bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The REE-Induced Absorption and Luminescence in Yellow Gem-Quality Durango-Type Hydroxylapatite from Muránska Dlhá Lúka, Slovakia
Authors: Bačík Peter , Fridrichová Jana , Štubňa Ján , Bancík Tomáš , Illášová Ľudmila , Pálková Helena , Škoda Radek , Mikuš Tomáš , Milovská Stanislava , Vaculovič Tomáš , Sečkár Peter
Published: November 2020

In talc-magnesite veins in serpentinite near Muránska Dlhá Lúka (MDL), Slovakia, yellow euhedral to subhedral crystals apatite of a gem quality occur. It has a composition of hydroxylapatite with F− varying between 0.29 and 0.34 apfu, Cl− in range of 0.02–0.05 apfu and calculated OH− content between 0.62–0.68 apfu. Moreover, [CO3]2− molecules were identified by FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. MDL apatite contains only up to 0.003 apfu As5+ and Si4+ substituting for P5+; Ca is substituted by small amount of Na, Fe2+, Mn2+ (all up to 0.006 apfu), and Rare Earth Elements (REE—in total up to 0.017 apfu). Compared to trace-element composition of similar apatites from Durango, Mexico, the REE content in MDL apatite is around ten times lower with Nd > Ce >> La, its chondrite-normalized REE pattern has almost a horizontal slope and larger negative Eu anomaly. The MDL apatite is richer in Mn, Pb and Li, but poorer in As, V, Th and U. The concentrations of Sr and Y are similar. In the optical absorption spectra, the most prominent bands are at 585–590 nm (Nd3+) and between 600 and 800 nm (Mn2+, Ce3+-SiO3− photochromic center and Nd3+). The photoluminescence spectrum of MDL apatite shows bands between 550 and 620 nm (Dy3+, Sm3+, Pr3+ and also Mn2+) which likely enhance its yellow color. MDL hydroxylapatite likely formed from fluids derived from granitic rocks as evidenced by the chondrite-normalized REE patterns, Li, Mn and Y concentrations. The Sr content reflects the host-rock serpentinite composition. Fluids for its crystallization were likely derived from Muráň complex orthogneisses by the Alpine deformation and recrystallization in greenschist to lower amphibolite facies.
SEM-Based Automated Mineralogy and Its Application in Geo- and Material Sciences
Authors: Schulz Bernhard , Sandmann Dirk , Gilbricht Sabine
Published: November 2020

Scanning electron microscopy based automated mineralogy (SEM-AM) is a combined analytical tool initially designed for the characterisation of ores and mineral processing products. Measurements begin with the collection of backscattered electron (BSE) images and their handling with image analysis software routines. Subsequently, energy dispersive X-ray spectra (EDS) are gained at selected points according to the BSE image adjustments. Classification of the sample EDS spectra against a list of approved reference EDS spectra completes the measurement. Different classification algorithms and four principal SEM-AM measurement routines for point counting modal analysis, particle analysis, sparse phase search and EDS spectral mapping are offered by the relevant software providers. Application of SEM-AM requires a high-quality preparation of samples. Suitable non-evaporating and electron-beam stable epoxy resin mixtures and polishing of relief-free surfaces in particles and materials with very different hardness are the main challenges. As demonstrated by case examples in this contribution, the EDS spectral mapping methods appear to have the most promising potential for novel applications in metamorphic, igneous and sedimentary petrology, ore fingerprinting, ash particle analysis, characterisation of slags, forensic sciences, archaeometry and investigations of stoneware and ceramics. SEM-AM allows the quantification of the sizes, geometries and liberation of particles with different chemical compositions within a bulk sample and without previous phase separations. In addition, a virtual filtering of bulk particle samples by application of numerous filter criteria is possible. For a complete mineral phase identification, X-ray diffraction data should accompany the EDS chemical analysis. Many of the materials which potentially could be characterised by SEM-AM consist of amorphous and glassy phases. In such cases, the generic labelling of reference EDS spectra and their subsequent target component grouping allow SEM-AM for interesting and novel studies on many kinds of solid and particulate matter which are not feasible by other analytical methods.
Graphite-Based Geothermometry on Almahata Sitta Ureilitic Meteorites
Authors: Barbaro Anna , Domeneghetti M. , Goodrich Cyrena , Meneghetti Moreno , Litti Lucio , Fioretti Anna , Jenniskens Peter , Shaddad Muawia , Nestola Fabrizio
Published: November 2020

The thermal history of carbon phases, including graphite and diamond, in the ureilite meteorites has implications for the formation, igneous evolution, and impact disruption of their parent body early in the history of the Solar System. Geothermometry data were obtained by micro-Raman spectroscopy on graphite in Almahata Sitta (AhS) ureilites AhS 72, AhS 209b and AhS A135A from the University of Khartoum collection. In these samples, graphite shows G-band peak centers between 1578 and 1585 cm−1 and the full width at half maximum values correspond to a crystallization temperature of 1266 °C for graphite for AhS 209b, 1242 °C for AhS 72, and 1332 °C for AhS A135A. Recent work on AhS 72 and AhS 209b has shown graphite associated with nanodiamonds and argued that this assemblage formed due to an impact-event. Our samples show disordered graphite with a crystalline domain size ranging between about 70 and 140 nm. The nanometric grain-size of the recrystallized graphite indicates that it records a shock event and thus argues that the temperatures we obtained are related to such an event, rather than the primary igneous processing of the ureilite parent body.
Geochemical Modelling of the Evolution of Caprock Sealing Capacity at the Shenhua CCS Demonstration Project
Authors: Yang Guodong , Ma Xin , Feng Tao , Yu Ying , Yin Shuguo , Huang Mian , Wang Yongsheng
Published: November 2020

