bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Life cycle of two Species of “Selenidium” from the Polychaete Worm Potamilla reniformis
Authors: Mackinnon D. L. , Ray H. N.
Published: June 2009

1. Two new schizogregarines are described from the gut of the polychaete worm Potamilla reniformis (O.F.M.). One of these is meanwhile retained in the genus Selenidium Giard as S. potamillae n.sp. For the other a new genus, Meroselenidium, is proposed, of which M. keilini is the type species. The life cycle has been followed in both gregarines.

2. The schizogony of Meroselenidium is characterised by the formation of cytomeres preliminary to the liberation of merozoites. In Selenidium potamillae the schizogony is more like that in S. mesnili and S. caulleryi, though there is a considerable residual body.

3. The gametocytes become attached by their posterior ends. In S. potamillae there is often a multiple association. The gamete nuclei are formed within the nuclear area of the gametocytes. Further development takes place in sea water. Isogametes have been observed in S. potamillae.

4.The gametocyst of Meroselenidium keilini is elliptical in outline and measures about 70 × 55μ. It contains some twenty relatively large spores, 27 × 15μ, the walls of which are transversely ridged; the spores are polyzoic. The gametocyst of S. potamillae is of much the same shape, but only about half the size. The sporocysts are very numerous, spherical, smooth-walled, and measure about 8·5μ in diameter. In neither species does the gametocyst contain any residual mass.

We take this opportunity of thanking the High Commissioner of India and the Delegacy of King's College for grants-in-aid received by one of us (H. N. R.) during the course of these investigations.
A Cysticercoid from Helodrilus (Allolobophora longus Cede) and Lumbricus terrestris L
Authors: Harper W. F.
Published: June 2009

The following is a description of a Cysticercoid obtained during investigation of the larval cestode fauna of Dundee and Arbroath districts (Harper, 1930). The Cysticercoid was first obtained from Helodrilus (Allolobophora longus Cede) the host containing four larvae; later, two similar larvae were found in Lumbricus terrestris L. Many specimens of these hosts were dissected but only the above two infections were observed.
Heterophyidés de la Faune Parasitaire de Roumanie
Authors: Ciurea Par J.
Published: June 2009

Ce trématode a été trouvé par Nicoll dans l'intestin du Totanus calidris L. dans la Grande-Brétagne.
Obeliscoides, a New Name for the Nematode Genus Obeliscus
Authors: Graybill H. W.
Published: June 2009

In Parasitology, vol. xv, p. 340 (20. ix. 1923), I described a genus of nematodes from the rabbit for which I proposed the name Obeliscus. Dr Paul Bartsch, of the Smithsonian Institution, has called my attention to the fact that this name is preoccupied, having previously been used for genera of Mollusca by Humphreys in 1797, by Agassiz in 1837, and by Beck in 1837. I therefore propose the new name Obeliscoides, type cuniculi, to replace Obeliscus Graybill, 1923.
New Filariae from Indian Birds
Authors: Chandler Asa C.
Published: June 2009

In the body-cavity of a Racket-tailed Drongo (Dissemurus paradiseus) which died at the Calcutta Zoological Gardens, and the blood of which was teeming with two species of microfilariae, were found males of two new species of filariae, together with a single female specimen. In a Hunting Cissa (Cissa chinensis), which died at about the same time, males of one of the species discovered in the Drongo were found again, accompanied by a single female different from that found before. Since this cissa also harboured two species of microfilariae in its blood, the identity of either of the females is doubtful. In another specimen of hunting cissa a single male specimen of an entirely different species, which I have made the type of a new genus, was found. Here again two species of microfilariae were discovered so that it is not possible to say which is the offspring of the adult found. It had been hoped that more infected specimens of these birds might be obtained so that the confusion as regards relationships of the females and offspring to the males might be cleared up, but there appears to be little hope of more being obtained in the near future.
The Larval Instars of Orthopodomyia pulchripalpis Rond. (Diptera Nematocera)
Authors: Tate P.
Published: June 2009

Orthopodomyia pulchripalpis was first recorded in Britain by MacGregor (1919), who found it, in association with Anopheles plumbeus Steph. and Aëdes geniculatus (Olivier), in a water-filled hole in a beech tree in Bpping Forest. He described it as a new species, 0. albionensis; but later Edwards (1922) showed it to be synonymous with 0. pulchripalpis Rond. Keilin (1927, 1927 a) found larvae of 0. pulchripalpis in a water-filled hole in a horse-chestnut tree in Cambridge, thus establishing a second locality for this mosquito in Britain. Beattie and Howland (1929) recorded it from water-filled holes in beech trees at Burnham Beeches, Buckinghamshire. In each case it was found in association with Anopheles plumbeus and Aëdes geniculatus.
On a Trematode, Ityogonimus lorum (Duj. 1845), with Notes on the Occurrence of other Trematode Parasites of Talpa europaea in the Aberystwyth Area
Authors: Davies Evan
Published: June 2009

