bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Die neue Eisenbahnbrücke über den Neckar in Stuttgart – Planung einer besonderen Stahlsegelbrücke
Authors: Wenger Philipp
Published: July 2018

Andreas Keil – mit großer Wertschätzung von über 12 Jahren bester Zusammenarbeit – zu seinem 60. Geburtstag gewidmet

Zwischen Stuttgart und Bad Cannstatt wird im Rahmen des Großprojekts „Stuttgart 21” (Neuordnung Bahnknoten Stuttgart – S21) derzeit eine neuartige, 4‐gleisige Eisenbahnüberführung über den Neckar im Zuge der Zuführung der Fern‐ und S‐Bahnstrecke zum neuen Stuttgarter Tiefbahnhof errichtet. Der innovative Ausführungsentwurf fußt auf dem im Jahre 1998 als Gewinner eines Gestaltungswettbewerbs gekürten Vorschlag einer „Stahlsegel‐Brücke”. Er erfüllt die wesentlichen Anforderungen im damaligen Gutachterverfahren hinsichtlich städtebaulicher und landschaftsarchitektonischer Einbettung in die Umgebung mit einem modernen, damals vielleicht sogar visionären Tragwerk „alternativlos” [3]. Für die charakteristischen „Stahlsegel” werden erstmalig bei einer Eisenbahnbrücke im Netz der DB AG hochfeste Feinkornbaustahl‐Bleche mit Dicken größer 100 mm eingesetzt. Für die Genehmigung dieser außergewöhnlichen Stahlkonstruktionen waren nicht nur besondere Berechnungsmethoden erforderlich, sondern auch zusätzliche Procedere der DB AG (unternehmensinterne Genehmigungen – UiG) sowie des Eisenbahnbundesamtes (Zustimmung im Einzelfall – ZiE). Neben einer kurzen Beschreibung der Brücke bzw. des Gesamttragwerks geht der vorliegende Beitrag im Kern auf die Besonderheiten der Planung dieser dicken Bleche ein. Über weitere Besonderheiten der neuen Neckarbrücke, so die Tiefgründung der insgesamt neun Festpunkt‐Pfeiler in der Kernzone des Bad Cannstatter Heilquellenschutzgebietes, wurde bereits in [4] ausführlicher berichtet.
Entwicklung eines neuartigen Membranmaterials für das größte Beduinenzelt der Welt
Authors: Paech Christoph , Stockhusen Knut
Published: July 2018

In der zeitgenössischen Architektur bieten textile Membranen insbesondere für Fassaden und Dächer vielfältige Anwendungsmöglichkeiten. Üblicherweise bestehen solche Membranen aus einem konventionellen Gewebe, das beidseitig zum Schutz vor Umwelteinflüssen und zum Erlangen der Wasserdichtigkeit mit einer Deckschicht versehen ist. Dadurch verliert sich unter Umständen der textile Charakter und seine Haptik. Aber genau diese Sicht‐ und Fühlbarkeit der Textur, kombiniert mit einem traditionellen, identitätsstiftenden Farbmuster war ein zentraler Entwurfsparameter für die 71 000 m2 große Untermembran eines Stadionprojekts der FIFA Weltmeisterschaft Katar 2022. Dem entwurfsprägenden Leitgedanken des Beduinenzelts folgend, wurde eine neuartige architektonische Membran entwickelt, bei der jeder einzelne Polyesterfaden direkt und in unterschiedlichen Farben PVC‐ummantelt ist und anschließend mit einem speziellen Verfahren verwoben wird. Durch die Verwendung eines Jacquard‐Webstuhls kann das Gewebe mit unterschiedlichen Mustern versehen werden, was vollkommen neue Anwendungen ermöglicht. Allerdings variieren die mechanischen Materialeigenschaften der Membran dabei nicht nur in Kett‐ und Schussrichtung, sondern auch innerhalb einer Richtung mit dem entsprechenden eingewebten Muster. Dies stellt besondere Anforderungen an Bemessung und Verarbeitung.
Zum Tragverhalten von Leichtbau‐Flächentragwerken aus gekanteten, dünnwandigen Blechen
Authors: Jahns Hendrik , Pons Jonas , Thiele Klaus , Flügge Wilko , Höfemann Matthias , Schmale Hans Christian
Published: July 2018

Aufgrund des geringen Werkstoffverbrauchs und des daraus folgenden effizienteren Einsatzes von Material gewinnt der Leichtbau immer größere Bedeutung im Bauwesen. Am Institut für Stahlbau der TU Braunschweig wurde auf Initiative der Salzgitter Mannesmann Forschung GMBH, einer Gesellschaft der Salzgitter AG, ein Leichtbau‐Flächentragwerk aus dünnwandigen Blechen untersucht, welches auf einem System von António Valente et al. basiert. Das Tragsystem wurde in einachsigen Biegeversuchen geprüft, um dessen Verformungsverhalten zu ermitteln und ein gewichtsoptimiertes Leichtbautragwerk zu erzielen. Insgesamt wurden zwei Trägervarianten untersucht: reine Stahl‐ und mit Beton verfüllte Träger. Während des Versuches wurden sowohl Last und Verformung als auch die Verteilung der Dehnungen in einem aussagekräftigen Bereich gemessen. Die Dehnungsfeld‐Messung erfolgte berührungslos mittels eines Digital‐Image‐Correlation (DIC)‐Systems. Die Bewertung der Systemvarianten erfolgte über die spezifische Systemsteifigkeit, welche über die Systemsteifigkeit geteilt durch die Masse des Trägers berechnet wird. Mit den aus den Versuchen gewonnenen Messwerten wurde eine Finite‐Elemente‐Berechnung des Tragsystems validiert, aus welcher das zweiachsige Verhalten abgeleitet werden soll.
Zur Berücksichtigung der Durchlaufwirkung im Stahlhochbau
Authors: Euler Mathias , Kuhlmann Ulrike
Published: July 2018

