bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Females present larger deficit in heel‐rise height at 3 months following an Achilles tendon rupture compared with males
Authors: Larsson Elin , Nilsson Niklas , Walstern Julia , Brorsson Annelie , Helander Katarina Nilsson
Published: April 2024

Purpose

There is a lack of knowledge concerning differences between females and males in the early stages after an acute Achilles tendon rupture. This article aims to explore the different factors affecting early function after an Achilles tendon rupture with a validated test battery that includes functional tests, clinical measurements and patient‐reported outcome at a 3‐month follow‐up analysis of a larger prospective study.

Methods

This study was part of the DUSTAR‐study (Diagnostic UltraSonography for the choice of Treatment of acute Achilles tendon Rupture) where the main aim was to evaluate if an acute ultrasonography could determine which patients, with an Achilles tendon rupture, should be treated surgically or nonsurgically. At the 3‐month follow‐up, the results between males and females were compared.

Results

One hundred and twenty‐seven patients were included at the 3‐month follow‐up; of these, 102 (80%) were males and 25 (20%) were females. Amongst the females, 11 (44%) were able to perform a single leg heel‐rise compared to 48 (47%) of the males; however, the difference was not statistically significant. There was no difference between the sexes in the frequency of completing a single‐leg heel‐rise at 3 months after injury; however, there were statistically significant differences between the groups when comparing Limb Symmetry Index (LSI) of heel‐rise height and heel‐rise work. The females had a median heel‐rise height LSI/median heel‐rise work LSI of 45%/14% compared to males who reached a level of 57%/23% (p = 0.006/p = 0.010). At the 3‐month follow‐up, the median (range) Achilles tendon Total Rupture Score (ATRS) reported by females was 28.5 (8–51), which had a nonsignificant difference compared to males who reported a median (range) ATRS of 30 (1–86).

Conclusion

The risk of reduced heel‐rise height and worse heel‐rise work 3 months after an acute Achilles tendon rupture increases by being a female. Through this knowledge, we highlighted the importance of an individualised treatment for acute Achilles tendon ruptures with better outcome for both males and females.

Level of Evidence

Level II.
A review of impacts of soil rock fragments on slope erosion: Mechanism and processes
Authors: Ni Shimin , Shi Beibei , Zhao Jingjing , Wang Dong , Zhu Lianqi , Wang Junguang , Cai Chongfa
Published: April 2024

Rock fragments play a pivotal role in influencing slope erosion processes, attracting increasing scientific interest and growing concerns regarding their potential impacts on erosion. This paper reviews the studies published in recent decades concerning the various impacts of rock fragments on soil erosion processes by water, highlighting the research gaps and outstanding challenges in exploring the erosion evolution process involving rock fragments. Systematic studies and illustrative examples have shown that the impacts of rock fragments characteristics (such as coverage, content, size, position, shape, and spatial heterogeneity) on erosion processes are complex and inconsistent (positive/negative). This uncertainty can be attributed to the intricate erosion process and the diverse rock fragment characteristics, complicating the development of accurate erosion prediction models. Current models predominantly focus on rock cover and often ignore the essential factors including rock size, position, and shape, thus impeding the precise understanding of how rock fragment characteristics specifically affect soil erosion within existing erosion models. Furthermore, this review discusses the perspectives for enhancing the research on rock fragment impacts on soil erosion processes and provides insights into potential research requirements and solutions.
Evaluation of Pea Accessions Differing in Flower and Seed Coat Pigmentation for Resistance to Fusarium avenaceum Root Rot
Authors: Awodele Stephen O. , Gali Kishore K. , Sivachandra Kumar Nimllash T. , De Silva Devini , Chatterton Syama , Banniza Sabine , Warkentin Thomas D.
Published: April 2024

Pea production across the world is significantly limited by root rot disease, which is caused by many fungal and oomycetes pathogens. In Canada, Fusarium avenaceum is the most devastating pathogen of the Fusarium root rot complex of pea. Host genetic resistance is the most effective control method for this disease. Evaluation of global pea accessions and Canadian varieties for F. avenaceum root rot resistance has not been reported to date. This study evaluated 20 pea accessions of different market classes with pigmented or nonpigmented seed coats and flowers for F. avenaceum resistance under controlled conditions. The pea accessions CDC Acer, CDC Vienna, PBA OURA, Morgan, CDC Blazer, CDC Dakota, and PI 280609, which have pigmented flowers and seed coats, were identified as resistant or partially resistant to F. avenaceum. This was based on their root rot severity scores and ability to tolerate F. avenaceum infection without significant (p > 0.05) reductions in plant height, shoot dry weight, and root dry weight. Among the varieties with nonpigmented flowers and seed coats, only Cameor showed partial resistance to F. avenaceum when challenged with reduced conidial concentration. Root dry weight (R = −0.86), plant height (R = −0.82), and shoot dry weight (R = −0.78) had a strong negative correlation (p < 0.001) with disease severity, suggesting that F. avenaceum root rot can negatively impact the growth and development of pea seedlings. F. avenaceum resistance identified in this study can be utilized to study the molecular basis of the resistance and develop disease‐resistant varieties. While our findings suggest a relationship between pigmentation and F. avenaceum resistance, future research with a larger, more diverse panel is warranted to validate these initial results.
In vivo assessment of bladder cancer with diffuse reflectance and fluorescence spectroscopy: A comparative study
Authors: Zlobina Nadezhda V. , Budylin Gleb S. , Tseregorodtseva Polina S. , Andreeva Viktoria A. , Sorokin Nikolay I. , Kamalov David M. , Strigunov Andrey A. , Armaganov Artashes G. , Kamalov Armais A. , Shirshin Evgeny A.
Published: April 2024

Objectives

The aim of this work is to assess the performance of multimodal spectroscopic approach combined with single core optical fiber for detection of bladder cancer during surgery in vivo.

