bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Screening for Lung Cancer Using Low‐Radiation Dose Computed Tomography
Authors: Shaham D. , Goitein O. , Yankelevitz D. F. , Vazquez M. , Reeves A. P. , Henschke C. I.
Published: March 2003

Abstract Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer death. Currently there are no major health organizations endorsing lung cancer screening. This is primarily based on the results of four randomized, controlled trials conducted in the 1970s comparing screening using sputum cytology (some with chest radiography as well) with no screening for lung cancer.

The Early Lung Cancer Action Project (ELCAP), initiated in 1992, demonstrated the enormous potential of low radiation dose (low‐dose) helical CT to detect lung cancer at an early stage, and its superiority over conventional chest radiography. As compared to the initial baseline screening evaluation, ELCAP has shown that on repeat annual screening, there is a substantially lower number of false‐positive studies and a higher percentage of malignancy among the newly detected lung nodules. Adherence to the diagnostic algorithm, which included the use of high‐resolution computed tomography (HRCT) in the follow‐up of lung nodules, enabled confirmation of lung cancer within short time intervals while minimizing unnecessary interventional procedures. The use of computer‐generated three‐dimensional image reconstruction can be helpful in the detection of nodular growth after a follow‐up interval as short as 1 month.

The role of low‐dose CT in screening for lung cancer is currently under investigation but seems promising. Additional techniques, such as the use of biomarkers, may also aid in early detection of lung cancer. The precise role of these techniques relative to low‐dose CT screening continues to evolve.
Networks security measures using neuro‐fuzzy agents
Authors: Abouzakhar Nasser S. , Manson Gordon A.
Published: March 2003

The growing dependence of modern society on telecommunication and information networks and e‐type systems has become inevitable. However, those types of systems are vulnerable to malicious attacks. The speed and automation in network attack techniques continue to increase. An achievable automated attack or unauthorised access to a particular organization network could lead to devastating effects on its reputation and imminent loss of life. In this paper an innovative way is proposed to detect network attacks of a distributed nature such as denial of service (DoS) attacks. The proposed scheme is mainly based on neuro‐fuzzy intelligence in order to learn and determine the fuzzy parameter functions that represent network traffic behaviour. Neuro‐fuzzy agents combine the features of fuzzy logic and neural networks and they have been proposed to overcome the limitations of human expertise in defining fuzzy membership functions, especially for complex environments, such as information networks.
Can We Ascribe to Past Thinkers Concepts They Had No Linguistic Means to Express?
Authors: Prudovsky Gad
Published: March 2003

This article takes a clear‐cut case in which a historian (Alexander Koyré) ascribes to a writer (Galileo) a concept (“inertial mass”) which neither the writer nor his contemporaries had the linguistic means to express. On the face of it the case may seem a violation of a basic methodological maxim in historiography: “avoid anachronistic ascriptions!” The aim of the article is to show that Koyré’s ascription, and others of its kind, are legitimate; and that the methodological maxim should not be given the strict reading which some writers recommend. More specifically, the conceptual repertoire of historical figures need not be reconstructed solely in terms of the social and linguistic conventions of their time and place.
Collingwood’s “Lost” Manuscript of The Principles of Hisotory
Authors: Van Der Dussen Jan
Published: March 2003

In his edition of The Idea of History Knox made use of parts of Collingwood’s unfinished manuscript of The Principles of History, written during a voyage through the Dutch East Indies in 1938–1939. This manuscript, however, is not among Collingwood’s manuscripts, available at the Bodleian Library at Oxford since 1978. It was therefore considered lost, but it has recently been discovered in the archives of Oxford University Press. Originally, it consisted of ninety pages containing finished chapters on “Evidence,”“Action,” and “Nature and Action.” The first chapter, the manuscript text of which has not been recovered, was included by Knox in The Idea of History under the title “Historical Evidence.” He also made use of parts of chapter III. Before dealing with the content of The Principles of History, I discuss two questions: why Knox did not publish the complete manuscript, in spite of the fact that Collingwood explicitly gave his authorization for its publication, and why the manuscript was not finished, in spite of the fact that Collingwood himself placed a high value upon it. The Principles of History contains much that is informative and clarifying for some much debated and controversial aspects of Collingwood’s philosophy of history. Examples are his discussion of the status of a philosophy of history, the interpretation of evidence, the nature of human action, the role of emotions, what is meant by the thought‐side of history, the difference between history and biography, the relation between history and nature, and the autonomy of historical thought. The manuscript is of interest, too, because of the insight it offers into the way The Idea of History was edited by Knox. It makes it clear how Knox manipulated the text when editing the sections on “History and Freedom” and on “Hegel and Marx”: in the latter he deleted an important paragraph, while in both he sometimes made changes in Collingwood’s very words.
Hayden White's Appeal to the Historians
Authors: Ankersmit F. R.
Published: March 2003

Historians rarely agree with Hayden White's account of theirdiscipline. To a certain extent their dissatisfaction can be explained by the fact that historianscustomarily distrust historical theory and always tend to look at the historical theorist with thegreatest suspicion. But historians find an extra argument for their dislike of White's ideasin his alleged cavalier disregard of how historical facts limit what the historian might wish to sayabout the past. And, admittedly, this criticism is not wholly unfounded.

