bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unbeaten Tracks in Japan
Authors: Bird Isabella Lucy
Published: October 2010

Isabella Bird's Unbeaten Tracks in Japan was published in 1880 and recounts her travels in the Far East, begun four years earlier. Bird was recommended an open-air life from an early age as a cure for her physical and nervous difficulties. She toured the United States and Canada, New Zealand, Australia and the Sandwich Islands, before travelling to the Far East in order to strengthen herself to marry Dr John Bishop and live in Edinburgh. Based on the letters Bird wrote home, primarily to her sister, Volume 2 covers her journeys to Yeso, Tokyo, Kyoto, and the Ise Shrines, and includes her experiences of staying with the Hairy Ainu, the indigenous inhabitants of northern Japan. As with the first volume, it includes much detail of the lifestyles, customs, and habits of the people she encountered, as well as a chapter on Japanese public affairs.
The Cults of the Greek States
Authors: Farnell Lewis Richard
Published: October 2010

Lewis Richard Farnell's five-volume The Cults of the Greek States, first published between 1896 and 1909, disentangles classical Greek mythology and religion, since the latter had often been overlooked by nineteenth-century English scholars. Farnell describes the cults of the most significant Greek gods in order to establish their zones of influence, and outlines the personality, monuments, and ideal types associated with each deity. He also resolutely avoids the question of divine origins and focuses instead on the culture surrounding each cult, a position which initially drew some criticism, but which allowed him more space to analyse the religious practices themselves. Written to facilitate a comparative approach to Greek gods, his work is still regularly cited today for its impressive collection of data about the worship of the most popular deities. Volume 4 focuses on the cults of Poseidon and Apollo.
Epicurea
Authors: Epicurus
Published: October 2010

Hermann Karl Usener (1834–1905) published his monumental Epicurea in 1887. The volume is a collection of Epicurean texts and citations from a wide range of classical authors including Arrian, Cicero, Diodorus, Euripides, Plato and Seneca. The volume includes critical texts of Epicurus' most important letters: Letter to Menoeceus, Letter to Herodotus and Letter to Pythocles, preserved by the third-century compiler Diogenes Laertius. The letters give important summaries of Epicurus' philosophy. Usener's pioneering work represented the first attempt to deal critically with the manuscript traditions behind Epicurean texts. His reconstructions of the texts included in this volume are based on a thorough understanding of the trajectories of textual transmission. Each text is supported by a detailed critical apparatus, and another apparatus records manuscript glosses and scholia. This work provided for the first time accurate and reliable texts for the critical study of Epicureanism.
Repressive Jurisprudence in the Early American Republic
Authors: Blumberg Phillip I.
Published: October 2010

This volume seeks to explain how American society, which had been capable of noble aspirations such as those in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, was capable of adopting one of the most widely deplored statutes of our history, the Sedition Act of 1798. It examines how the political ideals of the American Revolution were undermined by the adoption of repressive doctrines of the English monarchial system - the criminalization of criticism against the king, the Parliament, the judiciary, and Christianity. Freedom of speech was dramatically confined, and this law remained unchallenged until well into the twentieth century. This book will be of keen interest to all concerned with the early Republic, freedom of speech, and evolution of American constitutional jurisprudence. Because it addresses the much-criticized Sedition Act of 1798, one of the most dramatic illustrations of this repressive jurisprudence, the book will also be of interest to Americans concerned about preserving free speech in wartime.
Wetland Ecology
Authors: Keddy Paul A.
Published: October 2010

Richly illustrated and packed with numerous examples, this unique global perspective introduces wetland ecology from basic principles to advanced applications. Thoroughly revised and reorganised, this new edition of this prize-winning textbook begins with underlying causal factors, before moving on to more advanced concepts that add depth and context. Each chapter begins with an explanation of the basic principles covered, illustrated with clear examples. More difficult concepts and exceptions are introduced only once the general principle is well-established. Key principles are now discussed at the beginning of the book, and in order of relative importance, enabling students to understand the most important material without wading through complex theory. New chapters on wetland restoration and wetland services draw upon practical examples from around the world, providing a global context, and a new chapter on research will be particularly relevant to the advanced student planning their own studies.
Constituency Representation in Congress
Authors: Miler Kristina C.
Published: October 2010

Congressional representation requires that legislators be aware of the interests of constituents in their districts and behave in ways that reflect the wishes of their constituents. But of the many constituents in their districts, who do legislators in Washington actually see, and who goes unseen? Moreover, how do these perceptions of constituents shape legislative behavior? This book answers these fundamental questions by developing a theory of legislative perception that leverages insights from cognitive psychology. Legislators are shown to see only a few constituents in their district on a given policy, namely those who donate to their campaigns and contact the legislative office, and fail to see many other relevant constituents. Legislators are also subsequently more likely to act on behalf of the constituents they see, while important constituents not seen by legislators are rarely represented in the policymaking process.
Employee Participation in Governance
Authors: Lower Michael
Published: October 2010

