bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dark Rooms and Developing Fluid
Authors: Hanna Erika
Published: March 2020

Chapter 3 explores the practices of photography clubs. Throughout Ireland, during the twentieth century, men and women spent their evenings in the dark rooms of photography clubs, and their weekends on days out to historic sites and beauty spots organized by these groups. As such, these organizations played an important role in mediating ideas of photographic value, technical perfection, and the picturesque. This chapter explores their history, and uses the way photography was taught to explore the relationship between photographic aesthetics and how society and people were envisioned through landscape. Until the late 1960s, the photographic conventions propounded by organizations such as the Photographic Society of Ireland and the Belfast Central Camera Club tended towards conservatism in both content and style. Amateur enthusiasts in general adhered to the pictorial tradition of studied set pieces—of sweeping hills or the curve of a beach offset by a white cottage—cropped and adapted to reach a standard of technical formalism and perfection in line with conventions derived from painting. Moreover, discussions of the respective merits of documentary and pictorial styles for depicting landscape within the amateur photographic press, although framed as aesthetic arguments, encompassed bigger issues. Correspondents debated their ability to respond to the upheavals of European modernity and their responsibility to depict uncomfortable themes through photography. As such, concerns about style became broader arguments regarding Ireland’s position within Europe, the boundaries of society, and the nature of the visible within Irish life.
Power and Place
Authors: Hanna Erika
Published: March 2020

Chapter 6 surveys the history of documentary photography in twentieth-century Ireland. In particular, it examines the emergence of a new generation of documentary photographers and their role in debates about the nature of Irish society from the 1970s to the 1990s. Self-consciously radical, these photographers aimed to use their work to expose injustice and ‘reveal’ the hidden side of Irish life. In particular, the chapter focuses on the career of three photographers: Derek Speirs, Joanne O’Brien, and Frankie Quinn. It uses close readings of the work of these photographers, contemporaneous photography magazines, coupled with the extensive use of oral histories to explore the impact of documentary photography on Ireland in the later twentieth century. In their depiction of poverty as both visceral and uncomfortable, they challenged the traditional iconography of Ireland which had aestheticized or even eulogized these themes. Moreover, these photographers were often self-conscious and reflective regarding the relationship between themselves and the people—often in difficult circumstances—whom they portrayed. Nevertheless, they were often forced to make difficult choices about the depiction of poverty, violence, and injustice which attempted to expose societal problems without being voyeuristic. An exploration of choices they made regarding how they engaged with their subjects, what they photographed, and where they published provides a way of exploring the visual economies of social justice in later twentieth-century Ireland.
Introduction to Deviance in a World of Standards
Authors: Fried Andrea , Glaa Besma
Published: March 2020

In this chapter, Andrea Fried and Besma Glaa develop and reason the important and topical question why organizations deviate from standards. The chapter reflects on the current discourse on standards and standardization in management and organization studies, and positions Understanding Deviance in a World of Standards within it. The chapter distinguishes the terms standards and standardization, defines what standards are, and explains which categories exist to distinguish them. It points out why investigation of the actual enactment of standards in organizations is fundamental to understanding not only the manipulation of but also the commitment to standards. The chapter concludes by introducing the structure of Understanding Deviance in a World of Standards.
Over-Conformity with Standards at MedTech
Authors: Gey Ronny , Langer Sarah , Fried Andrea
Published: March 2020

This chapter presents a case of a medical technology company where standards have already shaped software development processes for a long time. Ronny Gey, Sarah Langer, and Andrea Fried reflect here on how MedTech’s organizational members over-conform with standards. In contrast to CraneSolutions in the previous chapter, productive asymmetries and even contradictions were hardly found in standard enactment at MedTech. MedTech provides adequate allocative and authoritative resources for standardization, refers to strong internal and external sanctioning systems for standard deviations, but hardly reflects on the internal effects of standards on software development. The case described in this chapter delivers an explanation why over-commitment of organizational members to standards tends to reinforce organizational inertia and shows the importance of reflexive handling of standard-induced requirements within the organization. This chapter represents one of the two commitment-oriented types of organizational deviance introduced in the book.
Monitoring of Standard Enactment for Exploration and Exploitation
Authors: Langer Sarah , Fried Andrea
Published: March 2020

In this chapter, Sarah Langer and Andrea Fried reflect on the relationship between standards and innovation. They observe how studies of the relationship between standards and innovation show contradictory results; standards can both enable and constrain innovation. There are several reviews that deal with the question of the standard–innovation nexus and come to the same conclusion that the results are not satisfactory thus far. By identifying reflexive, diagnostic, self-monitoring, and inadequate ways of monitoring standard enactment, the standard–innovation nexus can be explained in a novel way. The authors suggest that the way in which organizations monitor deviations from standards influences whether their organizational processes are explorative or exploitative in nature. The chapter concludes with propositions for further research.
Introduction
Authors: Chan Emily Ying Yang
Published: March 2020

