bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Psychiatric Diagnoses in Pediatric Chiari Malformation Type 1
Authors: Lacy Maureen , DeDios-Stern Samantha , Fredrickson Sarah , Parikh Shravan , Nader Todd , Frim David M.
Published: August 2018

This cross-sectional study investigates the prevalence and risks for psychiatric diagnoses in a large cohort of children with Chiari malformation type 1 (CM1) presenting for neurosurgical evaluation. Children between the ages of 6 and 17 years who were evaluated and diagnosed with CM1 at a neurosurgery clinic were identified. Eighty-six participants were recruited for this study with an average age of 11 years. Parents of participants completed a pediatric medical history questionnaire and a semistructured interview regarding the child’s psychiatric, developmental, medical, and family history. A review of medical records was completed to complement interview data. Elevated rates of psychiatric diagnoses, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (22.1%), anxiety (12.8%), and depression (10.5%), were identified in the study population when compared to published norms in the general population documented by the American Psychiatric Association in 2013. In addition, elevated rates of psychiatric diagnoses in first-degree relatives of study participants were also identified. A 2-step binary logistic regression analysis revealed that maternal complications during pregnancy (Wald = 6.52, p = 0.01) increased the risk of a psychiatric diagnosis 9-fold. Premature birth (Wald = 6.79, p = 0.01) also significantly predicted a psychiatric diagnosis amongst participants. The current findings suggest a high prevalence of psychiatric illness in children with CM1. Pregnancy complications were associated with a high risk of a psychiatric diagnosis. Early CNS developmental disturbance may explain this relationship. Prematurity only slightly improved the prediction model. Limitations and future directions are discussed, including the cross-sectional nature of the present study, possible self-selection bias, and the importance of future investigation of other causative and/or associative factors of CM1, such as cognitive, psychiatric, and medical influences on health status.
Primary Cutaneous Follicle Center Lymphoma of the Eyelid: A Case Report and Review of the Literature in Light of Recent Changes to the WHO Classification of Lymphoid Neoplasms
Authors: Werner Astrid C. , Laver Nora V. , Landmann Dan S.
Published: August 2018

Primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma (PCFCL) is a unique entity that represents up to 11% of all cutaneous lymphomas. PCFCL is associated with an indolent course and excellent 5-year survival rates, but can progress to secondary systemic involvement if left untreated. Histopathologic features of PCFCL can vary depending on the size, duration, and clinical stage of the lesion, making diagnosis somewhat challenging. Here, we present a case of a 50-year-old woman with an eyelid lesion that was initially classified as an inflamed cyst based on biopsy, but 1 year later, was determined to be PCFCL after repeat biopsy revealed different histology. In light of the recent changes to the WHO classification of lymphoid neoplasms, we review the unique clinical and histopathologic features of PCFCL that distinguish it from other more aggressive forms of cutaneous lymphoma in terms of course, prognosis, and management.
Long-Term Neurodevelopmental Outcome of Monochorionic Twins after Laser Therapy or Umbilical Cord Occlusion for Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome
Authors: Schou Katrine Vasehus , Lando Ane Vibeke , Ekelund Charlotte Kvist , Jensen Lisa Neerup , Jørgensen Connie , Nørgaard Lone Nikoline , Rode Line , Søgaard Kirsten , Tabor Ann , Sundberg Karin
Published: August 2018

Introduction: We sought to assess the incidence of severe neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) in monochorionic twins treated for twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) and compare it to the incidence in uncomplicated monochorionic twins. Material and Methods: We included TTTS pregnancies treated by fetoscopic selective laser coagulation (FSLC) or umbilical cord occlusion (UCO) in 2004–2015. Primary outcome was severe NDI defined as cerebral palsy, bilateral blindness or bilateral deafness (ICD-10 diagnoses), and severe cognitive and/or motor delay (assessed by the Ages and Stages Questionnaires [ASQ]). Results: A total of 124 children after TTTS and 98 controls were followed up at 25 months of age (SD 11.4). Severe NDI was found in 8.9% of the TTTS children (10.5% [9/86] after FSLC; 5.3% [2/38] after UCO) compared to 3.1% in the control group (p = 0.10). The odds ratio for severe NDI was 1.8 in cases versus controls (p = 0.37). The total ASQ score was significantly lower in the TTTS group than in controls (p = 0.03) after FSLC (p = 0.03) and after UCO (p = 0.14). Discussion: Children after TTTS appear to have a higher risk of severe NDI and score significantly lower on the ASQ compared to monochorionic twins from uncomplicated pregnancies.
The Utility of Virtual Bronchoscopy Using a Computed Tomography Workstation for Conducting Conventional Bronchoscopy: A Retrospective Analysis of Clinical Practice
Authors: Miyoshi Shion , Isobe Kazutoshi , Shimizu Hiroshige , Sunakawa Motoko , Suzuki Aika , Sugino Keishi , Shiraga Nobuyuki , Sakamoto Susumu , Takai Yujiro , Iyoda Akira , Homma Sakae
Published: August 2018

