bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neuro-linguistic Programming, Teacher’s Identity, and Teachers’ Effectiveness
Authors: Javadi Yaghoob , Asl Solmaz Azizzadeh
Published: April 2020

Education especially “teaching” is considered as a valuable profession through which future generations are generated and educated. In order to have a successful educational system, the main components of the system must work together. It is believed that teachers are active decision-makers of any educational system who can bring on success to the education, accounting for about 30 percent of the variance on pupils’ achievement. Based on different studies, developing rapport, critical thinking, self-efficacy, establishing clear goals, effective interpersonal communication, and a supportive classroom climate are some of the main determinant factors the teachers’ effectiveness. Among various variables which are related to teachers, identity is one of the important elements that affect teachers' performance. Neuro-linguistic programming, on the other hand, is considered as an approach which is claimed to help achieve excellence in performance and identity. It is also considered as a supplementary technique in teaching profession which helps the teachers to develop outstanding skills. In this article, the researcher defines the concept of teacher’s identity as a key element effective in the teaching profession. Then some factors that have significant impact on teachers’ effectiveness are taken into account. Also, the definition of neuro-linguistics programming, some of its characteristics, and its implications for developing teacher’s identity and teacher’s effectiveness are discussed.
A Study of English Vocabulary Learning in China—From the Perspective of Conceptual Metaphor Theory
Authors: Hua Hongyan
Published: April 2020

Vocabulary plays an essential role in foreign language learning, and it is the same with Chinese students’ learning English. However, in China traditional ways of English vocabulary learning focuses on the recitation and analysis of the sound, spelling and meaning of English words without considering their cognitive motivations and thus makes understanding and memorization of them invalid and boring, which directly affects Chinese students’ English level of listening, speaking, reading and writing. Therefore, some effective methods of English vocabulary learning must be found so as to arouse students’ interests and facilitate their learning of English words. Conceptual metaphor theory reveals that metaphor is not only a universal cognitive phenomenon but also a cognitive tool of human beings, which can shed some lights onto English words learning, a kind of cognitive activity. Conceptual metaphor theory also depicts cross-domain mapping as its working mechanism by saying that cross-domain mapping is a kind of thinking link from source domain to target domain. And this thinking link is of great help to the memorizing processes of words and understanding of words’ connotation and can make English vocabulary learning systematic and flexible. This paper explores the application of conceptual metaphor theory into college English vocabulary learning from three aspects, namely, polysemous words, idiomatic expressions and word connections, aiming at cultivating students’ metaphorical awareness and improving their metaphorical competence in vocabulary learning.
IMPLEMENTASI PEMBELAJARAN TOILET TRAINING PADA ANAK AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER
Authors: Silvia Dinda Annisa , Juhanaini Juhanaini , Gustiana Asep Deni
Published: April 2020

Toilet training merupakan latihan menggunakan kamar mandi dengan baik dan benar. Adanya pengajaran toilet training akan banyak membantu bagi mereka yang belum menguasai keterampilan toilet training. penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana cara guru dalam mengajarkan Toilet training yang diperuntukkan bagi anak Autism Spectrum Disorder. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Lokasi penelitian dilaksanakan di Taman Kanak-kanak Bunda Ganesa Jl. Gelap Nyawang No. 2 Bandung. Subjek penelitian adalah guru pelaksana program pengajaran Toilet training pada anak Autism Spectrum Disorder. Hasil penelitian pelaksanaan toilet training terlebih dahulu dilakukan assesmen, setelah hasilnya diperoleh guru menganalisa, langkah selanjutnya menyusun program yang dibutuhkan anak. Untuk mengajarkan kepada anak, guru mengacu pada RPP dan materinya. Yaitu menampilkan gambar-gambar mengenai tata cara menggunakan toilet dan alat-alat yang ada di kamar mandi. Guru memberi pengarahan secara langsung dengan metode ceramah dan simulasi toilet training dan menyuruh mempraktekannya secara langsung. guru harus sering berkomunikasi dengan orang tua agar setelah diajarkan guru setelah disekolah bisa dilanjutkan dirumah.
BEST PRACTICE PROGRAM PENGELOLAAN ANAK BERKEBUTUHAN KHUSUS DI TAMAN KANAK-KANAK INKLUSI
Authors: Alifah Sifa , Romadona Nur Faizah , Mariyana Rita
Published: April 2020

