bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intensivtherapie bei Adipositas: Too Big to Fail?
Authors: Lewandowski Klaus
Published: December 2020

Pathophysiologische Besonderheiten und typische Begleiterkrankungen adipöser Patienten stellen Ärzte und Pflegepersonal auf Intensivtherapiestationen vor große Herausforderungen – und die Prävalenz dieser Patienten steigt. Dieser Beitrag vermittelt pathophysiologische Hintergründe sowie notwendiges Wissen über endotracheale Intubation, Anpassung der maschinellen Ventilation und die Lagerungsbehandlung bei kritisch kranken Adipösen.
Corona und Gesellschaftskrise
Authors: Kanzow Thomas
Published: December 2020

Corona ist mit den Mitteln der Vernunft und des Wirklichkeitsbezuges nicht als Katastrophe sondern als „Krise“ zu verstehen. Das Wesen einer Krise ist die Beschleunigung der ohnehin geschehenden Veränderung unserer Lebenswelt. Skizziert werden gesellschaftliche Veränderungen, menschliche und politische Gefährdungen und auch die Rolle der Kirche. Nur nebenbei: die Balint-Haltung der Triangulierung verspricht auch hierbei Hilfe.
Participation and Performance in the Oldest Ultramarathon–Comrades Marathon 1921–2019
Authors: Nikolaidis Pantelis Theodoros , Knechtle Beat , Vancini RodrigoLuiz , Gomes Margarida , Sousa CaioVictor
Published: December 2020

Participation and performance trends have been analyzed for different ultramarathons for limited time periods. This study examined trends in participation and performance in the oldest ultramarathon in the world, the ‘Comrades Marathon’ (South Africa), during a century (1921−2019). Data from www.ultra-marathon.org on 100 000 unique finishers were analysed using different general linear models. Women represented 4.2% of the total sample (n=4152), and the first women ran this race in 1978. Before the year 1965, the number of participants in the race ranged between 5 and 35 athletes, then started to grow exponentially until mid 90’s. An increase in finishers in the 70 s mainly due to an increase in male athletes in age groups 30−39, 40−49 and 50−59 years was observed (p<0.001). A stable running speed for overall women and men but an improvement in performance for the annual top five women and men were shown (p<0.001). Male runners were faster than female runners for all age groups (p<0.001). While overall performance was not improved across years, the annual top five women and men were able to improve their performance over years.
Coronary Plaque Erosion after Abemaciclib Treatment Onset: An Unknown Side Effect?
Authors: Vera Alberto , Rivero Fernando , Salamanca Jorge , Alvarado-Casas Teresa , Alfonso Fernando
Published: December 2020

The current article describes a 72-year-old woman who suffered an acute myocardial infarction due to plaque erosion (PE) 2 weeks after abemaciclib treatment onset due to advanced breast cancer. Abemaciclib is a cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 inhibitor that has recently demonstrated efficacy and safety in advanced breast cancer. Of major concern, however, reported thromboembolic rates in randomized clinical trials testing this drug range from 0.6 to 5%. To the best of our knowledge this is the first thrombotic coronary side effect ever reported. We suggest that a treatment that increases thromboembolic risk, such abemaciclib, may have triggered PE in our patient, 15 days after abemaciclib initiation. New molecules are promising in cancer treatment; however, care must be paid to their potential cardiotoxic effects.
Organophotoredox-Catalyzed C–H Alkylation of Imidazoheterocycles with Malonates: Total Synthesis of Zolpidem
Authors: Chaubey Narendra R. , Kapdi Anant R. , Maity Biswanath
Published: December 2020

Organophotocatalytic C–H bond functionalization has attracted a lot of attention in the past several years due to the possibility of catalyzing reactions in a metal- and peroxide-free environment. Continuing on these lines, an organophotoredox-catalyzed C–H functionalization of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines and related heterocycles with bromomalonates under mild conditions is reported, providing excellent yields of the products at room temperature. This is the first report involving malonates as coupling partners leading to the synthesis of a range of functionalized products including total synthesis of zolpidem, a sedative­-hypnotic drug molecule.
Higher Concentration of Taenia Antigens in the CSF is Related to Slight Ventricle Enlargement and Periventricular Neuronal Decrease in Young Rats
Authors: Silva Mônica Almeida , Barcelos Eduardo Vieira , Aves Júnior Aderaldo Costa , Generoso Diego , Aldá Maiara Almeida , Batah Sabrina Setembre , Fabro Alexandre Todorovic , Machado Vânia Maria de Vasconcelos , Hamamoto Filho Pedro Tadao , Zanini Marco Antônio
Published: December 2020

Purpose Experimental models might help understand the pathophysiology of neurocysticercosis-associated hydrocephalus. The present study aimed to compare the extent of hydrocephalus and tissue damage in rats with subarachnoid inoculation of different concentrations of Taenia crassiceps cyst proteins.

Methods Sixty young rats were divided into two groups: low- and high-concentration groups. The animals in the low concentration group received 0.02 ml of 2.4 mg/ml T. crassiceps cyst proteins while those in the high concentration group received 0.02 ml of 11.6 mg/ml T. crassiceps cyst proteins. The animals underwent magnetic resonance imaging at 1, 3, and 6 months postinoculation to assess the ventricle volume. Morphological assessment was performed at the end of the observation period.

