bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long - term wind speed forecasting for the monsoon seasons at station scales over India: Integrating ML and Numerical techniques
Authors: Banerjee Rupanjan , Baidya Roy Somnath
Published: March 2024

Long-term wind speed forecasting is still in its early stages, particularly in India. Due to lack of operational forecasts the Indian wind industry is forced to rely on climatological averages, that do not incorporate interannual variability. The overall goal of our study is to evaluate and enhance the capability of the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology Coupled Forecast System Version 2.0 (IITM CFSv2) model to forecast the summer monsoon (June-September) 10m wind speeds over India at seasonal scales as a part of the Monsoon Mission III program. The model runs were conducted in hindcast mode for the period 1981-2017. Initially, we conducted a systematic evaluation to assess the quality of the forecasts initialized in February and March for selected stations by comparing them against observations from the Global Summary of the Day (GSOD) dataset. Our findings indicate that the raw forecasts are poor quality with Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE) in the 70% and 90% range.Next, we developed calibration algorithms using ML techniques to improve the quality of the forecasts. Linear Regression, Random Forest, XGBoost, LSTM, Conv-LSTM, GRU were employed as regression models. The outcomes from the best-performing model demonstrate that calibration significantly enhances the quality of the forecasts. After calibration, the mean absolute error (MAE) values typically fall within the range of 0.5 to 0.9 m/s for most stations, though a few stations exhibit values exceeding 1 m/s, in contrast to the raw forecasts where the error range extends from 1.2 to 2 m/s. The SMAPE is reduced to between 30% and 60% after calibration. When compared with 30-year climatology, the calibrated forecasts in 60% of the stations show a positive Root Mean Square Error Skill Score (RMSESS) ranging from 0.01 to 0.3 whereas the scores for the raw forecasts are showing highly negative skill. This study demonstrates that ML based calibration is a promising technique that can significantly improve the quality of numerical model forecasts and perform significantly better than climatology.
Advancing drought detection and management using ML enhanced impact-based drought indexes
Authors: Merlo Martina , Giuliani Matteo , Du Yiheng , Pechlivanidis Ilias , Castelletti Andrea
Published: March 2024

Drought is a slowly developing natural phenomenon that can occur in all climatic zones and propagates through the entire hydrological cycle with long-term socio-economic and environmental impacts. Intensified by anthropogenic climate change, drought has become one of the most significant natural hazards in Europe. Different definitions of drought exist, i.e. meteorological, hydrological, and agricultural droughts, which vary according to the time horizon and the variables considered. Just as there is no single definition of drought, there is no single index that accounts for all types of droughts. Consequently, capturing the evolution of drought dynamics and associated impacts across different temporal and spatial scales remains a critical challenge.In this work, we first analyze different state-of-the-art standardized drought indexes in terms of their ability in detecting drought events at the pan-European scale, using hydro-meteorological variables from the E-HYPE hydrological model and forced with the HydroGFD v2.0 reanalysis dataset over the period 1993-2018. The findings suggest the need of adjusting the formulation of traditional drought indexes to better capture and represent drought-related impacts. Specifically, here we use the FRamework for Index-based Drought Analysis (FRIDA), a Machine Learning approach that allows the design of site-specific indexes to reproduce a surrogate of the drought impacts in the considered area, here represented by the Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation Anomaly (FAPAN). FRIDA builds a novel impact-based drought index combining all the relevant available information about the water circulating in the system identified by means of a feature extraction algorithm.Our results reveal a general pattern among different indexes, that Southern England, Northern France, and Northern Italy are the regions with the highest number of drought events, whereas the areas experiencing longest drought durations are instead the Baltic Sea region and Normandy. Clustering the 35,408 European basins according to dominant hydrologic processes reveals that the variables mainly controlling the drought process vary across clusters. Similarly, we obtain diverse correlation between standardized drought indexes and the FAPAN in different clusters. Numerical results also show that, in one of the worst cases (cluster 10), the FRIDA index increases the correlation with FAPAN from 0.16 to 0.69. Lastly, the FRIDA indexes are computed for different climatic projections to investigate future trends in drought impacts.  Results show divergence with respect to the trends of the standardized drought indexes, with correlation values below 0.30. In conclusion, these findings can contribute in advancing drought-related climate services by enabling the analysis of projected drought impacts. 
Coastal Currents from Observations, an integrated multi-source approach to analyse surface currents.
Authors: Lopez Contreras Juan Manuel , Barth Alexander
Published: March 2024

