bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Interplay between the Christian Sacralization of Human Authority and Political Repression in Zimbabwe
Authors:   Senokoane, Banda Collium
Published: December 2009

The reigning scandal in Zimbabwe is the simultaneous growth of Christianity and political repression, begging one to wonder why increased Christian presence has not resulted in social and political transformation. The answer can be found in the Christian sacralization of human authority and the uncritical interpretation of Romans 13:1–5 common in some leading churches. The resulting uncritical submission to repressive authority of the "anointed men of God" and the fear of holding them accountable for their questionable leadership has incapacitated Christians to challenge and address this growing political repression. Furthermore, the Christian leaders who have sacralized their authority have been in the forefront of the legitimization of President Robert Mugabe's repressive rule. Robert Mugabe has been presented as the anointed leader of Zimbabwe who should be submitted to at all costs. To promote democracy and good governance, the church must shift her paradigm to be inclusive of the full counsel of Scripture. By desacralizing human authority the church will empower the Christian community to hold church and political leaders accountable for their abuse of power. This is necessary if the African Renaissance's quest for African human legitimacy is to be realised.
Simulation and Dissimulation: Religious Hybridity in a Morisco Fatwa
Authors: del Mar Rosa-Rodriguez Maria
Published: December 2009

Catholic religiosity became the central premise for law and order in sixteenth century Spain. Consequently, many Muslims left the Peninsula, and those that remained were forced to choose between renouncing Islam and becoming martyrs. In 1504, the Mufti of Oran wrote a fatwa to the Moriscos in Spain allowing them to simulate a Catholic religiosity while dissimulating an Islamic religiosity. He declared that even without formally practicing Islam, they were true Muslims as long as the “intention of their hearts” was pure. Mediated by simulation and dissimulation, gestures of guilt ensued as many subjects undermined dominant ideologies in order to preserve their traditions. This essay reads these movements between Christianity and Islam as signs of hybrid religiosity, theorizing that, contrary to what the Church-State prescribed then and what cultural and political historians have concluded thereafter, the notion of religiosity in Spain transcended institutionalized dogma. The Appendix at the end of this study includes an unedited version of this fatwa, transcribed, translated, and with paleographical commentary. I owe a debt of gratitude to Professor Devin J. Stewart, who inspired me to seek out this lost version of the fatwa of the Mufti of Oran.
One Symptom of Originality: Race and the Management of Labour in the History of the United States
Authors: Roediger David , Esch Elizabeth
Published: December 2009

In the labour-history of the US, the systematised management of workers is widely understood as emerging in the decades after the Civil War, as industrial production and technological innovation changed the pace, nature and organisation of work. Though modern management is seen as predating the contributions of Frederick Taylor, the technique of so-called 'scientific management' is emphasised as the particularly crucial managerial innovation to emerge from the US, prefiguring and setting the stage for Fordism. This article argues that the management of labour in the US has roots in the particularities of a society which racialised its labour-systems – slave and free – and thus made 'racial knowledge' central to managerial knowledge. Rather than transcending the limits of racial knowledge, the authors argue that scientific management relied on experts to know and develop 'the races' not only for the purpose of accumulating capital but also for the organisation of modern production through the first decades of the twentieth century. Such 'knowledge' became central to the export of managerial and engineering knowledge from the US to the world.
Historical Temporalities of Capital: An Anti-Historicist Perspective
Authors: Tomba Massimiliano
Published: December 2009

Marx's rethinking of the combination between absolute surplus-value and relative surplus-value during the 1860s is very important in order to reconsider the co-presence of different forms of historical temporality and exploitation. Postmodernism presents a picture of a plurality of historical times in which the old lies beside the modern and the sweatshop beside the high-tech factory. Because it fails to provide an explanation of the relation between these forms, postmodernism produces a false image of an 'ahistorical' present. In this article I want to show how the combination of differentials of surplus-value works and why a representation of a plurality of historical temporalities synchronised by the temporality of socially-necessary labour is the most adequate image to comprehend it. The theoretical task is to show how the mature categorial structure of Capital not only does not need an historicist philosophy of history, but is in fact incompatible with it.
The Rule of Law as Institutional Ideal
Authors: Palombella Gianluigi
Published: December 2009

This article aims at offering an innovative interpretation of the potentialities of the “rule of law” for the twenty-first century. It goes beyond current uses and the dispute between formal and substantive conceptions by exploring the roots of the institutional ideal. Also
through historical reconstruction and comparative analysis, the core of the rule of law appears to be a peculiar notion. It displays a special objective that the law is asked to achieve, on a legal plane, largely independently of political instrumentalism. The normative meaning is elaborated
on and construed around notions of institutional equilibrium, non-domination and “duality” of law. The ideal of the rule of law can be considered as, first, consistent with its historical constants, instead of being forged on purely abstract basis; second, extendable to contemporary
institutional transformations, beyond the State; and, third, conceptually sustainable on a legal theoretical plane, where it is located without falling prey to the debate about the morality of valid law.
Rechtsstaat and Social Europe: How a Classical Tension Resurfaces in the European Integration Process
Authors: Joerges Christian
Published: December 2009

