bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The use of mannan antigen and anti-mannan antibodies in the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis: recommendations from the Third European Conference on Infections in Leukemia
Authors: Mikulska Małgorzata , Calandra Thierry , Sanguinetti Maurizio , Poulain Daniel , Viscoli Claudio ,   the Third European Conference on Infections in Leukemia Group
Published: July 2012

Introduction

Timely diagnosis of invasive candidiasis (IC) remains difficult as the clinical presentation is not specific and blood cultures lack sensitivity and need a long incubation time. Thus, non-culture-based methods for diagnosing IC have been developed. Mannan antigen (Mn) and anti-mannan antibodies (A-Mn) are present in patients with IC. On behalf of the Third European Conference on Infections in Leukemia, the performance of these tests was analysed and reviewed.

Methods

The literature was searched for studies using the commercially available sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (Platelia™, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Marnes-la-Coquette, France) for detecting Mn and A-Mn in serum. The target condition of this review was IC defined according to 2008 European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Mycoses Study Group criteria. Sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic odds ratios (DOR) were calculated for Mn, A-Mn and combined Mn/A-Mn testing.

Results

Overall, 14 studies that comprised 453 patients and 767 controls were reviewed. The patient populations included in the studies were mainly haematological and cancer cases in seven studies and mainly intensive care unit and surgery cases in the other seven studies. All studies but one were retrospective in design. Mn sensitivity was 58% (95% confidence interval [CI], 53-62); specificity, 93% (95% CI, 91-94) and DOR, 18 (95% CI 12-28). A-Mn sensitivity was 59% (95% CI, 54-65); specificity, 83% (95% CI, 79-97) and DOR, 12 (95% CI 7-21). Combined Mn/A-Mn sensitivity was 83% (95% CI, 79-87); specificity, 86% (95% CI, 82-90) and DOR, 58 (95% CI 27-122). Significant heterogeneity of the studies was detected. The sensitivity of both Mn and A-Mn varied for different Candida species, and it was the highest for C. albicans, followed by C. glabrata and C. tropicalis. In 73% of 45 patients with candidemia, at least one of the serological tests was positive before the culture results, with mean time advantage being 6 days for Mn and 7 days for A-Mn. In 21 patients with hepatosplenic IC, 18 (86%) had Mn or A-Mn positive test results at a median of 16 days before radiological detection of liver or spleen lesions.

Conclusions

Mn and A-Mn are useful for diagnosis of IC. The performance of combined Mn/A-Mn testing is superior to either Mn or A-Mn testing.
Accurate 1D forward and inverse modeling of high-frequency helicopter-borne electromagnetic data
Authors: Siemon Bernhard
Published: July 2012

Frequency-domain helicopter-borne electromagnetic (HEM) data are commonly interpreted using quasistatic approximations in forward and inverse solutions. At high-frequencies ([Formula: see text]), the accuracy of this approach is often insufficient. Implementation of a full solution of the forward problem that includes displacement currents in both subsurface and air, however, may cause singularity problems during numerical evaluation of the secondary field integral using Hankel or Laplace transforms, particularly at high frequencies. These effects can be reduced by a wavenumber shift during numerical evaluation, a transformation of the integral by partial integration, or a combination of both. Based on these corrections, the resulting forward responses obtained with various fast Hankel transforms or numerical Laplace transforms are nearly identical. The inversion of HEM data also requires some modification. For a half-space inversion, the parameter sets, such as look-up tables, linear or polynomial approximations have to be modified for frequencies above some 10 kHz. The quasistatic formulas used in multi-layer inversion procedures have to be replaced by the accurate formulas. Fortunately, singularity problems are restricted to the forward calculation as the derivatives of the Jacobian matrix are not affected. Accurate high-frequency forward and inverse modeling enables a successful usage of helicopter-borne electromagnetics for near-surface investigations and expands the range of applications in environmental and geotechnical issues.
Joint diagonalization applied to the detection and discrimination of unexploded ordnance
Authors: Shubitidze Fridon , Fernández Juan Pablo , Shamatava Irma , Barrowes Benjamin E. , O’Neill Kevin
Published: July 2012

Efforts to discriminate buried unexploded ordnance from harmless surrounding clutter are often hampered by the uncertainty in the number of buried targets that produce a given detected signal. We present a technique that helps determine that number with no need for data inversion. The procedure is based on the joint diagonalization of a set of multistatic response (MSR) matrices measured at different time gates by a time-domain electromagnetic induction sensor. In particular, we consider the Naval Research Laboratory’s Time-Domain Electromagnetic Multisensor Towed Array Detection System (TEMTADS), which consists of a [Formula: see text] square grid of concentric transmitter/receiver pairs. The diagonalization process itself generalizes one of the standard procedures for extracting the eigenvalues of a single matrix; in terms of execution time, it is comparable to diagonalizing the matrices one by one. We present the method, discuss and illustrate its mathematical basis and physical meaning, and apply it to several actual measurements carried out with TEMTADS at a test stand and in the field at the former Camp Butner in North Carolina. We find that each target in a measurement is associated with a set of nonzero time-dependent MSR eigenvalues (usually three), which enables estimation of the number of targets interrogated. These eigenvalues have a characteristic shape as a function of time that does not change with the location and orientation of the target relative to the sensor. We justify analytically and empirically that symmetric targets have pairs of eigenvalues with constant ratios between them.
Fractional diffusion analysis of the electromagnetic field in fractured media Part I: 2D approach
Authors: Ge Jianchao , Everett Mark E. , Weiss Chester J.
Published: July 2012

