bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CCA with Plural Harm
Authors: Feit Neil
Published: April 2023

This chapter focuses on the plural harm approach, that is, the counterfactual comparative account of harm (CCA) extended to include plural harm, as it relates to several issues concerning the metaphysics and moral relevance of harm. It begins by considering a recent challenge to the counterfactual comparative account that is similar in some respects to the problem of preemption. It argues that the plural harm approach lets advocates of CCA respond plausibly to the objection. The chapter also contains responses to some objections that focus on the plural harm approach itself and, in its final section, it contains a response to a challenge that concerns the moral status of actions performed in cases of preemption, where the acts are intuitively impermissible but harmless according to the account.
Causality and Causal Explanation in Aristotle
Authors: Stein Nathanael
Published: April 2023

This book aims to answer two main questions about Aristotle’s theory of causality and causal explanation, especially in relation to natural science: (1) How does he answer the main philosophical questions about causes to which he thinks his predecessors’ answers are flawed? (2) How do his answers bear on the main questions we confront in thinking about causality in general? The texts that deal with causality directly are analyzed against the background of his criticisms of his predecessors and his broader views about explanation, highlighting their theoretically important commitments. This allows us to reveal the conceptual architecture of his theory. The basic theory is then applied to two questions about causality, one metaphysical and one epistemological. The metaphysical question is how to account for the relation between causes and what they cause, in light of a fundamental tension between different desiderata for causal explanations. Aristotle’s answer is pluralistic: he does not think that there is one metaphysical relationship between causes and what they cause even within a given mode of causality. The epistemological question asks how we grasp causes, and grasp them in a way that yields scientific understanding. Aristotle’s answer is again a pluralist one: metaphysically different phenomena demand different cognitive resources, and some are more accessible than others. Nevertheless, there is a discernible path from simpler to more sophisticated types of cognitive grasp on causality, in such a way that Aristotle can plausibly satisfy the epistemological constraints he thinks his predecessors cannot. Aristotle thus aims to provide a non-reductionist account of causality that still leaves room for a substantive conception of understanding in natural science.
Causality and Epistemic Asymmetries
Authors: Stein Nathanael
Published: April 2023

Aristotle is also a pluralist about the epistemology of causality: the different modes and the different types of causal profile demand different cognitive resources, and some are more accessible than others. Efficient and final causes are “more knowable to us,” while formal and material causation are “more knowable simpliciter.” Aristotle thinks that some causal relationships are fully open to view, in that there is no conceptual gap or inferential work required to move from the explanandum to the explanans. For basic kinds of change such as simple “chemical” interactions, we are capable of grasping both that a change is of a certain essentially causal type, and what the essence of that type is, using ordinary observation and induction. Induction does not, in these cases, move from a cause-free domain of observation to a causally loaded domain of thought; rather, some generalizing induction begins from observations that involve causal concepts right from the start.
Circular Arguments
Authors: Miller Richard J.
Published: April 2023

Following Galen’s death and the fall of the Roman Empire, the works of great scientists such as Aristotle and Galen were preserved in the Arab empires for over a thousand years. In the seventeenth century Padua became the main center for modern research, attracting people like Andreas Vesalius and William Harvey, who began to conduct characteristically modern animal-based biomedical research programs. Harvey conducted a wide-ranging research program resulting in the discovery of mistakes in Galen’s work and a correct model for the circulation of the blood. Descartes theorized that animals were simply complex machines. Harvey’s experimental methods and Descartes’s thinking became the dominant influence on the development of science until the present day. Subsequently, many important researchers including Boyle, Galvani, and Bernard used vivisection extensively to carry out their important research programs. Many of these experiments were extremely cruel, but is such an approach still necessary today?
Restoring Offenders as Citizens and Caregivers
Authors: Sullivan Michael J.
Published: April 2023

Penal policy that supports getting tough on crime and giving offenders their just deserts minimizes the plight of children and other dependents as mere necessary collateral consequences of the overriding social benefit of punishment. This approach overlooks the lasting intergenerational social costs of incarceration for offenders who might otherwise be the focus of rehabilitation as caregivers and citizens. This chapter argues in favor of restorative justice approaches that aim to rehabilitate and reintegrate persons convicted of a crime into their communities whenever possible. Reintegration involves preparing a former offender to take on more productive roles and responsibilities in society. Carceral officials should allow inmates to provide emotionally and financially for their dependents during their sentence through visitation, flexible sentencing, and training leading to paid employment. Incarceration and parole should be rehabilitative, with the goal of helping all offenders to become better caregivers and citizens upon their release.
The Collateral Consequences of Banishment
Authors: Sullivan Michael J.
Published: April 2023

