bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Better Bibliographic Reference Method
Authors: Gilpin Robert G.
Published: March 2007

It is ironic that social scientists admonish one another to integrate empirical studies into bodies of theory and to fill the gaps in their empirical knowledge at the same time that they take inadequate steps to facilitate the mechanical progress that must precede these creative tasks. This article suggests a punch- card system for establishing order in the bibliographical wilderness of the ex panding social sciences.
On Educational Technology
Authors: Stecchini Livio C.
Published: March 2007

Delving into the history of science, Dr. Stecchini, who teaches at Paterson State College (N.J.), compares Roman "programed" instruction with our own and the printing press with the teaching machine.
Libraries and Information Retrieval
Authors: Dubester Henry J.
Published: March 2007

Dr. Dubester, Chief of the General Reference and Bibliography Division of the Library of Congress, is a leader of the current movement to rationalize the basic processes of scientific intelligence. Here he explains the foundations of librarianship and the new ventures into computer installations, systems for conserving the resources of the searching scholar, and massive interlibrary cooperation.
Social Science Research and the American University
Authors: Shapiro Gilbert
Published: March 2007

This article presents the implications for the modern University of engaging in large-scale research in the behavioral sciences. The various aspects of research control and of the New Patronage, both public and private, are dealt with. The structure of research activities within the University is discussed and suggestions are made for the improvement of organizational arrangements. Professor Shapiro is with Washington

University in St. Louis, where he formerly served as Director of the Social Science Institute.
American Business and Health Care Reform
Authors: BERGTHOLD LINDA A.
Published: March 2007

American business is the purchaser of a third of all health services and supplies in the United States. As a major purchaser, business has a clear stake in keeping health care costs under control. Yet, despite efforts to control costs and a variety of political interventions over a 20-year period, business has not been able to have a substantial impact on the growth of the medical care industry. Within the context of this failure to affect costs, it seems logical that business leaders would aggressively pursue comprehensive reform. Yet opinion polls show deep splits between and among segments of business over how to effect reform. This article examines the way in which business becomes involved in the policy process, areas of consensus and disagreement over health care reform within the business community, the business view of managed competition and the Clinton administration's reform plan, and possibilities for future business support of comprehensive health care reform.
Assuring Access to Health Care for Homeless People Under National Health Care
Authors: COUSINEAU MICHAEL R. , LOZIER JOHN N.
Published: March 2007

Health problems are found among homeless people at a higher rate than among adequately housed individuals, and these problems are both a cause and a consequence of homelessness. Proposals for national health care reform that rely on managed competition are, alone, insufficient to insure access to America's homeless because homeless people have multiple health problems, are undesirable patients for many private providers, and will be costly to treat. Managed care programs may exclude services important for homeless people, such as outreach, social services, mental health and substance abuse, and traditional public health functions. The strengthening of safety net providers including public hospitals, community health centers, clinics, and local health departments must be part of efforts at health care reform. The continuation of the National Health Care for the Homeless program, which is funded by the U.S. Public Health Service, and the linking of this and other health care programs to housing initiatives are recommended.
Transformations in Management Education
Authors: TOREN KOOS
Published: March 2007

In a preexperience management training program at the State University of Groningen (the Netherlands), theoretical knowledge is supplemented by learning from personal experience. Training is conceived as a special form of cooperative human inquiry. Students learn to be co-researchers in their self-analysis and their study of social behavior. The major themes of the training program are mostly presented in paradoxes—for example, communication: information and deformation, anxiety and excitement, control and letting go, dancing lessons for managers. This approach invites the student to explore his or her paradigms, to accept paradoxes and to make shifts to second-order learning. The problem of integrating the training program in a university faculty is discussed in terms of a collision of two learning cultures.
Thomas Jefferson's Perspectives on the Press as an Instrument of Political Communication
Authors: GOLDEN ALAN L. , GOLDEN JAMES L.
Published: March 2007

This article seeks to show that Jefferson's faith in the people's ability to govern themselves and his belief in the two-party system led him to conclude that a free press is needed to provide vital information required for an intelligent decision in an election campaign. Thus he encouraged the development of newspapers representing all points of view, and expressed the hope that these journals would be examined critically by the editor and by the public. Even though the high standards he upheld for a responsible press were violated in the 1800 presidential campaign, he maintained his strong belief that freedom of the press and expression should always prevail.
The Process of Education
Authors: WHITE ALVIN M.
Published: March 2007

