bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BeGuideWell: A prospective cross-sectional study analysing the awareness and opinions of nursing students in Poland on the usefulness of European Society of Cardiology guidelines in post-graduate education programme
Authors: Uchmanowicz Izabella , Wleklik Marta , Hill Loreena , Lisiak Magdalena , Chudiak Anna , Lomper Katarzyna , Lambrinou Ekaterini , Jennings Catriona , Fitzsimons Donna
Published: May 2019

Background:

The role of clinical guidelines is to provide patients with the best quality, evidence-based care. Nurses are actively involved in the development of the European Society of Cardiology guidelines. A number of the guidelines include specific recommendations relating to nursing duties and, hence, nurses require necessary knowledge and skills for their implementation. Inclusion of the guidelines in the curricula for university nursing programmes could facilitate their implementation to everyday practice.

Aim:

The purpose of this study was to determine the awareness and opinions of Polish nursing students who participated in a guideline-based Master of Science education programme about the usefulness of the European Society of Cardiology guidelines.

Methods:

A prospective and cross-sectional research design was used and Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology guidelines were followed. A total of 188 nursing students (mean age 31.18±10.41 years) who met the inclusion criteria were invited to complete the BeGuideWell survey. This instrument included 16 questions: five on participants’ demographics and 11 addressing the issues associated with the European Society of Cardiology guidelines. The Yates chi-squared test or Fisher exact test were used for statistical analysis.

Results:

The majority of students had become familiar with the diagnostics and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Nearly half of the students documented that they had never heard of the European Society of Cardiology guidelines before starting the Master of Science programme. Most students found the European Society of Cardiology guidelines helpful for their university education. Most respondents stated that the guidelines were useful in their everyday practice and believed that they contributed to better quality of patient care.

Conclusions:

Students can become more familiar with the European Society of Cardiology guidelines during the course of their post-graduate education, preparing them to implement the European Society of Cardiology guidelines in their everyday practice.
Research Note: Visibility of temporal light artefact from flicker at 11 kHz
Authors: Brown E , Foulsham T , Lee Chan-su , Wilkins A
Published: May 2019

A flickering light can be seen during a saccadic eye movement as a pattern of contours known as a phantom array. On repeated pairs of trials, observers made saccades across a narrow (1 arc minutes), bright (10−4 cd/m2) source of flickering light and were required to detect the phantom array. On one of each pair of trials, chosen at random, the light flickered at 60 kHz and on the other at a frequency chosen in the range 1–11 kHz. In two such studies, a few observers were reliably able to discriminate 11 kHz from 60 kHz on the basis of the visibility of the phantom array. The average threshold at which the array was visible was about 6 kHz and therefore double that previously obtained with larger targets. Those observers who were able to see the phantom array tended reliably to report more symptoms of visual discomfort in everyday life.
Binge-watching Serialized Video Content: A Transdisciplinary Review
Authors: Merikivi Jani , Bragge Johanna , Scornavacca Eusebio , Verhagen Tibert
Published: May 2019

Binge watching serialized video content is a phenomenon that has triggered interest from diverse research fields. Despite the progress researchers have made across different areas, a grounded conceptualization and definition of binge watching is still lacking. In this article, we conduct a transdisciplinary literature review to identify continuity and viewer autonomy as the two fundamental attributes underlying binge watching. Then, using these attributes as conceptual anchors, we offer a convergent definition and categorize the existing binge-watching definitions in the literature. The results of this categorization reveal that the vast majority of the definitions used in the literature fail to distinguish binge watching from other viewing practices such as casual viewing, single-episode appointments, and marathon appointments. We discuss the implications and, to move the binge-watching research forward, conclude with recommendations and an agenda for future research.
Mathematical modeling of electrospinning process of silk fibroin/gelatin nanofibrous mat: Comparison of the accuracy of GMDH and RSM models
Authors: Chomachayi Masoud Dadras , Solouk Atefeh , Mirzadeh Hamid
Published: May 2019

In this study, the nanofiber mat of silk fibroin and gelatin was fabricated by electrospinning process. As biological properties of the electrospun mat are bound up with the diameter of nanofibers, the group method of data handling along with the response surface methodology were adopted in order to explore the dependency of the diameter on the variables such as blend ratio, solution concentration, and electric field. The average absolute relative deviations were calculated as 4.62% and 5.86% for the group method of data handling and response surface methodology models, respectively. Moreover, being less prone to error and exhibiting greater accuracy to predict the actual trend of diameter in comparison with the response surface methodology, the group method of data handling model was applied to predict the porosity of silk fibroin/gelatin nanofiber mat. The average absolute relative deviations were 0.71% with a high regression coefficient of R2 = 0.99. This suggests that the group method of data handling model can fairly model the electrospinning process of the silk fibroin/gelatin nanofiber mat.
An energy-efficient fog-to-cloud Internet of Medical Things architecture
Authors: Tahir Sabeen , Bakhsh Sheikh Tahir , Abulkhair Maysoon , Alassafi Madini O
Published: May 2019

