bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
γ-Herpesvirus Latency Is Preferentially Maintained in Splenic Germinal Center and Memory B Cells
Authors: Flaño Emilio , Kim In-Jeong , Woodland David L. , Blackman Marcia A.
Published: November 2002

The γ-herpesviruses are oncogenic B cell lymphotrophic viruses that establish life-long latency in the host. Murine γ-herpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) infection of mice represents a unique system for analyzing γ-herpesvirus latency in splenic B cells at different stages of infection. After intranasal infection with MHV-68 we analyzed the establishment of latency 14 days after infection, and the maintenance of latency 3 months after infection in different purified subpopulations of B cells in the spleen. The data show that MHV-68 latency is mainly established in germinal center B cells and that long-term latency is preferentially maintained in two different subsets of isotype-switched B cells, germinal center and memory B cells. Cell cycle analysis indicates that MHV-68 is located in both cycling and resting isotype-switched B cells. Analysis of viral gene expression showed that both lytic and latent viral transcripts were differentially expressed in germinal center and memory B cells during long-term latency. Together, these observations suggested that γ-herpesviruses exploit the B cell life cycle in the spleen.
On Dehn functions of free products of groups
Authors: Guba V. , Sapir M.
Published: November 2002

In this article we show that the Dehn function of a nontrivial free product of groups is equivalent to its subnegative closure.
A trace formula for Hankel operators
Authors: Gheondea Aurelian , Ober Raimund
Published: November 2002

We show that if

G
G

is an operator valued analytic function in the open right half plane such that the Hankel operator

H
G

H_G

with symbol

G
G

is of trace-class, then

G
G

has continuous extension to the imaginary axis,
\[
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper G left-parenthesis normal infinity right-parenthesis colon equals limit Underscript StartLayout 1st Row r right-arrow normal infinity 2nd Row r element-of script upper R EndLayout Endscripts upper G left-parenthesis r right-parenthesis">

G
(
∞
)
:=

lim

r
→
∞

r
∈

R

G
(
r
)

G(\infty ):=\lim \limits _{r \rightarrow \infty \atop r \in \mathcal {R}} G(r)

\]
exists in the trace-class norm, and
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="normal t normal r left-parenthesis upper H Subscript upper G Baseline right-parenthesis equals one half normal t normal r left-parenthesis upper G left-parenthesis 0 right-parenthesis minus upper G left-parenthesis normal infinity right-parenthesis right-parenthesis">

t
r

(

H
G

)
=

1
2

t
r

(
G
(
0
)
−
G
(
∞
)
)

\mathrm {tr}(H_G)={1\over 2}\, \mathrm {tr}(G(0)-G(\infty ))

.
Congruence-preserving extensions of finite lattices to sectionally complemented lattices
Authors: Grätzer G. , Schmidt E.
Published: November 2002

In 1962, the authors proved that every finite distributive lattice can be represented as the congruence lattice of a finite sectionally complemented lattice. In 1992, M. Tischendorf verified that every finite lattice has a congruence-preserving extension to an atomistic lattice. In this paper, we bring these two results together. We prove that every finite lattice has a congruence-preserving extension to a finite sectionally complemented lattice.
Normality and paracompactness of the Fell topology
Authors: Holá L’. , Levi S. , Pelant J.
Published: November 2002

Let

X
X

be a Hausdorff topological space and

C
L
(
X
)

CL(X)

the hyperspace of all closed nonempty subsets of

X
X

. We show that the Fell topology on

C
L
(
X
)

CL(X)

is normal if and only if the space

X
X

is Lindelöf and locally compact. For the Fell topology normality, paracompactness and Lindelöfness are equivalent.
A generalization of Furstenberg’s Diophantine Theorem
Authors: Kra Bryna
Published: November 2002

We obtain a generalization of Furstenberg’s Diophantine Theorem on non-lacunary multiplicative semigroups. For example we show that the sets of sums

{
(

p
1
n

q
1
m

+

p
2
n

q
2
m

)
α
:
n
,
m
∈

N

}

\{(p_1^nq_1^m + p_2^nq_2^m)\alpha :n,m \in \mathbb {N}\}

and

{
(

p
1
n

q
1
m

+

2
n

)
α
:
n
,
m
∈

N

}

\{(p_1^nq_1^m + 2^n)\alpha : n,m \in \mathbb {N}\}

are dense in the circle

T

=

R

/

Z

\mathbb {T} = \mathbb {R}/ \mathbb {Z}

for all irrational

α
\alpha

, where

(

p
i

,

q
i

)

(p_i, q_i)

are distinct pairs of multiplicatively independent integers for

i
=
1
,
2

i=1, 2

.
Bifurcations of the Hill’s region in the three body problem
Authors: McCord Christopher
Published: November 2002

In the spatial three body problem, the topology of the integral manifolds

M

(
c
,
h
)

\mathfrak {M}(c,h)

(i.e. the level sets of energy

h
h

and angular momentum

c
c

, as well as center of mass and linear momentum) and the Hill’s regions

H

(
c
,
h
)

\mathfrak {H}(c,h)

(the projection of the integral manifold onto position coordinates) depends only on the quantity

ν
=
h

|

c

|

2

.

\nu = h|c|^2.

