bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LOW PRESSURE AIR—THE ACHILLES‘ HEEL OF SHIPBOARD COMBAT SYSTEMS
Authors: HURA MYRON , KUHNERT GEORGE J.
Published: March 2009

The shipboard low pressure central dry air system, and, more specifically, the electronics branch of the dry air system, are essential supporting elements of important combat systems onboard U.S. Navy surface units. The central dry air system, in its present configuration, is difficult to maintain and subject to frequent component malfunctions. Problems associated with the electronics branch of the dry air system can result in expensive and time consuming repairs to vital components of major combat systems.

This article focuses on the operational interrelationships of components within the central dry air system and the cascading effect that malfunctions of these components have on the electronic branch of the low pressure dry air system. Management and maintenance problems as well as training deficiencies are addressed.

The discussion highlights the need for design, installation and management changes that may improve overall performance and reliability of shipboard central dry air systems.
A METHOD TO PREDICT STACK PERFORMANCE
Authors: FITZGERALD MICHAEL P.
Published: March 2009

This paper describes a method to predict stack gas dispersion performance that was developed during the design of a recent surface combatant. This method is presented in the form of a step‐by‐step procedure. This method includes a two‐sided procedure for the analysis of model test results. This two‐sided approach combines a quantitative approach and a qualitative approach to evaluate model test results. An introduction to stack design considerations and the problems associated with low‐profile stack design are presented. The major points of stack design technology are highlighted. Future directions in stack design technology are discussed.
COMBAT SYSTEM INDUSTRIAL TESTING: MEASUREMENT OF SUCCESS
Authors: TRESSLER DENNIS L. , HART JAMES B.
Published: March 2009

This is an overview of the combat system test and certification (CST&C) program as a subset of the total ship test program (TSTP) for active fleet surface ships. The paper will discuss how the T&C program measures not only the suitability of repairs and modifications done during a ship's combat system industrial availability in a public or private yard period, but also the impact that successful program conduct has on the materiel effectiveness throughout a ship's operational cycle. The CST&C management organization and responsibilities, including NAVSEA's master ordnance repair program as well as combat system code 190's relationship to the CST&C program and the impact of pre‐ and post‐industrial testing requirements on the actual conduct of industrial testing will be addressed.
A SYSTEM ENGINEERING APPROACH FOR NAVY C2 APPLICATIONS
Authors: DONOVAN DANIEL E. , LACIJAN CHARLES A.
Published: March 2009

This paper emphasizes the importance of structured system engineering in complex communication (C) architectures. The focus is on acquisition of Navy command and control (C2) programs.

The paper begins with a discussion of the requirement for and the benefits of system engineering. A classic approach is described. The Navy's action to implement structured C2 system engineering is addressed. Technical sophistication in platforms, sensors, weapons, and electronics is identified as the primary reason for renewed emphasis on system engineering. Large increases in the volume of data that must be collected, exchanged, analyzed, and acted upon by the military commander are a product of this technology. In some instances the commander must act within seconds to survive attack. He can do so only with efficient, prioritized, and transparently connected systems. System engineering has gone from the category of “nice to have” to “essential.”

The application of system engineering disciplines in a major command and control system upgrade being undertaken by the Federal Aviation Agency (FAA) is outlined in detail and cited as an example of a successful system engineering response to a complex communications architecture problem.

The final part of this paper examines the feasibility of applying the FAA approach to the Navy C2 modernization plan. It reviews the organizational history of important Navy C2 system engineering initiatives and identifies the current documentation used in the Navy C2 architectural process.

Conclusions reemphasize the importance of a disciplined system engineering approach to managing complex communication system architectures; cite the FAA program as a model to be followed; and identify the current Navy C2 need as a program that could readily implement and benefit from the use of this model.

Finally, the paper emphasizes that commitment is essential if any system engineering approach is to be effective. Top‐level decision makers must be willing to provide authority and resources to achieve the desired goal.
SHIPBOARD STOWAGE OF FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
Authors: DROPIK MICHAEL V.
Published: March 2009

The uncontrolled proliferation of flammables and combustibles aboard ship, in addition to posing an obvious fire and explosive hazard, has seriously degraded the survivability and increased the vulnerability characteristics of U.S. Navy surface ships. This problem for the most part has been superficially attributed to a widespread shortage of flammable and combustible stowage capacity. As a result, current solutions have been limited to increasing stowage capacity through additional storerooms and development of more efficient stowage aids. Unfortunately, these solutions simply address the symptoms, are of a corrective nature, and do not eliminate the fundamental causes of the problem. The paper conducts a more systematic and comprehensive investigation into identifying and resolving the flammable liquids problem by considering it from a ship life cycle perspective. In this way, the problem is shown to be the resultant accumulation of a number of causes which occur during a ship's design, construction, and operational phases, and which collectively manifest themselves as a major shortage of flammable and combustible liquid stowage space aboard current fleet ships. Actions are then formulated to eliminate or counteract these fundamental causes, and validated by application to a hypothetical case study.
COMPOSITE SHAFTING FOR NAVAL PROPULSION SYSTEMS
Authors: WILHELMI GEORGE F. , APPLEMAN WILLIAM M. , LOO FRANCIS T.C.
Published: March 2009