We address a 2D finite difference (FD) frequency-domain modeling algorithm based on the theory of fractional diffusion of electromagnetic (EM) fields, which is generated by an infinite line source lying above a fractured geological medium. The presence of fractures in the subsurface, usually containing highly conductive pore fluids, gives rise to spatially hierarchical flow paths of induced EM eddy currents. The diffusion of EM eddy currents in such formations is anomalous, generalizing the classical Gaussian process described by the conventional Maxwell equations. Based on the continuous time random walk (CTRW) theory, the diffusion of EM eddy currents in a rough medium is governed by the fractional Maxwell equations. Here, we model the EM response of a 2D subsurface containing fractured zones, based on the fractional Maxwell equations. The governing equation in the frequency domain is discretized using the FD approach. The resulting equation system is solved by the multifrontal massively parallel solver (MUMPS). We find excellent agreement between the FD and analytic solutions for a rough half-space model. Then, FD solutions are calculated for a 2D fault zone model with variable conductivity and roughness. We illustrate a case in which a rough fault zone would not be resolved by classical diffusion modeling, even if its conductivity contrasts with the background.
Performance of a Group of Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Students and a Comparison Group of Hearing Students on a Series of Problem-Solving Tasks
Authors: Luckner John L. , McNeill Joyce H.
Published: July 2012

The purpose of this study was to compare the performance of a group of school-age deaf and hard-of-hearing students and a matched group of hearing students on a series of problem-solving tasks. The results indicated that the hearing group performed better than the deaf and hard-of-hearing group. As they got older, both groups made incremental gains in problem-solving ability, and the gap between the deaf and hard-of-hearing group and the hearing group narrowed. Possible reasons for the results are discussed and suggestions for intervention and future research are presented.
Number Processing in Deaf College Students
Authors: Epstein Kenneth I. , Hillegeist Eleanor G. , Grafman Jordan
Published: July 2012

Magnitude comparison, calculation verification, and short-term memory span experiments were conducted as a means of investigating number processing in deaf college students. The level of accuracy shown by the deaf students did not differ from that shown by their hearing peers. However, mean response times for the deaf students were greater than those of the hearing students for all experimental tasks. The authors question the importance of development, working memory, and sign communication as factors that may contribute to explanations of the experimental results.
Effects of Early Manual Instruction on the Oral-Language Development of Two Deaf Children
Authors: Notoya Masako , Suzuki Shigetada , Furukawa Mitsuru
Published: July 2012

The speech and language training provided to deaf children at our clinic is done by the Kanazawa Method, which consists of reception and expression training in sign communication and auditory/oral language, as well as written-language training. In our investigation, we analyzed the acquisition of passive and active vocabulary in sign and oral language. The subjects were two children congenitally deaf at the 105 dB level or greater. Recorded-language samples through the age of 54 months were analyzed. Acquisition of sign occurred more quickly than oral-language acquisition. The children's production of active nouns, function words, and "wh-" question words in sign was equivalent to that of hearing peers, and later this proficiency transferred to oral language. These results suggest that early presentation of sign is effective in the acquisition of function words and interrogative sentences, both of which are especially challenging for the Deaf.
The Lion Who Did Not Roar . . . Yet: The Editorials of James A. McMaster - May 1860 to May 1861
Authors: Zanca Kenneth J.
Published: July 2012

April 2011 marked the 150 th anniversary of Confederate batteries firing on Fort Sumter; April also was the 191 st anniversary of James A. McMaster's birth (1820-1886). One of the most renowned converts to Catholicism in nineteenth-century America, McMaster was a formidable apologist for the Catholic religion - as he understood it in his ultramontane thinking - editor of the New York Freeman's Journal (hereafter Freeman's Journal ) for almost forty years, an eloquent man of letters, and a bold, if antagonistic, theological and political controversialist. From late 1861, he was one of the first Catholic journalists to bitterly oppose Lincoln and the war effort, and has to be counted among the leading Copperheads in the Northeast who had a national audience. This article explores and documents the "pre-Copperhead McMaster" in the final hours of the antebellum period, from the nomination and election of Abraham Lincoln to his suspension of habeas corpus . McMaster's editorials from this period provide us with a base-line to measure just how far from his pre-war thinking he would travel after May 1861, and also serve to remind us of a McMaster who once was more in line with the majority of his Catholic coreligionists in the North during the early war years: pro-Lincoln, pro-Union, and anti-abolition. After a telescoped biography, the article will present: a) the context of the period, particularly the various Catholic opinions on slavery and abolition; b) an examination of the Freeman's Journal 's editorials dealing with Lincoln's nomination, election, inaugural, and response to the firing on Fort Sumter, placing his positions relative to other Catholic journalists of his time; and c) a conclusion tracing the trajectory of McMaster's career for the remaining wartime years.
Multiple Narratives of the Origins of Kohut’s Self Psychology: Reminiscences and Reflections
Authors: Ornstein Paul H.
Published: July 2012

