bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Misreading Morrison, Mishearing Jazz: A Response to

Toni Morrison's Jazz Critics
Authors: MUNTON ALAN
Published: July 2002

Toni Morrison's fiction, we have been repeatedly told, embodies
features

taken from jazz. Her books have a “jazzy prose style,” express
a

“jazz aesthetic,” or are “literary jazz.” Critics

propose that jazz riffs can be

found in her writing, and that she improvises in prose in a manner

comparable to an improvising jazz musician. None of this seems to me

to be true. To establish a relationship between music and prose fiction

would be difficult under any circumstances. It is all the more difficult
when

the critics concerned show themselves to be unaware of the basic formal

structures of jazz. The riff is foregrounded because it is the only feature

of jazz that can be compared to prose (because both may include

repetitions). It is a more serious objection that Rice, Small-McCarthy,

Berrett, and others, including James A. Snead and Henry Louis Gates Jr.,

consistently ignore structure, harmony, and melody in favour of rhythm.

The reason for this is that jazz rhythm can be traced back to its African

origins, whereas structure, harmony, and melody require an engagement

with European sources. Clearly, an ideology of authenticity is at work

here. Yet a parallel argument is willing to relate Morrison's fiction
to its

European origins. For, if her novel Jazz is, as Rinaldo Walcott
indicates,

a rewriting of Scott Fitzgerald's version of the “Jazz Age,”

then that rewriting or radical revision must occur by reference to a form

– the novel – that originated in Europe and is (in the cited

instance) a product of white America.
Writing the American Revolution: War Veterans in the Nineteenth-Century

Cultural Memory
Authors: TANG EDWARD
Published: July 2002

With how little cooperation of the societies after all is the past
remembered
– At first history had no muse – but a kind fate watched over
her
– some garrulous old man with tenacious memory told it to his child.

Henry David Thoreau,

Journals (1842)

In 1823, something of the bittersweet occurred in Cranston, Rhode
Island: an aged revolutionary war veteran returned to his hometown after

a prolonged exile in England. Hopeful about reuniting with his family and

community after an absence of nearly fifty years, the old soldier was
surprised and disappointed to learn that his property had been sold, his

family had moved west, and few among the remaining villagers even
remembered who he was. Such is the story of one Israel Potter. An
adventurous fellow, he had fought at the battle near Bunker Hill, had met

Benjamin Franklin, and, after being captured by the British, had roamed

England after the war, continually poverty-stricken, while searching for

a passage back to America. Once returned to Cranston, he applied for a

federal pension for his wartime services. In all probability, Potter never

received any financial compensation, but he left a narrative of his life,

reminding his readers that at one point in the republic's history,
he did matter.
MARRIAGE STRUCTURE AND CONTRACEPTION IN NIGER
Authors: PETERSON SARA ANN
Published: July 2002

Analysis of the 1992 Niger Demographic and Health Survey showed that although roughly two-thirds of both polygamous and monogamous women approve of birth control, polygamous wives are less likely than monogamous wives to discuss family size or birth control with their husband or to plan on using birth control. The study suggests that characteristics of polygamous couples have caused polygamous women to be more resistant to birth control use than monogamous women. The polygamous women tended to be married to older men who had not gone to primary school and who desired more children than monogamous husbands. The influence of marital structure is not significantly associated with intention to use birth control when the husband's age and the wife's ideal number of children were controlled for in the multivariate logistic regression model suggesting that background social factors may be more influential. In fact, educational level and age at first marriage were significantly associated with attitudes towards birth control and also with marital structure.
Effect of milk chemical composition and clotting characteristics on

chemical and sensory properties of Reblochon de Savoie cheese
Authors: MARTIN BRUNO , CHAMBA JEAN-FRANÇOIS , COULON JEAN-BAPTISTE , PERREARD ERIC
Published: July 2002

Success in making a cheese acceptable in both flavour and
texture depends partly
on curd properties which determine the retention of fat and moisture and,
thus,
cheese yield and composition (Green & Grandison, 1993). When considering

farmhouse and/or Appelation d'Origine Contrôlée
cheese where milk treatments are
not allowed, curd properties depend only on milk composition and clotting

characteristics, which are subject to wide fluctuations over the year owing
to the
cow's stage of lactation and nutritional factors (O'Keeffe,
1984; Macheboeuf et al.
1993). These variations often result in seasonal differences in the
chemical or sensory
properties of the cheese (Kefford et al. 1995) which are
sometimes difficult to
understand (Grandison et al. 1985). Only a few studies have assessed
the
cheesemaking quality of milk by actually making ripened cheese; most studies
report
milk coagulation properties and curd firmness.

