bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Pyrite Iron Disulfide Cathode with a Copper Current Collector for High‐Energy Reversible Magnesium‐Ion Storage
Authors: Shen Yinlin , Zhang Qinghua , Wang Yujia , Gu Lin , Zhao Xiangyu , Shen Xiaodong
Published: August 2021

Owing to its low cost, high theoretical capacity, and environmentally friendly characteristics, pyrite FeS2 demonstrates promise as a cathode material for high‐energy metal‐anode‐based rechargeable batteries. When it is used in a rechargeable magnesium battery (RMB), the electrode couple exhibits an extremely low theoretical volume change upon full discharge. However, its electrochemical Mg‐ion storage is considerably hindered by slow reaction kinetics. In this study, a high‐performance FeS2 cathode for RMBs using a copper current collector is reported, which is involved in cathode reactions via a reversible redox process between copper and cuprous sulfide. This phase transformation with the formation of copper nanowires during discharge activates the redox reactions of FeS2 via a two‐step and four‐electron Mg‐ion transfer that dominates the cathode reactions. As a result, the as‐prepared FeS2 nanomaterial cathode delivers a significantly enhanced reversible capacity of 679 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1. The corresponding energy density of 714 Wh kg−1 is superior to those of all previously reported metal chalcogenide cathodes in RMBs or hybrid batteries using a Mg metal anode. Notably, the as‐assembled FeS2–Mg battery can operate over 1000 cycles with a good capacity retention at 400 mA g−1.
Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Inclusive Pedagogy Increase Retention and Success Outcomes of STEM Students
Authors: Alexiades Alexander V. , Haeffner Melissa A. , Reano Darryl , Janis Maxine , Black Jessica , Sonoda Kazuhiro , Howard Melinda , Fiander Cristy , Buck Michael
Published: August 2021

The i‐NATURE (Indigenous iNtegration of Aquatic sciences and Traditional Ecological Knowledge for Undergraduate culturally Responsive Education) is a culturally relevant, project‐, and place‐based curriculum that included extensive applied research experience contextualized for specific Indigenous communities. The program developed a model for incorporating Traditional Ecological Knowledge into STEM undergraduate education which included direct participation of several Indigenous communities in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. After implementation of the i‐NATURE model, we tested whether the inclusive pedagogical strategies used in our intervention improved retention and learning outcomes for the students who participated in the i‐NATURE program. We report a highly significant difference in annual retention and mean course grade point average in the Environmental Science and Studies Programs pre‐ and post‐implementation of the i‐NATURE curriculum. We also report an increase in student interest in pursuing STEM careers and the impacts of the i‐NATURE curricula on two undergraduate participants. This study indicates that academic and research experiences in STEM higher education programming, that incorporates cultural relevant ways of knowing and is reflective of Indigenous community values, can improve student success outcomes and garner interest in pursuing STEM careers.
Limitation of model‐based estimations of the hydrogen adsorption capacities in nanoporous materials: A molecular simulation study
Authors: Yoon Sunghyun , Chung Yongchul G.
Published: August 2021

There has been a recent report regarding the existence of solid‐like H2 adsorption in nanoporous materials. Herein, we employed grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations on a series of metal–organic frameworks with 1D and 3D channels to investigate the limitation of a model‐based approach in estimating the H2 adsorption capacities. The excess hydrogen uptakes of several structures with pore sizes ranging from 5 to 37 Å were computationally predicted. The pore volume and the density of adsorbed H2 were obtained by fitting the Tóth equation to the excess H2 isotherm data from the simulation. The results were compared with the data obtained from direct simulation. Sensitivity analyses show that the pore volume and the density of adsorbed H2, predicted from model‐based fitting, are not accurate enough to estimate the adsorbed H2 density and the pore volume, especially for the materials with 1D channels.
Synthesis of Hyperbranched Polymer for 3D Printing
Authors: Song Yibo , Yang Fahu , Zheng Zhenwei , Wu Pingping , Huo Lixia , Guo Jinshan , Wang Jingxia
Published: August 2021

Main observation and conclusion

3D printing has been developing rapidly in recent years owing to its application in academic and industry areas, but the poor mechanical property of printing materials limits its application. Herein, a photocurable resin with good mechanical property was obtained based on hyperbranched polymer synthesized through the reaction of carboxylic acids with isocyanates catalyzed by magnesium stearate. Three kinds of hyperbranched polymers with different molecular weight were fabricated by modulating the content of isocyanates. By mixing hyperbranched polymer with acryloylmorpholine, polyethylene glycol diacrylate 400 and photoinitiator of 819, the photocurable resin was obtained. The influence of various factors on mechanical properties of samples was investigated such as molecular weight of hyperbranched polymer and the light exposure time. Comparing with the commercial resin, the flexural strength (116.06 MPa) and impact strength (34.59 kJ/m2) of the resultant resin increased by 21.2% and 20.8%, respectively.
Creating a healthy community after the pandemic: Reinvigorating routine cancer screening with community support systems
Authors: Wilke Lee G.
Published: August 2021

