bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Machine Learning Applied to the Reionization History of the Universe in the 21 cm Signal
Authors: La Plante Paul , Ntampaka Michelle
Published: July 2019

The Epoch of Reionization (EoR) features a rich interplay between the first luminous sources and the low-density gas of the intergalactic medium (IGM), where photons from these sources ionize the IGM. There are currently few observational constraints on key observables related to the EoR, such as the midpoint and duration of reionization. Although upcoming observations of the 21 cm power spectrum with next-generation radio interferometers such as the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) and the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) are expected to provide information about the midpoint of reionization readily, extracting the duration from the power spectrum alone is a more difficult proposition. As an alternative method for extracting information about reionization, we present an application of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to images of reionization. These images are two-dimensional in the plane of the sky, and extracted at a series of redshift values to generate “image cubes” that are qualitatively similar to those of the HERA and the SKA will generate in the near future. Additionally, we include the impact that the bright foreground signal from the the Milky Way imparts on such image cubes from interferometers, but do not include the noise induced from observations. We show that we are able to recover the duration of reionization Δz to within 5% using CNNs, assuming that the midpoint of reionization is already relatively well constrained. These results have exciting impacts for estimating τ, the optical depth to the cosmic microwave background, which can help constrain other cosmological parameters.
Dust Polarization Maps from TIGRESS: E/B Power Asymmetry and TE Correlation
Authors: Kim Chang-Goo , Choi Steve K. , Flauger Raphael
Published: July 2019

We present the first large set of all-sky synthetic dust polarization maps derived directly from a self-consistent magnetohydrodynamics simulation using the TIGRESS framework. Turbulence in this simulation is predominantly driven by supernova explosions, with rates that are self-consistently regulated by feedback loops. The simulation covers both the outer scale and inertial range of turbulence with uniformly high resolution. The shearing-box utilized in the simulation, in concert with resolved supernova-driven turbulence, enables the capturing of generation, growth, and saturation of both turbulent and mean magnetic fields. We construct polarization maps at 353 GHz, as seen by observers inside a model of the multiphase, turbulent, magnetized interstellar medium (ISM). To fully sample the simulated ISM state, we use 350 snapshots spanning over

(more than six feedback loops) and nine representative observers. The synthetic skies show a prevalent E/B power asymmetry (

) and positive TE correlation in broad agreement with observations by the Planck satellite. However, the ranges of

and

are generally lower than those measured by Planck. We find large fluctuations of E/B asymmetry and TE correlation depending on the observer’s position and temporal fluctuations of ISM properties due to bursts of star formation. The synthetic maps are made publicly available to provide novel models of the microwave sky.
Gravure et conception coloriste de la peinture
Authors: Lavezzi Elisabeth
Published: July 2019

L’utilisation de l’expression « faire sentir la couleur » (Watelet) pour la gravure invite à analyser la réécriture du traité d’A. Bosse (1645) par Cochin en 1745. Du 17 e  au 18 e  siècle, le goût a changé : Cochin pense la gravure en empruntant des termes à la conception coloriste de la peinture. Alors que Bosse, qui valorise la gravure au burin et la netteté du trait, demande à l’eau-forte de copier le burin, Cochin, qui critique le burin et l’eau forte au vernis dur, leur préfère l’eau-forte au « vernis mol » qui offre plus de liberté. Mais surtout, Cochin emploie les notions vedettes du colorisme : caractère, chair, draperies, paysage, dégradation des lumières et des ombres. Ainsi, l’eau-forte au « vernis mol » se rapproche de la peinture à l’huile : les points et les traits doivent imiter le pinceau et le graveur doit se soucier d’un beau noir, de l’union des masses et des repos.
The Digital Tourism Business
Authors: Saura Jose Ramon , Reyes-Menendez Ana , Palos-Sanchez Pedro R.
Published: July 2019

In recent years, the development of new technologies and, in particular, the internet has encouraged industries such as the tourism to adapt their business models to the new forms of marketing in the 21st century. Therefore, the objective of this research is to carry out a systematic literature review (SLR) on the main published research studies in the field of digital tourism business (DTB) with the aim of defining what are the essential digital marketing strategies and their trends for the years coming. The results of the research identify techniques such as SEO, SEM, ASO, Sentiment analysis, textual analysis, based-location social media networks, remarketing and programmatic advertising, social ads influencers marketing, and eWOM (internet word of mouth) as the main digital marketing techniques for digital tourism business. Likewise, the main trends for the tourism digital sector have been identified. The results of this research study can be used by practitioners to improve their digital marketing strategies within the digital tourism ecosystem.
The Role of Digital Marketing and Online Relationship Quality in Social Tourism
Authors: Alves Gisela Maia , Sousa Bruno Miguel , Machado Ana
Published: July 2019

