bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Collage of Comment
Authors: SCHMIDT ERIC , COHEN JARED , CLINTON HILLARY , KOUCHNER BERNARD , ASSANGE JULIAN
Published: January 2011

Is Internet freedom an absolute, universal value like freedom of speech? If there are limits, how and by whom can they be established? Is crying fire or scaling firewalls anymore acceptable in cyberspace than in physical space? What is the impact on the discourse between nations, cultures and individuals?

In this section, we gather a collage of comments from various key players from Google to Wikileaks to the US State Department along with comments by one of the most cogent analysts of the Net and the president of Turkey.
The Mother of All Solutions for the Global Crisis
Authors: MOHAMAD MAHATHIR
Published: January 2011

The solidarity of the G‐20 nations in staving off global financial crisis two years ago has deteriorated into a brawl over currency valuations, trade imbalances and sovereign debt, reflecting the great powershift from the West to the East and the emerging economies.

In this section, we invited comments from historians, a former head of state who successfully navigated the Asian financial crisis and a prominent Chinese dissident.
Domestic Inequality Is Root of US‐China Conflict
Authors: REICH ROBERT
Published: January 2011

The solidarity of the G‐20 nations in staving off global financial crisis two years ago has deteriorated into a brawl over currency valuations, trade imbalances and sovereign debt, reflecting the great powershift from the West to the East and the emerging economies.

In this section, we invited comments from historians, a former head of state who successfully navigated the Asian financial crisis and a prominent Chinese dissident.
Human Rights and the Renminbi
Authors: JINGSHENG WEI
Published: January 2011

The solidarity of the G‐20 nations in staving off global financial crisis two years ago has deteriorated into a brawl over currency valuations, trade imbalances and sovereign debt, reflecting the great powershift from the West to the East and the emerging economies.

In this section, we invited comments from historians, a former head of state who successfully navigated the Asian financial crisis and a prominent Chinese dissident.
Military First Doctrine Is Behind North Korea Adventurism
Authors: JONG‐YIL RA
Published: January 2011

The recurrent crises emanating from North Korea, and the response to them, is testing US‐China relations and drawing the new boundaries of power in East Asia.

The head of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff and the former South Korean national security advisor address this development.
China Challenges Unipolar Naval Power in Asia
Authors: KAPLAN ROBERT
Published: January 2011

The recurrent crises emanating from North Korea, and the response to them, is testing US‐China relations and drawing the new boundaries of power in East Asia.

The head of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff and the former South Korean national security advisor address this development.
The US Will Remain in the Yellow Sea
Authors: MULLEN ADMIRAL MIKE
Published: January 2011

The recurrent crises emanating from North Korea, and the response to them, is testing US‐China relations and drawing the new boundaries of power in East Asia.

The head of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff and the former South Korean national security advisor address this development.
Effect of pretreatment with mildly acidic hypochlorous acid on adhesion to caries‐affected dentin using a self‐etch adhesive
Authors: Kunawarote Sitthikorn , Nakajima Masatoshi , Foxton Richard M. , Tagami Junji
Published: January 2011

Kunawarote S, Nakajima M, Foxton RM, Tagami J. Effect of pretreatment with mildly acidic hypochlorous acid on adhesion to caries‐affected dentin using a self‐etch adhesive.
 
Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 119: 86–92. © 2011 Eur J Oral Sci

Caries‐affected dentin is covered with a thicker and organically enriched smear layer than normal dentin. This may affect the demineralization ability and the infiltration of self‐etch adhesives, thus reducing the efficacy of bonding to caries‐affected dentin. This study evaluated the adhesion of a two‐step self‐etching adhesive to normal and caries‐affected dentin after pretreatment with mildly acidic hypochlorous acid (HOCl) solutions. We used a microtensile bond strength (μTBS) test to compare the μTBS of Clearfil SE Bond to either caries‐affected dentin or to normal dentin, after pretreatment for 5 s with one of three solutions (806 mM NaOCl, or 0.95 or 1.91 mM HOCl). The μTBS of the self‐etch adhesive was significantly lower to caries‐affected dentin than to normal dentin. Pretreatment with 0.95 mM HOCl improved the μTBS of the self‐etch adhesive to caries‐affected dentin, but there was no significant difference compared with normal dentin. On the other hand, pretreatment with 806 mM NaOCl or 1.91 mM HOCl did not demonstrate a significant improvement in the μTBS to caries‐affected dentin. None of the pretreatments demonstrated a negative effect on adhesion to normal dentin.
Symptom provocation in dental anxiety using cross‐phobic video stimulation
Authors: Lueken Ulrike , Hoyer Jürgen , Siegert Jens , Gloster Andrew T. , Wittchen Hans‐Ulrich
Published: January 2011

Lueken U, Hoyer J, Siegert J, Gloster AT, Wittchen H‐U. Symptom provocation in dental anxiety using cross‐phobic video stimulation.
 
Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 119: 61–68. © 2011 Eur J Oral Sci

Although video stimulation has been successfully employed in dental phobia, conclusions regarding the specificity of reactions are limited. A novel, video‐based paradigm using cross‐phobic video stimulation was validated based on subjective and autonomic responses. Forty subjects were stratified according to dental anxiety as measured by the Dental Fear Survey (DFS) using a median‐split procedure (high‐DFS and low‐DFS groups). Anxiety stimuli comprised dental‐anxiety scenes and non‐dental‐anxiety control scenes (snake stimuli). Neutral scenes were tailored to each anxiety stimulus. Dental, but not snake, stimuli were rated as more anxiety provoking only in the high‐DFS group. Elevated skin‐conductance amplitudes were observed in the high‐DFS group for dental anxiety vs. neutral videos, but not for snake anxiety vs. neutral videos. State and trait anxiety and autonomic reactivity were correlated according to expectations. Using cross‐phobic video stimulation, it was demonstrated that phobogenic reactions in dental anxiety are specific to the respective stimulus material and do not generalize to other non‐dental‐anxiety control conditions. The validation of the paradigm may support and stimulate future research on the characterization of dental anxiety on different response systems, including its underlying neural substrates.
The relationship among educational achievement, career aspiration, and oral hygiene behaviours in Iranian adolescents
Authors: Dorri Mojtaba , Sheiham Aubrey , Watt Richard G.
Published: January 2011

Dorri M, Sheiham A, Watt RG. The relationship among educational achievement, career aspiration, and oral hygiene behaviours in Iranian adolescents.
 
Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 119: 48–54. © 2011 Eur J Oral Sci

The objectives of this study were to examine: (i) the association between toothbrushing frequency and educational achievement; (ii) the influence of social status and career aspiration on this association; and (iii) whether educational achievement and career aspiration explain the gender difference in oral hygiene behaviours in Iranian adolescents in Mashhad. The sample population was sixth‐grade adolescents in Mashhad, Iran. Participants completed a 37‐item questionnaire with questions on socio‐demographic variables, frequency of toothbrushing, educational achievement, and their career aspiration. The associations between toothbrushing frequency and other study‐outcome variables were tested using binary logistic regression. The association between toothbrushing frequency and educational achievement was significant only after adjusting for the father’s level of education and the child’s career aspiration. Toothbrushing frequency was highly significantly associated with gender, and this association remained unaltered after adjusting for educational achievement and career aspiration. Career aspiration and toothbrushing frequency were significantly associated. In conclusion, educational achievement was not an independent indicator of reported toothbrushing frequency in Iranian adolescents in Mashhad. Father’s educational level and child’s career aspiration mediated the association between toothbrushing frequency and educational achievement. Educational achievement and career aspiration did not explain the gender difference in toothbrushing behaviours of Iranian adolescents.
Influence of fluoride–detergent combinations on the visco‐elasticity of adsorbed salivary protein films
Authors: Veeregowda Deepak H. , van der Mei Henny C. , Busscher Henk J. , Sharma Prashant K.
Published: January 2011

Veeregowda DH, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ, Sharma PK. Influence of fluoride–detergent combinations on the visco‐elasticity of adsorbed salivary protein films. Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 119: 21–26. © 2011 Eur J Oral Sci

The visco‐elasticity of salivary‐protein films is related to mouthfeel, lubrication, biofilm formation, and protection against erosion and is influenced by the adsorption of toothpaste components. The thickness and the visco‐elasticity of hydrated films (determined using a quartz crystal microbalance) of 2‐h‐old in vitro‐adsorbed salivary‐protein films were 43.5 nm and 9.4 MHz, respectively, whereas the dehydrated thickness, measured using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, was 2.4 nm. Treatment with toothpaste slurries decreased the thickness of the film, depending on the fluoride–detergent combination involved. Secondary exposure to saliva resulted in a regained thickness of the film to a level similar to its original thickness; however, no association was found between the thickness of hydrated and dehydrated films, indicating differences in film structure. Treatment with stannous fluoride/sodium lauryl sulphate (SnF2/SLS)‐containing toothpaste slurries yielded a strong, immediate two‐fold increase in characteristic film frequency (fc) with respect to untreated films, indicating cross‐linking in adsorbed salivary‐protein films by Sn2+ that was absent when SLS was replaced with sodium hexametaphosphate (NaHMP). Secondary exposure to saliva of films treated with SnF2 caused a strong, six‐fold increase in fc compared with primary salivary‐protein films, regardless of whether SLS or NaHMP was the detergent. This suggests that ionized stannous is not directly available for cross‐linking in combination with highly negatively charged NaHMP, but becomes slowly available after initial treatment to cause cross‐linking during secondary exposure to saliva.
Association of matrix metalloproteinase gene polymorphism with temporomandibular joint degeneration
Authors: Planello Aline C. , Campos Maria I. G. , Meloto Carolina B. , Secolin Rodrigo , Rizatti‐Barbosa Célia M. , Line Sergio R. P. , de Souza Ana P.
Published: January 2011

Planello AC, Campos MIG, Meloto CB, Secolin R, Rizatti‐Barbosa CM, Line SRP, de Souza AP. Association of matrix metalloproteinase gene polymorphism with temporomandibular joint degeneration.
 
Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 119: 1–6. © 2011 Eur J Oral Sci

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) degeneration is a frequent cause of orofacial pain. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) degrade extracellular matrix components and play an important role in TMJ degeneration. We investigated the frequency of the MMP1 1G/2G polymorphism (rs1799750), the MMP3 5A/6A polymorphism (rs3025058), and the MMP9 C/T polymorphism (rs3918242) in individuals with TMJ degeneration, in order to analyze the association of polymorphisms in these genes with TMJ degeneration. The population studied comprised 117 healthy controls and 115 individuals diagnosed with TMJ degeneration upon examination of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) images. Genotypes were determined using PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Logistic regression analyses revealed an association between the MMP1 2G/2G genotype and degeneration; in contrast, there was no association between either the MMP3 or the MMP9 genotype and degeneration. Our results may indicate a role for the MMP1 polymorphism in TMJ degeneration.
Influence of administration method on oral health‐related quality of life assessment using the Oral Health Impact Profile
Authors: Reissmann Daniel R. , John Mike T. , Schierz Oliver
Published: January 2011

Reissmann DR, John MT, Schierz O. Influence of administration method on oral health‐related quality of life assessment using the Oral Health Impact Profile. Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 119: 73–78. © 2011 Eur J Oral Sci

The influence of the administration method used to collect oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) data is largely unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether OHRQoL information obtained using the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP) differed with different methods of collection (personal interview, via telephone or as a self‐administered questionnaire). The OHRQoL was measured using the German version of the OHIP. The instrument was administered to each of 42 patients using three different methods, in a randomized order, about 1 wk apart. The test–retest reliability coefficient for the repeated OHIP assessment across the three methods of administration, and the magnitude of the variance component for administration method, were determined, characterizing the degree of OHIP score variation that is caused by this factor. Whereas OHIP mean score differences of 3.9 points were present between administration methods, the reliability coefficient of 0.90 (95% CI, 0.85–0.95) indicated that 90% of the OHIP score variation was caused by differences between subjects (and not by the administration method or measurement error). The variance component for administration method explained 0.5% of the OHIP score variation. In conclusion, the method of administration (personal interview, telephone interview or self‐administered questionnaire) did not influence substantially OHIP scores in prosthodontic patients.
Corrosion behaviour and surface analysis of a Co–Cr and two Ni–Cr dental alloys before and after simulated porcelain firing
Authors: Qiu Jing , Yu Wei‐Qiang , Zhang Fu‐Qiang , Smales Roger J. , Zhang Yi‐Lin , Lu Chun‐Hui
Published: January 2011

Qiu J, Yu W‐Q, Zhang F‐Q, Smales RJ, Zhang Y‐L, Lu C‐H. Corrosion behaviour and surface analysis of a Co–Cr and two Ni–Cr dental alloys before and after simulated porcelain firing.
 
Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 119: 93–101. © 2011 Eur J Oral Sci

This study evaluated the corrosion behaviour and surface properties of a commercial cobalt–chromium (Co–Cr) alloy and two nickel–chromium (Ni–Cr) alloys [beryllium (Be)‐free and Be‐containing] before and after a simulated porcelain‐firing process. Before porcelain firing, the microstructure, surface composition and hardness, electrochemical corrosion properties, and metal‐ion release of as‐cast alloy specimens were examined. After firing, similar alloy specimens were examined for the same properties. In both as‐cast and fired conditions, the Co–Cr alloy (Wirobond C) showed significantly more resistance to corrosion than the two Ni–Cr alloys. After firing, the corrosion rate of the Be‐free Ni–Cr alloy (Stellite N9) increased significantly, which corresponded to a reduction in the levels of Cr, molybdenum (Mo), and Ni in the surface oxides and to a reduction in the thickness of the surface oxide film. The corrosion properties of the Co–Cr alloy and the Be‐containing Ni–Cr alloy (ChangPing) were not significantly affected by the firing process. Porcelain firing also changed the microstructure and microhardness values of the alloys, and there were increases in the release of Co and Ni ions, especially for Ni from the Be‐free Ni–Cr alloy. Thus, the corrosion rate of the Be‐free Ni–Cr alloy increased significantly after porcelain firing, whereas the firing process had little effect on the corrosion susceptibility of the Co–Cr alloy and the Be‐containing Ni–Cr alloy.
Molar‐incisor hypomineralization and oral hygiene in 10‐ to‐12‐yr‐old Swedish children born preterm
Authors: Brogårdh‐Roth Susanne , Matsson Lars , Klingberg Gunilla
Published: January 2011

Brogårdh‐Roth S, Matsson L, Klingberg G. Molar‐incisor hypomineralization and oral hygiene in 10‐ to‐12‐yr‐old Swedish children born preterm.
 
Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 119: 33–39. © 2011 Eur J Oral Sci

