bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The use of corticosteroids in the lateral sinus augmentation surgical procedure: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Mordini Lorenzo , Patianna Giuseppe Pio , Di Domenico Giovanna Laura , Natto Zuhair S. , Valente Nicola Alberto
Published: September 2022

Background

The lateral maxillary sinus augmentation (MSA) procedure has good predictability in terms of the success of bone regeneration with a low incidence of postoperative infections, estimated between 2% and 5.6%. Although the use of antibiotics is an established and standardized prophylactic measure for MSA procedures, the addition of corticosteroids still varies among clinician preference and clinical judgment.

Purpose

The aim of this systematic review was to identify whether the administration of corticosteroids during the MSA surgical procedure affects postoperative symptoms including swelling, pain, and infection rate.

Materials and methods

A literature search through PubMed, EMBASE, Ovid MEDLINE, and Web of Science indices, according to PICO criteria, was conducted to identify whether MSA peri‐operative use of corticosteroids reduces the incidence of complications and patient morbidity. A single arm meta‐analysis was performed due to the lack of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing groups treated with or without peri‐operative corticosteroids. The intracluster correlation co‐efficient (ICC) and design effect were calculated to adjust for the clustering design.

Results

In the 37 studies included, a total of 1599 patients (378 Cort, 1221 No‐Cort) were analyzed. Before and after taking account of clustering, there was statistically significant effect of corticosteroids on swelling, pain, wound dehiscence, trismus, and hematoma. The complication rates postoperatively were comparable between the two study groups, however slight differences existed in the incidence of active suppuration (1.7% [95% CI 0.7–3.9] Cort vs. 3.2% [2.2–4.5] No‐Cort), wound dehiscence (3.9% [1.3–11.2] Cort vs. 2.1% [1.0–4.1] No‐Cort) and trismus (2.7% [0.8–8.4] Cort vs. 1.4% [0.8–2.5] No‐Cort).

Conclusions

Although the event rate of the 1‐to‐2‐week postoperative complications did not differ between the two groups, the lack of conclusive data and research comparing peri‐operative corticosteroid use makes it impossible to draw definitive conclusions and more evidence and studies designed for this specific purpose are needed.
Is Categorization in Visual Working Memory a Way to Reduce Mental Effort? A Pupillometry Study
Authors: Zhou Cherie , Lorist Monicque M. , Mathôt Sebastiaan
Published: September 2022

Recent studies on visual working memory (VWM) have shown that visual information can be stored in VWM as continuous (e.g., a specific shade of red) as well as categorical representations (e.g., the general category red). It has been widely assumed, yet never directly tested, that continuous representations require more VWM mental effort than categorical representations; given limited VWM capacity, this would mean that fewer continuous, as compared to categorical, representations can be maintained simultaneously. We tested this assumption by measuring pupil size, as a proxy for mental effort, in a delayed estimation task. Participants memorized one to four ambiguous (boundaries between adjacent color categories) or prototypical colors to encourage continuous or categorical representations, respectively; after a delay, a probe indicated the location of the to‐be‐reported color. We found that, for memory load 1, pupil size was larger while maintaining ambiguous as compared to prototypical colors, but without any difference in memory precision; this suggests that participants relied on an effortful continuous representation to maintain a single ambiguous color, thus resulting in pupil dilation while preserving precision. Strikingly, this effect gradually inverted, such that for memory load 4, pupil size was smaller while maintaining ambiguous and prototypical colors, but memory precision was now substantially reduced for ambiguous colors; this suggests that with increased memory load participants increasingly relied on categorical representations for ambiguous colors (which are by definition a poor fit to any category). Taken together, our results suggest that continuous representations are more effortful than categorical representations and that very few continuous representations (perhaps only one) can be maintained simultaneously.
The hunter and the hunted: Using web‐sourced imagery to monitor leopard (Panthera pardus pardus) trophy hunting
Authors: Muller Jessica R. , Selier Sarah‐Anne Jeanetta , Drouilly Marine , Broadfield Joleen , Leighton Gabriella R. M. , Amar Arjun , Naude Vincent N.
Published: September 2022

Sustainable offtake of any threatened species and objective monitoring thereof relies on data‐driven and well‐managed harvest quotas and permit compliance. We used web‐sourced images of African leopard (Panthera pardus pardus) trophy hunts to determine whether online photographs could assist in monitoring and documenting trophy hunting in Africa. Of 10,000 images examined, 808 (8%) showed leopard trophy hunts and could be contextualized by date and country. From a subset of photos (n = 530), across six countries between 2011 and 2020, we extracted information on the leopards killed and hunter demographics. We found no significant differences in leopard sex, age, or shot wound position between countries, and most trophy leopards were in good physical condition. Most hunters were White (96%) and estimated at over 40 years old (82%), with the proportion of women hunters in younger age classes significantly higher than in older classes. Rifles, bows, and hounds were used in all countries, except Tanzania and Zambia, where rifles were exclusively used. Online images could not be reasonably compared to the CITES trade database, but in South Africa, more than half (57%) of all nationally registered leopard trophy hunts in the last decade (2010–2020) have been posted online. Online images also reveal hunting violations, including non‐permitted hunting of female leopards and illegal hounding. Such monitoring methods may become increasingly useful as social media usage grows and provide valuable insight into this multi‐million dollar industry.
The diverse landscape of dermatologic toxicities of non‐immune checkpoint inhibitor monoclonal antibody‐based cancer therapy
Authors: Seervai Riyad N. H. , Friske Sarah K. , Chu Emily Y. , Phillips Rhea , Nelson Kelly C. , Huen Auris , Cho Woo Cheal , Aung Phyu P. , Torres‐Cabala Carlos A. , Prieto Victor G. , Curry Jonathan L.
Published: September 2022

