bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Facts, Values and the Policy World
Authors: Ryan Phil
Published: September 2022

Policy analysts trained in various social sciences face a generally unacknowledged contradiction. Traditionally, mainstream social science has assumed that there is a gulf –a “dichotomy”– between facts and values, and that rigorous social science must be as uncontaminated by values as possible. But policy analysis, as reflection on the question “what is to be done?,” is intrinsically concerned with matters of value. Evasions of this contradiction have relied on various stratagems that have the effect of smuggling unexamined values into analysis.
This book demonstrates the damage that this contradiction inflicts upon policy analysis, and upon society as a whole. It resolves the contradiction by showing that values are every bit as amenable to critical analysis and reasoned defence as factual beliefs. It also presents key qualities of a policy analysis decisively freed from the “binary view” of facts and values
The introduction presents the binary view and the alternative to it. Part I then examines the effects, both obvious and subtle, of the dichotomy, effects seen both in the practice of policy analysis and in our broader culture. Part II shows how policy analysis is transformed when one embraces a consistently non-binary approach. The third part addresses some of the dangers of the approach being advocated, while the conclusion discusses the role of a non-binary policy analysis in a deliberative democracy.
Forms of care
Authors: Ryan Phil
Published: September 2022

Any intellectual approach encourages those who follow it to “take care” in particular ways. A traditional analyst, for example, must take care to keep analysis independent of value and personal “preferences,” and not to “derive an ought from an is” (Hume). This chapter shows that a non-binary approach replaces such concerns with careful exploration of the fact and value claims that underlie any policy position. A non-binary approach should also lead us to pay close attention to the patterns of attention behind any piece of policy analysis, critically examine the types of trust that support the analysis, and assess whether such trust is warranted. A non-binary approach must be attentive to the ways in which language shapes our lived reality.
The chapter also argues that a non-binary approach protects even certain normative goods associated with the binary view, better than does that view itself. Max Weber, for example, argued that the clear separation of facts from values helps protect students from having professors foist their values on the class. The non-binary approach does not dismiss the concern, but extends it. It can also show that concern reflects more than a mere personal preference, as it must within Weber’s framework.
The analyst in context
Authors: Ryan Phil
Published: September 2022

Jürgen Habermas likens modern bureaucracies and markets. In both “systems,” true communicative action is unnecessary: market decisions can be “steered” by anonymous price signals, while bureaucratic decisions are steered by power. Were this true, there would be little space for the non-binary policy analysis advocated in this book. But Habermas’s depiction is overly simple. In practice, while the consistent pursuit of a non-binary approach can lead to tensions, this will not always be the case. The “forms of care” exercised in a non-binary policy in fact characterize any thoughtful analyst. In many contexts, this will be greatly appreciated. In other cases, the analyst is not so fortunate.
In trying to improve the quality of their particular decision-contexts, analysts need to be lay anthropologists and sociologists, seeking to grasp the folkways of the strange culture in which they have landed, and its structures of power and influence.
A healthy society also needs alternative spaces of reflection, in which analysis is addressed not to official decision-makers, but to citizens as a whole. By producing well-founded and “usable” knowledge, such civil society spaces can support and improve the health of the official decision process.
Housing
Authors: Spicker Paul
Published: September 2022

This chapter highlights the significance of housing to people's welfare. It explains how housing is central to the way people make contact and take part in society. Housing was stopped as a central element in the post-war welfare state since governments thought it was not their business to have housing as a major source of welfare. The discussion on the housing system tends to revolve around the nature of tenure: ownership and payment. The housing system is no longer directed at the government as most people tend to achieve housing through private markets. However, the consequences of inadequate housing supply focused on the issues of access and deprivation.
Law Enforcement Contact with Juveniles: Arrests and Citations
Authors: Ketchum Paul R. , Peck B. Mitchell
Published: September 2022

This chapter focuses on law enforcement contact with juveniles through arrests and citations. Disproportionate minority contact (DMC) defines the overrepresentation of minorities throughout the juvenile justice system, while overrepresentation, on the other hand, implies the comparison of racial and ethnic characteristics of people in the juvenile justice system. The first encounter of most juveniles in the juvenile justice system involves police encounters, which vary in each arrest and citation in police report data as law enforcement officers have discretion when handling cases. However, discretion tends to be biased in terms of racial and ethnic group differences. The chapter also lists the rates and types of offences incurred by juveniles.
Juvenile Self-Reports of Deviant and Criminal Behavior
Authors: Ketchum Paul R. , Peck B. Mitchell
Published: September 2022