The object of this work was to study the influence of the chemical composition

and clotting characteristics of the milk on the chemical and sensory properties
of
ripened cheeses when milk characteristics vary widely.
Effect of lactation stage on the cheesemaking properties of milk and

the quality of Saint-Nectaire-type cheese
Authors: COULON JEAN-BAPTISTE , VERDIER ISABELLE , PRADEL PHILIPPE , ALMENA MONTSERRAT
Published: July 2002

Two groups of eight multiparous cows with different calving periods

(November or February) were managed in the same way during lactation. During

four 4 week experimental periods distributed over 12 months, the cows were
fed on
a diet composed of hay and concentrate (70[ratio ]30) in a restricted and
controlled amount
which varied according to their lactation stage, so as to cover the animals'

requirements correctly. The animals' average lactation stage varied
according to
period from 26 to 298 d. Milk from each group was processed on two occasions
during
each period to make Saint-Nectaire-type cheese; the cheesemaking conditions
were
the same throughout. Lactation stage had an important effect on milk fat,
protein
and calcium contents but not on the casein[ratio ]protein ratio or phosphorus
content. The
milk pH and the urea content were higher in late lactation. The calcium
concentration
of milk was higher in late lactation but the soluble fraction was higher
in early
lactation. Despite higher protein contents, the maximal firmness of the
coagulum of
late-lactation milk was not different from that of early or mid-lactation
milks. pH
was higher in cheeses from late-lactation milks compared with those from
early and
mid-lactation milks. Cheeses from early lactation milks were more yellow
than the
others and had a lower dry matter fat content. In sensory analysis the
odour of
cheeses from early and late-lactation milks was less pleasant than that
of those from
mid-lactation milks. Cheeses from late-lactation milks were more melting
and less
firm than those from early or mid-lactation milks. Their taste was more
intense and
more persistent. At tasting, they were less appreciated than the others.
These
differences were linked to increased proteolysis in the cheeses made with
late-lactation milks.
Changes in the concentrations of glucagon-like peptide-1(7–36)amide

and gastric inhibitory polypeptide during the lactation cycle in goats
Authors: FAULKNER ANNE , MARTIN PAMELA A.
Published: July 2002

Plasma concentrations of glucagon-like peptide-1(7–36)amide
(GLP) and
gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) were determined at fortnightly intervals
for
over a year throughout the pregnancy–lactation cycle of goats. Both
GIP and GLP
concentrations were elevated during lactation and fell rapidly when milk
secretion
was terminated. At the onset of lactation GLP concentrations rose rapidly
whereas
GIP concentrations showed a delayed response. GLP concentrations remained
high
throughout lactation but those of GIP declined linearly as milk yields
fell. Serum
insulin concentrations correlated positively with plasma glucose concentrations
but
not with either GIP or GLP concentrations. Negative correlations were found

between serum insulin concentrations and milk yield and plasma non-esterified
fatty
acid concentrations. The results are consistent with plasma GIP and GLP

concentrations being determined by other factors in addition to nutrient
intake and
absorption. Changes in GIP concentrations mirrored reported changes in
the
hypertrophy and atrophy of the intestine in ruminants while GLP concentrations

may be more dependent on the neural and endocrine factors associated with

lactation. The elevated concentrations of both peptides indicated a specific
role in
lactation independent of their normal anabolic and insulinotropic effects.
A multiphase model for compressible flows with interfaces, shocks, detonation waves and cavitation
Authors: SAUREL RICHARD , LEMETAYER OLIVIER
Published: July 2002

A compressible multiphase unconditionally hyperbolic model is proposed. It is able
to deal with a wide range of applications: interfaces between compressible materials,
shock waves in condensed multiphase mixtures, homogeneous two-phase flows (bubbly
and droplet flows) and cavitation in liquids. Here we focus on the generalization
of the formulation to an arbitrary number of fluids, and to mass and energy transfers,
and extend the associated Godunov method.

We first detail the specific problems involved in the computation of thermodynamic
interface variables when dealing with compressible materials separated by well-defined
interfaces. We then address one of the major problems in the modelling of detonation
waves in condensed energetic materials and propose a way to suppress the mixture
equation of state. We then consider another problem of practical importance related
to high-pressure liquid injection and associated cavitating flow. This problem involves
the dynamic creation of interfaces. We show that the multiphase model is able to
solve these very different problems using a unique formulation.

We then develop the Godunov method for this model. We show how the non-conservative
terms must be discretized in order to fulfil the interface conditions.
Numerical resolution of interface conditions and partial equilibrium multiphase
mixtures also requires the introduction of infinite relaxation terms. We propose a way
to solve them in the context of an arbitrary number of fluids. This is of particular
importance for the development of multimaterial reactive hydrocodes. We finally extend
the discretization method in the multidimensional case, and show some results
and validations of the model and method.
Investigation of a drag reduction on a circular cylinder in rotary oscillation
Authors: SHIELS D. , LEONARD A.
Published: July 2002

Drag reduction in two-dimensional flow over a circular cylinder, achieved using rotary
oscillation, was investigated with computational simulations. In the experiments of
Tokumaru & Dimotakis (1991), this mechanism was observed to yield up to 80% drag
reduction at Re = 15 000 for certain ranges of frequency and amplitude of sinusoidal
rotary oscillation. Simulations with a high-resolution viscous vortex method were
carried out over a range of Reynolds numbers (150–15 000) to explore the effects of
oscillatory rotational forcing. Significant drag reduction was observed for a rotational
forcing which had been very effective in the experiments. The impact of the forcing
is strongly Reynolds number dependent. The cylinder oscillation appears to trigger a
distinctive shedding pattern which is related to the Reynolds number dependence of
the drag reduction. It appears that the source of this unusual shedding pattern and
associated drag reduction is vortex dynamics in the boundary layer initiated by the
oscillatory cylinder rotation. The practical efficiency of the drag reduction procedure
is also discussed.
Nonlinear dynamics of sand banks and sand waves
Authors: KOMAROVA NATALIA L. , NEWELL ALAN C.
Published: July 2002

