bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Have We Progressed Marketing Knowledge? A Meta-Meta-Analysis of Effect Sizes in Marketing Research
Authors: Eisend Martin
Published: February 2015

This study measures the value and progress of knowledge produced in marketing research by using meta-analytic effect sizes as a measure of scientific knowledge. The author combines the results of 176 meta-analyses that include data from more than 7,500 primary studies published between 1918 and 2012. The 1,841 meta-analytic effect sizes show that a considerable body of marketing knowledge has been developed, as expressed by a meta-meta-analytic correlation of .24. This medium-sized effect is as strong or stronger than effects that have been found in compilations of meta-analyses in other, more basic fields of inquiry (e.g., psychology), which shows that marketing is a successful academic discipline. The effect sizes vary across subject areas, with pricing showing the strongest effects, followed by consumer behavior; methods and new product development show the weakest effects. This finding reveals different degrees of knowledge production and varying benchmarks to assess the contribution of future research outcomes in these subject areas. Marketing knowledge follows a discontinuous model of progress: knowledge has increased over time, but at a decreasing rate; the marketing field, which is currently characterized by fragmentation and specialization, has reached a stage of maturity. The findings provide implications for further research regarding how to measure, evaluate, and progress knowledge in marketing.
Methods for describing illumination colour uniformities
Authors: Rotscholl Ingo , Trampert Klaus , Herrmann Franziska , Neumann Cornelius
Published: February 2015

Optimizing angular or spatial colour homogeneity has become an important task in many general lighting applications and first requires a valid description of illumination colour homogeneity. We analyse different frequently used methods to describe colour distributions in theory and with measurement data. It is described why information about chromaticity coordinates, correlated colour temperature and global chromaticity coordinate distances are not sufficient for describing colour homogeneity perception of light distributions. We present local chromaticity coordinate distances as expandable and easy implementable method for describing colour homogeneity distributions that is adaptable to the field of view by only one intuitive, physiological meaningful parameter.
An Improved Arrhenius Constitutive Model and Three-Dimensional Processing Map of a Solution-Treated Ni-Based Superalloy
Authors: Li Hong-Bin , Feng Yun-Li
Published: February 2015

The hot deformation behaviors of a solution-treated Ni-based superalloy are investigated by hot compression tests over wide ranges of strain rate and forming temperature. Based on the experimental data, the effects of forming temperature and strain rate on the hot deformation behaviors are discussed in detail. Considering the effects of strain on material constants, comprehensive constitutive models are developed to describe the relationships between the flow stress, strain rate and forming temperature for the studied superalloy. The three-dimensional processing map is constructed to optimize the hot working parameters. Meanwhile, the microstructures are analyzed to correlate with the processing map. It is found that the flow stress is sensitive to the forming temperature, strain rate and deformation degree. With the increase of forming temperature or the decrease of strain rate, the flow stress significantly decreases. The predicted flow stresses agree well with experimentally measured results, which confirm that the developed constitutive model can accurately estimate the flow stress of the studied superalloy. The three-dimensional processing map shows that the optimum deformation windows for hot working are the domains with 980–1,040°C or 0.001–0.1 $${{\rm{s}}^{- {\rm{1}}}}$$ when the strain is 0.6. Also, it is found that the dynamically recrystallized grain size increases with the increase of forming temperature or the decrease of strain rate.
Social psychological predictors of satisfaction
with intrapartum and postpartum care – what
matters to women in Czech maternity hospitals?
Authors: Takács Lea , Seidlerová Jitka Mlíková , Šulová Lenka , Hoskovcová Simona Horáková
Published: February 2015

Objective: To identify the social psychological
factors affecting women’s evaluation of care provided in
Czech maternity hospitals using following criteria: satisfaction
with intrapartum and postpartum care, willingness
to return to a given hospital and to recommend the
hospital to others.

Methods: 762 women completed a 71-item original Czech
questionnaire KLI-P designed to measure the psychosocial
climate in both delivery and after-birth unit on six scales.
The sample was representative of the Czech parturients
population. Multivariate logistic regression was used to
investigate the predictive value of the questionnaire scales
for maternal satisfaction, willingness to return to and to
recommend a given hospital.

Results: For delivery unit, the satisfaction predictors were:
helpfulness and empathy of midwives (Χ2=48.9), communication
of information and availability of caregivers
(Χ2=16.6), helpfulness and empathy of physicians (Χ2=10.9),
symmetrical and respectful attitude of staff members
(Χ2=9.7) and physical comfort and services (Χ2=7.6). The
predictors of satisfaction with after-birth unit included
helpfulness and empathy of the staff (Χ2≥42.1), communication
of information and availability of caregivers
(Χ2=52.5), physical comfort and services (Χ2=30.6), control
and involvement in decision-making (Χ2=6.6) and parity
(Χ2=8.6). The factors influencing women’s willingness to return to and to recommend a hospital differed from the
predictors of general satisfaction.

