bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Redistribution of minerals in apple fruit during storage: Effects of storage temperature, varietal differences and orchard management
Authors: Perring Michael A. , Pearson Keith
Published: October 2006

Transverse calcium redistribution from the cores to the outer zones of the fruit was interrupted for a short period when calcium was imported by the cores of both Cox and Spartan apples, especially at 3.5°C. Bitter pit lesions developed in mid and outer cortical tissues of Cox fruit stored at 3.5°C 2 to 4 weeks after calcium concentrations in these zones were reduced. Redistribution of magnesium from the outer zones to the cores of Spartan apples occurred during storage at 3.5°C but was inhibited at 0°C. Redistribution of magnesium in Cox's Orange Pippin apples was mainly from inner cortex to the core and outer zones at 3.5°C and from central to outer zones at 0°C, but immediately low temperature breakdown become evident at 0°C, magnesium was transferred from the peel and core to the affected zones. The redistribution of phosphorus to the cores, which occurred in Spartan apples (resistant to low temperature breakdown) stored at either 3.5°C or 0°C was barely evident in Cox fruit (susceptible to low temperature breakdown) stored at 3.5°C and did not occur at 0°C. Irrigated grass compared with overall herbicide soil management increased the proportion of calcium in the core zones of both Cox and Spartan apples and the proportion of magnesium in the core zone of Spartan apples at harvest. Irrigated grass management also increased the rate of calcium redistribution in Cox and Spartan fruit during storage and altered magnesium redistribution in Spartan apples stored at 0°C.
Incidence of bitter pit in relation to the calcium content of apples: Calcium distribution in the fruit
Authors: Perring Michael A. , Pearson Keith
Published: October 2006

The distribution of calcium at harvest, its subsequent redistribution within the fruit during storage in air at 2.8°C and bitter pit development in samples of Cox's Orange Pippin apples picked at intervals during September and October were investigated. The distribution of calcium in the fruit changed on the tree and during storage. The percentages of pitted apples, assessed in January, were poorly related to calcium concentrations in the whole fruit or in any fruit zone at harvest. Redistribution of calcium from the mid and outer cortical tissues to the core zone was followed, at longer intervals over successive picks, by the appearance of bitter pit lesions. The earliest‐picked sample was less affected by bitter pit than samples picked later in September. The least bitter pit occurred in samples picked in October, after the climacteric rise in respiration, and these fruits were apparently less subject to fluctuations in calcium concentrations during storage.
Cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom in peat
Authors: Manu‐Tawiah Wireko , Martin Antonio M.
Published: October 2006

Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom) was cultivated in a peat moss based substrate. Acid‐hydrolysed peat and non‐hydrolysed peat were used in the preparation of the spawn and in the further stage of growing the mushroom fruiting bodies. For comparison, P. ostreatus was also cultivated on paper. Three harvests of mushrooms were obtained in 45 days. The highest total yield gave 10% conversion of peat substrate into mushroom biomass. The mushrooms had 36% crude protein content and all the essential amino acids were present.
Effect of drought and irrigation on the fate of nitrogen applied to cut permanent grass swards in lysimeters: Nitrogen balance sheet and the effect of sward destruction and ploughing on nitrogen mineralisation
Authors: Webster Colin P. , Dowdell Rodney J.
Published: October 2006

Fuor years after 15N labelled fertiliser nitrogen (as Ca(NO3)2 and equivalent to 400 kg N ha−1) was applied to permanent grass swards growing in lysimeter monoliths, approximately one‐quarter remained immobilised in soil organic matter. In the intervening years similar but non‐labelled applications were made. Although differing rainfall regimes applied during the experiment had significantly affected nitrogen uptake by plants and nitrate loss in drainage, they caused no significant effect on the tracer nitrogen remaining in the soil, the ranges were 85–97 kg N ha−1 and 79–94 kg N ha−1 respectively for the 135 cm deep clay and silt loam soil monoliths. Labelled nitrogen unaccounted for in crop, drainage or soil was presumed to have been denitrified. These losses averaged 62 and 49 kg N ha−1 on the clay and silt loam soils respectively; again the differing rainfall regimes caused no significant differences. The ratio between estimates of labelled nitrogen denitrified and of annual nitroux oxide loss was approximately 9:1 for both soils. The conversion from permanent grass to winter wheat in autumn 1981, involving killing and then burying the sward, resulted in no pronounced increase in net mineralisation of labelled nitrogen. However, the balance between crop uptake and the quantity leached did change. Labelled nitrogen assimilated was less for the wheat (growing without addition of fertiliser nitrogen) than for the grass in its last year, and the quantity leached was considerably greater than under grass swards that were supplied with an average rainfall distribution. Following the first wheat harvest total nitrogen leached averaged 51 and 44 kg N ha−1 on the clay and silt loam soils respectively. Rates of nitrous oxide emissions during the autumn following sward destruction were greater than in earlier years, but this enhanced loss was of short duration. The crop clearly benefited from the succession of nitrogen applications made to grass, as grain yield and total nitrogen uptake exceeded 7 t ha−1 and 120 kg N ha−1 respectively on both soils. These quantities exceed the national averages for winter wheat and are also considerably greater than for crops from lysimeters which received no nitrogen fertiliser throughout the experiment.
Total nitrogen and purine alkaloids in the tea plant throughout the year
Authors: Suzuki Takeo , Waller George R.
Published: October 2006

