bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
3462 Community-Engaged Research in Emergency Dispatch: Getting a 360 View
Authors: Wheeler Alissa L , Darata Heather , Hurst Jenny
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Community-engaged research can provide important input to researchers to understand the impact of health services on diverse communities. In emergency (911) dispatch research, most studies have focused on specific health conditions, especially on identifying and managing those conditions remotely and identifying the most appropriate resources to send. Community-engaged research can add a needed component to these studies, identifying not only what happens when someone calls 911, but who calls and who doesn’t, what barriers community members encounter when they call, and what they expect from their 911 service. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A recent study published in the Journal of Clinical and Translational Science outlined a method for identifying and evaluating the needed competencies and readiness of individual researchers to do effective community-engaged research. The investigators involved in an ongoing study on community attitudes toward 911 propose to use the methods outlined in that study to receive feedback from their Community Advisory Board on their own competencies and readiness. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: It is anticipated that 13 people will be involved in providing feedback to the investigators, including all official member of the Community Advisory Boards and all supportive academic staff and faculty. The feedback will be gathered using a survey instrument developed from the recently-published study and will include questions about the purpose of the research, openness to feedback, communication, cultural sensitivity, community presence, power sharing, recognizing partner contributions, and developing community capacity. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Identifying the most appropriate resources to send to any given emergency is the primary role of the emergency dispatcher. However, they are also public servants, providing care and comfort in a time of stress to members of many diverse communities. As such, it is critical that they understand the needs and expectations of those communities, as well as the barriers they face in calling 911. The proposed study adds value to an ongoing community-engaged research project by providing feedback about readiness and competency to the investigators.
3019 Metabolomic Markers of Methotrexate Response in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Funk Ryan Sol , Becker Mara
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: In this study, a semi-targeted metabolomics approach is used to identify metabolic markers of methotrexate (MTX) response in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and in vitro. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A comparative metabolomic analysis was used to identify metabolomic markers and metabolic pathways associated with MTX activity in vitro and in vivo. Cell-based studies assessed metabolomic profiles in K562 erythroblastoid cells with or without MTX treatment. In vivo analysis utilized plasma samples from JIA patients treated with MTX (n=30) and included samples collected prior to the initiation of MTX and after 3-months of MTX treatment. Plasma samples were from an IRB-approved single center prospective cohort study of biomarkers of MTX response in patients with JIA and were stratified based on American College of Rheumatology pediatric (ACR Pedi) response criteria. Semi-targeted global metabolomic profiles including over 800 metabolites across three analytical platforms at the NIH West Coast Metabolomics Center at UC-Davis and were analyzed by univariate and multivariate analysis using MetaboAnalyst 3.0. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: In K562 cells, MTX treatment was associated with statistically significant changes in 550 of the 850 intracellular metabolites detected (false discovery rate less than 0.05). Major metabolic pathways inhibited by MTX included branched-chain amino acid metabolism, purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis, and lipid metabolism including the inhibition of arachidonic acid metabolism. In patients with JIA, far fewer plasma metabolites were significantly altered following the initiation of MTX and included only 15 of the 833 plasma metabolites detected. Interestingly, MTX treatment was associated with the inhibition of arachidonic acid synthesis, inhibition of purine metabolism, and a dramatic reduction in plasma levels of various exogenous metabolites. In particular, MTX treatment was associated reductions in known metabolic markers of intestinal microbiota metabolism, including: biotin and dehydrocholic acid. Further, stratification of patients based on ACR Pedi response demonstrated that clinical response was associated with a greater reduction in plasma dehydrocholic acid levels following the initiation of MTX. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: This work demonstrates that MTX therapy is associated with a number of biochemical changes in vitro and in vivo, including: inhibition of purine metabolism, inhibition of arachidonic acid metabolism, and an apparent inhibition of gut microbiota metabolism. Most notably, inhibition of gut microbiota metabolism appears to demonstrate a relationship with the observed clinical efficacy of MTX in JIA.
3342 Developing a population health learning system
Authors: Kuo Tony , Inkelas Moira
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Population health research seeks to identify and address variation in needs, care experiences, and outcomes for a defined geography or subgroup. Solutions often require collective actions of complex interdependent health and social service systems in communities. System sciences focused on implementation and dissemination are vital for developing interventions that work at the intended scale in these “real world” environments; yet these approaches are often underutilized. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The UCLA Clinical Translational Science Institute (CTSI) co-developed a Population Health Program with the local health department to advance the practice and use of these system science methods. The vision is integrated training, methodological innovation, and real-world application in the region. One specific aim of the program is preparing investigators to apply suitable translational methods to solve population health problems in both health systems and in public health. Investigators from different parts of the university partnered with health services and public health leadership to develop and team-teach new curriculum in system sciences that integrates their disciplines (epidemiology, education, psychology, health policy and management). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: New curriculum in population and implementation/improvement sciences offers junior investigators effective modules and training opportunities that can support their career awards. The program is also increasing the receptivity and readiness of population health delivery systems to apply system science methods to pressing problems. Program metrics include total participants, research yielded by the collaboration, and skills and system science mindset acquisition among trainees, investigators, and health personnel. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: CTSAs can partner with health and public health agencies to develop shared infrastructure, developing capacity in the university and in the partnered local agencies so that investigators and the agencies that are responsible for population health can work together to apply suitable translational methods to solve population health problems in both health systems and in public health.
3421 Evaluation of novel biomarkers of hepatocellular carcinoma development and recurrence in liver transplant patients
Authors: Mancinelli Jenna , Walls David , Chang Baoli , Keating Brendan , Hoitet Maarouf , Shaked Abraham
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Given the poor prognosis of HCC and its increasing incidence worldwide, identifying biomarkers of HCC has been an active area of research. While biomarkers are being identified at a rapid pace, many are still in early phases of clinical study and very few have proven clinical utility. The objective of this study is to identify novel biomarkers of HCC and evaluate their clinical utility as predictors of disease development and prognosis with specific emphasis on disease recurrence after liver transplantation. Biomarkers will be identified through GWAS, as well as through analysis of qualitative and quantitative liver traits by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These novel biomarkers will then by implemented into risk prediction models aimed to assess an individual’s risk for development of HCC and stratify their level of risk according to predicted disease prognosis. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This will be a case-control study, analyzing data from previously created biorepositories from four cohorts of recipients across multiple centers which have undergone liver transplant. First, a GWAS will be performed to identify genetic variant(s). Second, pre-transplant MRI’s will be evaluated using CAVASS software to assess liver quantitative and qualitative traits, including visceral adiposity. Lastly, these findings will be implemented into risk stratification models to assess each individual’s level of risk for development of HCC and for recurrence of HCC after transplant. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We hypothesize that genetic variant(s) are associated with positive HCV status and the development of HCC. Additionally, we hypothesize that increased visceral adiposity measured by MRI will have an association with recurrence of HCC after transplant. Lastly, we hypothesize that possession of these aforementioned features will be associated with an increased risk of HCC development and recurrence after transplant. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: As more is learned about the nature and reliability of these biomarkers, their potential clinical applications will be revealed. Ideally these proposed risk score models will ultimately be used by clinicians to provide personalized disease management while optimizing the allocation of health care resources. For instance, this may lead to changes in the MRI screening frequency of patients considered to be at high risk for HCC. The ability to diagnose patients early and provide personalized therapies may ultimately result in fewer disease related mortalities in the future.
3427 Racial and Gender Differences in Trends, Prevalence, and Outcomes for Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Hospitalizations in the US
Authors: Adejumo Adeyinka Charles , Samuel Gbeminiyi Olanrewaju , Pani Lydie
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Projected to soon become the most prevalent cause of End-Stage Liver Disease, the frequency of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) has been rising in the US community. However, studies on NAFLD among inpatients are lacking. Aims: To report the 1) prevalence and trends, 2) outcomes of NAFLD associated hospitalizations in the US. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: NAFLD cases were identified in the National Inpatient Sample (2007-2014) with ICD-9-CM codes, and the prevalence and trends over the 8-year period were calculated among different demographic groups. After excluding secondary causes of hepatic fat accumulation from the NAFLD cohorts (n = 210,660), the impact of sex, race, and region on outcomes (mortality, discharge disposition, length of stay [LOS] and cost) of NAFLD was computed with generalized estimating equations (SAS 9.4). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Admissions with NAFLD tripled from 2007-2014 at an average rate of 79/100,000 hospitalizations/year (p-value < 0.0001), with a larger rate of increase among males vs. females (83/100,000 vs. 75/100,000), Hispanics vs. Whites vs. Blacks (107/100,000 vs. 80/100,000 vs. 48/100,000), and governmental-/un-insured patients vs. privately-insured (94/100,000 vs. 74/100,000). Males had higher mortality, LOS and cost than females. Blacks had longer LOS and poorer discharge destination than Whites; while Hispanics and Asians incurred higher cost than Whites. Uninsured patients had higher mortality, longer LOS and poorer discharge disposition than the privately-insured. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Hospitalizations with NAFLD is rapidly increasing in the US, with a disproportionately higher burden among certain demographic groups. Measures are required to arrest this ominous trend and to eliminate the disparities in outcome among patients hospitalized with NAFLD.