This chapter argues that political communities should not deny citizenship and its protections to children based on their parents’ allegiances or alleged offenses at the time of their child’s birth. Citizenship deprivation is an intergenerational punishment when children lose entitlement to citizenship at birth based on their parent’s denationalization, as is the case for stateless children born abroad to parents affiliated with a terrorist organization. As for the collateral consequences of anti-terrorism sanctions, the primary concern in this chapter is to ensure that the dependents of suspects and offenders do not lose status-based entitlements to citizenship and its rights based on their parents’ actions. The author then questions whether harsh retributory punishments including citizenship deprivation, banishment, and execution are warranted for political crimes committed by minors.
Collective Intergenerational Responsibilities
Authors: Sullivan Michael J.
Published: April 2023

In this chapter, I ask how the current generation should accept responsibility for the injustices of its forebears in a way that helps all citizens to progress towards reconciliation. Here, I address the challenge of reconciliation with First Nations given the role of settler states, including Canada and the United States, in intentionally destabilizing Indigenous communities and families through the residential school system, child welfare interventions, and the criminal justice system. Here, I argue for three linked responses to the intergenerational legacy of policies that separated Indigenous families and destabilized their communities and political life. The first involves building immigrant-settler-Indigenous alliances. The second involves the government’s responsibility to avoid perpetuating Indigenous family separation and community destabilization through its criminal justice and child welfare policies. The third involves strengthening Indigenous political sovereignty by expanding their self-governance, participation, and free movement rights across their territories divided by settler state borders.
The Synthesis
Authors: Rabinowitz B. S.
Published: April 2023

A tri-part typology of nationalism is introduced that reorganizes nationalism, nativism, fascism, and populism into three new categories: creative, consolidating, and defensive nationalism. The chapter argues the turn-of-the-century eras were both periods of defensive nationalism. Defensive nationalism is a people’s movement focused on reasserting national sovereignty and shielding the nation from external threats. It is a sociopolitical reaction to challenges to the sovereignty of the nation-state presented by globalizing forces. The threats from outside are also believed to be supported by the corrupt domestic elite who benefit from the theft of “the people.” In this way, nationalism and populism converge. Both leftist and rightest forms of defensive nationalism seek to protect the “nation-state” from the “globalizing enemy.” But who constitutes the nation and what comprises the malignant international power are conceived of differently. Left-wing defensive nationalism is class based and can be inclusive; right-wing defensive nationalism is nativist and can tip into fascism.
Karl Polanyi
Authors: Rabinowitz B. S.
Published: April 2023

This chapter presents Polanyi’s theory. Polanyi characterizes the late nineteenth century as a period of the “double movement”: when economic liberalism is accompanied by anti-liberal responses. He argues in the mid-1800s a more insidious form of capitalism developed: finance capitalism. The great houses of finance had enormous power. Countries were forced to adopt the gold standard and open themselves up to international trade. This had a crippling effect on national economies. Groups across Europe rose in opposition. This ultimately led to the embrace of communism and fascism. Many seek to use “the double movement” to explain today’s political backlash as a response against neo-liberalism. However, Polanyi is vague about what set off finance capitalism and the “double movement.” The chapter explores the strengths and weaknesses of the theory. It ends by explaining that defensive nationalism can be used to concretely analyze anti-liberalism, and Schumpeter’s theory of innovation that spurred globalized liberalism.
Foreign Fears: Immigration and Global Terror
Authors: Rabinowitz B. S.
Published: April 2023

In both eras, technological innovations brought into being something else never before seen: international terrorism. At the turn of the nineteenth century, a small group of radical anarchists wreaked havoc across Europe and the United States. In the twentieth century, the same thing occurred with Islamist terrorists. In both epochs, new transportation and communication technologies provided the tools to conduct and coordinate internationalized destruction, as well as the means to broadcast the news of the events across the world in real time. Compounding these developments, immigration increased exponentially just when national communities had begun to struggle from the impacts of a global economy in transition. Fear that foreigners were taking away jobs and introducing dangers to the nation became intensified by new forms of sensationalized media. As tensions developed between immigrant groups and host-country citizens, anti-immigrant backlashes came to permeate politics and feed nascent defensive nationalism across the Global North.
The Ethics of Animal Shelters
Authors: Giroux Valéry , Pepper Angie , Voigt Kristin , Côté-Boudreau Frédéric , Delon Nicolas , Donaldson Sue , Jaquet François , Kymlicka Will , Martin Angela K. , Tam Agnes
Published: April 2023

