bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differential chemical protection of mammalian cells from the exotoxins of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Middlebrook J L , Dorland R B
Published: January 2020

Many drugs or chemicals had markedly different effects on the cytotoxicity induced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (PE) or Corynebacterium diphtheriae exotoxin (DE). The glycolytic inhibitor NaF protected cells from DE but potentiated the cytotoxicity of PE. Another energy inhibitor, salicylic acid, also protected cells from DE but had no effect with PE. Colchicine and colcemid did not affect the cytotoxicity of either toxin. Cytochalasin B exhibited a modest protection from DE but no effect with PE. Ouabain, a specific inhibitor of the Na+, K+-dependent adenosine 5'-triphosphatase (ATPase), did not affect the cytotoxicity of either toxin. Ruthenium red, a specific inhibitor of the Ca2+, Mg2+,-dependent ATPase, conferred marked protection from DE-induced cytotoxicity but did not affect PE-induced cytotoxicity. A number of local anesthetics were tested, and they too presented differential results with PE and DE. Most chemicals that affected toxin-induced cytotoxicity had little or no influence on the in vitro adenosine 5'-diphosphate-ribosylation catalyzed by either toxin. This work presents further evidence that PE and DE have different mechanisms of intoxication and suggests that these differences lie in the attachment or internalization stages of intoxication.
Transfer of delayed hypersensitivity in mice to microbial antigens with dialyzable transfer factor
Authors: Rifkind D , Frey J A , Petersen E A , Dinowitz M
Published: January 2020

Dialyzable Lawrence-type transfer factor was prepared from the spleen cells of CF1 mice inoculated with Coccidioides immitis- and Candida albicans-killed vaccines and with live Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccine (BCG). These preparations were shown to transfer antigen-specific cell-mediated immunity to naive mice, as measured by the delayed skin test and footpad-swelling methods. Reactivity could be demonstrated when the test antigens were given 24 h after the transfer factor, but not when they were given simultaneously. Coccidioides-specific transfer factor was shown to be sensitive to Pronase and resistant to trypsin and ribonuclease. A preparation of BCG transfer factor was sensitive to snake venom phosphodiesterase.
Isolation of cryptic plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid from Kanagawa-positive strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Authors: Guerry P , Colwell R R
Published: January 2020

Twelve strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus was examined for plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) by dye-buoyant gradient centrifugation. Four Kanagawa-positive strains, all isolated from the same outbreak of gastroenteritis, contained multiple plasmid species of cryptic function. However, three Kanagawa-negative strains and five Kanagawa-positive strains were not found to contain demonstrable plasmid DNA. R-plasmids were successfully transferred from Escherichia coli to V. parahaemolyticus.
Reduction of reactivity of Escherichia coli enterotoxins by intestinal mucosal components
Authors: Cole H D , Staley T E , Whipp S C
Published: January 2020

Incubation studies involving rabbit and piglet small intestinal mucosal components and Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae enterotoxins were conducted at 37 and 4 degrees C. Mucosal homogenate cytosol from rabbits did not significantly alter the reactivities of either cholera enterotoxin (CT) or E. coli labile enterotoxin (LT). However, mucosal homogenate cytosol from piglets was capable of neutralizing LT, though it had no effect on E. coli stable enterotoxin. LT became bound to piglet and rabbit microvillous membranes at 4 degrees C in the presence of a protective protein. In rabbits, the binding of LT was not dependent upon an intact glycocalyx or free unbound CT-receptors, although some binding was apparently associated with the glycocalyx and CT-receptors. These results indicated the presence of two different LT-receptors in microvillous membranes one being associated with the membrane proper and the other with the glycocalyx. Stable enterotoxin did not bind to in vitro preparations of piglet mucosal components, which is evidence for a different mechanism for inducing intestinal secretion.
Stable and unstable forms of human fibroblast interferon
Authors: Edy V G , Desmyter J , Billiau A , De Somer P
Published: January 2020

There is a minor fraction of human fibroblast interferon that resembles human leukocyte interferon in being renaturable after treatment with guanidine hydrochloride. However, antigenically and in its low activity on heterologous cells, it resembles the bulk of human fibroblast interferon. Since the production of this stable interferon fraction is not greatly inhibited by glucosamine at concentrations that significantly reduce total interferon production, it is suggested that it differs from the bulk of human fibroblast interferon in the extent or nature of glycosylation.
Characterization of antigens from type A and B yeast cells of Histoplasma capsulatum
Authors: Mok W Y , Buckley H R , Campbell C C
Published: January 2020

The antigenic composition of cytoplasmic extract and culture filtrate antigens of type A and B yeast cells of Histoplasma capsulatum grown in a synthetic medium was studied. These preparations from type A and B yeast cells contained varying amounts of protein, carbohydrates, and protein-carbohydrate complexes. The antigenic analysis of these preparations was performed by antigen-antiserum absorption with subsequent immunodiffusion and cross-immunoelectrophoresis with absorption in situ in an intermediate gel. All protein antigens observed in culture filtrate of either type A or B yeast cells were also present in the cytoplasmic extracts of the same type. The cytoplasmic extract of type A and B yeast cells each contained certain characteristic antigens that were not shared by the other type. Rocket immunoelectrophoresis with different molecular weight fractions of the antigenic preparations from both types indicated the polydisperse nature of Histoplasma yeast cell antigens.
Environmental origin of natural antibodies to teichoic acid
Authors: Rozmiarek H , Bolton R W , Chorpenning F W
Published: January 2020

