bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Throughput Improvement in Femtosecond Laser Ablation of Nickel by Double Pulses
Authors: Chu Kunpeng , Guo Baoshan , Jiang Lan , Hua Yanhong , Gao Shuai , Jia Jingang , Zhan Ningwei
Published: October 2021

In this study, femtosecond laser double pulses were tested to improve their nickel ablation efficiency. The experimental results indicated that compared with single pulses, double pulses with different delay times generated craters with larger diameters and depths. The results obtained for three sets of double pulses with different energy ratios indicated that double pulses with an energy ratio of 1:9 had the highest ablation efficiency, followed by those with energy ratios of 2:8 and 5:5. The double pulses with the aforementioned three energy ratios achieved the maximum ablation efficiency when the delay time was 3–4 ps. Compared with single pulses, double pulses with an energy ratio of 1:9 generated craters with an up to 34% greater depth and up to 14% larger diameter. In addition, an interference effect was observed with a double pulse delay time of 0 ps, which has seldom been reported in the literature. The double pulses were simulated using the two-temperature model. The simulation results indicated that double pulses with an energy ratio of 1:9 with a delay time of 4 ps can perform the strongest ablation. These simulation results are in line with the experimental results.
Grating Theory Approach to Optics of Nanocomposites
Authors: Bej Subhajit , Saastamoinen Toni , Svirko Yuri P. , Turunen Jari
Published: October 2021

Nanocomposites, i.e., materials comprising nano-sized entities embedded in a host matrix, can have tailored optical properties with applications in diverse fields such as photovoltaics, bio-sensing, and nonlinear optics. Effective medium approaches such as Maxwell-Garnett and Bruggemann theories, which are conventionally used for modeling the optical properties of nanocomposites, have limitations in terms of the shapes, volume fill fractions, sizes, and types of the nanoentities embedded in the host medium. We demonstrate that grating theory, in particular the Fourier Eigenmode Method, offers a viable alternative. The proposed technique based on grating theory presents nanocomposites as periodic structures composed of unit-cells containing a large and random collection of nanoentities. This approach allows us to include the effects of the finite wavelength of light and calculate the nanocomposite characteristics regardless of the morphology and volume fill fraction of the nano-inclusions. We demonstrate the performance of our approach by calculating the birefringence of porous silicon, linear absorption spectra of silver nanospheres arranged on a glass substrate, and nonlinear absorption spectra for a layer of silver nanorods embedded in a host polymer material having Kerr-type nonlinearity. The developed approach can also be applied to quasi-periodic structures with deterministic randomness or metasurfaces containing a large collection of elements with random arrangements inside their unit cells.
Development of a Fast Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry Method (LC-MS/MS) to Determine Fourteen Lipophilic Shellfish Toxins Based on Fused–Core Technology: In-House Validation
Authors: Rossignoli Araceli E. , Mariño Carmen , Martín Helena , Blanco Juan
Published: October 2021

Prevalence and incidence of the marine toxins (paralytic, amnesic, and lipophilic toxins) including the so-called emerging toxins (these are, gymnodimines, pinnatoxins, or spirolides among others) have increased in recent years all over the world. Climate change, which is affecting the distribution of their producing phytoplankton species, is probably one of the main causes. Early detection of the toxins present in a particular area, and linking the toxins to their causative phytoplankton species are key tools to minimize the risk they pose for human consumers. The development of both types of studies requires fast and highly sensitive analytical methods. In the present work, we have developed a highly sensitive liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methodology (LC-MS/MS), using a column with fused-core particle technology, for the determination of fourteen lipophilic toxins in a single run of 3.6 min. The performance of the method was evaluated for specificity, linearity, precision (repeatability and reproducibility) and accuracy by analysing spiked and naturally contaminated samples. The in-house validation was successful, and the limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) for all the toxins were far below their regulatory action limits. The method is suitable to be considered in monitoring systems of bivalves for food control.
Can Deep Learning-Based Volumetric Analysis Predict Oxygen Demand Increase in Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia?
Authors: Takahashi Marie , Fujioka Tomoyuki , Horii Toshihiro , Kimura Koichiro , Kimura Mizuki , Hashimoto Yurika , Kitazume Yoshio , Kishino Mitsuhiro , Tateishi Ukihide
Published: October 2021

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to investigate whether predictive indicators for the deterioration of respiratory status can be derived from the deep learning data analysis of initial chest computed tomography (CT) scans of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Materials and Methods: Out of 117 CT scans of 75 patients with COVID-19 admitted to our hospital between April and June 2020, we retrospectively analyzed 79 CT scans that had a definite time of onset and were performed prior to any medication intervention. Patients were grouped according to the presence or absence of increased oxygen demand after CT scan. Quantitative volume data of lung opacity were measured automatically using a deep learning-based image analysis system. The sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of the opacity volume data were calculated to evaluate the accuracy of the system in predicting the deterioration of respiratory status. Results: All 79 CT scans were included (median age, 62 years (interquartile range, 46–77 years); 56 (70.9%) were male. The volume of opacity was significantly higher for the increased oxygen demand group than for the nonincreased oxygen demand group (585.3 vs. 132.8 mL, p < 0.001). The sensitivity, specificity, and AUC were 76.5%, 68.2%, and 0.737, respectively, in the prediction of increased oxygen demand. Conclusion: Deep learning-based quantitative analysis of the affected lung volume in the initial CT scans of patients with COVID-19 can predict the deterioration of respiratory status to improve treatment and resource management.
Clinical Outcomes of Cetuximab and Paclitaxel after Progression on Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Recurrent or Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Suzuki Shinsuke , Toyoma Satoshi , Kawasaki Yohei , Koizumi Koh , Iikawa Nobuko , Shiina Kazuhiro , Endo Tentaro , Abe Tomoe , Kouga Teppei , Yamada Takechiyo
Published: October 2021

