bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Birthing on Country (in Our Community): a case study of engaging stakeholders and developing a best-practice Indigenous maternity service in an urban setting
Authors: Kildea Sue , Hickey Sophie , Nelson Carmel , Currie Jody , Carson Adrian , Reynolds Maree , Wilson Kay , Kruske Sue , Passey Megan , Roe Yvette , West Roianne , Clifford Anton , Kosiak Machellee , Watego Shannon , Tracy Sally
Published: April 2017

Developing high-quality and culturally responsive maternal and infant health services is a critical part of ‘closing the gap’ in health disparities between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and other Australians. The National Maternity Services Plan led work that describes and recommends Birthing on Country best-practice maternity care adaptable from urban to very remote settings, yet few examples exist in Australia. This paper demonstrates Birthing on Country principles can be applied in the urban setting, presenting our experience establishing and developing a Birthing on Country partnership service model in Brisbane, Australia. An initial World Café workshop effectively engaged stakeholders, consumers and community members in service planning, resulting in a multiagency partnership program between a large inner city hospital and two local Aboriginal Community-Controlled Health Services (ACCHS). The Birthing in Our Community program includes: 24/7 midwifery care in pregnancy to six weeks postnatal by a named midwife, supported by Indigenous health workers and a team coordinator; partnership with the ACCHS; oversight from a steering committee, including Indigenous governance; clinical and cultural supervision; monthly cultural education days; and support for Indigenous student midwives through cadetships and placement within the partnership. Three years in, the partnership program is proving successful with clients, as well as showing early signs of improved maternal and infant health outcomes. What is known about the topic? Birthing on Country has been described as a metaphor for the best start in life for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander babies, and services that incorporate Birthing on Country principles can improve outcomes for mothers and babies. Currently, few such models exist in Australia. What does this paper add? This paper demonstrates that Birthing on Country principles can be successfully applied to the urban context. We present a real case example of the experience of setting up one such best-practice, community-engaged and informed partnership model of maternity and child healthcare in south-east Queensland. We share our experience using a World Café to facilitate community engagement, service delivery and workforce planning. What are the implications for practitioners? Health professionals providing maternity care for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander families are encouraged to incorporate Birthing on Country principles into their model of care to address the specific needs and demands of the local Indigenous community and improve maternal and infant health outcomes.
Self-management of health care: multimethod study of using integrated health care and supportive housing to address systematic barriers for people experiencing homelessness
Authors: Parsell Cameron , ten Have Charlotte , Denton Michelle , Walter Zoe
Published: April 2017

Objectives The aims of the present study were to examine tenants’ experiences of a model of integrated health care and supportive housing and to identify whether integrated health care and supportive housing improved self-reported health and healthcare access. Methods The present study used a mixed-method survey design (n = 75) and qualitative interviews (n = 20) performed between September 2015 and August 2016. Participants were tenants of permanent supportive housing in Brisbane (Qld, Australia). Qualitative data were analysed thematically. Results Integrated health care and supportive housing were resources for tenants to overcome systematic barriers to accessing mainstream health care experienced when homeless. When homeless, people did not have access to resources required to maintain their health. Homelessness meant not having a voice to influence the health care people received; healthcare practitioners treated symptoms of poverty rather than considering how homelessness makes people sick. Integrated healthcare and supportive housing enabled tenants to receive treatment for health problems that were compounded by the barriers to accessing mainstream healthcare that homelessness represented. Conclusions Extending the evidence about housing as a social determinant of health, the present study shows that integrated health care and supportive housing enabled tenants to take control to self-manage their health care. In addition to homelessness directly contributing to ill health, the present study provides evidence of how the experience of homelessness contributes to exclusions from mainstream healthcare. What is known about the topic? People who are homeless experience poor physical and mental health, have unmet health care needs and use disproportionate rates of emergency health services. What does the paper add? The experience of homelessness creates barriers to accessing adequate health care. The provision of onsite multidisciplinary integrated health care in permanent supportive housing enabled illness self-management and greater control over lifestyle, and was associated with self-reported improved health and life satisfaction in formerly homeless tenants. What are the implications for practitioners? Integrated health care and supportive housing for the formerly homeless can improve self-reported health outcomes, enable healthier lifestyle choices and facilitate pathways into more appropriate and effective health care.
Vesicovaginal fistula: an unexpected consequence of changing sexual practices?
Authors: Friedman M. Alexandra , Shaw Jonathan S. , McGary Kelly , Wohlrab Kyle
Published: April 2017

