bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new methodology for recognizing features in rotational parts using STEP data exchange standard
Authors: Sreeramulu D , Rao CSP
Published: March 2012

Automated feature recognition is considered a critical node for integration of CAD/CAPP/CAM. The CAPP module requires the implementation of a feature recognition procedure, so that decisions relating to steps of process planning activities can be made automatic. STEP is an international standard for geometric and non geometric data transfer between heterogeneous CAD, CAE and CAM systems and it replaces IGES and DXF files. Extracting the necessary information from an exchange file to generate manufacturing parameters becomes an important task. In this paper we present the model of our research effort which is intended to extract the geometric information of rotational parts from STEP file, and utilize this information to recognize the turning features. A generalized Java code has been written to extract the data from STEP file and to recognize the features. The novel approach proposed to extract feature information from STEP files and further integration with STEP-NC file provides as a seamless integration technique of CAD/CAPP/CAM. The approach was tested by several examples for rotational parts.
Simulations of column-average CO2 and CH4 using the NIES TM with a hybrid sigma-isentropic (σ−θ) vertical coordinate
Authors: Belikov D. A. , Maksyutov S. , Sherlock V. , Aoki S. , Deutscher N. M. , Dohe S. , Griffith D. , Kyro E. , Morino I. , Nakazawa T. , Notholt J. , Rettinger M. , Schneider M. , Sussmann R. , Toon G. C. , Wennberg P. O. , Wunch D.
Published: March 2012

Abstract. We have developed an improved version of the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) three-dimensional chemical transport model (TM) designed for accurate tracer transport simulations in the stratosphere, given the use of a hybrid sigma-isentropic (σ−θ) vertical coordinate that employs both terrain following and isentropic parts switched smoothly around the tropopause. The air-ascending rate was derived from the effective heating rate and was used to simulate vertical motion in the isentropic part of the grid (above level 350 K), which was adjusted to fit to the observed age of the air in the stratosphere. Multi-annual simulations were conducted using NIES TM to evaluate vertical profiles and dry-air column-averaged mole fractions of CO2 and CH4. Comparisons with balloon-borne observations over Sanriku (Japan) in 2000–2007 revealed that the tracer transport simulations in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere are performed with accuracies of ~5% for CH4 and SF6, and ~1% for CO2 compared with the observed volume-mixing ratios. The simulated XCO2 and XCH4 were evaluated against daily ground-based high-resolution Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) observations measured at twelve sites of the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) (Bialystok, Bremen, Darwin, Garmisch, Izaña, Lamont, Lauder, Orleans, Park Falls, Sodankylä, Tsukuba, and Wollongong) between January 2009 and January 2011. The comparison shows the model's ability to reproduce the site-dependent seasonal cycles as observed by TCCON, with correlation coefficients typically on the order 0.8–0.9 and 0.4–0.8 for XCO2 and XCH4, respectively, and mean model biases of ±0.2% and ±0.5%, excluding Sodankylä, where strong biases are found. The capturing of tracer total column mole fractions is strongly dependent on the model's ability to reproduce seasonal variations in tracer concentrations in the planetary boundary layer (PBL). We found a marked difference in the model's ability to reproduce near-surface concentrations at sites located some distance from multiple emission sources and where high emissions play a notable role in the tracer's budget. Comparisons with aircraft observations over Surgut (West Siberia), in an area with high emissions of methane from wetlands, show contrasting model performance in the PBL and in the free troposphere. This is another instance where the representation of the PBL is critical in simulating the tracer total columns.
Holocene climate variability in North-Eastern Italy: potential influence of the NAO and solar activity recorded by speleothem data
Authors: Scholz D. , Frisia S. , Borsato A. , Spötl C. , Fohlmeister J. , Mudelsee M. , Miorandi R. , Mangini A.
Published: March 2012

Abstract. Here we present high-resolution stable isotope and lamina thickness profiles as well as radiocarbon data for the Holocene stalagmite ER 76 from Grotta di Ernesto (North-Eastern Italy), which was dated by combined U-series dating and lamina counting. ER 76 grew between 8 ka (thousands of years before 2000 AD) and today, with a hiatus from 2.6 to 0.4 ka. Data from nine meteorological stations show a significant influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on winter precipitation in the cave region. Spectral analysis of the stable isotope signals of ER 76 reveals significant peaks at periods of 110, 60–70, 40–50, 32–37 and around 25 a. Except for the cycle between 32 and 37 a all periodicities have corresponding peaks in power spectra of solar variability, and the 25-a cycle may correspond to NAO variability. This suggests that climate variability in Northern Italy was influenced by both solar activity and the NAO during the Holocene. Six periods of warm winter climate in the cave region were identified. These are centred at 7.9, 7.4, 6.5, 5.5, 4.9 and 3.7 ka, and their duration ranges from 100 to 400 a. The two oldest warm phases coincide with the deposition of sapropel S1 in the Mediterranean Sea indicating that the climate in the cave region was influenced by this prominent pluvial phase in the Mediterranean area. For the younger warm phases it is difficult to establish a supra-regional climate pattern, and some of them may, thus, reflect regional climate variability. This highlights the complexity of regional and supra-regional scale Holocene climate patterns.
Analysis of debris-flow recordings in an instrumented basin: confirmations and new findings
Authors: Arattano M. , Marchi L. , Cavalli M.
Published: March 2012

