bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Double anchoring balloon technique for recanalization of coronary chronic total occlusion by retrograde approach
Authors: Lee Nae Hee , Suh Jon , Seo Hye‐Sun
Published: December 2008

A retrograde approach through the collateral channels is considered to improve the success rate of percutaneous coronary intervention for coronary chronic total occlusion (CTO). Various kinds of strategies and techniques are required to improve the success rate of this novel approach. We describe a case in which a CTO was successfully recanalized by the retrograde approach, using a new anchoring balloon technique (double anchoring balloon technique) which enabled the successful balloon passage through the hard CTO lesion. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Herpes simplex virus lower respiratory tract infection in patients with solid tumors
Authors: Aisenberg Galbiel , Torres Harrys , Tarrand Jeffrey , Safdar Amar , Bodey Gerald , Chemaly Roy F.
Published: December 2008

BACKGROUND:

The clinical significance of herpes simplex virus (HSV) isolated in lower respiratory tract specimens (LRTS) of patients with solid tumors (ST) is unknown. In the current study, the authors attempted to determine the clinical relevance of this finding among ST patients.

METHODS:

The authors reviewed records of ST patients admitted to the study institution between April 2000 and April 2004 with clinical and radiologic evidence of pneumonia, and HSV identified in LRTS by culture alone or culture and cytology. Patients were categorized as having proven (HSV identified by culture and cytology from the LRTS), probable (HSV as the sole pathogen by culture alone), and possible (HSV along with copathogens identified by culture) HSV pneumonia.

RESULTS:

Forty‐five ST patients with either proven (6 patients), probable (25 patients), or possible (14 patients) HSV pneumonia were identified. When compared with patients with probable or possible HSV pneumonia, more patients with proven infection were on mechanical ventilation (40% vs 50% vs 100%, respectively; P = .03), and had longer length of stay in the intensive care unit (12 days vs 13 days vs 26 days, respectively; P = .05). The overall mortality rate was 22% (10 patients). Four of 25 (16%) patients who received HSV‐directed antiviral therapy died during their hospital stay versus 6 of 20 (30%) who were not treated (P = .3). None of the 6 patients with proven HSV pneumonia who were treated with acyclovir died. On univariate analysis, risk factors for mortality included underlying breast cancer, an Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score >15, admission to the intensive care unit, and use of mechanical ventilation and vasopressors (all P ≤ .05), with underlying breast cancer and APACHE II score >15 being found to be independent predictors of death by multiple logistic regression analysis (all P ≤ .05).

CONCLUSIONS:

Having a proven HSV pneumonia appears to be associated with high morbidity and with no increase in mortality in ST patients. This subset of patients appears to benefit from acyclovir therapy. Cancer 2009. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Empirical estimate of fundamental frequencies and damping for Italian buildings
Authors: Gallipoli Maria Rosaria , Mucciarelli Marco , Vona Marco
Published: December 2008

The aim of this work is to estimate the fundamental translational frequencies and relative damping of a large number of existing buildings, performing ambient vibration measurements. The first part of the work is devoted to the comparison of the results obtained with microtremor measurements with those obtained from earthquake recordings using four different techniques: horizontal‐to‐vertical spectral ratio, standard spectral ratio, non‐parametric damping analysis (NonPaDAn) and half bandwidth method. We recorded local earthquakes on a five floors reinforced concrete building with a pair of accelerometers located on the ground and on top floor, and then collected microtremors at the same location of the accelerometers. The agreement between the results obtained with microtremors and earthquakes has encouraged extending ambient noise measurements to a large number of buildings. We analysed the data with the above‐mentioned methods to obtain the two main translational frequencies in orthogonal directions and their relative damping for 80 buildings in the urban areas of Potenza and Senigallia (Italy). The frequencies determined with different techniques are in good agreement. We do not have the same satisfactory results for the estimates of damping: the NonPaDAn provides estimates that are less dispersed and grouped around values that appear to be more realistic. Finally, we have compared the measured frequencies with other experimental results and theoretical models. Our results confirm, as reported by previous authors, that the theoretical period–height relationships overestimate the experimental data. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in snowpack and snowmelt runoff for key mountain regions
Authors: Stewart Iris T.
Published: December 2008

Mountain snowpack and spring runoff are key components of surface water resources, and serve as important, regionally integrated indicators of climate variability and change. This study examines whether mountain snowpack and snowmelt have manifested a consistent hydrologic response to global climatic changes over the past several decades. Prior findings are compared to identify spatial and temporal patterns of trends in the volume, extent, and seasonality of snowpack and melt for key mountain regions. Evidence suggests that both temperature and precipitation increases to date have impacted mountain snowpacks simultaneously on the global scale; however, the nature of the impact is, among other factors, strongly dependent on geographic location, latitude, and elevation. Warmer temperatures at mid‐elevations have decreased snowpack and resulted in earlier melt in spite of precipitation increases, while they have not affected high‐elevation regions that remain well below freezing during winter. At high elevations, precipitation increases have resulted in increased snowpack. Not all local responses are consistent with the general findings, possibly because of local climatic trends, atmospheric circulation patterns, record lengths, or data quality issues. With continued warming, increasingly higher elevations are projected to experience declines in snowpack accumulation and melt that can no longer be offset by winter precipitation increases. There is a continued research need for hydroclimatic trend detection and attribution in mountains owing to the length, quality, and sparseness of available data from monitoring stations not directly impacted by human activity. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
River‐ice hydrology in a shrinking cryosphere
Authors: Beltaos Spyros , Prowse Terry
Published: December 2008

