bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EQ‐5D‐derived health utility values in patients undergoing surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Remenschneider Aaron K. , Scangas George , Meier Josh C. , Gray Stacey T. , Holbrook Eric H. , Gliklich Richard E. , Metson Ralph
Published: November 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

Health utility value (HUV) is an index used to measure health‐related quality of life for the valuation and comparison of treatments. The Euroqol 5‐Dimension (EQ‐5D) questionnaire is a widely used method for determining HUV, but it has not been applied for this purpose in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) who undergo sinus surgery.

Study Design

Prospective cohort study.

Methods

Patients with CRS, who were recruited from 11 different otolaryngologic practices, completed the EQ‐5D questionnaire at baseline, as well as 3, 12, and 24 months after surgery. HUVs calculated from the results of this questionnaire were compared to those reported in the general U.S. population and to patients suffering from other chronic diseases.

Results

Baseline EQ‐5D surveys were completed by 242 patients. Mean baseline HUV (standard deviation) was 0.81 (0.13). Female gender, revision surgery, and the use of intraoperative image guidance were associated was significantly lower baseline values. HUV rose at 3 months to 0.89 (0.12) and remained improved at 12 months 0.88 (0.10) and 24 months 0.89 (0.10) (P < 0.001). Baseline HUV in CRS (0.81[0.13]) is lower than the general U.S. population (0.85 [0.18]) and appears appropriately positioned among other common chronic conditions including asthma (0.82–0.92), migraine (0.81–0.91), and seasonal allergies (0.94).

Conclusions

Sinus surgery provides improvement in HUV in patients with CRS. These values may be paired with costs of care to perform cost‐utility analysis on this group of patients.

Level of Evidence

2c. Laryngoscope, 125:1056–1061, 2015
Oral mucocele/ranula: Another human immunodeficiency virus‐related salivary gland disease?
Authors: Syebele Kabunda , Munzhelele Thifhelimbilu I.
Published: November 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

To describe clinical characteristics of oral mucoceles/ranulas, with a focus on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐related salivary gland diseases.

Study Design

A descriptive and clinical study, with review of patient data.

Material and Methods

We reviewed 113 referred cases of oral mucocele. The following anatomical sites were identified: lip, tongue, and floor of the mouth (simple ranulas), as well as plunging ranulas. The age and gender data of the patients with oral mucoceles were recorded. The HIV status of the patients and other information were reviewed.

Results

There were 30 (26.5%) males and 83 (73.5%) females. Most patients were below 30 years of age, with the peak frequency in the first and second decade. Ranula (simple and plunging) represented 84.1% of the mucocele locations. Mucocele on the lips represented 10.6%. Seventy‐two (63.7%) patients were HIV positive; and 97.2% of them had ranulas. Thirty‐eight (33.6%) patients presented with plunging ranulas; and 92.1% of them were HIV positive, compared with two patients presenting with plunging ranulas in the HIV‐negative group. These results strongly suggest that an HIV‐positive patient is statistically (P < 0.001) more at risk of presenting with not only a simple, but also a plunging ranula type.

Conclusion

This study presents a different clinical picture of oral mucoceles/ranulas, as observed in HIV‐positive patients. Additionally, it suggests a possible clinical link between the two pathologies. The authors strongly support the suggestion that oral mucocele/ranula is an HIV‐related salivary gland disease.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 125:1130–1136, 2015
Impact of mandibular advancement devices on C‐reactive protein levels in patients with obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Yalamanchali Sreeya , Salapatas Anna M. , Hwang Michelle S. , Pott Thomas R. , Lundgren Mary E. , Joseph Ninos J. , Friedman Michael
Published: November 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

To determine the effect of treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) with custom‐made mandibular advancement devices (MADs) on C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels in patients with obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS).

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Methods

Charts of consecutive patients fitted with custom‐made mandibular advancement devices for treatment of OSAHS between December 2011 and November 2012 were reviewed. Demographics such as age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) were collected. Prefitting and postfitting polysomnograms were reviewed. Pre‐ and posttreatment apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) and average O2 saturation were compared. Only patients with documented CRP levels determined prior to mandibular advancement device fitting and again after improvement of OSAHS symptoms were included.

Results

Forty‐nine patients (77.6% male, age 47.4 ± 11.7 years, BMI 29.6 ± 5.0 kg/m2) were included in this study. Patients initially had elevated CRP levels (2.5 ± 1.8 mg/dl), which decreased significantly following use of their custom‐made mandibular advancement device (1.9 ± 1.3 mg/dl, P = 0.006) by approximately 24%. AHI decreased significantly from 33.3 ± 21.7 pretreatment to 12.1 ± 22.3 posttreatment (P < 0.001). Treatment with MADs reduced AHI by approximately 69.3%. Minimum oxygen saturation significantly improved from 85.1% ± 5.9 pretreatment to 90.7% ± 3.6 posttreatment (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Treatment with custom‐made mandibular advancement devices significantly reduced elevated CRP levels in patients with mild to severe OSAHS. Therapy achieves reasonable response and cure rates in the observed patients with a significant reduction in AHI.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 125:1733–1736, 2015
Clinical and quality‐of‐life outcomes following gland‐preserving surgery for chronic sialadenitis
Authors: Gillespie M. Boyd , O'Connell Brendan P. , Rawl Jordan W. , McLaughlin Conor W. , Carroll William W. , Nguyen Shaun A.
Published: November 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

Gland‐preserving salivary surgery utilizing salivary endoscopy has been proposed as a treatment alternative in the management of chronic sialadenitis. This study seeks to determine medium‐term clinical and quality‐of‐life (QOL) outcomes following a gland‐preserving approach for chronic sialadenitis.

