bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mutations of Arabidopsis in Potential Transduction and Response Components of the Phototropic Signaling Pathway
Authors: Liscum E. , Briggs W. R.
Published: July 2002

Four genetic loci were recently identified by mutations that affect phototropism in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heyhn. seedlings. It was hypothesized that one of these loci, NPH1, encodes the apoprotein for a phototropic photoreceptor. All of the alleles at the other three mutant loci (nph2, nph3, and nph4) contained wild-type levels of the putative NPH1 protein and exhibited normal blue-light-dependent phosphorylation of the NPH1 protein. This indicated that the NPH2, NPH3, and NPH4 proteins likely function downstream of NPH1 photoactivation. We show here that, although the nph2, nph3, and nph4 mutants are all altered with respect to their phototropic responses, only the nph4 mutants are also altered in their gravitropic responsiveness. Thus, NPH2 and NPH3 appear to act as signal carriers in a phototropism-specific pathway, whereas NPH4 is required for both phototropism and gravitropism and thus may function directly in the differential growth response. Despite their altered phototropic responses in blue and green light as etiolated seedlings, the nph2 and nph4 mutants exhibited less dramatic mutant phenotypes as de-etiolated seedlings and when etiolated seedlings were irradiated with unilateral ultraviolet-A (UV-A) light. Examination of the phototropic responses of a mutant deficient in biologically active phytochromes, hy1–100, indicated that phytochrome transformation by UV-A light mediates an increase in phototropic responsiveness, accounting for the greater phototropic curvature of the nph2 and nph4 mutants to UV-A light than to blue light.
Novel, Highly Expressed Late Nodulin Gene (LjNOD16) from Lotus japonicus
Authors: Kapranov P. , de Bruijn F. J. , Szczyglowski K.
Published: July 2002

We have isolated a Lotus japonicus cDNA corresponding to a highly abundant, late nodule-specific RNA species that encodes a polypeptide with a predicted molecular mass of 15.6 kD. The protein and its corresponding gene were designated Nlj16 and LjNOD16, respectively. LjNOD16 was found to be expressed only in the infected cells of L. japonicus nodules. Related DNA sequences could be identified in the genomes of both Glycine max and Medicago sativa. In the latter, a homologous mRNA species was detected in the nodules. Unlike LjNOD16, its alfalfa homologs appear to represent low-abundance mRNA species. However, the proteins corresponding to the LjNOD16 and its alfalfa homolog could be detected at similar levels in nodules but not in roots of both legume species. The predicted amino acid sequence analysis of nodulin Nlj16 revealed the presence of a long α--helical region and a positively charged C terminus. The former domain has a very high propensity to form a coiled-coil type structure, indicating that nodulin Nlj16 may interact with an as-yet-unidentified protein target(s) in the nodule-infected cells. Homology searches revealed no significant similarities to any known sequences in the databases, with the exception of two related, anonymous Arabidopsis expressed sequence tags.
A Water-Soluble Chlorophyll Protein in Cauliflower May Be Identical to BnD22, a Drought-Induced, 22-Kilodalton Protein in Rapeseed
Authors: Nishio N. , Satoh H.
Published: July 2002

A water-soluble chlorophyll protein (WSCP) in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.) was purified and its N-terminal sequence was determined. Forty-six of 48 residues of the sequence completely matched those of the drought-induced 22-kD protein (BnD22) in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). All 40 sequenced residues of WSCP from rapeseed were perfectly matched to those of BnD22. Thus, WSCP may be identical to BnD22. The abundance of WSCP was increased in detached cauliflower leaves.
Adenosine 5[prime]-Triphosphate Is Required for the Assembly of 11S Seed Proglobulins in Vitro
Authors: Nam Y. W. , Jung R. , Nielsen N. C.
Published: July 2002

Seed protein proglobulins were synthesized from cDNAs in reticulocyte lysates. Most proglobulins were recovered as trimers when translation rates were low, but mostly monomers were recovered at high translation rates. The prevalence of monomers was accompanied by elevated amounts of insoluble protein recovered at the bottom of sucrose density gradients. Apyrase treatment of translation mixtures after synthesis, but before significant assembly occurred, drastically reduced trimer assembly and increased the proportion of insoluble aggregate. These observations indicated that ATP is required for protein folding and/or trimer assembly. The appearance of insoluble aggregated protein when rates of synthesis were elevated or when ATP was absent suggested that protein misfolding had occurred. Trimer assembly was stimulated when wheat germ translation mixtures defective in supporting efficient trimer assembly were supplemented with fractions isolated from endoplasmic reticula of developing pea (Pisum sativum) seeds. Molecular chaperones are likely involved in folding and/or assembly of proglobulin trimers both in reticulocyte lysates and in seeds. Consistent with this hypothesis, trimer formation was reduced when carboxymethylated bovine albumin and α--casein, considered to mimic proteins with extended chain and molten globular conformations and thereby compete for Hsp70- and Hsp60-type molecular chaperones, respectively, were introduced into translation mixtures.
Eucalypt MADS-Box Genes Expressed in Developing Flowers
Authors: Southerton Simon G. , Marshall Heidi , Mouradov Aidyn , Teasdale Robert D.
Published: July 2002

