bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
International humanitarian law in the twenty-first century
Authors: Sandoz Yves
Published: February 2009

No one would consider constructing a building without first checking whether its foundations are sound. It is no different with international humanitarian law.

It is useful to examine the difficulties and even failures of international humanitarian law encountered in practice. But before beginning work on a renewal or development of the law, one must be sure the undertaking can be withstood by the foundations and that it will not call into question the very principles on which the law is founded. Any examination of international humanitarian law will have to be carried out in a very open-minded manner — one that rules out nothing, not even the possibility of scrapping the law entirely and constructing a new edifice on different foundations, if one were convinced that it was not possible to incorporate the changes needed into the law as it stands. To carry out such an examination, it is essential to analyse not only what works well and what works badly but also the underlying reasons for humanitarian law's successes and failures.

To sketch out the way forward, I will begin by recalling the pillars on which international humanitarian law stands. I will then look at various shortcomings in the law and consider from whence they arise, whether they justify its amendment, and whether any such amendment is possible without undermining the law's foundations. I will conclude by setting out what solutions may be found in humanitarian law itself, the limits of that law and the consequences that must be recognised in terms of international law and its institutions.
Jus ad bellum, jus in bello and non-international armed conflicts
Authors: Bugnion François
Published: February 2009

Of all the calamities that can befall a people or a state, civil war has always been considered one of the worst. Setting son against father, brother against brother and neighbour against neighbour, civil war is a merciless struggle that is not limited to the clash of armed forces. Characterised by denunciations, acts of vengeance and the settling of scores, civil war unleashes the built-up tension and hatred within a society.
Violations of international humanitarian law by United Nations forces and their legal consequences
Authors: Okimoto Keiichiro
Published: February 2009

There has been a significant amount of discussion on the applicability of international humanitarian law (IHL) to United Nations forces (hereafter, UN forces), and the practice of the UN and states on the matter has gradually developed over the years. Now, there is substantial evidence that IHL is applicable to UN forces. However, as alleged misconduct of UN forces has been increasingly reported, including potential violations of IHL, the legal consequences of such violations have come into question. Thus, this article will not only review the recent developments and remaining issues on the applicability of IHL to UN forces but will also discuss the responsibility of the UN and states for violations of IHL by UN troops as well as individual criminal responsibility of UN troops. The article begins by recalling the conditions in which UN forces have been conducting their activities.
The year in review
Authors: McDonald Avril
Published: February 2009

Nineteen armed conflicts took place in 2003, but in terms of political, media, and scholarly attention there was really only one that mattered: Iraq. It dominated the headlines and aroused passions worldwide, particularly amongst members of civil society, on a scale unseen since the Vietnam War. The military campaign itself followed on some of the most emotional and divisive debates ever seen at the Security Council, which were interpreted by many as exposing not so much the cracks but the fault lines in the system of collective security, and the sharp divide between those states committed to it — and the Security Council's role as the exclusive decision-maker in matters pertaining to the use of force — and thelone rangers.
The journalist's right to information in time of war and on dangerous missions
Authors: Gasser Hans-Peter
Published: February 2009

It is commonplace to say that we live in an age of instantaneous information and communication. During the occupation of Iraq by the United States and its allies, pictures taken in the Abu Ghraib prison near Baghdad and showing members of the US Armed Forces and Iraqi detainees in disgraceful circumstances could be seen within minutes all over the world. The message carried by those pictures changed the discourse on the Iraq war of 2003–2004.

We have become used to instant information through real-time reporting on events occurring in the various corners of the world. This flow of news is taken for granted, and we expect our favourite radio or TV station to deliver the latest news at every moment of the day. Seeing pictures taken inside a well-guarded prison in a war a few thousand kilometres away is no longer a surprise.

Wars have always attracted writers eager to report on what happens when men fight against men. Some of these reports have become immortal works of world literature. Some may even have influenced the course of history. Only a few memorable examples are Homer's epic poem on the fall of Troy, Julius Caesar'sDe bello gallicoor the Indian epicMahabharata. On a different level, who knows that Winston Churchill, at the age of 25, was a war correspondent reporting from the Boer War in 1899?

An accidental war correspondent deserves to be mentioned here, Henry Dunant, who happened to witness the aftermath of a particularly murderous battle, the Battle of Solferino in northern Italy in 1859.
Computer solution to the 17-point Erdős-Szekeres problem
Authors: Szekeres George , Peters Lindsay
Published: February 2009

We describe a computer proof of the 17-point version of a conjecture originally made by Klein-Szekeres in 1932 (now commonly known as the “Happy End Problem”) that a planar configuration of 17 points, no 3 points collinear, always contains a convex 6-subset. The proof makes use of a combinatorial model of planar configurations, expressed in terms of signature functions satisfying certain simple necessary conditions. The proof is more general than the original conjecture as the signature functions examined represent a larger set of configurations than those which are realisable. Three independent implementations of the computer proof have been developed, establishing that the result is readily reproducible.
Robustness of cyclic schedules for the charging of batteries
Authors: Dunstall Simon , Mills Graham
Published: February 2009