Vesicovaginal fistula (VVF) is commonly associated with obstetric trauma, but in developed nations it is typically iatrogenic. To date, there have been no published reports of VVF resulting from consensual sexual activity with sex toys. A 19-year-old gravida 0 presented with leakage of clear urine from the vagina following repetitive use of a sex toy with her female partner. The fistula was repaired in the operating room using a vaginal approach and a layered closure. This is the first case report of a VVF caused by consensual sex toy use between same-sex partners. As sex toy use increases, counselling providers will need to be aware of possible adverse sequelae.
Early seedling establishment on aged Tasmanian tin mine tailings constrained by nutrient deficiency and soil structure, not toxicity
Authors: Macdonald Stuart J. , Jordan Gregory J. , Bailey Tanya G. , Davidson Neil
Published: April 2017

Revegetation of exposed wastes at historically abandoned mines is frequently constrained by inherent characteristics of poorly developed and contaminated soils. We tested whether the establishment of seedlings on 85-year-old arsenic rich tailings deposits at an abandoned tin mine in north-east Tasmania was limited by toxicity, nutrient limitation or structural factors. We conducted soil analyses, and tested growth of six native species in pot studies utilising both fertiliser treatments and a replacement series involving tailings and potting medium. An in situ three-year field trial was also conducted to assess the effects of adding sand, compost and biochar on plant growth and water infiltration.
Analyses of the tailings identified a finely laminated structure and potential manganese, magnesium and potassium deficiencies. There was no evidence of microbial inhibition or adverse metals toxicity, pH or salinity effects. The pot trial indicated nutrient limitation acting on each of the species tested. Physical amendment within the field trial resulted in a highly significant and sustained improvement in infiltration rate, as well as improved growth in three of the six species tested.
We conclude that the correction of nutritional and physical deficiencies in surface soils should overcome limitations to the early establishment of native seedlings at this site. This study shows that systematic site assessment and targeted trials is a valuable first step in the revegetation of previously recalcitrant sites.
The daughter centriole controls ciliogenesis by regulating Neurl-4 localization at the centrosome
Authors: Loukil Abdelhalim , Tormanen Kati , Sütterlin Christine
Published: April 2017

The two centrioles of the centrosome differ in age and function. Although the mother centriole mediates most centrosome-dependent processes, the role of the daughter remains poorly understood. A recent study has implicated the daughter centriole in centriole amplification in multiciliated cells, but its contribution to primary ciliogenesis is unclear. We found that manipulations that prevent daughter centriole formation or induce its separation from the mother abolish ciliogenesis. This defect was caused by stabilization of the negative ciliogenesis regulator CP110 and was corrected by CP110 depletion. CP110 dysregulation may be caused by effects on Neurl-4, a daughter centriole–associated ubiquitin ligase cofactor, which was required for ciliogenesis. Centrosome-targeted Neurl-4 was sufficient to restore ciliogenesis in cells with manipulated daughter centrioles. Interestingly, early during ciliogenesis, Neurl-4 transiently associated with the mother centriole in a process that required mother–daughter centriole proximity. Our data support a model in which the daughter centriole promotes ciliogenesis through Neurl-4–dependent regulation of CP110 levels at the mother centriole.
Stimulation of microtubule-based transport by nucleation of microtubules on pigment granules
Authors: Semenova Irina , Gupta Dipika , Usui Takeo , Hayakawa Ichiro , Cowan Ann , Rodionov Vladimir
Published: April 2017

Microtubule (MT)-based transport can be regulated through changes in organization of MT transport tracks, but the mechanisms that regulate these changes are poorly understood. In Xenopus melanophores, aggregation of pigment granules in the cell center involves their capture by the tips of MTs growing toward the cell periphery, and granule aggregation signals facilitate capture by increasing the number of growing MT tips. This increase could be explained by stimulation of MT nucleation either on the centrosome or on the aggregate of pigment granules that gradually forms in the cell center. We blocked movement of pigment granules to the cell center and compared the MT-nucleation activity of the centrosome in the same cells in two signaling states. We found that granule aggregation signals did not stimulate MT nucleation on the centrosome but did increase MT nucleation activity of pigment granules. Elevation of MT-nucleation activity correlated with the recruitment to pigment granules of a major component of MT-nucleation templates, γ-tubulin, and was suppressed by γ-tubulin inhibitors. We conclude that generation of new MT transport tracks by concentration of the leading pigment granules provides a positive feedback loop that enhances delivery of trailing granules to the cell center.
Internal Medicine Resident Perspectives Regarding Broad-Spectrum Antibiotic Usage
Authors: Laake Ann M. , Bernabe Gayle , Peterson James , Liappis Angelike P.
Published: April 2017

Focus groups held with internal medicine residents discussed their perspectives regarding broad-spectrum antibiotic (BSA) usage. Residents knew of BSA-associated adverse events, but they did not associate such events with increased patient morbidity and mortality, and they were more likely to use BSA in situations with diagnostic uncertainty and sick patients.
Methodological Considerations for Comparative Research on Acculturation and Health
Authors: Ward Colleen , Milfont Taciano L. , Poortinga Ype H.
Published: April 2017