The rights of the employee and the themes of employee ownership and participation have been central, recurring themes as the body of Catholic Social Thought has developed. There is now a unified corpus of official Catholic teaching that focuses the resources of moral theology and natural law theory on the important social issues of the day such as this. The description and explanation of the essential elements of Catholic Social Thought and its relationship to these themes helps the reader think about the place of the corporation in the economy and whether British and European corporate governance and labour law do what they should to put the employee at the centre of corporate governance.
Elastic Waves at High Frequencies
Authors: Harris John G.
Published: October 2010

John G. Harris intended to explain in this book the special techniques required to model the radiation and diffraction of elastic and surface waves. Sadly, he died before he could fulfil this ambition, but his plan has been brought to fruition by a team of his distinguished collaborators. The book begins with the basic underlying equations for wave motion and then builds upon this foundation by solving a number of fundamental scattering problems. The remaining chapters provide a thorough introduction to modern techniques that have proven essential to understanding radiation and diffraction at high frequencies. Graduate students, researchers and professionals in applied mathematics, physics and engineering will find that the chapters increase in complexity, beginning with plane-wave propagation and spectral analyses. Other topics include elastic wave theory, the Wiener–Hopf technique, the effects of viscosity on acoustic diffraction, and the phenomenon of channelling of wave energy along guided structures.
Programming in Visual Basic 2010
Authors: McKeown Jim
Published: October 2010

This is an introduction to programming using Microsoft's Visual Basic.NET 2010, intended for novice programmers with little or no programming experience or no experience with Visual Basic. The text emphasizes programming logic and good programming techniques with generous explanations of programming concepts written from a non-technical point of view. It stresses input, processing, and output and sequence, selection, and repetition in code development. File I/O and arrays are included. Later chapters introduce objects, event programming, and databases. By taking a slow and steady approach to programming ideas, this book builds new concepts from what the reader has already learned. VB tips and quips inject both humor and insight. The book includes numerous programming examples and exercises, case studies, tutorials, and 'fixing a program' sections for an in-depth look at programming problems and tools. Quizzes and review questions throughout each chapter get students to think about the materials and how to use them. Each chapter has a summary and glossary for extra review. The accompanying website, www.cambridge.org/us/McKeown, has code downloads, I/O, and database files from small, simple files to large files with thousands of records, flowcharts, deskchecks and audits to aid with program design, coding, and debugging; PowerPoint files for every chapter; and hundreds of ideas for programs and projects.
Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Poole David L. , Mackworth Alan K.
Published: October 2010

Recent decades have witnessed the emergence of artificial intelligence as a serious science and engineering discipline. This textbook, aimed at junior to senior undergraduate students and first-year graduate students, presents artificial intelligence (AI) using a coherent framework to study the design of intelligent computational agents. By showing how basic approaches fit into a multidimensional design space, readers can learn the fundamentals without losing sight of the bigger picture. The book balances theory and experiment, showing how to link them intimately together, and develops the science of AI together with its engineering applications. Although structured as a textbook, the book's straightforward, self-contained style will also appeal to a wide audience of professionals, researchers, and independent learners. AI is a rapidly developing field: this book encapsulates the latest results without being exhaustive and encyclopedic. The text is supported by an online learning environment, AIspace, http://aispace.org, so that students can experiment with the main AI algorithms plus problems, animations, lecture slides, and a knowledge representation system, AIlog, for experimentation and problem solving.
Geomorphology
Authors: Anderson Robert S. , Anderson Suzanne P.
Published: October 2010

This textbook provides a modern, quantitative and process-oriented approach to equip students with the tools to understand geomorphology. Insight into the interpretation of landscapes is developed from basic principles and simple models, and by stepping through the equations that capture the essence of the mechanics and chemistry of landscapes. Boxed worked examples and real-world applications bring the subject to life for students, allowing them to apply the theory to their own experience. The book covers cutting edge topics, including the revolutionary cosmogenic nuclide dating methods and modeling, highlights links to other Earth sciences through up-to-date summaries of current research, and illustrates the importance of geomorphology in understanding environmental changes. Setting up problems as a conservation of mass, ice, soil, or heat, this book arms students with tools to fully explore processes, understand landscapes, and to participate in this rapidly evolving field.
The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe
Authors: Broadberry Stephen , O'Rourke Kevin H.
Published: October 2010

Unlike most existing textbooks on the economic history of modern Europe, which offer a country-by-country approach, The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe rethinks Europe's economic history since 1700 as unified and pan-European, with the material organised by topic rather than by country. This first volume is centred on the transition to modern economic growth, which first occurred in Britain before spreading to other parts of western Europe by 1870. Each chapter is written by an international team of authors who cover the three major regions of northern Europe, southern Europe, and central and eastern Europe. The volume covers the major themes of modern economic history, including trade; urbanization; aggregate economic growth; the major sectors of agriculture, industry and services; and the development of living standards, including the distribution of income. The quantitative approach makes use of modern economic analysis in a way that is easy for students to understand.
Age, growth and population structure of jumbo flying squid, Dosidicus gigas, based on statolith microstructure off the Exclusive Economic Zone of Chilean waters
Authors: Chen Xinjun , Lu Huajie , Liu Bilin , Chen Yong
Published: October 2010

