bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A QUANTUM-GRAVITY PERSPECTIVE ON SEMICLASSICAL vs. STRONG-QUANTUM DUALITY
Authors: ISIDRO JOSÉ M.
Published: October 2006

It has been argued that, underlying the M-theoretic dualities, there should exist a symmetry relating the semiclassical and the strong-quantum regimes of a given action integral. On the other hand, a field-theoretic exchange between long and short distances (similar in nature to the T-duality of strings) has been shown to provide a starting point for quantum gravity, in that this exchange enforces the existence of a fundamental length scale on spacetime. In this paper, we prove that the above semiclassical vs. strong-quantum symmetry is equivalent to the exchange of long and short distances. Hence the former symmetry, as much as the latter, also enforces the existence of a length scale. We apply these facts in order to classify all possible duality groups of a given action integral on spacetime, regardless of its specific nature and of its degrees of freedom.
ON THE QUANTUM THEORY OF MASSLESS SPIN-3/2 FIELD IN MINKOWSKI SPACETIME
Authors: QIU WEIGANG , SUN FEI , ZHANG HONGBAO
Published: October 2006

From the modern viewpoint and by the geometric method, this paper provides a concise foundation for the quantum theory of massless spin-3/2 field in Minkowski spacetime, which includes both the one-particle's quantum mechanics and the many-particle's quantum field theory. The explicit result presented here is useful for the investigation of spin-3/2 field in various circumstances such as supergravity, twistor programme, Casimir effect, and quantum inequality.
FINITE ACTION KLEIN–GORDON SOLUTIONS ON LORENTZIAN MANIFOLDS
Authors: KOZLOV V. V. , VOLOVICH I. V.
Published: October 2006

The eigenvalue problem for the square integrable solutions is studied usually for elliptic equations. In this paper we consider such a problem for the hyperbolic Klein–Gordon equation on Lorentzian manifolds. The investigation could help to answer the question why elementary particles have a discrete mass spectrum. An infinite family of square integrable solutions for the Klein–Gordon equation on the Friedman type manifolds is constructed. These solutions have a discrete mass spectrum and a finite action. In particular the solutions on de Sitter space are investigated.
UNIVERSAL YANG–MILLS ACTION ON FOUR-DIMENSIONAL MANIFOLDS
Authors: FUJII KAZUYUKI , OIKE HIROSHI , SUZUKI TATSUO
Published: October 2006

The usual action of the Yang–Mills theory is given by the quadratic form of curvatures of a principal G bundle defined on four-dimensional manifolds. The nonlinear generalization which is known as the Born–Infeld action has been given. In this paper we give another nonlinear generalization on four-dimensional manifolds and call it a universal Yang–Mills action. The advantage of our model is that the action splits automatically into two parts consisting of self-dual and anti-self-dual directions, that is, we have automatically the self-dual and anti-self-dual equations without solving the equations of motion as in usual case. Our method may be applicable to recent non-commutative Yang–Mills theories studied widely.
Does Anti-IgE Therapy Help in Asthma? Efficacy and Controversies
Authors: Avila Pedro C.
Published: October 2006

Omalizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against IgE, is clinically efficacious when it neutralizes almost all free IgE and reduces IgE receptors on basophils and mast cells. Asthmatic subjects on inhaled corticosteroids who are treated with omalizumab as an add-on therapy experience only modest benefits in symptoms and perhaps in quality of life, but the most significant effects are reductions in airway inflammation and in exacerbation rate. Airway obstruction and hyperresponsiveness do not change significantly. Although the magnitude of the beneficial effects is small, they are observed even in the most severe cases, particularly the reduction in exacerbation rate. The safety profile of omalizumab is very encouraging, although phase IV studies are ongoing to clarify the incidence of neoplasias. Because of its cost, omalizumab therapy may be most cost-effective in patients with severe and refractory asthma, particularly those with frequent exacerbations requiring hospital care. Further clinical studies are now evaluating the best place for omalizumab in the algorithm of asthma management.
Quantification and Visualization of Three-Dimensional Inconsistency of the Globus Pallidus Internus in the Schaltenbrand-Wahren Brain Atlas
Authors: Nowinski Wieslaw L. , Liu Jimin , Arumugam Thirunavuukarasuu
Published: October 2006

