bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aprehender dibujando: los dibujos de Luis Borobio
Authors: Gutiérrez Mozo María Elia
Published: October 2015

Este artículo es una contribución al entendimiento del dibujo como aprehensión de su objeto, en general, y de la arquitectura, en particular, es decir, como definición de lo tangible que luego se materializará en la obra. Para ello, tomamos como referencia algunos dibujos de Luis Borobio (1924-2005), arquitecto y catedrático de Estética, poeta y caricaturista, que ilustran sus libros y cuyo valor, como apuntes a mano alzada, es el de dar a entender, de manera sencilla y eficaz, aquello que representan. De este estudio se desprende su capacidad para la transmisión de conocimiento, el sentido del boceto como metáfora y de la caricatura como crítica, herramientas con las que la mano llega a conocer y dar a conocer su objeto. Se añade una reflexión final sobre Mi árbol, verdadero manual de expresión gráfica, idóneo para contribuir a esclarecer la dialéctica entre masa y espacio que es propia de toda arquitectura.
Sinergias entre pintura y arquitectura en el aprendizaje de Paul Nelson: “Maison Suspendue”
Authors: Moreno Moreno María Pura , Sanz Alarcón Juan Pedro
Published: October 2015

La pintura y el dibujo enmarcan el proceso creativo de Paul Nelson y, en ese contexto, este artículo analiza el grafismo del proyecto de la “Maison Suspendue” (1936-1938). El hecho pictórico es un mecanismo de reflexión capaz de explicar conceptos subyacentes a la arquitectura como la fluidez y la continuidad espacial. Sus lienzos de los años 20 reflejaban la influencia de George Braque en la búsqueda cubista de la inclusión del tiempo en el plano bidimensional, y la representación de lo real alejado de lo aparente. Sin embargo, en la década de los 30, serán las cosmologías de Miró, Arp, Calder y Léger, con las relaciones de manchas flotantes de color en el vacío, las que se manifestarán en sus investigaciones trasladándose de la pintura a una arquitectura innovadora que trata de dar repuesta al habitar del hombre moderno en el marco de la École de París en su vertiente tectónica light.
Dibujos del gabinete de Robert de Cotte para una estatua ecuestre en la Plaza Vendôme
Authors: Castaño Perea Enrique , Garín Alberto
Published: October 2015

Robert de Cotte, como Primer Arquitecto del Luis XIV, tuvo numerosas responsabilidades en el diseño y mantenimiento de importantesedificios para la corte francesa. De sus años en la Corte del Rey Sol completó una importante colección de planos de muy diversa índole: planos urbanísticos, proyectos edificatorios, numerosas propuestas decorativas, entre otros. De entre todos destacan por su originalidad y por tratarse de un conjunto novedoso, los planos que sirvieron para erigir la escultura ecuestre de Luis XIV en la plaza Vendôme de París. Este conjunto de planos recogidos en la Biblioteca Nacional de Francia son de una gran belleza e interés por describir las distintas fases de la instalación de la estatua, desde la construcción de la estatua y su estructura, el pedestal, el diseño del horno, y el traslado y montaje de la escultura. Los podemos ver como una muestra significativa y didáctica del dibujo del siglo xvii.
La ciudad de Cartagena en la época romana altoimperial: generación y análisis de un modelo digital de elevaciones
Authors: García-León Josefina , García-Martín Antonio , Cánovas Ambit Jose Antonio
Published: October 2015

El principal objetivo de este trabajo es contribuir al conocimiento de la topografía de la ciudad de Cartagena en la época romana altoimperial. Se ha empleado un Sistema de Información Geográfica y datos procedentes de numerosas excavaciones arqueológicas, de la cartografía histórica disponible y de observaciones GPS realizadas ex profeso y referidas a puntos característicos de aquella época que están actualmente en superficie. Entre los resultados obtenidos están la recopilación de información espacial procedente de diversas fuentes en una base de datos, la creación de cartografía temática y la generación y análisis de modelos digitales de elevaciones basados en esos datos y que se han comparado con el de la época actual. Entre las conclusiones cabe destacar la creación de un modelo metodológico, la aportación al conocimiento sistemático de la topografía histórica de Cartagena y el interés de ampliar la zona de estudio y de considerar también otras épocas.
A Template for Analyzing and Projecting Labor Market Indicators
Authors: Chami Ralph
Published: October 2015