Nevertheless, this essay attempts to show how misguided this traditional criticism ofWhite actually is. For it is historians who too easily take the truth of their accounts of the past forgranted, whereas White's theoretical writings can be shown to express a full awareness ofthe kind of problem encountered in the effort to tell the truth about historical reality. Hence,White's writing—rather than those by historians criticizing White—testify to therespect that we owe to historical reality itself.

That this is how we should read White becomes clear if we consider his intellectualevolution as a whole rather than the individual books or essays that he wrote.
Evolutionary Theory of History
Authors: Stuart‐Fox Martin
Published: March 2003

Several attempts have been made recently to apply Darwinian evolutionary theory to the study of culture change and social history. The essential elements in such a theory are that variations occur in a population, and that a process of selective retention operates during their replication and transmission. Location of such variable “units” in the semantic structure of cognition provides the individual psychological basis for an evolutionary theory of history. Selection operates on both the level of cognition and on its “phenotypic” expression in action in relation to individual preferred sources of psychological satisfaction. Social power comprises the principal selective forces within the sociocultural environment. Sociocultural evolution takes place both as a result of the unintended consequences of action and through the struggle of individuals and groups in pursuit of opposing interests. The implications for historiography are methodological in that evolutionary theory of history sharpens the focus of explanatory situational analysis, and interpretive in that it provides a paradigmatic metanarrative for the understanding of historical change.
Economic Analysis in Historical Perspective
Authors: Downing Brian M.
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

Analytic Narratives, by Robert H. Bates, Avner Greif,Margaret Levi, Jean‐Laurent Rosenthal, and Barry R. Weingast
Truth or Lies? Selective Memories, Imagings, and Representations of Chief Albert John Luthuli In Recent Political Discourses
Authors: Sithole Jabulani , Mkhize Sibongiseni
Published: March 2003

Individuals, organizations, and institutions adopt prominent people as political symbols for a variety of reasons. They then produce conflicting memories and images of their chosen symbols. In this article we argue that multiple representations of celebrated public figures should not only beviewed in terms of a choice between ‘truths’ and ‘lies.’ Using the case of Chief Albert Luthuli, the president of the African National Congress from 1952 to 1967, we show that secrets and silences about aspects of his political life would make it difficult for anyone to establish the veracity of competing memories which have been produced around his name since his death in 1967. We argue that many ‘Luthulis’ were produced for different purposes and at different times during this period. We therefore suggest that tounderstand the motives for the making of the various images of Luthuli we need to explore in some depth the contexts in which they were made.
Peasants, Historians, and Gender: A South African Case Study Revisited,1850–1886
Authors: Bradford Helen
Published: March 2003

A gender revolution allegedly occurred in the British Cape Colony (and South Africa at large) in the nineteenth century. African patriarchs, traditionally pastoralists, took over women's agricultural work, adopted Victorian gender attributes, and became prosperous peasants (nicknamed ‘black English’). Scholars have accepted the plausibility of these seismic shifts in masculinity, postulated in Colin Bundy's classic, The Rise & Fall of the South African Peasantry. I re‐examine them, for Bundy's ‘Case Study’ of Herschel, acclaimed as one of the regions that best fits his thesis. This Case Study omits women, who were the typical peasant producers. It marginalizes men failing to conform to bourgeois Victorian gender norms. Itmisrepresents class formation, causation, periodization, and peasant well‐being. It misdates proletarianization by at least three decades. The zenith of commodity production is misdated by at least half a century. A labor reservoir characterized by severe subsistence problems is represented as a prosperous peasantry. Bundy postulates that patriarchs ‘rose’ into women's work and colonial masculine scripts in response to favorable conditions; I argueinstead that younger men ‘fell’ into these domains in response to disasters. A silent gender bias—towards black Englishmen, against African women—had a marked impact on Bundy's analysis of class formation. The purpose of this article is to interrogate this silence and to show how it has warped a classic text.
Johannes Nkosi and the Communist Party of South Africa: Images of ‘Blood River’ and King Dingane in the Late 1920s–1930
Authors: Ndlovu Sifiso Mxolisi
Published: March 2003

In divided societies like South Africa, history, among other things,serves ideological purposes. The colonial encounter between King Dingane, the second Zulu king, who ruled from 1828 to 1840, and white settlers highlights this fact. The core of Afrikaner Nationalist historiography regarded the king as a treacherous, uncivilized barbarian. He was perceived to be an anti‐white demagogue who was beyond redemption. But elsewhere, African nationalists and workers viewed the king as one of the original freedom fighters who resisted thetyranny of the land‐grabbing white settlers and voortrekkers of the nineteenth century. Their interpretations of King Dingane's relationship with white settlers depict the latter as disrespectful imperialists and unscrupulous men, attempting to enrich themselves at the expense of the indigenous population. Accordingly, their interpretation of this encounter revolves around the land question in South Africa.