This chapter outlines standards and best practices for designing cross-cultural and cross-ethnic comparative investigations of acculturation and health. It distinguishes two streams of research—public health (epidemiological studies) and those that focus on theory-testing (socio-behavioral studies); provides an overview of acculturation measures, including an analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of various assessment techniques; and briefly describes common approaches to the assessment of health and health-related behaviors. It describes how to set up studies that meet high standards, addressing key issues in defining populations in comparative studies, sampling, and the need for careful data collection procedures; describes various research designs, emphasizing the need for control of extraneous variables; and specifically highlights issues of equivalence and how bias can be identified and avoided. Finally, it summarizes challenges faced by researchers and describes new initiatives that might address some of the common shortcomings of comparative studies of acculturation and health.
Management and Morality/Ethics—The Elusive Corporate Morals
Authors: Anteby Michel
Published: April 2017

What do corporate morals entail? Since Émile Durkheim’s assertion that in the business world, no professional morals prevail several scholars have tried to debunk his assertion by specifying such morals. This chapter reviews these efforts from the middle of the twentieth century with the consolidation of management as a profession to recent developments in the making of corporate cultures. The chapter shows that these scholarly efforts have led to a better understanding of certain aspects of corporate morals, but also notes that a defining feature of corporate morals seems to be their elusive quality. It argues that scholars’ difficulty in pinpointing the contents of corporate morals might tell us a lot about those morals themselves. More specifically, the author proposes that manager under-specification of morals suggests an underlying commitment to moral relativism. Thus the elusiveness of corporate morals might be an artefact of the morals themselves.
Videogame Adaptation
Authors: Flanagan Kevin M.
Published: April 2017

Even more than novels, movies, or radio broadcasts, videogames provide a logical nexus for adaptation studies because they depend on making older narrative sources more dynamic and interactive. Chapter 25 explores four moments of encounter in videogame adaptation that encourage an active paradigm in adaptation studies: textual analysis that makes texts in one medium playable in another, porting a game to a new console or operating system, linguistic and cultural translation, and modding, or players’ modification of games after they have been manufactured. It argues that videogames adapt, and call upon their producers, players, and modders to become adapters at every stage of their conception, creation, distribution, and reception.
Adaptation and Illustration
Authors: Newell Kate
Published: April 2017

Illustrations in illustrated editions are rarely theorized as adaptations in the field of adaptation studies. Chapter 27 attempts to redress that oversight by examining the disciplinary practices and medial assumptions that have shaped approaches to illustration and adaptation in their respective fields. Focusing on the manner in which illustration and adaptation have been defined, their engagement of source material, and assumptions related to static and dynamic modes of representation, the essay draws parallels between the fields of illustration and adaptation and proposes a cross-disciplinary approach to adaptation that illuminates common characteristics of adaptation across media and modes and common features across a given work’s adaptation history.
Adaptation and Revision
Authors: Wilhite Keith
Published: April 2017

Chapter 37 uses the process of revision—revisiting the ideas of oneself or others in order to produce a new response—to explore the relations between adaptation studies and academic writing. It argues that adaptation provides a theoretical framework that encourages students to question such established writing categories as author, reader, text, plagiarism, and revision, and that adaptation clarifies the processes and stakes of the practical moves students perform through reading, interpretation, writing, and rewriting. The essay concludes by examining the ways foundational ideas in adaptation studies can help students working on revisions of their earlier drafts to think of their instructors, their peers, and themselves as critical readers and translators of their own ideas.
Introduction
Authors: Leitch Thomas
Published: April 2017

This introduction begins by tracing the history of adaptation studies as a series of evolutionary phases defined more by their critique of the previous paradigms of fidelity, medium specificity, and intertextuality than by their uncritical embrace of new paradigms. From its beginnings, adaptation studies has been organized around a series of foundational debates: What is an adaptation? What responsibility do adaptations owe the texts they adapt? What role should evaluation play in adaptation studies? Should the field be driven by close readings or general theories? The present volume, born out of the conviction that adaptation studies has thrived because of its anti-canonical approach to the classics of literature, cinema, and critical theory, attempts to foster these debates and provoke new ones, especially those that have the power to cross disciplinary boundaries, rather than attempting any definitive resolutions.
Adaptation in Theory and Practice
Authors: Snyder Mary H.
Published: April 2017

Chapter 6 aims to navigate the distance between practitioners who write adaptations and scholars who write about adaptations. Screenwriters and adaptation scholars perform a similar function in that they both build their writing from a source text (or texts), requiring a focus on the way a source text is read or interpreted. In “Lamia,” John Keats, contrasting the reading of a text for uncritical pleasure and the reading of a text specifically in order to judge it, finds neither effective in fully identifying or understanding the multiplicities and complexities inherent within texts. The deconstruction practiced by Roland Barthes and J. Hillis Miller offers a middle ground for reading source texts. Intensive interpretations of source texts and a purposeful divergence from fidelity in adaptation help to close the gap between practitioners of adaptation and adaptation scholars.
Anthologies in the Tang
Authors: Kroll Paul W.
Published: April 2017

