bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Importance of Histopathological Diagnosis in the Management of Lesions Presenting as Peri‐Implantitis
Authors: Kaplan Ilana , Hirshberg Avraham , Shlomi Benjamin , Platner Ori , Kozlovsky Avital , Ofec Ronen , Schwartz‐Arad Devorah
Published: August 2013

Purpose

This study is a histopathological analysis of lesions clinically diagnosed as peri‐implantitis (PI).

Materials and Methods

This retrospective study included microscopic findings in 117 peri‐implant biopsies from lesions presenting clinical and radiographic features of peri‐implantitis.

Results

The study group included 117 biopsies, mean age 55.2 years; 60.9% of biopsies were from failing implants during explantation, the remaining from surviving implants. All cases showed microscopic evidence for inflammation; however, although 41% exhibited only nonspecific inflammation, 29.9% exhibited actinomyces‐related inflammation, 18.8% pyogenic granuloma (PG), and 10.3% giant cell granuloma (GCG). Differences in implant failure rates between pathological diagnostic groups were not statistically significant. Lesions with simple inflammation could not be distinguished clinically or radiographically from the potentially destructive lesions.

Conclusions

There were no clinical features which could distinguish PI with simple inflammation from potentially destructive lesions mimicking PI, such as GCG, PG, and actinomycosis. However, to control GCG and PG surgical procedures would be recommended, actinomycosis would indicate specific antibiotics, whereas in nonspecific inflammation, these measures may not be indicated. The results of the present study provide evidence for the importance of early microscopic examination of lesions presenting clinically as peri‐implantitis, a step toward more accurate diagnosis and improved treatment of PI and lesions mimicking PI.
Easy‐to‐use online referral test detects most patients with a high familial risk of colorectal cancer
Authors: Dekker N. , Hermens R. P. M. G. , Mensenkamp A. R. , van Zelst‐Stams W. A. G. , Hoogerbrugge N.
Published: August 2013

Aim

Currently only 12–30% of individuals with a high risk of Lynch syndrome, the most common hereditary colorectal cancer (CRC) syndrome, are referred for genetic counselling. We assessed the sensitivity, usability and user experiences of a new online referral test aimed at improving referral of high‐risk individuals for genetic counselling.

Method

Sensitivity was assessed by entering pedigree data from high‐risk individuals (i.e. Lynch syndrome mutation carriers) into the referral test to determine whether genetic counselling was recommended. For usability, we assessed nonmedical staff members' ability to determine referral, according to guidelines, in seven fictive clinical cases using the referral test after minimal training. Real‐life users answered questions about their experience with the referral test.

Result

Sensitivity of the referral test was 91% for mutation carriers with CRC (n = 164) and 73% for all affected and nonaffected mutation carriers (n = 420). Nonmedical staff members (n = 20) determined referral according to guidelines in 84% of cases using the referral test. Ten per cent (256/2470) of real‐life users provided feedback about experiences; of those, 71% reported that the referral test increased reassurance, certainty about their familial risk and/or certainty about referral.

Conclusion

The referral test has a high sensitivity in detecting individuals with a high risk of Lynch syndrome and is suitable for use in clinical practice. Widespread use of the referral test should improve cancer prevention in high‐risk patients and their relatives.
Medical malpractice claims in relation to colorectal malignancy in the National Health Service
Authors: Markides G. A. , Newman C. M.
Published: August 2013

Aim

Under the current increased financial constraints affecting the National Health Service (NHS), clinical negligence claims and associated compensations are constantly rising. Our aim was to identify the magnitude, trends and causes of malpractice claims in relation to a common pathology such as colorectal malignancy in the NHS.

Method

Data requests were submitted to the NHS Litigation Authority (NHSLA) and to the Medical Defence Union (MDU) and Medical Protection Society (MPS). Data were reviewed, categorized clinically and analysed in terms of causes and costs behind claims.

Results

Data from the MPS and MDU were unavailable. In all, 169 claims were identified from the NHSLA database between 2003 and 2012; 123 (73%) cases had been closed, 80 (65%) of which were successful. An increasing overall claim frequency and success rate were found over the last few years. Total litigation expenses were £8.6 million, with 39% paid out as legal expenses. The commonest cause of complaint in successful claims was in relation to diagnostic delays or failures (58%, £5.1 million), with a delay or failure by the clinician to take action in response to an abnormal investigation result being a major factor. The occurrence of peri‐operative complications (20%, £1.6 million) was the second commonest cause.

