bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
OBSERVATIONS ON AMOEBOID MOTION OF LIVING HAEMOCYTES IN THE WING VEINS OF BLABERUS GIGANTEUS (L.) (ORTHOPTERA: BLATTIDAE)
Authors: Arnold J. W.
Published: August 2008

Haemocytes with finely granular cytoplasm moved independently in partly occluded wing veins of B. giganteus by two related but fundamentally distinct methods: (a) typical amoeboid motion that occurred generally on unobstructed vein walls and was characterized by cytoplasmic streaming into amorphous pseudopodia, and (b) atypical amoeboid motion, without visible cytoplasmic streaming, that involved the projection of hyaline ectoplasm into tactile and adhesive filiform or lamellar pseudopodia. By the atypical method the cells became oriented and entered into confined spaces. Speed of movement varied but approximated 5 microns per minute with typical amoeboid motion and 3.5 with the atypical during pronounced cell migration. Haemocytes with hyaline cytoplasm, coarsely granular cytoplasm, or cytoplasm that contained numerous globules moved comparatively little and only by the atypical method.
A STUDY OF THE TERATOGENIC EFFECTS OF OPENING A WINDOW IN THE SHELL OF THE HEN'S EGG AT 24 HOURS OF INCUBATION
Authors: McCallion D. J. , Clarke R. B.
Published: August 2008

A window of about 1 sq. cm in area was cut in the shell of eggs of the domestic hen and the shell membrane removed at about 24 hours of incubation. The square of shell was replaced and sealed with paraffin. The eggs were incubated for a further 24 hours. At that time a large number of the embryos had developed characteristic abnormalities of the central nervous system. These abnormalities result from failure to close of the neural folds and are described by the term acleiencephaly.
MORE SHELL FIGURES AND NOTES ON BARNACLES
Authors: Cornwall Ira E.
Published: August 2008

More of the figures in the wall plates of sessile barnacles are shown and an English name, interlaminate figures, is suggested for them. It has been found that there are patterns, or markings, in the ala of the wall plates that could be used to identify some of the species that do not have figures in the wall plates. Several of these patterns are shown and the method of finding them is described.
A CANADIAN STRAIN OF ENTAMOEBA MOSHKOVSKII CHALAIA, 1941
Authors: Lachance Brother Philippe J.
Published: August 2008

A strain of Entamoeba moshkovskii, designated the F.I.C. strain, has been isolated from sewage material at Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Province of Quebec, Canada.
TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE OF GOLDFISH MAINTAINED UNDER CONTROLLED PHOTOPERIODS
Authors: Hoar William S. , Robertson G. Beth
Published: August 2008

Goldfish maintained under controlled photoperiods for 6 weeks or longer were relatively more resistant to a sudden elevation in temperature when the daily photoperiods had been long (16 hours) and relatively more resistant to sudden chilling when they had been short (8 hours). The magnitude of the effect varied with the season. Thyroid activity was slightly greater in fish maintained under the shorter photoperiods. The longer photoperiods stimulated more rapid growth of ovaries during late winter and early spring. The endocrine system is considered a link in the chain of events regulating seasonal variations in resistance to sudden temperature change.
LIFE HISTORY AND ECOLOGY OF HOROGENES CHRYSOSTICTOS GMELIN (HYMENOPTERA, ICHNEUMONIDAE), A PARASITE OF EPHESTIA SERICARIUM SCOTT (LEPIDOPTERA, PHYCITIDAE)
Authors: Fisher Roderick C.
Published: August 2008

Horogenes chrysostictos Gmelin, a common parasite of lepidopterous larvae, was reared in the laboratory in larvae of Ephestia cautella Walk., E. elutella Walk., E. sericarium Scott, Hofmannophila pseudospretella Staint., Endrosis sarcitrella L., Galleria mellonella L., and Achroia grisella Fab. The size and coloration of the adult and period of preimaginal development are regulated by the size and species of the host and environmental temperature. The duration of the egg stage and of the five larval instars are recorded over the viable temperature range. Characters are given which distinguish the first and fifth larval instars from those of Nemeritis canescens Grav., also a parasite of E. sericarium, and the rates of development of both species are compared over the range 15° to 30 °C. H. chrysostictos develops more quickly at all temperatures. Its sex ratio is usually 3 males: 2 females; the reproductive potential is highest at 25 °C with a mean of 39.4 progeny per female. The adult behavior in mating, host finding, and oviposition is described. Two modes of combat occur between supernumerary larvae in competition for the possession of their host: fighting with the mandibles between young first instar larvae, and combat by humoral inhibition which occurs between young first instar larvae and those in later instars. In both cases the older parasite survives competition.
THE ENERGETICS OF HARBOR SEALS IN AIR AND IN WATER WITH SPECIAL CONSIDERATION OF SEASONAL CHANGES
Authors: Hart J. S. , Irving L. , Mackenzie B.
Published: August 2008

The energetics of six harbor seals in air at temperatures from 25 °C to −20 °C and in water from 25 °C to 0 °C was studied in animals acclimatized to summer conditions at Woods Hole, Mass. Over the above temperature range, the temperature of skin of the back cooled from about 35° to 1° with lowering temperature of the medium. Temperatures of the flippers were less dependent upon the surroundings than those of the body skin. The dependence of metabolism upon temperature was operative below 2 °C in air and below 20 °C in water (the critical temperatures), but the body skin temperature at these critical temperatures was the same, viz. 21 °C. Metabolism in air and in water was the same over the range of comparable skin temperatures. Body insulation was equal in air and in water at the respective critical temperatures. The insulation index of the air was approximately 20 times that of the water. Heat conductivity of living blubber to water averaged 2.5 cal/cm2/hr/°C, which exceeded that reported for dead blubber by about 50%.When compared with seals tested at St. Andrews during December, summer seals had a higher critical temperature, a lower body insulation index at the critical temperature, and a warmer body skin temperature for the same metabolic rate. No seasonal changes were found in thermoneutral metabolic rate, and no discernible changes in skin temperatures or in thermal gradients in the blubber.
PHOCANEMA, A NEW GENUS FOR THE ANISAKID NEMATODE OF SEALS
Authors: Myers Betty J.
Published: August 2008