Background: Recent clinical trials demonstrated the benefits of several guided-bronchoscopy technologies for the diagnosis of peripheral pulmonary lesions (PPLs). However, introduction of these technologies is expensive. Therefore, in clinical practice, these are unavailable in many hospitals. In contrast, virtual bronchoscopy (VB) using the computed tomography (CT) workstation can be made available immediately without additional cost as many hospitals already have the CT scan facility. However, the effectiveness of VB alone remains to be shown. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of VB using the CT workstation in hospitals performing conventional bronchoscopy. Methods: Results from consecutive patients who underwent bronchoscopy for small PPLs (major diameter ≤30 mm) were retrospectively reviewed. Sixty-nine patients who underwent bronchoscopy without VB from April 2014 to March 2015 and 56 patients who underwent bronchoscopy with VB from April 2015 to December 2015 were assigned to non-VB and VB groups, respectively. We compared the two groups and analyzed the factors affecting the diagnostic yield. Results: The VB group had a significantly higher diagnostic yield than the non-VB group (57.1 vs. 33.3%; p = 0.008). In the multivariate analysis, VB was identified as a significant factor affecting the diagnostic yield (odds ratio: 3.30, p = 0.011). Conclusions: In the conventional bronchoscopy settings, VB using the CT workstation is efficient for the diagnosis of PPLs when other guided-bronchoscopy techniques are unavailable.
A Comparison of Vagal Nerve Stimulation and Responsive Neurostimulation for the Treatment of Medically Refractory Complex Partial Epilepsy
Authors: Ellens Nathaniel R. , Elisevich Kost , Burdette David E. , Patra Sanjay E.
Published: August 2018

Background: Neuromodulatory applications such as vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) and responsive neurostimulation (RNS) are safe and effective strategies for medically intractable epilepsy secondary to complex partial seizures, but researchers have yet to compare their efficacies. Objective: The goal of this study is to compare VNS and RNS efficacy at reducing seizure frequency and complication rates in subjects with medically intractable epilepsy secondary to complex partial seizures. Methods: This is a retrospective chart review of 30 patients with medically intractable complex partial epilepsy, who underwent either VNS or RNS placement at a single institution between June 2012 and January 2016. There was a mean follow-up of 19 months. Seizure frequency reduction and complications were identified. Results: The median seizure frequency reduction was similar for VNS (66%) and RNS (58%). There was no major morbidity or mortality, and the frequency of minor complications was similar between VNS (15%) and RNS (18%). Conclusion: We found that VNS and RNS reduced the median seizure frequency similarly with no difference in morbidity or mortality. Further prospective studies are warranted as VNS and RNS therapy improves over time.
Aerodynamic, Electroglottographic, and Acoustic Outcomes after Tube Phonation in Water in Elderly Subjects
Authors: Guzman Marco , Saldivar Patricio , Pérez Rodrigo , Muñoz Daniel
Published: August 2018

Objective: The present study aimed at observing the influence of tube phonation into water on objective voice characteristics in elderly subjects. Methods: Thirty elderly subjects with presbyphonia were randomly assigned to one of two voice exercise groups: (1) voice exercises with water resistance therapy at 4 and 8 cm of water depth (experimental group), and (2) voice exercises with vowel [a:]. Aerodynamic, electroglottographic, and acoustic voice assessments were conducted before and after exercises. Results: The experimental group showed a significant increase in contact quotient, subglottic pressure (Psub), glottal resistance, and sound pressure level (SPL) when comparing the pre-post 8 cm and the post 4 cm-post 8 cm conditions. No significant differences were found for the control group. Moreover, significant differences for all variables (except for glottal airflow) when comparing condition post (for the control group) and condition post 8 cm (for the experimental group) were found. Conclusion: Tube phonation into water might improve vocal function in the geriatric population. This semioccluded vocal tract exercise seems to promote an increase in Psub and vocal fold adduction immediately after exercise. This in turn might cause an increase in SPL. The effect should become manifest when a deep level of submersion (e.g., 8 cm water) is used. Shallower submersion produced negligible or no effects.
Evaluation of Transperineal Magnetic Resonance Imaging/Ultrasound-Fusion Biopsy Compared to Transrectal Systematic Biopsy in the Prediction of Tumour Aggressiveness in Patients with Previously Negative Biopsy
Authors: Borkowetz Angelika , Renner Theresa , Platzek Ivan , Toma Marieta , Herout Roman , Baunacke Martin , Groeben Christer , Huber Johannes , Laniado Michael , Baretton Gustavo , Froehner Michael , Zastrow Stefan , Wirth Manfred P.
Published: August 2018

