bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What Can Australian Teachers Learn From Ubuntu Translanguaging?
Authors: Ollerhead Sue
Published: September 2022

As multilingualism becomes more the norm than the exception in Australian classrooms, naturally occurring instances of translanguaging and situated, fluid language use amongst students sit strikingly at odds with the country's monolingual-centric school curriculum. Teaching and assessment practices that are conducted solely through Standard Australian English not only fail to recognise the linguistic resources that multilingual students bring to their learning, but also privilege specific ways of knowing and epistemic biases. Researchers and educators who recognise the ways in which this contradiction can lead to educational disadvantage for multilingual students have called for the development of pedagogies that capitalise on students' multiple language resources, offering a more inclusive and expansive approach to learning. Such approaches require teachers to become more responsive and empathetic to the varied cultural and linguistic backgrounds and needs of their learners, many of whom have to learn English while simultaneously having to learn substantial classroom content. Accounting comprehensively for these needs requires a deeply humanistic approach to teaching. The African philosophy of ubuntu, which encapsulates the ethos “I am because we are,” provides an apt framework for this type of teaching, which foregrounds the accommodation of other cultures and the recognition of a collective humanity. This chapter presents classroom data that illustrates how facilitating multilingual students' translanguaging within an ubuntu philosophical approach can deepen their comprehension through enabling their epistemic access while simultaneously strengthening their identity development as members of a learning community.
A Translingual Approach to Learning and Teaching in a Bilingual Social Sciences Classroom
Authors: Nsele Thandeka P. , Maluleke Nkhensani , Govender Samantha
Published: September 2022

This chapter reports findings from translingual learning, teaching, and assessment in a Grade 9 social sciences classroom. The independent samples test for the equality of variance shows that overall learners performed better when the language of input was IsiZulu, irrespective of the language of output. These findings show that learners learn optimally in a language they know the most, whilst their linguistic repertoire serves as a resource for optimal learning. This chapter, therefore, argues and advocates for the use of all linguistic repertoires for learning in content subjects within the constructs of translanguaging as pedagogy. However, in contexts where one language is dominantly used by learners in their everyday lives, the dominant language must be used as a language of input.
Technology-Enhanced Student Learning, Improved Engagement, and Performance in an Anatomy and Physiology Course
Authors: Yedjou Clement G. , Latinwo Lekan M. , Alo Richard , Odewumi Caroline O. , Reaves Phyllis Y.
Published: September 2022

The use of technologies at Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University allows faculty to create interactive learning materials. This model of instruction has proven to be very successful, especially with online instructors reporting an increase in independent thinking, improved integration of information, and an increase in students' ability to answer their own questions. Therefore, the central goal of the chapter was to enhance anatomy and physiology (AP) course resources and incorporate the use of interactive visual interfaces and software that facilitate visual analytics tasks and offer the learners the acquire knowledge. To achieve the goal, the authors designed and implemented innovative curriculum resources into AP courses. Student performance was evaluated based on class attendance, discussion forum, computerized homework, and proctored exams. Data showed that students performed better when taught face-to-face with technology. The use of technologies enhanced the course by providing a novel comprehensive approach to improving student productivity.
Translanguaging in Writing as a Recursive and Collaborative Process
Authors: Kim Sung-ae , Wright Wayne E.
Published: September 2022

English language learners (ELLs) and other bilingual students draw on their full linguistic repertoires in natural ways as they communicate inside and outside of the classroom through a dynamic process called translanguaging. This chapter provides an overview of theory and recent research on translanguaging and its application in the classroom through translanguaging and considers the application of translanguaging within writing instruction. The chapter introduces five steps of writing instruction and illustrates how translanguaging pedagogical principles may be incorporated at each step. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how the translanguaging pedagogy may also support students in the production of effective translingual texts. Overall, the chapter demonstrates how translanguaging pedagogy in writing can help empower ELL students by creating more equitable learning spaces.
Developing Teachers as Writers
Authors: Shinas Valerie Harlow , Wen Huijing , Guo Daibao
Published: September 2022

With the emergence of digital composing tools and daily immersion in social media, email, and other forms of digital writing, today's teachers must be prepared to teach writing with multimodality. Thus, it is important that teacher educators create experiences that allow candidates to compose digitally and reflect on the implications for K-12 instruction. One promising practice, digital storytelling, is a pedagogical practice for K-12 and teacher education that supports writing development, writer identity, and digital literacies. This chapter discusses research examining the ways that integration of a digital storytelling project invited teacher candidates to experience the multimodal, digital composing process as a way to develop their own writing with technology and consider the implications for teaching writing.
“I Am Unsure Where to Draw the Line”
Authors: Nagrotsky Katie
Published: September 2022

