bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Archaeological Observations on the Problem of Post-Glacial Extinction
Authors: Eiseley Loren C.
Published: April 2006

In a recent paper notable for its lucid presentation of certain of the wider problems confronting the American anthropologist in his attempt to unravel New World prehistory, Dr. A. L. Kroeber has touched, doubtless with justified trepidation, upon the problem of Folsom man in America. That subject has indeed suffered but little illumination in so far as its relation to the rest of the American archaeological record is concerned, and Dr. Kroeber, with sturdy honesty, minces no words in pointing out the hiatus which intervenes between this early horizon and later cultures. It is, he warns, dangerous to produce “speculative bridges that quickly tend to run into fantasy.” He notes that “the earlier date, the longer time span, have an inherent attractiveness to most human minds.” “So long,” he says, “as there is a real possibility that some of the associations of human artifacts with extinct animals may be no more than three thousand years old, it is certainly not wise to build interpretations on the contrary possibility that some of them may be twenty-five thousand years old.”
A Petroglyph in Northern Alaska
Authors: Solecki Ralph S.
Published: April 2006

A unique stone bearing a number of rude linear cuts (Fig. 44), some in a design, was found in the course of routine fieldwork during the summer of 1950 by a party of geologists of the U. S. Geological Survey, Navy Oil Unit. This field party, to whom the credit for the discovery belongs, was under the leadership of Charles L. Whittington. Also present at the discovery were John Stevens, Leonard Rolnick, Bruce Thompson and Francis Minard. Although petroglyphs as individual items are not uncommon elsewhere on the continent, its occurrence in northern Alaska is singular enough to be worth recording.
“Local Grouping in Melanesia”: An Article of Theoretical Importance
Authors: Willey Gordon R.
Published: April 2006

The article, “Local Grouping in Melanesia,” by H. Ian Hogbin and Camilla H. Wedgwood, published in Oceania (Vols. 23 and 24, pp. 241–76 and 58–76, 1953, Sydney), has considerable theoretical importance for the study of social organizational-settlement relationships. I take this somewhat belated opportunity to call it to the attention of American archaeological colleagues. Most of us, including myself, do not consult Oceania in the ordinary course of events. I am grateful to a colleague, S. W. Miles, and to a graduate student, Kwang-chih Chang, for bringing the article to my notice.
Part I, The Development of the Method
Authors: Friedman Irving , Smith Robert L.
Published: April 2006

A freshly exposed surface of obsidian will take up water from the atmosphere to form a hydrated surface layer. This layer has a different density and refractive index than does the remainder of the obsidian. Using special techniques, a thin section of the obsidian cut at right angles to the surface can be prepared. When examined under the microscope the hydrated layer is visible and its thickness can be measured. Photomicrographs of such thin sections are shown. Factors that determine the rate of hydration were considered. Using artifacts from archaeological sites of known age, the influence of temperature, relative humidity, chemical composition of the obsidian, burning and erosion of the obsidian on the rates of hydration was determined. Temperature and chemical composition are the main factors controlling the rate of hydration. Obsidian hydrates more rapidly at a higher temperature, and thus progresses at a faster rate in tropical than in arctic climates. Rhyolitic obsidian hydrates more slowly than does trachytic obsidian. Using archaeological data from various parts of the world, several tentative hydration rates were determined for tropical, temperate, and arctic climates. The method in its present state of development is especially suited to determine relative chronologies in layered sequences of artifacts from a single site, or region. It is also useful for detecting fake artifacts. Future work to refine the method is suggested.
A Note on Fort Massapeag
Authors: Smith Carlyle S.
Published: April 2006

Prior to 1950 Fort Massapeag was a well preserved earthwork covered by a dense growth of trees, bushes and trailing vines. In August 1953 I learned that the site had been virtually obliterated by the action of bulldozers making way for the extension of Harbor Green, a real estate development adjacent to the village of Massapequa, Long Island. George Peters of the De Department of Public Works, Nassau County, showed me a map on which traces of the earthwork had been plotted before the bulldozers had scraped and furrowed the area, but after the north wall and ditch had been dug away. A visit to the site was unrewarding. A heavy growth of weeds along with a pile of uprooted trees completely masked the area where the fort had stood. At this writing negotiations are in progress for the acquisition of the site by Nassau County in order to preserve what remains. Figure 28 is based on maps made in 1937 and 1938.
Palmate Stones and Thin Stone Heads: Suggestions on their Possible Use
Authors: Ekholm Gordon F.
Published: April 2006

Following my attempt at an explanation of the function or use of Mexican stone yokes I was led on to consider, in a similar vein, two other classes of well known stone objects also common to the eastern coastal regions of Mexico, namely, the palmas or palmate stones and the thin stone heads, also known as hachas. Both of these groups of objects include some of the finest stone carvings known from the ancient cultures of Mexico, but their curious forms and possible functions have never been satisfactorily explained. Hints or suggestions as to how they may have been used appear to be singularly rare. Those I have been able to gather are equivocal enough and far from conclusive, but I believe they are worth reviewing at the present time as a beginning toward investigation of the problems involved.
Peruvian Horizon Styles
Authors: Willey Gordon R.
Published: April 2006

