bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Receptive Ecumenism and the Local Church
Authors: Pound Marcus
Published: June 2022

This chapter presents and evaluates ‘Receptive Ecumenism and the Local Church’, a collaborative research project in practical ecclesiology undertaken in the North East of England with six major Christian denominations. The aim was to model how the principles behind Receptive Ecumenism could be practically applied to the local churches in the region. The project drew on a range of specialisms from ecclesiology, practical theology, sociology, anthropology, education, and organizational specialists, alongside local practitioners and key church personnel. It employed a mixture of qualitative and quantitative methods, bringing the data explicitly into close conversation with the relative churches. This was a transformative study of the churches, not simply analysing the respective organizational cultures of the participant denominations but also facilitating shared ecclesiological learning across the denominations, asking how, in the light of experienced difficulties within their own church, the members of each ecclesial grouping might fruitfully learn from the respective best practice of the other participant groupings. The current chapter provides a detailed summary of the project and its major findings for the participant churches, and a critical evaluation of both the project and the role of ecumenical practice at the local level.
Revelation,Sensus Fidelium, and Receptive Ecumenism
Authors: Rush Ormond
Published: June 2022

The benefits of Receptive Ecumenism are becoming increasingly appreciated within ecumenical circles. A primary focus is the way a particular Christian tradition can learn from another and, in a mutual exchange of gifts, receive gifts that have not been part of one’s own tradition. This chapter views this dynamic in terms of recognizing differing ‘senses of the faith’ that the Holy Spirit has brought forth within the baptized of different churches. It proposes that Catholic discernment of the sensus fidelium, as presupposed in Lumen Gentium 12, should also include the sensus fidei of other Christians, and that ecumenical dialogues play a crucial role in that ecclesial discernment.
Receiving Scripture Again from One Another
Authors: Higton Mike
Published: June 2022

Participants in the differing traditions that come together in receptive ecumenical encounter inhabit different ways of living with Scripture. Those ways involve not just differing interpretations of particular texts, but also differing habits, differing expectations, differing patterns of imagination, and differing distributions of the activities of scriptural reading. If they learn to read with each other, members of these differing traditions can at times find their settlements with Scripture fruitfully disturbed; they can learn to receive Scripture again from each other’s hands in ways that feed the ongoing development of their own traditions. Such encounter is, however, difficult—not just because of the stance of receptivity and the willingness to be perturbed that it demands of participants, but also because of the practical difficulty of discovering shared practices of reading that connect to the deep scriptural habits that animate each tradition. The analogous practice of Scriptural Reasoning—an inter-faith practice of reading—suggests something of the creativity and the patience that receptive scriptural encounter will demand.
Interdependence, Need, and Reciprocal Asymmetry in the Body of Christ
Authors: Barclay John M.G.
Published: June 2022

Paul reconfigures the ancient political metaphor of the body in significant ways. An image that is typically used to justify hierarchy is adjusted at strategic points by Paul, for both social and theological ends. The emphasis is not just on diversity (in unity) but also on need: no part of the body is self-sufficient, and no part is in the (superior) position of being only the giver. Paul pays particular attention to the parts of the body that are usually regarded as inferior, and insists that they be given greater honour. This recognizes asymmetrical relations of power and honour but suggests a reciprocal or oscillating asymmetry, whereby inequality in one dimension is offset by inequality in another. The purpose of this structure is to recognize the presence of ‘wounds’ in the body, and through reciprocal support, Paul advocates not denial of trauma but mutual support. For Paul the church is more than a mutually supportive social organization: it lives from its source in Christ, whose death has so confounded the normal understandings of power as to require this reconfiguration of community. Here love suffers with the other, and each member (and ecumenically, each church) will flourish when it gives itself into a mutual relation of Christ-dependence with others.
Towards a Spirituality of Receptive Ecumenical Learning
Authors: Clifford Catherine E.
Published: June 2022

This chapter offers a reflection on the link between receptive ecumenical learning and ‘spiritual ecumenism’, or a spirituality of ecumenism understood more broadly. Drawing from a series of biblical reflections on John 14:25–31, and John 17:20–4, it draws attention to the ways that the churches are called to ‘put on the mind of Christ’. The path of Receptive Ecumenism is a response to the call to personal and ecclesial humility, to continual renewal, conversion, and reform. Common prayer is essential to this movement, as it opens our hearts and minds to the Spirit who makes one, and enables us to discern the respective tasks of each community as together we seek to live in greater fidelity to the gospel.
Growing into the Fullness of Christ
Authors: Murray Paul D.
Published: June 2022

This chapter explores the distinctiveness of the theology and practice of ecclesial conversion at work in Receptive Ecumenism relative to other forms of ecumenical theory and engagement. It works through three main steps. First, understanding Receptive Ecumenism as a way of ecclesial conversion is shown both to be the integrating theme of this particular volume and an integral dimension of the theology and practice of Receptive Ecumenism as a whole. Second, through an appreciative comparative reflection on the Groupe des Dombes’ theology of ecclesial conversion, the distinctiveness of Receptive Ecumenism’s understanding and practice of ecclesial conversion is clarified as being fundamentally orientated not towards loss, emptying, or diminishment but towards growth into ever greater fullness. Third, the chapter presents some thoughts on the broad contours of the anticipated ecclesial end towards which Receptive Ecumenism is orientated and is intended to serve given the fundamental role of this particular understanding of ecclesial conversion in its theology and practice.
Ideational Legacies and the Politics of Migration in European Minority Regions
Authors: Zuber Christina Isabel
Published: June 2022