Conclusions: The satisfaction factors revealed in this
research correspond predominantly to the results of
studies conducted in other countries (warm, non-formal
and supportive approach, sufficient and well-timed provision
of information and explanation, availability of caregivers,
physical environment). However, participation in
decision making, which has been repeatedly shown to be
among the strongest predictors of childbirth satisfaction,
was not important for the Czech parturients’ satisfaction
with intrapartal care. This finding can be explained by different
attitudes and expectations of both parturients and
caregivers in a post-totalitarian country.
Crystal structure of fac-κO,S-(Z)-1,1-diethyl-3-(hydroxido(phenyl)methylene) thiourea-(κS'(Z)-1,1-diethyl-3-(hydroxido(phenyl)methylene)- thiourea)- tricarbonyl rhenium(I), C27H31N4O5ReS2
Authors: Mukiza Janvier , Gerber Thomas I. A. , Hosten Eric C. , Betz Richard
Published: February 2015

C27H31N4O5ReS2, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 10.8449(3) Å, b = 14.0018(3) Å, c = 19.9573(5) Å, β = 100.825(1)°, V = 2976.6 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0151, wRref(F2) = 0.0351, T = 200 K.
Nomenclature and graphic representations for chemically modified polymers (IUPAC Recommendations 2014)
Authors: Jones Richard G. , Kitayama Tatsuki , Wilks Edward S. , Fox Robert B. , Fradet Alain , Hellwich Karl-Heinz , Hess Michael , Hodge Philip , Horie Kazuyuki , Kahovec Jaroslav , Kratochvíl Pavel , Kubisa Przemyslaw , Maréchal Ernest , Mormann Werner , Ober Christopher K. , Stepto Robert F.T. , Vert Michel , Vohlídal Jiří
Published: February 2015

A new source-based nomenclature system is described which indicates that a particular polymer has been chemically modified. A connective within the name of a polymer, -mod-, is introduced for this purpose as in poly[(A)-mod-(B)]. The system is intended to be used in accordance with source-based naming of polymers but also provides for the use of structure-based names when it is unavoidable. It embraces: (1) modification of a constitutional unit into another, the unique structure of which is known; and (2) a more general modification of a constitutional unit resulting in any one of a number of possible structures. In addition, a new symbol, ∼>, is proposed for use in graphic representations of the structure of modified polymers.
A non-linear forecast combination procedure for binary outcomes
Authors: Lahiri Kajal , Yang Liu
Published: February 2015

We develop a non-linear forecast combination rule based on copulas that incorporate the dynamic interaction between individual predictors. This approach is optimal in the sense that the resulting combined forecast produces the highest discriminatory power as measured by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Under additional assumptions, this rule is shown to be equivalent to the quintessential linear combination scheme. To illustrate its usefulness, we apply this methodology to optimally aggregate two currently used leading indicators – the ISM new order diffusion index and the yield curve spread – to predict economic recessions in the United States. We also examine the sources of forecasting gains using a counterfactual experimental set up.
Numerical Study of the Effect of Secondary Vortex on Three-Dimensional Corner Separation in a Compressor Cascade
Authors: Liu Yangwei , Yan Hao , Lu Lipeng
Published: February 2015

The complex flow structures in a linear compressor cascade have been investigated under different incidences using both the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) and delayed detached eddy simulation (DDES) methods. The current study analyzes the development of horseshoe vortex and passage vortex in a compressor cascade based on DDES results and explores the effect of the passage vortex on corner separation using the RANS method. Results show that the effect of horseshoe vortex on three-dimensional corner separation is weak, whereas the effect of passage vortex is dominant. A large vortex breaks into many small vortices in the corner separation region, thereby resulting in strong turbulence fluctuation. The passage vortex transports the low-energetic flow near the endwall to the blade suction surface and enlarges corner separation in the cascade. Hence, total pressure loss increases in the cascade.
Geschlossene 1
∞[(PtDy4O16)4]-Polyedertunnel in Ba13Dy8Zn4Pt4O37 Closed 1
∞ [(PtDy4O16)4] Polyhedra Tunnels in Ba13Dy8Zn4Pt4O37
Authors: Sfreddo O. , Müller-Buschbaum Hk.
Published: February 2015

Single crystals of Ba13Dy8Zn4Pt4O37 have been prepared by reaction of mixtures of BaCO3, ZnO and DyO3 at temperatures up to 1225 °C using platinum crucibles. X-ray investigations led to a new crystal structure with tetragonal symmetry, space group C4h
5-I4/m, a = 18.659(7), c = 5.734(2) Å, Z = 2. The structure is characterized by PtO6 and BaO6 octahedra as well as by tetragonal ZnO5 pyramids and single capped trigonal prisms of oxygen around dysprosium. The remaining barium positions show coordination numbers of nine and ten. The crystal structure has large ∞
1[(PtDy4O)6)4] polyhedra tunnels. Considering the ∞
1[Ln4O16]20- polyhedra groups some parts of the structure show similarities to BaZnLn2O5, Ba5Zn4Ln8O21 and Ba2Ln2ZnPtO8.
Dicobaltoarsenat -(CoAsO7) -Baugruppen im Cobaltoxid-Tellurat Co6O2[T eO4(CoAsO5)2] / Dicobaltoarsenate - (CoAsO7) - Groups in the Cobalt Oxide Tellurate Co6O2[TeO4(CoAsO5)2]
Authors: Staack M. , Müller-Buschbaum Hk.
Published: February 2015

The compound Co6O2 [TeO4(CoAsO5)2] has been prepared by solid state reactions. Single crystal X -ray techniques led to orthorhombic symmetry, space group D 18
2h-Cmca, a = 6.020(1), b = 23.763(5), c = 8.841(2) Å , Z = 4. The new structure type contains the hitherto unknown cobaltoarsenate group CoAsO7, oxidic oxygen connected exclusively to cobalt, and TeO6 octahedra.
Aroma Evolution during Flower Opening in Rosa damascena Mill
Authors: Oka Noriaki , Ohishi Hisayoshi , Hatano Tatsuya , Hornberger Martin , Sakata Kanzo , Watanabe Naoharu
Published: February 2015

The changes of aroma ingredients during the process of flower opening from Bulgarian rose were monitored by head space method and solvent extraction.W e also analyzed contents of glycosidic alcoholic aroma together with activities of the hydrolytic enzymes throughout the flower development and the opening.

