bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reliability, Classification Stability, and Response-Set Bias of Alternate Forms of the Learning-Style Inventory (LSI-1985)
Authors: Ruble Thomas L. , Stout David E.
Published: March 2007

This study is an extension of previous research comparing the standard LSI-1985 with a scrambled version of the instrument. The two forms of the LSI were examined for internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and classification stability. The internal consistency of the standard LSI was greater than that of the scrambled version while the test-retest reliability of the scrambled version was higher. After a five-week interval, classification stability for the two instruments was 56% for the standard LSI and 53% for the scrambled version. This level of classification stability represented a modest improvement over chance. Compared to the scrambled version of the LSI, the standard LSI yielded more extreme classification changes. Many of the differences between the standard and scrambled versions of the LSI may be due to a responseset bias of the standard LSI. Overall, the results suggest that further revision of the LSI would be desirable to reduce the response-set bias and improve the psychometric properties of the instrument.
A Validity Study of the Pay Satisfaction Questionnaire (PSQ)
Authors: Carraher Shawn M.
Published: March 2007

The dimensionality of the Pay Satisfaction Questionnaire (PSQ) was examined using a principal components analysis with an oblique rotation and the parallel analysis criterion was used to determine the number of components to retain. It was found that the items which were supposed to load on the Raise scale instead loaded on the level and structure/administration components and that in fact a raise component did not exist. It was recommended that in the future researchers use more accurate methods to determine the number of components to retain and that they do not assume that the dimensions of compensation satisfaction are orthogonal.
Matrixboot: A Fortran Program to Bootstrap Pearson Correlations Computed from Data Matrix Input
Authors: De Vader Christy L. , Bateson Allan G.
Published: March 2007

Researchers have demonstrated that the bootstrap method of nonparametric inference is an acceptable alternative for conducting significance tests for correlations when the usual parametric procedures are not warranted. MATRIXBOOT is a FORTRAN program which computes and bootstraps correlations using two square-data matrices as input. The program constructs a distribution of 1000 correlations and computes summary statistics on the distribution. Summary statistics include the mean, standard deviation, and median. The program also computes and reports both 95% and 99% confidence intervals using an algorithm developed by Strube in 1988. The method is less subject to Type I error than are previous methods.
Relationship between the Ktea Brief and Comprehensive Forms and the Wrat-R Level 1 with Referred Elementary School Students
Authors: Prewett Peter N. , Bardos Achilles , Fowler Diane B.
Published: March 2007

The relationship between two brief achievement tests, the Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement-Brief Form (KTEA-BF) and the Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT-R) Level 1, and the Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement-Comprehensive Form (KTEA-CF) was examined with 91 referred elementary- school-aged children. The WRAT-R Level 1 yielded significantly lower standard scores than the scores obtained on the two KTEA tests. The KTEA-BF and the KTEA-CF yielded similar standard scores. These findings suggest that the KTEA-BF may have more utility than the WRAT-R Level 1 as a screening instrument when the KTEA-CF is used as the comprehensive measure of achievement.
The Grandparent Strengths and Needs Inventory: Development and Factorial Validation
Authors: Collinsworth Pat , Strom Robert , Strom Shirley , Young Dennis
Published: March 2007

Responses for 2,012 Grandparent Strengths and Needs Inventories (GSNI) by grandparents, parents, and grandchildren were factor analyzed to determine if the underlying structure of the instrument fit the hypothesized dimensions suggested by the position of 60 items on six subscales. Two extraction methods, principal components and principal factors analyses, produced 10 factors with prerotation eigenvalues greater than 1.0. A principal component solution set at six factors yielded the "best fit," accounting for 49.2% of the variance. The pattern of item-to-factor correlation suggested that the 60 items tended to fit the hypothesized pattern of subscales. Empirical evidence supported the presence of six dimensions: (a) satisfaction, (b) success, (c) teaching, (d) difficulty, (e) frustration, and (f) information needs as constructs comprising the six subscales of the GSNI.
A Family of Multivariate Measures of Association for Nominal Independent Variables
Authors: Berry Kenneth J. , Mielke Paul W.
Published: March 2007

A new measure of association is introduced which measures the degree of association between a nominal independent variable and nominal, ordinal, or interval dependent variables. An extension to multivariate problems provides analyses of multiple dependent variables, including mixtures of interval, ordinal, and/or nominal dependent variables. A commensuration technique is given for standardizing dependent variables. A permutation test of significance is provided for the new measures.
Introduction of Differential Calculus into the Elementary Statistics Curriculum: Can Computers Help?
Authors: Krus David J. , Li Kun-Hsia J.
Published: March 2007