Conclusion

Average frequency and success rates of malpractice claims in secondary care in the NHS are rising, leading to significant overall payouts. The failure or delay in diagnosing colorectal malignancy or its postoperative complications is a common cause behind malpractice claims. Improvement in these areas could enhance patient care and reduce future claims.
Histopathology of the red lunula: new histologic features and clinical correlations of a rare type of erythronychia
Authors: Morrissey Kelly A. , Rubin Adam I.
Published: August 2013

The lunula is the semi‐lunar shaped area seen at the proximal aspect of the nail unit. It is the most distal aspect of the nail matrix that can be visualized through the transparent nail plate. The term red lunula describes erythema that partially or completely replaces the normal white color of the lunula. Red lunulae have been associated with a number of dermatologic and systemic conditions. However, the etiology and histopathology of the red lunula have not been characterized. We report a case of red lunulae of the fingernails in an adult male. Histopathologic examination revealed an increased density of benign‐appearing and mildly dilated vascular channels present in the superficial papillary dermis of the nail matrix. To our knowledge, this is the first report of distinct pathologic findings seen on histologic examination of a red lunula. The increased vascularity of the lunula seen microscopically correlates with the clinically observed red color. These findings raise the possibility that systemic or local factors are responsible for angiogenesis within the nail unit in disorders associated with the red lunula.
759. STRUMARIA PHONOLITHICA
Authors: Duncan Graham
Published: August 2013

The deciduous geophyte Strumaria phonolithica Dinter is a late autumn‐flowering species endemic to southwestern Namibia, with a beautiful outspread fan of leaves and scented white, funnel‐shaped blooms. A description and details of its history, taxonomy, habitat and cultivation are given, accompanied by a watercolour painting.
761. PATRINIA HETEROPHYLLA
Authors: O'Brien Seamus
Published: August 2013

The discovery and introduction of Patrinia heterophylla Bunge are described. It was collected during the 2004 Glasnevin Central China Expedition and cultivated at Glasnevin's adjunct garden, Kilmacurragh Botanic Gardens, in County Wicklow.
Are wages equal across sectors of production?
Authors: Schmillen Achim
Published: August 2013

The assumption that national labour markets are homogeneous across tradable and non‐tradable goods is common in multisector (open‐economy) macro models and crucial for the prominent Balassa–Samuelson hypothesis. To test it, this study introduces a novel, theory‐based method of distinguishing the tradable and non‐tradable sectors to the Balassa–Samuelson literature and employs modern empirical methods and a large and detailed macro dataset. It finds that both the internal relationship between productivity and wages in the tradable and non‐tradable sectors postulated by the Balassa–Samuelson hypothesis and its external transmission mechanism are rejected.
Intravenous Thrombolysis for Acute Ischemic Stroke Occurring during Hospitalization for Transient Ischemic Attack
Authors: Tsivgoulis Georgios , Sharma Vijay K. , Mikulik Robert , Krogias Christos , Haršány Michal , Shahripour Reza Bavarsad , Athanasiadis Dimitrios , Teoh Hock Luen , Piperidou Charitomeni , Alexandrov Andrei V.
Published: August 2013

Background

There are limited data regarding the use of intravenous thrombolysis in patients who experienced acute ischemic symptoms during their hospitalization for prior transient ischemic attack.

Aim

We sought to prospectively evaluate the safety and efficacy of intravenous thrombolysis for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke occurring during hospitalization for transient ischemic attack in an international, multicenter study.

Methods

Consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke that occurred during hospitalization for prior transient ischemic attack were treated with intravenous thrombolysis in five tertiary-care stroke centers. Early arterial recanalization was determined by transcranial Doppler at the end of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator infusion using previously validated criteria. Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage complicating intravenous thrombolysis was evaluated using the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator Stroke Study definition. Functional independence at three-months was defined as Modified Rankin Scale score of 0–2.

Results

Systemic recombinant tissue plasminogen activator infusion (median onset-to-treatment time 70 mins, interquartile range 50–150) was given in 25 consecutive patients (mean age 66 ± 10 years) who developed acute ischemic stroke symptoms (median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score 10 points; interquartile range 8–14) during hospitalization for prior transient ischemic attack (median ABCD2 score 5 points; median time-to-symptom recurrence 24 h, interquartile range 24–48). No symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (0%; 95% confidence interval 0–12%) was documented. Early complete recanalization occurred in 64% of patients (95% confidence interval 44–80%), and 84% (95% confidence interval 65–94%) achieved three-month functional independence. The rate of three-month functional independence was higher in patients treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator within 90 mins from symptom onset compared with those with onset-to-treatment time>90 mins (81% vs. 33%; P = 0·031).

Conclusions

Intravenous thrombolysis for symptoms of acute ischemic stroke occurring after hospitalization for transient ischemic attack appears to be safe. These pilot data support resetting the clock if new symptoms recur shortly after transient ischemic attack.
Ventral onlay buccal mucosa urethroplasty: A 10‐year experience
Authors: Mellon Matthew J , Bihrle Richard
Published: August 2013

Objective

To report our experience, and to evaluate the long‐term outcomes and complication profiles of ventral onlay buccal mucosal graft urethroplasty (BMU) after prior urological intervention.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 114 consecutive patients between February 2001 and April 2009 who underwent buccal mucosal graft urethroplasty for recurrent anterior urethral stricture disease. Seven patients were excluded for incomplete data. The remaining 107 patients comprised the study cohort. The mean follow‐up time was 39.3 months (range 6.6–127.3 months). All patients had prior urological attempts at operative management.