Abstract. On 24 August 2006, a debris flow took place in the Moscardo Torrent, a basin of the Eastern Italian Alps instrumented for debris-flow monitoring. The debris flow was recorded by two seismic networks located in the lower part of the basin and on the alluvial fan, respectively. The event was also recorded by a pair of ultrasonic sensors installed on the fan, close to the lower seismic network. The comparison between the different recordings outlines particular features of the August 2006 debris flow, different from that of events recorded in previous years. A typical debris-flow wave was observed at the upper seismic network, with a main front abruptly appearing in the torrent, followed by a gradual decrease of flow height. On the contrary, on the alluvial fan the wave displayed an irregular pattern, with low flow depth and the main peak occurring in the central part of the surge both in the seismic recording and in the hydrographs. Recorded data and field evidences indicate that the surge observed on the alluvial fan was not a debris flow, and probably consisted in a water surge laden with fine to medium-sized sediment. The change in shape and characteristics of the wave can be ascribed to the attenuation of the surge caused by the torrent control works implemented in the lower basin during the last years.
Estimation of the daily water consumption by maize under Atlantic climatic conditions (A Coruña, NW Spain) using Frequency Domain Reflectometry – a case study
Authors: Mestas-Valero R. M. , Mirás-Avalos J. M. , Vidal-Vázquez E.
Published: March 2012

Abstract. Climatic variables and soil present a high spatio-temporal variability. Evapotranspiration estimations based on climatic variables may be inadequate for assessing soil water content in the root-influenced zone and/or soil water consumption by plants. Other methods may provide better estimates of this water consumption. The aim of this study was to quantify the soil moisture dynamics in the root-influenced zone and to assess the daily water consumption by the crop using Frequency Domain Reflectometry (FDR). The studied site is located in A Coruña (Spain). The study was carried out from June to October in 2008 and 2009, in a maize (Zea mays, L.) field on a silt-clay textured soil. Evapotranspiration was estimated by the Penman-Monteith equation using meteorological data from a station located on the experimental site. Soil water content in the root-influenced zone (0–60 cm depth) was hourly monitored each 20 cm (0–20 cm, 20–40 cm, and 40–60 cm) using FDR. Evaluations were performed on days with slight or no rainfall. During the study period, the magnitude of the diurnal soil water loss was more evident in the first layer (0–20 cm depth) and less important in the subsequent soil layers. The greatest consumption occurred between 14 and 19 h, up to 53.64% of the total. Overall, daily water consumption increased significantly with soil water content (p-value < 0.001). In general, water losses from the 0–20 cm soil layer were greater than in subsoil horizons due to maize water-uptake and evaporation. In contrast, water content in the deepest part of the soil profile was close to saturation, even on the driest days of the studied period. Evapotranspiration overestimate maize water requirements as its values were greater than those measured with the probe. In conclusion, FDR allows a more accurate estimation of the soil water balance. Therefore, monitoring soil water content would be useful in the assessment of saturation risks or water stress (drought), thus aiding in the decision making, for instance, in irrigation management. Results from this study may help to improve irrigation practices in humid zones.
The 20 February 2010 Madeira flash-floods: synoptic analysis and extreme rainfall assessment
Authors: Fragoso M. , Trigo R. M. , Pinto J. G. , Lopes S. , Lopes A. , Ulbrich S. , Magro C.
Published: March 2012

Abstract. This study aims to characterise the rainfall exceptionality and the meteorological context of the 20 February 2010 flash-floods in Madeira (Portugal). Daily and hourly precipitation records from the available rain-gauge station networks are evaluated in order to reconstitute the temporal evolution of the rainstorm, as its geographic incidence, contributing to understand the flash-flood dynamics and the type and spatial distribution of the associated impacts. The exceptionality of the rainstorm is further confirmed by the return period associated with the daily precipitation registered at the two long-term record stations, with 146.9 mm observed in the city of Funchal and 333.8 mm on the mountain top, corresponding to an estimated return period of approximately 290 yr and 90 yr, respectively. Furthermore, the synoptic associated situation responsible for the flash-floods is analysed using different sources of information, e.g., weather charts, reanalysis data, Meteosat images and radiosounding data, with the focus on two main issues: (1) the dynamical conditions that promoted such anomalous humidity availability over the Madeira region on 20 February 2010 and (2) the uplift mechanism that induced deep convection activity.
High Resolution 3-D temperature and salinity fields derived from in situ and satellite observations
Authors: Guinehut S. , Dhomps A.-L. , Larnicol G. , Le Traon P.-Y.
Published: March 2012

Abstract. This paper describes an observation-based approach that combines efficiently the main components of the global ocean observing system using statistical methods. Accurate but sparse in situ temperature and salinity profiles (mainly from Argo for the last 10 years) are merged with the lower accuracy but high-resolution synthetic data derived from altimeter and sea surface temperature satellite observations to provide global 3-D temperature and salinity fields at high temporal and spatial resolution. The first step of the method consists in deriving synthetic temperature fields from altimeter and sea surface temperature observations and salinity fields from altimeter observations through multiple/simple linear regression methods. The second step of the method consists in combining the synthetic fields with in situ temperature and salinity profiles using an optimal interpolation method. Results show the revolution of the Argo observing system. Argo observations now allow a global description of the statistical relationships that exist between surface and subsurface fields needed for step 1 of the method and can constrain the large-scale temperature and mainly salinity fields during step 2 of the method. Compared to the use of climatological estimates, results indicate that up to 50 % of the variance of the temperature fields can be reconstructed from altimeter and sea surface temperature observations and a statistical method. For salinity, only about 20 to 30 % of the signal can be reconstructed from altimeter observations, making the in situ observing system mandatory for salinity estimates. The in situ observations (step 2 of the method) reduce additionally the error by up to 20 % for the temperature field in the mixed layer and the main contribution is for salinity and the near surface layer with an improvement up to 30 %. Compared to estimates derived using in situ observations only, the merged fields provide a better reconstruction of the high resolution temperature and salinity fields. This also holds for the large-scale and low-frequency fields thanks to a better reduction of the aliasing due to the mesoscale variability. Contribution of the merged fields is then illustrated to qualitatively describe the temperature variability patterns for the 1993 to 2009 time period.
The Mediterranean Ocean Colour Observing System: system development and product validation
Authors: Volpe G. , Colella S. , Forneris V. , Tronconi C. , Santoleri R.
Published: March 2012