It was established by Albouy and McCord-Meyer-Wang that, for

h
>
0

h > 0

and

c
≠
0

c \neq 0

, there are exactly eight bifurcation values for

ν
\nu

at which the topology of the integral manifold changes. It was also shown that for each of these values, the topology of the Hill’s region changes as well. In this work, it is shown that there are no other values of

ν
\nu

for which the topology of the Hill’s region changes. That is, a bifurcation of the Hill’s region occurs if and only if a bifurcation of the integral manifold occurs.
Regular closure
Authors: McDermott Moira
Published: November 2002

Regular closure is an operation performed on submodules of arbitrary modules over a commutative Noetherian ring. The regular closure contains the tight closure when both are defined, but in general, the regular closure is strictly larger. Regular closure is interesting, in part, because it is defined a priori in all characteristics, including mixed characteristic. We show that one can test regular closure in a Noetherian ring

R
R

by considering only local maps to regular local rings. In certain cases, it is necessary only to consider maps to certain affine algebras. We also prove the equivalence of two variants of regular closure for a class of rings that includes

R
=
K
[
[
x
,
y
,
z
]
]

/

(

x

3

+

y

3

+

z

3

)

R =K[[x,y,z]]/(x^{3}+y^{3}+z^{3})

.
Measures on finite concrete logics
Authors: Ovchinnikov Peter
Published: November 2002

We examine the possibility to extend measures and signed measures on a concrete logic on a finite set to those on all its subsets.
The Wiener transform on the Besicovitch spaces
Authors: Heil Christopher
Published: November 2002

In his fundamental research on generalized harmonic analysis, Wiener proved that the integrated Fourier transform defined by
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper W f left-parenthesis gamma right-parenthesis equals integral f left-parenthesis t right-parenthesis left-parenthesis e Superscript minus 2 pi i gamma t Baseline minus chi Subscript left-bracket negative 1 comma 1 right-bracket Baseline left-parenthesis t right-parenthesis right-parenthesis slash left-parenthesis minus 2 pi i t right-parenthesis d t">

W
f
(
γ
)
=
∫
f
(
t
)

(

e

−
2
π
i
γ
t

−

χ

[
−
1
,
1
]

(
t
)
)

/

(
−
2
π
i
t
)

d
t

Wf(\gamma ) = \int f(t) \, (e^{-2\pi i \gamma t} - \chi _{[-1,1]}(t))/(-2\pi i t) \, dt

is an isometry from a nonlinear space of functions of bounded average quadratic power into a nonlinear space of functions of bounded quadratic variation. We consider this Wiener transform on the larger, linear, Besicovitch spaces

B

p
,
q

(

R

)

{\mathcal {B}}_{p,q}({\mathbf {R}})

defined by the norm
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="double-vertical-bar f double-vertical-bar Subscript script upper B Sub Subscript p comma q Baseline equals left-parenthesis integral Subscript 0 Superscript normal infinity Baseline left-parenthesis StartFraction 1 Over 2 upper T EndFraction integral Subscript negative upper T Superscript upper T Baseline StartAbsoluteValue f left-parenthesis t right-parenthesis EndAbsoluteValue Superscript p Baseline d t right-parenthesis Superscript q slash p Baseline StartFraction d upper T Over upper T EndFraction right-parenthesis Superscript 1 slash q">

‖
f

‖

B

p
,
q

=

(

∫

0

∞

(

1

2
T

∫

−
T

T

|

f
(
t
)

|

p

d
t

)

q

/

p

d
T

T

)

1

/

q

\|f \|_{{\mathcal {B}}_{p,q}} = \bigl (\int _{0}^{\infty }\bigl (\frac {1}{2T} \int _{-T}^{T} |f(t)|^{p} \, dt\bigr )^{q/p} \frac {dT}{T}\bigr )^{1/q}

. We prove that

W
W

maps

B

p
,
q

(

R

)

{\mathcal {B}}_{p,q}({\mathbf {R}})

continuously into the homogeneous Besov space

B
˙

p
′

,
q

1

/

p
′

(

R

)

{\dot {B}}^{1/p’}_{p’,q}({\mathbf {R}})

for

1
>
p
≤
2

1 > p \le 2

and

1
>
q
≤
∞

1 > q \le \infty

, and is a topological isomorphism when

p
=
2

p=2

.
𝐶^{𝑟} convergence of Picard’s successive approximations
Authors: Izzo Alexander
Published: November 2002

A simple, elementary proof of the existence, uniqueness, and smoothness of solutions to ordinary differential equations is given. In fact, it is shown that for a differential equation of class

C

r

C^{r}

, the successive approximations of Picard converge in the

C

r

C^{r}

-sense.
On sums and products of integers
Authors: Chen Yong-Gao
Published: November 2002

Erdös and Szemerédi proved that if

A
A

is a set of

k
k

positive integers, then there must be at least

c

k

1
+
δ

ck^{1+\delta }

integers that can be written as the sum or product of two elements of

A
A

, where

c
c

is a constant and

δ
>
0

\delta >0

. Nathanson proved that the result holds for

δ
=

1
31

\delta =\frac 1{31}

. In this paper it is proved that the result holds for

δ
=

1
5

\delta =\frac 15

and

c
=

1
20

c=\frac 1{20}

.
The protean approach to managing repatriation transitions
Authors: Leiba O’Sullivan Sharon
Published: November 2002

