bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Repeating the Errors of Our Parents?
Authors: Skuja Kathy , Halford W. Kim
Published: May 2004

Within a social learning model, family-of-origin violence places men at risk for developing negative communication in their adult relationships. Thirty young men exposed to family-of-origin violence (exposed group) and 30 unexposed young men were videotaped discussing a conflict topic with their female dating partners. Relative to the unexposed group, the exposed men and women reported higher relation-ship aggression and during discussion showed more negative communication, were more domineering, and the men reported more negative affect. There were no differences between the groups on cognition or heart rate. The conflict management deficits and aggression evident in the exposed group suggest that these partners are at high risk for future relationship aggression and distress.
Observations From Practice
Authors: Larance Lisa Young , Porter Maryann Lane
Published: May 2004

This article explores the authors’ practice observations of female domestic violence survivors’journey fromfirst agency contact to active participation in a support group process. The authors have witnessed female victims of domestic violence challenging the social isolation imposed by their dominant partners as they search for meaning in their lives. As practitioners, they have observed women building trustful relationships and establishing supportive networks during the group process. In this article, the authors suggest that the support group process facilitates trust and network formation indicative of social capital.
Succession Planning in the Closely Held Business
Authors: Rosenfeld Larry , Friedman Harry
Published: May 2004

Succession planning should not be viewed as an issue that arises only when the retirement of a CEO or another key executive is imminent. Departures of senior personnel occur for a variety of reasons and are often unexpected. Succession planning for a change in the executives of a closely held business presents both income tax and transfer tax issues. Recent tax law changes have reduced the tax rate on dividends and can affect the cash flow of a company. Other tax issues will affect a company, the executives who are leaving, and the new leadership. Stock options, the type of corporation setup, and other factors can create advantages or disadvantages for a company. In closely held businesses, many executives are family members. This creates additional estateplanning scenarios. With proper planning and forethought, succession planning can ensure a smooth transition.
When Prisoners Get Out: The Impact of Prison Releases on Homicide Rates, 1975-1999
Authors: Kovandzic Tomislav V. , Marvell Thomas B. , Vieraitis Lynne M. , Moody Carlisle E.
Published: May 2004

Although studies examining the relationship between prison populations and homicide rates find significant negative impacts, no published studies have examined the impact of prison releases on homicide. The issue here is whether release rates directly affect crime, independently of any impact they might have through their impact on prison populations. We examine this question by regressing homicide rates on prison release rates, prison population, and numerous control variables using panel data for 46 states from 1975 to 1999. The results provide no evidence of a significant positive relationship between prison releases and homicide. Similar to prior studies, however, we found that prison population growth has greatly reduced homicide rates. The main policy implication of these findings is that those leaving prison have no greater propensity to commit homicide than those entering or remaining in prison.
Perceived Fears: The Reporting Patterns of Juvenile Homicide in Chicago Newspapers
Authors: Boulahanis John G. , Heltsley Martha J.
Published: May 2004

This article takes a social constructionist approach in examining the reporting patterns of juvenile homicide in two major daily newspapers:Chicago Tribune andChicago Sun-Times, from 1992 to 2000. The authors speculate that although juvenile homicide rates have steadily declined, the number of cases receiving media attention have increased. Also hypothesized is that the newspapers overreport certain atypical, newsworthy cases, which influence public perceptions and fear of crime. To test these hypotheses, a comparison is made between homicide cases that received newspaper coverage to those that did not receive any media exposure. Perceptions and fear of crime were measured with a mailed survey to Chicago residents. The findings suggest that the newspapers may be responsible for socially constructing an atypical image of juvenile homicide by overreporting cases involving females, Caucasians, and extremely young victims and offenders. Additionally, in examining the spatial distribution of the reporting patterns of the papers, the findings indicate that cases in the northern districts of the city are preferred over cases in the south side. In examining perceptions of fear, the findings suggest that individuals receiving most of their crimerelated information from the newspapers report higher levels of fear of crime than those who receive crime information from other mediums.
Czech Families Ten Years after the Velvet Revolution
Authors: HRABA JOSEPH , LORENZ FREDERICK O. , PECHAČOVÁ ZDEŇKA
Published: May 2004

The authors report on the experiences of sixteen Czech families ten years after the Velvet Revolution. The families were selected from a four-year panel of 740 households and were interviewed in 1997-98. They talked about their lives during communism and since the reform. They recalled their initial high expectations, followed by facing new challenges and their later reassessment of the reform. Their stories show that the transition toward a market economy and democracy has been a mixed blessing consistent with social thought on the earlier Great Transformation. They also complement the notion that attitudes about the reforms differentiate into the dichotomy of winners and losers. These families gave well-measured accounts of this historic change whether winners or losers.
Lay and Professional Views on Tabernacle Location in Catholic Parishes
Authors: McCALLION MICHAEL J.
Published: May 2004

