bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sex Differences in the Renal Changes Elicited by Angiotensin II Blockade During the Nephrogenic Period
Authors: Saez Fara , Castells M. Teresa , Zuasti Adelina , Salazar Francisco , Reverte Virginia , Loria Analia , Salazar F. Javier
Published: April 2007

The renin–angiotensin system plays an important role in renal development. However, it is unknown whether reduction in angiotensin II effects during the nephrogenic period leads to different renal alterations in males and females during the adult age. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the role of angiotensin II on renal development is sex dependent and whether there are sex differences in blood pressure, renal hemodynamics, and severity of renal damage during adult life when nephrogenesis is altered by blocking angiotensin II effects. Newborn Sprague–Dawley rats were treated with an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist (L-158.809; 7 mg/kg per day) during the first 2 weeks of life. At 3 months of age, changes in blood pressure, albuminuria, and renal hemodynamics were assessed, and stereological and histopathologic studies were performed. Blood pressure increased (127±0.5 versus 115±0.7 mm Hg in control rats;
P
<0.05) and nephron number decreased (37%;
P
<0.05) similarly in treated males and females. However, only males had an elevation in albuminuria (5.92±1.65 versus 0.33±0.09 mg per day in control rats;
P
<0.05), a fall in glomerular filtration rate (12.6%;
P
<0.05), and a significant decrease in papillary volume (42%;
P
<0.05). Mean glomerular volume, glomerulosclerosis, arteriolar hypertrophy, and tubulointerstitial damage in cortex and medulla were also higher (
P
<0.05) in angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist–treated males than in treated females. The results of this study suggest that females seem to be more protected than males to the renal consequences of reducing angiotensin II effects during renal development.
Entry Barriers in Rural Business
Authors: Kristiansen Stein
Published: March 2007

Market liberalisation should ideally enhance the chances for development of rural business. Yet, entry barriers in poor areas are still high and local resources like land and labour, remain underutilised. This article searches for reasons behind entry barriers in one specific business, in rural Indonesia, namely layer egg production. In Indonesia, the poultry business is strongly concentrated in Java, and the huge populations on other islands are practically without commercial egg producers. Egg prices in these regions are therefore high and quality is low. The research is based on fieldwork in five of Indonesia's islands: Java, Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, and Flores. Traditional entry barriers, like capital costs, economies of scale, brand loyalty, and technological development, are found to be low. Main explanations for the lack of entry by small-scale entrepreneurs are: limited information and knowledge; uncertainties due to the concentration and market dominance by powerful business groups. The gap is wide between those who know and control and those who do not. Lowering entry barriers into layer egg and feed production is mainly a matter of increasing competence at the household level, but institutional changes are also required. Government institutions should play a stronger role in competence development, and local cooperatives could facilitate stable supply of quality feed.
M/Othering Europe
Authors: Neef Sonja
Published: March 2007

This article questions the notion of European identity and shows how the concept of translation is the basic principle of Europe. As a mythological figure, Europe was — literally — `translated' from the Orient to the Occident by a divine bull. The author demonstrates how Europe is conceived of as a performative that produces intermedial transcriptions in three ways: mythographically, in the version of the Epyllion by Moschos; cartographically, with respect to the prime meridian; and graphically, based on the frescos by Tiepolo in the grand staircase of the Prince-Archbishop's palace in Würzburg, Germany.
The May-Hegglin anomaly gene MYH9 is a negative regulator of platelet biogenesis modulated by the Rho-ROCK pathway
Authors: Chen Zhao , Naveiras Olaia , Balduini Alessandra , Mammoto Akiko , Conti Mary Anne , Adelstein Robert S. , Ingber Donald , Daley George Q. , Shivdasani Ramesh A.
Published: March 2007

The gene implicated in the May-Hegglin anomaly and related macrothrombocytopenias, MYH9, encodes myosin-IIA, a protein that enables morphogenesis in diverse cell types. Defective myosin-IIA complexes are presumed to perturb megakaryocyte (MK) differentiation or generation of proplatelets. We observed that Myh9−/− mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells differentiate into MKs that are fully capable of proplatelet formation (PPF). In contrast, elevation of myosin-IIA activity, by exogenous expression or by mimicking constitutive phosphorylation of its regulatory myosin light chain (MLC), significantly attenuates PPF. This effect occurs only in the presence of myosin-IIA and implies that myosin-IIA influences thrombopoiesis negatively. MLC phosphorylation in MKs is regulated by Rho-associated kinase (ROCK), and consistent with our model, ROCK inhibition enhances PPF. Conversely, expression of AV14, a constitutive form of the ROCK activator Rho, blocks PPF, and this effect is rescued by simultaneous expression of a dominant inhibitory MLC form. Hematopoietic transplantation studies in mice confirm that interference with the putative Rho–ROCK–myosin-IIA pathway selectively decreases the number of circulating platelets. Our studies unveil a key regulatory pathway for platelet biogenesis and hint at Sdf-1/CXCL12 as one possible extracellular mediator. The unexpected mechanism for Myh9-associated thrombocytopenia may lead to new molecular approaches to manipulate thrombopoiesis.
Expression of Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling‐3 in Helicobacter pylori‐Infected Rat Gastric Mucosal RGM‐1Cells
Authors: CHA BORAM , KIM KYUNG HWAN , MATSUI HIROFUMI , KIM HYEYOUNG
Published: April 2007