Advanced composite materials offer the potential to improve naval propulsion shafting by reducing corrosion and galvanic effects, weight, life‐cycle costs, bearing loads, magnetic signature, alignment problems, and use of strategic materials; and by increasing allowable fatigue stress, flexibility, and vibration damping characteristics. The Navy is investigating the potential impact and feasibility of a standardized family of composite shaft sizes manufactured by a highly‐automated filament‐winding process incorporating continuous graphite and glass filaments in a thermosetting epoxy resin matrix. A small‐diameter (2.5 inch) filament‐wound composite propulsion shaft is being evaluated in a 2‐year trial aboard a Naval Academy yard patrol vessel (YP‐654 class). Encouraging results to date from the YP trial, laboratory torsion and fatigue testing, and analytical studies employing finite‐element stress‐analysis techniques, have led to current R&D efforts to develop a Navy‐standard composite shafting “base laminate,” design and procurement specifications, and metal/composite coupling technique suitable for the largest diameter shafting systems. Laboratory evaluations with small diameter composite shafts have demonstrated their torsional loading and fatigue capabilities, and have shown the joint to a metal flange or propeller as the consistent weak point in the system. This paper presents a summary of assessments of composite shafting in terms of size, weight, and costs comparisons with conventional materials; Navy experience with the YP composite shaft installation; discussion of finite element investigations of composite shafting and coupling system models; and technological areas requiring additional investigation.
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF AN OFFSHORE PATROL BOAT
Authors: COHEN STEVEN H. , GHOSH DEBABRATA , DODGE WILLIAM B. , McEACHEN WILLIAM
Published: March 2009

The U.S. Coast Guard's multimission patrol boats are rapidly approaching the end of their useful service life. Conventional and advanced designs are being assessed as potential replacements. The paper presents the conventional design which is based on modern, well‐proven patrol boat design practices and technologies. The principal features and performance characteristics of the design are highlighted. Also described are the specific mission requirements, the general design philosophy, and important design objectives including seakeeping performance, survivability, habitability and safety. Other objectives discussed in the paper include improved producibili‐ty and reduced maintenance requirements to minimize life cycle cost.
EVOLUTION OF A MODERN NAVAL STEERING SYSTEM
Authors: WAGNER PAUL , VAIL JEANNINE A.
Published: March 2009

Ships' steering systems have progressed over the ages, driven by the need for more powerful and reliable systems. From simple mechanical devices thousands of years old to the latest electro‐hydraulic systems, progress has been relatively slow but constant. Present systems tend to be the result of a series of modifications of older designs in response to a need for increased performance and reliability. This paper decribes the historical development leading to present designs and discusses a new approach which not only eliminates most problems inherent in present designs but also provides a more economical, more compact, and more cost effective solution as verified by detailed reliability and maintainability analysis.
DESIGN GUIDE FOR SMALL CRAFT DETECTABILITY CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: HULICK TIMOTHY P.
Published: March 2009

For a small combatant craft to perform its mission, it must remain undetected throughout its search, acquisition, assault, and retreat. Four signatures of the craft which could reveal its presence are: radar cross section, infrared radiation, airborne noise, and underwater noise. This paper deals with understanding the sources of these four “giveaways” and how to minimize them.

The paper also presents a light amount of mathematical treatment on how some of the signature minimizing techniques work from a theoretical point of view.
ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN THE AEGIS CRUISER SHIPBUILDING PROGRAM
Authors: BOWLER R. T. E. , RIDDICK R. P.
Published: March 2009

The Aegis cruiser program's objective has been to deliver ships to the fleet that are not only “war ready” but also reflect state‐of‐the‐art combat systems technology. Therefore, change has been mandatory. The types of changes have covered the spectrum from major combat system and mission capability improvements to minor INSURV items.

Since the sources of changes have been so varied and the quantities so substantial, attention must be placed on change management. A “source‐based” change categorization scheme has been developed and implemented to enable the Aegis cruiser program manager to maintain an overview of change status on the ships. Developed as an outgrowth of the existing automated configuration management database, the change categorization scheme provides data to maintain an awareness of changes from many standpoints, including cost on a per ship basis as well as the categories which have been the largest cost drivers. More importantly it enables the SHAPM to determine the originating source, thus providing the knowledge needed to manage the change. Change can significantly improve products, but it must be prudently controlled, budgeted and scheduled.
AN ELECTROMAGNETIC ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS ENGINEERING PROCESS
Authors: JUDSON HARLOW M. , ASCHOFF GERALD R. , NEWCOMB JOHN W.
Published: March 2009

