bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Autonomous Portable Solar Ultraviolet Spectroradiometer (APSUS) – a New CCD Spectrometer System for Localized, Real‐Time Solar Ultraviolet (280–400 nm) Radiation Measurement
Authors: Hooke Rebecca , Pearson Andy , O'Hagan John
Published: January 2014

Terrestrial solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation has significant implications for human health and increasing levels are a key concern regarding the impact of climate change. Monitoring solar UV radiation at the earth's surface is therefore of increasing importance. A new prototype portable CCD (charge‐coupled device) spectrometer‐based system has been developed that monitors UV radiation (280–400 nm) levels at the earth's surface. It has the ability to deliver this information to the public in real time. Since the instrument can operate autonomously, it is called the Autonomous Portable Solar Ultraviolet Spectroradiometer (APSUS). This instrument incorporates an Ocean Optics QE65000 spectrometer which is contained within a robust environmental housing. The APSUS system can gather reliable solar UV spectral data from approximately April to October inclusive (depending on ambient temperature) in the UK. In this study the new APSUS unit and APSUS system are presented. Example solar UV spectra and diurnal UV Index values as measured by the APSUS system in London and Weymouth in the UK in summer 2012 are shown.
Coadministration of protoxin Cry1Ac from Bacillus thuringiensis with metacestode extract confers protective immunity to murine cysticercosis
Authors: Ibarra‐Moreno S. , García‐Hernández A. L. , Moreno‐Fierros L.
Published: January 2014

The Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac protoxin (pCry1Ac) is a promising mucosal immunogen and adjuvant that induces protective immunity against Naegleria fowleri and malaria infection models. We determined whether pCry1Ac acted as a protective adjuvant against infection with Taenia crassiceps. BALB/C mice were thrice i.p. immunized with (i) pCry1Ac, (ii) metacestode extract, (iii) extract + pCry1Ac or (iv) vehicle, challenged with metacestodes on day 26 and then sacrificed 35 days later. Cysticerci in the peritoneal cavity were counted, while the serum antibody response and cytokines were analysed after immunization and during infection. Only immunization with pCry1Ac plus extract conferred a significant protection (up to 47%). This group presented fluctuating antibody peaks during infection and the highest IgG1 and IgM titres. Immunization with extract alone elicited high IgG1 and the highest IgG2a responses after 25 days of infection, while nonimmunized mice presented a poor, mixed‐Th1/Th2 response during infection. Sharp peaks of TNFα and IFN‐γ occurred immediately after the first immunization with extract, especially in the presence of pCry1Ac, but not after the challenge, while in the control and pCry1Ac‐alone groups, cytokines were only detected after the challenge. The data support the protective‐adjuvant effect of co‐administration of pCry1Ac in cysticercosis.
Red blood cell antigen portrait of self‐identified Black donors in Quebec
Authors: St‐Louis M. , Constanzo‐Yanez J. , Éthier C. , Lavoie J. , Deschênes É. , Perreault J.
Published: January 2014

Objectives

The goal of this study was to establish a red blood cell antigen portrait of self‐identified Black donors for the province of Quebec, Canada.

Background

The demand for extensively phenotyped red blood cells is on the rise. A good example is the sickle cell patient cohort. To better answer their transfusion needs, Héma‐Québec put forward great efforts to increase the recruitment of donors among cultural communities.

Materials and Methods

In October 2009, an optional question was added on the record of donation to indicate the donor's ethnicity. Self‐identified Black donors were extensively phenotyped by the Immunohematology Laboratory, whereas the Research and Development team genotyped red blood cell antigens to complete the picture.

Results

Approximately 1500 self‐identified Black donors have donated blood at least once since the beginning of the programme. Genotyping results predicted rare phenotypes: 18 S−s− (3 U−, 15 U+w), 15 Js(a+b−), 5 Hy−, 3 Jo(a−), 34 hrB+w/− and 15 hrB−.

Conclusion

These Black donors, with or without a rare phenotype, are precious to the patient cohort depending on blood transfusions and to our organisation as the blood provider for the whole province of Quebec.
A pair of receptor‐like kinases is responsible for natural variation in shoot growth response to mannitol treatment in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Trontin Charlotte , Kiani Seifollah , Corwin Jason A. , Hématy Kian , Yansouni Jennifer , Kliebenstein Dan J. , Loudet Olivier
Published: January 2014

Growth is a complex trait that adapts to the prevailing conditions by integrating many internal and external signals. Understanding the molecular origin of this variation remains a challenging issue. In this study, natural variation of shoot growth under mannitol‐induced stress was analyzed by standard quantitative trait locus mapping methods in a recombinant inbred line population derived from a cross between the Col‐0 and Cvi‐0 Arabidopsis thaliana accessions. Cloning of a major QTL specific to mannitol‐induced stress condition led to identification of EGM1 and EGM2, a pair of tandem‐duplicated genes encoding receptor‐like kinases that are potentially involved in signaling of mannitol‐associated stress responses. Using various genetic approaches, we identified two non‐synonymous mutations in the EGM2[Cvi] allele that are shared by at least ten accessions from various origins and are probably responsible for a specific tolerance to mannitol. We have shown that the enhanced shoot growth phenotype contributed by the Cvi allele is not linked to generic osmotic properties but instead to a specific chemical property of mannitol itself. This result raises the question of the function of such a gene in A. thaliana, a species that does not synthesize mannitol. Our findings suggest that the receptor‐like kinases encoded by EGM genes may be activated by mannitol produced by pathogens such as fungi, and may contribute to plant defense responses whenever mannitol is present.
Three-Dimensional and 2.5 Dimensional Interconnection Technology: State of the Art
Authors: Liu Dapeng , Park Seungbae
Published: January 2014