Results

The mean stricture length was 3.14 cm (range 1.0–8.0 cm). Indications for buccal mucosal graft urethroplasty included: lichen sclerosis (2.8%), iatrogenic (24.3%), infection (4.7%) and perineal trauma/straddle injury (20.6%). Of these patients, 78 had bulbo‐membranous stricture disease, 20 had penile involvement and nine were multifocal strictures. The average number of prior urological procedures was 2.83 (range 1–9). The overall graft failure rate was 6.5%. Importantly, the re‐operation rate was 20.6%, primarily for stricture recurrence (18), meatal stenosis (3) and urethral diverticulum. The mean time to complication was 10.8 months.

Conclusions

Ventral onlay buccal mucosal graft urethroplasty offers satisfactory results in the setting of recurrent and complicated urethral stricture disease. Graft failures and complications generally occur within the first year after surgery. Bulbar strictures enjoy greater graft patency and lower complication rates than other stricture locations. In particular, guarded expectations should be given for stricture length >4 cm and multifocal disease.
Emergency department staff attitudes towards mental health consumers: A literature review and thematic content analysis
Authors: Clarke Diana , Usick Rachel , Sanderson Ana , Giles‐Smith Lori , Baker John
Published: August 2013

Visits to the emergency department (ED) for mental health reasons account for 10–15% of all visits. Consumers of mental health ED services, however, report that they often feel sent to the back of the queue and that their mental health concerns are not taken seriously, suggesting that societal stigma has impacted their care in the ED. In this study, we systematically explore the research concerning the attitudes of ED professional staff towards those who present with issues related to mental health. Four themes emerge from the literature: consumer perspectives, whose tenor is generally one of negativity; staff‐reported attitudes and influencing factors, such as age, experience, and confidence in working with mental health presentations; the environmental climate of the ED, which might not be conducive to good mental health care; and interventions that have been used to evaluate changes in attitudes.
Virus‐specific factors associated with zoonotic and pandemic potential
Authors: Romero‐Tejeda Aurora , Capua Ilaria
Published: August 2013

Influenza A is a highly contagious respiratory virus in constant evolution and represents a threat to both veterinary and human public health. IA viruses (IAVs) originate in avian reservoirs but may adapt to humans, either directly or through the spillover to another mammalian species, to the point of becoming pandemic. IAVs must successfully be able to (i) transmit from animal to human, (ii) interact with host cells, and (iii) transmit from human to human. The mechanisms by which viruses evolve, cause zoonotic infections, and adapt to a new host species are indeed complex and appear to be a heterogeneous collection of viral evolutionary events rather than a single phenomenon. Progress has been made in identifying some of the genetic markers mainly associated with virulence and transmission; this achievement has improved our knowledge of how to manage a pandemic event and of how to identify IAVs with pandemic potential. Early evidence of emerging viruses and surveillance of animal IAVs is made possible only by strengthening the collaboration between the public and veterinary health sectors.
Routes of influenza transmission
Authors: Killingley Ben , Nguyen‐Van‐Tam Jonathan
Published: August 2013

Remarkably little is known definitively about the modes of influenza transmission. Thus, important health policy and infection control issues remain unresolved. These shortcomings have been exposed in national and international pandemic preparedness activities over recent years. Indeed, WHO, CDC, ECDC and the U.S. Institute of Medicine have prioritised understanding the modes of influenza transmission as a critical need for pandemic planning. Studying influenza transmission is difficult; seasonality, unpredictable attack rates, role of environmental parameters such as temperature and humidity, numbers of participants required and confounding variables all present considerable obstacles to the execution of definitive studies. A range of investigations performed to date have failed to provide definitive answers and key questions remain. Reasons for this include the fact that many studies have not sought to investigate routes of transmission as a primary objective (instead, they have evaluated specific interventions) and that fieldwork in natural settings, specifically assessing the dynamics and determinants of transmission between humans, has been limited. The available evidence suggests that all routes of transmission (droplet, aerosol and contact) have a role to play; their relative significance will depend on the set of circumstances acting at a given time. Dictating the process are factors related to the virus itself, the host and the environment.
Supply of neuraminidase inhibitors related to reduced influenza A (H1N1) mortality during the 2009–2010 H1N1 pandemic: summary of an ecological study
Authors: Miller Paula E. , Rambachan Aksharananda , Hubbard Roderick J. , Li Jiabai , Meyer Alison E. , Stephens Peter , Mounts Anthony W. , Rolfes Melissa A. , Penn Charles R.
Published: August 2013

