bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Angiotensin II stimulates phosphorylation of an ectodomain-truncated platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β and its binding to class IA PI3K in vascular smooth muscle cells
Authors: Gao Ben-Bo , Hansen Hans , Chen Hong-Chi , Feener Edward P.
Published: July 2006

PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) activity is involved in Ang (angiotensin) II-stimulated VSMC (vascular smooth muscle cell) growth and hypertrophy. In the present study, we demonstrate that the inhibition of PI3K in VSMCs by expression of a dominant-negative p85α mutant lacking the p110-binding domain (Δp85), or by treatment of cells with LY294002, inhibited Ang II-stimulated PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1) mRNA expression. Using a GST (glutathione S-transferase) fusion protein containing the p85 N-terminal SH2 (Src homology 2) domain as ‘bait’ followed by MS/MS (tandem MS), we identified a 70 kDa fragment of the p70 PDGFR-β (platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β) as a signalling adapter that is phosphorylated and recruits the p85 subunit of PI3K after Ang II stimulation of AT1 (Ang II subtype 1) receptors on VSMCs. This fragment of the PDGFR-β, which has a truncation of its extracellular domain, accounted for approx. 15% of the total PDGFR-β detected in VSMCs with an antibody against its cytoplasmic domain. Stimulation of VSMCs with Ang II increased tyrosine-phosphorylation of p70 PDGFR-β at Tyr751 and Tyr1021 and increased its binding to p85. PDGF also induced phosphorylation of p70 PDGFR-β, a response inhibited by the PDGF tyrosine kinase selective inhibitor, AG1296. By contrast, Ang II-induced phosphorylation of the 70 kDa receptor was not affected by AG1296. Ang II-stimulated phosphorylation of the p70 PDGFR-β was blocked by the AT1 receptor antagonist, candesartan (CV 11974) and was partially inhibited by PP2 {4-amino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-(t-butyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine}, an Src family kinase inhibitor. Our result suggests that the p70 PDGFR-β functions as an adapter that recruits PI3K to the membrane upon AT1 receptor stimulation.
The structure of siglec-7 in complex with sialosides: leads for rational structure-based inhibitor design
Authors: Attrill Helen , Takazawa Hirokazu , Witt Simone , Kelm Soerge , Isecke Rainer , Brossmer Reinhard , Ando Takayuki , Ishida Hideharu , Kiso Makoto , Crocker Paul R. , van Aalten Daan M. F.
Published: July 2006

Siglecs (sialic acid binding Ig-like lectins) are transmembrane receptors for sialylated glycoconjugates that modulate cellular interactions and signalling events in the haematopoietic, immune and nervous systems. Siglec-7 is a structural prototype for the recently described family of immune inhibitory CD33-related siglecs and is predominantly expressed on natural killer cells and monocytes, as well as subsets of CD8 T-cells. Siglec-specific inhibitors are desired for the detection of masked and unmasked forms of siglecs, to aid in dissection of signalling pathways and as tools to investigate siglecs as potential therapeutic targets. As a first step towards this end, we present the crystal structure of siglec-7 in complex with a sialylated ligand, the ganglioside analogue DSLc4 [α(2,3)/α(2,6) disialyl lactotetraosyl 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl], which allows for a detailed description of the binding site, required for structure-guided inhibitor design. Mutagenesis and binding assays were used to demonstrate a key structural role for Lys131, a residue that changes conformation upon sialic acid binding. Differences between the binding sites of siglec family members were then exploited using α-methyl Neu5Ac (N-acetylneuraminic acid) as a basic scaffold. A co-crystal of siglec-7 in complex with the sialoside inhibitor, oxamido-Neu5Ac [methyl α-9-(amino-oxalyl-amino)-9-deoxy-Neu5Ac] and inhibition data for the sialosides gives clear leads for future inhibitor design.
Microstrip filter with H-shaped fractal
Authors: Chen Dong , Wang Sheng , Li Lin , Liu Zhengyou , Zhao Xing-Zhong , Zhang Man , Chen Zhangyou
Published: July 2006

A microstrip filter with an H-shaped fractal pattern is proposed. It is found that the microstrip filter has multiple gaps and passbands for electromagnetic waves over an ultrawide frequency range, and the band gaps shift to lower frequencies with the increasing first level length of the fractal structure, showing tunable band gap properties. Experimental observations are in good agreement with simulations by the finite-difference-time-domain method. A prototype of the microstrip filter was fabricated by conventional low-cost printed circuit board techniques.
Hall effect measurements using polycrystalline pentacene field-effect transistors on plastic films
Authors: Sekitani Tsuyoshi , Takamatsu Yasushi , Nakano Shintaro , Sakurai Takayasu , Someya Takao
Published: July 2006

We performed Hall effect measurements using polycrystalline pentacene field-effect transistors manufactured on plastic base films. The field-effect mobility is 0.4cm2∕Vs in a linear regime. We detected a change in the Hall voltage, which linearly increased with the magnetic field (B) and reached 700μV at B=9T. From the evaluations, the Hall mobility was 0.4±0.1cm2∕Vs. Furthermore, we observed that the inverse of the Hall constant was two or three times larger than the amount of charge estimated from the gate voltage, indicating the importance of hopping transport between polycrystalline grain boundaries.
Enhancement of hole mobility and carrier density in Ge quantum well of SiGe heterostructure via implementation of double-side modulation doping
Authors: Myronov M. , Sawano K. , Shiraki Y.
Published: July 2006