This chapter provides an overview of the background and objectives of the book and an overall description of the book structure. It introduces health protection as a major knowledge area in public health to prevent, protect, and manage health risks, highlights its international and multidisciplinary nature, and points out the book’s aims to provide key health protection concepts in a multidisciplinary way and discuss new frontiers of health protection to fill the current gap in the availability of relevant textbooks. Lastly, it outlines structure of the book and the key themes of the chapters including health protection core principles, climate change, emergency and disaster, Health Emergency and Disaster Risk Management (Health-EDRM), communicable disease, environmental health, planetary health and sustainability, and health protection challenges and opportunities.
Planetary Health and Sustainability
Authors: Chan Emily Ying Yang
Published: March 2020

In the twenty-first century, globalization of trade, travel, and culture is likely to impose complex effect on health protection: increased trade is likely to improve material access and services but also bring harm to health and the environment; travel and human migration enrich human experience but also exacerbate health threats such as the rapid dissemination of communicable diseases; and globalized food production and ineffective regulation of food production have led to adverse human health outcomes. This chapter discusses ideas that bridge traditional public health disciplines and concepts to enable multidisciplinary actors to examine, plan, act, and implement together to protect human health and well-being. This chapter also explains how health protection might be linked to some important global policies such as Sustainable Development Goals and the New Urban Agenda. Specifically, ‘One Health’, ‘planetary health’, and ‘sustainable development’ allow the conceptualization of the relationship between human, other living organisms, and eco-system.
Introduction
Authors: Walters Brian
Published: March 2020

The Introduction briefly sets out the ubiquity and importance of bodily imagery in late republican political discourse and argues for its conventional nature. A case is made for situating the uses of Cicero, our best surviving source, alongside those of his forebears and peers. An emphasis on persuasion is stressed and theoretical approaches to imagery, both ancient and modern, are concisely discussed. Likewise, an overview of subsequent chapters is provided, with justification for the work’s arrangement and a quick review of related scholarship. Arguments are addressed primarily to classicists interested in the literature and politics of republican Rome, but the continued centrality of bodily imagery (especially in areas such as contemporary biopolitics and the like) may find a wider audience.
Innovations and Uses of Wealth in Archaic Rome and Latium (Late Eighth to Early Fourth Century BC)
Authors: Viglietti Cristiano
Published: March 2020

This chapter challenges the long-standing and widespread historiographic model according to which the economy of archaic Rome was characterized by backwardness, static-ness, and hostility to innovation. Recent archaeological findings permit a far more articulated and dynamic picture of the archaic Roman economy. The changing modalities of social distinction from the mid-eighth to the early fourth centuries BC, increasingly based on economic factors, are strictly connected to the introduction (often from outside) and local elaboration of techniques and technologies in agriculture (crop rotation of hulled cereals and broad beans; mixed farming; cultivation of new plants such as olives; development of the villa) and industry (the potter’s wheel, clay depuration, and updraft kilns for a more standardized production of vases, tiles, and temple decorations; pickaxes, levers, and pulleys for working and moving the stone blocks used for building private houses and public infrastructure), in a context where public expenditure was growing and international commerce was institutionally encouraged (especially in places like the Forum Boarium). This essay warns, however, against reading this phenomenon of ‘economic growth’ through the lens of social behaviours that characterize the modern market economy. Instead, it argues that, as much as possible, scholars must take account of the cultural models, institutions, and the historical dynamics that characterized that phase of the Roman community, which, beside the material evidence, can be inferred from the written—juridical (and contemporary), and occasionally literary—tradition.
Capital Markets and Financial Entrepreneurs in the Roman World
Authors: Verboven Koenraad
Published: March 2020

Modern capitalism requires institutions that provide financial capital to entrepreneurs. The need for financial capital has been inherent in capitalism since the middle ages and was equally strong for ancient commercial enterprises. The financial institutions and instruments developed in early modern Europe, however, did not exist in the Roman world. This chapter argues that we need to analyse Roman financial institutions for what they were and relate them to the levels of commerce and production they made possible. The focus is on commercial intermediaries (deposit bankers and others) who offered financial services bridging the gap between those who had money and those who needed it. Roman credit markets relied on open-access institutions. In the heartlands and hubs of the empire credit markets were thick and capital flowed easily from investors, through intermediaries, to entrepreneurs and back. But this was not true everywhere, and throughout its history, even in the areas where credit markets were thick, social networks were essential for financial transfers to be possible. Anonymous transactions through an impersonal financial market remained a marginal phenomenon because the negotiability of financial instruments did not support the development of such a market. In the absence of a central banking system with a structural lender of last resort and an interlocking network of banks, the money supply remained largely limited to the stock of metal currency. The Roman financial system was sophisticated and efficiently fulfilled the needs of estate owners, farmers, craftsmen, shippers, merchants, and retailers, but never realized a financial revolution comparable to that which gave birth to the modern banking system.
Balancing on a Tightrope in an Age of New Online Media?
Authors: Erdos David
Published: March 2020

