bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The questionnaire survey as more‐than‐human achievement
Authors: Wilkinson Carrie , Gibbs Leah , Waitt Gordon
Published: August 2019

Geography is fostering a diverse range of methodologies that engage the more‐than‐human dimensions of research. Debates surround the efficacy of both longstanding and emergent methodological approaches in grappling with how to do more‐than‐human geography. Much attention has been given to the methodological implications of theoretical debates that evoke distributed agency and calls to “enliven” research. To date, however, questionnaire surveys have not been considered as part of these deliberations. Survey response rates are normally reported as percentages, with scholarly attention focusing on how question design, financial incentives, and delivery format may influence human engagement with the questionnaire. Little attention has been paid to questionnaire survey methods in or for more‐than‐human research. Inversely, there is also little discussion of the agency of non‐human bodies, processes, and materials, and how they work for or against survey completion. This paper contributes to these deliberations by exploring more‐than‐human agency in the delivery and completion of a postal questionnaire, distributed to rural households that are self‐sufficient for water on the south coast of New South Wales, Australia. By focusing on the elements, infrastructure, and animals that work with and against survey delivery and completion, we show that questionnaire surveys are a more‐than‐human achievement. Consideration of the chewed and weathered survey, and the more‐than‐human processes that influence its delivery and completion, matters in challenging “human‐centred” notions of field research. We argue that what we know about the world through a survey is always a performative process, not only by considering how research design aligns with politics and knowledge practices, but also the more‐than‐human.
Time for tools: A review on geospatial tools and their role in co‐management
Authors: Dracott Karina , Trimble Micaela , Jollineau Marilyne
Published: August 2019

The overall goal of this study was to conduct an extensive literature review to characterize how geospatial tools are being applied in co‐management contexts globally. This was accomplished through two objectives: (i) to investigate the use and applications of geospatial tools in cases of natural resource co‐management; and (ii) to identify benefits and challenges associated with the use of these technologies. A total of 26 articles met the inclusion criteria for review; these encompassed a range of contexts, but were predominantly focused on co‐management of fisheries, protected areas, and forests. Case studies were analyzed through the lens of four tool‐based categories: participatory mapping, spatial data collection, remote sensing, and modelling. Findings suggest a wide range of applications, demonstrating the versatility of these tools including those used to measure the efficacy of co‐management. Frequently cited geospatial tool benefits included identifying space‐use patterns, determining the state of resources, capacity building, and monitoring change over time. Challenges with geospatial tools included issues of scale and generalization, data uncertainty, incomplete or poor data, and lack of trust. A primary conclusion from this study is that geospatial tools tend to be used in a participatory fashion, thereby contributing to key elements of co‐management such as trust building and knowledge co‐production.
Multimorbidity and medication complexity: New challenges in heart transplantation
Authors: Gomis‐Pastor Mar , Roig Mingell Eulalia , Mirabet Perez Sonia , Brossa Loidi Vicente , Lopez Lopez Laura , Diaz Bassons Alba , Aretio Pousa Ana , Feliu Ribera Anna , Ferrero‐Gregori Andreu , Guirado Perich Lluís , Mangues Bafalluy Mª Antonia
Published: August 2019

Introduction

Multimorbidity and therapeutic complexity are a recognized problem in the heart transplant (HTx) population. However, little is known about how best to quantify this complexity or the strategies that could reduce its burden.

Methods

This single‐center, observational study included adult heart transplant recipients (HTxR) >1.5 years from transplant. We assessed multimorbidity (>2 comorbidities) and the patient‐level Medication Regimen Complexity Index Spanish version (pMRCI‐S) score. We also analyzed the independent predictors of pMRCI‐S and the impact of the index score on specific clinical variables.

Results

We included 135 chronic‐stage HTxR. Comorbidities significantly increased after HTx (6 ± 3 vs 2 ± 2, P‐value < .001). Patients took 12 ± 3 chronic drugs/d, 58% of them to treat comorbidities. The mean total pMRCI‐S score was 42 ± 11, higher than in several other chronic diseases. The medication category drugs to treat comorbidities predicted a higher total pMRCI‐S score (OR = 3.12, 95% CI 2.8‐3.43, P‐value < .001). Therapeutic complexity after HTx had an impact on solid malignancies (OR = 1.1, 95% CI 1.02‐1.18, P‐value = .02) and renal function (OR=−0.81, 95% CI −1.21‐(−0.42), P‐value < .001).

Conclusions

The multimorbidity and pMRCI‐S scores obtained in HTx population were worrisomely high. The pMRCI score is a sensitive method that allows identification of the factors determining therapeutic complexity after HTx and selection of strategies to reduce pMRCI‐S values.
“Donorship” and strategic policy‐making: Germany’s Middle Eastern and North African aid programme since the Arab uprisings
Authors: Furness Mark
Published: August 2019

Motivation

Germany’s official aid to Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) countries has more than doubled since 2011, ostensibly to support their own responses to development and humanitarian challenges following the Arab uprisings. The dramatic increases in aid have not been accompanied by a public strategy setting out Germany’s objectives in the region, and the role of aid in conjunction with other policy tools in achieving them.

