bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What we know that could influence future treatment of phenylketonuria
Authors: Sarkissian C. N. , Gámez A. , Scriver C. R.
Published: July 2008

Phenylketonuria (PKU), a Mendelian autosomal recessive phenotype (OMIM 261600), is an inborn error of metabolism that can result in impaired postnatal cognitive development. The phenotypic outcome is multifactorial in origin, based both in nature, the mutations in the gene encoding thel‐phenylalanine hydroxylase enzyme, and nurture, the nutritional experience introducingl‐phenylalanine into the diet. The PKU story contains many messages including a framework to appreciate the complexity of this disease where phenotype reflects both locus‐specific and genomic components. This knowledge is now being applied in the development of patient‐specific therapies.
Histomorphometric analysis of an adolescent distal tibial physis prior to growth plate closure
Authors: White Jeremy Russell , Wilsman Norman J. , Leiferman Ellen M. , Noonan Kenneth J.
Published: July 2008

Purpose

Our current understanding of the rate and pattern of physeal closure is based on roentgenographic, magnetic resonance imaging, and qualitative histological studies. The purpose of this report is to provide a detailed histomorphometric/stereological analysis of a distal tibial human growth plate in the process of physiological epiphysiodesis.

Methods

A human distal tibial growth plate was sampled in three regions (anterior, central, and posterior), with each region further separated medially, in the middle, and laterally. The regions were assessed for the location and extent of bony bar formation as well as for physeal height. Companion sections from optimally fixed tissue in the distal 100 µm of the hypertrophic zone were analyzed for hypertrophic chondrocytic volumes.

Results

Physis closure started in the middle of the central region of the growth plate, with 46% of the volume in this area occupied by trans-physeal bridging bone. The growth plate was also narrowed with the lowest physeal heights evident in the middle of the central and anterior regions of the physis. Disruption of the regular columns of the physis was evident with the cells arranged in clusters with intervening areas of acellularity. The average hypertrophic cell volume was 5,900 µm3 and did not significantly differ between different areas of the physis.

Conclusions

This is the first characterization of closure in a human distal tibial growth plate via optimum fixation and stereological techniques. The studied physis was during the earliest phases of closure and provides stereological support that the distal tibial physis closes in a central to medial direction.
IRF2‐binding protein‐1 is a JDP2 ubiquitin ligase and an inhibitor of ATF2‐dependent transcription
Authors: Kimura Makoto
Published: July 2008

MINT‐6699624:

JDP2 (uniprotkb:Q8WYK2) physically interacts (MI:0218) with Valyl-tRNA synthetase (uniprotkb:P26640), IRF2-BP1 (uniprotkb:Q8IU81), ATF7 (uniprotkb:P17544), EEF1G (uniprotkb:P26641), EEF1A1 (uniprotkb:P68104), JUND (uniprotkb:P17535), JUNB (uniprotkb:P17275), EF1D2 (uniprotkb:P29692) and RPLP0 (uniprotkb:P05388) by anti tag coimmunoprecipitation (MI:0007).

MINT‐6699850:

JDP2 (uniprotkb:Q8WYK2) binds (MI:0407) to IRF2-BP1 (uniprotkb:Q8IU81) by pull down (MI:0096).

MINT‐6699684:

JDP2 (uniprotkb:Q8WYK2) physically interacts (MI:0218) with JUNB (uniprotkb:P17275), JUND (uniprotkb:P17535), ATF7 (uniprotkb:P17544) and IRF2-BP1 (uniprotkb:Q8IU81) by anti tag coimmunoprecipitation (MI:0007).

MINT‐6699839:

IRF2-BP1 (uniprotkb:Q8IU81) physically interacts (MI:0218) with JDP2 (uniprotkb:Q8WYK2) by anti bait coimmunoprecipitation (MI:0006).

MINT‐6699748:

JDP2 (uniprotkb:Q8WYK2) physically interacts (MI:0218) with ATF2 (uniprotkb:P15336) and c-JUN (uniprotkb:P05412) by anti tag coimmunoprecipitation (MI:0007).

MINT‐6699865:

ATF2 (uniprotkb:P15336) binds (MI:0407) to IRF2-BP1 (uniprotkb:Q8IU81) by pull down (MI:0096).
Small‐interference RNA‐mediated knock‐down of aldehyde oxidase 1 in 3T3‐L1 cells impairs adipogenesis and adiponectin release
Authors: Weigert Johanna , Neumeier Markus , Bauer Sabrina , Mages Wolfgang , Schnitzbauer Andreas A. , Obed Aiman , Gröschl Benedikt , Hartmann Arndt , Schäffler Andreas , Aslanidis Charalampos , Schölmerich Jürgen , Buechler Christa
Published: July 2008

Aldehyde oxidase 1 (AOX1) is highly abundant in the liver and oxidizes aldehydes thereby generating reactive oxygen species. Enzymes involved in detoxification of aldehydes are expressed in adipocytes and alter adipogenesis, therefore the functional role of AOX1 in adipocytes was analyzed. AOX1 mRNA was higher in visceral compared to subcutaneous human adipose tissue but AOX1 protein was detected in both fat depots. AOX1 expression in adipocytes was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and immunoblot. AOX1 was induced during adipocytic differentiation and was downregulated by fenofibrate in differentiated cells. Knock‐down of AOX1 in preadipocytes led to impaired lipid storage and adiponectin release in the differentiated cells. These data indicate that AOX1 is essential for adipogenesis and may link energy and drug metabolism.
Structural and functional characterization of Staphylococcus aureus dihydrodipicolinate synthase
Authors: Girish Tavarekere S. , Sharma Eshita , Gopal B.
Published: July 2008