Abstract:  Our previous studies show that Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) induces oxidative stress and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in gastric epithelial cells. H. pylori induces the expression of molecular chaperones and proteins involved in protein‐folding machinery as a defense mechanism against cellular stress. The suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) are known as negative regulators of major immune signal pathways. The purpose of this article is to determine whether H. pylori in a Korean isolate (HP99) induces the expression of SOCS in rat gastric mucosal RGM‐1 cells as a defense mechanism. As a result, HP99 induced SOCS‐3 expression time‐dependently in RGM‐1 cells. SOCS‐1 was not expressed while SOCS‐2 expression was not changed by HP99 infection in RGM‐1 cells. SOCS‐3 might have a defensive role in H. pylori‐infected gastric mucosal cells. Further study by manipulating SOCS‐3 gene should be performed to investigate the physiological meaning of SOCS‐3 induced by H. pylori in gastric mucosal cells.
Schlumberger Uses Simulation in Bidding and Executing Land Seismic Surveys
Authors: Mullarkey Peter , Butler Grant , Gavirneni Srinagesh , Morrice Douglas
Published: April 2007

Schlumberger and its competitors use seismic surveying, the process of mapping subterranean rock formations with reflected sound waves, as an important first step in identification and recovery of oil and gas reserves. This complicated logistical operation commonly lasts two to six months, covers hundreds of square miles, employs scores of people, and utilizes a large variety of equipment. To win these jobs, Schlumberger participates in a closed bidding process organized by the oil companies. To succeed, it must quickly and accurately estimate the costs of seismic surveys. We developed a simulation tool to evaluate the impact of crew sizes (people and equipment), survey area, geographical region, and weather conditions on survey costs and durations. Schlumberger uses it to obtain and profit from a larger portion of the global seismic survey market. We demonstrated cost savings to clients of about $2 million on four surveys. Based on the number of surveys that Schlumberger conducts each year, it should save about $1.5 to $3 million each year.
Network Planning of Broadband Wireless Networks
Authors: Bollapragada Ramesh , Morawski Thomas B. , Pinzon Luz E. , Richman Steven H. , Sackett Raymond
Published: April 2007

To deploy broadband networks, service providers, such as competing local exchange carriers, need robust plans for providing various types, amounts, and locations of services at competitive prices. Broadband networks generally consist of an access component (wireless access), a concentration component (a wireless aggregation point or hub), a service routing or distribution component (a central office or metro switch), and various combined or separate distribution components (a long-haul backbone data or voice network). Because access, aggregation, and routing or distribution vary greatly in requirements, we developed a method and platform for planning the components of fixed-wireless-broadband (FWB) systems for local loop access. We have helped various service providers to analyze and design many networking scenarios using our methods. The service providers have used these scenarios and their predicted financial outcomes to plan FWB access networks tailored to meet their marketing and financial goals. By implementing our method, one service provider has improved its planning process, achieved a competitive advantage in its markets, and increased its annual service revenues by tens of millions of dollars.
Releasing Individually Identifiable Microdata with Privacy Protection Against Stochastic Threat: An Application to Health Information
Authors: Garfinkel Robert , Gopal Ram , Thompson Steven
Published: April 2007

The ability to collect and disseminate individually identifiable microdata is becoming increasingly important in a number of arenas. This is especially true in health care and national security, where this data is considered vital for a number of public health and safety initiatives. In some cases legislation has been used to establish some standards for limiting the collection of and access to such data. However, all such legislative efforts contain many provisions that allow for access to individually identifiable microdata without the consent of the data subject. Furthermore, although legislation is useful in that penalties are levied for violating the law, these penalties occur after an individual’s privacy has been compromised. Such deterrent measures can only serve as disincentives and offer no true protection. This paper considers security issues involved in releasing microdata, including individual identifiers. The threats to the confidentiality of the data subjects come from the users possessing statistical information that relates the revealed microdata to suppressed confidential information. The general strategy is to recode the initial data, in which some subjects are “safe” and some are at risk, into a data set in which no subjects are at risk. We develop a technique that enables the release of individually identifiable microdata in a manner that maximizes the utility of the released data while providing preventive protection of confidential data. Extensive computational results show that the proposed method is practical and viable and that useful data can be released even when the level of risk in the data is high.
Editorial Notes
Authors: Sambamurthy Vallabh
Published: April 2007

The performance of the journal in 2006 is reviewed. Editorial transitions, including the appointment of new senior and associate editors are described. Finally, proposals for a new special issue are invited. These proposals should focus on and highlight emerging, interdisciplinary research on novel and underresearched phenomena and must adhere to the guidelines developed for the journal.
Diagnostic Accuracy of ELISA and xMAP Technology for Analysis of Amyloid β42 and Tau Proteins
Authors: Reijn Thierry SM , Rikkert Marcel Olde , van Geel Wieneke JA , de Jong Danielle , Verbeek Marcel M
Published: March 2007

Background: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of amyloid β42 (Aβ42) peptides and tau proteins may serve as biomarkers for Alzheimer disease (AD). Recently, the xMAP technology has been introduced as an alternative to ELISA for measurement of these markers.

Methods: We used xMAP assays and ELISA to analyze CSF concentrations of Aβ42, total tau (t-tau), and tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 (p-tau181) in samples from 69 patients with Alzheimer disease, 26 patients with vascular dementia, and 55 controls without neurological disorders.