The importance and influence of anthologies during the Tang dynasty is evident in their increasing numbers and broad variety. The names of over a hundred Tang anthologies are known, and over a score have been preserved in whole or part. These include general anthologies of verse and prose, some conceived of as sequels to pre-Tang anthologies, as well as anthologies devoted only to verse, to choice extracts, or to particular periods or occasions, particular groups of writers, particular topics, or even particular areas from which writers hailed. They range in size from those with barely two dozen compositions to those containing a thousand or more.
Translation
Authors: Boucher Daniel
Published: April 2017

The linguistic encounter between the Chinese and their neighbors begins from our earliest records. The Hua-Xia peoples of the central plain region came into contact with peoples of diverse language families, including Austroasiatic, Paleosiberian, Indo-European, and Tibeto-Burman, necessitating frequent interlinguistic exchange. The coming of Buddhism in the Later Han brought China’s first encounter with a significant literary other. The translation of Buddhist scriptures was carried out oral-aurally and by committee, leaving traces of the vernacular that would have noticeable impact on new genres of literature in the medieval period, even as the encounter with Sanskrit metrics would similarly transform Chinese poetry. Much of this work was carried out under imperial patronage. Finally, not all translation activity involved a one-way transmission from India to China. There is evidence of non-Indian translations carried out in Chinese territories and interest in non-Buddhist traditions as well.
Shared Literary Heritage in the East Asian Sinographic Sphere
Authors: Denecke Wiebke , Nguyen Nam
Published: April 2017

This chapter traces the origins and nature of the shared literary heritage in the East Asian “Sinographic Sphere,” namely China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam, focusing on developments before the early modern period, in keeping with the temporal and thematic scope of this handbook. It explores modes of cross-cultural communication and textual culture conditioned by the Chinese script, including gloss-reading techniques, “brush talk,” and biliteracy; surveys shared political and social institutions and literary practices, sustained by the flourishing book trade; and touches on the rise of vernacular literatures, the dynamic between Literary Chinese and local vernaculars, and the role of women. With the recent death of Literary Chinese as the lingua franca of East Asia we are facing a new phase in world history. The Chinese-style literatures of East Asia point to cultural commonalities and tell stories of creative engagement with Chinese literary history that offer insights about Chinese literature.
Racial Justice Advocacy, Political Representation, and the Contemporary Interest Group Universe
Authors: Forrest M. David , Strolovitch Dara Z.
Published: April 2017

Advocacy organizations have long been a crucial conduit for the construction, articulation, and representation of the interests and identities of African Americans, Latin@s, American Indians, Asian Pacific Americans, and other racialized groups in the United States. These organizations promise to provide a measure of “insider” political access to racialized “outsider” groups by opening up the policy making process and offering them an institutionalized and compensatory source of representation. The extent to which this promise has been fulfilled, however, has been the subject of much debate. This chapter argues that while advocacy organizations have substantially improved the political representation and position of racialized groups, they continue to face many challenges in attempting to fulfill their potential. Suggestions are made about how scholars and activists might clarify these challenges and better confront and dismantle the many inequalities and forms of white privilege that continue to mark American politics, economics, and society.
Visual Evidence—of What?
Authors: Osborne Robin
Published: April 2017

If slavery is thought of as a legal status, slaves are hard to detect in much of the visual evidence surviving from antiquity. Frequently, legal status has to be deduced from the way in which a figure is treated (free persons’ bodies were inviolate, slaves’ bodies were not). If slavery is thought of as a condition, or set of conditions, then the visual evidence is far less reticent. Scenes of domination, labour, service are widely found in Greek and Roman art of all sorts. This chapter explores such scenes in both Greek and Roman art and analyses the way in which the composition and context of the visual images construct arguments for understanding domination, labour, and service in particular ways.
South Asian contributions to animal domestication and pastoralism
Authors: Patel Ajita K. , Meadow Richard H.
Published: April 2017

In South Asia, the earliest development of plant and animal husbandry and the first manifestation of urbanism occurred in the northwestern part of the subcontinent from the eighth through the third millennium cal bc. Archaeological excavations and zooarchaeological analyses have provided evidence for change through time in animal–human relations in that region, where wild forms of goat, sheep, zebu cattle, and water buffalo are or were native. Reviews of the faunal evidence for these animals show that the processes of domestication and development of pastoralism varied between taxa and in each case were complex. Genetic investigations of modern relatives, domestic and wild, have yielded insights into their entangled roots resulting from a (pre)history of human interaction with animals and their movement across the landscape. Our current understandings are compelling, but limited by lacunae in the archaeological records of the region and by the lack of successful analyses of ancient DNA.
Middle and Later Stone Age hunters and their prey in southern Africa
Authors: Plug Ina
Published: April 2017

