bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enterovirus infections are associated with the induction of β‐cell autoimmunity in a prospective birth cohort study
Authors: Salminen Kimmo , Sadeharju Karita , Lönnrot Maria , Vähäsalo Paula , Kupila Antti , Korhonen Sari , Ilonen Jorma , Simell Olli , Knip Mikael , Hyöty Heikki
Published: November 2002

Enterovirus infections have been associated with the manifestation of clinical type 1 diabetes in a number of reports, and recent prospective studies have suggested that enterovirus infections may initiate the autoimmune process, leading to the disease. In the present study, we analyzed the role of enterovirus infections in a Finnish birth cohort study, Diabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP), in which all newborn infants are screened for diabetes‐associated HLA‐DQB1 alleles, and those with an increased genetic risk are invited for prospective follow‐up. Enterovirus infections were diagnosed by serology and reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) from serum samples taken from birth every 3–6 months. Case children included 41 infants who became positive for diabetes‐associated autoantibodies during the observation. Control children comprised altogether 196 infants who remained autoantibody negative and were matched for the time of birth, sex, and HLA‐DQB1 alleles. Enterovirus infections were more frequent in case children than in control children (P = 0.004), and the average enterovirus antibody levels were also higher in the case children (P = 0.003). Enterovirus infections were particularly frequent during the 6‐month period preceding the first detection of autoantibodies: 51% of the case children compared with 28% of the control children had an infection in that time interval (P = 0.003). There was no difference in the frequency of adenovirus infections between the groups (P = 0.9). The present results imply that enterovirus infections are associated with the appearance of β‐cell autoantibodies. A possible causal relationship is supported by the clustering of infections to the time when autoantibodies appeared. J. Med. Virol. 69:91–98, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antibodies from dengue patient sera cross‐react with endothelial cells and induce damage
Authors: Lin Chiou‐Feng , Lei Huan‐Yao , Shiau Ai‐Li , Liu Ching‐Chuan , Liu Hsiao‐Sheng , Yeh Trai‐Ming , Chen Shun‐Hua , Lin Yee‐Shin
Published: November 2002

Dengue virus infection causes a wide range of diseases from the mild febrile illness dengue fever to the life‐threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Vascular leakage and hemorrhagic syndrome are the clinical features associated with dengue infection, yet the mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, the cross‐reactivity of dengue patient sera with endothelial cells was demonstrated. There were higher percentages of endothelial cells reactive with dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome patient sera than those with dengue fever patient sera. The percentages of endothelial cells reactive with patient serum IgM were higher than those with IgG. Further studies showed that the endothelial cell binding activity was inhibited by pretreatment with dengue virus nonstructural protein 1 (NS1). The antibodies against NS1 produced after dengue virus infection may, at least in part, account for the cross‐reactivity of patient sera with endothelial cells. Furthermore, dengue patient sera induced endothelial cell apoptosis via a caspase‐dependent pathway that was also inhibited by NS1 pretreatment. In addition to apoptosis, patient sera caused cell lysis in the presence of complement, and DHF/DSS patient sera showed higher percentages of cytotoxicity than dengue fever patient sera. Thus, the generation of cross‐reactive autoantibodies against endothelial cells would lead to their dysfunction, which may play a role in the pathogenesis of dengue virus infection. J. Med. Virol. 69:82–90, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genomes of the endothelial cell‐tropic variant and the parental Toledo strain of human cytomegalovirus are highly divergent
Authors: Baldanti Fausto , Revello M. Grazia , Percivalle Elena , Labò Nazzarena , Gerna Giuseppe
Published: November 2002

The low‐passage Toledo strain of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and fresh clinical HCMV isolates have been reported to share the capacity to propagate efficiently in endothelial cell cultures. In the laboratory, however, repeated attempts to adapt the Toledo strain to growth in endothelial cells have been unsuccessful. Southern blot analysis of the entire viral genome and restriction length polymorphism analysis of multiple genome regions amplified by PCR demonstrated that the reported endothelial cell‐tropic viral variant of the Toledo strain and the parental Toledo strain are highly divergent. In fact, the restriction profile of the genome of the endothelial cell‐tropic variant seems highly distinct from that of the parental strain. In conclusion, the degree of dissimilarity between the two genomes suggests that the endothelial cell‐tropic variant of the Toledo strain could have originated from a recombination event. J. Med. Virol. 69:76–81, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of human cytomegalovirus DNA in perilymph of patients with sensorineural hearing loss using real‐time PCR
Authors: Sugiura Saiko , Yoshikawa Tetsushi , Nishiyama Yukihiro , Morishita Yoshihiro , Sato Eisuke , Hattori Taku , Nakashima Tsutomu
Published: November 2002

Although cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been detected in the inner ear fluid of patients who succumbed to the complications of symptomatic congenital CMV infection, it has not been detected in the inner ear fluid of living patients. In this study, real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to measure CMV DNA in clinical samples (including perilymph) collected from five patients with deafness. In case 1, diagnosed as a symptomatic congenital CMV infection, 3 copies/μl of CMV DNA were detected in perilymph, although no viral DNA was detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or urine samples. In case 4, a suspected asymptomatic congenital CMV infection, 36 copies/μg of CMV DNA were detected in PBMCs, but neither perilymph nor urine contained viral DNA. Likewise, in case 5, a case of deafness of unknown origin, 48 copies/μg of CMV DNA were detected in the PBMCs, but none in the perilymph or urine. CMV DNA was not detected in the samples obtained from the remaining two cases with deafness of unknown etiology. To our knowledge, this is the first report to detect CMV DNA in an inner ear sample obtained from a living human subject. J. Med. Virol. 69:72–75, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ribavirin inhibits DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis in PHA‐stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: Possible explanation for therapeutic efficacy in patients with chronic HCV infection
Authors: Meier Volker , Bürger Erik , Mihm Sabine , Saile Bernhard , Ramadori Giuliano
Published: November 2002