CO2 geological storage is considered as an important measure to reduce anthropogenic CO2 emissions to the atmosphere for addressing climate change. The key prerequisite for long-term CO2 geological storage is the sealing capacity of caprock. This study investigates the evolution of sealing capacity of caprock induced by geochemical reactions among CO2, water and caprock using TOUGHREACT code based on the Heshanggou Formation mudstone at the Shenhua Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) demonstration site of China. The results show that the self-sealing phenomenon occurs in the lower part of the caprock dominated by the precipitation of dawsonite, magnesite, siderite, Ca-smectite and illite. While the self-dissolution occurs in the upper part of caprock mainly due to the dissolution of kaolinite, K-feldspar, chlorite and Ca-smectite. Sensitivity analyses indicate that the precipitation of dawsonite, magnesite, siderite is highly advantageous leading to self-sealing of caprock, with albite and chlorite dissolution providing Na+, Mg2+ and Fe2+. The dissolution of K-feldspar dominates illite precipitation by providing required K+, and albite affects Ca-smectite precipitation. The self-sealing and self-dissolution of caprock are enhanced significantly with increasing temperature, while the effect of salinity on caprock sealing capacity is negligible perhaps due to the low salinity level of formation water.
Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Essential Oil of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Receptacle
Authors: Liu Xin-Sheng , Gao Bo , Li Xin-Lu , Li Wan-Nan , Qiao Zi-An , Han Lu
Published: November 2020

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) contains active ingredients, such as flavonoids, alkaloids and tannins. Nevertheless, few studies have focused on essential oil from the receptacle of sunflower (SEO). In this work, we investigated the chemical composition and antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of SEO. The yield of SEO was about 0.42% (v/w) by hydrodistillation. A total of 68 volatile components of SEO were putatively identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The main constituents of SEO were α-pinene (26.00%), verbenone (7.40%), terpinolene (1.69%) and α-terpineol (1.27%). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of SEO against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus was 0.2 mg/mL. The MIC of SEO against S. cerevisiae was 3.2 mg/mL. The MIC of SEO against E. coli and Candida albicans was 6.4 mg/mL. The results showed that SEO had high antibacterial and antifungal activities. Three different analytical assays (DPPH, ABTS and iron ion reducing ability) were used to determine the antioxidant activities. The results showed that SEO had antioxidant activities. To summarize, the results in this study demonstrate the possibility for the development and application of SEO in potential natural preservatives and medicines due to its excellent antimicrobial and antioxidant activities.
Effects of Sucrose Palmitate on the Physico-Chemical and Mucoadhesive Properties of Buccal Films
Authors: Kelemen András , Katona Bálint , Módra Szilvia , Aigner Zoltán , Sebe István , Pintye-Hódi Klára , Zelkó Romána , Regdon Géza , Kristó Katalin
Published: November 2020

In our current research, sucrose palmitate (SP) was applied as a possible permeation enhancer for buccal use. This route of administration is a novelty as there is no literature on the use of SP in buccal mucoadhesive films. Films containing SP were prepared at different temperatures, with different concentrations of SP and different lengths of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) chains. The mechanical, structural, and in vitro mucoadhesive properties of films containing SP were investigated. Tensile strength and mucoadhesive force were measured with a device and software developed in our Institute. Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) and X-ray powder diffractometry (XRPD) were applied for the structure analysis of the films. Mucoadhesive work was calculated in two ways: from the measured contact angle and compared with direct mucoadhesive work, which measured mucoadhesive force, which is direct mucoadhesion work. These results correlate linearly with a correlation coefficient of 0.98. It is also novel because it is a new method for the determination of mucoadhesive work.
Pathological and Pharmacological Roles of Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species in Malignant Neoplasms: Therapies Involving Chemical Compounds, Natural Products, and Photosensitizers
Authors: Miyata Yasuyoshi , Mukae Yuta , Harada Junki , Matsuda Tsuyoshi , Mitsunari Kensuke , Matsuo Tomohiro , Ohba Kojiro , Sakai Hideki
Published: November 2020

Oxidative stress plays an important role in cellular processes. Consequently, oxidative stress also affects etiology, progression, and response to therapeutics in various pathological conditions including malignant tumors. Oxidative stress and associated outcomes are often brought about by excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Accumulation of ROS occurs due to dysregulation of homeostasis in an otherwise strictly controlled physiological condition. In fact, intracellular ROS levels are closely associated with the pathological status and outcome of numerous diseases. Notably, mitochondria are recognized as the critical regulator and primary source of ROS. Damage to mitochondria increases mitochondrial ROS (mROS) production, which leads to an increased level of total intracellular ROS. However, intracellular ROS level may not always reflect mROS levels, as ROS is not only produced by mitochondria but also by other organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum and peroxisomes. Thus, an evaluation of mROS would help us to recognize the biological and pathological characteristics and predictive markers of malignant tumors and develop efficient treatment strategies. In this review, we describe the pathological significance of mROS in malignant neoplasms. In particular, we show the association of mROS-related signaling in the molecular mechanisms of chemically synthesized and natural chemotherapeutic agents and photodynamic therapy.
Saponins Extracted from Tea (Camellia Sinensis) Flowers Induces Autophagy in Ovarian Cancer Cells
Authors: Wang Yaomin , Xia Chen , Chen Lianfu , Chen Yi Charlie , Tu Youying
Published: November 2020

