bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamical and numerical analysis of the hepatitis B virus treatment model through fractal–fractional derivative
Authors: Al‐sadi Wadhah , Wei Zhouchao , Abdullah Tariq Q. S. , Alkhazzan Abdulwasea , Gómez‐Aguilar J. F.
Published: July 2024

Infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a global health problem and may be controlled via appropriate treatment. We use fractional models to understand infectious diseases because fractional models help us understand treatments' effects on hepatitis B better than integer‐order models. In this article, we introduce a new mathematical model for HBV based on the fractal–fractional derivative with a generalized Mittag–Leffler kernel. Firstly, we discuss the fundamental properties, like the equilibria of the model and the primary reproduction number. Then, we investigate the existence of a unique solution to our model. We use an iterative method to solve the proposed model. Further, we discuss the stability of the model through stability theory. Finally, we offer some graphical illustrations for various values of the parameters.
Linearized inverse problem for biharmonic operators at high frequencies
Authors: Zhao Xiaomeng , Yuan Ganghua
Published: July 2024

In this paper, we study the phenomenon of increasing stability in the inverse boundary value problems for the biharmonic equation. The inverse problem is to determine the potential from DtN map. It is a kind of nonlinear inverse problem. By considering a linearized form, we obtain an increasing Lipschitz‐like stability when
is large. Furthermore, we extend the discussion to the linearized inverse biharmonic potential problem with attenuation, where an exponential dependence of the attenuation constant is traced in the stability estimate.
Ultra‐low‐field magnetization transfer imaging at 0.055T with low specific absorption rate
Authors: Su Shi , Zhao Yujiao , Ding Ye , Lau Vick , Xiao Linfang , Leung Gilberto K. K. , Lau Gary K. K. , Huang Fan , Vardhanabhuti Vince , Leong Alex T. L. , Wu Ed X.
Published: July 2024

Purpose

To demonstrate magnetization transfer (MT) effects with low specific absorption rate (SAR) on ultra‐low‐field (ULF) MRI.

Methods

MT imaging was implemented by using sinc‐modulated RF pulse train (SPT) modules to provide bilateral off‐resonance irradiation. They were incorporated into 3D gradient echo (GRE) and fast spin echo (FSE) protocols on a shielding‐free 0.055T head scanner. MT effects were first verified using phantoms. Brain MT imaging was conducted in both healthy subjects and patients.

Results

MT effects were clearly observed in phantoms using six SPT modules with total flip angle 3600° at central primary saturation bands of approximate offset ±786 Hz, even in the presence of large relative B0 inhomogeneity. For brain, strong MT effects were observed in gray matter, white matter, and muscle in 3D GRE and FSE imaging using six and sixteen SPT modules with total flip angle 3600° and 9600°, respectively. Fat, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood exhibited relatively weak MT effects. MT preparation enhanced tissue contrasts in T2‐weighted and FLAIR‐like images, and improved brain lesion delineation. The estimated MT SAR was 0.0024 and 0.0008 W/kg for two protocols, respectively, which is far below the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) limit of 3.0 W/kg.

Conclusion

Robust MT effects can be readily obtained at ULF with extremely low SAR, despite poor relative B0 homogeneity in ppm. This unique advantage enables flexible MT pulse design and implementation on low‐cost ULF MRI platforms to achieve strong MT effects in brain and beyond, potentially augmenting their clinical utility in the future.
TP53 mutations in urothelial carcinoma: not all one and the same†
Authors: Barr Alexis R , Burley Amy , Wilkins Anna
Published: July 2024

Systemic therapy options for urothelial carcinoma have expanded in recent years, with both immunotherapy and cytotoxic chemotherapy being widely available. However, we lack biomarkers to select which drug is likely to work best in individual patients. A new article in this journal by Jin, Xu, Su, et al reports that disruptive versus non‐disruptive TP53 mutations may guide these personalised therapy choices. Intriguingly, patients with disruptive TP53 tumour mutations had poor overall survival versus those with non‐disruptive TP53 mutations or wild type TP53 but responded particularly well to immunotherapy. Of relevance, an increased tumour mutational burden and increased effector CD8+ T‐cell infiltration was seen in tumours with disruptive mutations. The impact of different TP53 mutations on prognosis and therapy choices appears to be tumour‐ and therapy‐type specific, with no clear consensus on overall tumour phenotype according to type of mutation. Nonetheless, profiling of specific types of TP53 mutation is increasingly clinically feasible with targeted sequencing or immunohistochemistry. There is an urgent need for additional studies in urothelial cancer clarifying how the type of TP53 mutation present within a tumour can best be used as a predictive biomarker. Further important remaining questions include the impact of TP53 mutations on other clinically important aspects of the tumour microenvironment, including cancer‐associated fibroblasts. Furthermore, the impact of gain‐of‐function mutations in TP53 and other related genes signalling upstream or downstream of TP53 is of wide interest. © 2024 The Author(s). The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Acute kidney injury with intravenous colistin sulfate compared with polymyxin B in critically ill patients: A real‐world, retrospective cohort study
Authors: Yang Qin‐jie , Xiang Bi‐xiao , Song Mong‐hsiu , Yang Chien‐yi , Liang Jun‐hao , Xie Yue‐liang , Zuo Xiao‐cong
Published: July 2024

Background

Polymyxins have re‐emerged as a last‐resort therapeutic option for infections caused by carbapenem‐resistant gram‐negative bacteria. Nephrotoxicity induced by polymyxins is a significant limitation of its use in the clinic. Polymyxin B and colistin sulfate are two widely used active formulations of polymyxins. However, there is a lack of studies conducting a comparative assessment of nephrotoxicity between the two formulations. This study aimed to compare the nephrotoxicity of polymyxin B and colistin sulfate in critically ill patients.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study among critically ill patients who received intravenous polymyxin B or colistin sulfate for over 48 h from January 2017 to January 2024. The primary outcome was the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) associated with polymyxins, and the secondary outcome was 30‐day all‐cause mortality. Additionally, the risk factors of polymyxins‐induced AKI and 30‐day all‐cause mortality were identified by Cox proportional hazard regression analysis.