Methods

Multimodal approach combines diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), fluorescence spectroscopy in the visible (405 nm excitation) and near‐infrared (NIR) (690 nm excitation) ranges, and high‐wavenumber Raman spectroscopy. All four spectroscopic methods were combined in a single setup. For 21 patients with suspected bladder cancer or during control cystoscopy optical spectra of bladder cancer, healthy bladder wall tissue and/or scars were measured. Classification of cancerous and healthy bladder tissue was performed using machine learning methods.

Results

Statistically significant differences in relative total haemoglobin content, oxygenation, scattering, and visible fluorescence intensity were found between tumor and normal tissues. The combination of DRS and visible fluorescence spectroscopy allowed detecting cancerous tissue with sensitivity and specificity of 78% and 91%, respectively. The addition of features extracted from NIR fluorescence and Raman spectra did not improve the quality of classification.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that multimodal spectroscopic approach allows increasing sensitivity and specificity of bladder cancer detection in vivo. The developed approach does not require special probes and can be used with single‐core optical fibers applied for laser surgery.
A punishment shared is a punishment halved: Concurrent recalls reduce products’ market share loss
Authors: Shao Qianwen , Li Yi‐Na , Wei Jiuchang , Chen Haipeng (Allan)
Published: April 2024

Manufacturers often recall defective products. When this occurs, multiple recalls of defective products can be announced in the same statement or separate statements (i.e., concurrent vs. separate recalls). We draw upon the attribution theory to study whether and how concurrent (vs. separate) recalls of multiple products affect each recalled product's market share loss. In this study, a unique dataset of product recalls in the Chinese automobile industry and two experiments reveal that when products are concurrently (vs. separately) recalled, each product's defect is perceived as less distinctive, thus assuaging the market share loss for the focal product. In addition, the mitigating effect of concurrent recalls is stronger when the focal product is recalled with many (vs. few) other products but weaker for products with high price premiums and those with a recall history. These insights suggest that manufacturers can strategically use concurrent recalls to minimize market share loss resulting from product recalls, particularly when dealing with lower‐priced products or those with a limited recall history.
From discomfort to desirable: The effect of embarrassment on prosocial consumption
Authors: Sangwan Vaishali , Maity Moutusy , Tripathi Sanjeev , Chakraborty Anirban
Published: April 2024

Embarrassment plays a pivotal role in the consumer landscape by significantly influencing consumers' purchase and consumption experiences. While marketing scholarship has primarily focused on the undesirable facets of embarrassment, the present research examines the positive outcomes of embarrassment for consumers, firms, and the environment. Based on costly signaling theory, this research seeks to determine the effect of embarrassment on consumer preferences toward prosocial products. Using six experimental studies (including one in the Supporting Information: Appendix), we demonstrate that embarrassment positively influences the purchase intention for environment‐friendly and sustainable products. Using lab and consequential studies, we show that the motivation to repair the social image mediates the effect of embarrassment on prosocial product preference. We also identify that public self‐consciousness moderates this effect, such that embarrassed individuals with high (vs. low) public self‐consciousness exhibit higher prosocial product preference. We also show that our core predictions on the effect of embarrassment on prosocial products is contingent upon the social context, such that embarrassment leads to enhanced intentions to repair social image and prosocial product preference in public but not in private purchase context. The results hold for various product categories. The findings contribute to a greater theoretical understanding of embarrassment by revealing a prosocial facet of the phenomenon.
Fast SPECT/CT planar bone imaging enabled by deep learning enhancement
Authors: Pan Zhenglin , Qi Na , Meng Qingyuan , Pan Boyang , Feng Tao , Zhao Jun , Gong Nan‐Jie
Published: April 2024

Background

The application of deep learning methods in rapid bone scintigraphy is increasingly promising for minimizing the duration of SPECT examinations. Recent works showed several deep learning models based on simulated data for the synthesis of high‐count bone scintigraphy images from low‐count counterparts. Few studies have been conducted and validated on real clinical pairs due to the misalignment inherent in multiple scan procedures.

Purpose

To generate high quality whole‐body bone images from 2× and 3× fast scans using deep learning based enhancement method.

Materials and Methods

Seventy‐six cases who underwent whole‐body bone scans were enrolled in this prospective study. All patients went through a standard scan at a speed of 20 cm/min, which followed by fast scans consisting of 2× and 3× accelerations at speeds of 40 and 60 cm/min. A content‐attention image restoration approach based on Residual‐in‐Residual Dense Block (RRDB) is introduced to effectively recover high‐quality images from fast scans with fine‐details and less noise. Our approach is robust with misalignment introduced from patient's metabolism, and shows valid count‐level consistency. Learned Perceptual Image Patch Similarity (LPIPS) and Fréchet Inception Distance (FID) are employed in evaluating the similarity to the standard bone images. To further prove our method practical in clinical settings, image quality of the anonymous images was evaluated by two experienced nuclear physicians on a 5‐point Likert scale (5 =  excellent) .