Part I offers a set of ethical recommendations on various aspects of the everyday operations of animal shelters. The authors begin by clarifying the ethical framework on which the recommendations are based as well as setting out several overarching issues. The authors then address specific ethical questions arising in the context of the shelter’s internal structure and decision-making processes; its relationship with the public, donors, industry, and government; its role in the enforcement of animal welfare legislation; shelter operations, such as responses to overpopulation and decisions about when to end animals’ lives; how it should respond to animals in the community, such as feral cats; and issues arising in relation to shelter staff. The first part of the policy document summarizes these recommendations; the second part explains, in more detail, the reasoning behind these recommendations.
Decision-Making Under Non-Ideal Circumstances
Authors: Martin Angela K.
Published: April 2023

In this chapter, it is argued that some animal shelters fulfill the conditions that make triage protocols necessary, namely, the operation with limited financial budgets, space, medical resources, and staff. It is suggested that requirements presented for triage in humans can be fruitfully applied to the context of animal shelters. The focus lies on the criteria of maximizing benefit, justice, medical criteria, life-span considerations, fair decision-making, patient will, re-evaluation of triage decisions and changes in the therapeutic goal, and burden of triage and staff support. The establishment of triage protocols for shelters will make the decision-making process less arbitrary, fairer, and more transparent. Furthermore, it is argued that, in situations where disagreement persist among shelter staff, an external Ethics Board could be called in to help analyze and potentially resolve some of the remaining ethical issues.
Agricultural Regulations in Free Trade Agreements
Authors: Alons Gerry
Published: April 2023

This chapter investigates whether and how four European Union (EU) trade negotiations and agreements—CETA with Canada, TTIP with the US, the Economic Partnership Agreement with Japan, and the free trade agreement with MERCOSUR—have contributed to the standardization of regulation on food safety and geographical indications (GI). These are highly contested topics on which the EU seeks to export its preferred principles and approach through trade agreements. The chapter finds that the EU is more successful in exporting a sui generis system of GI protection than exporting its precautionary approach toward food safety. Furthermore, MERCOSUR and Japan made more concessions to the EU than Canada, while the negotiations with the US ended in a stalemate. This variation can largely be explained by differences in economic interests, differences in worldviews underlying national policies, and how these variables interacted, shaping political incentives and constraints on government actors in the negotiating process.
Regulatory Convergence in Transatlantic Trade Agreements
Authors: De Ville Ferdi
Published: April 2023

In European Union (EU) trade negotiations with developed economies, regulatory convergence is an essential but difficult goal. This became clear during the ill-fated TTIP negotiations. The EU and the US as aspirant rule-setters refused to adopt the other party’s standards. In turn, the EU aimed to export its single-market model, based on mutual recognition, to the transatlantic area. This led to protests from European civil society that feared a race to the bottom. The attempted framing that EU and US standards are largely equivalent and that the TTIP would lead to global standards proved unconvincing. In contrast, the EU and Canada succeeded in concluding a trade agreement. CETA is more modest in regulatory ambition and mainly sets up a framework for future cooperation. The EU and the US currently try to follow that example in their Trade and Technology Council, which is also less justified by reference to economic gains and more through geopolitical objectives.
The Indian Response to the EU’s Regulatory Standardization
Authors: Khorana Sangeeta
Published: April 2023

Trade policy has been used as an instrument to promote the notion that the European Union’s (EU) common values and norms are a model for other regions. The mechanism to promote EU values across diverse regions has evolved from strategic partnership to an open strategic autonomy approach and is guided by the aspiration to export a preferred model of liberalization and governance in partner countries. But not all countries are willing to adopt EU regulatory standardization, and the “one-size-fits-all” approach does not always apply. Using the case study of the EU-India free trade agreement, this chapter discusses how the EU’s efforts to replicate the model for standardization in the public procurement and sustainable development chapters stalled the talks. The requirement to conform with the template for procurement liberalization and human rights depends on countries’ current systems in place, political systems, geographical and geopolitical realities, as well as levels of socioeconomic development.
Conclusion
Authors: Duina Francesco , Viju-Miljusevic Crina
Published: April 2023

The Conclusion summarizes the main findings of the volume, reflects on several issues, and poses new questions for further research. First, it discusses the dynamics around standardization between the European Union (EU) and its weaker trading partners and the contribution of this volume to the growing literature on the subject. Second, it reflects on the relationship between standardization and mutual recognition. Third, it investigates the connection between the “Brussels Effect” and standardization in trade agreements and whether these processes complement each other as the EU tries to set standards across the world. And, fourth, it addresses the question of China’s rising influence in the field of standardization and the importance of the EU engagement with China in shaping the world.
The Surprisingly Political Aftermath
Authors: Javeline Debra
Published: April 2023

