bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic Control of Lactate Dehydrogenase Formation in the Hagfish
Eptatretus stoutii
Authors: Ohno Susumu , Klein Juraj , Poole Jackie , Harris Cephas , Destree Antonia , Morrison Martin
Published: October 2006

The isozyme patterns of lactate dehydrogenases of various tissues were studied on 51 hagfish by starch-gel electrophoresis. Nine lactate dehydrogenase phenotypes were encountered, suggesting the coexistence of two alleles at each of the two separate gene loci. There apparently was no interaction between the products of these two separate loci. Even the products of two alleles at the same locus were apparently incapable of forming hybrid molecules, an indication of the possible monomeric nature of each lactate dehydrogenase molecule.
Bioelectric Phenomena Related to Protein-Fixed Charge in a Crab Nerve Fiber
Authors: Lieberman Edward M. , Perkins Margaret S. , Tomita Tadao , Wright Ernest B.
Published: October 2006

The bioelectrical characteristics of a crab nerve fiber subjected to solutions containing the impermeant anions ferrocyanide, glutamate, or ethanolsulfate substituted for chloride include prolonged slow depolarizations that elicit prolonged trains of impulses superimposed on the plateau portion. Propionate and nitrate depress repetitive firing while thiocyanate has only a slight effect. Nerves treated with ferrocyanide lose potassium and gain sodium, which fact may account for their depolarization. On the other hand, studies with interference microscopy reveal shift by ferrocyanide in the interference fringe pattern of the sheath material; this suggests a reorientation of fixed charges in the protein layers by direct action of the anion on these layers. This may also account for the electrical manifestations observed.
Thyroxine Interaction with Actinomycin D and Possible Biological Implications
Authors: Kim Ki-Han , Blatt Lois M. , Cohen P. P.
Published: October 2006

Actinomycin D and thyroxine interact in solution (
p
H 8 to 10), as revealed by changes in the absorbance of actinomycin D. Thyroxine can prevent the growth-inhibitory effect of actinomycin D on
Bacillus subtilis
if it is present in a molar ratio of 3000 (thyroxine to actinomycin D).
Amino Acid Coding in
Sarcina lutea
and
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Groves William E. , Kempner Ellis S.
Published: October 2006

Aminoacyl-tRNA's from Sarcina lutea were tested for incorporation into protein in a heterologous system from
Escherichia
coli or for binding in a homologous system from
Sarcina lutea
. Aminoacyl-tRNA's from
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
were tested for binding in a homologous
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
system. Synthetic polyribonucleotides were used as messengers. The code which exists in
Sarcina lutea
and
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
is the same as in
Escherichia coli
.
Turnover of Rat Liver Tyrosine Transaminase: Stabilization after Inhibition of Protein Synthesis
Authors: Kenney Francis T.
Published: October 2006

Turnover of the rat liver tyrosine transaminase in vivo was measured by a label and chase procedure under conditions where the amount of enzyme undergoes no change. Half-life of the
14
C-labeled enzyme in this basal condition was found to be 1.5 ± 0.3 hours. Inhibitors of protein synthesis (cycloheximide or puromycin) do not appreciably influence the basal enzyme level over a 5-hour period, although these drugs will block hormonal induction of this enzyme. In pulse-labeling experiments, cycloheximide blocked transaminase synthesis almost completely. The conclusion that enzyme degradation, as well as synthesis, must be blocked when protein synthesis is stopped was confirmed in experiments showing that labeled enzyme is stable in the liver of rats treated with cycloheximide. The participation of a continuously synthesized polypeptide in the degradative phase of transaminase turnover is suggested.
Hexokinase Isoenzymes in Human Erythrocytes: Association of Type II with Fetal Hemoglobin
Authors: Holmes Edward W. , Malone John I. , Winegrad Albert I. , Oski Frank A.
Published: October 2006

Hexokinase activity in human erythrocytes is associated with three electrophoretically distinct bands. Normal adult erythrocytes contain hexokinases Types I and III. Type II hexokinase is present in the erythrocytes of newborn infants and absent from those of normal adults; it is, however, present in erythrocytes of adults with hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin. Type II hexokinase and fetal hemoglobin appear to be associated.
Optical Differentiation of Amoebic Ectoplasm and Endoplasmic Flow
Authors: Baker W. R. , Johnston J. A.
Published: October 2006

Optical activity differentiating the flowing and nonflowing amoebic cytoplasm was detected. This evidence indicates molecular alignment in the flow stream and can be used to provide data on the direction of alignment. The results were obtained by utilizing a dynamic polarized-light detection system which is sensitive only to specimens which possess a preferred axis.
Two Types Of Lambda Polypeptide Chains In Human Immunoglobulins
Authors: Ein Daniel , Fahey John L.
Published: October 2006

Two antigenic subtypes of human lambda polypeptide chains were distinguished by rabbit antiserum produced to a lambda Bence Jones protein. Lambda Bence Jones proteins and G myeloma proteins with lambda light chains were identified as being in one or the other subtype. The Oz (+) lambda chain subtype is present in light chains from pooled normal human immunoglobulin G and in whole normal immunoglobulin G molecules.
Protein Metabolism in the Developing Brain: Influence of Birth and Gestational Age
Authors: Schain Richard J. , Carver Michael J. , Copenhaver John H. , Underdahl Norman R.
Published: October 2006