Engineering processes, for the integration of topside electromagnetic environment and EM subsystems performance engineering into the mainstream of surface ship engineering, are presented and discussed in this paper. The engineering procedures and tasks pertaining to ship EM systems engineering must be tailored to the several stages of the life cycle, but all contain a core of activities covering performance‐based EM suite selection and topside arrangement design, which is based on EM environment and performance vs. requirements analysis. These core activities are presented and discussed as they apply to all life cycle design stages. Several recent fleet EMI problems are briefly discussed for the insight they provide relative to the EM portions of the current design process, and conclusions regarding how the proposed procedures address current deficiencies are included.
PRINCIPLES OF SYSTEM TESTING
Authors: STIMSON WILLIAM A.
Published: March 2009

Combat System overhauls add to the complexity of surface ship availabilities because of the high level of system testing that is required. In keeping with this complexity, shipyard test programs must be solidly based in systems test theory in order to achieve test integrity and ensure combat system readiness at the end of the availability.

All too often, the ship systems are not ready for post availability trials. Evidence indicates that in many cases system test principles are either not used or not well understood. This is not surprising when we consider that, in the ship repair industry, a system is defined as a collection of equipments rather than as a process, as it is in the aerospace industry. The sense of continuity encouraged by the idea of a process is missing from the idea of a collection.

This paper defines a system in an abstract way. Relationships are defined in terms of system state, its inputs, and its outputs. Controllability and observability are defined in a way that is useful to the test engineer. Both axiomatic and heuristic definitions are presented in order to provide a basis for test philosophy. These concepts are then examined for principles that can be applied to system testing.

Having established an abstract system as a process, both definitions and principles are applied to surface ship combat systems with the intention of reshaping the idea of what a system is and how it must be tested.

Finally, the paper offers a list of definitions appropriate to the ship repair industry that will tie its test programs to the language and ideas of system testing that are held in the aerospace industry and in the systems manufacturing world.
IMPROVED LOGISTICS SUPPORT THROUGH STANDARDIZATION
Authors: KINNEY EDWARD T. , CONSTANT ALEXANDER E.
Published: March 2009

This paper presents improvements in logistics support of hull, mechanical, and electrical (HM&E) components through standardization to the piece part level. The process of component standardization is outlined and compared with traditional HM&E acquisition approaches. The impact of standardization on logistics support is presented with case examples cited to graphically demonstrate how logistics improvements are derived. The paper also presents standardization costs and benefit analyses. A compelling case for increased HM&E standardization efforts is made from a logistics improvement perspective.
A PREDICTION OF STRUCTURAL LOAD AND RESPONSE OF A SWATH SHIP IN WAVES
Authors: REILLY EDWARD T. , SHIN YUNG S. , KOTTE ERNST H.
Published: March 2009

The small‐waterplane‐area‐twin‐hull (SWATH) ship has long been recognized as a promising high performance ship because of its superior seakeeping characteristics as compared to the conventional monohull or the catamaran ship.

Over the years, many advancements in prediction methods for motions and wave loads of the SWATH ship have been published. Using this knowledge, a computational procedure for predicting structural load and response of the SWATH ship was developed and is presented here. The analytical method for wave load determination is based on a linear seakeeping theory where hydrodynamic interaction between the twin hulls has been included. The structural response of a SWATH ship can be calculated by using finite element models and hydrodynamic pressure distributions along the ship hulls.

A correlation study has shown good agreement between calculated results and model test data of a 3,000‐ton SWATH ship in motions and loads, indicating that the analytical approaches could be used in assessing the seaworthiness and structural adequacy of SWATH designs.

To demonstrate the computational procedure, a case study of a T‐AGOS 19 SWATH ship in sea state 7 was carried out. The calculated results of motions, loads, deflections, and stresses are presented and discussed. However, the fatigue life of the vessel has not been investigated in this paper.
NAVAL ENGINEERING ANALYSIS
Authors: PACE DALE K. , HUNT RICHARD J.
Published: March 2009

Analysis pervades all aspects of naval engineering. It is used to determine requirements for new or upgraded systems and to explore concepts for their employment. It is used to evaluate performance. It is used to establish design characteristics. And it comes in many varieties.

This paper addresses use and misuse of analysis in naval engineering. The paper is oriented toward managers of analytic endeavors rather than the practitioners of analysis. It does not deal in depth with how to perform particular analytic techniques. Instead it discusses general principles that should guide both the selection and application of analytic techniques. The paper identifies problems which are frequently encountered in analyses related to naval engineering and suggests ways to ameliorate their deleterious effects. These problems are addressed from both the perspective of the manager of analysis and that of the user or consumer of results from the analysis. Some of the challenges that face naval engineering analyses as a consequence of hardware and software improvements and of more sophisticated systems are also discussed.
Power Limited Design Approach for Combatant Ships
Authors: RAINS DEAN A.
Published: March 2009

