bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘It's not racist. It's common sense’. A critical analysis of political discourse around asylum and immigration in the UK
Authors: Capdevila Rose , Callaghan Jane E. M.
Published: December 2007

This paper looks at a political speech given by the leader of the opposition party during the run up to the UK elections in 2005. Using this speech as a starting point, we attempt to trace the path of ‘racism’ within a text that makes explicit claims to being ‘not racist’. Drawing on a number of theoretical and methodological resources, this paper approaches the analysis by focusing on a number of conceptually heterogeneous elements that, in relation with each other, function to produce, re‐produce and stabilize ‘racism’. One of the difficulties commonly encountered in social psychological work, we would suggest, is that an explicit statement of allegiance to a particular methodological and theoretical tradition can also result in a restriction of theorization to a particular ‘level of analysis’. That is to say, a methodological process that constructs a pre‐given category, presets the criteria by which ‘racism’ can be identified and fixes the ‘level of analysis’ at which it can be studied risks ignoring the multiple points of contact at which ‘racism’ can be made visible or made to disappear. The concern here it that such a process can work to reinscribe the very ‘racisms’ we aim to disrupt. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ambivalent appetites: dissonances in social and medical constructions of anorexia nervosa
Authors: Boughtwood Desiree , Halse Christine
Published: December 2007

It is widely acknowledged that inpatient treatment for anorexia nervosa is largely unsuccessful, with many patients dropping out of treatment or having repeated, failed admissions. Autobiographical and feminist accounts of anorexia suggest that inpatient regimes are reductionist because they focus largely on weight gain. Being fattened up without any attention to the psychic aspects of anorexia can create an ambivalent, uncomfortable body. The paper is based on interviews with 25 adolescent girls1 with a medical diagnosis of anorexia nervosa2 and offers one reading of how girls negotiate hospitalization. Informed by poststructural theory, the transcripts are analysed using a discourse analytic approach to scrutinize the ways in which girls constructed treatment regimes and medical discourses. The focus is two‐fold: girls' engagement with food in the hospital and the dissonance between clinical and social measures of physicality. On the basis of this analysis, the paper offers some suggestions for clinical implications, specifically how hospital regimes might work differently.

Girl/s is the term used by the participants in speaking about themselves and others who shared the experience of inpatient treatment with them.

Although anorexia can be a stigmatising label, it is erroneous to do away with the term anorexic as some girls articulated an investment in medicalisation, in being anorexic.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Rate‐Determining Step in the Rhodium–Xantphos‐Catalysed Hydroformylation of 1‐Octene
Authors: Zuidema Erik , Escorihuela Laura , Eichelsheim Tanja , Carbó Jorge J. , Bo Carles , Kamer Paul C. J. , van Leeuwen Piet W. N. M.
Published: December 2007

The rate‐determining step in the hydroformylation of 1‐octene, catalysed by the rhodium–Xantphos catalyst system, was determined by using a combination of experimentally determined 1H/2H and 12C/13C kinetic isotope effects and a theoretical approach. From the rates of hydroformylation and deuterioformylation, a small 1H/2H isotope effect of 1.2 was determined for the hydride moiety of the rhodium catalyst. 12C/13C isotope effects of 1.012(1) and 1.012(3) for the α‐carbon and β‐carbon atoms of 1‐octene were determined, respectively. Both quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) and full quantum mechanics calculations were carried out on the key catalytic steps, for “real‐world” ligand systems, to clarify whether alkene coordination or hydride migration is the rate‐determining step. Our calculations (21.4 kcal mol−1) quantitatively reproduce the experimental energy barrier for CO dissociation (20.1 kcal mol−1) starting at the (bisphosphane)RhH(CO)2 resting state. The barrier for hydride migration lies 3.8 kcal mol−1 higher than the barrier for CO dissociation (experimentally determined trend ∼3 kcal mol−1). The computed 1H/2H and 12C/13C kinetic isotope effects corroborate the results of the energy analysis.
Magnetisierbare Funktionspartikel für die festphasenunterstützte Synthese am Beispiel einer Transferhydrierungsreaktion
Authors: Hickstein B. , Cecilia R. , Kunz U. , Peuker U. A. , Kirschning A.
Published: December 2007

Magnetische Funktionspartikel, sogenannte Magnetic Beads, die bereits in der analytischen Biotechnologie ihre Anwendung finden, werden auf Ihre Eignung als Katalysatormaterial untersucht. Die Ionentauscherfunktion der Magnetic Beads soll als katalytisch aktives Material in einer Transferhydrierungsreaktion genutzt werden. Für die Herstellung der magnetischen Funktionspartikel wird ein neuer Syntheseweg eingesetzt, der nach einem Baukastenprinzip funktioniert. In einem Sprühprozess wird aus einer Dispersion/Lösung, die magnetisierbare Nanopartikel, nanoskalige funktionale Ionentauscherpartikel und ein gelöstes Matrixpolymer enthält, in einem Schritt das Funktionspartikel hergestellt. Für die Transferhydrierung wurden reaktionstechnische Untersuchungen unter Verwendung der magnetisierbaren Funktionspartikel in einem Rührkesselreaktor durchgeführt. Diese Daten werden mit in konvektiv durchströmten Komposit‐Mikroreaktoren erhaltenen verglichen.
A Composite Model for hERG Blockade
Authors: Kramer Christian , Beck Bernd , Kriegl Jan M. , Clark Timothy
Published: December 2007