In order to increase the reliability, accuracy, and efficiency in the eHealth, Internet of Medical Things is playing a vital role. Current development in telemedicine and the Internet of Things have delivered efficient and low-cost medical devices. The Internet of Medical Things architectures being developed do not completely recognize the potential of Internet of Things. The Internet of Medical Things sensor devices have limited computation power; in case if a patient is using implanted medical devices, it is not easy to recharge or replace the devices immediately. Biosensors are small devices with limited energy if these devices do not wisely utilize the energy may drain sharply and devices become inactive. The current medical solutions place the bulk of data on cloud-based systems that ultimately creates a bottleneck. In this article, an energy-efficient fog-to-cloud Internet of Medical Things architecture is proposed to optimize energy consumption. In the proposed architecture, Bluetooth enabled biosensors are used, because Bluetooth technology is an energy efficient and also helps to enable the sleep and awake modes. The proposed fog-to-cloud Internet of Medical Things works in three different modes periodic, sleep–awake, and continue to optimize the energy consumption. The proposed technique enabled the sensing modes that gathers the patients’ data efficiently based on their health conditions. The sensed data are transmitted to the relevant fog and cloud devices for further processing. The performance of fog-to-cloud Internet of Medical Things is evaluated through simulation; the results are compared with the results of existing techniques in terms of an end-to-end delay, throughput, and energy consumption. It is analyzed that the proposed technique reduces the energy consumption between 30% and 40%.
Phenolic Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Propolis Extracts From Poland
Authors: Woźniak Magdalena , Mrówczyńska Lucyna , Waśkiewicz Agnieszka , Rogoziński Tomasz , Ratajczak Izabela
Published: May 2019

Propolis is a natural material collected by honeybees, containing bioactive compounds that exhibit biological activity. The aim of this study was to assess the chemical composition of Polish propolis extracted with two different concentrations of ethanol, namely 70% and 96%, and to evaluate their antioxidant activity depending on extraction conditions. Samples of Polish propolis were extracted with 70% and 96% ethanol in order to obtain the ethanolic propolis extracts EEP70 and EEP96, respectively. Concentrations of 10 flavonoids and 6 phenolic acids were determined using the UPLC-PDA-TQD system. The antioxidant properties were determined based on the DPPH· free radical scavenging activity, Fe3+ reducing power assay, and ferrous ions (Fe2+) chelating activity assays. Moreover, the effects of the propolis extracts on human red blood cell morphology , the selective permeability of their membrane, as well as on free radicals-induced hemolysis were also assessed. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of both propolis extracts indicated that 70% ethanolic extract contained higher amounts of phenolic compounds than 96% ethanolic extract. The levels of antioxidant activity indicated that both Polish propolis extracts exhibited a high and comparable antioxidant power. The concentration of ethanol used for extraction had no effect on the antioxidant potential of propolis. The presented results indicate that the extracts of Polish propolis are rich in phenolic compounds and are very effective as antioxidant agents. Therefore, they may be applied as a constituent of products used in phytotherapy regardless of the concentration of ethanol used in propolis extraction.
Left Bidirectional Cavopulmonary Connection in Raghib’s Defect: Report of 5 Cases and Review of Literature
Authors: Sankhyan Lakshmi Kumari , Chowdhury Ujjwal K. , Diplomate NB , Bansal Nikhil , Hasija Suruchi , Jagia Priya
Published: May 2019

We report five male patients aged 3, 6, 8, 10, and 15 years, respectively, undergoing left bidirectional cavopulmonary connection and concomitant Dacron patch closure of the atrial septal defect for Raghib’s defect with persistent left superior vena cava. The circulation was successfully corrected. This extracardiac procedure uses only autogenous tissues having growth potential, reduces myocardial ischemia, and avoids later baffle deterioration with pulmonary venous obstruction associated with intra-atrial baffling procedures. A wider appreciation and application of this management modality is warranted.
Carinal Resection and Reconstruction for an Obstructing Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor in a Child
Authors: Nawalaniec James , Mullapudi Bhargava , Jiang Wen , Brigger Matthew , El-Said Howaida , Saenz Nicholas , Murthy Raghav
Published: May 2019

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is a rare soft tissue tumor characterized by proliferation of fibroblastic cells associated with an inflammatory infiltrate. Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors have a predilection for the pediatric population and are usually found in the lung parenchyma but rarely at the carina. They rarely metastasize but can be locally destructive. Surgical resection is the cornerstone of therapy, which results in excellent survival despite risk of local recurrence. We present the case of a nine-year-old girl with an IMT mass at the carina and obstructing the left main stem bronchus, requiring extensive resection and reconstruction.
Different microbiological profiles between hip and knee prosthetic joint infections
Authors: Tsai Yifang , Chang Chih-Hsiang , Lin Yu-Chih , Lee Sheng-Hsun , Hsieh Pang-Hsin , Chang Yuhan
Published: May 2019

Purpose:

The study aims to analyze the demographics and microbiological profiles of hip and knee prosthetic joint infection (PJI) and to compare the microbiological differences between hip and knee PJI.

