bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Overview of the Death Penalty and Capital Trials: History, Current Status, Legal Procedures, and Cost
Authors: Costanzo Mark , White Lawrence T.
Published: April 2010

There are several reasons to expect that the issue of capital punishment will continue to demand the attention of the public and the media. To provide necessary background for the articles that follow, we present a brief history of the death penalty in the United States and describe the American system of capital jurisprudence. We also present a detailed examination of one issue that frequently surfaces in discussions of capital punishment—the financial cost of the death penalty and its attendant procedures. Finally, we briefly describe each of the articles in this JSI issue. These articles examine the death penalty and capital trials from the perspective of social science.
Broken Promise: The Supreme Court's Response to Social Science Research on Capital Punishment
Authors: Haney Craig , Logan Deana Dorman
Published: April 2010

In this article we address the issues of when and how well the United States Supreme Court has taken cognizance of psychological data in its evolving jurisprudence of death. After a brief historical review of the use of psychological data in death penalty litigation, and a discussion of how and why it once promised to play a unique role in capital litigation, we assess the Court's record in using and evaluating this kind of data over the last two decades. Specifically, we look at the nature of the social facts that have been introduced in capital litigation during this period, discuss their potential constitutional importance, and systematically and critically evaluate the Court's treatment of them.
Attorney Persuasion in the Capital Penalty Phase: A Content Analysis of Closing Arguments
Authors: Costanzo Mark , Peterson Julie
Published: April 2010

Transcribed sentencing phase summations were content analyzed and comparisons were made between prosecution and defense arguments. Arguments were coded to discover the themes emphasized by attorneys in arguing for life imprisonment or the death penalty. Prosecutors portrayed the defendant as a cold, remorseless killer, emphasized the brutal nature of the murder, the suffering experienced by victims, and the moral legitimacy of revenge. Defenders explained the murders in the context of the defendant's personal history, emphasized the severity of life without the possibility of parole, and argued that the death penalty is unjust and morally wrong. Defenders provided richer accounts of the life history of the defendant and prosecutors provided more vivid accounts of the murder. Attorney arguments are discussed in light of research on communication, social cognition, and persuasion.
Deciding to Take a Life: Capital Juries, Sentencing Instructions, and the Jurisprudence of Death
Authors: Haney Craig , Sontag Lorelei , Costanzo Sally
Published: April 2010

Death sentencing is a psychologically complex and legally profound process. Our research explored the experiences of capital jurors who had deliberated to verdict in death penalty sentencing hearings. In‐depth interviews conducted with samples of jurors from two states—California and Oregon—examined the nature and function of capital sentencing instructions, jurors' interpretations of the evidence that was presented during the penalty phase of the trial, their conceptions of the nature of the task before them, and whether the two fundamentally different sentencing frameworks significantly altered the decision‐making process.
Empirical Evidence and the Death Penalty: Past and Future
Authors: Diamond Shari Seidman , Casper Jonathan D.
Published: April 2010

The Supreme Court in recent decades has been increasingly receptive to social science evidence in a variety of contexts and appeared poised in the early 1970s to employ such evidence in its consideration of the death penalty. This expectation was not fulfilled, and majorities in most death penalty cases since Gregg v. Georgia (1976) have shown little interest in such evidence. For example, although the Court often cites public sentiment as the basis for decisions about evolving standards for what is cruel and unusual punishment, it has not appreciated the measurement issues associated with gauging such sentiment. We discuss a variety of reasons why the Court may have eschewed social science evidence in death penalty litigation, and suggest an agenda for future research that is driven not simply by litigation prospects but also by more general questions about jury decision making.
Green Justice: Conceptions of Fairness and the Natural World
Authors: Opotow Susan , Clayton Susan
Published: April 2010

The natural environment is a topic of increasing importance, and themes of justice are increasingly relevant to that topic. This introduction to the special issue on Green Justice will describe the ways in which justice issues relate to the natural environment. It will discuss some of the overarching questions with regard to justice and the natural environment, as well as suggest some of the ways in which this area can be studied. Finally, it will orient the reader toward the remaining papers in the volume by defining the scheme underlying their order as well as briefly describing each paper.
The Value Basis of Environmental Concern
Authors: Stern Paul C. , Dietz Thomas
Published: April 2010

This article describes and presents initial empirical tests of a theory that links values, beliefs, attitudes, and behavior within a preference construction framework that emphasizes the activation of personal environmental norms. Environmental concern is related to egoistic, social‐altruistic, and biospheric value orientations and also to beliefs about the consequences of environmental changes for valued objects. Two studies generally support the hypothesized relationships and demonstrate links to the broader theory of values. However, the biospheric value orientation postulated in the theoretical literature on environmentalism does not differentiate from social‐altruism in a general population sample. Results are discussed in terms of value change, the role of social structural factors (including gender) in environmentalism, theories of risk perception, and the mobilization strategies of social movements, including environmental justice movements.
Balancing Personal Needs with Environmental Preservation: Identifying the Values that Guide Decisions in Ecological Dilemmas
Authors: Axelrod Lawrence
Published: April 2010