The treatment of choice for patients infected chronically with HCV is the combination of IFN‐α and ribavirin. Monotherapy with ribavirin leads to a clinical and histological improvement, but its exact mechanism of action is unknown. Therefore, the effect of ribavirin on synthesis of inflammatory cytokines and on apoptosis in stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was investigated. PBMCs were isolated from the blood of HCV infected patients and from healthy volunteers. The effect of ribavirin on IFN‐γ and IL‐1β release in the supernatant of unstimulated and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulated PBMCs was investigated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The effect on total DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis was analyzed by measurement of 3H‐thymidine, 3H‐uridine and 3H‐leucine incorporation into cellular macromolecules. Ribavirin led to a dose‐dependent decrease of the IFN‐γ but an increase of IL‐1β release into the supernatant of PHA‐stimulated PBMCs. At the same time, a dose‐dependent decrease of total DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis in cultures of PHA‐stimulated PBMCs was demonstrated. These effects could be compensated by the addition of equimolar amounts of guanosine. The rate of apoptotic CD45+ and CD14+ cells in PBMCs cultures increased in a dose‐dependent manner. Our data suggest that ribavirin administration to chronically HCV‐infected patients could lead to a decrease of the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IFN‐γ) by an inhibition of total DNA‐, RNA‐, and protein‐synthesis and by induction of apoptosis in the cells of the inflammatory infiltrate. Furthermore, ribavirin could influence the synthesis of viral particles in the hepatocytes. J. Med. Virol. 69:50–58, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genotype, serotype, and phylogenetic characterization of the complete genome sequence of hepatitis B virus isolates from Malawian chronic carriers of the virus
Authors: Sugauchi Fuminaka , Orito Etsuro , Kato Hideaki , Suzuki Seiji , Kawakita Saori , Sakamoto Yuko , Fukushima Kouichi , Akiba Toshio , Yoshihara Namiko , Ueda Ryuzo , Mizokami Masashi
Published: November 2002

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes have distinct geographical distribution. HBV sequences among hepatitis B carriers in Malawi have not been evaluated thus far. HBsAg serotype and genotype of HBV was determined in 20 serum samples from Malawian chronic HBV carriers, and two complete genomes and 13 entire pre‐S2/S genes were sequenced directly. Genotype A HBV isolates were found in all of the samples, and serotype with adw2 and ayw2 were detected in three and 17 samples, respectively. In phylogenetic analyses, two complete genomes were classified into a subgroup A′ that was described previously in South African isolates of the virus, and were separated from HBV isolates in Western countries with nucleotide differences ranging from 4.1–6.2%. The separation of subgroup A′ was also evident in the tree topology of the entire pre‐S1/S2, X and precore/core region, but not evident in the small‐S region. The nucleotide divergences in subgroup A′ were higher than those among genotype A without subgroup A′ in the complete genomes as well as each of four open reading frames. All of the 13 pre‐S2/S sequences were classified into the subgroup A′, and clustered with known HBV isolates with ayw2 in carriers from South Africa and Zimbabwe. Three amino acids in the pre‐S2/S gene were characteristic of subgroup A′ with ayw2. In conclusion, unique HBV isolates of subgroup A′ with ayw2 are prevalent in Malawi, and subgroup A′ with a relatively higher nucleotide diversity may be a HBV isolate characteristic of the indigenous population of some African countries. J. Med. Virol. 69:33–40, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selection of high affinity ligands to hepatitis B core antigen from a phage‐displayed cyclic peptide library
Authors: Ho Kok Lian , Yusoff Khatijah , Seow Heng Fong , Tan Wen Siang
Published: November 2002

M13 phages that display random disulfide constrained heptapeptides on their gpIII proteins were used to select for high affinity ligands to hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg). Phages bearing the amino acid sequences C‐WSFFSNI‐C and C‐WPFWGPW‐C were isolated, and a binding assay in solution showed that these phages bind tightly to full‐length and truncated HBcAg with K values less than 25 nM, which is at least 10 orders of magnitude higher than phage carrying the peptide sequence LLGRMK selected from a linear peptide library. Both the phages that display the constrained peptides were inhibited from binding to HBcAg particles by a monoclonal antibody that binds specifically to the immunodominant region of the particles. A synthetic heptapeptide with the amino acid sequence WSFFSNI derived from one of the fusion peptides inhibits the binding of large surface antigen (L‐HBsAg) to core particles with an IC50 value of 12 ± 2 μM. This study has identified a smaller peptide with a greater inhibitory effect on L‐HBsAg‐HBcAg association. J. Med. Virol. 69:27–32, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hepatitis B virus S gene mutants in a patient with chronic active hepatitis with circulating Anti‐HBs antibodies
Authors: Mathet V.L. , Feld M. , Espínola L. , Sánchez D.O. , Ruiz V. , Mandó O. , Carballal G. , Quarleri J.F. , D'Mello F. , Howard C.R. , Oubiña J.R.
Published: November 2002

