bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Origin of Gravity in “Quantum Light Theory”.
Authors: Vegt Wim
Published: October 2022

Differently than in General Relativity, the Interaction between Gravity and Light fundamentally has been based in Quantum Light Theory on the Gravitational-Electromagnetic Interaction. Instead of a curved Space-Time continuum in General Relativity, the curved path of a beam of light within a gravitational field in Quantum Light Theory has been based on the interaction between the Gravitational Field and a Non-Homogeneous Confined Electromagnetic field. In Quantum Light Theory (QLT) the Electromagnetic Energy Gradient creates through a second order effect Lorentz Transformation the Gravitational Field which determines the interaction force density between the confinements of Light (GEONs) and the Gravitational Field.A valuable way to test theories describing the interaction between gravity and light is the phenomenon of Gravitational Redshift. The differences in result between measuring the Gravitational Redshift between an atomic clock in an ESA satellite in a Galileo orbit and a corresponding atomic clock at a ground station are smaller than 17 digits after the decimal point, between General Relativity and Quantum Light Theory.
Joko Widodo Views on Women's Interests Before and During the Pandemic Based on Social-Media
Authors: Dewi Machya Astuti , Rachmawati Iva
Published: October 2022

The COVID-19 Pandemic has had many impacts on Indonesian women. As one of the pilot countries for the HeForShe project campaigned by UN Women, it is interesting to analyze how the President of Indonesia responds to this phenomenon. Many studies focus on the impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on women. But, there is a lack of research on how the government responds to women's interests during the Pandemic compared to the situation before the Pandemic. Using a qualitative approach, this study analyses how the President of Indonesia views women's interests before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Two official social-media of the President of Republic Indonesia Joko Widodo: The Official Twitter Account of the President of Indonesia @jokowi and The Official Facebook Account of The President of Indonesia @Jokowi · Minat are used as the primary data sources. The findings indicate that before the COVID-19 Pandemic, President Joko Widodo gave significant attention to strategic women's interests such as subordination and gender equality. But the situation changed during the Pandemic. The President views the fulfillment of daily needs such as food and health as more urgent for women in the COVID-19 Pandemic than strategic interests. This study highlights that in a crisis, the focus of the government policy is safe for the people first (women and men) to fulfill their basic needs. The gender equality agenda is becoming marginalized.
Rainbow Colormaps: What are they good and bad for?
Authors: Reda Khairi
Published: October 2022

Guidelines for color use in quantitative visualizations have strongly discouraged the use of rainbow colormaps, arguing instead for smooth designs that do not induce visual discontinuities or implicit color categories. However, the empirical evidence behind this argument has been mixed and, at times, even contradictory. In practice, rainbow colormaps are widely used, raising questions about the true utility or dangers of such designs. We study how color categorization impacts the interpretation of scalar fields. We first introduce an approach to detect latent categories in colormaps. We hypothesize that the appearance of color categories in scalar visualizations can be beneficial in that they enhance the perception of certain features, although at the cost of rendering other features less noticeable. In three crowdsourced experiments, we show that observers are more likely to discriminate global, distributional features when viewing colorful scales that induce categorization (e.g., rainbow or diverging schemes). Conversely, when seeing the same data through a less colorful representation, observers are more likely to report localized features defined by small variations in the data. Participants showed awareness of these different affordances, and exhibited bias for exploiting the more discriminating colormap, given a particular feature type. Our results demonstrate costs and benefits for rainbows (and similarly colorful schemes), suggesting that their complementary utility for analyzing scalar data should not be dismissed. In addition to explaining potentially valid uses of rainbow, our study provides actionable guidelines, including on when such designs can be more harmful than useful. Data and materials are available at https://osf.io/xjhtf
Những nhà khoa học xuất sắc thì cần được đầu tư mạnh mẽ hơn
Authors: Linh Thùy
Published: October 2022

Tạp chí điện tử Giáo dục Việt Nam có cuộc trao đổi với Tiến sĩ Phạm Hiệp- Giám đốc nghiên cứu, Trung tâm Nghiên cứu và Phát triển giáo dục Edlab Asia, một chuyên gia về giáo dục đại học những nhìn nhận và kỳ vọng về vấn đề phát triển khoa học công nghệ nước nhà.
Hai người Việt Nam lọt top 10.000 nhà khoa học có trích dẫn ảnh hưởng nhất thế giới năm 2022
Authors: Huê Nghiêm
Published: October 2022

TPO - Kết quả vừa công bố ngày 10/10. Tác giả của công bố này vẫn là nhóm Metrics của giáo sư John P.A. Ioannidis và các cộng sự của Đại học Stanford của Hoa Kỳ nghiên cứu và công bố trên tạp chí PLoS Biology của Hoa Kỳ.Phương pháp sắp xếp gồm: chỉ tính tác giả người Việt và sở hữu tại 1 trường ĐH Việt Nam; lọc một số tác giả trùng nhau xuất hiện nhiều lần trong bảng xếp hạng, chỉ lấy vị trí cao nhất; lọc theo top 10.000 và 100.000 nhà khoa học.
Digital Health Randomized Controlled Trials Among Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Literature Search
Authors: Jahre Lisa Maria , Beckord Jil
Published: October 2022