When the influenza A (H1N1) pandemic spread across the globe from April 2009 to August 2010, many WHO Member States used antiviral drugs, specifically neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) oseltamivir and zanamivir, to treat influenza patients in critical condition. Antivirals have been found to be effective in reducing severity and duration of influenza illness, and likely reduce morbidity; however, it is unclear whether NAIs used during the pandemic reduced H1N1 mortality. To assess the association between antivirals and influenza mortality, at an ecologic level, country‐level data on supply of oseltamivir and zanamivir were compared to laboratory‐confirmed H1N1 deaths (per 100 000 people) from July 2009 to August 2010 in 42 WHO Member States. From this analysis, it was found that each 10% increase in kilograms of oseltamivir, per 100 000 people, was associated with a 1·6% reduction in H1N1 mortality over the pandemic period [relative rate (RR) = 0·84 per log increase in oseltamivir supply]. Each 10% increase in kilogram of active zanamivir, per 100 000, was associated with a 0·3% reduction in H1N1 mortality (RR = 0·97 per log increase). While limitations exist in the inference that can be drawn from an ecologic evaluation, this analysis offers evidence of a protective relationship between antiviral drug supply and influenza mortality and supports a role for influenza antiviral use in future pandemics. This article summarises the original study described previously, which can be accessed through the following citation: Miller PE, Rambachan A, Hubbard RJ, Li J, Meyer AE, et al. (2012) Supply of Neuraminidase Inhibitors Related to Reduced Influenza A (H1N1) Mortality during the 2009–2010 H1N1 Pandemic: An Ecological Study. PLoS ONE 7(9): e43491.
Interferon treatment of cirrhotic patients with chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Idilman R. , De Maria N. , Colantoni A. , Dokmeci A. , Van Thiel D. H.
Published: August 2013

SUMMARY. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is one of the more important infectious diseases yet to be conquered. An estimated 3.5 million people in the USA have chronic HCV. Each year, 8000 to 10000 of these chronically infected patients die of a liver‐related complication of their infection. The introduction of effective blood screening assays has resulted in a remarkable decrease in the incidence of post‐transfusion HCV infection. Nonetheless it is essential to have a treatment programme for chronic HCV disease that prevents the development and the progression of compensated cirrhosis to either decompensated cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma, as many individuals present to the health care system with chronic active hepatitis or cirrhosis. A completely safe and effective treatment strategy for chronic HCV, with or without cirrhosis, remains to be developed. Of the various treatment alternatives currently available, only interferon (IFN) has been evaluated extensively. IFN therapy has been shown to induce remissions of the hepatic inflammatory process and also to eliminate the viral infection in some treated cases. As a result, the selection of patients for treatment and the dose and the duration of therapy with IFN are still controversial issues. It is widely held that cirrhotic individuals do not respond to IFN therapy and that treatment of decompensated cirrhotic individuals with HCV infection is dangerous. Here we review data regarding the available experience with IFN treatment of HCV‐positive individuals with cirrhosis and compare the response rates of cirrhotics to those reported for individuals with chronic active HCV.
Treatment of chronic hepatitis C with interferon‐α by monitoring the response according to viraemia
Authors: Bonetti P. , Chemello L. , Antona C. , Breda A. , Brosolo P. , Casarin P. , Crivellaro C. , Donà G. , Martinelli S. , Rinaldi R. , Zennaro V. , Santonastaso M. , Urban F. , Pontisso P. , Alberti A.
Published: August 2013

SUMMARY. In chronic hepatitis C (HCV) infection, treatment with interferon is associated with a rather low rate of sustained response and many treated patients do not achieve significant benefit. Efforts have therefore been made to identify non‐responders as early as possible to avoid unjustified costs and side‐effects. We treated 106 cases of HCV with an algorithm based on the results of sequential alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and HCV RNA determinations, using an initial dose of 6 MU thrice weekly for 4 months, and modified the subsequent treatment according to the biochemical and virological profile. Thirty‐three out of 48 patients (68.7%) who were HCV RNA negative with normal ALT at 4 months after initiation of treatment were sustained responders when treated for an additional 4‐month period with a reduced 3 MU dose, while sustained response was achieved in 12.5% of HCV RNA positive patients treated with a higher dosage and for a more prolonged period of time. Our findings indicate that HCV RNA monitoring during interferon therapy may be useful in modifying of the treatment schedule for the individual patient.
The international autoimmune hepatitis score in chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Dickson R. C. , Gaffey M. J. , Ishitani M. B. , Roarty T. P. , Driscoll C. J. , Caldwell S. H.
Published: August 2013

SUMMARY. Clinical and laboratory findings of autoimmunity are common in chronic hepatitis C. Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), a disease of unknown cause, has been defined by use of the International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group Score (AIH score), which quantifies clinical and laboratory parameters. To further validate the specificity of the International AIH score and investigate the similarities between hepatitis C and AIH, we measured the International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group Score in patients with well‐defined chronic hepatitis C. Thirty consecutive non‐cirrhotic patients with chronic hepatitis C were evaluated. Scoring was performed using both components of the AIH score: a set of minimum required parameters including laboratory and historical data and a second set of additional parameters dominated by histological criteria. Autoantibodies were positive in 21 of 30 hepatitis C patients and associated (patient or first‐degree relative) autoimmune diseases were present in eight of 30 patients. Histologically, chronic active hepatitis with periportal piecemeal necrosis was seen in 24 of 30 patients and lymphoid follicles in 16 of 30 patients. No patient scored as probable or definite AIH using the minimum required parameters of the AIH score. When histological parameters were included, four of 30 patients scored as probable AIH but none as definite AIH. Therefore, AIH was excluded by the minimal and additional criteria of the AIH score in 86% of patients with hepatitis C despite a high prevalence of autoantibodies in these patients. We conclude that the criteria set forth by the International AIH scoring system defines a distinct disease although it shares some features with chronic hepatitis C. Modification of the AIH scoring system to include other commonly accepted risk factors for hepatitis C and additional histological parameters would further improve its specificity.
What Drives Contagion in Financial Markets? Liquidity Effects versus Information Spill‐Over
Authors: Haß Lars Helge , Koziol Christian , Schweizer Denis
Published: August 2013