A taxonomy of values that specifies three domains (i.e., economic, social, and universal) was developed and used to explore the influence personal values have on people's decisions when placed in ecological dilemmas. Hypothetical scenarios, which pitted economic need against environmental preservation, were used to elicit individual decisions. The influence of economic and social conditions was also experimentally tested. Results from 144 University students show that subjects who embrace a universal value orientation were consistently more prone to endorse environmentally protective actions than were economically‐oriented subjects. The decisions of socially‐oriented subjects varied according to the “social justice” aspect of the situation. Furthermore, only the decisions of economically‐oriented subjects were influenced by changes in the economic condition of the situation. Implications for contending with current ecological dilemmas are discussed.
Issues in Workplace Sexual Harassment Law and Related Social Science Research
Authors: Burns Sarah E.
Published: April 2010

The law governing sexual harassment in the workplace defines sexual harassment as unwelcome, sex‐based conduct that renders harm through work interactions or creation of a hostile work environment. Unresolved legal issues remain concerning the amount and kind of proof required to establish certain elements of a sexual harassment claim and relating to an employer's legal responsibility for sexually harassing conduct by someone other than a managing or supervisory employee. Problems also arise in applying the law to the factual circumstances of a specific case, testing the credibility of the parties' claims and proof, conceptualizing relief, and valuing damage. Social science research (including major contributions in this volume) provides important guidance for both the legal and factual determination of a sexual harassment claim. Drawing primarily from federal employment discrimination statutory and case law, the author describes the proof required to establish a claim of workplace sexual harassment, delineates the primary areas of controversy in the law, and discusses the contribution that social science research has made and can make to legal analyses.
Merely a Defense? The Variety of Religious Means and Ends
Authors: Pargament Kenneth I. , Park Crystal L.
Published: April 2010

This paper examines the validity of the view that religion is a defense, a mechanism designed to reduce tension by avoiding a threatening situation rather than confronting it. Empirical and theoretical literature is reviewed suggesting that tension reduction is one but not the only motivation for religious involvement. Additional evidence also indicates that religion is not simply a form of denial, not merely a passive form of coping, and not solely associated with resistance to social change. In contrast to the religion as defense stereotype, religion appears to serve many different purposes and does so in many different ways. It may be more helpful to think of religion as a way of coping, effectively or ineffectively, with life's most difficult problems than as a defensive reaction to trouble. This more differentiated perspective leads to more refined questions about the factors that determine the shape of religion. It also underscores the need for a greater appreciation of the potentially helpful and harmful roles religion can play in the life of the individual and the community. Finally, it points to new opportunities for collaboration between those psychological and religious communities that share a respect for diversity, the dignity of the individual, and social justice.
In the Name of God: A Profile of Religion‐Related Child Abuse
Authors: Bottoms Bette L. , Shaver Phillip R. , Goodman Gail S. , Qin Jianjian
Published: April 2010

Religious beliefs can foster, encourage, and justify child abuse, yet religious motivations for child abuse and neglect have been virtually ignored in social science research. In this article, we examine cases of religion‐related child abuse reported to mental health professionals nationwide. In particular, we describe in statistical detail cases involving the withholding of medical care for religious reasons, abuse related to attempts to rid a child of evil, and abuse perpetrated by persons with religious authority such as ministers and priests. We argue that society should protect children's rights and welfare whenever these are threatened by religious beliefs and practices.
Religion and Well‐Being in Aging Persons in an Aging Society
Authors: McFadden Susan H.
Published: April 2010

Religion's effects upon well‐being in later life should be considered separately from other points in the life span because older persons demonstrate the highest levels of religious participation of any age group, religious institutions frequently offer services of various kinds to elders, and religious traditions articulate values about aging that support well‐being. Although it has been suggested that religion can sometimes adversely affect the well‐being of older people, many empirical studies find a salutary effect of religion on late‐life well‐being. Findings about religion's positive effects upon older adults' well‐being have implications for social service agencies, long‐term care facilities, educational institutions, health care services, and congregations.
Perspectives on Obedience to Authority: The Legacy of the Milgram Experiments
Authors: Miller Arthur G. , Collins Barry E. , Brief Diana E.
Published: April 2010