A systematic literature search on the topic of digital health randomized controlled trials among patients with cardiovascular diseases was conducted as part of the application for funding of clinical trials of high relevance to patient care to the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). Between August and October 2022, the databases Medline/PubMed, Cochrane Library, clinicaltrials.gov, German Clinical Trials Regist and International Clinical Trials Search Portal have been searched by two experienced staff members. The search resulted into 244 research articles, of which 16 were considered relevant after title and abstract review.
PEMBERIAN OBAT PARENTERAL
Authors: Sandriansyah Resca Savira
Published: October 2022

Dalam dunia kesehatan, obat merupakan bagian yang sangat penting untuk tercapainya kesembuhan pasien. Obat memiliki banyak jenis yang beredar dipasaran, adapun contohnya dalam bentuk tablet, pil, kapsul, sirup dan lain-lain. Pada konsumen anak-anak, sering menggunakan obat tablet atau pil yang dihaluskan. Penyebab dihaluskanya obat tablet atau pil dikarenakan bentuknya yang padat sehingga anak-anak susah mengkonsumsinya. Menghaluskan obat pil dan tablet selain dipergunakan untuk mempermudah anak-anak dalam mengkonsumsinya, juga sebagai bahan untuk membuat obat kapsul. Apoteker menggunakan alat mortir untuk menghaluskan obat. Alat mortir memiliki teknologi yang sangat sederhana dan dioperasikan secara manual. Dengan penggunaan teknologi sederhana tersebut membutuhkan waktu yang lama dalam penggerusan obat dan tenaga yang dikeluarkan oleh apoteker cukup banyak. Untuk memperingan kerja apoteker, maka penulis merancang alat Automatic Mortar Berbasis Microcontroller AVR ATmega 8 sebagai upaya untuk mempermudah apoteker dalam melakukan proses penggerusan baik dari keefisienan waktu penggerusan dan untuk meminimalisir tenaga yang dikeluarkan oleh apoteker.Dalam pembuatan alat penggerus obat otomatis ini memanfaatkan pisau penggerus sebagai media untuk penghancur obatnya. Pisau penggerus yang sudah terintegrasi dengan motor AC dan microcontroller sebagai pengendali sistem mampu menghaluskan obat dengan waktu yang cepat. Pada penelitian ini mendapatkan rata-rata selisih antara penggunaan automatic mortar dan mortar manual ada sebesar 17,63 detik, dengan tingkat kehalusan yang hampir seragam. Untuk alat automatic mortar mendapatkan rata-rata 84,3% obat halus dan pada alat mortir manual memperoleh hasil 79,8% obat halus.
Vietnam has many representatives in the list of the most influential scientists in the world in 2022
Authors: Ethel Ethel
Published: October 2022

According to the ranking published by Elsevier Publishing House, many Vietnamese scientists have entered the list of “100,000 influential scientists” in 2022.The list was developed by a group of scientists led by Professor John PA Ioannidis of Stanford University (USA) based on the Scopus database exploitation of Elsevier Publishing House.
A survey of researchers' methods sharing practices and priorities
Authors: LaFlamme Marcel , Harney James , Hrynaszkiewicz Iain
Published: October 2022

Missing or inaccessible information about the methods used in scientific research slows the pace of discovery and hampers reproducibility. Yet little is known about how, why, and under what conditions researchers share detailed methods information, or about how such practices vary across social categories like career stage, field, and region. We surveyed 997 active researchers about their attitudes and behaviors with respect to methods sharing. The most common approach reported by respondents was private sharing upon request, but a substantial minority (33%) had publicly shared detailed methods information independently of their research findings. The most widely used channels for public sharing were connected to peer-reviewed publications, while the most significant barriers to public sharing were found to be lack of time and lack of awareness about how or where to share. Insofar as respondents were moderately satisfied with their ability to accomplish various goals associated with methods sharing, we conclude that efforts to promote public sharing may wish to focus on enhancing and building awareness of existing solutions—even as future research should seek to understand the needs of methods users and the extent to which they align with prevailing practices of sharing.
Dislocation and disclination densities in experimentally deformed polycrystalline olivine
Authors: Demouchy Sylvie , Thieme Manuel , Barou Fabrice , Beausir Benoit , Taupin Vincent , Cordier Patrick
Published: October 2022

