bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The roles of caveolin‐1 and heme oxygenase‐1 in EGCG‐mediated protection against TNF‐α‐induced endothelial inflammation
Authors: Zheng Yuanyuan , Layne Joseph , Toborek Michal , Hennig Bernhard
Published: June 2021

Flavonoids can protect against atherosclerosis by decreasing vascular endothelial cell activation. Heme oxygenase (HO‐1) is an enzyme that plays an important role in the vascular system, and its induction may provide a protective role against atherosclerosis. Plasma microdomains called caveolae play a major role in endothelial trafficking and the regulation of signaling pathways associated with the pathology of vascular diseases. We hypothesize that flavonoids can down‐regulate endothelial inflammatory parameters by modulating HO‐1 through caveolae‐regulated signaling. We focused on the roles of caveolae and HO‐1 on mechanisms of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α)‐induced endothelial cell activation and protection by epigallocatechin‐gallate (EGCG). Pretreatment with EGCG reduced caveolin‐1 and TNF‐α‐induced monocyte adhesion, as well as induced HO‐1expression and cellular release of bilirubin. Moreover, caveolin‐1 silencing also induced up‐regulation of HO‐1. These data suggest that the protective properties of EGCG against endothelial inflammation may be regulated in part though induction of HO‐1 and associated with caveolae signaling. (Supported in part by grants from NIEHS, NIH (P42ES07380) and the UK AES).
Indole‐3‐carbinol suppressed inflammation‐associated factors in mice fed with high‐fat diet and in cocultured cells
Authors: CHANG HSIAO‐PEI , CHEN YUE‐HWA
Published: June 2021

This study was aimed at investigating the effects of indole‐3‐carbinol (I3C), a cruciferous vegetable derivative, on obesity‐associated macrophage infiltration and inflammatory changes in animals and in cocultured cells. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed with high fat (HF) diet and HF diet + i.p. I3C (HFI) for 12 wk, and epididymal adipose tissue was collected for detection of the macrophage marker, F4/80. The results showed that I3C suppressed the HF diet‐induced macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue. To obtain the further insight of I3C on obesity‐associated inflammation, murine primary adipocytes were co‐cultured with RAW 264.7 macrophages, and the effects of I3C on inflammatory mediators, including nitric oxide (NO), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), and monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1), were analyzed. The results indicated that I3C attenuated the productions of NO, MCP‐1, and IL‐6 in co‐cultured medium, suppressed inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA expression, but enhanced peroxisome proliferators‐activator receptor (PPAR‐γ) mRNA expression. In conclusion, I3C reduced macrophage infiltration in HF diet‐fed animals, as well as suppressed pro‐inflammatory cytokines and modulated mRNA expression of iNOS and PPAR‐γ in adipocyte/macrophage co‐cultured cells.
Type 2 Diabetes‐associated changes in the plasma lipidome in obese women
Authors: Grapov Dmitry , Adams Sean H , Garvey W. Timothy , Lok Kerry H , Newman John W
Published: June 2021

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with elevated plasma fasting glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and endocannabinoids (EC). An expanded assessment of lipidomic changes in diabetes is hypothesized to provide novel insights into metabolic changes associated with this malady. Targeted profiling of plasma lipids was performed in 43 diabetic and 12 non‐diabetic obese women. Plasma ECs (n=35), oxylipids (OxL; n=80), and NEFA (n=54) concentrations were measured. Multivariate statistics and regression analyses were used to mine the data matrix. Multivariate models showed a diverse array of NEFA, ECs, EC‐like compounds and OxLs to be significantly altered in the diabetic state. As opposed to the independent variables, an algorithm using subject age, BMI, HbA1c and fasting glucose was normally distributed and also segregated diabetic and non‐diabetic subjects. A linear model using measured lipids was developed that predicts the discriminating metric (adjR2=0.82) driven by OxL and EC subcomponents. Finally, this model showed that diabetic subjects had shifts in plasma levels of P450‐mediated arachidonic acid metabolites known to influence tissue plasminogen activator expression, which may parallel known shifts in vascular homeostasis.

This work was supported by USDA‐ARS Project 5306‐51530‐016‐00D, NIH‐NIDDK R01DK078328‐01 and T32‐GM08799.
A validated sandwich ELISA for the detection of von Willebrand factor in rabbit plasma
Authors: Smith Brendon W. , Strakova Jana , King Jennifer L. , Tu Michael J. , Erdman John W. , O'Brien William D.
Published: June 2021

Von Willebrand Factor (vWF) is a multimeric plasma protein important for platelet plug formation. We are interested in evaluating vWF as a biomarker of endothelial damage in atherosclerotic rabbits that were exposed to cardiovascular ultrasound. We developed a sensitive and reproducible sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of vWF in rabbit plasma using commercially available antibodies and reagents. Briefly, 96‐well microtiter plates were coated with antibody generated in mice against the n‐terminus of vWF overnight followed by blocking in 0.2% BSA in PBS for 2 hrs. Plates were incubated with rabbit plasma for 2 hrs and exposed first to a goat anti‐vWF “sandwich” antibody and then a donkey anti‐goat IgG antibody conjugated to horseradish peroxidase, each for 1 hr. An OPD substrate solution was added to the plate for 30 minutes. The chromogenic reaction was stopped by addition of 0.5 N H2SO4 and the plate was read at 490 nm. Several aspects of the assay were evaluated including non‐specific signal, intra‐ and inter‐assay precision, lower limit of detection, percent recovery after standard addition, and interference of other plasma components. This ELISA provides sensitive and reproducible measurements of rabbit plasma vWF, which is an important biomarker for cardiovascular ultrasound research. [Supported by NIH R37EB002641]
Validated biomarkers of caloric restriction in rats: Markers of disease risk in humans?
Authors: Kristal Bruce , Matson Wayne , Willett Walter , Hankinson Susan , Shurubor Yevgeniya , Sheldon Diane , Krasnikov Boris , Russell Neil , Sniatynski Matt , Marur Vasant
Published: June 2021

Caloric restriction (CR) robustly increases longevity/reduces morbidity in mammals, eg., breast cancer risk is generally decreased >90% in CR rodents. CR is usually dominant to other risk factors and are directly analogous to human data linking obesity with poor health outcomes, including cancer. We tested if biomarkers of diet in rats predicts future disease in humans.

