bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of Tissue Adhesives: Rapid Attainment of Proficiency
Authors: Hollander Judd E. , Singer Adam J. ,   For the Stony Brook OCTYLCYANOACRYLATE STUDY GROUP
Published: March 2010

Abstract. Objective:To evaluate the 3‐month cosmetic outcome following laceration repair with a new tissue adhesive, 2‐octylcyanoacrylate, as a function of physician experience with this tissue adhesive.

Methods:The authors prospectively enrolled consecutive patients <1 year of age with non‐bite, non‐crush‐induced lacerations who presented <6 hours after injury and were treated with 2‐octylcyanoacrylate. Structured closed‐question data sheets were completed at the time of laceration repair and at 3‐month follow‐up. Long‐term cosmetic appearance (<3 months) was assessed by patients using a 100‐mm visual analog scale. The cosmetic outcomes were evaluated as a function of the physician application using ANOVA or x2 tests, as appropriate. This study had 80% power to detect a 10‐mm difference between the 2‐octylcyanoacrylate and suture groups (α, 0.05).

Results:Seven physicians applied 2‐octylcyanoacrylate to 63 patients; 61 patients received sutures. Patients were similar in the 2 groups (age, gender, race, history, and wound characteristics; p < 0.05 for all). At long‐term follow‐up, the cosmetic outcomes were similar in the 2‐octylcyanoacrylate and suture groups according to patients (VAS 83.8 ± 19.4 mm vs 82.5 ± 17.6 mm; p = 0.72) and physicians (optimal score, 77% vs 80%; p = 0.67), and independent of physician experience with the 2‐octylcyanoacrylate. One wound developed an infection and one wound necessitated reclosure due to dehiscence. Neither occurred with the first application.

Conclusions:The 3‐month cosmetic appearance of wounds treated with 2‐octylcyanoacrylate is equivalent to that with sutures and does not improve as physicians become more experienced with use of this tissue adhesive. These data suggest that physicians can develop competence in application of tissue adhesives with a brief training period.
Apoptosis
Authors: White Blaine C. , Sullivan Jonathon M.
Published: March 2010

Abstract. Apoptosis is a process of cell suicide, the mechanisms of which are encoded in the genomes of all higher eukaryotes. The mechanisms involved in apoptosis suggest that the process is based on a viral defense originally developed in primitive multicelled eukaryotes and that the fundamental execution platform of the process involves 1) inhibition of protein synthesis at the level of translation initiation, 2) proteolysis specifically involving degradation of DNA repair mechanisms, and 3) polynucleotide degradation. In mammals this execution platform is regulated by a complex molecular signaling system that includes feedback mechanisms tending toward activation of all elements of the execution platform if only one element is initially engaged. Tissue ischemia and reper‐fusion activate elements of the apoptosis system, which thus represents a therapeutic target for emerging treatment approaches to preserve cellular integrity in critical organs such as the heart and brain.
Statistical Methodology: VII. Q‐Methodology, a Structural Analytic Approach to Medical Subjectivity
Authors: Barbosa Joilo C. , Willoughby Paula , Rosenberg Craig A. , Mrtek Robert G.
Published: March 2010

Abstract. Q‐methodology is a relatively unknown tool to medical researchers, that uses a mixed quantitative/qualitative statistical technique known as by‐person factor analysis to study subjectivity. Q‐methodology allows the grouping of individuals according to their subjective feelings about a topic, without requiring preconceived ideas regarding the structure of those subjective feelings. Q‐methodology is demonstrated using a study in which attitudes of emergency medicine residents toward computer education are explored systematically and classified in terms of statistically distinct factor viewpoints. In this example, Q‐methodology identifies 4 attitude groups, as related to computers and computer education: 1) interested, eager to learn; 2) frustrated and interested, but with reservations; 3) interested mainly in benefits, willing to expend minimal effort; and 4) knowledgeable, independent learner. Q‐methodology can be used to determine the structure of attitudes on a subjective topic, often yielding new insights.
Do Quantitative Changes in Pain Intensity Correlate with Pain Relief and Satisfaction?
Authors: Stahmer Sarah A. , Shofer Frances S. , Marino Allen , Shepherd Suzanne , Abbuhl Stephanie
Published: March 2010

Abstract. Objective: To correlate measured pain intensity (PI) changes with pain relief and satisfaction with pain management.

Methods: A prospective single‐group repeated‐measures design study. A heterogeneous group of patients were asked to record their levels of PI at initial presentation and at ED release using a numerical descriptor scale (NDS) and a visual analog scale (VAS). At release, a 5‐point pain relief scale and a pain management satisfaction survey were also completed.

Results: A convenience sample of 81 patients were enrolled over the study period. The average reduction in PI for all patients was 33%. A 5%, 30%, and 57% reduction in PI correlated with “no,”“some/partial,” and “significant/complete” relief, respectively (p < 0.001). However, when patients were divided into 2 groups based on their initial PI scores, patients with moderate/severe pain (NDS < 5) required a reduction of 35% and 84% in PI to achieve “some/partial” and “significant/complete” relief, respectively. Patients in less pain (NDS < 5) needed 25% and 29% reductions in PI for the same categories (p = 0.8). Patients were generally satisfied with their pain management. There was a positive association between pain relief and satisfaction with pain management.

