bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) immunotherapy: basic principles, current advances, and future prospects in neuro-oncology
Authors: Yoo Hyeon Joo , Harapan Biyan Nathanael
Published: September 2021

With recent advances, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) immunotherapy has become a promising modality for patients with refractory cancer diseases. The successful results of CAR T cell therapy in relapsed and refractory B-cell malignancies shifted the paradigm of cancer immunotherapy by awakening the scientific, clinical, and commercial interest in translating this technology for the treatment of solid cancers. This review elaborates on fundamental principles of CAR T cell therapy (development of CAR construct, challenges of CAR T cell therapy) and its application on solid tumors as well as CAR T cell therapy potential in the field of neuro-oncology. Glioblastoma (GBM) is identified as one of the most challenging solid tumors with a permissive immunological milieu and dismal prognosis. Standard multimodal treatment using maximal safe resection, radiochemotherapy, and maintenance chemotherapy extends the overall survival beyond a year. Recurrence is, however, inevitable. GBM holds several unique features including its vast intratumoral heterogeneity, immunosuppressive environment, and a partially permissive anatomic blood–brain barrier, which offers a unique opportunity to investigate new treatment approaches. Tremendous efforts have been made in recent years to investigate novel CAR targets and target combinations with standard modalities for solid tumors and GBM to improve treatment efficacy. In this review, we outline the history of CAR immunotherapy development, relevant CAR target antigens validated with CAR T cells as well as preclinical approaches in combination with adjunct approaches via checkpoint inhibition, bispecific antibodies, and second-line systemic therapies that enhance anticancer efficacy of the CAR-based cancer immunotherapy.
Influence of Seascape on Coastal Lagoon Fisheries: the Role of Habitat Mosaic in the Venice Lagoon
Authors: Scapin Luca , Zucchetta Matteo , Pranovi Fabio , Franzoi Piero
Published: September 2021

Fisheries are a staple human activity supported by coastal lagoons. Together with water quality and trophic status, lagoon morphology is acknowledged as one of the main ecological drivers of fishery yields; however, the role of lagoon seascape structure is still poorly understood. This paper investigates how morphological variables, habitat distribution and seascape diversity and complexity affect yields of artisanal fishery performed with fyke nets in the Venice Lagoon (northern Adriatic Sea, Italy). Two spatial scales were considered in the analysis, with water quality parameters (temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, water residence times, N, P and chlorophyll-a concentrations) being measured at a fine, fyke-net scale and morphological (average bottom elevation and sediment grain size) and habitat features (habitat proportion, diversity and complexity) being measured at a broader, seascape scale. Generalised linear mixed models were employed to model 8 years of nekton and green crab catches, disentangling the role of broad-scale morphology and seascape from that of fine-scale water quality. Broad-scale variables clearly influenced fishery target species. Among them, lagoon residents were associated with specific morphological and habitat characteristics, while marine migrants showed a stronger link with overall habitat diversity and complexity. This evidence emphasises how artisanal fishery in the Venice Lagoon relies on the conservation of morphological and habitat heterogeneity. Moreover, it highlights how habitat restoration performed at the seascape level should also be taken into account, in addition to controlling hydrology and water quality, when managing fishery resources in coastal lagoons.
Love in Quarantine: Sexting, Stress, and Coping During the COVID-19 Lockdown
Authors: Bianchi Dora , Baiocco Roberto , Lonigro Antonia , Pompili Sara , Zammuto Marta , Di Tata Daniele , Morelli Mara , Chirumbolo Antonio , Di Norcia Anna , Cannoni Eleonora , Longobardi Emiddia , Laghi Fiorenzo
Published: September 2021

Introduction

This study investigated the relationships of pandemic-related stress and coping strategies with different kinds of sexting (i.e., experimental, risky, and emotional) during the COVID-19 lockdown in the Italian context.

Methods

A sample of 1929 emerging adults (Mage = 24.17, SDage = 2.75; 71.6% girls) completed an online survey about their sexting behaviors during the national lockdown in Italy. Data were gathered in April/May 2020, from 6th to 11th week of home confinement due to COVID-19 pandemic. Hierarchical regression and mediation analyses were performed.

Results

Pandemic-related stress directly predicted only risky and emotional sexting. Experimental and emotional sexting were positively predicted by social support, and negatively predicted by turning to religion. Risky and emotional sexting were positively predicted by avoidance, and negatively predicted by problem solving. Adaptive coping (i.e., social support) mediated the relationships from pandemic-related stress to both experimental and emotional sexting. Maladaptive coping (i.e., avoidance and problem solving) mediated the relationships from pandemic related-stress to risky and emotional sexting.

Conclusions

Sexting was a coping tool during COVID-19 lockdown, showing both adaptive and maladaptive facets.

