While open surgical revascularization remains the gold standard, other endovascular techniques for renal revascularization, including percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with or without endoluminal stent placement (PTAS), have emerged as another option. Preoperative evaluation and procedural planning (including patient preparation, correlation of diagnostic images with clinical findings, and materials and instruments) are discussed. The procedural technique is described and includes the steps of securing the renal artery access for therapeutic intervention, transluminal angioplasty, and endoluminal stenting. Postprocedural care, complications, and outcome evaluation are also presented. Nearly one dozen figures show various diagnostic images, including CT scans, aortograms, and arteriography. Tables show the standard equipment for renal PTAS, a summary of trials included in meta-analysis, and results after primary arterial stent placement for atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. This review contains 71 references.
Evaluation of automated cephalometric analysis based on the latest deep learning method
Authors: Hwang Hye-Won , Moon Jun-Ho , Kim Min-Gyu , Donatelli Richard E. , Lee Shin-Jae
Published: January 2021

Objectives

To compare an automated cephalometric analysis based on the latest deep learning method of automatically identifying cephalometric landmarks (AI) with previously published AI according to the test style of the worldwide AI challenges at the International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging conferences held by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE ISBI).

Materials and Methods

This latest AI was developed by using a total of 1983 cephalograms as training data. In the training procedures, a modification of a contemporary deep learning method, YOLO version 3 algorithm, was applied. Test data consisted of 200 cephalograms. To follow the same test style of the AI challenges at IEEE ISBI, a human examiner manually identified the IEEE ISBI-designated 19 cephalometric landmarks, both in training and test data sets, which were used as references for comparison. Then, the latest AI and another human examiner independently detected the same landmarks in the test data set. The test results were compared by the measures that appeared at IEEE ISBI: the success detection rate (SDR) and the success classification rates (SCR).

Results

SDR of the latest AI in the 2-mm range was 75.5% and SCR was 81.5%. These were greater than any other previous AIs. Compared to the human examiners, AI showed a superior success classification rate in some cephalometric analysis measures.

Conclusions

This latest AI seems to have superior performance compared to previous AI methods. It also seems to demonstrate cephalometric analysis comparable to human examiners.
Effects of Invisalign (G5) with virtual bite ramps for skeletal deep overbite malocclusion correction in adults
Authors: Henick Douglas , Dayan Willy , Dunford Robert , Warunek Stephen , Al-Jewair Thikriat
Published: January 2021

Objectives

To investigate the skeletal and dentoalveolar effects of Invisalign's G5 protocol with virtual bite ramps in the treatment of adults with skeletal deep bites.

Materials and Methods

This retrospective study was conducted on consecutively treated adults presenting with skeletal deep bites as defined by the Overbite Depth Indicator (ODI). Subjects were divided into 2 groups: Invisalign group (n = 24) treated with the Invisalign G5 protocol and a full fixed appliance (FFA) group (n = 24) treated with edgewise FFAs and matched to the Invisalign group by ODI, sex, type of malocclusion, and non-extraction treatment. Pretreatment (T1) and post–comprehensive treatment (T2) lateral cephalograms were obtained and analyzed.

Results

Both the Invisalign and FFA groups showed significant changes from T1 to T2 in ODI and other skeletal and dentoalveolar measurements. The mean change in ODI was −1.5° (P < .001) for the Invisalign group and −2.0° (P < .001) for the FFA group. The mean decrease in overbite was 1.3 mm (P < .001) and 2.0 mm (P < .001) for the Invisalign and FFA groups, respectively. The mean increase in mandibular plane angle (Sn-GoGn) was 0.65° (P = .003) for the Invisalign group and 1.15° (P < .001) for the FFA group. When the groups were compared with each other, both ODI (P = .03) and overbite (P = .003) were significantly different in addition to other measurements.

Conclusions

Although FFA treatment had more apparent skeletal changes for deep bite adult patients when compared with Invisalign, both systems were effective in opening deep bites at dentoalveolar and skeletal levels.
Not Only Diabetes but Also Prediabetes Leads to Functional Decline and Disability in Older Adults
Authors: Shang Ying , Fratiglioni Laura , Vetrano Davide Liborio , Dove Abigail , Welmer Anna-Karin , Xu Weili
Published: January 2021

OBJECTIVE

Diabetes is linked to functional decline, but the impact of prediabetes on physical function is unknown. We aimed to examine and compare the impact of prediabetes and diabetes on physical function and disability progression and to explore whether cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) mediate these associations.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A cohort of 2,013 participants aged ≥60 from the Swedish National Study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen, an ongoing population-based longitudinal study, was monitored for up to 12 years. Physical function was measured with chair stand (s) and walking speed (m/s) tests, and disability was measured by summing the numbers of impaired basic and instrumental activities of daily living. Diabetes was identified through medical examinations or clinical records, medication use, or glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥6.5%. Prediabetes was defined as HbA1c ≥5.7–6.4% in participants free of diabetes. CVDs were ascertained through clinical examinations and the National Patient Register. Data were analyzed using mixed-effect models and mediation models.