Methods

Metabolomics measurements in sera/plasma were conducted w/HPLC/Coularray detectors (N~600 rats, ~1700 humans). Classification/predictive power were tested, optimized, and validated using a series of megavariate data analysis approaches in sequential blinded cohorts.

Results

Models distinguish diet groups with >95% accuracy. Diets varying in extent/duration of CR were used to develop models for intermediate caloric intakes. Markers were adapted for human study, analytically validated at instrumentation (N=30; 100% blinded split accuracy) and sample collection levels (N=34; most stable under worst case conditions), then biologically validated (N~70 in triplicate, metabolites/profiles had intraclass correlation coefficients ~0.65–0.85). Marker profile scores reflects energy intake/risk of future breast cancer in 210 case/control pairs nested within the Nurses’ Health Study.

Conclusion

Metabolomics profiles offer a potential biochemical approach to validate nutritive status and contribute to risk analysis. NIH
Metabolic Phenotyping to Assess Personalized Nutrition: Use of the Response‐to‐Challenge Model
Authors: Smilowitz Jennifer T. , Argov Nurit , Eigenheer Richard A. , Lemay Danielle G. , German J. Bruce
Published: June 2021

Public health is seeking to personalize diets for individual metabolic needs, yet challenges must be addressed. Personalizing diets will require a molecular, mechanistic and quantitative understanding of individual responses to food. Compositionally defined diets fed to subjects in a crossover, post‐prandial design to interrogate 1) fatty acid metabolism and 2) plasma lipoproteins. The elongation of 18:3n6 was assessed by appearance of its products in plasma at 2 hr intervals. Using the same design, a challenge rich in saturated fat was compared with unsaturated oil by measuring composition and size of post‐prandial lipoproteins. Plasma fatty acids were quantified by gas chromatography and lipoprotein size and proteome were measured by NMR and LC‐MS/MS. Individual responses were consistent yet there were significant differences among subjects in key aspects of lipid metabolism. Notably elongation of 18:3n6 stratified individuals into responders and non‐responders, even though if analyzed as a group, elongation was not significant. Segregation of the subjects into responders and non‐responders, was again seen in the plasma lipoprotein distribution. Saturated fat consumption in a subset of subjects, decreased VLDL size, yet analyzed as a group mean, the effect disappeared. Foods designed to probe metabolic pathways reveal critical differences in the nutritional phenotype among individuals.
Association of Leptin Receptor Gene Polymorphisms with Body Fat Distribution in Multiethnic Adolescent Girls of Hawaii
Authors: Vijayadeva Vinutha , Grove John , Novotny Rachel , Le Marchand Loic , Daida Yihe
Published: June 2021

Genetic polymorphisms that alter leptin levels have been associated with obesity. Little information is available on genetic polymorphisms and body fat distribution. In addition, central adiposity is an important risk factor for chronic metabolic diseases. We investigated the association of the Gln223Arg variant in the Leptin receptor gene (LEPR) with trunk‐to‐peripheral fat mass ratio (TPFR) measured by Dual energy X ray absorptiometry (DXA). This study was part of a larger study (Female Adolescent Maturation Study) that followed 349 multiethnic adolescent girls (ages 9–14yrs at baseline) and studied an additional 180 girls at the 3rd examination. Genotyping used DNA, obtained from mouthwash or blood. The frequency of the A allele was greater in Whites (0.6) than in Asians (0.1). Being an homozygote (AA) for the rarer allele was associated with a lower DXA TPFR and waist‐to‐hip circumference after adjusting for ancestry and age, LEPR Gln223Arg was not associated with other DXA body fat variables (including total fat mass), BMI, abdominal and hip circumferences. The relationship between LEPR polymorphisms and body fat has been studied widely, but not with the body fat distribution. Trunk‐to‐periphery fat ratio is a measure of the distribution of body fat acquired with DXA measures of fat of the body trunk and of the body periphery. In conclusion, the LEPR Gln223Arg polymorphism was associated with body fat distribution but not total body fat.

Grant Funding Source: FASEB MARC
LIPC and LEPR gene polymorphisms: associations with biochemical parameters and obesity phenotypes in Mexican northwest children from the urban region
Authors: Magaña‐Gomez Javier , Arias‐Gastélum Mayra , Castro‐Acosta Monica , Hernandez‐Morga Joane , Vergara‐Jimenez Marcela
Published: June 2021

