bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Neighbourhoods and the Social Environment on Sedentary Behaviour in Older Adults in Three Prospective Cohorts
Authors: Shaw Richard , Čukić Iva , Deary Ian , Gale Catharine , Chastin Sebastien , Dall Philippa , Dontje Manon , Skelton Dawn , Macdonald Laura , Der Geoff
Published: May 2017

Sedentary behaviour is an emerging risk factor for poor health. This study aimed to identify ecological determinants of sedentary behaviour, for which evidence is currently scarce. The study participants were community dwelling adults from, respectively, the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 (n = 271, mean age 79) and the 1930s (n = 119, mean age 83) and 1950s (n = 310, mean age 64) cohorts of the West of Scotland Twenty-07 study. The outcome measure, percentage of waking time spent sedentary (sedentary time), was measured using an activPAL activity monitor worn continuously for seven days. Potential determinants included objective and subjective neighbourhood measures such as natural space, crime, social cohesion and fear of crime. Other determinants included measures of social participation such as social support, social group membership and providing care. Results from multivariable regression analyses indicated that providing care was associated with reduced sedentary time in retired participants in all cohorts. Fear of crime and perceived absence of services were associated with increased sedentary time for retired 1950s cohort members. Higher crime rates were associated with increased sedentary time in all cohorts but this was not significant after adjustment for socio-demographic characteristics. Most other neighbourhood and social participation measures showed no association with sedentary time.
The Cytokine Flt3-Ligand in Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis
Authors: Tsapogas Panagiotis , Mooney Ciaran , Brown Geoffrey , Rolink Antonius
Published: May 2017

The cytokine Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FL) is an important regulator of hematopoiesis. Its receptor, Flt3, is expressed on myeloid, lymphoid and dendritic cell progenitors and is considered an important growth and differentiation factor for several hematopoietic lineages. Activating mutations of Flt3 are frequently found in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients and associated with a poor clinical prognosis. In the present review we provide an overview of our current knowledge on the role of FL in the generation of blood cell lineages. We examine recent studies on Flt3 expression by hematopoietic stem cells and its potential instructive action at early stages of hematopoiesis. In addition, we review current findings on the role of mutated FLT3 in leukemia and the development of FLT3 inhibitors for therapeutic use to treat AML. The importance of mouse models in elucidating the role of Flt3-ligand in normal and malignant hematopoiesis is discussed.
Mammalian Metallothionein-3: New Functional and Structural Insights
Authors: Vašák Milan , Meloni Gabriele
Published: May 2017

Metallothionein-3 (MT-3), a member of the mammalian metallothionein (MT) family, is mainly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). MT-3 possesses a unique neuronal growth inhibitory activity, and the levels of this intra- and extracellularly occurring metalloprotein are markedly diminished in the brain of patients affected by a number of metal-linked neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In these pathologies, the redox cycling of copper, accompanied by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), plays a key role in the neuronal toxicity. Although MT-3 shares the metal-thiolate clusters with the well-characterized MT-1 and MT-2, it shows distinct biological, structural and chemical properties. Owing to its anti-oxidant properties and modulator function not only for Zn, but also for Cu in the extra- and intracellular space, MT-3, but not MT-1/MT-2, protects neuronal cells from the toxicity of various Cu(II)-bound amyloids. In recent years, the roles of zinc dynamics and MT-3 function in neurodegeneration are slowly emerging. This short review focuses on the recent developments regarding the chemistry and biology of MT-3.
Essential Role of Growth Hormone and IGF-1 in Therapeutic Effect of Ghrelin in the Course of Acetic Acid-Induced Colitis
Authors: Ceranowicz Piotr , Warzecha Zygmunt , Cieszkowski Jakub , Ceranowicz Dagmara , Kuśnierz-Cabala Beata , Bonior Joanna , Jaworek Jolanta , Ambroży Tadeusz , Gil Krzysztof , Olszanecki Rafał , Pihut Małgorzata , Dembiński Artur
Published: May 2017

Previous studies have shown that ghrelin exhibits a protective and therapeutic effect in the gut. The aim of the present study was to examine whether administration of ghrelin affects the course of acetic acid-induced colitis and to determine what is the role of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in this effect. In sham-operated or hypophysectomized male Wistar rats, colitis was induced by enema with 1 mL of 3% solution of acetic acid. Saline or ghrelin (given at the dose of 8 nmol/kg/dose) was administered intraperitoneally twice a day. Seven days after colitis induction, rats were anesthetized and the severity of the colitis was assessed. Treatment with ghrelin reduced the area of colonic mucosa damage in pituitary-intact rat. This effect was associated with increase in serum levels of GH and IGF-1. Moreover, administration of ghrelin improved blood flow in colonic mucosa and mucosal cell proliferation, as well as reduced mucosal concentration of proinflammatory interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and activity of myeloperoxidase. Hypophysectomy reduced serum levels of GH and IGF-1 and increased the area of colonic damage in rats with colitis. These effects were associated with additional reduction in mucosal blood follow and DNA synthesis when compared to pituitary-intact rats. Mucosal concentration of IL-1β and mucosal activity of myeloperoxidase were maximally increased. Moreover, in hypophysectomized rats, administration of ghrelin failed to affect serum levels of GH or IGF-1, as well as the healing rate of colitis, mucosal cell proliferation, and mucosal concentration of IL-1β, or activity of myeloperoxidase. We conclude that administration of ghrelin accelerates the healing of the acetic acid-induced colitis. Therapeutic effect of ghrelin in experimental colitis is mainly mediated by the release of endogenous growth hormone and IGF-1.
Cholesterol Crystal Embolism and Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Li Xuezhu , Bayliss George , Zhuang Shougang
Published: May 2017

