bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correlative Analysis of Atherogenic Dyslipidemia among the Patients with Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Visiting Tertiary Care Center
Authors: Risal Prabodh , Pandey Medha , Shrestha Suraj Makaju , Adhikari Akash , Manandhar Saroj , Karki Subindra , Bhatt Rajendra Dev
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most prominent causes of chronic liver disease. It is known that dyslipidemia in NAFLD patients may have more severe atherogenic potential with high triglyceride and low density lipoprotein (LDL) as well as less high density lipoprotein (HDL) level.

Objective: To determine the atherogenic dyslipidemia and associated factors among patients with NAFLD, Visiting Tertiary Care Center

Methodology: Prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at Dhulikhel Hospital-Kathmandu University Hospital (DH-KUH) from January, 2016 to December, 2016. All the patients (n= 973) diagnosed to have fatty liver during this study period were initially enrolled in this study. Patients were further asked to fill up the questioner. Out of total 973 cases, 169 patients were identified as NAFLD. Fasting blood sample and anthropometric measurements (BMI, WHR) were taken. After adjusting exclusion criteria, refusal to participate and dropout from the study, 101 patients and 92 apparently healthy age sex matched control group was selected for the study. Blood sugar level and lipid profile were analyzed to assess the risk of athrogenicity among the NAFLD.

Result: High total cholesterol was found in 64.4 %, High LDL was found in 20.8 %, Low HDL is present in 72.2% and high triglyceride is present in 65.8 % patients with NAFLD. Non-HDL cholesterol was significantly higher in NAFLD compared to control group (116.75 ± 34.38 vs. 137.63 ± 39.76, p=0.00). Similarly, calculated cardiac risk ratio (TC/HDL) was significant higher (4.15 ± 1.18 vs. 5.25 ± 1.78, p=0.00) whereas atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) was higher (0.30 ± 0.13 vs. 0.33 ± 0.19, p=0.37).

Conclusion: NAFLD is significantly associated with atherogenic dyslipidemia. Calculated cardiac risk and AIP is higher in patients with NAFLD. Therefore it may be helpful to assess dyslipidemia among the patients with NAFLD to prevent cardiovascular events.
Patterns of use of drugs in hypertension in geriatric patients in the department of medicine at tertiary care hospital of Nepal.
Authors: Raut Binod , Khadka Anjan
Published: December 2020

Introduction: In Nepal, the prevalence of hypertensive in elderly population is 41.7% aged 65 years or more.  Hypertension increases with age leading to arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction. The prevalence of hypertension is 20% of urban populations. Blood pressure control with the use of antihypertensive drugs reduces cardiovascular complications in geriatric patients.

Objectives: The objective of our study is to know  the various patterns of drugs used in geriatrics hypertensive patient along with their co-morbidities and to know  the most commonly used antihypertensive drug in geriatric patient.

Methodology: It was a hospital based cross sectional study involving 130 patients based on non-probability sampling. The study involved the hypertensive elderly patients of age > 65 years prescribed with antihypertensive drugs. Data were collected from patients attending outpatient  department of medicine .    Medical and nursing records were analyzed for patient’s characteristics (e.g. age, gender), systolic and diastolic BP readings, number of drugs, monotherapy, combination therapy, co morbidities. Data were analysed by using SPSS version 20.

Results: The total 130 geriatric patients under treatment with antihypertensive drugs were included, in which 55.38% were male and 44.62% were female. The total numbers of antihypertensive drugs prescribed were 212 either as monotherapy or as a component of a combination therapy. The average number of drugs prescribed per patient was found to be 1.66. Among these drugs 56.92% were prescribed as monotherapy,26.92% were prescribed as two drugs combination therapy,12.30% were prescribed as three drugs combination and 3.84% were prescribed as four drugs combination therapy. calcium channel blockers (amlodipine )was the most commonly prescribed antihypertensive.

Conclusion: The study showed male patient were more predominant hypertensive compare to female. calcium channel blockers group of drugs in which amlodipine was the most commonly prescribed antihypertensive drug and more than half of the patients were in monotherapy.
Efficacy of Pregabalin as preemptive analgesic in laparoscopic cholecystectomy
Authors: Thapa Ajay Singh , Yadav Rajesh K
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Different pharmacological approach for preemptive analgesia have been tried with varying degree of success. Preemptive analgesia results in decrease in postoperative opioid requirement and hence decreases opioid related complication.

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate pregabalin as preemptive analgesic in scheduled cases.

Methodology: Fourty ASA I and II  patients posted for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia were divided into two groups of twenty. Group A received pregabalin 300 mg, two hours before induction of anesthesia but group B were not given any medication. Postoperative VAS Score, Ramsay Sedation Score, postoperative nausea and vomiting and postoperative opioid requirement in two groups were observed over 48 hours and noted.Results: The mean VAS scores were  higher in control group whereas the mean Ramsay score was higher in group pregabalin in the first six hours in the post operative period which was statistically significant. The mean Ramsay sedation score was same (2) in both the group after twelve post operative period. Postoperative nausea and vomiting was lower in the pregabalin group. Requirement of post operative analgesia was higher in the control group.