Purpose

What strategic objectives does the German government have for its MENA aid, and have these objectives changed in response to the Arab uprisings? Does the practice of Germany’s aid spending actually address development and humanitarian challenges in the MENA region, as these are defined by MENA countries themselves? In order to address these questions, this article develops key insights from the historical institutionalist and aid effectiveness literature that explain strategic policy‐making in complex decision‐making systems.

Approach and Methods

Two propositions are discussed in a structured review of the policy and practice dimensions of Germany’s MENA aid programme: first, that Germany’s aid and foreign policy system has not been able to articulate a clear strategy due to political differences and bureaucratic inertia; and second that the priorities tend to favour German and European security interests rather than the region’s own development and humanitarian priorities.

Findings

The analysis reveals that, while new priorities for development co‐operation in response to the Arab uprisings have been set, Germany’s MENA aid programme shows signs of policy incoherence and fragmentation. This is unlikely to change without a “whole‐of‐government” strategy for Germany’s MENA engagement. Furthermore, while there is little evidence of purposeful securitization of aid, short‐term stability has been privileged over support for political change.

Policy Implications

A whole‐of‐government strategy based on the Sustainable Development Goals could balance German interests with the MENA region’s development priorities, ironing out the most problematic incoherencies, and thereby increasing partner country ownership.
Reattachment of fractured teeth using a multimode adhesive: Effect of different rewetting solutions and immersion time
Authors: Brasil Maia Guilherme , Pereira Raquel Vitório , Poubel Déborah Lousan do Nascimento , Almeida Júlio César Franco , Dias Ribeiro Ana Paula , Rezende Liliana Vicente Melo de Lucas , Garcia Fernanda Cristina Pimentel
Published: August 2019

Background/Aims

Following coronal tooth fracture, keeping the fragment hydrated is of the utmost importance in the tooth fragment bonding technique. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different immersion times in different storage media on multimode adhesive bonding between reattached fragments and teeth.

Materials and Methods

A total of 195 bovine incisors were fractured and randomized into the following storage groups (n = 15): G0—control group (sound tooth); GA—saline solution: for 1 hour (A1) or 24 hours (A2); GB—artificial saliva: for 1 hour (B1) or 24 hours (B2); GC—coconut water: for 1 hour (C1) or 24 hours (C2); GD—tap water: for 1 hour (D1) or 24 hours (D2); GE—milk: for 1 hour (E1) or 24 hours (E2); GF—dry (dehydration): for 1 hour (F1) or 24 hours (F2). Tooth fragments were then reattached using a multimode adhesive in a self‐mode technique with a flowable resin composite. Fracture resistance was evaluated in a universal testing machine under a compressive load (1 mm/min). The data were submitted to two‐way analysis of variance and the post hoc Tukey test (5%).

Results

The group submitted to the dehydration factor (GF) exhibited a mean value of 599.1 ± 144.2 N, while those submitted to all hydration protocols (GA, GB, GC, GD, GE) exhibited a mean value of 751.8 ± 285.4 N. Dehydration significantly affected the fracture strength values (P = .005). No significant interaction between the rewetting solutions was observed (P > .05).

Conclusions

Hydration of the tooth fragment increased fracture resistance, regardless of the storage solution and/or immersion time.
Higher rates of disengagement among young adults attending a general adult community mental health team: Time to consider a youth‐specific service?
Authors: Roche Eric , O'Sullivan Roisin , Gunawardena Sashini , Cannon Mary , Lyne John Paul
Published: August 2019

Aim

The initial onset of mental illness occurs most frequently in adolescence or early adulthood. In order to inform the development of mental health services tailored for youth, we sought to compare the characteristics of young (18–25 years old) and older (over 25 years old) adults following referral to a general adult community mental health team.

Methods

All individuals referred to a Dublin‐based community mental health team and offered an appointment between January 1 and December 31, 2016 were included in the study. Information in relation to engagement patterns, demographic characteristics and clinical characteristics was collected.

Results

A total of 298 appointments were offered during the study period among which 94 (31.6%) were for young adults. Significant differences in demographic and clinical characteristics between the two age groups were evident. Young adults were significantly less likely to have been prescribed psychotropic medication at the point of referral (63% vs. 82% respectively, χ2 = 12.30, p < .001). Older adults were four times more likely to demonstrate a good level of early engagement in treatment than young adults (AOR 4.00, 95% CI 1.11–14.37, p = .03).