Of the 1,098 victims of the Beslan school hostage taking surveyed, more than half acted politically on one or more occasions, and at least 7 percent had become activist leaders. Much of this activism they conducted in Beslan, but their activities also took them to Vladikavkaz, Rostov-on-Don, Moscow, and Europe. They rallied, petitioned, met with officials, conducted independent investigations, blockaded a highway, picketed, and starved. They boldly worked the Russian judicial system, culminating in a landmark victory in the European Court of Human Rights. This chapter documents this political activism—the most extensive and sustained in modern Russian history—with evidence from the victim survey, focus group discussions, and newspapers.
Should Results Apply to Nonvictims?
Authors: Javeline Debra
Published: April 2023

This chapter asks whether the findings about Beslan victims apply to nonvictims—that is, individuals who were not surviving adult hostages, parents or guardians of underage hostages, or next of kin of deceased hostages. The chapter relies heavily on data from the surveys of nonvictims in Beslan and Vladikavkaz and compares with data from the victim survey. Support for retaliation among nonvictims, like victims, is uncorrelated with anger but strongly correlated with excusing government while blaming ethnic rivals for the actions of terrorists. Otherwise, the results show that models of victim behavior do not transfer well to nonvictims. The findings suggest the need for caution when generalizing from victim behavior to nonvictim behavior and the inappropriateness of drawing inferences about post-violence behavior from population samples.
Mourning Loss through Debate
Authors: Soufi Youcef L.
Published: April 2023

Through examining a disputation on divorce law between Abū Isḥāq al-Shīrāzī and Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Dāmaghānī that occurred shortly after a funeral ceremony, Chapter 1 introduces the legal disputation (munāẓara) as a form of “pious critique.” It details the attendees’ interpretation of their debate as a means to facilitate the pietistic duty of guiding lay Muslims toward proper religious practice. The jurists therefore showed great reverence in pious critique—a reverence otherwise reserved for prophetic traditions (ḥadīths). The more rigorous the critique, the better. But the disputation also had its limits. It excluded lay Muslims from the debate gathering such that their wants, desires, and needs were assumed, rather than ascertained through their own testimonies. This held significant consequences for social groups (of whom women are a particularly clear example) who did not find themselves represented among the juristic class.
The Emergence of Pious Critique
Authors: Soufi Youcef L.
Published: April 2023

The definition of the Arabic word for disputation—munāẓara— is “to reason (al-naẓar) with another person.” But what of the history of the term munāẓara? How did its use evolve over time, and what does this evolution tell us about the practice of legal disputation? Chapter 2 provides a genealogy of the term munāẓara within the first six centuries of Islam, thus providing an account of when and how the term came to designate the practice familiar to al-Shīrāzī and his colleagues. This genealogy traverses political antagonisms, court intrigues, intellectual movements, and juristic rivalries. The chapter locates the turning point in the history of the munāẓara at the early 10th century, when the term began to refer to standard sequences, roles, and ethical injunctions and became synonymous with al-jadal al-maḥmūd (praiseworthy debate).
Debating the Convert’s Jizya
Authors: Soufi Youcef L.
Published: April 2023

Chapter 4 explores how disputations shaped the development of a legal school’s substantive law. It does so via analysis of al-Shīrāzī’s disputation with al-Dāmaghānī on the topic of a convert’s past jizya (non-Muslim poll tax). Through this example, we see how jurists used the disputation to test out, refine, or innovate various arguments in defense of school doctrine. The merits of these arguments depended on the jurist’s ability to overcome objections of inconsistency across doctrine. The disputation on the convert’s past jizya, for example, became an occasion to revisit seemingly disparate topics like alms-giving, prisoner execution, enslavement, and the humiliation of non-Muslims. The chapter concludes by showing how the arguments deployed in a disputation became part of a growing repository of possible evidence that future jurists might examine in their own search for God’s law.
The End of Critical Islam?
Authors: Soufi Youcef L.
Published: April 2023

In his famed Muqaddima, the 14th-century historiographer Ibn Khaldūn claimed that the science of disputation had become neglected in his time. Engaging in disputation was now merely optional for the jurist, rather than being integral to his practice. Chapter 7 asks why the importance of disputation diminished in Islamic legal culture. Focusing on the Shāfiʿī school in late 11th-century Khurasan, the chapter identifies the emergence of a deep pessimism about the capacity of jurists to perform ijtihād. By the 13th century, this outlook had become widespread and eventually gave rise to al-Nawawī’s reimagining of Shāfiʿī school history as one of gradual decay in the practice of ijtihād. The ascendance of al-Nawawī’s view marked a rupture with a previous era in which Shāfiʿīs championed equal responsibility of all jurists to seek out God’s law themselves. As a prominent classical jurist himself realized, to diminish the individual responsibility of ijtihād was to undercut the disputation’s very raison d’être.
General Introduction
Authors: Lu-Adler Huaping
Published: April 2023

