bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Leaf Calcium and Sorbitol in ‘Delicious’ Apple Trees as Influenced by Herbicides and Nitrogen Levels1
Authors: Raese J. Thomas
Published: September 2022

The effect of combinations of soil-applied paraquat and simazine and 3 levels of supplemental ammonium nitrate on leaf calcium and sorbitol was determined in ‘Delicious’ apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.). Levels of leaf calcium were significantly lower in plots treated with simazine + paraquat than with paraquat alone for all levels of nitrogen. Leaf size was significantly related to levels of sorbitol in the wood and bark, and sorbitol content of 2-year-old shoots was significantly related to leaf calcium levels.
Introduction to the Symposium1
Authors: Gouin Francis R.
Published: September 2022

“And Thou Shalt Die in a Polluted Land”(Amos 7:17). The only biblical verse that specifically mentions pollution was written in 2,000 BC by the prophet Amos, a simple herdsman and gatherer of wild figs. Although he was denouncing the social and moral degeneracy of Israel during the days of Jeroboam II, he seemed to have accurately described today’s environmental pollution problem.
Government Regulations on the use of Municipal Organic Materials on Agricultural Lands
Authors: Walker John M.
Published: September 2022

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has issued guidance and is in the process of preparing and issuing regulations on land disposal and utilization of solid wastes and sewage sludge.
Sewage Sludge: Processing and Marketing Converts a Problem into Beneficial Products
Authors: Morgan Wayne C.
Published: September 2022

In recent years a decided change has become evident throughout many areas of the United States: sewage sludge is a valuable natural resource, not a problem to be disposed of! Yet this knowledge is something Kellogg Supply in cooperation with the Los Angeles County Sanitation District, has been using to advantage for crops, lawns, gardens and landscaping for over 52 years (Fig. 1, 2).
Factors Affecting Quality of Composts for Utilization in Container Media1
Authors: Hoitink H. A. J. , Poole H. A.
Published: September 2022

A variety of publications from the United States (9, 10, 16, 22, 28), Norway (27), Belgium (4, 5, 6), Finland (18), and Japan (30) have discussed composting of tree barks for use in container media. Although differences in properties of bark from tree species are considerable, established methods for production of high quality composts are remarkably similar. The composting process comprises a complex series of biological events that remove mostly cellulose (wood and cambium) and various toxins (24, 29) from bark and leave humic acid, lignins and a variety of microorganisms as major end products. In this article, key factors are discussed that affect the composting rate of tree barks and quality of the end product. Information presented is based on research performed at the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center during the past 8 years as well as research at other institutions. Some guidelines were established in cooperation with various commercial operations that produce compost for container media.
Ineffectiveness of Foliar Application and Pressure Trunk Injection of Mg-N Formulation for Correction of Mg Deficiency of Pecan1
Authors: Worley R. E. , Littrell R. H.
Published: September 2022

An Mg-N formulation (RES-20482) used as a 0.25 or 0.50% spray solution or when trunk injected at 5 ml/2.54 cm of trunk circumference did not significantly increase leaf Mg of pecan (Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch).
Tree Implanted Zinc-bentonite Paste as a Source of Slow-release Zinc for ‘Delmas’ Pecan1
Authors: Banin A. , Navrot J. , Ron Y.
Published: September 2022

Zinc was supplied to trees of ‘Delmas’ pecan (Carya illinoensis (Wang. K. Koch) by means of Zn saturated bentonite paste implanted into the limbs. Five treatments, 0, 56, 107, 133 and 213 mg Zn per limb in the form of Zn-bentonite paste were applied to 5 years-old trees in a commercial plantation at the beginning of the growing season. Almost all the Zn was released during growth into the transpiration stream and increased the Zn-leaf concentration. No visual damage in treated limbs was caused by implantation per se, although the highest rate of Zn reduced leaf growth somewhat. The optimal dose of Zn was 107 mg/limb equivalent to only about 2-3% of the Zn usually supplied by commercial spraying.
Budding the Epicotyls of Sprouted Chestnut Seeds1
Authors: Ackerman W. L. , Jayne H. T.
Published: September 2022

A new technique is described for budding the epicotyls of sprouted chestnut seeds with scions of several Castanea species and cultivars.
Germination of Dieffenbachia maculata ‘Perfection’ Pollen after Storage at Different Temperature and Relative Humidity Regimes1
Authors: Henny R. J.
Published: September 2022

Pollen of Dieffenbachia maculata (Lodd.) G. Don ‘Perfection’ remained viable for 5 days when stored at 5°C and 90% relative humidity. Pollen germination declined rapidly when stored for more than 1 day at 5 or 25° without controlled humidity. Freezing of pollen was an unsuccessful storage method.
Germination of Foliage Plant Seeds in Response to Pre-sowing Ultrasonic Exposures, Water Soaks, and Fungicides1
Authors: Perry L. P. , Boodley J. W.
Published: September 2022

Seeds of Asparagus densiflorus (Kunth) Jessop ‘Sprengen’, Brassaia actinophylla Endl., and Musa balbisiana Colla., were exposed to 5 durations of ultrasonics at a frequency of 60 Hz. Some seeds were then given a 12 hour water soak before sowing. No differences were noted in germination rates for all species. The only significantly improved germination percentage occurred with seeds of Musa balbisiana given a 30 second exposure and no water soak. Seeds of Asparagus densiflorus ‘Sprengeri’, Brassaia actinophylla, Cordyline australis (G. Forst.) Hook, f., and Philodendron lundii Warm., were given 15 minute soaks in 3 concentrations of 3 fungicides before sowing but no significant differences in final germination percentage or germination rate were observed among treatments.
Chilling Injury in Dracaena sanderana and Spathiphyllum ‘Clevelandii’1
Authors: Marousky F. J.
Published: September 2022