The ocean surface is a key area where processes driven by the atmosphere take place, with important phenomena happening at small scales of turbulence in the surface layer. The analysis and extraction of surface currents in different basins have been carried on by different methods. However, there are still gaps and elements to improve to obtain high-quality maps with increased resolution. These small-scale variations in surface currents are key to understanding phenomena affecting elements like commercial shipping to biological and chemical impacts. To improve the quality of the surface currents products, a novel approach is intended to be used in the Mediterranean basin, a key economic area for 3 continents and several countries. By using Data Interpolating Variational Analysis in n-Dimensions (DIVAnd), a method that interpolates observations on a regular grid using a variational inverse method including dynamic constraints related to coastal currents, three different datasets are set to be applied, altimetry data from satellites, drifter data and high-frequency radar data, the latter has already been used for the reconstruction of surface currents in areas of the Mediterranean as the Balearic islands. By modifying the interpolation method initially designed for HF radar data, we look forward to interpolating and obtaining ocean surface currents maps from the three different datasets. Partial results for the available dates (from 1992 to 2022) have been obtained with outputs and maps that match the circulation of the Mediterranean Sea and show high detail of elements such as gyres and strong signals currents as the Algerian, selected outputs also show the strong seasonality of some of these features. This work is part of the BlueCloud2026 project.
Reevaluating progress and uncertainties associated with projections of ocean net primary production and acidification 
Authors: Kwiatkowski Lester , Bopp Laurent , Torres Olivier , Orr James , Tagliabue Alessandro
Published: March 2024

Net primary production (NPP) by marine phytoplankton transfers organic matter and energy to higher tropic levels, supporting ocean food webs, as well as enhancing ocean carbon sequestration. Conversely, ocean acidification is a consequence of anthropogenic carbon uptake and alongside wide-ranging ecosystem impacts, reduces the capacity of the ocean to absorb future anthropogenic emissions. Multi-model projections of NPP (including those of CMIP exercises) have typically had very high associated uncertainty, with model uncertainty generally exceeding scenario uncertainty and limited confidence in even the sign of twenty-first century change. In contrast, projections of acidification have often been portrayed as having almost no associated uncertainty for a given emissions scenario. Here I will reassess these divergent characterizations. Can we say anything about projected changes in ocean NPP with confidence? And do we have any novel insights into projected ocean acidification? Efforts to constrain model projections of NPP have been challenging, with a dramatic increase in global projection uncertainty in CMIP6. Past efforts, which used the observable sensitivity of NPP to ENSO variability to constrain the multi-model NPP response to climate change, have been shown to have their limitations. Notably, parameterizations of marine diazotrophy and phytoplankton iron requirements can both limit the applicability of such emergent constraints. Nonetheless, at regional scales there is often broad agreement across multi-model NPP projections. With respect to acidification, the apparent lack of projection uncertainty is often a result of focusing on the annual mean global surface ocean. Numerous recent advances have been made in understanding regional and subsurface acidification as well as characterizing how the temporal variability of the ocean carbonate system is likely to respond. Particularly notable is the Arctic Ocean, where the amplitude and phasing of the seasonal cycle of CO2 partial pressure are projected to modify in response to both the geochemical and radiative impacts of anthropogenic emissions.
Nature-based Solutions on privately owned land: Stakeholder engagement matters
Authors: Wallner Marion , Thaler Thomas , Schindelegger Arthur , Gugerell Katharina
Published: March 2024

To tackle hydrometeorological extreme events and adapt to climate change, Nature-based Solutions (NbS) are widely considered a promising approach. Yet, their implementation remains challenging. One key reason is that NbS require a lot more land than grey infrastructure – making their implementation dependent on privately owned land and prone to cause or exacerbate conflicts of interest over land use. This request of privately owned land widens the numbers of actors involved in the decision-making process. For this very reason, the realisation of NbS highlights the necessity of meaningful stakeholder engagement. However, in the past, technical mitigation measures were traditionally enforced top down by engineers within the public administration at national or regional level. Stakeholder engagement thus fundamentally changes the way how risk managers and citizens collaborate and is often reported to not live up to its expectations. Therefore, this study will address the role of stakeholder engagement as a decisive factor for the implementation of NbS on privately owned land. More specifically, it aims (i) to analyse what approaches to stakeholder engagement are currently employed on the side of flood risk authorities and (ii) to evaluate how stakeholder engagement processes account for conflicts of interest over land use. For this purpose, a qualitative research design approach will be exerted. This will involve desk research to identify areas in Austria where NbS on privately owned land have already been (and will be) implemented, semi-structured interviews with public water authorities and workshops in our case study site – the Lafnitz catchment in Austria. Lessons learnt will be compared with those of five other regions across Europe, as our study is embedded in the EU Horizon Project “Land4Climate” (Utilization of private land for mainstreaming Nature-based Solutions in the systemic transformation towards a climate-resilient Europe, HORIZON-MISS-2022-CLIMA-01-06). By doing so, our research will provide hands-on knowledge on NbS implementation and foster its mainstreaming across the European Union.
Limited future carbon sink in China as forests become mature
Authors: Li Wei , Leng Yi
Published: March 2024