A computer-assisted instructional program for presentation of elementary concepts of differential calculus is discussed. The program could be of interest to instructors teaching elementary and intermediate statistics and measurement courses.
Multiple Comparisons among K Independent Binomial Samples
Authors: Williams Richard H.
Published: March 2007

An Applesoft BASIC computer program is described which enables the user to conduct multiple comparisons on K independent binomial samples. The statistical method used is attributable to Marascuilo (1966).
Factrel: A General Program for Relating Factors between Studies Via the Kaiser-Hunka-Bianchini Method
Authors: Fleming James S.
Published: March 2007

FACTREL relates factors from two studies with the same variables using Kaiser, Hunka, and Bianchini's (1971) method. Both test and factor vectors for the two sets are placed in a common space, then one is rotated to maximize the sum of the row cross-products of loadings between the sets, with the resulting cosines between factor axes serving as the primary measures. Cosines between corresponding tests are also computed, as is their average. This method of relating factors is potentially useful in meta-analytic studies when only the factor loadings (and in oblique cases, factor correlations) are available in the published literature. Written in FORTRAN-77, FACTREL is a general, interactive program that handles both orthogonal and oblique cases.
Gender Comparability of Forms 81 of the Washington University Sentence Completion Test
Authors: Novy Diane M.
Published: March 2007

Forms 81 of the Washington University Sentence Completion Test were found to be closely comparable for men and women. Data taken from 92 men and 175 women show the median item validity (correlation of item rating with item-sun rating) is slightly higher for men (.53) than for women (.45). However, the difference is completely accounted for by difference in the variance of the subsamples. These results suggest that the method employed in constructing Forms 81 (viz., taking equal number of items originally devised for women and modifying them for men, and vice versa) was fully justified and is not associated with bias in favor of either gender.
Measuring Self-Esteem: Validation of a New Scoring Technique for "Who Am I?" Responses
Authors: Rentsch Joan R. , Heffner Tonia S.
Published: March 2007

A new scoring method for "Who Am I?" responses as a measure of self-esteem is validated and used to test the relationship between self-esteem and psychological centrality. Participants responded to the question "Who Am I?" 20 times, then ranked each response for how important (psychologically central) it was to the way they felt about themselves. They also provided satisfaction ratings for each response. Convergent validity for the scoring technique was assessed using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale, the self-assurance scale from the Self-Description Inventory, and a measure of social anxiety. Private-Public Self-Consciousness and Tolerance scales were used to assess discriminant validity. The usefulness of the new scoring technique as a measure of psychological centrality and self-esteem is discussed.
Identifying Organizational Identification
Authors: Mael Fred A. , Tetrick Lois E.
Published: March 2007

Identification with a psychological group or organization (IDPG) is defined as the perception of sharing experiences of a focal group and sharing characteristics of the group's members. IDPG is conceptually distinct from the related concept of organizational commitment. In the present study with 263 employed persons, IDPG was shown to be empirically distinct from organizational commitment. In addition, IDPG was shown to have significantly less overlap than commitment with three related concepts: job satisfaction, organizational satisfaction, and job involvement.
Validity and Reliability of the Revised California Psychological Inventory's Vector 3 Scale
Authors: Weiser Nicole L. , Meyers Lawrence S.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the validity and reliability of the revised California Psychological Inventory's (CPI) Vector 3 (v.3) self-realization scale by administering it and other personality questionnaires to 528 introductory psychology students. Coefficient alpha for the v.3 scale was .85 for the entire sample, and was .84 and .86 for males and females, respectively. V.3 correlated .47 with the Inner Directed scale of the Personal Orientation Inventory, the most widely used measure of self-actualization. In addition, subjects who were more self-realized had higher self-esteem, more internal locus of control, fewer neurotic symptoms, lower trait and state anxiety, and were more assertive than those who were less self-realized. It was concluded that v.3 is a valid measure of Gough's self-realization construct.
IRT Differential Item Functioning: An Examination of Ability Scale Purifications
Authors: Lautenschlager Gary J. , Flaherty Vicki L. , Park Dong-Gun
Published: March 2007

Item Response Theory (IRT) differential item functioning (DIF) methods were employed to determine the accuracy of item classification as biased or unbiased. The procedure involved a combination of Drasgow's iterative item parameter linking method and Lord's ability scale purification procedure. Biased items were created using a two-dimensional noncompensatory IRT model. Previous research had demonstrated that the iterative linking and ability scale purification (ILAP) method held promise for discerning biased from unbiased items in one simulated unidirectional DIF condition. The present study found that ILAP was at times more effective than iterative linking alone primarily by reducing false negatives and occasionally reducing false positive misidentifications. The choice of significance level employed for detection of DIF did influence the convergence of the ILAP method. The method does hold some promise for improving correct classification of test items as biased or unbiased.
A Theoretical Note on the Stochastics of Moderated Multiple Regression
Authors: Fisicaro Sebastiano A. , Tisak John
Published: March 2007

