bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Addition of Water to Transition Metal Complexes
Authors: Ozerov Oleg V.
Published: April 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Small Molecule Mimics of Hydrogenases: Hydrides and Redox
Authors: Gloaguen Frederic , Rauchfuss Thomas B.
Published: April 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Designable DNA Functions Toward New Nanobiotechnology
Authors: Sugimoto Naoki
Published: April 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Design of Porphyrin Nanoclusters Toward Discovery of Novel Properties and Functions
Authors: Tsuda Akihiko
Published: April 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Silylboranes as New Tools in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Ohmura Toshimichi , Suginome Michinori
Published: April 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Photophysical Properties of Expanded Porphyrins: Relationships Between Aromaticity, Molecular Geometry and Non‐Linear Optical Properties
Authors: Lim Jong Min , Yoon Zin Seok , Shin Jae‐Yoon , Kim Kil Suk , Yoon Min‐Chul , Kim Dongho
Published: April 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Succinic Acid from Renewable Resources as a C4 Building‐Block Chemical — A Review of the Catalytic Possibilities in Aqueous Media
Authors: Delhomme Clara , Weuster‐Botz Dirk , Kuehn Fritz E.
Published: April 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Peptidyl Nucleoside Antibiotics
Authors: Akita Hiroyuki
Published: April 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Progress Towards the Total Synthesis of the Bioactive Calothrixins A and B
Authors: Choshi Tominari , Hibino Satoshi
Published: April 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Task Specific Ionic Liquids for Cellulose Technology
Authors: Ohno Hiroyuki , Fukaya Yukinobu
Published: April 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Diamination of Olefins
Authors: de Figueiredo Renata Marcia
Published: April 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Inhibitors and Antagonists of Bacterial Quorum Sensing
Authors: Ni Nanting , Li Minyong , Wang Junfeng , Wang Binghe
Published: April 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Parameters for Evaluation of the Fate, Transport, and Environmental Impacts of Chemical Agents in Marine Environments
Authors: Bizzigotti George O. , Castelly Harry , Hafez Ahmed M. , Smith Wade H. B. , Whitmire Mark T.
Published: April 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Bryophytes: Bio‐ and Chemical Diversity, Bioactivity and Chemosystematics
Authors: Asakawa Yoshinori , Ludwiczuk Agnieszka , Nagashima Fumihiro , Toyota Masao , Hashimoto Toshihiro , Tori Motoo , Fukuyama Yoshiyasu , Harinantenaina Liva
Published: April 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Design Targeting Repeat Sequences in Human Genome
Authors: Nakatani Kazuhiko
Published: April 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Riboswitches: Ancient and Promising Genetic Regulators
Authors: Blouin Simon , Mulhbacher Jerome , Penedo J. Carlos , Lafontaine Daniel A.
Published: April 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Dissection of Lignin Macromolecular Configuration and Assembly: Comparison to Related Biochemical Process in Allyl/Propenyl Phenol and Lignan Biosynthesis
Authors: Davin Laurence B. , Jourdes Michael , Patten Ann M. , Kim Kye‐Won , Vassao Daniel G. , Lewis Norman G.
Published: April 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Mycothiol: Synthesis, Biosynthesis and Biological Functions of the Major Low Molecular Weight Thiol in Actinomycetes
Authors: Jothivasan Vishnu Karthik , Hamilton Chris J.
Published: April 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Chemistry and Biochemistry of Heme c: Functional Bases for Covalent Attachment
Authors: Bowman Sarah E. J. , Bren Kara L.
Published: April 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Production of Hydrogen from Methanol for Mobile, Stationary and Portable Fuel‐Cell Power Plants
Authors: Lukyanov B. N.
Published: April 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Small‐Molecule Fluorescent Sensors for Investigating Zinc Metalloneurochemistry
Authors: Nolan Elizabeth M. , Lippard Stephen J.
Published: April 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: DNA Duplex‐Based Fluorescence Probes/Sensors using Monomer‐Excimer Switching
Authors: Fujimoto Kazuhisa , Inouye Masahiko
Published: April 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of Near‐Infrared Fluorescent Probes for in vivo Imaging
Authors: Kojima Hirotatsu
Published: April 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Prominent system of RFamide immunoreactive neurons in the rhopalia of box jellyfish (Cnidaria: Cubozoa)
Authors: Parkefelt Linda , Ekström Peter
Published: April 2009

The four visual sensory structures of a cubomedusa, the rhopalia, display a surprisingly elaborate organization by containing two lens eyes and four bilaterally paired pigment cup eyes. Peptides containing the peptide sequence Arg‐Phe‐NH2 (RFamide) occur in close association with visual structures of cnidarians, including the rhopalia and rhopalial stalk of cubomedusae, suggesting that RFamide functions as a neuronal marker for certain parts of the visual system of medusae. Using immunofluorescence we give a detailed description of the organization of the RFamide‐immunoreactive (ir) nervous system in the rhopalia and rhopalial stalk of the cubomedusae Tripedalia cystophora and Carybdea marsupialis. The bilaterally symmetric RFamide‐ir nervous system contains four cell groups and three morphologically different cell types. Neurites spread throughout the rhopalia and occur in close vicinity of the pigment cup eyes and the lower lens eye. Two commissures connect the two sides of the system and neurites of one rhopalial cell group extend into the rhopalial stalk. The RFamide‐ir nervous system in the rhopalia of cubomedusae is more widespread and comprises more cells than earlier discerned. We suggest that the system might not only integrate visual input but also signals from other senses. One of the RFamide‐ir cell groups is favorably situated to represent pacemaker neurons that set the swimming rhythm of the medusa. J. Comp. Neurol. 516:157–165, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selective reduction of neuron number and volume of the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus in macaques following irradiation at early gestational ages
Authors: Selemon Lynn D. , Begović Anita , Rakic Pasko
Published: April 2009

