bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The incommensurately modulated structures of volcanic plagioclase: displacement, ordering and phase transition
Authors: Jin Shiyun , Xu Huifang , Wang Xiaoping , Zhang Dongzho , Jacobs Ryan , Morgan Dane
Published: July 2019

Four basaltic phenocryst samples of plagioclase, with compositions ranging from An48(andesine) to An64(labradorite), have been studied with single-crystal X-ray and neutron diffraction techniques. The samples were also subjected to a heating experiment at 1100°C for two weeks in an effort to minimize the Al–Si ordering in their structures. The average and the modulated structures of the samples (before and after the heating experiment) were compared, in order to understand the mechanism of the phase transition from the disordered C\bar 1 structure to thee-plagioclase structure. A comparison between the structures from neutron and X-ray diffraction data shows that the 〈T—O〉 distance does not solely depend on the Al occupancy as previously thought. A dramatic decrease of the Al–Si ordering is observed after heating at 1100°C for two weeks for all four samples, with an obvious change in the intensities of the satellite reflections (e-reflections) in the diffraction pattern. Evident changes in the modulation period were also observed for the more calcic samples. No obvious change in the Ca–Na ordering was observed after the heating experiment. Anin situheating X-ray diffraction experiment was carried out on the andesine sample (An48) to study the change in the satellite intensity at high temperature. A dramatic weakening of the satellite peaks was observed between 477°C and 537°C, which strongly supports the displacive nature of the initiation ofe2 ordering. Rigid-Unit Mode (RUM) analysis of the plagioclase structure suggests the initial position of thee-reflections is determined by the anti-RUMs in the framework.
Structural characterization and photochromic behaviour of a novel compound based on a π-acidic naphthalene diimide derivative and a double hydroxide-bridged dinuclear AlIII aqua ion cluster
Authors: Ke Hua , Liao Jian-Zhen , Lu Can-Zhong
Published: July 2019

Noncovalent interactions, such as π–π stacking interactions, C—H...π interactions and hydrogen bonding, are important driving forces for self-assembly in the construction of functional supermolecules and materials, especially in multicomponent supramolecular systems. Herein, a novel compound based on a π-acidic naphthalene diimide derivative and a double hydroxide-bridged dinuclear Al3+ aqua ion cluster, namely bis[N,N′-bis(2-sulfonatoethyl)-1,4,5,8-naphthalene diimide] di-μ-hydroxido-bis[tetraaquaaluminium(III)] tetrahydrate, (C18H12N2O10S2)2[Al2(OH)2(H2O)8]·4H2O, was obtained using the above-mentioned common noncovalent interactions, as well as uncommon lone-pair–π interactions. Functional molecular modules were connected by these noncovalent interactions to generate obvious photochromic properties. The compound was prepared by the self-assembly of N,N′-bis(2-sulfoethyl)-1,4,5,8-naphthalene diimide and Al(NO3)3·9H2O under mixed solvothermal conditions, and was characterized in detail by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction and FT–IR spectroscopy. The thermal stability and photochromic properties were also investigated; furthermore, in-situ solid-state UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy and electron spin resonance (ESR) were used to clarify the photochromic mechanism.
Crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface analysis and corrosion inhibition study of 3,6-bis(pyridin-2-yl)-4-{[(3aS,5S,5aR,8aR,8bS)-2,2,7,7-tetramethyltetrahydro-5H-bis[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-b:4′,5′-d]pyran-5-yl)methoxy]methyl}pyridazine monohydrate
Authors: Filali Mouad , Elmsellem Hicham , Hökelek Tuncer , El-Ghayoury Abdelkrim , Stetsiuk Oleh , El Hadrami El Mestafa , Ben-Tama Abdessalam
Published: July 2019

In the title compound, C27H30N4O6·H2O, the two dioxolo rings are in envelope conformations, while the pyran ring is in a twisted-boat conformation. The pyradizine ring is oriented at dihedral angles of 9.23 (6) and 12.98 (9)° with respect to the pyridine rings, while the dihedral angle between the two pyridine rings is 13.45 (10)°. In the crystal, O—Hwater...Opyran, O—Hwater...Omethoxymethyland O—Hwater...Npyridazinehydrogen bonds link the molecules into chains along [010]. In addition, weak C—Hdioxolo...Odioxolohydrogen bonds and a weakC—Hmethoxymethyl...π interaction complete the three-dimensional structure. The Hirshfeld surface analysis of the crystal structure indicates that the most important contributions for the crystal packing are from H...H (55.7%), H...C/C...H (14.6%), H...O/O...H (14.5%) and H...N/N...H (9.6%) interactions. Hydrogen-bonding and van der Waals interactions are the dominant interactions in the crystal packing. Electrochemical measurements are also reported.
(2S,3S,4R,4a'R,5R,5a'R,11a'R,12′S,12a'R)-5-(Acetoxymethyl)-2′,2′,10′,10′-tetramethyloctahydro-3H,8′H-spiro[furan-2,7′-[1,3]dioxino[4′,5′:5,6]pyrano[3,2-d][1,3,6]trioxocine]-3,4,12′-triyl triacetate
Authors: Bollard H. E. , Banwell M. G. , Ward J. S.
Published: July 2019

While the crystal structure analysis of the title compound, C26H38O15, a synthetic derivative of sucrose, was originally reported 40 years ago [Drew et al. (1979). Carbohydr. Res.
71, 35–42], the present work has allowed for the determination of its absolute configuration through the application of resonant scattering techniques.
Preparing graduates for work readiness: an overview and agenda
Authors: Winterton Jonathan , Turner Jason J.
Published: July 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to understand the concept of graduate work readiness (GWR) from a stakeholder perspective. The research attempts to pull together the various multidisciplinary themes from the literature into a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between graduates and the labour market, considering the international dimension of what is a global phenomenon.

