bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SELF‐MODIFICATION AS THE BASIS FOR AN ETHICAL ECONOMIC ORDER
Authors: Sun Li‐teh
Published: February 2008

I. Introduction The political events of the late 1980's and the early 1990's taken place in Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union, and Nicaragua certainly represent the predicament, if not the collapse, of the communist economic system. Indeed, the centrally planned solution of attacking the basic economic problems of what, how, and for what seems to be never before as doubtful as it is now. Although the free market solution of the capitalist economy seems to progress smoothly in economic matters as far as the aggregate production is concerned, on the political and social front and with respect to the distribution of income, these economies are not as trouble‐free as they appear on the surface. The bloody poll tax revolt and the IRA attacks in England, the racial unrest in South Africa, and the drug and oil wars fought by the US are but a few examples of the troubles in the basically capitalist systems. Less obvious but surely problematic are the subtle trade wars among them, especially between the US and Japan, the hungry and homeless, and the mounting budget deficit of the US economy.
KEYNESIAN METHODOLOGY, SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY AND UTOPIAN CAPITALISM
Authors: Pluta Leonard , Dodaro Santo
Published: February 2008

Introduction In addition to his economic analysis, a key component of Keynes's intellectual legacy is his methodology, derived from the fusion of social philosophy and vision with politics, public policy concerns and economic analysis, which he employed to offer a solution to the most fundamental and pressing problems of his time. In effect, such a methodology constitutes, in spite of Keynes's opposition to classical economics, a rediscovery, and adaptation of the one used by the classical school of political economy, which had been abandoned as a consequence of the onslaught of the “neo‐classical” revolution in the late 1800s with its strict focus on “scientific” or positive economics.
A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF THE CONCEPT OF ISLAMIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE IN CONTEMPORARY TIMES
Authors: Alam Choudhury Masudul , Akram Nadwi Mohammad
Published: February 2008

This paper addresses three interrelated objectives. The approach is philosophical and comparative. As far as possible the Islamic arguments of the paper are derived from the Quran.
INTERNATIONAL MARKETING PLANNING: THE GAP BETWEEN THEORY AND PRACTICE
Authors: McDonald Malcolm
Published: February 2008

This paper is based on a thesis which identifies and evaluates the marketing planning practices of British industrial goods companies operating internationally and examines the validity of the widespread belief that formalised marketing planning facilitates success. The paper describes the widespread ignorance about marketing and confusion about the difference between marketing planning and sales forecasting and budgeting, which encourages managers to perpetuate an essentially parochial and short term view of business. It also describes the resulting commonality of operational problems, which centre around declining organisational effectiveness and confusion over what to do about it.
A MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE
Authors: Hawes Jon M. , Rao C.P.
Published: February 2008

Stagflation and persistent balance of trade deficits during the 1970's encouraged government policy makers in many countries to seek improvements in export market performance. Another significant development during the 1970's was the empirical verification provided by the PIMS project of the positive relationship between a firm's market share and its profit ability, or other measures of performance in a particular market. The authors propose that the PIMS findings may also apply for an aggregation of firms — namely, world traders. A market share analysis of the export trade performance of the U.S., the E.E.C., and for Japan is presented, the implications of this research are discussed, and some directions for future research are provided.
EFFECTIVENESS OF GOVERNMENT EXPORT ASSISTANCE FOR U.S. SMALLER‐SIZED MANUFACTURERS: SOME FURTHER EVIDENCE
Authors: Albaum Gerald
Published: February 2008

Introduction and Methodology Current statistics indicate a considerable untapped potential in overseas markets, particularly for the smaller U.S. companies. The role of federal and individual state governments — in spite of current contrary evidence — is potentially particularly relevant and this paper therefore reviews the level of awareness and usage of government assistance amongst a sample — from Oregon, Washington and Idaho — of smaller manufacturers. The sample of 129 respondents (86 existing exporters and 43 non exporters), all with under 500 employees, was supported by a small number of contracts at federal and state government level. Results and Discussions Almost 80% of exporters began exporting as a result of company sales effort or an unsolicited enquiry/order. Only 1 respondent started with a federal government generated lead, whilst none came from state governments. Major problems encountered overseas included documentation, lack of customer leads, foreign competition, locating distributors and markets and financing sales. Surprisingly, lack of government assistance was very infrequently raised which may indicate a low awareness level of governmental services or that little is to be gained by working with governments. The non exporters were neutral about assistance offered because little government activity had been directed towards them and they were unfamiliar with the existing availability and usage of government programmes. Conclusions Contrary to governmental views, their programmes are generally unfavourably viewed and there is therefore a need to reappraise the effectiveness of export assistance programmes as well as the methods used to generate user awareness amongst businesses. Accepting the small sample base, there is evidence of a lack of understanding between government and small business as to the role and value of existing export assistance programmes. Future programmes should consider the real needs of the small exporter and acknowledge their different stages of development, varying periods of overseas involvement and levels of export expertise.
JAPANESE EXPORT MARKETING: STRUCTURES, STRATEGIES, COUNTERSTRATEGIES
Authors: Johansson Johny K. , Nonaka Ikujiro
Published: February 2008