The recovery to a healthy and sustainable community after the pandemic will require multidisciplinary and diverse support from health care and community partners. Cancer screenings, particularly those for breast cancer, will be an important measure of this recovery, and through novel and supportive community coalitions such as the one supported by the American Cancer Society/National Football League CHANGE grant, individuals, including those from underserved communities, can safely be identified and treated at earlier stages when survival and recovery are the most favorable.
Carrier Transport Layer‐Free Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Wang Liang , Yang Shuzhang , Han Qianji , Yu Fengyang , Zhang Hong , Cai Xiaoyong , Zhang Chu , Gao Liguo , Ma Tingli
Published: August 2021

Power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of up to 25.5 % have been reported for perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Thus, they have shown great potential for commercial applications. Therefore, simplifying technological process and reducing production costs have been a widespread concern among scientific and industrial communities. In this study, PSCs are prepared with the simplest device architecture (FTO/MAPbI3/carbon). A high‐quality perovskite film with few interface defects and good carrier transport is obtained by tuning the p‐n properties, matching energy levels, and enhancing carrier collection and transport. A PCE of 12.01 % is achieved, which is the best reported to date for this device structure. The device also shows excellent long‐term stability, owing to the elimination of charge transport layers and the usage of hydrophobic materials. This study provides a new approach to reduce production costs and simplify production of PSCs.
Crystallization of hydrogenated biodiesel–ethanol–diesel blend based on the solid–liquid equilibrium theory
Authors: Mei Deqing , Gao Yaping , Adu‐Mensah Derick , Zuo Lei , Zhang Qi
Published: August 2021

Hydrogenated biodiesel–ethanol–diesel is a novel ternary fuel blend containing easily volatile, moderately volatile, and hardly volatile components. In this study, based on the thermodynamic phase equilibrium, a model was established to depict the phase transition under changeable pressure and temperature conditions. The crystallization behavior of hydrogenated biodiesel–ethanol–diesel ternary blends was estimated, and the influence of ethanol on the low temperature performance of ternary blends was interpreted in contrast to that of hydrogenated biodiesel–diesel binary blends. It was revealed that the crystallization points of ternary blends such as PHC5E5 (5% partially hydrogenated cottonseed biodiesel + 5% ethanol + 90% diesel), PHC10E10 (10% partially hydrogenated cottonseed biodiesel + 10% ethanol + 80% diesel), and PHC15E15 (15% partially hydrogenated cottonseed biodiesel + 15% ethanol + 70% diesel) were reduced by 4.5 K, 5.7 K and 6.1 K respectively as compared with their countering binary blends. Declines of 4.3 K, 5.3 K and 6.1 K in crystallization points were also demonstrated between partially hydrogenated soybean biodiesel ternary blends and binary blends. Meanwhile, apparent drops in crystallization quantities were perceived between ternary blends and binary blends under different temperatures. The role of ethanol affecting the crystallization of ternary blends was then comprehensively analyzed. At the onset of crystallization, ethanol was simultaneously precipitated in a eutectic manner with compositions of high melting point, impeding the tendency of nucleation and lagging the growth of solid crystals. In addition, most of non‐crystallized ethanol distributed in liquid fuel as well as the interstices of the network and the plate crystal. It beneficially increased the solubility of the crystalline composition in the base liquid to some extent. That is to say, the crystallization points and crystallization quantities were evaluated based on the solid–liquid equilibrium theory, which can provide an effective and reliable method for optimizing the low temperature performance of hydrogenated biodiesel.
A novel method for the identification of flame front’s position on thermoacoustic coupling combustion oscillations
Authors: Gao Lanzhou , Peng Shini , Huang Xiaomei , Kang Yinhu , Su Shan , Sun Mengxiao , Li Yuemin
Published: August 2021

The flame front area is an important parameter to quantify the heat release rate. However, the limitations imposed by the measuring instruments and the measurement methodologies make it difficult to determine the flame front position in an image. This work introduces a method to detect and optimize the flame front boundary. A high‐speed camera was employed to continuously capture the flame images. By setting appropriate intensity thresholds, the impact noise can be eliminated from the image and the flame front boundary can be determined. The binary diagram of the image was morphologically processed to obtain the normalized area fluctuations of the flame front in a temporally resolved manner. Two flame types and combustion regimes were studied. A LABVIEW‐based program was used for the synchronous triggering of the camera, the photomultiplier, and the microphones. The normalized area and photomultiplier output signals of a multiple flame burner obtained within the same period were compared and combined with the spectrum information from the microphone in the cavity. The trend charts were investigated in terms of the Pearson correlation coefficient. The results showed a strong correlation, thereby verifying the feasibility of this method.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells From Subjects With Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis Develop a Senescence Phenotype Following Biliary Differentiation
Authors: Jalan‐Sakrikar Nidhi , De Assuncao Thiago M. , Navarro‐Corcuera Amaia , Hamdan Feda H. , Loarca Lorena , Kirkeby Lindsey A. , Resch Zachary T. , O’Hara Steven P. , Juran Brian D. , Lazaridis Konstantinos N. , Rosen Charles B. , Heimbach Julie K. , Taner Timucin , Shah Vijay H. , LaRusso Nicholas F. , Huebert Robert C.
Published: August 2021