Renal disease caused by cholesterol crystal embolism (CCE) occurs when cholesterol crystals become lodged in small renal arteries after small pieces of atheromatous plaques break off from the aorta or renal arteries and shower the downstream vascular bed. CCE is a multisystemic disease but kidneys are particularly vulnerable to atheroembolic disease, which can cause an acute, subacute, or chronic decline in renal function. This life-threatening disease may be underdiagnosed and overlooked as a cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) among patients with advanced atherosclerosis. CCE can result from vascular surgery, angiography, or administration of anticoagulants. Atheroembolic renal disease has various clinical features that resemble those found in other kidney disorders and systemic diseases. It is commonly misdiagnosed in clinic, but confirmed by characteristic renal biopsy findings. Therapeutic options are limited, and prognosis is considered to be poor. Expanding knowledge of atheroembolic renal disease due to CCE opens perspectives for recognition, diagnosis, and treatment of this cause of progressive renal insufficiency.
Engineering Exosomes for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Gilligan Katie , Dwyer Róisín
Published: May 2017

There remains an urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies to treat metastatic cancer, which results in over 8 million deaths annually worldwide. Following secretion, exosomes are naturally taken up by cells, and capable of the stable transfer of drugs, therapeutic microRNAs and proteins. As knowledge of the biogenesis, release and uptake of exosomes continues to evolve, and thus also has interest in these extracellular vesicles as potential tumor-targeted vehicles for cancer therapy. The ability to engineer exosome content and migratory itinerary holds tremendous promise. Studies to date have employed viral and non-viral methods to engineer the parent cells to secrete modified exosomes, or alternatively, to directly manipulate exosome content following secretion. The majority of studies have demonstrated promising results, with decreased tumor cell invasion, migration and proliferation, along with enhanced immune response, cell death, and sensitivity to chemotherapy observed. The studies outlined in this review highlight the exciting potential for exosomes as therapeutic vehicles for cancer treatment. Successful implementation in the clinical setting will be dependent upon establishment of rigorous standards for exosome manipulation, isolation, and characterisation.
Chlorpromazine Increases the Expression of Polysialic Acid (PolySia) in Human Neuroblastoma Cells and Mouse Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: Abe Chikara , Nishimura Saki , Mori Airi , Niimi Yuki , Yang Yi , Hane Masaya , Kitajima Ken , Sato Chihiro
Published: May 2017

The neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) is modified by polysialic acid (polySia or PSA) in embryonic brains. In adult brains, polySia modification of NCAM is only observed in restricted areas where neural plasticity, remodeling of neural connections, or neural generation is ongoing although the amount of NCAM remains unchanged. Impairments of the polySia-expression and several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the polysialyltransferase (polyST) ST8SIA2 gene are reported to be associated with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Chlorpromazine (CPZ) is well-known as an agent for treating schizophrenia, and our hypothesis is that CPZ may affect the polySia expression or the gene expression of polySTs or NCAM. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the effects of CPZ on the expression of polySia-NCAM on human neuroblastoma cell line, IMR-32 cells, by immunochemical and chemical methods. Interestingly, the cell surface expression of polySia, especially those with lower chain lengths, was significantly increased on the CPZ-treated cells, while mRNAs for polySTs and NCAM, and the amounts of total polySia-NCAM remained unchanged. The addition of brefeldin A, an inhibitor of endocytosis, suppressed the CPZ-induced cell surface polySia expression. In addition, polySia-NCAM was also observed in the vesicle compartment inside the cell. All these data suggest that the level of cell surface expression of polySia in IMR-32 is highly regulated and that CPZ changes the rate of the recycling of polySia-NCAM, leading to the up-regulation of polySia-NCAM on the cell surface. We also analyzed the effect of CPZ on polySia-expression in various brain regions in adult mice and found that CPZ only influenced the total amounts of polySia-NCAM in prefrontal cortex. These results suggest a brain-region-specific effect of CPZ on the expression of total polySia in mouse brain. Collectively, anti-schizophrenia agent CPZ consistently up-regulates the expression polySia at both cellular and animal levels.
Translational Development and Application of (1→3)-β-d-Glucan for Diagnosis and Therapeutic Monitoring of Invasive Mycoses
Authors: McCarthy Matthew , Petraitiene Ruta , Walsh Thomas
Published: May 2017