Although preterm birth is associated with an increased risk of medical problems and impairments, there is limited knowledge of how this affects oral health. It was hypothesized that when 10–12 yr of age, children who were preterm at birth would present with a higher prevalence of molar‐incisor hypomineralization (MIH), more dental plaque, and a higher degree of gingival inflammation than full‐term control children. Eighty‐two preterm children, born between 24 and 32 wk of gestation, and 82 control children, born between 37 and 43 wk of gestation, were clinically examined for developmental defects in enamel, MIH, dental plaque, and gingival health. In addition, behaviour management problems were evaluated. Information on any aetiological factors with a potential influence on MIH and oral health was collected via questionnaires. Molar‐incisor hypomineralization was more common in preterm children than in controls (38% vs. 16%), as were enamel developmental defects (69.5% vs. 51%). Low gestational age and low birth weight increased the risk of MIH. Preterm children had more plaque, a higher degree of gingival inflammation, and more behaviour‐management problems than controls. In conclusion, oral health problems were more common in preterm children than in control children.
Melatonin sensitizes Caki renal cancer cells to kahweol‐induced apoptosis through CHOP‐mediated up‐regulation of PUMA
Authors: Um Hee Jung , Park Jong‐Wook , Kwon Taeg Kyu
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  Melatonin has recently gained attention as a regulator of biologic processes in addition to its effects on circadian rhythms. The mechanisms whereby melatonin regulates the apoptotic program remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the combined effect of melatonin and kahweol on apoptosis of cancer cells, but not in most normal human cell types, thus presenting an attractive novel strategy for cancer treatment. In our experiments, treatment with a combination of melatonin and kahweol induced apoptosis, stimulated DEVDase activity, and DNA fragmentation. Co‐treatment with melatonin and kahweol induced up‐regulation of p53‐upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) while down‐regulation of PUMA expression using small interfering RNAs attenuated melatonin plus kahweol‐induced apoptosis. In addition, co‐treatment with kahweol and melatonin induced PUMA up‐regulation through endoplasmic reticulum stress‐mediated C/EBP homologous protein induction and the p53‐independent pathway. Our results collectively demonstrate that up‐regulation of PUMA contributes to the sensitizing effect of melatonin plus kahweol on apoptosis in cancer cells.
Endometriosis‐Associated Infertility: Double Intrauterine Insemination Improves Fecundity in Patients Positive for Antiendometrial Antibodies
Authors: Subit Michael , Gantt Pickens , Broce Mike , Seybold Dara J. , Randall Gary
Published: January 2011

Citation  Subit M, Gantt P, Broce M, Seybold DJ, Randall G. Endometriosis‐associated infertility: double intrauterine insemination improves fecundity in patients positive for antiendometrial antibodies. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 66: 100–107

Problem  Prospective registry study evaluating effects of endometriosis (E) and serum antiendometrial antibodies (AEA) on fecundity in intrauterine insemination (IUI) cycles.

Method of study  AEA assays on 572 consecutive women receiving 969 single and 274 double IUI cycles. Logistic regression was utilized.

Results  Fecundity was 11.5% (143/1243 cycles). Double IUI improved fecundity with significance achieved in certain study groups. Compared to the AEA− subgroup, all study groups except for the E+ AEA− group had significantly lower fecundity. Two study groups receiving double IUI had significantly increased fecundity, E− AEA+ (OR: 5.1, CI: 1.1–22.7, P = 0.032) and E+ AEA+ (OR: 4.1, CI: 1.2–14.0, P = 0.025) and significant predictors of pregnancy (E− AEA+, OR: 7.8, CI: 1.7–36.2, P = 0.009 and E+ AEA+, OR: 4.2, CI: 1.2–15.1, P = 0.026).

Conclusion  Double IUI improves fecundity in AEA+ patients. E‐associated infertility is better diagnosed by the AEA assay than by surgery. Double IUI should be attempted prior to assisted reproductive technologies in AEA+ patients with normal fallopian tubes.
High prevalence of oral human papillomavirus infection in Fanconi’s anemia patients
Authors: de Araujo MR , Rubira‐Bullen IRF , Santos CF , Dionísio TJ , Bonfim CMS , De Marco L , Gillio‐Tos A , Merletti F
Published: January 2011

Oral Diseases
17, 572–576

Background:  Fanconi’s anemia (FA) is a rare recessive genetic disorder characterized by bone marrow failure, developmental and congenital abnormalities, which frequently evolves to aplastic anemia and neoplasias, primarily acute leukemia and head‐neck carcinomas. Risk of malignancies increases after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), and the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in FA carcinogenesis have been proposed.

Objective:  To investigate prevalence of oral HPV in FA patients without oral malignant lesions.

Materials and methods:  After oral examination, 76 subjects without detectable oral malignant lesions were included and classified in four groups: 20 FA submitted to HSCT (I), 22 FA not submitted to HSCT (II), 18 severe aplastic anemia (SAA) submitted to HSCT (III) and 16 healthy subjects (IV). Liquid‐based cytology sampling, HPV screening by polymerase chain reaction and genotyping by reverse hybridization were performed.

Results:  The HPV detection rates were: group I 35%, group II 27.3%, group III 38% and group IV 6.25%. Prevalence of high risk HPV types, mainly HPV16, was detected. Compared with control group, suggestions for increased likelihood of being HPV infected in SAA (OR = 9.55, 95% CI: 1.01–125.41) and FA patients submitted to HSCT (OR = 8.08, 0.83–72.29) emerged.

Conclusion:  Patients without oral malignant lesions submitted to HSCT, have high prevalence of oral HPV. HPV screening and close follow up should be considered in these patients.
CIVIC FRAGMENTATION OR VOLUNTARY ASSOCIATION? HABERMAS, FRASER, AND CHARTER SCHOOL SEGREGATION
Authors: Wilson Terri S.
Published: January 2011