Geoffrey Vickers advocated and illustrated the efficacy of informal education. Children and older students can and do learn within the contexts of tasks and questions that are meaningful to them. This article is about surprisingly successful learning in informal settings. Informal learning has often been encouraged because of the failure of more traditional approaches. Mathematics has been assumed to be certain and the model of describing truth. The certainty of mathematics and the formal mode of discussing mathematics are being reconsidered. Connections between mathematics and humanistic disciplines are the bases of a worldwide movement of mathematically minded scholars.
Health Communication as Negotiation
Authors: RATZAN SCOTT C.
Published: March 2007

Health communication as a field has a wide array of “experts” in the government, the academic community, the media, and all those in the modern-day health polity. With such a wide knowledge base, many prospects for health communication in the 21st century abound as we enter a new communication and technological age. This article outlines a proposed Healthy America Act, grounded in a shared decision-making model of COAST[UNKNOWN] (communication, options, alternatives, standards, and trust). This workable integrative negotiation (WIN[UNKNOWN]) model approach to health communication outlines a method that all sectors of society can employ to attain optimal health of the citizenry.
Family Harmony or Individual Protection?
Authors: STALANS LORETTA J.
Published: March 2007

Domestic violence situations create tough choices between protecting an individual's safety and fostering family harmony and autonomy. Using a sample of 157 adult residents of Georgia, this study examines how the public wants the police and court to handle domestic violence situations. Respondents read a detailed story about a domestic violence situation and then recommended how the police and court should handle the situation. The majority of respondents wanted the police and the courts to provide referrals to marriage counseling; only 26% of the respondents recommended arrest when the wife had moderately severe injuries. Respondents based their preference for arrest or informal methods on their fairness and on their effectiveness at reducing conflict. These findings suggest that the public may still place more importance on rehabilitative justice than on retributive justice. Moreover, the public recognizes the victim's need for protection but still places much importance on family autonomy and harmony. Practical implications and future research directions are discussed.
Health Perceptions
Authors: KANE ROBERT L.
Published: March 2007

People with chronic disease often make a sharp distinction between being ill and having a serious underlying problem. This distinction is more than semantic. There is substantial danger in using, as a basis for making plans, people's ideas about their feelings about contracting diseases or entering into states of disability. The discrepancies between how people with serious health problems feel about these problems and the conceptions of those who do not have serious health problems raise warning flags about how far to proceed on the basis of theoretical preconceptions. Several studies suggest that patients' actual behavior is quite different from what we might expect. They may be less willing to eschew technology than we have thought.
Design and Analysis Issues in Community-Based Drug Abuse Prevention
Authors: MURRAY DAVID M. , MOSKOWITZ JOEL M. , DENT CLYDE W.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the design and analysis issues that face community-based drug abuse prevention trials. Such trials allocate intact social groups to study conditions and fall within the general class of studies called “community trials.” Special concerns for community trials include selection bias, differential mortality and maturation, contamination, poorly defined constructs, weak interventions, violation of assumptions underlying analysis methods, and low power. Potential solutions include careful selection of comparison units, tight control over distribution of intervention materials, matching, randomization, adding more units to each condition or more frequent observations in each unit, monitoring exposure to intervention-like activities in all sites, regression adjustment for covariates, modeling time, and selection of an appropriate analysis model. Four approaches to analysis are illustrated in an example based on an adolescent tobacco use prevention study.
The Maturing of Diversity Initiatives on American Campuses
Authors: MUSIL CARYN McTIGHE
Published: March 2007

America's corporations have embraced the value of diversity, and higher education is following suit as it recognizes its unique responsibility to educate students for a diverse world. Over the past three decades, the academy has been engaged in a democratic experiment to create more inclusive campuses grounded in scholarship about the previously excluded majority of humankind. Our understanding of diversity has matured as we realize diversity is not just about adding to what is but about transforming the relations between the parts, and in the process reconceiving the whole. Some of the emerging curricular models, goals for student learning, and characteristics of the ideal dynamic in a diversity classroom are presented in this article.
The Energetic Structure of Observation
Authors: FARRE GEORGE L.
Published: March 2007

Progress in the scientific study of the material world in the last few decades has shown conclusively that Nature is energetically stratified, and that nearly all observable systems are made up of hierarchies of such strata. A characteristic feature of these strata is that each is mapped by its own specific language, reflecting the fact that each stratum is characterised by its own laws, and is therefore irreducible to any other energetic stratum. Among the many types of energetic hierarchies, one is of special interest in the present context. It will be referred to here as a cognitive system. A cognitive system is identified by the fact that its emergent stratum is conceptual rather than physical, though its energetic substrate is of course physical, and indeed quantal. The functional relationship between its more energetic, or causal stratum, and the less energetic or emergent one is, operationally, that of a semantic filter. Functionally, this last may be defined as the filtering out of intelligence from information. This article presents a rough sketch of the functional anatomy of the filter.
From Brain to Mind
Authors: URBACH THOMAS P.
Published: March 2007