Background

Since their first approval 25 years ago, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become important targeted cancer therapeutics. However, dermatologic toxicities associated with non−immune checkpoint inhibitor (non‐ICI) mAbs may complicate the course of cancer treatment. Data on the incidence and types of these reactions are limited.

Methods

A comprehensive review was conducted on dermatologic toxicities associated with different classes of non‐ICI mAbs approved for treatment of solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. The review included prospective Phase 1, 2, and 3 clinical trials; retrospective literature reviews; systematic reviews/meta‐analyses; and case series/reports.

Results

Dermatologic toxicities were associated with several types of non‐ICI mAbs. Inflammatory reactions were the most common dermatologic toxicities, manifesting as maculopapular, urticarial, papulopustular/acneiform, and lichenoid/interface cutaneous adverse events (cAEs) with non‐ICI mAbs. Immunobullous reactions were rare and a subset of non‐ICI mAbs were associated with the development of vitiligo cAEs.

Conclusion

Dermatologic toxicities of non‐ICI mAbs are diverse and mostly limited to inflammatory reactions. Awareness of the spectrum of the histopathologic patterns of cAE from non‐ICI mAbs therapy is critical in the era of oncodermatology and oncodermatopathology.
Resolution in species distribution models shapes spatial patterns of plant multifaceted diversity
Authors: Chauvier Yohann , Descombes Patrice , Guéguen Maya , Boulangeat Louise , Thuiller Wilfried , Zimmermann Niklaus E.
Published: September 2022

Species distribution models (SDMs) are statistical tools that relate species observations to environmental conditions to retrieve ecological niches and predict species' potential geographic distributions. The quality and robustness of SDMs clearly depend on good modelling practices including ascertaining the ecological relevance of predictors for the studied species and choosing an appropriate spatial resolution (or ‘grain size'). While past studies showed improved model performance with increasing resolution for sessile organisms, there is still no consensus regarding how inappropriate resolution of predictors can impede understanding and mapping of multiple facets of diversity. Here, we modelled the distribution of 1180 plant species across the European Alps for two sets of predictors (climate and soil) at resolutions ranging from 100‐m to 40‐km. We assessed predictors' importance for each resolution, calculated taxonomic (TD), relative phylogenetic (rPD) and functional diversity (rFD) accordingly, and compared the resulting diversities across space. In accordance with previous studies, we found the predictive performance to generally decrease with decreasing predictor resolution. Overall, multifaceted diversity was found to be strongly affected by resolution, particularly rPD, as exhibited by weak to average linear relationships between 100‐m and 1‐km resolutions (0.13 ≤ R2≤ 0.57). Our results demonstrate the necessity of using highly resolved predictors to explain and predict sessile species distributions, especially in mountain environments. Using coarser resolution predictors might cause multifaceted diversity to be strongly mispredicted, with important consequences for biodiversity management and conservation.
Green infrastructure can promote plant functional connectivity in a grassland species around fragmented semi‐natural grasslands in NW‐Europe
Authors: Plue Jan , Kimberley Adam , Bullock James M. , Hellemans Bart , Hooftman Danny A. P. , Krickl Patricia , Leus Leen , Peeters Gerrit , Poschlod Peter , Traveset Anna , Volckaert Filip , Cousins Sara A. O. , Honnay Olivier
Published: September 2022

Species may benefit from green infrastructure, i.e. the network of natural and anthropogenic habitat remnants in human‐dominated landscapes, if it helps isolated populations in remaining habitat patches to be functionally connected. The importance of green infrastructure is therefore increasingly emphasized in conservation policy to counter biodiversity loss. However, there is limited evidence, particularly in plants, that green infrastructure promotes functional connectivity, i.e. supports the colonization of habitat patches across a landscape. We applied landscape genetics to test whether the green infrastructure supports structural and functional connectivity in the grassland perennial Galium verum, in 35 landscapes in Belgium, Germany and Sweden. We used multivariate genetic clustering techniques, nestedness analyses and conditional inference trees to examine landscape‐scale patterns in genetic diversity and structure of plant populations in the green infrastructure surrounding semi‐natural grasslands. Inferred functional connectivity explained genetic variation better than structural connectivity, yielding positive effects on genetic variation. The road verge network, a major structural component of the green infrastructure and its functional connectivity, most effectively explained genetic diversity and composition in G. verum. Galium verum ramets occupying the surrounding landscape proved to be genetic subsets of focal grassland populations, shaping a nested landscape population genetic structure with focal grasslands, particularly ancient ones, harbouring unique genetic diversity. This nested pattern weakened as road network density increased, suggesting road verge networks enable high landscape occupancy by increased habitat availability and facilitates gene flow into the surrounding landscape. Our study proposes that green infrastructure can promote functional connectivity, providing that a plant species can survive outside of core habitat patches. As this often excludes habitat specialist species, conservation practice and policy should primarily focus on ancient, managed semi‐natural grasslands. These grasslands both harbour unique genetic diversity and act as primary gene and propagule sources for the surrounding landscape, highlighting their conservation value.
Emesis or regurgitation? Crop response to the ingestion of insecticide‐bait blends in Anastrepha ludens
Authors: Díaz‐Fleischer Francisco , Debernardi Diana , Arredondo José , Carmona Carlos , Pérez‐Staples Diana
Published: September 2022