Sand banks and sand waves are two types of sand structures that are commonly
observed on an off-shore sea bed. We describe the formation of these features using
the equations of the fluid motion coupled with the mass conservation law for the
sediment transport. The bottom features are a result of an instability due to tide–bottom
interactions. There are at least two mechanisms responsible for the growth
of sand banks and sand waves. One is linear instability, and the other is nonlinear
coupling between long sand banks and short sand waves. One novel feature of this
work is the suggestion that the latter is more important for the generation of sand
banks. We derive nonlinear amplitude equations governing the coupled dynamics of
sand waves and sand banks. Based on these equations, we estimate characteristic
features for sand banks and find that the estimates are consistent with measurements.
Interfacial periodic waves of permanent form with free-surface boundary conditions
Authors: PĂRĂU EMILIAN , DIAS FREDERIC
Published: July 2002

In a two-fluid system where the upper surface of the upper fluid is free, there are
two independent modes of oscillation about the state of equilibrium, an ‘internal’
mode and an ‘external’ mode, which are described by two distinct dispersion curves.
An efficient numerical scheme based on Fourier series expansions is used to calculate
periodic waves of permanent form and of finite amplitude. Three kinds of waves are
calculated: combination waves resulting from the interaction between an ‘internal’
mode and an ‘external’ mode with the same phase speed but wavelengths in a ratio
of 2 (1:2 resonance), combination waves resulting from the interaction between a
long ‘internal’ mode and a short ‘external’ mode with the same phase speed, and
pure ‘external’ waves. It is shown that the 1:2 resonance, which is well-known for
capillary – gravity surface waves and can profoundly affect wave field evolution, can
affect pure gravity waves in a two-fluid system, but not in oceanic conditions. On the
other hand, it is shown that the long/short wave resonance can occur in ocean-type
conditions. Finally it is confirmed that pure external waves of finite amplitude behave
like surface waves.
Dynamics of vorticity defects in shear
Authors: BALMFORTH N. J. , DEL-CASTILLO-NEGRETE D. , YOUNG W. R.
Published: July 2002

Matched asymptotic expansions are used to obtain a reduced

description of the

nonlinear and viscous evolution of small, localized vorticity defects

embedded in a Couette flow. This vorticity defect approximation is

similar to the Vlasov equation, and to other reduced descriptions

used to study forced Rossby wave critical layers and their secondary

instabilities. The linear stability theory of the vorticity defect

approximation is developed in a concise and complete form. The

dispersion relations for the normal modes of both inviscid and

viscous defects are obtained explicitly. The

Nyquist method is used to obtain necessary and sufficient conditions

for instability, and to understand qualitatively how changes in the

basic state alter the stability properties. The linear initial value

problem is solved explicitly with Laplace transforms; the resulting

solutions exhibit the transient growth and eventual decay of the

streamfunction associated with the continuous spectrum. The expansion

scheme can be generalized to handle vorticity defects in non-Couette,

but monotonic, velocity profiles.
Absolute and convective instabilities of plane
turbulent wakes in a shallow water layer
Authors: CHEN DAOYI , JIRKA GERHARD H.
Published: July 2002

In shallow turbulent wake flows (typically an island wake), the flow
patterns have been
found experimentally to depend mainly on a shallow wake parameter,
S=cfD/h in
which cf is a quadratic-law friction coefficient,
D is the island diameter and h is water
depth. In order to understand the dependence of flow patterns on S,
the shallow-water
stability equation (a modified Orr–Sommerfeld equation) has been derived
from the
depth-averaged equations of motion with terms which describe bottom friction.
Absolute and convective instabilities have been investigated on the basis of wake
velocity profiles with a velocity deficit parameter R. Numerical
computations have
been carried out for a range of R-values and a stability diagram
with two dividing lines
was obtained, one defining the boundary between absolute and convective instabilities
Sca, and another defining the transition
between convectively unstable and stable wake
flow Scc. The experimental measurements
(Chen & Jirka 1995) of return velocities in
shallow wakes were used to compute R-values and two critical
values, SA=0.79 and
SC=0.85, were obtained at the intersections with
lines Sca and Scc. Through
comparison with transition values observed experimentally for wakes with unsteady
bubble (recirculation zone) and vortex shedding, SU
and SV respectively, the sequence
SC>SA>
SU>SV
shows vortex shedding to be the end product of absolute
instability. This is analogous to the sequence of critical Reynolds numbers for an
unbounded wake of large spanwise extent. Experimental frequency characteristics
compare well with theoretical results. The observed values of
SU and SV for different
flow patterns correspond to the velocity profile with R=−0.945,
which is located at
the end of the wake bubble, and it provides the dominant mode.
Deformable roll coating flows: steady state and
linear perturbation analysis
Authors: CARVALHO MARCIO S. , SCRIVEN L. E.
Published: July 2002

Roll coating is distinguished by the use of one or more gaps between
rotating cylinders
to meter a continuous liquid layer and to apply it to a continuous
flexible substrate.
Of the two rolls that make a forward or reverse roll coating gap,
one is often covered
by a layer of more-or-less deformable elastomer. Liquid carried into the converging
side of the nip can develop high enough pressure to deform the resilient cover,
which changes the nip profile and thus alters the velocity and pressure field. This
elastohydrodynamic coupled action is not yet well understood. Theoretical modelling
has to take into account the viscous flow, the roll deformation and the free-surface
effects in order to predict the flow behaviour.