Conclusions

Young adults had distinct clinical needs and a lower level of engagement in the early stage of treatment compared with their older counterparts in this community team. Further research and stakeholder consultation is needed to more clearly identify the issues in relation to patient engagement. These insights will help to inform the development of youth‐specific community mental health services.
Curriculum development in final year dentistry to enhance competency and professionalism for contemporary general dental practice
Authors: Friedlander Lara T. , Meldrum Alison M. , Lyons Karl
Published: August 2019

Introduction

General dentistry is the most common area of practice, and new dentists must have the competency and skills to safely deliver patient care. In New Zealand (NZ), completion of a 5‐year Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) degree enables graduates to register with the Dental Council in NZ. This necessitates that the clinical component of the curriculum in final year dentistry (BDS5) transparently delivers learning opportunities and evaluates competency for independent practice. A review of the BDS5 Clinical Practice course was undertaken in 2015 and a revised curriculum introduced in 2016.

Curriculum

We present a BDS5 curriculum for a Clinical Practice course that is learner focused with emphasis on comprehensive patient‐centred care, competency and professional practice. Learning opportunities and assessment processes are described alongside teacher training. These changes have provided students scaffolding to support clinical and professional development, and accommodate different learning preferences. The outcomes align with the competency requirements of the NZ regulatory body for registration as a general dental practitioner. Since its introduction 3 years ago, ongoing feedback from students and staff has been positive and indicates the curriculum is effective in achieving its objectives.

Conclusions

This curriculum provides a firm foundation for students transitioning to independent clinical practice in the community and supports the professional development of clinical teachers. It may also be translated to other areas of health education to ensure the delivery of quality holistic patient care.
Microbial membranes related to the thermal acclimation of soil heterotrophic respiration in a temperate steppe in northern China
Authors: Shen Ruichang , Xu Ming , Chi Yonggang , Yu Shen , Wan Shiqiang , He Nianpeng
Published: August 2019

There has been an active debate among ecologists about the mechanisms of ephemeral response of soil respiration to climate change. The key questions are whether soil microbes would reduce their physiological rates (thermal acclimation) under a warmer temperature regime，and what are the mechanisms. Using a long‐term warming field experiment, we explored the thermal acclimation of soil heterotrophic respiration (Rh) in a temperate steppe ecosystem in Inner Mongolia, China. A thermal acclimation mechanism, namely change in lipid composition of soil microbes, was also tested in this study. Our results showed that 6 years of warming treatment had significantly decreased soil mass‐specific respiration (substrate Rmass), indicating soil Rhwould acclimate to long‐term warming. In addition, we found that this thermal acclimation presented type II acclimation, because experimental warming significantly decreased substrate Rmassbut not the Q10values. Furthermore, we also found that long‐term experimental warming had already increased the carbon numbers of the fatty acids in soil microbial membranes at the community level. In summary, our results indicated that soil Rhcould acclimate to global warming via modifying cell membrane constitutions and these mechanisms would play vital roles in the near future.

Highlights

Soil heterotrophic respiration (Rh) acclimated to long‐term warming in a steppe ecosystem.

Soil Rhfollowed type II acclimation as warming decreased substrate Rmassbut did not change Q10.

Experimental warming increased the carbon number of the fatty acids in soil microbial membranes.

Soil Rhcan acclimate to global warming via shifting the lipid constitute of microbial membrane.
What can a comparative genomics approach tell us about the pathogenicity of mtDNA mutations in human populations?
Authors: O'Keefe Hannah , Queen Rachel , Lord Phillip , Elson Joanna L.
Published: August 2019

Mitochondrial disorders are heterogeneous, showing variable presentation and penetrance. Over the last three decades, our ability to recognize mitochondrial patients and diagnose these mutations, linking genotype to phenotype, has greatly improved. However, it has become increasingly clear that these strides in diagnostics have not benefited all population groups. Recent studies have demonstrated that patients from genetically understudied populations, in particular those of black African heritage, are less likely to receive a diagnosis of mtDNA disease. It has been suggested that haplogroup context might influence the presentation and penetrance of mtDNA disease; thus, the spectrum of mutations that are associated with disease in different populations. However, to date there is only one well‐established example of such an effect: the increased penetrance of two Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy mutations on a haplogroup J background. This paper conducted the most extensive investigation to date into the importance of haplogroup context on the pathogenicity of mtDNA mutations. We searched for proven human point mutations across 726 multiple sequence alignments derived from 33 non‐human species absent of disease. A total of 58 pathogenic point mutations arise in the sequences of these species. We assessed the sequence context and found evidence of population variants that could modulate the phenotypic expression of these point mutations masking the pathogenic effects seen in humans. This supports the theory that sequence context is influential in the presentation of mtDNA disease and has implications for diagnostic practices. We have shown that our current understanding of the pathogenicity of mtDNA point mutations, primarily built on studies of individuals with haplogroups HVUKTJ, will not present a complete picture. This will have the effect of creating a diagnostic inequality, whereby individuals who do not belong to these lineages are less likely to receive a genetic diagnosis.
The curative effect of cannabinoid 2 receptor agonist on functional failure and disruptive inflammation caused by intestinal ischemia and reperfusion
Authors: Bayram Sait , Parlar Ali , Arslan Seyfullah Oktay
Published: August 2019