RESULTS

At baseline, 650 (32.3%) had prediabetes and 151 had diabetes (7.5%). In multiadjusted mixed-effect models, prediabetes was associated with an increased chair stand time (β 0.33, 95% CI 0.05–0.61), a decreased walking speed (β −0.006, 95% CI −0.010 to −0.002), and an accelerated disability progression (β 0.05, 95% CI 0.01–0.08), even after controlling for the future development of diabetes. Diabetes led to faster functional decline than prediabetes. In mediation analyses, CVDs mediated 7.1%, 7.8%, and 20.9% of the associations between prediabetes and chair stand, walking speed, and disability progression, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Prediabetes, in addition to diabetes, is associated with faster functional decline and disability, independent of the future development of diabetes. This association may be in part mediated by CVDs.
Exocrine Pancreatic Enzymes Are a Serological Biomarker for Type 1 Diabetes Staging and Pancreas Size
Authors: Ross James J. , Wasserfall Clive H. , Bacher Rhonda , Perry Daniel J. , McGrail Kieran , Posgai Amanda L. , Dong Xiaoru , Muir Andrew , Li Xia , Campbell-Thompson Martha , Brusko Todd M. , Schatz Desmond A. , Haller Michael J. , Atkinson Mark A.
Published: January 2021

Exocrine pancreas
abnormalities are increasingly recognized as features of type 1 diabetes. We
previously reported reduced serum trypsinogen levels and in a separate study, smaller
pancreata at and prior to disease onset. We hypothesized that three pancreas enzymes
(amylase, lipase and trypsinogen) might serve as serological biomarkers of pancreas
volume and risk for type 1 diabetes. Amylase, lipase, and trypsinogen were measured
from two independent cohorts, together comprising 800 serum samples from single-autoantibody
positive (1AAb+) and multiple-AAb+ (≥2AAb+) subjects, individuals with
recent-onset or established type 1 diabetes, their AAb negative (AAb-) first-degree
relatives, and AAb- controls. Lipase and trypsinogen were significantly reduced
in ≥2AAb+, recent-onset, and established type 1 diabetes subjects versus controls
and 1AAb+, while amylase was reduced only in established type 1 diabetes. Logistic
regression models demonstrated trypsinogen plus lipase (AUROC=81.4%) performed equivalently
to all three enzymes (AUROC=81.4%) in categorizing ≥2AAb+ versus 1AAb+ subjects.
For Cohort 2 (n=246), linear regression demonstrated lipase and trypsinogen
levels could individually and collectively serve as indicators of
BMI-normalized relative pancreas volume (RPVBMI, P<0.001), previously measured by magnetic
resonance imaging. Serum lipase and trypsinogen levels together provide the most
sensitive serological biomarker of RPVBMI and may improve disease
staging in pre-type 1 diabetes.
Morphological and immunohistochemical parameters of chronic placental insufficiency in preeclampsia
Authors: Kulida Ludmila , Rokotyanskaya Elena , Panova Irina , Malyishkina Anna , Protsenko Elena , Maisina Alexandra
Published: January 2021