In this work the flow between a rigid and a deformable counter-rotating roll that
shares the same angular speed is described by the lubrication approximation together
with a viscocapillary model, based in the film-flow equation, for the
film-split region.
The deformation of the elastomer layer is modelled by Hookean springs oriented
radially, which constitute a one-dimensional model. The stability of the system to
transverse perturbation is analysed by examining the time-dependent response to
infinitesimal disturbances in order to identify those that grow fastest.

The corresponding system of equations is solved by Newton's method with
first-order continuation. The relationship between coating thickness,
operational parameters (loading force, gap setting, roll velocities, etc.),
liquid properties and the properties
of the cover is reported, as well as the critical capillary number for
onset of ribbing
and wavelengths of the ribbing pattern predicted by the mathematical model. The
results indicate how a deformable cover may be used in order to delay the onset of
ribbing for a desired coating thickness.

In order to validate the theoretical predictions of the
viscocapillary/Hookean spring
model, the symmetric film-split flows between a pair of rigid rolls and a
pair consisting
of a deformable roll and a rigid one were also analysed experimentally.
On the structure of bow waves on a ship model
Authors: DONG RONALD R. , KATZ JOSEPH , HUANG THOMAS T.
Published: July 2002

Particle image velocitmetry (PIV) measurements and free-surface

visualizations around

a ship model focus on the flow within the attached liquid sheet, upstream

of the point

at which the bow wave separates from the model, the origin and structure
of the bow

wave and the flow downstream of the wave crest. The measurements are performed
at

Reynolds numbers ranging between 2.8×106

and 7.4×106 and Froude numbers

between 0.17 and 0.45 (both are based on ship length L).

Representative velocity and

vorticity distributions at FrL=0.28 and

FrL=0.45 demonstrate the characteristic

structure of mild and steep waves, respectively. Very close to the

bow the attached sheet

is thin and quite unsteady. With increasing distance from the nose the
sheet becomes

thicker and its development involves considerable vorticity production.
In the mild

case this vorticity is originated at the free surface, whereas

in the steep wave case,

boundary layer separation occurs on the model, which also transports

vorticity into the

sheet. This vorticity and its associated induced lateral flow remain near
the model

downstream of the bow wave. By calculating the acceleration component tangent
to

the free surface of the sheet it is shown that the peaks in the

near-surface vorticity

appear in regions with high viscous flux of vorticity from the surface.

Formation of a

bow wave also involves considerable production of vorticity. Similar to

two-dimensional breakers, the primary origin of this vorticity is at the

toe of the breaker.

However, unlike the two-dimensional cases, the region containing

vorticity in the ship

wave does not appear as an extended shear layer. Instead, this vorticity

is convected out of the plane of the laser sheet in a series of distinct
vortex

filaments. The ship wave

also has powerful counter-rotating vorticity concentrated near the wave

crest that has

been observed in two-dimensional waves, but not of the same strength. Breaking

becomes weaker, i.e. there is less vorticity production, with

increasing distance from

the model, but it persists even at the ‘tail’ of the

bow wave. The sites of vorticity

entrainment of both signs are consistent with the computed near-surface
acceleration.

Estimates of the three-dimensional velocity distribution and head losses
within the

wave are also provided.
The interacting boundary-layer flow due to a vortex approaching a
cylinder
Authors: XIAO Z. , BURGGRAF O. R. , CONLISK A. T.
Published: July 2002

In this paper the solution to the three-dimensional and unsteady

interacting boundary-layer equations for a vortex approaching a cylinder

is calculated. The flow is three-dimensional and unsteady.

The purpose of this paper is to enhance the understanding

of the structure in three-dimensional unsteady boundary-layer separation
commonly

observed in a high-Reynolds-number flow. The short length scales associated
with

the boundary-layer eruption process are resolved through an efficient and
effective

moving adaptive grid procedure. The results of this work suggest that like
its

two-dimensional counterpart, the three-dimensional unsteady

interacting boundary layer

also terminates in a singularity at a finite time. Furthermore,

the numerical calculations

confirm the theoretical analysis of the singular structure in two dimensions
for the

interacting boundary layer due to Smith (1988).
Probability density function/Monte Carlo simulation of near-wall
turbulent flows
Authors: DREEBEN THOMAS D. , POPE STEPHEN B.
Published: July 2002

Probability density function (p.d.f.) methods are extended to include
modelling of
wall-bounded turbulent flows. A p.d.f. near-wall model is developed in
which the
generalized Langevin model is combined with a model for viscous transport.
This
provides exact treatment of viscous inhomogeneous effects, and enables
consistent
imposition of the no-slip condition in a particle framework. The method
of elliptic
relaxation is combined with additional boundary conditions and with the
generalized
Langevin model to provide an analogy for the near-wall fluctuating continuity

equation. This provides adequate representation of the near-wall anisotropy
of the
Reynolds stresses. The model is implemented with a p.d.f./Monte Carlo
simulation
for the joint p.d.f. of velocity and turbulent frequency. Results are compared
with
DNS and experimental profiles for fully developed turbulent channel flow.
Nonlinear free-surface flow due to an impulsively
started submerged point sink
Authors: XUE MING , YUE DICK K. P.
Published: July 2002

