bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Whale processing. I.—The composition of the products obtained by the concentration and spray‐drying of glue waters
Authors: Gray D. J. S. , Hougen F. W. , Novellie L. , Sephton H. H. , Spruit C. J. P. , Tarica V. , Volckman O. B.
Published: November 2006

Whale‐meat and ‐blubber glue waters—the aqueous liquors remaining after the prolonged boiling of whale carcass and blubber respectively for the liberation of their oil contents—constitute a largely unexploited source of partially degraded (hydrolysed) protein together with other essential mineral and organic nutrients. Such glue waters have been concentrated, the dissolved solids recovered by spray‐drying and the dry materials analysed for mineral constituents, nitrogen, essential amino‐acids and certain B‐group vitamins. The data presented provide a basis for the application of the products in animal nutrition. In general the essential amino‐acids were present in such proportions as to place the products into the category of second‐class proteins like gelatin. With the exception of thiamin, B‐group vitamins were present in fairly satisfactory amounts, the concentrations being greater, as would be expected, in glue waters derived from the carcass. The mineral constituents were present in proportions normally to be expected in extracts of this type. These spray‐dried glue waters should find their best application in the formulation of rations for ruminants rather than in those for swine and poultry.
Whale processing. II.—The composition of some whale‐liver extracts
Authors: Gray D. J. S. , Novellie L. , Sephton H. H. , Shuttleworth R. G.
Published: November 2006

Aqueous extracts have been prepared from fin, sei, humpback and sperm‐whale livers under conditions similar to those often used for the preparation of extracts for medicinal purposes from the livers of domestic animals. The extracts have been analysed for B‐group vitamins and for mineral constituents, and the data indicate that they should be suitable alternatives to cattle‐liver extracts and to aqueous fish‐liver extracts (Gray, Novellie & Shuttleworth, 1951) in the preparation both of pharmaceuticals and of animal feeding‐stuffs.
Low‐temperature vacuum drying of herbage
Authors: Parish D. H. , Robinson K. L.
Published: November 2006

The limitations of air‐ and oven‐drying for the desiccation of herbage samples are discussed and the alternative of low‐temperature vacuum drying is examined. An apparatus capable of drying 250 g. of grass in four hours by the low‐temperature vacuum‐drying method is described, together with the field technique used in obtaining samples.
The lactic acid content of dried samples of grass silage
Authors: Barnett A. John G.
Published: November 2006

Estimations of the lactic acid or lactate remaining in grass silage after drying have been made and the results have been considered in relation to the pH of the original fresh silage, the pH of the remoistened dry silage and the dry‐matter content. The lactic acid or lactate content has been compared with the different figures for ‘oil’ obtainable by extracting the dry matter with ether and with light petroleum.
The optical rotation of (+)‐trans‐chrysanthemic acid
Authors: Campbell A. , Mitchell Wm.
Published: November 2006

Our previous figures (Campbell & Mitchell, 1950) for the optical activity of natural (+)‐trans‐chrysanthemic acid have been questioned by Harper, Reed & Thompson (1951). Examination of another specimen of the natural acid has given much higher figures than those recorded by Harper et al. (1951) and by Campbell & Harper (1945), though slightly lower than those previously reported by us. It is now suggested that the acid component of pyrethrin I and cinerin I may be racemized to a slight and variable extent in the plant during metabolism or after collection. It is shown that the acid is not racemized by the conditions of hydrolysis through which we prepared it. It seems unlikely that Campbell & Harper's synthetic (—)‐trans‐acid was optically pure; it is possible that the natural (+)‐trans‐acid has yet to be isolated in an optically pure form.
A rapid colorimetric method for the determination of boron, with its application to soils and crops
Authors: Higgons D. J.
Published: November 2006

Waxoline purple AS has been established as an efficient colorimetric reagent for the determination of boron in 84% sulphuric acid. Data are presented showing the loss of boron during the orthodox ashing techniques of both plant residues and soil extracts. Conditions of ignition have been established whereby it is possible to check the relative boron status of any crop or soil when compared against standards from the same crop or similar soil type known to have a satisfactory boron status.
Fluorescent lighting in chick laboratories
Authors: Coates M. E. , Hall H. S. , Harrison G. F. , Kon S. K.
Published: November 2006

Fluorescent lighting screened with 26–0z. clear glass has been found not to interfere with the artificial production of rickets in chicks for assay of vitamin D3.

There are indications that fluorescent lighting at intensities over 100 ft.‐candles may have a detrimental effect on chick growth in some conditions.
Contamination and taint of cocoa beans by residual insecticides
Authors: Somade B.
Published: November 2006

In an experiment lasting three weeks, cocoa beans were stored and carried to port in Southern Nigeria in sacks which were impregnated with DDT and BHC. In this period the amount of impregnated DDT fell from 3.45% to 2.8% and that of BHC from 1.65% to 0.93%. The amount absorbed by the cocoa was within the limits allowed in the U.K. Most of the absorbed insecticide was retained by the testa. Similar results were obtained when cocoa beans were stored in contact with floors and walls treated with heavy dosages of these insecticides.
The effect of humidity on mould growth on constructional materials
Authors: Coppock J. B. M. , Cookson E. D.
Published: November 2006

The effect of humidity on mould growth on constructional materials is discussed. It has been found that at a relative humidity of 70% or less mould growth is inhibited on bricks, wood, painted wood and distempered surfaces. The physical properties of the substrate determines to a large extent the rate of mould growth at particular R.H. values. An apparent optimum humidity for growth has been observed on certain of the materials examined.
The technique and application of plant tissue tests for the availability of soil phosphate
Authors: Yuen S. H. , Pollard A. G.
Published: November 2006

The chemical tissue test for phosphate using the Morgan reagent was examined.

