bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Modification of Amino Groups of Human Erythrocytes on M, N and NVg Blood Group Specificities
Authors: Lisowska Elwira , Duk Maria
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Modification of amino groups on the surface of human erythrocytes by acetic anhydride and trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid caused loss of agglutinability by human and rabbit anti‐M and anti‐N sera, was without any effect on agglutinability of N red cells by Vicia graminea agglutinin, and made M cells agglutinable by the same agglutinin. Modification of amino groups had no effect on agglutinability of red cells by anti‐H and anti‐A lectins and only slightly decreased agglutinability by human anti‐H, anti‐A and anti‐I sera. The results suggest that the difference between M and N receptors is not determined by the structure of oligosaccharide chains.
Adenosine as a Source for Hypoxanthine Nucleotides Synthesis in Human Erythrocytes: The Effect of Dipyridamole
Authors: Zachara B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Incubation of human erythrocytes in the medium containing adenosine, pyruvate and phosphate causes the synthesis of considerable amounts of IMP and ITP. The synthesis of ITP is linear during the 4‐hour incubation period. Dipyridamole lowered the synthesis of ITP to a certain extent and greatly increased the synthesis of IMP.
Linkage of Gene for C2 Deficiency and the Major Histocompatibility Complex MHC in Man Family Study of a Further Case1
Authors: Day Noorbibi K. , Rubinstein P. , Case D. , Hansen J. A. , Good R. A. , Walker M. E. , Tulchin N. , Dupont B. , Jersild C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Close linkage between HL‐A and C2 deficiency was first reported by Fu and co‐workers in 1974. We present here a pedigree of a 31‐year‐old C2‐deficient individual with clinical manifestations of Hodgkins disease. The following markers were tested: C2 levels, factor B polymorphism, blood groups, and enzyme typing. In addition to close linkage between HL‐A and C2 deficiency, both parents were heterozygous for Bf (HL‐A linked, electrophoretic variation of B). The two HL‐A haplotypes closely linked to C2 deficiency are different: 2,W18 and W24,W18. They share, however, the SD2 antigen W18 and the LD type 7a.
An Unusual Rh Phenotype Indicating Heterogeneity of the Cw Antigen
Authors: Habibi B. , André J. , Fouillade M. T. , Lopez M. , Salmon C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A family is reported in which a new Cw antigen occurred in two generations. This was recognized by 17 anti‐Cw sera, but by none of the 21 anti C sera which were, however, shown to react strongly with common Cw+ cells. This unusual finding provides evidence that the Cw antigen is in fact heterogeneous. On the basis of data obtained from absorption‐elution and coagglutination studies a tentative explanation is attempted: common Cw+ phenotypes are assumed to be Cw (+1+2) and the present phenotype Cw (+1–2). Anti‐Cw sera should accordingly be anti‐Cw1, whereas anti‐C sera should only react with Cw2.
Observations of the Number of Available G (rhG, Rh 12) Antigen Sites on Red Cells1
Authors: Skov F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The number of available G antigen sites within the rhesus system were estimated using trace‐labelled antibody. The results given as available antigen sites_ per cell were as follows: R1R1: 9,900‐12,200; r'r': 8,200‐9,700; ryr: 8,600; RNaN: 6,600; r‘xr: 6,200; RB1r: 6,200; RZRZ: 5,400; Cdes: 4,800‐5,100; R2R2: 3,600‐5,800; R0R0: 4,500‐5,300; R2r 4,200; r“Gr: 1,700‐3,600; RB2r: 1,400‐1,900. The G antigen is detected in optimal amount on C‐positive samples. When D is present without C, the number of G sites is apparently dependent on the expression of all the D antigens within the recognized six categories of D antigens.
Anti‐Dia and the Dia Blood Group
Authors: Graninger W.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In an Austrian family the Dia antigen was discovered by causing hemolytic disease of the newborn. No mongoloid admixture has so far been detected. No linkage to other blood groups, serum groups or red cell enzymes could be found.
Incidence of Viral Hepatitis after Administration of Factor IX Concentrates
Authors: Iwarson Sten , Kjellman Hans , Teger‐Nilsson Ann‐Catrine
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A high frequency of viral hepatitis has been reported after treatment with the human factor IX concentrate ‘Konyne’. Clinical trials with ‘Konyne’ and a similar factor IX concentrate, called ‘Preconativ’, was started in Sweden 1969. During the first 2 years, 26 patients were treated with either one or both preparations. Nine patients developed viral hepatitis within 6 months after treatment. ‘Preconativ’ alone was introduced on the Swedish market in 1971. During the period 1971–1974, another 26 hemophiliacs were treated but only two cases of hepatitis have occurred. Selection of donors and screening for hepatitis B surface antigen in donor blood used for the manufacturing of ‘Preconativ’, might be contributing factors to this low hepatitis incidence.
Alternatives for Plasma Fractionation1
Authors: Schneider W. , Wolter D. , McCarty L. J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. At the present time there is an enormously increasing demand for albumin. The most common procedure for the isolation of this plasma component is the cold ethanol technique developed by Cohn. Because this process necessarily isolates other blood components for which there is less demand in relation to albumin, albumin production is expensive. Therefore, we have developed a two‐step fractionation for the isolation of albumin. It is basically a heat precipitation method with the albumin yield being about 90% of the original plasma albumin. In comparison to cold ethanol methods, it is considerably less expensive. Other blood components, e.g., clotting factors, immunoglobulins, may also be isolated. A non‐modified γ‐globulin for intravenous use is obtained by removing anti‐complementary activity with hydroxyethyl starch. Additional fractionation steps are required to isolate these other components, but unlike in established methods, these are not necessary for the isolation of solely albumin.
Expression of Genetic Markers of Erythrocyte Immunoglobulin G Autoantibodies in Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Authors: LePetit J. C. , Rivat L. , Francois N. , Ropartz C. , Brizard C. P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The Gm allotype constitution of the autoantibody molecules and the serum Gm phenotypes were determined in 19 patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia of IgG type. The results showed that the known heterogeneity of the anti‐erythrocyte autoantibodies in this disease concerns not only the immunoglobulin class and the isotypic subclass, but also the genetic markers of these molecules. Evidence was obtained that the anomalous production of antierythrocyte autoantibodies is polyclonal, that these autoantibodies belong mainly to the IgG1 isotypic subclass, and that they have a preference for the Gm(1) allotype. In addition, certain of the findings point to a preferential expression of the Gm(1,21) haplotype.
Physical and Chemical Changes of ACD‐Preserved Blood: A Comparison of Blood in Glass Bottles and Plastic Bags
Authors: Sasakawa Shigeru , Tokunaga Ehchi
Published: March 2009