Results

A total of 473 patients were included in this study. The overall incidence of AKI was significantly higher in patients who received polymyxin B compared to those who received colistin sulfate in the unmatched cohort (20.8% vs. 9.0%, p = 0.002) and in the propensity score matching cohort (21.1% vs. 7.0%, p = 0.004), respectively. However, there was no significant difference in 30‐day all‐cause mortality between the two groups. Polymyxin type, septic shock, and concomitant use of vasopressors were identified as independent risk factors for polymyxin‐induced AKI.

Conclusions

The prevalence of AKI was higher among patients who received polymyxin B compared to those treated with colistin sulfate. However, there was no significant difference in 30‐day all‐cause mortality between the two groups. Further prospective, multicenter studies with larger sample sizes are needed to validate these findings.
Moisture barriers used in firefighters' protective clothing: Effect of accelerated hydrothermal aging on their mechanical and barrier performance
Authors: Munevar‐Ortiz Laura , Nychka John A. , Dolez Patricia I.
Published: July 2024

Firefighters' protective clothing rely on moisture barriers to safeguard against liquid ingress while enabling sweat evaporation for comfort and safety. However, these moisture barriers can degrade over time, jeopardizing firefighters' safety. Existing evaluation methods, primarily visual inspection, are inadequate for assessing moisture barrier integrity in service. This study examines the effect of accelerated hydrothermal aging on the tear force, water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), and apparent contact angle in three moisture barrier models used in firefighter protective clothing. The moisture barriers studied varied in composition, structure, and base fabric fiber content. Results revealed that moisture barriers' responses to aging are influenced by factors, such as fabric structure, adhesive configuration, finish, and the presence of additional coatings. The hardening of the adhesive layer between the ePTFE membrane and the base fabric was observed in two of the moisture barriers, leading to a slight tear force reduction. Two of the moisture barriers also experienced crack and pit formation on the membrane side, which affected the WVTR. The water‐repellent finish on the fabric side degraded in one moisture barrier. Understanding these complex behaviors is essential for predicting the long‐term moisture barrier performance and enhancing firefighter safety.
Plant memories: Art co‐created with the public as a tool for investigating how people build lasting connections with plants
Authors: McGinn Aideen , Donlon Lorna , Kacprzyk Joanna
Published: July 2024

Societal Impact Statement

People often undervalue plants, hindering botanical education and conservation efforts. This study demonstrates how art‐based approaches including audience co‐creation elements can yield new insights into human‐plant interactions. Analyzing plant‐related memories showed that reflecting on personal experiences with plants evokes emotions and can reconnect individuals to specific people and places. The role of multisensory experiences of plants was also highlighted. This knowledge can inform botanical education practices and improve the design of effective outreach programs, fostering greater societal plant awareness and appreciation.

The lack of plant appreciation, a manifestation of plant awareness disparity, is concerning in the context of plant conservation and preservation of botanical knowledge and skills. Developing effective strategies to foster plant awareness requires a better understanding of the nature of human interactions with plants. Art‐based approaches offer a new lens for attracting diverse audiences and can generate unique data through promoting self‐reflection and evoking emotional responses. Herein, we used the case study of visual exhibition “In Memory of Plants” to investigate how arts can be used to explore lasting connections to plants.

The exhibition, presented at the Alternative Kilkenny Arts Festival 2022, was designed to inspire reflection on plants as elements of personal experiences and introduce the concept of plant awareness disparity. It also included a co‐creation component where visitors were invited to add their own plant‐related memories to a display board. These audience contributions were subjected to qualitative and quantitative analyses.

The results underscored the ability of plants to act as memory anchors, providing lasting connections to places and people from the past. Additionally, the study yielded insights into the identity of “plant mentors” and highlighted the role of multisensory perception in human‐plant interactions.

Presented observations can inform future projects focused on plant awareness and may encourage new collaborations between artists, botanists, and science communicators. Collectively, this study supports the use of arts‐based methods to both enhance and investigate plant awareness.
Statistical‐Mechanical Theory on the Probability Distribution Function for the Net Charge of an Electrolyte Droplet
Authors: Uematsu Yuki , Suda Keiju
Published: July 2024

Droplets of electrolyte solutions in an insulating medium are ubiquitous in nature. The net charges of these droplets are normally nonzero, and they fluctuate. However, a theory on the probability distribution function for the net charge of droplets is lacking, so far. Thus, a statistical‐mechanical theory of a charged droplet is developed including the effect of the electrostatic energy of charging as well as the random distribution of ions. Then, the probability distribution function for the net charge of an electrolyte droplet is calculated assuming that it is generated from a macroscopic solution with the different cation and anion concentrations. Using the Gaussian approximation and Stirling's formula, the analytic results for the average and variance of the net charge of a droplet are obtained.
Exposure–response modeling for nausea incidence for cotadutide using a Markov modeling approach
Authors: Yu Hongtao , Ueckert Sebastian , Zhou Lina , Cheng Jenny , Robertson Darren , Hansen Lars , Flor Armando , Parker Victoria , Hamrén Bengt , Khan Anis A.
Published: July 2024