Lysine biosynthesis is crucial for cell‐wall formation in bacteria. Enzymes involved in lysine biosynthesis are thus potential targets for anti‐microbial therapeutics. Dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) catalyzes the first step of this pathway. Unlike its homologues, Staphylococcus aureus DHDPS is a dimer both in solution and in the crystal and is not feedback inhibited by lysine. The crystal structure of S. aureus DHDPS in the free and substrate bound forms provides a structural rationale for its catalytic mechanism. The structure also reveals unique conformational features of the S. aureus enzyme that could be crucial for the design of specific non‐competitive inhibitors.
Calcium pentosan polysulfate directly inhibits enzymatic activity of ADAMTS4 (aggrecanase‐1) in osteoarthritic chondrocytes
Authors: Takizawa Masayuki , Yatabe Taku , Okada Aiko , Chijiiwa Miyuki , Mochizuki Satsuki , Ghosh Peter , Okada Yasunori
Published: July 2008

Aggrecanases that include ADAMTS1, 4, 5, 8, 9 and 15 are considered to play key roles in aggrecan degradation in osteoarthritic cartilage. Here we demonstrate that calcium pentosan polysulfate (CaPPS) directly inhibits the aggrecanase activity of ADAMTS4 without affecting the mRNA expression of the ADAMTS species in interleukin‐1α‐stimulated osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Synthetic peptides corresponding to specific regions of the thrombospondin type 1 repeat, cysteine‐rich or spacer domain of ADAMTS4 inhibit the binding to immobilized CaPPS. These data suggest that CaPPS could function as chondroprotective agent for the treatment of osteoarthritis by inhibition of ADAMTS4 through interaction with the C‐terminal ancillary domain.
Stages of Late Palaeozoic deformation and intrusive activity in the western part of the North Patagonian Massif (southern Argentina) and their geotectonic implications
Authors: VON GOSEN W.
Published: July 2008

Analyses of structures in the western part of the North Patagonian Massif (southern Argentina) suggest a polyphase evolution, accompanied by continuous intrusive activity. The first two deformations (D1, D2) and metamorphism affected the upper Palaeozoic, partly possibly older Cushamen Formation clastic succession and different intrusive rocks. A second group of intrusions, emplaced after the second deformational episode (D2), in many places contain angular xenoliths of the foliated country rocks, indicating high intrusive levels with brittle fracturing of the crust. Deformation of these magmatic rocks presumably began during (the final stage of) cooling and continued under solid-state conditions. It probably coincided with the third deformational event (D3) in the country rocks. Based on published U–Pb zircon ages of deformed granitoids, the D2-deformation and younger event along with the regional metamorphism are likely to be Permian in age. An onset of the deformational and magmatic history during Carboniferous times, however, cannot be excluded. The estimated ~W–E to NE–SW compression during the D2-deformation, also affecting the first group of intrusive rocks, can be related to subduction beneath the western Patagonia margin or an advanced stage of collisional tectonics within extra-Andean Patagonia. The younger ~N–S to NE–SW compression might have been an effect of oblique subduction in the west and/or continuing collision-related deformation. As a cause for its deviating orientation, younger block rotations during strike-slip faulting cannot be excluded. The previous D2-event presumably also had an effect on compression at the northern Patagonia margin that was interpreted as result of Patagonia's late Palaeozoic collision with the southwestern Gondwana margin. With the recently proposed Carboniferous subduction and collision south of the North Patagonian Massif, the entire scenario might suggest that Patagonia consists of two different pieces that were amalgamated with southwestern Gondwana during Late Palaeozoic times.
Mesozoic non-marine petroleum source rocks determined by palynomorphs in the Tarim Basin, Xinjiang, northwestern China
Authors: JIANG DE-XIN , WANG YONG-DONG , ROBBINS ELEANORA I. , WEI JIANG , TIAN NING
Published: July 2008

The Tarim Basin in Northwest China hosts petroleum reservoirs of Cambrian, Ordovician, Carboniferous, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous and Tertiary ages. The sedimentary thickness in the basin reaches about 15 km and with an area of 560000 km2, the basin is expected to contain giant oil and gas fields. It is therefore important to determine the ages and depositional environments of the petroleum source rocks. For prospective evaluation and exploration of petroleum, palynological investigations were carried out on 38 crude oil samples collected from 22 petroleum reservoirs in the Tarim Basin and on additionally 56 potential source rock samples from the same basin. In total, 173 species of spores and pollen referred to 80 genera, and 27 species of algae and fungi referred to 16 genera were identified from the non-marine Mesozoic sources. By correlating the palynormorph assemblages in the crude oil samples with those in the potential source rocks, the Triassic and Jurassic petroleum source rocks were identified. Furthermore, the palynofloras in the petroleum provide evidence for interpretation of the depositional environments of the petroleum source rocks. The affinity of the miospores indicates that the petroleum source rocks were formed in swamps in brackish to lacustrine depositional environments under warm and humid climatic conditions. The palynomorphs in the crude oils provide further information about passage and route of petroleum migration, which is significant for interpreting petroleum migration mechanisms. Additionally, the thermal alternation index (TAI) based on miospores indicates that the Triassic and Jurassic deposits in the Tarim Basin are mature petroleum source rocks.
Gabbro, plagiogranite and associated dykes in the supra-subduction zone Evros Ophiolites, NE Greece
Authors: BONEV NIKOLAY , STAMPFLI GÉRARD
Published: July 2008