Design/methodology/approach

The critical review is divided into four distinct sections, the first is to contextualise the concept of GWR and graduate employability taking into account recent academic discussion, particularly in the EU and ASEAN; second, to explore the different perspectives of stakeholders in the “triple helix” of universities, governments and the corporate world; third, critically to assess the arguments that educational provision is poorly aligned with labour market needs; and finally, to investigate the implications of the fourth industrial revolution for graduate jobs and skills and propose an agenda for future research.

Findings

Despite the apparent consensus between stakeholders over the central importance of graduate employability, there is considerable diversity in how each imagines GWR is best assured.

Research limitations/implications

Any review is limited by the extant literature and whilst it is not uncommon that most research has been done in North America, Western Europe and Australasia, this is a serious limitation. GWR is a global concern and this review shows the need for more research that extends beyond the dominant geographical focus and its attendant paradigms. The implication is that geography is important and local research is needed to develop solutions that fit specific cultural, economic and institutional contexts.

Practical implications

The paper highlights the need to reconcile different stakeholder perspectives on GWR and ensure that they work together on shared agendas to improve graduate transition to the labour market. At the same time, the profound changes being brought about by the fourth industrial revolution suggest that more attention should be paid to the employability of existing employees.

Originality/value

This review should prove useful to both academics and practitioners because it emphasises the need to treat GWR as a concept that varies according to context and stakeholder interests, rather than a homogeneous phenomenon.
Supporting distance-taught students in the workplace
Authors: MacQueen Hilary , Aiken Fiona Jane
Published: July 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of workplace support measures offered by employers on the academic performance and satisfaction of distance-taught paramedic students.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a combination of quantitative, qualitative and open text data, the authors identified factors important for student success.

Findings

Dedicated study time was not a significant predictor of student pass rate, but was related to the quality of achievement as measured by pass grade. More important for success were less tangible factors such as relationship with a mentor and being part of a supportive peer group.

Research limitations/implications

The number of respondents to the survey of graduates in the second part of the investigation was small (n=30; 8.9 per cent) and limited to one profession (Emergency care).

Practical implications

The support measures the authors have identified should be overtly built into new course design. Placements undertaken away from the primary workplace should be well organised, and students proactively supported while undertaking them.

Originality/value

The value of these findings is that they inform, and can be used to enhance, the experience of students on work-based learning programmes and also on degree apprenticeships.
Building resilience against food insecurity through social networks
Authors: Olawuyi Seyi Olalekan
Published: July 2019

Purpose

Many nations in Sub-Saharan Africa, including Nigeria have initiated programmes targeted at addressing food insecurity, but without any major significant breakthrough. This necessitates the call for inclusion of social network institutional framework into the food and nutrition security policy of many developing countries. This is touted as an important social safety net needed for farming households’ economic advancement and welfare. Consequent on this, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the importance of social networks in building resilience against food insecurity among farmers in Oyo State, Nigeria.

Design/methodology/approach

Data collected from a sample of 297 smallholder farmers during 2015/2016 agricultural production season were analysed using descriptive statistics to describe farmers’ notable characteristics. However, Foster–Greer–Thorbecke indices vis-à-vis food consumption expenditure-metrics technique was used to evaluate the food security profile of the respondents. Similarly, ordinary least square and two-stage least square (2SLS) models were applied to investigate the effects and “reverse causality” in the social networks food security model.

Findings

The study findings indicated that about 48.15 per cent of the smallholder farmers are food insecure. Similarly, the study revealed that age (p<0.01), years of formal education (p<0.05), marital status (p<0.05), number of persons in the family (p<0.01), executive status in social groups (p<0.05), aggregate social networks (p<0.1) and non-food consumption expenditure (p<0.01) made significant contributions to food security status of farming households. Importantly, 2SLS estimation indicated non-existence of reverse causality effect of social networks components and households’ food security status.

Social implications

There is an urgent need for pragmatic policies that support systematic and organized social groups and networks formation in the rural/agrarian areas across Nigeria.

Originality/value

A widely accepted view of economic theory posits that traditional capitals (physical, economic/financial and human) drive households’ welfare including food security status. However, this study has established the relevance of social networks as an important component of human well-being. Apparently, this study also established the exogeneity of social networks in the framework of households’ food security status.
Investments in the Brazilian Space Agency and the patenting process: a correlation analysis
Authors: Vaz Vitor Hugo da Silva , Batista Jorge Maikel Alves , Paixão Ana Eleonora Almeida
Published: July 2019

Purpose

This study aims to analyze the correlation between the investments in the Brazilian Space Agency (BSA) and the patenting process.

Design/methodology/approach

The methodology used was a statistical analysis through correlation and linear regression between the secondary data of investments made by the federal government, retrieved from the Transparency Portal, in the BSA and the patenting process, taking into consideration the number of invention, utility model and certificate of addition of invention.