An adult male farmer with chronic active hepatitis and cirrhosis despite previous circulating anti‐HBs antibodies was studied. No markers of other hepatotropic viral infection were observed. HBV DNA was detected in serum by PCR and was characterized further by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and sequencing of cloned PCR products derived from the S gene. The HBV DNA was ascribed to genotype F, and single‐strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) demonstrated the co‐circulation of multiple quasispecies. Some of the variants exhibited changes located within the neutralizing “a” determinant, located between amino acids 124–147 of the S protein. Within this region, two clones showed either C124R or C124Y mutations. Other mutations were Q129R, C138R, C139R, and S140T (one clone each). Outside the “a” determinant several substitutions were documented. The high degree of the quasispecies variability was probably linked to the severity of the infection. Most members of the patient's family were infected with HBV, all with genotype F. J. Med. Virol. 69:18–26, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
HIV and HCV co‐infection: Situation at six French university hospitals in the year 2000
Authors: Buffet‐Janvresse Claudine , Peigue‐Lafeuille Hélène , Benichou Jacques , Vabret Astrid , Branger Michel , Trimoulet Pascale , Goria Odile , Laurichesse Henri , Abbed Abdelaziz , Verdon Renaud , Bouvet Elisabeth , Lafon Marie‐Edith , Dussaix Elisabeth ,   HIV‐HCV Cohort Study Group
Published: November 2002

The aims of this study were to assess the sociodemographic, epidemiological, clinical, and biological characteristics of French patients co‐infected with human immunodeficiency virus‐hepatitis C virus (HIV‐HCV), as well as the management of their HCV infection. Data on 509 HIV‐HCV co‐infected patients, followed up at six French University Hospitals, were collected using a questionnaire. Student's t‐test, Pearson's chi‐square, Fisher's exact, and Fisher‐Freeman‐Halton's exact tests were used. The mean age of the patients was 38.3 years, and the male to female sex ratio 2.08; 88% of patients were born in Metropolitan France, and 20% were dependent on health benefits; 74% were intravenous drug users and 14% blood or blood product recipients. Forty‐seven percent were in CDC classification stage A, 18% had a CD4+ count of <200, and 79% were undergoing current antiretroviral treatment. HCV RNA was positive in 84% (50% type 1, 13% untypable). Forty‐four percent had normal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, 24% alcohol consumption >15 g/day, and 51% had undergone liver biopsy (10% of which had cirrhosis). Histological grade was not related to ALT level or CD4+ count. Overall, 40% of patients had been treated for HCV infection. HCV treatment was significantly associated with performance of liver biopsy, histological grade, ALT level, CD4+ count, Centers for Disease Control (CDC) classification, but not with age or alcohol consumption. Rate of early response to treatment was fifty percent among patients treated with bitherapy. Eighty‐nine percent of all patients with previous or current anti‐HCV treatment had undergone liver biopsy. In conclusion, despite the difficulties in managing hepatitis C in HIV‐infected patients, almost one‐half of all patients in this study had received anti‐HCV treatment. J. Med. Virol. 69:7–17, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Replication capacity, biological phenotype, and drug resistance of HIV strains isolated from patients failing antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Nicastri Emanuele , Sarmati Loredana , d'Ettorre Gabriella , Palmisano Lucia , Parisi Saverio G. , Uccella Ilaria , Rianda Alessia , Concia Ercole , Vullo Vincenzo , Vella Stefano , Andreoni Massimo
Published: November 2002

The fitness of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in vivo depends on the interaction of a multitude of viral and host factors. The aim of this study was to analyze the biological phenotype and the intrinsic capacity of the HIV isolates with drug‐resistance mutations to replicate efficiently in the absence of drugs. An open label multicenter cross‐sectional study was undertaken on 28 HIV‐infected patients failing antiretroviral treatment. The subjects were studied for CD4+ cell count, HIV viral load, syncytium‐inducing phenotype, genotypic drug‐resistance assay, and replication capacity of HIV isolates assessed by co‐culture assay. All HIV isolates showed a decreased replication capacity compared with wild‐type strains. The lowest replication capacity was detected in HIV strains with more than five drug‐resistance mutations. The highest replication capacity was observed in strains carrying the K103N and Y181C primary mutations that emerged after treatment with non‐nucleoside analogue inhibitors. Isolates with R5 biological phenotype had a higher number of resistant mutations than X4 isolates (P = 0.004). Particularly, the R5 phenotype was detected in all 6 isolates with more than 14 drug‐resistance mutations. Patients with R5 strains had plasma viral load similar to patients with X4 strains, but marginally higher CD4+ cell counts, and their HIV isolates had significantly lower replication capacity of HIV isolates (P = 0.008). No patient carrying HIV with a maintained replication capacity had a viral load less than 30,000 copies/ml. In patients failing HAART, the detection of HIV isolates with the R5 biological phenotype correlates with CD4+ cell count, an impaired replication capacity, and a high number of drug‐resistance mutations. J. Med. Virol. 69:1–6, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The adoption and modification of management ideas in organizations: towards an analytical framework
Authors: Mamman Aminu
Published: November 2002

For many years, the idea of modifying management ideas to fit organizational and cultural contexts has been widely advocated. However, theories and models that would help to achieve this objective have not received the attention they deserve. Critiques of modification of management ideas argue that ideas are sometimes modified beyond recognition. Implicit in this criticism is the suggestion that modification of ideas is inappropriate.