Will the welfare state survive European Integration? The paper seeks to put this currently intense debate into constitutional perspectives. It starts with a reconstruction of the débat fondateur in post-war Germany on the new Basic Law, which was focused on alleged or
real tensions of welfarism with Rechtsstaatlichkeit, the commitment to rule of law. This is the background for the discussion in Section II on legal categories, which Fritz Scharpf has characterised as a decoupling of economic integration from the various welfare traditions of Member
States. The third section analyses the ECJ’s recent labour law jurisprudence with its interpretation of the supremacy of European freedoms and its rigid interpretation of pertinent secondary legislation. These controversial moves are bound to provoke fierce opposition on the part of
the protagonists of “Social Europe.”
A Major Stratospheric Sudden Warming Event in January 2009
Authors: Harada Yayoi , Goto Atsushi , Hasegawa Hiroshi , Fujikawa Norihisa , Naoe Hiroaki , Hirooka Toshihiko
Published: December 2009

The major stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) event of January 2009 is analyzed using the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) Climate Data Assimilation System (JCDAS). This SSW event is characterized by the extraordinary predominance of the planetary-scale wave of zonal wavenumber 2 (wave 2). The total amount of the upward Eliassen–Palm (EP) flux for wave 2 was the strongest since the winter of 1978/79.

It is found that the remarkable development of the upper troposphere ridge over Alaska played important roles in the SSW in January 2009. During the first development stage, the ridge excited wave packets upward as well as eastward over around Alaska. The eastward-propagating packets intensified a trough over eastern Siberia, which led to the development of the planetary wave over eastern Siberia during the second development stage. The results of this study indicate that the pronounced wave-2 pattern observed in the stratosphere was brought about by accumulative effects of rather localized propagation of wave packets from the troposphere during the course of this SSW event rather than by the ubiquitous propagation of planetary-scale disturbances in the troposphere.

The features of the SSW in January 2009 are quite similar to those during the major stratospheric warming event in February 1989: both SSWs are characterized by the predominance of wave 2, the remarkable development of the upper troposphere ridge over around Alaska, and positive SSTs in the eastern part of the North Pacific corresponding to a La Niña condition.
Changes in the Timing of Snowmelt and Streamflow in Colorado: A Response to Recent Warming
Authors: Clow David W.
Published: December 2009

Trends in the timing of snowmelt and associated runoff in Colorado were evaluated for the 1978–2007 water years using the regional Kendall test (RKT) on daily snow-water equivalent (SWE) data from snowpack telemetry (SNOTEL) sites and daily streamflow data from headwater streams. The RKT is a robust, nonparametric test that provides an increased power of trend detection by grouping data from multiple sites within a given geographic region. The RKT analyses indicated strong, pervasive trends in snowmelt and streamflow timing, which have shifted toward earlier in the year by a median of 2–3 weeks over the 29-yr study period. In contrast, relatively few statistically significant trends were detected using simple linear regression. RKT analyses also indicated that November–May air temperatures increased by a median of 0.9°C decade−1, while 1 April SWE and maximum SWE declined by a median of 4.1 and 3.6 cm decade−1, respectively. Multiple linear regression models were created, using monthly air temperatures, snowfall, latitude, and elevation as explanatory variables to identify major controlling factors on snowmelt timing. The models accounted for 45% of the variance in snowmelt onset, and 78% of the variance in the snowmelt center of mass (when half the snowpack had melted). Variations in springtime air temperature and SWE explained most of the interannual variability in snowmelt timing. Regression coefficients for air temperature were negative, indicating that warm temperatures promote early melt. Regression coefficients for SWE, latitude, and elevation were positive, indicating that abundant snowfall tends to delay snowmelt, and snowmelt tends to occur later at northern latitudes and high elevations. Results from this study indicate that even the mountains of Colorado, with their high elevations and cold snowpacks, are experiencing substantial shifts in the timing of snowmelt and snowmelt runoff toward earlier in the year.
Long-Term Sea Surface Temperature Variability along the U.S. East Coast
Authors: Shearman R. Kipp , Lentz Steven J.
Published: December 2009