Aim. To determine the morphological parameters of chronic placental insufficiency in pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia, also in women with chronic arterial hypertension (CAH).
Materials and Methods. The analysis of history data, peculiarities of pregnancy and childbirth in women with hypertensive disorders was carried out. A review histology of 40 placentas in moderate preeclampsia, 40 placentas in severe preeclampsia, and 35 placentas of women with CAH and associated preeclampsia was performed. The control group consisted of 20 placentas of women with uncomplicated pregnancy without hypertensive disorders. Immunohistochemical examinations were performed on paraffin sections according to standard methods using primary goat antibodies to annexin V (R-20, sc-1929) and rabbit antibodies to erythropoietin (H-162, sc-7556) in a working dilution 1:200 with Super Sensitive IHC polymer detection system.
Results. Based on the results of pathomorphological examination of placentas of women with hypertensive disorders, two forms of chronic placental insufficiency were identified. The defining form of placental insufficiency in women with CAH and associated preeclampsia was fetoplacental insufficiency, and in preeclampsia of moderate severity and in severe one utero-placental form of chronic placental insufficiency. Based on the study of the dynamics of expression of annexin V and erythropoietin, morphological parameters of the placental compensatory potential and placental hemostasis disorders in hypertensive disorders in pregnant women were determined.
Conclusion. Diagnostic morphological criteria for fetoplacental insufficiency in women with hypertensive disorders are a combination of maternal and fetal malperfusion with obliterative angiopathy of stem villi vessels; in the utero-placental form obliterative angiopathy of spiral arteries, placental hypoperfusion with the development of local hypoxia and hemostatic disorders in the form of thrombosis of the intervillous space and villi infarcts.
Status and dynamics of parameters of use of bed capacity of oncological profile in Russian Federation
Authors: Evdakov Valeryan Alekseevich , Banteva Marina Nikolaevna , Manoshkina Elena Mihailovna , Melnikov Yuriy Yurevich , Rugol Liudmila Valentinovna
Published: January 2021

In the Russian Federation (RF) a steady growth of morbidity with oncologic diseases is observed. An important factor of reduction of negative influence of oncopathology on the parameters of public health is provision of the population with specialists and beds of oncological profile, as well as their effective use.
Aim. To determine the status and identify dynamics of the main parameters of use of beds of oncological profile of the state healthcare system of RF, federal districts and constituent entities of RF in comparison with tendencies of parameters of morbidity with malignant neoplasms, and also of provision of the population with medical personnel in the period from 2010 to 2019.
Materials and Methods. Using the data of the Federal statistical observation forms (№30, 47, 14LC, 7) based on the calculation of absolute and relative parameters by the descriptive statistics method, the analysis of the main parameters of the use of bed resources of oncology profile was carried out in comparison with the parameters of morbidity with malignant neoplasms and provision of the population with medical personnel in 24-hour and day-stay hospitals in the Russian Federation, federal districts and constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 2010-2019.
Results. During the study period, with the underlying increase in the morbidity of the population with diseases of neoplasm class (primarily, malignant) in the Russian Federation, there was found a regular increase in: the absolute number of oncological beds for 24-hour stay by 5.216 beds (+16.8%), provision with these beds from 2.17 to 2.47 per 10 000 population (+13.8%), hospitalization rate from 6.1 to 9.6 per 1000 population (+57.4%); and a decrease in: average stay in an oncological bed by 3.7 days (-30.6%, from 12.1 to 8.4 days), and the average bed occupancy by 15 days per year (-4.3%, from 345 to 330 days). Mortality in cancer beds increased from 0.76% in 2010 to 0.95% in 2019 (by 25.0%). There was an increase in the provision of the population with oncological beds in day-stay hospitals by 3.4 times, in day-stay hospitals of polyclinics by 63.6%.
Conclusion. With the underlying growth of oncological morbidity in the country, the bed capacity of the oncological profile of 24-hour and day hospitals has significantly increased, with a high level of disproportional development of the bed capacity both between federal districts and between the subjects of the Russian Federation.
A patient with heartburn practicing self-treatment, on an outpatient visit
Authors: Krylova Irina , Matʼkova Irina
Published: January 2021

More than 40% of adult Russians periodically feel heartburn. Progression of the disease leads to a number of complications shortening patients life. However, patients try to cope with problems by themselves, without receiving adequate early treatment. Only when the life quality worsens, which evidences progression of the disease, they turn to a doctor. Success of treatment depends on the level of the patients compliance, life-long complete and regular adherence to treatment recommended by the doctor. With this, an outpatient with a chronic disease should provide the most part of the required medical service by himself. However, patients often change the therapeutic measures on their own impairing the result of treatment.
The given below clinical case of patient Zh., 38 years old, with heartburn and existing risk factors of other non-infectious diseases is a typical illustration of the interaction of a general practitioner and an outpatient practicing self-treatment. Facing the situation of necessary regular medical monitoring and life-long complex intervention, the patient uses only easy-to-follow doctors recommendations and understandable for him treatment methods.
Conclusion. On an example of this clinical case, a possible necessary and sufficient plan o f informing outpatient is presented containing information of the tactics of his behavior for full realization of medical recommendations. For successful adaptation of an outpatient with chronic health problems and harmonic attitude to the disease, the doctor should be maximally specific about necessary and adequate measures for correction of the patients behavior for the fullest realization of therapeutic recommendations. Recommendations should contain understandable information of basic medicinal and non-medicinal therapy in remission (the essential vital stereotypes work-rest regime, type and regime of nutrition, physical activity and principles of monitoring the condition), of signs of exacerbation and methods of therapy on demand and also information of symptoms requiring urgent assistance, of risks of self-treatment, of visiting the doctor in case new or vivid symptoms appear, of the dates of planned examinations by the doctor. These recommendations are not applicable to patients with severe and manifest course of the disease, with disharmonic attitude to the disease, and in case of inadequate organization capacities and low compliance of the patient.
A case of successful surgical treatment of patient with adrenal cyst using 3-d modeling
Authors: Andreev Ivan , Kolsanov Alexander , Katorkin Sergey , Shestakov Evgeniy , Lichman Leonid
Published: January 2021