In 2002 the Mathematics in Industry Study Group (MISG) investigated the question of optimally scheduling cyclic production in a battery charging and finishing facility. The facility produces various types of battery and the scheduling objective is to maximize battery throughout subject to achieving a pre-specified product-mix. In this paper we investigate the robustness of such schedules using simulation experiments that span multiple production cycles. We simulate random variations (delays) in battery charging time and find that an optimal off-line schedule yields higher throughput in comparison to a common on-line dispatching rule. This result has been found to hold for a range of expected charging-time delays and has significant practical implications for scheduling battery charging and finishing facilities.
A completely monotonic function involving the divided difference of the psi function and an equivalent inequality involving sums
Authors: Qi Feng
Published: February 2009

In this paper, a function involving the divided difference of the psi function is proved to be completely monotonic, a class of inequalities involving sums is found, and an equivalent relation between complete monotonicity and one of the class of inequalities is established.
Patient-dependent effects in disease control: a mathematical model
Authors: Tchuenche Jean M.
Published: February 2009

The state of a patient is an important concept in biomedical sciences. While analytical methods for predicting and exploring treatment strategies of disease dynamics have proven to have useful applications in public health policy and planning, the state of a patient has attracted less attention, at least mathematically. As a result, models constructed in relation to treatment strategies may not be very informative. We derive a patient-dependent parameter from an age-physiology dependent population model, and show that a single treatment strategy is not always optimal. Also, we derive a function which increases with the patient dependence parameter and describes the effort expended to be in good health.
Parallelisation of sparse grids for large scale data analysis
Authors: Garcke Jochen , Hegland Markus , Nielsen Ole
Published: February 2009

Sparse grids are the basis for efficient high dimensional approximation and have recently been applied successfully to predictive modelling. They are spanned by a collection of simpler function spaces represented by regular grids. The sparse grid combination technique prescribes how approximations on a collection of anisotropic grids can be combined to approximate high dimensional functions.

In this paper we study the parallelisation of fitting data onto a sparse grid. The computation can be done entirely by fitting partial models on a collection of regular grids. This allows parallelism over the collection of grids. In addition, each of the partial grid fits can be parallelised as well, both in the assembly phase, where parallelism is done over the data, and in the solution stage using traditional parallel solvers for the resulting PDEs. Using a simple timing model we confirm that the most effective methods are obtained when both types of parallelism are used.
Travelling waves for the population genetics model with delay
Authors: Lin Guojian , Yuan Rong
Published: February 2009

Under the assumptions that the spatial variable is one dimensional and the distributed delay kernel is the general Gamma distributed delay kernel, when the average delay is small, the existence of travelling wave solutions for the population genetics model with distributed delay is obtained by using the linear chain trick and geometric singular perturbation theory. On the other hand, for the population genetics model with small discrete delay, the existence of travelling wave solutions is obtained by employing a technique which is based on a result concerning the existence of the inertial manifold for small discrete delay equations.
Some multivariable Gaussian hypergeometric extensions of the Preece theorem
Authors: Qureshi M. I. , Sadiq Khan M. , Pathan M. A. , Khan N. U.
Published: February 2009

Some generalisations of the Preece theorem involving the product of two Kummer's functions 1F1 are obtained using Dixon's theorem and some well-known identities. Its special cases yield various new transformations and reduction formulae involving Pathan's quadruple hypergeometric function and Srivastava's quadruple hypergeometric function F(4) and triple hypergeometric function F(3). Some known results of Preece, Pathan and Bailey are also obtained as special cases.
Taming the movable singularities
Authors: Hietarinta Jarmo
Published: February 2009

We have finally obtained for each of the 6 Painlevés an expression of z, w, w′ that behaves as 1/(z − Z0) + O(1) at each kind of movable singular point. This expression is polynomial in w′ (at most quadratic), and rational in w and z. After it is integrated and exponentiated it yields a function that has a simple zero at each of the singular points.
Symmetry analysis of and first integrals for the continuum Heisenberg spin chain
Authors: Nucci M. C. , Leach P. G. L.
Published: February 2009

Daniel et al. [6] analysed the singularity structure of the continuum limit of the one-dimensional anisotropic Heisenberg spin chain in a transverse field and determined the conditions under which the system is nonintegrable and exhibits chaos. We investigate the governing differential equations for symmetries and find the associated first integrals. Our results complement the results of Daniel et al.
On an exact WKB approach to Ablowitz-Segur's connection problem for the second Painlevé equation
Authors: Takei Yoshitsugu
Published: February 2009

We discuss Ablowitz-Segur's connection problem for the second Painlevé equation from the viewpoint of WKB analysis of Painlevé transcendents with a large parameter. The formula they first discovered is rederived from a suitable combination of connection formulas for the first Painlevé equation.
Binary constrained flows and separation of variables for soliton equations
Authors: Ma Wen-Xiu , Zeng Yunbo
Published: February 2009

