bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Leveraging Artificial Intelligence to Identify Therapeutic Pathways in Trypanosoma cruzi: A Comparative Approach with Trypanosoma brucei
Authors: Montgomery Richard Murdoch
Published: October 2024

Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, presents a significant challenge in global health due to the parasite's complex life cycle and its persistence in human tissues. In contrast, advances in treating Trypanosoma brucei infections, notably through the use of irreversible enzyme inhibitors like eflornithine, offer valuable insights into therapeutic strategies. This article explores how artificial intelligence (AI) can aid in identifying crucial metabolic and biochemical pathways in T. cruzi that could serve as targets for irreversible enzymatic inhibitors, drawing parallels to the successful inhibition of T. brucei’s ornithine decarboxylase. By employing AI for data mining, drug-target interaction prediction, pathway modelling, and drug repurposing, researchers can accelerate the discovery of novel treatments. We compare the biological and biochemical differences between T. cruzi and T. brucei, highlighting how AI can bridge the gap in drug discovery and offer new possibilities for Chagas disease treatment.
The YOLO Framework: A Comprehensive Review of Evolution, Applications, and Benchmarks in Object Detection
Authors: Ali Momina Liaqat , Zhang Zhou
Published: October 2024

This paper presents a comprehensive review of the You Only Look Once (YOLO) framework, a transformative one-stage object detection algorithm renowned for its remarkable balance between speed and accuracy. Since its inception, YOLO has evolved significantly, with versions spanning from YOLOv1 to the most recent YOLOv11, each introducing pivotal innovations in feature extraction, bounding box prediction, and optimization techniques. These advancements, particularly in the backbone, neck, and head components, have positioned YOLO as a leading solution for real-time object detection across a variety of domains. In this review, we explore YOLO's diverse applications, including its critical role in medical imaging for COVID-19 detection, breast cancer identification, and tumor localization, where it has significantly enhanced diagnostic efficiency. YOLO's robust performance in autonomous vehicles is also highlighted, as it excels in challenging conditions like fog, rain, and low-light environments, thereby contributing to improved road safety and autonomous driving systems. In the agricultural sector, YOLO has transformed precision farming by enabling early detection of pests, diseases, and crop health issues, promoting more sustainable farming practices. Additionally, we provide an in-depth performance analysis of YOLO models—such as YOLOv9, YOLO-NAS, YOLOv10, and YOLOv11—across multiple benchmark datasets. This analysis compares their suitability for a range of applications, from lightweight embedded systems to high-resolution, complex object detection tasks. The paper also addresses YOLO's challenges, such as occlusion, small object detection, and dataset biases, while discussing recent advancements that aim to mitigate these limitations. Moreover, we examine the ethical implications of YOLO's deployment, particularly in surveillance and monitoring applications, raising concerns about privacy, algorithmic biases, and the potential to perpetuate societal inequities. These ethical considerations are critical in domains like law enforcement, where biased object detection models can have serious repercussions. Through this detailed review of YOLO's technical advancements, applications, performance, and ethical challenges, this paper serves as a valuable resource for researchers, developers, and policymakers looking to understand YOLO’s current capabilities and future directions in the evolving field of object detection.
Cerebral Aneurysms and AVM: Preliminary Experience with the Use of Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging Applied to Endoscopy
Authors: Aiudi Denis , Iacoangeli Alessio , Mattioli Andrea , Raggi Alessio , Dobran Mauro , Polonara Gabriele , Gigli Riccardo , Iacoangeli Maurizio , Gladi Maurizio
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: Indocyanine green videoangiography, integrated in the operative microscope, is frequently used in cerebrovascular surgery; it is believed to be a simple and reliable method for capturing high-resolution images in a real-time setting. This technology is often preferred, for cost or availability, to Doppler or intraoperative angiography DSA (Digital substraction angiography): with the same assumption it was possible, in our preliminary experience, to partially vicariate the aforementioned devices using the SPY mode of the Stryker endoscope; it allowed the visualization of fluorescence in high definition.; Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on a series of 5 patients suffering from cerebral aneurysm or AVM who underwent, during the last year at our institution, surgical treatment with the aid of the microscope supported by the Stryker endoscope in SPY mode for the visualization of fluorescence emitted by indocyanine green; Results: The intraoperative use of indocyanine green was a safe, rapid and effective technique within a preliminary case study of "regular - not giant" aneurysms and AVM located superficially in the cerebral parenchyma. The endoscopic technique in SPY mode has allowed to partially vicariate, in selected cases, the use of Doppler, intraoperative angiography and integrated microscope video angiography; Conclusions: the main purpose of aneurysm surgery is to completely exclude them from the cerebral vascular circulation in the absence of residues in the collar and occlusion of adjacent vessels; similarly, in AVM surgery the goal is the early identification of the nidus and to avoid residues within it given the high risk of new rupture. For these purposes, we propose, in selected cases and keeping in mind the limitations of the technique already described in the literature, the support of the endoscope in SPY mode during the microsurgical procedure in order to visualize the green fluorescence of indocyanine.
Modeling and Intelligent Decision of Partially Observable Penetration Testing for System Security Verification
Authors: Liu Xiaojian , Zhang Yangyang , Li Wenpeng , Gu Wen
Published: October 2024