An explicit goal of cognitive neuroscience is to bridge the gap between brain and mind. However, arguments in the philosophy of psychology for a level of cognitive theory independent of the neuronal implementation raise questions about the relevance of the details of nervous system activity to theories of cognitive processing. After sketching these concerns, an interdisciplinary approach to cognitive theories of language is outlined, and some recent results from event-related brain potential studies of human sentence comprehension are reviewed. These empirical studies show how neurophysiological evidence can be used to test moderately fine-grained hypotheses about the mental representations and algorithms involved in human sentence comprehension. These results about what and how the brain is computing demonstrate an evidential relation between neurophysiological data and theories of higher cognitive function. This evidential relation illustrates one way to bridge the gap between brain and mind, even in the absence of an explicit intertheoretic reduction of the sort imagined for an ideal cognitive neuroscience.
The Internet's World Wide Web and Political Accountability
Authors: JACQUES WAYNE W. , RATZAN SCOTT C.
Published: March 2007

Despite extensive criticism in recent decades of political journalism, institutions are resistant to change and public discourse is left wanting. The situation suggests, in part, the need for more attempts at public information and discourse innovation. The authors argue that features in certain Internet information presentations, notably different in form from anything found in traditional press, can address these complaints. In particular, a new level of practical accountability for public speech and actions is possible if cyclically delivered, story-centered news is augmented with nontemporal, modularized, and malleable information spaces. This article briefly discusses some issues and presents examples created for the 1996 presidential debates on the World Wide Web.
The Contextualization of Affirmative Action
Authors: MILLER FAYNEESE , REYES XAÈ ALICIA , SHAFFER ELIZABETH
Published: March 2007

One purpose of this article is to chronicle the progression of affirmative action. A second purpose is to show how affirmative action has benefited all of society and not just a select few. The authors of this article move from a critique of the history of affirmative action to an assessment of the current political climate. It is argued that a rollback of affirmative action practices will have long-term effects on the educational and job opportunities available to women and minorities, but more important, a rollback will seriously alter the playing field and call into question the notion that “all men are created equal.”
Restorative Justice and Earned Redemption
Authors: BAZEMORE GORDON
Published: March 2007

The author provides a comprehensive discussion of the roots of the new reintegrative and restorative justice theories as well as the success of current, preliminary applications of these theories. Arguing that the traditional and opposing theories of the retributive paradigm and the treatment model offer only a simplistic choice between helping or hurting offenders, the author contends that these systems fail to address adequately the needs of communities and victims. In place of these two paradigms, he suggests a new model that he terms reintegrative or restorative justice. This new theory, based on specific cultural approaches to crime found in New Zealand, Japan, and elsewhere, seeks to address the needs of communities and victims through apology and reparation, a process that hopefully leads to the reintegration of offenders into society.
Global Civil Society?
Authors: SMITH JACKIE
Published: March 2007

The growth of international political and economic institutions has both facilitated and demanded cooperation among social change activists from different countries, contributing to the rapid expansion of transnationally organized social movements. But to what extent do these increasingly visible movements manifest a “global civil society”? Do transnational social movement organizations (TSMOs) help cultivate the social capital relevant to a politically engaged global civil society? Building on Minkoff's analysis of national SMOs, this article argues that TSMOs contribute to the formation of social capital that is relevant to the global political order, even if these organizations do not generate routine, face-to-face contact among members. They do so by providing an infrastructure that facilitates transnational communication and action, by cultivating transnational identities, and by developing a global public discourse. This analysis of the role of social movements in the global polity relates to more general debates on civil society and democracy.
The Transformation of Futures Research in Hungary
Authors: HIDEG ÉVA
Published: March 2007

In Hungary, the collapse of the authoritarian society has made the author see that the future means not only what will eventually materialize but also the human consciousness and psychic content that people today have of the future, which affects their activities in the present and thus the future itself. At present, the author's main fields of interest include a redefinition of the notion of the future, further developments in methodological investigation, and elaboration of possible futures amid circumstances of instability and teaching futures research. Would-be specialists in futures research should be trained so as to be able to apply a wide variety of different methods to help people and social institutions develop their future-orientations and invent their own futures.
The Challenge of Teaching Futures Studies
Authors: DEL PINO JORDI SERRA
Published: March 2007