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic fibroinflammatory disease of the biliary tract characterized by cellular senescence and periportal fibrogenesis. Specific disease features that are cell intrinsic and either genetically or epigenetically mediated remain unclear due in part to a lack of appropriate, patient‐specific, in vitro models. Recently, our group developed systems to create induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)‐derived cholangiocytes (iDCs) and biliary epithelial organoids (cholangioids). We use these models to investigate whether PSC cholangiocytes are intrinsically predisposed to cellular senescence. Skin fibroblasts from healthy controls and subjects with PSC were reprogrammed to pluripotency, differentiated to cholangiocytes, and subsequently grown in three‐dimensional matrigel‐based culture to induce formation of cholangioids. RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq) on iDCs showed significant differences in gene expression patterns, including enrichment of pathways associated with cell cycle, senescence, and hepatic fibrosis, that correlate with PSC. These pathways also overlapped with RNA‐seq analysis on isolated cholangiocytes from subjects with PSC. Exome sequencing on the subjects with PSC revealed genetic variants of unknown significance in the genes identified in these pathways. Three‐dimensional culture revealed smaller size, lack of a central lumen, and increased cellular senescence in PSC‐derived cholangioids. Congruent with this, PSC‐derived iDCs showed increased secretion of the extracellular matrix molecule fibronectin as well as the inflammatory cytokines interleukin‐6, and chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand 2. Conditioned media (CM) from PSC‐derived iDCs more potently activated hepatic stellate cells compared to control CM. Conclusion: We demonstrated efficient generation of iDCs and cholangioids from patients with PSC that show disease‐specific features. PSC cholangiocytes are intrinsically predisposed to cellular senescence. These features are unmasked following biliary differentiation of pluripotent stem cells and have functional consequences in epithelial organoids.
Large devaluations and inflation inequality: Replicating Cravino and Levchenko (2017) with evidence from Brazil
Authors: Gouvêa Raphael
Published: August 2021

In the aftermath of large devaluations, prices of tradable goods/lower‐priced varieties increase significantly more than the prices of nontradables/higher‐priced varieties. These relative price changes may lead to inflation inequality when household consumption baskets are different across the distribution of income. Using Cravino and Levchenko's (2017, https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20151551) methodology, we show that inflation of poor households in Brazil was at least 11 percentage points higher than that of the rich in the aftermath of the 2002 large devaluation. A detailed case study of the City of São Paulo estimates an inflation inequality ranging from 8 to 11 percentage points in the city.
Fluoride Pharmacokinetics in Urine and Plasma Following Multiple Doses of MK‐8507, an Investigational, Oral, Once‐Weekly Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor
Authors: Gillespie Gillian , Jackson Rudd Deanne , Zhang Saijuan , Schaeffer Andrea , Tomek Charles , Larson Patrick , Stoch S. Aubrey , Iwamoto Marian
Published: August 2021

MK‐8507 is an investigational HIV‐1 nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor being developed for the treatment of HIV‐1 infection. MK‐8507 contains 2 trifluoromethyl groups that may result in fluoride release through metabolism, but the extent of MK‐8507–related fluoride release in humans has yet to be determined. This double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, 2‐period, parallel‐group, multiple‐dose trial in healthy participants without HIV‐1 who were administered a fluoride‐restricted diet and once‐weekly doses of MK‐8507 aimed to estimate the relationship between MK‐8507 dose and fluoride exposure. A total of 15 adult male and 3 adult female (of non‐childbearing potential) participants were randomized to receive MK‐8507 200 mg (n = 6), MK‐8507 800 mg (n = 6), or placebo (n = 6). Change from baseline in mean daily fluoride excretion averaged over 7 days following the administration of MK‐8507 200 mg resulted in a net mean increase of 19.8 μmol (90% confidence interval, 12.2‐27.4) relative to placebo and did not exceed 57 μmol, a threshold related to the mean difference between the daily reference dose set by the US Environmental Protection Agency and the average dietary fluoride intake in the United States. However, daily urinary fluoride excretion exceeded the threshold following administration of 800 mg MK‐8507 (75.1 μmol [90% confidence interval, 67.5‐82.7]). Assuming a linear relationship between MK‐8507 dose and estimated mean daily fluoride released at steady‐state, data interpolation suggests that the US Environmental Protection Agency reference dose for fluoride would not be exceeded in most patients when administering MK‐8507 at doses currently under clinical investigation (≤400 mg once weekly).
Training sequence effects on emergent conditional discriminations: Replication and extension to selection‐based training
Authors: Cox Reagan E. , Petursdottir Anna Ingeborg
Published: August 2021

We examined the replicability and generality of a previously reported training sequence effect on emergent conditional discriminations in the intraverbal naming task. In Experiment 1, a tact–intraverbal (TI) group learned first to vocally label 6 visual patterns and then to intraverbally relate pairs of verbal labels, whereas an intraverbal–tact (IT) group received the same training in the opposite sequence. Emergent conditional discriminations among pattern stimuli were assessed in match‐to‐sample (MTS) format. Experiment 2 was identical, except vocal tact and intraverbal training were replaced with selection‐based training in which the verbal labels were text stimuli. Compared to the IT sequence, the TI sequence resulted in greater mean accuracy at test (Experiment 1), higher yields (Experiment 2), and shorter reaction times (Experiment 2). Experiment 2 data suggested the TI group's performance might be less dependent on intact intraverbal relations relative to the IT group, but related to participants' reports of visualization during intraverbal training. The results suggest the sequence effect is replicable and occurs in experimental preparations commonly used to study derived stimulus relations. They also provide novel support for the hypothesis that participant behavior during training alters sources of stimulus control available at test.
In vivo study measuring middle ear pressure during various stages of Eustachian tube balloon dilation
Authors: Azadarmaki Roya , How Andrew , Dean Colin , DeLorenzo Kendall
Published: August 2021

Objective

Documentation of middle ear pressure at different stages of balloon Eustachian tuboplasty and assessing risk of barotrauma with this procedure.

