bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Roman Oligarchy
Authors: Syme Ronald
Published: October 2023

When the patricians expelled the kings from Rome, they were careful to retain the kingly power, vested in a pair of annual magistrates; and though compelled in time to admit the plebeians to :r.olitical equality, certain of the great patrician houses, Valeni, Fabii and Comelii, none the less held in turn a dynastic and almost regal position.1 The Senate again, being a permanent body, arrogated to itself power, and after conceding sovranty to the assembly of the People was able to frustrate its exercise. The two consuls remained at the head of the government, but policy was largely directed by ex-consuls. These men ruled, as did the Senate, not in virtue o written law, but through auctoritas; and the name of principes civitatis came suitably to be applied to the more prominent of the consulars. The consulate did not merely confer power upon its holder and dignity for life: it ennobled a family for ever. Within the Senate, itself an oligarchy, a narrow ring, namely the nobiles, or descendants of consular houses, whether patrician or plebeian in origin, regarded the supreme magistracy as the prerogative of birth and the prize of ambition.
The Senior Statesman
Authors: Syme Ronald
Published: October 2023

IN the Senate three men of consular rank had spoken against Antonius, namely L. Piso, P. Servilius and Cicero, and therefore might be said to have encouraged the designs of Octavianus. That was all they had in common-in character, career and policy the three consulars were discordant and irreconcilable. Piso, an aristocrat of character and discernment, united loyalty to Roman standards of conduct with a lively appreciation of the literature and philosophy of Hellas: he was the friend and patron of Philodemus, the poet and scholar. Though elegant in his tastes, Piso suited his way of living to his family tradition and to his fortune, which would not have supported ostentatious display and senseless luxury.2 Being the father-in-law of Caesar, and elected through the agency of Pompeius and Caesar to the consulate, Piso saw no occasion to protect Cicero from the threat, sentence and consequences of exile. Cicero remembered and attacked Piso for his conduct of the governorship of Macedonia, both before and after the proconsul returned, on any excuse. Piso replied, no doubt with some effect. Nor did any political enemy or ambitious youth come forward to arraign by prosecution a proconsul alleged to have been corrupt, incompetent and calamitous. Pisa, however, withdrew more and more from active politics. Yet his repute, or at least his influence, is sufficiently demonstrated by his election, though reluctant, to the censorship in 50 B.c., an honour to which many consulars must have aspired as due recognition of public service and political wisdom.
The Succession
Authors: Syme Ronald
Published: October 2023

HREE dangers ever beset the domination of a party-there may arise dissension among its directors, the nominal leader. may emancipate himself from control, or he may be removed by death. For the moment, Augustus had his way. He was left in 6.B.C. with the two boys, th one in his fourteenth, the other in his eleventh year. The Pnnceps had broken loose from the Caesarian party, alienated his deputy and a section at least of his adherents. While Augustus lived, he maintained peace and the dynasty. But Augustus was now aged fifty-seven. The crisis could not long be postponed.
Identities
Authors: Heskett John
Published: October 2023

Objects and environments can be used by people to construct a sense of who they are, to express their sense of identity. The construction of identity, however, goes much further than an expression of who someone is; it can be a deliberate attempt by individuals and organizations, even nations, to create a particular image and meaning intended to shape, even pre-empt, what others perceive and understand.
Futures
Authors: Heskett John
Published: October 2023

Two themes have recurred throughout this book: the extent of variations in design practice, and the manner in which it is being affected by far-reaching changes in technology, markets, and cultures. Design cannot remain isolated from these wider patterns, but the situation is confused. As in previous historical phases of change, a point arrives at which consciousness of the extent of change becomes a pressing issue, but uncertainty about what will eventuate means few definitive answers are available. Since the early 1980s, attempts to adapt old forms and processes to new purposes have been juxtaposed with wild experiments and many overconfident pronouncements of what the future will be. If the basic proposition in this book is that design has evolved historically in a layered pattern, rather than a linear evolution in which new developments eliminate previous manifestations, then we can expect new layers to be added that will alter the role and relationships of pre-existing modes.
The Dark Side Of Chloroform
Authors: Snow Stephanie J
Published: October 2023

Chloroform was the Jekyll and Hyde of the Victorian drug market. Its anaesthetic powers cocooned patients in oblivion, protected them from the pain and suffering of operations, and enshrined the humanitarian impulse of modern civilization. It could also serve as the antithesis of all that was good and merciful becoming, in criminal hands, a highly effective tool of manipulation and control. Its associations with abductions, murders, and rape cases, as well as its well-known predilection to kill patients who inhaled it during surgery without warning, fuelled myths and legends about its potency.
Prelude: An Arctic Vision
Authors: McGhee Robert
Published: October 2023

