bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vascular Complications in Patients With Pancreatic Walled-Off Necrosis—A Retrospective, Single Cohort Study
Authors: Amin Nadia Emad Lotfi , Lahchich Mariam , Werge Mikkel Parsberg , Hadi Amer , Ebrahim Mohamed , Schmidt Palle Nordblad , Karstensen John Gásdal , Novovic Srdan
Published: November 2024

Objectives

Acute pancreatitis (AP) may lead to the development of pancreatic walled-off necrosis (WON) and vascular complications. We analyzed the frequency of vascular complications and their clinical impact in patients with WON.

Materials and Methods

The development of bleeding and splanchnic venous thrombosis (SVT) was assessed in a retrospective, single cohort of 290 patients undergoing invasive treatment for symptomatic WON. Bleeding was defined as nonprocedure-related requiring transfusion, embolization, or surgery, whereas SVT was defined as the presence of a thrombus in one of the splanchnic veins on contrast-enhanced computed tomography.

Results

In total, 78 patients (27%) developed 87 vascular complications. Forty-four patients (15%) developed SVT, 25 patients (9%) bleeding, and 9 patients (3%) developed both. At the time of the index intervention, 44 patients (83%) had already developed SVT, and only 7 episodes of bleeding had occurred (21%). Patients with bleeding had a greater need for intensive care unit treatment and their in-hospital mortality was higher than patients without bleeding (59% vs 38%, P = 0.003 and 38% vs 13%, P < 0.0001, respectively).

Conclusions

Vascular complications are common in WON patients, but only bleeding is associated with increased morbidity and in-hospital mortality. Most SVT occur before an index intervention, while bleeding episodes primarily occur afterwards.
Long-term Outcomes of Surgical Treatment for Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasm With Synchronous Hepatic Metastasis
Authors: Xu Qiang , Yin Bohui , Han Xu , Ren Siqian , Jiang Jialin , Li Fang , Wijarnpreecha Karn , Wang Jingqiao , Liao Quan , Dai Menghua , Zhang Taiping , Sadula Abuduhaibaier , Lou Wenhui , Yuan Chunhui , Wu Wenming , Zhao Yupei
Published: November 2024

Objective

To evaluate surgical impact on the overall survival (OS) of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm (pNEN) with synchronous hepatic metastases (sHMs).

Methods

A total of 163 pNEN-sHM patients were recruited from 3 institutions in China, who were categorized into 3 groups: no resection, resection of the primary lesion, and resection of both primary and hepatic lesions (PHR). Cox regression was employed to evaluate surgical impact on the OS.

Results

In the overall cohort analysis, PHR demonstrated a significant protective effect on OS (hazard ratio, 0.302; 95% confidence interval, 0.127–0.721; P = 0.007). Nevertheless, subgroup analysis revealed PHR conferred a survival advantage in patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (pNET) located on the pancreatic body/tail (bt-pNET-sHM) (hazard ratio, 0.287; 95% CI, 0.087–0.946; P = 0.040), whereas surgical treatment did not significantly impact survival in the subgroups of pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma–sHM or pancreatic head/neck pNET-sHM (hn-pNET-sHM).

Conclusions

In this study, the survival benefit of surgery was observed only in the bt-pNET-sHM subgroup. Considering the multifactorial nature of decision-making, surgical intervention for pNEN-sHM management should be approached with a careful and comprehensive assessment, to prevent excessive surgery strategies.
Bodyweight-Adjusted Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Dose in the Prevention of Post-endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Pancreatitis
Authors: Kayashima Atsuto , Horibe Masayasu , Iwasaki Eisuke , Bazerbachi Fateh , Kawasaki Shintaro , Kanai Takanori
Published: November 2024

Objectives

Although rectal nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduce the incidence of postendoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis (PEP), their optimal dosage is unknown. Given possible interindividual variability in the pharmacodynamics of NSAIDs, we hypothesized that the dose required to achieve adequate PEP prophylaxis varies with body weight.

Materials and Methods

We conducted an analysis using single-center, prospective, observational cohort study data. The primary outcome was PEP incidence by NSAID dosage per body weight (mg/kg). Patients meeting the inclusion criteria were classified into 3 groups.

Results

We included 891 patients, with 400, 454, and 37 patients in the control group with no NSAID therapy, the NSAID <1.0 mg/kg group, and the NSAID ≥1.0 mg/kg group, respectively. In the adjusted cohort, the odds ratio of PEP was 0.18 (95% confidence interval: 0.041–0.79; P = 0.023) for NSAID ≥1.0 mg/kg and 1.3 (95% confidence interval: 0.76–2.3; P = 0.31) for NSAID <1.0 mg/kg compared to the control group without NSAID.

Conclusions

PEP was not prevented by NSAID dosages below 1.0 mg/kg body weight whereas a dosage above 1.0 mg/kg body weight had a significant prophylactic effect. An NSAID dosage adjusted to body weight may be necessary to achieve an adequate prophylactic effect against PEP.
Development, Validation, and Visualization of a Web-Based Nomogram to Predict the Risk of Psychological Distress in Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy After Breast Cancer Surgery
Authors: Shi Xixi , Zhao Yanyan , Wang Jing , Yi Yingying , Yang Yinhao , Yang Xueqin
Published: November 2024

Background

Psychological distress of postoperative chemotherapy patients with breast cancer is significant and has a serious impact on their quality of survival. Risk prediction models can efficiently assess patients’ psychological distress and risk factors.