This chapter explores the significance of the book’s empirical and normative study of the interface between European data protection regulation and professional journalists, artists, and both academic and non-academic writers within the contemporary online media. The study has elucidated practical attempts at regulating professional journalism through a contextual rights-balancing paradigm, argued that this should be generalized to other traditional publishers, and proposed that it be systematically developed through co-regulation and strategic enforcement. It is contended that, notwithstanding the rise of new online media, an examination of the regulation of traditional publishers still has strong significance in and of itself. These actors continue to possess disproportionate information power and perform a vital role in distilling, explaining and putting new information and ideas into the public realm. The themes of the book may also contribute to thinking on new online media regulation. Whilst such media often does not orientate itself towards a public discourse, some kind of contextual balancing (even if often internal to default data protection norms) remains necessary. Co-regulation, encompassing not just platforms but also users, could also play some role in specifying that (albeit stricter) balance. Finally, not least given the severe resource constraints of Data Protection Authorities (DPAs), strategic enforcement is likely to be necessary in this context also. Through engagement with both traditional and new media, data protection is becoming a holistic regulator of the information ecosystem, thereby highlighting its importance within contemporary society.
Introduction
Authors: Barnes, SJ Michael
Published: March 2020

The book opens with a particular experience of learning ‘in the middle of things’—in the middle of a library. The experience of finding something unexpected (and in some sense ‘finding oneself’ in the act of searching) opens up an introductory consideration of the ‘Jewish matrix’, the religious world of the people of Israel, which forms the inner life of the Church through its liturgy and prayer and structures all its relations, both within the Church and without. The proposal for a theology of dialogue is set within the context of the Shoah as the dominating religious event of the twentieth century which has had an enormously important influence not just on contemporary Jewish–Christian relations but on theological reflection more generally. A theology of dialogue begins here, with intrinsically Jewish ways of thought about God’s presence to human beings.
The Mission of Dialogue
Authors: Barnes, SJ Michael
Published: March 2020

The first chapter is concerned with spelling out a theological context common to both a ‘theology for’ and a ‘theology of dialogue’, namely a Church called to witness to its faith. While the ‘new way’ of dialogue is sometimes understood as replacing traditional forms of missionary witness like proclamation, mission remains central to any account of Church and Christian faith. According to Vatican II, the Church is ‘missionary of its very nature’. These familiar words from Ad Gentes, the Council’s decree ‘on missionary activity’, lead to a discussion of the Roman Catholic contribution to the ecumenical consensus on mission which has coalesced around the Trinitarian theme of the Missio Dei. The typically Catholic principle of ‘inculturation’ or translation into new languages and cultural forms is a response to the Father’s work of sending the Word and the Spirit for the creation and redemption of the world, a work in which the Church is invited to participate.
Unity of Word and Spirit
Authors: Barnes, SJ Michael
Published: March 2020

This chapter expands on the teaching of Nostra Aetate by enquiring into the ‘unity of life’ that gives Christianity its proper coherence—not apart from but precisely in dialogue with Judaism. The Church is inseparable from the beliefs, practices, and institutions which constitute ‘Second Temple Judaism’. In an important sense Judaism was, and in many ways still is, determinative of the nature of Christian faith; it is impossible to understand Christianity without some reference to Judaism. This perspective changes our view of Christian origins—or at least of the way they are read in dialogue with Judaism and raises some important questions, not least about the specificity of Christian faith—especially when and how it can be said to have begun. To put the question at its starkest: how can Christians talk about the newness of the New without consigning the Old to some secondary irrelevance?
Reading the Mystery
Authors: Barnes, SJ Michael
Published: March 2020

The task of this chapter is to draw a theology of dialogue out of the ‘primary relationship’ with the people of the Old Covenant. How does the experience of encounter that underlies all dialogical activity disclose something that can in some way be universalized across the spectrum of religions? Some introductory remarks from Raimon Panikkar focus on the tension noted in the introduction, between the particular moment of clarity or discovery, what makes sense now, and the struggle to understand, to get a fuller and broader picture of the whole. The argument is based on the claim that Christian identity is not self-subsistent but relational: it is to be found not apart from but in relationship with the living faith of Israel—and can only be maintained through further intensifications of the Paschal Mystery as the Church goes on translating its faith into new expressions.
Gallery Two Sin
Authors: Morse Holly
Published: March 2020

