bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Subdermal dissection technique for pure skin SCIA and ALT perforator flaps in burns and trauma defects: Clinical experience
Authors: Lin Wu Zhan Q. , Bulla Antonio , Aguilera Sáez Jorge , Serracanta Domènech Jordi , Barret Juan P. , Rivas Nicolls Danilo A.
Published: May 2024

Background

The pure skin perforator (PSP) flap is gaining popularity for its remarkable thinness. The subdermal dissection technique was recently introduced, allowing for a quicker elevation of a PSP flap. In this report, we present our two‐year experience utilizing subdermal dissection for harvesting PSP flaps.

Methods

All patients who had undergone PSP flap reconstruction at our hospital from February 2021 to February 2023 were included. Demographic data, intraoperative variables, flap characteristics, and postoperative outcomes were collected. Surgical planning involved locating the perforator using ultrasound and harvesting the flap using the subdermal dissection technique.

Results

A total of 26 PSP flap reconstructions were conducted on 24 patients aged between 15 and 86 years. The flaps were based on perforators issuing from the superficial circumflex iliac artery in 24 cases, and from the descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery in 2 cases. Flap sizes ranged from 3 × 1.5 cm to 19 × 6 cm, with a mean thickness of 3.48 mm. The average time for flap harvest was 131.92 min. Postoperatively, we observed four cases of partial necrosis, 1 total flap loss, and 2 instances of vascular thrombosis at the anastomosis site. The flaps exhibited good pliability without contracture, and no debulking procedures were required during the follow‐up period (minimum 6 months, range 6–24; mean 9.4615).

Conclusion

The subdermal dissection technique is a safe and efficient approach for elevating PSP flaps. Our initial experience with this technique has been encouraging, and it currently serves as our preferred reconstructive option for defects requiring thin reconstruction.
Microwave photonic multitap filter with bipolar coefficients based on dual‐input Mach–Zehnder modulator
Authors: Wang Lin
Published: May 2024

This article introduces and experimentally validates a novel microwave photonic filter featuring multiple taps and employing bipolar coefficients. The filter utilizes a dual‐input modulator and a laser array for coefficient adjustment. Experimental verification of the proposed concept showcases a three‐tap bipolar microwave photonic notch filter with a reduced notch width and a flat passband. The innovative design of this filter offers benefits such as a straightforward configuration and enhanced system stability.
Properties of a Lorentz correlated beam in uniaxial crystal
Authors: Zhu Peiying , Wang Guiqiu , Yin Yan , Wang Yaochuan , Zhong Haiyang , Liu Dajun
Published: May 2024

The equation of a Lorentz‐correlated Schell‐model beam (LCSMB) in a uniaxial crystal is derived, and the relation of spreading properties and coherence with and are analyzed during propagation. The intensity of an LCSMB in the uniaxial crystal will evolve from Lorentz distribution into diamond distribution, and the LCSMB with smaller will evolve from Gaussian distribution into Lorentz distribution faster. The distribution of coherence of an LCSMB will lose the Lorentz distribution and become an elliptical distribution as increases.
Fabrication and characteristics of the C3+‐ion implanted and femtosecond‐laser ablated RTP 2D waveguide
Authors: Zhang Jie‐Yu , Chen Yang‐Zhi , Yang Yi‐Chen , Wang Liang‐Ling , Liu Chun‐Xiao
Published: May 2024

In this work, a two‐dimensional (2D) waveguide on the 6.0 × 106‐eV C3+‐ion implanted RbTiOPO4 structure was prepared by the femtosecond laser under the manufacturing parameters of 3.0 μJ energy and 50.0 μm/s ablation velocity. The energy loss and damage profile were simulated by the SRIM 2013 for the irradiation with a fluence of 1 × 1014 ions/cm2. The end‐face and the surface of the 2D RbTiOPO4 crystal waveguide were characterized by a Nikon microscope. The refractive index profile and the near‐field intensity profile were studied by the ICM and the end‐face coupling technique, respectively. The RTP crystal 2D waveguide can well confine the light propagation and has the potentiality to serve as integrated photonic devices.
Patient‐reported signs and symptoms of urinary tract infections after video‐urodynamic studies in individuals with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction—A single‐center observational study
Authors: van Beek Judith , Sobhani Human , Wöllner Jens , Pannek Jürgen , Krebs Jörg
Published: May 2024

Background

Video‐urodynamic studies (VUDS) are the recommended standard of diagnostic care to objectively assess neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD) in individuals with spinal cord injury/disease (SCI/D). This examination requires the insertion of a catheter into the bladder, which increases the risk of a urinary tract infection (UTI). Data on symptomatic UTIs after VUDS are limited.

Methods

A single‐center, observational study was conducted to evaluate the incidence of patient‐reported UTI signs and symptoms 7 days after VUDS. No peri‐interventional antibiotics were administered. The effect of sex, age, SCI/D duration, bladder evacuation method, bacteriuria, UTI prophylaxis, UTI history, or unfavorable VUDS results on the occurrence of patient‐reported UTI signs or symptoms after VUDS was examined using binary logistic regression analysis.