Rowe (1950) in his review of Andean Culture History by W. C. Bennett and J. B. Bird, 1949, makes certain critical observations on the use of the horizon style concept as a unifying device in the reconstruction of Peru-Bolivian prehistory. Not only Bennett but Kroeber (1944) and I (Willey, 1948) are included in these analytical criticisms. As this is a subject of general importance to Andean archaeology, and in view of my stand on it, I would like to call attention to some of my previously expressed ideas.
A Correction on “Preclassic Metal?”
Authors: Smith Robert E.
Published: April 2006

The evidence for locating the find of sheet copper, reported by R. E. Smith (1944) and commented on by John L. Sorenson in American Antiquity (1954), has proved thoroughly unreliable.

Since the publication of the above find, which included 11 pottery vessels and other artifacts, I have learned that the pottery most probably did not come from San Miguel Ixtahuacan at all. Nothing even vaguely similar has been unearthed from that vicinity. It is much more closely related to material from the Salcaja-Momostenango region, as I pointed out in the article. Therefore, if the informant and original owner of the collection gave inaccurate information as to the provenience of the collection, he ma'y also have been in error as to copper being found in one of the above pre-Classic vessels.

This material was published in order to preserve the lot as a whole for students, because without regard to its provenience the pottery appeared to be a homogeneous collection, presumably found in a single grave or various graves of the same ceramic period.
Two Cist Burials from San Juan Island, Washington
Authors: Caldwell Warren W.
Published: April 2006

The current status of archaeological investigation in the northern Puget Sound region is one of demarcation and elucidation of problems. Lately, the approach has been toward the accumulation of descriptive information on sites and artifacts. The San Juan Island group, at the southern extremity of Georgia Strait, is increasingly important in this process. The extensive cist or cairn burial development at Armadale Valley is merely one of a number of adjacent sites in the intricate complex of headlands and inlets formed by Westcott, Garrison, and Mitchell bays of the northwestern portion of the San Juan Island.

The major group of cairns lies atop a low rocky bluff, overlooking Westcott Bay to the east and the narrow but protected thoroughfare of Mosquito Pass to the west. Immediately below the site, at the base of the bluff is a deep and extensive shell midden.
Aboriginal Gilding in Panama
Authors: Lothrop S. K. , Bergsøe Paul
Published: April 2006

Lothrop places on record the original study of the “mise en coleur” gilding of Coclé objects which Bergsøe had completed in 1940. The Coclé specimens were made of a copper-gold alloy with low gold content, and were cast in molds. Because such an alloy corrodes easily, the exact composition of the Coclé alloy could not be determined. The Coclé goldsmiths did not use the hammered overlay, mercury gilding, or leaf gilding processes, but rather the “mise en coleur” process in which the copper is removed from the surface of the alloy leaving a blackish-brown, spongy gold deposit as an overlay. This spongy overlay is compressed and returned to a golden color by hammering and burnishing. The surface copper was probably dissolved by ammonium carbonate derived from urine.
The Use of the Binocular Microscope in the Identification of Flints
Authors: Evans O. F.
Published: April 2006

The geological study of rocks is oriented toward examining the nature of the rock by means of chemical analyses and by examination with the petrographic microscope. The problem of the archaeologist is one of identification for which the stereoscopic or binocular microscope is best suited. About 20 criteria have been used in identifying with a binocular microscope flints from archaeological sites in Oklahoma as part of a program to trace the sources for the several kinds of flint used in tool making.
A History of the Phase Concept in the Southwest
Authors: Olson Alan P.
Published: April 2006

Early in the 1930's Gladwin applied the phase concept to Southwestern material. The operational basis of this method of ordering cultural units in time and space was subsequently expanded through Gila Pueblo's research, especially in the Mogollon and Hohokam culture areas. The phase was the minimum unit in the dendritic system of cultural taxonomy which Gladwin developed. Other students whose research has mainly been centered south of the Mogollon rim have refined the definition of the concept, added to its applications, and stripped it of some of its earlier taxonomic connotations. Sophisticated survey, metric stratigraphy, the development of regional sequences, and the refinement of method in general in the Southwest have paralleled the usefulness of the concept. The Southwestern usage of phase is compared with the derivative concept presented by Willey and Phillips and with the several methods of phase correlations discussed by Rouse.
An Examination of Four Moche Jars from the Same Mold
Authors: Parsons Lee A.
Published: April 2006