In this book, Christina Zuber outlines a theory of ideational policy stabilization to explain stable policy choices despite changing incentives. Historical legacies are frequently invoked in popular and academic accounts of the politics of migration, but the mechanisms of transmission are left underspecified. This work contributes to research on migration and to theories of public policy by arguing that the missing link between past events and present choices is ideational: initially a historical constellation of interests leads actors to defend policy ideas that match the historical environment, but over time, ideas can detach themselves from interests and stabilize into societal dispositions (shared values and identities). This occurs if elites build a discursive consensus around a policy idea, and if bureaucrats develop concomitant policy practices. The book’s empirical section analyses ideational stabilization in Catalonia (Spain), which takes an inclusive approach to immigration, and in South Tyrol (Italy), where immigration is framed as a threat. The comparison shows that these differences can be explained by the political economy of historical industrialization and internal migration. Catalans were in the driving seat of industrialization, receiving unskilled migrant workers from the rest of Spain to boost their own economy. South Tyroleans, on the other hand, were in the passenger seat, perceiving incoming Italians as colonizers. Over time, socioeconomic conditions changed, and internal migration was replaced with international migration. Yet with historical ideas having stabilized into dispositions, political and administrative elites continued to understand immigration through the now-obsolete perspective of economic opportunity in Catalonia and ethnic competition in South Tyrol.
Basic Statistics for Risk Management in Banks and Financial Institutions
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Arindam
Published: June 2022

The book provides an engaging account of theoretical, empirical, and practical aspects of various statistical methods in measuring risks of financial institutions, especially banks. In this book, the author demonstrates how banks can apply many simple but effective statistical techniques to analyse risks they face in business and safeguard themselves from potential vulnerability. It covers three primary areas of banking risks—credit, market, and operational risk, and in a uniquely intuitive, step-by-step manner, the author provides hands-on details on the primary statistical tools that can be applied for financial risk measurement and management. The book lucidly introduces concepts of various well-known statistical methods such as correlations, regression, matrix approach, probability and distribution theorem, hypothesis testing, Value at Risk (Vary), and Monte Carlo simulation techniques and provides a hands-on estimation and interpretation of these tests in measuring risks of the financial institutions. The books strike a fine balance between concepts and mathematics to tell a rich story of thoughtful use of statistical methods. The book will be of much interest to academics, risk managers, bankers, and consultants and general readers too. It emphasizes on specific risk measurement tools and techniques with data applications, templates required for data collection and analysis, numerous excel-based illustrations as well as analysis in econometric packages. Excel-based hands-on and use of econometric packages like STATA, EVIEWS, and @RISK will help practitioners, academia, and students to connect theory with application.
A Normative View of Arts Policies
Authors: Damodaran A.
Published: June 2022

This chapter illustrates the building blocks of Cultural and Arts Policy in terms of six elements, namely ‘Philosophy’, ‘Perspective’, ‘Organizational Systems’, ‘Enabling Systems’, ‘Impacts’, and ‘Ramifications’. It is argued that the six elements offer a normative framework for evaluating culture and arts policies. The chapter proceeds to examine the culture and arts policies of the USA, Canada, Russia, Japan, and India in terms of the six building blocks proposed. The chapter also briefly surveys the contours of the culture and arts policies of the United Kingdom, France, Brazil, and Kenya. The central point highlighted in this chapter is about the divide between countries which emphasize artistic freedom in their policies and those which consider arts and culture to be functional and germane to nation building. The chapter concludes by stating that the proposed normative framework of culture/arts policy analyses will be helpful to managers of arts organizations to analyse the culture/arts policies of the countries in which they operate and determine what strategies they need to frame and pursue in order to ensure the sustenance of their organizations.
Animating the Inanimate
Authors: Damodaran A.
Published: June 2022

The onset of COVID-19 has altered the functioning of museums and biennials across the world. Consistent with the ‘deep dive approach’ employed in this book, the chapter takes a close look at three museums and a biennial. The museums chosen for detailed examination are ‘The Guggenheim’ (USA), the Victoria Memorial Hall (India), and the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts (Canada). The biennial chosen for detailed exploration is the ‘Kochi-Muziries Biennale’ (India). The objectives of the exercise are to understand the nature of operations carried out by these organizations and identifying the economic and managerial challenges faced by them prior to and during the difficult days of COVID-19. The chapter explores how the four organizations have coped with the pandemic. While Guggenheim opened up their premises on a minimal note and employed intense virtual media exposes, the Kochi-Muziries Biennale was constrained to postpone its biennial event. The Montreal Museum and the Victoria Memorial Hall also underwent protracted bouts of inactivity. The dive deep studies throw up a menu of management-related situations that holds vital lessons for budding museum managers. Similarly, the functioning of the four organizations also afford valuable lessons to the policy establishment regarding the effectiveness of cultural and arts policies.
Others
Authors: Aradau Claudia , Blanke Tobias
Published: June 2022