Abstract. This paper presents the Mediterranean Ocean Colour Observing System in the framework of the growing demand of near real time data emerging within the operational oceanography international context. The main issues related with the satellite operational oceanography are tied to (1) the near real-time ability to track data flow uncertainty sources; (2) in case of failure, to provide backup solutions to end-users; and (3) to scientifically assess the product quality. We describe the major scientific and technological steps made to develop, maintain and improve the operational system and its products. A method for assessing the near real-time product quality is developed and its limitation discussed. Main results are concerned with the degradation, starting from mid-2010, of the MODIS Aqua channel at 443 nm. The product validation analysis highlights that SeaWiFS chlorophyll product over the Mediterranean Sea is the best performing in comparison with those of MODIS and MERIS. Despite their general good agreement with in situ observations, MODIS- and MERIS-derived chlorophyll present a slight and systematic underestimation of their in situ counter part. The most relevant implications induced by these results are discussed from an operational point of view.
Screening for Familial Colorectal Cancer Risk amongst Colonoscopy Patients New to an Open-Access Endoscopy Center
Authors: Moole Sumana , McGarrity Thomas J. , Baker Maria J.
Published: March 2012

Purpose. We evaluated a questionnaire to aid in the recognition of CRC risk, as well as patient interest in their risk status within an open-access endoscopy center. Methods. A questionnaire was administered to new patients presenting for colonoscopy from May 2007 to February 2008. 287 patients were enrolled. Family history was evaluated using Amsterdam 1, II, and Revised Bethesda criteria. Recognition of risk and referral for counseling was assessed. Patients' interest to be contacted by a genetic counselor was also assessed. Results. 13.2 % (38/287) of patients met Revised Bethesda criteria. Of these, 18 (47.4 %) were previously told about their increased risk for CRC. Only 1 patient who met Revised Bethesda criteria (2.6 %) was previously referred for genetics, whereas none of the 3 patients who met Amsterdam I or II criteria were referred. 23.7 % of high-risk patients did not want to be contacted if found to be at increased risk for cancer. Conclusion. In our open-access endoscopy system, a significant number of high-risk patients remain unidentified and underreferred for genetic counseling due to numerous barriers. Our findings lend support to taking a public health approach to identifying those at risk for Lynch syndrome by implementing universal screening of all CRC specimens.
Sexual Dimorphism in Hematocrit Response Following Red Blood Cell Transfusion of Critically Ill Surgical Patients
Authors: Pieracci Fredric M. , Barnett Carlton C. , Townsend Nicole , Moore Ernest E. , Johnson Jeffery , Biffl Walter , Bensard Denis D. , Burlew Clay C. , Gerber Andrew , Silliman Christopher C.
Published: March 2012

The change in hematocrit (ΔHct) following packed red blood cell (pRBCs) transfusion is a clinically relevant measurement of transfusion efficacy that is influenced by post-transfusion hemolysis. Sexual dimorphism has been observed in critical illness and may be related to gender-specific differences in immune response. We investigated the relationship between both donor and recipient gender and ΔHct in an analysis of all pRBCs transfusions in our surgical intensive care unit (2006–2009). The relationship between both donor and recipient gender and ΔHct (% points) was assessed using both univariate and multivariable analysis. A total of 575 units of pRBCs were given to 342 patients; 289 (49.9%) donors were male. By univariate analysis, ΔHct was significantly greater for female as compared to male recipients (3.81% versus 2.82%, resp., ). No association was observed between donor gender and ΔHct, which was 3.02% following receipt of female blood versus 3.23% following receipt of male blood (). By multivariable analysis, recipient gender remained associated significantly with ΔHct (). In conclusion, recipient gender is independently associated with ΔHct following pRBCs transfusion. This association does not appear related to either demographic or anthropomorphic factors, raising the possibility of gender-related differences in recipient immune response to transfusion.
Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm Diagnosis in Sportsmen and Sedentary
Authors: Messan Folly , Marqueste Tanguy , Akplogan Barnabé , Decherchi Patrick , Grélot Laurent
Published: March 2012

This paper aims to identify factors that may account for the high values and varied prevalence of exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB), which occur in the population of athletes. Journal articles, indexed and peer reviewed, published in the MEDLINE and SPORTDiscus database were screened using a computer search. Keywords as “prevalence,” “exercise,” “bronchospasm,” and “athletes” were crossed. The diagnosis of EIB based on the questionnaire or maximal decrease of ventilatory parameters was considered as inclusion criteria and selection of articles. Analysis of selected articles reveals higher values and varied prevalence of EIB (11–55%) compared to those in the general population (4–20%). Evaluation criteria of EIB are those based on the characteristics of sedentary subjects. Criteria sometimes do not seem adapted to specific sports. This paper suggests a differential diagnostic approach which takes account of both the EIB characteristics of sedentary and those of sportsmen.
Bianchi Types II, VIII, and IX String Cosmological Models with Bulk Viscosity in a Theory of Gravitation
Authors: Rao V. U. M. , Sireesha K. V. S. , Vijaya Santhi M.
Published: March 2012