The anisakid nematode originally called Ascaris decipiens Krabbe, 1878, the adults of which occur in seals in the Atlantic off the eastern coast of Canada, is removed from the genera Porrocaecum and Terranova in which it has been variously placed and is made the type and only species of the new genus Phocanema. The hosts of the genus Porrocaecum are birds and the hosts of the genus Terranova are elasmobranchs.
TRIPLOIDY IN NATURAL POPULATIONS OF THE BLACK FLY CNEPHIA MUTATA (MALLOCH)
Authors: Basrur V. R. , Rothfels K. H.
Published: August 2008

Populations of Cnephia mutata in southern Ontario contain both diploid and triploid individuals. The diploid form is bisexual and lacks chromosomal polymorphism except for a rearrangement involved in its cytological sex determining mechanism. The triploids are parthenogenetic; they produce female progeny only and are highly heterozygous for inversions. The banding pattern of the salivary gland chromosomes of diploids and triploids is very similar; the identical standard sequence occurs in both. The complete lack of autosomal inversions in diploids contrasted with their abundance in triploids indicates that effective genetic exchange does not occur between the two forms; they are reproductively completely isolated, although opportunity for cross-mating would seem to exist. The origin of polyploid parthenogenetic forms in black flies is discussed and the view is favored that they are autopolyploid and automictic.
SEASONAL CHANGES IN THE CYTOLOGY OF THE OVARY AND OF THE PITUITARY GLAND OF THE GOLDFISH
Authors: Beach Alan Winston
Published: August 2008

Goldfish ova undergo maturation from November until the following July. Seasonal changes in the maturation and resorption of follicles were correlated with changes of the area of pituitary basophils in sagittal sections. Resorbing ova are found throughout the year but are more abundant at sexual maturity and particularly prominent in ovaries of fish which fail to spawn. Resorption is associated with a marked hypertrophy of the follicular granulosa and this layer is evidently responsible for the removal of egg contents. The cytology of the developing ova and of the hypertrophied granulosa of the resorbing follicle are described. The possible source of the ovarian hormones is discussed but the present study provides no evidence for the cells responsible for their production.
SOME EFFECTS OF OXYGEN IN RELATION TO TEMPERATURE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAKE TROUT EMBRYOS
Authors: Garside E. T.
Published: August 2008

Lake trout embryos were exposed to dissolved oxygen levels approximating 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, and 10.5 p.p.m. at each of four temperatures, 2.5 °C, 5.0 °C, 7.5 °C, and 10.0 °C, from fertilization to a late stage of development. The three low oxygen levels caused retardations in the developmental rates resulting in delayed hatching and lengthening of the hatching period, reduction of vitelline circulatory structures, and abnormalities of head and trunk. The low oxygen levels at 10 °C caused total mortality just prior to hatching. These results are discussed and compared with previous findings.
A SIMPLE METHOD FOR REARING PURE POPULATIONS OF THE FOLIAR NEMATODE, APHELENCHOIDES RITZEMABOSI, IN THE LABORATORY
Authors: Sanwal K. C.
Published: August 2008

A direct infestation method as a means of rearing pure populations of A phelenchoides ritzemabosi is described. A mature female is placed directly on the ventral surface of the leaf on a tiny droplet or a thin film of water. Reproduction takes place after successful entry of the nematode into the leaf tissue. The progeny of this female is then transferred to new leaves and the procedure is continued. Methods of maintaining high humidity around the leaves are described. The use of 'mist propagation frames' to enhance the spread of disease in greenhouse beds is recommended.
NUTRITION OF THE PALE WESTERN CUTWORM, AGROTIS ORTHOGONIA MORR. (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE): II. DRY MATTER AND NITROGEN ECONOMY OF LARVAE FED ON SPROUTS OF A HARD RED SPRING AND A DURUM WHEAT
Authors: Kasting R. , McGinnis A. J.
Published: August 2008

Dry matter and nitrogen balances, determined for individual instars of the pale western cutworm fed ad libitum on wheat sprouts, showed that reliable data were obtained for only the fourth, fifth, and sixth instars. During the larval period a single cutworm consumed about 10 g of fresh wheat sprouts containing about 25 mg of nitrogen. Of the consumed food, 40–50% of the dry matter and 60–70% of the nitrogen were excreted. Five days after the fifth molt the fresh weights of larvae fed on sprouts of durum wheat were significantly less than those fed on sprouts of the hard red spring wheat, but the dry weights were the same. The quantities of nitrogen found in excreta and body tissue approximated that consumed by the larvae. In contrast, however, much of the consumed dry matter (14–33%) could not be accounted for; recovery varied with variety. The percentage of the dry matter utilized, about 50%, remained constant during the last three instars. Nitrogen utilization by fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-instar larvae ranged between 25 and 45%. However, a consistently lower percentage of the nitrogen was utilized from Thatcher than from Golden Ball sprouts. On both varieties the lowest values were obtained in the sixth instar. In the excreta the percentages of insoluble dry matter, insoluble nitrogen, and volatile bases showed no consistent change during the last four instars. Seventy to eighty per cent of the excreted nitrogen was soluble in 80% ethanol, and about one-fifth of this was in the form of volatile bases. The variety of wheat sprouts fed had little, if any, effect on the composition of the excreta.
BLASTOCRITHIDIA N.G. (MASTIGOPHORA: PROTOMONADINA) FOR CRITHIDIA (IN PART), WITH A SUBARCTIC RECORD FOR B. GERRIDIS (PATTON)
Authors: Laird Marshall
Published: August 2008