The tabernacle in the Catholic Church is a contested sacred object with respect to its location. Professional church ministers called liturgists are a new knowledge class within the Catholic Church since Vatican II (1962-65), and they promote the removal of the tabernacle from the main body of the church to a separate smaller space called a eucharistic chapel. Ordinary lay parishioners, on the other hand, want to be able to see and pray before the tabernacle and therefore want the tabernacle to remain in the main body of the church. These differing views on the location of the tabernacle indicate that an attitudinal and behavioral gap exists between professional ministers and ordinary pew dwellers. This article then draws on the work of Durkheim, Demerath and Williams, and Kniss to explain why.
Exotic Dancing and the Negotiation of Identity
Authors: Wesely Jennifer K.
Published: May 2004

This study investigates the multiple uses of body technologies by female exotic dancers and the relationship to dancers’negotiations of identity. Using ethnographic methods, primarily in-depth interviews, this article probes the ways that dancers alter their bodies to earn money while also attempting to re-create different meanings through their bodies. In fact, the women use body technologies for multiple purposes but make choices about their bodies in a context that rewards them for only sexualized one-dimensional meanings. Body technologies both hinder and help the attempts these women make to manage subsequent identity complications and are engaged on different levels. This article highlights the ways that body technologies reflect the dancers’ struggles concerning body and identity.
Reimagining Community
Authors: Mohan Dia
Published: May 2004

This article offers an ethnographic exploration of a grassroots cultural organization called Jana Sanskriti (People’s Culture) working in rural Bengal, India. This political theatre and activist work offstage is oppositional practice that presents participants with a significant space for self-organization. Jana Sanskriti’s work enables the author to engage and push the boundaries of symbolic interactionism because their performances, role-playing, and rehearsals are more than metaphors for social construction, identity formation, and subjective transformation. For eighteen years, Jana Sanskriti’s theatre has offered a significant opportunity for people to script power relations onstage and live new commitments offstage. The author shows how people learn from, make sense of, and live the consequences of immediate, onstage interactions and experiences in their offstage lives. This story traces people’s experience with and commitment to particular practices of interactions unique to the Jana Sanskriti community as evidence that representations can be an engine of transformation.
Drugs, Space, and Sociality in a Gay Nightclub in Sydney
Authors: Slavin Sean
Published: May 2004

Based on fieldwork in Sydney, Australia, this article presents an ethnographic account of a night out in a gay nightclub. Detailed description covers recreational injecting drug use, sex and dancing, the club itself, and the surrounding area. From this, a concept of social or tribal space is developed that takes account of multiplicity and flux. This enables the exploration of drug use as one element within an environment that produces and is produced by complex social and cultural relations and thus reveals something about its meaning.
THE MASCOT RESEARCHER
Authors: ADAMS LAURA L.
Published: May 2004

In this article, the author examines issues of power and situated knowledge in fieldwork by reflecting on her own research experience in Uzbekistan. She argues that playing the mascot researcher role can cause field-workers to feel they have lost control over their identities and the direction of their work. On the other hand, mascots are given special attention and access because of their gender, race, nationality, or guest status. In addition to analyzing the dynamics of the mascot researcher role, she specifies the effects that this role had on her access to information as well as on the conclusions she drew about Uzbek national culture. She concludes that field-workers need to explicitly analyze their knowledge about their research topics in terms of their relationships with informants.
Virtuous and Vicious Cycles in the Contributions of Public Research Universities to State Economic Development Objectives
Authors: Feller Irwin
Published: May 2004

State governments are increasingly dichotomizing support of public research universities, selectively enhancing technology-based academic research initiatives while gradually withdrawing support for general educational infrastructure. This dichotomization is based on a narrow perspective of the contributions that universities make to state economic growth, the interdependence of targeted and general support, and the unpredictability of correctly identified university-based scientific and technological advances that contribute to localized economic growth. The trend also runs the risk of generating vicious cycles whereby states lose relative position, especially to states with research-intensive private universities. The trend also reduces the affordability of higher education and contributes to pressures to earmark federal academic research and development funds.
Gender in the Prozac Nation
Authors: Blum Linda M. , Stracuzzi Nena F.
Published: May 2004

