bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HL‐A Typing in Families of Potential Kidney Recipients
Authors: Sybesma J. P. H. B. , Overbeeke Marijke , Borst‐Eilers Else , Heynen Cobi J. J. , de Planque B. A. , Zegers B. J. M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. HL‐A typing was performed in 22 potential kidney recipients, 35 parents and 87 siblings.

Homozygosity for one or two HL‐A antigens was present in about half of the patients with a phenotypic incomplete HL‐A pattern. In 12 patients 23 HL‐A identical siblings were found.

In one patient recombination of the paternal first and second locus of the HL‐A system was observed. Mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) were carried out with 3 sibs and an unrelated donor. A difference at the first HL‐A locus was accompanied by a weak mixed lymphocyte reactivity, while a difference at the second HL‐A locus gave rise to a strong MLR. Our findings support the hypothesis of two MLR loci localized closely to the HL‐A loci.
Red Cell Peptidase Polymorphism in Pigs, Cattle, Dogs and Mink1
Authors: Saison Ruth
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Red cell peptidases (Pep) B, C, D and E have been identified in pigs, cattle, dogs and mink by means of starch gel electrophoresis. Variants were observed in Pep C in pigs and Pep D in cattle, dogs and mink. Slow variants of Pep C in pigs and Pep D in cattle were characterized by their presence or absence. Dog and mink Pep D are controlled by 2 co‐dominant allelic genes, Pep Da and Pep Db, which give rise to 3 phenotypes, Pep Da, Pep Db and Pep Dab.
Platelet Transfusions: Shortened Survival of HL‐A‐Identical Platelets aud Failure of in vitro Detection of Anti‐Platelet Antibodies after Multiple Transfusions
Authors: Bucher U. , de Weck A. , Spengler H. , Tschopp L. , Kummer H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In a case of congenital thrombasthenia the survival of transfused platelets was found to be extremely shortened. Although no isoimmune‐antibodies could be detected by available immunologic techniques, such antibodies must be postulated as being responsible for the elimination of the donor platelets, since survival of the patient's own platelets is normal. The antibodies do not seem to be directed against an antigen of the HL‐A type since the survival time of the thrombocytes from an HL‐A‐identical sibling is equally shortened.
Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn Caused by the Rare Rhesus Antibody Anti‐Cx
Authors: Finney R. D. , Blue A. M. , Willoughby M. L. N.
Published: March 2009

Abstract A case of haemolytic disease of the newborn due to the rare Rhesus antibody anti‐Cx is described. Family studies confirmed that the inheritance of the rare Rhesus antigen Cx, an allele at the C‐c locus, is straightforward. The antigen was found in 3 out of 1,988 consecutive group O Rhesus D positive blood donors. No new cases of anti‐Cx were discovered in the family studies. The case emphasises the importance of examination of the paternal blood in investigations of this nature.
Report of a Proficiency Test for the Hepatitis‐B Antigen
Authors: Wewalka F. , Krassnitzky O. , Pesendorfer1 F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract A proficiency test for hepatitis‐B antigen was carried out under the auspices of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Bluttransfusion. 128 participants from 20 European countries reported results obtained with different methods in common use. The test panel of 50 sera contained 40 regarded as HB Ag‐positive. The best results were obtained with the complement‐fixation (CF) test, which gave correct results in 89% of all samples. Immuno‐precipitation electrophoresis (IPE) gave 78%, the latex test 75%, and immunodiffusion 67%. The highest incidence of ‘false’ positives occurred in the latex test (11 out of 22), and there were more false positives with CF than with IPE. For IPE, agarose gave better results than agar on average.
Relationship of Blood Transfusions to Appearance of Mixed Leukocyte Culture Blocking Factor Activity in Plasma of Uraemic Patients and Renal Allograft Recipients
Authors: Sengar D. P. S. , Rashid A. , Harris J. E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Plasma samples from haemodialysis patients, renal allograft recipients and haemophiliacs were studied for the presence of mixed leukocyte culture blocking factor activity (BFA). A history of blood transfusions received within the preceding 6 months of testing was significantly and directly correlated with the appearance and persistence of BFA in the plasma of haemodialysis patients. This association was not found in renal allograft recipients. The development of BFA was found to be associated with formation of lymphocytotoxins but not haemagglutinins. The authors have also demonstrated that BFA resides in the IgG fractions of serum samples obtained from both chronic uraemics undergoing haemodialysis and patients bearing renal allografts. BFA may play a minor role in the acceptance of human renal allografts.
Serology for Automated Cytotoxicity Assays: Contrast Fluorescence Test
Authors: Martel J. L. , Jaramillo S. , Allen F. H. , Rubinstein P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract.We have developed a new serologic method for the study of lymphocytotoxic reactions, based on differential fluorescent staining. Living cells, labeled with fluorescein diacetate, show green fluorescence, while dead cells are stained by ethidium bromide and show red fluorescence. Since both living and dead cells can be quantitated, the test is more sensitive. Because the total number of cells present can be quantitated, the estimations can be made by automatic equipment without the danger of false negatives resulting from the absence of cells.
Anti‐Lu 11: Another Antibody Defining a High‐Frequency Antigen Related to the Lutheran Blood Group System1
Authors: Gralnick Mary Ann , Goldfinger Dennis , Hatfield Patricia A. , Reid Marion E. , Marsh W. L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An antibody, named anti‐Lu 11, has been found that reacts with a high‐frequency red‐cell antigen related to the Lutheran blood group. The reacting antigen is absent from red cells that are Lu(a‐b‐) and is weakly active on the red cells of newborn infants.
An Unusual Expression of Ii Antigens in Erythrocytes of a Healthy Adult Person
Authors: Dzierżkowa‐Borodej Wanda , Lisowska Elwira , Leśkiewicz Aldona , ŁEszczak Lidia
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An unusual phenotype of erythrocytes, with the reduced expression of ID and i antigens and with the normal expression of IF antigen, is reported. Ii antigens in the described erythrocytes have been characterized by agglutination and absorption‐elution methods, and by haemagglutination‐inhibition with erythrocyte membrane glycoproteins. A slight decrease in the expression of ID antigen has also been found in erythrocytes of the propositus' family.
Selective IgA Deficiency in Rh‐Negative Women
Authors: Pai M. K. R. , Davison M. , Bedritis I. , Zipursky A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Sera obtained from 15,500 Rh‐negative pregnant women were screened for presence of serum IgA. 12 out of 15,500 or 0.08% of the women were deficient in serum IgA, and only one of these 12 women had anti‐IgA antibody of broad specificity. Nine women with IgA deficiency received anti‐Rho γ‐globulin within 72 h after delivery. None of them developed anti‐IgA antibodies 3–6 months following injection of anti‐Rho γ‐globulin. Administration of Rh immune globulin to one subject (case No. 5) in this group who has class‐specific anti‐IgA was not associated with any untoward reactions, and there was no significant change in the antibody level.
Association between HL‐A and Red Cell Antigens
Authors: NORDHAGEN R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Two sera with cytotoxic anti‐HL‐A2 antibodies and haemagglutinins reacting preferably with red cells from HL‐A28‐positive2 donors, have been absorbed with several white and red cells. Both cytotoxic and haemagglutinating antibodies are shown to cross‐react with the two antigens. Absorption experiments have also been carried out in two sera with cytotoxic anti‐HL‐A8 activity and haemagglutinins. The results indicate that both the haemagglutinating and the cytotoxic antibodies are directed against the HL‐A8 antigen. The titration and absorption results show that the haemagglutinins are rather abundant in the sera, while the antigenic sites on the red cells are apparently very few.
Sa 1, a Possible New HL‐A Specificity Found in the Japanese Population
Authors: Nakayama E. , Itakura K. , Yakura H. , Aizawa M. , Kuroda M. , Hanada K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A possibly new HL‐A specificity, associated with W22, was found in the Japanese. Population and family studies indicate that the gene Sa 1 (frequency 0.0771) behaves as a ‘new’ allele at FOUR sublocus. A case of crossing over between the LA and FOUR loci of the HL‐A system was also described.