Incorporation of carbon-14-labeled phenylalanine into brain protein of newborn pigs falls sharply within 24 hours after birth. This decrease is related to the time of birth rather than the gestational age of the piglets, although the latter is also associated with a gradual decrease in brain protein synthesis.
Neutron Capture and Stellar Synthesis of Heavy Elements
Authors: Gibbons J. H. , Macklin R. L.
Published: October 2006

The neutron buildup processes of heavy-element synthesis in stars have left us a number of tantalizing nuclear clues to the early history of solar-system material. Considerable illumination of our past history has been achieved through studying the correlations between abundance and neutron-capture cross section. Measurement of these cross sections required the development of new techniques for measuring time of flight of pulsed neutron beams. A clear conclusion is that many of our heavy elements were produced inside stars, which can be thought of as giant fast reactors. Extensions of these capture studies have given a clearer picture of additional. violent processes which produced some heavy elements, particularly thorium and uranium. In addition, the correlations have been used for obtaining an independent measure of the time that has elapsed since the solar-system material was synthesized. Finally, data on capture cross section relative to abundance will enable us to determine rather accurately the solar-system abundances of gaseous, volatile, and highly segregated elements.
Observations of the Andromeda Galaxy at 11-Centimeter Wavelength
Authors: Cooley R. C. , Roberts M. S. , Swenson G. W.
Published: October 2006

Observations of the Andromeda galaxy (M31) at 2695 megahertz reveal more detail than do earlier measurements at lower frequency. The region is highly confused but there is apparently a more dense clustering of sources within the optical outline of the galaxy than without. One source (OA33) near M31 has an interesting, flat spectrum.
Platyzoma
: A New Look at an Old Link in Ferns
Authors: Tryon Alice F. , Vida Gabor
Published: October 2006

Record of a chromosome number of 2
n
= 76, unusual for pteridophytes, in
Platyzoma microphyllum
R. Br. emphasizes other unique features of this monotypic Queensland fern and provides new evidence of its possible relationships. Other characteristics of this plant, which are not known among terrestrial ferns, are incipient heterospory—having two sizes of spores and a dioecious condition of the gametophytes. These and other morphological features show relationships of
Platyzoma
to members of the Schizaeaceae and Marsileaceae and relationships of these families to the Polypodiaceae, in which it is treated under the subfamily Platyzomatoideae.
Anemia phyllitidis
: Inducibility of Physiological State Antagonistic to Antheridium Formation
Authors: Näf Ulrich
Published: October 2006

It has been reported that a preparation obtained from prothalli of the fern species
Anemia phyllitidis
controls antheridium formation in this species. If this same preparation is applied at the spore stage it induces a physiological state antagonistic to antheridium formation. The inhibitory state is inducible only at a very early stage of development, but, once induced, it remains manifest at much later stages. Quite possibly, the inhibitory state arises in response to the factor that induces formation of antheridia. The inhibitory state may have an important function in fern development.
Symbiosis: Effects of a Mutualistic Fungus upon the Growth and Reproduction of
Xyleborus ferrugineus
Authors: Norris Dale M. , Baker Jocklyn King
Published: October 2006

Xyleborus ferrugineus
beetles developed from asymbiontic eggs through the adult stage on a sterilized meridic diet, but the resulting adults reproduced only when a mutualistic fungus was inoculated into the diet. Beetles with bacterial symbionts still required the fungus for reproduction on a second meridic diet.
Farmington Meteorite: Cristobalite Xenoliths and Blackening
Authors: Binns R. A.
Published: October 2006

The Farmington chondrite contains two small xenoliths of granular cristobalite, each surrounded by a thin reaction rim of diopsidic clinopyroxene. Similarities between the blackened structure and drusy cavities, characteristic of this meteorite, and those of an experimentally heat-treated chondrite suggest that Farmington was reheated rather than shocked, but neither the exact stage in the history of this stone at which reaction rims developed around the xenoliths nor the source of the calcium necessary to form rim diopside have been established with certainty.
Lactones as Inhibitors of the Fibrinolytic System
Authors: Auerswald Wilhelm , Doleschel Walter
Published: October 2006

Caprolactone, valerolactone, and butyrolactone inhibit proteolytic and fibrinolytic activities of human plasmin. In very low concentrations, they also inhibit activation of plasminogen through plasmin-streptokinase activator and human urokinase. The degree of inhibitory potency depends upon the number of carbon atoms in the lactone.
Ethylene Formation from Ethyl Moiety of Ethionine
Authors: Shimokawa Keishi , Kasai Zenzaburo
Published: October 2006

In plants, ethylene is formed in the presence of light and flavin mononucleotide from ethionine and
S
-ethylcysteine. The ethylene is formed from the ethyl moiety of ethionine.
Substrate Binding Properties of Mutant and Wild-Type A Proteins of
Escherichia coli
Tryptophan Synthetase
Authors: Hardman John K. , Yanofsky Charles
Published: October 2006

Most of the mutant A proteins studied appear to be similar to the normal enzyme both in their apparent conformation about the critical cysteine residues and their ability to bind substrate. Two mutant proteins, in which a glutamic acid or arginine residue is substituted for a glycine residue, do appear abnormal suggesting that these primary structural changes radically affect the conformation in regions at or near the site or sites of substrate binding.
Polonium-210: Removal from Smoke by Resin Filters
Authors: Bretthauer Erich W. , Black Stuart C.
Published: October 2006

Use of a mixed ion-exchange resin as a filter for cigarettes markedly reduces both the total amount of polonium-210 in mainstream smoke and the picocuries per milligram of smoke. This procedure effectively minimizes exposure of the lungs of smokers to alpha irradiation.
Light-Enhanced Potassium Absorption by Corn Leaf Tissue
Authors: Rains Donald W.
Published: October 2006