In der Praxis führt der Wegfall der Bemessungsregel aus DIN 18801, nach der die Auflagerkräfte bei drei‐ und mehrfeldrigen Strukturen ohne Berücksichtigung der Durchlaufwirkung ermittelt werden können, vielfach zu Diskussionen bei einer Bemessung nach Eurocode 3. Aus diesem Grund untersucht dieser Beitrag die ursprüngliche Begründung der ehemaligen Bemessungsregel. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung haben zu einer Änderung des Nationalen Anhangs zu DIN EN 1993‐1‐1 geführt, die eine Anwendung der ehemaligen Bemessungsregel auch für eine Bemessung nach Eurocode 3 gestattet.
Dichtigkeit von Sandwichelementkonstruktionen – Wasser‐ und Luftdichtigkeit in Längs‐ und Fensteranschlussfugen
Authors: Rädel Felicitas , Lange Jörg
Published: July 2018

Die Luft‐ und Wasserdichtigkeit der Außenhülle spielen bei der Planung von modernen Gebäuden aufgrund der immer höheren Anforderungen im Hinblick auf die Energieeinsparung eine große Rolle. Für die Sandwichbauweise, die durch die im Werk vorgefertigten Elemente konstruktionsbedingt sehr viele Fugen enthält, ist daher die Ausbildung dieser Fugen von besonderer Bedeutung. In dem vorliegenden Bericht werden neben den normativen Vorgaben bezüglich der Fugendichtigkeit von Sandwichelementen auch die zugehörigen Laborprüfverfahren erläutert. Anschließend werden die Ergebnisse von experimentellen und numerischen Untersuchungen verschiedener Forschungsprojekte vorgestellt und daraus Schlussfolgerungen für die Herstellung und Montage von Sandwichelementen gezogen. Insgesamt lässt sich feststellen, dass mit der Sandwichbauweise bei Beachtung wichtiger Grundregeln in Fertigung und Montage sehr dichte Gebäudehüllen realisiert werden können.
Windkanalversuche über die Sicherheit gegen winderregte Schwingungen bei der Hängebrücke Köln–Rodenkirchen
Authors: Babré Rudolf , Ibing Rolf
Published: July 2018

Faksimile aus „Der Stahlbau 27 (1958), H. 7, S. 169–176”
Regulation of translation initiation factor eIF2B at the hub of the integrated stress response
Authors: Pavitt Graham D.
Published: July 2018

Phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor eIF2 is one of the most widely used and well‐studied mechanisms cells use to respond to diverse cellular stresses. Known as the integrated stress response (ISR), the control pathway uses modulation of protein synthesis to reprogram gene expression and restore homeostasis. Here the current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of eIF2 activation and its control by phosphorylation at a single‐conserved phosphorylation site, serine 51 are discussed with a major focus on the regulatory roles of eIF2B and eIF5 where a current molecular view of ISR control of eIF2B activity is presented. How genetic disorders affect eIF2 or eIF2B is discussed, as are syndromes where excess signaling through the ISR is a component. Finally, studies into the action of recently identified compounds that modulate the ISR in experimental systems are discussed; these suggest that eIF2B is a potential therapeutic target for a wide range of conditions.

This article is categorized under:

Translation > Translation Regulation
Conjecture on the butterfly velocity across a quantum phase transition
Authors: Baggioli Matteo , Padhi Bikash , Phillips Philip W. , Setty Chandan
Published: July 2018

Abstract

We study an anisotropic holographic bottom-up model displaying a quantum phase transition (QPT) between a topologically trivial insulator and a non-trivial Weyl semimetal phase. We analyze the properties of quantum chaos in the quantum critical region. We do not find any universal property of the Butterfly velocity across the QPT. In particular it turns out to be either maximized or minimized at the quantum critical point depending on the direction of propagation. We observe that instead of the butterfly velocity, it is the dimensionless information screening length that is always maximized at a quantum critical point. We argue that the null-energy condition (NEC) is the underlying reason for the upper bound, which now is just a simple combination of the number of spatial dimensions and the anisotropic scaling parameter.
Sparseness bounds on local operators in holographic CFTd
Authors: Mefford Eric , Shaghoulian Edgar , Shyani Milind
Published: July 2018

Abstract

We use the thermodynamics of anti-de Sitter gravity to derive sparseness bounds on the spectrum of local operators in holographic conformal field theories. The simplest such bound is

$$ \rho \left(\varDelta \right)\lesssim \exp \left(\frac{2\pi \Delta}{d-1}\right) $$

ρ

Δ

≲
exp

2
π
Δ

d
−
1

for CFT
d
. Unlike the case of d = 2, this bound is strong enough to rule out weakly coupled holographic theories. We generalize the bound to include spins J

i
and U(1) charge Q, obtaining bounds on ρ(Δ, J

i

, Q) in d = 3 through 6. All bounds are saturated by black holes at the Hawking-Page transition and vanish beyond the corresponding BPS bound.
S-duality resurgence in SL(2) Chern-Simons theory
Authors: Gang Dongmin , Hatsuda Yasuyuki
Published: July 2018

Abstract

We find that an S-duality in SL(2) Chern-Simons theory for hyperbolic 3-manifolds emerges by the Borel resummation of a semiclassical expansion around a particular flat connection associated to the hyperbolic structure. We demonstrate it numerically with two representative examples of hyperbolic 3-manifolds.
Mirror symmetry and bosonization in 2d and 3d
Authors: Karch Andreas , Tong David , Turner Carl
Published: July 2018