The time of extraction was very critical, the phosphate extracted being in linear relationship to time up to four hours. The first extraction (15 minutes) removed phosphate varying from 3 to 21% of the total in the plant, and the total amounts of extractable phosphate in II extractions varied from 20 to 76%. Of the total phosphate extracted, over 60% was inorganic. When the time of extraction was 30 minutes or less, the quantities of inorganic phosphate extracted by the Morgan reagent and by water were materially the same.

In applying the test to flax on the fertilized plots on two sampling dates, it was evident that the test did not indicate any response to the inorganic fertilizer treatments, but showed significantly higher values for dung‐treated plots. The error of the chemical tissue test was exceptionally high.
Trimethylamine oxide and the autoxidation of unsaturated fatty esters
Authors: Lea C. H. , Rhodes D. N.
Published: November 2006

The action of trimethylamine oxide on unsaturated fatty esters has been investigated. At 100° c. the oxide was reduced quite rapidly by autoxidizing esters, or by pre‐oxidized esters in the absence of oxygen: unoxidized esters were unable to reduce the oxide in the absence of oxygen.

At 37° c. reduction of the oxide by autoxidizing esters had become very slow and neither haemoglobin nor a pork‐muscle homogenate catalysed the reaction. No obviously fishy odours were observed in the esters recovered after any of the treatments employed.
The electrometric estimation of chloride in meat. IV.—The origin of errors and suggestions for their elimination
Authors: Bryan J. M.
Published: November 2006

In the electrometric method for estimating chloride, more accurate results are obtained with a small wire‐type of silver electrode, coated with a film of silver chloride by electrolysis, than with a relatively large spade‐type of electrode coated with silver chloride by precipitation during titration.
The composition of British‐grown winter wheat. I.—Vitamin‐B1 content
Authors: Greer E. N. , Ridyard H. N. , Kent N. L.
Published: November 2006

Estimations of vitamin B1 on some 400 samples of wheat from trial plots have been used to establish varietal differences in content among commonly grown British wheats. Bersée and Vilmorin 27 wheat have been found to be a richer source of vitamin B1 than 9 other varieties tested. A general mean level of I‐13 i.u. per g. was found for all samples tested. A positive correlation between protein and vitamin‐B1 contents has been found, which extends to the special case of increase of protein due to fertilizer dressings.
The composition of British‐grown winter wheat. II—iron and mangaanese contents
Authors: Greer E. N. , Pringle W. J. S. , Kent N. L.
Published: November 2006

Analyses of grain grown, in variety, on trial plots have been used to obtain mean contents of iron and manganese in British wheat, 3.4 and 2.8 mg. per 100 g. of grain respectively. Small but significant differences in the level of both minerals have been found between wheat varieties. The iron content of wheat is strongly influenced by locality and there is evidence that it is positively correlated with protein content, for which data are also presented.
A mode of action of antibiotics in chick nutrition
Authors: Coates M. E. , Dickinson C. D. , Harrison G. F. , Kon S. K. , Porter J. W. G. , Cummins S. H. , Cuthbertson W. F. J.
Published: November 2006

Procaine penicillin [penicillin (procaine salt)] added to a good practical ration improved the growth of chicks in a laboratory used for poultry for ten years. Chicks from the same batch in two other laboratories, where birds had not been kept before, grew equally well on the ration with and without penicillin, and growth was the same as that on the penicillinsupplemented diet in the usual chick laboratory.

The growth depression in the absence of dietary penicillin was not due to differences in management or to recognizable disease. It is suggested that it is due to an ‘infection’ hitherto undescribed and shown to be transmissible and counteracted by penicillin.
The persistence of crude benzene hexachloride in the soil
Authors: Jameson H. R. , Peacock F. C.
Published: November 2006

It is shown that the residual benzene hexachloride (BHC), determined analytically in a loam soil, is a function of the amount of benzene hexachloride (13% y‐isomer) (referred to in this paper as BHC‐13) applied per acre and the time elapsing after application. A significant correlation was found between the level of residual BHC and degree of tainting of potatoes grown in the same soil. The taint measurements involved in the present work are in agreement with the much more numerous and independent measurements that formed the basis of an earlier paper.