Study Design

Cross‐sectional survey with retrospective chart review.

Methods

All patients undergoing attempted gland‐preserving salivary surgery with salivary endoscopy for chronic sialadenitis at a tertiary, academic salivary referral center between October 2008 and April 2013 were identified from a quality assurance database. A research database was constructed to examine clinical factors of interest. A clinical outcomes and QOL survey was mailed to all eligible patients in order to obtain long‐term follow‐up data.

Results

A total of 206 of 306 (67%) eligible patients returned the survey. The median length of follow‐up was 17 months (3–54 months). The majority of patients (89%) endorsed symptom improvement after gland‐preserving therapy. Surgical excision was performed on 8% of affected glands. Patients with chronic sialadenitis due to stones reported a greater incidence of symptom resolution (P = 0.0004) and more favorable QOL outcomes (P = 0.0001) than patients with nonstone etiologies.

Conclusions

Patients undergoing gland‐preserving salivary surgery with salivary endoscopy for chronic sialadenitis have favorable long‐term symptom improvement and gland retention rates. Although patients with stones demonstrated the best outcomes, improvement was documented for all etiologies of chronic sialadenitis.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 125:1340–1344, 2015
Comparison of two partial middle turbinectomy techniques for the treatment of a concha bullosa
Authors: Kumral Tolgar L. , Yıldırım Güven , Çakır Ozan , Ataç Enes , Berkiten Güler , Saltürk Ziya , Uyar Yavuz
Published: November 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

To assess the nasal functions, nasal resistance, and olfactory function in middle turbinate surgery.

Study Design

Randomized controlled trial.

Methods

This prospective controlled study was carried out on patients who underwent laminectomy for aeration of the middle turbinate. Patients participating in the study were divided into two groups—group 1: medial laminectomy (n = 34) and group 2: lateral laminectomy (n = 38). Patients underwent the preoperative visual analogue score, sinonasal outcome test‐22 (SNOT‐22), peak nasal inspiratory flowmeter, and Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center smell test. All patients were reevaluated 3 months after the operation.

Results

The study group comprised 72 consecutive patients. The mean age of the patients was 31.03 ± 9.7, with a range of 17 to 54 years. A total of 47.2 % (n = 34) had medial and 52.8% (n = 38) had lateral laminectomy. Bilateral turbinate intervention was performed in 27.8% (n = 20), whereas unilateral middle turbinate intervention was performed in 72.3% (n = 52).

Overall, both groups showed strong significant improvement over time in visual analogue scale results, SNOT‐22 scores, peak flowmeter results, and olfactory function between preoperative and postoperative scores (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the groups for all parameters (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

This study revealed that medial laminectomy for aeration of the middle turbinate was as effective as lateral laminectomy.

Level of Evidence

1b. Laryngoscope, 125:1062–1066, 2015
Idiopathic bilateral vocal cord paralysis in infants: Case series and literature review
Authors: Lesnik Maria , Thierry Briac , Blanchard Marion , Glynn Fergal , Denoyelle Françoise , Couloigner Vincent , Garabedian Noël , Leboulanger Nicolas
Published: November 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

Vocal fold paralysis is the second most common congenital laryngeal anomaly in newborns. Bilateral paralysis is a severe condition and often remains of unknown etiology. We report our experience of congenital idiopathic bilateral vocal fold paralysis in newborns and infants, and discuss the therapeutic options.

Study Design

Retrospective review.

Methods

A retrospective review was carried out at a single tertiary referral center over a 15‐year period of children presenting with congenital idiopathic bilateral laryngeal paralysis (CIBP).

Results

Twenty‐six patients were identified and managed over period of the study (mean follow‐up, 6.7 years). A tracheostomy was eventually performed in 14 patients, 12 during the neonatal period. Endoscopic treatment was performed in 16 patients and an external approach in five patients after endoscopic failure. Three patients were managed by watchful waiting. Spontaneous recovery occurred in 16 patients (median age, 14.5 months), including nine with a tracheostomy. Decannulation was achieved in 12 patients (median age, 42 months), and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) was applied in six patients.