Abstract

We study a supersymmetry breaking deformation of the

$$ \mathcal{N}=\left(2,2\right) $$

N
=

2
2

cigar = Liouville mirror pair, first introduced by Hori and Kapustin. We show that mirror symmetry flows in the infra-red to 2d bosonization, with the theories reducing to massive Thirring and Sine-Gordon respectively. The exact bosonization map emerges at one-loop. We further compactify non-supersymmetric 3d bosonization dualities on a circle and argue that these too flow to 2d bosonization at long distances.
3d Coulomb branch and 5d Higgs branch at infinite coupling
Authors: Ferlito Giulia , Hanany Amihay , Mekareeya Noppadol , Zafrir Gabi
Published: July 2018

Abstract

The Higgs branch of minimally supersymmetric five dimensional SQCD theories increases in a significant way at the UV fixed point when the inverse gauge coupling is tuned to zero. It has been a long standing problem to figure out how, and to find an exact description of this Higgs branch. This paper solves this problem in an elegant way by proposing that the Coulomb branches of three dimensional

$$ \mathcal{N}=4 $$

N
=
4

supersymmetric quiver gauge theories, named “Exceptional Sequences”, provide the solution to the problem. Thus, once again, 3d

$$ \mathcal{N}=4 $$

N
=
4

Coulomb branches prove to be useful tools in solving problems in higher dimensions. Gauge invariant operators on the 5d side consist of classical objects such as mesons, baryons and gaugino bilinears, and non perturbative objects such as instanton operators with or without baryon number. On the 3d side we have classical objects such as Casimir invariants and non perturbative objects such as monopole operators, bare or dressed. The duality map works in a very interesting way.
Strategy mapping: a method for making value tensions explicit in design and deployment of IT systems
Authors: Walldius Åke
Published: July 2018

A core activity promoted by the value sensitive design approach is the iterative and integrative performance of conceptual, empirical and technical investigations. In this essay, I will contribute and reflect on a method for conceptual mapping through which such tripartite investigations can be supported in ways that are open to stakeholder participation.
Genetik der Alzheimer-Krankheit
Authors: Bajaj Thomas , Ramirez Alfredo , Wagner-Thelen Holger
Published: July 2018

Die Alzheimer-Erkrankung („Alzheimer’s disease“, AD) ist die häufigste Ursache der neurodegenerativen Demenzen. Im Gegensatz zu monogenen und meist frühmanifesten Formen der AD, welche auf hochpenetrante Mutationen in den GenenAPP, PSEN1undPSEN2zurückzuführen sind, wird die Suszeptibilität für die sporadische, oft spätmanifeste Form der AD durch eine komplexe Wechselwirkung zwischen genetischen und epigenetischen Faktoren wie auch umwelt- und lebensstilbedingten Faktoren bestimmt. ObgleichAPOE ε4der stärkste genetische Risikofaktor für die AD ist, macht der Effekt desAPOE ε4lediglich 27,3 % der geschätzten Heritabilität von 58–79 % aus. Durch den kontinuierlichen technischen Fortschritt von GWAS (genomweite Assoziationsstudien) und automatisierten Sequenziermethoden der nächsten Generation gelingt es Wissenschaftlern in groß angelegten Kollaborationen sukzessive die fehlende Heritabilität aufzudecken. Wichtige Erkenntnisse aus GWAS und Signalweganalysen suggerieren, dass Mikroglia, die residenten Immunzellen des ZNS, eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Pathogenese der AD spielen. Eine beachtliche Anzahl der in genetischen Studien identifizierten Risikogene weisen immunsystembezogene Funktionen auf und werden in höchstem Maße von Mikroglia exprimiert. Durch die Beschreibung von Risikovarianten inCR1, CLU, SPI1, CD33, MS4A, ABCA7, EPHA1, HLA-DRB5/1, INPP5D, TYROBP, TREM2, PLCG2undABI3nimmt die Mikroglia vermittelte Immunantwort bei der Pathogenese der AD eine zentrale Rolle ein. Von besonderer Bedeutung könnte sein, dass die PLCγ2-Variante p.P522R einen protektiven Effekt auf die LOAD („late-onset“ AD; spätmanifeste Form der AD) ausübt und als Enzym ein klassisches Ziel für eine therapeutische Modulation von komplexen Formen der AD darstellt.
On learning in the clinical environment
Authors: Liljedahl Matilda
Published: July 2018

Introduction The clinical environment has been increasingly acknowledged as an important setting for learning within healthcare professional education. In particular, researchers have highlighted the need to advance the knowledge on the social nature of learning in the workplace setting. The aim of the thesis was to explore workplace learning among undergraduate medical and nursing students.
Method The thesis adopted a socio-cultural perspective on learning and employed a qualitative approach embedded in an interpretative tradition of inquiry. Four consecutive studies were included in the thesis, the first one designed according to qualitative description whereas the other three had an ethnographic approach. Data were collected through individual interviews and field observations. Content analysis and thematic analysis were employed.
Results For the medical students, workplace learning entailed access to a variety of activities in the role of a marginal member of the healthcare team. Medical students demonstrated an adaptive approach to workplace learning. For the nursing students, workplace learning involved being entrusted to hold responsibility for patient care and the need to negotiate their basic values with those of the workplaces. Nursing students showed a hesitant approach to workplace learning.
Discussion Workplace learning was built upon varying theoretical perspectives of learning in the medical and nursing contexts respectively. The main message in the thesis argued for an upgrading of students as a powerful and active stakeholder in workplace learning, so as not to view students as passive consumers of clinical education.
Case‐finding in clinical practice: An appropriate strategy for dementia identification?
Authors: Ranson Janice M. , Kuźma Elżbieta , Hamilton William , Lang Iain , Llewellyn David J.
Published: July 2018