Notable seasonal changes of the levels of purine alkaloids, caffeine and theobromine, in the stem and leaves of the new shoot of tea (Camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze cv. Yabukita) were observed, suggesting metabolism and/or translocation of the alkaloids. The alkaloids decreased significantly in August and in October and November while total nitrogen increased appreciably in November and December. The results indicate that the alkaloids have no role in the storage of nitrogen during the winter months.
Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay of 3‐acetyldeoxynivalenol applied to rice
Authors: Kemp Heather A. , Mills E. N. Clare , Morgan Michael R. A.
Published: October 2006

An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of 3‐acetyldeoxynivalenol has been set up with an antiserum preparation raised against a bovine serum albumin—3‐acetyldeoxynivalenol hemiglutarate conjugate. The assay is an indirect, double antibody immunoassay performed on microtitration plates, and is sensitive (with a limit of detection of 1 pg per well) and specific. The assay has been validated for application to rice with a sensitivity of 1 ng g−1. Sample extraction is a simple solubilisation procedure. The immunoassay described has a number of advantages over conventional methods of analysis.
Zinc, copper and nickel concentrations in ryegrass grown on sewage sludge‐contaminated soils of different pH
Authors: Sanders J. Roger , McGrath Stephen P. , Adams Trevor McM.
Published: October 2006

Sewage sludges containing high concentrations of zinc, copper and nickel were added separately to samples of two soils, a silty clay loam and a sandy loam, on which pH levels between 4.5 and 7.5 had been established; there were also treatments with sludge of low metal content or no‐sludge. Soil‐sludge mixtures were either continuously cropped with ryegrass or kept uncropped in pots in the glasshouse for 6 months. Zinc and nickel concentrations in 0.1 μM calcium chloride extracts of soils from the cropped pots and in solutions displaced from the fallow pots decreased with increasing pH over the range tested, but copper concentrations remained steady above pH 5.5; individual metal concentrations in ryegrass tops followed the same pattern with pH as those in extracted solutions. Squared correlation coefficients (R7) between shoot metal concentrations and concentrations of metals in EDTA, DPTA or calcium chloride extracts or displaced solutions, when taken over all soil, pH and sludge treatments, were >0.60 (P<0.001). Ryegrass yield reductions occurred on soils contaminated with each of the three metal sludges when soil pH was 5.5 or below.
Traffic‐induced compaction in maize, cowpea and soya bean production on a tropical alfisol after ploughing and no‐tillage: Soil physical properties
Authors: Kayambo Benedict , Lal Rattan , Mrema Geofrey C.
Published: October 2006

An experiment was conducted over three consecutive seasons during 1982 and 1983 with the objective of evaluating the effects of traffic‐induced compaction on soil physical properties of an Alfisol for no‐till and ploughed systems. Main treatments of the split plot design consisted of disc ploughing to a depth of 200 mm followed by harrowing compared with no‐seedbed preparation. Compaction treatments of none, two and four passes of a 2‐tonne roller were the sub‐plots. The roller was 60 cm in diameter, 180 cm long, with a contact area of 0.1729 m2 and was pulled by a 33.6 kW tractor. Compaction treatments were applied 2 to 3 days before seeding. Four passes increased the penetrometer resistance of the soil surface, and bulk density; and as a result there were significant reductions in total porosity, saturated hydralic conductivity, infiltration rate and the amount of water released between 0.1 and 100 kPa suctions. Two passes of the roller had small and non‐significant effects on soil properties. The effects of vehicular traffic in terms of increasing soil compaction became progressively severe with repeated compaction in subsequent seasons. Compaction affected soil properties in the 0–100 mm depth layer only, and was more evident following ploughing than following no‐tillage systems.
Soyasapogenols—separation, analysis and interconversions
Authors: Price Keith R. , Fenwick G. Roger , Jurzysta Marian
Published: October 2006

The hydrolysis products of soyasaponins in legumes and of pure standards have been examined using t.l.c., g.c. and g.c.‐m.s. Interrelationships between eight soyasapogenols, produced under conditions of aqueous or non‐aqueous acid hydrolysis have been established. The significance of the work to the analysis of soyasaponins is discussed.
The effects of defaunation on the metabolism of lactic acid in the rumen
Authors: Newbold Charles J. , Chamberlain David G. , Williams Alan G.
Published: October 2006

Two experiments examined the effects of defaunation on the ruminal metabolism of lactate. Three rumen‐cannulated sheep given a diet of molassed sugar beet pulp and barley (80:20) were used to study the effects of defaunation (with manoxol‐OT) on the metabolism of lactic acid produced endogenously from rumen fermentation. Defaunation increased mean ruminal concentrations of lactate from 3.4 mmol litre−1 to 8.9 mmol litre−1 but other rumen measurements remained virtually unchanged: pH, 6.3 and 6.3; molar proportions of acetic acid, 645 and 645 mmol mol−1; propionic acid, 189 and 197 mmol mol−1 and butyric acid 142 and 115 mmol mol−1 for the faunated and defaunated states respectively. In a second experiment, two groups each of four rumen‐cannulated sheep were used to study the effect of defaunation on the ruminal metabolism of added Na‐D, L lactate. One group of four was defaunated using a rumen‐washing technique whilst the other group of four remained faunated. The animals were given a diet of rolled barley and hay (60:40) and were given a series of intraruminal doses of Na‐D, L lactate from 0 to 100 g day−1, increasing by 20 g day−1 every third day. Disappearance of added lactate was much more rapid in faunated animals: at the 100 g day−1 dose rate, L‐lactate concentrations had fallen from a peak of 6 g litre−1 to >1 g litre−1 after 3 h whereas in defaunated sheep the peak of 6.5 g litre−1 was reduced to >1 g litre−1 only after 7 h. In faunated animals lactate addition caused an increase in the ruminal concentration of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) from 147 to 217 mmol litre−1 between the zero and 100 g day−1 dose rates, accompanied by an increase in the molar proportion of propionic acid from 190 to 320 mmol mol−1. However, in defaunated animals there was only a small increase in total VFA concentrations from 94 to 106 mmol ml−1 with no change in the molar proportion of propionic acid and a small increase in butryric acid from 140 to 180 mmol mol−1.
Production of safflower protein isolates: Composition, yield and protein quality
Authors: ‐López Octavio Paredes , Ordorica‐Falomir César
Published: October 2006

