bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Facial Sinus of Dental Origin: A Case Report
Authors: Mukerji Rohini , Jones D.C.
Published: August 2017

Sinus tracts of dental origin opening on the skin can be a diagnostic challenge. A delay in correctly diagnosing these lesions can result in ineffective and inappropriate treatment; however, if recognized early, the sinus tract usually resolves after appropriate endodontic therapy or extraction. We report a case of a cutaneous sinus tract secondary to a periapical abscess of the mandibular first molar tooth. The case was successfully treated by extraction and the sinus tract healed.
Book Review
Authors: Randall Ros
Published: August 2017

Tissue Preservation in Caries Treatment. By Albrektsson, Bratthall, Glantz and Lindhe, eds. Quintessence Publishing Co. Ltd, New Malden, 2001 (£88.00). ISBN 1-85097-046-7.
Restorative Management of the Worn Dentition: 2. Localized Anterior Toothwear
Authors: Chu Frederick C.S. , Siu Adam S.C. , Newsome Philip R.H. , Chow Tak W. , Smales Roger J.
Published: August 2017

This is the second paper in a four-part series detailing the relative merits of the treatment strategies, clinical techniques and dental materials for the restoration of health, function and aesthetics for the dentition. In this paper the management of wear in the anterior dentition is discussed, using three case studies as illustration.
Iron and Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anaemia in a Vegetarian: A Diagnostic Approach by Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay and Radioimmunoassay
Authors: Iamaroon Anak , Linpisarn Sukanya , Kuansuwan Chatsri
Published: August 2017

This article presents the case of a 46-year-old vegetarian who had a painful dry socket in the left third molar area. Since the patient's general appraisal was anaemic, investigations for haematological status, folic acid and vitamin B12 were performed. The results revealed that the patient was severely iron deficient and slightly vitamin B12 deficient.
Preserving the Vital Pulp in Operative Dentistry: 4. Factors Influencing Successful Pulp Capping
Authors: Murray Peter E. , Lumley Philip J , Hafez Abeer A. , Cox Charles F. , Smith Anthony J.
Published: August 2017

The sequence of factors that mediate pulp inflammation and necrosis are unclear, and controversy surrounds the effects of different pulp capping materials on exposed pulps. Clinicians have few quantitative studies that rank the in vivo pulp capping effects of commonly used restorative materials.
Assessing Restorative Dental Materials: 2. Questions for a Dental Sales Representative
Authors: Burke F.J.T. , Shortall A.C.C. , Combe E.C. , Aitchison T.C.
Published: August 2017

Many methodologies are used during the testing of dental materials, although different tests are suitable for different materials and clinical situations. This paper discusses factors relevant to the choice of a dental material, and suggests questions that a practitioner would find helpful to ask a dental sales representative, such as ease of use, effect on the environment and the relevance of fluoride release.
Is Your Treatment of Sensitive Teeth as Successful as This?
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Clinical Evaluation of Prime & Bond 2.1 for Treating Cervical Dentine Hypersensitivity. E.J. Swift, K.N. May and S. Mitchell. American Journal of Dentistry 2001; 14: 13–16.
Restorative Management of the Worn Dentition: 3. Localized Posterior Toothwear
Authors: Chu Frederick C.S. , Botelho Michael G. , Newsome Philip R.H. , Chow Tak W. , Smales Roger J.
Published: August 2017

In the management of localized posterior occlusal toothwear, care must be taken not only in determining whether the worn teeth are restorable, but also the desirable occlusal scheme. Assessments of the periodontal, endodontic, and coronal tooth tissues, and the occlusal relationship are necessary for a comprehensive treatment plan for worn posterior teeth.
Book Review
Authors: Hogg Christopher
Published: August 2017

Orthodontic Management of the Dentition with the Pre-adjusted Appliance. By John C. Bennett and Richard P. McLaughlin. Mosby, London & New York, 2002 (380 pp., £115). ISBN 0-7234-3265-1.
Options for Change – Key Points for the Busy Practitioner
Authors: Morris John
Published: August 2017

A fter some delay the government has finally published its latest proposals for dentistry in England under the title ‘Options for Change’.1 This is the next stage in a programme of work referred to as ‘Modernising NHS Dentistry’ which started with the 2000 publication of the same name.2,3 This paper attempts to summarize this latest publication.
A Clinical Overview of Removable Prostheses: 1. Factors to Consider in Planning a Removable Partial Denture
Authors: McCord J. Fraser , Grey Nick J.A. , Winstanley Raymond B. , Johnson Anthony
Published: August 2017

This is the first article in a series on the prescription of removable partial dentures. It addresses basic clinical and patient-related factors involved in decision-making before commencing active prosthodontic treatment. Further papers will outline a variety of impression techniques for primary and definitive impression, discuss designing principles, give an overview of some technological aspects of removable partial denture-making and provide guidelines on how to diagnose and manage common clinical problems associated with removable partial dentures.
Book Review
Authors: Smith A.J.
Published: August 2017