Results Repeated measures of ventricle volumes at 1, 3, and 6 months showed progressive enlargement of the ventricles. At 1 and 3 months, we observed no differences in ventricle volumes between the 2 groups. However, at 6 months, the ventricles were larger in the high concentration group (median = 3.86 mm3, range: 2.37–12.68) compared with the low concentration group (median = 2.00 mm3, range: 0.37–11.57), p = 0.003. The morphological assessment revealed a few inflammatory features in both groups. However, the density of oligodendrocytes and neurons within the periventricular region was lower in the high concentration group (5.18 versus 9.72 for oligodendrocytes and 15.69 versus 21.00 for neurons; p < 0.001 for both).

Conclusion Our results suggest that, in rats, a higher concentration of T. crassiceps cyst proteins in the subarachnoid space could induce ventricle enlargement and reduce the number of neurons within the periventricular area.
Benefit of Self-Managed Anticoagulation in Patients with Left Ventricular Assist Device
Authors: Vogeler Elisa , Dieterlen Maja-Theresa , Garbade Jens , Lehmann Sven , Jawad Khalil , Borger Michael A. , Meyer Anna L.
Published: December 2020

Background The exact monitoring of the therapeutic-range international normalized ratio (INR) after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation is an important aim to reduce the risk of thrombosis or bleeding complications. Service providers offer a telemedical anticoagulation service (CS).

Methods We compared LVAD patients using the CS (n = 15) to those who received regular medical care (RMC; n = 15) to investigate if telemedicine supervision increased the INR-specific time in the therapeutic range (TTR) during anticoagulation. All patients received self-management training for phenprocoumon medication according to their INR value. INR values were documented for 12 months. A survey (scale: 1 = not satisfied and 10 = very satisfied) was used to determine patient's satisfaction and psychological well-being.

Results A total of 1,798 INR measurements were analyzed. The TTRRosendaal was higher in patients undergoing RMC (78.1 ± 14.3%) compared with that in patients using the CS (58.3 ± 28.0%, p = 0.03). The patient's satisfaction with the coagulation setting at the beginning of the study (RMC: 6.7 ± 3.1, CS: 7.2 ± 3.0, p = 0.74) and psychological wellbeing (RMC: 6.5 ± 1.9, CS: 6.5 ± 2.7, p = 0.97) were comparable between both groups.

Conclusion We found that INR self-management is superior regarding the efficiency of post-LVAD anticoagulation therapy when compared with telemedical (CS)-based INR management in a small study cohort. Intensive training by experienced staff was able to replace CS.
Hyperchaos and synchronization in two element nonlinear chimney model
Authors: Kashyap Anisha R. V. , Kolwankar Kiran M.
Published: December 2020

The two element chimney model with nonlinearity is studied with the aim of modeling the swaying of trees at high wind speeds. We found solutions for various parameters and also the Lyapunov spectrum numerically. The system is chaotic for a wide range of parameters. We also observed hyperchaos in a subregion of this parameter space. We noticed that the hyperchaos was suppressed when the largest Lyapunov exponent crossed a threshold value. Synchronization between the lower and the upper segments was also studied and, for some parameters, phase synchronization is observed. We also observed transition to antisynchronization and also toggling between the two as the parameters are varied.
Bench tests of a helium ion source for the neutral particle diagnostic system of the ITER tokamak
Authors: Melnik A. D. , Afanasyev V. I. , Davydenko V. I. , Kolmogorov A. V. , Mironov M. I. , Navolotsky A. S. , Nesenevich V. G. , Petrov M. P. , Petrov S. Ya. , Chernyshev F. V.
Published: December 2020

Bench tests of a 15 keV helium ion source, which has been developed for the neutral particle diagnostic system of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), are described. Being part of the diagnostic system, the ion source will be used to monitor the intactness of carbon stripping foils as well as to check the detection and dispersion systems of the main diagnostic instruments—neutral particle analyzers (NPAs). The ion source produces a wide 5-cm diameter (FWHM) ion beam at a distance of about 50 cm; the ion beam uniformity at a 2-cm area corresponding to the size of the stripping foil is not worse than 10%. The beam current over the area of the stripping foil can be adjusted in the range of 0.1 pA–1 pA. After initial heating, the temporal stability of the ion beam is better than 10%. Pulse height measurements of registered signals show that 15 keV He+ ions can be reliably registered by the NPA detector system. The obtained results allow us to conclude that the developed ion source can provide a reliable check of the NPA system during the diagnostic performance on the ITER tokamak.
An efficient chiral polarization rotator with asymmetric transmission for large incidence angles
Authors: Aisha Syeda , Ismail Khan M. , Chen Yixiao , Hu Bin , Khan Imdad
Published: December 2020

