bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Better Judges of the Situation: Environmental Realities & Problems of Imperial Authority in the Bay of Honduras
Authors: Anderson Jennifer L.
Published: April 2010

In 1786, Britain and Spain concluded the Convention of London, a treaty renewing permission for Anglo woodcutters to cut timber within a designated area in the Bay of Honduras. In exchange, Britain affirmed once again Spain's sovereignty over this valuable section of the Central American coast. As a revision of several earlier treaties, this new agreement differed in that, while allowing mahogany cutting for the first time, it attempted to strictly define and limit the boundaries within which the woodcutters (or Baymen as they called themselves) could operate, and took decisive steps to restrict their settlement's expansion. While the two nations hailed the Convention as a welcome bilateral solution to a long-standing inter-imperial conflict, many of the Baymen, especially members of the local white oligarchy, reviled the outcome. In a memorial to George III, the treaty's critics in the Bay dismissed it as the misguided product of presumptuous diplomats:

[T]he court of Madrid may amuse the court of London, with the number of miles and leagues which have been ceded to […] the British Settlement as long as the court of London is pleased to be amused with it. But […] your Memorialists with infinite respect to the superior Abilities and Knowledge and Wisdom of both Courts, most humbly pretend to be better Wood-cutters and better judges of the Soil, the Situation, and the Trees […] than all the courts of Europe […] They speak, and have always spoken, from their Knowledge and Experience.
Empire and Order on the Colonial Frontiers of Georgia and New South Wales
Authors: Ford Lisa
Published: April 2010

In 1767, settlers on the western frontier of Georgia in North America sent a dire petition to their governor begging for protection. They claimed that local Creek Indians had stolen their horses and planned imminently to destroy their livestock and to kill their families. Before the governor could respond, the settlers crossed the Indian boundary to loot and burn a Creek village. In doing so they galvanized the imperial legal order into action – not against Creek horse thieves but against settler vigilantes on Creek land. At the urging of London officials, the governor of Georgia had the settlers arrested and charged, first with a felony, and when that failed, with ‘abuse and misdemeanour at common law against government’. However, Georgia's jurors refused to hold them accountable on either charge.
Charles I, Virginia, and the Idea of Atlantic History
Authors: Roper L. H.
Published: April 2010

On 20 February 1637/38, the Virginia House of Burgesses, ‘called by his Majesty's appointment’, convened to consider five ‘Propositions’ offered by Charles 1 for the reformation of their colony's tobacco trade. An investigation into the career and context of this ‘Assembly’ better informs us of the character of that monarch's government and, correspondingly, on English ‘state formation’ and empire in the first half of the seventeenth century. We learn that, as in its three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, the Crown and its officers experienced little joy in their efforts to clear the lines of authority connecting Whitehall with the rest of the king's domains.
Malay Documents In The Melaka Records in the British Library
Authors: Gallop Annabel Teh
Published: April 2010

In 1964 F.R.J. Verhoeven, then Director General of the National Archives of Malaysia, wrote an article entitled ‘The lost archives of Dutch Malacca’ in which he lamented the apparent disappearance of the c. 2,000 volumes of records which he estimated must have been produced during the Dutch administration of Melaka from 1641 to 1824. Apart from 150 volumes in the National Archives of Indonesia in Jakarta, some fifteen volumes of Church registers now in the National Archives of Malaysia, and a small number of records in The Hague and elsewhere, nothing was known to have survived. It was only with the publication in 1983 of Ian Baxter' listing of series R/9 in the India Office Records that it became widely known that a portion of the archives had been shipped to London early in the twentieth century:

The records of the Malacca Orphan Chamber and Court of Justice, R/9, occupy 44 feet of shelving (ninety-eight boxes) at the India Office Records in London. They were donated by the Government of the Straits Settlements to the India Office in June 1927, after lying, neglected, for many years in the basement of the Court House at Malacca. It is only recently (1981) that they have been completely sorted and listed. They comprise thirty-six boxes of Orphan Chamber records, fifty-four boxes of records of the College of Justice, one box of records of the Political Council and seven boxes of miscellanea. For the most part the records are written in Dutch and although they extend in date from 1685 to 1835 the bulk of them relate to the period 1785–1825, i.e. the last years of the Dutch East India Company's administration, the British occupation of 1795–1818 and the second Dutch administration of 1818–25.
The Great Convergence from a West-European Perspective: Some Thoughts and Hypotheses
Authors: Van Zanden Jan Luiten
Published: April 2010