Aim. Demonstration of potentials of preoperative planning and implementation of surgical resection in patients with adrenal cysts.
A clinical observation of a successful surgical treatment of a rare pathology cyst of the right adrenal is presented. The choice of surgical treatment tactics is determined by the size of tumor and clinical presentation of the disease. The surgical treatment was accomplished laparoscopically which permitted to reduce the time of recovery and rehabilitation of the patient. In this clinical observation, the benefit of using 3D-modeling of the surgical area was shown for visualization of topographic and anatomic peculiarities and facilitation of the intraoperative navigation with the help of Avtoplan program developed by Samara State Medical University.
Conclusion. Preoperative 3D-modeling permits to prepare to surgical intervention taking into account individual anatomic peculiarities of a patient, and to determine the optimal volume of the operation.
Reticulocyte haemoglobin content: 2020 update
Authors: Eremina Yuliana Olegovna , Magalhães Cacilda
Published: January 2021

The hemoglobin content of reticulocytes (Hb-ret) is an effective real-time hemoglobin synthesis status indicator that permits diagnosis and monitoring of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in all age groups with or without underlying diseases, including beta thalassemia. Hb-ret is less invasive than bone iron examination, less expensive than iron biochemical tests and might be available even in local laboratories. This review covers reports published mainly in 2020 and some other studies dedicated to clinical application of Hb-ret measured by Sysmex hematology analyzers.
Uusia apuneuvoja karjalan kielen opiskeluun ja elvyttämiseen
Authors: Kok Maria , Paalamo Katerina
Published: January 2021

Arvioidut teokset:

Eila Jahn (toim.): Sanari. Karjala–suomi. [Nurmes]: Karjalan kieliruadajat & Suojärven pitäjäseura ry 2018. 80 s. isbn 9789519751269.

Eila Jahn (toim.): Karjalan bukvari. [Nurmes]: Karjalan kieliruadajat & Suojärven pitäjäseura ry 2018. 64 s. isbn 9789519751252.

Matti Jeskanen: Karjalan grammari kaikella rahvahalla 1. Kirjuta da luve putilleh. Tavan tallaajan varsinaiskarjalan kielioppi 1. Äänteet ja kirjoittaminen. [Nurmes]: Suojärven Pitäjäseura ry & Karjalan kieliruadajat 2019. 86 s. isbn 9789519751276.
Partitiivin muotokuva
Authors: Huumo Tuomas , Grünthal Riho
Published: January 2021

Arvioitu teos:

Matti Larjavaara: Partitiivin valinta. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran Toimituksia 1455. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura 2019. 500 s. isbn 978-951-858-138-6.
S&T Development in Mexico
Authors: García Judith Zubieta
Published: January 2021

No abstract
Between Consensus and Citizens
Authors: Marris Claire , Joly Pierre-Benôit
Published: January 2021

No abstract
Multiculturalism and Postcolonialism
Authors: Harding Sandra
Published: January 2021

Science and technology studies have emerged from distinctive intellectual and political histories and interests in the last half of the Twentieth Century. Here I look at some central concerns in multicultural and postcolonial science and technology studies,  and  try  to  identify  some  of  the  issues  that  these  raise  for  conventional postpositivist philosophies of Western modern sciences and technologies. In some respects the former provide additional evidence for postpositivist revisions of philosophy of science; in other respects they raise new issues. In both respects they can motivate critical re-evaluations of modernity, enlightenment and the Liberal political philosophy embedded in Western philosophies of science.
Social Science Research on Technology and the Elderly - Does it Exist?
Authors: Östlund Britt
Published: January 2021