Two distinct species have been ascribed to the genus Ityogonimus: I. lorum (Dujardin 1845) and I. talpae (Goeze 1782). The difference between these two species was pointed out by Dujardin in 1845. In the case of I. talpae the ventral sucker is about one-third the diameter of the oral sucker, and is situated behind the anterior termination of the yolk glands. In I. lorum the ventral sucker is larger than the oral and lies completely in front of the yolk glands. Dujardin named the former Distoma ocreatum and the latter I. lorum. Witenberg (1926), in further researches on the species, came to the conclusion that the first-named was identical with Distoma talpae of Goeze (1782), and as a result of his work there now exist two species of Ityogonimus occurring in the mole, namely I. talpae and I. lorum. The synonyms of I. talpae (Goeze 1782) between the dates of 1782 and 1910 are as follows: Distoma talpae (Goeze 1782), Cucullanus talpae Müller 1787, C. ocreatus Shrank 1873, Monostomum ocreatum Zeder 1800, Distoma ocreatum Duj. 1845, D. lorum Melnikow 1865, Dolichosomum lorum Looss 1900, Ityogonimus lorum Looss 1907, and I. lorum Gonder 1910.
On Some Parasitic Nematodes Collected in China
Authors: Hsü H. F.
Published: June 2009

The following notes deal with nine species of parasitic nematodes from the Yangtze Valley and an additional one from North China. Of these ten species, one belongs to the super-family Rhabdiasoidea, three to Oxyuroidea, and six to Spiruroidea; three species have been previously described; therefore in these cases the writer gives only their measurements and a description of the particulars in which he found them to differ from the original description. Seven speciesRhabdias annulosan.sp.,Pingus sinensisn.g. et n.sp. (Pingidae n.f.),Omeia hoeppliin.g. et n.sp.,Thelazia chungkingensisn.sp.,Oxyspirura kaitingensisn.sp.,Oxyspirura peipingensisn.sp.,Oxyspirura tsingchengensisn.sp., are new to science.
Cytological and histochemical criteria for evaluating development of trematodes and pseudophyllidean cestodesin vivoandin vitro
Authors: Bell E. J. , Smyth J. D.
Published: June 2009

1. Maturation of the plerocercoid of the pseudophyllidean cestodeDiphyllobothriumsp. and the metacercaria of the strigeid trematodeDiplostomum phoxinifollow a similar pattern, which may be divided into the following phases: (1) cell multiplication; (2) segmentation or body shaping; (3) organogeny; (4) early gametogeny; (5) late gametogeny; (6) egg-shell formation and vitellogenesis; (7) oviposition.

2. Cytological or histochemical criteria have been developed by means of which each developmental phase may be recognized. Developmentin vitromay be considered comparable with that occurringin vivoif the same phases are completed with the same incubation time and without the appearance of cytological abnormalities.

3. The cell multiplication phase is characterized by high mitotic activity. This activityin vitrocan be evaluated by incubating larvae after 24 hr. culture for a standard time (5 hr.Diphyllobothrium; 4 hr.Diplostomum) in 10−4colchicine and comparing the number of mitoses seen in a defined area of an aceto-orcein squash with those found in tissue maturedin vivofor the same period. Use of this criterion enables the growth-producing properties of a medium to be assessed after 24 hr. culture.

4. Phases 2–4 are characterized by the appearance of the tubular genitalia, the rudiments of which are readily recognized in aceto-orcein squashes or whole mount preparations.

5. The presence of spermatids and mature spermatozoa (phases 4–5) may be detected in aceto-orcein squashes or in fresh tissue teases. The quantity and activity of spermatozoa also serve as important criteria.

6. Recognition of phase 6, egg-shell formation, is carried out by means of diazo reagents which give orange or orange-red reactions with the phenolic egg-shell precursors in the vitellaria, as seen in whole mount preparations. Abnormal egg-shell development is reflected in the failure of vitellaria to give a normal diazo reaction.

7. The appearance of eggs which are macroscopically normal constitutes the final maturation phase. Early detection of eggs (especially abnormal ones) is facilitated by the use of the diazo reaction or the catechol test for polyphenol oxidase.

8. Embryonation and hatching of eggs to produce morphologically normal infective coracidia or miracidia serve as a final criteria.

9. Criteria for the maintenance of the adult condition are also considered.
The oxygen uptake ofTrypanosoma lewisiandTrypanosoma equiperdum, with especial reference to oxygen consumption in the presence of amino-acids
Authors: Thurston June P.
Published: June 2009

1. Standard conditions are described for preparing suspensions of washedTrypanosoma lewisiandT. equiperdumin modified Ringer–phosphate solution.

2. Oxygen consumption was measured with differential manometers, using microflasks containing 2–5 × 107trypanosomes in 0·9 ml. of reaction mixture. Measurements of oxygen uptake were carried out at 37° C.

3.T. lewisirespired slowly in the absence of substrate for up to 2 hr. The trypanosomes suffered little damage when stored at 5° C. for 24 hr. without substrate. No oxygen uptake was observed withT. equiperdumin the absence of substrate. The trypanosomes were viable after 24 hr. at 5° C. with glucose or glycerol as substrate, but not in the absence of substrate.

4. With glucose as substrate, the rate of oxygen consumption byT. lewisiincreased with the age of infection. This change was more marked with glutamine as substrate.

5. With glucosamine as substrate, the oxygen uptake ofT. lewisiwas at a slightly lower rate than with glucose. The rate of oxygen uptake was still lower with Nal-glutamic acid, asparagine, aspartic acid, casein hydrolysate, yeast extract and Difco Bacto-peptone. Thirteen other amino-acids had no effect on the motility of the trypanosomes.