Eve is, according to popular views held in Western culture, the original temptress. In this section or ‘gallery’ of the book, my aim is to explore some of the textual and intertextual hooks and triggers that have allowed for the transformation of the first woman into the first femme fatale. For centuries, she has been framed as a negative ‘everywoman’, with countless interpreters claiming Genesis 2–3 as a prooftext for viewing women as inherently more sinful than men. Cumulatively, I consider how the image of Eve as a dangerous temptress has gained such considerable cultural currency, and question its damaging dominance over, and corruption of, equally viable images of her as a subversive wise woman or a mourning mother, which I explore in Galleries Three and Four.
Gallery Four Life
Authors: Morse Holly
Published: March 2020

Within popular Western interpretative traditions, as well as the majority of modern works on the reception history of Adam and Eve, the first woman’s role as a mother has ultimately been eclipsed by her action in the garden. Nonetheless, Eve is, according to the Bible, the first female to give birth to a child and begin the cycle of human procreation, thus representing a potent symbol of female creative power. Furthermore, some of the most poignant aspects of Eve’s story are bound up in her maternity; she is mother to all living but her children will know mortality because of her actions; she will suffer pain and anguish in order to bring about new life; and she will experience the death of her second son Abel at the hands of her firstborn, Cain. In this chapter, I explore the ways in which Eve’s motherhood is represented by a number of different trajectories growing out from the Hebrew Bible and early Jewish and Christian interpretations, visual art, and the work of pre-twentieth-century women writers. Each of these categories of interpretation offers their own unique insight into mother Eve, while also sharing considerable imagery and themes between them.
Attribution in International Law and Arbitration
Authors: de Stefano Carlo
Published: March 2020

This book aims to clarify, critically discuss, and propose solutions for the application of international rules of attribution of conduct to States under public international law and international investment law. In a nutshell, the issue is that of the applicability of the principles of ‘attribution’ to States of acts that are in breach of their obligations under international custom or international treaties, with a focus on their commitments pertaining to the treatment of foreign investors under international investment agreements (IIAs), mostly bilateral investment treaties (BITs), and their application by arbitral tribunals. Of special interest and the object of extensive debate within this context is the responsibility of States when the alleged breach has been committed not by the State itself through its organs, but by entities which have separate legal personality under domestic law, which, nevertheless, may engage the responsibility of the State under international law, such as State-owned enterprises (SOEs). The book addresses the relevant issues in a systematic way, approaching them first in general terms on the basis of the Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (ARSIWA) on attribution, finalized by the International Law Commission (ILC) in 2001, and proceeding thereafter to the specifics of international investment law, based on an accurate examination of the law, practice, and case law, with full knowledge and consideration of the academic debate. To this extent, the book submits that the general principles on attribution are fully applicable within international investment law, which is not a closed system governed by different principles, and that tribunals have to apply them as they generally do.
Attribution in International Investment Law
Authors: de Stefano Carlo
Published: March 2020

Chapter III elucidates the application of attribution rules by international investment tribunals. This chapter is similar in structure to Chapter II, which is a consequence of the proximity of international investment law to public international law with regard to the topic of attribution of conduct to a party. In addition, this chapter contains critical discussion on investor–State dispute settlement (ISDS), chiefly on the dialectics between lex generalis (customary international law) and lex specialis (international investment law) as to the resolution of attribution issues, and on the distinction between treaty claims and contract claims for the purposes of the operation of so-called ‘umbrella clauses’. More generally, the chapter critiques the reasoning of arbitrators who have applied the test for attribution of conduct under ARSIWA Articles 4, 5, and 8 in a holistic way, rather than implementing each single test autonomously.
Thinking Through Place on the Early Modern English Stage
Authors: Bozio Andrew
Published: March 2020

Thinking Through Place on the Early Modern English Stage traces the way that characters think through their surroundings in early modern drama—not only how these characters orient themselves within unfamiliar or otherwise strange locations but also how their locations function as the scaffolding for perception, memory, and other forms of embodied thought. Such moments of thinking through place stage a process that both resembles and parallels the cognitive work that early modern playgoers undertook as they reimagined the stage as the settings of the dramatic fiction. The book traces the vexed relationship between these two registers of thought in works by Marlowe, Shakespeare, Beaumont, and Jonson. In doing so, it counters a critical tradition that figures drama as a form of spatial abstraction and demonstrates, instead, that theatrical performance constituted a sophisticated and self-reflexive mode of thinking through place in the early modern period.
Introduction
Authors: Bozio Andrew
Published: March 2020