Tea flower saponins (TFS) possess effective anticancer properties. The diversity and complexity of TFS increases the difficulty of their extraction and purification from tea flowers. Here, multiple methods including solvent extraction, microporous resin separation and preparative HPLC separation were used to obtain TFS with a yield of 0.34%. Furthermore, we revealed that TFS induced autophagy—as evidenced by an increase in MDC-positive cell populations and mCherry-LC3B-labeled autolysosomes and an upregulation of LC3II protein levels. 3-MA reversed the decrease in cell viability induced by TFS, showing that TFS induced autophagic cell death. TFS-induced autophagy was not dependent on the Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway. TFS-induced autophagy in OVCAR-3 cells was accompanied by ERK pathway activation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. This paper is the first report of TFS-mediated autophagy of ovarian cancer cells. These results provide new insights for future studies of the anti-cancer effects of TFS.
Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity of Nigella sativa L. and Allium ursinum Extracts in a Cellular Model of Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity
Authors: Pop Raluca Maria , Bocsan Ioana Corina , Buzoianu Anca Dana , Chedea Veronica Sanda , Socaci Sonia Ancuța , Pecoraro Michela , Popolo Ada
Published: November 2020

Natural products black cumin—Nigella sativa (N. sativa) and wild garlic—Allium ursinum (AU) are known for their potential role in reducing cardiovascular risk factors, including antracycline chemotherapy. Therefore, this study investigates the effect of N. sativa and AU water and methanolic extracts in a cellular model of doxorubicin (doxo)-induced cardiotoxicity. The extracts were characterized using Ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Liquid Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) and Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques. Antioxidant activity was evaluated on H9c2 cells. Cytosolic and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) release was evaluated using 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin-diacetate (DHCF-DA) and mitochondria-targeted superoxide indicator (MitoSOX red), respectively. Mitochondrial membrane depolarization was evaluated by flow cytometry. LC-MS analysis identified 12 and 10 phenolic compounds in NSS and AU extracts, respectively, with flavonols as predominant compounds. FT-IR analysis identified the presence of carbohydrates, amino acids and lipids in both plants. GC-MS identified the sulfur compounds in the AU water extract. N. sativa seeds (NSS) methanolic extract had the highest antioxidant activity reducing both intracellular and mitochondrial ROS release. All extracts (excepting AU methanolic extract) preserved H9c2 cells viability. None of the investigated plants affected the mitochondrial membrane depolarization. N. sativa and AU are important sources of bioactive compounds with increased antioxidant activities, requiring different extraction solvents to obtain the pharmacological effects.
Use of Sea Fennel as a Natural Ingredient of Edible Films for Extending the Shelf Life of Fresh Fish Burgers
Authors: Rico Daniel , Albertos Irene , Martinez-Alvarez Oscar , Lopez-Caballero M. Elvira , Martin-Diana Ana Belen
Published: November 2020

The growing interest from consumers toward healthy and nutritious products and their benefits for health has increased the consumption of whole and processed fish. One of the main problems of fish is the short shelf life, especially when it is processed as in the case of burgers. The use of edible coating is an interesting strategy to extend the quality and safety of the product, reducing the need for artificial preservatives. This study evaluated the use of chitosan-based edible film formulated with sea fennel plant and sea fennel extracts. The analyses showed than the use of edible film extended the shelf life of fish burgers regardless of the incorporation of sea fennel mainly associated to the gas barrier properties and selective permeability of the film applied to the fish surface. The incorporation of sea fennel in the films did not produce any antimicrobial enhancement, although sea fennel (mostly extract) produced a better pH and enhanced the antioxidant properties and lipid oxidation of fish burgers. However, sensory analyses showed than fish burgers coated with sea fennel film plant had better acceptability than those with sea fennel extracts, probably due to the better odour and colour of the whole plant during storage. The study showed that the use of sea fennel plant at 12.5% extended the shelf life of fish burgers using a safe and clean label strategy.
From 2D to 3D Cancer Cell Models—The Enigmas of Drug Delivery Research
Authors: Van Zundert Indra , Fortuni Beatrice , Rocha Susana
Published: November 2020