The literature widely suggests that the digital media has greatly impacted the way a marketer reaches today's consumer. The adaptive process enabled by the digital technologies creates value in new ways in new digital environments. Therefore, social tourism has been defined as the effects and phenomena that result from the participation in tourism and more specifically from the participation of low-income groups. The chapter focuses on accessible tourism and tourism for all. A case study will be present. This chapter will discuss the increasing phenomena of online relationship and digital marketing in specific social tourism contexts. Based on the literature review, the authors will develop a research propositions that connect the online relationship quality dimension developed by the relational marketing (i.e., online contexts) with the consequent e-satisfaction and word-of-mouth (eWOM). The authors also considered some implications for management, as well as give suggestions for future lines of research.
Zero Waste
Authors: Hamid Saima , Skinder Bhat Mohd , Bhat Muzaffar Ahmad
Published: July 2019

Zero waste management means the holistic concept of waste management which recognizes waste as a resource produced during the interim phase of the process of resource consumption. Zero waste strategies may be applied to companies, to communities, industrial sectors, to schools, and homes since they include many stakeholders, not only those of the environment, but also technological aspects. Sustainability is also strongly supported by environmental protection, cost reduction, and additional jobs when it comes to waste management and handling back into the industrial cycle. Lowering global resource requirements force us to consider resource management and product management. The management of zero waste is therefore a holistic view of the sustainable avoidance and management of waste and resources. Although there are many null practice approaches and null waste approaches in the modern world, zero waste is a very complex system, and in the future, there are still many works.
Waste Management Technology for Sustainable Agriculture
Authors: Bhat Muzaffar Ahmad , Adil A. Wani , Sikander Bhat Mohammad , Lone Yaqoob , Malik Junaid Ahmad.
Published: July 2019

The process of collection, transport, disposal, recycling, and monitoring of wastes is called waste management. The waste management is undertaken to recycle the wastes so as to reduce the ill effects of wastes on environment, health, and aesthetics. There are several kinds of wastes produced such as agricultural wastes, municipal wastes, industrial waste, mining waste. Some wastes are more hazardous such as medical wastes and nuclear wastes. Various techniques are used for the management of wastes which includes landfilling, incineration, anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis, plasma gasification, recycling, composting. Anaerobic digestion produces biofuel in the form of biogas. Plasma gasification results in the generation of electricity from wastes. Recycling of wastes involves the collection, sorting, and reprocessing of wastes into new products. Vermicomposting is the preferred form of composting as it results in the formation of vermicompost called black gold due to the presence of rich nutrients and growth promoting factors in it.
Vermitechnology
Authors: Anand Kumar , Sinha Pritam Bala
Published: July 2019

Vermicomposting has been rising as an innovative ecotechnology for the conversion of various types of wastes into vermicompost. Vermicompost is humus like finely granulated and stabilized material which can be used as a soil conditioner to reintegrate the organic matter to the agricultural soils. Non-toxic and organic industrial wastes could be potential raw material for vermitechnology. The success of the vermitechnology depends upon several process parameters like quality of raw material, pH, temperature, moisture, aeration, type of vermicomposting system, and earthworm species used. Vermicomposting is a suitable means for waste remediation and organic manure production. Physical processes include substrate aeration, mixing, and grinding while biochemical processes involves decomposition of waste by various enzymes present in the gut of earthworms and is influenced by microbes present in their intestine. Earthworms have several medicinal properties and are also known to accumulate toxic residues from soil/substrates. The role of earthworms in sustainable farming is immense.
Singleton-Merten Syndrome–like Skeletal Abnormalities in Mice with Constitutively Activated MDA5
Authors: Soda Nobumasa , Sakai Nobuhiro , Kato Hiroki , Takami Masamichi , Fujita Takashi
Published: July 2019

Singleton-Merten syndrome (SMS) is a type I interferonopathy characterized by dental dysplasia, aortic calcification, skeletal abnormalities, glaucoma, and psoriasis. A missense mutation in IFIH1 encoding a cytoplasmic viral RNA sensor MDA5 has recently been identified in the SMS patients as well as in patients with a monogenic form of lupus. We previously reported that Ifih1gs/+ mice express a constitutively active MDA5 and spontaneously develop lupus-like nephritis. In this study, we demonstrate that the Ifih1gs/+ mice also exhibit SMS-like bone abnormalities, including decreased bone mineral density and thin cortical bone. Histological analysis revealed a low number of osteoclasts, low bone formation rate, and abnormal development of growth plate cartilages in Ifih1gs/+ mice. These abnormalities were not observed in Ifih1gs/+・Mavs−/− and Ifih1gs/+・Ifnar1−/− mice, indicating the critical role of type I IFNs induced by MDA5/MAVS-dependent signaling in the bone pathogenesis of Ifih1gs/+ mice, affecting bone turnover. Taken together, our findings suggest the inhibition of type I IFN signaling as a possible effective therapeutic strategy for bone disorders in SMS patients.
Assessment of tuberculosis knowledge among Lesotho village health workers and utilisation of their tuberculosis services by the communities they serve
Authors: Ramathebane Maseabata M. , Makatjane Tiisetso J. , Thetsane Regina M. , Mokhethi Motselisi
Published: July 2019

