bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dominância e atracção social num grupo de macacos-verdes (Cercopithecus aethiops) em cativeiro
Authors: Daniel João R. , Santos António J. , Vicente Luís
Published: July 2014

Dados de interacções de catagem, recolhidos durante quatro meses de observações directas, de um grupo de macacos-vervet (Cercopithecus aethiops) em cativeiro, no Jardim Zoológico de Lisboa, foram utilizados para testar o modelo clássico de Seyfarth (1977) de atracção por indivíduos dominantes. Cada indivíduo foi observado um total de 10.5 horas, através de amostragens focais. Todas as ocorrências de comportamentos agonísticos foram também registadas. A análise dos resultados confirmou que nas fêmeas a catagem é dirigida para cima na hierarquia, apesar de a troca de catagem por apoio agonístico não ser o princípio subjacente a esta atracção. Considerando a teoria dos mercados biológicos, o facto de as díades serem altamente não recíprocas em termos do investimento feito na catagem, parece sugerir que outras comodidades, para além do apoio agonístico, estão a ser trocadas.
Entre o horror, a missão e a epopeia. Modalidades de atribuição de significado à participação na Guerra Colonial Portuguesa pelos seus ex-combatentes
Authors: Sendas Sandra , Maia Ângela Da Costa , Fernandes Eugénia
Published: July 2014

Este estudo teve como objectivo explorar os significados atribuídos por uma amostra de 314 ex-combatentes da guerra colonial portuguesa (média idade 57,3 anos, d.p. 3,69) à experiência de participação na guerra. Utilizou-se a metodologia da Grounded Theory (Glaser & Strauss, 1967) para realizar uma análise qualitativa às respostas dadas pelos sujeitos à questão, Que significado tem na sua vida ter estado na guerra. Os nossos resultados foram ao encontro das conclusões de Aldwin, Levenson, e Spiro III (1994) e de Fontana e Rosenhek (1998) sugerindo que os ex-combatentes da guerra colonial construíram significados múltiplos para as suas experiências de guerra. A guerra enquanto experiência ou a guerra enquanto espólio revestiram-se tanto de significados negativos (i.e., decepções/perdas) como de significados positivos (i.e. satisfação/benefícios).
O efeito da psicoterapia sobre o rendimento académico
Authors: Welling Hans , Vasconcelos Susana
Published: July 2014

Após a revisão da literatura existente sobre a influência do aconselhamento e da psicoterapia sobre o insucesso académico os autores apresentam os resultados de um estudo sobre o efeito da intervenção psicoterapêutica no rendimento académico no Instituto Superior Técnico. A amostra constituiu-se por 56 alunos que recorreram ao Núcleo de Aconselhamento Psicológico durante os anos lectivos 1996/97 e 1997/98 e que fizeram entre 4 e 43 sessões de psicoterapia individual. Estes alunos mostraram um aumento de 28% no número de exames aprovados no ano seguinte em comparação com o ano anterior à intervenção psicoterapêutica, enquanto o grupo de controlo não mostrou alterações no aproveitamento escolar no mesmo período. Os autores explicam que o efeito encontrado foi bastante superior ao encontrado em estudos anteriores devido ao maior número de sessões efectuadas pelos alunos.
A Psicologia Forense em Portugal – novos rumos na consolidação da relação com o sistema de justiça
Authors: Manita Celina , Machado Carla
Published: July 2014

Neste artigo refletimos sobre os mais recentes desenvolvimentos da psicologia forense em Portugal, numa das mais importantes áreas de interface entre a psicologia e o sistema de justiça – a avaliação psicológica forense e o contributo da psicologia para a tomada de decisão judicial. Ao mesmo tempo que se faz um levantamento dos principais contributos do trabalho de Carla Machado para esta área são apontados caminhos a percorrer na consolidação da relação entre a psicologia e o direito.
Ansiedad y autoconfianza de jóvenes judokas en situaciones competitivas de alta presión
Authors: García Raquel Hernández , Zafra Aurelio Olmedilla , Toro Enrique Ortego
Published: July 2014

En este trabajo se pretende realizar una aproximación a los estados de ansiedad y autoconfianza que manifiestan los jóvenes judokas en los momentos previos de competiciones con fuerte carga de presión. El objetivo del estudio es determinar si, en este contexto situacional, existen diferencias entre judokas de categoría infantil y judokas de categoría cadete respecto a los valores en ansiedad y en autoconfianza. Han participado un total de 97 judokas varones, de los que 49 pertenecen a la categoría infantil, y 48 a la categoría cadete. La prueba utilizada para evaluar la ansiedad ha sido el Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 de Martens, Vealey y Burton (1990) que evalúa la ansiedad cognitiva, la ansiedad somática y la autoconfianza. La administración de la prueba se realizó durante la celebración del Campeonato de España de Judo. Los resultados muestran diferencias significativas entre la categoría infantil y la cadete respecto a los valores obtenidos en ansiedad cognitiva y en ansiedad somática (los judokas infantiles presentaban puntuaciones mayores), aunque no sucede así respecto a los valores obtenidos en autoconfianza. Se discute sobre los procesos adaptativos de los judokas de superior categoría para manejar mejor las demandas estresantes de la competición, así como la idoneidad de profundizar en estudios con muestras de judokas jóvenes que permitieran conocer mejor el proceso y la evolución de las manifestaciones de ansiedad y las estrategias o recursos que se pueden utilizar para manejarla.
Violência na intimidade juvenil: Da vitimação à perpetração
Authors: Caridade Sónia , Machado Carla
Published: July 2014