The HL‐A system of leukocyte antigens is the major histocompatibility system in man, and exhibits a remarkable degree of allelic polymorphism [6, 8, 9]. The 5th Histocompatibility Workshop was devoted to an anthropological survey of HL‐A throughout the world, and 54 different populations were studied by the participating laboratories [7]. These studies have shown that each ethnic group possesses its own characteristic HL‐A profile. Also remarkable is the higher frequency of the unknown HL‐A antigens of the FOUR series in Orientals [1, 10, 12, 13]. Screening for antibodies with cells of Japanese, therefore, will offer a chance of detecting sera against unknown factors.

The present study reports the presence of antibody against a possibly new HL‐A specificity, Sa 1, associated with W22, found in the sera of some Japanese multiparous women. In addition, a case of crossing over between the LA and FOUR loci of the HL‐A system is presented.
Reliability in Automatic Determination of the ABO Group by the Groupamatic System
Authors: Garretta M. , Muller A. , Gener J. , Matte C. , Moullec J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The reliability of the automatic determination of the ABO group on the Groupamatic is explained and backed up with an experience of 600,000 runs. Provided the user observes the rules of conventional serology, this reliability depends upon three essential, combined actions of the machine: identifying the sample, reading serological reactions, processing and printing‐out grouping data. Figures taken from 150,000 ABO groups enable us to compare the frequency of detected weak A sub‐groups with known properties; tests performed on samples of chimeras or of Bombay phenotypes, associated with experimental work on artificial chimeras, confirm the high reliability this automatic system provides.
Plasma Fibrinogen Levels in 1,016 Regular Blood Donors
Authors: Weisert O. , Jeremic M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Plasma fibrinogen levels were measured in 676 male and 340 female regular blood doncrs by a highly reproducible and accurate assay method. No sex differences were found for any age group compared. Fibrinogen levels rose markedly with increasing age. The mean values in males rose from 271.6 in the youngest (18–29 years) to 347.8 mg% in the oldest (60–69 years) age group (p < 0.001), and the values for corresponding female groups were 276.7 and 337.9 mg% (p < 0.001). The data indicate the need to refer to age specific level whenever fibrinogen is used as a parameter in medicine. The problems of ‘normal range’ and percentiles are discussed.
Cytogenetic Investigation of the Rhnull Phenotype1
Authors: Marsh W. L. , Chaganti R. S. K. , German James , Seidl S. , Spielmann W.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An Rhnull person, who is believed to be of the amorphic allele type, showed no recognizable deletion or translocation of the segment of the No. 1 chromosome in which the Rh locus is situated.
Scianna Blood Group System1
Authors: Lewis Marion , Kaita Hiroko , Chown B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The authors suggest that the blood group antigens currently known as Sm and Bua be renamed Sc 1 and Sc 2 respectively, that the blood group system which they comprise be called Scianna and the locus controlling their production Sc. Linkage analysis by the lod score method rules out close linkage between Sc and ABO, Do, Fy, Jk, MN and P.
Rh Prophylactic Treatment During Pregnancy
Authors: Pollock Janet , Lewis Marion , Kaita Hiroko , Chown B. , Bowman J. M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. To try and identify those women at possible risk of Rh immunization during pregnancy and so limit ante‐partum treatment to them, 558 smears from 140 women were examined for fetal cells. Those found to have more than an estimated 0.05 ml of fetal blood were then given Rh IgG. Two of 134 untreated women and one of six treated women became immunized. The reason for the latter failure is uncertain. The total frequency of immunization, 2.2%, does not differ from that expected in the absence of treatment.
A New “Private” Antigen: Hey
Authors: Yvart J. , Gerbal A. , Salmon C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A new ‘private’ antigen was detected in a blood donor for our panel of test cells, Mme Hey. The original serum was derived from a blood donor sample during a routine screening test. The authors have tested 8,127 unrelated Caucasians and found two further Hey‐positive individuals. The antibody was looked for in 7,369 sera: three were found to react with the Hey red cells.
Distribution of ABO and Rh(D) Phenotypes in Uganda
Authors: Ssebabi E. C. T. , Nzaro E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Nineteen African tribes living in Uganda have been studied for ABO and Rh(D)antigens. High incidences of group A (41%), group B (30%), and group O (51%) were found in the tribes of West Nile, Busoga‐Bukedi, and Karamoja, respectively. Genetical mixing showing a southwestward ‘cline’ is apparent. The northern, eastern and central regions have less Rh(D)‐negative than the western region. The incidence of Rh(D)‐negatives increases from the north (less than 2%) to the south (about 6%).

