bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feasibility study for the detection of lead substitution sites in the hydroxyapatite crystal structure using high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM) at optimum focus
Authors: Brès E. F. , Voegel J. C. , Barry J. C. , Waddington W. G. , Frank R. M.
Published: July 2002

The theoretical feasibility of differentiating high-resolution electron microscope images obtained at Sherzer focus for two crystals of the same chemical composition [Pb6Ca4(PO4)6(OH)2] has been investigated for two commercially available electron microscopes: the Jeol 4000 EX microscope (Cs
= 0.48 mm, V = 400 kV) and the Jeol 200 CX microscope (Cs
= 1.2 mm, V = 200 kV) and at the following resolutions: 1.4, 2.0 and 2.5 Å. In these crystals the lead atoms are distributed either preferentially in the Ca(2) sites [Pb6(2)Ca4(1)(PO4)6(OH)2] or evenly in both Ca sites [Pb3.6(2)Ca2.4(2)Pb2.4(1)Ca1.6(1)(PO4)6(OH)2]. Crystals of various thicknesses oriented along the [2{\bar 1}{\bar 1}0] crystallographic direction have been investigated. The results show differences between images of the two structures, which are more marked when the crystal thickness is increased. A compromise between medium and ultra-high resolution had to be reached for interpretation of the images.
A new version of a medium-resolution double-crystal diffractometer for the study of small-angle neutron scattering (SANS)
Authors: Mikula P. , Lukáš P. , Eichhorn F.
Published: July 2002

A new version of a SANS instrument based on two bent perfect Si crystals in the nondispersive (1, −1) setting is presented. Unlike an earlier proposal which employed bent crystals in symmetric diffraction geometry [Kulda & Mikula (1983). J. Appl. Cryst.
16, 498–504], use of the crystal analyser in the fully asymmetric geometry enables the angular dependence of the SANS intensity to be transformed into the positional dependence along its longest edge. This makes it possible to employ a one-dimensional position-sensitive detector and thus significantly increase the speed of collection of experimental data. Momentum-transfer resolution may be easily controlled by an adjustment of the bending radii of the crystals. Use was made of diffraction by the (111) crystal planes at a neutron wavelength of 0.2 nm to measure powder samples of Si3N4, poly(vinyl chloride)/poly(methyl methacrylate) and CrO2 in order to demonstrate the practical efficiency of the proposed device.
Microstructural Characterization of Materials for Nuclear Applications Using Small-Angle Neutron Scattering
Authors: Coppola R. , Fiori F. , Magnani M. , Stefanon M.
Published: July 2002

The results of a small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) investigation of microstructural evolution in martensitic steels, developed for use in future fusion reactors, are presented. Specifically, modified martensitic steel DIN 1.4914 (MANET type), subjected to different thermal treatments, was studied. The separate analysis of the size distribution functions determined from the nuclear and magnetic SANS components provides information on the presence of different inhomogeneities: large carbides and very small (~1–nm) C–Cr elementary aggregates. In the latter case, since they are such small particles at the resolution limit of the technique, the general problem of extracting their SANS signal from the background has been addressed.
Structural Change Caused by Substitution of Nd for Sm in (Nd, Sm)AlO3: Application of Synchrotron High-Resolution Powder X-ray Diffraction
Authors: Saitow Akihiro , Yoshikawa Akira , Horiuchi Hiroyuki , Shishido Toetsu , Fukuda Tsuguo , Tanaka Masahiko , Mori Takeharu , Sasaki Satoshi
Published: July 2002

Structural change caused by substitution of Nd for Sm in perovskite (Nd, Sm)AlO3was analysed by application of high-resolution powder X-ray diffraction using synchrotron radiation. The parallel, well monochromated and bright incident X-rays improved the full width at half-maximum (FWHM) to 0.027° in a wide 2θ range for the standard Si powder. Applying this high-resolution optical system, the lattice parameters of the solid solution (Ndx, Sm_{1-x})AlO3were precisely analysed for the phases fromx = 0.0 to 1.0 with an interval of 0.2. The lattice parameters of a series ofRAlO3vary systematically with the average ionic radii of R^{3+}, accompanying a structural change from orthorhombic to a trigonal system at around R^{3+}=1.11 Å corresponding to average ionic radii of 0.7{\rm Nd}^{3+}+0.3{\rm Sm}^{3+}. In orthorhombic phases, deformation of the crystal lattice from its ideal cubic lattice is minimized at aroundx = 0.0–0.2 in (Ndx, Sm_{1-x})AlO3and increased with increasing average ionic radii of Nd^{3+} and Sm^{3+}. The structure changes from orthorhombic to trigonal at aroundx = 0.7.
Crystal structures and voids in diesel waxes
Authors: Gerson A. R. , Nyburg S. C. , McAleer A.
Published: July 2002