BHC‐13 thoroughly worked into the top six inches of a loam soil, at rates up to 8 lb. per acre, was lost at an exponential rate of approximately 50% per annum over the period of the trial. Provided that the application of BHC‐13 to the soil does not exceed 1/4 1b. /acre annually, the risk of growing tainted potatoes on loam soil in this country seems slight; surface application at rather higher rates may also be safe.
Sunflower seed oil : The influence of temperature on the composition of the fatty acids
Authors: Grindley D. N.
Published: November 2006

Sunflower seed has been cultivated in Khartoum during both the summer and winter, and the analytical results for the respective oils are given. It is observed that increased temperature during the period of ripening of the seed leads to a very much reduced linoleic acid content in the oil. The importance of marketing crops grown in the same area during different seasons separately is stressed.
Some observations on the malo‐lactic fermentation of cider
Authors: Marshall C. R.
Published: November 2006

Ciders are prone to a malo‐lactic fermentation which can be beneficial in reducing the acidity of sharp juices, but which may cause spoilage in sub‐acid juices. A method is described for the estimation of malic acid in cider which is useful for following both the decrease in malic acid content during fermentation and also for observing changes in the malo‐lactic index. The latter is the ratio of calculated free acidity to observed free acidity at any stage in the fermentation and it should remain constant throughout the full course of fermentation and maturation of a normal sound cider. It decreases in value when acid spoilage occurs through the development of undesirable organisms and enables the malefic influence of these organisms to be detected before any increase in acidity becomes apparent. The malo‐lactic fermentation can be retarded in the presence of sulphites and may be completely arrested if the cider is centrifuged before sulphiting.
The nature of some of the linkages in deoxypentose nucleic acids
Authors: Overend W. G. , Peacocke A. R. , Stacey M.
Published: November 2006

Knowledge of the linkages in deoxyribonucleic acids is reviewed and extended. Chromatographic analyses and electrometric titrations on deoxyribonucleic acids isolated from various sources indicate a greater degree of branching than has been previously assumed. Available evidence on the nature of hydrogen bonding in these nucleic acids is surveyed. Evidence for the possible existence of a highly labile glycosidic linkage is presented. The action of dilute alkali under mild conditions on deoxyribonucleic acids, as described by Euler & Fono (1948), is reinterpreted.
Analytical and pharmacological problems arising from the use of organic chemicals as processing aids and hygiene aids in the food industry
Authors: Coppock J. B. M.
Published: November 2006

The term ‘processing aids’ has been restricted to the narrowest sense of organic chemicals used in association with plant and equipment. It does not include the use of food additives as processing aids.

Three problems arise in food production from the use of organic chemicals as defined above: (1) the extent to which such materials are absorbed through contact with food during, or as a result of, their use and the effect that such residues may have on the human system after ingestion over both short and long periods, (2) the effect such residues might have on the process itself, and (3) the difficulty of determining by ordinary chemical analysis the extent to which contamination might have occurred. The nature and composition of the particular food contaminated can have a profound effect on the accuracy of the analytical methods used. Illustrations are given of each of these problems, referring to the insecticides DDT, gammexane and piperonyl butoxide, the fumigant methyl bromide, processing aids such as silicones, mineral oils and plastics, plasticizers in wrapping materials and the quaternary‐ammonium detergents.
The analysis of chlorinated organic insecticides by partition chromatography on paper and on cellulose columns
Authors: O'Colla Proinsias
Published: November 2006

A paper‐chromatographic method has been developed for the separation and detection of the constituents of BHC (benzene hexachloride) and chlordane, and the behaviour of Toxaphene and DDT on paper was also observed. Acetic anhydride was used as the fixed phase with n‐hexane or light‐petroleum fractions as the moving solvent. The method should be of value in the separation and identification of traces of materials present as contaminations after the use of dusts and sprays on crops.

The method has been applied to the quantitative estimation of y‐hexachlorocyclohexane in insecticidal preparations, on a micro‐scale using sheets of filter paper, and on a larger scale using columns of hydrocellulose.
The component acids and glycerides of an indian tiger (Felis tigris) fat
Authors: Pathak S. P. , Agarwal C. V.
Published: November 2006

In the present work the fatty acid composition of a tiger depot‐fat was determined by the usual ester‐fractionation method, using an electrically heated and packed column (Longenecker, 1937). The glyceride structure was studied by crystallization of the neutral fat from acetone and ether; the compositions of each of the four fractions, thus obtained, were studied separately by the fractionation method and the final possible glyceride composition computed therefrom. The chief component acids are oleic (39%), stearic (25%), palmitic (22%), hexadecenoic (7%), octadecadienoic (4%) and small amounts of myristic, arachidic and tetradecenoic (about I% each) acids. The chief component glycerides are (i) 51% diunsaturated‐monosaturated (palmito‐ or stearo‐hexadeceno‐olein, palmitodiolein and stearodiolein), (ii) 43% mono‐unsaturated‐disaturated (hexadecenopalmitostearin and oleopalmitostearin), (iii) 6% fully saturated (palmitostearoarachidin, palmitodistearin and tripalmitin). The glyceride composition does not follow Hilditch's rule of even distribution closely, nor does it align itself with the herbivorous land‐animal fats. Hence the possibility of bio‐dehydrogenation of the glycerides deposited from the ingested food has been suggested, which is indicated by the presence of about 7% of hexadecenoic acid in the fat.
An apparatus for the macro‐determination of organic carbon in agricultural materials, using the van slyke‐floch digestion mixture
Authors: Cornfield A. H.
Published: November 2006