Abstract. ACD blood was preserved in glass bottles with or without aeration and in plastic bags in air or nitrogen gas at 4.5°C. The blood was examined for physical and chemical changes of erythrocyte membrane resistance, hemoglobin in the plasma, the viscosity of the blood, pH of plasma, and ATP and 2,3‐DPG content of erythrocytes. The blood preserved in plastic bags showed less changes than blood in glass bottles. The presence of air or nitrogen gas in blood seems to increase the pH perhaps by elimination of carbon dioxide (CO2) which in turn causes the different rates of glycolysis in the erythrocytes.
A Swiss Family Showing Independent Segregation of the Lutheran and Swann Genes
Authors: Metaxas M. N. , Metaxas‐Buehler M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A family is reported in which the parents' mating is of the ‘double back‐cross’ type with respect to the Sw, Lu and Se genes. The inheritance of these genes in the children shows, with reference to a possible linkage between Sw and the two other loci, four non‐recombinants and three recombinants (or vice versa). The inheritance of the Lu and Se genes shows the well‐known linkage between these two loci, with no instance of recombination. It is concluded that there is no evidence for close linkage between Sw and Lu‐Se, and that the suggestion of a Sw‐Lu linkage found in a family studied previously was due to chance.
A Lymphocyte Immunogenetic System, Atri, Associated with the ABO Blood Group and the ABH Secretor System
Authors: Marcelli‐Barge A. , Poirier J. C. , Benajam A. , Dausset J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The antigen Atri can be detected on the lymphocytes of 5.19% of A, ABH secretor individuals. The Atri substance is present in the plasma of the same individuals and can be fixed on group O erythrocytes. It is also found in the saliva of 30 out of 32 A non‐secretor individuals. Its existence in the saliva of A secretor individuals, however, cannot be proved due to the presence of both the A and Atri antigens. The A and Atri antigens have been shown to be distinct on lymphocytes by capping and by blocking of the A sites. The fact that in several families the Atri antigen is not expressed by the parents shows that its expression on lymphocytes requires the intervention of at least one gene in addition to ABO and Se.
A Study of HL‐A Types in Rh Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn
Authors: Murray Sheilagh , Dewar P. J. , Lee E. , McNay R. A. , Collins Ann K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The HL‐A types of 288 women, immunised to the Rh(D) antigen as a result of pregnancy, have been compared to the HL‐A types of 139 women who although they have had Rh(D)‐positive children have not produced anti‐Rh(D). There is an indication that an increased incidence of the HL‐A3 antigen is associated with the immunised mothers. A study of the HL‐A types of husbands and children of both immunised and non‐immunised women did not suggest that their HL‐A types played a significant role in anti‐Rh(D) production. The frequencies of the HL‐A antigens in each category studied have been tabulated for record purposes, as well as the frequencies in a random panel of persons living in the Newcastle environs. Full ABO, Rh and HL‐A details of 50 immunised mothers and their families and of 58 non‐immunised mothers and their families are available.
Groups of α‐d‐Galactosyltransferase Activity in Sera of Individuals with Normal B Phenotype
Authors: Badet J. , Ropars C. , Cartron J. P. , Doinel C. , Salmon C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In the Paris population of blood donors with normal B phenotype, two groups can be formed owing to their respective serum α‐d‐galactosyltransferase activity and red cell agglutinability with an anti‐B antibody. Both parameters are closely correlated. The agglutinability groups partially overlap.

In an African population from various ethnical origins, this correlation was observed only in some individuals. 11 among 20 subjects belonged to a third group defined by a high transferase activity. The third group with the strongest agglutinability previously described by Gibbs et al. [6] were not encountered. On the other hand, serum transferase activity varied inversely as agglutination scores with anti‐H (Ulex). Both parameters are closely correlated but not in the same way in Caucasian as in African individuals. In the latter, this relation does not depend on the agglutinability group. The H antigen strength variability, according to ethnical origins, may explain these results.
Familial Clustering of Selective IgA Deficiency
Authors: Koistinen J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Serum IgA levels of 35 healthy IgA‐deficient index cases, of their 180 first‐degree relatives, and of 31 other family members were studied. IgA deficiency was detected in 7.2% of the first‐degree relatives, which is significantly more than the 0.25% frequency of IgA deficiency in healthy Finnish blood donors. Subnormal serum IgA levels were found in additional 13 (7.2%) first‐degree relatives. The familial clustering of IgA deficiency seemed to be controlled by multigenic factors.