This chapter covers juvenile self-reports of deviant and criminal behaviour. It recognises the overrepresentation of non-White youth in the juvenile justice system due to the attribution that non-White youth tend to behave differently. The most common juvenile behaviour involves alcohol and drugs, followed by alcohol and marijuana consumption. In regards to police interaction, race differences tend to fluctuate in terms of police detainment and transportation to jail or facility. Non-White juveniles have a triple higher rate of detainment than White youths. The chapter tackles how White and non-White juveniles self-report relatively similar levels of deviant and criminal behaviours, but the type of reported offences differ.
Crisis and Austerity in Eight Cities: An Overview
Authors: Jonathan S. Davies , Blanco Ismael , Bua Adrian , Chorianopoulos Ioannis , Cortina-Oriol Mercè , Feandeiro Andrés , Gaynor Niamh , Gleeson Brendan , Griggs Steven , Hamel Pierre , Henderson Hayley , Howarth David , Keil Roger , Pill Madeleine , Salazar Yunailis , Sullivan Helen
Published: September 2022

Chapter 1 focuses on how the eight cities encountered, worked with and against austerity in the period after the GEC. It begins by providing a flavour of the histories and traditions which contribute to explaining how austerity was experienced and mediated. It then turns to a discussion of Athens, Baltimore, Dublin, Leicester and Montréal, where more-or-less harsh forms of forms of austerity were implemented in the decade after GEC. It then looks at the three cities which, in different ways, provide a contrast with the story of austerity. These are Barcelona, Melbourne and Nantes.
Collaborative Governance After the Global Economic Crisis
Authors: Jonathan S. Davies , Blanco Ismael , Bua Adrian , Chorianopoulos Ioannis , Cortina-Oriol Mercè , Feandeiro Andrés , Gaynor Niamh , Gleeson Brendan , Griggs Steven , Hamel Pierre , Henderson Hayley , Howarth David , Keil Roger , Pill Madeleine , Salazar Yunailis , Sullivan Helen
Published: September 2022

From the basis of multiple definitions and mixed practices of collaborative governance, this chapter explores trends found through the comparative study of our eight cities, in the decade after the GEC. We aim to examine the impact of austerity on localised collaborative structures of policymaking. Specifically, the chapter elaborates three dimensions where interesting comparisons and contrasts were identified: in discourse, in agency and in the spaces utilised to facilitate alliance-building and joint working. Trends in discourse, agency, and spaces of collaboration after the GEC are linked to the historical events and traditions highlighted in the introductory chapter.
The Logic of Professionalism
Authors: Alvehus Johan
Published: September 2022

This book discusses common management and work practices in professional service organizations. The book opens important discussions on what it means to work, manage, and be managed in such professional organizations, casting light on classic conflicts. The author takes everyday work as a starting point and adopts a critical view that focuses on challenges and struggles in both public and private settings. The book begins with an exploration of the practices that uphold the logic of professionalism. It analyses the way in which the logic of professionalism is maintained in professional service organizations. It then shifts to focus on professional service work, and the work of managing professional service work. It discusses the concepts around professions and professionalism, and the abstract theory of institutional logics. The book investigates the common assumption about professional service work: that it is, by its nature, ambiguous, and that this inherent ambiguity has profound consequences for how professional service work is organized and managed. It suggests another view — that ambiguity is an outcome of the way in which professional service work is organized, just as much as it is a cause of it. It also elaborates on division of labour. The book moves on to investigate some of the most contested terrain in all of management and organization studies: leadership, and it thereafter details how the logic of professionalism is maintained, and what it is that is maintained. The author offers new perspectives and key insights for the future of professionalism. Providing a comprehensive overview of the field, the book is an important guide for understanding how professionalism is maintained in today’s organizations, and will of interest to those engaged in management and leadership.
The Ambiguity of Professional Service Work
Authors: Alvehus Johan
Published: September 2022

This chapter opens with questions such as: How can we describe professional service work processes? What is it that is going on when lawyers, teachers, and physicians do what they do on a day-to-day basis? The chapter displays a common assumption about professional service work: that it is, by its nature, ambiguous, and that this inherent ambiguity has profound consequences for how professional service work is organized and managed. It then investigates this assumption and suggests another view — that ambiguity is an outcome of the way in which professional service work is organized, just as much as it is a cause of it. The chapter also elaborates on division of labour, concerning with the ‘detailed division of labour’, that is, the division of labour taking place between workers, in practice, on an everyday basis. It accounts for the ambiguity assumption in professional work, and continues with reflections over the way in which professionals talk about work. The chapter presents different models for professional problem-solving, one traditional with ‘cases’ at the centre, and one with clients at the centre. It also examines a common theme in discussions about professional service work: that it bears great resemblance to craft work and the ethos of craft work.
Understanding the Logic of Professionalism
Authors: Alvehus Johan
Published: September 2022