Findings

After a brief presentation of the emergence of innovation and patent applications with the investments of governments in space agencies, this study presents the analysis of information in different times of investment that showed positive correlation between the two variables adopted.

Originality/value

One can point to the value of this study as strategic investments in space agencies to boost the filing of patents in a nation in the most diverse areas.
A nonparametric Bayesian approach to term structure fitting
Authors: Lapshin Victor
Published: July 2019

Purpose

This paper aims to illustrate how a Bayesian approach to yield fitting can be implemented in a non-parametric framework with automatic smoothing inferred from the data. It also briefly illustrates the advantages of such an approach using real data.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper uses an infinite dimensional (functional space) approach to inverse problems. Numerical computations are carried out using a Markov Chain Monte-Carlo algorithm with several tweaks to ensure good performance. The model explicitly uses bid-ask spreads to allow for observation errors and provides automatic smoothing based on them.

Findings

A non-parametric framework allows to capture complex shapes of zero-coupon yield curves typical for emerging markets. Bayesian approach allows to assess the precision of estimates, which is crucial for some applications. Examples of estimation results are reported for three different bond markets: liquid (German), medium liquidity (Chinese) and illiquid (Russian).

Practical implications

The result shows that infinite-dimensional Bayesian approach to term structure estimation is feasible. Market practitioners could use this approach to gain more insight into interest rates term structure. For example, they could now be able to complement their non-parametric term structure estimates with Bayesian confidence intervals, which would allow them to assess statistical significance of their results.

Originality/value

The model does not require parameter tuning during estimation. It has its own parameters, but they are to be selected during model setup.
Bitcoin, Litecoin, and the Euro: an annualized volatility analysis
Authors: Miglietti Cynthia , Kubosova Zdenka , Skulanova Nicole
Published: July 2019

Purpose

This paper aims to empirically investigate the volatility of Bitcoin, Litecoin and the Euro.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors use quantitative methodologies to assess the annualized volatility of two cryptocurrencies and one international fiat currency. The exchange rate of the currencies is monitored on a daily basis using 1,460 observations from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2017. The models used include the augmented Dickey–Fuller test, Akaike Information Criteria, autocorrelation function and exchange rate changes determining which currency is the most volatile.

Findings

The findings indicate, based on the statistical measures used, including the standard deviation of selected currencies and annualized volatility, that Litecoin is more volatile than Bitcoin and the Euro and that Bitcoin is more volatile than the Euro. This furthers previous research on cryptocurrency volatility.

Originality/value

The paper provides compelling evidence about the volatility of Litecoin and Bitcoin. The volatility of cryptocurrencies is furthered with data that are more current. The findings are important for investors, financial markets and central banks.
Wildfire alters the structure and seasonal dynamics of nocturnal pollen‐transport networks
Authors: Banza Paula , Macgregor Callum J. , Belo Anabela D. F. , Fox Richard , Pocock Michael J. O. , Evans Darren M.
Published: July 2019

Wildfires drive global biodiversity patterns and affect plant–pollinator interactions, and are expected to become more frequent and severe under climate change. Post‐fire plant communities often have increased floral abundance and diversity, but the effects of wildfires on the ecological process of pollination are poorly understood. Nocturnal moths are globally important pollinators, but no previous study has examined the effects of wildfire on nocturnal pollination interactions.

We investigated the effects of wildfire on nocturnal pollen‐transport networks. We analysed the abundance and species richness of moths and flowers, and the structure of these networks, at three burned and three unburned sites in Portugal for two years, starting eight months after a large fire.

Nocturnal pollen‐transport networks had lower complexity and robustness following the fire than at nearby unburned sites. Overall, 70% of individual moths carried pollen, and moths were found to be transporting pollen from 83% of the flower species present. Burned sites had significantly more abundant flowers, but less abundant and species‐rich moths. Individual moths transported more pollen in summer at burned sites, but less in winter; however, total pollen transport by the moth assemblage at burned sites was just 20% of that at unburned sites. Interaction turnover between burned and unburned networks was high.

Negative effects of fire upon moths will likely permeate to other taxa through loss of mutualisms. Therefore, if wildfires become more frequent under climate change, community resilience may be eroded. Understanding the responses of ecological networks to wildfire can inform management that promotes resilience and facilitates whole‐ecosystem conservation.
Commensal bacterial sharing does not predict host social associations in kangaroos
Authors: Proboste Tatiana , Corvalan Paloma , Clark Nicholas , Beyer Hawthorne L. , Goldizen Anne W. , Seddon Jennifer M.
Published: July 2019

Social network analysis has been postulated as a tool to study potential pathogen transmission in wildlife but is resource‐intensive to quantify. Networks based on bacterial genotypes have been proposed as a cost‐effective method for estimating social or transmission network based on the assumption that individuals in close contact will share commensal bacteria. However, the use of network analysis to study wild populations requires critical evaluation of the assumptions and parameters these models are founded on.

We test (a) whether networks of commensal bacterial sharing are related to hosts’ social associations and hence could act as a proxy for estimating transmission networks, (b) how the parameters chosen to define host associations and delineate bacterial genotypes impact inference and (c) whether these relationships change across time. We use stochastic simulations to evaluate how uncertainty in parameter choice affects network structure.