Many rivers of cold, and even temperate, regions of the globe are covered with ice for a part of the year. Projections of future climate indicate that the duration, composition and extent of ice coverage, however, will gradually change. This may have wide‐ranging consequences because ice is a critical component of cold‐regions hydrologic systems and strongly affects, for example, extreme floods, low winter flows, river transport, hydroelectric production, and numerous ecological and water‐quality characteristics. Following an overview of the processes characterizing the freezeup‐ice growth‐breakup sequence, the links of river ice to the hydrology of northern rivers are examined in detail. The rise in river stage that is caused by an ice cover is shown to be fundamental to ice‐related hydrologic impacts, such as floods caused by freezeup and breakup ice jams, low winter flows caused by water storage during freezeup and sharp waves generated by ice‐jam releases. Ice thickness and strength, both controlled by weather conditions, also play major roles. To date, the sensitivity of river‐ice regimes to changes in climatic conditions has only been partly evaluated. Most studies have focussed on ice phenology and indicate trends that are consistent with changes in air temperature, while a few recent studies have addressed the more complex questions of how climate change may alter ice thickness or the severity of extreme ice jams and floods. Foreseeable changes to river‐ice regimes, and associated hydrologic processes and impacts, are discussed in the light of current understanding. More frequent occurrence of mid‐winter breakup and associated jamming is a major effect that can be predicted with some confidence for regions where such events are presently rare or unknown. It is stressed that gaps in current knowledge preclude quantitative prediction of site‐specific changes to river‐ice regimes, and several recommendations for future research are presented. Copyright © 2008 Her Majesty the Queen in right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectroscopy on the wing: Naturally inspired SERS substrates for biochemical analysis
Authors: Garrett Natalie L. , Vukusic Peter , Ogrin Feodor , Sirotkin Evgeny , Winlove C. Peter , Moger Julian
Published: December 2008

We show that naturally occurring chitinous nanostructures found on the wings of the Graphium butterfly can be used as substrates for surface‐enhanced Raman scattering when coated with a thin film of gold or silver. The substrates were found to exhibit excellent biocompatibility and sensitivity, making them ideal for protein assaying. An assay using avidin/biotin binding showed that the substrates could be used to quantify protein binding directly from changes in the surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra and were sensitive over a concentration range comparable with a typical enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) assay. A biomimetic version of the wing nanostructures produced using a highly reproducible, large‐scale fabrication process, yielded comparable enhancement factors and biocompatibility. The excellent biocompatibility of the wings and biomimetic substrates is unparalleled by other lithographically produced substrates, and this could pave the way for widespread application of ultrasensitive SERS‐based bioassays. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Psychotherapy with religious and spiritual clients: an introduction
Authors: Worthington Everett L. , Aten Jamie D.
Published: December 2008

This invited issue of the Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session is devoted to psychotherapy with religious and spiritual clients. After offering definitions of religion and spirituality, noting areas of potential convergence and differentiating nuances, the authors highlight the prevalence and types of spirituality among both clients and mental health professionals. They describe the historical and current context for examining approaches to psychotherapy with clients who endorse religion, experience spirituality within their religion, or define themselves as spiritual even if not religious. They then summarize the subsequent articles in this issue, which offer practical guidance for practitioners. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 69:1–8, 2009.
Multi‐annual dry episodes in Australian climatic variability
Authors: Hunt B. G.
Published: December 2008

The output from a 10 000‐year simulation with the CSIRO Mark 2 coupled global climatic model has been analysed to investigate the occurrence of multi‐year dry episodes for three selected regions of Australia, specifically, the northeast, southeast and southwest of the continent. Results are presented for dry episodes lasting for 8 or more years. An episode is defined as a time interval having consecutive negative rainfall anomalies, but not necessarily a major drought, for each year of the episode. The hydrological consequences of such an episode can persist for over a century.