Regurgitation is a phenomenon that is part of the digestive process in insects that have a crop organ. It is basically stimulated by liquid food concentration and viscosity. However, it has been proposed that regurgitation can be a defensive barrier to poisoning, and then it would be considered as emesis. We tested the regurgitation response of the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae), to sublethal doses of the insecticide malathion in sugar or protein–sugar solutions (i.e., insecticide baits) with varying sugar concentrations. By feeding flies with six sugar concentrations (1–50%) without insecticide, we determined that they regurgitated more when feeding on a 20% than when feeding on a 50% sugar solution. By feeding flies with six malathion concentrations in a 20% sugar solution, we determined two sublethal doses. Flies fed with those sublethal doses in protein (4%)–sugar (20 and 50%) solutions over‐regurgitated about 2× more than those fed with controls, i.e., protein–sugar and sugar solutions. The over‐regurgitation did not prevent a reduction in survival and fecundity in flies feeding on sublethal doses of malathion. It seems that regurgitation is provoked by the noxious substance, in addition to the food (sugar) concentration. The overresponse may be separated from the normal regurgitation used to process a meal and may be considered as emesis.
Links across ecological scales: Plant biomass responses to elevated CO2
Authors: Maschler Julia , Bialic‐Murphy Lalasia , Wan Joe , Andresen Louise C. , Zohner Constantin M. , Reich Peter B. , Lüscher Andreas , Schneider Manuel K. , Müller Christoph , Moser Gerald , Dukes Jeffrey S. , Schmidt Inger Kappel , Bilton Mark C. , Zhu Kai , Crowther Thomas W.
Published: September 2022

The degree to which elevated CO2 concentrations (e[CO2]) increase the amount of carbon (C) assimilated by vegetation plays a key role in climate change. However, due to the short‐term nature of CO2 enrichment experiments and the lack of reconciliation between different ecological scales, the effect of e[CO2] on plant biomass stocks remains a major uncertainty in future climate projections. Here, we review the effect of e[CO2] on plant biomass across multiple levels of ecological organization, scaling from physiological responses to changes in population‐, community‐, ecosystem‐, and global‐scale dynamics. We find that evidence for a sustained biomass response to e[CO2] varies across ecological scales, leading to diverging conclusions about the responses of individuals, populations, communities, and ecosystems. While the distinct focus of every scale reveals new mechanisms driving biomass accumulation under e[CO2], none of them provides a full picture of all relevant processes. For example, while physiological evidence suggests a possible long‐term basis for increased biomass accumulation under e[CO2] through sustained photosynthetic stimulation, population‐scale evidence indicates that a possible e[CO2]‐induced increase in mortality rates might potentially outweigh the effect of increases in plant growth rates on biomass levels. Evidence at the global scale may indicate that e[CO2] has contributed to increased biomass cover over recent decades, but due to the difficulty to disentangle the effect of e[CO2] from a variety of climatic and land‐use‐related drivers of plant biomass stocks, it remains unclear whether nutrient limitations or other ecological mechanisms operating at finer scales will dampen the e[CO2] effect over time. By exploring these discrepancies, we identify key research gaps in our understanding of the effect of e[CO2] on plant biomass and highlight the need to integrate knowledge across scales of ecological organization so that large‐scale modeling can represent the finer‐scale mechanisms needed to constrain our understanding of future terrestrial C storage.
Long‐term impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on facility‐ and home‐dwelling people with dementia: Perspectives from professionals involved in dementia care
Authors: Kazawa Kana , Kubo Tatsuhiko , Akishita Masahiro , Ishii Shinya
Published: September 2022

Aim

The present study aimed to investigate the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic on facility‐ and home‐dwelling people with dementia (PWD).

Methods

This observational study included two anonymous online survey questionnaires to explore the impact of the first wave of the COVID‐19 pandemic in Japan and the long‐term impact during the 2 years from the onset of the pandemic. The participants were medical and long‐term care facilities representatives for older people (945 facilities in the first survey, 686 in the second), and care managers (751 in the first survey, 241 in the second). A χ2‐test was carried out between the two surveys.

Results

For facility‐dwelling PWD, activities that stimulate cognitive and physical functioning increased significantly compared with the first wave of the pandemic (P < 0.05). Also, a decline in cognitive and walking functions and falls increased in the second survey compared with the first (P < 0.01). For home‐dwelling PWD, the broader impact of the pandemic on support for activities of daily living, social interaction and provision of medical care did not mitigate. The high prevalence of cognitive and physical functional decline in the first survey was similar in the second.