We focused on a well‐studied population of eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus), from Sundown National Park, Australia. Using natural markings, each individual was identified and its associations with other kangaroos recorded through direct field observations over 2 years to construct social networks. Faecal samples were collected, Escherichia coli was cultured and genotyped using BOX‐PCR, and bacterial networks were constructed. Two individuals were connected in the bacterial network if they shared at least one E. coli genotype. We determined the capacity of bacterial networks to predict the observed social network structure in each year.

We found little support for a relationship between social association and dyadic commensal bacterial similarity. Thresholds to determine host associations and similarity cut‐off values used to define E. coli genotypes had important ramifications for inferring links between individuals. In fact, we found that inferences can show opposite patterns based on the chosen thresholds. Moreover, no similarity in overall bacterial network structure was detected between years.

Although empirical disease transmission data are often unavailable in wildlife populations, both bacterial networks and social networks have limitations in representing the mode of transmission of a pathogen. Our results suggest that caution is needed when designing such studies and interpreting results.
Highly variable mRNA half‐life time within marine bacterial taxa and functional genes
Authors: Steiner Paul A. , De Corte Daniele , Geijo Javier , Mena Catalina , Yokokawa Taichi , Rattei Thomas , Herndl Gerhard J. , Sintes Eva
Published: July 2019

Messenger RNA can provide valuable insights into the variability of metabolic processes of microorganisms. However, due to uncertainties that include the stability of RNA, its application for activity profiling of environmental samples is questionable. We explored different factors affecting the decay rate of transcripts of three marine bacterial isolates using qPCR and determined mRNA half‐life time of specific bacterial taxa and of functional genes by metatranscriptomics of a coastal environmental prokaryotic community. The half‐life time of transcripts from 11 genes from bacterial isolates ranged from 1 to 46 min. About 80% of the analysed transcripts exhibited half‐live times shorter than 10 min. Significant differences were found in the half‐life time between mRNA and rRNA. The half‐life time of mRNA obtained from a coastal metatranscriptome ranged from 9 to 400 min. The shortest half‐life times of the metatranscriptome corresponded to transcripts from the same clusters of orthologous groups (COGs) in all bacterial classes. The prevalence of short mRNA half‐life time in genes related to defence mechanisms and motility indicate a tight connection of RNA decay rate to environmental stressors. The short half‐life time of RNA and its high variability needs to be considered when assessing metatranscriptomes especially in environmental samples.
Probiotic yoghurt functionalised with microalgae and Zedo gum: chemical, microbiological, rheological and sensory characteristics
Authors: Alizadeh Khaledabad Mohammad , Ghasempour Zahra , Moghaddas Kia Ehsan , Rezazad Bari Mahmoud , Zarrin Rasoul
Published: July 2019

In this study, using a central composite design, the effects of addition of Spirulina platensis and Zedo gum to plain and probiotic yoghurt samples were investigated during storage. Lactobacillus paracasei proliferation was directly dependent on the addition of microalgae and was inversely affected by storage time. Probiotic samples containing S. platensis showed the highest antioxidative activity. Maximum stability was obtained at higher amounts of Zedo gum, while organoleptic and rheological attributes improved at 0.25% Zedo gum. Given the importance of probiotic viability, supplementation of probiotic yoghurt with Zedo gum/S. platensis may be consideredas a novel nutraceutical formulation.
Fate and Behavior of Gunshot Residue: Recreational Shooter Vehicle Distribution
Authors: Blakey Lauren , Sharples George P. , Chana Kal , Birkett Jason W.
Published: July 2019

The susceptibility for recreational shooters to transfer gunshot residue (GSR) to both the interior and exterior of a vehicle is investigated. A comprehensive sampling protocol was used to assess the most likely areas of GSR transfer from recreational shooter contact, such as the steering wheel and the area, the firearms were stored (the trunk). Up to 315 characteristic GSR, particles were found in several locations throughout the interior of a vehicle. As many as 876 characteristic particles were found throughout a single vehicle. The data indicate that vehicles frequently occupied by firearms users are a potential source for inadvertent transfer of GSR to persons unrelated to firearm activity. In criminal cases where vehicles have been used, such transfer processes for GSR need to be considered within the context of any case interpretation. The implications for subsequent contamination and transfer processes from such vehicles require further investigation.
Occludin endocytosis is involved in the disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier in a mouse model of alcoholic steatohepatitis
Authors: Wang Hong Yan , Chi Cheng , Xu You Qing , Wang Chen , Wang Tian Yi , Lv Dong , Li Xin
Published: July 2019

Objective

We aimed to investigate the involvement of the endocytosis of occludin, a key component of tight junction (TJ), in the ethanol‐induced disassembly of TJ in a model of alcoholic steatohepatitis.

Methods

Wild‐type mice were fed an ethanol‐containing or isocaloric liquid diet for 8 weeks and then assessed for liver injury (histopathology and measurement of serum enzymes), gut permeability (in vivo lactulose/mannitol and ex vivo dye leakage assays), intestinal epithelium ultrastructure (transmission electron microscopy), and intestinal occludin localization (immunofluorescence microscopy). The human intestinal epithelial cell line Caco‐2 was also analyzed in vitro for the effects of ethanol on the barrier function (transepithelial electrical resistance), occludin localization (immunofluorescence microscopy and Western blotting), and endocytosis pathways (double‐labeling immunofluorescence microscopy with selective pathway inhibitors).