Results: High CV values (>28%) for the ratio of xMAP:ELISA were observed for each biomarker, indicating that a constant correction factor cannot be applied to recalculate xMAP results into ELISA results. When a combination of CSF markers was used, the sensitivity, specificity, and area under the ROC curves for xMAP assays and ELISAs were not significantly different in differentiating AD patients from vascular dementia patients and controls.

Conclusions: A constant conversion factor cannot be used successfully to recalculate results obtained with xMAP assays to those from the ELISAs. With the use of analysis of a combination of Aβ42, t-tau, and p-tau in CSF, however, differentiation of clinical groups is equivalent when either xMAP technology or conventional ELISA is used.
Quantifying Spurious Free T4 Results Attributable to Thyroxine-Binding Proteins in Serum Dialysates and Ultrafiltrates
Authors: Fritz Kristofer S , Wilcox R Bruce , Nelson Jerald C
Published: March 2007

Background: Direct equilibrium dialysis and direct ultrafiltration free thyroxine (T4) assays rely on semipermeable membranes to exclude T4-binding serum proteins from dialysates and ultrafiltrates. The presence of these proteins in dialysates or ultrafiltrates will yield spuriously high free T4 values when free T4 is quantified by RIA.

Methods: We used a nonanalog free T4 RIA that detects and quantifies dialyzable and ultrafilterable serum free T4 to detect T4-binding serum proteins. Two equilibrium dialysis devices and 3 ultrafiltration devices were used to illustrate this application. Displacements of [125I]T4 from anti-T4 by various concentrations of T4-depleted thyroxine-binding globulin, albumin, and serum total protein were compared to displacements by various concentrations of free T4.

Results: Both dialysis devices excluded detectable T4-binding serum proteins from dialysates. Two of 3 ultrafiltration devices excluded detectable T4-binding serum proteins from ultrafiltrates. One did not, and its ultrafiltrate yielded spurious free T4 values that correlated directly with serum protein concentrations.

Conclusion: The presence or absence of T4-binding proteins in dialysates and ultrafiltrates and the spurious free T4 values that these proteins cause can be documented using a nonanalog free T4 RIA.
Transverse mechanical behaviour and moisture absorption of waterlogged archaeological wood from the Vasa ship
Authors: Ljungdahl Jonas , Berglund Lars A.
Published: March 2007

Damage on the hull of the 17th century Swedish warship Vasa has been observed recently. Damage in the form of indentations in the wood is caused by high compressive loads from the support structure. In the process of developing an improved support structure, radial mechanical properties and the deformation mechanisms of Vasa oak are particularly important. Causes of differences in PEG content and oak degradation are also of interest. The radial modulus and compressive strength of Vasa oak are 50% lower than for recent oak. Furthermore, a significant change in failure mechanism is observed. More brittle separation fracture of the rays of Vasa oak is observed compared to the continuous folds of rays in recent oak. Tangential stiffness and strength are also 30% and 50% lower, respectively. Comparably small differences in moisture absorption between PEG-extracted Vasa oak and recent oak indicate a low extent of degradation of the Vasa oak.
Notes on home range and habitat use of three small carnivore species in a disturbed vegetation mosaic of southeastern Brazil / Notes sur le territoire et l'utilisation de l'habitat de trois espèces de petits carnivores dans une végétation mosaïque perturbée au Sud Est du Brésil
Authors: Michalski Fernanda , Crawshaw Peter G. , Oliveira Tadeu Gomes de , Fabián Marta Elena
Published: April 2007

The home range and habitat use of three carnivore species was investigated in a disturbed forest of southeastern Brazil. Three jaguarundis ( Herpailurus yagouaroundi ), two crab-eating foxes ( Cerdocyon thous ), and two tayras ( Eira barbara ) were radio-tracked to test the hypothesis that home ranges and habitat use would differ between the proportion of habitat types available. The largest home ranges were those of one male jaguarundi (2047 ha) and the male crab-eating fox (1053 ha). The smallest were those of the females of crab-eating fox (48 ha) and jaguarundi (188 ha). The female jaguarundi was the only individual to show a significant difference between observed and expected habitat use. All species used disturbed habitats (secondary forest, grassland savanna, and Eucalyptus plantation) to varying degrees. Thus, these species showed great flexibility in their use of disturbed habitats.
Nouvelles données sur les cétacés des îles Kerguelen / New data on cetaceans of the Kerguelen Islands
Authors: Robineau Daniel , Duhamel Guy
Published: April 2007

Des observations nouvelles et quelques échouages complètent le premier bilan faunistique établi en 1989 pour les îles Kerguelen. Aux neuf espèces identifiées précédemment ( Eubalaena glacialis , Balaenoptera acutorostrata , Megaptera novaeangliae , Physeter macrocephalus , Mesoplodon layardii , Cephalorhynchus commersonii , Lagenorhynchus cruciger , Orcinus orca , et Globicephala melas ) s'ajoutent, grâce à des échouages, deux nouvelles espèces: Ziphius cavirostris et Hyperoodon planifrons . En outre, la présence occasionnelle de Phocoena dioptrica est confirmée. L'événement le plus marquant est cependant le grand nombre d'observations (n=1649) de cachalots ( Physeter macrocephalus ) faites depuis 1989 au delà du plateau des îles, dans une zone peu fréquentée autrefois par les bateaux de pêche. Pour le dauphin de Commerson ( Cephalorhynchus commersonii ), espèce la plus commune, des données biologiques et écologiques s'ajoutent aux données faunistiques. Nous faisons également état, pour trois espèces ( Physeter macrocephalus , Orcinus orca , et Globicephala melas ), d'interactions avec la pêcherie à la palangre de la légine australe ( Dissostichus eleginoides ).
Estimation of population density of Eidolon helvum on the island of Príncipe, Gulf of Guinea / Estimation de densité de population de Eidolon helvum sur l'île de Príncipe, Golfe de Guinée
Authors: Dallimer Martin , King Tony , Cope David , Borge Jiana Manuel
Published: April 2007