In this essay, Terri Wilson puts the argument developed by Kathleen Knight Abowitz that charter schools could be considered as counterpublic spaces into interaction with empirical research that explores patterns of voluntary self‐segregation in charter schools. Wilson returns to the theoretical tension between Jürgen Habermas and Nancy Fraser over the inclusivity of the public sphere. Wilson argues that Fraser's concept of counterpublic space rests on an oversimplification of Habermas's concept of the public sphere and, further, that justifying school choice through Fraser's “multiplicity of publics” offers few resources for questioning the increasing segregation of schools. According to Wilson, Habermas's normative project—and his concept of “idealization,” in particular—offers both an answer to Fraser's critique and a better application of “the public sphere” to the issue of school choice. Wilson concludes by considering how Habermas's understanding of the public sphere as a normative ideal might serve as a useful resource for evaluating the public‐ness of charter school reform.
DEWEY'S THEORY OF THE DEMOCRATIC PUBLIC AND THE PUBLIC CHARACTER OF CHARTER SCHOOLS
Authors: Waks Leonard J.
Published: January 2011

In this essay, Leonard Waks reconsiders the issue of the public character of charter schools, that is, schools funded through public taxation but operated by non‐state organizations such as nonprofit and for‐profit educational corporations and nongovernmental public interest organizations. Using John Dewey's conception of a democratic public as a framework, Waks examines the following questions: (1) Are schools chartered and funded by government, but operated by nonprofit nongovernmental organizations, ever appropriate instruments of a democratic public? (2) If so, what criteria might distinguish those that are appropriate from those that are not? (3) How might public education be re‐institutionalized so as to include the charter schools that are appropriate? Waks concludes that Dewey's theory of democratic publics can play a useful role in thinking about how to balance the democratic benefits of charter schools for the various subcommunities of our society with the democratic requirement of broad public discourse and intergroup education.
LEARNING TO LAUGH AT OURSELVES: HUMOR, SELF‐TRANSCENDENCE, AND THE CULTIVATION OF MORAL VIRTUES
Authors: Gordon Mordechai
Published: January 2011

In this essay Mordechai Gordon begins to address the neglect of humor among philosophers of education by focusing on some interesting connections between humor, self‐transcendence, and the development of moral virtues. More specifically, he explores the kind of humor that makes fun of oneself and how it can affect educational encounters. Gordon begins his analysis by discussing the nature and purpose of humor in general, while distinguishing it from laughter and amusement. In the next part of the essay, he takes a close look at the characteristics and benefits of the type of humor that we use when we make fun of ourselves. He then turns his attention to exploring the relation between laughing at ourselves, self‐transcendence, and a number of moral virtues. The final part of this essay briefly examines what might happen to the quality of educational encounters when teachers become more comfortable with laughing at themselves.
THE FORGOTTEN BONDS: THE ASSESSMENT AND CONTEMPLATION OF SIBLING ATTACHMENT IN DIVORCE AND PARENTAL SEPARATION
Authors: Shumaker David M. , Miller Christopher , Ortiz Carolyn , Deutsch Robin
Published: January 2011

Attachment theory is increasingly being considered when contemplating post‐divorce parenting plans. Historically, there has been a strong emphasis on assessing the strength of the parent‐child bond as well as a child's attachment style. Surprisingly little research has focused on sibling bonds and the implications for post‐divorce parenting plans. This article provides an overview of sibling attachment theory, sibling attachment considerations in foster care decisions, and the limited research examining sibling attachment in divorce and parenting schedules. Several key questions are offered for mental health and legal professionals to consider when factoring sibling relations into post‐separation parenting plans.
PROTECTING LIVES, CAREERS, AND PUBLIC CONFIDENCE: FLORIDA'S EFFORTS TO PREVENT OFFICER‐INVOLVED DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
Authors: Oehme Karen , Siebert Darcy Clay , Siebert Carl F. , Stern Nat , Valentine Colby , Donnelly Elizabeth
Published: January 2011

Florida's innovative Law Enforcement Families Partnership (LEFP) was created to reduce and prevent officer‐involved domestic violence in the state. Administered by the Institute for Family Violence Studies at Florida State University and supported by the criminal justice and victim's advocacy communities, the LEFP is the first statewide project of its kind. It includes several components, the cornerstone of which is an online curriculum that teaches officers about the dynamics and consequences of domestic violence perpetrated by officers. This article describes the project and early data from the surveys attached to the curriculum.
HOW EFFECTIVE ARE COURT‐AFFILIATED DIVORCING PARENTS EDUCATION PROGRAMS? A META‐ANALYTIC STUDY
Authors: Fackrell Tamara A. , Hawkins Alan J. , Kay Nicole M.
Published: January 2011

In this meta‐analytic study, we looked at all empirical studies that examined the effectiveness of court‐affiliated divorcing parents education programs (DPEs). Overall, we found that DPEs were generally effective. Nineteen studies with a DPE treatment group and no‐treatment control group had an overall significant moderate positive effect (d= .39); those who participated in DPEs were about 50% better off in terms of program outcomes compared to those who did not participate. The studies examined five specific outcomes: co‐parenting conflict, parent‐child relationships, child well‐being, parent well‐being, and relitigation; with most of these specific outcomes we found significant moderate effects ranging from d= .19–.61. However, there were important methodological limitations in this body of research, which are discussed. While more research is needed to confirm the positive potential of DPEs, we probably know enough to justify continuing and even increasing support for this recent social policy innovation.
DO PARENT EDUCATION PROGRAMS PROMOTE HEALTHY POSTDIVORCE PARENTING? CRITICAL DISTINCTIONS AND A REVIEW OF THE EVIDENCE
Authors: Sigal Amanda , Sandler Irwin , Wolchik Sharlene , Braver Sanford
Published: January 2011

