bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ANALISIS YURIDIS PEMBATALAN PERDA OLEH MENTERI DALAM NEGERI
Authors: Sukma Novira Maharani
Published: March 2019

Penerapan sistem otonomi yang diamanatkan UUD NRI 1945 berimplikasi pada terbaginya kekuasaan pemerintah pusat pada pemerintah daerah. Berdasarkan hal tersebut pemerintah daerah berhak membentuk perda untuk mengatur daerahnya, disinilah muncul salah satu peran pemerintah pusat dalam melakukan pengawasan dan pembinaan terhadap pemerintah daerah dengan melakukan pengawasan terhadap perda dengan cara melakukan pengujian perda (excecutive review). Pengujian perda tersebut bermuara pada mekanisme pembatalan perda yang dianggap bertentangan dengan ketertiban umum dan hukum yang lebih tinggi. Namun disini terdapat inkonsisten yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah dalam menggunakan instrumen hukum untuk membatalkan perda. Menteri Dalam Negeri hanya berhak membatalkan Perda Provinsi dan peraturan Gubernur saja. tetapi dalam prakteknya, pembatalan perda secara keseluruhan dilakukan oleh Menteri dalam negeri dengan menggunakan Kepmendagri. Disinilah terjadi ketidakkonsistenan dari segi kewenangan dan penggunaan instrumen hukum oleh pemerintah dalam melakukan pembatalan perda.Kata Kunci: Pembatalan, Perda, Undang-Undang
SKEMA ALTERNATIF PENYALURAN KREDIT USAHA RAKYAT BAGI PELAKU UMKM DENGAN PERAN PEMERINTAH DAERAH SEBAGAI AVALIS
Authors: Wardhana Mahendra
Published: March 2019

Salah satu problema klasik bagi pelaku Usaha Mikro, Kecil dan Menengah (UMKM) dalam menjalankan usahanya adalah modal. Pembiayaan atau pemberian modal dalam bentuk kredit yang dilakukan oleh Lembaga Keuangan, dalam hal ini Bank, tentu saja dapat diberikan dengan tetap memperhatikan prinsip kehati-hatian. Bank sebagai lembaga keuangan dalam menjalankan prinsip kehati-hatian tentu saja tetap memerlukan collateral (jaminan) yang merupakan salah satu bagian dalam prinsip 5 C (five C’s Principle’s), selain character, capital, capacity, condition of economic.Bagi pelaku UMKM yang sedang merintis usahanya tentu saja persyaratan adanya jaminan untuk mendapatkan modal dirasa sangat memberatkan. Umumnya jaminan yang diminta oleh bank untuk memberikan kredit dapat berupa barang bergerak maupun tidak bergerak, namun dalam hal ini tentu saja tidak semua pelaku UMKM memiliki jaminan yang dipersyaratkan tersebut.Kesulitan persyaratan tentang jaminan bagi pelaku UMKM dalam mendapatkan modal seharusnya menjadi perhatian bagi Pemerintah Daerah khususnya Dinas Koperasi dan UMKM sebagai instansi yang menaungi dan membina pelaku dan UMKM untuk mengantisipasi kesulitan tersebut. Pemerintah Daerah dalam hal ini dapat menjadi avalis (penjamin) untuk kredit yang diajukan oleh para pelaku UMKM tersebut dengan mengadakan perjanjian kerjasama pembiayaan kredit bagi pelaku UMKM dengan bank-bank yang telah ditunjuk oleh Pemerintah Pusat untuk menyalurkan kredit Usaha Rakyat.    Kata kunci     : Modal, Avalis, Perjanjian Kredit, UMKM
UNSUR-UNSUR PENIPUAN DALAM PASAL 378 KUHP DIKAITKAN DENGAN JUAL BELI TANAH
Authors: Mulyadi Dudung
Published: March 2019