Earlier diagnosis of dementia is increasingly being recognized as a public health priority. As screening is not generally recommended, case‐finding in clinical practice is encouraged as an alternative dementia identification strategy. The approaches of screening and case‐finding are often confused, with uncertainty about what case‐finding should involve and under what circumstances it is appropriate. We propose a formal definition of dementia case‐finding with a clear distinction from screening. We critically examine case‐finding policy and practice and propose evidence requirements for implementation in clinical practice. Finally, we present a case‐finding pathway and discuss the available evidence for best practice at each stage, with recommendations for research and practice. In conclusion, dementia case‐finding is a promising strategy but currently not appropriate due to the substantial gaps in the evidence base for several components of this approach.
The My Active and Healthy Aging (My‐AHA) ICT platform to detect and prevent frailty in older adults: Randomized control trial design and protocol
Authors: Summers Mathew J. , Rainero Innocenzo , Vercelli Alessandro E. , Aumayr Georg , de Rosario Helios , Mönter Michaela , Kawashima Ryuta ,   My‐AHA Consortium, Vercelli A.E. , Rainero I. , Caglio M. , Carbone C. , Rubino E. , Sousa I. , Vasconcelos M.J.M. , Madureira P. , Ribeiro J. , Cardoso N. , Giannouli E. , Zijlstra W. , Alonso S. , Mönter M. , Schnieder S. , Roelen S.D. , Kächele L. , Krajewski J. , de Rosario H. , Laparra J. , Serrano J.F. , Medina E. , López A. , Pedrero J.F. , Martínez Ú. , Bazzani M. , Cogerino C. , Toso G.M. , Tommasone G. , Frisello A. , Aumayr G. , Haider G. , Bleier D. , Sturm N. , Kaartinen N. , Kern A. , Bandelow S. , Niederstrasser N.G. , Vaziri D. , Tabatabaei A. , Gouverneur P. , Lagodzinski P. , Wieching R. , Grzegorek M. , Shariat Yazdi H. , Shirahama K. , Wulf V. , Cho Y. , Kawashima R. , Burin D. , Nouchi R. , Summers M.J. , Ciferri L.
Published: July 2018

Introduction

Frailty increases the risk of poor health outcomes, disability, hospitalization, and death in older adults and affects 7%–12% of the aging population. Secondary impacts of frailty on psychological health and socialization are significant negative contributors to poor outcomes for frail older adults.

Method

The My Active and Healthy Aging (My‐AHA) consortium has developed an information and communications technology–based platform to support active and healthy aging through early detection of prefrailty and provision of individually tailored interventions, targeting multidomain risks for frailty across physical activity, cognitive activity, diet and nutrition, sleep, and psychosocial activities. Six hundred adults aged 60 years and older will be recruited to participate in a multinational, multisite 18‐month randomized controlled trial to test the efficacy of the My‐AHA platform to detect prefrailty and the efficacy of individually tailored interventions to prevent development of clinical frailty in this cohort. A total of 10 centers from Italy, Germany, Austria, Spain, United Kingdom, Belgium, Sweden, Japan, South Korea, and Australia will participate in the randomized controlled trial.

Results

Pilot testing (Alpha Wave) of the My‐AHA platform and all ancillary systems has been completed with a small group of older adults in Europe with the full randomized controlled trial scheduled to commence in 2018.

Discussion

The My‐AHA study will expand the understanding of antecedent risk factors for clinical frailty so as to deliver targeted interventions to adults with prefrailty. Through the use of an information and communications technology platform that can connect with multiple devices within the older adult's own home, the My‐AHA platform is designed to measure an individual's risk factors for frailty across multiple domains and then deliver personalized domain‐specific interventions to the individual. The My‐AHA platform is technology‐agnostic, enabling the integration of new devices and sensor platforms as they emerge.
Role of Darrieus–Landau instability in propagation of expanding turbulent flames
Authors: Yang Sheng , Saha Abhishek , Liu Zirui , Law Chung K.
Published: July 2018

In this paper we study the essential role of Darrieus–Landau (DL), hydrodynamic, cellular flame-front instability in the propagation of expanding turbulent flames. First, we analyse and compare the characteristic time scales of flame wrinkling under the simultaneous actions of DL instability and turbulent eddies, based on which three turbulent flame propagation regimes are identified, namely, instability dominated, instability–turbulence interaction and turbulence dominated regimes. We then perform experiments over an extensive range of conditions, including high pressures, to promote and manipulate the DL instability. The results clearly demonstrate the increase in the acceleration exponent of the turbulent flame propagation as these three regimes are traversed from the weakest to the strongest, which are respectively similar to those of the laminar cellularly unstable flame and the turbulent flame without flame-front instability, and thus validating the scaling analysis. Finally, based on the scaling analysis and the experimental results, we propose a modification of the conventional turbulent flame regime diagram to account for the effects of DL instability.
Direct measurement of selective evaporation of binary mixture droplets by dissolving materials
Authors: Kim Hyoungsoo , Stone Howard A.
Published: July 2018