This paper argues that such views are not only unhelpful but also dangerous if organizations are led to assume that management ideas are universally applicable irrespective of organizational context.

It also states the need to accept the fact that modification of ideas is inevitable given the diversity of organizational contexts.

The paper presents an analytical framework to explain the adoption and modification of management ideas in organizations.

Finally, it advocates the need for fashion‐setters of management ideas to produce them in versions to accommodate the diversity of organizations.

Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The BOHICA syndrome: a symptom of cynicism towards change initiatives?
Authors: Connell Julia , Waring Peter
Published: November 2002

This paper reports on three case studies that centre on the relationship between organizational change, employee cynicism, the psychological contract and the sustainability of change initiatives.

The findings suggest that when employees fail to perceive a rationale for change, their psychological contracts become reformulated in such a way that they become cynical about further organizational change proposals.

Without appropriate and targeted interventions, this phenomenon, which is described in this paper as the ‘BOHICA syndrome’, may cause employee preparedness to consider new change proposals to be significantly reduced.

The paper presents the lessons learned from three change management experiences and identifies the importance of demonstrating the credibility and logic of managerial action and allowing for incremental change wherever possible in addressing the problem.

Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hospital mergers and psychological contracts
Authors: Shield Richard , Thorpe Richard , Nelson Annette
Published: November 2002

National Health Service (NHS) hospitals have been merging to form large, hybrid (two or more culture) organizations. The drivers for this have been many, not least the need to meet the guideline requirements for good clinical governance (a system for assuring the quality of clinical services) as prescribed by the Royal Colleges.

Research conducted in a merged NHS general hospital trust revealed that difficulties had occurred that might have been prevented by paying greater attention to certain HRM aspects of the merger, specifically aspects of the psychological contract.

This study indicated that hospital strategists need to take more care when considering mergers, particularly in respect of the psychological contract. Little academic research has been undertaken that covers this aspect of HRM in the context of NHS hospital mergers.

The paper goes on to explore aspects of the psychological contract following the merger of two further NHS general hospital trusts, in which we have started a second research study.

Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The future for the HRM function in local government: everything has changed—but has anything changed?
Authors: Harris Lynette
Published: November 2002

This paper explores how the contribution of specialist HR services is being evaluated in the context of best value performance reviews in local government.

It examines the perceptions that HRM and line managers have of their respective HR responsibilities and of the contribution made by the specialist function.

Dilemmas involved in measuring a function whose contribution is mediated through the work of others are identified.

The extent to which the best value review process will promote continuous improvement in HR practices and its value as a mechanism for identifying good HR practices and establishing criteria for measuring their effectiveness is discussed.

Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Peroxidase activity of germinatingSorghum bicolorgrains: effect of some cations
Authors: Omidiji Olusesan , Okpuzor Joy , Otubu Olugbenga
Published: November 2002

We investigated some properties of the major ionic peroxidase (POD) from germinatingSorghum bicolorvar Fara Fara. Peroxidase activity increased eightfold during the first 36 h of germination and declined thereafter to four times the value in the dry grain after 144 h. Gel filtration followed by ion exchange chromatography resolved the major peroxidase into two forms. The predominant POD had an optimum temperature of 55 °C, two pH optima at 5.0 and 7.0, with a sharp decline in activity below pH 4.5, an apparent activation energy of 463 kJ mol−1, an apparent molecular weight of 63.1 kDa and was relatively heat‐stable up to 70 °C. The enzyme was strongly inhibited by dithiothreitol and sodium metabisulphite. Calcium chloride and magnesium chloride below 2 mMenhanced POD activity without any adverse effect on germination, while ammonium chloride and ferric chloride inhibited the enzymatic activity of both forms. At 5 mM, magnesium chloride inhibited POD activity by 50% with only a 14% reduction in germination, while calcium chloride achieved the same effect at 10 mM. These results are pertinent to controlling the undesirable activity of peroxidase in a typical malting or brewing process.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of curcuma (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb) on lipid metabolism in rabbits
Authors: Wientarsih Ietje , Chakeredza Sebastian , ter Meulen Udo
Published: November 2002

The efficacy of curcuma (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) in lowering blood plasma lipid was evaluated in rabbits. Forty male New Zealand white rabbits (2.3 kg) were divided into four equal groups and offered isoatherogenic diets with no curcuma, low curcuma (2 g kg−1), medium curcuma (3 g kg−1) and high curcuma (4 g kg−1) for 120 days. Faeces and feed samples were collected. Body weight was measured weekly. Blood samples at 1, 2 and 4 months and liver samples at the last blood collection were taken. Curcuma did not influence feed, protein and fat consumption and protein excretion (P > 0.05) but significantly (P < 0.05) increased fat excretion. Cholesterol concentration was decreased by 46.6, 56.4 and 63.2% and HDL concentration was decreased by 9.9, 14.5 and 21.9% at 2, 3 and 4 g kg−1 curcuma respectively. Curcuma significantly (P < 0.05) decreased LDL concentration and significantly (P < 0.01) decreased triglyceride concentration by 20.4, 28.5 and 29.5% at 2, 3 and 4 g kg−1 respectively. HMG‐CoA reductase inhibitor was significantly (P < 0.05) increased by curcuma. Glucose was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by 6.2, 7.6 and 18.0% at 2, 3 and 4 g kg−1 curcuma respectively. Lipid peroxidation was prevented at 3 and 4 g kg−1 curcuma. The enhanced fat excretion could have been mediated through an acceleration of lipid metabolism from extrahepatic tissues to the liver, which would increase the excretion of cholesterol via the bile and into the faeces. Since this is central to lipid metabolism, curcuma has potential as a phytotherapeutic agent under atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease conditions.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Proteolytic activity in ruminal fluid from cattle fed two levels of barley grain: a comparison of three methods of determination
Authors: Hristov Alexander N , McAllister Timothy A , Xu Zhong , Newbold C Jamie
Published: November 2002