Results

The ethanol‐fed mice developed steatohepatitis and displayed intestinal barrier dysfunction, the disruption of intestinal TJ, and enhanced intestinal endocytosis of occluding compared with the control mice. In the Caco‐2 monolayers, ethanol treatment decreased transepithelial electrical resistance, disrupted TJ formation, and enhanced occludin endocytosis in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. These deleterious events were reversed by pretreating the Caco‐2 cells with a selective pharmacological inhibitor of macropinocytosis, but not with the inhibitors of clathrin or caveolin‐mediated endocytic pathways.

Conclusion

Chronic ethanol exposure may increase intestinal permeability by inducing the micropinocytosis of occludin, resulting in the disruption of intestinal TJ.
Equity risk versus retirement adequacy: asset allocation solutions for KiwiSaver
Authors: MacDonald Kirsten L. , Bianchi Robert J. , Drew Michael E.
Published: July 2019

New Zealand's KiwiSaver superannuation system operates with a conservatively low asset allocation towards equity investments. Evidence suggests ‘conservative’ portfolios are riskier than portfolios holding more growth assets when considering shortfall risk. This study employs stochastic simulation to determine the optimal asset allocation to improve the balance of probabilities for retirement adequacy. The findings show that KiwiSaver default funds are excessively conservative, preventing investors from reaching their retirement goals. Increasing the asset allocation to equities across the range of available KiwiSaver funds is the only solution to significantly improve retirement adequacy in New Zealand given the low contribution rates observed.
Maladaptive neurovisceral interactions in patients with Internet gaming disorder: A study of heart rate variability and functional neural connectivity using the graph theory approach
Authors: Park Su Mi , Lee Ji Yoon , Choi A Ruem , Kim Bo Mi , Chung Sun Ju , Park Minkyung , Kim In Young , Park Jinsick , Choi Jeongbong , Hong Sung Jun , Choi Jung‐Seok
Published: July 2019

Heart rate variability (HRV) can be used to represent the regulatory adaptive system and is a proxy for neurovisceral integration. Consistent with the view that, like other addictions, Internet gaming disorder (IGD) involves disrupted regulatory function, the present study hypothesized that IGD patients would show (a) decreased HRV, (b) ineffective functional neural connectivity, and (c) differential patterns of association between HRV and functional neural connectivity relative to healthy controls (HCs). The present study included 111 young adults (53 IGD patients and 58 age‐ and sex‐matched HCs) who underwent simultaneous recordings with an electrocardiogram and electroencephalogram during a resting state. Heart rate (HR), HRV, and functional neural connectivity were calculated using the graph theory approach. Compared with the HCs, the IGD patients exhibited elevated HR and decreased HRV based on the high frequency (HF), which reflects suppression of parasympathetic and/or vagal tone. The IGD patients also exhibited a heightened theta band characteristic path length (CPL) compared with HCs, indicating decreased efficacy of the functional network. Furthermore, IGD patients exhibited negative correlations between the standard deviation of the normal‐to‐normal interval index (SDNNi) and theta and delta CPL values, which were not observed in HCs. In conclusion, the present findings suggest that IGD patients might have maladaptive brain‐body integration features involving disruptions of the autonomic nervous system and brain function.
A non‐synonymous SNP in exon 3 of the KIT gene is responsible for the classic grey phenotype in alpacas (Vicugna pacos)
Authors: Jones M. , Sergeant C. , Richardson M. , Groth D. , Brooks S. , Munyard K.
Published: July 2019

The alpaca classic grey phenotype is of particular interest to the industry. Until now, there were only indirect data suggesting that the KIT gene was involved in the classic grey phenotype. All exons of KIT in three black and three classic silvergrey alpacas were sequenced. Five non‐synonymous SNPs were observed. There was only one SNP found that was present only in the silvergrey alpacas, and this was also the only SNP predicted to be damaging. This variant results in a change of a glycine (Gly) to an arginine (Arg) at amino acid position 126 (c.376G>A), occurring in the second Ig‐like domain of the extracellular domain of KIT. Basic protein modelling predicted that this variant is likely destabilising. Therefore, an additional 488 alpacas were genotyped for this SNP using the tetra‐primer amplification refractory mutation system PCR (Tetra‐primer ARMS‐PCR). All classic grey alpacas were observed to be heterozygous, and 99.3% of non‐grey dark base colour alpacas were found to be homozygous for the wildtype allele in this position. These results confirm that the classic grey phenotype in alpacas is the result of a c.376G>A (p.Gly126Arg) SNP in exon 3 of KIT. These data also support the hypothesis that the grey phenotype is autosomal dominant and that the mutation is most likely homozygous lethal.
Low circulating levels of vitamin D may contribute to the occurrence of preeclampsia through deregulation of Treg /Th17 cell ratio
Authors: Muyayalo Kahindo P. , Huang Xiao‐Bo , Qian Zhu , Li Zhi‐Hui , Mor Gil , Liao Ai‐Hua
Published: July 2019

Problem

Studies assessing the association between vitamin D deficiency and preeclampsia (PE) have not reached a consensus. The study aimed to investigate the role of vitamin D in the occurrence of PE through its immune‐modulatory effects on Treg/Th17 cell ratio.