Neurons in the macaque brain arise from progenitors located near the cerebral ventricles in a temporally segregated manner such that lethal doses of ionizing irradiation, if administered over a discrete time interval, can deplete individual nuclei selectively. A previous study showed that neuron number in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus is reduced following early gestational exposure to x‐irradiation (Algan and Rakic [1997] J. Comp. Neurol. 12:335–352). Here we examine whether similarly timed irradiation decreases neuron number in three associational thalamic nuclei: mediodorsal (MD), anterior, and pulvinar. Ten macaques were exposed to multiple doses of x‐rays (total exposure (175–350 cGy) in early gestation (E33–E42) or midgestation (E70–E90); eight nonirradiated macaques were controls. Only the early‐irradiated monkeys, not the midgestationally irradiated animals, exhibited deficits in whole‐thalamic neuron (–15%) and glia numbers (–21%) compared with controls. Reduction of neuron number (–26%) and volume (–29%) was particularly pronounced in MD. In contrast, cell number and volume were not significantly decreased in the anterior or pulvinar nuclei following early gestational irradiation. Thus, reduced thalamic neuron number was associated specifically with irradiation in early gestation. Persistence of the thalamic neuronal deficit in adult animals indicates that prenatally deleted neurons had not been replenished during maturation or in adulthood. The selective reduction of MD neuron number also supports the protomap hypothesis that neurons of each thalamic nucleus originate sequentially from separate lines of neuronal stem cells (Rakic [1977a] J. Comp. Neurol. 176:23–52). The early gestationally irradiated macaque is discussed as a potentially useful model for studying the neurodevelopmental pathogenesis of schizophrenia. J. Comp. Neurol. 515:454–464, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pitx3 controls multiple aspects of lens development
Authors: Medina‐Martinez Olga , Shah Rina , Jamrich Milan
Published: March 2009

The transcription factor Pitx3 is critical for lens formation. Deletions in the promoter of this gene cause abnormal lens development in the aphakia (ak) mouse mutant, which has only rudimentary lenses. In this study, we investigated the role of Pitx3 in lens development and differentiation. We found that reduced expression of Pitx3 leads to changes in the proliferation, differentiation and survival of lens cells. The genetic interactions between Pitx3 and Foxe3 were investigated, as these two transcription factors are expressed at the same time in lens development and their absence has similar consequences for lens development. We found no evidence that these two genes genetically interact. In general, our study shows that the abnormal phenotype of the ak lenses is not due to just one molecular pathway, rather in the absence of Pitx3 expression multiple aspects of lens development are disrupted. Developmental Dynamics 238:2193–2201, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chicken dapper genes are versatile markers for mesodermal tissues, embryonic muscle stem cells, neural crest cells, and neurogenic placodes
Authors: Alvares Lúcia Elvira , Winterbottom Farrah Leigh , Rodrigues Sobreira Débora , Xavier‐Neto José , Schubert Frank Richard , Dietrich Susanne
Published: April 2009

Dapper (Dpr) proteins are context‐dependent regulators of Wnt and Tgfβ signaling. However, although inroads into their molecular properties have been made, their expression and biological function are not understood. Searching for avian Dpr genes, we found that the chicken harbors a Dpr1 and a Dpr2 paralogue only. The genes are expressed in distinct patterns at gastrulation, neurulation, and organogenesis stages of development with key expression domains being the posterior primitive streak, anterior node and notochord, presomitic mesoderm (segmental plate), lateral and cardiac mesoderm, limb mesenchyme, and neurogenic placodes for Dpr1, and anterior primitive streak, node, epithelial somites, embryonic muscle stem cells, oral ectoderm and endoderm, neural crest cells, limb ectoderm, and lung buds for Dpr2. Expression overlaps in a few tissues; however, in several tissues, expression is complementary. Developmental Dynamics 238:1166–1178, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Design and development of a card‐sized virtual keyboard using permanent magnets and hall sensors
Authors: Demachi Kazuyuki , Ohyama Makoto , Kanemoto Yoshiki , Masaie Issei
Published: April 2009

This paper proposes a method to distinguish the key‐type of human fingers attached to small permanent magnets. The Hall sensors arrayed in the credit card‐size area feel the distribution of the magnetic field due to the key‐typing movement of the human fingers as if a keyboard exists, and the signal is analyzed using the genetic algorithm or the neural network algorithm to distinguish the typed keys. By this method, the keyboard can be miniaturized to credit card size (54 mm × 85 mm). We called this system “the virtual keyboard system.” © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 92(3): 32–37, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10043
Fast computation of thermal capacity and voltage TAC by means of homotopy functions
Authors: Zoka Yoshifumi , Yorino Naoto , Kawano Koki , Suenari Hiroyasu
Published: April 2009