Cotadutide is a dual glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1)/glucagon receptor agonist. Gastrointestinal adverse effects are known to be associated with GLP‐1 receptor agonism and can be mitigated through tolerance development via a gradual up‐titration. This analysis aimed to characterize the relationship between exposure and nausea incidence and to optimize titration schemes. The model was developed with pooled data from cotadutide‐administrated studies. Three different modeling approaches, proportional odds (PO), discrete‐time Markov, and two‐stage discrete‐time Markov models, were employed to characterize the exposure–nausea relationship. The severity of nausea was modeled as different states (non‐nausea, mild, and moderate/severe). The most appropriate model was selected to perform the covariate analysis, and the final covariate model was used to simulate the nausea event rates for various titration scenarios. The two Markov models demonstrated comparable performance and were better than the PO model. The covariate analysis was conducted with the standard Markov model for operational simplification and identified disease indications (NASH, obesity) and sex as covariates on Markov parameters. The simulations indicated that the biweekly titration with twofold dose escalation is superior to other titration schemes with a relatively low predicted nausea event rate at 600 μg (25%) and a shorter titration interval (8 weeks) to reach the therapeutic dose. The model can be utilized to optimize starting dose and titration schemes for other therapeutics in clinical trials to achieve an optimal risk–benefit balance and reach the therapeutic dose with minimal titration steps.
Recombination Activity of Crystal Defects in Epitaxially Grown Silicon Wafers for Highly Efficient Solar Cells
Authors: Rittmann Clara , Supik Ella S. , Drießen Marion , Heinz Friedemann D. , Botchak Mouafi Yves P. , Schindler Florian , Weiss Charlotte , Schubert Martin C. , Janz Stefan
Published: July 2024

Aiming for highly efficient solar cells based on wafers with a low carbon footprint, silicon (Si) EpiWafers are grown epitaxially on reusable, highly doped Si substrates with a stack of porous Si layers (PorSi) for detachment. A state‐of‐the‐art p‐type Si EpiWafer exhibiting a minority charge carrier lifetime of up to 2.2 ms detected at an excess charge carrier density of ≈1 × 1015 cm−3 by photoluminescence (PL) imaging is presented. This translates to a predicted solar cell efficiency of 25.6%, calculated by efficiency limiting bulk recombination analysis (ELBA), and corresponds to losses of less than 1%abs compared to the theoretical limit of the investigated solar cell concept. A detailed loss analysis shows that the major remaining quality limitations are structural defects, specifically stacking faults (SFs). Therefore, the recombination activity of isolated SFs in epitaxially grown reference (EpiRef) wafers on polished substrates without a PorSi is assessed by highly resolved μPL mappings. The recombination activity rises with the number of dislocations within an SF as demonstrated by a comparison to microscope images. When using highly doped substrates, as currently required for EpiWafer fabrication, EpiRef wafers show more SFs exhibiting additionally a higher number of dislocations than SFs in EpiRef wafers on moderately doped substrates.
Tuning Superconductivity in Nanosecond Laser‐Annealed Boron‐Doped Si1–xGex Epilayers
Authors: Nath Shimul Kanti , Turan Ibrahim , Desvignes Léonard , Largeau Ludovic , Mauguin Olivia , Túnica Marc , Amato Michele , Renard Charles , Hallais Géraldine , Débarre Dominique , Chiodi Francesca
Published: July 2024

Superconductivity in ultradoped Si1−xGex:B epilayers is demonstrated by nanosecond laser doping, which allows introducing substitutional B concentrations well above the solubility limit and up to 7 at%. A Ge fraction x ranging from 0 to 0.21 is incorporated in Si:B: 1) through a precursor gas, by gas immersion laser doping; 2) by ion implantation, followed by nanosecond laser annealing; and 3) by ultrahigh‐vacuum‐chemical vapor deposition growth of a thin Ge layer, followed by nanosecond laser annealing. The 30 and 75 nm‐thick Si1−xGex:B epilayers display superconducting critical temperatures Tc tuned by B and Ge between 0 and 0.6 K. Within Bardeen Cooper Schrieffer (BCS) weak‐coupling theory, Tc evolves exponentially with both the density of states and the electron–phonon potential. While B doping affects both, through the increase of the carrier density and the tensile strain, Ge incorporation allows addressing independently the lattice deformation influence on superconductivity. To estimate the lattice parameter modulation with B and Ge, Vegard's law is validated for the ternary SiGeB bulk alloy by density functional theory calculations. Its validity is furthermore confirmed experimentally by X‐ray diffraction. A global linear dependence of Tc versus lattice parameter, common for both Si:B and Si1−xGex:B, with δTc/Tc ≈ 50% for δa/a ≈1%, is highlighted.
Adsorptive Removal of Famotidine Drug from Aqueous Medium by Ocimum Basilicum
Authors: Gulab Hussain , Malik Shahi , Jan Laiq , Idrees Muhammad , Gohar Osama
Published: July 2024

