bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interaction between different mixing aerosol direct effects and East Asian summer monsoon
Authors: Zhuang Bingliang , Gao Yiman , Hu Yaxin , Chen Huimin , Wang Tijian , Li Shu , Li Mengmeng , Xie Min
Published: December 2022

Aerosol mixtures, which are still unclear in current knowledge, may cause large uncertainties in aerosol climate effect assessments. To better understand this research gap, a well-developed online coupled regional climate-chemistry model is employed here to investigate the influences of different aerosol mixing states on the direct interactions between aerosols and the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM). The results show that anthropogenic aerosols have high-level loadings with heterogeneous spatial distributions in East Asia. Black carbon aerosol loading accounts for more than 13% of the totals in this region in summer. Thus, different aerosol mixing states cause very different aerosol single scattering albedos, with a variation of 0.27 in East Asia in summer. Consequently, the sign of the aerosol instantaneous direct radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere is changed, varying from − 0.95 to + 1.50 W/m2 with increasing internal mixing aerosols. The influence of aerosol mixtures on regional climate responses seems to be weaker. The EASM circulation can be enhanced due to the warming effect of anthropogenic aerosols in the lower atmosphere, which further induces considerable aerosol accumulation associated with dynamic field anomaly, decrease in rainfall and so on, despite aerosol mixtures. However, this interaction between aerosols and the EASM will become more obvious if the aerosols are more mixed internally. Additionally, the differences in aerosol-induced EASM anomalies during the strongest and weakest monsoon index years are highly determined by the aerosol mixing states. The results here may further help us better address the environmental and climate change issues in East Asia.
PENS approach for breaking bad news in the oncology outpatient setting: a real-world report
Authors: Mailankody Sharada , Sherigar Prathika , Pai Ananth , Shenoy Ramnath , Udupa Karthik , Lewis Shirley , Rao Seema R.
Published: December 2022

Purpose

Breaking bad news (BBN) is a vital part of oncology practice. We conducted this study to assess an abbreviated PENS protocol [Patient preference, Explanation, Next appointment, and Support] for BBN in oncology outpatient (OP) settings.

Methods

This observational study was conducted in a university teaching hospital, including cancer patients who were unaware of their condition and willing to discuss their disease status. The duration of BBN was the primary outcome. After the BBN session, patients filled a validated questionnaire; response scores of ≤ 13 were classified as content with BBN.

Results

Fifty patients (mean age 53.7 years, range 28–76) were included in the study. The average duration of BBN was 6.1 (range 2–11) min. Assessed by the response score sum, 43 (86%) patients were satisfied with BBN. Only three (6%) of the discontented patients felt that the BBN duration was too short. Most (94%) of patients reported that they understood the information imparted during the BBN session. After the session, 36 (72%) patients admitted to either feeling the same or reassured compared to before the session. The oncologists also were comfortable with PENS.

Conclusions

The PENS approach is a practical method for BBN, especially when the oncologists have higher OP workloads. More extensive trials are required to validate the protocol in other settings.

Trial registration

Clinical Trial Registry of India (CTRI/2021/07/034707).
Perceived stress, coping strategies, and mental health status among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic in Switzerland: a longitudinal study
Authors: Foster Simon , Estévez-Lamorte Natalia , Walitza Susanne , Dzemaili Shota , Mohler-Kuo Meichun
Published: December 2022

This longitudinal, prospective study investigated associations between perceived COVID-19-related stress, coping strategies, and mental health status among adolescents during the first lockdown of the COVID-19 pandemic and one year after the lockdown in Switzerland within a large, national sample. A self-report on-line survey was completed by 553 adolescents (age-range 12–18 years in 2021) in the summers of 2020 and 2021, assessing symptoms of various mental health problems, perceived COVID-19-related stressors, and coping strategies. Overall, participants reported less COVID-19 related stress one year after the lockdown, though mental health status remained stable. ‘Challenges at home or with others’ were significantly associated with mental health problems in both genders, whereas ‘trouble getting medical care or mental health services ‘was associated with mental health problems in girls. Perceived stress and pre-existing psychiatric problem were significantly linked to all mental health outcomes at both time points. Parents’ poor relationships with partners during the lockdown was associated with increased anxiety symptoms in their children. Using cognitive restructuring to cope with stress was associated with less, while negative coping was associated with more anxiety, depression, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms one year post lockdown. Girls appear to have been more affected by the pandemic than boys, with youths with pre-existing psychiatric problems especially vulnerable to its detrimental effects. Healthcare and school professionals should support to identify high-risk adolescents with negative and avoidant coping strategies and train youths to use positive coping strategies.
C-sections and hospital characteristics: a long term analysis on low-risk deliveries
Authors: Joaquim Inês , Pereira Luís Nobre , Nunes Carla , Mateus Céu
Published: December 2022

Background

Policymakers aim to reduce C-section (CS) rates, due to well documented overtreatment. However, little is known about how hospital characteristics relate to their c-section rates on low-risk deliveries (CSR-LRD).

Methods

CSR-LRD were computed using inpatient data from all Portuguese National Health Service hospitals (2002-2011). Linear and Fractional Response Models were estimated to quantify the relationship between CSR-LRD and a set of hospital characteristics: hospital size, type (exclusively obstetrics or not), Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) availability, obstetrician-to-obstetric bed ratio, and teaching status.

Results

CSR-LRD increased from 11.7% (2002) to 14.1% (2008), declining to 12.5% in 2011. While larger hospitals and hospitals with NICU had higher CSR-LRD rates, teaching status and obstetrician-to-obstetric bed ratio had no significant effect. Adjusted estimates, controlling for those four characteristics, indicate 91% of the variation in the CSR-LRD is left unexplained.