Against the success of Japanese exporting companies during the last decade, a brief but comprehensive review of the factors behind their performance is presented. Based on a combination of secondary and primary data, the structures within which the exporting companies operate are spelled out and integrated. The integration is shown to lead naturally to a particular strategic posture dominated by a long‐run perspective and a high quality/price ratio in products meticulously adapted for very specific market segments. Potentially valuable counterstrategies drawing upon the Japanese experiences and military analogies are developed.
PRODUCT‐DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES IN THE MULTINATIONAL FIRM
Authors: Ronkainen Ilkka A.
Published: February 2008

A number of studies have assessed problems involved in introducing new products abroad and marketing them effectively on a global scale. This article focuses on the product‐development process and ways to make it multinational in scope. Data collected by interview from four industrial companies are used to discuss the means and objectives of multinational program management.
THE FUTURE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CODE OF MARKETING OF BREASTMILK SUBSTITUTES: THE SOCIO‐LEGAL CONTEXT
Authors: Greer Thomas V.
Published: February 2008

The International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes, written by the World Health Organization and joined in by the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), was passed by the World Health Assembly in mid‐1981. Intended as a model statute for member nations to adopt, it is now at the centre of a controversy that is both complex and dynamic. This controversy is simultaneously one of humanitarianism, community health, business, and — most of all — law. No doubt most readers are familiar with the heated campaigns of the past few years against infant formula distribution in the Third World. Today the weight of public opinion in most developed countries is with the Code, but that does not necessarily imply ultimate adoption and implementation in other countries. This article attempts, while taking no position on the Code's merits, to examine its possible future. Specifically, (1) Will the Code be adopted and implemented? (2) What is the context in which such decisions will be made?
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS NEGOTIATIONS: A STRATEGIC PLANNING MODEL
Authors: Heiba Farouk I.
Published: February 2008

Environmental determinants of International Business Negotiations: A Strategic Planning Model Negotiation is a skill which can be learned. Most American and Western executives do not, however, devote sufficient time or effort to learn the art of negotiation or to understand the cultural differences among nations. The accelerating interdependency among global societies and the growing role of U.S. and Western countries in international trade, especially with Third World governments, strongly necessitate learning, experience, and training in this important task. True understanding of environmental determinants, styles, and tactics of international business negotiations is a must, if one is to achieve desirable outcomes. The old attitude of bargaining overseas and the John Wayne approach will not work anymore. “Go native” and “adaptibility” will be the key words for successful international business negotiations in the future.
MULTINATIONAL PRODUCT PLANNING: A METAMARKET ANALYSIS
Authors: Still Richard R. , Hill John S.
Published: February 2008

The concept of meta‐markets has been around a long time, with numerous references to the European market, the South American market and so on. An examination of MNC consumer product transfers into four OECD‐recognized meta‐markets shows that in some cases regional cultures affect MNC product adaption strategies.
MARKET SOCIALISM IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
Authors: Thorelli Hans B.
Published: February 2008

The world's most populous nation has taken on the mission of a giant laboratory in political economy. This “thoughtpiece” describes the recent economic experiments in China, and analyses current and potential developments as approximating a society of market socialism, a hybrid variety of socio‐economic system never truly tested anywhere else. Some of the issues confronting such a society are raised. Implications to Western companies interested in doing business in the markets of the PRC are also briefly discussed.
MARKETING IN A RESOURCE‐SHORT SOCIALIST ENVIRONMENT: ROMANIA
Authors: Naor Jacob
Published: February 2008

Resource shortages, which have increased in severity since the early 1970's, appear to have had a significant impact on the development of marketing thought and practice in Romania. They may well provide a practical rationale for the emergence of one of the principles underlying marketing in Romania, that of “rational and scientific” consumption. The impact of resource shortages on marketing, both at the micro and macro levels, is examined, as well as the ability of the system to meet its planned goals. It appears that resource shortages have not been instrumental in bringing about a more widespread acceptance of western‐style marketing practices in Romania. And it is doubtful whether the near future will see much change in this regard.
INTERNATIONALISM OF THIRD WORLD FIRMS: AN INDIAN CASE STUDY
Authors: Sharan Vyuptakesh
Published: February 2008

Synopsis The emergence of third world multinational corporations is a comparatively new phenomenon, providing scarce foreign exchange for less developed countries. This paper explores some of the reasons behind the emergence of third world MNCs and in particular examines the successes and failures of Indian MNCs.
DIFFERENT PERCEPTIONS OF JAPANESE MARKETING
Authors: Lazer William
Published: February 2008

Japanese and American marketing executives have different perceptions of Japanese marketing approaches, concepts and strategies. Differences in perceptions of Japanese market protection, superpower status, government assistance, Westernisation, competition, organisation, consumers and decisions are investigated.
A STRATEGY FOR SMALL BUSINESS INTERNATIONALISATION
Authors: Joynt Pat , Welch Lawrence
Published: February 2008