In an effort to determine the origin of natural antibodies to teichoic acid, rats were fed a sterile liquid diet free of detectable teichoic acid and virtually free of gram-positive bacteria. Both germ-free and conventional Sprague-Dawley rats raised on this diet failed to produce antibodies to polyglycerophosphate, whereas 100% of their counterparts fed the usual teichoic acid-containing diet did produce these antibodies. The intestinal flora was similar in both groups of animals. When the test animals were immunized intraperitoneally or orally with gram-positive bacteria, 100% displayed immunocompetency by producing significant levels of antibody. These results demonstrate the environmental nature of the antigenic stimulus for these antibodies and suggest the importance of food as the major source of stimulation. The experimental model described here furnishes a valuable tool for studies of immunologic responses where a single known specificity and a controlled system would be advantageous.
Regulation of staphylococcal enterotoxin B
Authors: Iandolo J J , Shafer W M
Published: January 2020

The effect of glucose and the glucose analogues 2-deoxyglucose and alpha-methyl-glucoside on the synthesis and regulation of staphylococcal enterotoxin B was examined. The attenuating effect of glucose on staphylococcal enterotoxin B synthesis was observed. However, when this effect was examined with analogues of glucose, contradictory responses were seen. alpha-Methylglucoside had a slight stimulatory effect on enterotoxin production and other extracellular proteins, whereas 2-deoxyglucose markedly inhibited enterotoxin production. beta-hemolysin and staphylococcal nuclease were also inhibited by 2-deoxy glucose but the synthesis of nuclease could be rescued by the addition of glucose to 2-deoxyglucose-containing cultures. Enterotoxin and beta-hemolysin synthesis were not subject to glucose rescue. The cells used in this study were permeable to cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate, but the addition of this compound did not reverse glucose repression or 2-deoxyglucose inhibition of enterotoxin B synthesis. We conclude from these data that the regulation of enterotoxin is not under catabolite control as previously reported.
Variations in buccal cell adhesion of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Authors: Tramont E C , Wilson C
Published: January 2020

Human buccal cells were found to vary in their day-to-day capacity to support attachment of certain strains of gonococci. Gonococci serially cultured in vitro also differed in their day-to-day ability to attach to buccal cells.
Impaired serum antibody response to inactivated influenza A and B vaccine in renal transplant recipients
Authors: Stiver H G , Graves P , Meiklejohn G , Schröter G , Eickhoff T C
Published: January 2020

Before and after vaccination with a commercial inactivated influenza vaccine containing A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) and B/Massachusetts/1/71 antigens, the serum hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers to homologous and heterologous strains of A and B influenza viruses were measured in 45 renal transplant patients and 66 healthy controls (62 for the B strains). At least a fourfold titer rise to the homologous A strain occurred in 14 of 45 transplant patients (31%) versus 37 of 66 controls (56%). Fourfold or greater heterologous A rises occurred in only 8 of 45 transplant patients (18%) compared with 40 of 60 controls (61%). In both the homologous and heterologous B responses, at least fourfold hemagglutination inhibition titer rises were seen in significantly fewer transplant patients than control subjects. In the transplant group, no correlation was observed between degree of antibody response and age, previous influenza vaccination, percentage of patients initially seronegative, time since transplantation, dose of immunosuppressive drugs, level of renal function, or nature of original renal disease.
Differences in the attachment of Mycoplasma pneumoniae cells and membranes to tracheal epithelium
Authors: Gabridge M G , Barden-Stahl Y D , Polisky R B , Engelhardt J A
Published: January 2020

Hamster trachea organ cultures were exposed to isolated membranes of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, PI 1428. Attachment, monitored by the uptake of tritiated membranes, was relatively insensitive to neuraminidase pretreatment, unlike the attachment of viable cells. Membrane attachment was optimal when explants were incubated with 50 to 100 micrograms of membrane protein per ml in minimal essential medium broth while gently being rotated (1 rpm) in a roller apparatus for 90 to 120 min at 37 degrees C. Saturation of the receptor sites with viable cells failed to inhibit subsequent membrane attachment. Induction of squamous metaplasia by extended cultivation of tracheal explants in a vitamin A-free medium reduced the content of ciliated cells without significantly affecting total cell viability, but did not alter the attachment of M. pneumoniae membranes. Collectively, the data indicate that the mechanism of attachment of M. pneumoniae membranes to respiratory epithelium is distinct from the receptor site-mediated attachment of M. pneumoniae cells.
Evidence for a mouse pathogenicity locus in certain temperature-sensitive mutants of foot-and-mouth disease virus
Authors: Richmond J Y
Published: January 2020

Serial tissue culture passaging of three foot-and-mouth disease temperature-sensitive mutants demonstrated the stability of their temperature sensitivity and mouse avirulence characteristics. Recovery of mouse-virulent temperature-sensitive viruses after passage of the mutants in mice suggested that these were not covariant expressions of the same locus, but were under the control of different genes.
Kinetics and maintenance of acquired resistance in mice to Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Kearns R J , Hinrichs D J
Published: January 2020