Main outcome measures

Middle ear pressure measurements in patients undergoing balloon Eustachian tuboplasty at the time of pre‐insertion, catheter insertion, inflation, one minute post inflation, deflation, and catheter withdrawal, as well as documentation of pressure change in the middle ear between different stages.

Results

A total of 24 patients and 45 Eustachian tubes, 11 females and 13 males, with an average age of 55.6 years were included in this study. Middle ear pressure values during the active stages of the procedure varied from −356 to +159 daPa. The overall greatest negative pressure change measured was −515 daPa from catheter insertion to immediately post balloon inflation. The overall greatest positive pressure change measured was +418 daPa from immediate catheter inflation to one minute post inflation.

Conclusions

There was no consistent pattern of middle ear pressure change noted during the different stages of balloon Eustachian tuboplasty as both positive and negative middle ear pressure changes were noted at the time of balloon dilation. Dangerous levels of middle ear pressure raising concern for barotrauma were not identified during the procedure.

Level of evidence

Level IV.
A review of how we assess denitrification in oyster habitats and proposed guidelines for future studies
Authors: Ray Nicholas E. , Hancock Boze , Brush Mark J. , Colden Allison , Cornwell Jeffrey , Labrie Micheline S. , Maguire Timothy J. , Maxwell Tashena , Rogers Daniel , Stevick Rebecca J. , Unruh Amber , Kellogg Mary Lisa , Smyth Ashley R. , Fulweiler Robinson W.
Published: August 2021

Excess nitrogen (N) loading and resulting eutrophication plague coastal ecosystems globally. Much work is being done to remove N before it enters coastal receiving waters, yet these efforts are not enough. Novel techniques to remove N from within the coastal ecosystem are now being explored. One of these techniques involves using oysters and their habitats to remove N via denitrification. There is substantial interest in incorporating oyster‐mediated enhancement of benthic denitrification into N management plans and trading schemes. Measuring denitrification, however, is expensive and time consuming. For large‐scale adoption of oyster‐mediated denitrification into nutrient management plans, we need an accurate model that can be applied across ecosystems. Despite significant effort to measure and report rates of denitrification in oyster habitats, we are unable to create such a model, due to methodological differences between studies, incomplete data reporting, and inconsistent measurements of environmental variables that may be used to predict denitrification. To make a model that can predict denitrification in oyster habitats a reality, a common sampling and reporting scheme is needed across studies. Here, we provide relevant background on how oysters may stimulate denitrification, and the importance of oyster‐mediated denitrification in remediating excess N loading to coastal systems. We then summarize methods commonly used to measure denitrification in oyster habitats, discuss the importance of various environmental variables that may be useful for predicting denitrification, and present a set of guidelines for measuring denitrification in oyster habitats, allowing development of models to support incorporation of oyster‐mediated denitrification into future policy decisions.
A model predictive control approach to optimally devise a two‐dose vaccination rollout: A case study on COVID‐19 in Italy
Authors: Parino Francesco , Zino Lorenzo , Calafiore Giuseppe C. , Rizzo Alessandro
Published: August 2021

The COVID‐19 pandemic has led to the unprecedented challenge of devising massive vaccination rollouts, toward slowing down and eventually extinguishing the diffusion of the virus. The two‐dose vaccination procedure, speed requirements, and the scarcity of doses, suitable spaces, and personnel, make the optimal design of such rollouts a complex problem. Mathematical modeling, which has already proved to be determinant in the early phases of the pandemic, can again be a powerful tool to assist public health authorities in optimally planning the vaccination rollout. Here, we propose a novel epidemic model tailored to COVID‐19, which includes the effect of nonpharmaceutical interventions and a concurrent two‐dose vaccination campaign. Then, we leverage nonlinear model predictive control to devise optimal scheduling of first and second doses, accounting both for the healthcare needs and for the socio‐economic costs associated with the epidemics. We calibrate our model to the 2021 COVID‐19 vaccination campaign in Italy. Specifically, once identified the epidemic parameters from officially reported data, we numerically assess the effectiveness of the obtained optimal vaccination rollouts for the two most used vaccines. Determining the optimal vaccination strategy is nontrivial, as it depends on the efficacy and duration of the first‐dose partial immunization, whereby the prioritization of first doses and the delay of second doses may be effective for vaccines with sufficiently strong first‐dose immunization. Our model and optimization approach provide a flexible tool that can be adopted to help devise the current COVID‐19 vaccination campaign, and increase preparedness for future epidemics.
7: Active mura illuminating method based on area array light‐emitting devices
Authors: Yu Changqing , Cheng Huidong , Cheng Xueyuan
Published: August 2021

In non‐contact optical defect detection, we often encounter a problem that the reflection intensities from different positions in the detected target areas exceed the dynamic range of the camera response. To solve this problem, this paper focuses on the application of flexible display devices such as OLED, Mini LED and Micro LED as lighting sources. The intensity distribution of the reflected light of the detected product in the field of view of the camera is used as a feedback matrix to compensate the intensity distribution of the area array light source, which reduces the light intensity of high reflection area and improve the light intensity of low reflection area. As a result, one can avoid the image saturation of high reflection area and improve the image brightness of low reflection area. The defects in both high and low reflection area can be displayed clearly at the same time.
4.3: Sense the Threshold Voltage Difference of AMOLED Displays at High‐speed
Authors: Dou Wei , Xu Jing , Zeng Yuchao , Hwang Jason
Published: August 2021