At flower petal opening time, the total amount of aromas in the head space gas reached the highest level. The concentration of citronellol was abundant in the head space gas at this stage, whereas the concentration o f 2-phenylethanol became higher than that of citronellol 4 hr after the opening stage. In the volatile extracts, higher accumulation was observed in 2-phenylethanol than those of monoterpenoids at this stage, and the content of the former still increased after flower opening. Glycosidic citronellol, geraniol, and other m onoterpenes started their accumulation ju st before flower opening stage and then reached the maximum level. The amount of these glycosidic compounds were less than those in the volatile extracts. In contrast to the monoterpenes, 2-phenylethyl glycosides accumulated in a higher level than in the volatile extracts starting at least 12 hr before the opening stage. The amount of the glycosidic precursors of 2-phenylethanol detected in the rose petals before flower opening always was higher than the amount of 2-phenylethanol which was released later. The decline of glycosidic 2-phenylethanol at flower opening stage may be due to partial enzymatic hydrol­ysis. Thereafter a drastic decline was observed, indicating that rapid enzymatic hydrolysis occurred during these stages.
Changes in Photosynthetic Apparatus in the Juvenile Rice Canopy and a Possible Function of Photosystem I in the Bottom Leaves
Authors: Yamazaki Jun-ya , Kamimura Yasumaro , Sugimura Yasutomo
Published: February 2015

Changes in the photosynthetic apparatus and relative antenna sizes of photosystem (PS) I and PS II were measured in the rice canopy. We used juvenile rice seedlings to examine light utilization and its absorption in the bottom leaves and obtained the following results: (1) When referred to chlorophyll (Chl), levels of the electrochromic shift at 550 nm and cytochrome ƒ decreased from the sixth to the third leaves, but there was no loss of pigment (P)-700. As a consequence, the PS II/PS I ratio significantly decreased from 1.5 in the sixth leaves to 0.9 in the third leaves. (2) The electron transport capacity in the sixth leaves was 1.5-times larger than that in the third leaves. (3) The levels of cytochrome b6 referred to Chl were almost constant from top to bottom. (4) The photosynthetic performance of the leaf de­creased concomitant with the depth, whereas the respiration was slightly increased. From these results, we hypothesize that there are maintenance mechanisms when the imbalances of light absorption and electron transport capacity occur in the bottom leaves.
Anthocyanin Extracts with Antioxidant and Radical Scavenging Effect
Authors: Gabrielska Janina , Oszmiański Jan , Komorowska Małgorzata , Langner Marek
Published: February 2015

The antioxidative activity of three anthocyanin pigments, extracted from the fruits of chokeberry, honeysuckle and sloe, were studied. Lipid oxidation in the liposome membrane, induced by UV radiation, was evaluated with a thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances assay. The antioxidant efficiency of the studied compounds follows this sequence: chokeberry > sloe > honeysuckle. The extract concentrations at which a 50% reduction of phosphatidylcho­ line oxidation was observed, were respectively: 48, 54 and 60 mg/1. The end products of lipid membrane oxidation were evaluated using HPLC. It was found that the antioxidative potency of anthocyanin extracts is concentration-dependent. As shown by E P R technique the efficiency of the extracts to eliminate free radicals from the solution follows the order of the antioxidant activity.
Influence of the Herbicides Amitrole and Norflurazon on Greening of Illuminated Potato Microtubers
Authors: Muraja-Ljubičić Jasmina , Wrischer Mercedes , Ljubešić Nikola
Published: February 2015

Potato microtubers turn green within a few days when kept in the light. The initial phases in this process were observed as early as 12 hours after the onset of illumination. The changes included a pronounced increase in chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations, accompanied by changes in the protein pattern and in the transformation of amyloplasts and leucoplasts to chloroplasts. The bleaching herbicides amitrole and norflurazon inhibited the synthesis of carotenoids in the illuminated potato microtubers. However, amitrole only delayed greening and an increase in chlorophyll and carotenoid levels became visible as late as four days after the onset of illumination, and the LHC II protein of the photosynthetic membrane was not detected before the seventh day of light exposure. Norflurazon, in contrast, acted as a stronger inhibitor, and microtuber tissues stayed yellowish throughout the experiment. The concentrations of both carotenoids and chlorophylls were very low in tissues treated with this herbicide. The LHC II protein could not be detected after a seven-day light exposure and the plastids were damaged, small in size, without normal thylakoids and with numerous plastoglobules.
Biocontrol Strain Pseudomonas sp. W34: Specific Detection and Quantification in the Rhizosphere of Cucumis sativus with a DNA Probe and Genotypic Characterization by DNA Fingerprinting
Authors: Redecker Dirk , Feder Inke S. , Vinuesa Pablo , Batinic Thomas , Schulz Ulrike , Kosch Kerstin , Werner Dietrich
Published: February 2015

A DNA probe specific for biocontrol strains of Pseudomonas was produced by screening randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) PCR fragments. Specificity of the probe was assessed by dot blot and colony hybridization. It was used to specifically determine the population of these strains on roots of Cucumis sativus cv. Delikatess. Two polymorphic RAPD fragments of 750 bp, and 550 bp showed identical specificity. The biocontrol strain Pseudomonas sp. W34 was shown to be competitive in the rhizosphere of cucumber and to maintain a stable population for at least 10 days when inoculated on the seed.