This note is a reference guide for the unemployment template, an econometric tool that allows researchers to analyze and project labor market indicators for any country with sufficient data coverage. Section I explains the motivation behind designing a new surveillance tool to study labor markets, and summarizes the key features of the template. Section II details the data inputs needed and their sources. Section III describes the methods used to estimate the employment-growth elasticity, a measure of the extent to which employment responds to output. Section IV outlines the medium-term outlook table and projection charts created by the template once the inputs are customized to generate an appropriate elasticity. Finally, Section V presents a discussion on how to interpret the results produced by the template, and of the issues that arise from projecting labor market indicators.
A new indicator on the impact of large-scale circulation on wintertime particulate matter pollution over China
Authors: Jia B. , Wang Y. , Yao Y. , Xie Y.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Extreme particulate matter (PM) air pollution of January 2013 in China was found to be associated with an anomalous eastward extension of the Siberian High (SH). We developed a Siberian High position index (SHPI), which depicts the mean longitudinal position of the SH, as a new indicator of the large-scale circulation pattern that controls wintertime air quality in China. This SHPI explains 58 % (correlation coefficient of 0.76) of the interannual variability of wintertime aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrieved by MODIS over North China (NC) during 2001–2013. By contrast, the intensity-based conventional Siberian High index (SHI) shows essentially no skill in predicting this AOD variability. On the monthly scale, some high-AOD months for NC are accompanied with extremely high SHPIs; notably, extreme PM pollution of January 2013 can be explained by the SHPI value exceeding 2.6 times the standard deviation of the 2001–2013 January mean. When the SH extends eastward, thus higher SHPI, prevailing northwesterly winds over NC are suppressed not only in the lower troposphere but also in the middle troposphere, leading to reduced southward transport of pollution from NC to South China (SC). The SHPI hence exhibits a significantly negative correlation of −0.82 with MODIS AOD over SC during 2001–2013, although the robustness of this correlation depends on that of satellite-derived AOD. The suppressed northwesterly winds during high-SHPI winters also lead to increased relative humidity (RH) over NC. Both the wind and RH changes are responsible for enhanced PM pollution over NC during the high-SHPI winters.
Distinguishing the drivers of trends in land carbon fluxes and plant volatile emissions over the past 3 decades
Authors: Yue X. , Unger N. , Zheng Y.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. The terrestrial biosphere has experienced dramatic changes in recent decades. Estimates of historical trends in land carbon fluxes remain uncertain because long-term observations are limited on the global scale. Here, we use the Yale Interactive terrestrial Biosphere (YIBs) model to estimate decadal trends in land carbon fluxes and emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) and to identify the key drivers for these changes during 1982–2011. Driven by hourly meteorology from WFDEI (WATCH forcing data methodology applied to ERA-Interim data), the model simulates an increasing trend of 297 Tg C a−2 in gross primary productivity (GPP) and 185 Tg C a−2 in the net primary productivity (NPP). CO2 fertilization is the main driver for the flux changes in forest ecosystems, while meteorology dominates the changes in grasslands and shrublands. Warming boosts summer GPP and NPP at high latitudes, while drought dampens carbon uptake in tropical regions. North of 30° N, increasing temperatures induce a substantial extension of 0.22 day a−1 for the growing season; however, this phenological change alone does not promote regional carbon uptake and BVOC emissions. Nevertheless, increases of leaf area index at peak season accounts for ~ 25 % of the trends in GPP and isoprene emissions at the northern lands. The net land sink shows statistically insignificant increases of only 3 Tg C a−2 globally because of simultaneous increases in soil respiration. Global BVOC emissions are calculated using two schemes. With the photosynthesis-dependent scheme, the model predicts increases of 0.4 Tg C a−2 in isoprene emissions, which are mainly attributed to warming trends because CO2 fertilization and inhibition effects offset each other. Using the MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature) scheme, the YIBs model simulates global reductions of 1.1 Tg C a−2 in isoprene and 0.04 Tg C a−2 in monoterpene emissions in response to the CO2 inhibition effects. Land use change shows limited impacts on global carbon fluxes and BVOC emissions, but there are regional contrasting impacts over Europe (afforestation) and China (deforestation).
Properties of young contrails – a parametrisation based on large eddy simulations
Authors: Unterstrasser S.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Contrail-cirrus is probably the largest climate forcing of aviation. The evolution of contrail-cirrus and their radiative impact depends on a multitude of atmospheric parameters, but also on the geometric and microphysical properties of the young contrails evolving into contrail-cirrus. The early evolution of contrails (t < 5 min) is dominated by an interplay of ice microphysics and wake vortex dynamics. Young contrails may undergo a fast vertical expansion due to a descent of the wake vortices and may lose a substantial fraction of their ice crystals due to adiabatic heating. The geometric depth H and total ice crystal number N of young contrails are highly variable and depend on many environmental and aircraft parameters. Both properties, H and N, affect the later properties of the evolving contrail-cirrus, as they control the extent of shear-induced spreading and sedimentation losses. In this study, we provide parametrisations of H and N after 5 min taking into account the effects of temperature, relative humidity, thermal stratification and aircraft type (mass, wing span, fuel burn). The parametrisations rely on a large data set of recent large-eddy simulations of young contrails. They are suited to be incorporated in larger-scale models in order to refine the present day contrail initialisations by considering the processes that strongly affect the contrail evolution during the vortex phase.
Environmental controls on pyrocumulus and pyrocumulonimbus initiation and development