Objectives

To investigate the factors influencing psychological distress in postoperative chemotherapy patients with breast cancer and construct a nomogram model to predict the occurrence of psychological distress in patients.

Methods

Two hundred forty-seven women in treatment for breast cancer who were postoperative and receiving chemotherapy were recruited. Participants completed a distress management screening measure, a numerical rating scale, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and demographic and clinical items.

Results

Experiencing significant psychological distress was reported by 65.6% of participants. The psychological distress risk prediction model included 5 variables: financial problems, appearance/shape, distant metastases, the Numerical Rating Scale Pain score, and fatigue. A web calculator was designed based on the model (https://77nomogram.shinyapps.io/dynnomapp/).

Conclusions

This study found that financial and appearance/shape problems, distant metastases, pain scores, and fatigue were predictors of greater psychological distress in women undergoing chemotherapy after breast cancer surgery. The model constructed in this study has good predictive efficacy.

Implications for practice

This web-based nomogram model can help healthcare professionals quickly assess the likelihood of psychological distress in patients and screen for risk factors for psychological distress.
The Impact of Mindfulness-Based Meditation and Yoga on Stress, Body Image, Self-esteem, and Sexual Adjustment in Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Modified Radical Mastectomy
Authors: Pehlivan Melike , Eyi Semra
Published: November 2024

Background

Surgical interventions are commonly utilized in the treatment of breast cancer; however, they can elicit adverse effects on women’s perceptions of femininity, leading to stress, negative body image, diminished self-esteem, and challenges in sexual adjustment.

Objective

This study investigates the efficacy of mindfulness-based meditation and yoga in alleviating stress, enhancing self-esteem, improving body image, and facilitating sexual adjustment among women undergoing modified radical mastectomy.

Methods

Using a prospective (pretest, posttest, and second-month follow-up), 2-arm (1:1), randomized controlled experimental design, the study involved 39 women (intervention group = 19, control group = 20) undergoing modified radical mastectomy. The intervention group participated in face-to-face mindfulness-based meditation and yoga sessions lasting approximately 90 minutes each over an 8-week period.

Results

Following the intervention, significant reductions in perceived stress and the significance attributed to breasts in sexuality were observed (P < .05), accompanied by increases in self-esteem and body perception (P < .05). However, no significant differences were observed in sexual adjustment (P > .05).

Conclusions

Mindfulness-based meditation and yoga interventions demonstrated efficacy in mitigating perceived stress, enhancing self-esteem, and improving body perception among women undergoing modified radical mastectomy. The findings advocate for the integration of mindfulness-based stress reduction programs, particularly during the preoperative phase, to support oncological patients, particularly those with breast cancer.

Implications for Practice

Psychosocial aspects such as body image, self-esteem, and sexual adjustment following radical mastectomy are frequently overlooked in clinical care. This research highlights the potential benefits of incorporating mindfulness-based yoga and meditation techniques into nursing interventions to alleviate stress and enhance body confidence among women undergoing mastectomy.
Physical Activity and Exercise Interventions in Abdominal Wall Hernia Patients: Impact on Quality of Life and Health Outcomes - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Delgado José Luis Gil , Pagola Gonzalo Reverte , Barea Francisco Javier Pecci , Madueño Adrián Feria , Arteaga Alejandro Sánchez , Corrales y Borja Sañudo
Published: November 2024

Objective

Abdominal wall hernias are a common pathology in the surgical field, often leading to symptoms such as pain and tightness that can significantly reduce quality of life. Some studies have suggested that exercise and physical activity may improve both quality of life and health outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of exercise on quality of life and health outcomes in abdominal wall hernia patients through a qualitative systematic review and a quantitative meta-analysis.

Design

The systematic review identified six studies (n = 2409) that met the inclusion criteria, all demonstrating that exercise and physical activity positively affected health outcomes in abdominal wall hernia patients. Due to the limited number of studies available, the meta-analysis focused specifically on the effects of exercise and physical activity on quality of life and pain.

Results

The meta-analysis results indicated significant improvements in quality of life between pre- and postsurgery after a physical exercise intervention. However, no significant differences were found in pain levels between pre- and postsurgery following the exercise program.

