bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
To Kill and Tell? State Power, Criminal Competition, and Drug Violence
Authors: Duran-Martinez Angelica
Published: June 2015

Violence is commonly viewed as an inherent attribute of the drug trade. Yet, there is dramatic variation in drug violence within countries afflicted by drug trafficking. This article advances a novel framework that explains how the interaction between two critical variables, the cohesion of the state security apparatus, and the competition in the illegal market determines traffickers’ incentives to employ violence. The analysis introduces a generally overlooked dimension of violence, its visibility. Visibility refers to whether traffickers publicly expose their use of violence or claim responsibility for their attacks. Drawing on fieldwork in five cities in Colombia and Mexico (Cali, Medellin, Ciudad Juárez, Culiacán, and Tijuana), 175 interviews, and a new data set on drug violence, I argue that violence becomes visible and frequent when trafficking organizations compete and the state security apparatus is fragmented. By contrast, violence becomes less visible and less frequent when the criminal market is monopolized and the state security apparatus is cohesive.
Building Governance Capability in Online Social Production: Insights from Wikipedia
Authors: Aaltonen Aleksi , Lanzara Giovan Francesco
Published: June 2015

This article investigates a form of governance that makes online social production possible. Drawing on the concepts of capability and routine, we develop a dynamic, process-oriented view that departs from past research focused on static comparative analysis. We theorize that online social production systems develop a collective governance capability to steer the process of integrating distributed knowledge resources to the production of value. Governance mechanisms emerge from individual and collective learning that is made possible by new technology, and they evolve over time, as routines are developed to respond to new problems faced by a growing production system. Using Wikipedia as a paradigmatic example of online social production, we characterize governance as an evolving, enabling and embedded process and discuss implications for a dynamic theory of governance.
Reorienting and Recalibrating Inter-organizational Relationships: Strategies for Achieving Optimal Trust
Authors: Stevens Merieke , MacDuffie John Paul , Helper Susan
Published: June 2015

Drawing upon longitudinal, dyadic, comparative case-based research, we analyze the pursuit of optimal trust, i.e. trust that is neither excessive nor insufficient, by introducing the concepts of reorientation and recalibration. First, we show that large deviations from optimal trust are best addressed by reorientation which deals with both too much as well as too little trust. Reorientation processes include substantial efforts to change parties’ attributions of the intentions underlying past behavior, to reestablish social equilibrium among the parties, and to make structural changes via adjustments to goals and incentives. Reorientation is necessary when imbalance occurs in the powerful and opposed forces associated with excessive trust (faith, favoritism, contentment, loyalty) vs insufficient trust (skepticism, impartiality, exigency, opportunism). Second, we demonstrate that there is an effective path to maintaining optimal trust via practices we call recalibration, wherein small deviations are addressed before damage to trust occurs. Recalibration maintains inter-organizational trust near its optimum through processes that proactively balance the opposed forces. Large deviations from optimal trust in either direction can unleash destabilizing dynamics, requiring significant reorientation efforts to offset. Recalibration processes are then essential for preserving the effects of successful reorientation.
The entrepreneurial middle ground: Higher education entry decisions of aspiring entrepreneurs
Authors: Pugalis Lee , Round Anna , Blackwood Tony , Hatt Lucy
Published: June 2015

The growing demand for more entrepreneurs has engendered a proliferation of entrepreneurship education programmes, which, in different ways, aim to assist aspiring entrepreneurs ‘learn’ entrepreneurship. Yet, understanding the higher education entry decisions of aspiring entrepreneurs is a veritable research lacuna, which creates fertile ground for investigation. This paper reports on an exploratory study investigating the entry decisions of first-year participants enrolled on a recently launched degree programme employing a team-based, experiential approach to learning. The analysis uses an interpretive frame to explore why aspiring entrepreneurs opt for formal education in place of, or alongside, other learning and career journeys. Findings indicate that some participants opted for a university education as part of a positive compromised decision, reflecting the reticence of these aspiring entrepreneurs to ‘go it alone’ in the world of business. In this sense, such experiential forms of entrepreneurial education may provide a suitable ‘middle ground’ for some aspiring entrepreneurs.
Strategic exploration of battery waste management: A game-theoretic approach
Authors: Kaushal Rajendra Kumar , Nema Arvind K , Chaudhary Jyoti
Published: June 2015

Electronic waste or e-waste is the fastest growing stream of solid waste today. It contains both toxic substances as well as valuable resources. The present study uses a non-cooperative game-theoretic approach for efficient management of e-waste, particularly batteries that contribute a major portion of any e-waste stream and further analyses the economic consequences of recycling of these obsolete, discarded batteries. Results suggest that the recycler would prefer to collect the obsolete batteries directly from the consumer rather than from the manufacturer, only if, the incentive return to the consumer is less than 33.92% of the price of the battery, the recycling fee is less than 6.46% of the price of the battery, and the price of the recycled material is more than 31.08% of the price of the battery. The manufacturer’s preferred choice of charging a green tax from the consumer can be fruitful for the battery recycling chain.
Combined dynamic predictions using joint models of two longitudinal outcomes and competing risk data
Authors: Andrinopoulou Eleni-Rosalina , Rizopoulos D , Takkenberg Johanna JM , Lesaffre E
Published: June 2015