The major shortcomings of the Schaltenbrand-Wahren (SW) brain atlas include 3-dimensional (3D) inconsistency and spatial sparseness. This work quantifies and visualizes 3D inconsistency of the globus pallidus internus (GPi), a stereotactic target for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, dystonia and Huntington disease. The GPi 3D models 3D-A, 3D-C and 3D-S are reconstructed from the SW axial, coronal and sagittal microseries, respectively, by applying a shape-based (Nonuniform Rational B Splines) method. All three 3D models, placed in the SW coordinate system, are compared quantitatively in terms of location (centroids), size (volumes), shape (normalized eigen values), orientation (eigen vectors) and mutual spatial relationships (overlaps and inclusions). The analysis is done in 3D within each orientation and across them. The reconstructed 3D GPi models substantially differ in location, size and inclusion rate. The centroid of 3D-C is located more medially (15.6 mm) than those of 3D-A (17.5 mm) and 3D-S (18.2 mm), and that of 3D-A more ventrally (–2.3 mm) than those of 3D-C (–0.1 mm) and 3D-S (–0.4 mm). 3D-S has the smallest volume (347.3 mm3); 3D-A is 1.18 and 3D-C 1.85 times larger. The highest inclusion rate is for 3D-S (54.3 and 56.3%) and the lowest for 3D-C (28.8 and 30.6%). A smaller variability is observed in shape, orientation and overlap size (196.8, 196.1 and 185.5 mm3). To get a better correspondence between 3D-C and 3D-S, the coronal microseries were scaled laterally by 1.1667. This results in a substantial improvement of the inclusion rate of 3D-S (87.9%), though raising the volume mismatch to 2.16. The GPi in the SW atlas has a substantial 3D inaccuracy within each orientation and across them. Therefore, absolute and direct reliance on the original atlas is unsafe, and this atlas has to be used with great care and understanding of its limitations. As matching various SW microseries by global scaling is not feasible, we propose the target-dependent scaling based on structure centroid matching.
Hardware-Related Complications of Deep Brain Stimulation: A Review of the Published Literature
Authors: Hamani Clement , Lozano Andres M.
Published: October 2006

Hardware-related complications have been commonly described after deep brain stimulation. We searched the PubMed database using the key words ‘adverse effects’ and ‘deep brain stimulation’. Out of 254 studies, we identified 10 articles that primarily addressed morbidity and hardware-related adverse effects in 922 patients. The most commonly reported hardware-related complications were infections (6.1% of the patients), migration or misplacement of the leads (5.1% of the patients), lead fractures (5.0% of the patients), and skin erosion (1.3% of the patients). Refinements in surgical technique, technological improvements, and a greater experience with the procedures will likely decrease the incidence of hardware-related side effects in the future.
Antithrombin is as effective as heparin and hirudin to prevent formation of microvascular thrombosis in a murine model
Authors: Sorg Heiko , Hoffmann Johannes , Menger Michael , Lindenblatt Nicole , Goehring Peter , Vollmar Brigitte
Published: October 2006

A recently published post-hoc analysis of a trial using high-dose antithrombin (AT) in septic patients (KyberSept) revealed significant reduction of lethality when no concomitant heparin was administered, whereas patients with the combination of heparin and AT did not benefit in terms of survival. Therefore, it seems feasible to study the capability of AT in prevention of microvascular thrombus formation to avoid concomitant application of heparin and AT. Using fluorescence microscopy and a light/dyeinjury mouse ear model, the kinetics of thrombus formation were analyzed quantitatively in vivo upon single iv bolus of saline (control), heparin (100 IU/kg), hirudin (1 mg/kg) or AT (25, 50, 100 or 250 IU/kg) (N=7 animals per group each). In controls, light/dye-injury induced complete thrombotic occlusion in all arterioles and venules studied. Heparin and hirudin prevented thrombotic vessel occlusion in 62% and 43% of arterioles and 11% and 28% of venules. AT-250 was found to be more effective than heparin and hirudin, because thrombus formation was completely banned in all arterioles and venules. AT-100 and AT-50 were also capable of significantly blocking thrombus formation in both arterioles and venules. In blood vessels, which finally clogged, the time for development of complete vessel occlusion was delayed after heparin, hirudin and AT-25, but in particular after AT-50 and AT-100. In conclusion, AT-mediated antithrombotic activity has been characterized in a model of phototoxicity-induced microvascular thrombosis formation, demonstrating thatAT delays and prevents thrombus formation in arterioles and venules at least comparably effective as heparin and hirudin.
Emerging anticoagulants for the treatment of venous thromboembolism
Authors: Weitz Jeffrey
Published: October 2006

Anticoagulant therapy is the cornerstone of treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Such treatment is divided into two stages. Rapid initial anticoagulation is given to minimize the risk of thrombus extension and fatal pulmonary embolism, whereas extended anticoagulation is aimed at preventing recurrent VTE, thereby reducing the risk of postphlebitic syndrome. With currently available drugs, immediate anticoagulation can only be achieved with parenteral agents, such as heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin, or fondaparinux. Extended treatment usually involves the administration of vitamin K antagonists,such as warfarin. Emerging anticoagulants have the potential to streamline VTE treatment. These agents include idraparinux, a long-acting synthetic pentasaccharide that is given subcutaneously on a once-weekly basis, and new oral anticoagulants that target thrombin or factor Xa. This paper i) reviews the pharmacology of these agents, ii) outlines their potential strengths and weaknesses, iii) describes the results of clinical trials with these new drugs, and iv) identifies the evolving role of new anticoagulants in the management of VTE.
Role of fibrinolysis and interventional therapy for acute venous thromboembolism
Authors: Meyer Guy , Decousus Hervé , Agnelli Giancarlo , Emmerich Joseph
Published: October 2006