Penelitian dilatarbelakangi karena kurangnya data program pengeloaan ABK di taman kanak-kanak inklusi. Beberapa permasalahan terjadi di TK inklusi, sehingga penanganan ABK tidak sesuai dengan teori yang ada. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui program pengelolaan anak berkebutuhan khusus di taman kanak-kanak Gagas Ceria. TK Gagas Ceria diharapkan dapat menjadi Best Practice ABK. Metode yang digunakan adalah studi kasus. Hasil penelitian menunjukan, persiapan TK Gagas Ceria dalam menangani ABK mempunyai kurikulum sekolah tersendiri, adanya program ABK, adanya tim khusus penanganan ABK, mempersiapkan sarana dan prasarana untuk ABK, persiapan media untuk ABK, serta penguatan kompetensi guru. Pelaksanaan dalam menangani ABK dilakukan oleh tim khusus (kepala sekolah, wakil kepala sekolah, guru individual, guru LSU kelompok, dan psikolog). Pelaksanaan program dalam penanganan setiap aspek perkembangan, interaksi guru dengan ABK dan interaksi anak dengan ABK. Mengadakan rapat evaluasi setiap semester, dan diskusi setiap minggunya oleh guru ABK. Hasil evaluasi berbentuk rapor dan laporan untuk orang tua. Adanya kendala-kendala yang dihadapi guru dalam menangani ABK serta belum adanya prestasi yang di raih oleh ABK. Rekomendasi ditujukan kepada sekolah agar dapat menambah guru LSU kelompok, dan menambah media khusus untuk ABK yang cukup berat.
MENINGKATKAN PEMAHAMAN LAMBANG BILANGAN MELALUI FISHING GAME DI TK AL-HIDAYAH GARUT
Authors: Indriyani Deulis , Rachmawati Yeni , Gustiana Asep Deni
Published: April 2020

Penelitiana ini dilakukan berdasarka hasil temuan masalah yang berkaitan dengan pemahaman lambang bilangan pada anak kelas A TK Al-Hidayah Garut. Permasalahan tersebut adalah pemahaman lambang bilangannya masih rendah, sebagian anak hanya mampu menyebutkan urutan bilangan, namun hanya sebatas menyebutkan urutan bilangan saja tanpa menghubungkan dengan benda-benda kongkrit sehingga tidak diikuti oleh kesadaran kuantitas benda. Selain itu anak belum mampu ketika anak diminta untuk membuat dan membedakan dua kumpulan benda yang jumlahnya sama ataupun tidak sama. Setelah dianalisis pembelajaran yang dilakukan dalam meningkatkan pemahaman lambang bilangan adalah menggunakan paper-pencil, sehingga kemampuan anak dalam berpikir kongkrit/rill tidak terstimulus dengan baik. Oleh karena itu, diperlukannya suatu media yang dapat mengembangkan pemahaman lambang bilangan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengimplementasikan media fishing game yang dapat meningkatkan pemahaman lambang bilangan pada anak kelas A TK Al-Hidayah. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalan Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) Kolaboratif antara guru kelas dengan peneliti di TK Al-Hidayah dengan partisipan sebanyak 13 anak. Hasil penelitian diperoleh meningkat dengan signifikan dengan perbaikan yang terlihat dari kriteria baik (B) pada  prasiklus sebesar 23,07%, Siklus I sebesar 53,84%, dan siklus II sebesar 76,96%. Berdasarkan data tersebut terbukti bahwa pemahaman lambang bilangan anak terus meningkat setelah dilakukannya pembelajaran dengan fishing game. Sehingga penelitian ini diberhentikan sampai siklus II. Rekomendasi dari penelitian ini bahwa penggunaan media fishing game adalah media yang sangat efektif untuk meningkatkan pemahaman lambang bilangan anak kelas A.
UPAYA GURU DALAM MENANAMKAN SIFAT SABAR DI RA PERSIS I KOTA BANDUNG
Authors: Hodijah Siti , Rachmawati Yeni , Agustin Mubiar
Published: April 2020

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh situasi di lapangan, dimana ditemukan guru yang kurang tanggap ketika ada anak yang berkata kasar, merebut  mainan temannya, pemarah, tidak sabar ketika menginginkan sesuatu, tidak sabar mengantri dalam melakukan kegiatan dan bermain, tidak sabar ketika menyelesaikan tugasnya, tidak mencuci tangan saat makan,  dan  suka mengganggu temannya ketika belajar dan bermain. Perilaku tersebut terus menerus dilakukan sehingga menjadi kebiasaan dan mengakibatkan perilaku tidak baik. Selain itu, dapat menjadi permasalahan ketika anak dewasa kelak. Dari permasalahan ini peneliti tertarik untuk mengungkap upaya guru dalam menanamkan sifat sabar pada anak usia dini. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui lebih dalam mengenai upaya guru dalam menanamkan sifat sabar pada anak usia dini. Peneliti bertindak langsung sebagai instrumen. Data dikumpulkan melalui observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Sedangkan metode penelitian ini yaitu metode penelitian studi kasus dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Hasil temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa untuk menanamkan sifat sabar dalam pelaksananaannya dapat menggunakan metode dengan cara keteladanan, pembiasaan, nasihat, dan cerita.  Adapun bentuk-bentuk perilaku akhlakul karimah yang dapat diajarkan diantaranya mengucapkan salam, meminta maaf jika melakukan kesalahan, mengaji iqro, membaca do’a sehari-hari, membaca surat-surat pendek, membaca mahfudzat (kata mutiara dalam bahasa arab), praktek wudhu dan praktek shalat. Selain itu terdapat penanaman guru terhadap anak untuk berlaku sabar, diantaranya sabar mengantri dan sabar menunggu giliran. Adapun hambatan yang dihadapi guru dalam menanamkan sifat sabar pada anak yaitu terdapat emosi anak yang belum stabil. Sementara itu cara pencegahan serta solusi untuk anak yang tidak bisa bersabar diantaranya yaitu dengan memeluk anak, memberikan pengertian, dan mengenal karakter anak.
MENINGKATKAN PENGUASAAN KONSEP BILANGAN ANAK USIA DINI MELALUI MEDIA PUZZEL
Authors: Amalia Ayu , Syaodih Ernawulan , Gustiana Asep Deni
Published: April 2020

