bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synchronous caregiving from birth to adulthood tunes humans’ social brain
Authors: Ulmer Yaniv Adi , Salomon Roy , Waidergoren Shani , Shimon-Raz Ortal , Djalovski Amir , Feldman Ruth
Published: March 2021

Significance

A birth-to-adulthood study tested the effects of maternal–newborn contact and synchronous caregiving on the social processing brain in human adults. For two decades, we followed preterm and full-term neonates, who received or lacked initial maternal bodily contact, repeatedly observing mother–child social synchrony. We measured the brain basis of affect-specific empathy in young adulthood to pinpoint regions sensitive to others’ distinct emotions. Maternal–newborn contact enhanced social synchrony across development, which, in turn, predicted amygdalar and insular sensitivity to emotion-specific empathy. Findings demonstrate the long-term effects of maternal caregiving in humans, similar to their role in other mammals, particularly in tuning core regions implicated in salience detection, simulation, and interoception that sustain empathy and human attachment.
Signal transduction through Cys-loop receptors is mediated by the nonspecific bumping of closely apposed domains
Authors: Cymes Gisela D. , Grosman Claudio
Published: March 2021

Significance

In Cys-loop receptors, the affinity for neurotransmitter and the conductive/nonconductive state of the transmembrane pore depend tightly on each other. It has been previously hypothesized that wild-type side-chain–side-chain interactions straddling the interface between the extracellular and transmembrane modules are crucial for this conformational coupling. Here, we challenged this notion, and to the extent that our mutagenesis succeeded in eliminating all native interactions between side chains located across the interface, we conclude that such interactions are not required for function. Instead, function in these receptor channels seems to depend on more general properties of the extracellular–transmembrane-domain interface such as the shapes and relative positioning of the two apposed sides.
In situ small-angle X-ray scattering reveals solution phase discharge of Li–O
2
batteries with weakly solvating electrolytes
Authors: Prehal Christian , Samojlov Aleksej , Nachtnebel Manfred , Lovicar Ludek , Kriechbaum Manfred , Amenitsch Heinz , Freunberger Stefan A.
Published: March 2021

Significance

Lithium–air batteries are promising next-generation energy storage devices and operate by electrodepositing insulating lithium peroxide (Li
2
O
2
). Understanding how large amounts of Li
2
O
2
form, corresponding to large capacities, and what limits the amount is therefore paramount and requires following its structural evolution from atomic to micron scales. We demonstrate that in situ small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering together with sophisticated data evaluation provides access to these scales. This allows distinguishing the two reported competing reaction mechanisms, which are thought to be responsible for large and small capacities, respectively. We find that, surprisingly, only one pathway predominates at all conditions. On a wider perspective, we introduce a powerful tool to characterize transformations in complex multiphase materials.
Phragmidium acuminatum.
Authors:   USA, USDA-ARS
Published: March 2021

There is little published information on this plant pathogenic fungus, which is limited to parts of Asia, Europe and New Zealand. It attacks Rubus spp., among others, and as these hosts exist in other regions of the world with similar environmental conditions, this species may pose a threat to native or agricultural plants if introduced.
Cronartium flaccidum (Scots pine blister rust).
Authors:   USA, USDA-ARS
Published: March 2021

C. flaccidum is a heteroecious rust fungus, completing different stages of its life cycle on different plants. Mating of haploid strains occurs on species of Pinus, followed by the production of aeciospores, which infect various species of herbaceous dicotyledons. An asexual stage producing urediniospores occurs on the dicotyledonous plants, followed by the production of teliospores, the sexual stage, that germinate to form basidiospores that infect pines thus completing the cycle. A closely-related autoecious rust, Endocronartium (Peridermium) pini, only infects Pinus hosts. C. flaccidum is known from Europe and parts of northern and eastern Asia; it is a Regulated Pest for the USA (USDA/APHIS, 2008). As an invasive in other temperate areas, this rust could be damaging on native and introduced pines or the alternate host species. The infections on pines develop slowly, therefore the fungus might be overlooked, such that accidental introduction of the rust could occur through the importation of conifer [Pinopsida] seedlings or trees.
Apiognomonia erythrostoma (cherry leaf scorch).
Authors:   USA, USDA-ARS
Published: March 2021

A. erythrostoma is a perithecial ascomycete known primarily from Europe, although it has also been reported from eastern Asia. The early spotting of leaves and fruits of Prunus species, particularly cherry and apricot [Prunus armeniaca], can result in significant defoliation and loss of yield in certain years when weather conditions are favourable for infection by airborne ascospores. Although there is no record of introduction of the fungus to new areas, which would most likely require transport of trees still bearing infected leaves and fruit, some countries do list it as a quarantine pathogen.
Idioscopus nagpurensis (mango leafhopper).
Authors: Ganeswaran R.
Published: March 2021