Ischemia and reperfusion of intestinal tissue (intestinal I/R) induce disruption of ileal contractility and chain responses of inflammatory. The aim of this study was to reveal whether therapeutic value of cannabinoid 2 (CB2) receptor activity in the intestinal I/R, via to the exogenous administration of CB2 agonist (AM‐1241). Intestinal I/R injury were performed through 30‐min ischemia and 150‐min reperfusion of mesenteric artery in Wistar rats. The pre‐administered doses of 0.1, 1, and 5 mg/kg of CB2 agonist were studied to inhibit inflammation of intestinal I/R injury including ileum smooth muscle contractility, polymorphonuclear cell migration, oxidant/antioxidant defense system, and provocative cytokines. Pre‐administration with CB2 receptor agonist ensured to consider improving the disrupted contractile responses in ileum smooth muscle along with decreased the formation of MDA that production of lipid peroxidation, reversed the depleted glutathione, inhibited the expression of TNF‐α and of IL‐1β in the intestinal I/R of rats. Taken together results of this research, the agonistic activity of CB2 receptor for healing of intestinal I/R injury is ensuring associated with anti‐inflammatory mechanisms such as the inhibiting of migration of inflammatory polymorphonuclear cells that origin of acute and initial responses of inflammation, the inhibiting of production of provocative and pro‐inflammatory cytokines like TNF‐α and IL‐1β, the rebalancing of oxidant/antioxidant redox system disrupted in injury of reperfusion period and the supporting of physiologic defensive systems in endothelial and inducible inflammatory cells.
Royal Geographical Society (with IBG) Medals and Awards celebration 2019
Authors:   The Rt. Hon. the Baroness Chalker of Wallasey, Barnes Trevor J. , Birkin Mark , Datta Ayona , Reynolds Dame Fiona , Thomas David S. G.
Published: August 2019

The Royal Geographical Society (with IBG) annual Medals and Awards recognise achievements in researching, communicating, and teaching a wide range of geographical knowledge. The speeches and citations are a record of the 2019 celebration, with contributions from Professor Trevor J. Barnes, Professor Mark Birkin, Dr Ayona Datta, Dame Fiona Reynolds, and Professor David S. G. Thomas. The speeches include comments on: the continued relevance and importance of geography and geographers for finding solutions in today's divided, threatened, and uncertain world; impactful and well‐motivated work; the importance of curiosity‐driven investigations; capacity building and empowerment; inspirational students and teachers; and celebrating plurality.
Online registry for nationwide database of Helicobacter pylori eradication in Korea: Correlation of antibiotic use density with eradication success
Authors: Kim Beom Jin , Yang Chang‐Hun , Song Hyun Joo , Jeon Seong Woo , Kim Gwang Ha , Kim Hyun‐Soo , Kim Tae Ho , Shim Ki‐Nam , Chung Il‐Kwun , Park Moo In , Choi Il Ju , Kim Ji Hyun , Kim Byung‐Wook , Baik Gwang Ho , Han Sok Won , Seo Hyang Eun , Jung Woon Tae , Hwan Oh Jung , Kim Sang Gyun , Lee Jun Haeng , Park Sue K. , Park Byung‐Joo , Yang Bo Ram , Lee Joongyub , Kim Jae G.
Published: August 2019

Background

The Helicobacter pylori eradication rate has decreased with increasing antibiotic resistance. We conducted a prospective, nationwide, multicenter registry study to monitor the real status of H. pylori eradication therapy and to investigate the association between eradication success and antibiotic use density in Korea.

Materials and Methods

We enrolled 9318 patients undergoing H. pylori eradication therapy from 37 hospitals through “on‐line database registry” from October 2010 to July 2015. Demographic data, detection methods, treatment indications, regimens, durations, compliance, adverse events, and eradication results were collected. The use of all commercially available eradication antibiotics was analyzed through the Korean National Health Insurance data of the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service. The defined daily dose of antibiotics was used to standardize drug use comparisons.

Results

Finally, 6738 patients were analyzed. The overall eradication rate of first‐line therapy was 71.8%. The eradication success rates were 71.7%, 86.9%, and 74.0% for standard triple therapy for 7 days, quadruple therapy, and concomitant therapy, respectively. The eradication success rate in naive patients was higher than that in those who previously underwent H. pylori eradication. Eradication success was significantly associated with younger age, female sex, and high compliance. Regional differences in eradication rates were observed. The yearly use density of clarithromycin increased statistically in seven regions across the country from 2010 to 2015. The yearly use density of amoxicillin in the Gyeongsang and Chungcheong areas was significantly increased (P < .01), whereas that of other macrolides was significantly lower in the Gyeonggi area than in other areas (P = .01). The overall use of eradication antibiotics has increased while the eradication rate steadily decreased for 5 years. However, there was no significant correlation between antibiotic use density and eradication.