Although top‐down interventions have the potential to reduce repatriate turnover, most organizations have not been very accommodating and repatriate turnover continues to remain high. Drawing from career transitions theory and the protean perspective of career management, this paper proposes a model of repatriate proactivity as an alternate approach. A “successful” repatriation transition outcome is defined as one in which, upon return, the repatriate: gains access to a job which recognizes any newly acquired international competencies; experiences minimal cross‐cultural re‐adjustment difficulties; and reports low turnover intentions. Individual antecedents are posited to include proactive repatriation behaviors and the personality characteristics which are suggested to drive the use of these behaviors. The strength/weakness of the repatriation situation is posited to moderate the relationship between personality and the emergence of proactive repatriation behaviors. Practical and theoretical implications for both the repatriation problem, and the career development literature in general, are discussed.
Antecedents of repatriation adjustment: new evidence from Finnish repatriates
Authors: Suutari Vesa , Välimaa Katja
Published: November 2002

Aims to increase our understanding of the antecedents of repatriation adjustment. The data were collected through a questionnaire survey among Finnish repatriates in co‐operation with the Finnish union of qualified economics graduates. In the study four different facets of adjustment appeared instead of the three suggested in the literature (i.e. general, work, and interaction adjustment) since the work adjustment dimension appeared to consist of two separate dimensions, here named job adjustment and organisation adjustment. The included antecedent variables explained from 30 per cent to 50 per cent of the variance in the adjustment models related to different facets of adjustment. General adjustment was found to be related to the age of the respondent, the length of the assignment, the timing of role negotiations, expatriation adjustment problems, keeping up on events at home and role conflict. With regard to organisation adjustment three antecedent variables were found: timing of role decision, willingness to relocate internationally, and role conflict. Timing of role decision and role discretion appeared as positive correlates of job adjustment, and expatriation adjustment problems and role conflict as negative correlates of interaction adjustment.
Safety management systems in Hong Kong: is there anything wrong with the implementation?
Authors: Yu Stephen C.K. , Hunt Bob
Published: November 2002

Given the fact that the effectiveness of safety management systems (SMS) have reached a no‐improvement plateau in most organisations in Hong Kong, those involved in SMS would agree that change is needed to give safety a continuous improvement momentum. The concepts, principles, tools and practices of total quality management (TQM) can be the means to obtain such a change. This paper is an attempt to apply the TQM concepts and techniques in a systematic manner into a SMS. First, the problems of a compliance‐oriented SMS adopted by most organisations in Hong Kong are summarised. Then, the needs and rationales for the establishment of TQM‐based safety management briefs, which will ultimately determine the backbone of a SMS, are illustrated. Next, a systematic process for developing and implementing a SMS that incorporates TQM principles is outlined. Finally, the problems of the integration of TQM ideas into the SMS adopted by major Hong Kong enterprises are discussed.
Sustainable development: why the focus on population?
Authors: Sophia Aguirre Maria
Published: November 2002

Sustainable development is a policy approach that has gained quite a lot of popularity in recent years, especially in international circles. By attaching a specific interpretation to sustainability, population control policies have become the overriding approach to development, thus becoming the primary tool used to “promote” economic development in developing countries and to protect the environment. These policies, however, have failed to achieve either goal. By analyzing the theoretical underpinning of such policies as well as the available scientific research, this paper aims at bringing some light to these results. The findings suggest that, while the focus on population is not necessarily incorrect, the policies implemented are mistaken since they hamper the growth of a key element of economic development: human capital, and thus render it unsustainable.
Using social identity theory to explain the job satisfaction of public sector employees
Authors: Brunetto Yvonne , Farr‐Wharton Rod
Published: November 2002

This study first reports findings about what factors affect the job satisfaction of one group of public sector employees and second, uses social identity theory to explain the results. The results indicated that working with fellow employees enhances job satisfaction. In contrast, dealing with the clientele (possibly without appropriate training) and organisational management polices compromise the job satisfaction of early career Australian police officers. These findings challenge existing managerialist beliefs that suggest that significant attempts to reform organisational processes within the public sector organisations of a number of Western democracies have improved the effectiveness of employees. These reforms have changed the organisational context within which policing takes place and consequently, the work practices of police officers have changed. Some of these changes have reduced the satisfaction of employees. The implications of the findings are that when employees are dissatisfied with a number of the working conditions, it is likely that their workplace effectiveness may be jeopardised and in turn, the efficiency and effectiveness of scarce public resources may also be compromised.
What price competition? The management of competitive funding in UK local government
Authors: Loader Kim
Published: November 2002

The study examines the management of competitive funding by UK local authorities. This funding, which is additional to core funding, is seen by authorities to be worth securing because it gives them the ability to provide services over and above those that must be provided to meet legislative requirements. However the evidence shows that considerable pressures are being placed upon local authorities as a result. These can be distinguished according to whether they are outside a local authority’s control, such as lateness of approval notification, or within their control, such as the provision of bidding activity cost information. Whilst competition remains as a feature of resource allocation, these pressures must be addressed by external agencies and local authorities as appropriate. The article concludes with a series of proposals for improved practice.
Retailers as creatures and creators of the social order
Authors: Hollander Stanley C.
Published: November 2002

Asserts that the goods which retailers sell and the way in which they sell them impact significantly on the cultural fabric and pattern of civil life. Provides perspectives from both the past and current retail environment. Considers various methods by which retail distributors make interventions in the social life of communities. Concludes that there is a need for those who study retailing to move beyond such aspects as immediate profit maximization to embrace the concepts of macro retailing and thus achieve a greater understanding of the retail environment.
Charting the multi‐channel future: retail choices and constraints
Authors: Reynolds Jonathan
Published: November 2002