Sea surface temperature variations along the entire U.S. East Coast from 1875 to 2007 are characterized using a collection of historical observations from lighthouses and lightships combined with recent buoy and shore-based measurements. Long-term coastal temperature trends are warming in the Gulf of Maine [1.0° ± 0.3°C (100 yr)−1] and Middle Atlantic Bight [0.7° ± 0.3°C (100 yr)−1], whereas trends are weakly cooling or not significant in the South Atlantic Bight [−0.1° ± 0.3°C (100 yr)−1] and off Florida [−0.3° ± 0.2°C (100 yr)−1]. Over the last century, temperatures along the northeastern U.S. coast have warmed at a rate 1.8–2.5 times the regional atmospheric temperature trend but are comparable to warming rates for the Arctic and Labrador, the source of coastal ocean waters north of Cape Hatteras (36°N). South of Cape Hatteras, coastal ocean temperature trends match the regional atmospheric temperature trend. The observations and a simple model show that along-shelf transport, associated with the mean coastal current system running from Labrador to Cape Hatteras, is the mechanism controlling long-term temperature changes for this region and not the local air–sea exchange of heat.
Impacts of Beam Broadening and Earth Curvature on Storm-Scale 3D Variational Data Assimilation of Radial Velocity with Two Doppler Radars
Authors: Ge Guoqing , Gao Jidong , Brewster Keith , Xue Ming
Published: December 2009

The radar ray path and beam broadening equations are important for assimilation of radar data into numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. They can be used to determine the physical location of each radar measurement and to properly map the atmospheric state variables from the model grid to the radar measurement space as part of the forward observation operators. Historically, different degrees of approximations have been made with these equations; however, no systematic evaluation of their impact exists, at least in the context of variational data assimilation. This study examines the effects of simplifying ray path and ray broadening calculations on the radar data assimilation in a 3D variational data assimilation (3DVAR) system. Several groups of Observational System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs) are performed to test the impact of these equations to radar data assimilation with an idealized tornadic thunderstorm case. This study shows that the errors caused by simplifications vary with the distance between the analyzed storm and the radar. For single time level wind analysis, as the surface range increases, the impact of beam broadening on analyzed wind field becomes evident and can cause relatively large error for distances beyond 150 km. The impact of the earth’s curvature is more significant, even for distances beyond 60 km, because it places the data at the wrong vertical location. The impact of refractive index gradient is also tested. It is shown that the variations of refractive index gradient have a very small impact on the wind analysis results.

Two time series of 1-h-long data assimilation experiments are further conducted to illustrate the impact of the beam broadening and earth curvature on all retrieved model variables. It is shown that all model variables can be retrieved to some degrees in all data assimilation experiments. Similar to the wind analysis experiments, the impacts of both factors are not obvious when radars are relatively close to the storm. When the radars are far from the storm (especially beyond 150 km), overlooking beam broadening degrades the accuracy of assimilation results slightly, whereas ignoring the earth’s curvature leads to significant errors.
Comparison of C-Band Scatterometer CMOD5.N Equivalent Neutral Winds with ECMWF
Authors: Hersbach Hans
Published: December 2009

This article describes the evaluation of a C-band geophysical model function called C-band model 5.N (CMOD5.N). It is used to provide an empirical relation between backscatter as sensed by the spaceborne European Remote Sensing Satellite-2 (ERS-2) and Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) scatterometers and equivalent neutral ocean vector wind at 10-m height (neutral surface wind) as function of scatterometer incidence angle.

CMOD5.N embodies a refit of CMOD5, a C-band model function, which was previously derived to obtain nonneutral surface wind, in such a way that its 28 tunable coefficients lead, for a given backscatter observation, to an enhancement of 0.7 m s−1 in wind speed. The value of 0.7 m s−1 is chosen to be independent of wind speed and incidence angle, and it incorporates the average difference between neutral and nonneutral wind (∼0.2 m s−1) and for a known bias of CMOD5 (∼0.5 m s−1) when compared to buoy wind data. The quality of the CMOD5.N fit is successfully tested for the Active Microwave Instrument (AMI) scatterometer on ERS-2 and ASCAT instrument on Meteorological Operational-A (MetOp-A) for July 2007 and January 2008.

ASCAT and ERS-2 wind speed obtained from CMOD5.N compares well on average with operational neutral wind from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). In comparison with nonneutral wind, the local, seasonally dependent biases between scatterometer and ECMWF model are reduced. Besides effects introduced by sea state, orography, and ocean currents, a residual stability-dependent bias between scatterometer and neutral wind remains, which is likely connected to a nonoptimality in the ECMWF boundary layer formalism that is reported in the literature.
Accurate and Fast Neural Network Emulations of Model Radiation for the NCEP Coupled Climate Forecast System: Climate Simulations and Seasonal Predictions*
Authors: Krasnopolsky V. M. , Fox-Rabinovitz M. S. , Hou Y. T. , Lord S. J. , Belochitski A. A.
Published: December 2009