The unsteady fully nonlinear free-surface flow due to an impulsively
started
submerged point sink is studied in the context of incompressible potential
flow. For
a fixed (initial) submergence h of the point sink in otherwise
unbounded fluid, the
problem is governed by a single non-dimensional physical parameter, the
Froude number,
[Fscr ]≡Q/4π(gh5)1/2,

where Q is the (constant) volume flux rate and g the

gravitational acceleration. We assume axisymmetry and perform a numerical
study
using a mixed-Eulerian–Lagrangian boundary-integral-equation scheme.
We conduct
systematic simulations varying the parameter [Fscr ]
to obtain a complete quantification of the solution of the problem. Depending
on
[Fscr ], there are three distinct flow regimes: (i)
[Fscr ]<[Fscr ]1≈0.1924 – a ‘sub-critical’

regime marked by a damped wave-like behaviour of the free surface which

reaches an asymptotic steady state; (ii)
[Fscr ]1<[Fscr ]<[Fscr ]2≈0.1930 – the

‘trans-critical’ regime characterized by a reversal of
the downward motion of the free surface above the sink, eventually developing
into
a sharp upward jet; (iii) [Fscr ]>[Fscr ]2 – a ‘super-critical’

regime marked by the cusp-like
collapse of the free surface towards the sink. Mechanisms behind such flow
behaviour
are discussed and hydrodynamic quantities such as pressure, power and force
are
obtained in each case. This investigation resolves the question of validity
of a
steady-state assumption for this problem and also shows that a small-time
expansion may
be inadequate for predicting the eventual behaviour of the flow.
On the propagation of oceanic mesoscale vortices
Authors: RADKO TIMOUR , STERN MELVIN E.
Published: July 2002

An analytical theory is developed for a class of stable quasi-geostrophic
vortices
propagating either in the westward direction with supercritical velocities

(c<−βR2d)

or eastward, where Rd is the radius
of deformation
and β is the gradient of the
Coriolis parameter. The numerical spectral calculations, initiated by the
theoretical
solutions, indicate that the supercritical vortices move initially with
the predicted
velocity, but later slow down to the speed of the long planetary waves.
The period
of time during which an eddy is propagating with its initial velocity is
analysed
as a function of its strength and (initial) speed. The theoretical solution
has a
distinctive streamline signature (‘alpha gyre’),
which also appears in the final state
of the numerical calculations, including those for an initially completely
symmetric
vortex placed on the β-plane.
Statistical analysis of local turbulent energy fluctuations
Authors: GUJ G. , CAMUSSI R.
Published: July 2002

Time–frequency energy fluctuations of turbulent experimental
velocity signals for
Reλ≃10 and 800, are analysed using orthogonal
wavelet
transform. Some statistical
properties of the energy bursts are analysed and discussed. The probability
distribution
functions (PDFs) of the energy amplitude fluctuations are investigated
at different
scales. Such PDFs show that the so-called non-intermittent and intermittent
regions
are characterized by quite different behaviour. Analysis of the wavelet
coefficient
scaling relations, averaged under suitable conditioning, reveals that the
most energetic
events localized in time and scale are responsible for the structure function
(or wavelet
coefficients) scaling anomalies related to intermittency. It is shown that
the statistical
properties which are correlated with the mechanism of the energy cascade
from large
to small scales are characterized by a universal behaviour. On the other
hand, when
the chosen statistical indicators are related to the characteristic size
of turbulent
structures, no universality is achieved, and a strong dependence upon the
turbulent
generator and Reλ is observed. This is
demonstrated by analysis of the statistics of
time delays between successive events which show non-universal PDFs. The
mean
delay between successive intermittent events is also Reλ

dependent and increases for increasing Reλ.
Mechanism for drop formation on a coated vertical fibre
Authors: CHANG HSUEH-CHIA , DEMEKHIN EVGENY A.
Published: July 2002

Rayleigh instability on an axisymmetric viscous film around a vertical
fibre produces
localized wave structures (pulses) on a flat substrate film that can grow
by an order
of magnitude to form large capillary drops. We show that this drop formation

process is driven by a unique mechanism in the form of an ever-growing
pulse
which leaves behind a trailing film thinner than the one it advances into.
In addition
to accumulating liquid from the film, the growing pulse also captures smaller
and
slower pulses in coalescence cascades. We construct this supercritical
growing pulse
by matched asymptotics and show that it will eventually evolve into a capillary
drop
if the local film thickness h is larger than
hc=1.68R3H−2

where R is the fibre radius and H the capillary length.
We also show that
subcritical pulses with h<hc will
equilibrate into
stationary pulses that do not grow or coalesce readily to form drops.
Note on a baroclinic analogue of
vorticity defects in shear
Authors: SAMELSON R. M.
Published: July 2002