Conclusion

There was no relationship between the eradication rate and antibiotic use density in Korea.
Inbreds and non‐inbreds among Russian academics: Short‐term similarity and long‐term differences in productivity
Authors: Lovakov Andrey , Yudkevich Maria , Alipova Olga
Published: August 2019

This paper studies the publication productivity of inbreds and non‐inbreds among Russian academics. Existing literature provides ambiguous results on the relationship between inbred status and productivity. This may be explained by the use of different indicators for measuring publication productivity. We use data, which include indicators of both current publication productivity (at a certain point of time) and cumulative productivity (throughout the career) to identify whether inbreds and non‐inbreds differ in their productivity. We did not find any difference in current publication productivity of inbreds and non‐inbreds. We found, however, a difference in their cumulative publication productivity: non‐inbreds are being more productive on an individual level throughout their careers. Although the conclusions are based on the Russian data, the analysis provides an explanation for existing contradictory results on the relationship between academic inbreeding and productivity in general.
Does rural and urban community pharmacy practice differ? A narrative systematic review
Authors: Howarth Helen D , Peterson Gregory M , Jackson Shane L
Published: August 2019

Objectives

Anecdotal comparisons between rural and urban community pharmacy practice have been frequently reported. Therefore, a narrative systematic review was conducted to examine the published international evidence comparing the nature of services provided from community pharmacies in both settings. A comprehensive literature search was undertaken across four databases. The key criterion for inclusion was a comparison of practice, excluding dispensing and associated counselling. Definitions of ‘rural’ were specific to the country and publication year.

Key findings

The search yielded 3830 titles, from which 17 publications met the inclusion criteria. The studies investigated current or proposed services and included the provision of pharmaceutical care, public health activities and prescribing. Rural customers were more willing to seek advice and talked longer to the pharmacist, but not always. There was limited evidence that rural pharmacists provided more professional services and they appeared to have better working relationships with prescribers. Many of the authors challenged the validity of their own results, suggesting that other confounding factors accounted for the observed differences. In general, the statistical analyses reported were basic, with multivariate analyses being uncommon. There was some evidence that rural pharmacists were seemingly more willing to take on new professional roles and deliver a higher level of service. However, this conclusion is based on a small number of studies, often with a limited number of respondents and simplistic data analyses. Further high-quality research is required to ascertain and characterise any real differences between rural and urban settings in community pharmacy practice.
Gender differences in physical activity and sedentary behaviour in adults with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Westrop Sophie C. , Melville Craig A. , Muirhead Fiona , McGarty Arlene M.
Published: August 2019

Background

Adults with intellectual disabilities are reported to be highly inactive, with research required to understand contributory factors. This systematic review aimed to investigate gender differences in physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB) in adults with intellectual disabilities.

Methods

This systematic review was reported in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Seven databases were searched up to, and including, January 2018. Screening identified papers that assessed gender‐specific PA and/or SB outcomes in adults with intellectual disabilities. Data were synthesized using a narrative synthesis and random effects model meta‐analyses.

Results

Twenty‐six papers were included; 25 measured PA, and eight assessed SB. Women with intellectual disabilities were least active with a significant overall effect of gender identified. For SB, no consistent gender differences were found.

Conclusions

Reflecting the general population, men with intellectual disabilities were most active. Intellectual disability research should consider the role of gender to inform future interventions targeting inactivity.
Tyrosine‐protein phosphatase non‐receptor type 2 inhibits alveolar bone resorption in diabetic periodontitis via dephosphorylating CSF1 receptor
Authors: Zhang Dongjiao , Jiang Yanfei , Song Dawei , Zhu Zhenkun , Zhou Cong , Dai Li , Xu Xin
Published: August 2019

Tyrosine‐protein phosphatase non‐receptor type 2 (PTPN2) is an important protection factor for diabetes and periodontitis, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. This study aimed to identify the substrate of PTPN2 in mediating beneficial effects of 25‐Hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)2D3) on diabetic periodontitis. 25(OH)2D3 photo‐affinity probe was synthesized with the minimalist linker and its efficacy to inhibit alveolar bone loss, and inflammation was evaluated in diabetic periodontitis mice. The probe was used to pull down the lysates of primary gingival fibroblasts. We identified PTPN2 as a direct target of 25(OH)2D3, which effectively inhibited inflammation and bone resorption in diabetic periodontitis mice. In addition, we found that colony‐stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) rather than JAK/STAT was the substrate of PTPN2 to regulate bone resorption. PTPN2 direct interacted with CSF1R and dephosphorylated Tyr807 residue. In conclusion, PTPN2 dephosphorylates CSF1R at Y807 site and inhibits alveolar bone resorption in diabetic periodontitis mice. PTPN2 and CSF1R are potential targets for the therapy of diabetic periodontitis or other bone loss‐related diseases.
A video‐based measure to identify autism risk in infancy
Authors: Young Gregory S. , Constantino John N. , Dvorak Simon , Belding Ashleigh , Gangi Devon , Hill Alesha , Hill Monique , Miller Meghan , Parikh Chandni , Schwichtenberg A.J. , Solis Erika , Ozonoff Sally
Published: August 2019

Background

Signs of autism are present in the first 2 years of life, but the average age of diagnosis lags far behind. Instruments that improve detection of autism risk in infancy are needed. This study developed and tested the psychometric properties of a novel video‐based approach to detecting ASD in infancy.