Although the etiology of obesity and comorbidities is poorly understood, genetic factors like polymorphisms strongly influence variations among individuals. Therefore we evaluated the role of the polymorphisms of gene encoding hepatic lipase (LIPC) G‐250A and leptin receptor (LEPR) Q223R in blood biochemical parameters in overweight and obese Mexican children. The genotype of the polymorphisms was determined using PCR‐RFLP analysis for 120 children (60 overweight and obese, body mass index (BMI) for age and gender percentile >85th and 60 lean, percentile 5–85th). Additionally, blood biochemical parameters were measured. χ2 analyses were applied to test the significance differences in genotypic frequencies. For both polymorphisms, frequencies were prominently different from other populations. All individuals were wild‐type homozygote for LIPC and any showed variant homozygote for LEPR. No evidence of association between LEPR polymorphism and BMI was observed. However, in obese children total cholesterol, VLDL and triglycerides showed significant higher levels (p<0.05) in the heterozygote (AG) genotype than non‐obese. The AG genotype distribution revealed a significant association of LEPR with impaired lipid metabolism. Further study is needed to suggest racial differences in the genotype frequencies of LIPC and LEPR polymorphisms. Research supported by CONACyT (Proj. No. 69739).
The Pro‐Adipogenic Effect of Advanced Glycation End‐Products (AGEs) in Adipogenesis
Authors: Chen Chih yu , Martorano Allison , Kim Kee‐Hong
Published: June 2021

Obesity is a public health problem in the United States and globally. Adipogenesis plays a critical role in regulation between obesity and metabolic failure diseases. Advanced glycation end‐products (AGEs), through its receptor (RAGE), are known to induce oxidative stress, inflammation, and aging‐related chronic diseases including diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The inhibition of the AGE‐RAGE interaction has been proposed as a target for treatment and prevent of these diseases, however little is known about the effect in obesity. The objective of this study was to determine the role of AGE during adipogenesis of 3T3‐L1 cells. We found that adipogenesis is associated with induction of endogenous AGE and RAGE mRNA. We also observed that the passage number of 3T3‐L1 cells directly affected the cellular levels of endogenous AGE, RAGE mRNA expression and oxidative stress. Using bovine serum albumin glycated with methylglyoxal as an in vitro model of AGE, we revealed that exogenous AGE increased adipogenesis and the mRNA level of RAGE. The pro‐adipogenic effect of AGE was more effective to higher passage number cells. These results suggest that AGE function and/or the AGE‐ RAGE axis might play a critical role in augmenting the development of adipose tissue. This project is partially funded by USDA‐AFRI grant and The Showalter Trust Fund Award.

Grant Funding Source: USDA‐AFRI and The Showalter Trust Fund Award
Evaluation of Abdominal Obesity by a Portable Stereo Vision Body Imaging System
Authors: Freeland‐Graves Jeanne , Pepper M Reese , Lee Jane , Zhu Yeyi , Bean Drew , Yao Ming , Xu Bugao
Published: June 2021

Visceral fat stores in the abdomen are related to increased risk for insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. This metabolically active fat depot is commonly measured via Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), although this method is costly and burdensome for subjects. The focus of this study was the evaluation of a portable body imaging system for analysis of abdominal obesity. Caucasian and Hispanic women fasted for 4 hours before measurement of anthropometrics, 8‐camera stereo vision body imaging, and MRI. Intraclass correlation coefficient of MRI for a subset of subjects showed strong agreement between two observers for labeling of visceral and subcutaneous fat with SliceOMatic version 4.3 (TomoVision, Magog, Quebec) (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient 1.000 and 0.999 for subcutaneous and visceral fat, respectively, p<0.01). Stepwise linear regression analysis showed that girths at the thigh and umbilicus as measured by the portable body imaging system were strong predictors of visceral fat volume (Adjusted r2=0.709, p<0.01). This represented marked improvement over traditional manual prediction methods sagittal diameter and waist circumference by caliper and tape (Adjusted r2=0.651 and 0.531, respectively, p<0.01). These results indicate that the portable body imaging system is an effective means to evaluate central adiposity. Supported by NIH 1 R21 DK081206‐02.
Genomic Approach to Evaluate the Anti‐Obesity Potential of (−)‐Hydroxycitric Acid (HCA‐SX)
Authors: Bagchi Debasis , Lau Francis C , Bagchi Manashi , Sen Chandan K
Published: June 2021

Garcinia cambogia‐derived (−)‐hydroxycitric acid (HCA‐SX) has shown promise in weight management. In a randomized, double‐blind clinical study (n=90), HCA‐SX reduced body weight (BW), BMI, serum leptin, LDL, triglycerides and total cholesterol, while increasing HDL and excretion of urinary fat metabolites. We investigated the effects of HCA‐SX (500 μg HCA/ml, 48 hr) on human adipocytes. Subcutaneous preadipocytes collected from obese, non‐diabetic women (BMI>25) were differentiated from adipocytes for 2 weeks. High density (54676 probe sets) Affymetrix (U133 v3.0) GeneChip analyses were conducted. Results were examined for statistically significant (p<0.05, FDR <5%) genes upregulated or downregulated by HCA‐SX. HCA‐SX upregulated 366 genes and downregulated 348 genes. Candidate genes in both sets (upregulated: MMP1, 3, 10, PLAT, leptin; downregulated: EVOL3, EPHX2, PECR, PLIN, PPARGC1A, LIPG) were also verified using real‐time PCR. The leptin results were verified by ELISA. In functional assays, treatment of adipocytes with HCA‐SX supported lipid droplet fragmentation. HCA‐SX also significantly influenced leptin expression. Consistently, direct measurement showed lower triglyceride levels in HCA‐SX‐treated adipocytes. These results support the hypothesis that HCA‐SX influences specific aspects of adipocyte biology which may explain its effects against weight gain and suppression of appetite to control obesity.
Effects of agave nectar versus sucrose on weight gain, adiposity, blood glucose, insulin and lipid responses in mice
Authors: Nemoseck Tricia , Cole Sarah , Petrisko Yumi , Kern Mark
Published: June 2021