For large‐size AMOLED displays, we usually improve the electrical non‐uniformity of the display through external compensation technology, in order to enhancing the brightness uniformity of the display. The electrical non‐uniformity refers to the threshold voltage (Vth) and mobility distribution of different sub‐pixel driving TFTs in the display. The traditional method of Vth sensing is the source follow method. This method will be affected by the large parasitic capacitance of the sense‐line. So that, we will take a long time to sample the voltage from the sense‐line, and the production efficiency will be decrease. In addition, it is necessary to sense and compensate the display periodically during use, so a longer sensing time will also affect the user experience. In this paper, we propose two methods to detect the Vth difference at high‐speed. The key principle is increasing the drain‐source current (Ids) of different sub‐pixels during sensing. Therefore, charging can be completed quickly to the sense‐line, and we can obtaining the Vth difference of the driving TFT between different sub‐pixels quickly. According to the display effect after compensation, the new detection methods has a big practical application prospect.
5.2: Correlation between CSF and Accommodation/Vergence in University Students
Authors: Zheng Fuhao , Huang Pingping , Mei Jianhui , Wang Yuwen , Hou Fang
Published: August 2021

Objective: To investigate the relationship among visual fatigue, accommodation, vergence, and CSF.

Methods: 104 students were recruited (25 males, 79 females, Age 23.4±2.5), from Wenzhou Medical University, excluding high myopia, strabismus, anisometropia, eye disease and history of ophthalmological surgery. They were asked to accomplish visual fatigue survey (1) firstly. Binocular accommodative facility (BAF), vergence facility (VF) and qCSF (the area under low spatial frequency of CSF curve, LCSF; the area under middle spatial frequency of CSF curve, MCSF; the area under high spatial frequency of CSF curve, HCSF; the area under the log CSF curve, AULCSF; the cutoff spatial frequency, Cut‐Off SF) were examined in random sequence. Spearman correlation was used in study.

Results: Correlations between Cut‐off SF and symptoms ‘Did you notice greater blur from the scene you were viewing?’ (r (104) = −.294, P = .002), ‘Did you see the words move, jump, swim or appear to float on the page more?’ (r (104) = −.333, P = .001), ‘Did you have greater difficulty concentrating in the task?’ (Spearman's r (104) = −.226, P = .021) were found. Correlations between BAF and symptom ‘Did you see multiple images of the sce ne more?’ (r (104) = −.308, P = .001) and ‘Did you have greater difficulty concentrating in the task?’ (r (104) = −.307, P = .002) were found. Correlations between VF a nd symptom ‘Did you have greater trouble visually focusing on the scene?’ and ‘Did you notice greater blur from the scene you were viewing?’ were found, as well. All correlations were shown in Table 1. Moreover, correl ations among BAF, VF and CSF were found in our re search. BAF was positively correlated with HCSF (r (104) =.259, P = .008) and Cut‐off SF (r (104) = .238, P = .015), shown in Figure 1. VF was negatively correlated with LCSF (r (104) = −.271, P = .005), positively conelated with Cut‐off SF (r (104) = .185, P = .060); and no correlation between VF and HCSF was found, shown i n Figure 2. Correlation between BAF and VF (r (104) = .270, P = .006), shown in Figure 3.

Conclude: BAF, VF and CSF were related with visual fatigue symptoms. CSF have different correlation with BAF and VF, Cut‐off SF were positively correlated with BAF and CSF. Cut‐off SF would be an objective measurement to evaluate symptoms of visual fatigue and treatment effect of accommodative and vergence therapy.
6.5: Highly reliable 1W 638nm Laser Diode
Authors: Guo Qiankun , Liu Wenbin , Hu Martin , Wang Weimin , Wu Shujuan , Li Chengpeng
Published: August 2021

We report the reliability test of tensile‐strained GaInP quantum‐well single‐emitter lasers of 638‐nm wavelength for RGB laser projection. P‐side‐down submounted multimode lasers with 110 μm stripe width were subjected to long‐term aging tests at the CW current of 1.5 A and the heat sink temperature of 25 Celsius. Except failures caused by current over‐surging, no devices have failed during the long‐term aging tests. The longest test has accumulated 22297.7 hours and the power degrading coefficient is approximately 3%/10000 hours.
7.2: A Novel FOD Solution with High‐PPI Flexible Sensor under OLED Panel
Authors: Lu Feng , Lian Lu , Yu Haochi , Li Kai , Zhang Bo , Yao Qijun , Zeng Yang , Wu Yaodong , Ding Yuan
Published: August 2021

A novel FOD solution is presented in this paper. TFT‐based flexible photo sensors of 725 PPI and 1016 PPI were developed and characterized. Adapted to the OLED panel with integrated pinhole imaging system, the feasibility of large area FOD function was confirmed.
7.4: Investigation of Fingerprint on Display Technology for CFOT Display
Authors: Wu Yaodong , Zeng Yang , Tang Shihao , Lu Feng , Yu Haochi , Yao Qijun
Published: August 2021