In the mouse system, acquired resistance to Listeria monocytogenes can only be demonstrated after immunization with viable microorganisms. A successful state of immunity cannot be elicited with formalin-killed organisms or bacterial cell-derived products. Viable, serologically cross-reactive organisms (not mouse pathogenic) do not induce a state of immunity as measured by acquired resistance. The duration of immunity, once established, is dose independent, and the absolute interval of its existence is not extended by secondary challenge with large numbers of viable organisms. The decline of immunity in actively immunized animals is not altered by antigenic challenge with formalin-killed cells or cell products. This indicates that the cellular requirements for the development of host resistance are similar for induction as well as maintenance. In vitro measurements of cellular immunity by migration inhibition indicate that formalin-killed organisms as well as cell products were recognized by actively sensitized lymphocytes obtained from immune animals.
Protection from oral herpes simplex virus infection by a nucleic acid-free virus vaccine
Authors: Kitces E N , Morahan P S , Tew J G , Murray B K
Published: January 2020

The effect of immunization with inactivated herpes virus vaccines, including a vaccine free of all nucleic acid, was investigated in a mouse model system. Protection against oral lesions induced by herpes simplex virus type 1 was demonstrated by several criteria: (i) reduction in the incidence and severity of primary oral lesions; (ii) decrease in acute and latent infection of the regional sensory ganglia; and (iii) protection from viral encephalitis and death. The immune response of mice to the vaccine and to subsequent virus challenge was measured by following serum-neutralizing antibody titers.
Role of lysozyme in the microbicidal activity of rat alveolar macrophages
Authors: Biggar W D , Sturgess J M
Published: January 2020

Lysozyme release from alveolar macrophages is stimulated by exposure to particles, such as latex and zymosan, and to bacteria. Rat alveolar marcophages contain 10-fold-greater intracellualr concentrations of lysozyme and release more lysozyme after stimulation than rat blood neutrophils. During 30 min of incubation in vitro, alveolar macrophages kill more than 99% of Micrococcus lysodeikticus in the incubation mixture, whereas neutrophils kill approximately 50% of the bacteria. The bactericidal capacity of alveolar macrophages for M. lysodeikticus exceeds that of neutrophils at all bacteria-to-cell ratios tested. This bacterial killing by alveolar macrophages is inhibited when specific rabbit antirat lysozyme serum is added to the incubation mixture. Electron microscopy studies indicate that bacterial killing occurs extracellularly. Initial degradation of bacteria occurs within 5 min, and lysis is complete by 25 to 30 min. Phagocytosis of lysed bacteria is maximum after 25 to 30 min. The greater quantities of lysozyme, both intracellularly and released into the extracellular environment by alveolar macrophages, suggest that this factor may be a mechanism by which alveolar macrophages contribute to pulmonary defense.
Loss of antibody activity in human immunoglobulin A exposed extracellular immunoglobulin A proteases of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Streptococcus sanguis
Authors: Plaut A G , Gilbert J V , Wistar R
Published: January 2020

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) proteases are extracellular enzymes elaborated by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis, and Streptococcus sanguis. These enzymes each cleave human IgA1 at a critically situated prolyl-threonyl peptide bond to yield Fab alpha and Fc alpha fragments. To study their effect on the antibody activity of human IgA, we enzymatically digested a group of five human IgA monoclonal immunoglobulins with high-titer rheumatoid factor or cold agglutinin activity and human serum macroamylase, an amylase-IgA complex. In contrast to four control IgM rheumatoid factor monoclonal proteins, whose activity was unaffected by enzyme, gonococcal and streptococcal IgA proteases caused prompt, major reductions of IgA antibody activity to negligible levels and converted macroamylase activity to amylase of normal size, as determined by molecular sieve chromatography. In addition, both enzymes promptly deagglutinated sensitized cells that had been aggregated by IgA rheumatoid factors, indicating that IgA bound to antigen is also susceptible to enzyme cleavage. Fab fragments of Iga protein Chr, a rheumatoid factor, showed essentially no antigen-binding activity despite the high titers observed with the parent protein. These studies emphasize the high degree of specificity of the microbial proteases for IgA and their potential for interfering with antibody activity in the IgA1 subclass.
Effects of polynucleotides and levamisole on alveolar macrophage morphology and receptor activity
Authors: Daughada C C , Schmidt M E , Douglas S D
Published: January 2020

Incubation of rabbit pulmonary alveolar macrophages in vitro with polyinosinic acid-polycytidylic acid [poly(I-C)] or levamisole results in enhanced immunoglobulin G receptor activity in comparison to untreated cells, Electron microscopy of cells treated with levamisole or poly(I-C) revealed mitochondrial swelling and cytoplasmic vacuolization. The modulation of receptor activity by these agents suggests that their immunopotentiating effects are due to direct simulation of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Lavaged alveolar macrophages have the capacity to change membrane function in vitro, and these cells provide a convenient system for studying agents with potential effects on macrophages.
Mild alkaline hydrolysis of lipopolysaccharide endotoxin enhances its mitogencity for murine B cells
Authors: Goodman G W , Sultzer B M
Published: January 2020