Despite the fact that old people´s technological needs have been given much attention to in the last decennium, especially old users of information- and communication technology, technology has not found its natural place in research on ageing in modern societies. This article examines to what extent social science research exist in the field of ageing and technology and where we can find the interface between technological and social science expertise. Scientific publications during the period 1983-2002 are analysed in terms of theoretical content, the role of the elderly as being regarded as objects or subjects, and if technology is called into question in any respect. Scientific well-grounded knowledge exist besides less well-substantiated assumptions regarding the effects of technology and a premature body of thoughts on the relationship between technology and the elderly.
Credulous Modellers and Suspicious Experimentalists? Comparison of Model Output and Data in Meteorological Simulation Modelling
Authors: Sundberg Mikaela
Published: January 2021

This article studies the relation between two specialised practices in meteorology, modelling and field measurements. This relation is embodied in a number of joint practices of which model evaluation is one of them. The relationship between theory, model and observation has been of concern for many philosophers of science whereas the relationship between the working practices that underlie theories, models and observations, has received less attention. This paper describes and compares the practices that generate observation data and model output and the way different roles that fieldworkers and modellers have in this process are established. Next, different practice-oriented perspectives on the status of models, data and experiments are analysed and the discussion then moves on to the different trouble-shooting strategies scientists deploy, depending on their position within the discipline. It is shown that these strategies are often based on the ideas and judgements that modellers and experimentalists express about each other, and by implication, about their own role in the meteorological enterprise.
The Functioning of a Free Software Community
Authors: Demazière Didier , Horn François , Zune Marc
Published: January 2021

The  ability  to  build  solid  and  coherent  software  from  spontaneous,  sudden  and evanescent  involvement  is  viewed  as  an  enigma  by  sociologists  and  economists. The internal   heterogeneity   of   project   contributors   questions   the   functioning   of  collective  action:  how  can  commitments  that  are  so  dissimilar  be  put  together?  Our objective  is  to  consider  FLOSS  communities  as going  concerns which  necessitate  a minimum of order and common, shared, social rules to function. Through an in-depth and diachronic  analysis  of  the  Spip  project,  we  present  two  classical  modes  of  social regulation: a control regulation centred on the product and an autonomous regulation reflecting  the differentiated  commitments.  Our  data  shows  that  the  meaning,  value  and  legitimacy  of  contributors’  involvements  are  defined  and  rated  more  collectively, through  exchanges,  judgments,  and  evaluations.  A  third  regulation  mode, called distributed community regulation and aimed at creating and transforming shared rules that produces recognition and stratification, is then presented.
Configuring Identities Through Industrial Architecture and Urban Planning
Authors: Rentetzi Maria
Published: January 2021

In the late nineteenth century the city of Kavala, a town by the sea in northern Greece, was developed to one of the most important tobacco processing centers in the Balkan area. Powerful tobacco merchants mainly from the Hapsburg and Ottoman empires built a considerable number of tobacco warehouses thus redefining the center of the city, its character, as well as its borders. I argue that the architecture of those warehouses deeply configured the identities of tobacco workers and provided the means to tobacco merchants to publicly present themselves and their achievements. At the same time those early industrial buildings subverted the boundaries between the city and the factory, shedding light on the work culture and every day lives of Greece’s tobacco workers.
Going abroad to do science
Authors: Delicado Ana
Published: January 2021

This paper addresses the issue of scientific mobility from the standpoint of a departure country, Portugal. The analysis is focused on the conditions and motivations for leaving the home country, the choices made regarding host countries and institutions and the constraints and opportunities that bear weight on the decision to return. Mobility decisions are examined in light of the interplay between structural conditions (the global and national science and technology systems), career paths and personal choices. Differences in attitudes, perceptions and behaviours of mobile scientists by gender, age, year of migration, career status and scientific disciplines are taken into consideration. This research is mainly based on a survey of Portuguese researchers abroad.
In Silico Experiments in Scientific Papers on Molecular Biology
Authors: Moretti Sabrina
Published: January 2021

This article explores the role of the so-called in silico experiments used in molecular biology. It is based on the analysis of some papers that present scientific applications which rely on in silico experiments. By means of this study I found two basic ways of viewing them. According to the first view, the in silico experiment is a computer program that realizes some specific operations: it constitutes some particular experimental conditions, which allow us to investigate biological phenomena, and which complement those present in in vivo and in vitro experiments. According to the second view, in silico experimentation has a different meaning, which corresponds more closely to the meaning of “simulation”: its identity is linked to that of the “model” used to construct such simulation. The authors of the analysed papers never express an intention to standardize a model, so its meaning remains contingent, and cannot be turned into a technical object.
Looking for Data in Diabetes Healthcare
Authors: Bruni Attila , Rizzi Carlo
Published: January 2021

