bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new way to diagnose and treat type 2 diabetics studied in a primary care setting
Authors: Pasman Wilrike , de Hoogh Iris , Boorsma André , Wopereis Suzan
Published: June 2020

Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a chronic disease diagnosed based on fasting plasma glucose (FPG). A FPG > 6.9 mmol/L may result in the diagnosis of T2D by the general physician (GP) and result in general lifestyle advice to eat less and be more physically active. Because T2D can have different causes by the failure of one or multiple organs (especially pancreas, liver and muscle), it is of importance to determine this for a patient. Each specific organ failure will result in another lifestyle advice (diet, exercise or the combination). The aim of the present study was to examine whether this T2D subtyping resulted in a higher efficacy of the assigned lifestyle interventions as compared to general lifestyle advice.

118 newly diagnosed T2D subjects of multiple primary care practices in Hillegom, The Netherlands, participated. 60 subjects underwent a lifestyle treatment, coached by a dietitian and physiotherapist, based on the outcome of an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) at baseline. Based on 2-hr, 5-time points plasma glucose and insulin, organ specific insulin resistance indices were calculated for liver, muscle and pancreas. The resulting T2D subtypes differed in intervention: energy restriction, exercise training, or a combination of both for 13 weeks. Data of 58 control subjects who were provided general lifestyle advice were gathered retrospectively. The OGTT was repeated after 13 weeks of lifestyle treatment to examine changes in phenotype. Effectiveness of the intervention was compared with controls based on FPG, HbA1c and body weight (BW).

The six T2D subtypes at baseline were unevenly distributed. The main category were subjects with a poor □-cell function in combination with hepatic insulin resistance (45%). Due to the intervention, 19 subjects showed a healthy, normalized phenotype afterwards (32%). The interventions were effective and resulted in a significantly higher reduction of FPG (Δ-0.4 ± 0.1 mmol/L), reduced HbA1c (Δ-3.0 ± 0.6mmol/mol) and BW loss (Δ-8.1 ± 0.7kg) as compared to control subjects. The reduced BW, FPG and HbA1c were still present at one year follow-up, although some drop-out of subjects (n = 11) started to appear and still 49 subjects were in-study.

T2D subtyping resulted in personalization of treatment, thereby effectively improving glycemic parameters and body weight as compared to general care. T2D subtyping is therefore not only effective for a more detailed diagnosis, it also enables personalization of T2D lifestyle treatment.
Examination of Seafood Intake Using Online 24hr Recall Tool for Use in Risk Assessment Analysis
Authors: Looby Sarah , Govzman Sophie , Wang Bella (Xiyao) , Butler Francis , Timon Claire , Gibney Eileen
Published: June 2020

Introduction

Healthy eating recommendations advise eating two portions of fish per week. Although seafood consumption has doubled globally over the last 50 years there is currently very little data on seafood consumption in Ireland. It is important to know what is being consumed by a population for nutritional and food safety purposes. The aim of this study is to collect reported dietary intake data from Irish seafood consumers, using an online dietary intake assessment tool, to determine habitual intakes of seafood for use in risk assessment.

Materials and Methods

Foodbook24 is a self-administered, online 24hr recall tool developed for the purpose of nutritional surveillance in Ireland. For the purpose of this study it was further developed to include a detailed list of seafood regularly consumed in Ireland. Foods were selected using established food databases (Langual, FoodEx2 and BIM Seafood Handbook). Food composition was determined using McCance and Widdowson (7th Ed.) and portion sizes were based on NANS, published portion size books and recipes. Participants will be recruited using commonly used approaches; radio adverts & face-to-face recruitment. Seafood consumers (n = 1000), balanced for gender, age and urban/rural location, will be targeted. Participants will complete 2×24hr recalls, over 2 weeks, and complete an accompanying food frequency questionnaire. Demographic and lifestyle data will also be collected.

Results

In the development of the tool, a total of 246 foods were added to Foodbook24, including 38 species of fish, with approximately 2–25 fish dishes for each fish. The composition of 156 foods were a direct match to McCance and Widdowson, 36 were similar and 24 used a combination of foods. For fish meals and recipes, 17 meals had a direct match in McCance and Widdowson and 10 were obtained using the average of 3 recipes. Foodbook24 contained a large proportion (92%) of the relevant portion sizes, others came from relevant books and recipes.

Discussion

Data collection is currently ongoing, but it is expected that the study will represent a significant step forward in public health policy contribution by characterising the likelihood of illness within a population on an annual basis. Furthermore, it will demonstrate the use of novel intake assessment technologies for fast and cost-effective collection of data for risk assessment purposes, reducing the time and cost required for data collection.
Differential effects of EPA and DHA on plasma and adipose tissue lipid mediators: the ComparED study
Authors: Vors Cécile , Piscitelli Fabiana , Verde Roberta , Laforest Sofia , Allaire Janie , Marin Johanne , Fourmaux Baptiste , Bernoud-Hubac Nathalie , Michalski Marie-Caroline , Couture Patrick , Fortin Dominique , Tchernof André , Di Marzo Vincenzo , Lamarche Benoît
Published: June 2020