Early diagnosis and prompt initiation of appropriate antimicrobial therapy are crucial steps in the management of patients with invasive fungal infections. However, the diagnosis of invasive mycoses remains a major challenge in clinical practice, because presenting symptoms may be subtle and non-invasive diagnostic assays often lack sensitivity and specificity. Diagnosis is often expressed on a scale of probability (proven, probable and possible) based on a constellation of imaging findings, microbiological tools and histopathology, as there is no stand-alone assay for diagnosis. Recent data suggest that the carbohydrate biomarker (1→3)-β-d-glucan may be useful in both the diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of invasive fungal infections due to some yeasts, molds, and dimorphic fungi. In this paper, we review recent advances in the use of (1→3)-β-d-glucan to monitor clinical response to antifungal therapy and explore how this assay may be used in the future.
Melatonin Attenuates Pulmonary Hypertension in Chronically Hypoxic Rats
Authors: Hung Ming , Yeung Hang , Lau Chi , Poon Angela , Tipoe George , Fung Man
Published: May 2017

Chronic hypoxia induces pulmonary hypertension and vascular remodeling, which are clinically relevant to patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) associated with a decreased level of nitric oxide (NO). Oxidative stress and inflammation play important roles in the pathophysiological processes in COPD. We examined the hypothesis that daily administration of melatonin (10 mg/kg) mitigates the pulmonary hypertension and vascular remodeling in chronically hypoxic rats. The right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) and the thickness of pulmonary arteriolar wall were measured from normoxic control, vehicle- and melatonin-treated hypoxic rats exposed to 10% O2 for 14 days. Levels of markers for oxidative stress (malondialdhyde) and inflammation (tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)) and the expressions of total endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and phosphorylated eNOS at serine1177 (ser1177) were determined in the lung tissue. We found that the RVSP and the thickness of the arteriolar wall were significantly increased in the vehicle-treated hypoxic animals with elevated levels of malondialdhyde and mRNA expressions of the inflammatory mediators, when compared with the normoxic control. In addition, the phosphorylated eNOS (ser1177) level was significantly decreased, despite an increased eNOS expression in the vehicle-treated hypoxic group. Melatonin treatment significantly attenuated the levels of RVSP, thickness of the arteriolar wall, oxidative and inflammatory markers in the hypoxic animals with a marked increase in the eNOS phosphorylation in the lung. These results suggest that melatonin attenuates pulmonary hypertension by antagonizing the oxidative injury and restoration of NO production.
The Peroxisome-Mitochondria Connection: How and Why?
Authors: Fransen Marc , Lismont Celien , Walton Paul
Published: May 2017

Over the past decades, peroxisomes have emerged as key regulators in overall cellular lipid and reactive oxygen species metabolism. In mammals, these organelles have also been recognized as important hubs in redox-, lipid-, inflammatory-, and innate immune-signaling networks. To exert these activities, peroxisomes must interact both functionally and physically with other cell organelles. This review provides a comprehensive look of what is currently known about the interconnectivity between peroxisomes and mitochondria within mammalian cells. We first outline how peroxisomal and mitochondrial abundance are controlled by common sets of cis- and trans-acting factors. Next, we discuss how peroxisomes and mitochondria may communicate with each other at the molecular level. In addition, we reflect on how these organelles cooperate in various metabolic and signaling pathways. Finally, we address why peroxisomes and mitochondria have to maintain a healthy relationship and why defects in one organelle may cause dysfunction in the other. Gaining a better insight into these issues is pivotal to understanding how these organelles function in their environment, both in health and disease.
The Importance of Pericytes in Healing: Wounds and other Pathologies
Authors: Thomas Hannah , Cowin Allison , Mills Stuart
Published: May 2017

Much of current research investigates the beneficial properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a treatment for wounds and other forms of injury. In this review, we bring attention to and discuss the role of the pericyte, a cell type which shares much of the differentiation potential and regenerative properties of the MSC as well as specific roles in the regulation of angiogenesis, inflammation and fibrosis. Pericytes have been identified as dysfunctional or depleted in many disease states, and observing the outcomes of pericyte perturbation in models of disease and wound healing informs our understanding of overall pericyte function and identifies these cells as an important target in the development of therapies to encourage healing.
Abiotic and Biotic Factors Regulating Inter-Kingdom Engagement between Insects and Microbe Activity on Vertebrate Remains
Authors: Jordan Heather , Tomberlin Jeffery
Published: May 2017

Abstract: A number of abiotic and biotic factors are known to regulate arthropod attraction, colonization, and utilization of decomposing vertebrate remains. Such information is critical when assessing arthropod evidence associated with said remains in terms of forensic relevance. Interactions are not limited to just between the resource and arthropods. There is another biotic factor that has been historically overlooked; however, with the advent of high-throughput sequencing, and other molecular techniques, the curtain has been pulled back to reveal a microscopic world that is playing a major role with regards to carrion decomposition patterns in association with arthropods. The objective of this publication is to review many of these factors and draw attention to their impact on microbial, specifically bacteria, activity associated with these remains as it is our contention that microbes serve as a primary mechanism regulating associated arthropod behavior.
Creep Behavior of Resin Matrix and Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer (BFRP) Plate at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Lu Zhongyu , Xian Guijun , Rashid Khuram
Published: May 2017