The approach to accurate and fast-calculating model physics using neural network emulations was previously developed by the authors for both longwave and shortwave radiation parameterizations or the full model radiation, which is the most time-consuming component of model physics. It was successfully tested for a moderate-resolution uncoupled NCAR Community Atmospheric Model (CAM) that is driven by climatological SST for a decadal climate simulation mode. In this study, the approach has been further developed and implemented into the NCEP coupled Climate Forecast System (CFS) with significantly higher resolution and time-dependent CO2. The higher complexity of NCEP CFS required further adjustments to the neural network emulation methodology. Validation of the approach for the NCEP CFS has been performed through a decadal climate simulation and seasonal predictions. The developed highly-accurate neural network emulations of longwave and shortwave radiation parameterizations are, on average, 16 and 60 times faster than the original/control longwave and shortwave radiation parameterizations, respectively. The authors present a detailed comparison of parallel decadal climate simulations and seasonal predictions performed with the original NCEP model radiation parameterizations and with their neural network emulations. The differences between the parallel runs are overall within or less than the observation errors and uncertainties of reanalysis. Moreover, the differences (both in terms of bias and RMSE) are of a similar magnitude as the model’s internal variability. These results justify the practical use of efficient neural network emulations of full model radiation for climate simulations and seasonal predictions.
Exploring How to Diagnose Members’ Concerns About Changes in Core Elements of Organizations
Authors: Illia Laura
Published: December 2009

This study explores Hinkle’s implication grid as a useful technique for identifying the core characteristics of an organization by defining the concerns that members have seeing the core characteristics disappear. Hinkle designed the proposed method to assess how difficult it might be to change a core element of people’s personalities; here, the author has adapted the method and applied it in two different and evolving organizations. These two applications demonstrate the method’s practical value: It can help us avoid the assumption that changing core attributes is painful for an organization’s members, and we can start to measure, in concrete terms, whether pain is actually experienced, what type of pain it is, and in which part of the organization it is most intense. Thus, it is difficult to change these core elements because a person’s capacity to interact socially with others depends on his or her ability to form a mental representation of the group he or she belongs to. Social reality has a coherent structure, and we make sense of organizational events on the basis of this structure, as well as on our own place in the organization.
Power, Uncertainty, Self-Transcendence, and Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Survivors
Authors: Farren Arlene T.
Published: December 2009

The purpose of the study was to examine the relations among power, uncertainty, self-transcendence, and quality of life in breast cancer survivors from the perspective of Rogers’ science of unitary human beings. A correlational, cross-sectional study with purposive sampling ( n = 104) was conducted. The results included statistically significant correlations, explained variance, and mediating relations among the pattern manifestations. The researcher concluded that there are complex and synergistic relations among the cluster of field pattern manifestations that contribute to quality of life in breast cancer survivors. Implications for theory, research, and practice are discussed.
Power, Trust, and Science of Unitary Human Beings Influence Political Leadership
Authors: Wright Barbara W.
Published: December 2009

The importance of nurses’ participation in health policy leadership is discussed within the context of Rogers’ science of unitary human beings, Barrett’s power theory, and one nurse-politician’s experience. Nurses have a major role to play in resolving public policy issues that influence the health of people. A brief review of the history of nurses in the political arena is presented. Research related to power and trust is reviewed. Suggested strategies for success in political situations are offered.
Evolutionary Emergent
Authors: Caroselli Cynthia
Published: December 2009

Barrett’s power theory provides a theoretical framework that can be applied to the practice of nursing administration. From this perspective, the role of the system chief nurse executive can be seen as an evolutionary emergent, that of chief vision officer. Various organizational initiatives relevant to this role are discussed as exemplars of practice informed by the Barrett’s power theory.
Power as Knowing Participation in Change
Authors: Barrett Elizabeth Ann Manhart
Published: December 2009

The theory of power as knowing participation in change was derived from Rogers’ science of unitary human beings. Following testing and research of the theory and measurement instrument, a practice methodology was developed and the health patterning practice model was initiated. Further developments of the theory are presented and future speculations are proposed.
Peace and Power
Authors: Morrow Mary R.
Published: December 2009

Chinn’s Peace and Power: Creative Leadership for Building Community has been published in its seventh edition. It is a book used by many nurse leaders as a guide for building community through group processes that honors others. This seventh edition includes information and ideas for the virtual group online. In this column, Peace and Power is reviewed by two nursing faculty members: one of which has used this book in her course work and the other who has worked as a nurse executive in the healthcare service arena.
Theories in Action and How Nursing Practice Changed
Authors: Jasovsky Deborah A. , Morrow Mary R. , Clementi Pamela S. , Hindle Paula A.
Published: December 2009

Rogers’ theoretical framework of diffusion of innovation guided the successful infusion of the educational training and implementation of the Magis model of care at a 570 bed hospital in the Chicagoland area. The Magis model of care was derived from several nursing theories along with information from the Institute of Family-Centered Care. By incorporating the components that relate to the institution’s values and Magnet theme, the stages of innovation were readily adopted and sustained over the first year of implementation. The model has spread beyond the original and sister units as demonstrated by another department creating the Magnet poster with the various elements that they have incorporated into daily care delivery. What is so invigorating to the nursing administration is hearing how nursing staff articulates the care they give to the various components of the model and the theory that supports this practice.
Power, Right, and Truth
Authors: Polifroni E. Carol
Published: December 2009