The objective of this paper is to study how contagion works in financial markets by identifying the mechanisms which drive the spill‐over of shocks from one market to other markets. To address this question we use open‐ended property funds (OPFs) as they offer a unique institutional setting which allows separating between liquidity and information spill‐over. We find that that liquidity risk captures the observed discounts very well when the danger of potential future impairments is low. Once the impending NAV impairments become very likely, also this component matters and attributes for a fraction of the total discount.
Which body condition index is best?
Authors: Labocha Marta K. , Schutz Heidi , Hayes Jack P.
Published: August 2013

Body condition indices are widely used by ecologists, but many indices are used without empirical validation. To test the validity of a variety of indices, we compared how well a broad range of body condition indices predicted body fat mass, percent body fat and residual fat mass in mice Mus musculus. We also compared the performance of these condition indices with the multiple regression of several morphometric variables on body fat mass, percent body fat and residual fat mass.

In our study population, two ratio based condition indices – body mass/body length and log body mass/log body length – predicted body fat mass as well as or better than other ratio and residual indices of condition in females. In males one ratio based condition index (log body mass/log body length) and one residual index (residuals from a regression of pelvic circumference on body length) were best at predicting body fat mass. All indices were better at estimating body fat mass, and residual fat mass than at estimating percent body fat. The predictions of body fat were much better for females than for males.

Multiple regressions incorporating pelvic circumference (i.e. girth at the iliac crests) were the best predictors of body fat mass, residual fat mass, and percent body fat, and these multiple regressions were better than any of the condition indices.

We recommend 1) that condition be precisely defined, 2) that predictors of condition be empirically validated, 3) that pelvic circumference be considered as a potential predictor of fat content, and 4) that, in general, multiple regression be considered as an alternative to condition indices.
Er2O3 Doping Effect on Varistor Properties and Multiimpulse Stress Behavior of ZnO–PrO1.83–CoO–Cr2O3–Dy2O3 Ceramics
Authors: Nahm Choon W.
Published: August 2013

The Er2O3 doping effects on varistor properties and impulse aging behavior of the ZnO–PrO1.83–CoO–Cr2O3–Dy2O3 ceramics were investigated in the range of 0–2.0 mol%. The nonlinear coefficient increased from 42 to 56 with an increase in the amount of Er2O3. The clamp voltage ratio (K) decreased with an increase in the amount of Er2O3. The varistors doped with 2.0 mol% in the amount of Er2O3 exhibited the best clamping characteristics, with K = 1.43–1.83 at an impulse current of 1–50 A. The varistors doped with 0.25 mol% in the amount of Er2O3 exhibited the strongest electrical stability, with the variation rate of the breakdown field of −0.5%, the variation rate of the nonlinear coefficient of −5.5%, and the variation rate of the leakage current of −1.5% after applying 400 times at an impulse current of 400 A
Prevalence and quality of clinical pathways in Swedish intensive care units: a national survey
Authors: Bjurling‐Sjöberg Petronella , Jansson Inger , Wadensten Barbro , Engström Gabriella , Pöder Ulrika
Published: August 2013

Rationale, aims and objectives

To identify the prevalence of clinical pathways (CPs) in Swedish intensive care units (ICUs) and to explore the quality, content and evidence base of the documents.

Methods

A descriptive and explorative survey of all Swedish ICUs (N84) and a review of submitted examples of CPs (n12) were conducted.

Results

CPs were in use at 20% of the Swedish ICUs. There was a significant geographic variation but no relationship between the use of CPs and category of hospital, type of ICU, size of ICU or type of health record applied. In total, 56 CPs were reported within a range of scopes and extensions. The content of the ICUs' CPs, as well as the degree to which they were interprofessional, evidence based, and renewed varied.

Conclusions

Progress has been made in relation to CPs in recent years, but there is potential for further improvements. None of the ICUs had CPs that contained all key characteristics of a high‐quality, interprofessional and evidence‐based CP identified in the literature. Greater knowledge sharing and cooperation within the field would be beneficial, and further research is needed.
Separation of Powder Mixtures during Electrostatic and Nonelectrostatic Coating
Authors: Likitwattanasade Teerarat , Barringer Sheryl A.
Published: August 2013

Powder separation causes uneven flavor and color on coated food products. Understanding the basis behind separation is needed to decrease separation. NaCl, starch, protein, sugar and mixtures of pairs of those powders were coated nonelectrostatically and electrostatically. Separation occurred in most mixtures. Individual targeting loss and adhesion loss caused separation while interactions between powders decreased both of these losses and separation during mixture coating. The difference in individual targeting loss was the greatest cause of separation. During nonelectrostatic coating, when NaCl was one of the powders in the mixture, there were a greater number of locations both where separation actually occurred and where it was predicted to occur. During electrostatic coating, the individual targeting loss of all powders during electrostatic coating was lower than in nonelectrostatic coating and the difference in individual targeting loss was also lower. Electrostatic coating generally decreased separation in the mixtures without NaCl.