Four north coast Peruvian stirrup-spout jars of the middle Moche period show every indication of having been cast from a single mold. Heretofore no more than two actual duplicates from one mold have been described for pre-Columbian north coast pottery. This mold-made product varies from cast to cast in spout form, hue, paint distribution, polish, general surface texture, quality of mold-impressed lines, diameter measurements, and sharpness of relief. A second series of four similar Moche jars which were not from the same mold indicates that duplicates cannot be posivitely identified without careful firsthand examination of the specimens.
The Arlington Spring Site, Santa Rosa Island, California
Authors: Orr Phil C.
Published: April 2006

Human remains at a depth of 37 feet in Arlington Canyon are dated by radiocarbon at about 8000 B.C.
A List of desiderata
Authors: Gilbert Felix
Published: April 2006

When last year I returned to Florence for a long stretch of work, I was overwhelmed by the amount and completeness of the material preserved in the Archives and in the Libraries, though previous experience should have prepared me for what I would find. One becomes strikingly aware of the spottiness with which the material of the Archives has been used in our histories of the Renaissance, and one begins to feel rather critical of the trend in present Renaissance literature towards basing new theories on reinterpretations of the material which nineteenth century historians discovered, instead of turning to the wealth of unused source material. Hardly a day passes when one does not leave the Archives either complaining about the fact that a fundamental source —on whose deciphering one scholar after the other has to spend precious time—remains unpublished, or filled with suggestions for work which ought to be undertaken.
A Fifteenth-Century Cofferet
Authors: Kup Karl
Published: April 2006

The Spencer Collection of the New York Public Library recently acquired an interesting, late fifteenth-century leather-covered wooden box, probably designed to hold a manuscript or book, with a rare impression of a single woodcut representing The Almighty Enthroned which is pasted into its upper lid. The object is of significance as it leads to observations of the use of printed illustrative material during the first century of printing. It is also of sociological value for our knowledge of its use by the people of the time. Only about thirty such boxes, coffers, cofferets, or cassettes with pasted-in woodcuts are in the collections of London, Paris, Berlin, and Amsterdam, with but one box recorded in an American collection, that of the Print Room of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.
Renaissance Manuscripts in Eastern Europe*
Authors: Kristeller Paul Oskar
Published: April 2006

When the opportunity of visiting a number of libraries in Eastern Europe was offered to me in August and September, 1958, my primary purpose was to add some material from those libraries to my summary list[Iter Italicum, seeRNXI, 47] of uncatalogued Renaissance manuscripts in Italian and other libraries, which I hope to begin publishing in 1960. also made an effort to gather additional data for my bibliography of printed catalogues and handwritten inventories of Latin manuscripts. Moreover, I tried to obtain as much information as possible concerning the status of Eastern European manuscript collections, and about their losses and acquisitions during and after the Second World War. The number of libraries which I actually visited was necessarily quite limited, but I was able to supplement the information gathered on the spot through publications and through correspondence, both before and after my journey.
Major Trends In Italian Architecture of the 16th Century
Authors: Coolidge John
Published: April 2006

Italian architecture of the sixteenth century is a field where our knowledge has outdistanced our concepts. We are in firm possession of many facts, but we cannot agree as to how they should be interpreted. What is called for is a fresh conceptual framework into which the facts can be fitted. Such a framework cannot be derived from a simple contrast of the Renaissance and the Baroque, nor can it be made to depend on a single catch-all title like Mannerism. It must have three principle characteristics. It must be based on an aesthetic analysis of the monuments. It must include all the principle groups of buildings. Finally it must bear some reasonable relationship to the general view one holds of Italian sixteenth century history as a whole.
Duke Humphrey and His Medical Collections
Authors: Bullough Vern L.
Published: April 2006

Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, has long been recognized as the leading patron of the new learning in England in the fifteenth century. His collection has been called ‘ … the most important in England at his time. Other libraries, such as Christ Church, Canterbury, St. Albans, or Peterborough, may have exceeded it in numbers, but Duke Humphrey's books could display a greater variety of subjects, and included many works to be found nowhere else in the country.' Unfortunately, few MSS are still extant which can be identified as having belonged to him. We do have, however, a good indication of the scope of his library from the surviving lists of books which he gave to Oxford University.
A Renaissance Fragment in Iceland
Authors: Oleson Tryggvi J.
Published: April 2006

In 1413 King Ladislaus of Naples captured Rome, forcing Antipope John xxiii (1410-15) to flee to Florence. Gregorovius describes the sack of the Eternal City on this occasion as follows:

Ladislaus meanwhile treated Rome with the arrogance of the conqueror. His troops sacked and set fire to houses; archives were destroyed; churches pillaged; sanctuaries insolently desecrated; drunken soldiers and their courtesans drank out of consecrated golden chalices; the Cardinal of Bari was dragged to prison; the sacristy of S. Peter's was emptied of its contents; horses were stabled in the sacred basilica.
The Teuffenbach Copy of Melanchthon's ‘Loci Communes’
Authors: Salomon Richard G.
Published: April 2006

The Loci Communes is Melanchthon's best known and most important work, the first systematic handbook of reformed theology, first published in 1521 and in numerous other editions since.