Background: The role of village health workers (VHWs), among other roles is to educate communities about tuberculosis (TB), TB screening and its treatment. The knowledge of TB among VHWs is crucial because they will carry out their role at the community well and this will impact the overall outcome of TB treatment.Aim: The study is aimed at assessing the knowledge of TB among VHWs and households at the village level and the utilisation of VHWs’ TB services.Setting: The study took place in 19 health centres from 10 districts of Lesotho.Methods: The study used a cross-sectional descriptive design. Three study populations were interviewed, two at the household level (2040 households, 8295 individuals) and one at the clinic level (723 VHW).Results: Overall, TB knowledge among VHWs for the majority of clinics except two was inadequate (below mean of 31.5). The utilisation of VHWs’ TB services among community members was also low.Conclusion: Low utilisation of VHWs’ TB services by community members emanated from inadequate TB knowledge of VHWs. Regular refresher training among VHWs is recommended as the way forward in order to keep VHWs abreast with new TB developments.
The enforcement of the BCEA and waiters: Will they gain or lose?
Authors: Bothma L. J. , Thomas K.
Published: July 2019

This study, conducted in Bloemfontein, found wide discrepancies between the prescriptions of the Basic Conditions of Employment Act and the actual working conditions of waiters. In order to make waiters' situation compliant with the law, several changes will have to be made. However, it was also found that not all changes would necessarily benefit the waiters. Policy makers should therefore be cautious in addressing these discrepancies and making a sectoral determination for waiters.
Economic basics of tourism
Authors: Ngqaka Kaya
Published: July 2019

This paper sets out to discuss the potential of tourism as a development instrument for underdeveloped economies. This is done by drawing on economic theory as well as evidence from the real world. While it is acknowledged that tourism development is one of the growth options for these countries, it is a policy often pursued against a background of a narrow resource base and serious balance of payments difficulties. However, only by observing sound economic principles can tourism be expected to achieve its economic goals.
Global integration of Africa versus regional integration in Africa
Authors: Naudé Willem , Krugell Waldo
Published: July 2019

Proposals and schemes for regional integration have abounded in postindependence Africa, often with disappointing results. Recently there has been a revival of interest in African economic integration. Unlike in the past, regional integration is now motivated as a way to open up African economies. This paper assesses whether regional integration amongst African states is the best way to achieve open economies. The conclusion is that regional integration between African states may be of limited value, apart from possibly contributing to better co-ordination of sound macro-economic policies. Instead, integration between African countries and higher-income regions, such as Euroland, may be a preferred strategy.
The effect of organisational leadership on value congruence and effectiveness: An integrated model
Authors: Engelbrecht A. S.
Published: July 2019

The study explores the influence of transactional and transformational leadership on value congruence and leader effectiveness. Despite the relevance of a leadership-value congruence relationship, a good theoretical framework is lacking. After a review of literature on each of these areas, an integrated model of the relationships between leadership, value congruence and outcomes, is presented. Drawing on previous research, it is proposed that the relationship between leadership and effectiveness be mediated by the efficacy expectancies of followers. It is argued that leader-follower altruistic value congruence would moderate the relationship between transformational leadership and effectiveness. By contrast, leader-follower trading value congruence would moderate the relationship between transactional leadership and effectiveness. Based on the leadership-value congruence model, several research propositions are presented for future empirical verification.
Nurses’ views on promotion and the influence of race, class and gender in relation to the Employment Equity Act
Authors: Van der Heever Mariana M. , Van der Merwe Anita S. , Crowley Talitha
Published: July 2019

Orientation: Regardless of the implementation of the Employment Equity Act (EEA), No. 55 of 1998 and the abolishment of apartheid in 1994, African and mixed-race females are under-represented in managerial positions in the public sector of the Western Cape (WC) in South Africa and nationally in the private health sector.Research purpose: The purpose was to explore the views of nurses about promotion to managerial positions in view of the Employment Equity Act (EEA) and the possible influence of race, class and gender.Motivation for the study: South Africa has a history of racial hierarchies and gender inequities. It was therefore important to explore the influence of the EEA and race, class and gender on the promotion of nurses in the post-apartheid context.Research approach/design and method: A cross-sectional descriptive survey design was completed. Six hundred and eighty-eight (n = 688) nurses consented to participate and 573 (83%) questionnaires were returned.Main findings: Race as a social construct surfaced in the superior viewing of white and the inferior viewing of African nurses. Mixed-race and white nurses seemed disgruntled with the EEA because of the benefits it holds for African nurses. African nurses seemed angered by their under-representation in managerial positions in the private and public sectors in the WC. White nurses seemed convinced that African, mixed-race and Indian nurses experience upward mobility. Mixed-race nurses (public sector WC) showed concerns about the career successes of males in a female-dominated profession.Practical/managerial implications: Managerial structures should be required to invest in diversity training, create awareness of the noble intentions of the EEA and communicate the relevance of employment equity plans.Contribution/value-add: The findings provided evidence that reflected a need for diversity training and the creation of awareness about the longstanding influence of racial and gender hierarchies.
Depositional constraints from detrital zircon geochronology of strata from multiple lithotectonic belts in south-central Maine, USA
Authors: Cartwright Samuel F.A. , West, Jr. David P. , Amidon William H.
Published: July 2019