The jumbo flying squid, Dosidicus gigas, support an important squid fishery off the Exclusive Economic Zone of Chilean waters. However, we only have limited information about their biology. In this study, age, growth and population structure of D. gigas were studied using statoliths from 533 specimens (386 females and 147 males) randomly sampled in the Chinese squid jigging surveys from 2007 to 2008 off the Exclusive Economic Zone of Chile. Mantle lengths (MLs) of the sample ranged from 206 to 702 mm, and their ages were estimated from 150 to 307 days for females and from 127 to 302 days for males. At least two spawning groups were identified, the main spawning peak tended to occur between August and November (austral spring group), and the secondary peak appeared during March to June (austral autumn group). The ML–age relationship was best modelled by a linear function for the austral spring group and a power function for the austral autumn group, and the body weight (BW)–age relationship was best described by an exponential function for both the groups. Instantaneous relative growth rates and absolute growth rates for ML and BW did not differ significantly between the two groups. The growth rate of D. gigas tended to be high at young stages, and then decreased after the sub-adult stage (>180 days old). This study suggests large spatial and temporal variability in key life history parameters of D. gigas, calling for the collection of more data with fine spatial and temporal scales to further improve our understanding of the fishery biology of D. gigas.
Cruel Vibrations: Sounding Out Antonin Artaud's Production ofLes Cenci
Authors: CURTIN ADRIAN
Published: October 2010

This article examines the sonic elements of Antonin Artaud's 1935 production ofLes Cenci, Artaud's infamous attempt to realize his proposed ‘theatre of cruelty’. The aim is to qualify the critical opinion that Artaud was a failed theatre practitioner by analysing the conceptual complexity and potential effectiveness of the sound design for this production. Artaud utilized new sonic technologies and an aesthetic arguably derived in part from Balinese gamelan music to affect audience members on a physiological level, prefiguring the vibrational force and ultrasonic ambitions of modern sonic warfare. This analysis engages a range of primary and secondary materials, including an extant recording of music and sound effects used for the production, and is situated with reference to an estimated acoustic ‘horizon of expectations’ of Artaud's audiences and to neuroscientific conceptions of how the brain processes auditory input.
Generational shifts
Authors: REINELT JANELLE
Published: October 2010

Thirty-five years, the age of TRI, is roughly the length of time I have been involved in our discipline. I completed my Ph.D. in 1974 and entered the profession on the cusp of a generational shift. During my first decade in the academy, a number of new young scholars emerged and began to take the places of an older cohort who were primarily theatre historians and/or drama critics and interpreters. The theory explosion changed the way that both theatre history and dramatic criticism were carried out, and a whole new range of methods and objects of study began to appear in our journals and conferences. Post-structural and postmodernist ideas upset the reigning conventions of scholarship and also influenced creative artists who changed their practice to reflect these new ideas. Feminism transformed our field, as did new research on race, class and sexuality, while competing theories of the subject brought forward psychoanalysis and phenomenology as important tools for performance analysis. Cultural studies and the new historicism challenged positivist historiography and began to change the kind of theatre history (including subjects and documents) scholars researched and wrote about. Political critique was in the ascendency, after a battle to discredit what many of us perceived as a false objectivity in previous scholarship. This became, eventually, the new orthodoxy for many of us, and the senior scholars in our field today (for example Sue-Ellen Case, Elin Diamond, Josette Féral, Erika Fisher-Lichte, Freddie Rokem, Joseph Roach) all participated in making these major changes happen as young scholars – while not necessarily agreeing with each other: the new generation was thoroughly heterodox in its approach to methods and topics.
Suppositions (as in uncertain beliefs) on the current place of theatre
Authors: CAUSEY MATTHEW
Published: October 2010

Now that the affects of the technologies of the virtual have spilled out across the topography of the real to such an impossible degree one can safely argue that the age of the virtual is now past, and that presently contemporary technologized and digital cultures are post-virtual (i.e. supersaturated with virtuality). Further, now that the biological is intimately folded within the technologies of the virtual in manners haptic, somatic and psychic, these contemporary technologized cultures can be modelled as bio-virtual, which means that life itself, through a strategy of bio-power, is contained and distributed through the ubiquitous digital modes of communication.
Escaping the Grip of Personal Law in Colonial India: Proving Custom, Negotiating Hindu-ness
Authors: Mallampalli Chandra
Published: October 2010

Postcolonial perspectives on India's past have tended to focus on representations, which served the purpose of colonial domination. The view, for instance, that Indian society is fundamentally constituted by caste or religion legitimated the supposedly secular or neutral system of governance introduced by the British. Building upon Edward Said'sOrientalism(1978), scholars have suggested that some of our most widely held assumptions about Indian society were more rooted in an imperial worldview than in real social experiences of Indians. The attempt of colonial administrators to understand and govern India through the study of ancient texts formed the basis of an Indian variety of Orientalism. How colonial courts deployed this text-based knowledge in relation to the actual practices of religious “communities” is the central focus of this essay.
Son et lumière: Verdi,Attila, and the sunrise over the lagoon
Authors: Greenwald Helen M.
Published: October 2010