This chapter introduces the main theses of the book. It begins with a public debate over Kant and racism that took place in Germany after George Floyd’s killing in 2020. The debate reflected two features of the prevailing discourse on Kant and racism. The first is the assumption of a logical contradiction between Kant’s moral universalism and his racist views. The second is an individualistic conception of racism. Against the first, the chapter argues that Kant’s moral philosophy is at such a high level of abstraction that it belongs to an entirely different logical plane than his racist views. Against the second, the chapter reconceptualizes racism in terms of ideological formation and argues that it is better to understand Kant’s relation to racism in these terms. The chapter then explains the different senses in which this book takes a “view from somewhere” approach in its investigation of Kant, race, and racism.
“Racism” in What Sense?
Authors: Lu-Adler Huaping
Published: April 2023

This chapter reconceptualizes “racism” as it pertains to Kant. The goal is to capture the fact that he published and taught racist views for decades both as a prominent philosopher and as a lifelong educator. As such, he occupied a privileged social location that made him well positioned, in a nexus of meaning makers and power relations, to play an instrumental and transformative role in the nascent formation of modern racist ideology. After a critical review of the relevant literature both within and outside of Kant scholarship, this chapter argues that Sally Haslanger’s notion of racism as “ideological formation,” which builds on Tommie Shelby’s notion of racism as “ideology,” provides the best framework for understanding Kant’s relation to racism. The chapter thereby goes beyond the individualistic approach that has dominated the discourse on Kant and racism. Going forward, the discourse will have to be guided by a different set of research questions.
Word prominence and polysynthetic languages
Authors: Bogomolets Ksenia , van der Hulst Harry
Published: April 2023

This chapter presents an overview of the theoretical concepts relevant for the study of phonological prominence in general and phonological prominence in languages with complex morphologies in particular. Our main theoretical focus is the issue of accent competition. We defend the proposal that the notion of competition should be viewed as central in a study of accent and we propose a typology of accent systems where the main classificatory factor is the type of accent competition resolution. We draw close parallels between the strategies of accent competition resolution found in languages with the so-called phonologically predictable accent and in languages with lexical accent. This chapter also discusses the scope of the volume in some detail and provides an overview of the chapters that can be found in this volume.
Polysynthetic words
Authors: Johns Alana
Published: April 2023

This chapter is an overview of some current issues of polysynthetic words from a morpho-syntactic perspective in Generative Grammar. The central idea explored is that polysynthetic languages are characterized by lack of ‘bundling’ (Harley 2017), which results in a higher ratio of minimal functional morphemes than seen in more bundling languages like English (see Mattissen 2004; 2017 for a related perspective). The polysynthetic word is constructed in the syntax (Halle and Marantz 1993) and a post-syntactic process amalgamates the functional morphemes into a single domain or word (Compton and Pittman 2010; Harizanov and Gribanova 2018 inter alia). It is proposed that minimal features are by default attached like clitics. The role of morphophonological representations in affixation in Inuttitut is briefly discussed. This chapter also looks at some historical evidence for change in languages from phrases to polysynthetic words.
Prominence in Muskogean languages
Authors: Gordon Matthew K. , Martin Jack B.
Published: April 2023

Muskogean languages are known for their highly agglutinative morphological structure and diverse prosodic features that interact in interesting and complex ways with the morphology. Muskogean languages are prosodically most famous for their morphological use of tone to convey verbal aspect and for their iambic metrical structure, which has different phonetic exponents depending on the language. Both prosodic structure and aspectual tone are sensitive to morphological structure in ways that suggest an intricate and to a large extent language-specific mapping between morphology and prosody. Beyond aspectual tone and metrical structure, variation is also observed in how Muskogean languages employ other prosodic systems involving tone, stress, and intonation. Comparison of morphological systems in the family provides insight into how prosodic divergence may be rooted in diachronic developments.
Word Prominence in Languages of Southern Asia
Authors: Hildebrandt Kristine , Anderson Gregory D. S.
Published: April 2023

In this chapter, we survey what we term ‘prominence at the word-level’ in the languages of greater South and Southeast Asia that demonstrate polysynthesis, specifically languages belonging to the Tibeto-Burman and Austroasiatic phyla. We show that despite assumptions to the contrary, ‘polysynthesis’ is commonly observed in languages of South Asia, particularly those belonging to the Tibeto-Burman and Austroasiatic (Munda) families. Word-level accent and prominence may be a prominent feature of Munda languages, but the phonetic and word-prosodic details are still debated and in need of further research and verification. It is not clear how prosodic words differ from grammatical words in the languages phonologically, whether the data described for the Munda languages to date actually reflects word-level, reference other prosodic domains (various phrasal levels or utterance-level phenomena), or may rather be due to information structure uses of pitch, for example, for focus. In Tibeto-Burman, stress is a less salient indicator of word-level prominence, but tonal and segmental patterns tend to illuminate either initial or final prominence at the word-level, following a roughly west-east geographic split.
Introduction
Authors: Weber Samuel
Published: April 2023