In contrast to mono-constrained flows with N degrees of freedom, binary constrained flows of soliton equations, admitting 2 × 2 Lax matrices, have 2N degrees of freedom. Currently existing methods only enable Lax matrices to yield the first N pairs of canonical separated variables. An approach for constructing the second N pairs of canonical separated variables with N additional separated equations is introduced. The Jacobi inversion problems for binary constrained flows are then established. Finally, the separability of binary constrained flows together with the factorization of soliton equations by the spatial and temporal binary constrained flows leads to the Jacobi inversion problems for soliton equations.
A quasi-trapezoid inequality for double integrals
Authors: Barnett N. S. , Dragomir S. S. , Pearce C. E. M.
Published: February 2009

A quasi-trapezoid inequality is derived for double integrals that strengthens considerably existing results. A consonant version of the Grüss inequality is also derived. Applications are made to cubature formulæ and the error variance of a stationary variogram.
On Euler midpoint formulae
Authors: Dedić LJ. , Matić M. , Pečarić J.
Published: February 2009

Modified versions of the Euler midpoint formula are given for functions whose derivatives are either functions of bounded variation, Lipschitzian functions or functions in Lp-spaces. The results are applied to quadrature formulae.
Diffusion theory can be applied to antibodies attaching to ligand sites
Authors: Wilson D. P. , McElwain D. L. S.
Published: February 2009

Humoral immunity is that aspect of specific immunity that is mediated by B lymphocytes and involves the neutralising of disease-producing microorganisms, called pathogens, by means of antibodies attaching to the pathogen's binding sites. This inhibits the pathogen's entry into target cells. We present a master equation in both discrete and in continuous form for a ligand bound atnsites becoming a ligand bound atmsites in a given interaction time. To track the time-evolution of the antibody-ligand interaction, it is shown that the process is most easily treated classically and that in this case the master equation can be reduced to an equivalent one-dimensional diffusion equation. Thus well-known diffusion theory can be applied to antibody-ligand interactions. We consider three distinct cases depending on whether the probability of antibody binding compared to the probability of dissociation is relatively large, small or comparable, and numerical solutions are given.
Oscillation of impulsive delay differential equations and applications to population dynamics
Authors: Yan Jurang , Zhao Aimin , Peng Linping
Published: February 2009

The main result of this paper is that the oscillation and nonoscillation properties of a nonlinear impulsive delay differential equation are equivalent respectively to the oscillation and nonoscillation of a corresponding nonlinear delay differential equation without impulse effects. An explicit necessary and sufficient condition for the oscillation of a nonlinear impulsive delay differential equation is obtained.
Plane poloidal-toroidal decomposition of doubly periodic vector fields. Part 1. Fields with divergence
Authors: McBain G. D.
Published: February 2009

It is shown how to decompose a three-dimensional field periodic in two Cartesian coordinates into five parts, three of which are identically divergence-free and the other two orthogonal to all divergence-free fields. The three divergence-free parts coincide with the mean, poloidal and toroidal fields of Schmitt and Wahl; the present work, therefore, extends their decomposition from divergence-free fields to fields of arbitrary divergence. For the representation of known and unknown fields, each of the five subspaces is characterised by both a projection and a scalar representation. Use of Fourier components and wave coordinates reduces poloidal fields to the sum of two-dimensional poloidal fields, and toroidal fields to the sum of unidirectional toroidal fields.
Numerical integration of the RLW equation using cubic splines
Authors: Irk Dursun , Dağ İdris , Doğan Abdülkadir
Published: February 2009

A numerical solution of the RLW equation is presented using a cubic spline collocation method. Basic cubic spline relations are outlined and incorporated into the numerical solution procedure. Two test problems are studied to show the robustness of the proposed procedure.
Sigmoidal cosine series on the interval
Authors: Yun Beong In
Published: February 2009

We construct a set of functions, say, composed of a cosine function and a sigmoidal transformation γr of order r > 0. The present functions are orthonormal with respect to a proper weight function on the interval [−1, 1]. It is proven that if a function f is continuous and piecewise smooth on [−1, 1] then its series expansion based on converges uniformly to f so long as the order of the sigmoidal transformation employed is 0 < r ≤ 1. Owing to the variational feature of according to the value of r, one can expect improvement of the traditional Fourier series approximation for a function on a finite interval. Several numerical examples show the efficiency of the present series expansion in comparison with the Fourier series expansion.
A closed-form analytical solution for the valuation of convertible bonds with constant dividend yield
Authors: Zhu Song-Ping
Published: February 2009