Most parent education programs are designed to improve child well‐being following divorce by changing some aspect of parenting. However, there has been relatively little discussion of what aspects of parenting are most critical and the effectiveness of programs to change different aspects of parenting. This paper addresses these issues by: 1. Distinguishing three aspects of post‐divorce parenting that have been targeted in parent education programs; 2. Reviewing evidence of the relations between each aspect of parenting and the well‐being of children and; 3. Critically reviewing evidence that parent education programs have been successful in changing each aspect of post‐divorce parenting.
Conservation Value of Cacao Agroforestry Systems for Terrestrial Herbaceous Species in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Cicuzza Daniele , Kessler Michael , Clough Yann , Pitopang Ramadhanil , Leitner Daniela , Tjitrosoedirdjo Sri S.
Published: January 2011

Tropical secondary forest and agroforestry systems have been identified as important refuges for the local species diversity of birds and other animal groups, but little is known about the importance of these systems for terrestrial herbs. In particular, few studies report how the conversion from tropical forest to technified cacao plantation affects the species richness and the community structure of herbs. We conducted surveys in 43 cacao plantations along the border of the Lore Lindu National Park in Central Sulawesi, ranging from agroforests to technified cacao, categorizing the plantations as rustic cacao, planted shade cacao, and technified cacao. We recorded 91 herb species. Of the 74 species determined to species level, 21 were also found in natural forests, while 53 were recorded only in agricultural habitats. Araceae was the most forest‐dependent plant family while Asteraceae included the highest number of nonforest species. Overall, the presence of forest species was confined to moderately intensively managed rustic and planted shaded plantations. Distance from the forest, which has been identified as a crucial parameter for the diversity and composition of other taxa in cacao agroforests, only played a minimal role for herbs. Our study suggests that native forest herbs maybe more vulnerable to forest conversion than animal groups. The intensification of cacao plantation management increases the presence of weedy species to the detriment of native forest species.
An In Situ Leaf and Branch Warming Experiment in the Amazon
Authors: Doughty Christopher E.
Published: January 2011

Leaves and branches of mature trees, lianas, and gap species were warmed in an Amazonian forest for 4 mo to observe the effect of warming on photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration. Electric resistance heaters increased air temperatures near the leaves by approximately 2°C. Sunlit leaf temperatures increased by 2–3°C on average, but during some periods leaf temperatures increased by >5°C. Maximum photosynthesis (Amax) decreased significantly in the warmed leaves vs. the control leaves over the 13‐wk study period with an average decrease in Amax of 1.4 μmol/m2s (19% decrease from a mean Amax of 7.2 μmol/m2s) when measured at 30°C and there were no signs of acclimation to higher temperatures within existing leaves. The decline in Amax was likely due to irreversible temperature damage caused by very high leaf temperatures and not due to Ci limitation of carboxylation. Warming had a larger negative impact on Amax in canopy level tree species than other tested functional groups such as lianas or gap species. Transpiration did not significantly increase in the warmed leaves compared with the control group. This study indicates that increased temperatures due to global warming could potentially decrease future tropical forest carbon uptake by a significant amount.

Abstract in Portuguese is available at http://www.blackwell‐synergy.com/loi/btp.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ENRICHMENT MEDIA FOR RECOVERY AND DETECTION OF SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS IN KOREAN FOOD SYSTEM
Authors: CHANG YUN HEE , LEE SANG MO
Published: January 2011

Abstract  This study was performed to establish standard methods and media for detecting S. Enteritidis in Korean style foods. For the preliminary experiment, the enrichment procedures for the recovery of acid or heat injured S. Enteritidis was compared. In the mixed culture system, Salmonella Enteritidis ATCC 13076, Shigella sonnei ATCC 9290, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19111, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 were used. S. Enteritidis in food system were evaluated by using 5 different preenrichment media (TSB: Tryptic Soy Broth, LB: Lactose Broth, BPW: Buffered Peptone Water, SB: Selenite Broth, SCB: Selenite Cystine Broth) and 2 different enrichment media (TT: Tetrathionate Broth, RV: Rappaport and Vassiliadis).

TSB was the most effective medium to detect acid and heat injured S. Enteritidis after 6 h incubation, but SB and SCB were also effective after 24 h incubation. For the recovery of heat injured S. Enteritidis at 65C, 5 pre‐enrichment media did not show significant differences (P<0.05). But after 6 h incubation, TSB and BPW were more effective than other media for the recovery of heat injured S. Enteritidis at 60C. BPW, TSB and TT were most effective for detecting S. Enteritidis in Kimbob (rice roll with lover), salad, Japchae (Chinese noodle with vegetable), mussel, pan‐fried fish fillet, broiler carcasses, ground pork and Jokbal (boiled pork hock). TSB and TT were most effective for milk and eggs, and SCB was also effective for broiler carcasses.
Flow measurement with multi‐instrumentation in a tidal‐affected river
Authors: Kimura N. , Liu Wen‐Cheng , Wu Chin H. , Bechle Adam J. , Chen Wei‐Bo , Huang Wei‐Cher
Published: January 2011