Whilst the events of 2000 and 2001 would appear to have reduced significantly the attractiveness of e‐commerce as a viable source of revenue growth for retailers, writing off electronic distribution channels may be premature. Growth in online transactions in, for example, the USA and the UK – whilst slower than commentators had predicted – is nevertheless encouraging. Retailing appears to be polarizing between those willing to embrace e‐commerce for longer‐term benefit and those for whom e‐commerce is not seen as a desirable route to growth. The indirect, informational effect of the Internet on the consumer buying process and the perception of retail brands is a further consideration for those contemplating multi‐channel futures. Finally, the article illustrates that the integrative challenges of multi‐channel retailing are capable of being resolved in more than one way.
Diversity of endophytic fungi in the roots of mangrove species on the west coast of India
Authors: Ananda K , Sridhar K R
Published: November 2002

Because mangrove plant species are a valuable source of useful metabolites, their endophytes have gained more importance. Randomly sampled surface-sterilized whole root segments of four mangrove plant species, Acanthus ilicifolius, Avicennia officinalis, Rhizophora mucronata, and Sonneratia caseolaris from the mangroves of Udyavara (Karnataka) on the west coast of India, were characterized for fungal communities by direct plating, damp chamber, and bubbling chamber incubation methods. The richness of endophytic fungal species from whole root segments after direct plating and damp chamber incubation was greatest for R. mucronata than for other plants (18 vs. 813). Incubation of whole root segments in bubbling chambers yielded conidia of two freshwater hyphomycetes: Mycocentrospora acerina (in Avicennia officinalis) and Triscelophorus acuminatus (in R. mucronata and in S. caseolaris). Surface-sterilized whole root and root bark segments of R. mucronata sampled from the mid-tide level on direct plating yielded more fungi than that of the root segments sampled from low-tide and high-tide levels. The greatest number of isolates, species richness, and diversity of fungi were shown by the whole root segments of R. mucronata from the mid-tide level. Rarefaction indices also revealed the highest expected number of species out of 150 random isolations from the mid-tide level samples of whole root and root bark segments of R. mucronata. The present study showed that fungi in mangrove roots are composed of a consortium of soil, marine, and freshwater fungi.Key words: mangroves, endophytes, fungi, diversity, India.
Patterning and cell differentiation inHydra: novel genes and the limits to conservation
Authors: Bosch Thomas C.G , Khalturin Konstantin
Published: November 2002

In the last few years more than 100 genes have been identified from Hydra, and well over 80 have been characterized. Since most genes are homologs of genes found in bilaterians, the genetic mechanisms for axial patterning and cell differentiation are evolutionarily conserved. This constitutes something of a paradox. If key developmental-control genes are the same in Hydra and all other organisms, how does one account for the marked differences in development and morphology of the different animal groups? How are taxon-specific features encoded? To examine whether in Hydra, in addition to conserved mechanisms, there are genetic features that control uniquely taxon-specific (Hydra/Hydrozoa/Cnidaria) aspects, we used an experimental strategy that does not require sequence data from related taxa. By means of this unbiased ("knowledge-independent") approach we have identified genes from Hydra encoding signal molecules and effector genes with no sequence similarity to genes in other organisms. When tested functionally, the novel genes were found to be essential for axial patterning and differentiation of Hydra-specific characteristics. Experimental analysis of the cis-regulatory apparatus of these novel genes reveals target sites for novel trans-acting factors. The use of unbiased screening approaches for several other organisms also reveals a large number of novel and taxon-specific genes of as yet unknown function. Thus, comparative data alone may not be sufficient for gaining a full understanding of the development of taxon-specific characteristics.
Reproduction of Cnidaria
Authors: Fautin Daphne Gail
Published: November 2002

Empirical and experimental data on cnidarian reproduction show it to be more variable than had been thought, and many patterns that had previously been deduced hold up poorly or not at all in light of additional data. The border between sexual and asexual reproduction appears to be faint. This may be due to analytical tools being insufficiently powerful to distinguish between the two, but it may be that a distinction between sexual and asexual reproduction is not very important biologically to cnidarians. Given the variety of modes by which it is now evident that asexual reproduction occurs, its ecological and evolutionary implications have probably been underestimated. Appropriate analytical frameworks and strategies must be developed for these morphologically simple animals, in which sexual reproduction may not be paramount, that during one lifetime may pass though two or more phases differing radically in morphology and ecology, that may hybridize, that are potentially extremely long-lived, and that may transmit through both sexual and asexual reproduction mutations arising in somatic tissue. In cnidarians, perhaps more than in any other phylum, reproductive attributes have been used to define taxa, but they do so at a variety of levels and not necessarily in the way they have conventionally been considered. At the species level, in Scleractinia, in which these features have been most studied, taxa defined on the basis of morphology, sexual reproduction, and molecular characters may not coincide; there are insufficient data to determine if this is true throughout the phylum. At the class level, transverse fission occurs in members of all three major taxa but is rare outside Scyphozoa, the group of which it is considered characteristic (pending more research, its absence in Cubozoa should be ascribed to poor knowledge). Understanding the role of transverse fission in the ecology and reproductive biology of hydrozoans and anthozoans could shed light on scyphozoan evolutionary history, and elucidating its morphogenesis in all groups is essential to determining if it is homologous across the classes. Only by comparing aspects of reproduction among cnidarians of various taxa will idiosyncratically adaptive strategies be distinguished from reproductive characters that reflect evolution and so are phylogenetically informative.
Developmental neurobiology of hydra, a model animal of cnidarians
Authors: Koizumi Osamu
Published: November 2002