Background and Objectives: In recent years, the effectiveness of chemotherapy after immune checkpoint inhibitor administration has attracted attention in various cancers, including head and neck cancers. However, individual assessments of the administered chemotherapy regimens are insufficient. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of chemotherapy after immune checkpoint inhibitor administration in recurrent metastatic head and neck cancer by focusing on a single regimen. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed clinical and radiological data from the medical records of 18 patients with recurrent or metastatic (R/M) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) who received systemic chemotherapy with weekly cetuximab and paclitaxel (Cmab + PTX) after progression following immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. The objective response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR) were assessed using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) version 1.1. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Adverse events (AEs) were recorded using National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 4.0. Results: In all patients, the ORR, DCR, median PFS, and median OS were 44.4%, 72.2%, 3.8 months, and 9.6 months, respectively. Regarding AEs, three patients developed grade 3 neutropenia. Grade 3 anemia, paronychia, asthenia, and peripheral neuropathy were observed in one patient each. There were no treatment-related deaths. Conclusions: Cmab + PTX was shown to maintain high efficacy and acceptable safety for R/M HNSCC that progressed after ICI therapy. Further research is needed to establish optimal treatment sequences and drug combinations for recurrent R/M HNSCC.
An Integrated Approach for Treatment of Acute Type A Aortic Dissection
Authors: Vendramin Igor , Lechiancole Andrea , Piani Daniela , Sponga Sandro , Di Nora Concetta , Muser Daniele , Bortolotti Uberto , Livi Ugolino
Published: October 2021

Background and objective: We reviewed a single-institution experience to verify the impact of surgery during different time intervals on early and late results in the treatment of patients with type A acute aortic dissection (A-AAD). Materials and Methods: From 2004 to 2021, a total of 258 patients underwent repair of A-AAD; patients were equally distributed among three periods: 2004–2010 (Era 1, n = 90), 2011–2016 (Era 2, n = 87), and 2017–2021 (Era 3, n = 81). The primary end-point was to assess whether through the years changes in indications, surgical strategies and techniques and increasing experience have influenced early and late outcomes of A-AAD repair. Results: Axillary artery cannulation was almost routinely used in Eras 2 (86%) and 3 (91%) while one femoral artery was mainly cannulated in Era 1 (91%) (p < 0.01). Retrograde cerebral perfusion was predominantly used in Era 1 (60%) while antegrade cerebral perfusion was preferred in Eras 2 (94%,) and 3 (100%); (p < 0.01). There was a significant increase of arch replacement procedures from Era 1 (11%) to Eras 2 (33%) and 3 (48%) (p < 0.01). A frozen elephant trunk was mainly performed in Era 3. Hospital mortality was 13% in Era 1, 11% in Era 2, and 4% in Era 3 (p = 0.07). Actuarial survival at 3 years is 74%, in Era 1, 78% in Era 2, and 89% in Era 3 (p = 0.05). Conclusions: With increasing experience and a more aggressive approach, including total arch replacement, repair of A-AAD can be performed with low operative mortality in many patients. Patient care and treatment by a specific team organization allows a faster diagnosis and referral for surgery allowing to further improve early and late outcomes.
Histology and Immunohistochemistry of Radial Arteries Are Suggestive of an Interaction between Calcification and Early Atherosclerotic Lesions in Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Lysitska Aikaterini , Galanis Nikiforos , Skandalos Ioannis , Nikolaidou Christina , Briza Sophia , Fylaktou Asimina , Lioulios George , Mitsoglou Zoi , Papadopoulou Dorothea , Antoniadis Nikolaos , Papagianni Aikaterini , Stangou Maria
Published: October 2021