Results

A total of 140 individuals with a mean age of 59.1 ± 14.0 years and a median SCI/D duration of 15.0 years (6/29 years) were evaluated. Seven days (mean 7 ± 1 days) after VUDS, 42 (30%) individuals reported at least one UTI sign or symptom. In the majority, signs and symptoms resolved without the need for antibiotic treatment, which was required in seven participants (5%). Male sex significantly (p = 0.04) increased the odds (odds ratio 3.74) of experiencing UTI signs and symptoms after VUDS.

Conclusions

In individuals with NLUTD, 30% experienced UTI signs and symptoms 1 week after VUDS. However, these signs and symptoms were transient and only 5% required antibiotic treatment. Thus, antibiotic prophylaxis does not seem necessary in all individuals with SCI/D undergoing VUDS.
Preparation of polyethylene/Siloxene nanocomposites through siloxene‐MgCl supported Ziegler‐Natta catalyst
Authors: Yan Xin , Fang Liang , Zhang Hexin , Yang Jianming , Yoon Keun‐Byoung
Published: May 2024

The two‐dimensional (2D) inorganic fillers could significantly improve the properties of polyolefin, thereby satisfying a wider range of applications. Herein, in this research, high‐performance polyethylene (PE)/siloxene nanocomposites were prepared through an in‐situ polymerization with layered siloxene‐supported Ti‐based catalyst. The catalytic ethylene polymerization activity of the siloxene‐supported Ziegler‐Natta catalyst was almost twice that of the MgCl2/TiCl4 catalyst when equal weights of catalysts were used. During the in‐situ polymerization, the layered siloxene fillers exhibited uniform dispersion within the PE matrix. The incorporation of a minimal amount of siloxene filler resulted in a notable enhancement in the thermal stability and mechanical properties of PE. The breaking strength, modulus, elongation at break, and Td5% of PE/siloxene nanocomposites with only 0.71 wt% siloxene were increased by 115.7%, 45.6%, 50.6%, and 58.2°C, respectively. Therefore, this research presents a straightforward method for manufacturing PE with outstanding performance.

Highlights

PE/siloxene nanocomposites were prepared through in‐situ polymerization.

Siloxene is uniformly scattered in the PE matrix.

The siloxene and matrix exhibit excellent interfacial adhesion.

PE/siloxene nanocomposites with excellent properties were obtained.
Structured reporting in fetal magnetic resonance imaging with congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Authors: Thater G. , Weidner A. , Rafat N. , Nowak O. , Otto C. , Zahn K. , Boettcher M. , Schönberg S. O. , Schaible T. , Weis M.
Published: May 2024

Objective

We aim to provide a template structured report of fetal Magnetic Resonance Imaging in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) that was locally validated by the CDH study group in Mannheim.

Methods

A selection of 50 fetal MRIs of patients with an isolated diaphragmatic hernia and associated radiology reports from five different senior radiologists from a single center resulted in a primary structured report, which was put into practice by using dedicated software. A questionnaire survey of the interdisciplinary CDH study group Mannheim was used to adapt the report to the clinical requirements.

Results

There was a huge variability in how deep the free text reports go into detail. The side of the hernia was named in 94% of cases. In 58%, both the lung volume and the total lung volume were reported. A comparison with the expected lung volume was reported in 66% of cases. Additional findings, such as herniated organs, were reported in 96% of cases. Overall satisfaction with the newly established structured report was high within the CDH study group with a mean of 4.7.

Conclusions

The use of the structured report of this study can optimize the interdisciplinary dialog, the standardization of report content, increase report completeness and improve quality.
A comprehensive review of carbon nanomaterials in the drilling industry
Authors: Ospanov Y. K. , Kudaikulova G. A.
Published: May 2024

Lately, carbon nanomaterials have garnered significant attention across a spectrum of industrial sectors. Their exceptional chemical, physical, mechanical, and thermal attributes have made them indispensable for enhancing the effectiveness and cost‐efficiency of drilling fluids. Particularly, graphene‐based nanomaterials have emerged as potent solutions to address challenges in the oil and gas industry. This review consolidates the contributions of diverse carbon‐based nanomaterials to the oil and gas sector, with a specific focus on their impact on the rheological properties of drilling fluids. It offers a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in carbon‐based nanomaterial applications within the drilling industry, encompassing crucial aspects of drilling fluids such as their response to temperature fluctuations, pH variations, and the influence of chemical additives. Furthermore, it assesses the efficacy of these carbon‐based nanomaterials in enhancing oil recovery processes and modulating rheological behavior. Various graphenoids, including graphene, graphene oxide, and carbon nanoplates, have been analyzed for their effects on key rheological properties such as plastic viscosity (PV), yield point (YP), gel strength (GS), filtrate loss (FL), and mud cake thickness (MCT). Lastly, the review delineates the current obstacles and potential future directions in the application of carbon‐based nanomaterials in the industry.
Slippery sequences stall the 26S proteasome at multiple points along the translocation pathway
Authors: Ragwan Edwin R. , Kisker Faith M. , Morning Amelia R. , Weiser Kaya R. , Lago Athena V. , Kraut Daniel A.
Published: May 2024