China has experienced large land-use and land-cover changes (LULCC) over recent decades, resulting in a complex, mostly young, forest age structure. However, the impact of forest age dynamics on China’s terrestrial ecosystem carbon sink remains unclear. Here, using a process-based ecosystem model with an explicit representation of forest age cohorts, forced by satellite- and inventory-based maps of LULCC, we estimate China’s terrestrial carbon sink as 198 ± 54 Tg C yr-1 in the 2010s. The forest carbon sink represents 124 ± 25 Tg C yr-1, being predominantly (71.7%) contributed by middle-aged (16~50 year-old) forests. Following the national re/afforestation target of reaching 30% forest coverage by 2060 and assuming constant wood harvest rates in the future equal to present-day levels, the forest carbon sink is projected to be 181~217 Tg C yr-1 during 2041-2060 but to decrease to 142~212 Tg C yr-1 during 2081-2100 under Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 2.6, 4.5, 6.0 and 8.5. The carbon sink in established forests that were planted or existed before 2020 is the largest contributor to the future total carbon sink, but this contribution will decrease significantly (p
Tracing modern-style cold subduction in the Proterozoic – evidence from H2O and trace elements in detrital rutile
Authors: Lueder Mona , Hermann Jörg , Pereira Ines , Tamblyn Renée , Rubatto Daniela
Published: March 2024

To understand the onset and evolution of cold subduction on Earth, detrital sedimentary rocks of Precambrian age, potentially derived from exposed high-P low-T metamorphic rocks can be investigated. This requires the estimation of peak metamorphic pressure and temperature, time of formation, and source lithology (P-T-t-X) of detrital single grains. Rutile is a common accessory mineral in subducted oceanic crust and one of the most likely minerals from subducted rocks to survive sedimentation processes. As single grain T-t-X estimates on rutile are possible, it is a prime candidate for the investigation of subduction processes through time.We developed a method to identify rutile formed in modern cold subduction conditions, by combining in-situ polarised Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS).Our study reveals a pressure-dependent variation in hydrogen content within metamorphic rutile, ranging from less than 10 to 2500 μg/g H2O. Higher peak metamorphic pressures correspond to elevated H2O contents, particularly noticeable in mafic low-temperature eclogite facies rutile, suggesting H-in-rutile can be used as a pressure indicator. Using Zr in rutile as a temperature indicator, H2O/Zr ratios act as proxies for thermal gradients (P/T) in metamorphic rutile. When combined with low Nb, W, and Sn contents, typical of mafic protoliths, it is possible to identify modern-style cold subduction of mafic crust using trace element signatures in detrital rutile.Therefore, detrital rutile can serve as a tracer for subduction conditions over time, as modern-style cold subduction signatures are preserved in rutile during weathering and sedimentary processes.  In this study, we test our novel approach on detrital rutile grains of sandstones and arkoses from the Torridon and Ardvreck Groups, Hebridean in NW Scotland. Our analysis reveals that some grains of the Torridon Group of late Proterozoic age (detrital ages ranging from 1.0 to 1.9 Ga; Pereira et al., 2020) exhibit high H2O/Zr ratios and low total Nb+W+Sn contents, typical of low-T eclogite facies rutile. This implies that low-T eclogites which formed during cold subduction were likely exposed and eroded in the catchment of the sedimentary basins, indicating modern-style cold subduction during the Mesoproterozoic.  We propose that the combined measurement of H2O and trace elements in detrital rutile is a powerful tool to search for remnants of cold subduction through the Earth’s history. Pereira, I., Storey, C.D., Strachan, R.A., Bento dos Santos, T., Darling, J.R., 2020. Detrital rutile ages can deduce the tectonic setting of sedimentary basins. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 537, 116193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116193
Applying the Hardy Cross method to assess the energy-saving associated with closed circuits in drip irrigation systems compared to open circuits
Authors: Vaccaro Girolamo , Palermo Samuel , Baiamonte Giorgio
Published: March 2024

The analysis of a looped water distribution system, usually employed in subsurface drip irrigation (SDI), under pressure and steady-state conditions, can be successfully performed if the topology of the network, the structure pipes, and the discharges at the nodes are known (Wang et al., 2021). Solving these complex networks usually requires an iterative approach. The Hardy Cross method (HCM), which was originally developed in 1936 (Cross, 1936) for manual calculations in civil engineering, can also be applied in lopped drip irrigation systems. This approach relies on the successive addition of flow-rate adjustments in each pipe to achieve the energy balance in each network segment, although limited by the Darcy-Weisbach resistance equation where the discharge exponent is set to 2.In this work, a reformulated HCM was applied to looped drip irrigation systems, considering both local losses due to emitters’ insertion and the Hazen-Williams resistance equation (discharge exponent = 1.852), which is better suited to describe friction losses in the commonly used polyethylene pipes. The hydraulic performance of closed circuits calculated by HCM was analysed and compared with that of open circuits designed by IRRILAB software application (Baiamonte, 2018).In particular, the final objective is to assess the energy-saving provided by the closed circuits (cc) in drip irrigation systems with respect to open circuits (oc). The energy-saving amount is expressed as the ratio (hratio < 1), between the inlet pressure head, hin, of the closed circuit and that of the open circuit. A predictive relationship of hratio was calibrated for 3000 simulations carried out for rectangular irrigation units characterized by different geometry, pipe diameters, emitters’ spacing and flow rate, providing relative errors RE < 0.25%. The results show that hratio depends on the pressure head tolerance of the manifold, δM, associated with the open circuits, which IRRILAB requires as an input parameter. This is very reasonable since, for high δM, the discharge circulating in the manifold is also high and closing the circuits provides low hratio (hin cc
Electron and proton peak intensities in solar energetic particle events
Authors: Farwa Ghulam , Dresing Nina , Gieseler Jan , Palmroos Christian , Vuorinen Laura , Jensen Stefan , Heber Bernd , Kühl Patrick , Richardson Ian , Valkila Saku , Vainio Rami
Published: March 2024