Three-dimensional (3D) packaging with through-silicon-vias (TSVs) is an emerging technology featuring smaller package size, higher interconnection density, and better performance; 2.5D packaging using silicon interposers with TSVs is an incremental step toward 3D packaging. Formation of TSVs and interconnection between chips and/or wafers are two key enabling technologies for 3D and 2.5D packaging, and different interconnection methods in chip-to-chip, chip-to-wafer, and wafer-to-wafer schemes have been developed. This article reviews state-of-the-art interconnection technologies reported in recent technical papers. Issues such as bump formation, assembly/bonding process, as well as underfill dispensing in each interconnection type are discussed.
The Turbulent Schmidt Number
Authors: Donzis Diego A. , Aditya Konduri , Sreenivasan K. R. , Yeung P. K.
Published: January 2014

We analyze a large database generated from recent direct numerical simulations (DNS) of passive scalars sustained by a homogeneous mean gradient and mixed by homogeneous and isotropic turbulence on grid resolutions of up to 40963 and extract the turbulent Schmidt number over large parameter ranges: the Taylor microscale Reynolds number between 8 and 650 and the molecular Schmidt number between 1/2048 and 1024. While the turbulent Schmidt number shows considerable scatter with respect to the Reynolds and molecular Schmidt numbers separately, it exhibits a sensibly unique functional dependence with respect to the molecular Péclet number. The observed functional dependence is motivated by a scaling argument that is standard in the phenomenology of three-dimensional turbulence.
Draft Genome Sequence of Advenella kashmirensis Strain W13003, a Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon-Degrading Bacterium
Authors: Wang Xinxin , Jin Decai , Zhou Lisha , Wu Liang , An Wei , Zhao Lin
Published: January 2014

Advenella kashmirensis
strain W13003 is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-degrading bacterium isolated from PAH-contaminated marine sediments. Here, we report the 4.8-Mb draft genome sequence of this strain, which will provide insights into the diversity of
A. kashmirensis
and the mechanism of PAH degradation in the marine environment.
Histopathological insight of complex odontoma associated with a dentigerous cyst
Authors: Astekar Madhusudan , Manjunatha Bhari Sharanesha , Kaur Prabhpreet , Singh Jappreet
Published: January 2014

Odontomas and dentigerous cysts are common findings for practicing dental professionals. However, simultaneous occurrence of pathologies like odontoma and dentigerous cyst are uncommon and their diagnosis based on the radiographic appearance alone is a challenge to overcome. They together are a potential for complications like attaining large size, root resorption, destruction of the jaw bones and sometimes neoplastic changes like ameloblastoma. This paper presents a case of complex odontoma associated with dentigerous cyst in relation to a retained deciduous tooth in the maxillary anterior region and confirming its diagnosis histopathologically.
The effect of bumetanide treatment on the sensory behaviours of a young girl with Asperger syndrome
Authors: Grandgeorge Marine , Lemonnier Eric , Degrez Céline , Jallot Nelle
Published: January 2014

Sensory behaviours were not considered as core features of autism spectrum disorders until recently. However, they constitute an important part of the observed symptoms that result in social maladjustment and are currently quite difficult to treat. One promising strategy for the treatment of these behaviours is the use of bumetanide, which was previously shown to reduce the severity of autism spectrum disorders. In this study, we proposed to evaluate sensory behaviours using Dunn's Sensory Profile after 18 months of bumetanide treatment in a 10-year-old girl with Asperger syndrome. Reported improvements covered a large range of sensory behaviours, including auditory, vestibular, tactile, multisensory and oral sensory processing. Although our results were limited to a single case report, we believe that our clinical observations warrant clinical trials to test the long-term efficacy of bumetanide to manage the sensory behaviours of people with autism spectrum disorders.
The timing of sedimentation and Buchan metamorphism in the Grampian Terrane in Scotland from
40
Ar/
39
Ar apparent age spectra
Authors: Stenhouse Iona R. , Forster Marnie A. , Lister Gordon S.
Published: January 2014

New
40
Ar/
39
Ar geochronological data from the Buchan and Barrovian metamorphic sequences on the NE coast of Scotland have been obtained from
in vacuo
step-heating experiments conducted on white mica extracted from seven samples. The results confirm the synchronous formation of the Barrovian and Buchan metamorphic sequences, with the
40
Ar/
39
Ar apparent age spectra obtained for samples of andalusite grade and higher recording a range of ages between 470.4 ± 1.8 and 464.6 ± 1.3 Ma. These ages are close to the accepted age for peak metamorphism during the Grampian Orogeny,
c.
470 Ma, whereas
40
Ar/
39
Ar apparent age spectra of white mica from the lower grade cordierite zone near Banff preserve pre-Grampian detrital ages. In these spectra an age of
c.
560 Ma is recorded. This indicates that a tectonothermal event occurred at
c.
560 Ma and may provide further insight into the timing of sedimentation. These samples also preserve evidence of ages older than 750 Ma.