When teaching futures studies, there is a tendency to focus on methodologies because they are more in demand. This article argues that futures studies teaching should also cover the conceptual and theoretical questions (including such philosophical issues as the nature of time and its unfolding). Thus, the three elements of teaching futures studies, in order, are concepts, theories, and methods. Some detail is given about the particularities of teaching futures in Europe.
Studying the Legal Management of HIV-Related Stigma
Authors: BURRIS SCOTT
Published: March 2007

Law has been a prominent tool for managing the stigmas associated with HIV. The belief that stigma would discourage HIV testing and that privacy and antidiscrimination policies could reduce this effect was a plausible foundation for law in the early days of the epidemic, but is now ripe for reexamination. This article identifies major factual assumptions underlying current policies on HIV-related stigma and its legal management that should be addressed in future research, including the following: (a) stigma is an important factor in HIV-testing behavior, (b) people are aware of protective laws, (c) people are not aware of threatening laws, (d) protective laws will make people perceive less risk, and (e) the person at social risk will be willing to rely on the law for protection. Future research should better identify and integrate psychosocial factors that may influence stigma and the influence of law on it.
Shaping the External Environment
Authors: Cook Ronald G. , Barry David
Published: March 2007

Using a qualitative, grounded theory approach, this study examined the public policy interactions of small firms. The small firms' cognitive understanding and sensemaking approaches to government are revealed through an examination of successful and failed influence attempts. Embedded in these attempts, a set of factors (Issue Characteristics and Influence Process) were discovered, which affect the outcome of an influence effort. Issue Characteristics reflected attributes chief executive officers (CEOs) looked for when examining an issue and include Issue Impact, Issue Clarity, and Issue Image. Influence Process factors focus on how influence is acquired and exercised, and include Issue Champion, Persistence, and Coalition Development.
Stakeholder Management and the Avoidance of Corporate Control
Authors: Huse Morten , Eide Dorthe
Published: March 2007

Principles and processes of stakeholder management are still conceptually at an embryonic stage. This article analyzes several principles and processes important to understanding strategic management and business ethics. Using an inductive approach with empirical data from a Norwegian insurance company, the article contributes to a description of manipulation and power dimensions of stakeholder management. The capacity of the management of large companies to circumvent control and thus accountability is illustrated. New analytic insights are presented, such as the distinction drawn between movement, multimatum, and manipulation.
U.S. Consumer Sensitivity to Corporate Social Performance
Authors: Paul Karen , Zalka Lori M. , Downes Meredith , Perry Susan , Friday Shawnta
Published: March 2007

This study develops a scale to measure consumer sensitivity to corporate social performance (CSCSP) using the factor analysis procedure to generate a valid and reliable 11-item scale. Results from a U.S. sample of M.B.A. students suggest that women are more sensitive to CSP than men and that Democrats are more sensitive to CSP than Republicans. Future research can use this scale to measure the correlation between attitudes toward CSP and actual behavior.
The Relationship between Social and Financial Performance
Authors: Roman Ronald M. , Hayibor Sefa , Agle Bradley R.
Published: March 2007

A primary issue in the field of business and society over the past 25 years has been the relationship between corporate social performance and corporate financial performance. Recently, Griffin and Mahon (1997) presented a table categorizing studies that have investigated this relationship. Motivated by concerns with this table, as well as a desire to account for progress in research in this area, the authors reconstructed it. The authors present a portrait of this relationship that is (a) substantially different from that shown in the Griffin and Mahon table and (b) more consistent with the latest research on the topic.
Minority Governments in Parliamentary Democracies
Authors: STROM KAARE
Published: March 2007

Minority cabinets account for about 35% of all governments in 15 parliamentary democracies since 1945. Conventional explanations associate minority government formation with political crises, instability, polarization, factionalization, and failures of interparty bargaining. Such explanations are tested and found lacking in empirical support. Instead, minority governments are explained as rational solutions under specified conditions. Minority cabinets form when even oppositional parties can influence parliamentary legislation, and when government participation is likely to be a liability in future elections. This rationalist explanation receives substantial empirical support in tests against competing hypotheses. The results suggest important modifications to theories of government and coalition formation.
Japan's Habitual Voters
Authors: RICHARDSON BRADLEY M.
Published: March 2007

