bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DAMAGE OF APPLE-TREE VARIETIES AND FORMS BY GREEN APPLE APHID IN THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN
Authors: Осипов Геннадий , Osipov Gennadiy , Осипова Зоя , Osipova Zoya
Published: July 2019

The paper includes an assessment of damageability of varieties and forms of apple by green apple aphids in the Republic of Tatarstan. An insignificant variability of damageability of leaves and annual shoots of green aphids was established by year in one half of the studied apple varieties and the average variability - in the second half of the varieties. An insignificant positive correlation is established between the degree of damage to the leaves and shoots of green apple aphids and damage to the leaves by the scab (r = 0.85), the hydrothermal coefficient of the vegetation (r = 0.78) and summer periods (r = 0.68), the amount of precipitation the summer period (r = 0.70), the average temperature in the summer period (r = 0.57) and the average temperature in April (r = 0.64). An insignificant negative correlation was found between the degree of damage to varieties and forms of apple trees by aphids and the amount of precipitation in April (r = –0.14). The manifestation of the sign “damaging the leaves and shoots of green apple aphids” is more influenced by the conditions of the year than the genotype of varieties, forms and the interaction of the genotype with the conditions of the year. The varieties Renet Povolzhya, Kamskaya and Komsin are distinguished according resistance to green apple aphid.
CROP PROPERTIES AND QUALITY OF SPRING WHEAT SEEDS DEPENDING ON THE FOOD BACKGROUND IN THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN
Authors: Сержанов Игорь , Serzhanov Igor , Шайхутдинов Фарит , Shaykhutdinov Farit , Сержанова Альбина , Serzhanova Al'bina , Гараев Разиль , Garaev Razil
Published: July 2019

The article presents the results of studies on the effect of nutritional background on productivity and quality of spring soft wheat seeds of Yoldyz variety. The agrometeorological conditions of the growing season had a decisive influence on the harvest of spring wheat. In more favorable weather conditions in 2017 and 2018 years, the difference in yield compared to the dry 2016 was 0.4-0.42 tons and 0.48-0.59 per hectare on fertilized backgrounds. The use of calculated rates of fertilizers for 3 tons per hectare of grain contributed to an increase in yield of 0.55 tons per hectare. A further increase in the fertilizer dose to obtain 4 tons per hectare of grain did not give a significant increase to the fertilizer background of 3 tons per hectare. The level of mineral nutrition has improved the seed sowing qualities. With an estimated nutrition level of 3 tons per hectare, on average for three years, the seed germination energy increased by 4.8% compared to the control, on the 4 tons per hectare variant - 5.2%, laboratory germination, respectively, by 1.8-1, 4%, growth rate - 4.1-5.7 percent. Seeds grown on fertilized backgrounds per 3 and 4 tons per hectare of spring wheat grain had increased yield properties. The yield increase to the control was 0.67-0.75 tons per hectare. Under the conditions of gray forest soils of Kama of the Republic of Tatarstan, spring wheat of Yoldyz variety should be grown on seed crops at the background of the application of calculated norms for fertilizers of 3 tons per hectare of grain.
INFLUENCE OF SOWING TECHNIQUES ON PRODUCTIVITY AND BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF OIL-SEEDS OF SPRING RAPE VARIETIES IN THE MIDDLE URALS
Authors: Селяков Андрей , Selyakov Andrey , Богатырева Анастасия , Bogatyreva Anastasiya , Акманаев Эльмарт , Akmanaev El'mart
Published: July 2019

The paper presents the results of two-year and three-year studies to clarify the sowing methods of spring rape varieties in the Middle Urals. The reaction of spring rape to the change of the type of coulter and the seeding depth has been revealed. A three-factor field experience was laid in 2016-2018 on the educational and experimental area of Perm State Agro-Technological University. The soil of the experimental plot is sod-small podzol heavy loam. It has been established that in Perm region, the highest yields and gross collection of fat from 1 hectare are formed by agrophytocenoses, sown with anchor coulter to a depth of 3 cm (1.96 tons per hectare and 911 kg per hectare for Ratnik variety and 2.16 tons per hectare and 1005 kg per hectare - for Smilla hybrid, respectively). On average for 2017-2018 years the productivity of the spring rape varieties under study was not different. The planned aim of research is the yield level (at least 2 tons per hectare) on average over two years obtained when sowing a foreign hybrid to a depth of 2 and 3 cm by anchor coulter. The low productivity of spring rape in 2016 did not allow to reach the planned figure on average for three years of research. Spring rape oilseeds were analyzed for biochemical composition in the laboratory for the development of agro-technologies of Perm State Agro-Technological University. The content of raw fat, ash, fiber, nitrogen and protein in the seeds was the same for all studied variants. Two-year studies have shown that the gross yield of fat per 1 ha depended on spring rape productivity, while the fat content in the seeds did not change much (44.94-46.68%). Three-year data confirm the conclusions made on the basis of an analysis of the results of experience for two years.
BIOPLANT FLORA - NEW GENERATION FERTILIZER
Authors: Сабирова Разина , Sabirova Razina , Шакиров Рафил , Shakirov Rafil , Бикмухаметов Закиржан , Bikmuhametov Zakirzhan
Published: July 2019