This celebratory essay was presented at the unveiling of a memorial plaque on the outer wall of the Döblinger Bundesgymnasium in Vienna where Heinz Kohut obtained his Matura certificate. With this gesture the school honored one of its most illustrious graduates. The author describes the various origins of and later tributaries to Kohut’s creativity, which led him to introduce a new paradigm into psychoanalysis with far-reaching impact on its theory and especially on its therapeutic process.
Music and Primary Process: Proposal for a Preliminary Experiment
Authors: Brakel Linda A. W
Published: July 2012

Most psychoanalytic authors assume that the primary processes play a vital role in the listening, performance, and creation of music. Behind this agreement, however, lies an important if tacit disagreement regarding the nature of the primary processes, with some theorists linking them to the primitive, conflicted, and pathological and others regarding the primary processes as special, creative, even transcendent. Both groups have lacked empirical tests that might provide evidence for one position on primary process in music over another. Here, after the background issues are briefly reviewed, a preliminary empirical experiment is proposed in some detail—an experiment that could, if performed, provide evidence for a particular view of the role of primary process in music listening, and differentiate among competing views.
Melodies of the Mind: Mozart in 1778
Authors: Nagel Julie Jaffee
Published: July 2012

Although much has been written about Mozart's relationship with his father Leopold, this paper focuses on his relationship with his mother, Anna Maria. While on a journey with Mozart to Paris in 1778, Anna Marie became ill and died on July 3. Mozart's Piano Sonata in A Minor, K. 310, composed that summer, is invoked to illustrate how his mental life is represented in his music. Conceptualizing music itself as a point of entry into affective processes, the paper suggests that the formal properties of Mozart's A Minor Piano Sonata open for the listener an aural road to the unconscious on which music and psychoanalysis inform one another.
The Question of Law Analysis
Authors: Sitze Adam
Published: July 2012

This paper is an inquiry into one of the juridical forms that is implied within psychoanalysis as a condition for the genesis of its theory and practice. It argues that, to the extent psychoanalysis leaves the problem of tyranny in silence, it also will misrecognize the juridical conditions for its own object of knowledge, namely, humanity as exemplified by Oedipus. It concludes by suggesting that the same theoretical problematic that enables psychoanalysis to resist fantasies of sovereign mastery also inhibits its capacity to expose the ontological structure of sovereign power to questioning.
Law's Bonds: Eros and Identification in Billy Budd
Authors: Umphrey Martha Merrill
Published: July 2012

This essay offers an interpretation of Herman Melville's novella, Billy Budd, Sailor (an inside narrative), that contests and supplements canonical accounts in legal theory emphasizing the relation between law and violence. Melville's narrative illustrates the ways in which subjects are bound even to an unjust law not only by fear but also by love. The judgment against and execution of Billy Budd, a signal enactment of legal violence, require the repression of powerful erotic bonds between Captain Vere and Billy; and Billy's execution is legitimated by the reassertion of those bonds via a chain of homoerotic identifications at the moment of his death. Melville's novella shows the relation between subjects and the law to be constituted and maintained by an ambivalent fusion of violence and love.
Hauteur de Faltings de quotients de J 0 ( N ), discriminants d'algèbres de Hecke et congruences entre formes modulaires
Authors: Ullmo Emmanuel
Published: July 2012

In this paper we compute the Faltings height of the Jacobian of the modular curve J 0 ( N ). We explain how it is related to the discriminant of the Hecke algebra. This discriminant measures congruences between modular forms. As a corollary we obtain a lower bound for this discriminant. The Faltings height of a quotient A of J 0 ( N ) is also computed.
On realizations of solutions of the KDV equation by the C 0 -semigroup method
Authors: Carl Bernd , Huang Sen-Zhong
Published: July 2012

The C 0 -semigroup method is used to find exact solutions of the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation u t = u xxx + 6 uux . Various new kinds of solutions such as multisoliton solutions with unbounded phase numbers, "null" solutions and solutions of "wavelet-type" are found. The realization program consists of two steps. Firstly, the scalar KdV equation will be translated into an operator equation U t = U xxx +3( UU ) x on the Banach algebra of a given Banach space. The solution formula for the operator equation has been constructed (Proposition 2.1). Secondly, once all of the operators U ( x, t ) are of rank one, solutions of the scalar KdV equation will be extracted by using the trace functional. The use of fractional powers of a closed unbounded linear operator in a Banach space also plays an essential role in the present work.
πόθοϛ Εὐριπίδου: Reading Andromeda in Aristophanes’ Frogs
Authors: Sfyroeras Pavlos
Published: July 2012