Diesel waxes containingn-alkanes in the rangen\,=\,9–30 show only two types of X-ray diffraction pattern. When indexed these are seen to belong to the orthorhombic space groupsBb21mandFmmm; they are isostructural with two binary phases, one phase havingn\,=\,24 and 26 and the othern\,=\,22 and 24. We designate these the low-disorder (LD) and high-disorder (HD) phases, respectively. From the long spacings shown in the XRD patterns, it is possible to calculate the percentage of void space present in the wax crystals. It is found that the larger the spread ofnvalues in the wax composition (i.e.the larger the variance in chain length), the greater the tendency to crystallize in the HD form and the more extensive the voids.
PowderSolve– a complete package for crystal structure solution from powder diffraction patterns
Authors: Engel G. E. , Wilke S. , König O. , Harris K. D. M. , Leusen F. J. J.
Published: July 2002

Powder diffraction techniques are becoming increasingly popular as tools for the determination of crystal structures. The authors of this paper have developed a software package, namedPowderSolve, to solve crystal structures from experimental powder diffraction patterns and have applied this package to solve the crystal structures of organic compounds with up to 18 variable degrees of freedom (defined in terms of the positions, orientations, and internal torsions of the molecular fragments in the asymmetric unit). The package employs a combination of simulated annealing and rigid-body Rietveld refinement techniques to maximize the agreement between calculated and experimental powder diffraction patterns. The agreement is measured by a full-profile comparison (using theRfactorRwp). As an additional check at the end of the structure solution process, accurate force-field energies may be used to confirm the stability of the proposed structure solutions. To generate the calculated powder diffraction pattern, lattice parameters, peak shape parameters and background parameters must be determined accurately before proceeding with the structure solution calculations. For this purpose, a novel variant of the Pawley algorithm is proposed, which avoids the instabilities of the original Pawley method. The successful application and performance ofPowderSolvefor crystal structure solution of 14 organic compounds of differing complexity are discussed.
Synchrotron X-ray reticulographic measurement of lattice deformations associated with energetic ion implantation in diamond
Authors: Lang A. R. , Makepeace A. P. W.
Published: July 2002

A natural diamond plate of thickness 0.55 mm, polished parallel to (110), contained a dislocation-free and unusually distortion-free area into which a beam of fluorine ions of 17 MeV energy had been injected. The beam, the diameter of which was pinhole-limited to ∼3/4 mm, produced a radiation-damaged layer at ∼5 µm depth and uplifted the crystal above to form an optically detectable mesa. Conventional X-ray topography registered lattice distortion strongly at the mesa periphery, but did not disclose the deformation of near-surface lattice layers at the mesa centre. In contrast, reticulography showed directly that the central surface lattice layers were slightly domed outwards. (In reticulography, a fine-scale X-ray absorbing mesh placed between a Laue-reflecting crystal and the topograph-recording plate splits the diffracted beam into individually trackable microbeams, the direction differences of which are measured by recording them at different mesh-to-plate distances.) Reticulographs were recorded in back-reflection, 2θB= 135°, using both symmetric reflection from the (110) surface, reflection 440 dominant, with λ = 0.116 nm, and reflection 331¯, with λ = 0.151 nm. The metrological procedures and geometrical analysis applied are described. The central surface curvature was derived from ten reticulographs recorded under different conditions, which tested the reproducibility of the method. Deviations of individual radius values from the mean were ∼4% for both curvature in (001) and orthogonally in (1¯10), the overall mean being 5 m. Two-beam optical interferometry failed to measure this curvature.
Small-angle X-ray scattering study of the smart thermo-optical behavior of zirconyl aqueous colloids
Authors: Chiavacci L.A. , Bourgaux C. , Briois V. , Pulcinelli S.H. , Santilli C.V.
Published: July 2002

The smart thermo-optical systems studied here are based on the unusual thermoreversible sol-gel transition of zirconyl chloride aqueous solution modified by sulfuric acid in the molar ratio Zr/SO4:3/1. The transparency to the visible light changes during heating due to light scattering. This feature is related to the aggregates growth that occurs during gelation. These reversible changes can be controlled by the amount of chloride ions in solution. The thermoreversible sol-gel transition temperature increases from 323 to 343 K by decreasing the molar ratio Cl/Zr from 7.0 to 1.3. In this work the effect of the concentration of chloride ions on the structural characteristics of the system has been analyzed by in situ SAXS measurements during the sol-gel transition carried out at 323 and 333 K. The experimental SAXS curves of sols exhibit three regions at small, medium and high scattering vectors characteristics of Guinier, fractal and Porod regimes, respectively. The radius of primary particles, obtained from the crossover between the fractal and Porod regimes, remains almost invariable with the chloride concentration, and the value (4 Å) is consistent with the size of the molecular precursor. During the sol-gel transition the aggregates grow with a fractal structure and the fractal dimensionality decreases from 2.4 to 1.8. This last value is characteristic of a cluster-cluster aggregation controlled by a diffusion process. Furthermore, the time exponent of aggregate growth presents values of 0.33 and 1, typical of diffusional and hydrodynamic motions. A crossover between these two regimes is observed.
Critical micellisation density: a SAS structural study of the unimer–aggregate transition of block-copolymers in supercritical CO2
Authors: Triolo F. , Triolo A. , Triolo R. , Betts D.E. , McClain J.B. , De Simone J.M. , Steytler D.C. , Wignall G.D. , Demé B. , Heenan R.K.
Published: July 2002