Between 1995 and 2000 a number of synthetic studies on the economic history of Asia in the Early Modern Period were published which have changed – or should change – our ideas and perceptions of the ‘rise of the west’ and the parallel ‘decline of the east’ in a fundamental way. The potential impact of these studies is comparable to that of a previous brief spell of brilliance in our profession, the early 1970s, with the pioneering publications by, amongst others, Wallerstein, Brenner, and North and Thomas. Whereas these studies proposed fundamentally new views on the long term dynamics of the ‘rise of the west’, and concentrated heavily on the economic and socio-political history of Europe (albeit sometimes within a ‘world system perspective’), the new generation of innovative works focuses on a new analysis of the economic history of parts of Asia - on China and India in particular. Much of the detailed empirical research on which this revisionism is based, was done before the books of Goody, Frank, Wong, Pomeranz, and Lee and Wang were published, and forerunners of the revisionism can be identified. But only now the movement has created a clear set of hypotheses that challenges the accepted wisdom about die economic and institutional contrasts between both sides of the Eurasian Continent.
Re-thinking the Late Imperial Chinese Economy: Development, Disaggregation and Decline, circa 1730–1930
Authors: Pomeranz Kenneth
Published: April 2010

In this paper, I want to explore a very simple contrast which has many potential implications. China at the end of the nineteenth and in the early twentieth century was, by most measures, a very poor society. China in the latter part of the eighteenth century seemed – both to its own members and to most, though not all, visitors from abroad – a very rich society. So what happened in between?
South Asia and the ‘Great Divergence’
Authors: Bayly C.A.
Published: April 2010

Indian nationalism was born out of the notion that India's poverty and backwardness was not a natural result of technical inferiority or inefficient use of resources, but that it was a consequence of colonial rule. Even before the development of scientific nationalist economics in the 1890s, the moralists of Young Bengal had called for a protectionist ‘national political economy’ on the lines advocated by Friedrich List in Germany, whom they had read as early as 1850. Bholanath Chandra asserted in 1873 that India had once been the greatest textile producer in the world and had initiated the industrial revolution. By 1970,.he predicted, Britain would be eclipsed by the United States and by India as the greatest industrial producers. This would be brought about by rigorous protectionism and by the growth of what he called ‘moral hostility’ to the consumption of foreign goods which had even polluted the materials used in the making of the sacred threads of orthodox Hindus. This emphasis on the culture of consumption and the structure of external economic relations was central to different varieties of Indian nationalist thought as they developed from Dadhabhai Naoroji through to Mahatma Gandhi.
Kings of the Mountains: Mayréna, Missionaries, and French Colonial Divisions in 1880s Indochina
Authors: Daughton James P.
Published: April 2010

In the late nineteenth century, the distance from Qui Nhon to Kontum – a trip of about two hundred kilometers – was nearly insurmountable. The route most travellers took led from the port town in southern Annam out across a narrow coastal plain of cultivated fields before crossing rivers and gorges, and ascending rocky mountains. Then the path leveled out on a high plateau of extreme weather and dense forests where fever, tigers, and unwelcoming local communities intimidated even the hardiest of travellers. Though well within the borders of French-controlled Annam, there was little Vietnamese – and even less French – about these highlands. The region was inhabited almost exclusively by a variety of indigenous groups like the Sedang, the Bahnar, and thejarai, who were both ethnically distinct from the majority Vietnamese population of Annam, and politically independent from the emperor in Hué as well as the French colonial administration. The region was so isolated from the rest of the colony that Frenchmen invoked the Vietnamese name for the area, calling it thePays Moï– ‘savages' country’ – and even the missionaries, the only Europeans to live in the region until the early 1900s, referred to their headquarters in Kontum as the ‘Mission des Sauvages’. It was an unlikely focal point for one of the most divisive controversies in the French empire.
How and Why the Dutch East India Company Became Competitive in Intra-Asian Trade in East Asia in the 1630s
Authors: Van Dyke Paul A.
Published: April 2010

Many of the principles we know today about the world economy were first discovered in Early Modern Asia. The Portuguese and the Spanish were the first to extend their sphere of trade to encompass the world. In the beginning of the seventeenth century, the English, Dutch, French, Danes, Swedes and others, all made their way past the Cape of Good Hope seeking their share of the Asian trade. By the middle of the century, one of them became so successful that, aside from being the envy of the others, they set a new standard of efficiency in global operations. It was of course the Dutch.
‘The Loudest Lies’: Knowledge of Japan in Seventeenth-Century England
Authors: Massarella Derek
Published: April 2010

The comment in the title of this article was made by James I after having been shown a ‘long scrole of fyne paper’, probably a Japanese almanac, and an account of the estates and revenues of the daimyo ‘most of them equally or exceeding the revenues of the greatest princes of Christendom’, and a letter, all of which had been sent by Richard Cocks, head of the English East India Company's factory at Hirado during its entire existence from 1613 to 1623. Cocks's letter and the two enclosures had been sent to his patron, the then Keeper of the Records, Sir Thomas Wilson, who had shown the letter to James with a covering note stating that he had received it ‘from the most remote part of the world’. The letter describes, in considerable and acutely observed detail, the new capital of the Tokugawa shogunate, Edo, the shogun's magnificent retinue as he led a falcon-hunting party (hunting was a pastime he had in common with the British monarch), the greatdaibutsuof Kamakura, the sights of Kyoto, includingSanjusangendo, and recent political developments relating to the banishment of the Jesuits and friars. Wilson, rather obsequiously, felt that the letters, written in January 1617, ‘were a good recreation for Your Majesty (if you had any idle hours)’ and declared that ‘neither our cosmographers nor other writers have given us true relation of the greatness of the princes of those parts’. But James could ‘not be induced to believe’ what was written, and dismissed the letter as ‘the loudest lies that ever [he] heard of.
The Growing Maturity of Indonesian Economic History
Authors: van Zanden Jan Luiten
Published: April 2010