Conclusion

Hospital characteristics do not explain variation in CSR-LRD rates. Further studies considering medical practice, financial incentives to hospitals and/or physicians, and patient education are needed.
Constructive Theology and Gender Variance
Authors: Cornwall Susannah
Published: December 2022

Some Christians are anxious and uncomfortable about gender diversity and transition. Sometimes, they understand these issues as a rejection of God's intention for creation. Gender diversity has also been assumed to entail self-deception, mental ill-health, and dysphoria. Yet, humans are inherently transformative creatures with a vocation to shape their own worlds and traditions. Transformative creaturely theology recognizes the capacity of gender to shape humans even as we also question it. In this book, Susannah Cornwall reframes the issues of gender diversity and transition in constructive Christian theological terms. Resisting deficit-based discourses, she presents gender diversity in a way that is positive and non-oppositional. Her volume explores questions of the licit limits of technological interventions for human bodies, how gender diversity maps onto understandings of health, and the ethics of disclosure of gender diversity. It also brings these topics into critical conversation with constructive Christian theologies of creation, theological anthropology, Christology, and eschatology.
Mission Could Lasso Amino Acids from the Icy Plumes of Enceladus
Authors: Swafford Isabel
Published: December 2022

If geysers from Saturn’s moon Enceladus contain amino acids, new research shows that a spacecraft could collect them with signatures of possible life preserved.
Seasonal Patterns of Greenland Ice Velocity From Sentinel‐1 SAR Data Linked to Runoff
Authors: Solgaard A. M. , Rapp D. , Noël B. P. Y. , Hvidberg C. S.
Published: December 2022

Accurate projections of the mass loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) require a complete understanding of the ice‐dynamic response to climate forcings on seasonal and interannual timescales and would greatly benefit from more observational evidence. Here, we analyze a 5‐year, high‐resolution data set of ice velocities of the GrIS using K‐means, an unsupervised clustering algorithm, to identify ice‐sheet wide characteristic seasonal flow patterns. We include all areas flowing >0.3 m/d and obtain an ice‐sheet wide overview of the seasonality and the interannual variability. It shows both a spatial and interannual variability in seasonal flow patterns, both along individual glaciers and between glaciers. We compare with runoff from a regional climate model and infer that the ice‐sheet wide patterns are linked to the availability of water penetrating to the base of the ice.
Sulfur Ion Implantations Into Condensed CO2: Implications for Europa
Authors: Mifsud D. V. , Kaňuchová Z. , Herczku P. , Juhász Z. , Kovács S. T. S. , Lakatos G. , Rahul K. K. , Rácz R. , Sulik B. , Biri S. , Rajta I. , Vajda I. , Ioppolo S. , McCullough R. W. , Mason N. J.
Published: December 2022

The ubiquity of sulfur ions within the Jovian magnetosphere has led to suggestions that the implantation of these ions into the surface of Europa may lead to the formation of SO2. However, previous studies on the implantation of sulfur ions into H2O ice (the dominant species on the Europan surface) have failed to detect SO2 formation. Other studies concerned with similar implantations into CO2 ice, which is also known to exist on Europa, have offered seemingly conflicting results. In this letter, we describe the results of a study on the implantation of 290 keV S+ ions into condensed CO2 at 20 and 70 K. Our results demonstrate that SO2 is observed after implantation at 20 K, but not at the Europa‐relevant temperature of 70 K. We conclude that this process is likely not a reasonable mechanism for SO2 formation on Europa, and that other mechanisms should be explored instead.
Inter‐Model Differences in Future Summer Onset Over the Northern High Latitudes
Authors: Park Bo‐Joung , Min Seung‐Ki , Ryu Young‐Hee
Published: December 2022

Climate models consistently project a significant advance of summer onset over the Northern high latitude lands in the late 21st century. However, large inter‐model differences exist, in particular, over Northwest Russia, Bering Sea region and Northeastern Canada. This study quantifies the influences of background global warming rate and regional snow‐albedo feedback on the inter‐model spreads in summer onset projections. Linear regression analysis reveals that models' transient climate response (TCR) values explain around 39%–50% of regional inter‐model variances, indicating the dominant contribution of models' global warming rate. When removing TCR influences, the summer onset and snow cover exhibit significant inter‐model correlations over Bering Sea region and Northeastern Canada, explaining 25%–30% of the inter‐model variances. These results suggest that global climate sensitivity as well as regional snow‐albedo feedback need to be considered for reliable projection of future summer season timing at regional scales.
MMS Observations of Storm‐Time Magnetopause Boundary Layers in the Vicinity of the Southern Cusp
Authors: Burkholder Brandon L. , Chen Li‐Jen , Fuselier Stephen , Gershman Daniel , Schiff Conrad , Shuster Jason , Zou Ying , Walsh Brian M. , Reiff Patricia , Petrinec Steve , Sciola Anthony
Published: December 2022

During a storm‐time interval around winter solstice, observations by the Magnetospheric Multi‐Scale (MMS) Mission show multiple distinct magnetopause boundary layers (BLs) in the vicinity of the southern cusp. The microphysics of the solar wind‐magnetosphere interaction during storm times are not well understood, because the observations are relatively lacking. This event enables the opportunity to probe the storm‐time magnetopause, and observations support that MMS was near a reconnection site equatorward of the southern cusp, suggesting active reconnection in close proximity to closed magnetic flux regions in the BL. The Grid Agnostic magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) for Extended Research Applications global MHD simulation shows evidence for transient secondary reconnection sites near the southern cusp, demonstrating mechanisms to form closed field line regions of the BL.
Antibody and T cell responses against wild-type and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 after third-dose BNT162b2 in adolescents
Authors: Mu Xiaofeng , Cohen Carolyn A. , Leung Daniel , Rosa Duque Jaime S. , Cheng Samuel M. S. , Chung Yuet , Wong Howard H. W. , Lee Amos M. T. , Li Wing Yan , Tam Issan Y. S. , Lam Jennifer H. Y. , Lee Derek H. L. , Chan Sau Man , Tsang Leo C. H. , Chan Karl C. K. , Li John K. C. , Luk Leo L. H. , Chaothai Sara , Kwan Kelvin K. H. , Chu Nym Coco , Mori Masashi , Jeevan Trushar , Kandeil Ahmed , Webby Richard J. , Tu Wenwei , Valkenburg Sophie A. , Peiris Malik , Lau Yu Lung
Published: December 2022