Since Prozac emerged on the market at the end of 1987, there has been a dramatic increase in antidepressant use and in its discussion by popular media. Yet there has been little analysis of the gendered character of this phenomenon despite feminist traditions scrutinizing the medical control of women’s bodies. The authors begin to fill this gap through a detailed content analysis of the 83 major articles on Prozac and its “chemical cousins” appearing in large-circulation periodicals in Prozac’s first 12 years. They find that popular talk about Prozac and its competing brands is largely degendered, presented as manifestly gender neutral, yet replete with latent gendered messages. These are about women with neurochemical imbalances but also about the need to discipline elite female bodies, to enhance their productivity and flexibility. This new form of female “fitness” mirrors demands of the New Economy and indicates how psychiatric discourse contributes to the historically specific shaping of gendered bodies.
“It’s Just about being Fair”
Authors: Blackstone Amy
Published: May 2004

Constructions of women’s activism as social service, volunteer, or charity work contribute to the relative invisibility of these forms of activism. The author conducted field research at an affiliate office of the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation. She analyzes how these women volunteers resist the label “activist” at the same time that they engage in activities that resemble activism. The author also examines the reasons for their resistance to the term. Her analysis shows that implicit connections between constructions of activism and gender shape the extent to which volunteers think of their work either as political or as activism. In light of Komen’s heteronormative gender ideology, the author concludes by raising questions about the relationships among gender, activism, and civic participation.
Risperidone is Effective for Wandering and Disturbed Sleep/Wake Patterns in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Meguro Kenichi , Meguro Mitsue , Tanaka Yasuhiro , Akanuma Kyoko , Yamaguchi Keiichiro , Itoh Masatoshi
Published: May 2004

Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), especially aggressiveness, wandering, and sleep disturbance, are a major burden for caregivers. Daily sleep/wake patterns and wandering of institutionalized patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) were visually monitored, and 34 patients who manifested wandering were selected and randomly classified into 2 groups: the risperidone group and the nonrisperidone group. After an administration of low-dose risperidone for the risperidone group, the BPSD were reassessed. The binding potentials of dopamine D2 receptor for preadministration and postadministration of risperidone were assessed using positron emission tomography (PET) for 1 case. After the use of risperidone, aggressiveness and wandering were reduced and the nighttime sleeping hours were increased. The PET revealed that the binding potential of dopamine receptor was increased after administration of the drug, associated with improved sleep/wake patterns and behavioral abnormality. Possible serotonergic modulation of dopaminergic function might explain the neurobiological basis of the effect of risperidone.
The Frequency of Executive Cognitive Impairment in Elderly Rehabilitation Inpatients
Authors: Kahokehr Arman , Siegert Richard J. , Weatherall Mark
Published: May 2004

The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of executive cognitive dysfunction in a sample of elderly patients in 2 rehabilitation wards in Wellington, New Zealand. All patients in 2 wards over a 2-month period were approached and invited to complete a brief neuropsychological battery. Sixty-two patients volunteered, of whom 52 completed at least 3 of the 4 measures of executive functioning. The frequency of executive dysfunction in the resulting sample of 52 was determined. Impaired executive function was defined as impaired performance on at least 2 executive function tests. The authors administered the Hayling-Brixton tests, the verbal fluency test, the Trail-Making Test, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and the Geriatric Depression Scale. Patients’ behavior was rated for executive problems on the Dysexecutive Questionnaire by themselves and by a nurse. The frequency of executive impairment was high at 13 out of 52 patients (25%). Only 1 of these 13 patients with executive difficulties was impaired according to their MMSE score. Screening for executive impairment among older rehabilitation inpatients is a necessary part of their medical management and rehabilitation. This should involve more than just administering the MMSE at admission. Several brief methods for screening for executive impairment are now available.
“Discursive Opening” and Closing in Organisational Self-Study
Authors: Thackaberry Jennifer Anne
Published: May 2004

This article describes the practice of organizational self-study and examines its potential to create “discursive openings” in systematically distorted communication, particularly when members engage new discourses to investigate subjective and objective features of their own organizational lives. It investigates a recent self-study undertaken by the U.S. Forest Service to diagnose and solve safety issues in wildland firefighting. The analysis reveals how engaging a new discourse allowed firefighters to imagine a new culture where they would be encouraged to think rather than just obey rules. But certain discursive closure moves reinforced the constitutive steering medium of bureaucratically managed safety rules, and potentially thwarted cultural change hoped for by organizational members and demanded by legitimating third parties.
The Downsides of Downsizing
Authors: Tourish Dennis , Paulsen Neil , Hobman Elizabeth , Bordia Prashant
Published: May 2004

This study explored the impact of downsizing on levels of uncertainty, coworker and management trust, and communicative effectiveness in a health care organization downsizing during a 2-year period from 660 staff to 350 staff members. Self-report data were obtained from employees who were staying (survivors), from employees were being laid off (victims), and from employees with and without managerial responsibilities. Results indicated that downsizing had a similar impact on the amount of trust that survivors and victims had for management. However, victims reported feeling lower levels of trust toward their colleagues compared with survivors. Contrary to expectations, survivors and victims reported similar perceptions of job and organizational uncertainty and similar levels of information received about changes. Employees with no management responsibilities and middle managers both reported lower scores than did senior managers on all aspects of information received. Implications for practice and the management of the communication process are discussed.
The Communicative Achievement of Collective Minding
Authors: Cooren François
Published: May 2004

