bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physical and Electrochemical Characterization of Crystalline Silicon Surfaces Modified by Aluminum
Authors: Huanca Danilo Roque , Salcedo Walter Jaimes
Published: December 2017

Crystalline silicon surfaces are modified by deposition of aluminum thin film that is sintered at 500 °C for different period of times. This treatment originates pyramidal pits and nanoparticles structures on the silicon surface. As a result, the sheet resistance of silicon surface increases. The analysis of the treated surfaces by Rutherford backscattering (RBS) and the impedance electrochemical spectroscopy (IES) reveals that, in addition to these defects, the aluminum atoms diffuse inside the silicon substrate, also contribute to the increase of the sheet resistance due to the formation of a high resistivity layer. In addition, the reflectance spectra of these samples reveal that after this treatment the complex refractive index of silicon crystal close to surface change and its surface becomes rough, as confirmed by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Although the higher sheet resistance of these substrates, they are more prone to be dissolved by HF attack when immersed into etchant composed by HF and HNO3, i.e., the etching rate of these samples becomes larger than in the case of the untreated substrate. This behavior is linked to the amount of oxygen incorporated within the silicon bulk during the thermal treatment.
Find unique ways to maximize revenue, minimize student debt
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: December 2017

Jack Miner has worked in the Registrar's Office at Ohio State University since he was 20 years old and has earned his bachelor's and master's degrees from the university during that time. Miner oversaw a variety of different functions, including working in the Treasurer's Office with the director of operations, and managing the Registrar Office's relationship with the university before taking over as University Registrar in 2016. In addition, Miner served for six years on the program committee for the American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers.
Splenic Infarction as a Delayed Febrile Complication Following Radical Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer Patients: Computed Tomography‐Based Analysis
Authors: Jung Yoon Ju , Seo Ho Seok , Lee Han Hong , Kim Ji Hyun , Song Kyo Young , Choi Moon Hyung , Park Cho Hyun
Published: December 2017

Background

The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence and clinical characteristics of splenic infarction (SI) in gastric cancer patients who have undergone gastrectomy.

Methods

For this study, the medical records of 1084 patients were reviewed and 877 patients were ultimately enrolled. The times of symptom onset, diagnosis of SI, and complete resolution on CT were calculated from the day of the operation. Based on the wedge shape of the SI in all cases, the total volume of the SI was measured based on that of a corn kernel.

Results

Thirty‐six patients (4.10%) were diagnosed with SI after gastrectomy; four of these patients (0.45%) developed complications associated with the SI. Total gastrectomy and extended lymph node dissection were risk factors for development of SI. Patients with complications exhibited inflammatory signs between 7 and 10 days after surgery. The mean volume of the SI was 4025.69 mm3. The mean time to complete resolution on the CT scan was 327 days postoperatively. In 30 cases, small branched arteries from the splenic artery that could have caused the SI were retrospectively detected on the preoperative CT scans.

Conclusion

Although the incidence of the SI was low, large volume of the SI is associated with complication development. Measuring the infarction volume via a CT scan may be useful to decide on the treatment strategy. Preoperative 3‐D reconstruction of the splenic artery tributaries may help reduce the risk of inadvertent SI.
Negative reactions to monitoring: Do they undermine the ability of monitoring to protect adolescents?
Authors: Laird Robert D. , Zeringue Megan M. , Lambert Emily S.
Published: December 2017

This study focused on adolescents' negative reactions to parental monitoring to determine whether parents should avoid excessive monitoring because adolescents find monitoring behaviors to be over‐controlling and privacy invasive. Adolescents (n = 242, M age = 15.4 years; 51% female) reported monitoring, negative reactions, warmth, antisocial behavior, depressive symptoms, and disclosure. Adolescents additionally reported antisocial behavior, depressive symptoms, and disclosure one to two years later. In cross‐sectional analyses, less monitoring but more negative reactions were linked with less disclosure, suggesting that negative reactions can undermine parents' ability to obtain information. Although monitoring behaviors were not related to depressive symptoms, more negative reactions were linked with more depressive symptoms, suggesting that negative reactions also may increase depressive symptoms as a side effect of monitoring behavior. Negative reactions were not linked to antisocial behavior. There were no longitudinal links between negative reactions and changes in disclosure, antisocial behavior, or depressive symptoms.
Effect of Linear Low-Intensity Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy for Erectile Dysfunction—12-Month Follow-Up of a Randomized, Double-Blinded, Sham-Controlled Study
Authors: Fojecki Grzegorz Lukasz , Tiessen Stefan , Osther Palle Jørn Sloth
Published: December 2017

Introduction

Short-term data on the effect of low-intensity extracorporeal shockwave therapy (Li-ESWT) on erectile dysfunction (ED) have been inconsistent. The suggested mechanisms of action of Li-ESWT on ED include stimulation of cell proliferation, tissue regeneration, and angiogenesis, which can be processes with a long generation time. Therefore, long-term data on the effect of Li-ESWT on ED are strongly warranted.

Aim

To assess the outcome at 6 and 12 months of linear Li-ESWT on ED from a previously published randomized, double-blinded, sham-controlled trial.