Practical Applications

Using mixtures with similar size powders has been shown to reduce separation during powder coating. However, even if the powders are the same size, separation still occurs because different powders have different properties. Increasing the amount of salt in a mixture may decrease separation because salt has greater targeting loss than other powders. Minimizing differences in individual targeting loss decreases separation, as does mixing powders together. Electrostatic coating can be used to decrease losses and separation in mixtures without salt.
Non‐invasive detection of neurochemical changes prior to overt pathology in a mouse model of spinocerebellar ataxia type 1
Authors: Emir Uzay E. , Brent Clark Howard , Vollmers Manda L. , Eberly Lynn E. , Öz Gülin
Published: August 2013

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is a hereditary, progressive and fatal movement disorder that primarily affects the cerebellum. Non‐invasive imaging markers to detect early disease in SCA1 will facilitate testing and implementation of potential therapies. We have previously demonstrated the sensitivity of neurochemical levels measured by 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to progressive neurodegeneration using a transgenic mouse model of SCA1. In order to investigate very early neurochemical changes related to neurodegeneration, here we utilized a knock‐in mouse model, the Sca1154Q/2Q line, which displays milder cerebellar pathology than the transgenic model. We measured cerebellar neurochemical profiles of Sca1154Q/2Q mice and wild‐type littermates using 9.4T MRS at ages 6, 12, 24, and 39 weeks and assessed the cerebellar pathology of a subset of the mice at each time point. The Sca1154Q/2Q mice displayed very mild cerebellar pathology even at 39 weeks, however, were distinguished from wild types by MRS starting at 6 weeks. Taurine and total choline levels were significantly lower at all ages and glutamine and total creatine levels were higher starting at 12 weeks in Sca1154Q/2Q mice than controls, demonstrating the sensitivity of neurochemical levels to neurodegeneration related changes in the absence of overt pathology.

image

We measured cerebellar neurochemical alterations in a knock‐in mouse model of spinocerebellar ataxia type 1, a hereditary movement disorder, using ultra‐high field magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Very early neurochemical alterations were detectable prior to overt pathology in the volume‐of‐interest for MRS. Alterations were indicative of osmolytic changes and of disturbances in membrane phospholipid and energy metabolism.
What is the origin of the arterial vascularization of the corpora cavernosa? A computer‐assisted anatomic dissection study
Authors: Diallo Djibril , Zaitouna Mazen , Alsaid Bayan , Quillard Jeannine , Droupy Stéphane , Benoit Gérard , Bessede Thomas
Published: August 2013

The purpose of this study was to identify the microscopic arterial vascularization of the corpora cavernosa (CC) of the penis using computer‐assisted anatomic dissection (CAAD), determine the contribution of the different penile arteries towards this vascularization, detail the nature of cavernospongiosum shunts, and locate the anastomoses between these different arteries. Tissue specimens were taken from five donors who donated their bodies to science. The specimens were fixed in 10% formalin and sliced into a series of five 5‐μm sections at intervals of 200 μm. The first section was stained with hematoxylin‐eosin or Masson's trichrome and the second with anti‐protein S100. The cavernous artery of the penis is not the only source of arterial vascularization of the CC. In four of the five cases studied, we found two to four perforating branches arising from the dorsal arteries of the penis that join up with the cavernous artery of the penis or that are solely responsible for the vascularization of the distal third of the penis. The bulbo‐urethral and urethral arteries are situated outside of the tunica albuginea of the corpus spongiosum on their lateral and dorsal sides. The anastomoses do not occur between the cavernous artery of the penis and the corpus spongiosum but between the cavernous artery of the penis and the urethral artery on the surface of the tunica albuginea. All of these arteries are accompanied by nerve branches. The CC were found to be vascularized by both cavernous and dorsal arteries of the penis. Intrapenile vascularization is organized around four arterial axes, which are anastomosed by multiple neurovascular shunts.
Improving forensic mental health care to Indigenous Australians: theorizing the intercultural space
Authors: Durey A. , Wynaden D. , O'Kane M.
Published: August 2013

Accessible summary

This paper

uses the ‘intercultural space’ as an educational strategy to prepare nurses to work respectfully with Indigenous patients in a forensic mental health context;

offers an educational approach that introduces nurses to Indigenous knowledge, beliefs and values, examines power relations in colonized countries between the dominant white cultural group and the Indigenous population and encourages nurses to critically reflect on their health care practice; and

explores the intercultural space as a shared space between cultures fostering open and robust inquiry where neither culture dominates and new positions, representations and understandings can emerge.