Conclusion: Preemptive use of Pregabalindecreasespostoperateive pain, postoperative opioid requirement and increases postoperative sedation.
Maternal and Perinatal outcome in eclampsia at a teaching hospital of Eastern Nepal
Authors: Mishra Seema Kumari , Pradhan Roshan , Pradhan Roshan , Pokharel Hanoon P , Parajuli Surya B.
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Eclampsia is a multisystem disorder with potential life-threatening complications that can result in significant maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. The case fatality rate of eclampsia is 1.8% in developed countries, 17.7% in India and 13% in Nepal. The incidence of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia is high in developing countries due to hypoproteinemia, malnutrition and poor obstetric facilities.

Objective: To assess the maternal and perinatal outcome in patients of eclampsia

Methodology: This was a hospital based cross-sectional study where all the patients presenting with eclampsia from June 2019 to November 2020 in the department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Birat Medical College and Teaching Hospital were enrolled for the study. Data analyzed included various maternal parameters and fetal parameters along with the mode of delivery, outcome of baby, postpartum maternal condition and maternal mortality were noted.

Results: Among 6631 deliveries, 50 patients had eclampsia with the incidence of 7.54/1000 deliveries. Thirty four (68%) patients were of 20-30 years of age, 37 (74%) were primigravidas, 36 (72%) from rural areas, 34 (68%) were illiterate, 49 (98%) were low to middle socioeconomic status, 41 (82%) were unbooked and 33 (66%) patients had antepartum eclampsia. Eleven (22%) women developed eclampsia related complications. There were 02 (4%) maternal deaths and the common causes were HELLP Syndrome and pulmonary oedema. Neonatal outcome consisted of live births in 39 (78%) newborns, 03 (6%) were still births, 08 (16%) were birth asphyxia and 15 (30%) were low birth weight.

Conclusion: Majority of the patients were young, illiterate, unbooked primi gravidas with poor to average socioeconomic status from rural areas. Majority of the eclamptic women nearly 39 (78%) cases delivered via caesarean section for better neonatal outcome. Two (4%) eclamptic women died as a result of eclamptic complications and three (6%) newborns had neonatal deaths because of low birth weight and prematurity. Adequate antenatal screening, early detection of hypertension, timely referral, and early initiation of treatment and termination of eclamptic patients can help to improve the maternal and perinatal outcomes.
Evaluation of Drug Utilization Pattern Using WHO Prescribing Indicators in Endodontic Department at a Tertiary Hospital in Eastern Nepal
Authors: Shrestha Sushmita , Agrawal Navin , Sarraf Deependra Prasad
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Irrational or inappropriate prescribing practice is common in developing countries that can lead to ineffective treatment, prolonged hospitalization, harm to the patient, increased treatment cost and development of drug-resistant organisms. The prescription of antibiotics and other drugs in endodontics is limited to patients with progressive and diffuse swelling and with systemic infection. However, antibiotics continue to be over-prescribed by more than 66% dentists without a rational justification.Therefore, the periodic assessment of drug utilization pattern is important to know the existing pattern of drug use, decrease adverse effects and provide feedback to the prescribers.

Objective: To evaluate the drug utilization pattern in endodontics using the World Health Organization prescribing indicators.

Methodology: A cross-sectional prospective study was conducted among the patients visiting the outpatient department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics. After obtaining the informed consent, the relevant data were collected on a self-designed proforma by reviewing the health cards of the patients. The WHO prescribing indicators were calculated. Descriptive statistics were calculated using SPSS version 11.0.

Results: Out of 187 patients, 101 (54%) were female. Mean age was 38.9±16.6 years. Majority of the patients suffered from acute apical periodontitis (30.5%). A total of 281 drugs were prescribed to 187 patients. Paracetamol+Ibuprofen (44.1%) was the most frequently prescribed drugs. Most of the patients were prescribed one drug (78.6%).  Average drug per prescription was 1.5. Majority of the drugs (89.0%) were prescribed from Essential drug list of Nepal.

Conclusions: Analgesics were the most frequently prescribed drug. The prescription practice was rational. There is need to increase the number of medicine prescribed from National List of Essential medicines.Educational initiatives should be undertaken to further strengthen the rational prescription among dental practitioners.
The Study of Quality of Life in Patient with Vitiligo
Authors: Poudyal Yogesh , Parajuli Niraj , Dahal Sudip Chandra , Jha Chandra Bhal
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Vitiligo is an acquired, idiopathic and common de-pigmentation disorder of skin. Strong stigma associated with the disease, its chronic nature, and cosmetic disfigurement often cause distress to patients and may affect the quality of life.

Objective:  To assess the quality of life in patient with vitiligo, using Dermatology life quality index(DLQI) questionnaire.