Pre-stressed fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) has great application potential in structural strengthening. However, the elevated temperature resistance of FRPs is always a key concern due to the poor thermal stability of its resin matrix. In this study, the effects of temperature on the creep behavior of the resin matrix and basalt fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP) was experimentally investigated. The tensile stresses were set at 2.6 MPa for the resin matrix and 522 MPa (35% of its ultimate tensile strength (fu)) for BFRP, and the exposure temperatures were 25 °C, 80 °C, 120 °C, and 160 °C. The short-term strain of the resin matrix and BFRP exposed to different exposure temperatures was measured. The variation of the thermal property and interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of the BFRP were studied. The results indicated that molecular chain disruption and post-cure coexisted. The resin matrix is sensitive to the exposure temperatures, and a remarkable increase of the strain was observed when the exposure temperature exceeded its glass transition temperature (107.5 °C). The resin matrix fractured within 50 seconds when it was exposed to 160 °C. BFRP showed excellent temperature resistance even though the exposure temperature exceeded its glass transition temperature (123.7 °C). Sustained loading led to stress transferring to the basalt fiber in BFRP specimens, especially at elevated temperatures. Stress redistribution caused interfacial damage, and ILSS decreased by 0.5%, 13.6%, and 14.6% for 80 °C, 120 °C, and 160 °C exposure from its original value of 73.5 MPa. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) was used to explain the post-curing and interface damage of BFRP.
Accuracy in Wrist-Worn, Sensor-Based Measurements of Heart Rate and Energy Expenditure in a Diverse Cohort
Authors: Shcherbina Anna , Mattsson C. , Waggott Daryl , Salisbury Heidi , Christle Jeffrey , Hastie Trevor , Wheeler Matthew , Ashley Euan
Published: May 2017

The ability to measure physical activity through wrist-worn devices provides an opportunity for cardiovascular medicine. However, the accuracy of commercial devices is largely unknown. The aim of this work is to assess the accuracy of seven commercially available wrist-worn devices in estimating heart rate (HR) and energy expenditure (EE) and to propose a wearable sensor evaluation framework. We evaluated the Apple Watch, Basis Peak, Fitbit Surge, Microsoft Band, Mio Alpha 2, PulseOn, and Samsung Gear S2. Participants wore devices while being simultaneously assessed with continuous telemetry and indirect calorimetry while sitting, walking, running, and cycling. Sixty volunteers (29 male, 31 female, age 38 ± 11 years) of diverse age, height, weight, skin tone, and fitness level were selected. Error in HR and EE was computed for each subject/device/activity combination. Devices reported the lowest error for cycling and the highest for walking. Device error was higher for males, greater body mass index, darker skin tone, and walking. Six of the devices achieved a median error for HR below 5% during cycling. No device achieved an error in EE below 20 percent. The Apple Watch achieved the lowest overall error in both HR and EE, while the Samsung Gear S2 reported the highest. In conclusion, most wrist-worn devices adequately measure HR in laboratory-based activities, but poorly estimate EE, suggesting caution in the use of EE measurements as part of health improvement programs. We propose reference standards for the validation of consumer health devices (http://precision.stanford.edu/).
Ageing, Shocks and Wear Mechanisms in ZTA and the Long-Term Performance of Hip Joint Materials
Authors: Perrichon Armelle , Liu Bernard , Chevalier Jérôme , Gremillard Laurent , Reynard Bruno , Farizon Frédéric , Liao Jiunn-Der , Geringer Jean
Published: May 2017

The surface morphologies and microstructures of Zirconia Toughened Alumina (ZTA) femoral heads were analyzed following in vitro tests aiming to simulate in vivo degradation. Three phenomena potentially leading to degradation were investigated: shocks, friction and hydrothermal ageing. Shocks due to micro-separation created the main damage with the formation of wear stripes on the femoral head surfaces. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) images suggested the release of wear debris of various shapes and sizes through inter- and intra-granular cracks; some debris may have a size lower than 100 nm. A decrease in hardness and Young’s modulus was measured within the wear stripes by nanoindentation technique and was attributed to the presence of surface and sub-surface micro-cracks. Such micro-cracks mechanically triggered the zirconia phase transformation in those worn areas, which in return presumably reduced further crack propagation. In comparison with shocks, friction caused little wear degradation as observed from AFM images by scarce pullout of grains. The long-term resistance of the ZTA composite material against hydrothermal ageing is confirmed by the present observations.
Transparent Electrodes Based on Silver Nanowire Networks: From Physical Considerations towards Device Integration
Authors: Bellet Daniel , Lagrange Mélanie , Sannicolo Thomas , Aghazadehchors Sara , Nguyen Viet , Langley Daniel , Muñoz-Rojas David , Jiménez Carmen , Bréchet Yves , Nguyen Ngoc
Published: May 2017

The past few years have seen a considerable amount of research devoted to nanostructured transparent conducting materials (TCM), which play a pivotal role in many modern devices such as solar cells, flexible light-emitting devices, touch screens, electromagnetic devices, and flexible transparent thin film heaters. Currently, the most commonly used TCM for such applications (ITO: Indium Tin oxide) suffers from two major drawbacks: brittleness and indium scarcity. Among emerging transparent electrodes, silver nanowire (AgNW) networks appear to be a promising substitute to ITO since such electrically percolating networks exhibit excellent properties with sheet resistance lower than 10 Ω/sq and optical transparency of 90%, fulfilling the requirements of most applications. In addition, AgNW networks also exhibit very good mechanical flexibility. The fabrication of these electrodes involves low-temperature processing steps and scalable methods, thus making them appropriate for future use as low-cost transparent electrodes in flexible electronic devices. This contribution aims to briefly present the main properties of AgNW based transparent electrodes as well as some considerations relating to their efficient integration in devices. The influence of network density, nanowire sizes, and post treatments on the properties of AgNW networks will also be evaluated. In addition to a general overview of AgNW networks, we focus on two important aspects: (i) network instabilities as well as an efficient Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) coating which clearly enhances AgNW network stability and (ii) modelling to better understand the physical properties of these networks.
Cerium Chloride Application Promotes Wound Healing and Cell Proliferation in Human Foreskin Fibroblasts
Authors: Ramenzoni Liza , Weber Franz , Attin Thomas , Schmidlin Patrick
Published: May 2017