As network systems become larger and more complex, there is an increasing focus on how to verify the security of systems that are at risk of being attacked. Automated penetration testing is one of the effective ways to do this. Uncertainty caused by adversarial relationships and the "fog of war" is an unavoidable problem in penetration testing research. However, related methods have largely focused on the uncertainty of state transitions in the penetration testing process, and have generally ignored the uncertainty caused by partially observable conditions. To address this new uncertainty introduced by partially observable conditions, we model the penetration testing process as a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP), and propose an intelligent penetration testing decision method compatible with it. We experimentally validate the impact of partially observable conditions on penetration testing. The experimental results show that our method can effectively mitigate the negative impact of partially observable conditions on penetration testing decision. It also exhibits good scalability as the size of the target network increases.
Improving the Resident Interview Process with Structural and Statistical Bias Correction
Authors: Haddadin Zaid , Malcolm Threshia , Moran Benjamin , Dallal Ramsey
Published: October 2024

Background: Several studies have questioned the reliability of the interview process in predicting resident success. Objective: Statistical analysis of the resident interview structure might guide process improvements and increase the validity of the selection methodologyMethod: We performed a prospective comparative analysis of our general surgery residency interview process over two consecutive academic years (AY 2022 and 2023). We used descriptive statistics as well as a mixed effects ordered logit model to measure bias and guide process improvement. Results: Eighty total students were interviewed. We found numerous statistical biases including leniency bias exacerbated by the unequal distribution of evaluators; significant differences in the variance from evaluator’s scoring (p<0.0001) and non-normal distribution (p<0.001). Rater reliability was “good” in both years: 0.69 (C.I. 0.51-0.82). Using uncorrected means, on average, each student was statistical different from 11.5±1.1 other students. Using our model, we improved the number of statistically distinct groupings as each student now differed by 30±1.0 others (p<0.0001). In AY23, we restructured the interviews so that all the evaluators scored every student which greatly improved the interview accuracy using the same mixed model; R-squared of 0.95 versus 0.70; and a smaller percent of students had a change in their rank using with the improved structure (57% versus 90%, p<0.05), compared to AY22.Conclusions: Due to numerous statistical biases, there is little differentiation between students and thus little validity in the process for scoring students using raw mean scores. This can be overcome by developing a structured interview and correcting for statistical biases.
Dynamic Linkages among Stocks and Precious Metals: A Copula Approach
Authors: Abbasi Hina Munir , Aslam Fahee , Ferreira Paulo
Published: October 2024

This research paper investigated the hedging effectiveness, dynamic dependence, safe haven ability, and portfolio diversification benefits of alternative assets (precious metals) with conventional and Islamic stock indices. The data covered the period from March 2011 to March 2021, and a copula model with switching dependence was utilized. The estimated transition probabilities demonstrated a high persistence of the same dependence regime in all estimated pairs. The research found that the use of precious metals with stocks for diversification is a favorable choice, proving them to be the best suitable solution to avoid risks. They also provide a save haven effect along with diversification benefits and reveal that risk reduction benefits vary with respect to portfolio types. The findings of the research indicate that negative shocks prompt investors to seek refuge in safe haven assets to safeguard their investments from extreme negative shocks. For most of the situations studied, precious metals provide the best and most effective hedge to stock returns. Overall, the addition of alternative assets to the stock portfolio reduces risks and provides better diversification benefits. Results vary depending on the circumstances of the country. These findings have practical implications for policymakers, fund managers, investors, and risk management practitioners, guiding them in their investment and risk management decisions.
Predictive Factors of Antibody Drug Conjugates (ADCs) Treatment in Metastatic Breast Cancer: A Narrative Review
Authors: Gadaleta-Caldarola Gennaro , Lanotte Laura , Santoro Anna Natalizia , Pinto Antonello , Gadaleta-Caldarola Arianna , Giacomelli Luca , Fedele Palma
Published: October 2024