The bedrock geology of south-central Maine is characterized by a series of fault-bounded lithotectonic terranes that were accreted onto the Laurentian margin during Silurian-Devonian orogenesis.  The multiple phases of deformation and metamorphism associated with this tectonism obscured most primary features in the protolith rocks, leading to uncertainties in their pre-accretionary history. Here we present the results of detrital zircon geochronology from five of these terranes and make interpretations on their depositional ages, sediment provenance, and tectonic setting of deposition.Detrital zircon from Silurian rocks of the Vassalboro Group in the eastern-most portion of the Central Maine basin indicate sediment input in an extensional setting from both Laurentian and Ordovician sources.  Results from Ordovician rocks of the Casco Bay Group of the Liberty-Orrington belt support earlier findings that these rocks have strong peri-Gondwanan affinities.  Detrital zircon from the Appleton Ridge Formation and Ghent phyllite of the Fredericton trough are consistent with a peri-Gondwanan sediment source with no evidence of Laurentian sediment input.  These findings are consistent with that of Dokken et al. (2018) for older Fredericton trough strata (i.e., Digdeguash Formation) east of the Fredericton fault in southern New Brunswick.  Two samples from the Jam Brook complex reveal extreme differences in depositional age (Ordovician vs. Mesoproterozoic) and tectonic affinity and support the hypothesis that this narrow belt represents a fault complex containing a wide variety of stratigraphic units.  Detrital zircon from Ordovician rocks of the Benner Hill Sequence indicate a peri-Gondwanan sediment source with no Laurentian input.Collectively, the pre-Silurian rocks of the Liberty-Orrington belt, Jam Brook complex, Benner Hill Sequence, and Late Ordovician-Early Silurian strata from the Appleton Ridge and Ghent phyllite in the Fredericton trough show peri-Gondwanan affinities with no evidence of Laurentian sediment input.  This suggests a barrier exisited between the Laurentian margin and these peri-Gondwanan terranes prior to about 435 Ma.  In contrast, Silurian strata from the eastern portion of the Central Maine basin do show evidence of a Laurentian sediment source, along with deposition in an extensional setting (lacking in all other samples), thus signaling a fundamental change in tectonic regime.
Un estudio sobre el rendimiento de separación de tubos helicoidales aplicados a flujos bifásicos de agua y aceite de oliva
Authors: Vallesquino P. , Molina A.
Published: July 2019

Los estudios sobre flujos bifásicos de agua y aceite, desarrollados con separadores helicoidales, no son numerosos y parecen estar restringidos, actualmente, a la industria petroquímica. El presente trabajo ha sido realizado para estudiar el comportamiento de estos dispositivos cuando son empleados con dispersiones de agua y aceite de oliva a diferentes concentraciones. A tal fin, se han construido dos modelos experimentales para analizar los rendimientos de separación alcanzados bajo diferentes condiciones de funcionamiento. Se han tenido en cuenta variables como el número de Reynolds, las pérdidas de carga o la relación entre flujos descargados para determinar su rango óptimo de operación. Los resultados obtenidos indican que en sistemas de agua-aceite de oliva es posible obtener rendimientos de separación cercanos al 100% con tuberías de diámetro pequeño, radios de hélice reducidos y bajos requerimientos energéticos. Este hecho abre una vía para diseñar estos dispositivos desde otros puntos de vista.
Pasado, presente y futuro de la desalación en España
Authors: Cabrera E. , Estrela T. , Lora J.
Published: July 2019