The author analyzes a case study of one pre-service teacher's reflections from her experiences student teaching in order to think through some of the issues teacher educators face when supporting pre-service teachers to become teachers of writing. Findings reveal that, as this pre-service teacher developed a critical stance that acknowledged the linguicism she witnessed in her student teaching placement, she also struggled with how to actualize her learning to address deficit language ideologies in writing conferences and to communicate her beliefs about “appropriateness” to her cooperating teacher. Recommendations for supporting pre-service teachers as they continue to develop as writing teachers and educators capable of recognizing and disrupting linguicism are provided.
Pre-Service Content Area Teachers' Perceptions on Using Writing With CLD Students
Authors: Brewer Amanda , Núñez Mariannella D.
Published: September 2022

This chapter presents a qualitative study answering the questions of what content area pre-service teachers' perceptions were on using writing with culturally and linguistically diverse students. Through open and axial coding of the artifacts, two major themes were found: 1) pre-service teachers saw writing as a tool to support students' social and emotional learning in their classrooms, and 2) pre-service teachers planned to use writing as a tool to support students' thinking about their disciplinary content. The researchers discuss the implications of these findings including a promise of teachers who are sensitive about the socio-emotional learning of the students and the need to provide explicit tools and spaces for teaching language acquisition skills.
IoT-Fog-Blockchain Framework
Authors: Alam Tanweer
Published: September 2022

Exploring the unique blockchain-internet of things (IoT) framework may be an attractive structure for enhancing communications efficiency in the 5G networks. The wireless communication would have been the largest research area that allows users to communicate with each other. Nowadays, high-speed, smart, efficient with many technologies, such as low power consumption, and so on, appear to be available to communicate with each other in today's globe. Throughout this framework, the expansion of fog features is enabled for physical objects within IoT. Several of the challenging issues in the field of wireless communications would be to build a new blockchain-based virtualization system across the IoT architecture. The main purpose of this framework is to connect blockchain technology to the IoT and fogging or maintains the IoT cryptography secured when transactions occurred. This strengthens blockchain and fog to build an effective IoT communication system. The recommended method is an important estimation of the extensive work.
Integrating Blockchain and IoT in Supply Chain Management
Authors: S. Madumidha , P. SivaRanjani , B. Venmuhilan
Published: September 2022

Internet of things(IoT) is the conception of interfacing the devices to the internet to make life more efficient. It comprises the large amount of data in its network where it fails to assure complete security in the network. Blockchain is a distributed ledger where it mainly focuses on the data security. Every block in the blockchain network is connected to its next block, which prevents threats like large data loss. In the area of agri-food supply chain, where IoT plays a very important role, there occurs data integrity issues or data tampering. This can lead to improper supply chain management, timely shortage of goods, food spoilage, etc. So the traceability of agri-food supply chain is necessary to ensure food safety and to increase the trust between all stakeholders and consumers. Many illegal activities can be prevented, and cold chain monitoring can be achieved by bringing in transparency and traceability.
Information Sharing for Manufacturing Supply Chain Management Based on Blockchain Technology
Authors: Pal Kamalendu
Published: September 2022

Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technology-based information system (IS) can be used to improve tracking of goods and services in offering and build a collaborative operating environment among the business-partners of the manufacturing industry. In this process IS architecture plays an important role in storing, processing, and distributing data. Despite contributing to the rapid development of IoT applications, the current IoT-centric architecture has led to a myriad of isolated data silos that hinder the full potential of holistic data-driven decision-support applications with the IoT because of technical issues (e.g., standalone IoT applications suffer from security and privacy-related problems). This chapter presents a proof of concept of a hybrid enterprise information system architecture, which consists of IoT-based applications and a blockchain-oriented distributed-ledger system to support-transaction services within a multiparty global manufacturing (e.g., textile and clothing business) network.
Developing Smart Buildings Using Blockchain, Internet of Things, and Building Information Modeling
Authors: Siountri Konstantina , Skondras Emmanouil , Vergados Dimitrios D.
Published: September 2022

Building information modeling (BIM) is a revolutionary technology that provides all the necessary mechanisms to achieve end-to-end communication, data exchange and information sharing between project actors, leading to smarter outcomes for communities and more efficient projects for AEC service providers. 3D models generated in the context of engaging in the BIM process and as-delivered physical assets through building management systems (BMS) adopt Internet of Things (IoT) architectures and services. However, the orchestration of IoT devices in a highly modular environment with many moving parts and inter-dependencies between the stakeholders of this environment, lead to many security issues. This article focuses on applying novel technologies in the construction industry, such as BIM, IoT, and Blockchain, but also on examining their interconnection and interoperability on a proposed system architecture on a case of a building (museum), where efficient security, management and monitoring are considered crucial factors for the unobstructed operation of the organization that hosts.
Privacy Preserving Data Mining as Proof of Useful Work
Authors: Turesson Hjalmar K. , Kim Henry , Laskowski Marek , Roatis Alexandra
Published: September 2022