The rate of absorption of potassium by slices of corn leaf in the light was about twice the rate in the dark. When the light was turned on or off, changes in the rate of absorption took place some minutes after the change in illumination. Experiments with the antimetabolites, 2,4-dinitrophenol and cyanide, indicated that the source of energy for active accumulation of potassium by green tissue in the light was different from that in the dark. In the light, energy was closely linked to photosynthetic reactions; in the dark, it was linked to respiratory processes.
Messenger RNA Patterns in Rat Liver Nuclei before and after Treatment with Growth Hormone
Authors: Drews Jürgen , Brawerman George
Published: October 2006

Like cortisol, growth hormone enhances RNA synthesis in rat liver nuclei. However, DNA-RNA hybridization experiments show that the application of growth hormone does not stimulate the formation of new species of messenger RNA. The latter phenomenon was observed after treatment with cortisol.
Lunar Surface Strength Estimate from Orbiter II Photograph
Authors: Filice Alan L.
Published: October 2006

Lunar Orbiter II photographed a 13-meter boulder which has rolled down the inner slope of a 3-kilometer crater leaving a track 6 meters wide. A static-bearing strength of 4 × 10
6
dynes per square centimeter at 75-centimeter depth is estimated from these data if certain assumptions are made.
Dormin (Abscisin II), Inhibitor of Plant DNA Synthesis?
Authors: van Overbeek J. , Loeffler J. E. , Mason M. Iona R.
Published: October 2006

Dormin (abscisin II), inhibits growth of Lemna minor cultures. At 1 part per million (3.8 × 10
-6
M), the culture appears nearly completely dormant but can be revived readily by transferring it to fresh medium free of dormin. The cytokinin benzyladenine, but not auxin or gibberellin, will counteract the dormin effect. Quantitative restoration of normal growth by cytokinin, however, can be achieved only if the dormin concentration does not exceed a critical level. Separation, after phenol-detergent extraction, of nucleic acids on methylated albumin kieselguhr columns showed suppression of nucleic acid synthesis by dormin in all fractions. Inhibition of the synthesis of the DNA fraction seems to precede that of RNA. Cytokinins reverse the process. They promote synthesis of all nucleic acid fractions, but again DNA seems to lead. Further work on the interaction of dormin with growth-promoting hormones might be facilitated by adopting the Monod model of allosteric transition, with, for example, DNA polymerase as the protein, dormin as the inhibitor, and cytokinin or other growth promoters as activators.
Altered Response to Pneumococcal Polysaccharide in Offspring of Immunologically Paralyzed Mice
Authors: Kerman R. , Segre D. , Myers W. L.
Published: October 2006

The dose of pneumococcal polysaccharide type III required to induce immunologic paralysis in newborn offspring of immunologically paralyzed mice was one-tenth of the corresponding paralyzing dose for newborn offspring of normal mice. Similarly, immunization of the offspring of the paralyzed mice was accomplished with one-tenth the dose of polysaccharide necessary to immunize normal newborn mice. The altered susceptibility of newborn mice from paralyzed mothers to the induction of both paralysis and immunity was predicted from theories of antibody formation which postulate that the induction of tolerance or immunity is controlled by the concentration of natural antibodies specific for the antigen used.
Ultrashort Light Pulses
Authors: DeMaria A. J. , Stetser D. A. , Glenn W. H.
Published: October 2006

Experimental techniques are now available for the generation of repetitive and single coherent optical pulses of extremely short time duration and high peak power. These pulses should find extensive application in basic and applied research. Additional shortening of optical pulse durations can be obtained by means of the stimulated Raman effect, second-harmonic generation, or amplification with nonlinear laser amplifiers.
Momentum Transport in Turbulent Flow between Concentric Rotating Cylinders
Authors: Southard J. B.
Published: October 2006

Apparent shear stress in turbulent flow between a stationary inner cylinder and a rotating outer cylinder is measured by computing radial flux of tangential momentum by use of velocities obtained from photographs of successive positions of marker particles assumed to represent the fluid motion. Values are consistent with total shear stress at the inner cylinder found by measuring the velocity gradient.
Regulation of the Adrenal Cortex Secretory Pattern by Adrenocorticotropin
Authors: Fevold H. Richard
Published: October 2006

Adrenal gland homogenates from rabbits stimulated for 28 days with adrenocorticotropin have been shown to synthesize cortisol. The total amount of cortisol formed was the same whether progesterone-4-
14
C or Δ
5
-pregnenolone-4-
14
C was used as exogenous substrate. However, when Δ
5
-pregnenolone substrate was used the specific activity of the isolated cortisol was four times as great as when progesterone was used.
Fire Ant Venom: Synthesis of a Reported Component of Solenamine
Authors: Sonnet Philip E.
Published: October 2006

2-Methyl-3-hexadecylpyrrolidine was synthesized. It has hemolytic activity as has solenamine, but it apparently does not have the insecticidal activity of the fire ant venom. As judged by gas chromatography, the structure is not a component of solenamine.
Hemoglobin Portland 1: A New Human Hemoglobin Unique in Structure
Authors: Capp Grayson L. , Rigas Demetrios A. , Jones Richard T.
Published: October 2006