In 1949 Professor Carlos Moseley of the University of Oklahoma acquired a copy of the 1548 edition of this book from Germany, which is distinguished not only by the personage of its first owner but also by some autograph entries of prominent leaders of the Protestant Reformation. The copy is bound in a sixteen-century leather binding, brown, with the stamped portraits of Melanchthon on the front and Luther on the back side, each of them accompanied by a distich:

Ingenium referunt clari monumenta Philippi,Corporis effigiem talis imago refertIsta representat faciem pictura Lutheri,Qui puro Christi dogmata corde doce(t).
Lettering in the Inscriptions of 15th Century Florentine Paintings
Authors: Covi Dario
Published: April 2006

The use of lettering in Renaissance painting has yet to be investigated systematically. I believe, however, that at this point a few general observations can be made. From a more or less systematic survey of the letter forms occurring in inscriptions in Quattrocento painting, we learn, as we might expect, that painted letters reflect changes which take place in the development of lettering in general. In the course of the 15th century reforms in lettering led from the Gothic to the humanistica script and to Roman capitals. Both the new script and the capitals assert themselves in painting. At the same time, painters do not oust Gothic letters. The process of assimilation leads to important observations inasmuch as palaeographical as well as epigraphical forms are treated by the Quattrocento painters aesthetically as well as iconographically.
Renaissance Music: Some Urgent Tasks For Scholars
Authors: Dart Thurston
Published: April 2006

This brief survey will of necessity be a highly personal one. It seemed to me advisable to list only those topics that have been thrown into relief by recent work undertaken by my colleagues, my pupils and myself, and I have not attempted to present these topics in any systematic way. In some instances the requirement is clear: future work will be hamstrung until this or that subject has been fully explored and the results of the research made available in a cheap and readable form. In other cases the projects are more Utopian. All of them, however, have forced their way into recent work of one kind or another so that, whatever their other faults or merits, they are at least up-to-date. I have classified them rather loosely into somewhat sprawling groups, having nevertheless some ground in common.
‘Measure beyond Measure’ and The Gamester
Authors: Levin Richard
Published: April 2006

Six years ago in this journal, John Cutts published a very amusing tale from Uranus and Psyche (British Museum Ad. MS. 40145, foll. 140r-141v) that involved a kind of doubling of the standard ‘bed-trick,’ in which not only did the wife, in the usual manner, secretly take the place of the woman with whom her husband had an assignation, but the husband also secretly yielded his place to a friend, and so unwittingly arranged his own cuckolding. Mr. Cutts merely intended to present an interesting development of the theme that Shakespeare had used in All's Well that Ends Well and Measure for Measure, but I think in doing this he has uncovered for us the source of the main plot of James Shirley's comedy, The Gamester.
The Evolution of Organizational Niches: U.S. Automobile Manufacturers, 1885–1981
Authors: Dobrev Stanislav D. , Kim Tai-Young , Carroll Glenn R.
Published: April 2006

Although the niche figures prominently in contemporary theories of organization, analysts often fail to tie micro processes within the niche to long-term changes in the broader environment. In this paper, we advance arguments about the relationship between an organization's niche and evolution in the structure of its organizational population over time. We focus on the technological niche and processes of positioning and crowding among firms in the niche space, relating them to the level of concentration among all firms in the market. Building on previous empirical studies in organizational ecology, we study the evolution of concentration in the American automobile industry from 1885 to 1981 and estimate models of the hazard of exit of individual producers from the market. The findings show that niche and concentration interact in complex ways, yielding a more unified depiction of organizational evolution than typically described or reported.
Enriching or Depleting? The Dynamics of Engagement in Work and Family Roles
Authors: Rothbard Nancy P.
Published: April 2006

This study develops a model of engagement in the multiple roles of work and family. I examine two competing arguments about the effects of engaging in multiple roles, depletion and enrichment, and integrate them by identifying the type of emotional response to a role, negative or positive, as a critical contrasting assumption held by these two perspectives. Moreover, I represent depletion and enrichment as complex multistep processes that include multiple constructs, such as engagement and emotion. This study jointly examines both the depleting and enriching processes that link engagement in one role to engagement in another, using structural equation modeling. Findings from a survey of 790 employees reveal evidence for both depletion and enrichment as well as gender differences. Specifically, depletion existed only for women and only in the work-to-family direction. Men experienced enrichment from work to family, while women experienced enrichment from family to work. Overall, more linkages were found between work and family for women than for men.
Second-Order Imitation: Uncovering Latent Effects of Board Network Ties
Authors: Westphal James D. , Seidel Marc-David L. , Stewart Katherine J.
Published: April 2006