Diabetes is an interesting example of a healthcare sector where patients are responsible for producing and aggregating data about themselves, even if only for reporting details of their consultancies with specialists. This is valuable information because it orients the medical action taken on a specific patient and acts as the basis for aggregate-level investigations, and for new therapies and diagnostic procedures. The reliability, truthfulness, and accuracy of such information is therefore of crucial importance for healthcare practitioners; accordingly, being able to count on ‘empowered’ patients is the best way to obtain reliable, detailed, and updated data. Drawing on the results of a broader research project on diabetes services in Italy, the paper wants to address an essential feature of Patient 2.0: his/her being part of a network of fragmented practices and information and, at the same time, his/her becoming the main point of convergence of clinical information, tools and practices. In doing so, we will underline the re-engineering of clinical encounters and the additional work required to a whole network of actors (doctors, nurses and the patient him/herself) in order to orchestrate data and information.
Travelling Frictions
Authors: Nielsen Annegrete Juul , Jensen Casper Bruun
Published: January 2021

Contemporary disease self-management programs aim to renegotiate the terms on which patients participate in their own health care. Though the notion of ‘patient 2.0’ has mainly been used to speak to patient empowerment through IT, we therefore propose to view self-management as eliciting “the patient” in a different shape. In this paper, we explore the embedded assumptions, imagined potentials and concrete practices of the Stanford Chronic Disease Self-Management Program (CDSMP), in order to understand how this program reconfigures a particular form of global patient. To analyse this process we consider the CDSMP as a traveling technology. First, we demonstrate that its successful globalization has been enabled by tying together specific forms of theorizing, evidence-basing, and scripting in a theory-methods package. Second, we show that the globalization of the program entails various forms of localization in the national health care setting of Denmark. In this context, we examine different kinds of efforts required to maintain the ‘global’ identity of the program even as it is ‘localized’. In particular, we show that the insertion of the program into Danish health care generates frictions. Such frictions are brought to light comparatively as Danish health care policy-makers, practitioners, consultants and chronic patients engage with and reflect upon the characteristics of the program. We argue that this analysis holds implications for ‘patient 2.0’, both as practical accomplishment and as a conceptual tool for social studies of medicine and health care.
The Patient 2. Many
Authors: Pols Jeannette
Published: January 2021

The emancipation of patients, their organisation and their participation in medical research and health care policy has expanded tremendously. With these successful attempts at participation, however, there is one problem that has so far hardly been articulated and seems to be unrecognized in conceptions of the Patient 2.0 as an informed and active patient. This is the assumption that there is only one kind of knowledge that matters to patients, and to which they can contribute: biomedical knowledge. The paper explores different kinds of knowledge that patients need to engage with in their life with chronic disease, and articulates a particular form of knowledge – patient knowledge – as a form of practical knowledge that patients use and develop in order to relate to medical knowledge and live their daily lives with disease. The analysis of a small webcam community of Dutch patients with an incurable lung disease will show that patients need to translate medical knowledge in order to make it useful to their daily lives, and need to coordinate health care aims with other aims in life. Rather than looking for ways to legitimate their knowledge, patients try out strategies that may work in specific situations, even if temporarily. The paper argues for a better support of the development of patient knowledge and the practices for developing it, rather than singularly equipping people with medical knowledge that is often oriented towards cure rather than towards living with a disease that will not go away.
Negotiating Terrains
Authors: Ekeland Torun Granstrøm , Kramvig Britt
Published: January 2021

In this article we develop some arguments from a research project where the researchers were also participants in the making of a multiplayer online game. The “Siida” project emerged as a challenge to the static and monolithic vision of Indigenous Saami culture and history. It seeks to create an arena for learning founded on new approaches to research-based historical pedagogy. This involvement became the grounds from where we could refl ect upon what design is all about. We will argue that in order to work, design needs to relate to the specifi cities of place and be located as multiple practices. As a methodological tool for the analysis of partial connections between actors’ knowledge practices, we put the concept of material boundary metaphor to work. We tell the ethnographic story of a complex media production as an on-going negotiation between knowledge and technical design.
The Rise of Accelerated Energy Innovation and its Implications for Sustainable Innovation Studies´
Authors: Winskel Mark , Radcliffe Jonathan
Published: January 2021