I First Became Aware of the Arctic during the 1950s, when I was a teenager whose world was limited to the well-tended farmlands and tame urban environments of Ontario. It is hard to remember how exotic most remote places seemed to us in those days, when air travel was a rare luxury and television offered only a few blurry channels depicting life in New York, London or occasionally Toronto. The little we knew of distant environments came mostly from books and movies, and from the imaginary journeys that they stimulated. Our ignorance gave travel writers the freedom to create visions of romantic landscapes and exotic peoples that at times were only tenuously related to reality.
A Distant Paradise: The Arctic in Ancient Thought
Authors: McGhee Robert
Published: October 2023

On a Cold Summer Evening in 1959, I first heard the story of the mysterious tropical valley in the Arctic.The constructioncamp bunkhouse in the British Columbia mountains had settled into its after-supper routine. Most of the younger guys were out working on their pickup trucks or had disappeared down the rutted logging road to the town at the bottom of the valley.The elders of the camp were lying in their bunks, smoking and listening to rain on the tarpaper roof, staring at the ceiling or leafing through tabloid newspapers, too weary after a wet day on a chainsaw to do more than talk and wait for sleep. Conversation drifted through the usual topics: memories of home in the Maritimes, Budapest or on the Saskatchewan farm; laments about the new government tax that was killing jobs in construction; war stories from Korea and Europe.
Vikings and Arctic Farmers: The Norse Atlantic Saga
Authors: McGhee Robert
Published: October 2023

On a Warm and Cloudless August Afternoon the Viking ship Gaia approached the coast of North America.The huge sail pumped gently with a steady following breeze as the ship rode, lightly as a resting gull, across the ridges and valleys of a long northeasterly swell. Sunlight glinted from icebergs and flared on the distant spouts of whales.The grey cliffs of Newfoundland rose to starboard, and the foaming wake curled away towards Greenland.This tiny, fragile shell of wood had steered through fields of deadly ice, ridden over shoals that would have torn the bottom from a deeper ship, and passed through storms while taking no more than spray over the rails. Its crew was as confident and comfortable as if they were aboard a modern sailing yacht.
The English Medieval Army To 1485
Authors: Prestwich Michael
Published: October 2023

A contemporary poet described the great host which Edward I led north from Carlisle in 1930. The army was divided into four main cavalry divisions, one composed almost exclusively of the king’s own household troops. The sight was splendid: ‘There were many rich caparisons embroidered on silks and satins; many a beautiful pennon fixed to a lance, many a banner displayed. The neighing of horses was heard from afar; the mountains and valleys were covered with packhorses and waggons with provisions, tents and pavilions.’ In this romantic picture, the foot soldiers scarcely obtained a mention, nor did the poet think to explain how it was that the king was able to recruit an army which totalled over 10,000 men. The explanation would not have been easy, for on this occasion most of the normal medieval methods of recruitment were employed. The army was commanded by the king himself, and some of the cavalry were paid regular members of the royal household. Others were present because landowners had been requested to provide military service under the terms by which they held their land. Yet others served voluntarily at their own expense. Many knights and men-at-arms had entered into contracts to serve a magnate as part of his retinue. There were even a few foreign mercenaries. The infantry were mostly there unwillingly, recruited by royal commissioners. They were paid for their service, but their columns were diminished daily by desertion.
The Army And The First British Empire 1714–1783
Authors: Hayter Tony
Published: October 2023

The response of the British army in the eighteenth century to overseas campaigning was at first slow and uncertain. The operations in North America in the 1740s showed not much advance in technique from the isolated operations there in Queen Anne’s reign, and in the Caribbean little seems to have been learned since Elizabethan times. A certain confidence in planning and execution can be observed in the Seven Years War, but up until 1783 the experience of troops abroad was harsh and bitter, and the hazards, particularly of tropical disease, were appalling. In the years after the great reduction of the army after the Treaty of Utrecht no more than nine regiments of foot were stationed overseas. Of these four served in Minorca, three in Gibraltar, one in North America, and one in the West Indies. The Gibraltar garrison was from time to time reinforced above this figure if danger threatened from Spain. During these years the troops endured all the difficulties of long garrison duty: acute boredom relieved by alcohol and punctuated by the spectacle of savage military punishment, an inadequate monotonous diet, and ever-present danger, not from His Majesty’s enemies but from lethal epidemics. The regiments on Gibraltar were losing men through disease at the rate of 17 per cent a year during the 1740s.
The Four Armies1914–1918
Authors: Simkins Peter
Published: October 2023

Britain’s army in the First World War was the largest in the nation’s history. Between August 1914 and November 1918, 5,704,416men passed through its ranks. Of the 4,970,902 who joined after the outbreak of war, 2,446,719 were volunteers. The overall total of those who served represented slightly over 22 per cent of the male population of the United Kingdom. The creation of the country’s first ever mass citizen army was the product of a gigantic act of national improvisation which had considerable repercussions throughout British society. Increased government intervention in many aspects of daily life, the greater participation of women in industry, and the growing influence of organized labour were all given enormous impetus by the rapid expansion of the army and the parallel mobilization of manufacturing resources necessary to maintain it in the field.
The British Way In Warfare
Authors: Strachan Hew
Published: October 2023