An examination of the stochastics of moderated multiple regression (MMR) reveals that MMR is an appropriate technique when predictors are fixed variables (i.e., values of predictor variables are selected) and the distribution of errors is normal but is not an appropriate technique when predictors are random variables (i.e., values of predictor variables are obtained through random sampling) and the joint distribution of criterion and predictor variables is multivariate normal. The forner situation is characteristic of experimental research, whereas the latter situation is characteristic of observational studies. Thus findings of negligible moderator effects in observational research may be due to inappropriate application of MMR to situations in which predictors should be viewed as random variables.
Estimating the Optimum Number of Options Per Item Using an Incremental Option Paradigm
Authors: Trevisan Michael S. , Sax Gilbert , Michael Willilam B.
Published: March 2007

Previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of using three-option multiple-choice items. In these studies three- and four-option items were constructed from preexisting item analysis data obtained from five-option items. In this study, a two-option test was constructed, and options were systematically added to this test by using a taxonomy of item writing rules to guide the process of distractor development. Nonsignificant differences (p 2 .05) were found among the reliability coefficients, the reliability estimates for the three-, four-, and five-option formats being all on the same order of magnitude. These findings continue to provide evidence for the efficacy of the three-option item.
A More Bias-Proof Measure for the Type a Subcomponent of Exaggerated Interpersonal Control
Authors: Wright Logan , Newman Rebecca A. , Mccormick David , Harding Coretta
Published: March 2007

This study reports the development and initial psychometric refinement of a forced choice version of the Way of Life Scale (WOLS), a measure of the coronary prone/Type A behavior pattern (TABP) subcomponent of exaggerated interpersonal control. The format of this new instrument requires respondents to choose one of two items that are of equal "favorability." This method is designed to limit the influence of social desirability and of denial on subjects' test responses. Initial results suggest that scores on the new (forced-choice) version of the WOLS are more similar to scores obtained by the most valid measure of the TABP (i.e., the structured interview) than are the same subjects' scores on the original version of the WOLS. This closer approximation of the forced choice WOLS to the structured interview appears to result from the forced-choice scale'sability to reduce respondents' social desirability and/or denial tendencies. Suggestions are offered for both clinical applications and further research with the new forced-choice scale.
Per-Experiment Error Rates: The Hidden Costs of Several Multiple Comparison Procedures
Authors: Klockars Alan J. , Hancock Gregory R.
Published: March 2007

For a number of common multiple comparison procedures controlling Type I error at .05 refers to what Ryan called the experimentwise error rate. This expression represents the chance of making at least one Type I error within a given experiment. This approach ignores, however, the potential detriments of multiple errors within a single experiment, that is, it fails to acknowledge what Ryan referred to as the error rate per experiment. The current study uses a computer simulation to evaluate the differences between experimentwise error rates and error rates per experiment for a variety of multiple comparison procedures. For pairwise comparisons, Newman-Keuls's and Tukey's tests are examined, as is Dunnett's test for comparisons with a control group and Scheffe's test for all possible post hoc comparisons. For planned contrasts, a standard Bonferroni and Shaffer's sequentially rejective Bonferroni are simulated using both a nonorthogonal and an orthogonal set.
Confounding Constructs and Levels of Constructs in Affectivity Measurement: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Mossholder Kevin W. , Kemery Edward R. , Harris Stanley G. , Armenakis Achilles A. , Mcgrath Robert
Published: March 2007

This study examined the potential for confounding constructs with levels of constructs in the measurement of positive and negative affectivity. Evidence for this confound was discovered in connection with measures grounded in a well-researched theoretical structure of affectivity. Self-report responses to affect-related descriptors were collected from a sample of managers in a major manufacturing organization. The results of a usefulness analysis suggested that when negative affectivity and positive affectivity are assessed by using only high-pole descriptors, a reduction in the amount of variance explained by affectivity measures may occur.
Factor Structure and Factorial Replication of the Children'S Roles Inventory
Authors: Williams Dale E. , Potter Ann E.
Published: March 2007