Background and Objectives: recent studies suggest an implication of immune mechanisms in atherosclerotic disease. In this paper, the interaction between inflammation, calcification, and atherosclerosis on the vessel walls of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is described and evaluated. Materials and Methods: patients with stage V CKD, either on pre-dialysis (group A) or on hemodialysis (HD) for at least 2 years (group B), in whom a radiocephalic arteriovenous fistula (RCAVF) was created, were included in the study. The control group included healthy volunteers who received radial artery surgery after an accident. The expressions of inflammatory cells, myofibroblasts, and vascular calcification regulators on the vascular wall were estimated, and, moreover, morphometric analysis was performed. Results: the expressions of CD68(+) cells, matrix carboxyglutamic acid proteins (MGPs), the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB (RANK) and RANK ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin (OPG), were significantly increased in CKD patients compared to the controls p = 0.02; p = 0.006; p = 0.01; and p = 0.006, respectively. In morphometric analysis, the I/M and L/I ratios had significant differences between CKD patients and the controls 0.3534 ± 0.20 vs. 0.1520 ± 0.865, p = 0.003, and 2.1709 ± 1.568 vs. 4.9958 ± 3.2975, p = 0.03, respectively. The independent variables correlated with the degree of vascular calcification were the intensity of CD34(+), aSMA(+) cells, and OPG, R2 = 0.76, p < 0.0001, and, with intima-media thickness (IMT), the severity of RANKL expression R2 = 0.3, p < 0.0001. Conclusion: atherosclerosis and vascular calcification in CKD seem to be strongly regulated by an immunological and inflammatory activation on the vascular wall.
Improving the Performance of the ToGoFET Probe: Advances in Design, Fabrication, and Signal Processing
Authors: Lee Hoontaek , Kim Junsoo , Shin Kumjae , Moon Wonkyu
Published: October 2021

We report recent improvements of the tip-on-gate of field-effect-transistor (ToGoFET) probe used for capacitive measurement. Probe structure, fabrication, and signal processing were modified. The inbuilt metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect-transistor (MOSFET) was redesigned to ensure reliable probe operation. Fabrication was based on the standard complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) process, and trench formation and the channel definition were modified. Demodulation of the amplitude-modulated drain current was varied, enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio. The I-V characteristics of the inbuilt MOSFET reflect the design and fabrication modifications, and measurement of a buried electrode revealed improved ToGoFET imaging performance. The minimum measurable value was enhanced 20-fold.
Luminal Chemosensory Cells in the Small Intestine
Authors: Burman Andreanna , Kaji Izumi
Published: October 2021

In addition to the small intestine’s well-known function of nutrient absorption, the small intestine also plays a major role in nutrient sensing. Similar to taste sensors seen on the tongue, GPCR-coupled nutrient sensors are expressed throughout the intestinal epithelium and respond to nutrients found in the lumen. These taste receptors respond to specific ligands, such as digested carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The activation of nutrient sensors in the intestine allows for the induction of signaling pathways needed for the digestive system to process an influx of nutrients. Such processes include those related to glucose homeostasis and satiety. Defects in intestinal nutrient sensing have been linked to a variety of metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. Here, we review recent updates in the mechanisms related to intestinal nutrient sensors, particularly in enteroendocrine cells, and their pathological roles in disease. Additionally, we highlight the emerging nutrient sensing role of tuft cells and recent work using enteroids as a sensory organ model.
Association between Geriatric Nutrition Risk Index and The Presence of Sarcopenia in People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Takahashi Fuyuko , Hashimoto Yoshitaka , Kaji Ayumi , Sakai Ryosuke , Kawate Yuka , Okamura Takuro , Kitagawa Noriyuki , Okada Hiroshi , Nakanishi Naoko , Majima Saori , Senmaru Takafumi , Ushigome Emi , Asano Mai , Hamaguchi Masahide , Yamazaki Masahiro , Fukui Michiaki
Published: October 2021

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine the association between the geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) and the prevalence of sarcopenia in people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Having both low handgrip strength (<28 kg for men and <18 kg for women) and low skeletal muscle mass index (<7.0 kg/m2 for men and <5.7 kg/m2 for women) was diagnosed as sarcopenia. GNRI was estimated by the formula as below: GNRI = (1.489 × serum albumin level [g/L]) + (41.7 × [current body weight (kg)/ideal body weight (kg)]). Participants were dichotomized on the basis of their GNRI scores (GNRI < 98, low; or GNRI ≥ 98, high). Among 526 people (301 men and 225 women) with T2DM, the proportions of participants with sarcopenia and low GNRI were 12.7% (n = 67/526) and 5.1% (n = 27/526), respectively. The proportion of sarcopenia in participants with low-GNRI was higher than that with high GNRI (44.4% [n = 12/27] vs. 11.0% [n = 55/499], p < 0.001). The GNRI showed positive correlations with handgrip strength (r = 0.232, p < 0.001) and skeletal muscle mass index (r = 0.514, p < 0.001). Moreover, low GNRI was related to the prevalence of sarcopenia (adjusted odds ratio, 4.88 [95% confidence interval: 1.88–12.7], p = 0.001). The GNRI, as a continuous variable, was also related to the prevalence of sarcopenia (adjusted odds ratio, 0.89 [95% confidence interval: 0.86–0.93], p < 0.001). The present study revealed that low GNRI was related to the prevalence of sarcopenia.
A Narrative Review of Human Clinical Trials on the Impact of Phenolic-Rich Plant Extracts on Prediabetes and Its Subgroups
Authors: Lim Wen Xin Janice , Gammon Cheryl S. , von Hurst Pamela , Chepulis Lynne , Page Rachel A.
Published: October 2021