An apparatus for the determination of organic carbon in agricultural materials is described. The results obtained with a number of materials were very similar to those obtained by a dry‐combustion method.
Damage to glasshouse crops by over‐manuring
Authors: Grainger John
Published: November 2006

Severe damage to lettuce involving tip‐burn of the leaves, wilting and death has occurred in several tomato glasshouses in west Scotland. Soils from such houses lose their capacity to cause damage if their soluble‐salt content is reduced by leaching or liming. The damage was produced experimentally when mixed artificial fertilizer was added to normal soil in amounts equivalent to four tons and more per acre. It is therefore concluded that the diseased condition results from over‐manuring, i.e. too high a content of soluble salts in the soil. Heavy manuring of the preceding tomato crop may contribute to this over‐manuring of the lettuce. Only one extreme case of actual damage to a tomato crop has been reported, but the yield of tomatoes begins to fall at higher levels of soluble mineral matter than for lettuce. It is suggested that the yield of tomatoes begins to fall at lower values of soluble‐salt content when added manures are grossly unbalanced than when they are attuned to the needs of the crop.
The chrysanthemumcarboxylic acids. IV.—optical resolution of the chrysanthemic acids
Authors: Campbell Ishbel G. M. , Harper S. H.
Published: November 2006

Resolution of (±)‐trans‐chrysanthemic acid by fractional crystallization of the quinine salt yields the pure (‐)‐trans‐acid quinine salt, decomposed by hydrochloric acid to optically pure (‐)‐trans‐chrysanthemic acid. Conversion of the impure (+)‐trans‐acid into the (‐)‐α‐phenylethylamine salt and fractional crystallization yields the pure (+)‐trans‐acid (‐)‐α‐phenylethylamine salt, decomposed to optically pure (+)‐trans‐chrysanthemic acid. This completes the total synthesis of chrysanthemum‐monocarboxylic acid.

Resolution of (±)‐cis‐chrysanthemic acid as the quinine salt yields the pure (+)‐cis‐acid quinine salt, decomposed to the optically pure crystalline (+)‐cis‐chrysanthemic acid. Conversion of the impure (‐)‐cis‐acid into the (+)‐α‐phenylethylamine salt and fractional crystallization yields the pure (‐)‐cis‐acid (+)‐a‐phenylethylamine salt, decomposed to the optically pure crystalline (‐)‐cis‐chrysanthemic acid.
Studies on the formation of lactic acid in the fermentation of clover‐grass mixtures
Authors: Barnett A. J. G.
Published: November 2006

The conditions under which lactic acid may be formed in mixtures of minced clover‐grass and water have been studied and the effect of the addition of various possible promoters and inhibitors of the reaction has been investigated.
Aggregate analysis of soils. I.—apparatus and method
Authors: Singh Khazan
Published: November 2006

A sieving machine, based on the principle of the reciprocating movement of a lift, to raise and lower a series of sieves for dry and wet sieving of soils, is described. The machine is portable and can be used in the field with an accumulator. The accuracy of results with this machine is within 1.5%.

Two criteria have been used as tests of the correct standardization of speed of the machine: (i) the granular structure of the final aggregates on the sieves and the absence of pasty matter, and (ii) stability curves of the aggregates with time.

Results obtained in a study of the stability of aggregates of a soil with this machine are reported.
An automatic leaching apparatus for washing soil and precipitates
Authors: Singh Khazan
Published: November 2006

An automatic leaching apparatus has been described for washing soil and precipitates continuously or intermittently. An essential part of the apparatus is an auto‐irrigator, which delivers measured portions of water as required.

Delivery of water from the auto‐irrigator is set to lag behind the draining‐off of the filtrate. Constant intermittent washings of soils or precipitates are ensured.

The leaching apparatus with a set of 24 units is capable of leaching 72 soil samples in a day of 9 hours.
Application of fumigants to ships and warehouses. VIII.—distribution of fumigant in chambers fumigated with ethylene oxide and carbon dioxide
Authors: Call F.
Published: November 2006

Fumigation of dried fruit with ethylene oxide and solid carbon dioxide may give rise to a cold layer of gaseous carbon dioxide at floor level in which the gas concentration of ethylene oxide is greatly reduced. Penetration of the fumigant into boxes of fruit near the floor may thus be reduced, causing ineffective fumigation. Gentle agitation of the air inside the chamber is shown to be an effective method of avoiding the layering.
Stability of contact insecticides. I—ultra‐violet photolysis of the pyrethrins
Authors: Blackith R. E.
Published: November 2006

In view of the discrepancy between the stability of pyrethrum‐in‐oil films in direct sunlight and in the dark, the persistence of such films under various conditions is reviewed, and the ultra‐violet photolysis is found to be by far the most active agent in decomposing such films. The action of ultra‐violet light on the insecticide is found to be independent of humidity or the presence of oxygen. Four processes are outlined by which the pyrethrins become inactivated. The prolonged residual effect of pyrethrum‐in‐oil films in the absence of light, established by earlier workers, is confirmed, and the decomposition is found to be independent of temperature, over the ordinary ambient range.
Stability of contact insecticides. II—protection of the pyrethrins against ultra‐violet photolysis
Authors: Blackith R. E.
Published: November 2006