Oxylipins and endocannabinoids (eCBs) both belong to superclasses of lipid mediators with potent inflammation modulatory activities. The adipose tissue (AT) plays a key role in metabolic syndrome-related inflammation, via altered adipocyte physiology, infiltrated macrophages and altered profile of eCBs. We previously reported that DHA is more potent than EPA at modulating systemic inflammation, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The objective of this study was to compare the individual effect of high-dose DHA and of EPA on circulating lipid mediators, i.e. plasma oxylipins and eCBs, and AT-related inflammation. In a randomized double-blind crossover trial, 154 volunteers with abdominal obesity and low-grade inflammation were subjected to three 10-wk supplementation phases: 1- EPA (2.7 g/d); 2- DHA (2.7 g/d); 3- corn oil (control), each separated by a 9-wk washout. Supplements were provided as re-esterified triacylglycerols. Profiling of plasma oxylipins and eCBs was performed on 58 subjects after each phase. Abdominal subcutaneous AT biopsies were also obtained from 13 individuals after each phase. Plasma DHA-, EPA-, arachidonic acid-derived oxylipins were analyzed by LC-MS. eCBs and some of their bioactive congeners were analyzed in plasma and AT by LC-APCI-MS. Adipocyte diameter was determined by histological analysis and AT macrophage infiltration was quantified by double immunofluorescence. Compared with EPA, DHA increased plasma levels of hydroxy-docosahexaenoic acids (7-, 11-, 14-, 4-, 17-HDOHE; P < 0.0001) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA; P = 0.04). Compared with DHA, EPA led to higher plasma level of hydroxy-eicosapentaenoic acids (12-, 15-, 5-HEPE; P < 0.0001). In the AT, EPA increased the level of oleoylethanolamide (OEA; P = 0.01) compared with DHA, but no other difference was observed between treatments in adipose eCBs and eCB-related lipids. DHA and EPA did not differentially modify adipocyte size distributions (P > 0.50) and proportions of M1-type and M2-type macrophages (P > 0.30). In conclusion, increased plasma levels of anti-inflammatory DHA-derived oxylipins and plasma PEA may be responsible, at least to some extent, for the more potent anti-inflammatory effects of DHA compared with EPA observed in the ComparED study. Conversely, subcutaneous AT does not seem to be involved in explaining such differences between EPA and DHA.
Glycemic profile is improved by High Slowly Digestible Starch diet in type 2 diabetic patients
Authors: Goux Aurelie , Breyton Anne-Esther , Meynier Alexandra , Lambert-Porcheron Stephanie , Sothier Monique , Van Den Berghe Laurie , Normand Sylvie , Disse Emmanuel , Laville Martine , Nazare Julie-Anne , Vinoy Sophie
Published: June 2020

Introduction

Considering the dramatically increasing incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D), decreasing glycemic variability in T2D patients is a key challenge to limit the occurrence of diabetic complications. Diet appears as one potential lever that can be set up above medications. Particularly, the ingestion of foods with a high content in slowly digestible starch (SDS) demonstrated both lower postprandial glycemic and insulin responses in healthy and insulin resistant subjects. This study aimed at designing a full high-SDS diet by selecting high-SDS starchy food products and at studying its impact on glycemic response and variability in T2D.

Materials and methods

This pilot randomized controlled cross-over study included eight T2D patients (HbA1c = 7.0 ± 0.2%, BMI = 31.7 ± 2.1 kg/m2, treated by Metformin & Sitagliptin) who consumed twice, for one week a controlled diet containing starchy food products screened and selected to be either High (High-SDS) or Low (Low-SDS) in SDS, as determined by the SDS in-vitro method developed by Englyst et al. During each diet period, the glycemic profile was monitored for 6 days using a Continuous Glucose Monitoring System (CGMS). Multiple metrics related to variability and glycemic responses were calculated.

Results

222 SDS analyses were realized on commercial food products as consumed. 23 High-SDS and 20 Low-SDS food items with associated specific cooking instructions were selected to design two diets consistent with local T2D recommendations. The High-SDS diet demonstrated a significantly higher SDS content compared to the Low-SDS diet (61.6 vs 11.6 g/day; p < 0.0001), mainly driven by selected pasta, rice and high-SDS biscuits (75.6% of the consumed SDS content). The % of total daily energy intake (TDEI) for all macronutrients remained similar between diets (p > 0.05) and the carbohydrate content specifically represented 49 ± 1 % and 47 ± 2 % of the TDEI for High-SDS and Low-SDS diets, respectively. With the high-SDS diet, the Mean Amplitude of Glycemic Excursion, a key parameter of glycemic variability, was significantly decreased (79.6 for Low-SDS vs 61.6 mg/dL for High-SDS; p = 0.0067). The significant correlation between the meals SDS contents and various glycemic parameters such as postprandial iAUC, tAUC (up to 180 min) or peak value strengthen this finding (p < 0.05 for all).