3504 Metagenomic characterization of influenza virus: bacteria super-infections associated with death and survival
Authors: Klonoski Josh , Williams Matthew , Huber Victor
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: To better understand host, viral and bacterial responses underlying disparate outcome. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We utilized metagenomic analysis of 559 genes, the NanoString nCounter Immunology Panel-Plus kit and FFPE mouse lungs from a published BSI time course. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Results show an overall increased level of gene expression during BSIs associated with survival when compared to gene expression during peak viral titers. Early viral clearance and the presence of S. pyogenes in the lungs of TX98 infected lungs 24 hours after BSI was confirmed. Host responses tied to differences in early viral detection and clearance consisted of RIG-I, OAS, TLR3, TLR8 and TLR9. Key changes were noted in the expression of type I and II interferons, complement proteins, cytokines, chemokines, Fc receptors, scavenger receptors, the immunoproteasome and genes associated with T, B, Treg and NK cell activation. Interestingly, there was no significant increase in host antimicrobial peptides during BSIs associated with survival while CAMP and Nos2 were significantly increased 24hrs prior to death in lethal BSIs. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: To our knowledge this is the first side by side metagenomics study of influenza BSIs associated with death and survival. Results offer mechanistic insight into clinical outcomes.
3152 The role of myostatin in diabetic bone disease
Authors: Kalaitzoglou Evangelia , Knuckles Callie , Fowlkes John
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Our primary objective is to determine the mechanism of action of myostatin on osteoblasts by measuring markers of osteoblast differentiation. With these experiments we will evaluate the effects of myostatin on an osteoblastic cell line (MC3T3 cells) and primary murine osteoblasts during baseline and hyperglycemic conditions and assess whether these effects are altered in the presence of a hyperglycemic environment. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Primary osteoblasts from calvaria of WT mice will be isolated and cultured per previously published protocol. MC3T3 cells (murine pre-osteoblast cell line) and primary osteoblasts will be plated in 6-well plates until they reach confluency. They will subsequently be stimulated with or without myostatin at various concentrations under control and hyperglycemic conditions. Additional experiments will assess myostatin stimulation during cell differentiation/maturation in the presence of osteogenic induction medium. Subsequently, cells will be lysed and processed for gene analysis with qPCR. Genes of interest (e.g., myostatin, RUNX2, osteocalcin etc.) will be assessed. Additionally, cells will be collected and processed for protein quantification with western blot to assess myostatin-related pathways, such as Smad2/3 and MAPK signaling. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We have demonstrated that the receptor for myostatin (Activin receptor 2b, AcvR2b) is present in MC3T3 cells and we have evidence of Smad2 phosphorylation in MC3T3 cells as a result of myostatin stimulation, confirming that myostatin can exert intracellular signaling events in bone cells (Fig 1). We anticipate to observe negative effects of myostatin on differentiation of primary osteoblasts and MC3T3 cells. Specifically, we anticipate suppression of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX-2), a transcription factor known as the “ master regulator” of osteogenic gene expression and programming, as a result of signaling downstream of Smad 2/3. Additionally we anticipate downregulation of osterix and osteocalcin, two essential genes for osteoblast differentiation and activity. We anticipate that hyperglycemia will potentiate the negative effects of myostatin on osteoblastogenesis. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: We have demonstrated that myostatin can directly act on osteoblastic cells. As myostatin is a negative regulator or bone mass, its direct effects on bone cells can be detrimental to the bone health of patients with elevated myostatin levels and/or activity. There is evidence suggesting that myostatin is elevated in Type 1 diabetes, and its effects might be potentiated in a hyperglycemic environments. Future experiments will be evaluating the role of myostatin on a diabetic animal model and in humans. Our experiments provide an additional mechanism by which muscle-bone interactions could be contributing to the development of diabetic bone disease.
3129 Association of concurrent unhealthy alcohol use, tobacco use, and depressive symptoms on incident cardiovascular disease among HIV-infected and uninfected adults: Veterans Aging Cohort Study
Authors: Chichetto Natalie
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: This study applied a syndemic framework to 1) assess whether the concurrence of unhealthy alcohol use, smoking, and depressive symptoms is associated with increased risk for incident CVD among people living with and without HIV and 2) determine whether the association between this syndemic and incident CVD is differential by HIV status. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We evaluated 5731 participants (50.3% HIV+) without baseline CVD from the Veterans Aging Cohort Study, a prospective, observational cohort of PLWH and matched uninfected veterans enrolled in 2002 and followed through 2015. We assessed baseline number of conditions (syndemic score: 0-3; unhealthy alcohol use (>14 drinks per week for men [women] or 5 or more drinks in one occasion for men [women]), cigarette smoking (former/current), and depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score ≥ 10) and incident CVD through 14 years. Clinical ICD-9 codes identified incident cases of CVD (acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, revascularization, and stroke). We constructed age-adjusted survival curves and CVD rates. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regressions estimated the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of the syndemic score on incident CVD by HIV status, adjusting for baseline demographic, health status, and HIV-related factors. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Under 10% of all veterans had zero conditions; 25.8% had one; 49.6% had two, and 14.3% had all three. Based on the prevalence of each individual condition in the cohort (unhealthy drinking: 41.5%, cigarette smoking: 75.0%, and depressive symptoms: 21.3%), the observed prevalence of all three conditions was more than double that expected by chance (6.6%). There were 835 cases of incident CVD (50.4% HIV+) during the median follow-up (10.6 years). Overall, age-adjusted incidence rates/1000 person-years increased with greater number of conditions (zero 10.1, one 12.5, two 15.8, three 19.6). Compared to uninfected people with zero conditions, the adjusted hazard ratios of incident CVD were similar by HIV status for each number of conditions. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The syndemic of unhealthy drinking, cigarette smoking, and depressive symptoms is common and associated with high CVD risk. However, this risk was similar by HIV status. Our results underscore the need to screen for and treat these co-occurring conditions.
3217 Catatonia, Delirium and Coma: Implications for Mortality
Authors: Wilson Jo Ellen , Mihalko Sarasota , Heckers Stephan , Pandharipande Pratik P. , Girard Timothy D. , Kim Ahra , Vandekar Simon , Chandrasekhar Rameela , Francis Andrew , Dittus Robert S. , Ely Eugene “Wes”
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Delirium, a form of acute brain dysfunction, characterized by changes in attention and alertness, is a known independent predictor of mortality in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). We sought to understand whether catatonia, a more recently recognized form of acute brain dysfunction, is associated with increased 30-day mortality in critically ill older adults. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We prospectively enrolled critically ill patients at a single institution who were on a ventilator or in shock and evaluated them daily for delirium using the Confusion Assessment for the ICU and for catatonia using the Bush Francis Catatonia Rating Scale. Coma, was defined as a Richmond Agitation Scale score of −4 or −5. We used the Cox Proportional Hazards model predicting 30-day mortality after adjusting for delirium, coma and catatonia status. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We enrolled 335 medical, surgical or trauma critically ill patients with 1103 matched delirium and catatonia assessments. Median age was 58 years (IQR: 48 - 67). Main indications for admission to the ICU included: airway disease or protection (32%; N=100) or sepsis and/or shock (25%; N=79. In the unadjusted analysis, regardless of the presence of catatonia, non-delirious individuals have the highest median survival times, while delirious patients have the lowest median survival time. Comparing the absence and presence of catatonia, the presence of catatonia worsens survival (Figure 1). In a time-dependent Cox model, comparing non-delirious individuals, holding catatonia status constant, delirious individuals have 1.72 times the hazards of death (IQR: 1.321, 2.231) while those with coma have 5.48 times the hazards of death (IQR: 4.298, 6.984). For DSM-5 catatonia scores, a 1-unit increase in the score is associated with 1.18 times the hazards of in-hospital mortality. Comparing two individuals with the same delirium status, an individual with a DSM-5 catatonia score of 0 (no catatonia) will have 1.178 times the hazard of death (IQR: 1.086, 1.278), while an individual with a score of 3 catatonia items (catatonia) present will have 1.63 times the hazard of death. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Non-delirious individuals have the highest median survival times, while those who are comatose have the lowest median survival times after a critical illness, holding catatonia status constant. Comparing the absence and presence of catatonia, the presence of catatonia seems to worsen survival. Those individual who are both comatose and catatonic have the lowest median survival time.
3124 Early Electrographic Seizure Detection by Neuro ICU Nurses via Bedside Real-Time Quantitative EEG
Authors: Kaleem Safa , Swisher Christa B.
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: 1. Determine positive predictive value, negative predictive value, sensitivity, and specificity of Neuro ICU nurse interpretation of real-time bedside qEEG. 2. Determine difference in time to detection of first seizure between Neuro ICU nurse qEEG interpretation and EEG fellow reads of cEEG. 3. Determine what qualities of seizures make detection by neuro ICU nurses more or less likely – e.g. duration of seizures, type of seizures, spatial extent of seizures. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Recruit neuro ICU nurses taking care of 150 patients admitted to the Neuro ICU at Duke University Hospital who are initiated on cEEG monitoring. Nurses will be consented for their participation in the study. Neuro ICU nurses will evaluate the qEE RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: From literature estimates of a 20% seizure prevalence in critical care settings, we hope to have 30 patients with seizures and 120 without. Based on prior study in the Duke Neuro ICU, we hypothesize that Neuro ICU nurses will have sensitivity and DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: This is the first prospective study of neuro ICU nurse interpretation of real-time bedside qEEG in patients with unknown NCSE/NCS presence. If nurse sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value are clinically useful, which we deem would be so at a sensitivity of 70% or greater, with acceptable false alarm rate, nurse readings of qEEG could significantly decrease the time to treatment of seizures in the Neuro ICU patient population, and perhaps could improve patient outcomes.
Developing influenza and respiratory syncytial virus activity thresholds for syndromic surveillance in England
Authors: Harcourt S. E. , Morbey R. A. , Smith G. E. , Loveridge P. , Green H. K. , Pebody R. , Rutter J. , Yeates F. A. , Stuttard G. , Elliot A. J.
Published: March 2019

Influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are common causes of respiratory tract infections and place a burden on health services each winter. Systems to describe the timing and intensity of such activity will improve the public health response and deployment of interventions to these pressures. Here we develop early warning and activity intensity thresholds for monitoring influenza and RSV using two novel data sources: general practitioner out-of-hours consultations (GP OOH) and telehealth calls (NHS 111). Moving Epidemic Method (MEM) thresholds were developed for winter 2017–2018. The NHS 111 cold/flu threshold was breached several weeks in advance of other systems. The NHS 111 RSV epidemic threshold was breached in week 41, in advance of RSV laboratory reporting. Combining the use of MEM thresholds with daily monitoring of NHS 111 and GP OOH syndromic surveillance systems provides the potential to alert to threshold breaches in real-time. An advantage of using thresholds across different health systems is the ability to capture a range of healthcare-seeking behaviour, which may reflect differences in disease severity. This study also provides a quantifiable measure of seasonal RSV activity, which contributes to our understanding of RSV activity in advance of the potential introduction of new RSV vaccines.
Understanding the Impacts of Short‐Term Climate Variability on Drinking Water Source Quality: Observations From Three Distinct Climatic Regions in Tanzania
Authors: Guo Danlu , Thomas Jacqueline , Lazaro Alfred , Mahundo Clarence , Lwetoijera Dickson , Mrimi Emmanuel , Matwewe Fatuma , Johnson Fiona
Published: March 2019