Methodology:Total of 212 patients with vitiligo participated in this cross- sectional study done at Dermatology and Venereology OPD of Universal College of Medical Science, Bhairahawa, Nepal.. The participants were given DLQI questionnaire consisting of 10 questions to fill up.

Result:The median DLQI score was 4(6), which showed small effect in quality of life. There was positive association with duration of disease and DLQI score (p˂ 0.05). The highest average score was seen in heading item “symptom and feeling”.There was no difference in DLQI score, when compared among gender and among various types of vitiligo.

Conclusion: Psychological assessment should be done in vitiligo cases, especially in those with long duration of disease.
Study of peripheral blood smear findings in patients of anemia and to compare it with automated hematology analyzer generated red cell parameters
Authors: Singh Mrinalini , Kafle Santosh Upadhyay , Shaukin Shilpi , Pokhrel Suman
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Anemia is one of the common medical conditions prevalent in our society. The correct categorization of varying types of anemia is essential for therapeutic purposes. Various laboratory tests are done to find out its underlying cause, but peripheral smear (PS) study of red blood cells (RBCs) morphology is important along with study of red blood cell indices in the classification of anemia.

Objectives: This study was done to evaluate RBC morphology on peripheral smear examination in patients of anemia and to compare these findings with cell counter generated red blood cells indices comprising of Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)

Methodology: Red blood cell morphology on peripheral blood smear was studied in 350 patients of anemia irrespective of age and gender received under six months duration  from 1st January 2019 to 30 th June 2019 and  findings  were compared with  cell counter generated  red cell parameters generated by automated  hematology analyzer.

Results: Most common anemia seen on smear examination was microcytic hypochromic anemia which accounted for 210 (60%) cases followed by dimorphic anemia in 73 (20.86%) cases. Most of the patients were female, comprising of 227 (64.85%) cases. Highest numbers of patient were in the age group of 21-30 years (20.30%). Sensitivity of MCV was 78%, MCHC was 14% and MCH was 80% in detection of microcytic hypochromic anemia. The sensitivity of MCV and MCH was found to be 100 %  in detection of macrocytic anemia. Sensitivity of MCHC was only 10% for detection of macrocytic anemia. The sensitivity of MCV, MCHC and MCH was 78%, 100% and 67 % respectively in detection of normocytic normochromic anemia. 

Conclusion: The peripheral smear examination should always be interpreted along with the red blood cell indices generated by an automated analyzer in order to classify various types of anemia.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Ear care among Pre clinical Medical students at Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital.
Authors: Koirala Bipin , Manandhar Sriti , Shah Rajeev Kumar
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Ear care is a part of social cleanliness. It may not demand much care but proper and adequate care is essential to protect the optimal functions. The knowledge and awareness of ear care practice however is still lacking. Non –hygienic individual behaviors and habits like penetrating foreign objects, exposure to loud noise may affect the human ear. Lack of proper ear care may lead to many diseases and its complications..

Objectives : To assess the knowledge attitude and practice of ear care of pre clinical medical students attending Birat Medical College. To correlate the knowledge, attitude and practice of ear care of pre clinical medical students.

Methodology: A descriptive cross sectional study was done in 151 students of pre clinical sciences of Birat Medical College for a period of two months from 15th Sept 2020 to 15 November, 2020. After the ethical clearance a specifically designed semi structured questionnaire containing yes and no questions was prepared in goggle form and distributed among all the pre clinical medical students of Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital students and then their response was evaluated. 

Result: Students of pre clinical sciences had good knowledge, attitude and practice of ear care. Significant correlation was seen between knowledge and practice and also between knowledge and attitude. However there was no significant correlation between attitude and practice.

Conclusion: Overall knowledge, attitude and practice of preclinical medical students of Birat Medical College was good. Surprisingly students showed poor knowledge, attitude and practice in few individual questionnaires which was hoped that the medical students know more than lay individual in the society
Self-medication among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at Tertiary Care Center of Nepal
Authors: Sah Ajit Kumar , Giri Anish , Palikhey Anjan , Chaurasiya Roshan Kumar , Yadav Sudeep Kumar
Published: December 2020

Background and Objectives: Self-medication can cause significant challenges for the individuals and community, especially in women during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of self-medication among the pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in a tertiary care center of Nepal.

Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 225 pregnant women were evaluated for the prevalence of self-medication during pregnancy. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used for statistical analysis of data.

Results: The results showed that the prevalence of self-medication, in pregnant women was 41.3%. The leading illness/ symptoms which led to self-medication among pregnant women attending clinic were to relieve headaches 29 (31.2%), cough 21 (22.6%), vomiting 13 (14%), treat fever 11 (11.8%), urinary tract infections 11 (11.8%) and drugs commonly reported for self-medication were paracetamol (30.10%), cough remedies (19.30%), antiemetics (16.13%), analgesics (10.75%).