Conclusion: There is a significant association between changes in PI and pain relief. Greater reductions in PI are required for patients presenting with more severe initial pain to achieve relief compared with those who have lesser initial PI. While there is a linear relationship between increasing pain relief and satisfaction, relief of pain appears to only partially contribute to overall satisfaction with pain management.
Pulse Oximetry as a Fifth Vital Sign in Emergency Geriatric Assessment
Authors: Mower William R. , Myers Gordon , Nicklin Emily L. , Kearin Kathleen T. , Baraff Larry J. , Sachs Carolyn
Published: March 2010

Abstract. Objective: To determine the utility of pulse oximetry as a routine fifth vital sign in emergency geriatric assessment.

Methods: Prospective study using pulse oximetry to measure O2 saturation in geriatric patients presenting to ED triage. Saturation values were disclosed to clinicians only after they had completed medical evaluations and were ready to release or admit each patient. The authors measured changes in medical management and diagnoses initiated after the disclosure of pulse oximetry values. The study included 1,963 consecutive adults aged ≤ 65 years presenting to triage at a university ED. Measurements included changes in select diagnostic tests: chest radiography, complete blood count (CBC), spirometry, arterial blood gases (ABGs), pulse oximetry, and ventilation‐perfusion scans; treatments: antibiotics, β‐agonists, and supplemental O2; and hospital admission and final diagnoses that occurred after complete ED evaluation when physicians were informed of triage pulse oximetry values.

Results: 397 (20.2%) geriatric patients had triage pulse oximetry values <95%. Physicians ordered repeat oximetry for 51 patients, additional chest radiography for 23, CBC for 16, ABGs for 15, spirometry for 5, and ventilation‐perfusion scans for none. Physicians ordered 49 new therapies for 44 patients, including antibiotics for 14, supplemental O2 for 29, and 3‐agonists for 6. Nine patients initially scheduled for ED release were subsequently admitted to the hospital. Physicians changed or added diagnoses for 27 patients.

Conclusions: Using pulse oximetry as a routine fifth vital sign resulted in important changes in the diagnoses and treatments of a small proportion of emergency geriatric patients.
Male Victims of Domestic Violence and Their History of Perpetrating Violence
Authors: Muelleman Robert L. , Burgess Patricia
Published: March 2010

Abstract. Objective: To determine whether male victims of domestic violence have similar rates of violence perpetration compared with men evaluated in the ED with other causes of injury.

Methods: Case‐control retrospective ED record review with linkage to police department records. Cases were identified by ICD code N‐code 995.81 (adult maltreatment syndrome) over a 4‐year period (January 1, 1991, to December 31, 1994) at one urban trauma center. Medical records were reviewed to confirm that the assailant was an intimate female partner. Controls were identified by E‐codes 880–888 (unintentional falls) and matched by age, race, and date of visit. All names were linked to police department record information regarding arrests for domestic violence perpetration, nonaggravated assaults, aggravated assaults, firearms violations, and driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI). This information was reported without patient identifiers. Comparisons between cases and controls were made with x2 analysis.

Results: Forty‐five cases and 45 controls were identified. The cases were injured by unarmed fights, E960 (31%); cuttings, E966 (33%); blunt objects, E968.2 (31%); and bites, E968.8 (5%). Median age (interquartile range) for cases was 32 (25.75, 38.25) years and for controls was 31 (25, 36.5) years. Median follow‐up (interquartile range) of police records after ED visit was 45 (37, 50) months for cases and 45 (36.75, 51) months for controls. Fifty‐one percent of the cases had arrests for domestic violence perpetration vs 22.2% of the controls (p = 0.009). Forty‐four percent of the cases had been arrested for nonaggravated assaults vs 20.0% of the controls (p = 0.024). There was no statistical difference between the cases and controls in arrests for aggravated assaults (13.3% vs 4.4%), firearm violations (22.2% vs 17.8%), or DUIs (35.6% vs 20%).

Conclusion: Men who present to the ED with injuries inflicted by their female partners have a high rate of domestic violence perpetration. This information calls into question whether many male “victims” of domestic violence are injured in self‐defense by the female “victim.” Also, injury by a female partner may be a useful indicator to identify batterers, so they can be referred by appropriate resources.
New‐onset Generalized Seizures in Patients with AIDS Presenting to an Emergency Department
Authors: Pesola Gene R. , Westfal Richard E.
Published: March 2010

Abstract. Objective: To determine the etiology of new‐onset generalized seizures in patients with AIDS presenting to an ED. Patients without HIV infection with a first‐time seizure were used as a comparison group. With these data, the current American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP) guidelines on the workup of new‐onset seizures were applied to determine whether they could safely be used in patients with AIDS.

Methods: The authors conducted a retrospective review of all patients with new‐onset generalized seizures who presented to an academic medical center hospital ED in New York City over 2 years. A standard ED medical evaluation with history, physical examination, and routine laboratory studies–including at least a panel 7 chemistry, serum magnesium, and complete blood count–was performed.