Hydra belongs to the class Hydrozoa in the phylum Cnidaria. Hydra is a model animal whose cellular and developmental data are the most abundant among cnidarians. Hence, I discuss the developmental neurobiology of hydra. The hydra nerve net is a mosaic of neural subsets expressing a specific neural phenotype. The developmental dynamics of the nerve cells are unique. Neurons are produced continuously by differentiation from interstitial multipotent stem cells. These neurons are continuously displaced outwards along with epithelial cells and are sloughed off at the extremities. However, the spatial distribution of each neural subset is maintained. Mechanisms related to these phenomena, i.e., the position-dependent changes in neural phenotypes, are proposed. Nerve-net formation in hydra can be examined in various experimental systems. The conditions of nerve-net formation vary among the systems, so we can clarify the control factors at the cellular level by comparing nerve-net formation in different systems. By large-scale screening of peptide signal molecules, peptide molecules related to nerve-cell differentiation have been identified. The LPW family, composed of four members sharing common N-terminal L(or I)PW, inhibits nerve-cell differentiation in hydra. In contrast, Hym355 (FPQSFLPRG-NH3) activates nerve differentiation in hydra. LPWs are epitheliopeptides, whereas Hym355 is a neuropeptide. In the hypostome of hydra, a unique neuronal structure, the nerve ring, is observed. This structure shows the nerve association of neurites. Exceptionally, the tissue containing the nerve ring shows no tissue displacement during the tissue flow that involves the whole body. The neurons in the nerve ring show little turnover, although nerve cells in all other regions turn over continuously. These associations and quiet dynamics lead me to think that the nerve ring has features similar to those of the central nervous system in higher animals.
What's new in cnidarian biology?
Authors: Mackie G O
Published: November 2002

This introduction to the following collection of eight review articles on aspects of cnidarian biology looks at reasons why people study these animals, their economic importance, and their conceptual interest as highlighted in the reviews.
Escaping predators on vertical surfaces: Lacerta perspicillata in limestone quarries of Lithaca
Authors: Vitt Laurie J , Cooper, Jr. William E , Perera Anna , Pérez-Mellado Valentín
Published: November 2002

Escape behavior of the Mediterranean lizard Lacerta perspicillata was studied experimentally in a limestone quarry at Lithica on the island of Menorca, Balearic Islands, Spain. These lizards are exposed to avian predators while active on vertical rock faces. Simulated kestrel attacks using a cardboard model elicited escape responses from nearly all lizards approached. Methods of escape included entering a crevice, retreating over or around an edge, running behind a shrub growing against the rock surface, running behind a shrub and dropping to the ground ("bush to ground"), and retreating under or behind a rock isolated from a rock face. Most lizards fled directly to the closest available refuge or to alternative refuges only slightly farther away. Nevertheless, lizards that initially perched near crevices more frequently fled to other types of refuge than lizards that were initially near other refuges. The latter usually fled to the closest refuge. Lizards predominantly fled parallel to the ground or directly toward it (down) into a refuge regardless of the direction of attack (above, below, straight on). Direction of attack affected the type of refuge used. Lizards approached from above were more likely to flee to bush-ground or crevices than those approached from below or the same height. Straight-line retreat directly to a refuge appears to be the most viable escape strategy for these lizards when faced with attacks by avian predators, but the direction of attack may influence decisions based on risk.
THE CARDY–VERLINDE FORMULA AND ENTROPY OF TOPOLOGICAL REISSNER–NORDSTRÖM BLACK HOLES IN DE SITTER SPACES
Authors: SETARE M. R.
Published: November 2002

In this paper we discuss the question of whether the entropy of cosmological horizon in topological Reissner–Nordström–de Sitter spaces can be described by the Cardy–Verlinde formula, which is supposed to be an entropy formula of conformal field theory in any dimension. Furthermore, we find that the entropy of black hole horizon can also be rewritten in terms of the Cardy–Verlinde formula for these black holes in de Sitter spaces, if we use the definition due to Abbott and Deser for conserved charges in asymptotically de Sitter spaces. Our result is in favour of the dS/CFT correspondence.
Becoming Austrian: Women, the State, and Citizenship in World War I
Authors: Healy Maureen
Published: November 2002

Inlate July 1914, upon partial mobilization of the Austro-Hungarian army, an urgent appeal to “Austria's women” circulated widely in the Viennese press. It urged women to “perform service in the time of war” and reminded them that in this moment of state peril, women had to suppress their “differences” and display the “strongest solidarity” among themselves. “Women's unity, women's energy, and women's work” would be crucial for the survival of Austria. The notice was published by one of the women's groups in what would become the Frauenhilfsaktion Wien, an umbrella organization founded in early August, comprising the major women's groups in the city. Together with similar subsequent appeals to duty, service, sacrifice, and an inner bond uniting all women, the notice marked the beginning of World War I as a potential turning point in women's relationships with each other and with the state. Across the political spectrum, noble, bourgeois, and working-class women, Christian and Jewish, German-speaking, and others, were asked to put aside their differences and perform war service as “Austria's women.”
Del(1)(q23) in a patient with Hutchinson‐Gilford progeria
Authors: Delgado Luengo Wilmer , Rojas Martínez Augusto , Ortíz López Rocío , Martínez Basalo Caridad , Rojas‐Atencio Alicia , Quintero Maribel , Borjas Lisbeth , Morales‐Machín Alisandra , González Ferrer Sandra , Pineda Bernal Lennie , Cañizalez‐Tarazona Jenny , Peña Joaquín , Delgado Luengo Juana , Chacín Hernández José , Chong Chang José
Published: November 2002