Conclusions

Only inhomogeneous series of pediatric bilateral laryngeal palsies have been published so far, making it difficult to identify prognostic and predictive markers, as well as therapeutic guidelines. Focusing on CIBP, our data suggest that the management strategy must take into account the possibility of a delayed spontaneous recovery. NPPV is an interesting therapeutic tool in this situation. A systematic somatic assessment is mandatory to look for associated conditions.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 125:1724–1728, 2015
First Appraisal of the Current Structure of Research on Land and Soil Degradation as Evidenced by Bibliometric Analysis of Publications on Desertification
Authors: Escadafal Richard , Barbero‐Sierra Celia , Exbrayat Williams , Marques Maria Jose , Akhtar‐Schuster Mariam , El Haddadi Anass , Ruiz Manuel
Published: November 2014

Fighting land and soil degradation is in the mandate of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). However, it is often suggested that a lack of scientific guidance has resulted from inadequate institutional mechanisms to channel science into UNCCD decision making, rather than from a lack of research on UNCCD‐related issues. To explore this issue in more depth, this study explores the corpus of international publications dealing with land and/or with soil degradation. We extracted information from the ‘Web of Science’. By applying bibliometric methods and data mining, we mapped the key actors (laboratories, teams, and institutions) involved in research on land and on soils. Several filters were applied to the databases in combination with the word ‘desertification’. The further use of text mining software (Tetralogie®) allowed the analyses of similarities and differences between keywords, disciplines, authors, and regions and identifies obvious clusters. Understanding interconnections between these clusters ultimately allowed a first diagnosis of some of the strengths and weaknesses of the scientific community dealing with desertification. This type of detailed analyses can contribute to clarify the scientific landscape at large, and further in‐depth studies could lead to improvements in the way scientific advice is channeled into the UNCCD. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of serial assessment of disease severity and liver biopsy for indication for liver transplantation in pediatric Epstein‐Barr virus–induced fulminant hepatic failure
Authors: Nakazawa Atsuko , Nakano Natsuko , Fukuda Akinari , Sakamoto Seisuke , Imadome Ken‐Ichi , Kudo Toyoichiro , Matsuoka Kentaro , Kasahara Mureo
Published: November 2014

The decision to perform liver transplantation (LT) in patients with Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV)–induced fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) relies on a precise assessment of laboratory and pathological findings. In this study, we analyzed clinical and laboratory data as well as the pathological features of the liver in order to evaluate the pathogenesis and the need for LT in 5 patients with EBV‐induced FHF. According to the King's College criteria, the Acute Liver Failure Early Dynamic (ALFED) model, and the Japanese criteria (from the Acute Liver Failure Study Group of Japan), only 1 patient was considered to be a candidate for LT. However, explanted liver tissues in 3 cases exhibited massive hepatocellular necrosis together with diffuse CD8‐positive T cell infiltration in both the portal area and the sinusoid. EBV was detected in the liver, plasma, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs). In 2 cases indicated to be at moderate risk by the ALFED model, liver biopsy showed CD8‐positive and EBV‐encoded RNA signal–positive lymphocytic infiltration predominantly in the portal area, but massive hepatocellular necrosis was not observed. These patients were treated with immunosuppressants and etoposide under the diagnosis of EBV‐induced hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis or systemic EBV‐positive T cell lymphoproliferative disease of childhood. EBV DNA was detected at a high level in PBMNCs, although it was negative in plasma. On the basis of the pathological analysis of the explanted liver tissues, LT was proposed for the restoration of liver function and the removal of the EBV‐infected lymphocytes concentrated in the liver. Detecting EBV DNA by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction in plasma and PBMNCs was informative. An accurate evaluation of the underlying pathogenesis is essential for developing a treatment strategy in patients with EBV‐induced FHF. Liver Transpl 21:362–368, 2015. © 2015 AASLD.
Engineering a Freestanding Biomimetic Cardiac Patch Using Biodegradable Poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) and Human Embryonic Stem Cell‐derived Ventricular Cardiomyocytes (hESC‐VCMs)
Authors: Chen Yin , Wang Junping , Shen Bo , Chan Camie W. Y. , Wang Chaoyi , Zhao Yihua , Chan Ho N. , Tian Qian , Chen Yangfan , Yao Chunlei , Hsing I‐Ming , Li Ronald A. , Wu Hongkai
Published: November 2014

Microgrooved thin PLGA film (≈30 μm) is successfully fabricated on a Teflon mold, which could be readily peeled off and is used for the construction of a biomimetic cardiac patch. The contraction of it is studied with optical mapping on transmembrane action potential. Our results suggest that steady‐state contraction could be easily established on it under regular electrical stimuli. Besides, the biomimetic cardiac patch recapitulates the anisotropic electrophysiological feature of native cardiac tissue and is much more refractory to premature stimuli than the random one constructed with non‐grooved PLGA film, as proved by the reduced incidence of arrhythmia. Considering the good biocompatibility of PLGA as demonstrated in our study and the biodegradability of it, our biomimetic cardiac patch may find applications in the treatment of myocardial infarction. Moreover, the Teflon mold could be applied in the fabrication of various scaffolds with fine features for other tissues.
Price and Quantity Contracts in a Mixed Duopoly with a Socially Concerned Firm
Authors: Kopel Michael
Published: November 2014