This essay discusses the famous sunrise in the prologue ofAttilain the context of early nineteenth-century theatrical lighting and musical conventions, and relates it to Félicien David'sLe Désert, Haydn'sThe Creationand Rossini'sGuillaume Tell, as well as Verdi'sAlziraandJérusalem.
Prokofiev'sSemyon Kotkoand the melodrama of High Stalinism
Authors: Seinen Nathan
Published: October 2010

This article examines the first opera of Prokofiev's Soviet period,Semyon Kotko(1939), in light of the disparity between two forms of melodrama, one affecting the opera's composition, the other its reception. The first is the classic melodrama, which offered the composer the foundation for a vivid, intense work that would also be suitable for a mass audience; the second is the melodrama reflecting the aesthetic norms and moral framework of socialist realism and High Stalinism. The simplicity and immediacy ofKotkoavoided the directed emotionalism of the officially favoured model of Romantic opera, and the Ukrainian setting prompted references to the tradition of Gogolian comedy rather than an elevation of folk content to an epic dimension. Characters conform to archetypes of classic melodrama, and together with the opera's comic elements and the unique gestural idiom of its music and manner of performance, this detracted from the required effects of sublime heroism and nationalism. While the outlines of a socialist realist plot remain inKotko, Prokofiev's commitment to what he considered timeless values of music and drama led to a failure, in socialist realist terms, to achieve an appropriate amplification of its moral essence.
Coordinated and circumlocutory semantic naming errors are related to anterolateral temporal lobes in mild AD, amnestic mild cognitive impairment, and normal aging
Authors: BALTHAZAR MARCIO LUIZ FIGUEREDO , YASUDA CLARISSA LIN , PEREIRA FABRÍCIO RAMOS SILVESTRE , BERGO FELIPE PAULO GUAZZI , CENDES FERNANDO , DAMASCENO BENITO PEREIRA
Published: October 2010

Naming difficulties are characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and, to a lesser extent, of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) patients. The association of naming impairment with anterior temporal lobe (ATL) atrophy in Semantic Dementia (SD) could be a tip of the iceberg effect, in which case the atrophy is a marker of more generalized temporal lobe pathology. Alternatively, it could reflect the existence of a functional gradient within the temporal lobes, wherein more anterior regions provide the basis for greater specificity of representation. We tested these two hypotheses in a study of 15 subjects with mild AD, 17 with aMCI, and 16 aged control subjects and showed that coordinate and circumlocutory semantic error production on the Boston Naming Test was weakly correlated with ATL gray matter density, as determined by voxel-based morphometry. Additionally, we investigated whether these errors were benefited by phonemic cues, and similarly to SD, our AD patients had small improvement. Because there is minimal gradient of temporal lobe atrophy in AD or MCI, and, therefore, no basis for a tip of the iceberg effect, these findings support the theory of a modest functional gradient in the temporal lobes, with the ATLs being involved in the naming of more specific objects. (JINS, 2010,16, 1099–1107.)
GROWTH EFFECTS OF CONSUMPTION AND LABOR-INCOME TAXATION IN AN OVERLAPPING-GENERATIONS LIFE-CYCLE MODEL
Authors: Heijdra Ben J. , Mierau Jochen O.
Published: October 2010

We study labor-income and consumption taxation in an overlapping-generations model featuring endogenous growth due to interfirm investment externalities. Consumption, saving, and labor supply display life-cycle features because mortality and labor productivity are age-dependent and because annuity markets may be imperfect. The government's method of revenue recycling critically affects the growth consequences of taxation. Purely consumptive government spending has a negative impact on growth. Redistribution of tax revenue from dissavers to savers may lead to an increase in growth due to beneficial intergenerational transfer effects.
Effect of the Insertion and Polymerization Technique in Composite Resin Restorations: Analysis of Marginal Gap by Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: da Silva Marcos Aurélio Bomfim , de Oliveira Guilherme José Pimentel Lopes , Tonholo Josealdo , Júnior José Ginaldo da Silva , Santos Lucineide de Melo , dos Reis José Ivo Limeira
Published: October 2010

Thisin vitrostudy evaluated the marginal gap at the composite tooth/resin interface in class V cavities under the influence of two insertion techniques and a curing system by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM). Forty enamel and dentin cavities were prepared on the buccal surface in bovine teeth with quadratic forms measuring 2 mm × 2 mm and depth of 1.5 mm. The teeth were then divided into four groups: group A, 10 cavities were restored in one increment, light cured by halogen light; group B, 10 cavities filled with bulk filling, light cured by the light emitting diodes (LED); group C, 10 cavities were restored by the incremental technique, light cured by halogen light; group D, 10 cavities were restored by the incremental technique, light cured by the LED. The teeth underwent the polishing procedure and were analyzed by AFM for tooth/restoration interface evaluation. The data were compared between groups using the nonparametric Kruskall-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests (p< 0.05). The results showed a statistically significant difference between groups A and B and groups A and C. It was concluded that no insertion and polymerization technique was able to completely seal the cavity.
Will citizens take no for an answer? What government officials can do to enhance decision acceptance
Authors: Esaiasson Peter
Published: October 2010