Mango leafhoppers are major pests in the Indian subcontinent. The major damage is caused at the flowering stage and several studies have highlighted the reduction of yield which may be between 20 and 100% depending on population size. Verghese and Rao (1987) examined the critical infestation stages of the related species I. clypealis in Uttar Pradesh, India. The mean density of cicadellids was 0.54-20.64 per panicle in 1983 and 0-6.03 per panicle in 1984. In both years, the peak population occurred when the fruit was pea sized. At the post-bloom stage a population of two adults per panicle was sufficient to cause yield reduction. It is suggested that the critical infestation stages are at post-bloom, when the fruit is marble sized, and 1 month before harvest, with corresponding critical population levels of two adults, 6-21 nymphs and 4-11 hoppers per panicle. In the Philippines, Corey et al. (1989) found that the economic injury levels for I. clypealis on two croppings of mangoes averaged 4.21, 4.30, 4.45 and 4.55 adults per panicle at 2, 10, 18 and 26 days, respectively, after flower bud break for the first cropping, and 4.79, 4.88, 5.06 and 5.18 adults per panicle for the second cropping.
Ageratum conyzoides (billy goat weed).
Authors: Vélez-Gavilán Jeanine
Published: March 2021

A. conyzoides is an annual erect herb reported as an invasive, noxious weed in agricultural lands and as a coloniser of open fields and degraded areas, causing crop yield reductions and affecting biodiversity (Kohli et al., 2006; GISD, 2016; PIER, 2016). It is also a host of pathogens and nematodes that affect crop species (BioNET-EAFRINET, 2016). It is listed as invasive throughout Asia; in Kenya, Mayotte, Morocco, Reunion, Tanzania, South Africa and Uganda in Africa; California (USA) in North America; Cuba in the Caribbean; Easter Island in South America; and in much of Oceania (Oviedo-Prieto et al., 2012; BioNET-EAFRINET, 2016; Encylopedia of Life, 2016; GISD, 2016; PIER, 2016). It is also known to be invasive in Ethiopia, Malawi, Rwanda, and Zambia.
Oxalis corniculata (creeping woodsorrel).
Authors: Popay Ian
Published: March 2021

The herbaceous plant O. corniculata is commonly described as being widely naturalized and its origins obscure. The species has many weedy characteristics, being readily self-pollinated, producing copious seeds in a short time, and being capable of growing rapidly in open places. Its spread appears phenomenal. It is considered a cosmopolitan weed of tropical and temperature zones and it probably occurs in most countries in the world, although it may not yet have been reported from all. It occurs in gardens, lawns, arable land and pastures. In Canada it is especially prevalent as a weed of glasshouses. It is a known weed of many crops across the world, from tea in Sri Lanka to rice in Japan. Its spread has been partly accidental and partly deliberate, since its oxalic acid-containing leaves have long been used for culinary purposes, and for their medicinal and herbal value.
Amaranthus blitum (livid amaranth).
Authors: Parker Chris , Iamonico Duilio
Published: March 2021

A. blitum is a monoecious annual weed with a near global distribution. It grows between 10 and 80 cm tall, sometimes reaching 90 cm.It was listed by Holm et al. (1979) as a serious or principal weed in ten countries, mainly across Europe and Asia but also including Nigeria and Mozambique. It occurs in a wide range of field and horticultural crops, grassland, orchards, plantations and vineyards. It appears to be especially troublesome in Japan, where it is one of the three main weeds of warmer upland farms (Takabayashi and Nakayama, 1981), and in the USA. In Minais Gerais province, Brazil, it is among the five most common weeds of coffee (Laca-Buendia and Brandao, 1994). A. blitum subsp. emarginatus potentially impacts on the native riparian herbaceous vegetation in Europe (Walter and Dobes, 2004).
Manilkara zapota (sapodilla).
Authors: Rojas-Sandoval Julissa , Praci Andrew
Published: March 2021

M. zapota is an evergreen tree with a round dense crown, it is generally 5-20 m in height, although it may reach up to 40 m. It was originally distributed in Central America, Mexico and the West Indies, but is now widely cultivated to a greater or lesser extent in tropical lowlands world-wide.
Myroxylon balsamum (Peru balsam).
Authors: Pasiecznik Nick
Published: March 2021

M. balsamum is a deciduous tree, shade tolerant, which can reach 34 m in height, with bole up to 15 m and a d.b.h. of up to 100 cm. There are varying opinions about the number of species and varieties in the genus Myroxylon. Several authorities consider M. peruiferum to be a distinct species from M. balsamum, the former having a more southerly natural distribution (Colombia to Argentina) than the latter (Mexico to Colombia and Venezuela). Others have a broader concept of M. balsamum and subsume M. peruiferum in it. This data sheet includes information on both the northern (M. balsamum) and southern (M. peruiferum) populations. M. balsamum var. pereirae has been introduced in the south of Florida, Ceylan, India and Western Africa.
Morella faya (firetree).
Authors: Pasiecznik Nick
Published: March 2021