Phenolic-rich plant extracts have been demonstrated to improve glycemic control in individuals with prediabetes. However, there is increasing evidence that people with prediabetes are not a homogeneous group but exhibit different glycemic profiles leading to the existence of prediabetes subgroups. Prediabetes subgroups have been identified as: isolated impaired fasting glucose (IFG), isolated impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and combined impaired fasting glucose and glucose intolerance (IFG/IGT). The present review investigates human clinical trials examining the hypoglycemic potential of phenolic-rich plant extracts in prediabetes and prediabetes subgroups. Artemisia princeps Pampanini, soy (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) leaf and Citrus junos Tanaka peel have been demonstrated to improve fasting glycemia and thus may be more useful for individuals with IFG with increasing hepatic insulin resistance. In contrast, white mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) leaf, persimmon (Diospyros kaki) leaf and Acacia. Mearnsii bark were shown to improve postprandial glycemia and hence may be preferably beneficial for individuals with IGT with increasing muscle insulin resistance. Elaeis guineensis leaf was observed to improve both fasting and postprandial glycemic measures depending on the dose. Current evidence remains scarce regarding the impact of the plant extracts on glycemic control in prediabetes subgroups and therefore warrants further study.
BMI, Alcohol Consumption and Gut Microbiome Species Richness Are Related to Structural and Functional Neurological Abnormalities
Authors: Geisler Corinna , Pankoke Jil , Schlicht Kristina , Knappe Carina , Rohmann Nathalie , Hartmann Katharina , Settgast Ute , Türk Kathrin , Seoudy Anna Katharina , Franke Andre , Schreiber Stefan , Schulte Dominik M. , Laudes Matthias
Published: October 2021

Background: The incidence of neurological diseases is increasing throughout the world. The aim of the present study was to identify nutrition and microbiome factors related to structural and functional neurological abnormalities to optimize future preventive strategies. Methods: Two hundred thirty-eight patients suffering from (1) structural (neurodegeneration) or (2) functional (epilepsy) neurological abnormalities or (3) chronic pain (migraine) and 612 healthy control subjects were analyzed by validated 12-month food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and 16S rRNA microbiome sequencing (from stool samples). A binomial logistic regression model was applied for risk calculation and functional pathway analysis to show which functional pathway could discriminate cases and healthy controls. Results: Detailed analysis of more than 60 macro- and micronutrients revealed no distinct significant difference between cases and controls, whereas BMI, insulin resistance and metabolic inflammation in addition to alcohol consumption were major drivers of an overall neurological disease risk. The gut microbiome analysis showed decreased alpha diversity (Shannon index: p = 9.1× 10−7) and species richness (p = 1.2 × 10−8) in the case group as well as significant differences in beta diversity between cases and controls (Bray–Curtis: p = 9.99 × 10−4; Jaccard: p = 9.99 × 10−4). The Shannon index showed a beneficial effect (OR = 0.59 (95%-CI (0.40, 0.87); p = 8 × 10−3). Cases were clearly discriminated from healthy controls by environmental information processing, signal transduction, two component system and membrane transport as significantly different functional pathways. Conclusions: In conclusion, our data indicate that an overall healthy lifestyle, in contrast to supplementation of single micro- or macronutrients, is most likely to reduce overall neurological abnormality risk and that the gut microbiome is an interesting target to develop novel preventive strategies.
Body Mass Index, Weight Loss, and Mortality Risk in Advanced-Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients: A Focus on EGFR Mutation
Authors: Chen Yu-Mu , Lai Chien-Hao , Lin Chiung-Yu , Tsai Yi-Hsuan , Chang Ya-Chun , Chen Hung-Chen , Tseng Chia-Cheng , Chang Huang-Chih , Huang Kuo-Tung , Chen Yung-Che , Fang Wen-Feng , Wang Chin-Chou , Chao Tung-Ying , Lin Meng-Chih
Published: October 2021

Body mass index (BMI) influences the prognosis of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), including both early-stage and late-stage NSCLC patients that are undergoing chemotherapies. However, earlier research on the relationship between BMI and survival in patients taking epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) yielded contradictory results. These publications either had a limited number of patients or were getting TKIs in various lines of therapy, which might explain why the outcomes were contradictory. As a result, we undertook retrospective study to examine the effect of BMI on survival outcomes in patients with advanced EGFR mutant NSCLC receiving first-line EGFR-TKIs. We also compared the findings to those with wild-type EGFR. Between November 2010 and March 2014, 513 patients with advanced NSCLC were enrolled in the study. According to the adjusted BMI cut-off point for Asia, 35 out of 513 (6.8%) patients were underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2), whereas 197 (38.4%) were overweight (BMI > 24 kg/m2). Overweight patients with wild-type EGFR exhibited longer progression-free survival (4.6 vs. 2.1 months, p = 0.003) and overall survival (OS) (8.9 vs. 4.3 months, p = 0.003) than underweight patients. Overweight patients with EGFR mutations had a longer OS than normal-weight patients (23.0 vs. 20.2 months, p = 0.025). Bodyweight reduction was related to a shorter OS in both the mutant EGFR patients (17.1 vs. 30.5 months, p < 0.001) and the wild-type EGFR patients (7.8 vs. 18.7 months, p < 0.001). In conclusion, advanced stages NSCLC patients with a lower BMI and early weight loss had a worse outcome that was independent of EGFR mutation status.
Patellar Instability in Pediatric Patients: Review of the Literature
Authors: Familiari Filippo , Cetik Riza Mert , Huri Gazi
Published: October 2021