A linear polarization converting chiral metasurface with asymmetric transmission is designed, analyzed, and characterized experimentally for operation in the Ku band of the microwave frequency regime. The proposed structure consists of two metasurface layers of asymmetric square-shaped unit cells with quarter moon polygon split-ring resonators. By breaking certain symmetries of the chiral structure, the proposed structure achieves efficient asymmetric transmission with the asymmetric transmission parameter of more than 80% and a polarization conversion ratio of more than 90% for 13.87–16.04 GHz. Moreover, the proposed structure gives a stable response to the variations in the incidence angle up to 45° both for transverse-electric and transverse-magnetic polarizations. The high efficiency for both asymmetric transmission and polarization conversion, wide bandwidth, and angular stability qualify the proposed design for numerous microwave applications.
Expulsion from structurally balanced paradise
Authors: Malarz Krzysztof , Wołoszyn Maciej
Published: December 2020

We perform simulations of structural balance evolution on a triangular lattice using the heat-bath algorithm. In contrast to similar approaches—but applied to the analysis of complete graphs—the triangular lattice topology successfully prevents the occurrence of even partial Heider balance. Starting with the state of Heider’s paradise, it is just a matter of time when the evolution of the system leads to an unbalanced and disordered state. The time of the system relaxation does not depend on the system size. The lack of any signs of a balanced state was not observed in earlier investigated systems dealing with the structural balance.
A simulation method for particle migration in microfluidic spirals with application to small and medium particle concentrations
Authors: Hafemann T. , Tschisgale S. , Fröhlich J.
Published: December 2020

This paper treats the separation of particles in microchannels relevant to biological and industrial process engineering. To elucidate the mechanisms creating uneven distribution of particles over the cross section, simulations are conducted with the particles being geometrically resolved and coupled to the fluid by an immersed-boundary method. In a first step, the method is validated for particle focusing in straight channels. Beyond validation, new information not previously available is reported for these cases. Next, an efficient approach is presented to simulate the motion of particles in spiral ducts of small curvature by means of a well-controlled set of approximate equations. It is applied here to situations with spherical particles and validated with reference data for inertial migration in curved channels achieving good agreement. The simulation data provide new rich information on the details of the separation process concerning migration time, particle positioning in the cross section, streamwise particle spacing, and velocity field of the continuous phase. For concentrations smaller than 1%, three different focusing modes are observed: single position, two symmetric positions, and periodic trajectories oscillating between two focusing points. Another set of results is obtained with particle concentrations up to 10% in a curved channel. Here, the spatial distribution of particles is determined in a statistical sense and related to the mean flow of the continuous phase. While focusing is reduced with increasing particle concentration, the distribution of particles is found to be still far from uniform up to the investigated concentration level.
Effective modeling of high-energy laboratory-based x-ray phase contrast imaging utilizing absorption masks or gratings
Authors: Buchanan Ian , Kallon Gibril , Beckenbach Thomas , Schulz Joachim , Endrizzi Marco , Olivo Alessandro
Published: December 2020

Model refinements for the edge illumination x-ray phase contrast imaging method have been developed to improve simulation accuracy for high energy, polychromatic beams. High-energy x rays are desirable in imaging due to their penetrative power and, for biological samples, their lower dose deposition rate. Accurate models of such scenarios are required for designing appropriate imaging systems and to predict signal strength in complex settings such as clinical imaging or industrial quality assurance. When using optical components appropriate for high-energy x rays in a non-synchrotron setting, system performance was observed to deviate from that predicted by existing models. In this work, experimental data utilizing increasing thicknesses of a known filter material are used to illustrate the limitations of existing models and as validation for the new modeling features. Angular filtration of the cone beam was observed to be the most significant effect; however, specific features of the source and detector are also shown to affect system performance. We conclude by showing that a significantly improved agreement between experimental and simulated data is obtained with the refined model compared to previously existing ones.
Absolute chemical potentials for complex molecules in fluid phases: A centroid reference for predicting phase equilibria
Authors: Khanna Vikram , Doherty Michael F. , Peters Baron
Published: December 2020

Solid–fluid phase equilibria are difficult to predict in simulations because bound degrees of freedom in the crystal phase must be converted to free translations and rotations in the fluid phase. Here, we avoid the solid-to-fluid transformation step by starting with chemical potentials for two reference systems, one for the fluid phase and one for the solid phase. For the solid, we start from the Einstein crystal and transform to the fully interacting molecular crystal. For the fluid phase, we introduce a new reference system, the “centroid,” and then transform to gas phase molecules. We illustrate the new calculations by predicting the sublimation vapor pressure of succinic acid in the temperature range of 300 K–350 K.
Falling off a limit cycle using phase-agnostic stimuli: Definitions and conceptual framework
Authors: Chang Joshua , Sridhar Varun , Paydarfar David
Published: December 2020

Nearly a half-century of biomedical research has revealed methods and mechanisms by which an oscillator with bistable limit cycle kinetics can be stopped using critical stimuli applied at a specific phase. Is it possible to construct a stimulus that stops oscillation regardless of the phase at which the stimulus is applied? Using a radial isochron clock model, we demonstrate the existence of such stimulus waveforms, which can take on highly complex shapes but with a surprisingly simple mechanism of rhythm suppression. The perturbation, initiated at any phase of the limit cycle, first corrals the oscillator to a narrow range of new phases, then drives the oscillator to its phase singularity. We further constructed a library of waveforms having different durations, each achieving phase-agnostic suppression of rhythm but with varying rates of phase corralling prior to amplitude suppression. The optimal stimulus energy to achieve phase-agnostic suppression of rhythm is dependent on the rate of phase corralling and the configuration of the phaseless set. We speculate that these results are generic and suggest the existence of stimulus waveforms that can stop the rhythm of more complex oscillators irrespective of the applied phase.
Improvement of hole mobility in PTB7 polymer film with a low temperature electric field treatment
Authors: Bagui Anirban , Iyer S. Sundar Kumar
Published: December 2020