Identifications of animal remains from southern African Stone Age sites are complicated by the abundancy of taxa, skeletal differences, a wide variety of habitats, and the fragmented condition of most of the bone samples. Studies in osteomorphology and osteometry are essential. There are regional variations in species sizes combined with changes in bone sizes within and between taxa. Seasonality and animal migrations are demonstrated in the highlands of Lesotho and the semi-arid Karoo. Faunal studies of Sibudu and Bushman Rock Shelter show the contrast between two rock shelters that are geographically separated but overlap in occupation periods.
Mesolithic hunting and fishing in the coastal and terrestrial environments of the eastern Baltic
Authors: Lõugas Lembi
Published: April 2017

This chapter presents evidence of hunting and fishing in the Mesolithic period from the eastern Baltic region. During that time, these activities were the most important means of subsistence. Altogether twelve Mesolithic settlement sites yielded considerable amounts of animal remains that could provide information about the archaeofauna of this long period in human history. Basically, three phases of Mesolithic archaeofauna could be identified: Early Mesolithic, Middle Mesolithic, and Late Mesolithic/Early Neolithic. These groups are in good accordance with the changing climate and environment of the area and characterize well a human ability to adapt in such conditions and find uses for faunal resources.
Animals in ancient Egyptian religion
Authors: Ikram Salima
Published: April 2017

In addition to providing food, companionship, and raw materials for clothing, furniture, tools, and ornaments, animals also played a key role in religious practices in ancient Egypt. Apart from serving as sacrifices, each god had one or more animal as a totem. Certain specially marked exemplars of these species were revered as manifestations of that god that enjoyed all the privileges of being a deity during their lifetime and which were mummified and buried with pomp upon their death. Other animals, which did not bear the distinguishing marks, were mummified and offered to the gods, transmitting the prayers of devotees directly to their divinities. These number in the millions and were a significant feature of Egyptian religious belief and self-identity in the later periods of Egyptian history.
Animals, acculturation, and colonization in ancient and Islamic North Africa
Authors: MacKinnon Michael
Published: April 2017

Zooarchaeological comparisons of Roman and Islamic North Africa indicate changes in animal use largely resultant from shifting parameters of urban and economic expansion and development, presence and involvement of the military, cultural preferences, and restrictions in dietary resources. ‘Urbanized’ and ‘militarized’ zones, such as Carthage, and the Egyptian delta and eastern desert, typically display increases in pork consumption during Roman times; others areas, such as Morocco and inland Tunisia and Libya, regions arguably less affected by, or exposed to, Roman dietary and cultural customs or demands, maintain greater temporal consistency. Islamic patterns display regional diversity, with sheep/goat pastoralism predominating, integrated husbandry schemes and animal breed manipulation generally diminishing, and cultural taboos against pork consumption registering in many areas.
Zooarchaeology of the pre-Contact Northwest coast of North America
Authors: Monks Gregory G.
Published: April 2017

The Northwest Coast of North America (NWC) is a culture area that extends from the Klamath River in northern California to Yakutat Bay in southeastern Alaska. The area’s topography varies from a relatively linear open Pacific shoreline in Oregon and Washington to a highly irregular shoreline of islands, archipelagos, and fjords with mountains often descending precipitously into the sea. Archaeology on the Northwest Coast of North America has a relatively short history, and zooarchaeology has an even shorter one. This paper presents a summary of that history for the pre-contact period, traces the research that has been done to date and suggests some directions for future studies.
13,000 years of communal bison hunting in western North America
Authors: Speth John D.
Published: April 2017

For the past 13,000 years Indians in the North American Great Plains hunted bison (Bison bison and B. antiquus) in large communally organized drive operations. This chapter briefly describes the taxonomy of fossil and living bison, the behaviour of modern bison, and what is known from ethnohistoric and archaeological sources about the ways that Indians conducted these drives, including the use of foot surrounds, cliff jumps, arroyo traps, and pounds (corrals). The chapter concludes by considering whether such drives were conducted annually in the late fall and/or early winter as a means of winter provisioning; or instead were conducted periodically, but not necessarily annually, and at many different times of year, as a socio-political mechanism for integrating otherwise widely dispersed and highly mobile hunting bands.
Advances in hunter-gatherer research in Mexico
Authors: Arroyo-Cabrales Joaquin , Corona-M. Eduardo
Published: April 2017