The incomplete Evros ophiolites in NE Greece form a NE–SW-oriented discontinuous belt in the Alpine orogen of the north Aegean. Field data, petrology and geochemistry are presented here for the intrusive section and associated mafic dykes of these ophiolites. Bodies of high-level isotropic gabbro and plagiogranite in the ophiolite suite are cross-cut by NE–SW-trending boninitic and tholeiitic–boninitic affinity dykes, respectively. The dykes fill tensile fractures or faults, which implies dyke emplacement in an extensional tectonic regime. The tholeiitic–transitional boninitic gabbro is REE- and HFS-depleted relative to N-MORB, indicating derivation from melting of a refractory mantle peridotite source. Associated boninitic dykes are slightly LREE-enriched, showing mineral and whole-rock geochemistry similar to the gabbro. The plagiogranite is a strongly REE-enriched high-silica trondhjemite, with textures and composition typical for an oceanic crust differentiate. Plagiogranite-hosted tholeiitic and transitional boninitic dykes are variably REE-enriched. Geochemical modelling indicates origin of the plagiogranite by up to 75 % fractional crystallization of basaltic magma similar to that producing the associated tholeiitic dykes. All mafic rocks have high LILE/HFSE ratios and negative Ta–Nb–Ti and Ce anomalies, typical for subduction zone-related settings. The mafic rocks show a similar trace-element character to the mafic lavas of an extrusive section in Bulgaria, suggesting they both form genetically related intrusive and extrusive suites of the Evros ophiolites. The field occurrence, the structural context, the petrology and geochemical signature of the studied magmatic assemblage provide evidence for its origin in a proto-arc (fore-arc) tectonic setting, thus tracing the early stages of the tectono-magmatic evolution of Jurassic arc-marginal basin system that has generated the supra-subduction type Evros ophiolites.
Environmental regulation of the estuarine copepods Acartia tonsa and Eurytemora americana during coexistence period
Authors: Hoffmeyer Mónica S. , Berasategui Anabela A. , Beigt Débora , Piccolo María C.
Published: July 2008

The seasonal dynamics of Acartia tonsa and the invader Eurytemora americana were analysed in relation to the environmental variability occurring from April to November in the Bahía Blanca Estuary. Twice a month, the abundance of eggs, nauplii, copepodites and adults was examined and some environmental variables were recorded. Multivariate statistics (CCA) was applied to analyse the data of variables. Acartia tonsa eggs and nauplii diminished from April–May and they were almost absent between June and September, although a small larval peak could be detected from the end of July to October. All the stages of this species increased in number through spring. Eurytemora americana was registered as from June and only nauplii larvae were observed, with a peak increase during September. Copepodites and adults were observed as from July, increasing in number until peaking at the end of September. The number of all stages of this species decreased abruptly, the whole population disappearing from the plankton. The A. tonsa developmental stages were most positively correlated with temperature, photoperiod and other light variables whereas those of E. americana showed positive correlations with chlorophyll-a and salinity. The gradients of the main environmental factors likely give rise to a certain niche separation facilitating the coexistence of the two copepod populations within the period studied.
The phenomenology of inner speech: comparison of schizophrenia patients with auditory verbal hallucinations and healthy controls
Authors: Langdon R. , Jones S. R. , Connaughton E. , Fernyhough C.
Published: July 2008

Background

Despite the popularity of inner-speech theories of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs), little is known about the phenomenological qualities of inner speech in patients with schizophrenia who experience AVHs (Sz-AVHs), or how this compares to inner speech in the non-voice-hearing general population.

Method

We asked Sz-AVHs (n=29) and a non-voice-hearing general population sample (n=42) a series of questions about their experiences of hearing voices, if present, and their inner speech.

Results

The inner speech reported by patients and controls was found to be almost identical in all respects. Furthermore, phenomenological qualities of AVHs (e.g. second- or third-person voices) did not relate to corresponding qualities in inner speech.

Conclusions

No discernable differences were found between the inner speech reported by Sz-AVHs and healthy controls. Implications for inner-speech theories of AVHs are discussed.
A comparison of neurocognitive impairment in younger and older adults with major depression
Authors: Thomas A. J. , Gallagher P. , Robinson L. J. , Porter R. J. , Young A. H. , Ferrier I. N. , O'Brien J. T.
Published: July 2008

Background

Neurocognitive impairment is a well-recognized feature of depression that has been reported in younger and older adults. Similar deficits occur with ageing and it is unclear whether the greater deficits in late-life depression are an ageing-related phenomenon or due to a difference in the nature of late-life depression itself. We hypothesized that ageing alone would not fully explain the increased neurocognitive impairment in late-life depression but that differences in the illness explain the greater decrements in memory and executive function.

Method

Comparison of the neuropsychological performance of younger (<60 years) and older (⩾60 years) adults with major depressive disorder (MDD) and healthy comparison subjects. Scores for each depression group were normalized against their respective age-matched control group and the primary comparisons were on four neurocognitive domains: (i) attention and executive function; (ii) verbal learning and memory; (iii) visuospatial learning and memory; and (iv) motor speed.

Results

We recruited 75 subjects with MDD [<60 years (n=44), ⩾60 years (n=31)] and 82 psychiatrically healthy comparison subjects [<60 years (n=42), ⩾60 years (n=40)]. The late-life depression group had greater impairment in verbal learning and memory and motor speed but not in executive function. The two depressed groups did not differ in depression severity, global cognitive function, intelligence or education.