A investigação internacional na área da violência nas relações íntimas juvenis tem experimentado um crescimento exponencial, sobretudo nas últimas duas décadas. Também em Portugal começam a surgir alguns estudos a este nível. Este artigo pretende constituir uma revisão da literatura sobre o tema, em que se procura destacar os indicadores de prevalência deste tipo de abuso nos jovens, em termos de vitimização e perpetração, dando especial enfoque à relação entre vitimização, agressão e género. Simultaneamente, são alvo de análise as crenças e atitudes subjacentes a este tipo de violência, os factores de risco para a sua ocorrência, assim como o impacto a curto, médio e longo-prazo deste fenómeno na vida dos jovens. Este artigo encerra com algumas recomendações a atender em investigações futuras, de forma a prover uma compreensão mais profunda sobre este fenómeno.
Desvantagem socio-económica, etnicidade e consumo de álcool na adolescência
Authors: Gaspar Tânia , Gonçalves Aldina , Ramos Vítor , Matos Margarida G.
Published: July 2014

O presente estudo visa compreender e caracterizar o consumo de álcool nos adolescentes migrantes, através da perspectiva dos jovens face aos factores ligados à protecção e ao risco e aos cenários que envolvem o adolescente. Foi utilizada uma metodologia qualitativa, os grupos focais ou grupos de discussão centrados num tema, o consumo de álcool, relacionando-o com os “cenários” do adolescente e com os comportamentos ligados ao risco e ligados à protecção associados ao consumo de álcool, e também a intervenção comunitária que é realizada neste âmbito. Através do discurso, crenças, atitudes e comportamentos de jovens migrantes africanos que vivem em Portugal, pretendeu-se clarificar a questão do consumo de álcool neste grupo de adolescentes. Foi efectuada uma análise de conteúdo, e para cada categoria e cada sub- categoria foram apresentados exemplos ilustrativos do discurso dos participantes. A presente investigação fornece informação relevante, no âmbito da intervenção, visando abranger a multiculturalidade, a pobreza, a exclusão social, as competências sociais e pessoais, a ocupação de tempos livres, o empowerment dos adolescentes e da comunidade envolvida, a formação dos técnicos, o trabalho em parceria, as barreiras e as boas práticas.
Discursos sobre o Rorschach: Construções na intersubjectividade
Authors: Martins Ana Maria Pina
Published: July 2014

Evocando as similitudes entre a comunicação presente no processo projectivo, com o Rorschach, e as características especiais que ela assume no encontro analítico, a autora defende a necessidade de um modelo intersubjectivo que permita ao clínico o tipo de compreensão necessário para formular a interpretação do Rorschach.
Observação das interacções educador-criança: Escala de interacção do prestador de cuidados
Authors: Cadima Joana , Leal Teresa , Peixoto Carla
Published: July 2014

A Escala de Interacção do Prestador de Cuidados, na sua versão original, Caregiver Interaction Scale (CIS), é um sistema de observação que pretende avaliar a qualidade e o conteúdo das interacções, em termos da sensibilidade, aspereza e permissividade dos prestadores de cuidados. Com o intuito de apresentar esta escala e algumas qualidades métricas para o contexto português, realizámos um conjunto de análises com base numa amostra de 115 salas do 1.º ano de escolaridade. Os resultados mostram que a escala é um instrumento útil para recolher informação acerca dos processos interactivos dos educadores e professores. Os resultados revelaram ainda que os professores observados tendem a estabelecer interacções moderadamente positivas e com um elevado grau de envolvimento.
Condutas agressivas na adolescência: Factores de risco e de protecção
Authors: Martins Maria José D.
Published: July 2014

Este artigo apresenta vários modelos explicativos do facto da adolescência ser o período da vida em que se correm mais riscos, em termos de saúde, vida e problemas com o sistema jurídico-legal. Salienta-se o modelo de Jessor, por equacionar factores de risco e protecção quer no indivíduo, quer no seu ambiente, descrevendo-se com algum detalhe esses factores e relacionando-os com as descobertas que várias investigações de diferentes autores têm revelado nos últimos anos. Conclui-se pela pertinência do referido modelo para a compreensão, previsão e prevenção da emergência de condutas agressivas nos adolescentes.
Os técnicos de saúde e a sexualidade dos doentes oncológicos: Atitudes, crenças e intenções comportamentais
Authors: Serrano Sandra
Published: July 2014