Se repasa, en el marco del contexto mundial, la evolución de la desalación en España. Una historia de más de medio siglo que arrancó donde el agua más escasea, en las Islas Canarias. Lo que comenzó siendo una solución puntual para resolver problemas concretos ha ido, al compás de los avances tecnológicos, de la reducción de costes y del control de su impacto, ganando relevancia. Pero hace quince años, el ritmo de implantación, se aceleró notablemente. En aquel contexto se tomaron rápidas decisiones, adoptadas sin el amplio consenso que requieren este tipo de infraestructuras. Sin embargo, la madurez tecnológica y, sobre todo, el tiempo están contribuyendo a clarificar la situación, propiciando que cada desaladora encuentre su lugar y, en fin, justificando la fuerte inversión efectuada. Con todo hay problemas aún pendientes de solución, en particular la incorporación de esta nueva fuente de agua en un sistema que integre todos los recursos, tanto los tradicionales como los nuevos. Ello exige que los usuarios acepten su sobrecoste como un nuevo seguro hídrico que permita garantizar el suministro de agua en todo momento. En cualquier caso, hay que concluir que la desalación en España juega, y continuará jugando un papel clave en el litoral mediterráneo y en algunas de sus islas más turísticas.
A model-based analysis of foliar NOx deposition
Authors: Delaria Erin R. , Cohen Ronald C.
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Foliar deposition of NO2 removes a large fraction of the global soil-emitted NOx. Understanding the mechanisms of NOx foliar loss is important for constraining surface ozone, NOx mixing ratios, and assessing the impacts of nitrogen inputs to ecosystems. We have constructed a 1D multi-box model with representations of chemistry and vertical transport to evaluate the impact of leaf-level processes on canopy-scale concentrations, lifetimes, and canopy fluxes of NOx. Our model is able to closely replicate canopy fluxes and above-canopy NOx daytime mixing ratios observed during two field campaigns, one in a western Sierra Nevada pine forest (BEARPEX-2009) and the other a northern Michigan mixed hardwood forest (UMBS-2012). Our model demonstrates that NO2 deposition can provide a mechanistic explanation for canopy reduction factors (CRFs). We show that foliar deposition can explain observations suggesting as much as ~ 60 % of soil-emitted NOx is removed within forest canopies. Stomatal conductances greater than 0.1 cm s−1 result in modelled canopy reduction factors in the range of those used in global models, reconciling inferences of canopy NOx reduction with leaf-level deposition processes. We also show that incorporating parameterizations for vapor pressure deficit and soil water potential has a substantial impact on predicted NO2 deposition, with the percent of soil NOx removed within one canopy increasing by ~ 15 % in wet conditions compared to dry conditions. NO2 foliar deposition was found to have a significant impact on ozone and nitrogen budgets under both high and low NOx conditions.
The efficiency of transport into the stratosphere via the Asian and
North American summer monsoon circulations
Authors: Yan Xiaolu , Konopka Paul , Ploeger Felix , Podglajen Aurélien , Wright Jonathon S. , Müller Rolf , Riese Martin
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Transport of pollutants into the stratosphere via the Asian summer monsoon (ASM) or North American summer monsoon (NASM) may affect the atmospheric composition and climate both locally and globally. We identify and study the robust characteristics of transport from the ASM and NASM regions to the stratosphere using the Lagrangian chemistry transport model CLaMS as driven by the ERA-Interim and MERRA-2 reanalyses. In particular, we investigate the relative influences of the ASM and NASM on stratospheric composition, the transport pathways by which these influences are effected, and the quantitative contributions and efficiencies of transport from different altitudes in these two monsoon regions to the stratosphere. We release artificial tracers in several vertical layers from the middle troposphere to the lower stratosphere in both ASM and NASM source regions during July and August 2010–2013 and track their evolution until the following summer. We find that the magnitude of transport from the ASM and NASM regions to the tropical stratosphere, and even to the Southern Hemispheric stratosphere, is higher when the tracers are released at the 350–360 K level. For tracers released close to the tropopause (370–380 K), transport is primarily into the Northern Hemispheric stratosphere. Results for different vertical layers or air origin reveal two transport pathways from the upper troposphere over the ASM and NASM regions to the tropical pipe: (i) quasi-horizontal transport to the tropics below the tropopause followed by ascent to the stratosphere via tropical upwelling, and (ii) ascent into the stratosphere inside the ASM/NASM followed by quasi-horizontal transport to the tropical lower stratosphere and tropical pipe. The tropical pathway (i) is faster than the monsoon pathway (ii), particularly in the ascending branch. Ultimately, the abundance of air in the tropical pipe that originates in the ASM upper troposphere (350–360 K, ~ 5 %) is comparable to that of air ascending directly from the tropics ten months after the release of the source tracers. By contrast, the air mass contributions from the ASM to the tropical pipe are about three times larger than the corresponding contribution from the NASM (~ 1.5 %). The transport efficiency into the tropical pipe, normalized by the mass of the domain, is greatest from the ASM region at 370–380 K. Transport from the ASM to the tropical pipe is almost twice as efficient as transport from the NASM or tropics to the tropical pipe. Although the contribution from the NASM to the stratosphere is less than that from either the ASM or the tropics, the transport efficiency from the NASM is comparable to that from the tropics.
On modeling the Southern Ocean Phytoplankton Functional Types
Authors: Losa Svetlana N. , Dutkiewicz Stephanie , Losch Martin , Oelker Julia , Soppa Mariana A. , Trimborn Scarlett , Xi Hongyan , Bracher Astrid
Published: July 2019