Through a brief reading of Doctor Faustus, the introduction first suggests how characters think through their surroundings on the early modern English stage and how, in turn, playgoers relied upon the same process to orient themselves within the dramatic fiction. Drawing upon the concepts of situated cognition and cognitive ecology, the introduction defines this process of thinking through place as “ecological thinking.” After establishing that characters typically engage in ecological thinking to orient themselves within place, the introduction concludes by suggesting how this emphasis upon embodied and extended thought reframes our understanding of the relationship between space and place on the early modern stage.
Forms of Emplacement
Authors: Bozio Andrew
Published: March 2020

Taking its cue from William Sly’s performance of a disoriented playgoer in the Induction to John Marston’s The Malcontent, this chapter puts theatrical performance in dialogue with two other modes of thinking through place in the early modern period: first, what Mary Carruthers has termed the “architectural” model of the arts of memory, and, second, chorography, or the practice of describing a region in terms of its topographical features and history. It argues that these modes resemble one another in depicting place as a kind of phenomenological assemblage, one that comes into being as the disparate features of an ambient environment are perceived and organized within embodied thought. This resemblance reveals the intimate relationship between environment and embodied thought within the early modern English playhouse, and it thereby suggests that theatrical performance was less a form of spatial abstraction than a means of transforming the way that playgoers perceived, experienced, and navigated their surroundings.
Marlowe and the Ecology of Remembrance
Authors: Bozio Andrew
Published: March 2020

This chapter argues that Marlowe’s earliest dramatic works—namely, Dido, Queen of Carthage and the first and second parts of Tamburlaine—share an investment in ecological memory, a form of recollection in which place shapes both the contours and the contents of memory itself. In Dido, Aeneas’s efforts to remember the fallen city of Troy—first through hallucination and later through his attempts to rebuild that city—reveal a tension at the heart of ecological memory, the ease with which the memory of a place can disrupt an individual’s sense of their immediate surroundings and thereby disorient them. Similarly, Tamburlaine stages a tension between two ways of thinking through the environment: a territorializing thought, embodied in Tamburlaine’s “aspyring mind,” and the ecological memory that is figured most poignantly in Zenocrate’s relationship to Damascus. In this way, Marlowe’s earliest plays trace the gap between places remembered and those imagined in order to stage the collision of different forms of ecological thinking.
The Perception of Place in King Lear
Authors: Bozio Andrew
Published: March 2020

This chapter traces the relationship between perception and place in King Lear. Through a reading of Gloucester’s claim to “see” the world “feelingly,” it first argues that Shakespeare’s play both theorizes and enacts a phenomenology of place in the approach to Dover cliff. There, Edgar’s efforts to deceive his father as to the nature of his surroundings work not only reveal the role of perception within the phenomenology of place; they also disrupt that phenomenology, as Edgar’s suggestion that his father’s senses betray him leaves Gloucester with no way of orientating himself within the world. Similarly, Lear’s encounter with the storm shows that the inability to feel one’s surroundings can effect a kind of displacement, leading to a profound disorientation in madness. As such, the chapter furthers the book’s inquiry into the nature of ecological thinking by shifting the emphasis to moments in which such thinking fails, as characters struggle to orient themselves within increasingly imperceptible locations.
Staging Failure
Authors: Bozio Andrew
Published: March 2020

Midway through The Knight of the Burning Pestle, Rafe mistakes the Bell Inn for an ancient castle. This chapter draws upon that episode to show how failures of ecological thinking can disrupt the assumptions that are embedded within a particular place. Contrasting Rafe’s misreading of the Bell with similar episodes in Miguel de Cervantes’s Don Quixote, the chapter establishes both the particular cognitive ecology that sustains Rafe’s error and its implications for early modern theater. It argues that Rafe’s disorientation satirizes the way that early modern playgoers reimagined the stage as a dramatic setting, helping to illuminate the multiple mistakes that George and Nell make as they interrupt the performance of The London Merchant. Borrowing insights from queer theory and disability studies, the chapter concludes by suggesting that George and Nell’s disorientation reveals the normative conventions that are embedded within the physical and social environment of the early modern playhouse. In this way, madness, confusion, and other forms of cognitive failure allow The Knight of the Burning Pestle to stage the incommensurability of the two dominant ways of thinking through the Blackfriars.
Bartholomew Fair and the Performativity of Place
Authors: Bozio Andrew
Published: March 2020