hERG blockade is one of the major toxicological problems in lead structure optimization. Reliable ligand‐based in silico models for predicting hERG blockade therefore have considerable potential for saving time and money, as patch‐clamp measurements are very expensive and no crystal structures of the hERG‐encoded channel are available. Herein we present a predictive QSAR model for hERG blockade that differentiates between specific and nonspecific binding. Specific binders are identified by preliminary pharmacophore scanning. In addition to descriptor‐based models for the compounds selected as hitting one of two different pharmacophores, we also use a model for nonspecific binding that reproduces blocking properties of molecules that do not fit either of the two pharmacophores. PLS and SVR models based on interpretable quantum mechanically derived descriptors on a literature dataset of 113 molecules reach overallR2values between 0.60 and 0.70 for independent validation sets andR2values between 0.39 and 0.76 after partitioning according to the pharmacophore search for the test sets. Our findings suggest that hERG blockade may occur through different types of binding, so that several different models may be necessary to assess hERG toxicity.
Estimation of surface roughness (z0) over a stabilizing coastal dune field based on vegetation and topography
Authors: Levin Noam , Ben‐Dor Eyal , Kidron Giora J. , Yaakov Yaron
Published: December 2007

Accurate knowledge of the surface roughness and the resultant wind speed are important for many applications, such as climatic models, wind power meteorology, agriculture and erosion hazards, especially on sand dunes in arid and semi‐arid environments, where vegetation cover is scarce. In this study we aimed at quantifying the effects of vegetation cover and topography on surface roughness over a stabilizing dune field on the southern coast of Israel. Forty‐six wind measurements were made at various distances from the coastline, ranging from 10 to 2800 m, and z0 values were calculated from the wind measurements based on the ratio between the wind gust and the average wind speed. We estimated vegetation cover using the soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) from Landsat satellite images for the upwind sector at various lengths, ranging from 15 to 400 m, and based on digital elevation models and differential GPS field measurements we calculated the topographic variable of the relative heights of the stations. z0 values were positively correlated with the winter SAVI values (r = 0·87 at an upwind length of 200 m) and negatively correlated with the relative height (r = −0·68 at an upwind length of 200–400 m for the inland dune stations). Using these variables we were able to create a map of estimated z0 values having an accuracy of over 64%. Such maps provide a better understanding of the spatial variability in both wind speed and sand movement over coastal dune areas. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulation of viscous flow interaction with an elastic membrane
Authors: Matthews Lisa A. , Greaves Deborah M. , Williams Chris J. K.
Published: December 2007

A numerical fluid–structure interaction model is developed for the analysis of viscous flow over elastic membrane structures. The Navier–Stokes equations are discretized on a moving body‐fitted unstructured triangular grid using the finite volume method, taking into account grid non‐orthogonality, and implementing the SIMPLE algorithm for pressure solution, power law implicit differencing and Rhie–Chow explicit mass flux interpolations. The membrane is discretized as a set of links that coincide with a subset of the fluid mesh edges. A new model is introduced to distribute local and global elastic effects to aid stability of the structure model and damping effects are also included. A pseudo‐structural approach using a balance of mesh edge spring tensions and cell internal pressures controls the motion of fluid mesh nodes based on the displacements of the membrane.

Following initial validation, the model is applied to the case of a two‐dimensional membrane pinned at both ends at an angle of attack of 4° to the oncoming flow, at a Reynolds number based on the chord length of 4 × 103. A series of tests on membranes of different elastic stiffness investigates their unsteady movements over time. The membranes of higher elastic stiffness adopt a stable equilibrium shape, while the membrane of lowest elastic stiffness demonstrates unstable interactions between its inflated shape and the resulting unsteady wake. These unstable effects are shown to be significantly magnified by the flexible nature of the membrane compared with a rigid surface of the same average shape. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validation of an in vitro model for assessment of androstenedione hepatotoxicity using the rat liver cell line clone‐9
Authors: Sahu Saura C. , Wiesenfeld Paddy L. , Kim Chung S. , Ross Ivan A. , Sapienza Philip P. , Newell Richard , O'Donnell Michael W. , Flynn Thomas J.
Published: December 2007