Authors: Lareau N. P. , Clements C. B.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. In this paper we present the first direct observational evidence that the condensation level in pyrocumulus and pyrocumulonimbus clouds can significantly exceed the ambient lifted condensation level. In addition, we show that the environmental thermodynamic profile, day-to-day variations in humidity, and ambient wind shear all exert significant influence over the onset and development of pyroconvective clouds. These findings are established using a scanning Doppler lidar and mobile radiosonde system during two large wildfires in Northern California, the Bald and Rocky Fires. The lidar is used to distinguish liquid water from smoke backscatter during the plume rise, and thus provides a direct detection of plume condensations levels. Plume tops are subsequently determined from both the lidar and nearby radar observations. The radiosonde data, obtained adjacent to the fires, contextualizes the lidar and radar observations, and enables estimates of the plume ascent, convective available potential energy, and equilibrium level. A note worthy finding is that in these cases the Convective Condensation Level, not the Lifted Condensation Level, provides the best estimate of the pyrocumulus initiation height.
Processes controlling the seasonal cycle of Arctic aerosol number and size distributions
Authors: Croft B. , Martin R. V. , Leaitch W. R. , Tunved P. , Breider T. J. , D'Andrea S. D. , Pierce J. R.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Measurements at high-Arctic sites show a strong seasonal cycle in aerosol number and size. The number of aerosols with diameters larger than 20 nm exhibits a maximum in late spring associated with a dominant accumulation mode (0.1 to 1 μm in diameter), and a second maximum in the summer associated with a dominant Aitken mode (10 to 100 nm in diameter). Seasonal-mean aerosol effective diameter ranges from about 180 nm in summer to 260 nm in winter. This study interprets these seasonal cycles with the GEOS-Chem-TOMAS global aerosol microphysics model. We find improved agreement with in-situ measurements of aerosol size at both Alert, Nunavut, and Mt. Zeppelin, Svalbard following model developments that: (1) increase the efficiency of wet scavenging in the Arctic summer and (2) represent coagulation between interstitial aerosols and aerosols activated to form cloud droplets. Our simulations indicate that the dominant summertime Aitken mode is associated with increased efficiency of wet removal, which limits the number of larger aerosols and promotes local new-particle formation. We also find an important role of interstitial coagulation in clouds in the Arctic, which limits the number of Aitken-mode aerosols in the non-summer seasons when direct wet removal of these aerosols is inefficient. Total aerosol number reaches a minimum in October at both Alert and Mt. Zeppelin. Our simulations indicate that this October minimum can be explained by diminishing local new-particle formation, limited transport of pollution from lower latitudes, and efficient wet removal. We recommend that the key processes of aerosol wet removal, interstitial coagulation and new-particle formation be carefully considered in size-resolved aerosol simulations of the Arctic. Uncertainties about these processes, which strongly control the seasonal cycle of aerosol number and size, limit confidence in estimates of aerosol radiative effects on the Arctic climate.
Unexpectedly high ultrafine aerosol concentrations above East Antarctic sea-ice
Authors: Humphries R. S. , Klekociuk A. R. , Schofield R. , Keywood M. , Ward J. , Wilson S. R.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. The effect of aerosols on clouds and their radiative properties is one of the largest uncertainties in our understanding of radiative forcing. A recent study has concluded that better characterisation of pristine, natural aerosol processes leads to the largest reduction in these uncertainties. Antarctica, being far from anthropogenic activities, is an ideal location for the study of natural aerosol processes. Aerosol measurements in Antarctica are often limited to boundary layer air-masses at spatially sparse coastal and continental research stations, with only a handful of studies in the sea ice region. In this paper, the first observational study of sub-micron aerosols in the East Antarctic sea ice region is presented. Measurements were conducted aboard the ice-breaker Aurora Australis in spring 2012 and found that boundary layer condensation nuclei (CN3) concentrations exhibited a five-fold increase moving across the Polar Front, with mean Polar Cell concentrations of 1130 cm−3 – higher than any observed elsewhere in the Antarctic and Southern Ocean region. The absence of evidence for aerosol growth suggested that nucleation was unlikely to be local. Air parcel trajectories indicated significant influence from the free troposphere above the Antarctic continent, implicating this as the likely nucleation region for surface aerosol, a similar conclusion to previous Antarctic aerosol studies. The highest aerosol concentrations were found to correlate with low pressure systems, suggesting that the passage of cyclones provided an accelerated pathway, delivering air-masses quickly from the free-troposphere to the surface. After descent from the Antarctic free troposphere, trajectories suggest that sea ice boundary layer air-masses travelled equator-ward into the low albedo Southern Ocean region, transporting with them emissions and these aerosol nuclei where, after growth, may potentially impact on the region's radiative balance. The high aerosol concentrations and their transport pathways described here, could help reduce the discrepancy currently present between simulations and observations of cloud and aerosol over the Southern Ocean.
Canopy-scale flux measurements and bottom-up emission estimates of volatile organic compounds from a mixed oak and hornbeam forest in northern Italy
Authors: Acton W. J. F. , Schallhart S. , Langford B. , Valach A. , Rantala P. , Fares S. , Carriero G. , Tillmann R. , Tomlinson S. J. , Dragosits U. , Gianelle D. , Hewitt C. N. , Nemitz E.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. This paper reports the fluxes and mixing ratios of biogenically emitted volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) 4 m above a mixed oak and hornbeam forest in northern Italy. Fluxes of methanol, acetaldehyde, isoprene, methyl vinyl ketone + methacrolein, methyl ethyl ketone and monoterpenes were obtained using both a proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) and a proton transfer reaction-time of flight-mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS) together with the methods of virtual disjunct eddy covariance (PTR-MS) and eddy covariance (PTR-ToF-MS). Isoprene was the dominant emitted compound with a mean day-time flux of 1.9 mg m-2 h-1. Mixing ratios, recorded 4 m above the canopy, were dominated by methanol with a mean value of 6.2 ppbv over the 28 day measurement period. Comparison of isoprene fluxes calculated using the PTR-MS and PTR-ToF-MS showed very good agreement while comparison of the monoterpene fluxes suggested a slight over estimation of the flux by the PTR-MS. A basal isoprene emission rate for the forest of 1.7 mg m-2 h-1 was calculated using the MEGAN isoprene emissions algorithms (Guenther et al., 2006). A detailed tree species distribution map for the site enabled the leaf-level emissions of isoprene and monoterpenes recorded using GC-MS to be scaled up to produce a "bottom-up" canopy-scale flux. This was compared with the "top-down" canopy-scale flux obtained by measurements. For monoterpenes, the two estimates were closely correlated and this correlation improved when the plant species composition in the individual flux footprint was taken into account. However, the bottom-up approach significantly underestimated the isoprene flux, compared with the top-down measurements, suggesting that the leaf-level measurements were not representative of actual emission rates.