I study the endogenous choice of a price or quantity contract in a mixed duopoly with a socially concerned firm, which maximizes a combination of profit and consumer welfare. Equilibria with price and quantity contracts might co‐exist; welfare under price competition might be lower than under quantity competition; the firms' profit ranking might be different from that of a private duopoly or mixed duopoly with a public firm. Hence, if a firm follows a social strategy, the optimal market strategy crucially depends on the levels of social concern and competition in the market. The presence of socially concerned firms may change the mode of competition. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
3‐Chlorotyramine Acting as Ligand of the D2Dopamine Receptor. Molecular Modeling, Synthesis and D2Receptor Affinity
Authors: Angelina Emilio , Andujar Sebastian , Moreno Laura , Garibotto Francisco , Párraga Javier , Peruchena Nelida , Cabedo Nuria , Villecco Margarita , Cortes Diego , Enriz Ricardo D.
Published: November 2014

We synthesized and tested 3‐chlorotyramine as a ligand of the D2dopamine receptor. This compound displayed a similar affinity by this receptor to that previously reported for dopamine. In order to understand further the experimental results we performed a molecular modeling study of 3‐chlorotyramine and structurally related compounds. By combining molecular dynamics simulations with semiempirical (PM6), ab initio and density functional theory calculations, a simple and generally applicable procedure to evaluate the binding energies of these ligands interacting with the D2dopamine receptors is reported here. These results provided a clear picture of the binding interactions of these compounds from both structural and energetic view points. A reduced model for the binding pocket was used. This approach allowed us to perform more accurate quantum mechanical calculations as well as to obtain a detailed electronic analysis using the Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM) technique. Molecular aspects of the binding interactions between ligands and the D2dopamine receptor are discussed in detail. A good correlation between the relative binding energies obtained from theoretical calculations and experimental IC50 values was obtained. These results allowed us to predict that 3‐chlorotyramine possesses a significant affinity by the D2‐DR. Our theoretical predictions were experimentally corroborated when we synthesized and tested 3‐chlorotyramine which displayed a similar affinity by the D2‐DR to that reported for DA.
The singular kernel coagulation equation with multifragmentation
Authors: Camejo Carlos Cueto , Warnecke Gerald
Published: November 2014

In this article, we prove the existence of solutions to singular coagulation equations with multifragmentation. We use weighted L1 spaces to deal with the singularities and to obtain regular solutions. The Smoluchowski kernel is covered by our proof. The weak L1 compactness methods are applied to suitably chosen approximating equations as a base of our proof. A more restrictive uniqueness result is also given. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical solution of the one phase 1D fractional Stefan problem using the front fixing method
Authors: Błasik Marek , Klimek Małgorzata
Published: November 2014

In this paper, we present a novel numerical scheme to solve a 1D, one‐phase extended Stefan problem with fractional Caputo derivative with respect to time. The proposed method is based on a suitable choice of the new space coordinate for the subdiffusion equation and extends the front‐fixing method to the subdiffusion case. In the final part, examples of numerical results are discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An operator splitting approach for the interaction between a fluid and a multilayered poroelastic structure
Authors: Bukač Martina , Yotov Ivan , Zunino Paolo
Published: November 2014

We develop a loosely coupled fluid‐structure interaction finite element solver based on the Lie operator splitting scheme. The scheme is applied to the interaction between an incompressible, viscous, Newtonian fluid, and a multilayered structure, which consists of a thin elastic layer and a thick poroelastic material. The thin layer is modeled using the linearly elastic Koiter membrane model, while the thick poroelastic layer is modeled as a Biot system. We prove a conditional stability of the scheme and derive error estimates. Theoretical results are supported with numerical examples. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 31: 1054–1100, 2015
IL‐1α induces CD11blow alveolar macrophage proliferation and maturation during granuloma formation
Authors: Huaux François , Lo Re Sandra , Giordano Giulia , Uwambayinema Francine , Devosse Raynal , Yakoub Yousof , Panin Nadtha , Palmai‐Pallag Mihaly , Rabolli Virginie , Delos Monique , Marbaix Etienne , Dauguet Nicolas , Couillin Isabelle , Ryffel Bernhard , Renauld Jean‐Christophe , Lison Dominique
Published: November 2014

Macrophages play a central role in immune and tissue responses of granulomatous lung diseases induced by pathogens and foreign bodies. Circulating monocytes are generally viewed as central precursors of these tissue effector macrophages. Here, we provide evidence that granulomas derive from alveolar macrophages serving as a local reservoir for the expansion of activated phagocytic macrophages. By exploring lung granulomatous responses to silica particles in IL‐1‐deficient mice, we found that the absence of IL‐1α, but not IL‐1β, was associated with reduced CD11bhigh phagocytic macrophage accumulation and fewer granulomas. This defect was associated with impaired alveolar clearance and resulted in the development of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP). Reconstitution of IL‐1α−/− mice with recombinant IL‐1α restored lung clearance functions and the pulmonary accumulation of CD11bhigh phagocytic macrophages. Mechanistically, IL‐1α induced the proliferation of CD11blow alveolar macrophages and differentiated these cells into CD11bhigh macrophages which perform critical phagocytic functions and organize granuloma. We newly discovered here that IL‐1α triggers lung responses requiring macrophage proliferation and maturation from tissue‐resident macrophages. Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of active Aβ immunotherapy on neurons in human Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Paquet Claire , Amin Jay , Mouton‐Liger François , Nasser Mariam , Love Seth , Gray Françoise , Pickering Ruth M , Nicoll James AR , Holmes Clive , Hugon Jacques , Boche Delphine
Published: November 2014