Party identification has been shown to be comparatively weak and volatile in Japan. A search for alternative elements of continuity in partisan behavior indicates that many Japanese vote regularly for the same party, and for roughly one-fifth of the electorate this is done in the absence of a stable party identification. Following earlier work by Ivor Crewe, these nonidentifiers who still vote regularly for the same party are termed habitual voters. Habitual voters are less involved in issues, have fewer party images and have fewer ties to external groups that support their party than stable party identifiers. What makes the habitual voters stand out most is their absence of emotional commitments to the party they vote for regularly in elections and lack of negative feelings toward the parties they do not support. Habitual voting thus reflects one of the dominant traits of Japan's political culture, which is a strong tendency toward affective neutrality. Habitual voters are a new type of nonaffective partisan not anticipated in traditional political behavior theories, and as such their presence in Japan should be of interest to students of comparative political behavior.
Subsidy Policies for Production Automation
Authors: van TULDER ROB
Published: March 2007

In the increasingly competitive international economy, a country's economic policy is increasingly apt to be modelled on that of its most successful competitor. This article examines the United States, Japan, France, and West Germany to see whether and under what circumstances their economic policies, industrial structure, and technological positions are converging or diverging. In this special attention is paid to strategies concerning computer-aided production automation. In previous decades states used to choose whether or not to adopt a liberal or mercantilist policy according to their level of technological development. However, since the restructuring race began in the 1970s there has been more attention paid to the question of how a country's overall economic structure compares with that of its competitors. In fact, the typologies used to differentiate between liberalism and mercantilism may have to be revised as the pressures for policy convergence prompt countries to recoalesce into new alliances.
Political Participation in the Barriadas
Authors: DIETZ HENRY
Published: March 2007

This research note updates earlier work that focused on electoral behavior among the urban poor in Lima, Peru. The previous research stopped with the 1983 municipal elections. The data used here extend the analysis through the 1985 presidential election and the 1986 municipal election. The results largely reinforce the hypotheses originally proposed for explaining the observed vacillating support for the left by low-income urban voters.
Legality in Administration in Britain and the United States
Authors: STERETT SUSAN
Published: March 2007

Efforts to structure administrative processes through legality are well known in the United States. However, they are seldom analyzed in a comparative context, with an effort to explain how legal procedures are structured into administrative process. Political disputes criticizing bureaucracy and arguing for more legal accountability have occurred in Britain as well as the United States, culminating in statutes. But the extensive postwar debate in Britain led to a statute that did not accomplish as much as the American Administrative Procedure Act. This article explains the efforts and the somewhat different outcomes in Britain and the United States with an analysis of the coherence of and divisions within legal ideology and how the legal profession interacted with the different configuration of state institutions in Britain and the United States.
Political Cleavages in a Democratizing Society
Authors: EMIZET KISANGANI N.
Published: March 2007

Research into the structure of political cleavages suggests that ethnicity, class, and urban-rural divide are the main explanatory social variables of political conflict in Africa. This article examines the validity of this argument and suggests that the unofficial economy seems to create new lines of political polarizations as African countries democratize. ANOVA, logistic regression, and two stage-logistic regression of survey data collected in the Congo in 1991-1992 show that the unofficial economy is more likely to minimize political cleavages than other lines of social divisions that dominate the literature on African political cleavages. In addition, overlapping cleavages tend to polarize a more homogeneous setting and crosscutting cleavages are typical of a heterogeneous environment.
The Art of Being Indispensable
Authors: ANSELL CHRISTOPHER K. , FISH M. STEVEN
Published: March 2007

Max Weber's theory of leadership authority has deeply influenced theories of political parties, but Weber's concept of charisma is often used indiscriminately to refer to all kinds of personalist leadership. What is more, Weber's tripartite typology of traditional, charismatic and rational-legal authority neglects a form of leadership often found in major contemporary political parties. This article formulates a differentiated typology and conceptualization of personalism, and theorizes an important but heretofore poorly understood form of political organization: the non-charismatic personalist political party. The leaders of such parties embody great personal authority within their organizations and often serve as symbols around which their parties can rally. But they are anything but prophets. Their authority arises not from an ability to inspire or transform their followers but rather from the skill to mediate conflicts within the party.
Reconstructing Integration Theory: The Case of Educational Policy in the EC
Authors: BEUKEL ERIK
Published: March 2007

The central notion in neo-functionalist integration theories is the idea that integration in one sector has an inherently expansive character, encapsulated in the `spill-over' concept. It is demonstrated that the cooperation in the European Community on aspects of general education, which was initiated in the early 1970s and strengthened after the mid-1980s, cannot be explained in such terms. The increased level of integration in the educational field has to be accounted for as a response to economic and political changes beyond the range of the Community's institutions and original plans. This confirms a conclusion that neo-functional integration theory, as a separate set of theories on developments in international relations, belongs to a bygone era.
EFTA and the European Economic Area or the Politics of Frustration
Authors: GSTÖHL SIEGLINDE
Published: March 2007