Nos dias de hoje, a sexualidade ainda constitui um tema controverso e polémico, principalmente, quando associada a pessoas debilitadas e/ou incapacitadas, como é o caso dos doentes oncológicos. Desta forma, estes doentes continuam sem receber a devida informação e esclarecimento acerca desta temática, vinda dos profissionais que lhes prestam os cuidados de saúde. Esta investigação trata-se de um estudo exploratório, que visa descrever as atitudes, crenças e intenções comportamentais dos técnicos de saúde face à sexualidade dos doentes oncológicos. Os participantes (85% do sexo feminino) formam uma amostra de 46 sujeitos que acederam participar. Foi construído um questionário anónimo e confidencial, constituído por 28 itens, a que os sujeitos respondiam numa escala tipo Likert e, três questões de carácter aberto. A análise dos resultados evidencia que os técnicos de saúde apresentam atitudes e crenças favoráveis perante a sexualidade dos doentes em questão e intenções comportamentais neutras face ao mesmo objecto de estudo.
Life Values Inventory (LVI): Um estudo com mulheres portuguesas
Authors: Almeida Leonor
Published: July 2014

O presente artigo incide sobre a avaliação dos valores, dimensão psicológica central no desenvolvimentoda carreira, nomeadamente com a apresentação do Life Values Inventory (LVI), um novo instrumento cuja versão original foi desenvolvida nos USA por Crace e Brown (1996). A adaptação portuguesa do Life Values Inventory (LVI) foi aplicada a um grupo de 209 mulheres de grupos sócio-profissionais diferentes. Após uma síntese da revisão de literatura sobre os valores no desenvolvimento da carreira das mulheres é analisada a adequação do instrumento a este grupo específico pela análise da consistência interna, através do método alpha de Cronbach, e análise factorial. É ainda feita a análise da distribuição de resultados e análise de diferenças entre grupos definidos pelo estatuto sócio-profissional.
Dimensões socio-cognitivas na adesão das mulheres à contracepção
Authors: Costa Emília , Leal Isabel Pereira
Published: July 2014

As autoras propõem um modelo compreensivo da adesão à contracepção considerando cinco dimensões sócio-cognitivas: a percepção de auto-eficácia, o locus de controlo para a saúde, a satisfação com o suporte social, o nível de informação de carácter contraceptivo e a atitude face à sexualidade, cuja pertinência explanam e discutem.
Género e antecipação de comportamento político - Um estudo em contexto organizacional
Authors: Rodrigues Fátima
Published: July 2014

O presente estudo reporta os resultados obtidos a partir da aplicação de um protocolo de investigação composto por duas narrativas de episódios organizacionais e um inventário de traços a 107 profissionais da região de Lisboa. Este protocolo visava aferir em que medida a construção social acerca dos sexos condiciona a antecipação de comportamentos políticos. Os resultados evidenciam a assimetria simbólica da questão do género, sugerindo a existência duma discrepância entre as características do mundo do trabalho e as características do estereótipo feminino e a necessidade de negociação de comportamentos por parte das mulheres, patente na necessidade de gestão da imagem por elas sentida. O grupo feminino recorre preferencialmente a estratégias indirectas de influência e a estratégias individuais de sobrevivência em contexto organizacional, que diminuem a hipótese de mudança social, por perpetuarem a relação de dominação.
Atitudes de mulheres em relação à amamentação – Estudo exploratório
Authors: Coutinho Joana , Leal Isabel Pereira
Published: July 2014

O objectivo deste estudo exploratório é investigar a atitude das mulheres relativamente à amamentação. Participaram 460 mulheres, com mais de 14 anos de idade, com escolaridade superior ao 1.º ciclo do ensino básico, que constituíram uma amostra de conveniência. Responderam a um questionário de auto preenchimento, que incluía a caracterização sócio demográfica e uma escala de atitudes para com a amamentação.
Perfeccionismo y desempeño académico en estudiantes universitarios de la ciudad autónoma de Buenos Aires.
Authors: Arana Fernán Guido , Galarregui Marina Soledad , Miracco Mariana Carolina , Partarrieu Andrés Ignacio , De Rosa Lorena , Lago Adriana Elba , Traiber Liliana Isabel , Nusshold Patricio Tomás , Rutsztein Guillermina , Keegan Eduardo Gustavo
Published: July 2014

El presente artículo tiene por objetivo analizar la relación entre los perfiles de perfeccionismo y el desempeño académico en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. El desempeño ha sido operacionalizado a través de las variables promedio académico general percibido, calificación del último examen, cantidad de exámenes adeudados y años de carrera cursados. Participaron en la investigación 465 estudiantes pertenecientes a las carreras de Psicología (52,2%) Ingeniería (26,2%) y Medicina (21,6%). La distribución de la población de estudiantes en los distintos perfiles de perfeccionismo (adaptativo- PA, desadaptativo- PD y no perfeccionistas-NP) se presentó según las predicciones derivadas de la teoría y los estudios previos realizados por nuestro equipo de investigación. Respecto a la relación entre los diferentes perfiles y el desempeño académico, se encontró que los estudiantes con un perfil de PA presentaron un promedio percibido significativamente superior, y una cantidad de exámenes adeudados significativamente menor que los estudiantes de los restantes perfiles. No se evidenciaron diferencias significativas para estas variables entre los sujetos con un perfil de PD y los estudiantes NP. Para las restantes variables no se hallaron diferencias significativas entre los distintos perfiles de perfeccionismo. Se discuten las implicancias de estos hallazgos para futuras investigaciones en el área.
Trade Liberalization and Competition Levels
Authors: Chen Pu , Liu Dingming
Published: July 2014