The usual design approach for combatants is to select the combat system and ship performance parameters and then determine all of the ship characteristics including the power plant size. Described in this paper is an alternative design approach wherein the power plant and electrical plant are selected after a sustained speed is chosen. Then the hull design, propulsor, transmission system and the various other subsystems can be selected to maximize the payload. The payload items are selected to match the weight and space available. The implication of the hull, mechanical and electrical (HM&E) selections are discussed. A series of examples is used to illustrate the importance of sustained speed, hull form, drag reduction approaches, propulsor and subsystem selection on payload size or combat system capability. The approach can also be used to assess the merits of various HM&E technologies for increasing the size of allowable payload. Twenty technologies are assessed using this approach and compared to each other for payload weight and volume increases. Four power limited ship designs, all using two gas turbine engines for main propulsion power, are compared in detail as examples of the approach. The designs are compared and assessed using survivability and mission effectiveness analyses. This assessment may assist and guide future design efforts. The viability and value of the power limited approach is discussed and conclusions are drawn.
Submersible Outboard Electric Motor/Propulsor
Authors: BROWN D. W. , REPP J. R. , TAYLOR O. S.
Published: March 2009

Mr. Taylor has more than 18 years of experience in the field of research and development engineering. Since joining Westinghouse in 1974 he has been involved in the design and development of advanced electrical machinery including large, high power density motors for electric drive ship propulsion, pulsed homopolar generators for electromagnetic launchers, high current density contacts for switching applications, research in automated manufacturing, and robotic system development. He is currently managing a section that deals with rotating power equipment for military applications, with emphasis on thermal and electromagnetic modeling.

A demonstration submersible outboard electric motor/ propulsor has been designed, built, and successfully tested. This concept involves mounting a propeller directly inside a rotor of a specially designed induction motor. This motor/ propulsor has the advantages of direct seawater cooling and bearing lubrication, direct drive, shrouded propeller, variable positioning, easy access, and high maneuverability. The motor/propulsor is readily adaptable to dual, independently‐controlled and contra‐rotating propellers without the need for gears. The concept has been investigated conceptually for application to primary propulsion, secondary propulsion, and pod drives, for amphibious, surface, and undersea vehicles.
Central Power Generation System for U.S. Coast Guard Polar Icebreakers
Authors: WILKERSON LARRY A. , DAVIS CLAYTON W.
Published: March 2009

One of the more important decisions in overall ship design is the selection of the propulsion plant type, a consideration of particular significance for a polar class icebreaker. Propeller interactions with huge fragments of broken ice place added emphasis on the drive train's ability to operate and survive in an environment where rescue is difficult, dangerous and there fore costly, if not impossible. This paper describes the application of a new type of diesel electric machinery plant which is similar to these installed by other icebreaking nations of the world and which includes several features to correct certain troublesome problems experienced by their designs. The machinery plant presented improves on, but does not strain or surpass the current state of the art. The basic cutter configuration and certain auxiliary systems of interest are also described.
Full‐Scale Trials of Pre‐Swirl Vanes and Modified Propellers
Authors: SEDAT ROBERT D. , PURCELL EDWARD S. , HERVEY CAROL L.
Published: March 2009

The rotational energy which is normally lost in the slipstream of a propeller can be recovered by properly designed pre‐swirl vanes, thus improving the propulsive efficiency. More recently, asymmetric vanes have been designed which also reduce the circumferential wake variations in the inflow to the propeller, thus reducing cavitation and vibration. In these experiments, an asymmetric vane set, designed to reduce the circumferential wake variations caused by an inclined propeller shaft, is tested on a 41‐ft. USCG twin‐screw utility boat. Fuel consumption, shaft torque, RPM and panel accelerations above the propellers are measured for two different propeller designs, with and without vane sets. The vanes produce significant fuel savings over most operating speeds for both types of tested propellers.
Technology Gaming
Authors: PACE DALE K. , MORAN DAVID D.
Published: March 2009

Wise investment of Department of Defense research and development (R&D) resources is becoming increasingly important. R&D policymakers and managers use a variety of means to guide their decisions. This paper discusses one of them: technology gaming. Technology gaming is a complement to traditional methods of technology forecasting, with technology gaming providing insights about constraints imposed upon advanced systems and technologies by operational environments and about their interactions with one another. The potential and practice of technology gaming are described, drawing upon experiences acquired from several technology gaming endeavors in 1988, including the Technology Initiatives 88 Game (TIG‐88) performed at the Naval War College under the joint‐sponsorship of the Office of Research, Development, and Acquisition in OpNav (OP‐098) and the Naval War College.
Current Limiting Protector for Low Voltage, High Current Applications
Authors: EMERY FRANKLIN T. , WU JUNG L.
Published: March 2009