Results

The proposed method reaches the state‐of‐the‐art performance on FID and LPIPS with 0.583 and 0.176 for 2× fast scans and 0.583 and 0.185 for 3× fast scans. Clinic evaluation further demonstrated the restored images had a significant improvement compared to fast scan in image quality, technetium 99m‐methyl diphosphonate (Tc‐99 m MDP) distribution, artifacts, and diagnostic confidence.

Conclusions

Our method was validated for accelerating whole‐body bone scans by introducing real clinical data. Confirmed by nuclear medicine physicians, the proposed method can effectively enhance image diagnostic value, demonstrating potential for efficient high‐quality fast bone imaging in practical settings.
Evolving Utilization of Topical Budesonide Following Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
Authors: Mitchell Margaret B. , Bhattacharyya Neil
Published: April 2024

Topical budesonide irrigations are frequently prescribed after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) to manage mucosal inflammation. However, this off‐label indication may conflict with health insurance formularies. We sought to quantify the relative frequency of postoperative budesonide prescriptions to determine if this could be considered common practice after ESS. We extracted and analyzed postoperative prescription data for patients undergoing ESS from 2016 to 2022 within our health care system. Overall, among 8157 ESS patients, 15.9% and 22.1% received topical budesonide prescriptions within 30 or 180 days postoperatively, respectively. On a year‐over‐year basis, budesonide prescription frequency increased significantly over time, culminating at 20.3% and 24.9% in 2022. Conversely, postoperative oral corticosteroid (OCS) prescriptions showed a decreasing frequency over the same time period (P < .001). Our results show topical budesonide irrigations are increasingly frequently prescribed after ESS and may offset postoperative OCS requirements. This argues for coverage of topical budesonide as a formulary medication after ESS.
Non‐alcoholic fatty liver modifies associations of body mass index and waist circumference with cardiometabolic risk: The CARDIA study
Authors: Mathew Mahesh , Pope Zachary C. , Schreiner Pamela J. , Jacobs David R. , VanWagner Lisa B. , Terry James G. , Pereira Mark A.
Published: April 2024

Background

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is recognized as a prevalent determinant of cardiometabolic diseases. The association between NAFLD and obesity warrants further research on how NAFLD modifies associations between body mass index (BMI) and Waist circumference (WC) with cardiometabolic risk (CMR).

Objective

This study assessed whether NAFLD modifies associations between BMI and WC with 5‐year changes in CMR in 2366 CARDIA study participants.

Methods

Non‐contrast CT was used to quantify liver attenuation, with ≤51 Hounsfield Units (HU) used to define NAFLD in the absence of secondary causes of excess liver fat. The dependent variable was the average Z score of fasting glucose, insulin, triglycerides [log], (−) high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C), and systolic blood pressure(SBP). Multivariable linear regression was used to estimate the associations between BMI and WC with CMR. Effect modification by NAFLD was assessed by an interaction term between NAFLD and BMI or WC.

Results

The final sample had 539 (23%) NAFLD cases. NAFLD modified the association of BMI and WC with CMR (interactionp < 0.0001 for both). BMI and WC were associated with CMR in participantswithoutNAFLD (p < 0.001), but not among thosewithNAFLD. ParticipantswithNAFLD andnormalBMI and WC had CMR estimates that were higher than thosewithoutNAFLD in theobesecategories. Among thosewithoutNAFLD the 5 years CMR change estimate was 0.09 (95% CI: 0.062, 0.125) for BMI ≥30 kg/m2compared to −0.06 (−0.092, −0.018) for BMI < 25 kg/m2, and among thosewithNAFLD, these estimates were 0.15 (0.108, 0.193) and 0.16 (−0.035, 0.363).

Conclusions

NAFLD modifies associations of BMI and WC with CMR. Compared with BMI and WC, NAFLD was more strongly associated with CMR. In the presence of NAFLD, BMI and WC were not associated with CMR. These findings have implications for clinical screening guidelines.
Predictive significance of pretreatment 18F‐FDG PET volumetric parameters on survival outcomes in pediatric patients with locally advanced undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: El‐Hennawy Gihan , ElMenawi Salma , Nasr Said Eman , Zekri Wael , Zaghloul Mohamed , Elsalam Ahmed Mustafa Abd , El‐Fendy Habiba , Elantably Ismail
Published: April 2024

Background

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a rare pediatric cancer. Most children are first diagnosed with advanced locoregional disease. Identification of patients at higher risk of treatment failure is crucial as they may benefit from more aggressive initial treatment approaches. 18Fluorine‐labeled fluoro‐2‐deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F‐FDG PET) has shown promise as a prognostic tool for predicting outcomes.

Methods

Retrospective study of pediatric patients with locally advanced undifferentiated NPC who underwent 18F‐FDG PET/CT prior to intial treatment. Predictive significance of metabolic PET parameters on survival outcomes were estimated.