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh rendahnya kemampuan penguasaan konsep bilangan sederhana anak usia dini di kelompok A Abu Bakar Sidiq Cimahi. Permasalahan yang muncul terkait penguasaan konsep bilangan sederhana diantaranya (1) mengenai pemahaman konsep matematika, contohnya anak hanya mampu menyebutkan bilangannya saja tanpa memahami bagaiman lambang bilangan tersebut. (2) anak belum mampu mengurutkan bilangan angka. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut peneliti menerapkan media pembelajaran berupa alat permainan edukatif puzzel. Penelitian ini dilakukan di kelompok A Abu Bakar Sidiq RA Al-Kautsar Cimahi, dengan jumlah subjek 22 anak. Metode yang digunakan adalah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) dengan model Kemmis yang terdiri dari empat tahap yaitu: 1) perencanaan. 2) pelaksanaan, 3) observasi, 4) refleksi. Instrument penelitian yang digunakan berupa lembar observasi kemampuan penguasaan konsep bilangan sederhana, catatan lapangan, dan pedoman wawancara. Analisis data pada kemampuan penguasaan konsep bilangan sederhana melalui penggunaan media pembelajaran APE puzzel ini mengacu pada kurikulum 2013 yang dijabarkan pada kisi-kisi instrument. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan 2 siklus yang terdiri dari 2 pertemuan. Hasil kemampuan penguasaan konsep bilangan  sederhana terdiri dari 8 indikator dengan kategori baik saat pra-siklus 0%, akhir siklus I 9% menjadi 77% di akhir siklus II. Kategori cukup 27% saat pra-siklus, dan 68% akhir siklus I menjadi 23% pada siklus II. Kategori Kurang 73% pra-siklus, dan 23% pada akhir siklus I menjadi 0% saat akhir siklus II. Dengan begitu dapat dikategorikan bahwa penerapan penggunaan media pembelajaran APE puzzel dapat meningkatkan kemampuan penguasaan konsep bilangan sederhana anak usia dini di kelompok A Abu Bakar Sidiq RA Al-Kautsar Cimahi.
Lesson Study in Initial Teacher Education to Stimulate the Pedagogical Content Knowledge on the topic of Speed of Sound
Authors: Conceição Teresa , Baptista Mónica , Da Ponte João Pedro
Published: April 2020

The lesson study is a collaborative model of teacher professional development originating in Japan, which has received growing international attention. This multifaceted model can be considered from many points of view. This research aims to understand what physics and chemistry pre-service teachers learn, in the domain of the pedagogical content knowledge on the speed of sound, in a lesson study. Participants were all pre-service teachers (three) attending the first year of their initial teaching education programme. The lesson study, had two cycles, took place over the course of twelve sessions and a total of 36 hours of work. The first cycle consisted of ten sessions: the first eight sessions aimed at defining the topic and lesson planning; this was followed by the first research lesson taught by the cooperating teacher; and finally, there was a post-lesson reflection. The second cycle consisted of two sessions; a second research lesson was also taught by the cooperating teacher; and subsequent to this, there was a post-lesson reflection. This is a qualitative and interpretative study. Data were collected from participant observation of all sessions using field notes and video recording, individual interviews and individual written reflections. Results showed that the pre-service teachers developed the pedagogical teacher knowledge (PCK) to teach the topic in the planning phase, when they identified the students’ prior knowledge, which would help them learn the topic, and in the post-lesson reflection sessions, when they discussed strategies that could help students overcome their learning difficulties.
Thermoelastic behavior of a bimaterial with interface crack filled with an incompressible fluid
Authors: Serednytska Kh. I. , Martynyak R. M.
Published: April 2020

Thermo-stressed state of the bimaterial with the interfacial crack filled with an incompressible fluid is investigated. The bimaterial with zero Dundurs parameter is considered. The thermo-elastic problem is reduced to nonlinear systems of singular integro-differential equations for a temperature jump between the cracks faces and an opening crack. The pressure of the fluid is determined from the equation of the incompressible fluid. Using the method of successive approximations a numerical solution of the problem is constructed. The opening crack and temperature jump are determined by the finite sum for Chebyshev polynomials of the second kind. The coefficients for Chebyshev polynomials are determined from the system of linear algebraic equations. Having made numerical calculations, the dependences of the pressure of the fluid and the opening crack from the mechanical loads and density and direction of the heat flow have been constructed. The influence of fluid pressure on the stress intensity factor mode I are analyzed.
A MULTIMETHOD APPROACH TO FRAMING DISPUTES: SAME-SEX MARRIAGE ON TRIAL IN OBERGEFELL V. HODGES*
Authors: Espinoza-Kulick Alex
Published: April 2020