A significant improvement of transport properties of two-dimensional hole gas (2DHG) in the strained Ge quantum well (QW) of SiGe heterostructure was obtained via implementation of double-side modulation doping from bottom and top sides of Ge QW. Around two times enhancement of 2DHG Hall mobility up to 30000cm2V−1s−1 and sheet carrier density up to 1.9×1012cm−2 were obtained at 3K. By employing this way of modulation doping hole’s wave function was moved away from the interface towards the center of Ge QW that allowed enhancement of hole mobility due to reduction of interface roughness scattering.
Tunable watt-level blue-green vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting lasers by intracavity frequency doubling
Authors: Fan Li , Hsu Ta-Chen , Fallahi Mahmoud , Murray James T. , Bedford Robert , Kaneda Yushi , Hader Jörg , Zakharian Aramais R. , Moloney Jerome V. , Koch Stephan W. , Stolz Wolfgang
Published: July 2006

We report on the development and the demonstration of a tunable, watt-level, blue-green, linearly polarized vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting lasers operating around 488nm by intracavity second-harmonic generation. By using lithium triborate crystal, we have achieved over 1.3W continuous wave blue-green power at 488nm with a 5nm tunability.
Enhanced terahertz detection via ErAs:GaAs nanoisland superlattices
Authors: O’Hara John F. , Zide J. M. O. , Gossard A. C. , Taylor A. J. , Averitt R. D.
Published: July 2006

We demonstrate enhanced terahertz detection using photoconductive antennas based on self-assembled ErAs:GaAs nanoisland superlattices. Three detectors are compared; one each fabricated on low-temperature grown GaAs, radiation-damaged silicon-on-sapphire, and an ErAs:GaAs superlattice. The ErAs:GaAs based detector shows a strong enhancement in terahertz detection efficiency with respect to incident optical power, though optical saturation occurs more rapidly. Detected terahertz bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratios are simultaneously maintained or improved.
Electromechanical poling of piezoelectrics
Authors: Granzow T. , Kounga A. B. , Aulbach E. , Rödel J.
Published: July 2006

One of the main obstacles in the development of high-performance piezoelectric materials for advanced devices is reaching sufficient levels of electrical poling by application of electric fields. To overcome this obstacle, we suggest an electromechanical poling method, which makes use of the ferroelastic properties of ferroelectric perovskite structures. It is shown that the application of mechanical stress perpendicular to the electrical poling direction drastically improves the ferro- and piezoelectric properties. The electric field required for poling is decreased by 75%. Electromechanical poling thus can pave the way for the next generation of high-performance piezoelectric materials.
Spreading of discharge plasma above cathode covered with dielectric layer
Authors: Khudik V. N. , Shvydky A. , Theodosiou C. E.
Published: July 2006

The dynamics of discharges where the plasma spreads over a plane cathode covered with a dielectric layer is studied via particle-in-cell/Monte-Carlo kinetic simulations. There is a region of strong electric field (between the plasma and the still uncharged areas of the dielectric surface) where most of ionization takes place—this region can be naturally called a dynamic cathode fall. The role of the electron and ion diffusion in maintaining the particle balance in the dynamic cathode fall is established. The dependence of the velocity of plasma spreading on the potential difference between the plasma and the cathode, the dielectric layer thickness, and the secondary electron emission coefficient is found for neon gas.
High time resolution laser induced fluorescence in pulsed argon plasma
Authors: Biloiu Ioana A. , Sun Xuan , Scime Earl E.
Published: July 2006

A submillisecond time resolution laser induced fluorescence (LIF) method for obtaining the temporal evolution of the ion velocity distribution function in pulsed argon plasma is presented. A basic LIF system that employs a continuous laser wave pumping and lock-in aided detection of the subsequent fluorescence radiation is modified by addition of a high frequency acousto-optic modulator to provide measurements of the ion flow velocity and ion temperature in a helicon generated pulsed argon plasma with temporal resolutions as high as 30μs.
Plasma equilibria for the case of a strong coupling of parallel and E×B flows
Authors: Krasheninnikov S. I. , Soboleva T. K. , Martinell J. J.
Published: July 2006

It is shown that the plasma of a tokamak can adopt equilibria with large pressure and electric potential variations along a magnetic flux surface, due to the strong coupling between parallel and perpendicular flows. Different types of solutions to the equilibrium two-fluid equations are found that describe actual plasma states. In particular, one of the equilibria is such that some plasma parameters, like the plasma pressure, can have maximum values in the vicinity of the X point of the separatrix, in agreement with the recent observations in DIII-D [J. L. Luxon and L. G. Davis, Fusion Technol. 8, 441 (1985)].
Lead(II) Complexes of Pyridinedicarboxylates — Lattice Interactions and Metal Ion Stereochemistry
Authors: Harrowfield Jack M. , Lugan Noël , Marandi Farzin , Shahverdizadeh Gholam H. , Soudi Ali A.
Published: July 2006

Crystal structure determinations of the Pb(ii) complexes of the isomeric 2,3-, 2,4-, and 2,5-pyridinedicarboxylates (pdca) of composition Pb(2,3-pdca), Pb(2,4-pdca)·H2O, and Pb(2,5-pdcaH)2·2H2O show that, as in the known 2,6-pyridine-dicarboxylate (dipicolinate, commonly designated ‘dipic’ but here, for the sake of consistency, as 2,6-pdca) complexes Pb(2,6-pdca)(2,6-pdcaH2)·3H2O and Pb(2,6-pdca), stacking of the aromatic moieties is a prominent feature of the lattices. Structural evidence can also be discerned for the possible influence of other forces such as Pb···Pb bonding and lone-pair repulsions, but the lattices differ markedly in these regards.
A Forecast of Developments in Scanned Probe Microscopy
Authors: Craig Vincent S. J. , Senden Tim J.
Published: July 2006