This paper proposes a fast computation method for Available Transfer Capability (ATC) with respect to thermal and voltage magnitude limits. In the paper, ATC is formulated as an optimization problem. In order to obtain the efficiency for the N–1 outage contingency calculations, linear sensitivity methods are applied for screening and ranking all contingency selections with respect to the thermal and voltage magnitude limits margin to identify the severest case. In addition, homotopy functions are used for the generator QV constraints to reduce the maximum error of the linear estimation. Then, the Primal‐Dual Interior Point Method (PDIPM) is used to solve the optimization problem for the severest case only, in which the solutions of ATC can be obtained efficiently. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through IEEE 30, 57, 118‐bus systems. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 92(3): 17–23, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10049
VLSI design of Karatsuba integer multipliers and its evaluation
Authors: Yazaki Syunji , Abe Koki
Published: April 2009

Multidigit multiplication is widely used for various applications in recent years, including numerical calculation, chaos arithmetic, and primality testing. Systems with high performance and low energy consumption are demanded, especially for image processing and communications with cryptography using chaos. Karatsuba algorithm with computational complexity ofO(n1.58) has been employed in software for multiplication of hundreds to thousands of bits, wherenstands for bit‐length of operands. In this paper, hardware design of multidigit integer multiplication based on Karatsuba algorithm is described and its VLSI realization is evaluated in terms of the cost, performance, and energy consumption. We present two design choices of the Karatsuba hardware: RKM (Recursive Karatsuba Multiplier) and IKM (Iterative Karatsuba Multiplier). We found that RKM has less area cost than WTM (Wallace Tree Multiplier) for bit‐length larger than 29with area cost of 30mm2. Critical path delay of RKM is always larger than that of WTM. Therefore, we should use WTM as combinational circuits for IKM to have better cost performance. We also found that a version of IKM using 0.18µm process can perform 1024‐bit multiplications 30 times faster than software at the area cost of 10.9mm2. Energy for the computation by the IKM version was found to be nearly 1/600 of that consumed by general‐purpose processor which executes the software. The results obtained by this study will help system designers for applications requiring multidigit multiplication to select design alternatives including ASIC realization. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 92(4): 9–20, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10086
Transmission characteristics simulation on power line communications
Authors: Kitayama Masashi , Abe Junichi , Tanabe Shinji
Published: April 2009

In power line communications (PLC) systems, medium‐ and low‐voltage power lines are used as a communication network. Reflections caused by impedance mismatches degrade the transmission characteristics in the frequency range for PLC systems. If transmission characteristics of power lines can be estimated by simulation, the design and operation of PLC networks will be efficient. This paper proposes a method of simulating the transmission characteristics of a channel model between a transmitter and a receiver installed on a distribution network. The propagation characteristics of PLC signals of each distribution facility are described using two‐port networks. A channel model is automatically generated from the combination of component models along the topology of the distribution network and the transmitter and receiver locations. The proposed method was validated using field data and was proved to be effective. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 92(3): 46–55, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10233
Chirality in the Photochemical mer→fac Geometrical Isomerization of Tris(1‐phenylpyrazolato,N,C2′)iridium(III)
Authors: Tsuchiya Kazuyoshi , Ito Etsuko , Yagai Shiki , Kitamura Akihide , Karatsu Takashi
Published: March 2009

Irradiation of the optically resolved mer‐Δ isomer of tris(1‐phenylpyrazolato,N,C2′)iridium(III) with 366‐nm light in CH3CN purged by argon at 25 °C gave 59 % fac‐Δ and 41 % fac‐Λ (18 % ee) at the end of geometrical isomerization. Formation of the intermediate mer‐Λ species was not observed, which is quite characteristic when compared with the corresponding thermal isomerization reaction. This enantiomeric photoisomerization is rationally explained by a mechanism based on Ir–N bond dissociation at the top or bottom axial ligand. This reaction mechanism is explained by the potential energy surface of the triplet excited state.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Electroanalytical Properties of ITO Electrodes Modified with Environment‐Sensitive Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) Gel and Prussian Blue
Authors: Karbarz Marcin , Gniadek Marianna , Stojek Zbigniew
Published: April 2009

It has been shown that ITO electrodes could be modified with a volume‐phase‐transition gel based on poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) cross‐linked with N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide. Prussian blue (PB) was deposited electrochemically inside the gel while glucose oxidase was added at the time of electropolymerization. The electrocatalytic activity of glucose oxidase towards the oxidation of glucose (measured as the reduction current of hydrogen peroxide) was strongly depressed by the shrinking process. Since the volume phase transition triggered by the temperature change is reversible the obtained change in the enzyme activity may be useful for getting a switchable system.
The prevalence of psychotic symptoms and paranoid ideation in non‐demented population samples aged 70–82 years
Authors: Sigström Robert , Skoog Ingmar , Sacuiu Simona , Karlsson Björn , Klenfeldt Isak Fredén , Waern Margda , Gustafson Deborah , Östling Svante
Published: April 2009

Objectives

Recent populationQ3 studies have reported an approximate 10% prevalence of psychotic symptoms among elderly aged 85 years and older. Psychotic symptoms may be less prevalent among younger elderly. We examined the prevalence of psychotic symptoms in a population‐based sample of non‐demented elderly aged 70–82 years.