Methods

Subjects with ED (N = 126) who scored lower than 25 points in the erectile function domain of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-EF) were eligible for the study. They were allocated to 1 of 2 groups: 5 weekly sessions of sham treatment (group A) or linear Li-ESWT (group B). After a 4-week break, the 2 groups received active treatment once a week for 5 weeks. At baseline and 6 and 12 months, subjects were evaluated by the IIEF-EF, the Erectile Hardness Scale (EHS), and the Sexual Quality of Life in Men.

Main Outcome Measures

The primary outcome measure was an increase of at least 5 points in the IIEF-EF (ΔIIEF-EF score). The secondary outcome measure was an increase in the EHS score to at least 3 in men with a score no higher than 2 at baseline. Data were analyzed by linear and logistic regressions.

Results

Linear regression of the ΔIIEF-EF score from baseline to 12 months included 95 patients (dropout rate = 25%). Adjusted for the IIEF-EF score at baseline, the difference between groups B and A was −1.30 (95% CI = −4.37 to 1.77, P = .4). The success rate based on the main outcome parameter (ΔIIEF-EF score ≥ 5) was 54% in group A vs 47% in group B (odds ratio = 0.67, P = .28). Improvement based on changes in the EHS score in groups A and B was 34% and 24%, respectively (odds ratio = 0.47, P = .82).

Conclusion

Exposure to 2 cycles of linear Li-ESWT for ED is not superior to 1 cycle at 6- and 12-month follow-ups.
Changes in Male Rat Sexual Behavior and Brain Activity Revealed by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Response to Chronic Mild Stress
Authors: Chen Guotao , Yang Baibing , Chen Jianhuai , Zhu Leilei , Jiang Hesong , Yu Wen , Zang Fengchao , Chen Yun , Dai Yutian
Published: December 2017

Background

Non-organic erectile dysfunction (noED) at functional imaging has been related to abnormal brain activity and requires animal models for further research on the associated molecular mechanisms.

Aim

To develop a noED animal model based on chronic mild stress and investigate brain activity changes.

Methods

We used 6 weeks of chronic mild stress to induce depression. The sucrose consumption test was used to assess the hedonic state. The apomorphine test and sexual behavior test were used to select male rats with ED. Rats with depression and ED were considered to have noED. Blood oxygen level-dependent–based resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies were conducted on these rats, and the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations and functional connectivity were analyzed to determine brain activity changes.

Outcomes

The sexual behavior test and resting-state fMRI were used for outcome measures.

Results

The induction of depression was confirmed by the sucrose consumption test. A low intromission ratio and increased mount and intromission latencies were observed in male rats with depression. No erection was observed in male rats with depression during the apomorphine test. Male rats with depression and ED were considered to have noED. The possible central pathologic mechanism shown by fMRI involved the amygdaloid body, dorsal thalamus, hypothalamus, caudate-putamen, cingulate gyrus, insular cortex, visual cortex, sensory cortex, motor cortex, and cerebellum. Similar findings have been found in humans.

Clinical Translation

The present study provided a novel noED rat model for further research on the central mechanism of noED.

Strengths and Limitations

The present study developed a novel noED rat model and analyzed brain activity changes based at fMRI. The observed brain activity alterations might not extend to humans.

Conclusion

The present study developed a novel noED rat model with brain activity alterations related to sexual arousal and erection, which will be helpful for further research involving the central mechanism of noED.
Recycling the Sacred: Material Culture and Cultural Memory after the English Reformation
Authors: Walsham Alexandra
Published: December 2017

This article examines medieval liturgical artifacts that survived the English Reformation by being converted to alternative religious and secular purposes. Exploiting both textual and material evidence, it explores how sacred objects were adapted and altered for a range of domestic and ecclesiastical uses, together with the underlying theological assumptions about adiaphora or “things indifferent” that legitimized such acts of “recycling.” These are situated on a continuum with iconoclasm and approached as dynamic and cyclic processes that offer insight into how Protestantism reconfigured traditions of commemoration and patterns of remembrance. Simultaneously, it recognizes their role in resisting religious change and in preserving tangible traces of the Catholic past, showing how converted objects served to perpetuate and complicate social and cultural memory. The final section investigates the ambiguous longer-term legacies of this reform strategy by probing the significance of growing concerns about the sin of ‘sacrilege’ committed by those who had profaned holy things.
The Limits to Buying Stability in Tibet: Tibetan Representation and Preferentiality in China's Contemporary Public Employment System
Authors: Fischer Andrew M. , Zenz Adrian
Published: December 2017

Based on an entirely unexplored source of data, this paper analyses the evolution of Tibetan representation and preferentiality within public employment recruitment across all Tibetan areas from 2007 to 2015. While recruitment collapsed after the end of the job placement system (fenpei) in the early to mid-2000s, there was a strong increase in public employment recruitment from 2011 onwards. Tibetans were underrepresented within this increase, although not severely, and various implicit practices of preferentiality bolstered such representation, with distinct variations across regions and time. The combination reasserted the predominant role of the state as employer of educated millennials in Tibetan areas to the extent of re-introducing employment guarantees. We refer to this as the innovation of a neo-fenpei system. This new system is most clearly observed in the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) from 2011 to 2016, although it appears to have been abandoned in 2017. One effect of neo-fenpei, in contrast to its predecessor, is that it accentuates university education as a driver of differentiation within emerging urban employment. The evolution of these recruitment practices reflects the complex tensions in Tibetan areas regarding the overarching goal of security and social stability (weiwen) emphasized by the Xi–Li administration, which has maintained systems of minority preferentiality but in a manner that enhances assimilationist trends rather than minority group empowerment.
Ketamine in the Prehospital Environment: A National Survey of Paramedics in the United States
Authors: Buckland Daniel M. , Crowe Remle P. , Cash Rebecca E. , Gondek Stephen , Maluso Patrick , Sirajuddin Sarah , Smith E. Reed , Dangerfield Paul , Shapiro Geoff , Wanka Christopher , Panchal Ashish R. , Sarani Babak
Published: December 2017