The experiments of Stanley Milgram on obedience to authority have achieved a truly remarkable visibility, one that is rare in the social sciences. Although conducted over 30 years ago, Milgram's research is currently one of the most widely cited programs of studies in psychology. From their inception, the obedience studies have also been controversial. For many, they reveal something very illuminating about human nature. They have also been, however, the recipient of scathing ethical and methodological criticism. While the controversial features of Milgram's research have been well documented, the substantive core of Milgram's concern, namely obedience to malevolent authority, has not received correspondingly careful attention. The main objectives of the articles in this issue are to track the progress of the impact of the obedience research in contemporary research and thought, and to suggest directions for the future. This introduction to the present issue provides an empirical and conceptual overview of Milgram's research and concludes by highlighting some major themes in the papers to follow.
Constructions of the Obedience Experiments: A Focus Upon Domains of Relevance
Authors: Miller Arthur G.
Published: April 2010

The significance of the Milgram obedience experiments resides inevitably in the constructions of these studies—in the meaning and interpretations that this research holds for students and researchers. This paper reviews these constructions, with an emphasis upon the domains of relevance that have been associated with the obedience experiments. Considered first are issues bearing on the internal validity of the obedience paradigm. A brief historical excursion then examines Hannah Arendt's thesis of the “banality of evil,” a thesis with a powerful and controversial legacy of its own. To understand what those who are encountering the Milgram experiments for the first time are learning, I consider next the manner in which the ecological validity of the obedience research is discussed in contemporary texts. The paper concludes with a review of recent conceptual analyses of evil from the perspective of the obedience experiments.
Crimes of Obedience and Conformity in the Workplace: Surveys of Americans, Russians, and Japanese
Authors: Hamilton V. Lee , Sanders Joseph
Published: April 2010

One outgrowth of Milgram's (1974) research is the study of public opinion about obedience norms. Extending Kelman and Hamilton's (1989) research on crimes of obedience in the military, this article explores crimes of obedience and crimes of conformity in the workplace. Random samples of the residents of Washington, DC, Moscow, Russia, and Tokyo, Japan were presented four vignettes about organizational wrongdoing. Manipulations included the influence situation (autonomy, conformity, or obedience) and the actor's position in the hierarchy (subordinate vs. midlevel authority). As expected, the actor's responsibility was greatest when he acted autonomously or was an authority. In addition, authorities were excused less than subordinates for having conformed or obeyed. Impacts of both influence situation and hierarchy were larger in Japan and Russia than in the United States.
The Role of Interaction Sequences and the Timing of Resistance in Shaping Obedience and Defiance to Authority
Authors: Modigliani Andre , Rochat François
Published: April 2010

Explanations of Milgram's findings have traditionally focused on a priori qualities of the situation and/or the actors, which are presumed to operate more or less simultaneously to produce obedience or defiance. Such a perspective largely overlooks the unfolding and evolving nature of both obedience and defiance. This article develops a contrasting, sequential model. A specific hypothesis is advanced: The sooner in the course of the experiment a subject begins to show notable resistance, the more likely he will be to end up defiant. Reanalysis of data collected by Milgram for his “Bridgeport” condition supports this hypothesis. The effects of early resistance are discussed in terms of two processes: (a) An interpersonal process that works to jam the authority's prods and break the momentum he imparts to the interaction; and (b) a psychological process that works to erode the subject's rationalization for continuing and spurs him to search for justification for stopping.
Obedience in Modern Society: The Utrecht Studies
Authors: Meeus Wim H. J. , Raaijmakers Quinten A. W.
Published: April 2010

The Utrecht Studies on Obedience, a series of 19 experiments, demonstrated that obedience is extremely high when the violence to be exerted is a contemporary form of mediated violence, and remains high even when the subjects receive detailed information about the task in advance. Observation of the subjects and analysis of data from questionnaires and the debriefing show that the subject's attitude to the experimenter's commands is critical to very critical, and that they found it unpleasant and stressful to carry out the task. This stress was not, however, sufficient to make the subjects disobedient. They attempted to hide their stress from the victim and to act as if nothing was wrong, displaying the behavior of an official. The explanation for the high level of obedience should not be sought in the inability of the subjects to resist the scientific authority (see the results of the condition of Legal Liability), but in their attitude to social institutions and their distant relationship with fellow citizens. Active role playing offers an attractive opportunity for ethically acceptable obedience research.
Releasing the Beast: A Study of Compliance with Orders to Use Race as a Selection Criterion
Authors: Brief Arthur P. , Buttram Robert T. , Elliott Jodi D. , Reizenstein Robin M. , McCline Richard L.
Published: April 2010

Largely drawing on the findings and reasoning of Milgram (1974), a laboratory experiment was conducted to assess the impact of authoritative directives and actor observability on the use of race as a selection criterion in hiring. A significant main effect for instructions was found, suggesting that, when told by a superior to do so, members of organizations may use race as a criterion in making hiring decisions. The precise form of this compliance effect varied, however, as a function of the type of dependent variable under consideration [attitudinal (i.e., ratings of Black job candidates) vs. behavioral (i.e., number of Black candidates chosen for final job interviews)]. No effects for actor observability were detected. These results are discussed in terms of their theoretical, methodological, and practical implications in regard to organizational wrongdoing, particularly institutional racism.
The Ordinary Quality of Resistance: From Milgram's Laboratory to the Village of Le Chambon
Authors: Rochat François , Modigliani Andre
Published: April 2010

