bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plant Sentience
Authors: Reber Arthur S. , Baluška František , Miller William B.
Published: October 2023

Recent advances in plant biology have revealed that plants and their survival depend on plant-specific cognition and sentience. In fact, sessile plants need to monitor more signals from their environment than animals that might be able to run, fly, and hide from stressful environmental threats. Although plants are sessile, their organs are actively moving and use very complicated sensory systems to accomplish this plant-specific behaviour. From the perspective of our CBC theory, the assertion that plants enjoy plant-specific sentience should not be unanticipated. As noted several times, when successful traits are established they are maintained and become the foundations for further evolution. Hence, flora should display sentience. However, the dominant view is that plants are devoid of cognition, contingent behaviour, sentience—which the authors find surprising considering that the cognitive behaviours reviewed in Chapter 2 are more readily accepted in bacteria and protists than in plants. Perhaps, the best example of a primary obstacle for accepting sentient plants is the long history of misunderstanding plant sex and their sexual organs. Although plant sexuality was discovered by Rudolf Jacob Cramerarius in 1694, it was accepted by leading botanists only some 200 years later, at the end of the 19th century. Those prior sexualist versus asexualist hot debates are still mirrored in our contemporary reluctance to accept plants as truly living organisms relying on their plant-specific sensory systems, adaptive cognitive abilities, and sentience.
Issues of Ethics and Morality
Authors: Reber Arthur S. , Baluška František , Miller William B.
Published: October 2023

The CBC model requires us to engage in a complex topic, one that has been a mainstay of the concerns of scientists in a variety of fields, moral philosophers, governmental regulators, ethicists, naturalists, activists, and residents of planet Earth who are concerned about issues relating to life, suffering, mitigation, and the fate of life. However, by virtue of our core principle, that life and sentience are coterminous, our approach to these issues becomes much more inclusive, extensive, and more complex. As noted many (many!) times, the standard approach to consciousness is to begin the explorations with us, Homo sapiens, and then explore the evolutionary tree for evidence of sentience in other species. Once found, these species and others with similar cognitive capacities, are the ones where animal welfare and related principles should be applied. For us, this includes all living species—and a distinctly different cluster of issues is raised.
The Industrial Landscape of 1972 and Beyond
Authors: Barry Frank
Published: October 2023

This chapter provides details of the seventy to eighty manufacturing firms employing a workforce of 500 or more in 1972. They date from each of the various phases of Ireland’s economic history since the country’s integration into the United Kingdom in the early nineteenth century. Guinness is the oldest, and the Guinness Group is the largest manufacturing employer in Ireland after Cement Roadstone Holdings. The most recent are export-oriented foreign multinationals. Around half of the jobs in foreign-owned firms are in the latter group; the other half are in protectionist-era or older operations, or in relatively recent brownfield acquisitions. Within a decade or two of European Economic Community (EEC) accession, most of the leading protectionist-era employers would have closed or downsized dramatically. Among the leading indigenous firms of the time, several went on to become significant global multinationals. Export-oriented foreign multinational corporations (MNCs) that entered post-1973 were concentrated in what would become the major merchandise export sectors of the ‘Celtic Tiger’ era and beyond. Each of these sectors was already dominated by high-profile US MNCs on the eve of EEC accession.
Introduction
Authors: Kyriazis Dimitrios
Published: October 2023

This chapter introduces the reader to the topic of the book and sets out the key elements of its factual and legal background. Moreover, it develops the key argument of the book, by analysing the (il)legimitacy of the Commission’s use of an overexpansive interpretation of Article 107 TFEU in its campaign against harmful tax competition. By relying on examples from other areas of tax and competition law, the chapter illustrates how the Commission’s approach was different from similar past endeavours, and elaborates on why it failed to achieve its objectives. Using hard law tools to achieve broader soft law goals has been a leitmotif in the EU’s evolution, but in this case the Commission’s argumentation was based on shaky legal ground.
Recent EU and OECD Initiatives against Harmful Tax Competition
Authors: Kyriazis Dimitrios
Published: October 2023

This chapter examines how the EU and the OECD have more recently conducted their campaign against harmful tax competition by capitalizing on taxpayers’ demands for tax fairness and seizing the opportunities presented by the need for global convergence. The purpose of this chapter is to place the EU’s latest fiscal State aid initiatives, that is, the second fiscal State aid wave, in their broader political context, so that the way in which State aid rules interact with soft law instruments and EU legislative measures can become evident. This chapter also serves as a prelude to the Commission’s probes into multinationals’ tax rulings.
The Second Fiscal State Aid Wave
Authors: Kyriazis Dimitrios
Published: October 2023