We investigate experimentally and theoretically how a droplet of a binary mixture evaporates when placed on a solid substrate. Our focus is the limit at which the two liquid components have different vapour pressures. Using physicochemical effects, we directly visualize the selective evaporation of the more volatile component and so document the space and time dependence of the chemical distribution in the droplet. In particular, we observe that a mixture consisting of an organic solvent and deionized water dissolves suspended fluorescent polystyrene particles if the lower volatility organic solvent reaches a critical concentration. Consequently, we show that for a small contact angle ($\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}<\unicode[STIX]{x03C0}/2$) the suspended polystyrene particles begin to disappear from near the contact line, which indicates that the volatile component, here water, evaporates rapidly compared to the other component(s). Finally, we show that a diffusion-dominated model for evaporation of a binary mixture can predict well the experimental results where convective and diffusive mixing effects are negligible, in which case there is significant chemical segregation in the drop.
Robustness of vortex populations in the two-dimensional inverse energy cascade
Authors: Burgess B. H. , Scott R. K.
Published: July 2018

We study how the properties of forcing and dissipation affect the scaling behaviour of the vortex population in the two-dimensional turbulent inverse energy cascade. When the flow is forced at scales intermediate between the domain and dissipation scales, the growth rates of the largest vortex area and the spectral peak length scale are robust to all simulation parameters. For white-in-time forcing the number density distribution of vortex areas follows the scaling theory predictions of Burgess & Scott (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 811, 2017, pp. 742–756) and shows little sensitivity either to the forcing bandwidth or to the nature of the small-scale dissipation: both narrowband and broadband forcing generate nearly identical vortex populations, as do Laplacian diffusion and hyperdiffusion. The greatest differences arise in comparing simulations with correlated forcing to those with white-in-time forcing: in flows with correlated forcing the intermediate range in the vortex number density steepens significantly past the predicted scale-invariant $A^{-1}$ scaling. We also study the impact of the forcing Reynolds number $Re_{f}$, a measure of the relative importance of nonlinear terms and dissipation at the forcing scale, on vortex formation and the scaling of the number density. As $Re_{f}$ decreases, the flow changes from one dominated by intense circular vortices surrounded by filaments to a less structured flow in which vortex formation becomes progressively more suppressed and the filamentary nature of the surrounding vorticity field is lost. However, even at very small $Re_{f}$, and in the absence of intense coherent vortex formation, regions of anomalously high vorticity merge and grow in area as predicted by the scaling theory, generating a three-part number density similar to that found at higher $Re_{f}$. At late enough stages the aggregation process results in the formation of long-lived circular vortices, demonstrating a strong tendency to vortex formation, and via a route distinct from the axisymmetrization of forcing extrema seen at higher $Re_{f}$. Our results establish coherent vortices as a robust feature of the two-dimensional inverse energy cascade, and provide clues as to the dynamical mechanisms shaping their statistics.
School Camp Refusal and Reluctance: The Role of the School Psychologist
Authors: Woods Mary C. , Burns John R.
Published: July 2018

Attendance at overnight school camp is an integral component of the Australian educational landscape. However, some students are reluctant to attend camp, while others refuse to attend at all. School psychologists play an important part in supporting these students and their families, and teachers. While much is published about general school refusal, there is surprisingly little attention given to the specific management of school camp refusal and reluctance. This article summarises the contribution of the related theoretical areas of childhood anxiety, school refusal, and homesickness. It then outlines, through a case study example, a management approach for school psychologists, from presentation of the problem to assessment, through to informed intervention, including a suite of strategies to support the student, parents and teachers, who have duty of care during camps.
Rebalancing the central-local relationship: achieving a bottom-up approach to localism in England
Authors: Stanton John
Published: July 2018

Recent governments have introduced a plethora of reforms seeking to decentralise power to local government in England. Invariably, however, these have fallen short of stated objectives, leaving councils at the mercy of central supervision and with insufficient local autonomy. This paper explores the reasons underpinning this concern. It identifies a top-down approach to localism and considers the culture of centralism that persists as a consequence. It then discusses how a bottom-up approach might be achieved, exploring how political and legal mechanisms can protect councils from centralised interference in the future.
Dietary patterns and risk of self-reported activity limitation in older adults from the Three-City Bordeaux Study
Authors: Pilleron Sophie , Pérès Karine , Jutand Marthe-Aline , Helmer Catherine , Dartigues Jean-François , Samieri Cécilia , Féart Catherine
Published: July 2018

Few studies have been interested in the relationship between dietary patterns and activity limitation in older adults yet. We analysed the association between dietary patterns and the risk of self-reported activity limitation – that is mobility restriction, limitation in instrumental activities in daily living (IADL) and in activities in daily living (ADL) – in community-dwellers aged 67+ years initially free of activity limitation in 2001–2002 and re-examined at least once over 10 years – that is 583 participants for mobility restriction, 1114 for IADL limitation and 1267 for ADL limitation. At baseline, five sex-specific dietary clusters were derived by hybrid clustering method from weekly frequency of intake of twenty food and beverage items. Self-reported mobility restriction, limitations in IADL and in ADL were assessed using the Rosow–Breslau, the Lawton–Brody and the Katz scales, respectively. Associations between dietary clusters and the risk of each activity limitation were assessed using Cox proportional hazard models. In models adjusted for socio-demographic and health-related covariates, compared with the ‘Healthy’ cluster the ‘Biscuits and snacking’ cluster was associated with a higher risk of mobility restriction (hazard ratio (HR)=3·0; 95 % CI 1·6, 5·8) and limitation in IADL (HR=2·1; 95 % CI 1·1, 4·2) in men and limitation in ADL in women (HR=2·3; 95 % CI 1·3, 4·0). In this French cohort of community-dwellers aged 67+ years, some unhealthy dietary patterns may increase the risk of activity limitation all along the disablement process in older adults.
Thiamine status, metabolism and application in dairy cows: a review
Authors: Pan Xiaohua , Nan Xuemei , Yang Liang , Jiang Linshu , Xiong Benhai
Published: July 2018