There has never been a British way in warfare. If this is too provocative a proposition with which to begin a chapter devoted to that very title, let it be clear that what is referred to is a precise proposition, not a loosely based collection of strategic ideas. In 1932 Basil Liddell Hart declared that the purpose of his book, The British Way in Warfare, ‘is to show that there has been a distinctively British practice of war, based on experience and proved by three centuries of success’. That practice was ‘based, above all, on mobility and surprise— apt to Britain’s natural conditions and aptly used to enhance her relative strength while exploiting her opponent’s weakness’. Britain’s ‘natural condition’ was maritime and ‘her relative strength’ was naval: the mobility and surprise to which Liddell Hart referred were therefore not the tactics of land warfare but the ?exibility vouchsafed by dominance of the seas. ‘This naval body’, he went on, ‘had two arms; one financial, which embraced the subsidizing and military provisioning of allies; the other military, which embraced sea-borne expeditions against the enemy’s vulnerable extremities.’ But, for all its pretence to the contrary, Liddell Hart’s book was not a history of British strategy. Indeed only one chapter was devoted to its declared purpose; the rest was a collection of largely unrelated essays on contemporary issues. Liddell Hart dressed up the past so that he could use it as evidence in support of his prescriptions for the future. Objectivity was never part of his repertoire. That is not a criticism in itself, for he made his intentions perfectly plain in the foreword to The British Way in Warfare.
Towards The Future
Authors: Yardley Michael
Published: October 2023

The future of the British army is currently more uncertain than at any time since the end of the Second World War. Under the Options For Change policy first announced by the British government in July 1990, and confirmed in the Defence White Paper of July 1992, the numbers of both the regular and Territorial Army are to be reduced considerably. The stated intention is to create a ‘smaller but better’ army more suited to the new international situation. Today’s army is made up of over 200,000 men and women; at the time of writing there are 145,000 in the regular army, and 70,000 in the Territorials. By the mid-1990s it is planned that the regular army should number 116,000 and the Territorial Army about 60,000. This target will be achieved largely by natural wastage but there will be some redundancies: most units will be affected, but the proposed cuts in the Teeth Arms are especially notable. By April 1995the Household Cavalry and Royal Armoured Corps will have declined from twenty to twelve regiments, the Royal Artillery from fourteen to nine, the Royal Engineers from fifteen to ten, and the Royal Signals from fifteen to ten. By April 1998 the number of infantry battalions is also likely to have diminished from fifty-five to thirty-eight. Only the Army Air Corps will keep the same number of regiments (six). The Teeth Arms will retain the regimental system, but with the amalgamations of many units and with some being put into suspended animation. The cuts in the supporting services, however, are accompanied by a major reorganization which moves in a less traditional direction. To quote the 1992 defence White Paper: ‘radical restructuring of the support organization and systems is well in hand. The logistical functions of service support and equipment support will be grouped into two larger corps’.
The Stirrings of New Nationalism
Authors: Boehmer Elleke
Published: October 2023

Colonial literature in its exploratory and expansionist phases proclaimed cultural superiority and rightness. However, as was suggested earlier, the confidence which underlay colonial activity was not to last. Conrad’s dark colonial tales and Kipling’s brooding hymn ‘Recessional’ (1897) were proved percipient in their foreboding. By the beginning of the twentieth century Britain had begun to show signs of severe imperial overstretch. The humiliations of the Boer War, in particular, laid bare the vulnerability of the Empire.
Metropolitans and Mimics
Authors: Boehmer Elleke
Published: October 2023

The twentieth-century recognition of the non-West by the West was earlier described as regenerative, a recognition of reciprocal affinities. It represented a new accessibility of what had once been disavowed as strange. But if viewed in terms of relative power and status, the semblance of reciprocity recedes.
HOW?
Authors: Fitzpatrick David
Published: October 2023

The preceding chapters have outlined the contending forces in Ireland’s revolutionary epoch, the ideologies which justified their conduct, and the contradictions between the rhetoric of lib- eration and the practical pursuit of power. These elements help to explain Irish responses to the political opportunities and chal-lenges of the period, but they alone cannot account for the actual course of change. Each phase of the revolutionary process was circumscribed and moulded by external factors such as British party politics, world war, and the post-war reorganization of Europe, which combined to generate a fatal cycle of response and counter-response, resistance and coercion.
Introduction
Authors: Ashton T S
Published: October 2023