From direct atom manipulation and nano-fabrication, to single molecule sensing and probing energy landscapes, the tools of the nanotech age are here. Scanned probe microscopies (SPM) offer opportunities to directly interact with matter in native environments and their evolution shows no signs of slowing. How might this toolkit adapt for new and outstanding problems in science? Here some directions are entertained and potential developments explored.
Monitoring ley pastures and their response to winter cleaning
Authors: Wolfe E. C. , Paul J. A. , Cregan P. D.
Published: July 2006

The purposes of this study were to evaluate subterranean clover-based leys on farms and in experiments using several pasture parameters, and to assess the impact of winter cleaning on the productivity and botanical composition of clover swards. Annual pastures were monitored on a group of 5 farms in the Wagga district and compared with an experimental subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) pasture. The major problem in the farm paddocks was a lack of legume biomass due to poor legume densities, a consequence of the use of the soft-seeded cultivar Woogenellup and a high content of grassy weeds. The farmers in the group were unaware of the tools, parameters and benchmarks for making quantitative pasture comparisons. In 2 experiments, a range of subterranean clover swards were generated through the use of cultivars, seeding rate and winter cleaning treatments, grazed at 15 sheep/ha and monitored for 3 years. Appropriate benchmark values for the seed pool of subterranean clover were 300–350 kg/ha in winter and 600–700 kg/ha in summer. On the basis of both winter production, a function of May seedling density (target >1000 seedlings/m2) and spring production, which depended on the cultivar maturity, Junee was superior at Wagga to either Dalkeith (earlier maturing) or Woogenellup (softer seeded). Winter cleaning, using selective herbicides (fluazifop, simazine) to remove grasses and weeds, was advantageous in achieving a high content (>90%) and productivity of subterranean clover, provided that the legume content of the pasture was at least 28%, or >20% of total ground area before herbicide application in winter. In winter-cleaned swards, legume growth increased by up to 80%, legume biomass was improved by up to 46% and legume content increased from <50 to >95%. The main disadvantages of winter cleaning were increased areas of bare ground and reduced total biomass for several weeks after herbicide application, and the rapid development of ryegrass that was resistant to at least 1 of the herbicides used. The strategic use of observations to monitor the performance of pastures and their response to management is discussed.
Effects of anti-ethylene treatments on browning and energy metabolism of harvested litchi fruit
Authors: Qu H. , Duan X. , Su X. , Liu H. , Jiang Y.
Published: July 2006

Litchi fruit were treated with 10 mL/L ethylene (C2H4), 0.1% cobalt chloride (CoCl2) and 1 mL/L 1-methylcyclopropene, respectively, packed individually in closed but vented containers, and then stored at ambient temperature (28–33°C). The effects of these treatments on the browning, energy metabolism and disease incidence of the fruit were investigated. Treatment with C2H4 enhanced the activities of polyphenol oxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. Ethylene also increased the accumulation of ADP and AMP, but decreased energy charge in fruit peel. Cobalt chloride treatment had an inhibitory effect on increases of peroxidase activity, ATP : ADP ratio, energy charge and ATP, ADP and AMP. Browning index was reduced by 8.4 and 10.4% and disease index was reduced by 10.7 and 12.7% in CoCl2 and 1-methylcyclopropene-treated fruit, respectively, suggesting a relationship between energy metabolism, browning and disease index.
Effect of nitric oxide, reduced oxygen and elevated carbon dioxide levels on the postharvest life of strawberries and lettuce
Authors: Soegiarto L. , Wills R. B. H.
Published: July 2006

Strawberries and iceberg lettuce were fumigated with nitric oxide gas in air containing 2 and 5% oxygen, followed by storage at 5 and 10°C, respectively, in the same atmosphere. The postharvest life of strawberries and lettuce was significantly increased by fumigation with nitric oxide or storage in low oxygen, respectively. When both treatments were applied there was no additional increase in the postharvest life of lettuce arising from the NO and in that of strawberries from the low oxygen. However, fumigation with NO and storage in elevated carbon dioxide and reduced oxygen resulted in the greatest extension in postharvest life for both produce with the increase over air storage being about 250% for strawberries and 100% for lettuce.
Ethnic Diversity and Spatial Segregation in the Stockholm Region
Authors: Harsman Bjorn
Published: July 2006

This paper describes the development of ethnic segregation and ethnic diversity in the Stockholm region from 1991 to 2001, a period characterised by a rapid increase in the population share with foreign background and in ethnic variety. The population is cross-classified into 13 ethnic groups, 16 age and income groups and 240 planning districts and various entropy measures are used to quantify the ethnic diversity and residential segregation by ethnicity. Light is also shed upon the ethnic segregation process by means of the 'shift-and-share' technique. In the discussion, the quantitative results are related to important policy changes that have taken place since the 1970s. The cementation of ethnic diversity in some planning districts and the increasing overall segregation in the region contrast sharply with the longstanding political rhetoric concerning the importance of fighting segregation and fostering spatial diversity. It is perhaps even more worrying that some of the policy measures imbedded in the Swedish model of social welfare might have contributed to this development.
Australian Aborigines and alcohol: a review
Authors: KAHN MARVIN W. , HUNTER ERNEST , HEATHER NICK , TEBBUTT JENNIFER
Published: July 2006