IgA‐deficient persons and their family members were tested for antinuclear and antithyroid antibodies, for rheumatoid factor (by latex test) and for other anti‐IgG antibodies (by Ripley test). Antibodies against bovine milk were also studied. The relatives of IgA‐deficient persons did not have more of these antibodies than the controls. It is suggested that various serological abnormalities are a consequence of the IgA deficiency rather than of genetic defects per se.
HBsAG and Anti‐HBs among Israeli Blood Donors1
Authors: Shany S. Bar , Naggan L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Prevalence of HBsAg was studied by counterelectrophoresis (CEP) in 65,795 consecutive volunteer blood donors in Israel. The overall prevalence of HBsAg was 1.22%. HBsAg was more prevalent in the young donors, more prevalent in male donors and varied according to the country of origin of the donors. The prevalence of HBsAg was 0.63% among donors born in Europe or the Americas and 2.83% for those born in Asia or Africa. The HBsAg prevalence among native Israelis followed the same pattern with higher prevalence rates among those born in Israel whose families came from Asia or Africa than those from Europe or America. The prevalence of Anti‐HBs by CEP was studied in 39,519 donors. The prevalence of antibody was higher in females and was higher in the same ethnic groups in whom there was a relatively high HBsAg prevalence.
Action of African B Gene on A19 Subgroup of A
Authors: Ssebabi E. C. T.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The action of strong B gene on A1, subgroup of A is demonstrated in a family of 18 individuals. The inheritance of A2 ↑ BHW and A2BHW is explained. Attention is drawn to these subgroups in parentage studies, especially in Africans.
Production of Immune Anti‐Lewis Sera in Goats
Authors: Potapov M. I.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Incomplete anti‐Lec, anti‐Led, anti‐Les (anti‐Leb+Led), anti‐Lens (anti‐ Lea+Lec), anti‐Lem (anti‐Leb + Lec) and anti‐Lex (anti‐Lea+Leb) antibodies were prepared by the immunization of goats with boiled saliva, absorbing the resulting sera with trypsinized erythrocytes.
Optimal Conditions for the Use of Sulphydryl Compounds in Dissociating Red Cell Antibodies
Authors: Freedman J. , Masters C. A. , Newlands M. , Mollison P. L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Optimal conditions for the use of 2‐mercaptoethanol (2‐ME) and dithiothreitol (DTT) in the inactivation of IgM red cell antibodies were investigated. 0.2 m 2‐ME was better than 0.01 m DTT; higher concentrations of these two substances could not conveniently be used because of gel formation. Incubation at 37°C led to far more rapid inactivation than incubation at 22°C; with 2‐ME a period of 15 min at 37°C was sufficient except with very potent antibodies, which were not inactivated even after 3 h incubation. When indirect antiglobulin tests were carried out on 2‐ME‐treated serum which had not been dialysed, false‐positive results were obtained, although only with the mixture of equal volumes of undiluted serum and of 2‐ME; results were negative in tests on dilutions of the mixture in saline. False‐positive results could also be avoided by incubating the serum for 3 h with iodoacetamide, but this method also involves dilution of the serum.

The only method whereby 2‐ME‐treated serum can be tested without diluting it and without obtaining false‐positive reactions is to dialyse it overnight against saline. Since this method also gets rid of the noxious smell of 2‐ME it is to be preferred for most purposes.
Serological Studies on an α‐D‐Galactosyl‐Binding Lectin Isolated from Bandeiraea simplicifolia Seeds
Authors: Judd W. J. , Steiner E. A. , Friedman B. A. , Hayes C. E. , Goldstein I. J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The serological characteristics of a highly purified α‐D‐galactosyl‐binding lectin, isolated from extracts of Bandeiraea simplicifolia seeds, are described. These studies show that the lectin preferentially agglutinates group B red cells and in addition has the capacity to distinguish between group A1 and group A2 erythrocytes.

Since the lectin is not absolutely specific for group B red cells, it is therefore unsuitable as an anti‐B blood typing reagent. However, the reactions obtained against Tn and ‘acquired‐B’ red cells suggest that it may be of value in the elucidation and classification of red cell polyagglutinable states.
Lack of Identity of the A Antigen and Concanavalin A Receptor on Bovine Erythrocytes; Implications for Membrane Structure1
Authors: Ostrand‐Rosenberg Suzanne
Published: March 2009