   Solar energetic particle (SEP) events are major outbursts of energetic charged particle radiation from the Sun. These events are related to solar flares and fast coronal mass ejections (CMEs). Flares are presumed to accelerate particles in magnetic reconnection processes, whereas fast (speeds > 1000 km s–1) CMEs drive shock waves through the corona that are known to be able to accelerate particles. Electron acceleration has traditionally been ascribed to reconnection in flares whereas proton acceleration is believed to be efficient in CME-driven shocks. Recent observational evidence [1], however, suggests that shocks may be important in electron acceleration as well. Almost all major eruptions are related to both flares and CMEs so the association of the accelerated particles to these eruptive phenomena is often subject to debate. Using novel spacecraft observations of strong SEP events detected in solar cycle 25, we aim at identifying the parent acceleration region of the observed electron and proton events.We have analyzed a set of 45 SEP events between Nov 2020 and May 2023 using data from multiple spacecraft including Solar Orbiter, near-Earth spacecraft (SOHO and Wind), STEREO-A and BepiColombo. We make use of peak intensities of >25-MeV protons and ~100 keV and ~1 MeV electrons and perform correlation studies of these peak intensities with each other as well as with the associated flare intensity. We separate the events into those that are well-connected (angular separation ≤ 35°) or poorly-connected (angular separation > 35°) to the flare by the interplanetary magnetic field.We find significant correlations between electron and proton peak intensities. While events detected by poorly-connected observers show a single population of events, consistent with the idea that these particles are all accelerated by the spatially-extended CME-driven shock, events observed in well-connected regions show two populations: One population has higher proton peak intensities that correlate with electron peak intensities similarly to the poorly-connected events. These are most likely shock associated.  The other population has low proton intensities that are less well correlated with electron peak intensities. This population is suggested to show a dominant contribution of the flare.References:[1] Dresing, N. Kouloumvakos, A., Vainio, R., Rouillard, A., Astrophys. J. Lett., 925, L2 
Imaging suspended sediment plumes in Greenland’s fjords using a multi-frequency multibeam echo-sounder and an acoustic Doppler current profiler
Authors: Simmons Steve , Trenholm Nicole , Parsons Daniel
Published: March 2024

Sediment delivery to Greenland’s glacial fjords is expected to increase significantly in response to accelerated atmospheric and oceanic warming. As glaciers retreat on to land, melt-water will enter the fjords at the water surface rather than rising as buoyant plumes from the base of the calving front, thus reducing mixing with the nutrient-rich waters below. Increased surface sediment concentrations will prevent light penetration which, together with decreased nutrient availability, will cause a reduction in primary production and ultimately effect rates of seafloor carbon burial. Glacial fjords are a major global carbon sink, but it remains unclear how sediment delivery and transport processes in glacial fjords will change as deglaciation progresses. We present water column data acquired with an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) and a multi-frequency Sonic 2026 multibeam echo-sounder deployed on a vessel in a Greenland fjord with a land-retreated glacier and a fjord with a recently-retreated glacier. The results demonstrate the capability of the multibeam echo-sounder to image suspended sediment plumes in the water column, which we compare with backscatter acquired with the ADCP. The water column imaging demonstrates how mixing processes between the freshwater plumes and tidally-driven oceanic saltwater causes sediment plumes to form near-bed concentrations of fluid mud that align with seafloor channels observed in the bathymetry data acquired with the Sonic 2026, providing new insights into sediment transport processes in fjords at different stages of deglaciation.
Observed variability of AMOC transport components at 11°S
Authors: Hans Anna Christina , Hummels Rebecca , Brandt Peter , Imbol Koungue Rodrigue Anicet
Published: March 2024