Patellar instability is a common pathology of the knee in pediatric patients. The management of this condition can be a challenge for the orthopedic surgeon, and a comprehensive understanding of the anatomy and biomechanics of the structures around the knee is of utmost importance in formulating a treatment plan. Predisposing factors can be related to: trochlear and patellar morphological abnormalities, ligamentous stabilizers, limb geometries in the axial plane, and patellar height abnormalities. Traditionally, first-time dislocators have been treated non-operatively; however, recent evidence suggests that certain factors are related to recurrent instability, and surgical treatment may be considered even after the first dislocation. It is important to keep in mind that younger children with open physes are not suitable candidates for certain surgical techniques. In this comprehensive review, we aimed to focus on the most up-to-date information on this topic and emphasize the importance of individualizing the treatment of pediatric patients.
Rutin (Bioflavonoid) as Cell Signaling Pathway Modulator: Prospects in Treatment and Chemoprevention
Authors: Pandey Pratibha , Khan Fahad , Qari Huda A. , Oves Mohammad
Published: October 2021

Cancer is a complex ailment orchestrated by numerous intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Recent research has displayed a deep interest in developing plant-based cancer therapeutics for better management of the disease and limited side effects. A wide range of plant-derived compounds have been reported for their anticancer potential in the quest of finding an effective therapeutic approach. Rutin (vitamin P) is a low-molecular weight flavonoid glycoside (polyphenolic compound), abundantly present in various vegetables, fruits (especially berries and citrus fruits), and medicinal herbs. Numerous studies have delineated several pharmacological properties of rutin such as its antiprotozoal, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antiviral, antiallergic, vasoactive, cytoprotective, antispasmodic, hypolipidemic, antihypertensive, and antiplatelet properties. Specifically, rutin-mediated anticancerous activities have been reported in several cancerous cell lines, but the most common scientific evidence, encompassing several molecular processes and interactions, including apoptosis pathway regulation, aberrant cell signaling pathways, and oncogenic genes, has not been thoroughly studied. In this direction, we attempted to project rutin-mediated oncogenic pathway regulation in various carcinomas. Additionally, we also incorporated advanced research that has uncovered the notable potential of rutin in the modulation of several key cellular functions via interaction with mRNAs, with major emphasis on elucidating direct miRNA targets of rutin as well as the process needed to transform these approaches for developing novel therapeutic interventions for the treatment of several cancers.
In Vitro Gingival Wound Healing Activity of Extracts from Reynoutria japonica Houtt Rhizomes
Authors: Nawrot-Hadzik Izabela , Matkowski Adam , Pitułaj Artur , Sterczała Barbara , Olchowy Cyprian , Szewczyk Anna , Choromańska Anna
Published: October 2021

Rhizomes of Reynoutria japonica Houtt. are a traditional Chinese medicinal herb (Polygoni cuspidati rhizoma, hu zhang) used for treatment of numerous diseases including wound healing support. The aim of this study was to provide evidence for the value of this herbal drug’s traditional use as a gingival healing treatment as well as to obtain the most active extract. In vitro studies were performed using primary human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) with determination of viability (MTT assay), cell proliferation (the confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) was used to visualize histone 3 expression), cell migration (wound healing assay), and evaluation of the expression of collagen type III (immunocytochemical staining) after incubation with extracts from R. japonica rhizomes (25% or 40% ethanol or 60% acetone). In addition to these extracts, commercial dental rinse (containing chlorhexidine digluconate 0.2%) was tested as the gold standard of choice for gum healing in dental practice. The studied extracts were qualitatively and quantitatively characterized using the validated HPLC/DAD/ESI-HR-QTOF-MS method. Total phenols and tannins content were determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu assay. Low concentration of all extracts after 24 h incubation caused significant increase in HGF viability. This effect was most pronounced at a concentration of 50 µg/mL, which was selected for further experiments. All extracts (at 50 µg/mL) stimulated HGF to proliferate, migrate, and increase collagen III synthesis, but with different strength. The highest stimulated proliferation and migration activity was observed after incubation with 25% EtOH, which according to phytochemical analysis may be related to the highest content of resveratrol and an appropriate composition of procyanidins. The 25% EtOH extract from R. japonica rhizomes appears to be a promising gingival wound healing agent worthy of animal and clinical trials.
Hybrid Inorganic-Organic Core-Shell Nanodrug Systems in Targeted Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer
Authors: Matlou Gauta Gold , Abrahamse Heidi
Published: October 2021