A 9‐year‐old patient with the classical clinical picture of Hutchinson‐Gilford progeria (HGP) is described. The karyotype shows a 46,XY,del(1)(q23) constitution. Our findings suggest that the interval 1q23 may play a roll in the etiology of HGP. A perturbation in glycosylation in connective tissue has been demonstrated in patients with this condition. This abnormality may be due to a defect in the UDP‐galactose:β‐N‐acetylglucosamina‐β‐1,4‐galactosyltransferase 3 (B4GALT3) gene that has been mapped in the interval 1q21‐23. The cytogenetical analyses of this patient suggest that the B4GALT3 gene could be involved in the pathogenesis of HGP. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Noonan syndrome or new autosomal dominant condition with coarctation of the aorta, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and minor anomalies
Authors: Lemire Edmond G.
Published: November 2002

This is a report on a father and his two children with an apparent autosomal dominant condition characterized by craniofacial anomalies, coarctation of the aorta, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and other structural heart abnormalities with normal psychomotor development. Some clinical features are reminiscent of Noonan syndrome. Alternatively, this family may have a previously undescribed genetic condition. The family history is suggestive of a new autosomal dominant mutation in the father. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Correlation between abnormal cardiac physical examination and echocardiographic findings in neonates with Down syndrome
Authors: McElhinney Doff B. , Straka Michele , Goldmuntz Elizabeth , Zackai Elaine H.
Published: November 2002

Congenital heart disease is present in 40–50% of individuals with Down syndrome. Although cardiovascular evaluation is a standard component of the diagnostic work‐up in patients with Down syndrome, the value of routine neonatal echocardiography in this population is debated. We studied 114 neonates with Down syndrome who underwent both cardiac physical examination and echocardiography in the neonatal period to assess the accuracy of physical examination for identifying cardiovascular anomalies in this population. We retrospectively reviewed physical examination records and echocardiogram reports in 114 neonates with Down syndrome and trisomy 21. A patient was considered to have an abnormal cardiac physical examination if there was a pathologic cardiac murmur and/or cyanosis or an abnormal systemic arterial oxygen saturation. The median age at the time of physical examination was 2 days (1–30 days). Physical examination findings suggestive of cardiovascular pathology were noted in 77 patients (68%), with an abnormal cardiac murmur in 34 (30%), cyanosis and/or a pulse oximeter reading of ≤ 92% in 35 (31%), and both in 7 (6%). The echocardiogram was abnormal in 75 patients (66%), with an atrioventricular septal defect in 33, tetralogy of Fallot in 13, both of these anomalies in 2, a ventricular septal defect in 17, a patent ductus arteriosus beyond 7 days of age in 7, and other anomalies in 2. The sensitivity of physical examination findings for detection of cardiovascular anomalies was 80% and the specificity was 56%. The positive predictive value of an abnormal physical examination was 78% and the negative predictive value of a normal physical examination was 59%. Fifteen patients had a normal physical examination but an abnormal echocardiogram, nine of whom eventually required surgery. Physical examination alone is not sufficient to identify cardiovascular anomalies in neonates with Down syndrome. In the newborn with Down syndrome, the potential benefits of early diagnosis, in the context of physical examination findings, should be considered in determining whether an echocardiogram should be performed in the neonatal period. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Does the current consent process minimize the risks of genetics research?
Authors: Wendler Dave , Prasad Kiran , Wilfond Benjamin
Published: November 2002

Completion of the human genome project is expected to lead to an increase in the number of individuals who participate in genetics research. The current informed consent process—developed prior to widespread genetics research—may not be sufficient to minimize the research risks that these individuals face. The current consent process focuses on informing individuals of the risks of research participation prior to their research enrollment. However, the risks of genetics research often are influenced by what subjects disclose to others after their research participation has ended. To assess whether the current consent process helps subjects remember the risks of future disclosures and, thereby, minimize the risks of genetics research, we interviewed 130 individuals who had previously participated in genetics research. Nineteen percent recalled that their samples would undergo genetic testing; 16% recalled that samples might be used for future research; 15% recalled that release of research records could affect their insurance status. These data suggest that current consent practices may not minimize the risks of genetics research. To address this concern, Institutional Review Boards and investigators should consider implementing supplemental mechanisms to help subjects remember when forgetting aspects of their research participation could place them at increased risk. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regularized boundary element solution for an inverse boundary value problem in linear elasticity
Authors: Marin L. , Lesnic D.
Published: November 2002

In this paper the Tikhonov regularization method is analysed for the ill‐conditioned system of linear equations which arises from the discretization of an ill‐posed boundary value problem in linear elasticity. The choice of the regularization parameter is achieved according to the L‐curve method. Then the regularization method is numerically implemented using the boundary element method (BEM). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Syntheses of some new 1,5‐benzothiazepine derivatives and their ribofuranosides as antimicrobial agents
Authors: Singh Girwar , Kumar Neeraj , Yadav Ashok K. , Mishra A. K.
Published: November 2002