Methods

A systematic Swedish population sample of 894 non‐demented elderly (response rate 68%) representing three birth cohorts (340 women and 224 men aged 70 years and 330 women aged 78 and 82 years) was examined using the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS), during a semi‐structured psychiatric interview. A key informant interview was also conducted. Psychotic symptoms were classified according to the DSM‐IV Glossary of technical terms.

Results

The 1‐year prevalence of any psychotic symptom was 0.9% among non‐demented women and men aged 70 years, and 1.2% among women aged 78 and 82 years. Psychotic symptoms were not related to sex or age. The prevalence of paranoid ideation was 1.0%. Among women, any paranoid symptom (persecutory delusions or paranoid ideation) was more common in 70‐year‐olds (2.6%) than in 78–82‐year‐olds (0.6%) (p = 0.04).

Conclusions

Psychotic symptoms affected only 1% of this non‐demented population aged 70, 78 and 82 years, which is lower than the 7–10% previously found among 85‐ and 95‐year‐olds. This might reflect a lower prevalence of psychotic symptoms compared to older elderly or secular changes resulting in lower prevalence of psychotic symptoms in later‐born birth cohorts. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distinct α subunits of the GABAAreceptor are responsible for early hippocampal silent neuron‐related activities
Authors: Giusi Giuseppina , Facciolo Rosa Maria , Rende Maria , Alò Raffaella , Di Vito Anna , Salerno Simona , Morelli Sabrina , De Bartolo Loredana , Drioli Enrico , Canonaco Marcello
Published: March 2009

The modulatory actions of GABAAreceptor subunits are crucial for morphological and transcriptional neuronal activities. In this study, growth of hamster hippocampal neurons on biohybrid membrane substrates allowed us to show for the first time that the two major GABAAα receptor subunits (α2,5) are capable of early neuronal shaping plus expression differences of some of the main neuronal cytoskeletal factors (GAP‐43, the neurotrophin––BDNF) and of Gluergic subtypes. In a first case the inverse α5agonist (RY‐080) seemed to account for the reduction of dendritic length at DIV7, very likely via lower BDNF levels. Conversely, the effects of the preferentially specific agonist for hippocampal α2subunit (flunitrazepam) were, instead, directed at the formation of growth cones at DIV3 in the presence of greatly (P< 0.01) diminished GAP‐43 levels as displayed by strongly reduced axonal sprouting. It is interesting to note that concomitantly to these morphological variations, the transcription of some Gluergic receptor subtypes resulted to be altered. In particular, flunitrazepam was responsible for a distinctly rising expression of axonal NR1 mRNA levels from DIV3 (P< 0.01) until DIV7 (P< 0.001), whereas RY‐080 evoked a very great (P< 0.001) downregulation of dendritic GluR2 at only DIV7. Together, our results demonstrate that GABAAα2,5receptor‐containing subunits by regulating the precise synchronization of cytoskeletal factors are considered key modulating neuronal elements of hippocampal morphological growth features. Moreover, the notable NR1 and GluR2 transcription differences promoted by these GABAAα subunits tend to favorably corroborate the early role of α2+ α5on hippocampal neuronal networks in hibernating rodents through the recruitment and activation of silent neurons, and this may provide useful insights regarding molecular neurodegenerative events. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oestrogenic activity of benzyl salicylate, benzyl benzoate and butylphenylmethylpropional (Lilial) in MCF7 human breast cancer cells in vitro
Authors: Charles A. K. , Darbre P. D.
Published: March 2009

Benzyl salicylate, benzyl benzoate and butylphenylmethylpropional (Lilial) are added to bodycare cosmetics used around the human breast. We report here that all three compounds possess oestrogenic activity in assays using the oestrogen‐responsive MCF7 human breast cancer cell line. At 3 000 000‐fold molar excess, they were able to partially displace [3H]oestradiol from recombinant human oestrogen receptors ERα and ERβ, and from cytosolic ER of MCF7 cells. At concentrations in the range of 5 × 10−5 to 5 × 10−4 m, they were able to increase the expression of a stably integrated oestrogen‐responsive reporter gene (ERE‐CAT) and of the endogenous oestrogen‐responsive pS2 gene in MCF7 cells, albeit to a lesser extent than with 10−8 m 17β‐oestradiol. They increased the proliferation of oestrogen‐dependent MCF7 cells over 7 days, which could be inhibited by the antioestrogen fulvestrant, suggesting an ER‐mediated mechanism. Although the extent of stimulation of proliferation over 7 days was lower with these compounds than with 10−8 m 17β‐oestradiol, given a longer time period of 35 days the extent of proliferation with 10−4 m benzyl salicylate, benzyl benzoate or butylphenylmethylpropional increased to the same magnitude as observed with 10−8 m 17β‐oestradiol over 14 days. This demonstrates that benzyl salicylate, benzyl benzoate and butylphenylmethylpropional are further chemical components of cosmetic products which give oestrogenic responses in a human breast cancer cell line in culture. Further research is now needed to investigate whether oestrogenic responses are detectable using in vivo models and the extent to which these compounds might be absorbed through human skin and might enter human breast tissues. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of five acetylcholinesterase reactivators on tabun‐intoxicated rats: induction of oxidative stress versus reactivation efficacy
Authors: Pohanka Miroslav , Karasova Jana Zdarova , Musilek Kamil , Kuca Kamil , Kassa Jiri
Published: March 2009