The high effectiveness of the third dose of BNT162b2 in healthy adolescents against Omicron BA.1 has been reported in some studies, but immune responses conferring this protection are not yet elucidated. In this analysis, our study (NCT04800133) aims to evaluate the humoral and cellular responses against wild-type and Omicron (BA.1, BA.2 and/or BA.5) SARS-CoV-2 before and after a third dose of BNT162b2 in healthy adolescents. At 5 months after 2 doses, S IgG, S IgG Fc receptor-binding, and neutralising antibody responses waned significantly, yet neutralising antibodies remained detectable in all tested adolescents and S IgG avidity increased from 1 month after 2 doses. The antibody responses and S-specific IFN-γ+ and IL-2+ CD8+ T cell responses were significantly boosted in healthy adolescents after a homologous third dose of BNT162b2. Compared to adults, humoral responses for the third dose were non-inferior or superior in adolescents. The S-specific IFN-γ+ and IL-2+ CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in adolescents and adults were comparable or non-inferior. Interestingly, after 3 doses, adolescents had preserved S IgG, S IgG avidity, S IgG FcγRIIIa-binding, against Omicron BA.2, as well as preserved cellular responses against BA.1 S and moderate neutralisation levels against BA.1, BA.2 and BA.5. Sera from 100 and 96% of adolescents tested at 1 and 5 months after two doses could also neutralise BA.1. Our study found high antibody and T cell responses, including potent cross-variant reactivity, after three doses of BNT162b2 vaccine in adolescents in its current formulation, suggesting that current vaccines can be protective against symptomatic Omicron disease.
Disentangling multiple scattering with deep learning: application to strain mapping from electron diffraction patterns
Authors: Munshi Joydeep , Rakowski Alexander , Savitzky Benjamin H. , Zeltmann Steven E. , Ciston Jim , Henderson Matthew , Cholia Shreyas , Minor Andrew M. , Chan Maria K. Y. , Ophus Colin
Published: December 2022

A fast, robust pipeline for strain mapping of crystalline materials is important for many technological applications. Scanning electron nanodiffraction allows us to calculate strain maps with high accuracy and spatial resolutions, but this technique is limited when the electron beam undergoes multiple scattering. Deep-learning methods have the potential to invert these complex signals, but require a large number of training examples. We implement a Fourier space, complex-valued deep-neural network, FCU-Net, to invert highly nonlinear electron diffraction patterns into the corresponding quantitative structure factor images. FCU-Net was trained using over 200,000 unique simulated dynamical diffraction patterns from different combinations of crystal structures, orientations, thicknesses, and microscope parameters, which are augmented with experimental artifacts. We evaluated FCU-Net against simulated and experimental datasets, where it substantially outperforms conventional analysis methods. Our code, models, and training library are open-source and may be adapted to different diffraction measurement problems.
Logged tropical forests have amplified and diverse ecosystem energetics
Authors: Malhi Yadvinder , Riutta Terhi , Wearn Oliver R. , Deere Nicolas J. , Mitchell Simon L. , Bernard Henry , Majalap Noreen , Nilus Reuben , Davies Zoe G. , Ewers Robert M. , Struebig Matthew J.
Published: December 2022

Old-growth tropical forests are widely recognized as being immensely important for their biodiversity and high biomass1. Conversely, logged tropical forests are usually characterized as degraded ecosystems2. However, whether logging results in a degradation in ecosystem functions is less clear: shifts in the strength and resilience of key ecosystem processes in large suites of species have rarely been assessed in an ecologically integrated and quantitative framework. Here we adopt an ecosystem energetics lens to gain new insight into the impacts of tropical forest disturbance on a key integrative aspect of ecological function: food pathways and community structure of birds and mammals. We focus on a gradient spanning old-growth and logged forests and oil palm plantations in Borneo. In logged forest there is a 2.5-fold increase in total resource consumption by both birds and mammals compared to that in old-growth forests, probably driven by greater resource accessibility and vegetation palatability. Most principal energetic pathways maintain high species diversity and redundancy, implying maintained resilience. Conversion of logged forest into oil palm plantation results in the collapse of most energetic pathways. Far from being degraded ecosystems, even heavily logged forests can be vibrant and diverse ecosystems with enhanced levels of ecological function.
Microglia regulate central nervous system myelin growth and integrity
Authors: McNamara Niamh B. , Munro David A. D. , Bestard-Cuche Nadine , Uyeda Akiko , Bogie Jeroen F. J. , Hoffmann Alana , Holloway Rebecca K. , Molina-Gonzalez Irene , Askew Katharine E. , Mitchell Stephen , Mungall William , Dodds Michael , Dittmayer Carsten , Moss Jonathan , Rose Jamie , Szymkowiak Stefan , Amann Lukas , McColl Barry W. , Prinz Marco , Spires-Jones Tara L. , Stenzel Werner , Horsburgh Karen , Hendriks Jerome J. A. , Pridans Clare , Muramatsu Rieko , Williams Anna , Priller Josef , Miron Veronique E.
Published: December 2022