Discussion

It was the first demonstration that a diet including selected starchy food items and cooking recommendations designed to favor products’ high SDS content beneficially impacts glycemic profile in T2D subjects. Carefully selecting starchy food may be a simple and valuable tool to improve glycemic control in T2D.
Influence of a 3-months low-calorie Mediterranean diet vs. Vegetarian diet on human gut microbiota and SCFA: the CARDIVEG Study
Authors: Pagliai Giuditta , Russo Edda , Niccolai Elena , Dinu Monica , Di Pilato Vincenzo , Magrini Alessandro , Bartolucci Gianluca , Baldi Simone , Menicatti Marta , Giusti Betti , Marcucci Rossella , Rossolini Gian Maria , Casini Alessandro , Sofi Francesco , Amedei Amedeo
Published: June 2020

Introduction

There is growing interest in understanding how diet can modulate the gut microbiota (GM), including its possible association with disease states. The aim of the present study is to compare in a group of subjects in primary prevention for cardiovascular disease (CVD) the effects of Mediterranean (MD) and Vegetarian (VD) dietary patterns on the GM composition and on the short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) production.

Materials and Methods

Twenty-three clinically healthy subjects (16 F; mean age: 58.6 ± 9.8 years) were randomly assigned to isocaloric MD or VD diets lasting 3-months each and then crossed. Anthropometric measurements, body composition, blood and fecal samples were obtained from each participant at the beginning and at the end of each intervention phase. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) of 16S rRNA were performed to analyze the GM, while the SCFA were evaluated through the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry system.

Results

Dietary interventions didn't produce significant diversity in the GM composition at higher ranks (family and above), neither between nor within MD and VD, but they did it at genus level. MD significantly changed the abundance of three genera (Enterohabdus, Lachnoclostridium and Parabacteroides), while VD significantly affected the abundance of four genera (Anaerostipes, Streptococcus, Clostridium sensu stricto and Odoribacter). Comparison of the mean variation of each SCFA between MD and VD showed an opposite and statistically significant trend for propionic acid (+ 10% vs -28%, respectively, p = 0.034). In addition, variations of SCFA resulted to be negatively correlated with changes of some inflammatory cytokines such as VEGF, MCP-1, IL-17, IP-10 and IL-12, only after MD. Finally, correlation analyses showed several associations between changes of genera, clinical and biochemical parameters, after both the dietary interventions.

Discussion

Our study indicates that a short-term dietary intervention with MD or VD does not induce major change in the GM, suggesting that a diet should last for longer periods to scratch the resilience of GM. In addition, the negative association between SCFA and a number of inflammatory cytokines reported only after MD, seems to support the anti-inflammatory properties of the MD. Furthermore, several associations between certain bacterial groups, clinical and biochemical parameters, let us hypothesized that the cardiovascular protection associated with the two diets could be due – at least in part – to a modulation of the GM.
Nutrient-wide association study of 92 foods and nutrients and breast cancer risk
Authors: Heath Alicia , Muller David , van den Brandt Piet , Papadimitriou Nikos , Critselis Elena , Weiderpass Elisabete , Riboli Elio , Tsilidis Konstantinos , Tzoulaki Ioanna
Published: June 2020

Several dietary factors have been extensively investigated for associations with risk of breast cancer, but to date unequivocal evidence only exists for alcohol consumption. We sought to systematically evaluate the association between 92 dietary factors and breast cancer risk using a nutrient-wide association study approach. Using data from 272,098 women participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study, we assessed dietary intake of 92 foods and nutrients estimated by dietary questionnaires. Cox regression with age as the time scale and adjustment for potential confounders, was used to quantify the association between each food or nutrient and risk of breast cancer. A false discovery rate (FDR) of 0.05 was used to select the set of foods and nutrients to evaluate in the independent replication cohort, the Netherlands Cohort Study (NLCS). During a median follow-up time of 15 years, 10,979 incident invasive breast cancers were identified in the women from the EPIC study. Six foods and nutrients were associated with risk of breast cancer when controlling the FDR at 0.05. Higher intake of alcohol overall was associated with a higher risk of breast cancer (hazard ratio (HR) for a 1 SD increment in intake = 1.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03–1.07), as was beer/cider intake and wine intake (HRs per 1 SD increment = 1.05, 95% CI 1.03–1.06 and 1.04, 95% CI 1.02–1.06, respectively), whereas higher intakes of fibre, apple/pear, and carbohydrates were associated with a lower risk of breast cancer (HRs per 1 SD increment = 0.96, 95% CI 0.94–0.98; 0.96, 95% CI 0.94–0.99; and 0.96, 95% CI 0.95–0.98, respectively). When evaluated in the NLCS (2368 invasive breast cancer cases), estimates for each of these foods and nutrients were similar in magnitude and direction, with the exception of beer/cider intake, which was not associated with risk of breast cancer in the NLCS. Our findings confirm the well-established increased risk of breast cancer associated with alcohol consumption, and suggest that higher intake of dietary fibre, and possibly fruit and carbohydrates, might be associated with reduced breast cancer risk.
Association of daily nitrate consumption with blood pressure and other risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in a representative UK population
Authors: Alzahrani Hayat , McKenna Helen , Jackson Kim , Hobbes Ditte , Walton Gemma , Lovegrove Julie
Published: June 2020