To what extent can the conduct of government officials help make unfavourable decisions acceptable to those that are affected by them? To provide an answer to this under-explored question, this paper presents findings from two scenario experiments that allow the conduct of individual officials to vary according to a pre-determined standard, while keeping an unfavourable decision constant in a setting that approaches the real world. There are three main findings. First, both actual conduct and perceived fairness of treatment affect decision acceptance. Second, actual conduct matters much less for decision acceptance than perceived fairness of treatment. Third, citizens’ beliefs about the moral right to a favourable outcome condition the effect of actual conduct (but not of perceived treatment fairness). In particular, morally disappointed citizens are less likely to accept the decision irrespective of how they are treated.
The use and abuse of ‘universal values’ in the Danish cartoon controversy
Authors: Rostbøll Christian F.
Published: October 2010

During the Danish cartoon controversy, appeals to universal liberal values were often made in ways that marginalized Muslims. An analysis of the controversy reveals that referring to ‘universal values’ can be exclusionary when dominant actors fail to distinguish their own culture’s embodiment of these values from the more abstract ideas. The article suggests that the solution to this problem is not to discard liberal principles but rather to see them in a more deliberative democratic way. This means that we should move from focusing on citizens merely as subjects of law and right holders to seeing them as co-authors of shared legal and moral norms. A main shortcoming of the way in which dominant actors in Denmark responded to the cartoons was exactly that they failed to see the Muslim minority as capable of participating in interpreting and giving shared norms. To avoid self-contradiction, liberal principles and constitutional norms should not be seen as incontestable aspects of democracy but rather as subject to recursive democratic justification and revision by everyone subject to them. Newcomers ought to be able to contribute their specific perspectives in this process of democratically reinterpreting and perfecting the understanding of universalistic norms, and thereby make them fit better to those to whom they apply, as well as rendering them theirs.
Pathologie maligner Lymphome – Klarheit statt Wirrwarr
Authors: Mueller-Garamvölgyi Esther , Perren Aurel , Schmitt Anja
Published: October 2010

Nach Jahrenzehnten der Verwirrung erfolgte für die malignen Lymphome erstmals Klarheit mit Einführung der REAL-Klassifikation 1994 und der darauf folgenden WHO-Klassifikation 2001, die 2008 als weiter ergänzte und überarbeitete vierte Auflage erschien. Dabei handelt es sich um eine Liste von Entitäten, welche B- und T-lymphoblastische Neoplasien, reife B-Zell-Lymphome, reife T-Zell- und NK-Zell-Lymphome und die Hodgkin-Lymphome aufführt. Zu einer modernen Lymphom-Diagnostik gehört nach wie vor ein gute Morphologie, eine häufig umfassende Immunhistochemie, zunehmend molekularbiologische Zusatzuntersuchungen und nicht zuletzt eine Beurteilung dieser Befunde durch einen erfahrenen Hämatopathologen, der eng mit den behandelnden Klinikern kollaboriert. Hier wird ein Überblick über die häufigsten reifen B-Zell-Lymphome und die wichtigsten klassischen Hodgkin-Lymphome gegeben, wobei der Schwerpunkt auf Morphologie und Immunhistochemie liegt.
Molekularbiologie maligner Lymphome für den Nicht-Spezialisten
Authors: Novak Urban
Published: October 2010

Maligne Lymphome umfassen ein Spektrum von Erkrankungen mit großer klinischer Heterogenität. Diese Übersichtsarbeit soll das aktuelle Wissen zur Pathogenese reifzelliger B-Zell-Lymphomen an Nicht-(Hämato)onkologen vermitteln. Grundlage für das Verständis dieser Entitäten bildet die Kenntnis der normalen B-Zell-Differenzierung. Die klinische Mannigfaltigkeit spiegelt sich in den verschiedenen molekularen Aberrationen wider, welche sich in Lymphomen nachweisen liessen. Diese umfassen nebst charakteristischen chromosomalen Translokationen, welche wichtige Proto-Onkogene deregulieren, auch durch Deletionen und Mutationen inaktivierte Tumorsuppressor-Gene. Untersuchungen mittels Genexpression haben Lymphome in morphologisch nicht unterscheidbare, aber klinisch relevante Untergruppen aufgegliedert und spezifische, therapeutisch beeinflussbare Signalkaskaden aufgedeckt.
Concept of a charged fusion product diagnostic for NSTX
Authors: Boeglin W. U. , Valenzuela Perez R. , Darrow D. S.
Published: October 2010