M. faya, the fire tree, is native to the Atlantic islands of the Azores, Madeira and the Canaries, where it is a component of mid-altitude forests. It was introduced to Hawaii where it has become a serious invasive weed in the Volcanoes National Park, and is resisting all attempts at its eradication.
Ailanthus altissima (tree-of-heaven).
Authors: Nava Soraya Constán
Published: March 2021

A. altissima, native to China, is a short to medium-size deciduous tree valued chiefly for timber, shade and urban amenity plantings. It is tolerant of drought, poor soils and pollution and so can be grown in difficult urban locations, although it is considered as a potentially weedy species in the USA (Shah, 1997). It is an aggressive pioneer species, characterized by rapid juvenile growth and prolific seed production and has a very high ability to coppice once established. It requires well-aerated and moist soils to produce good, single-stemmed trees.
Fe-doped ZnS film fabricated by electron beam evaporation and its application as saturable absorber for Er:ZBLAN fiber laser*
Authors: Yang Jiu-Lin , Feng Guo-Ying , Qing Du-Xin , Wu Ya-Jie , Luo Yun , Wang Jian-Jun
Published: March 2021

High-quality Fe-doped ZnS films have been fabricated by electron beam evaporation. After the doping, the fabricated films still maintain the preferential crystalline orientation and phase purity of the host ZnS. According to the observation of surface morphology, the root mean-square roughness of the samples increases slightly with the increase of doping content. All of the prepared samples are in cubic zinc blende structure of ZnS. Transmission spectrum confirms a more obvious dip near 3 μm with higher dopant concentration and it can be attributed to the typical 5E→5T2 transition of Fe2+. Fe-doped ZnS film is also successfully used for Q-switched Er:ZBLAN fiber laser.
Dynamics of bright soliton in a spin–orbit coupled spin-1 Bose–Einstein condensate*
Authors: Guo Hui , Qiu Xu , Ma Yan , Jiang Hai-Feng , Zhang Xiao-Fei
Published: March 2021

We have investigated the dynamics of bright solitons in a spin–orbit coupled spin-1 Bose–Einstein condensate analytically and numerically. By using the hyperbolic sine function as the trial function to describe a plane wave bright soliton with a single finite momentum, we have derived the motion equations of soliton’s spin and center of mass, and obtained its exact analytical solutions. Our results show that the spin–orbit coupling couples the soliton’s spin with its center-of-mass motion, the spin oscillations induced by the exchange of atoms between components result in the periodical oscillation of center-of-mass, and the motion of center of mass of soliton can be viewed as a superposition of periodical and linear motions. Our analytical results have also been confirmed by the direct numerical simulations of Gross–Pitaevskii equations.
Protection of isolated and active regions in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs using selective laser annealing*
Authors: Hou Mingchen , Xie Gang , Guo Qing , Sheng Kuang
Published: March 2021

AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors with Au-free ohmic contacts are fabricated by selective laser annealing and conventional rapid thermal annealing. The current transport mechanism of ohmic contacts is investigated. High-temperature annealing can be avoided in the isolated region and the active region by selective laser annealing. The implanted isolation leakage current is maintained 10−6 mA/mm even at 1000 V after selective laser annealing. On the contrary, high-temperature annealing will cause obvious degradation of the isolation. The morphology of AlGaN surface is measured by atomic force microscope. No noticeable change of the AlGaN surface morphology after selective laser annealing, while the root-mean-square roughness value markedly increases after rapid thermal annealing. The smaller frequency dispersion of capacitance–voltage characteristics confirms the lower density of surface states after selective laser annealing. Thus, dynamic on-resistance is effectively suppressed.
A novel two-dimensional SiO sheet with high-stability, strain tunable electronic structure, and excellent mechanical properties*
Authors: Liu Shijie , Du Hui
Published: March 2021

Using the structure search of particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm combined with density functional theory (DFT), we conduct a systematic two-dimensional (2D) material research on the SiO and discover a P2 monolayer structure. The phonon spectrum shows that the 2D P2 is dynamic-stable under ambient pressure. Molecular dynamics simulations show that 2D P2 can still exist stably at a high temperature of 1000 K, indicating that 2D P2 has application potential in high-temperature environments. The intrinsic 2D P2 structure has a quasi-direct band gap of 3.2 eV. The 2D P2 structure can be transformed into a direct band gap semiconductor by appropriate strain, and the band gap can be adjusted to the ideal band gap of 1.2 eV–1.6 eV for photovoltaic materials. These unique properties of the 2D P2 structure make it expected to have potential applications in nanomechanics and nanoelectronics.
Any-polar resistive switching behavior in Ti-intercalated Pt/Ti/HfO2/Ti/Pt device*
Authors: Jiao Jin-Long , Gan Qiu-Hong , Cheng Shi , Liao Ye , Ke Shao-Ying , Huang Wei , Wang Jian-Yuan , Li Cheng , Chen Song-Yan
Published: March 2021