Agave nectar is a liquid sweetener derived from a cactus plant and is often promoted as a low glycemic alternative to refined sugar. However, little scientific research has been conducted in animals or humans to determine its metabolic and/or health effects. The aim of this study was to explore the influence of agave nectar versus sucrose on weight gain, adiposity, fasting plasma blood glucose, insulin and lipid levels. Twelve male ICR mice (33.8 ± 1.6g), were equally divided by weight into two groups (n=6) and provided free access to one of two diets of equal energy densities differing only in a portion of the carbohydrate provided. Diets contained 20% carbohydrate (by weight of total diet) from either raw agave nectar or sucrose. After 34 days, epididymal fat pads were excised and blood was collected. Weight gain (4.3 ± 2.2 vs 8.6 ± 4.2 g), fat pad weights (0.95 ± 0.54 vs 1.75 ± 0.68 g), plasma glucose (77.8 ± 12.2 vs 111.0 ± 27.9 mg/dl) and insulin (0.61 ± 0.29 vs 1.46 ± 0.81 ng/ml) were significantly lower (p≤0.05) for agave nectar‐fed mice compared to sucrose‐fed mice, respectively. No significant differences in total cholesterol, triglycerides or HDL‐C were detected. These results suggest that in comparison to sucrose, agave nectar may have a positive influence on weight gain and glucose control. However, more research with a larger sample of animals and/or with human subjects is warranted.

Sponsored by American Heart Association
C57BL/6NHsd male mice started on high‐fat diets at three, six, or nine weeks of age attain similar obesity phenotypes
Authors: Flowers Jessica , Mickelson Barbara
Published: June 2021

The C57BL/6 mouse strain fed a high‐fat diet (HFD) with ~60% of kcals from fat (lard) is an established rodent model of diet‐induced obesity. To determine if there is an ideal start age or diet composition which enhances development of obesity phenotypes, two HFD patterns were initiated at 3, 6, or 9 weeks of age. The HFD varied in fat (F, amount and type) and sucrose (S), abbreviated as follows in percent energy: 45F30S (milkfat) and 60F10S (lard). The HFD fed mice were compared to mice fed a purified low‐fat control (17F7S). Body weight and food disappearance were assessed once weekly in the nine groups of mice (n=15–16/group). Half of the mice underwent a glucose tolerance test at 17 weeks of age and had serial DEXA measurements performed at 9, 15, and 19 weeks of age. Within 3–4 weeks, mice started on the HFD were significantly heavier than controls irrespective of the age the diet was started. Upon initiation of HFD at 6 or 9 weeks, mice rapidly increased their rate of weight gain and attained similar weight compared to 3 week HFD mice with the exception of 9 week 60F10S which failed to catch‐up by 19 weeks. Calculated energy intake was greatest in the first week following HFD initiation. Intake tended to be higher throughout the remainder of feeding in all HFD groups. DEXA measurements at 9 weeks of age revealed animals fed HFD for 3 or 6 weeks showed similar percent fat that was approximately double controls (17 vs 32%). By 15 and 19 weeks of age all HFD groups showed a doubling of percent fat compared to controls (22 vs 44%‐15 wk and 25 vs 46%‐19 wk). Independent of start age, GTT at 17 weeks revealed HFD fed mice were glucose intolerant compared to control animals with a 60% increase in glucose area under the curve. In summary, these two HFD diet patterns produced similar obesity phenotypes. The age at which these HFD were initiated did not impact the percent fat or glucose tolerance measured after 8–14 weeks of feeding.
Dietary intake, drug use and symptomatology in HIV infected individuals
Authors: Hatsu Irene , Campa Adriana , Sales Sabrina , Johnson Paulette , Lai Shenghan , Baum Marianna K
Published: June 2021

Objective

The objectives of this study were to (1) determine whether adequate energy intake is associated with frequency of signs and symptoms in HIV+ adults, and (2) if illicit drug use influences sign and symptom frequency.

Methods

After consenting 231 HIV‐infected patients, physical examinations were conducted to determine the presence of symptoms such as headaches, fever and diarrhea. Structured clinical, demographic, and illicit drug use questionnaires were administered. Dietary intake was analyzed for each participant and was considered adequate at ≥ 2000 kcal as per FDA Daily Values.

Results

Participants were 73.2% males. Mean age and caloric intake were 42.7± 7.0 yrs and 2119±1226 kcals respectively. Cocaine (73.2%) and marijuana (35.1%) were the most frequently used illicit drugs. Individuals who consumed ≥ 2000 kcal but used drugs had more symptoms than those who were drug free (Mean=2.3±SD2.6 vs. 1.2±SD 1.7, p<0.011). Individuals consuming <2000 kcal had more symptoms than those eating ≥2000 kcal, though not statistically significant (Mean=2.7±SD3.0 vs. 2.1±SD2.4, p<0.08).

Conclusion

Abusing drugs and adequacy of caloric intake influences the manifestation of signs and symptoms in HIV infected patients. Further research needs to be done to confirm and identify the specific effect of drugs of abuse on type and frequency of pathologic symptoms.