This chapter uses Ben Jonson’s Bartholomew Fair to theorize the performativity of place on the early modern stage. The Induction establishes what will be a central concern for Jonson’s play: namely, how can Bartholomew Fair contend with the memories that playgoers have of the fair’s setting in Smithfield, when such memories may reveal the inadequacy of the theatrical enterprise? Tracing the play’s efforts to resolve this problem in its engagement with the perceptions and the memories of playgoers, the chapter shows how the Induction functions as a cognitive system for managing thought within the playhouse, to the specific end of creating a theatrical Smithfield. Similarly, the play’s depiction of Smithfield shows how perception, movement, and other forms of embodied thought work together to bring place into being. Like the atoms of the Lucretian universe, which shape the cosmos through continual swerving, the characters of Bartholomew Fair create Smithfield through their collective movement, revealing that space is not an a priori dimension but rather an emergent entity. By figuring Smithfield as a site in which individuals and ideologies repeatedly collide with one another—most notably in the interaction of Bartholomew Cokes and Zeal-of-the-land Busy—the play foregrounds the generative potential of disruption and displacement to suggest that disorientation can alter the physical contours of a place.
Conclusion
Authors: Bozio Andrew
Published: March 2020

The conclusion draws together the book’s major findings through a reading of Descartes’s Discourse on Method, focusing primarily upon the relationship between place and thought in the theorization of the cogito. Against Descartes’s fantasy of disembodied and placeless mind, the conclusion suggests that early modern English drama stages the impossibility of separating thought from its foundation in embodiment and environment, as well as the consequences—alternately tragic and comic—of attempting to do so. Not only do the plays considered in this book show thinking to be an ecological phenomenon; they also reveal that the act of thinking through place can transform the contours of a location.
The Platonism of Walter Pater
Authors: Lee Adam
Published: March 2020

This book examines Walter Pater’s deep engagement with Platonism throughout his career, as a teacher of Plato in Oxford’s Literae Humaniores, from his earliest known essay, ‘Diaphaneitè’ (1864), to his final book, Plato and Platonism (1893), treating both his criticism and fiction, including his studies on myth. Pater is influenced by several of Plato’s dialogues, including Phaedrus, Symposium, Theaetetus, Cratylus, and The Republic, which inform his philosophy of aesthetics, history, myth, epistemology, ethics, language, and style. As a philosopher, critic, and artist, Plato embodies what it means to be an author to Pater, who imitates his creative practice from vision to expression. Through the recognition of form in matter, Pater views education as a journey to refine one’s knowledge of beauty in order to transform oneself. Platonism is a point of contact with his contemporaries, including Matthew Arnold and Oscar Wilde, offering a means to take new measure of their literary relationships. The philosophy also provides boundaries for critical encounters with figures across history, including Wordsworth, Michelangelo and Pico della Mirandola in The Renaissance (1873), Marcus Aurelius and Apuleius in Marius the Epicurean (1885), and Montaigne and Giordano Bruno in Gaston de Latour (1896). In the manner Platonism holds that soul or mind is the essence of a person, Pater’s criticism seeks the mind of the author as an affinity, so that his writing enacts Platonic love.
Provisions Common to the Right of Residence and the Right of Permanent Residence
Authors: Guild Elspeth , Peers Steve , Tomkin Jonathan
Published: March 2020

This chapter addresses Chapter V of the citizens’ Directive, which sets out a number of overarching provisions that apply both to the right of residence and the right of permanent residence. The Articles in Chapter V define the territorial scope of residence rights (Article 22) and confirm the entitlement of family members of EU citizens who move within the EU to engage in economic activity (Article 23). Further provisions elaborate on the application of the principle of equal treatment to migrant Union citizens and their family members (Article 24) and clarify the status of residence documents issued by national authorities (Article 25). Chapter V also regulates the entitlement of Member States to carry out checks on non-nationals (Article 26). Chief among these provisions is the principle of equality, which also overlaps with equal treatment rules in legislation governing the free movement of workers and the Treaty rules on equal treatment in relation to EU citizenship.
Restrictions on the Right of Entry and the Right of Residence on Grounds of Public Policy, Public Security, or Public Health
Authors: Guild Elspeth , Peers Steve , Tomkin Jonathan
Published: March 2020

This chapter assesses the restrictions on the right of entry and the right of residence on grounds of public policy, public security, or public health. The secondary legislation adopted specifically to give precision to this exception was Directive 64/221, which continued to apply until it was repealed by Directive 2004/38. It set out the meaning of and limitations upon the right of Member States to exclude or expel EU citizens or their family members on grounds of public policy, public security, and public health. All EU citizens and their family members who move from their home Member State to another Member State are entitled to enter and reside unless the host Member State can establish that one of these three grounds applies. These exclusions are foremost among the ‘limitations’ referred to in Article 21 TFEU on citizenship of the Union.
Final Provisions
Authors: Guild Elspeth , Peers Steve , Tomkin Jonathan
Published: March 2020