Conclusion

This systematic review and meta-analysis offer promising insights into the potential benefits of physical activity and exercise interventions on health outcomes for AWH patients.
Gaps in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation for Blindness and Low Vision
Authors: Gersony Alyssa , Han Yangha (Hank) , Beheshti Mahya , Hamilton-Fletcher Giles , Stants Holly , Stolfi Angela , Roberts Pamela , Rao Smita , Rizzo John-Ross (JR)
Published: November 2024

Persons with blindness and low vision experience increased fall and injury risk beyond atypical biomechanics and balance impairments. Falling risk doubles with blindness, and more than triples with depth perception losses. Despite this, physical therapy focuses on musculoskeletal injuries postevent rather than taking a proactive and preventative approach for persons with blindness and low vision. We posit that physical therapy implemented preinjury, alongside orientation and mobility training of adapted movement protocols could positively affect injury avoidance and severity for persons with blindness and low vision. The global VISION 2020 initiative seeks increased access to rehabilitation services and treatments to enhance quality-of-life for persons with blindness and low vision. In support, this article reviews research studies in rehabilitation science that promote physical health and well-being, and stresses preventative skilled mobility and therapeutic exercise to mitigate injury. To reduce the personal, financial, and societal costs associated with blindness and low vision, as well as position patients for better outcomes, we review an evidence base that may generate immediate impact in this area. While these recommendations provide an initial framework, the role of physical therapy in prehabilitative care remains a critical gap that must be addressed. It is imperative that interventions, guidelines, impairment/severity-specific practices, and overall health promotion are re-evaluated and redesigned for persons with blindness and low vision, affording equity for health and mobility.
Complex Scalp Reconstruction in Moyamoya Disease Using Distant Flap After Free Tissue Transfer Failure
Authors: Kim Rah Yoon , Lee Chang Jun , Baek Sang Oon
Published: November 2024

A preferred option among many surgeons for treating large defects in the head and neck area is reconstruction using autologous tissue, particularly free tissue transfer with microvascular anastomosis. However, some defects cannot be resolved with conventional microvascular techniques or algorithmic approaches. In this case study, a 55-year-old female, who previously underwent bypass surgery for Moyamoya disease, presented with a large scalp defect following surgical necrosis. After initial coverage using a free anterolateral thigh flap, partial necrosis developed, leaving a persistent 2×4 cm² defect. To resolve this, a distant thenar flap was harvested and successfully used for reconstruction. Postoperatively, the patient exhibited full recovery without complications. This case highlights the effectiveness of distant flap techniques, particularly when microvascular surgery is not feasible or has failed. The historical significance and continued applicability of distant flaps in challenging cases underscore their importance in the reconstructive armamentarium.
Reconstruction of 2 Independent Facial Defects Using A Single Paramedian Forehead Flap
Authors: Gonzalez-Parrilla Leonardo , Thuman Jenna , Awad Mahmoud , Patel Krishna
Published: November 2024

Background:

The paramedian forehead flap (PMFF) has been well established for use in reconstruction limited to a single nasal outer layer defect and has recently gained recognition as an acceptable alternative to traditional methods of lower eyelid reconstruction. The use of a single, pedicled PMFF for the reconstruction of more than one defect has yet to be described.

Methods:

A 59-year-old male patient was originally diagnosed with large squamous cell carcinoma resulting in radical resection and ipsilateral neck dissection. Postoperative final pathology was read as basal cell carcinoma; due to close margins, the patient required adjuvant radiation therapy. Immediate reconstruction at index surgery included radial forearm free flap; however, the patient subsequently developed left eye symptoms due to lid retraction and nasal symptoms with a left alar defect. The authors report the use of a single pedicled PMFF to reconstruct 2 distinct ipsilateral defects in a radiated patient—nasal ala and lower eyelid.

Results:

At 6 months post-secondary reconstruction, both recipient sites of the single PMFF appear viable and in adequate position without contraction. The patient has persistent but much improved symptoms related to his eye and nasal defects.

Conclusion:

A single PMFF can be safely and effectively used in the reconstruction of 2 distinct facial defects in the appropriate patient.
The protocol for BROWSE-P (breast reconstruction outcomes with Strattice™ or Artia™ – pre-pectoral): a cohort study to assess long-term outcomes of immediate pre-pectoral implant based breast reconstruction with Strattice™ or Artia™
Authors: Johri Goonj , Wilson Rebecca L. , Barrett Emma , Murphy John A. , Dave Rajiv , Harvey James R.
Published: November 2024

Introduction:

Techniques in implant-based breast reconstruction (IBBR) have evolved over the last 15 years due to the introduction of mesh or acellular dermal matrices (ADMs). Traditionally, total submuscular coverage progressed to upper pole muscle cover with lower pole ADM and now total or anterior ADM cover in the pre-pectoral plane. Data is scarce to support the pre-pectoral technique but, it is suggested to result in less postoperative pain, more natural cosmesis and avoidance of animation deformity. The BROWSE study concluded that subpectoral with Strattice™ IBBR resulted in better cosmesis and lower rates of capsular contracture when compared to the total submuscular technique. The BROWSE-P study aims to assess the safety profile of Artia™ a porcine derived ADM and review the long-term outcomes of pre-pectoral IBBR with Strattice™ and Artia™.