Conclusion: Prevalence of self-medication among pregnant women is high in Nepal. This is a threat to the safety of the developing foetus and the pregnant woman. Therefore, it seems necessary to provide public trainings for all women of reproductive age and train them about the dangers and side effects of self-medication.
Wypełnianie pola literackiego. O zmianie w recepcji literatury bułgarskiej w Polsce
Authors: Pytlak Magdalena
Published: December 2020

This article is a commentary on the changing reception of Bulgarian literature in Poland in 2018 and 2019. Using Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of the literary field, it shows the mechanisms of recognition by the main actors within the field, including publishers, media, and others. The analysis focuses on three books translated from Bulgarian to Polish in 2018: Sofia Berlin, by Plamen Doynov, and Koniec minotaurów (The End of the Minotaurs) and Fizyka smutku (The Physics of Sorrow), both by Georgi Gospodinov. The analysis is made on two levels. One is generic, owing to the fact that two of the three books are poetry. The second is authorial, as two of the books are by the same author.
Proza macedońska XXI wieku. Literatura „małego narodu” w przekładach na język polski
Authors: Moroz-Grzelak Lilla
Published: December 2020

This article presents 21st-century Macedonian prose as it appears in contemporary Polish translation. Novels and stories by Macedonian authors are evidence of the great degreee to which this literature has recently developed. Topics under consideration include an analysis of the fine quality of modern Macedonian prose, as well as the high attainment of its Polish translators, who, using their own translation strategies, successfully transfer one cultural code to another.
Ślad Jerzego Pleśniarowicza pozostawiony w przekładach
Authors: Buczek Marta
Published: December 2020

This article focuses on the career of Jerzy Pleśniarowicz, the well-known poet of the Józef Czechowicz group and Polish translator of Slavic literatures, as well as dramatist and theatre director. A discussion of the output of this poet and translator is accompanied by an analysis of his Polish translations of Slovak poetry presented in the 2018 volume Wiersze i przekłady wierszy (Poems and Translated Poems). The article considers Pleśniarowicz’s translation choices, elucidates his translation strategies, and discusses the contemporary significance of this poetry within the Polish sphere of reception.
Republika Chorwacji: wyrok Trybunału Konstytucyjnego z 3 lipca 2020 r. dotyczący prawa do głosowania osób znajdujących się w izolacji w związku z zakażeniem lub podejrzeniem zakażenia koronawirusem SARS-CoV-2, sygn. U-VII-2980/2020
Authors: Rulka Marcin
Published: December 2020

The parliamentary elections in Croatia were ordered for 5 July 2020. However, as the election date approached, the number of coronavirus infections increased, prompting the authority responsible for overseeing the conduct of the elections, i.e., the State Election Commission of the Republic of Croatia, to issue appropriate voting guidelines. People in self-isolation had the opportunity to vote only if the registration activities were completed by 2 July 2020, as this guaranteed a visit from a member of the election commission to whom they could pass the vote, but completely excluded infected persons from the vote. On 1 July 2020, one of the Croatian non-governmental organizations, the GONG, submitted a request to the Constitutional Court (supported by the signatures of several dozen citizens) to examine the legality of the elections, arguing that the state authorities are obliged to give each voter the possibility to vote in the elections. The Constitutional Court stated that the state authorities are obliged to create the legal possibility of exercising the right to vote guaranteed by the constitution for all citizens who express such wish, including those who have been diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 (COVID 19) or any other infectious disease, and who, for this reason, remain in isolation.
Republika Singapuru: wyrok Sądu Apelacyjnego z 30 czerwca 2020 r. w sprawie Daniel De Costa Augustin vs. Attorney-General (dotyczący realizacji prawa do głosowania w wyborach parlamentarnych zarządzonych w czasie pandemii koronawirusa), sygn. [2020] SGCA 60
Authors: Rulka Marcin
Published: December 2020

The Parliament of Singapore of the 13th parliamentary term was dissolved on 23 June 2020. Despite the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic, this meant, in accordance with Article 66 of the 1965 Constitution of the Republic of Singapore, that the parliamentary elections had to be held. However, the legislator has established special rules for the election procedure in connection with the ongoing coronavirus pandemic. A special statutory regulation was adopted on 4 May 2020. Among other things, solutions have been introduced to give people isolated due to the coronavirus the opportunity to vote by organizing elections in places of mass isolation, such as hotels or student dormitories. The solutions provided for in this regulation have been the subject of a court complaint filed by Daniel De Costa Augustin, a Singapore citizen. In the complaint it was argued that the precautionary measures needed to protect public health at the present time have the effect of depriving voters of the right to free and fair elections. In the judgement, the Court of Appeal found that the applicant had failed to show that the adopted solutions violated the right to vote. In particular, it pointed out that health issues are not related to the right to vote and should be dealt with separately as a public health issue, which was not the subject of any action brought before the Court of Appeal.
Tell el-Farkha: archaeological fieldwork 2018–2019
Authors: Chłodnicki Marek , Ciałowicz Krzysztof M.
Published: December 2020