Power has historically been viewed from a position of dominance and authority. Using this lens leads one to a destiny wherein one individual or society has power over another. The power over approach is a hierarchical view, one that leads to someone else being oppressed, and one wherein the prevailing hegemony continues. If a different lens is used, wherein power does not reside within a position, but rather, within a person and within a relationship bounded by knowledge, a new destiny of power to and power of is created. These two approaches to power are examined and clinical power is offered as a lens that culminates in the understanding of power as a right and as truth imbedded with awareness and relationships.
PCC: secretive, biased and weak
Authors: Coad Jonathan
Published: December 2009

Jonathan Coad, a media lawyer, is unsurprised at a survey showing that the public has no faith in the Press Complaints Commission. He writes: “My experience of dealing with the PCC since its inception suggests it is principally a cartel, set up for the purpose of ensuring that the lack of press accountability is preserved against any form of effective regulation and to the clear detriment of the rights of the individual.” He calls for its replacement by a truly independent body, with real teeth, accountability and openness.
Rape stereotyping and public delusion
Authors: Flowe Heather D , Shaw Sophia E , Nye Ellen , Jamel Joanna
Published: December 2009

Media reports shape public perceptions of rape victims and can even affect the outcome of trials, according to academics Heather Flowe, Sophia Shaw, Ellen Nye and Joanna Jamel. They accuse the Daily Telegraph of misrepresenting a research study into the factors involved in sexual coercion. They believe that newspaper articles that “frame rape victims’ behaviour in a stereotypical manner… create negative consequences for victims, rape-case prosecution and public safety.”
Europe: how the East is lost
Authors: Kenny Timothy
Published: December 2009

In the wake of post-communist liberation it was believed that fact-based, fair-minded journalism would emerge to spread the gospel of western democracy. But, according to Timmy Kenny, a professor of journalism who was formerly a newspaper foreign editor, the journalistic record in central and eastern Europe has been a disappointment. He looks at the continuing problems faced by journalists in countries where press freedom remains a distant hope.
Mason: neutral voice, soul brother
Authors: Webb Kate
Published: December 2009

Kate Webb profiles Paul Mason, the BBC Newsnight journalist who manages to make both interesting and accessible such complicated subjects as global economics and technological innovation. He reveals the links between his working class background in Lancashire and the way he approaches journalism. Two tips – listening in order to get at the truth and enjoying the facts that the truth does not equate with a preconceived notion.
Charting the route of bilingual development: Contributions from heritage speakers’ early acquisition
Authors: Domínguez Laura
Published: December 2009

The study of early bilingual acquisition in heritage languages continues to be a valuable source of theoretical and empirical evidence for both general linguistic theory and acquisition theory. The articles featured in this special issue corroborate this by providing new data and analysis in a number of key morphosyntactic and prosodic areas of Romance languages, offering new insights to long-standing issues in bilingual acquisition. Specific areas include, interface vulnerability as a source of problems in bilingual children’s acquisition, incomplete acquisition as an explanation for heritage speaker’s non-target language, the effects of quality and frequency of input exposure in bilingual children and the effects of language contact on language acquisition. In this commentary, the main findings, contributions and merits of the articles are discussed in the context of language development and bilingual acquisition; links with existing relevant discussions and debates are highlighted; and possible paths for future research are suggested.
Understanding the nature and outcomes of early bilingualism: Romance languages as heritage languages
Authors: Rothman Jason
Published: December 2009

In this introduction to the special issue on Romance languages as heritage languages, I aim to contextualize the scope of this issue and the contribution it makes to the emerging field of linguistic studies to heritage language bilingualism. Key issues pertaining to the empirical study and epistemology of heritage language bilingualism are presented as well as a critical introduction to the individual articles that comprise this issue.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors versus angiotensin receptor blockers for diabetic nephropathy: a retrospective comparison
Authors: Robles Nicolás Roberto , Romero Baldomero , Fernandez-Carbonero Enrique , Sánchez-Casado Emilio , Cubero Juan Jose
Published: December 2009

Introduction. There are no adequate head-to-head comparisons of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) in type 2 diabetic patients in spite of some interesting attempts. Furthermore, there are no adequate studies about the effects of ACE inhibitors in type 2 diabetic patients, who are the great majority of diabetic individuals. This study has retrospectively compared the effects of ACE inhibitors and ARBs used to treat diabetic nephropathy in a group of type 2 diabetic subjects.