In this paper, a closed-form analytical solution for pricing convertible bonds on a single underlying asset with constant dividend yield is presented. A closed-form analytical formula has apparently never been found for American-style convertible bonds (CBs) of finite maturity time although there have been quite a few approximate solutions and numerical approaches proposed. The solution presented here is written in the form of a Taylor's series expansion, which contains infinitely many terms, and thus is completely analytical and in a closed form. Although it is only for the simplest CBs without call or put features, it is nevertheless the first closed-form solution that can be utilised to discuss convertibility analytically. The solution is based on the homotopy analysis method, with which the optimal converting price has been elegantly and temporarily removed in the solution process of each order, and consequently, the solution of a linear problem can be analytically worked out at each order, resulting in a completely analytical solution for the optimal converting price and the CBs' price.
Robustness with respect to small delays for exponential stability of abstract differential equations in Banach spaces
Authors: Guo Faming , Tang Bin , Huang Falun
Published: February 2009

This paper is concerned with robustness with respect to small delays for the exponential stability of abstract differential equations in Banach spaces. Some necessary and sufficient conditions are given in terms of the uniformly square integrability of the fundamental operator family and the uniform boundedness of its resolvent on the imaginary axis.
A note on the small-time development of the solution to a coupled, nonlinear, singular reaction-diffusion system
Authors: Leach J. A.
Published: February 2009

In this paper, we consider a coupled, nonlinear, singular (in the sense that the reaction terms in the equations are not Lipschitz continuous) reaction-diffusion system, which arises from a model of fractional order chemical autocatalysis and decay, with positive initial data. In particular, we consider the cases when the initial data for the the dimensionless concentration of the autocatalyst, β, is of (a) O(x−λ) or (b) O(e−σ x) at large x (dimensionless distance), where σ > 0 and λ are constants. While initially the dimensionless concentration of the reactant, α, is identically unity, we establish, by developing the small-t (dimensionless time) asymptotic structure of the solution, that the support of β(x, t) becomes finite in infinitesimal time in both cases (a) and (b) above. The asymptotic form for the location of the edge of the support of β as t → 0 is given in both cases.
The Wiener-Hopf integral equation for fractional Riesz-Bessel motion
Authors: Anh V. V. , Grecksch W. , Angulo J. M. , Ruiz-Medina M. D.
Published: February 2009

This paper gives an approximate solution to the Wiener-Hopf integral equation for filtering fractional Riesz-Bessel motion. This is obtained by showing that the corresponding covariance operator of the integral equation is a continuous isomorphism between appropriate fractional Sobolev spaces. The proof relies on properties of the Riesz and Bessel potentials and the theory of fractional Sobolev spaces.
Sinc approximation of Cauchy-type integrals over arcs
Authors: Stenger Frank
Published: February 2009

In 1984, Elliott and Stenger wrote a joint paper on the approximation of Hilbert transforms over analytic arcs. In the present paper we sharpen the previously obtained results of Elliott and Stenger, and we also obtain formulas for approximating Cauchy integrals over analytic arcs.
A quadrature method for constant-coefficient Cauchy singular integral equations on an interval
Authors: Jeon Youngmok
Published: February 2009

We consider a mesh grading quadrature method for real constant-coefficient Cauchy singular integral equations of index 0. The quadrature method is based on the trapezoidal rule. A complete stability and convergence analysis is given by the use of the noncompact perturbation analysis as in Jeon [10] and Elschner and Stephan [7]. The order of convergence can be arbitrarily high if the order of mesh grading is high enough. We also provide an efficient way of evaluating asymptotics of the solution at the end points. Experimentally, we observe that the method also works well for Cauchy singular integral equations with variable coefficients.
An ordinary differential equation arising in the Ricci flow on the plane
Authors: Guo Jong-Shenq , Guo Yung-Jen Lin
Published: February 2009

We consider an ordinary differential equation arising in the study of the Ricci flow on R2. The existence and uniqueness of solutions of this equation are derived. We then study the asymptotic behaviour of these solutions at ±∞.
Bilateral estimates of the critical Mach number for some classes of carrying wing profiles
Authors: Avkhadiev F. G. , Elizarov A. M.
Published: February 2009

A problem of estimation of the critical Mach number for a class of carrying wing profiles with a fixed theoretical angle of attack is considered. The Chaplygin gas model is used to calculate the velocity field of the flow. The original problem is reduced to a special minimax problem. A solution is constructed for an extended class of flows including multivalent ones, hence M* is estimated from above. For a fixed interval [0, β0], β0 ≅ 3π/8, an estimate of M* is given from below.
On the solvability of first-order discontinuous scalar initial and boundary value problems
Authors: Agarwal R. P. , Heikkilä S.
Published: February 2009

In this paper we derive extremality and comparison results for explicit and implicit initial and boundary value problems of first-order differential equations. Both the differential equations and the boundary conditions may involve discontinuities.
Observer-based robust H∞, control for uncertain time-delay systems
Authors: Guan Xinping , Liu Yichang , Chen Cailian , Shi Peng
Published: February 2009