Blockchains rely on a consensus among participants to achieve decentralization and security. However, reaching consensus in an online, digital world where identities are not tied to physical users is a challenging problem. Proof-of-work provides a solution by linking representation to a valuable, physical resource. While this has worked well, it uses a tremendous amount of specialized hardware and energy, with no utility beyond blockchain security. Here, the authors propose an alternative consensus scheme that directs the computational resources to the optimization of machine learning (ML) models – a task with more general utility. This is achieved by a hybrid consensus scheme relying on three parties: data providers, miners, and a committee. The data provider makes data available and provides payment in return for the best model, miners compete about the payment and access to the committee by producing ML optimized models, and the committee controls the ML competition.
Reinforcement Learning's Contribution to the Cyber Security of Distributed Systems
Authors: Feltus Christophe
Published: September 2022

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a machine learning paradigm, like supervised or unsupervised learning, which learns the best actions an agent needs to perform to maximize its rewards in a particular environment. Research into RL has been proven to have made a real contribution to the protection of cyberphysical distributed systems. In this paper, the authors propose an analytic framework constituted of five security fields and eight industrial areas. This framework allows structuring a systematic review of the research in artificial intelligence that contributes to cybersecurity. In this contribution, the framework is used to analyse the trends and future fields of interest for the RL-based research in information system security.
Blockchain With the Internet of Things
Authors: Pal Kamalendu
Published: September 2022

The internet of things (IoT) is ushering a new age of technology-driven automation of information systems into the manufacturing industry. One of the main concerns with IoT systems is the lack of privacy and security preserving schemes for controlling access and ensuring the safety of the data. Many security issues arise because of the centralized architecture of IoT-based information systems. Another concern is the lack of appropriate authentication and access control schemes to moderate the access to information generated by the IoT devices in the manufacturing industry. Hence, the question that arises is how to ensure the identity of the manufacturing machinery or the communication nodes. This chapter presents the advantages of blockchain technology to secure the operation of the modern manufacturing industry in a trustless environment with IoT applications. The chapter reviews the challenges and threats in IoT applications and how integration with blockchain can resolve some of the manufacturing enterprise information systems (EIS).
Securing the Internet of Things Applications Using Blockchain Technology in the Manufacturing Industry
Authors: Pal Kamalendu
Published: September 2022

The manufacturing industry tends to worldwide business operations due to the economic benefits of product design and distribution operations. The design and development of a manufacturing enterprise information system (EIS) involve different types of decision making at various levels of business control. This decision making is complex and requires real-time data collection from machines, business processes, and operating environments. Enterprise information systems are used to support data acquisition, communication, and all decision-making activities. Hence, information technology (IT) infrastructure for data acquisition and sharing affects the performance of an EIS significantly. The chapter highlights the advantages and disadvantages of an integrated internet of things (IoT) and blockchain technology on EIS in the modern manufacturing industry. Also, it presents a review of security-related issues in the context of an EIS consisting of IoT-based blockchain technology. Finally, the chapter discusses the future research directions.
The Internet of Things and Blockchain Technologies Adaptive Trade Systems in the Virtual World
Authors: Mkrttchian Vardan
Published: September 2022

This chapter presents artificial and natural intelligence technologies. As part of the digital economy of the virtual world program, it is envisaged to increase the efficiency of electronic commerce and entrepreneurship; a similar task has been set by the leadership of the People's Republic of China. At present, thinking in the virtual world and China is radically transforming, along with methodological approaches to the development of trade policy and its tools in the digital economy. It is these circumstances that determine the relevance of the study, the results of which are presented in this chapter. Development of the fundamental foundations for improving the efficiency of electronic commerce and entrepreneurship in virtual world and China based on the virtual exchange of intellectual knowledge using blockchain technology and implementation multi-chain open source platform is the goal. An acceleration of scientific and technological progress in all areas of knowledge raises the task for ensuring the continuous growth of professional skills throughout the whole life.
Reliable (Secure, Trusted, and Privacy Preserved) Cross-Blockchain Ecosystems for Developing and Non-Developing Countries
Authors: Keshri Shubham Kumar , Singhal Achintya , Kumar Abhishek , Vengatesan K. , S. Rakesh
Published: September 2022