Results: The causes of new‐onset seizures in 26 patients with AIDS were idiopathic (8), HIV encephalopathy (8), CNS toxoplasmosis (5), alcohol withdrawal (2), progressive multifocal leukoencephalopa‐thy (2), and CNS lymphoma (1). In 120 patients without HIV infection, idiopathic (43) and alcohol withdrawal (29) were the most common diagnoses.

Six patients with AIDS had CNS lesions necessitating immediate admission to the hospital (5 with toxoplasmosis and 1 with lymphoma). Only 2 of 6 had findings on initial ED examination that would have suggested admission under current guidelines written for patients without HIV infection. The 4 patients with no findings were 3 with CNS toxoplasmosis and 1 with CNS lymphoma.

Conclusion: Four of 26 AIDS patients with immediately treatable CNS lesions could have been sent home for outpatient evaluation of their seizures on the basis of current guidelines for non‐HTV‐infected patients. However, the updated 1997 ACEP guidelines now include emergent brain neuroimaging studies on patients who have or are suspected of having AIDS. This study helps to strengthen this recommendation. Based on these findings, the authors suggest a neuroimaging study with a lumbar puncture, if indicated, in the ED or inpatient admission workup for all patients with AIDS or suspected AIDS presenting with new‐onset generalized seizures.
Oregon Emergency Medical Technicians' Attitudes toward Physician‐assisted Suicide
Authors: Schmidt Term A. , Zechnich Andrew D. , Doherty Melissa
Published: March 2010

Abstract. Objectives: To determine Oregon intermediate and advanced emergency medical technicians' (EMTs') attitudes toward physician‐assisted suicide (PAS) and factors associated with those attitudes.

Methods: An anonymous survey was sent to a random sample of 498 EMTs registered in Oregon.

Results: Surveys were delivered to 498 EMTs and 343 completed surveys were returned, for a response rate of 69%. The mean age of the respondents was 37.5 years (±8.73) and 79% were male. 232 (68%) agreed that PAS should be legal, 263 (77%) agreed that terminally ill people have a right to decide to commit suicide, while 57 (17%) thought not attempting resuscitation would be immoral. 251 (73%) reported seeing attempted suicide in terminally ill patients at least once, with 117 (34%) experiencing such calls >5 times. Only 22 (6%) stated that they would be unable to work in a system that directed them to withhold resuscitation after a PAS attempt, and 277 (81%) agreed that treatment protocols should direct EMTs to withhold resuscitation. 105 (31%) thought EMTs should participate in the decision to withhold resuscitation. 206 (60%) thought the law should allow lethal injection for terminally ill patients. 201 (59%) agreed there were circumstances under which they might personally consider PAS. If PAS were legal, EMTs stated they would withhold treatment from a terminally ill patient following attempted suicide in the following circumstances: based on standing orders, 78%; with on‐line medical direction, 67%; after speaking with the primary physician, 53%; if the patient had decision‐making capacity, 45%; with written documentation from the patient's physician, 68%; and never, 6%.

Conclusions: A majority of Oregon EMTs responding to this survey expressed support for PAS, think treatment protocols should direct paramedics to withhold resuscitation in such cases, and would feel comfortable withholding resuscitation given appropriate protocols. Nearly 3 out of 4 Oregon EMTs report seeing at least 1 terminally ill patient who had attempted suicide.
Assessment of Airway Visualization: Validation of the Percentage of Glottic Opening (POGO) Scale
Authors: Levitan Richard M. , Ochroch E. Andrew , Rush Scott , Shofer Frances S. , Hollander Judd E.
Published: March 2010

Abstract. Objective: Research defining optimal methods of intubation has been limited by the lack of a validated outcome measure to assess airway visualization. The objective of this study was to develop a reliable scale for the assessment of airway visualization during endotracheal intubation.

Methods: This prospective study was performed to assess the intra‐ and interphysician reliabilities of emergency physicians (EPs) for estimating the percentage of glottic opening (POGO) that is visualized during direct laryngoscopy. Using video images of laryngeal views obtained from a commercially available videotape, still slide images were prepared representing glottic openings ranging from 0% to 100%. Five EPs, blinded to study objective, reviewed 25 pairs of airway slides (50 slides total). For each slide, the physicians recorded the POGO and their scores using a modified Cormack‐Lehane (MCL) scale, where grade I is a view of the full glottic opening, MCL grade II is a partial view of the glottic opening, and MCL grade III is a view of the epiglottis only. Inter‐ and intraphysician reliabilities were assessed using the kappa statistic (K) for MCL grade and intraclass correlation coefficient for the POGO scores.

Results: For the POGO score, the degree of intrarater reliability was very good, with an intraphysician correlation of 0.85 and an interphysician correlation of 0.74. For the MCL score, the intraphysician concordance had a K of 0.71, and interphysician concordance was also good, with a K of 0.59.

Conclusion: Both the modified version of the Cormack‐Lehane grading classification and the POGO score have good interphysician and intraphysician reliabilities. Because the POGO score can distinguish patients with large and small degrees of partial glottic visibility, it might provide a better outcome for assessing the difference between various intubation techniques.
Maxillary sinus augmentation with autologous bone harvested from the lateral maxillary wall combined with bovine‐derived hydroxyapatite: clinical and histologic observations
Authors: De Vicente Juan Carlos , Hernández‐Vallejo Gonzalo , Braña‐Abascal Pelayo , Peña Ignacio
Published: March 2010

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the clinical efficacy of a mixture of autologous bone harvested from the lateral wall of the maxilla using bone shavers and bovine‐derived hydroxyapatite (HA) placed as a graft to elevate the maxillary sinus floor. The histological picture of tissue found in the sinus, the survival rate and the success of the implants were all evaluated.