Funded by NIDA
High cell plating density initiates rapid self‐assembly of multipotent mammary cells in three‐dimensional biomatrix
Authors: Hartmann Peter Edwin , Hassiotou Foteini , Thomas Elizabeth
Published: June 2021

Multipotent mammary cells isolated from breastmilk have the potential to differentiate into mammary secretory epithelial phenotypes in culture. The objective of the present study was to investigate how tissue architecture and differentiation of multipotent mammary cells is influenced by cell plating density in three‐dimensional (3D) culture. The total cell population isolated from a human milk sample was cultivated in monolayer to expand and purify the target population. The monolayer was subcultured into 3D biomatrix (Matrigel) at cell densities ranging from 1×104 to 1×107 cells/mL. Architecture and differentiation was tracked using the markers CD49f (progenitor), Cytokeratin 18 (CK18; luminal) and beta‐catenin (epithelial cytoplasm). At low density, single cells underwent division to form alveolus‐like structures with a basal CD49f+ layer and a luminal CK18+ layer after several weeks of growth. At high density, cells formed extensive ductal‐alveolar networks in less than 12 hours that maintained a basal CD49f+ population but did not divide or differentiate. Cellular alignment with matrix fibres preceded visible intercellular interaction, and predigesting the matrix abrogated assembly but not cell viability. This implies that tissue architecture and differentiation are regulated by cell‐extrinsic cues and depend on close intercellular proximity, but not physical interaction.
Creatine synthesis: the origin of creatine in rat milk
Authors: Lamarre Simon G , Edisson Erica E. , Wijekoon Enoka P. , Brosnan Margaret E. , Brosnan John T.
Published: June 2021

Creatine serves as an important energy buffer and shuttle system in cells. Approximately 1.7%/day of the body's creatine pool is spontaneously converted to creatinine and excreted in the urine. This must be replaced by a combination of diet and synthesis. During lactation there may be an additional requirement due to the provision of creatine to the milk. Our objectives were (1) to quantify milk creatine in lactating rats, (2) to determine the origin of milk creatine, and (3) to determine the activities of the enzymes of creatine synthesis in lactating rats. We determined the origin of milk creatine by administering 14C‐creatine to lactating rats, followed by determination of its isotopic enrichment in milk and plasma. Since these isotopic enrichments were identical, we conclude that milk creatine is extracted from the blood. Supporting this is our failure to find significant activities of the enzymes of creatine synthesis in mammary glands. Milk creatine amounted to about 13 μmol/day, which is equivalent to 25% of the creatine lost by conversion to creatinine. The first and limiting enzyme in creatine synthesis was not increased in activity during lactation; neither was the renal output of guanidinoacetate. We conclude that there is only a modest increase in the need to provide creatine during lactation and that this may be largely provided by hyperphagia when creatine is present in the food. Supported by CIHR grant 97851.

Grant Funding Source: Canadian Institute for Health Research
A new HPLC‐based method to profile and quantify Human Milk Oligosaccharides from as little as 1 uL milk
Authors: Nissan Caroline , Naidu Natasha , Choudhury Biswa , Bode Lars
Published: June 2021

Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMO) are complex glycans that are highly abundant in human milk but not in infant formula and are thought to benefit the breast‐fed infant. Here, we describe a fast, accurate and sensitive method to profile HMO from as little as 1uL human milk. First, milk samples were spiked with the non‐HMO trisaccharide raffinose for internal quantification. Then, samples were delipidated and deproteinated using centrifugation and chloroform/methanol extraction. Lactose, compromising more than 90% of all milk glycans but not being considered an HMO, was removed by incubating the samples with lactase, which was immobilized on magnetic beads. Samples were cleaned up with C18 and Carbograph microcolumns. Oligosaccharides were fluorescently tagged with 2‐aminobenzamide and analyzed by HPLC on an amide column with an ammonium formate/acetonitrile gradient and fluorescence detection (360/425nm). HPLC peaks were annotated according to standard retention times as well as online coupled mass spectrometry. Response factors were determined for all major HMO. The detection limit was less than 0.1 pmol with a linear response up to 400 pmol. Triplicate runs of the same milk samples yielded a relative standard deviation of the mean of less than 2% for total HMO and individual HMO. The described method will allow investigating genetic and environmental influences on HMO biosynthesis.
Validation of Nutrition Standardized Language Using Fehring Model
Authors: Ritter‐Gooder Paula , Lewis Nancy M
Published: June 2021

The objective of this study was to validate the content of a nutrition diagnostic term, involuntary weight loss, by nutrition experts. A validation instrument, based upon the Ferhing Diagnostic Content Validity Model was developed. Based upon concept analysis of current published literature, 9 additional items were added. Surveys were mailed to Certified Specialists in Gerontological Nutrition (CSG). Diagnostic Content Validity Score (DCV) for each definition, etiology, and sign/symptom were determined. Each item was classified into major characteristics (≥ 0.80), minor characteristics (0.50 to 0.799), or non‐relevant to the diagnosis (below 0.499). Results indicated that 63% of the CSG (n=110) participated. The DCV score was 0.80 ± 0.17 (mean ± SD) for the definition, 0.63 ± 0.08 for the etiologies, and 0.69 ± 0.12 for the signs/symptoms. The mean total DCV score of the diagnostic term was 0.69 ± 0.11. In conclusion, the majority of the definition, etiologies and signs/symptoms were content validated, however the term needs refinement to reflect the seven added items that were validated and to remove the non‐relevant items.

Partial funding support was provided by the American Dietetic Association.
Tracking the Effectiveness of Various Combinations of Diet Tips: Results of the National Mindless Eating Challenge
Authors: Patterson Richard Wells , Payne Collin Richards , Wansink Brian
Published: June 2021

What determines the degree to which a person complies with tailored weight‐loss suggestions? Two studies examine the effectiveness of an interactive web‐based weight‐loss resource. The first study (n=1000) investigated the predictors of compliance, showing that nearly 60% of the variance in compliance can be determined by how effective and easy people rate the tip before beginning the program. The second study (n=200) investigates the resulting link between individual ratings of the tip effectiveness and the resulting impact compliance and weight loss. Implications for promoting greater compliance – in person and on the web – are then outlined.