Methods

A prospective longitudinal study of children at elevated or lower risk for autism spectrum disorder was conducted. Participants were 76 infants with an older sibling with ASD and 37 infants with no known family history of autism. The Video‐referenced Infant Rating System for Autism (VIRSA) is a web‐based application that presents pairs of videos of parents and infants playing together and requires forced‐choice judgments of which video is most similar to the child being rated. Parents rated participants on the VIRSA at 6, 9, 12, and 18 months of age. We examined split‐half and test–retest reliability; convergent and discriminant validity; and sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predictive value for concurrent and 36‐month ASD diagnoses.

Results

The VIRSA demonstrated satisfactory reliability and convergent and discriminant validity. VIRSA ratings were significantly lower for children ultimately diagnosed with ASD than children with typical development by 12 months of age. VIRSA scores at 18 months identified all children diagnosed with ASD at that age, as well as 78% of children diagnosed at 36 months.

Conclusions

This study represents an initial step in the development of a novel video‐based approach to detection of ASD in infancy. The VIRSA's psychometric properties were promising when used by parents with an older affected child, but still must be tested in community samples with no family history of ASD. If results are replicated, then the VIRSA's low‐burden, web‐based format has the potential to reduce disparities in communities with limited access to screening.
Difficult Peripheral Venous Access in Children: An International Survey and Critical Appraisal of Assessment Tools and Escalation Pathways
Authors: Schults Jessica , Rickard Claire , Kleidon Tricia , Paterson Rebecca , Macfarlane Fiona , Ullman Amanda
Published: August 2019

Background

Peripheral venous cannulation is considered a routine procedure, yet 50% of first attempt insertions fail, necessitating repeat insertion attempts. Identification of children with difficult intravenous access (DIVA) can help promote prompt escalation to an appropriately skilled clinician.

Objective

To describe current international practice regarding the identification and management of children with DIVA, and to systematically review clinical tools and clinical pathways for children with DIVA.

Methods

A cross‐sectional, international survey; followed by a systematic review and critical appraisal of clinical pathways using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research Evaluation (AGREE) II checklist.

Results

A total of 148 clinicians from eight countries completed the survey. The majority were nurses (n = 92; 62%), practicing as vascular access specialists (n = 27; 18%). Twenty‐three respondents (16%) reported using a DIVA tool, of which the DIVA Score was most common (n = 5; 22%). Five clinical pathways were identified from the survey and review. Based on the AGREE II domains, pathways generally scored well for scope and purpose, and for clarity of presentation areas. Information on the rigor of development and editorial independence was infrequently detailed. Based on AGREE II findings, one pathway was recommended for clinical practice, and four were recommended for use with modification.

Conclusions

Resources for the identification and escalation of children with DIVA are not standardized or consistently used. Further work is needed to streamline processes for DIVA identification and escalation to the appropriate clinician, with technology‐assisted insertion capability. This will enhance patient experiences and reduce harm from multiple insertion attempts.

Clinical Relevance

Multiple failed insertion attempts come at great cost to the child, family, and healthcare service. Early identification and management of the child with DIVA can ensure prompt escalation and management, improving the patient and family experience.
Beyond property: Rural politics and land‐use change in the Colombian sugarcane landscape
Authors: Vélez‐Torres Irene , Varela Daniel , Cobo‐Medina Víctor , Hurtado Diana
Published: August 2019

Analysing the sugarcane landscape in the flat valley of the Cauca River (Colombia) reveals that agricultural industrialization in the region required the concentration ofland useby regional industrialists and the corresponding exclusion of landowners and poor peasants from territorial decision‐making processes. The analytical lens used in this article, based on the use and control over land and land‐based natural commons, allows for the characterization of three periods in a non‐linear process of articulation and dispute between poor peasant and capitalist agents in the expansion of the sugarcane monoculture during the 20th century. The different constellations of social agents, governmental nexus, and capital enclosures have enacted through mechanisms that, beyond concentrating land property, have managed to deprive rural ethnic communities from their cultural and environmental heritage, traditional economies, and possible futures.
Case of resuscitation from cardiac failure by intrauterine transfusion after single fetal death in monochorionic twin pregnancy
Authors: Iwagaki Shigenori , Takahashi Yuichiro , Chiaki Rika , Asai Kazuhiko , Matsui Masako , Katsura Daisuke
Published: August 2019