This chapter investigates the algorithmic production of potentially dangerous ‘others’. Starting from the public scene opened by the case of the Al Jazeera journalist Ahmad Zaidan, wrongly identified by the SKYNET programme of the US National Security Agency as a suspect terrorist, we show how others are produced as ‘anomalies’ at the intersection of machine-learning algorithms and security practices. Methodologically, there were numerous limits to analysing the unfolding of the Zaidan scene of othering, as the work of security algorithms is kept secret. We drew on material disclosed by Snowden in conjunction with legal cases which challenged the targeting of Zaidan and another journalist, Bilal Abdul Kareem, as well as computer science literature and funded projects that expound the importance and techniques of anomaly detection. We argue that anomalies disturb binaries of normal–abnormal, friend–enemy, self–other and show how the effects of anomaly detection amount to a form of racism that Achille Mbembe has called ‘nanoracism’.
Platforms
Authors: Aradau Claudia , Blanke Tobias
Published: June 2022

This chapter investigates how algorithmic reason becomes materialized in the infrastructure of digital platforms. While the literature on platforms has focused on data extraction, centralization, and new enclosures through monopolization, we argue that platform power emerges from the work of decomposing and recomposing small and large forms, inside and outside. With movements of externalization and internalization, platforms have become the central building blocks of all things digital. We show that platforms blur inside–outside boundaries through the dual move of taking the inside out and bringing the outside in. We then trace the effects of platform power in a scene of digital humanitarianism, which has become a particularly intense scene of digital technology production to build connectivity, gather information, reach out to target communities, and deploy resources to zones of humanitarian emergency. Through the digital method of ‘hacking’ apps produced by humanitarian actors for refugees, we show how humanitarianism becomes platformized. That means that humanitarian actors have become inextricably entwined with and dependent upon big tech platforms.
Ethics
Authors: Aradau Claudia , Blanke Tobias
Published: June 2022

The language of ethics has increasingly informed calls for the regulation of big data, algorithms, and artificial intelligence (AI). In this chapter, we analyse a series of initiatives by state, supra-state, tech, and civil society actors to deploy ethical principles and codes as ways of ‘conducting the conduct’ of developers, engineers, and companies. We argue that ethicizing algorithms has become a form of pre-empting dissensus. In contrast to this ethics of consensus, we analyse scenes of friction that turn algorithms and AI into ‘public things’. We approach ethics as socio-material practices that are entangled with—rather than separate from—politics. Scenes of friction can be both mundane events—such as the petition by the 4,000 Google employees against Google’s involvement in the development of AI for military purposes—or experiments in frictional subjectivation—such as ‘hacking’ events where motley collectives of coders and non-coders come together.
‘PAIN PAIN PAIN’
Authors: Simpson Hannah
Published: June 2022

This chapter examines how the artists Samuel Beckett, Albert Camus, Eugène Ionesco, Pablo Picasso, and Marguerite Duras all turned to writing for the theatre stage during and following the Second World War, as a means of negotiating the protracted exposure to mass suffering that each witnessed as non-native, non-combatant residents in metropolitan France during the conflict. Offering a new conceptualising of le théâtre du témoin or a ‘theatre of the witness’, it explores how these artists’ wartime and postwar plays demonstrate a concern with a proximate yet distanced witnessing of pain, the experience of the outsider-observer facing a paradoxically close encounter with another being’s suffering. It outlines Beckett’s experience of wartime and postwar France, and analyses the early radio essay ‘The Capital of the Ruins’ (1946). It then explores relevant interdisciplinary approaches to physical pain as challenging both verbal and bodily communication—drawing on both clinical research and the work of theorists including Ludwig Wittgenstein, Elaine Scarry, and Sara Ahmed—with attention to the epistemologically unstable, perceptually disorienting mode in which pain is recurrently staged in these plays. It ends by discussing how the theatre medium lends itself (and does not lend itself, in sometimes generative ways) to confronting pain, and how we might conceptualise the role of the postwar theatre spectator as ‘witness’ to suffering in line with the deeply sceptical framing of interpersonal empathy across these plays.
The Indifferent Spectator
Authors: Simpson Hannah
Published: June 2022

This chapter reads Beckett’s first completed postwar playscript Eleutheria (1947, published 1995) alongside Albert Camus’s plays Caligula (1944), Le Malentendu (The Misunderstanding, 1944), and L’État de siège (State of Siege, 1948). These plays present characters who respond with cold indifference to the pain of others, from passive spectatorship to active torture, proffering a bleak vision of an endemic lack of empathy in wartime and postwar France following extreme mass suffering. Beckett’s Eleutheria and Camus’s Le Malentendu, Caligula, and L’État de siège all stage physical suffering, but they also still more unnervingly stage the spectacle of human beings left unmoved by the encounter with the suffering of others. Implicating their own imagined audiences in moments of metatheatrical accusation, Beckett and Camus trace how an unfeeling detachment from another’s pain can enable a voyeuristic spectator’s complicity in scenes of witnessed suffering. Each script pays careful attention to the intercorporeal dynamics of its intended staging, manipulating the boundaries between stage and auditorium to extend its charge of complicity to its own projected audience members, gathered in the theatre to watch a play replete with intense suffering. Eleutheria in particular offers an early index of many of the dramaturgical issues which Beckett would explore throughout his career, particularly the deliberate discomfiting of an audience regarding their own spectatorial role in the face of another’s suffering.
Cruelty, Contagion, and Comedy
Authors: Simpson Hannah
Published: June 2022