The initial goals of treatment for venous thromboembolism (VTE) are usually achieved with anticoagulation. This reviewfocuses on fibrinolysis and interventional therapy in VTE, treatments whose indications are much more controversial. The benefit-to-risk ratio of fibrinolysis in deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is dubious. Thrombolytic treatment is recommended forunstable patients with pulmonary embolism (PE), although these patients represent less than 5% of all patients hospitalized for PE. The use of thrombolytic treatment in patients with sub-massive PE remains controversial. Two indications are widely recognized for inferior vena cava filters: the first isa permanent or temporary contraindication to anticoagulation, in patients with proximal DVT or PE. The second is the occurrence of PE or propagation of the thrombus in patients treated for DVT or recurrence in patients with PE. The PREPIC study demonstrated that in acute VTE, vena cava filters reduced the risk of PE but increased that of DVT and had no effect on survival. The fact that prevention of PE is mainly observed during the short initial period following the diagnosis of an acute VTE event justifies a new randomized study with the use of retrievable filters as an adjuvant to anticoagulation in high risk patients with PE.
‘Use-Value’ and the Re-thinking of Skills, Learning and the Labour Process
Authors: Sawchuk Peter H.
Published: October 2006

Reviewing multiple traditions of social analysis of work, skill and knowledge this article seeks to renew the possibility for a critical, integrated approach. Contextualizing and then criticizing the ongoing ‘up-skilling/de-skilling impasse’, I offer discussion of several alternative conceptual resources that may contribute to a more robust appreciation for learning and human development, potentially unified under a suggested ‘Use-Value Thesis’ on the labour/learning process. It is argued that recognizing ‘use-value’ sets the stage for a broader systemic understanding of the contradictory processes (e.g. up-skilling/de-skilling, engagement/alienation, co-operation/conflict) that occur simultaneously in all workplaces under capitalism, and in turn offers a means to more coherently assess the full range of human learning.
Formation of immature neutrophil leucocytes in schizophrenic patients treated with various antipsychotic drugs: comparisons and predictions
Authors: Delieu J. M. , Horobin R. W. , Duguid J. K.
Published: October 2006

The neutrophils of schizophrenic patients taking antipsychotic drugs were evaluated. Neutrophil immaturity was assessed by determining mean nuclear lobe number in peripheral blood smears of patients and controls. Subjects were patients medicated with typical (upenthixol ( n 6), uphenazine ( n 7), haloperidol ( n 23), thioridazine ( n 15), and triuoperazine ( n 6)) or atypical (olanzapine ( n 15), risperidone ( n 10), and sulpiride ( n 7)) antipsychotic drugs. Controls ( n 58) were healthy, non-medicated clinical and academic staff. Mean lobe number was determined using light microscopy and examining 300 neutrophils per individual. For subject and control groups, means and medians of mean lobe numbers, and also mean white cell and neutrophil counts, were determined. Means for each group were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test; variances using F ratios. Mean lobe numbers of all patients were decreased compared to controls. The left shift occurring in patients medicated with haloperidol, olanzapine, risperidone, thioridazine, and triuoperazine was signícantat P 0.0001; for upenthixol P 0.001, and for sulpiride P 0.05. The left shift for uphenazine was not statistically signíant. For one patient, mean lobe numbers were obtained before and after medication with olanzapine commenced, and a lowering of mean lobe number was seen. Although the coefficient of variation in the patient groups was large compared to the controls, nevertheless more than half of the patients had mean lobe numbers outside the observed range of values seen in the control population. White blood cell and neutrophil counts in patients and controls were not signiécantly different. This study demonstrated that patients taking antipsychotic drugs have immature neutrophils, but normal total white cell and neutrophil numbers. The effect was seen with both typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs, and is probably drug-induced. It is possible that mean lobe number may predict patients at risk from neutropenia or agranulocytosis, as is also suggested by an analysis of the relative numbers of literature reports of neutrophil pathology for these drugs. It is of interest that olanzapine, which has been considered a haematologically non-hazardous drug, was shown to be associated with a significant decrease in mean lobe number.
Clinical practice with anti-dementia drugs: a consensus statement from British Association for Psychopharmacology
Authors: Burns Alistair , O'Brien John
Published: October 2006

The British Association for Psychopharmacology (BAP) coordinated a meeting of experts to review the evidence on the drug treatment for dementia. The level of evidence (types) was rated using a standard system: Types 1a and 1b (evidence from meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials or at least one controlled trial respectively); types 2a and 2b (one well-designed study or one other type of quasi experimental study respectively); type 3 (non-experimental descriptive studies); and type 4 (expert opinion). There is type 1a evidence for cholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine) for mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease; memantine for moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease; and for the use of bright light therapy and aromatherapy. There is type 1a evidence of no effect of anti inflammatory drugs or statins. There is conflicting evidence regarding oestrogens, with type 2a evidence of a protective effect of oestrogens but 1b evidence of a harmful effect. Type 1a evidence for any effect of B12 and folate will be forthcoming when current trials report. There is type 1b evidence for gingko biloba in producing a modest benefit of cognitive function; cholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of people with Lewy body disease (particularly neuropsychiatric symptoms); cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine in treatment cognitive impairment associated with vascular dementia; and the effect of metal collating agents (although these should not be prescribed until more data on safety and efficacy are available). There is type 1b evidence to show that neither cholinesterase inhibitors nor vitamin E reduce the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease in people with mild cognitive impairment; and there is no evidence that there is any intervention that can prevent the onset of dementia. There is type 1b evidence for the beneficial effects of adding memantine to cholinesterase inhibitors, and type 2b evidence of positive switching outcomes from one cholinesterase inhibitor to another. There is type 2a evidence for a positive effect of reminiscence therapy, and type 2a evidence that cognitive training does not work. There is type 3 evidence to support the use of psychological interventions in dementia. There is type 2 evidence that a clinical diagnosis of dementia can be made accurately and that brain imaging increases that accuracy.