Tanah memiliki peranan penting bagi kehidupan manusia. Kebutuhan akan tanah oleh masyarakat semakin meningkat dilihat dengan adanya kemajuan ekonomi, banyak masyarakat yang tersangkut dalam kegiatan ekonomi seperti bertambah banyak jual beli, sewa-menyewa, pemberian kredit dan lain-lain. Hal tersebut membuat tanah memiliki nilai ekonomis yang tinggi. Sehingga masyarakat semaksimal mungkin untuk memiliki dan menguasai tanah untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidup dan kelangsungan hidup generasi berikutnya. Salah satu hak penguasaan atas tanah yang dapat dimiliki oleh masyarakat yaitu hak milik.Tindak pidana penipuan secara umum (bedrog) adalah tindak-tindak pidana yang di atur dalam bab XXV KUHP yang terentang antara Pasal 378-395.Bahwa unsur-unsur penipuan dalam dengan jual beli tanah terdapat dalam Pasal 378 KUHP. Bagi siapa saja yang melakukan jual beli dengan adanya tipu muslihat maka akan di kenakan pidana sesuai dengan ketentuan dalam KUHP. Tindak pidana yang diatur dalam bab XXV KUHP tersebut, mempunyai banyak sekali bentuk,  diantaranya : penipuan pokok, penipuan ringan, penipuan dalam jual beli, penipuan menyingkirkan batas halaman, dan lain-lain. Dari setiap bentuk-bentuk penipuan tersebut, mempunyai unsur-unsur yang berbeda-beda. Kata Kunci : Jual Beli; Tanah.
PEMBUKTIAN TERBALIK SEBAGAI KEBIJAKAN KRIMINAL DALAM PENANGANAN TINDAK PIDANA KORUPSI
Authors: Munawa Kunkun Abdul Syakur
Published: March 2019

Pembuktian terbalik sangat diperlukan dalam proses penanganan kasus tindak pidana korupsi dan lebih dipermudah dalam menjerat para pelaku tindak pidana korupsi sepanjang terduga atau tersangka tidak dapat membuktikan bahwa harta kekayaannya didapat dari jalan yang sah, disamping itu dengan pembuktian terbalik selain akan lebih mudah pembuktiannya juga lebih efektif daya cegahnya daripada pembuktian yang sekarang kita anut sekarang, dan kelebihan pembuktian terbalik terletak pada kemampuan terdakwa untuk membuktikan bahwa kekayaan yang dimilikinya bukan merupakan hasil dari tindak pidana korupsi. Kendala kendala dalam penerapan kebijakan pembuktian terbalik tersebut disinyalir karena terlalu banyak dipolitisir sehingga aparat yang terlibat baik itu penyidik maupun penuntut umum tidak menerapkan dakwaan sebagaimana mestinya. Sehingga, perlu diadakan perubahan terhadap Undang-undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2001 tentang Tindak Pidana Korupsi. disamping kebanyakan harta kekayaan yang dimiliki oleh pelaku tindak pidana korupsi bukan atas nama dari pelaku korupsi tersebut atau dengan kata lain para pelaku korupsi tersebut melakukan pencucian uang guna menyamarkan harta kekayaan dari hasil tindak pidana korupsi, sehingga akan sulit jika harus diadakan pembuktian terbalik. Kata Kunci : Korupsi , Pembuktian Terbalik
PENJATUHAN PIDANA UANG PENGGANTI SEBAGAI PIDANA TAMBAHAN DALAM PERKARA TINDAK PIDANA KORUPSI
Authors: Putri Nastiti Rahajeng
Published: March 2019

Korupsi telah mengakibatkan kemiskinan, sehingga pelaku korupsi harus dikenakan pidana pembayaran uang pengganti. Untuk itu tujuan adanya pidana uang pengganti adalah untuk memidana seberat mungkin para koruptor agar mereka jera dan untuk menakuti orang lain agar tidak melakukan korupsi. Tujuan lainnya adalah untuk mengembalikan uang negara yang hilang akibat korupsi. Pemikiran ini sejalan dengan definisi tindak pidana korupsi. Menurut undang-undang, salah satu unsur tindak pidana korupsi (tipikor) adalah adanya tindakan yang “merugikan negara”. Dengan adanya unsur ini, maka setiap terjadi suatu korupsi pasti timbul kerugian pada keuangan negara.Rumusan Permasalahan sekaligus menjadi batasan masalah penulisan ini ialah bagaimana dasar pertimbangan hakim dalam menjatuhkan pidana uang pengganti.Penulisan hukum ini didasarkan pada metode yuridis normatif, suatu cara/prosedur yang digunakan untuk memecahkan masalah dengan penelitian terhadap data sekunder, yang fokus perhatiannya menekankan pada hukum positif. Adapun tujuan yang hendak dicapai ialah menjawab rumusan masalah penulisan.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa Hakim harus memiliki pertimbangan-pertimbangan sebelum menjatuhkan putusan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian maka penulis dapat menyimpulkan bahwa dasar pertimbangan hakim menjatuhkan pidana uang pengganti dalam perkara tindak pidana korupsi lebih cenderung pada alasan yuridis sebab hakim dapat menjatuhkan pidana uang pengganti apabila terdakwa telah terbukti secara sah dan bersalah melakukan tindak pidana korupsi yang merugikan keuangan negara sehingga tujuan pokok penjatuhan pidana tersebut dimaksudkan agar dapat memulihkan keuangan negara. Sedangkan alasan sosiologis hanya berpengaruh terhadap penjatuhan pidana subsider dari Pembayaran Uang Pengganti karena terkait untuk memadukan penegakkan hukum tertulis dengan menggali nilai keadilan masyarakat.Kata kunci : Pidana Uang Pengganti, Dasar Penjatuhan Putusan.
REKONSTRUKSI JABATAN WAKIL PRESIDEN DALAM KETATANEGARAAN DI INDONESIA (TINJAUAN PERBANDINGAN HUKUM NEGARA AMERIKA SERIKAT, CINA DAN FILIPINA)
Authors: Mulyanti Dewi
Published: March 2019