Oxime reactivators HI‐6, obidoxime, trimedoxime, K347 and K628 were investigated as drugs designed for treatment of tabun intoxication. The experiments were performed on rats in order to simulate real conditions. Rats were intoxicated with one LD50 of tabun and treated with atropine and mentioned reactivators. Activities of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE), plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and brain AChE were measured as markers of reactivation efficacy. An estimation of low molecular weight antioxidant levels using cyclic voltammetry was the second examination parameter. The evaluation of cholinesterases activity showed good reactivation potency of blood AChE and plasma BChE by commercially available obidoxime and newly synthesized K347. The potency of oximes to reactivate brain AChE was lower due to the poor blood–brain barrier penetration of used compounds. Commercially available reactivator HI‐6 and newly synthesized K628 caused oxidative stress measured by cyclic voltammetry as antioxidant level. The oxidative stress provoked by HI‐6 and K628 was found to be significant on probability level P = 0.05. The others reactivators did not affect antioxidant levels. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional α1‐ and β2‐adrenergic receptors in human osteoblasts
Authors: Huang H.H. , Brennan T.C. , Muir M.M. , Mason R.S.
Published: March 2009

Central (hypothalamic) control of bone mass is proposed to be mediated through β2‐adrenergic receptors (β2‐ARs). While investigations in mouse bone cells suggest that epinephrine enhances both RANKL and OPG mRNA via both β‐ARs and α‐ARs, whether α‐ARs are expressed in human bone cells is controversial. The current study investigated the expression of α1‐AR and β2‐AR mRNA and protein and the functional role of adrenergic stimulation in human osteoblasts (HOBs). Expression of α1B‐ and β2‐ARs was examined by RT‐PCR, immunofluorescence microscopy and Western blot (for α1B‐ARs). Proliferation in HOBs was assessed by3H‐thymidine incorporation and expression of RANKL and OPG was determined by quantitative RT‐PCR. RNA message for α1B‐ and β2‐ARs was expressed in HOBs and MG63 human osteosarcoma cells. α1B‐ and β2‐AR immunofluorescent localization in HOBs was shown for the first time by deconvolution microscopy. α1B‐AR protein was identified in HOBs by Western blot. Both α1‐agonists and propranolol (β‐blocker) increased HOB replication but fenoterol, a β2‐agonist, inhibited it. Fenoterol nearly doubled RANKL mRNA and this was inhibited by propranolol. The α1‐agonist cirazoline increased OPG mRNA and this increase was abolished by siRNA knockdown of α1B‐ARs in HOBs. These data indicate that both α1‐ARs and β2‐ARs are present and functional in HOBs. In addition to β2‐ARs, α1‐ARs in human bone cells may play a role in modulation of bone turnover by the sympathetic nervous system. J. Cell. Physiol. 220: 267–275, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Autoregulatory loop of Msx1 expression involving its antisense transcripts
Authors: Petit Stéphane , Meary Fleur , Pibouin Laurence , Jeanny Jean‐Claude , Fernandes Isabelle , Poliard Anne , Hotton Dominique , Berdal Ariane , Babajko Sylvie
Published: March 2009

The Msx1 homeogene plays an important role in epithelial–mesenchymal interactions leading organogenesis. Msx1 gene is submitted to bidirectional transcription generating a long non‐coding antisense (AS) RNA potentially involved in Msx1 expression regulation. RT‐Q‐PCR and RNA‐FISH studies indicated that transient overexpression of the Msx1 AS transcript in 705IC5 mouse odontoblasts decreased the abundance of endogenous Msx1 S mRNA at the post‐transcriptional level. Conversely, Msx1 overexpression increased the AS RNA level probably by activating AS transcription. In vivo mapping by RT‐PCR evidenced both Msx1 RNAs in all adult mouse tissues tested raising the issue of Msx1 function during adulthood. The expression patterns of the two RNAs were similar, confirming the tight S/AS relationship. In particular, both Msx1 mRNAs and Msx1 protein were similarly distributed in eyes, and were found in regions with a common ectodermic origin and in cells potentially involved in regeneration. In conclusion, we report that Msx1 S RNA is negatively controlled by its AS RNA at a post‐transcriptional level, and that the AS RNA is retrocontrolled positively by Msx1. The tight link between Msx1 S and AS RNAs constitutes a regulatory loop resulting in a fine‐tuned expression of Msx1 which appears to be significant for adult homeostasis. J. Cell. Physiol. 220: 303–310, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CCL5/CCR5 axis promotes the motility of human oral cancer cells
Authors: Chuang Jing‐Yuan , Yang Wei‐Hung , Chen Hsien‐Te , Huang Chun‐Yin , Tan Tzu‐Wei , Lin Yuh‐Tzy , Hsu Chin‐Jung , Fong Yi‐Chin , Tang Chih‐Hsin
Published: March 2009