Three MADS-box genes were identified from a cDNA library derived from young flowers of Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden. The threeegm genes are single-copy genes and are expressed almost exclusively in flowers. The egm1 and egm3genes shared strongest homology with other plant MADS-box genes, which mediate between the floral meristem and the organ-identity genes. Theegm3 gene was also expressed strongly in the receptacle or floral tube, which surrounds the carpels in the eucalypt flower and bears the sepals, petals, and numerous stamens. There appeared to be a group of genes in eucalypts with strong homology with the 3′ region of the egm1 gene. The egm2 gene was expressed in eucalypt petals and stamens and was most homologous to MADS-box genes, which belong to the globosa group of genes, which regulate organogenesis of the second and third floral whorls. The possible role of these three genes in eucalypt floral development is discussed.
Organellar and Cytosolic Localization of Four Phosphoribosyl Diphosphate Synthase Isozymes in Spinach
Authors: Krath Britta N. , Hove-Jensen Bjarne
Published: July 2002

Four cDNAs encoding phosphoribosyl diphosphate (PRPP) synthase were isolated from a spinach (Spinacia oleracea) cDNA library by complementation of an Escherichia coli Δprs mutation. The four gene products produced PRPP in vitro from ATP and ribose-5-phosphate. Two of the enzymes (isozymes 1 and 2) required inorganic phosphate for activity, whereas the others were phosphate independent. PRPP synthase isozymes 2 and 3 contained 76 and 87 amino acid extensions, respectively, at their N-terminal ends in comparison with other PRPP synthases. Isozyme 2 was synthesized in vitro and shown to be imported and processed by pea (Pisum sativum) chloroplasts. Amino acid sequence analysis indicated that isozyme 3 may be transported to mitochondria and that isozyme 4 may be located in the cytosol. The deduced amino acid sequences of isozymes 1 and 2 and isozymes 3 and 4 were 88% and 75% identical, respectively. In contrast, the amino acid identities of PRPP synthase isozyme 1 or 2 with 3 or 4 was modest (22%–25%), but the sequence motifs for binding of PRPP and divalent cation-nucleotide were identified in all four sequences. The results indicate that PRPP synthase isozymes 3 and 4 belong to a new class of PRPP synthases that may be specific to plants.
ADP-Dependent Phosphorylation Regulates Association of a DNA-Binding Complex with the Barley Chloroplast psbDBlue-Light-Responsive Promoter1
Authors: Kim Minkyun , Christopher David A. , Mullet John E.
Published: July 2002

The chloroplast genepsbD encodes D2, a chlorophyll-binding protein located in the photosystem II reaction center. Transcription ofpsbD in higher plants involves at least three promoters, one of which is regulated by blue light. The psbDblue-light-regulated promoter (BLRP) consists of a −10 promoter element and an activating complex, AGF, that binds immediately upstream of −35. A second sequence-specific DNA-binding complex, PGTF, binds upstream of AGF between −71 and −100 in the barley (Hordeum vulgare) psbD BLRP. In this study we report that ADP-dependent phosphorylation selectively inhibits the binding of PGTF to the barley psbD BLRP. ATP at high concentrations (1–5 mm) inhibits PGTF binding, but in the presence of phosphocreatine and phosphocreatine kinase, this capacity is lost, presumably due to scavenging of ADP. ADP inhibits PGTF binding at relatively low concentrations (0.1 mm), whereas other nucleotides are unable to mediate this response. ADP-mediated inhibition of PGTF binding is reduced in the presence of the protein kinase inhibitor K252a. This and other results suggest that ADP-dependent phosphorylation of PGTF (or some associated protein) inhibits binding of PGTF to the psbD BLRP and reduces transcription. ADP-dependent phosphorylation is expected to increase in darkness in parallel with the rise in ADP levels in chloroplasts. ADP-dependent phosphorylation in chloroplasts may, therefore, in coordination, inactivate enzymes involved in carbon assimilation, protein synthesis, and transcription during diurnal light/dark cycles.
Flavan-Containing Cells Delimit Frankia-Infected Compartments in Casuarina glauca Nodules
Authors: Laplaze Laurent , Gherbi Hassen , Frutz Thierry , Pawlowski Katharina , Franche Claudine , Macheix Jean-Jacques , Auguy Florence , Bogusz Didier , Duhoux Emile
Published: July 2002

We investigated the involvement of polyphenols in the Casuarina glauca-Frankia symbiosis. Histological analysis revealed a cell-specific accumulation of phenolics in C. glauca nodule lobes, creating a compartmentation in the cortex. Histochemical and biochemical analyses indicated that these phenolic compounds belong to the flavan class of flavonoids. We show that the same compounds were synthesized in nodules and uninfected roots. However, the amount of each flavan was dramatically increased in nodules compared with uninfected roots. The use of in situ hybridization established that chalcone synthase transcripts accumulate in flavan-containing cells at the apex of the nodule lobe. Our findings are discussed in view of the possible role of flavans in plant-microbe interactions.
Modification of Distinct Aspects of Photomorphogenesis via Targeted Expression of Mammalian Biliverdin Reductase in Transgenic Arabidopsis Plants
Authors: Montgomery Beronda L. , Yeh Kuo-Chen , Crepeau Marc W. , Lagarias J. Clark
Published: July 2002

The phenotypic consequences of targeted expression of mammalian biliverdin IXα reductase (BVR), an enzyme that metabolically inactivates the linear tetrapyrrole precursors of the phytochrome chromophore, are addressed in this investigation. Through comparative phenotypic analyses of multiple plastid-targeted and cytosolic BVR transgenic Arabidopsis plant lines, we show that the subcellular localization of BVR affects distinct subsets of light-mediated and light-independent processes in plant growth and development. Regardless of its cellular localization, BVR suppresses the phytochrome-modulated responses of hypocotyl growth inhibition, sucrose-stimulated anthocyanin accumulation, and inhibition of floral initiation. By contrast, reduced protochlorophyll levels in dark-grown seedlings and fluence-rate-dependent reduction of chlorophyll occur only in transgenic plants in which BVR is targeted to plastids. Together with companion analyses of the phytochrome chromophore-deficient hy1 mutant, our results suggest a regulatory role for linear tetrapyrroles within the plastid compartment distinct from their assembly with apophytochromes in the cytosol.
Developmental and Wound-, Cold-, Desiccation-, Ultraviolet-B-Stress-Induced Modulations in the Expression of the Petunia Zinc Finger Transcription Factor GeneZPT2-2
Authors: van der Krol Alexander R. , van Poecke Remco M.P. , Vorst Oscar F.J. , Voogd Charlotte , van Leeuwen Wessel , Borst-Vrensen Tanja W.M. , Takatsuji Hiroshi , van der Plas Linus H.W.
Published: July 2002

TheZPT2-2 gene belongs to the EPF gene family in petunia (Petunia hybrida), which encodes proteins with TFIIIA-type zinc-finger DNA-binding motifs. To elucidate a possible function for ZPT2-2, we analyzed its pattern of expression in relation to different developmental and physiological stress signals. The activity of the ZPT2-2promoter was analyzed using a firefly luciferase (LUC) reporter gene, allowing for continuous measurements of transgene activity in planta. We show that ZPT2-2::LUC is active in all plant tissues, but is strongly modulated in cotyledons upon germination, in leaves in response to desiccation, cold treatment, wounding, or ultraviolet-B light, and in petal tissue in response to pollination of the stigma. Analysis of mRNA levels indicated that the modulations in ZPT2-2::LUC expression reflect modulations in endogenous ZPT2-2 gene expression. The change in ZPT2-2::LUC activity by cold treatment, wounding, desiccation, and ultraviolet-B light suggest that the phytohormones ethylene and jasmonic acid are involved in regulating the expression of ZPT2-2. Although up-regulation of expression of ZPT2-2 can be blocked by inhibitors of ethylene perception, expression in plants is not induced by exogenously applied ethylene. The application of jasmonic acid does result in an up-regulation of gene activity and, thus, ZPT2-2 may play a role in the realization of the jasmonic acid hormonal responses in petunia.
ACX3, a Novel Medium-Chain Acyl-Coenzyme A Oxidase from Arabidopsis
Authors: Froman Byron E. , Edwards Patricia C. , Bursch Adam G. , Dehesh Katayoon
Published: July 2002

In a database search for homologs of acyl-coenzyme A oxidases (ACX) in Arabidopsis, we identified a partial genomic sequence encoding an apparently novel member of this gene family. Using this sequence information we then isolated the corresponding full-length cDNA from etiolated Arabidopsis cotyledons and have characterized the encoded recombinant protein. The polypeptide contains 675 amino acids. The 34 residues at the amino terminus have sequence similarity to the peroxisomal targeting signal 2 of glyoxysomal proteins, including the R-[I/Q/L]-X5-HL-XL-X15-22-C consensus sequence, suggesting a possible microsomal localization. Affinity purification of the encoded recombinant protein expressed in Escherichia colifollowed by enzymatic assay, showed that this enzyme is active on C8:0- to C14:0-coenzyme A with maximal activity on C12:0-coenzyme A, indicating that it has medium-chain-specific activity. These data indicate that the protein reported here is different from previously characterized classes of ACX1, ACX2, and short-chain ACX (SACX), both in sequence and substrate chain-length specificity profile. We therefore, designate this new gene AtACX3. The temporal and spatial expression patterns of AtACX3 during development and in various tissues were similar to those of theAtSACX and other genes expressed in glyoxysomes. Currently available database information indicates thatAtACX3 is present as a single copy gene.
Azuki Bean Cells Are Hypersensitive to Cadmium and Do Not Synthesize Phytochelatins
Authors: Inouhe Masahiro , Ito Rika , Ito Shoko , Sasada Naoki , Tohoyama Hiroshi , Joho Masanori
Published: July 2002

Suspension-cultured cells of azuki bean (Vigna angularis) as well as the original root tissues were hypersensitive to Cd (<10 μm). Repeated subculturings with a sublethal level of Cd (1–10 μm) did not affect the subsequent response of cells to inhibitory levels of Cd (10–100 μm). The azuki bean cells challenged to Cd did not contain phytochelatin (PC) peptides, unlike tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) cells that have a substantial tolerance to Cd (>100 μm). Both of the cell suspensions contained a similar level of reduced glutathione (GSH) when grown in the absence of Cd. Externally applied GSH to azuki bean cells recovered neither Cd tolerance nor PC synthesis of the cells. Furthermore, enzyme assays in vitro revealed that the protein extracts of azuki bean cells had no activity converting GSH to PCs, unlike tomato. These results suggest that azuki bean cells are lacking in the PC synthase activity per se, hence being Cd hypersensitive. We concluded that the PC synthase has an important role in Cd tolerance of suspension-cultured cells.
Class III Pistil-Specific Extensin-Like Proteins from Tobacco Have Characteristics of Arabinogalactan Proteins
Authors: Bosch Maurice , Knudsen Jens Sommer , Derksen Jan , Mariani Celestina
Published: July 2002

Class III pistil-specific extensin-like proteins (PELPIII) are specifically localized in the intercellular matrix of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) styles. After pollination the majority of PELPIII are translocated into the callosic layer and the callose plugs of the pollen tubes, which could suggest a function of PELPIII in pollen tube growth. PELPIII may represent one of the chemical and/or physical factors from the female sporophytic tissue that contributes to the difference between in vivo and in vitro pollen tube growth. PELPIII glycoproteins were purified and biochemically characterized. Because of their high proline (Pro) and hydroxy-Pro (Hyp) content, PELPIII proteins belong to the class of Pro/Hyp-rich glycoproteins. The carbohydrate moiety of PELPIII is attached throughO-glycosidic linkages and comprises more than one-half the total glycoprotein. Deglycosylation of PELPIII revealed two backbones, both reacting with PELPIII-specific antibodies. N-terminal amino acid sequencing of these backbones showed that PELPIII is encoded by the MG14 and MG15 genes. Two heterogeneous N-terminal sequences of MG14 andMG15, both starting downstream of the predicted signal peptide cleavage site, seem to be present, which indicates a novel N-terminal processing. Monosaccharide analysis showed that the carbohydrate moiety of PELPIII almost completely consists of arabinose and galactose in an equal molar ratio. Carbohydrate linkage analysis showed terminal and 2-linked arabinofuranosyl residues, as well as terminal and 6-, 3-, and 3,6-linked galactopyranosyl residues to be present, indicating the presence of both extensin-like and Type II arabinogalactan oligosaccharide units. The ability of β-glucosyl Yariv reagent to bind with PELPIII confirmed the arabinogalactan protein-like characteristics of these proteins.
Spectroscopic Analysis of Desiccation-Induced Alterations of the Chlorophyllide Transformation Pathway in Etiolated Barley Leaves
Authors: Le Lay Pascaline , Böddi Béla , Kovacevic Dragan , Juneau Philippe , Dewez David , Popovic Radovan
Published: July 2002

Effects of water deficit on the chlorophyllide (Chlide) transformation pathway were studied in etiolated barley (Hordeum vulgare) leaves by analyzing absorption spectra and 77-K fluorescence spectra deconvoluted in components. Chlide transformations were examined in dehydrated leaves exposed to a 35-ms saturating flash triggering protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) and Chlide transformation processes. During the 90 min following the flash, we found that dehydration induced modifications of Chlide transformations, but no effect on Pchlide phototransformation into Chlide was observed. During this time, content of NADPH-Pchlide oxydoreductase in leaves did not change. Chlide transformation process in dehydrated leaves was characterized by the alteration of the Shibata shift process, by the appearance of a new Chlide species emitting at 692 nm, and by the favored formation of Chl(ide) A668F676. The formation of Chl(ide) A668F676, so-called “free Chlide,” was probably induced by disaggregation of highly aggregated Chlide complexes. Here, we offer evidence for the alteration of photoactive Pchlide regeneration process, which may be caused by the desiccation-induced inhibition of Pchlide synthesis.
Specific Association of Transcripts of tbzF andtbz17, Tobacco Genes Encoding Basic Region Leucine Zipper-Type Transcriptional Activators, with Guard Cells of Senescing Leaves and/or Flowers
Authors: Yang Seung Hwan , Berberich Thomas , Sano Hiroshi , Kusano Tomonobu
Published: July 2002

Induction by low temperature is a common feature of thelip19 subfamily members of the basic region leucine zipper gene family in plants. Here, we characterize two tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) genes, tbzF andtbz17, belonging to the lip19 subfamily, whose gene products, TBZF and TBZ17, show 73% identity and are located in nuclei. They preferentially bind to DNA fragments spanning A-box/G-box and C-box/G-box hybrid motifs and show transactivation activity in cobombarded tobacco BY-2 cells, indicating they function as transcriptional activators. Transcripts of tbzF were detected at a high level in senescing leaves and flowers. In contrast,tbz17 transcripts could be shown to accumulate in aged leaves but not in flowers. In situ hybridization analysis revealed transcripts of tbzF and tbz17 to be predominantly located in guard cells and vascular tissues of senescing leaves. These results suggest that TBZF and TBZ17 are both involved in controlling gene transcription related to functions of guard cells in senescing leaves and that TBZF bifunctionally acts in floral development.
Hazardous accumulation of radioactive lead on the water wall tubes in coal fired boilers
Authors: Huijbregts W.M.M. , de Jong M.P. , Timmermans C.W.M.
Published: July 2002