Results

Thirty‐two children were included, age range was 7.1–18 years at the time of diagnosis. The median follow‐up duration was 46.1 months. Three patients (9.4%) were classified as AJCC stage IIb, 13 patients (40.6%) as stage IIIa, eight patients (25%) as stage IIIb, and eight patients (25%) as stage IVa. Our findings revealed that high whole‐body metabolic tumor volume at the threshold of hepatic reference SUVmean (WB‐MTV‐HR) (>135 mL) was associated with significantly lower event‐free survival (EFS) compared to the low WB‐MTV‐HR group (≤135 mL) (3‐year EFS: 50% ± 18% vs. 82% ± 8%; p = .015). Additionally, the 3‐year overall survival (OS) rates differed significantly between the high whole‐body metabolic tumor volume at the threshold of an SUV of 2.5 isocontour (WB‐MTV‐2.5) group (MTV >74 mL) and the low WB‐MTV‐2.5 group (MTV ≤74 mL) (63% ± 18% vs. 100%; p = .021).

Conclusion

Our study suggests that WB‐MTV parameters could serve as significant prognostic factors for disease progression in pediatric patients with locally advanced undifferentiated NPC. However, further prospective studies with larger sample sizes are needed to validate these findings.
Strengthening the bonding interfaces of carbon reinforced aluminum laminate by slot structure
Authors: Liu Zhen , Yang Yuxing , Bao Yongjie , Zhang Leqiang , Ji Xiukun , Wang Jinlong
Published: April 2024

A reliable strategy to enhance the bonding ability in carbon reinforced aluminum laminates (CARALL) is proposed, which is based on the mechanical interlocking effect generated by the surface slot structure of aluminum alloy enhances the structural interface between fibers/resins and aluminum alloy. The characteristic of slot structure is determined, and the strengthening mechanism of bonding interfaces is revealed. The CARALL samples with slot structure are fabricated via an hot pressing process. The micro texture morphologies, mechanical, interlayer bonding properties under different conditions are studied. The results indicate that forming a slot structure on the aluminum surface is beneficial for improving the interfacial bonding performance. Compared with the non‐slotted structure, the interlayer type II fracture toughness of the slotted structure is increased by 112.99%. The slotted structure can reduce the defects at the interface between the layers and improve the interface bonding force. In this work, the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of the slotted structure sample was 27.08% higher than that of the non‐slotted structure sample.

Highlights

A slotted structure was proposed to solve the problem of insufficient bonding strength.

A slotted structure consistent with the direction of adjacent fibers is designed.

The interlayer type II fracture toughness of the slotted structure is increased by 112.99%.

The final crack propagation of the slotted structure sample is reduced by 40%.

The final failure area of the slotted structure sample is reduced by 53.85%.
Does the level of e‐government affect value‐added tax collection? A study conducted among the European Union Member States
Authors: Zídková Hana , Arltová Markéta , Josková Kateřina
Published: April 2024

The digitalization of the economy and state administration are important economic research topics. This paper focuses on value‐added tax and its collection from the e‐government perspective, more precisely, the digitalization of tax administration. Research has examined the digitalization of tax collection and its effect on tax evasion only to a limited extent. Our paper examines the impact of the level of e‐government expressed by the e‐government Development Index on value‐added tax (VAT) evasion as measured by the VAT gap. A dynamic panel regression model on the European Union (EU) Member States data between 2003 and 2020 showed that more developed e‐government reduces the VAT gap, that is, improves VAT collection. In addition to the e‐government level, the VAT share in tax revenues also reduces tax evasion. On the other hand, the factors that increase the VAT gap are the final consumption of households and the standard rate. Apart from these results, VAT evasion in original and new EU Member States was found to be affected by different factors. This fact should be considered when deciding the tax policy.
Structural Properties and Photocatalytic Activity of TiO2/Au Nanocomposites Synthesized with Glucose
Authors: Lavrynenko Olena M. , Zahornyi Maksym M. , Pavlenko Olesya Y. , Hotton Claire , Bodin Jennifer , Quach Vien‐Duong , Ghazzal Mohamed Nawfal , Paineau Erwan
Published: April 2024

A one‐pot synthesis of plasmonic gold‐modified TiO2 nanocomposites is reported by using glucose reduction of HAuCl4 in presence of titanium tetraisopropoxide. The resulting nanocomposites are characterized by thermal‐gravimetric analyses, X‐ray diffraction combined with X‐ray fluorescence and photoelectron spectroscopies. A binary system of β‐TiO2 and anatase phases is obtained for low Au content while only anatase form is favored when the initial Au rate rises. This investigation also suggests the inclusion of gold in the TiO2 structure. Although the optical bandgap of the different nanocomposites remains around 3 eV, the increase of Au content induces a shift of both valence and conduction edge bands to lower energy levels. The photocatalytic activity of TiO2/Au nanocomposites is assessed through the decolorization of different cationic and anionic dyes as model compounds. Regarding rhodamine and methylene blue dyes, the sample TiO2 modified with 3.5 wt% of Au presents the best performance. The relation between the structure of the nanocomposites and their capacity to degrade pollutants is discussed.
Fixed‐time consensus of networked Euler–Lagrange systems over event‐based communication under DoS attacks
Authors: Hua Menghu , Yao Xiang‐Yu , Liu Wen‐Jin , Ding Hua‐Feng , Park Ju H.
Published: April 2024