‘Accelerated energy innovation’ has become a prominent aspect of energy policy-making in response to more urgent drivers for change. This paper charts the rise of accelerated energy innovation in the UK, and considers its possible implications for sustainable innovation studies and research-policy exchange. As manifest in the UK, accelerated energy innovation has a number of distinctive features: an emphasis on relatively short term dynamics (years rather than decades), a focus on cost reduction and deployment support for large scale technologies, and a central role for the private sector and public-private partnerships. We argue that because it is predominantly regime-led and continuity-based, accelerated energy innovation presents a challenge to niche-led, more disruptive theories of sustainable innovation (Transitions Studies and Technological Innovation Systems theory). We conclude that sustainable innovation studies – while maintaining its critical and reflexive stance – should more fully reflect the multiform dynamics of energy systems under urgency, across a broad spectrum of continuity-based and niche-led changes.
Taking Roles in Interdisciplinary Collaborations: Reflections on Working in Post-ELSI Spaces in the UK Synthetic Biology Community
Authors: Balmer Andrew S , Calvert Jane , Marris Claire , Molyneux-Hodgson Susan , Frow Emma , Kearnes Matthew , Bulpin Kate , Schyfter Pablo , MacKenzie Adrian , Martin Paul
Published: January 2021

Based on criticism of the “ethical, legal and social implications” (ELSI) paradigm, researchers in science and technology studies (STS) have begun to create and move into “post-ELSI” spaces. In this paper, we pool our experiences of working towards collaborative practices with colleagues in engineering and science disciplines in the field of synthetic biology. We identify a number of different roles that we have taken, been assumed to take, or have had foisted upon us as we have sought to develop post-ELSI practices. We argue that the post-ELSI situation is characterised by the demands placed on STS researchers and other social scientists to fluctuate between roles as contexts shift in terms of power relations, affective tenor, and across space and over time. This leads us to posit four orientations for post-ELSI collaborative practices that could help establish more fruitful negotiations around these roles.
The Co-Construction of Energy Provision and Everyday Practice: Integrating Heat Pumps in Social Housing in England
Authors: Judson Ellis P , Bell Sandra , Bulkeley Harriet , Powells Gareth , Lyon Stephen
Published: January 2021

Challenges of energy security, low carbon transitions, and electricity network constraints have led to a shift to new, efficient technologies for household energy services. Studies of such technological innovations usually focus on consumer information and changes in behaviour to realise their full potential. We suggest that regarding such technologies in existing energy provision systems opens up questions concerning how and why such interventions are delivered. We argue that we must understand the ways by which energy systems are co-constituted through the habits and expectations of households, their technologies and appliances, alongside arrangements associated with large-scale socio-technical infrastructures. Drawing on research with air-source-to-water heat pumps (ASWHP), installed as part of a large trans-disciplinary, utility-led research and demonstration project in the north of England, we investigate how energy services provision and everyday practice shapes new technologies uptake, and how such technologies mediate and reconfigure relations between users, providers and infrastructure networks. While the installation of ASWHP has led to role differentiation through which energy services are provided, the space for new forms of co-provision to emerge is limited by existing commitments to delivering energy services. Simultaneously, new forms of interdependency emerge between users, providers and intermediaries through sites of installation, instruction, repair and feedback. We find that although new technologies do lead to the rearrangement of practices, this is often disrupted by obduracy in the conventions and habits around domestic heating and hot water practices that have been established in relation to existing systems of provision. Rather being simply a matter of increasing levels of knowledge in order to ensure that such technologies are adopted effi ciently and effectively, our paper demonstrates how systemic arrangements of energy provision and everyday practice are co-implicated in socio-technical innovation by changing the nature of energy supply and use.
Rethinking ‘Drop-in’ Biofuels
Authors: Birch Kean , Calvert Kirby
Published: January 2021

A sustainable transition is premised upon moving from a carbon energy regime to a renewable energy regime; a highly contested political-economic transformation, to say the least. In places like the United States and European Union the main form of renewable energy is bioenergy, especially biofuels. Recent policy and industry efforts are focusing on the development and implementation of what are known as ‘drop-in’ biofuels, so named because they can be incorporated into existing distribution infrastructure (e.g. pipelines) and conversion devices with relatively few, if any, technical modifications. As with carbon energy, bioenergy has particular materialities that are implicated in the political-economic possibilities and constraints facing societies around the world. These political materialities of bioenergy shape and are shaped by new energy regimes and therefore problematize the notion of a drop-in biofuel. Thus further examination of the political materialities of bioenergy, and of renewable energy more generally, is of critical importance for successful sustainable transitions.
Of Blooming Flowers and Multiple Sockets: The Role of Metaphors in the Politics of Infrastructural Work
Authors: Aspria Marcello , Mul Marleen de , Adams Samantha , Bal Roland
Published: January 2021