Abstract. This study highlights recent advances and challenges of applying coupled physical-biogeochemical modeling for investigating the distribution of the key phytoplankton groups in the Southern Ocean, an area of strong interest for understanding biogeochemical cycling and ecosystem functioning under present climate change. Our simulations of the phenology of various Phytoplankton Functional Types (PFTs) are based on a version of the Darwin biogeochemical model coupled to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) general circulation model (Darwin-MITgcm). The ecological module version was adapted for the Southern Ocean by: 1) improving coccolithophores abundance relative to the original model by introducing a high affinity for nutrients and an ability to escape grazing control for coccolithophores; 2) including two different (small vs. large) size classes of diatoms; and 3) accounting for two distinct life stages for Phaeocystis (single cell vs. colonial). This new model configuration describes best the competition and co-occurrence of the PFTs in the Southern Ocean. It improves significantly relative to an older version the agreement of the simulated abundance of the coccolithophores and diatoms with in situ scanning electron microscopy observations in the Subantarctic Zone as well as with in situ diatoms and haptophytes (including coccolithophores and Phaeocystis) chlorophyll a concentrations within the Patagonian Shelf and along the Western Antarctic Peninsula obtained by diagnostic pigment analysis. The modeled Southern Ocean PFT dominance also agrees well with satellite-based PFT information.
Holocene temperature response to external forcing: assessing the linear response and its spatial and temporal dependence
Authors: Wan Lingfeng , Liu Zhengyu , Liu Jian , Sun Weiyi , Liu Bin
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Previous studies show that the evolution of global mean
temperature forced by the total forcing is almost the same as the sum of individual orbital, ice sheet, greenhouse gas and meltwater single forcing runs in the last 12 000 years in three independent climate models:
Community Climate System Model 3 (CCSM3), Fast Met Office/UK Universities Simulator (FAMOUS) and Loch-Vecode-Ecbilt-Clio-Agism Model (LOVECLIM). This validity of the linear response is useful
because it simplifies the interpretation of the climate evolution. However,
it has remained unclear if this linear response is valid on other spatial
and temporal scales and, if valid, in what regions. Here, using a set of
TraCE-21ka (Simulation of the Transient Climate of the Last 21,000 Years) climate simulations, the spatial and temporal dependence of the
linear response of the surface temperature evolution in the Holocene is
assessed approximately using the correlation coefficient and a linear error
index. The results show that the response of global mean temperature is
almost linear on orbital, millennial and centennial scales in the Holocene but not on a decadal scale. The linear response differs significantly between
the Northern Hemisphere (NH) and Southern Hemisphere (SH). In the NH, the
response is almost linear on a millennial scale, while in the SH the response
is almost linear on an orbital scale. Furthermore, at regional scales, the
linear responses differ substantially between the orbital, millennial,
centennial and decadal timescales. On an orbital scale, the linear response is
dominant for most regions, even in a small area of a midsize country like
Germany. On a millennial scale, the response is still approximately linear in
the NH over many regions. Relatively, the linear response is degenerated
somewhat over most regions in the SH. On the centennial and decadal
timescales, the response is no longer linear in almost all the regions. The
regions where the response is linear on the millennial scale are mostly
consistent with those on the orbital scale, notably western Eurasian, North
Africa, subtropical North Pacific, the tropical Atlantic and the Indian Ocean,
likely causing a large signal-to-noise ratio over these regions. This
finding will be helpful for improving our understanding of the regional
climate response to various climate forcing factors in the Holocene,
especially on orbital and millennial scales.
A salinity module for SWAT to simulate salt ion fate and transport at the watershed scale
Authors: Bailey Ryan T. , Tavakoli-Kivi Saman , Wei Xiaolu
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Salinity is one of the most common water quality threats in river
basins and irrigated regions worldwide. However, no available numerical
models simulate all major processes affecting salt ion fate and transport at the watershed scale. This study presents a new salinity module for the SWAT model that simulates the fate and transport of eight major salt ions
(SO42-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl−,
CO32-, HCO3-) in a watershed system. The module accounts
for salt transport in surface runoff, soil percolation, lateral flow,
groundwater, and streams, and equilibrium chemistry reactions in soil layers
and the aquifer. The module consists of several new subroutines that are
imbedded within the SWAT modelling code and one input file containing soil
salinity and aquifer salinity data for the watershed. The model is applied
to a 732 km2 salinity-impaired irrigated region within the Arkansas
River Valley in southeastern Colorado and tested against root zone soil
salinity, groundwater salt ion concentration, groundwater salt loadings to
the river network, and in-stream salt ion concentration. The model can be a
useful tool in simulating baseline salinity transport and investigating
salinity best management practices in watersheds of varying spatial scales.
Surface waters properties in the Laptev and the East-Siberian Seas
in summer 2018 from in situ and satellite data
Authors: Tarasenko Anastasiia , Supply Alexandre , Kusse-Tiuz Nikita , Ivanov Vladimir , Makhotin Mikhail , Tournadre Jean , Chapron Bertrand , Boutin Jacqueline , Kolodziejczyk Nicolas
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Variability of surface water masses of the Laptev and the East-Siberian seas in August–September 2018 is studied using in situ and satellite data. In situ data was collected during ARKTIKA-2018 expedition and then completed with satellite estimates of sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity (SSS), sea surface height, satellite-derived wind speeds and sea ice concentrations. Derivation of SSS is still challenging in high latitude regions, and the quality of Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) SSS retrieval was improved by applying a threshold on SSS weekly error. The validity of SST and SSS products is demonstrated using ARKTIKA-2018 continuous thermosalinograph measurements and CTD casts. The surface gradients and mixing of river and sea waters in the free of ice and ice covered areas is described with a special attention to the marginal ice zone. The Ekman transport was calculated to better understand the pathway of surface water displacement. T-S diagram using surface satellite estimates shows a possibility to investigate the surface water masses transformation in detail.
Matri-archive: A New Portal to Knowledge Production in African Studies
Authors: Stewart Dianne M.
Published: July 2019