This article focuses on fixed‐time consensus of networked Euler–Lagrange systems (NELSs) over event‐based communication under denial‐of‐service (DoS) attacks. First of all, a basic fixed‐time consensus algorithm is developed for NELSs, where a general fixed‐time communication triggering scheme through error decomposition method is designed for decreasing communication frequencies while avoiding singularity. Then, to fulfil the consensus problem of NELSs in the presence of DoS attacks, a novel fixed‐time resilient algorithm is further presented by the basic algorithm, where the effective attack interval is redefined for carrying out the algorithm design. Furthermore, a hierarchical fixed‐time control framework with privacy preservation is introduced for the consensus problem of NELSs under DoS attacks. Meanwhile, a self‐triggered scheme is employed for the above algorithms to lower the update frequencies of control inputs. The stated algorithms possess a uniformly constrained upper bound on the convergence time, and are resilient as well as responsive to DOS attacks while saving control resources significantly. Finally, numerous illustrative examples are given for demonstrating the efficacy of the derived schemes.
5G new radio multiuser precoding in geostationary satellite networks
Authors: Artiga Xavier , Vázquez Miguel Ángel
Published: April 2024

The multiuser precoding procedures standardized by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) for new radio (NR) represent a new opportunity to realize satellite precoding for capacity improvement, given the integration of non‐terrestrial networks in the 3GPP framework. This work analyses and numerically evaluates them for the geostationary satellite scenarios consolidated by the 3GPP. It shows that the preferred precoding matrix indicated by NR codebooks is not able to handle properly the inter‐beam interference and should only be used to estimate the propagation channel. To this aim, we propose the use of modified type II port selection codebooks reporting on the strongest beams, which correspond to the higher interferences. Since the obtention of high precoding gains requires the operation in rather high signal‐to‐noise regimes and the proper estimation of the interfering contributions from many beams, we propose to enlarge the maximum number of beams reported by each precoding matrix indicator (PMI) report, currently limited to four. As alternative, we also evaluate a sequential multi‐report framework considering the effects of channel‐state information aging and the user equipment (UE) processing times. It preserves the current limits on the number of reported beams but increases the system overhead signalling. The quantization of estimated coefficients is also analysed, not only from the overhead point of view but also to properly report weak interferers corresponding to distant beams, due to the increase in the number of reported beams. Moreover, we identify the minimum interference power a UE should be able to detect to achieve the theoretical large precoding gains.
Making in‐the‐moment learning visible: A framework to identify and compare various ways of learning through continuity and discourse change
Authors: Karch Jessica M. , Maggiore Nicolette M. , Pierre‐Louis Jennifer R. , Strange Destiny , Dini Vesal , Caspari‐Gnann Ira
Published: April 2024

Small group interactions and interactions with near‐peer instructors such as learning assistants serve as fertile opportunities for student learning in undergraduate active learning classrooms. To understand what students take away from these interactions, we need to understand how and what they learn during the moment of their interaction. This study builds on practical epistemology analysis to develop a framework to study this in‐the‐moment learning during interactions by operationalizing it through the lens of discourse change and continuity toward three ends. Using video recordings of students and learning assistants interacting in a variety of contexts including remote, in‐person, and hybrid classrooms in introductory chemistry and physics at two universities, we developed an analytical framework that can characterize learning in the moment of interaction, is sensitive to different kinds of learning, and can be used to compare interactions. The framework and its theoretical underpinnings are described in detail. In‐depth examples demonstrate how the framework can be applied to classroom data to identify and differentiate different ways in which in‐the‐moment learning occurs.
The Development and Validation of a Decision Aid to Enhance Shared Decision-Making for the Management of Actinic Keratosis
Authors: Brent Geoffrey , Beardmore Caroline , Mayers Kate , Barea Alberto , Samarasinghe Venura , Pinder Vanessa , Soo Julia , Akhras Victoria , Jiyad Zainab
Published: April 2024

Actinic keratoses (AKs) are common pre-malignant lesions. There are numerous management options including active surveillance, multiple topical therapies, cryotherapy, curettage and cautery, and photodynamic therapy, each with their own risks, benefits and efficacy. Best practice currently involves shared decision-making between patient and clinician, particularly in the setting of multiple management options. Patient decision aids have been shown to be beneficial in the shared decision-making process. In view of this, we have developed and validated a decision aid for the management of AKs, in concordance with the International Patient Decision Aids Standards.
Model uncertainties in action effects and load bearing capacity calculation in statically indeterminate reinforced concrete structures
Authors: Malja Xhemsi , Nussbaumer Alain , Muttoni Aurelio
Published: April 2024

For the dimensioning and assessment of structures, it is common practice to compare action effects with sectional resistances. Extensive studies have been performed to quantify the model uncertainty on the resistance side. However, for statically indeterminate systems, the model uncertainty in the calculation of action effects has not been properly investigated yet. The aim of this article is to contribute in quantifying the model uncertainty in action effects and load bearing capacity calculations for reinforced concrete structures, accounting for the type of mechanical model used and for various failure modes. To collect a sufficient amount of data and perform statistical analyses, the experimental response of statically indeterminate systems is obtained with a simple and effective technique which allows using experimental results available in literature. Finally, on the basis of a parametric analysis and case studies, practical implications are discussed and recommendations are given concerning the implementation in the partial safety factor format.
Cation‐Dependent Nuclearity of New Homoleptic Azidocuprates(II), From Discrete Ions to Anionic Strands and Sheets
Authors: Hinz Alexander , Köckerling Martin
Published: April 2024