Nowadays there is an increased medical interest in personalized medicine and tailoring decision making to the needs of individual patients. Within this context our developments are motivated from a Dutch study at the Cardio-Thoracic Surgery Department of the Erasmus Medical Center, consisting of patients who received a human tissue valve in aortic position and who were thereafter monitored echocardiographically. Our aim is to utilize the available follow-up measurements of the current patients to produce dynamically updated predictions of both survival and freedom from re-intervention for future patients. In this paper, we propose to jointly model multiple longitudinal measurements combined with competing risk survival outcomes and derive the dynamically updated cumulative incidence functions. Moreover, we investigate whether different features of the longitudinal processes would change significantly the prediction for the events of interest by considering different types of association structures, such as time-dependent trajectory slopes and time-dependent cumulative effects. Our final contribution focuses on optimizing the quality of the derived predictions. In particular, instead of choosing one final model over a list of candidate models which ignores model uncertainty, we propose to suitably combine predictions from all considered models using Bayesian model averaging.
Asthma Management Disparities
Authors: Evans-Agnew Robin
Published: June 2015

Disparities in asthma management are a burden on African American youth. The objective of this study is to describe and compare the discourses of asthma management disparities (AMDs) in African American adolescents in Seattle to existing youth-related asthma policies in Washington State. Adolescents participated in a three-session photovoice project and presented their phototexts to the Washington State asthma planning committee. Critical discourse analysis methodology was used to analyze adolescent phototexts and the State asthma plan. We found that the State plan did not address AMD in African American adolescents. Adolescents discussed more topics on AMD than the State plan presented, and they introduced new topics concerning residential mobility, poor nutrition, inadequate athletic opportunities, and schools with stairs. Current health policy may be constraining effective responses to asthma disparities in youth. School nursing leadership can use photovoice to advance youth voice in transforming structural inequities in urban school environments.
Planning and implementation of medical support for a cross-country obstacle race
Authors: Pearkes Tim , Buckley Andrew , Acharya Mehool
Published: June 2015

Middle distance arduous outdoor events have risen in popularity over the last four years. This rise is accompanied by an increase in the number of injuries and anecdotally a rise in emergency department attendances. Event organisers are employing on-site medical teams to manage injured runners where possible and refer onwards appropriately when required. One such event is the WOLF RUN: a 10 km mud race with obstacles that provides runners of all abilities with a challenge. Events such as this require careful planning to reduce the risk of injury; however, should injury occur, this planning should lead to prompt assessment, treatment, and if necessary, evacuation. This article describes the event the medical planning that takes place prior each run, difficulties encountered and lessons learnt. We outline the requirements of a doctor taking on such an event, the medical resources and personnel required to safely staff it and the types of injury/illness that have been treated to date.
Stakeholder Perceptions of the Provision of Reproductive Health Services by School-Based Health Centers as They May Inform Public Policy
Authors: Herrman Judith W.
Published: June 2015

The provision of reproductive health services (RHS) by school-based health centers (SBHCs) is the subject of much controversy. Ideological differences about the role of schools in health care and the sexual activity of youth frame this debate. The purpose of this study was to determine the perspectives of key stakeholders related to access to RHS in SBHCs. Individual, semistructured interviews were conducted with 50 adult stakeholders. Template analysis yielded rich answers to the interview questions. Nine overarching themes emerged during thematic analysis. Subthemes and exemplar quotes revealed important insights into public opinion about RHS at SBHCs. Findings reflect strong stakeholder support for the inclusion of RHS in SBHCs as a way to promote teen sexual health. Nurses have an important role in influencing policies related to teen reproductive health such as those addressed in this study.
Measuring public spending preferences using an interactive budgeting questionnaire
Authors: Bonica Adam
Published: June 2015

This paper considers an innovative approach to measuring public spending preferences using an interactive budgeting questionnaire. After being presented with the President’s requested budget for the upcoming fiscal year, survey respondents were asked to adjust spending levels in line with their personal preferences, subject to budgetary trade-offs. An analysis of survey results reveals that responses sharply contrast with those recovered by traditional survey measures. The results are then used to examine the relationship between fiscal preferences and self-reported ideology, and to explore the structure of budgetary preferences. It is found that preferences scale to two substantive dimensions: the first measures the trade-off between security and non-security spending and strongly correlates with self-reported ideology; and the second reveals a crosscutting cleavage that has attracted little, if any, attention in previous research. Specifically, it measures each respondent’s relative preference for rival and non-rival government goods and services.
A Preliminary Multiple Case Report of Neurocognitive Training for Children With AD/HD in China
Authors: Jiang Han , Johnstone Stuart J.
Published: June 2015

This preliminary multiple case study examined the behavioral outcomes of neurocognitive training on children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) in China, as well as parent acceptance of the treatment. The training approach targeted working memory, impulse control, and attention/relaxation (via brain electrical activity). Outcome measures included overt behavior as rated by parents and teachers, AD/HD symptom frequency, and parent opinion/feedback. Training was completed by five individuals and delivered via a themed computer game with electroencephalogram (EEG) input via a wireless, single-channel, dry-sensor, portable measurement device. The objective (i.e., training outcomes and EEG) and subjective (i.e., parent ratings/feedback and teacher ratings) data suggested that use of the neurocognitive training resulted in reduced AD/HD behaviors and improvement in socially meaningful outcomes. The parents expressed satisfaction with the training procedure and outcomes. It is concluded that the innovative neurocognitive training approach is effective for improving behavior and reducing symptoms of AD/HD for children in China.
Direct assessment of 3D foot bone kinematics using biplanar X‐ray fluoroscopy and an automatic model registration method
Authors: Ito Kohta , Hosoda Koh , Shimizu Masahiro , Ikemoto Shuhei , Kume Shinnosuke , Nagura Takeo , Imanishi Nobuaki , Aiso Sadakazu , Jinzaki Masahiro , Ogihara Naomichi
Published: June 2015