Amyloid β peptide (Aβ) immunization of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients has been reported to induce amyloid plaque removal, but with little impact on cognitive decline. We have explored the consequences of Aβ immunotherapy on neurons in post mortem brain tissue. Eleven immunized (AN1792, Elan Pharmaceuticals) AD patients were compared to 28 non‐immunized AD cases. Immunohistochemistry on sections of neocortex was performed for neuron‐specific nuclear antigen (NeuN), neurofilament protein (NFP) and phosphorylated‐(p)PKR (pro‐apoptotic kinase detected in degenerating neurons). Quantification was performed for pPKR and status spongiosis (neuropil degeneration), NeuN‐positive neurons/field, curvature of the neuronal processes and interneuronal distance. Data were corrected for age, gender, duration of dementia and APOE genotype and also assessed in relation to Aβ42 and tau pathology and key features of AD. In non‐immunized patients, the degree of neuritic curvature correlated with spongiosis and pPKR, and overall the neurodegenerative markers correlated better with tau pathology than Aβ42 load. Following immunization, spongiosis increased, interneuronal distance increased, while the number of NeuN‐positive neurons decreased, consistent with enhanced neuronal loss. However, neuritic curvature was reduced and pPKR was associated with Aβ removal in immunized patients. In AD, associations of spongiosis status, curvature ratio and pPKR load with microglial markers Iba1, CD68 and CD32 suggest a role for microglia in neurodegeneration. After immunization, correlations were detected between the number of NeuN‐positive neurons and pPKR with Iba1, CD68 and CD64, suggesting that microglia are involved in the neuronal loss. Our findings suggest that in established AD this form of active Aβ immunization may predominantly accelerate loss of damaged degenerating neurons. This interpretation is consistent with in vivo imaging indicating an increased rate of cerebral atrophy in immunized AD patients. Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Starch/polyethylene nanocomposites: Mechanical, thermal, and biodegradability characteristics
Authors: Manjunath L. , Sailaja R.R.N.
Published: November 2014

Tapioca starch has been crosslinked and blended with 10% low density polyethylene (LDPE) with varying quantities of silane treated nanoclay using an epoxy functionalized LDPE as compatibilizer. The mechanical, thermal, water absorption, and biodegradability characteristics were investigated. The mechanical properties were considerably improved by crosslinking as compared to uncrosslinked composites. The flexural properties increased by more than 50% while tensile strength increased by one and half times. Biodegradability was initially inhibited but became rapid after the initial lag period. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:1384–1395, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Toughened carbon fiber fabric‐reinforced pCBT composites
Authors: Abt Tobias , Karger‐Kocsis József , Sánchez‐Soto Miguel
Published: November 2014

Toughened carbon fiber‐fabric reinforced polymerized cyclic butylene terephthalate (pCBT) composites were obtained by chemical modification of cyclic butylene terephthalate (CBT) with small amounts of epoxy resin and isocyanates as chain extenders. Homogeneous CBT/epoxy and CBT/isocyanate blends were prepared by melt blending the components in a lab‐scale batch mixer at low temperatures and high shear rate. Melt blending was stopped before the ring‐opening polymerization of CBT could start. The modified CBT was the starting material for carbon fiber fabric‐reinforced pCBT composites (fiber content at about 65 wt%) which were prepared by ring‐opening polymerization during compression molding using a simple powder prepreg method. Interlaminar shear strength, flexural strength, and failure strain of the chemically modified composites increased up to 60% with respect to unmodified pCBT composites. Nevertheless, the flexural moduli slightly decreased due to the toughening effect of the chain extender on the pCBT matrix. Drop weight impact tests revealed that the energy absorption of the modified composites was relatively higher as compared to unmodified pCBT composites. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:1453–1460, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Preparation, structure, and properties of biocomposites based on low‐density polyethylene and lignocellulosic fillers
Authors: Pantyukhov Petr , Kolesnikova Natalya , Popov Anatoly
Published: November 2014

This article examines compositions based on low density polyethylene containing various lignocellulosic fillers–flax shive, sunflower husk, hay, birch leaves, lignosulfonate, and banana skin. The ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymer is used as a compatibilizing component. The article is aimed at identifying the main factors determining biodegradation rate of the compositions. Thermal resistance and morphology of the fillers, mechanical and structural characteristics of the compositions, and their stability in aqueous media and ground soil were studied. The influence of the filler particle shape on the resistance of the compositions against various effects was shown. It was found that an increase in the length‐to‐diameter (L/D) ratio of the filler particles increases strength and water absorption, reduces melting viscosity, and accelerates biodegradation in soil. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:1461–1472, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Preparation of porous polyester composites via emulsion templating: Investigation of the morphological, mechanical, and thermal properties
Authors: Berber Elif , Çira Funda , Mert E. Hilal
Published: November 2014