Complex experiment on studying the microphysical, chemical, and optical properties of aerosol particles and estimating the contribution of atmospheric aerosol-to-earth radiation budget
Authors: Matvienko G. G. , Belan B. D. , Panchenko M. V. , Romanovskii O. A. , Sakerin S. M. , Kabanov D. M. , Turchinovich S. A. , Turchinovich Y. S. , Eremina T. A. , Kozlov V. S. , Terpugova S. A. , Pol'kin V. V. , Yausheva E. P. , Chernov D. G. , Zhuravleva T. B. , Bedareva T. V. , Odintsov S. L. , Burlakov V. D. , Nevzorov A. V. , Arshinov M. Y. , Ivlev G. A. , Savkin D. E. , Fofonov A. V. , Gladkikh V. A. , Kamardin A. P. , Balin Y. S. , Kokhanenko G. P. , Penner I. E. , Samoilova S. V. , Antokhin P. N. , Arshinova V. G. , Davydov D. K. , Kozlov A. V. , Pestunov D. A. , Rasskazchikova T. M. , Simonenkov D. V. , Sklyadneva T. K. , Tolmachev G. N. , Belan S. B. , Shmargunov V. P. , Kozlov A. S. , Malyshkin S. B.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. The primary objective of this complex aerosol experiment was the measurement of microphysical, chemical, and optical properties of aerosol particles in the surface air layer and free atmosphere. The measurement data were used to retrieve the whole set of aerosol optical parameters, necessary for radiation calculations. Three measurement cycles were performed within the experiment during 2013: in spring, when the aerosol generation is maximal; in summer (July), when atmospheric boundary layer altitude and, hence, mixing layer altitude are maximal; and in late summer/early autumn, during the period of nucleation of secondary particles. Thus, independently obtained data on the optical, meteorological, and microphysical parameters of the atmosphere allow intercalibration and inter-complement of the data and thereby provide for qualitatively new information which explains the physical nature of the processes that form the vertical structure of the aerosol field.
The stability and calibration of water vapor isotope ratio measurements during long-term deployments
Authors: Bailey A. , Noone D. , Berkelhammer M. , Steen-Larsen H. C. , Sato P.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. With the recent advent of commercial laser absorption spectrometers, field studies measuring stable isotope ratios of hydrogen and oxygen in water vapor have proliferated. These pioneering analyses have provided invaluable feedback about best strategies for optimizing instrumental accuracy, yet questions still remain about instrument performance and calibration approaches for multi-year field deployments. With clear scientific potential for using these instruments to carry out monitoring of the hydrological cycle, this study examines the long-term stability of the isotopic biases associated with three cavity-enhanced laser absorption spectrometers – calibrated with different systems and approaches – at two remote field sites: Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, USA, and Greenland Environmental Observatory, Summit, Greenland. The analysis pays particular attention to the stability of measurement dependencies on water vapor concentration and also evaluates whether these so-called concentration dependences are sensitive to statistical curve-fitting choices or measurement hysteresis. The results suggest evidence of monthly-to-seasonal concentration-dependence variability – which likely stems from low signal-to-noise at the humidity-range extremes – but no long-term directional drift. At Mauna Loa, where the isotopic analyzer is calibrated by injection of liquid water standards into a vaporizer, the largest source of inaccuracy in characterizing the concentration dependence stems from an insufficient density of calibration points at low water vapor volume mixing ratios. In comparison, at Summit, the largest source of inaccuracy is measurement hysteresis associated with interactions between the reference vapor, generated by a custom dew point generator, and the sample tubing. Nevertheless, prediction errors associated with correcting the concentration dependence are small compared to total measurement uncertainty. At both sites, changes in measurement repeatability that are not predicted by long-term linear drift estimates are a larger source of error, highlighting the importance of measuring isotopic standards with minimal or well characterized drift at regular intervals. Challenges in monitoring isotopic drift are discussed in light of the different calibration systems evaluated.
EUROSPEC: at the interface between remote-sensing and ecosystem CO2 flux measurements in Europe
Authors: Porcar-Castell A. , Mac Arthur A. , Rossini M. , Eklundh L. , Pacheco-Labrador J. , Anderson K. , Balzarolo M. , Martín M. P. , Jin H. , Tomelleri E. , Cerasoli S. , Sakowska K. , Hueni A. , Julitta T. , Nichol C. J. , Vescovo L.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Resolving the spatial and temporal dynamics of gross primary productivity (GPP) of terrestrial ecosystems across different scales remains a challenge. Remote sensing is regarded as the solution to upscale point observations conducted at the ecosystem level, using the eddy covariance (EC) technique, to the landscape and global levels. In addition to traditional vegetation indices, the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) and the emission of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF), now measurable from space, provide a new range of opportunities to monitor the global carbon cycle using remote sensing. However, the scale mismatch between EC observations and the much coarser satellite-derived data complicate the integration of the two sources of data. The solution is to establish a network of in situ spectral measurements that can act as a bridge between EC measurements and remote-sensing data. In situ spectral measurements have already been conducted for many years at EC sites, but using variable instrumentation, setups, and measurement standards. In Europe in particular, in situ spectral measurements remain highly heterogeneous. The goal of EUROSPEC Cost Action ES0930 was to promote the development of common measuring protocols and new instruments towards establishing best practices and standardization of these measurements. In this review we describe the background and main tradeoffs of in situ spectral measurements, review the main results of EUROSPEC Cost Action, and discuss the future challenges and opportunities of in situ spectral measurements for improved estimation of local and global estimates of GPP over terrestrial ecosystems.
Impact of water table level on annual carbon and greenhouse gas balances of a restored peat extraction area
