bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary dust foci as rat pneumoconiosis lesion induced by titanium dioxide nanoparticles in 13-week inhalation study
Authors: Yamano Shotaro , Goto Yuko , Takeda Tomoki , Hirai Shigeyuki , Furukawa Yusuke , Kikuchi Yoshinori , Kasai Tatsuya , Misumi Kyohei , Suzuki Masaaki , Takanobu Kenji , Senoh Hideki , Saito Misae , Kondo Hitomi , Umeda Yumi
Published: September 2022

Background

Most toxicological studies on titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles to date have concentrated on carcinogenicity and acute toxicity, with few studies focusing of pneumoconiosis, which is a variety of airspace and interstitial lung diseases caused by particle-laden macrophages. The present study examined rat pulmonary lesions associated with pneumoconiosis after inhalation exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs).

Methods

Male and female F344 rats were exposed to 6.3, 12.5, 25, or 50 mg/m3 anatase type TiO2 NPs for 6 h/day, 5 days/week for 13 weeks using a whole-body inhalation exposure system. After the last exposure the rats were euthanized and blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and all tissues including lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes were collected and subjected to biological and histopathological analyses.

Results

Numerous milky white spots were present in the lungs after exposure to 25 and 50 mg/m3 TiO2 NPs. Histopathological analysis revealed that the spots were alveolar lesions, characterized predominantly by the agglomeration of particle-laden macrophages and the presence of reactive alveolar epithelial type 2 cell (AEC2) hyperplasia. We defined this characteristic lesion as pulmonary dust foci (PDF). The PDF is an inflammatory niche, with decreased vascular endothelial cells in the interstitium, and proliferating AEC2 transformed into alveolar epithelial progenitor cells. In the present study, the AEC2 in the PDF had acquired DNA damage. Based on PDF induction, the lowest observed adverse effect concentration for pulmonary disorders in male and female rats was 12.5 mg/m3 and 6.3 mg/m3, respectively. The no observed adverse effect concentration for male rats was 6.3 mg/m3. There was a sex difference in lung lesion development, with females showing more pronounced lesion parameters than males.

Conclusions

Inhalation exposure to TiO2 NPs caused PDF, an air-space lesion which is an alveolar inflammatory niche containing particle-laden macrophages and proliferating AEC2. These PDFs histopathologically resemble some pneumoconiosis lesions (pulmonary siderosis and hard metal pneumoconiosis) in workers and lung disease in smokers, suggesting that PDFs caused by exposure to TiO2 NPs in rats are an early pneumoconiosis lesion and may be a common alveolar reaction in mammals.

Graphical Abstract
Integrating pharmacokinetics and network analysis to investigate the mechanism of Moutan Cortex in blood-heat and blood stasis syndrome
Authors: Ye Qiuli , Zhang Ying , Yan Donghui , Sun Yue , Li Ming , Cao Hui , Wang Shumei , Meng Jiang
Published: September 2022

Background

Raw Moutan Cortex (RMC) has been used in China and other Asian countries for thousands of years. Its medical application is the treatment of cooling blood and promoting blood circulation. However, its therapeutic mechanism is still undefined.

Methods

In this study, the pharmacokinetics strategy that integrated network analysis was employed to explore the mechanism of RMC in blood-heat and blood stasis syndrome (BHS) model rats. Firstly, Ultra-High performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with Diode Array Detector (UHPLC-DAD) method was developed to determine nine absorbed compounds in rat serum in BHS and normal rats after oral administration of RMC extract respectively. Then the pharmacology network was established based on the relationship between nine compounds absorbed into the blood and BHS targets. Finally, the predicted hub targets were validated experimentally in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs).

Results

Pharmacokinetic study showed that the pharmacokinetic parameters of nine absorbed compounds had significant differences between BHS and normal groups (p < 0.05). Network analysis showed that 8 target genes, namely, F2, F10, F7, PLAU, MAPK14, MAPK10, AKT1, and NOS3 may be the primary targets regulated by RMC for the treatment of BHS. Among them, targets (F2, F10, F7 and MAPK14, MAPK10, AKT) and 4 active ingredients (paeonol, paeoniflorin, quercetin and oxypaeoniflorin) were selected for evaluating the reliability in vitro experiments, which revealed that the mechanism of RMC against BHS syndrome may inhibit inflammatory pathways and regulate coagulation cascades pathway for cooling and promoting blood circulation.

Conclusion

The proposed pharmacokinetics study integrated network analysis strategy provides a combination method to explore the therapeutic mechanism of RMC on BHS.

Graphical Abstract
Study protocol for a phase 1/2, single-centre, double-blind, double-dummy, randomized, active-controlled, age de-escalation trial to assess the safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of a measles and rubella vaccine delivered by a microneedle patch in healthy adults (18 to 40 years), measles and rubella vaccine-primed toddlers (15 to 18 months) and measles and rubella vaccine-naïve infants (9 to 10 months) in The Gambia [Measles and Rubella Vaccine Microneedle Patch Phase 1/2 Age De-escalation Trial]
Authors: Adigweme Ikechukwu , Akpalu Edem , Yisa Mohammed , Donkor Simon , Jarju Lamin B. , Danso Baba , Mendy Anthony , Jeffries David , Njie Abdoulie , Bruce Andrew , Royals Michael , Goodson James L. , Prausnitz Mark R. , McAllister Devin , Rota Paul A. , Henry Sebastien , Clarke Ed
Published: September 2022

Background

New strategies to increase measles and rubella vaccine coverage, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, are needed if elimination goals are to be achieved. With this regard, measles and rubella vaccine microneedle patches (MRV-MNP), in which the vaccine is embedded in dissolving microneedles, offer several potential advantages over subcutaneous delivery. These include ease of administration, increased thermostability, an absence of sharps waste, reduced overall costs and pain-free administration. This trial will provide the first clinical trial data on MRV-MNP use and the first clinical vaccine trial of MNP technology in children and infants.