This study examines whether board interlock ties facilitate second-order imitation, in which firms imitate an underlying decision process that can be adapted to multiple policy domains, rather than imitating specific policies of tied-to firms (first-order imitation). Longitudinal analyses of archival data for a large sample of Forbes/Fortune 500 companies, as well as analyses of survey data on mimetic processes among these firms, show that network ties to firms that use imitation to determine a particular policy can prompt use of imitation by the focal firm in determining both that policy and a different policy. Firms that have board network ties to firms in other industries that imitate their competitors' business strategy are likely to imitate their own competitors' business strategy, as well as their competitors' acquisition activity and compensation policy. Thus, the findings reveal network effects that are not visible with extant perspectives on interorganizational imitation. We discuss implications for institutional theory and research on interorganizational networks.
Images in Words: Presidential Rhetoric, Charisma, and Greatness
Authors: Emrich Cynthia G. , Brower Holly H. , Feldman Jack M. , Garland Howard
Published: April 2006

We analyzed two sets of U.S. presidents' speeches to determine whether their propensities to convey images in words were linked to perceptions of their charisma and greatness. As predicted, presidents who engaged in more image-based rhetoric in their inaugural addresses were rated higher in charisma (Study 1). Presidents who engaged in more image-based rhetoric in speeches that historians considered their most significant ones were rated higher in both charisma and greatness (Study 2). Together, these findings suggest that the successful articulation and enactment of a leader's vision may rest on his or her ability to paint followers a verbal picture of what can be accomplished with their help.
Learning from Complexity: Effects of Prior Accidents and Incidents on Airlines' Learning
Authors: Haunschild Pamela R. , Sullivan Bilian Ni
Published: April 2006

Using data on accidents and incidents experienced by U.S. commercial airlines from 1983 to 1997, we investigated variation in firm learning by examining whether firms learn more from errors with heterogeneous or homogeneous causes. We measured learning by a reduction in airline accident and incident rates, while controlling for other factors related to accidents and incidents. Our results show that heterogeneity is generally better for learning, as prior heterogeneity in the causes of errors decreases subsequent accident rates, producing a deeper, broader search for causality than simple explanations like “blame the pilot.” The benefits of heterogeneity, however, apply mainly to specialist airlines. Generalist airlines learn, instead, from outside factors such as the experience of others and general improvements in technology. These results suggest a theory of learning across organizational forms: complex forms benefit from simple information, and simple forms benefit from complex information. The implications of our study for learning theories and work on organizational errors are discussed.
News from Nowhere: Duncan and “Adofoodia”
Authors: Johnson Marion
Published: April 2006

By his own account, John Duncan was born in 1805 on a farm in southwest Scotland and enlisted in the Life Guards at the age of seventeen. He obtained his discharge in 1839 and was appointed master-at-arms to the Niger Expedition of 1841. In the course of this, while aiding his men at the Cape Verde Islands, he received a leg wound which became so serious that amputation was contemplated, and he was left with a permanent weakness in the leg. Despite this he offered his services to the Royal Geographical Society in 1844 to go to Africa and penetrate to the Kong Mountains. He was provided with instruments and funds for this purpose and given passage to Cape Coast on a warship.

Duncan's plans at this date seem to have been somewhat indefinite. The Royal Geographical Society was told in 1844 that Duncan, “full of zeal and activity though not professing to be very scientific,” was going to the west coast of Africa. It was not known, however, whether he would “follow the line between Loanda on the west and Mozambique on the east” or would “confine his explorations to the country of Koomassie [Asante] and the Kong Mountains, east of Cape Coast, and to an excursion to the new settlement at Abbe Accuta [Abeokuta] where the missionary Crowther is now established.” During his journey Duncan wrote several letters to the Society. One, dated at Anamabu in December 1844, explained that he had been refused permission by the Asantehene to go beyond Kumasi and so he was planning to ascend the Volta river instead. A second from Whydah written in April 1845 described his travels along the coast and on the lagoons. The last letter was written at Cape Coast in October 1845 and described his visit to the Dahomey capital. In addition, it contained an account of a journey he claimed to have made to “the town called Adofoodiah, at 13°6'N.” This last letter was written at a time when Duncan was entirely without resources, and he ended by saying that he wanted to go to Timbuktu “passing to the left of Ashanti.” A footnote to the letter, as published in theJournal of the Royal Geographical Society, noted that “funds have since been sent to Mr Duncan to assist him in carrying out his views of visiting Timbuctoo and descending the Niger.” However, this expedition was never undertaken and Duncan returned to England shortly afterward.
The Village Census in the Study of Culture Contact
Authors: Richards Audrey I.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