6. With glycerol as substrate, the oxygen uptake ofT. equiperdumwas at a slightly lower rate than with glucose. The rate of oxygen uptake was very low with yeast extract, casein hydrolysate and Difco Bacto-peptone. No oxygen uptake or motility was recorded with glutamine, Nal-glutamic acid, glucosamine, asparagine, aspartic acid,dl-alanine, or Na acetate. Thirteen other amino-acids had no effect on the motility of the trypanosomes.

7. Ammonia was liberated from glutamine by adult and reproductive phaseT. lewisi.
Nematode parasite populations in sheep on lowland farms V. Further observations on the post-parturient rise and a discussion of its significance
Authors: Crofton H. D.
Published: June 2009

In a previous paper (Crofton, 1954) it was shown that the rise in egg counts occurring in ewe flocks in spring was related to the time of lambing. It was further shown that the rise in individuals occurred about 6 weeks after parturition and was normally of short duration. While the mean time of increased egg count for each individual was about 2 weeks, the increased egg count in the flock was spread over a period equivalent to the length of the lambing period. It is clear that the apparent rise in the flock as a whole will be greatest when all the flock lambs within a short period. With greater scatter of times of parturition the flock rise will be smaller but will extend over a greater period. This association of rise in egg count with time of parturition is obviously one of considerable selective advantage, in so far as an increase in infective stages will occur at a time when the susceptible lambs have a reduced milk intake and an increased grass intake. The synchronization of availability of infective stages and the occurrence of susceptible individuals is further emphasized by the relation of the period of increase to the time of birth of the lambs, the duration of the period of increase in the flock being directly proportional to the duration of the lambing period. This type of ‘escapement’ control is seen in so many other host-parasite relationships that it makes considerable appeal on general grounds. Other workers, Morgan, Parnell & Rayski (1951), have, however, related the rise in egg counts to climatological factors, but climatic control would not give the close synchronization described above.
The gametogenesis of the digenetic trematode Sphaerostoma bramae (Müller) Lühe
Authors: Gresson R. A. R.
Published: June 2009

The stages of spermatogenesis and the structure of the primary oocyte of Sphaerostoma bramae were studied in material fixed in Bouin and Flemming's fluid and in preparations treated according to the Kolatchev and the Feulgen techniques.

Chromosome counts of primary and secondary spermatocytes indicate that the diploid number is twenty-four.

The stages of spermatogenesis, in general, conform to the usual pattern of this process in digenetic trematodes. The spermatogonia, spermatocytes and early spermatids are not connected together by central strands, nor by a central disk, as is claimed for some other species. A study of sections stained in haematoxylin and of Feulgen preparations showed that the spermatozoon is composed of an elongate nucleus and a tail. It was not possible, with the methods employed during the present investigation, to determine the fine structure of the tail.

The primary ovarian oocytes are in the interphase or in early prophase of the first maturation division. There is evidence that material is extruded from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

The Golgi elements of the male germ-cells are revealed in Kolatchev preparations as short rods and filaments. The Golgi elements of the spermatid are eliminated in the residual cytoplasm. Mitochondria, in the form of granular bodies and short rods, were visible in spermatogonia, spermatocytes and spermatids. Those of the spermatid remain in the residual cytoplasm.

Short, rod-like Golgi bodies are present in the primary oocytes. In the young cells they form a compact mass situated close to or in contact with the nuclear membrane. Later, the elements spread out through the cell. Granular and rod-shaped mitochondria are concentrated in a single mass at one pole of the nucleus or in two masses at opposite sides of the nucleus. A few mitochondria are scattered through the cytoplasm.
A virus disease of Atropa belladonna
Authors: Smith Kenneth M.
Published: June 2009

A virus disease of Atropa belladonna caused by a new virus is described. The virus is sap-transmissible to tobacco and other solanaceous plants and gives good local lesions on Nicotiana glutinosa and Phaseolus vulgaris. It occurs in fairly high concentration in the plant, it withstands ageing in extracted sap for 6–11 days, and is inactivated at a temperature between 75 and 80° C.
A new cestode of the genus Grillotia from a shark
Authors: Rees Gwendolen
Published: June 2009

The following is a description of a new species of Grillotia from the intestine of Hexanchus grisens (Gmelin) caught on the Porcupine Bank in July 1939 (Rees & Llewellyn, 1941). Unfortunately, only two specimens were obtained, but, as it is unlikely that any more will be available for some time to come, it was thought advisable that the species should be put on record. The scolex includes some distinctive characters, but the strobila in both worms was immature, so that no description of the arrangement of the genitalia can be given beyond the position of the genital pore and the approximate number of testes.
The ecology of the sheep tick, Ixodes ricinus L. Distribution of the tick in relation to geology, soil and vegetation in northern England
Authors: Milne A.
Published: June 2009

The present findings apply to a particular area, the four northern counties of England, and must be viewed within the limits of the data presented.

Only one tick, Ixodes ricinus L., the so-called sheep tick, infests sheep and cattle in northern England. I. canisuga Johnston, alone or with I. ricinus, has been found on sheep dogs and foxes.