The present study investigated the potential of basil seeds as adsorbent in order to remove famotidine drug from aqueous media. The optimum conditions for the adsorption of famotidine on the basil seeds were found to be 50 min contact time, 50 °C temperature, pH 1, 100 ppm concentration of famotidine, 0.03 g adsorbent mass and 50 rpm agitation rate. Pseudo 2nd order kinetics with a higher correlation coefficient (R2=0.9942) suggested chemisorption as preferable mechanism of adsorption. However, the enthalpy of adsorption (ΔH=+33.67 KJ/mol) was less than that of chemisorption but higher than that of physisorption which was attributed to strong hydrogen bonding between famotidine molecules and basil seed surface. The Langmuir isotherm with higher R2 (0.9960) than Freundlich isotherm (R2=0.8798) predicted maximum adsorption capacity (qm) of 99 mg/g while suggesting monolayer and favourable adsorption. The adsorption was endothermic (+ΔH) and spontaneous (−ΔG) in nature. The FT‐IR spectroscopy confirmed that famotidine was adsorbed on basil seed via strong hydrogen bonding. The study proposed that the simultaneous intake of famotidine and basil seeds should be strictly avoided as the drug readily adsorbs on basil seeds in acidic environment (gastric pH) thereby reducing its curing effect.
Differential Activation of Alkynes between Capped and Naked Ag Nanoclusters Anchored by Highly‐Open Mesoporous CeO2 for Two Coupling Reactions with CO2
Authors: Qin Ze , Wang Li , Chen Liyu , Li Yingwei , Shen Kui
Published: July 2024

The cyclization of 3‐hydroxy alkynes and the carboxylation of terminal alkynes both with CO2 are two attractive strategies to simultaneously reduce CO2 emission and produce value‐added chemicals. Herein, the differential activation of alkynes over atomically precise Ag nanoclusters (NCs) supported on Metal–organic framework‐derived highly‐open mesoporous CeO2 (HM‐CeO2) by reserving or removing their surface captopril ligands is reported. The ligand‐capped Ag NCs possess electron‐rich Ag atoms as efficient π‐activation catalytic sites in cyclization reactions, while the naked Ag NCs possess partial positive‐charged Ag atoms as perfect σ‐activation catalytic sites in carboxylation reactions. Impressively, via coupling with HM‐CeO2 featuring abundant basic sites and quick mass transfer, the ligand‐capped Ag NCs afford 97.9% yield of 4,4‐dimethyl‐5‐methylidene‐1,3‐dioxolan‐2‐one for the cyclization of 2‐methyl‐3‐butyn‐2‐ol with CO2, which is 4.5 times that of the naked Ag NCs (21.7%), while the naked Ag NCs achieve 98.5% yield of n‐butyl 2‐alkynoate for the carboxylation of phenylacetylene with CO2, which is 15.6 times that of ligand‐capped Ag NCs (6.3%). Density functional theory calculations reveal the ligand‐capped Ag NCs can effectively activate alkynyl carbonate ions for the intramolecular ring closing in cyclization reaction, while the naked Ag NCs are highly affiliative in stabilizing terminal alkynyl anions for the insertion of CO2 in carboxylation reaction.
Boosting Multimode Ruling in DHR Architecture With Metamorphic Relations
Authors: Li Ruosi , Kong Xianglong , Guo Wei , Guo Jingdong , Li Hongfa , Zhang Fan
Published: July 2024

The DHR architecture provides a revolutionary security defense structure for cyberspace. The multimode ruling in DHR is expected to alleviate the oracle problem, which still suffers from the existence of common model vulnerability. In this work, we design a test segmentation method to transform multimode ruling to a metamorphic testing problem. The text test input that causes inconsistency of heterogeneous executors is converted to a condition set, and we extract subsets of conditions based on its syntax tree. The original test can exploit a specific vulnerability, the follow‐up tests are composed by different subsets of conditions within the original test. We collect the execution matrix for the follow‐up tests to analyse the impact of each subset of conditions on ruling decision. Metamorphic relations are extracted based on the localization of independent condition, that is, the subsets of conditions that can impact ruling decision independently. The executors in an inconsistent ruling should be examined with metamorphic testing methods, rather than traditional majority voting mechanism. The proposed test segmentation and improved multimode ruling methods are evaluated on two DHR‐based cases, SQL injection in cyber‐range system and deserialization attack in
‐
project. The experimental results show that our test segmentation can help to locate malicious expressions and the metamorphic testing‐based multimode ruling can generate more correct results than majority voting mechanism with an average 15.8% performance loss.
Scenario‐Driven Metamorphic Testing for Autonomous Driving Simulators
Authors: Zhang Yifan , Towey Dave , Pike Matthew , Cheng Han Jia , Quan Zhou Zhi , Yin Chenghao , Wang Qian , Xie Chen
Published: July 2024