Although the consensus statement dealt largely with medication, the role of dementia care in secondary services (geriatric medicine and old age psychiatry) and primary care, along with health economics, was discussed. There is ample evidence that there are effective treatments for people with dementia, and Alzheimer's disease in particular. Patients, their carers, and clinicians deserve to be optimistic in a field which often attracts therapeutic nihilism.
Stability and Performance of Haptic Interfaces with Active/Passive Actuators—Theory and Experiments
Authors: An Jinung , Kwon Dong-Soo
Published: October 2006

This paper addresses both theoretical and experimental studies of the stability and performance of haptic interfaces containing active/passive actuators. Three different realizations of haptic interfaces are introduced to investigate their stability and performance: an active system equipped with a motor; a passive system equipped with a brake; and a hybrid system equipped with both brake and motor. The first objective is to demonstrate that a hybrid system is superior in its stability and performance to an active system via passivity theorem and Z-width. The second objective of this paper is to show that the conditions for the asymptotic stability of haptic interfaces during the static friction display are investigated via the absolute stability theory. Theoretical and experimental results are compared. An alternative haptic interface is proposed that provides its highly stable haptic interaction with high performance.
Selective and Effective Cytotoxicity of Folic Acidconjugated Cholesteryl Pullulan Hydrogel Nanoparticles Complexed with Doxorubicin inΓIn Vitro and ΓIn Vivo Studies
Authors: Hidaka Masaaki , Kanematsu Takashi , Ushio Kazutoshi , Sunamoto Junzo
Published: October 2006

We previously reported that cholesteryl pullulan (CHP) derivatives were effective carriers drug delivery systems in targeting cancer cells. We have now synthesized folic acid-conjugated CHP hydrogel nanoparticles (FACHP). FA-CHP complexed with the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) show a higher cytotoxicity than CHP complexed with DOX in in vitro studies. The expression of a folate receptor (FR) is elevated in many cancers; in this case, confocal image analysis revealed that FA-CHP complexed with DOX exhibited greater cellular uptake than CHP complexed with DOX in human epidermal carcinoma (KB) cells over-expressing surface FR. In vivo studies showed that the increase of tumor volume in a nude mice xenograft model was significantly suppressed. Accordingly, FA-CHP may be an effective vehicle for the delivery of anticancer drugs and has a potential application in the treatment of overexpressing FR solid tumor cells.
The Synthesis and Biodegradability of Poly(lactide-random-depsipeptide)-PEGPoly(lactide-random-depsipeptide) ABA-type Triblock Copolymers
Authors: Ohya Yuichi , Nakai Takao , Nagahama Koji , Ouchi Tatsuro , Tanaka Shinji , Kato Kenji
Published: October 2006

Amphiphilic ABA-type triblock copolymers were synthesized to develop a biodegradable anti-adhesive membrane. In this particular synthesis, poly[L-lactide(LA)- co-depsipeptide] (poly[LA- co-(Glc-Leu)]: PLGL) was used as the A segment, and the poly(ethylene glycol)s (PEG)s, Mn 10,000 and Mn 20,500 were used as the B segment. The synthesis of the triblock copolymer (PLGL-PEG-PLGL) was carried out via a ring-opening copolymerization of L-lactide and cyclo(Glc-Leu) in the presence of hydroxytelechelic poly(ethylene glycol) using tin 2-ethylhexanoate as a catalyst. To evaluate the copolymer films as candidates for biodegradable anti-adhesive membranes, physicochemical properties such as degradation on behavior under physiological conditions and water absorption were investigated. The degradation rate of the PLGLPEG-PLGL films varied with changes in the molecular architecture; specifically, the molecular weight of the hydrophilic B segment and the depsipeptide unit content in the A segment were more prominent. The biocompatibility and resorption of the PLGL-PEG-PLGL films were also evaluated. The PLGLPEG-PLGL films were degraded and depleted gradually in vivo without inflammation.
People and periods untouched by accounting history: an ancient Yoruba practice
Authors: Annisette Marcia
Published: October 2006

This article is based on a plenary address presented at the fourth Accounting History International Conference, Braga, Portugal held in September 2005. It is an extension of earlier calls (for example Carmona, 2002; Carnegie & Potter, 2000) to broaden research beyond those settings and periods that have so far dominated accounting history. Using precolonial Africa as an example, the article identifies the challenges and opportunities associated with historical research in non-western and/or pre-industrial cultures and sites. It then goes on to illustrate some of the conceptual breaks needed to examine the ancient Yoruba practice of the (e)susu and identifies the potential insights that one can gain from historical research into the “truly unfamiliar”. It concludes on a hopeful note, suggesting that by taking accounting history research beyond the familiar settings of Europe and the West we create the potential for profound growth in our discipline.
Intrathecal chitotriosidase and the outcome of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Sotgiu S , Barone R , Arru G , Fois M L , Pugliatti M , Sanna A , Rosati G , Musumeci S
Published: October 2006