Design and methods. Patients (n=154) were treated with ACE inhibitors (mean age 59.5±13.3 years, 52.6% were male). Eighty-five patients had been treated with ARBs from 1999 until now (mean age 62.6±10.9 years, 56.0% were male, differences not significant). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to calculate survival before reaching end-stage renal disease (ESRD) (glomerular filtration < 15 ml/min, stage V of renal disease as defined by KDOQI clinical guidelines) or starting renal replacement therapy. Only patients treated for more than six months were included in the survival analysis. Comparison of survival was made at three, five and seven years after starting treatment.

Results. Pre-ESRD survival was 91.9% at three years, 81.6% at five years and 61.9% at seven years of follow-up for patients treated with ACE inhibitors. For patients treated with ARBs, pre-ESRD survival was 95.3% at three years, 82.1% at five years and 78.2% at seven years of follow-up (p=0.02, log-rank test). At 36 months, the comparative odds ratio for having started renal replacement therapy or reaching end-stage renal failure was 0.246 (95% confidence interval 0.114—0.531, p<0.001 for chi-square and likelihood ratio tests). The risk for the ARB cohort was 0.682 (95% confidence interval 0.578—0.804), meanwhile for ACE inhibitor patients it was 2.768 (95% confidence interval 1.481—5.172).

Conclusions. The effects of ACE inhibitors and ARBs seem to be different, favouring the use of ARBs. These results may have been influenced by the different circumstances when each kind of drug was indicated, since ARBs were used with the specific recommendations for control of blood pressure in diabetic patients. An earlier referral of these patients may also have had some effect on these results. The need for a well-designed prospective study on type 2 diabetic patients with heavy proteinuria is warranted.
Not Passion’s Slave
Authors: Frijda Nico H.
Published: December 2009

Bob Solomon claimed that we are not passion’s slaves. I examine whether or not we are, considering universal determinism. I argue that we indeed are free, or at least that we can be, and try to understand this. Free will resides in the presence of alternative action options, in our ability to freely search for, detect, or create them, in our ability to use them, and in our ability to, in some measure, free ourselves from the automatic impact of external and internal determinants.
Existentialism as Biology
Authors: de Sousa Ronald
Published: December 2009

Existentialism is compatible with a broadly biological vision of who we are. This thesis is grounded in an analysis of “concrete” or “individual” possibility, which differs from standard conceptions of possibility in that it allows for possibilities to come into being or disappear through time. Concrete possibilities are introduced both in individual life and by major transitions in evolution. In particular, the advent of ultrasociality and of language has enabled human goals to be formulated in partial independence from the vestigial “goal” of biological replication. The existentialist stance is validated by the necessity of choice grounded in emotion, in a way that does not require a commitment to a Kantian Will.
Ur-Emotions and Your Emotions: Reconceptualizing Basic Emotion
Authors: Gerrod Parrott W.
Published: December 2009

The term ur-emotion is proposed to replace basic emotion as a name for the aspects of emotion that underlie perceived similarities of emotion types across cultures and species. The ur- prefix is borrowed from the German on analogy to similar borrowings in textual criticism and musicology. The proposed term ur-emotion is less likely to be interpreted as referring to the entirety of an emotional state than is the term basic emotion. Ur-emotion avoids reductionism by indicating an abstract underlying structure that accounts for similarities between emotions without implying that the differences are unimportant. This article is dedicated to the memory of Bob Solomon, and is framed in terms of his decades-long analysis and critique of the concept of basic emotions.
Emotion on Dover Beach: Feeling and Value in the Philosophy of Robert Solomon
Authors: Griffiths Paul E.
Published: December 2009

Robert Solomon’s philosophy of emotion should be understood in the light of his lifelong commitment to existentialism and his advocacy of “the passionate life” as a means of creating value. Although he developed his views in the framework of the “cognitive theory” of emotions, closer examination reveals many themes in common with a socially situated, transactionalist view of emotions.
Bob Solomon and William James: A Rapprochement
Authors: Robinson Jenefer M.
Published: December 2009

Bob Solomon used to inveigh against William James’ theory of emotions, but he eventually arrived at a rapprochement with James and James’s recent successors. In particular, James suggested that emotions are initiated by the “automatic, instinctive” appraisals that register important information in the body and are recorded by body-mapping brain areas. In recent work Solomon describes the judgments he thinks constitute emotions as felt bodily appraisals in similar fashion.
microRNA evaluation of unknown primary lesions in the head and neck
Authors: Barker Emma V , Cervigne Nilva K , Reis Patricia P , Goswami Rashmi S , Xu Wei , Weinreb Ilan , Irish Jonathan C , Kamel-Reid Suzanne
Published: December 2009