Mild alkaline hydrolysis was found to enhance the mitogenicity of lipopolysaccharide endotoxin for murine B lymphocytes. Alkaline treated lipopolysaccharide also retained its property as a polyclonal activator. Whereas this treatment reduced the lethality of endotoxin for mice, its toxicity for lymphocytes cultured in the absence of fetal calf serum was increased. Lipid analysis indicated that there were no significant changes in the fatty acids of lipid A, but particle size was significantly reduced and the material was more homogeneous and soluble than untreated lipopolysaccharide. The relationship of these effect on the structure of lipopolysaccharide endotoxin to the mechanism of B-lymphocyte activation is discussed.
Immunogenic cross-reactivity between human tissues and the enterobacterial common antigen
Authors: Morgenstern M A , Gorzynski E A
Published: January 2020

Sterile tissues of human subjects free from infection and malignancy were assessed for an antigen that cross-reacts with the enterobacterial common antigen (ECA). Extracts of heated homogenates (HE) and ethanol-soluble (ES) fractions of liver, kidney, muscle, and heart tissues were examined for their capacities to react with ECA antibodies, as measured by hemagglutination procedures, and to elicit ECA humoral antibodies in rabbits. Both HE and ES extracts of human liver and kidney tissues specifically inhibited ECA hemagglutination. However, ES fractions of HE preparations demonstrated significantly greater inhibiton than their HE sources. In addition, both liver and kidney ES fractions primed rabbits for a rapid and specific secondary ECA humoral response to a single administration of ECA. The cross-reactivity noted between human tissue and ECA cannot be attributed to indigenous microorganisms present in the tissues, as subcultures of tissue homogenates were always sterile. Moreover, preliminary experiments with human fetal subjects, devoid of microbial flora, yielded similar results.
Effect of zinc ion on the hemolytic activity of thermostable direct hemolysin from Vibrio parahaemolyticus, streptolysin O, and Triton X-100
Authors: Takeda Y , Ogiso Y , Miwatani T
Published: January 2020

The effect of Zn2+ on hemolysis induced by the thermostable direct hemolysin from Vibrio parahaemolyticus (vibriolysin) streptolysin O, and Triton X-100 was studied. We found that in certain buffers, such as tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane-hydrochloride, boric acid-borax, and N-hydroxyethyl piperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid-sodium hydroxide, hemoglobins released from erythrocytes were easily precipitated by addition of Zn2+, thus resulting in a false inhibition of hemolysin by Zn2+ when hemolysis was assayed by measuring absorbance at 540 nm of released hemoglobins. Under experimental conditions in which hemoglobin was not precipitated, hemolysis induced by streptolysin O was inhibited by Zn2+, whereas that induced by vibriolysin and Triton X-100 was not. Thus, we concluded that the mode of inhibitory action of Zn2+ on hemolysis was not due to a reversible alteration in the state of the lipid bilayer of erythrocytes membranes as proposed by Avigad and Bernheimer (Infect. Immun. 13:1378-1381, 1976).
Enhancement of the antibody response in vitro by adherent cells from mice infected with Mycobacterium lepraemurium
Authors: Watson S R , Brown I N , Sljivić V S
Published: January 2020

Spleen cells from mice systemically infected 4 to 6 weeks previously with Mycobacterium lepraemurium gave an enhanced primary antibody response in vitro to sheep erythrocytes, but responded normally to dinitrophenylated polyumerized flagellin. The ability to enhance the response was associated with the glass-adherent spleen cell population and with peritoneal cells. Similar cells obtained from infected mice depleted of T lymphocytes failed to enhance the antibody response. These studies suggest that macrophages that became activated during the development of cell-mediated immunity to infection can also stimulate antibody responses to thymus-dependent antigens.
Comparison of the patterns of increased in alpha-toxin and total extracellular protein by Staphylococcus aureus (Wood 46) grown in media supporting widely differing growth characteristics
Authors: Coleman G , Abbas-Ali B
Published: January 2020

A comparison has been made of total exoprotein formation by Staphylococcus aureus (Wood 46) in a tryptone soya broth (TSB) medium and a casein hydrolysate-yeast extract-containing (CCY) medium in which exponential growth occurred with doubling times of 3.0 and 1.3 h, respectively. It was found that the differential rate of exoprotein formation was biphasic in each case, increasing after the cessation of exponential growth by a factor of 4 in TSB and 7 in CCY medium. Although this relative change was greater in CCY medium, the maximum value of the differential rate was less than 40% of that achieved in TSB medium. It was further shown that throughout the growth cycle, and in both cultures, alpha-toxin accounted for the same proportion of total extracellular protein.
In vitro studies on the mechanism of herpesvirus plaque growth inhibition by sensitized lymphocytes
Authors: Centifanto Y M , Zam Z S , Kaufman H E
Published: January 2020