The chapter suggests an iterative social system in which individuals and totals use a development, watch its arranged and unintended outcomes, and after that, build new improvements. Blockchain development has the potential to construct productivity, capability, straight imposition, and disintermediation in shared worth or information exchange. This chapter proposes how the blockchain will be implemented in developing and non-developing countries. These countries can use the blockchain for financial services, transportation, healthcare, e-marketplace, etc. And what is the risk and danger of using blockchain in non-developed countries?
A Cloud-Assisted Proxy Re-Encryption Scheme for Efficient Data Sharing Across IoT Systems
Authors: Muthukumaran V.  , Ezhilmaran D.
Published: September 2022

In recent years, the growth of IoT applications is rapid in nature and widespread across several domains. This tremendous growth of IoT applications leads to various security and privacy concerns. The existing security algorithms fail to provide improved security features across IoT devices due to its resource constrained nature (inability to handle a huge amount of data). In this context, the authors propose a cloud-assisted proxy re-encryption scheme for efficient data sharing across IoT systems. The proposed approach solves the root extraction problem using near-ring. This improves the security measures of the system. The security analysis of the proposed approach states that it provides improved security with lesser computational overheads.
Use of Internet of Things With Data Prediction on Healthcare Environments
Authors: Fischer Gabriel Souto , Righi Rodrigo da Rosa , Rodrigues Vinicius Facco , André da Costa Cristiano
Published: September 2022

Internet of Things (IoT) is a constantly growing paradigm that promises to revolutionize healthcare applications and could be associated with several other techniques. Data prediction is another widely used paradigm, where data captured over time is analyzed in order to identify and predict problematic situations that may happen in the future. After research, no surveys that address IoT combined with data prediction in healthcare area exist in the literature. In this context, this work presents a systematic literature review on Internet of Things applied to healthcare area with a focus on data prediction, presenting twenty-three papers about this theme as results, as well as a comparative analysis between them. The main contribution for literature is a taxonomy for IoT systems with data prediction applied to healthcare. Finally, this article presents the possibilities and challenges of exploration in the study area, showing the existing gaps for future approaches.
Blockchain Advances and Security Practices in WSN, CRN, SDN, Opportunistic Mobile Networks, Delay Tolerant Networks
Authors: Jayatunga Eranda Harshanath , Ranaweera Pasika Sashmal , Balapuwaduge Indika Anuradha Mendis
Published: September 2022

The internet of things (IoT) is paving a path for connecting a plethora of smart devices together that emerges from the novel 5G-based applications. This evident heterogeneity invites the integration of diverse technologies such as wireless sensor networks (WSNs), software-defined networks (SDNs), cognitive radio networks (CRNs), delay tolerant networks (DTNs), and opportunistic networks (oppnets). However, the security and privacy are prominent conundrums due to featured compatibility and interoperability aspects of evolving directives. Blockchain is the most nascent paradigm instituted to resolve the issues of security and privacy while retaining performance standards. In this chapter, advances of blockchain technology in aforesaid networks are investigated and presented as means to be followed as security practices for pragmatically realizing the concepts.
Issues and Challenges (Privacy, Security, and Trust) in Blockchain-Based Applications
Authors: Nair Siddharth M. , Ramesh Varsha , Tyagi Amit Kumar
Published: September 2022

The major issues and challenges in blockchain over internet of things are security, privacy, and usability. Confidentiality, authentication, and control are the challenges faced in security issue. Hence, this chapter will discuss the challenges and opportunities from the prospective of security and privacy of data in blockchain (with respect to security and privacy community point of view). Furthermore, the authors will provide some future trends that blockchain technology may adapt in the near future (in brief).
Blockchain Revolution
Authors: Sharma Archana , Gupta Purnima
Published: September 2022

As the base of bitcoin, the blockchain has received widespread consideration recently. Blockchain stands for an immutable ledger which permits transactions to occur in a decentralized ways. Applications based on blockchain are numerous for instance financial services, industrial and supply chain services, legal and healthcare services, IoT and blockchain integration, bigdata analytics, and so on. Nevertheless, there are still numerous confronts of blockchain technology like security and fork problems that have to be resolved. This research highlights an inclusive indication on blockchain technology with blockchain architecture in the first phase. And in the second phase, the security challenges and problems associated with blockchain are highlighted. It further proposes and measures up to various typical consensus algorithms used in different blockchains. Research has been concluded with the potential prospects of blockchain as future trends.
Millennials vs. Cyborgs and Blockchain Role in Trust and Privacy
Authors: Jahankhani Hamid , Kendzierskyj Stefan , Popescu Ionuț Octavian
Published: September 2022