Dutch power companies recently have become aware of a hazard due to the presence of radioactive 210Pb in their boilers. In an investigation conducted by KEMA in The Netherlands it was discovered that 210Pb isotope accumulates within fire‐side deposit layers that form on membrane waterwall tubes. Because the measured levels of total radioactivity exceeded the governmental regulation limit of 100 Bq/g, refurbishment activities in the boiler are subject to governmental authorization and must be conducted under the supervision of authorised radiation protection officers. The 210Pb material originates from decay of 238U, which is present in small amounts in coal. During combustion of the coal, heavy metals such as Pb evaporate and are present in the flue gas in the form of Pb, PbCl, PbCl2, PbS, PbS2 or PbSO4, dependent on the gas environment and temperature. These volatile products subsequently will condense at lower temperatures on the waterwall tubes in the boiler.
Predicting the size of the epidemic of the new variant of Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease
Authors: Ferguson Neil M. , Donnelly Christl A. , Ghani Azra C. , Anderson Roy M.
Published: July 2002

In response to a paper published in a previous issue of British Food Journal, it criticises the methodology of the previous research. Examines the earlier findings on the projected epidemic size of the new variant of Creutzfeldt‐Jakob Disease (vCJD) in humans. Argues that the earlier research is flawed and there exists no data which can provide adequate predictions for the extent of the vCJD epidemic.
Pre‐identification of first buyers of a new food product
Authors: McCarthy M. , O’Sullivan C. , O’Reilly S.
Published: July 2002

Addresses consumer innovativeness in the context of a new food product launch, using the Domain Specific Innovativeness (DSI) inventory. Investigates the effectiveness of the DSI scale in the identification of first buyers of a new food product (DeBrew Ham) within the delicatessen products domain. Two surveys were conducted, the first established the DSI cut‐off point within the general population and provided information on the behavioural traits associated with innovativeness. The second investigated buying behaviour in‐store following a new product (DeBrew Ham) launch. The findings indicate that the DSI scale is effective in pre‐identifying the buyer from non‐buyer of the new delicatessen product. However, a third group, non‐buying information seekers were not as easily distinguished from the buyers. Both groups scored similarly on the DSI scale. Further analysis of the underlying behavioural traits proved useful in differentiating between these two categories. “Usage rate” of delicatessen products and “amount of money spent” on these products was higher for buyer in comparison with non‐buying information seekers. Finally, this study examined the new product purchase preferences of all three groups. Responses to product preference ratings indicated that information seekers had a preference for cheeses while buyers had a preference for new cooked hams. This study supports the usefulness of the DSI scale in the pre‐identification of the first buyers of a new food product, which may be of assistance in new product development.
Communicating a winning image
Authors: Poon Teng Fatt James
Published: July 2002

A Greek philosopher once refused to have his portrait painted because he felt it bad enough to be condemned with his image in which nature had imprisoned him. That is personal image. For business, image is even more important. As the old pun puts it, “If you don′t strike oil in a few minutes, stop boring”. Because image communicates, discusses what it takes to develop a good personal image through good appearance and investing in a genuine sustained charm. Maps out some strategies for companies to enhance their business image through establishing a brand name, designing corporate identifiers, communicating with the public and investors, projecting an image of professionalism and competence, organizing image‐building campaigns, making ethical decisions, and handling housekeeping.
New low cost Ferrofluidic sealing challenges the mechanical seal
Authors: Bhimani Zarina , Wilson Bill
Published: July 2002

States that magnetic fluids, in a zero leakage, non‐wearing seal, offer an innovative solution to the problems of harmful emissions from rotating process equipment. Discusses the properties and uses of the new GT series of ferrofluids from AP&T Ltd.
The impact of organizational change on the work experiences and perceptions of public sector managers
Authors: Worrall Les , Cooper Cary L. , Campbell‐Jamison Fiona
Published: July 2002

The paper is based on a five year, UMIST‐Institute of Management study into the changing nature of the quality of working life and seeks to uncover differences in the incidence and impact of organizational change on the perceptions and experiences of managers in the public sector, the private sector and the (former public) utilities. The research indicates that there are significant differences in the impact of organizational change on managers in the three sectors with public sector managers and managers from the utilities having been more adversely affected. An analysis of managers’ perceptions of their “organization as a place to work”, prevailing managerial styles in their organization and managers’ perceptions of the “changing nature of their job” also reveals wide differences between managers in the three different sectors.
Employment strategy
Authors: Wong May M.L. , Hendry Chris
Published: July 2002

This study examines and compares the employment strategy used by Japanese and British retail companies in Hong Kong. Hendry’s structured employment systems model is adopted as the theoretical framework for this research. Three case companies – Morioka and Okadaya (Japanese‐owned) and Supercom (British‐owned) – are studied regarding what employment strategies they have adopted to expand in Hong Kong, and to adjust to the changing consumer market. The evidence shows that the Japanese companies adopt more structured employment systems, employing more employee groups than the British company. Both Japanese companies vary employment practices to different employee groups on the basis of national origins, hierarchy, employment status and gender. Furthermore, skills/profession is also used in Okadaya to differentiate employment practices. Supercom mainly varies employment practices on hierarchy and employment status. Therefore, five to six groups of employees are identified in the Japanese companies, while two to three employee groups are identified in Supercom.
Accuracy assessment of the modern industrial robot
Authors: Young Ken , Pickin Craig G.
Published: July 2002