According to Hannah Arendt's banality of evil thesis, endorsed by Milgram, it is possible for ordinary people to perform horrendous deeds when these are rendered routine and morally neutral through a framework of legitimate authority. But such a view of human capacities does nothing to explain the actions of equally ordinary people who defied authorities to rescue potential victims during the Holocaust. This article formulates a contrasting but noncontradictory conception—the ordinariness of goodness—and illustrates it by examining closely how the people of the French village of Le Chambon managed, during World War II, to resist the efforts of Vichy authorities to induce them to participate in the persecution of minority peoples, thereby enabling them to save thousands of refugees. Notable features of their resistance are then compared to the ordinary behavior of some of Milgram's disobedient subjects.
Priorities for a Sustainable Future: The Role of Education, the Media, and Tax Reform
Authors: Corson Walter H.
Published: April 2010

Current trends in environmental degradation and social disorder raise serious questions about the long‐term viability of ecological and social systems. To address effectively the range of problems we face, changes in values and beliefs, and in economic, social, and political practices will be necessary. These needed changes are summarized, along with actions that could help initiate them. Twelve priority actions are considered in terms of how they could alleviate the problems and how the actions could be implemented. Ecological and societal literacy may be necessary conditions for change, ecological tax reform may be an important intermediate step, and social marketing media campaigns could catalyze behavioral change and facilitate progress toward a sustainable future.
Changes in Euro‐American Values Needed for Sustainability
Authors: Clark Mary E.
Published: April 2010

The worldview that gives rise to contemporary Euro‐American values is examined and found to be no longer adaptive. The problem is traced to some of the subconscious beliefs and assumptions that underlie that worldview. In particular, our beliefs about “human nature,” about the causes of “scarcity,” and about the nature of “progress,” are questioned, and the ways these beliefs have led to socially and environmentally destructive institutions are traced. Sustainability, which requires both ecological awareness and sensitivity to human social needs, will depend on replacing maladaptive assumptions with others: namely, that humans are not naturally selfish, but are prosocial; that scarcity for humans is not primarily a condition of Nature, but is culturally caused; and that progress means not growing bigger or more complex, but adapting to change. These new beliefs will lead to new, more adaptive values and institutions.
Toward a Just and Sustainable Economic Order
Authors: Cobb John B.
Published: April 2010

The present global system aims at economic integration for the sake of maximizing “growth” as measured by the gross national product (GNP). This leads to sustained efforts to destroy all national barriers to trade and to make all people interdependent. The results are widespread injustice and unsustainable pressures on the environment. The Brundtland Commission's proposal of “sustainable development,” which involves expanding the entire economy five‐ to tenfold, will not work. Increasing the GNP does not correspond well with improving economic welfare, much less with social well‐being. Realizing this noncorrespondence may make it possible to develop an economic order that is geared to meeting the needs of people rather than increasing production. Such an economy would be decentralized and organized from the bottom up.
On Promoting a Sustainable Future Through Consumer Activism
Authors: Friedman Monroe
Published: April 2010

This empirical study attempted to advance knowledge of consumer activist efforts to secure a sustainable future. The study focused on 12 environmental protection boycotts and 12 animal rights boycotts. In each instance, a representative of the boycott group and a representative of the targeted corporation were interviewed about the boycott particulars and consequences. Two noteworthy findings of the study are (1) almost all of the boycotts were media‐oriented rather than marketplace‐oriented, and (2) most of the boycotts were not successful in realizing their objectives. Implications of the findings are discussed for ecological change agents seeking to influence corporate policies and practices.
An Introduction to Social Psychological Perspectives on Grassroots Organizing
Authors: Wittig Michele Andrisin
Published: April 2010

The primary goals of this issue of the journal are to advance our understanding of the mobilization and empowerment of people who organize locally for social change and to identify strategies for initiating and sustaining such grassroots activism. A secondary aim is to encourage the use of action research in this domain. The author defines grassroots organizing and explains its suitability for social psychological analysis at the individual, interpersonal, collective, and cultural levels. Action research as a strategy for studying grassroots participation is considered. To situate the present volume in its intellectual context, the author outlines prior related perspectives on collective action. The article concludes with summaries of the remaining articles in the present volume.
Psychological Issues in Euthanasia, Suicide, and Assisted Suicide
Authors: Lester David
Published: April 2010