The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is a key feature of the oceanic circulation and has a big impact on regional weather and global climate. As the characteristics of the northward return flow of the AMOC crossing the equator are crucial for deep water formation at high latitudes in the North Atlantic, the AMOC variability in the South Atlantic is of particular interest. Here, we present observations of several components of the upper branch of the AMOC at 11°S taken from the Tropical Atlantic Circulation and Overturning at 11°S (TRACOS) array. We focus on the transport time series and seasonal to interannual variability of the North Brazil Undercurrent at the western boundary, the Angola Current at the eastern boundary and the upper layer AMOC transport composed of the geostrophic interior and the Ekman transports. The two boundary currents are derived from 10 years of direct moored current measurements. For the geostrophic interior transport, transport anomalies are derived from 10 years of bottom pressure measurements at the eastern and western continental margin at 300 m and 500 m depth and from sea level anomaly data. In all three analysed time series, no long-term trend is visible, and seasonal to interannual variability dominates. Water mass characteristics of the NBUC show a salinification in the central water range.
Exploring the Venusian clouds: Atmospheric Gravity Waves with Akatsuki UVI instrument
Authors: Espadinha Daniela , Machado Pedro , Peralta Javier , Silva José , Brasil Francisco
Published: March 2024

Atmospheric gravity waves are oscilatory disturbances that occur on a specific layer of the atmosphere and whose restoration force is buoyancy [2]. Because of this, these waves can only exist in a continuously stably stratified atmosphere. These waves play an essential role in the global circulation of a planets atmosphere. They are responsible for very important dynamic phenomena such as, for example, the vertical transfer of energy, momentum and chemical species (atmospheric gravity waves transport energy and momentum from the troposphere and deposit it in the thermosphere and mesosphere) since they can form on one region of the atmosphere and travel through it, sometimes over great distances [1]. As such, the study of the properties of atmospheric gravity waves is an essential tool to answer some of the fundamental questions regarding the Venusian atmosphere dynamics, in particular, the fascinating mechanism of superrotation of the atmosphere.With this work we present observations of wave-like structures on the dayside of Venuss atmosphere using the ultraviolet wavelength of 365nm from Akatsuki’s UVI instrument. The main goal is to evaluate the population of atmospheric waves in Akatsuki’s public database by measuring their physical properties(crest number, horizontal wavelength, packet length, width and orientation ), dynamical properties and distribution in order to establish possible links with previous studies of waves. This work follows a previous study performed by Peralta et al. (2008)[1] and by Silva et al. (2021) [3].[1] Peralta et al., Characterization of mesoscale gravity waves in the upper and lower clouds of venus from vex-virtis images. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 113(E5), 2008.[2] Piccialli et al., High latitude gravity waves at the venus cloud tops as observed by the venus monitoring camera on board venus express. Icarus, 227:94 111, 01 2014.[3] Silva et al., Characterising atmospheric gravity waves on the nightside lower clouds of Venus: a systematic analysis, AA 649 A34, 2021.
Seismic noise measurements in the city of Trieste in order to plan an urban seismic network
Authors: Parentelli Federico , Turpaud Philippe , Fornasari Simone Francesco , Ertuncay Deniz , Cuius Arianna , Costa Giovanni , Pazzi Veronica
Published: March 2024

The seismic motion can be modified by local geological conditions, which can cause changes in the amplitude, frequency, and duration of earthquake’s seismic waves. For this reason, alongside an assessment of a large scale basic seismic hazard, it is of primary importance to evaluate a local seismic hazard, which takes into account the geological and geomorphological features that characterize the studied area.Sediments and soft soils, through resonance phenomena, and topography, through focus effects, collaborate to modify seismic waves, usually causing amplification. In Italy, these site effects, since 2008, are commonly investigated by the seismic microzonation, which could be divided into three levels, gradually increasing in details.The first microzonation level is developed by a work of collection of geological and geophysical data available for the study area, with the addition of some seismic noise measurements. The result is a MOPS chart (Homogeneous Microzone in Seismic Perspective), which divides the land in areas that, theoretically, should behave in a similar way from a seismic point of view. Regarding the city of Trieste, up to now, it is only available a first level microzonation, dated back 2016.In this work the results of a seismic noise measures campaign carried out in the city of Trieste during the 2022 summer are presented. 32 measurements were carried out in the different homogeneous microzones defined for the city of Trieste, in key positions of the CLE chart (Emergency Boundary Condition), furthermore taking into account the geological, geomorphological, hydrogeological features, and the university building positions.The goal were multiples. The first one was the estimation of soil amplification in the city of Trieste, analysed according to the horizontal to vertical spectral ratio (H/V) techniques developed by Nakamura. The second goal was to verify the homogenous behaviour of the MOPS, and the results show that the hypothesis of homogenous microzone in the seismic perspective is not always verified. In many examples inside the same homogeneous microzone the seismic behaviour could be highly different. The MOPS seem to be a good instrument as a general first-level evaluation, but they do not appear to be enough accurate for a site-effect detailed evaluation. Lastly, putting all the collected information together, the noise measurement campaign had the goal to find the best sites to settle a seismic monitoring network inside the University buildings, therefore a map of the proposed sites is presented.
The cooling effect induced by the Three Gorges Reservoir operation in observations and model simulations
Authors: li hongbin , wang weiguang , forzieri giovanni
Published: March 2024