The efficiency of Bioplant Flora fertilizer was experimentally proved in increasing the winter wheat productivity of Kazanskaya 560 in the conditions of Middle Volga region. The research was carried out in 2009–2012 years on stationary experiments of Agriculture and agrochemical research Department of the Tatar Scientific Institute of Agriculture in accordance with generally accepted methods. The soil is gray forest, the humus content is 3.0-3.5%, phosphorus and potassium - 250-260 and 80-100 mg/kg, respectively, the amount of absorbed bases is 20-21 mg-eq/100 g, рНсол of arable layer is 5.0 and 5.5. The studies were conducted to study the responsiveness of winter wheat of Kazanskaya 560 variety to the humate fertilizer Bioplant Flora. Bioplant Flora is the newest, nanotechnological fertilizer based on humic acids with trace elements, which was used as a foliar application in autumn based on 2 litres per hectare against the background of the main fertilizer, calculated for N22Р39К62 4 tons per hectare of grain. Pre-sowing seed treatment with Bioplant Flora at a dose of 0.5 litre per hectare of seeds was used against the background of N22Р39К62 4 tons per hectare of grain. Plant nutrition with Bioplant Flora fertilizer stimulated the growth and development of plants that effectively used nutrients from the soil to increase grain yield. The optimal term for treatment of winter wheat by Bioplant Flora is autumn application for seedlings based on 2 litres per hectare. At the same time, the productivity increased by 0.46-0.53 tons per hectare, depending on the application of Bioplant Flora. Pre-sowing treatment of seeds by Bioplant Flora based on 0.5 litres per ton of seeds against the background of the main fertilizer for 4 tons per hectare of grain, on average for 2010-2012, provided a productivity increase of 0.21 tons per hectare. Against this background, the autumn treatment by Bioplant Flora allowed to increase the productivity to 0.15 tons per hectare, compared to the sample without fertilizers. At the same time, the average for 2010-2012 the profit was obtained - 11981 rubles per hectare, the cost of grain amounted to 3596.0 rubles per ton, the profitability of production - 94.6%.
IMPACT OF ZEOLITES ON INTENSITY OF THE VITAL PROCESSES OF HYBRID PLANTS
Authors: Подковыров Игорь , Podkovyrov Igor' , Костин Максим , Kostin Maksim , Долгова Анжелика , Dolgova Anzhelika , Филипчук Ольга , Filipchuk Ol'ga , Несват Александр , Nesvat Aleksandr
Published: July 2019

Studies were conducted to determine the effect of zeolite on plant life processes for the development of methods to increase their productivity and stability in difficult growing conditions. A tendency to phosphorus of soil was revealed at intensive technology of tomato cultivation in greenhouses. Studies, conducted at two test sites (in the Lower Volga region and the Western Caspian area) showed that as a result of systematic and unbalanced fertilization during the cultivation of greenhouse tomato, the content of mobile phosphorus increases to 302.7 mg/kg. Under conditions of elevated chlorides and sulphates, this worsens the growth of plant, contributes to the development and spread of infectious diseases (verticillosis - 0.23%, fusarium - 0.24%, late blight - 0.19%, tobacco mosaic virus - 0.05%). Studies have shown that tomato hybrids, containing new genetic constructs of resistance to the main fungal diseases and tobacco mosaic virus, do not provide absolute protection of organisms. The spread of diseases in the planting of hybrids is only lower by 5.7-7.8%. The positive effect of zeolite was revealed when appling into the soil at tomato cultivation. The scope of zeolite’s application in plant growing is expanding every year due to the unique properties of this natural mineral. It possesses not only the adsorbing ability, but also contains a complex of trace elements, which is necessary for the mineral nutrition of plants, improves the structure of the soil. However, an impact of zeolites on plant life processes is poorly understood. This direction opens up new opportunities in the development of technological methods for improving the mineral nutrition of hybrid plant forms in crop production. The use of zeolite in the normal 15 kg/m2 of greenhouse soil, the productivity of tomato increases to 12.1-19.3%.
CLONAL REPRODUCTION OF VACCINIUM CORYMBOSUM L. OF BLUE BERRY VARIETY IN CULTURE OF TISSUES
Authors: Мохамед Гамил , Mohamed Gamil , Хуснетдинова Ландыш , Husnetdinova Landysh , Тимофеева Ольга , Timofeeva Ol'ga
Published: July 2019

