bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural organization of fibrous connective tissue in the periacinar region of the transitional zone from normal human prostates as revealed by scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Babinski Márcio A. , Costa Waldemar S. , Sampaio Francisco J.B. , Cardoso Luiz E.M.
Published: July 2007

OBJECTIVE

To analyse, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the organization of stromal fibrous components in the transitional zone (TZ) from normal human prostates; because of its association with disease, greater emphasis was placed upon the periacinar region of the stroma.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

TZ specimens were obtained from normal prostates during autopsy of six men, aged 18–30 years, who had died from accidents. Tissue was fixed for SEM in a modified Karnovsky solution for 48 h at 4 °C, and to visualize the three‐dimensional organization of the stroma, samples were treated to remove cells.

RESULTS

In acellular preparations, narrow fibrous septa formed a dense and supportive scaffold for ducts and acini, and a smooth and homogeneous fibrous sheet, herein identified as pars fibroreticularis, lined the acinar lumen. More internally, fibrous septa had a spongy organization with dense lamellae. Higher magnification showed that the smooth luminal sheet is made of 115–154‐nm thick fibrils in a tight parallel arrangement. Just under this layer there was a meshwork of fibrils 77–115 nm thick that were orientated in less defined directions.

CONCLUSION

In the TZ of the human prostate, dense stromal fibrous components around acini act as a barrier that might enhance local cellular responses and events that occur in disorders such as benign prostatic hyperplasia. The periacinar pars fibroreticularis supports the notion of high structural variability in this region of basement membranes.
Stewardship vs. Stagnation: An Empirical Comparison of Small Family and Non‐Family Businesses*
Authors: Miller Danny , Le Breton‐Miller Isabelle , Scholnick Barry
Published: July 2007

abstract  Two major perspectives can be construed in the literature concerning the nature of family owned businesses (FOBs). The first implies that these enterprises have unique characteristics of stewardship. FOB owners are said to care deeply about the long‐term prospects of the business, in large part because their family's fortune, reputation and future are at stake. Their stewardship is said to be manifested by unusual devotion to the continuity of the company, by more assiduous nurturing of a community of employees, and by seeking out closer connections with customers to sustain the business. The second perspective is less flattering. It proposes that FOBs are unusually subject to stagnation: they are said to face unique resource restrictions, embrace conservative strategies, eschew growth, and be doomed to short lives. This paper develops and examines the merits of the two perspectives, neither of which has been systematically articulated or researched. It does so in an empirical study of only small firms that are owned and managed by their founder. Within this sample, it compares firms that are FOBs, that is, family owned and managed, with non‐FOBs, that is, owned and managed by a founder with no other relative involved in the business. The findings show significant support for all three aspects of the stewardship perspective of FOBs, and no support for any elements of the stagnation perspective.
The impossibility of corporate ethics: for a Levinasian approach to managerial ethics
Authors: Bevan David , Corvellec Hervé
Published: July 2007

The moral philosophy of Levinas offers a stark prospectus of impossibility for corporate ethics. It differs from most traditional ethical theories in that, for Levinas, the ethical develops in a personal meeting of one with the Other, rather than residing in some internal deliberation of the moral subject. Levinasian ethics emphasises an infinite personal responsibility arising for each of us in the face of the Other and in the presence of the Third. It stresses the imperious demand we experience to be open to, prepared for and impassioned with that which we may not know, or recognise, about ourselves or about the Other. Such a demand transcends our intellectual and/or rational potential; it involves us in a carnal and somatic bodily experience of otherness. If we are to speak of Levinasian ethics in a business context, it cannot be a matter of corporate ethics but only a matter of individual managerial ethics. What such an ethics would be like is yet to be outlined. This paper proposes a series of questions and suggestions that will explicate some key terms of a practice organised around a Levinasian vocabulary of otherness, responsibility, proximity, diachrony and justice.
Ethics, alterity, and organizational justice
Authors: Byers Damian , Rhodes Carl
Published: July 2007

This paper articulates a conception of organizational justice based on the promise of a mode of organizing that does not violate the particularity of each and every other person. It argues that the decisive condition for such a form of justice resides in the realities of the cultural practices of an organization as they are apparent in the conduct of people in relation to multiple others. These are practices that can only seek justification in the primary right of each person to be regarded with absolute alterity. It also argues that a degree of violence is unavoidable within any practical ordering of justice and that any consideration of ethics and justice in organizations must account for such violence and seek to negotiate its existence on ethical terms. The organizational justice that is referred to is one sensitive to the exercise of its own power and authority in the context of its unavoidable violation of its basis in ethics. This is a justice that is ethically necessary, but is never sure of itself.
Has the guest arrived yet? Emmanuel Levinas, a stranger in business ethics
Authors: Karamali Eleni
Published: July 2007