In chemical reactions of copper(II) acetate dihydrate with imidazolium azide salts in ethanol solution several new homoleptic azidocuprates(II) were obtained. In dependency of the used counter cation various different azidocuprate moieties were crystalized. The doubly charged DMMDIm2+ cation facilitates the formation of mononuclear [Cu(N3)4]2− complex anions, while the utilisation of the (PeMIm)+ ion enables the isolation of a dinuclear [Cu2(N3)6]2− salt. By using the unsymmetrical imidazolium ions (BMIm)+ or (EMIm)+ salts with the trinuclear [Cu3(N3)8]2− complex anion are obtained. With the (DML)+ cation an azidocuprate(II) crystallizes, which contains both [Cu(N3)4]2− and the [Cu2(N3)6]2− anion. The anions in the salt with the (PeMIm)+ cation are interconnected through further Cu−N bonds and form layers with a 2D‐honeycomb structure. The trinuclear units in the (BMIm)+ and the (EMIm)+salts form coordination strands of different structures.
Inflationary Krylov complexity
Authors: Li Tao , Liu Lei-Hua
Published: April 2024

Abstract

In this work, we have systematically investigated the Krylov complexity of curvature perturbation for the modified dispersion relation in inflation, using the algorithm in closed system and open system. Since many quantum gravitational frameworks could lead to this kind of modified dispersion relation, our analysis could be applied to the string cosmology, loop gravity, e.t.c. Following the Lanczos algorithm, we find the very early universe is an infinite, many-body, and maximal chaotic system. Our numerics shows that the Lanczos coefficient and Lyapunov index of the standard dispersion relation are mainly determined by the scale factor. As for the modified case, it is nearly determined by the momentum. In a method of the closed system, we discover that the Krylov complexity will show irregular oscillation before the horizon exits. The modified case will present faster growth after the horizon exists. Since the whole universe is an open system, the approach of an open system is more realistic and reliable. Then, we construct the exact wave function which is very robust only requiring the Lanczos coefficient proportional to n (main quantum number). Based on it, we find the Krylov complexity and Krylov entropy could nicely recover in the case of a closed system under the weak dissipative approximation, in which our analysis shows that the evolution of Krylov complexity will not be the same with the original situation. We also find the inflationary period is a strong dissipative system. Meanwhile, our numerics clearly shows the Krylov complexity will grow during the whole inflationary period. But for the small scales, there will be a peak after the horizon exits. Our analysis reveals that the dramatic change in background (inflation) will significantly impact the evolution of Krylov complexity. Since the curvature perturbation will transit from the quantum level to the classical level. We could expect that the decoherence will highly impact the Krylov complexity during inflation.
Involvement of the glymphatic/meningeal lymphatic system in Alzheimer’s disease: insights into proteostasis and future directions
Authors: Yamada Kaoru , Iwatsubo Takeshi
Published: April 2024

Background

 Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is pathologically characterized by the abnormal accumulation of Aβ and tau proteins. There has long been a keen interest among researchers in understanding how Aβ and tau are ultimately cleared in the brain. The discovery of this glymphatic system introduced a novel perspective on protein clearance and it gained recognition as one of the major brain clearance pathways for clearing these pathogenic proteins in AD. This finding has sparked interest in exploring the potential contribution of the glymphatic/meningeal lymphatic system in AD. Furthermore, there is a growing emphasis and discussion regarding the possibility that activating the glymphatic/meningeal lymphatic system could serve as a novel therapeutic strategy against AD.

Objectives

 Given this current research trend, the primary focus of this comprehensive review is to highlight the role of the glymphatic/meningeal lymphatic system in the pathogenesis of AD. The discussion will encompass future research directions and prospects for treatment in relation to the glymphatic/meningeal lymphatic system.
OmniGlasses: an optical aid for stereo vision CNNs to enable omnidirectional image processing
Authors: Seuffert Julian B. , Perez Grassi Ana C. , Ahmed Hamza , Seidel Roman , Hirtz Gangolf
Published: April 2024

Stereo vision is a key technology for 3D scene reconstruction from image pairs. Most approaches process perspective images from commodity cameras. These images, however, have a very limited field of view and only picture a small portion of the scene. In contrast, omnidirectional images, also known as fisheye images, exhibit a much larger field of view and allow a full 3D scene reconstruction with a small amount of cameras if placed carefully. However, omnidirectional images are strongly distorted which make the 3D reconstruction much more sophisticated. Nowadays, a lot of research is conducted on CNNs for omnidirectional stereo vision. Nevertheless, a significant gap between estimation accuracy and throughput can be observed in the literature. This work aims to bridge this gap by introducing a novel set of transformations, namely OmniGlasses. These are incorporated into the architecture of a fast network, i.e., AnyNet, originally designed for scene reconstruction on perspective images. Our network, Omni-AnyNet, produces accurate omnidirectional distance maps with a mean absolute error of around 13 cm at 48.4 fps and is therefore real-time capable.
Study designs, levels of evidence, and scientific bias
Authors: Deichsel Adrian , Münch Lukas N. , Laky Brenda ,   AGA Research Committee
Published: April 2024