A new hemoglobin (Hb), Portland 1, has been found in a newborn infant having multiple congenital anomalies and complex autosomal chromosomal mosaicism. The new hemoglobin has a unique tetrameric structure (molecular weight, 66,000) composed of two pairs of different types of chains, neither of which is α, γ
2
x
2
. The x-chain of Hb Portland 1 may be a new type of hemoglobin chain, but the available evidence suggests that it may be identical with the ε chain. We suggest that Hb Portland 1 is an embryonic hemoglobin that persisted until after birth in relatively large amounts in this patient.
Isoprenoid Biosynthesis in a Cell-Free System from Pea Shoots
Authors: Graebe Jan E.
Published: October 2006

A cell-free system consisting of a soluble fraction and plastid fragments from pea shoots incorporates 2-
14
C-mevalonate very actively into farnesol, squalene, geranylgeraniol, and other isoprenoids of different carbon-chain lengths. The products have different cofactor requirements, which makes it possible to channel the pathway into different products by varying the incubation mixture.
Carbon-14 and Tritium Measurement by Means of Bremsstrahlung Emissions
Authors: Rosen Jerry C. , Laurer Gerard R. , Eisenbud Merril
Published: October 2006

The feasibility of measuring carbon-14 and tritium in vivo has been demonstrated in the rat; thin scintillation detectors were used for the measurement of bremsstrahlung produced by these soft beta emitters. Measurements of tritium in vivo are limited to the study of surface phenomena, whereas bremsstrahlung produced by carbon-14 may be detected from depths of several centimeters.
Animals at Very High Pressures of Helium and Neon
Authors: Miller K. W. , Paton W. D. M. , Streett W. B. , Smith E. B.
Published: October 2006

At pressures up to 125 atmospheres, helium failed to anesthetize mice; at slightly higher pressures (135 to 145 atmospheres) it proved lethal. With Italian newts (
Triturus italicus
), whose sensitivity to anesthesia by nitrogen is similar to that of mice, responsiveness was lost at pressures between 165 and 245 atmospheres, whether the pressure was achieved with helium or neon, or hydrostatically. It was concluded that the anesthetic pressures of helium and neon, for mice and newts, are higher than the tolerable mechanical pressures.
Isometric Tension Differences in Fibers of Red and White Muscles
Authors: Sexton Alan W. , Gersten Jerome W.
Published: October 2006

Measurements of maximum isometric tension and rate of onset of tension in fibers of glycerinated rat muscle indicate that the red soleus fibers develop significantly higher tensions than do white medial gastrocnemius fibers. Gastrocnemius fibers develop tension at a significantly faster rate than soleus fibers, however. These differences seem to be related to formation of actinmyosin cross-links.
Silicone Rubber: Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Nitrous Oxide Measurement in Gas Mixtures
Authors: Winsey H. Stuart , Folkman Judah
Published: October 2006

Pressure changes, arising from counter diffusion of gases through a sealed silicone rubber tube, may be used to measure tension of gases in a mixture. When the tube is initially filled with one of the gases, and the mixture surrounds it, the pressure rise is related to the tension of the remaining gas.
Tribolium castaneum
: Morphology of "Aureate" Revealed by the Scanning Electron Microscope
Authors: Sokoloff A. , Hayes T. L. , Pease R. F. W. , Ackermann M.
Published: October 2006

Counts of setae in "aureate" (
au
), spontaneous autosomal recessive mutation of good penetrance and viability, show that the
au
gene causes a three-fold increase in setation over the normal in the visible abdominal sternites but not in the membranous wings of the tenebrionid flour beetle
Tribolium castaneum
. Micrographs taken with the scanning electron microscope demonstrate that the
au
gene increases setation throughout the body.
LSD: Injection Early in Pregnancy Produces Abnormalities in Offspring of Rats
Authors: Alexander George J. , Miles Bruno Ed. , Gold George M. , Alexander Rita B.
Published: October 2006

One of five rats given a single subcutaneous injection of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) early in pregnancy appeared to abort early; two delivered stunted stillborn offspring at term, one delivered a littler of seven healthy and one underdeveloped young, and the last one delivered an apparently normal litter. All five matched controls, given saline injections, went to term and delivered healthy litters of 11 to 16 offspring; there were no abortions and no stillbirths. In a replicate experiment, one of five rats given LSD on the 4th day of gestation aborted, two delivered some stillborn offspring, one gave an abnormally small litter of four, and the last one produced an apparently normal litter of ten. All matched controls delivered healthy litters, totaling 66. Some surviving offspring treated with LSD failed to develop as well as control animals. Treatment of five additional rats with LSD late in pregnancy had no obvious effect on the offspring.
Antireductionism and Molecular Biology
Authors: Schaffner Kenneth F.
Published: October 2006

My general conclusion, then, is that, given the current state of biological science, there may be good heuristic reasons for not attempting in all possible areas to develop physicochemical explanations of biological phenomena, and good reasons for attempting to formulate specifically biological theories. This, however, is an argument which supports an irreducibility thesis for
methodological
reasons. Any attempt to twist this into a claim of
real
irreducibility for all time is, in the light of recent work in molecular biology, logically untenable, empirically unwarranted, and heuristically useless.
Bermuda's Southern Aeolianite Reef Tract
Authors: Stanley Daniel J. , Swift Donald J. P.
Published: October 2006

The outer reef on the explored southeast margin of the Bermuda platform is a submerged dune ridge thinly veneered with encrusting organisms. Aeolianites were deposited on what appears to be an older truncated surface, the reef-front terrace, now submerged to a depth of about 18 meters. Underwater examination reveals relict features of probable solutional origin that honeycomb the aeolinite and that have undergone only minor modification by erosion since the last eustatic rise of the sea. Submarine planation, even in this marginal area of reef growth, is a relatively slow process.
Replication of Viral RNA: RNA Synthetase from
Escherichia coli
Infected with Phage MS2 or Q
β
Authors: Feix Gunter , Schneider Morton C. , Weissmann Charles , Ochoa Severo
Published: October 2006