Flow measurements in a tidal‐affected river provide important information of cyclic flow pattern characteristics in temporal and spatial variations. Reliability and accuracy of measured flow data can provide for numerical model calibration and verification. In the present study, we measured tidally affected river flow in the Danshui River of northern Taiwan during the 2008 summer and fall. The measured flow data, produced by both state of the art and conventional instruments including particle tracking velocimetry (PTV), acoustic Doppler profiler (ADP), horizontal acoustic Doppler current profiler (H‐ADCP) and Price‐type current metre (PCM) were compared and correlated during several tidal cycles. The mean flows by ADP were similar to that by PCM and highly correlated with those by PTV and H‐ADCP. Index velocity rating between ADP and H‐ADCP separately computed during the flood and ebb tides shows good correlation for the ebb tide and poor correlation for the flood tide due to subsurface maximum velocity in the middle‐ to near‐bottom layers.
Promoting equality or fostering resentment? The public sector equality duty and religion and belief
Authors: Vickers Lucy
Published: January 2011

The paper assesses the extension of the public sector equality duty to cover religion and belief. The duty on public authorities is to have due regard to the need to eliminate discrimination, harassment and victimisation on grounds of religion and belief; and advance equality of opportunity and foster good relations between people of different religions (and none). The paper considers a number of concerns about how this duty may be applied in the context of religion and belief, and, in particular, that it could give rise to resentment between communities rather than fostering good relations. It is suggested that the potential difficulties of such a duty, when applied to religion and belief, may be lessened if it is based overtly on a concept of equality which aims to address disadvantage, rather than on a concept based on dignity or recognition.
Winner of the SLS Annual Conference Best Paper Prize 2010: ‘Veritas non est defamatio’? Truth as a defence in the law of defamation
Authors: Descheemaeker Eric
Published: January 2011

Despite the limited exception introduced by statute in 1974, the principle that truth is and ought to be a complete defence to all actions in defamation is typically regarded as self-evident in modern English law. The fact that England stands here against not only the whole of the civilian tradition but also a number of common-law jurisdictions suggests, however, that it is not. This paper, after surveying the history of the principle in English law and the debates that it has spurred in the past, argues that English law is right on this question, but needs to understand more cogently why. This, in turn, requires an examination of the interests protected by the cause of action. It is only if we accept that it is, and is solely, reputation founded in character that the defence of veritas will be secured.
Survival in extreme environments – on the current knowledge of adaptations in tardigrades
Authors: Møbjerg N. , Halberg K. A. , Jørgensen A. , Persson D. , Bjørn M. , Ramløv H. , Kristensen R. M.
Published: January 2011

Tardigrades are microscopic animals found worldwide in aquatic as well as terrestrial ecosystems. They belong to the invertebrate superclade Ecdysozoa, as do the two major invertebrate model organisms: Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster. We present a brief description of the tardigrades and highlight species that are currently used as models for physiological and molecular investigations. Tardigrades are uniquely adapted to a range of environmental extremes. Cryptobiosis, currently referred to as a reversible ametabolic state induced by e.g. desiccation, is common especially among limno‐terrestrial species. It has been shown that the entry and exit of cryptobiosis may involve synthesis of bioprotectants in the form of selective carbohydrates and proteins as well as high levels of antioxidant enzymes and other free radical scavengers. However, at present a general scheme of mechanisms explaining this phenomenon is lacking. Importantly, recent research has shown that tardigrades even in their active states may be extremely tolerant to environmental stress, handling extreme levels of ionizing radiation, large fluctuation in external salinity and avoiding freezing by supercooling to below −20 °C, presumably relying on efficient DNA repair mechanisms and osmoregulation. This review summarizes the current knowledge on adaptations found among tardigrades, and presents new data on tardigrade cell numbers and osmoregulation.
Wound healing after mulesing and other options for controlling breech flystrike in Merino lambs: observations on gross and microscopic wound healing
Authors: Lepherd ML , Canfield PJ , Hunt GB , Thomson PC , Bosward KL
Published: January 2011

Background  The mulesing procedure is the main procedure used to control breech flystrike of sheep in Australia, but other permanent methods of altering breech conformation are currently being investigated and wound healing is an important component of that comparative assessment.

Objective  To qualitatively assess the gross and microscopic tissue damage and wound healing that occurs in the immediate post‐treatment period after mulesing, intradermal‐cetrimide treatment and clip application.

Method  The study group of 30 mulesed, 30 cetrimide‐treated, 30 control and 10 clip‐treated sheep were humanely killed at six time points during the 3–47 days post treatment. Treatment sites and wound beds were examined grossly and microscopically.

Results  Mulesing wounds healed rapidly in a predictable manner, producing long linear scars on either side of the breech and tail by 32–47 days post treatment. Although the time course for healing post cetrimide‐treatment was similar to that for mulesing, complications occurred and included inadequate wound healing because of persistence of adherent necrotic tissue, poor skin tightening around the tail, and patchy or deep penetration of the cetrimide resulting in necrosis of adjacent skin and deeper structures. The clips resulted in skin tightening around the ventrolateral breech and tail, although the formation of skin tags and clip slippage were of concern in some sheep.