Bias should be taken into account when assessing clinical trials. It can occur in various forms in clinical studies and might influence the results in different directions. Bias can occur through the selection of study patients, the investigators, the type of data, and the analysis of the data. Different study types suffer from different potential biases. The aim of this paper is to describe common types of clinical trials and to illustrate their potential biases.
Geometric analysis of the generalized surface quasi-geostrophic equations
Authors: Bauer Martin , Heslin Patrick , Misiołek Gerard , Preston Stephen C.
Published: April 2024

We investigate the geometry of a family of equations in two dimensions which interpolate between the Euler equations of ideal hydrodynamics and the inviscid surface quasi-geostrophic equation. This family can be realised as geodesic equations on groups of diffeomorphisms. We show precisely when the corresponding Riemannian exponential map is non-linear Fredholm of index 0. We further illustrate this by examining the distribution of conjugate points in these settings via a Morse theoretic approach
Bibliometric comparison of Nobel Prize laureates in physiology or medicine and chemistry
Authors: Bünemann Severin , Seifert Roland
Published: April 2024

The Nobel Prize is an annual honor awarded to the researchers who have made the greatest contribution to humanity with their work in the year in question. Nobel Prizes for physiology or medicine and chemistry most often have direct or indirect pharmacological relevance. In this study, we performed a bibliometric analysis of Nobel Prize laureates from 2006 to 2022. The parameters include the nationalities and age of the laureates, age at their productivity peaks, the research locations, the H-index, the age-adjusted H-index, and the number of citations and publications, and, for each parameter, a comparison of female and male award laureates. Men were much more often awarded the Nobel Prize than women. Surprisingly, women were younger than their male colleagues at the time of the award although the productivity peak was similar. There was a correlation between all publications and the H-index, which was slightly stronger for women than for men. The age-adjusted H-index showed no difference among genders. The USA were the country with the highest number of Nobel Prize laureates, both male and female. Overall, the bibliometric characteristics of male and female Nobel Prize laureates are similar, indicating that among the group of Nobel Prize laureates, there is no bias against women. Rather, the achievements of women are recognized earlier than those of men. The major difference is that the number of women becoming Nobel Prize laureates is much smaller than the number of men. This study provides a starting for future studies with larger populations of scientists to analyze disparities.
Five-Year Experience of Interwoven Self-Expanding Stent Implantation in Stenotic Kinking of Below the Knee Prosthetic Bypasses
Authors: Salamaga Szymon , Stanišić Michał-Goran , Stępak Hubert , Błaszyk Maciej , Krasiński Zbigniew
Published: April 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the 5-year real-world results of Supera stent implantation in below the knee prosthetic bypasses (BKPBs). All the procedures were performed because of a history of recurrent thrombosis of the graft and significant stenotic kinking of the prosthesis during knee flexion. A Supera stent was implanted to prevent the next potential BKPB thrombosis.

Materials and Methods

Fourteen patients were included in this single-center, retrospective observational cohort study. All patients underwent Supera stent implantation in infrainguinal prosthetic bypass between 2012 and 2017, due to a history of recurrent thrombosis and kinking of the prosthetic bypass.

Results

Prior to Supera stent implantation procedure, all the patients had more than one episode of acute limb ischemia caused by thrombosis of the BKPB. The median number of BKPB thromboses prior to Supera stent implantation was 3 and ranged from 2 to 6. Technical success was achieved in all cases. Primary patency rates at 12, 24, 36 and 60 months were 71.4%, 57.1%, 57.1% and 14.3%, respectively. Secondary patency rates at 12, 24, 36 and 60 months were 78.6%, 64.3%, 64.3% and 35.7%, respectively. One stent fracture was reported during 60-month follow-up. Major amputation was performed in 6 patients in 5-year follow-up.

Conclusion

Supera stent in treatment of recurrent thrombosis of BKBP is a safe procedure with acceptable mid-term results. However, larger and comparable prospective studies are needed for broader analysis of this procedure.

Graphical Abstract
Posterior vascular anatomy of the encephalon: a comprehensive review
Authors: Morales-Roccuzzo Diego , Sabahi Mohammadmahdi , Obrzut Michal , Najera Edinson , Monterroso-Cohen David , Bsat Shadi , Adada Badih , Borghei-Razavi Hamid
Published: April 2024

Purpose

This article presents a comprehensive exploration of neurovascular anatomy of the encephalon, focusing specifically on the intricate network within the posterior circulation and the posterior fossa anatomy; enhancing understanding of its dynamics, essential for practitioners in neurosurgery and neurology areas.

Method

A profound literature review was conducted by searching the PubMed and Google Scholar databases using main keywords related to neurovascular anatomy. The selected literature was meticulously scrutinized. Throughout the screening of pertinent papers, further articles or book chapters were obtained through additional assessment of the reference lists. Furthermore, four formalin-fixed, color latex–injected cadaveric specimens preserved in 70% ethanol solution were dissected under surgical microscope (Leica Microsystems Inc, 1700 Leider Ln, Buffalo Grove, IL 60089, USA), using microneurosurgical as well as standard instruments, and a high-speed surgical drill (Stryker Instruments 1941 Stryker Way Portage, MI 49002, USA). Ulterior anatomical dissection was performed.