The Tell el-Farkha site, which has been excavated since 1998, is formed of three tells. All three were excavated in the course of the two seasons, reopening already established trenches. Breweries discovered earlier on the Western Kom were explored, two completely, two in the early stages of exploration. Thick poorly preserved mud-brick walls were unearthed northeast of one of the breweries. Remains of a multi-roomed structure continued to be cleared in the northern trench on the Central Kom. D-shaped red bricks in this area suggest the presence of a brewery in the vicinity. A Naqada IIB and IIC settlement was recognized in the southern trench: storage pits, postholes, and furrows from a big house built of wood. A part of a settlement dated to the Tell el-Farkha Phases 3 and 4 (Naqada IID2–mid IIIB) was explored on the Eastern Kom. Of greatest interest is a structure composed of rectangular rooms around an open space, probably a courtyard. Three graves were discovered including one dated to the Naqada IIIB with the first pottery coffin discovered at Tell el-Farkha.
Two houses from the Third Intermediate Period settlement at Tell el-Retaba: a case study of activity-area analysis
Authors: Jarmużek Łukasz , Ryś Agnieszka
Published: December 2020

In 2019, the Polish–Slovak Archaeological Mission in Tell el-Retaba continued the excavation of a Third Intermediate Period settlement in Area 9. The paper presents two houses, {1095} and {3111}, in detail. Activity-area analysis is employed to determine the main occupations of the inhabitants in successive phases. The analysis is based on the archaeological assemblage recorded from these features, including small finds, pottery, and installations.
House H10 from Marina el-Alamein on the northwest coast of Egypt
Authors: Czerner Rafał , Bąkowska-Czerner Grażyna
Published: December 2020

House H10 was one of the buildings located in a Hellenistic-Roman city at the Marina el-Alamein site in Egypt, whose relics were the first to be discovered. Successive research, conducted since 1997 along with initial conservation work, has provided a comprehensive overview. The house is one of the largest and most extensive of this site. Its spatial design is a showcase for the technology typical of houses from Marina. The house is embedded in both Greco-Hellenic and Roman traditions. It is an oikos house with a courtyard with two columned porticoes situated symmetrically on either side parallel to the main axis. A third, perpendicular portico, complementing the layout of the incomplete peristyle, is imitated by the architectural decoration of the courtyard elevation, organised by semi-columns. The layout includes two main rooms located opposite each other on two sides of the peristyle. The house was rebuilt several times, which made for a complicated layout. The studies conducted have cast light on domestic religious practice and the distinctive character of the architectural and artistic interior design, including exceptional examples of figural painting. The architecture and décor of the house document the changes occurring at the intersection of Hellenistic and Roman traditions.
Stone blocks surpluses? Reconstruction of the building process and architectural form of Marina el-Alamein hypogea
Authors: Popławski Szymon
Published: December 2020

The monumental rock-cut tombs of the Graeco-Roman necropolis at the site of Marina el-Alamein on the Egyptian Mediterranean coast, today a sightseeing icon following restoration work by the Polish team, have produced significant information about the town, its inhabitants, and burial traditions. Different aspects of the tombs and their content have already been discussed, but without going into the details of the architectural building process. This paper focuses on ancient quarrying and masonry techniques in an effort to reconstruct the process as applied to the large hypogea. An estimate of the volume of stone material sourced during the execution of the underground parts of these tombs was compared with the reconstructed demand for stone ashlars used in the aboveground superstructures. The issue to be examined in this context is whether the tomb hypogea could have produced a surplus of stone building material, thus serving as a quarry for the city itself.
In search of the camp of the IV Scythian legion near ancient Artaxata: research at Pokr Vedi 2015–2018
Authors: Kubrak Oskar , Kubrak Paulina , Zardaryan Mkrtich H.
Published: December 2020

During the last years of Emperor Trajan’s reign, the Legio IV Scythica was stationed in the capital of Armenia at that time, Artaxata. It had made its way there within the scope of the Roman campaign against the Parthians. Its presence was immortalised on stamped rooftiles, bricks and a monumental inscription discovered by the southern border of the present-day village of Pokr Vedi. The inscription carved into limestone confirms the building activities of the Roman army. Similar inscriptions were frequently placed on the gates and most important buildings in legionary camps. Polish and Armenian archaeologists undertook a joint search for the supposed camp of the Fourth Scythian Legion in the vicinity of the present-day village of Pokr Vedi, where the above-mentioned construction inscription had been found. The field surveys conducted within the framework of the Pokr Vedi Project were mainly of a non-invasive character. The following were applied: surface prospection, aerial photography, interviews with the inhabitants, scanning of part of the terrain and geophysical measurements done using two methods: electrical resistivity and magnetic measurements. The accumulated data enabled the selection of sites in which survey trenches were located
Tingitana Frontier Project. Rapport préliminaire de recherche de la mission polono-marocaine dans la région de Volubilis au Maroc pendant la saison 2018
Authors: Czapski Maciej , Atki Mustapha
Published: December 2020