Dietary inorganic nitrate has been shown to lower blood pressure (BP) and improve endothelial function(1). The main sources of dietary nitrate are vegetables (root and green leafy varieties) as well as drinking water but data available on dietary analysis software on nitrate levels in vegetables and vegetable-based foods is very limited. To date, very few studies have investigated the relationship between the level of consumption of dietary nitrate on BP and other cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in a representative UK population. The aim of the study was to address this knowledge gap using data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) years 1–8, a cross-sectional study conducted in 3339 men and women aged 19–64 y between 2008/09–2011/12. A comprehensive database was first developed to evaluate the nitrate and nitrite levels in vegetables, cured meats and composite dishes to more accurately estimate the dietary nitrate intakes of the NDNS participants. The population was then classified into quartiles of daily nitrate intake, with quartile 1 (Q1: 26–106 mg/d) and quartile 4 (Q4: 183–559 mg/d) representing diets with the lowest and highest intakes, respectively. ANCOVA analysis was performed to determine the relationship between the level of daily nitrate intake with available data on biomarkers of CVD risk (including BP (systolic, diastolic and pulse pressure), lipid profile, (total, high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) cholesterol), C-reactive protein, anthropometric measures (body mass index and waist to hip ratio) and glycaemic control (glucose and glycated haemoglobin). There were significant differences in systolic (P-trend = 0.008) and diastolic (P-trend = 0.025) BP across increasing quartiles of dietary nitrate intake, with BP significantly lower in Q3 than all other quartiles. Pulse pressure (calculated as systolic–diastolic BP) was also found to be significantly different across quartiles (P-trend = 0.001), with diets of participants in Q3 and Q4 being associated with significantly lower pulse pressures than those in Q1 (P-Q1 vs. Q3 = 0.005, P-Q1 vs. Q4 = 0.007). All of the other CVD risk markers were not different between quartile groups. Our preliminary results suggest that the level of dietary nitrate intake may be significantly associated with BP, a key independent CVD risk factor. There is an urgent need to more accurately estimate the dietary nitrate intake in the UK population and to determine whether the source of dietary nitrate (vegetables vs cured meats) impacts on the significant relationship with BP.
Fatty acid sensitivity, intake of high-fat foods, gene polymorphism, and body mass
Authors: Chmurzynska Agata , Młodzik-Czyżewska Monika , Malinowska Anna , Galinski Grzegorz , Radziejewska Anna , Bulczak Ewa , Mikołajczyk-Stecyna Joanna
Published: June 2020

Taste perception is the main biological determinant of food choice. It has thus been hypothesized that fatty acid sensitivity may affect fat intake. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between fatty acid sensitivity, frequency of consumption of high-fat products, polymorphism of genes encoding proteins involved in fat taste perception, and body mass.

421 people aged 20–40 were enrolled in Poznań, Poland. Body composition was measured using a Bod Pod. The frequency of consumption of high-fat foods was analyzed using an application for mobile devices based on the ecological momentary assessment approach. Food intake was assessed with dietary records. Salad dressings with varying concentrations of canola oil (from 2.5% to 40.0%) were used as stimuli to test fatty acid sensitivity. The individuals were then divided into groups with higher and lower fatty acid sensitivity. Lower sensitivity means that individuals were able to distinguish samples when the oil concentration exceeded 20%. Genotyping of rs1761667 (CD36), rs1573611 (FFAR1), and rs17108973 (FFAR4) was performed using TaqMan probes.

57% men and 61% women had higher sensitivity to fatty acids. Higher fatty acid sensitivity was associated with the GG genotype of CD36 (OR = 2.05, p < 0.05). People with different taste sensitivity did not differ in their frequency of consumption of high-fat foods or in their macronutrient intake. There was no association between body mass index (BMI) and fatty acid sensitivity, but people with BMI values below 25 more often ate high-fat products with favorable lipid profiles and less often ate meat high-fat products than subjects with BMI values over 25 (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). There was no association between CD36 or FFAR4 genotype and fat intake or frequency of consumption of high-fat foods. People with the minor FFAR1 allele ate sweet high-fat products less often than major allele homozygotes (p < 0.05). Moreover, women ate high-fat products with favorable lipid profiles and sweet and savory high-fat products more frequently than men (p < 0.05, p < 0.001, and p < 0.01), but men ate meat high-fat products more frequently than women (p < 0.01).

Concluding, fatty acid sensitivity is associated with polymorphism of the CD36 gene. The frequency of consumption of high-fat foods depends on sex, but not on fatty acid sensitivity, BMI, or CD36 variants.

The project was financed by a National Science Centre award (decision number grant no. 2014/15/B/NZ9/02134).
Prediction of white matter integrity pattern in overweight and obese adults
Authors: Reyes Sussanne , Peirano Patricio , Lozoff Betsy , Algarin Cecilia
Published: June 2020

Abstract Introduction

Obesity has been associated with lower white matter integrity (WMI) in limbic brain regions, including the fornix. Both early decrease of WMI in the fornix (WMIf) and midlife obesity have been related to dementia incidence with advancing age. No studies have explored early cognitive predictors of WMIf in overweight-obese (OO) adults. Aim of this study was to compare OO and normal-weight (NW) participants with respect to (a) WMIf in adulthood and (b) the relationship between cognitive performance at school-age and in adolescence with WMIf in adulthood.