Results

Detailed examination of the basilar artery (BA), a common trunk formed by the union of the left and right vertebral arteries, denoted a tortuous course across the basilar sulcus. Emphasis is then placed on the Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA), Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (AICA) and Superior Cerebellar Artery (SCA). Each artery’s complex course through the posterior fossa, its divisions, and potential stroke-related syndromes are explored in detail. The Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA) is subsequently unveiled. The posterior fossa venous system is explained, categorizing its channels. A retrograde exploration traces the venous drainage back to the internal jugular vein, unraveling its pathways.

Conclusion

This work serves as a succinct yet comprehensive guide, offering fundamental insights into neurovascular anatomy within the encephalon’s posterior circulation. Intended for both novice physicians and seasoned neuroanatomists, the article aims to facilitate a more efficient clinical decision-making in neurosurgical and neurological practices.
Superb microvascular imaging for evaluating the activity of juvenile localised scleroderma: a preliminary study
Authors: Chen Xiaoyi , Zhou Luyao , Xia Yu , Wong Yik Ning , He Qiancheng , Tang Pengyue , Zhang Shuangshuang , Liu Tingting , Wang Ziyi , Xu Na
Published: April 2024

Objectives

To investigate microvascular changes in juvenile localised scleroderma (JLS) lesions using superb microvascular imaging (SMI) and assess SMI’s utility in evaluating disease activity.

Methods

This prospective study enroled 16 children (7 males) with pathologically diagnosed JLS between January 2021 and June 2023. Lesions were assessed using Localised Scleroderma Cutaneous Assessment Tools, including the localised scleroderma skin activity index (LoSAI) and localised scleroderma skin damage index (LoSDI). Lesions with LoSAI scores > 0 were classified as active. The thickness and blood flow of the lesions and healthy skin layers of the contralateral site were evaluated using ultrasound. SMI was used to detect microvascular blood flow in the lesions and healthy skin, and the vascular index (VI) was calculated. The difference in VI between active lesions and healthy skin was correlated with LoSAI and total scores.

Results

Of 46 lesions, 23 were active and 23 inactive. The skin thickness of the lesion was 0.094 ± 0.024 cm, and that of the healthy site was 0.108 ± 0.026 cm (p < 0.001). The VI of the active lesions and healthy skin were 7.60 (3.60, 12.80)% and 1.10 (0.50, 2.10)%, respectively (p < 0.001). The VI of the inactive lesions and the healthy skin were 0.85 (0.00, 2.20)% and 1.60 (1.00, 3.10)%, respectively (p = 0.011). VI differences between active lesions and healthy skin positively correlated with the LoSAI clinical score (r = 0.625, p = 0.001) and total score (r = 0.842, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

SMI can quantitatively detect microvascular blood flow changes in JLS skin, indicating lesion activity and severity.

Clinical relevance statement

SMI is a convenient, non-invasive, technique for detecting active JLS lesions and can provide valuable information to guide treatment options.

Key Points

Current grading systems of juvenile localised scleroderma rely on subjective clinical information.

Superb Microvascular Imaging identified that vascular indexes between active lesions and healthy skin positively correlated with clinical scores.

Superb Microvascular Imaging effectively assesses microvascular blood flow, aiding juvenile localised scleroderma lesion activity evaluation.
Infection risk reduction with povidone-iodine rectal disinfection prior to transrectal prostate biopsy: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Tsuboi Ichiro , Matsukawa Akihiro , Parizi Mehdi Kardoust , Klemm Jakob , Mancon Stefano , Chiujdea Sever , Fazekas Tamás , Laukhtina Ekaterina , Kawada Tatsushi , Katayama Satoshi , Iwata Takehiro , Bekku Kensuke , Wada Koichiro , Araki Motoo , Shariat Shahrokh F.
Published: April 2024

Background

To prevent infectious complications after transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy (TRUS-PB), some studies have investigated the efficacy of rectal disinfection using povidone-iodine (PI) and antibiotic prophylaxis (AP).

Objective

To summarize available data and compare the efficacy of rectal disinfection using PI with non-PI methods prior to TRUS-PB.

Evidence acquisition

Three databases were queried through November 2023 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) analyzing patients who underwent TRUS-PB. We compared the effectiveness of rectal disinfection between PI groups and non-PI groups with or without AP. The primary outcomes of interest were the rates of overall infectious complications, fever, and sepsis. Subgroups analyses were conducted to assess the differential outcomes in patients using fluoroquinolone groups compared to those using other antibiotics groups.

Evidence synthesis

We included ten RCTs in the meta-analyses. The overall rates of infectious complications were significantly lower when rectal disinfection with PI was performed (RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.42–0.74, p < 0.001). Compared to AP monotherapy, the combination of AP and PI was associated with significantly lower risk of infectious complications (RR 0.54, 95% CI 0.40–0.73, p < 0.001) and fever (RR 0.47, 95% CI 0.30–0.75, p = 0.001), but not with sepsis (RR 0.49, 95% CI 0.23–1.04, p = 0.06). The use of fluoroquinolone antibiotics was associated with a lower risk of infectious complications and fever compared to non-FQ antibiotics.

Conclusion

Rectal disinfection with PI significantly reduces the rates of infectious complications and fever in patients undergoing TRUS-PB. However, this approach does not show a significant impact on reducing the rate of sepsis following the procedure.