The use of laboratory‐ and commercially‐prepared safflower meal for the production of protein isolates is described. The isolates were obtained by micellisation and isoelectric precipitation techniques, the latter being the most efficient procedure. Previous treatments received by the meal, for example heating, influenced the protein recovery. In general, isolates produced by micellisation were more soluble than samples obtained by isoelectric precipitation. The colour of the protein isolates depended on the isolation technique and type of safflower meal utilised. All isolates had a similar amino acid composition and levels of in‐vitro protein digestibility.
Functional properties of safflower protein isolates: Water absorption, whipping and emulsifying characteristics
Authors: Paredes‐López Octavio , Ordorica‐Falomir César
Published: October 2006

Safflower meal defatted at the laboratory (SML) and safflower cake provided by an industrial plant (SMI) were used for protein isolation. Isolates were obtained by micellisation (MP) and isoelectric precipitation (IP) techniques. The functional properties studied with these isolates were water and fat absorption, foam expansion and stability, and emulsion activity and stability. Within the experimental conditions of this research, it was observed that the various treatments received previously by the safflower meal, for oil extraction, seemed to have comparatively minor effects on the functional performance of the protein isolates. Only in the case of SML, did the MP isolates have a higher water and fat absorption, and foam expansion than IP samples. For both SML and SMI, the emulsion stability of MP was higher than that of IP.
Free α‐amino nitrogen production in sorghum beer mashing
Authors: Taylor John R. N. , Boyd Heather K.
Published: October 2006

Free α‐amino nitrogen (FAN) is an essential nutrient for yeast growth during fermentation. Under normal conditions of sorghum beer mashing, 60°C at pH 4.0, production of FAN by proteolysis accounts for approximately 30% of wort FAN, the remaining 70% being preformed in the malt and adjunct. The quality of the FAN in sorghum beer worts is good as it does not contain a high percentage of proline. Optimum conditions for FAN production during mashing are 51°C and pH 4.6. Wort FAN was increased proportionally by raising the ratio of sorghum malt to adjunct and conversely decreased by raising the ratio of adjunct to malt. FAN was also increased by the addition to the mash of a microbial proteolytic enzyme. Wort FAN is directly proportional to malt FAN.
Selenium content of wheat flour used in the UK
Authors: Barclay Margaret N. I. , Macpherson Allan
Published: October 2006

The selenium content of a range of wheat flours used primarily for bread was determined. This was found to be significantly correlated (P<0.001) with the protein content of these flours. The selenium content of flour and bread in the UK was compared with previously determined values for the UK and with values quoted for North American flours and breads showing that the effect of the recent inclusion of a higher proportion of home‐grown wheats was to lower human dietary selenium intakes markedly. These intakes are now calculated to be around 43 μg day−1 and consequently substantially below recommended daily intakes.
The cytochrome c content of various poultry meats
Authors: Pikul Jan , Niewiarowicz Adam , Kupijaj Halina
Published: October 2006

The cytochrome c content and total haem pigments in the breast and thigh meat of broiler chickens, hens out of lay, turkeys, geese, duckling (Peking), and muscovy ducks were determined. The levels of cytochrome c in the breast and thigh meat were: for chicken 11.4 and 35.5; for hens 14.0 and 84.2; for turkeys 13.1 and 47.4; for geese 141.0 and 107.8; for duckling 111.2 and 149.9 and for muscovy ducks 81.5 and 97.3 μg per g of tissue, respectively. The correlation coefficient between cytochrome c and total haem pigments concentration was r=0.98 for breast, and r=0.85 for thigh meat. The authors postulate that the cytochrome c may play a noticeable role in the colour of fresh and processed poultry meat, but further investigations are needed to confirm this.
Volatile compounds associated with the spoilage of normal and high pH vacuum‐packed pork
Authors: Edwards Robert A. , Dainty Richard H.
Published: October 2006

Pork of normal (5.5–5.6) and high (6.3–6.6) pH was stored in vacuum packs at 5°C until spoiled. At spoilage the bacterial flora of the normal pH meat was dominated by lactic acid bacteria, that of the high pH meat by Gram‐negative organisms. Volatile compounds in the packs were analysed by a headspace entrainment technique and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Major differences between the two types of meat were confined mainly to a series of sulphur‐containing compounds which were more numerous, and present in higher concentrations, in the headspaces above high pH meat.
Mapping soil fertility at Broom's Barn by simple kriging
Authors: Webster Richard , McBratney Alexander B.
Published: October 2006