Social movements scholars have widely used the framing perspective to analyze meaning-making related to social movements and contentious politics. Qualitative methods have helped to illuminate how activists frame social issues to combine meanings in strategic ways. By contrast, linear statistical modeling is ill-suited to analyze the interdependent and circuitous aspects of collective action frames. This study offers a multimethod approach that uses an abductive framework to combine techniques from computational text analysis and network modeling along with interpretive coding. I demonstrate this approach in the context of framing disputes through legal mobilization over the same-sex marriage in the case of Obergefell v. Hodges. By examining Court discourse and amicus briefs, I show the coordination of similarities and distinctions among opposing social movement groups and elite actors. Future research can expand this method for both case studies and comparative analyses of movements.
German Unification, Democratization, and The Role of Social Movements: A Missed Opportunity?
Authors: Rucht Dieter
Published: April 2020

Citizen movements were an important factor in triggering the peaceful East German revolution that abolished the communist regime and contributed to achievement of elementary civil rights that are taken for granted in Western democracies. However, the movements failed in their efforts to resist quick German unification via the largely uncontested transplantation of the West German institutional system to East Germany. This article analyzes why the movements could not achieve their aim of a new political order, in their view superior to Western type democracy—one that would guarantee radical democracy and extensive social rights for citizens. Drawing on three prominent perspectives in social movement research it is argued that both internal and external factors contributed to the failure of these movements. Although they might have avoided some minor tactical errors, they had few prospects for strongly influencing the course and result of German unification. Because this outcome was overdetermined, it is incorrect to suggest that the movements missed an opportunity to achieve their goal of radical democracy.
State, Civil Society, and Market in India: The Context of Mobilization
Authors: Oommen T.
Published: April 2020

Western societies have accomplished relative autonomy of the state, civil society, and market. The current thrust of social transformation in post-colonial and post-socialist societies also point in the same direction. This article traces the trajectory of autonomization achieved and/or attempted in these societies, and identifies the implications of the processes involved for theory construction. It is argued that in the context of mobilizing for change, privileging either state, civil society, or market would be a rash prejudgment. The possessive individualism of the West articulated in its rapacious market mechanisms alienates individuals destroys communal life. With reference to India, I trace out how the current tendency of privileging civil society as the sole agency to reestablish democratic values in past socialist societies-and relegating the state to the background-may foment serious intergroup conflicts. The recently initiated process of economic liberalization in the part-colonial democratic societies often ignores that there is nothing much to chose between the behemoth of the market and the leviathan of a state. It is suggested that only an equipoise between the state, society and market can produce a 'good society."
The Survival of The Women's Movement: Turnover and Continuity in Bloomington, Indiana
Authors: Staggenborg Suzanne
Published: April 2020

Some observers have argued that the women's movement has declined in recent years to the point that it is dead or at best irrelevant in a "postfeminist" age. In fact, there has been a remarkable continuity in movement activity, even in a locale characterized by high population turnover and a lack of stable movement organizations. Based on a case study of feminist activity in Bloomington, Indiana, this paper shows how the women's movement has survived in such a setting through institutionalization, the creation of a movement culture and discourse, and issue-driven collective action.
The Dualities of Transnational Contention: "Two Activist Solitudes" or A New World Altogether?
Authors: Tarrow Sidney
Published: April 2020

International protests against global capitalism have focused scholars' attention on the highly visible activities of transnational activists and advocates; but the tough, incremental, and deeply embedded work of grassroots social movements has too often been sublimated under the slogan: "Think globally; act locally!" Are transnational activists isolated from domestic social movements, extensions of domestic contention, or bridges between the local and the global? Three problems in particular will be examined: First, the difficulty of establishing durable transnational coalitions; Second, the problem of bridging the gap between movement protesters and NGO advocates; and, third, that of escaping movement structuration by national cleavages, alignments, and opportunities.
Transnational Protest and The Public Sphere
Authors: Beyeler Michelle , Kriesi Hanspeter
Published: April 2020

This article explores the impact of protests against economic globalization in the public sphere. The focus is on two periodical events targeted by transnational protests: the ministerial conferences of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the annual meetings of the World Economic Forum (WEF). Based on a selection of seven quality newspapers published in different parts of the world, we trace media attention, support of the activists, as well as the broader public debate on economic globalization. We find that starting with Seattle, protest events received extensive media coverage. Media support of the street activists, especially in the case of the anti-WEF protests, is however rather low. Nevertheless, despite the low levels of support that street protesters received, many of their issues obtain wide public support.
The Organizational Structure of Local Environmentalism
Authors: Andrews Kenneth , Edwards Bob
Published: April 2020