Objectives: We compared the transperineal MRI/ultrasound-fusion biopsy (fusPbx) to transrectal systematic biopsy (sysPbx) in patients with previously negative biopsy and investigated the prediction of tumour aggressiveness with regard to radical prostatectomy (RP) specimen. Material and Methods: A total of 710 patients underwent multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI), which was evaluated in accordance with Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS). The maximum PI-RADS (maxPI-RADS) was defined as the highest PI-RADS of all lesions detected in mpMRI. In case of proven prostate cancer (PCa) and performed RP, tumour grading of the biopsy specimen was compared to that of the RP. Significant PCa (csPCa) was defined according to Epstein criteria. Results: Overall, scPCa was detected in 40% of patients. The detection rate of scPCa was 33% for fusPbx and 25% for sysPbx alone (p < 0.005). Patients with a maxPI-RADS ≥3 and a prostate specific antigen (PSA)-density ≥0.2 ng/mL2 harboured more csPCa than those with a PSA-density < 0.2 ng/mL2 (41% [33/81] vs. 20% [48/248]; p < 0.001). Compared to the RP specimen (n = 140), the concordance of tumour grading was 48% (γ = 0.57), 36% (γ = 0.31) and 54% (γ = 0.6) in fusPbx, sysPbx and comPbx, respectively. Conclusions: The combination of fusPbx and sysPbx outperforms both biopsy modalities in patients with re-biopsy. Additionally, the PSA-density may represent a predictor for csPCa in patients with maxPI-RADS ≥3.
Controlling Complexity of Cerebral Cortex Simulations—I: CxSystem, a Flexible Cortical Simulation Framework
Authors: Andalibi Vafa , Hokkanen Henri , Vanni Simo
Published: August 2018

Simulation of the cerebral cortex requires a combination of extensive domain-specific knowledge and efficient software. However, when the complexity of the biological system is combined with that of the software, the likelihood of coding errors increases, which slows model adjustments. Moreover, few life scientists are familiar with software engineering and would benefit from simplicity in form of a high-level abstraction of the biological model.

Our primary aim was to build a scalable cortical simulation framework for personal computers. We isolated an adjustable part of the domain-specific knowledge from the software. Next, we designed a framework that reads the model parameters from comma-separated value files and creates the necessary code for Brian2 model simulation. This separation allows rapid exploration of complex cortical circuits while decreasing the likelihood of coding errors and automatically using efficient hardware devices.

Next, we tested the system on a simplified version of the neocortical microcircuit proposed by Markram and colleagues ( 2015 ). Our results indicate that the framework can efficiently perform simulations using Python, C[Formula: see text], and GPU devices. The most efficient device varied with computer hardware and the duration and scale of the simulated system. The speed of Brian2 was retained despite an overlying layer of software. However, the Python and C[Formula: see text] devices inherited the single core limitation of Brian2.

The CxSystem framework supports exploration of complex models on personal computers and thus has the potential to facilitate research on cortical networks and systems.
Coastal States and MPAs in ABNJ: Ensuring Consistency with the LOSC
Authors: Oude Elferink Alex G.
Published: August 2018

To address the question how a future instrument for areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) might give consideration to the rights and obligations of coastal States and other States in establishing marine protected areas (MPAs) in ABNJ, the current article discusses the options that have been tabled in this respect in the preparatory meetings for the intergovernmental conference that will be negotiating that instrument. In considering the current legal framework, the focus is on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC), as the new instrument is to be elaborated under the LOSC and is required to be fully consistent with it. The article analyses the relevant practice of four specific regions that have established MPAs in ABNJ. The article concludes that due regard is fundamental in addressing interactions between coastal States and other States and considers some options to provide it with specific content.
Mathematics, Mental Imagery, and Ontology: A New Interpretation of the Divided Line
Authors: Byrd Miriam
Published: August 2018

This paper presents a new interpretation of the objects of dianoia in Plato’s divided line, contending that they are mental images of the Forms hypothesized by the dianoetic reasoner. The paper is divided into two parts. A survey of the contemporary debate over the identity of the objects of dianoia yields three criteria a successful interpretation should meet. Then, it is argued that the mental images interpretation, in addition to proving consistent with key passages in the middle books of the Republic, better meets those criteria than do any of the three main positions.
The Lost Yiddish Translation of Sefer Shivhei ha-Besht (Ostróg 1815)
Authors: Meir Jonatan
Published: August 2018

Sefer Shivhei ha-Besht is considered the central collection of hagiographic tales regarding Israel Baʿal Shem Tov (c. 1700–1760). It was first printed in Hebrew in Kopys in the latter part of 1814, and includes hundreds of stories that circulated orally and were heard by the author. The work was soon translated into Yiddish with significant changes, and three such translations have survived, each one very different to the others. The first translation, published in Ostróg in 1815, was believed lost. This article offers a brief description of the recently discovered edition, discussing its uniqueness in the context of the work’s printing history and on the background of Jewish publishing in Eastern Europe.
Manuscript to Print and Print to Print: On the Transmission History of Jacob ben Asher’s Tur Orah Hayyim
Authors: Vidro Nadia
Published: August 2018