The main drawback to programming robots offline lies in the poor accuracy of the robot. Robots are mainly programmed using the traditional teach and repeat method of programming which requires only good repeatability. As a result robots are manufactured with this in mind. Little is done to improve or even quote figures for the accuracy, which is generally regarded as being poor. A trial has been conducted on three modern serial linkage robots to assess and compare robot accuracy. Using a laser interferometry measurement system each robot has been measured in a similar area of its working envelope. The results and conclusions from this trial show that compared to older robots the accuracy can be remarkably good though it is dependent on a calibration process which is far from robust.
Gradient‐based refinement indicators in adaptive finite element analysis with special reference to sheet metal forming
Authors: Moshfegh Ramin , Li Xiangdong , Nilsson Larsgunnar
Published: July 2002

Two mesh refinement indicators based on the gradients of effective stress (GSIG) and effective plastic strain (GEPS), respectively, are proposed for adaptive finite element analysis of the large deformation, quasi‐static or dynamic response of shell structures. The mesh refinement indicators are based on equi‐distributing the variation of stresses or plastic strains over the elements of the mesh. A program module is developed and implemented in the non‐linear explicit finite element code LS‐DYNA. This module provides element‐wise refinement evaluations so that selective mesh refinements are carried out in regions of the mesh where the values of local indicators exceed a user‐specified tolerance. The FE model of a conventional deep drawing process is used as a numerical model, including both material and geometrical non‐linearities, in order to demonstrate the versatility of the two refinement indicators. Four different refinement indicators, based on angle change, thickness change, GSIG and GEPS, are applied in this investigation. The numerical results are compared with experimental results regarding the thickness distribution versus cup height, cup height variation versus circumference angle, effective plastic strain in the deformed sheet and punch force. It is shown that the proposed indicators can identify finite elements which have high gradients of effective stress or effective plastic strain so that the mesh is refined in the regions undergoing the most severe deformations and the numerical results are improved.
Integration algorithms for concrete plasticity
Authors: Etse G. , Willam K.
Published: July 2002

Presents a computational algorithm for the numerical integration of triaxial concrete plasticity formulations. The specific material formulation at hand is the so‐called extended leon model for concrete. It is based on the flow theory of plasticity which entails isotropic hardening as well as fracture energy‐based softening in addition to non‐associated plastic flow. The numerical algorithm resorts to implicit integration according to the backward Euler strategy that enforces plastic consistency according to the closes‐point‐projection method (generalized radial‐return strategy). Numerical simulations illustrate the overall performance of the proposed algorithm and the significant increase of the convergence rate when the algorithmic tangent is used in place of the continuum operator.
Accuracy and stability for integration of Jaumann stress rate equations in spinning bodies
Authors: Govindjee Sanjay
Published: July 2002

Analyses several algorithms for the integration of the Jaumann stress rate. Places emphasis on accuracy and stability of standard algorithms available in commercial and government finite element codes in addition to several other proposals available in the literature. The analysis is primarily concerned with spinning bodies and reveals that a commonly used algorithm is unconditionally unstable and only first‐order objective in the presence of rotations. Other proposals are shown to have better accuracy and stability properties. Finally, shows by example that even a consistent and unconditionally stable integration of hypoelastic constitution does not necessarily yield globally stable finite element simulations.
Structural seismic response to inhomogeneous random field
Authors: Lin Jiahao , Li Jianjun , Zhang Wenshou , Williams F.W.
Published: July 2002

Proposes a new approach for analysing the stationary random response of complex structures located in a non‐homogeneous stochastic field. The approach is a kind of complete CQC method because the cross‐correlation terms between both the participant modes and the ground joint excitations are included in the response calculations. Also takes into account the effect of the loss of coherency between ground joints.
A boundary element method for axisymmetric potential problems with non‐axisymmetric boundary conditions using fast Fourier transform
Authors: Provatidis Ch.
Published: July 2002

This paper presents a methodology, based on the fast Fourier transform (FFT), that improves prior established techniques to solve axisymmetric potential problems with non‐axisymmetric boundary conditions using the boundary element method (BEM). The proposed methodology is highly effective, especially in cases where a large number of harmonics is required. Furthermore, it is optimised at several levels, reaching the maximum possible efficiency. Special concern is given on its implementation on quadratic elements that are of current practice. The method is applicable to any type of boundary elements as well as to a wider class of static and dynamic axisymmetric boundary value problems.
An energy‐conserving co‐rotational procedure for the dynamics of shell structures
Authors: Zhong H.G. , Crisfield M.A.
Published: July 2002