Methods and analysis:

BROWSE-P is a single center cohort study. Consecutive patients who have undergone immediate pre-pectoral IBBR with Strattice™ or Artia™ from January 2017 to December 2022 will be included. Demographic, operative, oncology, complication, and further surgery data with be collected to assess the rate of revision surgery and safety profile of Artia™. Those who have their implant reconstruction in situ will be invited for clinical assessment to assess for capsular contracture. Participants will also be asked to complete a BREAST-Q post-reconstruction module, to assess patient satisfaction and quality of life, and have medical photographs taken for an assessment of aesthetic outcome by a blinded panel using the 10-point Visser scale. We aim to collect data on 500 reconstructions and complete clinical assessment, patient reported outcomes and aesthetic assessment for 250 patients.
Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography in Heart Transplant Patients: Current Insights and Future Directions
Authors: van Dijk Britt C.J. , Bos Daniel , Roest Stefan , Hirsch Alexander , Taverne Yannick J.H.J. , Brugts Jasper J. , de Boer Rudolf A. , Budde Ricardo P.J. , Manintveld Olivier C.
Published: November 2024

Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) remains a significant challenge after heart transplantation, necessitating effective surveillance methods. This review centers around the role of coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) in CAV surveillance, given its unique capabilities to visualize and quantify CAV in comparison with other imaging modalities, including invasive coronary angiography and intravascular ultrasound. CCTA has shown good diagnostic performance for detecting and monitoring CAV, exemplified by a higher sensitivity and negative predictive value compared with invasive coronary angiography. Additionally, CCTA can provide valuable functional insights with fractional flow reserve integration. An additional, considerable benefit of CCTA is that it allows for the opportunity to assess other imaging markers of cardiometabolic and general health, including coronary artery calcium score, epicardial fat volume, liver fat, vertebral bone density, and lung density, which allows for a comprehensive assessment of the overall health of the patient.
From central to peripheral: A new perspective on bladder dysfunction in Parkinson disease
Authors: Stachelek Jackson A. , Zwaans Bernadette M. M. , Chuang Yao-Chi , Yoshimura Naoki , Chancellor Michael B.
Published: November 2024

As opposed to classical overactive (OAB) symptoms, Parkinson disease (PD) patients often exhibit detrusor hyperreflexia and impaired contractility or underactive bladder. OAB would be more related to central nervous system dysfunction, but nerve damage in peripheral ganglia (eg, pelvic ganglia in the bladder wall) may play a mechanism of dysfunction manifesting as underactive bladder in PD. We propose a novel hypothesis regarding neurogenic urologic dysfunction in PD, suggesting a potential involvement of peripheral nervous system dysfunction in addition to central nervous system dysfunction. This hypothesis emphasizes the significance of investigating peripheral neuron damage in the urinary bladder. We hereby review the relevant neurogenic bladder dysfunction associated with PD, compare and contrast OAB and underactive bladder manifestations and dysfunction, and discuss novel considerations toward this disease with great unmet needs.
Predicting the need for additional intervention in prostate abscess treatment: Insights from a multicenter study and proposal of a Prostate Abscess Complexity Score
Authors: Pallares-Mendez Rigoberto , Armillas-Canseco Francisco , Martinez Diego Enrique , Bove Alfredo M. , Cervantes-Miranda Daniel E. , Brassetti Aldo , Hernandez-Aranda Katherine L. , Badillo-Gonzalez Miriam K. , Molgado-Garza Victor M. , Garcia-Saucedo Jesus , Castillejos-Molina Ricardo A. , Becerra-Cardenas Jaime , Simone Giuseppe , Gutierrez-Gonzalez Adrian
Published: November 2024

Purpose:

To evaluate prostate abscess outcomes and identify predictors for additional intervention. Additionally, assess a complexity score for clinical decision-making.

Materials and methods:

This is a retrospective, multicenter study including 62 consecutively admitted prostate abscess patients. Primary treatment involved antibiotics or a combination with transrectal ultrasound-guided aspiration (TRUS-GA) or transurethral resection of the prostate with abscess deroofing. Outcomes were assessed by comparing resolution with primary treatment to additional intervention. Additional intervention involved escalation to TRUS-GA, repeat TRUS-GA, or transurethral resection of the prostate with abscess deroofing. The sample was further categorized by Prostate Abscess Complexity Score (PACS) into complex and noncomplex. Risk factors, clinical features, abscess characteristics, and reintervention predictors were analyzed using logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic analysis.

Results:

Sixty-two patients were included, 47 (75.8%) responded well to primary treatment, while 15 (24.2%) needed additional intervention. Risk factors for additional intervention included multifocal abscess (P = 0.005), septa (P = 0.023), bilateral involvement (P = 0.008), abscess diameter ≥3 cm (P = 0.040), and volume ≥20 cc (P ≤ 0.001). The PACS, considering abscess focality, septa, laterality, polarity, abscess diameter, and volume, showed 73% sensitivity and 74% specificity in predicting additional intervention (P = 0.001) with a threshold of ≥6 points to classify as complex. Among complex cases, 80% required additional intervention, compared to 34% in noncomplex cases (P = 0.002).

Conclusion:

This study highlights personalized treatment for prostate abscess. Identified risk factors (multifocal abscess, septa, bilateral involvement, large abscess diameter, and increased volume) provide insights into predicting the need for additional interventions. The proposed PACS offers a valuable tool for clinical decision-making when ≥6 points are encountered.
Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on Antimicrobial Resistance Gene Profiles in the Upper Respiratory Tract: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Tomar Siddharth Singh , Khairnar Krishna
Published: November 2024

Objectives

To investigate the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) gene profiles in the upper respiratory tract (URT) and To evaluate variations in AMR gene diversity, abundance, and ESKAPE-associated AMR in URT. By comparing SARS-CoV-2-positive patients to healthy controls.