This chapter details how the logic of professionalism is maintained, and more precisely what it is that is maintained. It seeks to identify why professional service organizations persist, and thereby provides an answer to the question of how the logic of professionalism maintains its existence despite the threats posed against it. The chapter argues that there is great variety in the way in which professional service organizations work, and in the way professional service work is managed. Often professionalism is seen as being under threat. Yet, it seems to be surprisingly resilient over time. The chapter offers a brief discussion of a recurring theme: the persistence of ambiguity. It introduces the idea of latent pattern maintenance, and identifies two maintenance mechanisms in professional service organizations: functional ambiguity and opaque transparency. Finally, the chapter explicates the Janus-like character of institutional logics, and the role latent patterns play in maintaining them.
Childcare Provision in Neoliberal Times
Authors: Gallagher Aisling
Published: September 2022

In the absence of public provision, many governments rely on the market to meet childcare demand. But who are the actors shaping this market? What work do they do to marketize care? And what does it mean for how childcare is provided? Based on an innovative theoretical framework and an in-depth study of the New Zealand childcare market, the book examines the problematic growth of private, for-profit childcare. The book begins with an outline of the working definition of state-led marketization, as one way to apprehend how states are involved in the active construction of markets to solve social problems. It focuses on the growth of private, for-profit childcare centres, and it seeks to investigate the role of the state in actively producing the conditions for neoliberal childcare markets to operate. Delving into this process, the book examines the ways in which the childcare market is being shaped by the economic and financial strategies of a range of actors, in direct response to the conditions of state-led marketization. The book reflects on childcare as a market of collective concern in the context of the current post-neoliberal moment. It seeks to address some of the perplexing tensions inherent in neoliberal childcare markets: that they are tasked with achieving considerable social and economic outcomes, yet are organized through highly inequitable market-based systems; they receive considerable public funding, yet are privately delivered. The book discusses the benefits of taking childcare markets as an object of study through the lens of Social Studies of Marketization. It investigates how neoliberal childcare markets are assembled and held together over time, in the face of considerable criticisms and problems. The book points to some of the challenges in establishing new accountability structures for childcare markets, as they become increasingly interwoven with the economic logics and practices of other kinds of market actors, far removed from the care of children. Opening the ‘black box’ of childcare markets to closer scrutiny, the book brings to light complex political, social and economic work of making childcare markets.
State-Led Marketization: The Creation of the New Zealand Childcare Market
Authors: Gallagher Aisling
Published: September 2022

This chapter tracks the creation of a childcare market in New Zealand between 1989 and 2019. It expounds on the two key moments in the formation of the market; the Before Five reforms in 1989 and the Strategic Plan in 2002. In detailing the work of market making, the chapter focuses on the important differences between both phases of market creation. It emphasizes how the figure of the parent consumer has been understood within state-led marketization, as one of the key calculating actors charged with both regulating and governing the market. The chapter also considers the highly experimental work of state-led marketization, as childcare policy making becomes an exercise in market organization. Bringing forward the analytical framework of SSM, the chapter presents the two key arguments about state-led marketization. It investigates how childcare is being commodified. It also emphasizes how feminist critiques of the childcare market became folded back into moments of market (re)framing, recognizing the importance of their written and activist work not solely as a critical voice, but also as producing knowledge which in itself plays a performative part in the market making process.
Conclusion
Authors: Gallagher Aisling
Published: September 2022

This chapter reflects on childcare as a market of collective concern in the context of the current post-neoliberal moment. It seeks to address some of the perplexing tensions inherent in neoliberal childcare markets: that they are tasked with achieving considerable social and economic outcomes, yet are organized through highly inequitable market-based systems; they receive considerable public funding, yet are privately delivered. The chapter then discusses the benefits of taking childcare markets, and indeed care markets more generally, as an object of study through the lens of Social Studies of Marketization. It investigates how neoliberal childcare markets are assembled and held together over time, in the face of considerable criticisms and problems. The chapter points to some of the challenges in establishing new accountability structures for childcare markets, as they become increasingly interwoven with the economic logics and practices of other kinds of market actors, far removed from the care of children.
Knifing Off? The Inadequacies of Desistance Frameworks for Women in the Criminal Justice System in Ireland
Authors: Seaman Vicky , Lynch Orla
Published: September 2022