Why is it Andromeda that inspires Dionysus’ pothos for Euripides in Frogs ? This article argues for an intratextual allusion to Aristophanes’ own use of this tragedy in Thesmophoriazusae , where Mnesilochus impersonates Andromeda and expects Euripides to become Perseus and rescue him. It is through Mnesilochus’ longing for his rescuer Euripides that Dionysus’ heart is struck with longing for Euripides as the savior of both tragedy and Athens. By assimilating Dionysus to Andromeda via Mnesilochus, this reading of the allusion to Andromeda reverses the accepted tragic prototypes and symbolic gender of the comic characters in Frogs ; it also offers a new angle for viewing the thematic coherence of Frogs and clarifies the nature of Aristophanes’ reliance on tragic discourse by ultimately highlighting the autonomy of the comic genre.
The Return of the Seven: Allusion to the Thebaid in Statius’ Achilleid
Authors: Parkes Ruth
Published: July 2012

This article seeks to establish the Thebaid as an important intertext for the Achilleid . Many echoes of the Thebaid may be found, especially in the description of the mustering at Aulis and the portrayal of Achilles. The Thebaid is exploited to help construct the Achilleid ’s struggle between arma and amor : the episodes most heavily drawn on are those which thematise the tussle between love and war, with war prevailing. Such intertextual investigation may contribute to the debate over the Achilleid ’s epic identity.
Lost at Sea: Pythermus as an Anti-Odysseus?
Authors: Di Nino Margherita Maria
Published: July 2012

The original thematic features displayed by 93 A.-B. find an explanation in the comparison with Odyssey 24.290-96, its hypotext. Posidippus, however, is not only trying to fulfil the typical Hellenistic demand for originality. The imperative περίστειλον represents a Homeric gloss through which the learned epigrammatist explains the hapax περιστέλλω that puzzled Homer's commentators. Such intertextuality provides new evidence of the reception of Homer in the Hellenistic Age, revealing that Posidippus, too, was ποιητὴς ἅμα καὶ κριτικός.
Personal Grief and Public Mourning in Plutarch's Consolation to His Wife
Authors: Baltussen Han
Published: July 2012

In this article, I argue that Plutarch's consolation letter to his wife is not merely an act of public posturing but a moving personal document, a public statement on correct grieving, and a demonstration of the syncretistic trend in philosophy in early Imperial times. The letter can be connected to a tradition of ancient consolatory activities which established an ancient form of psychotherapy. Here I draw particular attention to the syncretistic aspect of philosophical stances. The case study provides a new and richer interpretation of this remarkable document, opening up further avenues for the study of the ancient consolation genre.
Furtum and the Description of Stolen Objects in Cicero, In Verrem 2.4
Authors: Frazel Thomas D
Published: July 2012

Cicero portrays Verres here in ways that are strikingly similar to those that would be used against a thief in a civil proceeding: he emphasizes that Verres carried off goods, characterizes Verres' purchases as forced sales, and describes the stolen objects in a spare manner like the one used in theft accusations. Cicero's matter-of-fact descriptive mode also plays a key role in his own self-presentation as an informed, but not enthusiastic, consumer of art, unlike Verres. The spare descriptions thus reinforce Cicero's ethical strategies.
Empire by Invitation: Greek Political Strategies and Roman Imperial Interventions in the Second Century B.C.E.
Authors: Champion Craige Brian
Published: July 2012

Greek politicians in the second century b.c.e. increasingly turned to Roman authorities in order to defeat their political opposition. Charges of demagoguery and socio-economic revolution became commonplace in these political struggles in the presence of Roman authority. This evidence provides a key to understanding a famous inscription dating to 144/143 b.c.e. (Syll. 684), which records a letter from the Roman praetorian proconsul to Macedonia, relaying his ruling on recent civil unrest in Achaean Dyme. More importantly, Greek appeals to Roman power, such as we find in Syll. 684, support a model of second-century Roman imperial expansion in Greece focusing on the imperial periphery rather than the imperial metropole.
Why American Studies Needs to Think about Korean Cinema, or, Transnational Genres in the Films of Bong Joon-ho
Authors: Klein Christina
Published: July 2012

This article explores how Korean director Bong Joon-ho appropriates and reworks Hollywood genre conventions in his films Memories of Murder and The Host , and uses them as tools to explore Korea’s experience of dictatorship and its vexed relationship with the United States.
To Be(come) Young, Gay, and Black: Lorraine Hansberry’s Existentialist Routes to Anticolonialism
Authors: Higashida Cheryl
Published: July 2012