This paper reviews various life‐ending techniques such as euthanasia, suicide, and assisted suicide in order to better address the psychological issues related to these actions. Specific attention is paid to investigating when a death is deemed to be appropriate and the role that the level of appropriateness should play in the decisions of individuals to terminate a life. In addition, a number of additional psychological concepts such as locus of control and subjective norms are examined in terms of their importance for decisions regarding euthanasia and suicide.
Cross‐Cultural Research on Euthanasia and Abortion
Authors: Lee Yueh‐Ting , Kleinbach Russ , Hu Pei‐Cheng , Peng Zu‐Zhi , Chen Xiang‐Yang
Published: April 2010

Based on cross‐cultural studies of euthanasia and abortion, we hypothesized that attitudes toward euthanasia and abortion were socioculturally determined. Using a 2 × 2 factorial design, we examined the effects of culture (America and China) and type of death (infanticide and geronticide). We found that students from the American culture were less likely to favor infanticide than those from the Chinese culture, and that students from the People's Republic of China believed infanticide to be more common and more prevalent than geronticide in Chinese society. Finally, we found that education, judgment of population density, and traditional family values were related to attitudes toward euthanasia, abortion, and female infanticide in the Chinese, but not in the American, culture.
The Contributions of Social Science to Family Policy
Authors: Rosenberg Allison A. , Limber Susan P.
Published: April 2010

This article defines family policy as the subset of domestic policy, programs, and legislation concerned with strengthening the integrity and the viability of families with dependent children, including both single‐ and two‐parent families. The article examines the legal context of U.S. family policy as well as the political history of U.S. family policy from 1965 to 1996. The contributions that social scientists have to make in policy formulation are noted. This article ends by previewing the accompanying articles, which collectively constitute a Journal of Social Issues treatment of family policy. Those articles are grouped into three broad areas of family policy (family structure, work, and health) representing the range of policies that affect the formation and dissolution of families and the health and economic well‐being of family members.
Lesbian and Gay Families with Children: Implications of Social Science Research for Policy
Authors: Patterson Charlotte J. , Redding Richard E.
Published: April 2010

In this paper, we provide an overview of variability across jurisdictions in family law relevant to lesbian and gay parents and their children, showing that some courts have been negatively disposed to these families. We summarize recent research findings suggesting that lesbian and gay parents are as likely as are heterosexual parents to provide home environments that support positive outcomes among children. Research findings suggest that unless and until the weight of evidence can be shown to have shifted, parental sexual orientation should be considered irrelevant to disputes involving child custody, visitation, foster care, and adoption.
A Revolution in Family Life: The Political and Social Structural Impact of China's One Child Policy
Authors: Rosenberg B. G. , Jing Qicheng
Published: April 2010

The present article examines the need for family policy, acknowledging its potentially invasive nature and emphasizing its profound impact on extended areas such as health, education, the status of women, and national economies. Using the enormous problem of overpopulation in China, the earth's most populous nation, we detail the problem, its development, and family policy as the Chinese government's response (the one‐child mandate) to the problem. We then explore the policy's subsequent impact on families, socialization practices, cultural values, the status of women, and even its potential impact on the system of government. We caution that the problem is not simply an intellectual exercise, but has its counterpart in the marked trend to smaller families in the West. In addition, we examine preliminary evidence that the only child condition produces some personality similarities in China and the West. The scientific literature and newspaper accounts reflect what we know and the many questions that remain.
The Role of Employers in Addressing the Needs of Employed Parents
Authors: Galinsky Ellen , Bond James T. , Friedman Dana E.
Published: April 2010

This paper examines life on and off the job for a nationally representative sample of 2958 wage and salaried workers, comparing the situations of parent and nonparent employees within the sample. Although parent and nonparent employees were found to be quite similar in most respects, some notable differences were revealed—in the value they place on different benefits and workplace policies; in the extent of the sacrifices they have made in their family/personal lives for the sake of their jobs or careers, and vice versa; and in the time they have available off the job for themselves and with their spouses after completing household chores and fulfilling child care responsibilities. In addition, parent employees exhibited significantly poorer quality of life outcomes than nonparents—higher levels of conflict between work and family I personal life, more stress, and less effective coping. Analyses designed to identify the workplace conditions under which employed parents fared better found that parents had better outcomes (less conflict, less stress, and better coping) when they had jobs with greater autonomy, more schedule control, fewer demands, and greater security. Parents also fared better when they had more supportive workplaces—more supportive supervisors, more supportive workplace cultures, and opportunities for job advancement that were not inhibited by gender or race. In contrast, access to policies, programs, and fringe benefits specifically intended to be family friendly—flexible time and leave policies and dependent care assistance—was not associated with lower levels of work‐family conflict, and only slightly predictive of lower stress and better coping.
Gender, Children, and Social Labor: Transcending the “Family Wage” Dilemma
Authors: Carlson Allan C.
Published: April 2010