An RNA synthetase is formed in
Escherichia coli
after infection with bacteriophages containing RNA. Specific annealing techniques revealed that, from the very outset of the reaction in vitro, the partially purified enzyme-template complex synthesizes parental-type plus strands, namely, MS2-RNA when isolated from cells infected with MS2 phage and Q
β
-RNA in the case of cells infected with Q
β
phage. This is in contrast to the situation found with Q
β
replicase primed with Q
β
-RNA, where the initial product is the complementary strand.
Oncogenicity by DNA Tumor Viruses: Enhancement after Ultraviolet and Cobalt-60 Radiations
Authors: Defendi V. , Jensen F.
Published: October 2006

Simian virus-40, polyoma, and LLE46 virus preparations were treated with ultraviolet or gamma radiations (cobalt-60) in a frozen state. Infectivity and induction of complement-fixing antigen and DNA synthesis declined as a logarithmic function of dose, the latter two properties being more resistant than infectivity to radiation by a factor of 2 to 5. Oncogenicity of all three viruses did not decrease with progressive amounts of both types of irradiation, but actually increased in absolute and relative terms (per infectious unit), even at the maximum dose of irradiation used (24,000 ergs per square millimeter per minute and 2.7 × 10
6
rads).
Atmospheric Transfer of Carbon-14: A Problem in Fungus Translocation Studies
Authors: Reid C. P. P. , Woods Frank W.
Published: October 2006

The carbon-14-labeled carbon dioxide that is released by respiration after glucose labeled with carbon-14 is applied to fungal mycelium can be reabsorbed in highly significant amounts by distant mycelium and agar media in the same petri dishes. Atmospheric transfer of carbon-14 must be considered when using labeled organic compounds to study translocation in fungi.
Oxygen Tension as a Control Mechanism in Pollen Tube Rupture
Authors: Stanley R. G. , Linskens H. F.
Published: October 2006

The decrease in stylar
p
O
2
encountered by pollen as it approaches the ovary can induce bursting of pollen tube tips. Anaerobic conditions induced a high percentage of tube tip bursting in most pollen germinated in vitro. Changes in tube tip metabolism with decreased oxygen probably sets up cell wall stress resulting in pollen tube rupture.
Copulation and Sperm Induction by Normal and Palpless Male Linyphiid Spiders
Authors: Rovner Jerome S.
Published: October 2006

The performance by palpless male linyphiid spiders of behaviors associated with copulation and sperm induction indicates that occurrence of these sexual activities does not depend on peripheral input from the palps.
Brain Polysomes: Response to Environmental Stimulation
Authors: Appel S. H. , Davis W. , Scott S.
Published: October 2006

Polysomes have been isolated from rat brain and characterized by their appearance in the electron microscope and by their sedimentation in sucrose density gradients. Rats were isolated for 3 days in the dark and were then returned to the light for 15 minutes. The polysomes in brain, but not in liver, decreased in rats deprived of light and increased in those stimulated with light. These findings together with an increased capacity for protein synthesis in the brain in vitro and in vivo suggest that an increase in the activity of messenger RNA in the brain may result from environmental changes.
Enclosed Bark as a Pollen Trap
Authors: Adam David P. , Ferguson C. W. , LaMarch Valmore C.
Published: October 2006

Counts were made of pollen in traps formed by enclosed bark in two remnants of bristlecone pine,
Pinus aristata
Engelm., from the White Mountains of east-central California. The traps, dated by tree-rings at A.D. 350 and 1300 B.C., contained a major complex of pine-sagebrush pollen and traces of other species, representing the equivalent of the present vegetation.
Orientation of Nonsense Codons on the Genetic Map of the Lac Operon
Authors: Zipser David
Published: October 2006

Intracodon recombination is used to orient the nonsense codons UGA, UAG, and UAA on the genetic map of the (lactose) lac operon of
Escherichia coli
. The 5′-end of these triplets is toward the operator end of the operon. A hypothesis is presented to explain the fact that the frequency of recombination between adjacent nucleotides is many times lower than expected.
Electrical Recordings from Meningioma Cells during Cytolytic Action of Antibody and Complement
Authors: Prieto A. , Kornblith P. L. , Pollen D. A.
Published: October 2006

Resting membrane potential and total cell resistance of human meningioma cells in tissue culture have been measured with fine microelectrodes. Addition of either antiserum inactivated with heat or control serum from normal rabbits produced small depolarizations (2 to 4 millivolts) with no discernible (<5 percent) change in resistance. Addition of antiserums with complement, however, produced larger depolarizations and decreases in resistance before any changes in cell morphology were visible with light microscopy; as cytoplasmic swelling progressed, membrane potential dropped close to zero, and resistance decreased five- to tenfold. The electrical recording technique may be useful in the study of sublethal as well as lethal damage to immune cells and, in particular, may permit temporal resolution of damaging events and repair mechanisms in a single cell.
Prostaglandins: Localization in Subcellular Particles of Rat Cerebral Cortex
Authors: Kataoka K. , Ramwell P. W. , Jessup Sheila
Published: October 2006