Any anthropologist working in Africa at the moment is really experimenting with a new technique. Anthropological theory was evolved very largely in Oceania, where the relative isolation of small island communities provided something like ‘typical’ primitive social groups. Most of Rivers's hypotheses were based on Melanesian material, and Malinowski's functional method, the inspiration of most modern field work in all parts of the world, originated on an island off New Guinea with only 8,000 inhabitants. The anthropologist who embarks for Africa has obviously to modify and adapt the guiding principles of field work from the start. He has probably to work in a much larger and more scattered tribal area, and with a people that are increasing in numbers rather than diminishing. He has to exchange his remote island for a territory where the natives are in constant contact with other tribes and races. More important still, he has arrived at a moment of dramatic and unprecedented change in tribal history. Melanesian societies, it is true, are having to adapt themselves slowly to contact with white civilization, but most of the tribes in Africa are facing a social situation which is, in effect, a revolution. In fact, the whole picture of African society has altered more rapidly than the anthropologist's technique.
Arts en Voie de Disparition au Gabon
Authors: Grébert F.
Published: April 2006

Les Faŋ étaient autrefois une peuplade guerrière et cannibale, émigrant sans cesse par étapes, de l'arrière-pays de l'est du Caméroun vers le fleuve Ogooué. Seule la mer de l'estuaire du Gabon, et les contrées marécageuses du bas-fleuve les ont arrêtés. Ils sont arrivés sur le fleuve en même temps que, de la mer, montaient après 1870 les conquérants, les commerçants et les missionnaires. Les arts purement indigènes, au contact de la civilisation, ont été insensiblement anémiés, et sont, pour la plupart, en voie de disparition, pour le grand malheur des ethnographes et des amateurs d'art autochtone.
An alternative to Wiener-Hopf methods for the study of bounded processes
Authors: Keilson J.
Published: April 2006

Homogeneous additive processes on a finite or semi-infinite interval have been studied in many forms. Wald's identity for the first passage process on the finite interval (see for example Miller, 1961), the waiting time process of Lindley (1952), and a variety of problems in the theory of queues, dams, and inventories come to mind. These processes have been treated by and large by methods in the complex plane. Lindley's discrete parameter process on the continuum, for example, described bywhere the ξnare independent identically distributed random variables, has been discussed by Wiener-Hopf methods in recent years by Lindley (1952), Smith (1953), Kemperman (1961), Keilson (1961), and many others. A review of earlier studies is given by Kemperman.
A pollen record of a complete glacial cycle from lowland Panama
Authors: Bush Mark B. , Colinvaux Paul A.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. A long pollen record from lowland Panama describes the vegetation during glacial times and probably includes a history of the last 150 000 yr, thus representing a complete glacial cycle. The record is from sediments of an extinct caldera lake under the town of El Valle. Throughout most of the last glacial period oaks and other plants of the modern montane forest maintained significant populations about 700 m lower than present. Immediately before the 14000 B.P. start ofthe late glacial period oaks had reached to 1000 m below present limits. These data require significant temperature depressions, perhaps in the order of 4 ‐ 6 °C at some seasons ofthe year. Lowland forest taxa persisted in the neighbourhood of El Valle throughout the glacial period, however, suggesting reassortment of plant populations into communities without modern analog. Although our reconstruction of levels ofthe El Valle lake in the period 30 000 to 12 000 B.P. suggests less precipitation than in modern times, the lowland climate appears to have been moist enough for taxa of tropical forests to persist. The montane floras of the western and eastern Panama highlands did not merge at any time in the glacial cycle and an hypothesis of dispersal between enlarged areas of montane forest is put forward to explain modern disjunctions in Quer cus distributions. The wet highlands of Panama were never refugia for tropical rain forest taxa at any time during the Quaternary, rather rain forest species existed in unfamiliar communities in the Panamanian lowlands.
Political Scientists in Presidential Campaigns
Authors: Kamarck Elaine Ciulla
Published: April 2006

Following is a list of words and terms that the political scientist who finds himself or herself in a presidential campaign should never use:

epistemic concepts of democracy

multivariate logistic models

exogeneity

hegemony

macropartisanship

collective rationality

philosophical dialectic valuably

These terms and others like them may or may not have meaning in a presidential campaign—the point however, is that presidential campaigns are not exercises in theory or in scholarship, they are exercises in communicating to the lowest common denominator in the American public. Because of this they develop a culture and a set of norms that are as anti-intellectual as those found in any reputable truck stop in America (not to mention a vocabulary of four letter words that would put most truckers to shame).
Platonism and Mathematical Intuition in Kurt Gödel's Thought
Authors: Parsons Charles
Published: April 2006

The best known and most widely discussed aspect of Kurt Gödel's philosophy of mathematics is undoubtedly his robust realism or platonism about mathematical objects and mathematical knowledge. This has scandalized many philosophers but probably has done so less in recent years than earlier. Bertrand Russell's report in his autobiography of one or more encounters with Gödel is well known:

Gödel turned out to be an unadulterated Platonist, and apparently believed that an eternal “not” was laid up in heaven, where virtuous logicians might hope to meet it hereafter.

On this Gödel commented:

Concerning my “unadulterated” Platonism, it is no more unadulterated than Russell's own in 1921 when in theIntroduction to Mathematical Philosophy… he said, “Logic is concerned with the real world just as truly as zoology, though with its more abstract and general features.” At that time evidently Russell had met the “not” even in this world, but later on under the infuence of Wittgenstein he chose to overlook it.