In a postwar France still struggling with the recent memory of the suffering occasioned by the conflict, Waiting for Godot (1954) rejects the idea of redemptive compassion for another’s suffering. Beckett’s play refuses any reassuring vision of a humanity united in redemptive shared feeling, emphasising intercorporeal cruelty, epistemological uncertainty, and the self-protective recoil of both characters and spectators from the distressing affect of another’s pain. This chapter begins with a reading of how Beckett ‘vaguened’ more explicit references to the Second World War and wartime suffering from manuscripts and translations of Waiting for Godot as part of his construction of the ‘literature of the witness’ rather than a ‘literature of the victim’. It then examines how the play frames pain’s unsettling contagious affect as catalysing distance and isolation as readily as it does affinity, analysing the recorded audience responses of a range of Anglophone and Francophone productions to counter some of the more determinedly optimistic critical interpretations of the play. It ends with a reading of the comic treatment of pain in Waiting for Godot, drawing on the theorising of Henri Bergson and Charles Baudelaire to explore how the laughter provoked by the spectacle of physical suffering on Beckett’s stage more typically acts as a further source of affective discomfort rather than carnivalesque relief.
Transcending Pain, Theatricalising Pain
Authors: Simpson Hannah
Published: June 2022

This chapter reads Samuel Beckett’s Happy Days (1961) and Play (1964) alongside Eugène Ionesco’s Amédée, ou Comment s’en débarrasser (Amédée, or, How to Get Rid of It, 1954) and Le Piéton de l’air (A Stroll in the Air, 1963), which each frame physical pain as the inevitable consequence of human existence. Drawing on a shared vocabulary of weighty material embodiment and liberatory ascent, Beckett’s and Ionesco’s plays hold their characters’ urge to transcend the material bodies in tension with their seemingly inescapable corporeal state. Beckett and Ionesco each invoke but subvert Judeo-Christian models of transcendence—the promise of heavenly redemption as a reward for earthly suffering—to foreground the human body as a site of inescapable pain. They also draw an insistent connection between corporeal and theatrical materiality, calling attention to the stage mechanisms as sources of physical pain—and, in Beckett’s case, demanding the actor’s own actual embodied suffering in performance. This emphasis on the stage space itself as a site of pain underlines the spectator’s own uncomfortable role as complicit yet helpless witness to the suffering before them. As memories of the Second World War bled into France’s involvement in the Algerian War in the 1960s, these plays reflect a contemporaneous political and ethical discomfort: they are concerned not only with inescapable suffering but also with the witness’s inescapable confrontation with suffering, both within and beyond the theatre auditorium.
Monks and Minority Politics in Arunachal Pradesh
Authors: Gohain Swargajyoti
Published: June 2022

We are increasingly seeing across Asia, the phenomenon of Buddhist monks joining politics and winning electoral mandate. In Tawang and West Kameng districts of Arunachal Pradesh, Buddhists, mostly from the dominant Monpa communities, form the majority religious group, although they are a minority in the state as a whole, where a substantial part of the population is converted Christians. Monk politicians in these areas articulate their politics in the framework of minorityhood. What are the specific insights one might gain by studying the increasing role of monks in politics in Arunachal Pradesh where Buddhists consider themselves to be in a minority? Is there a difference between minority Buddhist politics, so to speak, and majority Buddhist politics as seen in Myanmar and Sri Lanka, where monk politicians often justify their participation in formal political processes as necessary for saving their religious traditions. Furthermore, can a monk politician who is also a religious leader maintain an effective balance between their religious interests and their commitment to the ideals of secular democracy? I draw on my ethnographic work in Arunachal Pradesh to address these questions.
Laser Stimulated Scattering and Multiphoton Excitation
Authors: He Guang S.
Published: June 2022

Laser Stimulated Scattering and Multiphoton Excitation is the first book that comprehensively covers the following three major areas: (1) Quantum electrodynamic theory of stimulated scattering and multiphoton excitation processes; (2) Various stimulated scattering effects, including the early discovered stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS), the later investigated stimulated Kerr scattering (SKS), and the recently developed stimulated Rayleigh–Bragg scattering (SRBS) and stimulated Mie scattering (SMS); (3) Multiphoton excitation-based nonlinear optical effects, photoelectric effects, atomic and molecular ionization effects, and molecular dissociation effects. Each chapter covers: (i) the concept and mechanism description, (ii) the necessary theoretical formulation, (iii) the experimental research achievements, and (iv) the scientific/technological applications. Laser Stimulated Scattering and Multiphoton Excitation is useful and suitable for academics, experts, and students working or interested in the areas of nonlinear optics, nonlinear photonics, laser spectroscopy, physical optics, physical chemistry, and optoelectronic engineering.
Sportin' Life
Authors: Harker Brian
Published: June 2022