Chapter 2, by Vicky Seaman and Orla Lynch, explores desistance theory through the concept of ‘knifing off ’ ( Maruna, 2001 , 2007 ), highly relevant in the process of desistance, particularly among those who experience or have experienced active addiction, but have never been comprehensively examined among a female population. This chapter presents the findings from a thematic analysis of the life history narratives of women who at one point or another engaged with the CJS in Ireland. Through the lived experience of these women, the process of ‘knifing off’ is examined in tandem with the role of and nature of social supports sought and utilised by these women as they move away from engagement in off ending behaviours through a desistance process. Through an analysis of the participants’ relationships before, during and after their involvement in off ending, this chapter highlights the relevant gender issues that must be considered in any theoretical framework on desistance for women.
Criminal Women in Prison Who Self-harm: What Can We Learn from Their Experiences?
Authors: Walker Tammi
Published: September 2022

Chapter 4 by Tammi Walker highlights that among the women in prison in England and Wales at any one time approximately one third self- harm. The most common methods used in women’s prisons are cutting and scratching, followed by strangulation. Previous studies of self- harm in prisons have mostly focused on prevalence, risk factors and clinical concomitants, with isolated attempts to develop and test theoretical models to aid prediction and intervention with high- risk groups. There has been a very limited focus on understanding the functions or meanings behind this intricate and often misunderstood behaviour. This chapter, using narrative accounts of women, explores this complex area and draws upon the intra- personal and/ or interpersonal motivations for self- harming in prison. Attention is also given to research regarding protective factors for self- harm and how these personal or social resources may reduce the impact of negative consequences in the face of stressors in prison.
Party Politics, the Radical Right, and Race in the 21st Century
Authors: Givens Terri E.
Published: September 2022

In the past few years, even before the 2016 elections in Europe and the US, it was clear that a growing number of nativist voters were willing to support more extreme politicians. There is no doubt that immigration and demographic shifts are having an impact on the willingness of nativist, nationalistic voters to choose political parties that represent a challenge to existing norms and democracy itself. Radical right parties in Europe tend to use a populist appeal, arguing that they are for the “common man” and against the elite. They often lean authoritarian in their call for security to protect against outsiders and blind loyalty to the party or leaders. Another component is the racism and fear of minorities and immigrants that is being used by politicians both here in the US and in Europe to mobilize voters who fear a loss of privilege and ultimately political dominance.
Moving In, Moving Up and Moving On: Reflections of Adults and Former Gang Members
Authors: Deuchar Ross , McLean Robert , Holligan Chris , Densley James A.
Published: September 2022

This chapter evaluates the perspectives of adult members of communities in the west of Scotland who participated in the fieldwork, building on the initial insights from practitioners outlined in the last chapter. Most of these adults were former gang members and some were now working as practitioners. During their youth, violence had been a competence that had to be learned to enable street survival against the backdrop of highly territorial urban landscapes and following exposure to a range of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs). The chapter then shares the interviewees' recollections of lived experiences in the housing schemes at a time when territorial gang violence was particularly pronounced, and the factors that enabled them to transition, change, and desist. It also shares their viewpoints suggesting that, as territorial street gang violence has continued to decline in the west of Scotland, other pressing issues — most prominently associated with drug use and drug distribution — have come to the fore.
Framing and Re-Framing the Experiences of Youth in Disadvantaged Scottish Communities
Authors: Deuchar Ross , McLean Robert , Holligan Chris , Densley James A.
Published: September 2022

This chapter provides a detailed synthesis of the research findings from the previous chapters. It can not be doubted that the landscape of criminality associated with young people (and particularly young men) typically domiciled in areas of intergenerational disadvantage evolves with such speed that it often eludes the capacity of criminologists to keep pace. Seen as an intervention into the contemporary world of gangs, violence, illegal drugs, and their contested interconnection with organised crime, this book, based on research conducted in Scotland, has devoted its gaze to change and continuity in the lives of those who have first-hand experience of troubled urban landscapes. Homicide, serious assault, territoriality, County Lines, debt burden, and imprisonment often haunt childhoods that are full of trauma, loss, and regret. While recognising the merits of official policy interventions, the analysis throughout has recognised that poverty, unemployment, and stigma remain a feature of the continuity in the factors that are globally associated with the criminogenic environment. Scotland is no exception to this generalisation. The chapter then explores implications for policy and practice, before reflecting on the limitations of the book's research work and proposing directions for new research.
Effects of Intimate Partner Violence in the LGBTQ Community: A Systematic Review
Authors: Evans Rosalind , Denysschen Illandra
Published: September 2022