Conclusions

The prolonged COVID‐19 pandemic produced changes in the lives of home‐ and facility‐dwelling PWD, with widespread negative consequences for them. Our findings are useful to consider preventive supports to mitigate or avoid functional decline and symptom exacerbation in PWD due to changes in their living environment and the care they receive in the COVID‐19 era. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2022; 22: 832–838.
Interventions to identify and manage depression delivered by ‘nontraditional’ providers to community‐dwelling older adults: A realist review
Authors: Kingstone Tom , Chew‐Graham Carolyn A. , Corp Nadia
Published: September 2022

Background

Mental health problems experienced by older adults (60+ years of age) may remain hidden due to individual and system‐level barriers. Opportunities to support early identification and management are therefore crucial. The National Health Service recommends wider public services that are embedded within local communities, but are not traditionally part of the healthcare landscape (i.e., ‘nontraditional’), could facilitate engagement with healthcare by members of the public. Evidence for interventions involving Fire and Rescue, Police, Library services and postal workers, as nontraditional providers of mental health services, has not been synthesized previously. This review aims to understand how, why and in what contexts mental health interventions delivered by these nontraditional providers, to older adults, work.

Methods

A realist review of interventions to identify and/or manage mental health problems (depression with or without anxiety) experienced by older adults. Systematic, cluster and iterative literature searches were conducted. Intervention evidence was appraised for rigour and explanatory relevance and then coded to inform context‐mechanism‐outcome configurations (CMOCs). A public advisory group supported our initial evidence search strategy and definition of key terms. This review is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020212498).

Results

Systematic searches revealed a dearth of evidence reporting mental health interventions delivered by nontraditional providers. Our scope was adjusted to consider interventions delivered by Fire and Police services only and for wider health and wellbeing concerns (e.g., dementia, falls prevention, mental health crises). Forty‐three pieces of evidence were synthesized. Key themes included: legitimizing expanded roles, focusing on risk, intervention flexibility and organization integration; further subthemes are described. Themes map onto CMOCs and inform a preliminary programme theory. Findings were transposed to mental health contexts.

Conclusions

Findings highlight challenges and opportunities for Fire and Police services, as nontraditional providers, to deliver interventions that identify and/or manage mental health problems among older adults. Our programme theory explains what could work, how, for whom and also by whom (i.e., which public services). Further empirical evidence is needed to test interventions, understand acceptability and inform implementation.

Patient or Public Contribution

A public advisory group comprising older adults with lived experience of mental health problems and informal caregivers contributed to the original application, reviewed the scope and informed the approach to dissemination.
Re‐assessing the late HIV diagnosis surveillance definition in the era of increased and frequent testing
Authors: Kirwan Peter D. , Croxford Sara , Aghaizu Adamma , Murphy Gary , Tosswill Jennifer , Brown Alison E. , Delpech Valerie C.
Published: September 2022

Objectives

Late HIV diagnosis (CD4 <350 cells/mm3) is a key public health metric. In an era of more frequent testing, the likelihood of HIV diagnosis occurring during seroconversion, when CD4 counts may dip below 350, is greater. We applied a correction, considering markers of recent infection, and re‐assessed 1‐year mortality following late diagnosis.

Methods

We used national epidemiological and laboratory surveillance data from all people diagnosed with HIV in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland (EW&NI). Those with a baseline CD4 <350 were reclassified as ‘not late’ if they had evidence of recent infection (recency test and/or negative test within 24 months). A correction factor (CF) was the number reclassified divided by the number with a CD4 <350.

Results

Of the 32 227 people diagnosed with HIV in EW&NI between 2011 and 2019 with a baseline CD4 (81% of total), 46% had a CD4 <350 (uncorrected late diagnosis rate): 34% of gay and bisexual men (GBM), 65% of heterosexual men, and 56% of heterosexual women.

Accounting for recency test and/or prior negative tests gave a ‘corrected’ late diagnosis rate of 39% and corresponding CF of 14%. The CF increased from 10% to 18% during 2011–2015, then plateaued, and was larger among GBM (25%) than heterosexual men and women (6% and 7%, respectively). One‐year mortality among people diagnosed late was 329 per 10 000 after reclassification (an increase from 288/10 000).

Conclusions

The case‐surveillance definition of late diagnosis increasingly overestimates late presentation, the extent of which differs by key populations. Adjustment of late diagnosis is recommended, particularly for frequent testers such as GBM.
The impact of age stereotype threats on older consumers' intention to buy masstige brand products
Authors: Bae Hyeyoon , Jo Sang Hyun
Published: September 2022

This study explores the relationship between old‐age stereotyping and older consumers' masstige product consumption, specifically, their intention to purchase masstige brand products, with a focus on their motivational drives from an identity‐signaling perspective. We surveyed 533 people aged 54 to 64 years in South Korea. Structural equation modeling was used to analyse the mediating effect, and hierarchical regression analysis was applied to test the moderating effect. Our results indicated that among older consumers in South Korea who felt threatened by old‐age stereotypes, intention to purchase masstige brands was high. Their dissociative motivation, that is, their motivation to dissociate from their age group, and the symbolic value of masstige brands as signifiers of a youthful, desirable identity were found to mediate both the threat of old‐age stereotyping and intention to purchase masstige brands. Furthermore, we found that interdependent older consumers were more sensitive to old‐age stereotyping and had a stronger motivation to dissociate from the “old‐age” group. The findings offer insights into masstige brand consumption by older South Korean consumers that may be useful for both academics and marketers.
Physicochemical properties of the sesame paste produced by a novel process technology—ball milling
Authors: Jin Lei , Zhao Xiao‐Juan , Zhao Yu , Gao Shen‐Ao , Liu Hua‐Min , Ma Yu‐Xiang , Wang Xue‐De , Hou Li‐Xia
Published: September 2022