Eidolon helvum is a widespread African fruit bat. It is migratory and can form colonies of millions of individuals. On Príncipe, in the Gulf of Guinea, there are seemingly large numbers of E. helvum . Here, they have lost their migratory behaviour and rely on the availability of the year-round food resources on the island, which is small (128 km
Winter reproduction of Eliomys quercinus (Rodentia) in the orange groves of Sagunto (Valencia, Spain) / La reproduction en hiver d' Eliomys quercinus (Rodentia) dans les orangeraies de Sagunto (Valence, Espagne)
Authors: Gil-Delgado José Antonio , Cabaret Pauline , Declercq Sophie , Gómez Jaime , Sánchez Iván
Published: April 2007

The colonisation of orange groves in Eastern Spain by the garden dormouse Eliomys quercinus and their reproduction were studied. Litter sizes and times of birth of garden dormice were studied during the winter of 2003/2004 until the month of May 2004. The main study area was a plot covered by orange trees that has been monitored since 1975. Litters in nest boxes placed around the plot for birds, as well as a few litters in nests built in trees, were observed to obtain information on reproduction. The nests found in trees include some built in old bird nests, most of them belonging to the blackbird Turdus merula . We weighed the cubs to determine their month of birth and identified the population trend by counting the number of nests occupied simultaneously. Results show that there are births during the winter, that the number of cubs per nest ranged from 4 to 13, but 6 cubs was the mode. A total of 34 litters were found, with an average size of 5.76 cubs per litter. The litter of 13 cubs was excluded from analysis. Colonisation was suspected after a first specimen was observed in 1997 in the surroundings of the study area. Occupation by garden dormice of both natural nests and nest boxes subsequently increased from 1 to 27 between 1999 and 2004. We suggest that mild winter temperatures allowed the population increase and winter reproduction.
Formation of multilayer films for gas sensing by in situ thermophoretic deposition of nanoparticles from aerosol phase
Authors: Sahm Thorsten , Rong Weizhi , Bârsan Nicolae , Mädler Lutz , Friedlander Sheldon K. , Weimar Udo
Published: April 2007

Dry aerosol synthesis applying the flame spray pyrolysis was used to manufacture and directly (in situ) deposit tin dioxide nanoparticles on sensor substrates. For the first time this technique was used to synthesize a combination of two porous layers for gas-sensor fabrication. Two different sensing layers were deposited on ceramic substrates, i.e., pure tin dioxide and palladium-doped tin dioxide. The top layer was a palladium-doped alumina as a filter. The fabricated sensors were tested with methane, CO, and ethanol. In the case of CH4, the pure tin dioxide sensor with the Pd/Al2O3 filter showed higher sensor signals and improved selectivity with respect to water vapor compared to single tin dioxide films. At temperatures up to 250 °C the Pd doping of the tin dioxide strongly increased the sensitivity to all gases. At higher temperatures the sensor signal significantly decreased for the Pd/SnO2 sensor with a Pd/Al2O3 filter, indicating high catalytic activity.
Growth and microstructural characterization of catalyst-free ZnO nanostructures grown on sapphire and GaN by thermal evaporation
Authors: Kong Bo Hyun , Cho Hyung Koun
Published: April 2007

ZnO nanostructures were grown directly on sapphire substrates and GaN epilayers by thermal evaporation. Their morphologies and densities were found to be strongly dependent on the synthesis position and the kinds of substrate loaded into the reactor due to the different oxygen densities and the lattice mismatch, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy studies revealed that ZnO nanorods on sapphire substrates grew in four directions, one 〈0001〉Sapphire and three (1014)Sapphire directions. It was found that the in-plane lattice mismatch of inclined ZnO nanorods was remarkably reduced by forming the planar relationship of (0002)ZnO//(1014)Sapphire, compared to that of (1120)ZnO//(1010)Sapphire in the ZnO film. On the other hand, for the GaN epilayers, vertically well-aligned ZnO nanorods were grown after growing an epitaxial ZnO film due to reduced lattice mismatch. Electron energy-loss spectroscopy data showed that Zn-rich stoichiometry was responsible for the formation of ZnO nanostructures.
Influence of acetylene to argon flow rate ratios on structure and properties of hydrogenated amorphous carbon films produced on steel substrates by plasma immersion ion implantation and deposition
Authors: Xu Ming , Cai Xun , Chen Qiulong , Zhao Jun , Chu Paul K.
Published: April 2007

Hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) films were fabricated using mixed acetylene and argon plasma with various flow rate ratios of acetylene to argon. Raman scattering and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy show that changing the flow rate ratios (FC2H2 to FAr) has a large impact on the structure of the films. Enhanced film hardness and reduced surface roughness were achieved at higher ratios attributable to the high ion flux and efficient etching by hydrogen. However, the film surface exposed to atomic hydrogen at a higher C2H2 flow rate becomes rougher. The sp3 content and film hardness also reach saturation combined with a fissile surface due to the high stress.
Extrusion of a solvated polymer into a moving viscous medium allows generation of continuous polymer nanofibers via hydrodynamic focusing
Authors: Gorantla M. , Boone S.E. , Clark C. , Esser R. , El-Ashry M. , Young D.
Published: April 2007

Continuous, small-diameter polymer fibers may be fabricated by a method that involves injecting a solvated polymer into a highly viscous moving medium through a microaperture. The extruded fiber moves in a predictable spiral path and is collected around a spinning mandrel that also serves to pull the extruded fiber away from the aperture. In this study, fibers as small as 400 nm diameter were observed, but there was no indication that the experiments reported here have achieved the smallest structures possible by this technique. Video microscopy experiments revealed significant fiber diameter reduction in close proximity to the point of precursor injection via hydrodynamic focusing. This occurred due to flow mismatch between the precursor and surrounding media. This effect may be the dominant draw-down mechanism in a process that can produce truly continuous nanofiber. This method is capable of generating fibers from precursors with viscosities that would render them unspinnable by any other known method.
Deformation behavior of Zr- and Ni-based bulk glassy alloys
Authors: Louzguine-Luzgin Dmitri V. , Zeng Yuqiao , Setyawan Albertus Deny Heri , Nishiyama Nobuyuki , Kato Hidemi , Saida Junji , Inoue Akihisa
Published: April 2007

This article presents a comparative study of the deformation-induced structural changes observed within a glassy phase in two different Zr- and Ni-based alloys. Ductile Zr65Al7.5Ni10Pd17.5bulk glassy alloy, which exhibits dynamic nanocrystallization forming a crystalline cubic phase within shear bands on plastic deformation, is presumed to contain pre-existing nuclei. On the contrary, no obvious dynamic nanocrystallization is observed within the shear bands in the glassy phase of the Ni50Pd30P20bulk alloy, which, however, contains clear medium-range order zones on the order of 1 nm in size in an as-solidified state. This alloy exhibits nucleation and growth-transformation behavior on heating. At the same time, clear nucleation and growth of the cubic Ni-based phase are observed near the microcrack area in the deformed sample. High energy released at the time of the microcrack propagation caused nanocrystallization and blockage of the crack-tip propagation.
Combinatorial investigation of the mechanical properties of aluminum-silicon thin film nanocomposites
Authors: Olk C.H. , Lukitsch M. , Haddad D.B.
Published: April 2007

We have undertaken the exploration of AlxSi1−x material systems to discover new alloys with enhanced mechanical properties. Combinatorial methods were used to systematically control thin film microstructure through variations in composition and growth temperature. Discrete libraries of compositionally graded films have been sputter deposited onto silicon substrates to produce two structural phase regions: amorphous Al–Si and amorphous Si plus crystalline Al. The mechanical properties of the thin films were determined through indentation experiments by analyzing the load–displacement traces based on the Oliver–Pharr method. X-ray diffraction was used to investigate the microstructures and determine the crystallite sizes. In samples with an Al concentration near 55 at.%, the data show that decreasing the Al crystallite size by nearly one half increases the nanocomposite hardness by nearly a factor of two.
Preliminary Morphometrics of Spleen and Kidney Macrophage Aggregates in Clinically Normal Blue Gourami Trichogaster trichopterus and Freshwater Angelfish Pterophyllum scalare
Authors: Russo Riccardo , Yanong Roy P. E. , Terrell Scott P.
Published: March 2007

Macrophage aggregate (MA) morphometry and pigment composition are believed to be dependent on the species, age, and health status of the fish. The aim of this study was to characterize a “normal” morphometry baseline of spleen and kidney MAs in blue gourami Trichogaster trichopterus and freshwater angelfish Pterophyllum scalare. Three size-classes of clinically normal fish were analyzed. Blue gourami and freshwater angelfish were obtained from three local ornamental fish farms; for each size-class, 10 fish from each farm were analyzed. Hematoxylin- and eosin-stained tissue sections were analyzed by light microscopy at 100× magnification and an image analysis program. The percentage of tissue occupied by MAs, MA size, and MA number were calculated on three arbitrarily selected fields of view from each spleen and kidney. In clinically normal blue gourami, increases in the percentage of tissue occupied by MAs and in MA size were associated with an increase in fish size, but in clinically normal angelfish no correlation was observed. Furthermore, in angelfish, a high variability in MA morphometry was observed, even among fish from the same sample group. In both species, a significant difference in the value of the morphometric parameters was observed among farms. Because iridoviruses inhibit macrophage activity and (possibly) proliferation, MAs in 25 clinical cases of iridovirus-infected blue gourami were analyzed. Preliminary data indicate that in iridovirus-infected blue gourami, there is a decrease in MA size and MA number compared with those of healthy fish.
“Cool” Engagements With YouTube: Part 2
Authors: Trier James
Published: March 2007

In this second part of a series on the use of the video‐sharing website YouTube (www.youtube.com), the author suggests assignments that can engage students with YouTube and support their classroom readings. The author also explains

Creating a YouTube account

The options and information that accompany each YouTube video

Searching strategies

Creating My Favorites and Playlists pages
What's a Teacher To Do: Suggestions for Comprehension Strategy Instruction
Authors: Onofrey Karen A. , Theurer Joan Leikam
Published: March 2007

Reading comprehension clearly involves much more than answering the questions at the end of the chapter. If students are going to become proficient in comprehension, we teachers need to equip them with skills and strategies that are independently transferable.