The effects of proportion of concentrate in the ruminant diet and the effects of freezing ruminal content prior to assay on proteolytic activity in ruminal inoculum were evaluated using three analytical techniques. A novel approach for determining proteolytic activity (PA) of ruminal fluid utilising 15N‐labelled casein was compared with two published procedures. In a crossover experiment, four heifers were fed two isonitrogenous diets containing (dry matter basis) 50% barley silage, 45% rolled barley grain and 4% soybean meal (medium‐grain diet, MG) or 8% barley silage, 89% rolled barley grain and 2% soybean meal (high‐grain diet, HG). Ruminal fluid was analysed either fresh or after having been frozen at −40 °C for 45 days. Substrates utilised in measuring PA included 15N‐labelled casein (produced by infusing (15NH)2SO4 into the rumen of a lactating dairy cow), 14C‐labelled casein and azocasein. Incubations were conducted in 0.2 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) for 20 min at 39 °C. In the 15N‐casein incubations, PA was estimated as (i) N soluble in 5% trichloroacetic acid (TCASN), (ii) N soluble in 5% TCA corrected for microbial N uptake (TCAMICR) and (iii) N depleted from the soluble protein N pool (SPR). In the 14C‐casein incubations, PA was measured as TCA‐soluble radioactivity; in the azocasein method it was measured as dye released during incubation. Across treatments the highest (P < 0.001) proteolytic activity was measured by the SPR method, followed by TCAMICR, TCASN and 14C‐casein. The lowest activity was recorded using the azocasein method. Within the 15N‐ and 14C‐casein methods, PA in previously frozen ruminal fluid was higher (P < 0.05) with the HG diet than with the MG diet, and higher (P < 0.05) in previously frozen fluid than in inoculum processed fresh. This study demonstrates that increasing the proportion of grain in the diets of cattle and freezing the ruminal inoculum both increase proteolytic activity measured in ruminal fluid. The proposed 15N‐casein method yielded higher proteolytic activity values than the 14C‐casein method.

Copyright © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry. Contributions of A N Hristov, T A McAllister and Z Xu. © Minister of Public Works and Government Services, Canada 2002.
Composition and organoleptic characteristics of oil from Arbequina olive (Olea europaea L) trees under deficit irrigation
Authors: Tovar M J , Romero M P , Alegre S , Girona J , Motilva M J
Published: November 2002

This study evaluated the effects of different regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) strategies applied to olive (Arbequina cultivar) trees on the qualitative and quantitative parameters of the resulting oil during the maximum evaporative demand period for three consecutive crop seasons. Quality indices, fatty acid composition, pigments, colour, α‐tocopherol and phenolic contents, bitter index, oxidative stability and organoleptic properties of the oil were determined. Irrigation did not affect those parameters used as criteria for classifying olive oil in its commercial grades. Only polyphenol and o‐diphenol contents and, consequently, the bitter index and oxidative stability were affected by the RDI strategy, with increasing values as the water applied decreased. Regulated deficit irrigation resulted in important savings in irrigation requirements without detriment to oil quality.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
The effect of supplementing red deer (Cervus elaphus) with different forms of ascorbic acid upon the concentration of ascorbic acid in rumen fluid and blood plasma
Authors: Gurusinghe Ranjan , Manley Timothy R , Barry Tom N , Littlejohn Roger , Stevenson‐Barry Joanne
Published: November 2002

Two indoor experiments were conducted at the Massey University Deer Research Unit to study whether the blood plasma ascorbic acid (AA) concentration in farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus) could be raised, using a single large intraruminal administration of AA (2.7 g kg−1 live weight) prior to a simulated slaughter situation. Deer fistulated in the rumen were individually fed chaffed lucerne hay ad libitum at 30 min intervals; feed was then withdrawn 8 h before AA was administered, and fasting continued during the period of rumen fluid and blood sampling (30 h of fasting in total). Blood (jugular vein) and rumen fluid samples were taken 15 min before and at various intervals after dosing with AA. Rumen fluid pH values were also recorded. In Experiment 1 the effects of administration of pure ascorbic acid (AA), ethyl cellulose‐coated ascorbic acid (EC) and silicone‐coated ascorbic acid (SC) were compared. All three types increased rumen fluid and blood plasma AA concentrations to a desirable level (500 µg ml−1 blood plasma or greater), with the maximum concentrations in both sites occurring 1 h after administration. The area under the concentration versus time curve (AUC), the area under the curve corrected for baseline concentration (AUCB) and the maximum concentration (MAX) of AA in both rumen fluid and blood plasma were not significantly different among the three formulations of AA, indicating that all three were degraded at similar rates in the rumen and that their bioavailabilities were similar. Rumen pH decreased from approximately 7.0 to 5.0 within 1 h of administering each compound, increased to 6.0 after 4 h and then progressively increased to approximately 7.0 after 22 h. Experiment 2 was conducted to investigate the rumen‐buffering effect after dosing with AA with and without added sodium bicarbonate. Including NaHCO3 increased rumen pH by approximately 1 unit during the first hour after dosing and by 0.7–0.4 units thereafter. AUC and AUCB for rumen fluid were significantly lower for the AA + NaHCO3 group of deer than for the AA group (p < 0.05), indicating that increasing rumen pH increased the rate of ruminal destruction of AA. AUC, AUCB and MAX of AA in blood plasma were not statistically different between the two treatments (p > 0.05). It was concluded that the single large intraruminal AA dose technique could be used to consistently increase AUC, AUCB and MAX of AA in both rumen fluid and blood plasma. Methods for improving the efficiency of the technique are discussed.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Extractability and thermal stability of frozen hake (Merluccius merluccius) fillets stored at −10 and −30 °C
Authors: Careche Mercedes , del Mazo Maria Luisa , Fernández‐Martín Fernando
Published: November 2002