IN THE short span 9f years between the accession of George III and that of his son, William IV, the face of England changed. Areas that for centuries had been cultivated as open fields, or had lain untended as common pasture, were hedged or fenced; hamlets grew into populous towns; and chimney stacks rose to dwarf the ancient spires. Highroads were made—straighter, stronger, and wider than those evil communications that had corrupted the good manners of travellers in the days of Defoe. The North and Irish Seas, and the navigable reaches of the Mersey, Ouse, Trent, Severn, Thames, Forth, and Clydewere joined together by threads of still water. In the North the first iron rails were laid down for the new locomotives, and steam packets began to ply on the estuaries and the narrow seas.
The Voice Of The Past
Authors: Thompson Paul
Published: October 2023

In this revised edition of Paul Thompson's successful book, he traces oral history through its own past and weighs up the recent achievements of this international movement. He challenges myths of historical scholarship and looks at the use of oral sources by the historian. The author offers advice on designing a project; discusses reliability of oral evidence; considers the context of the development of historical writing including it's social function.; and looks at memory, the self and the use of drama and therapy. This new edition has been substantially revised and updated and includes an expanded discussion of narrative approaches and new technology used in the recording of information. Reviews from the second edition of Voice of the Past: Oral History 'Paul Thompson is a passionate and convincing crusader in the cause of oral history' The Times Educational Supplement 'It must be rare in modern academic life to replace your own unrivalled book after 10 years with an even better one, but he has done so. His new material on memory and the self, and on drama as therapy, should be read by literary critics in their infancy.' The Independent '...the first book to combine a theory of oral history, the technical processes involved, and a road map of where oral evidence fits into the landscape of western historiography.' American Historical Review
The Achievement of Oral History
Authors: Thompson Paul
Published: October 2023

How do we measure the achievement of oral history? Against a roll-call of its long past: Herodotus, Bede, Clarendon, Scott, Michelet, Mayhew ... ? Or its present ambitions and diversity? It is not possible to mark any clear boundary around the work of a movement which brings together so many different kinds of specialists.
Evidence
Authors: Thompson Paul
Published: October 2023

How reliable is the evidence of oral history? The question will be familiar to any practicing oral historian. Our first task here will be to take it at face value, and to see how oral evidence stands up when ‘ assessed and evaluated in exactly the same way that you evaluate any other kind of historical evidence’. But as we shall see, the question poses a false choice.
Interpretation: The Making of History
Authors: Thompson Paul
Published: October 2023

The evidence has now been collected, sorted, and worked into an accessible form: the sources are at our disposal. But how do we put them together? How do we make history from them? We shall have to consider, first, what choices may be made in the manner and shape of presentation. Next, how do we evaluate our evidence? Thirdly comes the heart of the matter, interpretation: how do we relate the evidence we have found to wider patterns and theories of history? How do we construct meaning in history? And finally, we shall take a concluding look ahead, at the impact which we might hope for from oral evidence on the making of history in the future.
Apartheid, 1948-1961
Authors: Beinart William
Published: October 2023

Striking documentary film footage records the ageing but wiry Jan Smuts descending the steps of the Union buildings in Pretoria in 1948 to take his leave following his election defeat. His place on the hill of power, in the building designed by Baker on a koppie overlooking the valley of Pretoria, was taken by D. F. Malan-for over thirty years a ‘solid, conservative’ nationalist. This was a moment when white politics mattered deeply. For fifty years South Africa had been ruled by men who had cut their political teeth at the turn of the century in the politics of the South African War and the compromises of Union. In retrospect, they appear relatively pragmatic. But the age of the generals was over and that of the ideologues and technocrats had begun. These were men who came of age in the inter-war depression years-a time of extremes.
Economic Uncertainties: Redistribution, Class Formation, and Growth
Authors: Beinart William
Published: October 2023

South Africa has been one of the most unequal societies in the world. At the heart of ANC policy, historically, was a commitment to address poverty and social inequality experienced over whelmingly by black people. During the negotiations of the early 1990s, the ANC dropped many of its socialist ideas and accepted entrenchment of existing private property rights. The key capital ist institutions survived the transition. Use of the term ‘comrade’ to address supporters of political liberation gradually faded in the 1990s.
A Disordered Fortress: Passive Resistance, the Cuno Government, and the Destruction of the German Mark
Authors: Feldman Gerald D
Published: October 2023

The fate of the German mark in 1923 rapidly overshadowed the prolonged deterioration which it had undergone since 1914 and even its parlous condition in 1922. How, after all, can a deterioration of 1:1,500 against the dollar between 1919 and the end of 1922 compare to the 1:4,200,000,000,000 ratio of the mark to the dollar at the end of November 1923? From this perspective, it was perfectly correct for even so knowledgeable a person as Willy Prion to contrast the “small inflation” until the end of 1922 with the “big inflation” of 1923.1 And yet, the events of 1923 in major respects completed processes well under way in 1922 or before. Indeed, one can even argue that the crisis year of 1923 recapitulated in exaggerated and often grotesque form the entire range of decisions and conditions that had propelled the inflation since 1914, but did so in such a way that the ultimate delegitimation of the inflation could only be achieved by carrying the inflation to a literalized conclusion; namely, the liquidating of the mark. The “bigness” of the 1923 inflation helps to explain not only why the more positive aspects of the postwar inflation for Germany’s reconstruction were lost to collective memory but also why the preexisting condition of hyperinflation in the last half of 1922 has often been enveloped in historical consciousness by the much greater catastrophe of 1923.
Saving the Stabilization, December 1923–April 1924
Authors: Feldman Gerald D
Published: October 2023