Background

Use of ketamine in the prehospital setting may be advantageous due to its potent analgesic and sedative properties and favorable risk profile. Use in the military setting has demonstrated both efficacy and safety for pain relief. The purpose of this study was to assess ketamine training, use, and perceptions in the civilian setting among nationally certified paramedics (NRPs) in the United States.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey of NRPs was performed. The electronic questionnaire assessed paramedic training, authorization, use, and perceptions of ketamine. Included in the analysis were completed surveys of paramedics who held one or more state paramedic credentials, indicated “patient care provider” as their primary role, and worked in non-military settings. Descriptive statistics were calculated.

Results

A total of 14,739 responses were obtained (response rate=23%), of which 10,737 (73%) met inclusion criteria and constituted the study cohort. Over one-half (53%) of paramedics reported learning about ketamine during their initial paramedic training. Meanwhile, 42% reported seeking ketamine-related education on their own. Of all respondents, only 33% (3,421/10,737) were authorized by protocol to use ketamine. Most commonly authorized uses included pain management (55%), rapid sequence intubation (RSI; 72%), and chemical restraint/sedation (72%). One-third of authorized providers (1,107/3,350) had never administered ketamine, with another 32% (1,070/3,350) having administered ketamine less than five times in their career. Ketamine was perceived to be safe and effective as the vast majority reported that they were comfortable with the use of ketamine (94%) and would, in similar situations (95%), use it again.

Conclusion

This was the first large, national survey to assess ketamine training, use, and perceptions among paramedics in the civilian prehospital setting. While training related to ketamine use was commonly reported among paramedics, few were authorized to administer the drug by their agency’s protocols. Of those authorized to use ketamine, most paramedics had limited experience administering the drug. Future research is needed to determine why the prevalence of ketamine use is low and to assess the safety and efficacy of ketamine use in the prehospital setting.

BucklandDM, CroweRP, CashRE, GondekS, MalusoP, SirajuddinS, SmithER, DangerfieldP, ShapiroG, WankaC, PanchalAR, SaraniB. Ketamine in the prehospital environment: a national survey of paramedics in the United States. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(1):23–28.
Diverse Pre-Treatment Effects in Survey Experiments
Authors: Linos Katerina , Twist Kimberly
Published: December 2017

Researchers using survey experiments typically assume respondents are blank slates, encountering information for the first time. We study how prior real-world information dissemination through the mass media shapes experimental results. We show prior exposure can lead us to both under- and overestimate true framing effects in experiments. Message clarity moderates the impact of pre-treatment, with clear information more likely to produce pre-treatment effects than unclear information.
Open Science in der Sportwissenschaft?
Authors: Utesch Till , Dreiskämper Dennis , Geukes Katharina
Published: December 2017

Zusammenfassung. Open Science, d.h. offene und transparente Wissenschaft, wird als ein vielversprechender Weg aus der Vertrauenskrise der empirischen Sozialwissenschaften diskutiert. Um diese Entwicklung als Forscherin oder Forscher aktiv mitzugestalten und zu unterstützen, wird neben der Offenlegung von Informationen zum Ende des Forschungsprozesses (Offenlegen von Material, Daten und Analysecode) insbesondere die Präregistrierung von Vorhaben zu Beginn des Forschungsprozesses als Königsweg beschrieben. Die Präregistrierung beinhaltet die Beschreibung des konzeptionellen und methodischen Plans, d.h. exakte Hypothesen, Studiendesign, erhobene Variablen und (statistische) Analysen. In diesem Beitrag werden zwei Möglichkeiten der Präregistrierung (über aspredicted.org und über osf.io) Schritt für Schritt vorgestellt, die jeweils unterschiedlichen Ansprüchen genügen (z.B. experimentelle Vorhaben, Sekundäranalysen, Beobachtungs- und Interviewstudien). Darüber hinaus werden u.a. Fragen zu Möglichkeiten und Grenzen von Open Science beantwortet. Neben der Integration in die eigene Forschung, können die beschriebenen Inhalte bereits früh in die universitäre Lehre eingebettet werden. Mit der Open Science Bewegung geht die Hoffnung einher, dass die Werte und Prinzipien von Open Science innerhalb der sportwissenschaftlichen Forschung und Lehre eine feste Säule einnehmen und auch für die Beurteilung wissenschaftlicher Leistung herangezogen werden.
A luminescent Schiff-base heterotrinuclear Zn2Dy single-molecule magnet with an axial crystal field
Authors: Boulkedid Ahlem-Linda , Long Jérôme , Beghidja Chahrazed , Guari Yannick , Beghidja Adel , Larionova Joulia
Published: December 2017