Pinhole matrix based fingerprint on display technology is possibly the only optical solution for CFOT OLED due to its low module transmittance. We have investigated the fingerprint on CFOT technology in both display with lens and folding module. Countermeasures of discrete light source in folding module are discussed.
11.1: Invited Paper: Narrow‐Band Phosphors for Next Generation MiniLED and MicroLED Displays
Authors: Murphy James , Camardello Samuel , Doherty Mark , Liu Jerry , Smigelski Paul , Setlur Anant
Published: August 2021

Both phosphors and quantum dots are currently used in liquid crystal displays (LCDs), with GE's KSF narrow red phosphor demonstrating the best possible red color point, reliability, and efficiency. Next generation miniLED and microLED based displays require excellent color quality (gamut) and high brightness which will require color conversion materials with high EQE and narrow emission peaks. Here we describe recent advancements in narrow‐band phosphors which are being implemented in next‐generation miniLED displays, and being considered for enabling full‐color microLED displays of thefuture due to their excellent optical performance and robust nature.
16.2: An Analysis of Stress‐Mura in Curved Liquid Crystal Display
Authors: Chuanghua Deng , Pangling Zhang , Wengao Zhang , Cen Yi , Nianmao Wang , Yuhua Zhang , Bin Zhao
Published: August 2021

In curved liquid crystal display, the glass substrate is in the state of bending, and the bending stress is generated inside the glass. Under the effect of stress photoelastic effect, the display will produce light leakage, which is called stress‐Mura. Based on the theory of stress photoelasticity and the finite element analysis of panel forming, this paper deduces the light leakage intensity of curved LCD (liquid crystal display) by using the Jones matrix, and puts forward a scheme to improve the design of curved curvature of LCD, which is verified by experiments.
18.4: Full‐Color Active‐matrix Mini‐LED Display based on Novel Color Conversion Technology
Authors: Yin Yongming , Peng Wenxiang , Geng Jing , Bai Xue , Duan Miao , Wu Yongwei , Hou Jun , Li Dongze , Hwang Jason , Zhang Xin , Meng Hong
Published: August 2021

Mini/Micro LED displays have attracted widely attention due to its excellent display performance. In this paper, a novel full‐color Mini‐LED display based on blue Mini‐LED chips and quantum dots (QDs) was demonstrated. Based on this structure, ultra‐high color gamut was achieved. We believe this strategy could make the best of both LEDs and QDs and would be further developed as an alternative route to obtain full‐color Mini‐LED displays.
18.5: Size‐dependence Characterization of GaN‐based Green Micro‐LED
Authors: Zhanghu Mengyuan , Feng Yang , Liu Zhaojun
Published: August 2021

GaN‐based light‐emitting diode (LED) arrays are a promising technology in a wide range of applications. Research on size dependence performance is important in GaN‐based LED. In this paper, we study the electrical properties of 100µm, 150µm, and 200µm devices. The ideal factor is calculated by measuring the current density‐voltage characteristics to study the carrier transport mechanism. It is found that the forward low bias voltage part is mainly composed of recombination current and diffusion current. The current density in the high bias voltage part depends on the current crowding effect. The temperature variation study proves that the ideal factor has no size dependence. Besides, the electroluminescence (EL) spectrum is studied to understand size dependence in GaN internal structure. As the size decreases, the quantum confinement Stark effect (QCSE) will be suppressed, which is proved by the relationship between optical power and turn‐on voltage. These studies indicate that the application of Micro‐LED and even smaller‐sized Micro‐LEDs has unlimited possibilities and broad prospects.
19.2: Accurate and Fast Eye‐box Measurement for Near‐eye Display Based on Image Recognition Algorithm
Authors: Song Li , Pan Jiangen , Li Qian , Pan Minmin
Published: August 2021

The measurement of eye‐box is very important for near‐eye display. This paper introduces a fast and accurate measurement scheme based on image recognition algorithm by a automatic robot measuring system. The influence of tilt angle and focus sharpness on eye‐box measurement is also analyzed
21.4: Light‐emitting One‐way Observable Aero Signage Display Which Enables to Make Transparent View from Back Side Using Light Transmission Guide
Authors: Sakamoto Kunio , Honda Daiki
Published: August 2021

You end up observing mirrored images of graphic signs when you watch light‐emitting glass tubes from back. So our research group proposed the passive light‐emitting aero signage display which is floating in the air and enables to make transparent view from back side to avoid observing mirrored images in 2020. But this signage display has a defect that it emits no light itself and you cannot observe its signage in the dark night without another light source for illuminating surfaces of the signage display. This paper shows a one‐way observable display for aero signage which enables to make transparent from back side and emits light itself using a lighting guide tube. The authors utilize a cylindrical long transparent acrylic stick as the lighting guide. Our proposed light‐emitting and color generating mechanism realize the one‐way observable imaging which enables to make invisible from back side. You may use connectable or jointable lighting guide blocks instead of the long, unbroken and jointless lighting guide tube such as a cylindrical transparent acrylic stick. This paper also describes a one‐way observable display for aero signage which enables to joint pixel modules having optical lighting guide block and emits light itself using this lighting guide. The connectable lighting guide blocks reconstruct the unidirectional imaging which enables to emit lights and make invisible from back.
22.3: Multi‐ Fingerprint Capacitive sensor with Transparent, Low‐cost Solution
Authors: Wang Linzhi , Xi Kerui , Qin Feng , Lin Baiquan , Su Ping , Gong Shun , Peng Xuhui
Published: August 2021