Improved charge carrier mobility of polymer semiconductors is often a critical factor in achieving superior performance for organic electronic devices. A novel low-temperature electric-field (LTEF) treatment on poly({4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl}{3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4-b]thiophenediyl}) (PTB7) films, which helps in increasing hole mobility in these films, is presented herein. The zero-field hole mobility at room temperature of the polymer film in a “hole-only” device configuration is found to increase by more than seven times from 1.1 × 10−4 to 7.8 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1 following the application of an electric field strength of 2 × 105 V cm−1 across the films at low temperature (80 K). On the other hand, a room temperature electric field treatment of the devices does not appear to have any effect on the hole mobility in the PTB7 films. LTEF treatment is shown to help decrease the average barrier energy for charge carriers between adjacent molecular energy levels in the films from 302 to 266 meV, energy disorder from 53.2 to 49.3 meV, and position disorder from 2.1 to 1.7 in PTB7 films. The hole mobility improvement is attributed to the field induced enhanced order in those films by dipolar alignment, which is facilitated by higher polarization at low temperatures.
Aging in global networks with competing attractive—Repulsive interaction
Authors: Dixit Shiva , Asir M Paul , Dev Shrimali Manish
Published: December 2020

We study the dynamical inactivity of the global network of identical oscillators in the presence of mixed attractive and repulsive coupling. We consider that the oscillators are a priori in all to all attractive coupling and then upon increasing the number of oscillators interacting via repulsive interaction, the whole network attains a steady state at a critical fraction of repulsive nodes, pc. The macroscopic inactivity of the network is found to follow a typical aging transition due to competition between attractive–repulsive interactions. The analytical expression connecting the coupling strength and pc is deduced and corroborated with numerical outcomes. We also study the influence of asymmetry in the attractive–repulsive interaction, which leads to symmetry breaking. We detect chimera-like and mixed states for a certain ratio of coupling strengths. We have verified sequential and random modes to choose the repulsive nodes and found that the results are in agreement. The paradigmatic networks with diverse dynamics, viz., limit cycle (Stuart–Landau), chaos (Rössler), and bursting (Hindmarsh–Rose neuron), are analyzed.
Partially-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations of turbulent flow past a square cylinder: Comparative assessment of statistics and coherent structures at different resolutions
Authors: Fowler Thomas S. , Witherden Freddie D. , Girimaji Sharath S.
Published: December 2020

Scale-resolving simulations of the turbulent wake behind a square cylinder are performed at Re = 22 000 using the partially averaged Navier–Stokes (PANS) k-ω closure model at different degrees of resolution (cut-off scales) corresponding to the unresolved-to-total kinetic energy ratio fk ∈ [0.10, 0.50]. The two principle objectives of the study are to (i) establish the degree of resolution required for an accurate computation of different quantities of interest ranging from flow statistics to coherent structures and (ii) develop a protocol for a quantitative assessment and comparison of the large-scale coherent structures simulated at different degrees of resolution. Straightforward use of proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) to assess and compare large-scale coherence at different resolution levels can prove difficult as small-scale features can affect the POD mode shape and amplitude. To overcome this difficulty, two methods of quantifying coherent structures in the wake are proposed. These methods are based upon the incorporation of Fourier and Chebyshev decompositions with spectral proper orthogonal decomposition, respectively. We examine the first-mode energy spectra and the corresponding streamwise mode shapes using the results generated from PANS simulations at different degrees of resolution. It is demonstrated that increasingly finer resolutions are needed for integral quantities, one-point statistics, frequency spectra, and coherent structures, in that order. The underlying physics is explicated.
From period to quasiperiod to chaos: A continuous spectrum of orbits of charged particles trapped in a dipole magnetic field
Authors: Xie Yuxin , Liu Siming
Published: December 2020

Via evaluation of the Lyapunov exponent, we report the discovery of three prominent sets of phase space regimes of quasiperiodic orbits of charged particles trapped in a dipole magnetic field. Besides the low energy regime that has been studied extensively and covers more than ∼10% in each dimension of the phase space of trapped orbits, there are two sets of high energy regimes, the largest of which covers more than ∼4% in each dimension of the phase space of trapped orbits. Particles in these high-energy orbits may be observed in space and be realized in plasma experiments on the earth.
Fractional characterization of fluid and synergistic effects of free convective flow in circular pipe through Hankel transform
Authors: Abro Kashif Ali
Published: December 2020