Pulp-Dentin Biology in Restorative Dentistry. Ivar A. Mjör, ed. Quintessence Publishing Co. Ltd, New Malden, Surrey, 2002 (168pp, £42.00 p/b). ISBN 0-86715-412-8.
A Clinical Overview of Removable Prostheses: 2. Impression Making for Partial Dentures
Authors: McCord J. Fraser , Grey Nick J.A. , Winstanley Raymond B , Johnson Anthony
Published: August 2017

This, the second article in a series on the prescription of removable partial dentures, will deal with the issue of primary impressions and primary casts for partial dentures. The principles of definitive impressions and master cast planning will be described.
Magnetic Retention in Prosthetic Dentistry
Authors: Walmsley A. Damien
Published: August 2017

Magnets are a popular method of attaching removable prostheses to either retained roots or osseointegrated implants. This paper reviews the development of magnets in dentistry and describes the different types of magnetic attachments that are available. The clinical applications of magnets in prosthetic dentistry are illustrated and future technological advancements indicated. Whilst different magnetic materials that mirrored the developing technology have been used, the main drawback to their use is the potential of corrosion of the magnetic material in the mouth. However, newly emerging technologies may provide a solution to this problem, allowing the continued use of magnets in prosthetic dentistry.
A Place for Everything, and Everything in its Place!
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Accidental Injection of Sodium Hypochlorite Beyond the Root Apex. H. Balto and Al-Nazhan. Saudi Dental Journal 2002; 14: 36–38.
Oral Lichenoid Drug Eruptions: Their Recognition and Management
Authors: Rice Peter J. , Hamburger John
Published: August 2017

Lichen planus is a relatively common, often clinically distinctive, mucocutaneous condition with an uncertain aetiology. One variant of lichen planus is the so-called ‘lichenoid drug eruption’. In contrast to idiopathic lichen planus, lichenoid drug eruptions, where practicable, may be managed by substitution of the offending drug. The dental clinician is in a prime position to identify these lesions and liaise with medical colleagues regarding their management. This article reviews oral lichenoid drug eruptions, emphasizing those aspects of relevance to the general dental practitioner.
CD-ROM Review
Authors: Stewardson Dominic
Published: August 2017

The Last Post; Restoration of the Endodontically Treated Tooth. The Dental Channel Ltd. CPD CAL CD-ROM. Obtainable free of charge via your postgraduate deanery or order directly from the website www.dental-channel.co.uk/PGdeans.htm
Assessing the Anxious Patient
Authors: Chadwick Barbara L.
Published: August 2017

Dental anxiety is a problem for many adults and children and for many patients anxiety acts as a barrier to treatment: avoidance of treatment, irregular attendance or attendance for emergency treatment only being typical ways of dealing with the problem. For the dental team a patient's anxiety poses major management problems, as an anxious patient may require more time for treatment, is very likely to miss appointments and may have raised pain thresholds. A major cause of stress for clinicians is the management of anxiety in their patients.
Book Review
Authors: Smith Tony
Published: August 2017

Dentin/Pulp Complex: Proceedings of the International Conference on Dentin/Pulp Complex 2001. T. Ishikawa, K. Takahashi, T. Maeda, H. Suda, M. Shimono, T. Inoue, eds. Quintessence Publishing Co. Ltd, New Malden, 2002 (194pp., £36.00). ISBN 4-87417-733-6.
Nanotechnology in Dentistry: Reduction to Practice
Authors: Ure David , Harris Jonathan
Published: August 2017

The speed at which advances are being made in science has catapulted nanotechnology from its theoretical foundations straight into the real world. There are now many examples of commercially available products demonstrating that, in given situations, the technology really does work and that its scope for further application is wide. Healthcare, along with society as a whole, is facing a major revolution in the wake of ongoing technological developments in the field of nanotechnology. Dentistry as an individual healthcare discipline is not exempt, having already been targeted directly with novel ‘nano-materials’ at the same time as indirectly enjoying the benefits of nano-related advances in the electronics industry through the ongoing computerization of the modern practice. This article examines current practical applications of nanotechnology alongside proposed applications in the future and aims to demonstrate that, as well as a good deal of science fiction, there is some tangible science fact emerging from this novel multi-disciplinary science.
Choosing a Career in Dentistry
Authors: Ibbetson Richard
Published: August 2017

There is a wide range of careers available for the recently qualified dentist, and graduates need to know what the choices are and how a particular career pathway may be best accessed. Additional qualifications are often necessary; new graduates also need to be aware of the most useful postgraduate qualifications for their chosen path. Many young dentists would benefit from careers advice and should talk to colleagues working in the field in which they are interested.
Steroid Cover in Dentistry: Recommendations following a Review of Current Policy in UK Dental Teaching Hospitals
Authors: Perry R.J. , McLaughlin E.A. , Rice P.J.
Published: August 2017

This article reports a project that was undertaken to determine current UK dental hospital policy with regard to the management of patients taking therapeutic doses of corticosteroids receiving dental treatment under local anaesthesia. There is variation in the medical management of this patient group, and whether practice should be standardized by means of a national policy document warrants consideration.
Good News for Halitosis Sufferers!
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Comparative Analysis of some Mouthrinses on the Production of Volatile Sulfur-containing Compounds. C.K. Rösing, G. Jonski, G. Rølla. Acta Odontol Scand 2002; 60: 10–12.
Paediatric Dentistry in the New Millennium: 6. Dental Anomalies in Children
Authors: Tahmassebi Jinous F. , Day Peter F. , Toumba K. Jack , Andreadis George A.
Published: August 2017