An approach developed recently to study the dynamics of vorticity
defects in
homogeneous shear flow extends naturally to the case of baroclinic, quasi-geostrophic

flow. It is shown that an inviscid geostrophic flow with uniform vertical
shear may
be destabilized by introducing a ‘potential vorticity
defect’, an arbitrarily small but
sufficiently sharp and horizontally uniform change in stratification or
vertical shear.
The linear baroclinic problem is nearly identical to the linear homogeneous
problem,
with differences arising only from the boundary conditions. The nonlinear
baroclinic
problem differs substantially from the nonlinear homogeneous problem, as
the
leading-order baroclinic nonlinearity is the Jacobian of the ‘inner’
streamfunction and
potential vorticity in the horizontal plane aligned with the defect. An
example of the
linear instability is described.
Interfacial dynamics of stationary gas bubbles in
flows in inclined tubes
Authors: CAVANAGH DANIEL P. , ECKMANN DAVID M.
Published: July 2002

We have experimentally examined the effects of bubble size (0.4 [les ] λ [les ] 2.0),
inclination angle (0° [les ] α [les ] 90°), and tube material on suspended gas bubbles in
flows in tubes for a range of Weber (0 [les ] We [les ] 3.6), Reynolds (0 [les ] Re [les ] 1200),
and Froude (0 [les ] Frα [les ] 1) numbers. Flow rates and associated pressure differences
which allow the suspension of bubbles in glass and acrylic tubes are measured. Due
to contact angle hysteresis, bubbles which dry the tube wall (i.e. form a gas–solid
interface) may remain suspended over a range of flows while non-drying bubbles
remain stationary for a single flow rate depending on experimental conditions. Stationary
bubbles increase the axial pressure gradient with larger bubbles and steeper
inclination angles leading to the greatest increase in the pressure gradient. Both
the suspension flow range and pressure difference modifications are strongly dependent
upon gas/liquid/solid material interactions. Stronger contact forces, i.e. smaller
spreading coefficients, cause dried bubbles in acrylic tubes to remain stationary over
a wider range of suspension flows than bubbles in glass tubes. Bubble deformation
is governed by the interaction of interfacial, contact, and flow-derived forces. This
investigation reveals the importance of bubble size, tube inclination, and tube material
on gas bubble suspension.
Fiction as History: The bananeras and Gabriel García

Márquez's One Hundred Years of Solitude
Authors: POSADA-CARBÓ EDUARDO
Published: July 2002

This article, inspired by a TV interview with the Nobel Prize-winner

Gabriel García Márquez, revises the ways that the fiction
in
One Hundred Years of
Solitude has been accepted as history. In particular, it raises some
questions about
how literary critics and historians have accepted as history
García Márquez's
rendition of the events during the strike that took place in Colombia in
1928. It
examines the repressive nature of the Colombian regime and of the strike
itself; it
also examines the idea that following the strike there was a sort of ‘conspiracy

of silence’ to erase the truth from the nation's history.
Subcategorization inheritance in Old English P-V compounds
Authors: KIM HYEREE
Published: July 2002

This article deals with the relation between subcategorization

and the notion head in

OE [P-V] compounds. Many morphosyntactic properties such as category
and

morphological class percolate from the head to the mother. Subcategorization,

however, can percolate to the mother from a nonhead as well as from the
head. This

is evident from the comparison of their case government properties. This
paper shows

that the process of ARGUMENT ATTRACTION developed within

Head-driven Phrase

Structure Grammar permits a straightforward account of this phenomenon.
The Eritrean Experiment: a Cautious Pragmatism?
Authors: IYOB RUTH
Published: July 2002

This is an attempt to assess Eritrea's democratic

prospects in light of

its political experience since 1993 as a sovereign state. I readily concede

that it is too early to make a definitive assessment; yet,

just as a child's

first few years are extraordinarily critical in helping to determine its

subsequent intellectual, physical, and moral development, so can a

new nation cumulate experiences that help set it firmly on its feet and

give it the capacity for yet more positive growth. Further, there is

no denying the force of genetic and environmental factors in the

development of both children and states: what they inherit from the

past, as well as the circumstances of their creation, and experiences of

infancy, all contribute to what they will become. I have no wish to

stretch the metaphor further; my point is that a detached analysis of

Eritrea's political inheritance and the forces and key events since
its

formal independence can give, at least, a preliminary reading on its

prospects. Thus, I intend to argue that these first five years have been

marked by pragmatic policy-formation and decision-making which,

taken as a whole, warrant a cautious optimism about the country's

democratic future.
Political ecology and urbanisation: Zanzibar's
construction materials industry
Authors: Myers Garth A.
Published: July 2002

In the 1990s, there has been a marked upsurge in scholarly and
practical
interest in the relationships between urban development and environmental

protection in Africa. It is apparent that analyses which take simultaneous

account of economic, political and environmental aspects of urban development

issues are an essential and yet under-represented facet of this upsurge.

This article argues for a regional political ecology approach to African
urban
environmental issues, as a means of addressing the intertwined impacts
of
neo-liberalism, democratisation and environmentalism in African cities.
The
construction and materials supply industry in Zanzibar city serves as an

empirical referent.
Reciprocity for electromagnetic–acoustic
fields in compressible magnetoplasmas with anisotropic pressure
Authors: SUCHY K. , ALTMAN C.
Published: July 2002

Maxwell's curl equations and the linearized balance
equations for momentum and
pressure tensor for a plasma in an external magnetic field are combined
in a system
of first-order partial differential equations for the field quantities.
With the corresponding adjoint system, the Lagrange identity is established,
leading to a symmetry relation between the Green functions for the original
and the adjoint fields. With
temporal mapping the adjoint field can be transformed into a
‘Lorentz-adjoint’
(physical) field, leading to a reciprocity relation between the Green functions
for
the original and for the Lorentz-adjoint fields.
Nonlinear propagation of dust-acoustic waves
in a magnetized dusty plasma with vortex-like ion distribution
Authors: MAMUN A. A.
Published: July 2002