In eukaryotes, the ubiquitin‐proteasome system is responsible for intracellular protein degradation. Proteins tagged with ubiquitin are recognized by ubiquitin receptors on the 19S regulatory particle (RP) of the 26S proteasome, unfolded, routed through the translocation channel of the RP, and are then degraded in the 20S core particle (CP). Aromatic paddles on the pore‐1 loops of the RP's Rpt subunits grip the substrate and pull folded domains into the channel, thereby unfolding them. The sequence that the aromatic paddles grip while unfolding a substrate is therefore expected to influence the extent of unfolding, and low complexity sequences have been shown to interfere with grip. However, the detailed spatial requirements for grip while unfolding proteins, particularly from the N‐terminus, remain unknown. We determined how the location of glycine‐rich tracts relative to a folded domain impairs unfolding. We find that, in contrast to a previous report, inserting glycine‐rich sequences closer to the folded domain reduced unfolding ability more than positioning them further away. Locations that have the biggest effect on unfolding map onto the regions where the aromatic paddles are predicted to interact with the substrate. Effects on unfolding from locations up to 67 amino acids away from the folded domain suggest that there are additional interactions between the substrate and the proteasome beyond the aromatic paddles that facilitate translocation of the substrate. In sum, this study deepens understanding of the mechanical interactions within the substrate channel by mapping the spacing of interactions between the substrate and the proteasome during unfolding.
3D Nanostructured Electrodes Based on Anodic Alumina Templates for Stable Pseudocapacitors
Authors: Aftab Tabish , Almora Osbel , Ferre‐Borrull Josep , Marsal Lluis F.
Published: May 2024

This study investigates the preparation of nickel nanostructured electrodes for the enhancement of supercapacitor performance. The nanostructured electrodes are synthesized using nanoporous anodic alumina (NAA) as a template via the pulsed electrodeposition method. Structural properties are examined using field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, while electrochemical characterization is conducted through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results reveal that Ni nanorod arrays can be obtained embedded in the NAA matrix and with electrical contact with the aluminum substrate. On average, the rods are spaced 90 nm apart, with a diameter of 70 nm and a length of 2 μm. The Ni@NAA electrode exhibits an enlarged active area and exceptional electrochemical performance, demonstrating remarkable stability over 5000 cycles of CV at a scan rate of 50 mV s−1. Specific capacitance values exceeding 100 mF cm−2 and maximum charging times of less than 10 min are reported, highlighting its suitability for high‐power energy devices requiring pseudo‐supercapacitance. The study underscores the significance of nanostructured electrodes in advancing energy storage technologies and presents promising prospects for practical applications.
A decoupling method for analyzing foldover designs
Authors: Hamre Yngvild Hole , Tyssedal John Sølve
Published: May 2024

Foldover designs often have attractive properties. Among these is that the effects can be divided into two orthogonal subspaces, one for odd effects and one for even effects. In this paper, we introduce a new method for analyzing foldover designs called the decoupling method that exploits this trait. Utilizing mirror image pair runs, two new responses are created, where each of them is only affected by effects in one of the orthogonal subspaces. Thereby the analysis of odd and even effects can be performed in two independent steps, enabling use of standard statistical procedures and formal testing of the presence of higher‐order interactions. The method is demonstrated on real data from a foldover of a 12‐run Plackett‐Burman (PB) design, and further evaluated through a simulation study, in which the decoupling method is compared to existing analysis methods. To get a thorough understanding of the properties, both a PB design and an OMARS design are used, and different design sizes and heredity scenarios considered. The method is especially suited for screening, as it yields high power for detecting the active effects.
Uncovering mangrove range limits using very high resolution satellite imagery to detect fine‐scale mangrove and saltmarsh habitats in dynamic coastal ecotones
Authors: Doughty Cheryl L. , Cavanaugh Kyle C. , Chapman Samantha , Fatoyinbo Lola
Published: May 2024

Mangroves are important ecosystems for coastal biodiversity, resilience and carbon dynamics that are being threatened globally by human pressures and the impacts of climate change. Yet, at several geographic range limits in tropical–temperate transition zones, mangrove ecosystems are expanding poleward in response to changing macroclimatic drivers. Mangroves near range limits often grow to smaller statures and form dynamic, patchy distributions with other coastal habitats, which are difficult to map using moderate‐resolution (30‐m) satellite imagery. As a result, many of these mangrove areas are missing in global distribution maps. To better map small, scrub mangroves, we tested Landsat (30‐m) and Sentinel (10‐m) against very high resolution (VHR) Planet (3‐m) and WorldView (1.8‐m) imagery and assessed the accuracy of machine learning classification approaches in discerning current (2022) mangrove and saltmarsh from other coastal habitats in a rapidly changing ecotone along the east coast of Florida, USA. Our aim is to (1) quantify the mappable differences in landscape composition and complexity, class dominance and spatial properties of mangrove and saltmarsh patches due to image resolution; and (2) to resolve mapping uncertainties in the region. We found that the ability of Landsat to map mangrove distributions at the leading range edge was hampered by the size and extent of mangrove stands being too small for detection (50% accuracy). WorldView was the most successful in discerning mangroves from other wetland habitats (84% accuracy), closely followed by Planet (82%) and Sentinel (81%). With WorldView, we detected 800 ha of mangroves within the Florida range‐limit study area, 35% more mangroves than were detected with Planet, 114% more than Sentinel and 537% more than Landsat. Higher‐resolution imagery helped reveal additional variability in landscape metrics quantifying diversity, spatial configuration and connectedness among mangrove and saltmarsh habitats at the landscape, class and patch scales. Overall, VHR satellite imagery improved our ability to map mangroves at range limits and can help supplement moderate‐resolution global distributions and outdated regional maps.
Flexible cost‐penalized Bayesian model selection: Developing inclusion paths with an application to diagnosis of heart disease
Authors: Porter Erica M. , Franck Christopher T. , Adams Stephen
Published: May 2024