Inhibition of herpesvirus plaque growth was observed when herpes simplex virus (HSV)-sensitized rabbit lymphocytes were placed in contact with an HSV-infected human foreskin monolayer. This inhibition was obtained as early as 3 h when a ratio of 6 viable lymphocytes to target cells was used, and the supernatants of these cultures also demonstrated plaque size reduction when put onto newly infected cell monolayers. Interferon, which is present in this system, had no effect on HSV when tested on human foreskin monolayers, indicating that interferon was not the mechanism for plaque size reduction. Plaque growth inhibition was attributed to the T lymphocyte, because purified T cells reduced plaque growth and anti-rabbit thymocyte serum eliminated the effect of T cells. The specificity of this assay was determined by the facts that nonsensitized lymphocytes did not reduce the size of a plaque and the recognition of an infected cell by the sensitized lymphocyte was necessary for the release of a soluble mediator into the supernatant fluid. This cytotoxic lymphocyte was detected in the peripheral blood of rabbits as early as 4 days after initial corneal infection, with a maximum response at 7 to 10 days.
Growth of Mycobacterium lepraemurium in cultures of macrophages obtained from various sources
Authors: Yamagami A , Chang Y T
Published: January 2020

Studies were made on the growth of Mycobacterium lepraemurium in cultures of macrophages obtained from various sources, such as bone marrow, spleen, and blood of mice. Macrophages were maintained in good condition for more than 12 weeks. Marked intracellular multiplication of M. lepraemurium was observed in cultures from all three sources. Whereas M. lepraemurium freshly prepared from the animals showed good growth in the cultures, those that were kept at 4 degrees C for 10 or 14 days showed no growth.
Matrix protein from influenza A virus and its role in cross-protection in mice
Authors: Webster R G , Hinshaw V S
Published: January 2020

The matrix (M) protein of influenza A virus, one of the two group-specific internal proteins of the virion, was isolated in a pure form, and its immunogenicity was stable to heating at 100 degrees C for 2 min. Mice immunized with isolated M protein in complete Freund adjuvant and subsequently infected with influenza virus cleared virus more rapidly from their lungs than did unimmunized mice. Despite the rapid clearance of virus, the mice developed pneumonia that was at least as severe as in unimmunized mice. Preliminary studies suggest that the rapid clearance of influenza virus from the lungs of mice immunized with M protein may be initiated by a cell-mediated rather than a humoral response. The mechanism by which a cross-reactive internal virion protein can initiate clearance of the different subtypes of influenza is not clear. Perhaps the M protein is exposed on the surface of the virus-infected cell and is responsible for the cross-reactivity at the cytotoxic T-cell level recently detected between influenza A virus subtypes.
Significance of T cells in resistance to experimental murine coccidioidomycosis
Authors: Beaman L , Pappagianis D , Benjamini E
Published: January 2020

The resistance of mice to coccidioidomycosis was found to be dependent on lymphoid cells. Thus, spleen cells from mice immunized with killed spherules of Coccidioides immitis, when transferred to irradiated (500 R) recipients, conferred upon the recipient mice resistance to infection with C. immitis. Prior incubation of these spleen cells with anti-theta serum in the presence of complement abrogated their capacity to protect the recipients from infection with C. immitis. Adult thymectomized mice, which had been irradiated (800 R) and reconstituted with bone marrow from normal mice, were more susceptible to infection with arthrospores than were nonthymectomized, irradiated bone marrow-reconstituted controls. Genetically homozygous athymic ("nude") mice died after infection with a dose of arthrospores that was sublethal for their heterozygote counterparts possessing a thymus, or for normal mice. The results indicate that a functioning T-cell population is an essential component for effective immunity to C. immitis.
Gliding motility and actinomycin D sensitivity of Fusobacterium nucleatum and other gram-negative rods
Authors: Abbott D M , Sudo S Z
Published: January 2020

Six strains of gram-negative anaerobic fusiform rods (Fusobacterium and Bacteroides spp.), isolated from deep subgingival locations in humans, were examined for (i) gliding motility in slide cultures, (iii) cell densities on nutrient agar surfaces, and (iii) sensitivity to actinomycin D. Known gliding (FBt) and nonmotile (NM) strains of Myxococcus xanthus served as controls for the gliding and cell density experiments. In the present study, three strains of gram-negative fusiforms from the oral cavity, identified as Fusobacterium nucleatum (1a and P-1) and Bacteroides sp. (P-14), demonstrated characteristics similar to the gliding control strain M. xanthus. The only gliding oral strain sensitive to actinomycin D was a Bacteroides sp. (P-14).
Antigenic relationship between human and bovine rotaviruses as determined by neutralization, immune adherence hemagglutination, and complement fixation tests
Authors: Matsuno S , Inouye S , Kono R
Published: January 2020

Guinea pig antiserum to bovine rotavirus does not neutralize human rotavirus. Bovine and human rotaviruses were, however, extensively cross-reactive when examined by complement fixation and immune adherence hemagglutination tests with antiserum to either virus. The immune adherence hemagglutination test was 16- to 32-fold more sensitive than the complement fixation test in detecting rotavirus.
Impairment of cell-mediated immune responses by infection with Mycobacterium lepraemurium
Authors: Bullock W E , Evans P E , Filomeno A R
Published: January 2020