We report a comprehensive dataset characterizing and quantifying the dislocation density in the crystallographic frame (ρ_α^c) and disclination density (ρ_θ) in fine-grained polycrystalline olivine deformed in uniaxial compression or torsion, at 1000 °C and 1200 °C, under a confining pressure of 300 MPa. Finite strains range from 0.11 up to 8.6 % and stresses reach up to 1073 MPa. The data set is a selection of 19 electron backscatter diffraction maps acquired with conventional angular resolution (0.5°), but at high spatial resolution (step size from 0.05 to 0.1 µm). Thanks to analytical improvement for data acquisition and treatment with notably the use ATEX software, we report spatial distribution of both geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) and disclination densities. Area with the highest GND densities define subgrain boundaries. The type of GND densities involved also indicate that most olivine subgrain boundaries have mixed character. Moreover, strategy for visualization also permit to identify a population of minor GND, not well organized. Low temperature and high stress sample displays a higher, but less organized GND density than sample deformed at high temperature for similar finite strain and identical strain rate, confirming the action of dislocation creep in these samples, even for small grain (2 m). Furthermore, disclination dipoles along grain boundaries are identified in every undeformed and deformed EBSD maps, mostly at the triple junction of a grain boundary with a subgrain, but also along sub-grain boundaries, and at subgrain boundary tips. Nevertheless, for the range of parameters investigated, there is no notable correlation of the disclination density with stress, strain, or temperature. However, a positive correlation between average disclination density and average GND density per grain is found confirming their similar role as defects producing intragranular misorientation. Furthermore, a negative correlation between the disclination density and the grain size or perimeter is found, providing a first rule of thumb on the distribution of disclinations. Field Disclination and Dislocation Mechanics simulations of the elastic fields due to experimentally measured dislocations and disclinations (e.g. strains/rotations and stresses), provide further evidence of the interplay between both types of defects. At last, our results also support that disclinations act as a plastic deformation mechanism, by allowing rotation of a very small crystal volume.
Trait-based modeling revealed higher microbial diversity leads to greater ecological resilience in response to an ecosystem disturbance
Authors: Wang Jiaze , Coles Victoria , Stukel Michael , Mason Olivia
Published: October 2022

To quantitatively understand the ecological resilience of an ecosystem with specialized habitats, we focused on deep-sea microbial communities and simulated the response of diverse microbes in specialized habitats to a pulse ecosystem disturbance - the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico. Two microbial communities with equivalent metabolic libraries were acclimated to the presence (“seep-adapted community”) or absence (“naïve community”) of natural seeps, then their metabolic and ecological responses following the disturbance were compared on both individual and community scales. Higher variability in functional metabolisms in the naïve community without selection pressure created less predictable response to the disturbance. Although spatially and temporally varying degradation rates resulted from the individual complexity of simulated degraders and their interactions with overall community, seep-adapted communities were more efficient in utilizing substrate when spatially averaged. Seep-adapted communities also had more heterogeneous diversity patterns across space and time and presented lower resistance and higher resilience in returning to baseline conditions following the disturbance. The model suggests that communities exposed to transient pulse disturbance or exchanging species with specialized habitats under selection for the disturbance may have greater sustainability in response to disturbance.
Inclination and heterogeneity of layered geological sequences influence dike-induced ground deformation
Authors: Clunes Matías , Browning John , Marquardt Carlos , Cortez Jorge , Drymoni Kyriaki , Kavanagh Janine
Published: October 2022

Constraints on the amount and pattern of ground deformation induced by dike emplacement are important for assessing potential eruptions. The vast majority of ground deformation inversions made for volcano monitoring during volcanic unrest assume that dikes are emplaced in either an elastic-half space (a homogeneous crust) or a crust made of horizontal layers with different mechanical properties. Here, we extend these models by designing a novel set of two-dimensional Finite Element Method numerical simulations that consider dike-induced surface deformations related to a mechanically heterogeneous crust with inclined layers, thus modelling a common geometry in stratovolcanoes and crustal segments that have been folded by tectonic forces. Our results confirm that layer inclination can produce localized ground deformations which may be up to 40 times higher in terms of deformation magnitude than would be expected in a non-layered model, depending on the angle of inclination and the stiffness of the rock units that host, and are adjacent to the dike. Generated asymmetrical deformation patterns produce deformation peaks located as much as 1.4 km away from those expected in non-layered models. These results highlight the necessity to accurately quantify both the mechanical properties and attitude of the geology underlying active volcanoes.
Error-driven upregulation of memory representations
Authors: Weuthen Alexander , Kirschner Hans , Ullsperger Markus
Published: October 2022

Learning an association does not always succeed on the first attempt. Previous studies associated increased error signals in posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC) with improved memory formation. However, the neurophysiological mechanisms that facilitate post-error learning remain poorly understood. To address this gap, participants performed a novel feedback-based association learning task and a 1-back localizer task. Increased hemodynamic responses in pMFC were found for internal and external origins of memory error evidence, and during post-error encoding success as quantified by subsequent recall of face-associated memories. A localizer-based machine learning model displayed a network of cognitive control regions, including pMFC and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, whose activity was related to face-processing evidence in the fusiform face area. Representation strength was higher during failed recall and increased during encoding when subsequent recall succeeded. These data enhance our understanding of the neurophysiological mechanisms of adaptive learning by linking the need for learning with increased processing of the relevant stimulus category.
How much is enough? The relationship between prosocial effort and moral character judgments
Authors: Berry Zachariah , Lucas Brian Jeffrey
Published: October 2022