Needless to say, the believability of the currency reform had not automatically been established by its implementation. Such credibility would depend on repeated confirmation, especially through direct and usually unpleasant experience demonstrating that the government meant business. Neither the Munich lawyer Karl Lowenstein nor his friends, for example, believed that the Rentenmark would end the inflation. Returning from a trip to Italy and having arrived at the German border after November 20, however, he confronted valorized train fare that had to be paid with much more money than he had. When he asked the agent at the ticket counter how he was supposed to get to Munich, that worthy pointed to the dozens of hanging watches in his booth and invited Herr Lowenstein to join the crowd of those who had pawned their watches as security for a train trip. The experience undoubtedly contributed to the revision of Lowenstein’s attitude toward the currency reform.1
Hard Times, Hard Feelings, Hard Money
Authors: Sellers Charles
Published: October 2023

The Panic of 1819 was a traumatic awakening to the capitalist reality of boom and-bust. Not until the postwar boom had the market spread far enough to inflict general prostration in bust. Suddenly everyone committed to the money economy was in peril, as bank notes depreciated in their pockets. Distress was most acute in the cities, where the insecurity of the growing new class of wage laborers was now fully demonstrated. As customers stopped buying and businesses failed, an estimated half million workers were left without means of support, fifty thousand in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. In Philadelphia three out of four workers were reported idle, and 1,808 were jailed for unpaid debts. Philanthropic groups distributed soup to the starving and passed out recipes for a “cheap, wholesome, and savoury” concoction of rice and mutton suet gravy that could feed a family of six for three cents. The eight thousand public paupers who alarmed other New Yorkers in 1819 swelled in a year to nearly thirteen thou sand. Everywhere the traditional mechanic dream of owning a modest home was shattered as missed mortgage payments triggered a wave of foreclosures. Even the smaller towns faced “the prospect of families naked-children freezing in the winter’s storm-and the fathers without coats and shoes to enable them” to work. And everywhere the cities and towns lost population as the destitute fled back to kin in the countryside for subsistence.
Ethos vs. Eros
Authors: Sellers Charles
Published: October 2023

The Semicentennial of American independence was a more than symbolic watershed. During the jubilee year that peaked on the Fourth of July 1826, returning prosperity set off the decisive phase of market revolution, cultural as well as economic. While Finneyism blazed with the first flood of commerce along the Grand Canal, the Benevolent Empire’s major societies federated nationally for cultural conquest and a national temperance movement surged up to school a spreading “middle class’ in self-disciplined effort. The so-called middle class was constituted not by mode and relations of production but by ideology. Where nobilities and priesthoods left folk cultures little disturbed, capital feeding on human effort claimed hegemony over all classes. A numerous and dispersed bourgeoisie of small-scale enterprisers pushed both them selves and their workers to staggering effort by mythologizing class as a moral category. Scorning both the handful of idle rich and the multitude of dissolute poor, they apotheosized a virtuous middle class of the effortful. The “business man “originally a man conspicuously busy-became the archetype of a culture of busyness. Atomizing society into a marketplace rewarding each according to effort, middle-class mythology both fueled and justified success to quell rising anger over the class reality of bourgeois exploitation. It appealed especially to a growing new class of “white-collar” clerks, salesmen, and bookkeepers aspiring to bourgeois enterprise.
The Labor of Leisure
Authors: Kaplan Marion A
Published: October 2023

Conscious that home and family life represented “the success of the enterprise,” the German-Jewish writer Lina Morgenstern reminded her readers: “Family life is the sphere in which the extent of our economic success is presented. No one should control this sphere more than the wife.”1 This assignment, however, required a delicate balancing act. Women were expected to reflect the status and wealth of their husbands in the way they organized their own and their families’ leisure time, in the friends they made, and in the entertainment they chose. Yet they had to avoid frivolity and ostentation in order to negate frequent charges of excessive materialism made by anti-Semites. The stock figure of the Jewish woman as a haughty, vulgar, status-flaunting cultural boor found in popular humorous joumals haunted the emergence of a substantial Jewish leisure class, causing increased tension within an already hypersensitive acculturating Jewish community. Thus Jewish women had to “smooth things over,” exhibiting the tokens of new wealth while avoiding all con spicuous consumption and parvenu behavior.
Jewish Women Confront Academia
Authors: Kaplan Marion A
Published: October 2023