Conclusion  Wounds healed rapidly after mulesing with minimal complications. The intradermal‐cetrimide treatment appeared to produce imperfect and sometimes delayed wound healing compared with mulesing. The clips resulted in comparable wound healing to mulesing, but further field trials are required to assess their effectiveness in flystrike prevention.
Streptococcus mitis: walking the line between commensalism and pathogenesis
Authors: Mitchell J.
Published: January 2011

Streptococcus mitis is a viridans streptococcus and a normal commensal of the human oropharynx. However, S. mitis can escape from this niche and cause a variety of infectious complications including infective endocarditis, bacteraemia and septicaemia. It uses a variety of strategies to effectively colonize the human oropharynx. These include expression of adhesins, immunoglobulin A proteases and toxins, and modulation of the host immune system. These various colonization factors allow S. mitis to compete for space and nutrients in the face of its more pathogenic oropharyngeal microbial neighbours. However, it is likely that in vulnerable immune‐compromised patients S. mitis will use the same colonization and immune modulation factors as virulence factors promoting its opportunistic pathogenesis. The recent publication of a complete genome sequence for S. mitis strain B6 will allow researchers to thoroughly investigate which genes are involved in S. mitis host colonization and pathogenesis. Moreover, it will help to give insight into where S. mitis fits in the complicated oral microbiome. This review will discuss the current knowledge of S. mitis factors involved in host colonization, their potential role in virulence and what needs to be done to fully understand how a an oral commensal successfully transitions to a virulent pathogen.
Effects of Film Evaporation and Condensation on Oscillatory Flow and Heat Transfer in an Oscillating Heat Pipe
Authors: Shao Wei , Zhang Yuwen
Published: January 2011

An advanced theoretical model of a U-shaped minichannel, a building block of a closed-end oscillating heat pipe, has been developed. Thin film evaporation in the evaporator and thin film condensation in the condenser, axial variation of surface temperature, and pressure loss at the bend are incorporated in this model. The sensible heat transfer coefficients between the liquid slug and the wall are obtained by analytical solution for laminar liquid flow and by empirical correlations for turbulent liquid flow. The effects of the inner diameter, evaporator temperature on the thermally induced oscillatory flow and heat transfer performance, and the mechanism of film condensation and evaporation are investigated.
Influence of precursor chemistry and growth temperature on the electrical properties of SrTiO3-based metal-insulator-metal capacitors grown by atomic layer deposition
Authors: García H. , Castán H. , Gómez A. , Dueñas S. , Bailón L. , Kukli K. , Kariniemi M. , Kemell M. , Niinistö J. , Ritala M. , Leskelä M.
Published: January 2011

SrTiO 3 thin films were grown to thicknesses in the range of 18–30 nm by atomic layer deposition using Sr(Pir3Cp)2 and (CpMe5)Ti(OMe)3 as strontium and titanium precursors at 250 and 300 °C. Water or ozone was used as oxygen precursor. The films were amorphous in as-deposited state, but crystallized as cubic SrTiO3 after annealing at 650 °C. The highest permittivity values, 60–65, were achieved in the films deposited with ozone at 300 °C. The films grown at 250 °C tended to possess markedly lower leakage currents than those grown at 300 °C.
Temperature dependence of TaAlOx metal-insulator-metal capacitors
Authors: Hota M. K. , Mallik S. , Sarkar C. K. , Maiti C. K.
Published: January 2011

Structural and electrical properties of amorphous tantalum aluminum oxide (TaAlOx) films deposited using rf magnetron sputtering are investigated using metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitor structures with Au as metal electrodes. Crystallinity of the deposited films was studied using grazing incidence x-ray diffraction analysis. The frequency dependence of temperature coefficient of capacitance, an important parameter for precision MIM capacitors, is studied using the Au/TaAlOx/Au stacked layer. The effects of annealing temperature and the ambient on the physical and electrical properties of TaAlOx-based high-k MIM capacitors are reported. Low nonlinearity in capacitance values was found for samples annealed in O2 ambient. Dielectric loss and permittivity are found to increase with increase in temperature.
Spectroscopic ellipsometry and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of La2O3 thin films deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering
Authors: Atuchin V. V. , Kalinkin A. V. , Kochubey V. A. , Kruchinin V. N. , Vemuri R. S. , Ramana C. V.
Published: January 2011

Lanthanum oxide (La2O3) films were grown by the reactive dc magnetron sputtering and studied their structural, chemical and optical parameters. La2O3 films were deposited onto Si substrates by sputtering La-metal in a reactive gas (Ar+O2) mixture at a substrate temperature of 200 °C. Reflection high-energy electron diffraction measurements confirm the amorphous state of La2O3 films. Chemical analysis of the top-surface layers evaluated with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicates the presence of a layer modified by hydroxylation due to interaction with atmosphere. Optical parameters of a-La2O3 were determined with spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). There is no optical absorption over spectral range λ=250–1100 nm. Dispersion of refractive index of a-La2O3 was defined by fitting of SE parameters over λ=250–1100 nm.
Standing Waves in a Nonuniform Medium
Authors: Gluck Paul
Published: January 2011

A recent note in this journal1 presented a demonstration of standing waves along a cord consisting of two parts having different material densities, showing different sized wavelengths in each part. A generalization of that experiment to a continuously varying linear mass density is to vibrate a strip of material with gradually varying width (mass per unit length), in order to show that as the strip gets wider, the wavelength becomes shorter. Figure 1 shows the setup. It consists of a mechanical driver fed by a signal generator, and a strip of flexible fabric connected at its narrow end to the driver, nailed to a suitable piece of wood at the wider end. The strip is in the shape of a trapeze, 2 cm and 10 cm at its ends and some 50 cm long in its middle. It may be cut from the inner tube of a tire, or from body-building elastic strips.