Two quite distinct genera of the family Trypanosomidae Doflein have been confused under the name of Crithidia Léger, which, as shown by Wallace some years ago, is properly referable only to certain small, truncate insect flagellates having a stiff flagellum emerging from a funnelled anterior depression, and never at any stage possessing an undulating membrane. However, an error of 50 years' standing still results in the allocation to this genus of arthropod parasites characterized by a paranuclear kinetoplast from which a flexile flagellum proceeds anteriorly along the outer edge of an undulating membrane. It is now proposed that such flagellates be referred to Blastocrithidia n.g. The selected genotype, B. gerridis (Patton, 1908), a parasite of water striders (Hemiptera: Gerroidea), is recorded from northern Canada for the first time.
STUDIES ON DIPTEROUS PARASITES OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE): VII. AGRIA AFFINIS (FALL.) (DIPTERA : SARCOPHAGIDAE)
Authors: Coppel H. C. , House H. L. , Maw M. G.
Published: August 2008

Agria affinis (Fall.), a holarctic parasite of Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, and Hymenoptera and one of the more common of the native sarcophagid parasites of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) in British Columbia, deposits first stage larvae on or near the late larval and pupal stages of the host. The larvae penetrate the host integument and complete their development inside the host, dropping to the ground to overwinter as puparia. Adults emerge the following spring. The species was reared in the laboratory continuously on pork liver. Mated females had a prelarviposition period of about 21 days and deposited larvae for up to 45 days. Larval development was completed in 5 to 8 days, and at 21 ± 1 °C and 60% R.H. the puparia formed within 24 hours. The adults emerged from puparia after 10 to 14 days if dormancy did not intervene. A. affinis is propagated continuously in the laboratory, as the stock now appears to have no significant pupal diapause. Among the important characters for identifying its immature stages are the forms of the buccopharyngeal apparatus and of the anterior and posterior spiracles.
A STUDY OF THE MUSCULATURE OF THE BLACK WIDOW SPIDER, LATRODECTUS MACTANS (FABR.)
Authors: Whitehead W. F. , Rempel J. G.
Published: August 2008

By means of serial sections and dissection, 537 individual muscles were found in the adult female Latrodectus mactans, and 533 in the male. The absence of muscles in the male palpal pretarsus represents the only substantial difference found between the muscular systems of the two sexes. The musculature corresponds generally to that described for other species of spiders. Among muscles found in the black widow spider, but not described in other spiders, are those of the coxal gland, the colulus, the ampullate silk duct, and the mid-gut, and some of the muscles of the pedicel, abdomen, and abdominal appendages. The muscles designated "abdominal sac" by various authors are considered to be vestiges of a laterally placed dorsoventral musculature originally joining tergites and sternites. The nature of the intrinsic musculature of the palpi supports the belief that these appendages represent modified legs. Homologies are proposed between the muscles of the pedicel and those of the abdomen, between the extrinsic muscles of the spinnerets and those of the coxae of the legs, and between the intrinsic muscles of the lateral spinnerets and those acting on the trochanter of the legs.
MOSQUITOES (DIPTERA:CULICIDAE) IN IRRIGATED AREAS OF SOUTHERN ALBERTA AND THEIR SEASONAL CHANGES IN ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Shemanchuk J. A.
Published: August 2008

More than 95% of the mosquitoes in southern Alberta develop in waste irrigation water. Sixteen species of four genera in the subfamily Culicinae were identified, namely, Anopheles earlei, Culex tarsalis, Culiseta inornata, Culiseta alaskaensis, Aedes vexans, A. cinereus, A. dorsalis, A. campestris, A. spencerii, A. flavescens, A. nigromaculis, A. riparius, A. sticticus, A. intrudens, A. cataphylla, A. melanimon; and two species in the subfamily Chaoborinae, namely, Chaoborus americanus and C. flavicans. Weekly index of the number of larvae and pupae as the average number per dip multiplied by the area in square yards, and total weekly trap catches of adults of the seven most common species were computed for each of three irrigation districts, representing distinctly different farming practices. Adults were more numerous in a sheltered than in an open site, the males noticeably more so than the females. Mosquitoes were more abundant in the older than in the newer irrigated districts, and improper farming and water-management practices favored increase in numbers, even in well-planned irrigation districts.
THE DIURNAL ACTIVITY OF THE LARGER INVERTEBRATES AT THE SURFACE OF LAC LA RONGE, SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Mundie J. H.
Published: August 2008

Horizontal hauls were made with a pair of large plankton nets at the surface of a large lake to determine the 24-hour emergence cycle of chironomid midges rising from different depths and to investigate the occurrence of the larger invertebrates at the surface. Chironomid pupae ascend mainly in the hours of darkness and emergence may be immediate, as in Psilotanypus rufovittatus, or delayed for several hours, as in Procladius choreus. A migration to the surface at night is demonstrated for Mysis relicta and the amphipods Pontoporeia affinis and Hyalella azteca. Chironomid larvae and a variety of other invertebrates also occur at the surface. The findings show that many benthic animals are less static in their distribution than is commonly accepted.
THE OSMOREGULATORY ROLE OF THE THYROID GLAND IN THE STARRY FLOUNDER, PLATICHTHYS STELLATUS
Authors: Hickman Jr. Cleveland P.
Published: August 2008