In recent years two high quality overviews of the economic history of Indonesia in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries have been published that testify of the growing maturity of the field. The two books – The Indonesian Economy in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: A History of Missed Opportunities by Anne Booth (1998), and The Emergence of a National Economy. An Economic History of Indonesia, 1800-2000 by a team of authors (Howard Dick, Vincent Houben, Thomas Lindblad and Thee Kian Wie) (2002) – are written by distinguished experts in the field. Both books also aim to be comprehensive, but interestingly, they do this in very different ways. But let me focus on the similarities first: apart from the obvious fact that they want to present an economic history of Indonesia over the past twohundred years, they also have in common that they stress the links between economic and political history. Both try ‘to bring the state back in’, by focussing on the process of state formation – in particular in the colonial period – and, even more importantly, by analysing the consequences of government policies for economic development. The leading theme of the The Emergence (TE), as formulated in the programmatic opening chapter by Howard Dick, are the links between state-formation, the nation state, and the national economy. Similarly, The Indonesian Economy (TIE) contains a detailed analysis of government policy, and in the final analysis of the ‘missed opportunities’ of Indonesia's past, the state plays a crucial role. This also brings me to the other obvious striking similarity: both books try to explain the failure of Indonesian economic development in this period (or at least until the second half of the 1960s), and discuss the reasons why economic development was relatively slow.
Halting Progress: Indonesia's Economic Development since 1880
Authors: van der Eng Pierre
Published: April 2010

This article contains a sweeping summary of Indonesia's macro-economic growth and development experience since 1880, largely on the basis of quantitative data from published research. It sets the scene for some of the other papers in this special issue. The paper identifies phases of economic expansion and contraction and some of the broad factors relevant to understanding the phasing of the development process that spans 120 years. Despite the halting progress in the country's development experience, the article underlines the continuity of economic change in Indonesia, beyond the years that demarcate the end of the colonial era. It also addresses the fact that in comparative terms Indonesia's growth experience during the twentieth century was remarkably fast.
Testament to a Towkay: Jan Con, Batavia and the Dutch China Trade
Authors: Blussé Leonard
Published: April 2010

Among historians, Southeast Asia's Overseas Chinese have never enjoyed much popularity. They are in many respects a “People without a History,” having left behind no substantial deposit of experience and having failed to produce a school of historians to write their own history from an insider's perspective. Apart from their ethnic and cultural background, what distinguishes thehua-chiaofrom the indigenous peoples of Southeast Asia is the intermediary role that these immigrants have continued to play within the different territories, colonies or states of the area over the last few centuries. Acting as middlemen and brokers – and therefore necessarily discreet in the handling of personal relations – they have traditionally hidden their own aims and motives from the “outer world”, and thus eluded the understanding of their contemporaries.
A ‘Mandarin’ from Vlissingen in Lhasa and Peking: The Hidden Life of Samuel van de Putte (1690–1745)
Authors: Lequin Frank
Published: April 2010

There is a certain irony in including a picture of an intriguing but officially respected ‘black sheep’ (in terms of the VOC monopoly game) in a series of articles on more or less purely VOC personalities and VOC matters. As we shall see, thevermaarde reijsigerSamuel van. de Putte, who never was aCompagnies dienaar, travelled widely, mainly over land, in (Central) Asia occasionally arriving in and leaving VOC territory under the mighty auspices of official Company's backing, despite the formal regulation of the VOC that no Dutchman was allowed to set out for the East if he was not under contract of the Company.
The Independent Fiscaals of the VOC. 1689–1719
Authors: Gaastra F.S.
Published: April 2010

The organization of the Dutch Wast India Company (Verenigde Oostinische Compagnie, VOC) is in many respects comparable with the government bureaucracies of the 17th and 18th century. Like the officials in the administration of the state, the servants of the Company used their position to enrich themselves in a way that nowadays would be called corrupt. But it has been stressed that it would be incorrect to apply modern moral standards on the bureaucracy of theancien regime. It is in fact impossible to draw a sharp line between what was allowed to the Company's servants overseas and what was forbidden to them. The directors orbewindhebbersof the VOC themselves were not very consistent in these matters. On the one hand, they appointed members of their families and their clients to honourable positions in order to provide them with a moderate salary and a well-spread “free” table during their stay in Asia. On the other hand, the directors tried to keep the monopoly of the VOC intact, which meant that no other Dutch merchants, not even Company's officials, were allowed to carry any trade in Asia on their own account.
From Alkmaar to Ayudhya and Back
Authors: van Opstall M.E.
Published: April 2010