The simplest facet‐shell formulation involves the combination of the constant‐strain membrane triangle with a constant‐curvature bending triangle. The paper first describes an alternative co‐rotational procedure to the one initially proposed by Peng and Crisfield in 1992. This new formulation introduces a spin matrix which allows a simpler formulation for the consistent tangent stiffness matrix. The paper then moves to the dynamics of the element. To obtain stable solutions, an energy‐conserving mid‐point time‐integration scheme is developed. This scheme exactly conserves the total energy when external forces are constant and when the physical system does not present any damping. The performance of this scheme is compared with other more conventional implicit schemes through a set of numerical examples involving large‐scale rotations.
Managerial disturbance handling: a case‐study approach
Authors: Meskill Margaret , Mouly Suchitra , Dakin Stephen
Published: July 2002

The focus of this paper is on the recognition and resolution by managers of “disturbances”, which have been defined as “involuntary situations that threaten the smooth running of the organisation but are partially beyond managerial control”. We have employed a case‐study methodology that involved semi‐structured interviews, and both within‐ and cross‐case analysis of interview data. Our primary finding is that disturbances are either people‐oriented or systems‐related, and that both recognition and resolution are contingent upon the nature of the disturbance.
Management of new product development in small electronics firms
Authors: Ledwith A.
Published: July 2002

This paper reports on the findings of a study of the development of 63 new products in 36 electronics firms in Ireland. The firms range in size from fewer than ten to over 1,000 employees. They all operate in the electronics sector, developing and manufacturing a variety of products from completely integrated systems to discrete components. A series of questionnaires and interviews was used to collect historical life cycle data of new products. The results presented in this paper focus on the management of the product development process. The relationship between the development process and new product success or failure is examined. The differences between the management of product development in small and large firms are also explored. Small firms report a new product success rate comparable to that of larger firms, suggesting that the factors that are linked to the success of new products may be related to firm size.
Short papers
Authors: Cherruault Yves , Seng Virginie
Published: July 2002

Aims to solve Fredholm and Volterra non‐linear integral equations of the first kind. Uses the Adomian method, but since these equations are not under the canonical form u‐Nu = f, proposes some transformations for reducing the integral equations to integral equations of the second kind, much more appropriate. Uses a perturbation method for Fredholm equations. Concerning Volterra equations, uses a differentiation of the original equation, under sufficient regularity conditions, for obtaining a canonical form of Adomian.
11. Prediction and analysis of 1994 torrential rains in Southern China
Authors: OuYang Soucheng , Zhong Weixiong
Published: July 2002

This paper contains an application of the study on shallow water currents. With the employment of the tool of the first and the second lines of defense of the blown‐up graphs, and based on the test forecasting done in 1994 using the software developed for the blown‐up graphs, we will analyze the characteristics of the blown‐ups of 1994 torrential rains in Southern China, and pose a new theory on the formation of the rains.
Multi‐layer paint: the fire problem
Authors: Sargent Philip
Published: July 2002

Considers the problems faced by the paints used in multi‐occupancy dwellings in the event of fire. Examines the importance of adhesion properties of paint films. Gives details of a range of flame retardant coatings manufactured by Bollom Fire Protection.
Hofmann rearrangement of benzamide in the presence of electrochemically generated hypochlorite
Authors: Rajendran Susai , Pascal Regis A. Peter , Trivedi D.C.
Published: July 2002

Benzamide has been made to undergo Hofmann rearrangement, in the presence of hypochlorite (OCl‐) generated in situ, by the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution using platinised titanium anode and graphite cathode. The product is not a pure primary amine, namely aniline; but a polymeric aniline derivative is produced. It has a free amino end; and/or a free amino end is generated during the process of diazotisation. The product has been diazotised and coupled with naphthols to give dyes. The nature of the dyes have been analysed by uv‐visible spectral studies. The dyes are slightly different from the dyes prepared from pure aniline.
Customer compatibility management: an alternative perspective on student‐to‐student support in higher education
Authors: Rowley Jennifer E.
Published: July 2002

Emphasizes the controllability of customer‐to‐customer interaction in the higher education environment. Argues that students′ satisfaction or dissatisfaction with their experience of a university may be significantly influenced by their experience of other students. Customer compatibility management supplements other approaches to quality management, such as TQM. Tutors and managers of the educational environment have always recognized that some features of student‐to‐student interaction need to be managed. Borrows some concepts from the services marketing literature and proposes a more focused and comprehensive customer compatibility management programme. Uses the theatrical metaphor to illustrate the roles and functions that need to be adapted in a compatibility management programme.
Empirical investigation of the factors affecting SET results
Authors: Chye Koh Hian , Meng Tan Teck
Published: July 2002

Investigates the factors affecting student evaluation of teaching (SET). A total of 170 teaching evaluations conducted at the Nanyang Business School (Singapore) were analysed by regressing the overall teaching index on the following variables: subject characteristics (stream, year and type), class characteristics (format, size, time and day), evaluation characteristics (response, time and day), and teacher characteristics (age, gender and rank). Indicates that better teaching evaluation is associated with a smaller class size and a larger number of evaluation responses. Also, teachers of middle‐level subjects receive relatively poorer SET results. Further, SET administered in the later part of the week attract better student evaluation. Finds that teacher characteristics have no significant impact on SET results. Confirms the existence of potential biasing factors, hence, SET should be used with caution and not be the only method of evaluating teachers.
A mathematical model for predicting fabric loss during spreading
Authors: Fun Frency Ng Sau , Leung Patrick Hui Chi , Leaf G.A.V.
Published: July 2002