Grant Funding Source: none
The development of an interdisciplinary model to examine environmental factors on child health and development
Authors: Brann Lynn S. , Krishnakumar Ambika
Published: June 2021

Few interdisciplinary studies have incorporated nutrition, family processes, health related behaviors, and child development within one conceptual framework. The purpose of this study was to gather pilot data to examine potential environmental factors related to child health and development. Variables included maternal and child nutrition (using 24‐hour recalls), anthropometric measurements, maternal and child physical health and access to health care, cognitive development, maternal psychological health, and parenting. In‐depth interviews were conducted with 20 mother‐child pairs. Children's diets fell below the recommended range for vegetables, milk, and meats and beans; whereas, mothers' diets fell below the recommended range for vegetables, fruits, and milk. Sixty‐eight percent of the mothers rated their children's health to be above average or excellent and the children studied scored within normal limits on their cognitive development. Preliminary data provide some support for the development of the proposed interdisciplinary conceptual model. A more diverse sample of mother‐child pairs is needed to examine environmental factors on child health and development.
Responses to a Health Survey in Preparation for a Cancer Awareness and Prevention Program
Authors: Dawkins Norma L , Carter Vivian , Howard Barbara
Published: June 2021

Macon County is one of the twelve Black Belt counties located in Alabama with a cancer rate or 258.7 compared to 216.2 for the state of Alabama. The objective of the survey was to assess health knowledge, health status and behaviors of potential participants in a cancer awareness and prevention program.

A survey instrument was designed to elicit individual opinions regarding cancer awareness and prevention. The instrument consisted of four major sections: demographic information, health knowledge, health behavior and health status. It was pilot‐tested for validity and reliability, r = 0.88. The data was analyzed using SPSS 17.0.

Results indicated that 62% of respondents were female, 56% were college graduates, and 47 % earned an average annual income of $11,000 to $35,000. Participants (79 %) were willing to take part in a cancer awareness and prevention program.

Responses to health questions indicated that 85% associated moderate exercise and healthy diet with disease prevention, 82 % believed that consuming 5 servings of vegetables a day can lower blood pressure and reduce the prevalence of obesity. Respondents (74%) associated water intake with health, fewer associated losing weight with fasting, and 26% used some form of dieting product to lose weight. Approximately 24% rated their health as either fair or poor while 62% indicated that their mental health was good. Respondents' willingness to participate in a cancer awareness and prevention program is a forward step in addressing health problems in rural Black Belt counties.
Negative nutrition impacts from the food price crisis in Latin America
Authors: Iannotti Lora , Robles Miguel
Published: June 2021

This study examined the effect of the food price crisis (2006–2008) on calorie intakes in Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, and Peru. Food consumption and socio‐economic data came from household surveys, and food calories from ProPAN and USDA food composition databases. Applying the quadratic almost ideal demand system (QUAIDS) model, we compared calorie intake levels before and after the price shock and analyzed households in relation to calorie adequacy thresholds in strata based on wealth, area of residence, and age of household members. We found that over one‐half (50–80%) of households were in a worse situation in terms of calorie adequacy after the shock, with the largest reductions in calories observed for Ecuador and Panama. Shifts to the left in the frequency distributions of calorie intakes were apparent in the lower end of the tails especially. Consistent inverse relationships between expenditure quintiles and change in calorie intakes were observed, with the top quintile showing positive changes, suggestive of over‐consumption. Poor rural areas were affected by reductions in energy intakes to the same or to a greater extent than urban areas. Programs or policies may be needed to support population sub‐strata in periods of high food prices.
Infant and Early Childhood Feeding Difficulties are Not Associated with Anorexia Nervosa Subtype
Authors: Dellava Jocilyn E. , Strober Michael , Thornton Laura M. , Kaye Walter , Bulik Cynthia M. , Consortium Genetics of Anorexia Nervosa
Published: June 2021

Infant and childhood feeding may be associated with adult weight. Picky childhood eating has been associated with development of Anorexia Nervosa (AN). AN has been divided into distinct subtypes; little was known about differential predictors of subtype. The aim of the current study was to explore the relation between AN subtype and infant feeding, gastrointestinal (GI) problems prior to AN, and picky‐eating in early childhood. Three AN subtypes were identified: restrictive type, purging type (no binging), and binging type. The study sample was 325 women from the Genetics of Anorexia Nervosa study who had a lifetime history of AN and whose mothers provided retrospective information regarding feeding from the infant and childhood feeding questionnaire. Three stepwise logistic regressions were applied to predict AN subtype. The predictors were: breastfed, feeding schedule, and age solid food was introduced; infant vomiting, colic, GI problems before AN onset; and picky eating at 1 year and picky eating between ages 1–5. No model predicted AN subtype in this sample. Infant and childhood feeding factors are unlikely to be predictive of AN subtype.

Funding: NIH (MH66117), T32MH07669403.
Do children and their parents eat a similar diet? Association between child and parental dietary intakes
Authors: Wang Youfa , Beydoun May , Li Ji , Liu Yinghui , Moreno Luis A.
Published: June 2021

It is widely believed parents have a strong influence on children's eating behaviors. However, previous findings on child‐parent resemblance in dietary intake are mixed. We systematically reviewed and analyzed the association based on published studies. We searched PubMed and other database for related studies published since 1980, resulted in 24 studies meeting selection criteria for review and 15 studies for meta‐regression analysis. We compared the associations between parent‐child pairs, nutrients, over time, and by dietary assessment method using regression analysis. Most studies were based on small samples and from the U.S. Overall, they suggest a moderate or weak association, but findings varied remarkably across studies and nutrients. Twelve studies reported correlations in energy and fat intakes. Our meta‐analysis showed average parent‐child correlation for intakes of energy (r=0.17±0.13) and fat (% energy, r=0.19±0.14) were similar. Father‐son pairs had highest r in fat intake (% energy, r=0.25); mother‐son pairs had weakest r in energy intake (r=0.08). The r varied by dietary assessment methods and countries. FFQ or mixed approaches yielded lower r than using multiple 24‐hr recalls or food records for both children and parents. Overall, the resemblance is weak and reported associations varied considerably across studies, nutrients and foods.
AUTISM LINKED TO NUTRITION
Authors: Shamberger Raymond Joseph
Published: June 2021