In this article a new Norwegian approach to assisting small companies to develop international operations is examined. The aim of the scheme is, gradually, to mould groups of small companies with related products into separate entities which serve as vehicles for international market entry. An outside consultant is responsible for guiding and supporting each group's activities. In addition, the market entry process is buttressed by a range of sponsor organisations. While the scheme has had mixed success so far, it is indicative of the scope for innovation in assisting many small firms with unexploited potential for international operations.
PRODUCT INFORMATION: SEARCH AND SATISFACTION THE PRC, OVERSEAS CHINESE AND THAILAND
Authors: Thorelli Hans B
Published: February 2008

Confined to samples of middle‐class consumers in the PRC (1981) and Thailand (1974) this comparative study included questions concerning awareness, attitudes and experiences of PRC Chinese, Thai‐Chinese and Thais in the area of perceived risk and search for and satisfaction with product information. A major finding is that in these regards the Thai‐Chinese are clearly closer to the Thai than to the Chinese consumers.
ASIAN IMPORTERS' PERCEPTIONS OF AMERICAN MANUFACTURERS
Authors: Keown Charles F
Published: February 2008

Twenty‐eight importers from the five “dragons” in Asia (Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong) were interviewed about their problems in doing business with American manufacturers, and their suggestions for increasing future imports from the United States. Findings are presented in a marketing framework: product, price, distribution, promotion, regulations and interactions. Overall, American firms were perceived to apply the selling concept, to use short‐term planning, and to provide little support to their Asian agents. By contrast, Japanese and European firms used the marketing concept, did long‐range planning, and provided substantially more promotional assistance.
ORGANISATIONAL BUYING PROCESSES IN NORTH AMERICA AND JAPAN
Authors: Alex Murray J , Blenkhorn David L
Published: February 2008

Traditional North American supplier‐manufacturer behaviour functions on a channel control model with a competitive bid posture dominating the relationship. The arrival of Japanese manufacturing subsidiaries in North America and Europe, however, is forcing suppliers to reconsider previous decision rides in dealing with manufacturers within a more cooperative mode because of the unique Japanese processes. The focus here is on comparing organisational buyer behaviour in North America and Japan. As North American firms become suppliers to the Japanese, knowledge of this behaviour becomes increasingly important. Implications are presented for understanding Japanese influences in the organisational buying process through utilising a generalised model from the marketing literature. In addition, a framework for examining the participation and coping behaviour of North American firms is presented.
BECOMING A TRIAD POWER: THE NEW GLOBAL CORPORATION
Authors: Ohmae Kenichi
Published: February 2008

Three major markets — “Triad” of Japan, Europe and the United States — are emerging as the most important strategic battlefield for any company operating on a global scale. The author pinpoints four trends — increasing capital intensity, soaring R&D costs, converging worldwide consumer tastes and intensifying protectionism — which together make it imperative for a company to have an inside presence in all three Triad regions. He looks at the steps some companies have already taken toward becoming a Triad power.
JAPANESE MARKETING FAILURES
Authors: Johansson Johny K.
Published: February 2008

The paper discusses six Japanese marketing cases in depth. It is shown how the “success” interpretation which so often is promulgated by the firms and press alike in fact hides serious mistakes and results which in other countries would be interpreted as “failures”.
GUIDELINES FOR INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS NEGOTIATIONS
Authors: Ghauri Pervez N.
Published: February 2008

Treating negotiations as a technique which can be learned and adapted to international business, this article takes a problem solving approach and endeavors to provide some guidelines for successful negotiating. It addresses the different stages of the negotiation process and provides a strategic planning model for negotiations.
MANUFACTURERS' EXPORT STRATEGIES
Authors: Malekzadeh Ali R. , Rabino Samuel
Published: February 2008

In this empirical study, export strategies of 131 California exporting manufacturers were examined. A factor analysis of fifty variables yielded five factors which were analysed subsequently through multiple discriminant analysis. Two of the five factors, strategic planning and export strategies, were found to be meaningful in discriminating between small and large exporters. Implications for managers are offered.
EXPORT ACTIVITIES OF TURKISH MANUFACTURERS
Authors: Karafakioglu Mehmet
Published: February 2008

Factors influential in directing Turkish manufacturers to exporting are discussed. The research shows that the majority of these companies started exports due to unexpected orders and entered this field as a result of domestic economic factors. For most of these companies, the domestic market preserves its significance. Therefore, a different marketing strategy is not implemented for exports. However, as size and export volume increase, a change in attitudes is observed, supporting the findings of previous empirical studies that involvement in export marketing is a sequential and gradual process.
INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE THEORY AND GLOBAL STRATEGY
Authors: Atac Osman A.
Published: February 2008

A full understanding of the economic development processes of the Newly Industrialised Countries (NICs) is important both for the multinational corporations and the developing countries. This paper suggests a theoretical framework based on experience theory to explain how the NICs obtained their strategic comparative advantages in global markets. It is argued that the world social and economic environment of the post‐World War II period was conducive for the realisation of such advantages. Most recent changes, however, have important implications for both the developing countries and the multinational corporations in the selection of global strategies.
COPING WITH INCREASED TRADE INTERDEPENDENCE
Authors: Czinkota Michael R. , Ronkainen Ilkka A.
Published: February 2008