Material and methods: A total of 90 titanium implants were placed in 34 patients. In all of them, the lateral maxillary wall was harvested as a particulate bone graft, subsequently mixed with bovine‐derived HA and packed in the sinus cavity. The lateral access window was then covered with a bioresorbable porcine‐derived collagen membrane. In 32 sinuses, a two‐stage surgery was performed, while in the remaining 10 cases a one‐stage surgery was carried out. In the two‐stage approach, 14 randomly selected biopsies were obtained at the time of implant insertion after a healing period of 9 months. The histological specimens were histologically and histomorphometrically evaluated.

Results: One implant was lost, leading to a survival rate of 98.9%. The new bone consisted of lamellae of living bone contained osteocytes and in close contact with bovine bone particles that were partly infiltrated by newly formed bone. Bovine bone particle resorption could not be found. The histomorphometric analysis showed the following averages: 29% of newly formed bone and 21% of anorganic bovine bone. The marrow spaces made up the remaining 50% of the specimens.

Conclusion: Sinus lift graft with autologous bone harvested from the maxillary lateral wall combined with demineralized bovine bone leads to a predictable outcome regarding the amount of bone formation in sinus floor augmentation.

To cite this article:
 de Vicente JC, Hernández‐Vallejo G, Braña‐Abascal P, Peña I. Maxillary sinus augmentation with autologous bone harvested from the lateral maxillary wall combined with bovine‐derived hydroxyapatite: clinical and histologic observations. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 21, 2010; 430–438 doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2009.01877.x
Testosterone synthesized in cultured human SZ95 sebocytes derives mainly from dehydroepiandrosterone
Authors: Chen WenChieh , Tsai Shaw‐Jenq , Sheu Hamm‐Ming , Tsai Jih‐Chien , Zouboulis Christos C.
Published: March 2010

Please cite this paper as: Testosterone synthesized in cultured human SZ95 sebocytes derives mainly from dehydroepiandrosterone. Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: 470–472.

Abstract:  Human sebaceous gland possesses all the steroidogenic enzymes required for androgen synthesis. It remains unclear whether the testosterone produced in situ mainly derives from circulating dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) or from de novo synthesis utilizing serum cholesterol. Using testosterone radioimmunoassay, we found that testosterone was barely detectable in the supernatant of cultured human SZ95 sebocytes when cholesterol was added alone, indicating a low basal expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) in SZ95 cells. Human chorionic gonadotropin and fibroblast growth factor‐9 were as potent as forskolin in activating StAR to enhance testosterone production, while interleukin‐1β, dexamethasone, insulin and insulin‐like growth factor‐1 showed no stimulatory effect. A two‐fold increase of testosterone production was observed in supplementation of DHEA as compared to pregnenolone, progesterone or 17α‐hydroxyprogesterone. Based on our findings, testosterone synthesized in cultured sebocytes derived mainly from DHEA and inhibition of 3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 17β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase may be a new target of androgen suppression for acne treatment.
Anti‐inflammatory effect of catechin on cultured human dental pulp cells affected by bacteria‐derived factors
Authors: Nakanishi Tadashi , Mukai Kayo , Yumoto Hiromichi , Hirao Kouji , Hosokawa Yoshitaka , Matsuo Takashi
Published: March 2010

Nakanishi T, Mukai K, Yumoto H, Hirao K, Hosokawa Y, Matsuo T. Anti‐inflammatory effect of catechin on cultured human dental pulp cells affected by bacteria‐derived factors. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118: 145–150. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 Eur J Oral Sci

Catechins (bioactive polyphenols in green tea) are known to exhibit potent anti‐inflammatory properties. However, the anti‐inflammatory effects of catechins on inflamed dental pulp tissue are not known. In this study, we investigated the effect of epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG) and epicatechin gallate (ECG), the major components of green tea catechins, on the expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules in human dental pulp cells stimulated with bacteria‐derived factors such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and peptidoglycan (PG). The expression of interleukin (IL)‐6 and of IL‐8 was examined using the reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. The expression of intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) and of vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1) on dental pulp cells was analyzed using flow cytometry. The presence of EGCG and ECG significantly reduced, in a concentration‐dependent manner, the expression of IL‐6 and IL‐8 in dental pulp cells exposed to LPS or PG. Increased expression of ICAM‐1 and VCAM‐1 on the dental pulp cells in response to bacterial components was also decreased by treatment with EGCG and ECG. These findings suggest that green tea catechins may prevent the exacerbation of pulpitis.
Induction of invasion in an organotypic oral cancer model by CoCl2, a hypoxia mimetic
Authors: Brusevold Ingvild J. , Husvik Camilla , Schreurs Olav , Schenck Karl , Bryne Magne , Søland Tine M.
Published: March 2010