A luminescent Zn2Dy single-molecule magnet.
Temperature- and excitation wavelength-dependent emission in a manganese(ii) complex
Authors: Berezin Alexey S. , Vinogradova Katerina A. , Nadolinny Vladimir A. , Sukhikh Taisiya S. , Krivopalov Viktor P. , Nikolaenkova Elena B. , Bushuev Mark B.
Published: December 2017

A mononuclear Mn(ii) complex with a pyrazolylpyrimidine ligand shows excitation wavelength-dependent emission originating from intraligand transitions and d–d transitions and/or metal-to-ligand and halogen-to-ligand charge transfer.
Origin of low electron–hole recombination rate in metal halide perovskites
Authors: Ambrosio Francesco , Wiktor Julia , De Angelis Filippo , Pasquarello Alfredo
Published: December 2017

Isodensity representation of the hole and the electron in the excitonic state of CH3NH3PbI3 showing spatial separation of the polaronic charges.
Plasticization and thermal behavior of hydroxyl and nitrogen rich group-containing tung-oil-based ester plasticizers for PVC
Authors: Wang Mei , Song Xianghai , Jiang Jianchun , Xia Jianling , Ding Haiyang , Li Mei
Published: December 2017

Multifunctional tung-oil-based ester plasticizers were successfully synthesized. These plasticizers exhibit superior plasticization and thermal stability for PVC.
Mitochondria-targeted ratiometric fluorescent detection of hydrazine with a fast response time
Authors: Ban Yanan , Wang Ruihui , Li Yang , An Zhen , Yu Mingming , Fang Chenjie , Wei Liuhe , Li Zhanxian
Published: December 2017

A fluorescent hydrazine-probe was synthesized, which exhibited high sensitivity, excellent selectivity and anti-interference ability.
Eosin Y photoredox catalyzed net redox neutral reaction for regiospecific annulation to 3-sulfonylindoles via anion oxidation of sodium sulfinate salts
Authors: Rohokale Rajendra S. , Tambe Shrikant D. , Kshirsagar Umesh A.
Published: December 2017

An eosin Y photoredox catalyzed net redox neutral process for 3-sulfonylindoles via the anionic oxidation of sodium sulfinate salts and its radical cascade cyclization with 2-alkynyl-azidoarenes was developed with visible light as a mediator.
Kinetic basis for the activation of human cyclooxygenase-2 rather than cyclooxygenase-1 by nitric oxide
Authors: Qiao Jie , Ma Lixin , Roth Justine , Li Yamin , Liu Yi
Published: December 2017

Kinetic basis for the activation of human cyclooxygenase-2 by nitric oxide.
Structure and function of urea amidolyase
Authors: Zhao Jing , Zhu Li , Fan Chen , Wu Yi , Xiang Song
Published: December 2017

Urea is the degradation product of a wide range of nitrogen containing bio-molecules. Urea amidolyase (UA) catalyzes the conversion of urea to ammonium, the essential first step in utilizing urea as a nitrogen source. It is widely distributed in fungi, bacteria and other microorganisms, and plays an important role in nitrogen recycling in the biosphere. UA is composed of urea carboxylase (UC) and allophanate hydrolase (AH) domains, which catalyze sequential reactions. In some organisms UC and AH are encoded by separated genes. We present here structure of the Kluyveromyces lactis UA (KlUA). The structure revealed that KlUA forms a compact homo-dimer with a molecular weight of 400 kDa. Structure inspired biochemical experiments revealed the mechanism of its reaction intermediate translocation, and that the KlUA holo-enzyme formation is essential for its optimal activity. Interestingly, previous studies and ours suggest that UC and AH encoded by separated genes probably do not form a KlUA-like complex, consequently they might not catalyze the urea to ammonium conversion as efficiently.
The 10-nm chromatin fiber and its relationship to interphase chromosome organization
Authors: Hansen Jeffrey C. , Connolly Mark , McDonald Charles J. , Pan Anyu , Pryamkova Anna , Ray Kyle , Seidel Erik , Tamura Sachiko , Rogge Ryan , Maeshima Kazuhiro
Published: December 2017

A chromosome is a single long DNA molecule assembled along its length with nucleosomes and proteins. During interphase, a mammalian chromosome exists as a highly organized supramolecular globule in the nucleus. Here, we discuss new insights into how genomic DNA is packaged and organized within interphase chromosomes. Our emphasis is on the structural principles that underlie chromosome organization, with a particular focus on the intrinsic contributions of the 10-nm chromatin fiber, but not the regular 30-nm fiber. We hypothesize that the hierarchical globular organization of an interphase chromosome is fundamentally established by the self-interacting properties of a 10-nm zig-zag array of nucleosomes, while histone post-translational modifications, histone variants, and chromatin-associated proteins serve to mold generic chromatin domains into specific structural and functional entities.
Auditory Processing After Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Gallun Frederick J.
Published: December 2017

Auditory processing involves many diverse aspects of the peripheral and central nervous system. Where “simple” transformation of information ends and “signal processing” begins is difficult to say with any certainty, and the distinction between “automatic” processing and “controlled” processing is an even more philosophical question. For these reasons, the damage that occurs in one portion of the nervous system can have serious implications for many other parts of the system. For this reason, it is essential that clinicians involved in working with patients for whom any portion of the auditory system is at risk need to be in close communication with those who specialize in understanding the other parts of this delicate and interwoven system.
CARMENES input catalogue of M dwarfs
Authors: Jeffers S. V. , Schöfer P. , Lamert A. , Reiners A. , Montes D. , Caballero J. A. , Cortés-Contreras M. , Marvin C. J. , Passegger V. M. , Zechmeister M. , Quirrenbach A. , Alonso-Floriano F. J. , Amado P. J. , Bauer F. F. , Casal E. , Diez Alonso E. , Herrero E. , Morales J. C. , Mundt R. , Ribas I. , Sarmiento L. F.
Published: December 2017