Authors: Järveoja J. , Peichl M. , Maddison M. , Soosaar K. , Vellak K. , Karofeld E. , Teemusk A. , Mander Ü.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Peatland restoration may provide a potential after-use option to mitigate the negative climate impact of abandoned peat extraction areas; currently, however, knowledge about restoration effects on the annual balances of carbon (C) and greenhouse gas (GHG) exchanges is still limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of contrasting water table levels (WTL) on the annual C and GHG balances of restoration treatments with high (Res-H) and low (Res-L) WTL relative to an unrestored bare peat (BP) site. Measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes were conducted over a full year using the closed chamber method and complemented by measurements of abiotic controls and vegetation cover. Three years following restoration, the difference in the mean WTL resulted in higher bryophyte and lower vascular plant cover in Res-H relative to Res-L. Consequently, greater gross primary production and autotrophic respiration associated with greater vascular plant cover were observed in Res-L compared to Res-H. However, the means of the measured net ecosystem CO2 exchanges (NEE) were not significantly different between Res-H and Res-L. Similarly, no significant differences were observed in the respective means of CH4 and N2O exchanges in Res-H and Res-L, respectively. In comparison to the two restored sites, greater net CO2, similar CH4 and greater N2O emissions occurred in BP. On the annual scale, Res-H, Res-L and BP were C sources of 111, 103 and 268 g C m−2 yr−1 and had positive GHG balances of 4.1, 3.8 and 10.2 t CO2 eq ha−1 yr−1, respectively. Thus, the different WTLs had a limited impact on the C and GHG balances in the two restored treatments three years following restoration. However, the C and GHG balances in Res-H and Res-L were considerably lower than in BP owing to the large reduction in CO2 emissions. This study therefore suggests that restoration may serve as an effective method to mitigate the negative climate impacts of abandoned peat extraction areas.
New interpretation of the role of water balance in an extended Budyko hypothesis in arid regions
Authors: Du C. , Sun F. , Yu J. , Liu X. , Chen Y.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. The Budyko hypothesis (BH) is an effective approach to investigating long-term water balance at large basin scale under steady state. The assumption of steady state prevents applications of the BH to basins, which is unclosed, or with significant variations in soil water storage, i.e., under unsteady state, such as in extremely arid regions. In this study, we choose the Heihe River Basin (HRB) in China, an extremely arid inland basin, as the study area. We firstly use a calibrated and then validated monthly water balance model, i.e., the abcd model to quantitatively determine annual and monthly variations of water balance for the sub-basins and the whole catchment of the HRB and find that the role of soil water storage change and that of inflow from upper sub-basins in monthly water balance are significant. With the recognition of the inflow water from other regions and the soil water storage change as additional possible water sources to evapotranspiration in unclosed basins, we further define the equivalent precipitation (Pe) to include local precipitation, inflow water and soil water storage change as the water supply in the Budyko framework. With the newly defined water supply, the Budyko curve can successfully describe the relationship between the evapotranspiration ratio and the aridity index at both annual and monthly timescales, whilst it fails when only the local precipitation being considered. Adding to that, we develop a new Fu-type Budyko equation with two non-dimensional parameters (ω and λ) based on the deviation of Fu's equation. Over the annual time scale, the new Fu-type Budyko equation developed here has more or less identical performance to Fu's original equation for the sub-basins and the whole catchment. However, over the monthly time scale, due to large seasonality of soil water storage and inflow, the new Fu-type Budyko equation generally performs better than Fu's original equation. The new Fu-type Budyko equation (ω and λ) developed here enables one to apply the BH to interpret regional water balance over extremely dry environments under unsteady state (e.g., unclosed basins or sub-annual timescales).
Characteristics of landslides in unwelded pyroclastic flow deposits, southern Kyushu, Japan
Authors: Yamao M. , Sidle R. C. , Gomi T. , Imaizumi F.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. We investigated 184 landslides that occurred in unwelded pyroclastic flow deposits (Shirasu) on southern Kyushu Island, Japan, that included detailed data on the rainfall characteristics and the timing of slope failure. Localized rainfall intensity, antecedent rainfall, and topography affected the hydrologic processes that triggered landslides. Antecedent rainfall (adjusted for evapotranspiration losses) for large (> 200 mm) storms that triggered landslides was much lower than for smaller (≤ 200 mm) storms. Mean storm intensity and antecedent 7 day rainfall (API7) thresholds of > 5 mm h-1 and ≤ 30 mm (or API30 ≤ 60 mm), respectively, were useful to identify landslides triggered by rapid pore water pressure response, especially for shorter (< 20 h) duration events. During smaller storms with lower intensity, landslides are likely affected by a combined increase in soil weight and loss of suction when API30 ≥ 150 mm; simulations indicated that these weight and suction changes due to rainfall accumulation decreased factor of safety in steep Shirasu slopes, but did not necessarily trigger the landslides. All but two of the 21 landslides that plotted below a general rainfall intensity-duration threshold for landslide initiation had API30 values > 235 mm, indicating that they were highly influenced by the combined effects of the accumulated weight of rainfall and loss of suction. Our findings show that both event rainfall characteristics and antecedent conditions affect the hydrogeomorphic processes that trigger different types of landslides in Shirasu. This knowledge and the thresholds we have identified are useful for predicting the occurrence of different types of landslides in Shirasu deposits and improving sediment disaster prevention practices, including real-time warning systems.
Indian Ocean Dipole modulated wave climate of eastern Arabian Sea
Authors: Anoop T. R. , Sanil Kumar V. , Shanas P. R. , Johnson G. , Amrutha M. M.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Intrinsic modes of variability have a significant role in driving climatic oscillations in the ocean. In this paper, we investigate the influence of inter-annual variability, the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), on the wave climate of the eastern Arabian Sea (AS). Using measured, modeled and reanalysis wave data and reanalysis wind data, we show that the IOD plays a major role in the variability of wave climate of the study region due to the IOD induced changes in equatorial sea surface temperature and sea level pressure. Inter-annual variability in the wave climate over the eastern AS during the IOD is due to the modification of winds from the northern AS. The change in wind field over the AS due to IOD influences the generation or dissipation of wave field and hence causes the decrease in northwest short period waves during positive IOD and increase during negative IOD.
Bakhtin for Preschool Teachers
Authors: Ferholt Beth
Published: October 2015