This study investigated the effect of cerium chloride (CeCl3) on cell migration and gene expression of human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF). HFF were exposed to three different CeCl3 solutions (1%, 5% and 10%, w/v %) for three different time durations (1, 5 and 10 min). 72 h after exposure to CeCl3, cell viability was assessed by MTT test. A scratch-wounded assay determined the cell migration and the width of the wound, measured at 24 h. Gene expression patterns for cyclins B1, D1 and E1 were analyzed by RT-PCR (p < 0.05, t-test). The viability proliferation increased at 1- and 5-min exposures for all CeCl3 concentrations, in contrast to no treatment (p < 0.05 at 24 h). No influence of CeCl3 was found after 10 min. The scratch assay showed increased cell migration up to 60% at 1 and 5 min after 24 h at 5% and 10%. Cyclin B1, D1 and E1 all showed upregulation, confirming an increase in cell proliferation. This study demonstrates that exposure time and concentration of CeCl3 may have a positive effect on fibroblast viability and migration. Application of CeCl3 may be beneficial as a cell-stimulating agent leading to therapeutic tissue fibrosis or more resistant tissue around teeth, when warranted, during different periodontal therapies.
A Re-Evaluation of the Causes of Deformation in 1Cr-1Mo-0.25V Steel for Turbine Rotors and Shafts Based on iso-Thermal Plots of the Wilshire Equation and the Modelling of Batch to Batch Variation
Authors: Evans Mark
Published: May 2017

The aims of this paper were to: (a) demonstrate how iso-thermal plots of the Wilshire equation can be used to identify the correct structure of this equation (which in turn enables a meaningful description of the creep mechanism involved in deformation to be made); and (b) show how a generalized specification of batch to batch variation could produce less conservative predictions of the time to failure associated with a given degree of risk. Such predictions were obtained using maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters of a generalised F distribution. It was found that the original Wilshire-Scharning assumption of a constant activation energy for this materials is incorrect. Consequently, their interpretation of deformation being due only to dislocation creep with deteriorating microstructure at long duration test times appears to be ill founded, with the varying activation energy suggesting instead that deformation is due to grain boundary sliding accommodated by either dislocation and diffusional creep with dominance changing from the lattice to the grain boundaries as the temperature changes. Modelling batch to batch variation as a function of stress also resulted in a 50% extended safe life prediction (corresponding to a 1% chance of failure) at 873 K and 47 MPa.
The Influence of Deoxidation Practice on the As-Cast Grain Size of Austenitic Manganese Steels
Authors: Siafakas Dimitrios , Matsushita Taishi , Lauenstein Åsa , Ekengård Johan , Jarfors Anders
Published: May 2017

The effect of in-situ precipitating particles on the grain size of Al-Ti-treated and untreated Hadfield steel cast in a pilot scale environment was studied. Hadfield steel was melted in an induction furnace and cast in Y-Block samples. Light Optical Microscopy (LOM) and the intercept method were utilized for the grain size measurements. Additionally, Thermo-Calc Software TCFE7 Steels/Fe-alloys database version 7 was used for thermodynamic equilibrium calculations of the mole fraction of particles. The planar disregistry values between the austenite and the precipitating particles were calculated. It was observed that increasing oxide content in samples with low Ti(CN) content resulted in a finer microstructure, while increasing the Ti(CN) content under similar oxide content levels led to a coarser microstructure. The potency of each type of particle to nucleate austenitic grains was determined. Spinel (MnAl2O4, MgAl2O4) particles were characterized as the most potent, followed by olivine (Mn2SiO4), corundum (Al2O3, TiO2), and finally Ti(CN), the least potent particle.
Studying Mechanical Properties and Micro Deformation of Ultrafine-Grained Structures in Austenitic Stainless Steel
Authors: Gong Na , Wu Hui-Bin , Yu Zhi-Chen , Niu Gang , Zhang Da
Published: May 2017

Eighty percent heavy cold thickness reduction and reversion transformation in the temperature range 700–950 °C for 60 s were performed to obtain the reverted ultrafine-grained (UFG) structure in 304 austenitic stainless steel. Through mechanical property experiments and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of micro deformation of the UFG austenite structure, the tensile fractographs showed that for specimens annealed at 700–950 °C, the most frequent dimple sizes were approximately 0.1–0.3 μm and 1–1.5 μm. With the increase in annealing temperature, the dimple size distribution of nano-sized grains turned to micron-size. TEM micro deformation experiments showed that specimens annealed at 700 °C tended to crack quickly. In the grain annealed at 870 °C, partial dislocations were irregularly separated in the crystal or piled up normal to the grain boundaries; stacking faults were blocked by grain boundaries of small grains; twins held back the glide of the dislocations. In the grain annealed at 950 °C, the deformation twins were perpendicular to ε martensite. Fine grain was considered a strengthening phase in the UFG structure and difficult to break.
Biosynthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles by a New Pichia kudriavzevii Yeast Strain and Evaluation of Their Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities
Authors: Moghaddam Amin Boroumand , Moniri Mona , Azizi Susan , Rahim Raha Abdul , Ariff Arbakariya Bin , Saad Wan Zuhainis , Namvar Farideh , Navaderi Mohammad , Mohamad Rosfarizan
Published: May 2017