The distribution of the sheep tick in this region is markedly discontinuous, the total infested areas including only about one-fifth of the hilly country, to which the tick is almost exclusively confined.

In north-west Northumberland, tick distribution shows a significant degree of correlation with certain factors inherent in or influenced by the surface geology. Broadly speaking, where surface geology lends itself to relatively good natural drainage and soil, the grazing is relatively good and ticks are absent; and where surface geology results in relatively poor natural drainage and/or soil, the grazing is relatively poor (‘rough’) and ticks are present.

No consistent correlations between soil characteristics—i.e. pH, available phosphates and potash, soil textures, mechanical analysis and soil depth—and tick distribution have been found. Nor is there a consistent correlation- between quality of natural drainage and tick distribution. The interaction of soil and natural drainage factors, however, profoundly influences the character of the vegetation layer.

In the four northern counties, the same plant dominants occur on tick-infested and tick-free hill lands. Where grazing is rough ticks are usually present irrespective of whether the dominant plant is one of the rough grasses (Nardus, Molinia, Agrostis, Aira), bracken or heather; where grazing is relatively good (i.e. not rough), ticks are invariably absent.

Observations on a smaller scale show that the thicker, i.e. rougher, the vegetation layer, the denser the tick population and also the thicker the vegetation layer, the thicker the basal mat. On five plots it has been shown that there is a consistent positive correlation between mat thickness and tick population density: the thicker the mat,’ the denser the tick population irrespective of whether bracken or grass is the dominant. Thus the chief controlling factor in tick distribution is the physical character of the vegetation layer.
Experiments on the mode of action of hexyl resorcinol as an anthelmintic
Authors: Trim A. R.
Published: June 2009

1. Hexyl resorcinol penetrates readily into Ascaris lumbricoides var. suis through the cuticle.

2. The rate of penetration is roughly proportional to the concentration of the drug in the medium, and is not significantly affected by changes of pH. or oxygen tension and the presence of a number of other substances, including other drugs and certain nutrient substances.

3. The rate of penetration is greatly decreased by gastric mucin and certain concentrations of bile salts and soaps.

4. The rate of penetration of the drug is increased by certain concentrations of sodium oleate.
A comparative study of the infective larvae of Nematodirus species parasitic in sheep
Authors: Thomas R. J.
Published: June 2009

Three species of the genus Nematodirus have been described from sheep in Britain: N. spathiger, N. filicollis and N. battus.

The infective larva of N. spathiger has been described by Monnig (1931), and in more detail by Dikmans & Andrews (1933). The infective larva of N. filicollis was described and figured by Boulenger (1915). A brief description was also given by Morgan (1930), while Maupas & Seurat (1913) figured the larva but gave no description or measurements. In the present paper, the infective larva of N. battus is described and compared with those of the other two species. However, as in the course of this study certain discrepancies were observed in the published description of the larva of N. filicollis, a redescription of the larva of this species is also given.
Development of Paramphistomum sukari Dinnik, 1954 (Trematoda: Paramphistomidae) in a snail host
Authors: Dinnik J. A. , Dinnik N. N.
Published: June 2009

The development of Paramphistomum sukari Dinnik in a snail host is described with the emphasis laid on the succession of redial generation.

The sporocyst gives birth to about twenty to thirty rediae. These rediae of the first generation commence with the production of daughter rediae then enter the second phase of their productivity during which they produce cercariae. The daughter rediae, or the rediae of the second generation, repeat these two phases during their lives, commencing with redial production and after that changing to the production to cercariae. Both the first- and second-generation rediae are able to produce a few daughter rediae at the end of their life. There is evidence that the subsequent generations of rediae are also able to give birth to daughter rediae and cercariae.

As a result the successive generations of rediae maintain the infection in an intermediate host for a long time, probably as long as the infected snail can survive.
OnPsilochasmus indicus, sp.n. (family Psilostomidae Odhner, 1913)
Authors: Gupta P. D.
Published: June 2009

1.Psilochasmus agilisTravassos, 1921, is regarded as synonym toP. oxyurusLühe, 1909.

2.P. indicussp.n. has been described.

3. An amended specific diagnosis ofPsilochasmus oxyurushas been given.

4. Ruddy Shelduck or Brahminy duck,Tadorna ferruginea(=Casarca rutila) is recorded as a new host of the genus.
The Morphology and Development of the Monogenetic Trematode Sphyranura oligorchis (Alvey 1933) and the Description of Sphyranura polyorchis n.sp.
Authors: Alvey C. H.
Published: June 2009

The description of Sphyranura oligorchis (Alvey, 1933) and S. polyorchis n.sp. is presented together with an account of the development of the former. Study of the life history of S. oligorchis, and a review of the literature on the life cycles of the Monogenea, show that at a corresponding time in their development embryonic stages similar to Dactylogyrus are present. It is postulated that Dactylogyrus is near the primitive ancestral type of the Monogenea, and that all of the parasitic platyheminthes may have arisen from a common planula ancestor.
Further Experiments upon the Longevity of Xenopsylla cheopis Roths. (Siphonaptera)
Authors: Leeson H. S.
Published: June 2009

1. Experiments upon Xenopsylla cheopis Roths. are described which were carried out to discover if feeding influenced duration of life or had any effect upon the survival of the sexes or upon the relationship between duration of life and saturation deficiency of the atmosphere.