Based on a survey of the population of local environmental organizations in North Carolina, this article addresses fundamental questions about how local organizations are structured, their orientation toward strategy and social change, their activities, and their perceived impacts. By comparing subsets of local organizations in terms of their geographic scope, degree of professionalization, and tactical repertoires, we identify important patterns. First, locally oriented organizations that focus on a neighborhood, city, or county are more likely to be affiliated with a national organization than regional or state organizations, but they are less likely to participate in coalitions than groups working at the regional or state level. Second, organizations relying on a mixture of volunteers and professionals are more formalized and report higher levels of success at mobilizing people than those that rely exclusively on volunteers or professionals. However, groups that are volunteer-based are more likely to engage in partisan activity and have diverse environmental philosophies, but less likely to use conventional advocacy tactics like lobbying and less likely to have a nonprofit tax status. Finally, organizations engaging in disruptive and routinized protest strategies tend to be more similar to one another than they are to organizations that rely exclusively on moderate tactical repertoires such as lobbying or environmental education.
How Participatory Democracy Became White: Culture and Organizational Choice
Authors: Polletta Francesca
Published: April 2020

Why do activists choose the organizational forms they do? Social movement scholars have tended to focus on activists' instrumental assessments of organizational forms' costs and benefits or on activists' efforts to balance instrumental calculations with a commitment to ideological consistency. Neither explanation is adequate. Organizational forms, like strategies, tactics, and targets, are often appealing for their symbolic associations, and especially, their association with particular social groups. The article fleshes out this dynamic through a case study of the rise and fall of participatory democracy in the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). Contrary to standard explanations for SNCC activists' repudiation of consensus-based and nonhierarchical decision making in the mid-1960s, I show that participatory democracy was abandoned when it came to be seen as ideological, oriented to personal self-transformation, and—no coincidence—as white. That was not the case earlier on, when participatory democracy was seen as practical, political, and black, and I account for that shift. Once established, however, participatory democracy's social associations shaped subsequent activist generations' view of the form's strengths and liabilities.
Media Coverage and Organizational Support in The Dutch Environmental Movement
Authors: Vliegenthart Rens , Oegema Dirk , Klandermans Bert
Published: April 2020

Though social movement organizations (SMOs) depend heavily upon the media for their communication to the public, little is known about the relationships between media coverage and public support for SMOs. This research uses computer-assisted content analysis to assess the relationship between media coverage and membership figures for Dutch environmental organizations over the period 1991-2003. Our analysis provides evidence for direct influence of visibility of the organization and its main issue on membership support, while membership support does not influence visibility of an SMO and its issue. Furthermore, an SMO's media visibility is negatively affected by the visibility of other SMOs within the same sector. These results point to the necessity for SMOs to compete for attention in the public sphere and to the importance of using various strategies to compete for the limited space available in the media.
Constructing Political Opportunity: 1987—The Palestinian Year of Discontent
Authors: Alimi Eitan
Published: April 2020

This article challenges the portrayal of the 1987 Palestinian Intifada as a spontaneous, sudden outburst of contention. Drawing on content analysis data obtained from several Palestinian print news media sources (N=84), it is suggested that a Palestinian shared perception regarding ripe conditions to rebel was constructed throughout 1987. The findings indicate that throughout 1987 there was (a) a significant gradual increase in calls for action and (b) a convergence among newspapers representing various political factions of the Palestinian movement regarding a framing process of an opportunity to act contentiously. Such findings support recent calls in social movement literature to integrate perceptual with structural aspects.
Places of Protest: The Public Forum in Principle and Practice
Authors: McCarthy John , McPhail Clark
Published: April 2020

Protest events occur in historical time and geographical place. In the U.S., some places are now constitutionally privileged with respect to citizen access and free assembly and speech. These venues are known as the traditional commons or the public forum. It is our contention that in recent years (1) these spaces have been shrinking in number, (2) citizens have experienced increasing difficulty in gaining unrestricted access to them, and (3) such venues are no longer where most people typically congregate in large numbers. Nevertheless, as we will show, when citizens gather to express dissenting views toward the government at the turn of the twentieth century they overwhelmingly choose spaces in the public forum to do so.
The Broken Promises of Democracy: Protest-Repression Dynamics in Korea 1990-1991
Authors: Nam Taehyun
Published: April 2020

Korean democratization began in 1988, but by the early 1990s had failed to bring tranquility to the streets or to replace protest with institutionalized political participation. Using data taken from daily Korean sources for 1990 and 1991, I analyze the intimate interaction between coercion and protest. I apply the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model to test competing hypotheses explaining the interaction. Regarding national protests in general, the results demonstrate that protests and coercion are closely and dynamically related. Unexpectedly, results show that, overall, protests do not necessarily decrease with coercion but do when no coercion at all is applied. My analysis also uncovers variation in the dynamics of state coercion and protest according to types of dissident groups. Of the groups assessed, workers were particularly active in protest. Farmers were the least active, and the Korean regime responded with the least repressive approach toward them. These findings emphasize the importance of daily subnational data. They also show how dynamic analytical models can improve our understanding of the protest-repression relationship.
Contentious Cartoons: Elite and Media-Driven Mobilization
Authors: Olesen Thomas
Published: April 2020