Methods

Participants were part of a cohort followed since infancy who underwent magnetic resonance imaging studies in adulthood (22.3 ± 1.3 years). Diffusion tensor imaging was performed and Tract Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS) was used to obtain fractional anisotropy (FA) skeleton; increased FA relates to greater WMI. A mask for the fornix was created (JHU-ICBM DTI-81 Atlas) and then used to extract the average FA for each individual. Participants also performed neurocognitive tasks: (a) school-age (10.3 ± 1.0 years): the trail making test comprises two conditions and time difference between conditions reflects cognitive flexibility; (b) adolescence (15.6 ± 0.5 years): incentive task that test the effect of incentives (reward, loss avoidance or neutral) on inhibitory control performance (correct responses latency). In adulthood, BMI was categorized as NW (≥ 18.5 to < 25.0 kg/m2) and OO (≥ 25.0 kg/m2) groups. A t-test and univariate GLM were conducted. Analysis were adjusted by sex and age-specific BMI z-scores.

Results

Participants were 27 NW (41% female) and 41 OO (49% female). Compared to NW, OO participants showed decreased FA in the fornix (0.585 vs. 0.618, p < 0.05), i.e. lower WMIf. Differences were apparent in the relationship between cognitive flexibility at school-age (F = 2.9, p = 0.06) and loss avoidance latency in adolescence (F = 3.5, p < 0.05) with FA in the fornix in adulthood. Increased cognitive flexibility at school-age (β = 0.335, p < 0.05) and decreased loss avoidance latency in adolescence (β = -0.581, p < 0.001) were related to higher FA in the fornix in OO adults. No relationship resulted significant in NW adults.

Discussion

Performance in neurocognitive tasks at earlier developmental stages were related with WMIf only in OO adults, group characterized by decreased WMIf. Our results provide evidence regarding specific neurocognitive tasks with predictive value for WMIf alterations. Further, they could contribute to the understanding of neural mechanisms underlying obesity and also provide insight relative to neurodegenerative risk with advancing age.

Support

Fondecyt 11160671 and NIH HD33487.
Association of chronic stress, inflammation, body composition and dietary intake in Croatian university students
Authors: Keser Irena , Cvijetić Selma , Jurasović Jasna , Colić Barić Irena , Kauzlarić Maja , Šimunić Katarina , Boschiero Dario , Ilich Jasminka Z.
Published: June 2020

Introduction

Chronic stress and low-grade chronic inflammation (LGCI) influence body composition and are key underlying factors in health and disease. New syndrome, osteosarcopenic obesity (OSO), signifies the simultaneous impairment of bone, muscle, and adipose tissues and has been associated with poor diet and metabolic derangements. Hyperactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis associated with hypercortisolemia and LGCI disrupts the metabolism of bone, muscle and, adipose tissue and may cause changes in eating behavior. Some nutrients involved in preventing/alleviating OSO and LCGI include protein, calcium, magnesium, vitamin D, fiber and omega-3 fatty acids. The aim of this study was to examine the relations between chronic stress, LGCI, body composition and dietary intake in university students.

Materials and Methods

Participants were n = 50 graduate nutritional students (Age, 23.0 ± 1.4 years; BMI, 22.1 ± 2.7 kg/m2) [n = 45 females (90%)]. Advanced bio-impedance devices, BIA-ACC® and PPG-StressFlow® (BioTekna S.r.l., Marcon-Venice, Italy), were used to determine total bone mass (kg) and T-score; muscle mass (kg and % fat free mass) and S-score; and fat mass (kg and % of body weight), as well as extracellular water and HPA index (reference value > 3.5) as indicators of underlying LGCI and stress. Dietary intake was estimated by 24-hour recall and analyzed for all macro- and micro-nutrients.

Results

Positive correlation was found between HPA index and the intake of either total or animal protein, calcium and riboflavin, with r ranging from 0.3–0.35, all p < 0.05. HPA index also positively correlated with T-score (r = 0.39, p = 0.005) and S-score (r = 0.49, p = 0.0003). Total protein intake positively correlated with T-score (r = 0.32, p = 0.024) and animal protein with S-score (r = 0.34, p = 0.017).

Discussion

Our results show that chronic stress, LGCI and body composition were interrelated in this young population and possibly augmented by higher protein and calcium intake. Screening for body composition dyshomeostasis, chronic stress and LGCI using innovative, non-invasive devices, along with assessing intake of some crucial nutrients, may provide quick and useful health information enabling prevention or early treatment of some linked disorders.
Associations between risk of malnutrition with dietary intake in people of older age: results from the HELIAD study
Authors: Mamalaki Eirini , Anastasiou Costas A. , Kontogianni Meropi D. , Kosmidis Mary H. , Hadjigeorgiou Georgios M. , Dardiotis Efthimios , Sakka Paraskevi , Scarmeas Nikolaos , Yannakoulia Mary
Published: June 2020

Introduction

Life expectancy has increased leading to a concomitant increase in the population of older people. Malnutrition, a major problem in this age group, deteriorates their health and quality of life. The association between risk of malnutrition and dietary intake has not been investigated sufficiently. The aim of this study was to examine potential associations between risk of malnutrition and dietary intake in a representative cohort of adults ≥ 65 years old.