Conclusions

Late-life depression is associated with more severe impairment in verbal learning and memory and motor speed than depression in earlier adult life and this is not due to ageing alone.
Alzheimer's disease and Down's syndrome: anin vivoMRI study
Authors: Beacher F. , Daly E. , Simmons A. , Prasher V. , Morris R. , Robinson C. , Lovestone S. , Murphy K. , Murphy D. G. M.
Published: July 2008

Background

Individuals with Down's syndrome (DS) are at high risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, few studies have investigated brain anatomy in DS individuals with AD.

Method

We compared whole brain anatomy, as measured by volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in DS individuals with and without AD. We also investigated whether volumetric differences could reliably classify DS individuals according to AD status. We used volumetric MRI and manual tracing to examine regional brain anatomy in 19 DS adults with AD and 39 DS adults without AD.

Results

DS individuals with AD had significantly smaller corrected volumes bilaterally of the hippocampus and caudate, and right amygdala and putamen, and a significantly larger corrected volume of left peripheral cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), compared to DS individuals without AD. The volume of the hippocampus and caudate nucleus correctly categorized 92% and 92% respectively of DS individuals without AD, and 75% and 80% respectively of DS individuals with AD.

Conclusions

DS individuals with AD have significant medial temporal and striatal volume reductions, and these may provide markers of clinical AD.
Cognitive behaviour therapy for violent men with antisocial personality disorder in the community: an exploratory randomized controlled trial
Authors: Davidson K. M. , Tyrer P. , Tata P. , Cooke D. , Gumley A. , Ford I. , Walker A. , Bezlyak V. , Seivewright H. , Robertson H. , Crawford M. J.
Published: July 2008

Background

Little information exists on treatment effectiveness in antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). We investigated the feasibility and effectiveness of carrying out a randomized controlled trial of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) in men with ASPD who were aggressive.

Method

This was an exploratory two-centre, randomized controlled trial in a community setting. Fifty-two adult men with a diagnosis of ASPD, with acts of aggression in the 6 months prior to the study, were randomized to either treatment as usual (TAU) plus CBT, or usual treatment alone. Change over 12 months of follow-up was assessed in the occurrence of any act of aggression and also in terms of alcohol misuse, mental state, beliefs and social functioning.

Results

The follow-up rate was 79%. At 12 months, both groups reported a decrease in the occurrence of any acts of verbal or physical aggression. Trends in the data, in favour of CBT, were noted for problematic drinking, social functioning and beliefs about others.

Conclusions

CBT did not improve outcomes more than usual treatment for men with ASPD who are aggressive and living in the community in this exploratory study. However, the data suggest that a larger study is required to fully assess the effectiveness of CBT in reducing aggression, alcohol misuse and improving social functioning and view of others. It is feasible to carry out a rigorous randomized controlled trial in this group.
Do risk factors for suicidal behavior differ by affective disorder polarity?
Authors: Fiedorowicz J. G. , Leon A. C. , Keller M. B. , Solomon D. A. , Rice J. P. , Coryell W. H.
Published: July 2008

Background

Suicide is a leading cause of death and has been strongly associated with affective disorders. The influence of affective disorder polarity on subsequent suicide attempts or completions and any differential effect of suicide risk factors by polarity were assessed in a prospective cohort.

Method

Participants with major affective disorders in the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Collaborative Depression Study (CDS) were followed prospectively for up to 25 years. A total of 909 participants meeting prospective diagnostic criteria for major depressive and bipolar disorders were followed through 4204 mood cycles. Suicidal behavior was defined as suicide attempts or completions. Mixed-effects, grouped-time survival analysis assessed risk of suicidal behavior and differential effects of risk factors for suicidal behavior by polarity. In addition to polarity, the main effects of age, gender, hopelessness, married status, prior suicide attempts and active substance abuse were modeled, with mood cycle as the unit of analysis.

Results

After controlling for age of onset, there were no differences in prior suicide attempts by polarity although bipolar participants had more prior severe attempts. During follow-up, 40 cycles ended in suicide and 384 cycles contained at least one suicide attempt. Age, hopelessness and active substance abuse but not polarity predicted suicidal behavior. The effects of risk factors did not differ by polarity.

Conclusions

Bipolarity does not independently influence risk of suicidal behavior or alter the influence of well-established suicide risk factors within affective disorders. Suicide risk assessment strategies may continue to appraise these common risk factors without regard to mood polarity.
Simultaneous tracking and stabilization of an omnidirectional mobile robot in polar coordinates: a unified control approach
Authors: Huang Hsu-Chih , Tsai Ching-Chih
Published: July 2008

This paper presents a polar-space kinematics control method to achieve simultaneous tracking and stabilization for an omnidirectional wheeled mobile robot with three independent driving omnidirectional wheels equally spaced at 120° from one another. The kinematic model of the robot in polar coordinates is presented. With the kinematic model, a kinematic control method based on feedback linearization is proposed in order to achieve simultaneous tracking and stabilization. The proposed method is easily extended to address the path following problem. Computer simulations and experimental results are presented to show the effectiveness and usefulness of the proposed control method at slow speeds.
The Miracle of Generative Violence? René Girard and the Use of Force in International Law
Authors: NOLL GREGOR
Published: July 2008