2. Fleas fed once before starvation lived longer than unfed fleas. There was no difference between survival of the sexes and no direct proportion between survival times and saturation deficiency.

3. Fleas kept with the host for 7 days before starvation lived still longer. Females lived considerably longer than males, but there was still no direct proportion between survival times and saturation deficiency.
The Post-embryonic Development ofPhaenoserphus viatorHal. (Proctotrypoidea), a Parasite of the Larva ofPterostichus niger(Carabidae), with Notes on the Anatomy of the Larva
Authors: Eastham L. E. S.
Published: June 2009

1. The life-history ofPhaenoserphus viatoris described.

Four larval instars are found, endoparasitic in the larvae ofPterostichus niger. At thee nd of the last larval instar the parasites, which may number as many as 45 in a single host, emerge, and while still attached, pupate without spinning a cocoon.

Adults may appear in August or September.

The effect of the parasite in inhibiting metamorphosis of the host is discussed.

2. The first observed larva is atracheate and incompletely segmented at first and is of the polypod type bearing paired prolegs on the body segments.

Subsequent instars are apodate.

The tracheal system develops progressively in the several instars, but only becomes functional in the final stage.

3. The anatomy of the larva is briefly described with the exception of the musculature.

Tracheal development is described. Gas only appears in the tracheae after the development of the tracheole cells puts the tracheae into communication with the body wall and other organs.

In the circulatory system an important accessory organ is the neural sinus, formed by the enclosure of the ventral nerve cord beneath a connective tissue curtain.

The imaginal discs of the hypodermis are briefly described, these being clearly defined in the head, thorax, and posterior abdominal segments.

The nervous system consists of a brain, suboesophageal ganglion and 11 ventral ganglia, the most posterior being tripartite. This system is connected with the sympathetic, by nerves passing from the cerebral commissures to a frontal ganglion which lies above the oesophagus and behind the labrum.
A Description of the Trematode Catoptroides lacustri n.sp., with a Review of the known species of the Genus
Authors: Loewen Solomon L.
Published: June 2009

1. Four species had been described to date as belonging to the genus Catoptroides: C. spatula and C. spatulaeforme from African catfish and C. macrocotyle and C. angulatus from European fish.

2. C. lacustri, a new species described in this paper, was taken from the great fork-tailed catfish, Ameiurus lacustris, from the St Croix River, Minnesota.

3. To this list must be added C. staffordi of the American catfish, Ameiurus nebulosus and A. melas, which was described by Pearse in 1924 and placed in the genus Phyllodistomum.

4. C. angulatus is shown not to be a member of this genus, but rather as belonging to the genus Phyllodistomum in which von Linstow first described it.

5. All of these species are briefly reviewed and compared in this paper.
The Anatomy and Histology of Phyllonella soleae Ben. & Hesse, an Ectoparasitic Trematode of the Sole Solea vulgaris Quensel
Authors: Little Percy A.
Published: June 2009

During trawling expeditions off the coast of Galway in 1926–1928 I examined 100 specimens of Solea vulgaris Quensel, of varying sizes, and found about 60 per cent. infected with the parasite herein described. Usually two to five parasites were found attached to an infected fish, but up to eight were discovered on a single host.
The biology of Phytodietus pulcherrimus (Cress.) (Ichneumonidae, Tryphoninae) parasitic of Loxostege sticticalis L. in North America
Authors: Simmonds F. J.
Published: June 2009

In 1941 work was started in North America with a view to introducing into South Africa parasite species which might act as factors in the control of the insect pest, Loxostege frustalis Zell. (Pyraustidae), which destroys large areas of Karroo bush (Pentzia incana), an important sheep-fodder plant in South Africa (Taylor, 1940). Several nearly related species of moths occur in North America, one of them being Loxostege sticticalia L., a serious pest of sugar-beet in the Great Plains region. A number of parasite species have been recorded from this host both in America and Europe (Pepper & Hastings, 1941), and it was thought that several of these species occurring in North America might be suitable for introduction into South Africa after their hiolocv and life histories had been investigated.
A study of the effect of light, temperature and salinity on the emergence ofCercaria purpurasLebour fromNucella lapillus(L.)
Authors: Rees Gwendolen
Published: June 2009

Up to the present very few authors have directed their attention to factors influencing the emergence of larval trematodes from their snail hosts. Cort (1922) has made a study of the escape of cercariae from their hosts and the writer (1931) has examined the effect of light and temperature on the emergence of three species of larval trematodes from three species of fresh-water molluscs. More recently, Giovannola (1936) has investigated the effect of a reversal of light and darkness on the periodicity of emission of cercariae from three species of host snails. All these studies have been made on freshwater molluscs. In the case of molluscs living between tide-marks on the shore, in addition to variation in temperature there exists another variable factor, namely, the salinity of the water. Many rock-pools situated in the intertidal zone are small and will therefore be subject to considerable variations in temperature and salinity at different times of the year and even for short periods of up to 12 hr. during individual days. In the summer months the temperature of the water in these pools may rise to a high degree and the high temperature would be maintained for a longer period near high-water mark than near low-water mark, where the period of exposure is less. Similarly, the decrease in temperature would be very marked during the cold winter months. As the water in the exposed pools evaporates the salinity increases and high up on the shore, between successive tides on hot summer days, it may become twice that of normal sea water. The pools are also exposed to rain and in the same period the salinity of the water may decrease considerably if the precipitation is heavy. The light factor would be the same for molluscs living in fresh and in salt water, but the reaction of various species of larval trematodes to the presence or absence of light varies. Some emerge from their hosts in larger numbers during the daytime, others during the night and some indiscriminately during periods of light and darkness.
Some New Ectoparasitic Trematodes (Onchocotylinae) from the Gills of American Sharks
Authors: Brooks G. L.
Published: June 2009

