bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Automated synthesis of [89Zr]ZrCl4, [89Zr]ZrDFOSquaramide-bisPh(PSMA) and [89Zr]ZrDFOSquaramide-TATE
Authors: Noor Asif , Roselt Peter D. , McGowan Emily R. , Poniger Stan , Wheatcroft Michael P. , Donnelly Paul S.
Published: May 2024

Background

Automated [89Zr]Zr-radiolabeling processes have the potential to streamline the production of [89Zr]Zr-labelled PET imaging agents. Most radiolabeling protocols use [89Zr][Zr(ox)4]4− as the starting material and oxalate is removed after radiolabeling. In some instances, radiolabeling with [89Zr]ZrCl4 as starting material gives better radiochemical yields at lower reaction temperatures. In this work, a fully-automated process for production of [89Zr]ZrCl4 is reported and its use for the synthesis of [89Zr]ZrDFOSq-bisPhPSMA and [89Zr]ZrDFOSq-TATE.

Results

A simple automated process for the isolation of [89Zr]ZrCl4 by trapping [89Zr][Zr(ox)4]4− on a bicarbonate-activated strong anion exchange cartridge followed by elution with 0.1 M HCl in 1 M NaCl was developed. [89Zr]ZrCl4 was routinely recovered from [89Zr][Zr(ox)4]4− in > 95% yield in mildly acidic solution of 0.1 M HCl in 1 M NaCl using a fully-automated process. The [89Zr]ZrCl4 was neutralized with sodium acetate buffer (0.25 M) removing the requirement for cumbersome manual neutralization with strong base. The mixture of [89Zr]ZrCl4 was used for direct automated radiolabeling reactions to produce [89Zr]Zr-DFOSquaramide-bisPhPSMA and [89Zr]ZrDFOSquaramide-TATE in 80–90% over all RCY in > 95% RCP.

Conclusions

This method for the production of [89Zr]ZrCl4 does not require removal of HCl by evaporation making this process relatively fast and efficient. The fully automated procedures for the production of [89Zr]ZrCl4 and its use in radiolabeling are well suited to support the centralized and standardized manufacture of multiple dose preparations of zirconium-89 based radiopharmaceuticals.
Characterization of seminal microbiome associated with semen parameters using next-generation sequencing
Authors: Vajpeyee Manisha , Tiwari Shivam , Yadav Lokendra Bahadur
Published: May 2024

Background

To characterize the seminal microbiome associated with normal and abnormal semen parameters, towards the prediction of reproductive health and sperm quality. Despite the association between bacteria and infertility, few studies have looked at the beneficial effects of the seminal microbiome on infertility.

The study comprised semen samples from 69 men with normal spermiograms and 166 men with at least 1 abnormal spermiogram parameter from the Institutional IVF Center between October 2019 and October 2022.

We hypothesized that the composition of the microbiota may affect semen parameters. To determine the composition of uncultured bacteria, the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene was amplified using Oxford Nanopore Technology.

Results

Different groups of bacteria were present in the semen samples of patients with normal semen parameters, such as female factor infertility and abnormal sperm parameters. Bacterial communities differed between samples. However, the relative distribution of Lactobacillus and Prevotella in the normal and abnormal semen groups differed (p = 0.05) and was statistically significant.

In the abnormal semen group, the incidence of Lactobacillus probiotics was lower and the frequency of Prevotella was higher. Additionally, principal component analysis (PCA) revealed differences in the microbial composition of normal and abnormal semen.

Conclusions

In our study, NGS analysis revealed the increased presence of harmful bacteria Prevotella in groups with abnormal semen raises the possibility that certain microbiota may be associated with semen quality and male infertility.
Bridging the Divide: From Universal Germline Testing Guidance to Real-World Implementation in Pancreatic Cancer Care
Authors: Singh Harshabad , Nipp Ryan D.
Published: May 2024

In this editorial accompanying manuscript the by Klatte and colleagues, Drs Singh, and Nipp review the data behind universal germline testing in pancreatic adenocarcinoma, and review possible reasons for and solutions continued inadequate rates of germline testing in our community. Making germline testing for all patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma is critical and will require cross-disciplinary collaboration and innovation.
Outcomes of Treatment for Alcoholism: Current Data
Authors:   Rutgers, The State University, Nathan Peter E
Published: May 2024

This analysis of current data on who is treated for alcoholism, how much it costs, and what its consequences are yields the following conclusions: (1) Poor people, minorities, the elderly, the young, and women still come to treatment less often and remain in treatment for shorter periods of time than do men. (2) The costs to this country of alcoholism are very, very substantial. As a consequence, even though the costs of treatment are also substantial, treatment for alcoholism appears to meet modest standards of cost-effectiveness. (3) Abstinence rates one year after treatment for good treatment prospects may reach or exceed 50%: abstinence rates at one year for poor treatment prospects may not reach 25%. (4) Treatment factors, including theoretical orientation, content, locus, and intensity of treatment, generally predict treatment outcome poorly. (5) Patient factors, including motivation for treatment, chronicity and severity of alcoholism, age and gender, and personal, interpersonal, familial, educational, and vocational resources, predict treatment outcome better. (6) Extratreatment factors, including treatment setting and the fidelity with which a treatment plan is implemented, also affect outcome. (7) Nonproblem drinking is neither a viable treatment goal nor predictive of favorable treatment outcome for alcohol-dependent persons. The status of nonproblem drinking goals for persons who have just begun to abuse alcohol remains promising but unproven.
One-Point Technique in Brainstem Cavernous Malformation Surgery: Evaluation of Approaches and Outcomes From a Different Perspective
Authors: Prashant Giyarpuram N. , Dehdashti Amir R.
Published: May 2024

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

Brainstem cavernous malformations (BCMs) are a distinct clinical entity that carry a high risk of patient morbidity because of location and risk of hemorrhage. Surgical management of these lesions requires intimate knowledge of surgical anatomy and skull base approaches. This article is intended to highlight a modern approach for the treatment of BCMs, with an emphasis on the use of the one-point technique to guide resection.