Methods

This is a phase 1/2, randomized, active-controlled, double-blind, double-dummy, age de-escalation trial. Based on the defined eligibility criteria for the trial, including screening laboratory investigations, 45 adults [18–40 years] followed by 120 toddlers [15–18 months] and 120 infants [9–10 months] will be enrolled in series. To allow double-blinding, participants will receive either the MRV-MNP and a placebo (0.9% sodium chloride) subcutaneous (SC) injection or a placebo MNP and the MRV by SC injection (MRV-SC). Local and systemic adverse event data will be collected for 14 days following study product administration. Safety laboratories will be repeated on day 7 and, in the adult cohort alone, on day 14. Unsolicited adverse events including serious adverse events will be collected until the final study visit for each participant on day 180. Measles and rubella serum neutralizing antibodies will be measured at baseline, on day 42 and on day 180. Cohort progression will be dependent on review of the unblinded safety data by an independent data monitoring committee.

Discussion

This trial will provide the first clinical data on the use of a MNP to deliver the MRV and the first data on the use of MNPs in a paediatric population. It will guide future product development decisions for what may be a key technology for future measles and rubella elimination.

Trial registration

Pan-African Clinical Trials Registry 202008836432905. ClinicalTrials.govNCT04394689
Cognitive-motor telerehabilitation in multiple sclerosis (CoMoTeMS): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Van Laethem Delphine , Van de Steen Frederik , Kos Daphne , Naeyaert Maarten , Van Schuerbeek Peter , D’Haeseleer Miguel , D’Hooghe Marie B. , Van Schependom Jeroen , Nagels Guy
Published: September 2022

Background

The management of cognitive impairment is an important goal in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). While cognitive rehabilitation has been proven to be effective in improving cognitive performance in MS, research in the elderly indicates a higher effectiveness of combined cognitive-motor rehabilitation. Here, we present the protocol of a randomised controlled clinical trial to assess whether a combined cognitive-motor telerehabilitation programme is more effective in improving working memory than only cognitive or motor training.

Methods/design

The CoMoTeMS-trial is a two-centre, randomised, controlled and blinded clinical trial. A total of 90 patients with MS will receive 12 weeks of either a combined cognitive-motor telerehabilitation programme or only cognitive or motor training. The primary outcome is a change in the digit span backwards. Secondary outcomes are other cognitive changes (Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis and Backward Corsi), Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), 6-Min Walk Test, 25-Foot Walk Test, 9-Hole Peg Test, anxiety and depression, fatigue, quality of life, cognitive and physical activity level, electroencephalography and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain.

Discussion

We hypothesise that the improvement in digit span backwards after 12 weeks of treatment will be significantly higher in the group treated with the combined cognitive-motor telerehabilitation programme, compared to the groups receiving only cognitive and only motor training.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05355389. Registered on 2 May 2022.
Both levoglucosan kinase activity and transport capacity limit the utilization of levoglucosan in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Yang Mengdan , Wei Tiandi , Wang Kai , Jiang Liqun , Zeng Dihao , Sun Xinhua , Liu Weifeng , Shen Yu
Published: September 2022

Manufacturing fuels and chemicals from cellulose materials is a promising strategy to achieve carbon neutralization goals. In addition to the commonly used enzymatic hydrolysis by cellulase, rapid pyrolysis is another way to degrade cellulose. The sugar obtained by fast pyrolysis is not glucose, but rather its isomer, levoglucosan (LG). Here, we revealed that both levoglucosan kinase activity and the transportation of levoglucosan are bottlenecks for LG utilization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a widely used cell factory. We revealed that among six heterologous proteins that had levoglucosan kinase activity, the 1,6-anhydro-N-acetylmuramic acid kinase from Rhodotorula toruloides was the best choice to construct levoglucosan-utilizing S. cerevisiae strain. Furthermore, we revealed that the amino acid residue Q341 and W455, which were located in the middle of the transport channel closer to the exit, are the sterically hindered barrier to levoglucosan transportation in Gal2p, a hexose transporter. The engineered yeast strain expressing the genes encoding the 1,6-anhydro-N-acetylmuramic acid kinase from R. toruloides and transporter mutant Gal2pQ341A or Gal2pW455A consumed ~ 4.2 g L−1 LG in 48 h, which is the fastest LG-utilizing S. cerevisiae strain to date.
Simultaneous external and internal marking of Triatoma sordida nymphs: trace element efficacy and microgeographic dispersal in a peridomestic Brazilian Cerrado rural household
Authors: Dantas Edson Santos , Gurgel-Gonçalves Rodrigo , Maciel-de-Freitas Rafael , Monteiro Fernando Araújo
Published: September 2022

Background

Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) is an important neglected tropical illness, which has the flagellate protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi as etiological agent and blood-feeding insects of the Triatominae subfamily as vectors. Despite its importance for disease epidemiology, field studies targeting microgeographic dispersal of triatomines in endemic areas are rare. The ability wingless nymphs have to move (crawl) within peridomestic settings is a key component regarding the design and development of rational control strategies.

Methods

We double-marked Triatoma sordida fourth-instar nymphs (N4) with a reliable fluorescent dye and a trace element. This new methodology allowed us to simultaneously evaluate (i) nymph dispersal and (ii) the effectiveness of copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), and cadmium (Cd) trace elements as potential new markers. In the mark-release-recapture (MRR) experiment, 390 T. sordida N4 were released in the peridomicile of a single rural household, 130 individuals at each of three release points, at distances of 2, 5, and 10 m from the chicken coop (CC) and 27, 32, and 35 m away from the horse corral (HC). All specimens were double marked (Cu/blue, Cr/orange, Cd/green). Recaptures occurred in two intervals: 1–3 days and 15–17 days after release.

Results

Specimens were successfully recaptured at all distances up to 10 m. A total of 19, 23, and 10 specimens were able to disperse 2, 5, and 10 m, respectively, to reach the CC. No insects were recaptured at the HC. Of the three analyte/paint combinations tested, Cr/orange gave the most promising results; Cu/blue marker and Cd/green marker performed very poorly with only 4/19 and 0/10 analyte/paint ratios, respectively.