A pyrotechnic current limiting interrupter (CLI) has been developed for use in high current, 60‐Hz, 480‐volt, 3‐phase electrical bus circuits. The interrupter design combines a high continuous current (4800 A rms) rating with a high current (210 kA rms sym.) interruption capability. Its electrical power loss is low and its mechanical construction uses no complex moving mechanisms. The CLI is used with a current sensor, electronic logic, and energy storage circuitry. The current sensor continuously monitors the current through the CLI and provides input to logic circuits which analyze and determine the validity of the fault condition. Both the fault current magnitude and rate of current increase are used in combination to make the decision when to activate the CLI. Using stored electrical energy, a detonator is activated causing an explosive cord to generate shock waves sufficient to cut the current carrying conductors. Detection and initiation of the interruption process occurs within 1/4 cycle for a symmetrical fault and within 1/2 cycle for an asymmetrical fault. The first peak in the fault current is limited to the first half cycle.
Electro‐Expulsive Separation System Shipboard Applications
Authors: EMBRY G.D. , ERSKINE R.W. , HASLIM L.A. , LOCKYER R.T. , McDONOUGH P.T.
Published: March 2009

THE AUTHORS6

Shipboard weather deck ice removal is a laborious, time consuming, dangerous task. The current operational scenario consists of sailors wielding hickory baseball bats. This paper describes a viable alternative, the Electro‐Expulsive Separation System (EESS), originally developed by NASA.

EESS technology has been designed to remove ice from aircraft surfaces. Developmental testing, which led to acceptance of this new device, is discussed together with its theory of operation. The resultant aircraft applications are described.

The need to adapt this aircraft technology for shipboard applications is recognized by the Navy, the Coast Guard, the State of Alaska, and the commercial shipbuilding industry. Fishing vessels risk sinking every winter due to excessive ice accumulation on their decks and superstructure. Navy and Coast Guard cold water operations have been hampered for centuries due to severe ice accumulation during inclement weather.

With the encouragement and cooperation of the State of Alaska, an EESS test program was formulated and subsequently conducted aboard an Alaskan Resources vessel in the Bering Sea. This testing is described, with lessons learned. Future test programs are identified, requisite for successful adaptation of this technology to combat and commercial shipboard applications.
Identification of Self Noise Sources in a Ship
Authors: CHAKRAVORTY P.K.
Published: March 2009

Noise and vibration are generally related to each other; however, on board a ship it is often very difficult to understand how one contributes to the other. This paper describes an investigation that was undertaken to identify the major sources of self noise on a ship that reported a relatively high level of self noise. The investigation shows that when the ship's speed was below 15 knots the main engine and hull vibration were the main sources of self noise, while propeller cavitation was the major cause of noise at speeds beyond 15 knots.
Productivity: How to Organize the Management and How to Manage the Organization
Authors: CHIRILLO CDR. LOUIS D.
Published: March 2009

Without acceptance of a product work breakdown structure for the construction, modernization and overhaul of ships, a shipyard will not enter what is now being called the information age. With too few exceptions, top managers have yet to demonstrate the knowledge, courage, and leadership required to reorganize and remold entrenched middle managers who are functional specialists, each concerned with a parochial interest. The information age requires generalists who are dedicated to constantly improving entire manufacturing systems. As means to encourage adoption of a product work breakdown structure, this paper discusses: a basic product organization, its benefits, and its unique ability to generate data, without which a manager is not in full charge of a shipyard, public or private.
Conceptional Considerations for a Towed Vessel Safety Knowledge System
Authors: LATORRE ROBERT , LE SAGE MAURICIO
Published: March 2009

A new model is introduced for avoiding accidents where a tugboat capsizes or trips when towing a larger vessel. The development of the Tripping Avoidance Knowledge Base (TAKB) is described in terms of the relevant descriptive parameters, the graphical representation of the knowledge base and its conversion to a decision matrix is also shown.

As with any AI application in a new and promising area, there are many unclear points which this paper highlights. The paper closes with the authors' recommendations for future development and refinement of the knowledge base.
The Command Support At‐Sea Experiment
Authors: BUSCHER DAVID J. , SUNDAY DANIEL M.
Published: March 2009

The Command Support At‐Sea Experiment (CS@SE) provides experimental advanced graphics display systems consisting of large screen color displays and operator console color displays in the combat information center (CIC) of an Aegis cruiser and in the tactical flag command center (TFCC) of an aircraft carrier. CS@SE systems are designed to prototype potential command support capabilities in an at‐sea environment to validate and refine requirements for planned production system upgrades. These systems use sophisticated color graphics techniques to provide real‐time tactical displays that improve the availability of information to an operator by reducing clutter through the use of color, area fill, transparen overlays and intensity coding of track symbols. Interfaces wen developed with the Aegis Display System (ADS), Shipboarc Gridlock System with Auto‐correlation (SGS/AC), Flag Dats Display System (FDDS) and Tomahawk Engagement Planning and Exercise Evaluation System (TEPEE) that provided the data for the presentation of a tactical display. Display elements included both real‐time and over‐the‐horizon (OTH) surface track data, velocity leaders, tags, uncertainty ellipses, and history trails. The display also included filled land masses, country boundaries, commercial airways, cities, graphics overlays (i.e., operational areas), weapon system missile performance contours, and engagement plans. This paper describes the experiment, its installation and integration into the shipboard environments of an Aegis cruiser (USS Leyte Gulf) and an aircraft carrier (USS America, its usage by the ships companies and embarked staffs, and the experiment result! and findings.