This article analyzes the so-called Muhammad cartoons conflict that started on September 30, 2005, when a Danish newspaper, Jyllands-Posten, published twelve satirical cartoons of the prophet Muhammad. I examine how the conflict moved from the national level of Denmark to become a full-blown instance of transnational contention. The guiding argument of the article is that institutional elites and media were the prime movers in the transnational escalation of the conflict. Institutional actors, mainly the Egyptian government and the Organization of Islamic Conferences, were active from the beginning as brokers. These actors spent months preparing the ground before the conflict escalated in late January and early February 2005. Their efforts were partly supported by certification from key international institutions. The evidence also suggests that transnational news channels in the Arab and Muslim world, Al-Jazeera and Al-Arabiya, and to a lesser degree, national media, played a significant part as diffusers and brokers in the escalation.
Measuring Social Movement Organization Populations: A Comprehensive Census of U.S. Environmental Movement Organizations
Authors: Brulle Robert , Turner Liesel , Carmichael Jason , Jenkins J.
Published: April 2020

Population-level analyses of SMOs typically have relied on a single source for data, most commonly the Encyclopedia of Associations (EoA). However, the validity of this procedure has been drawn into question by recent organizational studies. To examine the impact of using different sources to estimate SMO populations, we compile a comprehensive population dataset of national and regional U.S. environmental movement organizations (or EMOs) over a 100-year time period using 155 different sources. We use this data to evaluate the accuracy and selection biases in five major compilations of U.S. EMOs. The analysis shows that all single sources are selective, tapping specific sections of the environmental movement. Multiple sources are needed to capture a comprehensive population of EMOs. Researchers should be aware of the limitations of specific sources before drawing conclusions about population parameters.
Confronting Oppression with Violence: Inequality, Military Infrastructure and Dissident Repression
Authors: Ortiz David
Published: April 2020

This study examines the relationships between collective violence, economic inequality, and repression. Some researchers propose that collective violence results from economic deprivation, while others emphasize the role of repression in producing violence. This study uses polynomial equations to analyze these relationships on 52 countries. Results suggest that collective violence varies as a cubic non-monotonic "N" shaped function of repression, while economic inequality is not directly related to violence. A strong military infrastructure is also found to deter collective violence. The combination of results supports the argument that extremely repressive regimes with weak military infrastructures tend to encourage a backlash of violence.
Protest on Unemployment: Forms and Opportunities
Authors: Porta Donatella
Published: April 2020

The "return" of poor people movements encourages reflection on the impact of changes in the social structure, the availability of organizational resources, and political and discursive opportunities for collective action. Based on a quantitative and qualitative claim analysis in six European countries, this article maps unemployment-related protest actions in three areas: (a) long-term unemployment; (b) massive dismissals; and (c) unemployment and labor policies within more general cycles of protest. The article discusses the actors, the forms and claims of the protests, and the social and political opportunities for their development. Protests on unemployment tend to assume some similar forms, each oriented to stress the "absolute injustice" of the position of the unemployed. The framing of the issues of both labor changes and the evolution of the labor market restates the importance of social dynamics for political protest. Unions as well as other social movements and political actors play an important role in the protest against unemployment.
Organization and Place in the Anti-U.S. Chinese Student Protests After the 1999 Belgrade Embassy Bombing
Authors: Zhao Dingxin
Published: April 2020

While early studies of participant mobilization in contentious politics stress the roles of organizations and networks in mobilization, more recent scholarship emphasizes the importance of place. This article treats organization-based mobilization and place-based mobilization as two mechanisms of participant mobilization and tries to find a way to understand the relationships between them. By examining different styles of student mobilization during the 1999 anti-U.S. protests at three Beijing universities, each with similarly built environments and spatial student routines, this article shows that the built environment played a crucial role in student mobilizations where there was less organizational involvement, and a small role when mobilization processes were more organized. In short, less-organized protests may be compelled to rely on placed-based mobilization tactics.
Social Movement Campaigns: Mobilization and Outcomes in the Montreal Women's Movement Community
Authors: Staggenborg Suzanne , Lecomte Josée
Published: April 2020

Social movement campaigns help create the networks and collective identities needed to build social movement communities, which in turn support subsequent collective campaigns. This article examines the interactions between movement communities and campaigns using the case of the 2000 World March of Women in Montreal. We find that movement community resources and networks, mobilized by leaders in stable movement organizations and institutions, support campaigns. Centralization, diversity, and size of movement communities affect campaign mobilization. Movement campaigns alter movement communities by creating bonds that form the basis for subsequent campaigns and by keeping movement communities politicized. Prior campaigns generate public consciousness, put issues on the public agenda, create new frames and discourse, forge connections to new constituents, and leave behind new networks, coalition organizations, leaders, and activists. Our research contributes to an understanding of the connections between the submerged networks of social movement communities and the contentious politics of movement campaigns.
Cooperative Collective Action: Framing Faith-Based Community Development
Authors: Fitzgerald Scott
Published: April 2020