Conclusions

Triatoma sordida N4 could cover a distance of 10 m in 17 days. This indicates that nymphs seem to have a reduced dispersal capability compared to adults. Ninety-one percent of the 22 recaptured orange-marked nymphs were still Cr positive after the 17-day period evaluated. This makes this analyte a good candidate for future investigations that will apply this marking method in MRR studies.

Graphical Abstract
Effects of hypoxia-preconditioned HucMSCs on neovascularization and follicle survival in frozen/thawed human ovarian cortex transplanted to immunodeficient mice
Authors: Cheng Jiaojiao , Ruan Xiangyan , Li Yanglu , Du Juan , Jin Fengyu , Gu Muqing , Zhou Qi , Xu Xin , Yang Yu , Wang Husheng , Mueck Alfred Otto
Published: September 2022

Background

The massive loss of follicles in the early stage of ovarian tissue transplantation is considered a significant restriction to the efficacy of ovarian tissue cryopreservation (OTC) and transplantation (OT). The use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) before transplantation of ovarian fragments shortened the hypoxic period and boosted neovascularization. Hypoxia-preconditioned MSCs can enhance the potential of angiogenesis. Can hypoxia-preconditioned human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (HucMSCs) and ovarian tissue co-xenotransplantation improve more neovascularization and subsequently more follicle survival in human ovarian tissue?

Methods

Frozen-thawed cortical pieces from 4 patients were transplanted into the bilateral renal capsule of immune-deficient nude mice without HucMSCs or normoxia/hypoxia-preconditioned HucMSCs. Sixty-four mice were randomly distributed into 4 groups. In each group, the mice were euthanized for blood and/or graft retrieval on post-transplantation days 3 (n = 8) and 7 (n = 8), respectively. Non-grafted frozen-thawed ovarian fragment was taken for non-grafted control. Grafts were histologically processed and analysed for follicle density and atretic follicles by HE, neovascularization by CD34 and CD31 immunohistochemical staining, primordial follicle growth by Ki67 staining, and apoptosis of stromal cell and follicles by immunofluorescence using TUNEL. The ROS and TAC levels of grafted and non-grafted tissue were assessed. We evaluated the protein expression of HIF1α, VEGFA, pAkt, Akt, and GDF9 in grafted and non-grafted ovarian tissue. E2, Prog, AMH, and FSH levels in the plasma of mice were measured after 3 and 7 days of OT.

Results

Hypoxia-preconditioned HucMSCs positively protect the grafted ovarian tissue by significantly decreasing the apoptosis and increasing higher expression of CD31, CD34, and VEGFA for earlier angiogenesis. They are crucial to preserving the resting primordial follicle pool by modulation of follicle death.

Conclusion

This is the first study to demonstrate that co-transplantation of hypoxia-preconditioned HucMSC with ovarian tissue improved earlier vascularization of ovarian grafts in the early post-grafting period, which correlates with increased follicle survival and reduced apoptosis. The HIF1α/VEGFA signal pathways may play an important role in elucidating the mechanisms of action of hypoxia-preconditioned HucMSCs with regard to OT and clinical implementation.
Construction of tandem diabody (IL-6/CD20)-secreting human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells and its experimental treatment on diffuse large B cell lymphoma
Authors: Zhang Jiayi , Zhong Minglu , Zhong Weijie , Lan Yanfei , Yuan Zhaohu , Duan Yuyou , Wei Yaming
Published: September 2022

Background

More than 40% patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) experienced relapse or refractory (R/R) lymphoma after the standard first R-CHOP therapy. IL-6 was reportedly associated with chemotherapy resistance of rituximab. Further, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known as the potential cell vehicle for their tropism toward tumor. A MSCs-based tandem diabody for treating DLBCL is currently lacking.

Methods

We constructed a tandem diabody (Tandab(IL-6/CD20)) with modified umbilical cord MSCs (UCMSCs) and designed a cell-based Tandab releasing system. Western blot, qPCR and immunofluorescence were used to confirm the construction and expression of lentivirus-infected UCMSCs. The vitality, apoptosis and homing abilities of UCMSCs were examined via CCK-8 assay, apoptosis, wound healing and migration analysis. Cell binding assay was used to demonstrate the targeting property of Tandab binding to CD20-positive DLBCL cells. Furthermore, we evaluated the viability of SU-DHL-2 and SU-DHL-4 by using CCK-8 and EDU assay after the treatment of UCMSCs-Tandab(IL-6/CD20).

Results

Tandab protein peaked at 6273 ± 487 pg/ml in the medium on day 7 after cell culture. The proliferation and homing ability of UCMSCs did not attenuate after genetically modification. Immunofluorescence images indicated the Tandab protein bound to the lymphoma cells. UCMSCs-Tandab(IL-6/CD20) inhibited the growth of SU-DHL-2 or SU-DHL-4 cells in vitro.

Conclusions

UCMSCs-Tandab(IL-6/CD20), which bound with both tumor-associated surface antigens and pro-tumor cytokines in tumor microenvironment, might serve as a potential treatment for DLBCL, evidenced by inhibiting the growth of SU-DHL-2 or SU-DHL-4 cells.
PEX5R/Trip8b-HCN2 channel regulating neuroinflammation involved in perioperative neurocognitive disorders
Authors: Xu Feng , Wang Yafeng , Han Linlin , Deng Daling , Ding Yuanyuan , Ma LuLin , Zhang Qingtong , Chen Xiangdong
Published: September 2022

Background

Clinical and animal studies demonstrated that neuroinflammation from anesthesia (sevoflurane) is the main contributor to cause perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PND). Recently, it was reported that microglia respond to hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels, which was the target of sevoflurane. Whether HCN channels are involved in the induction of neuroinflammation after sevoflurane exposure is still unclear.