Myelin is required for the function of neuronal axons in the central nervous system, but the mechanisms that support myelin health are unclear. Although macrophages in the central nervous system have been implicated in myelin health1, it is unknown which macrophage populations are involved and which aspects they influence. Here we show that resident microglia are crucial for the maintenance of myelin health in adulthood in both mice and humans. We demonstrate that microglia are dispensable for developmental myelin ensheathment. However, they are required for subsequent regulation of myelin growth and associated cognitive function, and for preservation of myelin integrity by preventing its degeneration. We show that loss of myelin health due to the absence of microglia is associated with the appearance of a myelinating oligodendrocyte state with altered lipid metabolism. Moreover, this mechanism is regulated through disruption of the TGFβ1–TGFβR1 axis. Our findings highlight microglia as promising therapeutic targets for conditions in which myelin growth and integrity are dysregulated, such as in ageing and neurodegenerative disease2,3.
Population-based sero-epidemiological investigation of the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana
Authors: Mensah Benedicta Ayiedu , Ndong Ignatius Cheng , Quashie Peter Kojo , Guichet Emilande , Abuaku Benjamin , Effah-Baafi Yaw , Tapela Kesego , Asiedu Kwame , Appiedu-Addo Sekyibea Nana Ama , Obbeng Louisa Baaba , Amponsah Jones Amo , Kusi Kwadwo Asamoah , Ofori Michael , Ayouba Ahidjo , Courtin David , Tahar Rachida , Delaporte Eric , Awandare Gordon , Ndam Nicaise Tuikue
Published: December 2022

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic devastated countries worldwide, and resulted in a global shutdown. Not all infections are symptomatic and hence the extent of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the community is unknown. The paper presents the dynamics of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in the Greater Accra Metropolis, describing the evolution of seroprevalence through time and by age group. Three repeated independent population-based surveys at 6-week intervals were conducted in from November 2020 to July 2021. The global and by age-groups weighted seroprevalences were estimated and the risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 antibody seropositivity were assessed using logistic regression. The overall age-standardized SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence for both spike and nucleocapsid increased from 13.8% (95% CI 11.9, 16.1) in November 2020 to 39.6% (95% CI 34.8, 44.6) in July 2021. After controlling for gender, marital status, education level, and occupation, the older age group over 40 years had a higher odds of seropositivity than the younger age group (OR 3.0 [95% CI 1.1–8.5]) in the final survey. Pupils or students had 3.3-fold increased odds of seropositivity (OR 3.2 [95% CI 1.1–8.5]) compared to the unemployed. This study reinforces that, SARS-CoV-2 infections have been significantly higher than reported.
Spontaneously implemented spatial coherence in vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser dot array
Authors: Hamaguchi Tatsushi , Makino Tomohiro , Hayashi Kentaro , Kearns Jared A. , Ohara Maho , Ito Maiko , Kobayashi Noriko , Nagane Shouetsu , Sato Koichi , Nakamura Yuki , Hoshina Yukio , Jyoukawa Tatsurou , Watanabe Takumi , Kikuchi Yuichiro , Nakayama Eiji , Koda Rintaro , Futagawa Noriyuki
Published: December 2022

We report a self-induced spatially-coherent dot array consisting of fourteen units of vertical-cavity surface-emitting modes that exhibit spatially uniform spectra. A 47.5 µm total beam width and 0.5° narrow emission are achieved using an oblong cavity enclosed with a flat top mirror, cylindrically curved bottom mirror, and side facet. Notably, terminating the side of the cavity with a perpendicular facet enhances the horizontal propagation, which couples with the vertical resonance in each dot, similar to the case of master lasers in injection-locked lasers that delocalize the modes. Conventional semiconductor lasers, edge-emitting lasers, and vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers have a Fabry–Pérot cavity; furthermore, emission and resonance are in identical directions, limiting the beam width to micrometers. Though the present structure has the same scheme of propagation, the right-angled facet synchronizes the modes and drastically expands the beam width.
Global perturbation of stratospheric water and aerosol burden by Hunga eruption
Authors: Khaykin Sergey , Podglajen Aurelien , Ploeger Felix , Grooß Jens-Uwe , Tence Florent , Bekki Slimane , Khlopenkov Konstantin , Bedka Kristopher , Rieger Landon , Baron Alexandre , Godin-Beekmann Sophie , Legras Bernard , Sellitto Pasquale , Sakai Tetsu , Barnes John , Uchino Osamu , Morino Isamu , Nagai Tomohiro , Wing Robin , Baumgarten Gerd , Gerding Michael , Duflot Valentin , Payen Guillaume , Jumelet Julien , Querel Richard , Liley Ben , Bourassa Adam , Clouser Benjamin , Feofilov Artem , Hauchecorne Alain , Ravetta François
Published: December 2022

The eruption of the submarine Hunga volcano in January 2022 was associated with a powerful blast that injected volcanic material to altitudes up to 58 km. From a combination of various types of satellite and ground-based observations supported by transport modeling, we show evidence for an unprecedented increase in the global stratospheric water mass by 13% relative to climatological levels, and a 5-fold increase of stratospheric aerosol load, the highest in the last three decades. Owing to the extreme injection altitude, the volcanic plume circumnavigated the Earth in only 1 week and dispersed nearly pole-to-pole in three months. The unique nature and magnitude of the global stratospheric perturbation by the Hunga eruption ranks it among the most remarkable climatic events in the modern observation era, with a range of potential long-lasting repercussions for stratospheric composition and climate.
Zn(ii)-MOF derived N-doped carbons achieve marked ORR activity in alkaline and acidic media
Authors: Chen Feng , Huang Gao-Yuan , Wang Ke-An , Zhu Hai-Bin
Published: December 2022