We propose a Bayesian model selection approach that allows medical practitioners to select among predictor variables while taking their respective costs into account. Medical procedures almost always incur costs in time and/or money. These costs might exceed their usefulness for modeling the outcome of interest. We develop Bayesian model selection that uses flexible model priors to penalize costly predictors a priori and select a subset of predictors useful relative to their costs. Our approach (i) gives the practitioner control over the magnitude of cost penalization, (ii) enables the prior to scale well with sample size, and (iii) enables the creation of our proposed inclusion path visualization, which can be used to make decisions about individual candidate predictors using both probabilistic and visual tools. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our inclusion path approach and the importance of being able to adjust the magnitude of the prior's cost penalization through a dataset pertaining to heart disease diagnosis in patients at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, where several candidate predictors with various costs were recorded for patients, and through simulated data.
Constructing Porous Energetic Spherulites via Solvation‐Growth Coupling for Enhanced Combustion
Authors: Li Min , Zhou Xin , Han Dandan , Zhang Qi , Li Xiaodong , Li Hongzhen , Gong Junbo
Published: May 2024

The fabrication of materials with hierarchical structures has garnered great interest, owing to the potential for significantly enhancing their functions. Herein, a strategy of coupling molecular solvation and crystal growth is presented to fabricate porous spherulites of 2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexanitro‐2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL‐20), an important energetic material. With the addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone in the antisolvent crystallization, the metastable solvate of CL‐20 is formed and grows spherulitically, and spontaneously desolvates to obtain the porous spherulite when filtration, in which the characteristic peak of the nitro group of CL‐20 shifts detected by the in situ micro‐confocal Raman spectroscopy. The effect of polyvinylpyrrolidone is thought to induce the solvation of CL‐20, confirmed by density functional theory calculations, meanwhile acting on the (020) face of CL‐20 to trigger spherulitic growth, demonstrated through infrared spectroscopy and Rietveld refinement of powder X‐ray diffraction. Moreover, compared to common CL‐20 crystals, porous spherulites exhibit enhanced combustion with increases of 6.24% in peak pressure, 40.21% in pressurization rate, and 9.63% in pressure duration effect, indicating the capability of hierarchical structures to boost the energy release of energetic crystals. This work demonstrates a new route via solvation‐growth coupling to construct hierarchical structures for organic crystals and provides insight into the structure‐property relations for material design.
DFT Guided Design and Preparation of Quasi‐Nanocrystalline Hf–La2O3 Cathode with Unprecedented Thermal Emission Performance
Authors: Hao Liyu , Shen Shangkun , Wang Shiwei , Zhang Shuangle , Liu Xing , Wang Yufei , Fu Engang
Published: May 2024

With the guidance of density functional theory (DFT), a high‐performance hafnium (Hf) cathode for an air/water vapor plasma torch is designed and the concepts and principles for high performance are elucidated. A quasi‐nanocrystalline hexagonal close‐packed (HCP) Hf–La2O3 cathode based on these design principles is successfully fabricated via a powder metallurgy route. Under identical voltage and temperature conditions, the thermal emission current density of this quasi‐nanocrystalline Hf–La2O3 cathode is ≈20 times greater than that of conventional Hf cathodes. Additionally, its cathodic lifespan is significantly extended. Quasi‐nanocrystalline Hf–La2O3 products are manufactured into cathode devices with standard dimensions. This fabrication process is straightforward, requires minimal doped oxides, and is cost‐effective. Consequently, the approach offers substantial performance enhancements over traditional Hf melting methods without incurring significantly additional costs.
Designing Nanofluidic Channels of Boron Nitride Nanosheets/Aramid Nanofibers/Covalent Organic Frameworks Nanofiltration Membrane for Ultrafast Mass Transport
Authors: Ning Doudou , Lu Zhaoqing , Hua Li , Zhang Xinyi , Li Nan , Huang Kaiyue , E Songfeng
Published: May 2024