Key conclusions of the experiment are:

Advanced graphics color displays can significantly enhance the ability of the warfighter to assimilate a complex tactical display.

Both ships reported a requirement for a correlated OTH and real‐time track display with the ability to clearly differentiate the two types of tracks on the display.

On‐line data bases such as detailed maps, airways, political boundaries, and cities provide important information that enhances the tactical track picture and the decision making process.

Classical rapid prototyping permits the validation of proposed command support concepts in an operational environment and permits some engineering evaluation of possible future capabilities.
Development and Certification of HSLA ‐100 Steel for Naval Ship Construction
Authors: CZYRYCA ERNEST J. , LINK RICHARD E. , WONG RICHARD J. , AYLOR DENISE A. , MONTEMARANO THOMAS W. , GUDAS JOHN P.
Published: March 2009

A significant tonnage of HY‐100 steel has been used in the structural designs of new ships and submarines for weight reduction, where HT and HY‐80 steels had been previously used. A reduction in hull fabrication costs and higher productivity can be achieved by substitution of an HSLA steel for HY‐100. The significant factor in cost savings through use of HSLA steel in fabrication is the reduction or elimination of preheat for welding. Based on the success of the HSLA‐80 steel system, a program was initiated to develop and certify an HSLA‐100 steel as a replacement for HY‐100 in order to reduce fabrication costs. The alloy development and evaluation to support the certification of HSLA‐100 steel plate and weldments for surface combatant structural and ballistic protection applications are summarized.

HSLA‐100 development consisted of three phases: (1) laboratory alloy development to formulate an interim specification; (2) trial steel mill plate production; and (3) plate production for the certification program. An interim specification for HSLA‐100 steel plate was used as the basis for the commercial production of over 200 tons of HSLA‐100 by domestic steel plate mills. The alloy design of HSLA‐100 represents a significantly different metallurgy and microstructure than HSLA‐80 steel, but retains the wettability of very low carbon steel.

The certification program was conducted to establish the properties, welding characteristics, fabricability, and structural performance of HSLA‐100 steel plate over a range of gages from 1/4 to 3 3/4 inches. The certification program included the characterization of production HSLA‐100 steel plate mechanical, physical, and fracture properties; evaluation of wettability and welding process limits for structures of high restraint; studies of fatigue properties and effects of marine environments on HSLA‐100; and the fabrication and evaluation of large scale structural models to validate the laboratory developed welding process parameters.

The properties and wettability demonstrated by HSLA‐100 steel resulted in certification of HSLA‐100 as a replacement for HY‐100 for surface ship structures and ballistic protection.
Application of LAN Standards to the Navy's Combat Systems
Authors: GREEN DANIEL T. , MARLOW DAVID T.
Published: March 2009

SAFENET (Survivable Adaptable Fiber Optic Embedded Network) specifies a subset of the large and evolving set of commercial LAN standards. The SAFENET subset is chosen for use in Navy combat systems and augments this subset with additional specifications only when commercial standards fall short of meeting Navy needs. SAFENET is also a program designed to influence the development of commercial standards so that they will better meet Navy needs without augmentation. The SAFENET program involves the full Navy development community, both government and industrial, in selecting and developing the SAFENET set of standards and specifications. The SAFENET program is the earliest component of the U.S. Navy's Next Generation Computer Resources Program which is selecting and developing standards for computing resources in future Navy systems. This paper discusses: the Navy combat system environment in which products compliant with SAFENET standards are intended to work, the development process, the framework in which commercial standards are organized, the capabilities included in SAFENET, and the current status of SAFENET compliant products.
An Analytical Model of the Floating Dry Dock ARDM‐3
Authors: POOLE PATRICK K.
Published: March 2009

The characteristics of a floating dry dock and the ship to be docked can be programmed into an analytical model developed on a personal computer generating accurate predictions of all parameters of interest to the docking officer. The dry dock model allows for the rapid generation of the ballast tank levels required to raise the ship and dock while providing the expected dock draft, basin height, stability parameters, and longitudinal deflection predictions at all critical times during the docking evolution for any realistic ship load and desired position. Such a model is developed herein for the floating dry dock ARDM‐3, located at the Charleston Naval Shipyard, S.C.
Seawolf On‐Board Logistics
Authors: VOLPE MARGARET S.
Published: March 2009

As a result of the Computer‐aided Acquisition and Logistic Support Program, as well as major advances in computer technology, the submarine community has a unique opportunity to change how logistic data are handled on‐board the submarine.