One of the tasks I shall undertake here is to say something about what Gödel's platonism is and why he held it.

A feature of Gödel's view is the manner in which he connects it with a strong conception of mathematical intuition, strong in the sense that it appears to be a basic epistemological factor in knowledge of highly abstract mathematics, in particular higher set theory. Other defenders of intuition in the foundations of mathematics, such as Brouwer and the traditional intuitionists, have a much more modest conception of what mathematical intuition will accomplish.
Some Aspects of Musical Perception
Authors: Stockmann Doris
Published: April 2006

Musical perception is based on many complex psychic processes, of which, up to now, we have very little knowledge. We do not know as much as we should about the various roles of music in different cultures nor about the universal principles by which musical units are built into the human brain—stored, remembered, identified, recognized, handed down within traditions, etc.
Les Instruments de Musique chez les Yezidi de l'Irak
Authors: Hassan Scheherezade Q.
Published: April 2006

Cet article a moins pour objet la description des instruments de musique des Yezidi, instruments qui ne présentent en eux-mêmes aucune singularité remarquable, que celle de l'usage qui en est fait dans cette communauté religieuse, usage qui offre d'intéressantes particularités sur lesquelles, à notre connaissance tout au moins, aucune étude n'a encore été publiée. Corollairement, la description portera sur le statut social des instrumentistes, médiateurs entre ces instruments de musique et leur fonction sociale.
The Neutral Tone as a Function of Folk-song Text
Authors: Boswell George W.
Published: April 2006

One of the most striking and distinctive phenomena in folk singing is the neutral tone, that note which cannot be rendered on a fretted or keyboard instrument, a note that is most at home not in art song but on the lips of an untrained traditional singer. Samuel P. Bayard gave it the place of honor on his list of six “mannerisms of performance that are profoundly instructive as to the past of the folksong art,” especially as regards “the presence of neutral and variable intervals and of quarter-tones in the folk scales.”
Vasil Stoin, Bulgarian Folk Song Collector
Authors: Krader Barbara
Published: April 2006

It is not easy for a foreigner to present a true picture of Vasil Stoin from such a different perspective in time and space. One must step into another world. There was a spirit of his time in Bulgaria, which was liberated from the Turks only two years before his birth, causing every educator, every educated person to feel that he or she must play a part in lifting the cultural level of the people and in instilling pride in Bulgaria's heritage. The great figures of the Bulgarian national revival, especially of the 19th century, are called enlighteners (vŭzrozhdentsi). This is the meaning of Raina Katsarova's words, when she writes of Stoin's “enlightener's ardor, vision and self-denial” (1969a).
Die Vergleichende Musikwissenschaft In Österreich Seit 1896
Authors: von Walter Graf
Published: April 2006

Jaap Kunst (1891-1960) schreibt zu Beginn seines BuchesMusicologica:

“To the question what is the study-object of comparative musicology, the answer must be: mainly the music and the musical instruments of all non-European peoples, including both the so-called primitive peoples and the civilized Eastern nations. Although this science naturally makes repeated excursions into the field of European music, the latter is, in itself, only an indirect object of its study. The name of our science is, in fact, not quite characteristic; it does not ‘compare’ any more than any other science. A better name, therefore, is that appearing on the title page of this book: ethnomusicology.”
Persian Folksong in Meshhed (Iran), 1969
Authors: Blum Stephen
Published: April 2006

This paper offers a brief survey of important genres of folksong in the Persian language, as presently cultivated in Khorasan (the large province in northeastern Iran). The ten transcriptions discussed in the body of the paper represent portions of a large collection of Khorasani folksong made in 1969 in and around Meshhed, a city of over 400,000 persons, and Bojnurd, a smaller town with perhaps 40,000 inhabitants. As indicated in the annotations following each transcription, several of the singers recorded and interviewed in Meshhed and Bojnurd had come to these communities from other towns and villages in Khorasan and Sistan (the province immediately south of Khorasan). The repertoire of Persian folksong performed in a single community generally encompasses a variety of genres, some of which carry specific regional associations, easily (though sometimes differently) identified by singers and listeners.
Estimating Correlation Coefficient between Two Variables with Repeated Observations using Mixed Effects Model
Authors: Roy Anuradha
Published: April 2006