This chapter introduces the book’s major themes. The first subsection offers an overview of Spanish and Italian historiography on the period of Spanish rule in Italy. Although historians have stressed the significance of patron-client networks between the Spanish Habsburgs and Italian nobles in the early modern period, surprisingly little is known about how these networks were perceived by their beneficiaries. The second subsection uses work on early modern patronage, corruption, symbolic politics, and Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of misrecognition to develop a methodology that allows historians to capture how the Spanish kings’ Italian clients negotiated their entanglement with the crown and its ethical implications. This section also introduces the protagonists of this case study, the Borromeos of the Angera branch, and discusses the unique set of sources used to challenge the Borromeos’ image as selfless paternalists. A final section provides an overview of the book’s narrative arc, detailing how each chapter advances its argument.
Prologue
Authors: Weber Samuel
Published: April 2023

The Prologue provides background information on the Borromeo family history that is vital for understanding the significance of the story told in this book. The first part focuses on the sixteenth century when the Borromeos controlled the Milanese church and sought to use its institutions to affirm themselves as an alternative center of power in the face of Spain’s conquest of Italy. The latter half of the Prologue shows how two archbishops of the house came to terms with Spain’s hegemony in Italy from the 1580s forward. Fearing they would soon be cut out of the patronage market in Spain, the Borromeos changed tack, seeking to integrate their house into the emerging patron-client networks of Spain’s first minister-favorite, the Duke of Lerma, at the dawn of the seventeenth century. Thus, the archbishops laid the foundations for the family’s integration into the crown’s networks, which took off in the 1620s.
Olivaristas on the Make
Authors: Weber Samuel
Published: April 2023

This chapter discusses the Borromeos’ rapprochement with the government of the Count-Duke of Olivares in the 1620s. The first part focuses on Giulio Cesare Borromeo, who took advantage of the lively patronage market in Madrid to establish himself as a feudatory. The main source discussed is the correspondence between the Borromeos and their agent charged with negotiating the sale of the fief of Angera in Madrid, which reveals the gap between the rhetoric of clean government and widespread administrative malpractice, familiarizing the reader with a tension that would overshadow the Borromeos’ ascent. The chapter closes with an analysis of a first attempt to mitigate the family’s entanglement by looking at a treatise Federico Borromeo Sr. wrote in honor of Olivares. Using Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of misrecognition, it is argued that the book is the first attempt at overcoming the contradiction between a formal commitment to the common good and a dangerously deepening dependence on Spanish patronage.
“A Faithful Vassal of His Majesty”
Authors: Weber Samuel
Published: April 2023

This chapter shifts focus from Giovanni to his younger brother, Federico Jr., and shows how he addressed the contradiction between patronage and the commonwealth that had spelled Giovanni’s downfall. The chapter opens with a discussion of Federico’s early education as a future cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, preparing him for the post-dynastic politics that the fall of favoritism in Spain had ushered in. The following section focuses on how Federico benefited from a parallel shift away from nepotism in the papal court to reinvent himself as a loyal public servant. Pierre Bourdieu’s notion of “disinterestedness” is used to make sense of this new conception of public service. The chapter ends with a discussion of Federico’s 10-year stint as a nuncio in the Swiss Confederacy, revealing how he used this appointment to advance a pro-Spanish agenda and so position himself as a reliable client of the crown.
Moral Panics and the Restoration of Consensus
Authors: Weber Samuel
Published: April 2023

This chapter discusses Federico Borromeo Jr.’s work for the Congregation of Ecclesiastical Immunity in the later seventeenth-century papal court. Jurisdictional conflicts between the Spanish monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church persisted throughout the period of Spanish rule in Italy. What changed over time was the Borromeos’ attitude to them. In the sixteenth century, the two Borromeo archbishops had exploited these conflicts to weaken Spain’s position in Milan. In light of the seventeenth-century rapprochement with the monarchy, Federico worked tirelessly to end the jurisdictional strife and prove his loyalty to Spain. He focused on the thorny issue of ecclesiastical asylum. This chapter uses Stuart Hall’s seminal work to read Federico’s campaign against priests who helped criminals hide in churches as a “moral panic” engineered to position himself advantageously as upholding the law. Thus, he sought to convince a Milanese public and the Spanish court of the family’s commitment to a well-ordered society with powerful monarchical institutions.
Dissimulation and Subterfuge
Authors: Weber Samuel
Published: April 2023