Two methods of protecting pyrethrum films against ultra‐violet photolysis have been investigated, depending respectively on the addition to the films of a dye which absorbs ultra‐violet light, and a pyrethrum synergist which was alleged to exert a stabilizing action on the pyrethrins, apart from the synergistic action. One dye was found, benzeneazo‐β‐naphthol, which doubled the length of life of the insecticidal films. The claims made in this respect for the pyrethrum synergist piperonyl butoxide were not confirmed.
The value of riboflavin from Eremothecium ashbyii in chick‐rearing diets
Authors: Brown W. O.
Published: November 2006

Recent developments in the use of fermentation methods for the production of riboflavin are discussed. Two commercial products containing riboflavin produced by Eremothecium ashbyii are examined and evidence is presented to indicate that the vitamin is present in the free form. The results of a biological test with chicks show that the riboflavin present in these products is available to the chick as indicated by data relating to growth rate, feed efficiency, liver content and incidence of deficiency symptoms.
The component fatty acids and glycerides of jute‐seed oils
Authors: Meara M. L. , Sen N. K.
Published: November 2006

The component acids of the seed fats of Corchorus capsularis and C. olitorius have been shown to consist of palmitic 12.0, 16.9, stearic 4.6, 3.7, arachidic 2.2, —, behenic —, 1.8, lignoceric 0.9, 1.1, cerotic 1.2, —, oleic 28.7, 9.1, linoleic 41.3, 62.5, linolenic 4.7, 0.9, and C20 mono‐ethenoid 4.4, 4.0% (wt.) respectively. The seed fat of C. capsularis thus resembles cottonseed oil to some extent, whereas that of C. olitorius more nearly resembles in some respects a sunflower‐seed oil. The component glycerides of the C. olitorius seed oil consist of 11% disaturated‐mono‐unsaturated glycerides, mainly disaturated linoleins, 64% mono‐saturated‐diunsaturated glycerides mainly saturated‐dilinoleins, and 25% triunsaturated glycerides consisting mainly of oleodilinoleins and trilinolein. Low‐temperature crystallization has shown that this oil can be resolved into typically non‐drying and drying fractions respectively.
The preparation of the optical isomers of α‐(2 : 4‐dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid and their growth‐regulating activity
Authors: Collins S. T. , Smith F. E.
Published: November 2006

α‐(2 : 4‐Dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid has been resolved into its optical isomers via the brucine and cinchonine salts, and the activity of the two forms, in three standard auxin tests, has been measured. It was found that the (+)‐form had twice the activity of the racemic acid whereas the (−)‐form was inactive.
The development of rancidity in cold‐stored herrings: The influence of some antioxidants
Authors: Banks A.
Published: November 2006

The influence of the antioxidants ascorbic acid, ethyl gallate, gallic acid and pyrocatechol, as estimated from peroxide determinations, varied considerably. They had no effect on peroxide development in a number of samples; with others there was a significant effect. Tasting tests did not provide evidence of any significant effect, and this result, coupled with evidence which showed that there was no true inhibition, but rather a retardation of peroxide development, is taken to indicate that the antioxidants tested have an insignificant effect on the development of rancidity in cold stored herrings. It was also observed that all the antioxidants had a marked adverse effect on flavour at the concentrations employed. The storage life of filleted herrings was observed to be somewhat less than that of whole herrings and could not be extended by antioxidants.
The utilization of surplus herring for the production of oil and of a protein feeding‐stuff by the process of alkali digestion
Authors: Lovern J. A. , Preston W.
Published: November 2006

In a herring‐reduction method in which sodium hydroxide was used to dissolve minced herrings to enable most of the oil to be recovered, studies have been carried out on the recovery of the protein fraction, both in the laboratory and on a commercial scale.

After digestion with 2% alkali, the protein recoverable by acidification falls by 18.6% at 70°, by 30.8% at 90° and with 3% alkali by 54.5% at 90° in 12 hours.

Some practical feeding trials, giving the relationship between method of treatment and damage to protein, are discussed.
The effects of volume application‐rate on the activity of 2 : 4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxyacetic acid
Authors: Holly K.
Published: November 2006

The volume‐rates used in current practice for the application of herbicides to cereals are discussed in relation to the results of field experiments designed to determine the effect of variation in spray volume on the phytotoxicity of 2 : 4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) and 2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA).

The results of a preliminary greenhouse‐experiment to determine the effect of such variation in volume on the amount of spray retained by barley and Brassica alba are presented. They indicate that changes in the proportion of spray retained may be of considerable magnitude. The possible effects of volume‐rate on the penetration of 2,4‐D and MCPA into plants and the relation of environmental factors to the problem are discussed.