The phylogenetic relationships between the biocontrol and reference strains were analyzed at the strain level by means of RAPD and repetitive sequence-based PCR genomic finger­ printing (rep-PCR), and at higher taxonomic levels by means of amplified 16S ribosomal DNA restriction analysis A RDRA . It was shown that the antagonistic strains are closely related, forming a separate cluster from other non-antagonistic and reference Pseudomonas strains, their taxonomic placement remaining uncertain.
Protease and Virulence of the Extracellular Products Produced by Vibrio carchariae after Growth on Various Media
Authors: Lee K.-K. , Yii K.-C. , Yang T.-I. , Hong H.-I. , Liu P.-C.
Published: February 2015

Protease and virulence of the extracellular products (ECP) of Vibrio carchariae strain EmI82KL, a causative agent of gastroenteritis in E pinephelus coioides, cultured on different media were studied. The bacteria grown on peptone agar, nutrient agar or brain heart infu­sion agar produced higher protease activities than that grown on tryptic soy agar (TSA) in terms of protein content. The addition of ethylenediamine di(o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid) or horse serum in TSA enhanced the ECP protease production while the addition of grouper serum apparently reduced the enzyme activity indicating the presence of protease inhibitor(s) in the fish serum. Furthermore, the use of grouper meat or peptone as a single nutrient source remarkably enhanced the production of ECP protease. Adding proteinaceous materials from animal sources (horse serum, grouper meat or peptone) on agar manifested higher ECP protease activity than that from plant source (TSA), indicating the intestine of carnivorous groupers might favour the existence, survival or infection of the bacterium. The protease was a metal-chelator-sensitive serine protease since it was inhibited by 3,4-dichloroisocoumarin and phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride while about 80% of its activity inhibited by chelating agents (ethylene-diaminetetraacetic acid and ethylene glycol-bis(y3-amino-ethylether) N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid). The ECP obtained from each medium was not lethal to the groupers suggesting that the bacterium is low virulent. As grouper is carnivorous, therefore, the role of the protease played in the fish intestine probably is competing for nutrients and/ or associated with the cause of edema leading to gastroenteritis.
Coumarin Glycosides from the Mosses Dendroligotrichum dendroides and Dawsonia superba
Authors: Raubuch Juliane , Geiger Hans , Zinsmeister Hans Dietmar
Published: February 2015

Dendroligotrichum dendroides and Dawsonia superba, which belong to two exclusively Gondwanalandic genera of the Polytrichales, accumulate the same type of coumarins as species of the cosmopolitan genera of that order. The structures of the isolated compounds, one of which is a new natural product, were elucidated spectroscopically.
Iridoid Glucosides from Galium humifusum Bieb
Authors: Mitova Maya , Handjieva Nedjalka , Anchev Mincho , Popov Simeon
Published: February 2015

Galium humifusum, R ubiaceae, Iridoid G lycosides Two new iridoid glucosides, hum ifusin A and hum ifusin B, with a 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-p ropionate ester unit were isolated from Galium hum ifusum to g eth er with 11 know n iridoid glucosides asperuloside, scandoside, desacetylasperulosidic acid, asperulosidic acid, genipo-sidic acid, desacetylasperuloside. m onotropein, V I, V2, V3 and daphylloside. The new iri-doids w ere identified on the basis of spectral d ata. 13C N M R d ata for V I and V2 iridoids are reported.
Identification of Genes in a Thyroid Cell Line Regulated by Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Authors: Shong Minho , Kim Yong-Jin , Choi Yongmun , Kwon O-Yu
Published: February 2015

Differential Display (DD) PCR, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Rat Thyrocytes (FR TL5 cells) Differential display (DD) PCR (Liang and Pardee, 1992) is a recently described technique to identify genes whose expression has changed during a biological process. We used this method to detect genes thyroid stimulating hormone-dependently regulated in a rat thyroid cell line, because thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is the most important hormone for cell proliferation and differentiation including prehormonal proteins secretion in thyrocytes (Kim and Arvan. 1991: Kim and Arvan, 1993). Following DD-PCR experimentation, thyroid stimu­ lating hormone -dependently regulated gene fragments of 15 species were obtained. The genes were used as molecular probes in Northern blot analysis and then sequenced. Two of the clones (#123 and #205) were up-regulated and two more (#107 and #111) were down-regulated thyroid stimulating hormone-dependently in the thyroid cells, as demonstrated by Northern blot analysis. Following partial sequencing, each of the clones #107, #111 and #205 were shown to be homologues of the apoptosis-related gene, aldolase A, and a-2 collagen (IV), respectively, while clone #123 showed no homology with known genes. These findings suggest that the four genes mentioned above may have an a important physiological function in the thyrocytes, which is thyroid stimulating hormone-dependently up-/down-regulated.
New Chalcones from Hop Humulus lupulus L.
Authors: Etteldorf Nicole , Etteldorf Nadine , Becker Hans
Published: February 2015

Eight known flavonoids were isolated from an ethanol extract of hop cones (Humulus lupulus L., Cannabaceae) together with two new hop chalcones. The new compounds were identified as a,β-dihydroxanthohumol and iso-dehydrocycloxanthohumol hydrate
Factors Affecting Growth of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria Isolated from Tropical Soil
Authors: Ilori M. O. , Okonkwo A. M. , Bamidele M.
Published: February 2015

Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) were isolated from soils around corroded pipelines and tanks. High num­bers of the organisms occurred in areas closest to the corroded tanks and pipelines. Morphological types cor­ responding to rod, spirilloid, vibriod and coccoid were encountered. All the organisms utilized lactate as carbon and energy source. None could grow at temperatures higher than 40 °C. All the isolates grew at 1% (w/v) NaCl while none could grow at 8% (w/v) NaCl. All the isolates grew at pH 7 .0 -7 .5 . Growth was not recorded at pH below 5.5 and above 8.0. These factors may be useful in manipulating tropical soil environments to reduce activities of SRB in corrosion of pipelines and tanks.
Light and Heat Stress Adaptation of the Symbionts of Temperate and Coral Reef Foraminifers Probed in Hospite by the Chlorophyll a Fluorescence Kinetics
Authors: Tsimilli-Michael Merope , Pêcheux Martin , Strasser Reto J.
Published: February 2015