This article is a case study in the transition of texts from manuscript to print. It looks at all surviving manuscripts and 15th–16th-centuries printed editions of Jacob ben Asher’s ʾArbaʿah Turim, Tur Orah Hayyim. Based on a close textual investigation of Tur Orah Hayyim, chapter 428, it identifies and dates manuscript clusters, and establishes how different imprints are linked with the manuscript tradition and with each other. The article suggests that the Soncino 1490 imprint by Solomon Soncino exerted a crucial influence on the printed text of Tur Orah Hayyim. Whereas before imprints were independent and closely associated with individual manuscripts, Soncino 1490 became the archetype for all but one subsequent 15th–16th-centuries imprints, and direct dependence on manuscripts subsided.
Classical and Political Humanitarianisms in an Era of Military Interventionism and the War on Terror
Authors: Bywater Matthew
Published: August 2018

This paper scrutinises the modus operandi of classical and political humanitarianism: the use of ambiguity and prescription to frame calls for international action to protect civilians, and public commentary on jus in bello and jus ad bellum. It does so by innovatively considering the perspectives of belligerents alongside those of humanitarian actors, so as to identify how belligerents have responded to the two humanitarian modus operandi, and to ascertain the connection of humanitarian actors to the wars and international military interventions that they have implicitly or explicitly called for or endorsed. The paper finds that the response of belligerents differs from what both classical and political humanitarians expect. Even where humanitarians maintain ambiguity, the intention to will military action remains present and even the documentation and reporting of violence will bolster military intervention. Such consequences will be perceptible to belligerents, who may restrict humanitarian space. When humanitarians advance jus ad bellum perspectives, the humanitarian identity envisioned by classicists is not necessarily compromised. But belligerents are positively influenced by such perspectives only when those perspectives coincide with their own position.
Taxonomic revision of the neotropical genus Homalolepis Turcz. (Simaroubaceae)
Authors: DEVECCHI MARCELO FERNANDO , THOMAS WILLIAM WAYT , PIRANI JOSÉ RUBENS
Published: August 2018

Homalolepis Turcz. is a neotropical, monophyletic genus, recently reestablished as a segregate from Simaba Aubl., based on molecular and morphological grounds. As here defined, Homalolepis comprises 28 species, mainly distributed in tropical South America, with one species extending to Central America. Most species occur within the Cerrado and Atlantic forest domains in Brazil and only a few species occur in the Caatinga and Amazonian domains or in other countries. Most of the species are narrow endemics, and two (H. suaveolens and H. maiana) are presumably extinct. The present revision treatment is primarily based on the examination of about 1300 specimens from 58 herbaria. Natural populations of 20 species were also studied. Extensive field work improved the representativeness of collections of several species which were poorly known until now, and it was critical for achieving accurate species circumscriptions, especially for some species complexes present in the genus. Twenty-three species were transferred from Simaba to Homalolepis, seven names lectotypified, an epitype designated, seven new species described, and one reestablished. The infrageneric classification is reevaluated, with an updated morphological circumscription of two traditional sections. This revision provides the taxonomic data on nomenclatural types, including synonymies, morphological descriptions, etymology of species names, common names and uses, illustrations and photos, and brief discussions on phenology, taxonomy and nomenclature. Distribution maps are provided for each species, along with biogeographical and ecological comments.
Revision of the genus Acylophorus Nordmann, 1837 from Madagascar and Mascarene Islands (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae: Acylophorina)
Authors: JANÁK JIŘÍ
Published: August 2018

The species of the genus Acylophorus Nordmann, 1837 from Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands are revised. Four already known species are redescribed and four species are described as new: A. derougemonti sp. nov., A. hova sp. nov., and A. madecassus sp. nov. from Madagascar and A. mauritianus sp. nov. from Mauritius (Mascarene Islands). Characters of all these species are described and illustrated. A key for identification is presented. The hitherto known distribution of Acylophorus in Madagascar and Mascarene Islands is discussed and mapped.
Description of Euroleuctra gen. nov., a new fossil genus of Leuctridae (Insecta: Plecoptera) in Eocene Baltic amber
Authors: CHEN ZHI-TENG
Published: August 2018

A new stonefly genus and species of the family Leuctridae, Euroleuctra gillesi gen. et sp. nov., is described and illustrated based on a well-preserved male specimen in the Eocene Baltic amber from Poland. The new genus is a new member of Leuctridae, exhibiting typical leuctrid diagnostic characters of the terminalia and wing venation. The new genus is also compared with related extant and extinct taxa.
On Rhinella gildae Vaz-Silva, Maciel, Bastos & Pombal 2015 (Anura: Bufonidae): Phylogenetic relationship, morphological variation, advertisement and release calls and geographic distribution
Authors: ÁVILA ROBSON WALDEMAR , PANSONATO ANDRÉ , PEREZ RENATA , CARVALHO VINICIUS TADEU DE , ROBERTO IGOR JOVENTINO , MORAIS DRAUSIO HONORIO , DE ALMEIDA ALEXANDRE PINHEIRO , ROJAS ROMMEL , GORDO MARCELO , FARIAS IZENI PIRES
Published: August 2018