METHODS:

We describe a case series of BCMs treated through a variety of skull base approaches, describing our decision-making strategy. We review the concept of the one-point technique focusing on the safest access to the malformation through 2 representative cases and also perform a retrospective review of 32 consecutive patients who underwent BCM resection to present outcomes and the comparison of two-point vs one-point techniques.

RESULTS:

Consecutive series of 32 patients in whom the one-point technique was used is presented. In 8 patients (25%), the traditional two-point technique would suggest a different trajectory than the one-point technique. Postoperative MRI confirmed complete resection in 30 patients (95%), and 29 patients (91%) had modified Rankin Scale (0-2) at follow-up. All patients in whom the one-point technique guided a different trajectory had gross total removal of the cavernous malformation, with one patient having long-term new neurological impairment from the surgery. There were no mortalities.

CONCLUSION:

Despite surgical advances in recent decades and more widespread understanding of surgical anatomy and safe entry zones, surgical resection of BCMs remains a formidable challenge. While not necessarily the shortest access, the one-point technique offers a safe approach considering all the different modalities in our armamentarium and can be used as part of a strategy to determine the optimal approach to resect BCMs.
International Expert Consensus on Semantics of Multimodal Esophageal Cancer Treatment: Delphi Study
Authors: van der Zijden Charlène J. ,   Study Coordinators of the Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Lagarde Sjoerd M. , Mostert Bianca , Nuyttens Joost J. M. E. , Spaander Manon C. W. , Wijnhoven Bas P. L. ,   For the International Expert Panel, van Sandick Johanna W. , van Dieren Jolanda M. , Voncken Francine E. M. , Pierie Jean-Pierre E. N. , Fiets Willem E. , Rosman Camiel , Siersema Peter D. , Rütten Heidi , Nieuwenhuijzen Grard A. P. , Creemers Geert-Jan , Schoon Erik J. , van der Sangen Maurice J. C. , Verschoor Arjan , Quispel Rutger , Sosef Meindert N. , Buijsen Jeroen , Hartgrink Hendrik H. , Slingerland Marije , Heisterkamp Joos , Beerepoot Laurens V. , Hazen Wouter L. , Rozema Tom , Muller Karin , Kouwenhoven Ewout A. , Law Simon Y. , Chan Wendy W. , Wong Ian Y. , Li Zhigang , Chao Yin-Kai , Wu I-Chen , Wu Chiao-En , Yap Wing-Keen , Park Seong Yong , Takeuchi Hiroya , Booka Eisuke , Kato Ken , Yoshinori Ito , Lin Steven H. , Piessen Guillaume , Turpin Anthony , Taillez Alexandre , Castoro Carlo , Bastoni Alessandro , Maselli Roberta , Scorsetti Marta , Walsh Thomas N. , Grogan Liam
Published: May 2024

Background

Recent developments in esophageal cancer treatment, including studies exploring active surveillance following chemoradiotherapy, have led to a need for clear terminology and definitions regarding different multimodal treatment options.

Objective

The aim of this study was to reach worldwide consensus on the definitions and semantics of multimodal esophageal cancer treatment.

Methods

In total, 72 experts working in the field of multimodal esophageal cancer treatment were invited to participate in this Delphi study. The study comprised three Delphi surveys sent out by email and one online meeting. Input for the Delphi survey consisted of terminology obtained from a systematic literature search. Participants were asked to respond to open questions and to indicate whether they agreed or disagreed with different statements. Consensus was reached when there was ≥75% agreement among respondents.

Results

Forty-nine of 72 invited experts (68.1%) participated in the first online Delphi survey, 45 (62.5%) in the second survey, 21 (46.7%) of 45 in the online meeting, and 39 (86.7%) of 45 in the final survey. Consensus on neoadjuvant and definitive chemoradiotherapy with or without surgery was reached for 27 of 31 items (87%). No consensus was reached on follow-up after treatment with definitive chemoradiotherapy.

Conclusion(s)

Consensus was reached on most statements regarding terminology and definitions of multimodal esophageal cancer treatment. Implementing uniform criteria facilitates comparison of studies and promotes international research collaborations.
Αρχάκης, Αργύρης (2020). Από τον εθνικό στον μετα-εθνικό λόγο – Μεταναστευτικές ταυτότητες και κριτική εκπαίδευση, Αθήνα: Εκδόσεις Πατάκη
Authors: Σκούρτου Ελένη
Published: May 2024

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Case Report: Urothelial urethral carcinoma in HIV patient underwent total urethrectomy and perineal urethrostomy
Authors: Agil Ahmad , Surya Kenfin
Published: May 2024

