bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early growth response‐1 induction by fibroblast growth factor‐1 via increase of mitogen‐activated protein kinase and inhibition of protein kinase B in hippocampal neurons
Authors: Benz Alexander H , Shajari Mehdi , Peruzki Natalie , Dehghani Faramarz , Maronde Erik
Published: April 2010

Background and purpose:  The transcription factor early growth response‐1 (Egr‐1) and the acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF‐1) are involved in many regulatory processes, including hippocampus‐associated learning and memory. However, the intracellular signalling mechanisms regulating Egr‐1 in hippocampal cells are not entirely understood.

Experimental approach:  We used primary mouse hippocampal neurons and the mouse hippocampal neuronal cell line HT22 to investigate how FGF‐1 transiently induces Egr‐1 protein. This was accomplished by a range of techniques including Western blotting, immunofluorescence, specific protein kinase inhibitors and transfectable constitutively active protein kinase constructs.

Key results:  Protein kinase B (PKB) and mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) were both initially phosphorylated and activated by FGF‐1 treatment, but when phosphorylated MAPK reached maximal activation, phosphorylated PKB was at its lowest levels, suggesting an interaction between MAPK kinase (MEK‐1/2) and phosphatidyl inositol‐3‐kinase (PI3K) during Egr‐1 induction. Interestingly, pharmacological inhibition of MEK‐1/2 resulted in a robust increase in the phosphorylation of PKB, which was repressed in the presence of increasing doses of a PI3K inhibitor. FGF‐1‐mediated Egr‐1 induction was impaired by inhibition of MEK‐1/2, but not of PI3K. However, elevated levels of PKB, induced by transfection of constitutively active PKB (myrAkt) into hippocampal neuronal HT22 cells, led to reduced levels of Egr‐1 after FGF‐1 application.

Conclusions and implications:  Our data indicate a contribution of inactive (dephosphorylated) PKB to FGF‐1‐mediated induction of Egr‐1, and strongly suggest a functionally and pharmacologically interesting cross‐talk between MEK‐1/2 and PI3K signalling in hippocampal neurons after FGF‐1 stimulation that may play a role in hippocampal synaptic plasticity.
β2‐adrenoceptor agonist clenbuterol reduces infarct size and myocardial apoptosis after myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion in anaesthetized rats
Authors: Zhang Qiufang , Xiang Jizhou , Wang Xuanbin , Liu Hui , Hu Benrong , Feng Mei , Fu Qin
Published: April 2010

Background and purpose:  Considerable evidence indicates that the β2‐adrenoceptor agonist clenbuterol decreases apoptosis in a rodent model of ischaemic cardiomyopathy. In this study, we investigated the effects of clenbuterol on infarct size caused by myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) in anaesthetized rats.

Experimental approach:  Rats were randomly assigned to the following groups: (i) sham (ii) I/R (iii) clenbuterol + I/R (iv) ICI 118551 + clenbuterol + I/R (v) metoprolol + clenbuterol + I/R (vi) metoprolol + I/R (vii) pertussis toxin + clenbuterol + I/R. Under anaesthesia, left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded for 30 min followed by reperfusion for 2 h.

Key results:  Compared with the control I/R group,the clenbuterol (0.5 mg·kg−1, i.p.) group had reduced infarct size, improved diastolic function and sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+‐ATPase (SERCA) activity, increased superoxide dismutase activity, and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) level and LDH, CK release. Clenbuterol increased the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, which resulted in inhibition of myocardial apoptosis as indicated by the reduction of terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase end labelling‐positive staining, Bax/Bcl‐2 mRNA and caspase‐3 protein expression. The Gi‐protein inhibitor pertussis toxin blocked the clenbuterol‐induced improvement in cardiac function and infarct size. Pretreatment with ICI 118551(a selective β2‐adrenoceptor antagonist) inhibited the effects of clenbuterol mentioned above. The β1‐adrenoceptor agonist metoprolol had similar effects to clenbuterol but failed to reduce MDA and improve SERCA activity. When administered together, metoprolol and clenbuterol did not induce synergistic effects.

Conclusions and implications:  Clenbuterol pretreatment provides significant cardioprotection against ischaemia/reperfusion injury and this is mediated by the β2‐adrenoceptor–Gi‐protein signalling. A combination of the β2‐adrenoceptor agonist clenbuterol and the β1‐antagonist metoprolol did not lead to a synergistic anti‐apoptotic effect.
Nucleotide oligomerization domain 1 is a dominant pathway for NOS2 induction in vascular smooth muscle cells: comparison with Toll‐like receptor 4 responses in macrophages
Authors: Moreno L , McMaster SK , Gatheral T , Bailey LK , Harrington LS , Cartwright N , Armstrong PCJ , Warner TD , Paul‐Clark M , Mitchell JA
Published: April 2010

Background and purpose:  Gram‐negative bacteria contain ligands for Toll‐like receptor (TLR) 4 and nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD) 1 receptors. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activates TLR4, while peptidoglycan products activate NOD1. Activation of NOD1 by the specific agonist FK565 results in a profound vascular dysfunction and experimental shock in vivo.

Experimental approach:  Here, we have analysed a number of pharmacological inhibitors to characterize the role of key signalling pathways in the induction of NOS2 following TLR4 or NOD1 activation.