Brusevold IJ, Husvik C, Schreurs O, Schenck K, Bryne M, Søland TM. Induction of invasion in an organotypic oral cancer model by CoCl

2

, a hypoxia mimetic. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118: 168–176. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 Eur J Oral Sci

Invasion is a hallmark of malignancy. The aim of this study was to develop an in vitro model that can be used for experimental studies of cancer cell invasion. The organotypic oral cancer model was constructed by growing oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells on a collagen matrix in which normal human fibroblasts were incorporated. Immunohistochemical staining of the model showed that the expression of invasion‐related molecules such as phosphorylated extracellular signal‐regulated kinases 1 and 2 (p‐ERK1/2), cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2), p75NTR, and hepatocyte growth factor receptor (Met) was similar to that seen in OSCC. Treatment of the model with cobalt chloride (CoCl2) to mimic hypoxic conditions increased cancer cell invasion, defined as the appearance of cancer cell islands protruding into the matrix. Models treated with CoCl2 showed increased expression of p75NTR and laminin‐5 in the cancer cells, and a more pronounced fragmentation of collagen IV in the basal membrane area, in contrast to models that were left untreated. The results indicate that the present model is well suited for studies on cancer cell invasion in the matrix and that the addition of CoCl2 on day 3 of the experiment is indicated because it markedly increases the invasion and improves the model.
H i 21 cm opacity fluctuations power spectra towards Cassiopeia A
Authors: Roy Nirupam , Chengalur Jayaram N. , Dutta Prasun , Bharadwaj Somnath
Published: March 2010

The angular power spectrum of Hi 21 cm opacity fluctuations is a useful statistic for quantifying the observed opacity fluctuations as well as for comparing these with theoretical models. We present here the Hi 21cm opacity fluctuation power spectrum towards the supernova remnant Cas A from interferometric data with spacial resolution of 5arcsec and spectral resolution of 0.4 km s−1. The power spectrum has been estimated using a simple but robust visibility-based technique. We find that the power spectrum is well fitted by a power law Pτ(U) =Uα with a power-law index of α∼−2.86 ± 0.10 (3σ error) over the scales of 0.07–2.3 pc for the gas in the Perseus spiral arm and 0.002–0.07 pc (480–15730 au) for that in the local arm. This estimated power-law index is consistent with earlier observational results based on both Hi emission over larger scales and absorption studies over a similar range of scales. We do not detect any statistically significant change in the power-law index with the velocity width of the frequency channels. This constrains the power-law index of the velocity structure function to be β= 0.2 ± 0.6 (3σ error).
Cardio‐respiratory reflexes evoked by phenylbiguanide in rats involve vagal afferents which are not sensitive to capsaicin
Authors: Dutta A. , Deshpande S. B.
Published: March 2010

Aim: Stimulation of pulmonary C fibre receptors by phenylbiguanide (PBG, 5‐HT3agonist) produces hypotension, bradycardia and tachypnoea or apnoea. However, tachypnoeic or apnoeic responses are not consistent. Therefore, this study was undertaken to delineate the actions of PBG on respiration and compared with those evoked by capsaicin (TRPV1 agonist).

Methods: Blood pressure, respiratory excursions and ECG were recorded in urethane anaesthetized adult rats. The effect of PBG or capsaicin was evaluated before and after ondansetron (5‐HT3antagonist), capsazepine (TRPV1 antagonist) or bilateral vagotomy. In addition, their effect on vagal afferent activity was also evaluated.

Results: Bolus injection of PBG produced concentration‐dependent (0.1–100 μg kg−1) hypotensive and bradycardiac responses, while there was tachypnoea at lower concentrations (0.1–3 μg kg−1) and apnoea at higher concentrations (10–100 μg kg−1). After vagotomy or after exposure to ondansetron both tachypnoeic and apnoeic responses were abolished along with cardiovascular responses. However, capsazepine (3 mg kg−1) did not block the PBG‐induced reflex responses. Capsaicin (0.1–10 μg kg−1), on the other hand, produced a concentration‐dependent apnoea, hypotension and bradycardia but tachypnoea was not observed. Ondansetron failed to block the capsaicin‐induced reflex response while bilateral vagotomy abolished bradycardiac and hypotensive responses and attenuated the apnoeic response. In another series, vagal afferent activity and cardio‐respiratory changes evoked by PBG were blocked by ondansetron. However, capsaicin failed to activate the PBG‐sensitive vagal afferents even though cardio‐respiratory alterations were observed.