Typically about 30 episodes are found over the 10 000 years of the simulation for each of the three regions. There is little synchronicity between the regions in the occurrence of the dry episodes. While there is an El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) influence associated with these episodes, it is not continuous over the duration of an episode. Composites of sea surface temperature anomalies over an episode highlight the limited presence of ENSO events. The occurrence of the dry episodes for all three regions is essentially random, with multi‐centennial periods without an episode, and episodes at multi‐decadal frequency at other times. Following a discussion of possible mechanistic influences, it is concluded that stochastic forcing is responsible for the occurrence of dry episodes. This implies that there is no predictability associated with the initiation, duration or termination of individual dry episodes. This also suggests that the 2000–2007 dry episodes occurring over much of Australia may not be caused by the greenhouse effect. Such an episode has a return period of between 200 and 300 years based on the mean frequency of occurrence in the present simulation. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Cholesterol esters are detected by Raman microspectroscopy in HeLa cells
Authors: van Manen Henk‐Jan , Otto Cees
Published: December 2008

The detection of trans‐unsaturated lipids in single HeLa cells by Raman microspectroscopy was recently reported in this journal by Onogi et al. Based on our previously published Raman microspectroscopy data of individual macrophage foam cells, a detailed comparison between our spectra and spectrum reported by Onogi et al., and the reported literature spectrum of cholesterol oleate, we here provide evidence that cholesterol esters instead of trans‐unsaturated lipids have been detected by Onogi et al. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pseudo‐transient continuation for nonlinear transient elasticity
Authors: Gee Michael W. , Kelley C. T. , Lehoucq R. B.
Published: December 2008

This paper demonstrates how pseudo‐transient continuation improves the efficiency and robustness of a Newton iteration within a non‐linear transient elasticity simulation. Pseudo‐transient continuation improves efficiency by enabling larger time steps than possible with a Newton iteration. Robustness improves because pseudo‐transient continuation recovers the convergence of Newton's method when the initial iterate is not within the region of local convergence. We illustrate the benefits of pseudo‐transient continuation on a non‐linear transient simulation of a buckling cylinder, including a comparison with a line search‐based Newton iteration. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling the migration of cancer cells in the bloodstream
Authors: Quek Y. L. R. , Lai T. L. , Chiam K.‐H.
Published: December 2008

We model the migration of cancer cells that have broken away from a tumor and are circulating in the bloodstream. Using the immersed boundary method and culling from literature the material properties of cancer cells, we simulate how cells deform as a function of the flow properties of the bloodstream as well as the adhesive properties between the cancer cells and the endothelial cells of the bloodstream. We also simulate the migration characteristics as a function of the migrating cell density. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Model reduction of nonlinear systems
Authors: Condon Marissa
Published: December 2008

The paper is concerned with the model reduction of nonlinear systems. Such methods are required in all branches of engineering. Often the level of detail in system models can cloud the essential behaviour and hence, methods are required to identify the behaviour of interest to the designer. In this contribution, the particular focus is on the empirical balanced truncation method of model reduction. A standard test case will illustrate the efficacies of the suggested approach. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structure and properties of star‐shaped solution‐polymerized styrene‐butadiene rubber and its co‐coagulated rubber filled with silica/carbon black‐I: morphological structure and mechanical properties
Authors: Liu Xiao , Zhao Suhe , Yang Yong , Zhang Xingying , Wu Youping
Published: December 2008

The morphological structure and mechanical properties of the star‐shaped solution‐polymerized styrene‐butadiene rubber (SSBR) and organically modified nanosilica powder/star‐shaped SSBR co‐coagulated rubber (N‐SSBR) both filled with silica/carbon black (CB) were studied. The results showed that, compared with SSBR, silica powder could be mixed into N‐SSBR much more rapidly, and N‐SSBR/SiO2 nanocomposite had better filler‐dispersion and processability. N‐SSBR/SiO2/CB vulcanizates displayed higher glass‐transition temperature and lower peak value of internal friction loss than SSBR/SiO2/CB vulcanizates. In the N‐SSBR/SiO2/CB vulcanizates, filler was dispersed in nano‐scale resulting in good mechanical properties. Composites filled with silica/CB doped filler exhibited more excellent mechanical properties than those filled with a single filler because of the better filler‐dispersion and stronger interfacial interaction with macromolecular chains. N‐SSBR/SiO2/CB vulcanizates exhibited preferable performance in abrasion resistance and higher bound rubber content as the blending ratio of silica to CB was 20:30. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Potential chemotherapy side effects: What do oncologists tell parents?
Authors: Ramirez Lisa Ysela , Huestis Samantha E. , Yap Tsiao Yi , Zyzanski Stephen , Drotar Dennis , Kodish Eric
Published: December 2008

Background

In order to determine the number of short‐term side effects and late effects discussed during an informed consent conference (ICC) after the diagnosis of acute leukemia, we observed the occurrence(s) and the ratio between short‐term side effects versus late effects during an ICC.

Procedure

ICC(s) of childhood leukemia trials were audio‐taped at six different study sites. The side effects mentioned during each of these ICC(s) were coded and analyzed.

Results

One hundred forty cases were reviewed, from which we coded a total of 3,173 acute side effects and 242 late effects. The mean total side effects mentioned during each ICC was 24 (range 5–47). The number of late effects coded were significantly less than acute side effects. We also found that the duration of ICC(s) was positively correlated with the number of side effects mentioned. In addition, the frequency of total side effects mentioned was independent of patient or parent demographic factors.