Key results:  Vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells expressed NOD1 mRNA and protein, and, after challenge with Escherichia coli or FK565, NOS2 protein and activity were induced. Macrophages had negligible levels of NOD1 and were unaffected by FK565, but responded to E. coli and LPS by releasing increased NO and expression of NOS2 protein. Classic pharmacological inhibitors for NF‐κB (SC‐514) and mitogen‐activated protein kinase (SB203580, PD98059) signalling pathways inhibited responses in both cell types regardless of agonist. While TLR4‐mediated responses in macrophages were specifically inhibited by the pan‐caspase inhibitor z‐VAD‐fmk and the PKC inhibitor Gö6976, NOD1‐mediated responses in VSM cells were inhibited by the Rip2 inhibitor PP2.

Conclusions and implications:  Our findings suggest a selective role for NOD1 in VSM cells, and highlight NOD1 as a potential novel therapeutic target for the treatment of vascular inflammation.
Molecular determinants of state‐dependent block of voltage‐gated sodium channels by pilsicainide
Authors: Desaphy J‐F , Dipalma A , Costanza T , Bruno C , Lentini G , Franchini C , George AL , Conte Camerino D
Published: April 2010

Background and purpose: Pilsicainide, an anti‐arrhythmic drug used in Japan, is described as a pure sodium channel blocker. We examined the mechanisms by which it is able to block open channels, because these properties may be especially useful to reduce hyperexcitability in pathologies characterized by abnormal sodium channel opening.

Experimental approach: The effects of pilsicainide on various heterologously expressed human sodium channel subtypes and mutants were investigated using the patch clamp technique.

Key results: Pilsicainide exhibited tonic and use‐dependent effects comparable to those of mexiletine and flecainide on hNav1.4 channels. These use‐dependent effects were abolished in the mutations F1586C and Y1593C within segment 6 of domain IV, suggesting that the interaction of pilsicainide with these residues is critical for its local anaesthetic action. Its affinity constants for closed channels (KR) and channels inactivated from the closed state (KI) were high, suggesting that its use‐dependent block (UDB) requires the channel to be open for it to reach a high‐affinity blocking site. Accordingly, basic pH, which slightly increased the proportion of neutral drug, dramatically decreasedKRandKIvalues. Effects of pilsicainide were similar on skeletal muscle hNav1.4, brain hNav1.1 and heart hNav1.5 channels. The myotonic R1448C and G1306E hNav1.4 mutants were more and less sensitive to pilsicainide, respectively, due to mutation‐induced gating modifications.

Conclusions and implications: Although therapeutic concentrations of pilsicainide may have little effect on resting and closed‐state inactivated channels, it induces a strong UDB due to channel opening, rendering the drug ideally suited for inhibition of high‐frequency action potential firing.
Lithium‐Associated Mobitz II Block: Case Series and Review of the Literature
Authors: ARMSTRONG EHRIN J. , DUBEY ANKIT , SCHEINMAN MELVIN M. , BADHWAR NITISH
Published: April 2010

We report two cases of lithium‐associated Mobitz II block. Both patients required placement of a permanent pacemaker due to persistent block and symptoms despite attempts at lowering the daily dose of lithium. We then reviewed the literature on this rare complication. Chronic lithium therapy may be associated with development of conduction block at or below the level of the atrioventricular node. Patients taking lithium should be monitored closely for development of cardiovascular complications. (PACE 2011; 34:e47–e51)
An Unusual Cause of Abnormal Intrathoracic Impedance in a Patient with Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
Authors: KRAMER DANIEL B. , MAISEL WILLIAM H.
Published: April 2010

A device interrogation for a 32‐year‐old woman with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy and an implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator capable of monitoring intrathoracic impedance demonstrated a dramatic increase in her OptiVol Fluid index levels in the absence of clinical heart failure. The timing of her intrathoracic impedance changes correlated with plasma volume changes during an uneventful pregnancy without cardiovascular complications. The strengths and limitations of intrathoracic impedance are described in the context of the physiology of pregnancy. (PACE 2010; 34:e60–e63)
Development and responsiveness of a scale to measure clinicians’ attitudes to people with mental illness (medical student version)
Authors: Kassam A. , Glozier N. , Leese M. , Henderson C. , Thornicroft G.
Published: April 2010

Kassam A, Glozier N, Leese M, Henderson C, Thornicroft G. Development and responsiveness of a scale to measure clinicians’ attitudes to people with mental illness (medical student version).

Objective:  We report the rationale, reliability, validity and responsiveness studies of the Mental Illness: Clinicians’ Attitudes (MICA) Scale, a 16‐item scale designed to measure attitudes of health care professionals towards people with mental illness.

Method:  Items were generated through focus groups with service users, carers, medical students and trainee psychiatrists. Psychometric testing was completed in a number of student samples. The responsiveness of the scale was tested after a 1.5 h mental illness stigma related intervention with medical students.

Results:  The MICA scale showed good internal consistency, α = 0.79. The test–retest reliability (concordance) was 0.80 (95% CI: 0.68–0.91). The standardised response mean for the scale was 0.4 (95% CI 0.02–0.8) after a mental illness related stigma intervention.

Conclusion:  The MICA scale is a responsive, reliable and valid tool, which can be used in medical education and mental health promotion settings and studies.
Metabolic syndrome abnormalities are associated with severity of anxiety and depression and with tricyclic antidepressant use
Authors: Van Reedt Dortland A. K. B. , Giltay E. J. , Van Veen T. , Zitman F. G. , Penninx B. W. J. H.
Published: April 2010

van Reedt Dortland AKB, Giltay EJ, van Veen T, Zitman FG, Penninx BWJH. Metabolic syndrome abnormalities are associated with severity of anxiety and depression and with tricyclic antidepressant use.