We have obtained and presented spatially homogeneous Bianchi types II, VIII, and IX string cosmological models with bulk viscosity in a theory of gravitation proposed by Sen (1957) based on Lyra (1951) geometry. It is observed that only vacuum cosmological model exists in case of Bianchi type IX universe. Some physical and geometrical properties of the models are also discussed.
Evaluation of Cytokines in Endocervical Secretion and Vaginal pH
from Women with Bacterial Vaginosis or Human Papillomavirus
Authors: Campos Ana Claudia Camargo , Murta Eddie Fernando Candido , Michelin Márcia Antoniazi , Reis Cleomenes
Published: March 2012

Objective. To verify the relationship between vaginal pH and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and to measure cytokine levels in endocervical secretions of women with bacterial vaginosis (BV) or HPV. Methods. 173 women (16–48 years old) were enrolled and divided into groups: BV, HPV, and controls. Microbiological culture and vaginal pH were measured. HPV detect by PCR, and cytokines by ELISA (IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-γ cytokines). Results. Of 173 women, 60 were control group (34.7%) and 113 were distributed in HPV (, 20.8%), BV (, 20.8%), vaginitis (, 17.3%) and, BV and HPV-associated groups (, 6.4%). Vaginal pH > 4.5 was related with HPV infection. IL-2 and IL-12 were increased in BV and HPV groups, and IL-6 (only BV group), compared to control group. IL-12 and IFN-γ were higher in HPV than BV group. Conclusion. The increase of vaginal pH was associated with HPV infection; BV and HPV groups had a Th1 cytokines immune response.
On the Algebra of -Deformed Pseudodifferential Operators
Authors: EL Boukili Abderrahman , Sedra Moulay Brahim
Published: March 2012

While basing on the study that we we achieved on pseudodifferential operators in the works [arXiv:0708.4046 and hep-th/0610056 ], we interest in this paper to the construction of the algebra of -deformed pseudodifferential operators. We use this algebraic structure to study in particular -Burgers and -KdV differential operators by the Lax generating technique. We give -deformed Lax equations as well as the report between these equations through the -deformed Burgers-KdV mapping.
Optimization of PET Glycolysis Process by Response Surface Methodological Approach: A Two-Component Modelling Using Glycolysis Time and Temperature
Authors: Katoch Sunain , Sharma Vinay , Kundu P. P. , Bera M. B.
Published: March 2012

Response surface methodology (RSM) was used for predicting the optimal condition of glycolysis time and temperature in the recycling of PET scrap. Central composite rotatable design (CCRD) for two variables at four levels was chosen as the experimental design. The data obtained from measurement of properties were fitted as a two variable second-order equation and were plotted as 3D surface plots using programme developed in MATLAB v.5. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to evaluate the validity of model. The optimum operating conditions for glycolysis time and temperature were 6.5 h and 180°C, respectively. Under these optimal conditions, the hydroxyl value and glycolysis conversion percentage was 38.14 mgKOH/g and 95%, respectively, at the 0.97 desirability level, whereas the acid value and number average molecular weight () at the same desirability level were 12.2 mgKOH/g and 695 g/mol, respectively.
Experimental Investigation of Heat and Mass Transfer in Tubular Membrane Distillation Module for Desalination
Authors: Al-Anezi Adnan Al-Hathal , Sharif Adel O. , Sanduk M. I. , Khan A. R.
Published: March 2012

Membrane distillation is a thermally driven membrane process for seawater desalination and purification at moderate temperatures and pressures. A hydrophobic micro-porous membrane is used in this process, which separates hot and cold water, allowing water vapor to pass through; while restricting the movement of liquid water, due to its hydrophobic nature. This paper provides an experimental investigation of heat and mass transfer in tubular membrane module for water desalination. Different operating parameters have been examined to determine the mass transport mechanism of water vapor. Based on the experimental results, the effects of operating parameters on permeate flux and the heat transfer analysis have been presented and discussed in details.
Bacterial Genomics in Infectious Disease and the Clinical Pathology Laboratory
Authors: Olsen Randall J. , Long S. Wesley , Musser James M.
Published: March 2012

Context.—Throughout history, technologic advancements have fueled the engine of innovation, which, in turn, has driven discovery. Accordingly, recent advancements in DNA sequencing technology are revolutionizing bacterial genomics.

Objective.—To review important developments from the literature. The current state of bacterial genomics, with an emphasis on human pathogens and the clinical pathology laboratory, will be discussed.

Data Sources.—A comprehensive review was performed of the relevant literature indexed in PubMed (National Library of Medicine) and referenced medical texts.

Conclusions.—Many important discoveries bearing on infectious disease research and pathology laboratory practice have been achieved through whole-genome sequencing strategies. Bacterial genomics has improved our understanding of molecular pathogenesis, host-pathogen interactions, and antibiotic-resistance mechanisms. Bacterial genomics has also facilitated the study of population structures, epidemics and outbreaks, and newly identified pathogens. Many opportunities now exist for clinical pathologists to contribute to bacterial genomics, including in the design of new diagnostic tests, therapeutic agents, and vaccines.
Media Clips: Midnight Rider; Snake Wedding
Authors: Muzheve Michael T.
Published: March 2012

Students analyze items from the media to answer mathematical questions related to the article. Proportional reasoning is involved in both of these clips.
The Back Page: My Favorite Lesson: Crazy Algebra Objectives
Authors: Peace Heather M.
Published: March 2012

This article describes an unusual technique for reviewing and relating algebraic concepts and the impact the lesson had on the instructor's pedagogical philosophies.
Behavior of the least mean square algorithm with a periodically time‐varying input power
Authors: Eweda Eweda
Published: March 2012