Dracaena sanderana Hort. Sander ex M. T. Mast and Spathiphyllum ‘Clevelandii’ plants were injured when exposed to 10°C for 1 day or 13° for 2 days. The longer plants were exposed to a given chilling temperature or the lower the chilling temperature, the greater the injury. In Spathiphyllum, injury (leaf wilting or water soaking at the margins) was apparent during or immediately after the cold exposure. Affected leaf margins eventually became necrotic. In Dracaena, symptoms of injury were not apparent immediately but appeared after 3-4 days. Leaf margins eventually became chloratic and necrotic.
In Vitro Germination of Maranta leuconeura Embryos1
Authors: Henny R. J.
Published: September 2022

Germination of Maranta leuconeura E. Morr. embryos was 65% in Linsmaier and Skoog culture medium and increased to 100% with the addition of N6-[Δ2-isopentenyl] - adenine (2iP).
Accelerating Palm Seed Germination with Gibberellic Acid, Scarification, and Bottom Heat1
Authors: Nagao M. A. , Kanegawa K. , Sakai W. S.
Published: September 2022

Scarification and pre-soak treatments with water or 1000 ppm gibberellic acid (GA) accelerated seed germination of Alexandra palm [Archontophoenix alexandrae (F. J. Muell.) H. Wendl. & Drude]. Macarthur palm [Ptychosperma macarthurii (H. Wendl.) Nichols] germination was accelerated following scarification or pre-soaking in 1000 ppm GA, however, in both species greatest acceleration was obtained when the scarification and GA treatments were combined. Germination time of Macarthur palm was also reduced by 6 weeks when sown in beds heated to 27° ± 1°C.
Wisconsin (BBSR) 17 and 28 Snap Bean Breeding Lines Resistant to Pseudomonas syringae1
Authors: Hagedorn D. J. , Rand R. E.
Published: September 2022

This is a report of the development and release of the second and third breeding lines of bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with resistance to the bacterial brown spot disease incited by Pseudonomas syringae van Hall. These prolific new green bean breeding lines have been designated Wisconsin (BBSR) 17 and Wisconsin (BBSR) 28, and are intended for use as parental materials in breeding programs.
Winged Bean: Unexploited Tropical Food Crop1
Authors: Thompson A. E. , Haryono Sri Kuntjijati
Published: September 2022

The winged bean has had an exceptionally fast rate of dispersal, development and acceptance as a new food crop throughout the tropical regions of the world. Numerous superlatives have been used to extol its virtues. Mansfield (17) was the first to call attention to the potential of the crop, and world-wide interest was generated in 1975 by the widely distributed National Academy of Sciences publication The Winged Bean: a High-Protein Crop for the Tropics (18). Revelle (22) has also called attention to the crop, along with other neglected or underutilized plants. Winged beans made the big time with a half-page article entitled “Miracle Plant. Anyone for Winged Beans?” in Time magazine (1). It was recently cited by Frank Press, Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, and Science and Technology Adviser to the President, as an example of what science and agriculture can do in the years ahead to meet important human needs (20). What makes this previously rather obscure plant, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC, such a winner?
Effect of Growth Regulators on Germination of Cucumber and other Cucurbit Seeds at Suboptimal Temperatures1
Authors: Nelson J. M. , Sharples G. C.
Published: September 2022

The rate and total germination of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seeds incubated at 12°C was markedly increased by acetone infusion with fusicoccin (FC). Gibberellic acid (GA4/7) was less effective than FC but more effective than GA3 or (2-chloroethyl)phosphoric acid (ethe-phon) in promoting rapid germination. Infusion of GA4/7 alone or in combination with kinetin and/or ethephon into muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) seeds increased total germination at 16°C The growth regulators were generally not effective in promoting low temperature germination of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai) seeds.
Linkage of Bacterial Wilt Resistance and Sex Expression in Cucumber1
Authors: Iezzoni A. F. , Peterson C. E.
Published: September 2022

A strong linkage (~ 1 crossover unit) was detected between the gene Bw for resistance to bacterial wilt incited by Erwinia tracheiphila (E. F. Smith) Holland and the gene M for pistillate vs. perfect flowers in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.).
Effect of High Soil Moisture on Quality of Muskmelon1
Authors: Wells John A. , Nugent Perry E.
Published: September 2022

‘Edisto’ and ‘Saticoy Hybrid’ muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) were grown at 2 soil moisture levels. Soil moisture was negatively correlated with soluble solids content (SSC) in the fruit of both cultivars and negatively correlated with dry matter, ascorbic acid, β-carotene, and sucrose content in ‘Edisto’ and with ascorbic acid content in ‘Saticoy’. In both cultivars, SSC was highly correlated with ascorbic acid, sucrose, and dry matter content. The SSC, a commonly used measure of fruit quality, may be misleading unless the effect of soil moisture is considered.
Influence of Preharvest Temperature and Flooding on Sweet Potato Roots in Storage1
Authors: Ahn J. K. , Collins W. W. , Pharr D. M.
Published: September 2022