Drawing from social movement and organization theories, data from an in-depth comparative analysis of three faith-based community development organizations (FBCDOs) in the United States are examined as a form of cooperative collective action. The diagnostic, prognostic, and motivational frames produced by each organization, and the role these frames play in developing and maintaining relationships with the state, are detailed. These collective action frames (1) link sectarian religious values to broad community development goals, and (2) do not fundamentally challenge the prevailing economic and political systems. Empirically, the findings clarify important issues and dynamics related to emerging movements, the modern welfare state, and church-state relations by specifying how values, beliefs, and structural location shape the actions of FBCDOs engaged in state-sponsored religious social service provision. Theoretically, it demonstrates the utility of more precise analytical distinctions between types of collective action and suggests new directions for research on movements for change.
Mobilizing Under the Gun: Theorizing Political Opportunity Structure in a Highly Repressive Setting
Authors: Alimi Eitan
Published: April 2020

Although episodes of contentious politics in undemocratic regimes constitute the lion's share of contentious political events worldwide, the theorizing of political opportunity structures is based largely on contentious episodes in democratic/liberal political settings. This anomaly hampers recent attempts to redefine the boundaries among episodes of contention across time and place. Employing the case of the first Palestinian Intifada (1987-1992), I critically examine three theoretical aspects of political opportunity structures (POS): (1) how the link between POS, strateg, and tactics is forged; (2) how different levels of POS interact; and (3) the ability of multiactor movements to cope with the shifting nature of POS. I conclude by briefly illustrating the relevance of my findings to other structurally similar cases, and discuss the implications of my analysis for further sensitization of the Dynamics of Contention research program.
The Contextual Dependence of Movement Outcomes: A Simplified Meta-Analysis
Authors: Uba Katrin
Published: April 2020

This article investigates the empirical evidence for the statement that the impact of social movement organizations (SMOs) and interest groups on policy making is dependent on public opinion and the political system. A meta-analysis of articles published in eleven sociology and political science journals from 1990 to 2007 is used to test two hypotheses: 1) when public opinion is taken into account, SMOs and interest groups have no direct effect on policy; 2) the existence of a democratic regime is a necessary precondition for finding any policy impact of SMOs and interest groups. Results show that taking account of public opinion does not generally make any difference in the finding of direct effects. However, the role of public opinion varies across the measures of organizational resources and activity. I also find that a democratic regime is not a necessary precondition for the impact of SMOs and interest groups on public policy, but show that a direct effect of interest organizations is less likely to be found in the studies that take account of political regime.
The Strategy of Normalization in the South African Lgbt Movement
Authors: Currier Ashley
Published: April 2020

The article theorizes and presents normalization as a movement-level strategy available to social movements dealing with an internal threat. By defining themselves against an internal threat's abnormality through a process of normalization, social movement organizations assert how they and the movement operate within socially and politically respectable parameters. Drawing on ethnographic, interview, and newspaper data, I show how mainstream South African lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) movement organizations deployed normalization to marginalize and expel an internal threat, the Gay and Lesbian Alliance, between 1998 and 2006.
Reflexivity in Mobilization: Gender and Memory as Cultural Features of Women's Mobilization in Vieques, 1999-2003
Authors: Vélez-Vélez Roberto
Published: April 2020

This article explores the significance of reflexivity as a cultural process in social movements. It examines the roles that gender and memory played in mobilizing women in the antimilitary movement in Vieques, Puerto Rico, between 1999-2003. In particular, the analysis focuses on the articulations and actions undertaken by the Alianza de Mujeres Viequenses. While some emerging research stresses the novelty of women's participation in the latest effort to remove the U.S. Navy from this island, none have operationalized the event in a theoretical context and highlighted key nuances. This article engages literatures on the significance of gender in the mobilization process as well as the cultural nature of remembrance and its significance in the meaning-making process for collective actors. It does so through an examination of the mobilization of women in the antimilitary movement. Furthermore it argues for the acknowledgement of reflexivity in the examination of claims articulation for mobilization.
Political Opportunities and Strategic Choices: Comparing Feminist Campaigns in Morocco and Iran
Authors: Moghadam Valentine , Gheytanchi Elham
Published: April 2020

How do women's rights activists mobilize in nondemocratic and culturally conservative contexts? Why do some women's movements succeed in securing the policy outcomes they seek while others fail to realize their objectives? Comparing two recent cases of feminist activism in the Middle East/North Africa region—the Moroccan and Iranian campaigns for family law reform—the article demonstrates the way that political opportunity structures shape the strategic options available to activists and influence movement frames. While a political opening is conducive to movement growth and success, including cooperation for legal and policy reform (Morocco), the closing of political space compels extrainstitutional feminist contention and transnational links (Iran). In examining the structure of political opportunity in addition to strategic choices, the paper addresses the interplay of structure and agency in mobilization processes and finds that—to paraphrase Marx—women and men make history, but not under conditions of their own choosing.
Quarrelling and Protesting: How Organizers Shape a Demonstration
Authors: Boekkooi Marije , Klandermans Bert , van Stekelenburg Jacquelien
Published: April 2020