To what extent can business ethics be ‘hospitable’ to Levinasian ethics? This paper raises questions about how business ethics relates to its guests, in this case the guest called ‘Levinas’; the idea of introducing or inviting the work of an author into a field, as its guest, is by no means a simple problem of transference. For Jacques Derrida, there is hospitality only when the stranger's introduction to our home is totally unconditional. Such a conceptualisation of hospitality becomes even more demanding when the ‘stranger’ that is near our ‘home’ is an ethics also demanding hospitality, such as the ethics proposed by Levinas. An invitation puts in place particular circumstances that allow only for an arrival of the one invited. These conditions precede the so‐called stranger, thereby predetermining the route to be taken, the destination to be reached and the correct manner of self‐presentation. An invitation already reduces the Other to that which is expected by the inviter, that is to the Same. The hospitality of the field of business ethics becomes an endorsement of a particular version of the stranger, therefore recognisable by the field. Perhaps conceptualising Levinasian ethics as an ethics that cannot be invited might protect it from procedures that reduce the ‘strangeness’ of the stranger, making it knowable. That is the argument presented in this paper.
Governance and Performance of Spanish Privatised Firms
Authors: García Laura Cabeza , Ansón Silvia Gómez
Published: July 2007

This paper analyses the effect of the Spanish privatisation process on the performance and corporate governance of the firms that were privatised through public offerings over the 1985–2003 period. Using conventional pre‐ versus post‐privatisation comparisons, we do not find significant improvements in privatised firms' profitability and efficiency. However, our results do suggest a change in firms' ownership structure and in the characteristics of Boards of Directors after privatisation. Firms' ownership concentration decreases as a consequence of the relinquishment of control by the State and the Boards of Directors are restructured with the creation of new specialised committees and the incorporation of more executives.
African‐American Diversity in the Boardrooms of the US Fortune 500: director presence, expertise and committee membership
Authors: Peterson Craig A. , Philpot James , O'Shaughnessy K. C.
Published: July 2007

This study examines participation of African‐Americans on the boards and board committees of the US Fortune 500. Prior work suggests the use of committee assignment to discern active versus figurehead involvement on boards. We use a logistic regression model that controls for director traits, firm characteristics and director resource‐dependence roles to compare the odds that a black director will be assigned to key committees to those for a white director. We find that black directors are more (less) likely than whites to sit on audit and public affairs (executive) committees. Black female directors are more likely than both white females and black males to serve on finance committees. Thus there is some evidence that race plays a role in determining assignment to corporate board committees.
Incomes policy: the wider issues
Authors: Llewellyn David T.
Published: July 2007

This article summarises some of the more important economic options open to the Government. The author is especially critical of the incomes policy approach and of the exaggerated fears of inflation which exist in many quarters. He suggests alternative policy options and concludes that a certain amount of inflation should be regarded as an integral part of the system, and that it should be institutionalised with appropriate allowance for its interanal and external harmful effects.
Workers' committees in the Israeli labour relations system: an appraisal
Authors: Shirom Arie
Published: July 2007

In recent years the workers' committees—the lowest level of trade union organization—in manufacturing industry in Israel have shown increasing disregard for their central body, the Histadrut. So far the Histadrut's attempts to stem this alienation have been unsuccessful.
The staffing of industrial relations management in the engineering industry
Authors: Marsh A. I.
Published: July 2007

The study indicates that while there has been a gradual movement towards specialization in industrial relations in engineering companies, personnel directors at main board level are still a rarity, and line management is still largely responsible for matters in the formal procedure conferences.
Negotiating in a multi‐plant company
Authors: Ramsay J. C.
Published: July 2007

While concluding that there is no rule of thumb method for determining the best structure for industrial relations procedures and negotiations in a multi‐plant company, the author maintains that the main board has a vital role to play in developing a vigorous industrial relations policy, in disseminating information, and acting generally as a “guide, philosopher and friend” to the units in the group.
Shop‐floor attitudes to industrial relations change
Authors: Timperley Stuart R. , Woodcock Geoffrey L.
Published: July 2007

Whilst the shop‐floor workers interviewed showed a high degree of interest in, and knowledge of, the Industrial Relations Bill, there were deep divisions over the necessity of introducing the law into the industrial relations system and of the results of doing so.
Thoughts on management education
Authors: Black Stephen
Published: July 2007

Management education is a growth sector of the economy. But is it effective? The author discusses many points of interest to those who wish to evaluate the costs and benefits of management education.
Bargaining for change1
Authors: Whittingham T. G. , Towers B.
Published: July 2007

In discussing the evolution of the “bargaining for change” movement, the authors throw light on change bargaining in the workplace, its significance in productivity bargaining, and its relationship with voluntarism.
Redundancy, values and public policy
Authors: Fryer Robert H.
Published: July 2007

Although the Industrial Relations Act marks the most significant break with the traditional “abstentionist” role of the law in British labour relations, it is true to say that during the last ten years the development of public policy has entailed a growing involvement of lawyers and the law in the world of work. As Professor Kahn‐Freund has written:
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Gottschalk Andrew
Published: July 2007

Book reviews in this article:

LABOUR IN THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY: The Migration of Workers in the United Kingdom and the European Community by W. R. Böhning

LABOUR IN THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY: Labor Movements in the Common Market Countries by Marguerite Bouvard