This paper builds a general oligopolistic equilibrium model based on
Regionalism in Trade: An Overview of the Last Half-Century
Authors: Michaely Michael
Published: July 2014

The paper starts with a discussion of potential sources of regionalism in trade; and what, on this basis, might have been expected to be the performance of regionalism. In its main part, this is an empirical analysis of the actual change in the degree of regionalism over the last half-century, distinguishing four major groups of countries as “regions”. Judging by two complementary indices, it appears that the share of regional trading in world trade has increased substantially, so that much of the remarkable expansion of global trade has taken place via the channel of trade within specific regions.
The NB‐LRR proteins RGA4 and RGA5 interact functionally and physically to confer disease resistance
Authors: Césari Stella , Kanzaki Hiroyuki , Fujiwara Tadashi , Bernoux Maud , Chalvon Véronique , Kawano Yoji , Shimamoto Ko , Dodds Peter , Terauchi Ryohei , Kroj Thomas
Published: July 2014

Plant resistance proteins of the class of nucleotide‐binding and leucine‐rich repeat domain proteins (NB‐LRRs) are immune sensors which recognize pathogen‐derived molecules termed avirulence (AVR) proteins. We show that RGA4 and RGA5, two NB‐LRRs from rice, interact functionally and physically to mediate resistance to the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae and accomplish different functions in AVR recognition. RGA4 triggers an AVR‐independent cell death that is repressed in the presence of RGA5 in both rice protoplasts and Nicotiana benthamiana. Upon recognition of the pathogen effector AVR‐Pia by direct binding to RGA5, repression is relieved and cell death occurs. RGA4 and RGA5 form homo‐ and hetero‐complexes and interact through their coiled‐coil domains. Localization studies in rice protoplast suggest that RGA4 and RGA5 localize to the cytosol. Upon recognition of AVR‐Pia, neither RGA4 nor RGA5 is re‐localized to the nucleus. These results establish a model for the interaction of hetero‐pairs of NB‐LRRs in plants: RGA4 mediates cell death activation, while RGA5 acts as a repressor of RGA4 and as an AVR receptor.
Pediatric Drug Formulations: A Review of Challenges and Progress
Authors: Ivanovska Verica , Rademaker Carin M.A. , van Dijk Liset , Mantel-Teeuwisse Aukje K.
Published: July 2014

Children differ from adults in many aspects of pharmacotherapy, including capabilities for drug administration, medicine-related toxicity, and taste preferences. It is essential that pediatric medicines are formulated to best suit a child’s age, size, physiologic condition, and treatment requirements. To ensure adequate treatment of all children, different routes of administration, dosage forms, and strengths may be required. Many existing formulations are not suitable for children, which often leads to off-label and unlicensed use of adult medicines. New regulations, additional funding opportunities, and innovative collaborative research initiatives have resulted in some recent progress in the development of pediatric formulations. These advances include a paradigm shift toward oral solid formulations and a focus on novel preparations, including flexible, dispersible, and multiparticulate oral solid dosage forms. Such developments have enabled greater dose flexibility, easier administration, and better acceptance of drug formulations in children. However, new pediatric formulations address only a small part of all therapeutic needs in children; moreover, they are not always available. Five key issues need to be addressed to stimulate the further development of better medicines for children: (1) the continued prioritization of unmet formulation needs, particularly drug delivery in neonates and treatment gaps in pediatric cancers and childhood diseases in developing countries; (2) a better use of existing data to facilitate pediatric formulation development; (3) innovative technologies in adults that can be used to develop new pediatric formulations; (4) clinical feedback and practice-based evidence on the impact of novel formulations; and (5) improved access to new pediatric formulations.
The Necessity for Ocular Assessment in Atopic Children: Bilateral Corneal Hydrops in an 8 Year Old
Authors: Downie Laura E.
Published: July 2014

Acute corneal hydrops is a rare complication of advanced corneal ectasia. This case report describes the clinical course of a child with severe atopy and no previous ocular examination who developed bilateral, acute corneal hydrops, secondary to keratoconus, by 8 years of age. The report demonstrates the rapidity of progression in the pediatric phenotype of the disease. This case also provides an important clinical lesson in highlighting the necessity for children with atopy to be referred for comprehensive ophthalmic examination, even in the apparent absence of visual symptoms, to ensure the timely diagnosis and management of any atopy-associated ocular disease. Prompt referral is particularly essential for pediatric corneal ectasia, in which the rapidity of progression may preclude stabilizing treatments, such as corneal collagen cross-linking, and result in significant childhood visual impairment, as was the case for this child. This case demonstrates the potential for significant ocular involvement in atopic children and identifies scope to enhance current international clinical guidelines relating to the management of childhood atopy through the inclusion of ocular screening for associated disease.
William Hazledine (1763–1840): pioneering iron founder
Authors: Pattison Andrew
Published: July 2014