The special any-polar resistive switching mode includes the coexistence and stable conversion between the unipolar and the bipolar resistive switching mode under the same compliance current. In the present work, the any-polar resistive switching mode is demonstrated when thin Ti intercalations are introduced into both sides of Pt/HfO2/Pt RRAM device. The role of the Ti intercalations contributes to the fulfillment of the any-polar resistive switching working mechanism, which lies in the filament constructed by the oxygen vacancies and the effective storage of the oxygen ion at both sides of the electrode interface.
Dense coding capacity in correlated noisy channels with weak measurement*
Authors: Li Jin-Kai , Xu Kai , Zhang Guo-Feng
Published: March 2021

Capacity of dense coding via correlated noisy channel is greater than that via uncorrelated noisy channel. It is shown that the weak measurement and reversal measurement need to further improve their quantum dense coding capacity in correlated amplitude damping channel, but this improvement is very small in correlated phase damping channel and correlated depolarizing channel.
A comfortable steady state visual evoked potential stimulation paradigm using peripheral vision
Authors: Zhao Xi , Wang Zhenyu , Zhang Min , Hu Honglin
Published: March 2021

Objective. Steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP)-brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) can cause much visual discomfort if the users use the SSVEP-BCIs for a long time. As an alternative scheme to reduce users’ visual fatigue, this study proposes a new stimulation paradigm (termed as steady state peripheral visual evoked potential, abbreviated as SSPVEP) which makes full use of peripheral vision. The electroencephalography (EEG) signals are classifiable which means this proposed stimulation paradigm can be used in BCI system with the aid of the latest hybrid signal processing approach. Approach. Under the SSPVEP stimulation paradigm, 20 targets are mounted on 20 frequencies and other targets are set between two targets with flicker stimuli coding. In order to ensure the classification accuracy of SSPVEP signal detection under the proposed stimulation paradigm, two optimization schemes are proposed for the detection stage of the conventional ensemble task-related component analysis (ETRCA) algorithm. The first optimization scheme uses nonlinear correlation coefficient at the detection part for the first time to improve the classification accuracy of the system. The second optimization scheme uses γ correction to enhance the time domain features of the SSPVEP signals, and uses Manhattan distance for the final detection. Main results. According to the response waveforms of the EEG signals generated under the SSPVEP stimulation paradigm and the results of the questionnaire on user’s comfort level to the two stimulation paradigms (SSPVEP paradigm and conventional SSVEP paradigm), the proposed stimulation paradigm brings less visual fatigue. The comparison results indicate that the proposed detection methods (ETRCA + γ correction + Manhattan distance, ETRCA + Spearman correlation) can greatly improve the classification accuracy compared with the individual template canonical correlation analysis method and conventional ETRCA method based on Pearson correlation. Significance. The SSPVEP stimulation paradigm reduces users’ visual fatigue via using peripheral vision, which provides a new design idea for SSVEP stimulation paradigm aimed at visual comfort.
A density consistency approach to the inverse Ising problem
Authors: Braunstein Alfredo , Catania Giovanni , Dall’Asta Luca , Muntoni Anna Paola
Published: March 2021

We propose a novel approach to the inverse Ising problem which employs the recently introduced density consistency approximation (DC) to determine the model parameters (couplings and external fields) maximizing the likelihood of given empirical data. This method allows for closed-form expressions of the inferred parameters as a function of the first and second empirical moments. Such expressions have a similar structure to the small-correlation expansion derived in reference Sessak and Monasson (2009 J. Phys. A: Math. Theor.
42 055001), of which they provide an improvement in the case of non-zero magnetization at low temperatures, as well as in presence of random external fields. The present work provides an extensive comparison with most common inference methods used to reconstruct the model parameters in several regimes, i.e. by varying both the network topology and the distribution of fields and couplings. The comparison shows that no method is uniformly better than every other one, but DC appears nevertheless as one of the most accurate and reliable approaches to infer couplings and fields from first and second moments in a significant range of parameters.
Superspreaders and high variance infectious diseases
Authors: Oz Yaron , Rubinstein Ittai , Safra Muli
Published: March 2021

A well-known characteristic of recent pandemics is the high level of heterogeneity in the infection spread: not all infected individuals spread the disease at the same rate and some individuals (superspreaders) are responsible for most of the infections. To quantify the effects of this phenomenon, we analyze the effect of the variance and higher moments of the infection distribution on the spread of the disease. Working in the framework of stochastic branching processes, we derive an approximate analytical formula for the probability of avoiding an outbreak in the high variance regime of the infection distribution, verify it numerically and analyze its regime of validity in various examples. We perform population based simulations and show that, as predicted by the mathematical model, it is possible for an outbreak not to occur in the high variance regime even when the basic reproduction number R
0 is larger than 1. The applicability of our results to the current COVID-19 is restricted to scenarios where imposed measures are able to reduce significantly the number of infected individuals and the high basic reproduction number. We note that our analysis may find implications in general information spread scenarios.
Classification of artificial intelligence technologies to determine the civil liability
Authors: Alekseev A , Erakhtina O , Kondratyeva K , Nikitin T
Published: March 2021