In the Kampala area, incidence is A 27%, B 20%, O 48%, AB 5%, and Rh(D)‐negative 2%. It is recommended that transfusion of blood without Rh(D)typing be discouraged. The practice would be more dangerous in the western region of Uganda.
Immunodiffusion Studies of Blood Group A Antigen1
Authors: Milgrom F. , Mohn J. F. , Loza Ulana
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Stromata of blood group A1 erythrocytes fragmented by ultrasound were studied by means of double diffusion in gel. In many instances the reactions with immune anti‐A sera were composed of two lines. Evidence was presented that group A1 secretor saliva contains all the A antigenic specificities present on the stromata. On the other hand, group A1 secretor serum appeared to be antigenically poorer than stromata. The reaction line with group A1 stromata was stronger than with group A2 stromata. Some evidence for a qualitative antigenic difference between the group A1 and A2 stromata was also obtained. Phaseolus limensis lectin produced a reaction line with group A1 stromata. Data were presented in support of the existence of two populations of stromal particles, one combining with this lectin and anti‐A serum and the other with the antiserum only. The first population of particles could be eliminated from the stromal suspension without influencing the reactivity of the sedond population.
The M, N and NVg Receptors of Tn‐Erythrocytes
Authors: Bird G. W. G. , Wingham June
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The M, N and NVg receptors of Tn‐polyagglutinable erythrocytes were studied using anti‐M and anti‐N eluates and an extract of Vicia graminea seeds. The M and NVg receptors were found to be depressed, whereas the N receptor was either slightly depressed or enhanced. The possible implications of these observations is discussed.
Complement‐Mediated Changes in Morphology of Hepatitis B Antigen‐Antibody Complexes1
Authors: Hirschman Shalom Z. , Kochwa Shaul , Rosenfield Richard , Schwartz Jerome
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The size distribution of particles of purified hepatitis B antigen (HB Ag) was altered by the action of complement. Prior to exposure to complement 94% of round particles of HB Ag were in a size distribution of 10–18 nm with a modal diameter of 15 nm. The modal diameter of particles treated with complement increased to 19 nm and particles larger than 30 nm were prominent. This effect on the morphology of HB Ag may be due to an enzymatic action of complement.
Efficiency of Anti‐D IgG Prevention after Induced Abortion
Authors: Simonovits I.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In the years 1971–1972 a total of 8,986 Rh‐negative women who underwent induced abortion in the first trimester of pregnancy were protected with 50 μg anti‐D IgG. Among these were 2,419 primigravidae. Out of these, serological controls could be performed in 1,588 patients 3 or 6 months after abortion. The control has shown that 4 of the 1,588 protected primigravidae (0.25%) became immunized. Two of these proved to be positive only by the papain test.