For efficient clonal reproduction of Vaccinium corymbosum L. of Blue Berry variety, the surface explant sterilization approaches have been developed - the apical part of the stem and stem segments using “Belizna” commercial bleach solution and nutrient media for explant cultivation have been selected. The maximum survival of the explants (100%) was observed during sterilization with a 15% of “Belizna” bleach solution with an exposure time of 15 minutes. The nutrient media Murasige-Skuga, WPM and Anderson were compared for effective breeding. The highest breeding rate of blueberry was on WPM medium with the addition of zeatin and indolyl-3-butyric acid. The maximum number of axillary shoots per explant was 3.80, with an average length of 3.26 cm, obtained on WPM medium containing 1.0 mg/l of zeatin and 0.1 mg/l of indolyl-3-butyric acid. It has been shown that with an increase in the number of passages, growth rates improve. The maximum increase in the number of healthy axillary shoots is observed at the fourth passage, while the phenomenon of vitrification begins to appear from the fifth passage.
ADAPTATION OF HONEYSUCKLE VARIETIES ON THE KAMA REGION OF THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN
Authors: Абрамова Галина , Abramova Galina , Миникаев Рагат , Minikaev Ragat , Шаламова Анна , Shalamova Anna
Published: July 2019

Blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caeruleae Rehd.) is of great interest for the industrial and amateur gardening of the Republic of Tatarstan, as a culture with annual fruiting and early ripening of fruits. The article presents research data for the period from 2012 to 2015 in the training garden of Kazan State Agrarian University on the honeysuckle productivity: the study of the fruits’ mass, its taste, productivity of the studied varieties. The productivity of honeysuckle varieties ranged from 0.76 to 0.82 kg per bush, the average weight of berries was in the range from 0.74 to 0.88 gramm of 2008 year of planting. The productivity of Lazurnaya and Sinyaa ptitsa varieties of 2010 year planting was 0.41 and 0.33 kg, fruit weight - 0.79 g and 0.71 g, respectively. Over the years of research, the most productive varieties of honeysuckle have been identified: Nimfa, Dlinnoplodnaya, Volkhova (0.80-0.82 kg per bush). The studied varieties of honeysuckle are characterized by large-fruited, taste and quality of fruits. The largest berries have such varieties as Dlinnoplodnaya (0.89 g) and Nimfa (0.81 g). The longest fruit of Nimfa variety was - 2.9 cm, Dlinnoplodnaya and Goluboe vereteno varieties - 2.6 cm. Such varities, as Volkhova, Nimfa and Lazurnaya had high fruit qualities up to 5 points, the varities of Dlinnoplodnaya, Bakcharskaya - 4.8 – 4.7 points respectively. The results indicate that the tested varieties of honeysuckle can be recommended for cultivation in farms and amateur gardening in the conditions of Kama region of the Republic of Tatarstan.
FORMATION OF THE HARVEST AND QUALITY OF AVERAGE-EARLY POTATO TUBERS OF GALA VARIETY, DEPENDING ON THE INCLUDED DOSES OF POTASSIUM FERTILIZERS ON THE GRAY FOREST SOIL OF FOREST-STEPPE OF THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION
Authors: Артамонов Сергей , Artamonov Sergey , Владимиров Владимир , Vladimirov Vladimir , Мостякова Антонина , Mostyakova Antonina
Published: July 2019

The aim of the research was to study the effectiveness of an application of increasing doses of potash fertilizers in the potatoes cultivation of the middle-early ripeness group of Gala variety on the background of the use of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers and sulfur in the dose of N90Р120S30. Studies were carried out in 2016-2018. The soil of the experimental site of gray forest medium loamy granulometric composition had the following agrochemical characteristics: pH of salt extract - 5.4-5.7; humus content - 3.28-3.41%; easily hydrolyzed nitrogen - 146-160 mg per kg; mobile phosphorus - 140-152, exchangeable potassium - 146-160 mg per kg of soil. Potassium fertilizers were applied in increasing doses - К30, К60, К90, К120, К150, К180 kg of the active substance together with the background fertilizers - N90Р120S30 and microelements deficient in this soil: copper, boron and molybdenum in the composition of ZhUSS-1 and ZhUSS-2. The influence of the studied doses of fertilizers on crop yield, dry matter content, vitamin C, starch and nitrates has been established. On average of three years, the productivity of tubers was 21.67 tons per hectare. When applying background fertilizers (N90Р120S30) compared with the control, it increased by 4.32 tons per hectare. The optimal dose of potash fertilizer on the background of N90Р120S30 for potatoes grown under irrigation was К150, where the average yield of three years was 34.42 tons per hectare. A further increase in the dose of fertilizers did not significantly increase the productivity. On average of three years, the highest dry matter content was 22.81% and starch - 13.15% was noted in the variant, where potassium was applied in a dose of К180 kg of the active substance together with background fertilizers and microelements. With the introduction of high doses of potassium (К150 and К180 kg of the active substance), the content of dry matter and starch did not significantly differ from those in the control.
DETERMINATION OF THE COMPLEX INDICATOR OF PROFESSIONAL COMPLIANCE OF AGRO-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX WORKERS BASED ON QUALIMETRY METHODS
Authors: Макаренко Наталья , Makarenko Natal'ya
Published: July 2019