In this article, I apply René Girard's theory of generative violence to the international law relating to the use of force. I argue that texts of international law make gestures of referral towards an immanent normativity on the fettering of divine violence. The means to this end is a form of sacrificial violence that seeks to promote the preservation and cohesion of the ‘international community’. The structuring of this violence through international law and its repeated staging reproduces the relationship of prophecy to miracle. Empirically, I draw mainly on excerpts from the 2006 US National Security Strategy.
Intergovernmental Organizations as Disseminators, Legitimators, and Disguisers of Hegemonic Policy Preferences: The United States, the International Whaling Commission, and the Introduction of a Moratorium on Commercial Whaling
Authors: SCOTT SHIRLEY V.
Published: July 2008

The recognized benefits to a hegemon of working through an intergovernmental organization (IGO) include legitimating its policy preferences, disseminating them with efficiency, and promoting stability. While most would agree that international law is important in this process, it is less easy to map exactly how international law fulfils this role. Using the cognitive structures of co-operation (CSC) approach to the political interpretation of multilateral treaties, this article demonstrates at a relatively low level of abstraction the way in which a constitutive treaty embeds an ideational structure integral to the political relationships within the IGO. This can serve the interests of the hegemon but may also make it difficult for the hegemon to disseminate a fundamentally changed policy should its preferences alter. This paper uses the CSC theory of treaty interpretation to trace the under-recognized role of the United States in bringing about the 1982 adoption of a moratorium on commercial whaling by the International Whaling Commission.
New Developments Regarding the Rules of Attribution? The International Court of Justice's Decision inBosniav.Serbia
Authors: GRIEBEL JÖRN , PLÜCKEN MILAN
Published: July 2008

The article analyses the approach concerning the rules of attribution of conduct to a state followed by the ICJ in theBosniav.Serbiacase, and contrasts it with that of the International Law Commission. How far the Court modified its own jurisprudence in this field of law is also addressed. Moreover, the question will be discussed of whether the standards applied in the Court's decision are appropriate, considering the needs of the international community regarding the harmful action of private actors conspiring with states.
Witness Proofing in International Criminal Law: Introduction to a Debate
Authors: VAN SLIEDREGT ELIES
Published: July 2008

The editorial board of the Leiden Journal of International Law is pleased to announce a debate on a very important but underexposed topic in international criminal law: witness proofing. Witness proofing is an accepted and well-established practice at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), and the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL). It entails setting up a meeting between a party to the proceedings and a witness, usually shortly before the witness is to testify in court, the purpose of which is to prepare and familiarize the witness with courtroom procedure and to review the witness's evidence. Recently a trial chamber of the International Criminal Court (ICC) prohibited witness proofing. On 30 November 2007, Trial Chamber I held in the Lubanga case that the possibility of witness proofing is not expressly provided for in the ICC Statute and its Rules of Procedure and Evidence, and that no general principle exists in national or international criminal law that would require the ICC to adhere to such a practice. Moreover, and this is the most interesting argument, the trial chamber held that the ICC Statute ‘moves away from the procedural regime of the ad hoc tribunals’ and that as a result witness proofing is not easily transferable to the ICC.
Witness Proofing in International Criminal Tribunals: A Critical Analysis of Widening Procedural Divergence
Authors: KAREMAKER RUBEN , TAYLOR B. DON , PITTMAN THOMAS WAYDE
Published: July 2008

Witness proofing – or preparation – is an adjunct of the adversarial criminal trial process. It is also a common practice at the UN international criminal tribunals, where it has been repeatedly challenged, analysed, and endorsed. Recently, a trial chamber at the ICC prohibited the prosecutor from proofing witnesses, seemingly calling upon the institution, at an early stage, to break with the established practice of proofing at the UN international criminal tribunals. This article examines witness proofing in international criminal procedure with the aim of describing and weighing its relative merits, and arguing that proofing – as practised at the UN international criminal tribunals – appears to be a better modality for enhancing the efficiency, integrity, and legitimacy of the truth-seeking function of international criminal trials than does prohibiting the practice.
The Doctrine of Abuse of Process: A Comment on the Cambodia Tribunal's Decisions in the Case against Duch (2007)
Authors: RYNGAERT CEDRIC
Published: July 2008

The Cambodia Tribunal's co-investigating judges' first order, for the provisional detention of Duch, one of the suspects for the atrocities committed by the regime of Democratic Kampuchea in the 1970s, addresses the application of the doctrines ofmale captus bene detentusand abuse of process. The order, confirmed by the pre-trial chamber, states, relying on those doctrines, that Duch's unreasonably long prior detention, ordered by the Cambodian Military Court, does not bar his provisional detention by the Cambodia Tribunal. This article argues that the order is in accordance with applications of the relevant doctrines by the international criminal tribunals in similar cases, and that, absent involvement of the international or hybrid tribunal, abuse of process can, and should, only be successfully applied in case of torture or serious mistreatment of the suspect.
Foucault and the Incompletion of Law
Authors: GOLDER BEN
Published: July 2008