Homogenates of rat cerebral cortex contain material corresponding to prostaglandins E
1
, E
2
, F
1α
, and F
2α
which are concentrated mainly in the light microsomal and mitochondrial fractions. Only the former fraction exhibits significant ability to synthesize prostaglandins E
1
and F
1α
from bis-homo-γ-linolenic acid. After subfractionation of the crude mitochondrial fraction, prostaglandin E and F material is found mainly in the cholinergic and noncholinergic nerve endings. We conclude that the nerve endings are a storage site, whereas the light microsomes are the site of synthesis.
Ionospherically Propagated Sea Scatter
Authors: Tveten Lowell H.
Published: October 2006

Measurements of the spectrum of high-frequency radio waves scattered from the sea surface and propagated by the ionosphere show that the expected split-spectrum characteristic of scatter from the sea is preserved and suggests the possible use of high-frequency backscatter with a high-resolution receiving system to monitor varying sea state over wide areas.
Zona Pellucida of Rhesus Monkey Ovum after Gonadotropin Stimulation
Authors: Maruffo Cesar A.
Published: October 2006

The outer part of the zona pellucida of ovarian ova from rhesus monkeys (
Macaca mulatta
) treated with Pergonal and human chorionic gonadotropin appears diffusely vesiculated in the electron microscope but not in the light microscope.
Warm Fog Suppression in Large-Scale Laboratory Experiments
Authors: Pilié Roland J. , Kocmond Warren C. , Jiusto James E.
Published: October 2006

Visibility in warm fog produced in a 600-cubic-meter chamber was increased by factors of 3 to 10 by seeding with carefully sized sodium chloride particles. As little as 1.7 milligrams of salt per cubic meter was effective. Extrapolation of these results indicates that clearing a suitable landing zone for aircraft would not involve prohibitive amounts of seeding material.
Collagen-Derived Membrane: Corneal Implantation
Authors: Dunn Michael W. , Nishihara Tomio , Stenzel Kurt H. , Branwood A. Whitley , Rubin Albert L.
Published: October 2006

Behavior of membranes derived from collagen was investigated in rabbit corneas. Disks of the membrane were placed between the lamellae of corneas which were then examined grossly, biomicroscopically, and histologically. The membranes remained clear, and almost no reaction or evidence of reabsorption was seen during an observation period of 6 months. These characteristics make the material potentially useful for heterotransplantation in the cornea.
Brown and White Fats: Development in the Hamster
Authors: Smalley Robert L. , Smalley Katherine N.
Published: October 2006

Sites occupied by multilocular brown fat in the adult hamster are occupied by unilocular cells in very young animals. Immature brown fat cells are laid down in the unilocular cell matrix at 3 to 5 days of age. White fat in the hamster does not develop from cells closely resembling mature brown fat.
Electrical Phenomena Associated with the Activity of the Membrane-Bound Acetylcholinesterase
Authors: Podleski T. , Changeux J. P.
Published: October 2006

Treatment of isolated electroplax with physiological solutions supplemented with either 1 molar sodium chloride, 2 molar urea, or 2 molar sucrose renders the cell insensitive to carbamylcholine, phenyltrimethylammonium, or decamethonium even at high concentrations. The treated cells have a residual resting potential of -20 ± 10 millivolts (negative inside) and are depolarized by acetylcholine at concentrations larger than 10
-3
mole per liter. This response is not affected by
d
-tubocurarine but is blocked by physostigmine, diisopropylphosphorofluoridate, or strong buffers and thus depends on the catalytic activity of the membrane-bound acetylcholinesterase.
Tetraploid Wheats: Seed Protein Electrophoretic Patterns of the Emmer and Timopheevi Groups
Authors: Johnson B. Lennart
Published: October 2006

Crude protein extracts were subjected to disk electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel. The pattern obtained showed a fast and slow series of bands. In the fast series, the eight species of wheat of the Emmer group gave virtually identical eight-band patterns, and the four species of the Timopheevi group gave nearly identical six- or seven-band patterns. The groups consistently differed with respect to four bands. Two of these differences were attributable to the A genome.
Piezoelectric Property of Otoliths
Authors: Morris Robert W. , Kittleman L. R.
Published: October 2006

Otoliths of two species of bony fishes have been found to be piezoelectric. Hence, in theory, they constitute a mechanism for depth perception or frequency analysis of sound waves, or both.
Adenosine 3′,5′-Cyclic Phosphate: Stimulation of Steroidogenesis in Sonically Disrupted Adrenal Mitochondria
Authors: Roberts Sidney , McCune Ronald W. , Creange John E. , Young Peggy L.
Published: October 2006

Adenosine 3′5′-cyclic phosphate stimulated the conversion of added cholesterol to pregnenolone in "coupled" rat adrenal mitochondria provided with succinate, and in "leaky" mitochondria fortified with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. Adenine nucleotides other than adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic phosphate did not duplicate these actions. The cyclic nucleotide was also effective in supernatants from sonically disrupted mitochondria. The minimum effective concentration was 50 micromoles per liter or less. The results suggest that adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic phosphate stimulates corticosteroidogenesis by activating the mitochondrial enzymes which are rate-limiting in the utilization of cholesterol.
Sulfhydryl Groups and Estradiol-Receptor Interaction
Authors: Jensen Elwood V. , Hurst Daniel J. , DeSombre Eugene R. , Jungblut Peter W.
Published: October 2006