Climate change is expected to increase waterborne diseases especially in developing countries. However, we lack understanding of how different types of water sources (both improved and unimproved) are affected by climate change, and thus, where to prioritize future investments and improvements to maximize health outcomes. This is due to limited knowledge of the relationships between source water quality and the observed variability in climate conditions. To address this gap, a 20‐month observational study was conducted in Tanzania, aiming to understand how water quality changes at various types of sources due to short‐term climate variability. Nine rounds of microbiological water quality sampling were conducted for Escherichia coli and total coliforms, at three study sites within different climatic regions. Each round included approximately 233 samples from water sources and 632 samples from households. To identify relationships between water quality and short‐term climate variability, Bayesian hierarchical modeling was adopted, allowing these relationships to vary with source types and sampling regions to account for potentially different physical processes. Across water sources, increases in E. coli/total coliform levels were most closely related to increases in recent heavy rainfall. Our key recommendations to future longitudinal studies are (a) demonstrated value of high sampling frequency and temporal coverage (a minimum of 3 years) especially during wet seasons; (b) utility of the Bayesian hierarchical models to pool data from multiple sites while allowing for variations across space and water sources; and (c) importance of a multidisciplinary team approach with consistent commitment and sharing of knowledge.
Ancient Fires and Indigenous Knowledge Inform Fire Policies
Authors: Adolf Carole , Hawthorne Donna , Colombaroli Daniele
Published: March 2019