William Hazledine (1763–1840) is a virtually forgotten figure in the history of engineering. He worked closely with Thomas Telford, and the list of their joint achievements in the UK is unmatched in the history of bridge engineering. These include the aqueducts of Chirk and Pontcysyllte; arch bridges at Bonar, Mythe, Tewkesbury and Craigellachie; lock gates and bridges for the Caledonian Canal and many smaller cast iron bridges; and, not least, the unprecedented suspension bridges at Conwy and Menai in North Wales. Hazledine's expertise also won him many other contracts, including the suspension bridge at Marlow in Buckinghamshire, and the ironwork for the first all-iron-framed multi-storey building in the world, the Flax Mill at Ditherington in his home town of Shrewsbury. Recent research has begun to reveal his importance in the production of cast and wrought iron for these valued legacy structures. The paper highlights the outstanding quality of the iron that Hazledine made and the rigorous proof tests he undertook to verify the properties of the metal. These results will be of great interest to engineers today working on heritage cast- and wrought-iron structures, if only to learn of the high-quality results that were possible 200 years ago.
Ecosystem services from a degraded peatland of Central Kalimantan: implications for policy, planning, and management
Authors: Law Elizabeth A. , Bryan Brett A. , Meijaard Erik , Mallawaarachchi Thilak , Struebig Matthew , Wilson Kerrie A.
Published: July 2014

Increasingly, landscapes are managed for multiple objectives to balance social, economic, and environmental goals. The Ex‐Mega Rice Project (EMRP) peatland in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia provides a timely example with globally significant development, carbon, and biodiversity concerns. To inform future policy, planning, and management in the EMRP, we quantified and mapped ecosystem service values, assessed their spatial interactions, and evaluated the potential provision of ecosystem services under future land‐use scenarios. We focus on key policy‐relevant regulating (carbon stocks and the potential for emissions reduction), provisioning (timber, crops from smallholder agriculture, palm oil), and supporting (biodiversity) services. We found that implementation of existing land‐use plans has the potential to improve total ecosystem service provision. We identify a number of significant inefficiencies, trade‐offs, and unintended outcomes that may arise. For example, the potential development of existing palm oil concessions over one‐third of the region may shift smallholder agriculture into low‐productivity regions and substantially impact carbon and biodiversity outcomes. While improved management of conservation zones may enhance the protection of carbon stocks, not all biodiversity features will be represented, and there will be a reduction in timber harvesting and agricultural production. This study highlights how ecosystem service analyses can be structured to better inform policy, planning, and management in globally significant but data‐poor regions.
Cross‐scale feedbacks and scale mismatches as influences on cultural services and the resilience of protected areas
Authors: Maciejewski Kristine , De Vos Alta , Cumming Graeme S. , Moore Christine , Biggs Duan
Published: July 2014

Protected areas are a central strategy for achieving global conservation goals, but their continued existence depends heavily on maintaining sufficient social and political support to outweigh economic interests or other motives for land conversion. Thus, the resilience of protected areas can be considered a function of their perceived benefits to society. Nature‐based tourism (NBT), a cultural ecosystem service, provides a key source of income to protected areas, facilitating a sustainable solution to conservation. The ability of tourism to generate income depends, however, on both the scales at which this cultural service is provided and the scales at which tourists respond to services on offer. This observation raises a set of location‐, context‐, and scale‐related questions that need to be confronted before we can understand and value cultural service provision appropriately. We combine elements of resilience analysis with a systems ecology framework and apply this to NBT in protected areas to investigate cross‐scale interactions and scale mismatches. We postulate that cross‐scale effects can either have a positive effect on protected area resilience or lead to scale mismatches, depending on their interactions with cross‐scale feedbacks. To demonstrate this, we compare spatial scales and nested levels of institutions to develop a typology of scale mismatches for common scenarios in NBT. In our new typology, the severity of a scale mismatch is expressed as the ratio of spatial scale to institutional level, producing 25 possible outcomes with differing consequences for system resilience. We predict that greater differences between interacting scales and levels, and greater magnitudes of cross‐scale interactions, will lead to greater magnitudes of scale mismatch. Achieving a better understanding of feedbacks and mismatches, and finding ways of aligning spatial and institutional scales, will be critical for strengthening the resilience of protected areas that depend on NBT.
Choice of biodiversity index drives optimal fire management decisions
Authors: Giljohann K. M. , McCarthy M. A. , Kelly L. T. , Regan T. J.
Published: July 2014