A theoretical investigation has been made of the nonlinear propagation
of
dust-acoustic waves in a magnetized three-component dusty plasma consisting
of a negatively
charged dust fluid, free electrons and vortex-like distributed ions. It
is found
that, owing to the departure from the Boltzmann ion distribution to a vortex-like

one, the dynamics of small- but finite-amplitude dust-acoustic waves in
a
magnetized dusty plasma is governed by the modified Korteweg–de Vries
equation.
The latter admits a stationary dust-acoustic solitary-wave solution that
has larger
amplitude, smaller width and higher propagation velocity than that involving

adiabatic ions. The effects of external magnetic field, trapped ions and
free electrons
on the properties of these dust-acoustic solitary waves are briefly discussed.
Magnetogravitational instability of a rotating
anisotropic plasma with
finite-ion-Larmor-radius corrections
and generalized polytropic laws
Authors: SONI G. D. , CHHAJLANI R. K.
Published: July 2002

The gravitational instability of an infinite homogeneous, finitely
conducting,
rotating, collisionless, anisotropic-pressure plasma in the presence of
a uniform
magnetic field with finite-ion-Larmor-radius (FLR) corrections and generalized

polytropic laws is investigated. The polytropic laws are considered for
the
pressure components in directions parallel and perpendicular to the magnetic

field. The method of normal-mode analysis is applied to derive the dispersion

relation. Wave propagation is considered for both parallel and perpendicular

axes of rotation. Longitudinal and transverse modes of propagation are

discussed separately. The effects of rotation, finite electrical resistivity,
FLR
corrections and polytropic indices on the gravitational, firehose and mirror

instabilities are discussed. The stability of the system is discussed by
applying
the Routh–Hurwitz criterion. Extensive numerical treatment of the
dispersion
relation leads to several interesting results. For the transverse mode
of
propagation with the axis of rotation parallel to the magnetic field, it
is
observed that rotation stabilizes the system by decreasing the critical
Jeans
wavenumber. It is also seen that the region of instability and the value
of the
critical Jeans wavenumber are larger for the Chew–Goldberger–Low
(CGL) set
of equations in comparison with the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) set of
equations. It is found that the effect of FLR corrections is significant
only in the
low-wavelength range, and produces a stabilizing influence. For the transverse

mode of propagation with the axis of rotation parallel to the magnetic
field, the
finite electrical resistivity removes the polytropic index [nu] from the condition
for
instability. The inclusion of rotation alone or FLR corrections alone or
both
together does not affect the condition for mirror instability. The growth
rate of
the mirror instability is modified owing to uniform rotation or FLR corrections

or both together. We note that the condition of mirror instability depends
upon
the polytropic indices. We also note that neither the mirror instability
nor the
firehose instability can be observed for the isotropic MHD set of equations.
Transport in partially degenerate, magnetized
plasmas. Part 2. Numerical calculation of
transport coefficients
Authors: BROWN S. R. , HAINES M. G.
Published: July 2002

The modified Fokker–Planck collision operator for partially
degenerate electrons was derived in an earlier paper [J. Plasma Phys.58, 577 (1997)]. This is now employed to study linear
electron transport for a partially
degenerate, magnetized plasma. Because polynomial expansions can yield
incorrect transport coefficients owing to lack of resolution of the small fraction
of low-energy unmagnetized electrons, a numerical discrete-ordinate scheme is
employed. The inclusion of electron–electron collisions advances the model
beyond that of Lee and More, and in the classical limit agrees with the results
of Epperlein and Haines.
Occurrence of Polyprion americanus under floating objects in western Mediterranean oceanic waters, inference from stomach contents analysis
Authors: Deudero S. , Morales-Nin B.
Published: July 2002

Catches of 11 juvenile specimens of Polyprion americanus (Osteichthyes: Polyprionidae) are reported under fish aggregation devices (FADs) in waters off Mallorca (western Mediterranean). Sampling was carried out fortnightly by surrounding artificial FADs with a purse seine from April 1995 till February 1997. Juveniles were present from June–August. Specimens were mostly solitary during the period of association to the FADs, with a length interval of 25.8 and 34.2 cm total length. The trophic spectrum was analysed to explain a possible food link with the FAD. The diet of Polyprion was mainly based on juvenile fish Trachurus and the eunestonic isopod Idotea metallica that were associated with the objects providing evidence for a trophic relation to the artificial structures.
A study on a new species of Tontonia (Ciliophora: Oligotrichida) from the East China Sea and adjacent sea areas
Authors: Suzuki Toshikazu , Han Myung-Soo
Published: July 2002