This article discusses a case study regarding these issues. It is about the challenge mounted by African workers in the late 1920s and 1930 against the official celebration of December 16. This celebration honored the victory of the voortrekkers at the so‐called battle of ‘Blood River’ on December 16, 1838—hence the public holiday was once referred to as ‘Dingaan's Day.’ As a counter‐commemoration of this day, African workers regarded the official celebrations as symbolizing the loss of their land and the passing of their freedom. As a result African workers aligned with the Communist Party of South Africa, and through the leadership skills of Johannes Nkosi, mounted vigorous protests and challenges against these celebrations by white South Africans. They staged protest marches and defiant anti‐pass campaigns that emphasized the centrality of the land question in South Africa. They also paid tribute to their past, include King Dingane. Through their actions they imbued conscience in African workers throughout the country, hence the response of the state was brutal and culminated with the death of Johannes Nkosi in 1930.
Subaltern Studies and its Critics: Debates over Indian History
Authors: Lal Vinay
Published: March 2003

Ranajit Guha, (ed.) A Subaltern Studies Reader 1986–1995

Peter Heehsm, Nationalism, Terrorism, Communalism: Essays in Modern Indian History

Sumit Sarkar, Writing Social History

Achin Vanaik, The Furies of Indian Communalism: Religion, Modernity And Secularization
What Is the State? The Russian Concept of Gosudarstvo in the European Context
Authors: Kharkhordin Oleg
Published: March 2003

What allows us to talk about the state as an active agent when we understand that only individuals act? This article draws comparisons between Quentin Skinner's exposition of the history of the concept of the state in major European languages and the history of its equivalent Russian term gosudarstvo in order to provide some general hypotheses on the development of the phenomenon of the state, and on the origins of this baffling usage. First, summing up a vast number of historical and lexicographical works, it attempts a detailed reconstruction of the conceptual development of the term in the Russian language. Second, a peculiarity of the Russian case is discussed, in whichabsolutist thinkers (and not republicans, as in western Europe) stressed the difference between the person of the ruler and the state. Third, political interests in introducing such novel usage are discussed, together with the role of this usage in the formation of the state. This allows us to see better the origins of current faith in the existence of the state as a more or less clearly designated and independent actor, predicated on the mechanism of what Pierre Bourdieu described as “mysterious delegation.”
What Time Is Japan? Problems of Comparative (Intercultural) Historiography
Authors: Conrad Sebastian
Published: March 2003

Rather than reflect on the process of an alleged “modernization” of historical scholarship, an intercultural comparison of historiography should take the European origins of academic history as its starting point. The reason, as this article argues, is that in non‐European countries the European genealogy of the discipline of history continued to structure interpretations of the past. Both on the level of method, but more importantly on the level of interpretive strategies, “Europe” remained the yardstick for historiographical explanation. This article will use the example of postwar Japanese historiography to show that historians resorted to a European model in order to turn seemingly unconnected events in the Japanese past into a historical narrative. This is not to imply, however, that Japanese historiography passively relied on concepts from Western discourse. On the contrary, Japanese historians appropriated and transformed the elements of this discourse in the specific geopolitical setting of the 1940s and 1950s. This act of appropriation served the political purpose of positioning Japan with respect to Asia and the “West.” However, on an epistemological level, the priority of “Europe” persisted; Japanese historiography remained a “derivative discourse.” Studies in comparative historiography, therefore, should be attentive to these traces of the European descent of academic history and privilege the transnational history of historiography over meditations on its internal rationalization.
Evidence for the Past
Authors: Passmore John
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

The What and the Why of History: Philosophical Essays By Leon J. Goldstein
Who Moonlights and Why? Evidence from the SIPP
Authors: Kimmel Jean , Smith Conway Karen
Published: March 2003

Moonlighting workers represent a significant and growing percentage of the labor force, yet few studies examine the reasons for and economic consequences of this decision. Possible motives for moonlighting include the inability to work sufficient hours on the primary job and the desire for a nonpecuniary aspect of the second job that is unavailable on the primary job. Using data from the SIPP, we present descriptive and econometric evidence on moonlighting behavior in an attempt to reveal who moonlights and why. Our results suggest that both motives are present, with constraints on the primary job being the more common one. In addition, we find that the typical moonlighter remains somewhat poorer than the average worker despite working full time on his primary job and part time on a lower‐paying second job.
Church‐based Community Activism: A Comparison of Black and White Catholic Congregations
Authors: Cavendish James C.
Published: March 2003