Introduction HIV affects over 38 million people worldwide, affecting the immune system and leading to symptoms like fever, lymphadenopathy, and sore throat. High viral loads can lead to opportunistic infections and tumors. The life expectancy of HIV patients has increased due to high-efficiency combination anti-retroviral therapy. Urothelial carcinoma, a malignant development, damages the urinary canal lining. The connection between HIV and urinary cancers is unclear, the aims of this study to report a case of urethral urothelial Carcinoma in HIV patient who underwent total urethrectomy and perineal urethrostomy. Case presentation A 34-year-old male patient with a papilliferous lump on the glans penis for over six months was admitted to the hospital. Preoperative screening revealed HIV and a urethral mass was found. A partial urethrectomy was performed, revealing high grade papillary urothelial Carcinoma. Five months after surgery, the patient developed a recurrent lump, requiring a total urethrectomy, TUR (transurethral resection) of the mass in the prostatic urethra, and perineal urethrostomy. Conclusion Primary carcinoma of the urethra in HIV patient is an extremely rare case. To date, there is no consensus on the primary urethral carcinoma therapy. The treatment of primary urethral carcinoma is tailored specifically to the patient based on the location, histology, and stage of the carcinoma.
An ontological framework for organising and describing behaviours: The Human Behaviour Ontology
Authors: Schenk Paulina M. , West Robert , Castro Oscar , Hayes Emily , Hastings Janna , Johnston Marie , Marques Marta M. , Corker Elizabeth , Wright Alison J. , Stuart Gabriella , Zhang Lisa , Santilli Micaela , Michie Susan
Published: May 2024

Background Human behaviours have been classified in areas such as health, occupation and sustainability. We aimed to develop a more broadly applicable framework for behaviours to facilitate integrating evidence across domains. Methods The Human Behaviour Ontology (HBO), a part of the Behaviour Change Intervention Ontology (BCIO), was developed by: (1) specifying the ontology’s scope, (2) identifying candidate classes from existing classifications, (3) refining the ontology by applying it to code behaviours in relevant literature, (4) conducting a stakeholder review with behavioural and ontology experts, (5) testing the inter-rater reliability of its use in annotating research reports, (6) finalising classes and adding relations between classes, and (7) publishing the ontology’s computer-readable version. Results A class labelled ‘individual human behaviour’ was defined as “A bodily process of a human that involves co-ordinated contraction of striated muscles controlled by the brain.” In Steps 1-4, the ontology’s initial version was developed, with 128 classes. The inter-rater reliability for applying this version in annotations was 0.63 for researchers familiar with it and, after minor adjustments to the ontology and annotation guidance, 0.74 for researchers unfamiliar with it. Following Steps 5-6, the ontology was published with 177 classes, including 128 individual human behaviour classes organised under upper-level classes relating to (1) experiences (e.g., playing), (2) expressive (e.g., laughing), (3) harm (e.g., self-injury behaviour), (4) health (e.g., undergoing vaccination), (5) life-function (e.g., breathing behaviour), (6) interacting with materials (e.g., consumption), (7) bodily care (e.g., washing), (8) position (e.g., walking), and (9) social environments (e.g., communication). The remaining 49 classes included: ‘individual human behaviour pattern’ for repeated behaviours, ‘population behaviour’, ‘population behaviour pattern’, behavioural attributes (e.g., impulsiveness), and abstinence from behaviour. Relations were also defined to represent timings, locations, participants, mental processes, functions, goals, and outcomes. Conclusions The HBO potentially provides a coherent framework for describing human behaviours.
Behavioural, psychiatric, and cognitive phenotypes associated with numbers of repeats of the FRAXE allele on the FMR2 gene
Authors: Golding Jean , Pembrey Marcus E. , Clark Rosie , Iles-Caven Yasmin , Gregory Steven , Ring Susan , Ennis Sarah , Suderman Matthew
Published: May 2024

Background The FRAXE site on the X-chromosome has a variable number of trinucleotide repeats. The rare condition Fragile XE has >200 repeats, but most X chromosomes have <60 such repeats, with evidence of a bimodal distribution. It is known that when the number of repeats is <60, the repeat number can increase from mother to son, which raises the question as to whether there is an evolutionary advantage in the size of these repeats. This paper investigates whether the higher of the <60 repeats are associated with neurocognitive differences among boys in a general population. We hypothesised that although there was previous evidence of a link between higher numbers of repeats in the boys in this population with maternal grandmothers with schizophrenia, there may be cognitive or behavioural advantages to their grandsons of increased levels of repeats. Methods We compared 1951 behavioural, psychiatric, and cognitive outcomes of 5060 boys from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) using a phenome scan. Results We found that boys with relatively high levels of repeats (>24) had a higher risk of certain neurocognitive outcomes (P<0.01). Boys with >24 repeats were more likely to report: (a) psychosis-like experiences; (b) increased ability to recognise facial signs of anger; (c) increased risk of eating disorders; (d) increased likelihood of smoking cigarettes and using illicit drugs during adolescence than would be expected by chance. There was no sign of associations with cognitive abilities. Conclusions We concluded that there was little evidence that higher levels of the normal range of FRAXE repeats were associated with a difference in cognitive abilities, but there was evidence of increased reports of psychotic-like experiences and other behaviour problems in this group. There was no evidence of evolutionary neurocognitive advantage.
Mejoramiento de capacidades en la Armada de la República de Colombia mediante la transición a nuevas energías
Authors: Galvis Chirinos Juan Manuel
Published: May 2024

En este capítulo se abordan los aspectos más característicos de las transiciones, la migración y las implementaciones energéticas, especialmente en el sector naval. Del mismo modo, se toman en cuenta las fuentes de financiamiento para el desarrollo de estas nuevas energías que beneficiarían a la Armada de la República de Colombia para ampliar sus capacidades y cumplir su misión.
Ultraviolet-fluorescence detection of E. Coli using threshold-comparison electronics
Authors: Suarez John , Fortunato Caroline
Published: May 2024