Materials and methods

1,831 older people (mean age 73.1 ± 5.9 years old) from the HELIAD study were included in the analyses. Risk of malnutrition was assessed with the “Determine your Nutritional Health” checklist. Total score of the questionnaire ranges from 1–21, with 0–2 indicating good nutritional status, 3–5 moderate nutritional risk and ≥ 6 high nutritional risk. Dietary intake was evaluated with a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, validated for the Greek population, from which consumption of specific food groups (non-refined cereals, fruits, vegetables, legumes, fish, red meat, poultry, fish, dairy products, alcohol and sweets in servings/day) was estimated, as well as adherence to the Mediterranean diet, using a relevant a priori score.

Results

35.8% of the participants were well-nourished, 34.8% were at moderate nutritional risk and 29.4% were at high nutritional risk. Total energy intake did not differ between the groups (1,984 ± 500 kcal/day for those well-nourished, 1,995 ± 537 kcal/day for those at moderate nutritional risk and 1,934 ± 566 kcal/day for those at high nutritional risk, p = 0.140). Well-nourished older people consumed per day more portions of vegetables, fruits, legumes, poultry, sweets and fewer portions of alcohol compared to those at moderate and high risk (all p < 0.05). Furthermore, adherence to the Mediterranean diet differed significantly between the groups, i.e. those well-nourished had greater adherence to the Mediterranean Diet compared to the other groups (p < 0.001).

Discussion

Although energy intake did not differ between the groups, there were significant differences in quality of their diet, as this was depicted in specific food group intake and adherence to a healthy dietary pattern. Thus, health experts should also consider diet quality when screening malnutrition in this vulnerable age group.
Within-country, regional variations in dietary patterns in a representative sample of Polish females 13–21-year-old: finding from the GEBaHealth study
Authors: Wadolowska Lidia , Czarnocinska Jolanta , Kowalkowska Joanna , Lonnie Marta , Jezewska-Zychowicz Marzena , Babicz-Zielinska Ewa
Published: June 2020

Some dietary patterns (DPs) identified across the world are classified as universal (e.g. ‘Western’ or ‘Prudent’) while other patterns are country-specific, often labelled as ‘Traditional’. Regional, country-level variations in DPs adherence were not extensively studied to date. The aim of this study was to analyse differences in DPs adherence among Polish females between country regions. A cross-sectional study was performed using data from a representative sample (n = 1107) of Polish females 13–21-year-old, enrolled for the Girls Eating Behaviours and Health Study. Initially, 2104 females were randomly selected from the Universal Electronic System of Population Register database. The response rate was 52.6%. All data were adjusted for survey weights to maintain the representativeness. Three short form food frequency questionnaires were applied. Four DPs were identified by principal component analysis: ‘Traditional Polish’ (positively loaded by higher consumption frequency of white bread, potatoes, meat and fat), ‘Vegetables and fruit’, ‘Fast-food and sweets’ and ‘Dairy and fats’. In line with the Polish database of Central Statistical Office, six Polish regions were considered: East (with the lowest Gross Domestic Product, GDP = 69.7; Poland = 100), North (DP = 84.8), North-West (GDP = 95.1), South (GDP = 98.8), South-West (GDP = 104.8) and Central (the highest GDP = 140.4). Multiple logistic regression analysis was used. Odds ratios (ORs) were adjusted for age and body mass index. Higher adherence to ‘Traditional Polish’ DP was found in 4 out of 5 regions (OR 2.02 to 2.53) when compared to the East region. Higher adherence to ‘Vegetables and fruit’ DP was found in 2 out of 5 regions (the South and the South-West; OR 1.71 and 1.81, respectively), when compared to the East region, and in 3 out of 5 regions (the South, the South-West and the Central; OR 1.69 to 2.23), when compared to the North-West region. Higher adherence to ‘Fast-food and sweets’ DP was found in the North region when compared to the three other regions as reference: the East (OR 1.94), the North-West (OR 1.93), and the South (OR 2.10). In young Polish females, high adherence to the ‘Traditional Polish’ DP was observed across the country, except of the poorest region (the East). The study highlights that young females from economically deprived regions are at higher risk of unhealthy (westernized) dietary behaviors while those living in more affluent regions more frequently consume fruit and vegetables being a high-cost food. Increasing the affordability of healthy foods should be considered as an important component of public health interventions, particularly in more deprived regions.
Associations between total cereals, whole grain, carbohydrate intakes and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Ye Yan-Bin , Lu Wei , Zhuo Shu-Yu , Chen Yu-Ming , Li Yan-Bing
Published: June 2020

Introduction

The associations between grains and carbohydrate intake and type 2 diabetes mellitus are controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between grains, carbohydrate intakes and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in China.

Materials and Methods

This was a 1:2 (sex/age) matched case-control study, participants were adults. Cases were diabetics diagnosed within 3 months and the controls were without disorder of glucose metabolism. Face-to-face interviews were conducted to collect information on their socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, and dietary intakes using structured questionnaires. Grains were divided into whole, refined and common grain, and the carbohydrate intake was also calculated. The study participants were divided into quartiles (Q1 (lowest), Q2, Q3, and Q4) by food and nutrients intakes separately. Multivariable conditional logistic regression was used to explore the association of foods and nutrients with type 2 diabetes mellitus after adjusting for potential confounders. Trend test were performed by treating quartiles variables as continuous variables.