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have revolutionized the treatment landscape for metastatic breast cancer (MBC), offering targeted delivery of cytotoxic agents with improved efficacy and tolerability compared to conventional chemotherapy. This narrative review explores key predictive factors influencing the efficacy of ADCs, focusing on HER2-targeted therapies such as trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) and trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd), as well as sacituzumab govitecan for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). HER2 expression, TROP-2 levels, hormone receptor (HR) status, and the tumor microenvironment emerge as critical biomarkers for patient selection and therapeutic outcomes. Additionally, we discuss resistance mechanisms, such as antigen loss, impaired drug internalization, and the role of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in predicting ADC response. Finally, future perspectives on the sequential use of ADCs and potential combination therapies are highlighted, along with emerging agents targeting alternative antigens like HER3 and LIV-1. Overall, identifying predictive biomarkers and overcoming resistance mechanisms are essential for optimizing the use of ADCs in MBC, thereby improving patient outcomes.
Management of Post-Surgical Pain and Postural Dysfunction Through Focused Mechano-Acoustic Vibrations: a Pilot Observational Study
Authors: Barassi Giovanni , Prosperi Loris , Panunzio Maurizio , Pellegrino Raffaello , Marinucci Celeste , Moccia Antonio , Matera Giuseppe Luigi , Gallenga Pier Enrico , Di Iorio Angelo
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: Nowadays there is a progressive increase in surgical interventions in the fields of cardiology and oncology. This situation increasingly involves the need to identify strategies for managing complications that may affect patients in the post-surgical period, during the rehabilitation phase. Among the symptoms most frequently encountered in this context are pain and postural dysfunction, for which a decisive support could derive from the application of Focused Mechano-Acoustic Vibrations (FMAVs) therapy. Methods: In this pilot observational study, 20 patients (12 women and 8 men; average age of 48 years) who underwent cardiac or oncological surgery were observed during the execution of a FMAVs treatment protocol applied in the post-operative period. Patients were evaluated at the beginning and at the end of the protocol through the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) and the computerized postural analysis for the calculation of the Postural Biometric Index (PBI), that quantifies postural dysfunctions. All patients were treated with 8 biweekly sessions of FMAVs applied on specific Myofascial Trigger Points (MTrPs). Results: At the end of the protocol, significant reductions of 26.4% for pain detected by NPRS and 17.9% for postural dysfunction detected by PBI were observed. Conclusions: Treatment with FMAVs can determine improvements in pain and postural dysfunction in cardiac and oncological patients subjected to surgery. This preliminary study lays the foundation for further in-depth research on the topic.
Environmental Protection Tax (EPT) and Its Influence on Firms' Financial Health and Innovation Capabilities: Evidence from Chinese Listed Companies
Authors: Tian ErShang , Park Sung Ook
Published: October 2024

This study examines the impact of the environmental protection tax (EPT) on the liquidity and green technological innovation of listed companies in China from 2013 to 2023. Using a difference-in-differences (DID) approach, we analyze the short-term financial consequences of the EPT, focusing on liquidity ratios and at the same time its effects on innovation through investments in research and development are examined. The results suggest that the EPT significantly reduces corporate liquidity, particularly in industries with high environmental compliance costs, thereby placing financial pressure on firms. Although the EPT stimulates innovation, the inherent time lag in realizing financial returns from R&D investments exacerbates short-term liquidity problems. This research offers important insights for policymakers seeking to balance sustainability goals with corporate financial health.
Position-Force Control of a Lower Limb Rehabilitation Robot using Force Feed-Forward and Compensate Gravity Proportional Derivative Method
Authors: Gam Le T. H , Quan Dam Hai , Ngoc Pham Van Bach , Quan Bui Hong , Thanh Bui Trung
Published: October 2024

The design and control of lower limb rehabilitation robots for patients after a stroke has gained significant attention. This paper presents the dynamic analysis and control of a 3-degree-of-freedom lower limb rehabilitation robot using combined position-force control based on the force feed-forward and compensate gravity proportional derivative method. In the lower limb rehabilitation robot, the interaction force between the patient with the joints and links of the robot is uncertain and nonlinear due to the disturbance effect of Coriolis force, centrifugal force, gravitational force, and friction force. During recovery stages, forces exerted by the patient's lower limb are considered disturbances. Therefore, to meet the quality requirements in using the rehabilitation robot with different recovery stages of patient training, combining position control and force control is essential. In this paper, we proposed a combinations of proportional-derivative gravity compensation motion control and force feed-forward control to form an advanced combined controller (Position-Force Feedforward Control - PFFC) for a 3 DOF lower limb functional rehabilitation robot. The forces can be sensed using a 3-axis force sensor. In addition, the robot's position parameters are also measured by encoders. The control algorithm is implemented on the STM32F4 Discovery board. Verified test of the proposed control method is shown in the experiments and shown good performance of the system.
Exploring the Key Factors Influencing Water Scarcity for Domestic Use in Rural Communities of uMkhanyakude District, KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa: A Quantitative Analysis
Authors: Tseole Nkeka P. , Mutero Tinashe Innocent , Chimbari Moses John
Published: October 2024

Water scarcity persists to be a pressing health concern globally and rural South Africa is not exempted. It exacerbates exposure to waterborne pathogens, resulting in substantial negative health consequences. Despite access to clean water being a constitutional right in South Africa, water scarcity remains a formidable challenge contributing to poor hygiene and sanitation in the country. This qualitative study investigated the factors contributing to water scarcity and the coping mechanisms employed by rural communities in KwaZulu-Natal. Semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions were conducted to collect data. The findings revealed infrastructural challenges, political inaction, climate change and population growth as key determinants of water scarcity in uMkhanyakude. Community members primarily relied on greywater reuse and storing of water in multiple containers to mitigate the effects of water scarcity. It is essential for South African government to prioritize initiatives addressing water scarcity in neglected rural areas to ensure equitable access to clean water and to mitigate the associated health risks.
Signal Transduction of Fucoxanthin Nanoparticles as Anti-Oxidative Stress and Anti-Inflammatory Protecting Aortic Damagein Diabetic Rats
Authors: Sudjarwo Sri , Wardani Giftania , Kurnijasanti Rochmah , Mustafa Mohammad , Hori Masathosi
Published: October 2024

The anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory effects of natural products can prevent diabetic complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and blood vessel damage. Fucoxanthin has potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This research aimed to examine the preventative effects of fucoxanthin nanoparticles against aortic damage in diabetic rats. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) was utilized to identify the size of fucoxanthin nanoparticles. The experiment consisted of five groups (n=8) namely: rats only received streptozotocin (STZ) solvent and fucoxanthin nanoparticles solvent as a control group; rats only received STZ and solvent of fucoxanthin nanoparticles solvent as the diabetic group; and rats received STZ and fucoxanthin nanoparticles at a dose of 75, 150 and 300 mg/kg BW as the fucoxanthin nanoparticle group. The fucoxanthin nanoparticle sizes were 217.2 ± 42.8 nm in DLS. The dose-dependent administration of fucoxanthin nanoparticles elevated significant superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), nitric oxide (NO), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and insulin. However, blood glucose, malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and endothelial cell necrosis decreased compared to those in the streptozotocin group. Our findings suggest that fucoxanthin nanoparticles decrease malondialdehyde levels and increase superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase levels to inhibit oxidative stress, consequently preventing diabetes-induced aortic damage. Furthermore, fucoxanthin nanoparticles also may inhibit inflammation by reducing IL-6 and TNF-α levels. These mechanisms reduce endothelial cell necrosis, which can increase the expression of eNOS and NO levels in the aorta of diabetic rats.
Analysis of the Spatial-Temporal Characteristics of Vegetation Cover Changes in the Loess Plateau from 1982 to 2022
Authors: Yao Zhihong , Huang Yichao , Zhang Yiwen , Yang Qinke , Yang Menghao
Published: October 2024

The Loess Plateau is one of the most severely affected regions by soil erosion in the world, with a fragile ecological environment. Vegetation plays a key role in the region's ecological restoration and protection. Most existing studies focus on the trends of vegetation cover change, while fewer studies investigate the driving factors or only conduct quantitative analyses. This study uses the Geodetector (Geographic Detector Model) to assess the impact of natural and human factors such as temperature, precipitation, soil type, and land use on vegetation growth, revealing the characteristics and driving mechanisms of vegetation cover changes on the Loess Plateau from 1982 to 2022. It also quantitatively calculates the influence of different factors. The findings indicate that vegetation cover on the Loess Plateau has generally risen from 1982 to 2022, but there was a noticeable difference around 2000. The annual mean slope of vegetation cover from 1982 to 2000 was 0.00129, which increased to 0.01075 from 2000 to 2022. The Geodetector indicates that the factors with the greatest impact on vegetation cover in the Loess Plateau are temperature, precipitation, soil type, and land use, and the interaction between these factors has a greater effect on vegetation cover than any single factor alone. This study identifies the ideal ranges or types for vegetation growth on the Loess Plateau over four time periods, offering a scientific basis for soil restoration and soil and water conservation efforts in the area.
Effect of Gender Composition on Modern Contraceptive Uptake Among Married Women of Reproductive Age in Pakistan: A Facility-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Ishaque Muhammad , Hazerjian Jack , Brooks Mohamad Ibrahim , Latif Madiha , Ali Maisam
Published: October 2024

Pakistan is confronted with a formidable challenge of high population growth, compounded by cultural norms prioritizing male offspring, leading to adverse implications for family planning (FP) efforts and demographic trends. Despite efforts to promote contraception, including a national family planning program, Pakistan continues to struggle with low and stagnant contraceptive prevalence rates and high unmet contraceptive needs among married women. The influence of gender composition on modern contraceptive uptake remains underexplored, necessitating research to elucidate its impact on reproductive behavior. This study was based on a secondary analysis of a facility-based cross-sectional survey conducted in six districts of Sindh and Punjab provinces in Pakistan. A subset of 495 married women of reproductive age (MWRA) seeking health services from March to June 2019 was used for this study. Logistic regression analysis was employed to examine the association between the gender composition of children and MWRA’s modern contraceptive uptake, adjusting for covariates such as province, age of women, and health facility type. The analysis revealed a significant association between the gender composition of children and modern contraceptive uptake among MWRA. As the number of daughters increased without sons, the likelihood of contraceptive uptake remained low (Adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 0.12; 95% CI: 0.04–0.34, p < 0.000), while having at least one son substantially increased the odds of contraceptive use (AOR: 19.91; 95% CI: 8.00–49.50, p < 0.000). Notably, the gender composition of one daughter with two sons emerged as the most preferred gender composition, because the odds of contraceptive uptake were significantly increased. The findings highlight the pervasive influence of gender composition on reproductive decision-making in Pakistan, with a clear preference for sons driving modern contraceptive behavior among MWRA. These results underscore the need for targeted interventions to address gender norms and biases while promoting equitable access to FP services. Engaging men in FP initiatives is crucial for challenging traditional gender norms and fostering informed decision-making regarding contraception. Gender preference influences modern contraceptive uptake among MWRA in Pakistan, with a strong preference for sons driving reproductive behavior. Addressing gender norms and biases while promoting informed choice is essential for enhancing modern contraceptive uptake and achieving sustainable population growth. Targeted interventions, including male engagement strategies, are needed to challenge societal gender norms and empower individuals to make autonomous decisions regarding family planning.
Thoracic Spinal Injuries in Adolescents: A Narrative Review
Authors: Nitschke Tyler
Published: October 2024