In the accounts of the Dutch voyage to the court of the Shogun in Edo, 1661, when Hendrik Indijck was chief-merchant is the item: “a palankin for Gerrit.” When I found this, I could not at first explain it since none of the travelling Dutchmen bore this name. The Deshima diary brought the solution. The review of the new personnel of the Dutch factory mentioned 19 Dutchmen, including “my son and daughter.” No mention of a mother was made, but only women of a specific type were allowed to visit the island.
Jan Albert Sichterman. A Groninger Nabob and Art-collector
Authors: Jörg Christiaan J.A.
Published: April 2010

In 1773 the director of the VOC factory in Canton, A.F. l'Heureux, requested permission from Gentlemen Seventeen to return home. He was already seventy years old and wrote: ‘It is hard and discouraging for an honest and faithful servant to find that Divine Providence had afflicted him with illnesses incurable in these parts… It is hard and discouraging for such a one to find himself deprived of his reward, perhaps the last reward for all his labour And may there not be other reasons that force us, however unwillingly, to quit these lands and the service of Your Excellencies? Are there no ties with our society, no ties forged by nature, or are we tied wholly and solely to the Company?’!.
The Activities of S.C. Nederburgh as Commissioner-General (1791–1799)
Authors: Steur J.J.
Published: April 2010

In 1790 the Dutch East India Company was in a bad way. The Fourth Anglo-Dutch war had had disastrous consequences for the Company, and it had not been able to recover from them. At the end of the accounting year 1789–90 debts in the Netherlands amounted already to f 91.1 million. The deficit in that year alone had been f 11.3 million. In Asia the capital was still f 23.5 million, but the losses nevertheless amounted to nearly f 13 million.1 In 1788 the States of Holland had given f 21 million in aid, on the basis of a plan for reform, but it was clear to everyone that this situation could not continue.
Indonesian Studies and the Social Sciences
Authors: Sutherland Heather
Published: April 2010

On March 12 this year I gave an informal talk to the ‘overseas history group’ in which I tried to sketch in the development and atmosphere of major Southeast Asia programs in the USA and Australia, with particular reference to the influence of the social sciences on approaches to Indonesian history. My opinions were based on personal impressions and were utterly non-expert; it was therefore with some reluctance that I agreed to try and summarize my talk for Itinerario. No historian should publish without doing some research, but since I was assured that the very informality and casualness of my approach was a recommendation, I will do my best.
Guide to the Sources for the History of the Nations
Authors: Roessingh M.P.
Published: April 2010

In 1958, Unesco and the International Council on Archives (ICA) decided to anticipate the needs of historical research in the newly emancipated Third World by creating the Guide to the Sources for the History of the Nations. This was intended to make accessible the documentary sources for the history of Latin America, Africa, Asia and Oceania preserved in Europe and the United States. An International Technical Committee was set up, consisting of representatives from the various national archives. This Committee formulated specifications for the preparation of the guides. In each national volume, sources were to be described according to the individual repository, and, within each repository, by grouping or series. According to the nature of each group, descriptions will concentrate on the speciality and functions of the organisation producing the records or on the subjects which can be studied with their help. To this are added data about the size of the archives, the available inventories or other entries and their value. The guides will also include privately-owned archives (family and business archives), manuscript collections in libraries, maps and plans, iconographic materials, sound archives and microfilms. In describing maps and iconographic materials, emphasis will be laid on MSS and printed material from before 1700. It is not intended to replace the existing inventories, catalogues or indexes (printed or not), but to provide a first entry to the sources, with a maximum of information in a condensed and usable form. In several cases, however, summary listing of source material will be unavoidable, for instance when relevant material in a collection of individual documents or in a map collection has never been adequately described.
Bibliographies of Relevance to European (Dutch) Expansion History
Authors: Telkamp G.J.
Published: April 2010

No library is richer in its field of concentration (the former Dutch East and West Indies) than that of the Royal Institute of Linguistics and Anthropology (the K.I.T.L.V.). Any listing of its contents accumulated over the past 175 years, serves as a useful general bibliography for historians as well as anthropologists and linguists. Between 1971 and 1975, the Institute's documentalist, G.A. Nagelkerke, prepared five of those, all of them published by the Institute at Stationsplein 10, Leiden, and still available through it. (Prices are quoted without postage).
Some recently published works in German on Imperialism
Authors: Wesseling H.L. , Emmer P.C.
Published: April 2010

During our last Workshop in December, 1976, Professor Bley of Hamburg University gave an interesting talk about German historiography since 1945. The contributions of this conference are to be printed soon, and I would not want to anticipate upon them. But in any case, one of the striking features of German historiography is the small number of works dealing with the history of Expansion. Small in comparison with French and English productions in that field, and small also as a part of the total German output. Still, in the last few years, this kind of historical research has received stimuli from several angles. Apart from theories about underdevelopment, modernization and dependence, whether or not they stem from a marxist viewpoint, there is also an interest in the causes of the first World War which has drawn attention in Germany to the time of imperialism.
Portuguese and Brazilian Literature on the Dutch in Brazil during the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Egon  , Wolff Frieda
Published: April 2010