Supplementary material:

40
Ar/
39
Ar step-heating data tables for all samples, data from analyses of flux monitors, determination of correction factors and mass discrimination used for data reduction and
40
Ar/
39
Ar step-heating spectra and inverse isochron plots from each sample are available at
www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18723
.
Altered expression and function of canalicular transporters during early development of cholestatic liver injury in Abcb4-deficient mice
Authors: Cai Shi-Ying , Mennone Albert , Soroka Carol J. , Boyer James L.
Published: January 2014

Deficiency of ABCB4 is associated with several forms of cholestasis in humans. Abcb4−/− mice also develop cholestasis, but it remains uncertain what role other canalicular transporters play in the development of this disease. We examined the expression of these transporters in Abcb4−/− mice compared with their wild-type littermate controls at ages of 10 days and 3, 6, and 12 wk. Elevated plasma bile acid levels were already detected at 10 days and at all ages thereafter in Abcb4−/− mice. The expression of Bsep, Mrp2, Atp8b1, Abcg5, and Abcg8 liver proteins did not change at 10 days, but Bsep, Mrp2, and Atp8b1 were reduced, whereas Abcg5 and Abcg8 expression were increased in Abcb4−/− mice at all later ages. Lower bile acid concentrations were also detected in the bile of 6-wk-old Abcb4−/− mice. Immunofluorescence labeling revealed distorted canalicular architecture in the liver tissue by 12 wk in Abcb4−/− mice. Whereas Bsep and Mrp2 remained associated with the apical membrane, Atp8b1 was now localized in discrete punctuate structures adjacent to the canalicular membrane in these mice. Expression of Bsep mRNA was increased in the livers of 10-day-old Abcb4−/− mice, whereas Ost-α was decreased. By 12 wk, Bsep, Mrp2, and Abcg5 mRNA were all increased, whereas Ost-α and Ntcp were reduced. These findings indicate that canalicular transporters that determine the formation of bile are altered early in the development of cholestasis in Abcb4−/− mice and may contribute to the pathogenesis of cholestasis in this disorder.
V-ATPase Inhibition Regulates Anoikis Resistance and Metastasis of Cancer Cells
Authors: Schempp Christina M. , von Schwarzenberg Karin , Schreiner Laura , Kubisch Rebekka , Müller Rolf , Wagner Ernst , Vollmar Angelika M.
Published: January 2014

Fighting metastasis is a major challenge in cancer therapy and novel therapeutic targets and drugs are highly appreciated. Resistance of invasive cells to anoikis, a particular type of apoptosis induced by loss of cell–matrix contact, is a major prerequisite for their metastatic spread. Inducing anoikis in metastatic cancer cells is therefore a promising therapeutic approach. The vacuolar-ATPase (V-ATPase), a proton pump located at the membrane of acidic organelles, has recently come to focus as an antimetastatic cancer target. As V-ATPase inhibitors have shown to prevent invasion of tumor cells and are able to induce apoptosis, we proposed that V-ATPase inhibition induces anoikis-related pathways in invasive cancer cells. We used the V-ATPase inhibitor archazolid to investigate the mechanism of anoikis induction in various metastatic cancer cells (T24, MDA-MB-231, 4T1, 5637) in vitro. Anoikis induction by archazolid was characterized by decreased c-FLIP expression and caspase-8 activation as well as reduction of active integrin-β1 and an early increase of the proapoptotic protein BIM. However, we observed that archazolid also induces mechanisms opposing anoikis such as degradation of BIM mediated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), Akt and Src kinases at later time points and induction of reactive oxygen species. Still, intravenous injection of archazolid-treated 4T1-Luc2 mouse breast cancer cells resulted in reduced metastasis in mouse lungs. Thus, V-ATPase inhibition is not only an interesting option to reduce cancer metastasis, but also to better understand anoikis resistance and to find choices to fight against it. Mol Cancer Ther; 13(4); 926–37. ©2014 AACR.
Metformin Protects Endothelial Function in Diet-Induced Obese Mice by Inhibition of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Through 5′ Adenosine Monophosphate–Activated Protein Kinase–Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor δ Pathway
Authors: Cheang Wai San , Tian Xiao Yu , Wong Wing Tak , Lau Chi Wai , Lee Susanna Sau-Tuen , Chen Zhen Yu , Yao Xiaoqiang , Wang Nanping , Huang Yu
Published: January 2014

Objective—

5′ Adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase (AMPK) interacts with peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor δ (PPARδ) to induce gene expression synergistically, whereas the activation of AMPK inhibits endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Whether the vascular benefits of antidiabetic drug metformin (AMPK activator) in diabetes mellitus and obesity is mediated by PPARδ remains unknown. We aim to investigate whether PPARδ is crucial for metformin in ameliorating ER stress and endothelial dysfunction induced by high-fat diet.