Background

Quantifying detailed 3‐dimensional (3D) kinematics of the foot in contact with the ground during locomotion is crucial for understanding the biomechanical functions of the complex musculoskeletal structure of the foot. Biplanar X‐ray fluoroscopic systems and model‐based registration techniques have recently been employed to capture and visualise 3D foot bone movements in vivo, but such techniques have generally been performed manually. In the present study, we developed an automatic model‐registration method with biplanar fluoroscopy for accurate measurement of 3D movements of the skeletal foot.

Methods

Three‐dimensional surface models of foot bones were generated prior to motion measurement based on computed tomography. The bone models generated were then registered to biplanar fluoroscopic images in a frame‐by‐frame manner using an optimisation technique, to maximise similarity measures between occluding contours of the bone surface models with edge‐enhanced fluoroscopic images, while avoiding mutual penetration of bones. A template‐matching method was also introduced to estimate the amount of bone translation and rotation prior to automatic registration.

Results

We analysed 3D skeletal movements of a cadaver foot mobilized by a robotic gait simulator. The 3D kinematics of the calcaneus, talus, navicular and cuboid in the stance phase of the gait were successfully reconstructed and quantified using the proposed model‐registration method. The accuracy of bone registration was evaluated as 0.27 ± 0.19 mm and 0.24 ± 0.19° (mean ± standard deviation) in translation and rotation, respectively, under static conditions, and 0.36 ± 0.19 mm and 0.42 ± 0.30° in translation and rotation, respectively, under dynamic conditions.

Conclusions

The measurement was confirmed to be sufficiently accurate for actual analysis of foot kinematics. The proposed method may serve as an effective tool for understanding the biomechanical function of the human foot during locomotion.
Comparison of two algorithms for isotropic elastic P and S vector decomposition
Authors: Wang Wenlong , McMechan George A. , Zhang Qunshan
Published: June 2015

P- and S-wavefield separation is necessary to extract PP and PS images from prestack elastic reverse time migrations. Unlike traditional separation methods that use curl and divergence operators, which do not preserve the wavefield vector component information, we did P and S vector decomposition, which preserves the same vector components that exist in the input elastic wavefield. The amplitude and phase information was automatically preserved, so no amplitude or phase corrections were required. We considered two methods to realize P and S vector decomposition: selective attenuation and decoupled propagation. Selective attenuation uses viscoelastic extrapolation, in which the Q-values are used as processing parameters, to remove either the P-waves or the S-waves. Decoupled propagation rewrites the stress and particle velocity formulation of the elastic equations into separate P- and S-wave components. In both methods, the decomposition is realized during the extrapolation of an elastic wavefield. These algorithms could also perform P and S decomposition in [Formula: see text] gather data by extrapolating the data downward from the receivers, during which the decomposition is performed, and then back upward to record the decomposed P- and S-waves at the receivers. Comparisons of the two methods in terms of efficiency, accuracy, and memory showed that both could separate P- and S-waves in the vector domain. The decoupled propagation is preferable in terms of speed and memory cost, but was applicable only to elastic propagation.
R331W Missense Mutation of Oncogene YAP1 Is a Germline Risk Allele for Lung Adenocarcinoma With Medical Actionability
Authors: Chen Hsuan-Yu , Yu Sung-Liang , Ho Bing-Ching , Su Kang-Yi , Hsu Yi-Chiung , Chang Chi-Sheng , Li Yu-Cheng , Yang Shi-Yi , Hsu Pin-Yen , Ho Hao , Chang Ya-Hsuan , Chen Chih-Yi , Yang Hwai-I , Hsu Chung-Ping , Yang Tsung-Ying , Chen Kun-Chieh , Hsu Kuo-Hsuan , Tseng Jeng-Sen , Hsia Jiun-Yi , Chuang Cheng-Yen , Yuan Shinsheng , Lee Mei-Hsuan , Liu Chia-Hsin , Wu Guan-I , Hsiung Chao A. , Chen Yuh-Min , Wang Chih-Liang , Huang Ming-Shyan , Yu Chong-Jen , Chen Kuan-Yu , Tsai Ying-Huang , Su Wu-Chou , Chen Huei-Wen , Chen Jeremy J.W. , Chen Chien-Jen , Chang Gee-Chen , Yang Pan-Chyr , Li Ker-Chau
Published: June 2015

Purpose

Adenocarcinoma is the most dominant type of lung cancer in never-smoker patients. The risk alleles from genome-wide association studies have small odds ratios and unclear biologic roles. Here we have taken an approach featuring suitable medical actionability to identify alleles with low population frequency but high disease-causing potential.