CCL5 (previously called RANTES) is in the CC‐chemokine family and plays a crucial role in the migration and metastasis of human cancer cells. On the other hand, the effect of CCL5 is mediated via CCR receptor. RT‐PCR and flow cytometry studies demonstrated CCR5 but not CCR1 and CCR3 mRNA in oral cancer cell lines, especially higher in those with high invasiveness (SCC4) as compared with lower levels in HSC3 cells and SCC9 cells. Stimulation of oral cancer cells with CCL5 directly increased the migration and metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9) production. MMP‐9 small interfering RNA inhibited the CCL5‐induced MMP‐9 expression and thereby significantly inhibited the CCL5‐induced cell migration. Activations of phospholipase C (PLC), protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ), and NF‐κB pathways after CCL5 treatment was demonstrated, and CCL5‐induced expression of MMP‐9 and migration activity was inhibited by the specific inhibitor of PLC, PKCδ, and NF‐κB cascades. In addition, migration‐prone sublines demonstrate that cells with increasing migration ability had more expression of MMP‐9, CCL5, and CCR5. Taken together, these results indicate that CCL5/CCR5 axis enhanced migration of oral cancer cells through the increase of MMP‐9 production. J. Cell. Physiol. 220: 418–426, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The synthesis of novel macrocyclic multidentate compounds from dioxodioic acids
Authors: Asay R. E. , Bradshaw J. S. , Nielsen S. F. , Thompson M. D. , Snow J. W. , Masihdas D. R. K. , Izatt R. M. , Christensen J. J.
Published: April 2009

A series of novel macrocyclic multidentate crown compounds have been prepared from a series of dioxodioic acids. The dioxodioic acids were prepared by treating various oligoethylene glycols or amines with maleic, succinic, citraconic, and glutaric anhydrides. The crown compounds were then synthesized from the dioxodioic acid chlorides obtained from the diacids and various oligoethylene glycols or ethylene diamine. The following macrocyclic compounds have been prepared: 1,4,9,12‐tetraoxacyclohexadecane‐5,8,13,16‐tetrone (1); 1,4,7,10,15,18‐hexaoxacyclodocosane‐11,14,19,22‐tetrone (2); 1,4‐dioxa‐9,12‐diazacyclohexadecane‐5,8,13,16‐tetrone (3); 1,4,7‐trioxa‐12,15‐diazacyclonoadecane‐8,11,16,19‐tetrone (4); 1,4,7,10‐tetraoxa‐15,18‐diazacyclodocosane‐11,14,19,22‐tetrone (5); 4‐benzyl‐1,7,12,15‐tetraoxa‐4‐azacyclonona‐decane‐8,11,16,19‐tetrone (6); 1,4,7,12,15,18‐hexaoxacyclodocosa‐9,20‐diene‐8,11,19,22‐tetrone(7); and 9,21‐dimethyl‐1,4,7,12,15,18‐hexaoxacyclodocosa‐9,20‐diene‐8,11,19,22‐tetrone (8) (Figure 1).
Fluorescent derivatives of nucleosides
Authors: Chung Hsiao L. , Žemlička Jiři
Published: April 2009

Fluorescence spectra of formycin anhydronucleosides 5,6,8 and of N‐dimethylaminomethylene ribonucleosides 1b, 2, 3a‐3c and 4 in aqueous solution at 5‐7 × 10−5 M are reported. Compounds 5 and 6 exhibit a very strong fluorescence emission, ca. 4 and 2 times more intense than that of formycin (1a) accompanied by a bathochromic shift of the emission maximum. Anhydronucleoside 8 also has an increased fluorescence intensity over the parent nucleoside 7. The level of fluorescence emission is lower in 7 and 8 than in 1a, 5 or 6. Introduction of N‐dimethylaminomethylene group into 1a (compound 1b) caused a decrease in the fluorescence intensity relative to 1a but a bathochromic shift of the emission maximum. In other instances (compounds 2, 3a‐3c, 4) the introduction of N‐dimethylaminomethylene group led also to fluorescent derivatives. This effect is most pronounced with 2, whereas the fluorescence intensity of the rest of the group (3a‐3c and 4) is much lower. Compounds 3c and 4 exhibit, however, a profound bathochromic shift in the fluorescence emission maximum relative to 2, 3a or 3b. A possible relationship of the fluorescence emission to the base conformation in formycin and potential use of N‐dimethylaminomethylene nucleoside and nucleotide derivatives as fluorescent probes are discussed. J. Heterocyclic Chem., 14, 135 (1977).
4‐(3‐nitrophenyl)‐2‐pieohne
Authors: Markovac Anica , Patel Ambalal R. , MontagneLa Maurice P. , Ash Arthur B.
Published: April 2009

The preparation of 4‐(3‐nitrophenyl)‐2‐pieoline (3) was accomplished in one step by the Zecher‐Krohnke ring‐closure reaction. Compound 3 is the starling material for 2‐lormyl‐4‐(3‐arninophenyl)pyridine thiosemicarbazone (4‐APPT), a promising antineoplastie agent.
Some 4‐quinazolinones
Authors: Mendel A.
Published: April 2009