2D lamellar nanofiltration membrane is considered to be a promising approach for desalinating seawater/brackish water and recycling sewage. However, its practical feasibility is severely constrained by the lack of durability and stability. Herein, a ternary nanofiltration membrane via a mixed‐dimensional assembly of 2D boron nitride nanosheets (BNNS) is fabricated, 1D aramid nanofibers (ANF), and 2D covalent organic frameworks (COF). The abundant 2D and 1D nanofluid channels endow the BNNS/ANF/COF membrane with a high flux of 194 L·m‒2·h‒1. By the synergies of the size sieving and Donnan effect, the BNNS/ANF/COF membrane demonstrates high rejection (among 98%) for those dyes whose size exceeds 1.0 nm. Moreover, the BNNS/ANF/COF membrane also exhibits remarkable durability and mechanical stability, which are attributed to the strong adhesion and interactions between BNNS, ANF, and COF, as well as the superior mechanical robustness of ANF. This work provides a novel strategy to develop robust and durable 2D lamellar nanofiltration membranes with high permeance and selectivity simultaneously.
Development and validation of a liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry method for quantification of octadecylamine in the secondary circuit of a nuclear power plant in the presence of other amines
Authors: Bosco Ackerman Bettina , Martín Silvana , Espinosa Mariela , Chocrón Mauricio , Babay Paola Alejandra
Published: May 2024

Octadecylamine (ODA) is the most widely used film‐forming amine in the nuclear industry. Its function is to minimize corrosion. In this work, we developed and validated a liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry method that allows the quantification of ODA in the presence of other amines in the secondary system of nuclear power plants operating under all‐volatile treatment chemistry. Sample stabilities greater than 95% were achieved after 1 week of being taken in acetonitrile 1:1. The method showed a high selectivity allowing the measurement of ODA in the presence of other amines. The calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.0025–0.1025 mg/L. The limit of detection and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 1.8 and 2.2 µg/L, respectively for an injection volume of 3 µL. Lower LOQs can be achieved by increasing the injection volume, making the method applicable even in the first hours and days of treatment. The bias of the method was less than 10% and the relative standard deviation of reproducibility was less than 15%. The sample stabilization was robust and the uncertainty associated with the method was acceptable. The method was applied to a real sample taken after a few years of treatment and a concentration of 0.15 mg/L was measured.
Early‐age cracking due to restraint: Laboratory and field investigations on the predictive capacity of the simplified method in Annex D of the future EC2
Authors: Menga Antonia , Torrenti Jean‐Michel , Kanstad Terje , Klausen Anja Birgitta Estensen
Published: May 2024

The Annex D of the future EC2 draft gives guidance on the evaluation of early‐age cracking of large structures due to restraint. In case of restrained conditions, compressive stresses are firstly generated in massive structures due to temperature increase, then tensile stresses are generated due to temperature decrease and shrinkage. Due to these tensile stresses, there is a risk of cracking which may be evaluated by the simplified method in Annex D. This method is currently verified against laboratory tests performed in the temperature‐stress testing machine and field cases on restrained concrete elements. The laboratory verification consisted of five approaches to consider different available input (modeled, assumed, or measured). The field investigation focused on the relation between the calculated cracking risk and the observed damage. The results show that the method has very good accuracy and captures with reasonable simplicity the mechanisms and the relations between the parameters involved.
Direct Deposition of Carbon Films on Tungsten Substrates Using Coaxial Arc Plasma Deposition for Electrochemical Electrode Applications
Authors: Hara Takeshi , Moriya Hiroaki , Ogishima Masumi , Nagano Satoki , Yoshitake Tsuyoshi
Published: May 2024

Carbon films were directly formed on tungsten (W) substrates without an intermediate layer via coaxial arc plasma deposition. The substrate surface was pretreated to remove the native oxide films to improve film adhesion using environmentally friendly alkaline and acidic solutions. The fundamental electrochemical characteristics of the deposited films were similar to those of diamond and diamond‐like carbon films. Thus, the deposited films can be used in the electrodes of highly sensitive electrochemical sensors. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Novel GA‐OCEAN Framework for Automatically Designing the Charge‐Pump Circuit
Authors: Hoang Trang , Nguyen Thang Quoc , Phan‐Tran‐Minh Hieu
Published: May 2024

In the realm of analog integrated circuit (IC) design, due to the intricate nonlinear relationships between circuit performance metrics and design variables, as well as the complex interdependencies and trade‐offs between various performance criteria, it is difficult to determine the appropriate geometric width and length of the circuit components to meet all performance specifications. This difficulty makes the task of designing analog IC challenging. To address the challenge of analog IC design, this paper introduces a machine learning methodology—specifically employing the genetic algorithm (GA)—to automate the selection of circuit components' geometrical parameters, aiding the work of analog circuit designers in determining the appropriate dimensions for transistors within the charge‐pump circuit. The GA, implemented in Python and integrated with a script program written in the OCEAN language, synergistically collaborates in the GA‐OCEAN framework. The result, which ensures compliance with all specifications with remarkably low error margins, ranging as low as 0.03% and as high as 1.24%, highlights the proposed GA‐OCEAN framework's remarkable capacity to determine optimal dimensions for components inside the charge‐pump circuit. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Introduction to Human Privacy in Virtual and Physical Worlds
Authors: Lacity Mary C. , Coon Lynda
Published: May 2024