Although heat transfer by transient free convection has been investigated with different cross sections such as elliptical cones, rectangular or square ducts, and triangular plates, none of the analytical study of a circular cylinder in free space via fractional calculus approaches with sinusoidal conditions is explored. This manuscript presents fractional modeling of a circular cylinder to observe the heat transfer by transient free convection flow subject to the sinusoidal boundary conditions. The fractionalized mathematical model is solved via Hankel and Laplace transforms through two types of fractional calculus approaches called Atangana–Baleanu and Caputo–Fabrizio differential operators. The governing equations of the circular cylinder have been coupled for the sake of thermally interacting effects for knowing the hidden role of a particular geometry, viz., circular cylinder. In the literature, the analytic solutions for concentration, temperature, and velocity have been explored by means of Mittage–Leffler functions. The comparative investigation of heat transfer based on embedded rheological parameters such as the Prandtl number (Pr), Schmidt number (Sc), thermal Grashof number (Gr), and mass Grashof number (Gc) has been depicted as graphs via Atangana–Baleanu and Caputo–Fabrizio differential operators.
Simulation of three-dimensional compressible decaying isotropic turbulence using a redesigned discrete unified gas kinetic scheme
Authors: Chen Tao , Wen Xin , Wang Lian-Ping , Guo Zhaoli , Wang Jianchun , Chen Shiyi
Published: December 2020

In this paper, a new mesoscopic approach with both the adjustable Prandtl number and the ratio of bulk to shear viscosity has been developed to simulate three-dimensional compressible decaying homogeneous isotropic turbulence under the framework of discrete unified gas kinetic scheme (DUGKS). In the new approach, two reduced model Boltzmann equations with newly designed source terms are solved. In the continuum limit, the Navier–Stokes–Fourier system can be recovered by applying the Chapman–Enskog analysis. A three-dimensional DUGKS code has been developed, incorporating the fifth-order weighted essentially non-oscillatory scheme to better reconstruct the particle distribution functions at the cell interfaces. In addition, a new lattice velocity model with 77 discrete particle velocities is applied to ensure that the accuracy of the Gauss–Hermite quadrature is up to the ninth-order, and as such, the heat flux can be accurately evaluated. To validate our code, we simulate two cases with different initial turbulent Mach numbers and Taylor microscale Reynolds numbers. The simulation results converge with the increase in resolution and agree well with the results from the literature. As a direct application of our DUGKS, we briefly study the influence of bulk viscosity on turbulence statistics and flow structures. Our results show that the DUGKS is a reliable tool for simulating compressible decaying isotropic turbulence at low and moderate turbulent Mach numbers. More parametric studies are needed in the future to further explore the full capabilities of this specific mesoscopic method.
Congruent phase behavior of a binary compound crystal of colloidal spheres and dimpled cubes
Authors: Quintela Matos Isabela , Escobedo Fernando
Published: December 2020

Monte Carlo simulations were performed to study the phase behavior of equimolar mixtures of spheres and cubes having selective inter-species affinity. Such a selectivity was designed to promote the formation of the substitutionally ordered NaCl compound, the “C* phase,” and to be driven not only by energetic bonds but also by entropic bonds generated by dimples on the cube facets. Nestling of the spheres in the cube indentations can promote negative nonadditive mixing and increase the C* phase packing entropy. The focus is on congruent phase behavior wherein the C* phase directly melts into, and can be conveniently accessed from, the disordered state. A specialized thermodynamic integration scheme was used to trace the coexisting curves for varying the values of the interspecies contact energy, ε*, the relative indentation size, λ, and the sphere-to-cube size ratio, ζ. By starting from a known coexistence point with ε* > 0 and λ = 0 (no indentation), it is found that increasing λ (at fixed ε* and ζ) reduces the free-energy and pressure of the C* phase at coexistence, indicative of stronger entropic bonding. Remarkably, it is demonstrated that a purely athermal C* phase (i.e., with ε* = 0) can be formed for λ ≥ 0.7 and suitable choices of ζ. A metric of nonadditive (excess) volume of mixing is also suggested as an approximate predictor of athermal C* phase stability. The principles used to engineer selective entropic bonds and compounds with congruent melting are expected to be applicable to other particle shapes and crystalline phases.
Numerical study of the mixing dynamics of trans- and supercritical coaxial jets
Authors: Poormahmood Ata , Farshchi Mohammad
Published: December 2020

Characterization of the transcritical coaxial injectors, accounting for the geometrical features and thermodynamics nonlinearities, is of both practical and fundamental importance. In the present study, the interactions and effects of turbulent mixing and pseudo-boiling phenomena are investigated. To do this, the mixing dynamics of bi-shear jets injected under trans- and supercritical conditions has been investigated numerically using the large-eddy simulation technique. The numerical framework provides real-gas thermodynamics and transport properties, using the Peng–Robinson equation-of-state and Chung’s models, respectively. The obtained flow quantities are in good agreement with the pervious experimental and numerical results. Investigations show that formation of the highly stratified mixing layer and thermal-shield, a layer of large isobaric specific heat encompassing the transcritical jet, influences the transcritical mixing layer evolution. However, significant interactions of turbulent coherent structures and real-gas thermodynamics nonlinearities, referred to as the Turbulence-Thermodynamics Interaction (TTI), can locally destruct the thermal-shield and make alternate regions of gas-like and liquid-like fluids, appearing as finger-like structures on the jet interface. Therefore, it can be speculated that the initial stage of the mixing of a transcritical jet is controlled by the pseudo-boiling phenomenon that can produce strong TTI. Furthermore, local distortions of the thermal-shield provide opportunities for prominent activation of the baroclinic-torque and volume-dilatation, which, in turn, can facilitate the hydrodynamic instabilities. The growth of these instabilities disintegrates the transcritical jet’s core and results in shedding of dense lumps from the core. In addition, results indicate that nearly throughout the flow field, the baroclinic-torque to a great extent affects the turbulent-kinetic-energy.
Dynamics of formation of poly(vinyl alcohol) filaments with an energetically efficient micro-mixing mechanism
Authors: Ramos-Escobar Alberto , Uceda-Gallegos Rafael , Modesto-López Luis , Gañán-Calvo Alfonso
Published: December 2020