This chapter focuses on Federico Borromeo Jr.’s stint as nuncio in Madrid and secretary of state in the papal court in the late seventeenth century. This period was overshadowed by the regency of Queen Mariana and the debate over her confessor, Johann Eberhard von Nithard, who was evicted from Spain. This chapter reveals how Borromeo acted as a leading broker in Nithard’s eviction and subsequent promotion to the cardinalate, arguing that his operation through privy correspondence was indicative of his role as a servant of the dominant faction in the Madrid court. Federico used his public offices to advance causes of potential patrons, hoping to be rewarded. This modus operandi led to a creation of secret channels within institutions officially committed to the defense of the common good. Federico Borromeo was thus able to outwardly overcome the contradiction between factional interests and the common good that had plagued his brother Giovanni.
Accountability to God
Authors: Torrance Andrew B.
Published: April 2023

This book proposes, develops, and analyses two concepts of accountability, as a condition and a virtue. The book also engineers these concepts to make them particularly apt for thinking about (1) accountability to God and (2) other relationships of accountability that exist under God. The conceptual work is primarily undertaken in the first part of the book, where a theological and a general case is built for the book’s particular view of accountability. The second part engages in the constructive work of developing a theology of accountability in relation to the doctrines of the Trinity, participation in Christ, the Fall, the fear of God, reconciliation, baptism, repentance, faith, and conversion. Over the course of the book, there is interaction with a number of major theologians, such as the apostle Paul, Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, and Karl Barth, and also extensive engagement with contemporary work in analytic philosophy, systematic theology (including analytic theology), biblical studies, and psychology. By bringing a diverse range of scholarship into discussion, this book is not only the first book to focus specifically on what it means to be accountable to God, but its originality is also reflected in the new conversations it creates on a range of issues that are central to the task of theology.
The Virtue of Accountability
Authors: Torrance Andrew B.
Published: April 2023

This chapter offers an analysis of the concept of ‘accountability’ as a virtue that characterizes those who embrace the condition of accountability (as defined in Chapter 1). It opens by proposing a theological basis for thinking about accountability as a virtue. The rest of the chapter is then divided up into two sections. The first section focuses on the relational nature of the virtue of accountability and asks what it means to consider accountability as a relational virtue. The second section offers a comparison between the virtue of accountability and Thomas Aquinas’s virtue of obedience. It is argued that embracing the Thomistic virtue of obedience is more likely to expose persons to paternalistic or authoritarian relationships than embracing the virtue of accountability.
Slavery—Accountability or Exploitation?
Authors: Torrance Andrew B.
Published: April 2023

The aim of this chapter is to develop an account of relationships of accountability that help to prevent them from being confused with relationships of exploitation. The chapter begins by considering how two of this book’s key interlocutors, the apostle Paul and Thomas Aquinas, could accept narratives that gave legitimacy to the authority of masters over enslaved persons. In response, it is explained why slavery does not meet this book’s criteria for accountability. Yet it is also recognized that it can be difficult to judge whether a relationship is one of accountability or of exploitation. This is because it is easy to disguise exploitation as accountability by spinning false narratives. To address such deception, it is proposed that practical wisdom, grounded in a true narrative, is crucial for making good judgements about authority. Finally, this chapter engages in some conceptual analysis of the distinction between accountability and exploitation.
Free Trade Agreements
Authors: Seshadri V. S.
Published: April 2023

India did not sign any new FTA for almost a decade since 2011. Its past FTAs were only with countries in East and South East Asia and South Asia. Some of these FTAs were also not seen as delivering commensurate benefits to India. The book analyses possible reasons for this situation. India also pulled out of RCEP negotiations. However, fresh momentum has now been injected with the conclusion of a comprehensive FTA with the UAE and an interim deal with Australia. Negotiations are also underway with several others including the United Kingdom, the European Union, Canada, GCC, and Israel among others. In this context, and keeping in view the overall global FTA scene, the book suggests possible ways forward both in respect of the ongoing negotiations as well as in respect of effectively monitoring and implementing FTAs already concluded and those that will be done in future.
The Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership
Authors: Seshadri V. S.
Published: April 2023