The paper confirms a conclusion that there is no unified approach to the issue of civil liability for the actions of artificial intelligence. The authors propose to consider fault-based liability, liability regardless of fault and liability founded on a risk-based approach. To determine a type of liability for the actions of AI, the authors outline a classification of AI technologies on four grounds: autonomy, self-learning, feature and availability of data recorders. According to the authors, the most promising approach to the legal regulation of liability for the functioning of artificial intelligence technologies is a risk-based approach. The conclusions presented in the paper testify to the relevance of the topic of the research and prove the beginning of the formation of a scientific understanding of civil liability for the actions of AI in Russia and abroad.
Greater vulnerability of snowmelt-fed river thermal regimes to a warming climate
Authors: Yan Hongxiang , Sun Ning , Fullerton Aimee , Baerwalde Matthew
Published: March 2021

While the advective flux from cool melt runoff can be a significant source of thermal energy to mountainous rivers, it has been a much less addressed process in river temperature modeling and thus our understanding is limited with respect to the spatiotemporal effect of melt on river temperatures at the watershed scale. In particular, the extent and magnitude of the melt cooling effect in the context of a warming climate are not yet well understood. To address this knowledge gap, we improved a coupled hydrology and stream temperature modeling system, distributed hydrology soil vegetation model and river basin model (DHSVM-RBM), to account for the thermal effect of cool snowmelt runoff on river temperatures. The model was applied to a snow-fed river basin in the Pacific Northwest to evaluate the responses of snow, hydrology, stream temperatures, and fish growth potential to future climates. Historical simulations suggest that snowmelt can notably reduce the basin-wide peak summer temperatures particularly at high-elevation tributaries, while the thermal impacts of melt water can persist through the summer along the mainstem. Ensemble climate projections suggested that a warming climate will decrease basin mean peak snow and summer streamflow by 92% and 60% by the end of the century. Due to the compounded influences of warmer temperatures, lower flows and diminished cooling from melt, river reaches in high elevation snow-dominated areas were projected to be most vulnerable to future climate change, showing the largest increases in summer peak temperatures. As a result, thermal habitat used by anadromous Pacific salmon was projected to exhibit substantially lower growth potential during summer in the future. These results have demonstrated the necessity of accounting for snowmelt influence on stream temperature modeling in mountainous watersheds.
Random forest-based understanding and predicting of the impacts of anthropogenic nutrient inputs on the water quality of a tropical lagoon
Authors: Fang Xin , Li Xiaoyan , Zhang Yifei , Zhao Yuan , Qian Jian , Hao Chunling , Zhou Jiaqi , Wu Yifan
Published: March 2021

Seawater quality degradation is caused by diverse, non-linearly interacting factors, knowledge of which is essential for understanding and predicting water quality trends. Currently, most water-quality research has been based on certain assumptions to employ linear approaches for solving simplified problems, such as numerical simulations or cumulative impact assessments. To improve the accuracy and ease of prediction, the random forest method has been increasingly employed as a good alternative to traditional prediction methods. In the present study, the random forest method was adopted to construct a model of the water quality response of Xincun Lagoon to anthropogenic nutrient inputs based on a limited amount of sample data, aiming to (a) identify the critical sources of nutrient inputs that affect the meeting of water quality objectives so as to minimize the socioeconomic impact on secondary stakeholders; and (b) predict the impact of a reduction of anthropogenic nutrient inputs on water quality improvement. It can be seen from the results that the intensity of stressors generated by different human activities presents an obvious non-linear superposition pattern, and the random forest method is one of the feasible solutions to this phenomenon; in addition, the impact on the lagoon ecosystem is not directly related to the intensity of the pressure source, for example, coastal aquaculture is more important than shallow sea cage aquaculture. Therefore, the method established in this paper can be used to identify the key pressure sources during the restoration of the lagoon environment, so as to achieve the unity of economy and effectiveness.
Association between NO2 concentrations and spatial configuration: a study of the impacts of COVID-19 lockdowns in 54 US cities
Authors: Wong Man Sing , Zhu Rui , Yin Tung Kwok Coco , Kwan Mei-Po , Santi Paolo , Ho Liu Chun , Qin Kai , Lee Kwon Ho , Heo Joon , Li Hon , Ratti Carlo
Published: March 2021

The massive lockdown of global cities during the COVID-19 pandemic is substantially improving the atmospheric environment, which for the first time, urban mobility is virtually reduced to zero, and it is then possible to establish a baseline for air quality. By comparing these values with pre-COVID-19 data, it is possible to infer the likely effect of urban mobility and spatial configuration on the air quality. In the present study, a time-series prediction model is enhanced to estimate the nationwide NO2 concentrations before and during the lockdown measures in the United States, and 54 cities are included in the study. The prediction generates a notable NO2 difference between the observations if the lockdown is not considered, and the changes in urban mobility can explain the difference. It is found that the changes in urban mobility associated with various road textures have a significant impact on NO2 dispersion in different types of climates.
Observations on BPS observables in 6D
Authors: Drukker Nadav , Trépanier Maxime
Published: March 2021