The “family wage”—or the bending of market signals and the labor force to accommodate marriage, gender roles, and children—has bedeviled political economists and policymakers for two centuries. This article reviews the treatment accorded family bonds in a competitive economy and outlines the quest for a family wage by working class families. After analyzing the feminist critique of the concept, the article shows how the family wage actually held corporate and state power in balance, relative to the family, from the 1840s through the 1960s. It also offers an original numerical measure of the scope of the American family wage during the 1950–1970 period, and charts its decline thereafter. The article proposes changes in income support, taxation, and regulatory policies that could deliver the benefits of a family wage while avoiding systemic gender discrimination.
The Role of Neighbors and the Government in Neighborhood‐Based Child Protection
Authors: Korbin Jill E. , Coulton Claudia J.
Published: April 2010

This paper addresses the policy recommendation that child protection efforts be reoriented to the neighborhood level. Residents of neighborhoods with varying rates of reported child maltreatment were questioned as to the roles of neighbors and/or the government in preventing child abuse and neglect. Residents in all neighborhoods were more optimistic that neighbors could prevent child maltreatment than they were about government action. Actions by neighbors involved reporting and providing assistance. There was less certainty about what the government could or should do. While reporting of child maltreatment was viewed as an important responsibility that could prevent serious harm and even death, neighborhood residents felt this responsibility was compromised by the potential of retaliation from neighborhood adults and children. Because economic and social conditions are inextricably bound together, child maltreatment prevention programs must be embedded within comprehensive efforts to strengthen communities.
Children of Seropositive Mothers in the U.S. AIDS Epidemic
Authors: Gardner William , Preator Karleen
Published: April 2010

Seven to ten thousand American children are orphaned each year when their mothers die from AIDS. AIDS‐affected families with children have four acute needs. First, many parents with AIDS are indigent with no prospect of employment, and need welfare or disability‐based income support. Second, parents need accessible and affordable health care for themselves and their children. Third, parents need legal services to secure the custody and guardianship of their children. Finally, many orphaned children require placements in homes through foster care and adoptive systems. Current legislative initiatives have proposed to change federal entitlement spending programs in ways that could make it less likely that AIDS‐affected families would receive these safety‐net services.
Affirmative Action, Fairness, and the Scope of Justice
Authors: Opotow Susan
Published: April 2010

Affirmative action programs have been controversial since their inception in 1965. This commentary examines the confusing justice claims advanced by opponents and proponents of affirmative action by proposing three justice questions that underpin the fairness debate: (1) Are affirmative action's target groups (women and people of color) inside one's scope of justice and therefore entitled to fair treatment? (2) Have the target groups achieved parity with other societal groups? (3) Is affirmative action procedurally fair? The first two questions concern distributive justice and emerge from commentators' beliefs and assessments of target groups' inclusion in the personal and societal scope of justice. The third question concerns procedural justice and emerges from commentators' beliefs about effective and appropriate processes. This commentary describes the scope of justice, the factors that cause it to change over time, its application to the affirmative action controversy, and presents a table that helps untangle the confusing justice claims in the affirmative action debate.
How Affirmative Action Can Pass Consitutional and Social Psychological Muster
Authors: Nacoste Rupert W.
Published: April 2010

The United States Supreme Court has ruled on the constitutionality of a number of affirmative action cases. An analysis of the reasoning used in the most significant cases shows that to formulate its decision, the Court has relied on an implicit theory of the psychology of affirmative action. Based on the judicial principle of “strict scrutiny,” the implicit theory is that use of group membership in a selection procedure causes the “reinforcement of common group stereotypes.” That theory is at odds with the conditions specified for reinforcement of common group stereotypes by formal theory and research on the social psychology of affirmative action procedures. The scientific work indicates that there are procedural conditions that the Court would find social psychologically acceptable and thus constitutionally acceptable.
Thermochemistry and Crystallization of Glass‐Forming Y‐Substituted Sr‐Analogues of Fresnoite (Sr2TiSi2O8)
Authors: Park Tae‐Jin , Navrotsky Alexandra
Published: April 2010