In An Intimate Rebuke, Laura Grillo uncovers for Western audiences what is taken for granted in numerous sub-Saharan African societies: the ontological status and cosmic authority postmenopausal Mothers have to disrupt injustice and restore stability during periods of social violence. Through her ethnographic research, she contributes new insights to the conversation on matriarchy, matricentricity (Amadiume), and mothernity (Oyěwùmí) in Africa.
Empty morphemes in Dutch dialect atlases: Reducing morphosyntactic variation by refining emptiness typology
Authors: Cavirani Edoardo , van Oostendorp Marc
Published: July 2019

In the literature on Dutch morphosyntactic microvariation, it is sometimes assumed that a subpart of Dutch dialects lack certain morphemes, because they have no direct phonetic exponent. More careful analyses, however, suggest that these dialects display so-called zero morphemes, whose presence is argued for either on paradigmatic or phonological ground. In this contribution, we present some examples of such morphemes in the verbal inflection and adjectival concord systems, and develop an analysis that, by exploiting the formal mechanism relating underlying and surface phonological representations provided by Turbidity Theory, allows for the formalization of various degrees of emptiness: morphosyntactic, phonological and phonetic. This, in turn, allows for the shifting of the burden of (some instances of) microvariation from morphosyntax to PF.
“The use of Arabic version of Social Communication Questionnaires (SCQ) in School Screening for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in Qatar”
Authors: Alshaban Fouad , Fombonne Eric , Aldosari Mohammad , El-Haj Saba , Alshammari Hawraa , Ghazal Iman
Published: July 2019

Introduction

The prevalence rate of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in Qatar is uncertain, obtaining a reliable estimate is important in shedding the light on the magnitude of the problem, and help in better planning for providing the health care facilities needed for early detection and management of this disorder, since early intensive rehabilitation can improve the outcome of those affected tremendously.

Aims of the study

To estimate the prevalence rate of ASD among children age 5–12 years residing in Qatar.

Methodology

The research plan is to identify children with possible ASD among children attending ordinary primary schools as a “Low Probability Group”, through using the Social Communication Questionnaires (SCQ), and those who score above the cut-off point will be further diagnosed using the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) and/or the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2 (ADOS–2).

Results

We worked on translating the English version of SCQ to Arabic, and we worked to validate this version through a pilot screening study that involved 35 cases of ASD and 778 controls from the schools. The pilot sample includes 813 (35 cases of ASD and 778 control children). The control children were selected in 8 schools, 3 for girls, 3 for boys and 2 mixed, between 14/6/2015 and 28/6/2015. The ASD children surveyed with the SCQ were selected from the Shafalla Center (N = 35). The boy: girl ratio was 4.0:1 (61/41; 80% male) in the ASD group. In the control group, the corresponding values were 0.59:1 (287/488; 35.9% male). The mean SCQ total score was significantly higher in cases as compared to controls (18.06 (SD = 7.2) vs 7.31 (SD = 5.2); p < .0001); as expected, the variability was larger in cases than in controls as illustrated by the standard deviations. Figure 1 shows the distribution of the SCQ scores in the total sample, and the distribution separately for cases and controls. A total of 93 children (22 cases, 71 controls) had scores equal or above the cut-off of 15; the remaining 13 cases (37.1% of the cases) had scores below the cut-off.

Conclusions

The analysis to examine the overall performance of the SCQ showed excellent discrimination between cases and controls. An examination of the performance for each possible cut point on the SCQ showed that the sensitivity and specificity were optimal for the cut-offs of 10, compared to the published cut-off of the SCQ (15).
Association of Seminal Fluid -Immunologic Inflammatory Markers with Cotinine Concentration in Smoker Unexplained Infertile- Males
Authors: Ali Naael Hussein
Published: July 2019

Objective

To determine the causing association of the cigarettes smoking (measured by cotinine level in the seminal plasma) on the immunologic inflammatory markers (PMN-elastase, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and leukocytospermia) in seminal fluid (SF) of unexplained infertile men.

Materials and Methods

Tow hundred-thirty six unexplained infertile men, one hundred fourteen smoking and ninety six non-smokers were included in the study. They were being found without evident cause for infertility after initial workups. Other ninety fertile healthy non-smokers men were enrolled in the study as a control group. Seminal immunologic inflammatory markers (PMN-elastase, pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-8 and IL-6, and leukocytospermia) were measured in seminal plasma (SP) of all participants. Cotinine level in SP was measured as well, and correlated with inflammatory markers in all three hundred- twenty six specimens.