Developmental defects of the human dentition are not uncommon and can adversely affect the physical and psychological health of children. This paper reviews briefly the most common dental defects that can occur during childhood and discusses in more detail defects of enamel and dentine. Guidelines are provided for clinicians to identify children who deviate from normal dental development in order to provide appropriate interventions or make appropriate referrals.
Dentistry in the Armed Forces
Authors: Holloway F.E.
Published: August 2017

This paper describes the way dentistry is practised in the Armed Forces and highlights the differences with civilian practice, especially during military operations. The military lifestyle is discussed and the various training pathways and career options available to Armed Forces dentists are outlined.
The Cochrane Oral Health Group
Authors: Tavender E. J.
Published: August 2017

For dentists to make well-informed decisions about oral healthcare, it is important that systematic reviews of current best evidence are available. Systematic reviews may help to prevent treatments being endorsed long after evidence from trials has concluded that they are useless or even harmful. Conversely, they can help shorten the time period between medical research discoveries and the implementation of effective treatment strategies.1
The role of self-administered plaque control in the management of periodontal diseases: 2. motivation, techniques and assessment
Authors: Ower Philip
Published: August 2017

The delivery of oral hygiene advice is a crucial component of the management of patients susceptible to periodontal disease. However, the complexity of the issues surrounding such advice is frequently underestimated. It is not simply a question of manual dexterity; many factors influence compliance and motivation, including lifestyle, beliefs, attitude and understanding, and such factors need to be taken into account in order to effect permanent change in a patient's habits. This article reviews these issues and examines oral hygiene techniques and methods of assessment.
So You Want to be an Academic?
Authors: Scott Brendan J.J.
Published: August 2017

Academic dentistry offers a rewarding and varied career in which the practice of dentistry can be combined with teaching and research. This article outlines the activities that academic staff undertake, discusses the routes by which entry into an academic post can be made, and the ways in which progression and development can take place.
Non-Pharmacological Approaches to Behaviour Management in Children
Authors: Newton J. Tim , Shah Seema , Patel Himali , Sturmey Peter
Published: August 2017

This review examines a number of non-pharmacological approaches to the management of dental anxiety and its manifestations among children and young people. The article concludes with recommendations regarding the use of non-pharmacological approaches.
Paediatric Dentistry in the New Millennium: 1. Quality Care for Children
Authors: Duggal M.S.
Published: August 2017

This is the first in a series of articles on paediatric dentistry in the new millennium. The aim of the series is to present a structured approach to the management of children and the common dental problems that are encountered in paediatric patients. Starting with the philosophy of ‘quality care’, as presented in this article, the series is intended to update readers on modern approaches to both pharmacological and non-pharmacological behaviour management, restorative techniques and the management of common developmental defects that present in both primary and young permanent teeth. Finally, preventive approaches that are easy to administer in a general dental practice will be discussed.
Treatment of Aesthetic Problems in Paediatric Dentistry
Authors: Bryan Rosemary A.E. , Welbury Richard R.
Published: August 2017

Aesthetic problems in childhood and adolescence can have a significant effect on psychosocial development and interaction with peers. Abnormalities of shape, size, colour and structure of the whole or part of the anterior dentition of children can lead to such problems. This article outlines the most appropriate options for the clinical management of different aetiological categories of aesthetic problems, and develops a hierarchy of intervention that should be pursued in a logical order until a satisfactory cosmetic outcome is achieved. These techniques are readily available to most dental practitioners and there is no reason for a child to have to wait until late adolescence for treatment.
The Management of Severe Hypodontia in a Young Adult Patient: A Case Report
Authors: Sundram Felicia , Walmsley A. Damien
Published: August 2017

This report describes the management of a 20-year-old man with hypodontia who wanted an improvement in his appearance and in his existing upper partial denture. Removable prostheses were employed for this purpose; this paper describes the clinical technique involved.
Tooth Surface Floss Loss: Unusual Interproximal and Lingual Cervical Lesions as a Result of Bizarre Dental Flossing
Authors: Gow Alex M. , Kelleher Martin G. D.
Published: August 2017

There are many reported cases of cervical abrasion/erosion cavities in the literature with various theories offered in support of their pathogenesis. The vast majority of these cases involve the labial cervical regions of the affected teeth. This case report describes an unusual dental presentation of severe lingual cervical and interproximal lesions predominantly affecting the upper and lower anterior and premolar teeth. The differential diagnosis is presented, along with the likely cause of the lesions: in this case, a bizarre oral hygiene technique. The proposed treatment plan is outlined and the problems associated with restoring such cavities are highlighted.
Does the Colour of that Crown Really Match?
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

The Reliability of an Intraoral Dental Colorimeter. F.F. Tung, G.R. Goldstein, S. Jang and E. Hittelman. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 2002; 88: 585–590.
Occlusion: 1. Terms, Mandibular Movement and the Factors of Occlusion
Authors: Milosevic Alex
Published: August 2017