In this paper, we present a method for the construction of a robust observer-based H∞ controller for an uncertain time-delay system. Cases of both single and multiple delays are considered. The parameter uncertainties are time-varying and norm-bounded. Observer and controller are designed to be such that the uncertain system is stable and a disturbance attenuation is guaranteed, regardless of the uncertainties. It has been shown that the above problem can be solved in terms of two linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Finally, an illustrative example is given to show the effectiveness of the proposed techniques.
Control of singularly perturbed Markov chains: A numerical study
Authors: Yang H. , Yin G. , Yin K. , Zhang Q.
Published: February 2009

This work is devoted to numerical studies of nearly optimal controls of systems driven by singularly perturbed Markov chains. Our approach is based on the ideas of hierarchical controls applicable to many large-scale systems. A discrete-time linear quadratic control problem is examined. Its corresponding limit system is derived. The associated asymptotic properties and near optimality are demonstrated by numerical examples. Numerical experiments for a continuous-time hybrid linear quadratic regulator with Gaussian disturbances and a discrete-time Markov decision process are also presented. The numerical results have not only supported our theoretical findings but also provided insights for further applications.
Minimal and maximal solutions to systems of differential equations with a singular matrix
Authors: Jankowski Tadeusz
Published: February 2009

The monotone iterative technique is applied to a system of ordinary differential equations with a singular matrix. The existence of extremal solutions is proved.
Minimal approximate Hessians for continuously Gâteaux differentiable functions
Authors: Li Hongxu , Huang Falun
Published: February 2009

In this paper, we investigate minimal (weak) approximate Hessians, and completely answer the open questions raised by V. Jeyakumar and X. Q. Yang. As applications, we first give a generalised Taylor's expansion in terms of a minimal weak approximate Hessian. Then we characterise the convexity of a continuously Gâteaux differentiable function. Finally some necessary and sufficient optimality conditions are presented.
The pressure field in the gas-lubricated step slider bearing
Authors: Penesis I. , Shepherd J. J. , Connell H. J.
Published: February 2009

Singular perturbation methods are applied to an analysis of the operation of an isothermal gas step slider bearing of narrow geometry and operating at moderate bearing numbers. Approximate expressions are obtained for the pressure field in the lubricating gap, as well as the load-carrying capacity of the bearing; and the influence of the nature of the bearing step on those quantities is investigated. Comparisons are made with results obtained using a standard numerical package.
A solution method for combined semi-infinite and semi-definite programming
Authors: Li S. J. , Yang X. Q. , Teo K. L. , Wu S. Y.
Published: February 2009

In this paper, we develop a discretisation algorithm with an adaptive scheme for solving a class of combined semi-infinite and semi-definite programming problems. We show that any sequence of points generated by the algorithm contains a convergent subsequence; and furthermore, each accumulation point is a local optimal solution of the combined semi-infinite and semi-definite programming problem. To illustrate the effectiveness of the algorithm, two specific classes of problems are solved. They are relaxations of quadratically constrained semi-infinite quadratic programming problems and semi-infinite eigenvalue problems.
Phase-retardation effects at radio frequencies in flat-plate conductors
Authors: Bulte D. P. , Forbes L. K. , Crozier S.
Published: February 2009

A system of new integral equations is presented. They are derived from Maxwell's equations and describe radio-frequency (RF) current densities on a two-dimensional flat plate. The equations are generalisations of Pocklington's integral equation showing phase-retardation in two dimensions. These singular equations are solved, numerically, for the case of one-dimensional geometry. The solutions are shown to display effects which correspond to damped resonance when the wavelength of the current matches aspects of the geometry of the conductor.
Flow ratio design of primal and dual network models of distribution
Authors: Mohr G. A.
Published: February 2009

The finite element method can be used to provide network models of distribution problems. In the present work ‘flow ratio design’ is applied to such models to obtain approximate minima and maxima for both the primal and dual FEM models. The resulting primal MIN and dual MAX solutions are equal to or close to the exact solutions but, intriguingly, the primal MAX and dual MIN solutions are approximately equal to an intermediate saddle point solution.
The structure of solutions for equations related to the motions of plane curves
Authors: Guo Jong-Shenq , Lo Chu-Pin , Tsai Je-Chiang
Published: February 2009

We study the structure of solutions of an initial value problem arising in the study of steadily rotating spiral waves in the kinematic theory of excitable media. In particular, we prove that under certain conditions there is a unique global positive monotone increasing solution.
Asymptotic behaviour of second-order difference equations
Authors: Stević Stevo
Published: February 2009

In this paper we prove several growth theorems for second-order difference equations.
Pontryagin's maximum principle for optimal control of a non-well-posed parabolic differential equation involving a state constraint
Authors: Lee Mi Jin , Park Jong Yeoul
Published: February 2009

In this paper, we study Pontryagin's maximum principle for some optimal control problems governed by a non-well-posed parabolic differential equation. A new penalty functional is applied to derive Pontryagin's maximum principle and an application for this system is given.
SPOILED GUESTS OR DEDICATED PATRIOTS? THE CHINESE IN NORTH VIETNAM, 1954–1978
Authors: Han Xiaorong
Published: February 2009