The agro-industrial complex is the most significant largest inter-branch complex of the modern Russian economy. Indicators of the agricultural production dynamics under conditions of external sanctions pressure indicate that at present it is necessary to increase the strategy of improving the food security of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the implementation of the agro-industrial complex development requires the involvement of highly qualified specialists of a new type: with an appropriate education level, a tendency towards goal setting and the ability to respond to non-standard situations. This article describes the rationale for determining the level of professional compliance with the requirements of workers in the agro-industrial complex based on qualimetry methods. A comprehensive indicator of the quality of personnel at enterprises of the agro-industrial complex, as well as a method for determining the level of professional compliance, have been developed.
MULTI-PARAMETRIC FORECASTING AND RELATIVE ADVANTAGES OF WHEAT CROP PRODUCTION IN THE REGION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Негм Мостафа , Negm Mostafa
Published: July 2019

The paper proposes a model for determining the relative advantage and forecasting the contribution to total production and reducing the deficit at the regional level, based on data and economic indicators for the period from 1995 to 2015. The main objective of this work is to predict future production trends in the regions, which are presented in order to improve land management, productivity, reduce agricultural waste and create a strategic stock of wheat to solve local supply problems. The study uses descriptive and statistical data analysis methods to achieve research objectives. Using linear trend analysis, growth rates of acreage, productivity, production and consumption of basic food crops are estimated. Using the adjusted coefficients of variation, that were proposed by Cuddy-Della Valle. The food problem is seen as an important strategic issue, that attracts close attention at all levels. Its importance stems from the political and social and economic aspects. The study is based on data from the Egyptian regions and has a strong regional focus. Geographically, Egypt is divided into four regions (areas of wheat cultivation). In this regard, we propose a conceptual approach to the study of the balance of regional production of food wheat within the framework of factors, affecting the food security of the regions (Figure 1). These stages are logically related to each other, since it is impossible to determine the prospects for the development of the domestic wheat market without analyzing its development within a certain retrospective period. Both of these stages imply a deep study of the wheat market, both on the basis of qualitative analysis methods and using quantitative analysis methods that make it possible to develop management decisions to ensure its balance.
DEVELOPMENT OF FINANCIAL STRATEGY IN MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING
Authors: Остаев Гамлет , Ostaev Gamlet , Клычова Гузалия , Klychova Guzaliya , Соколов Вячеслав , Sokolov Vyacheslav , Мухамедзянов Камиль , Muhamedzyanov Kamil'
Published: July 2019

Under modern conditions, the existence of agricultural business in the market requires their sustainable development, which is a significant problem of management accounting. Development of financial strategy in management accounting, as it seems to us, for agricultural enterprises is not so much a necessary measure, as a management tool for business development. The development of the financial strategy of agricultural business includes strategic planning, management accounting, analysis and regulation of the use of financial resources. In addition, the development of financial strategy in management accounting allows you to adjust the targeted allocation of financial resources in the logistical financial system of agricultural business. Management accounting has all the tools and mechanisms to meet the information needs of users of all levels of management for the adoption of management accounting, including for the development of financial strategy. The importance of developing a managerial accounting for financial strategy in an enterprise is that finance is the source for developing the remaining strategies. Thus, financial resources are one of the main restrictions on the volume and activities of enterprises. Comparison of different approaches of researchers regarding the content of financial strategy in the management accounting of an enterprise shows that in modern conditions, the development strategy of agricultural business in general and its financial strategy, in particular, should be considered from the point of view of sustainable development, from the standpoint of social, environmental and economic sustainability of an enterprise. At present, the development of financial strategy in management accounting is a necessity for all business entities, regardless of the type of activity, who see their task in the progressive development and preservation of a stable position in the market.
FORMATION THE PRODUCTIVITY OF PEA VARIETIES WITH THE DEFORMATION OF LIGNIN IN LEGUME’S VALVE DEPENDING ON CROPS DENSITY
Authors: Фадеева Александра , Fadeeva Aleksandra , Шурхаева Ксения , Shurhaeva Kseniya
Published: July 2019

The optimal sowing density for realizing the potential of varieties is regulated by the seeding rate, which is subject to a strong dependence on genotypic features, the influence of agroecological, meteorological factors. The aim of the research is to study the effect of various seeding rates on the realization of the productivity potential of new pea varieties Kaban and Fregat with parchment-free beans in contrasting conditions of moisture and heat supply in plant development phases. The conditions of 2014 were characterized by a deficit of moisture and an elevated temperature during the critical periods of plant growth. The size of the potential of varieties in 2015 was limited to a strict regime in the period of plant development and the formation of reproductive organs. The optimal sowing structure of Kaban variety was formed with a planting density of 1.0–1.2 million viable seeds. The best values of survival and conservation of plants in dry conditions were obtained when sowing with the minimum rate. With an improved moisture supply regime, they reached 95.0 and 98.3%. The planting structure of the leafless small seed Fregat variety under conditions of moisture deficiency was characterized by an increase in field germination, plant survival and survival, respectively, up to 100.0, 97.8 and 97.9% when sown with a density of 1.4 million germinating seeds. The optimal structure was formed at a seeding rate of 1.2 million viable seeds with field germination values of 97.5, a survival rate of 93.3 and a plant life of 95.7%. The increase in planting density led to an aggravation of the competitive relationship of plants, manifested in a decrease in the value of the seed mass with plants, regardless of the varietal characteristics. A high proportion of the effect on the variability of this indicator was proved, depending on the seeding rate, reaching 70.8-90.3% for varieties. The significant effect of the conditions of the year was estimated by a low proportion of influence (8.3–9.7%), the interaction of these factors did not have a significant effect. The maximum productivity of sowing per unit area, determined by the density of plants and their seed mass, when deducting seeds spent on sowing, Kaban variety was formed at a seeding rate of 1.2 million viable seeds, regardless of the conditions of the year. The optimum planting density of Fregat variety is 1.0 in arid and 1.2 million viable seeds with an increase in moisture supply.
LEGUMES AND LEGUME-CROP PERENNIAL GRASSES - A CONSTITUENT PART OF ORGANIC FARMING OF THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN
Authors: Хисматуллин Марсель , Khismatullin Marsel
Published: July 2019