The Three Gorges Dam, the world's largest hydropower project, and its impoundment reservoir have notably modified land cover, with potential implications for regional hydroclimate. However, the seasonal dynamic climate feedbacks arising from variations in water body areas managed by the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) remains poorly understood. Based on data-driven analysis and regional climate simulations, we depict the impact of the TGR regulation activities on local land surface temperature (LST) and biophysical processes across different spatiotemporal dimensions, determine the spreading extent of this effect to external territories, and further identify the quantitative attributions between regional climate variabilities and the TGR operation. Results indicate that the TGR induces more pronounced daytime cooling from May to October, particularly in June-August (JJA) with -2.41±0.23 K. The influence of TGR on nighttime LST transitions to warming effects in most regions from November to April (NDJFMA). The significantly increased latent heat (LH) from evaporation growth dominates cooling effects, particularly during daytime, while in JJA, the effects of evaporation are constrained to some extent by abundant precipitation. Albedo exerts a comparatively significant dominance on the nighttime LST in NDJFMA. The TGR-induced surroundings LST changes are notably discernible within an approximately 10 km buffer. The simulations amplify the magnitude and extent of the TGR cooling effect. The simulation results reveal significant reductions in LST of 6.08% (-1.42 K, JJA) and 4.58% (-1.04 K, December-January-February, DJF). respectively, TGR-induced LH variations are dominant for cooling (contributions: -52.09% in JJA; -71.98% in DJF, respectively) among the diverse energy components. This study is valuable for providing scientific guidance in reservoir planning under changing climate.
Bottom ocean currents revealed by Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility in the North Atlantic Ocean: Data from IODP Expeditions 384, 395C and 395
Authors: Satolli Sara , Di Chiara Anita , Friedman Sarah , Dwyer Deepa , Acton Gary ,   IODP Expedition 395 Science Party
Published: March 2024

We report preliminary results from the magnetic stratigraphy and the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) of 6 sites drilled from the International Ocean Discovery Program Expeditions 384, 395C and 395 in the North Atlantic Ocean. Five sites were drilled along a transect on the eastern side of the modern Reykjanes Ridge (including Gardar drift and Bjorn drift), and one on its western side, close to Greenland (Eirik drift).The magnetic stratigraphy provides a precise record of geomagnetic reversals that, coupled with biostratigraphic data, was used to build an age model for each site. The resulting age models provide constraints on variations in sedimentation rate, as well as variations in the AMS parameters.The AMS was used to investigate the strength and direction of bottom currents, with implications for oceanic gateway evolution. The AMS data were reoriented using the shipboard mean declination of the cores at 20 mT, assuming a geocentric axial dipole hypothesis, and time-averaged paleosecular variation.The AMS parameters (lineation, foliation, anisotropy factor, and shape parameter) document the onset and change in the strength of bottom currents. The current direction is generally consistent with that of modern instrumental measurements (NNE - SSW), at least in the last 2.5 Myr.
"Quake Shake" - A New Citizen Earthquake Outreach Programme In Ireland.
Authors: Reilly Laura
Published: March 2024

 "Quake Shake" transcends its catchy name; it is a captivating and educational earthquake outreach initiative tailored specifically for the Irish community. The programme is run by DIAS and co-financed by Geological Survey Ireland. Building on the success of the Seismology in Schools programme (SiS), Quake Shake aims to facilitate the operation of affordable seismometers called Raspberry Shakes in schools, homes, and public institutions. The overarching objective is to foster the development of an integrated community of citizen seismologists throughout Ireland. This poster provides a glimpse into the programmes development: to educate people from all walks of life in Ireland when it comes to earthquake awareness about both Irish and Global earthquakes.  It illustrates how Quake Shake is actively currently building a community of citizen seismologists across Ireland.
Exploring the heliospheric open flux problem from multiple perspectives
Authors: Asvestari Eleanna
Published: March 2024