Only in the first decade of the twentieth century did German universities officially admit women, years behind other Western industrial nations. Despite Jewish and German patriarchal traditions which considered too much education “unfeminine,” when the doors of higher education finally opened to women, the proportion of German-Jewish women students was high, although their actual numbers were small. In an era which saw the beginning of the mass university and the concomitant entry of women into this male bastion, German-Jewish women were drawn to the high schools and universities. Why was this the case? And what were their experi ences with regard to the sexist and racist stereotypes and discrimination they encountered?
Woman Suffrage and Women’s Political Power: The Consequences of the Nineteenth Amendment
Authors: Chafe William H
Published: October 2023

In Many Ways, the mood of women activists at the end of the suffrage battle was like that of young idealists forty years later, at the beginning of the 1960s. A new era appeared to be dawning, and nothing seemed beyond the reach of the bold and brilliant reformers who were about to take over. De scribing one group of women activists, the intellectual Randolph Bourne wrote: “They have an amazing combination of wisdom and youthfulness, of humor and ability, and innocence and self-reliance …They are of course all self-supporting and independent, and they enjoy the adventure of life; the full, reliant, audacious way in which they go about makes you wonder if the new woman isn’t to be very splendid sort of person.”
Women In Industry
Authors: Chafe William H
Published: October 2023

On The Night of November 23, 1909, thousands of shirtwaist makers gath ered at New York’s Cooper Union to protest the wages and working conditions in the city’s garment industry. Some of the women earned as little as $3.50 a week. Others were forced to buy the needles and thread they used on the job and to pay for their own electricity. In the preceding months, tensions between workers and employers had worsened, and now the women had been called together by the International Ladies Garment Workers Union (ILGWU) to voice their grievances. The meeting progressed in orderly fashion until, suddenly, a young Russian woman stood up and announced that she had heard enough speeches. “I am one who thinks and feels from the things they describe,” she declared. “I too have worked and suffered. I am tired of talking. I move that we go on general strike.” The young woman’s plea electrified the crowd, and within minutes, her motion to strike received thunderous applause. By the next night, over 25,000 garment workers had walked off their jobs.
The Paradox of Change
Authors: Chafe William H
Published: October 2023

When Japan Surrlndered in August 1945, the American people rejoiced in the victorious end to their long struggle. Church bells pealed, families pre pared to welcome back loved ones who had been at the front, and national leaders praised the dedication of soldiers and war workers who had made the victory possible. No one knew for sure, however, what would happen to women in a world at peace. The nation had experienced fifteen years of uninterrupted turbulence, moving from a decade of depression through nearly half a decade of war. In that time span, attitudes toward women had fluctuated dramatically. In 1938, over 80 percent of the American people strongly op posed work by married women. Five years later, over 60 percent approved of such employment. In each case, public opinion had been shaped in large part by the exigencies of a crisis situation. Now with the return of peace, the future social and economic roles of women became a focal point for contro versy.
The Debate on Woman’s Place
Authors: Chafe William H
Published: October 2023

In the summer of 1947, Life magazine featured a special thirteen-page spread on the “American Woman’s Dilemma.” The title of the piece summed up its central thesis. A growing number of modern women, the editors claimed, were confused and frustrated by the conflict between traditional ideas about woman’s place and the increasing reality of female involvement in activities outside the home. At an earlier time, the editors asserted, such a conflict had not existed. A woman had been required to make only one big decision—her choice of a husband. Thereafter, her life revolved exclusively about the duties of the household. The woman of 1947, however, faced a more complicated set of options. She still wanted to get married and have children, but she also wished to participate in the world beyond the home, especially after the early years of child rearing were over. The problem was that cultural norms made little provision for women who were not homemakers. One of the by-products of the war, it seemed, was a deepening sense of bewilderment among many American women over how to define their identity in a society that failed to offer adequate alternatives.
The Best of Times, the Worst of Times
Authors: Chafe William H
Published: October 2023

In many respects, the 1970s and 1980s provided an ideal barometer for measuring the impact on women’s status of the changes that had occurred during the postwar era. The 1940s and 1950s had been a time of paradox, with significant behavioral changes in women’s economic activities occurring simultaneously with a resurgence of traditional patriarchal attitudes that defined women’s “place”—rigidly and anachronistically—as being strictly in the home. With the revitalization of a dynamic feminist movement in the 1960s, however, an opportunity arose for reconciling attitudes and behavior and, potentially at least, for creating an ideological mandate for moving toward substantive equality between the sexes.
Regaining Professional Stability
Authors: Jarausch Konrad H
Published: October 2023