Abstract.Concanavalin A binding experiments on trypsinized and nontrypsinized bovine red cells strongly indicate that the con A receptor and the A antigen are molecularly independent cell surface entities. Untrypsinized bovine red cells are not agglutinated by con A, although such cells do bind the lectin. Trypsinization of A‐positive cells causes increased binding of anti‐A antibodies, accompanied by clustering of the A antigen sites on the membrane. Following trypsinization additional con A is also bound, but the con A receptors are not seen to aggregate in the membrane. This selective ligand‐induced antigen redistribution in the membrane suggests that mammalian red cell membranes are in a fluid state, and that the fluidity of membrane moieties can vary.
Inheritance of the Rh Complex ‘Santi’, R̂ou(GV)1
Authors: Lewis Marion , Kaita Hiroko , Chown B. , Miller W. V. , Issitt P. D. , Issitt Charla H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The Rh reactions of blood samples from members of a Negro family in which the ‘Santi’ complex occurs are presented. The ‘Santi’ complex is characterized by a weak expression of D, G and V, and failure to produce hrs and the ‘e‐like’ antigen defined by the Santiago serum. The complex is inherited in a straightforward manner although the possibility remains that the altered expression of the D, G and V antigens results from the action of an Rh‐linked or built‐in modifier.
Evidence for Cold Immunoglobulin Receptors on Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes in Cryoglobulinaemia
Authors: Secondo V. Rosso Di San
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Leukocyte migration and immunocytoadherence tests have been used to demonstrate cold immunoglobulin receptors on peripheral blood lymphocytes of five patients with mixed idiopathic cryoglobulinaemia IgG‐IgM. Studies of these patients revealed that, contrary to finding with normal subjects, preincubation of lymphocytes at 4°C inhibited their migration and that as this temperature lymphocytes formed rosettes with other lymphocytes from the same subject. Inhibition of migration was, however, not observed when a B lymphocyte‐deprived leukocyte population was used and the rosettes formation was inhibited when pure human immunoglobulins or anti‐immunoglobulin sera were added to the lymphocyte suspension before cold exposure. It is suggested that cold immunoglobulin receptors are present on a proportion of peripheral blood B lymphocytes of cryoglobulinaemic patients.
A New Genetic Determinant of γG31
Authors: Borel Halina , Alper Chester , Schur Peter H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A new antigenic determinant Ry confined to the γG3 subgroup is described. It was revealed by an antibody detected in the serum of a healthy Caucasian female. Ry is present in almost all normal human sera of all Gm phenotypes. However, its absence is associated with the Gmazg and Gmazb0b3st haplotypes and the absence of the Gm(f) determinant on the γG1 subgroup.
Automated Readout of the BG‐8 Blood‐Grouping Machine
Authors: Rechsteiner J. , Benjamin C. J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An automated readout device recording light transmission in the eight channels of the BG‐8 blood‐grouping machine after removal of agglutinates is described.

Using a continuous recording of positive or negative signals in the eight channels independently, 7.5% of 10,000 blood group determinations had to be retested because of clots in the samples, lacking reactions or excess reactions on the recorder. No incorrect recordings of blood groups were obtained, however. Using anti‐D serum together with anti‐CDE serum, the rhesus D factor was correctly detected in 99.92% of 3,891 samples, and the Du factor was detected in all 5 samples known to carry this antigen.