Studies in Portuguese on the Dutch period in Brazilian history are scant; in fact several important works by historians of other nationalities such as ones by Aldenburgk, Netscher and Wätjen have been translated into Portuguese. However, we shall limit this survey to Portuguese and especially Brazilian authors. We thought you might be interested in what has been written by them on a topic of interest to expansion studies.
Le bilan économique du colonialisme: mythes et réalités
Authors: Bairoch Paul
Published: April 2010

Deux questions fondamentales dominent la problématique des conséquences économiques du colonialisme européen. La première tourne autour des effets de ce colonialisme sur ce qui est devenu le Tiers-Monde: s'agit-il là du principal facteur explicatif du sous développement? La seconde question concerne la contribution du colonialisme au dévelop-pement du monde occidental: le colonialisme a-t-il apporté à ce développement une contribution décisive ou négligeable? C'est sur ces deux questions que nous voudrions faire une série de réflexions personnelles basées en partie sur nos recherches en ce domaine.
Historical Research and Economic Development
Authors: Wie Thee Kian
Published: April 2010

Although national development of the developing countries involves much more than economic development alone, the overwhelming majority of these countries put a high priority on economic development, looking upon it as the best way to move from poverty ot material affluence. For this reason this paper will be mainly concerned with theimportance of historical research to a better understanding of the problems of economic development.
Sous-développement et histoire le cas de l'Afrique
Authors: Amin Samir
Published: April 2010

L'élaboration de politiques de “développement” pour les régions de notre planète dites “sous-développées” suppose nécessairement une théorie de la reproduction et de la transformation sociales. Explicitement ou implicitement, deux écoles s'affrontent ici.
The Colonial Lobby in the Dutch Tweede Kamer: a Research Project
Authors: Ross Robert
Published: April 2010

In the nineteenth century, enthusiasm for colonialism was not uniform in Europe. There were many individuals, of all ranks, who took no interest in the acquiring of new colonies or in the governing of existing ones. Those who did take such an interest might be a fairly small group with common backgrounds and common aspirations, but it is not easy to discern precisely what drove individuals to become involved in colonial matters. Perhaps the easiest and most fruitful method is to approach the problem through the study of parliamentarians, since they are conspicuous figures whose position on these matters is easily determined, who presumably represent some section or other of, at least, the elite and about whom there is generally a considerable amount of biographical information. It is thus frequently possible to generalise as to what differentiated those who did busy themselves with colonial matters from those who did not.
Some considerations about the translation of Dutch Indian (‘Indische’) literature for modern Indonesian Readers.
Authors: Hartoko D.
Published: April 2010

The publication of the Oost-Indische Spiegel by Rob Nieuwenhuys in 1972 was not only a heart-warming event for many former inhabitants of Indonesia in Holland. It was also a valuable addition to historical knowledge about a particular aspect of Dutch overseas expansion. The Dutch Indian belles lettres offered a glimpse on the sociologically curious society of those days, on colonial relations and conditions within indigenous society. This last element is particularly present in Maria Dermouts writing on the Moluccas, that of S.Lulofs on Deli and a figure such as Tjoet Nyak Dien, and of Dubekart on the region of Kediri around 1870.
The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
Authors: Winius George
Published: April 2010

Last May, when we received a cordial letter from Dr. Peter J.Marshall of King's College, London, the co-editor of The Journal of Commonwealth and Imperial History, we replied immediately. Dr.Marshall had expressed interest in Itinerario and suggested we remain in contact because the two publications obviously had so much in common. It so happened that we were to be in London early in the summer, and so we proposed a meeting, which actually took place on July 10. Present were George Winius, of the Leiden staff, Dr. Tikiri Abeyasinge, Itinerario's corresponding editor from Sri-Lanka (en route to take up a Gulbenkian Foundation grant in Portugal), and Drs. Marshall and Glynwr Williams, the other co-editor, of Queen Mary College. The gathering began over lasagna in a crowded London pub, but it adjourned to Dr. Marshall's offices.
Constitutional pluralism or constitutional unity? An empirical study of international commitment (1945–2007)
Authors: MILEWICZ KAROLINA , BÄCHTIGER ANDRÉ , NOTHDURFT ARNE
Published: April 2010