The effect of chronic infection with Mycobacterium lepraemurium upon cell-mediated immune responses was studied in Lewis rats. Rats infected for 40 to 175 days were completely protected from attempted induction of experimental adjuvant disease, and the severity of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in leprous rats was markedly attenuated. Full manifestations of each autoimmune disease were expressed in littermate control groups. Skin homograft rejection by infected rats was significantly impaired (P less than 0.001) as was the delayed-type hypersensitivity response to sheep erythrocytes (P less than 0.02). It is suggested that chronic infection with M. lepraemurium exerts a nonspecific inhibitory effect on cell-mediated immunity by perturbation of normal lymphocyte recirculation and by induction of immuno-suppressor cell activity.
Purification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae surface L-antigen
Authors: Chen N C , Kamel K , Zuckerman J , Gaafar H A
Published: January 2020

A purified preparation of the L-antigen of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with a 40-fold increase of antigenic activity over the crude extract was prepared. The antigen was extracted from the cell envelope by mild treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate and purified by Sepharose 4B, diethylaminoethyl-cellulose, and diethyl-(2-hydroxypropyl)aminoethyl (QAE)-Sephadex column chromatography. The purified antigen was heat labile and trypsin sensitive. The smallest antigenically active subunit appeared to have a molecular weight of 38,500, as shown by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the product incubated with sodium dodecyl sulfate.
Binding of sodium [195Au]aurothiomalate to Mycoplasma arthritidis
Authors: Talbot H L , Myers D B
Published: January 2020

The binding of sodium [195Au]aurothiomalate (ATM) to whole cells of Mycoplasma arthritidis has been measured within the temperature range of 4 to 53 degrees C. The time course (kinetics) and the effect of varying the total concentration of free ATM in the suspension at 37 degrees C were also measured. The extent of binding at 37 degrees C leveled off after 30 min at approximately 65 nCi of [195Au]ATM per mg of membrane protein. The amount of ATM bound per cell appeared to be directly proportional to the concentration of free ATM in the range of 0.25 to 0.60 muCi of [195Au]ATM per ml. An Arrhenius plot showed two distinct regions with slopes of -0.56 degrees K/mg of protein (5 to 22 degrees C) and -2.78 degrees K/mg of protein (22 to 53 degrees C). The break in the Arrhenius plot corresponds to a temperature known to be related to a sudden change in mycoplasma membrane fluidity. Estimations of Scatchard binding constants and number of binding sites per membrane protein molecule resulted in 0.8 to 1.4 sites per molecule in the intact organisms compared to 1.4 to 1.8 sites in membrane fragments. The latter were purified by repeated washings in phosphate-buffered saline after alkaline lysis of the cells. It is suggested that ATM reacts with available protein sulfhydryl groups in the mycoplasmal membrane.
Modulation of delayed-type hypersensitivity and cellular immunity to microbial vaccines: effects of cyclophosphamide on the immune response to tularemia vaccine
Authors: Ascher M S , Parker D , Turk J L
Published: January 2020

Treatment of guinea pigs with cyclophosphamide before immunization with killed tularemia vaccine in Freund incomplete adjuvant produced a prolongation and intensification of delayed-type hypersensitivity and in vitro lymphocyte transformation reactions to tularemia antigen. Such reactions resemble those ordinarily associated with the administration of live tularemia vaccine, killed vaccine in Freund complete adjuvant, or recovery from natural infection. The immunopotentiation lasted longer than that seen previously in other antigenic systems with this drug and was dependent on the dose of vaccine used. More intense delayed skin reactivity could be transferred into normal controls by cells from immunized donors pretreated with cyclophosphamide than by cells from immunized donors that were not pretreated.
Evidence for plasmid contribution to the virulence of fish pathogen Vibrio anguillarum
Authors: Crosa J H , Schiewe M H , Falkow S
Published: January 2020

Analysis of the plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid complement of high- and low- virulent strains of the fish pathogen Vibrio anguillarum showed a correlation between enhanced virulence and the presence of a 50-megadalton plasmid class. All 50-megadalton plasmids isolated from different high-virulent V. anguillarum strains were homologous as judged by the analysis of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization. The 50-megadalton plasmid class did not have polynucleotide sequences in common with plasmids of different incompatibility groups.
Toxin from the culture filtrate of Shigella dysenteriae that causes morphological changes in Chinese hamster ovary cells and is distinct from the neurotoxin
Authors: Takeda Y , Okamoto K , Miwatani T
Published: January 2020

A toxin that causes morphological changes in Chinese hamster ovary cells was isolated from a culture filtrate of Shigella dysenteriae 1. It was partially purified by successive column chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-cellulose, Bio-Gel A-5m, and hydroxylapatite. The toxin was separated from neurotoxin by diethylaminoethyl-cellulose column chromatography and was not lethal for mice.
Induction of cell-mediated immunity to Mycobacterium lepraemurium in susceptible mice
Authors: Lefford M J , Patel P J , Poulter L W , Mackaness G B
Published: January 2020

A mouse strain (CB6) that is highly susceptible to Mycobacterium lepraemurium was infected with 10(8) bacilli into the hind footpad. These mice developed cell-mediated immunity to M. lepraemurium, as expressed by the development of a granulomatous lesion at the site of inoculation in normal but not in T-lymphocyte-depleted mice, a proliferative response in the paracortical zone of the draining lymph node, delayed-type hypersensitivity to a sonic extract of M. lepraemurium, and immunopotentiation of the delayed hypersensitivity response to sheep erythrocytes. Resistance to a second challenge infection with M. lepraemurium was not demonstrated.
Enhancement of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity of herpesvirus-infected cells by complement
Authors: Rouse B T , Grewal A S , Babiuk L A , Fujimiya Y
Published: January 2020