In a late interview given to the French newspaper Le Monde, Michel Foucault discussed his dreams for a different style of criticism. ‘I can't help but dream about a kind of criticism’, remarked Foucault, in which one would ‘not try to judge, but to bring an oeuvre, a book, a sentence, an idea to life; it would light fires, watch the grass grow, listen to the wind, and catch the sea-foam in the breeze and scatter it.’ This somewhat wistful, poetic thought resonates with more familiar Foucauldian notions regarding the use of theory as a ‘toolkit’ or ‘toolbox’. Common to both these tropes – critique as affirmation and theory as functional – is the desire for thought to be put to work rather than put on trial, for sentences to be brought to life rather than delivered. And yet this presents the would-be Foucauldian book reviewer – and more so where the venue is the impeccably juridical one of the law journal – with a series of alluring problems. How might one elaborate such a Foucauldian critique in a context where one is expressly called upon to judge? What would such a non-judgmental Foucauldian critique look like? Are juridical practices of critique readily susceptible to Foucauldian appropriation or subversion? This set of related questions is emblematic of a wider concern of mine which forms the subject matter of this review essay, namely the place of Foucault (if indeed he has one) in legal theory. How does Foucault, that fabled figure of postmodern antinomianism who supposedly announced the demise and ‘expulsion’ of modern law, relate to legal theory? What might it mean to bring Foucault's unruly poststructuralism ‘into law’? And with what possible effects?
On War as Law and Law as War
Authors: CONTRERAS FRANCISCO J. , DE LA RASILLA IGNACIO
Published: July 2008

Alocus classicusof international law, the study of the regulation of the legality of the use of force has an unavoidable ring of tragic fanciness about it. War, as acknowledged by David Kennedy in the very first sentence of his book, is indeed ‘a profound topic – like truth, love, death or the divine’. A Pandora's box of multiple distilled intellectual emotions behind which lurk the horrid memories of its survivors, war only truly breathes in the mirrors of the mutilated, in the eyes of the tortured, in the memories of the displaced, in withering flowers over graves crowned, most of the time, by religious symbols. A vague intellectual scent of it, a sort of aseptic intellectual variant, still remains, nonetheless, a field of professional interest for international lawyers.
Snow recurrence sets the depth of dry permafrost at high elevations in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica
Authors: McKay Christopher P.
Published: July 2008

Dry permafrost on Earth is unique to the Antarctic and is found in the upper elevations of the McMurdo Dry Valleys. Despite its widespread presence in the Dry Valleys, the factors that control the distribution of dry permafrost and the ice-cemented ground below it are poorly understood. Here I show, by a combination of theoretical analysis and field observations, that the recurrence of snow can explain the depth of dry permafrost and the location of ice-cemented ground in Antarctica. For data from Linnaeus Terrace at 1600–1650 m elevation in Upper Wright Valley a recurrence intervals of about two years explains the presence of ground ice at 25 cm depth, under 12.5 cm of dry permafrost. Snow recurrence periods longer than 10 years would create only dry permafrost at this site. The snow gradient in University Valley resulting from the windblown snow from the polar plateau creates a corresponding gradient in the depth to ice-cemented ground. On the floor of Beacon Valley, the presence of dry permafrost without underlying ice-cemented ground indicates snow recurrence intervals of more than 10 years and implies that the ancient massive ice in this valley is not stable. Snow recurrence may also set the depth to ground ice on Mars.
The Glimmer of Other Worlds: questions on alternative architectural practice
Authors: Charley Jonathan
Published: July 2008

‘The Glimmer of Other Worlds’ was first written for the Alternate Currents conference at the University of Sheffield in Autumn 2007. It was prompted by my experiences as a teacher attempting to explain to students what the idea of an alternative to capitalist architectural and building production might mean.
Supertanker: in search of urbanity
Authors: Brandt Jens , Frandsen Martin , Larsen Jan Lilliendahl
Published: July 2008

‘Urban life suggests meetings, the confrontation of differences, reciprocal knowledge and acknowledgement (including ideological and political confrontation), ways of living, “patterns”, which coexist in the city’.
The Choice
Authors: Kaan Kees
Published: July 2008

In March 2008 Kees Kaan, of Claus and Kaan Architects, gave his inaugural lecture as Practice Professor of Architectural Design at Delft Technical University – the school from which he graduated in 1987. He explained to his audience that after his student years spent designing imaginary projects he most wanted to design in order to build, to make ‘designs that were thicker than paper’. This was accomplished in 1987–97 in intensive daily co-operation with Felix Claus and then developed over the last decade in their offices in Amsterdam and Rotterdam with new partners. The following is an edited extract from his lecture where, after discussing practice, education, societal interest and the changed architectural market of the Netherlands, he turned to architectural vision, understanding and responsibility.
Level Stress in North Germanic
Authors: Kristoffersen Gjert
Published: July 2008

This article is an investigation of the acoustic properties of the so-called level stress prosody still found in some varieties of North Germanic. Level stress occurs in disyllabic words where a light root syllable has been preserved from Old North Germanic, and is described as having stress more or less evenly distributed across the two syllables. It is argued that level stress is the result of a perceptual ambiguity caused by the delayed synchronization of the accent 2 melody in level stress words, due to the shorter duration of the light root syllable. Due to this delay, both syllables may be interpreted as independent tonal and thereby stressed accent 1 domains, competing with the “normal” interpretation of the two syllables as an accent 2 domain with initial stress.*
Editorial
Authors: Townend Michael
Published: July 2008

With the publication of this inaugural issue we launch The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist (tCBT). This new journal will offer high-quality, professional development-focused articles that advance the practice of the behavioural and cognitive psychotherapies. tCBT will be published quarterly, featuring articles on clinical and professional issues, which contribute to the theory, practice and evolution of the cognitive and behavioural therapies.
Stürze und Osteoporose
Authors: Pils Katharina
Published: July 2008