This essay argues that Lorraine Hansberry’s black, queer anti-imperialist and anticolonial dramatic vision was shaped by her engagement with post-World War II European and American existentialisms and their politics of race and sexuality. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, Hansberry debated Albert Camus, Samuel Beckett, Edward Albee, Norman Mailer, and Jean Genet over the meanings of human existence, responsibility, and freedom. While these writers and thinkers presented diverse worldviews, Hansberry understood them to be linked by a bankrupt nihilism and solipsism that precluded historical materialist analyses of social change. She saw in their work a denial of social change that relied upon and re-articulated heteropatriarchal, racist ideologies. Of these existentialists, Jean Genet was especially important to Hansberry because of his play, The Blacks , which became a vital part of African-American theater and cultural politics. Hansberry criticized not only Genet’s cynicism about anticolonial struggle, but the sexual and racial ideologies through which this cynicism was expressed. In framing her own anticolonial play, Les Blancs , as a response to The Blacks , Hansberry drew upon the Beauvoirean existentialist feminism that had informed her early feminist plays featuring lesbian protagonists. Like this earlier feminist work, Les Blancs represents homosexuality as a site of interracial, international reciprocity in order to counter Genet’s exoticized, eroticized “Blacks,” and to represent black national liberation. Recovering Hansberry’s engagement with existentialism, I argue, illuminates the ways in which feminist as well as queer critique were for her integral to a nationalist internationalism linking the struggles of First World minorities with Third World anticolonial nationalist movements. Consequently, while Hansberry’s work exemplifies some of the transnational and cross-cultural dimensions of black thought, it also contests the anti- or post-nationalist perspectives of contemporary studies of diasporic and transnational blackness.
A “Revolution in Ink”: Sui Sin Far and Chinese Reform Discourse
Authors: Chapman Mary
Published: July 2012

This essay takes Asian-American writer Sui Sin Far (Edith Eaton) as a case study of how non-white, non-middle-class women reacted to the exclusiveness of the suffragist campaign. Against a backdrop of nativist, racist suffragism, it rereads Sui Sin Far’s fiction and essays not as “anti-progressive” and “anti-suffragist”, as recent scholars have claimed, but as a reaction to the exclusiveness of white suffragists who routinely invoked the trope of the bound feet of Chinese women as a figure for their own oppression while ignoring Chinese-Americans’ claims to the franchise. This essay documents the ways in which Sui Sin Far’s works were inspired by transnational as well as American models of modernization, particularly the Chinese reform movement which led to the temporary enfranchisement of women in Guandong Province eight years before the ratification of the 19th Amendment in the US. Learning from both Chinese reformer journalists who advocated “a revolution in ink” and nativist suffragists’ own critical quotational strategies, Sui Sin Far’s fiction fashions a resistant minority female voice through aggressive literary/ stenographic transcription.
His Name Was Don Francisco Muro: Reconstructing an Image of American Imperialism
Authors: Rice Mark
Published: July 2012

Visual culture played a significant role in the debates surrounding American colonialism in the Philippines in the early twentieth century. One of the most important photographers working the Philippines at that time was Dean Conant Worcester, who also served as a colonial administrator. Worcester's three-part sequence of photographs supposedly showing an Igorot man becoming civilized through his contact with Americans is one of the more iconic sets of images from that time period. In recent years, many historians have reprinted the "Igorot sequence" to illustrate American imperial ideologies. However, neither the identity of the subject, nor the circumstances surrounding the creating of the sequence has been published, and different historians have traced the sequence to different points of origin. Understanding the history of the sequence provides a way to better understand both the history of American colonialism in the Philippines and the challenges of using photographs as historical evidence.
"The Nightmare Is Not Cured": Emmett Till and American Healing
Authors: Priest Myisha
Published: July 2012

This essay considers the death of Emmett Till as a symbol of continued cultural and political significance. By examining a cluster of contemporary children's works that dramatize the story of Emmett Till's death by Chris Crowe, Lewis Nordan and Marilynn Nelson, this essay links the ways that the ravaged black body continues to serve as a rite of passage for contemporary white subjects in making the project of justice. In their different ways of imagining the capacity of injured blackness to enable the perhaps oppositional projects of constituting American subjectivities and realizing American racial healing, these works place before us the question of the relationship between the constitution of the black subjects in pain, the possibilities for American healing, and the establishment of justice in the contemporary moment.
Protecting Life from Language: John Ruskin’s Museum as Autobiography
Authors: Edwards Hilary
Published: July 2012

This essay argues that Ruskin’s Museum constitutes his first sustained attempt to represent his life story, and as such is a crucial precursor to his autobiography, Praeterita. The Museum project fails, but the failure is redemptive: it forces Ruskin to come to terms with the necessity of language for the presentation of memory, and in so doing helps make Praeterita possible.
CLRC at the University of Minnesota
Authors: Hoyle Karen Nelson
Published: July 2012

The University of Minnesota in Minneapolis holds several collections related to children's and young adult literature, among them the well-known Kerlan Collection. These world-class collections, known as the Children's [and Young Adult] Literature Research Collections (CLRC), have emerged as one of the premier programmes in this field in the USA. Dr Nelson Hoyle provides an overview of the collections and their treasures, together with information about library activities
The Story of History: Being One of ”Them”
Authors: Ottesen Josefine
Published: July 2012

In this article based on her talk at the IBBY World Congress in Denmark, Josefine Ottesen writes about the power of story in her own life, in her writing of fantasy, and in helping children overcome struggles and take charge of their own lives instead of becoming the victims of others.
The Economics of Salvation in El esclavo del demonio
Authors: Rhodes Elizabeth
Published: July 2012