Approach and Results—

Acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation in aortae was measured on wire myograph. ER stress markers were determined by Western blotting. Superoxide production in mouse aortae and NO generation in mouse aortic endothelial cells were assessed by fluorescence imaging. Endothelium-dependent relaxation was impaired and ER stress markers and superoxide level were elevated in aortae from high-fat diet–induced obese mice compared with lean mice. These effects of high-fat diet were reversed by oral treatment with metformin in diet-induced obese
PPARδ
wild-type mice but not in diet-induced obese
PPARδ
knockout littermates. Metformin and PPARδ agonist GW1516 reversed tunicamycin (ER stress inducer)-induced ER stress, oxidative stress, and impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxation in mouse aortae as well as NO production in mouse aortic endothelial cells. Effects of metformin were abolished by cotreatment of GSK0660 (PPARδ antagonist), whereas effects of GW1516 were unaffected by compound C (AMPK inhibitor).

Conclusions—

Metformin restores endothelial function through inhibiting ER stress and oxidative stress and increasing NO bioavailability on activation of AMPK/PPARδ pathway in obese diabetic mice.
Thrombolysis in Patients With Mild Stroke
Authors: Greisenegger Stefan , Seyfang Leonhard , Kiechl Stefan , Lang Wilfried , Ferrari Julia
Published: January 2014

Background and Purpose—

Apart from missing the approved time window of 4.5 hours, one frequent cause for withholding recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) treatment in patients with ischemic stroke is presentation with mild deficit on admission. We analyzed in a large cohort of patients whether rt-PA treatment is beneficial for this group of patients.

Methods—

From a total of 54 917 patients with ischemic stroke prospectively enrolled in the Austrian Stroke Unit Registry, 890 patients with mild deficit defined as ≤5 points in the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale treated with and without rt-PA were matched for age, sex, prestroke disability, stroke severity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, stroke cause, and clinical stroke syndrome. Functional outcome was assessed using the modified Rankin Scale at 3 months. For data visualization, weighted averages of outcome differences were computed for all age severity combinations and mapped to a color. For quantification of effect sizes, numbers need to treat were calculated.

Results—

rt-PA–treated patients with mild deficit had a better outcome after 3 months compared with matched cases without rt-PA treatment (odds ratio [OR], 1.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17–1.89;
P
<0.001). In rt-PA–treated patients with mild deficit, the numbers need to treat ranged from 8 to 14. Improvement achieved by rt-PA treatment was observed along the entire age range.

Conclusions—

In our study, intravenous rt-PA treatment was beneficial for patients with mild deficit. Given the observational nature of these results, our data might serve as an incentive for future randomized controlled trials to provide a basis for optimal patient selection.
Four new species of Andricus Hartig oak gallwasp from Turkey
(Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini)
Authors: MUTUN SERAP , DINÇ SERDAR , BOZSÓ MIKLÓS , MELIKA GEORGE
Published: January 2014

Four new species of oak gallwasps, Andricus ahmeti, A. anatolicus, A. bakrachus and A. turcicus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) are described from Turkey. All four species are known only from asexual females and induce galls on twigs and young shoots on Q. infectoria, Q. macranthera and Q. petraea. Data on the diagnosis, distribution and biology of the four new species are given. Andricus stonei and Aphelonyx kordestanica are listed for the first time for the Turkish oak gallwasp fauna.
Factor Analysis of the 12-Item Zarit Burden Interview in Caregivers of Persons Diagnosed With Dementia
Authors: Branger Camille , O’Connell Megan E. , Morgan Debra Gail
Published: January 2014

The Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) is commonly used to measure dementia caregiver burden, but its factor structure is unclear. A two-factor structure for the 12-item ZBI, “personal strain” and “role strain,” has been shown, but recent data suggest that an additional factor of “guilt” is embedded in the “role strain” items. The 12-item ZBI administered to 194 informal rural and urban caregivers of persons diagnosed with dementia was analyzed using exploratory factor analysis. A two-factor structure, with item loadings consistent with previously conceptualized constructs of “personal strain” and “role strain,” was found. Moreover, this factor structure was invariant to caregiver subgroups. When the predictive value of these factors was explored, only “personal strain” was important in predicting caregiver psychological distress, measured with the Brief Symptom Inventory. However, “role strain,” which included the hypothesized “guilt” items, did not appear to be an important predictor of caregiver distress.
A cascaded control structure for air-path control of diesel engines
Authors: Zentner Stephan , Schäfer Erika , Fast Gerald , Onder Christopher H , Guzzella Lino
Published: January 2014

In order to comply with increasingly stringent diesel-engine emission legislation, fast and precise control of the turbochargers and exhaust-gas recirculation are necessary. The difficulties lie in certain disadvantageous plant properties such as cross-couplings and non-linearities, the disturbance of the air path by fast operating-point changes and the multitude of air-path configurations that are available. In this paper, a novel model-based approach for air-path control based on cascaded control is proposed. The resulting multi-variable controller has a low sensitivity to the non-linearity of the plant and the disturbances caused by sudden changes in the operating point. Furthermore, the controller is applicable to various types of air-path configuration. This flexibility is demonstrated by a system analysis of the models of two engines which span a broad range of air-path configurations. The performance of the proposed controller is compared experimentally with that of a conventional model-based multi-variable controller, by implementing both on an engine test bench. This comparison confirms that the cascaded controller presented herein can handle the cross-couplings of the system and that it exhibits a lower sensitivity to the non-linearity and the disturbances than the conventional controller does.
Experimental study on the particulate matter emission characteristics for a direct-injection gasoline engine
Authors: Pei Yi-Qiang , Qin Jing , Pan Suo-Zhu
Published: January 2014

In this work, a detailed study on the number of exhaust particles, the particle size distribution and the geometric mean diameter from a 1.5 l gasoline direct-injection engine running with different engine operating parameters was conducted. The air-to-fuel ratio, the spark timing, the injection timing and the exhaust gas recirculation rate were varied at the same engine speed and the same engine load in order to understand how the mixture condition before ignition and the oxygen concentration affect the particulate matter emissions in terms of the total number and the size distribution. The experimental results showed that a lean mixture can significantly reduce the total number of particles by up to 90% compared with the rich mixture condition. When a lean mixture was used, most of the particulate matter was in the nucleation mode. The higher air-to-fuel ratio may have enhanced the oxidation of particles in the combustion process. Delaying the spark timing can also reduce the particulate matter emissions, especially for nucleation-mode particles which decreased by up to 65.41% compared with those for the early-spark-timing condition. The lower in-cylinder temperature may have resulted in the formation of a reduced number of nucleation-mode particles. The injection timing affected both the mixing process and the heat release process and could be optimized to reduce the particulate matter emissions. For a brake mean effective pressure of 3 bar, advanced injection timing reduced the numbers of particles in both the nucleation mode and the accumulation mode. The longer mixing duration improved the mixture homogeneity and led to lower formation rates of particles. Increasing the exhaust gas recirculation rate was effective in reducing the accumulation-mode particle emissions, while increasing the nucleation-mode particle emissions.
Children’s Arithmetic Development
Authors: Göbel Silke M. , Watson Sarah E. , Lervåg Arne , Hulme Charles
Published: January 2014

In this article, we present the results of an 11-month longitudinal study (beginning when children were 6 years old) focusing on measures of the approximate number sense (ANS) and knowledge of the Arabic numeral system as possible influences on the development of arithmetic skills. Multiple measures of symbolic and nonsymbolic magnitude judgment were shown to define a unitary factor that appears to index the efficiency of an ANS system, which is a strong longitudinal correlate of arithmetic skills. However, path models revealed that knowledge of Arabic numerals at 6 years was a powerful longitudinal predictor of the growth in arithmetic skills, whereas variations in magnitude-comparison ability played no additional role in predicting variations in arithmetic skills. These results suggest that verbal processes concerned with learning the labels for Arabic numerals, and the ability to translate between Arabic numerals and verbal codes, place critical constraints on arithmetic development.
Sir John Struthers (1823–1899), Professor of Anatomy in the University of Aberdeen (1863–1889), President of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh (1895–1897)
Authors: Kaufman MH
Published: January 2014

Between 1841 and 1845 John Struthers attended both the University of Edinburgh and some of the various Extra-mural Schools of Medicine associated with Surgeons’ Hall. While a medical student he became a Member of the Hunterian Medical Society of Edinburgh and later was elected one of their Annual Presidents. He graduated with the MD Edin and obtained both the LRCS Edin and the FRCS Edin diplomas in 1845. Shortly afterwards he was invited to teach Anatomy in Dr Handyside’s Extra-mural School in Edinburgh. The College of Surgeons certified him to teach Anatomy in October 1847. He had two brothers, and all three read Medicine in Edinburgh. His younger brother, Alexander, died of cholera in the Crimea in 1855 while his older brother James, who had been a bachelor all his life, practised as a Consultant Physician in Leith Hospital, Edinburgh, until his death.

When associated with Dr Handyside’s Extra-mural School in Edinburgh, John taught Anatomy there until he was elected to the Chair of Anatomy in Aberdeen in 1863. Much of his time was spent in Aberdeen teaching Anatomy and in upgrading the administrative facilities there. He resigned from this Chair in 1889 and subsequently was elected President of Leith Hospital from 1891 to 1897. This was in succession to his older brother, James, who had died in 1891. Later, he was elected President of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh from 1895 to 1897 and acted as its Vice-President from 1897 until his death in 1899. In 1898, Queen Victoria knighted him. His youngest son, John William Struthers, was the only one of his clinically qualified sons to survive him and subsequently was elected President of the Edinburgh College of Surgeons from 1941 to 1943.
Assessment and Revision of Clinical Pharmacy Practice Internet Web Sites
Authors: Edwards Krystal L. , Salvo Marissa C. , Ward Kristina E. , Attridge Russell T. , Kiser Katie , Pinner Nathan A. , Gallegos Patrick J. , Kesteloot Lori Lynn , Hylton Ann , Bookstaver P. Brandon
Published: January 2014

Background: Health care professionals, trainees, and patients use the Internet extensively. Editable Web sites may contain inaccurate, incomplete, and/or outdated information that may mislead the public’s perception of the topic. Objective: To evaluate the editable, online descriptions of clinical pharmacy and pharmacist and attempt to improve their accuracy. Methods: The authors identified key areas within clinical pharmacy to evaluate for accuracy and appropriateness on the Internet. Current descriptions that were reviewed on public domain Web sites included: (1) clinical pharmacy and the clinical pharmacist, (2) pharmacy education, (3) clinical pharmacy and development and provision for reimbursement, (4) clinical pharmacists and advanced specialty certifications/training opportunities, (5) pharmacists and advocacy, and (6) clinical pharmacists and interdisciplinary/interprofessional content. The authors assessed each content area to determine accuracy and prioritized the need for updating, when applicable, to achieve consistency in descriptions and relevancy. The authors found that Wikipedia, a public domain that allows users to update, was consistently the most common Web site produced in search results. Results: The authors’ evaluation resulted in the creation or revision of 14 Wikipedia Web pages. However, rejection of 3 proposed newly created Web pages affected the authors’ ability to address identified content areas with deficiencies and/or inaccuracies. Conclusions: Through assessing and updating editable Web sites, the authors strengthened the online representation of clinical pharmacy in a clear, cohesive, and accurate manner. However, ongoing assessments of the Internet are continually needed to ensure accuracy and appropriateness.
Biologics for the Treatment of Dyslipidemias
Authors: Yoon Connie H. , Watson Kristin
Published: January 2014