Scholars have recently examined the role of black churches ein einitiatingcivil rights and social justice activities, community development and rehabilitation projects, and family support and community health outreach programs. Practically all of this research has been on black Protestant churches. This article seeks to address this gap in the literature byinvestigating the extent to which African‐American Catholic congregations engage in social action and social service programs in their communities. Data drawn from a nationwide survey of U.S. Catholic parishes are us d to show that black church s are significantly more likely than white churches to engage in social service and social action activities independent of a variety of demographic, organizational, and structural factors known—or suspected—to influence activism. This finding lends support to the argument that the extra‐religious functions of black churches—Protestant and Catholic—are more deeply ingrained in these religious institutions than is suggested by some analysts. Equally significant is the finding of positive and significant relationships between churches that have parish councils and leadershiptraining programs and congregational activism. This finding lends support to previous findings that suggest that the organizational structure of religious institutions may influence churchgoers opportunities for learning and practicing civic skills relevant to community activism.
Changing Views of Serpent Handling: A Quasi‐Experimental Study
Authors: Hood, Jr. Ralph W. , Williamson W. Paul , Morris Ronald J.
Published: March 2003

Knowledge about serpent handling sects (SHS) even among social scientists and legislators has been largely influenced by biased media reports. Our own field research suggests that factual knowledge about SHS is effective in changing stereotypes about serpent handling and in altering views as to the rights of believers to handle serpents in church. In a quasi‐experimental study, participants were pretested with respect to both prejudicial and reasoned evaluative views about SHS. Participants saw either a video of contemporary SHS in which handlers demonstrated and explained their faith, or a control tape in which contemporary SHS were shown but serpent handling was neither demonstrated nor defended. As predicted, viewing the serpent handling video was effective in reducing stereotyping of SHS and in changing attitudes regarding the sincerity of the believers and the right of SHS to practice their faith without legal constraints. Appropriate controls indicated that changes were not simply a function of a pretest by treatment interaction. The relevance of these data for altering laws against the practice of serpent handling is discussed.
Searching for a Priest ... or a Man? Using Gender as a Cultural Resource in an Episcopal Campus Chapel
Authors: Fobes Catherine
Published: March 2003

This paper examines an Episcopal campus chapel's search process for a new priest. I argue that gender, at the group level, is a fluid cultural resource that search committee members use in contradictory ways to select a male priest. I illustrate my argument using data drawn from twenty‐eight in‐depth interviews and participant observation (1994–1995) of a search committee in an Episcopal campus ministry located on the grounds of a southeastern state university. My findings show that a patriarchal agenda can be upheld by a search committee without it ever being specified or codified. Well‐intentioned search committee members routinely do gender even as they claim and believe they act in gender‐free ways. The contribution this analysis makes to our understanding of congregational search processes and discrimination against female clergy is considered.
“Official” Doctrine and “Unofficial” Practices: The Negotiation of Catholicism in a Netherlands Community
Authors: Watling Tony
Published: March 2003

This article examines the Dutch Catholic Church. It is based on a qualitative ethnographic analysis of a particular Dutch Catholic community. It seeks to demonstrate that despite a decline in the church since the 1960s many Dutch parishioners are becoming active in redefining the church and attempting to revitalize Catholicism, creating democratically organized local communities where laity and local clergy, women and men, work together as equals in negotiating change, but argues that this may involve “unofficial” practices, possibly at odds with “official” church hierarchy controlled doctrine, which may resist acknowledging them and resist change. By examining these issues, the article aims to understand the dialectic and tension between what could be termed “popular” and “orthodox”, “private” and “public”, beliefs and to examine the constraints or possibilities this may place on the church. In this sense, the article also aims to explore how religion, thought to be vulnerable to recent change encouraging individual independence from social institutions, may negotiate (or reject) new developments. Although challenged, Catholic identity may still be valued and provide individuals with resources for negotiating new developments. However, the success or failure of this may depend on the nature of the struggle for authority and influence between “official” and “unofficial” versions of Catholicism.
On the Cross‐Sectional Relation between Expected Returns, Betas, and Size
Authors: Grauer Robert R.
Published: March 2003

In this paper, I set up scenarios where the mean‐variance capital asset pricing model is true and where it is false. Then I investigate whether the coefficients from regressions of population expected excess returns on population betas, and expected excess returns on betas and size, allow us to distinguish between the scenarios. I show that the coefficients from either ordinary least squares or generalized least squares regressions do not allow us to tell whether the model is true or false.
A Critique of the Stochastic Discount Factor Methodology
Authors: Kan Raymond , Zhou Guofu
Published: March 2003