The potential ability of a new yeast strain, Pichia kudriavzevii, in the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) through a green method was explored in this study. The effect of reaction time (12, 24 and 36 h) on the structure of the resulting ZnO nanoparticles was investigated. From the XRD and TEM results, the ZnO-NPs with a hexagonal wurtzite structure and a particle crystal size of ~10–61 nm was formed at different reaction times. Combing XRD, TEM, and PL results, it was revealed that the sample prepared at intermediate duration (24 h) has the most favorable nanosized structure with the lowest defect concentration. The biomedical properties of ZnO-NPs as free radical scavenging activity, cytotoxicity and antibacterial agents were characterized. Biosynthesized ZnO-NPs showed strong DPPH free radical scavenging and a dose dependent toxicity with non-toxic effects on Vero cells for concentrations below 190 µg/mL. Desirable bactericidal activity was shown by the ZnO-NPs on Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aurous) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Serratia marcescens). A maximum inhibition zone of ~19 mm was observed for Staphylococcus epidermidis at a concentration of 100 µg/mL for sample prepared at 24 h. The results from this study reveal that ZnO-NPs possesses potential for many medical and industrial applications.
Immune Components in Human Milk Are Associated with Early Infant Immunological Health Outcomes: A Prospective Three-Country Analysis
Authors: Munblit Daniel , Treneva Marina , Peroni Diego , Colicino Silvia , Chow Li , Dissanayeke Shobana , Pampura Alexander , Boner Attilio , Geddes Donna , Boyle Robert , Warner John
Published: May 2017

The role of breastfeeding in improving allergy outcomes in early childhood is still unclear. Evidence suggests that immune mediators in human milk (HM) play a critical role in infant immune maturation as well as protection against atopy/allergy development. We investigated relationships between levels of immune mediators in colostrum and mature milk and infant outcomes in the first year of life. In a large prospective study of 398 pregnant/lactating women in the United Kingdom, Russia and Italy, colostrum and mature human milk (HM) samples were analysed for immune active molecules. Statistical analyses used models adjusting for the site of collection, colostrum collection time, parity and maternal atopic status. Preliminary univariate analysis showed detectable interleukin (IL) 2 and IL13 in HM to be associated with less eczema. This finding was further confirmed in multivariate analysis, with detectable HM IL13 showing protective effect OR 0.18 (95% CI 0.04–0.92). In contrast, a higher risk of eczema was associated with higher HM concentrations of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) 2 OR 1.04 (95% CI 1.01–1.06) per ng/mL. Parental-reported food allergy was reported less often when IL13 was detectable in colostrum OR 0.10 (95% CI 0.01–0.83). HM hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) was protective for common cold incidence at 12 months OR 0.19 (95% CI 0.04–0.92) per ng/mL. Data from this study suggests that differences in the individual immune composition of HM may have an influence on early life infant health outcomes. Increased TGFβ2 levels in HM are associated with a higher incidence of reported eczema, with detectable IL13 in colostrum showing protective effects for food allergy and sensitization. HGF shows some protective effect on common cold incidence at one year of age. Future studies should be focused on maternal genotype, human milk microbiome and diet influence on human milk immune composition and both short- and long-term health outcomes in the infant.
Older Australians Can Achieve High Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet during a 6 Month Randomised Intervention; Results from the Medley Study
Authors: Davis Courtney , Hodgson Jonathan , Bryan Janet , Garg Manohar , Woodman Richard , Murphy Karen
Published: May 2017

Adherence to a Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) is thought to be achievable in non-Mediterranean regions, but this has yet to be investigated. We aimed to determine if an older Australian population could adhere to a MedDiet for six months. We conducted a randomised, parallel dietary intervention trial with two dietary arms: the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) group and the habitual diet (HabDiet) control group. A 15-point Mediterranean diet adherence score and food and nutrient intakes were estimated from three-day weighed food records collected at baseline, two and four months. Erythrocyte fatty acids, serum carotenoids and urinary metabolites were assessed at baseline, three and six months. We enrolled 166 participants; 152 commenced and 137 completed the study (70 in the MedDiet group, 67 in the HabDiet group). Adherence scores were significantly higher in the MedDiet group at two months (between group difference 2.2, 95% CI 1.3, 2.9) and four months (between group difference 2.6, 95% CI 1.9, 3.3). Consumption of vegetables, fruits, fish, legumes, nuts and olive oil significantly increased in the MedDiet group compared to the control, and discretionary food intake decreased (p < 0.01). Measures of compliance including serum β-carotene, lycopene and erythrocyte monounsaturated fatty acids were significantly higher in the MedDiet group at three and six months (p < 0.05). Our results indicate that a population of older Australians can adopt a Mediterranean diet over a six month period.
Complementary Intradermal and Patch Testing for Increased Diagnostic Accuracy of Nickel Allergy in Non-Celiac Wheat Insensitivity
Authors: Limone Brittanya , Rasmussen Annelise , Kwon Sue , Jacob Sharon
Published: May 2017