In this paper we report a SANS investigation of micelle formation by fluorocarbon-hydrocarbon block copolymers in supercritical CO2 (scCO2) at 313K. A sharp unimer-micelle transition is obtained due to the tuning of the solvating ability of scCO2 by profiling pressure. At high pressure the copolymer is in a monomeric state with a random coil structure. By lowering the pressure aggregates are formed with the hydrocarbon segments forming the core and the fluorocarbon segments forming the corona of spherical aggregates. This aggregateunimer transition is driven by the gradual penetration of CO2 molecules toward the core of the aggregate and is critically related to the density of the solvent, thus suggesting the definition of a critical micellisation density (CMD).
Scaling properties in the structure of new complex materials (porphyrins and dendritic polymer systems)
Authors: Mallamace F. , Gambadauro P. , Lesieur P. , Lombardo D. , Micali N. , Romeo A. , Monsù Scolaro L.
Published: July 2002

Small angle light and X-ray scattering and scaling concepts are used to explore the intra- and inter-molecular structure of two different classes of new materials: dendritic polymer and porphyrins systems. Whereas porphyrins in water are characterized, depending on their concentration and ionic strength, by the built-up of extended clusters, dendrimers or ''starburst polymers'' display an internal self-similar structure.
The electron distribution in silicon. A comparison between experiment and theory
Authors: Spackman M. A.
Published: July 2002

Deformation and valence-electron densities in silicon are derived via Fourier summation and multipole refinement of highly accurate measurements of X-ray structure factors. These results provide a new perspective for the comparison between theory and experiment. The model electron density derived from experiment is in quantitative agreement with recent solid-state calculations, but not with earlier experimental results reported by Yang & Coppens [Solid State Commun. (1974), 15, 1555-1559].
On absolute scaling in protein crystallography using sums of low-resolution intensities and Wilson statistics at low resolution
Authors: Roth M.
Published: July 2002

A method of absolute scaling of diffraction data is proposed, based on the calculation of the sum of the intensity diffracted at low resolution (Bragg d spacing > 15 Å). This sum is proportional to the mean-square deviation of the scattering-length density in the unit cell, and this property is used to determine the scale factor. The method is applied to the case of neutron diffraction using contrast variation experiments with biological molecules, and it is used to check the validity of some assumptions concerning the system under study, such as the global rate of H/D exchange or the uniformity of scattering-length density in the molecules. The use of this method requires an asymptotic correction of the sum of intensity. This correction is based on Porod's law, whose application to diffraction experiments is discussed, in particular for contrast variation experiments. An analysis of the spherical average of the diffracted intensity as a function of the scattering vector, compared to isotropic solution scattering, allows the conditions of applicability of Wilson statistics to be specified at low and medium resolution, i.e. the random statistical model underlying the Wilson statistics in this scattering range to be defined.
On integrating the techniques of direct methods with anomalous dispersion: the one-phase structure seminvariants in the monoclinic and orthorhombic systems. II. Applications
Authors: Velmurugan D. , Hauptman H. A. , Potter S. A.
Published: July 2002

Applications are considered of the conditional probability distributions of the one-phase structure seminvariants in the monoclinic and orthorhombic systems when anomalous scatterers are present. Test results with error-free data show accurate estimates of seminvariants, the accuracy varying with the complexity of the structure and with the number and strength of the anomalous scatterers.
The molecular replacement method
Authors: Rossmann M. G.
Published: July 2002

Molecular replacement can be used for obtaining approximate phasing of an unknown structure from a known related molecule and for phase improvement as well as extension in the presence of noncrystallographic symmetry. Emphasis is placed on the latter procedure. It is shown that the real-space method of iterative electron density averaging and Fourier back transformation corresponds to iterative phase substitution in the right-hand side of expressions to give a set of improved phases. Analysis of these expressions (the 'molecular replacement equations') provides insight into the limits of possible phase extension, and the implications for the use of calculated structure factors when there are no observed amplitudes. It is shown that the percentage of observed data and inaccuracy of the observed amplitudes available for phase extension are compensated by the extent of noncrystallographic redundancy and the fraction of crystal cell volume that may be flattened because it is outside the control of noncrystallographic symmetry.
Homometrism in close-packed structures
Authors: Mardix S.
Published: July 2002

Homometric structures are non-congruent structures having identical X-ray intensity distributions. It has so far been assumed that such structures, while theoretically interesting, would not be realized in practice. Homometrism in close-packed structures is shown to be a realistic possibility. Some general rules applicable to homometric pairs are presented; it is shown that an infinite number of them can be derived from one-dimensional homometric pairs. An exhaustive search of close-packed structures with periods of up to 26 reveals that the smallest period of a homometric pair is 15 and that their number increases rapidly with the period. Homometrism in polytypic structures is further discussed.
A simple approach to quasicrystal structure and phason defect formulation
Authors: Li F. H. , Cheng Y. F.
Published: July 2002