Simple pyrolysis of a single Zn(ii)-MOF-mix with mixed azolate and terephthalate ligands produced a superior metal-free N-doped carbon electrocatalyst toward oxygen reduction in both alkaline and acidic solutions.
Ensemble effects of high entropy alloy for boosting alkaline water splitting coupled with urea oxidation
Authors: Hao Jiace , Li Jiale , Zhu Yinchao , Sun Shuhui , Lu Shuanglong , Du Mingliang , Zhu Han
Published: December 2022

Due to the ensemble effects of various metal sites in co-stabilizing the important intermediates, FeCoNiMoRu/CNFs exhibits a small potential of 1.43 V vs. RHE (100 mA cm−2) and superior stability for 90 h toward the UOR.
Three novel coordination polymers as bifunctional materials for the photocatalytic degradation of dyes and the oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline solutions
Authors: Dai Siyu , Liu Yuqi , Li Yanghua , Jin Nanhao , Wang Xinying , Liu Xiaoming , Chen Han , Zhao Yue , Luo Huilong , Li Wei
Published: December 2022

We constructed three new MOFs, discussed their structure and explored their photocatalytic and electrocatalytic performance.
The origin of isomerization of aniline revealed by high kinetic energy ion mobility spectrometry (HiKE-IMS)
Authors: Naylor Cameron N. , Schaefer Christoph , Kirk Ansgar T. , Zimmermann Stefan
Published: December 2022

Three ion mobility peaks of 4-fluoroaniline, including the para-protonated and molecular ion species, when measured with a high-kinetic energy ion mobility spectrometer and peak abundances depend only on the ionization settings.
Small-molecule fluorogenic probes for mitochondrial nanoscale imaging
Authors: Zhai Rongxiu , Fang Bin , Lai Yaqi , Peng Bo , Bai Hua , Liu Xiaowang , Li Lin , Huang Wei
Published: December 2022

This review highlights the design guidelines, structure–activity relationships of small-molecule fluorogenic probes (SMFPs), and latest advances in developing SMFPs for mitochondrial-specific nanoscale imaging.
t-BuOK promoted C–C bond oxidative cleavage of β-O-4 and β-1 lignin models to benzoic acids at room temperature
Authors: Wang Liguo , He Miao , Liu Xinwei , Zhai Lianjing , Niu Lianxi , Xue Zilu , Wu Hetong
Published: December 2022

Benzoic acids and phenols were obtained through a tBuOK–O2 system realizing the degradation of lignin model compounds through continuous oxidation. The process is carried out at room temperature without the participation of a metal catalyst.
Highly selective cross ketonization of renewable acids over magnesium oxide
Authors: Goculdas Tejas , Deshpande Siddharth , Zheng Weiqing , Gorte Raymond J. , Sadula Sunitha , Vlachos Dionisios G.
Published: December 2022

The rising demand for linear alkylbenzene surfactants (LAS) poses an environmental threat as LAS are industrially produced from petroleum using corrosive acid catalysts.
Origin of the active luminescence from Sm3+-activated borate phosphors: a correlational study of trap states and decay kinetics
Authors: Anitha N. , Jayanthi K. , Rakshita M. , Sharma Aachal A. , Jayarambabu N. , Akshaykranth A. , Babu Kishore , Rao T. Venkatappa , Dinakar D. , Haranath D.
Published: December 2022

A series of Sm3+-activated strontium hexaborate (SrB6O10) red phosphors has been synthesized using a soluble salt reaction (SSR) method and the correlation between their trap states and decay kinetics was studied in detail.
Development and Validation of a Single-Variable Comparison Stimulus for Matching Strained Voice Quality Using a Psychoacoustic Framework
Authors: Park Yeonggwang , Anand Supraja , Gifford Sophia M. , Shrivastav Rahul , Eddins David A.
Published: December 2022

Purpose:

Acoustic and perceptual quantification of vocal strain has been a vexing problem for years. To increase measurement rigor, a suitable single-variable matching stimulus for strain was developed and validated, based on the matching stimulus used previously for breathy and rough voice qualities.

Method:

A set of 21 comparison stimuli for a single-variable matching task (SVMT) was synthesized based on a speech-shaped sawtooth waveform mixed with speech-shaped noise. Variable bandpass filter gain in mid-to-high frequencies achieved a wide range of computed sharpness (in constant sharpness steps) and served as the independent variable for the SVMT. Ten natural /ɑ/ stimuli with a wide range of the primary voice quality of strain and a minimum of breathiness or roughness were selected and assessed using the SVMT. Natural voice samples and synthetic comparison stimuli were also assessed using a perceptual magnitude estimation (ME) task.

Results:

ME data validated the correspondence of the set of comparison stimuli to varying perceived strain. Perceived strain magnitudes of the comparison stimuli increased significantly and linearly with computed sharpness (
r
2
= .99). A linear regression revealed that strain matching values were significantly predicted by computed sharpness (
r
2
= .96) and perceived strain magnitudes (
r
2
= .95) of the natural voice stimuli.