Mira de Amescua's 1605 play El esclavo del demonio represents
the passage of a male sinner, Gil, from extreme sin to sainthood,
creatively articulating Catholic doctrine regarding free will
via the metaphor of slavery. This study traces the text's alliance of
the good woman with the slave, the one who lacks her own will,
whereas the perfect man realizes his. Gil's companion in transgression
is the violative character Lisarda, who ultimately sells herself
into slavery and then dies of sorrow. In her progression to the perfect
slave, Lisarda pays not only for her original sin of disobedience,
but the multiple transgressions of Gil as well, and for those payments
she is rewarded not with sanctity, but with death. This unbalanced
formula for salvation reflects early seventeenth-century versions
of the vita of Mary Magdalen. El esclavo del demonio thus
constructs the good woman as inherently slavish and thereby highly
functional as the expiator of sin, particularly the sins of the men
she is understood to have drawn into transgression. (ER)
The Best Man in the Play: Female Agency in a Gender-Inclusive Comedia
Authors: Bayliss Robert
Published: July 2012

As an example of how a newly reformulated, gender-inclusive
Comedia canon demands that we reevaluate earlier assumptions
made about the male-authored canon, this study engages two examples
of the popular comic convention of the crossed-dressed
woman—Tirso de Molina's Don Gil de las calzas verdes and Ana
Caro's Valor, agravio y mujer —in dialogue with one another. This
comparative reading suggests problems in traditional Comedia
scholarship, in which the female protagonist of male-authored popular
comedy indicates a "pro-woman" authorial stance. Because this
critical tradition's influence is still notable today, we may continue
to profit from the opening-up of the canon by recognizing the voices
of women writers as fundamentally different, by reconsidering
the male canon as equally gender-inflected, and by revising earlier
critical assumptions that the dramaturgas have revealed to be
anachronistically progressive. (REB)
Food as a Source and Target of Metaphors: Inclusion and Exclusion of Foodstuffs and Persons through Metaphors
Authors: Korthals Michiel
Published: July 2012

Food is an engine and source of metaphorical meanings that permeates our life. Apples can incorporate references of sin or toxin or simple land life, and tomatoes, blood and love. Fast food symbolically represents for many items of the American Dream. Olives are seen as signs of peace. However, foodstuffs are not only the source, but also the target of metaphorical meanings, contrary to the central dogma of Lakoff and Johnson that there is only a one-way traffic from target to source. In daily life, we use an elaborate system of implicit metaphorical references in tasting food: a glass of Bordeaux wine tastes like berries, in oysters some taste a kiss and others snot. In this essay, four different types of life- and food-styles on the basis of the work of Mary Douglas are distinguished: hierarchy (traditional, authentic, natural food); enclave (elitist, high-culture food); competitive individualist (fast food); and eclectic individualist (i.e., slow food). It is argued that in particularly the second and fourth individualizing food-styles synesthetic metaphors play a larger role than in the others. This implies that Douglas’s contention that the metaphors are not based on material reference but on social categories alone cannot be upheld. Moreover, I show on the basis of qualitative research that there is intensive border crossing between the four types of lifestyles which is also contrary to Douglas’s theory; these four styles allow for ambivalence and ambiguities and are not strictly separated from one another. Finally, the metaphors used in framing foodstuffs and nonfood things like persons convey respect and discrimination as well. Because metaphors function in the distribution of respect and nonrespect, they have an inherent ethical component.
A Virtue Ethics Guide to Best Practices for Community-Based Participatory Research
Authors: Schaffer Marjorie A.
Published: July 2012

Background: Rule ethics, or principled thinking, is important in the analysis of risks and benefits of research and informed consent, but is not completely adequate for guiding ethical responses to communities as research participants and collaborators. Virtue ethics theory can be used to guide actions in relationships, which are foundational to the implementation of community-based participatory research (CBPR). Virtues are strengths of character that contribute to a life of flourishing or well-being for individuals and communities.
Objectives: This article provides an overview of virtue ethics theory, identifies common ethical problems in CBPR, and discusses how professional virtues can be used to guide ethical research practice.
Methods: The virtues of compassion, courage, honesty, humility, justice, and practical reasoning are defined and applied to ethical practice in the development, implementation, and dissemination of CBPR. Best practices for CBPR that consider the well-being of communities are identified.
Conclusions: The virtues of compassion and humility foster inclusiveness and integration of community perspectives in research collaboration. Courage requires researchers to step out of the research safety-net to listen to community member voices and wisdom and share power in research decisions. Honesty requires researchers to communicate realistic expectations for research outcomes, share all findings with the community, and consider community perspectives in research dissemination. Systematic involvement of the community in all steps of the research process represents the virtue of practical reasoning. From a justice perspective, CBPR aims to restore communities rather than take from them.
Lessons Learned from a Community-Based Participatory Research Project to Improve American Indian Cancer Surveillance
Authors: Matloub Jackie , Creswell Paul D. , Strickland Rick , Pierce Kimmine , Stephenson Laura , Waukau Jerry , Kaur Judith S. , Remington Patrick
Published: July 2012