The concept of a new diagnostic for NSTX to determine the time dependent charged fusion product emission profile using an array of semiconductor detectors is presented. The expected time resolution of 1–2 ms should make it possible to study the effect of magnetohydrodynamics and other plasma activities (toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes (TAE), neoclassical tearing modes (NTM), edge localized modes (ELM), etc.) on the radial transport of neutral beam ions. First simulation results of deuterium-deuterium (DD) fusion proton yields for different detector arrangements and methods for inverting the simulated data to obtain the emission profile are discussed.
A synthetic diagnostic for the evaluation of new microwave imaging reflectometry diagnostics for DIII-D and KSTAR
Authors: Lei L. , Tobias B. , Domier C. W. , Luhmann N. C. , Kramer G. J. , Valeo E. J. , Lee W. , Yun G. S. , Park H. K.
Published: October 2010

The first microwave imaging reflectometry (MIR) system for characterization of fluctuating plasma density has been implemented for the TEXTOR tokamak [H. Park et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75, 3787 (2004)]; an improved MIR system will be installed on DIII-D and KSTAR. The central issue remains in preserving phase information by addressing antenna coupling between the reflection layer and the detector array in the presence of plasma turbulence. A synthetic diagnostic making use of coupled full-wave diffractive codes has been developed in geometries and applied to a variety of optical arrangements. The effectiveness of each scheme is quantitatively compared with respect to the fluctuation levels accessible in the simulation.
A gated liquid-scintillator-based neutron detector for fast-ignitor experiments and down-scattered neutron measurements
Authors: Stoeckl C. , Cruz M. , Glebov V. Yu. , Knauer J. P. , Lauck R. , Marshall K. , Mileham C. , Sangster T. C. , Theobald W.
Published: October 2010

The detection of neutrons in fast-ignitor experiments or down-scattered neutrons in inertial fusion experiments is very challenging since it requires the neutron detection system to recover within 10–100 ns from a high background orders of magnitude stronger than the signal of interest. The background is either the hard x-ray emission from short-pulse laser target interactions for the fast-ignitor experiments or the primary neutron signal for the down-scattered neutrons. A liquid-scintillator detector has been developed using a gated photomultiplier that suppresses the background signal and eliminates the afterglow present in conventional plastic scintillators.
Charge-injection-device performance in the high-energy-neutron environment of laser-fusion experiments
Authors: Marshall F. J. , DeHaas T. , Glebov V. Yu.
Published: October 2010

Charge-injection devices (CIDs) are being used to image x rays in laser-fusion experiments on the University of Rochester’s OMEGA Laser System. The CID cameras are routinely used up to the maximum neutron yields generated (∼1014 DT). The detectors are deployed in x-ray pinhole cameras and Kirkpatrick–Baez microscopes. The neutron fluences ranged from ∼107 to ∼109 neutrons/cm2 and useful x-ray images were obtained even at the highest fluences. It is intended to use CID cameras at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) as a supporting means of recording x-ray images. The results of this work predict that x-ray images should be obtainable on the NIF at yields up to ∼1015, depending on distance and shielding.
Analysis of line integrated electron density using plasma position data on Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research
Authors: Nam Y. U. , Chung J.
Published: October 2010

A 280 GHz single-channel horizontal millimeter-wave interferometer system has been installed for plasma electron density measurements on the Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) device. This system has a triangular beam path that does not pass through the plasma axis due to geometrical constraints in the superconducting tokamak. The term line density on KSTAR has a different meaning from the line density of other tokamaks. To estimate the peak density and the mean density from the measured line density, information on the position of the plasma is needed. The information has been calculated from tangentially viewed visible images using the toroidal symmetry of the plasma. Interface definition language routines have been developed for this purpose. The calculated plasma position data correspond well to calculation results from magnetic analysis. With the position data and an estimated plasma profile, the peak density and the mean density have been obtained from the line density. From these results, changes of plasma density themselves can be separated from effects of the plasma movements, so they can give valuable information on the plasma status.
Z
eff
measurement using extreme ultraviolet bremsstrahlung emission in LHD
Authors: Zhou Hangyu , Morita Shigeru , Goto Motoshi , Dong Chunfeng , Yanagibayashi Jun , Hasuo Masahiro
Published: October 2010

Radial profile measurement of Zeff using visible bremsstrahlung (5300 Å) in the Large Helical Device (LHD) has often encountered difficulties because the intensity profile was largely deformed by the nonuniform visible bremsstrahlung emissions from the edge ergodic layer surrounding the core plasma. A space-resolved flat-field extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectrometer has been newly adopted to measure the Zeff profile using the EUV bremsstrahlung continuum in the wavelength range of 70–75 Å. The EUV bremsstrahlung intensity profiles have been measured and checked for all the magnetic configurations with totally different magnetic field structures in the ergodic layer of LHD. It is found that the nonuniform bremsstrahlung emission from the thick ergodic layer can be entirely eliminated by use of the EUV emission with relatively high photon energy of 170 eV. As a result, the Zeff profile can be successfully measured for most of discharges regardless of magnetic field structures of the ergodic layer. The Zeff profiles measured in the EUV range are compared with those measured in the visible range at a magnetic configuration with the thinnest ergodic layer thickness. The result verifies that the use of the EUV bremsstrahlung continuum is an alternative way for the Zeff measurement in toroidal plasmas with nonuniform bremsstrahlung emissions at the edge. Typical results from the EUV bremsstrahlung measurement are presented showing a fairly flat Zeff profile with error bars of ±14%.
Two-color CO2/HeNe laser interferometer for C-2 experiment
Authors: Gornostaeva O. , Deng B. H. , Garate E. , Gota H. , Kinley J. , Schroeder J. , Tuszewski M.
Published: October 2010