The scientific article discusses the production of environmentally safe plant and animal products, based on the improvement of soil fertility by such ameliorative crops as alfalfa, goat’s rue, meadow clover, and their mixture with crop perennial grasses, which are also sanitary agrocenoses of Tatarstan fields. It is proved by an experimental production method that single-species and mixed crops of perennial leguminous crops restore and improve soil structure, keep it from spraying, suppress weed development, protect the soil from being washed away, washed away and swept by the wind, accumulate a large number of crop residues, and increase the biological activity of microflora and, ultimately, soil fertility - all this serves as the basis for increasing their acreage to 0.8–0.9 hectares per conventional head of cattle against 0.4–0.5 hectares in the present time. Only in this case, it becomes possible to switch to organic farming and sell livestock and crop products at significantly high prices.
INVESTIGATION OF SOME PARAMETERS OF DRIP IRRIGATION BY HYDRAULIC EVALUATION OF DROPPERS
Authors: Абделфаттах Ахмед , Abdelfattah Ahmed , Иванов Борис , Ivanov Boris , Зиганшин Булат , Ziganshin Bulat
Published: July 2019

The results of laboratory studies of the proposed drip irrigation system are given. Five different types of droppers have been investigated to quantify the hydraulic characteristics. The dependences of the uniformity of water flow through droppers with a change in the working pressure in the system are obtained. Laboratory studies of the experimental facility were carried out at the training and demonstration center of Kazan State Agrarian University. The experimental installation consists of a storage tank, a submersible pump, five P.V.C. main pipes with a length of 3 m and a diameter of 16 mm, stop valves of a drip line, pressure gauges, a main stop valve, a collector line, a return line, and droppers. Before starting the experiments, air was removed from the system and pressure at the inlet to each main pipe was adjusted to the required value. Immediately under each drip, 500 ml volumetric containers were placed to determine the volume of leaked water in two minutes. Significant uniformity of water consumption and the smallest deviations from the specified nominal flow rate were achieved with type A and C droppers (with pressure compensation) at an operating pressure of 0.2 MPa; with type B droppers (also with pressure compensation), water flow uniformity decreased with increasing pressure. The results of the research show that pressure-compensated droppers are less sensitive to pressure changes with an operating pressure of 0.35 MPa. Water consumption (q) for type A droppers increased by 5.27%, B - by 27.3% and C - by 9.1%. Dropper type D and E have the lowest uniformity of water flow at different pressure levels. Under actual irrigation conditions, it is recommended to install pressure gauges not only in the collector line, but also on the main pipes (preferably at the end of each main pipe) to determine the differential and pressure losses in the system.
FLAT ASYNCHRONOUS ELECTRIC DRIVE OF STONE MILL
Authors: Аипов Рустам , Aipov Rustam , Галиуллин Рустам , Galiullin Rustam , Нугуманов Раушан , Nugumanov Raushan , Зиганшин Булат , Ziganshin Bulat
Published: July 2019

In modern flour production, the preservation of all vitamins and minerals in it is relevant. Minerals and vitamins are stored in flour, ground from whole grains. In the stone mills, the grain is subjected to repeated exposure to the working surfaces of the millstones, as a result of which the flour contains a large percentage of the most important components of the grain. The stone mill’s drive should provide a low rotational speed of the mills (peripheral speed up to 10 m/sec.) and the possibility of smooth control of its speed and torque without reducing the performance of the mill. From this point of view, it is promising to use in the mill’s drive, instead of asynchronous motors, rotation with additional devices (gearboxes, belt drives, V-belt drives, etc.) of flat asynchronous electric drives. The article suggests possible variants of technical solutions for stone mills with flat electric drives. It was concluded that the use of a flat asynchronous motor in the mill’s drive allows not only smoothly adjusting the frequency and torque of the millstones, but also because of the presence of edge effects, to prevent flour sticking in the millstone working zone. Compiled with the possibility of solving by analytical methods a mathematical model of mill’s drive, based on a flat electric drives, taking into account the longitudinal edge effect, the strength of viscous (internal) and dry (external) friction. The mechanical characteristics of the drive were found when moving the flat electric drives inductors and the dependencies of the change in the mill productivity on the millstone rotation frequency when grinding various grains, changing the fill factor of the grinding zone and the gap between the millstones were obtained.
SOOT FORMATION WHILE OPERATING A DIESEL POWER UNIT
Authors: Аладашвили Иосиф , Aladashvili Iosif , Макарова Ольга , Makarova Ol'ga , Яруллин Фанис , Yarullin Fanis
Published: July 2019