Methods

95 URT swab samples from SARS-CoV-2-positive (n=48) and RTPCR-negative control participants (n=47) collected from central India. Metagenomic DNA was extracted, and metagenomic sequencing was performed using the Illumina NextSeq550 platform. Sequencing data were analysed using the Chan Zuckerberg ID pipeline for Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) gene detection and taxonomic profiling. Chao1, Shannon and Simpson diversity indices, Bray-Curtis dissimilarity, and Bayesian regression, were used to identify significant differences in AMR gene abundance and microbial associations.

Results

The Chao1 index (p=0.01651) of SARS-CoV-2 samples indicated significantly higher AMR gene richness than the controls. Resistance genes, such as mecA, blaOXA-48, and blaNDM-1, showed higher abundance in SARS-CoV-2 samples. These genes were found to be linked to high-priority pathogens likeKlebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli,andStaphylococcus aureus. Bayesian regression demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 infection is a significant factor in elevated AMR gene abundance (β = 1.549, HDI [1.409, 1.691]). Females showed higher AMR levels than males (β = 0.261, HDI [0.167, 0.350]), and the model outputs showed no significant age correlation. Sankey diagrams and heatmaps showed higher AMR gene diversity and abundance in the SARS-CoV-2 group.

Conclusions

SARS-CoV-2 infection alters the URT’s AMR gene profile and increases the resistance genes’ abundance and diversity. The results indicate a requirement to enhance AMR surveillance of COVID-19 patients to adapt antimicrobial stewardship strategies and reduce the chances of secondary infections. It is, therefore, essential to carry out more extensive studies to analyze temporal variations and the effects of antibiotic overuse on AMR evolution.
An obligate symbiont ofHaematomyzus elephantiswith a strongly reduced genome resembles symbiotic bacteria in sucking lice
Authors: Říhová Jana Martin , Vodička Roman , Hypša Václav
Published: November 2024

The parvorder Rhynchophthirina with a single genusHaematomyzusis a small group of ectoparasites related to sucking and chewing lice. Previous screening based on the 16S rRNA gene indicated thatHaematomyzusharbour a symbiotic bacterium whose DNA exhibits a strong shift in nucleotide composition typical of obligate mutualistic symbionts in insects. Within Phthiraptera, the most dramatically reduced genomes are found in the symbionts associated with sucking lice, living exclusively on mammal blood, compared to the less modified symbionts inhabiting the chewing lice, which feed on skin derivates. In this study, we investigate the genome characteristics of the symbiont associated withHaematomyzus elephantis. We sequenced and assembled theHaematomyzus elephantismetagenome, extracted a genome draft of its symbiotic bacterium, and show that the symbiont has a significantly reduced genome, which is with 0.39 Mbp the smallest genome among the symbionts known from Phthiraptera. Multigenic phylogenetic analysis places the symbiont into one of three clusters composed of long-branched symbionts from other insects. More specifically, it clusters together with symbionts from several other sucking lice, and also withWigglesworthia glossinidia, an obligate symbiont of tsetse flies. Consistent with the dramatic reduction of its genome, theH. elephantissymbiont lost many metabolic capacities. However, it retained functional pathways for four B vitamins, a trait typical for symbionts in blood-feeding insects. Considering genomic, metabolic, and phylogenetic characteristics, the new symbiont closely resembles those known from several sucking lice rather than chewing lice.

Importance

Rhynchophthirina is a unique small group of permanent ectoparasites that is closely related to both sucking and chewing lice. These two groups of lice differ in their morphology, ecology, and feeding strategies. As a consequence of their different dietary sources, such as mammals’ blood versus vertebrate skin derivatives, they also exhibit distinct patterns of symbiosis with obligate bacterial symbionts. While Rhynchophthirina shares certain traits with sucking and chewing lice, the nature of its obligate symbiotic bacterium and its metabolic role are not known. In this study, we assemble genome of symbiotic bacterium fromHaematomyzus elphantis(Rhynchophthirina), demonstrating its close similarity and phylogenetic proximity to several symbionts of sucking lice. The genome is highly reduced (representing the smallest genome among louse-associated symbionts) and exhibits a significant loss of metabolic pathways. However, similar to other louse symbionts, it retains essential pathways for the synthesis of several B vitamins.
Neutrophil Extracellular Trap gene expression signatures identify prognostic and targetable signaling axes for inhibiting metastasis of pancreatic tumours
Authors: McDonald Paul C. , Topham James T , Awrey Shannon , Tavakoli Hossein , Carroll Rebekah , Brown Wells S. , Gerbec Zachary J. , Kalloger Steve E. , Karasinska Joanna M. , Tang Patricia , Goodwin Rachel , Jones Steven J. M. , Laskin Janessa , Marra Marco A , Morin Gregg B. , Renouf Daniel J. , Schaeffer David F. , Dedhar Shoukat
Published: November 2024