In this paper, we point out that the widely used stochastic discount factor (SDF) methodology ignores a fully specified model for asset returns. As a result, it suffers from two potential problems when asset returns follow a linear factor model. The first problem is that the risk premium estimate from the SDF methodology is unreliable. The second problem is that the specification test under the SDF methodology has very low power in detecting misspecified models. Traditional methodologies typically incorporate a fully specified model for asset returns, and they can perform substantially better than the SDF methodology.
A Theory of the Syndicate: Form Follows Function
Authors: Pichler Pegaret , Wilhelm William
Published: March 2003

We relate the organizational form of investment banking syndicates to moral hazard in team production. Although syndicates are dissolved upon deal completion, membership stability across deals represents a barrier to entry that enables the capture of quasirents. This improves incentives for individual bankers to cultivate investor relationships that translate into greater expected proceeds. Reputational concerns of lead bankers amplify the effect. We derive conditions under which restricted entry and designation of a lead banker strictly Pareto dominate, in which case it is also strictly Pareto dominant for the syndicate's fee to be greater than members' cost of participation.
Resolving the Puzzling Intertemporal Relation between the Market Risk Premium and Conditional Market Variance: A Two‐Factor Approach
Authors: Scruggs John T.
Published: March 2003

The existing empirical literature fails to agree on the nature of the intertemporal relation between risk and return. This paper attempts to resolve the issue by estimating a conditional two‐factor model motivated by Merton's intertemporal capital asset pricing model. When long‐term government bond returns are included as a second factor, thepartialrelation between the market risk premium and conditional market variance is found to be positive and significant. The paper also helps explain the convoluted empirical relation between the market risk premium, conditional market variance, and the nominal risk‐free rate previously reported in the literature.
Plant Scale, Industry Agglomeration, and the Outlook for Regional Employment in Central European Economies
Authors: Herzog Henry W.
Published: March 2003

A common outcome among Central European transition economies is the significant variation in regional unemployment rates, a condition symptomatic of allocative inefficiency in the labor market. Several studies attribute such variation, at least in part, to large vertically integrated industrial complexes erected during the period of central planning, and in turn to subsequent employment adjustment that operates to the disadvantage of local workers during transition. In this study I provide a test of this hypothesis by examining the correlates of local employment change at the outset of reforms, and specifically adjustment triggered by extreme variation in local plant size and scale externalities.
Smog Reduction’s Impact on California County Growth
Authors: Kahn Matthew E.
Published: March 2003

Over the last twenty years, environmental regulation has sharply reduced pollution levels in the Los Angeles region. Population growth has soared in the Los Angeles suburbs that have experienced the largest pollution reductions. This paper posits that regulation has increased local quality of life which has encouraged in‐migration. I explore alternative explanations for this growth.
A Conditional Logit Approach to U.S. State‐to‐State Migration
Authors: Davies Paul S. , Greenwood Michael J. , Li Haizheng
Published: March 2003

This paper uses a conditional logit approach to study interstate migration in the United States for each of eleven years, from 1986–1987 to 1996–1997. We test substantive hypotheses regarding migration in the United States and demonstrate the richness of the conditional logit approach in studies of place‐to‐place migration. We investigate migration responses to relative economic opportunities (unemployment rate, per capita income) and the associated costs of moving (distance between origin and destination and its square). We also investigate how noneconomic factors, such as amenities, affect migration between states through a state fixed effect. Finally, we study the magnitude of unmeasured costs associated with a particular migration. The conditional logit model also allows us to compute various trade‐off and other values that are of interest in migration analysis.
Deriving Empirical Definitions of Spatial Labor Markets: The Roles of Competing Versus Complementary Growth
Authors: Khan Romana , Orazem Peter F. , Otto Daniel M.
Published: March 2003

If economic growth elsewhere raises an individual’s earning prospects relative to his present location, then the individual will move. However, if the individual can exploit economic growth elsewhere by commuting, he will not need to move to gain from the expansion. County‐level data from eight states in the Midwest over the period 1969–1994 are used to show that local county population responds positively to own‐county economic growth, economic growth in the adjacent county, and economic growth two counties away. The magnitude of the effect decreases as distance from the county increases, and turns negative beyond a three county radius.
Perceived Power and Physical Violence in Marital Conflict
Authors: Sagrestano Lynda M. , Heavey Christopher L. , Christensen Andrew
Published: March 2003