We present a pneumatic approach for massive production of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) filaments based on a mixing mechanism at the micrometer scale using so-called Flow Blurring (FB) atomizers. This micro-mixing is triggered by a turbulent, bubbly motion generated by implosion of a gas current into a liquid feeding tube. The energy of the gas, the liquid viscosity, and the geometry of the atomizer play an active role in the size and shape of the ejecta. The shear viscosity of aqueous solutions of PVA of various molecular weights was investigated to assess their rheological nature using a dimensionless parameter based on the solutions’ concentration and the polymer’s molecular weight and its entanglement molecular weight. The solutions exhibited a shear thinning behavior at low shear rates and a Newtonian behavior at moderate rates. PVA solution with viscosity above the threshold value is prone to forming filaments during atomization with FB devices. Analyses of the dynamics of the atomization revealed two main types of ejections depending on the liquid flow rate and viscosity: either a bundle of filaments formed from within the atomizer or a more continuous single structure developed in the vicinity of the atomizer exit. Furthermore, based on Kolmogorov’s energy cascade, we propose a scaling law for the mean filament diameter as a function of liquid properties, atomizer geometry, and imposed pressure. The present work may have significant implications in the large-scale processing of liquids leading to useful materials.
Tunable two dimensional ferromagnetic topological half-metal CrO2 by electronic correction and spin direction
Authors: Zhang Bingwen , Sun Jie , Leng Jiancai , Zhang Cheng , Wang Jun
Published: December 2020

Spintronics is one of the most promising information technologies now, especially for nontrivial topological Dirac half-metal, which exhibits extraordinary electronic band and transport properties. In this work, we propose that 1T-CrO2 nanosheet is mechanical stable, large spin-gap, and room temperature ferromagnetic Dirac half metal. It also exhibits a desirable giant magneto band structure effect, and when the spin direction is switched from in-plane to out-of-plane with a spin orbital coupling effect, it will exhibit nontrivial topological phase transition. The topological tunable electronic band property makes it a very promising two-dimensional nanosheet for spintronics.
Static and dynamic properties of block copolymer based grafted nanoparticles across the non-ergodicity transition
Authors: Parisi Daniele , Ruiz-Franco José , Ruan Yingbo , Liu Chen Yiang , Loppinet Benoit , Zaccarelli Emanuela , Vlassopoulos Dimitris
Published: December 2020

We present a systematic investigation of static and dynamic properties of block copolymer micelles with cross-linked cores, representing model polymer-grafted nanoparticles, over a wide concentration range from a dilute regime to an arrested (crystalline) state, by means of light and neutron scattering, complemented by linear viscoelasticity. We have followed the evolution of their scattering intensity and diffusion dynamics throughout the non-ergodicity transition, and the observed results have been contrasted against those of appropriately coarse-grained Langevin dynamics simulations. These stable model soft particles of the core–shell type are situated between ultrasoft stars and hard spheres, and the well-known star pair interaction potential is not appropriate to describe them. Instead, we have found that an effective brush interaction potential provides very satisfactory agreement between experiments and simulations, offering insights into the interplay of softness and dynamics in spherical colloidal suspensions.
Determinant physiological factors of simulated BMX race
Authors: Daneshfar Amin , Petersen Carl , Gahreman Daniel
Published: December 2020

Evaluating the physiological demands of BMX cycling on a track provides coaches with the information required to prescribe more effective training programmes. To determine the relative importance of physiological factors during simulated BMX race, 12 male riders (age 19.2 ± 3.5 years, height 1.76 ± 0.06 m, mass 68.5 ± 4.3 kg) completed a maximum aerobic capacity (V̇O2max) test in a laboratory, and a week later, completed six laps on a BMX track interspersed by 15 min passive recovery. Peak power, immediate post‐lap V̇O2peak, blood lactate, and heart rate were measured in each lap. Peak power to weight ratio was significantly correlated with lap time, however, the strength of this association decreased in each subsequent lap. Mean V̇O2peak was greater than 80% of laboratory‐measured V̇O2max in every lap, indicating a strong contribution of the aerobic energy system during BMX racing. This study also identified that mean blood lactate was significantly associated with lap time, which showed the importance of the anaerobic energy system contribution to BMX race. Despite the short period of pedalling during BMX racing, both aerobic and anaerobic energy systems are important contributors to lap performance. Coaches should consider maximising both anaerobic power and aerobic capacity to improve riders’ overall performance in multiple laps.
Katanin p60-like 1 sculpts the cytoskeleton in mechanosensory cilia
Authors: Sun Landi , Cui Lihong , Liu Zhen , Wang Qixuan , Xue Zhaoyu , Wu Menghua , Sun Tianhui , Mao Decai , Ni Jianquan , Pastor-Pareja José Carlos , Liang Xin
Published: December 2020