Following a summary of the relevant historical and legislative background, this article reviews the literature on: (i) rates of alcohol usage and problem drinking in Aboriginal populations; (ii) adverse effects of drinking; (iii) suggested causes of problem drinking among Aborigines; and (iv) treatment and preventive initiatives. The need to examine Aboriginal alcohol use in the wider context of socio‐economic deprivation and rapid social change is emphasized. Key issues warranting further research attention are identified and, while recognizing the difficulties inherent in doing so, suggestions are made as to how the quality of research in the area might be raised. It is concluded that, without long‐term planning and commitment of the necessary resources by government, little progress will be made in reducing the problems associated with Aboriginal use of alcohol.
Drug use patterns in Northern Territory Aboriginal communities 1986–1987
Authors: FLEMING JILLIAN , WATSON CAROL , MCDONALD DAVID , ALEXANDER KERRYN
Published: July 2006

During April to November 1986 and May to October 1987, a systematic survey of patterns of use of alcohol, kava, tobacco and analgesics by Northern Territory Aboriginal people aged 15 years and older was conducted. The objectives of the study were to ascertain the prevalence of drug use, the frequency of drug use and the quantity of drugs used. In addition, information about Aboriginal people's perceptions of the drugs, their beliefs about drug use and the value of drugs in their culture was collected. This paper describes only the quantitative aspects of drug use of this population. A stratified sampling procedure was used to sample 10 per cent of the target population. Using two survey instruments, an individual questionnaire and a group questionnaire, data were gathered from 1764 Aboriginal people living in the Northern Territory. As a whole, the Northern Territory Aboriginal people have a drug consumption pattern quite distinct from urban Australians.
Reductions in HIV risk behaviour and stable HIV prevalence in syringe‐exchange clients and other injectors in England
Authors: DOLAN KATE A. , STIMSON GERRY V. , DONOGHOE MARTIN C.
Published: July 2006

Syringe‐exchange attenders (n = 86) and a comparison group of injectors not attending exchanges (n = 121) were recruited and interviewed in 1989 to examine HIV risk behaviour and HIV antibody status. In 1990, 59% of attenders and 50% of non‐attenders were re‐contacted and re‐interviewed to examine changes over time. Re‐interviewed subjects did not differ demographically or in drug use from those not re‐interviewed. At first interview, all were injecting, and 35% of attenders and 42% of non‐attenders reported recent syringe‐sharing. One year later, levels of HIV‐risk were similar for both groups, but risk reduction had been achieved by different routes. At Time 2, 16% of attenders were injecting and sharing (IS), 70% injecting and not sharing (INS), and 14% not injecting (NI), compared to non‐attenders, 22% IS, 47% INS and 31% NI. Attenders were more likely to continue injecting (86%) with low sharing (18% of those still injecting). Non‐attenders were less likely to continue injecting (69%), but continuing injectors had higher sharing rates (32% of those still injecting). More non‐attenders than attenders stopped injecting, but non‐attenders who continued to inject were at a higher risk of HIV infection than attenders who continued to inject. Baseline HIV prevalence was 2.5% and there were no sero conversions. The levels of sharing for both groups were lower than levels in the UK before HIV prevention programmes commenced and are lower than 1990 sharing rates in the USA. The study indicates the importance of tracking individual change over time, and of measuring outcomes additional to changes in sharing.
Relationships between sensation seeking and use of caffeine, alcohol and cigarettes by New Zealand university students
Authors: HUGHES ROBERT N.
Published: July 2006

Form V of Zuckerman's Senation‐Seeking Scale (SSS) was completed by a sample of psychology undergraduate students along with a questionnaire relating to their regular consumption of caffeinated and alcoholic beverages, and use of cigarettes. While there were no gender differences in the use of caffeine and cigarettes, men reported consuming nearly twice as much alcohol per week as women. Use of alcohol (but not caffeine or cigarettes) was positively related to sensation seeking in the form of thrill and adventure seeking, and boredom susceptibility for men, and disinhibition for both genders. Women generally achieved lower SSS scores than men. For both genders, caffeine use was positively related to cigarette, but not alcohol use. There were no relationships between the use of cigarettes and alcohol.
HIV prevalence among IDUs in Australia: a methodological review
Authors: KALDOR J. M. , ELFORD J. , WODAK A. , CROFTS J. N. , KIDD S.
Published: July 2006

A review was carried out of Australian studies which have measured the prevalence of HIV infection among injecting drug users (IDUs). The review considered published studies which had reported on serologically‐determined HIV prevalence. There were five studies reported from specialized sexually‐transmissible disease of HIV clinics, five studies reported from health services aimed at IDUs, three studies reported from other health services and one multi‐centre behavioural study. The main findings from the studies were that HIV prevalence in IDUs has been low in Australia, apart from in male IDUs who also had homosexual contact. HIV prevalence ranged from 20 to 24% in male IDUs reporting homosexual contact and from 0 to 5% in other IDUs.