Policy Implications

Findings suggest new directions for implementing programs of sexual education and safer Internet use targeted to young people.
Arsenic geochemistry of the sediments of the shallow aquifer and its correlation with the groundwater, Rangpur, Bangladesh
Authors: Saha Sudip , Reza A. H. M. Selim , Roy Mrinal Kanti
Published: September 2021

The geochemical analysis of the shallow aquifer sediments of the area of investigation reveals that they are acidic in nature. The mean electrical conductivity of the deposits is 1.16 dS/m that indicates very low or negligible effects of salinity of the sediments of the Rangpur division. The median values of the concentrations of total organic carbon, total nitrogen and sulphur are 0.20%, 0.02% and 58.68 mg/kg, respectively. The trend of the average heavy metal concentrations of the investigated area can be shown as Fe > As > Cu > Zn. The average concentrations of arsenic of the sediments of the study area are 3.52 mg/kg. Sulphur is significantly, positively correlated with copper and zinc (p < 0.05) and insignificantly and positively correlated with arsenic content of the sediments that indicates that the copper and zinc occur as sulphide minerals. The mean concentrations of arsenic in the groundwater are 1.1793 μg/L. The concentration of all the water samples is below the permissible limit of World Health Organization (10 μg/L). The arsenic content of groundwater shows the positive correlations with the arsenic, iron and copper concentrations of the sediments. This implies that the arsenic of groundwater derived from the geogenic source, like the dissolution of arsenic bearing minerals of the aquifer sediments—pyrite and arsenopyrite. The acidic nature, texture and minor quantities of total organic carbon are the factors that also influence the low arsenic enrichment in the investigated sediments and its release to the groundwater. The contemporary arsenic specification research works showed that As(III) the most common species in natural water and foodstuffs and the arsenic is inorganic from source in Bangladesh.
Possibility to change the body size in worker bees by a combination of small-cell and standard-cell combs in the same nest
Authors: Dziechciarz Piotr , Borsuk Grzegorz , Olszewski Krzysztof
Published: September 2021

The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of the combination of the colony type (kept on small-cell or standard-cell combs) and the width of worker comb cells (small-cell or standard-cell combs) on the body weight and morphometric traits of worker bees. The values of morphometric parameters of worker bees changed within a substantially lower range than the width of their rearing cells. This indicates that the worker body size is relatively constant, and manipulation with the cell width is not a good method for modeling the body size of workers. The reduction in the thorax weight was proportional to the decrease in the comb cell width, and this part of the body proved to be most susceptible to weight reduction caused by the use of small-cell combs. The rearing of workers in small-cell combs in the colony kept on standard-cell combs resulted in an increase in the value of the fill factor (thorax width to cell width ratio). The relatively constant body size of workers in combination with the use of small-cell combs resulting in an increase in the fill factor may be one of the determinants of increased resistance of the insects to Varroa destructor. The values of the morphometric traits commonly used for identification of honeybee subspecies, i.e., the length of the fore wing, the sum of the widths of 3rd and 4thth tergites, and the proboscis length, were inconsiderably altered vs. the changes in the comb cell width, which confirms their high suitability for identification of honeybee subspecies.
VGI3D: an Interactive and Low-Cost Solution for 3D Building Modelling from Street-Level VGI Images
Authors: Zhang Chaoquan , Fan Hongchao , Kong Gefei
Published: September 2021

Applications in smart cities are inseparable from the usage of three-dimensional (3D) building models. However, the cost of generating and constructing 3D building models with semantic information is high both in time and in labour. To solve this problem, we developed a web-based interactive system, VGI3D, with the ambition of becoming a VGI platform to collect 3D building models with semantic information by using the power of crowdsourcing. VGI3D is a platform-independent software program that is composed of a spatially relational database (PostgreSQL/PostGIS) for the storage and management of spatially geometrical data and other software modules, allowing users to import, analyse, reconstruct, visualise, modify and export 3D building models according to the OBJ/CityGML standard. In this paper, we present the VGI3D in detail, focusing on relevant technical implementations, and report the results of limited usability testing aimed at optimising the system and user experience. After limited expert and non-expert participants’ testing, we proved the usefulness of VGI3D and its promising value for the 3D modelling community.
Immigrant and Non-immigrant Parents’ Involvement in Bullying Cases
Authors: Fandrem Hildegunn , Støen Janne
Published: September 2021

This study aims at investigating parental involvement in bullying cases. Immigrant and non-immigrant parents are compared regarding their experience and understanding of causes of the bullying behaviour that their child is exposed to, how they experience the school’s handling of the bullying case, the home-school cooperation, and parents’ cooperation with other parents. A qualitative approach was used, and semi-structured interviews with 16 parents of targets of bullying were carried out (5 immigrant, 11 Norwegian, including two Sami parents). The targets were from primary and lower secondary school. Content analysis was conducted using the deductively developed and inductively enriched system of categories. The results of the study provided insights into parents’ experiences of a problematic school-parent collaboration, and also problematic relations to the other parents of the students involved in the respective bullying cases. Immigrant parents were more satisfied with the school than non-immigrant parents, but not with the relation to other parents. Vulnerability and ethnicity-based bullying appeared as aspects which should be paid especially attention to, regarding both implications and future research.
The Rule of the Present, Not the Past
Authors: Peirone Franco
Published: September 2021