Open magnetic flux (OMF) emanating from the Sun permeates the entire interplanetary space and plays an important role in all physical processes throughout the heliosphere that involve magnetic fields. It has been a topic of investigation based on both observational and numerical model analysis. And yet, there are still unresolved debates surrounding the OMF, considered to be among the big open questions in the field of solar and space physics. One of these is the “missing” open flux problem, according to which photospheric open flux estimates do not match measurements made in situ at 1 au. These photospheric estimates are obtained based on two different methods. According to the first, extreme ultraviolet (EUV) observations of coronal holes (CHs), that are considered as primary sources of OMF, are overlaid over global magnetic maps (Carrington maps), and the magnetic flux they enclosed is summed up. The second method is based on areas of open flux determined by coronal models and the summation of the magnetic flux they enclose. However, regardless of the complexity of coronal models, current research has shown that modelled open flux strongly underestimates that determined by the first method, and both underestimate the flux measure in situ at 1 au, by at least a factor of 2. These comparisons with values measured at 1 au are based on the conclusion made by Ulysses’ observations of the latitudinal invariance of the magnitude of the radial interplanetary magnetic field, which lead to the consensus that the total heliospheric open flux can be calculated by a single point in situ measurements. The aforementioned discrepancies have raised many questions. Are observational limitations responsible for the missing open flux? Are model limitations, such as the complexity of the model, the numerical implementation, and uncertainties in input data, contributing to the problem? How can we constrain and validate coronal models? Do we fully understand the sources of open flux? During this presentation we will navigate through research contributing to answering these questions and the direction of current and future efforts both in modelling and observations.
Urban green-blue infrastructure as nature-based solutions for urban heat adaptation in Hue city, Central Vietnam – Potential impacts in contrast to citizen demands for urban greenery
Authors: Sumfleth Luca , Scheuer Sebastian , Nguyen Long , Haase Dagmar
Published: March 2024

Idea and Objectives: The health and well-being of urban populations are increasingly under pressure from climate change, for example, due to temperature extremes resulting in heat stress. The demand for heat mitigation is particularly high for urban areas in humid, tropical climates, as they are affected by heat stress already today, and for which a further amplification of heat stress is expected. For the case of Hue, a humid tropical Central-Vietnamese city, based on a typology of selected green-blue infrastructure elements, potential benefits for the regulation of outdoor temperature and outdoor thermal comfort are systematically virtually implemented and modelled. In order to promote acceptance of greening interventions by the public in Hue, citizen demands and preferences towards urban green elements, including potential co-benefits, are considered in this study, and in so-doing, best practices for local action shall be identified. Background: Vietnam is a country that faces multiple challenges. Climate change is anticipated to exacerbate natural hazard risks, i.e., of flooding, storms, and prolonged periods of extreme heat, which are known to increase the risk of mortality, particularly among vulnerable groups. This is compounded by ongoing, rapid urban growth, that urgently necessitates safeguarding urban ecosystem services to facilitate climate change adaptation, and to support human health and well-being. Elements of the urban green-blue infrastructure are typically regarded as efficient nature-based interventions for the delivery of often multiple ecosystem services, including benefits for urban heat mitigation, i.e., the improvement of outdoor thermal comfort. Accordingly, such measures are increasingly being funded, politically recognised and implemented in Southeast Asian countries, including Vietnam. However, specifically for Vietnam, certain knowledge gaps remain with respect to the effectiveness of greening interventions for heat mitigation under local conditions, as well as in regard to ensuring the implementation of locally relevant and thus sustainable and resilient nature-based solutions.
Thermo-mechanical response of a cast in situ displacement energy pile
Authors: Rafai Mouadh , salciarini Diana , Vardon2 Philip J
Published: March 2024

Displacement cast in situ Fundex (DCSF) energy piles are a new type of energy pile with the advantages of convenient construction, simple manufacturing, low vibration, and low noise and cost. This work focuses on the response of a stand-alone DCSF energy pile under different mechanical loads simultaneously with the operation of a ground source heat pump through a series of full-scale field tests. After applying an axial load on the pile head (60% of the bearing capacity), the pile was subjected to ten thermal cycles. The effects of mechanical load and the impact of temperature on the mechanical capacity of the DCSF energy pile were investigated. The results indicate that the cyclic thermal loadings induce a progressive increase in the compressive stress of piles. Furthermore, a residual compressive stress was observed and attributed to the drag-down effects of the surrounding soil.During cooling phase, the tensile stress induced by thermal load decreased drastically due to the shrinkage of the near soils, leading to an insignificant effect on the energy pile during cooling. The maximum thermo-mechanical axial compressive stress in the foundations was approximately 1.55 MPa, well within structural limits and not expected to affect the building.Progressive pile head displacement was observed indicating that thermal creep can affect pile head displacement at higher working loads.
Annual Terminus Prediction Errors for Greenland Glaciers from Calving Laws and Melt Parameterizations
Authors: Reynolds Benjamin , Nowicki Sophie , Poinar Kristin , Goliber Sophie
Published: March 2024