Activated macrophages are major effectors at all stages of lesion formation in multiple sclerosis (MS) brain. Here, we report that the macrophage enzyme chitotriosidase (Chit) is significantly elevated both in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with MS as compared to healthy controls and other neurological patients ( P< 0.001). Furthermore, the Chit activity in blood significantly associates with the MS clinical course (higher in secondary progressive relative to relapsing remitting, P = 0.01) and the clinical severity as measured by Kurtkze’s Expanded Disability Status Scale ( P<0.001). Also, we found that Chit activity is compartmentalized in the central nervous system of early MS patients and that its CSF/plasma quotient, in the presence of a preserved albumin quotient, correlates with the extent of future clinical deterioration ( r = 0.91; P<0.001). These findings confirm that innate immunity, here represented by Chit, is clinically relevant in MS and allows, if confirmed, reconsidering novel MS therapeutic strategies specifically aimed at this branch of the immune response.
Retinal ganglion cell loss induced by acute optic neuritis in a relapsing model of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Shindler Kenneth S , Guan Yangtai , Ventura Elvira , Bennett Jean , Rostami Abdolmohamad
Published: October 2006

Multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) are marked by inflammatory demyelinating lesions throughout the central nervous system, including optic nerve. Neuronal loss also occurs in MS and EAE lesions, but it is not known whether neuronal loss occurs secondary to inflammation, or as a primary process. In the current study, the relationship of inflammation to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss during acute optic neuritis is examined. RGCs were labelled with Flourogold, and EAE was induced in SJL/J mice by immunization with proteolipid protein peptide 139- 151 (PLP). At various time points, RGCs were counted and optic nerves were examined for inflammatory cell infiltrates. No optic neuritis was detected prior to day 9 following immunization. Incidence of optic neuritis was 30% at day 9 and increased to over 70% by day 11, remaining high through day 18. In contrast, no RGC loss was detected in eyes with optic neuritis until day 14. A 43.1% reduction in RGC numbers at day 14 increased to 50.8% by day 18. No RGC loss occurred in eyes without optic neuritis. The fact that inflammation precedes RGC loss suggests that neuronal loss during optic neuritis occurs secondary to the inflammatory process.
Gait and balance impairment in early multiple sclerosis in the absence of clinical disability
Authors: Martin C L , Phillips B A , Kilpatrick T J , Butzkueven H , Tubridy N , McDonald E , Galea M P
Published: October 2006

This study evaluated the gait and balance performance of two clinically distinct groups of recently diagnosed and minimally impaired multiple sclerosis (MS) patients (Expanded Disability Status Scale range 0- 2.5), compared to control subjects. Ten MS patients with mild pyramidal signs (Pyramidal Functional Systems 1.0), 10 MS patients with no pyramidal signs (Pyramidal Functional Systems 0) and 20 age- and gender-matched control subjects were assessed using laboratory-based gait analysis and clinical balance measures. Both MS groups demonstrated reduced speed and stride length ( P < 0.001), and prolonged double limb support ( P<0.02), compared to the control group, along with alterations in the timing of ankle muscle activity, and the pattern of ankle motion during walking, which occurred independent of gait speed. The pyramidal MS group walked with reduced speed ( P=0.03) and stride length ( P=0.04), and prolonged double limb support ( P=0.01), compared to the non-pyramidal group. Both MS groups demonstrated concomitant balance impairment, performing poorly on the Functional Reach Test compared to the control group ( P<0.05). The identification of incipient gait and balance impairment in MS patients with recent disease onset suggests that motor function may begin to deteriorate in the early stages of the disease, even in the absence of clinical signs of pyramidal dysfunction.
Serum immunologic markers in multiple sclerosis patients on continuous combined therapy with beta-interferon 1a, prednisone and azathioprine
Authors: Hashemi C A Braun , Zang Y CQ , Arbona J A , Bauerle J A , Frazer M L , Lee H , Flury L , Moore E S , Kolar M C , Washington R Y , Kolar O J
Published: October 2006

Break-through symptoms (BTS) in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients on beta-interferon (beta-IFN) monotherapy are most frequently treated with a brief administration of steroids. Here, we report the results of monitoring serum immunologic markers recorded at three-month intervals for 1.5 years in responders to beta-INF 1a (Avonex) monotherapy ( n = 21) and MS patients placed on Avonex with prednisone ( n = 83) and Avonex, prednisone and azathioprine (AZA) ( n = 21) because of BTS. Compared to 23 healthy controls, patients on Avonex monotherapy and Avonex with prednisone, in individuals on Avonex, prednisone and AZA, a significant decrease in serum concentration of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) ( P = 0.001) was established. Combined therapy with Avonex, prednisone and AZA was associated with a significant increase in the serum level of interleukin (IL)10 ( P < 0.001). Compared to Avonex monotherapy, combined therapy suppressed the serum level of IL12p40, antagonized elevation in the serum concentration of soluble IL2 receptor (sIL2R) and inhibited an increase in the serum soluble CD95 (sCD95) molecule. In patients studied, no significant differences in the serum level of IL18 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were established. These findings are important in understanding some of the immunoregulatory mechanisms induced by combined therapy in MS.
Improvements in muscle-tendon properties are beneficial to balance in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Onambélé G LN , Degens H
Published: October 2006

A 63-year-old male was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS) two years prior to this investigation. We hypothesized that compromised postural balance in MS can be improved by training-induced alterations in muscle-tendon properties. Sixteen weeks of strength and balance training induced an increase in quadriceps and gastrocnemius muscle size, strength, central activation, muscle recruitment and tendon stiffness. Concomitantly, the ability to maintain postural stances was increased in both eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions. We concluded that improvements in muscle-tendon properties were accompanied by improved balance and a general feeling of well-being after training.
Cannabis use in patients with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Chong M S , Wolff K , Wise K , Tanton C , Winstock A , Silber E
Published: October 2006

Introduction Little is known about the extent and patterns of cannabis use in people with multiple sclerosis (MS).