The members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) have traditionally been `reluctant Europeans' that preferred to remain outside the European Community (EC) in spite of their high economic dependence. This article analyses the EC-EFTA negotiations 1989-93 on the creation of a European Economic Area (EEA). It suggests one possible explanation for the puzzling question of why most of the EFTA countries have applied for full EC membership at a time when the Community has been offering them participation in its internal market in the form of the EEA and without the political burdens of the Maastricht Treaty. In highlighting the factors of uncertainty which characterized the complex bargaining process, the article shows that the outcome of the EEA involved a substantial loss of `operational sovereignty' for the EFTA countries without offering them satisfactory `voice opportunities' in return. Adding to the economic fears of exclusion, this disappointment is likely to have contributed to their policy change in favour of EC membership.
The Political Psychology of `Peace through Democratization'
Authors: KEGLEY CHARLES W. , HERMANN MARGARET G.
Published: March 2007

Many scholars and policy-makers have pinned their hopes on the expectation that in the post-Cold War world peace will be preserved if the diffusion of democracy continues. This hope is grounded on the demonstrable evidence that historically democracies have rarely, if ever, waged large-scale war to resolve their disputes with one another. Yet explanations as to why this propensity is exhibited have been unsatisfactory, and debate about the causes of `the democratic peace' as well as about the domain to which it applies have not resulted in consensus. Reviewing the empirical findings in this genre of research, this article examines a deviant case — the Reagan Administration's covert military interventions in the 1980s against established governments — to generate propositions about the heretofore neglected influence of democratic leaders' perceptions and beliefs on the linkage between democracy and peace. The implications for subsequent theory-building are probed to suggest how explanations and descriptions of the democratic peace might be improved by taking an expanded view of its preconditions.
Regionalism in Comparative Perspective
Authors: KATZENSTEIN PETER J.
Published: March 2007

Processes of globalization are occurring in a world marked by processes of regional integration that are comparable though different. Integration processes in both Asia and Europe are open to global forces and marked by multiple centres of influence. In Asia, integration processes occur in informal and inclusive network structures. This contrasts with the more formal and exclusive pattern that characterizes the integration process among continental European states. Our analysis of international politics could be enriched if it took more account of these emerging structures in different world regions.
Capturing Business Travelers
Authors: Bush Melinda
Published: March 2007

A study of today's travel-agency market sheds light on how hoteliers can boost their bookings from business sources
How to Remove a Guest
Authors: Sherry John E. H.
Published: March 2007

A recent case sheds some light on the conditions under which an innkeeper may simply evict a guest and those under which he must first initiate court proceedings
Food & Beverage
Authors: Norkus Gregory X.
Published: March 2007

Although the USDA recently withdrew its proposal to change beef-grading standards, the issue is not yet dead. This article tells you what you should know about the proposal before it is brought up for consideration again
Characteristics and Behavior of Top Chain-Restaurant CEOs
Authors: Muller Christopher , Inman Crist
Published: March 2007

This study reveals the function and characteristics of a restaurant CEO. Based on 85 CEOs' responses, including 37 from the quick-service segment and 25 from the midscale (family) segment, the CEOs exhibited some fairly consistent attributes and traits: a reliance on a reasonably short-term planning horizon, an entrepreneurial rather than "rational" or hierarchical management style, and an operationsor field-management-based perspective of the critical skills necessary for success. When asked what are the most important issues facing them, they most frequently mentioned hiring quality people, rising to the challenge of greater competition, meeting government mandates, and identifying changing consumer needs. When they focused on the competitive nature of the restaurant business, they enlisted such terms as market saturation, risk aversion by their boards of directors and owners, and the changing market environment. Only three out of four thought that they would be as successful in the future given the changes they foresee in the critical skills required of restaurant CEOs.
Counseling Psychology’s Ambivalent Relationship with Master’s-Level Training
Authors: McPherson Robert H. , Pisecco Stewart , Elman Nancy S. , Crosbie-Burnett Margaret , Sayger Thomas V.
Published: March 2007

Inspired by efforts by those who seek to redefine the practice of psychology as a master’s-level specialty, the authors examine counseling psychology’s heightened ambivalence regarding master’s-level training. First, they present a historical review of this issue. Next, they discuss current social and political pressures that, they suggest, have resulted in renewed tensions in the training of master’s-level practitioners for the field of counseling psychology. They conclude with specific recommendations regarding the manner in which counseling psychology should (a) train master’-level providers, (b) attempt to document the added value doctoral training, and (c) politically respond to this issue.
Albert S. Thompson
Authors: Baker David B. , Myers Roger A.
Published: March 2007