In this chapter, the editors of Human Privacy in Virtual and Physical Worlds introduce readers to the aims of this book, which are to understand human privacy from multiple disciplines and to inspire privacy researchers to broaden their research perspectives beyond the limitations of a single disciplinary lens. This introductory chapter sets up the tripartite structure for the entire book: foundations of human privacy, technical views on privacy, and domain-specific views of privacy. In all, contributors hail from ten different fields, including anthropology, architecture, data science, engineering, history, information systems, library sciences, medicine, philosophy, and supply chain management. This introductory chapter summarizes each individual chapter and identifies four themes from across the chapters: First, privacy is best understood as a multifaceted, contextual, and temporal concept, which means that any attempts to identify universal truths would diminish the depth of understanding. Second, individuals’ rights to privacy are often in conflict with the group’s desire or right to know; finding the balance involves power and structural constructs. Third, privacy law permeates many discussions because professionals in every field must adhere to restrictions relevant to their jurisdiction; most authors advocate privacy-enhancing policies and practices beyond mere legal compliance. Finally, while the chapters written by the philosopher and the anthropologist caution against assuming that individual privacy is universally valued and should invariably be safeguarded, the authors of the technology and domain-specific chapters predominantly advocate for the valuation and protection of individual privacy and offer concrete practices to protect privacy.
Entertainment-Education and Climate Change: Program Examples, Evidence, and Best Practices from around the World
Authors: Sood Suruchi , Riley Amy Henderson , Birkenstock Lyena
Published: May 2024

Entertainment-education is a global theory-driven and evidence-based storytelling strategy that promotes social and behavioral change. A formal review of the peer-reviewed and grey literature, alongside consultations with program and industry experts, revealed several contemporary examples of entertainment-education and climate change. Late-night comedy, with the inclusion of climate change storylines within popular entertainment, is common in the Global North. In the Global South, climate adaptation and mitigation narratives are situated in formats portraying audiences’ lived experiences. Crosscutting trends relate to documentary storytelling, children’s programming, and future efforts. Recommendations include re-examining theories across the social–ecological model; placing entertainment front and center; including messaging on rewards; using positive language; linking climate change with other issues; and emphasizing formative, process, and impact evaluation. Entertainment-education may be a promising vehicle for climate change communication, but the strategy requires a multidisciplinary set of changemakers working collaboratively to create meaningful and relevant programs.
Monkeypox Diagnosis in Clinical Settings: A Comprehensive Review of Best Laboratory Practices
Authors: Jain Nityanand , Umar Tungki Pratama , Sayad Reem , Mokresh Muhammed Edib , Tandarto Kevin , Siburian Reynold , Liana Phey , Laivacuma Sniedze , Reinis Aigars
Published: May 2024

An outbreak of monkeypox (Mpox) was reported in more than 40 countries in early 2022. Accurate diagnosis of Mpox can be challenging, but history, clinical findings, and laboratory diagnosis can establish the diagnosis. The pre-analytic phase of testing includes collecting, storing, and transporting specimens. It is advised to swab the lesion site with virus transport medium (VTM) containing Dacron or polyester flock swabs from two different sites. Blood, urine, and semen samples may also be used. Timely sampling is necessary to obtain a sufficient amount of virus or antibodies. The analytical phase of infectious disease control involves diagnostic tools to determine the presence of the virus. While polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the gold standard for detecting Mpox, genome sequencing is for identifying new or modified viruses. As a complement to these methods, isothermal amplification methods have been designed. ELISAassays are also available for the determination of antibodies. Electron microscopy is another effective diagnostic method for tissue identification of the virus. Wastewater fingerprinting provides some of the most effective diagnostic methods for virus identification at the community level. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are further discussed. Post-analytic phase requires proper interpretation of test results and the preparation of accurate patient reports that include relevant medical history, clinical guidelines, and recommendations for follow-up testing or treatment.
Anticorruption Institutional Improvements and Operation Car Wash
Authors: Rodrigues Fabiana Alves
Published: May 2024

The task of understanding how corruption occurs within the political and economic systems involves an ambitious undertaking that cuts across different branches of knowledge and different approaches, ranging from the definition of the phenomenon itself and its causes to the proposition of institutional frames designed to curb or discourage corrupt behavior. The most recent researches on corruption highlight that, since the end of the 1970s, there has been a significant increase in academic production that has come to treat corruption as a harmful phenomenon that imposes bottlenecks on economic development.
The Public and the Private in Odebrecht’s Vocabulary
Authors: Trombini Maria Eugenia , dos Santos Raphael Bischof
Published: May 2024