In case of a single fetal death in monochorionic twin pregnancy, the surviving fetus is thought to become hypovolemic. However, there is no report of any evidence of fetal circulatory insufficiency in such cases. We present a case of a single fetal death in a monochorionic twin pregnancy with type III selective intrauterine growth restriction that involved low fractional shortening, high myocardial performance index, elevated pulsatility index in the middle cerebral artery and fetal ascites. After immediate intrauterine transfusion, each parameter improved promptly. The surviving baby grew up without cardiac and neurological complications. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on transient circulatory insufficiency and decreased cardiac function in the surviving fetus.
Embodying “tech”: Articulatory setting, phonetic variation, and social meaning
Authors: Pratt Teresa
Published: August 2019

This article examines the co‐occurring realization of two sociophonetic variables within a style—the LOT vowel in English and word‐initial /l/—to explore the link between articulatory setting and stylistic practice. At an arts‐focused high school in the San Francisco Bay Area, the curricular and social practices of students in the technical theatre department centre around manual labour. Ethnographic analysis demonstrates that “tech” constitutes a locally enregistered persona, informed by tech students’ positioning as working‐class subjects through their bodily, sartorial, and technological practices. Tech students also produce higher and more rounded variants of LOT, and more velarized productions of /l/, than their non‐tech peers, and I suggest that articulatory setting is at play in the cohesive indexicality of these variants. I advocate for the continued exploration of co‐occurring sociolinguistic variables which treat the body as a broader stylistic context, and propose that studies of co‐occurring features focus on the ideological processes by which combinations of variables come to index thematic styles.
Effects of available lysine concentrations in 28 and 32% protein diets on growth, feed efficiency, processing yield, and fillet composition of pond‐raised channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus
Authors: Li Menghe H. , Bosworth Brian G. , Lucas Penelope M.
Published: August 2019

A study was conducted in earthen ponds to investigate the effects of available lysine (AL) concentrations in 28 and 32% protein diets on production and processing characteristics, proximate composition, and lysine concentrations in the fillet of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Diets were formulated to contain 28% protein with 1.22 and 1.43% AL, and 32% protein with 1.43 and 1.63% AL, which were equivalent to 4.37, 5.1, 4.46, and 5.1% AL of protein, respectively. Fingerlings with a mean initial weight of 32 g/fish were stocked into 20 ponds (0.04 ha) at 19,760 fish/ha. Fish were fed once daily to apparent satiation for 181 days. No significant differences were observed for total diet fed, net yield, weight gain, survival, or fillet proximate composition among dietary treatments. However, the 28% protein with low AL diet (1.22% AL of diet or 4.37% AL of protein) resulted in significantly lower carcass and fillet yield and fillet lysine level compared with fish fed the 28% protein diet with 1.43% AL (5.1% AL of protein) and 32% protein diets with 1.43 and 1.63% AL (4.47 and 5.1% AL of protein). Results suggest 1.43% AL of diet is adequate for both 28 and 32% protein diets for optimum growth, processing yield, and lysine retention in fillets for pond‐raised channel catfish.
Songbird presumed to be age‐limited learner may change repertoire size and composition throughout their life
Authors: Osiejuk T. S. , Łosak K. , Steifetten Ø. , Dale S.
Published: August 2019

Songbirds learn to sing by imitating their conspecific songs through social learning. It is commonly thought that in species with small repertoires, so‐called crystallization of the song repertoire takes place before the first breeding attempt and afterwards their repertoires remain unchanged. However, the number of studies in which individual song repertoires have been tracked longitudinally under natural conditions is still small. The ortolan bunting (Emberiza hortulana) is a small Eurasian passerine species. Studies on this species have shown that males have small song repertoires (usually 2–3), share the same final phrase within a local dialect area, and their repertoires remain unchanged during their lifetimes. We studied the whole, isolated Norwegian population of this species with 100–150 individually marked males. We compared repertoire sizes and contents using cross‐sectional and longitudinal approaches. We focused on marked males aged 2–10 years and recorded in up to five breeding seasons between 2001 and 2006. There was no local dialect because songs with different final phrases occurred both within and between males. Repertoire size varied between 1 and 24 (4.7 ± 3.4) song types per male. Longitudinal analysis showed an increase in repertoire size in 29% and a decrease in 21% of males. Males whose repertoires remained the same in size between years often substantially changed in contents. New song types appeared in almost 70% of males, and over 30% of males started singing new syllable types after the second calendar year. In almost 50% of males, new song types appeared that were built as new combinations of syllables shown in previous years. In 30% of males, the song complexity increased with age. Simultaneously, over 60% of males selectively ceased singing some song types. We suggest that these repertoire alterations are linked to the isolation and fragmentation of this population, which may affect song learning patterns through increased breeding dispersal and a strongly male‐biased sex ratio. Similar studies from abundant and continuous populations of the species are needed to test this idea.
The alpha and ßeta in phase II trials hepatocellular carcinoma ‐ A tale of more than radiological response?
Authors: Da Fonseca Leonardo G , Wörns Marcus‐A
Published: August 2019