Objective:  The metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) predisposes to cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. There might also be an association between the MetSyn and anxiety and depression, but its nature is unclear. We aimed to investigate whether diagnosis, symptom severity and antidepressant use are associated with the MetSyn.

Method:  We addressed the odds for the MetSyn and its components among 1217 depressed and/or anxious subjects and 629 controls, and their associations with symptom severity and antidepressant use.

Results:  Symptom severity was positively associated with prevalence of the MetSyn, [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.21 for very severe depression: 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06–4.64, P = 0.04], which could be attributed to abdominal obesity and dyslipidemia. Tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) use also increased odds for the MetSyn (OR 2.30, 95% CI: 1.21–4.36, P = 0.01), independent of depression severity.

Conclusion:  The most severely depressed people and TCA users more often have the MetSyn, which is driven by abdominal adiposity and dyslipidemia.
Granulomatous vasculitis in Crohn's disease: a clinicopathologic correlate of two unusual cases
Authors: Burns Ariel M. , Walsh Noreen , Green Peter J.
Published: April 2010

Cutaneous complications occur not uncommonly in patients with Crohn's disease (CD). Gastrointestinal CD often shows non‐caseating granulomas and a rare cutaneous finding in CD is a sterile granulomatous infiltrate not contiguous with the GI tract, termed extraintestinal CD (ECD). The clinical presentation of ECD is diverse. The most common histopathological presentation is a superficial and deep granulomatous infiltrate that often accompanies a mixed perivascular infiltrate. Here we report two patients with CD and skin lesions characterized on microscopy by granulomatous vasculitis. A 29‐year‐old female presented with papules and ulcerated nodules above the ankle. The biopsy showed dermal and superficial subcutaneous involvement by a vasocentric infiltrate of mononuclear and multinucleated histiocytes as well as mural fibrin deposition. A 35‐year‐old male presented with two tender indurated erythematous plaques with punched‐out centers on the lower leg. Histopathologically, a granulomatous vasculitis of small and medium‐sized vessels in the dermis and subcutis was evident. These two cases represent the rarely described phenomenon of cutaneous granulomatous vasculitis in CD. Previously reported examples of this entity are reviewed.

Burns AM, Walsh N, Green PJ. Granulomatous vasculitis in Crohn's disease: a clinicopathologic correlate of two unusual cases.
Incidence of and risk factors for neonatal morbidity after active perinatal care: extremely preterm infants study in Sweden (EXPRESS)
Authors:   The EXPRESS Group
Published: April 2010

Aims:  The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of neonatal morbidity in extremely preterm infants and to identify associated risk factors.

Methods:  Population based study of infants born before 27 gestational weeks and admitted for neonatal intensive care in Sweden during 2004–2007.

Results:  Of 638 admitted infants, 141 died. Among these, life support was withdrawn in 55 infants because of anticipation of poor long‐term outcome. Of 497 surviving infants, 10% developed severe intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH), 5.7% cystic periventricular leucomalacia (cPVL), 41% septicaemia and 5.8% necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC); 61% had patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and 34% developed retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) stage ≥3. Eighty‐five per cent needed mechanical ventilation and 25% developed severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Forty‐seven per cent survived to one year of age without any severe IVH, cPVL, severe ROP, severe BPD or NEC. Tocolysis increased and prolonged mechanical ventilation decreased the chances of survival without these morbidities. Maternal smoking and higher gestational duration were associated with lower risk of severe ROP, whereas PDA and poor growth increased this risk.

Conclusion:  Half of the infants surviving extremely preterm birth suffered from severe neonatal morbidities. Studies on how to reduce these morbidities and on the long‐term health of survivors are warranted.
Homologous desensitization of guanylyl cyclase A, the receptor for atrial natriuretic peptide, is associated with a complex phosphorylation pattern
Authors: Schröter Juliane , Zahedi René P. , Hartmann Michael , Gaßner Birgit , Gazinski Alexandra , Waschke Jens , Sickmann Albert , Kuhn Michaela
Published: April 2010

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), via its guanylyl cyclase A (GC‐A) receptor and intracellular guanosine 3′,5′‐cyclic monophosphate production, is critically involved in the regulation of blood pressure. In patients with chronic heart failure, the plasma levels of ANP are increased, but the cardiovascular actions are severely blunted, indicating a receptor or postreceptor defect. Studies on metabolically labelled GC‐A‐overexpressing cells have indicated that GC‐A is extensively phosphorylated, and that ANP‐induced homologous desensitization of GC‐A correlates with receptor dephosphorylation, a mechanism which might contribute to a loss of function in vivo. In this study, tandem MS analysis of the GC‐A receptor, expressed in the human embryonic kidney cell line HEK293, revealed unambiguously that the intracellular domain of the receptor is phosphorylated at multiple residues: Ser487, Ser497, Thr500, Ser502, Ser506, Ser510 and Thr513. MS quantification based on multiple reaction monitoring demonstrated that ANP‐provoked desensitization was accompanied by a complex pattern of receptor phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. The population of completely phosphorylated GC‐A was diminished. However, intriguingly, the phosphorylation of GC‐A at Ser487 was selectively enhanced after exposure to ANP. The functional relevance of this observation was analysed by site‐directed mutagenesis. The substitution of Ser487 by glutamate (which mimics phosphorylation) blunted the activation of the GC‐A receptor by ANP, but prevented further desensitization. Our data corroborate previous studies suggesting that the responsiveness of GC‐A to ANP is regulated by phosphorylation. However, in addition to the dephosphorylation of the previously postulated sites (Ser497, Thr500, Ser502, Ser506, Ser510), homologous desensitization seems to involve the phosphorylation of GC‐A at Ser487, a newly identified site of phosphorylation. The identification and further characterization of the specific mechanisms involved in the downregulation of GC‐A responsiveness to ANP may have important pathophysiological implications.