Open porous polyester composites were prepared by the crosslinking of unsaturated polyester resin and divinylbenzene in water‐in‐oil concentrated emulsion templates with the presence of a conventional surface modified montmorillonite nanoclay. Medium and high internal phase emulsions with either 55 or 80 wt% of internal phase were used as templates. The effect of monomer composition, emulsifier concentration, and internal phase amount on the emulsion stability and the morphology of the resulting porous composites were investigated. Moreover, the morphological properties of the resulting composites were determined depending on the amount of nanoclay loading. It was found that the morphological features, namely surface area and cell diameter, were altered dramatically with the amount of nanoclay loading. An important part of the research was focused on the variation of mechanical and thermal properties with the incorporation of nanoclay particles. The mechanical properties were improved both with the nanoclay incorporation and the use of medium internal phase emulsions. However, the used nanoclay did not have a significant effect on the thermal stability of the resulting composites. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:1531–1538, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Dynamic mechanical properties of magnetorheological elastomers based on polyurethane matrix
Authors: Ju Benxiang , Tang Rui , Zhang Dengyou , Yang Bailian , Yu Miao , Liao Changrong , Yuan Xianlun , Zhang Lunwei , Liu Junhong
Published: November 2014

Magnetorheological elastomers (MRE) are mainly composed of soft magnetic particles and rubber‐like matrix. Previous studies have shown that the matrix has a greater impact on mechanical properties of MRE. In this article, a new kind of polyurethane material was fabricated and used as the matrix of MRE. The effect of several factors on the mechanical properties of MRE samples was experimentally studied, such as fabrication condition, content of iron particles, different weight ratio of castor oil and diphenylmethane diisocyanate, plasticizer. Their microstructures were observed, and the mechanical properties were measured using a testing system in the presence of an external magnetic field. The experimental results demonstrate that these factors have different impact on shear storage modulus, magneto‐induced modulus, MR effect and damping property. In addition, the damping property of these MRE is also higher than that of MRE based on the other matrix. This study can hopefully be applied to optimize the mechanical properties of MRE. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:1587–1595, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of graphene reinforced polycarbonate/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene nanocomposites
Authors: Pour Raheleh H. , Hassan Azman , Soheilmoghaddam Mohammad , Bidsorkhi Hossein C.
Published: November 2014

Nanocomposites of polycarbonate/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (PC/ABS) with (70/30) composition containing different amounts of graphene nanoplates (GNPs) (1, 3, and 5 wt%) were prepared by melt‐blending in a twin‐screw extruder. The structural, morphological, mechanical, and thermal properties of the nanocomposites were investigated. The Young's modulus and flexural modulus of the nanocomposites were increased by 30 and 54%, respectively, when 3 wt% GNPs was added. The flexural strength and tensile strength of the PC/ABS/GNPs nanocomposites increased up to a loading of 3 wt% GNPs. The incorporation of GNPs enhanced the thermal stability and char yield of the nanocomposites. X‐ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy showed uniform dispersion and alignment of GNPs in PC/ABS matrix. The interaction between the GNPs and the PC/ABS matrix were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectra. Therefore, the PC/ABS/GNP nanocomposites with improved flexural and tensile properties, without loss of extensibility and good thermal properties may have promising applications in automotive, electric tools, household, communication, and safety appliances. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:1633–1640, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Spectral and dynamical study of III–V triple junction solar cells and the application to multiflash I–V measurement
Authors: Socolovsky Hernán. , Yaccuzzi Exequiel , Plá Juan
Published: November 2014

This paper presents a method to predict the I–V characteristic of triple junction InGaP/GaAs/Ge solar cells when different illumination spectra are used, and it is based on the measurement of a set of commercial isotype cells together with numerical simulations. The study includes the utilization of continuous and pulsed light sources. Several spectra were considered for the continuous light sources, where different subcells limit the current of the tandem cell. For pulsed light sources, a dynamical analysis was carried out by simulating a triple junction cell through PSpice software. For the simulations, the subcell capacitances were estimated and introduced into an electrical model of the triple junction. When a fast pulse in the multiflash I–V measurement technique is used, dynamical effects associated with this kind of source were observed and accounted for by the simulations. It was established that the dynamical effects did not affect the I–V characteristics measured with this technique. Finally, the proposed method and analysis were successfully applied to the electrical characterization of the Aquarius/SAC‐D Argentine satellite solar array modules. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TRAINING TEACHERS TO USE EVIDENCE‐BASED PRACTICES FOR AUTISM: EXAMINING PROCEDURAL IMPLEMENTATION FIDELITY
Authors: Stahmer Aubyn C. , Rieth Sarah , Lee Ember , Reisinger Erica M. , Mandell David S. , Connell James E.
Published: November 2014

The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which public school teachers implemented evidence‐based interventions for students with autism in the way these practices were designed. Evidence‐based practices for students with autism are rarely incorporated into community settings, and little is known about the quality of implementation. An indicator of intervention quality is procedural implementation fidelity (the degree to which a treatment is implemented as prescribed). Procedural fidelity likely affects student outcomes. This project examined procedural implementation fidelity of three evidence‐based practices used in a randomized trial of a comprehensive program for students with autism in partnership with a large, urban school district. Results indicate that teachers in public school special education classrooms can learn to implement evidence‐based strategies; however, they require extensive training, coaching, and time to reach and maintain moderate procedural implementation fidelity. Procedural fidelity over time and across intervention strategies is examined.
Bioinformatics approaches for the functional interpretation of protein lists: From ontology term enrichment to network analysis
Authors: Laukens Kris , Naulaerts Stefan , Berghe Wim Vanden
Published: November 2014