The Children's Roles Inventory (CRI) is a 60-item measure designed to assess four roles hypothesized to be an important part of the alcoholic family system. The four childhood roles are (a) the Hero, (b) the Mascot, (c) the Lost Child, and (d) the Scapegoat. Using data from three samples of adult children of alcoholics (separately and combined), principal components analyses with oblique rotations were carried out. Results indicate that the CRI is made up of four identifiable factors, which are composed of items written for those same subscales. Employing Cattell's s index of factor pattern replication as well as Tucker's coefficient of congruence, the four factors were found to replicate in all three samples. Four items written for the Mascot subscale did appear problematic, and recommendations for this subscale are presented.
Predictive Validity of Quality Ratings of National Science Foundation Graduate Fellows
Authors: Chapman Gretchen B. , Mccauley Clark
Published: March 2007

National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowships are awarded to all applicants who receive the highest quality rating and to some of those who receive the second-highest quality rating. Comparing the achievements of these two groups of fellows (1967-1976 awards) provides a measure of the predictive validity of the quality ratings assigned to applicants by panels of judges. Quality ratings were related to likelihood of Ph.D. completion primarily for fellows in mathematics, engineering, and physics and astronomy, and were related to several measures of early career achievement for 1972-1976 fellows in psychology and social sciences.
Construct Validity of Need for Achievement and Locus of Control Scales
Authors: Ward Edward A.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the present construct validation study was to assess the internal consistency, convergent and discriminant validity coefficients, and replicability of the factor structure of two previously validated measures of locus of control (LOC) and need for achievement (NACH). The scales were administered to 192 employed graduate students and 219 undergraduate students, all of whom were studying for degrees in business. Results indicated adequate internal consistency for the measures of LOC but not for those of NACH. Orthogonal or oblique rotation of the scales to the a priori number of factors did not consistently support the factor replicability of the scales. Convergent validity but not discriminant validity was shown for the measures of LOC and NACH.
An Investigation into the Construct Validity of the Arousal Seeking Tendency Scale, Version Ii
Authors: Baumgartner Hans , M. Steenkamp Jan-Benedict E.
Published: March 2007

The internal psychometric properties and the criterion-related validity of a popular measure for assessing a person's optimal stimulation level (OSL), the 32-item Arousal Seeking Tendency Scale, version II (AST-I1), were investigated. Using data from samples of undergraduate business students (n = 519) and undergraduate students in hotel, restaurant, and institutional management (n = 320), it was found that AST-II had a single-factor structure with adequate internal psychometric properties and high reliability. Criterion-related validity was assessed with data from the undergraduate business students and was found to be high. Correlations with other measures of OSL, measures of related constructs, and consequences of OSL were all significant and were mostly above .40, whereas the responses to the AST-II items did not appear to be contaminated by social desirability bias. Two reduced versions of the scale exhibited improved internal properties but lower criterion-related validity.
A Microsoft Fortran 77 Program for Testing the Differences among Independent First-Order Partial Correlations
Authors: Silver N. Clayton , Wadiak Diane L. , Massey Catherine J.
Published: March 2007

A Microsoft FORTRAN 77 program is presented that computes a global test and the subsequent multiple range procedure for testing differences among independent first-order partial correlations.
Gender Differences among Self-Assessments, Teacher Ratings, Grades, and Aptitude Test Scores for a Sample of Students Attending Rural Secondary Schools
Authors: Wright Claudia R. , Houck Jean Wilson
Published: March 2007

For a sample of 222 high school students (124 females and 98 males) enrolled in rural Appalachian schools, gender differences were examined in self-assessments, teacher ratings, and grades in the prediction of verbal reasoning and numerical ability test scores. The results of separate stepwise regression analyses revealed that for females, teacher assessments of ability and grades in English were valid predictors of both verbal and numerical performance ( R2c = .36 and .25, respectively); for males, teacher ratings of obtaining the correct solution to a task, self-assessments, and GPA contributed jointdy to test performance (verbal, R2c = .47; numerical, R2c = .45).
Referent Effects in the Magnitude Estimation Scaling of Frequency Expressions for Response Anchor Sets: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Schriesheim Chester A. , Castro Stephanie L.
Published: March 2007

The effects of the base referent or standard stimulus on the scale values obtained in the magnitude estimation scaling of 34 frequency expressions was investigated using 208 subjects and two different referents ("sometimes" and "fairly many times"). MANOVA and ANOVA findings indicated that the two referents yielded statistically significant differences in scale values, and t tests of differences between the current and previously obtained scale values supported this conclusion. Finally, the scale values produced by the two referents led to the selection of different sets of 5-point response anchors, suggesting that the divergence in results was also of practical importance. Implications and future directions for research are discussed.
Exact Probabilities for the General Matching Problem
Authors: Rae Gordon
Published: March 2007

A FORTRAN 77 program for computing the probability of obtaining a given number of matched pairs of cards under conditions of random pairing of two decks of arbitrary composition is described. The program provides an exact test of significance for Cohen's kappa under the matching model.
The Effect of Aptitude and Experience on Mechanical Job Performance
Authors: Mayberry Paul W. , Carey Neil B.
Published: March 2007

The Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) is the test used by the United States military for personnel selection and classification. We evaluated the validity of this selection test to predict mechanical job performance, as measured by five different criteria: a hands-on performance test, a job knowledge test, grade point average in mechanical training, job proficiency ratings, and supervisor ratings. Using a sample of 891 automotive mechanics and 522 helicopter mechanics, we found that a mechanical maintenance composite of the ASVAB predicts hands-on performance, job knowledge, and training grades quite well, with validities corrected for range restriction between .68 and .72; the ASVAB was not as predictive of performance ratings, with validities ranging from .09 to .20. Job experience, measured by time in service, was also important in predicting job performance. No aptitude by experience interaction was found. For hands-on performance and job knowledge, an additional 10 points on the ASVAB composite usually resulted in greater performance than did an additional 12 months of job experience. Conversely, experience was the dominant predictor for performance ratings.
Agreement Measure Comparisons between Two Independent Sets of Raters
Authors: Berry Kenneth J. , Mielke Paul W.
Published: March 2007

A FORTRAN program is described that calculates the probability of an observed difference between agreement measures obtained from two independent sets of raters.
Optimizing Measurement Designs with Budget Constraints: The Variable Cost Case
Authors: Marcoulides George A.
Published: March 2007

A procedure for determining the optimal number of conditions to use in multifaceted measurement designs when resource constraints are imposed is presented. The procedure is illustrated for the case in which the costs per condition vary within the same facet.
Can Suppressor Variables Enhance Criterion-Related Validity in the Personality Domain?
Authors: Collins Judith M. , Schmidt Frank L.
Published: March 2007

The practical value to organizations and to society of even small increments to validity from suppressor effects may be substantial. This study empirically examined the potential importance of suppressor variables in the personality domain. Of the five suppressor variables tentatively identified in the initial validation sample, four were found to hold up in an independent cross-validation sample. The suppressor variables increased the cross-validated multiple r from .61 to .68 (an 11% increase). The authors argue that, in addition to potential increments to prediction, suppressor variables in the personality domain may also contribute to substantive knowledge and theory development. The authors recommend that examination of potential suppressors be a more frequent component of research and analysis in the personality domain.
Spatial and Social Aspects of Crowding Perception
Authors: Baum Andrew , Davis Glenn E.
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses mediation of the crowding experience in architectural interiors by three environmental variables: setting orientation, room color, and visual complexity of the interior. Subjects' perceptions of space available and thresholds of crowding were assessed by the placement of miniature figures in model rooms and room ratings along several dimensions. Data presented indicated that perceptions of physical space available in the setting and crowding thresholds are effectively mediated by variations in interior design. While the actual amount of space was kept constant, subjects perceived dark rooms as smaller and crowded with fewer figures than corresponding light rooms. High visual complexity was found to interact with setting orientation and room color; nonsocial dark rooms were perceived as smaller than other high complexity interiors. The implications of these results for the design of interior spaces are discussed.
Children's Play in Multifamily Housing
Authors: Becker Franklin D.
Published: March 2007

Using formal and informal interviews and systematic and casual observations, children's play facilities in seven multifamily housing developments for moderate and low income families were evaluated. Adult satisfaction with the facilities was related to the number of playgrounds available, and the amount and type of equipment in them. Children liked more responsive equipment like swings and slides, but used all areas of the development for play, particularly hard paved surfaces such as sidewalks which supported bicycle and tricycle riding. Residents wanted age-separated play facilities, and both adults and teenagers wanted a community room to be used only be teenagers. The way in which children and adults interpret and attribute meaning to environmental configurations and activities is discussed. It was suggested that if people's responses to their dull and uninteresting environments are seen as rational adaptations rather than misguided behavior, then some movement toward finding out the actual source of a problem and solving it becomes possible.
The Public Decides about Weather Modification
Authors: Farhar Barbara C.
Published: March 2007

Planned weather modification is a potentially significant phenomenon being introduced in many area of this and other countries. Evidence is beginning to accumulate suggesting that where organized resistance persists over a period of time, weather modification efforts are in fact halted. The paper briefly outlines the history of weather modification in the United States; research findings on the social aspects of weather modification (especially focused on acceptance/rejection processes); and decision processes, including legislative regulation and decision roles. Tentative social scientific evidence suggests that one condition of public acceptance of this technology is public involvement in the adoption decision process.
Women and Environments
Authors: Peterson Rebecca , Wekerle Gerda R. , Morley David
Published: March 2007