Strontium titanosilicate (Sr2TiSi2O8) is the Sr‐analogue of fresnoite (Ba2TiSi2O8). It may provide useful properties due to the unusual five‐coordinate titanium in its structure. Sr2TiSi2O8 is also a possible oxide form for the immobilization of short‐lived fission products in radioactive waste. Through β decay, strontium decays to yttrium and then to zirconium. Therefore, not only the stability of Sr‐loaded waste forms but also that of a potential decay product series with charge‐balance in a naturally occurring mineral or ceramic is of fundamental importance. To incorporate the reaction 3Sr2+=2Y3++vacancy in the fresnoite composition, Y‐substituted Sr‐analogues of fresnoite, (Sr2−xY2/3x)TiSi2O8 (x=0, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, and 1.5) were prepared by a high‐temperature synthesis and were found to form glass upon cooling. The Y‐end‐member (Y1.33TiSi2O8, x=2) crystallized to a mixture of Y2TiSiO7, TiO2, and SiO2 upon quenching in air. The enthalpies of formation of Y‐substituted Sr‐fresnoite glasses were obtained from drop solution calorimetry in a molten lead borate (2PbO·B2O3) solvent at 702°C. The enthalpies of formation from constituent oxides were exothermic but become less so with increasing Y content. The enthalpy of vitrification of Sr2TiSi2O8 composition was measured to be 68.5 ± 6.2 kJ/mol. The thermodynamic stability of the Y‐substituted Sr‐analogue of crystalline fresnoite may become marginal with increasing yttrium content. Their ready glass formation, even in the absence of radiation, suggests that amorphous phases may dominate as the Sr‐ and Cs‐containing waste forms decay.
Erbium and Ytterbium Codoped Titanoniobophosphate Glasses for Ion‐Exchange‐Based Planar Waveguides
Authors: Bozelli José Carlos , Nunes Luiz Antonio de Oliveira , Sigoli Fernando Aparecido , Mazali Italo Odone
Published: April 2010

This work presents the optical properties of erbium‐doped and erbium/ytterbium codoped Na2O–Al2O3–TiO2–Nb2O5–P2O5 glass systems and also the characterization of planar waveguides obtained by typical thermally assisted Ag+↔Na+ ion‐exchange process. The glass systems allow the preparation of single mode and multimode planar waveguides presenting a strong and relatively broad emission at 1536 nm. The emission signal in the infrared region is intensified for silver‐containing samples when compared with free‐silver samples. The emission signal intensification may be attributed to a nonplasmonic energy transfer from silver species to Er3+ ions as no bands related to surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of silver nanoparticles were observed.
A Mediator's Dilemma: Acknowledging or Disregarding Stance Displays
Authors: Glenn Phillip
Published: April 2010

Mediators must strike a balance. On the one hand, they must direct participants' talk toward possible agreement. On the other hand, they must be sensitive and responsive to participants' evident stance (including affect and point of view) toward what is happening. In a case study of a videotaped, actual small claims court mediation session, several moments in which these competing constraints appear evident in the talk are analyzed. One participant (the landlord in a housing dispute) provides repeated indicators of his stance. The mediator disregards several of these. Finally, in a private caucus session, he acknowledges the landlord's stance. Understanding how talk works in such moments can help mediators respond sensitively to participants while maintaining impartiality and guiding the mediation process.
Panacea or Snake Oil? Interest‐Based Bargaining in the U.S. Airline and Rail Industries
Authors: Miller Jane K. , Farmer Kevin P. , Miller Daniel J. , Peters Linda M.
Published: April 2010

This study of interest‐based bargaining (IBB) examined past usage, current preferences, and future intentions to use this approach in U.S. airline and railroad labor negotiations. Based on a survey of eighty‐four union and management chief negotiators, we found that the personal attributes of the chief negotiator (orientation toward relationships, personal conflict handling style, and competency in IBB approaches) were strong predictors of the past use of IBB. However, personal affinities and styles became irrelevant as experience with IBB accumulated. The negotiator's preferences for IBB in general were strongly correlated to his or her awareness of other carriers' and unions' experiences with IBB, as well as to his or her own direct experience. The negotiator's intention to use IBB in the future was also related to the quality of the contract personally obtained through IBB practices. The study also revealed the unpopularity of IBB among labor negotiators relative to their management counterparts.
A Theory Matrix for Mediators
Authors: Zariski Archie
Published: April 2010

The author uses a behavioral perspective to survey theory that may be useful in mediation. He notes the lack of diffusion of knowledge of theory among practitioners and argues that mediators should pay more explicit attention to theory. He presents a matrix comprising the behavioral factors of perception, emotion, cognition, communication, and intervention at the micro, meso, and macro levels of conflict and uses this matrix to organize and review some mediation theories. Several types of intervention theory are identified: integrated, generic, dialectical, developmental, and dialogical. The article closes by posing some outstanding theoretical issues and questioning whether current mediator training programs are adequate to bridge the gap between theory and practice.
The Past, Present, and Future of Mediation as Seen through the Eyes of Some of Its Founders
Authors: Goldberg Stephen B. , Shaw Margaret L.
Published: April 2010