Global Paleofire Working Group 2: Diverse Knowledge Systems for Fire Policy and Biodiversity Conservation; Egham, United Kingdom, 4–9 September 2018
Data from Past Eruptions Could Reduce Future Volcano Hazards
Authors: Costa Fidel , Widiwijayanti Christina , Humaida Hanik
Published: March 2019

Optimizing the Use of Volcano Monitoring Database to Anticipate Unrest; Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 26–29 November 2018
Judge Blocks Oil and Gas Leases on Public Land, Citing Climate Change
Authors: Duncombe Jenessa
Published: March 2019

The ruling pointed out a “critical flaw” in fossil fuel leasing.
Carotid chemoreceptor denervation does not impair hypoxia-induced thermal downregulation but vitiates recovery from a hypothermic and hypometabolic state in mice
Authors: Hemelrijk Sebastiaan D. , van Gulik Thomas M. , Heger Michal
Published: March 2019

Induction of hypothermia and consequent hypometabolism by pharmacological downmodulation of the internal thermostat could be protective in various medical situations such as ischemia/reperfusion. Systemic hypoxia is a trigger of thermostat downregulation in some mammals, which is sensed though carotid chemoreceptors (carotid bodies, CBs). Using non-invasive thermographic imaging in mice, we demonstrated that surgical bilateral CB denervation does not hamper hypoxia-induced hypothermia. However, the recovery from a protective and reversible hypothermic state after restoration to normoxic conditions was impaired in CB-resected mice versus control animals. Therefore, the carotid chemoreceptors play an important role in the central regulation of hypoxia-driven hypothermia in mice, but only in the rewarming phase.
Polymorphism and molecular conformations of nicosulfuron: structure, properties and desolvation process
Authors: Liu Yu , Jia Lina , Wu Songgu , Xu Shijie , Zhang Xu , Jiang Shuang , Gong Junbo
Published: March 2019

Nine solid forms of nicosulfuron were found for the first time and their structures and properties were studied in detail.
Systematic investigation of the mechanism of Cichorium glandulosum on type 2 diabetes mellitus accompanied with non-alcoholic fatty liver rats
Authors: Qin Huiyu , Chen Haijun , Zou Yang , Zhang Xiaoyi , Wei Changqing , Chen Wen , Xie Zhiyong , Yao Meicun , Han Bo
Published: March 2019

Strategy of this systems-pharmacology approach to investigate the active compounds and action mechanisms of CG on T2DM-NAFLD.
Visible-light-induced water splitting on a hierarchically constructed Z-scheme photocatalyst composed of zinc rhodium oxide and bismuth vanadate
Authors: Takashima Toshihiro , Moriyama Narumi , Fujishiro Yukitaka , Osaki Junya , Takeuchi Shugo , Ohtani Bunsho , Irie Hiroshi
Published: March 2019

A hierarchical Z-scheme photocatalyst composed of BiVO4, ZnRh2O4, and Au was synthesized for visible-light-induced water splitting.
Ligand-controlled regiodivergent π-allyl palladium catalysis enables a switch between [3+2] and [3+3] cycloadditions
Authors: Xia Yu , Bao Qiao-Fei , Li Yuke , Wang Li-Jing , Zhang Bo-Sheng , Liu Hong-Chao , Liang Yong-Min
Published: March 2019