LABOUR IN THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY: Employment Conditions in Europe by Margaret Stewart

TRANSNATIONAL INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS: Proceedings of a Symposium held at Geneva by the International Institute for Labour Studies by Hans Günter

MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS AND BRITISH LABOUR: REVIEW OF ATTITUDES AND RESPONSES by John Gennard

INDUSTRIAL CONFLICT—A COMPARATIVE LEGAL SURVEY by B. Aaron and K. W. Wedderburn

WORKERS PARTICIPATION IN MANAGEMENT IN BRITAIN by R. O. Clarke, D. J. Fatchett and B. C. Roberts

DO TRADE UNIONS CAUSE INFLATION? by D. Jackson, H. A. Turner and F. Wilkinson

HANDBOOK OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS by D. Torrington

ORGANISATIONS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE by Cyril Sofer

THE SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF WORK by Michael Argyle
The first‐line supervisor in the British coal industry: a preliminary enquiry
Authors: Stephenson G. M. , Brotherton C. J.
Published: July 2007

In this article the authors report the results of small group discussions with some 415 first‐line supervisors in the mining industry. The results are compared with those from a number of earlier studies of mining. Changes which have affected the supervisory position are described, and the role of behavioural research in industry is discussed in relation to both organizational analysis and to training.
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
Authors: Gottschalk Andrew
Published: July 2007

INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS SERIES, CASSETTE TAPES 1–9 R. W. Rideout

PERSONNEL ‐ THE MANAGEMENT OF PEOPLE AT WORK D. S. Beach

ASPECTS OF HUMAN EFFICIENCY W. P. Colquhoun

ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR: Organisation Theory ‐ a Structural and Behavioural Analysis W. G. Scott and T. R. Mitchell

ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR: Readings in Organizational Behaviour and Human Performance W. E. Scott and L. L. Cummings

ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR: Communication and Organizational Behaviour W. W. Hanes

ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR: Human Societies ‐ an introduction to Sociology G. Hurd (editor)

THE PUBLIC SECTOR: International Manual on Collective Bargaining for Public Employees S. P. Kaye and A. Marsh (eds.)

THE PUBLIC SECTOR: Labour in the Public and Non Profit Sectors D. S. Hamermesh (ed.)

b

TRADE UNIONS: The Labour Movement in Europe W. Kendall

TRADE UNIONS: Trade Union Organisation in Ireland B. Hillery, A. Kelly and A. I. Marsh

TRADE UNIONS: Multinational Unions N. Willat

MINORITY GROUPS: Discrimination in Labour Markets O. Ashenfelter and A. Rees (eds.)

MINORITY GROUPS: Race and Labour in London Transport D. Brooks

MINORITY GROUPS: Migrant Workers, Report VII (1) International Labour Office

MINORITY GROUPS: Exporting Workers: the Turkish case S. Paine

MINORITY GROUPS: Blacks, Union and the E.E.O.C.: a Study of Administrative Futility B. W. Wolkinson

HUMAN RESOURCES: Men at Work C. R. Bell

HUMAN RESOURCES: Factory and Production Management K. G. Lockyer

HUMAN RESOURCES: Production ‐ an international comparison of contemporary manufacturing systems and the changing role of the worker H. B. Maynard

HUMAN RESOURCES: Work Organisation: A study of manual work and mass production R. Wild

HUMAN RESOURCES: Health at Work W. Gardner and P. Taylor

HUMAN RESOURCES: Health and Safety ‐the new law J. Jackson

HUMAN RESOURCES: The Hazards of Work: How to Fight Them P. Kinnersley
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
Authors: Gottschalk Andrew
Published: July 2007

LAW OF EMPLOYMENT Norman N. Selwyn

UNFAIR DISMISSAL CASES John E. McGlyne

REFERENCE BOOKS: A Bibliography of the Literature on British and Irish Labour Law B. A. Hepple, J. M. Neeson and Paul O'Higgins

REFERENCE BOOKS: I.P.M. Bibliography Part 1

REFERENCE BOOKS: I.P.M. Bibliography Part 2

REFERENCE BOOKS: The Dictionary of Industrial Relations A. I. Marsh and E. O. Evans

REFERENCE BOOKS: A Dictionary of Arbitration and its Terms ‐ a concise encyclopedia of peaceful dispute settlement K. Seide

THE MULTINATIONAL COMPANY: Bargaining Without ‐ Boundaries ‐ The Multinational Corporation and International Labour Relations R. J. Flanagan and A. R. Weber

THE MULTINATIONAL COMPANY: Nationalism and the Multinational Enterprise: Legal, Economic and Managerial Aspects M. R. Hahlo, J. G. Smith and R. W. Wright

THE MULTINATIONAL COMPANY: The Multinational Corporation and Social Policy Special reference to General Motors in South Africa R. A. Jackson

THE MULTINATIONAL COMPANY: Managing Multinational Corporations A. V. Phatak

THE MULTINATIONAL COMPANY: The Dictionary of Industrial Relations A. I. Marsh and E. O. Evans