Anti‐D prophylaxis diminishes immunization of the abortion recipient to about 1/20 when using the risk figures reported in the literature. Results of the prophylaxis and the observation that 38.0% of the women undergoing induced abortion are young (15–19 years old) justify the opinion of those who advocate administration of anti‐D in induced abortion.
Blood‐Group‐Like Substances in Some Marine Invertebrates
Authors: Renwrantz Lothar , Uhlenbruck Gerhard
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Blood group A reactive substances have been proved to occur in extracts of Amphioxus (Branchiostoma) lanceolatus and in the serum of Phallusia mammilata. Using the Ouchterlony test, the A‐like structures could be precipitated with anti‐AHP, which reacts with the α‐ and β‐anomer of terminal, nonreducing bound N‐acetyl‐D‐galactosamine. The precipitation test with the agglutinin of Cepaea hortensis (anti‐AHH), which has an affinity only for the respective α‐anomer, was positive, too. As both results could be reobtained after a lipid extraction by treatment with phenol, the conclusion can be drawn that the tested ascidian and the lancelet contained blood group A reactive glycoproteins with terminal, nonreducing bound α‐N‐acetyl‐D‐galactosamine.
Lex, the Spurned Antigen of the Lewis Blood Group System1
Authors: Arcilla Minerva B. , Sturgeon Phillip
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Studies are reported on the Lex antigen‐antibody system which serologically distinguish it from Lea and Leb. The essential characteristic of anti‐Lex is that it divides cord cells, which typically are Le(a–b–) in two classes, approximately 90% Le(a–b–x+) and 10% Le(a–b–x–). All infants and adults, regardless of secretor status, whose genotype includes the Le gene are Lex‐positive and all type le/le subjects are Lex‐negative. Lex‐inhibiting activity is found in saliva, serum and amniotic fluid of Lewis‐positive individuals. Wide ranges in the ratios of the titers of Lea/Lex, Leb/Lex, and Lec/Lex substances indicate that Lex does not correspond with any of the three other Lewis specificities. It is postulated that type II precursor substance is substrate for the action of the Le gene product resulting in Lex substance.
Contribution to the Inheritance of the Ag Groups A Population Genetic Study
Authors: Bütler R. , Brunner E. , Morganti G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 86 sera from a Tibetan and 100 sera from a Senegalese population were typed for the factors Ag(a1), Ag(c), Ag(d), Ag(g), Ag(h), Ag(t), Ag(x), Ag(y), and Ag(z). The data are compared with results obtained from 362 sera of Swiss blood donors. The antithetical behaviour of the factors Ag(a1)–Ag(d), Ag(c)–Ag(g), Ag(x)–Ag(y), and Ag(t)–Ag(z) could be confirmed on the basis of a Hardy‐Weinberg analysis using the Tibetan and the Senegalese material. A total of 46 different Ag phenotypes was observed in the complete material. The new data were used for the evaluation of previously proposed genetic models for the Ag system. A revised model for the Ag chromosome is presented, assuming 5 closely linked loci, namely Agx/Agy, Aga1/Agd, Agc/Agg, Agt/Agz, and Agh/Ag[i]. The existence of at least 14 different haplotypes could be established, whereby some of them were observed exclusively in 1 of the 3 populations studied.
Antithetical Relationship of Anti‐Ina with the Salis Antibody
Authors: Giles Carolyn M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Evidence is presented for the antithetical relationship of Ina with a previously unreported high frequency antigen, Salis. Three Salis(–) propositi were all found to be In(a+), and, although tested in London, came from the Indian subcontinent where the Ina antigen was first detected.
Anti‐K18: An Antibody Defining Another High‐Frequency Antigen Related to the Kell Blood Group System1
Authors: Barrasso C. , Eska P. , Grindon A. J. , Øyen R. , Marsh W. L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A new antibody, designated anti‐K18, reacts with a high frequency red cell antigen that is related to the Kell blood group system. All of more than 2,000 bloods were K:18 but Ko phenotype red cells are K: –18.
Selective IgA Deficiency in Blood Donors
Authors: Koistinen J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The frequency of selective deficiency of serum IgA was determined in a population of 64,588 new Finnish blood donors by Ouchterlony's double diffusion with 10 μg/ml as the limit of detection. The incidence was 1:396. Those found IgA‐deficient were retested by hemagglutination inhibition and by radioimmunoassay. The calculated incidences of IgA levels below 0.5 and 0.015 μg/ml were 1:500 and 1:800, respectively.

Statistically significant compensatory elevation of serum IgG was observed in the IgA‐deficient donors. The IgM levels were not changed.

Among 9,920 hospital patients, the incidence of IgA deficiency was 1:660. The age structure of the IgA‐deficient patients was similar to that of the IgA‐deficient healthy blood donors but lower than that of hospital patients in general. No difference was observed between the clinical history of IgA‐deficient blood donors and of the controls.
On the Specificity of Mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus spodoleucus Extracts
Authors: Kogure Tadahisa
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Extracts of mushrooms Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus spodoleucus contain hemagglutinins with anti‐H specificity similar to those found in Cytisus sessilifolius and Laburnum alpinum.
Platelet Indirect Radioactive Coombs Test. Its Utilization for Pla1 Grouping
Authors: Soulier J. P. , Patereau Claude , Drouet J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A platelet indirect radioactive Coombs test (PIRC) has been described. The technique for purification and labelling the antiglobulin has been precised. This test allowed the typing of platelets in the PLA system by using an absorbed serum from a mother of a thrombocytopenic child. Six other families of neonatal thrombocytopenias were tested. In three of them, the mothers were found PLA1 negative (PLA2, PLA2). Among a panel of 93 platelets, two (0.022) were found PLA1, negative.