Androstenedione, a naturally occurring steroid hormone, has been used to enhance athletic performance. Little is known, however, about its hepatotoxicity. Clone‐9 cells, a non‐transformed epithelial cell line that was originally isolated from normal liver of a 4‐week old Sprague‐Dawley rat, were used as an in vitro model to assess the hepatotoxic potential of androstenedione. The cultures were treated with androstenedione for 24 h at 37 °C in 5% CO2 at concentrations of 0–100 µg ml−1. After the treatment period, the cells and the culture supernatants were assayed for markers of cytotoxicity which included: release of liver enzymes, cell viability, cellular double‐stranded DNA content, oxidative stress, steatosis, cellular ATP content, caspase‐3 activity, the mitochondrial permeability transition and induction of cytochrome P450 activity. Significant concentration‐dependent differences from control were observed in some endpoints at medium concentrations of 10 µg ml−1 and above. These in vitro findings were compared with comparable endpoints obtained from an in vivo study of androstenedione toxicity in female Sprague‐Dawley rats. Of the eight endpoints that could be compared between the two studies, only three (lipid accumulation, ATP depletion and P450 activity) appeared to be concordant. This suggests that, under the experimental conditions used, the clone‐9 cells were not a good model for androstenedione hepatotoxicity. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of antioxidative performance of tomato extracts obtained by different methods
Authors: Chang Ching‐Hui , Liu Yung‐Chuan
Published: December 2007

BACKGROUND: Two extraction methods employing tetrahydrofuran and phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) respectively were used to process tomatoes. The antioxidant contents and antioxidative properties of extracts of four tomato cultivars were measured. To evaluate the overall antioxidative capacity of the tomato extracts, an antioxidative performance index (API) was used, defined as the average of four antioxidative assays, i.e. relative reducing power, ferrous ion‐chelating ability, 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl free radical‐scavenging activity and superoxide radical‐scavenging activity.

RESULTS: A linear correlation between the total antioxidant content (TAC) and API of tomato extracts was found that was independent of the extraction method and tomato cultivar.

CONCLUSION: The concept of representing multiple antioxidant activities by a single index is useful for evaluating the overall antioxidative capacity of antioxidants in tomatoes. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
School‐based health promotion: An introduction to the practitioner's edition
Authors: Walcott Christy M. , Chafouleas Sandra M. , McDougal James L. , Miller David N. , Riley‐Tillman T. Chris , Blom‐Hoffman Jessica , Volpe Robert J.
Published: December 2007

In this age of increasing professional accountability, it is important that school practitioners engage in evidence‐based practices. In support of this goal, the intent of this special issue is to disseminate practical, user‐friendly, evidenced‐based information related to school‐based health issues. This article introduces the Psychology in the Schools “Practitioner's Edition” on school‐based health promotion. A conceptual framework for the issue, encompassing universal prevention strategies and tertiary intervention strategies, is described. First, school practitioners have unique opportunities to promote healthy behavior for all children and to engage in universal prevention of common health conditions. Second, practitioners should recognize the special needs of children with specific diagnosed medical conditions and employ individualized intervention strategies for these children. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Adolescent sexual risk behaviors and school‐based sexually transmitted infection/HIV prevention
Authors: Walcott Christy M. , Meyers Adena B. , Landau Steven
Published: December 2007

Many adolescents are susceptible to negative outcomes associated with sexual behavior. This is particularly true for those who initiate sexual intercourse at an early age, have many sex partners, or engage in unprotected sex because these behaviors put one at risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV. This article reviews the various demographic, social‐contextual, and intrapersonal factors linked to sexual risk behaviors. Successful STI/HIV prevention programs must consider developmental and gender issues, as well as cultural norms and values, to effectively meet the prevention needs of all adolescents. We discuss the characteristics of effective intervention programs and provide the names and key features of empirically validated, school‐based STI/HIV prevention programs. In addition, we recommend specific roles for school psychologists in STI/HIV prevention efforts. Finally, other resources are provided to assist practitioners in their continuing review of STI/HIV prevention education. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hospital‐to‐school transition for children with chronic illness: Meeting the new challenges of an evolving health care system
Authors: Shaw Steven R. , McCabe Paul C.
Published: December 2007

Chronic illness is common and has a profound impact on the education of affected children. A variety of approaches and programs to facilitate the transition from hospital to school for children with chronic health problems has been described in the literature. Traditional transition plans may no longer be effective because medical service delivery has changed to reduce long‐term hospital stays while increasing outpatient care. As a result, comprehensive hospital‐to‐school transitions increasingly emphasize home and family involvement that includes homebound instruction strategies, flexible school days, using differentiated instructional strategies, increasing child autonomy, and addressing affective issues. This article describes the needs of children with chronic illness, identifies educational programming consistent with the current health care system, and describes current hospital‐to‐school transition plans that integrate systemic needs of schools and health care systems with the needs of children with chronic illness. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Solution calorimetry of organic nonelectrolytes as a tool for investigation of intermolecular interactions
Authors: Solomonov Boris N. , Novikov Vladimir B.
Published: December 2007

The paper is mainly the review and generalization of the previous publications of the authors. It demonstrates that solution calorimetry method gives the opportunities of more detailed understanding of various aspects of intermolecular interactions in solution. We are assured that prerequisite to such an understanding is the successive analysis of various solute–solvent systems from the simplest ones which include alkanes as a solute or as a solvent to the most complex systems with solvent self‐association via hydrogen bonding. Particular findings discussed in this paper are (i) an inconspicuous contribution of electrostatic solute–solvent interaction to the solvation enthalpy and, accordingly, the dominating contribution of dispersion interactions for nonspecifically solvated solutes; (ii) new, very general method for the extraction of specific interaction enthalpy from the enthalpy of solvation; (iii) new method of determination of self‐association enthalpies for the solvents associated via hydrogen bonding; (iv) new method for determination of cooperative hydrogen bonding enthalpies of proton acceptors with associated species of alcohols; (v) the unique method of experimental determination of the hydrophobic effect enthalpy. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal conductivity of open‐cell polyolefin foams
Authors: Alvarez‐Lainez M. , Rodriguez‐Perez M. A. , DE Saja J. A.
Published: December 2007