Method of study

This is a case‐control study of third‐trimester pregnant women. Peripheral blood 25(OH)D, TGF‐β1, IL‐6, and Treg/Th17 cells were analyzed.

Results

One hundred and sixty‐three pregnant women were recruited, and 100 women (59 with a normal pregnancy (NP) and 41 with PE) were included in the study. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 69.3%. Vitamin D‐deficient pregnant women (25(OH) D < 20 ng/mL) had fivefold higher risk to develop PE than those with 25(OH)D level ≥20 ng/mL (OR = 5.29, CI 95% = 1.81‐15.41). PE patients had lower circulating levels of 25(OH)D (12.83 ± 5.37 ng/mL vs 20.76 ± 9.63 ng/mL, P < .0001) and Treg/Th17 cell ratio (1.61 ± 0.71% vs 2.94 ± 1.35%, P < .0001), compared to women with NP. In patients with PE, 25(OH)D level correlated negatively with IL‐6 levels (r = −.60, P < .0001) and positively with Treg/Th17 cell ratio (r = .89, P < .0001). We also observed a negative relationship between IL‐6 levels and Treg/Th17 cell ratio (r = −.54, P = .0002).

Conclusion

Our study demonstrated the correlation between low plasma vitamin D level and altered immune parameters in PE. We propose that, through its effects on Treg/Th17 cell ratio, vitamin D might influence the occurrence of PE.
Change in serum albumin level predicts short‐term complications in patients with normal preoperative serum albumin after gastrectomy of gastric cancer
Authors: Ai Shichao , Sun Feng , Liu Zhijian , Yang Zhengyang , Wang Jiafeng , Zhu Zhouting , Du Shangce , Guan Wenxian
Published: July 2019

Background

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation between serum albumin level change (ΔALB) and post‐operative complications in patients with normal preoperative serum albumin after gastrectomy of gastric cancer.

Methods

A total of 193 patients undergoing curative (R0) gastrectomy from September 2015 to May 2017 were enrolled in this study. The risk factors for predicting post‐operative complications were identified by univariate and multivariate analysis. The cut‐off value and diagnostic accuracy of ΔALB were measured by receiver operating characteristic curves. ΔALB was defined as: (albumin level before surgery − albumin on post‐operative day (POD) 1)/albumin level before surgery × 100%.

Results

A total of 60 patients (31.0%) had post‐operative complications. Our results showed that the cut‐off value of ΔALB was 19.0%. Using a cut‐off value of 19.0%, multivariate analysis identified that ΔALB was able to predict post‐operative complications as an independent factor (odds ratio 13.98, 95% confidence interval 6.048–32.32, P < 0.001). In addition, the area under the curve of ΔALB is higher than C‐reactive protein on POD 3 (0.773 versus 0633). Compared with patients with ΔALB <19.0%, patients with ΔALB ≥19.0% have higher risk of post‐operative complications suffered (62.3 versus 13.7%, P < 0.001) and longer post‐operative stay (22.1 ± 13.5 versus 17.5 ± 4.2, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

ΔALB acted as an independent predictor in short‐term complications for patients with normal preoperative serum albumin and its diagnostic accuracy was higher than C‐reactive protein on POD 3. It is promising to be a precise and straight predictor for incidence of post‐operative complications to patients with normal preoperative serum albumin.
Infant cholesterol and glycated haemoglobin concentrations vary widely—Associations with breastfeeding, infant diet and maternal biomarkers
Authors: Øyri Linn K. L. , Bogsrud Martin P. , Kristiansen Anne Lene , Myhre Jannicke B. , Retterstøl Kjetil , Brekke Hilde K. , Gundersen Thomas E. , Andersen Lene F. , Holven Kirsten B.
Published: July 2019

Aim

Elevated total cholesterol (TC) and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) are risk factors for cardiovascular disease; however, little is known about their determinants in infants. We aimed to describe TC and HbA1c concentrations in infants aged 8‐14 months and explore the relation between infant TC, HbA1c, breastfeeding, infant diet, and maternal TC and HbA1c.

Methods

In this cross‐sectional pilot study, mothers of infants aged 6 and 12 months were invited to complete a food frequency questionnaire and to take home‐based dried blood spot samples from themselves and their infants.

Results

Among the 143 included infants, the mean (SD, range) concentration was 4.1 (0.8, 2.3‐6.6) mmol/L for TC and 4.9 (0.4, 3.7‐6.0)% for HbA1c. There was no significant difference between age groups and sexes. There was a positive relation between TC concentrations of all infants and mothers (B = 0.30 unadjusted, B = 0.32 adjusted, P < .001 for both) and a negative relation between infant TC and intake of unsaturated fatty acids in the oldest age group (B = −0.09, P = .03 unadjusted, B = −0.08, P = .06 adjusted). Infant HbA1c was not significantly related to diet or maternal HbA1c.

Conclusion

TC and HbA1c concentrations varied widely among infants aged 8‐14 months. Infant TC was associated with macronutrient intake and maternal TC.
An easy and reliable method to close Petersen's defect using barbed suture to prevent internal hernia from developing after gastrectomy with Roux‐en‐Y reconstruction
Authors: Hara Kentaro , Hayashi Tsutomu , Nakazono Masato , Nagasawa Shinsuke , Shimoda Yota , Kumazu Yuta , Yamada Takanobu , Yamamoto Naoto , Shiozawa Manabu , Morinaga Soichiro , Yoshikawa Takaki , Rino Yasushi , Masuda Munetaka , Ogata Takashi , Oshima Takashi
Published: July 2019

Introduction

We propose a novel technique to close Petersen's defect using barbed sutures and evaluate the safety and usefulness of this technique by assessing postoperative complications and measuring the time required to close Petersen's defect.