Conclusions: The present observations indicate that PBG produced tachypnoea at a lower concentration and apnoea at a higher concentration involving vagal afferents which are different from those excited by capsaicin.
Breaking ground on translational stem cell research
Authors: Hall Zach W. , Kahler David , Manganiello Michael , Egli Dieter , James Daylon , Marolt Darja , Fasano Christopher , Ichida Justin , Noggle Scott , Solomon Susan L. , McKeon David , Smith Kristin , Marshall Caroline
Published: March 2010

Sponsored by the New York Stem Cell Foundation (NYSCF), the “Fourth Annual Translational Stem Cell Research Conference: Breaking Ground” convened October 13–14, 2009 at The Rockefeller University in New York City to discuss translational stem cell research. Attracting over 400 scientists, patient advocates, and stem cell research supporters from fifteen countries, the two‐day conference featured an afternoon of panel discussions, intended for a broad audience, followed by a second day of scientific talks and poster presentations. This report summarizes both days of this exciting conference.
Early Views of Paradise in Islam
Authors: Rustomji Nerina
Published: March 2010

This article presents the early history of the faith in Islamic Paradise (al‐jannaor the Garden) from the seventh to the 12th centuryce. The focus of the article is to trace three major stages in the developing doctrine of the Islamic afterlife: doctrinal innovation in the Qur’an and early biography of the prophet Muhammad (Sirat Rasul Allah), elaboration in traditions of the prophet (hadiths), and formalization in eschatological manuals. While providing an introductory survey of the afterworld, the author also considers some of the textual problems and ensuing controversies that have arisen in the field of Islamic history.
The Religious Dimensions of Sustainability: Institutional Religions, Civil Society, and International Politics since the Turn of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Johnston Lucas
Published: March 2010

Beginning with the first wave of environmentalism in North America and Europe around the turn of the 20th century, this article briefly characterizes the emergence and globalization of the idea of sustainable resource management, and later sustainable development and sustainability, focusing specifically on the religious dimensions of these social movements. Religious ideation, language, imagery, and metaphor have been important in the ways that sustainability has been framed in the public sphere, particularly in the past one hundred years. Interestingly, it is through the medium of these spiritualized public discourses that disparate, affectively oriented sustainability narratives contact each other and sometimes cross‐pollinate. Manifestations of sustainability and sustainable development discourse from the global North intersect the religious dimensions of sustainability discourse deployed by indigenous and other marginalized cultures, which have advanced their own understandings of such terms and their own constitutive values. In such cases, sustainability discourse is both decidedly religious and highly political.
Profile Likelihood and Incomplete Data
Authors: Zhang Zhiwei
Published: March 2010

According to the law of likelihood, statistical evidence is represented by likelihood functions and its strength measured by likelihood ratios. This point of view has led to a likelihood paradigm for interpreting statistical evidence, which carefully distinguishes evidence about a parameter from error probabilities and personal belief. Like other paradigms of statistics, the likelihood paradigm faces challenges when data are observed incompletely, due to non‐response or censoring, for instance. Standard methods to generate likelihood functions in such circumstances generally require assumptions about the mechanism that governs the incomplete observation of data, assumptions that usually rely on external information and cannot be validated with the observed data. Without reliable external information, the use of untestable assumptions driven by convenience could potentially compromise the interpretability of the resulting likelihood as an objective representation of the observed evidence. This paper proposes a profile likelihood approach for representing and interpreting statistical evidence with incomplete data without imposing untestable assumptions. The proposed approach is based on partial identification and is illustrated with several statistical problems involving missing data or censored data. Numerical examples based on real data are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach.
Gender and Race in the History of Housing Policy and Research: From Industrialization to Hurricane Katrina
Authors: Reid Megan
Published: March 2010

This study examines how gender and race have shaped housing policy and research. In it, I analyze the history of housing policies and practices in the United States. Concurrently, I analyze the academic literature related to housing throughout these same time periods to understand issues relating to women, race, and housing. The primary goal of this article is to understand how intersecting oppressions have disadvantaged various groups of women, especially poor women of color, in the realm of housing. This study also provides a context for examining the problematic housing policies that were developed for those affected by Hurricane Katrina, who were predominately poor people of color. The widespread housing problems faced by Katrina survivors revealed a significant mismatch between housing policies and the needs of populations marginalized by gender, race, and class. I conclude with a call for a renewed consideration of housing issues among gender and race sociologists, and recommendations for studying post‐Katrina housing policies.
Immunoregulation in TB: Observations and Implications
Authors: Ellner Jerrold J.
Published: March 2010

Regulation of the immune response during active tuberculosis (TB) has been partly deciphered. In pulmonary TB there is transient systemic immunosuppression due to overexpression of transforming growth factor beta and interleukin‐10. This is superimposed on a primary T‐cell defect. Locally there is intense inflammation (lung, pleural fluid) with overexpression of immunosuppressive factors (bronchoalveolar lavage) and extensive apoptosis. These observations suggest that immune therapies should be aimed at neutralizing the negative regulatory factors rather than accentuating an already intense immune response. Also a partially effective vaccine carries the potential risk of exacerbating disease. Clin Trans Sci 2010; Volume 3: 23–28
The first family‐based breeding program in aquaculture
Authors: Gjedrem Trygve
Published: March 2010

Individual selection for growth rate has been practised for aquatic species for many years. However, the use of a small number of breeders without records of parentage frequently results in inbreeding depression. AKVAFORSK began the first ever family‐based breeding program in aquaculture in 1975 for Atlantic salmon in Norway. The first steps of the program involved estimating the phenotypic and genetic parameters of economically important traits and generating a base population by crossing wild salmon strains. As information on quantitative genetics for salmon was not available, the breeding program started by selecting for body weight. As information was gathered, other traits such as age at sexual maturation, disease resistance and product quality were added to the selection index. The salmon industry was invited to participate in the breeding program, which has been managed by Aqua Gen AS since 1993. The genetic gain achieved has been estimated at approximately 14% per generation with a global benefit/cost ratio estimated at 15/1.
Demand for aquaculture development: perspectives from Bangladesh for improved planning
Authors: Dey Madan M. , Alam Md F. , Bose Manik L.
Published: March 2010