Objective: To evaluate the monoclonal antibodies to proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) in the management of dyslipidemias. Data Sources: MEDLINE/PubMed, NHS Evidence, TRIP database and EMBASE searches were conducted using the terms proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, PCSK9, and monoclonal antibody. No date limits were utilized; search results were current to September 2013. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Articles were limited to phase 2 or 3 clinical trials of monoclonal antibodies to PCSK9 assessing surrogate markers of clinical end points. Data Synthesis: AMG145 and REGN727/SAR236553 are human monoclonal antibodies to PCSK9, a serine protease responsible for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) regulation. PCSK9 binds to LDL receptors targeting them for intracellular degradation. AMG145 and REGN727/SAR236553 blocks the interaction between PCSK9 and the LDL receptor, increasing LDL receptor availability and allowing the removal of LDL-C from the circulation. These therapies have been evaluated as monotherapy and in combination with statins and ezetimibe in phase 2 trials and have demonstrated significant and dose-related reductions in LDL-C. LDL-C reductions were as high as 72% with REGN727/SAR236553 and 66% with AMG145. These agents were generally well tolerated; nasopharyngitis and injection site reactions were the most common reactions with both agents. Gastrointestinal disturbances and infections were also common with REGN727/SAR236553. Conclusions: These agents may eventually play a role as add-on therapy in those with dyslipidemias because of their significant effect on LDL-C. Further explorations in large phase 3 clinical trials are warranted to evaluate the effect of these therapies on cardiovascular clinical outcomes and long-term safety.
Assessment of Drug-Induced Torsade de Pointes Risk for Hospitalized High-Risk Patients Receiving QT-Prolonging Agents
Authors: Jardin Carla G. M. , Putney David , Michaud Stephen
Published: January 2014

Background: Although risk factors for torsade de pointes (TdP) are known, identifying hospitalized patients at greatest risk for QTcP who should receive cardiac monitoring is poorly defined. Objectives: Describe the prevalence of risk for TdP in patients and associations between risk factors and QTc prolongation (QTcP) at a tertiary teaching hospital. Methods: This retrospective analysis assessed physiological and pharmacological risk factors for TdP of adult patients receiving ≥1 QTc-prolonging medications (QTcMed) during hospitalization. The QTcMeds were stratified by risk for causing TdP (probable, possible, and conditional). Baseline electrocardiograms (ECGs) were assessed for QTcP associated with risk for TdP. Results: During a 6-month period, 12 401 (51%) hospitalizations received ≥1 QTcMed. A baseline ECG was obtained for 2381 (19%) patients. A total of 386 (16%) patients with a baseline ECG were found to have QTcP. Significant associations for QTcP were found with the following physiological risk factors: female ( P = .021), left-ventricular ejection fraction <40% ( P < .0001), cardiac arrest ( P < .0001), and cardioversion ( P = .007). Significantly more patients with QTcP (n = 209, 54%) received probable-risk QTcMeds than those without QTcP (n = 542, 27%; P < .0001). Probable-risk QTcMeds administered alone or concomitantly with other QTcMeds were more frequently associated with QTcP. No documented cases of TdP were identified. Conclusions: Of the population receiving QTcMeds, only a small portion had a baseline ECG, identifying a large population at risk of QTcP without appropriate monitoring. Patients with cardiac disease receiving probable-risk QTcMeds were associated with the highest risk of QTcP and should be monitored closely.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder Is Better Conceptualized as a Disorder of Emotional Regulation
Authors: Cavanagh Monica , Quinn Declan , Duncan Don , Graham Tom , Balbuena Lloyd
Published: January 2014

Objective: It has been reported that Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) can be differentiated into distinct subtypes associated with different outcomes in adulthood. We examined whether ODD is conceptually independent and coherent, and whether ODD and Conduct Disorder (CD) are expressions of the same core deficit. Method: The data come from a sample of 4,380 children for whom SNAP rating scales were available. Parallel analysis was performed on the eight-item ODD diagnostic items and on the SNAP-90 scale. These were factor analyzed and the components were correlated. Results: ODD has one underlying factor, whereas the parent-rated SNAP has nine underlying factors. ODD items grouped together with emotional lability and irritability items, which did not group with CD. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the separation of ODD and CD but not ODD and emotion dysregulation. Conclusion: The expanded ODD factor more likely captures a disorder of emotion regulation, rather than a disruptive behavior disorder.
Biography, pandemic time and risk: Pregnant women reflecting on their experiences of the 2009 influenza pandemic
Authors: Lohm Davina , Flowers Paul , Stephenson Niamh , Waller Emily , Davis Mark DM
Published: January 2014