Book Review: White, E. J. (2015). Introducing dialogic pedagogy: Provocations for the early years: Routledge.I am impressed by the depth of White’s understanding of Bakhtin’s work and by her innovated uses of Bakhtinian concepts such as answerability, becoming, aesthetics, authorship and polyphony. White’s book represents a very important effort to bring these concepts to early childhood education practitioners. In this review I discuss White’s ways of making these Bakhtinian concepts accessible to ECE teachers and I provide the necessary context for appreciating the significance of White’s contribution.
Determinants of Dividend Payout Ratio: Evidence from Indian Companies
Authors: Labhane Nishant B. , Das Ramesh Chandra
Published: October 2015

The present study analyzes the trend and determinants of dividend payout ratio of National Stock Exchange (NSE) listed companies in India. The study is based on 239 companies, which have continuous data during the period 1994-95 to 2012-13. From the trend analysis we find that the number of dividend paying companies has declined but the average dividend paid by them has increased manifold over the last two decades which suggests that the dividend paying companies have paid higher amounts of dividends in the later years. The dividend payout ratio varies across all the industries with the electricity industry having the lowest payout ratio and the miscellaneous manufacturing industry having the highest payout ratio. The empirical results suggest that firms with high free cash flow, firms which are larger, more profitable and mature, pay more dividends while riskier, more leveraged and firms with high investment opportunities tend to pay lower dividends. The dividend distribution tax rate imposed by government affects the dividend payout ratio positively. The market-to-book ratio, debt-to-equity ratio, free cash flow, business risk, age, size, profitability and dividend distribution tax variables are significant for the entire period of study. Whereas, the business risk, profitability and dividend distribution tax variables are significant for the entire period of study i.e. 1995-2013 as well as for the two sub-periods 1995-2003 and 2004-2013. Overall, the results are consistent with the pecking order, transaction cost, signaling and firm life cycle theory of dividend policy and we find a little evidence for agency costs theory.
A Tale of Three Cubicles
Authors: Rocha Samuel D.
Published: October 2015