Given the disproportionately high number of Indigenous people imprisoned in colonized countries, this paper responds to research from Western Australia on the need to prepare forensic mental health nurses to deliver care to Indigenous patients with mental health disorders. The paper highlights the nexus between theory, research and education that can inform the design and implementation of programmes to help nurses navigate the complex, layered and contested ‘intercultural space’ and deliver culturally safe care to Indigenous patients. Nurses are encouraged to critically reflect on how beliefs and values underpinning their cultural positioning impact on health care to Indigenous patients. The paper draws on intercultural theory to offer a pedagogical framework that acknowledges the negative impacts of colonization on Indigenous health and well‐being, repositions and revalues Indigenous cultures and knowledges and fosters open and robust inquiry. This approach is seen as a step towards working more effectively in the intercultural space where ultimately binary oppositions that privilege one culture over another and inhibit robust inquiry are avoided, paving the way for new, more inclusive positions, representations and understandings to emerge. While the intercultural space can be a place of struggle, tension and ambiguity, it also offers deep potential for change.
Texture Development in Gluten‐Free Breads: Effect of Different Enzymes and Extruded Flour
Authors: Martínez Mario M. , Marcos Pablo , Gómez Manuel
Published: August 2013

One of the main problems with gluten‐free breads is their texture and their rapid staling. In this work, the influence of different enzymes (one protease, one lipase and two amylases) and of extruded rice flour on rice‐bread texture and texture development was studied. For this purpose, the development of firmness, cohesiveness, resilience, springiness and chewiness was modeled and the parameters that define the initial values and the development of these characteristics were measured. The addition of lipase and extruded flour increased bread volume and reduced the initial firmness and hardening of breads. There was an early fall in cohesiveness and resilience, with minimum values reached a few days after elaboration. There were 99.9% significant correlations between bread density and firmness, springiness and chewiness development.

Practical Applications

This methodology simplifies the study of gluten‐free bread textural parameters during storage and the result interpretation. Moreover, the correlation analysis has demonstrated that the number of textural parameters of gluten‐free breads to study can be reduced. Finally, the results obtained show that use of enzymes and extruded flours decreases bread staling.
HCV E1E2‐MF59 vaccine in chronic hepatitis C patients treated with PEG‐IFNα2a and Ribavirin: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Colombatto P. , Brunetto M. R. , Maina A. M. , Romagnoli V. , Almasio P. , Rumi M. G. , Ascione A. , Pinzello G. , Mondelli M. , Muratori L. , Rappuoli R. , Rosa D. , Houghton M. , Abrignani S. , Bonino F.
Published: August 2013

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) vaccines may be able to increase viral clearance in combination with antiviral therapy. We analysed viral dynamics and HCV‐specific immune response during retreatment for experienced patients in a phase Ib study with E1E2MF59 vaccine. Seventy‐eight genotype 1a/1b patients [relapsers (30), partial responders (16) and nonresponders (32) to interferon‐(IFN)/ribavirin‐(RBV)] were randomly assigned to vaccine (V:23), Peg‐IFNα2a‐180‐ug/qw and ribavirin 1000–1200‐mg/qd for 48 weeks (P/R:25), or their combination (P/R + V:30). Vaccine (100 μg/0.5 mL) was administered intramuscularly at week 0‐4‐8‐12‐24‐28‐32‐36. Neutralizing of binding (NOB) antibodies and lymphocyte proliferation assay (LPA) for E1E2‐specific‐CD4 + T cells were performed at week 0‐12‐16‐48. Viral kinetics were analysed up to week 16. The vaccine was safe, and a sustained virological response (SVR) was achieved in 4 P/R + V and 2 P/R patients. Higher SVR rates were observed in prior relapsers (P/R + V = 27.3%; P/R = 12.5%). Higher NOB titres and LPA indexes were found at week 12 and 16 in P/R + V as compared to P/R patients (P = 0.023 and 0.025, P = 0.019 and <0.001, respectively). Among the 22 patients with the strongest direct antiviral effects of IFN (ε ≥ 0.800), those treated with P/R + V (10) reached lower HCV‐RNA levels (P = 0.026) at week 16. HCV E1E2MF59 vaccine in combination with Peg‐IFNα2a + RBV was safe and elicited E1E2 neutralizing antibodies and specific CD4 + T cell proliferation. Upon early response to IFN, vaccinations were associated with an enhanced second phase viral load decline. These results prompt phase II trials in combination with new antiviral therapies.
Within‐guild dietary discrimination from 3‐Dtextural analysis of tooth microwear in insectivorous mammals
Authors: Purnell M. A. , Crumpton N. , Gill P. G. , Jones G. , Rayfield E. J.
Published: August 2013