Relations among perceived marital power, the demand/withdraw interaction pattern, and self‐reports of the use of verbal aggression and physical violence were examined in a sample of 42 married couples. Couples completed several self‐report questionnaires and discussed two areas of marital dissatisfaction, one identified by the wife and one identified by the husband. These interactions were rated for the use of the demand/withdraw interaction pattern. Regression analyses revealed that lower levels of perceived power by the husbands and higher levels of perceived power by the wives were associated with the use of verbal aggression and violence by husbands and wives, the husband demand/wife withdraw interaction pattern was associated with husband's use of verbal aggression, and the wife demand/husband withdraw pattern was associated with husband's verbal aggression and violence and with wife's violence.
Restrictive Control and Information Pathologies in Organizations
Authors: Scholl Wolfgang
Published: March 2003

Although the relation of power to knowledge is an often discussed theme, a psychological and sociological scrutiny of the issue is lacking. A new conceptual and theoretical approach to this issue is presented here that distingushes between restrictive and promotive control. Restrictive control is a form of power exertion in which one actor pushes his wishes through against the interests of another actor. In contrast, if an actor influences the other in line with his or her interests, this is called promotive control. Information pathologies, i.e., avoidable failures of distributed information processing, are introduced as an inverse measure for the quality and quantity of knowledge production. It is hypothesized that restrictive control has negative consequences for the production of new or better knowledge, because it induces information pathologies that in turn lower the effectiveness of joint action. These two hypotheses are tested in a study on 21 successful and 21 unsuccessful innovations with a dual qualitative and quantitative approach. The interpretive analysis of interviews with the main actors of each innovation case as well as the statistical analysis of questionnaire responses by the same actors strongly corroborate both hypotheses. Methodological problems, theoretical perspectives, and practical consequences are discussed.
Afterword
Authors: Goodchilds Jacqueline D.
Published: March 2003

In this final commentary, former Journal of Social Issues Editor Jacqueline Goodchilds discusses the role that JSI has played in giving visibility to psychological research on gender, sexuality, and sexual orientation. She encourages readers not to ignore the sexuality of older women.
Reading to Young Children in Educational Settings: A Meta‐Analysis of Recent Research
Authors: Blok Henk
Published: March 2003

This article reviews 10 studies, comprising 11 samples, of the effects of reading to young children in schools. The age of the children varied between 31 and 90 months. Dependent variables were classified in 2 domains: oral language and reading skills. The combined effect size for the oral language domain was d = .63, and for the reading domain d = .41. Although these figures look promising, caution is needed because the empirical evidence appears to be meager. Not only is the number of studies small, but a critical analysis of the design of the studies generally reveals poor quality.
Perceptions of Teachers’ Communicative Style and Students’ Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
Authors: Noels Kimberly A. , Clément Richard , Pelletier Luc G.
Published: March 2003

This study considers how students’ perceptions of their teachers’ communicative style, particularly the extent to which teachers are perceived to support students’ autonomy and to provide useful feedback about students’ learning progress, are related to students’ extrinsic and intrinsic motivational orientations. It also examines the link between these variables and various language learning outcomes, including effort, anxiety, and language competence. Students registered in a summer French immersion course (N = 78) completed a questionnaire that was used to assess the constructs described above. Correlational analyses determined that stronger feelings of intrinsic motivation were related to positive language learning outcomes, including greater motivational intensity, greater self‐evaluations of competence, and a reduction in anxiety. Moreover, perceptions of the teacher’s communicative style were related to intrinsic motivation, such that the more controlling and the less informative students perceived the teacher to be, the lower students’ intrinsic motivation was. The implications of perceptions of teacher communicative style for motivation and language learning outcomes are discussed.
Letting French Students Hear the Diverse Voices of Francophony
Authors: Auger Julie , Valdman Albert
Published: March 2003

This response to Jean‐Marie Salien's editorial “Québec French: Attitudes and Pedagogical Perspectives” (MLJ, 82, 1998, pp. 95–102) deals with linguistic variation—particularly as it exists in Québec—and aims at familiarizing students of French as a foreign language in the U.S. with variation in that language. The article stresses how important it is for French teachers to have an accurate understanding of the French spoken in Québec. A characterization of Québec French should include the different varieties spoken, recognize sociolinguistic differences, and acknowledge the functional effectiveness of all varieties. To acquaint American learners of French with language variation, it is appropriate to expose them to the varieties that can be found in neighboring communities, such as Québec. This exposure can begin early so that learners will be able to recognize local particularities and variation. The use of a “pedagogical norm” is advisable, however, in guiding the learners’ own usage, because attitudes toward linguistic variants can produce negative reactions to nonnative speaker use of these features.
Reading‐Based Exercises in Second Language Vocabulary Learning: An Introspective Study
Authors: Wesche Marjorie Bingham , Paribakht T. Sima
Published: March 2003