Tumour associated neutrophils (TANs) can promote metastasis through the interaction of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) with tumour cells. Here, we examined the contribution of NETs in the progression of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC), which is characterized by high metastatic propensity. We carried out consensus clustering and pathway enrichment analysis of NET-related genes in an integrated cohort of 369 resectable and metastatic PDAC patient tumour samples, and compiled two gene expression signatures comprising of either, integrin-actin cytoskeleton, and Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) signaling, or cell death signaling, which identified patients with very poor to better overall survival, respectively. Tumour Infiltrating neutrophils and NETs associate with ITGB1, CCDC25 and ILK, within clinical and experimental PDAC tumours. Functionally, exposure of PDAC cells to NETs identified a cytoskeletal dynamic-associated CCDC25/ITGB1/ILK signaling complex which stimulates EMT and migration/ invasion. Furthermore, NETosis-driven experimental metastasis of PDAC cells is significantly inhibited byILKknock down. Our data identify novel NET-related gene expression signatures for PDAC patient stratification, and reveal targetable signaling axes to prevent and treat disease progression and metastasis.
Comparing neurocognitive mechanisms of mathematical ability and fluency in children: insights from an fNIRS study
Authors: Yeo Alethea Yen Ning , Wang Fengjuan , Jamaludin Azilawati
Published: November 2024

Background

Early proficiency in mathematics is a strong predictor of later academic success and life achievement, considering the practical skills that mastering the subject enables students to equip. Yet, there exists a paucity of research into the neural mechanisms supporting mathematical abilities in young children. Recent research utilises resting state functional connectivity (RSFC), a measure of the coherence of brain activity among brain regions in the absence of tasks, to understand the functional roles of these regions.

Methods

We analysed the RSFC of 45 children to investigate the intrinsic cognitive processes underpinning arithmetic processing in three regions of interest (ROIs): middle frontal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, and precuneus. Correlations between RSFC among these regions and mathematics or math fluency scores, derived from the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT-III), were examined.

Results

RSFC between the right precuneus and both the ipsilateral middle frontal gyrus and inferior parietal region may be associated with arithmetic processing speed and accuracy, while cross-hemispheric RSFC between the right precuneus and the left inferior parietal lobule appears to be associated with problem-solving and numeracy skills. RSFC between the right precuneus and left inferior parietal lobule differed in children performing below the 10thpercentile in mathematics (out of 45 participants).

Conclusions

The results suggest that children of the same age may follow different neural development trajectories. More targeted and differentiated interventions are essential to offer additional and early support for students struggling with mathematics.
A language model assistant for biocatalysis
Authors: Nana Teukam Yves Gaetan , Grisoni Francesca , Manica Matteo
Published: November 2024

Language model assistants have transformed how researchers interact with computational tools, offering unprecedented capabilities in understanding and generating complex scientific queries. We introduce a language model assistant for biocatalysis (LM-ABC), a computational tool designed to streamline workflows in enzyme engineering research. LM-ABC integrates a large language model with domain-specific modules to facilitate biocatalysis research through natural language inputs. Its architecture employs the Reasoning and Acting (ReACT) framework for dynamic tool selection and chaining, enabling functionalities like binding site extraction and molecular dynamics simulations. LM-ABC can interpret and process user queries in the form of natural language, and interface with existing computational resources to generate relevant results for enzyme engineering. Additionally, LM-ABC is available via both command-line and web-based interfaces, which lowers the barriers for its usage and integration in various disciplines. Provided as open-source software, the LM-ABC contributes to the application of language models in computational biology, potentially accelerating enzyme engineering research processes.
Replicating dynamic immune responses at single-cell resolution within a microfluidic human skin equivalent
Authors: Hindle Sarah A. , Brook Holly Bachas , Chrysanthou Alexandra , Chambers Emma S. , Caley Matthew P. , Connelly John T.
Published: November 2024

The intricate immunological functions of human skin involve the interplay between multiple different cell types as well as dynamic trafficking of leukocytes in and out the tissue, both of which are extremely challenging to replicate in vitro. To enable in vitro investigation of human skin immunology, we developed a microfluidic human skin equivalent (HSE) that supports the delivery of circulating immune cells via a vascular microchannel embedded within the dermis of a full-thickness construct. We demonstrated that stimulation of keratinocyte inflammation with lipopolysaccharide and nigericin promoted rapid monocyte recruitment out of the vascular channel and into the epidermal layer within 24 hours, followed by a second wave of monocyte migration into the dermis over a period of six days. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of the tissue-resident and recruited cell populations revealed dynamic and cell-specific patterns of gene expression that were characteristic of acute activation and resolution of an inflammatory immune response.

Moreover, comparison of the gene signatures of the monocyte-derived cells to in vivo populations provided molecular level validation of the model and indicated a differentiation trajectory of the monocytes through to mature dermal macrophages. To extend the microfluidic platform to additional applications, we also modelled age-associated immune dysfunction by the inclusion of senescent fibroblasts, which promoted increased monocyte recruitment into the HSE, replicating previous in vivo human studies. Thus, the microfluidic HSE presented here replicates key aspects of dynamic inflammatory immune responses within the skin and represents a tractable experimental tool for interrogating mechanisms of human skin immunology.
PanTax: Strain-level taxonomic classification of metagenomic data using pangenome graphs
Authors: Zhang Wenhai , Liu Yuansheng , Xu Jialu , Chen Enlian , Schönhuth Alexander , Luo Xiao
Published: November 2024

Microbes are omnipresent, thriving in a range of habitats from oceans to soils and even within our gastrointestinal tracts. They play a vital role in maintaining ecological equilibrium and promoting the health of their hosts. Consequently, understanding the strain diversity within microbial communities is crucial, as variations between strains can lead to distinct phenotypic expressions or diverse biological functions. However, current methods for taxonomic classification from metagenomic sequencing data have several limitations, including their reliance solely on species resolution, support for either short or long reads, or their confinement to a given single species. Most notably, the majority of existing taxonomic classifiers rely solely on a single linear representative genome as a reference, which fails to capture the strain diversity, thereby introducing single-reference biases.