Plants of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) were exposed prior to harvest to 1 week of warm-dry, warm-flooded, cold-dry or cold-flooded soil conditions. Roots harvested from the warm-flooded soil showed more rotting during curing than roots from the other treatments, and rotting continued during storage. Roots harvested from the cold-flooded soil rotted to a lesser extent during curing but rotted rapidly during storage. Roots harvested from the cold-dry soil showed no rotting during curing; however after 52 days of storage, the number of roots with rot increased sharply. Root respiration rates from cold-flooded, cold-dry, and warm-flooded soils were not significantly different, but those rates were much higher than the rate in roots from warm-dry soil. ‘Jewel’ had a lower respiration rate than NC 317. The cold treatments stimulated sprouting of sweet potato roots during storage. ‘Caromex’ showed the highest sprouting followed by ‘Jewel’, NC 317, and ‘Centennial’.
Property of Sorbitol-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase and its Connection with Sorbitol Accumulation in Apple1
Authors: Yamaki Shohei
Published: September 2022

Sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was found in the cotyledons of apple seedling (Malus domestica Borkh). A rise in enzyme activity coincided with sorbitol accumulation.
Overhead Irrigation Water Quality and the Cracking of Sweet Cherries1
Authors: Ackley William B. , Krueger William H.
Published: September 2022

It has been observed that overhead irrigation does not cause cracking of sweet cherries (Prunus avium l.) to the same extent as a rain of equal duration. A series of simulated rain-overhead irrigation comparisons was made to test the hypothesis that the difference observed could be due to the dissolved salt content of irrigation waters. Although the quality of the irrigation waters selected were quite high (conductivity of 0.175 millimhos/cm or less), the cracking index of cherries wetted with irrigation water was consistently less than with deionized water. The results reemphasize the marked effect of even small amounts of dissolved salts, particularly the divalent cations, on reducing cracking of sweet cherry fruits.
Identification of Peach Cultivars through Protein Analysis1
Authors: Carter George E. , Brock Myrial M.
Published: September 2022

A technique is described for the extraction, isolation and isoelectric focusing of protein from woody tissue of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch). Following homogenization of woody samples, proteins were extracted into tris-glycinate buffer (0.01 M, pH 8.3) and concentrated by ultrafiltration. Protein samples were then placed on a Polyacrylamide gel containing carrier ampholines and electrofocused for 2½ hours. Following staining procedures, the proteins were analyzed by densitometry.
Herbicidal Effects on Peach Seedling Growth and Weed Control1
Authors: Arnold Calvin E. , Aldrich James H.
Published: September 2022

Methazole [2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methy1-1,2,4-oxadiazolidine-3,5-dione] napropamide [2-(α-naphthoxy)-N,N-diethylpropionamide], oryzalin [3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropyl-sulfanilamide], oxadiazon [2-tert-butyl-4-(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-∆2-l,3,4-oxadiazolin-5-one], and simazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine] each at 4.5 kg/ha were applied preemergence on June 17, 1976 in a nursery of 6-month-old seedlings of peach [Prunus persica (l.) Batsch cv. Nemaguard]. Though simazine and oryzalin provided better weed control, oxadiazon increased seedling height and trunk diameter from 25 to 89 days after application. All treatments impeded bark adhesion (slippage) 25 days after application but not after either 56 or 89 days. No phytotoxicity was observed from any treatment.
Response of Seedling Rootstocks of Peach to Soil Temperature1
Authors: Young Eric
Published: September 2022

Seedlings of Halford and Siberian C rootstocks of peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) were subjected for 3 months to 3 soil temperatures, 10°, 20°, and 30°C. The height and root and shoot dry weights of Halford seedlings were less at 10° and 30° than at 20°. Siberian C height and dry weights were reduced only by 30°; however the mortality rate was 50% at 10°. Stem caliper was unaffected by soil temperature in either rootstock. Foliage N content was low in the 10° and high in the 30° treatment, while Fe content was low in both 10° and 30°.
Interaction of 4-Chlorophenoxyisobutyric Acid and Indolebutyric Acid on Root and Bud Formation of Peperomia caperata1
Authors: Sympson Robert L. , Chin C.
Published: September 2022

4-Chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid (PCPIBA) and indolebutyric acid (IBA) both promoted root and shoot formation in leaf cuttings of Peperomia caperata Yunck. PCPIBA, however, was less effective than IBA at the same concentrations in producing roots and shoots.
‘Carolina’ Collard1
Authors: Robbins M. LeRon , Creighton C. S.
Published: September 2022

The South Carolina Agriculture Experiment Station and the United States Department of Agriculture announce the joint release of ‘Carolina’ collard Brassica oleracea L. (Acephala group). ‘Carolina’ offers potential because of its resistance to downy mildew incited by Penospora parasitica (Pers.) ex Fr., because of its desirable horticultural characteristics, and because it broadens the genetic base of collard.
‘Majestic’ Peach1
Authors: Hawthorne P. L. , Taylor J. C. , Young W. A. , Raiford T. J. , Horn N. L. , Woodward R. S. , Newsom D. W.
Published: September 2022

‘Majestic’ peach {Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) was released by the Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station to provide a large, excellent quality freestone fruit in the ripening sequence between ‘Harvester’ and ‘Red Globe’ or from June 22 to July 1 in north Louisiana (1).
‘Melrose’ Pecan
Authors: Young W. A. , Constantin R. J. , Meadows W. A. , Sanderlin Randy , Barr R. D. , Newsom D. W.
Published: September 2022

‘Melrose’ pecan (Carya illinoensis (Wang) K. Koch) has been released to provide a high quality, disease resistant cultivar for both commercial and home orchards plantings. (1)
The Geneva Fruit Breeding Program and the New York State Fruit Testing Cooperative Association
Authors: Render Walter J.
Published: September 2022

In 1980, the New York State Fruit Testing Cooperative Association will celebrate its 62nd anniversary in providing a unique and important service to fruit growers and breeders around the world.
Testing Differences among Means: Correct Interpretation and Some Alternatives1
Authors: Chew Victor
Published: September 2022