This article provides detailed instructions for two comprehension instructional strategies which the authors have used successfully in elementary and middle school classrooms. The strategies were selected based on authenticity and capacity for use repeatedly throughout the year with learners of different ages. Both strategies support a reader's ability to create mental images and associations using background knowledge. One advantage to these approaches is the limited amount of preparation time needed once students have the received the explicit instruction in crafting a literature response.
Staging systems for follicular thyroid carcinoma: application to 171 consecutive patients treated in a tertiary referral centre
Authors: Lang Brian Hung-Hin , Lo Chung-Yau , Chan Wai-Fan , Lam King-Yin , Wan Koon-Yat
Published: March 2007

A number of risk-group stratification or staging systems have been found useful at stratifying patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma into risk groups. Those identified as high risk could be subjected to more aggressive treatment, while those at low risk could be spared of such treatment. However, the best stratification system in patients with follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) remains unclear. Through a comprehensive MEDLINE search from 1965 to 2005, a total of 18 different staging systems were identified in the literature and 14 of them were applicable to 171 patients, with FTC managed at our institution from 1961 to 2001. Cancer-specific survivals (CSS) were calculated by Kaplan–Meier method and were compared by log-rank test. Using Cox proportional hazards analysis, the relative importance of each staging system in determining CSS was calculated by the proportion of variation in survival time explained (PVE). CSS were predicted by 13 out of the 14 staging systems significantly (P < 0.001). The three highest ranked staging systems by PVE were the new American Joint Commitee on Cancer/Union Internationale Centre le Cancer 6th edition, tumour, node, metastases (TNM; 22.4), followed by the Clinical Class (21.2) and the metastases, age, completeness of resection, invasion, size (MACIS; 20.4). In conclusion, 13 out of the 14 presently available staging systems predicted CSS significantly in FTC. When predictability was measured by PVE, the TNM system was found to have the best predictability and thus, should be the stratification system of choice for FTC in the future.
Adipose Tissue Hypoxia in Obesity and Its Impact on Adipocytokine Dysregulation
Authors: Hosogai Naomi , Fukuhara Atsunori , Oshima Kazuya , Miyata Yugo , Tanaka Sachiyo , Segawa Katsumori , Furukawa Shigetada , Tochino Yoshihiro , Komuro Ryutaro , Matsuda Morihiro , Shimomura Iichiro
Published: March 2007

Obesity is linked to a variety of metabolic disorders, such as insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. Dysregulated production of fat-derived secretory factors, adipocytokines, is partly responsible for obesity-linked metabolic disorders. However, the mechanistic role of obesity per se to adipocytokine dysregulation has not been fully elucidated. Here, we show that adipose tissue of obese mice is hypoxic and that local adipose tissue hypoxia dysregulates the production of adipocytokines. Tissue hypoxia was confirmed by an exogenous marker, pimonidazole, and by an elevated concentration of lactate, an endogenous marker. Moreover, local tissue hypoperfusion (measured by colored microspheres) was confirmed in adipose tissue of obese mice. Adiponectin mRNA expression was decreased, and mRNA of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress–mediated protein, was significantly increased in adipose tissue of obese mice. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, hypoxia dysregulated the expression of adipocytokines, such as adiponectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1, and increased the mRNAs of ER stress marker genes, CHOP and GRP78 (glucose-regulated protein, 78 kD). Expression of CHOP attenuated adiponectin promoter activity, and RNA interference of CHOP partly reversed hypoxia-induced suppression of adiponectin mRNA expression in adipocytes. Hypoxia also increased instability of adiponectin mRNA. Our results suggest that hypoperfusion and hypoxia in adipose tissues underlie the dysregulated production of adipocytokines and metabolic syndrome in obesity.
Restoration of Glucokinase Expression in the Liver Normalizes Postprandial Glucose Disposal in Mice With Hepatic Deficiency of PDK1
Authors: Okamoto Yasuo , Ogawa Wataru , Nishizawa Akihiko , Inoue Hiroshi , Teshigawara Kiyoshi , Kinoshita Shinichi , Matsuki Yasushi , Watanabe Eijiro , Hiramatsu Ryuji , Sakaue Hiroshi , Noda Tetsuo , Kasuga Masato
Published: March 2007

Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK1) is implicated in the metabolic effects of insulin as a key mediator of phosphoinositide 3-kinase–dependent signaling. Here we show that mice with liver-specific PDK1 deficiency manifest various defects in the metabolic actions of insulin in the liver as well as a type 2 diabetes–like phenotype characterized by marked hyperinsulinemia and postprandial hyperglycemia. The hepatic abundance of glucokinase, an important determinant of glucose flux and glucose-evoked signaling in hepatocytes, was substantially reduced in these mice. Restoration of hepatic glucokinase expression, with the use of an adenoviral vector, induced insulin-like effects in the liver and almost completely normalized the fasting hyperinsulinemia and postprandial hyperglycemia in these animals. These results indicate that, if the hepatic abundance of glucokinase is maintained, ingested glucose is normally disposed of even in the absence of acute activation of proximal insulin signaling, such as the activation of Akt, in the liver.
Characterization of Donor Dendritic Cells and Enhancement of Dendritic Cell Efflux With cc-Chemokine Ligand 21
Authors: Fiorina Paolo , Jurewicz Mollie , Tanaka Katsunori , Behazin Negin , Augello Andrea , Vergani Andrea , Von Adrian Uli , Smith Neal R. , Sayegh Mohamed H. , Abdi Reza
Published: March 2007