The passing of the Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act (VAWRA) (2013) has provided further opportunities to gain awareness of the impact of Intimate Partner Violence. The Act incorporated more funding for research and preventative programs for IPV throughout the country. The Act also incorporated protections for individuals encompassing sexual orientation and gender identity. This created an opportunity for scholars to provide literature focusing on various aspects of IPV pertaining to causes, reports, and prevention resources. It is critical to capture data on this population and be aware of their experiences to inform future policy, research methodologies, theoretical frameworks, and best practices when working to provide services to the community. Reports of the experiences from individuals in the LGBTQ community are alarming to review. Although the 2013 VAWRA was passed to provide more resources and prevention of these experiences it is evident that there are striking concerns of experiences of intimate partner violence in the LGBTQ community. Therefore, this chapter provides a systematic review capturing studies published after the passing of the 2013 VAWRA to provide content on LGBTQ individuals experiences of IPV, the criminal justice system, and resources for prevention.
Conclusion: What Does It Mean to Do Justice? Current and Future Directions in Queer Criminological Research and Practice
Authors: Semprevivo Lindsay Kahle , Buist Carrie L.
Published: September 2022

Is this concluding chapter, the editors discuss the work of the contributors and add to the conversation analysis of what justice means as related to theoretical application and practical implementation of queer criminology. This chapter discusses the future of the field and the importance of widening the net to include interdisciplinary research, praxis, and more, including but not limited to intersectional approaches to research, training, education, policy, and trauma-informed care.
What is a Discipline?
Authors: Jørgensen Knud Erik
Published: September 2022

This chapter looks into the ubiquitous but in the IR literature rarely analysed term ‘discipline’. How, when and why did disciplines emerge? What did they replace? When did IR join the family of scientific disciplines? The chapter make a plea for a broad definition, one that goes beyond its theories (though they are important) and a definition that acknowledges practices of discipline as socialization. The chapter outlines the development of IR as a discipline and shows how spillovers generated more than a dozen sub-disciplines. Finally, the chapter argues it is very costly to subscribe to IR as a field of study thereby rejecting IR as a discipline.
What is Theory?
Authors: Jørgensen Knud Erik
Published: September 2022

This chapter does not introduce IR theory as such but instead introduces the craft of theorizing and highlights the important functions theories have for the development and nature of the discipline, for instance the spine functions of defining a core and representing synthesized knowledge. Moreover, the chapter argues that IR is a dynamic discipline, a feature implying that theory as such, the meanings of theory, and the functions of theory for the discipline all change over time. Finally, theory-building has a role to play in the power politics among disciplines. In this context, the argument is that theory empowers the discipline and its sub-disciplines thus helping it to survive in an environment characterized by the survival of the fittest.
The Gendered Making of Union Careers
Authors: Guillaume Cécile
Published: September 2022

This chapter explores how four unions — the CFDT (French Democratic Confederation of Labour) and Solidaires in France, and GMB (National Union of General and Municipal Workers) and UNISON in Great Britain — have dealt with women's representation within the organization. These two countries were chosen for their differences in attitudes towards gender equality. In the British unions, equality policies are both older and more voluntarist than in their French counterparts, even in those that are the most proactive on the subject. The chapter analyses the ‘inequality regimes’ specific to the four unions, and the effects of equality policies put in place within unions. Through the comparison of 100 ‘trade unionist careers’, it considers the social and organizational processes that contribute to the making of gender inequalities and limit the effects of the policies that are adopted.
Why Wales?
Authors: Daniel Newman , Roxanna Dehaghani
Published: September 2022

Wales is the site of this research, and the book provides a snapshot of how criminal justice is experienced in Wales at a time of austerity. Wales has been too often ignored in consideration of the criminal justice system of England and Wales, so the book offers the insights of those with whom the authors spoke in south Wales to provoke fresh dialogue about criminal justice in the country. The experiences presented in the book will inform discussions about criminal justice in Wales, and across England and Wales. To counter the Anglocentric nature of much criminal justice and socio- legal research and the relative neglect of Wales within policymaking, the authors provide a considerable level of detail regarding the Welsh context, which they extend into the legal context in Chapter 2.
Criminal Justice in Its Place
Authors: Daniel Newman , Roxanna Dehaghani
Published: September 2022

Chapter 4 examines the importance of geography and place to the authors’ research by probing the character of south Wales as both a setting and a subject for the book. The authors explore the space and time elements of studying south Wales under austerity, drawing out the key differences between England and Wales, with a focus on practitioners’ accounts of the distinctive scale of criminal justice in south Wales. The chapter explores the issue of court closures and the resultant travel problems in more detail.
Pressures of Practice
Authors: Daniel Newman , Roxanna Dehaghani
Published: September 2022