We describe an optical system that detects the presence of E.
coli bacteria, making use of the bacteria’s natural
fluorescence properties. The system provides an excitation signal at
365 nm and detects the emission signal, from the bacteria, at
approximately 445 nm. The system also allows the intensity of
the emitted signal to be compared with a user-programmable threshold.
This allows rapid testing of many samples in a laboratory setting.
Complete setup and performance details are provided, enabling the
experimentalist to tailor the system parameters to other species of
microorganisms, which may have fluorescence properties at other
wavelengths.
Post-compression of powerful femtosecond pulses after second harmonic generation
Authors: Mironov S. Yu. , Ginzburg V. N. , Lozhkarev V. V. , Yakovlev I. V. , Stukachev S. E. , Kochetkov A. A. , Shaykin A. A. , Khazanov E. A.
Published: May 2024

A proof-of-principle experiment of highly efficient (38%) second harmonic generation was implemented at a ∼1TW/cm2 intensity of a 45 fs pulse in a composite nonlinear sample–a 1 mm KDP crystal glued onto a 1 mm fused silica substrate. The attenuated replica of the second harmonic pulse (455 nm) was compressed down to 28.6 fs by means of dispersive mirrors, with a significant reduction in both the wings and the far temporal contrast. The peak power of the second harmonic was ∼74% of the power of the fundamental harmonic, which ensured a three-fold increase in the focal intensity.
Error suppression in multicomponent cat codes with photon subtraction and teleamplification
Authors: Shringarpure Saurabh U. , Teo Yong Siah , Jeong Hyunseok
Published: May 2024

It is known that multiphoton states can be protected from decoherence due to a passive loss channel by applying noiseless attenuation before and noiseless amplification after the channel. In this work, we propose the combined use of multiphoton subtraction on four-component cat codes and teleamplification to effectively suppress errors under detection and environmental losses. The back-action from multiphoton subtraction modifies the encoded qubit encoded on cat states by suppressing the higher photon numbers, while simultaneously ensuring that the original qubit can be recovered effectively through teleamplification followed by error correction, thus preserving its quantum information. With realistic photon subtraction and teleamplification-based scheme followed by optimal error-correcting maps, one can achieve a worst-case fidelity (over all encoded pure states) of over 93.5% (82% with only noisy teleamplification) at a minimum success probability of about 3.42%, under a 10% environmental-loss rate, 95% detector efficiency and sufficiently large cat states with the coherent-state amplitudes of 2. This sets a promising standard for combating large passive losses in quantum-information tasks in the noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era, such as direct quantum communication or the storage of encoded qubits on the photonic platform.
Low-loss, compact, fibre-integrated cell for quantum memories
Authors: McGarry Cameron , Harrington Kerrianne , Goodwin Daniel J. , Perek-Jennings Charles , Birks Tim A. , Rusimova Kristina R. , Mosley Peter J.
Published: May 2024

We present a low-loss, compact, hollow core optical fibre (HCF) cell integrated with single mode fibre (SMF). The cell is designed to be filled with atomic vapour and used as a component in photonic quantum technologies, with applications in quantum memory and optical switching. We achieve a total insertion loss of 0.6(2) dB at 780 nm wavelength via graded index fibre to ensure efficient mode matching coupled with anti-reflection coatings to minimise loss at the SMF-HCF interfaces. We also present numerical modelling of these interfaces, which can be undertaken efficiently without the need for finite element simulation. We encapsulate the HCF core by coupling to the SMF inside a support capillary, enhancing durability and facilitating seamless integration into existing fibre platforms.
Phase noise suppression of optic flexural disk accelerometer by studying the thermal stability of optical fiber ring
Authors: Sun Jiangquan , Wen Kunhua , Yang Jun , Ping Xinyang , Xu Pengbai , Yu Zhangjun , Wang Yuncai , Qin Yuwen
Published: May 2024

As the core sensing elements of ultra-long fiber interferometer, the distributed thermal strain difference of the fiber rings can cause extra noise of the flexural disk, resulting in a penalty of the deterioration accuracy. In this paper, the thermal strain distribution characteristics of the fiber ring are firstly analyzed by the finite element method (FEM), and the distribution result is consistent with that demonstrated by the Rayleigh optical frequency-domain reflectometry (R-OFDR) strain measurement. The interferometer phase noise caused by the distributed strain difference is further studied by constructing a fully symmetric polarization-maintaining fiber-ring Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) with an arm length of over 100 meters. The results show that the distributed thermal strain difference of two fiber rings will cause additional phase fluctuation, which leads to higher low-frequency noise. Therefore, a dual-fiber-ring MZI with matched distributed thermal strains is proposed to suppress the phase noise caused by the thermal strain, and the best suppression is as high as 45.6 dB. This is very important for the research and design of low noise fiber seismometer.
Flexible terahertz phase shifter for optically controlled polydimethylsiloxane-vanadium dioxide composite film
Authors: Zhou Zhiwen , Cheng Zheng , Ji Yunyun , Fan Fei , Cheng Jierong , Huang Yi , Chang Shengjiang
Published: May 2024