Using a discontinuous recording of integrated and synchronised signals, adapted to fully automated data processing, another 5% of the samples had to be retested because of inadequate phasing of the reactions in the eight channels of the BG‐8. The results described are influenced by the poor quality of the blood samples used for the study.
Characterisation of Autoantibodies to Erythrocytes in Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia by Chloroquine
Authors: Mantel W. , Holtz G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Chloroquine splits autoantibodies from erythrocytes of patients with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia in vitro. After the removal of chloroquine from the samples the autoantibodies can be identified in the eluates. With one exception the autoantibodies of patients with idiopathic autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA) and severe haemolysis were completely split from the cells, whereas the autoantibodies of patients with symptomatic AIHA and moderate anaemia, of patients with diseases unrelated to haemolysis, and of healthy persons, were not completely split from the erythrocytes. In general, autoantibodies, which are associated with severe haemolysis, were more easily split from the red cells by chloroquine. The eluted IgG incomplete warm autoantibodies were only in part specific to Rh antigens. The Rh specificity does not correlate with the absence or presence of increased haemolysis. The inhibition of the autoantibodies and the splitting or ‘loosening’ of the antigen‐antibody linkage within the immunocomplex by chloroquine could be responsible for a longer survival of autoantibody‐coated red cells in patients with AIHA.
A New Case of Monoclonal IgA Kappa Cold Agglutinin with Anti‐Pr1d Specificity in a Patient with Persistent HB Antigen Cirrhosis
Authors: Tonthat H. , Rochant H. , Henry A. , Leporrier M. , Dreyfus B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A new case of cold agglutinin disease in a patient who had a long lasting Raynaud's phenomenon without hemolysis and a persistent HB antigen cirrhosis, is reported. The cold agglutinin is a monoclonal IgA χ antibody which reacts at 4 °C to a titer of 256. As the three other cases described in the literature, it demonstrates Pr1 specificity. The eluate from human cells reacts with rat and dog cells whose receptor is destroyed by both papain and neuraminidase, thus eliciting the characteristic Pr1d specificity.
Detection of Hepatitis‐B Surface Antigen in Plasma Samples by Reversed Passive Haemagglutination Tests
Authors: COMBRIDGE B. S. , KENNEDY BARBARA J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A comparison of two commercial reversed passive haemagglutination tests with a counter‐immunoelectrophoretic test, used to detect hepatitis‐B surface antigen in reconstituted freeze‐dried plasma, showed an increase in the number of positive results by the haemagglutination tests. No difficulty was encountered with the appearance of non‐specific agglutination provided the plasma was heated at 60 °C for 30 min, frozen overnight at ‐35 °C, thawed and centrifuged before testing.
Bombay (Oh) Blood in a Sudanese Family
Authors: SIN A. Y. H. ABU , ABDELRAZIG H. , AYOUB M. , SABO BERNICE H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Two examples of Bombay Oh blood were found in siblings of a Sudanese family. They belong to a tribe of Arab and Negro extraction. This is the first report of this rare blood group in people of Arab or Negro origin.
Rare Diego Blood Group Phenotype Di(a+b−)
Authors: ISHIMORI T. , FUKUMOTO Y. , ABE K. , NAKAJIAM H. , NAKAMURA H. , KASHIWADE H. , YANAGIDA J. , HASEKURA H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Hemolytic disease of the newborn was observed in the third child of a mother whose blood had rare Diego blood group phenotype Di(a+b‐). The baby's blood was Di(a+b+) and gave positive direct anti‐globulin test. The mother's serum contained anti‐Dib antibody active in the anti‐globulin method, which was judged to have caused the hemolytic disease of the newborn.
Acquired B Antigen Disappearance by in vitvo Acetylation Associated with A1 Activity Restoration
Authors: GERBAL A. , ROPARS C. , GERBAL R. , CARTRON J. P. , MASLET C. , SALMON C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The chemical acetylation of RBC bearing the acquired B antigen led to the disappearance of the agglutinability by anti‐B and restored the A1 specificity. The same results are obtained using RBC transformed in vitro by a Clostridium Tertium filtrate, where a deacetylase was reported.
Specificity and Possible Origin of Anti‐N Antibodies Developed by Patients Undergoing Chronic Haemodialysis
Authors: Boettcher B. , Nanra R. S. , Roberts T. K. , Mallan M. , Watterson C. A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Studies were performed on two anti‐N sera from patients who had formed anti‐N antibodies during their period of haemodialysis. No specific inhibition of these antibodies was obtained by extracts prepared from a new and a used dialysis unit, and it was concluded that there was no evidence of a compound in the units which would stimulate production of the anti‐N. The specificity of the anti‐N's was shown to be against a precursor of MN antigens, since all activity in the sera could be removed by neuraminidase‐treated M cells, which expressed MN precursor. Since the anti‐N's would react with untreated N cells only at 4 OC, but with formaldehyde‐treated cells at 4, 25 and 37 °C, it was concluded that the specificity of the anti‐N's was directed against an antigen developed by red cells after formaldehyde treatment. It is proposed that the production of the anti‐N antibodies is stimulated by formaldehyde‐treated red cells passing into the patient during re‐use of a dialysis unit sterilized with formaldehyde.
Subtypes of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in Native‐Born and Immigrant Israelis
Authors: GeraldSandler S. , Polesky HerbertF. , Shouval (Steigbuegel) Daniel , Hanson Margaret , Olson Carol
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A survey of HBsAg among Jerusalem blood donors revealed a prevalence of 0.89% and a predominance of subtype uy (85%) compared with ad (15%). A simultaneous survey of patients with HBsAg‐positive viral hepatitis revealed a similar predominance of ay (85%) compared with ad (1 5%). The uniform distribution of the dominant ay subtype among both carriers and patients, representing a diversity of ethnic and national origins, supports the premise that ad and ay subtypes are preferentially correlated with regional epidemiologic, rather than host or disease‐related factors.
False‐Positive Rose‐Waaler Rheumatoid Factor Titre Given by Anti‐Ruminant IgM Antibody
Authors: Johnson P. M. , Reading C. A. , Holborow E. J. , Holdstock D. J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An antibody against ruminant (goat, sheep, bovine) IgM is described which also cross‐reacts with rabbit IgM. The antibody was found in the serum of a patient with adult coeliac disease and a selective IgA deficiency. This patient gave a false high Rose‐Waaler rheumatoid factor titre due to the presence of the serum antibody to rabbit IgM that was capable of agglutinating rabbit antibody‐sensitised erythrocytes.
Preparation of Red Cells Coated with C4 and C3 Subcomponents and Production of Anti‐C4d and Anti‐C3d
Authors: Freedman J. , Mollison P. L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Methods of preparing red cells coated only with C4b, C3b or C3d have previously been described by others; the present observations supply further information about the optimal conditions for preparing such cells and also describe conditions for the preparation of cells carrying only C4d. In addition, the preparation of specific anti‐C4d and anti‐C3d sera is described.
Studies on New Process Procedures in Plasma Fractionation on an Industrial Scale
Authors: Friedli H. , Mauerhofer M. , Faes A. , Kistler P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The possibilities for replacing the time‐consuming and labor‐intensive centrifugation step in the plasma fractionation process with a filtration technique using filter aids were explored using a Funda filter (pat. Dr. Ing. HANS MÜLLER). The filtration technique proved effective in the separation of the impure plasma fractions. On the other hand, its use in the separation of pure albumin and γglobulin fractions appears doubtful.
Electron Microscopic Observations on the H Antigen Sites of Human Erythrocytes Using Ferritin Antibody Conjugates
Authors: Matsukura Yutaka
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Using immunoelectron microscopy, the distribution of the H antigen sites on human erythrocytes was observed in 40 samples of adult, newborn and fetal blood of different ABO phenotypes. The attached ferritin particles indicating the H antigen sites conspicuously varied in number from cell to cell in every specimen. The number of H antigen sites per single red cell was estimated on an average for each sample as follows: 0, 3 × 105; B, 2 × 105; A1, 1.5 × 105; A1B, 105; A2B, 1.5 × 105; Ax, 2.5 × 106; A ×B, 105; Bm, 4 × 105; Bw(leukemia), 4 × lo5; O(newborn), 2.5 × 105; B(newborn), 3 × 105; A1(new‐born), 1.5 × 105; A1B(newborn), 2 × 105; A1B(fetus), 105.