Morphometric characteristics and spatial distribution of Tontonia grandis sp. nov. were investigated in the northern East China Sea and the adjacent sea areas. Tontonia grandis has a large conical body shape, 113 μm (70–155 μm) in length by 55 μm (40–113 μm) in width, a caudal appendix, multiple macronuclei and 14 (13–16) anterior and 28 (24–33) ventral polykinetids. Some cells have numerous cortical platelets on the surface and others do not. These two forms showed different horizontal distribution, and hence the presence of cortical platelets might be influenced by the environment inhabited. However, various forms of caudal appendix were observed, which constitute a continuous series of their developmental stages. This result might suggest that the caudal appendix is replaced by new growth and repeats its developing and sloughing spontaneously.
A reappraisal of the taxonomic position of Enhydrosoma curvirostre (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Cletodidae)
Authors: Gee J. Michael
Published: July 2002

Enhydrosoma curvirostre is redescribed from archived and new material with particular attention to the structure of the mouthparts and other details of the fine structure not previously reported. It is shown that the species cannot be maintained in Enhydrosoma but is more closely related to Cletodes, the genus in which the original author placed it. However, it is shown that the species must be assigned to a new genus, Spinapecruris, as a result of possessing autapomorphies on the maxillule (only seven setae on the basis), thoracopods 2–4 (a large spine on the distal margin) and possibly the caudal ramus (proximal insertion of seta VII) and lacking apomorphies which may define Cletodes.
Funchalia sp. (Crustacea: Penaeidae) associated with Pyrosoma atlanticum (Thaliacea: Pyrosomidae) off the Canary Islands
Authors: Lindley J.A. , Hernández F. , Scatllar J. , Docoito J.
Published: July 2002

Five specimens of the penaeid genus Funchalia were found inside living Pyrosoma atlanticum taken off Tenerife. No such association has been noted previously. The largest of the Funchalia was an immature F. villosa; the other four were early post-larvae. Aspects of their morphology are described and compared with previous descriptions. They were probably also F. villosa.
Foraging in the limpet Patella vulgata: the influence of rock slope on the timing of activity
Authors: Williams Gray A. , Little Colin , Morritt David , Stirling Penny , Teagle Linda , Miles Alison , Pilling Graham , Consalvey Mireille
Published: July 2002

Preliminary observations of limpet activity at Lough Hyne, in south-west Ireland, showed that individuals on steep slopes were primarily active at night, when emersed; while those on near-horizontal rocks were often active during daytime submersion. Observations of limpet populations over an 11 d period of limpet populations on a near-vertical and a near-horizontal site, only 45 m apart, confirmed that animals on the near-vertical site were active on nocturnal low tides, whilst those on the near-horizontal site were active on daytime high waters. A short-term survey at ten sites, which had limpets on both extremes of slope (i.e. either near-vertical or near-horizontal), showed that limpets on near-horizontal surfaces were, on average, more active at daytime high waters than those on near-vertical faces. In 1996 and 1997 surveys of activity at daytime high, and nocturnal low waters were conducted at sites (14–15) with varying rock slopes (∼3–87°). In all cases, limpets on more steep slopes were active at nocturnal emersion whilst animals on more gentle slopes were active on daytime submersion periods. In most cases these trends were significant and explained between 22–40% and 37–44% of the variation in activity with site in 1996 and 1997 respectively. Analysis of the head orientation of limpets on their home scars showed that animals orientated in a down shore direction at all sites (1997 data) suggesting that limpets do perceive and respond to slope. Whilst slope does appear to influence the timing of limpets' activity (and especially on very steep or gently sloping sites) it does not account for a large degree of the variation in activity and, on sites with slopes between 30 and 60°, is likely to work in combination with other factors.
Paulus und der Wettkampf: Die Rolle des Sports in Leben und Verkündigung des Apostels (1 Kor 9.24–7; Phil 3.12–16)
Authors: METZNER RAINER
Published: July 2002

Paulus benutzt das in der Antike bekannte Bild vom Wettkampf positiv. Es begegnet oft nur stichwortartig und unterschwellig, gelegentlich aber auch engagiert und mit detailgetreuen Skizzen agonistischer Praktiken und Gepflogenheiten. Dies deutet darauf hin, daß er das Bild nicht nur durch die Reden wandernder Popularphilosophen oder durch die hellenistische Synagoge kennengelernt hat. Er ist mit ihm persönlich vertraut. Überlegungen zur Kindheit und Jugend, zur Reisetätigkeit und zu Kontakten des Paulus mit der Agonistik in hellenistischen Großstädten stützen diese Annahme. Die enge Vertrautheit mit dem Agon schlägt sich in der theologischen Verarbeitung des Motives nieder. Der Wettkampf wird zum kongenialen Ausdruck des paulinischen Apostelamtes und seiner Verkündigung.
WHO DID PAUL THINK HE WAS? A STUDY OF JEWISH–CHRISTIAN IDENTITY
Authors: DUNN JAMES D. G.
Published: July 2002

The question of Paul's identity is raised by his history as a diaspora Jew, then Pharisee, who became a believer in Messiah Jesus and apostle to the gentiles. How did he think of himself? The essay focuses on the categories ‘Jew’, ‘(in) Judaism’, ‘Hebrew’ and ‘Israel(ite)’, with particular reference to Rom 2.28–9, 1 Cor 9.20–1, Gal 1.13–14, 2 Cor 11.22, Phil 3.4–7 and Rom 11.1. It also contrasts Paul's devaluation of circumcision and food laws with his continued and characteristically Jewish hostility to idolatry and sexual licence. Paul's identity was evidently in transition, both rooted in his Jewish heritage and responding to fresh revelation, thus reflecting the emerging identity of Christianity.