Over the past decades, research has made impressive breakthroughs towards drug delivery systems, resulting in a wide range of multifunctional engineered nanoparticles with biomedical applications such as cancer therapy. Despite these significant advances, well-designed nanoparticles rarely reach the clinical stage. Promising results obtained in standard 2D cell culture systems often turn into disappointing outcomes in in vivo models. Although the overall majority of in vitro nanoparticle research is still performed on 2D monolayer cultures, more and more researchers started acknowledging the importance of using 3D cell culture systems, as better models for mimicking the in vivo tumor physiology. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the 3D cancer cell models currently available. We highlight their potential as a platform for drug delivery studies and pinpoint the challenges associated with their use. We discuss in which way each 3D model mimics the in vivo tumor physiology, how they can or have been used in nanomedicine research and to what extent the results obtained so far affect the progress of nanomedicine development. It is of note that the global scientific output associated with 3D models is limited, showing that the use of these systems in nanomedicine investigation is still highly challenging.
Radiation Induced Surface Modification of Nanoparticles and Their Dispersion in the Polymer Matrix
Authors: Fu Zhiang , Gu Xiaoying , Hu Lingmin , Li Yongjin , Li Jingye
Published: November 2020

Polymer grafted inorganic nanoparticles attract significant attention, but pose challenges because of the complexity. In this work, a facile strategy to the graft polymer onto the surface of nanoparticles have been introduced. The vinyl functionalized SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were first prepared by the surface modification of the unmodified SiO2 using γ-methacryloxy propyl-trimethoxylsilane. The NPs were then mixed with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), which was followed by the Co-60 Gamma radiation at room temperature. PVDF molecular chains were chemically grafted onto the surface of SiO2 nanoparticles by the linking of the double bond on the NPs. The graft ratio of PVDF on SiO2 NPs surface can be precisely controlled by adjusting the absorbed dose and reactant feed ratio (maximum graft ratio was 31.3 wt%). The strategy is simple and it should be applied to the surface modification of many other nanoparticles. The prepared PVDF-grafted SiO2 NPs were then dispersed in the PVDF matrix to make the nanocomposites. It was found that the modified NPs can be precisely dispersed into the PVDF matrix, as compared with pristine silica. The filling content of modifications SiO2 NPs on the PVDF nanocomposites is almost doubled than the pristine SiO2 counterpart. Accordingly, the mechanical property of the nanocomposites is significantly improved.
Contribution of Ex-Situ and In-Situ X-ray Grazing Incidence Scattering Techniques to the Understanding of Quantum Dot Self-Assembly: A Review
Authors: Saxena Vishesh , Portale Giuseppe
Published: November 2020

Quantum dots are under intense research, given their amazing properties which favor their use in electronics, optoelectronics, energy, medicine and other important applications. For many of these technological applications, quantum dots are used in their ordered self-assembled form, called superlattice. Understanding the mechanism of formation of the superlattices is crucial to designing quantum dots devices with desired properties. Here we review some of the most important findings about the formation of such superlattices that have been derived using grazing incidence scattering techniques (grazing incidence small and wide angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS/GIWAXS)). Acquisition of these structural information is essential to developing some of the most important underlying theories in the field.
Graphene Oxide Membranes for Trace Hydrocarbon Contaminant Removal from Aqueous Solution
Authors: Pedico Alessandro , Fontana Marco , Bianco Stefano , Kara Seifeddine , Periolatto Monica , Carminati Stefano , Pirri Candido Fabrizio , Tresso Elena , Lamberti Andrea
Published: November 2020

The aim of this paper is to shed light on the application of graphene oxide (GO) membranes for the selective removal of benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) from wastewater. These molecules are present in traces in the water produced from oil and gas plants and are treated now with complex filtration systems. GO membranes are obtained by a simple, fast, and scalable method. The focus of this work is to prove the possibility of employing GO membranes for the filtration of organic contaminants present in traces in oil and gas wastewater, which has never been reported. The stability of GO membranes is analyzed in water solutions with different pH and salinity. Details of the membrane preparation are provided, resulting in a crucial step to achieve a good filtration performance. Material characterization techniques such as electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and infrared spectroscopy are employed to study the physical and chemical structure of GO membranes, while gas chromatography, UV-visible spectroscopy, and gravimetric techniques allow the quantification of their filtration performance. An impressive rejection of about 90% was achieved for 1 ppm of toluene and other pollutants in water, demonstrating the excellent performance of GO membranes in the oil and gas field.
Thermodynamic Behaviors of Adsorbed Methane Storage Systems Based on Nanoporous Carbon Adsorbents Prepared from Coconut Shells
Authors: Men’shchikov Ilya , Shkolin Andrey , Strizhenov Evgeny , Khozina Elena , Chugaev Sergey , Shiryaev Andrey , Fomkin Anatoly , Zherdev Anatoly
Published: November 2020

The present work focused on the experimental study of the performance of a scaled system of adsorbed natural gas (ANG) storage and transportation based on carbon adsorbents. For this purpose, three different samples of activated carbons (AC) were prepared by varying the size of coconut shell char granules and steam activation conditions. The parameters of their porous structure, morphology, and chemical composition were determined from the nitrogen adsorption at 77 K, X-ray diffraction (XRD), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements. The methane adsorption data measured within the temperature range from 178 to 360 K and at pressures up to 25 MPa enabled us to identify the most efficient adsorbent among the studied materials: AC-90S. The differential heats of methane adsorption on AC-90S were determined in order to simulate the gas charge/discharge processes in the ANG system using a mathematical model with consideration for thermal effects. The results of simulating the charge/discharge processes under two different conditions of heat exchange are consistent with the experimentally determined temperature distribution over a scaled ANG storage tank filled with the compacted AC-90S adsorbent and equipped with temperature sensors and heat-exchanger devices. The amounts of methane delivered from the ANG storage system employing AC-90S as an adsorbent differ from the model predictions by 4–6%. Both the experiments and mathematical modeling showed that the thermal regulation of the ANG storage tank ensured the higher rates of charge/discharge processes compared to the thermal insulation.
Adherence to Dietary Guidelines in Adults by Diabetes Status: Results From the 2012 Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey
Authors: López-Olmedo Nancy , Jonnalagadda Satya , Basto-Abreu Ana , Reyes-García Alan , Alish Carolyn J. , Shamah-Levy Teresa , Barrientos-Gutierrez Tonatiuh
Published: November 2020