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells, yet little data are available on the differential characteristics of donor and recipient DCs (dDCs and rDCs, respectively) during the process of islet allograft rejection. DTR-GFP-DC mice provide a novel tool to monitor DC trafficking and characteristics during allograft rejection. We show rapid migration of dDCs to recipient lymphoid tissues as early as 3 h post–islet allotransplantation. Compared with rDCs, dDCs express different patterns of chemokine receptors, display differential proliferative capacity, and exhibit a higher level of maturity; these findings could be attributed to the effects of injury that dDCs undergo during islet cell preparation and engraftment. Intriguingly, we detected dDCs in the spleen of recipients long after rejection of islet allografts. Given that dDCs express high levels of CCR7, islets were cultured before transplant with the ligand for CCR7 (CCL21). This novel method, which enabled us to enhance the efflux of dDCs from islet preparations, resulted in a prolongation of islet allograft survival in immunocompetent recipients. This study introduces dDCs and rDCs as two distinct types of DCs and provides novel data with clinical implications to use chemokine-based DC-depleting strategies to prolong islet allograft survival.
Clinical and Biochemical Assessment of Hypogonadism in Men With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Kapoor Dheeraj , Aldred Hazel , Clark Stephanie , Channer Kevin S. , Jones T. Hugh
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE—The aim of our study was to assess the prevalence of clinical hypogonadism, based on both symptoms and biochemical available measures of testosterone deficiency, in men with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—In a cross-sectional study of 355 type 2 diabetic men aged >30 years, total and bioavailable testosterone, sex hormone–binding globulin, BMI, and waist circumference were measured and free testosterone was calculated. Overt hypogonadism was defined as the presence of clinical symptoms of hypogonadism and low testosterone level (total testosterone <8 nmol/l and/or bioavailable testosterone <2.5 nmol/l). Borderline hypogonadism was defined as the presence of symptoms and total testosterone of 8–12 nmol/l or bioavailable testosterone of 2.5–4 nmol/l.

RESULTS—A low blood testosterone level was common in diabetic men, and a significant proportion of these men had symptoms of hypogonadism. Overt hypogonadism was seen in 17% of men with total testosterone <8 nmol/l and 14% with bioavailable testosterone <2.5 nmol/l. Borderline hypogonadism was found in 25% of men with total testosterone 8–12 nmol/l and bioavailable testosterone between 2.5 and 4 nmol/l; 42% of the men had free testosterone <0.255 nmol/l. BMI and waist circumference were both significantly negatively correlated with testosterone levels in men, with the association being stronger for waist circumference.

CONCLUSIONS—Testosterone levels are frequently low in men with type 2 diabetes, and the majority of these men have symptoms of hypogonadism. Obesity is associated with low testosterone levels in diabetic men.
A 6-Month, Randomized, Double-Masked, Placebo-Controlled Study Evaluating the Effects of the Protein Kinase C-β Inhibitor Ruboxistaurin on Skin Microvascular Blood Flow and Other Measures of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy
Authors: Casellini Carolina M. , Barlow Patricia M. , Rice Amanda L. , Casey Melissa , Simmons Kathryn , Pittenger Gary , Bastyr Edward J. , Wolka Anne M. , Vinik Aaron I.
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE—Diabetes leads to protein kinase C (PKC)-β overactivation and microvascular dysfunction, possibly resulting in disordered skin microvascular blood flow (SkBF) and other changes observed in diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) patients. We investigate the effects of the isoform-selective PKC-β inhibitor ruboxistaurin mesylate on neurovascular function and other measures of DPN.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Endothelium-dependent and C fiber–mediated SkBF, sensory symptoms, neurological deficits, nerve fiber morphometry, quantitative sensory and autonomic function testing, nerve conduction studies, quality of life (using the Norfolk Quality-of-Life Questionnaire for Diabetic Neuropathy [QOL-DN]), and adverse events were evaluated for 20 placebo- and 20 ruboxistaurin-treated (32 mg/day) DPN patients (aged ≥18 years; with type 1 or type 2 diabetes and A1C ≤11%) during a randomized, double-masked, single-site, 6-month study.

RESULTS—Endothelium-dependent (+78.2%, P < 0.03) and C fiber–mediated (+56.4%, P < 0.03) SkBF at the distal calf increased from baseline to end point. Significant improvements from baseline within the ruboxistaurin group were also observed for the Neuropathy Total Symptom Score-6 (NTSS-6) (3 months −48.3%, P = 0.01; end point −66.0%, P < 0.0006) and the Norfolk QOL-DN symptom subscore and total score (end point −41.2%, P = 0.01, and −41.0, P = 0.04, respectively). Between-group differences in baseline–to–end point change were observed for NTSS-6 total score (placebo −13.1%; ruboxistaurin −66.0%, P < 0.03) and the Norfolk QOL-DN symptom subscore (placebo −4.0%; ruboxistaurin −41.2%, P = 0.041). No significant ruboxistaurin effects were demonstrated for the remaining efficacy measures. Adverse events were consistent with those observed in previous ruboxistaurin studies.