This article asks whether international law is moving towards a more unified constitutional order or whether differentiated types of constitutional processes are emerging. We study the sequencing and ratification pace of 32 ‘quasi-constitutional’ international agreements containing procedural guidelines for inter-state relations and fundamental human rights provisions for individuals drawn up between 1945 and 2007. We do so in a comparative and quantitative fashion applying sophisticated statistical tools, namely event history techniques combined with counting processes. On the basis of our multi-treaty framework, the findings do not lend support to a unified and quick process of global constitutionalisation. Rather, they provide evidence for the idea of a ‘multi-speed globe’ of differentiated constitutionalisation. We also make a first attempt to study antecedents to global constitutionalisation. Our findings show that processes of global constitutionalisation vary across regime types and world regions (while there is no effect for new and old states).
Deliberation and global civil society: agency, arena, affect
Authors: BRASSETT JAMES , SMITH WILLIAM
Published: April 2010

The article provides a critical analysis of the role and function of global civil society within deliberative approaches to global governance. It critiques a common view that global civil society can/should act as an agent for democratising global governance and seeks to explore the importance of global civil society as an arena of deliberation. This more reconstructive aim is supplemented by an empirically focused discussion of the affective dimensions of global civil society, in general, and the increasingly important use of film, in particular. Ultimately, this then yields an image of the deliberative politics of global civil society that is more reflective of the differences, ambiguities and contests that pervade its discourses about global governance. This is presented as a quality that debates about deliberative global governance might learn from as well as speak to.
Democratising biotechnology? Deliberation, participation and social regulation in a neo-liberal world
Authors: NEWELL PETER
Published: April 2010

There is now significant policy and academic interest in the governance of science and technology for sustainable development. In recent years this has come to include a growing emphasis on issues of public understanding of science and innovative processes of deliberative and inclusive policy-making around controversial technologies such as nuclear power and agricultural biotechnology. Concern with such issues coincides with rising levels of interest in deliberative democracy and its relationship to the structures and processes of global governance. This article connects these two areas through a critical examination of ‘global’ deliberations about agricultural biotechnology and its risks and benefits. It draws on an extensive survey concerned with the diverse ways in which a range of governments are interpreting and implementing their commitments under the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety regarding public participation and consultation in order to assess the potential to create forms of deliberation through these means. The article explores both the limitations of public deliberation within global governance institutions as well as of projects whose aim is to impose participation from above through international law by advocating model approaches and policy ‘tool kits’ that are insensitive to vast differences between countries in terms of capacity, resources and political culture.
HOW TO GENERATE UNIFORM SAMPLES ON DISCRETE SETS USING THE SPLITTING METHOD
Authors: Glynn Peter W. , Dolgin Andrey , Rubinstein Reuven Y. , Vaisman Radislav
Published: April 2010

The goal of this work is twofold. We show the following:

1.

In spite of the common consensus on the classic Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) as a universal tool for generating samples on complex sets, it fails to generate points uniformly distributed on discrete ones, such as that defined by the constraints of integer programming. In fact, we will demonstrate empirically that not only does it fail to generate uniform points on the desired set, but typically it misses some of the points of the set.

2.

Thesplitting, also called thecloningmethod – originally designed for combinatorial optimization and for counting on discrete sets and presenting a combination of MCMC, like the Gibbs sampler, with a specially designed splitting mechanism—can also be efficiently used for generating uniform samples on these sets. Without introducing the appropriate splitting mechanism, MCMC fails. Although we do not have a formal proof, we guess (conjecture) that the main reason that the classic MCMC is not working is that its resulting chain is not irreducible. We provide valid statistical tests supporting the uniformity of generated samples by the splitting method and present supportive numerical results.
SECOND LANGUAGE WRITING RESEARCH AND WRITTEN CORRECTIVE FEEDBACK IN SLA
Authors: Ferris Dana R.
Published: April 2010

For more than a decade now, a great deal of research has been done on the topic of written corrective feedback (CF) in SLA and second language (L2) writing. Nonetheless, what those research efforts really have shown as well as the possible implications for practice remain in dispute. Although L2 writing and SLA researchers often examine similar phenomena in similar ways, they do not necessarily ask the same questions. SLA-focused researchers investigate whether written CF facilitates the acquisition of particular linguistic features. In contrast, L2 writing researchers generally emphasize the question of whether written CF helps student writers improve the overall effectiveness of their texts. Understanding these differences in starting points is important because it provides a possible explanation for the conflicting methodologies and conclusions of various reviews on this topic (e.g., Ferris, 2003, 2004; Truscott, 1996, 2007). This article briefly traces the history of these two parallel lines of research on written CF and notes both contrasts and convergences. It then moves to a focused discussion of the possible implications and applications of this body of work for the L2 language and writing classroom and for future research efforts.
THE PUZZLE OF PERCEPTION
Authors: Madary Michael
Published: April 2010

Here is an old philosophical puzzle. Take out a coin and look at it. It is a flat disk. Now tilt it so that you look at it on an angle. From an angle, there is some sense in which the tilted coin appears elliptical. But there is also a strong sense in which the tilted coin looks circular, like a flat disk. How can one object look both elliptical and circular at the same time? Thus, the puzzle of the tilted coin.
Flooding to manage dodder (Cuscuta gronovii) and broad-leaved weed species in cranberry: An innovative use of a traditional strategy
Authors: Sandler Hilary A. , Mason Joanne
Published: April 2010