Materials and Surgical Technique

Petersen's defect was closed laparoscopically with running non‐absorbable barbed sutures (V‐loc®) after a nodal dissection and reconstruction procedure. First, the transverse colon was elevated cranially, making the dorsal side of the transverse mesocolon a flattened surface. The intersection of the transverse mesocolon and Roux limb mesentery was then identified, and closure was started from this point. We continued to sew the transverse mesocolon and Roux limb mesentery toward the transverse colon with a running suture. At the end of suturing, we placed one or two stitches in the fatty appendices of the transverse colon and cut the free tail of thread as short as possible.

Discussion

We investigated postoperative complications and measured the time required to close Petersen's defect in 64 patients who underwent this technique. The results showed that this closure technique could be performed promptly and safely regardless of the patient, surgical procedure, and the experience of the operator.
Enhanced agonist residence time, internalization rate and signalling of the GIP receptor variant [E354Q] facilitate receptor desensitization and long‐term impairment of the GIP system
Authors: Gabe Maria Buur Nordskov , van der Velden Wijnand J. C. , Gadgaard Sarina , Smit Florent Xavier , Hartmann Bolette , Bräuner‐Osborne Hans , Rosenkilde Mette Marie
Published: July 2019

In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the insulinotropic action of the GIP system is desensitized, whereas this is not the case for the GLP‐1 system. This has raised an interesting discussion of whether GIP agonists or antagonists are most suitable for future treatment of T2DM together with GLP‐1‐based therapies. Homozygous carriers of the GIP receptor (GIPR) variant, [E354Q], display lower bone mineral density, increased bone fracture risk and slightly increased blood glucose. Here, we present an in‐depth molecular pharmacological phenotyping of GIPR‐[E354Q]. In silico modelling suggested similar interaction of the endogenous agonist GIP(1‐42) to [E354Q] as to GIPR wt. This was supported by homologous competition binding in COS‐7 cells revealing GIPR wt‐like affinities of GIP(1‐42) with Kd values of ~2 nmol/L and wt‐like agonist association rates (Kon). In contrast, the dissociation rates (Koff) were slower, resulting in 25% higher agonist residence time for GIPR‐[E354Q]. Moreover, in Gαs signalling (cAMP production) GIP(1‐42) was ~2‐fold more potent and more efficacious on GIPR‐[E354Q] compared to wt with 17.5% higher basal activity. No difference from GIPR wt was found in the recruitment of β‐arrestin 2, whereas the agonist‐induced internalization rate was 2.1‐ to 2.3‐fold faster for [E354Q]. Together with the previously described impaired recycling of [E354Q], our findings with enhanced signalling and internalization rate possibly explained by an altered ligand‐binding kinetics will lead to receptor desensitization and down‐regulation. This could explain the long‐term functional impairment of the GIP system in bone metabolism and blood sugar maintenance for [E354Q] carriers and may shed light on the desensitization of the insulinotropic action of GIP in patients with T2DM.
Labor patterns in Asian American women with vaginal birth and normal perinatal outcomes
Authors: Lu Danni , Zhang Lin , Duan Tao , Zhang Jun
Published: July 2019

Background

The pattern of normal labor progression can help to define prolonged labor and dystocia. Several studies had tried to establish the process of normal labor in different races. Previous findings in Asian women were limited and often incomparable. Our aim was to examine labor patterns in Asian American women.

Study design

A total of 3079 women with singleton term gestation, vertex presentation, vaginal delivery, and a normal perinatal outcome were extracted from the Consortium on Safe Labor study. A repeated measure analysis and an interval‐censored regression were applied to depict the average labor curves and estimate the time interval of cervical dilation by 1 cm, respectively. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess the impact of oxytocin augmentation. The cumulative duration of the 1st stage of labor was calculated to draw a partograph.

Results

It took an average of 5.2 hours for nulliparous Asian women with spontaneous labor onset to complete the 1st stage of labor, and the 95th centile was 14.4 hours. Labor progressed at a similar rate between nulliparous and multiparous women before 6 cm. Afterward, multiparous women progressed noticeably faster than nulliparous women. The differences in labor duration between women with and without oxytocin augmentation were <0.5 hour for both nulliparous and multiparous women.