Chapter 5 examines in detail the pressures that neoliberal austerity has placed on the criminal justice system and those working within it. The authors examine the problems with criminal legal aid funding, thus building on the broader austerity discussions from Chapters 1 and 2 (as contextualized in Chapters 3 and 4). The chapter interrogates the related issue of time pressures on legally aided criminal practice, in addition to the broader pressures of criminal defence work. The authors explore the precarious future of criminal defence, before questioning whether those outside of the system appreciate the challenges and pressures of practice. In doing so, they outline and examine the fundamental problems underpinning the criminal justice system as relayed by those on the frontline, thus developing their account of how austerity has adversely impacted upon criminal justice (Chapter 2), the practitioner view that criminal justice is underfunded (Chapter 3), and the particularities within south Wales in the context of a system in crisis (Chapter 4).
Navigating the Criminal Justice System
Authors: Daniel Newman , Roxanna Dehaghani
Published: September 2022

In Chapter 7 the authors amplify the voices of those most often ignored in discussions about the workings of the criminal justice system: the accused and their families. They examine the problems faced by the accused and explore whether and how these issues were acknowledged and understood by lawyers. The authors also consider the impact of criminal justice on the families of those who have been accused. Drawing upon these voices, they further ponder the possibilities of doing criminal justice differently.
Introduction: The Feeling of Dystopia
Authors: McKenzie Jordan
Published: September 2022

This chapter provides a background on the emotional consequences of perceived futures for individuals living in the present, opening up new discourses about how people might feel in the future. It emphasizes how it should be uncontroversial for sociologists and social researchers to investigate the emotional consequences of the past, present, and future. Barbara Adam and Chris Groves have described ‘present futures’ and ‘future presents’ to distinguish between the futures that are already underway in the present, and the current perception of presents that are yet to come. The chapter highlights emotional futures and the future of emotions in an era characterized by extraordinary pessimism, anxiety, and ambivalence. It considers the emotional landscapes of a world that feels like it is spiralling out of control, noting that there is always something utopian and dystopian in the emotional climate of any given nation, era or a generation.
Beyond Wicked Facebook: A Vital Materialism Perspective
Authors: Lupton Deborah , Southerton Clare
Published: September 2022

This chapter offers highly original perspectives on social media use from a new materialism perspective. Based on interview data, it reconsiders the role of agency in social media participation in order to challenge increasingly popular complaints about social media as purely manipulative or exploitative. As social media platforms such as Facebook have transitioned from being new and novel to an established and everyday part of social life, the chapter unpacks the emerging social dynamics of social media with an eye towards the future. Techno-dystopian visions of new digital technologies can be characterized as a broader affective atmosphere experienced by countries of the Global North. The chapter explores counter imaginaries that have been expressed in both the popular media and the academic literature ever since the widespread distribution and adoption of digital technologies in everyday life from the 1980s onwards.
Neo-Villeiny University
Authors: Harvey Geraint , Williams Simon
Published: September 2022

This chapter assesses the university as a dystopian imaginary. It considers the transformation of academic work in the ‘Neo-Villeiny University’ and the emotional consequences of living, working and studying within such an institution. The result is a dark future projection of academic work where replaceable academics are subcontracted rather than supported to churn out work, chasing research output targets in an increasingly unequal, overworked, impoverished, and hopeless sector. The chapter begins with a brief summary of the concept of neo-villeiny: highly precarious work that is marked by an absence of a guaranteed wage, payment of rent, bondage to the organization, and extensive work-for-labour. It envisages an institution wherein the management of one’s emotions and reward are directly linked.
Assembling Turkish Queers
Authors: Kramer Paul Gordon
Published: September 2022

The heart of this text, this chapter argues that the notion of queer identity is a fluctuating, evolving identity category that both empowers and cages queer actors. The purpose here is to come up with a way of talking about queer people that allows for the capacities of change, resistance, and complicated internal dynamics that are often flattened when we talk commonly about LGBTQ identities. It systematically looks at the major processes involved in this identity construction, including Turkish Islam, the Military, the government, non-profit organizations, and more.
Childcare Struggles, Maternal Workers & Social Reproduction
Authors: Perrier Maud
Published: September 2022

Spanning the United Kingdom, United States and Australia, this comparative study brings maternal workers' politicized voices to the centre of contemporary debates on childcare, work and gender. The book illustrates how maternal workers continue to organize against low pay, exploitative working conditions and state retrenchment and provides a unique theorization of feminist divisions and solidarities. Bringing together social reproduction with maternal studies, this is a resonating call to build a cross-sectoral, intersectional movement around childcare. The book shows why social reproduction needs to be at the centre of a critical theory of work, care and mothering for post-pandemic times.
Reparations and Anti-Black Racism
Authors: Nurse Angus
Published: September 2022