Over recent years, technology has rapidly advanced and is accelerating the emergence to Industry 4.0, particularly due to the connectivity abundance, volume increase of smart devices, and a growing interconnectivity between humans and technology. Within the last two years, 90% of the data in the world today was generated and in the next few years the volume of IoT interactions is said to reach approximately 4800 per day, which equates to a human interaction every 18 seconds. This correlates well with research undertaken regarding how consumers are exchanging information through smart devices and behavioural changes due to the technology adoption. The Generation Y and Z demand for smart devices, consumer behaviour online, and almost immediate data experiences is seeing fast consumption and data exchange without any preconceived concerns of trust, privacy, security, data profiling, or how data is used without their knowledge by third parties. This chapter will also analyse technology innovations to better protect identity data and processing of data through blockchain technology.
Blockchain and IoT Integration in Dairy Production to Survive the COVID-19 Situation in Sri Lanka
Authors: Madhunamali ruwandi , Jayasena K. P. N.
Published: September 2022

The epidemic crises place massive burdens on our economies. The risk of food supplies is also pushing massive stress on food vendors around the world. There are big problems associated with supply chains framework. Farmers do not receive payment upon delivery of their supplies. The buyers do not have access to finance that will enable them to pay farmers on time. To solve this problem, the authors proposed a dairy production system integration with blockchain and IoT. Blockchain is a decentralized digital ledger technology that allows network participants to trust each other and interact. The dairy product system can check the temperature of the product in real-time by using the website application. Moreover, customers can get notifications when the policy found problems related to temperature values. The blockchain database confirms the information security of the system by using the proof of work algorithm to create the transactions and the blocks. Therefore, the proposed methods can use sensitive data with reasonable time consumption, and no block creation fees are needed.
A Review on the Importance of Blockchain and Its Current Applications in IoT Security
Authors: Bollarapu Manjula Josephine , Kalangi Ruth Ramya , Rao K. V. S. N. Rama
Published: September 2022

In recent years, blockchain technology has attracted considerable attention. As blockchain is one of the revolutionary technologies that is impacting various industries in the market now with its unique features of decentralization, transparency, and incredible security. Blockchain technology can be used for anything which requires their transactions to be recorded in a secure manner. In this chapter, the authors survey the importance of the blockchain technology and the applications that are being developed on the basis of blockchain technology in area of IoT and security.
Blockchain With IoT and AI
Authors: Singh Pushpa , Singh Narendra
Published: September 2022

Blockchain, Internet of Things (IoT), and Artificial Intelligence (AI) are remarkable emerging technologies in the coming few decades. Blockchain technology makes the application more secure and transparent, AI offers analyses the application, and IoT makes the application connected, flexible, and efficient. This paper studies the literature, formulates the research question, and summarizes the contribution of blockchain application, particularly targeting AI and IoT in agriculture and healthcare sectors. This study reveals that 20% of papers are available in agriculture and 14% available in healthcare that integrates blockchain with IoT and AI. Furthermore, the objective of the paper is to study the role of blockchain with IoT and AI in agriculture and healthcare systems in light of the literature review. The integration of blockchain with IoT and AI are playing important roles in agriculture and healthcare fields to manage food supply chains, drug supply chains, traceability of products, smart contracts, monitoring the products, connected, and intelligent prediction.
A Hybrid Deep Learning and Handcrafted Feature Approach for Cervical Cancer Digital Histology Image Classification
Authors: AlMubarak Haidar A , Stanley Joe , Guo Peng , Long Rodney , Antani Sameer , Thoma George , Zuna Rosemary , Frazier Shelliane , Stoecker William
Published: September 2022

Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer affecting women worldwide but is curable if diagnosed early. Routinely, expert pathologists visually examine histology slides for assessing cervix tissue abnormalities. A localized, fusion-based, hybrid imaging and deep learning approach is explored to classify squamous epithelium into cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grades for a dataset of 83 digitized histology images. Partitioning the epithelium region into 10 vertical segments, 27 handcrafted image features and rectangular patch, sliding window-based convolutional neural network features are computed for each segment. The imaging and deep learning patch features are combined and used as inputs to a secondary classifier for individual segment and whole epithelium classification. The hybrid method achieved a 15.51% and 11.66% improvement over the deep learning and imaging approaches alone, respectively, with a 80.72% whole epithelium CIN classification accuracy, showing the enhanced epithelium CIN classification potential of fusing image and deep learning features.
Digital Recognition of Breast Cancer Using TakhisisNet
Authors: Nanni Loris , Lumini Alessandra , Maguolo Gianluca
Published: September 2022