This article examines the triangular relationship among the Chinese community of northern Vietnam, the North Vietnamese government, and China, focusing in particular on how the relationship affected the ethnic and national identities of Chinese residents in North Vietnam between 1954 and 1978. Scrutiny of the two important issues of citizenship and the Chinese school system reveals that North Vietnamese leaders adopted lenient policies toward Chinese residents mainly because they saw the relationship between the Vietnamese state and the Chinese community as part and parcel of North Vietnam's relationship with China. These policies ultimately contributed to a delay in the assimilation of Chinese residents, and by the end of the 1970s they still had not completed the transformation from well-treated sojourners into citizens of Vietnam. Though many Chinese residents embraced a status of privileged outsider, others willingly participated on Vietnam's behalf in the war against America. After reunification, the desire to clarify loyalty, i.e. to “purify” the nation-state, led the Vietnamese government to initiate an aggressive process of forced assimilation. This policy, and the deterioration of relations between Vietnam and China in the late 1970s, triggered an exodus of Chinese residents.
CURRENCY IN EARLY CHOSEON KOREA: ISSUANCE, PRINCIPLES AND CONTROVERSIES
Authors: Sukawa Hidenori
Published: February 2009

In the beginning of the fifteenth century, the Choseon court issued currency in the form of paper money and enacted a prohibition of the long-standing custom among the populace of using commodity currencies. Because commodity currencies were restricted by the value of the materials from which they were made, and because the amount in circulation was determined by what was produced by the populace, they did not conform to the financial concept of “royal prerogative” (ikkwon jaesang) – the state control of the production and distribution of resources. From the middle of the fifteenth century, however, there was a loosening of the prohibition against commodity currencies, a change of policy entailing the recognition of material currency as long as it conformed to certain standards. Thereafter, even transactions involving substandard materials gradually came to be tacitly recognized. During the sixteenth century, inferior cloth whose weave was only three-fifths of the standard became the general accepted level of quality for currency among the populace. Other transformations, such the tacit recognition of regional markets in times of poor harvest, and the alignment of periods of substitute payments of tribute and substitute military service, demonstrate that the rigid financial oversight of the early Choseon court, dependent as it was upon the collection of tribute in kind and military and other labour services, had to accede to the demands of the populace for sufficient liquidity.
Diagnostik und Therapie der Anämie in der Praxis
Authors: Merlo  , Wuillemin
Published: February 2009

Anämien sind in der Hausarztpraxis ein relativ häufiges Problem. Entsprechend oft werden erste und auch weiterführende Abklärungen durch den Hausarzt vorgenommen. Die Einteilung der Anämien erfolgt aufgrund von Retikulozytenzahl und mittlerem korpuskulärem Volumen (MCV). Ein für die tägliche Praxis empfehlenswerter, einfacher Abklärungsalgorithmus wird vorgestellt, welcher die Anamnese und wenige selektive Laborparameter (Retikulozytenzahl, Ferritin inklusive CRP, Serum-Vitamin-B12, Serum- oder Erythrozyten(Ez)-Folsäure und Serum-Kreatinin) einschliesst. Mit diesem Vorgehen kann der überwiegende Teil der Anämien in der Hausarztpraxis ursächlich erklärt werden. Häufige und für die hausärztliche Praxis wichtige Anämieformen werden besprochen und praktische Empfehlungen zu Abklärungsgang und Therapiemöglichkeiten vorgestellt. Eine spezielle Gewichtung findet die Eisenmangelanämie, welche nicht selten auch in Kombination mit anderen Anämieursachen auftritt, z.B. mit der Anämie bei chronischer Erkrankung. Auch die Anämie bei Betagten wird beleuchtet und hierbei speziell auf die renale Anämie eingegangen.
What Is Left Is Right
Authors: Hugdahl Kenneth , Westerhausen René
Published: February 2009

The present paper is based on a talk on hemispheric asymmetry given by Kenneth Hugdahl at the Xth European Congress of Psychology, Praha July 2007. Here, we propose that hemispheric asymmetry evolved because of a left hemisphere speech processing specialization. The evolution of speech and the need for air-based communication necessitated division of labor between the hemispheres in order to avoid having duplicate copies in both hemispheres that would increase processing redundancy. It is argued that the neuronal basis of this labor division is the structural asymmetry observed in the peri-Sylvian region in the posterior part of the temporal lobe, with a left larger than right planum temporale area. This is the only example where a structural, or anatomical, asymmetry matches a corresponding functional asymmetry. The increase in gray matter volume in the left planum temporale area corresponds to a functional asymmetry of speech processing, as indexed from both behavioral, dichotic listening, and functional neuroimaging studies. The functional anatomy of the corpus callosum also supports such a view, with regional specificity of information transfer between the hemispheres.
Three‐dimensional simulation of tsunami generation and propagation: Application to intraplate events
Authors: Saito Tatsuhiko , Furumura Takashi
Published: February 2009