The genus Onchocotyle was named by Diesing in 1850 with O. appendiculatum (Kuhn 1829) as type. Cerfontaine (1900) reviewed the history of the group and revised the genus. He named the subfamily Onchocotylinae, containing three genera: Squalonchocotyle, Acanthonchocotyle (subsequently regarded by Monticelli (1903) as a synonym of Onchocotyle) and Rajonchocotyle. He discarded the older generic name of Onchocotyle, and placed the group in the group in the family Octocotylidae. Poche (1925) placed it in the family Polystomatidae Gamble (1896). Fuhrmann (1931) lists the group in the suborder Polyopisthocotylinea, family Onchocotylidae.
Studies on the male accessory reproductive glands and the spermatophore of the tick,Argas persicusOken
Authors: Tatchell R. J.
Published: June 2009

1. The spermatophore of the argasid tickArgas persicus, is a sac enclosing a mass of sperm and a number of other structures which are rapidly extruded into the vagina of the female tick during copulation.

2. During copulation the first part of the contents of the spermatophore to be extruded consists of a clear tip with two lateral semi-opaque areas surrounded by white borders and a mass of opaque white material followed by the sperm.

3. The male accessory reproductive gland is redescribed. It consists of a stem portion which gives off: dorsally, the unpaired anterior dorsal granular lobe and the paired posterior dorsal and third lateral granular lobes; the small paired second lateral granular lobes from the mid-region; ventrally, the small unpaired median granular lobe and the large paired first lateral granular lobes and, opening into the ejaculatory duct, the small, paired anterior and posterior spongy lobes.

4. The anterior and posterior spongy lobes secrete an acid mucopolysaccharide which thinly coats the spermatophore.

5. The median granular lobe secretes a phospholipoprotein rich in phenolic groups and a polyphenol oxidase.

6. The first lateral granular lobes secrete a basic protein which interacts with the secretions of the median granular lobe to form the main wall of the spermatophore.

7. The second lateral granular lobes secrete the tenuous mucoprotein membrane which surrounds the sperm mass within the spermatophore and also the large protein granules which adhere to the inner surface of this membrane.

8. The third lateral granular lobe secretes the mass of opaque, white material in the spermatophore; possibly this is pharmacologically active and analogous to the secretion of the opaque glands ofRhodnius.

9. The posterior dorsal granular lobes secrete a non-specific esterase at their tip and a protein in the mid-region; these form, respectively, the lateral semi-opaque areas and their white borders in the spermatophore.

10. The anterior dorsal granular lobe secretes an acid mucopolysaccharideprotein complex which forms the clear tip of the extruded contents of the spermatophore.
A record of trematode parasites from Mola mola and Raniceps raninus (Linn.)
Authors: Crofton H. Draper
Published: June 2009

While making a survey of the parasites of littoral fishes at Cullercoats, Northumberland, parasites from Mola mola and Raniceps raninus came into my possession. These fishes are rarely found in British waters and so far no parasites have been recorded from R. raninus in British waters.
The transmission of Theileria parva by Ticks
Authors: Lewis E. Aneurin , Fotheringham W.
Published: June 2009

1. The development of Theileria parva in engorged larvae of R. appendiculatus exposed to a temperature of 4–6° C. for 3 days at intervals of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 9 days after repletion is not retarded; and it appears, from previous experiments and those now described, that, as long as the tick survives, climatic conditions do not kill or weaken the parasite.

2. The virulence of East Coast fever transmitted by ticks fed in the tail brush did not differ from the disease conveyed by ticks infesting the ears.

3. Reference is made to records of mild reactions to Bast Coast fever when the parasites are either rare or absent; and instances are given of such reactions followed by recovery in experimental animals. Although the mild form of the disease seems associated at times with light tick infestation, it is proved that a few infected ticks also transmit a fatal East Coast fever. It is shown also that ticks fed on a bovine during a short or mild reaction can produce a virulent form of the disease in susceptible animals, and that mild reactors acquire an immunity to the virulent disease.

4. The experiments which are described indicate that ticks do not become infected with T. parva from the blood of a bovine for the first 4 days of the reaction period.

5. Evidence is produced which strongly suggests that T. parva tends to disappear from infected hungry ticks kept under laboratory conditions for about a year or more. The age of the tick would appear to be an important factor in the transmission of East Coast fever.

6. Attempts to break down the immunity to East Coast fever, and to produce “turning-sickness”, by massive infestations of ticks were unsuccessful; and further experiments on the transmission of East Coast fever by ticks which had fed on animals suffering from “turning-sickness” did not confirm earlier positive results.