(±)‐cis‐2‐(4‐Methoxyphenyl)‐3‐hydroxy/methoxy‐6‐ethoxy/phenoxy‐2,3‐dihydro‐1,5‐benzothiazepin‐4‐[5H/5‐chloroacetyl/5‐(4′‐methylpiperazino‐1′)acetyl]‐ones have been synthesized by the condensation of 2‐amino‐3‐ethoxy/phenoxybenzenethiol with methyl‐(±)‐trans‐3‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)glycidate in xylene. Ribofuranosides, viz. (±)‐cis‐2‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐3‐methoxy‐6‐ethoxy/phenoxy‐2,3‐dihydro‐1,5‐benzothiazepin‐4‐[5‐(2′,3′,5′‐tri‐O‐benzoyl‐β‐D‐ribofuranosyl)]‐ones, have been synthesized by the treatment of 3‐methoxy derivatives of 1,5‐benzothiazepines with a derivative, sugar, viz. β‐D‐ribofuranose‐1‐acetate‐2,3,5‐tribenzoate, in toluene in vacuo. The structures of all the synthesized ribofuranosides and their precursors have been characterized on the basis of elemental analyses and IR,1H NMR, and13C NMR spectral data. These compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activity. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:620–625, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10051
P‐bis(trifluoromethyl) ylides: Synthesis and reactions
Authors: Dieckbreder Uwe , Röschenthaler Gerd‐Volker , Kolomeitsev Alexander A.
Published: November 2002

Bis(trifluoromethyl)phosphines RP(CF3)2 (R = Me, NEt2) were methylated by MeOSO2CF3, yielding the respective phosphonium salts [RP(CF3)2Me]+ and CF3SO3−. Deprotonation using MeNP(NEt2)3 led to the phosphorus ylides RP(CF3)2CH2, stable in solution at ambient temperature, which could be converted into 1,2λ5σ5‐oxaphosphetanes by adding hexafluoroacetone. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:650–653, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10061
Rescue of retroviral envelope fusion deficiencies by cationic liposomes
Authors: Porter Colin D.
Published: November 2002

Background

Retroviral particles that are inappropriately enveloped can transduce target cells if pre‐associated with cationic liposomes. This study optimises and addresses the mechanism of liposome‐enhanced gene delivery, and explores the potential for such agents to compensate for fusion deficiency associated with chimaeric envelope proteins.

Methods

Particles bearing wild‐type, chimaeric or no envelope proteins were complexed with DOTAP or DC‐Chol/DOPE cationic liposomes and added to target cells for various times. Particle binding was determined by detection of cell‐associated capsid protein and infectivity was measured histochemically.

Results

Stable association of cationic liposomes with retrovirus particles significantly enhanced their binding rate to target cells in proportion to the increase of transduction kinetics for infectious virus. Binding of virus was equivalent with or without envelope protein and/or virus receptor, indicating that a non‐specific interaction precedes receptor recognition. Non‐infectious combinations were rescued by the intrinsic fusogenicity of the cationic liposomes, which enabled entry of the viral core, but left subsequent events unaltered. The optimised transduction rate with non‐enveloped particles and DOTAP approached that of amphotropic‐enveloped virus in some cases, although the effect was target‐cell‐dependent. DC‐Chol/DOPE was less potent at direct fusion but was able to enhance 600‐fold the receptor‐dependent action of chimaeric envelopes that were deficient in fusion by virtue of the addition of targeting domains.

Conclusions

These data have implications for the development of retroviral vector targeting strategies from the perspectives of the specificity of target cell interaction and compensating for chimaeric envelope fusion deficiency. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel promoter/transactivator configurations for macrolide‐ and streptogramin‐responsive transgene expression in mammalian cells
Authors: Weber Wilfried , Kramer Beat P. , Fux Cornelia , Keller Bettina , Fussenegger Martin
Published: November 2002

Background

The recently developed heterologous macrolide‐ (E.REX system) and streptogramin‐ (PIP system) responsive gene regulation systems show significant differences in their regulation performance in diverse cell lines.

Methods

In order to provide optimal regulation modalities for a wide variety of mammalian cell lines, we have performed a detailed analysis of E.REX and PIP systems modified in (i) the transactivation domains of the antibiotic‐dependent transactivators, (ii) the type of minimal promoter used, and (iii) the spacing between the operator module and the minimal promoter.

Results

These novel E.REX and PIP regulation components showed not only dramatically improved regulation performance in some cell types, but also enabled their use in cell lines which had previously been inaccessible to regulated transgene expression.