The proliferation of driver‐assistance features in vehicles has resulted in a growing interest among the public in fully autonomous driving systems (ADSs). However, the integration of software and hardware in these complex systems presents significant testing challenges, particularly with respect to ensuring passenger safety. To address these challenges, simulation has emerged as a crucial step in the testing of ADSs. This paper presents a solution to the challenges faced in testing ADSs, with a focus on the validation of ADS simulators. The proposed approach involves using simulations and metamorphic testing (MT) to generate multiple concrete metamorphic relations (MRs) for testing ADS simulators. In order to accomplish this goal, we introduce three metamorphic relation patterns (MRPs). Each MRP is accompanied by a metamorphic relation input pattern (MRIP) that aids in generating detailed MRs. These MRs are designed to identify potential issues within the ADS simulator. To simplify the testing process and facilitate MT for testers, a self‐evolving scenario‐testing framework is also presented. The framework allows testers to improve test cases and MRs iteratively until issues detected are confirmed. The benefits and limitations of the framework are demonstrated using an industry case study. Overall, this study offers a practical solution to the challenges in testing ADSs and provides useful insights into improving testing efficiency for researchers and practitioners in the field.
The Influence of Biochar on Heavy Metals Phytoaccumulation by Okra and Fluted Pumpkin Plants in Soil Contaminated With Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Authors: Umoren Abasiama S. , Mijinyawa Yahaya , Sridhar Mynepali K. C. , Udosen Christopher I.
Published: July 2024

The study is aimed at assessing the impact of biochar on the phytoaccumulation of heavy metals by okra and fluted pumpkin plants in soil polluted with petroleum hydrocarbons, and its corresponding environmental and health‐related risks. A field experiment was conducted at the automobile workshop (commonly called mechanic village) using a randomized complete block design (RCBD). The field was divided into plots and three replicates. Maize stalk biochar (MSB) and nipa palm biochar (NPB) were treated differently in each plot at a rate of 20 t ha−1. Plots containing no biochar were used as controls. The soil samples were analyzed for petroleum hydrocarbon content (PHCt), selected heavy metals as well as some other soil physicochemical properties. Plant samples were only analyzed for heavy metal contents. Analysis of variance was used to analyze the data generated. The PHCt and heavy metal content in the soil were compared with the target values set by the Department of Petroleum Resources of Nigeria whereas heavy metals in plants were compared with FAO/WHO guidelines. Okra and fluted pumpkin were evaluated for phytoaccumulating potential using bioaccumulation factor (BAF). Ecological risk assessment was done using a hazard quotient (HQ). The PHCt, cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni) were significantly decreased following the application of biochar. The NPB recorded the lowest values for PHCt (64.4 mg kg−1), lead (16.0 mg kg−1), and Ni (12.8 mg kg−1) contents while MSB had the lowest values for Cd (0.3 mg kg−1) and Cr (7.6 mg kg−1) contents. The HQ analysis showed that Cr (2.93 mg kg−1) and Pb (156.83 mg kg−1) posed a very high ecological risk to the local ecosystem. The phytoaccumulated heavy metals in plants were above the maximum allowable levels, except Ni where the content was below the maximum allowable levels. Fluted pumpkin had the highest BAF values for Cd, Cr, Pb, and Ni. Therefore, fluted pumpkin can be used as an efficient phytoremediator for soil contaminated with Cd, Cr, Pb, and Ni.
Green Synthesis of MgO Nano Particle Loaded Onto Carbon for Effective Rhodamine B Dye Removal
Authors: Senthilkumar Pachiyappan , Aravind Muthu , Janakiraman Karthikeyan , Kamalesh Marimuthu , Saruhasan Murugesan , Jagadeesan Aravind Kumar , Naveen Prasad Balakrishna Pillai , Torsykbayeva Bigamila
Published: July 2024

In this study, Rhodamine B dye (RhB) is effectively removed from aqueous solutions by using nano‐MgO and nano‐MgO activated carbon as an adsorbent. First, potassium hydroxide was used in a chemical activation process to create activated carbon from the Anacardium occidentale shell, often known as the cashew nutshell. Rosa cymose extract was used in a quick precipitation process to create nano‐magnesium oxide in a sustainable way. Activated carbon composite impregnated with nano‐magnesium oxide was made using a dropwise process. The study examined the nanocomposite that removed the dye Rhodamine B from the aqueous solution. Using SEM, XRD, FTIR, and EDX, the nano‐Mgo and nano‐MgO‐AC were analyzed. Using a scanning electron microscope, an analysis was conducted on the evenly distributed accumulation of MgO nanoparticles added to the activated carbon. The capability of nano‐MgO‐activated carbon to decolorize RhB was investigated. The effects of beginning pH ranges of 2.0–9.0, initial dye concentrations of 10–40 ppm, biosorbent dosages of 0.2–1.2 g, and contact times ranging from 10 to 60 min were investigated. At pH 5, most dye was eliminated. The work has shown that RhB may be effectively removed from aqueous medium using nano‐MgO‐AC, it could potentially be used as an affordable adsorbent material. Equilibrium estimations were acknowledged strongly through Langmuir approximations with a correlation determination of 0.985.
Damaging thunderstorms in Finland in June 2021
Authors: Virman Meri , Rantanen Mika , Laurila Terhi K. , Mäkelä Antti , van den Broek Daan , Gregow Hilppa
Published: July 2024

Thunderstorms are common in Finland, however, high‐impact damaging cases do not occur every summer. On 21–23 June 2021, three damaging thunderstorms, named Ahti, Paula and Aatu, occurred in Finland. We provide an overview of the thunderstorms and their environment and impacts. The thunderstorms led to heavy rain, hail, intense lightning and, most notably, extensive forest damage due to strong surface wind gusts.
Estimating alcohol and tobacco consumption of university students and urban population in Ho Chi Minh City by wastewater analysis
Authors: Quyen Do Thi Thuy , Nhi Tran Thi Yen , Nhon Nguyen Thi Thanh , Hien To Thi
Published: July 2024