A six-channel two-color interferometer has been developed for plasma electron density measurements in the C-2 field reversed configuration experiment. A CO2 laser is utilized as the main probe beams, while copropagating visible HeNe laser beams are mainly sensitive to vibration. Density measurements in C-2 plasmas have shown that this is a reliable turn-key system. The maximum residual phase noise after vibration compensation is less than ±5°, corresponding to a line integral density of 3×1018 m−2. The time resolution for routine operation is 2 μs.
Collective dynamics of hydrated β-lactogloblin by inelastic x-ray scattering
Authors: Yoshida Koji , Hosokawa Shinya , Baron Alfred Q. R. , Yamaguchi Toshio
Published: October 2010

Inelastic x-ray scattering measurements of hydrated β-lactoglobulin (β-lg) were performed to investigate the collective dynamics of hydration water and hydrated protein on a picosecond time scale. Samples with different hydration levels h [=mass of water (g)/mass of protein (g)] of 0 (dry), 0.5, and 1.0 were measured at ambient temperature. The observed dynamical structure factor S(Q,ω)/S(Q) was analyzed by a model composed of a Lorentzian for the central peak and a damped harmonic oscillator (DHO) for the side peak. The dispersion relation between the excitation energy in the DHO model and the momentum transfer Q was obtained for the hydrated β-lg at both hydration levels, but no DHO excitation was found for the dry β-lg. The high-frequency sound velocity was similar to that previously observed in pure water. The ratio of the high-frequency sound velocity of hydrated β-lg to the adiabatic one of hydrated lysozyme (h=0.41) was estimated as ∼1.6 for h=0.5. The value is significantly smaller than that (∼2) of pure water that has the tetrahedral network structure. The present finding thus suggests that the tetrahedral network structure of water around the β-lg is partially disrupted by the perturbation from protein surface. These results are consistent with those reported from Brillouin neutron spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulation studies of hydrated ribonuclease A.
Property-optimized Gaussian basis sets for molecular response calculations
Authors: Rappoport Dmitrij , Furche Filipp
Published: October 2010

With recent advances in electronic structure methods, first-principles calculations of electronic response properties, such as linear and nonlinear polarizabilities, have become possible for molecules with more than 100 atoms. Basis set incompleteness is typically the main source of error in such calculations since traditional diffuse augmented basis sets are too costly to use or suffer from near linear dependence. To address this problem, we construct the first comprehensive set of property-optimized augmented basis sets for elements H–Rn except lanthanides. The new basis sets build on the Karlsruhe segmented contracted basis sets of split-valence to quadruple-zeta valence quality and add a small number of moderately diffuse basis functions. The exponents are determined variationally by maximization of atomic Hartree–Fock polarizabilities using analytical derivative methods. The performance of the resulting basis sets is assessed using a set of 313 molecular static Hartree–Fock polarizabilities. The mean absolute basis set errors are 3.6%, 1.1%, and 0.3% for property-optimized basis sets of split-valence, triple-zeta, and quadruple-zeta valence quality, respectively. Density functional and second-order Møller–Plesset polarizabilities show similar basis set convergence. We demonstrate the efficiency of our basis sets by computing static polarizabilities of icosahedral fullerenes up to C720 using hybrid density functional theory.
Note: Measuring dezincification of brass by Schottky barrier diodes formed between semiconductor corrosion products and brass
Authors: Bond J. W.
Published: October 2010

A newly developed method is presented for measuring dezincification on the surface of brass from a consideration of the forward and reverse bias potential drop across a Schottky barrier diode formed between n-type zinc oxide or p-type copper (I) oxide corrosion products and the brass substrate. Electrical connection to the corrosion product is made with zinc and platinum tipped probes, approximately 1 mm diameter. Comparison with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows the difference between the forward and reverse bias potential drop to be dependent on the relative abundance of the corrosion products and the work function of the metal probe. This difference, for a zinc tipped probe, gives a statistically significant correlation to the surface zinc to copper ratio and the degree of dezincification. Details of the setup, operation, and testing of a portable instrument designed to measure dezincification of brass by this method are given.
Computer simulation study of rotational diffusion in polar liquids of different types
Authors: Zasetsky Alexander Y. , Petelina Svetlana V. , Lyashchenko Andrey K. , Lileev Alexander S.
Published: October 2010