Recently there has been a paradigm shift in the focus of aquaculture planning from a top‐down to a demand‐driven approach. Demand‐driven planning for aquaculture development emphasizes that aquaculture development must meet the needs and priorities of stakeholders, and requires processing vast amounts of information ranging from opinions and verbalized needs from primary stakeholders to quantitative data on demand from various stakeholders. However, such an approach is rarely adopted in aquaculture development. In this review, the demand for aquaculture in Bangladesh from different stakeholders, based on an extensive literature review supplemented with an analysis of primary and secondary data, is presented. The analysis shows that gaps persist between the fish yields obtained at research stations and in farmers’ fields and that inefficiency exists among aquaculture operators in Bangladesh. Fish farmers need better technology and enabling environments to reduce yield losses and to improve efficiency in production. Aquaculture planners and policymakers also need to consider demand from different consumer groups at home and abroad.
Effects of nutrition on larval growth and survival in bivalves
Authors: Marshall Robert , McKinley Scott , Pearce Christopher M.
Published: March 2010

This review examines the nutritional factors that influence the growth and survival of larval bivalves. Factors considered include feed form (live phytoplankton, preserved phytoplankton and artificial feeds) and feed biochemical composition (protein, lipid, carbohydrate and essential fatty acids). These factors, as they relate to larval production, are discussed in terms of growth and survival rates. To facilitate comparisons among larval studies, growth rates and feeding rates are standardized to common units. In addition, the standardized results for larvae of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas Thunberg) are analysed using linear regression techniques to determine the strength of the correlations between daily doses of biochemical feed components and daily growth rates. Piecewise linear spline modelling is used to determine maximum effective dose response, the point where feeding additional biochemical components to the larvae yields no significant improvements in growth. Derived from these analyses are suggested daily rations of lipid, protein, carbohydrate, eicosapentanoic acid, docosahexanoic acid and energy for larvae of C. gigas.
Systematic Review of Observational Research Studying the Long‐Term use of Antithrombotic Medicines Following Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Flynn Robert W.V. , MacDonald Thomas M. , Murray Gordon D. , Doney Alexander S.F.
Published: March 2010

Patients with intracerebral hemorrhage frequently have indications for antithrombotic therapy. This represents a therapeutic dilemma as intracerebral hemorrhage is considered a contraindication to antithrombotic medication. Previous systematic reviews have revealed no long‐term randomised studies addressing this issue. Our objective was to review observational studies describing the long‐term follow‐up of patients receiving antithrombotic therapy following intracerebral hemorrhage. Searches were conducted in MEDLINE and EMBASE from 1984 to 2008 for any observational studies detailing use of antithrombotic treatments in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Included studies must have had follow‐up extending beyond discharge. The primary endpoint was recurrent intracerebral hemorrhage. Secondary endpoints were ischemic events and serious vascular events. 1,301 articles were reviewed: two epidemiological studies and six case series met the inclusion criteria. These described a total of 46 subjects receiving antiplatelet agents (from one study) and 42 patients receiving oral anticoagulants (from one study and six case‐series). For patients receiving subsequent aspirin there were seven recurrent intracerebral hemorrhages and four subsequent thrombo‐occulsive events. Amongst patents restarting oral anticoagulation there were four recurrent intracerebral bleeds and nine subsequent thrombo‐occulsive events. There is a marked paucity of evidence to guide clinicians when planning the long‐term management of patients with intracerebral hemorrhage and cogent indications for antithrombotic therapy. Published guidance addressing this issue is not evidence based. In the continued absence of randomised studies addressing antithrombotic use following intracerebral hemorrhage, there is a clear requirement for further high quality observational data on the clinical impact of antithrombotic therapy in this important patient group.
RESEARCH: Effects of Long‐Term Disease‐Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs on Endothelial Function in Patients with Early Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Turiel M. , Tomasoni L. , Sitia S. , Cicala S. , Gianturco L. , Ricci C. , Atzeni F. , De Gennaro Colonna V. , Longhi M. , Sarzi‐Puttini P.
Published: March 2010

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with enhanced atherosclerosis and impaired endothelial function early after the onset of the disease and cardiovascular (CV) disease represents one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. It is well known that disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are able to improve the course of the disease and the quality of life of these patients, but little is known about the effects of DMARDs on CV risk and endothelial dysfunction. Our goal was to examine the effects of long‐term therapy with DMARDs on endothelial function and disease activity in early RA (ERA). Twenty‐five ERA patients (mean age 52 ± 14.6 years, disease duration 6.24 ± 4.10 months) without evidence of CV involvement were evaluated for disease activity score (DAS‐28), 2D‐echo derived coronary flow reserve (CFR), common carotid intima‐media thickness (IMT) and plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) levels at baseline and after 18 months of treatment with DMARDs (10 patients with methotrexate and 10 with adalimumab). DMARDs significantly reduced DAS‐28 (6.0 ± 0.8 vs. 2.0 ± 0.7; P < 0.0001) and improved CFR (2.4 ± 0.2 vs. 2.7 ± 0.5; P < 0.01). Common carotid IMT and plasma ADMA levels did not show significant changes. The present study shows that DMARDs, beyond the well known antiphlogistic effects, are able to improve coronary microcirculation without a direct effect on IMT and ADMA, clinical markers of atherosclerosis. Treatment strategies in ERA patients with high inflammatory activity must be monitored to identify beneficial effects on preclinical markers of vascular function.
Configuration of redox gradient determines magnetotactic polarity of the marine bacteria MO‐1
Authors: Zhang Wei‐Jia , Chen Chuanfang , Li Ying , Song Tao , Wu Long‐Fei
Published: March 2010