During the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, it was identified that women in the third trimester of pregnancy were particularly at risk of serious respiratory distress. At-risk women were advised to seek vaccination, avoid contact with anyone unwell, maintain hygiene routines and stop smoking. We examine this situation of emergent and intense risk produced at the intersection of individual biography and the historical event of a public health emergency. We examine how pregnant women took account of risk, how they negotiated incomplete and at times contradictory advice and shaped courses of action that assisted them to manage the emerging terrain of pandemic threat. Public health risk management advice was endorsed, although choosing vaccination was fraught. Social distancing, too, was seen as a valuable risk moderation strategy. However, time, and specifically the intersection of individual pregnancy timelines with the pandemic’s timeline, was also seen as an important risk management resource. The implications of this mix of sanctioned and temporal risk management practices are discussed.
Unemployment among breast cancer survivors
Authors: Carlsen Kathrine , Ewertz Marianne , Dalton Susanne Oksbjerg , Badsberg Jens Henrik , Osler Merete
Published: January 2014

Aim: Though about 20% of working age breast cancer survivors do not return to work after treatment, few studies have addressed risk factors for unemployment. The majority of studies on occupational consequences of breast cancer focus on non-employment, which is a mixture of sickness absence, unemployment, retirement pensions and other reasons for not working. Unemployment in combination with breast cancer may represent a particular challenge for these women. The aim of the present study is therefore to analyze the risk for unemployment in the years following diagnosis and treatment for breast cancer. Method: This study included 14,750 women diagnosed with breast cancer in Denmark 2001–2009 identified through a population-based clinical database and linked with information from Danish administrative population based registers for information on labour market affiliation, socio-demography and co-morbid conditions. Multivariable analyses were performed by Cox’s proportional hazard models. Results: Two years after treatment, 81% of patients were still part of the work force, 10% of which were unemployed. Increasing duration of unemployment before breast cancer was associated with an adjusted HR = 4.37 (95% CI: 3.90–4.90) for unemployment after breast cancer. Other risk factors for unemployment included low socioeconomic status and demography, while adjuvant therapy did not increase the risk of unemployment. Conclusions: Duration of unemployment before breast cancer was the most important determinant of unemployment after breast cancer treatment. This allows identification of a particularly vulnerable group of patients in need of rehabilitation.
Is It Really Religion? Comparing the Main and Stress-buffering Effects of Religious and Secular Civic Engagement on Psychological Distress
Authors: Acevedo Gabriel A. , Ellison Christopher G. , Xu Xiaohe
Published: January 2014

Using a random sample of adult residents from the state of Texas, we examine how religious participation and secular civic engagement buffer the effects of perceived financial strain and neighborhood disadvantage on psychological distress. Our findings suggest that (a) both organizational religious and secular civic engagement buffer the deleterious effects of perceived financial hardship on respondents’ psychological distress, (b) organizational as well as nonorganizational religious participation buffers the detrimental effects of perceived neighborhood disadvantage on respondents’ psychological distress, (c) religious involvement has a more robust buffering effect than secular civic engagement, and (d) nonorganizational religious participation can serve as a coping mechanism for respondents who suffer from psychological distress. Research implications, study limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.
The Belief in Magic in the Age of Science
Authors: Subbotsky Eugene
Published: January 2014

The widely spread view on magical beliefs in modern industrial cultures contends that magical beliefs are a bunch of curious phenomena that persist today as an unnecessary addition to a much more important set of rational beliefs. Contrary to this view, in this article, the view is presented, which suggests that the belief in magic is a fundamental property of the human mind. Individuals can consciously consider themselves to be completely rational people and deny that they believe in magic or God despite harboring a subconscious belief in the supernatural. Research also shows how engagement in magical thinking can enhance cognitive functioning, such as creative thinking, perception and memory. Moreover, this article suggests that certain forms of social compliance and obedience to authority historically evolved from magical practices of mind control and are still powered by the implicit belief in magic. Finally, the article outlines areas of life, such as education, religion, political influence, commerce, military and political terror, and entertainment, in which magical thinking and beliefs of modern people can find practical applications.
Increased alpha-9 human papillomavirus species viral load in human immunodeficiency virus positive women
Authors: Mbulawa Zizipho ZA , Johnson Leigh F , Marais Dianne J , Gustavsson Inger , Moodley Jennifer R , Coetzee David , Gyllensten Ulf , Williamson Anna-Lise
Published: January 2014

Background

Persistent high-risk (HR) human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and increased HR-HPV viral load are associated with the development of cancer. This study investigated the effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection, HIV viral load and CD4 count on the HR-HPV viral load; and also investigated the predictors of cervical abnormalities.

Methods

Participants were 292 HIV-negative and 258 HIV-positive women. HR-HPV viral loads in cervical cells were determined by the real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Results

HIV-positive women had a significantly higher viral load for combined alpha-9 HPV species compared to HIV-negative women (median 3.9 copies per cell compared to 0.63 copies per cell, P = 0.022). This was not observed for individual HPV types. HIV-positive women with CD4 counts >350/μl had significantly lower viral loads for alpha-7 HPV species (median 0.12 copies per cell) than HIV-positive women with CD4 ≤350/μl (median 1.52 copies per cell, P = 0.008), but low CD4 count was not significantly associated with increased viral load for other HPV species. High viral loads for alpha-6, alpha-7 and alpha-9 HPV species were significant predictors of abnormal cytology in women.