Hybrid inorganic-organic core-shell nanoparticles (CSNPs) are an emerging paradigm of nanodrug carriers in the targeted photodynamic therapy (TPDT) of cancer. Typically, metallic cores and organic polymer shells are used due to their submicron sizes and high surface to volume ratio of the metallic nanoparticles (NPs), combined with enhances solubility, stability, and absorption sites of the organic polymer shell. As such, the high loading capacity of therapeutic agents such as cancer specific ligands and photosensitizer (PS) agents is achieved with desired colloidal stability, drug circulation, and subcellular localization of the PS agents at the cancer site. This review highlights the synthesis methods, characterization techniques, and applications of hybrid inorganic-organic CSNPs as loading platforms of therapeutic agents for use in TPDT. In addition, cell death pathways and the mechanisms of action that hybrid inorganic-organic core-shell nanodrug systems follow in TPDT are also reviewed. Nanodrug systems with cancer specific properties are able to localize within the solid tumor through the enhanced permeability effect (EPR) and bind with affinity to receptors on the cancer cell surfaces, thus improving the efficacy of short-lived cytotoxic singlet oxygen. This ability by nanodrug systems together with their mechanism of action during cell death forms the core basis of this review and will be discussed with an overview of successful strategies that have been reported in the literature.
Polysaccharide Cryogels Containing β-Cyclodextrin for the Delivery of Cannabidiol
Authors: Momekova Denitsa , Danov Yavor , Momekov Georgi , Ivanov Ervin , Petrov Petar
Published: October 2021

Cannabidiol (CBD) has attracted increasing interest due to its therapeutic potential for treating numerous diseases. However, CBD is very lipophilic and has very unfavorable pharmacokinetics and low bioavailability. Efforts are focused on developing drug delivery systems for enhanced solubilization and therapeutic activity of CBD. Here, we report the preparation of original super-macroporous cryogels from 2-hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) designed for the topical delivery of CBD. The cryogels were synthesized by photochemical crosslinking in a frozen aqueous system, purified, and then loaded with CBD. The effect of HEC/β-CD mass ratio (100:0; 50:50; 40:60 and 20:80) in the reaction mixture on the reaction efficiency, physico-mechanical properties of cryogels, drug release profile, and antineoplastic potential were evaluated in detail. The cryogels showed a bi-phasic release behavior: initial burst release in the first 3 hours followed by slower drug release which can be beneficial in the treatment of cutaneous neoplastic diseases.
Effects of Viscosities and Solution Composition on Core-Sheath Electrospun Polycaprolactone(PCL) Nanoporous Microtubes
Authors: Chen Yan , Tan George Z. , Zhou Yingge
Published: October 2021

Vascularization for tissue engineering applications has been challenging over the past decades. Numerous efforts have been made to fabricate artificial arteries and veins, while few focused on capillary vascularization. In this paper, core-sheath electrospinning was adopted to fabricate nanoporous microtubes that mimic the native capillaries. The results showed that both solution viscosity and polyethylene oxide (PEO) ratio in polycaprolactone (PCL) sheath solution had significant effects on microtube diameter. Adding PEO into PCL sheath solution is also beneficial to surface pore formation, although the effects of further increasing PEO showed mixed results in different viscosity groups. Our study showed that the high viscosity group with a PCL/PEO ratio of 3:1 resulted in the highest average microtube diameter (2.14 µm) and pore size (250 nm), which mimics the native human capillary size of 1–10 µm. Therefore, our microtubes show high potential in tissue vascularization of engineered scaffolds.
Preparation of Multifunctional Plasma Cured Cellulose Fibers Coated with Photo-Induced Nanocomposite toward Self-Cleaning and Antibacterial Textiles
Authors: El-Hamshary Hany , El-Naggar Mehrez E. , Khattab Tawfik A. , El-Faham Ayman
Published: October 2021

Multifunctional fibrous surfaces with ultraviolet protection, self-cleaning, or antibacterial activity have been highly attractive. Nanocomposites consisting of silver (AgNPs) and titanium dioxide (TiO2 NPs) nanoparticles (Ag/TiO2) were developed and coated onto the surface of viscose fibers employing a straightforward pad–dry–cure procedure. The morphologies and elemental compositions were evaluated by scan electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectra (FTIR), and energy-dispersion X-ray spectra (EDS). The resultant multifunctional textile materials displayed antibacterial and photo-induced catalytic properties. The photocatalyzed self-cleaning properties were investigated employing the photochemical decay of methylthioninium chloride, whereas the antibacterial properties were studied versus E. coli. The viscose fibers coated with Ag/TiO2 nanocomposite demonstrated improved efficiency compared with viscose fibers coated with pure anatase TiO2 nano-scaled particles.
Pose Estimation of Non-Cooperative Space Targets Based on Cross-Source Point Cloud Fusion
Authors: Li Jie , Zhuang Yiqi , Peng Qi , Zhao Liang
Published: October 2021

On-orbit space technology is used for tasks such as the relative navigation of non-cooperative targets, rendezvous and docking, on-orbit assembly, and space debris removal. In particular, the pose estimation of space non-cooperative targets is a prerequisite for studying these applications. The capabilities of a single sensor are limited, making it difficult to achieve high accuracy in the measurement range. Against this backdrop, a non-cooperative target pose measurement system fused with multi-source sensors was designed in this study. First, a cross-source point cloud fusion algorithm was developed. This algorithm uses the unified and simplified expression of geometric elements in conformal geometry algebra, breaks the traditional point-to-point correspondence, and constructs matching relationships between points and spheres. Next, for the fused point cloud, we proposed a plane clustering-method-based CGA to eliminate point cloud diffusion and then reconstruct the 3D contour model. Finally, we used a twistor along with the Clohessy–Wiltshire equation to obtain the posture and other motion parameters of the non-cooperative target through the unscented Kalman filter. In both the numerical simulations and the semi-physical experiments, the proposed measurement system met the requirements for non-cooperative target measurement accuracy, and the estimation error of the angle of the rotating spindle was 30% lower than that of other, previously studied methods. The proposed cross-source point cloud fusion algorithm can achieve high registration accuracy for point clouds with different densities and small overlap rates.
Ship Detection in Sentinel 2 Multi-Spectral Images with Self-Supervised Learning
Authors: Ciocarlan Alina , Stoian Andrei
Published: October 2021