Methods MS patients attending neurology outpatient clinics at two hospitals in London and one in Kent, UK completed a questionnaire.

Results Questionnaires were completed by 254/337 (75%) MS patients. Forty-three per cent had used cannabis at some stage (ever users). Of these, 68% (75/110) had used cannabis to alleviate symptoms of MS (MS-related cannabis use). Forty-six (18%) had used cannabis in the last month (current users), of whom 12% (31/254) had used it for symptom relief. Being married or having a long-term partner, tobacco smokers and increasing disability were independent risk factors for MS-related cannabis use. Compared to patients who could walk unaided, cannabis use was more likely in those who were chair-bound (adjusted OR 2.47; 1.10-5.56) or only able to walk with an aid (adjusted OR 1.56; 0.90- 3.60). Pain and spasms were common reasons for cannabis use. Seventy-one per cent of individuals who had never used cannabis said they would try the drug if it were available on prescription.

Conclusion A large proportion of MS patients had tried cannabis for symptom control, however current use was small. A subgroup with greater disability appears to derive some symptomatic benefit.
The scope and nature of pain in persons with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Ehde D M , Osborne T L , Hanley M A , Jensen M P , Kraft G H
Published: October 2006

Much remains unknown about the scope, nature, and impact of pain on the lives of persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). In the present study, 180 community dwelling adults with MS completed a postal survey that included demographic measures, MS disease measures, and several standardized measures of pain, including pain intensity, variability, location, and pain-related interference. Some 66% of the sample reported pain, 25% of whom reported severe pain. Persons with pain reported an average of 6.6 distinct pain sites. Using the Brief Pain Inventory Interference Scale, the average level of overall pain interference was 3.33 (0- 10 scale) in the group reporting pain. The highest levels of pain interference were reported for sleep, recreational activities, and work in and outside the home. Persons with pain were more likely to report greater MS disease severity, poorer psychological functioning, and poorer health than persons with MS but not pain. Persons with pain were also less likely to be employed. These findings are consistent with previous research that shows that pain is common in MS, that it is severe in a substantial subset of these individuals and has the potential to negatively impact physical and psychosocial functioning over and above the effects of MS itself.
When People Would Rather Switch Than Fight: Out-Group Favoritism Among Temporary Employees
Authors: von Hippel Courtney D.
Published: October 2006

This article relies on social identity theory to examine the intergroup attitudes held by temporary and permanent employees toward each other. Because temporary employees represent a low-status group with permeable boundaries, temporary employees were expected to show an out-group bias in favor of permanent employees. Survey data from 161 temporary and permanent employees revealed this predicted out-group favoritism on the part of the temporary employees on both implicit and explicit measures of intergroup bias. In contrast, the high-status, permanent employee group displayed typical in-group favoritism on both measures. Implications of these results for workplace relations are discussed.
Tokens in the Tower: Perceptual Processes and Interaction Dynamics in Academic Settings with ‘Skewed’, ‘Tilted’ and ‘Balanced’ Sex Ratios
Authors: Hewstone Miles , Crisp Richard J. , Contarello Alberta , Voci Alberto , Conway Laura , Marletta Giorgia , Willis Hazel
Published: October 2006

We tested Kanter’s (1977a, 1977b) theory concerning the effects of group proportions (sex ratios) on visibility, polarization and assimilation, using natural groups of women and men in academia. Study 1 compared male-skewed and male-tilted settings and found evidence of greater polarization by minority women than majority men. The only effect of group proportions occurred for perceived dispersion as a measure of assimilation; replicating Brown and Smith (1989), men showed an out-group (OH), and women an in-group (IH), homogeneity effect, and both effects were accentuated in the skewed setting. Study 2 extended the research to include male-skewed, male-tilted, balanced and female-tilted sex ratios. Men’s OH effect declined as relative out-group size increased, and women’s IH effect declined as relative in-group size increased. There was also a linear decrease in relative perceived in-group impact and status as actual relative in-group size declined. We discuss our findings with respect to the validity of Kanter’s theory, gender and group size as moderators of perceived variability, and methodological issues in studying diversity.
The Role of Team Identification in the Dissimilarity-Conflict Relationship
Authors: Hobman Elizabeth V. , Bordia Prashant
Published: October 2006