Despite their increasing prevalence epidemiological data on thoracic spine injuries(TSI) is under-presented in the literature. Furthermore, these studies fail to correlatemechanisms of injury to the specific spinal regions injured. Team ball sports appear tobe common activities undertaken in these age groups. A narrative review wasconducted to understand the aetiology of traumatic TSI, with a focus on sporting causes in youth populations. A literature search was conducted through various databases (from inception to April 2024) such as PubMed, CINAHL, Medline, ProQuest Central, Science Direct and SPORTDiscus. Seven studies, including 1670 patients were included in the dataset. TSI, particularly fractures, were found to be more common in adolescent age groups. Common sporting causes of spinal trauma included equestrian and team ball/contact sports. This review found few studies failed to correlate the mechanism of injury and the specific spinal level affected, supporting the need for further research.
Exploring the Impact of Plant-Derived Antioxidants on Heart Aging: A Mechanistic Outlook
Authors: Khoso Muneer Ahmed , Liu Heng , Zhao Tong , Zhao Wenjie , Huang Qiang , Sun Zeqi , Dinislam Khuzin , Omar Mohammad , Zhang Yong , Liu Xin
Published: October 2024

Heart aging involves a complex interplay of genetic and environmental influences, leading to a gradual deterioration of cardiovascular integrity and function. Age-related physiological changes, including ventricular hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction, myocardial fibrosis, increased arterial stiffness, and endothelial dysfunction, are influenced by key mechanisms like autophagy, inflammation, and oxidative stress. This review aims to explore the therapeutic potential of plant-derived bioactive antioxidants in mitigating heart aging. These compounds, often rich in polyphenols, flavonoids, and other phytochemicals, exhibit notable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective properties. Through a comprehensive analysis of preclinical and clinical studies, this work highlights the mechanisms associated with heart aging and the promising effects of plant-derived antioxidants. The findings may helpful for researchers in identifying specific molecules with therapeutic and preventive potential for cardiovascular aging.
Governance Arrangements for Local Sustainable Business Models: The Case of Local Energy Systems
Authors: Ayrault Johanna , Doumit Farah , Aggeri Franck
Published: October 2024

Despite extensive research on sustainable business models and the development of various tools to facilitate their implementation, barriers persist particularly concerning the governance of a local ecosystem of actors. In this paper, we bridge the literature on sustainable business models with a literature stream on governance arrangements. We analyze these governance arrangements through a qualitative study focusing on the development of two local energy systems –anaerobic digestion and district heating– by a global energy company. Our study shows the importance of securing collaboration to govern interdependencies in the ecosystem. We identify that a facilitating public policy framework combined with internal institutional, strategic and operational drivers linked to the governance of local ecosystems is crucial for the implementation of local sustainable business models.
Review of Relationships Between Human Gut Microbiome, Diet and Obesity
Authors: Patloka Ondřej , Komprda Tomáš , Franke Gabriela
Published: October 2024

Obesity is a complex disease increasing risk of other pathologies. Its prevention or long-term weight loss maintenance is problematic. Gut microbiome is considered a potential obesity modulator. The objective of the present study was to summarize recent findings regarding relationships between obesity, gut microbiota and diet, with emphasis on dietary fiber and resistant starch. Composition of the human gut microbiome and methods of its quantification are described. Products of the gut microbiome metabolism, such as short-chain fatty acids and secondary bile acids including their effects on the gut microbiota, intestinal barrier function and immune homeostasis are discussed in the context of obesity. Importance of dietary fiber and resistant starch is emphasized as far as effects of the host diet on the composition and function of the gut microbiome are concerned. Complex relationships between human gut microbiome and obesity are finally summarized.
An Update on Microbial Interventions in Autism Spectrum Disorder with Gastrointestinal Symptoms
Authors: Moreno Rachel , Ashwood Paul
Published: October 2024