Anurans in the Rhinella margaritifera group have a long history of taxonomic confusion, mainly by morphological similarity between species and lack of acoustic and genetic data for many of the 19 described species. Herein, we presented data for Rhinella gildae based on recently collected specimens from its type locality. We provide patterns of morphological variation, measurements, advertisement and release calls and infer the phylogenetic position of R. gildae. The species geographical distribution was updated, occurring in two Amazonian localities in Maranhão state, and Cerrado areas in Maranhão and Tocantins states and also in a rainforest enclave inside Caatinga domain in Ceará state.
Cicero, Philippic 2, 44–50, 78–92, 100–119
Authors: Gildenhard Ingo
Published: August 2018

Cicero composed his incendiary Philippics only a few months after Rome was rocked by the brutal assassination of Julius Caesar. In the tumultuous aftermath of Caesar’s death, Cicero and Mark Antony found themselves on opposing sides of an increasingly bitter and dangerous battle for control. Philippic 2 was a weapon in that war.

Conceived as Cicero’s response to a verbal attack from Antony in the Senate, Philippic 2 is a rhetorical firework that ranges from abusive references to Antony’s supposedly sordid sex life to a sustained critique of what Cicero saw as Antony’s tyrannical ambitions. Vituperatively brilliant and politically committed, it is both a carefully crafted literary artefact and an explosive example of crisis rhetoric. It ultimately led to Cicero’s own gruesome death.

This course book offers a portion of the original Latin text, vocabulary aids, study questions, and an extensive commentary. Designed to stretch and stimulate readers, Ingo Gildenhard’s volume will be of particular interest to students of Latin studying for A-Level or on undergraduate courses. It extends beyond detailed linguistic analysis to encourage critical engagement with Cicero, his oratory, the politics of late-republican Rome, and the transhistorical import of Cicero’s politics of verbal (and physical) violence.
A Climatology of Extreme South American Andean Cold Surges
Authors: Prince Kevin C. , Evans Clark
Published: August 2018

Cold surges represent one of several phenomena by which midlatitude features can modulate the atmosphere, both dynamically and thermodynamically, deep into the tropics. This study involves the construction of a climatology of the strongest South American cold surges that follow along the Andes Mountains to quantify the extent to which these surges modulate the atmosphere from the midlatitudes to the tropics. Cold surges occurring during June–September (austral winter) from 1980 to 2017 are considered. In this study, cold-surge events are identified using standardized anomalies of 925-hPa meridional wind and 925-hPa temperature. As compared with previous cold-surge investigations, the use of standardized anomalies better enables spatial variation in cold-surge intensity and impacts to be quantified. A strong cold surge is defined as one in which the 925-hPa temperature is at least 3 standardized anomalies below 0 and the 925-hPa meridional wind is at least 3 standardized anomalies above 0 on the meso-α scale or larger. Using these criteria, 67 events are identified. The composite cold surge is characterized by highly anomalous cold, southerly flow that originates in northern Argentina and progresses northward, significantly modulating lower-tropospheric kinematic and thermodynamic fields across the entire Amazon basin over a period of 2 to as many as 8 days.
Modulation of Mean Wind and Turbulence in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer by Baroclinicity
Authors: Momen Mostafa , Bou-Zeid Elie , Parlange Marc B. , Giometto Marco
Published: August 2018

This paper investigates the effects of baroclinic pressure gradients on mean flow and turbulence in the diabatic atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). Large-eddy simulations are conducted where the direction of the baroclinicity, its strength, and the surface buoyancy flux are systematically varied to examine their interacting effects. The thermal wind vector, which represents the vertical change in the geostrophic wind vector resulting from horizontal temperature gradients, significantly influences the velocity profiles, the Ekman turning, and the strength and location of the low-level jet (LLJ). For instance, cold advection and positive (negative) geostrophic shear increased (decreased) friction velocity and changed the LLJ elevation. Given the baroclinicity strength and direction under neutral conditions, a simple reduced model is proposed and validated here to predict the general trends of baroclinic mean winds. The baroclinic effects on turbulence intensity and structure are even more intricate, with turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) profiles displaying an increase of TKE magnitude with height for some cases. When a fixed destabilizing surface heat flux is added, a positive geostrophic shear favors streamwise aligned roll-type structures, which are typical of neutral ABLs. Conversely, a negative geostrophic shear promotes cell-type structures, which are typical of strongly unstable ABLs. Furthermore, baroclinicity increases shear in the outer ABL and tends to make the outer flow more neutral by decreasing the Richardson flux number. These findings are consequential for meteorological measurements and the wind-energy industry, among others: baroclinicity alters the mean wind profiles, the TKE, coherent structures, and the stability of the ABL, and its effects need to be considered.
Wind Speed Measured from Underwater Gliders Using Passive Acoustics
Authors: Cauchy Pierre , Heywood Karen J. , Merchant Nathan D. , Queste Bastien Y. , Testor Pierre
Published: August 2018