This study examined the role of team identification in the dissimilarity and conflict relationship. We tested competing predictions that team identification would either mediate or moderate the positive associations between visible (age, gender and ethnic background), professional (background) and value dissimilarity and task and relationship conflict. Data was collected from 27 MBA student teams twice during a semester. Multilevel modelling and a longitudinal design were used. Results showed that value dissimilarity was positively associated with task and relationship conflict at Time 2. Its effects on relationship conflict at Time 1 were moderated by team identification. Team identification also moderated the effects of gender, age and ethnic dissimilarity on task conflict at Time 2, and the effects of gender and professional dissimilarity on relationship conflict at Time 2. No support was obtained for the mediating role of team identification on the associations between dissimilarity and conflict, or for changes in the effects of dissimilarity over time.
Novel Deconjugative Esterification of 2-Cyclohexylideneacetic Acids through 4-(Pyrrolidin-1-yl)pyridine-catalyzed Carbodiimide Couplings
Authors: Sano Shigeki , Harada Etsuko , Azetsu Tomohiro , Ichikawa Takashi , Nakao Michiyasu , Nagao Yoshimitsu
Published: October 2006

4-(Pyrrolidin-1-yl)pyridine-catalyzed deconjugative esterification of 2-cyclohexylideneacetic acids afforded isopropyl 2-(cyclohex-1-enyl)acetate by employing 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride as a coupling reagent. On the other hand, 4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pyridine-catalyzed esterification with 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide was not accompanied by deconjugation and gave isopropyl 2-cyclohexylideneacetate.
Hematite Hollow Spheres with Excellent Catalytic Performance for Removal of Carbon Monoxide
Authors: Hu Chaoquan , Gao Zhenghong , Yang Xiaorui
Published: October 2006

Hematite (α-Fe2O3) hollow spheres were prepared by using carbon microspheres as the template. The products exhibit excellent catalytic performances and can catalyze the oxidation of almost 100% carbon monoxide at 315 °C.
Intercalation of α,ω-Diaminoalkanes in the Interlayer Space of the Protonated Form of the Layered Perovskite H1.8Bi0.2Sr0.8Ta2O7
Authors: Tahara Seiichi , Yamashita Takashi , Kajiwara Go , Sugahara Yoshiyuki
Published: October 2006

α,ω-Diaminoalkanes (NH2(CH2)nNH2; n = 2, 4, 8, and 12) are intercalated in the interlayer space of the protonated form of a layered perovskite, H1.8Bi0.2Sr0.8Ta2O7 (HSrTa). The amounts of α,ω-diaminoalkanes, which possess a monolayer arrangement in the interlayer space, are calculated as ca. 0.5 per [Bi0.2Sr0.8Ta2O7]. A model for α,ω-diaminoalkane–HSrTa intercalation compounds is proposed, and the model is consistent with that proposed for n-alkylamine–HSrTa intercalation compounds.
A one stage surgical technique for postlaryngectomy voice rehabilitation
Authors: Amatsu Mutsuo
Published: October 2006

A new one‐stage surgical technique for postlaryngectomy speech was applied to 30 patients and its results are described. The essential part of this technique consists of the construction of a tracheoesophageal shunt using the posterior part of the trachea exposed at the time of the laryngectomy to reestablish an air communication between the trachea and the esophagus.
Primary small cell (oat cell) carcinoma of the larynx associated with an IgD multiple myeloma
Authors: Thompson David H. , Kao Yi How , Klos Joseph , Fay James , Fetter Theodore W.
Published: October 2006

Primary small cell (oat cell) carcinoma of the larynx is a rare condition. We report a case of primary oat cell carcinoma of the subglottic larynx associated with a synchronous IgD multiple myeloma (an unreported association). An increased incidence of carcinoma associated with plasma cell disorders has been reported, and the theories of this association are discussed. In a review of the reported cases, the most successful management of oat cell carcinoma of the larynx appears to incorporate a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Our case was treated with a combination of protocols used for oat cell carcinoma of the larynx and multiple myeloma. At 24 months after diagnosis, the patient is free of oat cell carcinoma, and the multiple myeloma is under control.
Pseudomass lesions due to occult trauma of the larynx
Authors: Hanson David G. , Mancuso Anthony A. , Hanafee William N.
Published: October 2006

Fracture of the laryngeal skeleton is best diagnosed by computed tomography. Deformity of the laryngeal cartilage may cause signs and symptoms that suggest neoplastic submucosal mass. Symptoms may not develop until years after the original injury. A series is described in which the patients demonstrate the characteristic signs, symptoms, and computed tomographic appearance of old, often forgotten, fractures of the thyroid cartilage. The diagnosis is best made by computed axial tomography of the neck.
Unilateral multiple benign mixed tumors of the parotid gland
Authors: Behnke Ernest E.
Published: October 2006

Multiple tumors of a single salivary gland in an unoperated‐on patient are rare; only five have previously been reported in the world literature. The author reports the sixth case of multiple, benign mixed tumors of a unilateral parotid gland in a 61‐year‐old woman, discusses its management, and reviews the literature.
Anaerobic mastoiditis: A report of two cases with complications
Authors: Moloy Peter J.
Published: October 2006

Aerobic bacteria are responsible for most cases of suppurative otitis media/mastoiditis (OM/M). As many as 20–30% of middle ear aspirates in acute otitis media, however, are reported to be sterile on aerobic culture. Some of these cases may be due to anaerobic bacteria.