The studies, while reflecting a range of research methodologies, are subject to a number of limitations. Most of the studies did not provide detailed analyses of HIV prevalence by age and sex or behavioural factors, and several studies used sampling frames which were not clearly defined. There is little available information on temporal trends in seroprevalence and geographical comparisons are rendered difficult by differences in the study methodology. Adoption of standardized, continuing seroprevalence surveys on IDUs would provide a better means of monitoring the occurrence of HIV infection in this group, which has been a key determinant of the course of the HIV epidemic in a number of Western countries.
Alcohol and drug treatments in Australian correctional services
Authors: WESTMORE BRUCE , WALTER GARRY
Published: July 2006

A comprehensive literature review on the subject of drug and alcohol treatments in correctional services reveals the size of the drug and alcohol problem within the prison population and reconfirms the positive correlation between drugs, alcohol and criminal activity. Disturbingly few comprehensive ongoing assessment and treatment services are available for the prison population. Special drug and alcohol‐related issues such as HIV and hepatitis B infection, and high drug‐related postrelease prisoner mortality rates demand an urgent review of the policies and procedures concerning the assessment and treatment of drug and alcohol problems in correctional facilities.
Methadone maintenance treatment in prisons: The New South Wales Experience
Authors: HALL WAYNE , WARD JEFF , MATTICK RICHARD
Published: July 2006

This paper uses the New South Wales experience with methadone maintenance treatment in prison to address the question: should methadone maintenance treatment be provided in Australian prisons for opioid‐dependent prisoners? First, it outlines three rationales for providing drug dependence treatment in prisons: as a way of giving prisoners access to community‐based forms of drug treatment in the prison setting; as a measure to reduce recidivism in opioid‐dependent prisoners; and as a measure to prevent the transmission of HIV and other infectious diseases within prisons, and to the sexual partners of prisoners on their release. Secondly, it reviews the kind of research evidence that supports the effectiveness of community‐based methadone maintenance treatment in Australia. Thirdly, the effectiveness of the New South Wales Prison Methadone Programme, one of the few prison‐based methadone programmes in the world, is evaluated in the light of the available research evidence.
Alcohol and the elderly: an overlooked phenomenon in the literature in developing countries—the Israeli case
Authors: WEISS SHOSHANA
Published: July 2006

This paper provides a review and critique of research on Israeli older people's drinking. On the basis of a review of all published Israeli alcohol research, in Hebrew and English, it summarizes the findings concerned with alcohol and ageing in Israel. Research findings on this population are as inadequate in Israeli literature as is the case in other developing countries: this is a reflection of the common lack of interest in the problems of the elderly. In Israel and other developing countries, gerontologists are not interested in alcohol problems, alcohol researchers are not interested in the elderly, and alcohol abuse is not perceived as a problem of ageing. It is suggested that, with the increasing proportion of the population living past 65 years of age, the connections between ageing and alcohol abuse should be explored. Various directions for future research in Israel and other developing countries are suggested.
Acute effects of kava on measures of cognitive performance, physiological function and mood
Authors: Prescott John , Jamieson Dana , Emdur Nicole , Duffield Pat
Published: July 2006

Volunteer subjects were assigned to receive a mixture of the intoxicating substance, kava, in a mixture with fruit juice, or juice alone. Subjects then undertook tasks of acute cognitive functioning, including reaction time and tracking tasks, and a measure of body sway. Heart rate, respiration rate, blood pressure were recorded and subjects were asked to rate their degree of intoxication and complete a stress/arousal check list. Subjects receiving kava reported feelings of intoxication which peaked approximately one hour after kava ingestion. Compared to the group receiving juice alone, the group receiving kava also had increased body sway. There were no other statistically significant differences between groups, although the mean cognitive performance of the group receiving kava was generally poorer.
Drug use among Israeli army personnel: an epidemiological study
Authors: Lerman Yehuda , Israelshvilli Moshe , Vardi Dan , Slepon Raphael
Published: July 2006

A survey of drug use among Israeli army personnel was conducted as part of a national survey of drug use initiated by the Anti Drug Authority of Israel during 1990. One thousand one hundred and twenty‐five male and female soldiers from various units and ranks were selected by the use of randomized cluster sampling. Seventy to eighty‐five per cent of the soldiers presented negative attitudes towards the use of illicit drugs and its users. Only 67 (6.1%) soldiers reported the use of some illicit drugs in the last 30 days; half of them started to use drugs before the age of 18. The main reported use was of hashish, marijuana and tranquillizers. The use of opium, heroin, cocaine was rarely reported. The use of cigarettes and alcohol within the last 30 days was much higher and was reported by 44.6% and 69.0% of the soldiers, respectively. Using multiple logistic regression analysis it was shown that illicit drug use in the last 30 days was significantly associated with higher number of individuals per household, less satisfaction with military service, and positive attitudes towards the use of drugs. The results of the present study, along with a comparison with different populations that were surveyed parallel to our research indicate that military service in the Israel Defence Force (IDF) is not associated with significant use of illicit drugs. Our results indicate the need for more attention to alcohol and cigarette use among army personnel.
Meta‐analytic review of the efficacy of smoking cessation interventions
Authors: BAILLIE ANDREW J. , MATTICK RICHARD P. , HALL WAYNE , WEBSTER PAM
Published: July 2006

A meta‐analysis of randomized and controlled evaluations of the efficacy of smoking cessation interventions compared 146 estimates of the difference in abstinence rates between treated and control conditions (effect sizes) from 85 publications. Simple advice to quit and other brief intervention techniques, nicotine chewing gum and behavioural techniques were all found to be significantly better than relevant control conditions in promoting abstinence, although the results were not homogeneous. In five studies of acupuncture compared with control, consistent results were found showing no benefit for acupuncture. [Baillie AJ, Mattick RP, Hall W, Webster P. Meta‐analytic review of the efficacy of smoking cessation interventions. Drug Alcohol Rev 1994;13:153–166.]
Becoming an ex‐user: insights into the process and implications for treatment and policy
Authors: BAMMER GABRIELE , WEEKES SUE
Published: July 2006