The paper analyzes the transient and steady‐state performances of a least mean square algorithm in the rarely‐studied situation of a time‐varying input power. A scenario of periodic pulsed variation of the input power is considered. The analysis is carried out in the context of tracking a Markov plant with a white Gaussian input. It is shown that the mean square deviation (MSD) converges to a periodic sequence having the same period as that of the variation of the input power. Expressions are derived for the convergence time and the steady‐state peak MSD. Surprisingly, it is found that neither the transient performance nor the steady‐state performance degrades with rapid variation of the input power. On the other hand, slow input power variation causes degradation in both the transient and steady‐state performances for given amplitude of variation of the input power. In the case of a time‐invariant plant, neither rapid nor slow variation of the input power causes degradation in the steady‐state performance. On the other hand, there is degradation in the transient performance for slow variation of the input power. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advanced Asymmetric Supercapacitors Based on Ni(OH)2/Graphene and Porous Graphene Electrodes with High Energy Density
Authors: Yan Jun , Fan Zhuangjun , Sun Wei , Ning Guoqing , Wei Tong , Zhang Qiang , Zhang Rufan , Zhi Linjie , Wei Fei
Published: March 2012

Hierarchical flowerlike nickel hydroxide decorated on graphene sheets has been prepared by a facile and cost‐effective microwave‐assisted method. In order to achieve high energy and power densities, a high‐voltage asymmetric supercapacitor is successfully fabricated using Ni(OH)2/graphene and porous graphene as the positive and negative electrodes, respectively. Because of their unique structure, both of these materials exhibit excellent electrochemical performances. The optimized asymmetric supercapacitor could be cycled reversibly in the high‐voltage region of 0–1.6 V and displays intriguing performances with a maximum specific capacitance of 218.4 F g−1 and high energy density of 77.8 Wh kg−1. Furthermore, the Ni(OH)2/graphene//porous graphene supercapacitor device exhibits an excellent long cycle life along with 94.3% specific capacitance retained after 3000 cycles. These fascinating performances can be attributed to the high capacitance and the positive synergistic effects of the two electrodes. The impressive results presented here may pave the way for promising applications in high energy density storage systems.
Therapien gegen Bakterientoxine
Authors: Ivarsson Mattias E. , Leroux Jean‐Christophe , Castagner Bastien
Published: March 2012

Proteintoxine sind die hauptsächlichen Virulenzfaktoren einiger Bakterienarten und haben sich in der Wirkstoff‐Entwicklung als vielversprechende Zielstrukturen erwiesen. Leitsubstanzen, die auf Bakterientoxine abzielen, variieren von niedermolekularen Verbindungen zu polymeren Bindungsstoffen, und sie greifen beim Mechanismus der Toxin‐vermittelten Pathogenität in jeden der vielen Schritte ein. Auch wenn in diesem Bereich in letzter Zeit bedeutende Fortschritte erzielt wurden, hat es bisher noch kein rational entwickelter Wirkstoff gegen Toxine zur Marktreife gebracht. Dieser Aufsatz bietet einen Überblick über den Stand der Forschung bei der Entwicklung von Wirkstoffen gegen Bakterientoxine, mit kritischer Beleuchtung der erzielten Durchbrüche wie auch der noch zu nehmenden Hürden. Die Diskussion konzentriert sich auf Proteintoxine vom A‐B‐Typ, die von vier Bakterienarten sezerniert werden, nämlich Clostridium difficile (Toxine A und B), Vibrio cholerae (Cholera‐Toxin), enterohämorrhagische Escherichia coli (Shiga‐Toxin) und Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax‐Toxin). Dies sind die Krankheitserreger, für die Therapien zu verbessern sind.
Targeting Bacterial Toxins
Authors: Ivarsson Mattias E. , Leroux Jean‐Christophe , Castagner Bastien
Published: March 2012

Protein toxins constitute the main virulence factors of several species of bacteria and have proven to be attractive targets for drug development. Lead candidates that target bacterial toxins range from small molecules to polymeric binders, and act at each of the multiple steps in the process of toxin‐mediated pathogenicity. Despite recent and significant advances in the field, a rationally designed drug that targets toxins has yet to reach the market. This Review presents the state of the art in bacterial toxin targeted drug development with a critical consideration of achieved breakthroughs and withstanding challenges. The discussion focuses on A–B‐type protein toxins secreted by four species of bacteria, namely Clostridium difficile (toxins A and B), Vibrio cholerae (cholera toxin), enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (Shiga toxin), and Bacillus anthracis (anthrax toxin), which are the causative agents of diseases for which treatments need to be improved.
Synthesis of monodispersed polyacrylonitrile microspheres by dispersion polymerization
Authors: Zhang Zhe , Jiang Wei , Wang Yunjie , Wu Yichun , Hou Xin
Published: March 2012

Monodispersed polyacrylonitrile (PAN) microspheres shape have been successfully synthesized by dispersion polymerization in the presence of polyvinylpyrolidone (PVP) as stabilizer. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Particle Size and Distribution Analyzer were used to characterize the morphology and dispersibility of PAN microspheres, respectively. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) were applied to characterize the structure of PAN. Finally, the crystallinity of PAN microspheres was investigated by X‐ray Diffraction (XRD). The results show that PAN microspheres have a regular sphere shape and narrow dispersity with a monodispersity index of 1.17. The crystallization of PAN and the existence of PVP layer affect the morphology of PAN microspheres. The effects of various polymerization factors on the particle size distribution of PAN microspheres have also been studied. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
The role of iron as a mediator of oxidative stress in Alzheimer disease
Authors: Castellani Rudy J. , Moreira Paula I. , Perry George , Zhu Xiongwei
Published: March 2012