The thermal conductivity and the cellular structure of novel open‐cell polyolefin foams produced by compression molding and based on blends of an ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and a low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) have been studied in the temperature range between 24 and 50 °C. The experimental results have shown that the cellular structure of the analyzed materials has interconnected cells because of the presence of large and small holes in the cell walls, this structure being clearly different to the typical structure of open‐cell polyurethane foams. It has been found that at low temperatures the materials have a slightly higher thermal conductivity than closed‐cell polyolefin foams of similar densities. The different mechanisms of heat flow, conduction, convection, and radiation have been analyzed by using experimental measurements and a theoretical model. It has been proved that, in spite of having an open‐cell structure, the convention mechanism is negligible, being the radiation mechanism the one which made different the conductivity of materials with varying cellular structures. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 212–221, 2008
Oligomycin A and the IPLB‐LdFB insect cell line: Actin and mitochondrial responses
Authors: Tettamanti Gianluca , Malagoli Davide , Ottaviani Enzo , De Eguileor Magda
Published: December 2007

Oligomycin A, an inhibitor of mitochondrial ATP synthase, provokes simultaneous and different responses in IPLB‐LdFB insect cell line. The oligomycin A treatment causes mitochondrial loss, increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), destabilization/reorganization of the actin microfilaments and, finally, autophagic cell death. We speculate that oligomycin A affects the mitochondria and that the impairment of these organelles leads to the generation of ROS in quantities that exceed the antioxidant capacity of the cell. This in turn would lead to a feedback loop of increased mitochondrial impairment, amplification of ROS production and the removal of damaged organelles through autophagy.
G‐protein‐coupled receptor Gpr1 and G‐protein Gpa2 of cAMP‐dependent signaling pathway are involved in glucose‐induced pexophagy in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Nazarko Volodymyr Y. , Thevelein Johan M. , Sibirny Andriy A.
Published: December 2007

In yeast cell, glucose induces various changes of cellular metabolism on genetic and metabolic levels. One of such changes is autophagic degradation of dispensable peroxisomes (pexophagy) which occurs in vacuoles. We have found that in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, defect of G‐protein‐coupled receptor Gpr1 and G‐protein Gpa2, both the components of cAMP‐signaling pathway, strongly suppressed glucose‐induced degradation of matrix peroxisomal protein thiolase. We conclude that proteins Gpr1 and Gpa2 are involved in glucose sensing and signal transduction during pexophagy process in yeast.
Characterization of a late gene, ORF67 from Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus
Authors: Chen Hui-qing , Chen Ke-ping , Yao Qin , Guo Zhong-jian , Wang Ling-ling
Published: December 2007

Open reading frame 67 of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmORF67) is a homologue of Autographa californica multiple NPV ORF81. The gene is conserved among all baculoviruses and is thus considered a baculovirus core gene. The transcript of BmORF67 was detected at 18–72 h post‐infection (p.i.). Polyclonal antiserum raised to a His‐BmORF67 fusion protein recognized BmORF67 in infected cell lysates from 24 to 72 h p.i., suggesting that BmORF67 is a late gene. BmORF67 was not detected either in budded viruses or occlusion‐derived virus. Immunofluoresence analysis showed that the protein located in the cytoplasm and interacted with host protein actin A3. In conclusion, BmORF67 is a late protein localized in the cytoplasm of infected cells that interacts with host protein.
The prevalence of iodine deficiency in women of reproductive age in the United States of America
Authors: Hollowell Joseph G , Haddow James E
Published: December 2007

Objective:To review the iodine status of women as assessed through National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys from 1971 to 2002.

Design and Setting:National normative estimates of iodine status of the civilian, non-institutionalized population in the United States of America.

Subjects:Women of reproductive age and pregnant women.

Results:In the United States of America, iodine began to be added to the diet in the 1920s. An excessive iodine intake was documented by the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I) in the 1970s which reported a median urinary iodine (UI) concentration of 320 μg l-1. In the NHANES III survey, conducted between 1988 and 1994, the median UI concentration had decreased to 145 μg l-1, while 14.9% of women aged 15-44 years and 6.9% of pregnant women had a UI concentration 50 μg l-1. The concentrations of serum T4 and thyroid-stimulating hormone of women with a low UI concentration did not, however, indicate an iodine deficiency.

Conclusions:Further studies of the association between iodine excretion and biochemical and physiological changes should be undertaken to better understand women's needs for iodine and to develop criteria to monitor them in pregnancy. Because of the potential harm caused by iodine deficiency during pregnancy, we support the use of iodine supplements for all pregnancies while these data are being collected.
Evaluating iodine deficiency in pregnant women and young infants—complex physiology with a risk of misinterpretation
Authors: Laurberg P , Andersen S , Bjarnadóttir R I , Carlé A , Hreidarsson AB , Knudsen N , Ovesen L , Pedersen IB , Rasmussen LB
Published: December 2007

Objective:To review methods for evaluating iodine deficiency in pregnant women and young infants and to discuss factors to be considered in the interpretation of their results.