This chapter explores the final provisions of the citizens’ Directive, which do not concern a single specific issue. Rather, they concern the effective implementation of the Directive as a whole. They include provisions which are absolutely essential for the Directive to have any legal effect at all as well as those deemed necessary to ensure its effective implementation in practice. The most significant provision of these is Article 35, which concerns fraud or abuse of rights. This Article is unobjectionable to the extent that it confirms prior case law and merely reiterates that persons who do not qualify for the rights in the Directive cannot rely upon it. However, this statement begs the question as to who benefits from the rights in the first place. In the interests of legal certainty, it would be useful if the Court of Justice took an early opportunity to clarify the meaning of this clause.
Yves Bonnefoy and Jean-Luc Nancy
Authors: McLaughlin Emily
Published: March 2020

This book explores how the French poet Yves Bonnefoy (1923–2016) develops a newly affirmative, tactile, and embodied practice of poetic performance in the latter half of his career. It investigates how this shift is prompted by a conceptual change that Bonnefoy undergoes in writing Dans le leurre du seuil (1975) as he comes to perceive finitude not merely as a force of dissolution but as a dynamic of opening and exposure. Analysing how this transformation convinces the poet of the generative nature of the act of relation, this study examines how Bonnefoy no longer perceives the poem as an isolated body that reaches out to the material world from a distance but presents it as an ontological performance: an exploration of the dynamics by which linguistic, corporeal, and material forces reverberate side by side and by which worldly existence opens up in and through the poem. Using Jean-Luc Nancy’s philosophical writings to cast new light on this practice of poetic performance, this book explores how the poet and the philosopher both stress the immersive nature of this kind of textual experimentation. It investigates how they insist that the text does not speak about the world but experiments with its creative force from within, exploring the spacious dynamics of exposition that bring the poem into being, asking us to situate ourselves within these dynamics and to be opened up by them, to reimmerse ourselves in an endlessly mobile and relational world.
Introduction
Authors: McLaughlin Emily
Published: March 2020

The introduction explores how Bonnefoy rejects the conception of poetry as an act of representation or a subversion of linguistic codes in his early work but nonetheless struggles to find the right performative medium. Analysing a change that occurs in his poetry with the publication of Dans le leurre du seuil in 1975, it examines how he comes to perceive of writing as an inherently scenic exploration of the interactions that occur between linguistic, corporeal, and material forces in any gesture of communication. It also investigates how the philosopher Jean-Luc Nancy develops a similar conception of textual performance when he conceives of the act of writing in ontological terms, as a way of actively experimenting with the dynamics of relation that bring existence into being.
In a World of Material Presence, Début et fin de la neige
Authors: McLaughlin Emily
Published: March 2020

This chapter investigates how Bonnefoy experiments with spacious ways of entering into contact with the material world in the snow poems of Début et fin de la neige, published in 1991. It compares how both Bonnefoy and Nancy use the biblical scene of Noli me tangere to reflect on the human desire to grasp a metaphysical essence and on the exhaustion of this desire by the endlessly shifting forms of material existence. Exploring how the loss of an absolute principle inspires a newly spacious conception of touch, the chapter analyses how both Bonnefoy and Nancy foreground the loose and airy interactions that occur between language, sense, and matter in the scene of writing. It explores how they present a spacious form of textual performance as an immersive way of exploring the world’s dynamics of exposition ‘de l’intérieur’.
Medical Epitome
Authors: Bouras-Vallianatos Petros
Published: March 2020

This chapter deals with the last two books of the Medical Epitome, which focus on pharmacology. John’s material presents a unique amalgamation of earlier Greek and Byzantine sources with recently introduced Arabic pharmacological lore. It is argued that, unlike the first four books, the last two books may be addressed not only to philiatroi but also to the expert reader, since they provide a revision of the subject that was much needed in late Byzantium. Special emphasis is given to the role of experience (peira) in the pharmacological part, which, unlike in the first four books, plays an important role in the selection process here, as it is often highlighted by John himself. The analysis then shifts to John’s sources, including Galen’s On the Composition of Drugs According to Places and also the Greek translation (Ephodia tou Apodēmountos) of the famous medieval Arabic medical text by Ibn al-Jazzār Zād al-Musāfir wa-Qūt al-Ḥāḍir, more commonly known by its Latin title Viaticum. A particular section is devoted to John’s adaptation of Arabic pharmacology, including his many recipes for sugar-based potions and his reference to oriental materia medica. In the first case, a potential unedited source ascribed to an otherwise unknown author, one Chariton, is identified. As regards oriental ingredients such as zedoary, galangal, cubeb pepper, and various kinds of myrobalan, a further contextualization is attempted by making use of other contemporary non-medical sources, especially merchants’ accounts, which show that many of these substances were readily available in Constantinople, although usually at a high price.
Understanding the Boom
Authors: Henstridge Mark
Published: March 2020