In this chapter, the ongoing (second) wave of fiscal State aid investigations is examined in depth. It contains a detailed analysis of the factual and legal background of the three Commission decisions in the investigations in the Fiat, Starbucks, and Belgian Excess Profit ruling cases. Interestingly enough, these cases concern both individual aid (Fiat & Starbucks) and State aid schemes (Belgian Excess Profit), with all the corresponding differences as regards their selectivity analysis that this entails. This chapter also critically assesses the General Court judgements in all three cases, analysing the reasons why the Commission’s decision was upheld in Fiat but annulled in the other two cases. Moreover, it is asserted that the General Court’s argumentation was not compelling, with many questions left unanswered.
GREAT IS THE POWER OF STEADY MISREPRESENTATION
Authors: Steane Andrew
Published: October 2023

Contemporary practice in the public presentation of science is addressed. In particular, the prejudiced use of the term ‘religion’ is considered, and the way evolution has been presented in a threatening way. A consideration is given of the nature of the education task and the generosity which has to accompany it; the pain and joy of animals and the overall shape of their life is looked at. An appeal is made to custodians of scientific societies, journals and the like to seek a more even-handed presentation of science to the wider community.
BRIGHTLAND
Authors: Steane Andrew
Published: October 2023

This is a short story about a common area of land which is gradually claimed into private ownership
PRELUDE: PIEZOELECTRICITY BEFORE ITS TECHNICAL USE
Authors: Katzir Shaul
Published: October 2023

The chapter characterizes piezoelectricity as a quiet field of disciplinary research before World War I. The field was described as irrelevant for practical technology, and still found some laboratory usage in measuring instruments. A phenomenological theory well described the main findings in the field. It directed much of the research in the field to a few questions common in disciplinary study. These included the validity of its claims and assumptions like linearity and their consequences, its properties in other crystal specimens, and its relations to other effects. The field attracted mostly researchers connected to the early schools of its study of Woldemar Voigt and of Wilhelm Röntgen. Others, such as Schrödinger, Born, and Boguslawski, joined the field because they regarded piezoelectricity helpful for their study of crystal structures that evolved from developments in other fields of physics.
THE INVENTION OF BELL’S QUARTZ FREQUENCY STANDARD AND CLOCK
Authors: Katzir Shaul
Published: October 2023

Closely following the steps of Warren Marrison and his colleagues at AT&T’s research laboratory this chapter analyses their invention and construction of the first quartz clock, needed to monitor the corporation’s self-maintained crystal-controlled frequency standard. Circa 1924 a frequency standard was deemed essential for the monopolistic needs of the telecommunication giant in integrating its system and in controlling frequencies. Based on research notebooks and contemporary publications, the chapter provides a detailed examination of the various electronic methods used by the group and their improvements and of their origins in the previous tuning-fork systems, in common electronic techniques, in special methods of use in the corporation’s laboratory, and in the knowledge of piezoelectricity. Thereby, it shows how the modern, scientifically educated inventor, working within a large industrial laboratory and enjoying its rich material and intellectual resources, collected, combined, and adjusted the resources at his disposal to produce novelty.
CONCLUDING REMARKS TO THE BOOK
Authors: Katzir Shaul
Published: October 2023

The concluding remarks elaborate on a few recurring themes in the history of the transformation of piezoelectricity from a small unpractical research subject to a vibrant highly practical field. One is the transfer of knowledge between science and technology, in which scientists were central, and that depended on the particular emergency of World War I. Interestingly, at the early stages the process often relied on personal experience and connections, which raises the question of contingency in this history. The occurrence of multiple inventions and discoveries at later stages helps in understanding the conditions needed for innovations at different stages in this history. It also sheds light on the different characteristics of academic, government, and industrial research and development, which led to divergent results. This history suggests that innovation follows a back-and-forth feedback mechanism between science and technology, with bidirectional rather than unidirectional casual influences between them.
The Apostle and the Machiavel
Authors: Knapper Daniel
Published: October 2023

This chapter and Chapter 3 explore how Shakespeare imitates different aspects of Paul’s style in his plays. Shakespeare is exceptional among Renaissance artists for the extent to which he engages with Paul’s style and rhetoric in his work; and for the subtlety and daring with which he uses Pauline imitations to encourage a range of non-traditional, and sometimes decidedly unorthodox, perspectives on Paul’s style, character, and theology. This chapter shows that Shakespeare imitates Paul’s apologetic rhetoric in 2 Corinthians to develop Richard’s manipulative self-justifying speeches in Richard III; that Shakespeare uses Richard’s Pauline style to highlight a controversial aspect of Paul’s character, specifically his craftiness and cunning; and, finally, that his imitation of Paul’s apologetic rhetoric conforms and contributes to the development of major themes in the play, particularly those related to conscience, human freedom, and divine providence.
Logic in Practice at Early Modern Cambridge
Authors: Ettenhuber Katrin
Published: October 2023

Following on from the historical survey in Chapter 1, this chapter highlights one particular case study of logic instruction at Cambridge in the late 1620s and early 1630s. It shows in more detail what kinds of books students were reading and how academics developed increasingly sophisticated pedagogic methods for teaching the arts of reasoning more effectively. The main focus is on Christ’s College and one of its most famous alumni, John Milton, who has often been described as a proponent of Ramist logic. Through a close examination of university curricula and teaching manuals (specifically the textbooks of the German educator Bartholomew Keckermann), the chapter argues that both the term ‘Ramism’ and Milton’s relationship with it have been misunderstood in literary scholarship, and proposes an alternative framework for assessing Milton’s approach to logic.
Introduction
Authors: Obert Julia C.
Published: October 2023

This chapter argues that imperial building projects and urban planning schemes often attempt to strategically weaken colonized subjects’ feelings of belonging. If legislated apartheid or the spectacle of the plantopolis or the ubiquity of urban surveillance turns “home turf” into vexed terrain, then that terrain can become a bludgeon rather than a shield. Buildings, motorways, and memorials, in other words, are hardly window dressing to the colonial enterprise: they are quite literally structures of power. These structures of power, the structures of feeling they condition, and the structures of resistance they birth into being are the subjects of this chapter. Drawing on Situationist theory, the chapter also observes that “unhomely” terrain can sometimes be destabilized by the subversive navigational strategies of particular pedestrians. Guy Debord’s analysis of personal “psychogeographies”—“fragmented, subjective, temporal experience[s] of the city”—elaborates how individuals’ “insubordinate” wanderings might potentially work against colonial hegemony set in stone. The chapter then introduces each of the case studies to come within this theoretical context.
The Exclusion Principle and Electron Spin
Authors: Duncan Anthony , Janssen Michel
Published: October 2023

This chapter starts out with a discussion of Bohr’s failed attempts in the early 1920s to explain the structure of the periodic table. Bohr’s Aufbau (“building up”) procedure is introduced, which Bohr would continue to employ for the next decade in his attempts to devise an explicit mechanical picture for all the atoms of the periodic table. Bohr claimed to base this explanation on his correspondence principle but, in fact, relied heavily on empirical input, especially from X-ray spectroscopy. It was in this context that the exclusion principle and electron spin were introduced, the former by Pauli, the latter by Uhlenbeck and Goudsmit after Kronig had been talked out of it by Pauli
Dispersion Theory in the Old Quantum Theory
Authors: Duncan Anthony , Janssen Michel
Published: October 2023

This chapter covers the history of dispersion theory starting from the classical theories of the late nineteenth century, involving charged harmonic oscillators with resonance frequencies at the absorption frequencies of the dispersing materials to account for anomalous dispersion, the phenomenon that the index of refraction decreases rather than increases with frequency around the absorption frequencies. It then covers dispersion theories formulated in the context of the old quantum theory, in which the link between radiation frequencies and orbital frequencies is severed. Drawing on these efforts, especially by Ladenburg and Reiche in the early 1920s, and using Bohr’s correspondence principle and other ingredients of the old quantum theory, Kramers found a successful quantum formula in late 1923. He only published a full treatment of his new dispersion theory in a paper with Heisenberg in early 1925. This paper played a key role in laying the foundations of matrix mechanics.
Heisenberg’sUmdeutungPaper
Authors: Duncan Anthony , Janssen Michel
Published: October 2023

This chapter covers the paper known as the Umdeutung (= reinterpretation) paper, published in July 1925, with which Heisenberg laid the foundations of matrix mechanics. It carefully examines Heisenberg’s work on intensities and his correspondence in the months leading up to his famous trip to Helgoland, where he aimed to recover from poor health. It was in Helgoland that he developed the outlines of the new framework that would eventually become matrix mechanics. The chapter then gives a detailed analysis of the Umdeutung paper itself, including the quantization condition, as well as a derivation of the quantized energies of the simple harmonic oscillator, including the zero-point energy, both of which would assume a central role in the paper.
Police Peacekeeping
Authors: Pingeot Lou
Published: October 2023

UN peace operations increasingly deploy police forces and engage in policing tasks. The turn to ‘police peacekeeping’ has generally been met with enthusiasm in both academic and policy circles. Policing is often understood to provide a more civilian instrument of intervention, and rebuilding local police forces along democratic, liberal lines is seen as a prerequisite for a successful transition towards peace and stability. This book questions this optimistic reading of police peacekeeping. It demonstrates that the logic of policing leads to the depoliticization of conflict and the criminalization of those who are deemed to threaten not just public order but social order, authorizing violence against them in the name of law enforcement. The book proposes a new way of studying peace operations that focuses not on their success or failure, but on how they allow people and ideas to circulate transnationally. It shows that peace operations act as a point of cross-fertilization for the creation and transmission of policing discourses and practices globally. In so doing, these missions contribute to (re)producing social orders that are based on the exclusion of often racialized, socio-economically marginalized populations, both ‘domestically’ (in countries of intervention) and ‘internationally’ (in troop contributing countries). The book contributes to critical understandings of police power that show that police forces were never meant to protect all equally. Drawing on interpretive, feminist, and postcolonial methodologies that emphasize relations, processes, and situatedness, the book’s in-depth study of UN intervention in Haiti shows how a single site can help illuminate global processes.
Beyond the here and now of peace operations
Authors: Pingeot Lou
Published: October 2023

This chapter presents a postcolonial theory of peace operations as generative of social order transnationally. It argues that peace operations are too often treated as sui generis, when in fact they should be understood as an instance of a broader type of social relation characterized by domination. Building on studies of colonialism and imperialism that emphasize the link between intervention ‘abroad’ and intervention ‘at home’, the chapter shows that discourses and practices of intervention can circulate from the domestic to the international because the socio-structural relations that characterize peace operations mirror those in domestic societies. In other words, the relation of domination between international interveners and local populations mirrors the relation between those who govern and those who are governed domestically. The chapter develops a methodology that aligns with this theoretical framework, building on feminist, postcolonial, and interpretive approaches that emphasize situatedness, process, and relations.
Policing dissent
Authors: Pingeot Lou
Published: October 2023

This chapter addresses the growing importance of public order policing in UN peace operations and examines how they see protests and respond to them. It shows that, under a stabilization mandate, protests become part of a spectrum of threats that include terrorism, organized crime, and natural disasters, and that UN training emphasizes their potential for danger and violence. In Haiti, MINUSTAH’s stabilization mandate led it to see protests as a challenge to its mission to enforce order. Certain practices ensued from this understanding, including an escalated force model focused on deterring protests through shows of force and containing them by resorting to (para)military force. The protest policing style developed by MINUSTAH is not only illustrative of UN protest policing, but also reverberates through time and space, as UN peace operations create a market for certain skills and tools, help develop them, and socialize troops into them.
The Saddle of Experience
Authors: Dhareshwar Vivek
Published: October 2023

We are in a situation where disastrous ‘facts’ of various kinds—ecological ones undoubtedly, but economic and political ones too—are dominating our everyday life. Our acknowledgement of this state of affairs is undoubtedly because these ‘facts’ or (as we might also call them) ‘truths’ are there, as it were, in the ‘epistemic’ domain. And yet we seem unable to assimilate these ‘facts’ experientially. I would like to try out a few formulations that might go some way toward clarifying the nature of this disjunction between the epistemic domain and the experiential domain that seems to define our predicament. This paper will be asking if recognizing this disjunction and responding to it require a renewal of experiential knowledge (adhyatmic activity).
George Dandin
Authors: Lyons John D.
Published: October 2023

George Dandin shocks today’s audiences not because of violations of sexual norms but because of its treatment of class differences. The wealthy peasant George Dandin has married the daughter of aristocrats as a way of rising in social standing. When his wife takes an aristocratic lover, George finds himself powerless to enforce marital fidelity. Her parents deny that their daughter could possibly be doing anything so dishonourable. When her parents and husband arrange a confrontation with the lover, the wife skilfully engages in ironic banter that reassures her lover without ever offering her husband any admission of infidelity. Some twentieth-century productions of the play make it seem that the work depicts a ‘tragic’ injustice towards Dandin the commoner, but this work was staged as a comedy-ballet, not as a dark or sad story. Instead, the wrong that is depicted is that a woman has been coerced by her parents into marrying an unwanted husband.
1972
Authors: Arnold Jörg
Published: October 2023

This chapter charts fundamental changes in the miners’ position in the early 1970s. These changes can be conceptualized in temporal terms, from old to new. By the early 1970s, terminal decline of Britain’s coal industry was no longer a foregone conclusion. On the contrary, a new dawn seemed imminent. As the miners asserted collective agency in the two coal strikes of 1972 and 1974, the structures of feeling within which they operated were transformed. Expressions of sympathy gave way to feelings of awe. The miners came to be admired, feared even, for the power they were prepared to wield. Alongside this transformation in the image of the miner went a greater visibility of the miners’ collective trade union voice, the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM). Although coal’s renaissance occurred under the Conservative government of Edward Heath, it found its most salient expression in the policy document Plan for Coal, which was agreed upon by the National Coal Board (NCB), the government, and the NUM after Labour’s return to power in February 1974, as the chapter shows.
1987
Authors: Arnold Jörg
Published: October 2023

This chapter illuminates the structures of feeling and layers of temporality that informed the discourse about the miners in the years following the 1984/5 coal strike. By 1987, miners’ collective agency was much reduced. Miners were forced to make individual choices in the context of a rapidly changing situation over whose direction they exerted less collective control than at any time since the late 1960s. It was the Conservative government and their supporters who retained a residual belief in, and fear of, the miners’ power. Sympathizers on the Left, by contrast, came to depict the miners as deplorable victims of a political vendetta and increasingly of the very pace of de-industrialization itself—as victims who were deserving of sympathy but who also represented a lost cause. Whereas the political Left invested considerable energy into shaping the memory of the coal strike, the Right was more interested in exploiting the opportunity that the defeat of the NUM had opened up for charting a radically different future for the industry. Indeed, Conservative politicians and commentators would frequently charge that Labour, and the Left more broadly, embodied ‘the past’. The claim was not extended to the industry itself, however. Despite a growing recognition of the magnitude of the shift in the nation’s economic structure away from manufacturing industries, Conservatives would claim that they had ‘revitalized’, rather than abandoned, what they called ‘traditional’ industries, including the coal industry.
1997
Authors: Arnold Jörg
Published: October 2023

This chapter explores the structures of feeling within which the miners operated around the year 1997. It argues that the later 1990s marked the moment when the past finally crowded out the present, when cultural imaginaries trading in selective memories of who the miners ‘really’ were displaced concern for the working lives of the 17,000 or so people still employed in deep-coal mining. As the coal industry moved from the centre to the margins of public interest, two influential feature films etched into the national consciousness an image of miners as ‘decent ordinary people’ whose communal values and aspirations were admirable, but also hopelessly out of date. While the miners may have been beaten by Thatcherism, ultimately, they were beaten by history itself. Tony Blair’s New Labour project reaped the electoral benefits of this sentimentalized depiction of the miners. At the same time New Labour subscribed, arguably even more strongly than the Conservatives, to the underlying conviction that the miners represented a bygone age. Few attempts were made to stabilize the coal industry, let alone reverse the structural changes that had been wreaked during the eighteen years of Conservative government. While the NUM was ignored, the attention of both policymakers and social scientific research shifted from the workplace to the community, from the collective articulation of political demands to questions of coalfield culture and individual identity. In this emergent structure, coalfield communities represented a particularly intractable case of social exclusion, as the chapter shows.
Translating Insights into Action Plans
Authors: Rouse William B.
Published: October 2023

Translating Insights into Action Plans involves transforming the findings from earlier chapters into alternative courses of action, as well as explaining findings and alternative courses of action in stakeholder-friendly formats. Initiatives are translated into multi-stage courses of action. These potential aspirational courses of action are discussed in considerable detail, including how stakeholders will be supported to understand and trust these alternative ways forward for each challenge. Positive deviants are people or organizations whose uncommon behaviors and strategies enable them to formulate and implement better solutions to problems than their peers, while having access to the same resources and facing similar or worse challenges. Compelling examples for each of the four challenges are discussed in terms of why and how these successes resulted.
Economic Modeling of Investment Impacts
Authors: Rouse William B.
Published: October 2023

Economic Modeling of Investment Impacts focuses on the economic realities of pursuing the functionality elaborated in Chapter 5. There will be revenue generated and costs saved over decades. The accounting for these cash flows needs to cross agencies and, of course, years. We are concerned not only with next year’s budget, but next decade’s society. Economic integration is a key to affordable change. The economic model presented considers the investments and returns associated with addressing the challenges in an integrated manner. The concern is with money flows over decades across government entities. These siloes will undoubtedly push back against changes. However, this chapter projects the value to the whole country, not just for particular agencies. Evidence-based quantitative projections are used to illustrate the economic benefits of the solutions articulated in Chapter 5.
Scaling Solutions for Broad Benefits
Authors: Rouse William B.
Published: October 2023

Scaling Solutions for Broad Benefits concerns the need to continually motivate and resource ongoing change. This includes understanding and balancing economics across silos and ecosystems. The overarching goal is to circumvent the “valley of death” whereby successful pilot tests are not scaled and sustained. Beyond proving that a particular intervention will help a small, targeted population, sustained motivation and resources are needed to benefit everybody. Successful execution is central to transforming inventive ideas into societal innovations, indeed social movements. The history of social movements is discussed, and success factors are elaborated upon. Further, the possibility of a human-centered systems movement is explored.
Oxford, the world of Westminster, and the defence of the University’s interests
Authors: Aston Nigel
Published: October 2023

Oxford was close to the world of Westminster, treated comprehensively in Chapter 8. Relations with government tended to be unstable until the reign of George III. This stemmed from the University’s insistence on corporate independency which, taken too far, imperilled its functioning by increasing the likelihood of direct ministerial intervention beyond ministers’ legitimate role in dispensing royal patronage within the University. The chapter also looks at academic concerns as reflected in both Houses of Parliament. It emphasises the national role assumed by some of the University’s MPs. The need for them to be distrustful of ministers had largely faded by the 1770s. From around that date Heads of House such as Nathan Wetherell and Cyril Jackson were using their range of Westminster contacts to make their colleges virtual antechambers to government service for a select number of undergraduates.
Conclusion
Authors: Aston Nigel
Published: October 2023

There was plenty of internal scope for University members to be pedagogically creative, open new research lines, and be unapologetic Whigs. For if Oxford was rooted in its past, yet it had a capacity for adaptation and a scope for intellectual and political pluralism that can be located within ‘the Anglican Enlightenment’. But while the range of values transmitted to future University graduates should not be underestimated, Oxford majority opinion was always committed to protecting the national Church and defeating the cultural and religious alternatives on offer. And it did so successfully, ensuring a neo-hegemony that endured, offering stability decade after decade. What Oxford did less well until the mid-eighteenth century was to protect the state. It was only once loyalty could be aligned with the reigning dynasty without qualification—as after c.1760 —that the University created the conditions for and maximising its national influence.
Codeswitching
Authors: Potowski Kim , Torres Lourdes
Published: October 2023

This chapter offers an analysis of codeswitching among Puerto Rican, Mexican, and MexiRican Spanish speakers in Chicago and compares the chapter’s findings to other studies on codeswitching in U.S. Spanish. It begins with a review of studies of Spanish-English codeswitching in the U.S. and then describes the study’s methodology and participants. The chapter presents findings of overall quantity of English used by participants and number of codeswitches by regional origin, generational group, regional origin and generation, and proficiency. It also discusses the overall frequency and proportions of three different types of codeswitching (one-word, intrasentential, and intersentential) by regional group, generation, and Spanish proficiency level. The chapter considers the findings in relation to whether proficiency or generation is more strongly correlated with the codeswitching patterns. It also considers whether the findings provide evidence of contact between dialects.
The Heart and Soul of Beer
Authors: Bamforth Charles W.
Published: October 2023

The major source of fermentable sugar for most beers worldwide is the starch in barley grain. Only certain types of barley can be used for this purpose: the so-called malting grades. Prior to brewing, the barley needs to be malted, which comprises sprouting the grain and then drying it. In this process, enzymes are developed that soften the grain, rendering it more mill-able, and that will subsequently work in the brewhouse to convert starch into fermentable sugars. The successive stages in the malt house are steeping in water, germination, and kilning (drying). A wide range of malt types are available, differing in their color and flavor depending on the severity of kilning or roasting. The pale malts are the main source of enzymes. Progressively darker malts (amber, through crystal, to chocolate and black) are used by the brewer to supplement the pale malt to produce diverse beer styles.
Incorporating Diagnostic Expectations into the New Keynesian Framework
Authors: L’Huillier Jean-Paul , Singh Sanjay R , Yoo Donghoon
Published: October 2023

Diagnostic expectations constitute a realistic behavioural model of inference. This paper shows that this approach to expectation formation can be productively integrated into the New Keynesian framework. Diagnostic expectations generate endogenous extrapolation in general equilibrium. We show that diagnostic expectations generate extra amplification in the presence of nominal frictions; a fall in aggregate supply generates a Keynesian recession; fiscal policy is more effective at stimulating the economy. We perform Bayesian estimation of a rich medium-scale model that incorporates consensus forecast data. Our estimate of the diagnosticity parameter is in line with previous studies. Moreover, we find empirical evidence in favour of the diagnostic model. Diagnostic expectations offer new propagation mechanisms to explain fluctuations.
Starch Plays a Key Role in Sporosorus Formation by the Powdery Scab PathogenSpongospora subterranea
Authors: Kamal Hira , Lynch-Holm Valerie , Pappu Hanu R. , Tanaka Kiwamu
Published: October 2023

Powdery scab disease, caused by the soilborne protist Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea, poses a major constraint to potato production worldwide. Disease symptoms include damage to the tuber skin and the formation of root galls. This study aimed to investigate the potential mechanism behind the formation of sporosori, which are aggregates of resting spores, within root galls. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that the early stage of gall formation, characterized by a white color, involved the accumulation of starch grains, which later disappeared as the gall matured and turned brown. The mature brown galls were found to contain fully formed sporosori. Light microscopy examination of ultramicrotome sections of the root galls showed that the high-amylopectin starches were surrounded by a plasmodium, a precursor to sporosorus. These findings suggest that starch grains contribute to the formation of a sponge-like structure within the sporosori. A significant reduction in total starch levels in both the root galls and their associated roots was observed compared with healthy roots. These findings indicate starch consumption by sporosori during the maturation of root galls. Interestingly, analysis of the transcript levels of starch-related genes showed downregulation of genes encoding starch degrading enzymes and an amylopectin-debranching enzyme, whereas genes encoding a starch synthase and a protein facilitating starch synthesis were upregulated in the infected roots. Overall, our results demonstrate that starch is consumed during sporosorus formation, and the pathogen likely manipulates starch homeostasis to its advantage for sporosorus development within the root galls.
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy exerts anti‐osteoporotic effects in obese and lean D‐galactose‐induced aged rats
Authors: Imerb Napatsorn , Thonusin Chanisa , Pratchayasakul Wasana , Chanpaisaeng Krittikan , Aeimlapa Ratchaneevan , Charoenphandhu Narattaphol , Chattipakorn Nipon , Chattipakorn Siriporn C.
Published: October 2023

Obesity accelerates the aging processes, resulting in an aggravation of aging‐induced osteoporosis. We investigated the anti‐osteoporotic effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) in obese‐ and lean‐aged rats through measurement of cellular senescence, hypoxia, inflammation, antioxidants, and bone microarchitecture. Obese and lean male Wistar rats were injected with 150 mg/kg/day of D‐galactose for 8 weeks to induce aging. Then, all rats were randomly given either sham or HBOT for 14 days. Metabolic parameters were determined. Expression by bone mRNA for cellular senescence, hypoxia, inflammation, antioxidative capacity, and bone remodeling were examined. Micro‐computed tomography and atomic absorption spectroscopy were performed to evaluate bone microarchitecture and bone mineral profiles, respectively. We found that HBOT restored the alterations in the mRNA expression level of p16, p21, HIF‐1α, TNF‐α, IL‐6, RANKL, RANK, NFATc1, DC–STAMP, Osx, ALP, and Col1a1 in the bone in obese‐and lean‐ aging rats. In obese‐aging rats, HBOT increased the level of expression of Sirt1 and CuZnSOD mRNA and diminished the expression level of HIF‐2α and ctsk mRNA to the same levels as the control group. However, HBOT failed to alter catalase and OCN mRNA expression in obese‐aged rats. HBOT partially improved the bone microarchitecture in obese‐aged rats, but completely restored it in lean‐aged rats. Interestingly, HBOT protected against obesity‐induced demineralization in obese‐aged rats. In summary, HBOT exerts an anti‐osteoporotic effect in lean‐aged rats and prevents some, but not all the negative effects of obese‐aged conditions on bone health. Therefore, HBOT is considered as a potential therapy for aging‐induced osteoporosis, regardless of obese status.
Basics of the 12-lead ECG
Authors: Bruce Kellie , Moore Amy Karen , Mello Inola , Hilliard Tara , Day Mercedes
Published: October 2023

A 12-lead ECG is a noninvasive diagnostic tool that detects and records cardiac electrical activity and can identify cardiac pathology. This article discusses the electrical conduction system of the heart, the anatomy of an ECG complex, ECG lead views, and an overview of a systematic method of ECG interpretation.
Impact of nursing interventions on discharge disposition in patients with postoperative delirium
Authors: Zhao Yunchuan , Quon Anna , Luke Kayla , Tivis Laura J.
Published: October 2023

Purpose:

To identify patient characteristics and perioperative factors associated with non-home patient discharges and the impact of current delirium nursing interventions on discharge disposition, especially non-home dispositions.

Methods:

A retrospective pilot chart review was conducted using electronic health records from five networked hospitals in the Mountain West region of the US. The sample comprised 75 randomly selected patients aged 65 or older who screened positive for delirium during hospitalization. Relationships between patient characteristics, nursing interventions, and discharge dispositions were analyzed using chi-square tests and logistic regression.

Results:

Most participants (69.3%) were discharged to non-home facilities. Delayed urinary catheter removal was a significant nursing intervention factor. Patients with delayed urinary catheter removal were at increased risk of being discharged to a non-home setting compared with those with early urinary catheter removal (aOR: 14.11, P = .010). Preoperative hypoalbuminemia and surgery durations exceeding 60 minutes were associated with non-home dispositions.

Conclusion:

Delayed urinary catheter removal, surgery duration greater than 1 hour, and preoperative hypoalbuminemia increased the likelihood of non-home discharge placement for older adults who experience postoperative delirium.
Application of Dexmedetomidine in Epidural Labor Analgesia
Authors: Zhang Di , Sun Yanxia , Li Junfeng
Published: October 2023

Objectives:

To summarize and appraise the use of dexmedetomidine in epidural labor analgesia, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Methods:

We conducted the literature search about the RCTs of epidural labor analgesia with or without dexmedetomidine from inception until Nov 1,2022 in the following databases: PubMed, the Cochrane Library and Embase. The primary outcome was visual analogue scale(VAS) within 2h after epidural intubation. The secondary outcomes included the duration of the first and second labor stage, Apgar score, umbilical blood pH, dosage of analgesics, and side effects.

Results:

8 RCTs including 846 parturients were included. The VAS score of dexmedetomidine group was significantly lower than that of the control group at the time of 15min(MD -1.41,95%CI -2.23,-0.59)、30min(MD -1.02,95%CI -1.70,-0.33)、60min(MD -0.90,95%CI -1.36,-0.44)、90min(MD -0.70,95%CI -1.16,-0.23). The incidence of pruritus in dexmedetomidine group was lower than that of control group（MD 0.28,95%CI 0.11,0.74）but the incidence of maternal bradycardia was higher (MD 6.41,95%CI 1.64,25.04). There were no significant difference in other outcomes.

Discussion:

Dexmedetomidine combined with local anesthetic for epidural labor analgesia can improve the VAS score of parturients. Except for the increased incidence of maternal bradycardia, it seems to be safe for the parturients and fetuses.
Biomechanical evaluation of variable angle locking systems. A micro-CT analysis.
Authors: Glowacki Jakub , Bartkowiak Tomasz , Gapinski Bartosz , Paczos Piotr , Mietlinski Patryk , Zawadzki Pawel , Lapaj Lukasz
Published: October 2023

Purpose

Formerly poor bone stock and periprosthetic fractures used to jeopardize monaxial constructs. Polyaxial locking screws have substantially supported those particular fixation constructs. However, those systems rely on complex alignment between the screw head and the plate hole. This study aimed to investigate the mechanical properties of several polyaxial systems and to correlate these parameters with the screw head and the plate hole engagement.

Methods

Polyaxial locking systems were tested with screws inserted into the corresponding plates at various angles (0°, 5°, 10°, 15°). A micro-CT scan of the plate-hole and screw-head interface with the quantification of average thread engagement was performed before destructive tests. The screw-plate interface of each system was tested in a cantilever bending setup. Representative screws and plates were also examined by SEM.

Results

The standard insertion at 0° sustained the greatest maximum bending strength in all analyzed systems. Point-loading thread-in and cut-in screws inserted off-axis showed a significant reduction in bending strength (p<0.001) (p=0.041) (p<0.001). In contrast, locking cap screws maintained similar bending strength with disregard to the angle of insertion (p<0.4849). A micro-CT analysis confirmed that the average thread engagement of point-loading thread-in, cut-in and locking-cap screws was significantly reduced when placed off-axis (p=0.005) (p<0.001) (p=0.002) (p<0.001). The locking-cap mechanisms maintained the highest average thread engagement among all analyzed systems.

Conclusions

The mechanical performance of polyaxial locking plates usually comes at the price of reduced bending strength. Surgeons should limit polyaxial insertions depending on the particular system's characteristics.
Machine learning-based identification of determinants for rehabilitation success and future healthcare use prevention in patients with high-grade, chronic, nonspecific low back pain: an individual data 7-year follow-up analysis on 154,167 individuals
Authors: Niederer Daniel , Schiller Joerg , Groneberg David A. , Behringer Michael , Wolfarth Bernd , Gabrys Lars
Published: October 2023

To individually prescribe rehabilitation contents, it is of importance to know and quantify factors for rehabilitation success and the risk for a future healthcare use. The objective of our multivariable prediction model was to determine factors of rehabilitation success and the risk for a future healthcare use in patients with high-grade, chronic low back pain. We included members of the German pension fund who participated from 2012 to 2019 in multimodal medical rehabilitation with physical and psychological treatment strategies because of low back pain (ICD10:M54.5). Candidate prognostic factors for rehabilitation success and for a future healthcare use were identified using Gradient Boosting Machines and Random Forest algorithms in the R-package caret on a 70% training and a 30% test set. We analysed data from 154,167 patients; 8015 with a second medical rehabilitation measure and 5161 who retired because of low back pain within the study period. The root-mean-square errors ranged between 494 (recurrent rehabilitation) and 523 (retirement) days (R
2 = 0.183-0.229), whereas the prediction accuracy ranged between 81.9% for the prediction of the rehabilitation outcome, and 94.8% for the future healthcare use prediction model. Many modifiable prognostic factors (such as duration of the rehabilitation [inverted u-shaped], type of the rehabilitation, and aftercare measure), nonmodifiable prognostic factors (such as sex and age), and disease-specific factors (such as sick leave days before the rehabilitation [linear positive] together with the pain grades) for rehabilitation success were identified. Inpatient medical rehabilitation programmes (3 weeks) may be more effective in preventing a second rehabilitation measure and/or early retirement because of low back pain compared with outpatient rehabilitation programs. Subsequent implementation of additional exercise programmes, cognitive behavioural aftercare treatment, and following scheduled aftercare are likely to be beneficial.
Barriers and Facilitators to Participation and Key Components of Sleep Health Programs
Authors: Pienaar Paula R. , Bosma Astrid R. , Rae Dale E. , Roden Laura C. , van Mechelen Willem , Lambert Estelle V. , Boot Cécile R.L.
Published: October 2023

Objective

The aim of the study is to explore the barriers and facilitators of participation and key components for sleep health programs designed for corporate work environments.

Methods

Semistructured interviews with corporate executives and occupational medicine specialists in the decision making and management of workplace health promotion programs (WHPP) within their companies were held before and during COVID-19. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using thematic content analysis to identify themes.

Results

Barrier and facilitator themes emerging from the data include sleep health awareness, work culture, work-family balance, and confidentiality. Key components for sleep health programs included the following: identifying the need for a program, incorporating sleep health risk screening to WHPP, and promoting sleep health by raising awareness thereof.

Conclusions

The identified barriers and facilitators to employee participation and key components of an ideal sleep health program provide guidance for further WHPP.