Reported herein is the use of ligands to tune the regioselectivity and reactivity of palladium-catalyzed [3+2] and [3+3] cycloadditions.
Insights into graphene wettability transparency by locally probing its surface free energy
Authors: Lu Jin-You , Olukan Tuza , Tamalampudi Srinivasa Reddy , Al-Hagri Abdulrahman , Lai Chia-Yun , Ali Al Mahri Mariam , Apostoleris Harry , Almansouri Ibraheem , Chiesa Matteo
Published: March 2019

In this work, we study the surface energy of monolayer, bilayer and multilayer graphene coatings, produced through exfoliation of natural graphite flakes and chemical vapor deposition.
Electrolytes for advanced lithium ion batteries using silicon-based anodes
Authors: Xu Zhixin , Yang Jun , Li Hongping , Nuli Yanna , Wang Jiulin
Published: March 2019

Recent progress in electrolytes from the liquid to the solid state for Si-based anodes is comprehensively summarized in this review article.
Controlling the synthesis of uniform electron-deficient Pd clusters for superior hydrogen production from formic acid
Authors: Ye Wanyue , Pei Wei , Zhou Si , Huang He , Li Qian , Zhao Jijun , Lu Rongwen , Ge Yuzhen , Zhang Shufen
Published: March 2019

The superior additives-free dehydrogenation of formic acid for hydrogen production by uniform electron-deficient Pd clusters.
Immobilizable fluorescent probes for monitoring the mitochondria microenvironment: a next step from the classic
Authors: Zhang Xinfu , Sun Qin , Huang Zhenlong , Huang Lirong , Xiao Yi
Published: March 2019

Immobilizable probes represent a valuable trend.
Reduced complexity lattice‐based multiple‐input multiple‐output schemes
Authors: Ouni Nizar , Tourki Kamel , Mohaisen Manar , Bouallegue Ridha
Published: March 2019

Multiple‐input multiple‐output is being considered as a highly interesting topic for the new generation of wireless communication systems. The major challenge is how to enhance the link reliability while neither affecting the spectral efficiency nor the quality of service. To reduce the complexity of the maximum likelihood (ML) receiver, efforts have been focused on zero forcing (ZF) decoder using lattice reduction‐aided (LRA) techniques. In this study, the authors propose a method that improves performance using the LRA‐based precoding technique without increasing the decoder complexity. Their approach is to exploit the channel matrix to generate matrices for both the precoding and LRA detection technique. This makes it possible to achieve maximum orthogonality for the generated channel matrices while reducing considerably the noise effect. They focus on the use of the LRA‐ZF for the ease of its implementation and low complexity. The proposed method outperforms LRA‐minimum mean square error‐based receiver and gets closer to ML receiver performance. The performance and complexity of the proposed scheme are discussed.
New multiple‐input multiple‐output‐based filter bank multicarrier structure for cognitive radio networks
Authors: Abd El‐Hamid Zahraa , Hassan Emad S. , Zekry Abdel‐Halim A. , Elagooz Salah S. , Samir Moataz , Abd El‐Samie Fathi E.
Published: March 2019

Cognitive radio (CR) has been proposed for spectral efficiency improvement while avoiding interference with licensed users. The offset quadrature amplitude modulation‐based filter bank multicarrier (OQAM‐FBMC) modulation is a promising candidate for CR‐based systems. Although it behaves better in many aspects than orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), the application of some techniques with FBMC becomes more challenging due to the imaginary interference, as in the case of multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) technique. Here, the authors first propose a new MIMO‐based FBMC transceiver structure for CR systems. The proposed structure is based on QAM transmission to handle the interference presented in conventional OQAM‐FBMC systems. The authors also introduce two different methods to satisfy the orthogonality conditions and cancel the residual interference in QAM‐FBMC systems. Both methods are based on discrete cosine transform (DCT) to achieve superior spectrum confinement and hence better spectral efficiency. Moreover, the authors present a resource allocation algorithm for the proposed structure. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed structure outperforms the conventional FBMC‐based MIMO techniques in terms of bit error rate (BER) and computational complexity. The results also show that the spectral efficiency of the proposed structure could be further improved by applying the proposed resource allocation algorithm.
No‐reference image quality metric based on multiple deep belief networks
Authors: Alaql Omar , Lu Cheng‐Chang
Published: March 2019

The last decade has witnessed great advances in digital images. These images are subjected to many processing stages during storing, transmitting, or sharing over a network connection. Unfortunately, these processing stages could potentially add visual degradation to original image. These degradations reduce the perceived visual quality which leads to an unsatisfactory experience for human viewers. Therefore, image quality assessment (IQA) has become a topic of high interest and intense research over the last decade. This study mainly focuses on the most challenging category of IQA general‐purpose No‐Reference Image Quality Assessment (NR‐IQA), where the goal is to assess the quality of images without information about the reference images and without prior knowledge about the types of distortions in the tested image. A novel NR‐IQA approach is presented, by utilizing multiple deep belief networks (DBNs) with multiple regression models. It consists of four DBNs. Each DBN is associated with one type of distortion. The authors have evaluated the performance of the proposed and some existing models on a fair basis. The obtained results show that their model gives better results and yield a significant improvement.
Theorems of compensation and Tellegen in non‐sinusoidal circuits via geometric algebra
Authors: Castro‐Núñez Milton , Londoño‐Monsalve Deysy , Castro‐Puche Róbinson
Published: March 2019