Energy demands for osmotic regulation and the possible osmoregulatory role of the thyroid gland were investigated in the euryhaline starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus. Using a melting-point technique, it was established that flounder could regulate body fluid concentration independently of widely divergent environmental salinities. Small flounder experienced more rapid disturbances of body fluid concentration than large flounder after abrupt salinity alterations.The standard metabolic rate of flounder adapted to fresh water was consistently and significantly less than that of marine flounder. In supernormal salinities standard metabolic rate was significantly greater than in normal sea water. These findings agree with the theory that energy demands for active electrolyte transport are greater in sea water than fresh water.Thyroid activity was studied in flounder adapted to fresh water and salt water. Percentage uptake of radioiodine by the thyroid was shown to be an insensitive and inaccurate criterion for evaluating thyroid activity in different salinities because removal rates of radioiodine from the body and blood differed between fresh water and marine flounder. Using thyroid clearance of radioiodine from the blood as a measure of activity, salt-water flounder were shown to have much greater thyroid clearance rates and, hence, more active thyroid glands than flounder adapted to fresh water. The greater activity of the thyroid of marine flounder correlates with greater oxygen demands in sea water and suggests a direct or adjunctive osmoregulatory role of the thyroid gland of fish.
OBSERVATIONS ON SOME INSECT PREDATORS OF BLACK FLIES (DIPTERA:SIMULIIDAE) OF ALGONQUIN PARK, ONTARIO
Authors: Peterson B. V. , Davies D. M.
Published: August 2008

Insect predators of black flies are common although their predatory acts are infrequently observed. Observations are presented on black-fly predation by various species of the dipterous families Empididae, Dolichopodidae, Ephydridae, and Tendipedidae. A case of cannibalism among larvae of Simulium venustum is reported. Other insect predators of black flies mentioned include various species of Trichoptera, especially species of the genus Hydropsyche; Hymenoptera; and Odonata. Non-insect predators of simuliids that are mentioned include spiders, and a leech, Haemopis marmorata (Say). In Algonquin Park, Ontario, larvae of species of the trichopteran genus Hydropsyche appeared to be the most important predators of simuliid larvae, while dance flies were the most important predators of adult black flies.
VARIATION, SEXUAL DIMORPHISM, AND MATURITY IN A QUEBEC POPULATION OF THE COMMON SNAPPING TURTLE, CHELYDRA SERPENTINA
Authors: Mosimann James E. , Bider J. Roger
Published: August 2008

An analysis was made of a sample of 55 snapping turtles, Chelydra serpentina, from a single locality in southern Quebec. The variation studied is regarded as being representative of that of a single population of the species. Analysis of covariance was used in studying dimorphism in various measurements. Conclusions reached are: (a) the sex ratio is one; (b) males grow to a larger size than females; (c) males and females become mature at a carapace length of about 200 millimeters; (d) the ratio precloacal distance over posterior lobe of the plastron gives a practical index for sex determination in adults; (e) there is a set of small but interrelated changes correlated with a greater precloacal distance in the male: These are that males have the plastron shifted forward slightly, have the bridge slightly longer relative to plastron length, and have the posterior lobe of the plastron slightly shorter relative to plastron length; (f) the precloacal length of the male (which area accommodates the penis) grows relatively faster than carapace length; the precloacal length of the female grows at the same relative rate as carapace length; (g) there is virtually no dimorphism in shell dimensions nor in head width.
POPULATION PROCESSES IN THE VOLE AND THEIR RELEVANCE TO GENERAL THEORY
Authors: Chitty Dennis
Published: August 2008

No animal population continues to increase indefinitely, and the problem is to find out what prevents this. Increase among voles is halted by declines that recur fairly regularly, and can be identified by certain associated characteristics as belonging to a single class of events. By examining enough of these instances, and contrasting them with control populations that are expanding, conventional types of answer to the problem can be eliminated. According to field evidence the individuals in a declining vole population are intrinsically less viable than their predecessors, and changes in the severity of their external mortality factors are insufficient to account for the increased probability of death. On the assumption that vole populations are a special instance of a general law, the hypothesis is set up that all species are capable of regulating their own population densities without destroying the renewable resources of their environment, or requiring enemies or bad weather to keep them from doing so. The existence of such a mechanism would not imply that it is always efficient, especially in situations to which a species is not adapted, or that species do not also occur in environments where the mechanism seldom, if ever, comes into effect. The hypothesis states that, under appropriate circumstances, indefinite increase in population density is prevented through a deterioration in the quality of the population. The hypothesis can be falsified, or shown to be irrelevant to a particular situation, by proving that there are no significant differences between expanding, stationary, and declining populations in the distribution of the properties of the individuals. Tests of this hypothesis are relevant to all theories about the factors limiting animal numbers, since the effects of most mortality factors depend upon properties of the organisms, and it cannot safely be assumed that so important an environmental variable as population density has no effect on the physiology of the individual or the genetics of the population. Contrary to the assumption often made, it is therefore a priori improbable that the action of the physical factors is independent of population density. It is therefore postulated that the effects of independent events, such as weather, become more severe as numbers rise and quality falls. This hypothesis, if true, overcomes two of the difficulties often met with in population studies: that there is no consistent evidence of (a) the mortality factors that are themselves influenced by population density in the manner required by one system of thought, or (b) the climatic catastrophes required by other systems.
THE MAINTENANCE OF ECHINOCOCCUS MULTILOCULARIS SIBIRICENSIS WITHOUT THE DEFINITIVE HOST
Authors: Lubinsky G.
Published: August 2008

Hydatid cysts of Echinococcus multilocularis sibiricensis have been transplanted serially from cotton rat to cotton rat. These cysts have also proved transferable to white mice and gerbils. Hydatid cysts of the fourth transfer produced scoleces and were infective to dogs.
THE FIRST FILLING OF THE SWIM BLADDER IN SALMONOIDS
Authors: Tait J. S.
Published: August 2008