This short series of three papers will review the relationship between mandibular movement and tooth morphology during function and dysfunction. ICP, RCP and long centric are discussed as is a description of mandibular excursions. Incisal guidance, condylar guidance, sagittal curve of Spee and lateral curve of Monson are inter-linked to illustrate how these factors of occlusion influence occlusal anatomy.
Organizing a Practice-based Research Group
Authors: Stewardson D.A. , Thornley P.H.
Published: August 2017

There is an urgent need for more dental research to come from the ‘real-life’ setting of general practice in order to complement the information arising from laboratory testing and institution-based clinical trials. This paper outlines some of the problems and opportunities encountered in undertaking research in practice, and describes the experiences of one such practice-based research group.
Sugar that is Good for Teeth?
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Caries Inhibitory Effect of Fluoridated Sugar in a Trial in Indonesia. D. Mulyani and J. McIntyre. Australian Dental Journal 2002; 47: 314–320.
Paediatric Dentistry in the New Millennium: 4. Cost-Effective Restorative Techniques for Primary Molars
Authors: Duggal M.S. , Gautam S. K. , Nichol R. , Robertson A. J.
Published: August 2017

In the fourth article in this series the techniques for carrying out pulp therapy and stainless steel restoration in primary molars are discussed. Early pulp involvement in primary molars means that pulp therapy and the use of appropriate coronal restoration, such as stainless steel crowns, are indispensable if repetitive restoration of primary molars is to be avoided. These techniques themselves are not difficult to carry out once the child's co-operation is established and should be well within the capability of any dentist with an interest in the dental care of children.
Learn with (or from?) Your Team
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Sterilization and Disinfection of Dental Instruments – A Synopsis. A. Wright. British Dental Nursing Journal 2003; 62: 15.
The Future of the Dental Profession: A Personal Perspective
Authors: Wilson N. H. F.
Published: August 2017

Future needs and demands for oral healthcare will, it is suggested, largely determine the forum, function and size of the dental profession. With the coming of age of the dental team and the development of an ever-increasing range of new therapies, materials, procedures and devices, new organizational systems will be needed to support education and training and subsequent lifelong learning. It is concluded that it is time for the dental team and its regulation to move on. Subject to the profession embracing the future, the years ahead promise to bring many new, exciting opportunities and challenges.
An Unusual Cause of Oro-Antral Fistula
Authors: Goodger N.M. , Halfpenny W. , Williams S.
Published: August 2017

A case of oro-antral fistula associated with an apparent foreign body following antral packing for a zygomatic complex fracture 10 years previously is presented. This was treated by antral exploration, removal of the antral contents and repair of the fistula. The complications of antral packing for zygomatic and orbital floor fractures are reviewed and those situations where antral packing may be the treatment of choice are defined.
Current Concepts in Periodontal Pathogenesis
Authors: Preshaw Philip M. , Seymour Robin A. , Heasman Peter A.
Published: August 2017

Periodontal research over the last 40 years has been remarkably prolific. We now understand that severe periodontitis affects approximately 10–15% of the population (representing a large number of individuals in the UK) and gingivitis and mild periodontitis affect a majority of people. Microbiological research has identified some of the key pathogens that are implicated in periodontal disease. Plaque bacteria exist in biofilms, which have evolved to protect individual organisms within the subgingival bacterial community. For this reason, root surface instrumentation (RSI) remains the cornerstone of periodontal treatment, and is necessary to disrupt the subgingival biofilm mechanically and reduce the bacterial bioburden. Although bacteria are necessary for periodontal disease to occur, a susceptible host is also required. The immune-inflammatory response that develops in the gingival and periodontal tissues in response to the chronic presence of plaque bacteria results in destruction of structural components of the periodontium leading, ultimately, to the clinical signs of periodontitis. The nature of the host response is determined primarily by genetic factors and environmental and acquired factors such as smoking. The host response is essentially protective in nature, but both under-activity (hypo-responsiveness) and over-activity (hyper-responsiveness) of aspects of the host response can result in enhanced tissue destruction. The purpose of this paper is to review current thinking in periodontics with special reference to periodontal epidemiology, microbiology, and pathogenesis.
A Cemento-Ossifying Fibroma in the Maxilla
Authors: Sood Vikas
Published: August 2017

Cemento-ossifying fibroma is an uncommon, benign lesion, which can lead to swelling and deformity of the face. This report describes an uncommon presentation of this lesion with simple and effective measures to diagnose and treat it.
The Combined Orthodontic and Surgical Treatment of Traumatic Class II division 2 in the Adult
Authors: McDonagh Sean , Chadwick John C.
Published: August 2017

A mild Class II division 2 incisal relationship is often associated with a pleasing facial profile and aesthetically acceptable arrangement of the teeth. Severe cases, however, have the potential to cause trauma and a number of older patients present with extensive soft and hard tissue damage. Management options may range from simple preventive advice to complicated surgical orthodontics. Detailed assessment of the case is paramount in developing an appropriate treatment plan.
Book Review
Authors: Hasan Adam
Published: August 2017

Periodontal Diseases – A Manual of Diagnosis and Maintenance. By Hans R. Preus and Lars Laurell. Quintessence Publishing Co. Ltd., New Malden, 2003 (89pp., £33). ISBN 1-85097-072-6.
Case Report: Anterior Lingual Mandibular Cortical Bone Concavity
Authors: Phillips A. , Yates C.
Published: August 2017