The interpretation of results of field experiments and of experience in terms of such effects as spray retention and penetration is considered.
The measurement of lipase activity in oat products
Authors: Hutchinson J. B. , Martin H. F.
Published: November 2006

The lipase present in oats is only partially inactivated by the kilning process used for the manufacture of oatmeal, and the residual lipase sometimes causes considerable trouble because of its action in the meal when stored or when used in dough for oatcakes or biscuits. This hydrolytic activity can be almost completely eliminated in the mill by appropriate heat treatment, but a rapid test was required for assessing the success of such treatment. A suitable method is described based on the rapid rates of fat hydrolysis found in doughs of 30–40% moisture content. A few meals show anomalous behaviour when stored at 6–12% moisture content, but these can be detected by a modification which is suggested as a second and additional test for meals showing low but positive activity in dough.
Physico‐chemical studies on the application of insecticides to sheep fleece. I.—introduction to the series
Authors: Addison C. C. , Furmidge C. G. L.
Published: November 2006

This paper defines the scope and the aim of the experimental work to be described in the series. Significant factors in the formulation, efficiency and mode of action of sheep dips are discussed, with special reference to bath depletion, the time factor, and the influence of wetting agent, wool grease and suint, insecticide solvent and pH. Previous work in this field is reviewed.
Physico‐chemical studies on the application of insecticides to sheep fleece. III—the action of micellar solutions of cationic wetting agents on fleece
Authors: Addison C. C. , Furmidge C. G. L.
Published: November 2006

The paper presents a study of the influence of various samples of Scotch Blackface fleece on the interfacial activity of micellar solutions of cetylpyridinium chloride. The inactivation of cetyl compounds varies considerably with grease and suint content of the fleece. The full inactivation‐concentration curve can be divided into three distinct sections, and the mechanism of the reactions taking place in each concentration range has been deduced from measurements of rate of change of fleece weight, pH, and inactivation. When natural fleece is immersed in these more concentrated solutions, the system passes successively through the mechanisms typical of each section, i.e. formation of a suspension of insoluble cation‐suint anion compounds, with some adsorption to the grease on the fibres (α section); solubilization of some grease with the formation of interfacially active complexes (β section); flocculation and redeposition of suspension on to the fibres (γ section).
Effects of soil cultivation on the growth and yield of winter wheat. II—‘stand’ and tillering
Authors: Singh Khazan
Published: November 2006

1. Investigations into the effects of cultivation on the stand and tillering of winter wheat were carried out during three years, 1945–46, 1946–47, 1947–48 in Scotland at six farms, using four varieties of winter wheat. The three cultivation treatments consisted of ploughing to 8 in. depth, and shallow and deep cultivations to 2 in. and 4 in. respectively with a tine cultivator.

2. Cultivation effects on the shoot number of winter wheat were unaffected by season or variety, but varied with the nature of soil, the effects being more pronounced in the open textured and light soils than in the compact and heavy soils.

Shallow cultivation gave greater shoot numbers in the July stand and compensated for the poor ‘initial stand’ to a greater extent than did ploughing and deep cultivation. This was attributed to greater tillering of the plant in the shallow‐cultivated plots, owing to greater moisture, and to higher temperatures in the compact shallow‐cultivated plots than in the loose‐ploughed and deep‐cultivated plots.

3. The influences of spacing and cultivation on shoot number and tillering of winter wheat were investigated. The effect of spacing diminished with decline in the initial stand due to its inability to compensate for the loss of plants; it diminished also at higher levels of initial stand due to the dominating effect of initial stand on the final stand. The effect of shallow cultivation also diminished with decline in the initial stand, and affected the increase in shoot number at higher levels of initial stand. As a result of nitrogen deficiency in the shallow‐cultivated plots, reduction in the shoot number occurred in these plots in September.
Changes in nitrogen distribution in crop conservation. I.—the rate and extent of protein breakdown in ensilage
Authors: Macpherson H. T.
Published: November 2006

By the use of small experimental ‘silos’ (bottles containing grass sap) it is shown that the initial breakdown of protein is extremely rapid, but slows markedly at a pH of about 5. In a well‐made silage this pH is attained very quickly, but most of the eventual protein loss has, nevertheless, occurred in this short time. The pH continues to fall rapidly, but further breakdown is very small and virtual nitrogen equilibrium is reached at a pH of about 4.3. About 25% of the original protein is degraded, presumably by enzymic proteolysis, and the evidence indicates that breakdown cannot be reduced significantly below this figure when silage is made by the ‘ordinary’ process in which the gradual development of the requisite acidity is a function of bacterial metabolism.
The lignin fraction of animal feeding‐stuffs. I.—preliminary examination of lignin determination procedures
Authors: Moon F. E. , Abou‐Raya A. K.
Published: November 2006

The procedures commonly employed for the determination of lignin in plant materials used as animal feeding‐stuffs are reviewed with particular reference to the possible sources of error. A study of the reproducibility of each stage in the determination of lignin by a method employing 72% sulphuric acid is reported, and it is concluded that the variability of the final lignin yields is partly due to the presence of alcohol‐soluble substances not completely removed before the main treatment with 72% sulphuric acid. The need is indicated for further investigation of various ‘humin’ precipitates obtained during lignin determination.
Apparatus for the determination of low concentrations of methyl bromide and other gases
Authors: Call F.
Published: November 2006

A method is described for the determination of low concentrations (O‐OR‐I‐O mg./l.) of methyl bromide, based on the length of the colour stain produced by the reaction of the bromine in the combustion products with fluorescein paper. The length of the stain is directly proportional to the concentration, provided certain factors are controlled. The effect of these factors is discussed and an apparatus is described which automatically controls them. The method has been shown to be applicable to hydrogen cyanide and carbon tetrachloride, and it is believed to be suitable for any gas for which a suitable test paper exists.
The relative toxicities to plants of amine‐salt and ester formulations of 2 : 4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
Authors: Carpenter K. , Walker R. D.
Published: November 2006

Small‐plot trials with formulations of ethyl ester and the trimethylamine salt of 2 : 4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) are described. These showed that the ester was more effective than the amine salt against individual weed species at rates of application of 1/2 lb./acre or less. The final result on mixed weed populations was considerably influenced, however, by the species present and the intensity of competition.