An investigation was made of the effects of complement on the levels of antibody-dependence cytotoxicity (ADCC) mediated by bovine leukocytes against herpesvirus-infected target cells. Neutrophil-mediated ADCC was considerably enhanced upon the addition of low levels of complement that alone failed to induce lysis of antibody-sensitized target cells. This enhancement was most apparent under suboptimum conditions such as at low effector-to-target cell ratios, low levels of sensitizing antiserum, and short-duration assays. Furthermore, cells and classes of immunoglobulin unable to induce ADCC could do so in the presence of complement. The action of complement is considered in terms of a more tenacious bond formed between effector and target cells. The implications of the results are discussed in terms of the part that complement might play in enhancing antiviral recovery processes.
Cell envelope of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: penicillin enhancement of peptidoglycan hydrolysis
Authors: Wegener W S , Hebeler B H , Morse S A
Published: January 2020

The addition of 10 microgram of penicillin G per ml to log-phase cultures of Neisseria gonorrhoeae JW-31 (minimum inhibitory concentration for penicillin G, less than 0.007 microgram/ml) resulted in cellular lysis after a lag of 30 min. Penicillin markedly decreased the rate of peptidoglycan synthesis and enhanced the rate of hydrolysis of existing peptidoglycan. Hydrolysis was initiated immediately after addition of penicillin; cellular lysis did not occur until a considerable percentage of the peptidoglycan had been degraded. Cellular lysis was not due to penicillin per se but resulted from inhibition of cell wall synthesis. When cells were grown in media buffered with N-2-hydroxyethyl piperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid at pH 6, penicillin did not cause lysis; however, at this pH, peptidoglycan hydrolysis occurred and cells lost viability at the same rate as in the control (pH 7.2). We suggest that the stability of gonococci grown at pH 6 is related to increased stability of the outer membrane. The penicillin-enhanced rate of peptidoglycan hydrolysis decreased approximately 50% at pH 6.0. Penicillin-enhanced lysis, peptidoglycan hydrolysis, and loss of viability were also markedly reduced in cells grown at 28 degrees C.
Relationship between bactericidal action of complement and fluidity of cellular membranes
Authors: Kato K , Bito Y
Published: January 2020

The mode of complement-mediated killing of Escherichia coli B cells grown at 25 and 42 degrees C and of E. coli K-12 UFAts cells grown in the presence of oleic and elaidic aicds was examined in relation to their membrane lipid compositions and the thermodynamic properties of membrane phospholipids. Phospholipids isolated from 25 degrees C-grown cells of strain B and from oleic acid-incorporated cells of strain K-12 UFAts had lower phase transition temperatures than did phospholipids from E. coli strain B grown at 42 degrees C or those from strain K-12 UFAts grown on elaidic acid. The rate of cellular susceptibility to complement action closely correlated with the liquid crystalline phase of phospholipids of cell membranes. These findings suggest that membrane fluidity is obligatory for the final expression of complement action.
Demonstration of the role of cytophilic antibody in resistance to malaria parasites (Plasmodium berghei) in rats
Authors: Green T J , Kreier J P
Published: January 2020

This paper reports the results of a study of the nature of the immune response against Plasmodium berghei parasites by inbred rats. A macrophage-cytophilic antibody specific for malarial antigens was identified and characterized. Detection of the antibody on the macrophage surface was accomplished by the parasite adherence tests and by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique. Isolation and purification of the macrophage-cytophilic and opsonic antibodies from hyperimmune rat serum was accomplished by QAE-Sephadez A-50 elution chromatography, and of the macrophage-cytophilic antibody by adsorption with and elution from syngeneic macrophages as well. Characterization of the cytophilic antibody as immunoglobulin G1 was done by immunoelectrophoresis and by Ouchterlony-type double diffusion in gel. Passive protection tests in weanling inbred rats have demonstrated that the opsonizing antibody conferred some protection against P. berghei. The macrophage-cytophilic antibody, on the other hand, was not protective alone but acted synergistically with the opsonizing antibody.
Effect of L1210 leukemia on the susceptibility of mice to Candida albicans infections
Authors: Johnson J A , Lau B H , Nutter R L , Slater J M , Winter C E
Published: January 2020

This study was carried out to determine whether animals bearing L1210 leukemia were more susceptible to candida infection in the absence of immunosuppression and to determine also if the L1210 cells suppressed the imflammatory response of the animal host. Systemic infection was studied by intravenous injection of Candida albicans and checking for the number of candida organisms cultured from the blood and the kidneys. Localized infection was studied by intramuscular injection of C. albicans into the thighs and measuring the changes in the thigh size. Compared with tumor-free controls, the intravenous injection resulted in higher counts of C. albicans from the blood and the kidneys of tumor-bearing animals. No significant difference in the localized swelling was noted between tumor- and nontumor-bearing mice with respect to intramuscular injection of C. albicans. The results thus indicate that L1210 leukemia increases susceptibility of tumor-bearing animals to systemic candida infection. L1210 cells were shown to reduce the accumulation of neutrophils and to suppress the inflammatory reaction elicited by C. albicans.
Acrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins of Neisseria gonorrhoeae as an epidemiological tool
Authors: Noble R C , Schell S C
Published: January 2020