Preservation of biodiversity is a central goal of conservation management, yet the conditions that promote persistence may differ for the species in the community. For systems subject to stochastic disturbances such as fire, understanding which management practices promote persistence for all species in a community is complex. Before deciding on the best course of action, an objective must be specified. Yet an overarching goal of species persistence can be specified into a measureable objective many different ways. We investigated four alternative management objectives for maximizing species persistence that use common biodiversity indices: (1) attaining the minimally acceptable mix of successional vegetation states to support species' relative abundances, (2) maximizing the arithmetic mean abundance of species, (3) maximizing the geometric mean abundance of species, and (4) minimizing the average extinction risk of species. We used stochastic dynamic programming to model successional changes in vegetation in the presence of both planned and unplanned fires, and utilize an extensive data set on the occurrence of birds, reptiles, and small mammals in different successional states in semiarid Australia. We investigated the influence the choice of objective function and taxonomic focus has on the optimal fire management recommendations. We also evaluated a recent hazard reduction policy to annually burn a fixed amount of the landscape and compare results to the optimal solution. The optimal management strategy to maximize species persistence over a 100‐year period is predominantly to minimize wildfires. This is because the majority of species are more likely to occur in intermediate and late successional vegetation. However the optimal solution showed sensitivity to the objective and the species included in the analysis. These results highlight the need for careful consideration when specifying an objective to represent overarching conservation goals. Using the extinction risk objective, we show that a policy to annually burn 5% of the landscape could increase the average probability of extinction for the modelled species by 7% over the next 100 years compared to the optimal management scenario.
Safe Prevention of the Primary Cesarean Delivery: ACOG and SMFM Change the Game
Authors: Lothian Judith A.
Published: July 2014

Safe Prevention of the Primary Cesarean Delivery, a joint statement of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, changes the rules of maternity care management. The statement reviews the research and uses the findings to make practice recommendations. This article discusses the major recommendations and their importance in decreasing risk and increasing safety for mothers and babies. The articles in the current issue of the journal are also reviewed.
Birth, Bath, and Beyond: The Science and Safety of Water Immersion During Labor and Birth
Authors: Harper Barbara
Published: July 2014

The 2014 objection to birth in water voiced by both the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) inACOG Bulletin #594on immersion in water during labor and birth is nothing new. The Committee on Fetus and Newborn published the very same opinion in 2005, based on a case report that was published in 2002 in the journalPediatrics. What has changed since 2002 is a growing body of evidence that reports on the safety and efficacy of labor and birth in water. This article reviews the retrospective literature on water birth and explains newborn physiology and the protective mechanisms that prevent babies from breathing during a birth in water.
What Started Your Labor? Responses From Mothers in the Third Pregnancy, Infection, and Nutrition Study
Authors: Bovbjerg Marit L. , Evenson Kelly R. , Bradley Chyrise , Thorp John M.
Published: July 2014

Many behaviors and substances have been purported to induce labor. Using data from the Third Pregnancy, Infection, and Nutrition cohort, we focus on 663 women who experienced spontaneous labor. Of the women who reported a specific labor trigger, 32% reported physical activity (usually walking), 24% a clinician-mediated trigger, 19% a natural phenomenon, 14% some other physical trigger (including sexual activity), 12% reported ingesting something, 12% an emotional trigger, and 7% maternal illness. With the exceptions of walking and sexual intercourse, few women reported any one specific trigger, although various foods/substances were listed in the “ingesting something” category. Discussion of potential risks associated with “old wives’ tale” ways to induce labor may be warranted as women approach term.
Parameterized Synthesis
Authors: Jacobs Swen , Bloem Roderick
Published: July 2014

We study the synthesis problem for distributed architectures with a
parametric number of finite-state components. Parameterized specifications
arise naturally in a synthesis setting, but thus far it was unclear how to
detect realizability and how to perform synthesis in a parameterized setting.
Using a classical result from verification, we show that for a class of
specifications in indexed LTL\X, parameterized synthesis in token ring networks
is equivalent to distributed synthesis in a network consisting of a few copies
of a single process. Adapting a well-known result from distributed synthesis,
we show that the latter problem is undecidable. We describe a semi-decision
procedure for the parameterized synthesis problem in token rings, based on
bounded synthesis. We extend the approach to parameterized synthesis in
token-passing networks with arbitrary topologies, and show applicability on a
simple case study. Finally, we sketch a general framework for parameterized
synthesis based on cutoffs and other parameterized verification techniques.
Linear usage of state
Authors: Møgelberg Rasmus Ejlers , Staton Sam
Published: July 2014

We investigate the phenomenon that "every monad is a linear state monad". We
do this by studying a fully-complete state-passing translation from an impure
call-by-value language to a new linear type theory: the enriched call-by-value
calculus. The results are not specific to store, but can be applied to any
computational effect expressible using algebraic operations, even to effects
that are not usually thought of as stateful. There is a bijective
correspondence between generic effects in the source language and state access
operations in the enriched call-by-value calculus. From the perspective of
categorical models, the enriched call-by-value calculus suggests a refinement
of the traditional Kleisli models of effectful call-by-value languages. The new
models can be understood as enriched adjunctions.
Computational Complexity of Smooth Differential Equations
Authors: Kawamura Akitoshi , Ota Hiroyuki , Rösnick Carsten , Ziegler Martin
Published: July 2014