D’Alcamo et al. astutely highlighted a potential immunologic association between nickel allergy, determined by positive epicutaneous patch testing, and the rise of non-celiac wheat sensitivity (NCWS) in the world of gluten-related diseases. Consecutive algorithms including both patch and intradermal testing could provide vital information to more accurately define the patient populations with NCWS, systemic nickel allergy syndrome, and nickel-associated allergic contact dermatitis.
Combining ATRP and FRP Gels: Soft Gluing of Polymeric Materials for the Fabrication of Stackable Gels
Authors: Beziau Antoine , De Menezes Rafael , Biswas Santidan , Singh Awaneesh , Cuthbert Julia , Balazs Anna , Kowalewski Tomasz , Matyjaszewski Krzysztof
Published: May 2017

Stackable gels comprised of layers of dissimilar polymers were synthesized by combining conventional free radical polymerization (FRP) and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using two approaches: (i) polymerization of a pre-gel solution containing a monomer and cross-linker introduced on top of a previously prepared gel, and (ii) simultaneous polymerization of two immiscible pre-gel solutions remaining in contact. All permutations of FRP and ATRP yielded single-piece, connected, amphiphilic gels regardless of the order of polymerization. Furthermore, multi-layer ATRP gels combining different polymers were synthesized with the FRP layer as a gluing agent. A 10-layer amphiphilic stackable gel combining n-butyl methacrylate (BMA) and 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), and a 10-layer stackable gel combining BMA, DMAEMA and di(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEO2MA) were synthesized. This patching method, combining conventional FRP gels with ATRP ones, offers an efficient path to the formation of complex stackable gel architectures.
Ground-Level NO2 Concentrations over China Inferred from the Satellite OMI and CMAQ Model Simulations
Authors: Gu Jianbin , Chen Liangfu , Yu Chao , Li Shenshen , Tao Jinhua , Fan Meng , Xiong Xiaozhen , Wang Zifeng , Shang Huazhe , Su Lin
Published: May 2017

In the past decades, continuous efforts have been made at a national level to reduce Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) emissions in the atmosphere over China. However, public concern and related research mostly deal with tropospheric NO2 columns rather than ground-level NO2 concentrations, but actually ground-level NO2 concentrations are more closely related to anthropogenic emissions, and directly affect human health. This paper presents one method to derive the ground-level NO2 concentrations using the total column of NO2 observed from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and the simulations from the Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model in China. One year’s worth of data from 2014 was processed and the results compared with ground-based NO2 measurements from a network of China’s National Environmental Monitoring Centre (CNEMC). The standard deviation between ground-level NO2 concentrations over China, the CMAQ simulated measurements and in-situ measurements by CNEMC for January was 21.79 μg/m3, which was improved to a standard deviation of 18.90 μg/m3 between our method and CNEMC data. Correlation coefficients between the CMAQ simulation and in-situ measurements were 0.75 for January and July, and they were improved to 0.80 and 0.78, respectively. Our results revealed that the method presented in this paper can be used to better measure ground-level NO2 concentrations over China.
Diazonium Salt-Based Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Nanosensor: Detection and Quantitation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water Samples
Authors: Tijunelyte Inga , Betelu Stéphanie , Moreau Jonathan , Ignatiadis Ioannis , Berho Catherine , Lidgi-Guigui Nathalie , Guénin Erwann , David Catalina , Vergnole Sébastien , Rinnert Emmanuel , Lamy de la Chapelle Marc
Published: May 2017

Here, we present a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) nanosensor for environmental pollutants detection. This study was conducted on three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), fluoranthene (FL), and naphthalene (NAP). SERS substrates were chemically functionalized using 4-dodecyl benzenediazonium-tetrafluoroborate and SERS analyses were conducted to detect the pollutants alone and in mixtures. Compounds were first measured in water-methanol (9:1 volume ratio) samples. Investigation on solutions containing concentrations ranging from 10−6 g L−1 to 10−3 g L−1 provided data to plot calibration curves and to determine the performance of the sensor. The calculated limit of detection (LOD) was 0.026 mg L−1 (10−7 mol L−1) for BaP, 0.064 mg L−1 (3.2 × 10−7 mol L−1) for FL, and 3.94 mg L−1 (3.1 × 10−5 mol L−1) for NAP, respectively. The correlation between the calculated LOD values and the octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) of the investigated PAHs suggests that the developed nanosensor is particularly suitable for detecting highly non-polar PAH compounds. Measurements conducted on a mixture of the three analytes (i) demonstrated the ability of the developed technology to detect and identify the three analytes in the mixture; (ii) provided the exact quantitation of pollutants in a mixture. Moreover, we optimized the surface regeneration step for the nanosensor.
A Simple Drain Current Model for MOS Transistors with the Lorentz Force Effect
Authors: Chow Hwang-Cherng , Chatterjee Prasenjit , Feng Wu-Shiung
Published: May 2017