Results and Discussion

Our study enrolled 384 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients (males 162, females 222) and 768 controls (males 324, females 444). Multivariable conditional logistic regression analysis(Ver. 21.0; PSS Inc.,Chicago,IL,USA) showed that moderate amount intake of total cereals was inversely associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The adjusted OR of the second quartile (Q2, 223g/d) and the third quartile (Q3, 255g/d) were 0.60(95%CI:0.38–0.93) and 0.51(95%CI:0.33–0.79), respectively, compared with the lowest quartile (Q1, 165g/d), but this inverse association was not found in the highest quartile (Q4, 307g/d) and the OR was 0.74(95%CI:0.47–1.15). There was significant negative association between whole grains intake and type 2 diabetes mellitus with the OR of the highest intake 0.48(95%CI:0.31–0.77) compared with the lowest intake(Ptrend = 0.001).No association was found between refined grains intake intake and type 2 diabetes mellitus, and neither did common grain intake. Higher carbohydrate intake may have a beneficial effect on type 2 diabetes mellitus. The best effect was found in the second quartile intake (Q2, 264g/d), with an adjusted OR of 0.56 (95%CI:0.37–0.84) compared with the lowest quartile intake (Q1, 220g/d).The OR of Q3 (285g/d) and Q4 (334g/d) were 0.69 (95%CI:0.48–1.00) and 0.66 (95CI:0.44–1.00) respectively(Ptrend p = 0.017).

Conclusion

Moderate amount of total cereals intake may benefit to type 2 diabetes mellitus, however, much lower and higher intake can increase the risk. Higher intake of whole grains was associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Carbohydrate intake was negative associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
The prevalence of non-communicable diseases among academic staff members in rural university, SA
Authors: Mushaphi Lindelani Fhumudzani , Madala Sedzani
Published: June 2020

Background

Globally non-communicable diseases (NCDs) remain unacceptably high amongst adult population and its prevalence increases yearly.

Aim

The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of non-communicable diseases

Methods

The study design used was cross-sectional. The study population was academic staff members, whereas the targeted population was UNIVEN academic staff members. Convenience sampling was used to select participants. Data was collected using a questionnaire. Anthropometric, clinical and biochemical measurements were also taken. Descriptive data statistics were used to interpret data. Percentage and tables were used to present data.

Results

Almost all participants (93%) were Africans while very few were from other race such as European and Asian. More than one third (39.2%) of the participants had no family history of diseases, 23.8% had family history of hypertension and diabetes. The majority of the participants (82.3%) did not suffer from any chronic diseases of lifestyle. About 7.7% had SBP between 140–159mmHg, while very few participants (5.4%) had > / = 160mmHg. About 13.8% had DBP between 90–99mmHg, while very few participants (5.4%) had > / = 100mmHg. About 43.8% of the participants were pre-diabetic. Nearly two thirds (66.2%) of the participants fell within high borderline of cholesterol, while 13.8% of participants had normal total cholesterol. About 40% of the participants were overweight, 20.7% were obese class I, about 43.8% of the participants had low waist circumference, more than one thirds (35.4%) had high waist circumference.

Conclusion

The study revealed that majority of academic staff members are at risk of developing NCDs. Nearly half of participants (49.3%) their systolic blood pressure was above normal and the diastolic blood pressure was 48.4%. The blood glucose levels showed that 43.8% of participants were pre-diabetic and 13.1% were diabetic. Furthermore, majority of participants (83.1%) showed that the cholesterol level was above borderline and had high cholesterol. Majority of participants (80.8%) were overweight and obese.
Adherence to the new French dietary guidelines and risk of overweight and obesity
Authors: Chaltiel Dan , Julia Chantal , Adjibade Moufidath , Touvier Mathilde , Hercberg Serge , Kesse-Guyot Emmanuelle
Published: June 2020

Abstract Introduction

The new score of adherence to the 2017 French food-based dietary guidelines (PNNS-GS2) has previously been validated. Overweight and obesity being major risk factors for morbidity and mortality and highly related to diet, this study therefore aimed to study their prospective association with PNNS-GS2. A secondary objective was to compare these results to those obtained with PNNS-GS, reflecting 2001 recommendations.

Material and methods

The sample included French adults recruited in the prospective NutriNet-Santé cohort (N = 31,804 and 42,471 for overweight and obesity analyses respectively). The PNNS-GS and the PNNS-GS2 were calculated from repeated 24-hour dietary records collected during the first 2 years of follow-up, and weights were recorded after them in various questionnaires (N = 7.7 weight values on average, SD = 2.3). The association between the scores (as continuous and in quintiles, Q) and the risk of overweight or obesity was modelled by a Cox regression. Events were defined as having a BMI higher than 25 or 30, for overweight and obesity respectively. Comparison to the association with the PNNS-GS was performed using the mPNNS-GS, a modified PNNS-GS without the “physical activity” component. Models were adjusted for age (time scale), gender, size, energy intake, physical activity, socio-professional category, smoking, cohabitation, monthly income and alcohol consumption

Results and Statistical Analysis

Mean scores were 2.2 (SD = 3.2) for PNNS-GS2 and 8.2 (SD = 1.6) for the mPNNS-GS in the “overweight” sample, and 1.9 (SD = 3.3) for the PNNS-GS2 and 8.2 (SD = 1.6) for mPNNS-GS in the “obesity” sample. In our cohort, PNNS-GS2 was significantly associated with the risk obesity, both in quintiles (HRQ5vsQ1 [95%IC] = 0.43 [0.36–0.51]), with a very linear pattern across quintiles (p for trend < 0.0001), and continuously (HR1 point ofPNNS-GS2 [95%IC] = 0.90 [0.88–0.92]). Results were very similar for overweight. On the other hand, mPNNS-GS associations were not significant, whatever the outcome.