The acid catalyzed reaction of anthranilamide with benzoin was studied under two conditions. Condensation at 150° gave known J plus unexpected quinazolinone H. In refluxing benzene (azeolropic water removal), the reactants yielded imine III. The acid catalyzed and uncatalyzed 150° reaction of III was examined by both ir and tlc. Both benzoic acid and II were formed in each case. Triethyl ortholormate with I gave quinazolinone IV while this ester with III formed II, benzaldehyde and benzoic acid.
First isolation of 5‐antino‐1 ‐tosyl‐v‐triazolines from tosyfazide and cyclic i‐aminodienes
Authors: Pocar Donato , Ripamonti Maria Clara , Stradi Riccardo , Trimarco Pasqualina
Published: April 2009

By reacting the cyclic 1‐aminodienes 1a‐b with tosyiazide at low temperature, the corresponding v‐triazolines 2a‐b were obtained. The structure of 2a‐b was assigned on nmr evidence. Compounds 2a‐b are the first examples of isolated 5‐amino‐1‐tosyl‐v‐triazolines. The reversibility of the cycloaddition reaction was demonstrated.
Recherches sur le benzofuranne. LVI. Synthèses dans la série de l'Euparone par acétylation de benzofurannes acétylés et méthoxylés sur l'homocycle
Authors: Clavel Jean‐Marc , Cuillaumel Jean , Demerseman Pierre , Royer René
Published: April 2009

Les dérivés acétylés et méthoxylés sur l'homocycle de benzofurannes non substitués sur rhétéroeycle peuvent ětre acétylés soil sur l'homocycle, soit sur l'hétérocycle, avec ou sans déméthylation selon les eas. On forme ainsi, avec des rendements satisfaisants, une série de nouveaux isomères de l'Euparone (diacétyl‐2,5 hydroxy‐6 benzofuranne) et de l'éther méthylique correspondant.
Carbon‐13 magnetic resonance spectra of the tropane alkaloids: Cocaine and atropine
Authors: Stenberg Virgil I. , Narain N. K. , Singh S. P.
Published: April 2009

Complete Carbon‐13 magnetic resonance spectral assignments of cocaine and atropine were made.13C Nmr spectra of atropine provides an interesting example of long range coupling on chemical shifts.
Indolizine derivatives. VII. indolizines via cyclizations of 2‐(2‐Pyridyl)methylene‐1,3‐diketones and −1,3‐Keto esters
Authors: Pohjala Esko K.
Published: April 2009

The reaction of 3‐(2‐pyridyl)methylene‐2,4‐pentanedione with acetic anhydride gives at 60° 1‐(1‐acetoxy‐3‐methyl‐2‐indolizinyl)ethanone (3a) or, in the presence of 2,4‐pentanedione, 3‐(2‐acetyl‐3‐methyl‐7‐indolizinyI)‐2,4‐pentanedione (7a) in good yield. In refluxing acetic anhydride, 1‐(3‐methyl‐2‐indolizinyl)ethanone (4a) is the main product. In refluxing dimethyl sulfoxide the cycloaddition product, 3‐[2‐acetyl‐3‐(2‐pyridyl)‐l‐indolizinyl)]‐2,4‐pentanedione (6), is obtained. Ethyl 2‐(2‐pyridyl)methylene‐3‐oxobutanoate and ethyl 2‐(2‐pyridyl)methylene‐3‐oxo‐3‐phenylpropanoate behave analogously. The stereochemistry of the keto esters has a marked influence on the course of cyclization. The mechanisms are discussed.
Synthesis of derivatives of the new heterocyclic systems benz[f] imidazo [2,1 ‐a ] isoquinoline and benz [f] pyrimido [2,1 ‐a] isoquinoline
Authors: Avellana C. , Gómez‐Parra V. , Madroñero R.
Published: April 2009

The synthesis of several derivatives of benz [f] imidazo [2,1 ‐a] isoquinoline and benz [f] pyrimido‐[2,l‐a]isoquinoline, both new heterocyclic structures, is described.
Synthesis of thiopyrano[2,3‐d] pyrimidines and thieno[2,3‐d]pyrimidines
Authors: Santilli Arthur A. , Scotese Anthony C.
Published: April 2009