Salmo trutta, S. gairdneri, Cristivomer namaycush, and Coregonus clupeaformis failed to fill their swim bladders while being reared without access to an air surface for 84, 50, 22, and 56 weeks after hatching, respectively. When given access to an air surface they filled them. It is concluded that, like other physostomes, they must swallow air for the initial filling, but even if filling is delayed their pneumatic ducts remain open. In control trout, filling occurred at the beginning of feeding, and in whitefish controls, 2 to 3 months after hatching (at 20–22 mm length). Lake trout fry with unfilled swim bladders swam up vertical distances ranging up to 900 ft without marked fatigue, indicating that fish hatched in deep water can swim to the surface with relative ease to fill their swim bladders.
THE OLFACTORY APPARATUS OF PETROMYZON MARINUS L.
Authors: Kleerekoper H. , Erkel G. A. Van
Published: August 2008

The olfactory organ of Petromyzon marinus was studied anatomically and histologically in adult and larval forms and compared with that of related cyclostomes as reported in the literature. The single olfactory organ of this species consists of three parts: the nasal tube, the olfactory sac, and a nasopharyngeal pouch. The tube is lined with indifferent epithelium and contains a valve at the entrance of the sac. The valve directs a jet stream of water into the sac when water penetrates the nasal tube. The structure of the valve allows it to reverse its position when water is expelled from the organ. The sac or nasal chamber is divided by 25 folds of its walls, 13 on the right, 12 on the left side. One of the folds, in median dorsoventral position, divides the sac into two chambers but for the anterior extremity of the sac. The folds are lined with epithelium which contains the olfactory cells. The latter are not distributed evenly in the epithelium but are limited to those areas of the folds which face a neighboring fold. The peaks and valleys of the folds are lined with indifferent epithelium. The connective tissue in the posterior and dorsoposterior regions of the sac contains clusters of cells within blood sinuses. These clusters are the accessory olfactory organ; no open communication could be found between the clusters of cells forming this organ and any other part of the olfactory organ. The organ is innervated by rami of the n. olfactorius which is formed by the sensory cells of the folds in the nasal sac. The whole is surrounded by the cartilaginous nasal capsule. The pouch is a continuation of the nasal tube in ventral and ventrocaudal direction and lies between the digestive tract and the nasal sac and brain. Its posterior part is enlarged laterally and ends as a blind pouch at the level of the second internal gill opening. Since the pouch is not protected by rigid cartilage it is subject to the rhythmic contractions and relaxations of the respiratory muscles and body walls, thus sucking in water during the inspiration and expelling it during the expiration phase.
THYROIDAL CONTROL OF RADIOPHOSPHORUS METABOLISM IN YEARLING SALMON, SALMO SALAR L.
Authors: Srivastava P. N.
Published: August 2008

In one experiment yearling Salmo salar L. treated with 0.3% thiourea for a fortnight absorbed 50.3% of P32 from the water whereas in control they could utilize only 40.1%. The uptake in various tissues (bone, liver, kidney, and muscles) was always more in treated fishes than in control. In a second experiment the utilization of radiophosphorus was minimum (39%) in control, more (52%) in thiourea-injected fishes, and maximum (63%) in thyroxine-injected ones. The turnover time of P32 was slower in control than the treated fishes. It is suggested that in the thiourea-treated fishes stimulation of the thyroid is indirect (by thyrotropin secreted by the pituitary gland) whereas in the thyroxine-injected fishes the stimulation is direct and so the P32 utilization is maximum. Thus the thyroid stimulates mineral metabolism.
THE ORIGIN OF THE PROTUBERANCE ON THE INNER SURFACE OF THE EGG CAPSULE OF CYSTIDICOLA CRISTIVOMERI
Authors: Anderson Roy C.
Published: August 2008

The origin of the small elevation on the inner surface at one end of the egg capsule of Cystidicola cristivomeri has been investigated and it is concluded that it represents the first polar body.
STUDIES ON THE TRANSAMINASE ACTIVITY OF MUSCLE TISSUE FROM ALLATECTOMIZED ROACHES, PERIPLANETA AMERICANA
Authors: Wang Shu-Yi , Dixon S. E.
Published: August 2008

The transaminase activity of roach muscle homogenate was measured by the spectrophotometric method for oxalacetic acid. The transaminase activity of muscle from allatectomized roaches of both sexes of adults and nymphs was significantly lower than in normal animals. There was also a significant difference between sexes. The reduction in transaminase activity of muscle from female adults was about twice that of male adults but between nymphs the difference due to sex was not nearly so striking. The activity of muscle tissue due to allatectomy was considerably more reduced in male nymphs than in male adults. The significance of these results is discussed.
NEMATODE PARASITES OF VERTEBRATES OF EAST PAKISTAN: IV. ASCAROID NEMATODES FROM AMPHIBIA, BIRDS, AND MAMMALS
Authors: Gupta S. P.
Published: August 2008

Three new species, Porrocaecum (P.) haliasturi sp. nov., Aplectana agubernaculum sp. nov., and A plectana asiatica sp. nov., are described from Dacca, East Pakistan, and four species, Contracaecum (C.) haliaëti (Baylis and Daubney, 1923), Heterakis spumosa (Schneider, 1866), Heterakis beramporia (Lane, 1914), and Meteterakis govindi (Karve, 1930) Inglis, 1957, redescribed. Toxocara mystax (Zeder, 1800) and Heterakis gallinae (Gmelin, 1790) Freeborn, 1923 are recorded from the domestic cat and fowl.
ON THE MORPHOLOGY AND LIFE HISTORY OF PHOCANEMA DECIPIENS (KRABBE, 1878) MYERS, 1959 (NEMATODA:ANISAKIDAE)
Authors: Myers B. J.
Published: August 2008