To study the physicochemical properties of sesame paste produced by a novel process technology—ball milling, the effects of different ball milling times (8, 16, 24, 32, and 40 min) at 650 rpm on particle size, texture, rheological properties, volatile compounds, consumer sensory evaluation, and microstructure of sesame paste were investigated. The results showed that ball milling has no significant differences in proximate composition and colour of sesame paste, but the D90 value of particle size decreased to 32.04 μm. Compared to others, the sesame paste ball‐milled for 8 min has the highest viscosity of 277.195 g·s. The sesame paste obtained by ball milling for 32 and 40 min produced 55 and 56 volatile compounds, respectively. Regardless of male and female, sesame paste obtained by ball milling for 24, 32, and 40 min have high overall acceptability. This investigation shows that ball milling is a new technology of potentially great value in the industrial production of sesame paste, which can be used to produce high‐quality sesame paste with specific characteristics.
When exit policies determine entry policies: The case of the Karta Polaka
Authors: Caballero Vélez Diego , Misiuna Jan
Published: September 2022

This article seeks to explain whether the politics of exit forced by one state on citizens of another in the past influence the politics of entry of present ethnic nation‐states. It concentrates on the Karta Polaka (Card of a Pole), originally enacted in Poland in 2007 within the framework of the politics of belonging as a response to the perceived moral duty towards ethnic Poles “left behind” in the former Soviet Union. With time, this policy has evolved to become Poland's entry policy of choice for incoming ethnic Poles from the diaspora. Through a review of the literature on politics of belonging, exit, and entry, an analysis of the context and by tracking changes within the law itself, this paper assesses the development and scope of the Karta Polaka. The causal effect correlation between the development of entry policies in ethnic nation‐states and the exit policies of another is confirmed.
Talking about return. Governmental caseworkers' regulative, normative and cultural‐cognitive strategies during “return conversations” with irregularised migrants
Authors: Sinnige Michael , van Houte Marieke , Leerkes Arjen
Published: September 2022

Caseworkers of the Repatriation and Departure Service (DT&V), responsible for enforcing return orders in the Netherlands, systematically orchestrate “return conversations” with rejected asylum seekers and apprehended irregular migrants in hopes of realising the return of their “clients” without physical force. Based on semi‐structured interviews, we analyse which strategies the caseworkers use under which conditions and what they think about their strategies' (in)effectiveness. The analysis is informed by Scott's institutional theory and Lipsky's concept of street‐level bureaucracy. Our results show that caseworkers prefer regulative strategies but are under organisational pressure to also use normative and cultural‐cognitive strategies, especially when migrants cannot be deported. According to the caseworkers, these cases are often the most labour‐intensive and the normative and cultural‐cognitive arguments used are considered rarely successful. Also, these arguments seem to conflict with their social norms and cultural‐cognitive beliefs. We develop three hypotheses which can be used in future research.
Refractory wounds induced by normal‐renal calciphylaxis: An under‐recognised calcific arteriolopathy
Authors: Wu Jing , Chen Lihong , Dang Fangping , Zha Panpan , Li Rao , Ran Xingwu
Published: September 2022

Background

Normal‐renal calciphylaxis (NRC) is a devastating calcific vasculopathy characterised by refractory wounds. It is more likely to be misdiagnosed because of the absence of renal insufficiency. Failure to effectively control may lead to rapid deterioration and ultimately death. However, current knowledge of it is still inadequate.

Objectives

To provide a relatively comprehensive review of NRC.

Methods

Nine electronic medical databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, the Cochrane Library and so on were searched from inception to April 1, 2022. Articles in which calciphylaxis was diagnosed in patients with normal renal function were included.

Results

Totally 140 articles were retrieved with 187 patients (median age, 62 years [IQR, 49.63 ~ 75.70 years]; 83.42% female; 84.5% Caucasian). Vitamin K antagonism (43.32%) and diabetes (39.57%) accounted for most of the concomitant factors. Cutaneous presentations were the most common. Pathological confirmation was made in 97.86% of patients with an accuracy of 99.45%. Multidisciplinary therapeutic strategies were usually implemented while the final prognosis was not ideal, with a 6‐month mortality rate of 21.10% and a 1‐year mortality rate of 27.52%.