The amount of effort required to bring about a prosocial outcome can vary from low—handing a stranger the wallet she just dropped—to high—spending days tracking down the owner of a lost wallet. The goal of the current research is to characterize the relationship between prosocial effort and moral character judgments. Does more prosocial effort always lead to rosier moral character judgments? Across four studies (N = 1,658), we find that moral character judgments increase with prosocial effort to a point and then plateau. We find evidence that this pattern is produced, in part, by descriptive and prescriptive norms: exceeding descriptive norms increases moral character judgments, but exceeding prescriptive norms has the opposite effect, which leads to a tapering off of moral character judgments at higher levels of effort.
Social Gaze Cueing Elicits Facilitatory and Inhibitory Effects on Movement Execution when the Model might Act on an Object
Authors: Wang Xiaoye Michael , Karlinsky April , Constable Merryn Dale , Gregory Samantha , Welsh Timothy N.
Published: October 2022

Social cues, such as eye gaze and pointing fingers, can increase the prioritization of specific locations for cognitive processing. A previous study using a manual reaching task showed that, although both gaze and pointing cues altered target prioritization (indexed via reaction times [RTs]), only pointing cues affected action execution (indexed via trajectory deviations). This discrepancy in the effects of gaze and pointing cues on action execution could be because the gaze cue was conveyed through a disembodied head; hence, the model lacked the potential for a body part (i.e., hands) to interact with the target. In the present study, the image of a male gaze model, whose gaze direction coincided with two potential target locations, was centrally presented. The model either had his arms and hands extended underneath the potential target locations, indicating the potential to act on the targets (Experiment 1) or had his arms crossed in front of his chest, indicating a lack of potential to act (Experiment 2). Participants reached to a target that followed a nonpredictive gaze cue at one of three stimulus onset asynchronies (SOA; 100, 350, or 850ms). RTs and reach trajectories of the movements to cued and uncued targets were analyzed. RTs showed a facilitation effect for both Experiments 1 and 2, whereas trajectory analysis revealed facilitatory and inhibitory effects, depending on the SOA, but only in Experiment 1. Results of this study confirmed that when the gaze model has the potential to interact with the cued target location, the model’s gaze would not only affect target prioritization, but also movement execution.
Measuring Intolerance of Uncertainty after Acquired Brain Injury. Part 1: The Factor Structure of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale-12
Authors: Kusec Andrea , Murphy Fionnuala Catherine , Peers Polly V. , Manly Tom
Published: October 2022

Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) is a risk factor for poor mental health. Acquired brain injury (ABI), such as stroke or traumatic brain injury, often brings considerable uncertainty. This is the first of a two-part investigation of the psychometric properties of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale-12 (IUS-12) in ABI. Here, we evaluate its internal consistency and factor structure in 176 adults with ABI. A two-factor structure (Prospective Anxiety and Inhibitory Anxiety) was superior to a one-factor model. However, some fit statistics were unacceptable. In an exploratory factor analysis, a new two-factor model emerged with a superior fit. A bifactor model provided even better fit, though the sample size precluded exhaustive evaluation. For now, retaining the original Prospective Anxiety and Inhibitory Anxiety subscales is recommended for ABI. IUS-12 scores did not differ pre- or during COVID-19 assessment, suggesting the IUS-12 is measuring individual differences regardless of uncertainty levels.
The impact of free will beliefs on implicit learning
Authors: Wisniewski David , Rigoni Davide , Vermeylen Luc , Braem Senne , Abrahamse Elger , Brass Marcel
Published: October 2022

A growing number of studies demonstrate that belief in free will (FWB) is dynamic, and can be reduced experimentally. Most of these studies assume that doing so has beneficial effects on behavior, as FWBs are thought to subdue unwanted automatic processes (e.g. racial stereotypes). However, relying on automatic processes can sometimes be advantageous, for instance during implicit learning (e.g. detecting and exploiting statistical regularities in the environment). In this registered report, we tested whether experimentally reducing FWBs positively affected implicit motor learning. We hypothesized that reducing FWBs would lead to both faster and stronger implicit learning, as measured using the alternating serial reaction time (ASRT) task. While we did show a manipulation effect on free will beliefs, there was no detectable effect on implicit learning processes. This finding adds to the growing body of evidence that free will belief manipulations do not meaningfully affect downstream behavior.
Implementing Disciplines of Neuroeconomics to Study the Causing Factors of Emergence For Adolescent Perturbation and Depression
Authors: soni arnav , srivastava sarvagya
Published: October 2022