Phocanema (synonyms: Porrocaecum, Terranova) decipiens is described in detail and its probable life cycle outlined. Eggs deposited in salt water develop and hatch in 7 to 14 days at between 10 °C and 24 °C, even after previous freezing. Temperatures over 24 °C are lethal. Larvae fed to a large variety of invertebrates passed quickly through their intestines still alive; fed to fish, they disappeared within 24 hours but in one case a larva was found ensheathed in the intestine. No larvae were found in 'wild' invertebrates although many were infected with free-living nematodes. It is concluded that, while numerous invertebrates may act as 'transport' hosts for the larva to a fish, none acts as a true intermediate host. While larvae infective to seals occur commonly in the muscles of cod, a large variety of other fish are also infected and are a more probable source of infection. Development to maturity in the seal takes approximately three weeks, and it is probable that the main source of the infection in the Gulf of St, Lawrence is the harp seal, although harbor and grey seals also contribute to it.
ON SOME ORNITHOPHILIC BLOOD-SUCKING DIPTERA IN ALGONQUIN PARK, ONTARIO, CANADA
Authors: Bennett Gordon F.
Published: August 2008

A useful technique was devised for the collection of biting Diptera after they had fed on various birds exposed in dissimilar habitats in Algonquin Park. As a result, the following species of ornithophilic Simuliidae and Ceratopogonidae, including four new species and other species the feeding habits of which were previously unknown, were collected: Simulium aureum., "latipes", quebecense, croxtoni, rugglesi, subexcisum (Edw. of Twinn, 1936), Simulium "H", Simulium (Eusimulium) n.sp., Prosimulium decemarticulatum, Cnephia invenusta, Cnephia "U", Culicoides sphagnumensis, stilobezzioides, Culicoides n.sp. near piliferus. Several species of Culicidae and Tabanidae which would also feed on birds are listed.The data further indicated that the simuliids and ceratopogonids showed host and habitat preferences; these preferences were particularly marked among certain species such as Simulium rugglesi and Culicoides n.sp. near piliferus. The simuliids occurred commonly from May 20 through mid-July; ceratopogonids from June 2 through mid-July. Woodland simuliids usually fed at dusk while lake shore simuliids fed in the early evening; biting midges were crepuscular to nocturnal. Other miscellaneous observations on feeding behavior are included.
A HISTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF THE SECRETIONS IN THE PRINCIPAL SALIVARY GLANDS OF THE LARGE MILKWEED BUG, ONCOPELTUS FASCIATUS (DALLAS)
Authors: Salkeld E. H.
Published: August 2008

Each lobe of the trilobed principal salivary gland of the adult large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas), contains a chemically different secreted product. Histochemical tests suggest that the secretion of the anterior lobe is composed of muco- or glyco-protein and neutral mucopolysaccharide. The secretion of the lateral lobe is mainly lipoproteinaceous, while that of the posterior lobe appears to be a mucoprotein. It is suggested that the secretion of the anterior lobe may form the stylet sheath; the secretions of the posterior and lateral lobes are more likely to have a digestive function.
DESCRIPTION OF HAEMOPROTEUS CANACHITES N. SP. (SPOROZOA:HAEMOPROTEIDAE) AND SPOROGONY IN CULICOIDES (DIPTERA:CERATOPOGONIDAE)
Authors: Fallis A. M. , Bennett G. F.
Published: August 2008

Haemoproteus canachites n. sp. is described from stained blood smears from a spruce grouse (Canachites canadensis L.). The sporogonic cycle in Culicoides sphagnumensis Williams is described and illustrated. Infection was produced in ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus L.) injected with sporozoites from biting midges in which sporogony had taken place. The cycle is similar to that for Haemoproteus nettionis (Johnson and Cleland) in Culicoides.
INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS AND SPECIATION IN THE GENUS ACHETA (ORTHOPTERA, GRYLLIDAE)
Authors: Bigelow R. S.
Published: August 2008

Acheta rubens produced interspecific hybrids with both the "northern spring species" (NSS) and assimilis in the laboratory, but not with pennsylvanicus; assimilis crossed with both rubens and pennsylvanicus but not with NSS; NSS crossed only with rubens; pennsylvanicus crossed only with assimilis. All other attempts to cross the four species failed. Over 2500 assimilis × rubens hybrids were produced within [Formula: see text] months; less than 1000 rubens × NSS hybrids were produced over about 18 months. The developmental rate of males carrying rubens X chromosomes was extremely slow in both rubens × assimilis and rubens × NSS hybrids; hybrid males carrying either assimilis or NSS X chromosomes, and all hybrid females, developed at normal rates, or at rates intermediate between those of the parental species. The songs of certain hybrid males were intermediate between those of the parental species in certain features but resembled the song of one parental species in other features. Fertile backcross males and females were produced by rubens × NSS hybrid females but the viability and fertility of the offspring of these specimens were abnormally low; both backcross and F2 nymphs have been produced by rubens × assimilis hybrids. The incubation periods of hybrid eggs laid by pennsylvanicus females were less than half those of normal pennsylvanicus eggs at the same temperature.
HOST RELATIONSHIPS OF APHIDIUS TESTACEIPES (CRESSON) AND PRAON AGUTI (SMITH), PRIMARY PARASITES OF APHIDS
Authors: Sekhar P. S.
Published: August 2008