Obwohl Stürze zu den wichtigsten geriatrischen Syndromen gehören, obwohl Stürze und ihre Folgen die sechst häufigste Todesursache von Menschen älter als 65 Jahre sind, konnte noch keine ausreichende Awareness geschaffen werden. In den Guidelines der British und der American Geriatric Society wurde die Bedeutung der Entität aus Sturz- und Frakturrisiko festgelegt [1]. Dennoch ist die Umsetzung in den klinischen Alltag noch nicht selbstverständlich. Hierfür gibt es vielfältige Ursachen [2]: • Mangel an Zeit, Problematik der Hierarchisierung entsprechend der aktuellen Probleme von PatientInnen. • Mangel an Wissen und Fertigkeiten:   Der Stellenwert klassischer geriatrischer Symptomenkomplexe wird in der klinischen Bewertung noch weiter hinter den klassischen Diagnosen gereiht.   Geriatrische Expertise ist noch zu gering ausgeprägt.   Der Focus wird häufig noch auf die singuläre Erkrankung und weniger auf die multifaktorielle Diagnostik und Therapie gelegt. • Die Koordination der unterschiedlichen Fachkompetenz zu einem umfassenden Bild fehlt häufig. • Informationsverlust an Schnittstellen zwischen verschiedenen betreuenden Settings. • Mangel an Finanzierung diagnostischer Leistungen im niedergelassenen Bereich. Gleichzeitig sind die «Stürzer» selbst häufig Verzögerer von diagnostischen und therapeutischen Maßnahmen. Einerseits werden Stürze verleugnet oder vergessen, andererseits werden die empfohlenen Maßnahmen als Einschränkung der individuellen Freiheit, als Veränderung von Gewohntem empfunden. In Cochrane Datenanalysen gibt es eindeutige Hinweise für effiziente Sturz- und Frakturpräventionsprogramme. Diese sind multifaktoriell und betreffen vor allem Bewegungskonzepte (Ausdauer- und Balancetraining – wie z.B.: Tai Chi und Adaptierung des Wohnumfeldes (Entfernung von Sturzfallen, Beleuchtung, Griffe usw.).
Labordiagnostik
Authors: Bertsch Thomas , Alber Bettina , Bauer Jürgen M.
Published: July 2008

Frailty, als geriatrisches Syndrom, ist durch eine erhöhte Vulnerabilität des älteren Menschen gegenüber externen Stressoren gekennzeichnet. Ziel der Labordiagnostik im Kontext des Frailty-Konzeptes ist es, Bedingungen, die die Entstehung einer Frailty fördern, zu erfassen, um diese durch individuelle Maßnahmen einer Verbesserung zuzuführen. Der vorliegende Artikel beschreibt Labormessgrößen, deren Bestimmung geeignet erscheint, die Basis für eine Frailtytherapie in diesem Sinn zu bilden. Dabei wird auf die Diagnostik der Anämie im Alter, die Erkennung des Vitamin D-Mangels sowie auf die Erfassung der Schilddrüsenfunktion und der Gonadenfunktion näher eingegangen.
Zerebrovaskuläre Erkrankungen
Authors: Roller Regina E.
Published: July 2008

Der vorliegende Artikel beschäftigt sich mit Korrelationen von mit der Frailty assoziierten funktionellen Einbußen alter Patienten im Lichte einer zusätzlich vorliegenden zerebrovaskulären Insuffizienz (ZVI). Der Zusammenhang zwischen «klassischen» Risikofaktoren, wie Diabetes mellitus, arterielle Hypertonie und Rauchen, und der Entwicklung einer ZVI und dem Verlauf einer Frailty werden besprochen. Frailty Marker, welche den Verlauf einer Rehabilitation nach einem akuten Ereignis im Rahmen einer ZVI beeinflussen, werden im Abschluss zusammengefasst.
Herzinsuffizienz
Authors: Gosch Markus
Published: July 2008

Mit der steigenden Lebenserwartung hat die Prävalenz der chronischen Herzinsuffizienz in den letzten Jahrzehnten epidemieartig zugenommen, von dieser Entwicklung betroffen sind vorwiegend ältere und hochbetagte Personengruppen. Frailty – Gebrechlichkeit – ist ein klinisches Syndrom, welchem gerade in der Geriatrie große Bedeutung zukommt. Neben zahlreichen Erkrankungen kann auch die chronische Herzinsuffizienz dieses Syndrom bedingen. Basierend auf der Erfahrung, dass der funktionelle Zustand der Patienten nur eine geringe Korrelation mit den kardiologischen Befunden zeigt, entwickelte sich in den letzten Jahren das Modell der peripheren Myopathie bei der chronischen Herzinsuffizienz. Insbesondere die zunehmende Belastungsintoleranz dürfte durch die multiplen pathophysiologischen Veränderungen bedingt sein. Von therapeutischer Seite stehen verschiedene experimentelle Ansätze zur Verfügung. Zum aktuellen Zeitpunkt steht eine konsequente Therapie der Grunderkrankung, insbesondere die Gabe von ACE-Hemmern und β-Blockern, sowie ein individuelles Ausdauer- und Krafttraining im Vordergrund.
Physiotherapie und Rehabilitation
Authors: Trögner Jens
Published: July 2008

Ein Kernelement zunehmender Gebrechlichkeit älterer Menschen (frailty) ist die Muskelverarmung (Sarkopenie). Hier spielen physiologische Alternsprozesse ebenso eine Rolle wie Lebensführung und Umwelteinflüsse. Durch gezieltes körperliches Training können auch bei älteren und hochaltrigen Menschen positive Effekte erzielt werden. Das betrifft sowohl die Prävention (z.B. von Stürzen) als auch die Rehabilitation nach eingetretener Krankheit.
Gesundheitsökonomische Betrachtungen
Authors: Esslinger Adelheid Susanne , Heppner Hans Jürgen
Published: July 2008