Resource exploitation and competition for food are important selective pressures in animal evolution. A number of recent investigations have focused on linkages between diversification, trophic morphology and diet in bats, partly because their roosting habits mean that for many bat species diet can be quantified relatively easily through faecal analysis. Dietary analysis in mammals is otherwise invasive, complicated, time consuming and expensive. Here we present evidence from insectivorous bats that analysis of three‐dimensional (3‐D) textures of tooth microwear usingInternationalOrganization forStandardization (ISO) roughness parameters derived from sub‐micron surface data provides an additional, powerful tool for investigation of trophic resource exploitation in mammals. Our approach, like scale‐sensitive fractal analysis, offers considerable advantages over two‐dimensional (2‐D) methods of microwear analysis, including improvements in robustness, repeatability and comparability of studies. Our results constitute the first analysis of microwear textures in carnivorous mammals based onISOroughness parameters. They demonstrate that the method is capable of dietary discrimination, even between cryptic species with subtly different diets within trophic guilds, and even when sample sizes are small. We find significant differences in microwear textures between insectivore species whose diet contains different proportions of ‘hard’ prey (such as beetles) and ‘soft’ prey (such as moths), and multivariate analyses are able to distinguish between species with different diets based solely on their tooth microwear textures. Our results show that, compared with previous 2‐Danalyses of microwear in bats,ISOroughness parameters provide a much more sophisticated characterization of the nature of microwear surfaces and can yield more robust and subtle dietary discrimination.ISO‐based textural analysis of tooth microwear thus has a useful role to play, complementing existing approaches, in trophic analysis of mammals, both extant and extinct.
Food acquisition on arboreal substrates by the grey mouse lemur: implication for primate grasping evolution
Authors: Toussaint S. , Reghem E. , Chotard H. , Herrel A. , Ross C. F. , Pouydebat E.
Published: August 2013

The use of the hand in food grasping is a shared characteristic of primates. However, the factors involved in the elaboration of this function remain unclear. Grasping hands may have evolved in an arboreal habitat with narrow branches. Interestingly, grasping may also have an association with different types of feeding such as insect predation, fruit and flower exploitation, or both. No study has tested the importance of substrate diameter and food properties on the use of the hand in food grasping. Yet, both of these parameters likely impose important selective pressures on the origin and evolution of manual grasping strategies in the context of food acquisition. Here, we quantified whether (1) substrate diameter (narrow, wide) and (2) food properties (static, slow moving, fast moving) influence food grasping in a small primate, Microcebus murinus. Our results show that narrow substrates increase the use of hands in prey grasping. The mouth is preferentially used to grasp static food (banana), whereas the hands are preferred to grasp moving prey (mealworm and cricket) regardless of the substrate. Thus, the narrow branch niche may be an important selective pressure on the emergence of manual food grasping in primates, but predation likely also played a key role.
Firm Size and Wages in Italy: Evidence from Exogenous Job Displacements
Authors: Scoppa Vincenzo
Published: August 2013

We use longitudinal data based on administrative archives from 1985 to 2002 to estimate the relationship between wages and firm size in Italy. By controlling for individual fixed effects, we find that larger firms pay significantly higher wages, although the individual unmeasured ability component accounts for about one half of the uncovered size–wage premium. To reduce potential self‐selection problems arising from endogenous job changes, we focus on a sample of workers displaced by firm closures. By using this sample, we confirm that larger firms pay higher wages, in part for unmeasured workers' abilities and in part for firm size effects.
A journey into the wild of the cnidarian model system Aiptasia and its symbionts
Authors: Voolstra Christian R.
Published: August 2013

The existence of coral reef ecosystems relies critically on the mutualistic relationship between calcifying cnidarians and photosynthetic, dinoflagellate endosymbionts in the genus Symbiodinium. Reef‐corals have declined globally due to anthropogenic stressors, for example, rising sea‐surface temperatures and pollution that often disrupt these symbiotic relationships (known as coral bleaching), exacerbating mass mortality and the spread of disease. This threatens one of the most biodiverse marine ecosystems providing habitats to millions of species and supporting an estimated 500 million people globally (Hoegh‐Guldberg et al. 2007). Our understanding of cnidarian–dinoflagellate symbioses has improved notably with the recent application of genomic and transcriptomic tools (e.g. Voolstra et al. 2009; Bayer et al. 2012; Davy et al. 2012), but a model system that allows for easy manipulation in a laboratory environment is needed to decipher underlying cellular mechanisms important to the functioning of these symbioses. To this end, the sea anemone Aiptasia, otherwise known as a ‘pest’ to aquarium hobbyists, is emerging as such a model system (Schoenberg & Trench 1980; Sunagawa et al. 2009; Lehnert et al. 2012). Aiptasia is easy to grow in culture and, in contrast to its stony relatives, can be maintained aposymbiotically (i.e. dinoflagellate free) with regular feeding. However, we lack basic information on the natural distribution and genetic diversity of these anemones and their endosymbiotic dinoflagellates. These data are essential for placing the significance of this model system into an ecological context. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Thornhill et al. (2013) are the first to present genetic evidence on the global distribution, diversity and population structure of Aiptasia and its associated Symbiodinium spp. By integrating analyses of the host and symbiont, this research concludes that the current Aitpasia taxonomy probably needs revision and that two distinct Aiptasia lineages are prevalent that have probably been spread through human activity. One lineage engages in a specific symbiosis with Symbiodinium minutum throughout the tropics, whereas a second, local Aiptasia sp. population in Florida appears more flexible in partnering with more than one symbiont. The existence of symbiont‐specific and symbiont‐flexible Aiptasia lineages can greatly complement laboratory‐based experiments looking into mechanisms of symbiont selectivity. In a broader context, the study by Thornhill et al. (2013) should inspire more studies to target the natural environment of model systems in a global context targeting all participating member species when establishing ecological and genetic baselines.