The cells in each sample were divided into six cell‐populations according to the number of H antigen sites present. The ratios of distribution of such cell populations are compared for all samples.
Detection of an Antigen in Albumin Subjected to Repeated Heating
Authors: Cohen Pinya , Roelands Joan F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Stabilized S and 25% normal serum albumin (human) derived from plasma, placentas and plasma‐placental blends was subjected to repeated heating at 56°C for 120 h, interspersed with storage at 4°C for 48 h. Immunoelectrophoretic analyses showed that after the ninth heating, 5% plasma albumin developed a component which migrated in the α‐globulin region and gave a reaction of nonidentity with albumin. This antigen, which was not detected in the other albumin samples, reacted with antiserum prepared against control 5% plasma albumin, indicating that it was present in the latter at an undetectably low concentration.
The Vel Blood Group in Northern Sweden
Authors: Cedergren B. , Giles Carolyn M. , Ikin Elizabeth W.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Using the potent anti‐Vel, Paul., a detailed study of the Vel blood group has been made in the Northern region of Sweden. Family studies have shown Vel to be independent of P1, though some association with P groups was detected since P2 was more frequent amongst Vel(‐) than expected. The frequency of Vel(‐) was 0.0006.
Contributions to the Optimal Use of Human Blood
Authors: Vermeer C. , Soute B. A. M. , Ates G. , Brummelhuis H. G. J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The influence of different variables on the yield of factor VIII in cryoprecipitate as prepared in the Central Laboratory of the Netherlands Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, was studied. The following conclusions may be drawn:

In case blood should be stored, the use of the anticoagulant solution acid citrate dextrose (ACD) is preferable to citrate phosphate dextrose (CPD) or trisodium citrate (TSC).

The temperature of stored whole blood should not decrease below 8 °C because of a spontaneous precipitation of factor VIII from blood (and plasma) below this temperature.

Cryoprecipitate derived from rapidly frozen plasma (1 min) contains a decreased amount of proteins in comparison with cryoprecipitate prepared from slowly frozen plasma (45 min to 4 h). On the other hand, equal amounts of factor VIII activity were obtained in the precipitate after freezing of plasma at varying rates.

Rapid thawing of plasma results in both higher yields of factor VIII procoagulant activity and a higher specific activity of this factor in the resulting cryoprecipitate.

The sedimentation of cryoprecipitate is completed after 5 min centrifugation at 1,500 g.

At temperatures higher than 8 °C, cryoprecipitated factor VIII starts dissolving into the supernatant plasma or in buffer.

Factor VIII in lyophilized cryoprecipitate is stable at room temperature. At devated temperatures it rapidly looses its activity.

Evidence was obtained that the improvements which are introduced in the preparation of factor VIII do not lead to a product which is less stable in vitro as well as in vivo.
Linkage Studies between HL‐A and GPT Polymorphisms and Other Genetic Markers1
Authors: Goedde H. W. , Stender D. , Saternus K.‐S. , Benkmann Heide‐G. , Hiller Ch. , Stenger O. , Hoppe H. H. , Bleschke H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The phenotypes of 56 families with 126 children from the Hamburg area as well as gene frequencies and segregation of the genetic markers GPT, AP, ADA, AK, PGM1, PGM3, 6‐PGD, CHE, C3, Gc, Tf, Hp and Cp were studied. In regard to linkage, the informative families were correlated to the results of HL‐A and GPT typing. The linkage was tested according to the sequential test by Morton (1955).

At the recombination fraction Θ = 0.05, independence could be observed for HL‐A/AP, HL‐A/ADA, HL‐A/PGM1, HL‐A/C3; HL‐A/Gc, HL‐A/Hp and GPT/AP. In the range of Θ = 0.1, for HL‐A/PGM1, HL‐A/Gc and HL‐A/Hp independence was stated. The linkage HL‐A/PGM3, reported first by Lamm et al. (1971), could be confirmed.

For other gene loci, linkage to the HL‐A or GPT system could not be proved. But the positive lod scores of HL‐A/GPT, HL‐A/AP and GPT/6‐PGD may give indication for linkage.
The HL‐A System in Thais
Authors: Chiewsilp P. , Chanarat P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The HL‐A antigens were studied in 100 Thai subjects. HL‐A2, 11 and 9 of the first series and W15, HL‐A17, 5, and 13 of the second series were commonly found. HL‐A2‐11 and W15‐ were the commonest phenotypes observed in the first and the second series, respectively. The HL‐A2, X2, and 2, W15 were the most common haplotypes. However, there was no significant gametic association.
A Comparison of Different Methods of Screening Blood Donations for HBsAg
Authors: Barbara J.A.J. , Howell D.R. , Cleghorn T.E. , Cameron C.H. , Briggs Moya , Dane D.S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In a retrospective comparison between countermigration immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) and reverse passive haemagglutination (RPHA) for screening 260,500 blood donations, the latter's 10‐fold increase in sensitivity resulted in 36% more HBsAg detections. In a prospective comparison between RPHA and radioimmunoassay (RIA) the latter's 40‐fold increase in sensitivity over RPHA resulted in 11% more detections than RPHA in 27,094 new donors. One in 500 new donors was HBsAg‐positive by RPHA, compared with 1 in 11,000 established donors who had donated and been tested previously. Acute hepatitis B infections, though uncommon, accounted for a greater proportion of the HBsAg‐positives found in ‘established’ rather than new donors. Reported post‐transfusion hepatitis cases have declined following the introduction of screening tests in 1971. The feasibility of RIA testing at a transfusion centre supplied simply with the two basic RIA reagents has been demonstrated.
Two Japanese Families with Pk Members
Authors: Nakajima H. , Yokota T.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Two individuals with the blood group Pk found in the Japanese population are reported, as well as the results of family studies. A second Pk sibling was found in the second family. Red cells from four members of the first family, who presumably were heterozygous for the gene responsible for Pk, showed no evidence of having a weaker P antigen. One of the two propositi gave birth to a baby, whose red cells gave a doubtful reaction in the direct antiglobulin test, but who showed neither clinical nor hematological signs of hemolytic disease of the newborn.
Obituary
Authors: Engelfriet C. P.
Published: March 2009

Kenneth Leslie Grant Goldsmith, MD, PhD. Lond., MRC Path., FRCP.
Naturally Occurring Human Antibodies with Specificity for Light Chains of Immunoglobulins
Authors: Scherz Rudolf , Pflugshaupt Rolf , Bütler René
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Human sera of different categories were screened for antibodies against IgA. A surprisingly high incidence of antibodies was observed. All of these antibodies were of restricted specificity, i.e. able to react with one or a few individual IgAs from a panel of eight myeloma proteins used in the screening. In one serum of a patient with selective IgA deficiency an antibody against the allotype A2m(1) was found. Some of the antibodies were shown to belong to the IgG class. The IgA, IgG and IgM content of the antibody‐containing sera was generally increased.