Frailty ist ein relativ junges «Konstrukt» das demographiebedingt an Bedeutung zunimmt. Besonders gekennzeichnet ist Frailty durch eine Vielzahl begünstigender Faktoren sowie nachfolgender Auswirkungen auf die Betroffenen und ihre Lebensqualität. Jeder komplexe Patient bedarf demnach einer individuellen und interdisziplinären Behandlung. Um eine gesundheitsökonomische Annäherung zu erlangen, werden Krankheitsbilder betrachtet, die durch das Vorhandensein von Frailty geprägt sind. So werden hier beispielhaft Osteoporose und die Bedeutung von Stürzen monetär bewertet.
Local field‐aligned currents in the magnetotail and ionosphere as observed by a Cluster, Double Star, and MIRACLE conjunction
Authors: Takada T. , Nakamura R. , Juusola L. , Amm O. , Baumjohann W. , Volwerk M. , Matsuoka A. , Klecker B. , Snekvik K. , Owen C. J. , Fazakerley A. N. , Frey H. U. , Rème H. , Lucek E. A. , Carr C.
Published: July 2008

During a fortuitous conjunction event observed by Cluster, Double Star TC1, and Magnetometers–Ionospheric Radars–All‐Sky Cameras Large Experiment (MIRACLE) magnetometer stations at almost the same local time, crossings of the plasma sheet boundary layer (PSBL) are observed with a 45–50 s delay between the two spacecraft located approximately 6 RE apart in X. Taking into account the different polarity of BY, Cluster curlometer current density, and the curl of the equivalent current on the ground, the associated current system resembles that of a bubble model, i.e., the propagation of a bursty bulk flow (BBF) with field‐aligned currents (FACs) on each side of the flow. The presence of such local FACs associated with BBFs is supported by the time delays of PSBL crossings, corresponding weak auroral brightening, and enhancement of the ionospheric equivalent current pattern. The Cluster observation also shows different signatures between inbound and outbound crossings, i.e., electron beam direction. Such differences are considered to be caused by the relative location of the observation point from the beam ejection region, such as reconnection, and may suggest that the beam ejection region is approaching during the PSBL crossing.
Modelling the formation and the long‐term behavior of rip channel systems from the deformation of a longshore bar
Authors: Garnier Roland , Calvete Daniel , Falqués Albert , Dodd Nicholas
Published: July 2008

A nonlinear numerical model based on a wave‐ and depth‐averaged shallow water equation solver with wave driver, sediment transport, and bed updating is used to investigate the long‐term evolution of rip channel systems appearing from the deformation of a longshore bar. Linear and nonlinear regimes in the morphological evolution have been studied. In the linear regime, a crescentic bar system emerges as a free instability. In the nonlinear regime, merging/splitting in bars and saturation of the growth are obtained. In spite of excluding undertow and wave‐asymmetry sediment transport, the initial crescentic bar system reorganizes to form a large‐scale and shore‐attached transverse or oblique bar system, which is found to be a dynamical equilibrium state of the beach system. Thus the basic morphological transitions “Longshore Bar and Trough” → “Rhythmic Bar and Beach” → “Transverse Bar and Rip” described by earlier conceptual models are here reproduced. The study of the physical mechanisms allows us to understand the role of the different transport modes: The advective part induces the formation of crescentic bars and megacusps, and the bedslope transport damps the instability. Both terms contribute to the attachment of the megacusps to the crescentic bars. Depending on the wave forcing, the bar wavelength ranges between 180 and 250 m (165 and 320 m) in the linear (nonlinear) regime.
Observing global ocean topostrophy
Authors: Holloway Greg
Published: July 2008

Recent publications have evaluated topostrophy, τ ≡ f × V · ∇D where is f Coriolis, V is velocity, and ∇D is gradient of total depth, as a means of comparing models' circulations. Some results are striking. Comparing four global models, two with modest grid size and two with fine grids, Merryfield and Scott (2007) show that finer grid models are characterized by more positive τ, especially at greater depths and higher latitudes. Among nine Arctic Ocean models, Holloway et al. (2007) find τ in three of the models quite distinct from the other six, a result shown to depend upon subgrid eddy parameterization. From different choices of numerical method within the same model, Penduff et al. (2007) show that improved numerical representations support more positive τ. Can these model results be compared with observations? A global compilation has been prepared from 17120 current meter records, spanning 83087 current meter‐months. The compilation tends to confirm modeling progress achieved by finer resolution, improved parameterizations and better representations. A new characterization of global ocean circulation emerges, with suggestive dynamical insights.
Nitrous acid (HONO) and its daytime sources at a rural site during the 2004 PRIDE‐PRD experiment in China
Authors: Su Hang , Cheng Ya Fang , Shao Min , Gao Dong Feng , Yu Zhong Ying , Zeng Li Min , Slanina Jacob , Zhang Yuan Hang , Wiedensohler Alfred
Published: July 2008

High HONO level during daytime was observed at a rural site Xinken in southeastern China during the 2004 Program of Regional Integrated Experiments of Air Quality over Pear River Delta (PRIDE‐PRD). The high HONO concentration led to a daytime (9:00–15:00) OH formation up to three times faster than that from O3 photolysis. An unexplained daytime HONO source, approximately four times faster than the reaction of OH with NO, has been derived from the HONO budget estimation. According to current understanding, this unknown source was attributed to heterogeneous reactions of NO2 on ground and aerosol surfaces. The good correlation between the unknown source and J values is consistent with the photolytic HONO source observed in laboratory studies.