CARMENES is a spectrograph for radial velocity surveys of M dwarfs with the aim of detecting Earth-mass planets orbiting in the habitable zones of their host stars. To ensure an optimal use of the CARMENES guaranteed time observations, in this paper we investigate the correlation of activity and rotation for approximately 2200 M dwarfs, ranging in spectral type from M0.0 V to M9.0 V. We present new high-resolution spectroscopic observations with FEROS, CAFE, and HRS of approximately 500 M dwarfs. For each new observation, we determined its radial velocity and measured its Hα activity index and its rotation velocity. Additionally, we have multiple observations of many stars to investigate if there are any radial velocity variations due to multiplicity. The results of our survey confirm that early-M dwarfs are Hα inactive with low rotational velocities and that late-M dwarfs are Hα active with very high rotational velocities. The results of this high-resolution analysis comprise the most extensive catalogue of rotation and activity in M dwarfs currently available.
Gesundheitsschutz in nephrologischen Krankenhausfachabteilungen
Authors: Girndt Matthias
Published: December 2017

In nephrologischen Krankenhausfachabteilungen werden häufig multimorbide Patienten betreut. Dies stellt in vielerlei Hinsicht eine
Herausforderung für das betreuende medizinische Personal dar. So sind die Patienten häufiger als in mancher anderen Fachabteilung hochbetagt
und immobil. In diesem Beitrag soll nicht von den physischen und psychischen Belastungen die Rede sein, dem sich das Krankenhauspersonal
zweifellos ausgesetzt sieht, sondern es wird auf die infektiologischen und hygienischen Besonderheiten eingegangen.
Gesundheitsschutz in der nephrologischen Praxis
Authors: Weinreich Thomas , Gsell Angelika
Published: December 2017

Gesundheitsschutz wird in der modernen Betriebsführung immer mehr zu einer Kernaufgabe des Personalmanagements. Nicht nur die Verantwortung
des Arbeitgebers für den Schutz der Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter vor gesundheitlichen Gefährdungen am Arbeitsplatz und der Verhütung
entsprechender Schädigungen wird hierunter verstanden, sondern auch die Entwicklung von Programmen und Strukturen zur Stärkung der
Eigenverantwortung des Mitarbeiters für den Erhalt der eigenen Gesundheit und Leistungsfähigkeit. Gesunde Mitarbeiter, aber auch durch
entsprechende Maßnahmen motivierte Mitarbeiter zu finden und zu halten, kann ein wichtiger strategischer Vorteil für alle Arten von
Unternehmungen – auch für nephrologische Praxen – sein. Vielfach tun sich Arztpraxen noch schwer im Umgang mit dem Thema Arbeits- und
Gesundheitsschutz, obwohl der Gesetzgeber die letztendliche Verantwortung für dieses Thema eindeutig beim Arbeitgeber ansiedelt, auch wenn
dieser innerbetriebliche Aufgaben an Mitarbeiter weiter delegieren kann. Hier gilt es, sowohl in Hinblick auf die Umsetzung der gesetzlichen
Auflagen als auch aus betriebswirtschaftlichem Interesse entsprechende Strukturen und Initiativen aufzubauen. Komponenten des
Gesundheitsschutzes, gesetzliche Auflagen und weitergehende unterstützende Informationen zu Einzelfragen werden im Folgenden diskutiert.
Riskante Operationsindikationen bei Shuntanlage und Shuntrevision
Authors: Krönung Gerhard
Published: December 2017

Shuntanlage und Shunterhalt erfordern bei schwierigen Gefäßverhältnissen nicht selten die Inkaufnahme eines erhöhten Komplikationsrisikos,
wie beispielsweise einer Infektion, eines Stealsyndroms oder einer Stauungssymptomatik. In diesen Fällen ist das Abwägen zwischen dem
angestrebten Nutzen und einem möglichen Schaden besonders wichtig.
An Alaska case study: Solar photovoltaic technology in remote microgrids
Authors: Whitney Erin , Pike Christopher
Published: December 2017

Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology is a nascent but promising energy option in remote Alaskan microgrids and serves as an example for isolated electrical grids worldwide. This study examines community scale solar PV installations in Alaska, ranging in size from 2.2 kW in Ambler to 50 kW in Galena. Total installed costs arguably show a trend toward lower values with larger installation sizes although prices in Alaska are still significantly higher than in the rest of the United States. Capacity factors range from 6% to 15%. However, it should be noted that some installation configurations, particularly in the northwestern part of the state, were installed with the goal of a broad production curve rather than maximum power production.
An Alaska case study: Biomass technology
Authors: Whitney Erin , Byrd Amanda , Huang Daisy
Published: December 2017