The advantages of the cut or section method in describing quasicrystal structures and phason defects are given. The real and reciprocal quasilattice formulation is derived straightforwardly. It is shown that the linear phason strain which leads to the quasilattice distortion is equivalent to a rotation of physical space relative to the high-dimensional space. A continuous rotation of the physical space will make the quasilattice deviate from its idealized form and turn gradually into a periodic lattice. The derivation of a geometrical relationship between the icosahedral quasilattice and the corresponding b.c.c. lattice becomes simple and clear. This will be beneficial to the construction of a quasicrystal structure model by reference to the corresponding b.c.c. crystal structure.
Supramolecular structure of 1H-pyrazoles in the solid state: a crystallographic and ab initio study
Authors: Foces-Foces Concepción , Alkorta Ibon , Elguero José
Published: July 2002

The secondary structure of 1H-unsubstituted pyrazole derivatives bearing only one hydrogen donor group and one or more acceptor groups has been analyzed in terms of some descriptors representing the substituents at C3 and C5. The substituent at C4 appears to affect mainly the tertiary or quaternary structure of these compounds. The proposed semi-quantitative model, which explains most hydrogen-bonded motifs as a combination of the effects of substituents at C3 and C5, has also been examined as a function of the steric and polarizability effects of these substituents represented by molar refractivity. The model also applies to other five-membered rings (1,2,4-triazoles, 1,2,4-diazaphospholes and 1,2,4-diazaarsoles). Furthermore, ab initio calculations at RHF/6-31G* have been performed to discover the relative stability of three of the four hydrogen-bond patterns displayed by several symmetrical pyrazoles (dimers, trimers, tetramers). The fourth motif, catemers, has only been discussed geometrically.
General rules for the packing of hydrogen-bonded crystals as derived from the analysis of squaric acid anions: aminoaromatic nitrogen base co-crystals
Authors: Bertolasi Valerio , Gilli Paola , Ferretti Valeria , Gilli Gastone
Published: July 2002

Preparation and single-crystal X-ray structure determination of three co-crystals of hydrogen squarate, HSQ−, with 2-aminopyrimidine, 3-aminopyridine and 4-aminopyridine, and one of squarate, SQ2-, with 8-aminoquinoline are reported. Their crystal packings are analyzed and discussed in terms of the intermolecular O—H...O, N—H...O/N and C—H...O hydrogen bonds formed. Although the fine details of the supramolecular architecture are barely rationalizable, the comparative analysis of the data makes it possible to suggest some simple rules that may be of general application for the packing of hydrogen-bonded crystals, i.e.
Rule 1: `All hydrogen-bond acceptors available in a molecule will be engaged in hydrogen bonding as far as there are available donors'; Rule 2: `The hydrogen-bond acceptors will be saturated in order of decreasing strength of the hydrogen bonds formed'.
Applications of the Cambridge Structural Database to molecular inorganic chemistry
Authors: Orpen A. Guy
Published: July 2002

Applications of the data in the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) to knowledge acquisition and fundamental research in molecular inorganic chemistry are reviewed. Various classes of application are identified, including the derivation of typical molecular dimensions and their variability and transferability, the derivation and testing of theories of molecular structure and bonding, the identification of reaction paths and related conformational analyses based on the structure correlation hypothesis, and the identification of common and presumably energetically favourable intermolecular interactions. In many of these areas, the availability of plentiful structural data from the CSD is set against the emergence of high-quality computational data on the geometry and energy of inorganic complexes.
Structure of a twin initially solved from a partial data set: di-μ-chlorobis-[di-n-butyldithiocarbamato]dipalladium
Authors: Nyburg S. C.
Published: July 2002

This compound crystallizes as twins, monoclinic, space group P21/a. There being no systematic hkl absences, the chosen cell was primitive. All reciprocal lattice points hkl with h = 0 or ±3n from the twins overlap. From the non-overlapping reflections, the ratio of the masses of the two twins was obtained, but it proved impossible to partition satisfactorily the observed intensities of the overlapping reflections between the twins. Accordingly they were deleted from the data set. The remaining data did not lead to a structure solution; very small average E
2 values were obtained for all hkl reflections when (h + l) was odd, implying a (non-Bravais) B-centred monoclinic cell. The data from the larger twin were reindexed to give a primitive cell. Using direct methods, the structure was solved, showing the original cell to be B-centred, even though reflections hkl with (h + l) odd were observed. This is because these (weak) reflections all originate from the other twin. Accordingly, the reflections hkl with h = ±3n do not overlap, as had originally been supposed. These data were restored, forming a complete data set and were used to refine further the structure already obtained. The centrosymmetric dinuclear complex has a chelating dithiocarbamate ligand on each Pd atom with chloride bridges.
Expanding the model: anisotropic displacement parameters in protein structure refinement
Authors: Merritt Ethan A.
Published: July 2002