The host relationships of the braconid Aphidius testaceipes with the aphids Aphis gossypii and Myzus persicae, and those of another, Praon aguti, with the aphids Macrosiphum rosae and Macrosiphum pisi were ascertained. Another aphid host, Myzus circumflexus, was common to both.A. testaceipes preferred A. gossypii on squash to the aphid on hibiscus, and M. persicae on tobacco to that on radish. P. aguti did not show such plant host discrimination. Although A. testaceipes preferred M. persicae to A. gossypii, the latter was more suitable for successful parasitization, while M. rosae, the preferred host of P. aguti, was more suitable than M. pisi. During the extended absence of preferred hosts, the species indiscriminately attacked various stages of an unusual host, M. circumflexus, the number of attacks exceeding that on preferred hosts. Cases of successful parasitization were few, giving rise to abnormally small offspring incapable of effecting successful parasitization.The parasite species were very active on warm sunny days at temperature 29 °C and relative humidity 72%, and they performed the maximum number of strikes at 29 °C and 28 °C respectively. A decrease in the field population of A. testaceipes coincided with an abundance of the hyperparasite Asaphes fletcheri (Crawford).
THE VARIABILITY OF THE NUMBER OF ROSTELLAR HOOKS IN TWO SPECIES OF ECHINOCOCCUS FROM NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Lubinsky G.
Published: August 2008

Examination of six populations of E. multilocularis sibiricensis and nine populations of the Canadian Echinococcus has shown that in all of them the number of rostellar hooks was extremely variable. Over 90% of scoleces of the first species had from 20 to 32 hooks, the mode being 28. Over 90% of scoleces from the second species had from 28 to 40 hooks, the mode being 32. The difference between the populations was always statistically significant, despite a considerable overlap of the summary variation curves. Of the scoleces of the Canadian E. granulosus, 98.5% lie within the limits of variation pointed out by Leuckart for the European E. granulosus, 28 to 50 hooks.
NOSEMA CERASIVORANAE N.SP., A MICROSPORIDIAN PARASITE OF THE UGLY-NEST CATERPILLAR, ARCHIPS CERASIVORANA (FITCH)
Authors: Thomson H. M.
Published: August 2008

A microsporidian parasite, Nosema cerasivoranae n. sp., is described from the ugly-nest caterpillar, Archips cerasivorana (Fitch). This parasite primarily attacks the malpighian tubules and silk glands although other tissues are also infected.
CONTAGIOUS DISTRIBUTION IN THE EUROPEAN RED MITE, PANONYCHUS ULMI (KOCH), AND A METHOD OF GRADING POPULATION DENSITIES FROM A COUNT OF MITE-FREE LEAVES
Authors: Pielou D. P.
Published: August 2008

Examination of a large number of 100-leaf samples shows that the European red mite is distributed contagiously, not randomly, on leaves of apple trees. When the mean number of mites per leaf is plotted against the proportion of mite-free leaves for the corresponding sample, the points fall in a narrow zone, steepest and narrowest at the lower densities. Following application of miticides to heavily infested trees, it is usual to summarize the findings of the tests by grading the performance of the chemicals as excellent, good, etc. according to mite density as determined by s total count from the 100-leaf sample. A method is outlined, in which, by making use of plotted values, a count of mite-free leaves only is sufficient to allow the assessment of performance in such categories.
EVOLUTION OF CRANIAL STRUCTURE IN ADULT COLEOPTERA
Authors: DuPorte E. Melville
Published: August 2008

The variety in the structure of the cranium is due largely to the disproportionate growth of its sclerites. The epifrons may grow anteriorly at the expense of the frons until the latter is almost or completely suppressed and the antennal sockets lie near or against the clypeus. The parietals may also grow laterally and invade the ventral side where they may form a considerable portion of the ventral wall at the expense of the postgenae.The clypeus may either contract or expand. Its lateral lobes, the anterior condyles of the mandibles, are usually separated from the body of the clypeus by sutures. The anterior tentorial pits retain their primitive position against the clypeus at the level of the mouth.New evidence is given for the origin of the gula by sclerotization of the neck membrane between ventral extensions of the postoccipital ridge which now form the gular ridges. The gula may be partially or completely suppressed by the mesal growth of the postgenae.The basal limit of the submentum may be defined by a line drawn through the ends of the postoccipital or gular ridges but, rarely, the mesal growth of the postgenae may crowd out its proximal region and thus a postgenal bridge is interposed between the gula and the definitive submentum.
THE EFFECT OF WIND AND MOISTURE ON HEAT LOSS THROUGH THE FUR OF NEWBORN CARIBOU
Authors: Lentz C. P. , Hart J. S.
Published: August 2008

The effects of air velocity and direction and of wetness on rate of heat transfer were studied in tests with samples of fur from five caribou calves. The rate of heat transfer through this fur increased by a factor of two to three with increase in air velocity from a negligible level (natural convection) to 23 m/second (direction parallel to sample). The effect of air velocity varied markedly (up to ±50% at 23 m/second) with inclination of the sample to the direction of air movement. Spraying water on the fur increased its rate of heat transfer markedly; addition of water equivalent to 10–12% of the volume of the fur doubled the rate of heat transfer. Other factors, such as erectness of the fur, direction of the hairs or "grain" of the fur with respect to the direction of air movement, and wetness of the skin also affected heat transfer. Differences between samples were large and did not appear to depend directly on the physical characteristics measured.
ANOTHER HYMENOLEPID WITH GREAT MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION, HYMENOLEPIS BENNETTI N. SP. (CESTODA) FROM NAPAEOZAPUS INSIGNIS ALGONQUINENSIS PRINCE
Authors: Freeman Reino S.
Published: August 2008