Conclusion:

The perception of vocal strain is strongly associated with computed sharpness and is captured accurately and precisely using an SVMT, in which the independent variable is the bandpass filter gain (in steps of equal sharpness) applied to the comparison stimuli.
Ernährung bei Kindern mit Kurzdarmsyndrom
Authors: Hilberath Johannes , Stolz Valerie , Heister Lena , Kohl-Sobania Martina
Published: December 2022

Das pädiatrische Kurzdarmsyndrom als eine Form des chronischen Darmversagens ist eine seltene und schwerwiegende Erkrankung. Durch den Einsatz heimparenteraler Ernährung können Überleben, Wachstum und Entwicklung sichergestellt werden. Jedoch bedeutet die Notwendigkeit eines permanenten zentralvenösen Katheters eine Einschränkung der Lebensqualität und geht mit impliziten Risiken einher wie Katheter-Infektionen, metabolischen Entgleisungen und Hepatopathie. Die orale und enterale Ernährung ist daher von herausragender Bedeutung: erstens zur Förderung der Adaptation des verbliebenen Darmes mit dem primären Behandlungsziel, die parenterale Ernährung reduzieren und schließlich beenden zu können; zweitens, um Risiken und Komplikationen beispielsweise die mit chronischem Darmversagen assoziierte Hepatopathie zu minimieren, und drittens, um die Entwicklung oro-fazialer Fähigkeiten zu fördern zur Vermeidung oraler Aversionen und Essstörungen mit größtmöglicher sozialer Teilhabe und Lebensqualität. Die Betreuung von Kindern mit Kurzdarmsyndrom durch bzw. mit einem spezialisierten Zentrum für Intestinale Rehabilitation verbessert Outcome und Prognose.
Enterale Ernährungstherapien beim pädiatrischen M. Crohn
Authors: Hörning André , Schmidt-Choudhury Anjona
Published: December 2022

Die Inzidenz chronisch-entzündlicher Darmerkrankungen (CED), insbesondere des Morbus Crohn, nimmt weltweit deutlich zu. Externe Umweltfaktoren, einschließlich der alltäglichen westlich-industrialisierten Ernährung, welche sich u. a. durch einen hohen Anteil prozessierter industriell hergestellter Lebensmittel auszeichnet, spielen eine Schlüsselrolle im Pathomechanismus der Krankheit.

Ernährungsspezifische Maßnahmen nehmen seit jeher eine zentrale Rolle bei der Behandlung der CED ein. Der erfolgreiche Einsatz der exklusiven enteralen Ernährung (EET), die als Induktionstherapie der ersten Wahl bei pädiatrischem Morbus Crohn (MC) gilt, spricht deutlich für einen Zusammenhang zwischen Ernährung und CED. Die EET wird alleinig oder im Verlauf der Erkrankung und auch beim hochaktiven MC in Kombination mit Immunmodulatoren eingesetzt. Einziger Nachteil dieser hocheffizienten Ernährungstherapie ist die Geschmacksmonotonie, die eine reduzierte Therapieadhärenz mit sich bringt.

Die intestinale Mikrobiota und deren Stoffwechselaktivität (Mikrobiom) scheinen ebenso eine wichtige Rolle für die Pathogenese zu spielen, da Kinder und Jugendliche mit Morbus Crohn oder Colitis ulcerosa diesbezüglich häufig ausgeprägte Veränderungen aufweisen. Es ist bekannt, dass die Zusammensetzung der intestinalen Mikrobiota stark von der Ernährung beeinflusst wird. Auch die EET kann durch Ausschluss potenziell schädlicher Nahrungsbestandteile die Darmmikrobiota modifizieren und zur mukosalen Heilung führen.

Diätetische Interventionen könnten demnach eine sehr nebenwirkungsarme Möglichkeit darstellen, den MC zu behandeln und der Manifestation bei genetisch prädisponierten Individuen möglicherweise sogar vorzubeugen. Auf der Grundlage der Nährstoffzusammensetzung der EET hat daher die Suche nach einer geschmacklich verbesserten und gleichzeitig wirksamen Diät begonnen, die Ergebnisse dieser alternativen Ernährungsstrategien erscheinen vielversprechend.

Dieser Übersichtsartikel soll den Wirkmechanismus der exklusiven enteralen Eliminationsdiät und moderner ernährungsmedizinischer Therapiestrategien aufzeigen sowie den aktuellen Stand der wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse, die deren Wirksamkeit bei der Behandlung des pädiatrischen MC belegen, zusammenfassen. Insbesondere sollen dabei die möglichen pathophysiologischen Mechanismen, die der Remissionsinduktion und -erhaltung zugrunde liegen, auch im Hinblick auf Veränderungen des Darmmikrobioms beleuchtet werden.
Kuhmilchallergie im Kindesalter
Authors: Lurz Eberhard
Published: December 2022

Blutig schleimige Durchfälle bei Säuglingen und Kleinkindern sind häufig Anzeichen einer Kuhmilchallergie. Dabei liegt in der Mehrzahl der Fälle eine IgE-vermittelte Allergie vor, jedoch sind IgE-negative Formen nicht selten. Die Langzeitprognose, eine Toleranz zu entwickeln, ist gut, insbesondere, wenn frühzeitig mit einer Re-Exposition von Kuhmilchprotein, idealerweise initial in verbackener Form, begonnen wird.
New Ionone Glycosides from the Aerial Parts of Allium sativum and Their Anti-Platelet Aggregation Activity
Authors: Hu Bin , Hu Haibo , Pu Chuan , Peng Donghui , Wei Zheng , Kuang Haixue , Wang Qiuhong
Published: December 2022

The bulbs of Allium sativum known as garlic are widely used as food or seasoning. In China they have been used as a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) since ancient times for the
treatment of scabies, tuberculosis, pertussis, diarrhea and dysentery. A. sativum has reportedly shown platelet aggregation inhibition and has been used in the treatment of
cardiovascular diseases. However, there are only few studies focussing on the aerial parts, which are normally discarded during harvest. In this study, two new ionone glycosides,
dasuanxinosides D and E (1, 2), are isolated from the aerial parts together with 13 known compounds including alkanes derivatives and alkyl glycosides (3 – 15), which are
reported for the first time from this plant. Their structures are identified by extensive NMR and HRMS analyses. The isolated compounds are evaluated for their inhibitory effect on adenosine
diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation in vitro.
Zutrauen in Wissen, Können und Tun
Authors: Napp Barbara
Published: December 2022