The main result of a great deal of the published proteomics studies is a list of identified proteins, which then needs to be interpreted in relation to the research question and existing knowledge. In the early days of proteomics this interpretation was only based on expert insights, acquired by digesting a large amount of relevant literature. With the growing size and complexity of the experimental datasets, many computational techniques, databases, and tools have claimed a central role in this task. In this review we discuss commonly and less commonly used methods to functionally interpret experimental proteome lists and compare them with available knowledge. We first address several functional analysis and enrichment techniques based on ontologies and literature. Then we outline how various types of network and pathway information can be used. While the problem of functional interpretation of proteome data is to an extent equivalent to the interpretation of transcriptome or other ‘‘omics’’ data, this paper addresses some of the specific challenges and solutions of the proteomics field.
Posttranslational modifications of lysine and evolving role in heart pathologies—Recent developments
Authors: Stastna Miroslava , Van Eyk Jennifer E.
Published: November 2014

The alteration in proteome composition induced by environmental changes and various pathologies is accompanied by the modifications of proteins by specific cotranslational and PTMs. The type and site stoichiometry of PTMs can affect protein functions, alter cell signaling, and can have acute and chronic effects. The particular interest is drawn to those amino acid residues that can undergo several different PTMs. We hypothesize that these selected amino acid residues are biologically rare and act within the cell as molecular switches. There are, at least, 12 various lysine modifications currently known, several of them have been shown to be competitive and they influence the ability of a particular lysine to be modified by a different PTM. In this review, we discuss the PTMs that occur on lysine, specifically neddylation and sumoylation, and the proteomic approaches that can be applied for the identification and quantification of these PTMs. Of interest are the emerging roles for these modifications in heart disease and what can be inferred from work in other cell types and organs.
What are the intermediates that could react in the interstellar ices?
Authors: Borget Fabien , Duvernay Fabrice , Danger Grégoire , Theulé Patrice , Vinogradoff Vassilissa , Mispelaer Florent , Müller Sandra , Grote Dirk , Chiavassa Thierry , Bossa Jean‐Baptiste
Published: November 2014

Interstellar chemical reactivity forms complex organic molecules implying different intermediates. In this mini review, reactions arising in/on interstellar ices are presented. These ices are a place where molecules are formed and where they can evolve under thermal and nonthermal effects. We present in this paper different intermediates that have been detected in experimental simulations of interstellar ices. Ionic, neutral, and radical intermediates have been characterized by different means allowing the building of an ice chemical network explaining their formation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New electroactive and electrochromic aromatic polyamides with ether‐linked bis(triphenylamine) units
Authors: Hsiao Sheng‐Huei , Cheng Shou‐Lun
Published: November 2014

A new class of electroactive polyamides with ether‐linked bis(triphenylamine) [O(TPA)2] units were prepared through the direct phosphorylation polycondensation from N,N‐di(4‐aminophenyl)‐N′,N′‐diphenyl‐4,4′‐oxydianiline and aromatic dicarboxylic acids. These polyamides were amorphous with good solubility in many organic solvents, such as NMP and DMAc, and could be solution‐cast into strong and flexible polymer films. Their decomposition temperatures (Td) at a 10% weight‐loss in nitrogen and air were recorded at 556–568 °C and 537–555 °C, respectively. The glass‐transition temperatures (Tg) of all the polyamides were observed in the range of 218−253 °C by DSC. Cyclic voltammograms of the polyamide films cast onto an indium‐tin oxide (ITO)‐coated glass substrate exhibited two reversible oxidation redox couples at 0.80–0.82 V and 0.96–0.98 V versus Ag/AgCl in an electrolyte containing acetonitrile solution. The polyamide films showed excellent electrochemical and electrochromic stability, with a color change from a colorless or pale yellowish neutral form to green and purple oxidized forms at applied potentials ranging from 0 to 1.2 V. These polymers can also be used to fabricate electrochromic devices, and they showed high coloration efficiency, high redox stability, and fast response time. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 496–510
Suppressing the environmental dependence of the open‐circuit voltage in inverted polymer solar cells through a radical polymer anodic modifier
Authors: Rostro Lizbeth , Galicia Lucio , Boudouris Bryan W.
Published: November 2014

Developing stable, readily‐synthesized, and solution‐processable transparent conducting polymers for interfacial modifying layers in organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices has become of great importance. Here, the radical polymer, poly(2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidinyloxy methacrylate (PTMA), is shown to not affect the absorption of the well‐studied poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) active layer when incorporated into inverted OPV devices, as it is highly transparent in the visible spectrum due to the non‐conjugated nature of the PTMA backbone. The inclusion of this radical polymer as an anode‐modifying layer enhanced the open‐circuit voltage and short‐circuit current density values over devices that did not contain an anodic modifier. Importantly, devices fabricated with the PTMA interlayer had performance metrics that were time‐independent over the entire course of multiples days of testing after exposing the OPV devices to ambient conditions. Furthermore, these high performance values were independent of the metal used as the top electrode contact in the inverted OPV devices. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2015, 53, 311–316
Crystal structure of Thermobifida fuscaCse1 reveals target DNA binding site
Authors: Tay Melanie , Liu Su , Yuan Y. Adam
Published: November 2014