Studies of the processes by which people give up dependent heroin use are useful in helping services evaluate their treatment practices and in informing drug policy debates. In this exploratory investigation, a diverse group of 18 Canberra‐based ex‐users was interviewed about stopping, the role of treatment and their views on a proposal to make heroin available in a controlled manner as a new treatment option. Factors involved in stopping dependent heroin use included ‘hitting rock bottom’ or a less intense crisis such as the death by overdose of someone close, falling in love, wanting to be a good parent, geographical relocation, wanting to avoid becoming caught up with the police or going to jail, maturing out or becoming sick of the lifestyle, finding a new purpose in life or developing a new lifestyle, dealing with past hurts and the support of family, friends, other ex‐users and professionals. Many respondents had been in methadone treatments and in therapeutic communities and their advantages and disadvantages in stopping use are discussed. The respondents were evenly divided in their support for the controlled availability of heroin and the potential benefits and problems of such treatment are also discussed. [Bammer G, Weekes S. Becoming an ex‐user: insights into the process and implications for treatment and policy. Drug Alcohol Rev 1994;13:285–292.]
Multiple risks for HIV and hepatitis B infection among heroin users
Authors: GOSSOP MICHAEL , POWIS BEVERLY , GRIFFITHS PAUL , STRANG JOHN
Published: July 2006

This study investigates the extent to which heroin users are exposed to multiple forms of infection risk. Structured interviews were administered to a prospective network sample of 408 heroin users. Subjects were contacted in south London in a wide range of social settings by specially recruited privileged access interviewers. Most heroin users (74.5%) had been exposed to more than one infection risk factor and more than half of the sample had been exposed to three or more risk factors. HIV serostatus was primarily related to men having sex with men. Hepatitis B seropositive status was primarily related to the number of years injecting drugs. At this stage of the HIV epidemic in London, HIV infection among heroin users may be related more to homosexual risk behaviour than drug risk factors. Heroin injectors were at greater risk of infection than heroin chasers both through their sexual behaviour as well as through their injecting practices. Heroin users who refused to give a saliva sample for analysis were found to be more likely to engage in several health risk behaviours than those who provided samples. This finding has important methodological implications for seroprevalence surveys. Other implications of the results for prevention programmes aimed at health risk behaviours of heroin users are also discussed. [Gossop M, Powis B, Griffiths P, Strang J. Multiple risks for HIV and hepatitis B infection among heroin users. Drug Alcohol Rev 1994;13:293–300.]
A summary of recommendations for the management of opioid dependence: the quality assurance in the treatment of drug dependence project*
Authors: MATTICK RICHARD P. , HALL WAYNE
Published: July 2006

This report presents outlines for approaches to intervening with opioid‐dependent individuals. These recommendations are based on a review of the extant treatment‐outcome literature, a survey of treatment practices used in Australia, and the views of a panel of experts. Recommendations for appropriate treatment goals, assessment, detoxification and intervention are made. [Mattick RP, Hall W. A summary of recommendations for the management of opioid dependence: the quality assurance in the treatment of drug dependence project. Drug Alcohol Rev 1994;13:319–326.]
Family involvement in illicit drug treatment?
Authors: TOUMBOUROU JOHN W.
Published: July 2006

Support now exists for the practice of including the family in attempts to alter individual problems related to alcohol use. The present paper extends discussion of family involvement in treatment to include programmes addressing illicit drug use. In contrast to programmes focusing on alcohol use where the cohabitating family has been the focus, developmental issues arising within the family of origin tend to be of most interest in illicit drug treatment. Treatment process descriptions, in a range of programmes, refer to the need to redress developmental failures originating in the family. More commonly the family is seen as a method of obtaining practical support for recovery. There are differences, however, both in the developmental deficits targeted for intervention and the approaches utilized to involve families in treatment. The frequent reference to illicit drug‐users' families as high‐risk groups for harmful behaviours, together with demonstrations of family involvement as a successful strategy, recommends the potential of these approaches as a practical prevention initiative. Broader assessment of potential benefits for the wider family network is suggested as a useful way to encourage such developments. [Toumbourou JW. Family involvement in illicit drug treatment? Drug Alcohol Rev 1994;13:385–392]
Partners of problem drinkers: moving into the 1990s
Authors: WATTS SHARYN , BUSH ROBERT , WILSON PETER
Published: July 2006

The literature on partners of problem drinkers is reviewed. Originally research and treatment viewed partners of problem drinkers from a pathological perspective. This paper suggests an alternative stress and coping perspective as less stigmatizing and more realistic in terms of the experiences of these individuals. [Watts S, Bush R, Wilson P. Partners of problem drinkers: moving into the 1990s. Drug Alcohol Rev 1994;13:401–407]
Reading the problem family: post‐structuralism and the analysis of social problems
Authors: REEKIE GAIL
Published: July 2006

Post‐structuralist theory questions the rational pursuit of an underlying ‘truth’ that often characterizes social scientific inquiry, proposing instead the simultaneous existence of multiple and often contradictory truths. The problem family can, from this perspective, only be known through the different discourses that produce it. This paper suggests some of the political advantages of developing methods of reading ‘problems’ related to drugs and alcohol. Without this critical attention to language, we risk perpetuating the ways in which problems are talked about and thought about. Drawing on examples from debates surrounding teenage pregnancy and youth drinking, the paper argues that post‐structuralism allows us to analyse the specific ways in which professional discourses write social problems, and hence to own them and to re‐write them. [Reekie G. Reading the problem family: post‐structuralism and the analysis of social problems. Drug Alcohol Rev 1994; 13: 457–465]
Observational Learning of Instrumental Discriminations in the Rat: The Role of Demonstrator Type
Authors: Saggerson A. L. , Honey R. C.
Published: July 2006