The relationships between women and their environments are examined in terms of access, design and control. Existing research on women has not explored the implications that women's changing roles have for human environments. The intention is to raise questions associated with this topic, to draw attention to existing work and gaps in it, to provide a broad organizing framework for the area, and to propose the use of action research to initiate change in `women's environments'.
Cognitive and Behavioral Correlates of the Spatial Environment
Authors: Holahan Charles J. , Dobrowolny Mirilia Bonnes
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to employ cognitive mapping and behavioral mapping strategies in conjunction, using the behavioral data to lend both credence and elucidation to the cognitive mapping findings. Cognitive maps of a university campus were collected from 104 students enrolled in an undergraduate psychology class. We predicted that both observed and reported behavior patterns in the environment would be directly related to those spatial areas which were emphasized or excluded in the cognitive maps and to subjective distortions in mapping. The study's findings provided strong support for the proposed hypotheses.
Territorial Personalization
Authors: Greenbaum Paul E. , Greenbaum Susan D.
Published: March 2007

This study examined variations in levels of exterior maintenance and adornment among the residents of a predominantly Slavic-American, inner-city neighborhood. Specific questions were: Is ethnic identity expressed in the exterior personalization of individual households? Are higher levels of personalization associated with higher levels of neighborhood-based social interaction? Results indicated that Slavic-Americans personalized more than their non-Slavic counterparts (p <.0001), and that homeowners exhibited more personalization than renters (p <.0001). Higher sociability scores were significantly associated with both Slavic-Americans (p < .0001) and long-term residents (p <.005). These results suggest that exterior personalization in neighborhoods may provide an ecological mechanism indicative of group membership and domain.
Bus Services in Rural Areas
Authors: Stern Eliahu
Published: March 2007

This study examines the possibility of relating perceived values of bus service attributes to operative measures in order to take consumers' preferences into account in the process of improving public transport services in a selected rural area. The study is based on an attitude survey, conducted in the Northern Negev district of Israel, from which preference and satisfaction profiles were built by a "paired comparison technique." Profile assessment suggested an inverse correlation between preference and satisfaction. Least-squares fit based on distinct groups with relatively homogeneous perceptual points of view was used to relate satisfaction scaled values to service physical measures. Only the perceived values of service frequency and walking distance could be statistically related to operative measures. The study suggests that the psychological magnitude of frequency and walking distance is higher than the psychological magnitude of travel cost, service reliability, and service network connectivity.
Exploring the Fourth Environment
Authors: van Vliet Willem
Published: March 2007

In this study of a sample of 148 teenagers from metropolitan Toronto, home range is found to be smaller in the city, in lower social classes, and-in the suburbs only-for girls and younger teenagers. Home range is the spatial manifestation of exploring the "fourth environment," which is globally defined as the environment outside the home, playground, and specifically child-oriented institutions. The significance of this fourth environment in the process of growing up is discussed, and some findings are presented that indicate that home range may be related to use and knowledge of the environment. It is suggested that the local neighbor-hood continues to be an important developmental context for young people, and common interests of other population groups are recognized as enhancing the potential for planning that is responsive to children's needs.
The Perception of Crowding in Interpersonal Situations
Authors: Montano Daniel , Adamopoulos John
Published: March 2007

Recent research on crowding has not always separated the situational from the affective and behavioral components of this construct. The present study represents an attempt to distinguish among these components, and to explore the dimensions underlying the perception of crowded interpersonal situations and the behavioral and affective responses to such situations. Likelihood judgments of responses to crowded situations were subjected to three-mode factor analysis. The dimensionality of the components, as well as the interrelationships among them, are discussed in detail, and behavior patterns particularly appropriate or likely in different situational contexts are identified.
Environmental Dispositions among School-Age Children
Authors: Bunting Trudi E. , Cousins Larry R.
Published: March 2007

The Children's Environmental Response Inventory (CERI) is introduced as a means of measuring environmental disposition, or what has been termed "environmental personality." This test is shown to have sound psychometric properties. It has been administered to a large sample of school-age children in the age range 9 to 16 years. Differences are found among responses to the eight domains: Pastoralism, Urbanism, Environmental Adaptation, Stimulus Seeking, Environmental Trust, Antiquarianism, Need Privacy, and Mechanical Orientation. Associations are found between individual dispositions and extracurricular activities. Differences related to personal status characteristics-age, sex, and geographic place of residence-suggest that there are important variations in the acquisition of environmental disposition.
Visual Vulnerability of Streetscapes to Elevated Structures
Authors: Yamada Harutoshi , Shinohara Osamu , Amano Koichi , Okada Kazutaka
Published: March 2007