Mechanoreceptor cells develop a specialized cytoskeleton that plays structural and sensory roles at the site of mechanotransduction. However, little is known about how the cytoskeleton is organized and formed. Using electron tomography and live-cell imaging, we resolve the 3D structure and dynamics of the microtubule-based cytoskeleton in fly campaniform mechanosensory cilia. Investigating the formation of the cytoskeleton, we find that katanin p60-like 1 (kat-60L1), a neuronal type of microtubule-severing enzyme, serves two functions. First, it amplifies the mass of microtubules to form the dense microtubule arrays inside the sensory cilia. Second, it generates short microtubules that are required to build the nanoscopic cytoskeleton at the mechanotransduction site. Additional analyses further reveal the functional roles of Patronin and other potential factors in the local regulatory network. In all, our results characterize the specialized cytoskeleton in fly external mechanosensory cilia at near-molecular resolution and provide mechanistic insights into how it is formed.
Inflammasomes are activated in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with COVID-19 severity in patients
Authors: Rodrigues Tamara S. , de Sá Keyla S.G. , Ishimoto Adriene Y. , Becerra Amanda , Oliveira Samuel , Almeida Leticia , Gonçalves Augusto V. , Perucello Debora B. , Andrade Warrison A. , Castro Ricardo , Veras Flavio P. , Toller-Kawahisa Juliana E. , Nascimento Daniele C. , de Lima Mikhael H.F. , Silva Camila M.S. , Caetite Diego B. , Martins Ronaldo B. , Castro Italo A. , Pontelli Marjorie C. , de Barros Fabio C. , do Amaral Natália B. , Giannini Marcela C. , Bonjorno Letícia P. , Lopes Maria Isabel F. , Santana Rodrigo C. , Vilar Fernando C. , Auxiliadora-Martins Maria , Luppino-Assad Rodrigo , de Almeida Sergio C.L. , de Oliveira Fabiola R. , Batah Sabrina S. , Siyuan Li , Benatti Maira N. , Cunha Thiago M. , Alves-Filho José C. , Cunha Fernando Q. , Cunha Larissa D. , Frantz Fabiani G. , Kohlsdorf Tiana , Fabro Alexandre T. , Arruda Eurico , de Oliveira Renê D.R. , Louzada-Junior Paulo , Zamboni Dario S.
Published: December 2020

Severe cases of COVID-19 are characterized by a strong inflammatory process that may ultimately lead to organ failure and patient death. The NLRP3 inflammasome is a molecular platform that promotes inflammation via cleavage and activation of key inflammatory molecules including active caspase-1 (Casp1p20), IL-1β, and IL-18. Although participation of the inflammasome in COVID-19 has been highly speculated, the inflammasome activation and participation in the outcome of the disease are unknown. Here we demonstrate that the NLRP3 inflammasome is activated in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and is active in COVID-19 patients. Studying moderate and severe COVID-19 patients, we found active NLRP3 inflammasome in PBMCs and tissues of postmortem patients upon autopsy. Inflammasome-derived products such as Casp1p20 and IL-18 in the sera correlated with the markers of COVID-19 severity, including IL-6 and LDH. Moreover, higher levels of IL-18 and Casp1p20 are associated with disease severity and poor clinical outcome. Our results suggest that inflammasomes participate in the pathophysiology of the disease, indicating that these platforms might be a marker of disease severity and a potential therapeutic target for COVID-19.
Two-level quantum Otto heat engine operating with unit efficiency far from the quasi-static regime under a squeezed reservoir
Authors: de Assis Rogério J , Sales José S , Mendes Udson C , de Almeida Norton G
Published: December 2020

Recent theoretical and experimental studies in quantum heat engines show that, in the quasi-static regime, it is possible to have higher efficiency than the limit imposed by Carnot, provided that engineered reservoirs are used. The quasi-static regime, however, is a strong limitation to the operation of heat engines, since an infinitely long time is required to complete a cycle. In this paper we propose a two-level model as the working substance to perform a quantum Otto heat engine surrounded by a cold thermal reservoir and a squeezed hot thermal reservoir. Taking advantage of this model we show a striking achievement, that is to attain unity efficiency even at non-null power.
Optimization and supervised machine learning methods for fitting numerical physics models without derivatives
*
Authors: Bollapragada Raghu , Menickelly Matt , Nazarewicz Witold , O’Neal Jared , Reinhard Paul-Gerhard , Wild Stefan M
Published: December 2020

We address the calibration of a computationally expensive nuclear physics model for which derivative information with respect to the fit parameters is not readily available. Of particular interest is the performance of optimization-based training algorithms when dozens, rather than millions or more, of training data are available and when the expense of the model places limitations on the number of concurrent model evaluations that can be performed. As a case study, we consider the Fayans energy density functional model, which has characteristics similar to many model fitting and calibration problems in nuclear physics. We analyze hyperparameter tuning considerations and variability associated with stochastic optimization algorithms and illustrate considerations for tuning in different computational settings.
Isolated intense half-cycle attosecond pulse generation with orbital angular momentum
Authors: Xu Zhangli , Shen Baifei , Zhang Lingang , Xu Jiancai , Gong Weifeng
Published: December 2020