The submarine community is developing a highly integrated logistic data base as well as drawings and textual information delivered in digital format. By taking advantage of maintenance, supply and training information developed in an electronic format, the submarine community can change the way that logistic information is delivered to the ultimate user — the sailor on the deck plate. Development of the Submarine Onboard Logistic Data System provides a means for improving technical manuals, on‐board training, maintenance, and configuration management.

This paper describes the needs that must be met by the Submarine On‐board Logistic Data System. It also describes how the system will interface with existing technology such as the Shipboard Non‐Tactical ADP Program (SNAP), various approaches to automated technical information, and projects to automate on‐board training. Implementation of this system will improve logistic support throughout the life cycle of a submarine.
Halon 1301 Test Gas Simulants
Authors: DINENNO P.J. , FORSSELL E.W. , BACK G.G. , OUELLETTE R.J. , FULPER C. , MCCRORY D. , BARYLSKI D.
Published: March 2009

AD new and retrofit installations of Halon 1301 total flooding fire protection systems in U.S. Navy shipboard machinery spaces require an acceptance discharge test. The primary reason for this testing is the verification of system design and performance (discharge time, initial concentration, maintenance of concentration, etc.). It is desirable to use a simulant instead of Halon 1301 in these tests in view of its contribution to stratospheric ozone depletion.

Sulfur hexafluoride, SF6, was identified as a possible simulant on the basis of its similarity to Halon 1301 in physical and chemical properties. A detailed investigation was performed on the use of SF6 as a simulant, which led to a full scale evaluation on board the USS Chancellorsville (CG‐62). This investigation demonstrated that sulfur hexafluoride is an excellent simulant for Halon 1301 in acceptance discharge tests of total flooding fire protection systems.

As a direct consequence, the U.S. Navy has begun to use SF6 in their acceptance discharge tests. The transition from testing with Halon 1301 to testing with SF6 was completed by March 1990.
Repairing Ship Damage in Forward Areas
Authors: LAMARTIN CDR. DOUGLASS H.
Published: March 2009

This paper describes Navy plans for ship battle damage repair (SBDR). The goal is to repair battle damage as far forward as possible. This would return lightly damaged ships to service quickly, reduce time lost for transit and save heavily damaged ships for subsequent repair. Damaged ships would proceed to the rear until they find a facility with adequate capability and capacity. Tenders and repair ships in forward areas will play an important role.

In the Persian Gulf, both USS Stark (FFG‐31) and USS Samuel B. Roberts (FFG‐58) were damaged, but survived. In each case, they returned to the United States for restoration, but only after repairs in theater made them seaworthy.

In 1988 the assistant chief of naval operations for surface warfare fashioned a contingency plan. It relied heavily on ongoing efforts to define a new repair ship, AR(X).

Under the resulting plan, shore intermediate maintenance activities (SIMA) and mobile technical units (MOTU) will augment tenders and repair ships. In forward areas, tenders will colled damaged ships in a triage for repair or cannibalization. Restoring seaworthiness and mobility will be the first priority, then repairing combat systems. Heavily damaged ships will be patched and sent to the rear for further repairs.
Hazardous Material and Hazardous Waste Management Within The Navy
Authors: GLADSTONE KENNETH M.
Published: March 2009

This paper discusses alternative strategies to satisfy the requirement for the life‐cycle control and management of hazardous material acquired and used by the Navy. It challenges the logistics community to pool scarce and competing resources and forge new bonds of social action to solve common problems related to a more efficient and cost effective management of this now very important and burgeoning program.
The Role of Pressure Forces in MHD Propulsion of Submersibles
Authors: DAVIDSON PETER A.
Published: March 2009

One of the major difficulties in calculating the efficiency of MHD propulsion for submersibles lies in assessing the effect of pressure drag on the submarine. The pressure distribution over the surface of the vessel is determined, in part, by the suction around the inlet to the propulsion ducts. Unlike conventionally propelled bodies, the net pressure drag is not zero, even for streamlined shapes. We describe one means of evaluating this pressure force, which results in a remarkably simple expression for the pressure drag. This then allows us to develop an explicit equation for the propulsion efficiency, which highlights the importance of stored magnetic energy on the performance of MHD propulsion.
Naval Surface Warfighting Vision 2030
Authors: MEYER VICTOR A.
Published: March 2009

The Naval Surface Warfighting Vision 2030 was developed by a small team of naval analysts at the Naval Surface Warfare Center for the purpose of developing future warfighting concepts. The Warfighting Vision 2030 is a strategy‐framed, top‐down description of surface warfare, which focuses on future warfighting needs. A surface warfare concept of operations is presented and evaluated in several different naval campaign scenarios, which are varied depending on future world geopolitical alternatives. A naval surface force structure is postulated and analyzed in terms of the surface ships and combat systems required to implement the concept of operations. Ship and combat system characteristics are generated for conceptual ship‐types. Performance goals are analyzed based on parametric tradeoffs conducted at the operational level of warfare. A mother ship concept, which features smaller scout‐fighter vehicles (surface, sub‐surface, and air), is presented as a means of performing specialized missions, such as mine countermeasures, special forces operations and shallow water ASW. The “vision” surface force structure is introduced as a way to rebalance and evolve from today's force structure to a more flexible, adaptable, and affordable force for the future.
Capturing Maintenance and Modernization Efficiencies
Authors: SARGENT DAVID P. , STEWARD PAUL E.
Published: March 2009