Patients and Methods

Whole-genome sequencing was performed for a family with an unusually high density of lung adenocarcinoma with available DNA from the affected mother, four affected daughters, and one nonaffected son. Candidate risk alleles were confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectroscopy. Validation was conducted in an external cohort of 1,135 participants without cancer and 1,312 patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Family follow-ups were performed by genotyping the relatives of the original proband and the relatives of the identified risk-allele carriers. Low-dose computed tomography scans of the chest were evaluated for lung abnormalities.

Results

YAP1 R331W missense mutation from the original family was identified and validated in the external controls and the cohort with lung adenocarcinoma. The YAP1 mutant-allele carrier frequency was 1.1% in patients with lung adenocarcinoma compared with 0.18% in controls (P = .0095), yielding an odds ratio (adjusted for age, sex, and smoking status) of 5.9. Among the relatives, YAP1-mutant carriers have overwhelmingly higher frequencies of developing lung adenocarcinoma or ground-glass opacity lung lesions than those who do not carry the mutation (10:0 v 1:7; P < .001). YAP1 mutation was shown to increase the colony formation ability and invasion potential of lung cancer cells.

Conclusion

These results implicated YAP1 R331W as an allele predisposed for lung adenocarcinoma with high familial penetrance. Low-dose computed tomography scans may be recommended to this subpopulation, which is at high risk for lung cancer, for personalized prevention and health management.
Myśl społeczna Zygmunta Baumana przed Marcem 1968: Od "mechanistycznej" o "aktywistycznej" wersji marksizmu
Authors: Brzezińki Dariusz
Published: June 2015

The Social Thought of Zygmunt Bauman before March 1968: from the “Mechanistic” to the “Activistic” Version of Marxism

In the middle of the 1960s Bauman indicated two ways of interpretation of Karl Marx’ thought. The former he defined as “mechanistic”, the latter as “activistic”. He stated that the representatives of the mechanistic one emphasise the concept of historical necessity. They aim at exploring the direction of social processes and making people conscious of it. The representatives of the activistic version of Marxism concentrate on the role of human praxis. They emphasise the role of individual initiative in making history. The typology made by Bauman is useful not only in making research of Marxist thought, but in outlining the evolution of his own very early sociology as well. When he began his academic career in Poland  he had strongly believed in the laws of history and had anticipated the quick “leap to the Kingdom of Freedom”. However, in the course of time his view on this subject had changed. Short before his expulsion from Poland he accepted the “activistic” interpretation of Marxism, based on the indeterministic vision of society. In this paper I present this evolution and indicate the social and political factors that contributed to it. Another aim of this article is to evaluate the very early Marxist thought of Zygmunt Bauman.
Localización del final del Neoglaciar a partir del gradiente geotérmico medido en el sondeo de Vitoria de 1880
Authors: Cuenca Payá Artemio
Published: June 2015

Box Amorós (1985), para explicar ciertos fenómenos relacionados con la Laguna de Salinas (Alicante) postula un posible cambio climático entre los siglos XVII y XVIII justificándolo en el aumento anormal de las crecidas de los ríos Segura y Júcar a partir de aquellas fechas y que podría interpretarse como una variación en el régimen de precipitaciones.
Estructura de la propiedad y evolución de cultivos en un municipio del Alto Vinalopó: Sax, 1761-1850
Authors: Belando Carbonell Remedios
Published: June 2015

El término municipal de Sax, situado en la comarca del Alto Vinalopó, al NE de la provincia de Alicante, formó parte hasta 1836 del Reino de Murcia y, por tanto, de la Corona de Castilla. Este hecho, unido a su condición de municipio de realengo, en los lindes de una zona con predominio de régimen señorial, le confieren unas características propias y diferenciadas; se trata aquí de ponerlas de manifiesto en aquellos aspectos de Geografía Agraria relativos a la propiedad del suelo y a sus aprovechamientos. Para ello se parte del estudio de estas variables en los años centrales del siglo XVIII, aprovechando una fuente de gran valor, el Catastro de Ensenada, para posteriormente seguir su evolución comparando con otros documentos similares de mediados del siglo XIX. Así pues, estructura de la propiedad, distribución de cultivos, su localización en relación con las condiciones edafológicas y, finalmente, las técnicas empleadas en las labores agrícolas, constituyen los puntos básicos de este trabajo.
Procesos morfoclimáticos dominantes en la provincia de Alicante
Authors: Matarredona Coll Enrique
Published: June 2015

El objeto del presente trabajo es poner de manifiesto la importancia del clima como agente de transformación del paisaje y su influencia sobre las formas y procesos geomórficos. A tal fin hemos aplicado a la provincia de Alicante el método de sistemas (Climate-Process Systems) propuesto por Wilson, en base a los datos termopluviométricos de 47 estaciones meteorológicas, que nos han permitido calibrar la distribución morfoclimática mensual y anual de cada estación, al tiempo que nos ha posibilitado la elaboración de un mapa de isodistribución morfoclimática provincial.
El turismo como factor diferenciador en el mercado de la tierra: los modelos de El Verger y Els Poblets
Authors: Salort Vives Salvador
Published: June 2015