The computational complexity of the solutions $h$ to the ordinary
differential equation $h(0)=0$, $h'(t) = g(t, h(t))$ under various assumptions
on the function $g$ has been investigated. Kawamura showed in 2010 that the
solution $h$ can be PSPACE-hard even if $g$ is assumed to be Lipschitz
continuous and polynomial-time computable. We place further requirements on the
smoothness of $g$ and obtain the following results: the solution $h$ can still
be PSPACE-hard if $g$ is assumed to be of class $C^1$; for each $k\ge2$, the
solution $h$ can be hard for the counting hierarchy even if $g$ is of class
$C^k$.
Knowledge Spaces and the Completeness of Learning Strategies
Authors: Berardi Stefano , de'Liguoro Ugo
Published: July 2014

We propose a theory of learning aimed to formalize some ideas underlying
Coquand's game semantics and Krivine's realizability of classical logic. We
introduce a notion of knowledge state together with a new topology, capturing
finite positive and negative information that guides a learning strategy. We
use a leading example to illustrate how non-constructive proofs lead to
continuous and effective learning strategies over knowledge spaces, and prove
that our learning semantics is sound and complete w.r.t. classical truth, as it
is the case for Coquand's and Krivine's approaches.
Partial Model Checking using Networks of Labelled Transition Systems and Boole an Equation Systems
Authors: Lang Frédéric , Mateescu Radu
Published: July 2014

Partial model checking was proposed by Andersen in 1995 to verify a temporal
logic formula compositionally on a composition of processes. It consists in
incrementally incorporating into the formula the behavioural information taken
from one process - an operation called quotienting - to obtain a new formula
that can be verified on a smaller composition from which the incorporated
process has been removed. Simplifications of the formula must be applied at
each step, so as to maintain the formula at a tractable size. In this paper, we
revisit partial model checking. First, we extend quotienting to the network of
labelled transition systems model, which subsumes most parallel composition
operators, including m-among-n synchronisation and parallel composition using
synchronisation interfaces, available in the ELOTOS standard. Second, we
reformulate quotienting in terms of a simple synchronous product between a
graph representation of the formula (called formula graph) and a process, thus
enabling quotienting to be implemented efficiently and easily, by reusing
existing tools dedicated to graph compositions. Third, we propose
simplifications of the formula as a combination of bisimulations and reductions
using Boolean equation systems applied directly to the formula graph, thus
enabling formula simplifications also to be implemented efficiently. Finally,
we describe an implementation in the CADP (Construction and Analysis of
Distributed Processes) toolbox and present some experimental results in which
partial model checking uses hundreds of times less memory than on-the-fly model
checking.
Definability of linear equation systems over groups and rings
Authors: Dawar Anuj , Kopczynski Eryk , Holm Bjarki , Grädel Erich , Pakusa Wied
Published: July 2014

Motivated by the quest for a logic for PTIME and recent insights that the
descriptive complexity of problems from linear algebra is a crucial aspect of
this problem, we study the solvability of linear equation systems over finite
groups and rings from the viewpoint of logical (inter-)definability. All
problems that we consider are decidable in polynomial time, but not expressible
in fixed-point logic with counting. They also provide natural candidates for a
separation of polynomial time from rank logics, which extend fixed-point logics
by operators for determining the rank of definable matrices and which are
sufficient for solvability problems over fields. Based on the structure theory
of finite rings, we establish logical reductions among various solvability
problems. Our results indicate that all solvability problems for linear
equation systems that separate fixed-point logic with counting from PTIME can
be reduced to solvability over commutative rings. Moreover, we prove closure
properties for classes of queries that reduce to solvability over rings, which
provides normal forms for logics extended with solvability operators. We
conclude by studying the extent to which fixed-point logic with counting can
express problems in linear algebra over finite commutative rings, generalising
known results on the logical definability of linear-algebraic problems over
finite fields.
Approximation systems for functions in topological and in metric spaces
Authors: Skordev Dimiter
Published: July 2014

A notable feature of the TTE approach to computability is the representation
of the argument values and the corresponding function values by means of
infinitistic names. Two ways to eliminate the using of such names in certain
cases are indicated in the paper. The first one is intended for the case of
topological spaces with selected indexed denumerable bases. Suppose a partial
function is given from one such space into another one whose selected base has
a recursively enumerable index set, and suppose that the intersection of base
open sets in the first space is computable in the sense of Weihrauch-Grubba.
Then the ordinary TTE computability of the function is characterized by the
existence of an appropriate recursively enumerable relation between indices of
base sets containing the argument value and indices of base sets containing the
corresponding function value.This result can be regarded as an improvement of a
result of Korovina and Kudinov. The second way is applicable to metric spaces
with selected indexed denumerable dense subsets. If a partial function is given
from one such space into another one, then, under a semi-computability
assumption concerning these spaces, the ordinary TTE computability of the
function is characterized by the existence of an appropriate recursively
enumerable set of quadruples. Any of them consists of an index of element from
the selected dense subset in the first space, a natural number encoding a
rational bound for the distance between this element and the argument value, an
index of element from the selected dense subset in the second space and a
natural number encoding a rational bound for the distance between this element
and the function value. One of the examples in the paper indicates that the
computability of real functions can be characterized in a simple way by using
the first way of elimination of the infinitistic names.
Coalgebraic Trace Semantics for Continuous Probabilistic Transition Systems
Authors: Kerstan Henning , König Barbara
Published: July 2014