See Article on Page 1468
Dimensions of national culture associated with different trajectories of male and female mean body mass index in countries over 25 years
Authors: Wallace Chelsea , Vandevijvere Stefanie , Lee Arier , Jaacks Lindsay M. , Schachner Michael , Swinburn Boyd
Published: August 2019

Cultural determinants of obesity prevalence have been little studied but could explain significant variations in body mass index (BMI) trajectories among countries. This ecological study quantified longitudinal associations between six dimensions of national culture and mean population BMI over 25 years. National mean male and female BMI data 1990 to 2014 provided dependent variables. National dimensions of culture (from the Hofstede database for up to 87 countries) were independent variables: Individualism, Uncertainty avoidance, Indulgence, Long‐term orientation, Power distance, and Masculinity. Analyses used mixed models for repeated measures for each dimension of national culture with male and female adult BMI trajectories, controlling for confounders. A higher mean BMI was significantly associated with higher Individualism, Uncertainty avoidance, Indulgence, and Masculine orientation and with lower Power distance (males only) and lower Long‐term orientation (males only). Overall, the national cultural dimensions explained 62.4% (males) and 53.5% (females) of the variance in mean BMI among countries. National cultural characteristics, especially Individualism and Uncertainty avoidance, are strongly related to obesity prevalence, explaining over half of the variance among countries. More research and theory development is needed to understand the pathways for these associations so that cultural contexts can be better accounted for in policies, social marketing messages, and community‐based actions for obesity prevention.
Assessing geriatric capacity building needs in public hospitals in Mexico
Authors: Squires Allison , Caceres Billy , Bub Linda , Negrete Redondo Maribel Isabel
Published: August 2019

Aims

To conduct a needs assessment of public hospitals in Mexico to determine workforce specific capacity building needs in the care of older people.

Background

The older population in Mexico is growing rapidly. The healthcare system and workforce may not be prepared to handle the needs of older people, especially those with chronic illnesses who are also disadvantaged socioeconomically. Determining workforce and system needs is important to strategically develop capacity.

Methods

A needs assessment using a pragmatic qualitative approach structured this study. Semi‐structured interviews and focus groups were conducted with healthcare professionals at five public hospitals in Mexico. Directed content analysis techniques analysed the data.

Results

Ninety‐two healthcare professionals participated in the study. Three themes emerged, including geriatric service delivery, social changes and human resources for health. Participants reported a lack of gerontology knowledge and related clinical skills deficits to provide care for hospitalised elders and expressed emotional distress related to the lack of resources in their institutions. All healthcare professionals expressed strong concern at the social toll the ageing population had on families. The support of government organisations emerged as a facilitator for adoption of geriatric care principles.

Conclusions

This qualitative study uncovered important data to inform the implementation of quality improvement and capacity building models for older people care in Mexico. There appears to be strong potential for a culturally appropriate translation of high‐income country older people care models within the Mexican healthcare context.

Implications for practice

Findings suggests there is a need to increase geriatric capacity building among helathcare professionals in Mexico. This will be an important step in improving care for hospitalised older people.
A systematic dissection of the mechanisms underlying the natural variation of silique number in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) germplasm
Authors: Li Shuyu , Zhu Yaoyao , Varshney Rajeev Kumar , Zhan Jiepeng , Zheng Xiaoxiao , Shi Jiaqin , Wang Xinfa , Liu Guihua , Wang Hanzhong
Published: August 2019

Silique number is the most important component of yield in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). To dissect the mechanism underlying the natural variation of silique number in rapeseed germplasm, a series of studies were performed. A panel of 331 core lines was employed to genome‐wide association study (GWAS), and 27 loci (including 20 novel loci) were identified. The silique number difference between the more‐ and fewer‐silique lines can be attributed to the accumulative differences in flower number and silique setting rate. Each of them accounted for 75.2% and 24.8%, respectively. The silique number was highly associated with the total photosynthesis and biomass. Microscopic analysis showed that the difference between extremely more‐ and fewer‐silique lines normally occurred at the amount of flower bud but not morphology. Transcriptome analysis of shoot apical meristem (SAM) suggested that most of enriched groups were associated with the auxin biosynthesis/metabolism, vegetative growth and nutrition/energy accumulation. By integrating GWAS and RNA‐seq results, six promising candidate genes were identified, and some of them were related to biomass accumulation. In conclusion, the natural variation of silique number is largely affected by the biomass and nutrition accumulation, which essentially reflects the positive regulatory relationship between the source and sink. Our study provides a comprehensive and systematic explanation for natural variation of silique number in rapeseed, which provides a foundation for its improvement.