Design:Review of the literature regarding the various methods available for assessing iodine status.

Setting:Population surveys and research studies.

Subjects:Pregnant women and young infants.

Results:Several factors to consider when assessing iodine status in pregnant women and young infants include: 1) the urinary iodine (UI) concentration (μg l-1) is not interchangeable with 24 h UI excretion (μg per 24 h); 2) the concentration of iodine in a spot or casual urine sample cannot be used to diagnose iodine deficiency in an individual; 3) a moderate fall in the concentration of serum free T4 during pregnancy is not a sign of maternal iodine deficiency; 4) an increase in the concentration of serum thyroglobulin (Tg) during pregnancy is not a sign of maternal iodine deficiency; 5) a higher concentration of TSH and Tg in cord blood than in maternal blood is not a sign of iodine deficiency in the mother or neonate; and 6) thyroid function in a full-term foetus, a neonate or a small child is not more sensitive to a mild iodine deficiency than in the mother.

Conclusions:If the iodine status of pregnant women and small children is not to be misjudged, the above six factors need to be taken into account.
Iodine deficiency and brain development in the first half of pregnancy
Authors: de Escobar Gabriella Morreale , Obregón María Jesús , del Rey Francisco Escobar
Published: December 2007

An inadequate supply of iodine during gestation results in damage to the foetal brain that is irreversible by mid-gestation unless timely interventions can correct the accompanying maternal hypothyroxinemia. Even mild to moderate maternal hypothyroxinemia may result in suboptimal neurodevelopment. This review mainly focuses on iodine and thyroid hormone economy up to mid-gestation, a period during which the mother is the only source for the developing brain of the foetus. The cerebral cortex of the foetus depends on maternal thyroxine (T4) for the production of the 3′,3,5-tri-iodothyronine (T3) for nuclear receptor-binding and biological effectiveness.

Maternal hypothyroxinemia early in pregnancy is potentially damaging for foetal brain development. Direct evidence has been obtained from experiments on animals: even a relatively mild and transient hypothyroxinemia during corticogenesis, which takes place mostly before mid-gestation in humans, affects the migration of radial neurons, which settle permanently in heterotopic locations within the cortex and hippocampus. Behavioural defects have also been detected.

The conceptus imposes important early changes on maternal thyroid hormone economy that practically doubles the amount of T4secreted something that requires a concordant increase in the availability of iodine, from 150 to 250–300 μg I day− 1. Women who are unable to increase their production of T4early in pregnancy constitute a population at risk for having children with neurological disabilities. As a mild to moderate iodine deficiency is still the most widespread cause of maternal hypothyroxinemia, the birth of many children with learning disabilities may be prevented by advising women to take iodine supplements as soon as pregnancy starts, or earlier if possible, in order to ensure that their requirements for iodine are met.
Consent and information giving in radiotherapy
Authors: Thompson Gillian
Published: December 2007

This paper explores some of the issues around implementing a consent policy within the radiotherapy department. Consent can be defined as a patient’s agreement for a health care professional to provide care. The NHS Plan1 highlighted the need for quality care centred around the patient and for changes in the way patients are asked to give their consent to treatment. This led to the Department of Health (DoH) publishing a Good Practice in Consent Implementation Guide (2001)2 for use within all NHS Trusts from 1 April 2002, which aimed to provide consistency across the NHS and provides a policy model and generic consent forms.

The policy recommends that the health professional carrying out the procedure is ultimately responsible for ensuring that the patient is genuinely consenting to what is being done, as it is they who would be held responsible in law should a case be made by a patient against a health professional. In radiotherapy, it is the Clinical Oncologist who obtains consent as they are responsible for prescribing courses of treatment; however, it is the Radiographer’s role to deliver this treatment. This paper discusses some of the issues around implementing a consent policy in terms of who can give and confirm consent, and what are the requirements for training if the patient is to receive the appropriate information before making the decision to consent to treatment.
Anomalous thermal structure introduced during solar proton events
Authors: Salby Murry , Matrosova L.
Published: December 2007

Satellite observations by SABER provide a record of thermal structure during a population of Solar Proton Events (SPEs). Anomalous polar temperature composited from the population is statistically significant over the middle atmosphere and lower thermosphere. Having form similar over the Arctic and Antarctic, it reflects anomalous warming in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere, where anomalous temperature is of order 10–20 K, and anomalous cooling in the stratosphere, where it is a couple of Kelvin. The stratospheric signature is consistent with the radiative impact of reduced ozone during SPEs. As SPEs are prevalent during years near solar max but rare during years near solar min, the thermal response becomes a consideration for interannual changes.
Isolating the signal of ocean global warming
Authors: Palmer M. D. , Haines K. , Tett S. F. B. , Ansell T. J.
Published: December 2007