In the United States, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects 1 in 33 children and is characterized by atypical social interactions, communication difficulties, and intense, restricted interests. Microbial dysbiosis in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is frequently observed in individuals with ASD, potentially contributing to behavioral manifestations and correlating with worsening severity. Moreover, dysbiosis may contribute to the increased prevalence of GI comorbidities in the ASD population and exacerbate immune dysregulation, further worsening dysbiosis. Over the past 25 years, research on the impact of microbial manipulation on ASD outcomes has gained substantial interest. Various approaches to microbial manipulation have been preclinically and clinically tested, including antibiotic treatment, dietary modifications, prebiotics, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation. Each method has shown varying degrees of success in reducing the severity of ASD behaviors and/or GI symptoms and varying long-term efficacy. In this review, we discuss these microbiome manipulation methods and their outcomes. We also discuss potential microbiome manipulation early in life, as this is a critical period for neurodevelopment.
Probability via Expectation Measures
Authors: Harremoës Peter
Published: October 2024

Since the seminal work of Kolmogorov, probability theory has been based on measure theory, where the central components are so-called probability measures, defined as measures with total mass equal to 1. In Kolmogorov’s theory, a probability measure is used to model an experiment with a single outcome that will belong to exactly one out of several disjoint sets. In this paper, we present a different basic model where an experiment results in a multiset, i.e. for each of the disjoint sets we get the number of observations in the set. This new framework is consistent with Kolmogorov’s theory, but the theory focuses on expected values rather than probabilities. We present examples from testing Goodness-of-Fit, Bayesian statistics, and quantum theory, where the shifted focus gives new insight or better performance. We also provide several new theorems that address some problems related to the change in focus.
Evaluation of Short-Term Stability of Different Nitazenes in Dried Blood Spots by Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Vitrano Alessandro , Di Giorgi Alessandro , Abbate Vincenzo , Basile Giuseppe , La Maida Nunzia , Pichini Simona , Di Trana Annagiulia
Published: October 2024

Nitazenes represent a New Synthetic Opioids sub-class, belonging to the New Psychoactive Substances (NPS). Their high pharmacological potency has led to numerous intoxications and fatalities, even at minimum doses. The aim of this study was to assess the stability of four nitazenes (etazene, flunitazene, isotonitazene and protonitazene) in dried blood spot (DBS) samples at different storage temperatures (room temperature and 4°C), using a newly developed and validated liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry method. Two concentrations, 1 and 5 ng/mL were chosen based on the available data on nitazene-related intoxications and stability was evaluated at day 0 (control), 1, 7 and 30. Results showed that all analytes at 1 ng/mL were not detectable after 30 days at room temperature; a similar pattern was observed for 1 ng/mL etazene and isotonitazene samples when stored at 4°C, whereas flunitazene and protonitazene decreased to a mean of 66% and 69% initial concentration, respectively, at day 30. Differently, all analytes at 5 ng/mL were quantified above 44% and 41% initial concentration at room temperature and 4°C, respectively, showing a higher stability. The study of nitazenes stability in DBS represents an important tool to determine the optimal samples storage conditions, such as temperature and time between sample collection and analysis.
Phytochemical Analysis and Anti-Diarrheal Activity of Stem Bark Decoctions of Pentadesma butyracea (Sabine) (Clusiaceae)
Authors: Mayindza-Ekaghba Ericka Lorleil , Grenet Manon , Gandolfo Pierrick , Loutelier-Bourhis Corinne , Schmitz Isabelle , Afonso Carlos , Lerouge Patrice , Mengome Line Edwige
Published: October 2024

Pentadesma butyracea is a medicinal plant of which stem bark decoctions are used in traditional medicine for the treatment of diarrheal in Gabon. The aims of the present work were to perform a phytochemical analysis of P. butyracea stem bark decoctions harvested in rain and dry seasons and to evaluate their biological proprieties in order to improve their pharmaceutical use. In a first approach, spectrophotometric analyses were used to quantify phenolics compounds, following by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry analysis that allowed the identification of flavanone-flavone dimers as the main metabolites of this stem bark decoction. Pharmacological analyses showed the absence of in vitro and in vivo toxicity, thus allowing the safety in use of this decoction. The antioxidant activity of the samples was also demonstrated. Of particular interest, the decoction of P. butyracea stem barks exhibited in vitro antidiarrheal activities thanks to the effects on contractions of ileum fragments isolated from rats. In addition, in vivo activities on castor oil-induced diarrhea in rats were also demonstrated. These results encourage the deepening of a bio-guided research on P. butyracea stem bark decoctions in order to propose standard traditional medical treatments in Gabon.
Gold Nanoparticles in Nanomedicine: Unique Properties and Therapeutic Potential
Authors: Eker Furkan , Akdaşçi Emir , Duman Hatice , Bechelany Mikhael , Karav Sercan
Published: October 2024