In the terahertz (THz) band, modulation research has become a focal point, with precise control of the phase shift of THz waves playing a pivotal role. In this study, we investigate the optical control of THz phase shift modulation in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-vanadium dioxide (VO2) flexible material using THz time-domain spectroscopy. Under the influence of an 808-nm continuous wave (CW) laser with power densities ranging from 0 to 2.74 W/cm2, the PDMS-VO2 flexible material exhibits significant phase shift modulation in the frequency range of 0.2 to 1.0 THz. The maximum optical-pumping phase shift reaches 0.27π rad at 1.0 THz in a composite material with a VO2 mass fraction of 5% and a thickness of 360 µm, and the amplitude transmittance from 0.2 THz to 1.0 THz exceeds 70%. Furthermore, the composite material exhibits good stability under at least 640 switching cycle times, as confirmed through repeatability tests. The proposed composite devices offer a new approach for more flexible phase shift modulation owing to the flexibility of the composite material and the non-contact and precise modulation of light control. Additionally, the stress-adjustable characteristics of flexible materials make them highly suitable for use in wearable THz modulators, highlighting their significant application potential.
Phase tracking using a Kalman filter based on probability density distribution in frequency-scanning interferometry
Authors: Wang Zian , Guo Junkang , Cai Dongliang , Qian Ruitao , Tian Kai , Liu Zhigang
Published: May 2024

Frequency-scanning interferometry (FSI) utilizing external cavity diode lasers (ECDL) stands out as a potent technique for absolute distance measurement. Nevertheless, the inherent scanning nonlinearity of ECDL and phase noise pose a challenge, as it can compromise the accuracy of phase extraction from interference signals, thereby reducing the measurement accuracy of FSI. In this study, we propose a composite algorithm aimed at mitigating non-orthogonal errors by integrating the least-squares and Heydemann correction technique. Furthermore, we employ Kalman filtering for precise phase tracking. We introduce a parameter selection strategy based on the statistical distribution of instantaneous frequency to achieve the fusion estimation of phase observation values and theoretical models, which starts a new perspective for the application of multi-dimensional data fusion in FSI measurement. Through simulation and experimental validation, the efficacy of this approach is confirmed. The experimental results show promising outcomes: with an average phase error of 0.12%, a standard deviation of less than 1.7 µm in absolute distance measurement, and an average positioning accuracy error of 0.29 µm.
Laser welding by focusing multi-laser beams
Authors: Li Da , Han Zhigang , Zhao Pengfei , Dong Zhiyong , Zhao Shushen , Zhu Rihong , Li Fangxin , Yang Yingying , Lin Xuechun
Published: May 2024

This paper presents a multi-laser beam focusing on laser welding based on a reflective splitting mirror, aiming to improve the stability of the laser welding process and reduce welding defects. By validating the laser welding process on Q235 mild steel using a newly developed multi-focused laser beam, the results show that by increasing the number of laser focal points, the porosity and spattering are effectively reduced, thus achieving higher process stability. Additionally, the rotation of the laser focal point further reduces the occurrence of welding defects such as porosity and spattering.
GHz-rate 57-fs acousto-optic mode-locking fiber laser based on cascaded all-fiber pulse compression
Authors: Zhang Xintong , He Wenbin , Wang Xiaocong , Wang Benhai , Huang Qi , Zheng Yu , Yin Ruochen , Huang Zhiyuan , Xie Jin , Liu Kaihui , Jiang Xin , Xu Lixin , Leng Yuxin , Pang Meng
Published: May 2024

We demonstrate a compact ultrafast fiber laser system that can deliver 1.87 GHz pulse train at 1550 nm with a pulse energy of 52 pJ and an ultrashort pulse duration of 57 fs. While an acousto-optic mode-locking fiber laser was used as the seed light source at GHz rate, a stage of Er-doped fiber amplifier boosted the laser power to ∼320 mW, giving a pulse energy of ∼170 pJ. Then, a pulse compression setup was constructed, providing a high compression ratio of ∼10 with a total efficiency of ∼32%. In the cascaded compression configuration, multiple fiber samples with alternately normal and anomalous dispersion were fused together, providing efficient nonlinear spectral broadening while suppressing excessive pulse broadening over propagation. This GHz-rate ultrafast fiber laser, with compact configuration, broad optical spectrum, and high time-resolving ability could be used as the seed light source for constructing high-rate, high-power ultrafast laser systems and may find a few applications in optical measurements and microwave photonics.
Engineering dynamical photon blockade with Liouville exceptional points
Authors: Geng Zhuang , Chen Yongjian , Jiang Yongyuan , Xia Yan , Song Jie
Published: May 2024

We investigate the dynamical blockade in a nonlinear cavity and demonstrate the connection between the correlation function g(2)(t) and system parameters in the entire nonlinear region. Utilizing the Liouville exceptional points (LEP
s
) and quantum dynamics, a near-perfect single-photon blockade (1PB) can be achieved. By fine-tuning system parameters to approach the second-order LEP (LEP2), we improved single-photon statistics in both weak and strong nonlinearity regimes, including a significant reduction of g(2)(t) and a pronounced increase in the single-photon occupation number. In the strong nonlinearity region, the maximum photon population may correspond to stronger antibunching effect. Simultaneously, the time window and period of blockade can be controlled by selecting detuning based on the LEP2. Furthermore, the 1PB exhibits robustness against parameter fluctuations, and this feature can be generalized to systems for implementing single-photon sources with nonharmonic energy levels.
Vertical directional coupling based grating emission engineering for optical phased arrays
Authors: Duan Jiazhu , Yao Weiming , Zhao Xiangjie , Liu Cangli , Gao Wanchang , Chen YiBo , Hu Qiqi , Li Dapeng , Zhang Dayong , Xu Xiaochuan
Published: May 2024