Results

Sevoflurane exposure had increased cognitive dysfunction and anxiety-like behaviors in rats. Rats inhaled with sevoflurane had activated microglia and increased neuroinflammation (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) in the hippocampus. RNA sequencing identified 132 DEGs (86 up-regulated and 46 down-regulated DEGs [differentially expressed genes]) in the hippocampus of PND rats. RNA-sequencing also uncovered that sevoflurane exposure down-regulates HCN2 expression. Pathway and process enrichment analysis suggests DEGs are mainly enriched in regulation of system process, positive regulation of glutamate secretion, secretion, regulation of synaptic transmission, regulation of nervous system process, behavior, negative regulation of sodium ion transport, and learning or memory. We validated that sevoflurane exposure can down-regulate the levels of PEX5R/Trip8b (an interaction partner and auxiliary subunit of HCN channels) and HCN1-4 channels in the hippocampus of PND rats. We used immunofluorescence staining to identify that HCN2 co-labels with neurons (Neun), astrocytes (GFAP), and microglia (iba1). We observed that the co-labeling of HCN2 with neurons or microglia decreased in the hippocampus and cortex after sevoflurane exposure. Blocking HCN2 by ZD7288 treatment further activated microglia and aggravated sevoflurane exposure-induced anxiety-like behavior, cognitive impairment, and neuroinflammation.

Conclusions

We concluded that sevoflurane exposure can induce an increased level of neuroinflammation, microglial activation, cognitive dysfunction, and anxiety-like behaviors in rats. HCN2 channel, as the target of sevoflurane action, mediates this process. HCN2 might be a target for the treatment and prevention of sevoflurane-induced PND.
Positioning and power optimisation for UAV-assisted networks in the presence of eavesdroppers: a multi-armed bandit approach
Authors: Flores Cabezas Xavier Alejandro , Moya Osorio Diana Pamela , Latva-aho Matti
Published: September 2022

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are becoming increasingly attractive for the ambitious expectations for 5G and beyond networks due to their several benefits. Indeed, UAV-assisted communications introduce a new range of challenges and opportunities regarding the security of these networks. Thus, in this paper we explore the opportunities that UAVs can provide for physical layer security solutions. Particularly, we analyse the secrecy performance of a ground wireless communication network assisted by N friendly UAV jammers in the presence of an eavesdropper. To tackle the secrecy performance of this system, we introduce a new area-based metric, the weighted secrecy coverage (WSC), that measures the improvement on the secrecy performance of a system over a certain physical area given by the introduction of friendly jamming. Herein, the optimal 3D positioning of the UAVs and the power allocation is addressed in order to maximise the WSC. For that purpose, we provide a reinforcement learning-based solution by modelling the positioning problem as a multi-armed bandit problem over three positioning variables for the UAVs: angle, height and orbit radius. Our results show that the proposed algorithm improves the secrecy of the system over time in terms of the WSC, and it converges into a stable state close to the exhaustive search solution for discretised actions, where there is a trade-off between expediency of the positioning of the UAVs to positions of better secrecy outcome and energy consumption.
Direct and indirect effects of IFN-α2b in malignancy treatment: not only an archer but also an arrow
Authors: Xiong Fei , Wang Qi , Wu Guan-hua , Liu Wen-zheng , Wang Bing , Chen Yong-jun
Published: September 2022

Interferon-α2b (IFN-α2b) is a highly active cytokine that belongs to the interferon-α (IFN-α) family. IFN-α2b has beneficial antiviral, antitumour, antiparasitic and immunomodulatory activities. Direct and indirect antiproliferative effects of IFN-α2b have been found to occur via multiple pathways, mainly the JAK-STAT pathway, in certain cancers. This article reviews mechanistic studies and clinical trials on IFN-α2b. Potential regulators of the function of IFN-α2b were also reviewed, which could be utilized to relieve the poor response to IFN-α2b. IFN-α2b can function not only by enhancing the systematic immune response but also by directly killing tumour cells. Different parts of JAK-STAT pathway activated by IFN-α2b, such as interferon alpha and beta receptors (IFNARs), Janus kinases (JAKs) and IFN‐stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3), might serve as potential target for enhancing the pharmacological action of IFN-α2b. Despite some issues that remain to be solved, based on current evidence, IFN-α2b can inhibit disease progression and improve the survival of patients with certain types of malignant tumours. More efforts should be made to address potential adverse effects and complications.
Individually moulded silicone dressing in full thickness skin grafts
Authors: Götting Michael , Zibell Rahel , Jungehülsing Markus
Published: September 2022

Background

Full thickness skin grafting is a common technique for reconstructing defects in the head and neck area. We propose the use of an addition-cured silicone as an individually moulded silicone dressing to keep the vulnerable skin graft in place, prevent shearing forces and create a moist environment.

Method

The silicone dressing is applied directly on the graft, using a double cartridge system. The silicone is moulded to the skin graft and hardens quickly, integrating thread knots into its material and creating good adherence to the graft. Charts of 24 patients who had undergone reconstruction with full thickness skin graft from the neck after surgery for skin tumors in the head from November 2017 to October 2020, were reviewed retrospectively to quantify the degree of post-operative graft loss and durability of the dressing.

Conclusion

Medical silicone based on venylpolysiloxane is a safe and durable dressing which makes postoperative dressing changes expendable. Trial registration The study was approved by the institutional review board of the Brandenburg state medical association (S 4(bB)/2021).

Graphical Abstract
UV protection effect of cotton dyed with Flos Sophorae (Sophora Japonica L.) extracted with acid hydrolysis
Authors: Narantuya Lkhagva , Ahn Cheunsoon
Published: September 2022

Flos Sophorae extract was hydrolyzed using a mixed solution of methanol, HCl, and water to convert rutin to quercetin for the purpose of enhancing the UV protective effect of dyed cotton. Relative yield (%) of quercetin in the hydrolyzed extract was determined by the percent ratio of the absorbance of untreated Flos Sophorae extract at 359 nm to the absorbance of hydrolyzed extract at 370–371 nm. Quercetin yield was 93.09% when 1 M HCl was applied and 52.03% when 0.5 M HCl was applied, both with 60 min reaction time. The latter was applied in dyeing cotton with the dyebath containing hydrolyzed Flos Sophorae extract and water by 50:50 or 75:25 ratio. By dyeing with hydrolyzed Flos Sophorae extract the UPF value of cotton was enhanced to 13.80 indicating 92.76% blockage of the UV rays as opposed to 84.78% blockage by the same fabric without Flos Sophorae dyeing. The present method could produce a light-weight summer cotton with yellow color which could provide a moderate UV protection for daily summer attire.
A rare case of eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders with short bowel syndrome after strangulated bowel obstruction
Authors: Arai Yuhki , Kinoshita Yoshiaki , Kobayashi Takashi , Takahashi Yoshiaki , Ohyama Toshiyuki , Yokota Naoki , Sugai Yu , Takano Shoichi , Hamasaki Yu , Kaneko Utako , Kanada Satoshi
Published: September 2022

Background

Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is a rare yet costly disease with an incidence rate of 3 per million people. Herein, we report a rare case of eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders (EGIDs) with SBS after strangulated bowel obstruction.