El presente artículo pretende analizar los cambios recientes ocurridos en el mercado de la tierra en dos municipios del litoral de la provincia de Alacant, EL VERGER y ELS POBLETS cuyos rasgos definitorios son: un índice de movilidad moderado; un predominio de los jubilados y pensionistas en cuanto a los agentes vendedores y una mayor diversificación en los agentes compradores. Los móviles de los primeros obedecen a una creciente incertidumbre sobre el futuro de sus explotaciones agrarias, la escasez y grado de salinidad del agua y en el caso de ELS POBLETS los altos precios que rigen los intercambios de la tierra para uso no agrícola. Ello está generando un cambio en la mentalidad de los agricultores, ahora más proclives a desprenderse de las tierras. Los móviles de los agentes compradores se orientan a conservar o ampliar el patrimonio familiar o invertir en un sector considerado “seguro”. En definitiva, aunque subsiste un continuado proceso de fragmentación del suelo agrícola, se constata la formación de propiedades de dimensiones superiores a 2 Ha cuyos propietarios son no agricultores; por otra parte la presión residencial en ELS POBLETS está produciendo un fuerte impacto en la organización del espacio rural por la vía de la diversificación de los usos del suelo.
Marco físico y riesgos naturales de la ciudad de Alicante
Authors: Gil Olcina Antonio
Published: June 2015

La ciudad de Alicante posee un envidiable capital de situación y disfruta determinadas ventajas climáticas, que configuran un marco físico favorable y grato, si bien no exento de riesgos naturales; entre éstos descuellan la sismicidad y, sobre todo, los diluvios. Mientras la primera constituye una amenaza latente y escasamente sentida, no sucede igual con las inundaciones, puesto que el período de retorno de los aluviones que producen daños, más o menos cuantiosos, en Alicante es breve; estadísticamente, la capital queda anegada cada diecinueve meses, es decir, por término medio, 0,6 veces al año. Una porción considerable del casco urbano ocupa lechos mayores y ordinarios de un conjunto de barrancos, que, con motivo de lluvias intensas, recobran su antigua función. En resumen, el secular problema de inundaciones que todavía aqueja a la ciudad de Alicante tiene hondas raíces naturales y ha sido agravado en el transcurso del tiempo por actuaciones humanas de claro signo negativo.
Aprovechamiento de aguas subterráneas en el interior valenciano
Authors: Ponce Herrero Gabino
Published: June 2015

El espacio interior de la Comunidad Valenciana presenta en la actualidad destacados índices de desarrollo agrícola merced, entre otros factores, a la expansión del regadío. Comarca pionera fue la del Vinalopó (Alicante), seguida por otras que deben su bonificación a la expansión interior de los fértiles regadíos litorales. Hoy, los diferentes tipos de tenencia del agua y las formas de uso desplegadas para su aprovechamiento se concretan en Comunidades de Regantes, Sociedades Agrarias de Transformación, sociedades mercantiles y pequeños propietarios de pozos, rectores del mercado del agua, que constituye en ese ámbito un decisivo factor de progreso económico.
Alpha Decay Half Lives of 148Gd 150Gd and 146Sm
Authors: Friedman A. M. , Milsted J. , Metta D. , Henderson D. , Lerner J. , Harkness A. L. , Rok Op D. J.
Published: June 2015

The alpha half lives and energies of 148Gd, 150Gd, and 148Sm are found to be:

148Gd 97.5 ± 6.5 yrs. 3.17 ± .02 MeV

150Gd 1.78 ± (.08) • 106 yrs. 2.7 ± .10 MeV

148Sm 1.026 ± (.048) • 108 yrs. 2.55 ± .03 MeV

The half life of 148Sm is long enough so that it might be as high as 10-15 of normal Sm.
Simulation in Pediatric Emergency Medicine Fellowships
Authors: Doughty Cara B. , Kessler David O. , Zuckerbraun Noel S. , Stone Kimberly P. , Reid Jennifer R. , Kennedy Christopher S. , Nypaver Michele M. , Auerbach Marc A.
Published: June 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

Graduate medical education faces challenges as programs transition to the next accreditation system. Evidence supports the effectiveness of simulation for training and assessment. This study aims to describe the current use of simulation and barriers to its implementation in pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) fellowship programs.

METHODS:

A survey was developed by consensus methods and distributed to PEM program directors via an anonymous online survey.

RESULTS:

Sixty-nine (95%) fellowship programs responded. Simulation-based training is provided by 97% of PEM fellowship programs; the remainder plan to within 2 years. Thirty-seven percent incorporate >20 simulation hours per year. Barriers include the following: lack of faculty time (49%) and faculty simulation experience (39%); limited support for learner attendance (35%); and lack of established curricula (32%). Of those with written simulation curricula, most focus on resuscitation (71%), procedures (63%), and teamwork/communication (38%). Thirty-seven percent use simulation to evaluate procedural competency and resuscitation management. PEM fellows use simulation to teach (77%) and have conducted simulation-based research (33%). Thirty percent participate in a fellows’ “boot camp”; however, finances (27%) and availability (15%) limit attendance. Programs receive simulation funding from hospitals (47%), academic institutions (22%), and PEM revenue (17%), with 22% reporting no direct simulation funding.