Simple kriging is a technique for estimating values of continuous random spatial variables from data without bias and with minimum variance. The procedure is illustrated by a case study in which three properties of soil fertility, available phosphorus, exchangeable potassium and pH in the topsoil, are mapped using data from Broom's Barn Experimental Station. The soil on the station, covering 77 ha, had been sampled at 40‐m intervals. Semi‐variograms of the properties were determined from the measurements and kriged values estimated at 10‐m intervals on a square grid. These values were then contoured to produce maps of the properties and also reliability maps showing the estimation variances.
Enzymic solubilisation of proteins of sardine (sardina pilchardus) by commercial proteases
Authors: Quaglia G. B. , Orban E.
Published: October 2006

Enzymic hydrolysis represents a valid method for recovering proteins from by‐products and surplus of the food industry, by protein solubilisation. In view of the economic interest in the recovering of protein from poorly utilised species of fish, screening of some commercially available proteolytic enzymes: alcalase, papain and neutrase, was undertaken in order to test the most suitable one for the substrate employed. From the results, it can be concluded that alcalase and papain, at optimum pH and temperature conditions have significant effects on the nitrogen recovery from sardines, giving hydrolysates of high nutritional value and characterised by high solubility.
Yield, selected chemical composition and nutritive value of 14 selections of amaranth grain representing four species
Authors: Bressani Ricardo , Gonzáles J. M. , Zúñiga J. , Breuner M. , Elías L. G.
Published: October 2006

A set of 14 selections of four amaranth species were studied. Six yielded over 10 kg 36 m−2, and three below 5 kg 36 m−2. Grain size varied from 1.55 to 2.14 mm, and seed weight from 0.46 to 1.18 mg seed−1. There was no relationship between seed weight and yield. Protein content varied from 12.5 to 16.0%, while fat varied from 7.7 to 12.8%. The content of P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn was similar among all selections. Trace amounts of C14 fatty acids were found, while C16 acids varied from 16.83 to 23.83% of the oil. The C18:0 fatty acids varied from 1.86 to 4.11%, the C18:1 from 20.29 to 35.46%, while the C18:2 fatty acids varied from 38.25 to 57.86%. Lysine varied from 0.73 to 0.84%, with tryptophan values ranging from 0.18 to 0.28%. Seeds from all selections were processed by hot‐water soaking for 20 min followed by drum‐drying, for protein quality evaluation.

The three A. caudatus had an average protein efficiency ratio (PER) of 2.45; A. hybridus a PER of 2.34; A. cruentus 2.36 and A. hypo‐chondriacus 2.33. Differences were not statistically different. Light and dark coloured seeds had the same average value of 2.36, the study showed important genetic differences in chemical composition.
Characterisation of phenolic compounds, including flavonoids and tannins, of ten ethiopian browse species by high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Mueller‐Harvey Irene , Hartley Roy D. , Reed Jess D.
Published: October 2006

Aqueous acetone extracts of leaves from ten browse plants were examined by high performance liquid chromatography and thin layer chromatography for their phenolic constituents. Flavan‐3‐ols, flavonols and flavonol glycosides were characterised and identified together with gallic, ellagic and chlorogenic acids. Condensed and hydrolysable tannins were also detected.

Trans‐and cis‐p‐coumaric and trans‐ferulic acids were identified after alkaline hydrolysis of the browse leaves. The content of these acids was high in plants with the lowest tannin contents.
The origin of free fatty acids formed in frozen cape hake mince (Merluccius capensis, castelnau) during cold storage at −18°C
Authors: de Koning Adrianus J. , Milkovitch Shirley , Mol Theodora H.
Published: October 2006

Hake mince was stored at −18°C and samples were withdrawn at intervals during a 300‐day period. The extracted lipids were examined for free fatty acid (FFA) and phosphorus (P) content. Total FFA contents were corrected for a phospholipid contribution and converted into genuine FFA contents. Using these genuine FFA contents and the knowledge that the loss of one mole of lipid‐P produces two moles of FFA made it possible to calculate the separate contribution of the phospholipids and the neutral lipids to the FFA formed on storage.

It was found that FFA originated from both phospholipids and neutral lipids and after an initial rapid surge of FFA formation from both sources the rates declined and became virtually constant. The results for the Cape hake are compared with literature data of the Atlantic cod and the Baltic herring.
The effect of concentration and botanical source on the gelation and retrogradation of starch
Authors: Orford Paul D. , Ring Stephen G. , Carroll Vincent , Miles Mervyn J. , Morris Victor J.
Published: October 2006

The changes in shear modulus of pea, wheat, maize and potato starch gels with time, at concentrations between 10 and 40% w/w, were followed. In this range, the cooling of gelatinised dispersions of starch resulted in turbid, elastic gels. The initial rate of development of stiffness of the gels followed the order: pea>maize>wheat>potato, and was related to the amount of amylose solubilised during gelatinisation. The initial gelation was not reversed on heating to 100° C. There was also a long‐term increase in gel stiffness, which was thermally reversible. This long‐term increase, linked to a crystallisation involving amylopectin, followed the order: pea>potato>maize>wheat. With increasing starch concentration this latter process becomes more important.
Flow characteristics and the water retention properties of wheat bran
Authors: Anderson Alan , Eastwood Martin A.
Published: October 2006

A method is described which enables cereal fibre to be categorised by the rate of flow of water when packed into a column. This flow‐rate method enables changes in physical characteristics of fibre, predictive of faecal bulking action, to be readily identified.