The aims of the present study were to compare the adherence to dietary guidelines and evaluate potential differences in nutrient profiles among adults by diabetes status. We used the Mexican Alternate Healthy Eating Index (MxAHEI) to evaluate adherence to dietary guidelines. We calculated the MxAHEI scores (total and by dietary component) with scales from 0 (non-adherence) to 100 (perfect adherence) based on a food frequency questionnaire. Mean daily intakes of macronutrients and micronutrients (g, mg, mcg/1000 kcal per day) were also estimated by diabetes status. Sex-specific, multivariable linear regression models were estimated to test whether MxAHEI scores as well as nutrient intakes were different by diabetes status. Mexican adults had low adherence to the dietary guidelines irrespective of their diabetes status (score < 50 points). Among men, the MxAHEI score was 2.6 points higher among those with diabetes than those without diabetes (46.9; 95% confidence intervals (CI): 44.6, 49.2 vs. 44.3; 95% CI: 44.2, 45.6, respectively). Among women, the total MxAHEI score was similar in individuals with diabetes compared to those without diabetes. Lower intakes of carbohydrates and added sugars and higher intakes of protein, calcium, and zinc were observed in individuals with diabetes. Our findings support the development of strategies focused on promoting dietary patterns that can help to prevent and control the disease.
Adherence to the Gluten-Free Diet during the Lockdown for COVID-19 Pandemic: A Web-Based Survey of Italian Subjects with Celiac Disease
Authors: Monzani Alice , Lionetti Elena , Felici Enrico , Fransos Lucia , Azzolina Danila , Rabbone Ivana , Catassi Carlo
Published: November 2020

We aimed to assess the perceived impact of the lockdown, imposed to control the spreading of COVID-19, on the adherence of Italian celiac disease (CD) subjects to the gluten-free diet by a web-based survey. A total of 1983 responses were analyzed, 1614 (81.4%) by CD adults and 369 (18.6%) by parents/caregivers of CD children/adolescents. The compliance with the GFD was unchanged for 69% of the adults and 70% of the children, and improved for 29% of both. The factors increasing the probability to report stricter compliance were the presence of CD symptoms in the last year before the lockdown (odds ratio (OR) 1.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.46–2.26), a partial usual adherence to gluten-free diet (GFD) (OR 1.91, 95% CI 1.2–3.06), and having tried recipes with naturally gluten-free ingredients more than usual (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.28–1.96) for adults; the presence of CD symptoms in the last year (OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.21–3.47), still positive CD antibodies (OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.14–3.13), and other family members with CD (OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.3–3.85) for children/adolescents. Therefore, the lockdown led to a reported improved adherence to the GFD in one-third of the respondents, in particular in those with previous worse disease control, offering the opportunity to avoid sources of contamination/transgression and increase the use of naturally gluten-free products.
Reduced Antioxidant Response of the Fan Mussel Pinna nobilis Related to the Presence of Haplosporidium pinnae
Authors: Box Antonio , Capó Xavier , Tejada Silvia , Catanese Gaetano , Grau Amalia , Deudero Salud , Sureda Antoni , Valencia José María
Published: November 2020

The endemic fan mussel (Pinna nobilis) in the Mediterranean Sea is at high risk of disappearance due to massive mortality events. The aim of the study was to evaluate the antioxidant response of P. nobilis collected in the Balearic Islands (Western Mediterranean) before and after the mass mortality event. Individuals collected before (between 2011 and 2012) and after (between 2016 and 2017) the event were analyzed by histological, molecular, and biochemical methods to compare pathogenic loads and biochemical responses. All the individuals collected during 2016–2017 presented symptoms of the disease and were positive for Haplosporidium pinnae, while acid-fast bacteria or/and Gram-negative bacteria were detected in some individuals of both sampling periods. The activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase in the gills were significantly lower in P. nobilis affected with the parasite compared to those in the asymptomatic ones, while levels of malondialdehyde, as an indicator of lipid peroxidation, were higher in infected individuals. When analyzing the differential effects of H. pinnae and Mycobacterium sp. on P. nobilis, it was observed that significant effects on biomarkers were only observed in the presence of H. pinnae. Co-infection of P. nobilis by H. pinnae with other pathogens such as Mycobacterium sp. constitutes a serious problem due to its high mortality rate in the Balearic Island waters. This concerning situation for P. nobilis is favored by a reduction in antioxidant defenses related to H. pinnae infection that induces oxidative stress and cell damage.
“Begging the Question”—Does Toxocara Infection/Exposure Associate with Multiple Sclerosis-Risk?
Authors: Taghipour Ali , Rostami Ali , Esfandyari Sahar , Aghapour Saeed , Nicoletti Alessandra , Gasser Robin B.
Published: November 2020