It was announced in Congress that a “criminal society” formed by construction companies was in charge of public sector decisions, directing bids and overcharging expenses in order to divert resources to political campaigns. Despite the similarities with Carwash operation, the year was 1993, when Odebrecht was luckier in weathering scandals. This paper asks what are the ways that enabled a particular pattern of state-firm relations from emerging by looking at one of the country’s largest private companies. It uses historical and judicial documents as sources to identify organizational knowledge as the main explanatory variable for the behavior of executives when interacting with state officials. This contribution scrutinizes a determinant for systemic corruption in a developmental state that is informal, durable and useful from the stand-point of corporations.
Effects on neutrino propagation in space-time foam of D-branes revisited
Authors: Li Chengyi , Ma Bo-Qiang
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Neutrinos from the cosmos have proven to be ideal for probing the nature of space-time. Previous studies on high-energy events of IceCube suggested that some of these events might be gamma-ray burst neutrinos, with their speeds varying linearly with their energy, implying also the coexistence of subluminal and superluminal propagation. However, a recent reanalysis of the data, incorporating revised directional information, reveals stronger signals that neutrinos are actually being slowed down compared to previous suggestion of neutrino speed variation. Thus, it is worth discussing its implications for the brane/string inspired framework of space-time foam, which has been used to explain previous observations. We revisit effects on neutrino propagation from specific foam models within the framework, indicating that the implied violation of Lorentz invariance could necessarily cause the neutrino to decelerate. We therefore argue that this sort of model is in agreement with the updated phenomenological indication just mentioned. An extended analysis of the revised IceCube data will further test these observations and stringy quantum gravity.
Superconformal anomalies from superconformal Chern-Simons polynomials
Authors: Imbimbo Camillo , Rovere Davide , Warman Alison
Published: May 2024

Abstract

We consider the 4-dimensional $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 Lie superconformal algebra and search for completely “symmetric” (in the graded sense) 3-index invariant tensors. The solution we find is unique and we show that the corresponding invariant polynomial cubic in the generalized curvatures of superconformal gravity vanishes. Consequently, the associated Chern-Simons polynomial is a non-trivial anomaly cocycle. We explicitly compute this cocycle to all orders in the independent fields of superconformal gravity and establish that it is BRST equivalent to the so-called superconformal a-anomaly. We briefly discuss the possibility that the superconformal c-anomaly also admits a similar Chern-Simons formulation and the potential holographic, 5-dimensional, interpretation of our results.
State-independent black hole interiors from the crossed product
Authors: Krishnan Chethan , Mohan Vyshnav
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Opinion is divided about the nature of state dependence in the black hole interior. Some argue that it is a necessary feature, while others argue it is a bug. In this paper, we consider the extended half-sided modular translation U (s0) (with s0 > 0) of Leutheusser and Liu that takes us inside the horizon. We note that we can use this operator to construct a modular Hamiltonian H and a conjugation J on the infalling time-evolved wedges. The original thermofield double translates to a new cyclic and separating vector in the shifted algebra. We use these objects and the Connes’ cocycle to repeat Witten’s crossed product construction in this new setting, and to obtain a Type II∞ algebra that is independent of the various choices, in particular that of the cyclic separating vector. Our emergent times are implicitly boundary-dressed. But if one admits an “extra” observer in the interior, we argue that the (state-independent) algebra can be Type I or Type II1 instead of Type II∞, depending on whether the observer’s light cone contains an entire Cauchy slice or not. Along with these general considerations, we present some specific calculations in the setting of the Poincare BTZ black hole. We identify a specific pointwise (as opposed to non-local) modular translation in BTZ-Kruskal coordinates that is analytically tractable, exploiting a connection with AdS-Rindler. This modular translation can reach the singularity.
Generalized covariant entropy bound in Einstein gravity with quadratic curvature corrections
Authors: Zhu Hu , Jiang Jie
Published: May 2024

Abstract

We explore the generalized covariant entropy bound in the theory where Einstein gravity is perturbed by quadratic curvature terms, which can be viewed as the first-order quantum correction to Einstein gravity. By replacing the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy with the holographic entanglement entropy of this theory and introducing two reasonable physical assumptions, we demonstrate that the corresponding Generalized Covariant Entropy Bound is satisfied under a first-order approximation of the perturbation from the quadratic curvature terms. Our findings suggest that the entropy bound and the Generalized Second Law of black holes are satisfied in the Einstein gravity under the first-order perturbation from the quadratic curvature corrections, and they also imply that the generalized covariant entropy bound may still hold even after considering the quantum correction of gravity, but in this case, we may need to use holographic entanglement entropy as the formula for gravitational entropy.
Is CAA a perivascular brain clearance disease? A discussion of the evidence to date and outlook for future studies
Authors: van Veluw Susanne J. , Benveniste Helene , Bakker Erik N. T. P. , Carare Roxana O. , Greenberg Steven M. , Iliff Jeffrey J. , Lorthois Sylvie , Van Nostrand William E. , Petzold Gabor C. , Shih Andy Y. , van Osch Matthias J. P.
Published: May 2024

The brain’s network of perivascular channels for clearance of excess fluids and waste plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases including cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). CAA is the main cause of hemorrhagic stroke in the elderly, the most common vascular comorbidity in Alzheimer’s disease and also implicated in adverse events related to anti-amyloid immunotherapy. Remarkably, the mechanisms governing perivascular clearance of soluble amyloid β—a key culprit in CAA—from the brain to draining lymphatics and systemic circulation remains poorly understood. This knowledge gap is critically important to bridge for understanding the pathophysiology of CAA and accelerate development of targeted therapeutics. The authors of this review recently converged their diverse expertise in the field of perivascular physiology to specifically address this problem within the framework of a Leducq Foundation Transatlantic Network of Excellence on Brain Clearance. This review discusses the overarching goal of the consortium and explores the evidence supporting or refuting the role of impaired perivascular clearance in the pathophysiology of CAA with a focus on translating observations from rodents to humans. We also discuss the anatomical features of perivascular channels as well as the biophysical characteristics of fluid and solute transport.
Dispersive decay bound of small data solutions to Kawahara equation in a finite time scale
Authors: Lee Jongwon
Published: May 2024