The correct interpretation of the results from testing the null hypothesis of equal treatment effects is discussed. Several more meaningful alternatives to hypothesis testing are also suggested.
Measurement of Nitrogenase Activity with an Infrared Gas Analyzer Equipped with an Ethylene Filter1
Authors: Ashtakala Syamala S. , Brassard Pierre , Chrysafidis Agis
Published: September 2022

A new and simple technique for the measurement of nitrogenase activity in plant material using an infrared gas analyzer equipped with an ethylene filter is described. The technique requires less manipulation than conventional gas chromatography and is particularly suitable for continuous analysis in field studies.
Prodiamine: a Promising Herbicide for Weed Control in Container Nursery Production1
Authors: Fretz Thomas A. , Sheppard Wendy J.
Published: September 2022

Pre-emergent applications of rodiamine-2% G [2,4-dinitro-N3,N3-dipropyl-6-(tri-fluoomethyl)-1,3-benzene-diamine] at 1.7, 3.4, 6.7 and 13.4 kg ai/ha effectively controlled large crabgrass (Digitarla sanguinalis (L.) Scop.), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), and common lambsquarter (Chenopodium album L.) for up to 113 days after application. No injury was noted on any of the test species following application of prodiamine when compared to the control plots.
Maintaining Juvenility in Live Oak1
Authors: Morgan D. L. , McWilliams E. L. , Parr W. C.
Published: September 2022

Stem cuttings taken from rooted propagules of a 2-year old South Texas live oak, Quercus virginiana Mill., and maintained for 2 years in a greenhouse rooted in greater numbers than did cuttings taken directly from the original tree 2 years later. Rooting of cuttings from trees 5-8 years decreased with tree age.
Effects of 2,4-D Uptake on Petal Senescence in Cut Carnation Flowers1
Authors: Sacalis J. N. , Nichols R.
Published: September 2022

Uptake of 4, 20, or 100 mg/liter 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) enhanced petal senescence and ethylene evolution in cut carnation flowers, whereas uptake of 500 mg/liter 2,4-D, although damaging vegetative tissue, retarded petal senescence and inhibited ethylene evolution compared with that of flowers held in water.
Factors Affecting Lamina Necrosis of Chlorophytum comosum Thunb1
Authors: Sheely Jay C. , White John W.
Published: September 2022

The addition of Ρ (as treble superphosphate) or F (as NaF) had little effect on lamina necrosis (tipburn) of Chlorophytum comosum (spider plant) grown in sphagnum moss peat or in a 1 soil: 1 peat: 1 perlite medium (by volume). Β significantly increased tipburn injury. The addition of Ca as hydrated lime reduced injury on plants grown in sphagnum peat but not in the soil-peat-perlite medium. The presence of high leaf Na levels suggested a possible selective absorption mechanism which may be related to lamina necrosis.
Relationship between Leaf Pubescence and Resistance to European Red Mite in Apple1
Authors: Paiva Marcos , Janick Jules
Published: September 2022

No relationship was found between leaf pubescence of apple, Malus domestica Borkh., and resistance to European red mite, Panonychus ulmi Koch, evaluated from numbers of overwintering eggs on field-grown trees or from populations of mites on artificially infested leaves of greenhouse-grown clones or seedlings.
Improved Marketability of Fresh Papaya by Shipment in Hypobaric Containers1
Authors: Alvarez A. M.
Published: September 2022

Exposure of fruits of papaya (Carica papaya L.) to subatmospheric pressure (20 mm Hg, 10 C, 90-98% relative humidity for 18-21 days during shipment in hypobaric containers from Hilo, Hawaii, to Los Angeles and New York inhibited both ripening and disease development. Fruits ripened normally after removal from the hypobaric containers, but abnormal softening unrelated to disease occurred in 4-45% of fruits of one packer. Hypobaric-stored fruits had 63% less peduncle infection, 55% less stem-end rot, and 45% fewer fruit surface lesions than those stored in a refrigerated container at normal atmospheric pressure. Postharvest fungicide-wax applications further decreased disease incidence.
Hormonal Changes in Developing and Dehiscing Pecan Shucks1
Authors: Chin Kit L. , Young William A.
Published: September 2022

Shuck dehiscence in pecan (Carya illinoensis (Wang) K. Koch) was associated with the dissapperance of growth promotor(s) with RPs similar to that of indoleacetic acid (IAA) and an increase in the level of an abscisic acid-like inhibitor, and the appearance of a second inhibitor at the Rf of IAA.
Inheritance of Nitrate Accumulation in Lettuce1
Authors: Subramanya R. , Vest G. , Honma S.
Published: September 2022

F2 generation of lettuce crosses (Lactuca sativa L.) involving 2 low and 3 high nitrate accumulating cultivars indicated a few major genes were responsible for the control of high or low nitrate accumulation. The segregation of low × high crosses suggested that the 2 low accumulators had different genotypes. Low nitrate accumulation could be explained by dominant complementary epistasis in ‘Valmaine’ and a single dominant gene in ‘Wonder Van Voor-burg’. The F2 segregation of ‘Valmaine’ × ‘Wonder Van Voorburg’ cross confirmed the geno-typic differences. Recessive genes controlled high nitrate accumulation.
B4175 Root-knot Nematode Resistant Snap Bean Breeding Line1
Authors: Wyatt J. E. , Fassuliotis George , Johnson A. W. , Hoffman J. C. , Deakin J. R.
Published: September 2022