Major depressive disorder, also known as MDD, is characterized by an extreme sensitivity to negative feedback, possibly related to frontocingulate abnormalities. One of the signs of MDD is a heightened sensitivity to negative input. Electrophysiological responses to negative internal and external inputs are increased in patients with MDD. Using a task requiring probabilistic punishment learning, we explored feedback-related negativity (FRN) in both RD (remitted depressed) and control participants. The bulk of experimental paradigms have been non-social, considering the importance of investigating the functional domain of reward in adolescent depression. In this study, we hypothesize that the processes and concepts of neuroeconomics can fill this gap in the existing scope of research. We will explore a social incentive model that is used to explain teenage depression vulnerability. This model was created to encapsulate how adolescent suicide is more prevalent than adult suicide. Next, we demonstrate how the study of neuroeconomics has the potential to improve the accuracy of this model by providing the means to research the mechanisms of social interactions that either contribute to the maintenance of depression or put individuals at risk for developing it. We offer a neureoeconomic model of adolescent depression as a result. According to this paradigm, depression is a disruption of the incentive and reward exchange that occurs between interpersonal ties. This model is designed to serve as a roadmap for future study.
Does Acquiescence disagree with Measurement Invariance Testing?
Authors: D'Urso E. Damiano , Tijmstra Jesper , Vermunt Jeroen , De Roover Kim
Published: October 2022

Measurement invariance (MI) is required for validly comparing latent constructs measured by multiple ordinal self-report items. Non-invariances may occur when disregarding(group differences in) an acquiescence response style (ARS; an agreeing tendency regardless of item content). If non-invariance results solely from neglecting ARS, one should not worry about scale inequivalences but model the ARS instead. In a simulation study, we investigated the effect of ARS on MI testing, both when including ARS as a factor in the measurement model or not. For (semi-) balanced scales, disregarding a large ARS resulted in non-invariance already at the configural level. This was resolved by including an ARS factor for all groups. For unbalanced scales, disregarding ARS did not affect testing, and including an ARS factor often resulted in non-convergence. Implications and recommendations for applied research are discussed.
Transferring paradigms from physical to virtual reality: Can reaction time effects be replicated in a virtual setting?
Authors: Wiesing Michael , Steinkönig Hendrik W. , Vossel Simone , Fink Gereon R. , Weidner Ralph
Published: October 2022

In recent years, virtual reality (VR) has gained increasing popularity as a neuroscience and experimental psychology research tool. However, whether the same cognitive processes are engaged in experiments conducted in front of a computer monitor or immersive VR is still an open question. For example, acting in a VR environment may demand particular cognitive effort, thereby reducing other processes’ capacities. Moreover, different findings may emerge due to basic technical differences regarding, e.g., visual stimulation. So far, studies directly comparing monitor-based and VR experiments remain scarce. We examined whether fundamental differences in stimulus generation of head-mounted displays (HMDs) compared to standard monitors affect early visual processing. A previously introduced experimental paradigm (Wiesing et al., 2020) investigating the early processing of prediction errors of basic visual features was replicated in both the original setup and a virtual replica of the experiment. The same group of participants was tested in both experimental setups in counterbalanced order. The results did not provide any evidence that the expectation-dependent processing of basic visual features differs when conducted in VR. However, we observed higher reaction times in the non-VR experiment, possibly indicating different attentional demands between experimental setups.
Exploring the Variant Experiences Through Which Racial/Ethnic Minorities Select Art Therapy as a Career
Authors: Roberts Mary Ritchie
Published: October 2022

This study implemented a phenomenological approach to the inquiry of the careerdecisions of racial/ethnic minorities leading to selection of art therapy as a career. Gottfredson’sCareer Theory was used to design interview questions to elicit the perspectives of tenracial/ethnic minority members about their career choice of art therapy. This study used postintentionalphenomenological qualitative coding of data to understand the decisions andcontributing factors to racial/ethnic minorities selecting a career in art therapy. The findingssuggest factors including: personal characteristics, interests, personal and professional beliefs,cultural beliefs, influential people, social contexts, experiences, and encounters contributed toracial/ethnic minority participants choices of selecting art therapy as a career. Participants sharedexperiences through the life stages of childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Overall, the careerchoice experiences and perceptions of racial/ethnic minority art therapists were like literatureabout white art therapists. Factors differing from the majority were the personal characteristic ofdetermination and some cultural beliefs.
Acute nicotine abstinence amplifies subjective withdrawal symptoms and threat-evoked fear and anxiety, but not extended amygdala reactivity
Authors: Kim Hyung Cho , Kaplan Claire Marjorie , Islam Samiha , Anderson Allegra S. , Piper Megan E. , Bradford Daniel E. , Curtin John Joseph , DeYoung Kathryn A. , Smith Jason F. , Fox Andrew S. , Shackman Alexander J.
Published: October 2022