This article discusses the increased trade interdependence between nations and its implications. Both domestic and international economic policy‐making have to anticipate and accept the interlinkages between export and import flows. In setting economic goals, a long‐term global orientation is needed to cope with these interdependencies to maintain the cohesiveness of the free‐trade system.
THE IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL TEXTILE TRADE AGREEMENTS
Authors: Hester Susan B.
Published: February 2008

This paper outlines the current state of international textile trade between developed and developing countries and traces the history of textile trade agreements over the past three decades. Possible future policy scenarios for world trade in these commodities are presented. The general views of different country groups are examined, as well as the perspective of groups within the US. Implications for government policy‐makers and those marketing textile and apparel products are discussed in an effort to meet the challenge of designing an equitable system of trade and achieving the beneficial exchange of textile and apparel products worldwide.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
Authors: Hauptman Gunter
Published: February 2008

Intellectual property infringement has become a serious problem in international trade. This article addresses the issue, using the IBM PC as an example. Problems arising within the US, those arising from imports to the US, and those occurring outside the US are analysed and ways to combat violations are suggested.
JAPANESE INDUSTRIAL POLICY IN AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURING
Authors: Roehl Thomas , Frederick Truitt J.
Published: February 2008

Marketing and corporate risk‐taking are always included as elements of industrial competitiveness and yet discussions of industrial policy are strangely silent on these important determinants of firm performance. The inability of Japanese industrial policy to develop these skills has been an important factor in determining the competitive position of the Japanese commercial airplane manufacturing industry. In this industry where domestic demand was not guaranteed, and where the Japanese competitors were not prepared to assume the risk‐taking position common to successful foreign competitors, Japanese industrial policy was unable to match its earlier success in basic industries.
ENVIRONMENTAL SHOCK AND EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
Authors: Green Robert T. , Larsen Trina L.
Published: February 2008

What happens to export markets when the nations in which customers reside experience a sudden, unanticipated change in a relevant aspect of the environment? Which goods exported to these nations tend to be affected more than others? The study reported in this paper examines the impact that the oil shock of the 1970s had on world export markets. This sudden environmental change caused some nations to obtain sudden wealth and others to experience instant economic problems. The findings of the study illustrate the range of consequences for export markets that can occur, depending on the manner in which nations are affected by sudden change.
FOREIGN MARKET INFORMATION PREFERENCES OF ESTABLISHED U.S. EXPORTERS
Authors: Wood Van R. , Goolsby Jerry R.
Published: February 2008

Using a sample of more than 130 established exporters, this study empirically examines the information preferences of decision makers responsible for evaluating foreign markets. Export information preferences are analysed across distinct industries, and implications for export facilitating agencies and foreign parties are explored.
MARKETING TO LDC GOVERNMENTS
Authors: Luqmani Mushtaq , Habib Ghazi M. , Kassem Sami
Published: February 2008

This articles provides a managerial framework to examine and analyse factors that may influence government decision making in less developed countries. In order to market successfully to these buyers, a series of hurdles has to be cleared. These include meeting eligibility, following procedures, establishing critical linkages, developing competitive offers and exerting appropriate influence. International firms can enhance their success and profits by taking a serious, long‐term approach to these markets.
EUROPEAN PATENT LAWS AND DECISIONS: IMPLICATIONS FOR MULTINATIONAL MARKETING STRATEGY
Authors: Maronick Thomas J.
Published: February 2008

Marketing executives face numerous hurdles in introducing new products into foreign markets. This article examines the difficulties multinational firms face in patenting new products in the EEC, the difficulties they face in protecting those patents, and the steps the EEC has taken to facilitate or hinder that protection through treaties and litigation. Finally, the article discusses marketing strategy implications of the patent treaties and litigated cases.
IDENTIFYING DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HIGH‐ AND LOW‐INVOLVEMENT EXPORTERS
Authors: Diamantopoulos Adamantios , Inglis Karen
Published: February 2008

This article contrasts the export characteristics of high‐ and low‐involvement exporters in the Scottish food and beverage industry. Firms which derive more than 50 per cent of their turnover from export activity are designated as “high‐involvement” exporters while firms with a lesser dependence upon exporting are designated as “low‐involvement” exporters. Following an examination of the influence of organisational factors on export involvement, the two groups of firms are compared in terms of nine descriptors of export activity. Significant differences are established with regard to a number of export characteristics which are discussed in the light of previous evidence on export involvement.
INVENTORY, TAXONOMY AND ASSESSMENT OF METHODS FOR INTERNATIONAL MARKET SELECTION
Authors: Papadopoulos Nicolas , Denis Jean‐Emile
Published: February 2008