In this chapter, the authors evaluate several basic image processing and advanced image pattern recognition techniques for automatically analyzing bioimages, with the aim of designing different ensembles of canonical and deep classifiers for breast lesion classification in ultrasound images. The analysis starts from convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in a square matrix that is used to feed other CNNs. The novel ensemble, named TakhisisNet, is the combination by sum rule of the whole set of the modified CNNs and the original one. Moreover, the performance of the system is further improved by combining it with some handcrafted features. Experimental results obtained on the well-known OASBUD breast cancer dataset (i.e., the open access series of breast ultrasonic data) and on a large set of bioimage classification problems show that TakhisisNet obtains very valuable results and outperforms other approaches previously tested in the same datasets.
Layer-Wise Tumor Segmentation of Breast Images Using Convolutional Neural Networks
Authors: Krishnaraj Nishanth , Mekala A. Mary , M. Bhaskar , Nersisson Ruban , Joseph Raj Alex Noel
Published: September 2022

Early prediction of cancer type has become very crucial. Breast cancer is common to women and it leads to life threatening. Several imaging techniques have been suggested for timely detection and treatment of breast cancer. More research findings have been done to accurately detect the breast cancer. Automated whole breast ultrasound (AWBUS) is a new breast imaging technology that can render the entire breast anatomy in 3-D volume. The tissue layers in the breast are segmented and the type of lesion in the breast tissue can be identified which is essential for cancer detection. In this chapter, a u-net convolutional neural network architecture is used to implement the segmentation of breast tissues from AWBUS images into the different layers, that is, epidermis, subcutaneous, and muscular layer. The architecture was trained and tested with the AWBUS dataset images. The performance of the proposed scheme was based on accuracy, loss and the F1 score of the neural network that was calculated for each layer of the breast tissue.
A Computer-Assisted Diagnostic (CAD) of Screening Mammography to Detect Breast Cancer Without a Surgical Biopsy
Authors: Bouarara Hadj Ahmed
Published: September 2022

Breast cancer has become a major health problem in the world over the past 50 years and its incidence has increased in recent years. It accounts for 33% of all cancer cases, and 60% of new cases of breast cancer occur in women aged 50 to 74 years. In this work we have proposed a computer-assisted diagnostic (CAD) system that can predict whether a woman has cancer or not by analyzing her mammogram automatically without passing through a biopsy stage. The screening mammogram will be vectorized using the n-gram pixel representation. After the vectors obtained will be classified into one of the classes—with cancer or without cancer—using the social elephant algorithm. The experimentation using the digital database for screening mammography (DDSM) and validation measures—f-measure entropy recall, accuracy, specificity, RCT, ROC, AUC—show clearly the effectiveness and the superiority of our proposed bioinspired technique compared to others techniques existed in the literature such as naïve bayes, Knearest neighbours, and decision tree c4.5. The goal is to help radiologists with early detection to reduce the mortality rate among women with breast cancer.
A Survey on Female Breast Cancer
Authors: Anbarasan Kalaivani , Ramya S.
Published: September 2022

The mortality rate of breast cancer can be effectively reduced by early diagnosis. Imaging modalities are used to diagnose through computer for women breast cancer. Digital mammography is the best imaging model for breast cancer screening technique and diagnosis. Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT), a three-dimensional (3-D) mammography, is an advanced form of breast imaging where multiple images of the breast from different angles are captured and reconstructed (synthesized) into a three-dimensional image set. This chapter discusses the research work carried out on the computer diagnosis of women breast cancer through digital breast tomosynthesis and concludes with further improvement in the computer-aided diagnosis.
The New Face of Global Trade in a Post-Pandemic World
Authors: Khan Muhammad Irfan , Zaman Syed Imran
Published: September 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has raised serious questions about the applicability of international trade theories. International trade has now changed its shape due to this novel coronavirus. It is a fact that no country in the world follows one trade theory. They use multiple theories for their goods and services and will continue to do so. The future of international trade theories is suspected as to which theory will be employed or any new theory of international trade will emerge. Empirical evidence illustrates the emergence of regionalization as compared to globalization. In this context, trade theories will also adjust their forms and assumptions. Therefore, this chapter reconciles international trade theories with actual data, most notably COVID-19.
A Discussion on Fiscal Policies Implemented in EU During and After the Great Recession
Authors: Polat Gozde Es , Polat Onur
Published: September 2022