The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)‐CRISPR‐associated (Cas) defense system is the only adaptive and inheritable immunity found in prokaryotes. The immunity is achieved through a multistep process of adaptation, expression, and interference. In the Type I‐E system, interference is mediated by the CRISPR‐associated complex for antiviral defense (Cascade), which recognizes invading double‐stranded DNA (dsDNA) through the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) by one of the Cascade components, Cse1. Here, we report the crystal structure of Thermobifida fusca Cse1 at 3.3 Å resolution. T. fusca Cse1 reveals the chair‐like two‐domain architecture with a well‐defined flexible loop, L1, located at the larger N‐terminal domain, which was not observed in previous structures of the single Cse1 protein. Structure‐based mutagenesis analysis demonstrates that the well‐defined flexible loop and a partially conserved structural motif ([FW]‐X‐[TH]) are involved in PAM binding and recognition, respectively. Moreover, structural docking of T. fusca Cse1 into Escherichia coli Cascade cryoelectron microscopy maps, coupled with structural comparison, reveals a conserved positive patch that is contiguous with Cse2 in the Cascade complex and adjacent to the Cas3 binding site, suggesting its role in R‐loop formation/stabilization and the recruitment of Cas3 for target cleavage. Consistent with the structural observation, the introduction of alanine mutations at this positive patch abolished DNA binding activity by Cse1. Taken together, these results suggest that Cse1 is a critical Cascade component involved in Cascade assembly, dsDNA target recognition, R‐loop formation, and Cas3 recruitment for target cleavage.
Current management options and recent advances in IBD
Authors: Warner Ben , Irving Peter
Published: November 2014

The advent of biological therapies has revolutionised the management of inflammatory bowel disease, and the imminent introduction of anti‐adhesion molecule therapy seems likely to have a big impact. Our Drug review outlines the current treatment options and examines some recent advances in diagnosis and management, followed sources of further information and an analysis of the prescription data.
Understanding can lead to a solution for non‐adherence
Authors: Payne Rupert
Published: November 2014

There are a variety of reasons for non‐adherence, both intentional and unintentional, it is therefore important to understand these reasons if we are to tackle the problem.
Modeling the low frequency vibrational spectroscopy of ionic solutions
Authors: Zhang Ruiting , Pan Zhijun , Zhuang Wei
Published: November 2014

The low frequency vibration spectrum of ionic solutions contains information of various dynamical behaviors. Combination of theoretical modeling and experimental spectrum can reveal important mechanism on the interaction between ions and water molecules. In this manuscript, our recent efforts on properly modeling and analyzing the low frequency vibrational spectra of the ionic solutions, mainly dielectric relaxation spectroscopy and optical Kerr effect, are reviewed. Issues in current theoretical simulation and concerns for further investigations are also addressed. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dual beam depth profiling of organic materials: assessment of capabilities and limitations
Authors: Niehuis Ewald , Moellers Rudolf , Rading Derk , Bruener Philipp
Published: November 2014

With the advent of large argon cluster beams, organic materials can be sputtered without the accumulation of radiation damage. The dual beam mode with a Bi cluster analysis beam is successfully applied to depth profiling and 3D analysis of organic materials providing both high‐depth resolution and high‐lateral resolution. For the analysis of very small sample volumes, it is desirable that a rather large fraction of the material is consumed by the analysis beam and contributes to the analytical signal. However, at higher analysis beam sputter rates, the radiation damage by the Bi clusters can become quite severe leading to a molecular ion signal decay with depth. In this paper, we investigate the conditions for the optimum use of the sample material in the dual beam mode using the Irganox delta layer structure introduced by NPL (National Physical Laboratory (UK)). A model that describes the dual beam mode and allows calculating the intact area fraction in the steady state is presented. Yield volumes and damage volumes are determined for Bi3+ and Bi5++ as well as the useful sample fraction that contributes to the molecular ion signal. We will compare the results to the depth profiling with C60 and Ar clusters in a single DC beam mode. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The consequences of medical mistakes: the stakes are getting higher!
Authors: Kirby Roger
Published: November 2014

In February 2010, consultant colorectal surgeon David Sellu was referred and subsequently operated upon a patient with a perforated bowel who later died. The surgeon was found guilty of manslaughter by gross negligence and sentenced to two and a half years in prison. Roger Kirby reviews the case in detail and outlines the lessons to be learned from the tragedy.
Men don't get headache – do they?
Authors: Kernick David
Published: November 2014

The majority of troublesome headaches will be migraine, which is not difficult to diagnose and there are a number of effective treatment options. Although migraine headaches are more common in women, a significant number of men do experience them, but men are less likely to seek help from their GP.