The article presents the technical, economic and environmental problems that arise during the operation of power units of any kind. Harmful components that poison the environment during the operation of diesel power units are a combination of different chemical compounds. Oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide and various unburned hydrocarbons are abundantly present in the exhaust gases of power units, but in our opinion soot is the most insidious, and it also takes up almost 50% of all diesel engine poisonous substances. The purpose of this work is to improve the technical, economic and environmental performance of the internal combustion engine, by feeding an additional air mixture into the cylinders. Possible ways to solve the above-mentioned problem are proposed, namely, one of the variants of charge turbulence by supplying additional air to the lower part of the cylinder liner at the end of the filling stroke and at the beginning of compression. The essence of this process is as follows: a jet of additional air creates kinetic energy of the main charge and simultaneously lowers the temperature inside the cylinder to the allowed values, thereby providing a favorable atmosphere for oxidizing the combustible mixture and helps reduce toxic components of combustion products, including soot. As a result of the foregoing, it should be concluded that the additional portion of air introduced into the cylinder contributes to an increase in the kinetic energy of the working fluid, and this in turn is the guarantor of the maximum burn-out of the air-fuel mixture. In addition, it presents the results of experiments in the form of graphs and on the basis of these data a comparative analysis was conducted and certain conclusions were made on the positive dynamics of technical, economic and environmental performance of power units.
ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE CHECK VALVE FORM ON THE FUEL-SUPPLY PROCESS IN THE DISTRIBUTION TYPE PUMPS
Authors: Доброхотов Юрий , Dobrohotov Yuriy , Иванщиков Юрий , Ivanschikov Yuriy , Валиев Айрат , Valiev Ayrat , Андреев Роман , Andreev Roman , Пушкаренко Николай , Pushkarenko Nikolay
Published: July 2019

The stability of the values of cyclic feeds and the angle of the actual beginning of the fuel supply largely depends on the presence of the injection valve of the fuel pump section and its design features. The valve must reliably separate the discharge line from the pre-plunger space and, within certain limits, ensure the residual pressure in the discharge line between cycles. However, the installation of the valve causes a repeated reflection from the valve of the pressure impulses, that follow from the nozzle and leads to the appearance of additional injections or a sluggish fit of the needle on the sprayer seat. In order to eliminate negative consequences, double-acting injection valves are installed on distribution-type pumps, in which the pressure impulses are extinguished by transferring fuel through an additional non-return valve. The use of double-acting valves with non-return valves on distribution-type pumps ensures reliable unloading of the discharge pipe from the cut-off cavity. One of the main purposes of a non-return valve is to provide the necessary hydraulic density of the coupling pressure valve - non-return valve. Serial pumps are equipped with cross-shaped and round-shaped check valves in cross-section, which are designed to provide the same hydraulic tightness of the coupling pressure valve - non-return valve. In the course of research, the results of which are presented in the work, it was revealed that they have different sealing characteristics. In parallel, the characteristics of a triangular and square check valve in cross section were investigated. As a result of research, it was found that square valves have the best sealing characteristics. In the course of the research, it was also revealed that serial check valves of cruciform and round shapes do not provide their functional interchangeability, since they have different abilities to ensure hydraulic tightness of the interface with the discharge valve - non-return valve. Square-shaped check valves in cross-section are more technological to manufacture.
THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PERSONNEL CERTIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATION
Authors: Клычова Гузалия , Klychova Guzaliya , Закирова Алсу , Zakirova Alsu , Клычова Айгуль , Klychova Augul , Гимадиев Ильдус , Gimadiev Ildus
Published: July 2019

Personnel certification is a set of personnel measures, that allow to assess the compliance of personal qualities, potential and level of labor of a person with the existing requirements for work performed. The main purpose of certification is to identify reserves for improving the efficiency of employees, control professional growth and qualifications of specialists. The main objectives of certification include the issues of improving the selection, training, management of wages, stimulating the professional growth of staff. The key principles of an effective personnel appraisal system include: focus on improving performance, thorough preparation, confidentiality, standardization and reliability of evaluation criteria; optimality in combination of encouragement and criticism, accuracy of the methods used. In the process of preparing and conducting certification, the methodological tools used are important. The study studied methods to evaluate certain indicators, their presence/absence, the severity of one or another employee. The article describes the stages of personnel certification, considered the possibility of attracting consultants as subject experts. They can suggest ways to solve one or another task arising in the framework of the attestation procedure, and help to train personnel in the development and implementation of an certification system. Personnel service forms the “Individual development plan for managers, specialists, employees of the enterprise” for each employee, who has passed certification, The article proposes the form of this document, which records the qualities and professional skills, that require development, development aim, development directions, development actions, necessary support, monitoring period, control method, performance mark. Employees of the enterprise on the basis of the “Individual development plan” can timely prepare for participation in new projects, entry into a new position; highlight points to pay attention to during development and training.
PRIORITY DIRECTIONS FOR ENSURING FOOD SECURITY OF RUSSIA, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE ANALYSIS OF THE STRONG AND WEAKNESSES OF COUNTRY ECONOMY
Authors: Кириллова Ольга , Kirillova Olga
Published: July 2019