Automatic ship detection provides an essential function towards maritime domain awareness for security or economic monitoring purposes. This work presents an approach for training a deep learning ship detector in Sentinel-2 multi-spectral images with few labeled examples. We design a network architecture for detecting ships with a backbone that can be pre-trained separately. By using self supervised learning, an emerging unsupervised training procedure, we learn good features on Sentinel-2 images, without requiring labeling, to initialize our network’s backbone. The full network is then fine-tuned to learn to detect ships in challenging settings. We evaluated this approach versus pre-training on ImageNet and versus a classical image processing pipeline. We examined the impact of variations in the self-supervised learning step and we show that in the few-shot learning setting self-supervised pre-training achieves better results than ImageNet pre-training. When enough training data are available, our self-supervised approach is as good as ImageNet pre-training. We conclude that a better design of the self-supervised task and bigger non-annotated dataset sizes can lead to surpassing ImageNet pre-training performance without any annotation costs.
Engineering-Geological Analysis of a Subaerial Landslide in Taan Fiord, Alaska
Authors: Dai Xiaoru , Schneider-Muntau Barbara , Fellin Wolfgang , Franco Andrea , Gems Bernhard
Published: October 2021

On 17 October 2015, a large-scale subaerial landslide occurred in Taan Fiord, Alaska, which released about 50 Mm3 of rock. This entered the water body and triggered a tsunami with a runup of up to 193 m. This paper aims to simulate the possible formation of a weak layer in this mountainous slope until collapse, and to analyze the possible triggering factors of this landslide event from a geotechnical engineering perspective so that a deeper understanding of this large landslide event can be gained. We analyzed different remote-sensing datasets to characterize the evolution of the coastal landslide process. Based on the acquired remote-sensing data, Digital Elevation Models were derived, on which we employed a 2D limit equilibrium method in this study to calculate the safety factor and compare the location of the associated sliding surface with the most probable actual location at which this landslide occurred. The calculation results reflect the development process of this slope collapse. In this case study, past earthquakes, rainfall before this landslide event, and glacial melting at the toe may have influenced the stability of this slope. The glacial retreat is likely to be the most significant direct triggering factor for this slope failure. This research work illustrates the applicability of multi-temporal remote sensing data of slope morphology to constrain preliminary slope stability analyses, aiming to investigate large-scale landslide processes. This interdisciplinary approach confirms the effectiveness of the combination of aerial data acquisition and traditional slope stability analyses. This case study also demonstrates the significance of a climate change for landslide hazard assessment, and that the interaction of natural hazards in terms of multi-hazards cannot be ignored.
A New Type of 5G-Oriented Integrated BDS/SON High-Precision Positioning
Authors: Tong Wenhua , Zou Decai , Han Tao , Zhang Xiaozhen , Shen Pengli , Lu Xiaochun , Wang Pengbo , Yin Ting
Published: October 2021

China is promoting the construction of an integrated positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) systems with the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) as its core. To expand the positioning coverage area and improve the positioning performance by taking advantage of device-to-device (D2D) and self-organizing network (SON) technology, a BDS/SON integrated positioning system is proposed for the fifth-generation (5G) networking environment. This system relies on a combination of time-of-arrival (TOA) and BeiDou pseudo-range measurements to effectively supplement BeiDou signal blind spots, expand the positioning coverage area, and realize higher precision in continuous navigation and positioning. By establishing the system state model, and addressing the single-system positioning divergence and insufficient accuracy, a robust adaptive fading filtering (RAF) algorithm based on the prediction residual is proposed to suppress gross errors and filtering divergence in order to improve the stability and accuracy of the positioning results. Subsequently, a federated Kalman filtering (FKF) algorithm operating in fusion-feedback mode is developed to centrally process the positioning information of the combined system. Considering that the prediction error can reflect the magnitude of the model error, an adaptive information distribution coefficient is introduced to further improve the filtering performance. Actual measurement and significance test results show that by integrating BDS and SON positioning data, the proposed algorithm realizes robust, reliable, and continuous high precision location services with anti-interference capabilities and good universality. It is applicable in scenarios involving unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), autonomous driving, military, public safety and other contexts and can even realize indoor positioning and other regional positioning tasks.
Vector Current Measurement Using Doppler Scatterometry with Optimally Selected Observation Azimuths
Authors: Sun Weifeng , Wang Qing , Huang Weimin , Fan Chenqing , Dai Yongshou
Published: October 2021