Two different antibodies which both reacted with the same individual IgA were studied in detail. The antigen involved could not be detected in normal Caucasian sera but was detectable in some sera of patients with IgA, IgG, IgM or IgD paraproteinemia. The antigenic site was located on the light chain of the Ig molecule but no correlation with either the light chain type or the genetically determined Inv factor was evident.
Use of Discriminant Analysis in Relating Maternal Anti‐D Levels to the Severity of Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn
Authors: Morley G. , Gibson M. , Eltringham D.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The automated assay of maternal anti‐D levels has been compared with manual methods and correlated with the severity of haemolytic disease of the newborn using discriminant analysis. The automated assay of anti‐D proved to be marginally better than manual techniques in predicting the need for amniocentesis. The level at which amniocentesis should be considered has been calculated to be 4 IU/ml of maternal serum.
Warm IgM Anti‐IT Causing Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia
Authors: Freedman J. , Newlands M. , Johnson C. A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A patient with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia due to an autoagglutinin of anti‐IT specificity is reported. The antibody was of the IgM class and bound complement; unexpectedly, it reacted optimally at 37°C. A prozone was noted when testing serial dilutions of the patient's serum against appropriate red cells in saline, but was not found when testing an eluate prepared from the patient's red cells. Investigations suggested that the prozone was due to a blocking antibody of high molecular weight, which appeared to be specific for I and IT.
Development of an Intravenous γ‐Globulin with Fc Activities
Authors: Masuho Y. , Tomibe K. , Matsuzawa K. , Ohtsu A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. S‐sulfonated γ‐globulin (S‐GG) was prepared by treating γ‐globulin with sulfite and tetrathionate ions. About four interchain disulfide bonds were selectively cleaved to give S‐sulfonate groups. Although the above treatment strongly suppresses anticomplementary activity and nonspecific skin reactivity, the resulting S‐GG retains high antibody activity. Furthermore, S‐GG was found to maintain satisfactory levels for prolonged periods in vivo. The physicochemical and antigenic analyses of S‐GG suggest that the S‐sulfonation induces structural modification only at restricted sites.
A Monitoring and Alarm System for Use with a Technicon 15‐Channel Blood Grouping Machine
Authors: Duddin R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An alarm system is described for use in monitoring the function of the sampler of a 15‐channel BGM and the level of reagents.
‘VA’, a New Type of Erythrocyte Poly agglutination Characterized by Depressed H Receptors and Associated with Hemolytic Anemia
Authors: Graninger W. , Poschmann A. , F'ischer K. , Schedl‐Giovannoni I. , Hörundner H. , Klaushofer K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. With help of immunofluorescence, best with anti‐AHp from Helix pomatia, a stippled structure could be demonstrated on the patient's red blood cells. Thus an “A‐like” receptor could be detected on the erythrocyte membrane of this group O patient. The reactive antigen was proved not to be a crypt antigen exposed by the action of neuraminidase. The same stippled fluorescence with anti‐AHp was observed on the red blood cells of a patient suffering from hemolytic anemia induced by influenza A, virus. In this case this virus was shown not to be responsible for polyagglutination. No virus or microorganism could be isolated from the patient's blood. Also by immunofluorescence the weak expression of the H antigen could be demonstrated with an extract of Evonymus europaeus. Electron microscopy of erythrocytes was normal. The neuraminic acid content and the electrophoretic mobility were found to be decreased to a minor degree. No distinct cell populations could be observed.
Colton Blood Groups in Canadian Caucasians: Frequencies, Inheritance and Linkage Analysis1
Authors: Lewis Marion , Kaita Hiroko , Chown Bruce , Giblett Eloise R. , Anderson Jeanne
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In a series of 726 random Caucasian adults tested with anti‐Coa and anti‐Cob allele frequencies were Coa< 0.9470, Cob 0.0530. The distribution of Colton phenotypes in 205 children of 57 selected families was in accordance with expectation. A linkage analysis of Co and 26 other loci indicates that Co is not closely linked to AcP1, ABO, AK1, Ch, Do, GLO, Gm, GPT, HLA, Hp, K, Lu, MN, PGM1 or Rh and does not lie between PGD and PGM1 on chromosome 1.
Anti‐Lu14: A Lutheran Antibody Defining the Product of an Allele at the Lu8 Blood Group Locus1
Authors: Judd W. J. , Mursh W. L. , Øyen R. , Nichols M. E. , Allen F. H. , Contreras M. , Sirouy M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A ‘new’ Lutheran‐related antibody, named anti‐Lu14, reacts with approximately 2.4% of random bloods. Red cells of the rare Lu:‐8 phenotype are Lu:14. The data indicate, with a high probability, that the Lu 14 antigen is a product of an allele of Lu8 and that Lu14 and Lu8 comprise a third pair of alleles at the Lutheran locus. Red cells of the original Sw (a+) propositus are Lu:14. By coincidence, he has inherited two low‐incidence genes. This observation may explain the discrepancy in different families concerning a possible relationship between Swa and Lutheran. Pedigree information now suggests that Swa is not a Lutheran gene.
Subtypes of HBsAg in Eastern and South‐Eastern Europe
Authors: Madaliński K. , Holland P. V. , Moraczewska Z. , Kalinowska B. , Alter H. J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A total of 481 serum samples was collected from asymptomatic carriers of H B,Ag as well as some patients with acute and chronic hepatitis, type B. The sera were obtained mainly from blood banks in the following countries: Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, and the European part of the Soviet Union. Asymptomatic carriers of HBsAg from Poland and Hungary showed a preponderance of adw subtype over uyw subtype (Poland ‐80.7% adw, Hungary ‐72.2% adw). Carriers from the remaining countries showed the reverse situation: Bulgaria ‐71.5% ayw, Yugoslavia ‐79.0% ayw, Romania ‐82.8% ayw, Soviet Union ‐87.5% ayw. No individuals were found among these indigenous populations to have the adr or ayr subtypes but two carriers appeared to have the unusual subtype adyw.
Polymer Distribution in Human Serum Albumin Powders Prepared by Lyophilization or Acetone Drying
Authors: Solli N. J. , Bertolini M. J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Various lots of human serum albumin, prepared by the Cohn alcohol procedure, were assayed for polymer distribution after lyophilization or acetone drying of the albumin paste. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that powders obtained by acetone drying of the pastes contained significantly higher amounts of monomeric albumin.
Three Antibodies of the MNSs System and Their Association with the Miltenberger Complex of Antigens
Authors: Chandanayingyong D. , Pejrachandra S. , Poole J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A new antibody in Anek serum reacts with 7% of Thai Mi III donor samples.
A Comparative Analysis of Methods Suitable for Detection of Platelet Alloantibodies
Authors: Heinrich D. , Kessler C. , Mueller‐Eckhardt C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Three HLA‐specific antisera were comparatively analyzed by platelet micro‐complement fixation and 14C‐serotonin uptake and/or 14C‐serotonin release studies with platelets. In general, there was a good correlation of HLA antibody specificity exhibited in all 3 test systems. Quantitative differences in the response of platelets to HLA antisera were observed and accounted for by differences in antigen density and different types of antibodies involved. Platelet autoantibodies could not be detected by means of 14C‐serotonin release from platelets in plasma.
Increased Expression in Erythrocytic Ii Antigens in Sickle Cell Disease and Sickle Cell Trait
Authors: Maniatis A. , Frieman B. , Bertles J. F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The reactivity of human erythrocytes with anti‐I and anti‐i sera was estimated in 36 normal adults, 18 individuals with sickle cell anemia and 27 individuals with sickle cell trait, by quantitative hemagglutination with a sensitive autoanalyzer system. SS erythrocytes showed significantly increased I and i reactivity when compared to normal erythrocytes. AS erythrocytes also demonstrated some increase in Ii reactivity. No correlation was found between erythrocytic HbF content and i reactivity.
Automated Readout of Sample Identification and Test Results in a BG‐8 Blood Grouping Machine
Authors: Rechsteiner J. , Benjamin C. J. , Budding R. W.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A fully automated readout unit for the BG‐8 blood‐grouping machine, printing Idee identification numbers with matching ABO grouping and rhesus (D) typing results is described. In 6,737 samples, no incorrect blood group was recorded. Two rhesus (D) positive samples were overlooked, however, and 16.4% of the samples had to be retested because of irregular reaction patterns. Better results are to be expected with properly selected test cells and anti‐D serum.