Conclusions

Our results show that acute side effects are often mentioned but the discussion of late effects is much less frequent in the initial ICC(s). Careful consideration regarding the ratio of acute and late effects that are communicated to parents in the context of the ICC may facilitate parental understanding of clinically relevant side effects. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:497–502. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early detection of adrenocortical carcinoma in a child with Li–Fraumeni syndrome
Authors: Lin Ming‐Tsan , Shieh Jeng‐Jer , Chang Julia Hui‐Mei , Chang Shih‐Wen , Chen Tse‐Ching , Hsu Wen‐Hu
Published: December 2008

We report an early detection of cancer in a child with Li–Fraumeni syndrome. The proband was a 3‐year‐old male with a primitive mesenchymal tumor. Genetic analysis showed a germline TP53 mutation in codon 220 exon 6, which changed TAT → TGT and resulted in a tyrosine‐to‐cysteine amino acid substitution (Tyr220Cys). The younger sister at risk was followed, and an asymptomatic adrenal cortical carcinoma was detected 3 years later. The report highlights the importance of genetic counseling and provides an example of early detection of cancers in childhood LFS carriers. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:541–544. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bevacizumab treatment in multifocal lymphangioendotheliomatosis with thrombocytopenia
Authors: Kline Ronald M. , Buck Laura Marcu
Published: December 2008

Multifocal lymphangioendotheliomatosis with thrombocytopenia (MLT) is a rare disorder characterized by a proliferation of cutaneous and gastrointestinal (GI) lesions that have characteristics of both lymphatic and vascular lesions. Thrombocytopenia is associated with this syndrome and is thought to represent platelet destruction within the lesions. The natural history is one of multiple, life‐threatening episodes of GI bleeding. We report the successful use of bevacizumab in this disease, an antibody to the vascular endothelial growth factor. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:534–536. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome in a child treated with bevacizumab
Authors: Levy Carolyn Fein , Oo Khine Zin , Fireman Fernando , Pierre Louisdon , Bania Marita A. , Sadanandan Swayamprabha , Yamashiro Darrell J. , Bender Julia L. Glade
Published: December 2008

Bevacizumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Hypertension is a well‐recognized, common side effect of VEGF blocking agents. The reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS) has been described as a rare but serious consequence of bevacizumab administration. We present a case of a 6‐year‐old child with refractory hepatoblastoma who developed hypertensive crisis, seizures and MRI changes consistent with RPLS while receiving bevacizumab with gemcitabine and oxaliplatin. Findings completely resolved without neurologic sequelae with stringent blood‐pressure control. Better understanding of risk for RPLS, prompt recognition and aggressive management will be required as bevacizumab gains wider use in pediatrics. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:669–671. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Allogeneic stem cell transplantation for Glanzmann thrombasthenia
Authors: Ishaqi M. Kashif , El‐Hayek M. , Gassas Adam , Khanani M. , Trad Omar , Baroudi M. , Jamil A.
Published: December 2008

Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT) is a rare autosomal recessive bleeding disorder characterized by normal platelet count, but lack of platelet aggregation. The molecular basis is linked to quantitative and/or qualitative abnormalities of the membrane glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complexes. Usually it is associated with mild bleeding but may lead to severe and potentially fatal hemorrhages. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the only curative treatment. However, because of the risks associated with HSCT, it is generally not recommended unless there are life threatening hemorrhages, or the patient has developed refractoriness to platelet transfusion due to antibody formation. Herein, we report an 11‐year‐old female from United Arab Emirates (UAE) with severe GT and anti platelet alloimmunization successfully treated with HSCT from her HLA‐identical sibling. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:682–683. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Models of SEC elution curves for binary and multi‐component polymers
Authors: Netopilík Miloš , Kratochvíl Pavel
Published: December 2008

BACKGROUND: Frequently, the unimodal shape of size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC) elution curves is taken as evidence that the polymer sample being analysed contains no minority components in significant quantities. The legitimacy of this assumption, however, has never been checked systematically.

RESULTS: An algorithm for the simulation of SEC elution curves of multi‐component polymer systems has been developed. Using the algorithm, the shapes of the overall SEC curves with a wide range of parameters describing binary systems were generated and scanned. The crucial parameters determining the shape of the elution curves are the ratio of the molecular weights of the components, the breadth of the molecular weight distribution of the components, the mass fractions of the components and the band broadening.

CONCLUSION: A detailed inspection of the curves shows that the identification of the presence of minority components in such systems from the shapes of the elution curves is more difficult then generally assumed. The absence of peak irregularities, such as minima or inflection points, widely used as a proof of absence of minority components, is a highly unreliable criterion. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Absolute reactivity of arylallyl carbocations
Authors: Hallett‐Tapley Geniece , Cozens Frances L. , Schepp Norman P.
Published: December 2008