On February 15, 2003, about 20 million people around the world protested against the imminent war in Iraq. In the Netherlands, 70,000 people marched in the streets of Amsterdam. This study focuses on the organization and mobilization processes preceding this event in Amsterdam. We trace how the organizers' attempts to form a coalition and the quarrels that ensued affected mobilization efforts, composition of the demonstration, media attention, and, subsequently, how and when participants were mobilized. We argue that, although infrequently studied, the specific ways that initial mobilization structures are formed are critical factors in the trajectory of mobilization. We use in-depth interviews with the organizers, newspaper content analyses, and survey data from participants to trace these effects.
Threat Assessment and Collective-Action Emergence: Death-Camp and Ghetto Resistance During the Holocaust
Authors: Einwohner Rachel , Maher Thomas
Published: April 2020

Recent work in the field of social movements has argued for the importance of threat as a factor that explains the emergence of collective action. However, threat remains poorly specified and understood. This article seeks to refine the concept of threat and its role in mobilization with an examination of Jewish resistance during the Holocaust. Our study design compares two cases where resistance took place (the Warsaw Ghetto and the Sobibór death camp) with two cases where resistance did not occur (the Łódź Ghetto and the Bełżec death camp). Our comparison of these cases finds that mass resistance occurred only when and where Jews correctly assessed the threats facing them. We use these findings to identify five dimensions of threat: severity, temporality, applicability, malleability, and credibility. We argue that recognizing these dimensions and the ways they interact is especially useful for understanding action in repressive contexts.
Horizontal Dynamics in Transnational Activism: The Case of Nu River Anti-Dam Activism in China
Authors: Matsuzawa Setsuko
Published: April 2020

This case study of transnational activism against the Nu River hydropower dam plan in China describes a horizontal dynamic in global-local relations, whereas the predominant literature in social movements assumes a vertical or hierarchical conception. The forms and operations of transnational activism were analyzed in order to understand the connectivity of domestic environmental NGOs in China to alliances, venues, and discourses. The case reveals that the "translocal" nature of local activism helped create linkages with global partners and establish a horizontal dynamic of transnational activism via the development of transnational solidarities and local empowerment. Local activists today should not automatically be viewed as the bottom feeders in a vertical topography, dependent upon global patronage. The study proposes a preliminary set of observable and/or measurable characteristics for assessing the degree to which any case of global-local relations expresses a horizontal dynamic.
Multiple Engagements and Network Bridging in Contentious Politics: Digital Media Use of Protest Participants
Authors: Walgrave Stefaan , Bennett W. , Van Laer Jeroen , Breunig Christian
Published: April 2020

Based on three series of protest surveys across nations, issues, and time, this study examines to what extent the use of digital media permits activists to sustain multiple engagements in different protest events and different movement organizations. We find that digital media use stimulates multiple activisms. Through information and communication technologies (ICTs), activists can maintain multiple engagements and manage weak ties with diverse protest and movement communities. The data also suggest that these multiple engagements and overlapping activisms effectively provide linkages to and integration within social movement networks. Core activists who are closely linked to protest organizations rely more on ICTs to manage their multiple commitments. Even activists less closely tied to core protest organizations can link to more diverse communities through Internet use. These basic patterns systematically hold across nations, across issues, and across time.
Political Context, Organizational Engagement, and Protest in African Countries
Authors: Pilati Katia
Published: April 2020

This article analyzes levels of protest mobilization in eighteen African countries—by far the region least studied by researchers of protest dynamics. Theoretically, its goal is to integrate the role of organizational engagement into political opportunity approaches to protest mobilization. Empirically, it uses African data to test whether Western-driven theories provide useful insights for analyzing protest dynamics in developing countries. The analysis yields three major findings: (1) the more open and democratic the political context, the more individuals mobilize, although the impact of the political opportunity structure in repressive contexts is less certain; (2) the more individuals are engaged in organizations, excluding religious organizations, the more they mobilize; (3) the impact of individual organizational engagement on the probability of mobilizing in protests does not change across contexts.
Pushing Back and Stretching: Frame Adjustments Among Reproductive Rights Advocates in Peru
Authors: Coe Anna-Britt
Published: April 2020

The article examines how two reproductive rights coalitions in Peru adjust their framing by way of regular interactions with other collective actors. Qualitative data were gathered from the coalitions in the regions of Arequipa and Cusco. The findings demonstrate how the coalitions engage in framing practices not only among their members as they select and refine advocacy goals and strategies, but also by means of interaction, communication, and negotiation with a range of organized social and political actors. Through these interactions, coalition members adjust their framing of reproductive rights in response to what they perceive from other actors, taking frames from them and directing frames back to them. These interactions occur within broader political and cultural contexts consisting of stable and variable opportunity structures. Thus, the coalitions' framing practices entail stretching favorable interpretations among allies and neutral actors, while pushing back the boundaries in which the Catholic Church leadership attempts to transmit its own interpretations.