Along with the global financial crisis that took place in 2008, the ineffectiveness of other policies used for exiting from the crisis has brought back the feasibility of fiscal policy as an alternative. It is accepted that the only way to overcome the severe shrinking of the total demand during the 2008 global financial crisis is expansionary fiscal policy applied globally. However, differences in the subjective conditions of the EU member countries in particular have not made it possible to implement an expansionary fiscal policy for all of the member countries. More developed EU countries have begun to carry out from expansionary fiscal policies, while the less developed ones have begun to conduct contractionary fiscal policies. With the awareness that the financial stability is a public good, the obstacles, challenges on the global fiscal policy implementation by the EU member states are discussed by examining fiscal policies performed during and after the 2008 global financial crisis.
The Economies of West Asia
Authors: Alati Lauren A. , Kaur Harpreet
Published: September 2022

While East Asia has been the dominant economic region in Asia for several centuries, the gross regional product (GRP) of West Asia (comprising Southern, Central, and Western Asia) is projected to surpass that of East Asia by 2050 and to be 40% larger by 2100. In 2018, West Asia accounted for accounted for 17% of gross world product (GWP) compared with 31% by East Asia. It is projected that West Asia's share of GWP will rise to 31% by 2050 and 35% in 2060 before falling back to 25% in 2100. The dominant economy will be India, whose GDP is expected to surpass that of China by 2050 and to be 50% larger by 2100.
The Economies of Oceania
Authors: Hooke Angus , Alati Lauren A.
Published: September 2022

This chapter provides an overview of the economic performance and current situation of the economies in the Oceanic region. Oceania comprises the economically developed countries of Australia and New Zealand plus the more than 20 island countries and protectorates of Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. In 2018, Australia dominated the region in terms of population (71% of the total for Oceania) and gross domestic product (86%). Melanesia, which includes Papua New Guinea, Fiji, and New Caledonia, contained 26% of the region's population and generated 4% of its gross regional product. According to the authors' forecasting model, Oceania's share of both world population and gross world product will rise strongly during the coming three decades, admittedly from a low base. Reflecting the high degree of complementarity of the Oceanic economies with those of Asia, this strong growth in the Oceanic region should support increasingly attractive opportunities for trade and investment with the economies of Asia.
Monetary Policy Transmission Mechanism in Romania Over the Period 2001 to 2012
Authors: Spulbar Cristi , Birau Ramona
Published: September 2022

This chapter aims to provide additional empirical evidence on monetary policy transmission mechanism in Romania over the period 2001 to 2012 based on a BVAR analysis with a KoKo Minnesota/Litterman prior. The importance of the central bank is rising in Romania considering its main attribution to control the interest rate in accordance with its objectives. The empirical evidence provides a significant contribution to literature taking into account the characteristics of the selected emerging country, i.e. Romania, a former communist country in Central and Eastern Europe.
Taxation Regime and Macroeconomic Systems' Dynamics
Authors: Ai Tran Huu , Ushakov Denis
Published: September 2022

In this chapter, the authors, operating the criteria of rigid and comfortable national taxation regimes, attempt to evaluate the stimulating impact of country's taxation systems on the dynamics of their macroeconomic growth and country's participation in the world trade. Therefore, the chapter presents the authors' conclusions concerning the efficiency of fiscal instruments for economic growth stimulation and external trade attractiveness increase as applied to the majority of contemporary states. Based on correlation of indices of tax reformations and trends of the modern countries macroeconomic development, the co-authors present their conclusions on the priority importance of the so-called “taxation comfort” in the context of country's positioning in the global rankings. Research proved a taxation effect in countries' macro-economic growth and external attractiveness stimulating, as well as this effect dependence on the level of countries material wellbeing and infrastructural conditions.
A Minsky-Levy-Kalecki Model
Authors: Correa Romar
Published: September 2022

The authors add the monetary insights of Hyman Minsky to the ‘real' Kalecki-Levy equation. The latter is embedded in the economics of Keynes and the former is expanded in the spirit of Minsky. They present their structural connections in a four-quadrant diagram as well as within a stock-flow-consistent model. The motivation arises from history and the revitalisation of the real bills doctrine. Accordingly, they make the case for the productive monetary emissions of a central bank acting in concert with the community of commercial banks. They define money as the emission of credit in the ‘first moment' of the circuit. It is simultaneously the wage bill. Workers will consume basics and are free to prefer liquidity in the form of bank deposits. The latter they label cash or currency and a firewall separates it from money. The objective is the increase in output and employment called upon by the milieu in all countries of the world in which the 'dark forces' of uncertainty and pessimism have taken over. The policy stance is embellished by the introduction of central bank digital money.
Is There a Threshold Effect of Public Debt on Economic Growth?
Authors: Topuz Seher Gulsah , Sekmen Taner
Published: September 2022