This PIRC test has many advantages compared to other tests such as platelet complement fixation, assay for blocking antibodies or antiglobulin consumption: it gives objective and quantitative results and is highly reproducible; anticomplementary serum may be tested.
The Non‐Mendelian Inheritance of Lewisc Blood Group Substance, as Demonstrated in the Case of a Bombay, Le(a‐b‐c‐) Saliva
Authors: Savvas R. S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Bombay, Le(a – b –) saliva was shown to lack Pneumococcus type XIV activity, an unusual situation, since this sample should be rich in this precursor to the ABO blood group substances. However, the sample was found to contain a new serological specificity, Lec. It is argued that simple Mendelian inheritance does not occur with Lec and single gene control cannot be demonstrated. Failure to repress a fetal gene at birth, as implicated by the similarity in structure between Lec and carcinoembryonic antigen [Simmons and Perlmann], has been excluded as the mechanism of inheritance of this blood group substance, due to the inability to detect carcinoembryonic antigen in the test saliva.
A Natural Anti‐A Agglutinin in the Serum of the Brown Trout (Salmo trutta)
Authors: Holt P. D. J. , Anstee D. J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 20% of normal serum samples from adult brown trout (Salmo trutta) possess an agglutinin for human erythrocytes with anti‐blood‐group A specificity. This agglutinin has properties which clearly distinguish it from the agglutinin with anti‐(B + ‘P’) specificity found in ova from fish of the same species and from anti‐blood‐group A antibodies found in human serum.
Effects of Rejuvenation of Blood on 2,3‐Diphosphoglycerate and Adenosine triphosphate and Mechanical Resistance of Red Blood Cells
Authors: Hong T. Vo , Wuilleret B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Blood collected in ACD was supplemented with PIGP solution or PIGPA solution. The presence of adenine enhanced the mechanical resistance to trauma of erythrocytes. The levels of 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate and adenosine triphosphate were restored to a normal to subnormal level. The PIGPA media seemed satisfactory for rejuvenation of stored blood for freezing purposes.
Detection of Antibody to Hepatitis Bs‐Antigen in Patients with Acute and Chronic Hepatitis as Measured by a Modified Procedure of the Radioimmunoassay Ausria I 125®
Authors: Müller R. , Stephan B. , Kramer R. , Deicher H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A simple modification of the radioimmunoassay Ausria I 125® was employed for detecting anti‐HBs using the inhibition of a constant amount of HBs Ag. Anti‐HBs was demonstrated in up to 82% of follow‐up patients recovering from viral hepatitis B and in 79% of hemophilia patients. The antibody was found in 3.4% of healthy blood donors and in 10% of family contacts of patients with acute HBs Ag‐positive viral hepatitis. The frequency of anti‐HBs in 44 patients with HBs Ag‐negative chronic aggressive hepatitis or cryptogenic liver cirrhosis (23%) did not differ significantly as compared with the occurrence of anti‐HBs in 58 patients with chronic rheumatoid arthritis (16%). These findings give further support to the suggestion that the hepatitis B virus does not contribute to the aetiology of HBs Ag‐negative chronic active hepatitis.
Transfer Factor Preparations: some Physico‐Chemical and Biological Properties
Authors: Reymond J.‐F. , Grob P.J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Some biological and physico‐chemical properties were tested in 50 lots of transfer factor (TF). Each lot contained the extracts of a pool of 20 buffy coats, each originating from a 400 ml blood donation of a healthy individual. The optical densities at 260 and 280 nm were within a narrow range in all TF lots. The ratio 260/280 was 2.56–3.02. One unit TF (defined as the extract of two buffy coats (corresponding to 1–2 × 109 leucocytes) contained 36.58 ± 3.77 mg of peptides as measured by the Lowry method and 123.6 ± 4.5 mg ribose as estimated by the orcinol method. Cytotoxicity of TF lots was tested by measurement of chromium release of PHA‐stimulated lymphocytes. Cytotoxicity was above 10% in 20 of 27 TF lots tested, most of which were produced by an Amicon ultrafiltration cell. Pyrogenicity was present in 8 of 42 TF lots produced by Amicon filters, but only in 1 of 8 lots produced by Sartorius filters. Sephadex G‐10 chromatograms of TF gave characteristic patterns yielding 8 peaks. Sephadex G‐25 chromatograms reproducibly showed 5 peaks. The distribution of osmotic activity, peptides and ribose in respect of the chromatographic fractions is given.
Cell Electrophoretic, Membrane Sialic Acid and Quantitative Hemagglutination Studies on some MN Variants1
Authors: Luner Stephen J. , Sturgeon Phillip , Szklarek Dorothy , McQuiston Dorothy T.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The group of conditions exhibiting diminished MN antigenicity, increased saline agglutinability, decreased electrophoretic mobility and reduced membrane content of sialic acid includes enzyme‐treated cells, the hereditary MNSs variants Mkand Mg, En(a‐) and the acquired condition of persistent mixed‐field polyagglutinability.