These results are shown to be applicable on a larger scale by a brief summary of the results of more extensive field trials. Information on crop toxicity obtained from these trials shows that the ester offers a narrower safety margin but there is little risk of damage in wheat and barley if a rate of 1/2 lb./acre is not exceeded.

The danger from volatility is shown to be slight in this country and the importance of formulation is very briefly discussed.

Finally it is shown that these results compare fairly closely to official American recommendations.
Analytical studies on the carbohydrates of grasses and clovers. II—the preparation of grass samples for analysis
Authors: Laidlaw R. A. , Wylam Clare B.
Published: November 2006

Investigations have been carried out on methods of grass‐drying. Satisfactory results for the free‐sugar and fructosan contents of grasses are obtainable when the analyses are performed immediately after freeze‐drying and milling.
The effect of free fatty acid on the technological properties of tung oil
Authors: Cutting C. V.
Published: November 2006

The effect of the presence of free fatty acids on the gelation characteristics of tung oil has been examined by several workers since 1920. They used the different heat tests current at the time and also limited their observations to samples of commercial oils. These were Chinese oils derived from Aleurites fordii or possibly mixed oils from both A. fordii and A. montana.

The predominance of the A. montana oil in Nyasaland has led to a closer study of the effect on this oil. It has been found that the same concentration of free fatty acid produces a greater delaying action on the gelation of this oil than is caused on that from the A. fordii species. The B.S. heat test was used for the comparison.

A consideration of recent investigations into the composition of drying oils affords an explanation of these results.
Effects of soil cultivation on the growth and yield of winter wheat. IV‐effects of cultivation on root development
Authors: Singh Khazan
Published: November 2006

1. A study of the effects of cultivation on root development of winter wheat was made in two Midlothian soils, Boghall and Corstrophene, during the years 1945–46 and 1946–47. Cultivation treatments consisted of ploughing to a depth of 8 in., deep cultivation (4 in.) and shallow cultivation (2 in.) with a tined cultivator.

2. Ploughing to a depth of 8 in. loosened the soil of the ploughed plots in the 4–8‐in. layer and increased the non‐capillary porosity of the soil (aeration) in this layer compared with the 4‐in. and 2‐in. tine cultivations. No significant differences existed between the treatments in respect of looseness of soil or its non‐capillary porosity at depths of 0–4 in.

3. The effects of cultivation on root development were more pronounced at the later stage of growth in July than at the early stages. Compared with time cultivation, ploughing increased the number and lengths of roots at all depths in July, but only at the 10–20‐cm. depth in the early stage of growth. No significant differences existed between the treatments in respect of average vertical root penetration at the early stages of growth. A deep root system with a large number of roots and with profuse branching developed after ploughing, and a shallow root system with a comparatively smaller number of roots and with sparse branching followed tine cultivation.

Increased non‐capillary porosity of the soil at a depth of 10–20 cm. and the richer condition of the soil at this depth (formerly the upper layers, now inverted by ploughing) probably contributed to the greater root development in the ploughed plots at the early stage of growth, and presumably in July.

4. The degree of branching was affected by the depth of cultivation. Ploughing to a depth of 8 in. induced a higher degree of branching at 10–20‐cm. and 20–30‐cm. depths than did working the soil to 4 or 2 in. with a tine cultivator. Root branching of the second and third order occurred predominantly at depths below 10 cm., and that of the first order predominated at the 10‐cm. level. The poorer conditions of soil moisture in the upper layers probably limited the degree of branching in these layers.

5. In the humid and rich soil of Boghall, a shallow root system of wheat developed, the majority of roots (74%) being in the 0–8‐in. layer. Ploughing to 8 in. extended the spread of roots in the deeper layers of the soil in horizon A2 (8–12 in.), but restricted it in the upper layers of soil in horizon A1 (0–8 in.). It is doubtful if deepening the working depth of roots by ploughing in a rich soil offers any advantages over the 2–4‐in. cultivations from the view point of water and nutrient supply.

6. At the early stages of plant growth top/root ratio in crop weight as well as in surface area was smaller with the 2‐in. tine cultivation than with ploughing or 4‐in. cultivation. No such differences existed between the treatments after manuring. A deficiency in the supply of nitrogen in the 2‐in. tine‐cultivated plots was indicated.
The use of different quantities of dried skimmed milk and riboflavin supplement in chick rations
Authors: Black D. J. G. , Getty J. , Morris T. R. , Palgrave J.
Published: November 2006

Dried skimmed milk is generally considered to be a desirable ingredient of chick diets; this opinion is reflected in the present Ministry of Food Regulations, which require that Baby Chick Mash shall contain at least 6% of dried skimmed milk, except that it is permissible to replace each 1% of dried milk products by 1/2% of unextracted dried yeast. In view of the scarcity and high price of both of these materials, an investigation was carried out to determine the effects of reducing the level of dried skimmed milk in a Baby Chick Mash and substituting varying amounts of a riboflavin supplement.