Tobacco smoking imposes a staggering burden on public health, underscoring the urgency of developing a deeper understanding of the processes that maintain addiction. Clinical and experience-sampling data highlight the importance of anxious withdrawal symptoms, but the underlying neurobiology has remained elusive. Mechanistic work in animals implicates the central extended amygdala (EAc)—including the central nucleus of the amygdala and the neighboring bed nucleus of the stria terminalis—but the translational relevance of these discoveries remains unexplored. Here we leveraged a randomized trial design, well-established threat-anticipation paradigm, and multidimensional battery of assessments to understand the consequences of 24-hour nicotine abstinence. The threat-anticipation paradigm had the expected consequences, amplifying subjective distress and arousal, and recruiting the canonical threat-anticipation network. Abstinence increased smoking urges and withdrawal symptoms, and potentiated threat-evoked distress, but had negligible consequences for EAc threat reactivity, raising questions about the translational relevance of prominent animal and human models of addiction. These observations provide a framework for conceptualizing nicotine abstinence and withdrawal, with implications for basic, translational, and clinical science.
Competence by Default: Do listeners assume that speakers are knowledgeable when computing conversational inferences?
Authors: Bale Alan Clinton , Noguchi Hisako , Rolland Marguerite , Barner David
Published: October 2022

When engaged in conversation, do listeners make default assumptions about the epistemic statesof speakers? According to some accounts, when listeners hear a sentence like “Sarah solvedsome of the math problems,” they infer by default that speakers believe that the strongerstatement involving “all” is false (i.e., that Sarah did not solve all of the problems). However,drawing on tests of reading time, eye-tracking, and manipulations of cognitive load, multiplestudies have argued that this form of inference (i.e., strong scalar implicature) is not computed bydefault. In this study, while acknowledging this claim, we explore whether important subprocessesof implicature might nevertheless involve default inferences. In particular, we testedwhether listeners assume by default that speakers are knowledgeable about alternative utterancesthat are left unsaid—a critical precondition for computing strong scalar implicatures. To do this,we tested 60 English speaking participants who heard utterances made by either knowledgeablespeakers or ignorant speakers. In addition, half of these participants were placed under cognitiveload using a dot-array memory task. We found that participants placed under load over-computedimplicatures when speakers were ignorant, as though assuming that they were knowledgeable bydefault.
The common factor of executive functions measures nothing but speed of information uptake
Authors: Löffler Christoph , Frischkorn Gidon T. , Hagemann Dirk , Sadus Kathrin , Schubert Anna-Lena
Published: October 2022

There is an ongoing debate about the unity and diversity of executive functions and their relationship with other cognitive abilities such as processing speed, working memory capacity, and intelligence. Specifically, the initially proposed unity and diversity of executive functions is challenged by discussions about (1) the factorial structure of executive functions and (2) unfavorable psychometric properties of measures of executive functions. The present study addressed two methodological limitations of previous work that may explain conflicting results: The inconsistent use of (a) accuracy-based vs. reaction time-based indicators and (b) average performance vs. difference scores. In a sample of 148 participants who completed a battery of executive function tasks, we tried to replicate the three-factor model of the three commonly distinguished executive functions shifting, updating, and inhibition by adopting data-analytical choices of previous work. After addressing the identified methodological limitations using drift-diffusion modeling, we only found one common factor of executive functions that was fully accounted for by individual differences in the speed of information uptake. No variance specific to executive functions remained. Our results suggest that individual differences common to all executive function tasks measure nothing more than individual differences in the speed of information uptake. We therefore suggest refraining from using typical executive function tasks to study substantial research questions, as these tasks are not valid for measuring individual differences in executive functions.
Temporal Dynamics of Faculty Hiring in Mathematics
Authors: FitzGerald Cody , Huang Yitong , Leisman Katelyn , Topaz Chad M.
Published: October 2022

University faculty hiring networks are known to be hierarchical, and to exacerbate various types of inequity. Still, a detailed, historical understanding of hiring dynamics lacks in many academic fields. We focus on the field of mathematics, analyzing over 120,000 records from 150 institutions over seven decades to elucidate the temporal dynamics of faculty hiring at the individual and departmental levels. We demonstrate that the disparity between the number of mathematics Ph.D.s awarded and the number of faculty positions filled has grown over time. Even institutions with the best records of faculty placement have experienced a temporal decline in the probability of their graduates obtaining a faculty position. By quantifying the mathematical prestige of each department with a network statistic, authority centrality, we find a power law relation between the prestige of one’s Ph.D. institution and the probability of obtaining a faculty position. Moreover, both time and female gender are associated with a decreased probability of obtaining a faculty position. On the departmental level, there is a group of 14 elite departments that dominate the authority centrality of the entire network consistently between 1950 and 2019. Strikingly, one department within this elite group increases its centrality scores consistently at the expense of others, which hints at the possibility for a department to improve its prestige. Our results highlight the challenges of transitioning from Ph.D. holder to faculty member in mathematics, and we hope our analysis will support efforts to understand and improve faculty hiring in mathematics.
Examining Desirability Bias in Self-Reported Turnover Intention: A List Experiment in Vietnam
Authors: Mai Nguyen Thi Ngoc , Yamada Kyohei
Published: October 2022

This paper examines desirability bias in self-reported turnover intention in survey-based research. Intention to quit a job is an important outcome variable in the research on human resource management in the public sector, and studies tend to use self-reported intention from surveys. However, since revealing an intention to quit might result in uncomfortable feelings or unfavorable employment conditions, respondents may hesitate to provide truthful answers. This paper examines the potential desirability bias by utilizing the list experiment in Vietnam. A survey involving approximately 1,100 respondents was conducted in May 2021 with respondents from both public and private sectors. The results reveal that respondents in the public sector tend to substantially underreport their intention to leave their jobs, while a moderate level of over-reporting is observed among respondents in the private sector.
Private sector involvement in social and affordable housing
Authors: Benedict Richard , Gurran Nicole , Gilbert Catherine , Hamilton Carrie , Rowley Steven , Liu Sha
Published: October 2022

This research investigates models for engaging private sector investors and developers in financing or delivering social and affordable housing, across different market segments and tenures in Australia and internationally. It also identifies key existing and potential players, and financial, regulatory, or development barriers to wider participation.Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, around 3,000 social and affordable dwellings were being produced per year, against an estimated annual need of around 36,000 homes. To meet the forecast demand, it is clear ‘hybridity’ of the housing system is essential, whereby social and affordable housing is increasingly financed, developed and managed by a combination of government, community-based and market providers, and cross-sector partnerships; no one sector can address the need alone. This study highlighted that a range of established and emerging affordable housing product types can be supported through collaboration with private not-for-profit and for-profit partners. These strategies include public private partnerships, mixed tenure developments, tax subsidies for affordable supply, home ownership schemes, build to rent and inclusionary planning mechanisms. These depend on different combinations of government subsidy, policy settings, and regulation, and are suitable for delivery across a variety of different development contexts.
Did the pandemic increase social media-induced appearance pressures? A longitudinal analysis of social media caused appearance-related pressures before and during the Covid-19 pandemic
Authors: Sarpila Outi , Koivula Aki , Åberg Erica
Published: October 2022

Has the use of social media intensified and increased appearance-related pressures during the Covid-19 pandemic? A growing body of research has suggested that body image concerns and disordered eating have increased during the Covid-19 pandemic. One of the potential pathways includes an increase in social media use. However, examinations of this pathway have been limited because of the lack of longitudinal data. Drawing on a four-wave population-based survey, we demonstrate that social media-based appearance pressures did not increase at the beginning of the pandemic, but rather at the later stage, and among women only. However, the changes in social media use do not explain this subtle increase. These findings suggest that other pathways than intensified use of social media might be more useful in explaining increased appearance-related pressures during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Overuse of Moral Language Dampens Content Engagement on Social Media
Authors: Candia Cristian , Atari Mohammad , Kteily Nour , Uzzi Brian
Published: October 2022

Online social-media platforms are a vital arena in which socio-political perspectives are put forth, debated, and spread. Prior work suggests that certain moral-emotional language drives online contagion, but theoretical and empirical findings remain debated, inhibiting constructive interventions. We substantially advance this ongoing debate using a diverse range of topics and both mainstream and extremist social media platforms. We find two countervailing dynamics predict the rise and fall of posting engagement online. First, we confirm that content infused with a greater number of moral words is associated with increased engagement; still, contrasting with prior work, we find no evidence that it is driven specifically by moral-emotional words as opposed to the more general and larger lexicon of moral language. Second, we identify a striking reversal in the relationship between moral language and engagement, a phenomenon we call “moral penalty.” We find that as the ratio of moral to non-moral words surpasses a threshold, the process of engagement around a post reverses with marked decreases in engagement and online diffusion. These findings help clarify links between morality and online engagement and contagion: infusing messages with moral language increases their spread to a point after which embedding posts in morality may backfire.
Growth models and comparative political economy in Latin America
Authors: Passos Nikolas , Morlin Guilherme Spinato
Published: October 2022

The paper analyses the growth models of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico since 1996. We depart from the typology proposed by Bizberg (2019) and apply a growth decomposition based on the Sraffian supermultiplier (Freitas and Dweck, 2013). We argue that the growth models perspective, introduced by Baccaro and Pontusson (2016), contributes to understanding the diversities of capitalism in Latin America. We find that the commodities boom oriented the countries towards export-led growth models, especially in Bolivia, Chile, and Mexico. Brazil and Argentina presented a hybrid growth model, with higher household consumption, and government expenditure along with exports growth. After the commodities boom, the export-led model was no longer feasible for commodity exporters. Mexico sustained the existing model, based on low-value-added manufacturing exports. Brazil and Argentina reduced public expenditures generating economic stagnation. Chile and Bolivia increased public expenditure, sustaining growth at a slower pace. This work extends the growth models perspective to emerging countries, considering former contributions of the Latin American political economy. It also highlights how the growth models evolved in tandem with changing international conditions. Finally, the paper opens a research agenda for the political economy of stagnation in Latin American economies.
Quantifying public value creation by public service media using big programming data
Authors: Ibrus Indrek , Karjus Andres , Zemaityte Vejune , Rohn Ulrike , Schich Maximilian
Published: October 2022