Rotational diffusion in liquid acetonitrile, dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO), water, and methanol is studied with molecular dynamics simulations. The effects of hydrogen bonding and local dipole-dipole correlations (Kirkwood g-factor) on the relationship between the single molecule and collective relaxation are examined. The first rank single molecule dipole moment autocorrelation functions (ACFs) are constructed in the molecule-fixed coordinate frame and the principal components of rotation diffusion tensor are reported. Higher rank orientational ACFs are computed. These ACFs, as a rule, are strongly nonexponential (at least not single exponential) at longer times and the decomposition of these functions into a series of single exponentials results in broad distributions of relaxation times, with the broadening being particularly prominent in the case of higher rank ACFs. The rank dependence of characteristic times calculated as weighted averages over the relaxation time distributions does not follow the pattern of small angle (Debye) diffusion model for all liquids studied in this work except methanol. In contradiction, the same rank dependence computed by direct integration of ACFs leads to good agreement with the Debye diffusion model in the case of acetonitrile, DMSO, and water (but not methanol). The linear-angular momentum cross correlation functions are also computed and the effect of rototranslational coupling on reorientaional relaxation at longer times (>1.0 ps) is found to be small.
Ionic relaxation in polyethyleneimine-lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide polymer electrolytes
Authors: Pehlivan İlknur Bayrak , Marsal Roser , Georén Peter , Granqvist Claes G. , Niklasson Gunnar A.
Published: October 2010

Polymer electrolytes containing polyethyleneimine and different concentrations of lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide were investigated by impedance spectroscopy at different temperatures. Two equivalent circuit models were compared for the bulk impedance response. The first one includes a conductive Havriliak–Negami (HN) element which represents ionic conductivity and ion pair relaxation in a single process, and the second model includes a dielectric HN element, which represents ion pair relaxation, in parallel with ion conductivity. Comparison of the two circuit models showed that the quality of the fit was similar and in some cases better for the conductive model. The experimental data follow the Barton–Nakajima–Namikawa relation, which relates the ion conductivity and the parameters of the relaxation. This indicates that ion conductivity and ion pair relaxation are two parts of the same process and should be described by the conductive model.
The role of aging on the mechanical and microstructural response of aluminum 6061 to one-dimensional shock loading
Authors: Millett J. C. F. , Bourne N. K. , Chu M. Q. , Jones I. P. , Gray G. T. , Appleby-Thomas G.
Published: October 2010

The shock response of the aluminum alloy 6061, and its variation according to heat treatment have been monitored via the placement of stress gauges in such orientations so as to be sensitive to the lateral component of stress, and hence the shear strength. To complement these measurements, the postshock microstructure and mechanical response have also been determined via full one-dimensional recovery techniques. Results have shown that the solution treated (T0) state, as a largely single phase material displays a fast rising shock pulse with a significant degree of hardening behind the shock front. This indicates that a high degree of dislocation generation is expected. Postshock analysis of recovered samples has confirmed this hypothesis, with dislocation cells being observed and a notable increase in the yield strength in comparison to the as-received material. In contrast, the aged (T6) experiments showed a much longer rise time with a lower degree of hardening behind the shock front. Microstructural analysis postshock shows a more randomized dislocation distribution, with little or no postshock hardening occurring once the shock induced strain has been accounted for. This has been attributed to the presence of fine Mg2Si precipitates inhibiting the motion and generation of dislocations. These measurements are in agreement with work previously carried out on this material. Comparison of the shear strengths of the two heat treatments also shows that although the T6 condition is a little higher than T0, the differences are somewhat lower than expected.
Structural and electrical characteristics of high-k Tb2O3 and Tb2TiO5 charge trapping layers for nonvolatile memory applications
Authors: Pan Tung-Ming , Chen Fa-Hsyang , Jung Ji-Shing
Published: October 2010

In this study, we investigated the structural properties and electrical characteristics of metal/oxide/high-k material/oxide/silicon (MOHOS)-type memory devices incorporating Tb2O3 and Tb2TiO5 films as charge storage layers for nonvolatile memory applications. X-ray diffraction and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed the structural and chemical features of these films after they had been subjected to annealing at various temperatures. From capacitance-voltage measurements, we found that the MOHOS-type memory devices incorporating the Tb2TiO5 film and that had been annealed at 800 °C exhibited a larger flatband voltage shift of 2.94 V (Vg=9 V for 0.1 s) and lower charge loss of 8.5% (at room temperature), relative to those of the systems that had been subjected to other annealing conditions. This result suggests that Tb2TiO5 films featuring a thinner silicate layer and a higher dielectric constant provide a higher probability for trapping of the charge carrier and deeper electron trapping levels.
Room-temperature operation of 3.6 μm In0.53Ga0.47As/Al0.48In0.52As quantum cascade laser sources based on intracavity second harmonic generation
Authors: Jang M. , Adams R. W. , Chen J. X. , Charles W. O. , Gmachl C. , Cheng L. W. , Choa F.-S. , Belkin M. A.
Published: October 2010

We discuss a design of short-wavelength quantum cascade laser sources based on intracavity second harmonic generation. A passive heterostructure tailored for giant optical nonlinearity is integrated on top of an active region and patterned for quasiphase matching. We demonstrate operation of λ≈3.6 μm lattice-matched InGaAs/AlInAs/InP sources with approximately 6 μW of second-harmonic output at room temperature and conversion efficiency of approximately 130 μW/W2. Threshold current densities of devices with a nonlinear section were similar to that of the reference lasers without the nonlinear section.