We study possible geometries and R-symmetry breaking patterns that lead to globally BPS surface operators in the six dimensional

N
=

(

2
,
0

)

theory. We find four main classes of solutions in different subspaces of

R

6

and a multitude of subclasses and specific examples. We prove that these constructions lead to supersymmetry preserving observables and count the number of preserved supercharges. We discuss the underlying geometry, calculate their anomalies and present analogous structures for the holographic dual M2-branes in AdS
7 × S
4. We also comment on the dimensional reduction of these observables to line and surface operators in 4D and 5D theories. This rich spectrum of operators is proposed as the simplest and most natural observables of this mysterious theory.
Effect of exhalation flow rates and level of nitric oxide output on accuracy of linear approximation of pulmonary nitric oxide dynamics
Authors: Karvonen Tuomas , Lehtimäki Lauri
Published: March 2021

The method of Tsoukias and George (T and G) is a commonly used linear approximation of pulmonary nitric oxide (NO) dynamics that can be used to calculate bronchial NO output (JawNO) and alveolar NO concentration (CANO). We aimed to investigate how flow rate range in exhaled NO measurements and levels of pulmonary NO parameters affect the accuracy of the T and G method. This study has three parts. (a) A theoretical part demonstrating how different exhalation flow rates and NO parameter levels affect the accuracy of the T and G method, (b) testing how exhalation flow rate range affects the method in a sample of asthmatic and healthy subjects, and (c) a meta-analysis of published literature to test whether minimum flow rate has an association with the NO parameter values. We found that both the chosen exhalation flow rates and magnitude of the pulmonary NO parameters affect the accuracy of the T and G method. Underestimation of J
awNO increased with lower flow rates and higher bronchial diffusion factor of NO (DawNO), while overestimation of CANO increased with higher DawNO and bronchial wall NO concentration (CawNO) and lower CANO. Of the NO parameters, CANO was the most prone to bias and high DawNO was the most significant factor causing the bias. Furthermore, we found that using 40 ml s−1 as the lowest flow rate in our sample and 50 ml s−1 in the meta-analysis compared to 100 ml s−1 resulted in higher CANO, but JawNO was not statistically significantly affected. We have provided objective evidence that not only the flow rates used but also the magnitude of NO output in the test subjects affect the accuracy of the T and G method. We suggest that flow rates below 100 ml s−1 should not be used with the T and G method to maintain accuracy.
Comparative analysis of the effectiveness of types of economic control in the tourism sector in the Russian Federation
Authors: Boyko A N , Galkin A I , Barmenkova N A , Zudenkova S A
Published: March 2021

As part of the current study it is hypothesized that the effectiveness of types of economic control depends on the economic sector to which it is applied. The purpose of the study is to compare and analyse the effectiveness of types of financial control in relation to enterprises of the tourism sector. In this paper, a methodology for assessing types of economic control is presented. The results of the study partially confirm the hypothesis put forward by the author that the effectiveness of a particular type of control depends largely on the economic sector (as indicated by the results of the evaluation of statistical control, which is poorly applicable to tourism), but only partially. It is established, that the most effective for a tourism enterprise can be considered a combination of audit, financial and accounting controls, with the latter type of control preferably used as an intermediate instead of financial control. All this will simultaneously save enterprise resources and successfully track the performance of its activities.
The Chinese steel market transformation influenced by the economic recession
Authors: Saltykova Yana
Published: March 2021

Since the beginning of 2020, sharp changes in China's economy have affected virtually all sectors of the country's production. Temporary decline in China's steel production and demand due to the coronavirus outbreak and associated restrictions may lead to the increased production of these goods in other countries and increased steel stocks stored in warehouses, which would have a negative impact on the world steel prices. The virus concentration in China, following a high steel production growth and exports since 2003, has created a demand vacuum throughout the region. At the same time, the world steel stocks are quite high and can compensate for the decline in steel production in China, which will affect the market transformation in whole. However, it should be borne in mind that the Industrial Revolution penetrates the entire added value chain, defining a set of technological solutions in metallurgy, which improves the prospects for further industry development and strengthening positions after a stagnation period. In this context, the dynamics of major economic indicators with regard to steel in China is relevant to study, which will allow to determine the short-term metallurgy development trends and the world steel market dynamics in general.
Current methods of formation of agricultural machinery park in the conditions of Lipetsk region
Authors: Korotkikh Iuliia , Chutcheva Iuliia , Bogdanov Vitalii
Published: March 2021