Breeding line B4175 is a newly released bush snap bean {Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with resistance to root-knot incited by the nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood. B4175 is the first bush snap bean breeding line released with resistance to M. incognita derived from PI 165426 (2). The only cultivars available with M. incognita resistance are ‘Manoa Wonder’, a pole bean (3), and several pole types developed by the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station (1). Use of resistant B4175 will broaden the genetic base of P. vulgaris lines with this character. Use of M. incognitaresistant cultivars will augment existing nematode control methods and is a feasible alternative to chemical control of nematodes.
‘Centennial’ Lettuce1
Authors: Whitaker T. W. , McCreight J. D.
Published: September 2022

Cripshead (iceberg) lettuce accounts for the major portion of commercially produced lettuce in the U. S. Crisphead types are not, however, commonly grown by home gardeners because of misunderstandings about cultural practices necessary to ensure head formation. Two important factors are planting date and thinning of seedlings. Lettuce should be planted when temperatures are favorable: 17-28°C day and 3-12°C night (2). Warmer temperatures will cause bushiness, bolting, and tipbum. Cooler temperatures will delay head formation and reduce head size. Lettuce should be thinned at the 2-3 leaf stage to increase postthinning survival and ensure even maturity; plants should be spaced 25-35 cm apart (2). If the home gardener is successful in producing a well-formed head, it is often too large to be consumed in a single meal, and if stored in the refrigerator, it loses its ‘fresh-picked’ quality and appeal. Leaf and cos types of lettuce are more popular with home gardeners because they do not form heads and individual plants produce high-quality leaves over a long period of time. An objective of this program was to produce a highquality iceberg lettuce with smaller sized heads for home gardeners.
‘Charlestowne’ and ‘Roots’ Turnips1
Authors: LeRon Robbins M. , Cuthbert F. P.
Published: September 2022

The South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station and the United States Department of Agriculture announce the joint release of ‘Charlestowne’ and ‘Roots’ turnip, Brassica campestris L. (Rapifera group), which are resistant to the turnip aphid, Hyadaphis erysiimi (Kattenbach).
U.F. G508, G509, G510, G511, and G515 Muskmelon Breeding Lines1
Authors: Halsey L. H.
Published: September 2022

U. F. breeding lines G 508, G509, G510, G511 and G515 are short internode muskmelons (cantaloupes) Cucumis melo L. that are being released as germplasm for breeding purposes (Fig. 1). The recessive dwarf character from a short internode line (MCa 66-18-14) obtained from J. L. Bowers, Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, was introduced into disease-resistant Florida breeding lines and several commercial cultivars.
‘Scott’ Strawberry1
Authors: Stushnoff C. , Munson S. , Hertz L. B. , Gray W. , Wildung D. K.
Published: September 2022

‘Scott’ is a vigorous and productive strawberry cultivar (Fragaria X ananassa Duch.) with firm, large fruit. Named for Donald H. Scott, former USDA strawberry breeder known internationally for breeding disease-resistant strawberries, this is the latest in a series of cultivars resistant to red stele root rot and bred for culture in the eastern United States by the U. S. Department of Agriculture and the University of Maryland.
Oregon’S Pear Research Program
Authors: Westwood M. N.
Published: September 2022

Pyrus calleryana Dene, is ar. exceptional species because of its resistance to a wide variety of insects, diseases and other pests. The selection of the striking ornamental clone shown on the cover resulted from a chance observation in the long-term pear rootstock research program, which began nearly 70 years ago in Oregon.
Genetic Remodeling of Fruit and Nut Trees to Facilitate Cultivar Improvement1
Authors: Hansche Paul E. , Beres William
Published: September 2022

Numerous studies show there is great genetic variability in tree fruit and nut species (24). Where quantitative genetic analyses have been made they generally reveal that most of this genetic variability is additive (18, 19, 20, 21, 22). Consequently, the simplest, least expensive breeding method (mass selection) should be as effective as any for improving tree fruit and nut cultivars. Furthermore, most tree fruit and nut species are perennial and can be readily cloned (most commonly by bud grafting). These properties provide geneticists powerful engineering tools that are unavailable in most agronomic and vegetable species. Taken together, these facts suggest that the genetic techniques so successful in improving agronomic and vegetable cultivars should be even more effective when applied to tree fruit and nut crops. However, this is not the case because large plant size and long periods of juvenility severely impede the process of cultivar improvement in tree fruit and nut species.
Respiration and Ethylene Production of the Developing ‘Kerman’ Pistachio Fruit1
Authors: Toumadje Arazdordi , Crane Julian C. , Kader Adel A.
Published: September 2022

Respiration rate of whole ‘Kerman’ pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) fruit increased progressively during seed growth and development and gradually declined after the completion of seed growth. Blank (seedless) fruit, on the other hand, respired at a constant rate which was 5 to 6 times lower than that of fruit with seeds. There was no indication of a climacteric peak in respiration of fruit with seeds. Ethylene evolution from seeded fruit was not significantly different from that of blank fruit. Constant low levels of ethylene were maintained throughout the period of shell and hull dehiscence, as well as fruit maturation, indicating that this hormone is probably not involved in those processes.
Mono- and Polyembryony among Tetraploid Citrus Hybrids1
Authors: Cameron J. W. , Soost R. K.
Published: September 2022

The percents of polyembryonic seeds of 65 tetraploid Citrus hybrids and 33 related, probable tetraploids were scored. These plants arose from crosses of 2 diploid, sexual, monoembryonic cultivars by a total of 6 tetraploid, partly asexual, polyembryonic pollen parents. Plants classed as strictly monoembryonic were recovered in progenies from 3 of the tetraploid parents. Individuals with low percentages of polyembryonic seeds were obtained in all progenies. The likelihood that 1 or 2 genes are responsible for polyembryony is discussed.
Influence of Canopy Depth on Susceptibility of ‘Marsh’ Grapefruit to Chilling Injury1
Authors: Purvis A. C.
Published: September 2022