This review examines commercial biomass boilers installed around the state of Alaska for key performance and cost metrics. Capital costs and operation and maintenance costs vary with the boiler type and location around the state. Most boiler manufacturers claim system life expectancies of 20–30 years, assuming normal running conditions and adherence to maintenance schedules. System efficiencies vary with the biomass system type, installation protocol, operation and maintenance protocols, piping distance, thermal storage, and wood moisture content. Sizing biomass units to meet approximately 80% of peak required heat load ensures that the boiler will run at the maximum heat output. The boiler itself presents the highest cost for most installations. Other substantial costs include the site foundation, the boiler building, and the integration of the system into the building. Fuel storage and construction management are also large expenses although not reported in each project. Despite the large installed capacity of chip boilers in the Interior, their installation costs per installed BTUh are higher than those of other boilers.
An Alaska case study: Energy storage technologies
Authors: VanderMeer Jeremy , Mueller-Stoffels Marc , Whitney Erin
Published: December 2017

In the analysis of energy storage systems (ESSs) in Alaska, the most significant trend in the data considered is the increased variance in costs with time. Thus, more options are now available for ESS with “low cost per kW/high cost per kW h” and vice versa, indicating a greater variety of specialized ESS for targeted applications. The data analyzed do not show any difference in the cost of energy storage in Alaska compared to such costs in the rest of the nation or world. Alaska has had relatively few energy storage technology failures, and most that occurred were caused by improper operation. It is often difficult to justify energy storage economically based on fuel savings alone. Significant work remains to quantify other possible cost savings afforded by energy storage, such as reduced fuel consumption and stress on a diesel generator by smoothing out the load. The lack of standardization and quantification of costs and benefits is the main barrier to determining the economic potential for implementation of energy storage in Alaska. In addition, communities in Alaska often wish to avoid ESS that uses hazardous materials since each community will eventually have to deal with disposal issues.
Combined VIS-IR spectrometer with vertical probe beam
Authors: Protopopov V.
Published: December 2017

A prototype of a combined visible-infrared spectrometer with a vertical probe beam is designed and tested. The combined spectral range is 0.4–20 μ with spatial resolution 1 mm. Basic features include the ability to measure both visibly transparent and opaque substances, as well as buried structures, such as in semiconductor industry; horizontal orientation of a sample, including semiconductor wafers; and reflection mode of operation, delivering twice the sensitivity compared to the transmission mode.
Dynamic response and mooring optimization of spar-type substructure under combined action of wind, wave, and current
Authors: Chen Da , Gao Peng , Huang Shanshan , Fan Ke , Zhuang Ning , Liao Yingdi
Published: December 2017

Floating wind turbines (FWTs) have become the preferred structures to exploit offshore winds since a large part of the offshore wind resource is located in deep water zones. In the harsh marine environment, a spar-type substructure is the most promising substructure for FWTs with good structure stability and economic advantages. In this study, the surge, heave, and pitch motions of the spar-type substructure under combined action of wind, wave, and current are analyzed by using the AQWA module of ANSYS. Besides, the effects of different parameters, namely, the mooring line distribution form, fairlead position, and line number of mooring systems, on the spar-type substructure motion response are also investigated. Based on the calculation results, a new spar-type substructure with an optimized mooring system is put forward and analyzed. It can be found that both the dynamic response and the mooring tension of the new spar-type substructure are significantly improved relative to the non-optimized structure. The results of this paper could offer reference for further development of spar-type FWTs in real marine environments.
Macroscopic and molecular fluid descriptions merge for better hydrodynamic modeling
Authors: Tracy Samantha
Published: December 2017

A computational bridge between continuous and discrete descriptions at varying length scales improves efficiency of multicomponent hydrodynamic modeling at both macroscopic and molecular domains.
Investigations into velocity spikes provide high-order statistics on turbulent flow
Authors: Liebendorfer Adam
Published: December 2017

Numerical simulations of statistical behavior relative to walls help better describe the kurtotic behavior of fluids as they interact with the surfaces they flow near.
Age differences in attitudes toward safer sex practices in heterosexual men using an Australian Internet dating service
Authors: Cheng Yan , McGeechan Kevin , Bateson Deborah , Ritter Todd , Weisberg Edith , Stewart Mary
Published: December 2017

Background This cross-sectional study investigated sexually transmissible infection (STI) knowledge, safer sex attitudes and behaviours of sexually active, heterosexual men using an Internet dating service, and explored factors associated with protective attitudes. Methods: An anonymous online survey was sent to men who had logged onto an Internet dating service within the previous year. Factors associated with discussing STIs before sex and condom use intention with a new partner were analysed. Results: In total, 2339 responses were analysed. Men had lower STI knowledge scores, lower use of condoms and greater beliefs that condoms reduced interest in sex as age increased. Younger men (aged 18–29 years) were more likely to report intentions of only having sex with a new partner if a condom was used compared with older men aged over 60 years. Predictors of having a discussion about STIs with a new partner were older age, better knowledge of STIs, greater distress at a potential diagnosis of an STI and stronger future condom use intention. Intention to only have sex with a new female partner if a condom was used was associated with higher STI knowledge, discussing STIs with a new partner and distress at a diagnosis of an STI. Men with a higher number of sexual partners in the last year were less likely to have an STI discussion with new partners or intend to use a condom with a new partner. Conclusions: Older Internet-dating, heterosexual men are vulnerable to STIs. Health promotion interventions to increase STI awareness, condom use and STI testing in older men are warranted.
Microstructure and reliability of Mo nanoparticle reinforced Sn–58Bi-based lead-free solder joints
Authors: Yang Li , Zhu Lu , Zhang Yaocheng , Liu Po , Zhang Ning , Zhou Shiyuan , Jiang Licheng
Published: December 2017