Structured digital abstract

MINT‐7713870, MINT‐7713887: PMCA (uniprotkb:P20020) and GC‐A (uniprotkb:P18910) colocalize (MI:0403) by fluorescence microscopy (MI:0416)
Structures of human proteinase 3 and neutrophil elastase – so similar yet so different
Authors: Hajjar Eric , Broemstrup Torben , Kantari Chahrazade , Witko‐Sarsat Véronique , Reuter Nathalie
Published: April 2010

Proteinase 3 and neutrophil elastase are serine proteinases of the polymorphonuclear neutrophils, which are considered to have both similar localization and ligand specificity because of their high sequence similarity. However, recent studies indicate that they might have different and yet complementary physiologic roles. Specifically, proteinase 3 has intracellular specific protein substrates resulting in its involvement in the regulation of intracellular functions such as proliferation or apoptosis. It behaves as a peripheral membrane protein and its membrane expression is a risk factor in chronic inflammatory diseases. Moreover, in contrast to human neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3 is the preferred target antigen in Wegener’s granulomatosis, a particular type of vasculitis. We review the structural basis for the different ligand specificities and membrane binding mechanisms of both enzymes, as well as the putative anti‐neutrophil cytoplasm autoantibody epitopes on human neutrophil elastase 3. We also address the differences existing between murine and human enzymes, and their consequences with respect to the development of animal models for the study of human proteinase 3‐related pathologies. By integrating the functional and the structural data, we assemble many pieces of a complicated puzzle to provide a new perspective on the structure–function relationship of human proteinase 3 and its interaction with membrane, partner proteins or cleavable substrates. Hence, precise and meticulous structural studies are essential tools for the rational design of specific proteinase 3 substrates or competitive ligands that modulate its activities.
Serotonin Transporter Null Mutation and Sexual Behavior in Female Rats: 5-HT1A Receptor Desensitization
Authors: Snoeren Eelke , Chan Johnny , Bovens Astrid , Cuppen Edwin , Waldinger Marcel , Olivier Berend , Oosting Ronald
Published: April 2010

Introduction

Serotonin plays a key role in sexual behavior. In serotonin transporter (SERT) knockout rats (−/−), basal extracellular 5-HT levels are considerably increased, indicating a serotonergic disturbance. Heterozygous SERT(+/−) rats express 50% of SERT in comparison to wild-type rats and may therefore model the s/s phenotype of the human SERT promoter (5-HTTLPR) polymorphism.

Aim

In the present study, we used both homozygote and heterozygote SERT knockout and wild-type rats (+/+) to study the putative role of the SERT in female sexual behavior.

Methods

Female rats were brought into estrous by hormonal injections before a paced mating sex test. The effects of the 5-HT1A/5-HT7 receptor agonist (±)-8-hydroxy-2-(dipropylamino)tetralin hydrobromide (±8-OH-DPAT) (0.03–1 mg/kg s.c.) and the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY-100635 (0.1–1–mg/kg i.p.) on sexual behaviors of the females were tested separately and in a selected combination of both in all three genotypes.

Main Outcome Measures

Proceptive (darting and hopping) and receptive (lordosis) behaviors were quantified.

Results

Basal proceptive and receptive sexual activities were not different between SERT+/+, +/− and −/− female rats. The dose–effect curve after ±8-OH-DPAT for these activities was clearly shifted to the right in SERT−/− animals compared to other genotypes. WAY-100635 alone had no effect on sexual behavior in any genotype, but was able to antagonize the ±8-OH-DPAT-induced decrease in sexual activities indicating the involvement of the 5-HT1A receptor.

Conclusions

The absence (−/−) or reduced (+/−) expression of SERT does not affect basal sexual activity in female rats in a paced mating situation. The data indicate a desensitized 5-HT1A receptor in the SERT−/−, but not in the SERT+/− females. Under normal basal conditions, desensitized 5-HT1A receptors apparently do not play a role in female sexual behavior of the SERT−/−. However, upon activation of the 5-HT1A receptor in “normal” females (SERT+/+ and SERT+/−), a hyposexual behavior is induced.
Genital and Subjective Sexual Response in Women After Restorative Proctocolectomy with Ileal Pouch Anal Anastomosis—A Prospective Clinical Trial
Authors: Vlug Malaika S. , Laan Ellen T. , Van Lunsen Rik H.W. , Van Koperen Paul J. , Polle Sebastiaan W. , Bemelman Willem A.
Published: April 2010

Introduction

Sexual dysfunction after ileo pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) is common. The most systematic physical reaction to sexual stimulation is an increase in vaginal vasocongestion. Genital response can be assessed by vaginal pulse amplitude (VPA) using vaginal photoplethysmography.

Aim

To assess whether restorative proctocolectomy with IPAA is associated with autonomic pelvic nerve damage and changes in subjective indices of sexual function in women.

Methods

Female patients undergoing IPAA between April 2004 and January 2006 were included. During sexual stimulation (visual and vibrotactile) changes in vaginal vasocongestion were measured by vaginal photoplethysmography. Concurrently, quality of life (SF-36) and sexual functioning (FSFI, FSDS) were assessed using validated questionnaires.