Fabric loss is a major contribution to material utilization. Minimizing fabric loss during spreading can reduce the total production costs for garment manufacturing. A traditional method of predicting the fabric loss during spreading is mainly based on the experience of domain experts or the historical data of production orders. Such method is subjective, not systematic and non‐repeatable. In this paper, assuming the spreading process is handled in a controlled manner and there are no flaws on the fabrics being spread, a mathematical model is constructed for predicting the total fabric loss in the spreading process. The total fabric loss includes the internal wastage (i.e. marker fallout), and the external wastage (including end loss, width loss, and splice loss). Other parameters such as marker length, number of splice lines, remnant, and roll length of fabric are also included in the model.
Made‐to‐measure garments for ladies – catering for wide ranging stature and length measurements for standard and outsize ladies
Authors: Patrick Turner John , Bond Terry
Published: July 2002

A computer system for made‐to‐measure pattern production should have the capability of determining default measurements for sets of customer measurements input to the system where one or more of these measurements are missing. This paper recommends the use of default formulae rather than mathematical interpolation of size charts. These default formulae, when applied to a given size chart set, enable measurements to be determined efficiently over wide ranging customer sizes in both stature and girth. The specific default formulae for the German DOB charts are derived for Regular and Outsize charts and also for the full range of Height categories and Bust to Hip relationships, so that all sizes and shapes of customers are catered for. Default formulae have been applied in the MicroFit made‐to‐measure system from Garment Micro Systems and also implemented on this system for checking the validity of measurements entered into the system for each individual customer.
Factors for strategic evaluation of enterprise information technologies
Authors: Sarkis Joseph , Sundarraj R.P.
Published: July 2002

In the last decade, we have witnessed companies investing in financially and laboriously expensive enterprise information technologies (EITs) that unify the internal and external supply chains for the purpose of gaining strategic advantages. As performance metrics data resulting from such investments are beginning to emerge, both practitioners and researchers are taking a critical look at whether these systems indeed produced the benefits proclaimed by their proponents at the pre‐implementation stages. In this context, the well‐managed appraisal, design, operation, and auditing of EITs within the ambit of organizational goals become significant. Provides a conceptual discussion on: a framework outlining a recommended decision process; a categorization of factors that must be considered during the process; and a summary of techniques and tools for the evaluation of those factors.
A generalized Douglas ADI method for solving three‐dimensional parabolic differential equations on multilayers
Authors: Dai W. , Nassar R.
Published: July 2002

Develops a generalized Douglas ADI method for solving three‐dimensional parabolic differential equations based on the idea of the regularized difference scheme. The method is simple, unconditionally stable and well suited for either simulating fast transient phenomena or for computations on fine spatial meshes. Numerical procedures that employ the generalized Douglas ADI scheme were developed to solve three‐dimensional parabolic differential equations on multilayers. In these procedures, the generalized “divide and conquer” method for solving tridiagonal linear systems is applied in order to overcome the problem with the unknown value at the interface between layers. Numerical results show that the procedure is accurate and efficient.
Finite element perturbation analysis of non‐linear heat conduction problems with random field parameters
Authors: Nicolaï B.M. , De Baerdemaeker J.
Published: July 2002

Derives a first order perturbation algorithm for the computation of mean values and (co‐) variances of the transient temperature field in conduction heated materials with random field parameters. Considers both linear as well as non‐linear heat conduction problems. The algorithm is advantageous in terms of computer time compared to the Monte Carlo method. The computer time can further be reduced by appropriate transformation of the random vectors resulting from the discretization of the random fields.
A numerical method for the treatment of discontinuous thermal conductivity in phase change problems
Authors: Laouadi A. , Lacroix M. , Galanis N.
Published: July 2002

Presents a physical model for determining the effective thermal conductivity of a two‐phase composite medium with fixed or moving interfaces. A rigorous numerical method for removing oscillations in the thermal field is proposed. The methodology is based on the volume averaging technique with the assumption that the phases may coexist at a temperature different from that of fusion. The analysis reveals that the effective conductivity of a two‐phase medium is dependent on the phase volume fractions, on their thermal conductivities and on a constitutive constant which determines the geometric structure of the medium and the nature of the interface (fixed or moving). The results for the one and two dimensional conduction‐dominated phase change problem show that the oscillations produced by previous fixed‐grid methods are eliminated.
A finite element model for convection‐dominated melting and solidification problems
Authors: Gong Zhen‐Xiang , Mujumdar Arun S.
Published: July 2002

This paper presents a two‐dimensional finite element model for convection‐dominated melting and freezing problems. The enthalpy‐porosity approach is utilized to account for the physics of the evolution of the melt velocity at the solid/liquid phase change interface. Penalty formulation is employed to treat the incompressibility constraint in the momentum equations. The streamline upwind/Petrov Galerkin method is used in combination with primitive variables to solve the governing equations. Simulations are carried out for melting of a pure phase change material in a rectangular cavity heated from below. Sample results are presented and discussed.