In this Letter, a novel, to the best of our knowledge, vertical directional coupling waveguide grating (VDCWG) architecture is proposed to increase the length of waveguide grating antennas for large aperture on-chip optical phased arrays (OPAs). In this new architecture, the grating emission strength is engineered by the vertical directional coupler, which provides additional degrees of design freedom. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation show that the VDCWG can adjust the grating strength in the range of more than two orders of magnitude, corresponding to an effective grating length more than a centimeter. For proof-of-concept, a VDCWG antenna with a length of 1.5 mm is experimentally demonstrated. The grating strength is measured to be 0.17 mm−1, and the far-field divergence angle is 0.061°. A 16-channel OPA is also developed based on the proposed VDCWG, which proves the potential of the new architecture for large aperture OPAs.
Multi-wavelength second-harmonic generation in a double-clad high nonlinear fiber induced by multiple phase-matching
Authors: Chen Xiaoyu , Zhou Xue , Yan Xin , Zhang Xuenan , Suzuki Takenobu , Ohishi Yasutake , Cheng Tonglei
Published: May 2024

In this study, multi-wavelength second-harmonic generation (SHG) based on self-phase modulation (SPM) broadband supercontinuum (SC) was observed by employing a double-clad high nonlinear optical fiber (HNLF) in conjunction with a femtosecond laser. At a wavelength of 1050 nm and an average pump power of 320 mW, multiple phase-matching conditions were achieved, and SH signals of central wavelengths ∼530.7 nm, ∼525.1 nm, ∼503.5 nm, and ∼478.7 nm were observed, with SHG efficiency reaching ∼1.34 × 10−4. The SHG in this experiment can be attributed to the utilization of a doped optical fiber, where dopants create defect states, facilitating optical–chemical transformation and enhancing second-order polarization susceptibility. Additionally, theoretical simulations were conducted, aligning closely with the experimental findings. To the best of our knowledge, this work marks the first demonstration of multi-wavelength SHG in optical fibers. It offers a distinctive avenue for customizing multi-wavelength ultrafast light sources, exhibiting great application potential in the fields of medical diagnostics and optical sensing.
Improvement of optical wave propagation simulations: the scaled angular spectrum method for far-field and focal analysis
Authors: Abedi M. , Saghafifar H. , Rahimi L.
Published: May 2024

In the field of optics, accurately simulating wave propagation is essential for both theoretical insights and practical applications. This study introduces the scaled angular spectrum method (Sc-ASM) for simulating far-field and focal patterns, overcoming the limitations inherent in the standard angular spectrum method (ASM) by allowing variable sampling intervals between source and observation planes. Comparative analysis with the Rayleigh–Sommerfeld integral demonstrates Sc-ASM's superior accuracy in estimating the far-field patterns of beams with complex phase structures. Our results underscore Sc-ASM’s potential to set a new benchmark in optical simulations, significantly advancing optical system design and the study of wave propagation.
Loss of Katnal2 leads to ependymal ciliary hyperfunction and autism-related phenotypes in mice
Authors: Kang Ryeonghwa , Kim Kyungdeok , Jung Yewon , Choi Sang-Han , Lee Chanhee , Im Geun Ho , Shin Miram , Ryu Kwangmin , Choi Subin , Yang Esther , Shin Wangyong , Lee Seungjoon , Lee Suho , Papadopoulos Zachary , Ahn Ji Hoon , Koh Gou Young , Kipnis Jonathan , Kang Hyojin , Kim Hyun , Cho Won-Ki , Park Soochul , Kim Seong-Gi , Kim Eunjoon
Published: May 2024

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) frequently accompany macrocephaly, which often involves hydrocephalic enlargement of brain ventricles. Katnal2 is a microtubule-regulatory protein strongly linked to ASD, but it remains unclear whether Katnal2 knockout (KO) in mice leads to microtubule- and ASD-related molecular, synaptic, brain, and behavioral phenotypes. We found that Katnal2-KO mice display ASD-like social communication deficits and age-dependent progressive ventricular enlargements. The latter involves increased length and beating frequency of motile cilia on ependymal cells lining ventricles. Katnal2-KO hippocampal neurons surrounded by enlarged lateral ventricles show progressive synaptic deficits that correlate with ASD-like transcriptomic changes involving synaptic gene down-regulation. Importantly, early postnatal Katnal2 re-expression prevents ciliary, ventricular, and behavioral phenotypes in Katnal2-KO adults, suggesting a causal relationship and a potential treatment. Therefore, Katnal2 negatively regulates ependymal ciliary function and its deletion in mice leads to ependymal ciliary hyperfunction and hydrocephalus accompanying ASD-related behavioral, synaptic, and transcriptomic changes.
Comprehensive analysis of genomic variation, pan-genome and biosynthetic potential of Corynebacterium glutamicum strains
Authors: Rahman Md. Shahedur , Shimul Md. Ebrahim Khalil , Parvez Md. Anowar Khasru
Published: May 2024