Although the cause of multiple sclerosis (MS) is unclear, infectious agents, including some parasitic roundworms (nematodes), have been proposed as possible risk factors or contributors. Here, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of published observational studies to evaluate whether there is a possible association between infection with, or exposure to, one or more members of the genus Toxocara (phylum Nematoda; superfamily Ascaridoidea) and MS. We undertook a search of public literature databases to identify relevant studies and then used a random-effects meta-analysis model to generate the pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). This search identified six of a total of 1371 articles that were relevant to the topic; these published studies involved totals of 473 MS patients and 647 control subjects. Anti-Toxocara IgG serum antibodies were detected in 62 MS patients and 37 controls, resulting in respective seroprevalences of 13.1% (95% CI: 8.2–20.3) and 4.8% (95% CI: 2.5–9.2), indicating an association (pooled OR, 3.01; 95% CI: 1.46–6.21). Because of the publication bias identified (six eligible studies), well-designed and -controlled studies are required in the future to rigorously test the hypothesis that Toxocara infection/exposure has an association with MS.
Perspective of SGLT2 Inhibition in Treatment of Conditions Connected to Neuronal Loss: Focus on Alzheimer’s Disease and Ischemia-Related Brain Injury
Authors: Wiciński Michał , Wódkiewicz Eryk , Górski Karol , Walczak Maciej , Malinowski Bartosz
Published: November 2020

Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are oral anti-hyperglycemic agents approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Some reports suggest their presence in the central nervous system and possible neuroprotective properties. SGLT2 inhibition by empagliflozin has shown to reduce amyloid burden in cortical regions of APP/PS1xd/db mice. The same effect was noticed regarding tau pathology and brain atrophy volume. Empagliflozin presented beneficial effect on cognitive function, which may be connected to an increase in cerebral brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Canagliflozin and dapagliflozin may possess acetylcholinesterase inhibiting activity, resembling in this matter Alzheimer’s disease-registered therapies. SGLT2 inhibitors may prove to impact risk factors of atherosclerosis and pathways participating both in acute and late stage of stroke. Their mechanism of action can be related to induction in hepatocyte nuclear factor-1α, vascular endothelial growth factor-A, and proinflammatory factors limitation. Empagliflozin may have a positive effect on preservation of neurovascular unit in diabetic mice, preventing its aberrant remodeling. Canagliflozin seems to present some cytostatic properties by limiting both human and mice endothelial cells proliferation. The paper presents potential mechanisms of SGLT-2 inhibitors in conditions connected with neuronal damage, with special emphasis on Alzheimer’s disease and cerebral ischemia.
pH-Responsive Nanostructures Based on Surface Active Fatty Acid-Protic Ionic Liquids for Imiquimod Delivery in Skin Cancer Topical Therapy
Authors: Tampucci Silvia , Guazzelli Lorenzo , Burgalassi Susi , Carpi Sara , Chetoni Patrizia , Mezzetta Andrea , Nieri Paola , Polini Beatrice , Pomelli Christian Silvio , Terreni Eleonora , Monti Daniela
Published: November 2020

For topical treatment of skin cancer, the design of pH-responsive nanocarriers able to selectively release the drug in the tumor acidic microenvironment represents a reliable option for targeted delivery. In this context, a series of newly synthesized surface-active fatty acid-protic ionic liquids (FA-PILs), based on tetramethylguanidinium cation and different natural hydrophobic fatty acid carboxylates, have been investigated with the aim of developing a pH-sensitive nanostructured drug delivery system for cutaneous administration in the skin cancer therapy. The capability of FA-PILs to arrange in micelles when combined with each other and with the non-ionic surfactant d-α-Tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate (vitamin E TPGS) as well as their ability to solubilize imiquimod, an immuno-stimulant drug used for the treatment of skin cancerous lesions, have been demonstrated. The FA-PILs-TPGS mixed micelles showed pH-sensitivity, suggesting that the acidic environment of cancer cells can trigger nanostructures’ swelling and collapse with consequent rapid release of imiquimod and drug cytotoxic potential enhancement. The in vitro permeation/penetration study showed that the micellar formulation produced effective imiquimod concentrations into the skin exposed to acid environment, representing a potential efficacious and selective drug delivery system able to trigger the drug release in the tumor tissues, at lower and less irritating drug concentrations.
Quercetin Disaggregates Prion Fibrils and Decreases Fibril-Induced Cytotoxicity and Oxidative Stress
Authors: Yu Kun-Hua , Lee Cheng-I
Published: November 2020