A parallel finite difference numerical simulation program based on the Navier‐Stokes (NS) equations is developed for simulating 3‐D tsunami generation and propagation. We can simulate tsunami propagation over more than 1000 km using this program, although such tsunami propagation over long distances has usually been conducted on the basis of on 2‐D simulations. Some 2‐D simulations have assumed that the initial tsunami distribution is identical to the sea bottom deformation caused by the earthquake. The 3‐D simulations, however, indicate that this assumption is inappropriate when the source width 2ax is less than 10 times the sea depth h (2ax < 10h) for a source process time of 20 s. Dispersion of tsunami appears when the source is of small size, and the dispersion is more apparent in a direction perpendicular to the fault strike. We also conduct tsunami simulations for two intraplate events: the 2004 off–Kii Peninsula (M 7.4) and the 2007 off–Kuril Islands (M 8.1) events. The 3‐D tsunami simulation has successfully simulated the offshore tsunami, and we obtained good agreement between the observations and the calculations for both events. In particular, for the 2004 off–Kii Peninsula event, although the 2‐D linear long‐wave theory cannot simulate important characteristics in the record such as the arrival time of the peak amplitude and the dispersive tsunami, the 3‐D NS simulation is well able to model those characteristics.
Evaluation of in situ smectite dehydration as a pore water freshening mechanism in the Nankai Trough, offshore southwest Japan
Authors: Saffer Demian M. , McKiernan Alexander W.
Published: February 2009

Pore water freshening has been observed within sediments near the trench at numerous subduction zones. Constraining the relative contributions of long‐distance updip flow of freshened fluids and in situ clay dehydration holds important implications for margin‐scale fluid flow but remains unresolved because the evolution of pore water chemistry expected due to in situ clay dehydration and the budget of fresh water release have generally not been carefully quantified. Here, we address this problem at the well‐studied Nankai Trough offshore SW Japan, where Deep Sea Drilling Project and Ocean Drilling Program drilling have sampled the sedimentary section along two transects: the Muroto transect and the Ashizuri transect, located ∼100 km southwest along strike. Broad low‐chloride anomalies with minimum concentrations significantly below typical seawater values were documented along the Muroto transect at Sites 1173, 1174, and 808 and indicate progressive freshening with increasing burial. In contrast, freshening at Site 1177 along the Ashizuri transect (∼24 km seaward of the trench) is characterized by a series of sharp excursions from seawater values. We use a one‐dimensional model to simulate sedimentation, thermal history, clay dehydration, and chemical diffusion, in order to quantify the component of pore water freshening attributable to in situ smectite dehydration. We find that simulated reaction progress is in close agreement with observations. The peak magnitude of pore water freshening is reasonably well predicted within the lowermost ∼150 m of the section but consistently underpredicted at intermediate depths. The residual pore water freshening profiles (not explained by smectite dehydration) reach peak magnitudes of ∼50–75 mM and approximately straddle the décollement at Sites 1174 and 808. We suggest that these residuals may reflect either an additional in situ dehydration process or a contribution from updip fluid migration along the fault. Our conclusion differs from that of previous studies, which have suggested that most of the observed geochemical anomaly could be generated by in situ smectite dehydration with as little as 15 wt% initial smectite. This substantial discrepancy is readily explained by the high sensitivity of pore water freshening to assumed porosity at the time of dehydration.
Evidence of tectonic control on active arc volcanism: The Panarea‐Stromboli tectonic link inferred by submarine hydrothermal vents monitoring (Aeolian arc, Italy)
Authors: Heinicke J. , Italiano F. , Maugeri R. , Merkel B. , Pohl T. , Schipek M. , Braun T.
Published: February 2009

The combination of the latest geophysical instruments and geochemical methods applied to the arc volcanism (Aeolian Islands, Italy) has given new insights on the role of active tectonics on fluids migration. A continuous monitoring of the hydrothermal system off the island of Panarea has shown contemporaneous modifications of the vented fluids and the seismic activity of the nearby Stromboli volcano. The almost contemporary start of the last volcanic crisis at Panarea and Stromboli in 2002, besides the contemporary variation of the 3He/4He ratios at both the islands and the large number of submarine crater‐shaped structures at Panarea, bears testimony to interconnections between the volcanic edifices. To confirm a tectonic drive of magmatic fluids over volcanic arcs implies that episodes of volcanic unrest can be triggered by the tectonic activity increasing the volcanic risk for the whole area, and this might be the case of the Stromboli‐Panarea volcanic complex.
Simulations of coronal type III solar radio bursts: 3. Effects of beam and coronal parameters
Authors: Li Bo , Cairns Iver H. , Robinson Peter A.
Published: February 2009