‘Marsh‘ grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) harvested from the exterior canopy of the tree were more susceptible to chilling injury (CI) at 4.4°C than grapefruit harvested from the interior canopy of the same tree. No differences were found in the levels of total soluble carbohydrates, reducing sugars, and sucrose in the peels of the fruit from the 2 canopy depths. An unusual pattern of CI, remarkably similar to the pattern of citrus rust mite [Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashm.)] damage, was observed in several of the exterior canopy fruit. Although the fruit had no visible rust mite damage at harvest, fruit remaining on the tree developed the characteristic bronzing associated with rust mite injury within 2 to 3 weeks after the test fruit were harvested. It is suggested that environmental and biotic factors predispose grapefruit to CI.
In Vitro Propagation of Tarragon1
Authors: Garland P. , Stoltz L. P.
Published: September 2022

A combination of 1.0 mg/liter 6-benzylamino purine (BA) and 0.1 mg/liter naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) with 3% sucrose produced the greatest number of shoots from sterile leaf pieces of tarrogon (Artemesia dracunculus L. var. sativa) placed on Linsmaier-Skoog (LS) medium. Plantlet regeneration also occurred with 0.2 mg/liter BA without auxin and with 2% sucrose.
In Vitro Propagation of Monstera deliciosa1
Authors: Fonnesbech Anne , Fonnesbech Mogens
Published: September 2022

Shoot tips and lateral buds of Monstera deliciosa Liebm were grown on a modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with combinations of 6 Benzyl-amino-9-(2-tetrahydropyranyl)-9H-purine (PBA) or kinetin and indolacetic acid (IAA). Shoot tips developed much better and faster than lateral buds. More shoot numbers developed with PBA than with kinetin; addition of IAA further increased the shoot number. Highest number of shoots was obtained with 10 mg/liter PBA and 2 mg/liter IAA. Multiplication was higher at 30°C than 21° or 24°. Rooting of shoots was best on MS basal media supplemented with 2 mg/liter IAA. Plants were easily established in soil. The morphology of the in vitro propagated plants was similar to the original clones.
Effect of Growth Regulators on the Development of ‘Delicious’ Apples1
Authors: Dozier W. A. , Griffey W. A. , Burgess H. F.
Published: September 2022

The color and shape of ‘Delicious’ apples were improved with a combination treatment of (2-chlorethyl)phosphonic acid + α-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid (ethephon/fenoprop) and gibberellin A4A7 plus N-(phenylmethyl) 1H-purin-6-amine (GA4,7/BA). All ethephon/fenoprop treatments improved red color development. The length/diameter (L/D) ratio of fruit treated with GA4,7/BA, GA4,7/BA plus ethephon/2,4,5-TP, and GA4,7/BA plus ethephon/2,4,5-TP plus daminozide was greater than untreated fruit. The L/D ratio of fruit treated with GA4,7/BA plus daminozide did not differ from those not treated. The length, diameter, and weight of fruit treated with daminozide alone was less than for untreated fruit. Diameter of fruit treated with GA4,7/BA + daminozide or daminozide + GA4,7/BA + ethephon/fenoprop was less than for untreated fruit.
Naphthaleneacetic Acid as a Sprout Inhibitor on Pruning Cuts and Scaffold Limbs in ‘Delicious’ Apple Trees1
Authors: Miller Stephen S. , Ware Glenn O.
Published: September 2022

Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) ethyl ester was applied in the spring at 5 rates from 0.125% to 1.0% on vigorous 6-, 9-, and 13-year-old standard ‘Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees as either an individual pruning cut or scaffold limb treatment. NAA in a 40% white latex paint solution or as a 1% asphalt based aerosol significantly reduced the number of sprouts/100 cuts using both methods of application. There was no significant difference between the 1.0% latex paint solution and the asphalt based formulation. Scaffold limb treatment with NAA significantly reduced the number of sprouts per 122 cm of scaffold limb; however, some bark blistering and minor splitting was observed on trees treated with 1.0% NAA. Treating individual cuts was generally less effective in reducing the total number of sprouts at concentrations lower than 1%.
Reducing Energy Loss under an Orchard Heater1
Authors: Fritton D. D. , Martsolf J. D.
Published: September 2022

Energy used in orchard heating which moves into the soil under an orchard heater is wasted. To eliminate this loss of energy, gravel and aluminum foil were placed on the soil surface under an orchard heater. When an air gap existed between the heater base and the aluminum foil, heat flux and temperature measurements showed that the aluminum foil treatment reduced heat flux into the soil by 80-100%. The energy saved is reflected into the orchard and absorbed by the foliage in a manner similar to the radiant energy of the heater. The gravel treatment was ineffective.
Seed Germination and Early Seedling Vigor in Progenies of Inbred Strawberry Selections1
Authors: Melville A. H. , Galletta G. J. , Draper A. D. , Ng T. J.
Published: September 2022

Most progenies from intercrossed or outcrossed inbred selections of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.), germinated as well or better than a control outcross between 2 vigorous noninbred clones. Germination of an S3 progeny was lower than the control. In general, inbreeding reduced seedling vigor while intercrossing or outcrossing of inbreds restored vigor. Germination total and rate as expressed by an index were unrelated to subsequent seedling growth.
Separation and Processing Effects on Aromatic Components of Saskatoon Berries (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.)1
Authors: Mazza G.
Published: September 2022