The characteristic ability of rat uteri to take up tritiated estradiol in vitro or to retain estradiol previously incorporated either in vivo or in vitro is destroyed by treating the tissue with various sulfhydryl-blocking reagents. The two radioactive estradiol-receptor complexes, observed in uterine homogenates in the supernatant fraction and in an extract of the nuclear fraction, respectively, are disrupted by brief exposure to organic mercurials in the cold. Sulfhydryl groups of uterine receptor substances apparently play a vital role in estradiol binding, perhaps indirectly through contribution to receptor conformation.
Nobel Prize: Three Named for Medicine, Physiology Award
Authors: Dowling John E.
Published: October 2006

Three scientists, George Wald, Ragnar Granit, and Haldan Keffer Hartline, were named last week to share the 1967 Nobel prize in medicine or physiology. Wald is professor of biology at Harvard University. Granit is retired director of the Neurophysiological Institute of the Royal Medical School in Stockholm; at present he is serving as a visiting professor at St. Catherine's College in Oxford. Hartline is professor of biophysics at Rockefeller University. The following are appreciations and descriptions of Wald's work by John E. Dowling and of Granit's and Hartline's work by Floyd Ratliff.
Haldan Keffer Hartline
Authors: Ratliff Floyd
Published: October 2006

By the methods of comparative physiology, or of experimental biology, by the choice of a suitable organ, tissue or process, in some animal far removed in evolution, we may often throw light upon some function or process in the higher animals, or in man.
Radiative-Capture Studies of the Giant Dipole Resonance
Authors: Segel Ralph E.
Published: October 2006

The data on radiative capture through the giant resonance have led to a model in which the capture is pictured as proceeding through a single broad (and therefore short-lived) state that can be called the giant-resonance state. This state is the one formed directly upon capture of a proton, and hence most of the capture radiation is emitted quickly in the direct-interaction mode. Some of the energy that is contained in the giant-resonance state is shared with the more-complicated states of the compound nucleus (that is, with states having many excited nucleons). This sharing, in turn, gives rise to the fine structure that is observed within the giant-resonance envelope. The constant angular distributions that are observed throughout the giant-resonance region support the single-state picture of the giant resonance.
Food Value of Red Tide (
Gonyaulax polyedra
)
Authors: Patton Stuart , Chandler P. T. , Kalan E. B. , Loeblich A. R. , Fuller G. , Benson A. A.
Published: October 2006

Two harvests of ocean-growing red tide, comprised mainly of
Gonyaulax polyedra
, were evaluated in limited trials of rat feeding. The protein of red tide (25 to 30 percent, dry basis) supported growth satisfactorily. The essential amino acid composition of the protein closely resembles that of casein, the major protein of milk. As a marine resource, plankton represents a challenge for research.
Lithophagic Snail from Southern British Honduras
Authors: Craig Alan K.
Published: October 2006

A freshwater gastropod,
Pachycheilus glaphyrus
, responsible for unusual erosion in limestone has been located in southern British Honduras where it is abundant in streams flowing through areas of karst topography. These snails ingest algae that proliferate in solution grooves formed at the fluctuating air-water interface. Rasping action of the radula results in deepening of these grooves and appears to improve the algal habitat.
Boron in Plants: A Biochemical Role
Authors: Lee Sung , Aronoff S.
Published: October 2006

Boron, as borate, appears to have a role in partitioning metabolism between the glycolytic and pentose-shunt pathways. This effect results from the association of borate with 6-phosphogluconic acid, forming a virtual substrate that inhibits the action of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. In the absence of borate, the inhibition of the enzyme is released, and excess phenolic acids are formed. These acids also associate strongly with borate and thus develop an autocatalytic system for production of excess phenolic acids which cause necrosis of tissue and eventual death of the plant.
Separation of Spores from Diploid Cells of Yeast by Stable-Flow Free-Boundary Electrophoresis
Authors: Resnick Michael A. , Tippetts Roger D. , Mortimer Robert K.
Published: October 2006

By the use of stable-flow free-boundary (Staflo) electrophoresis and the electrophoretic mobility difference between ascospores and diploid cells of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
, a mixture of the two can be separated into spore and diploid cell fractions. The spore fraction that is obtained can then be used for genetic analysis.
Gastropod Urosalpinx:
p
H of Accessory Boring Organ while Boring
Authors: Carriker Melbourne R. , Van Zandt Dirk , Charlton Garry
Published: October 2006

Recent development of a microelectrode has enabled the first continuous recording of the
p
H of the secretion of the normally functioning accessory boring organ of the shell-boring predatory snail
Urosalpinx.
The recording was made in an incomplete borehole in a glass-shell model. The minimum
p
H recorded was 3.8; hitherto the secretion had been considered neutral.
Carotenoid Biosynthesis in
Rhodospirillum rubrum
: Effect of Pteridine Inhibitor
Authors: Nugent N. A. , Fuller R. C.
Published: October 2006

A known inhibitor of pteridine utilization (4-phenoxy,2,6-diamino pyridine) blocks the synthesis of colored carotenoids in the photosynthetic bacterium
Rhodospirillum rubrum
. In many ways the effect is similar to the inhibition of the synthesis of colored carotenoids by diphenylamine. This inhibition is probably independent of other effects of pteridine on photosynthetic electron transport since it is not as readily reversible as the total inhibition of photosynthetic activity by pteridine analogs.
Distribution of Chromatids at Mitosis
Authors: Heddle John A. , Wolff Sheldon , Whissell D. , Cleaver James E.
Published: October 2006

The distribution of labeled chromatids at the second mitosis after labeling with tritiated thymidine is random in both
Vicia faba
(the broad bean) and
Potorous tridactylis
(the rat kangaroo). This finding is contrary to that predicted by the hypothesis that chromatids containing "grandparent" polynucleotide templates segregate from those containing "parent" templates.
Neurosecretory Cells in a Cestode,
Hymenolepis diminuta
Authors: Davey K. G. , Breckenridge W. R.
Published: October 2006

