bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anomalous Results from an Experimental Infection of Man with Brugia malayi (Brug, 1927)
Authors: Buckley J. J. C. , Wharton R. H.
Published: June 2009

A volunteer who had been previously exposed to infection with filarial infections from naturally infected animals, i.e., Brugia malayi from Macaca irus and B. pahangi from a domestic cat, was exposed to infection with B. malayi from man. He developed signs and symptoms of tropical pulmonary eosinophilia and transitory swellings of the lower limbs, possibly of filarial origin. Up to the time of treatment with Banocide no microfilariae were found in his blood.
Notes on the eggs and early development of some species of Oxyuridæ
Authors: Philpot F.
Published: June 2009

Although Oxyuris vermicularis occurs very frequently in children, material from which to study the early development, mature female worms, was difficult to obtain.

Specimens were found both in the normal stool and in the stool after treatment with santonin. Egg-laying began as soon as the worms came into contact with air; those which happened to be on the surface very quickly became surrounded by a white deposit of eggs and the worms themselves became reduced to fine threads, which were difficult to detect: Egg-laying was also induced by bringing females into water at body temperature.
Observations on the Helminth Parasites of Poultry in Scotland
Authors: Morgan D. O. , Wilson J. E.
Published: June 2009

The increasing mortality among domestic fowls in this country has of recent years drawn attention to the possibility that worms and other parasites may be factors in the causation of certain poultry diseases. Heavy infestations with worms are frequently observed on farms where mortality is high and although it is rare that death can be directly attributed to the parasites, it is thought that they might be responsible for loss of condition in the birds, and for lowering their resistance to disease. On the other hand, equally heavy infestations may be found in apparently healthy birds and the few experiments which have been carried out to test the pathogenicity of certain common intestinal worms have not shown any marked effect on the health of the birds as a result of the infestation. Further work along these lines is however, necessary before the pathogenicity of helminths in poultry and their relation to disease is understood.
A New Species of the Nematode Genus Paraspidodera from the Wild Pig
Authors: Morgan D. O.
Published: June 2009

This description of a new species of Paraspidodera is based on material from the Helminthological collection of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine which was handed to the writer for examination by Professor R. T. Leiper, F.R.S. The parasite had been collected by Dr. Sells from the wild pig in Uganda; no indication of the habitat is given. The writer wishes to thank Professor Leiper for placing this material at his disposal.
The Invasion of Helminth Eggs by Chytridiacean Fungi
Authors: Buckley J. J. C. , Clapham Phyllis A.
Published: June 2009

The material forming the basis of this paper consists of the two fungi, Catenaria anguillulæ Sorokin and Rhizophidium carpophilum Zopf, which were found parasitic on the eggs of Dibothriocephalus latus in the Helminthology Department in March, 1927. The stool containing the eggs had been washed in laboratory tap water and this was evidently the vehicle of the fungus infection. A sediment obtained from one of the water tanks from which the laboratory is supplied was found to contain infusoria, rotifers and other forms likely to act as hosts for the fungi, and that this was the source of the original infection was proved on more than one occasion by placing some of the sediment in a petri dish along with some uninfected eggs of D. latus, when a new infection of both the fungi appeared in the eggs.

In the following paper the fungi are described and an account is given of some experimental work that was carried out with a view to determining the possibility of employing such parasites as a control measure in helminthiasis.
Stem Eelworm Attack on Seedlings of Vetches, Vicia villosa Roth, and Vicia sativa L.
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: June 2009

The finding of tares or common vetch, Vida sativa L., attacked by the stem eelworm, Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kiihn) Filipjev, reported in the foregoing paper by Staniland and Southcy and the correspondence on the subject which passed between Staniland and Goodey, brought to light an interesting point in regard to the accuracy of the first record of the parasite on this particular host which calls for some comment and elucidation.
Investigations on the Emergence of Larvae from the Cysts of the Potato-root Eel worm, Heterodera rostochiensis.
Authors: Fenwick D. W.
Published: June 2009

Immersion of cysts of Heterodera rostochiensis in potato-root diffusate results in larval emergence which may occupy up to two or three months. In a previous paper (Fenwick, 1950), the author dealt with the form of the hatching curve, and showed that any given curve was controlled by three parameters; the number of larvae finally emerging, the mean reaction time of the hatchable larvae and the standard deviation of that mean reaction time expressed in log-time units. Since it was also shown that each of these parameters was subject to considerable variation, it is obvious that maximum information and accuracy can only be obtained by continuing a hatching test until all larval emergence has ceased and plotting cumulative hatches at selected intervals of tune against log-time; in this way detailed information may be obtained regarding the parameters of the hatching curve.
On Wuchereria patei n.sp. from the Lymphatics of Cats, Dogs and Genet Gats on Pate Island, Kenya
Authors: Buckley J. J. C. , Nelson G. S. , Heisch R. B.
Published: June 2009

1. A new species of Wuchereria is described, from the lymphatic systems of dogs, cats and Genet Cats (Genetta tigrina) on Pate Island off the Kenya coast. It is named W. patei after the island on which it was first discovered.