Conclusion

NRC is an under‐recognised disease caused by a variety of factors; meanwhile, multidisciplinary efforts are required to inform diagnostic and therapeutic decisions.
High‐strength ceramic foams with ultralow dielectric constant and loss in terahertz frequency region
Authors: Chen Yugu , Guo Weijia , Ma Zhiyu , Lu Yutian , Yue Zhenxing
Published: September 2022

Sixth generation (6G) wireless networks operating in terahertz frequency region are significant solutions to the increasing number of telecommunication devices and the demand for faster data transmission. However, few dielectric materials exhibiting an ultralow relative dielectric constant (εr), loss tangent (tanδ), and high mechanical strength are found suited for 6G telecommunication. In this study, we developed lightweight ceramic foams by directly sintering glass hollow spheres. The effects of sintering temperatures on their mechanical performance, and terahertz optical and dielectric properties were systematically investigated. The final compositions of ceramic foams contain glass, cristobalite, quartz, and wollastonite. The crystalline content increases with increasing sintering temperature. The ceramic foams sintered at low temperatures of 700–850°C exhibit a high porosity ranging from 74.6% to 87.3%, ultralow εr ranging from 1.41 to 1.83, and tanδ of ∼0.011 at 0.5 THz, as well as high compressive strength ranging from 10.1 to 27.4 MPa, which could be promising materials for 6G telecommunication.
Chronic experimental hyperoxia elevates aerobic scope: a valid method to test for physiological oxygen limitations in fish
Authors: Skeeles Michael R. , Scheuffele Hanna , Clark Timothy D.
Published: September 2022

Experimental hyperoxia has been shown to enhance the maximum oxygen uptake capacity of fishes under acute conditions, potentially offering an avenue to test prominent physiological hypotheses attempting to explain impacts of climate warming on fish populations (e.g., gill‐oxygen limitation driving declines in fish size). Such benefits of experimental hyperoxia must persist under chronic conditions if it is to provide a valid manipulation to test the relevant hypotheses, yet the long‐term benefits of experimental hyperoxia to oxygen uptake capacity have not been examined. Here, the authors measured aerobic metabolic performance ofGalaxias maculatusupon acute exposure to hyperoxia (150% air saturation) and after 5 months of acclimation, at both 15°C and 20°C. Acute hyperoxia elevated aerobic scope by 74%–94% relative to normoxic controls, and an elevation of 58%–73% persisted after 5 months of hyperoxia acclimation. When hyperoxia‐acclimated fish were acutely transitioned back to normoxia, they maintained superior aerobic performance compared with normoxic controls, suggesting an acclimation of the underlying metabolic structures/processes. In demonstrating the long‐term benefits of experimental hyperoxia on the aerobic performance of a fish, the authors encourage the use of such approaches to disentangle the role of oxygen in driving the responses of fish populations to climate warming.
Comparative anatomy of the passerine carpometacarpus helps illuminate the early fossil record of crown Passeriformes
Authors: Steell Elizabeth M. , Nguyen Jacqueline M. T. , Benson Roger B. J. , Field Daniel J.
Published: September 2022

The hyper‐diverse clade Passeriformes (crown group passerines) comprises over half of extant bird diversity, yet disproportionately few studies have targeted passerine comparative anatomy on a broad phylogenetic scale. This general lack of research attention hinders efforts to interpret the passerine fossil record and obscures patterns of morphological evolution across one of the most diverse clades of extant vertebrates. Numerous potentially important crown passeriform fossils have proven challenging to place phylogenetically, due in part to a paucity of phylogenetically informative characters from across the passerine skeleton. Here, we present a detailed analysis of the morphology of extant passerine carpometacarpi, which are relatively abundant components of the passerine fossil record. We sampled >70% of extant family‐level passerine clades (132 extant species) as well as several fossils from the Oligocene of Europe and scored them for 54 phylogenetically informative carpometacarpus characters optimised on a recently published phylogenomic scaffold. We document a considerable amount of previously undescribed morphological variation among passerine carpometacarpi, and, despite high levels of homoplasy, our results support the presence of representatives of both crown Passeri and crown Tyranni in Europe during the Oligocene.
Pace Layering as a Metaphor for Organizing in the Age of Intelligent Technologies: Considering the Future of Work by Theorizing the Future of Organizing
Authors: Beane Matthew I. , Leonardi Paul M.
Published: September 2022

Intelligent technologies are raising important questions about the future of work. In response, many scholars explore new forms of work related to these technologies. Researchers then often speculate about what the organization of the future might look like from these newer images of work. Here we take the opposite approach: we start by asking how intelligent technologies are reshaping howorganizinghappens, then theorize how such organizational transformations may shape work. To this end we reconceptualize organizations as a hierarchy of pace layers – interdependent organizational processes that evolve at different timescales. Doing so allows us to see the new forms of work that are becoming necessary to articulate these pace layers for intra‐organizational coordination and allow for maximum organizational adaptability in an era where intelligent technologies engender rapid and discontinuous digital changes in the environments in which organizing occurs.
Identifying acute ischemic stroke patients within the thrombolytic treatment window using deep learning
Authors: Polson Jennifer S. , Zhang Haoyue , Nael Kambiz , Salamon Noriko , Yoo Bryan Y. , El‐Saden Suzie , Starkman Sidney , Kim Namkug , Kang Dong‐Wha , Speier William F. , Arnold Corey W.
Published: September 2022

Background and Purpose

Treatment of acute ischemic stroke is heavily contingent upon time, as there is a strong relationship between time clock and tissue progression. Work has established imaging biomarker assessments as surrogates for time since stroke (TSS), namely, by comparing signal mismatch between diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) and fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) imaging. Our goal was to develop an automatic technique for determining TSS from imaging that does not require subspecialist radiology expertise.