The effect of Mo nanoparticles on the microstructure, wettability and mechanical properties of Sn–58Bi– xMo ( x = 0–2.00) solder joints was investigated. The results showed that the optimal wettability of Sn–58Bi–0.25Mo solder was obtained and the microstructure was refined by adding small amounts of Mo. The intermetallic compounds (IMCs) thickness was increased from Sn–58Bi 2.17 µm to Sn–58Bi–2Mo 2.73 µm. The tensile strength of Sn–58Bi solder joint was improved by adding 0.25 wt-% Mo. The fracture mode of Sn–58Bi solder joint and Sn–58Bi–0.25Mo solder joint was brittle fracture and the mixed mode was ductile failure and brittle fracture, respectively. The microstructure of Sn–58Bi and Sn–58Bi–0.25Mo solder joints was coarsened, IMCs thickness was increased and the mechanical properties were deteriorated with increasing aging time.
Shared cancer neoantigens: Making private matters public
Authors: Klebanoff Christopher A. , Wolchok Jedd D.
Published: December 2017

In this issue of JEM, Chheda et al. (https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20171046) report that a conserved hotspot mutation associated with an aggressive form of brain cancer generates an immunogenic T cell epitope restricted by a common HLA subtype, thereby creating a “public” neoantigen.
Astroturf, front groups, sock puppets, and the capture of civil society
Authors: Miller David , Harkins Claire , Schlögl Matthias , Montague Brendan
Published: December 2017

Civil society is widely thought of as an obstacle to corporate political strategy. This chapter suggests that civil society can be an ally in corporate attempts to undermine public health. It reviews the use of astroturf (i.e. fake grassroots groups) and ‘sock puppets’ (i.e. fake online identities) and discusses these in relation to the corporate-backed ‘sound science’ lobby. The chapter reviews the role of the tobacco and other addictive industries in creating front groups to pursue sectional corporate interests. It looks in turn at interlocking efforts such as the European Science and Environment Forum, the Risk of Freedom briefing, and more recent ventures such as the Institute of Ideas and Spiked the Democracy Institute. These groups are mostly not transparent about their relations with the corporations, and may exhibit some measure of independence from their corporate funders; however, any independence—real or manufactured—is not necessarily a disadvantage.
A Warped Hometown
Authors: Song Weijie
Published: December 2017

This chapter explores how Lao She performs an affective mapping of his warped native city’s streets, courtyard houses, ditch, and teahouse: everyday tyranny and despair in the phantasmal and entrapping avenues and streets; wartime atlas of emotions including nostalgia, mourning, shame, anger, and hatred; socialist sentiment and citizenship born in the ideological/ecological representation of Dragon Beard Ditch as a metamorphic space; and self-mourning in a warped and wounded teahouse as a distorted space-time continuum, a shrinking and pessimistic miniature of old Beijing misery and a sign of unfathomable urban darkness. Confronting the advent, expansion, and menace of modernity as well as the whirlwind and whirlpool of political and historical change, Manchu writer Lao She envisions modern Beijing as the locus of pain and pleasure, dystopia and dreamland, moral decline and physical performance, material deformations and emotional vicissitudes.
The Aesthetic versus the Political
Authors: Song Weijie
Published: December 2017

This chapter addresses how Lin Huiyin, a female poet and architect, carries out modernist, impressionist, and urbanist mappings of Beijing’s everyday objects, imperial relics, and socialist sites from the post-Warlord Era to the high Cold War years. In her literary writings of the 1930s and her failed project of urban planning of the socialist capital in the 1950s (against Maoist and Stalinist propaganda), Lin deliberately juxtaposes the pastoral and the counterpastoral, the threatening and disturbing images of modern industrial civilization and the lyrical and aesthetic items in everyday life. Imperial palaces and other grand buildings still dominate the urban landscape of Beijing. However, in Lin’s poetics and politics of daily objects, the sensuous, superfluous, and aestheticized things constitute the cultural texture and material basis of the city, which outlive historical transformations and political turbulence and protect Beijing from the “gust and dust” of modern times.
The Complications of Penal Federalism
Authors: Zimring Franklin E.
Published: December 2017

This chapter discusses two punishments most often mentioned as examples of American national exceptionalism—capital punishment and imprisonment. It examines the available data on state penal power and patterns of these two most prominent issues implicated in discourse about American penal exceptionalism. The chapter shows that, in each setting, there are huge variations among American states. Moreover, in both cases, the study of interstate variation is a useful method of investigating the causes of penal difference. In the case of imprisonment trends over time, there may also be a nearly uniform pattern that reveals much about the influences of culture and public opinion on penal policy.
Making the State Pay
Authors: Miller Lisa L.
Published: December 2017

This chapter argues that the literature on the politics of punishment generally, and on US exceptionalism specifically, suffers from insufficient attention to serious violence. It complicates conventional assumptions about democratic politics, mass publics, and crime. Drawing on three cases—the United Kingdom, the United States, and the state of Pennsylvania—this chapter illustrates that rates of violence matter for political attention to crime. It also shows that the politicization of crime does not always lead to a singular focus on punishment and that this politicization in the United States is shaped by both high rates of violence and distinctive institutional dynamics that decouple crime from related social and economic insecurities. The consequence is an (exceptional) political process in the United States that makes it difficult for the polity to make the state pay for high rates of violence and the criminogenic conditions that give rise to them.
Leader Impacts on Creative Teams
Authors: Mumford Michael D. , Mulhearn Tyler J. , Watts Logan L. , Steele Logan M. , McIntosh Tristan
Published: December 2017