Recent technological improvements in crystallographic data collection have led to a surge in the number of protein structures being determined at atomic or near-atomic resolution. At this resolution, structural models can be expanded to include anisotropic displacement parameters (ADPs) for individual atoms. New protocols and new tools are needed to refine, analyze and validate such models optimally. One such tool, PARVATI, has been used to examine all protein structures (peptide chains >50 residues) for which expanded models including ADPs are available from the Protein Data Bank. The distribution of anisotropy within each of these refined models is broadly similar across the entire set of structures, with a mean anisotropy A in the range 0.4–0.5. This is a significant departure from a purely isotropic model and explains why the inclusion of ADPs yields a substantial improvement in the crystallographic residuals R and R
free. The observed distribution of anisotropy may prove useful in the validation of very high resolution structures. A more complete understanding of this distribution may also allow the development of improved protein structural models, even at lower resolution.
In situ EXAFS study on the formation of smectite-type clays containing cobalt cations in lattice
Authors: Shirai Masayuki , Aoki Kuriko , Torii Kazuo , Arai Masahiko
Published: July 2002

Smectite-type clays containing cobalt cations in octahedral sheets (MST (Co)) were prepared by a hydrothermal treatment of a water slurry of silicon-cobalt hydrous oxide prepared from water glass and cobalt chloride. The formation of silicate fragments having smectite-type structure was studied by EXAFS.
Iron and copper K-edge XAS study of serotransferrin and ovotransferrin
Authors: Boffi F. , Congiu-Castellano A. , Varoli-Piazza A. , Della Longa S. , Girasole S. M. , Yalovega G. , Soldatov A. V.
Published: July 2002

The active metal site structure of transferrin with iron and copper atoms is investigated using metal K-XANES. Theoretical analysis of experimental data has been performed on the basis of full multiple-scattering theory. This approach made it possible to study the origin of XANES fine details and to investigate the local structure around active metal sites. A deep insight into the local structure and electronic subsystem of Fe, Cu transferrins is obtained. For example, in the case of Cu substitution of Fe in the active centre, the best fit of theoretical spectra to experiment has been obtained for distances 3% smaller between the Cu atom and the nearest neighbours.
Magnetic circular dichroism at transition metal L
2,3 edges in D03-type (Fe1-x
V
x
)3Al alloys
Authors: Yoshimoto Osamu , Kato Masahiko , Soda Kazuo , Nozaki Hiroshi , Takeuchi Tsunehiro , Mizutani Uichiro , Kato Masaaki , Nishino Yoichi , Imada Shin , Suga Shigemasa , Matsushita Tomohiro , Saitoh Yuji
Published: July 2002

Magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra have been measured at the Fe and V L
2,3 edges of D03-type (Fe1-x
V
x
)3Al in order to investigate their local magnetic moments and electronic structures. Large MCD is observed at the Fe L
2,3 edges, while the V L
2,3 MCD shows relatively small intensity with complicated features. Signs of these MCD spectra indicate an antiferromagnetic coupling between the magnetic moments on Fe and V. According to the analysis based on the magneto-optical sum rules, the magnetic moment decreases with x, but remains fairly large for Fe2VAl, which might arise from its marginally magnetic nature.
XANES analyses of silicon crystalline irradiated by nitrogen/oxygen ions
Authors: Yoshida Tomoko , Hara Takanobu , Ii Tatsuya , Yoshida Hisao , Tanabe Tetsuo
Published: July 2002

X-ray absorption techniques have been applied to the characterization of 5 keV nitrogen / oxygen ions implanted silicon samples. The depth selective measurement of XANES by recording in PEY mode and the quantitative analysis by superposition of XANES spectra were carried out to elucidate the depth profile of implanted ions. It has been revealed that the silicon nitride phase were formed in silicon after prolonged N+ irradiation and it extended over the deep part of the damaged region from the surface. On the ther hand, for the O+ irradiation, silicon dioxide phase were produced only in the shallow part of the damaged region, i.e., the silicon dioxide phase likely broke off during the irradiation.
The architecture of Mg(II) centres in MAPO-36 solid acid catalysts
Authors: Sankar Gopinathan , Gleeson David , Catlow C. Richard A. , Thomas John Meurig , Smith Andrew D.
Published: July 2002

The local structure around Mg2+ ions of a Magnesium substituted aluminophosphate, with the ATS structure (MgAPO-36, Mg/P=0.08), in the as-prepared and calcined state has been investigated by Mg K-edge XAS spectroscopy. High quality XAS data were collected using the solid-state fluorescence detector. Mg2+ is found to replace tetrahedrally co-ordinated Al3+ in the as-prepared state and remained intact even after calcination, thus yielding a highly active, solid acid catalyst.
6,7-Dimethyl-3a,8a-dihydro-3H-8-oxacyclopenta[a]inden-5-yl benzoate
Authors: Czugler Mátyás , Bombicz Petra
Published: July 2002

The title compound, C20H18O3, was prepared in a one-step synthesis by intramolecular cyclization following the sigmatropic rearrangement of the allyl aryl ether intermediate. The room-temperature crystal structure determination reveals acisconformation of the ring annellation.
Conceptualising a public health disaster
Authors: Whysall Paul
Published: July 2002