Wind speed measurements are needed to understand ocean–atmosphere coupling processes and their effects on climate. Satellite observations provide sufficient spatial and temporal coverage but are lacking adequate calibration, while ship- and mooring-based observations are spatially limited and have technical shortcomings. However, wind-generated underwater noise can be used to measure wind speed, a method known as Weather Observations Through Ambient Noise (WOTAN). Here, we adapt the WOTAN technique for application to ocean gliders, enabling calibrated wind speed measurements to be combined with contemporaneous oceanographic profiles over extended spatial and temporal scales. We demonstrate the methodology in three glider surveys in the Mediterranean Sea during winter 2012/13. Wind speeds ranged from 2 to 21.5 m s−1, and the relationship to underwater ambient noise measured from the glider was quantified. A two-regime linear model is proposed, which validates a previous linear model for light winds (below 12 m s−1) and identifies a regime change in the noise generation mechanism at higher wind speeds. This proposed model improves on previous work by extending the validated model range to strong winds of up to 21.5 m s−1. The acquisition, data processing, and calibration steps are described. Future applications for glider-based wind speed observations and the development of a global wind speed estimation model are discussed.
Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Older Children With and Without Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Kelly Maryellen S. , Routh Jonathan C. , Davis Leah G. , Purves J. Todd , Wiener John S. , Maciejewski Matthew L.
Published: August 2018

Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are an underrecognized complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) in adults and have undergone limited investigation in children. We estimated the prevalence of LUTS in 120 older children (11-17 years) with and without DM and identified patient factors associated with LUTS in logistic regression. Older children (11-17 years) completed a validated LUTS measure and questions about age, ethnicity, gender, body mass index, and degree of bother secondary to LUTS. The unadjusted prevalence of LUTS was 20.87% in the overall cohort, and LUTS was twice as prevalent in children with DM (33.3% vs 16.7%) than children without DM. In logistic regression, Hispanic/Latino ethnicity was positively associated with LUTS (odds ratio = 8.45, P = .011). LUTS may be a prevalent but underrecognized condition, which is more prevalent in Hispanic/Latino and diabetic children.
Deficit or Credit? A Comparative, Qualitative Study of Gender Agency and Female Gang Membership in Los Angeles and Glasgow
Authors: Deuchar Ross , Harding Simon , McLean Robert , Densley James A.
Published: August 2018

To date, there has been a paucity of comparative, qualitative research exploring the nuances of women’s gang involvement beyond the United States. In this article, we seek to address this gap by drawing upon qualitative interviews with small samples of self-nominated female gang members in Los Angeles, California (United States) and Glasgow, Scotland (United Kingdom). The emerging insights indicated that two key models of entry into the “social field” of the gang emerged in the data: a deficit model entry linked to drugs and debt and a credit model of entry where women were considered to bring social skill, expertise, and agency into the gang. Implications in terms of testable hypotheses for future research as well as for future practice are outlined.
Angle of Camera View Influences Resumption Lag in a Visual-Motor Task
Authors: Lodinger Natalie R. , DeLucia Patricia R.
Published: August 2018

Objective:

To determine whether top-view and side-view camera angles, which putatively impose different cognitive demands, differentially affect the resumption lag in a visual-motor task relevant to laparoscopic surgery.

Background:

Prior research showed that the time to resume a primary task after performing an interrupting task (resumption lag) increases with increases in the subjective workload of the primary task. Camera views used in laparoscopic surgery provide different views of the anatomy and have different cognitive costs and associated levels of workload.

Method:

Participants completed a peg transfer task while interrupted with a mental rotation task of different durations and angles of stimulus rotation.

Results:

Participants required significantly more time to resume the peg transfer task when using a side view than a top view and when interrupted for a longer duration. Participants’ ratings of subjective workload were consistent with these patterns of performance data; the side view resulted in longer resumption lags and was rated as greater in mental demand. Additionally, the time needed to resume the peg transfer task decreased across trials for both views.

Conclusion:

More time is required to resume an interrupted visual-motor task when it is more cognitively demanding than when it is less cognitively demanding possibly due to needing more time to learn the visual-motor mapping of the task higher in cognitive demand.

Application:

Training for laparoscopic surgery should include interruptions to allow surgeons to practice resuming a surgery-related task after an interruption and consequently shorten the time needed to resume the surgery-related task.
Evaluating the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Framework as a Participation Model for Cancer Survivors in Turkey
Authors: Kaya Cahit , Chan Fong , Tansey Timothy , Bezyak Jill , Aksoy Sercan , Altundag Kadri
Published: August 2018

Improvements in diagnosis and treatment options for cancer now allow cancer survivors to live longer, and as a result, services are necessary to help individuals live an active and meaningful life in the community. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) framework as a participation model for cancer survivors in Turkey. Results from simultaneous regression analyses indicated educational attainment, fatigue, perceived stress, role functioning, social functioning, core self-evaluations, independent self-construal, social support, and autonomy support were significantly associated with participation. Specific interventions including health education, psychological workshops, support groups, and assistive technology may improve cancer survivors’ motivation and desire to actively engage in community activities. Higher levels of participation were also found when cancer survivors were involved in the treatment decision-making process, and felt cared for and understood by their treatment providers.
Postdisaster Social Capital, Adaptive Resilience and Business Performance of Tourism Organizations in Christchurch, New Zealand
Authors: Chowdhury Mesbahuddin , Prayag Girish , Orchiston Caroline , Spector Samuel
Published: August 2018

The resilience of tourism organizations is an important issue for destinations. While studies examine the social capital of firms, researchers have yet to understand the relationship between social capital (structural, relational and cognitive) and organizational resilience as predictors of business performance. This study evaluates these relationships at the interfirm level among tourism organizations in the postdisaster context of Christchurch, New Zealand, where business performance for some tourism operations was severely impacted. Surveys of tourism organizations reveal that structural capital has a positive relationship with both cognitive and relational capital. Only relational capital has an influence on adaptive resilience. Adaptive resilience has a significant influence on business performance. By showing which elements of social capital contribute to adaptive resilience, these findings can be used by tourism organizations in their recovery phase to direct investments in building resilience and strengthening interfirm relationships.
School Engagement and the Role of Peer Victimization, Depressive Symptoms, and Rumination
Authors: Dorio Nicole B. , Secord Fredrick Stephanie , Demaray Michelle K.
Published: August 2018

The purpose of the current study was to explore the association between peer victimization and school engagement and the indirect effects of rumination and depressive symptoms in this association. Data on middle school students’ victimization experiences, school engagement, rumination, and depressive symptoms were collected from 887 sixth- through eighth-grade students utilizing self-report measures. Results indicated for both boys and girls a significant negative association between peer victimization and school engagement. Furthermore, a significant indirect effect of rumination and depression symptoms was evident for both boys and girls, but these effects were more robust for girls. Furthermore, the direct relation between depressive symptoms and school engagement was stronger for girls. Implications of these findings are discussed.
A First Investigation of Truck Drivers’ Preferences and Behaviors using a Prototype Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control System
Authors: Yang Shiyan , Shladover Steven E. , Lu Xiao-Yun , Ramezani Hani , Kailas Aravind , Altan Osman D.
Published: August 2018

Cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) is a driver-assist technology that uses vehicle-to-vehicle wireless communication to realize faster braking responses in following vehicles and shorter headways compared with adaptive cruise control. This technology not only enhances road safety, but also offers fuel savings benefits as a result of reduced aerodynamic drag. The amount of fuel savings is dictated by the following distances and the driving speeds. So, the overarching goal of this work is to explore driving preferences and behaviors when following in “CACC mode,” an area that remains largely unexplored. While in CACC mode, the brake and throttle actions are automated. A human factors study was conducted to investigate truck drivers’ experiences and performance using CACC at shorter-than-normal vehicle following time gaps. “On-the-road” experiments were conducted by recruiting drivers from commercial fleets to operate the second and third trucks in a three-truck CACC string. The driving route spanned 160 miles on freeways in Northern California and five different time gaps between 0.6 and 1.8 seconds were tested. Factors such as cut-ins by other vehicles, road grades, and traffic conditions were found to influence the drivers’ opinions about use of CACC. The findings presented in this paper provide insights into the factors that will influence driver reactions to the deployment of CACC in their truck fleets.
The Potential of Demand-Responsive Transport as a Complement to Public Transport: An Assessment Framework and an Empirical Evaluation
Authors: Alonso-González María J. , Liu Theo , Cats Oded , Van Oort Niels , Hoogendoorn Serge
Published: August 2018

Demand-responsive transport (DRT) services (collective on-demand services, such as shared ridesourcing and microtransit) offer a collective flexible travel alternative that can potentially complement fixed transit (FT). The combination of an on-demand and line-based service holds the promise of improved mobility and increased service coverage. However, to date, it remains unknown whether DRT services deliver these much anticipated improvements. This study presents an assessment framework to evaluate the performance of DRT and related changes in accessibility, and performs an empirical analysis for a recently introduced DRT service in the Netherlands. The framework includes a performance benchmark between DRT and FT based on the computation of generalized journey times of the DRT rides and the FT alternatives, and can help identify whether DRT is used as a complement or a substitute for FT. The framework covers the spatial and temporal dimensions, and the explicit consideration of rejected trips is an integral part of the evaluation. Results suggest large accessibility improvements for DRT users, especially for some underserved origin–destination pairs.
Real-Time Magnetic Length-Based Vehicle Classification: Case Study for Inductive Loops and Wireless Magnetometer Sensors in Oklahoma State
Authors: Balid Walid , Refai Hazem H.
Published: August 2018

Providing reliable, real-time vehicle volume and classification information is vital for 21st century intelligent transportation systems (ITS). Large vehicles have a major impact on traffic flow, as well as road maintenance. Information about passenger car versus truck volume is crucial for all transportation agencies. The work presented here provides a comprehensive method to develop length-based vehicle classification (LBVC) techniques that could be implemented using inductive loops (IDL) or magnetometer sensors (MAG). Distinctive LBVC schemes were developed to bin vehicles into groups based on structural similarity and statistical characteristics. Data collection, including vehicle magnetic length (VML) estimates using IDL and MAG, was performed at different sites located on Oklahoma highways and rural roadways to capture various traffic characteristics. Video images were utilized as ground-truth for accurate data labeling. Extensive data analyses, including machine learning methods and probabilistic modeling, were conducted to define decision boundaries for developed LBVC schemes. Three scenarios were developed for determining optimal thresholding methods: total classification accuracy maximization, per-group classification error minimization, and equal classification error optimization. Evaluation revealed consistent and accurate performance for all developed schemes. Classification accuracies of 97.70% and 99.00% were reported using MAG and IDL, respectively. The developed classification models are computationally efficient and can provide real-time LBVC data. The models are intended to supplement or replace axle-based data collection methods used throughout Oklahoma. The methodology developed in this work will also benefit other states and territories interested in developing LBVC schemes.
Reconsidering the Victory Bike in World War II: Federal Transportation Policy, History, and Bicycle Commuting in America
Authors: Longhurst James
Published: August 2018

The largest federal intervention in bicycle transportation policy in the 20th century damaged the popularity and prospects of adult cycling in the United States. But in contemporaneous publications and in historical accounts, the World War II “Victory Bike” program has been described positively and fondly, even by bicycle advocates. Using the methodology of the discipline of history, this paper contrasts published literature on the Victory Bike against the unpublished, archival records of the federal government’s Revised Ration Order 7 of July, 1942. A first-ever close analysis of month-by-month rationing demonstrates the deeply restrictive nature of that program, which contradicts both early promises and later accounts. By the end of the war, civilian bicycle production and sales had halted completely, the industry had been decimated, and adult cycling was increasingly associated with wartime sacrifice and deprivation. Recovering this 20th century policy history is a necessary part of understanding American bicycle culture in the 21st, partially explaining the comparative lack of adult bicycle commuting today.
Child Appraisals of Interparental Conflict: The Effects of Intimate Partner Violence and Parent–Child Relationship Quality
Authors: Figge Caleb J. , Martinez-Torteya Cecilia , Bogat G. Anne , Levendosky Alytia A.
Published: August 2018

Children’s appraisals of interparental violence, including appraisals of high threat and low coping efficacy, are robust predictors of behavioral and emotional problems. However, few studies have examined the factors that account for children’s use of these maladaptive appraisals, particularly among children exposed to more severe forms of interparental conflict. The current study examines parent–child relationship quality as a mediator of the effect of intimate partner violence (IPV) exposure on children’s appraisals of conflict. Participants were 118 mother–child dyads (54 girls and 64 boys), recruited from three Midwestern counties. Consistent with previous reports, child exposure to IPV, as reported by children’s mothers, predicted higher threat and lower coping efficacy appraisals. In addition, mediation analyses showed child reports of parent–child relationship quality mediated the association between IPV and coping efficacy, but not the effects of IPV on threat appraisals. The role of parent–child relationships in shaping cognitive appraisals in the context of IPV exposure can have implications for prevention and intervention efforts as well as public policy.
Toward a Reassessment of the Role of Rank-and-File Stakeholders in Nonprofit Organizations
Authors: Valeau Patrick , Eynaud Philippe , Chatelain-Ponroy Stephanie , Sponem Samuel
Published: August 2018

This study examines the relationships between the influence of different stakeholders and mission-based strategic planning, community development, and economic effectiveness. Our purpose is to highlight the unique and incremental contribution of rank-and-file stakeholders, that is, stakeholders without any specific grade or status, such as nonboard volunteers or beneficiaries. We analyze reported data from 227 nonprofit organizations (NPOs) using structural equation modeling and bootstrap mediation analysis. Our results show that when rank-and-file stakeholders manage to remain influential, strategic planning tends to be more directly rooted in the mission, which contributes to both perceived community and economic effectiveness. These results are discussed with regard to the utility, legitimacy, and urgency of more direct forms of democratic governance giving rank-and-file stakeholders the power to contribute to mission-based strategic planning.
Regulating labour dispatch in China: A cat-and-mouse game
Authors: Xiaojun Feng
Published: August 2018

This article suggests cautious optimism toward the prevailing Polanyian countermovement discourse by providing a timely and comprehensive examination of the enforcement of the labour dispatch regulation in China. Since the enactment of the regulation, some enterprises have narrowed the remuneration gap between agency workers and formal employees, while others have retained a large gap in overtime pay, bonuses, and welfare benefits between these two groups of workers. The regulation has reduced the number of agency workers, but has invoked the abuse of the more precarious ‘outsourced’ workers as well. The regulation has had little effect on limiting the use of agency labour to temporary, auxiliary, or substitute positions, raising the requirements of engaging in the labour dispatch business, or stabilizing the employment of agency workers. This article contributes to the extant literature on regulatory enforcement by examining the effects of non-standard employment regulation, highlighting the variance of labour law compliance among enterprises with different types of ownership, and demonstrating how China’s ongoing transformation from a planned to a market economy since the 1980s and from high growth to a new normal since 2010 has fundamentally constrained the full implementation of its labour protection regulation.