The implementation of new uses for traditional cultural and pest management practices has been prompted by renewed interest in sustainable approaches for farming. The use of floods (for various durations) has been an inexpensive and historical cultural practice in cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarponAit.) horticulture. The onset of a serious economic crisis in the cranberry industry in 1999–2000 brought about an urgent need to find inexpensive methods of pest control that would allow growers to remain fiscally solvent. Initially, anecdotal evidence from several farms indicated that holding short-term spring floods suppressed dodder infestations. Based on these findings, a 2-year demonstration-style project was initiated in 2002 to determine the efficacy of short-term floods (24–48 h) for the management of dodder in cranberry in Massachusetts. The project was expanded to include evaluating a 10-day summer flood for control of broad-leaved weed species at one commercial cranberry farm. Species richness and diversity and percentage weed coverage were lower after the implementation of the 10-day flood period compared to pre-flood assessments. Weed species dead or not detected after the 10-day flood included ground nut, asters, narrow-leaved goldenrod, chokeberry and poison ivy. Comparison of paired sites (flooded and nonflooded bogs) indicated dodder stem dry weights were lower on flooded areas in three out of the seven locations in year 1. At two additional locations, the flooded bog had higher stem weights when paired with a historically low-infestation bog, which may have masked any dodder reduction from the flooding practice. In year 2, no differences in the number of germinated seedlings between any treatment pairs were noted. Data from a cranberry company representing 12% of the cranberry acreage in Massachusetts indicated a 65–89% reduction in pesticide use when short-term spring floods were implemented during 2001–2003 compared to the previous 3-year period. Short-term flooding may offer a sustainable option that can be integrated into the overall management plan for several problematic cranberry weed species, especially dodder. Additional research is warranted to further define the most effective environmental conditions needed and to validate the efficacy of short flooding events for effective cranberry weed management.
Light elements - one observer's historical perspective
Authors: Lambert David L.
Published: April 2010

This essay attempts to provide a historical perspective on some of the key questions that engaged the attention of participants at the symposium. In particular, the writer offers and comments on a personal list of milestones in the literature published between 1957 and 1982.
Abundances of hydrogen and helium isotopes in the Protosolar Cloud
Authors: Geiss Johannes , Gloeckler George
Published: April 2010

For our understanding of the origin and evolution of baryonic matter in the Universe, the Protosolar Cloud (PSC) is of unique importance in two ways: 1) Up to now, many of the naturally occurring nuclides have only been detected in the solar system. 2) Since the time of solar system formation, the Sun and planets have been virtually isolated from the galactic nuclear evolution, and thus the PSC is a galactic sample with a degree of evolution intermediate between the Big Bang and the present.

The abundances of the isotopes of hydrogen and helium in the Protosolar Cloud are primarily derived from composition measurements in the solar wind, the Jovian atmosphere and “planetary noble gases” in meteorites, and also from observations of density profiles inside the Sun. After applying the changes in isotopic and elemental composition resulting from processes in the solar wind, the Sun and Jupiter, PSC abundances of the four lightest stable nuclides are given.
What helium and lithium can tell us about CEMP stars?
Authors: Meynet Georges , Hirschi Raphael , Ekstrom Sylvia , Maeder André , Georgy Cyril , Eggenberger Patrick , Chiappini Cristina
Published: April 2010

We show that the peculiar surface abundance patterns of Carbon Enhanced Metal Poor (CEMP) stars has been inherited from material having been processed by H- and He-burning phases in a previous generation of stars (hereafter called the “Source Stars”). In this previous generation, some mixing must have occurred between the He- and the H-burning regions in order to explain the high observed abundances of nitrogen. In addition, it is necessary to postulate that a very small fraction of the carbon-oxygen core has been expelled (either by winds or by the supernova explosion). Therefore only the outermost layers should have been released by the Source Stars. Some of the CEMP stars may be He-rich if the matter from the Source Star is not too much diluted with the InterStellar Medium (ISM). Those stars formed from nearly pure ejecta would also be Li-poor.
He-rich and He-poor populations in RGB stars. Results on a sample of 19 globular clusters
Authors: Bragaglia Angela , D'Orazi Valentina , Gratton Raffaele , Carretta Eugenio , Cassisi Santi , Lucatello Sara
Published: April 2010

We use about 1400 red giant branch stars observed in 19 Galactic Globular Clusters (GCs) to compare colours, metallicities, and RGB bump luminosities of stars assigned to first and second generations. We find subtle differences which we attribute to the different He content. In general these differences are visible only when we consider the extreme second generation stars, with the exception of NGC 2808. When using various indicators, the implied helium enhancements are similar, but the absolute calibration is still uncertain.
Helium abundances in inner Galaxy planetary nebulae
Authors: Cavichia Oscar , Costa Roberto D. D. , Maciel Walter J.
Published: April 2010