The concept of the long-term social and economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020 sets the country’s purpose of meeting the needs of the domestic market. The consequence of this is active support for the development of rural areas and increasing the competitiveness of the agro-industrial complex. It is important to increase the efficiency of use of available land resources. Moreover, in the context of the WTO, it is advisable to actively use tariff and non-tariff restrictions to properly regulate imports. The main directions of import substitution were determined in order to ensure food security in the Russian Federation. The priority of them are: the production of milk and dairy products, pork, poultry, fish. [1, p. 230]. Greenhouse farming is developing widely. The cultivation of garden and fruit trees is actively invested. But all these areas have both strengths and weaknesses. Actively support the activities of farms and personal subsidiary farms. But in this case, producers face not only the difficulties of organizing and registering their own business, but also the problems of promoting their products to the consumer, i.e. directly to the counter. The elimination of a large number of intermediaries and bureaucratic barriers to additional documentation will allow farmers to increase their profits and reduce production costs. Russia has the necessary assets to realize the goals set by the State Program for the Development of agriculture and regulation of agricultural products, raw materials and food for the years 2013-2020. At the same time, the most basic advantages are the vast areas of agricultural land, the available factors of production, labor resources, etc. It is necessary for the state to organize their effective use and application in order to achieve the set tasks and provide the necessary support. Russia’s trade on the international market in the WTO at the present stage is carried out with the existence of certain advantages and disadvantages. But this makes it possible for the country’s leadership to increase production capacity and increase the competitiveness of Russian products, taking into account the existing opportunities and threats.
STRATEGIC VECTORS OF DEVELOPMENT THE AGRARIAN SECTOR OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Authors: Захарова Галина , Zakharova Galina
Published: July 2019

Over the past century, the directions of agricultural development have radically changed. In the first half of the twentieth century, the main problem was the fight against hunger, providing the population with bread. Interruptions in the supply of bread in 1917 caused riots and led to the February Revolution in Russia. In the early 20s, in order to fight hunger, a new economic policy was introduced, which gave the peasants the opportunity to restore agriculture. At the end of the 1920s, collectivization, started with the aim of increasing agricultural production to meet the country’s growing urban population and the raw materials needs of industry, turned into a new hunger, the elimination of which was the most important task of collective farms. After World War II, in 1946, there was hunger again, and the post-war restoration of agriculture was aimed at overcoming it. The ambitious program for the development of virgin lands in the 1950s was also primarily aimed at achieving a sustainable bread supply for the population. Crop failure in 1963-1964 once again put the country on the brink of hunger. The problem was solved by importing grain from other countries. In the 1990s, the problem of food supply arose again. This was due not to a shortage of food, but to the low incomes of a large part of the Russian population. The dynamically changing macroeconomic conditions make their own adjustments to the prioritization of directions for the development of agriculture in Russia. In the agricultural sector, a number of documents have been developed that reflect the promising directions for the development of the industry [1, 2]. The implementation of the goals and objectives of the long-term development of the agrarian sector of the Russian economy will be largely determined by both the macroeconomic situation in the country and the significant improvement in climate in international cooperation. The article discusses the key vectors of development of the agricultural sector in modern conditions. An economic assessment of the state of implementation of these areas is given, their positive and negative sides are noted.
RESULTS OF FIELD STUDIES OF SOIL-TILLAGE TOOLS WITH ELLIPSOVID DISKS
Authors: Яруллин Фанис , Yarullin Fanis , Ибятов Равиль , Ibyatov Ravil , Яхин Сергей , Yakhin Sergey , Гайнутдинов Рамиль , Gaynutdinov Ramil
Published: July 2019