Flow rate through coarse wheat bran was 200 ml h−1 and 120 ml h−1 for fine wheat bran.

Heating wheat bran (40°C, 70°C) has an irreversible enhancing effect on flow rates. The initial ranking of the brans (coarse greatest, fine least) remains consistent despite changes resulting from cooking.

Flow rates are affected by ionic strength of the eluting solutions. A 6 m urea elution reduces the flow rate and this reduction is reversed by eluting with lower ionic strength solutions.
Chemical investigation of Acacia seed oils
Authors: Jamal Sajid , Farooqi Javed A. , Ahmad M. S. , Mannan Abdul
Published: October 2006

The seed oils of Acacia mollissima, A. torta, A. lenticularis and A. nilotica are found to contain 6.2, 5.3, 4.7 and 3.1%, respectively, cor‐onaric acid in addition to other fatty acids. The structure of coronaric acid was established by chemical and physical methods using Chrysanthemum coronarium seed oil and its derived coronaric acid as the reference sample.
Detoxification of essential oil components (citral and menthol) by Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus stolonifer
Authors: Moleyar Venkataramana , Narasimham Pattisapu
Published: October 2006

The antifungal activity of two essential oil components (citral and menthol) towards Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus stolonifer was studied in shake culture. The activity was high with lower inoculum density (measured in terms of number of spores ml−1), and it decreased as the inoculum density increased. Citral at 200 μg ml−1 and menthol at 400 μg mh−1 were lethal to the spores of A. niger and R. stolonifer, respectively, after a 48‐h treatment. At lower concentrations both the compounds were only fungistatic: the growth of the fungi resumed after an initial delay or upon transfer to fresh medium. Periodic estimations of the essential oil components by gas‐liquid chromatography showed a continuous decrease in their concentrations in the culture medium, indicating their removal tending to detoxification. The difference in the activity of the two compounds was related to the capacity of the fungi to detoxify the compounds.
The effects of temperature, concentration and exposure time to acetylene on initiation of banana ripening
Authors: Smith Nicholas J. S. , Thompson Anthony K.
Published: October 2006

The initiation of ripening of bananas by acetylene was studied with various concentrations and times of exposure at a range of temperatures. Ripening was associated with loss in firmness of the pulp, change in peel colour, and increases in total soluble solids content of the pulp. An interaction between the pulp temperature of bananas and their response to acetylene was demonstrated over a temperature range of 14 to 35°C in that the higher the temperature the shorter the exposure time, or the lower the concentration required. The period of exposure to acetylene was also shown to affect initiation of fruit ripening, with longer exposures up to 24 h requiring less gas or a lower temperature to initiate ripening. Fruit exposed to acetylene gas at the lower temperatures (14 to 16°C) were shown to ripen normally with respect to pulp soluble solids and pulp rupture force, although the co‐ordination of the degreening response was lost in some fruit exposed to acetylene for 72 h. The temperature at which bananas were initiated to ripen did not affect their flavour.
Effects of phytate on mineral bioavailability. in vitro studies on Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe3+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ (also Cd2+) solubilities in the presence of phytate
Authors: Nolan Kevin B. , Duffin Paul A. , McWeeny David J.
Published: October 2006

The effect of phytate on the solubility of some minerals (Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe3+, Cu2+ and Zn2+) has been investigated in vitro at 37°C, under pH conditions which may be encountered in the duodenum. The observed solubility trends as a function of phytate concentration and pH result from the formation of complexes having different stoichiometries and solubilities as the conditions are varied. Possible structures for these complexes are proposed. In view of the ever‐increasing concern over cadmium toxicity and a recent report which indicates that intestinal absorption of Cd2+ is affected by phytate, this ion was included as part of this study.
Effect of soyasaponin I on the oxidation of corn oil and lard
Authors: Rigby Neil M. , Price Keith R. , Coxon David T. , Fenwick G. Roger
Published: October 2006

The antioxidant activity of soyasaponin I added to corn oil (100 and 1000 mg kg−1) and lard (567 mg kg−1) has been examined. In corn oil oxidised at 40°C no effect was observed as measured by the increase in conjugated diene hydroperoxide. In corn oil oxidised at 180°C there was no effect as measured by both thiobarbituric acid values and the loss of unsaturated fatty acids. Soyasaponin I conferred no additional stability to lard measured by an induction period on the Rancimat apparatus at 100°C. The results obtained do not support a recently implied antioxidant role for this saponin.
31P N.m.r. studies of the hydrolysis of added phosphates in chicken meat
Authors: Belton Peter S. , Packer Kenneth J. , Southon Timothy E.
Published: October 2006

The hydrolysis of tripolyphosphate and pyrophosphate in comminuted chicken muscle was examined quantitatively by 31P n.m.r. Ageing the muscle before addition of phosphates resulted in a similar change of the hydrolysis rate of both species. By contrast addition of sodium chloride caused very rapid hydrolysis of tripolyphosphate and slowing of the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate. Untreated muscle showed very low levels of phosphocreatine immediately after death and complete loss of ATP within one hour.
Differentiation of clonal teas by terpene index
Authors: Owuor Philip O. , Takeo Tadakazu , Horita Hiroshi , Tsushida Tojiro , Murai Toshinobu
Published: October 2006

The contents of linalools and geraniols varied widely within and between clonal teas when they were subjected to differing manufacturing and agronomic treatments and when the clonal teas were obtained from different geographical regions. Every clone had a specific Terpene Index, which varied only with plucking standards. The Index is a reliable chemo‐taxonomic statistic for differentiating clonal teas.
The occurrence of hydrogen peroxide in edible oils; chemical and microbiological consequences
Authors: Coxon David T. , Rigby Neil M. , Chan Henry W.‐S. , Lund Barbara M. , George Susan M.
Published: October 2006

Evidence is presented for the occurrence of hydrogen peroxide at low concentration in edible oils and fats of both vegetable and animal origin.