In recent years a renewed interest has emerged in how public service media (PSM) generate public value, putting emphasis on how such value may express itself in multidimensional and non-linear ways. Yet, little has been achieved in systematically studying these ways and providing evidence to policymakers. In this paper, we propose that content diversity in TV programmes and the extent to which PSM collaborate with external partners could serve as quantifiable markers enabling the measurement of multidimensional public value creation. We also propose the utilization of a yet untapped resource for this purpose - data from broadcasters’ broadcast management systems (BMSs). Based on a comprehensive case study - Estonia’s public broadcaster ERR - we demonstrate a set of approaches to facilitate such analysis. These tools enabled us to show how a small PSM struggles with sustainable public value creation.
Estudios de las ideas para (cuidar y vivificar) una eidodiversidad sostenible
Authors: Devés-Valdés Eduardo
Published: October 2022

Este trabajo desarrolla una propuesta para los estudios de las ideas, que va más allá de los tradicionales afanes de describir, analizar, explicar y comprender, que son los grandes objetivos que mueven las investigaciones en este ámbito. Ello debe entenderse en el marco de la pregunta por agendas de renovación, sin complejo adánico, en este campo.Se centra en el cuidado y conservación de las ideas, que consiste en estudiarlas en vistas a mejorar la eidodiversidad sostenible en los ecosistemas intelectivos. Se ocupa tanto de formular la propuesta general acerca del cuidado y la conservación, como de criterios prácticos para la realización de investigaciones en este plano.
Moral foundations, ideological divide, and public engagement with U.S. government agencies' COVID-19 vaccine communication on social media
Authors: Zhou Alvin , Liu Wenlin , Kim Hye Min , Lee Eugene , Shin Jieun , Zhang Yafei , Huang-Isherwood Ke Maddie , Dong Chuqing , Yang Aimei
Published: October 2022

Guided by the moral foundation theory, this study examined how moral framing interacted with local constituents’ ideological leaning to aﬀect public engagement outcomes of government agencies’ COVID-19 vaccine communication on Facebook. We analyzed a dataset of over 5,000 U.S. government agencies’ Facebook posts on COVID-19 vaccines in 2021 (N=70,671), assessed their use of moral language using a newly developed computational method, and examined how political divide manifests itself at the collective level. Findings from both fixed and random effects models suggest that: 1) the use of moral language is positively associated with public engagement outcomes on government agencies’ social media accounts; 2) five types of moral foundations have distinct effects on three types of public engagement (affective, cognitive, and retransmission); 3) moral foundations and local politics interact to affect public engagement, in that followers of government agencies in liberal states/counties prefer messages emphasizing the care/harm and fairness/cheating dimensions while those in conservative states/counties prefer the loyalty/betrayal dimension. The study demonstrates how a strategic employment of moral language can contribute to public engagement of government agencies’ mass communication campaigns.
Giving Sense about Paradoxes: Paradoxical Leadership in the Public Sector
Authors: Backhaus Leonie , Reuber Artur , Vogel Dominik , Vogel Rick
Published: October 2022

Although paradoxes are inherent to the public sector, few attempts have been made to better understand how to manage such competing yet interrelated demands effectively. This study examines how paradoxical leadership (i.e., leaders’ sense-giving about organizational paradoxes) affects follower outcomes. Based on two-wave survey data from German district offices, structural equation modelling reveals that paradoxical leadership positively influences followers’ job satisfaction and work engagement. Role ambiguity fully mediates the relationship between paradoxical leadership and perceived performance. Our study expands the nomological network of public leadership and advances the notion that paradoxes bear potentials for leadership in ambiguous public settings.
Field Insurgency in Lifestyle Journalism: How Lifestyle Journalists Marginalize Instagram Influencers and Protect their Autonomy
Authors: Perreault Gregory P , Hanusch Folker
Published: October 2022

While Facebook and Twitter have received significant scholarly attention for their role in shaping the journalistic field, Instagram has received sparse attention in comparison. The present study examines how lifestyle journalists (n=63) from Austria and the United States perceive Instagram influencers operating in relation to the journalistic field. Instagram influencers, empowered by the digital medium, would seem to be in direct competition with lifestyle journalists in terms of content. Through the theoretical lenses of boundary work and field, this study argues that lifestyle journalists--long relegated to the periphery of the journalistic field--discursively leverage the presence of influencers to protect their autonomy within the field, while pushing influencers to its boundaries.