Unknown primary malignancy in the head and neck is not an infrequent diagnosis for patients with metastatic cervical lymph nodes. Although linked with a relatively good prognosis following radiation treatment, widespread radiation is coupled with significant morbidity. Altered microRNA (miRNA) expression has been associated with both cancer progression and metastasis. We sought to determine whether miRNA expression analysis could be used as a diagnostic tool to discover the primary site of malignancy, within the head and neck. We used quantitative real-time PCR to identify miRNA expression profiles of squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil, base of tongue and post-nasal space, as well as their corresponding metastatic lymph nodes, from 6 patients. Our results revealed that each cancer maintained its expression profile between the primary site and the nodal metastasis (r = 0.82, p < 0.0001). In addition, each anatomical sub-site maintained a distinct miRNA profile between individual patients (r = 0.79, p < 0.0001). Finally, between sub-sites, the miRNA profiles were distinct (p < 0.0001). As proof of principle, our study provides an indication that miRNA expression analysis may be useful to compare the primary lesion and local metastatic disease. This may be clinically relevant to predict the primary site of origin of metastatic disease, when the primary site remains obscure.
Primary mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of renal pelvis: a case report
Authors: Fareghi Mehdi , Mohammadi Afshin , Madaen Kazem
Published: December 2009

Background

We report a case of primary mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of renal pelvis which radiologically resembled large multicystic mass in 45 years old man.

Case Presentation

The patient referred to our center with loin pain and progressive abdominal distention from 4 years ago. In the previous published literature, four cases of mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of renal origin have been published. Abdominal CT showed complete replacement of left kidney by a large multiloculated cystic mass accompanied with multiple large nephrolithiasis. Nephrectomy was performed and histopathology revealed covering of epithelium of renal pelvis by columnar epithelium and scattered goblet cells and mucous gland.

Conclusion

Mucinous cystic neoplasms of kidney are rare entity and our case and few similar reported cases showed that this tumor is an unique clinicopathologic renal mass that may be classified by World Health Organization classification in the future
Active immunization to tumor necrosis factor-α is effective in treating chronic established inflammatory disease: a long-term study in a transgenic model of arthritis
Authors: Delavallée Laure , Semerano Luca , Assier Eric , Vogel Géraldine , Vuagniaux Grégoire , Laborie Marion , Zagury Daniel , Bessis Natacha , Boissier Marie-Christophe
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Passive blockade of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) has demonstrated high therapeutic efficiency in chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, although some concerns remain such as occurrence of resistance and high cost. These limitations prompted investigations of an alternative strategy to target TNF-α. This study sought to demonstrate a long-lasting therapeutic effect on established arthritis of an active immunotherapy to human (h) TNF-α and to evaluate the long-term consequences of an endogenous anti-TNF-α response.

Methods

hTNF-α transgenic mice, which spontaneously develop arthritides from 8 weeks of age, were immunized with a heterocomplex (TNF kinoid, or TNF-K) composed of hTNF-α and keyhole limpet hemocyanin after disease onset. We evaluated arthritides by clinical and histological assessment, and titers of neutralizing anti-hTNF-α antibody by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and L929 assay.

Results

Arthritides were dramatically improved compared to control mice at week 27. TNF-K-treated mice exhibited high levels of neutralizing anti-hTNF-α antibodies. Between weeks 27 and 45, all immunized mice exhibited symptoms of clinical deterioration and a parallel decrease in anti-hTNF-α neutralizing antibodies. A maintenance dose of TNF-K reversed the clinical deterioration and increased the anti-hTNF-α antibody titer. At 45 weeks, TNF-K long-term efficacy was confirmed by low clinical and mild histological scores for the TNF-K-treated mice. Injections of unmodified hTNF-α did not induce a recall response to hTNF-α in TNF-K immunized mice.

Conclusions

Anti-TNF-α immunotherapy with TNF-K has a sustained but reversible therapeutic efficacy in an established disease model, supporting the potential suitability of this approach in treating human disease.
The Effect of Bans and Taxes on Passive Smoking
Authors: Adda Jérôme , Cornaglia Francesca
Published: December 2009

We evaluate the effect of smoking bans and excise taxes on the exposure to tobacco smoke of nonsmokers, and we show their unintended consequences on children. Smoking bans perversely increase non-smokers' exposure by displacing smokers to private places where they contaminate nonsmokers. We exploit data on bio-samples of cotinine, time use, and smoking cessation, as well as state and time variation in anti-smoking policies across US states. We find that higher taxes are an efficient way to decrease exposure to tobacco smoke. (JEL D12, H25, I12, I18, J13)
Measuring and detecting associations: Methods based on robust regression estimators or smoothers that allow curvature
Authors: Wilcox Rand R.
Published: December 2009

This paper considers the problem of estimating the overall strength of an association, including situations where there is curvature. The general strategy is to fit a robust regression line, or some type of smoother that allows curvature, and then use a robust analogue of explanatory power, say η2. When the regression surface is a plane, an estimate of η2via the Theil–Sen estimator is found to perform well, relative to some other robust regression estimators, in terms of mean squared error and bias. When there is curvature, a generalization of a kernel estimator derived by Fan performs relatively well, but two alternative smoothers have certain practical advantages. When η2is approximately equal to zero, estimation using smoothers has relatively high bias. A variation of η2is suggested for dealing with this problem. Methods for testingH0: η2=0 are examined that are based in part on smoothers. Two methods are found that control Type I error probabilities reasonably well in simulations. Software for applying the more successful methods is provided.
Parental choice: What parents want in a son‐in‐law and a daughter‐in‐law across 67 pre‐industrial societies
Authors: Apostolou Menelaos.
Published: December 2009