Neuerungen sollten für moderne Führungskräfte selbstverständlich und mehr Chance als Bürde sein.
Stationäre Tagesbehandlungen: Widerspruch auf breiter Front
Authors: Doelfs Guntram , Kucera Martin
Published: December 2022

Bundesgesundheitsminister Prof. Karl Lauterbach (SPD) will mit einem neuen Gesetz Pflegekräfte im Krankenhaus entlasten und gleichzeitig Geld sparen. Der Gesetzentwurf erntet seit Wochen viel Kritik. Besonders breiter Widerspruch formiert sich gegen die neue Regelung für stationäre Tagesbehandlungen.
Rechtskolumne: PPR 2.0: Bei Verstoß drohen eher Sanktionen als Schadensersatz
Authors: Weimer Tobias
Published: December 2022

Im Rahmen der Organisationsverantwortung der Führungskräfte im Krankenhaus steht die Haftung für im Vorfeld identifizierbare und damit vermeidbare Organisationsmängel versus bloßen Augenblicksversagens der Ärzte sowie Pflegefachpersonen in der konkreten Behandlungssituation im Raum.
Kommentar: Geißel des Erwartungsmanagements
Authors: Köbe Philipp
Published: December 2022

Karl Lauterbach hat sein erstes Jahr als Gesundheitsminister überstanden. Seine Berufung ging mit hohen Erwartungen von Medien und Bevölkerung an den Mann vom Fach einher.
Klimaschutz im Gesundheitswesen: Eigeninitiativen dominieren
Authors: Rybak Christian
Published: December 2022

Klimaneutral bis 2045 – die novellierten Klimaschutzvorgaben der Bundesregierung drängen auch Krankenhäuser zum Handeln. Wie weit der aktuelle und geplante gesetzliche Rahmen für ökologische Nachhaltigkeit im Gesundheitswesen in Deutschland und Europa reicht, beleuchtet Rechtsanwalt Dr. Christian Rybak.
Inklusionsstelle am UKB: Ein Gewinn für alle
Authors: Dorner Carola
Published: December 2022

Für Pascal Treichel und Marius Schalk war der Berufseinstieg keine Selbstverständlichkeit. Für sie wurden Inklusionsstellen am Universitätsklinikum Bonn geschaffen – ein Glücksfall für alle Beteiligten.
Führungskräfte im Krankenhaus: Dos und Don’ts für Bewerber und Kliniken
Authors: Lang Michael
Published: December 2022

Die Personalberaterin Andrea Köhn unterstützt mit ihrem Team Krankenhäuser bei der Suche nach Führungskräften. Im Gespräch verrät sie, welche Fehler Bewerber und Kliniken immer wieder machen.
Medizincampus Oberfranken: Integration von Wissenschaft und Praxis
Authors: Hofmann Reiner
Published: December 2022

Hier die Gesundheitsversorgung mit ihren Fakten und von Zwängen geprägten Realitäten, dort der Elfenbeinturm mit seinen wissenschaftlichen Theorien und von Annahmen geformten Modellen. Zwischen diesen Welten braucht es Wege der interdisziplinären Translation mit solidem Fundament und bidirektional belastbarer Trittfestigkeit, die vor allem proaktiv und fortlaufend gepflegt werden.
Ambient-temperature liquid jet targets for high-repetition-rate HED discovery science
Authors: Treffert F. , Glenn G. D. , Chou H.-G. J. , Crissman C. , Curry C. B. , DePonte D. P. , Fiuza F. , Hartley N. J. , Ofori-Okai B. , Roth M. , Glenzer S. H. , Gauthier M.
Published: December 2022

High-power lasers can generate energetic particle beams and astrophysically relevant pressure and temperature states in the high-energy-density (HED) regime. Recently-commissioned high-repetition-rate (HRR) laser drivers are capable of producing these conditions at rates exceeding 1 Hz. However, experimental output from these systems is often limited by the difficulty of designing targets that match these repetition rates. To overcome this challenge, we have developed tungsten microfluidic nozzles, which produce a continuously replenishing jet that operates at flow speeds of approximately 10 m/s and can sustain shot frequencies up to 1 kHz. The ambient-temperature planar liquid jets produced by these nozzles can have thicknesses ranging from hundreds of nanometers to tens of micrometers. In this work, we illustrate the operational principle of the microfluidic nozzle and describe its implementation in a vacuum environment. We provide evidence of successful laser-driven ion acceleration using this target and discuss the prospect of optimizing the ion acceleration performance through an in situ jet thickness scan. Future applications for the jet throughout HED science include shock compression and studies of strongly heated nonequilibrium plasmas. When fielded in concert with HRR-compatible laser, diagnostic, and active feedback technology, this target will facilitate advanced automated studies in HRR HED science, including machine learning-based optimization and high-dimensional statistical analysis.
Carbon emission reduction effect of China's low-carbon energy transition policy: An empirical analysis based on policy quantification
Authors: Xin-gang Zhao , Zhen Wang
Published: December 2022

To better address climate change and environmental pollution, it is of great practical significance to comprehensively evaluate the impact of low-carbon energy transition policies on carbon emission reduction. This paper conducts a policy quantitative evaluation of low-carbon energy transition policies from three dimensions: policy intensity, policy objective, and policy instrument. On this basis, the ridge regression model is used to analyze the carbon emission reduction effect of policies. The results show that (1) changes in policy quantities mainly cause the evolution of total policy effectiveness. The government's emphasis on low-carbon energy transition has fluctuated. (2) The two policy objectives of optimizing the use of fossil energy and developing a low-carbon concept are less synergistic with other policy objectives and neither has a significant impact on carbon reduction. (3) The government prefers to adopt command control policy instruments, but their actual carbon emission reduction effects are inferior to that of economic incentive policy instruments. These findings can provide a decision-making basis for the government to further formulate and optimize policies.
Monitoring membranes: The exploration of biological bilayers with second harmonic generation
Authors: Page Eleanor F. , Blake Marea J. , Foley Grant A. , Calhoun Tessa R.
Published: December 2022