New helium abundances of planetary nebulae located towards the bulge of the Galaxy were derived, based on observations made at OPD (Brazil). We present accurate helium abundances for 56 PNe located towards the galactic bulge. The data show good agreement with other results in the literature, in the sense that the distribution of the abundances is similar to previous works. Furthermore, the radial helium gradient is extended towards the galactic center. The results show that no trend can be identified when comparing the internal gradient (R ≤ 4 kpc) to the whole galactic disk.
The helium spread among the stars of 47Tuc
Authors: Di Criscienzo Marcella
Published: April 2010

We show that the current data of the HB branch of 47 Tuc show a particular feature that cannot be explained if a single population with an unique mechanism of mass loss is considered. We find that a spread in helium abundance among the stars is necessary, of ~0.02. We indicate that the same variation in helium is present among the sub giant branch stars and suggest that is responsible of the spread in luminosity of the bright sub giant branch, while only a small part of the second generation is characterized by C+N+O increase and gives the faint sub giant branch.
Light elements in stars with exoplanets
Authors: Santos N. C. , Delgado Mena E. , Israelian G. , González-Hernández J. I. , Gálvez-Ortiz M. C. , Mayor M. , Udry S. , Rebolo R. , Sousa S. , Randich S.
Published: April 2010

It is well known that stars orbited by giant planets have higher abundances of heavy elements when compared with average field dwarfs. A number of studies have also addressed the possibility that light element abundances are different in these stars. In this paper we will review the present status of these studies. The most significant trends will be discussed.
Li abundances and chromospheric activity of BY Dra type stars
Authors: Mishenina Tamara V. , Soubiran Caroline , Kovtyukh Valery V. , Belik Stanislav I.
Published: April 2010

Atmospheric parameters and Li abundances have been determined for 162 stars observed at high resolution, high signal to noise ratio with the ELODIE echelle spectrograph (OHP, France). Among them, about 70 stars are active stars with a large fraction of BY Dra type stars. For all stars, rotational velocities were obtained with a calibration of the cross-correlation function, effective temperatures by the line depth ratio method, surface gravities by the parallaxe method and by the ionization balance of iron. The frequency of stars with observed lithium is significantly higher in active stars than in non active stars. Among active stars, no clear correlation has been found between different indicators of activity for our sample stars, but some correlation of an index R′H K and vsini is observed.
Lithium abundances in dwarfs of intermediate age open clusters
Authors: Pace Giancarlo , Mélendez Jorge
Published: April 2010

Lithium abundance measurements in dwarf stars in open clusters are of crucial importance for our understanding of the mixing mechanism and have allowed us to achieve important conclusions on the matter. However, in order to further our understanding of what drives lithium depletion, lithium abundance measurements have to be coupled with accurate temperature determinations, which are best achieved when the analysis of iron lines is employed. Effective temperature estimations from photometry, on the contrary, can be affected by errors as large as several hundred kelvins due to uncertain open cluster reddening, especially when studying old open clusters, which tend to be more distant. We present lithium abundance in 12 dwarfs belonging to 4 open clusters at about 1 or 2 Gyr. The stellar effective temperatures, along with the other parameters, were estimated from the analysis of about 60 Fe I lines and 10 Fe II. Even though the few datapoints call for caution, we notice that stars in the open cluster IC 4651 seem to present a steep decline with temperature below 6000 K.
Temperature beneath continents as a function of continental cover and convective wavelength
Authors: Phillips Benjamin R. , Coltice Nicolas
Published: April 2010

Geodynamic modeling studies have demonstrated that mantle global warming can occur in response to continental aggregation, possibly leading to large‐scale melting and associated continental breakup. Such feedback calls for a recipe describing how continents help to regulate the thermal evolution of the mantle. Here we use spherical mantle convection models with continents to quantify variations in subcontinental temperature as a function of continent size and distribution and convective wavelength. Through comparison to a simple analytical boundary layer model, we show that larger continents beget warming of the underlying mantle, with heating sometimes compounded by the formation of broader convection cells associated with the biggest continents. Our results hold well for purely internally heated and partially core heated models with Rayleigh numbers of 105 to 107 containing continents with sizes ranging from that of Antarctica to Pangea. Results from a time‐dependent model with three mobile continents of various sizes suggests that the tendency for temperatures to rise with continent size persists on average over timescales of billions of years.
Rogue Waves in the Ocean
Authors: Waseda Takuji
Published: April 2010

Giant episodic ocean waves that suddenly soar like a wall of water out of an otherwise calm sea are not just a legend. Such waves—which in the past have been called “abnormal,” “exceptional,” “extreme,” and even “vicious killer” waves—are now commonly known as “rogue waves” or “freak waves.” These waves have sunk or severely damaged 22 supercarriers in the world and caused the loss of more than 500 lives in the past 40 years. The largest wave registered by reliable instruments reached 30 meters in height, and the largest wave recorded by visual observation reached about 34 meters, equivalent to the height of an eight‐story building.