This article is drawn from interviews with thirty‐one of mediation's “founders,” those pioneers who began mediating in the 1970s and 1980s, when the field was young. They describe what first attracted them to mediation and why they have remained active in the field. Some told us that they have found it to be both intellectually challenging and interpersonally satisfying to assist disputing parties in their search for a mutually acceptable resolution they could not find on their own. Others see mediation's collaborative approach to decision making as a means of bringing about social and political change that might be otherwise unattainable. The mediators also described the changes they have observed since they entered the field: mediation's dramatic growth, institutionalization in the judicial system, and market domination by lawyers and retired judges. Among the concerns they expressed were the prevalence of a mediation model that focuses primarily on the legal strengths and weaknesses of each party's position, and the dollar amount that should resolve the dispute, with little interest in creative outcomes. Other concerns are a lack of quality control of mediators and trainers, and unproductive debate about whether the “correct” approach to mediation is evaluative, facilitative, or transformative. The mediators who work on public policy matters, including environmental disputes, were the most positive about the opportunity for creativity in their work, considerably more so than those mediators whose practice is primarily business/commercial. The mediators' views of the future of mediation are remarkably similar — their general sense is that the type of mediation that takes place in the shadow of the courts is likely to increase and to become even more routinized than it is at present. Several respondents told us that they also expect to see substantial growth in the use of mediation to resolve public policy issues. Many of these mediators predicted that this type of mediation is likely to be carried out by organizational insiders, rather than outside interveners. As one mediator said, “Maybe there's a new set of mediation roles for people within traditional institutions, not just for free‐standing neutrals.”
Formalin fixation and immunoreactivity in prostate cancer and benign prostatic tissues
Authors: JARAJ SARA JONMARKER , EGEVAD LARS
Published: April 2010

Jaraj SJ, Egevad L. Formalin fixation and immunoreactivity in prostate cancer and benign prostatic tissue. APMIS 2010; 118: 383–8.

For better fixation, formalin injection of radical prostatectomy (RP) specimens has been suggested. We aimed to assess its effect on immunoreactivity using immunohistochemistry (IHC). A tissue microarray of cancer and benign tissues from 42 RP specimens was constructed. Twenty‐one of the prostates had been injected with formalin prior to formalin immersion. IHC staining was performed using 15 antibodies, including nuclear and cytoplasmic markers known to be positive in prostate tissue: pan cytokeratin, P504S, high molecular weight (HMW) keratin, PSA, vimentin, actin HHF35, thioredoxin‐1, peroxiredoxin‐2, PDX‐1, BAX, p27, androgen receptor (AR) and heat shock proteins (HSP) 27, 60 and 70. Differences in staining intensity in cancer and benign tissues were compared separately except for HMW keratin. Only 7 of 29 analyses showed significant differences between groups, including 5 of 15 antibodies. The expression of AR and HSP 27 was stronger in formalin‐injected tissue, while the opposite was true for HSP 60, HSP 70 and peroxiredoxin‐2. For most antibodies, formalin injection does not significantly affect immunoreactivity in prostate tissue. The staining variability caused by inter‐ and intratumoral heterogeneity may be greater than that caused by the fixation method.
Mutational analysis of mononucleotide repeats in dual specificity tyrosine phosphatase genes in gastric and colon carcinomas with microsatellite instability
Authors: SONG SANG YONG , KANG MI RAN , YOO NAM JIN , LEE SUG HYUNG
Published: April 2010

Song SY, Kang MR, Yoo NJ, Lee SH. Mutational analysis of mononucleotide repeats in dual specificity tyrosine phosphatase genes in gastric and colon carcinomas with microsatellite instability. APMIS 2010; 118: 389–93.

Coordinated protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are crucial in the regulation of cell signaling, and disruption of the coordination is known to play important roles in cancer development. Recent reports revealed that classical protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP)‐encoded genes are somatically mutated in human colorectal cancer. However, data on dual specificity phosphatase (DPTP) gene mutations in human cancers are lacking. By analyzing a public genomic database, we found that five DPTP genes, CDC14A, MTM1, MTMR3, SSH1, and SSH2, have mononucleotide repeats in their coding DNA sequences. To see whether these genes are mutated in cancers with microsatellite instability (MSI), we analyzed the mononucleotide repeats in 26 gastric cancers (GC) with MSI (MSI‐H), 12 GC with low MSI (MSI‐L), 45 GC with stable MSI (MSS), 33 colorectal cancers (CRC) with MSI‐H, 14 CRC with MSI‐L, and 45 CRC with MSS by single‐strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP). We found CDC14A and MTMR3 mutations in five and one cancer (s), respectively. These mutations were detected in MSI‐H cancers, but not in MSI‐L or MSS cancers. The GC and CRC with MSI‐H harbored the mutations in 15% and 6%, respectively. The CDC14A and MTMR3 mutations detected in the GC and CRC were deletion or duplication mutations of one base in the nucleotide repeats that would result in premature stops of the amino acid syntheses. Our data show that frameshift mutations of DPTP genes in MSI‐H cancers occur at moderate frequencies. The data suggested that alterations in the CDC14A and MTMR3 genes may play a role in the development of GC and CRC with MSI‐H by deregulating phosphatase functions possibly together with mutations of classical PTP genes.