A series of α‐vinyl arylmethyl cations were generated and studied using nanosecond laser flash photolysis. Rate constants for the decay of the substituted α‐vinyl arylmethyl cations were determined under solvolytic conditions in pure solvents and solvent mixtures of 1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexafluoro‐2‐propanol (HFIP) and 2,2,2‐trifluoroethanol (TFE). In addition the absolute reactivity of the carbocations with added nucleophiles were obtained. The reactivities of the α‐vinyl arylmethyl cations were then compared to the reactivities of the corresponding α‐methyl, α‐phenyl, and α‐cyclopropyl arylmethyl cations. Hammett σ+ plots of each of the series of carbocations were obtained and the substituent effects on carbocation reactivity analyzed. These data show that the influence of substituent on the reactivity of the α‐vinyl carbocations was different from the substituents effects on the reactivity of the α‐methyl, α‐phenyl, and α‐cyclopropyl series. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Laccase‐catalyzed polymerization of lignocatechol and affinity on proteins of resulting polymers
Authors: Yoshida Takashi , Lu Rong , Han Shuqin , Hattori Kazuyuki , Katsuta Takahiro , Takeda Kei‐Ichi , Sugimoto Kazutoshi , Funaoka Masamitsu
Published: December 2008

For the synthesis of a new biologically functional polymer from a natural resource by an environment‐friendly method, the laccase‐catalyzed polymerization of a lignin‐based macromonomer, lignocatechol, was carried out for the first time in ethanol–phosphate buffer solvent system to give crosslinked polymers in good yields. Lignocatechol was prepared by the phase separation system of lignin and catechol in aqueous sulfuric acid. The copolymerization was also performed with urushiol to afford the corresponding copolymers in high yields. The polymerization mechanism was estimated by the IR and pyrolysis GC‐MS measurements, suggesting that the polymerization proceeded mainly at the catechol ring through a quinone radical intermediate. The thermal properties were measured by the DSC, TG, and TMA analyses, indicating that the polymers had high thermal stabilities because of the crosslinked structures. In addition, it was found that the resulting polymers had the affinity of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and glucoamylase. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 824–832, 2009
Biogeochemical gradients as a framework for understanding waste‐site evolution
Authors: Denham Miles , Vangelas Karen M.
Published: December 2008

The migration of biogeochemical gradients is a useful framework for understanding the evolution of biogeochemical conditions in groundwater at waste sites contaminated with metals and radionuclides. This understanding is critical to selecting sustainable remedies and evaluating sites for monitored natural attenuation, because most attenuation mechanisms are sensitive to geochemical conditions, such as pH and redox potential. Knowledge of how gradients in these parameters evolve provides insights into the behavior of contaminants with time and guides characterization, remedy selection, and monitoring efforts. An example is a seepage basin site at the Savannah River Site in South Carolina where low‐level acidic waste has seeped into groundwater. The remediation of this site relies, in part, on restoring the natural pH of the aquifer by injecting alkaline solutions. The remediation will continue until the pH upflow of the treatment zone increases to an acceptable value. The time required to achieve this objective depends on the time it takes the trailing pH gradient, the gradient separating the plume from influxing natural groundwater, to reach the treatment zone. Predictions of this length of time will strongly influence long‐term remedial decisions. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of natural attenuation at a 1,4‐dioxane‐contaminated site
Authors: Chiang Dora Sheau‐Yun , Glover Everett W. , Peterman Jeff , Harrigan Joseph , DiGuiseppi Bill , Woodward David S.
Published: December 2008

1,4‐Dioxane entered the environment as a result of historic leaks and spills in the production area at an industrial facility in the southeastern coastal plain. The areal extent of the 1,4‐dioxane plume is several hundred acres and is largely contained on the site. Land use adjacent to the plant property is primarily undeveloped (wetlands or woods) or industrial, with a small area of mixed land use (commercial/residential) to the southwest and north. The surficial aquifer is a relatively simple hydrogeologic system with well‐defined boundaries and is comprised of a 50‐ to 70‐foot‐thick deposit of alluvial/fluvial sand and gravel that overlies an aquitard in excess of 100 feet thick. A groundwater flow model, developed and calibrated using field‐measured data, was used for the fate‐and‐transport modeling of 1,4‐dioxane. The flow‐and‐transport model, combined with the evaluation of other site geochemical data, was used to support the selection of monitored natural attenuation (MNA) as the proposed groundwater remedy for the site. Since the active sources of contamination have been removed and the modeling/field data demonstrated that the plume was stable and not expanding, the proposed MNA approach was accepted and approved by the regulatory agency for implementation in 2004. Subsequent accumulated data confirm that concentrations in the 1,4‐dioxane plume are declining as predicted by the fate‐and‐transport modeling. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Off‐gas treatment carbon footprint calculator: Form and function
Authors: Kessel Lowell , Holland Karin , Squire Jeremy
Published: December 2008

The quantification of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be a powerful sustainability measurement indicator for assessing environmental impacts of various operations, which can include remediation of chemically impacted media or construction projects. A carbon footprint calculator was developed and is presented in this article as one tool for applying sustainable practices to environmental remediation—specifically to assess the GHG footprint for remediation projects. The calculator is constructed from a compilation of published metrics and “standards.” © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sustainable soil remediation by refrigerated condensation at sites with “high‐concentration” recalcitrant compounds and NAPL: Two case studies
Authors: Kessel Lowell , Squire Jeremy , Holland Karin
Published: December 2008