A capacitive fingerprint sensor based on panel manufacturing is developed. It enables greater identification at a lower cost. The larger area allows for more feature points to be collected, and Multi‐finger identification can also be realized. Since no optical components are required, the capacitive fingerprint sensor is lighter and thinner than the optical fingerprint sensor. Transparency is also one of its strengths.
26.1: Invited Paper: Display Evaluation for Advanced Human‐Robot Interaction
Authors: Blankenbach Karlheinz , Hochdorfer Siegfried , Babel Franziska , Charrier Etienne
Published: August 2021

Autonomous robots become increasingly widespread in public spaces. Human‐robot interactions (HRI) with pedestrians is essential by visualizing trajectory information. We evaluated various display technologies for bright indoor conditions such as animated projection and LED lighting as well as displays.
28.1: Invited Paper: The Application of Wide Spectrum Low Peak Blue light technology in health TV display
Authors: Ji Honglei , Fu Wenjing , Li Zelong
Published: August 2021

This paper reports a method to reduce the high energy and short wave blue light damage to human eyes, by reducing the proportion of blue light in using two chips in LED as blue light chips with different main wavelengths. At the same time, the filter blue light particle are coated on the membrane to remove high‐energy short wave blue light to achieve eye protection effect. The project can increase the half‐wave width to 25 nm and reduce the blue light peak to 50%, so that the wide spectrum of the display screen is close to the continuous spectrum of natural light. The above scheme will not affect the brightness and gamut. Meanwhile, that project can maintain the original color temperature of the display, provide the best viewing effect and safeguard the human eye health while protecting the health of the users.
33.2: Invited Paper: New electrooptical modes in photoaligned ferroelectric liquid crystals: physics and applications
Authors: Chigrinov Vladimir
Published: August 2021

The development of novel photoaligned fast ferroelectric LCD based on Deformed Helix Ferroelectric (DHF) and Electrically Suppressed Helix (ESH) mode is discussed. A fast response time and a high contrast ratio in ESH mode was observed. These modes can be successfully used for new FLC applications
38.1: Invited Paper: Hyperfluorescence™: Excel the performance, Create the Future
Authors: Cheng Shuo-Hsien , Endo Ayataka , Kakizoe Hayato , Otsu Shinya , Adachi Junji
Published: August 2021

Hyperfluorescence™ (HF), known as the most advanced OLED emitting technology, combines TADF and fluorescence mechanisms enabling 100% internal quantum efficiency (IQE) and narrowband emission. Based on in silico simulation, HF is not only more outperformed than the modern OLED emitting technologies but also feasible for the RGB definition of BT.2020. Of the green top‐emission HF device, the device performance is manifold increased than that of the bottom‐emission, where this effect is more amplified than that in phosphorescence system. An efficiency improvement approach to reach market requirements was illustrated to show our vision in pursuing excellent performance.
38.4: Invited Paper: Stack Design of OLEDs with High Performance and Simplified Device Structures
Authors: Wang Jing , Pang Huiqing , Cui Zhihao , Chen Xiao , Zheng Renjie , Kwong Ray , Xia Sean
Published: August 2021

The increasingly complex layer structure of commercial OLEDs leads to higher manufacturing costs. In this paper, we demonstrate a simplified device structure with only two layers between the anode and the emissive layer, compared to the usual three or four layers in state‐of‐the‐art devices. The stack is designed so as to ensure efficient hole injection and transport. As a result, the devices achieved longer lifetime than the more complex structure, while maintaining equivalent chromaticity, efficiency and operating voltage. Fewer layers help realize cost‐effective mass production.
45.3: Invited Paper: Going Towards High‐Resolution, Uniform AMOLED Displays with a High Brightness Range
Authors: Verschueren Lynn , Ameys Marc , Lopez Mauricio Velazquez , Glushkova Anastasia , Nag Manoj , Smout Steve , Ke Tung Huei , Vandenplas Erwin , Kronemeijer Auke Jisk , Heremans Paul , Genoe Jan , Dehaene Wim , Myny Kris
Published: August 2021

Going towards high‐resolution, uniform displays with a high‐brightness range requires optimizations on different topics. This work presents an overview on this subject. To achieve a good uniformity, a compensation method is proposed using a 2T1C pixel circuit, compatible with high‐resolution requirements, improving uniformity by a factor 52.5. In order to further increase the achievable resolution, a new technology stack, using a planar and a vertical TFT is introduced. For increasing the brightness range, a global dimming method, compatible with the 2T1C pixel circuit, is demonstrated.
47.3: Invited Paper: Near IR Transmission System (NITS): LCD Enhancement Films Enabling High Performance Near IR Transparent LCDs
Authors: Acharya Bharat R. , Sousa Matthew , Fabick Ryan , Taylor Robert , Rosen David , Cole Matthew , Sanford Quinn , Long Shine , Liu Desmond , Liu Yang , Chen Jennifer , Wang Richens , Hu Geegee
Published: August 2021