The Black Lives Matter movement has exposed the state violence and social devaluation that Black populations continue to suffer. Police shootings and incarceration inequalities in the US and UK are just two examples of the legacy of slavery today. This book offers a criminological exploration of the case for slavery and anti-Black racism reparations in the context of the enduring harms and differential treatment of Black citizens. Through critical analysis of legal arguments and reviewing recent court actions, the book refutes the policy perspectives that argue against reparations. Highlighting the human rights abuses inherent to and arising from slavery and ongoing racism, the book calls for governments to take responsibility for the impact of ongoing racialized injustice.
A Comparative Analysis of Reparations
Authors: Nurse Angus
Published: September 2022

This chapter explores the state acceptance of the case for reparations, which is arguably linked to direct action that harmed citizens and amounted to an infringement of human rights. It analyses the notion that where states can tangibly be determined to be culpable for harm to an identifiable group or individuals within a group then reparations may be due at a state level. Such reparations amount to a form of compensation for the harm caused and damages owed to the affected group or collection of individuals. The chapter looks at an in-depth case study of reparations cases, such as the restitution for the Holocaust and the losses suffered by Jewish people during World War II. It conducts a comparative case study of Holocaust reparations and anti-Black/slavery reparations noting that while the Holocaust reparations claims were arguably successful, the case for reparations was not without its problems.
Unjust Enrichment and the Socio-Legal Case for Reparations
Authors: Nurse Angus
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines questions of who benefits or benefitted from slavery as well as further examining the nature of disadvantage and inequality. It talks about the arguments raised in reparations litigation concerning the benefit gained by companies and other institutions and explores this within the context of specific arguments about enrichment. Central to these arguments are questions concerning whether the present-day status of some institutions and even wider society is built on their participation in historic injustices and arguably whether they could be said to have benefitted from participation in discriminatory practices. The chapter argues that reparations should not be paid by present-day institutions for harm caused by their predecessors due to an activity that was ostensibly legal albeit distinctly harmful to a specific community or section of a society. It reviews the unjust enrichment argument from a contemporary criminological and zemiological perspective.
The New Constructivism in International Relations Theory
Authors: McCourt David M.
Published: September 2022

Recent developments in Constructivist theorizing add up to a qualitatively new approach: the New Constructivism. Central to the New Constructivism are novel theoretical perspectives and vocabularies, like practice theory, relationalism, and actor-network theory; new empirical interests, like affect and emotions; and methodological innovations like network analysis and multiple correspondence analysis. While many proponents of these approaches have downplayed their links to Constructivism, this book seeks to set the record straight—showing how they are principally developments within Constructivism, rather than outside it. The book presents a manifesto for this New Constructivism via a tour of the contemporary constructivist landscape. It demonstrates that identifying the New Constructivism is imperative for three related reasons: empirical pay-off, intellectual consistency, and the formation of groups of scholars who share a broad perspective on international politics. Surveying an array of exemplary works and drawing on the author’s own work on U.S. and U.K. national security policy, the book shows that the New Constructivism is a vibrant, powerful approach to world politics with eight key features. The New Constructivism is: (1) anti-foundationalist; (2) anti-essentialist; (3) methodologically omnivorous; (4) conceptually pluralist; (5) reflexive; (6) necessarily historical; (7) politically agnostic; and (8) attuned to emotions and affect in human action.
Introduction: What Is Constructivism?
Authors: McCourt David M.
Published: September 2022

The introductory chapter lays out a framework for thinking about Constructivism in IR theory consistent with constructivist premises, and show why it matters by identifying the core features of the New Constructivism using the very tools the new perspective puts at our disposal. Foregrounding IR Constructivism’s own social and historical origins reveals that Constructivism in IR theory is the process of incorporating insights on the social construction of international reality from cognate disciplines, especially sociology but philosophy, social theory, cultural anthropology, geography, and social psychology. It is a space from which scholars can remind their colleagues that outcomes in world politics are the products of historically, culturally, and geographically specific processes. This is not to claim that constructivist explanations of outcomes in world politics cannot be based on shared norms, etc., but that there is more to Constructivism than norms, culture, and identity—together, the emergence of new constructivist ideas like practice theory, relationalism, and others detailed in the book, add up to a New Constructivism in IR theory. The book addresses likely objections to the argument it presents, before outlining the plan of the book.
The Old Constructivism
Authors: McCourt David M.
Published: September 2022