Here we report our studies on the above serological, chemical and biophysical properties of Mg, Mk and EnaEn? cells and on two additional hereditary variants, Miltenberger III and V, (Mi‐III and Mi‐V). The latter clearly fits into this groups of conditions. On the other hand, Mi‐III shows its kinship to the broad group of abnormalities of membrane glycophorin but it deviates from normal in the opposite direction. That is we find evidence of decreased saline agglutinability, increased electrophoretic mobility and of increased sialic acid content. Moreover, in the rare MsMi‐IIIMkphenotype, the opposing effects evident in the heterozygotes tend to balance out their serologic and physicochemical expressions in the double heterozygote.
Gel Precipitin Tests for Hepatitis‐B Surface Antigen
Authors: Combridge B. S. , Shaw Constance
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Plasma samples contaminated with coagulase‐positive staphylococci were found to give a false positive precipitin line for hepatitis‐B surface antigen in gel tests. The staphylococcal antibody was found to be present in both normal immunoglobulin and anti‐hepatitis‐B surface antigen immunoglobulin preparations and also in many normal plasma samples.
Alternatives to Freeze‐Drying for the Removal of Ethanol from Plasma Proteins
Authors: Dickson A. J. , Smith J. K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Removal of ethanol from highly concentrated solutions of human albumin (Cohn fraction V) by gel filtration on Sephadex G‐25 is hindered by the contraction of the gel in ethanolic solution, by incomplete retardation of ethanol compared with other low MW solutes, and by restricted diffusion of ethanol from the albumin zone. Despite these obstacles, the hourly capacity of such gel filtration columns, for approximately 100‐fold reduction of ethanol concentration, may exceed 0.06 kg albumin per litre of column volume. The gel can be used safely at 5°C for several years. The ethanol content of the final product is higher than that achieved by vacuum distillation, and it may be desirable to operate the two techniques sequentially.
Separable Anti‐Hut Which is Specific for Class II of the Miltenberger Complex1
Authors: Chandanayingyong D. , Pejrachandra S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Two examples of anti‐Hut which is specific for cell class II of the Miltenberger complex were found by simple absorption test of previously called ‘anti‐Mia’
Clinical Tolerance and Catabolism of Plasmin‐Treated γ‐Globulin for Intravenous Application
Authors: Barandun S. , Castel V. , Makula M. F. , Morell A. , Plan R. , Skvaril F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Plasmin‐treated γ‐globulin of placental origin was tested in clinical and laboratory studies and found to be suitable for intravenous use both for prophylactic and therapeutic purposes. Plasmin treatment of γ‐globulin (IgG) results in proteolytic cleavage of 60–70% of the molecules into Fab and Fc fragments whereas 30–40% of the molecules are plasmin resistant. The antibody spectrum of plasmin‐treated γ‐globulin is similar to that of standard γ‐globulin. Catabolic properties of the plasmin‐resistant portion of this preparation and of standard γ‐globulin are identical. Plasmin‐treated γ‐globulin has no anticomplementary activity and its intravenous administration is well tolerated even by highly sensitive immunodeficient patients.
Morphology of Stored, Rejuvenated Human Erythrocytes
Authors: Usry Robert T. , Moore Gerald L. , Manalo Fred W.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Whole blood was stored at 4°C for 42 days. At 7‐day intervals, starting with day 21, aliquots were rejuvenated with a phosphate, inosine, glucose pyruvate, and adenine solution. Samples were taken for ATP assays and red cell morphology (by SEM) both before and after rejuvenation. Rejuvenation elevated all ATP levels in excess of 100% of the starting values and significantly increased the percent of cells in the discoid shape as measured by their morphological index, showing that rejuvenation not only raises the cell's metabolic level but causes partial reversion to fresh cell morphology.
Titration of Antibodies to Tetanus Toxoid by Agglutination of Purified Tetanus Toxoid Sensitized Latex Particles
Authors: Martin J. de Saint , Eyquem A. , Turpin A. , Bizzini B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The method of sensitized latex particle agglutination which we have devised allows the selection of samples of plasma for the preparation of immunoglobulins. The population of thus selected samples is the same as is selected by the in vivo test, having a titer ≥6 IU/ml. The test gives a clear‐cut difference between the positive and negative results and does not give any prozone phenomenon. It can be used extensively, as the batches of sensitized latex particles may be stored for quite a long time.
Qualitative and Quantitative Study of the Antigens and Antibodies of the HL‐A System — Automatic Fluorochrome Method
Authors: Benajam A. , Poirier J. C. , Beraud L. , Marcelli‐Barge A. , Dausset J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. It was possible to obtain a successful evaluation of the quantity of HL‐A antigens on lymphocytes using a fluorochromatic test with double marking by fluorescine diacetate and ethidium bromide. It was also possible to detect anti‐HL‐A antibodies, to study their cross‐reactions and to perform tissue typing using this automatic, sensitive and repeatable method.
Detection of Hepatitis B Antigen m Blood Donors by Radioimmunoassay and Three Reverse Passive Haemagglutination Techniques
Authors: Seidl S. , Ziegler G. B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In a comparative study 5,569 sera from voluntary donors were tested simultaneously for hepatitis B antigen by three reverse passive haemagglutination (RPHA) techniques (Auscell®, Hepanosticon®, Hepatest®) and the radioimmunoassay (RIA) (Ausria II). Among the three RPHA methods, no significant differences could be found as far as sensitivity is concerned. The percentage of positive sera detected by these RPHA methods varies from 0.43 to 0.56%. Eleven sera were detectable only by Ausria II. Except for two, all these sera had low counts per minute in the RIA.
Influence of Counting Statistics on Borderline Detection of Hepatitis B Antigen by a Solid‐Phase Radioimmunoassay
Authors: Wagner A. L. , Lemaire J. M. , Richard D. R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The detection of hepatitis B antigen by a solid‐phase radioimmunoassay technique is by now well established, particularly where transfusions are concerned. However, it would appear that the use of systematic procedures leading to positive detection, such as the ‘cutoff’ method (mean counts per minute of the negative controls multiplied by a coefficient of 2.1), are open to criticism if elementary precautions concerning the time span and the statistical accuracy of radioactivity counting are not taken. The method may even prove inaccurate in a certain number of borderline cases studied in relation to plasma and different sera, especially if subjected to a single screening process over a large number of samples analyzed by computer. These deficiencies can be avoided by correcting the positive coefficient in relation to the mean counts per minute of negative controls, the statistical accuracy (relative standard deviation) and the distribution of counting times.
Differentiation of Human Leukemic from Normal Lymphocytes by Limulns Serum Agglutination
Authors: Cohen E. , Minowada J. , Pliss M. , Pliss L. , Blumenson L. E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Human peripheral chronic lymphocytic leukemic lymphocytes and a line (B411‐4) of cultured human B cells are agglutinated by Limulus serum to a significantly higher titer and score than peripheral normal human lymphocytes or a line (MOLT‐4‐F) of cultured human T cells.
The HLA Polymorphism and Susceptibility to Disease1
Authors: Mittal KamalK.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Remarkable differences were observed when 1,465 healthy Caucasian individuals and 128 healthy Negro individuals were compared for the genetic distribution of 25 different HLA antigens. Caucasians had a significantly higher frequency of A1, A3, B8, and Bw16, and Negroes of A28 and Aw30. The haplotype which had the highest incidence as well as the greatest positive linkage disequilibrium was A1‐B8 among Caucasians and A2‐B12 among Negroes. Genetic distance between the two races was 0.0592.