Since the early 80’s massive bleaching affects the reef ecosystem. It involves, besides corals, several other species among which large foraminifers, and it corresponds to the loss of their photosynthetic symbionts or the symbionts’ pigments. The cause is unclear, though temperature elevation and strong irradiation have been considered to be primary factors. In this work we investigated in two genera of coral reef foraminifers (Amphistegina lobifera and Amphisorus heimprichii) and in the temperate foraminifer Sorites variabilis the response of photosystem II (PSII) of their symbionts in hospite upon light stress (white light of 550 μE m-2 s-1 and red light of 3200 |μE m-2 s-1) and heat stress (up to 32 °C), by means of the Chla fluorescence transients O-J-I-P they exhibit upon illumination. The transients were analysed according to the JIP-test which leads to the calculation of several structural and functional parameters providing a quantification of PSII behaviour. We observed that the various parameters undergo modifications that differ concerning both their extent and their degree of elasticity, thus indicating that different adaptive strategies are employed in response to stress. The most pronounced of these regulatory changes is a wide decrease of the quantum yield of electron transport. However, the extent of the changes, different for the three studied species, was in general smaller when the cultures were kept under low light (70 μE m-2 s-1) than in darkness. By the applied stressors, PSII was not damaged and, except for some cells in which an expulsion of symbionts was initiated, no bleaching was observed. This can be well correlated with the observed adaptability of PSII. As a working hypothesis, it is proposed that the decrease of the capacity for electron transport activity might be among the factors triggering bleaching in the field
Effect of Extreme Temperature on Quantum Yield of Fluorescence and Membrane Leakage of the Canarian Endemic Pine (Pinus canariensis)
Authors: Peters Juliane , Jiménez M. Soledad , Morales Domingo
Published: February 2015

The effect of extreme temperature on the quantum yield of fluorescence and membrane leakage of Pinus canariensis growing in 5 stands at different altitudes and orientation in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) was determined. Needles were collected from the field and transferred to the laboratory where they were kept in a closed chamber with water-saturated air overnight. Then they were exposed for 30 minutes in plastic bags in a water bath at temperature treatments with steps of 2K between 56 °C and -24 °C and the effect was determined immediately and 24 hours after the treatment by chlorophyll fluorescence and electrolyte leakage.

Needles presented incipient damage at temperatures ranging from -5 to -10 °C depending on the altitude and orientation of the stand. The results were more evident when the measurements were done 24 hours after the cold treatment and values were consistent with the electrolyte leakage results. Different resistance to high temperature depending on the altitude and orientation was also found, varying the temperature for incipient damage from 42 to 44 °C detected with the fluorescence parameters but not with the leakage of electrolytes which was not found until 50 °C. The amplitude of thermal limits for photosynthetic efficiency alteration in needles of P. canariensis was relatively narrow and similar to that of evergreen Canarian laurel forest trees
Proline Accumulation Pattern in Species of an Inland Salme Habitat
Authors: Murakeözy Éva Patricia , Nagy Zoltán , Tuba Zoltán
Published: February 2015

Seasonal and diurnal fluctuations were measured in the leaf proline content of three dicot species ( Lim onium gmelini, Lepidium crassifolium and Camphorosma annua), natives to an inland saline area of Hungary. Proline contents were negatively correlated to the mean monthly temperature in all three species. All the investigated species accumulated proline in February and/or March, while increases in temperature were followed by a drop in proline level by the beginning of April/May. Sodium accumulation in the leaves as well as soil water content influenced the amount of proline to a smaller extent than temperature in all of the investigated species. Accumulation of proline did not show significant correlations with the accumulation of sodium in the leaves. Diurnal pattern of leaf proline content changed during the growing season with a decreasing trend at the beginning (April) and increasing trend at the end (August) of the season
The Effect of EDTA on Maize Seedlings Response to Cd-Induced Stress
Authors: Wójcik Małgorzata , Tukendorf Anna
Published: February 2015

Growth parameters of maize seedlings were studied as well as cadmium content in plants in function of the EDTA dose applied to the nutrient medium. No increase in Cd accumulation was found in plants under the influence of EDTA, but this chelating agent was observed to suppress the effect of Cd toxicity on the plant growth
Differential Gene Expression in Plants Stressed by the Peroxidizing Herbicide Oxyfluorfen§
Authors: Lederer Barbara , Knörzer Oliver Carsten , Böger Peter
Published: February 2015

The response of plants to the peroxidizing herbicide oxyfluorfen was investigated. The action of this p-nitrodiphenyl ether is based on inhibition of plastidic protoporphyrinogen oxidase, which leads to accumulation of protoporphyrin IX in the cytosol yielding reactive oxygen species by light activation. The induction of activities of antioxidative enzymes was followed in Nicotiana tabacum plants, var. BelW3. Glutathione reductase activity was elevated by 75% compared to control, monodehydroascorbate reductase by 65% and glutathione 5-transferase by 110% . The mRNA of ascorbate peroxidase and catalase isoform 2 was induced, the catalase isoform 1 was reduced. These findings were confirmed and supported by measuring enzymatic activity changes in photoheterotrophically grown soybean (Glycine max) suspension cultures. To find a possible involvement of compounds regulating oxidative stress response, we investigated the influence of salicylic acid and BTH (benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole- 7-carbothioic acid 5-methylester), both inducers of pathogen defense, on soybean cell suspension cultures. The specific activities of glutathione reductase, monodehydroascorbate reductase and glutathione 5-transferase increased strongly, comparable to oxyfluorfen treatment. Both compounds protected the cells against oxyfluorfen-induced lipid peroxidation and alleviated the accumulation of protoporphyrin IX
Desiccation-Tolerant Plants under Elevated Air CO2: A Review
Authors: Tuba Zoltán , Proctor Michael C. F. , Takács Zoltán
Published: February 2015