This chapter sets out a framework for thinking about the challenges presented by a natural resource boom. A significant natural resource discovery creates excited expectations of near-future wealth. But the size of a boom is usually overestimated and the delay in receiving revenues is underestimated—each country that finds the opportunity of natural resources disappointing does so in its own way. The author takes stock of the sequencing, timing, and scale of the development of a natural resource endowment in a developing country; reviews the ‘resource curse’ literature; looks at benchmarks of scale and timing so as to put potential booms into the context of the challenges of economic development, growth, and structural change in Africa, including the role played by institutions. In concluding, the author details key challenges for a developing country managing a natural resource boom, and pulls together observations on policy.
The Boom, the Bust, and the Dynamics of Oil Resource Management in Ghana
Authors: Aryeetey Ernest , Ackah Ishmael
Published: March 2020

Oil resources are neither a curse nor a blessing. In order to translate Ghana’s oil resources into inclusive development amid high expectations, several laws and regulations have been passed and new institutions created. Despite the presence of the new institutions, laws, and regulations, spending from petroleum revenues appears to be rather thinly spread and inefficient, defeating the purpose of diversification and leading to high debt and cost over-runs. On a positive note, the government and Bank of Ghana have been complying with most of the transparency requirements. It is essential that spending from petroleum revenues is guided by a medium- to long-term inclusive development strategy based on proper needs assessment, global trends, feasibility studies, and possible growth dynamics. Expenditure needs to be rationalized and investment guidelines developed and implemented.
Local Content Law and Practice
Authors: Ackah Charles Godfred , Mohammed Asaah S.
Published: March 2020

Local content and local participation policy and legislation have come to stay in Ghana’s oil and gas industry. The policy and legislation have been described largely as adequate, promising, and necessary to promote local content and local participation in the oil and gas industry. Implementation of the policy and legislation has, however, produced mixed results, according to industry stakeholders and researchers. Evidence suggests some level of compliance by international oil companies to implement the policy and legislation on local content. Some Ghanaian companies have been awarded contracts to provide essential services and goods to these international oil companies during exploration and production. Several factors, however, militate against effective implementation of the policy and legislation. Notable among these are the low capacity of local firms, discrimination against local firms by international oil companies through vertical integration, and the weak regulatory capacity of the Petroleum Commission to enforce local content implementation.
Mozambique—Bust before Boom
Authors: Roe Alan R.
Published: March 2020

This chapter is a sequel to an earlier study that looked in broad terms at many of the issues that Mozambique faces in managing its new extractive resources. The chapter first describes the investment surge prompted by new gas discoveries, then summarizes some recent literature that examines the effects of such resource surges in other countries. It next examines aspects of the disappointing economic outcomes seen through 2018, and analyses some of the implications of these outcomes for future policy. The chapter concludes by exploring the epidemiology of a large public investment surge. In following this sequence of argument, the chapter also throws light on a number of critical general policy questions—such as the route to economic diversification and the need for both institutional change and improved policy co-ordination—that arise in the context of a major new resource discovery.
The Construction Sector in Tanzania
Authors: Kikwasi Geraldine J. , Escalante Cecilia
Published: March 2020

The construction sector—via, for example, housing, roads, bridges, water, health, and power infrastructure—is a key enabler for social and economic development worldwide. In Tanzania, the sector growth rate is well above the general economy and has maintained positive growth in response to the country’s investments in commercial and residential buildings and infrastructure projects. Despite the promising growth over recent decades, the sector encounters bottlenecks and challenges in the areas of access to land, construction permits, skills, and availability of materials and equipment that hinder the potential of the sector as a contributor for achieving the vision of reaching middle-income country status. The structure of the sector, underlying policies, challenges, and recommendations are at the centre of discussion in this chapter.
Uganda’s Oil
Authors: Wolf Sebastian , Potluri Vishal Aditya
Published: March 2020

This chapter studies Uganda’s journey to become a petroleum producer and provide estimates regarding the size and timing of the oil revenues. At an average US$38 per capita per year over a thirty-three-year period, oil revenue by itself will not be transformational for the Ugandan economy but it could provide a welcome boost. The question is whether the Ugandan government will manage to avoid squandering it, and will transform the country’s natural resource assets into productive assets. To this end, the government has made significant changes and additions to the policy and institutional framework that will govern the use of revenues, adapted from the Norwegian model. We study the framework put in place and identify a number of potential shortcomings. Weaknesses in public investment management further raise doubts about the transformational impact of the planned investments.