This paper applies models from the literature of business to the aftermath of the e‐coli outbreak at Wishaw, Lanarkshire, in November 1996. Interpretations of social responsibility derived from Milton Friedman, social marketing, and stakeholder theory are used. It is suggested that Friedman’s approach is too narrow and limiting to allow all lessons to be drawn. While social marketing adds wider principles, it tends to focus primarily on the exchange dyad. Descriptive stakeholder theory allows the full range of implications to be appreciated, but the fullest treatment and best prescription for conceptualising such a disaster occurs through a normative stakeholder model with explicit ethical foundations.
Researching taste: layers of analysis
Authors: Tiu Wright Len , Nancarrow Clive , Brace Ian
Published: July 2002

Classifying people according to their tastes in food and drink is a fruitful and topical area of market research. The late 1990s have shown an increasing preoccupation with the presentation of food and drink, a trend which has not abated with the start of the new millennium. With increasing publications and television portrayals, chefs and cookery writers have been turned with alacrity into fashion icons. This paper is about tastes in food. It analyses Bourdieu’s proposition that our tastes in food betray our social origins and draws on interesting distinctions in the literature between the UK and France. Historical reasons relating to industrial development and their influences on what the different social classes eat, are discussed. For instance, the French, in comparison to the British, have sought more gastronomic quality in what they eat. Through a combination of mini‐cases, market research and literature studies the development of important influences is explored, such as class membership and postmodernist trends in consumption. For example the postmodernist preferences for style over substance and lifestyle fashion for myriad food preparations have also resulted in crossovers in cultures and in fragmentation of taste and presentation. The paper concludes that more attention should be paid by suppliers to the “cultural drivers” of food and drink in guiding new product development and branding.
Sheep‐farm in the Pyrenees
Authors: Paul Dana Leo
Published: July 2002

Two entrepreneurs operate a very successful business enterprise, in a small rural community. The entrepreneurs are seeking to expand, but this will need capital. Students are encouraged to discuss the product line and its suitability for export.
Fast food in Istanbul
Authors: Paul Dana Leo , Dana Teresa E.
Published: July 2002

A neighbourhood fast‐food outlet in Istanbul focuses on two target markets, tourists and locals. This case is an exercise in market segmentation.
The outdoors as an environment for learning and change management
Authors: Smith David , Vaughan Sheila
Published: July 2002

This is not yet another article outlining our experiences as outdoor management development facilitators. It is a serious attempt to describe how we have used the outdoors as a platform for encouraging groups of managers and trainers to review the whole process of learning how to bring about change in their organizations. Takes the ideas of Deming and Senge very much to heart and expounds the theories of self‐directed and enterprise‐led learning as the vehicles for change. Through the outdoor activities, refers to the obvious benefits of the customer‐supplier, rather than the command and control ways of working; the importance of sharing “mental models” becomes obvious as does the benefits of contributions from all members and not just the favoured few. Further, claims that competition can be counter‐productive to achieving a “quality” outcome. Explains that skills which participants begin to acquire during this time, particularly the skill of “learning to learn” are put to work back in the training room as strategic and purposeful action plans are drawn up ready for implementation back in the workplace.
Partnership in practice: what can be learned?
Authors: Bryans Patricia
Published: July 2002

This article explores a partnership arrangement between a public sector organisation and a university to jointly provide a management development programme for a group of new managers. It discusses the mutually beneficial outcomes of a partnership focused on learning, which can support public sector organisations and the universities themselves to embed continuous learning and promote organisational development initiatives. The article outlines the context of the organisation and the aims of the partnership. It provides some detail of the content of the management development programme, which was jointly designed, delivered and assessed. It concludes by considering the ways the partnership may change and develop in the future and by noting the learning points for similar partnerships planning to facilitate people and organisational development.
A game for the education and training of production/ operations management
Authors: Sun Hongyi
Published: July 2002

Records the development and evaluation of a role‐playing game for the education and training of production/operations management courses. The game can be used for teaching at school and the training of apprentices in a company. The aim is to illustrate the basic principles of and the differences between two production planning methods, i.e. material requirement planning and just‐in‐time. This game simulates a car production process with manual paper‐work and a set of poker cards.
Lack of employment: the threat to numeracy
Authors: Parsons Samantha , JohnBynner
Published: July 2002

National Child Development Study (NCDS) data are used to examine the negative impact of time out of paid employment on numeracy, as measured by a maths test at 16 and a functional numeracy test at 37. Restricting the sample to respondents who left full‐time education at 16 and accounting for maths at 16, we found negative correlations between time out of paid employment and adult numeracy scores. Using the whole sample, adult numeracy scores were regressed on maths at 16, family background and adult experiences. The longer the absence from paid employment, the greater the negative impact on adult numeracy. The relationship was strongest for men with poor maths at 16. This suggested that a certain level of maths was needed before skills were retained and not weakened by absence from paid employment. Training offered some protection against skill loss, as did women’s more diverse roles at home and work.
The Employee Assistance Programme
Authors: Berridge John R. , Cooper Cary L.
Published: July 2002