Based on an in-depth analysis of excerpts from a board meeting in a drug rehabilitation center, this article shows how a group of managers displays a form of intelligence that cannot be reduced to the simple sum of their respective contributions. Although this phenomenonhas been illustrated so far in the context of high-reliability organizations, this analysis extends previous findings by showing that a form of collective intelligence can be found more generally in patterns of conversational behavior. The managers are shown to be constructing, amending, and adding a series of textual blocks that ultimately represent the heedfulness of the group. Although it can only be achieved on the “terra firma” of interactions, collective minding is shown to be a phenomenon that always transcends the “here and now” by interrelating this latter with the “there and then,” a phenomenon of translocalization that can be identified as a form of organizational intelligence.
Changing Principles of Communication Between Chinese Managers and Workers
Authors: Hong Jianzhong , Engeström Yrjö
Published: May 2004

On China’s current path toward modernization, information sharing and effective communication become major learning challenges. This article explores how the change and emerging tensions are managed. Data collected from a Sino-foreign joint venture and a Chinese joint-stock company, analyzed within the framework of cultural-historical activity theory, indicate that Confucian authority chains and guanxi should be viewed as two complementary and interactive principles. The communicative configuration generated by these two principles is in transition in Chinese organizations. The zone of proximal development emerging for communication in Chinese companies takes the shape of two-way movement: toward an increasingly personal character of the Confucian authority principle on one hand and toward an increasingly production-oriented character of the principle of guanxi on the other hand. The successful design and implementation of communication systems in Chinese companies will largely depend on management’s ability to understand and shape this historical change.
Grief Is More Than Tears
Authors: Reed Karen S.
Published: May 2004

Much has been written in the professional and popular literature about grief. The multiplicity of sources for information about the phenomenon often leads to confusion regarding terminology and process. In addition, assessment and intervention methods show the phenomenon as unidimensional despite evidence to the contrary. Because nursing routinely deals with grief, it is important that a framework be developed to help understand the process and guide appropriate interventions. The Neuman systems model is particularly well suited as a framework because concepts found in the model are similar to descriptions of the concept of grief. An analysis of the grief concept using the Neuman model is presented, with perinatal grief presented as an example.
Conceptual Models of Nursing: International in Scope and Substance? The Case of the Neuman Systems Model
Authors: Fawcett Jacqueline
Published: May 2004

This column focuses on exploration of the international applicability of conceptual models of nursing developed by nurse theorists from the United States of America. Nurse scholars from the United States and Holland discuss their experiences with the international use of the Neuman systems model.
Nursing: Whose Discipline is it Anyway?
Authors: Northrup Deborah Thoun , Tschanz Coby L. , Olynyk Valerie G. , Makaroff Kara L. Schick , Szabo Joanna , Biasio Heather A.
Published: May 2004

Nursing is variously described as a profession, a discipline, an occupation. The meanings we assign to such words and the expectations, demands, and responsibilities that each reveals to and/or exacts from those of us privileged to call ourselves registered nurse provides a splendid arena for viewing the struggle of nursing as an intellectual endeavor embedded in its own distinctive knowledge base, experiences, purposes, and values. Currently, pressure exerted within and without nursing to adopt the self-limiting potential and subordinated position that a professional discipline orientation and applied degree education confer on nursing is mounting. This article examines the relationships among historical events, contemporary influences, and confounding definitions that are integral to how we choose to guide and shape the evolution of nursing scholarship, practice, and education. The authors contend that the full significance of these relationships must be appreciated if nursing is to advance as a scholarly academic discipline and practice profession.
Witnessing Change with Aspiring Nurses: A Human Becoming Teaching-Learning Process in Nursing Education
Authors: Letcher Deborah C. , Yancey Nan Russell
Published: May 2004

Nurse educators have the opportunity to encourage meaningful reflections of nursing students. Dr. Rosemarie Rizzo Parse's teaching-learning processes provide a framework for such experiences. Student reflection through journaling and student participation in dialogue using these processes brings about an opportunity for students to discover new meaning for themselves and others. The process of how two nurse educators incorporated the human becoming teaching-learning model into students' experiences is discussed. Excerpts of student journals, themes of student work, and considerations for future development of the teaching-learning model with students are discussed.
Understanding the Importance of Values and Moral Attitudes in Nursing Care in Preserving Human Dignity
Authors: Nåden Dagfinn , Eriksson Katie
Published: May 2004