Methods:

We performed a retrospective study of all PJI cases between January 2006 and December 2014 at a referral medical center in Taiwan.

Results:

A total of 294 PJI cases were collected: 159 were identified as hip PJI and 135 as knee PJI. The most common causative pathogen was Staphylococcus aureus (78 cases, 27%), followed by coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS, 42 cases, 14%). Methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) accounted for 21% of all PJI cases. Fungus and mycobacterium were only involved in 12 cases (4.1%) of all PJI cases. Polymicrobial pathogens, anaerobes, and enteric gram-negative bacilli (GNB) were more likely to occur in hip joint prostheses than in knee joint prostheses (22 vs. 6 cases, p = 0.006; 11 vs. 0 cases; p = 0.002; 20 vs. 6 cases; p = 0.014, respectively).

Conclusion:

The prevalence of polymicrobial pathogens, anaerobes, and enteric GNB was higher in the prosthetic hip infection than in the prosthetic knee infection. The high prevalence of MRS, including Methicillin-resistant (MR) S. aureus and MR-CoNS in PJI, may warrant the need for empiric antibiotic therapy with broader coverage while pending the culture result of PJI. Although fungal and mycobacterial PJI cases are rare, the incidence of these infections is relatively high in Taiwan. Fungus and mycobacterium should also be taken into consideration whenever a persistent PJI case is encountered.
A prospective randomized study comparing navigation versus conventional total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Selvanayagam Rajkumar , Kumar Vijay , Malhotra Rajesh , Srivastava Deep Narayan , Digge Vijay Kumar
Published: May 2019

Background:

Navigation is associated with improved accuracy in alignment. However, its influence on clinical outcome is inconclusive. The aim of this study was to compare the component alignment and functional outcome in patients undergoing navigation-assisted and conventional total knee replacement (TKR).

Materials and method:

A prospective randomized study consisting of two groups (group A and group B) was carried out. Group A consisted of patients undergoing TKR using conventional jig-based method, whereas group B consisted of patients undergoing TKR using computer navigation-assisted method. We measured and compared the coronal and sagittal plane alignment in X-ray and rotational alignment in computed tomography scan between both groups. Functional outcome was analysed using Knee Society Score (KSS) and Western Ontario and McMaster University scale (WOMAC) score.

Results:

A total of 50 patients were randomized into two groups A and B each with 25 patients. Navigation was associated with more accuracy in mechanical axis alignment ( p = 0.011) and femoral component rotation ( p = 0.033). The mean follow-up was 4.6 years (range 48–62 months). There was no statistically significant difference between the groups with respect to KSS and WOMAC score at the minimum follow-up of 4 years.

Conclusion:

We concluded that even though navigation-assisted system is associated with better accuracy, there was no difference in clinical outcome at an average follow-up of 4.6 years.
Characteristics of frontal plane lower limb movement during walking in patients with knee osteoarthritis of varying severity
Authors: Fukaya Takashi , Mutsuzaki Hirotaka , Nakano Wataru , Mori Koichi
Published: May 2019

Purpose:

This study aimed to investigate the effect of knee joint structural destruction on frontal plane hip and ankle joint kinematics and kinetics during the stance phase of walking in patients with differing severities of knee osteoarthritis (KOA).

Methods:

An early KOA group consisted of eight subjects with bilateral knee Kellgren–Lawrence (KL) scale scores of 1 or 2. An established KOA group comprised nine subjects (18 knees) with KL scores of 3 or 4. To measure walking, the data were obtained using the motion analysis system and force plates. From the ground reaction force data, the stance phase of gait was divided into five periods.

Results:

In the established KOA group, the hip joint was significantly abducted, and the knee joint had significantly greater varus positioning during the stance phase. In addition, in the established KOA group, a significant knee abductor moment was observed during the stance phase. In contrast, in the early KOA group, the ankle joint showed a significant inversion moment during the stance phase, but in the established KOA group, the ankle joint moment was very small.

Conclusions:

The structural destruction of the knee joint in the frontal plane in patients with the established KOA changes the movement of the hip and the moment of the ankle.
Higher Education for Students with Disabilities in India: Insights from a Focus Group Study
Authors: Kunnath Suja Kurian , Mathew Samuel N.
Published: May 2019

Higher education plays a vital role in the employability of people with disability. It promises an independent existence for the person in the society. Understanding this, stakeholders are moving towards an inclusive environment in educational institutions. But the reality is quite alarming in that only a very small number of people with disabilities have access to higher education in developing countries like India. This study conducted through focus group discussions systematically explores the challenges, existing facilities and needed accommodations in a higher education set-up for the benefit of students with disability (SwD). The qualitative study was conducted in six major metropolitan cities across India among adults with disability who had higher education opportunities. Themes such as accessibility, functions in the classroom, accommodations for examinations, communication, social attitude and employment challenges were highlighted as major aspects that needed attention. The results reflect on poor planning, implementation of disability policies, lack of disability sensitization in the society and inadequate availability of resources in a developing country. Reports of support networks provided by friends in colleges, underscored the strength of humanity in the midst of inadequate disability accommodation facilities. Voices of people with disabilities resonates over the lack of available policies and services in a developing country like India.
Frontal Lobe Circuitry in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Selemon Lynn D. , Young Keith A. , Cruz Dianne A. , Williamson Douglas E.
Published: May 2019

Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder include hyperarousal, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, re-experiencing of trauma, and mood changes. This review focuses on the frontal cortical areas that form crucial links in circuitry pertinent to posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology: (1) the conditioned fear extinction circuit, (2) the salience circuit, and (3) the mood circuit. These frontal areas include the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (conditioned fear extinction), the dorsal anterior cingulate and insular cortices (salience), and the lateral orbitofrontal and subgenual cingulate cortices (mood). Frontal lobe structural abnormalities in posttraumatic stress disorder, including volumetric reductions in the cingulate cortices, impact all three circuits. Functional analyses of frontal cortices in posttraumatic stress disorder show abnormal activation in all three according to task demand and emotional valence. Network analyses reveal altered amygdalo-frontal connectivity and failure to suppress the default mode network during cognitive engagement. Spine shape alterations also have been detected in the medial orbitofrontal cortex in posttraumatic stress disorder postmortem brains, suggesting reduced synaptic plasticity. Importantly, frontal lobe abnormalities in posttraumatic stress disorder extend beyond emotion-related circuits to include the lateral prefrontal cortices that mediate executive functions. In conclusion, widespread frontal lobe dysfunction in posttraumatic stress disorder provides a neurobiologic basis for the core symptomatology of the disorder, as well as for executive function impairment.
Searching the Literature: A Simple Step-Wise Process for Evidence-Based Medicine
Authors: Larson Kane , Jung Sae Gyul , Albon Simon
Published: May 2019

Sifting and sorting through the literature and research on health care is an important skill for practicing pharmacists. It is vital for staying current and, most important, helping with the critical task of avoiding adverse drug events in the optimal care of patients. Today, searching this literature efficiently and effectively is increasingly difficult at a time when clinical knowledge is growing exponentially. This article aims to provide a systematic process for going through the literature in an evidence-based manner.
Association of anemia with sensorineural hearing loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Mohammed Shimel Hussien , Shab-Bidar Sakineh , Abuzerr Samer , Habtewold Tesfa Dejenie , Alizadeh Shahab , Djafarian Kurosh
Published: May 2019

Objective

Evidence shows that anemic individuals are at a higher risk of hearing loss. However, there is no systematic review and meta-analysis study. Thus, we aimed to meta-analyze the existing evidence on the association of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar from inception through October 30, 2017, for studies done on the association of the IDA with SNHL. Pooled odds ratio (OR) was calculated by random effect meta-analysis method. Heterogeneity was assessed by I2 metrics.

Result

Four studies, covering a total of 344,080 adults and children, were included. The odds of SNHL was higher by 55% in individuals with IDA, compared with individuals without IDA (OR = 1.55, 95% CI 1.17–2.06; P = 0.03). The age-specific ORs were 1.36 (95% CI 1.15–1.61; P = 0.27) and 3.67 (95% CI 1.72–7.84) for adults and children, respectively. IDA may be a contributing factor to hearing loss. Further studies are warranted, including whether IDA treatment reduces the risk of hearing loss. Meanwhile, hearing loss screening in anemic individuals, or vice versa, may represent an important consideration.

PROSPERO registration CRD42017082108
Supports: A Key Factor in Faculty Implementation of Evidence-Based Teaching
Authors: Bathgate Meghan E. , Aragón Oriana R. , Cavanagh Andrew J. , Frederick Jennifer , Graham Mark J.
Published: May 2019

Evidence-based teaching (EBT), such as active learning and formative assessment, benefits student learning but is not present in many college science classrooms. The choices faculty make about how to teach their science courses are influenced by their personal beliefs and motivations, as well as their departmental structures and institutional cultures. With data from 584 science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) faculty trained in EBT, we compare which of the following factors most relate to faculty’s use of EBT: 1) faculty’s personal motivations (e.g., teaching value, confidence, beliefs about intelligence); and 2) their experiences with their institutional teaching environments (e.g., departmental support, student enthusiasm). Faculty’s perceived supports in their teaching environments (e.g., having supportive colleagues, being able to access curricular resources) were by far most predictive of their use of EBT. Faculty’s personal motivations had little to no relationship when supports were included in these models. The effects were robust, even when controlling for faculty gender, minority status, and teaching experience. Much of the literature has focused on perceived barriers to EBT implementation (e.g., lack of time, constrained teaching space). The current data indicate that a focus on building supports for faculty may have the greatest impact on increasing the presence of EBT in college STEM courses.
Recommendations for Effective Integration of Ethics and Responsible Conduct of Research (E/RCR) Education into Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experiences: A Meeting Report
Authors: Diaz-Martinez Laura A. , Fisher Ginger R. , Esparza David , Bhatt Jay M. , D’Arcy Christina E. , Apodaca Jennifer , Brownell Sara , Corwin Lisa , Davis William B. , Floyd Kevin W. , Killion Patrick J. , Madden Jaclyn , Marsteller Patricia , Mayfield-Meyer Teresa , McDonald Kelly K. , Rosenberg Martina , Yarborough Mark A. , Olimpo Jeffrey T.
Published: May 2019