This paper presents the results of field studies of a rotary tool for soil tillage, consisting of a frame on which is placed a working section in the form of elliptical discs with double-sided grinding. The major axes of the ellipsoid disks are inclined to the axis of rotation. A rotating roller is installed behind the working section to level and compact the field surface. The aim of this work is to substantiate the rational values of the technological parameters of the rotary tool on the basis of experimental studies in field conditions of the soil tillage depth, combing of the treated field surface and the degree of soil crumbling under various operating conditions of the unit. To determine the processing depth and the degree of soil crumbling, standard methods were used. Grating was determined using the device IP-250. As a result of research, it was found that, at a given processing depth of 80 mm and an increase in the speed of movement of the rotary tool to 3.61 m/sec., the ridge surface of the field decreases to 14-15 mm, and then begins to increase. This is explained by the fact that at high speeds the rotational roller does not have time to destroy lumps, which leads to an increase in combing. It was also found that with an increase in the speed of movement up to 3.61 m/sec. and a processing depth of 80 mm, the soil crumbling degree increases to 86-87%, and with a further increase in speed it begins to decrease. This is explained by the fact that at elevated speeds of aggregate’s movement, the working units of the rotary tool begin to deepen from the soil, as a result of which the predetermined depth of tillage and its high crumbling cannot be maintained. Thus, rational values of the speed of a rotary tool’s movement with elliptical disks ranging from 3.33 to 3.88 m/sec., which ensure the fulfillment of agrotechnical requirements for surface tillage, are determined.
DESIGN AND RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTAL-INDUSTRIAL TESTS OF THE IMPROVED PLOW OF 14kN CLASS TRACTOR
Authors: Смирнов Петр , Smirnov Petr , Смирнов Михаил , Smirnov Mihail , Медведев Владимир , Medvedev Vladimir
Published: July 2019

Most plows are of the small-width, used in personal subsidiary farms, were designed in Soviet times. In addition to the time-tested design, they also have hidden drawbacks that are associated with the aggregation by modern tractors, which are equipped with more wide-profile rear tires. For example, the currently produced modifications of tractors MTZ-80/82, YuMZ-6KL are equipped with tires 15.5R38.0 on the rear axle, the width of which, measured outside its deformation zone, depending on the pressure in them and the service life is about 38.4.. 40.3 cm. When the wheel with the above-mentioned tire is rolling on the furrow, opened by the plow PN 3-35 (the furrow width is 28-30 cm), substantial compaction inevitably occurs, which affects the quality of plowing and the increase in the total traction resistance of the unit. Accordingly, hectare consumption of fuel and lubricants increases. For example, according to theoretical calculations, when the value of the coefficient of bulk soil collapse q0 = 1.0 N/cm3, the traction resistance of the aggregate as a whole increases by 14.7%. We have proposed a modernized plow on the basis of PN 3-35 (patent No.2420938). The design of its frame allows the formation of trapezoidal sections with the first two parts. At the same time, the third frame, broadened by 5 cm, rolls off a layer of rectangular section. The shape of the frames was chosen from the condition of the mass transfer of the soil and the provision of agrotechnical requirements for field surface alignment. A plow was made and pilot tests were carried out. It showed that there is no compacted zone in the furrow, as well as noticeably reduced traction resistance.
STRESS TESTING OF LIQUIDITY AT A SAMPLE OF SYRIAN PRIVATE BANKS
Authors: Ал Каисси , Al Kaissi
Published: July 2019

Sustainability tests are considered as a tool for measuring risk, especially with regard to the assessment of possible events in the banking sector as a result of changes in the general economic situation or the occurrence of certain events in the bank. The aim of this study is to test the ability of two Syrian private banks to bear liquidity risk using data for 2018 in accordance with the coefficients set by the Central Bank of Syria. The results of the study showed the ability of banks to resist liquidity risk in case of sudden withdrawal of funds from current deposits and the availability of sufficient funds to meet it. The sudden drop in current deposits in private Syrian banks does not reduce their ability to pay their financial obligations. Both banks successfully passed testing, achieved a positive net inflow, and the liquidity ratio after the test indicates a low liquidity risk. In other words, Syrian private banks are able to cope with liquidity risks. Private banks, whether ordinary or Islamic, are largely dependent on customer deposits, so any sudden negative changes that occur with these deposits have a negative effect on the liquidity of banks. The Syrian banking sector does not suffer from liquidity risk, has high liquidity ratios and is able to cope with economic changes. When adopting banking laws and regulations, Syrian regulators and authorities should take into account the differences between conventional and Islamic banks in terms of liquidity risks.
STUDY OF SPATIAL MECHANISMS WITH SPECIAL STRUCTURE
Authors: Мудров Александр , Mudrov Aleksandr
Published: July 2019

The analysis of the state of spatial mechanisms research with a special structure in recent years has been carried out. The peculiarity of the mechanisms lies in the fact that the geometrical axes of its hinges are crossed at different angles and decorated only on rolling or sliding bearings. In domestic and world science there is practically no information about its practical use in technology, because of the special conditions of research and production in models and natural samples. The priority of research and implementation of devices based on them belongs to Kazan scientists. At present, research is being conducted on spatial mechanisms with rotary hinges on further practical use of devices in various sections of technology. They are classified into planar (the links move in the same plane) and spatial (the links move in different planes). Flat mechanisms are rather deeply studied and researched, information about them can be obtained in any textbook on the theory of mechanisms and machines. The links of spatial mechanisms are interconnected in combination with the following kinematic pairs: rotational, ball, translational, ball with a finger, “ball-tube”. Spatial mechanisms with only rotational pairs (hinges) in their development had significant difficulties and problems. Spatial mechanisms with rotary joints have formed a new group in the theory of mechanisms and machines, have many functional properties and have shown the effectiveness of using technology and technology in various sections. Over the past three years, the composition of devices based on the mechanisms of this group has increased by fifteen units, protected by patents and utility models in seven sections of technology.