Defines the employee assistance programme (EAP) and describes its
potential and impact on organizations. Provides details of how EAPs
operate at each step. Evaluates their use and value in the context of
the need for organizational performance.
Further evidence concerning the Belbin Team Role Self‐perception Inventory
Authors: Fisher Stephen G. , Macrosson W.D.K. , Sharp Gillian
Published: July 2002

Against the background of a recent investigation into the internal reliability and the validity of the Belbin Team Role Self‐perception Inventory, two linked studies were undertaken. In the first, test‐retest reliabilities of the Belbin self‐perception inventory were measured and found to be unsatisfactory; in the second, correlations with team roles forecast on the basis of 16PF data were attempted and, with the exception of one team role, no substantial correlations were established. Provides support for the use of 16PF as the preferred method for estimating team role preferences rather than the Belbin self‐perception inventory data.
Transition and human resources in Slovakia
Authors: Letiche Hugo
Published: July 2002

Questions whether human resources are being viewed in Slovakia in a manner which transcends profit maximisation. Compares three cases of corporate HR action in post‐communism: two take place within multinationals which have set up shop in the former Czechoslovakia and one is a domestic success story. The results of the field work are assessed with use of Talcott Parsons’ theory of modernisation.
Personnel in transition: the case of Polish women personnel managers
Authors: Crow Mary
Published: July 2002

Explores the impact of marketisation and enterprise restructuring processes on a Polish case study organisation. “Polskie” illustrates that certain western HRM practices are informing the process of restructuring organisations. These new approaches signal managers’ intentions to change attitudes to work and reassert control over the production process. The assessment, development and utilisation of human resources is an integral part of the overall management of the post‐communist enterprise. The field of personnel management is set to assume a key position. A key research question is whether women, as existing practitioners, have been able to augment their position in this growing area of expertise. Discusses whether the process of political and economic reform in Poland has provided an opportunity to improve the employment status of women and identifies reasons for being optimistic, but also highlights several areas for concern.
Investing in public library people
Authors: Goulding Anne
Published: July 2002

Training and development issues are moving up the management
agenda. Draws on the data from a recent investigation into public
library staff. Examines the pressures which are encouraging managers to
reassess their developmental needs and policies, focusing particularly
on support staff in public libraries. Discusses current training needs
and provision in public libraries. Outlines the potential of the
Investors in People award as an opportunity for library managers to
reassess their programmes and policies.
The development of property taxation in the new democracies of Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: McCluskey William J. , Almey Richard , Rohlickova Alena
Published: July 2002

Within the new democracies of Central and Eastern Europe, radical and far‐reaching programmes of reform are taking place. Central to these are the processes of privatisation and decentralisation which require the newly‐created tiers of local government to develop their own sources of locally‐based revenue. The property tax represents what is, from an international perspective, the most important, stable source of revenue for local government. The majority of the new emerging democracies have introduced or are in the process of introducing ad valorem‐based property taxes. This paper begins by focusing on those key elements which are central to the successful implementation of such systems and then gives a brief summary of developments in two transitional countries, namely, Armenia and the Czech Republic.
Creating a significant and sustainable executive education experience
Authors: Liedtka Jeanne M. , Weber Carol , Weber Jack
Published: July 2002

This article reports on the development and assessment of a customized executive education experience, designed for the managers of a large financial services organization. It was designed to incorporate many of the desirable outcomes of “action learning” such as organizational impact and sustainability, while being more parsimonious in the involvement of senior executives and, in a single‐period design, in the time intensity of participant involvement. A total of 542 managers who participated in the program, over a four year period, were surveyed concerning the effectiveness of the program. Hypotheses are developed and the results examined to determine whether participants believed that the value of their learning diminished over time, the effects of demographic characteristics, and the extent to which the sharing of the learning and support of organizational colleagues affected participants’ perception of the program’s effectiveness. Results reveal less degradation over time than anticipated, and more powerful influence by subordinates, in sustaining learning.
Beyond the traditional linear view of international managerial careers: a new model of the senior female career in an international context
Authors: Linehan Margaret , Walsh James S.
Published: July 2002

The focus of this paper is on the senior female international managerial career move in Europe. The study assesses an exclusively senior sample of 50 female managers who have made at least one international career move. It has taken as its starting point the unique perspectives and experiences of these senior female international managers. From their different perspectives and experiences, different assumptions about women in international management and female life‐style choices are arrived at. This study of senior females in international management makes a theoretical contribution to the analysis of gender and international human resource management, and to wider debates within the contemporary women in management and career theory literatures. The aims of the study were to develop an understanding of the senior female international career move in a European context in order to more fully understand both the covert and overt barriers that may limit women’s international career opportunities.
Training the independent retailer: an audit of training needs, materials and systems
Authors: Byrom John , Harris John , Parker Cathy
Published: July 2002