Many calving laws have been proposed leading to a need to characterize the ability of these laws to predict terminus movement across years. The influence of terminus change on glacier discharge makes this an important source of uncertainty for multi-decadal sea level rise prediction from ice sheet models. Here, we develop a workflow to tune calving laws and then calculate error in predicted terminus positions based on Greenland Ice Sheet Mapping Project (GrIMP) surface velocity data sets compiled from Sentinel, Landsat, TerraSAR-X, TanDEM-X, and COSMO-SkyMed satellites as well as digital elevation models (DEMs) from ASTER mission and ArcticDEM data.  Greenland glaciers with available data are used to test the height above flotation, fraction above flotation, crevasse depth criterion, von Mises criterion, and surface stress maximum calving laws over a multi-year period. Several versions of the crevasse depth law based on stress input are tested providing insight into the law’s dependence on stress calculation. This dependence is important as the crevasse depth law has been recommended by calving law comparison but has been implemented with various stress calculations to work with three-dimensional stress fields. The terminus melt parameterization used in the Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project for CMIP6 standard experiments is included as reference to show the degree to which calving laws are needed to accurately model retreat for future model intercomparison efforts. While testing calving laws independent of an ice sheet model will not provide insight into all the challenges of calving implementation for ice-sheet-wide studies, this remote-sensing based workflow can rapidly test calving laws’ terminus prediction errors. With the availability of monthly-averaged velocity data sets and frequent instantaneous DEMs, this method will allow for analysis of calving law success on many regimes of multi-year glacier movement.  
Snow Water Equivalent monitoring at the regional level by a Finapp Cosmic Rays Neutron Sensors network
Authors: Biasuzzi Barbara , Gazzola Enrico , Gianessi Stefano , Valt Mauro , Stevanato Luca , Morselli Luca , Lorenzi Federica , Lunardon Marcello
Published: March 2024

Cosmic Rays Neutron Sensing (CRNS) is a technology of increasing importance in a variety of fields that can benefit from the ability of directly measure the amount of water in the environment, within a large footprint and in depth. This indeed includes snow, which opened to the possibility to directly quantify the Snow Water Equivalent (mm SWE) within the sensor footprint, using a specialized and properly calibrated CRNS setup.CRNS is based on the detection of neutrons, particles naturally flowing from space and capable to travel across matter while strongly interacting with water molecules. They therefore carry information about the presence of water in any form, naturally averaging the amount within a footprint up to hectares. When applied to SWE measurement, the approach overcomes crucial hurdles faced by traditional techniques, where additional modelling is needed to derive SWE data from point measurements of the snow height provided by nivometers, or from the remote sensing of snow coverage over large areas by satellites.Finapp developed a compact and easy to install CRNS probe, suitable for large-scale deployment. Requiring low power supply and minimal maintenance, it can operates autonomously also in remote areas while transmitting the data for a real-time monitoring. As the knowledge of the water content in the snowpack is paramount for a rational management of the resource and also for wider climatological considerations, we aim to the deployment of Finapp networks on mountain ranges to support the critical task of hydrological balance at the basin or regional scale.The first full nivological network of Finapp probes has been acquired and deployed by the Regional Environmental Protection Agency of Veneto (ARPAV), including them into the ARPAV nivological stations in view of the 2023/2024 winter season. We will present the outcome of the first operational season of the new network, its expected impact and potential developments.
Evolution from a clean surface to a mature gouge interface in a seismic fault – asperity system through the lens of pin-on-disk experiments
Authors: Clerc Adriane , Mollon Guilhem , Ferrieux Amandine , Lafarge Lionel , Saulot Aurélien
Published: March 2024

Understanding earthquakes mechanisms still represents a challenge, motivated by the large consequences of the numerous earthquakes occurring each year. A number of uncertainties remain concerning the complexity of the fault structure, the constitutive properties of materials or the fault rheology. To address those points, we borrow from the tribological approach the pin-on-disk experiment so that the two rough surfaces in contact through a series of asperities fault concept is downscaled to a single asperity sliding on a rough surface. The single asperity response to shearing induced by sliding and the evolution of friction are studied closely to understand the different stages undergoing by the asperity and the consequences on the fault behaviour during co-seismic events.The original experimental apparatus consists in a centimetric pin with a hemispherical extremity representing the fault asperity while a large flat rotating disk stands for the opposite surface of the experimental fault. Both pieces are made in the same carbonate rock (Carrara white marble) with controlled roughness. The experimental downscaled fault is submitted to co-seismic conditions: contact size of 0.1-5 mm, contact normal stress of 10-200 MPa, sliding velocity of 0.01-1 m/s, and sliding distance of 10 - 60 m. A number of high-sampling-rate sensors are used to constrain the observation of the asperity contact during the simulated seismic events. Complete post-mortem analyses of the wear tracks with optical microscopy, SEM and roughness images allow to quantify the regime features and to reconstruct friction scenarios in accordance with the time-series acquired during tests.Independently of the velocity and the normal load applied, the friction coefficient exhibits a clear transition between an idealized lab conditions regime and a mature interface with the formation of granular gouge, as a function of the sliding distance. Within the same regime (clean surface, intermediate, mature gouge), velocity weakening and hardening due to higher loading are pointed out. We propose to focus on the clean surface to mature gouge transition and on the stability of the mature gouge interface regime to address the fault rheology and the role of asperities in seismic weakening.