2. The new species belongs to the “W. malayi” group which are characterized in the microfilarial stage by the presence of one terminal and one sub-terminal nucleus in the tail; and in the adults by the presence of only 5 pairs of adanal papillae in the male and by the well-developed centre section in the left spicule.
Thiabendazole Tested against the Gastro-intestinal Nematodes of British Farm Animals (excluding sheep)
Authors: Leiper J. W. G. , Crowley J.
Published: June 2009

Experiments involving cattle, horses, pigs and fowls are presented which are considered to give evidence that thiabendazole is highly active against the Strongyle parasites but not so active against the ascarid parasites of the digestive tract of these animals. The strongyles of cattle can be controlled with a dose of 75–100 mg./kg. and those of horses with as little as 25 mg./kg. In pigs 100 mg./kg. was very active against Oesophagostomum dentatum but this dose level was of poor efficiency against Ascaris lumbricoides. A high dose of 500 mg./kg. appeared to be necessary to control Ascaridia galli in the fowl.
Preliminary Observations on the Golorimetric Assay of the Hatching Factor of the Potato-root Eelworm, Heterodera rostochiensis Wollenweber
Authors: Ellenby C.
Published: June 2009

Promising results in the colorimetric assay of potato-root eelworm hatching factor have been obtained with picric acid and with 3: 5- dinitrobenzoic acid. Both of the reagents are used for the assay of cardiac glycosides with which the hatching factor may have affinities.
Orientodiscus fernandoi n.sp. and O. hendricksoni n.sp. (Trematoda, Paramphistomata) from the Intestine of Trionyx spp. in Malaya
Authors: Rohde Klaus
Published: June 2009

Dr. C. H. Fernando, University of Singapore, sent me 3 trematodes, preserved in formalin, from the intestine of the carnivorous turtle Trionyx sp., which was bought in the market in Singapore having probably been caught in Johore, South Malaya. Two of the trematodes belong to a new species of Orientodiscus (Paramphistomata).

The worms were stained with Grenadier's Carminalum and all drawings were made with Leitz' drawing prism. Serial cross-sections were later made from one specimen, and excretory and lymphatic systems were reconstructed from these. In order to get living specimens, 4 specimens of Trionyx phayrii and 3 specimens of Dogania subplana were bought in the market in Kuala Lumpur. One Trionyx harboured 2 and another 27 specimens of large amphistomatous trematodes, which were found to belong to another new species of the same genus. They were first studied alive, then pressed, fixed in Bouin's fixing fluid and stained with Grenadier's Carminalum. Serial cross-sections were made of 3 specimens.
A Note on Dirofilaria imtnitis and its Vectors in Fiji
Authors: Symes C. B.
Published: June 2009

During the course of studies on human filariasis and its vectorsin Fiji, in the period 1954–1956, (Symes, 1957) it was desirableto make a few observations on the dog filaria in order that, whenfound in mosquitoes, its larval stages should not be confused withthose of Wuchereria bancrofti from man.
A Study of some of the Factors Affecting Excystation in vitro of the Metacercarial Stages of Holostephanus lühei Szidat, 1936 and Cyathocotyle bushiensis Khan, 1962 (Strigeida: Trematoda)
Authors: Erasmus David A. , Bennett L. J.
Published: June 2009

In many digenetic trematode life-cycles there occurs a metacercarial stage which is usually the ultimate infective stage for the final host. The metacercarial stage may be free and active as in Diplostomatidae (Strigeida) but in most cases the metacercaria is enclosed within a cyst wall of varying thickness and complexity (Erasmus, 1965). The release of the metacercaria follows the ingestion of the cyst and the digestion of the cyst wall by the appropriate final host. It is apparent that the culmination of the life-cycle in the development of a sexually mature adult will occur only if the release of the metacercaria takes place in the appropriate host. It seems very likely therefore that the factors affecting the excystation of metacercariae play an important role in defining the host specificity of a particular trematode.
Helminth Parasites of Wildfowl from Slimbridge, Gloucestershire. I. Parasites of captive Anatidae
Authors: Avery R. A.
Published: June 2009

Parasites in the alimentary canal of 123 birds from the Wildfowl Trust collection at Slimbridge, Gloucestershire, are listed. About ten thousand helminths belonging to 26 species were found. The nematodesHystrichis tricolorandPorrocaecum crassumand the cestodeNematoparataenia southwelliare reported from Great Britain for the first time, and a large number of new host records are given.
Observations on Panagrellus redivivus Goodey, 1945
Authors: Ellenby C. , Smith L.
Published: June 2009

(1) Cultures of Panagrellus redivivus increased and decreased in acidity as population increased and decreased.

(2) Comparison of the sex ratio of the mature worms present in the culture medium and, at the same time, on the walls and lids of the culture vessels, indicated a shift towards maleness in the sex ratio with distance from the culture medium.

(3) The results are discussed in relation to migratory behaviour.
Intake and Migration of the Microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus (Leuckart) in Simulium damnosum Theobald
Authors: Laurence B. R.
Published: June 2009

1. The intake of microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus in two series of females of Simulium damnosum fed on an infected human volunteer in West Africa and dissected after staining in London was from 0–171 microfilariae per female in one series and from 0–152 microfilariae per female in the other series. The distribution of microfilariae per female became more normal when plotted on a geometric scale.

2. The migration of the microfilariae was followed in the two series of flies by comparing the geometric (Williams) mean numbers of microfilariae in the stomach, abdomen, thorax and head, from 2 minutes to 48 houis after engorgement on blood. Microfilariae left the blood meal rapidly after engorgement, 40–50% leaving the stomach within the first 60 minutes.
On Diphyllobothrium medium (Fahmy, 1954) Parasitic in Trout in Great Britain
Authors: Fraser Phyllis G.
Published: June 2009

Diphyllobothrium medium (Fahmy) the adult stage of which is found in the otter, Lutra lutra, is redescribed.
Gastro-intestinal Parasites of Wild Fallow Deer (Dama dama L.)
Authors: Batty A. F. , Chapman D. I.
Published: June 2009

Small numbers of the nematode species:Spiculopteragia asymmetrica, Apteragia quadrispiculata, Nematodirus filicollis, Capillaria bovis, Cooperia pectinataandOesophagostomum venulosum, were recovered from the gastro-intestinal tracts of wild Fallow deer killed in Essex. In addition, the larval cyst of the cestodeTaenia hydatigenawas found in the liver of one animal.
Variations in the Oxygen Uptake, Reduced Weight and Metabolic Rate of Starving Sporocysts of Microphallus pygmaeus (Levinsen, 1881) (Trematoda: Microphallidae)
Authors: Richards Roy J.
Published: June 2009

The variations in the oxygen uptake, reduced weight, metabolic rate and the number of contained, fully formed, healthy, autolysed or dead metacercariae, recorded during starvation in sea water, in vitro, suggest that first mainly stored carbohydrates, then mainly lipids and, in the final stages of starvation, mainly proteins are broken down and metabolised, by the sporocysts of Microphallus pygmaeus.
The Pathology of Lesions in Cattle caused by Stephanofilaria kaeli Buckley, 1937
Authors: Loke Y. W. , Ramachandran C. P.
Published: June 2009

1. The pathology of Stephanofilaria kaeli lesions is described from the legs of cattle in Malaya.

2. The possible modes of transmission of the parasite are discussed based on the pathology.

3. A comparison is made between the pathology of Stephanofilaria kaeli lesions and those produced by other species of Stephanofilaria.
On the Morphology of Aphelenchoides besseyi Christie, 1942 and A. siddiqii n.sp. (Nematoda, Aphelenchoidea)
Authors: Fortuner R.
Published: June 2009

Aphelenchoides besseyi Christie, 1942 is recorded for the first time on rice in Mali and Upper Volta, the morphology is discussed and the description of the species emended. Boehmeria nivea Gaud. (Ramie) is reported as a new host for A. besseyi. A. siddiqii n.sp. is described from Foeniculum vulgare Mill, in Sudan. A key is given to the species of Aphelenchoides with a star tipped tail.
Rhabditis (Rhabditella) axei in the Urine of an African in Rhodesia
Authors: Goldsmid J. M.
Published: June 2009

The paper discusses the occurrence of nematodes of the genus Rhabditis in man and reports the finding of specimens of what appears to be Rhabditis (Rhabditella) axei in the urine of an African female in Rhodesia. A discussion is included on the possible method of infection.
The Life History of Hypoderaeun essexensis n.sp., the Adult of Cercaria essexensis Khan, 1960
Authors: Khan D
Published: June 2009

Cercaria essexensis Khan, 1960 is shown to encyst in freshwater snails and to develop into a new species of Hypoderaeum when fed to pigeons, chickens and ducklings. Different stages in the life history, except the redia and the cercaria which have been described before, are described.
Observations on the Seasonal Variations in the Worm Burdens of Young Sheep in Southern Western Australia
Authors: Parnell I. W.
Published: June 2009

Observations, limited to one year, on autumn born and spring born lambs and weaners indicated that very few infective larvae of bursate nematodes, with the exception of those of Nematodims spp., were ingested after the middle of spring, with the result that at least until they were eight months old, and probably older, spring born lambs were comparatively lightly infested.

These observations also suggested that retarded larvae, especially the histotropic stages, are the cause of the “summer rise” in weaners and that they also cause the “parturition rise” in autumn lambing ewes, and can be the cause of increased worm egg production in wethers.

It seems probable that the “summer rise” of sheep in the southern part of Western Australia is comparable to the “spring rise” of sheep in the United Kingdom and elsewhere.
Studies on the excystment of trematode metacercariae in vivo
Authors: Asanji M. F. A. , Williams M. O.
Published: June 2009

Metacercariae of two species of trematode (Clinostomum tilapiae, Postodiplostomum nanum) excysted in the stomach of birds, while those of three species (Parorchis acanthus, Posthodiplostomum sp., Postliodiplostomoides leonensis) excysted in the duodenum. Differences were related to the structure of the cyst wall. All could excyst in birds which were not the definitive host and the speed of excystment depended on the speed of movement of food in the gut. All, except P. acanthus, also excysted in the body cavity of the mouse.

There have been few previous reports on the site of excystment of metacercarial cysts in vivo and most indicate that the duodenum is the site for most species studied, e.g. Clonorchis sinensis (Faust and Khaw, 1927), Parorchis avitus (Stunkard and Cable, 1932), Cryptocotyle lingua (Smyth, 1962) and Fasciola hepatica (Smyth, 1966). In their study of the migratory route of Paragonimus westermani in rats, cats and guinea-pigs Yokogawa et al. (1962) found that excystment occurred in the small intestine where the pH range was 5.0–6.0. Also, although the site of excystment has been established for some species, very little quantitative work has been reported about the percentage excystment in vivo and results of work on these lines is reported in this paper.
Studies with Brugia pahangi 4. Antibodies against adult and microfilarial stages
Authors: Ponnudurai T. , Denham D. A. , Nelson G. S. , Rogers Rosemary
Published: June 2009

Using the indirect fluorescent antibody technique, the antibody response of cats to Brugia pahangi infections was studied using whole microfilariae and sectioned adult worms of B. pahangi as antigens. Microfilarial antigen was ineffective in detecting antibody response in cats during the microfilaraemic phase of the infection, although it was possible to detect circulating antibody in cats which became microfilaria negative after repeated and prolonged reinfection and in one cat which after infection failed to show microfilariae in its blood
Studies on the life history and development ofProteocephalus percae(Müller) (Cestoda: Proteocephalidea)
Authors: Wootten R.
Published: June 2009

The life-cycle of the cestodeProteocephalus percae(Müller), a parasite of the perchPerca fluviatilisL., involves two hosts and was studied both experimentally and by field observations in Hanningfield Reservoir, Essex. The hexacanth embryo is bilaterally symmetrical, with three pairs of hooks and paired glands. The copepodsCyclops (Eucyclops) agilis, C. (Mesocyclops) leuckarti and C. (Acantftocyclops) viridiswere infected experimentally withP. percaeeggs. The egg hatches in the intestine, the embryo penetrates the intestinal wall by means of its hooks and possibly by secretions from its paired glands, and the larva develops within the haemocoel. Development took 3–4 weeks at 14°C inC. viridis, but the rate of development varied at different temperatures and copepod species differed in their suitability as hosts forP. percaelarvae. The adult cestode showed a yearly cycle of occurrence and maturation in perch. Egg production occurred in the spring, after which adult worms were lost from the fish to be quickly replaced by juvenile worms of the succeeding generation. Increase in length of the adult cestode population occurred in two stages, a period of rapid initial growth commencing immediately after establishment in the perch, and a second stage closely associated with maturation of the worms.
Effects of Some Physico-chemical Factors on the Infection of Biomphalaria glabrata (Say) by Miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni Sambon in St. Lucia, West Indies
Authors: Upatham Edward Suchart
Published: June 2009

1. The four physico-chemical characteristics of water tested— volume, salinity, pH, and turbidity—were each found to affect infection of B. glabrata by S. mansoni miracidia.

2. The rate of infection decreased as the water volume increased from 90·6% at 0·005 litre to 47·5% at 50 litres.

3. The rate of infection decreased as sodium chloride concentration increased, from 78·7% at 0·5 ppm to 2·1% at 4200 ppm. Above 4200 ppm no infection occurred. The activity of the miracidia was affected above 1200 ppm. The snails became non-motile at above 4800 ppm and died within 10 hours at higher concentrations.
Survival on Herbage Plots of Infective Larvae of Strongylid Nematodes of the Horse
Authors: Ogbourne C. P.
Published: June 2009

Observations have been made on the survival and migration of infective larvae of strongylid nematodes of the horse deposited on outdoor herbage plots. Few larvae ascended the herbage when conditions were very dry and migration was often enhanced by falls of rain. Larvae on the herbage died rapidly during summer but there was a much slower mortality rate during the winter months. An appreciable proportion of larvae placed on the plots in late summer and autumn survived until the spring but, at this time, there was a rapid disappearance of larvae which coincided with the rising temperatures.
Onchocerciasis Due to O. armillata in Cattle in Orissa
Authors: Patnaik B.
Published: June 2009

The incidence of aortic onchocerciasis was investigated by examining 167 aortas of adult cattle; of these 165 were positive for parasites and nodules.

Five young calves, aged between 3 and 6 months did not reveal any aortic infection, indicating that the infection is seen in adult animals mostly.

The affected aortas are invariably sclerosed, the degree of sclerosis being dependent on the degree of infestation; and the aortic nodules containing worms and microfilariae are seen on both sides but those on the outer wall mostly undergo degeneration and subsequent calcification while the nodules on the inner aspect permit the passage of microfilariae into the circulation.
Paramphistomum phillerouxi sp. nov. (Trematoda: Paramphistomatidae) and its Development in Bulinus forskalii
Authors: Dinnik J. A.
Published: June 2009

(1)Paramphistomum phillerouxi sp.nov. from rumina of cattle in Northern Rhodesia is described and its morphology compared with that of Paramphistomum microbothrium Fischoeder from Egypt, Kenya, Northern Rhodesia, and South Africa.

(2)Bulinus forskalii (Ehrenberg) is a natural intermediate host of P. phillerouxi in Northern Rhodesia and Tanganyika. Of other snails, Bulinus senegalensis (Muller) from Gambia was successfully infected experimentally, and Bulinus cernicus (Morelet) in Mauritius was found naturally infected with P. phillerouxi.

(3) The development of P. phillerouxi in Bitlinus forskalii is described. The sporocyst gives birth to 18 to 28 rediae. These firstgeneration rediae are able to produce daughter rediae as well as cercariae. It seemed that not all of the first-generation rediae started to produce daughter rediae first. Some of the rediae began by producing cercariae and produced a few daughter rediae later alongside numerous cercariae. There is some evidence that the subsequent generations of rediae are also capable of developing daughter rediae and cercariae simultaneously.

(4) The first young cercariae to leave the parent rediae were observed 21 days after exposure of the snails to a single miracidium each, and the first shedding of mature cercariae was noted 42 days after the exposure, the snails being kept at 20°C.
Transmission electron microscopical studies of the site of attachment ofAncylostoma ceylanicumTo the small bowel mucosa of the dog
Authors: Carroll S. M. , Robertson T. A. , Papadimitriou J. M. , Grove D. I.
Published: June 2009

The host-parasite interaction at the site of attachment of the adult hookworm,Ancylostoma ceylanicum, to the small bowel mucosa of the dog has been examined by transmission electron microscopy. The lamina propria around the heads of the worms showed intense infiltration with neutrophilic and cosinophilic leucocytes, and plasma cells were also prominent. Erythrocytcs were cxtravasatcd within the lamina propria while the portions of mucosa engulfed into the buccal cavities of the worms were nccrotic and included aggregates of collagen fibres. Within the lumina of the worms were erythrocytcs in varying stages of lysis together with other nccrotic debris.The mucous membrane adjacent to the heads of the worms was ulcerated while more distant cntcrocytcs were small, distorted and displayed various degrees of microvillar loss. Many mucosal blood vessels had platelet aggregates within their iumina but no fibrin deposition was observed. Vessels were often seen in the bases of the ulcers and were prone to rupture. Erythrocytcs and leucocytes were seen in the dog intestinal lumen in close proximity to the bodies of the worms.
Acuariid, capillariid and hymenolepidid parasites of the dasyurid marsupial Antechinus stuartii Macleay, 1841, from southeastern Australia
Authors: Beveridge Ian , Barker Ian K.
Published: June 2009

Stammerinema suffodiax sp. n. is described from the dasyurid marsupial Antechinus stuartii. It differs from S. soricis, the only other member of the genus, in lacking lateral body spines, as vyell as in the spicules and characters of the anterior extremity. As well as red escribing Synfiimantus australiensis (Johnston and Mawson, 1952) now collected from the stomach of A. stuartii, a new capillariid, Capillaria rickardi from the stomach and two cestodes Hymenolepis aklei sp.n. and H. bradleyi sp.n. are described from the same host.
Vertical Migration of Potato Root Eelworm
Authors: Peters B. G.
Published: June 2009

A simple apparatus is described in which can be measured the vertical migration of Heterodera rostochiensis larvae in soil and in the presence of the host plant. The migrations upwards and downwards are comparable in extent, but can be inhibited by water-logged soil and greatly reduced if the cysts are exposed to insolation under glass when near the soil surface. In the layer furthermost from the inoculum (8 to 10 inches away), either no cysts are formed or their number constitutes a very small proportion of the total: a fraction of one per cent.
Improved Routine Maintenance of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis Culture
Authors: Whur Paul
Published: June 2009

A new method is described for the in vitro culture of the preparasitic stages of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. It utilises the plating of faecal suspensions on to paper chromatography strips supported on non-porous Perspex slabs and has been designed primarily to facilitate savings in the time required for routine culture maintenance without lowering the quantity or quality of the larval yield. Comparison with the filter paper/Petri dish method shows an increase in larval yield of 85% and a reduction in time required for culture of 72%. Total inhibition of fungal growth on incubated faeces suspensions was obtained by the addition of “Mycostatin” (Squibb) in a concentration of 62 units per ml. or more.
Attempted infection of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) with the British horse strain of Echinococcus granulosus
Authors: Thompson R. C. A. , Smyth J. D.
Published: June 2009

Attention has been drawn to the fact that the occurrence of the cystic stage of Echinococcus granulosus in 60% of slaughtered horses represents a potential public health hazard (Thompson and Smyth, 1974). Williams and Sweatman (1963) regard this organism as a separate sub-species, E. granulosus equinus distinct from E. granulosus granulosus, but we prefer at this stage to refer to it as the horse “strain” which exhibits some small morphological differences from organisms of sheep origin.
Aspiculuris tetraptera in wild Mus musculus. Age resistance and acquired immunity.
Authors: Jerzy M. Behnke
Published: June 2009

Wild house mice, naturally infected with Aspiculuris tetraptera were segregated according to their weight into six age groups. The prevalence of infection and the mean worm burden of these mice were studied in the different age groups. The overall prevalence of infection was high (57% or more) in all the groups except the youngest. Mice acquired larvae soon after weaning; the highest larval burdens were reached in juvenile mice and the highest mature worm burdens, a group later, in mature mice. Older mice had fewer larvae and fewer mature worms. The mature worm burdens decreased but relatively slower than the larval burdens. It is suggested that either innate or acquired resistance could account for these observations.
The site selected by the larvae of Heligmosomoides polygyrus
Authors: Sukhdeo M. V. K. , O'Grady R. T. , Hsu S. C.
Published: June 2009

Histological examination of the small intestine of mice infected with Heligmosomoides polygyrus indicates that the final site of the larvae is in the circular muscle layer of the muscularis externa of the anterior small intestine. The larvae become embedded in the muscle between the first and third days after infection and are subsequently sequestered by a localized leucocytic response. There is no evidence of a true cyst. Histological evidence suggests that the larvae actively feed on the tissues of the host during their development.
Observations on the bionomics of the free-living stages of Trichostrongylus vitrinus
Authors: Rose J. H. , Small A. J.
Published: June 2009

Eggs of Trichostrongylus vitrinus in faecal pellets deposited on grass plots each month from April 1981 to March 1982 developed into infective larvae. From October to March development was slow and mortality of the pre-infective stages was very high. From April to September development was more rapid. The weather was generally dry and mortality of the pre-infective stages was high on plots with short herbage but was lower on most of the plots with long herbage, especially in July and August. In the laboratory, development of eggs into infective larvae was completed at temperatures ranging from 4°C to 27°C in faecal pellets which were either kept moist or dried out slowly, but not in faecal pellets which dried out rapidly. The rate of development increased as the temperature rose. Infective larvae survived for up to 16 months on the herbage of grass plots; some survived during very cold weather in the winter of 1981/82. In the laboratory, infective larvae suspended in tap water survived even longer at 4°C and 10°C but not at higher temperatures. They were rapidly killed by continuous freezing. They Survived for up to 8 weeks when subjected to desiccation, The relationship between climatic conditions and the development and survival of the free-living stages is discussed
Scanning electron microscope studies of the small intestine of rats maintained on a low protein diet and infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis
Authors: Martin Jean
Published: June 2009

In undernourished rats infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis partial villus atrophy was observed in large areas of the anterior and posterior regions of the intestine. In addition, the following changes in structure were observed; some areas of the intestine contained misshapen villi which lacked microvilli on the lateral surfaces; cell-like bodies devoid of microvilli appeared to be budded off from the sides and tips of some malformed villi and there appeared to be extensive leakage of blood constituents into the lumen of the intestine. Morphological changes were present up to day 24 of the infection when the experiment was terminated. The possible consequences of the extensive breakdown of villus structure are discussed.
A new method for the partial purification of leishmania amastigotes from cutaneous lesions
Authors: Infante R. B. , Hernandez A. G. , Riggione F. , Dawidowicz K.
Published: June 2009

Amastigotes from Leishmania braziliensis and L. mexicana were isolated from cutaneous lesions in infected animals using the plant lectin Concanavalin A as a specific agglutination agent. Amastigotes were collected in preparations of up to 95% purity as determined by cell count. The parasites obtained by this method showed no apparent loss of viability as measured by growth rates and DNA replication, or pathogenicity as measured by routine passages in hamsters or mice.
Presence of Trypanosoma cruzi antigen on the surface of both infected and uninfected cells in tissue culture
Authors: Abrahamsohn I. A. , Kloetzel J. K.
Published: June 2009

LLC-MK2 cell monolayers infected with Trypanosoma cruzi were shown by immunofluorescence to present parasite antigens on the surface of both parasitized and non-parasitized cells after completion of the first intracellular cycle and rupture of infected cells. The cell-culture supernatant fluid at this stage, as well as the supernatant fluid of parasites left overnight in culture medium were concentrated and contained antigen capable of binding to uninfected cell monolayers. The origin of this antigen, as well as its eventual role in the pathogenesis of Chagas' disease, are discussed.
Enzyme variation in Trypanosoma brucei spp. I. Evidence for the sub-speciation of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
Authors: Tait A. , Babiker Eldirdiri A. , Le Ray D.
Published: June 2009

Three groups of stocks of Trypanosoma brucei ssp, defined by the criteria of host, human serum resistance and place of isolation as T. b. gambiense, T. b. brucei (Nigeria) and T. b. brucei/rhodesiense (non-gambiense, Uganda) were screened for electrophoretic variation at 20 enzyme loci. One enzyme (Peptidase C) was found to differentiate all T. b. gambiense stocks from the other T. brucei stocks and, taken together with specific variants of 5 other enzymes, could be used to unambiguously define T. b. gambiense stocks. Using a population genetics approach, the frequencies of the different variants in the three groups of stocks were estimated and from them the average similarity and difference between groups were measured using the statistics of genetic identity (I) and genetic distance (D). These results show firstly, that T. b. gambiense is more different from the other two groups than they are from each other and, secondly, that the values of I and D obtained are consistent with T. b. gambiense constituting a sub- or sibling species of T. brucei. Three domestic animal isolates from Zaire and Cameroun were also screened for enzyme variation and two of these identified as T. b. gambiense, thereby establishing the existence of an animal reservoir host. In parallel, these stocks were tested for human serum resistance resulting in the same identification. Studies of the antigen repertoires and antigen gene structure were carried out by other workers on all the T. b. gambiense stocks reported here and the same conclusions reached as to the identification and ability to discriminate this subspecies from other groups of T. brucei stocks. The results presented here are discussed in relation to other published data on enzyme variation in T. brucei.
Description of a Herpetomonas parasitic in the alimentary tract of the common green-bottle fly, Lucilia sp
Authors: Strickland C.
Published: June 2009

1. The parasite described inhabits the alimentary tract of two species of Lucilia. In addition it has a resting stage—the ‘cyst’—which is passed in the voided excrement of the insect.

2. When the cyst is ingested by a fly it grows in length and becomes flagellated in the ‘crop’; in the midgut it greatly elongates and multiplies rapidly by division; in the hindgut it first shortens, then becomes spherical, and finally oval and cyst-like, meanwhile losing its flagellum.

3. The cysts measure 3 μ, the fully flagellate forms 20 μ, in length.

4. The cysts possess a cytostome and cytopharynx, the functions of which are probably nutritive.

5. The flagellum consists of two parts (i) a cytoplasmic part, which probably subserves the power of movement and which I therefore propose to call the kinetoplasm, and (ii) a thread of chromatin secreted by the rhizoplast.

6. The function of the chromatin in the flagellum is probably to sustain a filamentous form.

7. The nucleus divides by a definite process something akin to mitosis.

8. The chromidia serve as reserve material for the supply of chromatin in the cell. They are secreted probably by cell-plastids.

9. I propose the name of this parasite be Herpetomonas luciliae, and that the genus Herpetomonas should be defined so as to include the forms described as Leptomonas.
The Anatomy ofArgas persicus(Oken 1818.) Part I
Authors: Robinson L. E. , Davidson J.
Published: June 2009

The importance of theArgasidae, in relation to the transmission of disease, has suggested the need of a moderately detailed description of the anatomy of an example of the family. With the object of supplying this want, the authors have made a study of a widely distributed species—Argas persicus—and they venture to hope that the work embodied in the following pages will furnish something towards the much-needed information, the present lack of which adds to the many difficulties which are encountered in investigations concerning the life-stages of pathogenicHaematozoa.
Bibliography of Pediculus and Phthirus including Zoological and Medical Publications dealing with Human Lice, their Anatomy, Biology, Relation to Disease, etc., and Prophylactic Measures directed against them
Authors: Nuttall George H. F.
Published: June 2009

This bibliography—the first of the kind hitherto published—deals with zoological and medical publications relating to the two species of lice (Pediculits humanusLinn. 1758 andPhthirus pubisLeach, 1815) infesting man, the part they play in pathology, the prophylactic measures and means of destruction employed against lice, their anatomy and biology and other matters pertaining to them.
The Life History of Distoma luteum n. sp., with Notes on some Cercariae and Rediae found in S. Africa
Authors: Gilchrist J. D. F.
Published: June 2009

Some years ago, in endeavouring to obtain various stages in the life history of the liver-fluke in South Africa for teaching purposes, I found that, although the parasite is fairly common on some farms in this country, the intermediate host had not yet been definitely ascertained. In Europe, as is well known, the intermediate host is the fresh-water snail Limnaea truncatula, but this species has not been recorded with certainty from South Africa. The commonest fresh-water snail here is Physa (Isidora) tropica and a preliminary examination of a few specimens of this mollusc from Muizenberg Lake revealed abundant stages of fluke very closely resembling those of the liver-fluke. Additional specimens procured from the neighbourhood also afforded abundant material of the same stages. The only difficulty in accepting this as a solution of the problem was that, though placed in the most favourable conditions, the free swimming form (cercaria) was never observed to encyst.
Clavella sciatherica, n.sp, a Parasitic Copepod of Gadus morrhua
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. Harold
Published: June 2009

The animal under consideration belonging to the family Lernaeopodidae was taken on a codling (Gadus morrhua), 13 ins. in length, caught at Plymouth several years ago, and preserved in formalin since that date. Although about twenty-six valid species of Clavella have been either recorded or described in detail, the subject of the present paper differs from them all in combining several of the more prominent characters of other species, notably the extreme length of the backwardly-arched cephalothorax taken together with the reduction of the “arms” (second maxillae) and their expansion into a disc so that the “bulla” or button appears to be almost directly affixed to the body. For this species I accordingly propose the name Clavella sciatheric.
Acanthocephala from Japan
Authors: Van Cleave H. J.
Published: June 2009

There are no published records of the occurrence of Acanthocephala in the vertebrates of Japan. Professor Seitaro Goto has very kindly sent me a small collection of these worms for identification. While the collection is not extensive, it seems worth while to publish the results of the investigation, especially since there are several new species and a considerable amount of new biological data. In the ten vials of materials contained in this consignment, but seven host species are represented. Four of these are amphibians, two are fishes, and one is a whale. The parasites which these harboured include four new species of the genus Acanthocephalus, a previously undescribed member of the genus Arhythmorhynchus, a species of the genus Echinorhynchus and one unidentified species each in the genera Bolbosoma and Centrorhynchus.
A Reference List of the Trematode Parasites of British Amphibia
Authors: Nicoll William
Published: June 2009

In spite of the fact that frogs form a common subject of biological examination and experiment it is curious that, in this country, there have been few reports on the helminth parasites with which they are so frequently infected. We owe practically all our knowledge of the Trematode parasites of amphibians to continental zoologists. The early researches of von Frölich (1789–1802) and Rudolphi (1809) followed, a hundred years later, by those of von Linstow (1877–1890) and Looss (1894–1901), are responsible for the greater part of the existing information. Amongst others who have devoted some attention to the subject may be mentioned the names of Dujardin (1845), Diesing (1836–1858), Gastaldi (1854) and Olsson (1876).
Some British Freshwater Larval Trematodes with Contributions to their Life Histories
Authors: Brown F. J.
Published: June 2009

Although, in the early part of the nineteenth century, a considerable amount of work on larval trematodes was done on the continent by von Siebold (1835), de Fillippi (1855) and La Valette (1855), so far as I know, no similar work was undertaken in this country. It was not until 1880, when a great controversy raged round the intermediate host of the liver fluke, that any interest was aroused. This culminated in 1883 with the publication, by Thomas, of the life history. Thomas also discovered that Limnaea peregra was infected with cercariae different from those of the liver fluke. Since that time the interest has lapsed, and, excluding a description of two cercariae by Hesse (1923), I do not know of any published records of work on freshwater larval trematodes of this country. On the other hand, work on the continent and in America has increased, and although our knowledge of the life histories of trematodes is still in its infancy, a considerable number of continental larval forms have been found and described. However, Lebour (1905) commenced a study of marine larval trematodes and together with Nicoll (1906) attempted to establish life histories.
Further Observations on the Life-history of Limnaea truncatula
Authors: Walton C. L. , Jones W. Norman
Published: June 2009

1. Egg masses of Limnaea truncatula collected in March 1925 were isolated and hatched in the Laboratory. The average number of ova per mass (for 20) proved to be 9·75.

2. The hatching period lasted 12 to 26 days, with an average of 20–21 days (for the Spring generation).

3. On hatching, young snails were isolated, reared, and again oviposited during the first week of July. Ova from these snails again hatched during the first week of August.

4. It is thus shown that L. truncatula is self fertile; that oviposition can commence at a shell altitude of 4 to 4·5 mm.

5. Further data on growth-rates were obtained, showing that two (and probably three) generations occur between March and October.
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration and the Distribution of Limnaea truncatula and L. peregra, with a Note bearing on Mosquitoes
Authors: Walton C. L. , Wright W. Rees
Published: June 2009

During the past few months we have collected a considerable amount of information relating to the value of pH. as affecting the distribution of the three species of Limnaea commonly found in North Wales. Tables I and II show that L. truncatula occurs over a range of pH. 6·0 to 8·6, and L. peregra 5·8 to 8·8; L. palustris was recorded from 7·4 to 8·0 (but only three of the readings included this species).
The Problem of the Origin of Nematodes
Authors: Keilin D.
Published: June 2009

The systematic position of Nematodes is an old standing problem which has already received much attention from zoologists. The conclusions at which they have arrived are however very discordant and the most widely separated orders of Metazoa have been claimed as near relatives of Nematodes. This great divergence of opinion has not abated the general interest in the problem, but, on the contrary, has had a greatly stimulating effect as was shown recently at the British Association for the Advancement of Science (1923) in a discussion on the affinities of Nematodes, opened by Prof. Hickson and supported by Prof. Goodrich and Dr Baylis. The results of this discussion were soon afterwards incorporated by Dr Baylis in a very interesting paper containing a complete review of the problem as well as a statement of the author's own views.
The Trematodes of Corvus insolens (a Burmese House-Crow), with a Description of Four New Species
Authors: Bhalerao G. D.
Published: June 2009

The trematodes described in this paper were collected by Miss Reynolds and myself from Corvus insolens, a Burmese house-crow, specimens of which contained many parasites of different species, all being minute except in two cases. They were obtained by washing the intestines after opening them in luke-warm water in a large glass basin, whence they were removed by means of a pipette, being readily identified owing to their slight movements. Those occurring in the liver were obtained by teasing that organ in luke-warm water. Table I records the results of the examination of five crows for parasites. I am indebted to Miss Reynolds for the help she gave me in placing the material she collected at my disposal.
On Cittotaenia denticulata (Rudolphi 1804), with Notes as to the Occurrence of other Helminthic Parasites of Rabbits found in the Aberystwyth Area
Authors: John D. Dilwyn
Published: June 2009

The examination of the rabbits of the Aberystwyth area has shown heavy infection with adult cestodes. Of 516 small intestines of rabbits examined 358, or 66 per cent., have harboured adult cestodes. Two species occur—Cittotaenia pectinata (Goeze 1782) and Cittotaenia denticulata (Rudolphi 1804). Neither appear to have been recorded for the British Isles before. Theobald (1910) refers to reports of the prevalence of tapeworms in rabbits from near Winchester and from Devonshire. The known distribution of C. denticulata is Germany and France, and of C. pectinata, Germany and France and a variety, var. americana, in North America. C. pectinata is found in that part of the small intestine nearest the stomach. C. denticulata occurs in the lower part of the small intestine. On no occasion have the two species been found in one rabbit.
Le Cycle Chromosomique d'Urospora lagidis (de Saint Joseph)
Authors: Naville Par André
Published: June 2009

Nos connaissances sur le cycle chromosomique et la meïose des Grégarines conduisent à deux interprétations tout à fait opposées, et il est difficile, à l'heure actuelle, de décider laquelle est exacte. II est vraisemblable que l'une et l'autre contiennent une part de vérité, et que, à cet égard, les Grégarines ne présentent peut-être pas une homogénéité complète. Si l'on ne tient pas compte de la chronologie de nos connaissances concernant la réduction chromatique des Grégarines, on peut classer comme suit les conclusions des quelques auteurs qui ont entrepris cette étude.