Main Outcome Measures

Primary endpoint was difference in VPA pre- and postoperatively. Secondary endpoints were differences in feelings of sexual arousal and estimated lubrication pre- and postoperatively and difference in psychological and sexual functioning pre-and postoperatively.

Results

Eleven patients were included. For eight patients (median age 37 [22–49 years]) pre- and postoperative data were collected. VPA analysis showed a significant reduction in vaginal vasocongestion during sexual stimulation postoperatively, P = 0.012. Subjective sexual arousal and estimated lubrication during the experiment, reported psychological and sexual functioning pre- and postoperative were not different.

Conclusions

Vaginal vasocongestion after IPAA was significantly reduced in this small study; indicating that IPAA in women might possibly be associated with autonomic pelvic nerve damage or partial devascularization of the vagina. Subjectively reported sexual arousal, estimated lubrication, psychological and sexual functioning were not diminished. Future research should focus on the possible advantage of a full close rectal dissection in these patients.
A Survey of Erectile Dysfunction in Taiwan: Use of the Erection Hardness Score and Quality of Erection Questionnaire
Authors: Hwang Thomas I.S. , Tsai Te-Fu , Lin Yi-Chia , Chiang Han-Sun , Chang Luke S.
Published: April 2010

Introduction

There are currently no studies in the Asia-Pacific region using the erection hardness score (EHS) and Quality of Erection Questionnaire (QEQ) to assess erectile dysfunction (ED).

Aims

To provide up-to-date data on the prevalence of ED in Taiwanese men and to validate the EHS and QEQ in this population.

Methods

A representative sample of 1,060 men aged ≥30 years completed a telephone interview. ED status was confirmed via direct questioning and using the abridged five-item version of the 15-item International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5). Responses regarding EHS, QEQ, marital and sexual satisfaction, and attitude to treatment were also recorded.

Main Outcome Measures

IIEF, EHS, and QEQ.

Results

The prevalence of ED, as defined by IIEF-5, was 27% among all respondents and 29% among those aged ≥40 years. Although, the prevalence of ED increased with age, men of all ages tended to underestimate their erectile problems. Among men who indicated that they did not have ED, 25% were found to have mild to moderate ED according to the IIEF-5 assessment. An EHS ≤3, indicating the presence of ED, was reported in 26% of men. The EHS was consistent with the QEQ: When the EHS was 4, the satisfaction of each domain of QEQ ranged from 85% to 90%. The QEQ score correlated well with the IIEF-5 score and significantly affected both sexual and marital satisfaction (P <0.005).

Conclusions

These data indicate that EHS is a simple, practical tool for clinical use. QEQ scores appear to be independently associated with sexual and marital satisfaction, and may be of value in the assessment and monitoring of ED patients. While ED is a common health problem in Taiwan and the prevalence of ED increases with age, affected men lack awareness regarding the presence of erectile problems and the importance of initiating timely and effective treatment.
Constraining the location of the emitting region in Fermi blazars through rapid γ-ray variability
Authors: Tavecchio F. , Ghisellini G. , Bonnoli G. , Ghirlanda G.
Published: April 2010

We consider the 1.5-yr Fermi/Large Area Telescope (LAT) light curves (E>100 MeV) of the flat spectrum radio quasars 3C454.3 and PKS1510−089, which show high activity in this period of time. We characterize the duty cycle of the source by comparing the time spent by the sources at different flux levels. We consider in detail the light curves covering periods of extreme flux. The large number of high-energy photons collected by LAT in these events allows us to find evidence of variability on time-scales of a few hours. We discuss the implications of significant variability on such short time-scales that challenge the scenario recently advanced in which the bulk of the γ-ray luminosity is produced in regions of the jet at large distances (tens of parsec) from the black hole.
EFFECT OF GAMMA RADIATION ON FROZEN TURKEY BREAST MEAT QUALITY
Authors: HENRY F.C. , SILVA T.J.P. , FRANCO R.M. , FREITAS M.Q. , DE JESUS E.F.O.
Published: April 2010

Nine male turkey breasts with bone were frozen at −18C, cut, vacuum‐packed and irradiated with gamma rays (1 kGy and 3 kGy doses) and stored for 540 days at −18C. During that time, bacteriological, physical and chemical analyses as well as a sensory evaluation were conducted after 5, 180, 360 and 540 days of storage. The psychrophiles counts and the counts ofEnterococcusspp. increased during the storage period; moreover, the count was lower because of the irradiation by gamma rays, especially at a dose rate of 3 kGy. The lipid oxidation increased according to the irradiation dose used and the storage time. In the beginning of the storage, the gamma radiation helped to reduce the sensory acceptance of the meat taste, especially when the sample was subjected to a dose of 3 kGy, which was then confirmed as the one with the greatest lipid oxidation.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Decontamination of food by ionizing radiation is a safe, efficient, environmentally clean and energy‐efficient process. Irradiation is particularly valuable as an end product decontamination procedure. Radiation treatment is an emerging technology and more and more clearances on radiation‐decontaminated foods are issued or expected to be granted in the near future. The information derived from this study serves as an essential base of knowledge from an alternative technology for food treatment that is being adopted worldwide and contributes to the development of the research in the practical application of food irradiation. It also can provide clues to understanding the factors that affect the irradiation process on the turkey meat preservation and can indicate means of reducing or eliminating pathogenic bacteria includingEnterococcusspp. as well asPseudomonas aeroginosa, bacteria related to the reduction of food commercial life, from suspected food products without affecting sensory, nutritional and technical qualities.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN O‐SEROGROUP, VIRULENCE AND PLASMID PROFILE IN ESCHERICHIA COLI ISOLATED FROM DISEASED CHICKENS
Authors: REZK MARWAH M. , ENANY MOHAMMAD E. , HANAFY MERVAT S.
Published: April 2010