Background: American Indian and Alaska Native cancer incidence data are limited by underreporting and misclassification. These populations also suffer from a history of research abuse.
Objectives: The project’s goal was to use community-based participatory research (CBPR) to assess the local burden of cancer in the American Indian communities in Wisconsin and assess the accuracy of Wisconsin American Indian cancer data.
Methods: Thirteen organizations partnered to conduct a retrospective review of American Indian clinics cancer cases. A match of the clinic identified cases with Wisconsin Cancer Reporting System records was then conducted.
Lessons Learned: Relationship building, mutual education, and local engagement in data interpretation were significant factors in this project achieving its objectives and laying a foundation for future research partnerships.
Conclusions: This project demonstrates the successful application of CBPR in a complex multisite project with multiple partners using collective resources to address cancer health disparities.
Constructing Identities at the Intersections: An Autoethnographic Exploration of Multiple Dimensions of Identity
Authors: Jones Susan R.
Published: July 2012

The purpose of this article is to present the results of an autoethnographic study designed to investigate the complexities of identity development among a diverse group of eight participants and to use results to explore potential relationships between self-authorship and intersecting identities. Data was collected via personal autoethnographic narratives and focus groups. Results highlighted that an intersectional analysis of identity and the self-authoring process exposed complexities not typically accounted for, such as navigating the tensions between privileged and oppressed identities, the prevalence of social class as both an identity dimension and contextual influence, and distinguishing between identity negotiation and perception management.
Telemedicine: What It Is, Where It Came From, and Where It Will Go
Authors: Roh Chul-Young
Published: July 2012

Health care delivery in the United States is experiencing a paradigm shift, from a provider-centered approach to a patient-centered management model that emphasizes patient satisfaction and choice to build and retain market share. The application and usage of telecommunication technology have provoked this paradigm shift in health care delivery. As a form of technology, telemedicine has tremendously impacted society and revolutionized health care delivery in the country. It has drastically expanded the body of health care information available and has changed health care delivery models. Rogers’s theory ( Diffusion of Innovations [2003]) is adopted to explore why and how telemedicine has been implemented, grown, and sustained in Tennessee. It is beneficial to investigate the infrastructure of several forms of telemedicine networks that have been identified and commonly accepted as successful in developing and using it to improve health care delivery. This essay analyzes how five active telemedicine programs in Tennessee retain the structural commonalities that emphasize the importance of making telemedicine convenient for health care professionals and also making it visible through the use of marketing and training. To develop, grow, and sustain a telemedicine initiative, this essay suggests developing state- and nationwide telemedicine networks, ensuring multiple funding sources, and establishing a telemedicine advisory commission.
Under the Volcanoes: The Influence of Guatemala on José Martí
Authors: Huish Robert L. , Lovell W. George
Published: July 2012

José Martí, venerado como la gran figura que inspiró la lucha por la independencia cubana, vivió en el exilio la mayor parte de su corta pero extraordinaria vida. Partió de la isla con diecisiete años, empleando las dos siguientes décadas en formular las ideas sobre la libertad de Cuba, lo mismo viajando que residiendo en varias ciudades y escribiendo sobre otros países que se habían liberado del yugo imperial. Mientras que México y los Estados Unidos han sido reconocidos en su importante papel en el desarrollo intelectual de Martí, poca atención se ha prestado a Guatemala, donde se dedicó a la enseñanza, integrándose en los círculos de la élite guatemalteca en 1877 y 1878. Este ensayo examina la experiencia de Martí en Guatemala, y discute cómo en estos años, en el contexto del liberalismo del general Justo Rufino Barrios, conoció un ejemplo concreto de la construcción de una nación. Martí no sólo le demostró admiración, sino que lo tomó como modelo.
Reflections on the Future of Cuba
Authors: Pérez Lisandro
Published: July 2012

Aquellos que han dedicado sus vidas a estudiar a Cuba saben que tratar de anticipar el futuro de la isla es tarea de tontos. Pero en vista de las especulaciones que surgieron en torno a la enfermedad de Fidel Castro, me atreví, con cierto temor, a reflexionar sobre ese futuro. Argumento que aunque cualquier cosa puede suceder, es probable que la continuidad se imponga, negando las expectativas tanto en Washington como en Miami, donde siempre ha prevalecido una visión de ruptura que no ha favorecido la elaboración de una política realista hacia la isla.
Pagan Wisdom and Christian Theology According to the Tübingen Theosophy
Authors: Beatrice Pier Franco
Published: July 2012

The so-called Tübingen Theosophy is a Byzantine epitome of an appendix to the now lost treatise On True Belief (written around 500 C.E.) It includes several oracles of pagan gods and testimonies of Sages and Sibyls on the Christian tenets of the Trinity and the Incarnation. The Theosophy is a direct heir of the apologetic literature of the fourth and fifth centuries, such works as the Divine Institutes by Lactantius, Pseudo-Justin's Cohortatio ad Graecos , the Preparation of the Gospel by Eusebius of Caesarea, Didymus' De Trinitate and Cyril's Contra Julianum . Its aim was most probably that of refuting and replacing the anti-Christian treatise of Porphyry entitled Philosophy from Oracles , by demonstrating that pagan wisdom was in substantial agreement with the Christian faith as proclaimed by the Holy Scripture. On the basis of various impressive resemblances, the tentative suggestion is advanced here that the hitherto unknown author of the Theosophy could be identified with a theologian such as Severus of Antioch who had a wide knowledge of both the Christian apologetic literature and the pagan religious philosophy of that time.
Reading Agnes: The Rhetoric of Gender in Ambrose and Prudentius
Authors: Burrus Virginia
Published: July 2012