This article summarises present knowledge of the ecophysiological responses to elevated atmospheric CO2 of desiccation tolerant (DT) plants. It deals primarily with lichens and bryophytes, as the most prominent groups of DT photosynthetic organisms, but includes some comment on algae and vascular DT plants. Results of research on DT plants are compared with those on desiccation sensitive vascular C3 plants, the most widely investigated group in the field of global change. Both DT and non-DT plants show an immediate positive response of photosynthesis to elevated CO2, but in both groups the longer term effect is generally reduced (or even reversed) by down-regulation or feedback inhibition of photosynthesis, or other limitations on production and growth. In bryophytes and lichens, enhanced short-term photosynthesis may or may not be reflected in increased production; bryophytes have limited source-sink differentiation, and lichens invest excess photosynthate in secondary metabolites. DT plants may gain some advantage from elevated CO2 at both low and excessive water contents. Neither theoretical considerations nor experimental results suggest that elevated atmospheric CO2 will lead to any substantial shift in the balance of advantage between DT and non-DT plants
Responses of the Lichen Cladonia convoluta to High CO2 Level and Heavy Metal Treatment
Authors: Takács Zoltán , Csintalan Zsolt , Tuba Zoltán
Published: February 2015

Despite of the downward acclimation of photosynthesis in C. convoluta, increased net photosynthesis and carbon balance can be anticipated in response to elevated atmospheric CO2 level. CO2 exchange measurement seems to be more indicative when detecting heavy metal stress than fluorescence parameters. Among these, the relative fluorescence decrease ratio (RFd690) shows damage first, suggesting that the primary attack site for heavy metal ions is CO2 fixation and reaction centres are harmed last. Long-term elevated CO2 ameliorates partly this damage by improving C-balance to a greater extent in the heavy-metal stressed lichens
Does Elevated CO2 Protect Grain Yield of Wheat from the Effects of Ozone Stress?
Authors: Donnelly Alison , Jones Michael B. , Burkeb James I. , Schnieders Bert
Published: February 2015

This study has investigated the effects of elevated CO2 and elevated O3, both singly and in combination, on the yield of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Minaret). Plants were grown in open-top chambers and exposed to three CO2 concentrations (ambient, 510 and 680 ppmv) and two O3 concentrations (ambient and ambient +50 or +90 ppbv) either from anthesis onwards or for the full growing season.

To date, experiments that have investigated the interactive effects of these gases have shown a variety of responses, ranging from an amelioration of the damaging effects of high O3 to a greater sensitivity to O3 at elevated CO2. The effects on grain yield and yield com ponents were determined. Our results confirm that elevated CO2 provides some protection to a wheat crop against the damaging effects of O3 on grain yield. However, the level of protection varies from one growing season to the next and also appears to be related particularly to the timing of exposure to elevated O3
Mechanisms of Impairment of the Photosynthetic Apparatus in Intact Leaves by Ozone
Authors: Reichenauer Thomas Gerhard , Bolhàr-Nordenkampf Harald Romuald
Published: February 2015

Tropospheric ozone has been recognised as a limiting factor for plant growth since late fifties of our century. The decrease in the rate of light saturated net photosynthesis (Asat) was shown to be the major effect of ozone in leaves with negative consequences for plant growth and the development of plant communities. The reasons for the ozone-induced decrease in Asat are still under investigation. Possible mechanisms are an increasing stomatal limitation, an increase in mesophyll limitation including a reduction of the CO2 fixation in the Calvin cycle and an impairment of the photochemical reactions in the grana membranes of chloroplasts. We conclude from the reviewed literature and from our own experiments that a decrease in carboxylation efficiency (CE) seems to be an early event caused by ozone leading to a decrease in Asat. The loss in current photochemical capacity (Fv/Fm) appears with a lag phase of many days and therefore the loss is thought to be a secondary effect due to a decreased demand of ‘assimilatory power’
Change of Ascorbic Acid Level after Grafting of Tomato Seedlings
Authors: Wadano Akira , Azeta Mitsuharu , Itotani Shin-ichi , Kanda Ai , Iwaki Toshio , Taira Tomoaki , Fujii Yasushi , Nishiura Yoshifumi , Murase Haruhiko , Honami Nobuo
Published: February 2015

Grafting is an easy way to produce a new seedling, which can tolerate against various stresses. During the acclimation after grafting, however, the seedlings still suffer a severe water stress. It is well known that water stress produces active oxygen to oxidize ascorbic acid. The concentration of ascorbic acid in the leaves was analyzed by HPLC equipped with an electrochemical detector. The column used was SP-120-5-ODS-BP (DAISO, JAPAN) and elution was performed with 0.1 ᴍ phosphate buffer, pH 3.0. After grafting the seedlings were acclimated under a 6-hr light/dark regimen. The content of ascorbic acid increased gradually during 2 days compared with control. The ascorbate peroxidase showed about constant activity, so the increase of ascorbic acid may be due to its requirement to cure the grafting
A Comparative Study of Stationary Phase for Separation of Biflavonoids from Rheedia gardneriana Using Column Chromatography
Authors: Rodrigues Clóvis A. , Oliveira Ana E. , Schürmann da Silva Ana F. , Filho Valdir Cechinel , Guimarães Claudio L. , Yunes Rosendo A. , Delle Monache Franco
Published: February 2015