There is a perennial ambiguity in the rule-of-law preposition: it predicates that the law shall rule, but which law? This legal loophole has led to a diverse array of interpretations of the concept. Of these, two appear particularly adverse to what the rule of law should primarily be—the rulership of the law—yet still remain dominant. On the one hand, the rule of law is intended to be the vehicle to deliver above-the-law goods such as human rights or other individual entitlements like property, and to forever shield them against any other force, including the law. On the other hand, the rule of law is believed to be a tool at the rulers’ disposal, who make use of the law but are not bound by it, for either legal or practical reasons. In both cases, a pre-legal setting for society allocates rulership to something but not the law, against the very essence of the ideal: an authoritative legal practice for the sake of regulating the present society. As such, the rule of law has to meet certain requirements of craftsmanship, like conditions in law-making and law-enforcement, and sources, which are to be democratically underpinned.
Let's Give Them Something to Talk About: Which Social Media Engagements Predict Purchase Frequency?
Authors: Halloran Timothy J. , Lutz Richard J.
Published: September 2021

Although marketers spend billions of dollars on social media platforms in an effort to make a connection with their customers, few know if their social media activation in the form of Social Network Advertising (SNA) is positively affecting their business. For example, little research exists as to which types of Digital Consumer Engagement (DCE) (if any) are associated with purchase frequency. Advancing a theoretical framework of social media engagement, the authors test the association between various forms of DCE and customer behavior using archived field data. By matching store visit data from 1,066 loyalty program members of a leading national fast casual restaurant with their engagements on the brand's Facebook page, the authors are able to compare the strength of the relationships between various forms of engagement and store visit frequency. Results reveal that some Facebook engagements are significantly associated with increased or decreased store visits while others exhibit no discernible effects. Empirical support is provided for a proposed hierarchy of DCE, with engagements perceived as reflecting strong DCE being more strongly associated with purchase frequency than those with moderate or weak DCE.
How Novelty and Narratives Drive the Stock Market
Authors: Mangee Nicholas
Published: September 2021

'Animal spirits' is a term that describes the instincts and emotions driving human behaviour in economic settings. In recent years, this concept has been discussed in relation to the emerging field of narrative economics. When unscheduled events hit the stock market, from corporate scandals and technological breakthroughs to recessions and pandemics, relationships driving returns change in unforeseeable ways. To deal with uncertainty, investors engage in narratives which simplify the complexity of real-time, non-routine change. This book assesses the novelty-narrative hypothesis for the U.S. stock market by conducting a comprehensive investigation of unscheduled events using big data textual analysis of financial news. This important contribution to the field of narrative economics finds that major macro events and associated narratives spill over into the churning stream of corporate novelty and sub-narratives, spawning different forms of unforeseeable stock market instability.
The Black Atlantic Metaphysics of Azealia Banks: Brujx Womanism at the Kongo Crossroads
Authors: Pérez Elizabeth
Published: September 2021

Controversial Harlem-born rapper/singer, songwriter, and provocateuse Azealia Banks is the most (in)famous, vocal, and visible proponent of Black Atlantic traditions in recent times—making a critical reckoning well overdue. I begin here by tracing Banks's engagement with Afro-Diasporic religions (including Caribbean Espiritismo, Afro-Cuban Lucumí, and Dominican “21 Divisions”) as a trajectory from vamp to bruja [witch]/santera to mayombera. A review of Banks's public statements reveals her growing commitment to championing “so-called voodoo” and urging other African Americans to do so as well. I argue that the release of Beyoncé's Lemonade in 2016 catalyzed Banks's advocacy for Kongo-inspired Palo Mayombe, long overshadowed by Yorùbá-based orisha worship. I further demonstrate that Banks's espousal of Palo Mayombe has been bound up with her identity as a Womanist and dark-skinned, cisgender femme fatale. More than a political program, however, Banks's discursive constructions amount to a Black Atlantic metaphysics. Drawing on Irene Lara's formulation of “bruja positionalities,” I propose that the theoretical scaffolding for her metaphysics should be designated Brujx Womanism. Missteps notwithstanding, Banks emerges as a metaphysician, aspiring to repair Black bodies by re-membering Kongo traditions. In closing, I suggest that Banks's Brujx Womanism may contribute to the conceptualization of Conjure Feminism in four crucial respects.
DO RADIOCARBON AGES OF PLANT WAX BIOMARKERS AGREE WITH 14C-TOC/OSL-BASED AGE MODELS IN AN ARID HIGH-ALTITUDE LAKE SYSTEM?
Authors: Aichner Bernhard , Gierga Merle , Stolz Alexander , Mętrak Monika , Wilk Mateusz , Suska-Malawska Małgorzata , Mischke Steffen , Sachse Dirk , Rajabov Ilhomjon , Rajabov Nasimjon , Rethemeyer Janet
Published: September 2021