In this study, university English as a Second Language (ESL) learners’ responses to 5 different types of text‐based vocabulary exercises were examined. The objective was to understand better how such exercises may promote different kinds of lexical processing and learning and to compare these outcomes with those from thematic reading for comprehension. The results support a view of vocabulary acquisition as an elaborative and iterative process and demonstrate the primary role of the tasks learners carry out with new words that they encounter. Tasks provide learners with varied and multiple encounters with given words that highlight different lexical features, promoting elaboration and strengthening of different aspects of word knowledge. The findings also provide insight into the nature of the advantages, found in previous research, of using text‐based vocabulary exercises together with a reading text as opposed to using multiple reading texts for the learning of particular words and their lexical features.
Foreign Language Teacher Development: MLJ Perspectives—1916–1999
Authors: Schulz Renate A.
Published: March 2003

The preparation of U.S. foreign language (FL) teachers has been a frequently discussed topic during the past century. As the oldest, continuously published American journal devoted to FL learning and teaching, the MLJ provides an overview of the many issues pertinent to FL teacher education that the profession has grappled with. This historical review traces discussions and developments in teacher preparation and certification since the MLJ 's inception in 1916. In three sections, each covering a quarter century of the Journal 's publications, the article describes the most relevant discussions and events that have helped shape FL teacher education in the United States. Although many efforts —and doubtlessly many advances —have been made to assure a supply of qualified FL teachers for the nation 's schools, many of the problems discussed more than 80 years ago still remain unsolved. The author hopes that a critical look at the past will help the profession to focus on those proposals that are finding emerging consensus and to prioritize those needs and activities that help effect meaningful change in improving the qualifications of FL teachers.
McGinn’s Ethics, Evil, and Fiction
Authors: Carroll Noël
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

Colin McGinn, Ethics, Evil, and Fiction
Development of an Airborne Positioning System
Authors: Corbett S. J. , Short T. M.
Published: March 2003

A joint research project between the University of Newcastle upon Tyne and City University is developing a prototype system for using kinematic GPS techniques to derive the exterior orientation of an oblique sensor without the use of co‐ordinated ground control. This paper presents an overview of the techniques employed in deriving GPS antenna co‐ordinates and their subsequent use in finding the required orientations. The latest results and future plans are presented and discussed.
A Cheap, Quick and Safe Way of Surveying Glaciers
Authors: Wright J.W. , Dahl P. A.
Published: March 2003

The use of a 35 mm or similar camera set up over a theodolite is described for surveying mountain and polar glaciers where conditions do not allow for extensive detailed surveying or the use of heavy phototheodolites. Though used initially by Spender and Wright in the 1930s on Mount Everest and in Greenland and Arctic Canada, but apparently not by others since then, it was again tried out by Wright in Iceland in 1992. Modern analytical techniques have shown that heights accurate to within 2 m can be obtained from these photographs at distances up to 5 km. In addition, five times as many points can be identified and intersected in the laboratory from the photographs as was possible using sketches in difficult field conditions. Some reasons are suggested for the lack of use of this technique by others. The potential of existing survey photographs taken in Arctic Canada for large scale surveys of high polar glaciers in 1938 is described, with the hope that glaciologists and photogrammetrists might undertake their analysis.
Urban and Suburban Mapping With the AP190 Analytical Plotter
Authors: Chanlikit D.
Published: March 2003

The AP190 analytical stereoplotter has been employed for two research projects concerned with the urban and suburban environment. In the first project, the suitability of the AP190 was assessed for comparing height readings between stereomodels of colour diapositives and colour paper prints, for collecting height data for a digital terrain model and for producing a land use map using a stereopair of part of Edinburgh under well controlled conditions. The second project dealt with the densification of minor control points by means of the BLOKK aerial triangulation package, followed by the digital mapping of a suburban area planned for land readjustment in Bangkok.
The Photography of Model Cattle as a Guide to Minimum Photoscales for Interpretation and Identification
Authors: Thomson G. H.
Published: March 2003

A description is given of the method used to assess the smallest practical photoscale that could be employed in a project to count and identify cattle, using small format aerial photography.
Deville and Photographic Surveying
Authors: Atkinson K. B.
Published: March 2003

Photographic surveying by Deville was published in 1895. This article marks the centenary of the publication of one of the earliest English language books on photogrammetry. Deville and his surveyors were responsible for the mapping of large areas in western Canada by photographic means. The techniques were explained in his book, originally written for his own staff when he was Surveyor General of Canada.
Bundle Adjustment For 35 mm Oblique Aerial Photography
Authors: Warner W. S. , Blankenberg L. E.
Published: March 2003