This chapter revisits the classic texts of Constructivism from the 1990s and early 2000s. I show that many of their central insights still have much to offer current and prospective constructivists. Drawing on ongoing research into U.S. foreign policy-making toward great power challengers like Russia and China, I show that sensitivity to international norms and U.S. political culture, especially America’s role as a hegemon, are still crucial to understanding the formation of U.S. strategy. However, I also argue that Constructivism’s tool-kit is not limited to the concepts of culture, norms, or identity. To set the stage for the remainder of the book, and again in line with constructivist premises, I delve into the issue of how and why a narrow understanding of Constructivism took hold. I show that the approach fractured over the course of time, narrowing down to a set of hypotheses about the causal role of identity, culture, and norms in international political outcomes. In so doing, a number of dichotomies opened up—material vs. ideational explanations, structure vs. agency, explanation vs. understanding, subjective vs. objective accounts of social action—dichotomies that have produced the space for new approaches that can overcome them, setting the stage for the New Constructivism.
Rules, Law, and Language in the New Constructivism
Authors: McCourt David M.
Published: September 2022

This chapter explores the continuing centrality of rules, law, and language to the New Constructivism, each of which were downplayed as constructivism developed in IR. Rules, law, and language are long-standing constructivist concerns, but they were pushed to one side as norms, culture, and identity emerged as the central concepts of the Old Constructivism. The effect was, in many caricatures of constructivism, to see the approach as one fundamentally about the power of ideas in world politics—a concern held over from the late-1980s/early 1990s debate in political science more broadly about the role of ideas in policy-making. By comparison to “harder” approaches based on interests and more tangible manifestations of power—like military might—it is unsurprising that Constructivism became viewed as a “soft” approach, useful for explaining outlying developments in world politics. The practice-relational sensitivity underpinning the New Constructivism, however, rejects such a characterization, placing power relations—effected through rules, law and language—central to its accounts of world politics. In the case of law, for example, scholars have chronicled the immense power of legal rules to shape state interests, amounting to a form of liberal rule through law.
Conclusion: The Space of Constructivism
Authors: McCourt David M.
Published: September 2022

In reprising the volume, in the conclusion I distil what is distinctive about the New Constructivism, and emphasize why it is imperative to pronounce the New Constructivism’s existence at the present time. I argue that Constructivism—Old and New—is best understood as a space for a certain kind of work in IR, work that takes the field’s scientific inclinations seriously while resolutely refusing to limit the nature of science to models imported from the natural sciences. Drawing on newer developments in sociology and cognate fields, the New Constructivism departs from the Old by foregrounding the relational and processual nature of social forms, their situatedness in temporally- and spatially-specific practical contexts. As a bridgehead to the broader historically and culturally sensitive social sciences, I emphasize the importance of keeping that space open vis-à-vis more scientistic approaches, on the one hand, and explicitly normative critical approaches, on the other.
Implications
Authors: Brandon Avril , Dingwall Gavin
Published: September 2022

The concluding chapter considers the implications of the book's findings as prisons move out of lockdown. Earlier chapters document the brutality of serving a prison sentence in lockdown conditions and consider the likely impacts on prisoners. There is no doubt that the impact is severe and will, in many cases, be traumatic. How prisons transition back to normal regimes and respond to ongoing trauma will be challenging. The research in this book adds an additional concern. Male adult prisoners from Black, Asian and minority ethnic groups, prisoners from the Irish Traveller community and Roma community, and foreign national prisoners may have particular, complex needs that require culturally appropriate responses. The book ends with a plea that those who served prison sentences in lockdown conditions, and their legacy needs, are not forgotten as society adapts slowly to life after the pandemic.
Experiments in Automating Immigration Systems
Authors: Maxwell Jack , Tomlinson Joe
Published: September 2022

In recent years, the United Kingdom's Home Office has started using automated systems to make immigration decisions. These systems promise faster, more accurate, and cheaper decision-making, but in practice they have exposed people to distress, disruption, and even deportation. This book identifies a pattern of risky experimentation with automated systems in the Home Office. It analyses three recent case studies including: a voice recognition system used to detect fraud in English-language testing; an algorithm for identifying ‘risky’ visa applications; and automated decision-making in the EU Settlement Scheme. The book argues that a precautionary approach is essential to ensure that society benefits from government automation without exposing individuals to unacceptable risks.
Precautionary Measures
Authors: Maxwell Jack , Tomlinson Joe
Published: September 2022

The chapter showcases how the examples considered in the book shows that there is a pattern of risky experimentation with automated systems in the Home Office. It argues that the automated systems come with benefits, as well as very real challenges. The author shows an important part of the solution to these challenges would be for government to develop a protocol to guide the use of automated decision-making tools to ensure that they are subjected to sufficient pre- application use to avoid obvious shortcomings.