The quantitative measurement of urinary biomarkers in wastewater has emerged as a robust tool for estimating alcohol and tobacco consumption in populations. In this study, we applied the wastewater‐based epidemiology (WBE) approach to compare alcohol and tobacco use between university students and urban inhabitants in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Ethyl sulfate and cotinine serve as markers for alcohol and tobacco use, respectively. Our findings reveal that urban inhabitants aged 15 and above consume 1.56 ± 0.23 mL of pure ethanol and 2.8 ± 0.33 mg of nicotine per day, while university students consume 0.69 ± 0.13 mL of pure alcohol and 1.2 ± 0.2 mg of nicotine per day. This indicates that, on average, students consume less alcohol and tobacco compared with urban adults. A Monte Carlo simulation indicated that, on average, university students in our study smoke 1.5 cigarettes per day, while urban residents aged 15 and above smoke 4.3 cigarettes per day. Considering the smoking prevalence, a student smoker in this study consumes 6.5 cigarettes per day, a level high enough to establish addiction. On the other hand, alcohol use estimation is significantly lower than previous survey‐based reports, likely due to degradation within on‐site septic tanks. Future research should aim to extend the sampling period to capture seasonal variations and improve the understanding of tobacco and alcohol consumption patterns. The results from this study are crucial for decision‐makers in Ho Chi Minh City to develop effective public health strategies and interventions.

Practitioner Points

Wastewater‐based approach is applicable to estimate the tobacco consumption in Ho Chi Minh City.

Each current smoker in the urban area of Ho Chi Minh City smokes nearly a package a day.

The estimated consumption for student smokers in U‐town is 6.5 cigarettes per day, a level high enough to establish addiction.

The existence of septic tanks within Vietnam's drainage systems prevents reliable estimation of alcohol consumption for the entire population.
Mortality and failure‐to‐rescue after esophagectomy in the procedure‐targeted National Surgical Quality Improvement Program registry
Authors: Harris Larkin B. , Vyas Vanessa , Marino Katy , Wells Allison , Jensen Hanna K. , Mavros Michail N.
Published: July 2024

Background

The association between procedural volume and esophagectomy outcomes has been established, but the relationship between higher levels of care and esophagectomy outcomes has not been explored. This study aims to investigate whether hospital participation in the American College of Surgeons (ACS) National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) esophagectomy‐targeted registry is associated with superior outcomes.

Methods

The 2016–2020 ACS NSQIP standard and esophagectomy‐targeted registries were queried. Esophagectomy outcomes were analyzed overall and stratified by esophagectomy type (Ivor Lewis vs. transhiatal vs. 3‐field McKeown).

Results

A total of 2181 and 5449 esophagectomy cases were identified in the standard and targeted databases (68% Ivor Lewis esophagectomy). The median age was 65 years and 80% were male. Preoperative characteristics were largely comparable. On univariate analysis, targeted hospitals were associated with lower mortality (2% vs. 4%, p < 0.01) and failure‐to‐rescue rates (11% vs. 17%, p < 0.01), higher likelihood of an optimal outcome (62% vs. 58%, p = 0.01), and shorter hospital stay (median 9 vs. 10 days, p < 0.01). On multivariable analysis, Ivor Lewis esophagectomy at targeted centers was associated with reduced odds of mortality [odds ratio (OR) 0.57 and 95% confidence intervals 0.35–0.90] and failure‐to‐rescue [OR 0.54 (0.33–0.90)] with no difference in serious morbidity or optimal outcome. There was no statistically significant difference in odds of mortality or failure to rescue in targeted versus standard centers when performing transhiatal or McKeown esophagectomy.

Conclusions

Esophagectomy performed at hospitals participating in the targeted ACS NSQIP is associated with roughly half the risk of mortality compared to the standard registry. The factors underlying this relationship may be valuable in quality improvement.
Boosting Few-Pixel Robustness Verification via Covering Verification Designs
Authors: Shapira Yuval , Wiesel Naor , Shabelman Shahar , Drachsler-Cohen Dana
Published: July 2024

Proving local robustness is crucial to increase the reliability of neural networks. While many verifiers prove robustness in$$L_\infty \ \epsilon $$L∞ϵ-balls, very little work deals with robustness verification in$$L_0\ \epsilon $$L0ϵ-balls, capturing robustness to few pixel attacks. This verification introduces a combinatorial challenge, because the space of pixels to perturb is discrete and of exponential size. A previous work relies on covering designs to identify sets for defining$$L_\infty $$L∞neighborhoods, which if proven robust imply that the$$L_0\ \epsilon $$L0ϵ-ball is robust. However, the number of neighborhoods to verify remains very high, leading to a high analysis time. We proposecovering verification designs, a combinatorial design that tailors effective but analysis-incompatible coverings to$$L_0$$L0robustness verification. The challenge is that computing a covering verification design introduces a high time and memory overhead, which is intensified in our setting, where multiple candidate coverings are required to identify how to reduce the overall analysis time. We introduce , an$$L_0$$L0robustness verifier that selects between different candidate coveringswithout constructing them, but by predicting their block size distribution. This prediction relies on a theorem providing closed-form expressions for the mean and variance of this distribution. constructs the chosen covering verification designon-the-fly, while keeping the memory consumption minimal and enabling to parallelize the analysis. The experimental results show that reduces the verification time on average by up to 5.1x compared to prior work and that it scales to larger$$L_0\ \epsilon $$L0ϵ-balls.
Verifying Cake-Cutting, Faster
Authors: Bertram Noah , Lai Tean , Hsu Justin
Published: July 2024

Envy-free cake-cutting protocols procedurally divide an infinitely divisible good among a set of agents so that no agent prefers another’s allocation to their own. These protocols are highly complex and difficult to prove correct. Recently, Bertram, Levinson, and Hsu introduced a language called Slice for describing and verifying cake-cutting protocols. Slice programs can be translated to formulas encoding envy-freeness, which are solved by SMT. While Slice works well on smaller protocols, it has difficulty scaling to more complex cake-cutting protocols.