UUD 1945 sebagai konstitusi dalam perkembangannya telah mengalami berbagai corak dan permasalahan yang berdampak pada sistem ketatanegaraan Indonesia. Sistem ketatanegaraan Republik Indonesia telah mengalami rekonstruksi yang mengakibatkan perubahan fundamental terhadap stuktur dan kewenangan lembaga negara. Beberapa sistem ketatanegaraan yang pernah berlaku di Indonesia yaitu Sistem ketatanegaraan Indonesia berdasarkan UUD 1945 pra-amandemen, Sistem ketatanegaraan Indonesia berdasarkan konstitusi RIS, Sistem ketatanegaraan Indonesia berdasarkan UUDS 1950 dan Sistem ketatanegaraan Indonesia berdasarkan UUD 1945 pasca amandemen.Salah satu tujuan amandemen UUD 1945 adalah menata keseimbangan (check and balances) antar lembaga negara. Hubungan tersebut ditata sedemikian rupa agar tidak terjadi pemusatan kekuasaan pada salah satu institusi negara. Bentuk nyata dari amandemen UUD 1945 adalah perbedaan yang subtansial tentang kelembagaan negara, terutama dalam hal kedudukan, tugas, wewenang, hubungan kerja, dan cara kerja lembaga-lembaga yang bersangkutan termasuk di dalamnya tugas dan kewenangan wakil presiden.Tugas dan kewenangan Wakil Presiden Republik Indonesia tidak diatur secara tegas dalam konstitusi walaupun sampai saat ini telah dilakukan perubahan Keempat terhadap UUD 1945, hanya diatur dalam satu pasal saja yakni Pasal 4 ayat (2) UUD 1945 bahwa “Dalam melakukan kewajibannya Presiden dibantu oleh satu orang Wakil Presiden. Pengaturan tugas dan wewenang antara Presiden dan Wakil Presiden Republik Indonesia seharusnya diatur dalam konstitusi.Pada negara – negara yang menganut sistem pemerintahan presidensial, Wakil Presiden memiliki tugas dan kewenangan sebagai Wakil Kepala Pemerintahan dan Wakil Kepala Negara. Menjabat sebagai anggota salah satu dewan dalam parlemen bagi negara yang menganut sistem dua kamar ataupun sebagai anggota kabinet pemerintahan di bawah Presiden.Tugas Wakil Presiden yang diatur dalam masing – masing konstitusi negara tersebut didasarkan pada sistem pemerintahan yang dianut oleh masing- masing negara seperti sistem pemerintahan presidensial yang dianut oleh Amerika Serikat dan Filipina atau sistem pemerintahan parlementer yang dianut oleh Cina maupun sistem pemerintahan gabungan seperti dianut oleh Irak dan Uganda. Dipengaruhi pula oleh bentuk negara yang dianut oleh masing – masing negara tersebut, baik negara serikat seperti Amerika Serikat dan India maupun negara kesatuan seperti Filipina, Siprus, Cina, Afrika Selatan, Bulgaria, Irak serta Uganda.Mengenai kewenangan yang dimiliki semua Wakil Presiden pada masing – masing negara, yakni sebagai pengganti presiden dengan kondisi tertentu sebagaimana diatur pada konstitusi masing- masing negara.Kata Kunci: Jabatan Wakil Presiden, Ketatanegaraan Di Indonesia
ASPEK HUKUM DALAM PENYELENGGARAAN PRAKTIK KEDOKTERAN DIHUBUNGKAN DENGAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 29 TAHUN 2004 TENTANG PRAKTIK KEDOKTERAN
Authors: Supriyatin Ukilah
Published: March 2019