These conflicting results may be explained by the observations that “turning-sickness”, associated with the blocking of the small capillaries of the brain by lymphocytes containing schizonts indistinguishable from the Koch's bodies of T. parva, may be divided into three stages, namely, acute, subacute and chronic; and it is suggested that infection of ticks with T. parva from “turning-sickness” could normally be successful only from animals in the acute and early part of the subacute stages since piroplasms disappear from the peripheral blood stream in the more advanced cases of “turning-sickness”.

7. The opinions of other workers on East Coast fever are discussed in the light of the experiments carried out at Kabete and of field experience in Kenya Colony. It is explained how the results can be applied to the movement of cattle from endemic areas over country free from East Coast fever.
Observations on natural populations of the body louse, Pediculus humanus corporis de G.
Authors: MacLeod J. , Craufurd-Benson H. J.
Published: June 2009

The materials for this paper were obtained from three sources: (a) the examination, on successive occasions during the period December 1939–April 1940, of volunteer subjects, mainly from common lodging houses in east London, prior to their treatment with pediculicides, (b) the examination, during April 1940, of large numbers of men from common lodging houses, Salvation Army hostels, night refuges and other sources, in a search for further suitable subjects for control experiments, and (c) the study of the process of infestation of shirts issued to selected volunteers and worn continuously over a period of 10 days. The material from the first source is largely selective, since infested volunteers were specifically invited; that from the second source is more representative of the population of cheap hostels, since no emphasis was laid on the presence of lice, the men being induced to submit to examination by the offer of payment. It is, however, obviously not a random sample since it represents volunteers, and neither it nor the source (a) material should be used as a measure of the frequency or degree of infestation normal to the corresponding group of the city population.
The cattle lice of Great Britain Part I. Biology, with special reference to Haematopinus eurysternus
Authors: Craufurd-Benson H. J.
Published: June 2009

1. The geographical distribution of cattle lice in Britain is recorded in detail. Bovicola bovis is the commonest and most widely distributed species in Britain.

2. The incubation period for the eggs was found to be: Haematopinus eurysternus, 9–19 days (av. 12); Bovicola bovis, 7–10 days (av. 8); Linognathus vitula, 10–13 days; Solenopotes capillatus, 10–13 days. With eggs of H. eurysternus it was found that the higher the minimum air temperature the shorter was the incubation period.

3. In H. eurysternus the average length of the instars was: 1st, 4 days; 2nd, 4 days; 3rd, 4 days; pre-oviposition period, 3–4 days. The average time for the complete life cycle, egg to egg, was 28 days.

4. The maximum longevity of H. eurysternus on the host was: males, 10 days; females, 16 days. No males or females of H. eurysternus survived a starvation period of 72 hr. at 20° C. and R.H. 70 or 0–10° C. and R.H. 70–85; but some nymphs survived this period at 20° C. and R.H. 70, but none survived 96 hr. starvation.

5. The maximum number of eggs recorded for one female was 24; and eggs were laid at the rate of 1–4 a day.

6. The threshold of development of the eggs of H. eurysternus appears to be about 27·5° C.
A description of the anatomy of the monogenetic trematode Choricotyle chrysophryi van Beneden & Hesse
Authors: Llewellyn J.
Published: June 2009

1. Choricotyle chrysophryi van Beneden & Hesse has been recorded for the first time since its original discovery in 1863, and from a new host Pagellus centrodontus (De la Roche).

2. The history of C. chrysophryi and of allied species has been reviewed, resulting in the substitution of the generic name Choricotyle van Beneden & Hesse, 1863 for Diclidophora Goto, 1894 and the family name Choricotylidae nov. for Diclidophoridae Fuhrmann, 1928.

3. The anatomy of Choricotyle chrysophryi has been investigated by means of serial sections, revealing specialized features in the presence of a terminal languette and of a ‘ring-organ’.
Two new semi-parasitic copepods from the Peruvian coast
Authors: Wilson Charles Branch
Published: June 2009

Among the shore crabs the genus Callianassa is quite cosmopolitan; its species are widely distributed and seem also to be peculiarly susceptible to parasitism. Wherever they have been examined carefully they have yielded semi-parasitic copepods, sometimes in considerable numbers. Such forms have been reported from both the east and west coast of North America, from the Mediterranean and from the British Isles. Recently 150 of these semi-parasites were sent to the United States National Museum from Salaverry near Trujillo on the coast of northern Peru. They were taken by Mr Floyd Sears, agent of the Grace Line at Salaverry, from the branchial chamber of a species of Callianassa on the Peruvian coast. They prove to be new species belonging to two genera of cyclopid copepods and are here described and figured.
A comparative account of the larvae of Trichomyia urbica Curtis, Psychodes albipennis Zett., and Phlebotomus argentipes Ann. & Brun. (Diptera: Psychodidae)
Authors: Keilin D. , Tate P.
Published: June 2009

From the foregoing brief descriptions it is clear that the larva of Trichomyia urbica stands apart from other psychodid larvae not only in its mode of life, as a wood-borer, but also in its morphology. The regularly cylindrical body, devoid of dorsal plaques and long setae and the densely chitinized head give it a very different appearance from that of other psychodid larvae.