The independent retail sector is a sector defined as “at risk” at both the European and national (UK) level. A number of recent initiatives, from benefactors such as the European Social Fund (ESF) and the University for Industry (UfI) have identified training and development of this sector as a priority objective in terms of improving economic prosperity, competitiveness and employability. Seeks to review the training needs and the types of training and development currently available to this sector in terms of materials and learning delivery systems. The purpose of this review is to audit current provision and disseminate the findings for the benefit of educational institutions and training providers who are currently involved, or wish to be involved, in sustaining the independent retail sector through training and development.
Executive development: facing the new realities
Authors: Horwitz Frank M.
Published: July 2002

Discusses attributes of success in executive development, factors driving the process and the changing nature of management work as organization restructuring occurs. Attention is given to barriers to development. Identifies core elements of an executive development strategy and concludes that executive development should be regarded as a process and not an event. While these issues are universally important, they have particular meaning to the “new” South Africa. Factors such as diversity management and employment equity are important in the executive development process.
Learning and the part‐time worker
Authors: Tisdall Caroline
Published: July 2002

Part‐time working is still primarily a female activity, associated with lower organizational position, lower pay, and fewer training opportunities. Development, training and education models that reflect the values and assumptions of traditional (male) working patterns are not sufficiently flexible for organizations of today; nor do they meet the needs of part‐timers. This paper explores some of the factors associated with the development of this group of workers, who appear to experience particular barriers to learning.
The ecology of the noosphere: where the ecological movement falls short
Authors: Masani P.R.
Published: July 2002

The ecological movement has fallen short in ignoring the earth’s noospheric layer (dealt with in the second section) and the fact that the life‐destroying interactions stemming from this layer are abnormal (section 3), and that man is a fallen mammal, Homo peccator (discussed in section 4). The symbiosis of Homo sapiens, faber, peccator (see section 5) and the persistent misappropriation of economic surplus value (dealt with in section 6) creates dilemmas for the ecologist (discussed in section 7). The major noospheric pollutants are the marketing sector of capitalism (in section 8), miseducation (section 9) and the promotion of idolatry by the judicial system (see section 10). Ecological action, not evasion, on the economic, educational, communications, aesthetic and political fronts is necessary (dealt with in sections 11 and 12).
The effect of zirconium oxide and quartz pigments on the heat and corrosion resistance properties of the silicone based coatings
Authors: Mathivanan L. , Arof A.K.
Published: July 2002

Silicone resin based protective coatings are generally used for high temperature applications. In this work, anti‐corrosive and heat resistant properties of titanium dioxide, mica, zirconium oxide and quartz combination pigments with silicone resin as carrier vehicle in primer and top coat for mild steel surface have been evaluated. Promising results were obtained, showing that the ceramic pigments (zirconium oxide and quartz) impart heat‐resistance protection for steel substrate up to 370°. Electro‐chemical impedance spectroscopy, immersion studies and salt spray test results show good corrosion protection for the steel surface.
1 + 2 > 3 non‐toxic corrosion inhibitor synergisms
Authors: Hodges Steve A. , Uphues Wendy M. , Tran Mai T.
Published: July 2002

Meticulous formulation is required to optimize performance of non‐toxic corrosion inhibitors. The proper loading level and pigment volume concentration must be obtained. The old adage “more is better” does not apply to these new pigments. While research is still underway to find the perfect replacement for leads and chromes, formulators today need techniques which will help them now. It has been found that several of today’s non‐toxic corrosion inhibitors can work synergistically with each other to produce performance greater than either one can alone. This paper will summarize some of the results found by the proper combination of non‐toxic anti‐corrosive agents.
Lignin from waste black liquors ‐ II: different lignins in phenol formaldehyde resin
Authors: Nada A.M.A. , Yousef M.A. , Shaffei K.A. , Salah A.M.
Published: July 2002

Lignin precipitated from different black liquors wasted from the cooking of rice straw, bagasse and cotton stalks, to produce pulp and paper, can replace phenol by up to 40 per cent in phenol formaldehyde resin. The properties of the resin produced from bagasse lignin formaldehyde are nearly the same as when the resin IS produced from phenol formaldehyde. Replacement of phenol by lignin in phenol formaldehyde resin has an economical effect and reduces the pollution caused by draining black liquor into rivers and streams. The properties of the resin produced from rice straw lignin are lower than resin from bagasse and cotton stalk lignin. The effect of increasing the content of lignin in the resin on the resin properties was studied. The effect of polymerization time and temperature on the resin properties is also clarified. The molecular structure of the lignins used plays an important role on the properties of the phenol lignin formaldehyde produced.
Conditions for Change
Authors: Bucko Richard L.
Published: July 2002

Understanding the milieu in which successful change decisions have been
made in the past can help to prepare the way for future successful
change efforts. The circumstances surrounding successful innovations or
“conditions” presented are not intended to be a definitive list. Drawing
from related research, we can identify clearly the primary conditions
which greatly enhance the success of a specific innovation. The
conditions can serve as a useful analytical tool for the educational
leader who would like to see a specific innovation implemented in a
school or district. Too often we have seen innovations introduced with
little forethought, and too often, for the wrong reasons. The conditions
can be utilized as significant predictors of future success.