In this chapter, the relationship between public debt and economic growth is examined for OECD countries. In order to determine this relationship, the data between 2002 and 2016 is analyzed using panel threshold regression methods. The findings of the study suggest that the relationship between public debt and economic growth is linear. The public debt threshold is estimated at 99.75% for OECD countries but it is statistically insignificant. While the public debt to GDP ratio is both below and above this threshold, the effect of public debt on economic growth is negative and statistically significant. There is no evidence of the existence of a non-linear relationship between public debt and economic growth. These findings are expected to guide policymakers in the implementation of fiscal policies.
Dynamic Relationship Between Stock Market Sector Indices and Macroeconomic Variables in India
Authors: Gupta Neeru , Kumar Ashish
Published: September 2022

This study investigates the long-term and short-term relationships between selected macroeconomic variables and the selected Indian stock market sector indices over the period of 2010 to 2017. The Johansen Co-integration Test, the Vector error correction model (VECM), is applied to calculate the long-term and short-term relationship between sector indices and macroeconomic variables. It is found that stock prices are exposed to macroeconomic factors, but the level of sensitivity is different in different sectors. Out of five sectors taken in the study, it is found that only the realty sector has long run relationship with macroeconomic variables. Other sectors have no long run relationship with macroeconomic variables. Along with this, it is also found that the Auto index has a significant short-term positive relationship with gold prices and the FMCG sector index has a significant short-term positive relationship with industrial production. The consumer price index and exchange rate have significant short run relationship with realty sector index.
Analysis of the Effects of Macroeconomic Factors on Entrepreneurship
Authors: Ersin İrfan , Karakeçe Ercan
Published: September 2022

Entrepreneurship is an important field in the increase and diversification of investments in a country. Entrepreneurship is gaining importance in today's world where financial marketing has become an important sector. The aim of this study is to determine the macroeconomic factors that determine entrepreneurship in E7 countries. In the study using logit method, the period of 1992-2018 was discussed. In the analysis results, the variables of unemployment, financial loans and current account deficit were found to be macroeconomic factors determining entrepreneurship. Given that entrepreneurship is important in the financial field, E7 countries should take into account the financial credit markets, focus on economic policies to reduce unemployment and address the current account deficit problem.
Causal Links Among Banks' Investments on Government Securities, GDP and Different Heads of Central Plan Expenditures in India
Authors: Das Ramesh Chandra
Published: September 2022

Most of the countries from the developing zones used to generate funds through sales of their securities to the commercial banks, among others. The generated fund, a type of public debt, is intended to spend on economic and social infrastructure developments of the countries which further accelerate their GDPs. India is not an exception to this strategy. The present article examines whether there are causal linkages among the banks' investment on government securities, all heads of central plan expenditures and GDP in India for the period 1981-2014. Using the Granger causality tests, the study observes that banks' security investments make a cause to food and fertilizers subsidy, irrigation and flood control, energy and transport sector and, on the other hand, GDP is a cause to total heads of expenditures, total subsidy, food and fertilizers subsidy, irrigation development, rural development, total infrastructure, energy, transport and social services. There are no way causations between either security investment or GDP with agriculture and communication sectors.
Fiscal Policy Effectiveness in the Tunisian Economy
Authors: Slimani Slah
Published: September 2022

Based on Blanchard and Perotti, Perotti, and Biau and Girard approaches, this paper evaluates the fiscal policy's effectiveness in Tunisia using Structural VAR model. The results show the short-run macroeconomic efficiency of a structural increase in public spending in Tunisia with a fiscal multiplier close to 1,806, in line with Keynesian's models. However, the estimated effect of a structural increase in tax revenues on activity is non-Keynesian. This is explained by the presence of a voracity effect in the case of the Tunisian economy.
Youth Labor Underutilization in Australia Following the Global Financial Crisis
Authors: Baum Scott , Flanagan Michael , Mitchell Bill
Published: September 2022

In the wake of the Global Financial Crisis, although the Australian economy remained largely buoyant in aggregate terms, outcomes across different groups were not evenly shared. In labor market terms, different demographic groups appeared to more or less impacted by the post-GFC economic environment. One such group were young people, who witnessed a change in employment fortunes compared to others in the labor force. This chapter provides an investigation of these uneven labor market outcomes and presents an analysis of youth labor underutilization using pooled panel data, taking account of both individual level supply-side factors together with the strength of the local labor market (demand-side). The result is an analysis that accounts for the impact of changing macroeconomy, local labor market conditions, and the employability assets of young individuals. The result illustrates the impact of the post-GFC economy of the youth labor market.