Although many variables influence the creativity of teams, leadership has been found to be one of the more important influences. In the present effort, a tripartite model describing the key functions leaders must perform to encourage team creativity is proposed. This model holds that leadership of creative teams requires complex thinking skills. In addition, leaders must be able to plan creative projects, and they must be able to sell these projects to others. Finally, leaders must build the psychological, or creative, capital of team members. The implications of these observations for effective leadership of creative teams and the development of leadership potential are discussed.
Introduction
Authors: Thun Michael J. , Linet Martha S. , Cerhan James R. , Haiman Christopher A. , Schottenfeld David
Published: December 2017

This Introduction provides a broad overview of the scientific advances and crosscutting developments that increasingly influence epidemiologic research on the causes and prevention of cancer. High-throughput technologies have identified the molecular “driver” events in tumor tissue that underlie the multistage development of many types of cancer. These somatic (largely acquired) alterations disrupt normal genetic and epigenetic control over cell maintenance, division and survival. Tumor classification is also changing to reflect the genetic and molecular alterations in tumor tissue, as well as the anatomic, morphologic, and histologic phenotype of the cancer. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than 700 germline (inherited) genetic loci associated with susceptibility to various forms of cancer, although the risk estimates for almost all of these are small to modest and their exact location and function remain to identified. Advances in genomic and other “OMIC” technologies are identifying biomarkers that reflect internal exposures, biological processes and intermediate outcomes in large population studies. While research in many of these areas is still in its infancy, mechanistic and molecular assays are increasingly incorporated into etiologic studies and inferences about causation. Other sections of the book discuss the global public health impact of cancer, the growing list of exposures known to affect cancer risk, the epidemiology of over 30 types of cancer by tissue of origin, and preventive interventions that have dramatically reduced the incidence rates of several major cancers.
Biology of Neoplasia
Authors: Dean Michael , Moitra Karobi
Published: December 2017

The term “cancer” encompasses a large heterogeneous group of diseases that involve uncontrolled cell growth, division, and survival, culminating in local invasion and/or distant metastases. Cancer is fundamentally a genetic disease at the cellular level. Tumors occur because clones of abnormal cells acquire multiple lesions in DNA, nearly always involving mutations, chromosomal rearrangements, and extensive alteration of the epigenome. Up to 10% of cancers also involve inherited germline mutations that are moderately to highly penetrant. Cancers begin as localized growths or premalignant lesions that may regress or disappear spontaneously, or progress to a malignant primary tumor. The somatic changes that drive abnormal growth involve activating mutations of specific oncogenes, inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, and/or disruption of epigenetic controls. The latter can result from methylation or the modification of histones and other proteins that affect the remodeling of chromosomes. Numerous non-inherited factors can cause cancer by accelerating these events.
Genomic Landscape of Cancer
Authors: Maher Christopher J. , Mardis Elaine R.
Published: December 2017

The study of cancer genomics has advanced rapidly during the last decade due to the development of next generation or massively parallel technology for DNA sequencing. The resulting knowledge is transforming the understanding of both inherited (germline) genetic susceptibility and the somatic changes in tumor tissue that drive abnormal growth and progression. The somatic alterations in tumor tissue vary depending on the type of cancer and its characteristic “genomic landscape.” New technologies have increased the speed and lowered the cost of DNA sequencing and have enabled high-volume characterization of RNA, DNA methylation, DNA-protein complexes, DNA conformation, and a host of other factors that, when altered, can contribute to the development and/or progression of the cancer. Technologic advances have greatly expanded research on somatic changes in tumor tissue, revealing both the singularity of individual cancer genomes and the commonality of genetic alterations that drive cancer in different tissues.
Application of Biomarkers in Cancer Epidemiology
Authors: Vermeulen Roel , Bell Douglas A. , Jones Dean P. , Garcia-Closas Montserrat , Spira Avrum , Wang Teresa W. , Smith Martyn T. , Lan Qing , Rothman Nathaniel
Published: December 2017

Advancements in OMICs are now enabling investigators to explore comprehensively the biological consequences of exogenous and endogenous exposures by detecting molecular signatures of exposure, early signs of adverse biological effects, preclinical disease, and molecularly defined cancer subtypes. These new technologies have proven invaluable for assembling a comprehensive portrait of human exposure, health, and disease. This includes hypothesis-driven biomarkers, as well as platforms that can agnostically analyze entire biologic processes and “compartments,” including the measurement of small molecules (metabolomics), DNA polymorphisms and rarer inherited variants (genomics), methylation and microRNA (epigenomics), chromosome-wide alterations, mRNA (transcriptomics), proteins (proteomics), and the microbiome (microbiomics). Although the implementation of these technologies in epidemiologic studies has already shown great promise, some challenges of particular importance must be addressed. Non-genetic OMIC markers vary over time due to both random variation and physiologic changes. Therefore, there is an urgent need for cohorts to collect repeat biological samples over time.