Presently, it is not possible to corroborate Tellegen's theorem or to articulate the compensation theorem in the frequency domain when considering all the harmonics simultaneously. The circuit analysis approach based on geometric algebra is used here to solve these two challenges. We show here the significance of representing harmonics by k ‐vectors and how k ‐vectors process the magnitude, the phase and the frequency of a sine wave. We take a tutorial approach and provide examples to demonstrate both, the simplicity of this approach and how a distinct representation of time‐domain signals of different frequencies facilitates both, energy analysis and confirming the principle of superposition and Kirchhoff's circuits’ laws in non‐sinusoidal conditions when considering all the harmonics simultaneously.
Spatially resolved carbon and oxygen isotopic ratios in NGC 253 using optically thin tracers
Authors: Martín S. , Muller S. , Henkel C. , Meier D. S. , Aladro R. , Sakamoto K. , van der Werf P. P.
Published: March 2019

Context. One of the most important aspects of modern astrophysics is related to our understanding of the origin of elements and chemical evolution in the large variety of astronomical sources. Nuclear regions of galaxies undergo heavy processing of matter, and are therefore ideal targets to investigate matter cycles via determination of elemental and isotopic abundances.

Aims. To trace chemical evolution in a prototypical starburst environment, we spatially resolve carbon and oxygen isotope ratios across the central molecular zone (CMZ; full size ∼600 pc) in the nearby starburst galaxy NGC 253.

Methods. We imaged the emission of the optically thin isotopologues 13CO, C18O, C17O, 13C18O at a spatial resolution ∼50 pc, comparable to the typical size of giant molecular associations. Optical depth effects and contamination of 13C18O by C4H are discussed and accounted for to derive column densities.

Results. This is the first extragalactic detection of the double isotopologue 13C18O. Derived isotopic ratios 12C/13C ∼ 21 ± 6, 16O/18O ∼ 130 ± 40, and 18O/17O ∼ 4.5 ± 0.8 differ from the generally adopted values in the nuclei of galaxies.

Conclusions. The molecular clouds in the central region of NGC 253 show similar rare isotope enrichment to those within the CMZ of the Milky way. This enrichment is attributed to stellar nucleosynthesis. Measured isotopic ratios suggest an enhancement of 18O as compared to our Galactic centre, which we attribute to an extra 18O injection from massive stars. Our observations show evidence for mixing of distinct gas components with different degrees of processing. We observe an extra molecular component of highly processed gas on top of the already proposed less processed gas being transported to the central region of NGC 253. Such a multicomponent nature and optical depth effects may hinder the use of isotopic ratios based on a spatially unresolved line to infer the star formation history and/or initial stellar mass function properties galaxy nuclei.
Liebe Leserin, lieber Leser,
Authors: Kanzow Thomas
Published: March 2019

Wenn ich das Balint-Heft in die Hand nehme, stolpere ich – wohl weil ich stolpern will – ich stolpere also regelmäßig über das Wort „optimieren“: Programmatisch steht in dem Untertitel des „Balint-Journal“: „Patienten verstehen – Handeln optimieren“.
Mit großen Schritten voran
Authors: Risse Ludger
Published: March 2019

Nach Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein und Niedersachsen wird nun auch das
einwohnerstärkste Bundesland NRW eine Pflegekammer errichten. Mehr über
den Stand der Dinge und warum gerade diese Kammer Auswirkungen auf den Rest der
Bundesrepublik haben könnte.
Smartphone statt Klingel
Authors: Ploch Karin , Neeser Elisabeth
Published: March 2019

Über eine App können Patienten im Diakoniewerk München-Maxvorstadt mitteilen, ob
sie ein Schmerzmittel wünschen oder eine Serviceleistung. Pflegende können so
die Arbeit priorisieren und Ihre Aufgaben besser planen und
verteilen.
Reversible Splenial Lesion Syndrome Associated with Encephalitis/Encephalopathy and Hyponatremia
Authors: Güngör Serdal , Kılıç Betül , Aslan Mahmut , Özgör Bilge
Published: March 2019

Reversible splenial lesion syndrome (RESLES) is a rare occurrence with a broad clinical and radiological spectrum due to several conditions and diseases. Generally, clinical symptoms of RESLES include mildly altered states of consciousness, delirium, and seizures. RESLES can be shown in conjunction with central nervous system infections, especially in children. Hyponatremia is also described as a potential cause of reversible splenial lesions. Reversible signal changes on diffusion-weighted images are detected in patients for diagnosis. The prognosis is usually good but it depends on the underlying disease, neurological and imaging findings. Here we present two pediatric patients with RESLES accompanied by hyponatremia.
Beak Trimming Handbook for Egg Producers
Authors: Glatz Phil , Bourke Michael
Published: March 2019