Advancement of the scientific enterprise relies on individuals conducting research in an ethical and responsible manner. Educating emergent scholars in the principles of ethics/responsible conduct of research (E/RCR) is therefore critical to ensuring such advancement. The recent impetus to include authentic research opportunities as part of the undergraduate curriculum, via course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs), has been shown to increase cognitive and noncognitive student outcomes. Because of these important benefits, CUREs are becoming more common and often constitute the first research experience for many students. However, despite the importance of E/RCR in the research process, we know of few efforts to incorporate E/RCR education into CUREs. The Ethics Network for Course-based Opportunities in Undergraduate Research (ENCOUR) was created to address this concern and promote the integration of E/RCR within CUREs in the biological sciences and related disciplines. During the inaugural ENCOUR meeting, a four-pronged approach was used to develop guidelines for the effective integration of E/RCR in CUREs. This approach included: 1) defining appropriate student learning objectives; 2) identifying relevant curriculum; 3) identifying relevant assessments; and 4) defining key aspects of professional development for CURE facilitators. Meeting outcomes, including the aforementioned E/RCR guidelines, are described herein.
Psychiatry and the Artificial Kidney
Authors: Kogeorgos John
Published: May 2019

Regular, long term haemodialysis is a standard treatment of patients in chronic renal failure. Its psychiatric implications have been dealt with in a number of studies, most of which concentrate on purely psychological or social aspects, for example patients' perception of and response to illness (Pritchard, 1974), the relevance to outcome of basic personality (Kaplan De-Nour and Czaczkes, 1976), or the impact on the family of dialysis carried out at home (Farmer et al, 1979). There are two distinct psychiatric syndromes of importance which can be clinically recognized.
Improving Long-Term Outcomes of Youth With Lipid Abnormalities—Expanding the Role of Pediatric Endocrinologists
Authors: Ashraf Ambika P , Kohn Brenda , Wilson Don P
Published: May 2019

Context

There is a disturbingly high prevalence of dyslipidemia in youth. Although pediatric endocrinologists are aware of the substantial cardiovascular (CV) risk associated with monogenic disorders of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, relatively few recognize the CV disease (CVD)-related morbidity and premature mortality incurred by common endocrine disorders associated with dyslipidemia, such as diabetes mellitus, growth hormone deficiency, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and hypopituitarism.

Objective

In this article, we discuss the expanding role of pediatric endocrinologists in CV health and risk prevention.

Design

We reviewed available literature and summarized discussions with opinion leaders in pediatric endocrinology to accomplish the following: (i) provide an overview of this timely topic; (ii) identify opportunities for targeted education; and (iii) discuss ways of expanding clinical services to improve outcomes.

Results

In addition to well-known genetic disorders of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, youth with common endocrine disorders, including type 1 and type 2 diabetes, would benefit from cholesterol screening and in some, early intervention, including use of lipid-lowering medications. Despite the growing need, the location and extent of services available to youth with dyslipidemia and the availability of providers with experience in treatment of dyslipidemia are largely unknown but likely inadequate to provide accessible, timely, and cost-effective intervention.

Conclusion

With a new awareness of opportunities to prevent premature CVD in youth, including those with common endocrine disorders and CVD-related events during adulthood, there is an urgent need for additional clinical services and targeted education of current as well as future pediatric endocrinologists.
Placental Sonic Hedgehog Pathway Regulates Fetal Growth via the IGF Axis in Preeclampsia
Authors: Takai Hiroshi , Kondoh Eiji , Mogami Haruta , Kawasaki Kaoru , Chigusa Yoshitsugu , Sato Mai , Kawamura Yosuke , Murakami Ryusuke , Matsumura Noriomi , Konishi Ikuo , Mandai Masaki
Published: May 2019

Context

Placental dysfunction is the underlying cause of common major disorders of pregnancy, such as fetal growth restriction and preeclampsia. However, the mechanisms of placental dysfunction are not entirely elucidated. We previously reported 10 reliable preeclampsia pathways based on multiple microarray data sets, among which was the sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway. In this study, we describe the significant role of SHH signaling involved in placental development and fetal growth.