As the co-enzyme of pyruvate dehydrogenase andα-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, thiamine plays a critical role in carbohydrate metabolism in dairy cows. Apart from feedstuff, microbial thiamine synthesis in the rumen is the main source for dairy cows. However, the amount of ruminal thiamine synthesis, which is influenced by dietary N levels and forage to concentrate ratio, varies greatly. Notably, when dairy cows are overfed high-grain diets, subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) occurs and results in thiamine deficiency. Thiamine deficiency is characterised by decreased ruminal and blood thiamine concentrations and an increased blood thiamine pyrophosphate effect to >45 %. Thiamine deficiency caused by SARA is mainly related to the increased thiamine requirement during high grain feeding, decreased bacterial thiamine synthesis in the rumen, increased thiamine degradation by thiaminase, and decreased thiamine absorption by transporters. Interestingly, thiamine deficiency can be reversed by exogenous thiamine supplementation in the diet. Besides, thiamine supplementation has beneficial effects in dairy cows, such as increased milk and component production and attenuated SARA by improving rumen fermentation, balancing bacterial community and alleviating inflammatory response in the ruminal epithelium. However, there is no conclusive dietary thiamine recommendation for dairy cows, and the impacts of thiamine supplementation on protozoa, solid-attached bacteria, rumen wall-adherent bacteria and nutrient metabolism in dairy cows are still unclear. This knowledge is critical to understand thiamine status and function in dairy cows. Overall, the present review described the current state of knowledge on thiamine nutrition in dairy cows and the major problems that must be addressed in future research.
Preconception Hb concentration and risk of preterm birth in over 2·7 million Chinese women aged 20–49 years: a population-based cohort study
Authors: Zhang Xiuli , Xu Qin , Yang Ying , Wang Long , Liu Fangchao , Li Qian , Ji Mengmeng , He Yuan , Wang Yuanyuan , Zhang Ya , Zhang Hongguang , Peng Zuoqi , Ma Xu , Yu Zengli
Published: July 2018

Evidence on the association between maternal Hb concentration and preterm birth (PTB) risk is inconclusive. This paper aimed to explore whether women with anaemia or high Hb level before pregnancy would be at higher risk of PTB. We conducted a population-based cohort study with 2 722 274 women aged 20–49 years, who participated in National Free Pre-Pregnancy Checkups Project between 2013 and 2015 and delivered a singleton before 2016 in rural China. Logistic models were used to estimate OR and 95 % CI after adjusting for confounding variables. Restricted cubic spline models were applied to evaluate the dose–response relationships. A total of 192 819 (7·08 %) women had preterm deliveries. Compared with women with Hb of 110–149 g/l, the multivariable-adjusted OR for PTB was 1·19 (95 % CI 0·98, 1·44) for women with Hb<70 g/l, 1·01 (95 % CI 0·97, 1·03) for 70–99 g/l, 0·96 (95 % CI 0·95, 0·98) for 100–109 g/l, 1·04 (95 % CI 1·01, 1·06) for 150–159 g/l, 1·11 (95 % CI 1·05, 1·17) for 160–169 g/l and 1·19 (95 % CI 1·11, 1·27) for ≥170 g/l, respectively. The multivariable-adjusted OR for very PTB (VPTB) was 1·07 (95 % CI 1·03, 1·12) and 1·06 (95 % CI 1·01, 1·12) for women with Hb <110 and ≥150 g/l, compared with those with Hb of 110–149 g/l, respectively. Our study identified a U-shaped relationship between maternal preconception Hb concentration and PTB risk. Both preconception anaemia and high Hb level can significantly increase VPTB risk. Appropriate intervention for women with abnormal Hb levels before pregnancy is very necessary.
LEGUME–MAIZE ROTATION OR RELAY? OPTIONS FOR ECOLOGICAL INTENSIFICATION OF SMALLHOLDER FARMS IN THE GUINEA SAVANNA OF NORTHERN GHANA
Authors: KERMAH M. , FRANKE A. C. , AHIABOR B. D. K. , ADJEI-NSIAH S. , ABAIDOO R. C. , GILLER K. E.
Published: July 2018

Soil nutrient constraints coupled with erratic rainfall have led to poor crop yields and occasionally to crop failure in sole cropping in the Guinea savanna of West Africa. We explored different maize-grain legume diversification and intensification options that can contribute to mitigating risks of crop failure, increase crop productivity under different soil fertility levels, while improving soil fertility due to biological N2-fixation by the legume. There were four relay patterns with cowpea sown first and maize sown at least 2 weeks after sowing (WAS) cowpea; two relay patterns with maize sown first and cowpea sown at least 3 WAS maize in different spatial arrangements. These were compared with groundnut-maize, soybean–maize, fallow-maize and continuous maize rotations in fields high, medium and poor in fertility at a site each in the southern (SGS) and northern (NGS) Guinea savanna of northern Ghana. Legumes grown in the poorly fertile fields relied more on N2-fixation for growth leading to generally larger net N inputs to the soil. Crop yields declined with decreasing soil fertility and were larger in the SGS than in the NGS due to more favourable rainfall and soil fertility. Spatial arrangements of relay intercrops did not have any significant impact on maize and legume grain yields. Sowing maize first followed by a cowpea relay resulted in 0.18–0.26 t ha−1 reduction in cowpea grain yield relative to cowpea sown from the onset. Relaying maize into cowpea led to a 0.29–0.64 t ha−1 reduction in maize grain yield relative to maize sown from the onset in the SGS. In the NGS, a decline of 0.66 and 0.82 t ha−1 in maize grain yield relative to maize sown from the onset was observed due to less rainfall received by the relay maize. Groundnut and soybean induced 0.38–1.01 t ha−1 more grain yield of a subsequent maize relative to continuous maize, and 1.17–1.71 t ha−1 more yield relative to relay maize across both sites. Accumulated crop yields over both years suggest that sowing maize first followed by cowpea relay is a promising ecological intensification option besides the more common legume–maize rotation in the Guinea savanna, as it was comparable with soybean–maize rotation and more productive than the other treatments.
Germination vigour difference of superior and inferior rice grains revealed by physiological and gene expression studies
Authors: Zhao Y. F. , Sun H. Z. , Wen H. L. , Du Y. X. , Zhang J. , Li J. Z. , Peng T. , Zhao Q. Z.
Published: July 2018