Results

The differences of seminal plasma inflammatory markers and cotinine level were significant between the three groups of the study, and significantly correlated with inflammatory markers.

Conclusion

The resulted substantial negative impact on sperm motility and morphology, and the correlation of cotinine level with immunologic inflammatory markers in SP, strongly indicate the presence of immunologic reaction in genital tract of the smokers. That may lead to silent genital tract inflammation. Which is, may be, the main cause for their unexplained infertility, and so, it would be sensible to advise infertile men to abstain from smoking cigarettes.
Analyzing the PharmD Programme at Qatar University (QU) Using the Theoretically Driven Communities of Practice Feamework (CoPF)
Authors: Mukhalalati Banan
Published: July 2019

Background

Duncan-Hewitt and Austin (2005) argue that pharmacist education has shifted from apprenticeship into higher education. This shift created “a gap between education theory and education practice”. Therefore, the role education theory plays in educational practices should be examined.

Objectives

Analyze the PharmD programme at QU through the lens of a theory-informed CoPF comprising of six elements: enablers, challenges, curriculum, teaching strategies, assessment and outputs.

Methodology

Using a a case study methodology, the CoPF was used to examine the PharmD programme at QU. Data from Interviews and focus groups with programme stakeholders and programme documents were thematically analyzed using NVIVO software.

Results

The CoPF has proved useful in identifying, systematically, the elements of design needed for a fully integrated PharmD programme. Key CoPF elements existed in the PharmD at QU, whilst others were missing. For example, practitioners have not been involved in designing the programme, as anticipated in the Enablers, and they lack understanding of education theory, identified in the Challenges. This has led to the lack of collaboration in curriculum, teaching and assessment between faculty and preceptors. This has subsequently limited one of the outputs of CoP, which is the integration between theory, practice and research.

Discussion

Some elements were identified as significant to have in place for an effective PharmD programme which aligns with CoP. Specifically the collaboration between practitioners and faculty in the design phase, in education process comprising curriculum, teaching and assesment in order to reach the ultimate output of integration between theory, practice and research.

References

Braun, V. & Clarke, V., 2006. Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 77–101. Bristol: University of the West of England.

Duncan-Hewitt, W & Austin, Z. 2005. Pharmacy Schools as Expert Communities of Practice? A Proposal to Radically Restructure Pharmacy Education to Optimize Learning. Am J Pharm Educ American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 69(3):54.

Lave, J. & Wenger, E. 2001. Legitimate peripheral participation in communities of practice. Supporting lifelong learning: Perspective on learning, 1:111–126.

Yin, R.K. 1994. Case study research: design and methods. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Calcium and Phosphate Intake May Influence Bone Remodeling Marker in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Terranegra Annalisa , Brasacchio Caterina , Mingione Alessandra , Dogliotti Elena , Pivari Francesca , Arcidiacono Teresa , Macrina Lorenza , Vezzoli Giuseppe , Soldati Laura
Published: July 2019

Background

Vascular calcification and increased mortality is now well linked in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Among the inhibitors and promoters of calcium-phosphate and bone metabolism, we studied Sclerostin, a glycoprotein mainly expressed by osteocytes, involved in regulating bone formation by inhibiting Wnt–β-catenin signaling. Studies demonstrated, in experimental CDK animal model, a positive association between Sclerostin production and dietary phosphate intake.

Materials and Methods

We investigated the relation between Sclerostin levels (SL) and dietary habits in 49 Caucasian HD patients (age 36–90, M/F 31/18, dialysis vintage 1–144 months). Nutrient intake was analyzed with 24 h-recall method. Serum Sclerostin was measured by ELISA method. Statistically analysis was performed by SPSS software.

Results

Mean calcium and phosphate intake were 705 ± 584 and 1196 ± 498 mg/day, respectively. Serum SL (3356 ± 2118 pg/ml) were increased in HD patients. Positive correlation was found between serum SL and calcium (r = 0.33, p = 0.025) and phosphate intake (r = 0.34, p = 0.021). Patients with SL higher were older (p = 0.003), showed higher protein (p = 0.012), calcium (p = 0.017) and phosphate (p = 0.004) intake. Multiple linear regression testing Sclerostin as dependent variable (dialysis vintage, age, body-weight, serum calcium and phosphate, serum PTH, calcium and phosphate intake as independent variables) found that dietary phosphate intake was the only significant determinant of SL (r = 0.356, B = 1.5, p = 0.004). In Patients with calcium carbonate or acetate therapy (n = 31), serum SL was positively correlated with dietary calcium (r = 0.433, p = 0.017) and phosphate intake (r = 0.377, p = 0.04).

Conclusions

The dietary phosphate and calcium intake may influence serum Sclerostin levels and potentially affect bone remodeling or soft tissue calcification in HD patients.