Case presentation

A 5-year-old male had a necrotic intestine of 340 cm resected due to strangulated bowel obstruction caused by an intestinal mesenteric hiatal hernia. The length of the residual intestine was 51 cm. Bloody stools appeared 19 days postoperatively. Colonoscopy showed diffuse redness of the colonic mucosa, and pathological findings showed moderate chronic inflammatory cellular infiltration. On blood examination, the eosinophil count was > 30%. EGIDs with short bowel syndrome (SBS) were suspected. Because his symptoms did not improve with initial nutrition therapy, he was transferred to our hospital 5 months after the operation. Prednisolone was administrated at an initial dose of 1.4 mg/kg/day, 6 days after his transfer. Bloody stools disappeared after prednisolone administration. Seven months after discharge, he had no bloody stool recurrence.

Conclusion

The risk of developing secondary EGIDs in children with SBS should be considered, and postoperative management should include attention to abdominal symptoms and elevated eosinophil counts on blood examination.
Translational design for limited resource settings as demonstrated by Vent-Lock, a 3D-printed ventilator multiplexer
Authors: Xun Helen , Shallal Christopher , Unger Justin , Tao Runhan , Torres Alberto , Vladimirov Michael , Frye Jenna , Singhala Mohit , Horne Brockett , Kim Bo Soo , Burke Broc , Montana Michael , Talcott Michael , Winters Bradford , Frisella Margaret , Kushner Bradley S. , Sacks Justin M. , Guest James K. , Kang Sung Hoon , Caffrey Julie
Published: September 2022

Background

Mechanical ventilators are essential to patients who become critically ill with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and shortages have been reported due to the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).

Methods

We utilized 3D printing (3DP) technology to rapidly prototype and test critical components for a novel ventilator multiplexer system, Vent-Lock, to split one ventilator or anesthesia gas machine between two patients. FloRest, a novel 3DP flow restrictor, provides clinicians control of tidal volumes and positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP), using the 3DP manometer adaptor to monitor pressures. We tested the ventilator splitter circuit in simulation centers between artificial lungs and used an anesthesia gas machine to successfully ventilate two swine.

Results

As one of the first studies to demonstrate splitting one anesthesia gas machine between two swine, we present proof-of-concept of a de novo, closed, multiplexing system, with flow restriction for potential individualized patient therapy.

Conclusions

While possible, due to the complexity, need for experienced operators, and associated risks, ventilator multiplexing should only be reserved for urgent situations with no other alternatives. Our report underscores the initial design and engineering considerations required for rapid medical device prototyping via 3D printing in limited resource environments, including considerations for design, material selection, production, and distribution. We note that optimization of engineering may minimize 3D printing production risks but may not address the inherent risks of the device or change its indications. Thus, our case report provides insights to inform future rapid prototyping of medical devices.
Quantitative Anatomic Comparison of the Extreme Lateral Transodontoid vs Extreme Medial Endoscopic Endonasal Approaches to the Jugular Foramen and Craniovertebral Junction
Authors: Abramov Irakliy , Labib Mohamed A. , Houlihan Lena Mary , Loymak Thanapong , Srinivasan Visish M. , Preul Mark C. , Lawton Michael T.
Published: September 2022

BACKGROUND:

Large, destructive intracranial and extracranial lesions at the jugular foramen (JF) and anterior craniovertebral junction (CVJ) are among the most challenging lesions to resect.

OBJECTIVE:

To compare the extreme lateral transodontoid approach (ELTOA) with the extreme medial endoscopic endonasal approach (EMEEA) to determine the most effective surgical approach to the JF and CVJ.

METHODS:

Seven formalin-fixed cadaveric heads were dissected. Using neuronavigation, we quantitatively measured and compared the exposure of the intracranial and extracranial neurovascular structures, the drilled area of the clivus and the C1 vertebra, and the area of exposure of the brainstem.

RESULTS:

The mean total drilled area of the clivus was greater with the EMEEA than with the ELTOA (1043.5 vs 909.4 mm2, P = .02). The EMEEA provided a longer exposure of the extracranial cranial nerves (CNs) IX, X, and XI compared with the ELTOA (cranial nerve [CN] IX: 18.8 vs 12.0 mm, P = .01; CN X: 19.2 vs 10.4 mm, P = .003; and CN XI, 18.1 vs 11.9 mm, P = .04). The EMEEA, compared with the ELTOA, provided a significantly greater area of exposure of the contralateral ventromedial medulla (289.5 vs 80.9 mm2, P < .001) and pons (237.5 vs 86.2 mm2, P = .005) but less area of exposure of the ipsilateral dorsolateral medulla (51.5 vs 205.8 mm2, P = .008).