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are fatal neurodegenerative diseases caused by misfolding and aggregation of prion protein (PrP). Previous studies have demonstrated that quercetin can disaggregate some amyloid fibrils, such as amyloid β peptide (Aβ) and α-synuclein. However, the disaggregating ability is unclear in PrP fibrils. In this study, we examined the amyloid fibril-disaggregating activity of quercetin on mouse prion protein (moPrP) and characterized quercetin-bound moPrP fibrils by imaging, proteinase resistance, hemolysis assay, cell viability, and cellular oxidative stress measurements. The results showed that quercetin treatment can disaggregate moPrP fibrils and lead to the formation of the proteinase-sensitive amorphous aggregates. Furthermore, quercetin-bound fibrils can reduce the membrane disruption of erythrocytes. Consequently, quercetin-bound fibrils cause less oxidative stress, and are less cytotoxic to neuroblastoma cells. The role of quercetin is distinct from the typical function of antiamyloidogenic drugs that inhibit the formation of amyloid fibrils. This study provides a solution for the development of antiamyloidogenic therapy.
How Do Living Systems Create Meaning?
Authors: Fields Chris , Levin Michael
Published: November 2020

Meaning has traditionally been regarded as a problem for philosophers and psychologists. Advances in cognitive science since the early 1960s, however, broadened discussions of meaning, or more technically, the semantics of perceptions, representations, and/or actions, into biology and computer science. Here, we review the notion of “meaning” as it applies to living systems, and argue that the question of how living systems create meaning unifies the biological and cognitive sciences across both organizational and temporal scales.
Object Shape Measurement Based on Brox Optical Flow Estimation and Its Correction Method
Authors: Tang Yuxin , Sun Ping , Dai Qing , Fan Chao , Lei Zhifang
Published: November 2020

In this work, a new method of measuring surface shape based on Brox optical flow estimation is presented. The measuring system consists of a projector, a measured object and a charge coupled device (CCD) camera. The grating fringes are projected onto the reference plane at a small angle. Two fringe images—before and after placing the measured object on the reference plane—are captured, respectively. Then, the optical flow field between two images is evaluated by using Brox optical flow algorithm. The theoretical relationship between the optical flow field and the height of the measured surface is established. According to the relationship, the height distribution of the measured object can be retrieved quickly without phase-to-height transformation. However, the calculated height distribution has been found to be deviated from its true value. To solve the problem, a correction scheme suitable for the optical flow method is proposed. By using the correction scheme, the accuracy of the calculated result is greatly improved. Simulations and experiments are completed to verify the feasibility of the proposed method and the accuracy of the correction method. The results show that the proposed method is more accurate than that of the Fourier transform method. Compared with traditional surface shape measurement, the optical flow method has some obvious advantages: (1) Only two frame images are required to recover the height distribution. (2) Relatively simple in measurement process and calculation so less time consuming. (3) Because the optical flow method contains time factor itself, it is more suitable for dynamic measurement. (4) No restrictions on projection pattern.
Relationship between Chemical Composition and Nematicidal Activity of Different Essential Oils
Authors: D’Addabbo Trifone , Argentieri Maria Pia , Laquale Sebastiano , Candido Vincenzo , Avato Pinarosa
Published: November 2020

In this study, the relationship between nematicidal activity and chemical composition of ten essential oils (EOs) from different plant species was investigated both in in vitro assays on juveniles (J2) and eggs of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and in experiments on tomato in soil infested by M. incognita. Nematode J2 were exposed for 4, 8 or 24 h to 0.78–100 μg mL−1 concentrations of each EO, whereas 24, 48 or 96 h exposures to 250, 500 and 1000 μg mL−1 solutions were tested on M. incognita egg masses. Treatments with 50, 100 or 200 μg kg soil rates of each EO were applied in the experiment on potted tomato. The highest nematicidal potential resulted for the C. verum EO, as highly toxic to both M. incognitaJ2 and eggs and strongly suppressive on nematode multiplication on tomato roots. The infestation of M. incognita on tomato roots was also strongly reduced by the EOs from E. citriodora and S. aromaticum, both highly toxic to M. incognitaJ2 but less active on nematode eggs. Adversely, R. graveolens EO strongly inhibited the egg hatch but was limitedly toxic to the infective J2. Chemical composition of the EOs was determined by GC-FID and GC-MS. The ten EOs showed a very different chemical composition in terms of major phytochemicals, with one or two dominant components totally amounting up to 85%. The structure–activity relationship based on the main phytochemicals identified in the assayed EOs and their nematicidal effects on M. incognita was also discussed. Results from this study confirmed that the selection of suitable EO raw materials can lead to the formulation on new effective nematicidal products.
Preparation and Characterization of Electrospun Double-layered Nanocomposites Membranes as a Carrier for Centella asiatica (L.)
Authors: Mouro Cláudia , Fangueiro Raul , Gouveia Isabel C.
Published: November 2020