CONCLUSIONS—In this cohort of DPN patients, ruboxistaurin enhanced SkBF at the distal calf, reduced sensory symptoms (NTSS-6), improved measures of Norfolk QOL-DN, and was well tolerated.
Soy Consumption, Markers of Inflammation, and Endothelial Function
Authors: Azadbakht Leila , Kimiagar Masoud , Mehrabi Yadollah , Esmaillzadeh Ahmad , Hu Frank B. , Willett Walter C.
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE—To determine the effects of soy consumption on markers of inflammation and endothelial function in postmenopausal women with the metabolic syndrome.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—This randomized cross-over clinical trial included 42 postmenopausal women with the metabolic syndrome. Participants were randomly assigned to consume a control diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension [DASH]), soy protein diet, or soy nut diet, each for 8 weeks. Red meat in the DASH diet (one serving/day) was replaced by soy protein in the soy protein diet and by soy nut in the soy nut diet.

RESULTS—For nitric oxide levels, the difference from the control diet was 9.8% (P < 0.01) on the soy nut and −1.7% (P = 0.10) on the soy protein diets. The difference from the control diet for serum E-selectin was −11.4% (P < 0.01) on the soy nut consumption and −4.7% (P = 0.19) on the soy protein diet. Soy nut consumption reduced interleukin-18 compared with the control diet (difference from the control diet: −9.2%, P < 0.01), but soy protein did not (difference from the control diet: −4.6%, P = 0.14). For C-reactive protein, the difference from the control diet was −8.9% (P < 0.01) on the soy nut diet and −1.6% (P < 0.01) on the soy protein diet.

CONCLUSIONS—Short-term soy nut consumption reduced some markers of inflammation and increased plasma nitric oxide levels in postmenopausal women with the metabolic syndrome.
Removal of layers of corrosion from steel surfaces: A qualitative comparison of laser methods and mechanical techniques
Authors: Koh Y. S. , Powell J. , Kaplan A. F. H.
Published: March 2007

A series of steel substrates with precisely grooved surfaces were produced and subsequently corroded under controlled conditions. The oxidized surfaces were then cleaned by one of eight methods, three of which were mechanical (brushing, micro blasting with Al2O3 or glass) and five of which were laser dependent (TEA CO2 or Nd:YAG laser with or without surface water). Surface profilometry and scanning electron microscopy have been used to compare the cleaned surfaces with the original surface geometries. The relative efficacy of the eight cleaning methods has been qualitatively compared for three different types of grooved surface and three different levels of corrosion.
Femtosecond laser microstructuring of hot-isostatically pressed zirconia ceramic
Authors: Bärsch Niko , Werelius Kristian , Barcikowski Stephan , Liebana Fernando , Stute Uwe , Ostendorf Andreas
Published: March 2007

Densely sintered zirconia ceramics—especially hot-isostatically pressed forms of zirconia ceramics like hot-isostatically pressed yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (HIP Y-TZP)—have the potential of superseding conventional dental material in the field of dental restorations. Strong tool wear can only be prevented by nonmechanical processes like laser-based approaches. Ultrafast lasers can avoid crystal structure transformations in the bulk material and thus retain the unique material characteristics, which makes them an ideal tool for HIP ceramic dental restoration manufacturing units. Laser processing of Y-TZP in the femtosecond regime enables most precise microstructuring even compared to picosecond pulse ablation. An adaptation of typical parameters—including the laser fluence (resulting from laser pulse as well as focusing parameters) and pulse overlapping (resulting from processing speed and multiple iterations)—strongly influences the results with regard to process yield and quality. The use of a superficial water layer during processing enhances the quality of results for certain ablation strategies and influences potentially hazardous emission of particulate matter from the samples. Applications in connection with dental crowns and bridges include cutting of their complete shape from solid material, and finishing steps, as well as surface structuring for the purpose of optimized cement adhesion.
Ergonomics and regulatory politics: The Washington State case
Authors: Silverstein Michael
Published: April 2007

Background

Every year in the State of Washington more than 50,000 workers experience a work related musculoskeletal disorder (WMSD), making up more than 30% of all worker compensation cases. In 2000, the Washington State Department of Labor and Industries (L&I) adopted a workplace ergonomics rule requiring employers to reduce worker exposure to hazards that cause or contribute to WMSDs. In 2003, the ergonomics rule was repealed by a margin of 53.5–46.5 in a statewide voter initiative.

Methods

The official rulemaking record of approximately 100,000 pages, along with supplementary published and unpublished material, was reviewed. The relationship between scientific deliberation and the public policy process in adopting and repealing the ergonomics rule was assessed and described. The deliberative features of the regulatory, judicial, legislative, and ballot processes were compared.

Results and Conclusions

The ergonomics rule was successful in the regulatory and legal arenas where the process was most transparent and open to public involvement, differing views could be presented fully, and decision makers were expected to explain their decisions in light of the record. The rule fared most poorly in the legislature and at the ballot box when these features were lost and where considered deliberation was replaced by unconstrained political conflict. Additional checks and balances are needed. Am. J. Ind. Med. 50:391–401, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.