The Comprehensive and Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), though a somewhat truncated TPP, is a recent mega-regional FTA of a fairly high standard. It has a membership of all the original 11 countries from the Asia Pacific region that participated in the TPP negotiations, except the United States which withdrew from it. A few more economies like the United Kingdom, China, Costa Rica, Ecuador, and Taiwan have also applied subsequently expressing interest to join. This chapter traces the agreement’s evolution and its making. It then goes on to examine the various provisions on market access and rules for trade in goods, commitments on trade in services and investment, regulatory and behind-the-border issues and institutional and dispute provisions. The agreement has several additional features in a WTO plus or a WTO extra manner. These have been brought out along with the provisions in TPP that have been suspended in CPTPP that had been originally included mainly at the behest of the United States.
The Priest and the Magistrate
Authors: Scheid John
Published: April 2023

This chapter explicates the divisions of power between priests and magistrates, which are either determined by Roman tradition or Greek thought. It highlights the Roman public law reproduced by the hierarchy: Publicum ius in sacris, in sacerdotibus, in magistratibus consistit. Cicero outlined two types of legislation for the main aspects of power, religious laws, and laws concerning magistrates in line with the legitimately hierarchical order that corresponds to Ulpian. The chapter then considers the military immunity and privileges of priests, and how magistrates could also participate in the practice of public religion. Additionally, it recognizes the difference of recruitment for priests and magistrates.
Not the One nor the Many; A Pragmatic Approach to Religious Behaviour in a Polytheistic Society
Authors: Bendlin Andreas
Published: April 2023

This chapter examines Rome as a complex polytheistic system. It explains how Rome became a place wherein all divinities come together to receive worship from various ethnic groups and individual civitates. However, Roman authors tend to paint the city as a city of migrants. Latin literature thematises fears of religious infiltrations due to the uncontrolled immigration of innumerable foreign gods and the proliferation of superstitiones. According to Cicero?s political and forensic speeches, the selection of gods depended on varying contexts such as political communication. The chapter then looks into the normalcy of religious pluralism due to the polytheistic system of ancient Rome. It also considers polytheism and monotheism as inventions of early modern religious taxonomy.
Rites and Practices of Warfare in Italy between Romans and Samnites
Authors: Cazanove Olivier de
Published: April 2023

This chapter covers rites and practices and procedures around the practice of war in Italy amidst the 5th–3rd centuries BC. It explains how war and weaponry became a common language and culture widely shared in codes and techniques. Romans and Samnites do not carry the same significance of rites and practices of war, but they do have a shared custom of going under the yoke in line with the defeat at the Caudine Forks. The chapter also looks into Livy’s discussion regarding the praetorium being the centre of the camp by referencing the recruitment of the Samnite Legio Linteata and the Roman encampment. It highlights that the military camp and its general area had a religious aspect or a place of worship.
The Ritual of Centuriation
Authors: Gargola Daniel J.
Published: April 2023

This chapter explicates how surveying is regarded as a rite. It considers the surveying techniques of Frontinus and Hyginus Gromatics from their collection Corpus Agrimensorum Romanorum. Frontinus and Hyginus Gromaticus started with the description of centuriation’s origins and virtues. Centuriation had been primarily developed and deployed in the colonies and viritane assignments that accompanied Roman expansion. The chapter elucidates the process of surveyors in centuriating a field, while also acknowledging that other scholars correlated centuriation and Roman augury. It then looks into the correlation between antiquarianism and administration that has been found within Roman works on public and sacred law.
Cicero and Divination
Authors: Beard Mary
Published: April 2023

This chapter tackles how Cicero translated De Divinatione into Latin and Roman rhetorical modes. It notes the Roman elite’s scepticism over divination, augury, prodigies, and haruspicy, while the works of Cicero appeared to contradict scepticism on its validation. In De Legibus, Cicero showed his support for traditional Roman religious practices while referencing tenets of the state religion. In the late Republic, Rome was known to be the site of philosophical activity and Cicero was famous for fully integrating Hellenizing philosophy with traditional Roman practice. The chapter explores the philosophies prior to the prominence of Cicero. It also points out that Cicero’s theological works could be best understood in the context of cultural integration.
Expert Power and the Classification of Human Difference
Authors: Navon Daniel
Published: April 2023

This chapter discusses experts’ far-reaching power to classify things—particularly humans—and how that power is strongest when expert categories seem objective and timeless. First, it outlines three pillars for a sociology of classification: (a) seminal work interrogating the social origins of expert classification systems; (b) the “performative” power of categories to remake the world in their image; (c) the dynamic way classifying people actually changes them, but also creates “looping effects” that can transform the categories themselves. It goes on to review existing scholarship on diagnosis, medicalization, and psychiatry, as well as the classification of race, ethnicity, nationalism, status, -etc. Finally, it confronts long-standing efforts to use genetics and biology to classify mental illness and developmental difference, as well as race and ethnicity. By way of conclusion, it argues that biology will never resolve the immense challenges or dangers inherent in human classification, but it will initiate unpredictable new cycles of performativity and looping.