CONCLUSION:

The EMEEA and ELTOA provide optimal exposures to different aspects of the CVJ and JF. A combination of these approaches can compensate for their disadvantages and achieve significant exposure.
Απόκτηση και διεύρυνση ειδικών δεξιοτήτων για επαγγελματική χρήση της ξένης γλώσσας
Authors: Μαυρίδου Ελένη
Published: September 2022

Η διατριβή εντάσσεται στο γνωστικό πεδίο «Ξένη Γλώσσα για Επαγγελματικούς Σκοπούς» και στο ευρύτερο πεδίο της «Γλώσσας για Ειδικούς Σκοπούς». Σκοπός της έρευνας είναι η εξέταση της δυνατότητας δημιουργίας ενός ad hoc Προγράμματος Σπουδών διδασκαλίας της ισπανικής γλώσσας για επαγγελματικούς σκοπούς, αξιοποιώντας τις ΤΠΕ και συνδυάζοντας διδακτικές προσεγγίσεις. Στόχος ήταν να εξεταστούν διεθνώς αποδεκτά μοντέλα προφορικής και γραπτής εξέτασης. Παρουσιάζεται μια ολοκληρωμένη πρόταση σχεδιασμού και υλοποίησης ενός Προγράμματος Γλωσσικής Κατάρτισης για επαγγελματικούς σκοπούς. Η τεκμηρίωση της πρότασης στηρίζεται στη διεθνή βιβλιογραφία, αφού νωρίτερα έχουν εξεταστεί όλα τα σύγχρονα βιβλιογραφικά αναγνωρισμένα διδακτικά μοντέλα. Για το Πρόγραμμα Σπουδών για επαγγελματικούς σκοπούς της ισπανικής γλώσσας –για επαγγελματίες στον χώρο των εξαγωγών– (23 μαθήματα) σχεδιάστηκε ad hoc syllabus και διδακτικό υλικό με βάση τα αποτελέσματα της Ανάλυσης Γλωσσικών Αναγκών και Ανάλυσης του κοινού-στόχου και των επαγγελματικών αναγκών των σπουδαστών. Το Πρόγραμμα υλοποιήθηκε σε τρεις φάσεις (διερεύνηση γλωσσικών αναγκών, σχεδιασμός ad hoc προγράμματος, εφαρμογή). Η αξιολόγησή του σε όλες τις φάσεις της εφαρμογής κατέδειξε την αποτελεσματικότητά του, καθώς αξιολογείται μέσα από έγκριτες δοκιμασίες. Η αξιολόγηση εξετάζει από κοινού τους σπουδαστές με προηγούμενη γνώση ξένης γλώσσας κι εκείνους που δεν είχαν προηγούμενη γνώση στην ξένη γλώσσα. Πρόκειται για μία διδακτική βάση που μπορεί να αξιοποιηθεί για τον σχεδιασμό μαθημάτων με επαγγελματική κατεύθυνση σε άλλους τομείς οικονομικής δραστηριότητας.
Διερεύνηση χρήσης νέων θρεπτικών υποστρωμάτων και χρωστικών στον τομέα της μικροβιολογίας τροφίμων
Authors: Γεροκόμου Βάια
Published: September 2022

Τα τελευταία χρόνια γίνεται προσπάθεια στις βιομηχανίες τροφίμων και ειδικότερα στην παραγωγή γάλακτος και γαλακτοκομικών προϊόντων, για βελτίωση της ποιότητας του γάλακτος και κατά συνέπεια την αποτελεσματικότερη επεξεργασία του. Η γρήγορη και έγκαιρη ανίχνευση των φυσικοχημικών ιδιοτήτων του νωπού γάλακτος και η σωστή αρχική επεξεργασία του, μέσω ασφαλούς παστερίωσης, είναι από τις κύριες προτεινόμενες παρεμβάσεις στη διαδικασία της αλυσίδας γάλακτος που μπορούν να προσφέρουν πολυάριθμα διατροφικά οφέλη στους καταναλωτές. Στα πλαίσια της παρούσας Διδακτορικής Διατριβής εφαρμόστηκαν δύο νέες μέθοδοι, η μία για τον έλεγχο σωστής παστερίωσης του γάλακτος με καλύτερη ευαισθησία ανίχνευσης της αλκαλικής φωσφατάσης και η δεύτερη για την ταχύτερη ποσοτική μέτρηση του αριθμού των ολικών σωματικών κυττάρων (ΟΣΚ) που μειώνει το οικονομικό κόστος και τον χρόνο προσδιορισμού τους, ενώ ελαχιστοποιεί τον εργαστηριακό εξοπλισμό που απαιτείται για την απαρίθμησή τους. Η συσχέτιση μεταξύ ολικών σωματικών κυττάρων (ΟΣΚ) και ολικής μεσόφιλης χλωρίδας (ΟΜΧ) επαληθεύεται με αυτήν τη νέα μέθοδο. Για τη μέθοδο παστερίωσης, εξετάστηκαν πεντακόσια (500) δείγματα παστεριωμένου γάλακτος και οκτακόσια (800) δείγματα νωπού γάλακτος από αγελάδες, κατσίκες και πρόβατα και η νέα μέθοδος συγκρίθηκεμε εμπορικά κιτ παστερίωσης που ελήφθησαν από τις εταιρείες Lactognost Heyl και Sensobiz. Η νέα μέθοδος έχει αυξημένη και πιο ευαίσθητη ανίχνευση ορίου (Limit of Ditection - LoD) ίση με 3,5 mU/L ALP και δίνει ακριβή αποτελέσματα μέσα σε 10 sec, τόσο ποσοτικά όσο και ποιοτικά. Για την ποσοτική μέτρηση των ολικών σωματικών κυττάρων (ΟΣΚ), εξετάστηκαν χίλια διακόσια (1200) δείγματα νωπού αγελαδινού γάλακτος και η νέα μέθοδος αξιολογήθηκε σε σχέση με έτοιμο εμπορικό όργανο που ελήφθη από την Lactoscan. Η νέα μέθοδος χρησιμοποίησε φασματοφωτόμετρο Electra m2 Unified Analyzer. Οι δύο συγκρινόμενες μέθοδοι έδωσαν πανομοιότυπα αποτελέσματα στα ολικά σωματικά κύτταρα (ΟΣΚ), αλλά τα οφέλη της νέας μεθόδου εστιάζονται στην εξοικονόμηση χρόνου, αφού τα αποτελέσματα λαμβάνονται σε 15 sec, στο κόστος εργασίας και στον εργαστηριακό εξοπλισμό που απαιτείται για τη διεξαγωγή της ανάλυσης. Συμπερασματικά, οι δύο νέες μέθοδοι μπορούν να εφαρμοστούν στις μονάδες επεξεργασίας γάλακτος και γαλακτοκομικών προϊόντων, ώστε να διευκολυνθούν σημαντικά τα βήματα της βιομηχανοποιημένης αυτής διαδικασίας.
Φαρμακοκινητική της εισπνεόμενης και ενδοφλεβίως χορηγούμενης κολιστίνης σε ασθενείς με λοίμωξη κατώτερου αναπνευστικού στη μονάδα εντατικής θεραπείας
Authors: Γκούφα Αικατερίνη
Published: September 2022