The relationship between thermal stability changes and functionality loss was monitored in hake muscle fillets stored for 40 weeks at −10 and −30 °C. The evolution of changes in apparent viscosity, dimethylamine formation and extractability of muscle proteins in NaCl, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) or SDS plus mercaptoethanol showed drastic differences as a function of temperature. At the higher storage temperature, both myosin heavy chain and collagen were the most severely unextracted in salt and SDS solutions, with actin becoming unextractable at the end of storage. Differential scanning calorimetry showed differences with storage time and temperature in both onset temperature and thermal denaturation enthalpy, mostly affecting the myosin transitions. Some protein denaturation occurred with little or no functionality loss. A considerably high fraction of hake muscle proteins remained in the native‐like condition even at the higher frozen storage temperature. In these conditions both apparent viscosity and myosin and actin extractability in NaCl were very low.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
The diurnal pattern of ileal dry matter and endogenous ileal nitrogen flows in the growing pig
Authors: Hodgkinson Suzanne M , Moughan Paul J , Morel Patrick C H , Reynolds Gordon W
Published: November 2002

The aim was to examine the diurnal pattern of endogenous nitrogen flow at the terminal ileum of the pig. Seven entire male pigs with a mean body weight of 58 kg had post‐valve T‐caecum (PVTC) cannulae surgically implanted for the collection of ileal digesta. The pigs were fed equal‐sized meals (10% of metabolic body weight, W0.75, per day) twice daily at 08:00 and 17:00. The semi‐synthetic diet included enzyme‐hydrolysed casein (<5000 Da, 100 g kg−1 diet) as the sole source of nitrogen (N). The diet also contained chromic oxide (6 g kg−1) as an indigestible marker. The pigs received the diet for an 8 day period, and digesta were continuously collected for 24 h periods (commencing at 08:00) on the fifth and eighth days. Digesta were analysed for dry matter (DM) and chromium (Cr), and endogenous N was determined in the precipitate + retentate fraction of the digesta following centrifugation and ultrafiltration (10 000 Da molecular weight cut‐off). The concentration of Cr expressed on a digesta DM basis and the ratio of endogenous N to Cr in the digesta were relatively constant over the 24 h digesta collection periods, with no statistically significant (P > 0.05) differences found for the latter measure in the digesta collected between 12:00 and 08:00. The endogenous N flow through the terminal ileum is the net effect of the secretion and reabsorption of endogenous N that occurs throughout the digestive tract. The net result of the latter two processes in the small intestine of the pig leads to a relatively constant endogenous N flow over time post‐feeding.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Chemical analysis and photoprotective effect of an extract of wine from Jacquez grapes
Authors: Spagna Giovanni , Tomaino Antonio , Cimino Francesco , Barbagallo Riccardo N , Ventura Dario , Bonina Francesco , Saija Antonella
Published: November 2002

The present study was aimed at evaluating the in vitro antioxidant activity and in vivo photoprotective activity of an extract of wine obtained from Jacquez (Vitis aestivalis‐cinerea × V vinifera) grapes (JW‐E). The chemical profile of the JW‐E was characterised by a significant level of proanthocyanidins, together with lower amounts of anthocyanins and hydroxycinnamic acids. The antioxidant activity of the JW‐E was assessed by means of various in vitro tests (bleaching of the stable 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl radical; peroxidation, induced by the water‐soluble radical initiator 2,2′‐azobis(2‐amidinopropane) hydrochloride, on mixed dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine/linoleic acid unilamellar vesicles; UV radiation‐induced peroxidation in phosphatidylcholine multilamellar vesicles). In all in vitro tests employed, the JW‐E proved to possess strong antioxidant/free radical‐scavenging effectiveness. Furthermore, when topically applied, a gel formulation containing the JW‐E afforded significant in vivo protection against UVB light‐induced skin erythema (monitored by reflectance spectrophotometry) in healthy human volunteers.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Enzymes of the small intestine of the calf: effect of dietary protein source on the activities of some enzymes in the small intestinal mucosa and digesta
Authors: Montagne Lucile , Salgado Paulo , Toullec René , Lallès Jean‐Paul
Published: November 2002