This article assesses the state‐of‐the‐art on the subject of international market selection based on a comprehensive review and synthesis of the literature. It provides an inventory, taxonomy and brief review of the normative quantitative models that have been proposed in the literature, and compares them to current business practices in selecting foreign markets. This comparison reveals a theory‐practice gap that is discussed in the context of the methodological and conceptual weaknesses of the models. Suggestions for future research are made.
ITERATION METHODS FOR THE CALCULATION OF STEADY MAGNETIC FIELDS IN NONLINEAR FERROMAGNETIC MEDIA
Authors: MAYERGOYZ I.
Published: February 2008

New iteration methods for the calculation of steady magnetic fields in saturable media are presented. These methods converge for any choice of initial approximation, that is they possess global convergence. The convergence conditions and the estimates of convergence rate of these methods are expressed in terms of the physical properties of ferromagnetic media. Each of the proposed methods is deliberately adapted to specific but typical saturation conditions. All these methods together cover the broad area of diverse saturation conditions encountered in practice. The construction and justification of these iteration methods are based on the physical concept of secondary sources and on some mathematical ideas and results arising in the overlapping area of mathematical physics and functional analysis.
DEPLETION LAYER CALCULATIONS AND MODELLING OF A SINGLE‐DIFFUSED p‐n JUNCTION WITH COMPLEMENTARY ERROR FUNCTION PROFILE
Authors: SHENAI K.
Published: February 2008

The depletion layer of a single‐diffused with complementary error function profile has been calculated. Closed form solutions of the potential difference between the two depletion layer edges are obtained by integrating Poisson's equation and equating the positive and negative charges in the depletion layer. Using the integrability of complementary error functions, the depletion layer thickness, junction built‐in potential and junction exponential factor are computed. The customary exponential factor m in the expression for the junction capacitance, i.e. Cj ∝(1 + Valø)−m is shown to vary with the applied reverse bias. The value of ø is also found to be different from the conventional value of the junction built‐in potential. A technique for modelling the diffused p‐n junctions at various reverse biases is presented using numerical methods. These results will be useful in circuit simulation programs such as SPICE.
MEMBRE: AN EFFICIENT TWO‐DIMENSIONAL PROCESS CODE FOR VLSI
Authors: MURPHY W.D. , HALL W.F. , MALDONADO C.D. , LOUIE S.A.
Published: February 2008

The control of lateral redistribution of dopants, which is critical in VLSI geometries, can be greatly facilitated by fast and accurate simulation of the key steps in the fabrication process. To provide the basic tools for such simulation, a computer code has been developed that models nonlinear dopant redistribution within a silicon substrate whose surface may be simultaneously undergoing nonuniform oxidation. This code, MEMBRE (for Multidimensional Efficient Moving Boundary Redistribution) solves typical dopant drive‐in problems in seconds on the Cyber 176, IBM 3033, or CRAY‐1, by the use of efficient numerical techniques. Multistep fabrication schedules involving field oxide growth and high‐dose implantation and redistribution can be modeled in a few minutes execution time.
FINITE‐ELEMENT SOLUTION OF STEADY‐STATE SKIN‐EFFECT PROBLEMS IN STRAIGHT FLAT CONDUCTORS
Authors: COSTACHE G.
Published: February 2008

Using an integrodifferential approach to steady‐state skin effect problems, the current density distribution in straight flat conductors is solved by the finite‐element method. The approach takes into account a combination of one‐dimensional finite elements corresponding to the flat conductors and triangular finite elements for the remaining domain outside conductors. The results obtained for a flat conductor placed inside a ferromagnetic medium are compared with analytical solutions provided by finite Fourier transforms. As a final output, besides current density distribution, one can calculate parameters useful to designers such a a.c. resistance and reactance of the straight flat conductors.
ANALYSIS OF A DISCRETIZATION ALGORITHM FOR STATIONARY CONTINUITY EQUATIONS IN SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE MODELS
Authors: Mock M.S.
Published: February 2008

An explanation is given for the apparent accuracy of the most commonly used method for discretization of the stationary continuity equations in semiconductor device models. The accuracy of this method does not depend on relatively small changes in the electrostatic potential or the quasi‐Fermi potentials between neighboring mesh points, or on the flow of current essentially along the mesh lines as has been previously suggested. It is obtained because implicit in this procedure is a consistent, and fairly accurate, discretization of the associated systems for the stream functions and recombination potential. Our analysis indicates suitable choices for various parameters appearing in the discrete system, and conditions on the construction and refinement of a mesh so as to obtain reasonable or optimal accuracy. In addition, it is determined that given the electrostatic potential distribution, the values of the device terminal currents (but not the point values of the carrier densities or the local current densities) can be computed with an accuracy independent of some of the bias voltages by this procedure.
THE INFINITE BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD AND ITS APPLICATION TO A COMBINED FINITE BOUNDARY ELEMENT TECHNIQUE FOR UNBOUNDED FIELD PROBLEMS
Authors: KAGAWA Y. , YAMABUCHI T. , KITAGAMI S.
Published: February 2008