The purpose of this investigation was to explore when nursing becomes an art, and to develop a theory/model of nursing as art. The overall design of the investigation was qualitative, and phenomenological-hermeneutic. The five substantial categories in the theory/model are: Invitation and confirmation, encounter, values, moral attitude and demeanor, the act of good will, and aesthetic communication. One main finding of this nursing investigation based on the caring perspective was that values and a thoroughly moral attitude and demeanor are central when nursing becomes an art.
An Emerging Framework for Human Becoming Criticism
Authors: Mitchell Gail J.
Published: May 2004

This column presents a new framework for researchers to consider as a guide when participating in the process of scholarly critique. The framework is aligned with the philosophical view of Gadamerian hermeneutics. The emerging framework, consistent with the human becoming school of thought, builds on ideas from literary theory, specifically reception or reader-response theory, and the human becoming hermeneutic method. Three processes— sketching the horizon of expectation, illuminating artistic disclosure, and enhancing the original with artform—guide reviewers to bring forth the contributions of the researcher and to enhance the researcher’s contribution with artform. The emerging framework will enable researchers to participate in interpretive discourse and to advance the understanding of a scholarly community.
E-Government Visual Accessibility for Older Adult Users
Authors: Becker Shirley Ann
Published: May 2004

The web offers an unprecedented opportunity to gain immediate access to government resources that might not otherwise be available to many older adults aged 60 years and over. Yet due to aging vision, there remain design barriers to the use of state and federal government web sites. This research describes aging vision and its impact on the accessibility of government web sites. It incorporates the guidelines published by the National Institute on Aging (NIA) for making senior-friendly web sites. Several software tools, including Dottie and Usability Enforcer, are described in terms of their functionality in promoting senior-friendly web sites. Data generated by the software tools and manual assessment are used to evaluate e-government compliance with vision-related NIA accessibility guidelines.
A Case Study in Digital Government
Authors: Waddell Paul , Borning Alan
Published: May 2004

The UrbanSim project provides a case study in Digital Government, and this article examines progress to date in developing and applying the system in a range of metropolitan areas. Digital Government is meant here in the context of an innovative, cross-cutting initiative of the National Science Foundation. The project integrates academic research on urban simulation modeling and policy evaluation with research on human-computer interaction and software engineering, and uses a value-sensitive design to ensure that the system addresses the needs of governments and citizens. This article addresses the importance of the problem domain and the project objectives, presents a range of challenges, and outlines the design and application of UrbanSim in response to these. It discusses issues arising in the application of the model in the Salt Lake City metropolitan region, where a lawsuit over a highway project has precipitated use of UrbanSim to assess the interactions of transportation, land use, and environmental outcomes, and concludes with an assessment and directions for future research.
Information Sharing in and Across Government Agencies
Authors: Drake David B. , Steckler Nicole A. , Koch Marianne J.
Published: May 2004

This article is based on an exploratory, interdisciplinary study of issues related to information sharing within and across three public agencies. Based on Schein’s work, three subcultures within the public sector (scientist, politician, and bureaucrat) were identified as a framework to examine these issues. Dawes’s three categories of benefits and barriers, associated with interagency information sharing (technical, organizational, and political), were also used in developing the framework. Their work has been extended by identifying three types of differences (view, use, and purpose) among these subcultural relationships to data and information. Four types of systems (social, constituency, technical, and organizational) that influence information-sharing processes within and across agencies also were identified. Two cases are offered to illustrate key points about information sharing across subcultures and some implications for research and practice to enhance abilities within the public sector to appropriately and effectively share information.
The Role of Metadata in the Statistical Knowledge Network
Authors: Hert Carol A. , Denn Sheila , Haas Stephanie W.
Published: May 2004

Metadata (data about data) is integral to many processes in the Statistical Knowledge Network (SKN). Recently, efforts such as the SemanticWeb and others express the importance of metadata in supporting integration of information across multiple sources. Critical challenges in building the SKN are identifying what metadata is needed, and at what point in the cycle of production and use of statistical information it must be available, and establishing an architecture that supports metadata acquisition and use throughout the SKN. This article provides a research agenda in those areas, building on our currentwork in helping users to find the statistical information they need and understand what they find.
Digital Citizenship
Authors: Shelley Mack , Thrane Lisa , Shulman Stuart , Lang Evette , Beisser Sally , Larson Teresa , Mutiti James
Published: May 2004