The 89 Caucasian patients with renal failure did not demonstrate any significant deviations in phenotype frequencies (PF) of various antigens, when compared with healthy Caucasians; however, 48 similar Negro patients had twice as high an incidence of Bw17 as the healthy Negroes.

No significant deviation in PF was observed in 77 Caucasian patients who had leukemia; however, 32 Caucasian patients who had back pain (24 also had back stiffness) due to spondylitic, arthritic or disc syndrome, had a significant increase of Bw16 and of B27, and a decrease of B12, when compared to Caucasian controls.
Variations of H, A and B Antigen Strengths among Melanesians
Authors: Booth P. B. , Sturrock Sue
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Melanesians of groups O, A1 and B all show greater variation of H antigen strength than do Caucasians. This is least marked in O bloods. Although the average H content of Melanesian and Caucasian samples did not differ significantly, 10% of O and over 20% of A1 and B bloods from coastal Austronesian speakers had higher H than was found among Caucasians. There is evidence that some non‐Austronesian populations in New Guinea have twice this incidence of A1 high H.

Melanesian and Bantu H, A1 and B genes appear to function similarly, in that their B genes act more effectively than Caucasian, their A1 genes less so, while H produces greater variation. It is suggested that this gene interaction, rather than the significantly greater availability of H or substrate in the Bantu, causes the observed variations from the Caucasian pattern found in the other races.

Subjects with selective antigenic depression were excluded from the comparative studies, but the relevance of this phenomenon to apparent H content in Melanesians is discussed.
Collection of Peritoneal Exudate Cells from Small Laboratory Animals
Authors: Casciato Dennis A. , Goldberg Leonard S. , Bluestone Rodney
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A simple method for the collection of peritoneal cells from small laboratory animals is described. Peritoneal exudates were induced by either caseinate or glycogen, and the cells were retrieved through a closed system. The technique permitted repeated studies on individual animals and yielded consistently sterile cell suspensions.
Complement Levels in Relation to Certain Antibodies in Polytransfused Thalassaemic Patients1
Authors: Economidou Joanna , Pathouli C. , Hadziyannis S. , Fostiropoulos G. , Constantoulakis M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Polytransfused patients are exposed to a variety of antigenic stimuli which may eventually trigger autoimmune reactions. The relation of scrum complement to the occurrence of various antibodies has been investigated in a group of 75 polytransfused thalassaemic patients. The incidence of the antibodies studied was as follows: anti‐HBs 77%, anti‐Gm 64%, rheumatoid factor 31%, antinuclear 13%, anti‐smooth muscle 47%. Anti‐parietal cell, anti‐thyroid and anti‐kidney were only rarely found and antimitochondrial antibodies were never detected. Total hemolytic complement was low in 6 and incidentally decreased in 21 patients. A positive correlation was found between low serum complement and presence of rheumatoid factor. The high incidence of anti‐smooth muscle antibodies seems to be unrelated to liver disease.
Contributions to the Optimal Use of Human Blood
Authors: Vermeer C. , Sute B. A. M. , Atems G. , Hellings J. A. , Brummelhuis H. G. J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Investigations were performed concerning the influence of the pH on the stability of factor VIII during the collection of blood and during the storage of blood and plasma for varying periods and at varying temperatures. It was found that the low pH of ACD anticoagulant solution (pH 4.9) caused a loss of factor VIII procoagulant activity of 10–15% during the collection of blood. However, when less acidic anticoagulant solutions were used, substantial losses of factor VIII occurred during the storage of blood. We concluded that the optimal pH of both the anticoagulant solution and the stored blood, should be between 6.7 and 7.0. However, no anticoagulant solution is known that meets these requirements. In practice ACD ensures the highest recovery of factor VIII in cryoprecipitate, at least in those cases where the blood donations are stored for several hours before separation and freezing of the plasma.
The Côté Serum (Anti‐K11), an Antibody Defining a New Variant in the Kell System
Authors: Guévin R. M. , Taliano V. , Waldmann O.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The serum from a 50‐year‐old woman, Mrs. Côté, was found to agglutinate all cell samples except her own, those of two siblings, and Ko erythrocytes. Her Kell phenotype is a common one: K‐k+, Kp(a‐b+), Js(a‐b+), Ul(a‐), K:12, K:13, K:14, K:18. Anti‐K11 present in her serum defines a high‐frequency red cell antigen that is related to the Kell system.
An Alberta Cree Indian with a Rare Duffy Antibody, Anti‐Fy 3
Authors: Buchanan Donald I. , Sinclair Margaret , Sanger Ruth , Gavin June , Teesdale Phyllis
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Anti‐Fy3, found in the serum of an Fy(a‐b‐) Cree Indian woman believed to have been transfused 5 years previously, caused moderate hemolytic disease of the newborn in her eighth live‐born baby. Only three examples of anti‐Fy3 are known. It is striking that two were made by non‐negro people, amongst whom Fy(a‐b‐) is extremely rare, and only one by a Negro, in whose people Fy(a‐b‐) is by far the commonest phenotype. This suggests that Fy(a‐b‐) may be a heterogeneous phenotype, with the negro version conferring some impediment to immunization by Fya, Fyb or Fy3 antigens.