This book is the first published biography of the tap dancer, singer, actor, and comedian John W. Bubbles. From an impoverished childhood in Nashville, Bubbles rose to prominence in the world of entertainment, fashioning a long and varied career in vaudeville, Broadway, movies, and television. Along the way he invented a new style of tap dancing (now called rhythm tap) and created the role of Sportin’ Life for George Gershwin’s classic opera Porgy and Bess. With pianist Buck Washington he formed the team Buck and Bubbles, one of the greatest acts in the history of vaudeville. As a tap dancer in the 1920s and 1930s, Bubbles not only inspired a generation of dancers but also probably influenced the development of jazz music as well. Through it all he had to contend with the soul-crushing barriers of a country built on white supremacy. Although his dancing innovations provided a model for white movie stars such as Fred Astaire and Eleanor Powell, Bubbles himself was denied success in Hollywood because of his skin color. Even in vaudeville, his natural element, the powers-that-be artificially restricted his advancement so as not to overwhelm his white competitors. These injustices were the greatest sorrows of a heady and tumultuous life, one marked by dazzling professional achievements as well as corrosive personal addictions. Drawing from a wealth of newly discovered primary sources, this book places that life in the context of its time.
Conclusion
Authors: Gill Bates
Published: June 2022

The concluding chapter looks ahead and argues that in spite of the many challenges facing Xi Jinping’s approach to world affairs, his overriding concern with regime security means that China under his leadership will double down on its current strategy. Beijing will exhibit even stronger expectations of respect for Party legitimacy, more forceful assertions of PRC sovereignty, more urgency in generating wealth and securing hard power, and even greater ambitions to realize Chinese leadership and ideas. As a result, an even more contested future lies ahead for China’s foreign relations. In response, governments and societies around the world should invest in deepening understanding of China’s strengths and weaknesses, establishing stronger countervailing coalitions where needed, building greater resilience against unwelcome aspects of China’s international behavior, preparing for an intensifying competition of ideas with China, and where possible, continuing to seek common ground with China where interests overlap.
The Violence-Nonviolence Dichotomy
Authors: Beck Colin J. , Bukovansky Mlada , Chenoweth Erica , Lawson George , Nepstad Sharon Erickson , Ritter Daniel P.
Published: June 2022

Chapter 3 argues that the violence-nonviolence dichotomy is problematic for two reasons. First, many revolutionary movements make strategic shifts over time. It is not uncommon for an unarmed movement to take up weapons against the state, just as it is not uncommon for armed guerrillas to lay down their weapons to embark on civil resistance campaigns. The same revolution may be violent in one stage and nonviolent in another. To illustrate how, why, and when such strategic shifts occur, two cases are discussed: the Northern Ireland Civil Rights movement, which eventually declined in favor of the armed revolt of the Provisional Irish Republican Army, and the West Papua Liberation movement, which turned from armed struggle to civil resistance. The second problem with the violence-nonviolence dichotomy is that movements rarely adhere strictly to one set of tactics or another. Violent revolutionaries often make use of nonviolent actions, such as boycotts or general strikes, using these tactics in tandem with armed struggle. And nonviolent civil resisters sometimes damage buildings or police vehicles, which some consider to be violent. Although a movement may predominantly rely on one strategy or another, there are messy areas that blur the violent-nonviolent boundaries. When researchers break free of this dichotomous way of thinking, they are able to explore when, where, and why these strategic shifts occur and what the impact is of including violent tactics in a nonviolent movement and vice versa.
The Domestic-International Dichotomy
Authors: Beck Colin J. , Bukovansky Mlada , Chenoweth Erica , Lawson George , Nepstad Sharon Erickson , Ritter Daniel P.
Published: June 2022

This chapter challenges the domestic-international dichotomy. Many established theories of revolutionary emergence focus on domestic factors such as economic downturns, elite conflict and defection from the state, and the mobilizing capacity of opposition forces. This dichotomy makes the international influence on all of these domestic factors opaque. Domestic economic conditions are heavily shaped by international markets. Elite decisions about whether to support or oppose the state are linked to alliances with other nations and international organizations. And oppositional organizing capacity is enhanced by support from transnational movements (such as the influx of resources from diaspora supporters) and the transmission of tactics and strategies from revolutionaries in one region of the world to another. In short, there are no fully domestic revolutions; revolutions are always influenced by international factors. Yet all too often, revolutionary scholarship has seen international factors as a backdrop to domestic factors, which are perceived as having the real explanatory power. Researchers have grafted international factors onto existing models in an “add and stir” approach, rather than examining how international dynamics permeate and shape domestic dynamics “all the way down.” The chapter proposes an alternative “inter-social” approach. It highlights how international dynamics help to constitute revolutionary situations, trajectories, and outcomes through an analysis of the 1977–79 Iranian revolution.
Conclusion
Authors: Beck Colin J. , Bukovansky Mlada , Chenoweth Erica , Lawson George , Nepstad Sharon Erickson , Ritter Daniel P.
Published: June 2022