Conclusion

HIV co-infection significantly increased the combined alpha-9 HPV viral load in women but not viral loads for individual HPV types. High HR-HPV viral load was associated with cervical abnormal cytology.
Reviewer acknowledgement 2013
Authors: Menz Hylton , Potter Mike
Published: January 2014

Contributing reviewers

The Editors of Journal of Foot and Ankle Research would like to thank all our reviewers who have contributed to the journal in Volume 6 (2013).
Is inhibitory control a ‘no-go’ in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder?
Authors: Vara Anji S , Pang Elizabeth W , Doyle-Thomas Krissy AR , Vidal Julie , Taylor Margot J , Anagnostou Evdokia
Published: January 2014

Background

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) refers to a range of neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by social communication deficits, repetitive behaviours, and restrictive interests. Impaired inhibition has been suggested to exacerbate the core symptoms of ASD. This is particularly critical during adolescence when social skills are maturing to adult levels. Using magnetoencephalography (MEG), we identified the location and timing pattern of neural activity associated with inhibition in adolescents with autism, compared to typically developing adolescents.

Methods

The MEG data from 15 adolescents with ASD and 15 age-matched controls (13 to 17 years) were collected during a go/no-go task with inverse ratios of go/no-go trials in two conditions: an inhibition condition (1:2) and a baseline condition (2:1). No-go trials from the two conditions were analyzed using beamformer source localizations from 200 ms to 400 ms post-stimulus onset. Significant activations were determined using permutation testing.

Results

Adolescents with ASD recruited first the right middle frontal gyrus (200 to 250 ms) followed by the left postcentral gyrus (250 to 300 ms) and finally the left middle frontal and right medial frontal gyri (300 to 400 ms). Typically developing adolescents recruited first the left middle frontal gyrus (200 to 250 ms), followed by the left superior and inferior frontal gyri (250 to 300 ms), then the right middle temporal gyrus (300 to 350 ms), and finally the superior and precentral gyri and right inferior lobule (300 to 400 ms).

Conclusions

Adolescents with ASD showed recruitment limited largely to the frontal cortex unlike typically developing adolescents who recruited parietal and temporal regions as well. These findings support the presence of an atypical, restricted inhibitory network in adolescents with ASD compared to controls.
A knowledge-integration framework for interpreting seismic facies
Authors: Marroquín Iván D.
Published: January 2014

In recent years, the size of seismic data volumes and the number of seismic attributes available have increased. As a result, the task of recognizing seismic anomalies for the prediction of stratigraphic features or reservoir properties can be overwhelming. One way to evaluate a large amount of data and understand potential geologic trends is to automate seismic facies classification. However, the interpretation of seismic facies remains an elusive issue. Interpreters are confronted with the selection of the clustering technique and the optimal number of seismic facies that best uncover the spatial distribution of seismic facies. An interpretation framework combining data visualization with the results from various clustering techniques was evaluated. The framework allows interpreters to be directly involved in the seismic facies classification process. Because of the active participation, interpreters (1) gain insight into the detected seismic facies, (2) verify hypotheses with respect to the spatial distribution of seismic facies, (3) compare different seismic facies classification, and (4) gain more confidence with the seismic facies interpretation.
The use of geologic expression workflows for basin scale reconnaissance: A case study from the Exmouth Subbasin, North Carnarvon Basin, northwestern Australia
Authors: McArdle N. J. , Iacopini D. , KunleDare M. A. , Paton G. S.
Published: January 2014

The focus of this study is to demonstrate how seismic attributes can be used in the interpretation workflow to rapidly obtain a high-resolution view of the geology that is imaged within a seismic data set. To demonstrate the efficacy of seismic attribute analysis to basin scale reconnaissance, we apply a workflow to seismic data sets from the Exmouth Subbasin, northwestern Australia, with the aim of determining the geologic expression of the subsurface. Of specific interest are Barrow Group Jurassic and Cretaceous fluvial and marine sediments, that were faulted during the Jurassic-Cretaceous rifting associated with the breakup of East Gondwana. Regional-scale interpretations are made to develop a tectonostratigraphic context to the investigation. Target-level analyses, focused on features of exploration interest identified using regional reconnaissance, are made to calibrate attribute response and demonstrate the effectiveness of seismic attributes for rapid evaluation of prospectivity in the initial stages of exploration. The main structural episodes are distinguished using dip and azimuth attributes, and faulting is expressed using a combination of edge attributes which are used to create fault trend lineations. We observe three main structural trends: the main northeast–southwest Jurassic-Cretaceous syn-rift primary fault orientation of 48°, a secondary trend of 108°, taken to represent secondary conjugate faulting and a third trend of 100° interpreted as the reactivation of these faults into the postrift sediments. Stratigraphic attributes that respond to amplitude and frequency are used to create reservoir scale geobodies of faulted Macedon turbidites, which in turn are used for detailed tuning sensitivity analysis. The final part of the investigation is of the syn-rift magmatic system responsible for sills and dikes that exploit the normal fault network. These intrusive and extrusive features are important as are potential drilling hazards and can act as baffles to hydrocarbon migration.