Conclusions

Due to their modular set‐up the novel E.REX and PIP regulation systems presented here are most versatile and ready for future upgrades using different cell‐specific key regulation components. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of triterpene saponins in Quercus robur L. and Q. petraea Liebl. heartwood by LC‐ESI/MS and NMR
Authors: Arramon G. , Saucier C. , Colombani D. , Glories Y.
Published: November 2002

A detailed structural study of the major acidic triterpene saponins from European oak heartwood, Quercus robur L. and Q. petraea Liebl., revealed the presence of 2α,3β,19α‐trihydroxyolean‐12‐ene‐24,28‐dioic acid (1), 2α,3β,19α‐23‐tetrahydroxyolean‐12‐ene‐24,28‐dioic acid (2), and their corresponding glycosides, 28‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐2α,3β,19α‐trihydroxyolean‐12‐ene‐24,28‐dioic acid (3), and 28‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐2α,3β,19α,23‐tetrahydroxyolean‐12‐ene‐24,28‐dioic acid (4). Compounds were isolated and purified by successive flash chromatography and semi‐preparative HPLC, and structurally determined by NMR and LC‐ESI/MS in the negative ion mode. Compounds 2 and 4 have been identified for the first time in Quercus species and are new compounds. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of complex phosphopeptides as mimics of p53 functional domains
Authors: Varadi Gyorgyi , Otvos Laszlo
Published: November 2002

A complete set of mono‐, di‐ and triphosphorylated peptides comprising amino acids 10–27, the Mdm2 and p300 binding site(s) of p53, with and without a fluorescein label at the N‐terminus, was synthesized by step‐by‐step solid phase synthesis. Fluorescence polarization analysis revealed that phosphorylation at Thr18 decreased binding to recombinant Mdm2 protein compared with the unphosphorylated and the two other single phosphorylated analogues. Unlabelled multiply phosphorylated peptides corresponding to this amino‐terminal transactivation domain proved to be powerful tools in analysing the phosphate specificity of existing anti‐p53 monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies using direct ELISA. The tetramerization domain of human p53 protein was modelled with a 53 residue‐long unlabelled unphosphorylated and Ser315‐phosphorylated peptide pair. CD analysis showed similar α‐helical structures for both peptides and no major difference in the secondary structure could be observed upon phosphorylation. Size‐exclusion HPLC indicated that these synthetic oligomerization domain mimics underwent a pH‐dependent tetramerization process, but the presence of a phosphate group at Ser315 did not modify the oligomeric state of the 308–360 p53 fragments. Nevertheless, the fluorescein‐labelled Ser315 phosphorylated peptide bound to the downstream signalling ligand DNA topoisomerase I protein with slightly higher affinity than did the unphosphorylated analogue. Copyright © 2002 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Translational Crawl and Path Tracking of a Quadruped Robot
Authors: Chen Xuedong , Watanabe Keigo , Kiguchi Kazuo , Izumi Kiyotaka
Published: November 2002

Translational crawl and path tracking are presented for a quadruped robot,
named TITAN‐VIII, to walk on rough ground. The generalized and explicit formulation
is derived to generate the translational crawl gait in an arbitrary direction
automatically, to control the joint positions, and to estimate the robot localization
in a walking environment. Compared to conventional gaits, the proposed gait
is characterized by a natural and continuous transition between any successive
gait cycles, by a maximized stride of the robot in each gait cycle, and by
different foot trajectories corresponding to the uneven terrain. Especially,
the proposed approach enables the quadruped robot to track a reference path
in a complex walking environment, based on dead‐reckoning localization for
the robot. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through
the experimental results. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A bounding chain for Swendsen‐Wang
Authors: Huber Mark
Published: November 2002

The greatest drawback of Monte Carlo Markov chain methods is lack of knowledge of the mixing time of the chain. The use of bounding chains solves this difficulty for some chains by giving theoretical and experimental upper bounds on the mixing time. Moreover, when used with methodologies such as coupling from the past, bounding chains allow the user to take samples drawn exactly from the stationary distribution without knowledge of the mixing time. Here we present a bounding chain for the Swendsen‐Wang process. The Swendsen‐Wang bounding chain allow us to efficiently obtain exact samples from the ferromagnetic Q‐state Potts model for certain classes of graphs. Also, by analyzing this bounding chain, we will show that Swendsen‐Wang is rapidly mixing over a slightly larger range of parameters than was known previously. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 22: 43–59, 2002
An elementary proof of a theorem of Johnson and Lindenstrauss
Authors: Dasgupta Sanjoy , Gupta Anupam
Published: November 2002

A result of Johnson and Lindenstrauss [13] shows that a set of n points in high dimensional Euclidean space can be mapped into an O(log n/ϵ2)‐dimensional Euclidean space such that the distance between any two points changes by only a factor of (1 ± ϵ). In this note, we prove this theorem using elementary probabilistic techniques. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 22: 60–65, 2002
A description of Hilbert 𝐶*-modules in which all closed submodules are orthogonally closed
Authors: Schweizer Jürgen
Published: November 2002

Let

A
A

,

B
B

be

C
∗

C^*

-algebras and

E
E

a full Hilbert

A
A

-

B
B

-bimodule such that every closed right submodule

E

0

⊆
E

E_{0}\subseteq E

is orthogonally closed, i.e.,

E

0

=
(

E

0

⊥

)

⊥

E_{0}=(E_{0}^{\perp })^{\perp }

. Then there are families of Hilbert spaces

{

H

i

}

\{\mathcal {H}_{i}\}

,

{

V

i

}

\{\mathcal {V}_{i}\}

such that

A
A

and

B
B

are isomorphic to

c

0

c_{0}

-direct sums

∑

K

(

V

i

)

\sum \mathcal {K}(\mathcal {V}_{i})

, resp.

∑

K

(

H

i

)

\sum \mathcal {K}(\mathcal {H}_{i})

, and

E
E

is isomorphic to the outer direct sum

∑

0

K

(

H

i

,

V

i

)

\sum _{0}\mathcal {K}(\mathcal {H}_{i},\mathcal {V}_{i})

.