Η εφαρμογή των εισπνεόμενων αντιβιοτικών, και ιδιαίτερα της κολιστίνης, έχει ανακτήσει έδαφος τις τελευταίες δεκαετίες καθώς φαίνεται πως επιτυγχάνονται καλύτερες συγκεντρώσεις του φαρμάκου στην εστία της λοίμωξης σε ασθενείς με πνευμονία οφειλόμενη στον αναπνευστήρα, ενώ ταυτόχρονα αποφεύγεται η εμφάνιση συστηματικής τοξικότητας. Η παρούσα μελέτη παρέχει δεδομένα σχετικά με την φαμρακοκινητική της κολιστίνης στον πνεύμονα αλλά και στο πλάσμα, μετά από χορήγηση 3MIU και 5MIU, με τη χρήση νεφελοποιητή παλλόμενου δίσκου, σε ασθενείς με VAP που οφείλεται σε πολυανθεκτικά gram αρνητικά παθογόνα. Από τους ασθενείς λήφθηκαν δείγματα αίματος καθώς και δείγματα βρογχοκυψελιδικού εκπλύματος μετά από mini-BAL την 1η, την 4η και την 8η ώρα μετά τη χορήγηση του φαρμάκου. Οι συγκεντρώσεις της CMS αλλά και της κολιστίνης (δραστική ουσία) μετρήθηκαν με τη μέθοδο της υγρής χρωματογραφίας υψηλής ακρίβειας σε συνδυασμό με φασματομετρία μάζας (iquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, LC- MS/MS), ενώ η φαρμακοκινητική ανάλυση βασίστηκε σε πληθυσμιακό μοντέλο. Στη μελέτη εντάχθηκαν τρεις ομάδες ασθενών, με 10 ασθενείς η κάθε ομάδα. Η ομάδα Α έλαβε ενδοφλέβια CMS σε συνδυασμό με εισπνεόμενη σε δόση 3MIU, με διάρκεια χορήγησης 30 λεπτών, η ομάδα Β έλαβε μονοθεραπεία με εισπνεόμενη CMS 3MIU, με διάρκεια χορήγησης 30 λεπτών, και η ομάδα Γ έλαβε μονοθεραπεία με εισπνεόμενη CMS 5MIU, με διάρκεια χορήγησης 45 λεπτών. Οι μέσες τιμές των συγκεντρώσεων της κολιστίνης στο πλάσμα ήταν < 1 mg/L μετά την εισπνεόμενη χορήγηση της CMS στις ομάδες που την έλαβαν ως μοονοθεραπεία (ομάδα Β και Γ). Οι προβλεπόμενες συγκεντρώσεις της κολιστίνης στο ELF με βάση το φαρμακοκινητικό μοντέλο μετά από 24ωρη χορήγηση 3MIU και 5MIU εισπνεόμενης CMS ήταν 120.4mg/L και 200.7 mg/L, αντίστοιχα. Αποδείχθηκε επίσης πως η συγχορήγηση ενδοφλέβιας CMS (ομάδα Α) επιδρά ελάχιστα στις συγκεντρώσεις της κολιστίνης στο ELF. Τέλος φάνηκε πως μετά την εισπνεόμενη CMS, οι συγκεντρώσεις της κολιστίνης βρίσκονταν συνεχώς πάνω από την τιμή της MIC στην κολιστίνη των υπεύθυνων παθογόνων, ενώ οι συγκεντρώσεις στο πλάσμα ήταν χαμηλότερες από αυτές που προκαλούν νεφροτοξικότητα. Τα αποτελέσματα αυτά παρέχουν σημαντικά στοιχεία με στόχο την βελτιστοποίηση του δοσολογικού σχήματος της εισπνεόμενης κολιστίνης.
Observational study: determinants for vegetable consumption among elementary school students in Indonesia
Authors: Sofianita Nur Intania , Khomsan Ali , Setiawan Budi , Ekayanti Ikeu , Crosita Octaria Yessi
Published: September 2022

Background: The prevalence of obesity in school children has been increasing worldwide, including in developing countries such as Indonesia. Childhood obesity is associated with an unbalanced diet, especially the lack of fruit and vegetable consumption. This study aimed to determine the factors that influence vegetable consumption behavior in school children in Indonesia.

Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted in eight public elementary schools in a suburban area of Bogor Regency involving 433 students from the fifth grade. Data collection was conducted from November to December 2018. Data on the students’ characteristics, knowledge, and attitude as well as availability of vegetables at home and at school were collected using a structured questionnaire. While, a 24-hour food recall was utilized to obtain information on vegetable consumption and overall diet. Data analysis was done using Chi-squared test and logistic regression.

Results: The average daily intake of vegetables was 47.11 g, far below the recommend amount (250 g). Female students had significantly better vegetables intake compared with their male counterparts. The availability of vegetables at home and students’ positive attitude toward vegetables were also significantly associated with better vegetable intake. Logistic regression analysis showed that availability of vegetables at home almost tripled the likelihood of better vegetable consumption (OR 2.822, 95% CI  1.822–4.372). Additionally, availability of vegetables at school and positive attitude toward vegetables doubled the odd for better vegetable consumption, OR 2.2 and 2.1 respectively (p<0.005).