In the tradition of the literary and intellectual essay, the author weaves a tale of work, labor, and production from memories and self-disclosure. Welding, office work, and the vocational crisis of the professoriat shape what is, ultimately, an attempt to show what cannot, and perhaps should not, be said. What can be said of what has been shown?
Digital Networking as a Creative Resource and Platform
Authors: Duncum Paul
Published: October 2015

In light of the fact that our visual world is rapidly changing, the author considers four topics. First, he briefly reviews the work of art educators who have written on social networking for art education classrooms. Second, he notes that many youths--children and adolescents--are using social networking not only to consume and exchange material-- textual and visual--but also to produce their own. Third, the author argues that much of the unsolicited production youths create online is instructive for art education and should be encouraged. He summarizes some of his own attempts at engagement. And fourth, two dilemmas are raised for art educators in approaching social networking sites as part of classroom activities: the use of youths as the unpaid labor of big business, and privacy on the net.
Lighting: Its Influence on Drawing Strategies
Authors: Reichertz Mathew , Maycock Bryan , Klein Raymond
Published: October 2015

The illumination of a scene influences how that scene is scanned and how it is depicted. This premise, together with assumptions regarding implications for teaching observational drawing, was the basis for a pilot study in the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design (NSCAD) Drawing Laboratory. The pilot provided evidence that helped refine the question and methods described in this expanded study. As in the pilot, participants worked from common stimuli that were lit in two distinct ways. The participants drew for a predetermined period of time while their hand movements were recorded digitally and the entire process was observed firsthand. Over a period of 7 days, five participants each completed four drawings. The 20 drawings were compared and the recordings analyzed. Digital analysis generated the most informative data in that, while light’s influence on drawing strategies proved to be less significant than anticipated, changes in drawing behavior were observed with implications for teaching and learning.
Frequency of Celiac Disease in Patients With Increased Intestinal Gas (Flatulence)
Authors: Masoodi Mohsen , Mokhtare Marjan , Agah Shahram , Sina Mohammad , Soltani-Kermanshahi Mojtaba
Published: October 2015

Excessive flatulence which impairs social performance in patients is one of the common reasons for referrals to gastroenterology clinics. Celiac Disease is a rare but important cause of increased intestinal gas (bloating) and if not diagnosed, patients face complications such as malabsorption, anemia, osteoporosis and even intestinal lymphoma. This study aimed to determine the frequency of Celiac Disease in patients with excessive flatulence.One hundred and fifty patients with a chief complaint of experiencing flatulence more than 15 times a day and lasting for three months were referred to the gastroenterology clinic of Rasoul-e-Akram Teaching Hospital. Serological tests for Celiac Disease, Anti TTG Ab (IgA-IgG) were requested and the patients with positive tests underwent upper GI endoscopy. Biopsies of the second part of the duodenum were then sent to the laboratory.From one hundred and thirty patients who completed the study, 92 (70.7%) were female. Mean age of the patients was 32 ± 13 years. Anti TTG Ab was found in 5 patients (3.85%). Only 2 patients (1.5%) had a documented positive pathology for Celiac Disease.According to the results of this study and other studies, we conclude that Celiac Disease is an uncommon etiology for excessive flatulence but it is of importance to investigate it in excessive flatulence patients.
Knowledge Sharing Challenges during Post-Merger Integration: The Role of Boundary Spanners and of Organizational Identity
Authors: Vieru Dragos , Rivard Suzanne
Published: October 2015

When organizations merge, information systems (IS) need to be integrated to span the demarcations between the previously independent entities, be to bridge the pre-merger ISs or as new, single IS. Although research stresses the important role played by ISs in support of the combined organizations, there is a paucity of studies on the process of IS integration. Grounded in the practice perspective of knowledge and on the concept of organizational identity, we first propose a conceptual framework that conjectures about effective knowledge sharing processes, boundary objects and the role that boundary spanners are expected to play if they are to be effective. Then, we assess the relational dynamics suggested by our framework in four existing case studies from the academic literature that present rich post-merger IS integration data.
Environmental Management System: Environmental Impacts and Productivity
Authors: Marouen Amiri Mohamed , Noubbigh Hédi , Naoui Kamel , Choura Nouha
Published: October 2015

Nowadays, the environmental dimension is an important factor in the managerial decisions of polluting firms. These firms are subject to regulations which are characterized by the adoption of norms and standards to ensure a minimally non-polluted environment. These norms have incited firms to adopt environmental management systems. In line with these ideas, our study aims to analyze whether the adoption of an environmental management system would improve the productivity of firms operating in the manufacturing sector. With a sample composed of French companies listed in the SBF 120, we measured productivity by specifying and estimating a Cobb-Douglas production function and then used panel data to test the impact of the adoption of an environmental management system on the productivity of manufacturing firms. We found a positive and significant relation between the implementation of an EMS and productivity.
Factors Influencing Retail Investor’s Trading Behavior in Indian Equity Market
Authors: P. Sashikala , G. P. Girish
Published: October 2015