Parents are influential over mate choice, and in most human societies they choose spouses for their offspring according to their own preferences. However, surprising little is known about the qualities which make a woman desirable as a daughter‐in‐law and a man desirable as a son‐in‐law. Using evidence from 67 societies such traits are identified and three hypotheses are tested: first, the hypothesis is tested that parents desire in an in‐law qualities which are beneficial to them and their kin. Second, it is hypothesized that such preferences are contingent upon the sex of the in‐law, as traits are weighted differently in a daughter‐in‐law and in a son‐in‐law. The third hypothesis tested is that parental preferences vary according to the subsistence type of a given society, as traits are valued differently in agropastoral societies and foraging societies. The evidence presented here provides support for all three hypotheses.
Explaining prosocial intentions: Testing causal relationships in the norm activation model
Authors: Steg Linda. , de Groot Judith.
Published: December 2009

This paper examines factors influencing prosocial intentions. On the basis of the norm activation model (NAM), we propose that four variables influence prosocial intentions or behaviours: (1) personal norms (PN), reflecting feelings of moral obligation to engage in prosocial behaviour, (2) awareness of adverse consequences of not acting prosocially, (3) ascription of responsibility for the negative consequences of not acting prosocially, and (4) perceived control over the problems. We conducted a series of experimental studies to examine how the NAM variables are causally related. As hypothesized, problem awareness, responsibility, and outcome efficacy played an important role in the development of PN and various types of prosocial intentions in the social as well as environmental domain.
National Cost Efficiency of Supported Employees With Intellectual Disabilities: 2002 to 2007
Authors: Cimera Robert E.
Published: December 2009

The cost efficiency of supported employees with intellectual disabilities who were served by vocational rehabilitation agencies throughout the United State from 2002 to 2007 was explored. Findings indicate that, on average, supported employees with intellectual disabilities were cost-efficient from the taxpayers' perspective regardless of whether they had secondary disabilities. In addition, no changes in cost efficiency were found during the period investigated. The data, however, did demonstrate considerable variability in cost efficiency throughout the United States and its territories.
A Methodology for Quantifying Deformations in Stented Coronary Arteries Based on Three-Dimensional Angiography
Authors: Chen S. James , Messenger John C. , Carroll John D.
Published: December 2009

Coronary arteries possess a curvilinear shape as observed in all vascular trees and undergo a cyclical deformation due to their attachment to the myocardium. Implanted stents result in a permanent alternation of the curvilinearity of the artery. It has been hypothesized that the frequently observed straightening effect of stents implies an uneven distribution of forces within the arterial wall, potentially augmenting the injury reaction of the vessel wall and thereby increasing the rate of restenosis. When a target vessel is very tortuous or its shape changes dramatically during the cardiac cycle, the implanted stent may fracture due to complex bending forces induced from the artery movement. Stent fractures have been reported in coronary and pulmonary artery stenting, aortic coarctation, and peripheral vascular stenting such as femoropopliteal artery, renal artery, common iliac artery, and subclavian artery or even nonvascular stenting such as gastrointestinal tract. It is believed that stent fracture is likely to be affected by a large flexion induced from body movement (e.g., such as knee bending or leg crossing) or cyclic flexion subject to cardiac motion. Additionally, stent fracture might be also associated with the high incidence of target lesion revascularization. It is the intent of this paper to propose a methodology to quantify artery deformation subject to cardiac motion and shape alternation caused by device implantation that are applicable today and also generic to other vascular trees created from the same or different imaging modalities. In experiments, two typical human coronary arterial trees are presented, and the validation study by use of intra-coronary marker wires is reported.
Characterization of Density of Biodiesel from Soybean, Sunflower, Canola, and Beef Tallow in Relation to Temperature, Using a Digital Density Meter with a Metrological Point of View
Authors: Santo Filho D. M. E. , de Abreu F. L. B. , Pereira R. G. , Siqueira J. R. R. , dos Santos Júnior J. J. P. , Daroda R. J.
Published: December 2009

In this article we study the behavior of biodiesel density from soybean oil, sunflower oil, canola oil, and beef tallow, the last one transesterified with ethanol and the others with methanol in relation to temperature with a metrological point of view. These quantities were measured with a digital density meter, one of the Brazilian density standards, in a temperature range between 15 and 40°C. Measurement uncertainty was calculated. The behavior of density is analyzed considering the estimated uncertainty. The density from all the samples investigated shows a linear behavior with respect to temperature.