A group of nerve cells in the rostellum become progressively more fuchsinophilic during the first 16 days of development; they then release their secretion into their axons at about the time that the first proglottid is released.
The Process Values of University Research
Authors: Carroll James D.
Published: October 2006

The process values of university research are important in the context of several significant social and economic trends in American life. These values are being taken into account in the design and administration of federal programs. Federal programs to support these values should be distinguished from programs to support the product values of research. Failure to distinguish between these two types of programs will lead to a further dilution of quality in programs designed to advance science as a legitimate end in itself. The scientific community can best protect its own interests by helping federal agencies and universities and colleges develop a funding system to support the process values of university research on a cooperative, regional basis.
Murine Lymphoma: Augmented Growth in Mice with Pertussis Vaccine-Induced Lymphocytosis
Authors: Hirano M. , Sinkovics J. G. , Shullenberger C. C. , Howe C. D.
Published: October 2006

Injection of
Bordetella pertussis
vaccine caused an excessive lymphocytosis, associated with an augmented growth of a lymphoma cell homotransplant in mice. A markedly impaired reactive cell proliferation was revealed in the spleens of the vaccine-pretreated mice after stimulation with phytohemagglutinin or Freund's complete adjuvant.
Scanning Electron Microscope: Potentials in the Morphology of Microorganisms
Authors: Bartlett Grant A.
Published: October 2006

Morphologic characteristics related to ecology and evolutionary sequences, and to specific, generic, and familial relations, can now be determined with the scanning electron microscope. These detailed characteristics will help to establish a more natural faunal classification and will enable more accurate ecologic and biostratigraphic correlations.
Electrophoretic Variants of α-Glycerophosphate Dehydrogenase in
Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Grell E. H.
Published: October 2006

Two alleles of
Gdh
, the locus specifying the electrophoretic mobility of α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, are found in
Drosophila melanogaster
. The gene is located on the second chromosome at a map position of 17.8. Hybrid enzyme molecules are found in heterozygotes.
Detergent-Solubilized RNA Polymerase from Cells Infected with Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus
Authors: Arlinghaus Ralph B. , Polatnick Jerome
Published: October 2006

The foot-and-mouth disease virus RNA polymerase complex was dissociated from cellular membranes with deoxycholate in the presence of dextran sulfate. The soluble polymerase complex was active in the cell-free synthesis of virus-specific RNA; solubilization of the complex permitted direct analysis of the cell-free reaction mixtures without recourse to RNA extraction. A major RNA-containing component found early during cell-free incubation ranged from approximately 140 to 300
S
. The final major products of the cell-free system were 37
S
virus RNA, 20
S
ribonuclease-resistant RNA, and a 50
S
component containing RNA.
Hormone-Dependent Differentiation of Immature Mouse Mammary Gland in vitro
Authors: Voytovich Anthony E. , Topper Yale J.
Published: October 2006

Explants from the mammary glands of 3-week-old mice can be induced to synthesize casein in vitro in the absence of lobuloalveolar development. Maximum biochemical differentiation requires the presence of insulin, hydrocortisone, and prolactin in the culture medium. In contrast to explants from adult mice, the mammary epithelium of immature animals undergoes DNA synthesis and mitosis in vitro in the absence of exogenous insulin; however, such proliferation does not lead to the formation of differentiated daughter cells. Insulin acts in at least two ways during the proliferative phases of the cell cycle of differentiating mammary epithelial cells.
Cerebellar Purkinje Cell Projection to the Peripheral Vestibular Organ in the Frog
Authors: Llinás Rodolfo , Precht Wolfgang , Kitai Stephen T.
Published: October 2006

Neurones located 200 to 300 microns from the surface of the auricular lobe of the frog cerebellar cortex, and identified as Purkinje cells, were activated antidromically from the eighth cranial nerve. A parallel anatomical study confirmed the existence of this projection. On the basis of these findings the existence of a cerebello-vestibular efferent system is postulated, the precise significance of which is as yet unclear. However, since Purkinje cells in other species have an inhibitory action on their target cells, the Purkinje efferent system to the vestibular organ may have an action similar to that ascribed to the olivo-cochlear bundle upon the cochlea, that is, to serve as an inhibitory control system.
Transforming Activity of Green Monkey SA7 (C8) Adenovirus in Tissue Culture
Authors: Altstein A. D. , Sarycheva O. F. , Dodonova N. N.
Published: October 2006

Simian SA7 (C8) adenovirus can effect transformation of mouse, rat, and hamster cells in tissue culture. The transforming activity of the virus was more pronounced in culture medium containing 0.1 millimolar CaCl
2
, a lower concentration than that usually used. The transformed hamster cells were tumorigenic in hamsters.
Synovial Cell Synthesis of a Substance Immunologically Like Cartilage Proteinpolysaccharide
Authors: Janis Rosamond , Sandson John , Smith Carol , Hamerman David
Published: October 2006

Fluids from joints contain a substance that reacts immunologically like one of two known antigenic components of articular cartilage proteinpolysaccharide. This newly recognized substance occurs in the lining cells of synovial membranes as shown by indirect immunofluorescence. The localization of this substance in tissue culture cells derived from synovial membranes and its identification in the culture medium supports the suggestion that it is synthesized by lining cells. Rheumatoid synovial cells contain less of this substance.