In soya bean, corn, groundnut, sunflower, rapeseed, olive, safflower, sesame, linseed and mackerel oils, and in the oil from lard, margarine and a solid vegetable fat, hydrogen peroxide was found at concentrations within the range 0.1‐11.5 μg g−1 of oil. The highest ‘natural’ concentrations were found in soya bean oil. Detection of hydrogen peroxide in aqueous extracts of the various oils examined was based upon measurements by high performance liquid chromatography, luminescence, colorimetry and fluorimetry. The quantitative measurement of hydrogen peroxide was made using a fluorimetric assay.

The hydrogen peroxide concentration found in a given oil was not directly related to the peroxide value of that oil. Hydrogen peroxide was found to re‐accumulate in oil samples which had been washed free of their initial content. This process took place slowly over a period of days, and led to a steady state concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the oil. It is suggested that hydrogen peroxide arises as a by‐product of the lipid autoxidation process.

The rate of oxidation and the induction period at 40°C of soya bean oil ‘naturally’ containing 2.76 μg hydrogen peroxide per gram of oil were unaffected by the removal of hydrogen peroxide by water washing or by addition of further hydrogen peroxide to the oil. The hydrogen peroxide did not therefore appear to function as a significant source of hydroxyl radicals capable of initiating autoxidation reactions.

In the presence of soya bean oil containing hydrogen peroxide (5 μg g−1) the lethal effect of heating at 90°C on spores of Clostridium sporogenes PA 3679 was much greater than that in a liquid paraffin control. Removal of hydrogen peroxide from the soya bean oil by washing with water considerably reduced the lethal effect, which was restored by the addition of hydrogen peroxide (7.5 μg g−1) to the washed oil.
Digestibility of amino acids in maize, wheat and barley meal, measured in pigs with ileo‐rectal anastomosis and isolation of the large intestine
Authors: Green Simon , Bertrand Solange L. , Duron Madeleine J. C. , Maillard Roland A.
Published: October 2006

Maize, soft wheat and barley diets were compiled to have similar crude fibre (CF) concentration by addition of purified cellulose. Protein‐free diets, with purified cellulose included at 60 g kg−1 dry matter (DM) (PF1) and 90 g kg−1 DM (PF2), were formulated. Each of four littermate, male pigs (22 kg liveweight) was surgically modified to create an ileo‐rectal anastomosis with complete isolation of the large intestine. Diets were fed, and the ileal digesta, excreted via the anus, were collected. Endogenous amino acid output was higher after feeding PF2 than PF1. The choice of factor for correction of apparent digestibility (AD) to true digestibility (TD) was based upon CF intake of cereal diet. AD of most essential amino acids was greater in wheat than in maize or barley, although AD of lysine in barley (67.1%) was higher than in maize (56.8%) or wheat (63.4%). TD of most essential amino acids was higher for wheat and maize than for barley, although TD of lysine was similar for all cereals. Lysine and threonine were the most poorly digested essential amino acids in all cereals.
In vivo assay of nitrate reductase in tea (Camellia sinensis L.) leaf and root
Authors: Sarmah Tarun Ch. , Choudhury Mahinath Dev , Goswami Monoranjan
Published: October 2006

Assay conditions in vivo for determination of nitrate reductase activity (NRA) in leaf and feeder root tissues of tea bushes (Camellia sinensis L.) were studied. The composition of the incubation mixture, pH, temperature, period of incubation and tea shoot components were varied. Maximum NRA was obtained in leaf with a medium containing 300 mg Polyclar AT with 300 mg leaf disc in 0.1 M phosphate buffer at pH 7‐5, 0.02 M KNO3 in a total volume of 5 ml and incubated for 4 hat 30°C in the dark. Propan‐1‐ol inhibited NRA in tea leaf and root. Highest activity was found in the first leaf.
Content and distribution of manganese in lupin seed grown in Victoria and in lupin flour, spray‐dried powder and protein isolate prepared from the seeds
Authors: Hung Tran V. , Handson Peter D. , Amenta Vivian C. , Kyle William S. A. , Yu Richard S.‐T.
Published: October 2006

A comparison of the manganese content of 33 samples of seeds from two species of lupin grown under field conditions in Victoria, Australia, indicated that Lupinus angustifolius had a much lower Mn content (61 mg kg−1) than L. albus (1316 mg kg−1). In L. albus 80% of the Mn content of the seed was concentrated in the endosperm, while in L. angustifolius only 40% of the Mn was present in the endosperm, demonstrating the ability of this species to exclude Mn from the seed. Whole flour and spray‐dried powder produced from L. albus seeds with a Mn content of 4479 mg kg−1 contained 4479 mg kg−1 and 4337 mg kg−1 of Mn, respectively. In contrast, protein isolate prepared from the same seeds contained only 176 mg kg−1. In order to avoid potential Mn toxicity problems from these foodstuffs, L. albus seeds containing high levels of Mn could be used for the production of protein isolate, while L. angustifolius could be used to produce all three products.
Wheat‐bug damage in New Zealand wheats: Some properties of a glutenin hydrolysing enzyme in bug‐damaged wheat
Authors: Cressey Peter J.
Published: October 2006