Autism rates in the United States are increasing at a rate of 15% per year. Autistic children are diagnosed by age three and have problems communicating and interacting socially. This study utilizes nutritional epidemiology to link the possible cause of autism to nutrition by creating autism rates for the 50 states of America and comparing them to published measures of infant nutrition such as duration of exclusive breast feeding and Participation in the WIC (Womens, Infants and Children) program.

The 50 states with the highest Participation have significantly lower autism rates. Similar results were observed in 21 New Jersey counties.

Increasing autism rates were observed in women exclusively breast feeding. These mothers total milk intake is lower in thiamine and vitamin D and much less than the MDR (Minimal Daily Requirements)of those vitamins

Results indicate that autism may be nutritionally related to possible vitamin deficiencies of the cognative vitamins such as thiamine or vitamin D.
Estimation of adiposity in schoolchildren of Guadalajara, Mexico
Authors: Vasquez‐Garibay Edgar Manuel , Romo‐García Liliana E. , Vizmanos Barbara , Larrosa‐Haro Alfredo
Published: June 2021

With the purpose to estimate adiposity, a cross sectional randomly design including 196 schoolchildren (5–9 years) was carried out. 99 (50.5%) were females and the weight was between the 10th and 90th percentile. Variables as age, gender, and percent of body fat (%BF) obtained by Slaughter, Lohman and Durnin equations, and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) were estimated. A student T test and Kruskal Wallis test were obtained. Differences in %BF by Slaughter (22.9±10.4 vs. 26.9±8.8) was higher in females (p=0.004) and by Lohman (27.8±11.3 vs. 24.7±8.9) higher in males (p=<0.039). With a stratification among age groups (5–6, 7–8 and 9 y), differences in %BF in boys by BIA (19.1 ±7.2, 23.9±9.5, 24.1±13.8) and Lohman (25.4±12, 29.4±11, 28.9±10) were not significant. Differences in %BF by Slaughter (19.1±8.5, 24.6±9.9, 28.6±14.1) and Durnin (20.5±7.8, 25.8±8.7, 26.8±10) were gradually increased by age (p = 0.012 and p = 0.016). In girls, %BF among equations was closer and higher than boys, and, higher in older than younger girls. By BIA (20.2±9.7, 22.3±10, 27.6±7.6), p = 0.072; by Lohman (22.4±9.1, 24.7±8.5, 32.6±5.5), p = 0.004; by Slaughter (25.1±8.6, 26.7±9.0, 33.8±5.6), p = 0.008; by Durnin (24.1±8.6, 24.5±9.6, 32.5±7.5), p = 0.023. There were differences in adiposity by sex with equations. BIA, Slaughter and Durnin equations seem to reflect better changes in adiposity at this age in normal weight children.
Development and validation of a photographic method to assess dietary intake in youth
Authors: Matthiessen Timothy Brian , Steinberg Francene M , Kaiser Lucia Lynn
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study was to develop and test a photographic method for assessing dietary intake of youth in a community setting. Thirty youth (15 males, 15 females), who were between 9–12 years, were recruited from community organizations in Davis, CA. Using digital cameras, 28 subjects with a mean BMI (±SD) of 18.48 (±2.65) photographed the foods consumed after 5pm for seven days to get a photographic food record (PFR). Additional data collected for the same week included the Block Kids Food Frequency questionnaire and three 24‐hour dietary recalls (DR) in person or by phone. Two observers analyzed the photos and entered data into Food Processor SQL to calculate food group intakes (grains, vegetables, fruits, dairy, and meats & beans). Preliminary data analysis, using a paired t‐test, revealed no significant differences between the DR and PFR methods in food group intake after 5pm. Mean (±SD) serving intakes were as follows: Grain DR: 1.81 (±1.21) PFR: 2.05 (±0.57); Vegetables DR: 0.66 (±0.59) PFR: 0.57 (±0.26); Fruit DR: 0.58 (±0.66) PFR: 0.53 (±0.42); Dairy DR: 1.01 (±0.82) PFR: 0.98 (±0.71); Meat & Beans DR: 1.73 (±1.11) PFR: 1.97 (±1.20). The PFR method is less burdensome on the subjects and is as accurate as the recall method in assessment of children's dietary intake. Photographic methods may have possible applications in assessing changes in dietary patterns following nutrition education programs.
Determining the accuracy of a “quick” questionnaire in assessing calcium intake in young healthy women
Authors: Gunther Carolyn Woods , Teegarden Dorothy , Shertzer Julie A
Published: June 2021