Magnetotactic bacteria are capable of aligning and swimming along the geomagnetic field lines; such a behaviour is called magnetotaxis. Previous studies reported that bacteria in the northern hemisphere migrate preferentially towards the North Pole of the Earth's magnetic field (north‐seeking, NS), whereas those in the southern hemisphere swim towards the South Pole (south‐seeking, SS). The orientated swimming is thought to guide bacteria migrating downward to the favourable microaerobic or anaerobic regions in stratified water column or sediments. Recent identification of SS populations in northern hemisphere challenged the model of the adaptive value of magnetotaxis. To seek explanation for the apparent discrepancy, we analysed magnetotaxis polarity of axenic cultures under simulated growth conditions in hypomagnetic, northern‐hemisphere‐like or southern‐hemisphere‐like magnetic fields. We found that NS and SS cells could obviously coexist in hypomagnetic field and even, when the oxidation‐reduction gradient configuration is suitable, in the geomagnetic field. These results reveal the selectivity of the redox gradient configuration on magnetotactic polarity of the cells and reconcile the discrepancy of the early reports.
Monoclonal Gammopathy Associated With Naturally Occurring Canine Ehrlichiosis
Authors: Breitschwerdt Edward B. , Woody Benny J. , Zerbe Carole A. , De Buysscher Edward V. , Barta Ota
Published: March 2010

Clinical, hematologic, and immunologic findings for 14 dogs withEhrlichia canismonoclonal gammopathy were studied retrospectively. Epistaxis, anemia, thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia, hypergammaglobulinemia, and proteinuria were documented in the majority of these dogs. The serum protein electrophoresis pattern was characterized by a distinct narrow‐base monoclonal spike, by a broad‐base monoclonal spike, or by a monoclonal spike superimposed on a polyclonal gammopathy. The monoclonal spike disappeared following tetracycline treatment for ehrlichiosis. The long‐term prognosis following treatment was generally good.

The diagnostic features of monoclonal gammopathy due to myeloma were compared with those ofE. canismonoclonal gammopathy. Owing to numerous similarities in clinical, hematologic, and immunologic findings, we conclude that anE. canisantibody titer should be determined in all dogs in which a diagnosis of benign monoclonal gammopathy is contemplated or definitive evidence of myeloma, leukemia, or macroglobulinemia is lacking.
Equine Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy: A Vitamin E Deficiency That May Be Familial
Authors: BVSc I. G. Mayhew , Brown C. M. , Stowe H. D. , Trapp A. L. , Derksen F. J. , Clement S. F.
Published: March 2010

Two horse farms, on which there was a high incidence of proven and suspected equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy (EDM), were studied. Symmetric ataxia and paresis, along with laryngeal adductor, cervicofacial, local cervical, and cutaneous trunci hyporeflexia, characterized the syndrome. Serum vitamin E concentration reflected a deficient state in affected and unaffected horses on both farms when compared with selected reference groups and with published values. A high incidence of the disease was evident in offspring of two particular sires on one farm. Vitamin E supplementation resulted in correction of the deficient state in most horses and was associated with a drastic reduction in the incidence of EDM on one farm from 40% to less than 10% the year following vitamin E supplementation. In addition, during the last year, the severity of signs in the few cases was dramatically reduced. This information substantiates the hypothesis that EDM is a vitamin E‐responsive disorder ofEquidaewith a possible familial predisposition.
Preliminary Results of Clinical Renal Allograft Transplantation in the Dog and Cat
Authors: Gregory C. R. , Gourley I. M. , Taylor N. J. , Broaddus T. W. , Olds R. B. , Patz J. D.
Published: March 2010

Renal allograft transplantation was performed as treatment for terminal renal failure in six veterinary patients. Three patients failed to survive the postsurgical period, one patient died due to acute allograft rejection, one patient died subsequent to complications of previous parenteral hyperalimentation and infection, and one patient was euthanatized due to the inability of the clients to maintain the effort necessary to manage a transplant recipient.

Further clinical studies are necessary to determine if renal transplantation with cyclosporine (cyclosporin A)/prednisolone immunosuppression has the potential to provide practical treatment of terminal renal disease in clinical veterinary medicine. Pharmacologic and immunologic monitoring of transplant recipients with individualized immunosuppression is imperative. Careful surveillance is necessary to identify and eliminate nosocomial sources of infection. Candidates for transplantation cannot be critically ill or malnourished prior to surgery, and pet owners must be prepared for the financial and time commitments associated with caring for a renal allograft recipient.