Here, we present PanTax, a pangenome graph-based taxonomic classification method that overcomes the shortcomings of single-reference genome-based approaches, because pangenome graphs possess the capability to depict the genetic variability present across multiple evolutionarily or environmentally related genomes. PanTax provides a comprehensive solution to taxonomic classification for strain resolution, compatibility with both short and long reads, and compatibility with single or multiple species. Extensive benchmarking results demonstrate that PanTax drastically outperforms state-of-the-art approaches, primarily evidenced by its significantly higher precision or recall (at both species and strain levels), while maintaining comparable or better performance in other aspects across various datasets. PanTax is a user-friendly open-source tool that is publicly accessible athttps://github.com/LuoGroup2023/PanTax.
“The Association of the IL-1RA (rs315952) Cytokine Gene Polymorphism and Susceptibility to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Meta-analysis”
Authors: Carlos Jan Mikkos L. , Gabriel Mary Angelei T. , Gatbunton Lark Joshua
Published: November 2024

Through a general retrospective analysis of the IL-1RAmspa11,100 (rs315952) cytokine gene polymorphism’s genotypes and alleles, the T/T genotype, along with the individual T allele, shows significant associations with the risk of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). Meanwhile, the C/C and C/T genotypes, as well as the individual C allele, exhibited no significant associations. These results imply that having a homozygous genotype for the T allele increases the likelihood of SLE occurrence, while having a single C allele may induce a protective effect against the disease. To obtain these results, the researchers employed the analysis of six selected case-control and cross-sectional studies on healthy individuals SLE patients diagnosed through PCR tests. Forest plot construction was done to assess potential overlapping confidence intervals among the qualified studies. To identify the degree of heterogeneity among the papers, the odds ratio and the total confidence intervals, with the confidence interval set at 95%, were acquired through fixed and random effects models. Genotype and allele analyses with I2 statistics higher than 40% led to the funnel plot construction for outlier detection. Currently, the underlying processes that led to these genes’ and alleles’ varying outcomes to SLE risk remain elusive. Meanwhile, the subjects’ IL-1RA haplotypes may undermine these findings, along with the need for environmental consideration and the potential alteration of the gene and its corresponding alleles due to epigenetics. However, these findings still remain a possible starting point or reference for future studies.
Longitudinal association of remnant cholesterol with cognitive decline vary by lipid-lowering therapy: a population-based cohort study
Authors: Hua Jianian , Dong Jianye , Chen Ying , Li Haibin , Chen Qingmei
Published: November 2024

Objective

Although the association between remnant cholesterol (RC) and cognitive impairment has been reported, the association of RC with cognitive decline remains scarce. Also, the role of lipid- lowering therapy in the association is unclear. The study aimed to examine the longitudinal associations of RC with cognitive decline by lipid-lowering drug use status.

Methods

The study utilized data from wave 2 (2004-2005) to wave 8 (2016-2017) of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). Global cognitive functions at baseline (wave 2) and during the follow-up (waves 3-8) were assessed by integrating three cognitive domains, including memory capacity, semantic fluency, and orientation. Multivariate-adjusted linear mixed models were employed to examine the longitudinal associations, with results presented asβ[95% confidence interval (CI)] in standard deviation (SD)/year.

Results

Of the 5053 participants ultimately included, 55.4% were female and the mean age (SD) was 65.7 (9.3) years. Per 1 mmol/L increment in RC was significantly associated with a faster rate of cognitive decline (β= −0.010 SD/year, 95% CI: -0.019, -0.001). Furthermore, we observed that the association pattern between RC and cognitive decline only in the non-lipid-lowering drug group (β= -0.019 SD/year, 95% CI: -0.031, -0.007), but not in the lipid-lowering drug group (β= 0.007 SD/year, 95% CI: -0.006, 0.020), with a significant interaction (P= 0.015). Similar findings were observed for the three cognitive domains.

Conclusions

Higher baseline RC levels were associated with steeper cognitive decline. Regular use of lipid-lowering drugs during follow-up might attenuate the accelerated cognitive decline caused by high RC.
IL-33 protects from recurrentC. difficileinfection by restoration of humoral immunity
Authors: Naz Farha , Hagspiel Nicholas , Young Mary K. , Uddin Jashim , Tyus David , Boone Rachel , Brown Audrey C. , Ramakrishnan Girija , Rigo Isaura , Madden Gregory R. , Petri William A.
Published: November 2024

Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) recurs in one of five patients. Monoclonal antibodies targeting the virulence factor TcdB reduce disease recurrence, suggesting that an inadequate anti-TcdB response to CDI leads to recurrence. In patients with CDI, we discovered that IL-33 measured at diagnosis predicts future recurrence, leading us to test the role of IL-33 signaling in the induction of humoral immunity during CDI. Using a mouse recurrence model, IL-33 was demonstrated to be integral for anti-TcdB antibody production. IL-33 acted via ST2+ ILC2 cells, facilitating germinal center T follicular helper (GC-Tfh) cell generation of antibodies. IL-33 protection from reinfection was antibody-dependent, as μMT KO mice and mice treated with anti-CD20 mAb were not protected. These findings demonstrate the critical role of IL-33 in generating humoral immunity to prevent recurrent CDI.