Albert S. Thompson has been witness to nearly the entire development of the specialty of counseling psychology. A student of the famous industrial psychologist Morris Viteles, Dr. Thompson received his Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1943. After 4 years at Vanderbilt, where he started the student counseling service, he moved to Teachers College, Columbia University, to replace the retiring Harry Dexter Kitson, a leader in the vocational guidance movement. Dr. Thompson remained at Teachers College until 1988. In many ways, his life and work mirror the growth of applied psychology, and an examination of his career provides a unique perspective on the history of counseling psychology and its possible future directions.
Feminist Identity Development Measures
Authors: Moradi Bonnie , Subich Linda Mezydlo
Published: March 2007

Reliability and validity of three current instruments (Feminist Identity Scale [FIS], Feminist Identity Development Scale [FIDS]J Feminist Identity Composite [FIC]) used to operationalize Downing and Roush's model of feminist identity development were compared. A sample of 245 women completed all three instruments, and a separate sample of 35 women repeated them over a 2-week interval. Only the FIC had acceptable internal consistency reliability for all subscales. Subscale stability for all instruments generally was moderate, except for Active Commitment. Subscale relations with perceived sexist events, self-esteem, social desirability, and preference for a male or female therapist generally were supportive of discriminant and convergent validity for all instruments. Content validity based on three judges' item evaluations suggested the FIDS fared best overall Finally, confirmatory factor analysis procedures did not support definitively the structural validity of any of the instruments, but trends suggested the FIC, and perhaps the FIDS, were superior to the FIS.
Ethnic Minorities
Authors: Smith Elsie M. J.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the various types of life stresses that members of racial minority groups experience. A model of the life stress process is presented, and several hypotheses are offered to describe the situation of members of ethnic minority groups with respect to life stress. Propositions leading toward a cross-cultural theory of life stress, ethnicity, and culture are presented. A dominant theme is that culture forms the context in which stressful life events derive their meaning. Each culture has its own barometer for measuring the stressfulness of any life event. There are culturally patterned ways of viewing and responding to stressor stimuli. The Stress, Resistant, Delivery (SRD) model is presented as a theoretical framework for counseling members of ethnic minority groups.
Issues in Testing and Assessment in Cross-Cultural Counseling
Authors: Lonner Walter J.
Published: March 2007

A survey of several major issues and problems associated with testing and assessment across cultural or ethnic boundaries is presented. Included, for example, are brief discussions of such issues as levels of equivalence, nonverbal communication, expectations and beliefs, client-counselor similarities, test bias, and response styles. The presentation is intended for counselors who are not very familiar with either cross-cultural methodological problems or the major obstacles hindering more effective assessment during cross-cultural counseling and psychotherapy. In addition, three very popular tests-the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, the Thematic Apperception Test, and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test- are used to highlight some of the issues and problems in cross-cultural assessment.
Cultural and Ethnic Content of the 1977 to 1982 American Psychological Association Convention Programs
Authors: Inouye Keiko H. , Pedersen Paul B.
Published: March 2007

The 1977 through 1982 annual convention programs of the American Psychological Association (APA) were analyzed for cultural and ethnic content. These years were of interest as they coincide with the emergence of APA policy statements in support of cultural awareness. The examination of these programs via presentation titles revealed that 5.6% of the total convention time was allotted to general cultural processes or to national, racial, or ethnic groups. Of the studies specifying nationalities, the Americans (the United States) received the largest percentage of time. All of the major racial and ethnic groups within the United States were represented. The amount of programming for cultural and ethnic topics remained at low levels and showed no consistent trends, suggesting that it was not influenced by the professional rhetoric. The implications for these findings are discussed with particular attention to counseling psychology.
Career Group Therapy
Authors: Kivlighan Dennis M.
Published: March 2007

In this article. the career group literature is examined in terms of the group process variables of therapeutic factors, client composition, and leadership variables in order to determine the use of group properties in the conduct of career group treatment. Two dimensions, "used" and "examined, " denote the function of the process variables within the group studies. A conceptual group career counseling model and research recommendations articulating and demonstrating group properties are given.
Qualitative Assessment
Authors: Goldman Leo
Published: March 2007