The boundary element method is a useful method for the analysis of field problems involving unbounded regions. Therefore, the method can be used advantageously in combination with the finite element method. This is sometimes called a combination method and it is suitable as a picture‐frame technique. Although this technique attains good accuracy, the matrix of the discretized equation is not banded, since it is a dense matrix. In this paper, we propose an infinite boundary element which divides the unbounded region radially. By the use of this element, the bandwidth of the discretized system matrix does not increase beyond that of the finite element region and its original matrix structure is maintained. The infinite boundary element can also be applied to homogeneous unbounded field problems, for which the Green's function of the mirror image is difficult to use. To illustrate the validity of the proposed technique, some numerical calculations are demonstrated and the results are compared with those of the usual combination method and the method using the hybrid‐type infinite element.
LOAD FORECASTING USING BOX‐JENKINS METHODOLOGY
Authors: GÖNEN TURAN
Published: February 2008

This paper discusses the use of stochastic models based on the Box‐Jenkins modeling methodology to determine the future electrical loads. The developed forecasting models have been applied successfully by using the electrical load data provided by the Oklahoma Gas and Electric Company.
ACCURATE COMPUTATION OF ELECTRIC FIELD IN REVERSE‐BIASED SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES: A MIXED FINITE‐ELEMENT APPROACH
Authors: MARINI L.D. , SAVINI A.
Published: February 2008

A mixed variational formulation of the free boundary problem involved in the analysis of reverse‐biased semiconductor devices is put forward. This can be profitably used in the investigation of the field distribution near the junction and at the surface of devices. A peculiar feature of the new formulation is that the electric field is assumed as a variable in the solution, together with the potential, thus enabling the electric field to be determined directly and accurately. The numerical algorithm associated with the method turns out to be quite simple and can be easily and readily implemented even on a desktop computer.
HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF CURRENTS IN R, L SYSTEMS WITH SEMICONDUCTOR SWITCHING DEVICES
Authors: SOBCZYK TADEUSZ , SAPINSKI BOGDAN
Published: February 2008

The method presented here concerns the analysis of the steady‐state performance of semiconductor switching devices (SSDs) on the assumption that they are represented by resistances whose values vary periodically in time. The method is reduced to the analysis of a system of linear differential equations with periodic coefficients and the method consists of two stages. The first is the calculation of characteristic exponents in order to affirm that the steady state does exist and the second stage is the calculation of the frequency spectrum of currents in the steady state. These calculations are reduced to one of solving the eigen‐problem of an infinite matrix and an infinite system of linear algebraic equations, respectively. Criteria are given which allow one to obtain results with the required accuracy, restricting oneself to finite dimensions. Finally, the method is illustrated by an example which confirms its effectiveness.
APPLICATION OF A 3‐D EDDY CURRENT CODE (TRIFOU) TO NON‐DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
Authors: VERITE J.C.
Published: February 2008

A 3‐D eddy current code, TRIFOU, has been used to simulate eddy currents flowing around cracks in very thick conductors, which is a fully 3‐D situation. The measurement set and the probe have also been simulated so that we can compare numerical and experimental output signals. Storage and CPU‐time requirements are detailed and the expectations of such a program in non‐destructive testing are discussed.
C.A.D. OF THE PERIPHERY OF PLANAR JUNCTIONS
Authors: BOISSON V. , LE HELLEY M. , CHANTE J.P.
Published: February 2008

This paper describes the algorithm used to perform numerical simulation on reverse biased planar junctions. The two‐dimensional Poisson's equation is solved using the finite‐difference method. The program allows one to simulate all kinds of peripheries such as field‐plates, field limiting rings and surface implantations in planar structures. The advantages of this program are the wide use of graphic techniques and the possibility of refining the mesh locally. Results of simulation will be presented in the last section.
APPLICATION OF THE MULTIPLE MULTIPOLE (MMP) METHOD TO ELECTRODYNAMICS
Authors: HAFNER Ch. , KLAUS G.
Published: February 2008

The MMP method, which was already successfully applied to two‐dimensional electrostatic problems, is extended in this paper to solve dynamic cases. Different techniques are introduced to get better results and to save computation time. Some waveguide and scattering calculations show the possibilities of this method.
A NEW STOCHASTIC LOAD FORECASTING MODEL TO PREDICT LOAD GROWTH ON RADIAL FEEDERS
Authors: GÖNEN Turan , THOMPSON John C.
Published: February 2008

A new stochastic load forecasting model to predict load growth on radial feeders has been developed. Present methods of making such predictions have no underlying a priori model on which to rely. This paper summarizes an attempt to apply developmental models to the load growth prediction problem. A parameter study is described which suggests the relative importance of the model's parameters. Using actual data obtained from a utility company, forecasts are compared with network growth.
COMBINED APPLICATION OF THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD AND THE CHARGE SIMULATION METHOD FOR THE CALCULATION OF 3D ELECTRIC FIELDS IN HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
Authors: TAN K.X. , STEINBIGLER H.
Published: February 2008