It is well established that achieving adequate levels of calcium intake is essential for optimal health. Thus, developing validated tools for accurate assessment of calcium intake is critical. However, dietary calcium screening questionnaires designed to be administered and analyzed rapidly and reflect the calcium rich foods available in the current US food supply are limited. The objective of this study was to assess the accuracy of a 36‐food item “quick” calcium questionnaire (QCQ) in measuring dietary calcium intake in adult women with low calcium intakes. QCQ follows a semi‐quantitative food frequency format and includes questions on calcium intake from supplements. It was used as a screening tool in a previous dairy calcium intervention trial to detect low daily calcium intake (≤900 mg) in young healthy women (n=121, 18–28 yrs). Individuals who scored ≤900 mg/day on QCQ were asked to complete a quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) (Block98.2). Subjects with reported calcium intakes of ≤900 mg on FFQ also completed a 3 day diet food record (FR), which included 2 weekdays and 1 weekend day. The Minnesota Nutrition Data System for Research was used to analyze FR. QCQ validity was assessed by comparing calcium intake scores from QCQ with results from FFQ and FR. Daily calcium intakes (mg) were (mean±SD): 597.8±205.8, 451.2±171.0, 712.2±249.1, for the QCQ, FFQ, and FR, respectively. The correlation was: (1) 0.36 (p<0.001) between QCQ and FFQ; and (2) 0.17 (p=0.07) between QCQ and FR. These preliminary data support the potential use of QCQ as an effective screening tool for identifying women with low calcium intakes.
Strategies to remediate vitamin D deficiency in Mongolian children
Authors: Ganmaa Davaasambuu , Sumberzul Nyamjav , Holick Michael , Willett Walter , Frazier Lindsay , Rich‐Edwards Janet
Published: June 2021

Objective

To compare efficacy of supplements vs. fortified milk to correct vitamin D deficiency

Methods

A randomized, 45‐day study among 744 children age 9–11 comparing 5 interventions delivering the equivalent of 300 IU/day: daily supplements; “seasonal” supplement (13,700 IU at study start); fortified U.S., Mongolian, or substitute milk. Controls drank unfortified milk. T‐tests were used to compare the changes in serum 25‐hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD) levels.

Results

Prior to the intervention, 98% of children had 25OHD levels <20 ng/ml (mean, 8.0 ± 4.3 ng/ml). Although the mean 25OHD levels of children receiving supplements or fortified milk rose by 12.9 ± 8.1 ng/ml, compared with 0.2 ± 3.8 ng/ml for children drinking unfortified milk, 52% of children in the supplement/fortification arms remained <20 ng/ml. Levels of 25OHD levels did not differ between children receiving a daily supplement or fortified milk (p=0.15). However, among children who received the seasonal supplement, even though 25OHD levels were higher at end of study than levels in those who drank unfortified milk, 98% were deficient.

Conclusion

Although 300 IU daily, either as a supplement or as fortified milk, ameliorated severe vitamin D deficiency, higher doses would be required to attain optimal levels. A seasonal strategy that uses intermittent supplementation would require a larger dose and/or shorter dosing interval to achieve repletion.
Mouse Genotype Alters Palatal Fusion Response to Nicotine
Authors: Serrano Maria J. , Svoboda Kathy K.H.
Published: June 2021

OBJECTIVE

Our previous work demonstrated that nicotine inhibited palatal fusion in vitro in a dose dependent manner. We asked if the mouse genotype would affect palatal fusion when exposed to nicotine. The objective of this study is focused on understanding the risk of maternal smoking as a factor for facial cleft defects.

METHODS

Palatal shelves from mouse strains (CD1, ND4, C57and 129S) at age E13.5 were cultured in serum free media (control), and nicotine (0.6 mM and 6 mM). Palates were harvested at 24 hours, 48 hrs and 72 hrs. Tissue was fixed in 4%PFA for paraffin embedding and H&E sections. In vivo study was done using pumps with nicotine in the four different mouse strains. Embryos mice were harvested at E15.5. Palatal tissue was harvested and fixed in 4% PFA for paraffin embedding and H&E sections.

RESULTS

The different mouse strains responded to the nicotine in different degrees. All palates exposed to nicotine failed to fuse. CD1 and ND4 strains were consistent in the palatal fusion pattern within litters. C57 and 129S had variable palate fusion. Some of the embryos had fused palates at embryonic day 13.5, while other embryos had undeveloped palatal shelves. The organ cultured palates from CD1 and ND4 mice treated with 0.6mM nicotine fused, while palatal shelves from C57 and 129S didn't fuse. The results in the in vivo experiment showed that the patterns in fusion occurred differently anterior to posterior especially in CD1 mice, the shelves were not fused in the posterior region.

CONCLUSION

The genetic background of mice influenced nicotine responses in palatal tissues.

Grant Funding Source: March of Dimes
Bowel Morphologic evaluation in Experimental Administration of an Extract of Ocimum champechianum
Authors: Gurgel Ana Pavla , Cavalcanti Karen Pena , Mendes Tiago , Barreto Pedro , Souza Ivone Antonia , Filho Nicodemos Teles , Cabrita Antonio Silverio
Published: June 2021

Ocimum champechianum (OC) is a medicinal specie popularly known as â€œ alfa‐vacaâ€ and widely distributed in American. This specie is often used in the folk medicine as analgesic, antipyretic, and diuretic. To date, there were no toxicological studies of the hydroalcoholic extract (HE) of OC concerning to bowel lesions. This study propose to evaluate whether there are possible bowel lesions caused by HE of leaves from OC. Ten Wistar males rats with 8 weeks of age were submitted to the administration of the dose 75mg/Kg of the HE of the OC, by gavage, five times at week, during 8 weeks. All the animals were sacrificed after twenty‐eight weeks and the bowel were observed and collected for microscopy. The incidence of AC observed in these groups was 0.66 Â± 1.41 in the rectum, 11,74 Â± 14.88 in the colon and 11.22 Â± 6.03 in the cecum. The bowel of control group had no lesions. In conclusion, the macroscopic evaluation of the bowel revealed aberrant crypts (AC) and there were no neoplasmic lesions in the groups treated with the HE of the OC.