The Doppler scatterometer is a new style of remote sensing tool that can provide current measurements over a wide swath for rapid global coverage. The existing current estimation method for Doppler scatterometry uses the maximum likelihood method to jointly derive the wind and current fields but shows high computational complexity. Moreover, the current radial speeds measured along two arbitrary observation azimuths are used to derive the vector current according to the parallelogram rule, which is not applicable for the case where two observation azimuths are not perpendicular. In this paper, a vector current velocity inversion method using an optimally selected observation azimuth combination—as well as a general current velocity calculation method—is proposed for Doppler scatterometry. Firstly, current radial speeds along several different observation azimuths are estimated using an interferometric phase difference matching method with low computational complexity. Then, two current radial components of each point are arbitrarily selected to estimate a preliminary current direction using the proposed vector current velocity derivation method. Finally, two observation azimuths that have the smallest intersection angles with the preliminarily estimated current direction are selected for vector current velocity determination. With the Ocean Surface Current Analyses Real-time (OSCAR) data as current input, vector current estimation experiments were conducted based on simulation analysis using an instrument conceptual design model for a pencil-beam scatterometer. The results show that the standard deviation of the estimated current velocity magnitude is 0.06 m/s. Compared with the reported results obtained by the existing method, the inversion accuracy of velocity magnitude is improved by 67%.
Geohazards Monitoring and Assessment Using Multi-Source Earth Observation Techniques
Authors: Sousa Joaquim J. , Liu Guang , Fan Jinghui , Perski Zbigniew , Steger Stefan , Bai Shibiao , Wei Lianhuan , Salvi Stefano , Wang Qun , Tu Jienan , Tong Liqiang , Mayrhofer Peter , Sonnenschein Ruth , Liu Shanjun , Mao Yachun , Tolomei Cristiano , Bignami Christian , Atzori Simone , Pezzo Giuseppe , Wu Lixin , Yan Shiyong , Peres Emanuel
Published: October 2021

Geological disasters are responsible for the loss of human lives and for significant economic and financial damage every year. Considering that these disasters may occur anywhere—both in remote and/or in highly populated areas—and anytime, continuously monitoring areas known to be more prone to geohazards can help to determine preventive or alert actions to safeguard human life, property and businesses. Remote sensing technology—especially satellite-based—can be of help due to its high spatial and temporal coverage. Indeed, data acquired from the most recent satellite missions is considered suitable for a detailed reconstruction of past events but also to continuously monitor sensitive areas on the lookout for potential geohazards. This work aims to apply different techniques and methods for extensive exploitation and analysis of remote sensing data, with special emphasis given to landslide hazard, risk management and disaster prevention. Multi-temporal SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) interferometry, SAR tomography, high-resolution image matching and data modelling are used to map out landslides and other geohazards and to also monitor possible hazardous geological activity, addressing different study areas: (i) surface deformation of mountain slopes and glaciers; (ii) land surface displacement; and (iii) subsidence, landslides and ground fissure. Results from both the processing and analysis of a dataset of earth observation (EO) multi-source data support the conclusion that geohazards can be identified, studied and monitored in an effective way using new techniques applied to multi-source EO data. As future work, the aim is threefold: extend this study to sensitive areas located in different countries; monitor structures that have strategic, cultural and/or economical relevance; and resort to artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to be able to analyse the huge amount of data generated by satellite missions and extract useful information in due course.
Earthquake Aftermath from Very High-Resolution WorldView-2 Image and Semi-Automated Object-Based Image Analysis (Case Study: Kermanshah, Sarpol-e Zahab, Iran)
Authors: Omarzadeh Davoud , Karimzadeh Sadra , Matsuoka Masashi , Feizizadeh Bakhtiar
Published: October 2021

This study aimed to classify an urban area and its surrounding objects after the destructive M7.3 Kermanshah earthquake (12 November 2017) in the west of Iran using very high-resolution (VHR) post-event WorldView-2 images and object-based image analysis (OBIA) methods. The spatial resolution of multispectral (MS) bands (~2 m) was first improved using a pan-sharpening technique that provides a solution by fusing the information of the panchromatic (PAN) and MS bands to generate pan-sharpened images with a spatial resolution of about 50 cm. After applying a segmentation procedure, the classification step was considered as the main process of extracting the aimed features. The aforementioned classification method includes applying spectral and shape indices. Then, the classes were defined as follows: type 1 (settlement area) was collapsed areas, non-collapsed areas, and camps; type 2 (vegetation area) was orchards, cultivated areas, and urban green spaces; and type 3 (miscellaneous area) was rocks, rivers, and bare lands. As OBIA results in the integration of the spatial characteristics of the image object, we also aimed to evaluate the efficiency of object-based features for damage assessment within the semi-automated approach. For this goal, image context assessment algorithms (e.g., textural parameters, shape, and compactness) together with spectral information (e.g., brightness and standard deviation) were applied within the integrated approach. The classification results were satisfactory when compared with the reference map for collapsed buildings provided by UNITAR (the United Nations Institute for Training and Research). In addition, the number of temporary camps was counted after applying OBIA, indicating that 10,249 tents or temporary shelters were established for homeless people up to 17 November 2018. Based on the total damaged population, the essential resources such as emergency equipment, canned food and water bottles can be estimated. The research makes a significant contribution to the development of remote sensing science by means of applying different object-based image-analyzing techniques and evaluating their efficiency within the semi-automated approach, which, accordingly, supports the efficient application of these methods to other worldwide case studies.