THE MULTINATIONAL COMPANY: A Dictionary of Arbitration and its Terms ‐ a concise encyclopedia of peaceful dispute settlement K. Seide

THE MULTINATIONAL COMPANY: Bargaining Without ‐ Boundaries ‐ The Multinational Corporation and International Labour Relations R. J. Flanagan and A. R. Weber
Australian white‐collar unionism in transition
Authors: Lansbury Russell
Published: July 2007

Australian white‐collar and professional employees are experiencing the dual impact of technological change and unemployment, which has weakened their militancy. Russell Lansbury discusses how future trends will depend on the power exercised by those occupying strategic positions in labour markets.
Some economic aspects of industrial democracy*
Authors: Hunter Laurence , Beaumont Phil , Schuller Tom
Published: July 2007

Laurence Hunter argues that although there has been some reference to economic questions in the debate on industrial democracy, they have not received the attention that they deserve. Rather than to provide answers, the purpose of his article is to highlight the importance of the questions, in the hope that others might be encouraged to accept the presented challenge.
Wage determination and sex discrimination in Japan
Authors: Matsuura Nanshi
Published: July 2007

In spite of a significant contribution by female workers to the post‐war economic expansion of Japan, the average female wage remains no more than half the average male wage. In his study, Nanshi Matsuura found that workers' wages are mostly determined by non‐job‐performance‐related factors, some of which are based on discriminatory social elements.
Lay officers in the German chemical workers' union: a case study
Authors: Ebsworth David
Published: July 2007

Much is heard in Britain of the success of the West German economy, with special attention being drawn to the structure and policies of its trade union movement. In this case study of workplace industrial relations, David Ebsworth examines the role of lay officers of the third largest West German trade union, the Chemical Workers' Union, in a high technology industry.
Official Pay Inquiries: The Houghton Committee on Teachers' Pay
Authors: Way P. K. , Durcan J. W. , McCarthy W. E. J.
Published: July 2007

In view of the significance and long‐term persistence of official pay inquiries, it is essential that they are successfully run. Philip Way, Jim Durcan and Bill McCarthy use the findings of the Houghton Committee to deduce the conditions of success of such inquiries and draw conclusions as to the most appropriate manner in which to conduct them in the future.
Mergers in British trade unions 1949–79
Authors: Buchanan R. T.
Published: July 2007

Robert Buchanan examines the numbers, membership and main characteristics of the unions involved in mergers between 1949 and 1979, considers the main reasons for this trend in mergers, and compares it with the earlier merger movement occurring between 1911 and 1922.
Trade union attitudes to job‐sharing in Australia and some lessons for the UK
Authors: Benson John
Published: July 2007

A number of variations in working arrangements have emerged in Australia in recent years; one of these has been job‐sharing. Here the author reports the results of a survey into the attitudes of trade unions in Australia towards the practice.
Women in banking: a study in inequality
Authors: Egan Andy
Published: July 2007

As a major area of employment for women, the banking industry provides considerable scope as a case study of equal opportunities in employment. This article aims firstly to analyse the extent and the various aspects of inequality in the English clearing banks and, secondly, to examine the extent of women's participation and influence within the major TUC‐affiliated trade union in this field—BIFU.
Book Reviews
Authors: Mackie Karl
Published: July 2007

Book reviews in this article:

WAGES POLICY IN THE BRITISH COALMINING INDUSTRY J. L. Handy

THE MILITANCY OF BRITISH MINERS V. L. Allen

BATTERED CHERUB Joe Gormley

KING COAL Tony Hall

THE DEGRADATION OF WORK?: SKILL, DESKILLING AND THE LABOUR PROCESS Edited by Stephen Wood

SOVIET TRADE UNIONS: THEIR DEVELOPMENT IN THE 1970s Blair A. Ruble

BLUE COLLAR WORKERS IN EASTERN EUROPE Jan F. Triska and Charles Gati (eds.) George Allen and Unwin
Industrial relations in the next decade
Authors: Brown William , Sisson Keith
Published: July 2007

Here the authors discuss current trends in British industrial relations and their likelihood of continuing. The central question is that of the probable consequences for management and unions of the sustained rise in unemployment.
Part‐time employment and industrial relations developments in the EEC*
Authors: Robinson Olive
Published: July 2007

Voluntary part‐time work is now an established feature of EEC labour markets. In this article the author discusses the issues surrounding the Council's directive on voluntary part‐time work and argues that it represents an acknowledgement by governments, employers and trade unions that part‐time workers do not constitute a part of the marginal labour force.
Recruiting manual workers in high unemployment: an employer's experience
Authors: Catt Hilton
Published: July 2007

This article, written by a practitioner in the engineering industry, describes and reflects upon an employer's response in terms of recruitment and selection practices to the ‘landslide’ in job applications arising from the transition from full employment to the high and persisting unemployment of the 1980s. The introduction has been written by the Editor.
Early retirement: recent trends and implications
Authors: Jackson Michael
Published: July 2007

In recent years there has been a substantial rise in the number of people in Britain retiring before the normal statutory pensionable age. This article attempts to explain this development and examines some doubts about early retirement as a special employment measure.
Management at the enterprise‐level in China*
Authors: Lansbury Russell
Published: July 2007