CONCLUSIONS:

PEM fellowships have rapidly integrated simulation into their curricula over the past 5 years. Current limitations primarily involve faculty and funding, with equipment and dedicated space less significant than previously reported. Shared curricula and assessment tools, increased faculty and financial support, and regionalization could ameliorate barriers to incorporating simulation into PEM fellowships.
Christian Impact in Global Health
Authors: Larson H Elliott
Published: June 2015

Summary of second issue submissions
Family Conflict – The Major Underlying Influence in Suicide Attempts in Northern Bihar, India
Authors: Armstrong Lois Joy , Finny Philip , Nair Sangeeta
Published: June 2015

Suicide attempts in North India are generally underreported but have been considered to be rising. The number of admissions due to attempted suicide at Duncan Hospital, North Bihar, rose from 82 in 2007 to 419 in 2011.
A structured interview and the WHO (World Health Organization) Major (ICD-10) Depression Inventory were completed by 157 suicide-attempt survivors. Immediate relatives were also interviewed. Only 23% of patients came from India; 77% of patients came from Nepal. The highest incidence was in the age group 16-20 years. Females have higher rates in the 21-30 year age group (p=0.012), but after 30 years of age, the number of males becomes higher than the females (p=0.048); 81.5% of the respondents were below the age of 30 years.
Pesticide poisoning was the major mode of attempted suicide (94.3%). Using the WHO Major (ICD-10) Depression Inventory, 28 of the participants suffered from depression (17.7%). Ninety people (56.9%) admitted to previous thoughts of suicide, and nine (5.7%) people had attempted suicide previously.
Hindus made up 84.0% of the respondents. Almost 50% of respondents only carried out their religious rituals on an occasional basis or not at all. 70.2% had not completed education beyond primary school, and 49.7% earned less than Rs10,000 per month (US$200). Eighty percent of the participants stated conflicts with family members led to the attempted suicide. Relatives did not expect the attempted suicide in 97.4% of cases. Knowledge of the suicide of a neighbour, friends, or relative influenced 77.0% of the participants to attempt suicide.
Efforts to prevent suicide attempts and deaths need to be multifaceted. Banning the most poisonous pesticides and improving poison storage in the com-munity must be encouraged. Prevention, early intervention and treatment all are required in a suicide prevention plan. The lack of psychiatrists necessitates that other professionals and trained non-professionals be utilised in the mental health team. Holistic care should include cultural aspects like shame as well as physical, psychosocial, and spiritual issues. Special interventions need to be aimed at training adolescents in stress management and conflict resolution and mentoring adolescents to become part of strong, caring families.
Working Holidays for Overseas Doctors: Host Perspective in Mission Hospitals in Rural India
Authors: Gnanaraj Jesudian
Published: June 2015

Many doctors are willing to spend part of their holidays helping mission hospitals. Some are senior physicians who can contribute a great deal to the program. We describe how it was possible to use their time effectively. We also describe some of the difficulties encountered and the benefits that were obtained from their efforts.
Junior doctors helped mission hospitals in many ways, doing a variety of studies and preparing the protocols for the hospital to use. Senior doctors introduced procedures like vaporization surgery and Lift laparoscopic surgery that benefitted rural patients greatly. They also taught new procedures and helped with the publication of research findings. The visitors benefitted as well, a win-win situation.
Métodos para superação da dormência e biometria de frutos e sementes de Parkia nitida Miquel. (Leguminosae - Mimosoideae)
Authors: CRUZ Eniel David , CARVALHO José Edmar Urano de , LEÃO Noemi Vianna Martins
Published: June 2015

Foram realizadas avaliações biométricas em frutos e sementes de Parkia nitida e estudado o efeito dos tratamentos escarificação mecânica sem (T2) e com (T3) aplicação do fungicida Benomyl; imersão em Η2Ο a 80°C (T4) e a 100°C (T5); imersão em H2SO4 durante 10 (T6), 20 (T7), 40 (T8) e 80 (T9) minutos, na superação da dormência das sementes. Foram totalizadas as sementes germinadas aos 10, 20, 30 e 40 dias após a semeadura. O ensaio foi instalado com quatro repetições de 50 sementes, semeadas em substrato de vermiculita. O número de frutos/inflorescência variou de um a oito. O comprimento e largura dos frutos e o número de sementes/fruto variaram de 36,0 a 80,0 cm, de 4,6 a 6,5 cm e de 17 a 37 sementes, respectivamente. O comprimento, a largura e a espessura das sementes variaram de 16,1 a 24,0 mm, de 8,1 a 14,0 mm e de 5,1 a 9,0 mm, respectivamente. Houve interação significativa entre métodos para superação da dormência e dias decorridos após a semeadura na germinação das sementes. As análises de regressão mostraram significância para os tratamentos T2, T3, T4, T6 e T8. O T4 proporcionou apenas 10,0% de germinação; entretanto os tratamentos T2 e T3 tiveram efeito satisfatório, com 50,0% e 72,5% de germinação, respectivamente. Os tratamentos com H2SO4 estiveram entre os mais eficientes, com 80,0%, 82,5%, 80,5% e 74,5%, durante 10, 20, 40 e 80 minutos de imersão, respectivamente. As percentagens de germinação para o T1 (testemunha) e T5 foram inferiores a 2,5%. Concluiu-se que sementes de P. nitida apresentam dormência devido à impermeabilidade do tegumento à água; é necessária a escarificação das sementes para se obter elevada percentagem de germinação; tratamentos com H2SO4, por 20 minutos, e escarificação mecânica + fungicida constituem-se métodos eficientes para superação da dormência.
As Macrófitas aquáticas como berçário para a Ictiofauna da Várzea do Rio Amazonas
Authors: SÁNCHEZ-BOTERO Jorge Iván , ARAÚJO-LIMA Carlos A. R. M.
Published: June 2015