A novel concept of drain current modelling in rectangular normal MOS transistors with the Lorentz force has been proposed for the first time. The single-drain MOS transistor is qualified as a magnetic sensor. To create the Lorentz force, a DC loop current is applied through an on-chip metal loop around the device, and the relation between the applied loop current and the created magnetic field is assumed to be linear in nature. The drain current of the MOS transistor is reduced with the applied Lorentz force from both directions. This change in the drain current is ascribed to a change in mobility in the strong inversion region, and a change in mobility of around 4.45% is observed. To model this change, a set of novel drain current equations, under the Lorentz force, for the strong inversion region has been proposed. A satisfactory agreement of an average error of less than 2% between the measured and the calculated drain currents under the magnetic field created by an on-chip metal loop is achieved.
The Effects of Dithiothreitol on DNA
Authors: Fjelstrup Søren , Andersen Marie , Thomsen Jonas , Wang Jing , Stougaard Magnus , Pedersen Finn , Ho Yi-Ping , Hede Marianne , Knudsen Birgitta
Published: May 2017

With the novel possibilities for detecting molecules of interest with extreme sensitivity also comes the risk of encountering hitherto negligible sources of error. In life science, such sources of error might be the broad variety of additives such as dithiothreitol (DTT) used to preserve enzyme stability during in vitro reactions. Using two different assays that can sense strand interruptions in double stranded DNA, we here show that DTT is able to introduce nicks in the DNA backbone. DTT was furthermore shown to facilitate the immobilization of fluorescent DNA on an NHS-ester functionalized glass surface. Such reactions may in particular impact the readout from single molecule detection studies and other ultrasensitive assays. This was highlighted by the finding that DTT markedly decreased the signal to noise ratio in a DNA sensor based assay with single molecule resolution.
Amorphous In–Ga–Zn–O Powder with High Gas Selectivity towards Wide Range Concentration of C2H5OH
Authors: Chen Hongxiang , Jiang Wei , Zhu Lianfeng , Yao Youwei
Published: May 2017

Amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (a-IGZO) powder was prepared by typical solution-based process and post-annealing process. The sample was used as sensor for detecting C2H5OH, H2, and CO. Gas-sensing performance was found to be highly sensitive to C2H5OH gas in a wide range of concentration (0.5–1250 ppm) with the response of 2.0 towards 0.5 ppm and 89.2 towards 1250 ppm. Obvious difference of response towards C2H5OH, H2, and CO was found that the response e.g., was 33.20, 6.64, and 2.84 respectively at the concentration of 200 ppm. The response time and recovery time of was 32 s and 14 s respectively towards 200 ppm concentration of C2H5OH gas under heating voltage of 6.5 V.
Selection of a Sustainable Functional Pasta Enriched with Opuntia Using ELECTRE III Methodology
Authors: Micale Rosa , Giallanza Antonio , Russo Giuseppe , La Scalia Giada
Published: May 2017

In the last decade, the nutritional and health benefits of Opuntia (Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.) were discussed by academic scientists and private companies. In particular, the introduction of this substance in frequently consumed foods, like, for example, pasta and bakery products, could have a wide diffusion due to its rich composition in polyphenols, vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and amino acids. The identified natural cactus compounds are responsible for biologically relevant activities including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, antimicrobial, and neuro-protective properties. The aim of this paper is the evaluation of the best combination of Opuntia quantity and process parameters (recipe) for the production of sustainable functional pasta. The results obtained show that the new functional pasta guarantees the presence of the Opuntia quantity necessary to be considered a healthy food without altering the organoleptic and physical properties of the final product. An important indicator of a sustainable food product is its capacity to contribute to public health while maintaining a high quality of the final product. The selection of the optimal recipe was carried out by means of a multi-criteria decision-making procedure, ELECTRE III. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess the stability of the obtained solutions varying the ELECTRE III thresholds, showing that the results obtained are stable under uncertain conditions. Food productions are often affected by qualitative judgments in terms of physical and organoleptic properties of the final product, making the ELECTRE III particularly suitable in an industrial application in which different points of view are involved.
Influence of Particle Morphologies of LiFePO4 on Water- and Solvent-Based Processing and Electrochemical Properties
Authors: Starke Benjamin , Seidlmayer Stefan , Jankowsky Sebastian , Dolotko Oleksandr , Gilles Ralph , Pettinger Karl-Heinz
Published: May 2017

LiFePO4 (LFP) primary particles and secondary agglomerates have been processed into water- and solvent-based cathodes. By means of neutron and X-ray diffraction it was found that no structural changes of LiFePO4 occurred upon water- and solvent-based slurry preparation. Electrochemical characterization was carried out with full-cells and a distinct influence of particle morphology was observable. Water-based processing of primary particles leads to deficits in electrochemical performance while secondary agglomerates are non-sensitive to water during processing. In the presence of water, high mechanical stress during slurry preparation causes a partial detachment of carbon coating. However, this effect is negligible for secondary agglomerates since only surface particles are exposed to mechanical stress. Due to longer diffusion paths and the fact that secondary agglomerates represent a micro-heterogeneity in the cathode, the C-rate capability of secondary agglomerates is slightly lower than that of primary particles. This paper demonstrates that for any high energy application with moderate C-rates, secondary agglomerates hold a great potential for environmentally friendly and cost-efficient water-based cathode production.