Methods

Using 772 patients (66 ± 9 years, 319 women), we developed and externally evaluated a deep learning network for classifying TSS from MR images and compared algorithm predictions to neuroradiologist assessments of DWI‐FLAIR mismatch. Models were trained to classify TSS within 4.5 hours and performance metrics with confidence intervals were reported on both internal and external evaluation sets.

Results

Three board‐certified neuroradiologists’ DWI‐FLAIR mismatch assessments, based on majority vote, yielded a sensitivity of .62, a specificity of .86, and a Fleiss’ kappa of .46 when used to classify TSS. The deep learning method performed similarly to radiologists and outperformed previously reported methods, with the best model achieving an average evaluation accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of .726, .712, and .741, respectively, on an internal cohort and .724, .757, and .679, respectively, on an external cohort.

Conclusion

Our model achieved higher generalization performance on external evaluation datasets than the current state‐of‐the‐art for TSS classification. These results demonstrate the potential of automatic assessment of onset time from imaging without the need for expertly trained radiologists.
Frontostriatal and limbic contributions to cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Brown Gregory , Hakun Jonathan , Lewis Mechelle M. , De Jesus Sol , Du Guangwei , Eslinger Paul J. , Kong Lan , Huang Xuemei
Published: September 2022

Background and Purpose

The circuitry underlying heterogenous cognitive profiles in Parkinson's disease (PD) remains unclear. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether structural changes in frontostriatal and limbic pathways contribute to different cognitive trajectories in PD.

Methods

We obtained clinical and multimodal MRI data from 120 control and 122 PD subjects without dementia or severe motor disability. T1/T2‐weighted images estimated volume, and diffusion imaging evaluated fractional anisotropy (FA) of frontostriatal (striatum and frontostriatal white matter [FSWM]) and limbic (hippocampus and fornix) structures. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) gauged total and domain‐specific (attention/executive and memory) cognitive function. Linear mixed‐effects models were used to compare MRI and cognitive progression over 4.5 years between controls and PD and evaluate associations between baseline MRI and cognitive changes in PD.

Results

At baseline, control and PD groups were comparable, except PD participants had smaller striatal volume (p < 0.001). Longitudinally, PD showed faster decline in hippocampal volume, FSWM FA, and fornix FA (ps < .016), but not striatal volume (p = .218). Total and domain‐specific MoCA scores declined faster in PD (ps < .030). In PD, lower baseline hippocampal volume (p = .005) and fornix FA (p = .032), but not striatal volume (p = .662) or FSWM FA (p = .143), were associated with faster total MoCA decline. Baseline frontostriatal metrics of striatal volume and FSWM FA were associated with faster attention/executive decline (p < .038), whereas lower baseline hippocampal volume was associated with faster memory decline (p = .005).

Conclusion

In PD, frontostriatal structural metrics are associated with attention/executive tasks, whereas limbic changes correlated with faster global cognitive decline, particularly in memory tasks.
A novel sugar beet cyst nematode effector 2D01 targets the Arabidopsis HAESA receptor‐like kinase
Authors: Verma Anju , Lin Marriam , Smith Dante , Walker John C. , Hewezi Tarek , Davis Eric L. , Hussey Richard S. , Baum Thomas J. , Mitchum Melissa G.
Published: September 2022

Plant‐parasitic cyst nematodes use a stylet to deliver effector proteins produced in oesophageal gland cells into root cells to cause disease in plants. These effectors are deployed to modulate plant defence responses and developmental programmes for the formation of a specialized feeding site called a syncytium. The Hg2D01 effector gene, coding for a novel 185‐amino‐acid secreted protein, was previously shown to be up‐regulated in the dorsal gland of parasitic juveniles of the soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines, but its function has remained unknown. Genome analyses revealed that Hg2D01 belongs to a highly diversified effector gene family in the genomes of H. glycines and the sugar beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii. For functional studies using the model Arabidopsis thaliana–H. schachtii pathosystem, we cloned the orthologous Hs2D01 sequence from H. schachtii. We demonstrate that Hs2D01 is a cytoplasmic effector that interacts with the intracellular kinase domain of HAESA (HAE), a cell surface‐associated leucine‐rich repeat (LRR) receptor‐like kinase (RLK) involved in signalling the activation of cell wall‐remodelling enzymes important for cell separation during abscission and lateral root emergence. Furthermore, we show that AtHAE is expressed in the syncytium and, therefore, could serve as a viable host target for Hs2D01. Infective juveniles effectively penetrated the roots of HAE and HAESA‐LIKE2 (HSL2) double mutant plants; however, fewer nematodes developed on the roots, consistent with a role for this receptor family in nematode infection. Taken together, our results suggest that the Hs2D01–AtHAE interaction may play an important role in sugar beet cyst nematode parasitism.
SnRK1A‐mediated phosphorylation of a cytosolic ATPase positively regulates rice innate immunity and is inhibited by Ustilaginoidea virens effector SCRE1
Authors: Yang Jiyun , Zhang Nan , Wang Jiyang , Fang Anfei , Fan Jing , Li Dayong , Li Yuejiao , Wang Shanzhi , Cui Fuhao , Yu Junjie , Liu Yongfeng , Wang Wen‐Ming , Peng You‐Liang , He Sheng Yang , Sun Wenxian
Published: September 2022

Rice false smut caused by Ustilaginoidea virens is becoming one of the most recalcitrant rice diseases worldwide. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying rice immunity against U. virens remain unknown.