A total of 275 of Escherichia coli strains were isolated from diseased chickens from different localities in Ismailia Governorate, Egypt. The serotyped strains (n = 40) belonged to 10 serovars, O78 (13), O153 (6), O168 (5), O26 (4), O157 and O146 (3 each), O20 and O114 (2 each), O125 and O126 (1 each). The results showed that 95% of the typed E. coli serovars were Congo red positive, while 70% produced hemolysin. All investigated serovars produced cytotoxins for Vero cells (verocytotoxigenic). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was carried out for six serovars to detect the presence of eae A gene; only one serovar had intimin gene (O125:H7). The plasmid profiles of the most important E. coli serovars were examined, revealing that all contained plasmids. It was concluded that there was an association between large plasmids containing strains and their high virulence.

ARABIC ABSTRACT

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Practical applications that have been developed from our research are:

Combination of genotypic with phenotypic analysis of Escherichia coli isolates are more valuable as an epidemiological tool for differentiation and identification of the isolates than one test alone.

Plasmids profile may be of value as epidemiological markers. The correlation between isolates and possession of large plasmids indicated that large plasmids are associated with virulence.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a useful method for routine identification of E. coli isolated from diseased chickens.

Great attention must be reflected on non‐O157:H7 E. coli strains as they show the presence of virulence factors as O125:H7.
DETERMINATION OF HISTAMINE AND BACTERIAL ISOLATION IN MARLIN FILLETS (MAKAIRA NIGRICANS) IMPLICATED IN A FOODBORNE POISONING
Authors: CHEN H.C. , LEE Y.C. , LIN C.M. , HWANG D.F. , TSAI Y.H.
Published: April 2010

An incident of foodborne poisoning causing illness in seven victims due to ingestion of marlin fillets occurred in August, 2008, in Kaohsiung City, southern Taiwan. The two suspected marlin samples contained 47.8 and 43.5 mg/100 g of histamine, which is greater than the 5.0 mg/100 g allowable limit suggested by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Given the allergy‐like symptoms of the victims and the high histamine content in the suspected marlin samples, this foodborne poisoning was strongly suspected to be due to histamine intoxication. Two histamine‐producing bacterial strains capable of producing 3.10 ppm and 4.20 ppm of histamine in trypticase soy broth (TSB) supplemented with 1.0% l‐histidine (TSBH) were identified as Bacillus subtilis by 16S rDNA sequencing with polymerase chain reaction amplification. However, major histamine‐forming bacteria might have been killed during the preparation of fillets before serving and these two B. subtilis isolates might not be the main contributors to histamine accumulation in suspected fillets.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Based on the finding that high contents of histamine (>40 mg/100 g) were detected in the suspected marlin samples, we speculate the temperature abuse of the fillets before cooking contributed to the presence of high histamine levels in marlin fillets and resulted in foodborne poisoning. Although two histamine‐producing Bacillus subtilis strains were isolated from suspected fish samples, both might not to be the main contributors to histamine accumulation because of low histamine production. These results re‐emphasize proper handling temperature for seafoods and offer an important awareness which Makaira nigricans fillets could become a hazardous food item in causing histamine poisoning even though no quality deficiency was observed on the fillets.
SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF ESCHERICHIA COLI ON VARIOUS COMMERCIAL DISH SPONGE/DISHCLOTHS AND INHIBITORY EFFECT OF UV STERILIZATION WITH OR WITHOUT MODERATE HEAT
Authors: LEE SUN‐YOUNG
Published: April 2010

This study investigated the survival and growth of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 on various dish sponges/dishcloths, and the effect of ultraviolet (UV) and heat (50C) in killing E. coli on the dish sponges/dishcloths. Pulp material itself can inhibit E. coli; therefore, levels of E. coli on pulp sponge samples were under the detection limit (0.3 log10 cfu/each) after 3 h of storage. However, levels of E. coli on rayon, cotton and polyester significantly increased with storage and resulted in high populations (>8 log10 cfu/each) after 24 h of storage. When the samples were treated with UV, heat or the combination of UV and heat, the treatment with heat alone was not effective at reducing levels of E. coli, whereas the treatments of UV or UV combined with heat significantly reduced E. coli levels on rayon and cotton. The reduction levels on cotton by treatment with UV, heat and their combination were 2.2, 1.1 and 3.0 log10 cfu/each, respectively.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Dish sponge/dishcloths can act as sources of pathogenic bacteria through cross‐contamination to foods. The results of this study indicate that microbial cells contained on commercial sponges/cloths grow quickly depending on the materials that they are made from. Therefore, proper sanitizing methods must be applied to prevent the cross‐contamination of pathogenic bacteria by dish sponges/dishcloths in domestic and foodservice kitchens. Also, this study showed the effectiveness of ultraviolet sterilization and moderate heat for sanitizing dish sponges/dishcloths contaminated with Escherichia coli. Therefore, this report provides evidence of the necessity for sanitizing dish sponges and dishcloths as well as helpful information for ways in which those materials can be sanitized.
INHIBITION OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES AND ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7 ON FRANKFURTERS USING SCALLOP‐SHELL POWDER
Authors: BODUR TÜLAY , YALDIRAK GÜLIZ , KOLA OSMAN , ÇAĞRI‐MEHMETOĞLU ARZU
Published: April 2010