Gold nanoparticles (NPs) have demonstrated significance in several important fields, including drug delivery and anticancer research, due to their unique properties. Gold NPs possess significant optical characteristics that enhance their application in biosensor development for diagnosis, photothermal and photodynamic therapies for anticancer treatment, as well as in targeted drug delivery and bioimaging. The broad surface modification possibilities of gold NPs have been utilized in the delivery of various molecules, including nucleic acids, drugs, and proteins. Moreover, gold NPs possess strong localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) properties, facilitating their use in surface-enhanced Raman scattering for precise and efficient biomolecule detection. These optical properties are extensively utilized in anticancer research. Both photothermal and photodynamic therapies show significant results in anticancer treatments using gold NPs. Additionally, the properties of gold NPs demonstrate potential in other biological areas, particularly in antimicrobial activity. In addition to delivering antigens, peptides, and antibiotics to enhance antimicrobial activity, gold NPs can penetrate cell membranes and induce apoptosis through various intracellular mechanisms. Among other types of metal NPs, gold NPs show more tolerable toxicity capacity, supporting their application in wide-ranging areas. Gold NPs hold a special position in nanomaterial research, offering limited toxicity and unique properties. This review aims to address recently highlighted applications, current status of gold NP research and discuss their future in nanomedicine.
Antioxidant Peptides from Sacha Inchi Meal: An In Vitro, Ex Vivo, and In Silico Approach
Authors: Torres-Sánchez Erwin , Lorca-Alonso Iván , González-de la Fuente Sandra , Hernández-Ledesma Blanca , Gutiérrez Luis-Felipe
Published: October 2024

Sacha Inchi Oil Press-Cake (SIPC), a by-product of oil processing, was used to produce a protein concentrate (SPC) which was subsequently hydrolyzed by standardized static INFOGEST 2.0 protocol. This study aimed to integrate in vitro, ex vivo and in silico methods to evaluate the release of antioxidant peptides during gastrointestinal digestion. In vitro and ex vivo methods were used to investigate the antioxidant potential of SPC digests. Bioinformatics tools (find-pep-seq, AnOxPP, AnOxPePred-1.0, HLP, PlifePred and SwissADME) were employed to characterize antioxidant peptides. The gastric and intestinal digests exhibited higher ABTS and ORAC values than those exhibited by SPC. Under basal conditions, gastric digest fractions GD1, GD2, and GD3 (<3, 3-10, and >10 kDa, respectively), separated by ultrafiltration, significantly reduced ROS levels in RAW264.7 macrophages, while under LPS stimulation, GD1 (16 µg/mL) and GD2 (500 and 1000 µg/mL) reversed the induced damage. From the de novo peptidome determined, 416 peptides were selected based on their resistance to digestion. Through in silico tools, 315 resistant peptides were identified as antioxidants. Despite low bioavailability indices predicted, the peptides SVMGPYYNSK, EWGGGGCGGGGGVSSLR, RHWLPR, LQDWYDK, and ALEETNYELEK showed potential use for extracellular targets and drug delivery systems. This research contributes to ongoing efforts to valorize agro-industrial by-products, promoting a circular economy through the integration of sustainable practices in food production and related health applications.
Research on Fuzzy Computation Tree Temporal Logic with Quality Constraints and Its Model Checking
Authors: Yu XianFeng , Li YongMing , Geng ShengLing , Li HuiRong
Published: October 2024

This treatise represents a significant contribution to the field by integrating quality constraint functions and predicates into Possibility Computation Tree Temporal Logic (PoCTL), thus giving rise to Fuzzy Computation Tree Temporal Logic with Quality Constraints (QFCTL). We provide a comprehensive definition of QFCTL's syntax, conduct an in-depth analysis of its logical characteristics, outline a precise model checking algorithm for QFCTL, and perform a meticulous complexity assessment of said algorithm. Moreover, by enriching QFCTL with a quantitative characteristic predicate operator, we innovate, culminating in the development of an enhanced Fuzzy Computation Tree Temporal Logic with Quality Constraints (QFCTL*). The treatise explores the logical facets of QFCTL*, formulates a bespoke model checking algorithm for QFCTL*, and conducts a rigorous analysis of its algorithmic complexity. To attest to the practical utility and robust expressive power of QFCTL and QFCTL*, we present a model checking example that serves as empirical evidence of the efficacy of the proposed model checking algorithms.
Recent Advances and Current Challenges in Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for Ultra-Central Lung Tumors
Authors: Salvestrini Viola , Lastrucci Andrea , Banini Marco , Loi Mauro , Carnevale Maria Grazia , Olmetto Emanuela , Garlatti Pietro , Simontacchi Gabriele , Francolini Giulio , Bonomo Pierluigi , Wandael Yannick , Desideri Isacco , Ricci Renzo , Giansanti Daniele , Scotti Vieri , Livi Lorenzo
Published: October 2024

Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy has been established as a viable treatment option for inoperable early-stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer or secondary lesions mainly in oligoprogressive/oligometastatic scenarios. Treating lesions in the so-called “no flight zone” has always been challenging and conflicting data never cleared how to safely treat these lesions. This is truer considering ultra-central lesions, i.e. directly abutting or whose PTV is overlapping critical mediastinal organs. While historical retrospective data is abundant but mostly heterogenous in terms of definition of ultra-central lesions, dosing regimens and outcomes, prospective data remains scarce, even though recently published studies have given new encouraging results for such delicate treatment scenarios. For this reason, we aimed to review and summarize current knowledge on stereotactic radiation treatment for ultra-central thoracic lesions, highlighting the most recent advances and the messages that can be taken from them. Lastly, we propose a workflow of the necessary steps to identify and treat such patients, therefore helping in elucidating them with advantages and caveats of such treatment option.
Effects of Cover Crops on Nematode Communities in Spinach Production
Authors: Aubry Elyse , Akanwari Jerry , Liang Ping , Ellouze Walid , Gaiero Jonathan , Sultana Tahera
Published: October 2024

Agricultural soil environments contain different types of nematodes in all trophic levels that aid in balancing the soil food web. Beneficial free-living nematodes (FLNs) consist of bacterivores, fungivores, predators and omnivores that help in the mineralization of the soil and the top-down control of harmful plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs). Annually, $125 billion in worldwide crop losses are caused by PPNs, making them a plant pathogen of great concern for growers. Farmers have started to implement the use of cover crops in agricultural systems for the protection and enrichment of soil but research on how different cover crops affect nematode populations is lacking and in demand. This study aims to determine the effects of legume and grass cover crops, Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum), as well as their mixture on the abundance and diversity of FLN and PPN populations. Soil samples were collected at the time of cover crop maturity and spinach harvest to analyze nematode communities using both morphological and DNA metabarcoding analysis. Results showed that the application of Cowpea and Pearl Millet as well as their mixture in a spinach agricultural system led to the control of PPNs and proliferation of FLN communities, with each cover crop treatment demonstrating different advantages for the various nematode feeding groups. The choice of cover crop implementation by growers for spinach cultivation should thus be based on specific soil health conditions to promote soil fertility and a healthy nematode community.
Simulated Practice Learning Experience in a Virtual Environment: An Innovative Pedagogical Approach to Practice Learning for Nursing Students
Authors: Faulds Sharon , Taylor Anne
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: In response to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the authors implemented an innovative and alternative approach to practice learning for a Cohort of Year One Adult and Mental Health student nurses. The evaluation aimed to explore the effectiveness of virtual practice learning as a viable alternative to traditional practice placements and the impact on the student practice learning experience.
Methods: All year one student nurses attending the four Simulated Practice Learning Experience (SPLE) weeks were invited to participate and complete a generated questionnaire within the virtual environment on their final day of each week. The evaluation employed a mixed methods approach to evaluate the effectiveness of the SPLE on student satisfaction and their overall practice learning experience.
Results: A mean total of 205 student nurses completed the questionnaire, achieving a response rate of 98-100%. Students reported an overall satisfaction score of 88%, highlighting their preparedness and positive feedback on the organisation, delivery, and content of the SPLE. Qualitative analysis revealed key themes, including the development of transferable skills and personal growth, the value of peer learning, the benefits of a virtual environment, and appreciation of service user and healthcare professional input. Students reported significant personal growth, improved communication skills, and a deeper understanding of holistic care through interactive and collaborative learning experiences.
Conclusions: This evaluation underscores the innovative potential of virtual practice learning to enhance nursing education, emphasising the importance of integrating emerging technologies and diverse pedagogical approaches. The findings suggest that SPLEs can effectively prepare nursing students for the complexities of clinical practice while addressing the evolving demands of healthcare education. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies to assess the sustained impact of virtual learning on clinical experiences and professional development.
The Activation of the NF-κB Pathway in Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Alters the Deposition of Epigenetic Marks on H3K27 and is Modulated by Fish Oil
Authors: Simao Jussara de Jesus , Bispo Andressa França Sousa , Plata Victor Tadeu Gonçalves , Abel Ana Beatriz Marques , Armelin-Correa Lucia , Barcella Júlia Fernandes , Alonso João Carlos Cardoso , Santana André Valente , Armelin-Correa Lucia Maria , Alonso Maria Isabel Cardoso
Published: October 2024

Background: Chronic low-grade inflammation in obesity is linked to white adipose tissue (WAT) dysfunction. Plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activates Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), triggering NF-κB and worsening these disturbances. Previously, we showed that H3K27 epigenetic modifications affect WAT gene expression in high-fat diet mice, identifying key pathways in adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs). This study explores whether NF-κB influences H3K27 modifiers in human ASCs and evaluates fish oil (FO) as a modulator. Methods: Human visceral WAT ASCs were stimulated with LPS and treated with FO enriched with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Flow cytometry, PCR array, RT-PCR, and Western blot assays were used. Results: LPS increased NF-κB activity, elevating KDM6B demethylase levels and H3K27 acetylation. These epigenetic modifications in LPS-stimulated ASCs were associated with persistent changes in the expression of genes involved in adipogenesis, metabolic regulation, and inflammation, even after LPS removal and cell differentiation. FO mitigated these effects, reducing H3K27 acetylation and promoting methylation. Conclusions: FO demonstrates potential in modulating inflammation-induced epigenetic changes and preserving adipocyte function.