The readout unit is easily operated and is not disturbed by clots. The additional equipment needed replaces the modules which were necessary for recording on filter paper.
Rosette Formation by Sensitized Human Red Cells ‐Effects of Source of Peripheral Leukocyte Monolayers1,2
Authors: Munn Lyle R. , Chaplin Hugh
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Employing standardized IgG‐coated 51Cr‐labelled human red blood cells (RBC), variation in rosette formation among monolayers obtained from 10 healthy donors was defined, as well as variation among 24 sequential monolayers obtained from one healthy donor and 8 sequential monolayers from a second healthy donor over a 4‐month period. Rosette formation, expressed as eluate cpm per plate, averaged 220 (range 35–472) for the 10 donors; 24 determinations on one donor averaged 201 (range 59420), 8 determinations on the second donor averaged 244 (range 69–395). Striking increases in rosette formation were observed employing monolayers from 4 of 4 normal subjects during the course of viral infections, with peak values exceeding 5, 8, 13 and 14× the normal mean. Elevations were also observed with monolayers prepared from blood of selected patients with hematologic disorders; a remarkable value 168 ×the normal mean was repeatedly obtained for a patient with myeloid metaplasia whose monolayer consisted almost exclusively of mature granulocytic rosette‐forming cells. The results emphasize the influence of monolayer donor variables on rosette formation.
Characterization of Human Heterophile Antibodies Apparently Induced by Alloimmunization
Authors: McDonald B. L. , Hawkins B. R. , Dawkins R. L. , Davey M. G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Human heterophile antibodies reactive with various tissues of different species may be detected by indirect immunofluorescence. Results of screening sera obtained after rhesus immunization and before and after blood transfusion and renal transplantation suggest that such antibodies can appear following alloimmunization of group A and O individuals. Eleven positive sera selected for detailed study were found to have anti‐B isohaemagglutinins together with rat erythrocyte agglutinins. Absorption studies suggested that there may be some relationship between the group B antigen and the rat antigen concerned but the precise explanation for alloimmunization remains to be determined.