Agricultural machinery has a special influence. Nowadays, the state of the material and technical base of the agribusiness is a deterrent to technological modernization. Over the past 20 years, the machine-tractor park and energy supply have decreased more than 2.5 times. The current direction of sustainable development for agriculture is modernization of the technological sphere of production. On the example of Lipetsk region, the article considers the current condition of the crop production industry, identifies agricultural culture, which has priority cultivation in the region and considers the dynamics of the number of agricultural machineries in the region. In order to determine the role of agricultural machinery on grain yield, we have determined quantitative changes in the dependence of grain yield on the factors providing it by means of correlation and regression analysis, after which a close link has been revealed between the availability of agricultural machinery and yield. After the analysis, there were proposed the current directions of reproduction of the material and technical base of enterprises of the agro-industrial complex of Lipets region, exactly, the creation of machine and technological stations to provide small and medium-sized agricultural producers with equipment for cultivation of crops, which would help them to process the available land area in a timely manner. Support from the State is a special role in reproducing the material and technical base of the agro-industrial complex. It is worth noting that currently the existing benefits and subsidies allocated to support agriculture are more applicable for large agro-industrial complexes, thus small and medium-sized agricultural producers are left without appropriate support. It is important to ensure a system of state support in such way that is taken into account the proportionality of this support among large, medium and small agricultural producers.
The image of Syria in the world media, and its impact on the implementation of the anti-crisis strategy
Authors: Basem Assaf , Dzhandzhugazova E A
Published: March 2021

The article presents an analysis of the image of Syria in the world's leading media (for example, the British, Chinese and Russian media). The need for such an analysis is due to the fact that based on the results obtained, it will be possible to predict the effectiveness of the implementation of the developed anti-crisis strategy of Syria. The results of the study reflect the degree of awareness of the general population about the events of Syria, as well as the tonality of publications about the country. The calculations revealed trends in the level of interest in the country, as well as the ratio of positive and negative information about it in the media. The predicted values of the analyzed data were calculated and recommendations were made on the introduction of the anti-crisis strategy of Syria (on its revision).
Directions of strategic development and project management in Russia
Authors: Boyko A N , Panina O V , Galkin A I , Zudenkova S A
Published: March 2021

The article investigates the present-day problems of strategic development in Russia and the possibilities of their solution on the basis of the project approach. The main problems of implementation of innovative development and project approach are defined and systematized. Methodological approaches to their solution and improvement of project management taking into account advanced innovative development are proposed. The main obstacle to the application of project management methodology is the lack of elaboration of methods, mechanisms and tools for the management of innovative projects in high-tech enterprises of Russia. Great hopes in Russia are cantered on the development of a state innovative project management strategy, within which development and implementation of a program to restore production potential based on technological modernization of industry, as well as creation of a forward strategic fundamental scientific foundation for future development are necessary.
Development of public control in the system of financial control of the Russian Federation
Authors: Krasyukova N L , Panina O V , Galkin A I , Lukichev K E
Published: March 2021

The article conducts a study of the theoretical and methodological provisions and approaches to the construction and development of state-public financial control in the financial control system of the Russian Federation. The author of the work analysed the current public control system in the Russian Federation. In the process of writing the article, several measures were proposed to improve the efficiency of the financial control system of the Russian Federation. Improving public control in the financial control system requires significant changes to the system of external and internal control, critical assessment of functioning control models, initiation of responsibility for ensuring social progress not only of controlled objects, but above all – subjects of control. Based on a retrospective study and methodological foundations of the development of the state-public financial control system, the limitations of the current financial control system are revealed and directions for its further modernization are proposed. The author used general scientific and special methods of retrospective analysis, comparison, and scientific abstraction.
Criteria of differentiation of forms and methods of state financial control in Russia
Authors: Prokofiev S E , Muravieva T V , Kirillova O S , Galkin A I
Published: March 2021

In the paper the variants of application of the state financial control in management of the state financial resources are considered. It creates necessary preconditions for implementation in the state of effective economic policy. On the basis of the analysis of scientific approaches, which are presented today in the domestic professional literature, the paper distinguishes the main forms and methods of state financial control and clarification of the most significant classification features and criteria of differentiation of forms and methods of state financial control, proving the need to take into account these provisions when making public management decisions. The author has determined that specific methods are used to implement the functions of the state financial control, which are an expression of the principles of a common approach to the object of control. The basis of these principles is a set of techniques that make it possible to comprehensively study the legality, reliability, feasibility and economic efficiency of financial transactions and processes. Result of work. We believe that the most promising direction for further research is the generalization of modern scientific approaches to the definition of the concept of "state financial control" and clarification of the defining principles of the introduction of appropriate activities, taking into account the specifics of the modern realities of the economic life of our country. Scope of the results: subjects of public administration. Summary: the use of the whole set of forms and methods of this state management activity in their close interaction allows preventing the loss of control over the course of economic processes and the formation of uncontrolled segments in the financial sphere.
Weed control in oil flax sowings
Authors: Lucomets V M , Bushnev A S , Orekhov G I
Published: March 2021

The conducted research was aimed at studying new systems of weed plants control during cultivation of oil flax. We carried out the field studies in the south of Russia in the Krasnodar region on leached chernozem during 3 years. We found that the application of preemergent herbicides Frontier Optima, EC (1.2 l/ha) and Dual Gold, EC (1.6 l/ha) provides an efficient weed control, contributes to higher crop productivity and cost-effectiveness indicators compared to the used in the production method of spraying vegetative plants with a tank mixture of herbicides. The application of preemergent herbicides will increase the competitiveness of oil flax cultivation and help receiving good economic effect. The herbicide Gardo Gold, SC (4.0 l/ha) and a tank mixture of herbicides Dual Gold, EC (1.6 l/ha) + Gezagard, SC (3.5 l/ha) are not recommended for application on oil flax due to the phytotoxic effect on the crop, which decreases the yield and oil content of seeds.
The foreign experience of public-private implementation
Authors: Tselikhina Irina V
Published: March 2021