Superior and inferior rice grains have different weights and are located on the upper primary branch and lower secondary branches of the panicle, respectively. To study differences in germination vigour of these two types of grain, a number of factors were investigated from 0 to 48 h of germination. The present study demonstrated that in inferior grains the starch granule structure was looser at 0 h, with full water absorption at 48 h, while in superior grains the structure was tight and dense. Relative water content increased, and dry matter decreased, more rapidly in inferior grains than in superior ones. Abscisic acid and gibberellin levels, as well as α-amylase activity, also changed more rapidly in inferior grains, while soluble sugar content and amylase coding gene expression increased more rapidly in inferior than superior grains during early germination. The expression of OsGAMYB was higher in inferior grains at 24 h but higher in superior grains at 48 h. The phenotypic index of seedlings was higher in seedlings from superior grains at the two-leaf stage. However, the thousand-grain weight and yield per plant in superior and inferior plants showed no significant difference at harvest. The present study indicates that inferior grains germinate faster than superior ones in the early germination stage. Although inferior grains produced weaker seedlings, it is worthwhile using them in rice production due to their comparative yield potential over that of superior grains.
Morphological and molecular confirmation of the validity of Trichuris rhinopiptheroxella in the endangered golden snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana)
Authors: Wang H.B. , Zhang H.J. , Song L.L. , Zhu L. , Chen M. , Ren G.J. , Liu G.H. , Zhao G.H.
Published: July 2018

The golden snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) is an endangered species endemic to China. Relatively little is known about the taxonomic status of soil-transmitted helminths (STH) in these monkeys. Trichuris spp. (syn. Trichocephalus) are among the most important STHs, causing significant socio-economic losses and public health concerns. To date, five Trichuris species have been reported in golden monkeys, including a novel species, T. rhinopiptheroxella, based on morphology. In the present study, molecular and morphological analysis was conducted on adult Trichuris worms obtained from a dead golden snub-nosed monkey, to better understand their taxonomic status. Morphology indicated that the adult Trichuris worms were similar to T. rhinopiptheroxella. To further ascertain their phylogenetic position, the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of these worms was sequenced and characterized. The mt genome of T. rhinopiptheroxella is 14,186 bp, encoding 37 genes. Phylogenetic analysis based on the concatenated amino acids of 12 protein-coding genes (with the exception of atp8) indicated that T. rhinopiptheroxella was genetically distinct and exhibited 27.5–27.8% genetic distance between T. rhinopiptheroxella and other Trichuris spp. Our results support T. rhinopiptheroxella as a valid Trichuris species and suggest that mt DNA could serve as a marker for future studies on the classification, evolution and molecular epidemiology of Trichuris spp. from golden snub-nosed monkeys.
A new landscape of host–protozoa interactions involving the extracellular vesicles world
Authors: Gavinho Bruno , Rossi Izadora Volpato , Evans-Osses Ingrid , Inal Jameel , Ramirez Marcel I.
Published: July 2018

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by a wide number of cells including blood cells, immune system cells, tumour cells, adult and embryonic stem cells. EVs are a heterogeneous group of vesicles (~30–1000 nm) including microvesicles and exosomes. The physiological release of EVs represents a normal state of the cell, raising a metabolic equilibrium between catabolic and anabolic processes. Moreover, when the cells are submitted to stress with different inducers or in pathological situations (malignancies, chronic diseases, infectious diseases.), they respond with an intense and dynamic release of EVs. The EVs released from stimulated cellsvsthose that are released constitutively may themselves differ, both physically and in their cargo. EVs contain protein, lipids, nucleic acids and biomolecules that can alter cell phenotypes or modulate neighbouring cells. In this review, we have summarized findings involving EVs in certain protozoan diseases. We have commented on strategies to study the communicative roles of EVs during host–pathogen interaction and hypothesized on the use of EVs for diagnostic, preventative and therapeutic purposes in infectious diseases. This kind of communication could modulate the innate immune system and reformulate concepts in parasitism. Moreover, the information provided within EVs could produce alternatives in translational medicine.
Natural evil: the simulation solution
Authors: DAINTON BARRY
Published: July 2018

That natural evils are plentiful in our world is impossible (plausibly) to deny. Why would a benevolent and all-powerful God allow such an obviously imperfect world to be created? I argue that the problem of evil in this form only seems serious and intractable because our science and technology are currently at comparatively primitive levels. Civilizations whose technological capabilities are significantly more advanced than our own will be able to create artificial worlds of their own in a variety of different ways. Given the very real possibility of world-makers who are non-divine, the problem posed by natural evil is very much diminished.
PATIENT PRIORITIES FOR TREATMENT ATTRIBUTES IN ADJUNCTIVE DRUG THERAPY OF SEVERE HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA IN GERMANY: AN ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS
Authors: Mühlbacher Axel C. , Kaczynski Anika , Dippel Franz-Werner , Bethge Susanne
Published: July 2018

Objectives:

Severe hypercholesterolemia is a major cause of death in coronary heart disease. New adjunctive drug therapies have passed authorization processes and been launched recently. So far it is not known which properties of the new treatment options generate the highest benefit for patients. The aim was to evaluate patient priorities in the field of adjunctive drug therapy with apheresis. Therapy characteristics were examined as to their relevance to hypercholesterolemia patients.