This paper describes a comparative study by using different chromatographic supports (silica gel, chitin and chitosan) to separate biflavonoids from Rheedia gardneriana by column chromatography. The results indicated that chitin can be used as alternative method, but the yield of the compounds is lower than when silica gel is employed. In contrast, chitosan is not a good chromatographic support for the separation of the biflavonoids under the same experimental conditions.
Novel Resorcinol Derivatives from Lasiodiplodia theobromae
Authors: Yang Qing , Asai Maki , Yoshihara Teruhiko
Published: February 2015

Two novel resorcinol derivatives were isolated from the mycelium of Lasiodiplodia theobromae IFO 31059 as potato micro-tuber inducing compounds. Their structures were established by spectroscopic methods as ethyl (6′R)-2,4-dihydroxy-6-(6′-hydroxyheptyl)benzoate (8) and isobutyl (6′R)-2.4-dihydroxy-6-(6′-hydroxyheptyl)benzoate (9). The absolute stereochemistry of the asymmetric center of (8) was determined by an advanced Mosher method.
Resistance Induction in Plants by a Brassinosteroid-Containing Extract of Lychnis viscaria L.
Authors: Roth Udo , Friebe Annette , Schnabl Heide
Published: February 2015

Resistance inducing effects of an extract of Lychnis viscaria L. seeds, containing different brassinosteroids (BR), were investigated. Application of aqueous solutions in concentrations from 0.5 to 10 mg/l (dry wt. of extract) resulted in an enhanced resistance of tobacco, cucumber and tomato to viral and fungal pathogens of up to 36% compared with water-treated control plants. No direct anti-fungal effects in mycelium growth assays with Phytophthora infestans could be observed. After treatment and inoculation with powdery mildew a stimulation of different PR-proteins (ca. + 20% for peroxidase, + 30% for chitinase and up to + 68% for β-1,3-glucanase) in cucumber was found. A chitinase in gel-electrophoresisassay showed a stronger induction of a distinct isoform under the same conditions.

Time course of peroxidase induction and changes of apoplastic protein patterns revealed by SDS-PAGE indicated an earlier triggering of defence responses after plant-extract treatment and pathogen attack, probably being responsible for the increased resistance. Involvement of the brassinosteroids in the plant extract is discussed to elicit or mediate the activation of defence-mechanisms.
Chloroplast Fatty Acid Composition in Mediterranean Populations of the Marine Chlorophyte, Anadyomene stellata
Authors: Bemis Debra L. , Roussis Vassilios , Vagias Constantinios , Jacobs Robert S.
Published: February 2015

Chloroplasts isolated from three populations of the tropical marine Chlorophyte Anadyomene stellata collected off the coast of Greece were analyzed for their fatty acid composition. Following the preparation of fatty acid methyl esters, GC-MS (El) was utilized to identify the fatty acids present in each population. Including isomers, the fatty acid profile of all three algal populations was comprised of 19 fatty acids (4 saturated, 6 monounsaturated, 9 polyunsaturated) with palmitic acid present in the highest amounts (25-27% of total fatty acids). Analysis of variance revealed significant differences amongst the three populations in the percent of total fatty acids for twelve of the fatty acids. High levels of C20 PUFAs, an atypical observation in Chlorophytes, were observed in all three populations comprising approximately 17% of total fatty acids. Furthermore a 14:2 PUFA , apparently rare in marine macrophytic Chlorophytes, was identified in significant quantities. Surprisingly, we did not find any of the conjugated tetraene containing fatty acids that we previously identified in the A. stellata populations studied from the Florida Keys.
Purification of Tetragalloylglucose 4-O-Galloyltransferase and Preparation of Antibodies against This Key Enzyme in the Biosynthesis of Hydrolyzable Tannins
Authors: Grundhöfer Petra , Gross Georg G.
Published: February 2015

The enzyme, β-glucogallin: 1,2,3,6-tetra-O-galloyl- β-ᴅ-glucose 4-O-galloyltransferase, which catalyzes the last common step in the biosynthesis of the two subclasses of hydrolyzable tannins, i.e. gallotannins and ellagitannins, was purified 868-fold from leaves of pedunculate oak ( Quercus robur, syn. Q. pedunculata) to apparent homogeneity. Polyclonal antibodies against this pivotal enzyme were raised in rabbits and purified by protein-A chromatography, gel-filtration and affinity complexation. They were found to react specifically with acyltransferase from oak, displaying no cross-reactivity towards analogous enzymes from other plants synthesizing hydrolyzable tannins along the same biogenetic route, e.g. Rhus typhina or Tellima grandiflora.
Chemical Modification of the Mitochondrial Complex I Inhibitor 1-Trichloromethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline: Synthesis and Evaluation of N-Alkanoyl Derivatives
Authors: Bringmann Gerhard , Feineis Doris , God Ralf , Brückner Ralph , Achim-Protzen Jens , Blank Michael , Peters Karl , Peters Eva-Maria , Janetzky Bernd , Reichmann Heinz
Published: February 2015