During the mid-1920s, economic recovery began to brighten the political prospects of the Weimar Republic. The annual VDI report concluded that “the stabilization of the currency in late 1923 liberated the German people from the enervating tensions of speculation and, in spite of remaining obstacles, made it slowly possible for the productive forces of the economy to gather strength.
Prologue: Industrial Languedoc from Colbert to Chaptal
Authors: Johnson Christopher H
Published: October 2023

“Upper Languedoc has grain and this country [lower Languedoc] harvests oils, besides its manufactures. But everyone knows that the fruits of the earth … are exposed to a thousand hazards before they reach maturity, and that it is not the same with manufactures, [for] they depend on the artistry, in dustriousness, and application of men.” Thus did Intendant Henri d’Aguesseau, a Colbertian through and through, reassure skeptics in the Estates of Languedoc in 1681 that their interest-free loans to the Royal Manufactures of fine woolens at Saptes and Villenouvette would bear fruit.
Restoration Uncertainties
Authors: Johnson Christopher H
Published: October 2023

If the political seesaw of 1814-15 gave rise to new horrors in the religion torn Gard, the rest of lower Languedoc moved grumpily through the up heavals without any significant resort to violence. Not that its inhabitants were politically indifferent, but politics here was understood to revolve around two essential concerns: material interest and resentment against the French state. When the first received satisfaction, the second abated. Hence the Consulat and the early Empire, providing relative prosperity for most Languedocians, quieted conflicts rooted in antinational feelings. As these conditions waned, saying no to Paris reappeared. Royalism in the Herault was hardly a matter of ideals.
A Mining Empire That Might Have Been
Authors: Johnson Christopher H
Published: October 2023

In general, the extractive industries of the south showed great promise during the earlier phases of French industrialization. The upper Loire and Gier valleys, the wild country above Ales, Grand’Combe and Besseges, the group of villages that became known as Decazeville, and the hills of Carmaux developed coal mining and its attendant industries (metallurgy or glass making) at a rapid pace during the first half of the nineteenth century. It is important to underline the fact that the industrialists involved went far beyond the mere exploitation of raw materials to be utilized elsewhere.
Deindustrialization
Authors: Johnson Christopher H
Published: October 2023

The attentive reader might have wondered what happened to Michel Chevalier in the course of the 1867-68 round of discussions about the rail future of the arrondissement of Lodeve. If he did not possess quite the stature of Cardinal Fleury, Chevalier was undoubtedly the most powerful defender Lodeve had had for a very long time. But, despite his later grousing about “mysterious influences,” he was remarkably silent-at least with his pen through these last trials. The answer is rather simple: Chevalier had by then lost interest personally and, one may suppose, his individualist/libertarian principles (or naked self-interest as others might put it) permitted him to stop banging his head against the walls of northern power. Indeed, what he had done was to submit to northern power.
“The Stern Realities of War”
Authors: Cobb James C
Published: October 2023

As its plantation economy boomed in the 1850s, the Yazoo Delta seemed to offer nothing less than the answer to a cotton planter’s prayers. Its self-replenishing soils could never be worn out, and its year-round work demands made it the ideal environment for the maximum exploitation of slave labor. Near the end of the 1850s, the state geologist of Mississippi predicted that within a century “whatever the Delta of the Nile may once have been, will only be a shadow of what the alluvial plain of the Mississippi will then be. It will be the central point-the garden spot of the North American continent-where wealth and prosperity culminate.”
‘The Blues Is a Lowdown Shakin’ Chill”
Authors: Cobb James C
Published: October 2023

Although they appeared in the Mississippi Delea at the end of the nineteenth century, not until the twentieth century was drawing to a close did the blues gain widespread acceptance as a legitimate American musical form. According to legend, the remarkable odyssey of the blues actually began in 1903 at the railroad station in Tutwiler, Mississippi, where W. C. Handy first heard “a lean, loose-jointed Negro” playing what Handy described as “the weirdest music I ever heard.” Another of Handy’s early encounters with the blues came when his band was performing for a dance at Cleveland and some one asked if he would mind if “a local colored band played a few dances.” Clearly Handy was not impressed by the appearance of the hometown aggregation: “They were led by a long-legged chocolate boy, and their band consisted of just three pieces, a battered guitar, a mandolin, and a worn-out bass.” Handy found the band’s music “pretty well in keeping with their looks.” It was characterized by an “over and over” strumming that quickly “attained a disturbing monotony, the kind of foot-thumping, eye-rolling music associated with cane rows and levee camps.” Handy admitted that he found the music more “haunting” than annoying, but, although he would gain fame as the discoverer and popularizer of the blues, he doubted at the time that “anybody besides small town rounders and their running mates would go for it.”
Object of Hate, Engine of Destruction
Authors: May Gary
Published: October 2023