Identifying the signature of global warming in the world's oceans is challenging because low frequency circulation changes can dominate local temperature changes. The IPCC fourth assessment reported an average ocean heating rate of 0.21 ± 0.04 Wm−2 over the period 1961–2003, with considerable spatial, interannual and inter‐decadal variability. We present a new analysis of millions of ocean temperature profiles designed to filter out local dynamical changes to give a more consistent view of the underlying warming. Time series of temperature anomaly for all waters warmer than 14°C show large reductions in interannual to inter‐decadal variability and a more spatially uniform upper ocean warming trend (0.12 Wm−2 on average) than previous results. This new measure of ocean warming is also more robust to some sources of error in the ocean observing system. Our new analysis provides a useful addition for evaluation of coupled climate models, to the traditional fixed depth analyses.
Geologic characteristics of relatively high thermal inertia intracrater deposits in southwestern Margaritifer Terra, Mars
Authors: McDowell Meryl L. , Hamilton Victoria E.
Published: December 2007

Twenty‐one craters in southwestern Margaritifer Terra exhibit unusually warm interior deposits in nighttime Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) infrared images. These deposits exhibit nighttime temperatures as high as 223 K and are 5–18° warmer than the surrounding plain. Thermal inertia values, derived from Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) data, are greater for the deposits than the plains, with maximum values between ∼455 and 675 J m−2 K−1 s−1/2. Analysis of THEMIS thermal inertia data having nearly an order of magnitude better spatial resolution shows that the deposits can have a thermal inertia as high as ∼1060 J m−2 K−1 s−1/2. Albedo and dust cover index values suggest that both the deposits and the surrounding region are generally dust‐free. Compositional analysis with TES and THEMIS data show that though a small number of the deposits may have isolated compositional differences, the majority of the deposits have a composition similar to that of the surrounding plains. The geomorphology of the craters as viewed from Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) images shows that the deposits are coherent units, rather than sand deposits, an observation that is consistent with the relatively high thermal inertia values. If these deposits are coherent rock units, as the results of our study suggest, possible methods of formation include emplacement of primary igneous material or lithification of sediments from surrounding terrain.
Cerebral Blood Flow Autoregulation in Experimental Liver Failure
Authors: Dethloff Thomas J , Knudsen Gitte Moos , Larsen Fin Stolze
Published: December 2007

Patients with acute liver failure (ALF) display impairment of cerebral blood flow (CBF) autoregulation, which may contribute to the development of fatal intracranial hypertension, but the pathophysiological mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we examined whether loss of liver mass causes impairment of CBF autoregulation. Four rat models were chosen, each representing different aspects of ALF: galactosamine (GIN) intoxication represented liver necrosis, 90% hepatectomy (PH×90) represented reduction in liver mass, portacaval anastomosis (PCA) represented shunting of blood/toxins into the systemic circulation thus mimicking intrahepatic shunting in ALF, PCA + NH3 provided information about the additional effects of hyperammonemia Rats were intubated and sedated with pentobarbital. We measured CBF with laser Doppler, intracranial pressure (ICP) was measured in the fossa posterior and registered with a pressure transducer, brain water was measured using the wet-to-dry method, and cerebral glutamine/glutamate was measured enzymatically. The CBF autoregulatory index in both the GIN and PH×90 groups differed significantly from the control group. Conversely, CBF autoregulation was intact in the PCA and PCA + NH3 groups despite high arterial ammonia, high cerebral glutamine concentration, and increased CBF and ICP. Increased water content of the brainstem or cerebellum was not associated with defective CBF autoregulation. In conclusion, impairment of CBF autoregulation is not caused by brain edema/high ICP. Nor does portacaval shunting or hyperammonemia impair autoregulation. Rather, massive liver necrosis and reduced liver mass are associated with loss of CBF autoregulation.
Spreading Depression in the Brainstem of the Adult Rat: Electrophysiological Parameters and Influences on Regional Brainstem Blood Flow
Authors: Richter Frank , Bauer Reinhard , Lehmenkühler Alfred , Schaible Hans-Georg
Published: December 2007

Cortical spreading depression is a pathophysiological excitation wave that occurs during pathophysiological brain conditions such as ischemic brain infarction, migraine aura, and others. Judged from experiments in rodents, the brainstem is thought to be comparatively resistant to the generation of spreading depression. However, because spreading depression can be elicited in the brainstem of rat pups after superfusing the brainstem with solutions enhancing excitability, we reinvestigated spreading depression in the brainstem of the adult rat. Based on theoretical predictions indicating a major role of extracellular potassium in susceptibility to spreading depression, we used conditioning solutions in which chloride ions were replaced by acetate and tetraethylammonium chloride and a small amount of KCI were added. Under these conditions, spreading depression was reproducibly elicited in the brainstem either by topical application of KCI crystals to the brainstem surface or by local microinjection of KCI into the brainstem. The direct current shifts so elicited were accompanied by typical elevation of extracellular potassium ions, propagated in the brainstem, and were prevented by MK-801, an N-methyl D-aspartate blocker. During spreading depression, the regional blood flow in the brainstem was transiently increased. In addition, systemic arterial blood pressure, but not the heart rate, was transiently enhanced. In the nonconditioned brainstem, KCI stimulation neither elicited spreading depression nor induced changes in regional blood flow and blood pressure. These data show that proper conditioning renders the brainstem susceptible to spreading depression, and that spreading depression at this site elicits changes in local circulation and systemic blood pressure.
Macroion adsorption: The crucial role of excluded volume and coions
Authors: Messina René
Published: December 2007