Interest in the first hunter-gatherer populations of Mexico has increased in the last fifteen years. Exploration of the Late Pleistocene localities involved in the early peopling of Mexico, including the discovery of new ones and reanalysis of known ones, and the application of new methods and techniques (e.g. AMS radiocarbon dating, stable isotopes, scanning electron microscopy, palaeobotanical analysis) have increased. Archaeozoology has contributed to this expansion by increasing the record of terrestrial vertebrates, improving understanding of the record and delimitation of distributional ranges of extinct species. There is now more information on the type of diet of some extinct herbivores and hypotheses about the status of local palaeoenvironments have been provided. Questions remain about the interactions between human migrations and the environments, specifically the degree of influence that humans had in the extinction of mega- and mesofaunas, and the diversity of subsistence strategies employed by hunter-gatherers in the Late Pleistocene.
Behavioural inferences from Late Pleistocene Aboriginal Australia
Authors: Cosgrove Richard , Garvey Jillian
Published: April 2017

Detailed research into marsupial behavioural ecology and modelling of past Aboriginal exploitation of terrestrial fauna has been scarce. Poor bone preservation is one limiting factor in Australian archaeological sites, but so has been the lack of research concerning the ecology and physiology of Australia’s endemic fauna. Much research has focused on marine and fresh-water shell-fish found in coastal and inland midden sites. Detailed studies into areas such as seasonality of past human occupation and nutritional returns from terrestrial prey species have not had the same attention. This chapter reviews the current level of published Australian research into two aspects of faunal studies, seasonality and nutrition. It describes the patterns from well-researched faunal data excavated from the Ice Age sites in southwest Tasmania. Concentration is on the vertebrate fauna found in seven limestone cave sites to examine any temporal changes to seasonal butchery and identify any differences between seasonally occupied sites.
Zooarchaeology in the Carpathian Basin and adjacent areas
Authors: Bartosiewicz László
Published: April 2017

The Carpathian Basin, situated between the Alps, the Carpathians, and the Dinaric Alps, has been a geographically and culturally diverse area throughout its history. Research intensity in all periods and places is likewise heterogeneous. A complete review of animal–human relationships is, thus, impossible. Following a historical overview of research, characteristic examples of animal exploitation between the Neolithic and the early eighteenth century will be highlighted. Special emphasis is placed on the way migrations and imperial politics impacted the composition of animal bone assemblages. The role of animals in self-representation and other forms of symbolic communication are also considered.
The Discourse of Deservingness
Authors: Watkins-Hayes Celeste , Kovalsky Elyse
Published: April 2017

This article examines the trope of deservingness, one of the most enduring narratives used by government officials, the media, and the larger public to classify poor people and to determine whether they are worthy of assistance. It first considers the concept of deservingness and how it fits into popular explanations of poverty and the work of distributing public resources. It then describes the use of the concept of deservingness throughout the history of poor relief in the United States, with particular emphasis on how race, gender, and citizenship have been deployed to shape deservingness narratives in two important areas of social provision: cash assistance and health care. Finally, it reviews recent trends in the deployment of the deservingness/undeservingness discourse, highlighting areas that require more analysis.
Segregation and the Perpetuation of Disadvantage
Authors: Massey Douglas S.
Published: April 2017

This article examines how segregation contributes to the perpetuation of disadvantage over time and across generations. It first traces the historical origins of segregation and reviews early substantive and theoretical work done on the subject at the University of Chicago. It then considers the most commonly used measure of segregation as well as the social mechanisms by which residential segregation is produced, with particular emphasis on the paradigmatic case of African Americans in the twentieth century. It also discusses newer mechanisms that have been advanced to promote racial-ethnic segregation in the twenty-first century and how it fosters socioeconomic inequality through the spatial concentration of poverty. Finally, it describes current levels and trends with respect to both racial and class segregation in cities around the world.
Intergenerational Mobility
Authors: Fox Liana , Torche Florencia , Waldfogel Jane
Published: April 2017

This article reviews current research on intergenerational mobility, which indicates opportunity for children to move beyond their social origins and obtain a status not dictated by that of their parents. Mobility tends to be measured by the extent of association between parents’ and adult children’s socioeconomic status (measured by social class, occupation, earnings, or family income). Stronger associations mean more intergenerational transmission of advantage (often referred to as persistence) and less mobility, whereas weaker associations indicate less persistence and more mobility. The article begins with a discussion of theoretical and methodological approaches to measuring intergenerational mobility. Drawing on research in economics and sociology, it then examines the evidence on the degree of mobility and persistence as well as possible underlying mechanisms. Finally, it compares mobility in wealthy and developing countries and suggests directions for future research.
Capability Deprivation
Authors: Hick Rod , Burchardt Tania
Published: April 2017