We improve Slice in two ways. First, we show any protocol execution in Slice can be replicated using piecewise uniform valuations. We then reduce Slice’s constraint formulas to formulas within the theory of linear real arithmetic, showing that verifying envy-freeness is efficiently decidable. Second, we design and implement a linear type system which enforces that no two agents receive the same part of the good. We implement our methods and verify a range of challenging examples, including the first nontrivial four-agent protocol.
Higher-derivative relations between scalars and gluons
Authors: Bonnefoy Quentin , Durieux Gauthier , Nepveu Jasper Roosmale
Published: July 2024

Abstract

We extend the covariant color-kinematics duality introduced by Cheung and Mangan to effective field theories. We focus in particular on relations between the effective field theories of gluons only and of gluons coupled to bi-adjoint scalars. Maps are established between their respective equations of motion and between their tree-level scattering amplitudes. An additional rule for the replacement of flavor structures by kinematic factors realizes the map between higher-derivative amplitudes. As an example of new relations, the pure-gluon amplitudes of mass dimension up to eight, featuring insertions of the F3 and F4 operators which satisfy the traditional color-kinematics duality, can be generated at all multiplicities from just renormalizable amplitudes of gluons and bi-adjoint scalars. We also obtain closed-form expressions for the kinematic numerators of the dimension-six gluon effective field theory, which are valid in D space-time dimensions. Finally, we find strong evidence that this extended covariant color-kinematics duality relates the (DF)2+YM(+ϕ3) theories which, at low energies, generate infinite towers of operators satisfying the traditional color-kinematics duality, beyond aforementioned F3 and F4 ones.
Rational terms of UV origin to all loop orders
Authors: Duhr Claude , Thakkar Paarth
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Numerical approaches to computations typically reconstruct the numerators of Feynman diagrams in four dimensions. In doing so, certain rational terms arising from the (D − 4)-dimensional part of the numerator multiplying ultraviolet (UV) poles in dimensional regularisation are not captured and need to be obtained by other means. At one-loop these rational terms of UV origin can be computed from a set of process-independent Feynman rules. Recently, it was shown that this approach can be extended to two loops. In this paper, we show that to all loop orders it is possible to compute rational terms of UV origin through process-independent vertices that are polynomial in masses and momenta.
Non-standard neutrino interactions mediated by a light scalar at DUNE
Authors: Dutta Bhaskar , Ghosh Sumit , Kelly Kevin J. , Li Tianjun , Thompson Adrian , Verma Ankur
Published: July 2024

Abstract

We investigate the effect on neutrino oscillations generated by beyond-the-standard-model interactions between neutrinos and matter. Specifically, we focus on scalar-mediated non-standard interactions (NSI) whose impact fundamentally differs from that of vector-mediated NSI. Scalar NSI contribute as corrections to the neutrino mass matrix rather than the matter potential and thereby predict distinct phenomenology from the vector-mediated ones. Similar to vector-type NSI, the presence of scalar-mediated neutrino NSI can influence measurements of oscillation parameters in long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments, with a notable impact on CP measurement in the case of DUNE. Our study focuses on the effect of scalar NSI on neutrino oscillations, using DUNE as an example. We introduce a model-independent parameterization procedure that enables the examination of the impact of all non-zero scalar NSI parameters simultaneously. Subsequently, we convert DUNE’s sensitivity to the NSI parameters into projected sensitivity concerning the parameters of a light scalar model. We compare these results with existing non-oscillation probes. Our findings reveal that the region of the light scalar parameter space sensitive to DUNE is predominantly excluded by non-oscillation probes, especially when considering all nonzero parameters simultaneously for DUNE.
Quantum-gravitational null Raychaudhuri equation
Authors: Bak Sang-Eon , Parikh Maulik , Sarkar Sudipta , Setti Francesco
Published: July 2024

Abstract

We consider a congruence of null geodesics in the presence of a quantized spacetime metric. The coupling to a quantum metric induces fluctuations in the congruence; we calculate the change in the area of a pencil of geodesics induced by such fluctuations. For the gravitational field in its vacuum state, we find that quantum gravity contributes a correction to the null Raychaudhuri equation which is of the same sign as the classical terms. We thus derive a quantum-gravitational focusing theorem valid for linearized quantum gravity.
Synthesis and evaluation of 2-methylbenzothiazole derivatives as monoamine oxidase inhibitors
Authors: Shaw Maryké , Petzer Jacobus P. , Cloete Theunis T. , Petzer Anél
Published: July 2024