To elucidate the dynamics of terrestrial leaf waxes in a high-altitude lake system, we performed compound-specific radiocarbon analysis (CSRA) of long-chain n-alkanes in two sediment core sections from Lake Karakul (Pamirs, Tajikistan) and in surface soil samples from the catchment area. We aimed to answer the question whether the n-alkanes are delivered into the lake sediment with substantial delay due to storage in soils, which may cause a potential bias when used as paleoenvironmental proxies. In the surface soils, the CSRA results reveal an age range of n-alkanes from modern to 2278 ± 155 cal BP. In the two sediment core samples, three of the four n-alkane ages fell on the lower ends of the 1σ-uncertainty ranges of modeled ages of the sediments (based on AMS 14C-TOC and OSL dating results). We conclude that sedimentary leaf waxes represent compounds with intermediate turnover time in soils, for example originating from alluvial plains close to the shores. Overall, the results provide evidence that sedimentary leaf wax compounds in this cold and arid setting are potentially older than the conventional age model indicates, but these findings need to be interpreted in context of the generally large uncertainty ranges of such age models.
Malnutrition as a risk factor of adverse postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing hepatic resection: analysis of US hospitals
Authors: Lee David Uihwan , Wang Edwin , Fan Gregory Hongyuan , Hastie David Jeffrey , Addonizio Elyse Ann , Chou Harrison , Karagozian Raffi
Published: September 2021

Patients with liver cancer or space-occupying cysts suffer from malnutrition due to compression of gastric and digestive structures, liver and cancer-mediated dysmetabolism, and impaired nutrient absorption. As proportion of these patients requires removal of lesions through hepatic resection, it is important to evaluate the effects of malnutrition on post-hepatectomy outcomes. In our study approach, 2011–2017 National Inpatient Sample was used to isolate in-hospital hepatectomy cases, which were stratified using malnutrition (composite of malnutrition, sarcopenia and weight loss/cachexia). The malnutrition-absent controls were matched to cases using nearest neighbour propensity score matching method and compared with the following endpoints: mortality, length of stay, hospitalisation costs and postoperative complications. There were 2531 patients in total who underwent hepatectomy with matched number of controls from the database; following the match, malnutrition cohort (compared with controls) was more likely to experience in-hospital death (6·60 % v. 5·25 % P < 0·049, OR 1·27, 95 % CI 1·01, 1·61) and was more likely to have higher length of stay (18·10 d v. 9·32 d, P < 0·001) and hospitalisation costs ($278 780 v. $150 812, P < 0·001). In terms of postoperative complications, malnutrition cohort was more likely to experience bleeding (6·52 % v. 3·87 %, P < 0·001, OR 1·73, 95 % CI 1·34, 2·24), infection (6·64 % v. 2·49 %, P < 0·001, OR 2·79, 95 % CI 2·07, 3·74), wound complications (4·5 % v. 1·38 %, P < 0·001, OR 3·36, 95 % CI 2·29, 4·93) and respiratory failure (9·40 % v. 4·11 %, P < 0·001, OR 2·42, 95 % CI 1·91, 3·07). In multivariate analysis, malnutrition was associated with higher mortality (P < 0·028, adjusted OR 1·3, 95 % CI 1·03, 1·65). Thus, we conclude that malnutrition is a risk factor of postoperative mortality in patients undergoing hepatectomy.
Food insecurity and patterns of dietary intake in a sample of UK adults
Authors: Shinwell Jackie , Bateson Melissa , Nettle Daniel , Pepper Gillian V.
Published: September 2021

The aim of this study was to identify the dietary intake correlates of food insecurity (FI) in UK adults. We recruited groups of low-income participants who were classified as food insecure (n 196) or food secure (n 198). Participants completed up to five 24 h dietary recalls. There was no difference in total energy intake by FI status (βFI = −0·06, 95 % CI − 0·25, 0·13). Food insecure participants consumed a less diverse diet, as evidenced by fewer distinct foods per meal (βFI = −0·27, 95 % CI − 0·47, −0·07), and had more variable time gaps between meals (βFI = 0·21, 95 % CI 0·01, 0·41). These associations corresponded closely to those found in a recent US study using similar measures, suggesting that the dietary intake signature of FI generalises across populations. The findings suggest that the consequences of FI for weight gain and health are not due to increased energy intake. We suggest that there may be important health and metabolic effects of temporal irregularity in dietary intake, which appears to be an important component of FI.
When Do Private Actors Engage in Censorship? Evidence From a Correspondence Experiment with Russian Private Media Firms
Authors: Beazer Quintin H. , Crabtree Charles D. , Fariss Christopher J. , Kern Holger L.
Published: September 2021

In authoritarian regimes, repression encourages private actors to censor not only themselves, but also other private actors—a behavior we call “regime-induced private censorship.” We present the results of a correspondence experiment conducted in Russia that investigates the censorship behavior of private media firms. We find that such firms censor third-party advertisements that include anti-regime language, calls for political or non-political collective action, or both. Our results demonstrate the significance of other types of censorship besides state censorship in an important authoritarian regime and contribute to the rapidly growing literature on authoritarian information control.
THE VIRGILIAN CENTO PROGNE ET PHILOMELA (ANTH. LAT. 13 R): TOWARDS A SOLUTION FOR A MYTHOLOGICAL RIDDLE
Authors: Okáčová Marie
Published: September 2021