Remediation of recalcitrant compounds at sites with high concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or nonaqueous‐phase liquids (NAPLs) can present significant technical and financial (long‐term) risk for stakeholders. Until recently, however, sustainability has not been included as a significant factor to be considered in the feasibility and risk evaluation for remediation technologies. The authors present a framework for which sustainability can be incorporated into the remediation selection criteria focusing specifically on off‐gas treatment selection for soil vapor extraction (SVE) remediation technology. SVE is generally considered an old and standard approach to in situ remediation of soils at a contaminated site. The focus on off‐gas treatment technology selection in this article allows for more in‐depth analysis of the feasibility evaluation process and how sustainable practices might influence the process.

SVE is more commonly employed for recovery of VOCs from soils than other technologies and generally employs granular activated carbon (GAC), catalytic, or thermal oxidation, or an emerging alternative technology known as cryogenic‐compression and condensation combined with regenerative adsorption (C3–Technology). Of particular challenge to the off‐gas treatment selection process is the potential variety of chemical constituents and concentrations changing over time. Guidance is available regarding selection of off‐gas treatment technology (Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence, 1996; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2006). However, there are common shortcomings of off‐gas treatment technology guidance and applications; practitioners have rarely considered sustainability and environmental impact of off‐gas treatment technology selection. This evaluation includes consideration of environmental sustainability in the selection of off‐gas treatment technologies and a region‐specific (Los Angeles, California) cost per pound and time of remediation comparisons between GAC, thermal oxidation, and C3–Technology. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hanford remediation at 20 years: A glass half‐empty
Authors: Abbotts John , Weems Charles
Published: December 2008

The U.S. Department of Energy's (US DOE's) responsibilities for its former national nuclear weapons complex include remediation of the Hanford Site in Washington State. In 1989, the site's primary mission shifted from nuclear weapons material production to cleanup of the extensive radioactive and chemical contamination that represented the production legacy. Cleanup is governed by the Tri‐Party Agreement (TPA), between the US DOE, as responsible party, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Washington State Department of Ecology, as joint regulators. Nearly 20 years have passed since the TPA was signed, but the Hanford remediation is expected to require decades longer. This article covers the cleanup progress to date and challenges that remain, particularly from millions of gallons of highly radioactive liquid wastes and proposals to bring new wastes to Hanford. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In situ bioremediation of pesticides in soil and groundwater
Authors: Seech Alan , Bolanos‐Shaw Kerry , Hill David , Molin Josephine
Published: December 2008

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) such as DDT, Toxaphene, and Dieldrin are very persistent in the environment and can pose a threat to human health and other living organisms. They adsorb strongly to soils and do not tend to decompose naturally at a significant rate. Through extensive research and many field projects over the past decade, it has been found that the application of solid organic carbon and zero‐valent iron (ZVI) to soil and groundwater facilitates the chemical and biological destruction of OCPs. A description of the treatment approach for treatment of soils and groundwater is provided, along with several case studies. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nanotechnology for site remediation
Authors: Otto Martha , Floyd Melissa , Bajpai Sankalpa
Published: December 2008

As a remediation tool, nanotechnology holds promise for cleaning up hazardous waste sites cost‐effectively and addressing challenging site conditions, such as the presence of dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs). Some nanoparticles, such as nanoscale zero‐valent iron (nZVI) are already in use in full‐scale projects with encouraging success. Ongoing research at the bench and pilot scale is investigating particles such as self‐assembled monolayers on mesoporous supports (SAMMS™), dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, and metalloporphyrinogens to determine how to apply their unique chemical and physical properties for full‐scale remediation. There are many unanswered questions regarding nanotechnology. Further research is needed to understand the fate and transport of free nanoparticles in the environment, whether they are persistent, and whether they have toxicological effects on biological systems.

In October 2008, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation (OSRTI) prepared a fact sheet entitled “Nanotechnology for Site Remediation,” and an accompanying list of contaminated sites where nanotechnology has been tested. The fact sheet contains information that may assist site project managers in understanding the potential applications of this group of technologies. This article provides a synopsis of the US EPA fact sheet, available at http://clu‐in.org/542F08009, and includes background information on nanotechnology; its use in site remediation; issues related to fate, transport, and toxicity; and a discussion of performance and cost data for field tests. The site list is available at http://clu‐in.org/products/nanozvi. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Abiotic/biotic degradation and mineralization of N‐nitrosodimethylamine in aquifer sediments
Authors: Szecsody Jim E. , McKinley James P. , Breshears Andrew T. , Crocker Fiona H.
Published: December 2008