Masyarakat bukan hanya menjadi objek melainkan juga subjek penyelenggaraan kesehatan, karena itu penyelenggaraan pelayanan kesehatan masyarakat merupakan tanggung jawab bersama antara pemerintah dan masyarakat. kebijakan publik dengan Undang-undang Nomor 29 Tahun 2004 tentang Praktik Kedokteran, diharapkan dapat mengatasi permasalahan yang berhubungan dengan penyelenggaraan penyusunan undang-undang tersebut. Permasalahan yang mendasari penyusunan undang-undang tersebut, pertama adalah memberikan perlindungan bagi masyarakat terhadap praktik kedokteran dan tidak sesuai dengan etika kedokteran sehingga mengakibatkan penurunan kepercayaan masyarakat terhadap profesi medik. Kedua, memberikan kepastian hukum dan perlindungan hukum bagi profesi dokter dari gugatan masyarakat.Kata Kunci: Undang-undang Praktik Kedokteran, Aspek hukumnya
PELIBATAN ANAK DI DALAM KAMPANYE POLITIK PADA PEMILIHAN BUPATI DAN WAKIL BUPATI PERIODE 2019-2024 DI KABUPATEN CIAMIS
Authors: Farida Ida , Dewi Vera Fillinda Agustiana
Published: March 2019

ABSTRAKMasa kampanye Pilkada serentak tahun 2018 yang dilaksanakan di 171 daerah di Indonesia sudah  dilaksanakan. Pesta demokrasi lima tahunan ini sudah pasti melibatkan partisipasi publik, tak terkecuali pihak yang rentan disalahgunakan untuk kegiatan politik yakni anak-anak. Walaupun  Pasal 15  butir (a) Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 35 Tahun 2014 Tentang Perubahan Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 23 Tahun 2002 Tentang Perlindungan Anak menegaskan larangan mengenai penyalahgunaan anak untuk aktivitas politik, namun dalam pelaksanaannya masih saja tetap ada pelibatan anak dalam kegiatan kampanye tersebut.Sebagai sarana pelaksanaan kedaulatan rakyat, pemilihan umum pasca perubahan Undang-Undang Dasar Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 mengalami perkembangan yang amat pesat. Hal itu ditandai dengan tingginya tingkat kebutuhan akan aturan pemilu dan banyaknya jenis pemilu yang mesti dilaksanakan dalam satu periode pemerintahan. Hanya saja, perkembangan tersebut juga membawa dampak terhadap munculnya kompleksitas. Setidaknya, perkembangan dunia pemilu Indonesia diwarnai dengan kerawanan disharmoni dan ketidakpastian aturan, ketegangan antar institusi yang terlibat dalam penyelenggaraan, dan ketidakpastian proses penegakan hukum dan penyelesaian sengketa pemilu.Pelibatan anak di dalam kampanye politik merupakan pelanggaran terhadap hak-hak anak sesuai dengan Pasal 15 butir (a) Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 23 Tahun 2002 Tentang  Perlindungan Anak yang meyatakan  bahwa setiap anak berhak memperoleh perlindungan dari penyalahgunaan dalam kegiatan politik. Ini artinya undang-undang sudah sekaligus mengatur larangan pelibatan anak dalam kampanye politik apapun bentuknya. Untuk menghindari pelibatan anak dalam kampanye dan politik praktis, sudah seharusnya dilakukan suatu kampanye jauh-jauh harus sebelum waktu kampanye tiba, dengan target dan sasaran keluarga untuk tidak mengijinkan atau mengajak anak-anak dalam kampanye pemilu. Diharapkan proses demokrasi ini bisa memberikan contoh-contoh baik berdemokrasi termasuk dalam kampanye yang ramah bagi anak, sehingga anak bisa terjaga tumbuh dan kembangnya dengan baik. Kata kunci : Pelibatan, Anak, Kampanye.
PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM BAGI ANAK KORBAN PERKOSAAN DALAM PERADILAN ANAK
Authors: Mulyadi Dudung
Published: March 2019