Two cases of OM/M due to anaerobic bacteria are reported. The first patient had no antecedent ear disease and developed a large Bezold abscess caused by Fusobacterium varium. The second patient had attic retraction pouches bilaterally and a history of otorrhea. This patient developed labyrinthitis and meningitis due to B. fragilis. The clinical progression of disease in both cases indicates that anaerobic OM/M can follow a deceptively asymptomatic course. By contrast, complications of OM/M occur abruptly and extend rapidly in a manner typical of acute aerobic disease. Both cases required surgery for cure.
‘Fish in the river’: Experiences of bicultural bilingual speakers
Authors: Heinz Bettina
Published: October 2006

This hermeneutic phenomenological study describes, analyzes, and interprets the lived experience of eight proficient bilingual individuals in the United States. Common themes of speaking one's native language and English as one's second or third language are described. The essences of participants' first-language communicative experiences ranged from feeling more at home and comfortable (‘Fish in the river’) to feeling challenged and uncomfortable (‘A test of skills’). Despite these individual differences, an awareness of the interplay of language, identity, communication, and culture emerged as the structural essence of this lived experience. All participants expressed how speaking one of the languages available to them reflects and creates culturally conditioned aspects of identity as well as aspects of identity related to psychological constructs such as self-esteem and confidence. The findings support basic assumptions of the Communication Theory of Identity and of Ethnolinguistic Identity Theory and point to the need to integrate these two theoretical perspectives.
Disruption of Genetic Interaction Between Two Autosomal Regions and the X Chromosome Causes Reproductive Isolation Between Mouse Strains Derived From Different Subspecies
Authors: Oka Ayako , Aoto Toshihiro , Totsuka Yoshikazu , Takahashi Riichi , Ueda Masatsugu , Mita Akihiko , Sakurai-Yamatani Noriko , Yamamoto Hiromi , Kuriki Satoshi , Takagi Nobuo , Moriwaki Kazuo , Shiroishi Toshihiko
Published: October 2006

Reproductive isolation that initiates speciation is likely caused by incompatibility among multiple loci in organisms belonging to genetically diverging populations. Laboratory C57BL/6J mice, which predominantly originated from Mus musculus domesticus, and a MSM/Ms strain derived from Japanese wild mice (M. m. molossinus, genetically close to M. m. musculus) are reproductively isolated. Their F1 hybrids are fertile, but successive intercrosses result in sterility. A consomic strain, C57BL/6J-ChrXMSM, which carries the X chromosome of MSM/Ms in the C57BL/6J background, shows male sterility, suggesting a genetic incompatibility of the MSM/Ms X chromosome and other C57BL/6J chromosome(s). In this study, we conducted genomewide linkage analysis and subsequent QTL analysis using the sperm shape anomaly that is the major cause of the sterility of the C57BL/6J-ChrXMSM males. These analyses successfully detected significant QTL on chromosomes 1 and 11 that interact with the X chromosome. The introduction of MSM/Ms chromosomes 1 and 11 into the C57BL/6J-ChrXMSM background failed to restore the sperm-head shape, but did partially restore fertility. This result suggests that this genetic interaction may play a crucial role in the reproductive isolation between the two strains. A detailed analysis of the male sterility by intracytoplasmic sperm injection and zona-free in vitro fertilization demonstrated that the C57BL/6J-ChrXMSM spermatozoa have a defect in penetration through the zona pellucida of eggs.
A New Family of Drosophila Balancer Chromosomes With a w− dfd-GMR Yellow Fluorescent Protein Marker
Authors: Le Tien , Liang Zhiguo , Patel Heeren , Yu Marcus H , Sivasubramaniam Gitanjali , Slovitt Matthew , Tanentzapf Guy , Mohanty Nihar , Paul Sarah M , Wu Victoria M , Beitel Greg J
Published: October 2006

We report new w− fluorescent balancers scorable from stage 13 through adulthood that bear a nuclear-localized yellow fluorescent protein marker directly driven by dfd and GMR enhancer elements. The utility of this marker is enhanced by identification of an anti-GFP/yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) serum that is compatible with heat fixation.
Enhancer–Promoter Communication at theyellowGene ofDrosophila melanogaster: Diverse Promoters Participate in and RegulatetransInteractions
Authors: Lee Anne M , Wu C-ting
Published: October 2006

The many reports of trans interactions between homologous as well as nonhomologous loci in a wide variety of organisms argue that such interactions play an important role in gene regulation. The yellow locus of Drosophila is especially useful for investigating the mechanisms of trans interactions due to its ability to support transvection and the relative ease with which it can be altered by targeted gene replacement. In this study, we exploit these aspects of yellow to further our understanding of cis as well as trans forms of enhancer–promoter communication. Through the analysis of yellow alleles whose promoters have been replaced with wild-type or altered promoters from other genes, we show that mutation of single core promoter elements of two of the three heterologous promoters tested can influence whether yellow enhancers act in cis or in trans. This finding parallels observations of the yellow promoter, suggesting that the manner in which trans interactions are controlled by core promoter elements describes a general mechanism. We further demonstrate that heterologous promoters themselves can be activated in trans as well as participate in pairing-mediated insulator bypass. These results highlight the potential of diverse promoters to partake in many forms of trans interactions.