This paper deals with the 24-line mythological epyllion Progne et Philomela (Anth. Lat. 13 R), an anonymous Virgilian cento of presumed North African origin, which is usually dated to the fourth or fifth century and is marked by considerable obscurity. The aim is to shed some light on the most intriguing parts of this elliptical retelling of the given myth, in particular the puzzling network of family relationships and the extended talking-blood metaphor. Offering a new perspective on the text, the author claims that its general ambiguity is, to some extent, a purposefully adopted authorial strategy rather than a by-product of the cento technique. For this reason, it is proposed that the poem might have been written as a sort of mythological riddle to be solved by its readers.
Benson's cofibrants, Gorenstein projectives and a related conjecture
Authors: Biswas Rudradip
Published: September 2021

In this short article, we will be principally investigating two classes of modules over any given group ring – the class of Gorenstein projectives and the class of Benson's cofibrants. We begin by studying various properties of these two classes and studying some of these properties comparatively against each other. There is a conjecture made by Fotini Dembegioti and Olympia Talelli that these two classes should coincide over the integral group ring for any group. We make this conjecture over group rings over commutative rings of finite global dimension and prove it for some classes of groups while also proving other related results involving the two classes of modules mentioned.
Russia in the Arctic Chair: Adapting the Arctic Governance System to Conditions Prevailing in the 2020s
Authors: Vylegzhanin Alexander N. , Young Oran R. , Berkman Paul Arthur
Published: September 2021

At the Arctic Council’s Ministerial Meeting in Reykjavik on 20 May 2021, Russia assumed the chairmanship of the council for the second time since its establishment in 1996. Though some Russian analysts and practitioners were skeptical about the usefulness of such a mechanism during the 1980s and 1990s, Russia has become an active contributor to the progress of the Arctic Council (AC). Russia’s first term as chair during 2004–2006 led to the creation of the Arctic Contaminants Action Program as an Arctic Council Working Group. Since then, Russia has served as co-lead of the Task Forces developing the terms of the 2011 agreement on search and rescue, the 2013 agreement on marine oil spill preparedness and response, and the 2017 agreement on enhancing international scientific cooperation. Russia also has participated actively in the creation of related bodies including the Arctic Coast Guard Forum and the Arctic Economic Council whose chairmanships rotate together with the chairmanship of the AC. Now, far-reaching changes in the broader setting are posing growing challenges to the effectiveness of these institutional arrangements. The impacts of climate change in the high latitudes have increased dramatically; the pace of the extraction and shipment of Arctic natural resources has accelerated sharply; great-power politics have returned to the Arctic foregrounding concerns regarding military security. Together, these developments make it clear that a policy of business as usual will not suffice to ensure that the AC remains an important high-level forum for addressing Arctic issues in a global context. The programme Russia has developed for its 2021–2023 chairmanship of the council is ambitious; it proposes a sizeable suite of constructive activities. In this article, however, we go a step further to explore opportunities to adapt the Arctic governance system to the conditions prevailing in the 2020s. We focus on options relating to (i) the AC’s constitutive arrangements, (ii) links between the council and related governance mechanisms, (iii) the role of science diplomacy, and (iv) the treatment of issues involving military security. We conclude with a discussion of the prospect of organising a heads of state/government meeting during the Russian chairmanship as a means of setting the Arctic governance system on a constructive path for the 2020s.
Rethinking singing on screen: the case for contemporary American ‘screensong’ across the film musical, music television and the music video
Authors: Macrossan Phoebe
Published: September 2021

The last 20 years have seen extensive scholarship on changing audiovisual aesthetics and the blurring boundaries between all screen media. This article draws on this scholarship and engages with critical debates around the musical genre to examine contemporary song-based screen media. While song and singing have a long history across film, television and video, the digital convergence era has engendered new types of song performance and song-based screen formats. To understand the complex connections and exchanges between different forms of singing on screen, this article develops a new evaluative and conceptual framework. I propose the termscreensongto refer to audiovisual representations of singing performance across screen-based media. This article understands screensong as both a broad category of song-based screen texts, genres and formats and as a particular type of song-driven, highly commodified, audiovisual and narrative unit –the screensong– prevalent in contemporary American popular screen media.
Giant diverticulum of coronary sinus with multiple accessory pathways treated with catheter ablation
Authors: Selcuk Sinem N. , Ertugrul İlker , Karagoz Tevfik
Published: September 2021

Coronary sinus abnormalities are usually associated with arrhythmia disorders when symptomatic. We report a 5-year-old 14 kg patient with a giant diverticulum of coronary sinus and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Catheter ablation therapy was decided during follow-up due to inadequate response to multidrug therapy. Posteroseptal and left posterolateral accessory pathways were established and radiofrequency ablation was performed successfully through coronary sinus.
Association between the socio-economic status of households and a more sustainable diet
Authors: Eini-Zinab Hassan , Shoaibinobarian Nargeskhatoon , Ranjbar Golnaz , Norouzian Ostad Andisheh , Sobhani Seyyed Reza
Published: September 2021

Objective:

A sustainable diet is an affordable diet with low environmental impact, high food security and sufficient healthiness. The present study aimed to assess the correlation between the socio-economic status of households and a sustainable diet.