The small and heavily chitinized antennae are very different from those found in larvae of Phlebotomus, in which they are 3-segmented; Psychodes, in which they are delicate and dome-like; Sycorax, in which they are long and 4-segmented (Feuerborn, 1933); and Maruina, in which they are formed of small rods (Feuerborn, 1933).

The massive toothed mandibles, devoid of sensory processes, differ greatly from those of other genera of psychodids except Phlebotomus. Maruina, Sycorax (see Feuerborn, 1933), and Psychodes all have mandibles with large leaf-like processes and many long plumose or pectinate setae and sensory hairs or processes.

The maxillae, in all the three genera examined above, are delicate plates with ill-defined areas representing the maxillary palps, and with many delicate teeth, long setae and sensory processes arising from the body of the maxilla.

The lower lip in Trichomyia is very simple and the mentum is hardly distinguishable. In this respect it resembles Psychodes where the mentum is a simple transverse plate, and Maruina (see Feuerborn, 1933) in which it is similar except that the anterior border of the plate is fringed with long setae. In Phlebotomus the mentum is a densely chitinized plate with strong teeth on its anterior margin.

The anterior spiracles appear to be much alike in all the genera in which they are present; but in the position of the posterior spiracles Trichomyia, in which they are placed far back on the dorso-lateral region of the last segment, differs from all other genera examined except Phlebotomus, in which they occupy a similar position.

Therefore, as regards the shape of the body, nature of the cuticle, absence of long setae and of dorsal plaques, and the structure of the antennae and labrum, the larva of Trichomyia differs from all other psychodid larvae. It shares with the larva of Phlebotomus the possession of strong, simple, toothed, mandibles devoid of long setae and sensory processes. It also resembles Phlebotomus in the poorly defined epipharynx and premandibles on the labrum, and in the position of the posterior spiracles near the middle of the last segment. The weakly developed mentum of Trichomyia larvae, however, differs greatly from that of Phlebotomus larvae in which the mentum is very strongly developed as a toothed plate.
Observations on the biology and larvae of the anthomyidae
Authors: Thomson B. C. Muirhead
Published: June 2009

A survey of the relatively few anthomyid types described in this paper alone is sufficient to show that the external form of the egg may differ greatly from species to species. It would be interesting to find out if these differences are related in any way to the subsequent development or habits of the larvae.
The egg-parasite ofSialis lutaria: a study of the influence of the host upon a dimorphic parasite
Authors: Salt George
Published: June 2009

1. Nearly a quarter of a million eggs ofSialis lutariawere collected at Cambridge in 1936. About 0·6 per cent of them were attacked by a parasite.

2. The egg-parasite ofSialisis distinct fromTrichogramma evanescens, and is to be calledT. semblidis(Aurivillius).

3. The male ofTrichogramma semblidisoccurs in two forms. Neither consists merely of imperfect or degenerate individuals of the other, for the two forms are equally large and differ constantly and fundamentally in several characters. The species, therefore, exhibits true dimorphism.

4. Rearing experiments involving isolated pure lines show that it is principally the host that determines which form of the parasite shall emerge. Males reared onSialisare of the apterous form; those reared on three species of Lepidoptera are of the winged form.

5. The dimorphism ofT. semblidisis discussed in relation to other examples of dimorphism in the Hymenoptera. It is shown to have several features of special interest.
The reaction of some variants of Ornithodoros moubata Murray (Argasidae, Ixodoidea) to desiccation
Authors: Walton G. A.
Published: June 2009

1. Ten strains of Ornithodoros moubata not fed as adults and never mated were exposed to dry air at 32·2° C. and the effect recorded by measuring the loss of weight and survival rates.

2. Two rates of water-loss were found and O. moubata may be divided into three groups on physiological grounds. Strains found in native huts in South Africa differ from all other tested strains by losing water in dry air at 0·16 mg. per day. All other tested strains lost water at 0·32 mg. (range 0·29–0·4 mg.) per day. The wild strains of the East African warthog and porcupine burrows are distinguished from the East African domestic strains by their ability to withstand prolonged starvation.

3. The initial mean weight of a strain in any of the groups has a considerable effect upon survival in dry air, the percentage survival (in 100 days tested) being directly proportional to the original weight of the ticks. Size of individuals could alone lead to ultimate survival differences of two months in different strains of the same form.
A review of some ticks (Acarina: Ixodidae) of sea birds Part II. The taxonomic problems associated with the Ixodes auritulus-percavatus group of species
Authors: Arthur D. R.
Published: June 2009

1. Ixodes auritulus group of ticks and Ixodes percavatus group of ticks are both characterized by having the palpal article I drawn out to a horn anteriorly, but in the percavatus group there is a strong meso-dorsal ‘spur’ on this article, which is lacking in the auritulus group.

2. The mutilated types of I. auritulus and I. percavatus sp. revocata are re-described and electotypes established for both.

3. Variations from I. auritulus sensu stricto are described from Peru and Guatemala, and a revised description given of the male, female and nymph from Snares Island.

4. I. percavatus and I. zumpti sp.nov. have been diagnosed from material from Nightingale Island, Tristan da Cunha. Ticks from Marion Island are identified as a new species, I. pterodromae. Female and nymphs from the Paris Museum originally identified by Neumann as I. auritulus now fall into the percavatus group and are named I. cornuae sp.nov.