Corynebacterium glutamicum is a non-pathogenic species of the Corynebacteriaceae family. It has been broadly used in industrial biotechnology for the production of valuable products. Though it is widely accepted at the industrial level, knowledge about the genomic diversity of the strains is limited. Here, we investigated the comparative genomic features of the strains and pan-genomic characteristics. We also observed phylogenetic relationships among the strains based on average nucleotide identity (ANI). We found diversity between strains at the genomic and pan-genomic levels. Less than one-third of the C. glutamicum pan-genome consists of core genes and soft-core genes. Whereas, a large number of strain-specific genes covered about half of the total pan-genome. Besides, C. glutamicum pan-genome is open and expanding, which indicates the possible addition of new gene families to the pan-genome. We also investigated the distribution of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) among the strains. We discovered slight variations of BGCs at the strain level. Several BGCs with the potential to express novel bioactive secondary metabolites have been identified. Therefore, by utilizing the characteristic advantages of C. glutamicum, different strains can be potential applicants for natural drug discovery.
Chromium nanoparticles improve bone turnover regulation in rats fed a high-fat, low-fibre diet
Authors: Cholewińska Ewelina , Sołek Przemysław , Juśkiewicz Jerzy , Fotschki Bartosz , Dworzański Wojciech , Ognik Katarzyna
Published: May 2024

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of returning to a balanced diet combined with chromium picolinate (CrPic) or chromium nanoparticles (CrNPs) supplementation at a pharmacologically relevant dose of 0.3 mg/kg body weight on the expression level of selected genes and bone turnover markers in the blood and bones of rats fed an obese diet. The results of the study showed that chronic intake of a high-fat obesogenic diet negatively affects bone turnover by impairing processes of both synthesis and degradation of bones. The switch to a healthy diet proved insufficient to regulate bone metabolism disorders induced by an obesogenic diet, even when it was supplemented with chromium, irrespective of its form. Supplementation with CrPic with no change in diet stimulated bone metabolism only at the molecular level, towards increased osteoclastogenesis (bone resorption). In contrast, CrNPs added to the high-fat diet effectively regulated bone turnover by increasing both osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis, with these changes directed more towards bone formation. The results of the study suggest that unfavourable changes in bone metabolism induced by chronic intake of a high-fat diet can be mitigated by supplementation with CrNPs, whereas a change in eating habits fails to achieve a similar effect.
Improving foot self-care in people with diabetes in Ghana: A development and feasibility randomised trial of a context appropriate, family-orientated diabetic footcare intervention
Authors: Suglo Joseph Ngmenesegre , Winkley Kirsty , Sturt Jackie
Published: May 2024

Objective

Africa presents a higher diabetic foot ulcer prevalence estimate of 7.2% against global figures of 6.3%. Engaging family members in self-care education interventions has been shown to be effective at preventing diabetes-related foot ulcers. This study culturally adapted and tested the feasibility and acceptability of an evidence-based footcare family intervention in Ghana.

Methods

The initial phase of the study involved stakeholder engagement, comprising Patient Public Involvement activities and interviews with key informant nurses and people with diabetes (N = 15). In the second phase, adults at risk of diabetes-related foot ulcers and nominated caregivers (N = 50 dyads) participated in an individually randomised feasibility trial of the adapted intervention (N = 25) compared to usual care (N = 25). The study aimed to assess feasibility outcomes and to identify efficacy signals on clinical outcomes at 12 weeks post randomisation. Patient reported outcomes were foot care behaviour, foot self-care efficacy, diabetes knowledge and caregiver diabetes distress.

Results

Adjustments were made to the evidence-based intervention to reflect the literacy, information needs and preferences of stakeholders and to develop a context appropriate diabetic foot self-care intervention. A feasibility trial was then conducted which met all recruitment, retention, data quality and randomisation progression criteria. At 12 weeks post randomisation, efficacy signals favoured the intervention group on improved footcare behaviour, foot self-care efficacy, diabetes knowledge and reduced diabetes distress. Future implementation issues to consider include the staff resources needed to deliver the intervention, family members availability to attend in-person sessions and consideration of remote intervention delivery.

Conclusion

A contextual family-oriented foot self-care education intervention is feasible, acceptable, and may improve knowledge and self-care with the potential to decrease diabetes-related complications. The education intervention is a strategic approach to improving diabetes care and prevention of foot disease, especially in settings with limited diabetes care resources. Future research will investigate the possibility of remote delivery to better meet patient and staff needs.

Trial registration

Pan African Clinical Trials Registry (PACTR) ‐ PACTR202201708421484: https://pactr.samrc.ac.za/TrialDisplay.aspx?TrialID=19363 or pactr.samrc.ac.za/Search.aspx.
Zmiz1 is a novel regulator of lymphatic endothelial cell gene expression and function
Authors: K. C. Rajan , Patel Nehal R. , Shenoy Anoushka , Scallan Joshua P. , Chiang Mark Y. , Galazo Maria J. , Meadows Stryder M.
Published: May 2024

Zinc Finger MIZ-Type Containing 1 (Zmiz1), also known as ZIMP10 or RAI17, is a transcription cofactor and member of the Protein Inhibitor of Activated STAT (PIAS) family of proteins. Zmiz1 is critical for a variety of biological processes including vascular development. However, its role in the lymphatic vasculature is unknown. In this study, we utilized human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells (HDLECs) and an inducible, lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC)-specific Zmiz1 knockout mouse model to investigate the role of Zmiz1 in LECs. Transcriptional profiling of ZMIZ1-deficient HDLECs revealed downregulation of genes crucial for lymphatic vessel development. Additionally, our findings demonstrated that loss of Zmiz1 results in reduced expression of proliferation and migration genes in HDLECs and reduced proliferation and migration in vitro. We also presented evidence that Zmiz1 regulates Prox1 expression in vitro and in vivo by modulating chromatin accessibility at Prox1 regulatory regions. Furthermore, we observed that loss of Zmiz1 in mesenteric lymphatic vessels significantly reduced valve density. Collectively, our results highlight a novel role of Zmiz1 in LECs and as a transcriptional regulator of Prox1, shedding light on a previously unknown regulatory factor in lymphatic vascular biology.
Platinum, shock-fractured quartz, microspherules, and meltglass widely distributed in Eastern USA at the Younger Dryas onset (12.8 ka)
Authors: Moore Christopher R. , LeCompte Malcolm A. , Kennett James P. , Brooks Mark J. , Firestone Richard B. , Ivester Andrew H. , Ferguson Terry A. , Lane Chad S. , Duernberger Kimberly A. , Feathers James K. , Mooney Charles B. , Adedeji Victor , Batchelor Dale , Salmon Michael , Langworthy Kurt A. , Razink Joshua J. , Brogden Valerie , van Devener Brian , Perez Jesus Paulo , Polson Randy , Martínez-Colón Michael , Rock Barrett N. , Young Marc D. , Kletetschka Gunther , Bunch Ted E. , West Allen
Published: May 2024