Design:

The food basket and socio-economic data of Iranian households were evaluated during 2016–2018. The households were classified based on the sustainability of their diet by determining the dietary carbon footprint, dietary water footprint, lower dietary costs of the household than the median and a higher dietary quality index than the median. Logistic regression was used with four models to calculate the OR of a more sustainable diet as the dependent variable regarding the different quartiles of socio-economic status (SES) as the independent variable.

Setting:

Iran.

Participants:

Iranian households (n 102 303), nationally representative, were studied.

Results:

Lower SES was associated with the higher OR of a sustainable diet (OR: 0·90; (95 % CI 0·87, 0·91)). Higher quartiles of SES compared with the lower SES group indicated the higher energy intake and consumption of more dairies, meat, poultry, fish, eggs, legumes, nuts and fruits, as well as the lower intake of bread, cereal, rice and pasta.

Conclusion:

In countries such as Iran, where nutrition transition occurs rapidly, better economic and social levels in the populations with a higher SES are associated with increased energy intake and higher consumption of animal-based foods, which decreases sustainable diets compared with the groups with a lower SES.
A Logical Characterization of the Preferred Models of Logic Programs with Ordered Disjunction
Authors: CHARALAMBIDIS ANGELOS , RONDOGIANNIS PANOS , TROUMPOUKIS ANTONIS
Published: September 2021

Logic programs with ordered disjunction (LPODs) extend classical logic programs with the capability of expressing alternatives with decreasing degrees of preference in the heads of program rules. Despite the fact that the operational meaning of ordered disjunction is clear, there exists an important open issue regarding its semantics. In particular, there does not exist a purely model-theoretic approach for determining the most preferred models of an LPOD. At present, the selection of the most preferred models is performed using a technique that is not based exclusively on the models of the program and in certain cases produces counterintuitive results. We provide a novel, model-theoretic semantics for LPODs, which uses an additional truth value in order to identify the most preferred models of a program. We demonstrate that the proposed approach overcomes the shortcomings of the traditional semantics of LPODs. Moreover, the new approach can be used to define the semantics of a natural class of logic programs that can have both ordered and classical disjunctions in the heads of clauses. This allows programs that can express not only strict levels of preferences but also alternatives that are equally preferred.
Childhood waist growth curves and adult diabetes
Authors: Carli Matthew M. , Sabo Roy T. , Sun Shumei S.
Published: September 2021

Our primary objectives are to empirically identify distinct childhood groups based on trajectories of waist circumference (WC) and waist circumference index measurements, and then to estimate associations between these groups and adult diabetes incidence, as well as other outcomes, including blood pressure, body size, body composition, and hemoglobin levels. Childhood WC and height measurements as well as various adult measurements are taken from participants in the Fels Longitudinal Study. Childhood groups are identified using group-based trajectory modeling. Associations between the resulting group probabilities and adult outcomes are examined using mixed models. Our results show that distinct childhood groups are identifiable for both waist size measurements, with growth curves exhibited by these groups becoming distinguishably separate at around 4 years of age. Higher probabilities for groups exhibiting the larger waist size for either measurement were estimated to have higher risks of developing diabetes in adulthood. Associations were also observed between group probabilities and systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and various anthropomorphic measurements, with most associations consistently occurring in early adulthood. These findings expand upon the existing literature, showing that childhood trends in waist size, distinguishable at ages as early as 4 years, are associated with adult Type-2 diabetes.
Cardiovascular and Self-Reported Recovery in Two-Shift Systems
Authors: Stieler Lisa , Hunger Bettina , Seibt Reingard
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Recovery is necessary to maintain workers’ health and efficiency. Shift work has been associated with delayed recovery processes. The objective of this study was to examine the cardiovascular and self-reported recovery measures of German shift and day workers in the hotel and catering industry. Furthermore, it aimed to clarify to what extent shift groups differentiate given additional factors that influence recovery (ability to relax, lifestyle). The sample group consisted of 64 alternative shift workers (two-shift system with a low proportion of night work) and 96-day workers employed in the hotel and catering industry. Blood pressure monitoring was conducted for 24 hr during a working day, including the phases of work, leisure, and sleep, to assess cardiovascular reduction during leisure and sleep. The blood pressure status was measured over the course of a 4-day self-assessment period. Self-reported measures, including quality of sleep (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, PSQI), work-life balance (WPC), ability to relax (FABA), and lifestyle factors (physical activity, smoking, drinking), were assessed through questionnaires. Sixty-one participants (36%) were hypertensives. There were no significant effects of cardiovascular recovery regarding the reduction of blood pressure for the calculated differences between WORK – LEISURE, WORK – SLEEP, and LEISURE – SLEEP among shift and day workers. Shift workers reported a significantly less favorable work-life balance ( p = .017), a decreased ability to relax ( p = .001), and less regular physical activity ( p = .003). The workload within the two-shift system of the hotel and catering industry seems to have a lesser effect on cardiovascular means than on self-reported measures of recovery. The decisive factor is the ability to relax, which means psychological detachment from work. To enable a comprehensive recovery, an optimally designed recovery cycle is necessary for shift systems.
Clarifying the Factor Structure of the Self-Compassion	Scale
Authors: Strickland Noelle J. , Nogueira-Arjona Raquel , Mackinnon Sean , Wekerle Christine , Stewart Sherry H.
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Self-compassion is associated with greater well-being and lower psychopathology. There are mixed findings regarding the factor structure and scoring of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS). Using confirmatory factor analysis, we tested and conducted nested comparisons of six previously posited factor structures of the SCS. Participants were N = 1,158 Canadian undergraduates (72.8% women, 26.6% men, 0.6% non-binary; Mage = 19.0 years, SD = 2.3). Results best supported a two-factor hierarchical model with six lower-order factors. A general self-compassion factor was not supported at the higher- or lower-order levels; thus, a single total score is not recommended. Given the hierarchical structure, researchers are encouraged to use structural equation models of the SCS with two latent variables: self-caring and self-coldness. A strength of this study is the large sample, while the undergraduate sample may limit generalizability.
Integrating Remote Sensing and Numerical Modeling to Quantify the Water Balance of Climate‐Induced Intermittent Wetlands
Authors: Chen Shengyang , Johnson Fiona , Glamore William
Published: September 2021