The book ends with a chapter that poses new questions and arguments that aim to move the field of revolution studies forward. It asks three main questions: What is the relationship between revolution and liberalism? What is the relationship between revolution and terrorism? What is the normative content of revolutions? The chapter discusses how these questions can open new lines of research on unruly politics and revolution in the contemporary world. Revolutions, as highlighted numerous times in this book, are a story without an end. This is why this closing chapter has highlighted questions rather than provided full stops, let alone exclamation marks. Revolutions are always unfinished.
Captives in Society
Authors: Gundur Rajeev V. , Kavish Daniel R.
Published: June 2022

Though Gresham Sykes identified several aspects of prisoner life in his classic text The Society of Captives, he failed to consider the role of race. In this chapter, we offer a critique of this oversight by exploring race from the time Sykes was writing to the present day. We show that race has been and continues to be an organizing principle within American society, including prison society and the free world to which ex-prisoners return. The consequences of discrimination and inequitable treatment have manifested in an intergenerational cycle of captivity, whereby Black, Latino, and Native Americans have been disproportionately subjected to punishment in the U.S. Echoing Sykes’s own call for reform, we argue that, to move towards an America that has equal treatment under the law and within society, regardless of race, thus breaking this cycle, criminological research must investigate how various individual, social, structural, environmental, and other contextual factors intersect within social phenomena. More importantly, criminological research must encourage social action to improve outcomes.
E/B mode decomposition of HSC-Y1 cosmic shear using COSEBIs: Cosmological constraints and comparison with other two-point statistics
Authors: Hamana Takashi , Hikage Chiaki , Oguri Masamune , Shirasaki Masato , More Surhud
Published: June 2022

We perform a cosmic shear analysis of Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program first-year data (HSC-Y1) using complete orthogonal sets of E/B-integrals (COSEBIs) to derive cosmological constraints. We compute E/B-mode COSEBIs from cosmic shear two-point correlation functions measured on an angular range of 4′ < θ < 180′. We perform a standard Bayesian likelihood analysis for cosmological inference from the measured E-mode COSEBIs, including contributions from intrinsic alignments of galaxies as well as systematic effects from point spread function model errors, shear calibration uncertainties, and source redshift distribution errors. We adopt a covariance matrix derived from realistic mock catalogs constructed from full-sky gravitational lensing simulations that fully take account of the survey geometry and measurement noise. For a flat Λ cold dark matter model, we find $S\,_8 \equiv \sigma _8\sqrt{\Omega _{\rm m}/0.3}=0.809_{-0.026}^{+0.036}$. We carefully check the robustness of the cosmological results against astrophysical modeling uncertainties and systematic uncertainties in measurements, and find that none of them has a significant impact on the cosmological constraints. We also find that the measured B-mode COSEBIs are consistent with zero. We examine, using mock HSC-Y1 data, the consistency of our S8 constraints with those derived from the other cosmic shear two-point statistics, the power spectrum analysis by Hikage et al. (2019, PASJ, 71, 43) and the two-point correlation function analysis by Hamana et al. (2020, PASJ, 72, 16), which adopt the same HSC-Y1 shape catalog, and find that all the S8 constraints are consistent with each other, although the expected correlations between derived S8 constraints are weak.
Oral Progenitor Cell Line-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles as a Treatment for Preferential Wound Healing Outcome
Authors: Knight Rob , Board-Davies Emma , Brown Helen , Clayton Aled , Davis Terence , Karatas Ben , Burston James , Tabi Zsuzsanna , Falcon-Perez Juan M , Paisey Stephen , Stephens Phil
Published: June 2022

Scar formation during wound repair can be devastating for affected individuals. Our group previously documented the therapeutic potential of novel progenitor cell populations from the non-scarring buccal mucosa. These Oral Mucosa Lamina Propria-Progenitor Cells (OMLP-PCs) are multipotent, immunosuppressive, and antibacterial. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) may play important roles in stem cell–mediated repair in varied settings; hence, we investigated sEVs from this source for wound repair. We created an hTERT immortalized OMLP-PC line (OMLP-PCL) and confirmed retention of morphology, lineage plasticity, surface markers, and functional properties. sEVs isolated from OMLP-PCL were analyzed by nanoparticle tracking analysis, Cryo-EM and flow cytometry. Compared to bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSC) sEVs, OMLP-PCL sEVs were more potent at driving wound healing functions, including cell proliferation and wound repopulation and downregulated myofibroblast formation. A reduced scarring potential was further demonstrated in a preclinical in vivo model. Manipulation of OMLP-PCL sEVs may provide novel options for non-scarring wound healing in clinical settings.
“Doing palliative care with my hands tied behind my back”: telepalliative care delivery for oncology inpatients during a COVID-19 surge
Authors: Rosa William E , Lynch Kathleen A , Hadler Rachel A , Mahoney Cassidy , Parker Patricia A
Published: June 2022