The cutback in the Defense budget is real as is the shrinking size of the U.S. Navy. These circumstances present unique challenges to a program, like the Aegis Program, which is growing in the number of ships in‐service. With the requirement at all levels of DoD to reduce spending and save dollars, it is vital to find innovative methods to streamline the processes used to plan for and maintain the complex Aegis ships. Failing this, the only alternative is reduction of the amount of support, maintenance, and training available.

This paper will discuss the evolution of Aegis maintenance and modernization planning from the traditional availability‐by‐availability planning to a comprehensive “class” operation cycle planning. It will examine the integrated Hull Management System (HMS) concept, which links various data base modules of alteration, ILS and material management tracking information subsystems and other automated aspects of the Aegis Expanded Expanded (EX)2 Planning Yard to allow for more accurate and timely planning. Finally, it will discuss the concept and efficiencies expected in continuing the evolution from current Expanded Expanded (EX)2 Planning Yards to the further automated (EX)3 concept.

It will be necessary for the (EX)2 concept to capture the lessons learned to date and expand on the efficiencies of automation if the Navy is going to be able to afford to maintain the operational readiness and quality of Aegis ships during a decreasing Future Year Defense Plan (FYDP).
Using Today“s Technology to Help Preserve USS Constitution
Authors: WITHERELL PETER W. , ROSS ROBERT J. , FARIS WILLIAM R.
Published: March 2009

In order to retain as much of the USS Constitution's remaining original material as possible, and at the same time preserve the ship's hull form and structural integrity for the future, the Navy has conducted numerous inspections and engineering studies over the past decade. While much of this work has involved visual inspections, test borings, mechanical testing, classical naval architecture calculations, and research into past shipbuilding practices, a commeasurate amount of effort has also been directed at using today's technology to maximum advantage. This paper discusses: 1) inspecting the ship's fasteners using ultrasonic testing, 2) inspecting the ship's wooden structure using three nondestructive test methods, 3) analyzing ship deflections and general stress levels using finite element modeling on a computer, and 4) investigating the use of fiber reinforced composites to strengthen the ship.
A Cost‐Effective Approach to Evaluate High‐Temperature Ablatives for Military Applications
Authors: KOO JOSEPH H. , KNEER MICHAEL J. , LIN SHAN , SCHNEIDER MARK E.
Published: March 2009

Several methods for evaluating thermal performance of ablative materials under simulated solid rocket exhaust plumes are presented in this paper. A small‐scale supersonic rocket motor facility capable of delivering more than 700 Btu/s‐ft2 (7,947 kW/m2) was used to simulate the rocket motor environment in the laboratory. A particle feeder with the capability of injecting 40 lb/hr (5.0 gm/s) of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) particles into the flow stream was used to simulate the particle impingement effects of solid rocket exhaust. Application of several gauges for heat flux measurement is discussed in this paper. These gauges include a circular foil calorimeter (Gardon), flat plate calorimeter, and pencil probe surface thermocouple. Several techniques for erosion measurement are also presented. These techniques consist of a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT), eddy current device, ultrasonic device, and laser‐based sensor. The operation principle of the LVDT and laser‐based sensors is presented, and some typical results are shown. High‐speed motion and video analyses were performed to study material surface behavior during testing. Scanning electronic microscope (SEM) analyses were also performed on ablatives to study subsurface structure behavior during ablation. A cost‐effective approach was developed to evaluate high‐temperature ablatives for military applications.
Shipboard Gaseous Nitrogen Generator Design and Development
Authors: McCREA JACK L. , PEARSON THEODORE F. , WOERNER JOSEPH A.
Published: March 2009

Current shipboard cryogenic gas separation plants exhibit low reliability and availability, and require extensive operator attention. As a result, the Naval Sea System Command (NavSea) investigated alternate processes for shipboard production of nitrogen gas. The process chosen was pressure swing adsorption (PSA). The subsequent PSA investigations included: verification of the process with laboratory model testing, fabrication of a full scale prototype, and technical and operational evaluation.

NavSea together with David Taylor Research Center (DTRC) and Westinghouse Machinery Technology Division (MTD) designed, fabricated, and tested a full scale prototype Gaseous Nitrogen Generator (GNG) based on PSA technology. This design will become the Navy standard for shipboard nitrogen generation.

The GNG successfully passed Mil‐Std‐901 shock, Mil‐Std‐167 vibration, and 1000 hour technical evaluation (TechEval) and completed 1620 hours of shipboard evaluation aboard an aircraft carrier through November 1991. A review of the background which led to the GNG development and design along with details of the prototype development and testing are presented.