Aroma essences of reproducible composition were separated from saskatoon berries by concentration of the headspace. Gas chromatography revealed 12 components in the aroma essences. The quantitative composition of the essences differed significantly among fresh berries, juice and jelly, and among fruit from 2 locations.
Airborne Pollen above a Cranberry Bog1
Authors: Papke A. M. , Eaton G. W. , Bowen P. A.
Published: September 2022

Pollen traps placed at durèrent levels above a cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) bog in full bloom yielded a mean of 27.5 grains cm−2da−1 at the bog surface to 3.5 grains cm−2da-1 at 80 cm above the bog. The amount of airborne pollen settling on receptive stigmas could significantly affect fruit set.
An Inexpensive Chemical Scrubber for Oxidizing Volatile Organic Contaminants in Gases and Storage Room Atmospheres1
Authors: Saltveit Mikal E.
Published: September 2022

A simple, inexpensive method is presented to prepare an effective chemical scrubber which oxidizes volatile organic contaminants in gases. The scrubber is made by mixing 100 ml of 1 M KMnC4 per liter of dust-free Perlite in a large clear plastic bag.
Influence of Ground Bed Heating and Cultivar on Tomato Fruit Cracking1
Authors: Koske T. J. , Pallas J. E. , Jones J. B.
Published: September 2022

Increased temperature of the growing bed had no effect on fruit yield, fruit cracking, skin strength, or plant growth of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum mill.). Yield losses from cracking were 2, 16 and 35% in the fall, spring and summer crops, respectively. The pink-fruited ‘Ohio-Indiana Hybrid O’ and ‘Missouri Hybrid 756’ had greater fruit losses due to cracking than the red-fruited ‘Floradel’ and ‘Rapids’. Large fruit were more susceptible to cracking. Fruit cracking in the fall crop was predominantly concentric in nature whereas cracked fruit in the summer was predominantly radial. Skin puncture resistance was inversely related to fruit cracking.
Biochemical Aspects of Seed Vigor
Authors: Abdul-Baki Aref A.
Published: September 2022

It is beyond the purpose of this presentation to review all the definitions for the term “vigor” as applied to seeds. So far, no one definition has been accepted, and perhaps it is not yet time to settle on one definition until we know more about the subject.
Genetic Aspects of Seed Quality1
Authors: Dickson M. H.
Published: September 2022

Quality seed is undamaged, has a high level of germination, and will produce uniform, vigorous seedlings without defects under various environmental conditions.
Wirestrippers: a New Tool for Emasculation of Pome and Stone Fruits1
Authors: Suzanne Barker M. , Coston D. C. , Denny E. G.
Published: September 2022

Various techniques have been used for emasculation of rosaceous fruits; fingernails, scalpels, and tweezers are typical tools (1, 3, 5, 7). Emasculation tools for stone fruits have been made from a hacksaw and from square-jawed forceps with cut out corners (6). Barrett and Arisumi (2) devised an instrument that consisted of a pair of scissors with a triangular notch in the blade whose width could be adjusted by an adjustable arm or set screw.
Simulated Drift Studies with Herbicides on Field-grown Tomato1
Authors: Romanowski R. R.
Published: September 2022

Drift studies with tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) showed that 2-chloro-2’, 6’-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide (alachlor) in combination with either 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (atrazine), 2-[ [4-chloro-6-(ethylamino-s-triazin-2-yl] amino]-2-methylpropionitrile (cyanazine) or 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-l-methoxy-lmethylurea (linuron) generally produced a synergistic response as regards leaf symptoms and yield reduction. Sub-lethal doses of N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine (glyphosate) reduced tomato yields significantly when applied in June or July as contrasted to no yield reductions when applied in August.
Gas Atmosphere in Submerged Sweet Potato Roots1
Authors: Ahn J. K. , Collins W. W. , Pharr D. M.
Published: September 2022

Harvested roots of 2 cultivars of sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] were submerged in water to simulate flooding damage and changes in the concentrations of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and nitrogen were followed in the internal gas atmospheres. The internal gas was almost exclusively CO2, 72 hours after submergence.
Selection for Low Fiber Content in Sweet Potato1
Authors: Jones Alfred , Dukes P. D. , Hamilton M. G. , Baumgardner R. A.
Published: September 2022

Six sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) lines with a wide range of objectionable fiber content were grown in one location in 1976 and in 2 locations in 1977 to study factors influencing the expression of that trait. We failed to identify environmental factors that would enhance expression of objectionable fiber but did find that large roots tended to have more objectionable fiber than did smaller roots. All roots of high fiber lines did not express objectionable amounts. About 10 US #1 but only 4 jumbo roots of each line would have to be evaluated to have a 95% probability of observing objectionable fiber in high fiber lines. However, Jumbo, US #1 and canning sizes all led to the same relative rankings of lines. Subjective evaluations of baked roots were as effective as objective laboratory tests and could be obtained concurrent with other necessary baking evaluations.
Effect of Overhead Sprinkler Irrigation on Watercress Yield, Quality, and Leaf Temperature1
Authors: McHugh J. J. , Nishimoto R. K.
Published: September 2022

Water was applied to watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.) by overhead sprinkling for various day periods during the warm-season (summer) and cool-season (winter) to determine its effect on leaf temperature and yield. Intermittent overhead sprinkling throughout the day increased watercress yield and quality during the warm-season, but not the cool-season. Sprinkling reduced leaf temperature by as much as 4.8°C during the warm-season and by only 1.1°C during the cool-season. The increased yield and quality was attributed to substantially reduced leaf temperature during the warm season.
Extending Vase Life of Carnations with Aminooxyacetic Acid, Polyamines, EDU, and CCCP1
Authors: Wang C. Y. , Baker J. E.
Published: September 2022

Aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA) at a concentration of 0.5 mM extended the vase life of carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv. White Sim) to a degree comparable to that shown by 0.1 mM aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) (71 to 94%). Increases in vase life ranging from 22 to 53% were also obtained with N-[2-(2-oxo-l-imidazolidinyl) ethyl]-N’-phenylurea (EDU), carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenyl-hydrazone (CCCP), spermidine, putrescine, or spermine. Combinations of AVG and EDU or AOAA and EDU further extended the vase life 134 to 140% over that of the control flowers. These increases were additive to the beneficial effects obtained from the control preservative solution, which contained 2% sucrose and 200 ppm 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate.
Magnesium Nutrition of Poinsettia1
Authors: Cox D. A. , Seeley J. G.
Published: September 2022

Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotz) in nutrient culture developed Mg deficiency symptoms at 0, 1 and 2 ppm Mg in the solution. A high K level caused a depression of leaf Mg concentration and the appearance of deficiency symptoms with 5 ppm Mg in the solution. The Mg concentration of leaves from 3 stem positions reflected changes in Mg supply. The results emphasize the importance of recognizing the K –Mg relationship when interpreting results of soil and foliar nutrient analyses.
Preemergent Herbicides for Seeded Nursery Crops1
Authors: Warmund Michele R. , Long Charles E. , Geyer Wayne A.
Published: September 2022

Ten preemergent herbicides were applied to the medium surface of nursery containers 1 day after seeds of Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch, Gleditsia triacanthos L., and Robinia pseudoacacia L. were planted to test herbicide effects on seedling survival and growth. Species varied in response to herbicides, with Robinia most affected by treatments. Most herbicides did not reduce seedling survival, plant height, or dry weight.
Factors Affecting Rooting of Rhododendron maximum and Kalmia latifolia Stem Cuttings1
Authors: Williams Ross F. , Bilderback Theodore E.
Published: September 2022

Stem cuttings of Rhododendron maximum L. and Kalmia latifolia L. were successfully rooted when treated with a talc formulation of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxypropionic acid (fenoprop). K. latifolia cuttings taken in September rooted better than cuttings propagated in October or November. Rooting response was the same among native populations or field-grown stock. Osmocote (18N–2.6P–10K) incorporated in the rooting medium reduced rooting.
‘Beersheva’ Suaeda1
Authors: Hogan LeMoyne , Jones Warren , Lee Chi Won
Published: September 2022

‘Beersheva’ suaeda (Suaeda vera Forssk.), Chenopodiaceae, was released by the Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station to provide a salt-tolerant, drought-tolerant, bright green, perennial groundcover adapted to the arid southwestern United States and similar regions of the world.
Horticulture for the Disabled1
Authors: Shoemaker J. E. , Mattson R. H. , Miles N. W. , Fretz T. A.
Published: September 2022

By resolution of the United Nations General Assembly, 1981 has been declared the International Year for Disabled Persons, as humanity strives toward “full participation and equality” for 450 million disabled persons in the world. Horticulturists can respond to this international call for technical assistance by developing creative and accessible gardening opportunities for the emotionally and developmentally disabled, the elderly, and victims of accident, war, disease, and poverty.
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Bass Louis N.
Published: September 2022

Most cultivated crop plants are native to some country other than the United States. Therefore, plant breeders in the United States have to depend heavily upon introduced germplasm. To assure an adequate germplasm base for our plant breeding programs, the U. S. Department of Agriculture, through its Plant Introduction Office, has for many years had a national program for acquisition, preservation, and utilization of germplasm.
Utilization of Fruit and Nut Germplasm1
Authors: Thomoson Maxine M.
Published: September 2022

Future prospects for fruit and nut germplasm conservation appear more promising in 1980 than at any time in history. This fall the first of a projected 12 National Repositories for Fruit and Nut Germplasm will commence operation in Corvallis, Oregon. This accomplishment culminates 30 years of dedicated efforts on the part of many scientists and administrators in both the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the State Experiment Stations. The 12 locations were selected according to the climatic requirments of specific crops, e.g., in Corvallis, pears, filberts, strawberries, blackberries, raspberries, blueberries, gooseberries, currants, hops, and mint will be maintained. Construction of the second repository will be underway soon in Davis, California, where stone fruits, grapes, walnuts, almonds, and pistachios are to be held. The erosion, and need for collection and preservation, of germplasm resources was well documented at a joint ASHS-APS Workshop on Fruit and Nut Germplasm Reserves in 1974 (19).
Utilization of Flower Germplasm1
Authors: Ewart Lowell C.
Published: September 2022

The available literature on the history and development of the major floriculture crops indicates that most have developed from a narrow germplasm base. It is, remarkable that so much variability has arisen within each crop from so few, and usually, rather similar wild species. We are, however, at a point where the utilization of flower germplasm must be expanded to bring into existance new disease and insect resistance, plant types, habits, and usages.
Utilization of Woody Ornamental Germplasm1
Authors: Uhlinger Roger D.
Published: September 2022

Woody ornamental plants provide the framework and the major elements for effective landscapes by shading, screening, or delineating space. Deciduous trees and shrubs provide shade and background mass while in leaf yet permit solar access when defoliated. The fall foliage, unique bark, flowers and/or fruiting characteristics of many deciduous plants provide seasonal accents for our landscapes. Essentially all small fruit, tree fruit, and nut tree species can and should be considered as woody ornamentals that will provide these seasonal accents. Conifers and broadleaf evergreens contribute a stabilizing effect throughout the year and can serve as external insulation against noise, heat, and cold when properly placed in the landscape. Woody ornamentals thus provide multiple benefits by enhancing esthetic and economic values of property and by reducing energy requirements for heating and cooling (35, 39, 42, 51).