The report presents the preliminary results of the work of the Polish-Moroccan expedition in the region of the ancient city Volubilis in 2018. The research carried out in Morocco aims to answer the question of the appearance and functioning of the border defence system of the province Mauritania Tingitana. The topic is not sufficiently developed in existing publications. Field research has provided new data and interesting field observations. Recognition of the human activity from the Roman period in the region has allowed us to collect interesting ceramic material for preliminary dating of the sites.
Roman-period pottery from a trench by the northern city wall in Beit Ras/Capitolias
Authors: Młynarczyk Jolanta
Published: December 2020

One of the trenches opened by the team of the PCMA during 2015–2016 at the site of Beit Ras (ancient Capitolias) in the governorate of Irbid, northern Jordan, revealed remains of the defensive city wall. Neither the foundation nor the earliest walking level connected with the wall could have been reached; however, the archaeological exploration allowed to identify three upper floors, all posterior to the construction of the city wall. The analysis of the ceramics from under the floors permitted to establish the repertory of the local, regional and some imported wares in the Roman-period Capitolias and, at the same time, provided an insight into the chronology of the defenses of ancient Capitolias.
Post-Meroitic cemetery at the Khor Shambat site in Sudan
Authors: Bobrowski Przemysław , Chłodnicki Marek , Jórdeczka Maciej , Stanaszek Łukasz M.
Published: December 2020

Archaeological research at the Khor Shambat site located in Omdurman in central Sudan has been conducted since 2012, when a team of scientists from the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology Polish Academy of Sciences (Poznań) launched a salvage exploration of a Neolithic site and cemetery damaged by road construction. Research is now conducted within the scope of a grant from the National Science Centre, Poland (No. 2015/17/D/HS3/01492). Three seasons of fieldwork since 2016 have focused on the extensive prehistoric settlement spanning nearly 4000 years, from the early Mesolithic to the late Neolithic. The site turned out to be attractive not only for Mesolithic hunters-gatherers and Neolithic shepherds, but also as a burial place for the Meroitic and post-Meroitic inhabitants of the region. A survey of about 1% of the surface of the Khor Shambat site (KSH 1) resulted in the discovery of 66 graves; 12 of these are probably post-Meroitic, and of these three presented a rich and interesting array of burial goods, including imports from the Far East. At the same time, KSH 1 is one of the southernmost post-Meroitic cemeteries.
Organic system of agriculture and proposals for its implementation
Authors: Eshchenko V.E. , Karnaukh S.V. , Usik A.B.
Published: December 2020

Organic system of farming (better called a biological system) is an alternative to the modern intensive systems, according to which the technology of cultivated crops involves the production of environmentally healthy food for the humans and feed for farm animals. To do this, crop products must not contain any harmful chemical residues. Therefore, the use of any artificial chemicals, for example, mineral fertilizers, herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, desiccants, defoliants, etc. is prohibited in its production. The area under the organic system is increasing from year to year and by 2018 they have reached 32.4 million hectares in the world, including 7.4 million hectares in Europe, and the leaders among European countries in the production of organic products are Austria and Switzerland. In 2011, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine adopted the Law “On Organic Production”, which defines the legal, economic, social and organizational bases of organic farming. However, the area under such a system in the country so far remains insignificant, and the reason for this is the high potential clogging of our lands, which does not allow the transition to herbicide-free technologies. Below are some techniques that allow you to reduce the clogging of the fields below the threshold of its harmfulness in order to abandon herbicides as a major factor in the deterioration of phytosanitary conditions. Such methods are such a structure of the sown areas, allowing to switch to crop rotation, application of manure without weed seeds, use of improved chills instead of the usual, inclusion in the technology of spring harrowing pre-emergence and their shoots, abandonment of intermediate cultivation for late spring crops instead of spring crops, use spring May.
Dependence of soy growth processes on the application of fungicides and inoculants in the Right bank Forest steppe of Ukraine
Authors:   Uman national university of horticulture, Mostovyak I.I. , Kravchenko O.V.
Published: December 2020

The article presents the results of the research dealing with the dependence of the mass, growth processes and the attachment height of the low bean of soybean under the application of different types of fungicides and biopreparation Rhizoactive in the Right Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Application of different types of fungicides had a positive influence on the plant mass of soybeans, growth processes and attachment height of a low bean. Indexes were defined in different years and at different development stages of a plant: budding, flowering and beans maturing. Throughout all development stages, the best indexes of soybeans height, their mass and attachment height of a low bean were under the complex application of preparations, in particular, the highest indexes were in the variants with the application of fungicides Impact K, 0,9l/ha; Koronet 300 SC, KC 0.8 l/ha at the background of seeds treatment with the inoculator Rhizoactove. Important selection features that are associated with the main morphological and biological characteristics of soybeans are the height, mass and lower bean attachment height of soybean. Productivity in general depends on the height and weight of plants, as the stem is an organ of conversion and transport of organic and mineral substances, which plays an important role in crop formation. Technology of soybean cultivation on irrigation provides suitability of varieties for mechanized harvesting, including resistance to pod shatter and lodging, optimal placement of the first beans on the plant and genotypes reaction to irrigation. For successful introduction into production, new soybean varieties must be not only high yielding but also suitable for mechanized harvesting, which is primarily due to the lower bean attachment height of the plant. Low first bean attachment leads to a decrease in the yield of the variety, since a significant number of beans are lost during combine harvesting. Yield losses because of the low attachment of the lower bean may reach 15-20%. This feature is associated with the total height of the plant. The height of soybean plants and the lower bean attachment largely depend on growing conditions. The research conducted by A.Ya Ala. and A.A. Hamolin have established that linear parameters of plants at irrigation considerably increase. In the south of Ukraine irrig
Photosynthetic activity of grain sorghum crops depending on the method of sowing seeds
Authors: Pravdyva L.A.
Published: December 2020