This paper presents a case of an anterior mandibular bone defect (synonym: Stafne's bone cavity, static bone cyst, lingual mandibular salivary gland depression) mistaken for periapical pathology and referred for treatment.
Clinical Considerations for Adhesive Bridgework
Authors: Ibbetson Richard
Published: August 2017

Many dental practitioners do not use adhesive bridges because of concerns over high failure rates. Techniques for these restorations should be based on the fundamental principles of bridge design which require rigid, accurately fitting frameworks and careful control of the occlusion. The abutments generally require little if any tooth preparation. Greater security will result from more extensive coverage of abutment teeth: the routine use of relative axial tooth movement is a predictable method for creating the space that this approach requires.
Book Review
Authors: Shearer Ann
Published: August 2017

Master Dentistry. P. Heasman, ed. Churchill Livingstone, Oxford, 2003 (388pp., £21.99 p/b). ISBN0443061939.
How Well Cured are Your Composites?
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Comparison of Quartz-Tungsten-Halogen, Light-emitting Diode, and Plasma Arc Curing Lights. R.B.T. Price, L. Ehrnford, P. Andreou and C.A. Felix. Journal of Adhesive Dentistry 2003; 5: 193–207.
The Role of Drinks in Tooth Surface Loss
Authors: Rees J. S.
Published: August 2017

This paper outlines the current knowledge about the interaction between various groups of drinks and tooth surface loss. It begins by examining how the erosive effects of drinks are assessed in the laboratory and clinically. It then surveys the current erosive effects of various groups of drinks, including carbonated drinks, mineral waters, alcopops, ciders, beers, wine and fruit teas.
Book Review
Authors: Shortall Adrian
Published: August 2017

Dental Materials In Vivo: Aging and Related Phenomena. George Eliades, Theodore Eliades, William A. Brantley, David C. Watts, eds. Quintessence Books, Chicago, 2003 (296 pp., $110p/b). ISBN 0-86715-399-7.
Book Review
Authors: Brown Angharad
Published: August 2017

A Clinical Guide to Orthodontics. By D. Roberts-Harry and J. Sandy. BDJ Books, 2003 (96pp., £34.95p/b; £49.95h/b). ISBN 0-904588-78-5; 0-904588-81-5.
How Diagnostic are Your Radiographs?
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Reliability of Digital Radiography of Interproximal Dental Caries. E. Sanden, A. Koob, S. Hassfield, H.J. Staehle and P. Eickholz. American Journal of Dentistry 2003; 16: 170–176.
Antibiotics in the Treatment of Periodontitis
Authors: Preshaw Philip M.
Published: August 2017

The emerging worldwide problem of bacterial resistance has resulted from overuse and misuse of systemic antibiotics. It is appropriate therefore to review periodontal treatment strategies to determine whether systemic antibiotics have a role to play in the management of periodontitis. For the great majority of patients presenting with periodontal conditions, systemic antibiotics are not indicated. Instead, treatment should focus on mechanical disruption of plaque biofilms, plaque control and risk factor modification. Systemic antibiotics may be indicated in severe spreading infections, some aggressive forms of periodontitis, and necrotizing periodontal conditions. These conditions present infrequently in general practice, most will require referral to a periodontal specialist and the decision to use systemic antimicrobials as part of periodontal management is more appropriately taken within a specialist centre. Systemic antibiotics are not indicated in the vast majority of periodontal conditions encountered in general dental practice.
Schizophrenia and Oral Healthcare
Authors: Stanfield Michael
Published: August 2017

Schizophrenia is a relatively common form of psychotic illness, which can be extremely debilitating. This article aims to present an overview for the dental team, including the implications for oral health and dental treatment.
Book Review
Authors: Crean John
Published: August 2017

A Clinical Guide to General Medicine and Surgery for Dental Practitioners. By M. Greenwood and J.G. Meechan. BDJ Books, London, 2003 (64pp., £24.95 p/b; £34.95 h/b). ISBN 0-904588-76-9; 0-904588-82-3)
Book Review
Authors: Mosedale Roger
Published: August 2017

Periodontics 5th edition. By B.M.Eley and J.D.Manson. Wright Elsevier, Edinburgh, 2004 (396pp., £44.99). ISBN 0-72361-097-5.
Trends in Indirect Dentistry: 8. CAD/CAM Technology
Authors: Palin WM , Burke FJT
Published: August 2017

Computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) of indirect restorations became available to dentistry over ?5 years ago, providing replication and digitization of the complex topography of tooth structure. There are now many applications, providing better mechanical properties, improved marginal integrity and enhanced aesthetics, compared with traditional indirect techniques. Whether a restoration is fabricated by traditional or modern computerized systems, three functional stages are required; data acquisition, design and manufacture. It is the purpose of this paper to describe the applications of CAD and CAM in contemporary indirect dentistry.
Alloys for Metal-Ceramic Restorations
Authors: Brown David
Published: August 2017