Design

The placental expression levels of surrogate markers of the SHH pathway, patched homolog 1 (PTCH1) and glioma-associated oncogene homolog (GLI) 2, were evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR, western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry. We investigated the underlying mechanisms of the SHH pathway in trophoblast syncytialization, a critical process for placental development and maturation, using primary cytotrophoblasts. Moreover, the potential roles of placental SHH signaling in the regulation of the IGF axis were explored by pathway analysis of microarray data. Finally, the influence of SHH signaling on fetal growth was examined by placental administration of cyclopamine, an SHH pathway inhibitor, to pregnant mice.

Results

The SHH pathway was downregulated in preeclampsia placentas, and its activation was highly correlated with birth weight. Trophoblast syncytialization was modulated by noncanonical SHH–adenylate cyclase (ADCY) signaling rather than canonical SHH–GLI signaling. The IGF1 receptor pathway was regulated by both noncanonical SHH–ADCY signaling and canonical SHH–GLI signaling. Inhibition of placental SHH signaling significantly reduced fetal weight in mice.

Conclusion

Placental development and fetal growth were regulated through the SHH pathway via the IGF axis.
Next Generation of Cancer Treatments: Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy and Its Related Toxicities: A Review for Perioperative Physicians
Authors: Echeverry Germán , Fischer Gregory W. , Mead Elena
Published: May 2019

Cancer immunotherapy has entered a new era with the recent introduction of genetically engineered T-cells that express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) capable of recognizing and destroying tumor cells. Several clinical trials in patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell malignancies have demonstrated complete remission rates ranging from 50% to 90%, with long-term data suggestive of a possible curative response. CAR T-cell therapy is currently under investigation for earlier use in these disease processes and in various other solid and liquid tumors. CAR T-cell therapy is associated with a unique postinfusion toxicity profile including cytokine-release syndrome and neurotoxicity. These toxicities are usually reversible but can be fatal, requiring close vigilance and prompt treatment often in an intensive care unit (ICU) setting. CAR T-cell therapy is currently restricted to designated centers possessing expertise in acute toxicity management, but wider use is likely if early therapeutic successes are replicated. As perioperative and critical care physicians, anesthesiologists may encounter such patients in the perioperative or ICU setting and should become familiar with this unique and novel therapeutic modality capable of causing extreme cardiovascular and respiratory compromise. This review will describe the immunobiology of CAR T-cells, their relevance to cancer treatment, clinical aspects of their therapeutic use in cancer chemotherapy, toxicities related to CAR T-cell use, and their therapeutic management.
The Comparative Analysis of the Actualization of the Author’s Personality in the Narrative and Critical Texts
Authors: Кремер Инесса , Kremer Inessa , Чернявская Е. , Chernyavskaya E.
Published: May 2019

The given article is devoted to the problem of actualization of the author’s personality in the German narrative and critical text. The article touches upon the theoretical aspects of this issue in linguistics. Interpersonality and evaluation are considered as the main and crucial characteristics unifying narrative and critical texts. In the process of analyzing the author’s position is represented and pointed out. Systemizing the dominant linguistic means from the social roles of their authors stands in the focal point of the article.
Medical thermal imaging
Authors: Ачкасов Евгений , Achkasov Evgeniy , Воловик Михаил , Volovik Mihail , Долгов Игорь , Dolgov Igor' , Колесов Сергей , Kolesov Sergey
Published: May 2019

The history, physical and physiological bases, methodological aspects and legal and regulatory frameworkof medical thermographywas outlined. Thermosemiotics of human body areasin health and disease was discussed. The diagnostic possibilities of thermography in cases of head and neck,internal organs, cardiovascular system disorders, breast cancer, in urology, rheumatology, purulent surgery, combustiology, neurology, neurosurgery, plastic surgery, and also in the radiation injuryassessment during radiation therapy of malignant tumors were presented. The prospects for development of medical thermography was reflected.
The manual is intended for students in the program of additional professional education of doctors.
Innovation management. Methodological tools
Authors: Артяков Владимир , Artyakov Vladimir , Чурсин Александр , Chursin Aleksandr
Published: May 2019

The textbook contains the basics of the theory and practice of innovation management in today's market trends. New approaches and tools of innovation management are described, taking into account the features of knowledge-intensive industries that are the driving force of the country's economy. The practical issues of innovation management in order to improve the competitiveness of products and organizations.
Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation.
It is intended for students, postgraduates and teachers of universities engaged in training in Economics and management; it can be recommended to managers and specialists of companies involved in the process of innovation management.
At the Stove
Authors: Krajewski Markus
Published: May 2019

This chapter analyzes the space of the home, particularly the areas of the kitchen and the dining room. Focusing mainly on the disappearance of the servant from the household, it retraces the gradual replacement of human domestics with technical appliances in the process of automation, mechanization, and electrification. The shift of subaltern functions from humans to things uncovers a vast process of substitution, illustrated here with the history of the so-called dumbwaiters. Using the examples of Thomas Jefferson's revolving serving door and Gaston Menier's ‘first cafeteria,’ the chapter discusses various kitchen and tableware utensils that contribute to the pervasive disappearance of human servants from the household. Michel Serres' concept of the quasi-object will help explain the central notion of delegation employed here.
Introduction
Authors: Pulsipher Jenny Hale
Published: May 2019