Iron is both essential for maintaining a spectrum of metabolic processes in the central nervous system and elsewhere, and potent source of reactive oxygen species. Redox balance with respect to iron, therefore, may be critical to human neurodegenerative disease but is also in need of better understanding. Alzheimer disease (AD) in particular is associated with accumulation of numerous markers of oxidative stress; moreover, oxidative stress has been shown to precede hallmark neuropathological lesions early in the disease process, and such lesions, once present, further accumulate iron, among other markers of oxidative stress. In this review, we discuss the role of iron in the progression of AD.
Spatially distinct mitochondrial populations exhibit different mitofilin levels
Authors: Ferreira Rita M. P. , Vitorino Rui , Padrão Ana Isabel , Moreira‐Gonçalves Daniel , Alves Renato M. P. , Duarte José Alberto , Amado Francisco
Published: March 2012

Subsarcolemmal (SS) and intermyofibrillar (IMF) mitochondria exhibit unique biochemical and functional properties; however, their association with structural membrane proteins that control mitochondrial morphology and functionality in striated muscle tissue was never reported. In IMF and SS mitochondria isolated from rat heart and gastrocnemius muscle, we analysed the expression levels of mitofilin, a mitochondria‐associated protein involved in organelle structure maintenance. The statistically significant higher amounts of mitofilin detected in IMF compared with SS mitochondria, 37‐fold in cardiac tissue and 3.8‐fold in gastrocnemius, together with the specific energetic requirements of these mitochondrial populations highlight the importance of mitofilin in oxidative phosphorylation functionality and in mitochondrial plasticity in striated muscle. The differential expression levels of mitofilin between IMF and SS also suggest that this protein can be used as a specific molecular marker to comparatively discriminate spatially distant mitochondrial populations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Leveraging workforce development and postsecondary education for low‐skilled, low‐income workers: Lessons from the shifting gears initiative
Authors: Bragg Debra , Dresser Laura , Smith Whitney
Published: March 2012

The Joyce Foundation's Shifting Gears initiative was launched in 2007 with the goal of increasing the number of workers in six Midwestern states who earn credentials that are valued by employers in their local labor markets. This chapter summarizes the policies adopted by Illinois and Wisconsin to support the implementation of career pathways and bridge programs to both improve the employment opportunities of low‐skilled, low‐income adults and enhance the competitiveness of the regional workforce.
ChemInform Abstract: Topotactic Oxidation Pathway of ScTiO3 and High‐Temperature Structure Evolution of ScTiO3.5 and Sc4Ti3O12‐Type Phases.
Authors: Shafi Shahid P. , Hernden Bradley C. , Cranswick Lachlan M. D. , Hansen Thomas C. , Bieringer Mario
Published: March 2012

The formation of the new oxide defect fluorite phase (V) is monitored by XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structural Investigation of a Unique Columnar Phase in the Bi2O3—TeO2—V2O5 System.
Authors: Thakral Vaishali , Bhardwaj Neha , Uma S.
Published: March 2012

The new columnar phase Bi11.65Te1.35V5O34‐δ (δ ≅ 1.3) is synthesized by solid state reaction of an equimolar mixture of Bi2O3, TeO2, and V2O5 (Pt crucible, 900 °C, 10 min; controlled cooling).
ChemInform Abstract: Heptabismuthate [Bi7I24]3‐: A Main Group Element Anderson‐Type Structure and Its Relationships with the Polyoxometalates.
Authors: Monakhov Kirill Yu. , Gourlaouen Christophe , Pattacini Roberto , Braunstein Pierre
Published: March 2012

[Bi(OAc)2(thf)4]3 [Bi7I24]·4H2O is synthesized by reaction of a 2:1 mixture of BiI3 and Pd(OAc)2 in THF (25 °C, 1 h, 43% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: [(C4NH12)4] [M4Al12P16O64] (M: Co, Zn): New Heteroatom‐Containing Aluminophosphate Molecular Sieves with Two Intersecting 8‐Ring Channels.
Authors: Liu Zhuo , Song Xiaowei , Li Jiyang , Li Yi , Yu Jihong , Xu Ruren
Published: March 2012

The title compounds are solvothermally synthesized from mixtures of H3PO4 dispersed in tetraethylene glycol and H2O, Co(NO3)2 or Zn(NO3)2, Al(iPrO)3, and diethylamine (autoclave, 180 °C, 8 d).
ChemInform Abstract: A Mild and Facile Synthesis of Cyclic Imides Using Pyridinium Chlorochromate.
Authors: Yang Yanyan , Wang Ge , Cao Xiaohui , Yan Xilong , Chen Ligong
Published: March 2012

The method has several advantages compared to previous ones including mild conditions, simplified work‐up, and low costs.
ChemInform Abstract: Heterogeneous Bimetallic Pt—Sn/γ‐Al2O3 Catalyzed Direct Synthesis of Diamines from N‐Alkylation of Amines with Diols Through a Borrowing Hydrogen Strategy.
Authors: Wang Liandi , He Wei , Wu Kaikai , He Songbo , Sun Chenglin , Yu Zhengkun
Published: March 2012

The catalyst allows a direct bis‐amination of diols with primary and secondary amines.
ChemInform Abstract: Polymer Bromide—DMSO: Novel Reagent System for the Oxidation of Alcohols to Carbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Prasanna T. S. R. , Mohanaraju K.
Published: March 2012