Conclusions: Vegetable consumption among schoolchildren was very low compared with the recommended portion. Better vegetable consumption was significantly associated with sex, availability, and students’ attitudes. Vegetable availability at home was the strongest determinant influencing vegetable consumption among elementary school students involved in the study. Hence, parental support or home food environment is key in improving their diet quality to prevent obesity.
No association between fertility desire and HIV infections among men and women: Findings from community-based studies before and after implementation of an early antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation program in the rural district of North-western Tanzania
Authors: Mkwashapi Denna , Todd Jim , Mahande Michael , Changalucha John , Urassa Mark , Marston Milly , Renju Jenny
Published: September 2022

Background: Fertility is associated with the desire to have children. The impacts of HIV and antiretroviral therapy (ART) on fertility are well known, but their impacts on the desire for children are less well known in Tanzania. We used data from two studies carried out at different periods of ART coverage in rural Tanzania to explore the relationship between HIV infection and fertility desires in men and women.

Methods: We conducted secondary data analysis of the two community-based studies conducted in 2012 and 2017 in the Magu Health and Demographic system site, in Tanzania. Information on fertility desires, HIV status, and social–economic and demographic variables were analyzed. Fertility desire was defined as whether or not the participant wanted to bear a child in the next two years. The main analysis used log-binomial regression to assess the association between fertility desire and HIV infection.

Results: In the 2012 study, 43% (95% CI 40.7-45.3) of men and 33.3% (95% CI 31.8 - 35.0) women wanted another child in the next two years. In 2017 the percentage rose to 55.7% (95% CI 53.6 - 57.8) in men and 41.5% (95% CI 39.8 - 43.1) in women. Although fertility desire in men and women were higher in HIV uninfected compared to HIV infected, age-adjusted analysis did not show a statistical significance difference in both studies (2012: PR=1.02, 95%CI 0.835 - 1.174, p<0.915 and 2017: PR = 0.90 95%CI 0.743 - 1.084 p= 0.262).

Discussion: One-third of women and forty percent of men desired for fertility in 2012, while forty percent of women and nearly half of men desired for fertility in 2017. The data showed fertility desire, in 2012 and 2017 were not related to HIV infection in both periods of ART coverage.
Jedzenie na scenie w świetle dramaturgii dla dzieci (na wybranych przykładach)
Authors: Waksmund Ryszard
Published: September 2022

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przekrojowa prezentacja tematyki kulinarnej pojawiającej się w twórczości scenicznej dla dzieci. Historia tej tematyki w dramaturgii europejskiej sięga jeszcze czasów komedii starogreckiej, w której miała zabarwienie satyryczne. Inaczej jest w przypadku oświeceniowej literatury dla dzieci, która pełni przede wszystkim funkcję wychowawczą. Świadczą o tym „komedyjki” Stefanii de Genlis, Arnauda Berquina i Christiana Felixa Weisse’go. Na gruncie polskim ten temat pojawił się po raz pierwszy w utworach scenicznych Klementyny Hoffmanowej, a następnie w twórczości jej licznych naśladowców. W miarę rozwoju dramaturgii dla dzieci tematyka biedy, głodu, łakomstwa i filantropii, związana z podejściem realistycznym i moralistycznym, ulega wyczerpaniu. Wraz z modernizmem i rozwojem baśni dramatycznej obrazy kulinariów nabierają walorów poetyckich i ludycznych, a XX w. dorzuca jeszcze formy parodystyczne. Nie oznacza to całkowitego zerwania z moralizatorstwem, ale do głosu dochodzi współcześnie problematyka związana ze zdrowym odżywianiem oraz krytyką produktów służących do szybkiego konsumowania.
LABORATORY SIMULATION OF UNDERWATER BLAST WAVES BY HIGH SPEED WATER ENTRY
Authors: COURTNEY JOSHUA , COURTNEY AMY , COURTNEY MICHAEL
Published: September 2022

A method is presented for simulating underwater blast waves for unconfined laboratory experiments. High speed water entry of projectiles can create ballistic waves that resemble underwater blast waves. This paper provides several practical examples of launching projectiles downward into a 1000L container of water, a method accessible in many laboratories. Resulting ballistic waves are measured with a piezoelectric pressure transducer. Results are reported for four projectiles: 1) A 4.5 mm diameter steel sphere fired from a pump “bb gun” impacting at 199 m/s. 2) A 7.82 mm diameter hardened lead sphere fired from a 30/30 rifle impacting at 345 m/s. 3) A 5.59 mm diameter lead hollow point bullet fired from a .22 LR rifle impacting at 389 m/s. 4) A 9 mm diameter jacketed hollow point pistol bullet fired from a service caliber pistol impacting at 397 m/s. In all cases presented here, the ballistic waves generated in high speed water entry might find experimental use as simulated underwater blast waves, depending on experimental requirements. Peak blast magnitude ranged from 400 kPa to 2500 kPa, and positive pulse duration ranged from 0.2 ms to 0.6 ms. Wave shape varied in quality.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION ON THE VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION FOR DOUBLE-LAYERED PREFORMED FRAGMENTS BY EXPLOSION
Authors: GUO LEI , HE YONG , HE YUAN , WANG CHUANTING , WANG HENG , DU JINYI
Published: September 2022

As one of the most commonly used conventional ammunition in the military field, the double-layered preformed fragment warhead can achieve maximized damage efficiency against multiple types of targets within large coverage. In this paper, four different arrangement types of the double-layered fragments cylindrical casing filled with explosive charge were discussed. Numerical simulation were conducted to calculate the flight velocity and flight angle of all the fragments using the dynamic 3D software ANSYS/LS-DYNA. Based on the simulation results, the effects of the fragment layer on the distribution of the fragment velocity were analyzed by comparing different types of double-layered preformed fragments cylindrical casing. Furthermore, the detailed process such as the propagation of detonation wave, the collision of fragments between different layer, were studied to reveal the difference of the distribution of the drop point with different initial arrangement for double-layered fragments. Further research involving with different radius and material of fragments were conducted to figure out the critical parameter in warhead design. Finally, the statistics on energy utilization of four different double-layered preformed fragments showed the phenomenon of the leak of detonation product between fragments can affect the terminal velocity distribution.