Hymenolepis bennetti n. sp. is described from Napaeozapus insignis algonquinensis Prince and Peromyscus maniculatus gracilis (LeConte) from Algonquin Park, Ontario. This cestode varies widely in the arrangement and number (one to eight) of testes, although 53% of the proglottides from seven worms were tritesticular and the majority of these had one testis poral and two antiporal. There were a number of abnormalities, mostly associated with unusual or incomplete segmentation of the proglottides. Anteroposterior reversal of proglottides also occurred. A number of Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Crustacea (Porcellionidae), and Mollusca, which ate cestode eggs, did not become infected.
TAXONOMIC POSITION OF MACROLAIMUS PAPILLATUS (RAHM, 1928) GOODEY, 1951, STATUS OF DIASTOLAIMUS RAHM, 1928, AND EMENDED DIAGNOSES OF CHAMBERSIELLIDAE AND CHAMBERSIELLA COBB, 1920 (NEMATODA)
Authors: Sanwal K. C.
Published: August 2008

Diastolaimus papillatus Rahm, 1928, is removed from synonymy with Macrolaimus papillatus (Rahm, 1928) Goodey, 1951, and transferred to the genus Chambersiella Cobb, 1920. The diagnoses of the family Chambersiellidae (Thorne, 1937) Sanwal, 1957, and the genus Chambersiella are emended to include forms with simple hairlike cephalic setae and postvulvar uterine branch. A key to species of the genus Chambersiella is given.
MANISTRONGYLUS MEYERI (TRAVASSOS, 1937) GEN. NOV., AND NECATOR AMERICANUS FROM THE PANGOLIN
Authors: Cameron Thomas W. M. , Myers Betty J.
Published: August 2008

Manistrongylus gen. nov. is proposed for the trichostrongyle previously described as Trichoskrjabinia costata. The present material was obtained from Manis pentadactyla pentadactyla from Formosa. Necator americanus is recorded from the same host.
A NEW NEMATODE OF THE GENUS CUCULLANUS (CAMALLANATA: CUCULLANIDAE) FROM A FLOUNDER, PAROPHRYS VETULUS GIRARD, 1854, WITH NOTES ON THE SPECIES FROM PLEURONECTIFORMES
Authors: Margolis L.
Published: August 2008

Cucullanus annulatus n. sp., parasitic in the intestine of the pleuronectiform fish Parophrys vetulus Girard from coastal waters of British Columbia, is described. The species of Cucullanus known from Pleuronectiformes are reviewed. Cucullanus wülkeri Kreis is considered a synonym of C. heterochrous (Rudolphi).
NEMATODE PARASITES FROM VERTEBRATES TAKEN ON LAN YÜ, FORMOSA: I. NEMATODES FROM RATTUS RATTUS
Authors: Myers Betty J. , Kuntz Robert E.
Published: August 2008

Capillaria sp., Globocephalus sp., Gongylonema orientale, Heterakis spumosa, Nippostrongylus braziliensis, Protospirura muricola, Rictularia tani, and Syphacia sp. were recovered in this survey of the nematode parasites of 80 Rattus rattus.
A HISTOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE INTESTINAL LESIONS INDUCED BY ECHINORHYNCHUS LAGENIFORMIS (ACANTHOCEPHALA—ECHINORHYNCHIDAE) IN THE STARRY FLOUNDER
Authors: Prakash A. , Adams James R.
Published: August 2008

Echinorhynchus lageniformis Ekbaum, 1938, a common acanthocephalan parasite of the starry flounder, causes extensive damage to the intestinal wall of the host. The female parasite appears to penetrate more deeply than the male and induces formation of a chronic nodular outgrowth outside the intestinal wall. A histopathological study of the early and advanced lesions is reported.
THE MINIMUM DOSAGE OF THIOUREA EFFECTIVELY INHIBITING THYROXINE SYNTHESIS IN THE FLOUNDER (PLATICHTHYS STELLATUS)
Authors: Kinnear J. E.
Published: August 2008

Thiourea in concentrations of 0.0025%, 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.02%, and 0.03% prevented the synthesis of thyroxine by the thyroid gland of the starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus). Concentrations of 0.001%, 0.0005%, and 0.0001% thiourea were not inhibitory. Concentrations of 0.005%–0.03% thiourea were effective for over 9 weeks. Flounder exposed to thiourea retained relatively little I131 in their thyroids. Although the synthesis of thyroxine was completely blocked by the inhibiting concentrations of thiourea, some synthesis of monoiodotyrosine and diiodotyrosine occurred.
NEMATODE PARASITES FROM TURKISH VERTEBRATES: AN ANNOTATED LIST
Authors: Schad G. A. , Kuntz R. E. , Wells W. H.
Published: August 2008

An annotated list of nematodes recovered from 35 species of Turkish vertebrates is presented. In addition to information enabling improved taxonomic characterization of several species, the annotations describe Heligmosomum sp., a parasite of Crocidura russula, and discuss the value of the dorsal ray in distinguishing between species of the Heligmosomidae. Observations are made on the parasitic stages in the life history of Angusticaecum holopterum and their distribution in the host. Notes are given on the recognition of the genus Pseudophysaloptera, and the male of Rictularia proni is described.
THE COURSE OF BLOOD CIRCULATION IN MATURE EMBRYOS OF THE COCKROACH BLABERUS GIGANTEUS (L.) (ORTHOPTERA:BLATTIDAE)
Authors: Arnold J. W.
Published: August 2008

In mature embryos of B. giganteus the blood circulated vigorously through definite and often intricate pathways. Although the course through major sinuses depended upon the structure and location of organs and muscles and on the propulsive force of the heart, the direction of flow in the appendages and through the narrow spaces among the tissues was governed also by the aspirative force of adjacent major currents. The course of circulation is described in detail for each region of the body with special emphasis on that in the head. The structure and action of the frontal pulsatile organs is also described.