Here the authors review the changing policies of the Chinese towards the management of the enterprise and the role of unions and the workers’ congress in labour‐management relations.
book reviews
Authors: Reid Stuart
Published: July 2007

WHITE‐COLLAR PROLETARIAT: DESKILLING AND GENDER IN CLERICAL WORK: Rosemary Crompton and Gareth Jones

NEW TECHNOLOGY AND THE FUTURE OF WORK AND SKILLS: Edited by Pauline Marstrand

THE FUTURE OF WORK: A GUIDE TO A CHANGING SOCIETY: Charles Handy

THE WEALTH OF INFORMATION: A PROFILE OF THE POST‐INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY: Tom Stonier

TOWARDS THE FLEXIBLE CRAFTSMAN: Michael Cross

MICROPROCESSORS, MANPOWER AND SOCIETY: Edited by Malcolm Warner

WORK, EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT: PERSPECTIVES ON WORK AND SOCIETY: Edited by K. Thompson
Unity eludes Africa's trade unions
Authors: Martens George
Published: July 2007

Until the founding of the OATUU in 1973 African trade unionists had had little experience in working together. This article explores the background of efforts towards unity and analyses the current crisis in Africa.*
When management strikes: PATCO and the British miners
Authors: Ghilarducci Teresa
Published: July 2007

In this article the author analyses the parallels and differences between the Federal Government's strong actions against air traffic controllers and the British Government's assault upon striking coalminers
Book Reviews
Authors: Mackie Karl
Published: July 2007

Industrial Relations in the Future: Trends and Possibilities in Britain over the next Decade M. Poole, W. Brown, J. Rubery, K. Sisson, R. Tarling and F. Wilkinson

Invitation to Industrial Relations T. Keenoy

Years of Recovery: British Economic Policy 1945–1951 Alec Cairncross

Britain's Economy: The Roots of Stagnation Aubrey Jones

Challenges and Choices Facing American Labor Thomas A. Kochan (ed.)

The Politics of Safety and Health G. K. Wilson

Industrial Relations and New Technology Annette Davies

Technological Change, Rationalisation and Industrial Relations O. Jacobi, B. Jessop, H. Kastendiek and M. Regini (eds.)
Organisational culture and nonunion status of small businesses
Authors: Beaumont Phil , Rennie Ian
Published: July 2007

It is frequently contended that the current non‐union status of an organisation is a reflection of the values and preferences of the organisation's founder(s). This article develops and tests a set of hypotheses concerning the factors that lead an organisation founder to desire non‐union status.
Local authority employment creation initiatives: Who gets the jobs?
Authors: Sapsford David
Published: July 2007

Over recent years a number of British local authorities have sought to increase employment by the provision of industrial premises of various sorts. This paper investigates the number and type of jobs created and explores whether these were filled by the unemployed, by school‐leavers or by previously employed workers.
Organising the Unemployed? The TUC and the Unemployed Workers Centres
Authors: Forrester Keith , Ward Kevin
Published: July 2007

This article focuses on the development of the TUC's Unemployed Workers Centres. An empirical examination of their roles and activities is followed by an assessment of their aims and objectives.
Trade unions and productivity: theory and evidence
Authors: Cameron Samuel
Published: July 2007

Recent work by economists has generated new theories of the impact of trade unions on productivity. This article gives an exposition of these theories and assesses the extent to which they are supported by empirical evidence.
Book reviews
Authors: Mackie Karl J.
Published: July 2007

Book reviewed in this article:

The Foundation of Management, P D Anthony

Managing New Technology, David Boddy and David Buchanan

New Technology and the Office Environment, Hazel Armour

Managing the Labour Process, David Knights and Hugh Wilmott (eds)

Managing Organisational Closure, Cynthia Hardy

Redundancy, Layoffs and Plant Closures: Their Character, Causes and Consequences, Raymond M. Lee (ed)

Plant Closings: Power, Politics, and Workers, Lawrence E. Rothstein

Jack Jones: Union Man

The Evolution of Labor Relations in Japan: Heavy Industry, 1853–1955, Andrew Gordon

Social Partnership: The Austrian System of Industrial Relations and Social Insurance, Theodor Tomandi and Karl Fuerboeck

The End of Economic Man?, D. Marsden

Pay Differentials, J. Donaldson and P. Philby (eds)

Monetarism and the Labour Market, Derek Robinson
German trade unions and company information
Authors: Floria Michael , Hartmann Heinz
Published: July 2007

British trade unions are not alone in needing to develop sophisticated and effective responses to rapid change – the theme of an earlier article by Tony Lane in Vol 17 No 4. Here the authors explore the problems of German trade unions in absorbing and evaluating detailed company information.
Equal pay in Greece and Britain
Authors: Tzannatos Zafiris
Published: July 2007

A number of significant reforms for the improvement of the position of women in Greece ha ve taken place since the restoration of democracy in 1974. After a brief discussion of these changes the author examines their effects on Greek women's pay and compares them with the British case.
Professionals in two employment systems
Authors: Mroczkowski Tomasz , Pope James A
Published: July 2007