This study investigated the effect of scallop‐shell powder (SSP) on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes or Escherichia coli O157:H7 on frankfurters. The frankfurters inoculated with L. monocytogenes or E. coli O157:H7 were immersed in a 0, 0.05 or 0.1% (w/v) SSP slurry for 10 or 30 min. Populations of L. monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7, mesophilic aerobic bacteria (MAB), lactic acid bacteria and yeast/mold were determined at 0 or 7th days of storage at 4C along the level of L‐ascorbic acid, moisture content, pH and sensory properties. Numbers of L. monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7 decreased 3.6 and 5.0 logs by 0.10% SSP for 10 min, respectively, with both pathogens inhibited during 7 days. Populations of MAB and yeast decreased about 1.5 or 1 logs, respectively, after a 10‐min exposure to SSP. L‐ascorbic acid value, sensory attributes and pH did not change with SSP treatment.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on the surface of frankfurters have been a problem (USDA‐FSIS 2009). Accordingly, the present study was conducted to assess the ability of scallop‐shell powder (SSP) to reduce the number of L. monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7 and also inhibit their growth on frankfurters during their storage. The result of the study showed that immersing frankfurters in SSP slurries for 10 min before packaging can reduce the number of L. monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7 and natural flora of frankfurters without changing any sensory or chemical properties; therefore, this method can be an alternative to produce safer frankfurters with longer shelf life.
INFLUENCE OF WEAK ORGANIC ACIDS AND SODIUM CHLORIDE MARINATION ON CHARACTERISTICS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE COLLAGEN AND TEXTURAL PROPERTIES OF BEEF SEMITENDINOSUS MUSCLE
Authors: CHANG HAI‐JUN , WANG QIANG , ZHOU GUANG‐HONG , XU XING‐LIAN , LI CHUN‐BAO
Published: April 2010

Beef semitendinosus (ST) muscle was marinated for 24 h in 2% NaCl solution, and 1.5% lactic, acetic and citric acid solutions individually and in mixed marinades for the combination of NaCl and three kinds of weak organic acids, respectively. The effectiveness of marinades on beef ST muscle was investigated. Changes in denaturation characteristics of connective tissue collagen were examined using differential scanning calorimetry; microstructural changes of collagenous fibers were observed with scanning electron microscopy; and textural properties of meat were studied by texture profile analysis. The results showed that: marinating with organic acids and NaCl increased filtering residue contents of connective tissue significantly, especially for the presence of NaCl in organic acids compared with marinating in acids alone. Meat marinated in 2% NaCl and the presence of NaCl in citric acid significantly increased the mechanical strength (MS) of connective tissue, and other marinating treatments had a significant reduction on MS. Marinating resulted in denaturation of the intramuscular heat‐insoluble collagen as exhibited by the lower onset (To) and peak (Tp) temperature compared with the control samples. After marinating, fiber diameter and perimysial thickness were decreased and arrangements of collagenous fibers were disordered. These changes of collagen characteristics contributed to the significant effects on meat quality and textural properties.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Characteristics of connective tissue and collagen are related to meat quality, especially for meat tenderness and texture. While marinating is recognized as a means of improving palatability by enhancing or complementing the flavor of meat, despite numerous recipes for meat marination, there are limited data concerning the effectiveness of weak organic acids and NaCl solutions on the texture of beef meat. Marinations in acidic solutions, e.g., lactic, acetic, citric acid, have been traditionally used as a means of softening and flavoring meats. These treatments decrease the mechanical resistance of meats, including those of high connective tissue content. Based on those responses, we reported the textural properties affected by characteristics changes of connective tissue and collagen by marinating with weak organic acids and NaCl. Results reported in this article would be useful either for the scientific community or for the beef processing industry.
GLUTEN EXTRACTED FROM FRESH PASTA BY‐PRODUCT: PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND POTENTIAL USE IN BREAD MAKING
Authors: GHORBEL RAOUDHA ELLOUZE , ELLOUZI SOUMAYA ZOUARI , NEIFAR MOHAMED , ZALILA KAOUTHAR , BLIBECH MONIA , KAMOUN HOUNEIDA , CHAABOUNI SEMIA ELLOUZE
Published: April 2010

The chemical, functional, rheological and structural properties of gluten extracted from fresh durum wheat pasta by‐product (PG) were studied and compared with those of the commercial soft wheat gluten (CG). PG had lower starch and fat contents, lower adhesiveness and higher emulsifying and foaming stabilities than CG, whereas CG had higher foaming capacity, cohesiveness and chewiness. CG gave also a more open matrix surface morphology than PG. The glutens did not show a significant difference of their protein content, water absorption, hardness and springiness. They showed also similar dynamic rheological behaviors (G′, G″ and tan δ) at low frequencies (<4 Hz). In addition, PG and CG can be used in the bread‐baking process since addition (2%, flour basis) to dough characterized by a low bread‐making quality improved significantly its strength (W) and its elasticity‐to‐extensibility ratio (P/L).