This study presents results from a 2002 Midwest urban random sample survey ( N = 167 adults). It is proposed that attitudes toward technology have a direct impact on digital citizenry and are colored by racial and educational differences. A path model showed several key results. Desire for computer skills increased among respondents with lower levels of educational attainment. Respondents with higher levels of education were more likely to use computers at home andwork. Non-Whites were more likely than Whites to agree that technological information is key to citizen empowerment and that computers should be accessible to all citizens, as well as reporting increased interest in learning computer skills. Interest in developing computer skillswas positively associated with digital citizenship. Viewing technology as a source of informational powerwas positively related to support for digital government and to support for computer access equity.
Factors Influencing the Use of Mobility Technology in Community-Based Long-Term Care
Authors: Agree Emily M. , Freedman Vicki A. , Sengupta Manisha
Published: May 2004

Objectives: This article adapts a framework commonly used to model personal long-term care services to examine factors influencing the use of mobility-related assistive devices, both in isolation and in combination with personal care. Methods: The authors analyze data from Phase 2 of the 1994-1995 National Health Interview Survey Disability Supplements to compare predictors of equipment use with those for personal care and rank the probabilities of using particular combinations according to health needs, access, and personal and family characteristics. Results: The authors find that underlying health needs are the dominant factor related to the type of care arrangement used. The typical person with a mobility-related disability is most likely to use equipment alone; only at younger ages or at greater levels of severity are other arrangements expected to dominate. Discussion: Research on the dynamic acquisition process, with attention to age and trajectories of disability severity, is needed to fully understand the integration of technology and personal care.
A Longitudinal Analysis of Discrete Negative Emotions and Health-Services Use in Elderly Individuals
Authors: McKeen Nancy A. , Chipperfield Judith G. , Campbell Darren W.
Published: May 2004

Objective: To test the hypothesis that everyday, discrete negative emotions—anger, frustration, sadness, and fear—relate to health-service use in later life. Method: Community-dwelling adults ( n= 345) ages 72 to 99 were interviewed about the frequency of recently experienced emotions. Physician visits and hospital admissions in the subsequent 2 years were outcomes. Covariates included prior use of health services, chronic illness, functional status, and demographics. Results: Age, education, and gender moderated relations between negative emotions and health care use. More frustration was associated with fewer physician visits among older individuals. Sadness was associated with more hospital admissions for women. Among those with more education, frequent anger was associated with more physician visits. Projected effects of negative emotions resulted in increases in health-service use, ranging from 18% to 33%. Discussion: The interactions indicate the importance of negative emotions and the larger social and developmental context in health care services use among elderly individuals.
Predictors of Time to Nursing Home Placement in White and African American Individuals With Dementia
Authors: Stevens Alan , Owen Jason , Roth David , Clay Olivio , Bartolucci Alfred , Haley William
Published: May 2004

Objective: This study examined the influence of racial group identification on nursing home placement (NHP) for individuals with dementia before and after adjusting for the possible mediating effects of the caregiving context as defined by stressprocess variables in 215 caregiver/care recipient dyads. Method: Demographics, problem behaviors, self-care impairment, and caregiver appraisal, social support, psychological well-being, and coping were used to prospectively predict Time to NHP. Results: Race was a significant predictor of NHP with African American care recipients placed significantly slower than White care recipients. Race remained a significant predictor of Time to NHP after controlling for other variables that showed independent association with Time to NHP and stress-process variables. Discussion: Findings suggest that stress-process variables are critical factors in Time to NHP; however, these variables do not explain fully the difference in Time to NHP seen in White and African American care recipients.
Children with Disabilities in Israel
Authors: Merrick Joav , Drachman Rephael , Merrick Geula , Morad Mohammed
Published: May 2004

Disability studies in childhood have found prevalence figures ranging from 1.1 to 56.7 per 1000 children, which can be seen as variations in definitions used and populations studied. Studies from Israel in 1983 found a disability rate of 8.9 percent among 2- to 3-year-olds and 17.5 percent among 7-year-olds. Another study conducted during 1995-8 found a total disability rate of 12.8 percent, but 3.6 percent had a handicap not affecting the functioning of the child, 0.8 percent had a temporary problem and 0.7 percent only received treatment periodically, leaving a total of 7.7 percent with a chronic disability. These findings are compared to studies from Scandinavia and from the US and it is concluded that the prevalence of disability in childhood in Israel is similar to these countries.
Length of Institutionalization, Contact with Relatives and Previous Hospitalizations as Predictors of Social and Emotional Behavior in Young Ugandan Orphans
Authors: Nielsen Ashley , Coleman Priscilla K. , Guinn Matthew , Robb Clifford
Published: May 2004