The results obtained indicate that, under the conditions of these experiments, the level of dried skimmed milk may be reduced to 3% of the diet, or omitted entirely, without significantly affecting growth rate, food consumption, feathering, or general health of the chick up to 10 weeks of age, provided that adequate riboflavin supplement is added to the mash.

The chicks receiving neither dried skimmed milk nor riboflavin supplement in their diet showed a somewhat poorer growth‐rate which was particularly evident in both experiments at 5–6 weeks of age. However, the difference in mean body weight between chicks on this basal diet and the other groups was only significant at 6 weeks of age in the second experiment. In general, feathering was poorer and mortality higher among the birds receiving the diet with neither dried skimmed milk nor riboflavin supplement.

In both experiments there were indications that dried skimmed milk was most effective during the first six weeks of the chick's life.
The relative toxicity of 2:4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxyacetic acid to annual weeds
Authors: Ripper W. E. , Baker C.
Published: November 2006

Results are presented showing differences in the relative toxicity of sodium MCPA (the sodium salt of 2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxyacetic acid) and sodium 2.4‐D (the sodium salt of 2: 4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) to Brassica alba sprayed in the field. The apparent toxicity ratio is shown to vary with: (a) the interval after spraying at which observations are made; (b) the dosage applied; (c) the incidence of rain after spraying; (d) the particular salt used.

Spray droplets of sodium 2,4‐D dry out relatively completely, leaving a crystalline deposit, whereas those of sodium MCPA tend to dry to a non‐crystalline film. It is suggested that the observed variation in relative toxicity may be due to differences between the two materials in the facility with which they enter the leaf; sodium MCPA penetrates the more readily owing to the non‐crystalline nature of the spray deposit, and thus gives better results when rain follows after an interval which much decreases the efficacy of sodium 2,4‐D.
Potassium fixation in soils: Studies by electrodialysis
Authors: Cornfield A. H. , Pollard A. G.
Published: November 2006

The amount of potassium fixed by four soils as a result of alternate wetting and drying at an elevated temperature (95°) increased with the clay content of the soil. Electrodialysis released about half of the fixed potassium from two of the soils, about two‐thirds from another soil and all the fixed potassium from the fourth. The amount of potassium fixed by an individual soil increased with increasing potassium treatments, but the percentage of the fixed potassium removed by electrodialysis was independent of the amount fixed. It would appear that when potassium is fixed by soils, more than one type of compound or class of compounds of potassium may be formed.
The titration curves of two types of gelatin
Authors: Ames W. M.
Published: November 2006

Titration curves have been obtained for gelatins prepared by methods designed to show the greatest possible variation. The difference between the curves is fully explained by the loss of amide nitrogen and the consequent increase in free carboxyl groups in passing from one gelatin to the other. Attention has been drawn to an anomaly in the middle portion of the titration curve of native collagen, which can be explained if the substance commonly recognized as collagen is in reality a mixture or a compound of two similar proteins.
The lignin fraction of animal feeding‐stuffs. III—The determination of ‘total lignin’
Authors: Moon F. E. , Abou‐Raya A. K.
Published: November 2006

The method proposed by the authors (see Part II of this series) for the determination of ‘acid‐insoluble lignin’ excludes the humin material which dissolves in 72% (w/w) sulphuric acid but is reprecipitated by dilution. Further work has shown this humin material to possess the properties of lignin. Although it is to be expected that the ‘acid‐insoluble’ lignin will be resistant to the digestive processes and its determination should therefore serve a useful purpose, for the measurement of ‘total’ lignin the method is inadequate. An investigation of the acid‐solubility of lignin has led to the re‐examination of the various separation procedures to obtain a satisfactory method for determining total lignin.
The rate of growth of salmonellas and other bacteria in some synthetic creams
Authors: Baillie A. J. , Freeman G. G.
Published: November 2006

The development of representative salmonellas [Salmonella enteritidis (Gaertner) and Salmonella paratyphi B] and of spore‐forming organisms which resist pasteurization has been studied in synthetic creams. The creams consisted of (a) a vegetable oil emulsified in an aqueous solution of cellulose ethers (‘cellulose ether cream’) and (b) the oil emulsified in a medium containing egg yolk and sodium alginate (‘egg cream’). Rapid growth of the salmonellas to populations of 30–40 × 106 cells/g. took place in the egg cream within three days at 18–20°, but practically no growth occurred in the cellulose ether cream. No change in the appearance or odour of the creams was evident. The presence of a heat‐resistant, mixed microflora did not significantly influence the growth of the salmonellas in egg or cellulose ether creams.

Growth of the organisms which resisted pasteurization was more rapid in the egg cream than in the cellulose ether cream at 18–20°, and was accompanied by development of putrid odours in the egg cream. No detectable growth took place in either cream after incubation at 1–8° for 22 days.

It is recommended that where refrigerated storage is not available, storage periods not exceeding 4–6 days and 3–4 days at 18–20° be adopted for cellulose ether and egg creams respectively.