The reaction of 4‐chloro‐5‐cyano‐2‐methylthiopyrimidine (I) with ethyl mercaptosuccinate (II) in refluxing ethanol containing sodium carbonate has afforded diethyl 3‐amino‐2‐(methyl‐thio)‐7H‐thiopyrano[2,3‐d]pyrimidine‐6,7‐dicarboxylate (IV). Displacement of the methylthio group in IV with hydrazine gave the corresponding hydrazino derivative which underwent Schiff base formation with benzaldehyde or 2,6‐dichlorobenzaldehyde. Treatment of IV in refluxing acetic anhydride afforded the corresponding diacetylated amino derivative. Partial saponification of IV with sodium hydroxide gave 5‐amino‐2‐(methylthio)‐7H‐thiopyrano‐[2,3‐d]pyrimidine 6,7‐dicarboxylic acid 6 ethyl ester (VIII). The reaction of 4‐amino‐6‐chloro‐5‐cyano‐2‐phenylpyrirnidine (XI) with II resulted in the formation of ethyl 4‐amino‐6‐(ethoxy‐carbonyl)‐5,6‐dihydro‐5‐amino‐2‐phenylthieno[2,3‐d]pyrimidine‐6‐acetate (XIII) which when subjected to hydrolysis gave ethyl 4,5‐diamino‐2‐phenylthieno[2,3‐d]pyrimidine‐6‐acetate isolated as the hydrochloride (XIV). Diazotization of IV with sodium nitrite in acetic acid unexpectedly afforded diethyl 5‐(acetyloxy)‐6,7‐dihydro‐6‐hydroxy‐2‐(methylthio)‐5H‐thio‐pyrano[2,3‐d]pyrimidine‐6,7‐diearboxylate (XV). Several structural ambiguities were resolved by ir and pmr spectra.
Synthéses de bitriazoles‐3(‐5),1′ méthylés en position 1 ou 4 et de bitriazoles‐4,4′
Authors: Aouial Mohamed , Bernardini Antoine , Viallefont Philippe
Published: April 2009

Deux synthéses de bitriazoles caractérisé's par une jonution C3(5)‐N1′ ou N4‐N4′ sont rapportées et discutées. Elles font appel aux réactions de substitution nucléophile de I'halogene des halogénotriazoles par l'anion du triazole lui‐měme et aux réactions de désulfuration de bis‐s‐triazolothiadiazines par le Nickel Raney. La détermination de leur structure est prouvée par RMN. Les spectres UV de ces dérives sont aussi rapportés.
Tosylation of 2‐(monosubstituted)amino‐1,3,4‐thiadiazoles
Authors: L'abbé Gerrit , Verhelst Gabriel , Huybrechts Lucas , Toppet Suzanne
Published: April 2009

Tosylation of 2‐benzylamino‐ and 2‐anilino‐5‐phenyl‐1,3,4‐thiadiazoles (1a,b) in the presence of triethylamine affords the ring‐sulfonylated products 2a,b which isomerize in a later stage of the reaction to the exocyclic amino‐sulfonylated products 3a,b. Acetylation of 1a,b gives the acylamino substituted thiadiazoles 4a,b directly as the only reaction products. The 13C nmr data are discussed and their importance for the study of prototropic tautomerism and for structure elucidation of the reaction products is indicated.
A noteworthy improvement of the 3‐diazo‐4‐oxo‐3,4‐dihydroquinoline photosynthesis of indole‐3‐carboxamides
Authors: Carlock John T. , Bradshaw Jerald S. , Stanovnik Branko , Tišler Miha
Published: April 2009

The use of benzene, in place of methylene chloride as solvent, allows the synthesis of amides of indole‐3‐carboxylic acid via the photolysis of 3‐diazo‐4‐oxo‐3,4‐dihydroquinoline to occur in significantly higher yield and requiring shorter reaction times. This modification makes unnecessary the time consuming and costly chromatographic purification step, and allows the synthesis of novel amides which could not he isolated using the previous method.
Benzo[f]isoindole analogs II. Thieno[3,4‐b]quinoxaline
Authors: Roland Mitchel M. , Anderson Richard C.
Published: April 2009

The transient existence of thieno[3,4‐b]quinoxaline (2d) as a product of dehydration of 1,3‐dihydrothieno[3,4‐b]quinoxaline 2‐oxide (5) was demonstrated by trapping experiments with N‐phenylmaleimide and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate. Attempts to isolate 2d from reaction mixtures arising from dehydration of 5 and from dehydrogenation of 1,3‐dihydro‐thieno[3,4‐b]quinoxaline (8) were unsuccessful.
The stereochemical course of the catalytic hydrogenation of 3(2H)isoquinolinones
Authors: Deak G. , Hazai L. , Tóth G.
Published: April 2009

4‐Benzylidene‐1‐phenyl‐1,4‐dihydro‐3(2H)isoquinolinone (2), 4‐benzyl‐1‐phenyl‐3(2H)isoquino‐linone (3) and 4‐benzyl‐3‐ethoxy‐1‐phenylisoquinoline (6) have been hydrogenated on palladium‐charcoal catalyst. The structure of the products and the ratio of the stereoisomers have been determined by nmr spectroscopy and by LIS measurements with Eu(dpm)3.
Preparation and reactions of some 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydro‐2,3‐disubstituted 7(or 8)hydroxy‐1,4‐dioxopyrazino[1,2‐a] indoles
Authors: Saxena Mahendra P. , Ahmed Skakti R.
Published: April 2009

1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydro‐2,3‐disubstituted 7(or 8) hydroxy‐1,4‐dioxopyrazino[1,2‐a]indoles have been prepared by the condensation of 6(or 5)benzyloxyindole‐2‐carbonyl chloride with d1‐N‐ alkylamino acid ethyl esters in the presence of triethyl amine followed by the hydrogenolysis over palladium‐carbon. Methylation and alkaline hydrolysis of 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐2‐benzy1‐1,4‐dioxopyrazino[1,2‐a]indole are discussed.