The objectives of this study were to describe the socially based emotions and behaviors of 33 orphans in Uganda and to examine social history correlates of variability in the outcome measures. The toddlers were generally not very aggressive or prosocially oriented, and they displayed rather limited affect. More time was spent alone than with others and there was a preference for interacting in groups over one-on-one. A few significant effects were observed with duration of institutionalization, contact with relatives and previous hospitalization(s) serving as independent variables and the various socially based emotions and behaviors as the outcome measures.
Children as Citizens
Authors: Jans Marc
Published: May 2004

Due to changing social conditions active citizenship becomes a dynamic process rather than a standard, clear-cut set of rights and responsibilities. Furthermore, childhood presents itself more and more as an ambivalent social phenomenon. On the one hand, children are seen as autonomous individuals, on the other hand, as objects of protection. Nevertheless, today children can be seen as active citizens. Their ability to learn and play allows them to give active meaning to their environment. Accepting playful and ambivalent forms of citizenship, child participation presents itself no longer as an utopia, but as a fact.
European Gender Lessons
Authors: Nielsen Harriet Bjerrum
Published: May 2004

The article investigates the tensions between and within models of gender equality and gender complementarity by studying children who are in the midst of learning to apply these gender models in practice. Children (aged 11–15 years) were observed and interviewed while they participated in scout camps in Denmark, Portugal, Slovakia and Russia. Through structural and symbolic gender splits in spaces, positions, activities and competences, children create, reproduce and sometimes challenge the specific gender hierarchies of their culture: they learn the gender lessons of ‘heroes and mothers’, ‘soldiers and waitresses’, ‘father and child’ and ‘adult and boy’. The article is based on the project ‘One of the Boys? Doing Gender in European Scouting’.
On the Dimensionality of European Union Legislative Decision-Making
Authors: Selck Torsten J.
Published: May 2004

In this article I test spatial models of European Union (EU) legislative decisionmaking regarding the dimensionality of the policy space. After clarifying the concept of dimensionality, I review the existing literature. I then map out possible ways to test these models based on different dimensionality assumptions. Using quantitative data on actor positions for EU legislative politics, I .rst employ dimension-reducing techniques. The results show that this technique is not appropriate for generating a decreased number of underlying dimensions for the data at hand and that a one- or two-dimensional European policy space cannot be detected. Shifting to more theory-based analysis, I calculate the predicted outcomes for voting models of the EU under different spatial con.gurations. The findings show that the formal models’ predictive power increases with the use of multi-dimensional policy spaces. I conclude by interpreting these findings in the light of a more general debate on evaluating the decision space assumed bymodels of group decision-making.
Sharing Experiences of Contested Illness by Storytelling
Authors: Bülow Pia H.
Published: May 2004

Based on audiotaped conversations from a patient school for adults suffering from chronic fatigue syndrome, this article examines sharing experiences of illness as a mutual activity. The analysis shows that sharing experiences in this context is primarily of the narrative kind. Three main types of narratives were found: self-contained personal stories, orchestrated chained personal stories, and co-narrated collectivized stories. Through sharing three things seem to happen: (1) the participants jointly created experiential knowledge and a mutual image of the illness, (2) the individual sufferers could compare themselves to the jointly constructed image, (3) the active sharing of experience bestows a mutual confirmation of suffering irrespective of whether the individual’s experiences correspond or deviate from the common picture. Two parallel transitions seemed to occur: the transformation of personal experience into shared collectivized experiences and the transition when the individual sufferer perceives his/her private suffering through sharing experiences with co-sufferers.
Watching 11 September: The Politics of Pity
Authors: Chouliaraki Lilie
Published: May 2004

In this article, I discuss extracts of television footage from the vantage point of discourse: how the reported event ‘comes to mean’, how it becomes intelligible through television’s meaning-making operations. Specifically, I study the mediation of the 11 September event as one of distant suffering, drawing upon the work of Luc Boltanski (1999) on morality, media and politics. My aim is to identify the ways in which the television spectacle engages the affective potential of the spectator and evokes a specific disposition to act upon the suffering – thus, its moralizing effects on the spectator. First, I introduce a ‘politics of pity’, a politics that aims to resolve the space–time dimensions of mediation in order to establish a sense of ‘proximity’ to the events and so engage the spectator. Second, I contrast three different modes (or ‘topics’) of representing suffering, by reference to three extracts from the Danish national television channel: street shots of Manhattan, just after the collapse of the Twin Towers; the summary of the day’s events, with shots from the second plane collision and President Bush’s first public statement; and a long shot of the Manhattan skyline burning. I describe each ‘topic’ in terms of its space–time dimensions, its distinctive semiotic elements, and the affective and moral horizons it opens up for the spectator.
The Discourse of the New World Order: ‘Out-Casting’the Double Face of Threat
Authors: Lazar Annita , Lazar Michelle M.
Published: May 2004