The requirements of a metal-ceramic dental restoration consisting of a rigid substrate, which supports an aesthetic veneer, are assessed. The contemporary, cast, bonding alloys that have good track records as substrates are categorized and their properties are compared. Several alternatives to cast metals are considered.
Overeruption – Another Challenge?
Authors: Craddock Helen L , Franklin Paul
Published: August 2017

Awareness of the occlusal changes following individual tooth loss may be increasingly important when planning treatment for patients who are likely to retain a relatively intact dentition throughout life. Some evidence exists to support dentists who are considering prevention or treatment of overeruption. This paper explores the literature available on the changes in the prevalence of tooth loss, the prevalence and presentation of overeruption, its relevance to dental restoration and the prevention and treatment of overeruption.
Just for Once, Less is Better!
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

The Effect of Variation in Etching Times on Dentine Bonding. A Abu-Hanna, W Gordan and I Mjör. General Dentistry 2004; 52:28-33.
Are You up-to-date with Prognosis Figures?
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

A Systematic Review of the Survival Rates of Fixed Partial Dentures after an Observation Time of at Least Five Years. Parts 1-4. BE Pjetursson, K Tan, NP Lang, U Bragger, M Egger and M Zwahlen. Clinical Oral Implant Research 2004; 15: 625-642, 643-653, 654-666, 667-676.
An Unusual Case of Floor of Mouth Swelling: Case Report, Differential Diagnosis and a Review of the Literature
Authors: Clark Stuart , Greenwood Mark , Fullarton Marnie , Russell Joanne S
Published: August 2017

The oral cavity is an uncommon site for a true lipoma. A distinct histological variant is the spindle cell lipoma. This is a rare oral lesion. A case of an intra-oral spindle cell lipoma in a 55-year-old female is reported, a differential diagnosis is presented and the histopathology is discussed.
Why Does Local Anaesthesia Not Work Every Time?
Authors: Meechan J.G.
Published: August 2017

This paper describes the reasons why local anaesthesia may fail. It offers strategies to help overcome failure of local anaesthesia in dentistry.
Book Review
Authors: Burke F.J. Trevor
Published: August 2017

Guidance for the Management of Natural Rubber Latex Allergy in Dental Patients and Dental Healthcare Workers. FGDP(UK) Good Practice Guidelines. By E.A. Field and L.P. Longman. Faculty of General Dental Practitioners, The Royal College of Surgeons of England, London, 2004 (40pp., free to members of FGDP).
Impacted Premolars
Authors: Lee Patrick PC
Published: August 2017

Tooth impaction is not uncommon among the population. Its management is important aesthetically and functionally to the patient. Treatment ranges from regular review, extraction of the primary tooth, surgical exposure of the impacted tooth, with or without orthodontic traction, auto-transplantation to its surgical removal. Any decision taken should be judged on individual merit.
Another Mercury Scare, or Cause for Concern?
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Factors affecting mercury release from dental amalgam exposed to carbamide peroxide bleaching agent. I Rotstein, Y Avron, H Shemesh, H Dogan, C Mor and D Steinberg. American Journal of Dentistry 2004; 17:347–350.
Trends in Indirect Dentistry: 2. Post and Core Restorations
Authors: Bateman Geoff , Tomson Phillip
Published: August 2017

Modern post preparation techniques reflect a change from what was once considered a prosthodontic procedure to one which marries endodontic principles with sound understanding of mechanical objectives. This article presents a rationale for techniques in materials selection and post-space preparation. A review of literature is presented and practical clinical guidelines are suggested when post placement is considered the treatment of choice.
Trends in Indirect Dentistry: 3. Luting Materials
Authors: Burke FJ Trevor
Published: August 2017

Luting materials play a central role in indirect dentistry. Active materials which bond to tooth and restoration may aid retention of restorations, while passive materials merely fill the gap between crown and tooth. The properties of currently available luting materials are discussed, with resin-modified glass ionomer and resin materials being found to exhibit optimum properties. However, resin luting materials have been technique sensitive to use, but the advent of self-adhesive resin luting materials has overcome most of the technique problems during placement of restorations. Resin materials are indicated for luting all-ceramic restorations.
Book Review
Authors: Saha Shuva
Published: August 2017

Integrated Dental Treatment Planning. A Case-Based Approach. By Elizabeth J. Kay, Ann C. Shearer, Andrew M. Bridgman and Gerald M. Humphris. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005 (172pp., £24.95p/b). ISBN 0-19-852889-2.
Angio-oedema in Dentistry: Management of Two Cases using CI Esterase Inhibitor
Authors: Socker Michal , Boyle Carole , Burke Mary
Published: August 2017

Angio-oedema is a rare condition; it may be a hereditary or acquired form. It results from biochemical defects which cause excessive activation of the complement cascade and result in deep swellings in the skin and alimentary tract, called angio-oedema. These swellings are painful rather than itchy and not associated with urticaria, which helps to differentiate angio-oedema from allergic reactions. Even mild trauma can give rise to swelling, which may be life-threatening in the oral region. Management of two cases, one hereditary and the other acquired angio-oedema, are reported to demonstrate the use of CI esterase inhibitor prophylaxis.
Trends in Indirect Dentistry: 5. Impression Materials and Techniques
Authors: Stewardson Dominic A
Published: August 2017