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of dietary protein source on the morphology and enzyme activities in the small intestinal mucosa and digesta of preruminant calves. The control diet contained skim milk powder. Plant proteins from soy concentrate (unhydrolysed or partially hydrolysed) and potato concentrate were incorporated into experimental diets. Duodenal, jejunal and ileal mucosal biopsies and digesta were collected from calves fitted with simple cannulae and continuously infused with milk replacers into the abomasum. Biopsies were used for morphology measurements. The activity of dipeptidylpeptidase IV, aminopeptidases, lactase and alkaline phosphatase was estimated in biopsies and digesta. Incorporating plant protein had a limited effect on the intestinal mucosa. A partial villus atrophy and crypt hyperplasia were noted with the soy concentrate only. Decreases in the activity of dipeptidylpeptidase IV with the potato concentrate diet and of aminopeptidase N and lactase with the hydrolysed soy concentrate diet, were also observed in ileal biopsies. Mucosal enzymes were released in the lumen and most of them accumulated in digesta of the distal small intestine. The activity of aminopeptidase N and lactase in ileal digesta was higher in calves fed the soy and potato concentrate diets than in those fed the control diet.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of previous chilled storage on rancidity development in frozen horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus)
Authors: Aubourg Santiago P , Lehmann Ines , Gallardo José M
Published: November 2002

Rancidity development during frozen storage (−20 °C) of an underutilised medium‐fat‐content fish species, horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus), was studied. Special attention was given to the effect of previous chilled storage (0, 1, 3 and 5 days) on the quality of the frozen fish. For this, chemical (free fatty acid and conjugated diene contents; peroxide value, PV; thiobarbituric acid index, TBA‐i; fluorescent compound formation) and sensory (rancid odour and taste) analyses were carried out. Hydrolytic rancidity showed an increase with frozen storage time; however, no effect of previous chilling time was observed on the frozen product. Oxidative rancidity measured by chemical (PV, TBA‐i and fluorescence) and sensory (odour and taste) indices increased with frozen storage time and also with previous chilling time. Satisfactory quality was maintained up to 7 months of frozen storage of horse mackerel provided that a short chilling time (not longer than 3 days) was employed.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of phytase inclusion and calcium/phosphorus ratio on the performance and nutrient retention of grower–finisher pigs fed barley/wheat/soya bean meal‐based diets
Authors: Brady S M , Callan J J , Cowan D , McGrane M , O'Doherty J V
Published: November 2002

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of phosphorus (P) level and calcium (Ca)/total P (tP) ratio on the efficacy of microbial phytase. Experiment 1 examined the effects of P concentration and microbial phytase inclusion on mineral excretion and pig performance, while experiment 2 examined the effects of Ca/tP ratio and microbial phytase inclusion on mineral excretion and pig performance. In experiment 1, nutrient and mineral digestibility (n = 4) and growth performance (n = 12) were determined in pigs individually fed diets containing (T1) 5.5 g kg−1 tP, 2.3 g kg−1 available P (aP) and 8.0 g kg−1 Ca, (T2) 5.5 g kg−1 tP, 2.3 g kg−1 aP, 8.0 g kg−1 Ca and 750 FYT kg−1 Peniophora lycii phytase, (T3) 4.3 g kg−1 tP, 1.4 g kg−1 aP and 8.0 g kg−1 Ca and (T4) 4.3 g kg−1 tP, 1.4 g kg−1 aP, 8.0 g kg−1 Ca and 750 FYT kg−1 P lycii phytase. In experiment 2, nutrient and mineral digestibility (n = 4) and growth performance (n = 12) were determined in pigs individually fed diets containing (TT1) 4.3 g kg−1 tP and 8.0 g kg−1 Ca, (TT2) 4.3 g kg−1 tP, 8.0 g kg−1 Ca and 750 FYT kg−1 P lycii phytase, (TT3) 4.3 g kg−1 tP and 5.0 g kg−1 Ca and (TT4) 4.3 g kg−1 tP, 5.0 g kg−1 Ca and 750 FYT kg−1 P lycii phytase. All diets were formulated, using standard feeding values for the ingredients, to have similar concentrations of digestible energy (DE) and lysine. In experiment 1, pigs offered the low‐P diets had significantly lower P intake (P < 0.001), faecal P excretion (P < 0.05), Ca intake (P < 0.05) and faecal Ca excretion (P < 0.05) compared with pigs given the adequate‐P diets. These pigs also had significantly lower daily gain (P < 0.01), feed intake (P < 0.05) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P < 0.05). The inclusion of phytase in both the adequate‐ and low‐P diets increased the digestibility of energy (P < 0.05) and Ca (P < 0.01) but had no effect on pig performance. In experiment 2, lowering the Ca/tP ratio from 1.85:1 to 1.15:1 increased the DE content of the diet (P < 0.05). The inclusion of phytase increased (P < 0.05) the digestibility of protein (0.874 versus 0.840, SEM 0.009) and Ca (0.427 versus 0.380, SEM 0.019) as well as the DE content of the diet (14.47 versus 14.26 MJ kg−1, SEM 0.073). There was a significant ratio × phytase interaction (P < 0.5) for P digestibility. Microbial phytase significantly increased P digestibility when added to the 1.15:1 ratio diet but had no effect when added to the 1.85:1 ratio diet. The
inclusion of microbial phytase increased feed intake (2.16 versus 2.00 kg day−1, SEM 0.05; P < 0.05) and weight gain (0.893 versus 0.818 kg day−1, SEM 0.022; P < 0.05). Lowering the Ca/tP ratio resulted in a significant improvement in FCR (2.32 versus 2.40 kg kg−1, SEM 0.03; P < 0.05). In conclusion, the beneficial effects of microbial phytase supplementation of pig diets are adversely affected by a wide Ca/tP ratio.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Relationship between ice recrystallisation rates and the glass transition in frozen sugar solutions
Authors: Ablett Steve , Clarke Chris J , Izzard Martin J , Martin Dave R
Published: November 2002