This article is devoted to the issue of comparing the practice of applying public-private partnership models in foreign and domestic practice. It proposes to consider the application of the mechanism of public-private partnership (PPP), the development of which is defined as a strategic direction of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation, in the system of social protection of the population. The analysis allows us to draw the following conclusions: in both Russian and international practice, public-private partnership requires the coincidence of the interests of public and private partners. The structure of PPP models in the world practice is somewhat different from the Russian one, however, legislation allows to transform models directly by direct agreement between its participants. The article also draws the following conclusions: firstly, PPP projects in the world practice are characterized by a variety of forms and application mechanisms, which makes them virtually a universal tool for solving various kinds of long-term tasks in a wide range of applications, and secondly, there is a shift in emphasis towards energy, which allows us to talk about finding new growth points.
Digital economy development in the agro-industrial complex of the Russian Federation
Authors: Pivovarov V F , Soldatenko A V , Razin O A , Shatilov M V , Ivanova M I
Published: March 2021

In 2017, the digital revolution entered a crucial phase. Digital transformation is one of the main drivers of global economic growth. Today, Russia has a unique chance to realize its potential in the digital revolution and take its rightful place among its leaders. The paper describes the current level of digitalization on the example of agribusiness enterprises, and indicates the development path for the coming years. The forecast of the expected effect of digitalization implementation is given, as well as the need for modernization is explained. The problems that will allow agricultural producers to solve the transition to the figure are described. On the other hand, digitalization, like any change, carries risks for both companies and citizens. The paper considers the most likely of them.
Economic efficiency of growing amaranth in Dagestan
Authors: Magomedmirzoeva R G , Dogeev G D , Pivovarov V F , Gins V K , Gins M S
Published: March 2021

Leaves and seeds of food types of amaranth are rich in water-soluble protein that does not contain gluten, and a variety of essential and minor components necessary for the functioning of the human body. The results of studying the technological methods of amaranth cultivation, its physiological and biochemical properties and economic efficiency in the Republic of Dagestan are presented. The introduction of highly productive agricultural crop amaranth with a high protein content with a full set of essential amino acids, biologically active substances and mineral elements opens up wide prospects for its multi-purpose use in agriculture, aimed at accelerating the scientific and technical development of agro-industrial production. Crop has great prospects both in Dagestan and in other regions of Russia, being a valuable raw material for creating functional products.
Economic feasibility of a narrow row method of growing carrot seeds at non-transplanting culture in the conditions of Stavropol region
Authors: Sirota S M , Stepanov V A , Podorogin V A , Vetrova S A , Vyurts T S
Published: March 2021

The influence of three schemes of carrot sowing was studied: sowing with a vegetable seeder VS-4.2 with row spacing of 70 cm, a grain seeder GS-5.4 with row spacing of 15 cm and a MaterMacc seeder using a 25+20x20x20x20x20+25 cm – on the seed yield, their sowing qualities and economic efficiency of non-transplanting seed production. The studies found that the use of MaterMacc seeder in direct seed production of carrot varieties Marlinka provides the necessary density and high survival rate of plants after overwintering, at the same time, on one hectare, testes of the first and second types of branching are formed with more complete seeds. The use of different seeding schemes did not significantly affect the mass of 1000 seeds. Seed germination rates also did not depend on the seeding scheme, but the greatest germination was observed in the control and experiment with the MaterMacc seeder. The new technology using the MaterMacc seeder allows increasing the yield of seeds by 3.2 times, reduce their cost by 3 times and achieve a profitability level of 288.8%.
Economic efficiency of using urban sewage sludge in combination with zeolite-containing agricultural ore at cultivating crops of grain fallow row-crop rotation
Authors: Stelmakh K N , Arefyev A N , Soldatenko A V , Vershinin Yu A
Published: March 2021

Further intensification of agricultural production and crop yield growth will be accompanied by an increase in the cost of non-renewable energy, including through the increasing use of fertilizers. Therefore, in the future, it is important to develop and use energy-efficient production technologies that use less energy to produce agricultural products. The paper shows the influence of reclamation norms of urban sewage sludge (USS) and their combinations with natural zeolite on the economic efficiency of growing crops of grain fallow crop rotation. Studies showed that the use of urban sewage sludge as a fertilizer and the integrated use of USS with zeolite-containing agricultural ore pay off economically. The maximum net income was provided by the combined application of urban sewage sludge at the rates of 160 and 180 t/ha in combination with zeolite. The amount of conditional net income from their application was 13.51-13.62 thousand rubles/ha.