O presente estudo descreve a estrutura de tamanho e maturidade sexual das espécies de peixes que vivem associadas às raízes de macrófitas aquáticas durante o período de cheia. Foi o objetivo do trabalho demonstrar que este habitat funciona como um berçário e que a maior parte da sua fauna é composta por indivíduos jovens. Foram coletados 3910 indivíduos de 91 espécies de peixes, em quatro tipos de macrófitas aquáticas (Paspalum repens, Echynochloa polystachya, Eichhornia spp. e "mistura de capins em decomposição") em três lagos de várzea da Amazônia Central (Camaleão, Rei e Janauacá). A ictiofauna foi composta predominantemente por indivíduos menores que 7 cm. Indivíduos jovens formaram a maioria da assembléia (87%). Quarenta e uma espécies são explotadas pela frota pesqueira da região. Conclui-se que este habitat é um berçário importante e que deve ser conservado para manter o potencial dos recursos pesqueiros da Amazônia Central.
A pesca do Tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum, COM enfoque na área do médio Solimões, Amazonas, Brasil
Authors: da COSTA Luiz. R. F. , BARTHEM Ronaldo. B. , BITTENCOURT Maria Mercedes
Published: June 2015

Este trabalho avalia a importância da pesca do tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) nas bacias dos rios Amazonas e Orinoco e, mais especificamente, na região do médio Solimões. As análises foram baseadas em dados de literatura e da pesca praticada pela frota de Tefé no médio Solimões, coletados no mercado de Tefé, entre 1991 e 1995, e a bordo de embarcações da frota pesqueira comercial, entre 1994 e 1995. A importância relativa da espécie pode alcançar 21% da produção de pescado em alguns centros urbanos da bacia do Orinoco, na Venezuela; 8% da Amazônia peruana; e 35% da Amazônia boliviana. No Brasil, na região do rio Madeira, a importância relativa do tambaqui subiu de 10% em 1977 para 32% entre 1984 e 1989. Em Manaus, a espécie já respondeu por 44% do pescado desembarcado. Porém, a proporção de tambaqui desembarcado nesta cidade sofreu uma grande diminuição nos anos 80 e 90, chegando a representar apenas 2,5% do total desembarcado. No médio Solimões, região apontada como a principal área de pesca para esta espécie, são utilizados diversos tipos de aparelhos e explorados diferentes habitats, de acordo com a flutuação do nível da água dos rios. A pesca do tambaqui nesta região é realizada principalmente em lagos, através de malhadeira e rede de cerco, incidindo sobre peixes jovens (<55 cm). O ambiente formado pela caída de terras nos meandros do rio ("enseada-pausada") é importante para a captura de indivíduos de maior porte.
Fenologia e produtividade do Jambo (Syzygium malaccensis) na Amazônia Central
Authors: FALCÃO Martha de Aguiar , PARALUPPI Norival D. , CLEMENT Charles R.
Published: June 2015

O jambeiro (Syzygium malaccensis Merr. & Perry, Myrtaceae) é uma fruteira originária do sudeste da Ásia, hoje muito comum e apreciada na América do Sul e Central. O conhecimento de sua fenologia pode contribuir para o planejamento e o manejo do plantio, e a comercialização dos frutos. Num estudo realizado de janeiro de 1980 a dezembro de 1982 com árvores de cinco anos de idade, plantadas como ornamental em Manaus, AM, Brasil, constatou-se que a floração e a frutificação do jambeiro ocorreram duas vezes ao ano: em meado da estação chuvosa (março) e durante o período de estiagem (julho-agosto). Ambos eventos foram rápidos, com duração de sete a 15 dias, levando cerca de um mês entre a floração e a safra. O estímulo climático à floração não foi evidente. O jambeiro apresentou vingamento moderado (4 a 10%), como ocorre com a maioria das fruteiras da Amazônia. Um grande número de abelhas visitou as flores, sugerindo uma síndrome de polinização, em lugar de co-evolução com uma espécie ou gênero. A produtividade foi relativamente baixa, variando de 17,7 a 69.7 kg/planta, equivalente a 4 a 14 t/ha, sendo conveniente lembrar que essas árvores nunca foram adubadas.
Use of ELISA based on NcSRS2 of Neospora caninumexpressed in Pichia pastoris for diagnosing neosporosis in sheep and dogs
Authors: Pinheiro Amanda Fernandes , Borsuk Sibele , Berne Maria Elisabeth Aires , Pinto Luciano da Silva , Andreotti Renato , Roos Talita , Roloff Barbara Couto , Leite Fábio Pereira Leivas
Published: June 2015