The increase in ice crystal size that occurs through recrystallisation when many frozen products such as ice cream and frozen desserts are stored is one of the major factors contributing to the perceived deterioration of the product by the consumer. In order to reduce the rate of deterioration, a detailed understanding of the fundamental mechanism is needed. This study demonstrates that ice recrystallisation rates in a series of frozen sugar solutions are strongly correlated with the molecular mobilities of the water and solute molecules as measured by time domain nuclear magnetic resonance. The study also demonstrates that the proximity to the glass transition temperature as described by state diagrams correlates well with the measured ice recrystallisation rates. The temperature dependence in these systems is described by Williams, Landel and Ferry theory.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Possible role for apple juice phenolic compounds in the acute modification of glucose tolerance and gastrointestinal hormone secretion in humans
Authors: Johnston Kelly L , Clifford Michael N , Morgan Linda M
Published: November 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether naturally occurring phenolic compounds in apple juice had any physiological effects on plasma glucose concentrations and circulating gastrointestinal hormone profiles in volunteers. The results show that the consumption of a 25 g glucose load in commercial apple juice compared with that consumed in water has statistically significant effects on plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, GIP and GLP‐1 in volunteers (N = 9) which appear to be consistent with delayed intestinal absorption of glucose. The exact mechanisms require further investigation but, tentatively, it is suggested that phloridzin and other polyphenols may be responsible.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of industrial processing on alfalfa cell walls
Authors: Hamm M , Debeire P , Monties B , Chabbert B
Published: November 2002

Thermal treatment is one of the widely used methods for feedstuff preservation. The aim of this study was to evaluate possible cell wall alterations during the industrial‐scale drying of alfalfa. Alfalfa is mainly dehydrated and pelleted using two drying treatments. First a thermal treatment at 70 °C is applied to the chopped raw material, prior to the main dehydration procedure which involves a temperature of about 600 °C for a restricted time (15 min). The different steps of the dehydration process did not cause significant changes in alfalfa cell wall composition, but the proportion of labile ether‐linked lignin structure (β‐O‐4) increased after the thermal shock. Chemical fractionation of cell wall carbohydrates showed that pectins were less accessible to extraction with ammonium oxalate after alfalfa drying. Moreover, xylanase (endo enzyme) was more effective on cell walls obtained from heated material. These results suggested that heat processing causes some changes in interpolymer bonds (covalent and hydrogen bonds) between pectins and the lignin/hemicellulose matrix, whereby the cell wall network is modified.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Desulphiting dried apricots by exposure to hot air flow
Authors: Özkan Mehmet , Cemeroglu Bekir
Published: November 2002

Sulphited dried apricots were exposed to hot air flows at 40, 50 and 60 °C and the removal of SO2 was investigated as their moisture content fell from an initial value of 193.2 g kg−1 to a final value of 80–90 g kg−1. A first‐order kinetic model was found for the removal of SO2 between 40 and 60 °C. Temperature quotients (Q10) for the removal of SO2 were 2.84 between 40 and 50 °C and 4.93 between 50 and 60 °C; the activation energy (Ea) was 114.40 kJ mol−1 between 40 and 60 °C. Analysis of the kinetic data also suggested a first‐order reaction for non‐enzymatic browning, with Q10 values of 2.34 between 40 and 50 °C and 5.36 between 50 and 60 °C and an Ea value of 109.36 kJ mol−1 between 40 and 60 °C. Exposure of dried apricots to a 60 °C air flow resulted in a rate constant for brown pigment formation that was 12 and 5 times higher than those at 40 and 50 °C respectively.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of assimilate and water supply on seasonal variation of acids in peach (cv Suncrest)
Authors: Wu Ben‐Hong , Génard Michel , Lescourret Françoise , Gomez Laurent , Li Shao‐Hua
Published: November 2002

Seasonal variations of acid concentrations in peach fruit (cv Suncrest) were investigated in relation to assimilate and water supply for four years. The leaf/fruit ratio and girdling of the shoots on both sides of the fruit pedicel were used to manipulate the assimilate supply. Irrigation intensity was used to manipulate the water supply. There was a positive relationship between assimilate or water supply and fruit growth. The responses of organic acids to assimilate supply were different with fruit development. At the beginning of growth, fruits with high leaf/fruit ratio had lower malate and higher citrate concentration. Near maturity, greater assimilate supply is related to high malate and low citrate concentration. High leaf/fruit ratio increased quinic acid concentration at the beginning of growth. With development, quinic acid concentration in fruits with more assimilate supply decreased more. Shikimic acid concentration fluctuated differently with fruit development in the four years and was generally lower in fruits with more leaves. Irrigation tended to reduce acid concentrations but did not affect the seasonal patterns of the different acids. There were no interactions between tree irrigation and leaf/fruit ratio.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry