bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling Epithelial Homeostasis and Reactive Epithelial Changes in Human and Murine Three‐Dimensional Esophageal Organoids
Authors: Nakagawa Hiroshi , Kasagi Yuta , Karakasheva Tatiana A. , Hara Takeo , Aaron Bailey , Shimonosono Masataka , Kijima Takashi , Giroux Veronique , Bailey Dominique , Wilkins Benjamin , Abrams Julian A. , Falk Gary W. , Aceves Seema S. , Spergel Jonathan M. , Hamilton Kathryn E. , Whelan Kelly A. , Muir Amanda B.
Published: February 2020

The homeostatic proliferation‐differentiation gradient in the esophageal epithelium is perturbed under inflammatory disease conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease and eosinophilic esophagitis. Herein we describe the protocols for rapid generation (<14 days) and characterization of single‐cell‐derived, three‐dimensional (3D) esophageal organoids from human subjects and mice with normal esophageal mucosa or inflammatory disease conditions. While 3D organoids recapitulate normal epithelial renewal, proliferation, and differentiation, non‐cell autonomous reactive epithelial changes under inflammatory conditions are evaluated in the absence of the inflammatory milieu. Reactive epithelial changes are reconstituted upon exposure to exogenous recombinant cytokines. These changes are modulated pharmacologically or genetically ex vivo. Molecular, structural, and functional changes are characterized by morphology, flow cytometry, biochemistry, and gene expression analyses. Esophageal 3D organoids can be translated for the development of personalized medicine in assessment of individual cytokine sensitivity and molecularly targeted therapeutics in esophagitis patients © 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Basic Protocol 1: Generation of esophageal organoids from biopsy or murine esophageal epithelial sheets

Basic Protocol 2: Propagation and cryopreservation of esophageal organoids

Basic Protocol 3: Harvesting of esophageal organoids for RNA isolation, immunohistochemistry, and evaluation of 3D architecture

Basic Protocol 4: Modeling of reactive epithelium in esophageal organoids.
Rhizoma peanut genotype and planting date affect biomass allocation patterns and establishment performance
Authors: Aryal Parmeshwor , Sollenberger Lynn E. , Kohmann Marta M. , da Silva Liliane S. , Shepard Erin M. , Cooley Katie D. , Rowland Diane L. , Dubeux Jose C. B.
Published: February 2020

Rhizoma peanut (RP, Arachis glabrata Benth.) is an important perennial forage legume, but its adoption can be limited by relatively slow establishment. Genotype and temperature after planting of rhizomes likely affect partitioning of stored and new photoassimilates, but their impact on establishment rate is not known. To assess these relationships, planting date and RP entry effects were measured on biomass partitioning and growth responses. Treatments were all combinations of two planting dates (spring and summer) and four entries (‘Florigraze’, ‘UF Peace’, ‘UF Tito’, and the germplasm Ecoturf) replicated four times, with new plots planted in each of 2 yr. Spring‐planted Florigraze outperformed UF Peace in shoot count, shoot biomass, and root‐rhizome biomass through much of the year of planting. When planted in summer, UF Tito and UF Peace generally had earlier and greater shoot emergence, lesser root‐rhizome/shoot ratio, taller canopy height, and lesser leaf/stem ratio than Ecoturf or Florigraze. Across years, shoot biomass in the year after planting was greater for UF Peace and UF Tito than for Ecoturf and Florigraze when planted in summer (490, 387, 265, and 157 g m−2, respectively) and greater for UF Peace than Ecoturf or Florigraze planted in spring (349, 243, and 201 g m−2, respectively). UF Tito and UF Peace had greater shoot biomass in the year after planting for summer than for spring plantings, but there was no season effect for Ecoturf and Florigraze. Summer planting favored rapid establishment of upright cultivars UF Tito and UF Peace, but Ecoturf and Florigraze were less affected by season.
Th2 cells promote eosinophil‐independent pathology in a murine model of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
Authors: Dietschmann Axel , Schruefer Sebastian , Krappmann Sven , Voehringer David
Published: February 2020

Repeated inhalation of airborne conidia derived from the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus (Af) can lead to a severe eosinophil‐dominated inflammatory condition of the lung termed allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). ABPA affects about 5 million individuals worldwide and the mechanisms regulating lung pathology in ABPA are poorly understood. Here, we used a mouse model of ABPA to investigate the role of eosinophils and T cell‐derived IL‐4/IL‐13 for induction of allergic lung inflammation. Selective deletion of IL‐4/IL‐13 in T cells blunted the Af‐induced lung eosinophilia and further resulted in lower expression of STAT6‐regulated chemokines and effector proteins such as Arginase 1, Relm‐α, Relm‐β, and Muc5a/c. Eosinophil‐deficient ΔdblGata mice showed lower IL‐4 expression in the lung and the number of Th2 cells in the lung parenchyma was reduced. However, expression of the goblet cell markers Clca1 and Muc5a/c, abundance of mucin‐positive cells, as well as weight gain of lungs were comparable between Af‐challenged ΔdblGata and WT mice. Based on these results, we conclude that T cell‐derived IL‐4/IL‐13 is essential for Af‐induced lung eosinophilia and inflammation while eosinophils may play a more subtle immunomodulatory role and should not simply be regarded as pro‐inflammatory effector cells in ABPA.
Electrochemical Conversion of Magnetic Nanoparticles Using Disposable Working Electrode in a 3D‐Printed Electrochemical Cell
Authors: He Yawen , Jia Fei , Guan Junfei , Fu Yingchun , Li Yanbin
Published: February 2020

Exploration of new property/function of nanomaterials is always a strong impetus in the nanoscience field. Here, a new method of electrochemical conversion (ECC) of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) is proposed to endow MNPs with signal generation ability for sensing. Briefly, high potential was applied to split H2O to generate acid, while Fe3O4 MNPs reacted with H+ and produce ferric/ferrous ions, which further reacted with K4Fe(CN)6 to yield Prussian blue (PB) through potential cycling. The ECC method worked well on both home‐made and commercial MNPs with different sizes. The generated PB possessed strong electrochemical activity for further applications. Interestingly, an uneven deposition of PB on working electrode and undesired contamination of the reference and counter electrodes were found when using commercial integrated three‐electrode chip. A 3D‐printed electrochemical cell was designed to facilitate the ECC and avoid drawbacks of commercial integrated electrode. The 3D‐printed electrochemical cell was proven to solve the problem above through spatial separation of electrodes and thus facilitated the ECC process. An electrochemical sensor for H2O2 detection based on the catalysis ability of ECC‐based PB exhibited a linear response from 5 μM to 1 mM, a high sensitivity of 269 μA mM−1 cm−2 and a low detection limit of 0.16 μM (S/N=3), which suggests its promising application prospect in electrochemistry‐related analysis.
Application of deep eutectic solvents for the extraction of phenolic compounds from extra‐virgin olive oil
Authors: Fanali Chiara , Posta Susanna Della , Dugo Laura , Russo Marina , Gentili Alessandra , Mondello Luigi , De Gara Laura
Published: February 2020

A HPLC–DAD/ESI–MS method has been developed and validated for the analysis of the most representative phenolic compounds in extra‐virgin olive oil (EVOO) samples using a green extraction approach based on deep eutectic solvents (DESs) at room temperature. We examined ten DESs based on choline chloride and betaine in combination with different hydrogen bond donors comprising six alcohols, two organic acids, and one urea. Five phenolic compounds, belonging to the classes of secoiridoids and phenolic alcohols, were selected for the evaluation of extraction efficiency. A betaine‐based DES with glycerol (molar ratio 1:2) was found to be the most effective for extracting phenolic compounds as compared to a conventional solvent. The optimization of the extraction method involved the study of the quantity of water to be added to the DES and evaluation of the sample‐to‐solvent ratio optimal condition. Thirty percent of water added to DES and sample to solvent ratio 1:1 (w/v) were selected as the best conditions. The chromatographic method was validated by studying LOD, LOQ, intraday and interday retention time precision, and linearity range. Recovery values obtained spiking seed oil sample aliquots with standard compounds at 5 and 100 μg/g concentration were in the range between 75.2% and 98.7%.
A Critical Review on Bioethanol and Biochar Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass and Their Combined Application in Generation of High‐Value Byproducts
Authors: Hou Jinju , Zhang Xiaotong , Liu Shujia , Zhang Shudong , Zhang Qiuzhuo
Published: February 2020

Lignocellulosic biomass materials have gained much attention as sustainable and renewable resources for the production of biofuels and adsorbents due to their high availability and low price. This Review focuses on bioethanol and biochar, both of which have the potential to reduce the waste of resources and increase energy security and ecological sustainability. The procedures for bioethanol and biochar production are presented, especially the challenge in detoxifying fermentation inhibitors in the bioethanol production process. In addition, the effectiveness of combining biochar preparation with the bioethanol production process is introduced. A recent report shows that a self‐sufficient system can be established to effectively remove fermentation inhibitors in the bioethanol production process, improve the fermentation environment, and immobilize the fermentative microbes. In addition, various biochar modification methods for application in the removal of fermentation inhibitors in pretreated hydrolysates are proposed. This Review provides the latest research results and will be an important supplement in the field of combination bioethanol and biochar production, especially for the development of detoxification methods to remove fermentation inhibitors in the bioethanol production process.
Aspartate: An interesting model for analyzing dipole‐ion and ion pair interactions through its oppositely charged amine and acid groups
Authors: Hernández Belén , Pflüger Fernando , Ghomi Mahmoud
Published: February 2020

Anionic species of aspartic acid, Asp−, having a zwitterionic backbone and a deprotonated side chain, appears to be a good example for analyzing dipole‐ion and ion pair interactions. Density functional theory calculations were herein performed to investigate the low energy conformers of Asp− embedded in a dielectric continuum modeling an aqueous environment, through a scan of the potential energy as a function of the side chain (χ1, χ2) torsion angles. The most energetically favorable conformers having g+g− and g−g+ side chain orientations are found to be stabilized by charge‐enhanced intramolecular H‐bonding involving the positively charged () and the two negatively charged (COO−) groups. These conformers were further used to analyze Asp− + nW clusters (W: water, n = 1 or 3), and Asp−/Asp− pair formation. COO− groups were found to be the most attractive sites for hosting a water molecule (binding energy: −6.0 ± 1.5 kcal/mol), compared to groups (binding energy: −4.7 ± 1.1 kcal/mol). Energy separation between g+g− and g−g+ conformers increases upon explicit hydration. Asp−/Asp− ion pairs, stabilized by the interaction between the group of a partner and the COO− group of the other, shows a quite constant binding energy (−8.1 ± 0.2 kcal/mol), whatever the pair type, and the relative orientation of the two interacting partners. This study suggests a first step to achieve a more realistic image of intermolecular interactions in aqueous environment, especially upon increasing concentration. It can also be considered as a preliminary attempt to assess the interactions of the Lys+…Asp−/Glu− ion pairs stabilizing intra‐ and interchain interactions in proteins.
Multicomponent reactions and supramolecular catalyst: A perfect synergy for eco‐compatible synthesis of pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidines in water
Authors: Chate Asha V. , Kulkarni Ankita S. , Jadhav Chetan K. , Nipte Amol S. , Bondle Girabala M.
Published: February 2020

In this article, we have developed a straightforward, easy and exceedingly competent approach for the synthesis of 5‐phenyl‐5,6‐dihydropyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidine‐2,4,7(1H,3H,8H)‐triones obtain in superior yields in a sole reaction pace with an air and humidity steady catalyst in water as a green solvent at 100°C. The present procedure paves the approach for the synthesis of biologically fascinating molecular frameworks and has reward in conditions of little catalyst loading with palpable ambiguous and straightforward‐to‐do reaction circumstances with easy purification process. The used β‐cyclodextrin catalyst was recuperated and repeated several times devoid of noteworthy loss of catalytic activity, which is a crucial parameter of green synthesis.
Implementation of an active case management network to identify HIV‐positive infants and accelerate the initiation of antiretroviral therapy, Thailand 2015 to 2018
Authors: Lolekha Rangsima , Pavaputanon Patcharaporn , Puthanakit Thanyawee , Martin Michael , Kosalaraksa Pope , Petdachai Witaya , Borkird Thitiporn , Hansudewechakul Rawiwan , Rojanawiwat Archawin , Boonsuk Sarawut , Samleerat Tanawan , Ongwandee Sumet ,   on behalf of the ACC working group
Published: February 2020

Introduction

Early initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) can reduce HIV‐related morbidity and mortality in HIV‐positive infants. We implemented an Active Case Management Network to promote early ART initiation Aiming for Cure (ACC) in August 2014. We describe ACC implementation, early infant diagnosis (EID) coverage and ART initiation during August 2014 to July 2018 compared with a national EID survey during October 2007 to September 2011 (pre‐ACC).

Methods

Thailand's 2014 HIV Treatment Guidelines recommend that HIV‐exposed infants have HIV polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing at birth, one month and at two to four months. Testing is done at 14 national HIV PCR laboratories. When an HIV‐positive infant (HIV PCR+) is identified, PCR laboratory staff send the result to the hospital staff responsible for the infant's care and to the national laboratory case manager (CM). As part of ACC, the national laboratory CM alerts a regional CM who contacts the hospital staff caring for the infant to offer technical support with ART initiation and ART adherence. CMs enter clinical, demographic and laboratory data into the national ACC database. We analysed the ACC data from August 2014 to July 2018 to assess the ACC's impact on EID coverage, ART initiation and time‐to‐ART initiation.

Results

The uptake of EID increased from 64% (pre‐ACC) to >95% in 2018 (ACC). The number of HIV‐positive infants born declined from 429 cases (pre‐ACC) to 267 cases (ACC). Median age at the first‐positive PCR declined from 75 days (pre‐ACC) to 60 days (ACC); P < 0.001. Among 429 infants diagnosed before ACC was started, 241 (56%) received ART; during ACC, 235 (88%) of 267 HIV‐positive infants received ART. The median age at ART initiation declined from 282 days before ACC to 83 days during ACC (P < 0.001) and the median time from blood collection to ART initiation declined from 168 days before ACC to 23 days during ACC (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

An innovative case management network (ACC) has been established in Thailand and results suggest that the network is promoting EID and early ART initiation. The ACC model, using case‐managed PCR notification and follow‐up, may speed ART initiation in other settings.
TAK1 signaling activity links the mast cell cytokine response and degranulation in allergic inflammation
Authors: Watson Colton J.F. , Maguire Aindriu R.R. , Rouillard Melissa M. , Crozier Robert W.E. , Yousef Michael , Bruton Kelly M. , Fajardo Val A. , MacNeil Adam J.
Published: February 2020

Mast cells drive the inappropriate immune response characteristic of allergic inflammatory disorders via release of pro-inflammatory mediators in response to environmental cues detected by the IgE-FcεRI complex. The role of TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), a participant in related signaling in other contexts, remains unknown in allergy. We detect novel activation of TAK1 at Ser412 in response to IgE-mediated activation under SCF-c-kit potentiation in a mast cell-driven response characteristic of allergic inflammation, which is potently blocked by TAK1 inhibitor 5Z-7-oxozeaenol (OZ). We, therefore, interrogated the role of TAK1 in a series of mast cell-mediated responses using IgE-sensitized murine bone marrow-derived mast cells, stimulated with allergen under several TAK1 inhibition strategies. TAK1 inhibition by OZ resulted in significant impairment in the phosphorylation of MAPKs p38, ERK, and JNK; and mediation of the NF-κB pathway via IκBα. Impaired gene expression and near abrogation in release of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF, IL-6, IL-13, and chemokines CCL1, and CCL2 was detected. Finally, a significant inhibition of mast cell degranulation, accompanied by an impairment in calcium mobilization, was observed in TAK1-inhibited cells. These results suggest that TAK1 acts as a signaling node, not only linking the MAPK and NF-κB pathways in driving the late-phase response, but also initiation of the degranulation mechanism of the mast cell early-phase response following allergen recognition and may warrant consideration in future therapeutic development.
Tight junctions in the development of asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis, atopic dermatitis, eosinophilic esophagitis, and inflammatory bowel diseases
Authors: Sugita Kazunari , Kabashima Kenji
Published: February 2020

This review focuses on recent developments related to asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis, atopic dermatitis (AD), eosinophilic esophagitis, and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), with a particular focus on tight junctions (TJs) and their role in the pathogenetic mechanisms of these diseases. Lung, skin, and intestinal surfaces are lined by epithelial cells that interact with environmental factors and immune cells. Therefore, together with the cellular immune system, the epithelium performs a pivotal role as the first line physical barrier against external antigens. Paracellular space is almost exclusively sealed by TJs and is maintained by complex protein-protein interactions. Thus, TJ dysfunction increases paracellular permeability, resulting in enhanced flux across TJs. Epithelial TJ dysfunction also causes immune cell activation and contributes to the pathogenesis of chronic lung, skin, and intestinal inflammation. Characterization of TJ protein alteration is one of the key factors for enhancing our understanding of allergic diseases as well as IBDs. Furthermore, TJ-based epithelial disturbance can promote immune cell behaviors, such as those in dendritic cells, Th2 cells, Th17 cells, and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), thereby offering new insights into TJ-based targets. The purpose of this review is to illustrate how TJ dysfunction can lead to the disruption of the immune homeostasis in barrier tissues and subsequent inflammation. This review also highlights the various TJ barrier dysfunctions across different organ sites, which would help to develop future drugs to target allergic diseases and IBD.
Simulation of monsoon intra‐seasonal oscillations in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory models from Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project integrations of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5
Authors: Mandke Sujata K. , Pillai Prasanth A. , Sahai Atul Kumar
Published: February 2020

The simulation of the intra‐seasonal variability (ISV), especially the fidelity of monsoon intra‐seasonal oscillations (MISO) over the South Asian summer monsoon (SASM), has been evaluated in Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project run of three Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) atmospheric general circulation models (AGCM), participating in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5. Two of the models, namely, “GFDL‐HIRAM‐C180” and “GFDL‐HIRAM‐C360” are global high‐resolution atmospheric models (HIRAMs), which are same but at different horizontal resolutions. Third model “GFDL‐CM3” is at moderate horizontal resolution, whose atmospheric component differs from HIRAMs. Results have led to the conclusion that simulation of ISV over SASM remains poor in GFDL AGCMs at higher horizontal resolution, except northwards propagation of 30–60‐day mode of MISO by HIRAMs. Our diagnostics revealed resemblance in key characteristics of ISV simulated in two HIRAMs, except spectral peak at lower frequencies (30–60 day), which is captured only by “GFDL‐HIRAM‐C180” over equatorial Indian Ocean. Based on these results, it is conjectured that although high horizontal resolution is crucial for AGCMs to reproduce observed northwards propagation of 30–60‐day mode of MISO, the simulation of nature of ISV over SASM is not influenced by the difference of horizontal resolution in two HIRAMs. Analysis implicates that a reasonable representation of meridional migration of horizontal moisture advection, the meridional gradient of low‐level specific humidity over Indian longitudes and precipitation–SST relationship over north Indian Ocean, the northwestern tropical Pacific Ocean and tropical Indian Ocean assures the northwards propagation of 30–60‐day mode of MISO in HIRAMs.
Evaluation of CT‐MR image registration methodologies for 3D preoperative planning of forearm surgeries
Authors: Gerber Nicolas , Carrillo Fabio , Abegg Daniel , Sutter Reto , Zheng Guoyan , Fürnstahl Philipp
Published: February 2020

Computerized surgical planning for forearm procedures that considers both soft and bony tissue, requires alignment of preoperatively acquired computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) images by image registration. Normalized mutual information (NMI) registration techniques have been researched to improve efficiency and to eliminate the user dependency associated with manual alignment. While successfully applied in various medical fields, the application of NMI registration to images of the forearm, for which the relative pose of the radius and ulna likely differs between CT and MR acquisitions, is yet to be described. To enable the alignment of CT and MR forearm data, we propose an NMI‐based registration pipeline, which allows manual steering of the registration algorithm to the desired image subregion and is, thus, applicable to the forearm. Successive automated registration is proposed to enable planning incorporating multiple target anatomical structures such as the radius and ulna. With respect to gold‐standard manual registration, the proposed registration methodology achieved mean accuracies of 0.08 ± 0.09 mm (0.01‐0.41 mm range) in comparison with 0.28 ± 0.23 mm (0.03‐0.99 mm range) associated with a landmark‐based registration when tested on 40 patient data sets. Application of the proposed registration pipeline required less than 10 minutes on average compared with 20 minutes required by the landmark‐based registration. The clinical feasibility and relevance of the method were tested on two different clinical applications, a forearm tumor resection and radioulnar joint instability analysis, obtaining accurate and robust CT‐MR image alignment for both cases.
Contemporary conditional cancer‐specific survival after radical nephroureterectomy in patients with nonmetastatic urothelial carcinoma of upper urinary tract
Authors: Rosiello Giuseppe , Palumbo Carlotta , Knipper Sophie , Pecoraro Angela , Luzzago Stefano , Deuker Marina , Mistretta Francesco A. , Tian Zhe , Fossati Nicola , Gallina Andrea , Montorsi Francesco , Shariat Shahrokh F. , Saad Fred , Briganti Alberto , Karakiewicz Pierre I.
Published: February 2020

Background and Objectives

To examine the effect of conditional survival on 5‐year cancer‐specific survival (CSS) probability after radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) in a contemporary cohort of patients with non‐metastatic urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract (UTUC).

Methods

Within the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database (2004‐2015), 6826 patients were identified. Conditional 5‐year CSS estimates were assessed after event‐free follow‐up duration. Multivariable Cox regression (MCR) models predicted cancer‐specific mortality (CSM) according to event‐free follow‐up length.

Results

Overall, 956 (14.0%) were T1low grade(LG)N0, 1305 (19.1%) T1high grade(HG)N0, 1215 (17.8%) T2N0, 2249 (32.9%) T3N0 and 1101 (16.1%) T4N0/TanyN1‐3. From baseline, 93.4% to 94.2% in T1LGN0 provided 5‐year CSS and, respectively, 86.2% to 95.3% in T1HGN0, 77.5% to 87.8% in T2N0, 63.0% to 91.1% in T3N0, and 38.8% to 88.2% in T4N0/TanyN1‐3. In MCR models, relative to T1LGN0, T1HGN0 (Hazard ratio [HR] 1.7), T2N0 (HR 3.0), T3N0 (HR: 5.2), and T4N0/TanyN1‐3 (HR 11.9) were independent predictors of higher CSM. Conditional HRs decreased to levels equivalent to T1LGN0 at 3 years vs 5 years of event‐free survival for T1HGN0 and all other groups, respectively.

Conclusions

A direct relationship exists between event‐free follow‐up and survival probability after RNU. From a clinical perspective, such survival estimates may have particular importance during preoperative counseling.
Using Machine Learning Methods and Structural Alerts for Prediction of Mitochondrial Toxicity
Authors: Hemmerich Jennifer , Troger Florentina , Füzi Barbara , F.Ecker Gerhard
Published: February 2020

Over the last few years more and more organ and idiosyncratic toxicities were linked to mitochondrial toxicity. Despite well‐established assays, such as the seahorse and Glucose/Galactose assay, an in silico approach to mitochondrial toxicity is still feasible, particularly when it comes to the assessment of large compound libraries. Therefore, in silico approaches could be very beneficial to indicate hazards early in the drug development pipeline. By combining multiple endpoints, we derived the largest so far published dataset on mitochondrial toxicity. A thorough data analysis shows that molecules causing mitochondrial toxicity can be distinguished by physicochemical properties. Finally, the combination of machine learning and structural alerts highlights the suitability for in silico risk assessment of mitochondrial toxicity.
Multisection tandem couplers with coupled‐line sections having unequal lengths
Authors: Staszek Kamil , Sorocki Jakub , Gruszczynski Slawomir , Wincza Krzysztof
Published: February 2020

A novel concept of multisection tandem couplers composed of 2 quarter wavelength coupled‐line sections in between which a 270°‐long section is inserted has been proposed. The presented couplers feature relaxed coupling coefficients' requirements and a shorter overall electrical length with respect to the classic multisection tandem couplers, preserving simultaneously similar frequency characteristics to the ones obtainable in classic solutions. The proposed concept has been verified by the design and measurements of the developed tandem coupler operating at the center frequency 2 GHz with amplitude characteristics of a three‐section directional coupler.
Recombinant human insulin‐like growth factor‐1 therapy for 6 months improves growth but not motor function in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Rutter Meilan M. , Wong Brenda L. , Collins James J. , Sawnani Hemant , Taylor Michael D. , Horn Paul S. , Backeljauw Philippe F.
Published: February 2020

Introduction

Recombinant human insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (rhIGF‐1) is a growth factor and has anabolic effects on muscle. We investigated whether rhIGF‐1 therapy: 1) improves or preserves muscle function; and 2) improves growth in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).

Methods

In this study we compared prepubescent, ambulatory, glucocorticoid‐treated boys with DMD (n = 17) vs controls (glucocorticoid therapy only, n = 21) in a 6‐month‐long, prospective, randomized, controlled trial of subcutaneous rhIGF‐1 therapy. The primary outcome was 6‐minute walk distance (6MWD). Secondary outcomes included height velocity (HV), change in height standard deviation score (ΔHtSDS), motor function, cardiopulmonary function, body composition, insulin sensitivity, quality of life, and safety.

Results

Change in 6MWD was similar between groups (rhIGF‐1 vs controls [mean ± SD]: 3.4 ± 32.4 vs −5.1 ± 50.2 meters, P = .53). Treated subjects grew more than controls (HV: 6.5 ± 1.7 vs 3.3 ± 1.3 cm/year, P < .0001; 6‐month ΔHtSDS: 0.25, P < .0001). Lean mass and insulin sensitivity increased in treated subjects.

Discussion

In boys with DMD, 6 months of rhIGF‐1 therapy did not change motor function, but it improved linear growth.
A matrix‐free approach for finite‐strain hyperelastic problems using geometric multigrid
Authors: Davydov Denis , Pelteret Jean‐Paul , Arndt Daniel , Kronbichler Martin , Steinmann Paul
Published: February 2020

This work investigates matrix‐free algorithms for problems in quasi‐static finite‐strain hyperelasticity. Iterative solvers with matrix‐free operator evaluation have emerged as an attractive alternative to sparse matrices in the fluid dynamics and wave propagation communities because they significantly reduce the memory traffic, the limiting factor in classical finite element solvers. Specifically, we study different matrix‐free realizations of the finite element tangent operator and determine whether generalized methods of incorporating complex constitutive behavior might be feasible. In order to improve the convergence behavior of iterative solvers, we also propose a method by which to construct level tangent operators and employ them to define a geometric multigrid preconditioner. The performance of the matrix‐free operator and the geometric multigrid preconditioner is compared to the matrix‐based implementation with an algebraic multigrid (AMG) preconditioner on a single node for a representative numerical example of a heterogeneous hyperelastic material in two and three dimensions. We find that matrix‐free methods for finite‐strain solid mechanics are very promising, outperforming linear matrix‐based schemes by two to five times, and that it is possible to develop numerically efficient implementations that are independent of the hyperelastic constitutive
law.
Randomized residual‐based error estimators for the proper generalized decomposition approximation of parametrized problems
Authors: Smetana Kathrin , Zahm Olivier
Published: February 2020

This article introduces a novel error estimator for the proper generalized decomposition (PGD) approximation of parametrized equations. The estimator is intrinsically random: it builds on concentration inequalities of Gaussian maps and an adjoint problem with random right‐hand side, which we approximate using the PGD. The effectivity of this randomized error estimator can be arbitrarily close to unity with high probability, allowing the estimation of the error with respect to any user‐defined norm as well as the error in some quantity of interest. The performance of the error estimator is demonstrated and compared with some existing error estimators for the PGD for a parametrized time‐harmonic elastodynamics problem and the parametrized equations of linear elasticity with a high‐dimensional parameter space.
Informal task‐sharing practices in inpatient newborn settings in a low‐income setting—A task analysis approach
Authors: Omondi Gregory B. , Murphy Georgina A. V. , Jackson Debra , Brownie Sharon , English Mike , Gathara David
Published: February 2020

Aim

To describe the complexity and criticality of neonatal nursing tasks and existing task‐sharing practices to identify tasks that might be safely shared in inpatient neonatal settings.

Design

We conducted a cross‐sectional study in a large geographically dispersed sample using the STROBE guidelines.

Methods

We used a task analysis approach to describe the complexity/criticality of neonatal nursing tasks and to explore the nature of task sharing using data from structured, self‐administered questionnaires. Data was collected between 26th April and 22nd August 2017.

Results

Thirty‐two facilities were surveyed between 26th April and 22nd August, 2017. Nearly half (42%, 6/14) of the “moderately critical” and “not critical” (41%, 5/11) tasks were ranked as consuming most of the nurses' time and reported as shared with mothers respectively. Most tasks were reported as shared in the public sector than in the private‐not‐for‐profit facilities. This may largely be a response to inadequate nurse staffing, as such, there may be space for considering the future role of health care assistants.
Differential role of MAX2 and strigolactones in pathogen, ozone, and stomatal responses
Authors: Kalliola Maria , Jakobson Liina , Davidsson Pär , Pennanen Ville , Waszczak Cezary , Yarmolinsky Dmitry , Zamora Olena , Palva E. Tapio , Kariola Tarja , Kollist Hannes , Brosché Mikael
Published: February 2020

Strigolactones are a group of phytohormones that control developmental processes including shoot branching and various plant–environment interactions in plants. We previously showed that the strigolactone perception mutant more axillary branches 2 (max2) has increased susceptibility to plant pathogenic bacteria. Here we show that both strigolactone biosynthesis (max3 and max4) and perception mutants (max2 and dwarf14) are significantly more sensitive to Pseudomonas syringae DC3000. Moreover, in response to P. syringae infection, high levels of SA accumulated in max2 and this mutant was ozone sensitive. Further analysis of gene expression revealed no major role for strigolactone in regulation of defense gene expression. In contrast, guard cell function was clearly impaired in max2 and depending on the assay used, also in max3, max4, and d14 mutants. We analyzed stomatal responses to stimuli that cause stomatal closure. While the response to abscisic acid (ABA) was not impaired in any of the mutants, the response to darkness and high CO2 was impaired in max2 and d14‐1 mutants, and to CO2 also in strigolactone synthesis (max3, max4) mutants. To position the role of MAX2 in the guard cell signaling network, max2 was crossed with mutants defective in ABA biosynthesis or signaling. This revealed that MAX2 acts in a signaling pathway that functions in parallel to the guard cell ABA signaling pathway. We propose that the impaired defense responses of max2 are related to higher stomatal conductance that allows increased entry of bacteria or air pollutants like ozone. Furthermore, as MAX2 appears to act in a specific branch of guard cell signaling (related to CO2 signaling), this protein could be one of the components that allow guard cells to distinguish between different environmental conditions.
Registration of CA 4007 cotton germplasm line for water‐limited production
Authors: Dever Jane , Kelly Carol , Ayele Addissu , Zwonitzer John , Payton Paxton , Jones Don
Published: February 2020

Increasing demands for irrigation and declining water availability are becoming critical issues in the Texas High Plains, the primary cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) growing area of the United States. Developing breeding lines suitable for water‐limited production is an important objective of the Texas A&M AgriLife Research cotton breeding program in Lubbock. CA 4007 cotton germplasm (Reg. no. GP‐1062, PI 691459) was derived from a 1993 cross of Verhalen V83‐116 with CA 2159, informal historical releases developed by cotton breeding programs at Oklahoma State University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research in Lubbock, respectively. Performance testing for yield, fiber quality, and other related agronomic properties was conducted in rainfed and irrigated conditions during the 2007, 2008, and 2009 growing seasons. Based on yield performance and other agronomic properties, CA 4007 was included in experiments to evaluate cotton genotypes’ response to moisture stress and its impact on yield, fiber quality, and other agronomic traits. Results indicate that CA 4007 germplasm developed from lines released in two southwestern United States public breeding programs produced good yield and fiber quality under water‐limited production across several growing seasons when compared to commercial production check cultivars in the Texas High Plains.
Experimental observations that simulated active‐layer deepening drives deeper rock fracture
Authors: Maji Vikram , Murton Julian B.
Published: February 2020

The impact of changes in active‐layer thickness on the depth of pervasive macrofracturing (brecciation) in frost‐susceptible bedrock is unclear but important to understanding its physical properties and geohazard potential. Here we report results from a laboratory experiment to test the hypothesis that active‐layer deepening drives an increase in the depth of brecciation. The experiment simulated active‐layer deepening in 300 mm cubic blocks of limestone (chalk) and sandstone. Temperature, surface heave and strain at depth were measured during 16 freeze–thaw cycles. Macrocracks photographed at intervals were digitally analyzed to visualize crack growth and to quantify crack inclination and length. In chalk, an upper horizon of macrocracks developed first at about 100 mm depth in a shallow active layer during cycles 1–8, followed by a lower horizon at about 175–225 mm depth in a deeper active layer during cycles 9–16. The longest cracks (>35 mm) were most common at inclinations of 0–30° from the horizontal, and numerous cracks <5 to 15 mm long developed at inclinations of 40–50°, with some longer vertical to subvertical cracks linking the two brecciated horizons. Overall, the observations support the hypothesis that a thickening active layer drives deeper rock fracture by ice segregation.
A Whole Explosive Dispersion Process Prediction Model for Fuel Clouds
Authors: Chen Xing , Wang Zhongqi , Liu Yun
Published: February 2020

The study of the liquids and granular materials dispersed by high explosions is of great significance in the fuel‐air‐explosion and petrochemical fields. However, there is minimal dynamic dispersal research at high speed. Therefore, the numerical calculation methods of explosive dispersion have become a priority. A model is proposed that can predict the characteristics of the explosive dispersal for fuel both in the near‐field and the far‐field. Then, the basic laws of the fuel cloud formed during explosive dispersal are derived. The model is constructed by six parts of different processes, with the characteristics obtained by tracking the fuel droplets or particles and calculating their velocity, displacement, mass, and particle size. This model is validated using two sets of experimental data consisting of dynamic fuel dispersion and static fuel dispersion that fit the model well.
Zinc, lead, and cadmium tolerance and accumulation in Cistus libanotis, Cistus albidus, and Cistus salviifolius: Perspectives on phytoremediation
Authors: El Mamoun Ibtihaj , Mouna Fahr , Mohammed Abourouh , Najib Bendaou , Zine‐El Abidine Triqui , Abdelkarim Guedira , Didier Bogusz , Laurent Laplaze , Abdelaziz Smouni
Published: February 2020

Heavy metal contamination is of particular concern for human health and the environment. Phytoremediation is an emerging cost‐effective strategy to remediate heavy metal contaminated soil. However, this technique is limited by the small number of plants that are tolerant to heavy metals and are also accumulators. This study assayed zinc, lead, and cadmium tolerance and accumulation in Cistus libanotis, Cistus albidus, and Cistus salviifolius. The plants were cultivated in hydroponic conditions and exposed to different concentrations of Pb(NO3)2 (100 and 200 µM), ZnSO4 (100 and 200 µM), or CdCl2 (10 and 20 µM) for 3 weeks. Plant biomass and metal accumulation in roots and aboveground parts varied greatly among the species. All three species appeared to be sensitive to Zn. However, C. albidus displayed strong tolerance to Pb and accumulated large quantities of Pb and Cd in its roots. C. libanotis accumulated large quantities of Pb and Cd in its aboveground parts. C. libanotis can thus be classified as a Pb and Cd accumulator species. The study results show that C. albidus is suitable for phytostabilization of Pb‐contaminated soils, while C. libanotis can be used for phytoextraction of both Pb and Cd.
Carbon isotope forensics for methane source identification
Authors: Coffin Richard , Mueller James
Published: February 2020

Methane (CH4) in ecosystems originates from ancient petroleum formed deep within the earth and/or via microbial fermentation of organic carbon and subsequent reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2). Given the complexity of different ecosystems, origins of CH4 present can be difficult to determine. This issue was realized in a situation where an antimethanogenic in situ chemical reduction (ISCR) remedial amendment containing organic carbon plus zero‐valent iron was applied to treat chlorinated solvents in groundwater at a former dry cleaner facility. The technology rapidly and effectively reduced the concentration of tetrachloroethene in groundwater thus meeting project goals without the stoichiometric accumulation of catabolites such as trichloroethene (TCE), cis‐1,2‐dichloroethene, or vinyl chloride and without excessive methanogenesis (e.g., <2 mg/L) in the treated area. However, approximately 9 months after treatment, increased levels of CH4 (from 5 to 10 mg/L) were observed downgradient from the treated area. The applied remedial amendment contained approximately 60% (weight basis) fermentation organic carbon and was therefore a potential source of this CH4. However, there was <500 mg/L total organic carbon in groundwater emanating from the upgradient treatment area which was unlikely sufficient to produce that much CH4. Moreover, the soil gas also contained benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes and other gasoline constituents. These data suggested that the presence of three gasoline/diesel underground storage tanks that were previously closed in place with no active remediation performed could be the source of elevated CH4. Thirdly, there were sewer lines, utilities, multiple gasoline stations, and industrial activities in the immediate area. With an initial assumption that CH4 source(s) could include the ISCR amendment over stimulation of production, gasoline sourced CH4 from nearby leaking lines, or sewage from local fractured pipes, carbon isotope analyses—radiocarbon (Δ14C) and stable carbon (δ13C)—were coupled with CH4 and CO2 concentration data from groundwater samples to determine the origin of respired carbon. The δ13C range for carbon sources respired in the process would be approximately −26.5‰ to −33.0‰ for the ISCR amendment and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) residuals, respectively. Δ14C is approximately 0‰ and −999‰ for the ISCR amendment (young carbon) and TPH (old carbon), respectively. The isotopic signature of respired gasses confirmed that elevated CH4 downgradient of the treated area originated primarily from sewer gasses (or fermentation of liquids released from sewer lines). This study provides an overview of the capability to apply carbon isotope geochemistry to confirmation of remedial protocols and sources of anthropogenic carbon pools that conclusively identify the origin of CH4 in a complex ecosystem undergoing a remedial action.
In situ treatment of a dilute chlorinated solvent plume in an acidic aerobic aquifer
Authors: Alexander Matthew
Published: February 2020

In situ bioremediation was selected in the Record of Decision (ROD) as the remedial technology for a 29‐acre dilute, acidic and aerobic, chlorinated solvent plume (principally trichloroethylene [TCE] and 1,1‐dichloroethylene) for a Superfund site located in central New Jersey. Implementation of the remedy at full‐scale began in late 2010, using reductive dechlorination and bioaugmentation, and treatment has continued steadily over the last 9 years. The amendments injected include electron donor and alkaline (bicarbonate) buffer solution and, once anaerobic aquifer conditions became established, a bioaugmentation culture. Amendment injections occurred in multilevel injection wells (IWs), to maintain control over the vertical interval of amendment delivery. The areal coverage of the plume has been reduced by 59% based on the 10 µg/L TCE isocontour and the contaminant mass has been reduced by 79% through the 9 years of treatment. Lessons learned from this project include the need for bioaugmentation in the acidic aquifer and an efficient and effective manner of well construction and amendment injection using multiscreen single casing IWs and packer systems. Additional lessons learned include differences in longevity of the electron donor amendment versus the bicarbonate neutralization additive, and the need for varied amendment delivery techniques (IWs, direct injection, horizontal well installation) in selected lower permeable zones to attain treatment.
Novel shoreline cap for controlling sheen and dissolved‐phase constituent discharge
Authors: Gentry Jeff L. , Salter‐Blanc Alexandra , Sheets Keith , Sharma Bhawana , Tochko Laura , Martin Scott
Published: February 2020

A novel, multilayered shoreline cap was designed and installed to mitigate the release of petroleum light nonaqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) and dissolved‐phase groundwater constituents to the Willamette River in Portland, OR. Releases of LNAPL related to upland impacts caused occasional sheens on a portion of the river within the Portland Harbor Superfund Site. The frequency and volume of sheens decreased following the installation of an upland sheet pile barrier wall, but occasional sheens related to LNAPL impacts stranded downgradient of the wall continued–prompting the design of a shoreline remedy. Because the site is located within the Portland Harbor Superfund Site, the cap was designed to mitigate sheen and to meet the objectives specified in the Portland Harbor Record of Decision including limiting the discharge of certain dissolved‐phase constituents of interest. The cap design was the first instance of combining an oleophilic bio‐barrier to mitigate sheen and an activated carbon layer to capture dissolved‐phase constituents. No sheens have been visually observed since cap installation.
On Hamilton cycles in Erdős‐Rényi subgraphs of large graphs
Authors: Johansson Tony
Published: February 2020

Given a graph Γn=(V,E) on n vertices and m edges, we define the Erdős‐Rényi graph process with host Γn as follows. A permutation e1,…,em of E is chosen uniformly at random, and for t ≤ m we let Γn,t=(V,{e1,…,et}). Suppose the minimum degree of Γn is δ(Γn) ≥ (1/2+ε)n for some constant ε>0. Then with high probability (An event holds with high probability (whp) if as n→∞.), Γn,t becomes Hamiltonian at the same moment that its minimum degree reaches 2. Given 0 ≤ p ≤ 1 let Γn,p be the Erdős‐Rényi subgraph of Γn, obtained by retaining each edge independently with probability p. When δ(Γn) ≥ (1/2+ε)n, we provide a threshold for Hamiltonicity in Γn,p.
The Synergetic Effect of LiMg0.5Mn1.5O4 Coating and Mg2+ Doping on Improving Electrochemical Performances of High‐Voltage LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 by Sol‐Gel Self‐Combustion Method
Authors: Li Xuan , Zhang Yanhua , Li Wanpeng , Qiao Yingjun , Shang Huimin , Ge Wujie , Qu Meizhen , Fan Weifeng , Xie Zhengwei
Published: February 2020

The composites of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) modified with LiMg0.5Mn1.5O4 (LMgMO) named LNMO@LMgMO as cathode materials for lithium ion battery that can withstand high voltage and high temperature were prepared by a sol‐gel self‐combustion method. The results of physical characterization show that the LMgMO layer was effectively coated on the surface of LNMO, and the Mg2+ was also doped into the lattice of LNMO. Electrochemical tests reveal that the LNMO@LMgMO composites deliver excellent electrochemical performance, especially for LNMO@LMgMO‐1%, including great capacity retention (91.4% for 500 cycles at 25 °C and 90.4% for 100 cycles at 55 °C at 2 C in the 3.5‐5.2 V) and superior rate capability (95.6 mAh g−1 under 10 C). Moreover, the synergetic effect of LMgMO coating and Mg2+ doping could alleviate the impedance rise.