In two experiments, observer rats saw a pretrained demonstrator rat of either the same or a different strain engaging in a discrimination task in which the presentation of a discriminative stimulus indicated whether performing a particular response (pulling a chain) would be reinforced. In both experiments an effect of demonstrator familiarity was found: Observers of a demonstrator from a different strain behaved in a manner that was consistent with the demonstrator whereas observers of a demonstrator from the same strain did not. These results suggest that an effect akin to latent inhibition operates in the social domain: Familiarity with the demonstrator retards the readiness with which observational learning proceeds.
On a Bayesian Analysis of the Virtue of Unification
Authors: Schupbach Jonah N.
Published: July 2006

In three recent papers, Wayne Myrvold (1996, 2003) and Timothy McGrew (2003) have developed Bayesian accounts of the virtue of unification. In his account, McGrew demonstrates that, ceteris paribus, a hypothesis that unifies its evidence will have a higher posterior probability than a hypothesis that does not. Myrvold, on the other hand, offers a specific measure of unification that can be applied to individual hypotheses. He argues that one must account for this measure in order to calculate correctly the degree of confirmation that a hypothesis receives from its evidence. Using the probability calculus, I prove that the two accounts of unification require the same underlying inequality; thus, McGrew and Myrvold have accounted for unification in fundamentally identical probabilistic terms. I then evaluate five putative counterexamples to this account and show that these examples, far from disqualifying it, serve to clarify our notion of unification by disentangling it from a host of other concepts.
Relativistic Invariance and Modal Interpretations
Authors: Earman John , Ruetsche Laura
Published: July 2006

A number of arguments have been given to show that the modal interpretation of ordinary nonrelativistic quantum mechanics cannot be consistently extended to the relativistic setting. We find these arguments inconclusive. However, there is a prima facie reason to think that a tension exists between the modal interpretation and relativistic invariance; namely, the best candidate for a modal interpretation adapted to relativistic quantum field theory, a prescription due to Rob Clifton (2000), comes out trivial when applied to a number of systems of physical interest. However, it is far from clear whether this difficulty for the modal interpretation is traceable to relativistic invariance per se or to the infinite number of degrees of freedom involved. In any case, the proponents of the modal interpretation have work to do.
Diammonium diaquapentanitratocerate(III) dihydrate
Authors: Najafpour Mahdi , Starynowicz Przemysław
Published: July 2006

The structure of the title compound, (NH4)2[Ce(NO3)5(H2O)2]·2H2O, consists of complex diaquapentanitratocerate(III) anions with 12-coordinate Ce atoms, ammonium cations and uncoordinated water molecules. The complex anion lies on a crystallographic twofold axis.
Methyclothiazide: a hydrogen-bonded layer structure
Authors: Zhou Hua , Hu Ning-Hai , Li Zhi-Gang , Dou Yan-Li , Xu Jing-Wei
Published: July 2006

In the title compound, C9H11Cl2N3O4S2, systematic name 6-chloro-3-chloromethyl-3,4-dihydro-2-methyl-7-sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide, three kinds of N—H...O hydrogen bond generate a sheet structure. The combination of four N—H...O hydrogen bonds yields an R
4
4(26) ring, with adjacent rings linked into two-dimensional layers parallel to the (001) plane. Pairs of adjacent planes are further connected by N—H...O hydrogen bonds.
{2-[2-(Ethylamino)ethyliminomethyl]phenol}{2-[2-(ethylamino)ethyliminomethyl]phenolato}nickel(II) perchlorate
Authors: You Zhong-Lu , Chi Jing-Yun
Published: July 2006

In the title structure, [Ni(C11H15N2O)(C11H16N2O)]ClO4, there are two independent ion pairs in the asymmetric unit. In each cation, the NiII atom is six-coordinated in a slightly distorted octahedral geometry by two phenolate O atoms, two imine N atoms and two amine N atoms from two Schiff base ligands, in one of which the phenolate O atom is protonated. In the crystal structure, anions and cations are linked through intermolecular O—H...O, N—H...O and weak C—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming one-dimensional chains containing hydrogen-bonded cation dimers.
Bis[μ-furan-2-carbaldehyde (1-carboxyethylidene)hydrazonato(2–)]bis[methanoldimethyltin(IV)]
Authors: Hong Min , Yin Han-Dong , Wang Da-Qi
Published: July 2006

In the title complex, [Sn2(CH3)4(C8H6N2O4)2(CH4O)2], each SnIV ion exists in a distorted pentagonal–bipyramidal coordination environment, coordinated by three O atoms and one N atom from the pyruvic acid 2-furoic acid hydrazone ligands, one O atom from a methanol molecule and two axial C atoms from trans methyl groups, thus forming a dimeric molecule, which has crystallographic \overline{1} symmetry. In the dimeric structure there are also intramolecular hydrogen bonds, which contribute to the crystal stability and compactness.
4-Difluoromethyl-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5(4H)-one
Authors: Heng Jing , Zhu Hong-Jun , Tang Qing-Gang , Yan Hong-Lan
Published: July 2006