Grain sorghum is a drought-resistant crop and forms a high grain productivity and biomass as a raw material for the production of bioethanol and solid fuel in difficult soil and climatic conditions. The aim of the research was to establish the influence of sowing seeds method of the grain sorghum varieties on the photosynthetic activity of crops in the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Field, laboratory, mathematical and statistical. Results. It has been proved that the leaf surface area of grain sorghum plants reached its maximum during the period of "throwing out panicles - flowering". It was the largest when sowing with a row spacing of 45 cm and at a plant density of 150 thousand units/ha – 34.8 thousand m2/ha for the Dniprovsky 39 variety and 32.7 thousand m2/ha for the Vinets variety. With the standing density of 200 thousand pieces/ha, the Dniprovsky 39 variety has 37.8 thousand m2/ha, the Vinets variety – 35.6 thousand m2/ha and with the density of 250 thousand pieces/ha, respectively 38.2 and 36.9 thousand m2/ha. The photosynthetic potential also changed depending on the size of the assimilation surface during the growing season. It was the highest when sowing seeds with a row spacing of 45 cm and amounted to 1.13–1.29 million m2/ha for the Dniprovsky 39 variety and 1.10–1.22 million m2/ha for the Vinets variety. When sowing with the row spacing of 15 cm, this indicator was 0.86–1.07 million m2/ha for the Dniprovsky 39 variety and 0.84–1.09 million m2/ha for the Vinets variety. When sowing grain sorghum seeds with the row spacing of 70 cm, the photosynthetic potential was 0.83–1.03 million m2/ha and 0.78–0.95 million m2/ha, respectively. An increase in the plant density from 150 to 250 thousand pieces/ha of grain sorghum contributed to an increase not only in the assimilation leaf surface, but also in the photosynthetic potential. The high net productivity of photosynthesis was observed when sowing seeds with the row spacing of 45 cm and for the Dniprovsky 39 variety it was in the range of 3.36–3.94 g/m2 per day, for the Vinets variety — 3.32–3.81 g/m2 in day. Conclusions. It was found that with a change in the feeding area of grain sorghum plants, the assimilation surface of leaves, photosynthetic potential and net productivity of photosynthesis change.
ASCORBIC ACID IN BLACK CURRANT FRUITS
Authors:   Uman national university of horticulture, Osokina N. , Kostetska K. , Gerasymchuk H.
Published: December 2020

The ascorbic acid content of five varieties of black currants during 15 years of research is given. During the growing season of black currant it was counted: the sum of effective temperatures above 5 °C; the sum of effective temperatures above 10 °С; amounts of active temperatures; amount of rainfall; hydrothermal coefficient (HTC). The research objective was to analyze ascorbic acid content in black currant fruit during many years of research. Research tasks were meant to establish black currant growth duration and agroclimatic indicators during this period; ascorbic acid content in black currant fruits depending on the variety and the year of the harvest. It is established that the duration of the black currant growing season in the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine is 96±3–4 days for thermal resources: the sum of effective temperatures is above 5 °С – 750–950°, the sum of effective temperatures is above 10 °С – 300–600°, the sum of active temperatures is 1050–1300° and the rainfall is 120–300 mm, for the HTC it is 0,7–3,0. The regularities of ascorbic acid synthesis are shown depending on the features of the variety and agroclimatic indices during vegetation of plants. The analysis of the received data shows the ambiguous influence of the HTC indicator on the accumulation of ascorbic acid in black currant fruits. A comprehensive and comprehensive study of the most complex details of the metabolism of substances showed that ascorbic acid plays one of the crucial roles in the entire cycle of intrauterine development of plants from emergence to disappearance - the role of a direct participant in the process of respiration, photosynthesis, regulation of the activity of enzymes and coenzymes, general metabolism and transport of substances, protecting cells from oxidative stress caused by abiotic factors. Thus, the high C-vitality of black currant fruit depends to a large extent on the variety, and only then on weather conditions during the formation of the harvest.
X-Ray Tomography of Integrated Circuit Interconnects: Past and Future
Authors: Levine Zachary H. , Grantham Steven
Published: December 2020