Overhead expressways have damaged streetscapes in some countries, and new transportation system structures will possibly repeat the same failure. To prevent this, transportation planners must know which streetscapes are vulnerable to elevated structures and which are resistant to them. Hence, the relationship between streetscape type and visual vulnerability to an overhead guideway and an elevated station of new transportation systems was studied experimentally. Images of elevated structures were superimposed upon selected photographs of urban and suburban street scenes and presented to respondents. Using respondents' rating scores, the separate effects of guideway, station, and background scene were analyzed. We found that the major determinant of visual vulnerability is not visual quality of streetscapes but visual type; therefore, it is possible to judge visual vulnerability of streetscapes from visual type.
Spontaneous Settlement Housing in Latin America
Authors: Betancur John J.
Published: March 2007

Spontaneous settlements have been perceived by many authors as a solution to the housing problem in the underdeveloped world. This article contends that their descriptions of spontaneous settlements miss key variables and are often misleading. In particular it argues that calling spontaneous settlement housing a solution results in the legitimation of social segregation in planning and the inadequate formulation of the housing problem.
Political Behavior and Physical Design
Authors: Seidel Andrew D.
Published: March 2007

This introduction to this special issue of Environment and Behavior proposes an outline of possible future study of how political factors influence design decision making.
The Politics of Office Design
Authors: Kleeman Walter B.
Published: March 2007

The advent of the computer and its associated devices has made office design, as well as furniture design, political issues; human discomfort and the resulting pressures from workers to alleviate it have spawned requests for improvements in the office environment. These have shaped union contracts and state regulations while stimulating demands forthe enactment of federal and state laws affecting the office.
Environmental Preference
Authors: Kaplan Rachel , Kaplan Stephen , Brown Terry
Published: March 2007

This article examines four domains of variables to assess their relative merit in explaining environmental preference. Within each of the domains, between three and seven specific attributes were measured, for a total of 20 predictor variables. The study site includes small forested areas, agricultural land, and fields, with little topographic variation. Preference ratings of 59 scenes representing the area serve as the dependent variable. Taken together, the 20 attributes accounted for 83 percent of the preference variance. Taken separately, the Physical Attributes lacked predictive power. Of the Informational variables, Mystery was the only significant contributor. The Land Cover types proved effective, with Weedy Fields, Scrubland, and Agriculture all significant negative predictors. Finally, the Perception-based variables were most powerful, with Openness and Smoothness particularly useful predictors. The results point to the importance of using different predictor domains, rather than relying exclusively on any one, since their role in different environmental contexts is likely to vary.
Settlement-Identity
Authors: Feldman Roberta M.
Published: March 2007

This investigation addresses the theoretical analysis of one of the means by which the residentially mobile U.S. public may maintain the continuity of residential experiences despite the lack of lifetime stability of residence in one home place. It introduces a theoretical position that extends past research on the development of psychological bonds with the tangible surroundings of home places to explain the ways in which these experiences may generalize to the development of psychological bonds with types of settlements, or what will be called settlement-identity. This theoretical framework is applied in the context of a persistent dilemma of continued interest to urban scholars; namely, the distinction between city and suburban settlements. Specifically, the usefulness of this framework in explaining people's residential history and mobility plans, and the discriminations they make between the city and suburbs is illustrated by findings from a large sample survey conducted in Denver, Colorado.
The Cognition of Urban Tempo
Authors: Sadalla Edward K. , Sheets Virgil , Mccreath Heather
Published: March 2007

Semantic associates of the concept of "urban tempo" were examined through the use of multidimensional scaling and hierarchical clustering techniques. Results revealed a diverse set of categories that were associated with fast-and slow-paced environments. Subjects' ratings of 25 cities on these categories revealed substantial correlations between tempo categories and city size. Multidimensional scaling analysis indicated that three general dimensions underlie tempo categories: (1) arousal-activity, (2) affect-evaluation, and (3) overhead, or cost of living. The data suggest that "tempo" and "pace" are terms that are used as metaphors to describe experiences produced by both temporal and nontemporal attributes of urban environments.
Coping with "Natural" Hazards as Stressors
Authors: Rochford E. Burke , Blocker T. Jean
Published: March 2007

This article reconsiders the long-standing assumption that natural disasters such as floods are uncontrollable environmental events that provide no basis for collective protest. We do this by considering the rise of protest following a flood disaster in Tulsa, Oklahoma, in 1986. Empirically, we construct and test a social psychological model of activism combining disaster interpretation, appraisal of future threat of flooding, and individual coping mechanisms. The results indicate that a victim's interpretation of flooding as controllable was directly related to activism and indirectly related through feelings of threat and coping strategies. Our findings point to the ways that recent agent- specific typologies of disaster have overlooked the potential for conflict in "natural" disasters because they gloss over issues of differential interpretation and appraisal. The article concludes with an elaboration of several theoretical implications.
Individual and Group Process Characteristics of Polar Expedition Teams
Authors: Leon Gloria R.
Published: March 2007