We explore the role of two metaphors for innovation and infrastructure integration in the development of a regional patient portal. Our premise is that metaphors have real consequences for agenda setting and decision-making; we view them as operationalizations of sociotechnical imaginaries. Drawing on our formative study of the portal project, we focus on the generative character of metaphors and argue that they are constitutive elements of information infrastructures. While the two metaphors in our study helped to make imaginaries of ‘integrated’ and ‘personalized’ health care more definite, cognizable, and classifiable, they also concealed the politics of infrastructural work. We argue that the act of ‘spelling out’ metaphors can open up a space for new imaginaries and alternative strategies. With this study we aim to contribute to existing knowledge about infrastructural work, and to renew the interest among STS scholars for the role of discursive attributes in information infrastructures.Keywords: metaphors, e-Health, information infrastructures
Is the Patent System the Way Forward with the CRISPR-Cas 9 Technology?
Authors: Mali Franc
Published: January 2021

CRISPR-Cas9 technology is reshaping the way scientists conduct research in genetic engineering. It is predicted to revolutionise not only the fields of medicine, biology, agriculture and industry but, much like all revolutionary technologies of the past, the way humans live. Given the anticipated and already seen benefits of CRISPR-Cas 9 in different areas of human life, this new technology may be defined as a true breakthrough scientific discovery. The article presents several challenges connected with various dimensions of the CRISPR-Cas 9 patent landscape. The central argument is that today the biggest challenge is finding a intermediary way that ensures a balance between providing sufficient openness for the further progress of basic research in CRISPR-Cas 9 such as ‘niche’ areas of the latest genetic engineering and adequate intellectual property rights to incentivise its commercialisation and application. The article contends the endeavours by academic scientific institutions to arrive at short-term benefits of the new CRISPR-Cas 9 technology do not constitute such an intermediary way, especially when the CRISPR-Cas 9 patent landscape is viewed as part of a series of controversial bioethical discussions that have been underway for over 40 years.
New Bikes for the Old
Authors: Lassen Aske Juul , Moreira Tiago
Published: January 2021

In the last 15 years, STS has established a research programme focused on the sociotechnical reconfiguration of later life, particularly as new political programmes aim to deploy ‘active ageing’ in contemporary societies. In Denmark, the bicycle is a key technology in this aim, because of how it articulates sustainable living, health and social participation. Thus, two new ‘inclusive cycling’ initiatives for older people have been developed. Drawing on ethnographic data, we explore the ways the bikes differ, and how they explicitly mobilise active ageing as a form of ‘good old age’ in different ways. We argue that whereas ‘Cycling without Age’ rickshaws attempt to assemble social participation for older people, ‘Duo-Bikes’ aim to enable capacities through physical activity in later life. We further explore what happens when these two schemes meet, and suggest how searching for a compromise will be necessary to enhance opportunities to cycle in later life.
Miesten terveyden edunvalvontaa terveyspolitiikan kentällä: potilaiden perusteluja eturauhassyövän seulonnan tarpeellisuudesta
Authors: Hakulinen Annastiina , Ojala Hanna , Pietilä Ilkka
Published: January 2021

Eturauhassyövän seulonnan hyödyistä ja haitoista on käyty aktiivista keskustelua viime vuosina. Vaikka PSA-testi on laajasti käytössä terveydenhuollossa, väestötason seulontaa ei toistaiseksi suositella, sillä seulonnan haittoja pidetään hyötyjä suurempina. Seulonnan haittoja ovat ylidiagnostiikka ja siitä aiheutuvat ylimääräiset hoidot, jotka voivat heikentää miesten elämänlaatua. Artikkelissa tarkasteltiin paikallista eturauhassyöpää sairastavien miesten näkemyksiä seulonnan tarpeellisuudesta. Tutkimuksen aineisto koostui 28 eturauhassyöpää sairastavan miehen yksilöhaastatteluista. Analyysimenetelmänä käytettiin diskurssianalyysia.
Suurin osa haastateltavista suhtautui myönteisesti väestötason seulontaan ja halusi parantaa miesten pääsyä PSA-mittauksiin. Seulonnan tarpeellisuutta perusteltiin argumenteilla, jotka liittyvät varhaisen diagnostiikan hyötyihin – kuten kustannusten säästymiseen ja kuolleisuuden vähentämiseen – tai miesten oikeuksiin ja sukupuolten tasa-arvoon. Tulostemme perusteella miehet ovat tietoisia seulontaan liittyvistä haitoista, mutta siitä huolimatta he ovat seulonnan käynnistämisen kannalla. Seulonta hahmotettiin miesten terveyden edunvalvontaan liittyvänä asiana.