The combination is highly efficient for the oxidation of primary and secondary aromatic alcohols.
ChemInform Abstract: Improved Hiyama Cross‐Coupling Reactions Using HOMSi®1 Reagents: A Novel Appplication of a Palladacycle.
Authors: Marcuccio Sebastian M. , Epa Ruwan , Moslmani Maisa , Hughes Andrew B.
Published: March 2012

Various parameters in the reaction of ethyl bromobenzoate with HOMSi reagents (II) are optimized.
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple Conversion of Azlactones into Indenones via H3PW12O40/Al2O3 Catalyzed Intramolecular Friedel—Crafts Reaction.
Authors: Rostami Mahboubeh , Khosropour Ahmad R. , Mirkhani Valiollah , Moghadam Majid , Tangestaninejad Shahram , Mohammadpoor‐Baltork Iraj
Published: March 2012

A convenient synthesis of indenone derivatives (II) is achieved by the title method which is further successfully applied to heterocyclic azlactone substrates (III) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Intramolecular Aziridination from 4H‐Isoxazol‐5‐ones Leading to 1‐Azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex‐2‐enes.
Authors: Okamoto Kazuhiro , Oda Tomohiro , Kohigashi Sho , Ohe Kouichi
Published: March 2012

A decarboxylative intramolecular aziridination reaction of alkene‐tethered isoxazol‐5‐ones with a palladium/phosphine catalyst gives N‐fused bicyclic aziridines which readily react with various reagents to afford ring‐opened pyrroline derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyanoacetamide in Heterocyclic Chemistry: Synthesis, Antitumor and Antioxidant Activities of Some New Benzothiophenes.
Authors: El Bialy Serry A. A. , Gouda Moustafa A.
Published: March 2012

A variety of new iminocoumarins, acrylamides and pyrazoles bearing a tetrahydrobenzothiophene moiety are synthesized using cyanoacetamide (III) as key intermediate.
ChemInform Abstract: Optimization of the Suzuki Coupling Reaction in the Synthesis of 2‐[(2‐Substituted)phenyl]pyrrole Derivatives.
Authors: Aleskovic Marija , Basaric Nikola , Mlinaric‐Majerski Kata
Published: March 2012

The Pd‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reaction is optimized to be applicable to a wide range of substituted aryl halides [for intermediates (IV) no yields given].
ChemInform Abstract: Triethylammonium Hydrogen Sulfate as a Catalyst for the Preparation of 1,5‐Diaryl‐3‐(arylamino)‐1H‐pyrrol‐2(5H)‐one Derivatives
Authors: Shafiee Mohammad Reza Mohammad , Najafabadi Batool Hojati , Ghashang Majid
Published: March 2012

via three‐component condensation between aldehydes, ethyl pyruvate, and aromatic amines
ChemInform Abstract: Catalyst‐Free Preparation of 1,2,4,5‐Tetrasubstituted Imidazoles from a Novel Unexpected Domino Reaction of 2‐Azido Acrylates and Nitrones.
Authors: Hu Bao , Wang Zhao , Ai Ning , Zheng Jie , Liu Xing‐Hai , Shan Shang , Wang Zhongwen
Published: March 2012

The reaction proceeds without any metal, acid or base.
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple Strategy for the Preparation of 6‐Substituted 3H‐Benzoxazol‐2‐ones and 3H‐Benzothiazol‐2‐ones
Authors: DeOrazio Russell J. , Maeng Jun‐Ho , Manning David D. , Sherer Brian A. , Scott Ian L. , Nikam Sham S.
Published: March 2012

via double metallation of the corresponding azoles (I) with MeMgBr and alkyllithium bases
ChemInform Abstract: Fe‐Catalyzed Oxidative C—H Functionalization/C—S Bond Formation.
Authors: Wang Haibo , Wang Lu , Shang Jinsai , Li Xing , Wang Haoyuan , Gui Jie , Lei Aiwen
Published: March 2012

The assembly of benzothiazoles is realized under mild conditions using a simple iron‐based catalytic system.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Regioselective Three‐Component Domino Synthesis of 3‐(1,2,4‐Triazol‐5‐yl)‐1,3‐thiazolidin‐4‐ones as Potent Antifungal and Antituberculosis Agents.
Authors: El Bialy Serry A. , Nagy Maria M. , Abdel‐Rahman Hamdy M.
Published: March 2012

Among the 20 triazolylthiazolidinones synthesized, derivatives (VId), (VIi), (VIIIi)/(IXi) and (VIIIj)/(IXj) show good antifungal effects.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel gem‐Difluoromethylene‐Containing 1,2,3‐Triazoles via Click Reaction.
Authors: Zhao Wenwen , Li Hui , Zhang Jian , Cao Song
Published: March 2012

Title triazoles (III) are synthesized via Huisgen cycloaddition.
ChemInform Abstract: A Fast and Efficient One‐Pot Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Variously Di‐Substituted 1,2,4‐Oxadiazoles.
Authors: Porcheddu Andrea , Cadoni Roberta , De Luca Lidia
Published: March 2012

A two‐step synthesis of title compounds (III) from carboxylic acids (I) and amidoximes (II) is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Ionic Liquid‐Assisted Synthesis of 5‐Mono‐ and 1,5‐Disubstituted Tetrazoles.
Authors: Epishina Margarita A. , Kulikov Alexander S. , Ignat'ev Nikolai V. , Schulte Michael , Makhova Nina N.
Published: March 2012

The ionic liquid can be recycled several times.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Differentiated Diamides of 4,5,6,7‐Tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyridine‐2,6‐ and ‐3,6‐dicarboxylic Acids Suitable for Parallel Synthesis.
Authors: Erdmane E. , Zemribo R.
Published: March 2012