Neurodegenerative disorders are caused by the progressive death of neuronal cells in specific regions of the brain and spinal cord. The most common neurodegenerative disorders are Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. The inhibition of enzymes that metabolise neurotransmitter amines is an important approach in the treatment of these disorders and monoamine oxidase (MAO) B inhibitors have thus been used for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Inhibitors of the MAO-A isoform, in turn, are used clinically for the treatment of affective (e.g., major depression) and anxiety disorders. Recent studies have shown that benzothiazole derivatives act as potent MAO inhibitors. Based on these findings, the present study group synthesised thirteen 2-methylbenzo[d]thiazole derivatives and evaluated their in vitro MAO inhibition properties. The results showed that the benzothiazole derivatives were potent and selective inhibitors of human MAO-B, with all compounds exhibiting IC50 values < 0.017 µM. The most potent MAO-B inhibitor (4d) had an IC50 value of 0.0046 µM, while the most potent MAO-A inhibitor (5e) had an IC50 value of 0.132 µM. It may be concluded that active benzothiazole derivatives may serve as potential leads for the development of MAO inhibitors for the treatment of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.
„Kalkanogenese“ mit sekundärer Achillessehnen-Knochenblock-Alloplastik zur Wiedergewinnung der Rückfußfunktion
Authors: Zwipp Hans , Grass René , Amlang Michael , Rammelt Stefan
Published: July 2024

Hintergrund

Kalkanektomie und Achillessehnenresektion sind kaum reparabel.

Ziel der Arbeit

Zu zeigen, dass eine „Kalkanogenese“ mit OSG-Erhalt möglich ist und selbst nach 3,5 Jahren Functio laesa des M. triceps surae dieser nach homologem Achillessehnenersatz wieder aufbaubar ist.

Material und Methode

Ein 25‑j. Motoradfahrer erlitt eine 3° offene Kalkaneusluxationsfraktur (Typ 5). Osteitis und Nekrose erforderten die Kalkanektomie, Resektion der Achillessehne und einen M.-latissimus-dorsi-Transfer. Eine Talusosteotomie mit Ilizarov-Distraktion schuf im 1. Schritt einen „Neokalkaneus“. In einem verzögerten 2. Schritt erfolgte zur Wiedergewinnung der aktiven Plantarflexion die Transplantation eines frisch gefrorenen Achillessehnen-Knochenblock-Allografts.

Ergebnisse

Der AOFAS (American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society)-Wert von initial 35 Punkten mit jetzt 70 Punkten 12 Jahre nach dem Ersteingriff spiegelt ein signifikant verbessertes Ergebnis. Mit beiden Maßnahmen gewann der Patient sein Gehvermögen ohne Orthese mit 88 % seiner normalen Plantarflexionskraft zurück. Die Angaben nach EQ-5D-5L (EuroQol-5 Dimension-5 Levels) zur Lebensqualität wurden auf der vertikalen EQ visuellen Analogskala vom Patienten mit 80 von 100 Punkten dokumentiert.

Diskussion

„Kalkanogenese“ unter Erhalt des OSG (Oberes Sprunggelenk) ist möglich. Trotz langer Inaktivität des M. triceps surae von 3,5 Jahren kann ein homologer Achillessehnenersatz mit Knochenblock selbst an einem um ein Drittel kleineren Neokalkaneus 88 % der normalen Abstoßkraft wiederherstellen.
Deliberation and the wisdom of crowds
Authors: Dietrich Franz , Spiekermann Kai
Published: July 2024

Does pre-voting group deliberation improve majority outcomes? To address this question, we develop a probabilistic model of opinion formation and deliberation. Two new jury theorems, one pre-deliberation and one post-deliberation, suggest that deliberation is beneficial. Successful deliberation mitigates three voting failures: (1) overcounting widespread evidence, (2) neglecting evidential inequality, and (3) neglecting evidential complementarity. Formal results and simulations confirm this. But we identify four systematic exceptions where deliberation reduces majority competence, always by increasing Failure 1. Our analysis recommends deliberation that is ‘participatory’, ‘neutral’, but not necessarily ‘equal’, i.e., that involves substantive sharing, privileges no evidences, but might privilege some persons.
Effect of different deficit irrigation regimes on vine performance, grape composition and wine quality of the “Primitivo” variety under mediterranean conditions
Authors: Losciale P. , Conti L. , Seripierri S. , Alba V. , Mazzone F. , Rustioni L. , di Leo G. , Tarricone F. , Tarricone L.
Published: July 2024

Climate change represents one of the current major challenges and the improper use of water resources is an impeding threat. Agricultural research can play a crucial role by developing innovative strategies and techniques to reduce water use without affecting crop productivity and quality, particularly in grapevine growing in Mediterranean areas, as both productivity and wine quality are quintessential for the economic and ecologic sustainability of this crop. The present study aimed to define a deficit irrigation strategy for the “Primitivo” grapevine cultivar, taking into account the overall pathway of the vineyard performance in terms of leaf functionality, starch reserves, vine productivity, and wine quality. The trial was carried out in Southern-Italy on a three year-old, drip irrigated vineyard, imposing four deficit irrigation regimes for two consecutive seasons, consisting of 29 (T29), 55 (T55), 85 (T85) and 100% (T100) of crop evapotranspiration (ETC). Mild water restriction (T85) did not affect vegetative nor reproductive vine performance. Deficit irrigation at 55% ETClowered leaf functionality, starch accumulation, vine vigour and yield, due to a reduction of cluster weight; however, wine acidity and phenolic compounds were increased. T29 further decreased yield, as also the number of clusters was reduced. The most water-stressed treatment revealed a low concentration of malic acid in the must and a consequent increase of the ethanol sensation in the wine. After 9 months ageing, T85 had the highest wine colour intensity suggesting this treatment as the most promising in terms of quality and quantity of wine as well as for water saving.