The electrophoresis patterns of gonococcal cell proteins were assessed as an aid to gonococcal epidemiology. Lyophilized gonococci were extracted in heated lauryl sulfate with 2-mercaptoethanol. The solubilized gonococcal cell proteins were subjected to alkaline sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, and the resulting patterns were scanned with a spectrophotometer. The electrophoresis patterns were judged to be alike by superimposition of the gel scans. Gonococci thus compared were also auxotyped and tested for sensitivity to penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, and spectinomycin. The electrophoresis patterns were reproducible and not affected by serial subculture of the isolates. Patterns from nongonococcal Neisseria species did not resemble those of gonococci. To test the utility of the electrophoresis patterns, duplicate isolates were made from 12 cultures of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. After randomization and blind coding of the 24 isolates, all were successfully matched by their electrophoresis patterns. Cervical-rectal paired isolates from 45 patients were studied by means of their electrophoresis patterns, auxotypes, and results of antibiotic sensitivity tests. Results indicated that the electrophoresis patterns are useful in characterizing paired isolates of gonococci.
Effect of metabolic inhibitors on the formation of antibody to sheep erythrocytes, on development of delayed hypersensitivity, and on the immune response to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice
Authors: Youmans A S , Youmans G P
Published: January 2020

The effect of a number of metabolic inhibitors was determined on: (i) the production of cellular immunity to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice by vaccination with mycobacterial ribonucleic acid (RNA), (Ii) the production of cellular immunity to infection with M. tuberculosis in mice with viable H37Ra cells, (iii) the induction of antibody formation to sheep erythrocytes, and (iv) the induction of delayed hypersensitivity in mice to purified protein derivative. The pattern of inhibition produced by metabolic inhibitors on cellular immunity to infection with M. tuberculosis produced by mycobacterial RNA was entirely different from the pattern of inhibition produced by the same metabolic inhibitors on antibody formation to sheep erythrocytes. The effect of the metabolic inhibitors on the induction of delayed hypersensitivity to purified protein derivative did not correlate with the pattern of inhibition produced by the same compounds on antibody formation or on the development of immunity produced by mycobacterial RNA. Cellular immunity to infection produced in mice by viable H37Ra cells was not reduced by any of the metabolic inhibitors except actinomycin D. The possible reasons for the lack of activity of the metabolic inhibitors on the immune response to viable H37Ra cells and the lack of correlation with the pattern of inhibition found in mice vaccinated with mycobacterial RNA is discussed.
O antigen as virulence factor in mouse typhoid: effect of B-cell suppression
Authors: Valtonen M V , Häyry P
Published: January 2020

Immunosuppression by cyclophosphamide was used to make mice incapable of B-lymphocyte responses; they could not make an antibody response to NIP-Ficoll. These mice, as well as untreated mice, were challenged intraperitoneally with graded doses of isogenic O-4,12 or O-6,7 Salmonella typhimurium derivatives. The 50% lethal dose of the O-6,7 strains was 35- to 70-fold higher than that of the O-4,12 strains, both in the normal and the immunosuppressed animals, although the latter were approximately 1,000-fold more susceptible to the infection by either challenge organism. We conclude that the O-antigen-dependent difference in the mouse virulence of these sister strains is not mediated through differences in their capacity to evoke B-lymphocyte-mediated immune responses.
Changes in liver and L-cell plasma membranes during infection with Coxiella burnetii
Authors: Marecki N , Becker F , Baca O G , Paretsky D
Published: January 2020

Changes in plasma membrane proteins of guinea pig liver and L-929 cells were studied during infection with Coxiella burnetii. Polypeptide species resolved by disc polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with sodium dodecyl sulfate showed quantitative but no qualitative differences between uninfected and infected samples. When the O'Farrell technique of isoelectric focusing, followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-slab gel polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was employed, additional polypeptides were resolved. Livers and L cells were labeled with [3H]-glucosamine. Infected livers incorporated less [3H]glucosamine in the membrane proteins than uninfected material, presumably indicating lower glycoprotein levels. Infected L-cell membranes incorporated greater amounts of [3H]glucosamine, and also were labeled to a greater extent than uninfected membranes, employing the [125I]lactoperoxidase technique. Uninfected L cells showed a greater agglutinability with concanavalin A than did infected cells. Infected livers had much greater levels of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate. The data indicate changes in plasma membranes as a result of infection. Possible physiological consequences of membrane changes are discussed.
Studies on gonococcus infection. XIII. Occurrence of color/opacity colonial variants in clinical cultures
Authors: James J F , Swanson J
Published: January 2020

Colonial variants of Neisseria gonorrhoeae differing in color and opacity characteristics are distributed differently between male urethral and female cervical cultures. Colonial characteristics of cultures isolated from female cervices differ with time of isolation within the menstrual cycle and use of oral contraceptives. These differences may reflect selective forces in the ecology of the cervix, particularly proteolytic enzymes in cervical mucus and menstrual blood. Cycle changes in the characteristics of gonococci isolated from females may have implications for pathogenesis of gonococcal infections and immune response to the gonococcus.