Neosporosis is a disease caused by the protozoon Neospora caninum that leads to significant economic losses in many countries. In the present study, we report on use of the recombinant protein NcSRS2 of N. caninum expressed in Pichia pastoris in an indirect immunoenzymatic assay (ELISA) for diagnosing neosporosis infection in sheep and dogs. We observed that the ELISA test yielded specificity of 94.5% and sensitivity of 100% for sheep and specificity of 93.3% and sensitivity of 100% for dogs. We observed that the sensitivity was higher than shown by the indirect fluorescent antibody test, and this was confirmed by means of Western blot. The results from this study suggest that the recombinant protein expressed in P. pastoris is a suitable antigen for use in immunodiagnosis to detect N. caninum in two important species exposed to this parasitosis.
Canine ehrlichiosis: prevalence and epidemiology in northeast Brazil
Authors: Guedes Paula Elisa Brandão , Oliveira Thais Nascimento de Andrade , Carvalho Fábio Santos , Carlos Renata Santiago Alberto , Albuquerque George Rego , Munhoz Alexandre Dias , Wenceslau Amauri Arias , Silva Fabiana Lessa
Published: June 2015

Ehrlichiosis is a zoonotic disease that is caused by bacteria of the genus Ehrlichia. The aims of this study were to detect the presence of Ehrlichia spp. in the blood of dogs in Ituberá, Bahia, and to compare the sensitivities and specificities of blood smear, serological, and molecular examinations. Furthermore, this study identified factors associated with exposure to the agent in dogs in this locality. Blood samples were collected from 379 dogs and submitted for indirect immunofluorescent assay and polymerase chain reaction testing for the detection of Ehrlichia spp. antibodies and DNA, respectively. Additionally, a peripheral blood smear was obtained from the ear tip for parasite identification. Of the 379 animals, 12.4%, 32.7%, and 25.6% were identified as positive on the blood smear, serological, and molecular tests, respectively. The dogs positive in one of the three techniques were considered exposed (46.9%). Younger dogs and rural habitat were protective factors and presence of ticks and contact with other dogs were the risk factors associated with exposure to the agent. It was concluded that dogs of Ituberá have high positivity for Ehrlichia spp. and that the diagnostic methods used for detection are complementary.
Moral Injury and the Ethics of Educational Injustice
Authors: Levinson Meira
Published: June 2015

In this article, Meira Levinson presents a case study of school personnel who must decide whether to expel a fourteen-year-old student for bringing marijuana onto campus. She uses the case to explore a class of ethical dilemmas in which educators are obligated to take action that fulfills the demands of justice but under conditions in which no just action is possible because of contextual and school-based injustices. She argues that under such circumstances, educators suffer moral injury, the trauma of perpetrating significant moral wrong against others despite one's wholehearted desire and responsibility to do otherwise. Educators often try to avoid moral injury by engaging in loyal subversion, using their voice to protest systemic injustices, or exiting the school setting altogether. No approach, however, enables educators adequately to fulfill their obligation to enact justice and hence to escape moral injury. Society hence owes educators moral repair—most importantly, by restructuring educational and other social systems so as to mitigate injustice. Levinson concludes that case studies of dilemmas of educational justice, like the case study with which she begins the article, may enable philosophers, educators, and members of the general public to engage in collective, phronetic reflection. This process may further reduce moral injury and enhance educators' capacities to enact justice in schools.
Identification of urine scale problems in urinals and the solution using rainwater
Authors: Hashemi Shervin , Han Mooyoung , Kim Tschungil
Published: June 2015

Water-saving urinals, such as waterless and low-flush urinals, have a great potential for water conservation by using 0 ∼ 0.8 l/flush compared with ordinary urinals, which use 2 ∼ 4 l/flush. However in some cases, water-saving urinals are not desirable because of technical problems, such as urine scale formation which makes the urinal dirty and blocks pipes. Also, some cultures do not allow the use of waterless urinals because of their notion of cleanliness. In this paper, factors causing urine scale formation have been identified from laboratory tests on pure urine and several types of flushing water. Some meaningful solutions for managing and solving urine scale problems have been suggested. In particular, the results show that mixing urine with seawater or high salinity groundwater will increase the potential of urine scale formation by increasing total dissolved solids (TDS) and pH. However, using rainwater for urinal flushing can significantly reduce the TDS and pH. These findings could support the use of water-saving toilets in Islamic societies by ensuring that the cleanliness of urinals can still be achieved.
Faecal pollution and solar purification of community water sources within Lake Naivasha basin, Kenya
Authors: Omondi Donde O. , Wairimu Muia A. , Aketch Wanga L. , William Shivoga A. , Trick Charles G. , Creed Irena F.
Published: June 2015

As in other parts of Africa, and in other developing nations, the rise in the human population and anthropogenic activities within the Lake Naivasha basin is causing an increase in human health risks due to faecal contamination of domestic water sources. This study investigated faecal pollution of community water sources within the Lake Naivasha basin by measuring the densities of total coliforms, Escherichia coli, intestinal enterococci, Clostridium perfringens and heterotrophic bacteria in Lake Naivasha, the Malewa and Gilgil Rivers, and boreholes using membrane filtration techniques and heterotrophic plate count procedures. Selected physico-chemical parameters were also measured in situ from all the water sources sampled. Lakes and rivers had significantly higher microbial abundances than boreholes. Unlike boreholes, surface sources (rivers and lake) showed significant variation with respect to sampling sites for all the microbiological parameters (P < 0.05). The use of solar radiation in water disinfection with temperatures of 75 °C after 30 minutes from pasteurization point (time zero) fully eradicated E. coli and total coliforms from all the water sources. In conclusion, there is faecal pollution in water sources used by communities within the Lake Naivasha basin. The use of solar radiation is therefore recommended for water purification to reduce likely incidences of waterborne diseases.