A wide range of naturally derived and synthetic biodegradable and biocompatible polymers are today regarded as promising materials for improving skin regeneration. Alongside this, these materials have been explored in conjunction with different types of antimicrobial and bioactive agents, especially natural-derived compounds, to enhance their biological properties. Herein, a double-layered nanocomposite dressing membrane was fabricated with two distinct layers. A bottom layer from Chitosan-Sodium tripolyphosphate (CS-TPP) and Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) containing Centella asiatica (L.) (CA) was electrospun directly over a Polycaprolactone (PCL) layer to improve the biologic performance of the electrospun nanofibers. In turn, the PCL layer was designed to provide mechanical support to the damaged tissue. The results revealed that the produced double-layered nanocomposite membrane closely resembles the mechanical, porosity, and wettability features required for skin tissue engineering. On the other hand, the in vitro drug release profile of the PCL/PVA_CS-TPP containing CA exhibited a controlled release for 10 days. Moreover, the PVA_CS-TPP_CA’s bottom layer displayed the highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (99.96 ± 6.04%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) (99.94 ± 0.67%), which is responsible for avoiding bacterial penetration while endowing bioactive properties. Finally, the 3-(4,5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay showed that this nanocomposite membrane was not cytotoxic for normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) cells. Therefore, these findings suggest the potential use of the double-layered PCL/PVA_CS-TPP_CA as an efficient bionanocomposite dressing material.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Calorimetric Investigations of Extraction Mode on Flaxseed Gum Composition
Authors: Dubois Fang , Musa Corentin , Duponchel Benoit , Tidahy Lucette , Sécordel Xavier , Mallard Isabelle , Delattre François
Published: November 2020

We discussed about the influence of extraction mode on the flaxseed gums composition and their thermal stabilities. In order to do so, flaxseed gum was extracted by both classical magnetic stirring method and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE). As a function of time, protein content, gum yield, pH values were evaluated and samples were characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The flaxseed gum extracted in aqueous solution correspond to a mixture of different components, including polysaccharides, proteins and sometimes lignan derivatives. It is found that the protein and gum contents increase with the extraction duration for both the ultrasonic assisted and the traditional extraction while the pH decreases at the same time. As expected, compared to traditional magnetic stirring method, ultrasonic assisted extraction method can significantly enhance the yield of polysaccharides, lignans and proteins. The variation of pH is correlated to the increase of lignan molecules in the extracted samples. For thermic methods, SEM experiments showed that lignan derivatives which ester-bonded to polysaccharides associated to proteins are responsible to the formation of globular aggregates. Supplementary rod-like molecular organization were obtained from UAE and questions on the nature of the amphiphilic mesogen carbohydrate structures.
Preparation and Characterisation of Poly(methyl metacrylate)-Titanium Dioxide Nanocomposites for Denture Bases
Authors: Cierech Mariusz , Szerszeń Marcin , Wojnarowicz Jacek , Łojkowski Witold , Kostrzewa-Janicka Jolanta , Mierzwińska-Nastalska Elżbieta
Published: November 2020

Introduction of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) to poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) aims to improve the mechanical, microbiological and tribological properties of dental prosthesis bases. The aim of the research was to assess the polymerisation time and the change in the colour of the new biomaterial. Samples with the 1 wt% and 2 wt% content of TiO2 additionally modified by ultrasounds were created. The effectiveness of ultrasounds was assessed by comparing the average size of conglomerates in a liquid acrylic resin monomer by means of a dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis. The biomaterial structure was assessed by the energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. The colour change was analysed by means of a colorimetric test and provided in the CIE (Commission internationale de l’éclairage) L*a*b* and RGB (Red Green Blue) colour palette. It was observed during the DLS test that the ultrasonic homogenisation process caused an increase in the suspension heterogeneity. The EDS analysis confirmed the presence of nanoparticles sized below 100 nm, which constitutes a ground for calling the new biomaterial a nanocomposite. The addition of TiO2 NPs as well as the ultrasounds result in the reduction of the average PMMA polymerisation time. The obtained data reveal that the addition of both 1 wt% and 2 wt% causes a considerable change in the PMMA colour: its whitening. To summarise, the reduced polymerisation time of the new biomaterial fully enables performance of standard procedures related to creation of dental prosthesis bases. Due to the considerable change in the colour, the clinical application is limited to performance of repairs or relining of the prosthesis, where the new material is located in an unaesthetic zone.
Evaluation of Glycerylphytate Crosslinked Semi- and Interpenetrated Polymer Membranes of Hyaluronic Acid and Chitosan for Tissue Engineering
Authors: Mora-Boza Ana , López-Ruiz Elena , López-Donaire María Luisa , Jiménez Gema , Aguilar María Rosa , Marchal Juan Antonio , Pedraz José Luis , Vázquez-Lasa Blanca , Román Julio San , Gálvez-Martín Patricia
Published: November 2020

In the present study, semi- and interpenetrated polymer network (IPN) systems based on hyaluronic acid (HA) and chitosan using ionic crosslinking of chitosan with a bioactive crosslinker, glycerylphytate (G1Phy), and UV irradiation of methacrylate were developed, characterized and evaluated as potential supports for tissue engineering. Semi- and IPN systems showed significant differences between them regarding composition, morphology, and mechanical properties after physicochemical characterization. Dual crosslinking process of IPN systems enhanced HA retention and mechanical properties, providing also flatter and denser surfaces in comparison to semi-IPN membranes. The biological performance was evaluated on primary human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and the systems revealed no cytotoxic effect. The excellent biocompatibility of the systems was demonstrated by large spreading areas of hMSCs on hydrogel membrane surfaces. Cell proliferation increased over time for all the systems, being significantly enhanced in the semi-IPN, which suggested that these polymeric membranes could be proposed as an effective promoter system of tissue repair. In this sense, the developed crosslinked biomimetic and biodegradable membranes can provide a stable and amenable environment for hMSCs support and growth with potential applications in the biomedical field.