This time, Remington’s future would be decided not by a panel of prominent citizens but by twelve ordinary people, a jury of his peers. The selection of this group began with a mistake that Joe Rauh thought was serious. On December 18, 1950, the clerk of the court announced that potential jurors who were unable to participate in a trial that was expected to last thirty days or longer were automatically excused, without first informing them that the month would not begin until after Christmas. Forty-six people, the “best jurors,” Rauh thought, left the courtroom. Then Judge Ryan declared that the case was assigned to the court of Judge Gregory F. Noonan, where on December 20, a jury would be impaneled and motions heard. Rauh and Chanler were not happy to learn that Noonan would be trying the case. An Irish Catholic and a graduate of the Fordham University Law School, like his good friend Godfrey Schmidt, Noonan, forty-four, was a prosecutor before being appointed to the federal bench by President Truman in 1949. The Remington case would be his first important criminal trial, and his interpretation of the law would frequently clash with Chanler’s, as it did on December 20.
Introduction
Authors: Matthews John O
Published: October 2023

More than 51 million Americans are direct owners of corporate shares and stock mutual funds. In addition to these direct owners, in 1985 more than 150 million more people owned stock indirectly through such assets as life insurance policies, pension plans, and bank trust accounts. The buying and selling of stocks and bonds are, for the most part, conducted through the securities industry. In this country, securities firms have provided intermediation services for investors for over 200 years, of which the last 20 years have seen more change than the previous 180 years. First, deregulation has obligated securities firms to operate in highly competitive markets in which only the most efficient and innovative can prosper. Second, technical advances have lowered dataprocessing and communications costs, opened new markets, and facilitated instantaneous, worldwide links among the world’s financial capitals, including New York, London, and Tokyo. And third, financial markets have become more volatile, and so the environment in which these firms operate is more risky. How the industry has changed in order to deal with this increasing risk is a major theme of this book.
Accelerating Change, 1980-1992
Authors: Matthews John O
Published: October 2023

In the 1980s, the pace of change in the securities industry accelerated. Securities markets throughout the world became more closely linked. Economic disturbances were more rapidly transmitted from one national economy to another, and securities markets became more volatile. Investors looked outside their own countries for the best investment alternatives as communications and transactions costs fell. New financial theories provided the basis for new financial products, allowing investors to better structure and manage the risk of the portfolios they held. With their large portfolios and sophisticated analytical capabilities, institutions were better able than individuals were to deal with the changing environment. Individuals sensibly responded to these changes by switching from individual stock ownership to mutual fund ownership. For broker-dealers, the 1980s were characterized by years of extremely high profits, high salaries, and a great deal of publicity and notoriety. Newspapers were filled with stories of young investment bankers earning hundreds of thousands to even millions of dollars a year. The king of the hill in compensation was Drexel Burnham Lambert’s Michael Milken with his on-paper compensation of $550 million in 1987. Major movies like Wall Street, Working Girl, and Bonfire of the Vanities took the audience into the offices and trading rooms of fictitious Wall Street firms.
The Legislative Framework
Authors: Matthews John O
Published: October 2023

Part II looks at those federal securities laws that apply to broker-dealers.1 Although the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has direct authority over broker-dealers, much of the day-to-day regulation is carried out by the national exchanges and the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD). This delegation of regulatory authority to the exchanges and the NASD, referred to as selfregulation, takes place with oversight by the SEC. Securities industry regulation includes the establishment of practices and minimum capital requirements for broker-dealers in order to minimize the risk of insolvency. Another major goal of this regulation is to ensure ‘‘fair and orderly markets.’’ The securities laws provide severe punishments for fraudulent and manipulative broker-dealer conduct, and they regulate trading practices at the exchanges and the NASD network and the operation of specialist firms. Issues relating to trading at exchanges, on the NASD network, and by specialists are beyond the scope of this book; rather, we will focus solely on those regulations pertaining to broker-dealers.
Broadcasting in Italy
Authors: Mazzoleni Gianpietro
Published: October 2023

Issues of broadcasting, i.e., its role in society and its impact on culture, the attempts by political powers to master it and the uncertainties of its future development, are, as in several other countries, at the top of the agenda of public debate in Italy. Nevertheless, one such issue is probably more acute in Italy than elsewhere: the impact of party influences on the broadcasting system. This is due to the extreme ubiquity of Italian parties in almost all sectors of civic and economic life. Their presence is both manifest and indirect, institutional and informal. In the last few years, according to some political analysts, their grasp appears to have been declining. In particular, party control over the electronic mass media, traditionally close, has been challenged by a series of economic, technological and legal developments.
Cross Cultural Research on Alcohol: A Ouoi Bon?
Authors: Babor Thomas f.
Published: October 2023

One of the most important developments in alcohol studies in recent years is the realization that this relatively young and disparate field is outgrowing the watertight compartments in which its youth was spent. As the fund of knowledge grows and improvements are made in methods of inquiry, it has become increasingly evident that there are a multitude of questions that cannot be answered within the self-imposed limits of single disciplines.