The full provision of ground control points for oblique, small format photography used for mapping purposes is uneconomic because each photograph covers a small area of ground. This paper describes the implementation of a bundle adjustment program for 35 mm oblique aerial photography. Image co‐ordinates are measured on enlarged prints, with a digitizing tablet driven by Carto MDSD software, and are then processed with the NLHBUNT program. The measurement system was proved by using vertical standard format photographs of a test block saturated with high quality ground control. Measurements taken with the MDSD system gave acceptable accuracy when compared with a set taken with a Zeiss P3 analytical workstation. A bundle adjustment was then carried out with the MDSD data; the results obtained compared satisfactorily with known ground values. A hand‐held 35 mm Pentax LX camera was flown over the test site and three strips of 1:30 000 scale oblique photography were obtained. Following bundle adjustment, the empirical accuracy of derived co‐ordinates was about 1.5 m in X, 3 m in Y and 2 m in Z. Factors affecting this accuracy are discussed and further developments of the system are proposed.
The Photogrammetric Society Analogue Instrument Project: A Fifth Extract
Authors: Burnside C. D.
Published: March 2003

The paper entitled The Photogrammetric Society Analogue Instrument Project was published in The Photogrammetric Record, 14(82): 565‐582 and contained, as Appendix A, an extract from the Archive concerned with the history of the Zeiss Stereoplanigraph in Great Britain. A further three extracts have since been published to provide details of direct optical projection instruments used in this country and of the Vivian Thompson Stereo‐plotter.

This fifth extract deals with the Wild A5 and A6 instruments. Their introduction into the United Kingdom during and just prior to the Second World War, together with their important contributions to the war effort, make interesting reading. With a grand total of just five such instruments, they were well used throughout the period of hostilities.

This extract also includes a note on the Wild A4 instrument, designed for close range photogrammetry. This was the last instrument in which Wild made use of projector lenses but it has been included at this point so that all of the Wild instruments which are listed in the Catalogue (and therefore included in the Archive) are dealt with in numerical order.
Conceptual Model Of The Convergent Multistation Network Configuration Task
Authors: Mason S. O.
Published: March 2003

Despite the potential of close range photogrammetry for high accuracy measurement, it has rarely been used by other than experienced photogrammetrists. One major contributing factor is the expertise needed to design multistation sensor configurations. This paper presents a conceptual model for the most fundamental task in this design problem, configuring a first approximation to a strong imaging geometry. This task entails making decisions on the number of camera stations needed and where they should be placed (positioned and oriented). The conceptual model is based on the theory of generic networks. A generic network constitutes compiled expertise, describing an ideal configuration of camera stations that can be employed to provide a strong imaging geometry for a class of network design problems. In addition to improving our understanding of cognition in network design, this model performs an important role in the development of an expert system for automated network design for dimensional inspection tasks.
An Investigation Into The Use Of Kodak Photo CD For Digital Photogrammetry
Authors: Thomas P. R. , Mills J. P. , Newton I.
Published: March 2003

This paper outlines a series of tests undertaken to determine the repeatability of, and the distortions introduced in, the process of converting conventional images into digital form using Kodak Photo Compact Disk (Photo CD). Photo CD was introduced by Kodak in the early 1990s and, if proved to give stable, high quality images, could be a low cost, convenient alternative to other scanning systems. The images could then be used in photogrammetry for a variety of applications from simple cataloguing of images to data for digital systems to produce sub‐pixel measurements.
Analytical Photogrammetric Systems from Adam Technology
Authors: Loescher D. M.
Published: March 2003

The features and applications of the low cost analytical plotters manufactured by ADAM Technology are described. The ADAM Technology products (the small format MPS‐2 analytical stereoplotter, analytical conversions for Kern PG2 and Wild B8 analogue stereoplotter and the 230mm format Promap modular system) are discussed.
Ordnance Survey Policy and Practical Implications for The Revision of Rural Mapping
Authors: Vincent G. N. , Logan I
Published: March 2003

During 1994 a project was initiated by Ordnance Survey to investigate the requirement for completing the multi‐million pound digital revision of 1:2500 scale mapping within Great Britain. This paper, although concentrating on this scale of mapping, discusses the revision policy issues that faced Ordnance Survey and the practical implications arising from implementing the policy for its 1:2500 and 1:10 000 basic scale mapping. Use of contractors was seen as a prime requirement as the resources available within Ordnance Survey were not sufficient to implement the full revision programme. This paper discusses the background to the task and considers the range of photogrammetric options and contractual and quality procedures required for the revision of the mapping over the next few years.
Automated Digital Photogrammetry on a Shoestring
Authors: Chandler J. H. , Padfield C. J.
Published: March 2003

A system capable of automatically deriving the three dimensional co‐ordinates of well defined binarized targets is described. Significantly, the system comprises cheap “off the shelf” hardware and software, requiring a minimum of development. Comparative tests using imagery obtained with a Hasselblad semi‐metric camera and a 35 mm SLR camera are presented. By means of automated sub‐pixel measurement, the results achieved are equivalent to those undertaken through manual target measurement using a first order analytical plotter.