The N‐nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) degradation rate and mineralization rate were measured in two aquifer sediments that received treatments to create oxic, reducing, and sequential reducing/oxic environments. Chemically reduced sediments rapidly abiotically degraded NDMA to nontoxic dimethylamine to parts per trillion levels, then degraded to further products. NDMA was partially mineralized in reduced sediments (6 to 28 percent) at a slow rate (half‐life 3,460 h) by an unknown abiotic/biotic pathway. In contrast, NDMA was mineralized more rapidly (half‐life 342 h) and to a greater extent (30 to 81 percent) in oxic sediments with propane addition, likely by a propane monooxygenase pathway. NDMA mineralization in sequential reduced sediment followed by oxic sediment treatment did result in slightly more rapid mineralization and a greater mineralization extent relative to reduced systems. These increases were minor, so aerobic NDMA mineralization with oxygen and propane addition was the most viable in situ NDMA mineralization strategy. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MULTI INCREMENT® TCE vadose‐zone investigation
Authors: Hewitt Alan D. , Ramsey Charles , Bigl Susan
Published: December 2008

MULTI INCREMENT® and discrete sampling strategies were used to estimate the average concentration and the three‐dimensional distribution of TCE in a 3,300‐m3 zone composed of two decision units (e.g., area of concern, population, exposure unit). Authors of this article and a private contractor (Stanley Consultants Inc.), respectively, implemented these two sampling strategies independently. Compared to discrete sampling, the MULTI INCREMENT sampling strategy identified more locations where percent‐level concentrations of TCE have migrated, is more economical, and provided greater data quality. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gender Differences in Patient Perceptions of Involvement in Myocardial Infarction Care
Authors: Arnetz Judith E. , Arnetz Bengt B.
Published: December 2008

Background: Gender differences in the clinical presentation, treatment and outcomes of myocardial infarction (MI) have been demonstrated. However, few studies have examined gender differences in patients' perceptions of involvement in MI care, and whether differing levels of involvement might be associated with gender differences in treatment and outcome.

Aim: To examine possible gender differences in MI patients' perceptions of their involvement during hospitalization.

Methods: Questionnaire study conducted in 2005–2006 among MI patients under the age of 75 at eleven hospitals. Patient ratings of their involvement during hospitalization were analyzed for age-stratified gender differences.

Results: Younger (< 70 years of age) female MI patients placed significantly more value on shared decision-making than younger (< 70) men. More than one third of patients would have liked to be more involved in their care during hospitalization and discharge planning, with women significantly more dissatisfied than men. Significantly fewer younger female patients discussed secondary preventive lifestyle changes with cardiology staff prior to hospital discharge.

Conclusion: Significant age-specific gender differences exist in MI patient ratings of, and satisfaction with, involvement during hospitalization. Further study is needed regarding the possible role of involvement in the recognized gender differences in the treatment and outcomes of MI.
Follow-up examinations after medical treatment of pyometra in cats with the progesterone-antagonist aglepristone
Authors: Nak Deniz , Nak Yavuz , Tuna Bilginer
Published: December 2008

The aim of this study was to determine the therapeutic success of the medical treatment of pyometra with the antigestagen aglepristone and to document the recurrence rate in relation to the time interval after treatment with antigestagens in cats. Ten cats, 2–13 years of age and nulliparous were used in the study. The cats were treated with aglepristone at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight subcutaneously on days 1, 2, 7 and 14 (if not cured). In addition, trimethoprim/sulphadoxine was also administered at a dose of 15 mg/kg body weight subcutaneously once a day for 7 days. Nine out of the 10 cats responded well to treatment. No recurrence was observed in a follow-up period of 2 years. No side effects were observed. The data suggest that aglepristone treatment is a promising approach for the medical treatment of pyometra in cats.
On the interpretation of Chinese loess as a paleoclimate indicator
Authors: Roe Gerard
Published: December 2008

The records of wind-blown dust (i.e., loess) in China are some of the most important terrestrial records of past climate changes, stretching back over the last 10 Ma. In the paleoclimate literature, intervals of increased dust generation have been almost always interpreted as being associated with more intense or prolonged wintertime conditions. Here it is shown that, in accordance with modern observations, dust outbreaks in Asia are predominantly springtime phenomena. During spring, frequent cyclogenesis in the lee of the Mongolian Altai and the passage of strong cold fronts produce the intense windstorms that loft and entrain dust into the air. The meteorology governing such outbreaks is likely robust in past climates. Contrary to the common paleoclimate presumption, it is actually the breakdown of the Siberian High that permits the dust-producing windstorms to occur. The importance of cold fronts in generating such windstorms suggests that cooling of high-latitude climate during the Miocene, or during glacial intervals, might play a significant role in the signal recorded in the loess deposits. The unique springtime factors that generate dust storms are an example of why the common partitioning of Asian climate into a ‘winter’ and ‘summer’ monsoon is oversimplified and can be misleading.
Impact of lateral transport on organic proxies in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Kim Jung-Hyun , Crosta Xavier , Michel Elisabeth , Schouten Stefan , Duprat Josette , Sinninghe Damsté Jaap S.
Published: December 2008