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C10H9F2N3O, a derivative of triazolinone, there are intramolecular C—H...O and C—H...N and intermolecular C—H...F and C—H...O interactions.
Ethyl 5-oxo-4-[(2-pyridylmethylene)amino]-3-(2-thienylmethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-acetate (TF–S-pyridine-3-ester)
Authors: Yılmaz Işıl , Arslan Burcu , Kazak Canan , Sancak Kemal , Er Mustafa
Published: July 2006

The title compound, C17H17N5O3S, displays van der Waals and C—H...O interactions, and also C—H...π stacking which is effective in the crystal packing.
catena-Poly[imidazolium [[diaquadichloromanganese(II)]-μ-chloro]]
Authors: Zhang Hui , Wu Yan-Mei , Fang Liang
Published: July 2006

The structure of the title compound, {(C3H5N2)[MnCl3(H2O)2]}
n
, is composed of discrete imidazolium cations and an [MnCl3(H2O)2]
n
infinite-chain anion. The structure is stabilized by N—H...Cl and O—H...Cl hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional network.
6-(4-Chlorophenyl)-4-(4-fluoro-3-phenoxyphenyl)-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridine-3-carbonitrile
Authors: Chopra Deepak , Mohan T. P. , Vishalakshi B.
Published: July 2006

The crystal structure of the title compound, C24H16ClFN2O2, reveals a half-chair conformation of the central tetrahydropyridine (THP) ring. The supramolecular structure is stabilized by strong N—H...O hydrogen bonds, weak intermolecular interactions involving the chloro and fluoro substituents and aromatic π–π interactions.
[N,N′-Bis(trans-2-nitroprop-2-enylidene)ethylenediamine-κ2
N,N′]dibromonickel(II)
Authors: Dehghanpour Saeed , Mahmoudi Ali , Sepaveh Fatemeh , Ng Seik Weng
Published: July 2006

The NiII center in the monomeric complex, [NiBr2(C20H18N4O4)], is covalently bonded to two Br atoms and datively bonded to two N atoms of the Schiff base in a tetrahedral geometry.
[Bis(1H-benzimidazol-2-ylmethyl)amine]dichloro(ethanol)manganese(II)
Authors: Yu Bi-Bo , Meng Xiang-Gao , Liao Zhan-Ru
Published: July 2006

In the molecular structure of the title compound, [MnCl2(C16H15N5)(C2H6O)], the Mn cation is in a distorted octahedral configuration. A three-dimensional framework structure is formed by means of N—H...Cl and O—H...Cl hydrogen bonds.
3-Hydroxy-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(2-nitrophenyl)propan-1-one
Authors: Qiu Xiao-Yang , Fang Xiao-Niu , Liu Wei-Sheng , Zhu Hai-Liang
Published: July 2006

In the title compound, C16H15NO5, all bond lengths and angles are within normal ranges. The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 15.6 (2)°. In the crystal structure, the molecules are linked through weak intermolecular O—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming chains along the b axis.
Di-tert-butyl 4-oxocyclohexane-1,1-dicarboxylate
Authors: Thalji Reema K. , McLaughlin Mark L. , Watkins Steven F. , Fronczek Frank R.
Published: July 2006

In the title compound, C16H26O5, the cyclohexanone ring has a flattened chair conformation, with absolute values of the endocyclic torsion angles lying in the range 39.7 (3)–58.0 (2)°.
(E)-N′-(3-Chlorobenzylidene)isonicotinohydrazide
Authors: Qiu Xiao-Yang , Fang Xiao-Niu , Liu Wei-Sheng , Zhu Hai-Liang
Published: July 2006

The molecule of the title compound, C13H9ClN3O, is roughly planar and displays a trans configuration with respect to the C=N double bond. The dihedral angle between the benzene and pyridine rings is 4.8 (3)°. The crystal structure is stabilized by intermolecular N—H...N hydrogen bonds.
Poly[[diaquacobalt(II)]-μ-2,5-dicarboxybenzene-1,4-dicarboxylato-μ-di-4-pyridylethene]
Authors: Xing Huan-Ran , Li Xin-Hua
Published: July 2006

In the polymeric title complex, [Co(TBC)(BPE)(H2O)2]
n
[TBC is the 2,5-dicarboxybenzene-1,4-dicarboxylate dianion (C10H4O8) and BPE is 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethene (C12H10N2)], the CoII ion, located on an inversion centre, assumes a distorted octahedral coordination geometry. The TBC and BPE ligands are located across individual inversion centres and bridge neighbouring CoII ions to form two-dimensional polymeric sheets.
(4R,1′S)-Diethyl 6-methyl-2-[(1′-phenylethylimino)methyl]-4-(2-thienyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate
Authors: Vrábel Viktor , Skubák Pavol , Marchalín Štefan , Langer Vratislav , Baumlová Barbora
Published: July 2006

The absolute configuration of the title compound, C25H28N2O4S, has been determined. The 1,4-dihydropyridine (1,4-DHP) ring has the usual shallow boat conformation. The thiophene ring is approximately perpendicular to the plane through the four atoms of the base of the boat. The two ester groups are twisted in the same direction and have a cis,cis geometry with respect to the adjacent ring double bonds.
Ethyl 5-methyl-2,2-diphenylcyclopropanespiro-3(4H)-furan-4-carboxylate
Authors: Zhu Ying-Hong , Ma Chun-An , Xu Ying-Hua
Published: July 2006

The title compound, C22H22O3, was synthesized by a reaction of ethyl acetoacetate and diphenylmethylenecyclopropane. The five-membered dihydrofuran ring adopts an envelope conformation.