Empirical investigations of polar expedition teams have assessed psychological characteristics related to adaptive personal and group functioning in a physically challenging, adventurous, and time-limited situation. Group members across studies have demonstrated generally positive personality characteristics, scoring relatively high on achievement motivation and well-being, and relatively low on stress reactivity, anxiety, and depression. Emotional sharing occurred infrequently, and seeking social support was related to relatively poorer psychological functioning in these highly task-focused groups. The psychological problems noted in some "wintering-over" Antarctic personnel were not evident in expedition group members.
Separated by their Work
Authors: Hiew Chok C.
Published: March 2007

In studying work and family life as overlapping domains, of interest is the impact of father absence created by work requirements. Commonly, father absence because of marital discord or death has been found to have detrimental effects on the social and cognitive development of children. In contrast, much less is known about the impact of transitory work-related father absence. Yet this is a new social phenomenon from a global perspective. In developing countries, increasing urban migration meant that families often lose one or both parents who are absent because of work. In Japan, one critical work-related family change is an increasingly common type of family termed tanshinfunin, in which fathers are relocated by their work organizations and are required to live apart from their families for prolonged periods. The present study targeted Canadian military families, which also formed the basis for a cross-cultural comparison of Japanese civilian tanshinfunin families. During father absence, measures of social support perceived by the mother and self-reported coping methods of the elementary school-age children were assessed. Mothers and teachers also rated the children's adjustment and academic performance. Results indicated that father absence which produced a loss of perceived social support by their wives was negatively correlated to behavioral adjustment and academic performance of their children. Children reported the most stress during actual father absence and emotion-focused coping was most commonly used. Interestingly, children who also used more social support seeking to cope with father absence were observed to show less acting-out behaviors in the classroom. Implications of work-related father absence as mediated by family coping resources and cultural factors were discussed.
Motivation for Reported Involvement in Local Wetland Preservation
Authors: Syme Geoffrey J. , Beven Cynthia E. , Sumner Neil R.
Published: March 2007

A structural equation model explaining motivation for involvement in local wetland issues was developed and tested. Wetland preservation was used as an example of an ongoing environmental problem in a typical urban neighborhood. The roles of knowledge and disposition in determining an individual's reported activity were hypothesized to be mediated through intermediary variables. The two intermediary variables nominated were derived from the literature on hazard coping, which has been largely ignored by attitudinal research on individual conservation behavior. These intermediary variables were defined as emotive arousal and cognitive problem assessment. The influence of knowledge was hypothesized to be mediated by both arousal and assessment. Disposition was thought to be mediated by arousal alone. In contrast to activism after floods, a positive rather than negative relationship between arousal and reported activity was predicted. The model was supported by the responses of residents after viewing slides of local wetlands. Implications for further research are examined.
Responding to the 1960s
Authors: Hardwick Walter G.
Published: March 2007

In one urban region, Vancouver, Canada, the cultural transformations of the 1 960s were taken seriously, and the values and sensibilities of those socially and ecologically aware became manifest in the design of a number of neighborhoods. Twenty years ago a vision for cities and suburbs only now highlighted by neotraditional urban designers were not only proposed but studied and implemented. In downtown Vancouver and existing neighborhoods, new policies and programs emerged to enhance the quality of the public environment and, in two places, False Creek, on the margin of downtown, and Champlain Heights, a green-field site 8 miles to the southeast, two new complex neighborhoods were designed and constructed drawing on both the ideas of the day and an interactive consultative public process. These initiatives are interesting in their own right, but they also provide processes of policy development and implementation in urban design that may help meet challenges in other cities.
The Validation of Computer Simulations for Design Guideline Dispute Resolution
Authors: Decker John
Published: March 2007

In recent years, the accessibility of advanced computer simulation has increased to the point where it is appearing in every type of dispute resolution. The ability of computer imaging to facilitate visualization of both the literal and the abstract offers the prospect of significantly "opening" processes to public view that would have previously been restricted to only specifically trained professionals. As a consequence, computer simulation has emerged as an accurate means of reviewing design guidelines, whether proposed or in place. The fact that the accuracy of such simulations is rarely questioned focuses responsibility for the demonstration of their validity on the people who produce them. For computer simulations to be useful, they must be systematically validated during their creation and presented along with sufficient supporting information to the end users to allow an accurate assessment of their value. This article presents issues associated with simulation production for design guideline review within the context of formulation of guidelines and subsequent public challenge.