In this study we identify the factors which influence and affect retail investor’s trading behavior in Indian equity market. To identify the factors, we use primary data collected from retail investors belonging to different age group, professional backgrounds and demographics of India. The results of the study suggest that factors like broker’s advice, personal analysis, current price of the equity stock, financial analyst’s recommendations, inclination towards online trading; investor’s confidence in advice given by his/her financial advisor plays a major role in influencing and affecting trading behavior of retail investors. The result of the study gives insights to firms offering financial services in developing nation like India to keep these factors in mind while offering products/services or in their marketing campaigns while targeting retail investors of Indian equity market.
Religion in Mass Media Social Marketing Campaigns: A Paradox
Authors: Van Esch Patrick
Published: October 2015

Religion and mass media social marketing (MMSM) are considered major influencing factors within popular culture. Unfortunately, both researchers and practitioners of MMSM campaigns either lack religious intellect or intentionally mitigate against its logical use whilst on the other hand; empirical research into healthy behaviours indicates an efficacy between religion and desired behaviours/outcomes, however; these elements receive minimal attention from health campaign researchers and practitioners. Remarkably, other social marketing research has used different models/theories of behaviour change, some acknowledge the ‘religion’ concept and its application, yet they fail to recognise and address it as a variable during the data analysis phase. As a result, discussions about the possible intersect and/or inter-relationship of religion and MMSM is often disputed, intentionally abandoned and generally not well informed.
Creativity Versus Innovativeness: Exploring the Differences between the Two Constructs May Lead to Greater Innovation in Large Firms
Authors: Cocco John , Quttainah Majdi
Published: October 2015

Several individuals from top management seem to be confused about the difference between creativity and innovativeness. Amabile (1997) suggests that while innovation begins with creative ideas, creativity by individuals and teams is only a starting point for innovation. Individual creativity is necessary but not sufficient to yield breakthrough innovation in organizations. This can sometimes cause confusion in employee development efforts and actions taken by management. Companies often look for ways to hire and retain creative employees and at the same time they are also interested in establishing a creative environment for knowledge workers… but should creativity be the primary focus? These firms hope that creativity enhancing steps will eventually lead to greater innovation and therefore help it to achieve sustained competitive advantage. This paper attempts to demonstrate that there are potentially other dimensions beyond creativity related to innovativeness, which should be considered at the individual level in order to foster innovation in firms. Empirical results in this study support the idea that intrinsic motivational orientation, sociability and political astuteness are enhancers to employee innovativeness while perfection seeking behavior detracts employee innovativeness. These findings may serve to extend Amabile’s (1997) componential framework to center on the “innovativeness” construct versus creativity to help explain how firms need to hire, cultivate and retain the right talent.
Liquidity Premiums in a Levy Market
Authors: Xing Mei
Published: October 2015

This paper gives a theorem for the continuous time super-replication cost of European options where the stock price follows an exponential L\'{e}vy process.
Under a mild assumption on the legend transform of the trading cost function, the limit of the sequence of the discrete super-replication cost is proved to be greater than or equal to an optimal control problem.
The main tool is an approximation multinomial scheme based on a discrete grid on a finite time interval [0,1] for a pure jump L\'{e}vy model.
This multinomial model is constructed similar to that proposed by (Szimayer {\&} Maller, Stoch. Proce. {\&} Their Appl., 117, 1422-1447, 2007).
Furthermore, it is proved that the existence of a liquidity premium for the continuous-time model under a L\'{e}vy process.
This paper concentrates on the L\'{e}vy processes with infinitely many jumps in any finite time interval.
The approach overcomes some difficulties that can be encountered when the L\'{e}vy process has infinite activity.
Uniform Sampling Table Method and its Applications II—Evaluating the Uniform Sampling by Experiment
Authors: Chen Yibin , Chen Jiaxi , Chen Xuan , Wang Min , Wang Wei
Published: October 2015

A new method of uniform sampling is evaluated in this paper. The items and indexes were adopted to evaluate the rationality of the uniform sampling. The evaluation items included convenience of operation, uniformity of sampling site distribution, and accuracy and precision of measured results. The evaluation indexes included operational complexity, occupation rate of sampling site in a row and column, relative accuracy of pill weight, and relative deviation of pill weight. They were obtained from three kinds of drugs with different shape and size by four kinds of sampling methods. Gray correlation analysis was adopted to make the comprehensive evaluation by comparing it with the standard method. The experimental results showed that the convenience of uniform sampling method was 1 (100%), odds ratio of occupation rate in a row and column was infinity, relative accuracy was 99.50–99.89%, reproducibility RSD was 0.45–0.89%, and weighted incidence degree exceeded the standard method. Hence, the uniform sampling method was easy to operate, and the selected samples were distributed uniformly. The experimental results demonstrated that the uniform sampling method has good accuracy and reproducibility, which can be put into use in drugs analysis.