The adsorption of charged colloids (macroions) onto an oppositely charged planar substrate is investigated theoretically. Taking properly into account the finite size of the macroions, unusual behaviors are reported. It is found that the role of the coions (the little salt-ions carrying the same sign of charge as that of the substrate) is crucial in understanding the mechanisms involved in the process of macroion adsorption. In particular, the coions can accumulate near the substrate’s surface and lead to a counterintuitive surface charge amplification.
The effects of radio-frequency bias on electron density in an inductively coupled plasma reactor
Authors: Sobolewski Mark A. , Kim Jung-Hyung
Published: December 2007

The effect of radio-frequency bias on electron density in an inductively coupled plasma reactor was measured using a wave cutoff probe, over a wide range of conditions in pure Ar, pure CF4, and 50%–50% mixtures of Ar∕CF4, at pressures of 0.7–4.0Pa (5–30mTorr), bias frequencies of 10–30MHz, bias voltages up to 750V, and inductive source powers of 50–300W. Also, at selected experimental conditions, comparisons with Langmuir probe measurements were made. Two types of bias-induced changes in electron density were detected. First, at high source powers, we observed a bias-induced decrease in electron density, which had a slow time response (several minutes), a linear dependence on bias voltage, and little or no dependence on bias frequency or pressure. This decrease is a gas composition effect caused by etch or sputter products liberated from the wafer surface. Second, at low source powers, we observed a faster, bias-induced increase in electron density, which was proportional to the bias frequency and the square root of the bias voltage. This second effect was caused by absorption of bias power by electrons via stochastic heating. Simple models of each effect were derived and were shown to yield quantitative predictions in agreement with the observations. To obtain correct predictions, the effect of bias-induced electron heating cannot be considered by itself; rather, its effect on the efficiency of the inductive source must also be considered.
Interaction of wide band gap single crystals with 248nm excimer laser radiation. XII. The emission of negative atomic ions from alkali halides
Authors: Kimura Kenichi , Langford S. C. , Dickinson J. T.
Published: December 2007

Many wide band gap materials yield charged and neutral emissions when exposed to sub-band-gap laser radiation at power densities below the threshold for optical breakdown and plume formation. In this work, we report the observation of negative alkali ions from several alkali halides under comparable conditions. We observe no evidence for negative halogen ions, in spite of the high electron affinities of the halogens. Significantly, the positive and negative alkali ions show a high degree of spatial and temporal overlap. A detailed study of all the relevant particle emissions from potassium chloride (KCl) suggests that K− is formed by the sequential attachment of two electrons to K+.
Analysis of magnetoresistance contribution in ring-shaped ferromagnetic structures
Authors: Wang C. C. , Jain S. , Adeyeye A. O.
Published: December 2007

We investigate the magnetoresistance (MR) contribution in a ring-shaped ferromagnetic structure with local current and voltage contacts. We find out that overall MR response of the ring can be simply expressed as a linear combination of the MR ratios of the respective ring segments. The theoretical analysis has been confirmed through both micromagnetic simulations and MR measurements on a rectangular ring structure. The findings from this work provide a fast and convenient way for the interpretation of magnetization reversal process in ferromagnetic ring structures and magnetic random access memory design.
Yellow-green upconversion luminescence of Dy3+ ion in LiNbO3 crystal heavily codoped with ZnO
Authors: Li Aihua , Lü Qiang , Zheng Zhiren , Sun Liang , Wu Wenzhi , Liu Weilong , Yang Yanqiang , Lü Tianquan
Published: December 2007

The observed Dy3+ ion upconversion luminescence in LiNbO3 crystal heavily codoped with ZnO was spectrally and temporally analyzed by microsecond time-resolved spectrum under 806nm intense femtosecond laser excitation at room temperature. Absorption spectrum and modified Judd-Ofelt approach were used to investigate its spectroscopic properties. The bright blue and intense yellow emissions are assigned to transitions F9∕24→H15∕26 and F9∕24→H13∕26, respectively. It is concluded that the main upconversion mechanism is excited state absorption by pump power dependence in combination with luminescence intensity temporal evolvements.
Influence of femtosecond laser pulse irradiation on the viability of cells at 1035, 517, and 345nm
Authors: Le Harzic R. , Riemann I. , König K. , Wüllner C. , Donitzky C.
Published: December 2007

We report on the influence of femtosecond laser pulses at different wavelengths (1035, 517, and 345nm) on chinese hamster ovary cells exposed to intense radiation. The aim of the study was to determine the mean power thresholds from which the cells were influenced by the laser radiation up to irreversible cell damage. An influence of the wavelength has been shown. The damage threshold is lower in the ultraviolet (UV) than in the infrared (IR) by a factor of 5–6. At the green wavelength the threshold value was higher due to the low absorption (i.e., a relatively high transmission). The range between the lowest power where a loss of viability could be observed (25μW) and the mean power for direct cell damage (45μW) is 20μW in the UV. The corresponding range in the IR is between 75 and 240μW and thus about 165μW broad: In the case of UV irradiation, the cells seem to be unaffected close to the ablation or damage threshold at low energy pulses.
Simultaneous catalyst deposition and growth of aligned carbon nanotubes on SiO2∕Si substrates by radio frequency magnetron sputtering
Authors: Scalese S. , Scuderi V. , Privitera V. , Pennisi A. , Simone F.
Published: December 2007