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the notorious figure of John Wompas, also known as John White. Upsetting expectations is emblematic of Wompas's entire life. He was a Harvard-educated scholar who became a sailor; he called the Nipmuc village of Hassanamesit his home but spent his adult life dwelling among the English of Roxbury, Boston, and London; he claimed the right, by inheritance, to lead the Nipmucs, but elders of his tribe insisted he was “no sachem”; and he cheated his kin of their lands by selling thousands of acres of Nipmuc Country to the English, then bequeathed all of Hassanamesit to his Nipmuc kin in his will. These contradictions reflect a gap between expectations and reality. This book thus offers the opportunity to examine that gap and, in the process, revise people's understanding of Native New England and the emerging English empire that engulfed it.
“New England Hath Lost the Day”
Authors: Pulsipher Jenny Hale
Published: May 2019

This chapter recounts the period when John Wompas left Massachusetts at a time of personal trouble as well as a time of trouble for the colony. Massachusetts had been under a cloud of royal disapproval, since the king sent royal commissioners to investigate the colony's loyalty and adherence to English law in 1664. Within a year of John's departure from Massachusetts, a more immediate crisis struck the region: a devastating war broke out between the English colonists and their Indian neighbors, the Wampanoags and Narragansetts, as well as many of Wompas's Nipmuc kin. By the time he returned to Massachusetts in 1677, he would find a way to use both the war and the colony's political disgrace to his own advantage.
Welcome to Burke County
Authors: Ashwood Loka
Published: May 2019

This chapter describes the outcome of for-profit's rule in Burke County, Georgia. Burke County is what the US Department of Agriculture calls a persistent-poverty county, meaning that for the past thirty years, over 20 percent of the population has lived in poverty. The designation is not an easy one to get. Only 11.2 percent of counties nationally register as that poor, for that long. And most of such counties are rural. Poverty has been even worse lately in Burke County: 33.5 percent of the county lives in poverty. The region is part of what W. E. B. Du Bois called the Black Belt, for both its soil and people, where plantations once littered the landscape, providing the template for the later tenant-farm structure.
For-Profit Democracy
Authors: Ashwood Loka
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses for-profit democracy, in which the utilitarian rule of the most people and the greatest profit defines the government's purpose. It focuses on nuclear power as an outcome of for-profit democracy. Regulators merged energy as a necessary good with its status as necessity for profit. Without the private production of energy, people could scarcely live, nor could the nation maintain its economic productivity, so the logic goes. By virtue of such thinking, nuclear dominates any counterargument about risks or property costs, as does any other privately owned energy utility keeping the lights on. The United States has the most privatized nuclear power production regime in the world; the Tennessee Valley Authority constitutes the sole federally owned and operated nuclear power generating entity.
The Moral Economy of Democracy
Authors: Ashwood Loka
Published: May 2019

This chapter argues that the private–public corporate combo created a fundamental challenge to people exerting their rights to private property according to their moral economy. The government's privileging of economic development and industrialization facilitated the rise of corporations as governmental authorities, but ones that failed to return profit to the public purse. To accommodate this process, the meaning of public use and public purpose changed dramatically. If the corporate expansion over public purpose and private profit stopped there, profit-seeking corporations might not be such a substantial affront to the moral economy of democracy. However, corporate powers have not stopped there. On top of awarding them public and profit rights, the judiciary recognizes corporations as people. Profit yet again played a key role in gaining corporations additional democratic rights. Profit made it seem as if the pursuit of more money was not only a human right, but the preeminent human right.
The Moral Economy’s Freedom
Authors: Ashwood Loka
Published: May 2019

This chapter argues that in the presence of abundant minorities—of rurality, of poverty, of race, and of region—the corporate form has made a majoritarian feast of the people of Burke County. Letting the moral economy of democracy reign requires escaping the clutches of the state, which has failed the democratic ethos. Some turn to the forest to practice direct justice, others turn to God to transcend oppression. In either case, the state is something to be overcome, rather than a venue for reform. Hope for all can abound by allowing the moral economy of democracy to reign. Then, the best of intentions—a freedom to do—could inform the structure of society, and people would not need to constantly reposition themselves for defense against the latest attack.
From the Catholic Enlightenment to Reform Catholicism, 1540–1759
Authors: Van Kley Dale K.
Published: May 2019

This chapter presents anti-Jesuitism as the negative face of Reform Catholicism while making a case for the utility of this concept in revisionist opposition to the current one of “Catholic enlightenment.” While one component of Reform Catholicism does indeed consist in those aspects of the European Enlightenment compatible with religious belief, these aspects are different from those appropriated by Jesuits, many of whom have an equal claim to have been “enlightened.” The other and more obviously anti-Jesuitical elements of Reform Catholicism are the liberties of both the secular state and the national churches vis-à-vis the papacy known as Gallican, in combination with the morally rigorist Augustinianism known as Jansenism.
Afterword as Fast-Forward
Authors: Van Kley Dale K.
Published: May 2019