Lateral transport of fine-grained organic carbon particles can complicate the interpretation of paleoclimate records based on organic proxies. Here we investigated the effect of lateral transport on newly developed temperature and soil organic matter proxies, TEX86 and BIT index, respectively, in core MD88–769 recovered from the South East Indian Ridge. Our results show that TEX86 and BIT records in comparison to diatom and foraminifera records were representative for more local climate changes while alkenones and n-alkanes originated from distant areas by oceanic and atmospheric transport, respectively. This suggests that TEX86 and BIT paleoclimate records are primarily influenced by local conditions and less subjected to long-distance lateral transport than other organic proxies in the Southern Ocean.
Some stability properties of Arens regular bilinear operators
Authors: Ülger A.
Published: December 2008

In this paper we present three results about Arens regular bilinear operators. These are: (a). Let X, Y be two Banach spaces, K a compact Hausdorff space, µ a Borel measure on K and m: X × Y →ℂ a bounded bilinear operator. Then the bilinear operator defined by is regular iff m is regular, (b) Let (Xα), (Xα),(Zα) be three families of Banach spaces and let mα:Xα ×Yα→Zα, be a family of bilinear operators with supα∥mα∥<∞. Then the bilinear operator defined by is regular iff each mα, is regular, (c) Let X, Y have the Dieudonné property and let m:X × Y→Z be a bounded bilinear operator with m(X×Y) separable and such that, for each z′ in ext Z′1, z′∘m is regular. Then m is regular. Several applications of these results are also given.
Groups which satisfy a weak form of Poincaré duality
Authors: Roberts J. E.
Published: December 2008

Our main result is that a “restricted Poincaré duality” property with respect to finite dimensional coefficient modules over a field holds for a certain class of groups which includes all soluble groups of finite Hirsch length. This relies on a generalisation to the given class of a module construction by Stammbach; an extension of his result on homological dimension to these groups is given. We also generalise the well-known result that torsion-free soluble groups of finite rank are countable.
Conway potential functions for links in ℚ-homology 3-spheres
Authors: Boyer Steven , Lines Daniel
Published: December 2008

We obtain a formula relating the Conway potential functions of links in S3 which are connected by a framed surgery operation. Using this formula we extend the theory of Conway potential functions to links in all oriented ℚ-homology 3-spheres.
Semigroups of left quotients—the uniqueness problem
Authors: Gould Victoria
Published: December 2008

Let S be a subsemigroup of a semigroup Q. Then Q is a semigroup of left quotients of S if every element of Q can be written as a*b, where a lies in a group -class of Q and a* is the inverse of a in this group; in addition, we insist that every element of S satisfying a weak cancellation condition named square-cancellable lie in a subgroup of Q.

J. B. Fountain and M. Petrich gave an example of a semigroup having two non-isomorphic semigroups of left quotients. More positive results are available if we restrict the classes of semigroups from which the semigroups of left quotients may come. For example, a semigroup has at most one bisimple inverse ω-semigroup of left quotients. The crux of the matter is the restrictions to a semigroup S of Green's relations ℛ and ℒ in a semigroup of quotients of S. With this in mind we give necessary and sufficient conditions for two semigroups of left quotients of S to be isomorphic under an isomorphism fixing S pointwise.

The above result is then used to show that if R is a subring of rings Q1 and Q2 and the multiplicative subsemigroups of Q1 and Q2 are semigroups of left quotients of the multiplicative semigroup of R, then Ql and Q2 are isomorphic rings.
On the automorphism group of a connected locally compact topological group
Authors: Wu Ta-Sun
Published: December 2008

Let G be a locally compact connected topological group. Let Aut0G be the identity component of the group of all bi-continuous automorphisms of G topologized by Birkhoff topology. We give a necessary and sufficient condition for Aut0G to be locally compact.
Finitely-generated solutions of certain integral equations
Authors: Porter D. , Stirling D. S. G.
Published: December 2008

Recent work has shown that the solutions of the second-kind integral equation arising from a difference kernel can be expressed in terms of two particular solutions of the equation. This paper establishes analogous results for a wider class of integral operators, which includes the special case of those arising from difference kernels, where the solution of the general case is generated by a finite number of particular cases. The generalisation is achieved by reducing the problem to one of finite rank. Certain non-compact operators, including those arising from Cauchy singular kernels, are amenable to this approach.
A nonabelian Frobenius–Wielandt complement
Authors: Espuelas Alberto
Published: December 2008

We recall the following definition (see [1]):

A finite group G is said to be a Frobenius–Wielandt group provided that there exists a proper subgroup H of G and a proper normal subgroup N of H such that H∩Hg≦N if g∈G–H. Then H/N is said to be the complement of (G, H, N) (see [1] for more details and notation).
Simple eigenvalues and bifurcation for a multiparameter problem
Authors: McGhee D. F. , Sallam M. H.
Published: December 2008

We are concerned with the problem of bifurcation of solutions of a non-linear multiparameter problem at a simple eigenvalue of the linearised problem.

Let X and Y be real Banach spaces, and let A, Bi, i = 1, …, n∈B(X, Y). Let : Rn × X → Y be a non-linear mapping. We consider the equation

where

and λ=(λ1, λ2,…,λn) ∈ Rn is an n-tuple of spectral parameters.