Coalgebras in a Kleisli category yield a generic definition of trace
semantics for various types of labelled transition systems. In this paper we
apply this generic theory to generative probabilistic transition systems, short
PTS, with arbitrary (possibly uncountable) state spaces. We consider the
sub-probability monad and the probability monad (Giry monad) on the category of
measurable spaces and measurable functions. Our main contribution is that the
existence of a final coalgebra in the Kleisli category of these monads is
closely connected to the measure-theoretic extension theorem for sigma-finite
pre-measures. In fact, we obtain a practical definition of the trace measure
for both finite and infinite traces of PTS that subsumes a well-known result
for discrete probabilistic transition systems. Finally we consider two example
systems with uncountable state spaces and apply our theory to calculate their
trace measures.
Epistemic Updates on Algebras
Authors: Kurz Alexander A , Palmigiano Alessandra A
Published: July 2014

We develop the mathematical theory of epistemic updates with the tools of
duality theory. We focus on the Logic of Epistemic Actions and Knowledge (EAK),
introduced by Baltag-Moss- Solecki, without the common knowledge operator. We
dually characterize the product update construction of EAK as a certain
construction transforming the complex algebras associated with the given model
into the complex algebra associated with the updated model. This dual
characterization naturally generalizes to much wider classes of algebras, which
include, but are not limited to, arbitrary BAOs and arbitrary modal expansions
of Heyting algebras (HAOs). As an application of this dual characterization, we
axiomatize the intuitionistic analogue of the logic of epistemic knowledge and
actions, which we refer to as IEAK, prove soundness and completeness of IEAK
w.r.t. both algebraic and relational models, and illustrate how IEAK encodes
the reasoning of agents in a concrete epistemic scenario.
Expansions of MSO by cardinality relations
Authors: Bès Alexis
Published: July 2014

We study expansions of the Weak Monadic Second Order theory of (N,<) by
cardinality relations, which are predicates R(X1,...,Xn) whose truth value
depends only on the cardinality of the sets X1, ...,Xn. We first provide a
(definable) criterion for definability of a cardinality relation in (N,<), and
use it to prove that for every cardinality relation R which is not definable in
(N,<), there exists a unary cardinality relation which is definable in (N,<,R)
and not in (N,<). These results resemble Muchnik and Michaux-Villemaire
theorems for Presburger Arithmetic. We prove then that + and x are definable in
(N,<,R) for every cardinality relation R which is not definable in (N,<). This
implies undecidability of the WMSO theory of (N,<,R). We also consider the
related satisfiability problem for the class of finite orderings, namely the
question whether an MSO sentence in the language {<,R} admits a finite model M
where < is interpreted as a linear ordering, and R as the restriction of some
(fixed) cardinality relation to the domain of M. We prove that this problem is
undecidable for every cardinality relation R which is not definable in (N,<).
Compact manifolds with computable boundaries
Authors: Iljazovic Zvonko
Published: July 2014

We investigate conditions under which a co-computably enumerable closed set
in a computable metric space is computable and prove that in each locally
computable computable metric space each co-computably enumerable compact
manifold with computable boundary is computable. In fact, we examine the notion
of a semi-computable compact set and we prove a more general result: in any
computable metric space each semi-computable compact manifold with computable
boundary is computable. In particular, each semi-computable compact
(boundaryless) manifold is computable.
Lower Bounds for Existential Pebble Games and k-Consistency Tests
Authors: Berkholz Christoph
Published: July 2014

The existential k-pebble game characterizes the expressive power of the
existential-positive k-variable fragment of first-order logic on finite
structures. The winner of the existential k-pebble game on two given finite
structures can be determined in time O(n2k) by dynamic programming on the graph
of game configurations. We show that there is no O(n(k-3)/12)-time algorithm
that decides which player can win the existential k-pebble game on two given
structures. This lower bound is unconditional and does not rely on any
complexity-theoretic assumptions. Establishing strong k-consistency is a
well-known heuristic for solving the constraint satisfaction problem (CSP). By
the game characterization of Kolaitis and Vardi our result implies that there
is no O(n(k-3)/12)-time algorithm that decides if strong k-consistency can be
established for a given CSP-instance.
Modeling and Verification of Infinite Systems with Resources
Authors: Lang Martin , Löding Christof
Published: July 2014

We consider formal verification of recursive programs with resource
consumption. We introduce prefix replacement systems with non-negative integer
counters which can be incremented and reset to zero as a formal model for such
programs. In these systems, we investigate bounds on the resource consumption
for reachability questions. Motivated by this question, we introduce relational
structures with resources and a quantitative first-order logic over these
structures. We define resource automatic structures as a subclass of these
structures and provide an effective method to compute the semantics of the
logic on this subclass. Subsequently, we use this framework to solve the
bounded reachability problem for resource prefix replacement systems. We
achieve this result by extending the well-known saturation method to annotated
prefix replacement systems. Finally, we provide a connection to the study of
the logic cost-WMSO.