The conventional light management films used to enhance display performance of a conventional edge‐lit LCD reflect, scatter, and refract both visible and near infrared (IR) light and therefore do not allow imaging though LCDs. We have developed an entirely new class of display enhancement films and coatings that enable imaging through LCDs in near IR wavelengths while maintaining high display quality. To demonstrate application of this Near IR Transmission System (NITS) for near‐field (where the object is in proximity to the imager) imaging, we show under display fingerprint sensing for LCD‐based smart phones. We envision other applications of this technology in both the near‐field and far‐field (where the object is far from imager) regimes.
48.2: Dark Alloyed Metal‐Oxides for Sputter Deposition: Material comparison and processability
Authors: Schmidt Hennrik , Koestenbauer Harald , Franzke Enrico , Lorenz Dominik , Linke Christian , Winkler Joerg
Published: August 2021

Metal‐oxides (MeOx), for example electrical conducting sub‐stoichiometric Molybdenum‐Oxide (MoOx) can be used to create dark layers to cover otherwise reflective lines. While the optical properties are well developed and understood, this work focuses on the investigation of chemical stability, relevant for process integration. For this we analyze and compare different alloys and summarize the thin film properties for different applications.
53.3: Investigation of AlGaN‐based Deep‐UV Micro‐LED as Highly Efficient Excitation Source for Green Perovskite Quantum Dots Display
Authors: Feng Feng , Zhang Ke , Liu Yibo , Chan Ka-Wah , Liu Zhaojun , Kwok Hoi-Sing
Published: August 2021

Displays based on inorganic micro light‐emitting diodes (Micro‐LED) are highly anticipated for the next‐generation display technologies. Deep‐UV Micro‐LED as the excitation source for green perovskite quantum dots display with high efficiency is demonstrated in this paper. Deep‐UV Micro‐LEDs were fabricated in different device sizes and lighted‐up on a green perovskite quantum dot film The peak wavelength of Deep‐UV light shows a blue shift with the increasing current density. The light output intensity of a 300 × 200 — pixel Deep‐UV Micro‐LED array with each pixel size of 30×30 µm2 is shown in the distribution map.
54.1: Invited Paper: High‐Transmission and High‐Contrast‐Ratio AIFF MVA LCDs without Rubbing, Protrusion, ITO Slit and Photoalignment Process
Authors: Ong Hiap L. , Chou Juishu , Zhao Yuese , Zhu Zeli
Published: August 2021

High‐transmission, high contrast ratio and low‐power‐consumption amplified intrinsic fringe field (AIFF) multi‐domain vertical alignment (MVA) LCD's are developed for microdisplay for augmented reality, portable smart phones, GPS, tablet, and LC TV display applications. The AIFF MVA design eliminates all protrusions and ITO slits in TFT and CF.substrates, resulting in high transmission and high yield. The no‐pretilt fabrication process is low cost, does not require PI rubbing and special photoalignment process, and uses standard IC, LC, and PI materials. AIFF MVA is the only LCD mode without edge disclinations. It is compatible with the RGBW square pixel designs for low power consumption LCD applications.
54.4: Study on the Dark‐state Light Leakage Mechanism of LCD Splicing Screen
Authors: Ma Xinli , Li Bowen , Ji Lintao , Wang Feifei , Wang Kaixuan , Zhan Hongming , Chen Xi , Xue Hailin , Shao Xibin
Published: August 2021

While the narrow bezel technology has gradually become one of the necessary technologies for LCD splicing screen products to improve their competitiveness, it also brings the problem of peripheral light leakage to the LCD splicing screen in the dark state. In order to quantify the level of peripheral light leakage in the dark state and propose corresponding improvement measures, this paper proposes a characterization method and test plan for light leakage sensitivity. The experimental results show that the characterization method can correctly reflect the light leakage level of the LCD splicing screen in the dark state.
55.3: Invited Paper: RGB side‐by‐side OLED Micro‐display Technology
Authors: Jung Jae Hoon , Kim Chiwoo , Sung Dong Young , Park Jae Seok , Kim Taekyung , Park Jong Kab , Kim Doh Hoon , Jung Kiro
Published: August 2021

We have developed the 2,400ppi FMM using UV laser patterning technology and the RGB side‐by‐side OLED micro‐display using Si‐wafer pixel driving circuits. These two key technologies enable us to realize AR devices with ultra‐high pixel resolution, high brightness, long lifetime and high color purity.
P‐2.1: Photonic Crystal Multilayers Make 100% BT. 2020 Possible
Authors: Liu Bingyang , Liang Yue , Zhang Ruichen , Wang Kaixuan , Zhan Hongming , Chen Xi , Yun Xiawei
Published: August 2021

Photonic crystal multilayers are well‐designed, which can form two strong reflection peaks and minimize cyan and yellow light penetrating panels. As a result, the color gamut of LCDs with those photonic crystal multilayers in cell can reach 100% BT.2020, much better than the presentation of QD‐LCDs.
P‐2.2: Visual perception study on the image quality of binocular tone mapping
Authors: Xia Zhenping , Song Yu , Ma Fengyun , Zhang Bowen , Hu Fuyuan
Published: August 2021

Binocular tone mapping is aiming at improving the overall image quality utilizing three‐dimensional display system based on the vision fusion ability. As the subjective perception is more convincible, a serial perception experiments are designed to investigate the overall image quality and visual comfort of the binocular tone mapping. It is found that the nonlinear combination of image quality contribution information exists, and the eye dominance has no significant effect on the results. Human vision is sensitive to the binocular disparity when utilizing the binocular tone mapping, and the binocular disparity limitation can be derived based on the visual comfort perception experiment.