This concluding chapter reviews how the Civil Constitution of the Clergy implemented many of the mixed Gallican–Jansenist reforms that would have come out of any such legislative opportunity in 1771. These included the abolition of anti-Jansenist oaths, the nonpapal collegial confirmation of bishops, the narrowing of the material and even moral differences between bishops and their curés, the pruning of the nonpastoral clergy, the abolition of contemplative monastic orders, and even a role for the people in the election of the clergy. But by 1789, reformist Catholicism was far from the National Assembly's only source of ideological direction, and competing with it were strong Rousseauvian and physiocratic, or enlightened “economic,” biases against all privileged corporate or intermediary bodies.
Beyond the Nation-State
Authors: Shumsky Dmitry
Published: May 2019

The Jewish nation-state has often been thought of as Zionism's end goal. This bracing history of the idea of the Jewish state in modern Zionism, from its beginnings in the late nineteenth century until the establishment of the state of Israel, challenges this deeply rooted assumption. In doing so, the book complicates the narrative of the Zionist quest for full sovereignty, provocatively showing how and why the leaders of the pre-state Zionist movement imagined, articulated, and promoted theories of self-determination in Palestine either as part of a multinational Ottoman state (1882–1917), or in the framework of multinational democracy. In particular, the book focuses on the writings and policies of five key Zionist leaders from the Habsburg and Russian empires in central and eastern Europe in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries: Leon Pinsker, Theodor Herzl, Ahad Ha'am, Ze'ev Jabotinsky, and David Ben-Gurion to offer a very pointed critique of Zionist historiography.
Introduction
Authors: Shumsky Dmitry
Published: May 2019

This introductory chapter discusses the unquestioned identification between “Zionism” as a national movement that sought to realize the Jewish nation's self-determination in Palestine, and “the Jewish nation-state,” which has no room for the national collective existence of any particular national group other than the Jews and which represents the ultimate and teleological realization of the Zionist project. The vast majority of those who support the two-state solution, who are known as the “Zionist left,” base their position on the need to avoid the formation of a binational state in which the Jewish demographic majority would be endangered. They argue that this is the way to rescue what they consider to be the political core of the Zionist idea: a mono-national state for the Jewish political collective.
David Ben-Gurion
Authors: Shumsky Dmitry
Published: May 2019

This chapter concentrates on the first Israeli prime minister, David Ben-Gurion (1886–1973), and traces the continuum of his positions about the issue of Jewish national self-determination from before World War I until after the Holocaust. Before World War I, Ben-Gurion wholeheartedly supported the continued existence of the Ottoman Empire on the basis of a revised multinational blueprint that was based on his own assessment of “what is good for the Jewish people.” Furthermore, Ben-Gurion copied the idea of “decentralization” from the Ottoman context and made it a part of his vision for the future character of the Jewish state in Palestine as supported by him throughout most of the Mandate period.
Supermercado USA
Authors: Hamilton Shane
Published: May 2019

This chapter focuses on the first formal effort to use American-style supermarkets as anticommunist weapons. In 1947, Nelson A. Rockefeller launched a for-profit development corporation with the avowed purpose of raising living standards and dampening communist political leanings in Latin America. Rockefeller’s most ambitious—and most profitable—effort was a series of supermarkets opened in Venezuela beginning in 1947. The story of Rockefeller’s Venezuelan supermarkets is remarkable for several reasons. They were intentionally paired with a simultaneous (though unsuccessful) effort to industrialize Venezuelan agriculture. They were the first profitable international venture in American-style supermarketing with an avowed anticommunist purpose. They were also, as the chapter details, met on occasion with violent rebuke from Latin American citizens who refused to accept the notion that Yankee capitalism was morally superior to alternative economic systems
Food Chains and Free Enterprise
Authors: Hamilton Shane
Published: May 2019

This chapter returns to the United States, where in the 1950s and 1960s supermarkets secured economic dominance in the nation’s food system. Even as American-style supermarkets were exported as “weapons” against international communism, no small number of American farmers and consumers developed cogent critiques of the notion that supermarkets were unassailable exemplars of “free” enterprise. American farmers, long upheld as the backbone of democracy, bristled at the realization that supermarkets’ demands for standardized, low-priced foodstuffs often pinned farmers in an uncomfortable position. Economic freedom—supposedly the hallmark of the American supermarket—seemed increasingly illusory to many in the rural United States who were expected to either conform to the demands of supermarket-driven industrialized agricultural production or get out of the agricultural marketplace altogether. Meanwhile, many American consumers who appreciated the low prices and wide range of goods on offer in their supermarkets nonetheless contested conservative economists’ declarations that “consumer sovereignty” was a central achievement of “free enterprise.” Even at the height of the Cold War Farms Race, when Americans’ certainty in the economic superiority of capitalism was at its apogee, the undeniable power of corporate entities in the American food system raised questions about capitalism’s moral and political legitimacy.