Using genetic, biochemical and disease resistance assays, we demonstrated that the xb24 knockout lines generated in non‐Xa21 rice background exhibit an enhanced susceptibility to the fungal pathogens U. virens and Magnaporthe oryzae. Consistently, flg22‐ and chitin‐induced oxidative burst and expression of pathogenesis‐related genes in the xb24 knockout lines were greatly attenuated.

As a central mediator of energy signaling, SnRK1A interacts with and phosphorylates XB24 at Thr83 residue to promote ATPase activity. SnRK1A is activated by pathogen‐associated molecular patterns and positively regulates plant immune responses and disease resistance. Furthermore, the virulence effector SCRE1 in U. virens targets host ATPase XB24. The interaction inhibits ATPase activity of XB24 by blocking ATP binding to XB24. Meanwhile, SCRE1 outcompetes SnRK1A for XB24 binding, and thereby suppresses SnRK1A‐mediated phosphorylation and ATPase activity of XB24.

Our results indicate that the conserved SnRK1A‐XB24 module in multiple crop plants positively contributes to plant immunity and uncover an unidentified molecular strategy to promote infection in U. virens and a novel host target in fungal pathogenesis.
Microclimate relationships of intraspecific trait variation in sub‐Arctic plants
Authors: Kemppinen Julia , Niittynen Pekka
Published: September 2022

Within‐species trait variation is a substantial part of plant functional diversity. However, this intraspecific trait variation (ITV) is rarely investigated in relation to a key characteristic of the Arctic and alpine ecosystems: fine‐scale microclimatic heterogeneity. Here, we quantified the influence of microclimate (soil moisture, snow and local temperatures) on plant functional traits, specifically on ITV. We focused on six widespread northern latitude vascular plant species, and measured four traits: plant height, leaf area, leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and specific leaf area (SLA). We related ITV to field and remotely sensed microclimate data from 150 study plots within six study grids. The grids were located within a 76‐m altitudinal belt in three environments: the tundra, tundra–forest ecotone and mountain birch forest in Kilpisjärvi, northwestern Finland. We compared the range of trait values between this local trait dataset (n = 5493) and global trait databases (n = 10 383). We found that information in the local dataset covers a relatively large portion of the trait ranges in global databases. The proportion varies among traits and species; the largest portion was 74% for variation in leaf area ofVaccinium uliginosum, and the lowest was 19% for LDMC ofBetula nana. We found that ITV in height was mostly related to local temperatures, whereas SLA and LDMC were more related to soil moisture and snow conditions. However, species showed contrasting relationships with the microclimate drivers. We conclude that microclimate profoundly shapes ITV in northern latitude plants and that even a very compact geographic area can contain a large amount of ITV. The influence of the microclimatic conditions varies among functional traits and species, which indicates that plastic response or adaptive potential of the species to climate change may also vary across species, but that necessary variation may often be present within local plant populations.
Testing the validity of purchasing power parity for China: Evidence from the Fourier quantile unit root test
Authors: Chan Kenneth S. , Lai Jennifer T. , Liang Xiaoyi
Published: September 2022

We revisit the purchasing power parity (PPP) between China and its five major trading partners, namely European Union, United States, Brazil, Japan, and Korea. Conventional unit root tests with structural breaks have mostly failed to validate the PPP. Apart from using CPI as the price index, the tradable‐goods price index is also used to test the PPP hypothesis (Balassa–Samuelson effect). Using the Fourier quantile unit root test for the potential structural breaks and non‐Gaussian distribution reveals strong evidence that the PPP holds between China and its five major trading partners.
Measuring Diachronic Sense Change: New Models and Monte Carlo Methods for Bayesian Inference
Authors: Zafar Schyan , Nicholls Geoff K.
Published: September 2022

In a bag-of-words model, the of a word with multiple meanings, for example ‘bank’ (used either in a river-bank or an institution sense), are represented as probability distributions over context words, and sense prevalence is represented as a probability distribution over senses. Both of these may change with time. Modelling and measuring this kind of sense change are challenging due to the typically high-dimensional parameter space and sparse datasets. A recently published corpus of ancient Greek texts contains expert-annotated sense labels for selected target words. Automatic sense-annotation for the word ‘kosmos’ (meaning decoration, order or world) has been used as a test case in recent work with related generative models and Monte Carlo methods. We adapt an existing generative sense change model to develop a simpler model for the main effects of sense and time, and give Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods for Bayesian inference on all these models that are more efficient than existing methods. We carry out automatic sense-annotation of snippets containing ‘kosmos’ using our model, and measure the time-evolution of its three senses and their prevalence. As far as we are aware, ours is the first analysis of this data, within the class of generative models we consider, that quantifies uncertainty and returns credible sets for evolving sense prevalence in good agreement with those given by expert annotation.