This article reports the results of a cross national study of how professional employees experience two very different employment systems: the ‘individualist’ of America and the ‘collectivist’ one of Poland. The authors conclude that further research and development of the concept of employment systems should focus on the degree of congruence between employment policies and cultural attitudes of employees.
Falling through the net: employment change and worker protection
Authors: Dickens Linda
Published: July 2007

Employment change in Britain highlights the limitations of collective bargaining and exposes the myth of protection afforded by ‘universal’ legal rights. This article explores the changes and these limitations, addressing the question of how protection might be extended to those workers currently ‘falling through the net’, in particular what is required of the trade unions.
Comment Did PATCO really lead to the British miners’ strike?*
Authors: Northrup Herbert R.
Published: July 2007

Here Herbert Northrup Duncan Campbell discuss an article published in this Journal (Vol 17 No 2 Summer 1986)‐the author subsequently responds to their comments.
Trends and developments in industrial relations: Derecognising trade unions: implications and consequences
Authors: Towers Brian
Published: July 2007

There is now some evidence of the beginnings of a trend towards derecognition. In this article the Editor discusses the implications and consequences for trade unions and collective bargaining should such a development become widespread.
Leaner and possibly fitter: the management of redundancy in Britain
Authors: Turnbull Peter J.
Published: July 2007

Economic recession has heralded massive job losses in recent years but it is not just financial expediency that has been driving firms’ redundancy programmes. Redundancy has also been a precursor of management attempts to promote the productivity and flexibility of the remaining workforce, enabling many firms to emerge both ‘leaner and fitter’ from the recession.
Union recognition and employment change in Scottish electronics
Authors: MacInnes John , Sproull Alan
Published: July 2007

This empirical research on the Scottish electronics industry examines the characteristics of unionised plants, including those with single union agreements. The work is part of a wider project which has been published in article form in other journals.
Employment flexibility in large companies: change and continuity
Authors: Marginson Paul
Published: July 2007

Claims that companies have increasingly turned to temporary workers, outworkers and subcontracting to enhance their ‘numerical flexibility’ are scrutinised using data from a survey of industrial relations in large companies. The survey reveals considerable continuity in the use of these employment practices. Recent reports published by the National Economic Development Office and ACAS are shown to overstate the extent of change in the 1980s.
Preventing sexual harassment at work
Authors: Rubenstein Michael
Published: July 2007

This article is based on research undertaken on behalf of the European Commission into the nature, extent and consequences of sexual harassment at work. It discusses the definition, occurrence and repercussions of sexual harassment and develops the argument for a European Directive on the Prevention of Sexual Harassment at Work by considering the operation and limitations of existing legal provisions.
Investment and cultural conflict: the Japanese in South Korea
Authors: Matsuura Nanshi F.
Published: July 2007

After decades of heavy investment in South Korea, Japanese firms are now finding the country less than ideal for long‐term investment due to numerous management conflicts. This study found that many Japanese firms would not initiate new direct investment projects or expand their operations under the existing conditions.
The effects of equal value claims on businesses
Authors: Jefferson Michael
Published: July 2007

This article examines the law relating to claims by women employees that their work is of value equal to that performed by men. It focuses on several recent case‐law authorities, considers difficulties with the legislation, and the possible non‐compliance of UK law with EEC standards.
Spatial patterns of Japanese investment in the US automobile industry
Authors: Reid Neil
Published: July 2007

Here the author examines the locational strategy of Japanese car manufacturers and their component part suppliers in the US at both the regional and local scale. This is compared briefly with the strategy pursued by Japanese investors in the UK auto industry
Law of dismissal and employment practices in Japan
Authors: Komiyo Fumito
Published: July 2007

In this article the author discusses the extent of Japanese legal protection against dismissal available to employees covered by the lifetime employment policies of the large corporations…He argues that the policies do not offer a total guarantee and they are in any case in long‐term decline‐a development with important implications for the role of the law.
The Social Dimension: convergence or diversification of IR in the Single European Market?
Authors: Madsen JθrgenSteen , Jensen Carsten Strθby , Due Jesper
Published: July 2007

The discussions raised in the theories of convergence and diversification of industrial relations are again becoming relevant due to the Single European Market and the proposals coming from the EC‐Commission regarding a common EC regulation and harmonisation of the European labour market. How far the EC‐development will imply an internationalisation of European industrial relations is analysed here.
Reforms of work practices and IR procedures in the maritime industry: an Australia‐USA comparison
Authors: Donn Cliff , Morris Richard , Phelan Gerry
Published: July 2007

Technological change, enhanced international competition, and a world‐wide shipping depression for much of the 1980s posed new challenges for the Australian and US maritime industries. In Australia, maritime workplace reform was carried out by a focus on government‐sponsored corporatism and consensus while in the US reform focused on deregulation and collective bargaining. It is unlikely that either pattern will produce fleets that are truly competitive.
Remuneration practice in a wages council sector: some empirical observations in hotels
Authors: Lucas Rosemary E.
Published: July 2007