This article examines capability deprivation as the basis for analyzing poverty. The capability approach, developed initially by Amartya Sen, questions the “informational space” on which considerations of poverty, inequality, justice, and so forth, should be based. According to the capability approach, the appropriate “space” for analyzing poverty is not what people have, nor how they feel, but what they can do and be. After providing an overview of the concepts that comprise the capability approach, this article discusses three key questions within the literature regarding the nature of the approach, namely: the question of functioning and/or capabilities, the question of a capability list, and the question of aggregation. It also describes some prominent empirical applications that have been inspired by the capability approach and concludes with an assessment of the current state-of-the-art literature on the capability approach.
Newton and Cambridge Platonism
Authors: Hutton Sarah
Published: April 2017

This article discusses Isaac Newton’s relations with two older colleagues at the University of Cambridge, Ralph Cudworth and Henry More, two of the so-called Cambridge Platonists,. It shows that there are biographical links between them, especially between More and Newton. Despite differences in theological outlook (e.g. on the Trinity), they shared intellectual interests and scholarly approach. All three were critical of Descartes, and More, like Newton, posited infinite space. In addition, there were parallels in their investigations of biblical prophecy—thanks to their debt to the Cambridge Bible scholar Joseph Mede. Newton drew on Cudworth and, like More, examined the texts of the Kabbala denudata. It is argued here that, although Newton differed from them in his conclusions, More and Cudworth were a significant part of Newton’s intellectual background.
Peripheral Nerve Block as a Supplement to Light or Deep General Anesthesia in Elderly Patients Receiving Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Mei Bin , Zha Hanning , Lu Xiaolong , Cheng Xinqi , Chen Shishou , Liu Xuesheng , Li Yuanhai , Gu Erwei
Published: April 2017

Background:

Peripheral nerve block combined with general anesthesia is a preferable anesthesia method for elderly patients receiving hip arthroplasty. The depth of sedation may influence patient recovery. Therefore, we investigated the influence of peripheral nerve blockade and different intraoperative sedation levels on the short-term recovery of elderly patients receiving total hip arthroplasty.

Methods:

Patients aged 65 years and older undergoing total hip arthroplasty were randomized into 3 groups: a general anesthesia without lumbosacral plexus block group, and 2 general anesthesia plus lumbosacral plexus block groups, each with a different level of sedation (light or deep). The extubation time and intraoperative consumption of propofol, sufentanil, and vasoactive agent were recorded. Postoperative delirium and early postoperative cognitive dysfunction were assessed using the Confusion Assessment Method and Mini-Mental State Examination, respectively. Postoperative analgesia was assessed by the consumption of patient-controlled analgesics and visual analog scale scores. Discharge time and complications over a 30-day period were also recorded.

Results:

Lumbosacral plexus block reduced opioid intake. With lumbosacral plexus block, intraoperative deep sedation was associated with greater intake of propofol and vasoactive agent. In contrast, patients with lumbosacral plexus block and intraoperative light sedation had lower incidences of postoperative delirium and postoperative cognitive decline, and earlier discharge readiness times. The 3 groups showed no difference in complications within 30 days of surgery.

Conclusions:

Lumbosacral plexus block reduced the need for opioids and offered satisfactory postoperative analgesia. It led to better postoperative outcomes in combination with intraoperative light sedation (high bispectral index).
Geographic Variance of Cost Associated With Hysterectomy
Authors: Sheyn David , Mahajan Sangeeta , Billow Megan , Fleary Alexandra , Hayashi Emi , El-Nashar Sherif A.
Published: April 2017

OBJECTIVE:

To estimate whether the cost of hysterectomy varies by geographic region.

METHODS:

This was a cross-sectional, population-based study using the 2013 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project National Inpatient Sample of women older than 18 years undergoing inpatient hysterectomy for benign conditions. Hospital charges obtained from the National Inpatient Sample database were converted to actual costs using cost-to-charge ratios provided by the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. Multivariate regression was used to assess the effects that demographic factors, concomitant procedures, diagnoses, and geographic region have on hysterectomy cost above the median.

RESULTS:

Women who underwent hysterectomy for benign conditions were identified (N=38,414). The median cost of hysterectomy was $13,981 (interquartile range $9,075–29,770). The mid-Atlantic region had the lowest median cost of $9,661 (interquartile range $6,243–15,335) and the Pacific region had the highest median cost, $22,534 (interquartile range $15,380–33,797). Compared with the mid-Atlantic region, the Pacific (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 10.43, 95% confidence interval [CI] 9.44–11.45), South Atlantic (adjusted OR 5.39, 95% CI 4.95–5.86), and South Central (adjusted OR 2.40, 95% CI 2.21–2.62) regions were associated with the highest probability of costs above the median. All concomitant procedures were associated with an increased cost with the exception of bilateral salpingectomy (adjusted OR 1.03, 95% CI 0.95–1.12). Compared with vaginal hysterectomy, laparoscopic and robotic modes of hysterectomy were associated with higher probabilities of increased costs (adjusted OR 2.86, 95% CI 2.61–3.15 and adjusted OR 5.66, 95% CI 5.11–6.26, respectively). Abdominal hysterectomy was not associated with a statistically significant increase in cost compared with vaginal hysterectomy (adjusted OR 1.01, 95% CI 0.91–1.09).