Conclusions

A new partograph that restricted the diagnosis of dystocia to the slowest 5% of nulliparous women with normal perinatal outcomes was proposed. The labor pattern in Asian American women was similar to that of the overall United States population.
Geography and geographic information science: An evolving relationship
Authors: Goodchild Michael F.
Published: July 2019

GISystems have strong and longstanding roots in Geography, stemming from early developments in the 1960s and 1970s that defined a first phase of their relationship. But as the uses and sophistication of geospatial technology have grown and spread across virtually all areas of the academy, reducing Geography's claim to ownership, that relationship to Geography has evolved in new directions, forming a second phase. The critiques of the early 1990s have led to research into the societal context and social implications of GISystems that remains largely centred in Geography; techniques for the analysis of data embedded in space and time remain strongly associated with Geography; and rigorous principles have been discovered under the umbrella of GIScience that are widely recognized within and outside Geography. Today the relationship has entered a third phase, defined by the new opportunities that are being created by the growth of data science, by new sensors, and by new areas of application, suggesting that the relationship between Geography and GIScience will continue to evolve in interesting and exciting ways.
Divergent Thinking Promotes Deductive Reasoning in Preschoolers
Authors: de Chantal Pier‐Luc , Gagnon‐St‐Pierre Émilie , Markovits Henry
Published: July 2019

This study explored the hypothesis that preschoolers’ deductive reasoning would be improved by encouraging use of divergent thinking (DT). Children of 4–5 years of age (n = 120) were randomly given DT or neutral control exercises before deductive reasoning problems. To allow a stronger test of the hypothesis, half of the children receiving the DT exercises were given explicit examples, which have been shown to reduce ideational originality. Results indicate that, as predicted, DT exercises without examples significantly improved rates of deductive responding, compared to exercises with examples and the control condition. These findings indicate that DT is a key component in the early beginnings of deductive reasoning. Some educational implications are discussed.
Detection and Synthesis of Full‐Body Environment Interactions for Virtual Humans
Authors: Juarez‐Perez A. , Kallmann M.
Published: July 2019

We present a new methodology for enabling virtual humans to autonomously detect and perform complex full‐body interactions with their environments. Given a parameterized walking controller and a set of motion‐captured example interactions, our method is able to detect when interactions can occur and to coordinate the detected upper‐body interaction with the walking controller in order to achieve full‐body mobile interactions in similar situations. Our approach is based on learning spatial coordination features from the example motions and on associating body‐environment proximity information to the body configurations of each performed action. Body configurations become the input to a regression system, which in turn is able to generate new interactions for different situations in similar environments. The regression model is capable of selecting, encoding and replicating key spatial strategies with respect to body coordination and management of environment constraints as well as determining the correct moment in time and space for starting an interaction. As a result, we obtain an interactive controller able to detect and synthesize coordinated full‐body motions for a variety of complex interactions requiring body mobility. Our results achieve complex interactions, such as opening doors and drawing in a wide whiteboard. The presented approach introduces the concept of learning interaction coordination models that can be applied on top of any given walking controller. The obtained method is simple and flexible, it handles the detection of possible interactions and is suitable for real‐time applications.
Aryl and heteroaryl azo dyes derived from 6, 8‐dichloro‐4‐hydroxyquinolin‐2 (1H)‐one: synthesis, characterisation, solvatochromism and spectroscopic properties
Authors: Moradi Rufchahi Enayat Ollah , Ghanadzadeh Gilani Ali
Published: July 2019

In this research study, 6, 8‐dichloro‐4‐hydroxyquinolin‐2(1H)‐one was prepared by the thermal cyclocondensation of 2‐(2, 4‐dichlorophenylcarbamoyl) acetic acid or N, Nʹ‐bis(2,4‐dichlorophenyl)malonamide at 140‐150°C in polyphosphoric acid, resulting in a yield of 48%. This compound was then coupled with a series of diazonium salts derived from aromatic and heteroaromatic amines for synthesis of the corresponding azo dyes. The structures of the compounds were confirmed using elemental analysis as well as ultraviolet‐visible, Fourier Transform‐infrared and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The effects of organic solvents with different polarities, pH values and substituents of the diazotising components on the maximum absorption wavelength of the colorants were discussed and evaluated in detail. The acidity constants (pKa) of the dyes were also determined using the spectrophotometric method in an ethanol‐water mixture (80:20, v/v) at 20‐23°C.
Long non‐coding RNA HOTAIR/microRNA‐206 sponge regulates STC2 and further influences cell biological functions in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Li Tiancheng , Qin Yao , Zhen Zhen , Shen Hong , Cong Tiechuan , Schiferle Erik , Xiao Shuifang
Published: July 2019

Objective

It is essential to characterize underlying molecular mechanism associated with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and identify promising therapeutic targets. Herein, we explored role of homeobox transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR) in HNSCC to regulate stanniocalcin‐2 (STC2) by sponging microRNA‐206 (miR‐206).

Methods

HNSCC‐related differentially expressed genes and regulation network amongst HOTAIR, miR‐206 and STC2 were identified. Next, effect of HOTAIR on cell biological functions of HNSCC was identified after transfection of cells with HOTAIR overexpressed plasmids or siRNA against HOTAIR. PI3K/AKT signalling pathway‐related gene expression was measured after miR‐206 and STC2 were suppressed. Cell invasion, migration and proliferation were assessed. Finally, tumour growth was assessed to determine the effects of HOTAIR/miR‐206/STC2 axis in vivo.

Results

HOTAIR specifically bound to miR‐206 and miR‐206 targeted STC2. Downregulated HOTAIR or upregulated miR‐206 suppressed HNSCC cell proliferation, invasion and migration. miR‐206 inhibited PI3K/AKT signalling pathway by down‐regulating STC2. Besides, silenced HOTAIR or overexpressed miR‐206 repressed the tumour growth of nude mice with HNSCC.

Conclusion

HOTAIR regulated HNSCC cell biological functions by binding to miR‐206 through STC2.