Abstract Figure

Graphical Abstract:

IL-33 restoration induces toxin-B-specific antibody production via the ILC2-TFH axis. In the left panel, IL-33 remediation increases ILC2s, subsequently inducing TFH directly or indirectly. TFH cell induction is pivotal for the production of antibodies. IL-33 also downregulates type 1 and type 3 immunity, favoring type 2 immunity to enhance host survival and reduce morbidity.

The middle panel illustrates antibiotic-induced dysbiosis, resulting in decreased IL-33 levels and reduced antibody production.

The right panel demonstrates the protective effect in reinfection, attributed to toxin-specific antibodie generated by IL-33 remediation.
What are the ethnic inequities in care outcomes related to haematological malignancies, treated with transplant/cellular-therapies, in the UK?
Authors: Cusworth Samuel , Deplano Zareen , Denniston Alastair , Burns David , Nirantharakumar Krishnarajah , Adderley Nicola J , Chandan Joht Singh
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Haematological cancers are common in the UK, with a variety of morphologies. Stem cell transplants and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies provide significant options for hard to treat haematological cancers, although with difficult to predict outcomes. Research into the determinates of treatment efficacy, and access to treatments, is key to ensuring equal benefit across patients, and patient safety. With this, there are concerns about the small representation of minority groups in related research. We aim to report on the current knowledge, to guide future research.

Methods and analysis

A variety of databases will be searched, for literature on UK minority ethnic populations receiving haematopoietic stem cell transplant or CAR T-cell therapy. Many outcomes will be analysed, covering the patient care pathway for those of the target population, although with a focus on follow-up after therapy. Plans have been made to conduct narrative synthesis, with meta-analysis where applicable.

Ethics and Dissemination

Outputs will be published in an appropriate journal, and discussed with the wider NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Precision Transplant and Cellular Therapeutics (BTRU) group. Discussions will also be undertaken with the BTRU patient partners group.

Strengths and Limitations of this Study

This systematic review has a detailed search criteria with a variety of search tools, enabling high sensitivity in obtaining evidence.

To enable this work to be completed, reviewers will be working independently on separate reference lists, during screening, rather than voting on the same references and resolving conflicts. To alleviate issues, reviewers will be first required to screen a defined number of papers together, using a more classical approach to confirm agreement, before working independently.

Due to difficulties in pooling together international ethnic groups, only studies in the UK have been included, to reduce complexity. There are some ethnic groups which are more valid to pool together internationally than others, mainly in respect to genetic factors (as opposed to social), which this protocol does not consider.
Self-organized acoustic behavior in bats arises from simple rules
Authors: Hase Kazuma , Miyazaki Tasuku , Oka Seiya , Senoo Noriyoshi , Nishimori Hiraku , Shiraishi Masashi , Yoda Ken , Kobayasi Kohta I , Hiryu Shizuko
Published: November 2024

Although self-organized behavior has been extensively studied in the movement of group-behaving animals, such as fish or birds, far less attention has been paid to vocal behavior in animal groups, especially in mammals. Here, by testing the vocal response of echolocating bats (Miniopterus fuliginosus) to the playback of jamming stimuli in the lab, we discovered a mathematical model that can well describe vocal frequency control by bats in response to jamming stimuli mimicking echolocation sounds emitted in a group of bats. We then extended the model to a group of flying bats and observed frequency-adjusting behavior by which the frequency differences for the group increased overall, similar to a previous observation on group-flying bats. Further, we showed the frequency-adjusting behavior led to less potential misdetections by echolocation in a group. Our findings suggest this frequency-adjusting behavior is a self-organized vocal behavior that mitigates conflicts within a group, one achieved via simple behavioral rules, as in other types of collective animal behavior.
Superconductivity-induced improper orders in nonsymmorphic systems
Authors: Szabó András L. , Ramires Aline
Published: November 2024

In this work, we highlight an overlooked mechanism that couples superconducting order parameters to orders in the charge and spin sectors such that the latter emerge as improper orders. At the core of this mechanism are nonsymmorphic symmetries and new families of modulated order parameters with two components of opposite parity. While nonsymmorphic systems have been extensively discussed in the context of topological band theory, our work demonstrates the profound effects of such symmetries on the interplay of ordered phases of matter. As a working example, we focus on the space group P4/nmm and provide a real-space perspective on the classification of order parameters. Our findings can account for the unusual phenomenology of CeRh2As2, a recently discovered heavy fermion superconductor, and open the door for the exploration of nonsymmorphic symmetries in the broader context of improper orders with potential applications to functional topological materials.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024