In this article, we prove that small localized data yield solutions to Kawahara-type equations which have linear dispersive decay on a finite time scale depending on the size of the initial data. We use the similar method used by Ifrim and Tataru to derive the dispersive decay bound of the solutions to the KdV equation, with some steps being simpler. This result is expected to be the first result of the small data global bounds of the fifth-order dispersive equations with quadratic nonlinearity.
Population growth in growing and declining cities: the role of balanced-budget increases in local government spending
Authors: Brasington David M.
Published: May 2024

Tiebout sorting describes people moving to communities that most closely match people's preferences over taxes and public services. This Tiebout equilibrium is disturbed when cities vote to increase taxes and spending. We study the effect of increased taxes and public spending on population growth in growing and declining cities. Using regression discontinuity to compare otherwise similar cities, we find increasing local government taxes and spending by 15% can increase population growth rates. The increase is only evident the year after the vote. For the general sample, the increase is 0.4 percentage points, but it is 0.8 percentage points (25% of a standard deviation) for growing cities with below-median percentages of elderly residents. In cities with declining population, passing large tax levies increases population growth rates by 0.9 percentage points the year after the vote—33% of a standard deviation. Instead of cutting taxes and services, cities with declining population might instead consider providing additional public services to stem population declines. Most migration studies use a fairly large geographical unit like states, counties, and urban areas; our study contributes to the literature by studying migration at the local government level (cities, villages, and townships).
Holonomy of the Planar Brownian Motion in a Poisson Punctured Plane
Authors: Sauzedde Isao
Published: May 2024

We define a family of diffeomorphism-invariant models of random connections on principal G-bundles over the plane, whose curvatures are concentrated on singular points. We study the limit when the number of points grows to infinity whilst the singular curvature on each point diminishes, and prove that the holonomy along a Brownian trajectory converges towards an explicit limit.
Bacillus Strains as Effective Biocontrol Agents Against Phytopathogenic Bacteria and Promoters of Plant Growth
Authors: Ramírez-Pool José Abrahán , Calderón-Pérez Berenice , Ruiz-Medrano Roberto , Ortiz-Castro Randy , Xoconostle-Cazares Beatriz
Published: May 2024

Modern crop production relies on the application of chemical pesticides and fertilizers causing environmental and economic challenges. In response, less environmentally impactful alternatives have emerged such as the use of beneficial microorganisms. These microorganisms, particularly plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB), have demonstrated their ability to enhance plant growth, protect against various stresses, and reduce the need for chemical inputs. Among the PGPB, Bacillus species have garnered attention due to their adaptability and commercial potential. Recent reports have highlighted Bacillus strains as biocontrol agents against phytopathogenic bacteria while concurrently promoting plant growth. We also examined Bacillus plant growth-promoting abilities in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. In this study, we assessed the potential of various Bacillus strains to control diverse phytopathogenic bacteria and inhibit quorum sensing using Chromobacterium violaceum as a model system. In conclusion, our results suggest that bacteria of the genus Bacillus hold significant potential for biotechnological applications. This includes developments aimed at reducing agrochemical use, promoting sustainable agriculture, and enhancing crop yield and protection.
15N-DNA stable isotope probing reveals niche differentiation of ammonia oxidizers in paddy soils
Authors: Gao Fuyun , Li Yaying , Fan Haoxin , Luo Dan , Chapman Stephen J. , Yao Huaiying
Published: May 2024

Chemoautotrophic canonical ammonia oxidizers (ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB)) and complete ammonia oxidizers (comammox Nitrospira) are accountable for ammonia oxidation, which is a fundamental process of nitrification in terrestrial ecosystems. However, the relationship between autotrophic nitrification and the active nitrifying populations during 15N-urea incubation has not been totally clarified. The 15N-labeled DNA stable isotope probing (DNA-SIP) technique was utilized in order to study the response from the soil nitrification process and the active nitrifying populations, in both acidic and neutral paddy soils, to the application of urea. The presence of C2H2 almost completely inhibited NO3−-N production, indicating that autotrophic ammonia oxidation was dominant in both paddy soils. 15N-DNA-SIP technology could effectively distinguish active nitrifying populations in both soils. The active ammonia oxidation groups in both soils were significantly different, AOA (NS (Nitrososphaerales)-Alpha, NS-Gamma, NS-Beta, NS-Delta, NS-Zeta and NT (Ca. Nitrosotaleales)-Alpha), and AOB (Nitrosospira) were functionally active in the acidic paddy soil, whereas comammox Nitrospira clade A and Nitrosospira AOB were functionally active in the neutral paddy soil. This study highlights the effective discriminative effect of 15N-DNA-SIP and niche differentiation of nitrifying populations in these paddy soils.

Key points

• 15N-DNA-SIP technology could effectively distinguish active ammonia oxidizers.

• Comammox Nitrospira clade A plays a lesser role than canonical ammonia oxidizers.

• The active groups in the acidic and neutral paddy soils were significantly different.

Graphical Abstract