CONCLUSION:

The cost of hysterectomy varies significantly with geographic region after adjusting for confounders.
Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptive Placement Among Active-Duty U.S. Army Servicewomen
Authors: Erickson Anne K. , Nelson D. Alan , Shaw Jonathan G. , Loftus Pooja D. , Kurina Lianne M. , Shaw Kate A.
Published: April 2017

OBJECTIVE:

To quantify uptake of long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARC)—intrauterine devices (IUDs) and hormonal implants—among U.S. Army active-duty female soldiers and identify characteristics associated with uptake.

METHODS:

This retrospective cohort study used the Stanford Military Data Repository, which includes all digitally recorded health encounters for active-duty U.S. Army soldiers from 2011 to 2014. We analyzed data from women aged 18–44 years to assess rates of LARC initiation using medical billing codes. We then evaluated predictors of LARC initiation using multivariable regression.

RESULTS:

Among 114,661 servicewomen, 14.5% received a LARC method; among those, 60% received an IUD. Intrauterine device insertions decreased over the study period (38.7–35.9 insertions per 1,000 women per year, β=0.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] –0.23 to –0.05, P<.05), whereas LARC uptake increased, driven by an increase in implant insertions (20.3–35.4/1,000 women per year, β=0.41, CI 0.33–0.48, P<.001). Younger age was a positive predictor of LARC uptake: 32.4% of IUD users and 62.6% of implant users were in the youngest age category (18–22 years) compared with 9.6% and 2.0% in the oldest (36–44 years). The likelihood of uptake among the youngest women (compared with oldest) was most marked for implants (adjusted relative risk 7.12, CI 5.92–8.55; P<.001). A total of 26.2% of IUD users had one child compared with 13.2% among non-LARC users (adjusted relative risk 1.94, CI 1.85–2.04, P<.001). The majority (52.2%) of those initiating IUDs were married, which was predictive of uptake over never-married women (adjusted relative risk 1.52, CI 1.44–1.59, P<.001).

CONCLUSION:

Among servicewomen, we observed low but rising rates of LARC insertion, driven by increasing implant use. Unmarried and childless soldiers were less likely to initiate LARC. These findings are consistent with potential underutilization and a need for education about LARC safety and reversibility in a population facing unique consequences for unintended pregnancies.
Maternal, Fetal, and Neonatal Imatinib Levels With Treatment of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia in Pregnancy
Authors: Burwick Richard M. , Kuo Kelly , Brewer Diana , Druker Brian J.
Published: April 2017

BACKGROUND:

Pregnant women with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) can be treated effectively with the tyrosine-kinase inhibitor imatinib, but data regarding fetal and neonatal exposure and safety are limited.

CASE:

We present a patient with newly diagnosed CML in early pregnancy. Leukapheresis and interferon-α were initiated in the second trimester with limited benefit. Imatinib was subsequently started at 28 weeks of gestation with complete hematologic response within 4 weeks. No significant maternal or neonatal adverse effects were noted, but imatinib and its primary active metabolite concentrated in maternal breast milk and neonatal urine.

CONCLUSION:

Imatinib is effective for CML in pregnancy, but caution is warranted in light of potentially unrecognized fetal and neonatal effects.
Implications of Ohio's 20-Week Abortion Ban on Prenatal Patients and the Assessment of Fetal Anomalies
Authors: Farrell Ruth M. , Mabel Hilary , Reider Mitchell W. , Coleridge Marissa , Yoder Katsuki Monique
Published: April 2017

Ohio's governor recently signed into law Senate Bill 127, a bill that makes it a fourth-degree felony for a health care provider to perform an abortion “when the probable post-fertilization age of the unborn child is 20 weeks or greater,” joining a series of other states that have enacted such legislation or are moving toward similar legislation. Twenty-week bans have salient implications for women's health, quality of care, and access to services, particularly in the context of the delivery of prenatal care. Because of the timeline of the initiation of prenatal care and assessments of fetal genetic and anatomic anomalies, patients may increasingly find themselves at or near the 20-week postfertilization gestational threshold when they have insufficient information to decide about continuing or ending the pregnancy. This law thus leaves women and families with limited time to obtain a genetic or anatomic diagnosis, restricts access to abortion care at a crucial decision-making time in the pregnancy, and has significant implications for the patient–physician relationship. This law also has ramifications for women and health care providers outside of Ohio, because patients who have made the choice to end a pregnancy will have to cross state lines for abortion care. It is important for obstetric providers to be aware of the ramifications of 20-week bans and take steps to ensure that pregnant women receive high-quality care despite the burdens imposed on the health care decision-making process.