1,3‐Dipolar cycloaddition of bicyclic sydnone (III) to propargylic acid amide (IV) affords regioisomeric monoamides (V) and (VI) which can be further converted to diamides like (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Tetrahydropyrimidino[4,3‐a]isoquinolines via Regiospecific N‐Alkylation‐Annulation of 4‐Aryldihydropyrimidinones.
Authors: Singh Jagjeet , Mahajan Nitu , Sharma Rattan L. , Razdan Tej K.
Published: March 2012

Bismuth nitrate on alumina efficiently catalyzes the solid‐phase Biginelli reaction of arylaldehyde (I), acetoacetic ester (II), and urea (III) to afford pyrimidinone derivatives of type (IV) in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Some 1,3‐Dimethyl‐6‐substituted‐1H‐pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyrazin‐5(4H)‐ones
Authors: Abu Safieh Kayed A. , Al‐Masri Feda'a S. , Ayoub Mikdad T. , El‐Abadelah Mustafa M. , Voelter Wolfgang
Published: March 2012

via condensation of 5‐chloropyrazole (I) with racemic α‐amino acids followed by reductive lactamization of the condensation products (III) or (VI)
ChemInform Abstract: Oxazine‐thione‐based Colorimetric Fluorescent OFF‐ON Probes for Hg2+ Recognition.
Authors: Zhang Qianqian , Sun Ru , Ge Jianfeng , Xu Qingfeng , Li Najun , Lu Jianmei
Published: March 2012

The new compound (IVa) is highly selective to Hg2+ and exhibits a ≈70‐fold enhancement in fluorescence and a color change after the addition of Hg2+ in water‐compatible solvents.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structural Determination of a New Ocotillol Derivative and Its Epimer.
Authors: Meng Qingguo , Bi Yi , Wang Liang , Jiang Naicaiv , Jiang Yongtao , Zhang Jiangfeng , Yi Songtao , Sun Haijun
Published: March 2012

The epimers (I) are synthesized from 20(S)‐protopanaxatriol.
ChemInform Abstract: Advances in the Synthesis of Tetrazoles Coordinated to Metal Ions
Authors: Popova Elena A. , Trifonov Rostislav E. , Ostrovskii Vladimir A.
Published: March 2012

Review: 88 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Platinum(II) Complexes with Coordinated Electron‐Withdrawing Fluoroalkyl and Fluoroaryl Ligands: Synthesis, Reactivity, and Catalytic Activity
Authors: Sgarbossa Paolo , Scarso Alessandro , Strukul Giorgio , Michelin Rino A.
Published: March 2012

Review: 108 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal Chelation Chemistry
Authors: Lee Dongwhan
Published: March 2012

Review: 126 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Synthetic Applications of Azetidines
Authors: Bott Tina M. , West F. G.
Published: March 2012

Review: 92 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Progress in Intermolecular Pinacol Cross‐Coupling Methodologies
Authors: Terra Bruna S. , Macedo, Fernando Jr.
Published: March 2012

Review: 37 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Conventional and Unconventional Metal‐Organic Frameworks Based on Phosphonate Ligands: MOFs and UMOFs
Authors: Gagnon Kevin J. , Perry Houston P. , Clearfield Abraham
Published: March 2012

Review: 85 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Postsynthetic Methods for the Functionalization of Metal—Organic Frameworks
Authors: Cohen Seth M.
Published: March 2012

Review: 147 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Discovery and Application of 6π‐Azaelectrocyclization to Natural Product Synthesis and Synthetic Biology
Authors: Tanaka Katsunori , Katsumura Shigeo , Fukase Koichi
Published: March 2012

Review: 59 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry and Biological Activities of 1,3‐Benzothiazoles
Authors: Facchinetti Victor , Reis Raisa da R. , Gomes Claudia R. B. , Vasconcelos Thatyana R. A.
Published: March 2012

Review: 59 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Hemispherical Geodesic Polyarenes: Attractive Templates for the Chemical Synthesis of Uniform‐Diameter Armchair Nanotubes
Authors: Belanger Anthony P. , Mirica Katharine A. , Mack James , Scott Lawrence T.
Published: March 2012

Review: 76 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Bowl‐Shaped and Basket‐Shaped Fullerene Fragments via Benzannulated Enyne—Allenes
Authors: Wang Kung K. , Cui Hu , Wen Bo
Published: March 2012

Review: 55 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Techniques for Assessing Bioavailability of Sediment‐Associated Contaminants — SPME Versus Tenax Extraction
Authors: You Jing , Harwood Amanda D. , Li Hui‐Zhen , Lydy Michael J.
Published: March 2012

Review: 66 refs.
Electrochemistry of Carbon Nanotubes: Reactive Processes, Dual Sensing–Actuating Properties and Devices
Authors: Martínez José G. , Sugino Takushi , Asaka Kinji , Otero Toribio F.
Published: March 2012

Single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) embedded in a non‐electroactive polymer are electrochemically characterized. The increasing voltammetric maximums obtained with rising temperature or electrolyte concentration point to a chemical nature of the processes. The chemical kinetic control of the processes is corroborated by its empirical chemical kinetics: the initial reaction rates are obtained from the chronoamperometric responses to potential steps. The activation energy of the reaction includes information about the structural state of the SWCNT before the potential step. Under constant current the potential evolution (chronopotentiometric response) and consumed electrical energy at any time change as a function of (are sensors of) the experimental temperature or the electrolyte concentration. The reactive material, or any device based on this material, senses these working variables, and shows dual and simultaneous actuating–sensing properties.