Readings of two late fourth-century versions of the tale of the virgin martyr Agnes illumine the place of gender within a late ancient Christian discourse that locates itself in complex relation to both a Christian and a classical past. In Ambrose's account, the tale of Agnes, juxtaposed with that of Thecla, constitutes a reworking of the apocryphal tale of the conversion and witness of a sexually continent woman. In Prudentius' text, allusions to the virginal heroine of classical tragedy represent Agnes as a new Polyxena. Through such intertextual play, the ambiguously gendered virgin martyr emerges not only as a model for the disciplining of the would-be virago of female asceticism but also as a representation of the "body" of a discourse of orthodoxy that deploys the dual rhetorics of martyrdom and empire, inscribing itself as feminine in an ascetic subversion of the masculine discourse of clssical speech, whereby the transcendently male authority of this Christian discourse is paradoxically asserted.
The Problematization of Nocturnal Emissions in Early Christian Syria, Egypt, and Gaul
Authors: Brakke David
Published: July 2012

The question of whether men who have had a nocturnal emission should commune or not provided a rare occasion for early Christian authors to use the male—rather than female—body to reflect on the purity of the individual Christian and the identity of the church. Examination of evidence from Syria, Egypt, and Gaul, dating to the third through fifth centuries, reveals that, as the church grew, the anxieties that male leaders expressed about emissions became increasingly internalized, both in social and personal terms. Changing modes of self-definition produced increasingly meticulous modes of problematization in Christian analyses of wet dreams, but not necessarily more or less stringent teachings on the subject.
Justin's Logos and the Word of God
Authors: Edwards M. J.
Published: July 2012

Scholarship has generally attempted to show that the notion of the Logos in Justin's Apologies is largely indebted to Stoic or Platonic philosophy. If, however, we trace its roots in the Biblical tradition, we shall find that these may be adequate to explain it. Such an explanation avoids the difficulties inherent in its rivals and makes the thought of the Apologies continuous with that of Justin's contemporaries and his Dialogue with Trypho.
Christianizing the Nolan Countryside: Animal Sacrifice at the Tomb of St. Felix
Authors: Trout Dennis
Published: July 2012

Carmen 20 of Paulinus of Nola offers unusually vivid evidence for the synthesis of Christian cult and pre-Christian ritual practice at the tomb of Saint Felix. Paulinus consciously fashioned a Christian context for the continuation of certain sacrificial and votive practices that were firmly embedded in the cultural logic of the Italian countryside. In contrast to some contemporaries, Paulinus encouraged a compromise on the issue of animal sacrifice that not only enhanced the reputation and visibility of Felix's shrine, but facilitated the conversion of the rural population around Nola.
Being a Man: The Pursuit of Manliness in The Shepherd of Hermas
Authors: Young Steve
Published: July 2012

The transformation of Hermas into a man functions as a plot device in The Shepherd of Hermas . In Visions 1-4, the female revealer exemplifies the traits of manliness extolled. Her metamorphosis corresponds to Hermas's own transformation toward manliness. Hermas's deficiency in manliness reflects the tensions over his leadership role as patron- paterfamilias , prophet and pastor within his house-church community and the perception that members of the community are becoming involved in business affairs in a way that undermines group boundaries and cohesion. The perceived crisis in the community corresponds to a crisis within the character of Hermas, resolved by Hermas's adopting the role of shepherd/pastor, signifying his renewed resolve to pursue his ministry within the community. This plot analysis supports the literary unity of the text. The text provides insight into the dynamics within an early house church. The role that the invocation of gender categories plays within the rhetorical construction of the Shepherd is highlighted.
The Encroaching Desert: Literary Production and Ascetic Space in Early Christian Egypt
Authors: Goehring James E.
Published: July 2012

The desert hermit dominates the literary landscape of early Egyptian monasticism. A careful review of the sources, however, suggests that this dominance is to a large degree literary. While ascetics continued to ply their trade throughout Egypt, it was the withdrawal of some to the desert that supplied the metaphor required for the literary telling of the story. The success of the story, rather than the dominance of the practice, established the desert hermit as the literary icon of early Egyptian monasticism.
Desert Asceticism and "The Body from Nowhere"
Authors: Miller Patricia Cox
Published: July 2012

This essay is an exploration of an apparent conundrum in reports about the desert ascetics of the fourth and fifth centuries, in which emaciated and mutilated bodies were seen as angelic bodies. Drawing on a theory of the construction of visual perception as well as on theories drawn from performative ritual in contemporary arts, the essay argues that the ascetic view of the human body oscillated between two modes of visual perception, one that marked its defects and one that marked its "angelic" qualities. Further, ascetic practices are viewed as performative ritual acts that induce the perceptual construction of ascetic bodies as bodies of plenitude. Ascetics' performative uses of their bodies, in other words, changed the conditions within which they were perceived.