Wetlands are an important habitat for many species but over the past few decades ecosystem biodiversity and function have been threatened. Due to their shallow and fluctuating water levels, wetlands are particularly vulnerable to climate variability. This is especially a risk for ephemeral and intermittent wetlands with limited hydrologic connections to deep aquifers, designated herein as Climate‐induced Intermittent Wetlands (CiIWs). However, the response of CiIW systems to long‐term climate variability has received limited research attention, partly because continuous ground surface monitoring data is rarely available over inter‐decadal periods. An alternative to ground surface data is the use of satellite imagery to estimate the temporal water extent variability. An integrated remote sensing and modeling approach is presented here to provide a novel method for investigating historical water storage variations in a CiIW system. The new method estimates water levels in a shallow wetland using Landsat data and was successfully validated against field water level data. The new method performed better than five existing algorithms. A water balance model was calibrated using the combined remotely sensed and local field data to derive daily water level time series since 1900. The validated water balance model results indicated that most of the water level fluctuations in the intermittent wetland can be explained by climatic drivers and subsurface flow interactions. Overall, this study demonstrates the importance of an integrated remote sensing and water balance modeling approach for hydroclimatic analysis of intermittent wetlands.
Contrasting Controls of Acidification Metrics Across Environmental Gradients in the North Pacific and the Adjunct Arctic Ocean: Insight From a Transregional Study
Authors: Wu Yingxu , Qi Di , Ouyang Zhangxian , Cao Lu , Feely Richard A. , Lin Hongmei , Cai Wei‐Jun , Chen Liqi
Published: September 2021

The spatiotemporal variabilities and drivers of ocean acidification (OA) metrics, [H+], pH, and aragonite saturation state (Ωarag) across environmental gradients remain poorly constrained. We use a novel high‐precision measurement of underway pH to investigate the hemispheric‐scale distributions of OA metrics from East Asia to the Arctic Ocean. While temperature and its induced air‐sea gas exchange fundamentally control the OA metrics distributions, we show that biological activity exerts the most prominent but different modifications on pH and Ωarag patterns. Strong photosynthesis counteracts the temperature‐driven pH pattern but reinforces that of Ωarag. Ice melt‐induced dilution in the Arctic Ocean additionally strengthens the Ωarag‐temperature relationship but insignificantly affects [H+] and pH. This study provides the first coherent assessment of comprehensive processes on OA metrics across large spatial regions, and highlights the potential of sea‐ice melt in changing Ωarag distribution, which should be included by Earth system models projecting future climate change.
Reconciling Debates on the Controls on Surface Urban Heat Island Intensity: Effects of Scale and Sampling
Authors: Lai Jiameng , Zhan Wenfeng , Quan Jinling , Liu Zihan , Li Long , Huang Fan , Hong Falu , Liao Weilin
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Variations in the surface urban heat island intensity (SUHII) are regulated mainly by three types of control: surface property, background climate (or weather) conditions, and overall urban metric. However, intensive debates arise over the relative importance of these three control types. Here, over 896 Chinese city clusters, we reconcile these debates by showing that the priorities of the three SUHII control types depend closely on the scale and sampling criteria, although they are all crucial in regulating SUHII variations. With increasing temporal scale, the contributions from climate (or weather) conditions decrease, while those from surface property and overall urban metric increase. We find no consistent ranking in the relative importance of these three control types on various spatial scales. The sampling style of city cluster also contributes to disagreements regarding SUHII controls. Our findings potentially help resolve the long‐standing debate on the relative importance of SUHII controls.
Long‐Term Earth‐Moon Evolution With High‐Level Orbit and Ocean Tide Models
Authors: Daher Houraa , Arbic Brian K. , Williams James G. , Ansong Joseph K. , Boggs Dale H. , Müller Malte , Schindelegger Michael , Austermann Jacqueline , Cornuelle Bruce D. , Crawford Eliana B. , Fringer Oliver B. , Lau Harriet C. P. , Lock Simon J. , Maloof Adam C. , Menemenlis Dimitris , Mitrovica Jerry X. , Green J. A. Mattias , Huber Matthew
Published: September 2021