Computer programs were developed based on the finite element method and the charge simulation method for the calculation of three dimensional electric fields in high voltage engineering. A brief description of the applied methods with respect to the special requirements of high voltage engineering is presented. In order to use the specific advantages of the finite element method and the charge simulation method, two procedures combining both methods are proposed: an iterative method and a direct method. For the calculation of three dimensional problems without symmetry the iterative procedure has the advantage that the coupling program is small compared with the field calculation programs and no major changes in these programs are necessary.
THE INTERPOLATION OF MAGNETIZATION TABLES
Authors: PISSANETZKY Sergio
Published: February 2008

A magnetization table describing the magnetic properties of the material of interest is the primary input for any computer program expected to calculate magnetic fields or other magnetic parameters in a nonlinear case. Magnetization tables, however, consist of discrete points, and the program assumes some interpolation rule to calculate values between them. There exists a variety of interpolation schemes, and some of them can produce very large errors and even unphysical results when the intervals are not narrow enough. Unfortunately, it was found that intervals used in practice are seldom narrow enough. The accurate interpolation of magnetization tables thus becomes a central issue in the numerical solution of nonlinear magnetic problems. We discuss several interpolation schemes used in practice. We propose a new one that is guaranteed to give physical results, and we address the question as to how wide the table invervals can be if a desired accuracy is specified. The discussion is illustrated with many examples.
DECOUPLED SECURE ECONOMIC DISPATCH ALGORITHM FOR POWER SYSTEMS OPERATION
Authors: EKWUE A.O.
Published: February 2008

This paper describes an algorithm which can be used to determine the optimal power flows of a network via the Dommel‐Tinney approach with or without the incorporation of security constraints; security constraints are properly handled via sensitivity analysis and least‐squares minimisation techniques. The algorithm can also determine the security enhancement of a network without taking the economics of operation into consideration. The refined second‐order loadflow method using rectangular coordinates is employed and the contingencies are determined by second‐order corrections on the base‐case; the computational aspects of this development are highlighted in the appropriate sections. The main emphasis of this paper is on numerical methods.
DELAUNAY PARTITIONING IN THREE DIMENSIONS AND SEMICONDUCTOR MODELS
Authors: SEVER MICHAEL
Published: February 2008

An algorithm for Delaunay partitioning in three dimensions is given, and its use in numerical semiconductor models is examined. In particular, tetrahedral elements are found to be compatible with the Scharfetter‐Gummel discretization of the stationary continuity equations associated with such models, using the Voronoi cross‐sections for each edge in the obtained network. For tetrahedral elements, however, the Voronoi cross‐sections do not coincide with those previously shown to be compatible with the Scharfetter‐Gummel method.
A PRACTICAL ALGORITHM FOR NUMERICAL DETERMINATION OF PERIODICAL REGIMES IN NONLINEAR OSCILLATORS
Authors: VIVIANI G.L. , SAET Y.A.
Published: February 2008

An effective practical algorithm based on array oriented computations, suitable for use with vector computational architectures, is described. The algorithm allows for deteremination of self‐oscillations with unknown (in advance) periods, yet also includes the situation when the period is predetermined, particularly in the case of forced oscillations.
BENCHMARK PROBLEMS FOR THE VALIDATION OF EDDY CURRENT COMPUTER CODES
Authors: Turner Larry
Published: February 2008

The papers in this special issue of COMPEL describe six benchmark problems that can be used to validate eddy current computer codes. The papers include computational results to the problems. The results were presented at six workshops for the comparison of codes held in Europe, America, and Japan between March 1986 and August 1987.
INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOPS FOR THE COMPARISON OF EDDY CURRENT CODES
Authors: TURNER Larry R.
Published: February 2008

A series of six workshops was held to compare eddy current codes, using the six benchmark problems described in the following six papers. The problems include transient and steady‐state ac magnetic fields, close and far boundary conditions, magnetic and non‐magnetic materials. All the problems are based either on experiments or on geometries that can be solved analytically. The workshops and solutions to the problems are described. Results show that many different methods and formulations give satisfactory solutions, and that in many cases reduced dimensionality or coarse discretization can give acceptable results while reducing the computer time required.
THE FELIX CYLINDER PROBLEM (INTERNATIONAL EDDY CURRENT WORKSHOP PROBLEM 1)
Authors: DAVEY Kent
Published: February 2008

Problem 1 of the International Workshops for Eddy Current Code Comparison is a hollow cylinder with axis perpendicular to a uniform field. A total of 17 solutions are described and compared with experimental results. Many kinds of codes, both two‐ and three‐dimensional, were found to give satisfactory solutions.
INFINITE CYLINDER IN A UNIFORM SINUSOIDAL FIELD (COMPARISON OF RESULTS, PROBLEM 2)
Authors: IDA Nathan
Published: February 2008

Problem 2 of the International Workshop for Eddy Current Code Comparison is a hollow cylinder with its axis perpendicular to a uniform sinuosoidal field. A total of 10 solutions, employing 9 different computer codes, are described and compared with analytic results. Most codes were 2‐D finite element and were found to give satisfactory solutions.
BENCHMARK PROBLEM 3 (THE BATH PLATE)
Authors: RODGER D.
Published: February 2008