A relativistic linearly polarized Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) laser pulse interacting with a combination of gas plasma and an oblique foil target is proposed to generate an intense attosecond pulse carrying large orbital angular momentum (OAM). The LG laser pulse firstly produces an ultra-thin relativistic electron sheet (RES) in underdense plasma and transfers the OAM to the latter at the same time. When the RES passes through the oblique foil, it radiates an intense half-cycle attosecond pulse carrying large OAM. Three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation confirms that an isolated ultra-intense half-cycle attosecond pulse with a duration of 542 as and a peak electric field of 5 × 1012 V m−1 is produced. The average OAM per photon of the attosecond pulse is about −1ћ. Such an intense, isolated attosecond pulse with the large OAM would provide new possibilities in attosecond scientific research.
Dynamical formation of a magnetic polaron in a two-dimensional quantum antiferromagnet
Authors: Bohrdt A , Grusdt F , Knap M
Published: December 2020

Tremendous recent progress in the quantum simulation of the Hubbard model paves the way to controllably study doped antiferromagnetic Mott insulators. Motivated by these experimental advancements, we numerically study the real-time dynamics of a single hole created in an antiferromagnet on a square lattice, as described by the t–J model. Initially, the hole spreads ballistically with a velocity proportional to the hopping matrix element. At intermediate to long times, the dimensionality as well as the spin background determine the hole dynamics. A hole created in the ground state of a two dimensional (2D) quantum antiferromagnet propagates again ballistically at long times but with a velocity proportional to the spin exchange coupling, showing the formation of a magnetic polaron. We provide an intuitive explanation of this dynamics in terms of a parton construction, which leads to a good quantitative agreement with the numerical tensor network state simulations. In the limit of infinite temperature and no spin exchange couplings, the dynamics can be approximated by a quantum random walk on a Bethe lattice with coordination number

z

̃

=
4

. Adding Ising interactions corresponds to an effective disordered potential, which can dramatically slow down the hole propagation, consistent with subdiffusive dynamics. The study of the hole dynamics paves the way for understanding the microscopic constituents of this strongly correlated quantum state.
Assessment on milk productivity and milk quality in cattle with different genotypes by HSP70.1 gene
Authors: Efimova I O , Zagidullin L R , Khisamov R R , Akhmetov T M , Shaidullin R R , Tyulkin S V , Gilmanov Kh Kh
Published: December 2020

The aim of research was to study the milk productivity and milk quality of cows and the closest female ancestors of stud bulls with different genotypes of the chaperone protein gene (HSP70.1). The genotypes of a chaperone protein gene in stock of cattle were determined by PCR-RFLP. It was established that among cows of the Kholmogory breed of the Tatarstan type, the highest milk yields, mass fraction, and the amount of fat and protein in milk were in animals with the HSP70.1/CC genotype compared to the analogues of the HSP70.1/C-genotype. Whereas in the closest female ancestors of bulls of the Holstein black-motley breed, individuals with the HSP70.1/C- and HSP70.1/"- -" genotypes stood out favorably by milk yield and mass fraction of fat in the milk, respectively.
Development of Web-Based TOEFL Learning Media (E-TOEFL) Using Moodle at Universitas Bung Hatta
Authors: Amelia R , Harmaini F
Published: December 2020

This research aims to produce a website-based TOEFL learning system (E-TOEFL) used for online TOEFL learning at Universitas Bung Hatta. The research method used in this research is a research and development (R&D) method. The steps taken in this study are the first stage that is to analyze the need to develop an E-TOEFL system-based learning management system (LMS), namely with observation and interview. Then carried out the design of this LMS-based E-TOEFL system. The next step is system testing by testing access speeds, link structures, and testing with a wide variety of browsers. The last step is the system implementation phase. In the implementation of E-TOEFL at Universitas Bung Hatta, some students have not participated in this E-TOEFL because TOEFL does design to be self-learning. So that in the future, it is necessary to apply blended learning to increase the enthusiasm of students in learning Toefl. More development also needs to be done to optimize online learning activities. One of the steps that need to do is to socialize continuously related to TOEFL’s learning and simulation to students to make students more motivated to use this E-TOEFL. Then there is also the dissemination of E-TOEFL learning policies to the academic students of Universitas Bung Hatta.
WebGIS of Participants in the Webinar on Communication and Learning Motivation during the Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Sunaryo B , Hidayat  , Zulfadli  , Yanuarafi A , Anwar VN
Published: December 2020

Effective communication is the key to the learning process for educators. Strong motivation is needed, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic. Webinars are a good medium for motivators to convey motivation and communication solutions for educators. To map the interests of the webinar participants, a Web Geographic Information System (WebGIS) was built. Online registration is spread through social media networks so that there are 859 participants spread across Indonesia. The first largest was obtained by West Sumatra Province with 21%, East Java Province 16.4%, and West Java Province 10%. Participants were dominated by teachers 48% and students 21.7%. With the presence of information on areas, numbers, and percentages visually through the WebGIS application, universities, institutions or stakeholders can formulate policies and planning programs to improve the quality of teaching and learning through communication and learning motivation, both for teachers and students.