Some properties of a glutenin hydrolysing enzyme present in bug (Nysius huttoni) damaged wheat (Triticum aestivum) were examined using a modified SDS sedimentation test reported previously. The enzyme appears to be a water‐soluble alkaline protease with an activity optimum at pH 9.0. It is relatively heat stable, but the temperature optimum for activity is quite low (35–40°C). The enzyme is not inhibited by EDTA or N‐ethylmaleimide, but is inhibited by the metal ions Co2+, Mn2+ and Fe2+.
Cultivation of the oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) on lignocellulosic waste
Authors: Pettipher Graham L.
Published: October 2006

The establishment of a small‐scale production facility for Pleurotus ostreatus is described and environmental and yield data are presented. The average yield was c. 50% fresh weight mushroom/dry weight substrate when grown on 40% cocoa shell waste, 40% softwood sawdust, 19% oatmeal and 1% carboxymethyl cellulose. The mushroom fruited when daily temperatures ranged between 11 and 27°C.
35Cl nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the interaction of chloride ions with meat in the presence of tripolyphosphate
Authors: Belton Peter S. , Packer Kenneth J. , Southon Timothy E.
Published: October 2006

35Cl n.m.r. has been used for the first time to examine the interaction of chloride ions with muscle proteins in whole chicken muscle. The results show clear evidence of order in muscle proteins over the range 0.5 to 1.5 μm which is disrupted by polyphosphate but not by high concentrations of sodium chloride. It is concluded that chloride ions bind to the muscle proteins but do not cause a loss of order in them.
Phytic acid and extractable phosphorus of pearl millet flour as affected by natural lactic acid fermentation
Authors: Mahajan Sunita , Chauhan Bhag Mal
Published: October 2006

Lactic acid fermentation of pearl millet flour decreased its phytic acid content and increased extractable phosphorus. Fermentation at 40 and 50°C for 72 h or longer eliminated phytic acid almost completely; extractable phosphorus was more than doubled. Lower temperatures (20 and 30°C) were less effective. The changes in concentration of phytic acid and extractable phosphorus may be attributed partly to phytase activity inherent in pearl millet flour.
Varietal and geographic classification of French red wines in terms of pigments and flavonoid compounds
Authors: Etiévant Patrick , Schlich Pascal , Bertrand Alain , Symonds Patrick , Bouvier Jean‐Claude
Published: October 2006

Thirty‐four French red wines originating from six different grape varieties and three different production areas were analysed in duplicate for 15 anthocyanins, ten flavonoids and three colour parameters, F‐statistics, principal component analysis and stepwise discriminant analysis were used to identify and to explain differences among samples.

Clear difference between wines made from different varieties were mainly related to anthocyanin 3‐acylglucosides. Malvidin and peonidin 3‐acetylglucosides were found in increasing concentrations in wines made respectively from Grenache, Carignan, Cinsault, Merlot, Carbernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc grapes; the concentrations of peonidin and malvidin 3‐p‐coumarylglucosides were higher in the Cinsault wines studied.

Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot wines made near Bordeaux had a less intense colour and a higher malvidin 3‐glucoside content than wines from the same varieties produced near Narbonne. Wines made from Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc grapes contained more catechin, epicatechin and myricetin when produced in the south than in the north (Narbonne, Bordeaux, Angers).

Of the samples analysed, 96%, and all of the nine extra wines, were correctly classified according to the variety of the grapes using four anthocyanins and catechin selected by step wise discriminant analyses.
Development of the yeast flora of whole‐crop maize during ensiling and during subsequent aerobiosis
Authors: Middelhoven Wouter J. , van Baalen Anja H. M.
Published: October 2006

The fresh maize plant was inhabited by non‐fermenting basidiomycetous yeast species, viz. Candida ingeniosa, Cryptococcus laurentii, Sporobolomyces roseus, Sporidiobolus salmonicolor and Rhodotorula rubra. These species had vanished after 2 days of anaerobiosis in a laboratory‐scale silo. After this time, ascomycetous species tolerant to acetic acid were isolated. Successively Candida holmii, C. milleri, C. krusei, C. lambica, C. famata, Geotrichum candidum and Hansenula anomala were encountered. Except for C. famata and G. candidum these yeasts vigorously ferment glucose. Total yeast counts were 107 g−1 during the first 2 weeks and gradually decreased to about 105 g−1 after 4 months. This shows that anaerobic silage provides an adverse environment for yeasts.

Exposure of maize silage to air resulted in complete consumption of lactic and acetic acids within 5 days. This was due to growth of C. hoimii, C. lambica and C. milled. The physiologically similar yeast species C. holmii and C. milled were both abundant from the early stage of the fermentation and during aerobiosis. However, C. milled predominated in the first 2 weeks of anaerobiosis.