Benchmark Problem 3 of the International Workshops for Eddy Current Code Comparison is an aluminum plate with two holes, the Bath Plate. Currents are induced by a coil carrying time harmonic currents of 50 or 200 Hz. Results from seven groups, using seven different computer codes, are compared with experimental measurements. Different methods treated the holes in very different ways, but all produced generally acceptable results. The good results of the two methods that treated the conductor as a thin sheet suggest that the problem is basically two‐dimensional.
RESULTS FOR BENCHMARK CALCULATIONS OF PROBLEM 4 (THE FELIX BRICK)
Authors: KAMEARI Akihisa
Published: February 2008

The benchmark problem 4 (the FELIX brick) defined in the International Workshops for Eddy Current Code Comparison is solved by 11 different computer codes. This problem is time‐dependent and three dimensional eddy current problem with a hole. 13 sets of results in total are presented. The results are in fairly good agreement although the formulations and methods in the codes are different from each other. The problem of the hole (multi‐connectivity) is successfully solved in the results.
RESULTS FOR A HOLLOW SPHERE IN UNIFORM FIELD (BENCHMARK PROBLEM 6)
Authors: EMSON C.R.I.
Published: February 2008

Problem 6 of the International Workshop for Eddy Current Code Comparison is a hollow sphere in a uniform sinusoidal field. A total of 21 solutions, employing 17 different computer codes, are described and compared with analytic results. Several kinds of codes including 2‐D finite element, 3‐D finite element, and boundary element were found to give satisfactory solutions.
A MASS‐LUMPING SEMIDISCRETIZATION OF THE SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE EQUATIONS
Authors: ANGERMANN L.
Published: February 2008

The paper deals with a spatial discretization of transient semiconductor device equations. The method can be regarded as a combination of FDM‐ and FEM‐ideas. In the first part of the paper the method is described and—for a weakly acute triangulation—existence, uniqueness, non‐negativity, stability and conservativity of the semidiscrete solution are proved. The second part contains an error estimation under stronger assumptions on the regularity of the analytical solution and on the uniformity of the triangulation respectively. A linear convergence rate is obtained.
ON REGIONAL OPTIMISATION OF GRID AND RELAXATION PARAMETER FOR FINITE DIFFERENCE SOLUTION OF POISSONS' EQUATION IN REVERSE BIASED PLANAR TYPE p‐n JUNCTIONS
Authors: AKHTAR J. , AHMAD S.
Published: February 2008

The optimisation of grid structure and relaxation parameter is considered in this paper in connection with two‐dimensional finite difference solution of Poisson's equation for determining the field profile in a reverse biased planar type p?n junction. By dividing the planar junction into regions with rectangular and circular symmetry, regional optimisations have been carried out using small area test sites. Having obtained the optimal grid size and relaxation parameter for each region, the complete solution was obtained easily with very fast convergence. The method involved in this kind of regional optimisation is presented in detail with discussions on its comparative usefulness with other known techniques.
MINIMAX APPROACH TO THE OPTIMAL SHAPE DESIGN OF ELECTROMAGNETIC DEVICES
Authors: SIKORA J.
Published: February 2008

A new method of designing electromagnetic devices is presented in this paper. As a result of applying a very effective algorithm for non‐linear minimax optimization, a flexible method for Computer Aided Design (CAD) of electromagnetic devices has been obtained. The algorithm is based on successive linear approximation of the functions defining the problem. In each iteration step those functions are computed with the aid of the Finite Element Method (FEM). The resulting linear sub‐problems are solved in the minimax sense subject to the linear equality and inequality constraints. The application of the new method for the design of two different examples are presented. The first example is a classical case of shape designing with the aid of the independent nodes movement (INM) method. In the second example the applied equality constraints added to INM have reduced the problem to the optimal location. In both cases the method proved its flexibility and usefulness in CAD.
BENCHMARK PROBLEM 5—THE BATH CUBE (REVISED)
Authors: RODGER D.
Published: February 2008

Benchmark problem 5 of the TEAM workshops consists of four aluminium blocks placed in the space between the jaws of an electromagnet. Three dimensional eddy currents are induced by 50 Hz time‐varying flux. Eleven sets of results from nine groups of contributors are compared with experimental measurements. The results from most of the computer codes tend to converge to common limits. These limits are in some places slightly different from some of the measured results. The reason for this discrepancy is thought to be due to the idealised boundary conditions, ignoring any losses in laminated iron, which are assumed in all the computer models.
RESULTS FOR BENCHMARK PROBLEM 10 (STEEL PLATES AROUND A COIL)
Authors: NAKATA Takayoshi , FUJIWARA Koji
Published: February 2008

Benchmark problem 10 of the TEAM workshop consists of steel plates around a coil (non‐linear transient eddy current problem). Six computer codes are applied, and 6 solutions are compared with each other and experimental results for eddy current densities as well as flux densities. Some codes were found to give oscillatory solutions.