The rare allele Fyx is also present in the kindred of the propositus, and is shown to correspond to weak Fy3 as well as weak Fyb antigen.
A Simple Technique for the Inactivation of IgM Antibodies Using Dithiothreitol1
Authors: Olson Peter R. , Weiblen Barbara J. , O'Leary James J. , Moscowitz Albert J. , McCullough Jeffrey
Published: March 2009

Abstract. This report describes a simple method for inactivating 19S red cell antibodies using the odorless compound dithiothreitol (DTT). 30 sera which contained antiglobulin‐active red cell antibodies showed virtually no alteration in activity after DTT treatment, while 30 different sera containing cold‐active red cell antibodies showed almost total elimination of activity following DTT treatment. Six sera were separated into IgG and IgM fractions. All red cell activity was eliminated in the IgM fraction, but was unaffected by DTT treatment of the IgG fraction. This method of inactivating IgM antibodies should be of value in investigating cases of hemolytic disease of the newborn and in studying sera containing mixtures of warm and cold red cell antibodies.
C3 Polymorphism in Polyacrylamide‐Gel Electrophoresis
Authors: Schwamborn J. , Freis H. , Mauff G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. C3 polymorphism in polyacrylamide‐gel electrophoresis was identified by crossed immunoelectrophoresis using anti‐C3/C3c‐serum. Through ageing, treatment of sera with cobra venom factor, endotoxin or with neuraminidase, polymorphic bands were seen also in a conversion product and antigenically attributed to C3c. Rare phenotypes were observable in native C3 and in C3c.
Immunological Properties of a Human Macroglobulin Bearing Antigenic Determinants of μ‐ and γ‐Chains
Authors: Aguilera Sergio , Moreno Carlos
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The immunochemical properties of a human IgM cryoglobulin bearing determinants belonging to human IgG are presented. Dissociation of possible immune complexes, separation of H and L chains, and pepsin digestion were performed and the effect on the cross‐reactivity assessed.
Difficulties Encountered in the Large‐Scale Production of Blood‐Grouping Sera from Human Citrated Plasma
Authors: Moghaddam M. , Goldsmith K. L. G. , Brazier Diana M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In the production of blood‐grouping serum from human plasma, loss of antibody activity was sometimes noted and was shown to be due to the use of certain batches of cation‐exchange resins used to remove excess calcium ions. These batches of resin were found to be very acid. Complete neutralization of the resin resulted in no further loss of antibody activity.
IgG Subclass Composition and Immunochemical Characteristics of Plasmin‐Treated Human γ‐Globulin1
Authors: Skvaril F. , Theilkäs Lore , Probst Marianne , Morell A. , Barandun S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Plasmin‐treated human IgG preparations were separated on Sephadex G‐100 columns, and proteins of three peaks eluted prior to Fab/Fc fragments were investigated. Determinations of the apparent molecular weight of these peaks revealed that IgG dimers, plasmin‐resistant IgG monomers and additional components with a molecular weight of about 115,000 were eluted. IgG subclasses were measured in individual effluent fractions and χ, Λ and IgG/Fc antigenic determinants were demonstrated. IgG2 and IgG4 were found to be relatively resistant, IgG1 and IgG3 susceptible for cleavage by plasmin. In the components with a molecular weight 115,000, two fragments were characterized and shown to be similar to the papain IgG1‐Fab/c and IgG1‐Fc2 fragments.
The Importance of Equilibrium Constant and Heterogeneity Index on Anti‐Rho(D) Quantitation Using the Auto‐Analyser1
Authors: Gunson H. H. , Phillips P. K. , Stratton F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Thermodynamic and kinetic considerations, based on a standard bromelin/methylcellulose method for anti‐Rho(D) quantitation using the Auto‐Analyser, have shown that the proportion of antibody bound at equilibrium and its rate of attainment is dependent on the mean equilibrium constant and heterogeneity index of the particular antibody preparation. Also, upon dispersal of the deliberately induced rouleaux, a new state of equilibrium is defined, the rate of attainment of which is related to the equilibrium constant. The principle of anti‐Rho(D) quantitation using the Auto‐Analyser depends on individual antisera behaving in an identical manner to that of the standard preparation against which they are assayed. Evidence is presented in this paper that this premise cannot be substantiated unless the test and standard antisera have the same equilibrium constant and heterogeneity index.
Storage of Human Platelets by Freezing1
Authors: Kim B. K. , Tanoue K. , Baldini M. G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Prolonged, probably indefinite storage of viable and functional human platelets is now possible by freezing with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). These platelets have a nearly normal survival upon reinfusion and are capable of sustained hemostatic effectiveness in thrombocytopenic patients. Adaptation of the freezing technique for large‐scale usage has more recently been achieved. The method is mainly based on the following principles: (1) use of plasma for suspension of the platelet concentrate; (2) gradual addition (0.5% every 2 min) of DMSO to a final concentration of 5% and its gradual removal; (3) a slow cooling rate of about 1 °C per min and rapid thawing (in 1 min); (4) use of a polyolefin plastic bag for freezing; (5) a washing medium of 20% plasma in Hanks' balanced salt solution; (6) final resuspension of the platelets in 50% plasma in Hanks' solution.
Albumin Autoagglutinating Phenomenon as a Factor Contributing to False Positive Reactions when Typing with Rapid Slide‐Test Reagents
Authors: Case J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A case of albumin autoagglutination has illustrated the point that this phenomenon may be a further source of false positive reactions when typing with rapid slide‐test reagents. As agglutination only occurred with the bovine albumin solution and slide‐test reagents from a single manufacturer, it is evident that control tests must be performed not merely with a high protein solution duplicating the formulation of the slide‐test reagent itself, but with one from the same commercial source as the reagent.