The Beak Trimming Handbook for Egg Producers is a straightforward, practical guide to beak trimming of egg-laying hens to minimise cannibalism. It provides comprehensive information on why birds peck and how pecking can lead to problems like cannibalism; the methods available to beak trim birds; why a particular method should be chosen; and at what age birds may be trimmed.
The book addresses quality control of beak trimming, enabling egg producers to be confident that equipment is properly set up, that birds are handled and trimmed according to best practice and farm biosecurity is maintained. Management of birds following beak trimming, to protect of the welfare of the birds and to ensure maximum productivity, is covered in detail.
Best-practice, current methods of beak trimming, costs of trimming and ways to reduce the use of trimming are examined, along with expected future developments. The advantages and disadvantages of beak trimming are fully explored, covering both public and industry attitudes to the operation. Alternatives to beak trimming are canvassed to understand how the use of fitted devices, enrichment devices, abrasives, low lighting and the choice of low-pecking strains of birds can reduce the need for beak trimming. Finally, the book discusses strategies for minimising cannibalism and how the chosen strategy may be documented and justified.
Please note that this book is spiral-bound.
Small Cattle for Small Farms
Authors: Hayes Margo
Published: March 2019

There are more small farms in Australia than there are large, and this trend continues as an increasing number of larger farms are subdivided into smaller parcels. A growing demand for lifestyle blocks, in Australia and overseas, is fuelling an interest in the quieter, smaller breeds of cattle which have particular appeal as they are more manageable to control and maintain.
Small Cattle for Small Farms is ideal for those people considering buying a small farm for lifestyle or commercial purposes.
Written in response to the many questions the author was asked by those seeking to purchase small cattle, this practical and easy to understand guide provides an excellent introduction to small farming.
The book assumes no prior experience with cattle, and covers all the basics to help you set up your small farm, including: types of cattle available, how to select your stock and care for them, stocking rates, fencing needs, vaccination requirements, methods of identification, and government requirements for land and stockowners.
For those wishing to show their cattle, there is a chapter explaining how to prepare for competitions. A section on marketing details how to make a successful entry into the commercial beef industry, and a list of cattle organisations directs readers to more specific information for their chosen breeds.
Automated, predictive, and interpretable inference of
Caenorhabditis elegans
escape dynamics
Authors: Daniels Bryan C. , Ryu William S. , Nemenman Ilya
Published: March 2019

The roundworm
Caenorhabditis elegans
exhibits robust escape behavior in response to rapidly rising temperature. The behavior lasts for a few seconds, shows history dependence, involves both sensory and motor systems, and is too complicated to model mechanistically using currently available knowledge. Instead we model the process phenomenologically, and we use the
Sir Isaac
dynamical inference platform to infer the model in a fully automated fashion directly from experimental data. The inferred model requires incorporation of an unobserved dynamical variable and is biologically interpretable. The model makes accurate predictions about the dynamics of the worm behavior, and it can be used to characterize the functional logic of the dynamical system underlying the escape response. This work illustrates the power of modern artificial intelligence to aid in discovery of accurate and interpretable models of complex natural systems.
Transcriptomic atlas of mushroom development reveals conserved genes behind complex multicellularity in fungi
Authors: Krizsán Krisztina , Almási Éva , Merényi Zsolt , Sahu Neha , Virágh Máté , Kószó Tamás , Mondo Stephen , Kiss Brigitta , Bálint Balázs , Kües Ursula , Barry Kerrie , Cseklye Judit , Hegedüs Botond , Henrissat Bernard , Johnson Jenifer , Lipzen Anna , Ohm Robin A. , Nagy István , Pangilinan Jasmyn , Yan Juying , Xiong Yi , Grigoriev Igor V. , Hibbett David S. , Nagy László G.
Published: March 2019

The evolution of complex multicellularity has been one of the major transitions in the history of life. In contrast to simple multicellular aggregates of cells, it has evolved only in a handful of lineages, including animals, embryophytes, red and brown algae, and fungi. Despite being a key step toward the evolution of complex organisms, the evolutionary origins and the genetic underpinnings of complex multicellularity are incompletely known. The development of fungal fruiting bodies from a hyphal thallus represents a transition from simple to complex multicellularity that is inducible under laboratory conditions. We constructed a reference atlas of mushroom formation based on developmental transcriptome data of six species and comparisons of

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200 whole genomes, to elucidate the core genetic program of complex multicellularity and fruiting body development in mushroom-forming fungi (Agaricomycetes). Nearly 300 conserved gene families and

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70 functional groups contained developmentally regulated genes from five to six species, covering functions related to fungal cell wall remodeling, targeted protein degradation, signal transduction, adhesion, and small secreted proteins (including effector-like orphan genes). Several of these families, including F-box proteins, expansin-like proteins, protein kinases, and transcription factors, showed expansions in Agaricomycetes, many of which convergently expanded in multicellular plants and/or animals too, reflecting convergent solutions to genetic hurdles imposed by complex multicellularity among independently evolved lineages. This study provides an entry point to studying mushroom development and complex multicellularity in one of the largest clades of complex eukaryotic organisms.