New York City was a “global COVID-19 hotspot” in spring 2020. Many health teams rapidly transitioned to telehealth platforms. Little is known about the experiences of inpatient palliative care services who delivered telehealth services during the pandemic. This study was aimed to explore the experiences of an interdisciplinary palliative care team in meeting the holistic needs of oncology inpatients via telehealth over a 10-week period during the first COVID-19 surge. A targeted sample of interdisciplinary palliative specialists at an urban comprehensive cancer center participated in in-depth interviews that explored participants’ experiences delivering physical, psychosocial, and spiritual care via telehealth. An interdisciplinary coding team followed a rigorous thematic text analysis approach and met regularly to reach consensus on emerging themes. Eleven palliative specialists from six disciplines (chaplaincy, medicine, nursing, pharmacy, physician assistant, and social work) participated. Seventy-three percent reported not receiving telehealth training prior to COVID-19 and 64% were “not at all” or “somewhat comfortable” delivering telepalliative care. Several themes were identified, including the barriers related to telehealth, the impact of telehealth on the quality of relationships with patients, their families, and coworkers, and the changes in perceived self-efficacy of fulfilling job responsibilities. Telehealth use has increased significantly during COVID-19, requiring further evaluation of its utility. Participants reported both positive and negative inpatient telepalliative care experiences associated with various domains of professional functioning, such as communication, relationships with key stakeholders, and self-efficacy. Enhanced telehealth training and support must be improved to sustain the palliative workforce and promote high-quality patient and family care in the future.
Mettl3‐mediated m6A modification of Lrp2 facilitates neurogenesis through Ythdc2 and elicits antidepressant‐like effects
Authors: Xu Biao , Li Qingfeng , Wu Yuanfei , Wang Huan , Xu Jiamin , Liu Hui , Xuan Aiguo
Published: June 2022

N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant mRNA modification affecting diverse biological processes. However, the functions and precise mechanisms of m6A signaling in adult hippocampal neurogenesis and neurogenesis‐related depression remain largely enigmatic. We found that depletion of Mettl3 or Mettl14 in neural stem cells (NSCs) dramatically reduced m6A abundance, proliferation, and neuronal genesis, coupled with enhanced glial differentiation. Conversely, overexpressing Mettl3 promoted proliferation and neuronal differentiation. Mechanistically, the m6A modification of Lrp2 mRNA by Mettl3 enhanced its stability and translation efficiency relying on the reader protein Ythdc2, which in turn promoted neurogenesis. Importantly, mice lacking Mettl3 manifested reduced hippocampal neurogenesis, which could contribute to spatial memory decline, and depression‐like behaviors. We found that these defective behaviors were notably reversed by Lrp2 overexpression. Moreover, Mettl3 overexpression in the hippocampus of depressive mice rescues behavioral defects. Our findings uncover the biological role of m6A modification in Lrp2‐mediated neurogenesis via m6A‐binding protein Ythdc2, and propose a rationale that targeting Mettl3‐Ythdc2‐Lrp2 axis regulation of neurogenesis might serve as a promising antidepressant strategy.
Hypertension and cognitive function: a review of life-course factors and disparities
Authors: De Anda-Duran Ileana , Woltz Sara G. , Bell Caryn N. , Bazzano Lydia A.
Published: June 2022

Purpose of review

Dementia is a life-course condition with modifiable risk factors many from cardiovascular (CV) origin, and disproportionally affects some race/ethnic groups and underserved communities in the USA. Hypertension (HTN) is the most common preventable and treatable condition that increases the risk for dementia and exacerbates dementia pathology. Epidemiological studies beginning in midlife provide strong evidence for this association. This study provides an overview of the differences in the associations across the lifespan, and the role of social determinants of health (SDoH).

Recent findings

Clinical trials support HTN management in midlife as an avenue to lower the risk for late-life cognitive decline. However, the association between HTN and cognition differs over the life course. SDoH including higher education modify the association between HTN and cognition which may differ by race and ethnicity. The role of blood pressure (BP) variability, interactions among CV risk factors, and cognitive assessment modalities may provide information to better understand the relationship between HTN and cognition.

Adopting a life-course approach that considers SDoH, may help develop tailored interventions to manage HTN and prevent dementia syndromes. Where clinical trials to assess BP management from childhood to late-life are not feasible, observational studies remain the best available evidence.
Implementation of a Mobile Technology–Supported Diaphragmatic Breathing Intervention in Military mTBI With PTSD
Authors: Wallace Tracey , Morris John T. , Glickstein Richard , Anderson Raeda K. , Gore Russell K.
Published: June 2022

Background:

Diaphragmatic breathing is an evidence-based intervention for managing stress and anxiety; however, some military veterans with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) report challenges to learning and practicing the technique. BreatheWell Wear assists performance of breathing exercises through reminders, biofeedback, and visual, tactile, and auditory guidance.

Objective:

To evaluate feasibility of implementing BreatheWell Wear, a mobile smartwatch application with companion smartphone app, as an intervention for stress management in military veterans with mTBI and PTSD.