Conclusion

The strong association of PNNS-GS2 with the risk of overweight and obesity reinforces its construct validity. Its apparent superiority over the mPNNS-GS contributes to the relevance of the 2017 dietary guidelines.
Influencing factors on changes in nutritional behaviour over the life span
Authors: Sept Alexandra
Published: June 2020

From an early age nutrition is part of everyday life, but the motives of eating change over the life span. The nutrition depends on many factors and is always embedded in an individual and social dimension. Especially life-phase-specific framework conditions and factors play an important role in the daily nutrition. The aim of this project was to find out how different factors affect nutritional behaviour in different age groups.

The study was part of the research project “enable - healthy food choices in all stages of life”. In order to examine the factors influencing the nutritional behaviour, focus groups with young women and men, middle-agers and elderly had been implemented. In addition biographical interviews were conducted to gain a deeper insight into the reasons for changing the nutritional behaviour. Thus influencing factors and their weighting could be identified and their mode of action could be linked.

For example, changes in the nutritional habits of adolescents could be figured out more accurately. Essential for young adults is the replacement of the parents, which is obtained by moving out of the parental home. An own lifestyle and nutritional style has to be developed and there are many changes and new freedoms and opportunities to try out. The consumption of fast food, for example, is particularly attractive to adolescents, as it is a distinction from the adult culture and rules of eating, like eating with cutlery. Another example is the nutritional situation of elderly, which is often characterized by malnutrition or disease-related dietary requirements. However, many elderly do not eat as recommended, even if they have the skills to implement it. In everyday life, deviations from the nutritional recommendations are often legitimized by the age itself “now I can indulge myself a bit”. Other legitimization factors include the death of the partner “I have been cooking my whole life, now I can just eat a sandwich”.

The majority of people do not eat according to nutritional recommendations, too much sugar and salt and little fruits and vegetables characterize the nutrition. The consequences do not only concern health aspects such as nutritional diseases, but also ecological aspects. Despite knowing about the consequences of unhealthy food, many do not realize their knowledge about healthy eating in everyday life. If the nutritional situation should be improved sustainably, it is therefore necessary to include the individual factors and changes in the life span in considerations and concepts of nutritional programs.
Metabolic response to dietary supplementation with iron and folic acid in the rat
Authors: Radziejewska Anna , Suliburska Joanna , Kołodziejski Paweł , Chmurzyńska Agata
Published: June 2020

Folic acid (FA) and iron absorption is performed by transporters encoded by the Slc46a1 and Slc11a2 genes, respectively. The aim of this study was to determine how FA and iron deficiency in rats, and subsequent supplementation of the animals’ diet with these nutrients, affects Slc11a2 and Slc46a1 gene expression and the metabolic biomarkers of FA and iron status.

150 female Wistar rats were assigned to a group fed a diet deficient in iron and FA (D, n = 120) or to a group fed a control diet (C, n = 30, AIN-93M) for 28 days. After this period, the rats were randomized to a group fed for 2, 10, or 21 days with a diet deficient in FA and supplemented with iron (DFE), a diet deficient in iron and supplemented with FA (DFOL), a diet supplemented with iron and FA (FEFOL), or a diet deficient in iron and folic (D).

Transcript and protein levels were determined in the duodenum using the real-time PCR and western blot methods, respectively. FA concentrations in serum were assessed using the electrochemiluminescence method, and homocysteine concentrations were determined with an enzymatic assay. Iron metabolism was evaluated by measuring the total and unsaturated iron-binding capacity (TIBC and UIBC) in serum, and iron concentrations were determined using a photometric method. Hepcidin concentrations were measured in plasma with an immunoenzymatic method. Morphological parameters of the blood were determined with a Sysmex XT-4000 analyzer.

The D group had higher Slc11a2 transcript levels than the DFE group at every time-point (p < 0.01). There were higher Slc46a1 mRNA levels in the DFE group than in the FEFOL group at the third time-point (p < 0.05). We did not observe any differences in PCFT or DMT1 protein abundance. The DFOL, FEFOL, and C groups had higher serum FA concentrations at the second and third time-points (p < 0.001), as well as the lowest homocysteine concentrations (p < 0.001). TIBC concentrations were lowest in the DFE and the FEFOL groups at the final time-point (p < 0.001). We did not observe any differences in hepcidin concentrations. Simultaneous supplementation with FA and iron resulted in significantly higher hemoglobin concentrations at the third time-point (p < 0.01).

This study shows that dietary FA and iron deficiency, and subsequent supplementation with moderate amounts of these nutrients, may affect the transcription but not the protein abundance of FA and iron transporters in the rat duodenum.