Sediment sequences spanning the 12,800-year-old lower Younger Dryas boundary (YDB) were investigated at three widely separated sites in eastern North America (Parsons Island, Maryland, a Newtonville sandpit in southern New Jersey, and Flamingo Bay, South Carolina). All sequences examined exhibit peak abundances in platinum (Pt), microspherules, and meltglass representing the YDB cosmic impact layer resulting from the airbursts/impacts of a fragmented comet ∼12,800 years ago. The evidence is consistent with the Younger Dryas impact hypothesis (YDIH) recorded at ∼50 other sites across North and South America, Europe, Asia, and the Greenland ice sheet. These sequences were also examined for shock-fractured quartz, based on a recent study suggesting that low-shock metamorphism may result from low-altitude bolide airbursts similar to that observed during near-surface atomic detonations. Now, for the first time in a suite of well-separated sites in North America, we report in the YDB the presence of quartz grains exhibiting shock fractures containing amorphous silica. We also find in the YDB high-temperature melted chromferide, zircon, quartz, titanomagnetite, ulvöspinel, magnetite, native iron, and PGEs with equilibrium melting points (∼1,250° to 3,053°C) that rule out anthropogenic origins for YDB microspherules. The collective evidence meets the criteria for classification as an “impact spherule datum.”
ANÁLISE DE CHUVAS DE VERÃO EM 2022: ESTRATÉGIA METODOLÓGICA PARA O ENSINO DA CLIMATOLOGIA NO ENSINO MÉDIO
Authors: Aires Telma Lucia Bezerra Alves , Pereira Suellen Silva , Farias André Aires de
Published: May 2024

Dificuldades são relatadas por alunos na aprendizagem dos conteúdos de Climatologia, no componente curricular Geografia, no contexto da Educação Básica, etapa do Ensino Médio. Diante disso, visando uma abordagem mais dinâmica, objetivou-se avaliar como as imagens de satélites meteorológicos e as cartas sinóticas podem ser utilizadas como materiais didáticos para identificação de fenômenos atmosféricos e oceânicos, constituindo ferramentas e técnicas de pesquisa para o ensino e aprendizagem da Climatologia. Foram definidos dois eventos chuvosos do verão brasileiro de 2022, um com destaque na mídia local e o outro com visibilidade nacional. Os eventos foram utilizados como formas de abordagem e estratégias didáticas para melhor compreensão dos aspectos climáticos e geográficos, são eles: chuvas ocorridas no Cariri paraibano em 13 de março de 2022 e as chuvas que ocorreram em Petrópolis - RJ em 15 de fevereiro de 2022. A diversidade de dados e materiais ilustrativos subsidiam estratégias metodológicas para o ensino da Climatologia, favorecendo aos discentes condições de visualização e reconhecimento de fenômenos oceânicos-atmosféricos, que influenciam na ocorrência de chuvas sazonais. O percurso metodológico proposto visou sistematizar uma sequência de etapas para a obtenção de imagens e dados climáticos para análise de eventos chuvosos, que pode ser utilizada pelo professor.
Caminos y reflexiones sobre la investigación participante en la evaluación de la sostenibilidad de los asentamientos rurales en la Amazonía Sur, Brasil
Authors: Gervazio Wagner , Bergamasco Sonia Maria Pessoa Pereira , Gallo Anderson de Souza
Published: May 2024

La sostenibilidad es un tema que se extiende a diferentes áreas del conocimiento. Medir la sostenibilidad de los asentamientos rurales desde una perspectiva participativa se convierte, al mismo tiempo, en una tarea nueva y compleja. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo presentar reflexiones sobre la investigación participativa en el proceso de evaluación de la sostenibilidad de los asentamientos rurales en el sur de la Amazonía. Para evaluar la sostenibilidad utilizamos una perspectiva metodológica multidisciplinar, que incluye la combinación de varias herramientas y procedimientos, lo que se denomina método didáctico-pedagógico “Círculo de Sostenibilidad”. Durante el desarrollo de la investigación nuestra postura fue una relación horizontal, en la cual buscamos sustituir la postura positivista por una reflexiva. Hacemos del sitio de investigación un lugar de encuentro. Valorar la sostenibilidad a través de lo colectivo y la participación contribuyó a defender la idea de que todos somos portadores de conocimiento. El método utilizado “Círculo de Sostenibilidad” resultó satisfactorio para alcanzar los objetivos perseguidos por este estudio. Nos permitió hacer una propuesta de acuerdo con la comprensión de la literatura y las narrativas y percepciones de los sujetos sobre qué es la sostenibilidad.