Methods:

Thirty veterans with chronic symptoms of mTBI and PTSD recruited from an interdisciplinary, intensive outpatient program participated in this pilot pragmatic clinical trial. Participants were randomly assigned to the experimental (BreatheWell Wear and conventional care) and control (conventional care) groups for 4 weeks. Conventional care included instruction on relaxation breathing and participation in behavioral health therapy. Effects on goal attainment, treatment adherence, diaphragmatic breathing technique knowledge, and stress were measured through surveys and diaries. Changes in symptoms, mood, and well-being were measured pre/postintervention via the Posttraumatic Checklist for DSM-5, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, and Flourishing Scale.

Results:

Person-centered goal attainment (t = 4.009, P < .001), treatment adherence (t = 2.742, P = .001), diaphragmatic breathing technique knowledge (t = 1.637, P < .001), and reported ease of remembering to practice (t = −3.075, P = .005) were significantly greater in the experimental group. As expected, measures of PTSD, anxiety, depression, and psychological well-being showed clinically meaningful change in both groups, and both groups demonstrated reduced stress following diaphragmatic breathing.

Conclusion:

These preliminary findings indicate that BreatheWell Wear may be a clinically feasible tool for supporting diaphragmatic breathing as an intervention in veterans with mTBI and PTSD, and a future effectiveness trial is warranted.
DNA metabarcoding captures dietary plant diversity in individuals and cohorts
Authors: Petrone Brianna L. , Aqeel Ammara , Jiang Sharon , Durand Heather K. , Dallow Eric P. , McCann Jessica R. , Dressman Holly K. , Hu Zhengzheng , Tenekjian Christine B. , Yancy William S. , Seed Patrick C. , Rawls John F. , Armstrong Sarah C. , Stevens June , David Lawrence A.
Published: June 2022

Eating a varied diet is a central tenet of good nutrition. Here, we develop the first molecular tool to quantify human dietary plant diversity by applying DNA metabarcoding with the chloroplast trnL-P6 marker to 1,001 fecal samples from 310 participants across four cohorts. The number of plant taxa per sample (plant metabarcoding richness, or pMR) correlated with recorded intakes in interventional diets (ρ=0.31) and with indices calculated from a food-frequency questionnaire in freely-chosen diets (ρ=0.40-0.63). In adolescents unable to collect validated dietary survey data, trnL metabarcoding detected 111 plant taxa, with 86 consumed by more than one individual and four (wheat, chocolate, corn, and potato family) consumed by >70% of individuals. Adolescent pMR was associated with age and income, replicating prior epidemiologic findings. Overall, trnL metabarcoding promises an objective and accurate measure of the number and types of plants consumed that is applicable to diverse human populations.
Direct Observation of Stepping Rotation of V-ATPase Reveals Rigid Coupling between Vo and V1 Motors
Authors: Otomo Akihiro , Iida Tatsuya , Okuni Yasuko , Ueno Hiroshi , Murata Takeshi , Iino Ryota
Published: June 2022

V-ATPases are rotary motor proteins which convert chemical energy of ATP into electrochemical potential of ions across the cell membrane. V-ATPases consist of two rotary motors, Vo and V1, and Enterococcus hirae V-ATPase (EhVoV1) actively transports Na+ in Vo (EhVo) by using torque generated by ATP hydrolysis in V1 (EhV1). Here, we observed ATP-driven stepping rotation of detergent-solubilized EhVoV1 wild-type, aE634A, and BR350K mutants under the various Na+ and ATP concentrations ([Na+] and [ATP], respectively) by using a 40-nm gold nanoparticle as a low-load probe. When [Na+] was low and [ATP] was high, under the condition that only Na+ binding to EhVo is the rate-limiting, wild-type and aE634A exhibited 10-pausing positions reflecting 10-fold symmetry of the EhVo rotor and almost no backward steps. Duration time before forward steps was inversely proportional to [Na+], confirming that Na+ binding triggers the steps. When both [ATP] and [Na+] were low, under the condition that both Na+ and ATP bindings are rate-limiting, aE634A exhibited 13-pausing positions reflecting 10- and 3-fold symmetries of EhVo and EhV1, respectively. Distribution of duration time before forward step was well fitted by a sum of two exponential decay functions with distinct time constants. Furthermore, frequent backward steps smaller than 36° were observed. Small backward steps were also observed during long, three ATP cleavage pauses of BR350K. These results indicate that EhVo and EhV1 do not share pausing positions and Na+ and ATP bindings occur at different angles, and the coupling between EhVo and EhV1 is not elastic but rigid.

Significance Statement

V-ATPases are ion pumps consisting of two rotary motor proteins Vo and V1, and actively transport ions across the cell membrane by using chemical energy of ATP. To understand how V-ATPases transduce the energy in the presence of structural symmetry mismatch between Vo and V1, we simultaneously visualized rotational pauses and forward and backward steps of Vo and V1 coupled with ion transport and ATP hydrolysis reaction, respectively. Our results indicate rigid coupling of a V-ATPase which has multiple peripheral stalks, in contrast to elastic coupling of F-ATPases with only one peripheral stalk, which work as ATP synthase. Our high-speed/high-precision single-molecule imaging of rotary ATPases in action will pave the way for a comprehensive understanding of their energy transduction mechanisms.