Nature's seemingly controlled chaos in heterogeneous two-dimensional cell membranes stands in stark contrast to the precise, often homogeneous, environment in an experimentalist's flask or carefully designed material system. Yet cell membranes can play a direct role, or serve as inspiration, in all fields of biology, chemistry, physics, and engineering. Our understanding of these ubiquitous structures continues to evolve despite over a century of study largely driven by the application of new technologies. Here, we review the insight afforded by second harmonic generation (SHG), a nonlinear optical technique. From potential measurements to adsorption and diffusion on both model and living systems, SHG complements existing techniques while presenting a large exploratory space for new discoveries.
Flow field plate of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells: A review
Authors: Yan Huaxin , Zhang Wei , Qu Zhiyuan , Chen Naichao
Published: December 2022

Recently, pursuing a strategic alternative to traditional fossil fuels has become an important method to meet the increasing energy demands and environmental improvement needs. Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) can directly convert the chemical energy of fuels into electricity without contamination and the restriction of the Carnot cycle effect. The flow field plate (FFP) is a critical part of a PEMFC that provides mechanical support, conductive medium, the channel of reaction gases, and water and thermal management. However, the complicated mechanisms of the FFP are not very clearly understood since the materials and structures are associated closely with cost, performance, and lifetime. In this paper, different materials and structures are analyzed and their characteristics are summarized. Meanwhile, an opinion was proposed that the porous metal foam flow field will be the most promising development direction in the future, mainly focusing on surface treatment, pattern, and manifold design.
Implementation of electron restriction layer in n-AlGaN toward balanced carrier distribution in deep ultraviolet light-emitting-diodes
Authors: Liu Kunzi , Chen Li , Luo Tian , Zhao Zihui , Ouyang Ping , Zhang Jiaxin , Chen Qiushuang , Zhou Biao , Qi Shengli , Xu Houqiang , Yang Zhenhai , Guo Wei , Ye Jichun
Published: December 2022

The distribution of electrons and holes inside the multiple-quantum wells is highly non-uniform for AlGaN-based deep ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (DUV-LEDs) due to both insufficient hole injection and excessive electron leakage. A key factor to improve the quantum efficiency of DUV-LED is to reduce the proportion of hot electrons in n-AlGaN through carrier deceleration. In this work, we propose a structure design by introducing an additional Al0.55Ga0.45N/Al0.42Ga0.58N superlattice electron restriction layer between the active region and n-AlGaN for electron deceleration. The superlattice structure not only reduces the mobility of the electrons, which helps to balance the distribution of carriers in the active region, thus, promoting radiative recombination, but also facilitates the lateral transport of the electrons, thus, reducing the current crowding effect through band engineering. Low temperature electroluminescence analysis reveals that the improvement of quantum efficiency is due to both enhanced carrier injection efficiency and radiation recombination efficiency in the active region.
Breeding biology of three subspecies of the native Australian rat, Rattus fuscipes, in the laboratory.
Authors: Taylor J. M. , Horner B. E.
Published: December 2022

Three subspecies of Rattus fuscipes are compared in terms of certain aspects of their breeding biology in the laboratory. The three forms, R. f. fuscipes, R. f. greyii, and R. f. assimilis, not only readily interbreed (Horner and Taylor, 1965), but are markedly similar in most of the features studied. The greatest difference among them is in ovulation rate. In this regard both R. f. fuscipes and R. f. greyii are more productive than R. f assimilis. The possible significance of post-partum oestrus and delayed implantation is discussed in terms of seasonality in the major reproductive efforts of these subspecies in their natural environments.
Additional specimens of Planigale novaeguineae, (Dasyuridae: Marsupialia) from territory of Papua.
Authors: Ziegler A. C.
Published: December 2022

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Adolph Bolliger - his life and research.
Authors: Hughes R. L.
Published: December 2022

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The native rodents of Australia: a personal view
Authors: Watts C. H. S.
Published: December 2022

NA
Recent ecological studies on Australian marsupials.
Authors: Russell E. M.
Published: December 2022

NA
Thermoregulation in the Parma wallaby, Macropus parma (Marsupialia: Macropodidae).
Authors: Wallis R. L. , Ealey E. H. M.
Published: December 2022

Prevention of fur licking has no effect on the respiration rates and body temperatures of parma wallabies. Sweating occurs only on the foot pads and hence it is suggested that panting is the principal means of evaporative cooling in this species.
The behaviour of marsupials III. The shortnosed bandicoot, Isoodon macrourus (Peramelidae), in the open field.
Authors: Day B. , Kirkby R. , Stenhouse D.
Published: December 2022

Four male and four female shortnosed bandicoots (lsoodon macrourus) were tested in an open field apparatus on three separate occasions, 48 hours apart. Female bandicoots were significantly more active than males. There were no significant sex differences in frequency of defaecation, urination, or grooming. Between test days 1 and 3 activity in the open field decreased while rate of defaecation increased. Correlation tests showed a positive relationship between the rate of defaecation and incidence of grooming. The findings indicated similarities and differences in the exploratory behaviour of the omnivorous marsupial bandicoot and the commonly investigated omnivorous eutherian laboratory rat.
Discovery of ningauis (Ningaui sp: Dasyuridae: Marsupialia) in the Northern Territory, Australia.
Authors: Johnson K. A. , Roff A. D.
Published: December 2022

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