Qualitative assessment methods typically are holistic and integrated. In the realm of abilities they usually present complex tasks in miniature form. In the realm of interests, values, and personality they present situations that call for divergent production by the client, often as a projection or abstraction. Compared with standardized tests, they offer a more active role for clients, a more intimate connection between assessment and the counseling process, and greater adaptability to ethnic, cultural, age, gender, and other individual differences. The qualitative methods, as a rule, also lend themselves well to use in groups for administration, interpretation, and discussion.
Current Practices of Counseling Psychology Faculty in K-12 Schools
Authors: Bernstein Bianca L. , Forrest Linda , Golston Steven S.
Published: March 2007

Given the debates about the identity and future of counseling psychology programs in colleges of education and given the growing national crisis in K-12 education, this study examined the involvement of counseling psychology faculty in school-related issues. Full-time faculty from APA-accredited counseling psychology programs were surveyed about the extent of their involvement in K-12-related teaching, research, service, policy, and program development. The results suggest a significant interest and involvement by many counseling psychology faculty. 7he results are discussed in terms of implications for the profession of counseling psychology.
Using Early Release to Relieve Prison Crowding: A Dilemma in Public Policy
Authors: Austin James
Published: March 2007

Between 1980 and 1983, the Illinois Department of Corrections made an early release of over 21,000 inmates in response to a prison crowding crisis. During this period, over 5,900 prison years were averted and the projected prison population was reduced by approximately 10%. NCCD's study evaluated the various effects of this far-reaching program on prisoners, prison crowding, local criminal justice systems, and the public. In terms of public safety, early release did not increase the probability that an inmate would commit additional crimes once released. Also, early release substantially accelerated the amount of crime suffered by the public, but contributed to less than 1% of all crimes reported in Illinois. The state crime rate actually declined while early release was operating. Considerable prison costs were averted by the program, although a substantial portion of these savings were eliminated after the volume and amount of economic losses experienced by the victims of early release crimes were accounted for. However, overall early release proved to be cost-effective. The study provided no firm answers to the question of whether early release is good or bad correctional policy. For Illinois state officials, it successfully served to temporarily restrain population growth until more permanent solutions to prison crowding could be enacted. However, early release increased the amount of crime suffered by the public and further discredited an already troubled criminal justice system. If nothing more, this research provides policymakers with a greater understanding of the potential consequences associated with early release as well as the limits of incapacitation (both positive and negative) as an effective strategy for controlling crime in our society.
Driving Under the Influence: The Impact of Legislative Reform on Court Sentencing Practices
Authors: Kingsnorth Rodney , Jungsten Michael
Published: March 2007

In 1982, California introduced a number of revisions into its Vehicle Code sections dealing with the prosecution and sentencing of defendants charged with driving under the influence of alcohol. These revisions included redefining the relationship between blood alcohol concentration and criminal liability, constraints upon the plea-bargaining process, and an increase in the severity of penalties. An assessment is offered, based upon a random sample of 2,091 cases from one California county, of the impact of legislative reform on court sentencing practices. While the new law succeeded in eliminating “prior conviction” bargaining, the “reduction to reckless driving” form of bargaining, though initially substantially reduced, quickly rose again to prereform levels. Contrary to expectations, trial rates increased and rates of conviction at trial decreased. Problems of court congestion were exacerbated rather than relieved. The impact of increased penalties has been substantial for some offenders and for others negligible.
The Neglected Victims and Unexamined Costs of White-Collar Crime
Authors: Moore Elizabeth , Mills Michael
Published: March 2007

In recent years research has documented the victim costs of criminal acts, and a victims' movement has produced federal and state programs to alleviate some of these costs. Although no one disputes that aggregate fiscal costs of white-collar crime dwarf comparable losses from street crime, victimization researchers and the victims' movement have ignored entirely the victims of white-collar crime. This legacy of neglect can be attributed to conservative domination of the victims' agenda and the ambiguous moral character of white-collar victims. This article distinguishes primary and secondary costs of white-collar crime and calls for more research to describe and document them.
Fetal Abuse and the Criminalization of Behavior During Pregnancy
Authors: Farr Kathryn Ann
Published: March 2007

During the 1980s, concern about fetal harm resulting from a pregnant woman's use of illegal drugs escalated, and prosecutions of pregnant drug users for harm against the fetus, or fetal abuse, were undertaken in several states. Due to constitutional and statutory problems, as well as concerns about fairness and effectiveness, efforts to criminalize fetal abuse have typically failed to withstand judicial scrutiny. Evidence suggests that criminal prosecution for fetal abuse relies on questionable procedures, is unevenly applied, and may keep women from seeking drug treatment or prenatal care.