Methods:

To identify all potential patient-relevant treatment characteristics, a systematic literature review and ten interviews with patients were conducted. Seven key characteristics were identified from the patient perspective. Patients’ priorities were elicited using an analytic hierarchy process (AHP).

Results:

In total, N = 61 patients diagnosed with severe hypercholesterolemia and undergoing apheresis participated in the study. The analysis showed predominance for the attribute “reduction of LDL-C level in blood” (Wglobal:0.362). The “risk of myopathy” (Wglobal:0.164), “risk of neurocognitive impairment” (Wglobal:0.161) and “frequency of apheresis” (Wglobal:0.119) were ranked second, third and fourth. Subgroup analyses revealed that “frequency of apheresis” is of greater importance to younger patients, men and/or patients who indicated a reduction in quality of life due to apheresis.

Conclusions:

The essential decision criteria for optimal therapy from the patients’ perspective were obtained. “Reduction of lipoprotein in blood” was ranked highest compared with the “mode of administration” and “side effects” characteristics. The study offers a transparent approach for the identification of patient priorities for adjunctive PCSK9-inhibitor therapy in apheresis-treated hypercholesterolemia. The project can be used by healthcare decision makers to understand the importance of each patient-relevant endpoint.
OVERCOMING THE BARRIERS TO ACHIEVING UNIVERSAL HEALTH CARE IN THE ASIAN REGION
Authors: Mundy Linda , Trowman Rebecca , Kearney Brendon
Published: July 2018

Objectives:

The Health Technology Assessment International (HTAi) Asia Policy Forum (HAPF) met to discuss the challenges of achieving universal health care (UHC) in Asia.

Methods:

Group discussions and presentations at the 2017 HAPF, informed by a background paper, including a literature review and the results of pre-meeting surveys of health technology assessment (HTA) agencies and industry, formed the basis of this article.

Results:

Affordability was identified as the greatest barrier to establishing UHC; however, other impediments include the lack of political will to implement UHC, and the cultural issue of deference to expert opinion instead of evidence-based assessments. Although HTA was identified as an important prioritization tool when adding new technologies to benefit packages, it is used inconsistently in the region, resulting in a less transparent decision-making process for stakeholders. Although regional challenges exist around real-world data (RWD), including a lack of capacity to enable information and data sharing, most policy or funding decision makers in the region have access to data. However, there appears to be a disconnect with the experience of industry, whose representatives identify the lack of RWD as their primary issue. To overcome these issues, both HTA agencies and industry agree that collaboration and transparency should be fostered to support the development of robust evidence generation in the region.

Conclusions:

There is a willingness for HTA agencies and industry to collaborate to develop HTA methodology for the prioritization of technologies in the Asia region that support healthcare systems to achieve the ultimate outcome of UHC.
Handling class overlapping to detect noisy instances in classification
Authors: Gupta Shivani , Gupta Atul
Published: July 2018

Automated machine classification will play a vital role in the machine learning and data mining. It is probable that each classifier will work well on some data sets and not so well in others, increasing the evaluation significance. The performance of the learning models will intensely rely on upon the characteristics of the data sets. The previous outcomes recommend that overlapping between classes and the presence of noise has the most grounded impact on the performance of learning algorithm. The class overlap problem is a critical problem in which data samples appear as valid instances of more than one class which may be responsible for the presence of noise in data sets.

The objective of this paper is to comprehend better the data used as a part of machine learning problems so as to learn issues and to analyze the instances that are profoundly covered by utilizing new proposed overlap measures. The proposed overlap measures are Nearest Enemy Ratio, SubConcept Ratio, Likelihood Ratio and Soft Margin Ratio. To perform this experiment, we have created 438 binary classification data sets from real-world problems and computed the value of 12 data complexity metrics to find highly overlapped data sets. After that we apply measures to identify the overlapped instances and four noise filters to find the noisy instances. From results, we found that 60–80% overlapped instances are noisy instances in data sets by using four noise filters. We found that class overlap is a principal contributor to introduce class noise in data sets.
On derived functors of graded local cohomology modules
Authors: PUTHENPURAKAL TONY J. , SINGH JYOTI
Published: July 2018

Let K be a field of characteristic zero and let R = K[X1, . . .,Xn], with standard grading. Let ${\mathfrak m}$ = (X1, . . ., Xn) and let E be the *injective hull of R/${\mathfrak m}$. Let An(K) be the nth Weyl algebra over K. Let I, J be homogeneous ideals in R. Fix i, j ≥ 0 and set M = HiI(R) and N = HjJ(R) considered as left An(K)-modules. We show the following two results for which no analogous result is known in charactersitc p > 0.

(i)

$H^l_{\mathfrak m}$(TorRν(M, N)) ≅ E(n)al,ν for some al,ν ≥ 0.

(ii)

For all ν ≥ 0; the finite dimensional vector space TorAn(K)ν(M♯, N) is concentrated in degree -n (here M♯ is the standard right An(K)-module associated to M).

We also conjecture that for all i ≥ 0 the finite dimensional vector space ExtiAn(K)(M, N) is concentrated in degree zero. We give a few examples which support this conjecture.