A fundamental pre-requisite for the construction of satisfactory indirect restorations is the ability to record an accurate and detailed impression of the dental structures. Knowledge of the key properties of the available impression materials and their handling behaviour is necessary if they are to be used effectively. A variety of techniques can be employed in different situations, each of which can be highly successful, but only if attention is paid to the detail of their execution and the clinician is aware of their individual limitations and pitfalls. Where imperfections occur, an appreciation of how they have been caused, and the strategies to take to prevent them will lead to greater success in impression taking.
Trends in Indirect Dentistry: 6. Provisional Restorations, More than Just a Temporary
Authors: Burke FJ Trevor , Murray Madeleine C , Shortall Adrian CC
Published: August 2017

The provision of well-fitting, functional provisional restorations is important for a wide variety of reasons, including maintenance of the stability of inter- and intra-arch relationships and positional stability of prepared teeth, and the preservation of occlusal function of anterior provisional restorations by providing appropriate protrusive and lateral guidance. Provisional restorations should be of sufficient strength to resist the forces of occlusion and should be luted with a cement that will resist the forces of removal, yet allow easy removal at the fit appointment without leaving a residue on the prepared tooth.
An Overview of Tooth Discoloration: Extrinsic, Intrinsic and Internalized Stains
Authors: Sulieman M
Published: August 2017

The causes of tooth discoloration are varied and complex but are usually classified as being either intrinsic, extrinsic or internalized in nature. Dietary chromogens and other external elements deposit on the tooth surface or within the pellicle layer either directly or indirectly to form extrinsic discoloration.
Dental Management of Patients Taking Methadone
Authors: Graham CH , Meechan JG
Published: August 2017

Methadone is a synthetic opiate used in the treatment of opiate addiction. Various side-effects have been associated with the use of methadone. These include xerostomia, which can contribute to a high caries rate. The UK Regional Drug Misuse Database reported that around 118, 500 drug users were receiving treatment from drug misuse agencies and GPs. The vast majority (87%) were receiving treatment from community specialist services. As many drug abusers have poor oral health, general dental practitioners are likely to encounter such individuals. It is essential therefore that dentists are aware of the potential difficulties that may be encountered when treating subjects receiving methadone. These problems may relate to previous drug abuse and to the effects of methadone therapy.
Management of the Flabby Ridge in Complete Denture Construction
Authors: Allen PF
Published: August 2017

As the prevalence of edentulousness has decreased, dentists can expect to treat increasing numbers of partially dentate patients. The number of adults who are edentate in the maxilla and partially dentate in the mandible is considerable, and present particular clinical challenges. A common finding is that of the flabby ridge, which affects retention and stability of the maxillary complete denture. This article describes some of the clinical problems, and suggests some management strategies.
How Do You Assess Wisdom Teeth?
Authors: Curtis Adrian
Published: August 2017

The Presurgical Workup Before Third Molar Surgery: How Much Is Enough? H Better, I Abramovitz, B Schlomi, A Kahn et al. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 2004; 62: 689-692.
Management Strategies of the Unsalvageable Tooth
Authors: Yeo Alvin BK , Cheok Christina BC
Published: August 2017

A tooth is deemed unsalvageable when it can no longer be preserved for use of function or aesthetic purposes. If proper treatment planning is done, tooth extraction can be performed with adjunctive procedures, to provide a more predictable restorative outcome for the patient. This review paper summarizes the possible treatment strategies available for the management of a tooth with a poor prognosis, so as to manage the patient better before the restorative treatment phase commences.
Patient-Centred Measures in Dental Practice: 1. An Overview
Authors: Newsome Philip RH , McGrath Colman
Published: August 2017

This paper explores the way that patient participation has increased in dentistry in recent years and introduces the two concepts of ‘quality of life’ and ‘patient satisfaction’ and examines their relevance to everyday clinical dental practice.
Amelogenesis Imperfecta - Clinical Presentation and Management: A Case Report
Authors: Visram Salima , McKaig Sarah
Published: August 2017

Amelogenesis imperfecta (Al) is an inherited disorder which results in enamel defects. The presentation of Al can vary depending on the type and severity of Al. The management of this condition is important for the patient, both functionally and aesthetically. This report describes the management of a young man who was referred to Birmingham Dental Hospital with Al. The patient's primary complaint was the appearance of his front teeth and the sensitivity he was experiencing from his worn molar teeth.
Book Review
Authors: Fox Tom
Published: August 2017

Essential Skills For Dentists. Edited by Gareth J Holsgrove, Peter A Mossey, David R Stirrups and Elizabeth S Davenport. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. ISBN 9780198526193.
Good Night, Squashbite: A ‘How to’ Paper on Better Wax Occlusal Records
Authors: Shargill Inderjit , Ashley Martin
Published: August 2017

During the technical stages of dental treatment, a dental technician may only be able to unite a set of dental casts in a ‘best-guess’ relationship, unless they are either able to examine the patient themselves, or are given further information about the occlusal position chosen during the clinical procedure. The most common method for this is to use some form of occlusal record, which can be created from a variety of techniques and materials, such as either one of the dental waxes or one of the more recently introduced syringable materials.