Radio frequency magnetron sputtering has been used for the synthesis of aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on a SiO2∕Si substrate, with simultaneous in situ catalyst deposition. This method allows the use of substrates without the need of a surface predeposition of catalytic particles. In particular, among the metals considered, we observed the formation of CNTs using W or Ni as catalysts. Only in the case of Ni did we find that the CNTs are aligned along the target-substrate direction, unlike the randomly oriented CNTs observed when W was used as catalyst. Scanning and transmission electron microscopies show that the catalytic Ni nanoparticle is found mostly on the tip of the obtained bamboolike CNTs, while W nanoparticles are encapsulated inside hollow nanotubes, at different points along their length. We ascribe not only the observed structural differences to the size of the W and Ni particles but also to a different diffusion behavior of C in the two kinds of metallic clusters.
Raman fingerprint of charged impurities in graphene
Authors: Casiraghi C. , Pisana S. , Novoselov K. S. , Geim A. K. , Ferrari A. C.
Published: December 2007

We report strong variations in the Raman spectra for different single-layer graphene samples obtained by micromechanical cleavage. This reveals the presence of excess charges, even in the absence of intentional doping. Doping concentrations up to ∼1013cm−2 are estimated from the G peak shift and width and the variation of both position and relative intensity of the second order 2D peak. Asymmetric G peaks indicate charge inhomogeneity on a scale of less than 1μm.
Hydrogen shuttling near Hf-defect complexes in Si∕SiO2∕HfO2 structures
Authors: Marinopoulos A. G. , Batyrev I. , Zhou X. J. , Schrimpf R. D. , Fleetwood D. M. , Pantelides S. T.
Published: December 2007

We propose that a defect complex comprising a suboxide Hf–Si bond and an interfacial dangling bond is responsible for the stress-induced buildup of interface traps in Si∕SiO2∕HfO2 capacitors. With the aid of first-principles calculations, we show that these defects possess a symmetric double-well energy minimum with a moderate intervening barrier. The calculated activation energies suggest a relatively easy hopping of H atoms between the two energy minima (a field-aided shuttling mechanism). This mechanism can explain the experimentally measured oscillations of interface-trap densities during switched-bias conditions following x-ray irradiation or constant-voltage stress.
The study of electrical characteristics of heterojunction based on ZnO nanowires using ultrahigh-vacuum conducting atomic force microscopy
Authors: He J. H. , Ho C. H.
Published: December 2007

The electrical performances of the heterojunction of n-ZnO nanowires with p-Si substrate at the nanometer scale have been characterized using an ultrahigh-vacuum conducting atomic force microscopy. Compared with the expected values of 1.0–2.0 reported in p-n junction in the previous studies, the abnormally high diode ideality factor (⪢2) was obtained. It elucidates that a ZnO–Si p-n junction can be modeled by a series of diodes, the actual ZnO–Si junction diode and two Schottky diodes at the metal/ZnO and metal/Si junctions. The tunneling across p-n junction would also play a role in the externally measured high ideality factor.
Ferroelectric properties of Bi3.6Ho0.4Ti3O12 thin films prepared by sol-gel method
Authors: Guo Dongyun , Li Meiya , Wang Jing , Liu Jun , Yu Benfang , Yang Bin
Published: December 2007

The Ho-substituted bismuth titanate [(Bi3.6Ho0.4Ti3O12), (BHT)] thin films were prepared on Pt∕Ti∕SiO2∕Si substrates by sol-gel method. The microstructure and electrical properties were investigated. The BHT film consists of a single phase of Bi-layered Aurivillius structure. The surface is uniform, smooth, crack-free, and with a dense microstructure. The 600-nm-thick film exhibits 2Pr of 44.2μC∕cm2 and 2Ec of 323.7kV∕cm at 500kV∕cm. After the switching of 4.46×109cycles, the BHT film shows fatigue-free (only 3% degradation). The dielectric constant and dielectric loss are about 489 and 0.018 at a frequency of 1MHz, respectively. The BHT film shows good insulating behavior according to the test of leakage current.
Measurement of incomplete strain relaxation in a silicon heteroepitaxial film by geometrical phase analysis in the transmission electron microscope
Authors: Chung Jayhoon , Rabenberg Lew
Published: December 2007

Relaxation of strain by a partial dislocation and stacking fault in a strained Si film was characterized using geometric phase analysis of high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) images. Movement of a 60° glide dislocation from the free surface to the film-substrate interface created a complex state of strain in the film. HRTEM image analysis was used to produce a quantitative measure of the atomic displacement fields that could be used as input to finite-element simulations of stress distributions and resulting affects on band structures.