We estimate the correlation coefficient between two variables with repeated observations on each variable, using linear mixed effects (LME) model. The solution to this problem has been studied by many authors. Bland and Altman (1995) considered the problem in many ad hoc methods. Lam, Webb and O'Donnell (1999) solved the problem by considering different correlation structures on the repeated measures. They assumed that the repeated measures are linked over time but their method needs specialized software. However, they never addressed the question of how to choose the correlation structure on the repeated measures for a particular data set. Hamlett et al. (2003) generalized this model and used Proc Mixed of SAS to solve the problem. Unfortunately, their method also cannot implement the correlation structure on the repeated measures that is present in the data. We also assume that the repeated measures are linked over time and generalize all the previous models, and can account for the correlation structure on the repeated measures that is present in the data. We study how the correlation coefficient between the variables gets affected by incorrect assumption of the correlation structure on the repeated measures itself by using Proc Mixed of SAS, and describe how to select the correlation structure on the repeated measures. We also extend the model by including random intercept and random slope over time for each subject. Our model will also be useful when some of the repeated measures are missing at random. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography with sentinel lymph node biopsy for evaluation of axillary involvement in breast cancer
Authors: Gil-Rendo A , Zornoza G , García-Velloso M J , Regueira F M , Beorlegui C , Cervera M
Published: April 2006

Background

This study analysed the value of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) in detecting axillary lymph node involvement in women with breast cancer.

Methods

In the first 150 women in this prospective study, axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) was performed regardless of the PET results. In a second group (125 women) FDG-PET was complemented with sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) only in those who did not have pathological axillary uptake.

Results

The sensitivity and specificity of FDG-PET in detecting axillary involvement was 84·5 and 98·5 per cent respectively in the whole series of 275 patients, with two false-positive and 22 false-negative results. False-negative results were associated with some intrinsic tumour characteristics. In 21 women, PET revealed pathological uptake, suggesting involvement of the internal mammary lymph node chain. Whole-body PET identified a second synchronous tumour in five asymptomatic patients and haematogenous metastases in two patients.

Conclusion

The high positive predictive value of PET (98·4 per cent) suggests that FDG uptake in the axilla could be an indication for full ALND without previous SLNB.
Multi‐Phase‐Multi‐Size‐Group Model for the Inclusion of Population Balances into the CFD Simulation of Gas‐Liquid Bubbly Flows
Authors: Sha Z. , Laari A. , Turunen I.
Published: April 2006

A CFD model for the simulation of gas‐liquid bubbly flow is developed. In the model, the multi‐phase flow is simulated by an Eulerian‐Eulerian approach using several phase definitions (from 3 to 10). The bubble size distribution is simulated by a solution of the discretized population balance equation with coalescence and break‐up of bubbles. The number of the discretized population balance equations in the model is larger than the number of the phases used in the flow field simulation. A desired accuracy in the simulation can be achieved by choosing a suitable number of phases as a compromise between accuracy and computational cost. With this model, more detailed flow hydrodynamics and bubble size distribution can be obtained. The model was tested with different operating conditions and for different numbers of dispersed phases in a bubble column, and was verified with a bubble size distribution obtained experimentally.
Dielectric Characteristics for Radio Frequency Waves in a Laboratory Dipole Plasma
Authors: Grishanov N. I. , Loula A. F. D. , de Azevedo C. A. , Pereira Neto J.
Published: April 2006

Transverse and parallel dielectric permittivity elements have been derived for radio frequency waves in a laboratory dipole magnetic field plasma. Vlasov equation is resolved for both the trapped and untrapped particles as a boundary value problem to define their separate contributions to the dielectric tensor components. To estimate the wave power absorbed in the plasma volume the perturbed electric field and current density components are decomposed in a Fourier series over the poloidal angle. In this case, the dielectric characteristics can be analyzed independently of the solution of the Maxwell's equations. As usual, imaginary part of the parallel permittivity elements is necessary to estimate the electron Landau damping of radio frequency waves, whereas imaginary part of the transverse permittivity elements is important to estimate the wave dissipation by the cyclotron resonances. Computations of the imaginary part of the parallel permittivity elements are carried out in a wide range of the wave frequencies. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Collective Grain Interactions for Constant Ionization Source
Authors: Tsytovich V. , Kompaneets R. , de Angelis U. , Castaldo C.
Published: April 2006

The dust screening and dust attraction in plasmas is considered for the constant ionization source. Both limits of linear and nonlinear screening are considered. It is shown that the non‐linear screening changes substantially the collective dust screening and collective dust attraction. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
EEDF Determination by Numerical Processing of the Probe Data in Neon DC Discharge
Authors: Djermanova N. , Kiss'ovski Zh. , Tsankov Ts.
Published: April 2006

Numerical processing of the data from single probe measurements allows determination of the electron energy distribution function (EEDF) from the second derivative of the probe current. The current‐voltage probe characteristics are measured by acquisition system for further smoothing and differentiation. The developed procedure is a combination of the Savitzky‐Golay (S‐G) smoothing filter and three‐point differentiator with varying step. The above methods are modified for irregularly sampled data which enables more accurate determination of EEDF. Advantages of this approach are data smoothing with minimum information loss and improved noise reduction at the differentiation procedure. The procedure is applied for EEDF calculation in low current low pressure neon discharge. The shape of EEDF shows deviation from both Maxwellian and Druyvesteyn distributions. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)