A recently developed simulation model is used to investigate the effects of varying the coronal and electron heating conditions on the dynamic spectra of coronal type III bursts (70–370 MHz) observed at Earth. The flux of 2fp emission is significantly higher than that of fp emission, which is unlikely to be observable except under very favorable propagation conditions. Moreover, the 2fp emission is unlikely to continue into the solar wind, although some bursts are very strong and will extend into the upper corona with lower frequencies than simulated, consistent qualitatively with observations. The flux and brightness temperature of 2fp emission are affected significantly by variations in the parameters, while the frequency drift rate and half‐power duration are affected only weakly. Further, the simulations confirm the standard interpretation of the drift rate of 2fp emission in terms of the plasma density profile and a characteristic beam speed that agrees quantitatively with the simulated beam dynamics for wide ranges of coronal and heating conditions. For weak heating events or events with high coronal electron temperature, the remote radiation shows characteristics that agree quantitatively with microbursts. When the heating is even weaker and/or the electron temperature is even higher, the heating events are radio quiet, consistent qualitatively with hard X‐ray observations. For similar heating originating in similar frequency ranges, different density models yield quantitatively similar results except for the drift rate. Variations of the levels of a given density profile, corresponding to background corona or coronal streamers, can also cause significant changes in spectral characteristics.
Large‐scale climatic patterns and area affected by mountain pine beetle in British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Macias Fauria Marc , Johnson E. A.
Published: February 2009

We present evidence of high spatial synchrony in an area affected by mountain pine beetle (MPB, Dendroctonus ponderosae) across large distances in British Columbia, Canada, in a study of a spatially explicit database of an area affected by MPB‐caused tree mortality for the period 1959–2002. We further show that large‐scale climatic patterns (Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and, to a lesser degree, Arctic Oscillation (AO)) are strongly related to the observed MPB synchrony, and that they probably operate through controlling the frequency of extreme cold winter temperatures that affect MPB larvae survival. A smaller portion of the data's variability is linked to the onset of the two largest outbreaks in the studied period and might be attributed to dispersal from outbreak‐prone areas or else to differences in microhabitat (e.g., host availability) in these regions. The onset of a warm PDO phase in 1976 favored MPB outbreaks by reducing the occurrence of extremely low winter temperatures province‐wide. Likewise, the exceptionally high and persistent AO values of the late 1980s and 1990s enhanced MPB activity in the southern and northern parts of the region. Summer warmth cannot be discarded as an important agent at smaller scales.
Physical controls on the isotopic composition of soil‐respired CO2
Authors: Nickerson Nick , Risk Dave
Published: February 2009

Measurement of the isotopic composition of soil and soil‐respired CO2 (δ13CO2) has become an invaluable tool in understanding ecosystem carbon‐cycling processes. While steady state work has been indispensable in understanding the effects of diffusive transport on soil CO2 isotopic composition, it is crucial that researchers studying temporally dependent processes, such as soil CO2 efflux, realize that these systems are rarely at steady state. Non‐steady‐state effects could result in misinterpretation of isotopic data, but have not been addressed in the literature, despite their fundamental importance to researchers who use isotopes in diffusive, non‐steady‐state environments. Here, we use an isotopologue‐based model to study dynamic fractionation, which we propose is a byproduct of transient changes in environmental variables. Time varying soil characteristics and processes such as biological production rate, soil pore space, diffusivity and atmospheric concentration were all found to induce non‐steady‐state gas transport conditions in the soil leading to transient changes in the isotopic composition of soil CO2 flux. The main driving force behind this transport related fractionation of CO2 is the rate of the change in 12CO2 gradient compared to that of 13CO2. These numerical simulations show that dynamic fractionation exists under non‐steady‐state diffusive conditions and suggest that isotopic data collected in non‐steady‐state, natural environments, cannot be properly interpreted without considering dynamic fractionation effects.
Sensitivity analysis and performance estimation of refractivity from clutter techniques
Authors: Yardim Caglar , Gerstoft Peter , Hodgkiss William S.
Published: February 2009

Refractivity from clutter (RFC) refers to techniques that estimate the atmospheric refractivity profile from radar clutter returns. A RFC algorithm works by finding the environment whose simulated clutter pattern matches the radar measured one. This paper introduces a procedure to compute RFC estimator performance. It addresses the major factors such as the radar parameters, the sea surface characteristics, and the environment (region, time of the day, season) that affect the estimator performance and formalizes an error metric combining all of these. This is important for applications such as calculating the optimal radar parameters, selecting the best RFC inversion algorithm under a set of conditions, and creating a regional performance map of a RFC system. The performance metric is used to compute the RFC performance of a non‐Bayesian evaporation duct estimator. A Bayesian estimator that incorporates meteorological statistics in the inversion is introduced and compared to the non‐Bayesian estimator. The performance metric is used to determine the optimal radar parameters of the evaporation duct estimator for six scenarios. An evaporation duct inversion performance map for a S band radar is created for the larger Mediterranean/Arabian Sea region.