The less frequently occurring yeast species C. famata, G. candidum and H. anomala assimilated lactic acid and ethanol as well as minor products of bacterial sugar fermentation such as acetoin and butan‐2,3‐diol but not diacetyl.
Quantitative and qualitative variability of pea (Pisum sativum L.) protein composition
Authors: Gueguen J. , Barbot J.
Published: October 2006

Smooth and wrinkled pea cultivars were studied to evaluate the protein content of the seeds, the proportion of albumins to globulins and the variability of the vicilin/legumin ratio. Principal components analysis showed a strong negative correlation between albumin and globulin contents. Stepwise discriminant analysis demonstrated that two variables, protein content and vicilin/legumin ratio, divided the samples into smooth and wrinkled cultivars with a percentage of success of 95%. In addition, the vicilin/legumin ratio tended to increase, the lower the protein content is.
Extent of hydrolysis in the intestinal tract and potential absorption of intact glucosinolates in laying hens
Authors: Slominski Bogdan A. , Campbell Lloyd D. , Stanger Norman E.
Published: October 2006

Balance studies were conducted with intact and caecectomised hens to assess the influence of the caeca on the recovery of intact glucosinolates (IG) in excreta. The hydrolysis of IG in in vitro incubations with gastrointestinal tract contents and with excreta from intact and caecectomised hens was measured to aid in the interpretation of the IG balance data. Decomposition of IG in excreta was shown to result in low recovery of IG in balance trials involving long (22–24 h) collection periods for excreta; however, balance trials with caecectomised hens and in which excreta was collected within 2 h showed high recovery. In vitro incubation studies confirmed the caeca as the major source of the IG hydrolytic activity. Free thiocyanate ion concentration of excreta of intact hens markedly exceeded that of the diet, but hydrolysis of glucosinalbin did not appear to be the major source of the thiocyanate ion.
Water determination in silages by Karl Fischer titration
Authors: Galletti Guido C. , Piccaglia Roberta
Published: October 2006

Karl Fischer titration was applied to water determination in a series of silages including agro‐industrial by‐products. The results were compared with those obtained by oven drying at 105°C, with and without Dulphy and Demarquilly correction for the loss of fermentation products during oven drying.

The corresponding dry matter (DM) was significantly higher by the Karl Fischer method than by oven drying, whereas non‐significant differences were observed when the Dulphy and Demarquilly correction was adopted.

Accuracy of Karl Fischer titration was proved by comparison with oven drying on rehydrated silage. The Dulphy and Demarquilly equation was satisfactory for the correction of the DM determined by oven drying even in unusual feedstuffs, but required the separate determination of the fermentation products. Such time‐consuming determinations are avoided in the Karl Fischer method, which is simple, rapid and accurate.
The effects of times of application and chemical forms on the efficiencies of 15N‐labeiled fertilisers for ryegrass at two contrasting field sites
Authors: Stevens R. James , Laughlin Ronald J.
Published: October 2006

The effects of time of application and chemical form of nitrogen on nitrogen efficiency were studied at two contrasting field sites. Three forms of fertiliser nitrogen (ammonium sulphate, calcium nitrate and urea) were applied to ryegrass at three different times in spring (February, March and April) on a lowland site (S1) in 1983 and an upland site (S2) in 1984. The first nitrogen application (70 kg N ha−1) was with 15N‐labelled fertiliser. Subsequent applications (50 kg N ha−1 cut−1) were unlabelled. Herbage was harvested during the year on five occasions at S1 and on four occasions at S2. The efficiency of fertiliser nitrogen was evaluated by measuring dry matter yield, % recovery by difference, % utilisation of 15N in the first cut and total % utilisation of 15N in all cuts during one growing season.

At S1, recovery by difference and utilisation values for all forms of application were significantly (P<0·01) higher from applications in April than from applications in March or February. Only the total % utilisation data identified any difference between nitrogen forms at S1, ammonium sulphate being significantly (P<0·05) more efficient than calcium nitrate over all times of application. At S2, significant (P<0·1) interactions occurred between times of application and forms of nitrogen for all criteria of nitrogen efficiency. Values for total % utilisation ranged from 10% for calcium nitrate applied in February to 93% for ammonium sulphate applied in April. The Study indicated that the choice of nitrogen form for optimum efficiency wound depend on the prevailing soil and climatic conditions after fertiliser application.
Dietary manipulation of the yield and composition of milk: Effects of dietary inclusions of barley and oats in untreated or formaldehyde‐treated forms on milk fatty acid composition
Authors: Martin Pamela A , Thomas Phillip C
Published: October 2006

Eight 1st‐lactation cows were given four dietary treatments in a duplicated 4×4 Latin square experiment. Diets consisted of hay and soya bean meal together with barley, formaldehyde‐treated barley, oats or formaldehydetreated oats (approximately 34:12:54 on a dry matter basis). Barley diets supplied 211 g fatty acids d−1, oats diets supplied 537 g d−1. The fatty acid composition (g kg−1 total fatty acids) for barley diets was: 300 (16:0); 20 (18:0); 150 (18:1); 470 (18:2); 60 (18:3). Corresponding values for oats diets were 180, 20, 390, 380 and 30 g kg−1.

Formaldehyde treatment of the cereals tended to increase milk yield and reduce milk fat content (P<0·01 for barley) but did not affect milk fatty acid composition. Feeding oats in replacement for barley significantly (P<0·05) increased milk yield and lactose yield and reduced milk fat content (P<0·05 for the untreated cereals) and protein contents (P<0·01) without significant effects on milk fat or protein yields. Oats diets led to significant (P<0·001) reductions in the content of 8:0–16:0 fatty acids in milk fat with associated increases (P<0·001) in the content of 18:0 and 18:1. Changes in milk fat content of 18:2 and 18:3 acids were small.

The results show the inclusion of oats in the cow's diet to be a means of reducing the saturated fatty acid content of milk fat thereby improving the nutritional value of milk and milk products and their appeal to the health‐conscious consumer.