Several N-alkanoyl derivatives (4-9 and 13-16) of the potent mitochondrial complex I inhibitor TaClo (1-trichlorom ethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline, 2) have been synthesized in order to elucidate the role of hydrophobic portion in the inhibitory action. Using rat brain homogenates or submitochondrial particles, the inhibitory effects of these compounds towards NADH-ubiquinone reductase (complex I) activity indeed appeared to correlate quite strongly with their lipophilic character. An X-ray structure analysis, exemplarily performed for N-acetyl-TaClo (4), revealed the N-substituent of such chlorinated agents to be dramatically pushed out of the β-carboline ring ‘plane’ due to the high steric demand of the huge trichloromethyl group at C-1.
Iron Release from the Active Site of Lipoxygenase
Authors: Fuchs Claus , Spiteller Gerhard
Published: February 2015

In the course of the lipoxygenase-catalyzed transformation of linoleic acid to 13S-hydroperoxy- 9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid, iron ions are liberated. This iron release has been determined using a spectrophotometric assay based on the complexation of ferrous iron by 3-(2-pyridyl)-5,6-bis-(4-phenylsulfonic acid)-1,2,4-triazine disodium salt (ferrozine). Further comparative measurements demonstrated that iron release correlates to deficient oxygen supply. We speculate that release of iron ions is caused by modifications of histidine residues located at the active site of the enzyme. Liberation of iron ions may be responsible for increased generation of lipid peroxidation (LPO) products observed after a myocardial infarction since iron ions induce nonenzymic LPO processes.
Inhibition of Angiotensin - Converting Enzyme by a Synthetic Peptide Fragment of Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase
Authors: Seweryn Ewa , Pędyczak Artur , Banaś Teresa
Published: February 2015

A novel inhibitor of angiotensin - converting enzyme (ACE) identical to a sequence part of human muscle glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was chemically synthesized. Amino acid sequence was as follows Pro - Glu - Asn - Ile - Lys - Trp - Gly - Asp. This peptide inhibited rabbit lung ACE with a K1 value of 1.6 μм. The inhibitor of ACE acts in a non-competitive manner. The amino acid sequence of the new inhibitor was com- pared of GAPDH from other sources.
Two New Acylated Iridoid Glycosides from Verbascum undulatum
Authors: Magiatis Prokopios , Melliou Eleni , Tsitsa Eugenia , Charvala Catherine , Mitaku Sofia
Published: February 2015

On further phytochemical investigation of the aerial parts of Verbascum undulatum, two new acylated iridoid glycosides, 6-O-[3-O-(trans-3,4-dim ethoxycinnamoyl)-α- ʟ-rhamnopyranosyl] aucubin (1) and 6-O -[3-O-(trans-p-methoxycinnamoyl)-α-ʟ-rhamnopyranosyl]aucubin (2) were isolated. These structures were determined by spectral methods, mainly by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy.
Pinguisane-Type Sesquiterpenes from the South American Liverwort Porella recurva (Taylor) Kuhnemann
Authors: Klink John W. van , Zapp Josef , Becker Hans
Published: February 2015

The chemical composition of a dichloromethane extract of the South American liverwort Porella recurva has been examined. Two new pinguisane-type norsesquiterpenoid natural products were isolated: 6,11-epoxy-15-nor-3,4-dioxo-5,10-pinguisadien-12-acetate and 6,11- epoxy-15-nor-4-oxo-5,10-pinguisadien-12-acetate. In addition two known pinguisane-type sesquiterpenes were also isolated: norpinguisone and norpinguisone methyl ester. All structures were elucidated by means of NMR spectroscopic techniques and mass spectrometry.
Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of the Essential Oils of Senecio aegyptius var. discoideus Boiss.
Authors: El-Shazly  , DoraI Gamal , Wink Michael
Published: February 2015

The essential oil of Senecio aegyptius var. discoideus flowers, leaves, stems and roots were isolated by hydrodistillation. Analysis of the oils by capillary GLC and GLC-mass spectrometry were performed and 34 out of 37 compounds were identified. The main component was isolated and characterized as 1,10-epoxyfuranoeremophilane using a combination of GLC, GLC-MS, and NMR analyses. The oils of flowers, leaves and stems were rich in monoterpene hydrocarbons while the root oil mainly contains furanoeremophilanes. Flower and leaf volatile oils showed significant level of antifungal activity against C. albicans, moderate effect against Grampositive bacteria, however, it has weak activity against Gram negative bacteria. The isolated sesquiterpene (1,10-epoxyfuranoeremophilane) exhibited substantial inhibitory activity against Gramnegative bacteria.
Stimulatory Beetle Volatiles for the Asian Longhorned Beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky)
Authors: Zhang Aijun , Oliver James E. , Aldrich Jeffrey R. , Wang Baode , Mastro Vic C.
Published: February 2015

Two male-specific beetle volatiles were found that elicited strong gas chromatographic-electroantennographic responses from both sexes of Asian longhorned beetle adults, Anoplophora glabripennis. The secretion consisted of a ~1:1 (v/v) blend of functionalized dialkyl ethers, 4-(n-heptyloxy)butanal and 4-(n-heptyloxy)butan-1-ol. These compounds are chemically unusual natural products that are previously unknown frominsects . Laboratory olfactometer studies showed that a blend of 10 μg of each synthetic compound on a filter paper strip was significantly attractive to ALB adults.
Flavonoids from Tephrosia major. A New Prenyl-β-hydroxychalcone
Authors: Gómez-Garibay Federico , Téllez-Valdez Oswaldo , Moreno-Torres Gregorio , Calderón José S.
Published: February 2015

The roots and aerial parts of Tephrosia major Micheli, afforded a new prenylated-β-hydroxychalcone, characterized as 2′,6′-dihydroxy-3′-prenyl-4′-methoxy-β-hydroxychalcone. In addition, seven prenylated flavonoids, two rotenoids, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, lupeol and quercetin were isolated. The structure of the new β-hydroxy chalcone was established by spectroscopic methods, including 2D NMR experiments.