The Wages Act 1986 aimed to change the substantive and procedural rules of remuneration practice in order to increase labour market flexibility. Here the findings of a subsequent study on wages and employment conditions are presented and assessed in relation to some of the potential effects of the 1986 legislation
Training provision and workplace institutions: an investigation
Authors: Heyes Jason
Published: July 2007

The training debate has suffered from a preoccupation with macro institutions and regulatory frameworks. This has resulted in a neglect of workplace industrial relations issues. Using case study data from three private sector engineering companies, this article highlights the importance of workplace institutions in explaining training outcomes.
Union or commonwealth? The balance of power and the organisational structure debate in the Dutch Federation of trade unions*
Authors: Schilstra Keimpe , Smit Evert
Published: July 2007

The stalemate that persists within the Dutch Federation of Trade Unions (FNV) concerning organisational restructuring is analysed from an interorganisational perspective. Data on power resources of the affiliated unions show that three large unions dominate decision making. Decreasing power of the federal organisation, bilateral arrangements and, possibly, amalgamations are expected.
Law commentary–Pregnancy and sex discrimination: the recent judgement of the European Court of Justice
Authors: Singh Ramsumair
Published: July 2007

This comment examines the issues related to pregnancy and sex discrimination in the light of the recent decision of the European Court of Justice in Webb and EMO Air Cargo (UK) Ltd.
After unification: trade unions and industrial relations in eastern Germany
Authors: Upchurch Martin
Published: July 2007

Following unification the West German unions quickly established themselves in the former East. The system of Works Councils and Co‐determination was also imposed on the new Länder. This article examines the experience of unions in the east and considers the impact on industrial relations of the unification process.
Transforming industrial relations in Russia: a case of convergence with industrialised market economies?
Authors: Bamber Greg J. , Peschanski Valentin
Published: July 2007

Here the authors discuss the ‘old unions’, the ‘new unions’ and the still dominant role of the state. They show how contemporary IR includes changes towards arrangements that are more typical of industrialised market economies (IMEs); nevertheless, there are significant continuities with past patterns, and divergences from IMEs’ arrangements.
Economic reforms, industrial relations and human resources in the People's Republic of China: an overview
Authors: Warner Malcolm
Published: July 2007

In this article, the impact of the post‐1978 economic reforms on the Chinese labour‐management system on the main sectors of employment (state, collective, private and joint ventures) is systematically discussed. The author concludes that as greater enterprise autonomy becomes more common, the labour‐management system will evolve into a more ‘marketised’ hybrid form albeit ‘with Chinese characteristics’.
Cervical Musculoskeletal Impairment in Frequent Intermittent Headache. Part 2: Subjects With Concurrent Headache Types
Authors: Amiri M , Jull G , Bullock-Saxton J , Darnell R , Lander C
Published: July 2007

A pattern of musculoskeletal impairment inclusive of upper cervical joint dysfunction, combined with restricted cervical motion and impairment in muscle function, has been shown to differentiate cervicogenic headache from migraine and tension-type headache when reported as single headaches. It was questioned whether this pattern of cervical musculoskeletal impairment could discriminate a cervicogenic headache as one type of headache in more complex situations when persons report two or more headaches. Subjects with two or more concurrent frequent intermittent headache types ( n = 108) and 57 non-headache control subjects were assessed using a set of physical measures for the cervical musculoskeletal system. Discriminant and cluster analyses revealed that 36 subjects had the pattern of musculoskeletal impairment consistent with cervicogenic headache. Isolated features of physical impairment, e.g. range of movement (cervical extension), were not helpful in differentiating cervicogenic headache. There were no differences in measures of cervical musculoskeletal impairment undertaken in this study between control subjects and those classified with non-cervicogenic headaches.
Subjects' Access to Cognitive Processes: Demand Characteristics and Verbal Report
Authors: ADAIR JOHN G. , SPINNER BARRY
Published: July 2007

The present paper examines the arguments and data presented by Nisbett and Wilson (1977a; 1977b; Wilson & Nisbett, 1978) relevant to their thesis that subjects do not have access to their own cognitive processes. It is concluded that their review of previous research is selective and incomplete and that the data they present in behalf of their thesis does not withstand a demand characteristics analysis. Furthermore, their use of observer‐subject similarity as evidence of subjects' inability to access cognitive processes makes tests of their hypothesis confounded and, at the same time, reveals limitations in the application of the pre‐inquiry quasi‐control to research on social behavior. Problems with postexperiment questionnaires, such as the demand characteristics of the inquiry procedure are also considered. Although there are difficulties in assessing subjects' cognitive processes, many of these may be overcome through the application of novel techniques and research conducted on more traditional methods. In contrast to the view that subjects have limited access to cognitive processes and that their verbal reports are not valid, it is concluded that subjects' verbalizations are a rich source of psychological data which must be pursued if we are to tap their cognitive processes and are to gain an adequate understanding of human behavior.
The Sense of Society
Authors: SANDELANDS LLOYD E.
Published: July 2007