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The pasta by‐product could be considered as an excellent source of gluten and may be used as an improver in bread making. This hypothesis is supported by determining the functional and rheological properties of the gluten extracted from fresh pasta by‐product. Furthermore, addition of 2% of this gluten to low bread‐making quality wheat flour leads to an improvement of the dough alveographic characteristics (W and P/L) and an increase in bread volume by 46%.
PARTICLE SIZE EFFECT OF LENTINUS EDODES MUSHROOM (CHAMSONG‐I) POWDER ON THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL, RHEOLOGICAL, AND OIL‐RESISTING PROPERTIES OF FRYING BATTERS
Authors: KIM JUYOUNG , LIM JONGBIN , BAE IN YOUNG , PARK HYUK‐GU , GYU LEE HYEON , LEE SUYONG
Published: April 2010

Lentinus edodes mushroom powders (LMP) were separated into three fractions with different particle sizes (379.7, 232.6 and 62.5 µm), and their effects on physicochemical, rheological and oil‐resisting properties of frying batters were investigated. While the fractionation of LMP by particle size did not cause a change in their chemical compositions, it decreased the final viscosity and setback in the pasting properties of wheat flour which were measured by a starch pasting rheometer. The use of LMP with smaller particle size increased the viscosity of frying batters with more dominant shear‐thinning behavior, which was satisfactorily characterized by the Power law equation. The elastic properties of frying batters were also enhanced as LMP powders became finer. Moreover, LMP was evaluated as an oil barrier in fried foods, showing that the finer LMP fractions had a significant impact on the reduction of oil uptake.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Even though edible mushrooms are consumed worldwide due to their beneficial health effects as well as specific texture and flavor, the applications of edible mushrooms to processed foods are very limited. In this study, edible mushroom (Lentinus edodes) powders were incorporated into frying batter formulations, demonstrating that they possessed oil‐resisting properties during frying depending on their particle size. Thus, this study provides a new opportunity to utilize edible mushrooms, positively extending their use in a wider variety of processed foods.
Extranodal B‐cell lymphoma in the urinary bladder with cytological evidence of concurrent involvement of the gall bladder in a cat
Authors: Geigy C. A. , Dandrieux J. , Miclard J. , Kircher P. , Howard J.
Published: April 2010

A 15‐year‐old domestic shorthair cat was presented with severe haematuria, stranguria, anorexia and lethargy of 10 days’ duration. Physical examination revealed a large painful urinary bladder and pain in the cranial abdomen. Abdominal ultrasound revealed severe generalised mural thickening of both the gall bladder and the urinary bladder. Lymphoma was diagnosed on cytology of urine sediment and fine‐needle aspirates of the gall bladder. Despite a transitory clinical improvement and partial remission following chemotherapy, the cat was euthanased six weeks after initial presentation due to recurrent clinical signs. Post‐mortem examination confirmed a B‐cell lymphoma in the urinary bladder. This report is the first description of gall bladder and bladder lymphoma in a cat.
Distraction index as a risk factor for osteoarthritis associated with hip dysplasia in four large dog breeds*
Authors: Runge J. J. , Kelly S. P. , Gregor T. P. , Kotwal S. , Smith G. K.
Published: April 2010

Objective: To determine if age, breed, gender, weight or distraction index (DI) influenced the risk of radiographic osteoarthritis (OA) of canine hip dysplasia (CHD) in four common dog breeds; the American bulldog, Bernese mountain dog, Newfoundland and standard poodle.

Materials andMethods: This was a cross sectional prevalence study with 4349 dogs. Canine hips were evaluated using 3 radiographic projections: the hip‐extended view, the compression view and the distraction view. The hip‐extended view was examined for the presence of OA. The PennHIP distraction view was utilized to calculate the DI. For all breeds, a multiple logistic regression model incorporating age, weight, gender, and DI was created. For each breed, disease‐susceptibility curves grouping dogs on the basis of age were constructed. Receiver‐operating characteristic (ROC) curves were developed for each breed regardless of age.

Results: For all breeds, DI was the most significant risk factor for the development of OA associated with CHD. Weight and age were also significant risk factors in all four breeds, but gender was not.

ClinicalSignificance: Results from this study support previous findings, that irrespective of breed, the probability of radiographic OA increases with hip joint laxity as measured by the DI. Breed‐specific differences in this relationship, however, warrant investigation of all breeds affected by CHD to determine inherent dependency of hip OA on joint laxity. Such findings guide veterinarians in helping dog breeders to make evidence‐based breeding decisions and in informing dog owners to implement preventative treatments for CHD for dogs found to be at risk.
Sexual risk behaviour in young people with first episode psychosis
Authors: Brown Adrienne , Lubman Dan I. , Paxton Susan
Published: April 2010

Aim: Previous studies have consistently reported high rates of risky behaviour for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) amongst individuals with persistent psychosis. Whether such behaviours are evident from the first presentation or relate to a chronic illness course remains largely undetermined, with limited research conducted amongst young people with first episode psychosis. The aim of the current study was to compare engagement in sexual risk behaviour amongst young people with first episode psychosis with their peers.

Methods: Sixty‐seven sexually active young people with first episode psychosis and 48 healthy control participants (aged 18–29 years) closely matched on sociodemographic characteristics completed a detailed questionnaire assessing a comprehensive range of sexual risk behaviours.

Results: There were few differences in the rates of sexual risk behaviour reported by the first episode sample and their peers. Compared with control participants, young people with first episode psychosis reported significantly more inconsistent condom use, less condom‐related preparatory behaviour, more concern about HIV/STIs when sex was unprotected, less confidence discussing condom use and increased substance use by their last sexual partner.

Conclusions: The sexual behaviour of young people with first episode psychosis appears similar to their peers. However, group differences, particularly increased frequency of unprotected sex amongst the first episode sample, suggest that those with psychosis are at increased STI risk and have distinct needs. The findings support the call for early intervention strategies that target reduction of sexual risk behaviour in the context of persistent mental illness.