A scanning transmission x-ray microscope was used to perform x-ray tomography of integrated circuit interconnects. Reconstructions of test circuits were made with 140 nm 3D resolution in the best case.
Optical Waveform Probing – Strategies for Non-Fllpchlp Devices and Other Applications
Authors: Kolachina Siva , Wills Kendall Scott , Nagel Tim , Mehta Aswin , Carawan Rand , Diaz de Leon Omar , Grund James , Todd Charles P. , Ramanujachar Kartik , Nagarathnam Sundari , Charpentier Christine , Gobled Daniel , Subido Willmar
Published: December 2020

Optical waveform probing is a critical component in flipchip diagnostics. There is a dramatic increase in the need for backside silicon probing of non-flipchip packaged devices. The effective way to implement this strategy is to package the die in a BGA carrier that allows backside analysis. Optical waveform probing has been used primarily as a digital waveform timing analysis tool. The capability of optical waveform probers can be extended to failsite isolation and qualitative analog signal analysis.
Advanced LIVA/TIVA Techniques
Authors: Aaron Falk R.
Published: December 2020

LIVA (L ight I nduced V oltage A lterations) and TIVA (T hermally I nduced V oltage A lterations) have demonstrated significant capability for fault isolation. A difficulty with both techniques is their use of a constant current source, whereas integrated circuits operate with a constant voltage source. A new technique that utilizes the constant current sensing of LIVA/TIVA, while allowing for use of constant voltage bias on the integrated circuit, has been developed. As a bonus, the technique is also significantly more sensitive (at least one order of magnitude) than the standard LIVA/TIVA approach.
Signal Trace and Power Plane Shorts Fault Isolation Using TDR
Authors: Smolyansky Dima , Tan Phoumra , Staab Donald
Published: December 2020

The focus of this article is on locating signal-to-ground shorts and plane-to-plane shorts using the time domain reflectometry (TDR) based fault isolation system. The article proposes two comparative techniques for plane-to-plane short location, both based on the secondary information in the TDR data. The first technique looks for the difference in secondary reflections in the TDR waveform and the second looks at the inductance of the current return path, which can be computed in IConnect TDR software. The article presents simple test board example for plane-to-plane short failure location and discusses the results obtained by applying the TDR technique to the measurements of a sample package under test. Locating a signal-to-ground short has been shown to present little difficulty over a comparable open fault locating task. However, with the true impedance profile and planar inductance analyses, the claim of impossibility of locating a plane-to-plane is effectively challenged in this paper.
A Study of Photoelectron Emission Microscopy Contrast Mechanisms Relevant to Microelectronics
Authors: Ballarotto Vincent , Siegrist Karen , Williams Ellen , Vanderlinde William
Published: December 2020

We report on a quantitative investigation of doping-induced contrast and topography-induced contrast in photoelectron emission microscopy (PEEM). Calibration samples were fabricated using standard photolithography and focused ion beam writing to test both types of contrast. Using a near-threshold light source, we find that the doping-induced contrast increases monotonically with B concentration over the measured range of 1017 – 2x1020 cm-3. The variation in doping-induced contrast as incident photon energy is varied was also investigated. Optimal doping-induced contrast and PEEM sensitivity is achieved by imaging with photon energy slightly above the highest nominal photothreshold of interest. The photoemission model, based on near-threshold emission, used to describe doping-induce contrast gives good agreement with the measured intensities. Thus, measuring the relative intensity ratio provides a robust technique for determining doping levels. Topography-induced contrast was investigated by imaging Ti samples of various step heights (75, 150, 290, and 550 nm). Image data suggests that edge contrast increases with step height. Numerical simulations show that non-uniform electrostatic fields at step edge are responsible for this contrast. Experimentally, we systematically vary the lateral field strength and show that edge contrast can be controlled. This technique could be useful in failure analysis by identifying breaks in metal lines.
Orientation Imaging Microscopy Applications in Cu- Interconnects and Cu-Cu Wire Bonding
Authors: Ratchev Petar , Carbonell Laureen , Ho Hong Meng , Bender Hugo , De Wolf Ingrid , Verlinden Bert
Published: December 2020

In this paper we described a technique which is not commonly used for failure analysis: Orientation Imaging Microscopy (OIM). We demonstrated that it offers unique opportunity for failure analysis of Cu bonding and interconnects. Additionally to its main application: texture analysis, it can also reveal early stages of oxidation of Cu bond pads and interconnects. A link has been made between oxidation and bondability. OIM can also show areas of the wire bond where the deformation concentrates due to the bonding process.
Optimizing Backside Image Quality
Authors: Falk R. Aaron
Published: December 2020

Backside imaging through a silicon substrate introduces spherical aberration at high numerical apertures. For a typical 200 micron substrate thickness, these aberrations limit the resolution to less than 1 micron. A theoretical analysis of the aberrations describes the limiting factors. Means for correcting for these aberrations are described.