This article suggests that a productive way to make sense of the discourse and actions surrounding the 11 September 2001 attacks, and thereafter, is to view them within the larger context of the discourse of the ‘New World Order’. This involves an intertextual analysis of President Bush’s speeches since 11 September, along with speeches made by the previous presidents, George Bush Senior and Bill Clinton. Our focus is on a significant element of this discourse – the definition of a moral order, as constituted vis-‡-vis the identification and explication of two faces of threat: Osama bin Laden and Saddam Hussein. We propose a way of analyzing the constitution of the ‘twin terrors’ through ‘out-casting’, a macro-strategy that encompasses the four micro-strategies of ‘enemy construction’, ‘criminalization’, ‘orientalization’ and ‘(e)vilification’, all which rest upon a logic of binarism. We argue that such a discursive bipolarity perpetuates, in the post-Cold War international system, a blueprint for heightened difference and conflict.
The Privatization of Retirement Income? Variation and Trends in the Income Packages of Old Age Pensioners
Authors: Pedersen Axel West
Published: May 2004

The aim of this article is to investigate the changing balance between public and private components in the income packages of old age pensioners in a selection of nine OECD countries. Four waves of data from the Luxembourg Income Study databank are used to analyse variation across countries and across time in the public/private mix of retirement income. The article seeks to address two main questions: (a) Is there a general trend towards a stronger reliance on private income provision and, perhaps, a trend towards convergence in the balance between public and private income components? (b) Is there evidence of a tendency for substitution/crowding out between public and private income components, and hence a tendency for crossnational convergence in the relative income position enjoyed by old age pensioners – despite variation in the generosity of national pension systems?
Decommodification and beyond: A Comparative Analysis of Work-Injury Programmes
Authors: Gal John
Published: May 2004

This article examines work-injury programmes in different welfare states. The article’s goals are to provide a better understanding of these programmes and to further develop concepts for comparison between welfare states. Work-injury programmes are a component in the social security systems of most countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, cross-national comparative research into this field of social protection has been very limited. This article undertakes a quantitative comparison of work-injury programmes in 10 different welfare states, which represent various types of welfare regimes. Decommodification and self-development are the two key concepts that serve as a basis for the comparison and indexes measuring these two concepts are constructed. The findings of the study indicate that social-democratic welfare states, followed by Australia and Israel, have workinjury programmes with the greatest potential for decommodification and self-development. By contrast, work-injury programmes in liberal welfare states such as Britain and the United States have a low decommodifying and self-development potential.
Making Personal Sense
Authors: Lawrence Jeanette A. , Valsiner Jaan
Published: May 2004

This paper presents an account of basic internalization/externalization processes as the vehicle by which socio-cultural meanings are turned into personal sense systems. Such systems guide persons’ actions in respect to their environments. Social and personal worlds constantly mutually constrain each other in ways that lead to transformations in both. Internalization and reciprocal externalization occur as the person takes in and transforms social messages and other signs in self-talk (dialogues with oneself and imagined others). The theoretical account is accompanied by the specifications of empirical criteria for observing personal dialogues, and an empirical example is provided and analyzed in terms of the unfolding of the personal sense system in a task environment. The data of dialogues between police officers and a computer program about adolescent shoplifting reveal how these respondents transformed the computer input through their internalizing/externalizing operations, by interpolating specialized knowledge and personal beliefs, taking up prior expressions, and going beyond the social material that was given in the task. This account of internalization/externalization extends sociogenetic approaches to explain how the human mind functions as both a social and a personal organized system.
Are We ‘Beyond Good and Evil’?
Authors: Webel Charles , Stigliano Tony
Published: May 2004

In this essay, we criticize the tacit radical psychological materialist reduction of mental to brain behavior and the consequent ‘elimination’ of ethical categories from ‘scientific’ discourse. Our argument, following Wittgenstein, is that we do not know that a connection exists—causal or otherwise—between physical/brain and mental processes. Following Chomsky, we may never know whether it exists, because there is a crucial explanatory gap between, on the one hand, neuroscientific and genetic accounts of brain and human biology, and, on the other, our understanding of human action, ranging from simple motor functioning (like picking up a pencil) to moral deliberation. This is a gap that contemporary neuroscience and cognitive psychology have a hard time recognizing, much less overcoming. And, despite longstanding optimistic claims to the contrary, we cannot know at this time whether it will ever be overcome. We conclude that in order for moral deliberation and action to exist at all, brains and genes are necessary but not sufficient. We also require a language community from which ethical categories derive their meanings, a body with eyes, ears and limbs (as well as a brain), and a culture—a social environment ( Umwelt) that interprets and constrains our choices of actions. We can never go ‘beyond good and evil’ because good and evil are social constructions, and, consequently, as long as there is human association, good and evil will continue to exist.