This paper describes a better technique for using dental wax to make occlusal records. The ‘squashbite’ technique has no place in clinical dentistry for those attempting to obtain accurate results.
Limiting Factors in Orthodontic Treatment: 2. The Biological Limitations of Orthodontic Treatment
Authors: Shah Anwar A , Sandler Jonathan
Published: August 2017

Owing to a shortage in the orthodontic workforce in the United Kingdom, general dental practitioners carry out orthodontic treatment in selected cases. Orthodontic treatment may not always be successful due to various factors. Some of these limiting factors are related to the practitioner, others to the patients and the orthodontic appliances used. These three sets of factors were covered in the first part of this article. This second part deals with the biologic limitations of orthodontic treatment.
Current Clinical Applications of Photo-Activated Disinfection in Restorative Dentistry
Authors: Bonsor Stephen J , Pearson Gavin J
Published: August 2017

The traditional treatment of dental caries has been limited to bulk removal of the diseased tissue. Recently, disinfection rather than the removal of all the carious tissue has been advocated with the aim of more effective and conservative treatment. In endodontics, prognosis is dependent on the complete disinfection of the root canal system. Evidence exists that Photo-Activated Disinfection is more effective than traditional chemo-mechanical canal preparation. Photo-Activated Disinfection may also have a place in the treatment of other infective oral conditions, including periodontal disease.
The Coronal Seal is Just as Important During Root Canal Treatment as it is Afterwards
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Assessment of coronal microleakage of three materials used in endodontically treated teeth. R Rafeek, WAJ Smith and A Lalla. European Journal of Prosthodontics and Restorative Dentistry 2004; 12: 39-43.
Self-Inflicted Dental Injury Presenting as Localized Anterior Tooth Surface Loss
Authors: Porter Richard , Poyser Neil , Chana Harpal , Kelleher Martin , Patel Manish
Published: August 2017

A case of localized anterior tooth surface loss (TSL) with an unusual aetiology is reported. Whilst suffering from a bout of acute depression and anxiety, a 29-year-old female caused significant trauma to her anterior dentition with a pair of fabric scissors. The presentation and management of this case is described.
Smoking Cessation and the Dental Team
Authors: Raja Abida , Aukett Jim
Published: August 2017

Dental teams are in an ideal position to help smokers stop smoking. In spite of this, smoking cessation interventions are not often incorporated as a routine part of dental care. Surveys have shown that most dentists believe that helping patients stop smoking is important, but they are reluctant to provide smoking cessation services for their patients. However, comparatively little research has been carried out to examine the views and activities of other members of the dental team, with respect to the provision of smoking cessation support as part of dental care. This paper describes a self-administered, questionnaire-based study to investigate attitudes and practices amongst staff in the Birmingham Personal Dental Service, with respect to helping patients to stop smoking.
New Materials for Deciduous Teeth Endodontics
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Comparison of zinc oxide and eugenol, and Vitapex for root canal treatment of necrotic primary teeth. M Mortazavi and M Mesbah. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2004; 14: 417-424.
Indirect Restorations on Teeth with Reduced Crown Height
Authors: Satterthwaite J D
Published: August 2017

Patients may present with a need for indirect restorations (crowns, inlays, etc), but have teeth with short clinical crown height. The management of problems presented by such teeth relates mainly to preventing loss of the restoration and the maintenance of the health of pulp in an already compromised tooth. Traditional techniques for increasing resistance form and retention, together with the option of surgical crown lengthening, will overcome problems associated with short crowns in many cases. However, these methods are not a universal solution. Contemporary techniques, utilizing adhesive dentistry, and the Dahl concept have an increasing place in the management of such cases.
Aspects of HIV Disease Relevant to Dentistry in the 21st Century
Authors: Frezzini Cristina , Leao Jair C , Cedro Monika , Porter Stephen
Published: August 2017

HIV disease remains a significant health concern in Europe and the rest of the world. The present article details the epidemiological shifts, changes in therapy and oral manifestations of HIV disease of relevance to all oral healthcare professionals.
Hypnosis in Dentistry
Authors: Roberts Kenneth
Published: August 2017

In this article, the nature of hypnosis will be discussed, together with its therapeutic/facilitator role in the control of the potential problems that occur in everyday dental practice. It is the vital relationship between a patient and therapist which produces the desired results of hypnotherapy.
Patient Satisfaction Questionnaires – How to do them Successfully
Authors: Holt Vernon P
Published: August 2017

In the current consumer-orientated environment, customer surveys are widely used to assess needs and levels of satisfaction. For the dental practice to succeed, it is important to assess the needs and levels of satisfaction of the patients. The planning and execution of a Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire survey is discussed, along with the quality assurance and marketing benefits that may accrue to the practice applying the lessons learnt from the survey.
Bifid Mandibular Condyles: Report of Four Cases
Authors: Agarwal Varun , Suhas S , Pai Keerthilatha M , Shetty Chandrakant M , Auluck Ajit
Published: August 2017

Anatomic variations in the condylar morphology, like bifid mandibular condyles, are a relatively uncommon anomaly. We report four cases (two in patients and two in archived specimens) of bifid mandibular condyles with emphasis on their aetiopathogenesis and radiographic features. A case of bifid mandibular condyles in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis is reported which, to the best of our knowledge, is the first reported case in the literature.