Human society is unique in the animal kingdom in the degree to which it depends upon its members reflective awareness of self and society. Whereas much has been learned about the sense of self, little is known about the sense of society. This paper develops three points about the human sense of society: First, this sense is a feeling of life, what German writers have called Lebensgefuhl. The paper begins by defining feeling as a psychical moment or‘phase’of bodily activity. The paper later develops die idea mat what is felt of society is always an embodiment of its vital form; its social life. Second, die sense of society is a feeling of society, as distinct from a feeling in society and from a feeling of self. The middle third of die paper distinguishes these concepts and links die feeling of society to writings of Freud and Durkheim in which elements of this feeling are found. And third, feelings of society prominently include participation, love, and play. These feelings, which are embodiments of vital social form, are illustrated and discussed in die penultimate section of die paper. Having registered these three points, die paper concludes with a brief summary and discussion of implications for expanding die scope of inquiry in social science.
Living in a Wittgensteinian World: Beyond Theory to a Poetics of Practices
Authors: SHOTTER JOHN
Published: July 2007

As human beings, we share many historically developed, language‐game interwoven, public forms of life. Due to the joint, dialogically responsive nature of all social life within such forms, we cannot as individuals just act as we please; our forms of life exert a normative influence on what we can say and do. They act as a backdrop against which all our claims to knowledge are judged as acceptable or not. As a result, it is not easy to articulate their inadequacies in a clear and forceful manner. However, within most of our forms of life, we have a first‐person right to express how our individual circumstances seem to us. And by the use of special forms of poetic, gestural talk—talk that can originate new language‐games—we can offer to make our own ‘inner lives’ public. In this paper, I want to claim that this is just what Wittgenstein is attempting to do in his later philosophy: by use of the self‐same methods that anyone might use to express aspects of their own world picture, he is offering us his attempts to make the background ‘landscape’ of our lives more visible to us. These methods are explored below.
Is advective heat transport significant at the Dead Sea basin?
Authors: SHALEV E. , LYAKHOVSKY V. , YECHIELI Y.
Published: July 2007

An understanding of heat flux is a necessary component in reconstructing tectonic, seismic, and hydrologic models of the Dead Sea basin. Heat may be transferred by both conduction and advection by groundwater. Although the conductive heat flux in Israel has been extensively measured to be approximately 40 mW m−2, there is still a debate about the total heat flux. Recently, the discharge of hot springs along the western Dead Sea shore has been determined to be 107 m3 year−1. Simple calculations show that the heat discharged by groundwater at these hot springs is of the same order of magnitude as the measured conductive heat flux in deep boreholes. Therefore the total heat flux could be significantly higher than 40 mW m−2. However, results of numerical modeling show that the current hot‐spring heat discharge is two orders of magnitude greater than that predicted for steady‐state conditions and can be explained by the rapid recession of the Dead Sea.
Development of auditory selective attention: Event‐related potential measures of channel selection and target detection
Authors: Gomes Hilary , Duff Martin , Barnhardt Jack , Barrett Sophia , Ritter Walter
Published: July 2007

In this study, we examined developmental changes in auditory selective attention using both electrophysiological (Nd, P3b) and behavioral measures while two groups of children (9‐ and 12‐year‐olds) and adults were engaged in a two‐channel selective attention task. Channel was determined by frequency (1000 or 2000 Hz). Targets in one condition were shorter than the standards (duration target) and in the other were softer (intensity target). We found that the Nd onset and peak latencies for the children were significantly longer than for the adults. Nd amplitude, however, did not differ between the groups. Further, all groups evidenced P3b to attended targets but not to unattended deviants. Hits, reaction times, and false alarms to unattended deviants continued to evidence improvements through adolescence. Taken together, our data are most consistent with a model of developmental improvement in the speed and efficiency of attention allocation.
Reflections and findings on the critical citizen: Civic education – What for?
Authors: GEISSEL BRIGITTE
Published: July 2007

Abstract. The Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe proclaimed the year 2005 the ‘European Year of Democratic Citizenship through Education’, but the question is: What does the democracy‐promoting citizen look like? This article focuses on the question of whether satisfied and supportive citizens or critical citizens have attitudes that promote democracy. The discussion of this question is based on empirical results from a survey of German citizens (N = 2,000), applying bivariate and multivariate methods. Political criticism is measured by indicators of dissatisfaction, attentiveness and system preference; five types of citizens are constructed: satisfied‐attentive, satisfied‐inattentive, dissatisfied‐attentive, dissatisfied‐inattentive citizens with a preference for a democratic system, and one type preferring nondemocratic systems. The article examines which of these types are more consistent with the ‘ideal citizen’– defined as a citizen who participates, is well‐informed, identifies with democracy and politics, has good internal efficacy and is willing to defend democracy. The data show that attentive citizens are more likely to promote democracy than inattentive ones. Attentive citizens are politically more knowledgeable, identify more strongly with the democratic system, feel more politically competent and are more willing to defend democracy. Political satisfaction or dissatisfaction has less of an influence on these dispositions.