Tides and Earth‐Moon system evolution are coupled over geological time. Tidal energy dissipation on Earth slows rotation rate, increases obliquity, lunar orbit semi‐major axis and eccentricity, and decreases lunar inclination. Tidal and core‐mantle boundary dissipation within the Moon decrease inclination, eccentricity and semi‐major axis. Here we integrate the Earth‐Moon system backwards for 4.5 Ga with orbital dynamics and explicit ocean tide models that are “high‐level” (i.e., not idealized). To account for uncertain plate tectonic histories, we employ Monte Carlo simulations, with tidal energy dissipation rates (normalized relative to astronomical forcing parameters) randomly selected from ocean tide simulations with modern ocean basin geometry and with 55, 116, and 252 Ma reconstructed basin paleogeometries. The normalized dissipation rates depend upon basin geometry and rotation rate. Faster Earth rotation generally yields lower normalized dissipation rates. The Monte Carlo results provide a spread of possible early values for the Earth‐Moon system parameters. Of consequence for ocean circulation and climate, absolute (un‐normalized) ocean tidal energy dissipation rates on the early Earth may have exceeded rate due to a closer Moon. Prior to , evolution of inclination and eccentricity is dominated by tidal and core‐mantle boundary dissipation within the Moon, which yield high lunar orbit inclinations in the early Earth‐Moon system. A drawback for our results is that the semi‐major axis does not collapse to near‐zero values at 4.5 Ga, as indicated by most lunar formation models. Additional processes, missing from our current efforts, are discussed as topics for future investigation.
Quantifying Depth‐Dependent Seismic Anisotropy in the Critical Zone Enhanced by Weathering of a Piedmont Schist
Authors: Eppinger B. J. , Hayes J. L. , Carr B. J. , Moon S. , Cosans C. L. , Holbrook W. S. , Harman C. J. , Plante Z. T.
Published: September 2021

Weathering processes weaken and break apart rock, freeing nutrients and enhancing permeability through the subsurface. To better understand these processes, it is useful to constrain physical properties of materials derived from weathering within the critical zone. Foliated rocks exhibit permeability, strength and seismic anisotropy–the former two bear hydrological and geomorphological consequences while the latter is geophysically quantifiable. Each of these types of anisotropy are related to rock fabric (fractures and foliation); thus, characterizing weathering‐dependent changes in rock fabric with depth may have a range of implications (e.g., landslide susceptibility, groundwater modeling, and landscape evolution). To better understand how weathering effects rock fabric, we quantify seismic anisotropy in saprolite and weathered bedrock within two catchments underlain by the Precambrian Loch Raven schist, located in Oregon Ridge Park, MD. Using circular geophone arrays and perpendicular seismic refraction profiles, anisotropy versus depth functions are created for material 0–25 m below ground surface (bgs). We find that anisotropy is relatively low (0%–15%) in the deepest material sampled (12–25 m bgs) but becomes more pronounced (29%–33%) at depths corresponding with saprolite and highly weathered bedrock (5–12 m bgs). At shallow soil depths (0–5 m bgs), material is seismically isotropic, indicating that mixing processes have destroyed parent fabric. Therefore, in situ weathering and anisotropy appear to be correlated, suggesting that in‐place weathering amplifies the intrinsic anisotropy of bedrock.
Non‐Monotonic Floodplain Responses to Changes in Flooding Intensity
Authors: Barefoot Eric A. , Nittrouer Jeffrey A. , Straub Kyle M.
Published: September 2021

Overbank flooding is common along most rivers, and it influences the dispersal of sediment to floodplains. While variable discharge is a critical aspect of fluvial landscape evolution, it is typically modeled by simplifying the hydrograph to an equivalent steady discharge: the channel‐forming discharge. However, for all formulations used to simplify hydrographs, many different inputs can produce the same channel‐forming discharge. Here, we investigate how hydrographs with different flood intensities affect channel mobility, sediment accumulation patterns, and alluvial morphology using a suite of physical experiments where a fan delta grew by dispersing a cohesive sediment mixture into a basin. The experiments spanned three levels: no flooding, low‐intensity flooding, and high‐intensity flooding, while the time‐averaged water and sediment discharge was equivalent between all flooding regimes. Across this gradient, channel mobility, alluvial morphology and sediment dispersal scaled non‐monotonically with flooding intensity, and the data suggest that levee‐building feedbacks are the cause. We found that flood intensity modulates the relative balance between sediment delivery to channel margins, which nourishes levee growth, and the intensity of overbank flow, which inhibits levee growth. When flooding was absent, levees experienced consistent overbank flow and sediment delivery, leading to moderate levee aggradation and sporadic levee breaches. In contrast, when low‐intensity flooding was imposed, levees experienced enhanced sediment delivery by low‐amplitude floods, but only intermittent scouring. A further increase in flood intensity generated intense overbank flows that inhibited levee growth altogether. These results imply the existence of an optimum levee‐building condition, where flooding conditions stabilize channels through levee‐building feedbacks.