ABSTRAKPenelitian menunjukkan bahwa anak dibawah umur yang termasuk golongan lemah fisik, mental, dan sosial sangat rentan untuk menjadi korban kejahatan perkosaan. Pasal 287 KUHP belum sepenuhnya  melindungi hak-hak  anak  yang  menjadi  korban  perkosaan,  dikarenakan  ancaman sanksi pidana pada pasal ini masih sangat ringan sehingga menyebabkan pelaku perkosaan hanya dihukum ringan bahkan bebas dari hukuman. Lahirnya pasal 81 (2) Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 35 Tahun 2014 Tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2002 Tentang Perlindungan Anak memberikan harapan yang lebih menjanjikan bagi anak yang menjadi korban  perkosaan  untuk  mendapatkan  perlindungan.  Pasal  ini telah memiliki ancaman sanksi pidana yang cukup berat dan menggunakan batas minimal sehingga pelaku tidak dapat bebas dari tuntutan. Hanya saja dalam Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 35 Tahun 2014 Tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2002 Tentang Perlindungan Anak, belum terdapat hukuman secara kumulatif bilamana pelaku perkosaan telah melakukan beberapa kali perkosaan terhadap anak-anak. Perlindungan  anak  yang  menjadi korban  perkosaan  adalah  tanggung  jawab  bersama antara keluarga, masyarakat  dan pemerintah.  Anak menjadi korban perkosaan perlu mendapatkan perlindungan hukum dalam rangka mengembangkan kebenaran, keadilan dan kesejahteraan.Kata Kunci : Perlindungan Hukum, Anak Korban Perkosaan.
TINDAK PIDANA PERKOSAAN DALAM TINJAUAN HUKUM PIDANA INDONESIA
Authors: Setiawan Iwan
Published: March 2019

Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis secara mendalam tentang tindak pidana perkosaan dalam tinjauan hukum pidana Indonesia. Pengaturan tentang tindak Pidana Perkosaan terdapat dalam Pasal 285 KUHP yang memiliki unsur-unsur yang harus dipenuhi, salah satunya adalah tidak adanya kekerasan. Setiap unsur kekerasan adalah elemen yang membedakan kejahatan perkosaan dengan moralitas lain yang ditetapkan dalam KUHP. Kata Kunci: Tindak Pidana Perkosaan, Hukum Pidana Indonesia
The Comparative Effects of Upper Thoracic Spine Thrust Manipulation Techniques in Individuals With Subacromial Pain Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Grimes Jason K. , Puentedura Emilio J. , Cheng M. Samuel , Seitz Amee L.
Published: March 2019

Background

Subacromial pain syndrome (SPS) accounts for as much as 44% of shoulder pain encountered by physical therapists. Thoracic spine thrust manipulation (TSTM) is effective in the short term for improving pain and function in individuals with SPS, but its mechanisms remain elusive. Furthermore, it is unknown whether individuals with SPS respond differently based on the TSTM technique received.

Objectives

To compare the immediate effects of a supine TSTM, seated TSTM, and sham manipulation on the primary outcomes of self-reported pain, function, and satisfaction and secondary biomechanical impairments examined in individuals with SPS.

Methods

Participants in this randomized clinical trial were randomized to receive a seated TSTM (n = 20), supine TSTM (n = 20), or sham manipulation (n = 20). The primary outcomes of self-reported pain, function, and satisfaction were measured via the Penn Shoulder Score. Secondary outcomes were changes in scapular upward rotation and posterior tilt; peak force generated in tests for the middle trapezius, lower trapezius, and serratus anterior; and pectoralis minor muscle length. Impairment measures were immediately reassessed, and the Penn Shoulder Score was reassessed after 48 hours.

Results

There were no significant between-group differences in immediate or short-term follow-up outcomes.

Conclusion

Two TSTM techniques resulted in no differences in pain, satisfaction, and function when compared to a sham manipulation. Thoracic spine thrust manipulation did not have an immediate effect on the scapular impairments examined.

Level of Evidence

Therapy, level 1. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2019;49(10):716–724. Epub 12 Mar 2019. doi:10.2519/jospt.2019.8484
CAREER MANAGEMENT IN MEDICAL ORGANIZATIONS
Authors: Reshetnikov Vladimir A. , Korshever Natan G. , Dorovskaya Anastasiya I. , Yakushina Irina I.
Published: March 2019

The aimof this work was to determine the specific characteristics of the career of a physician in medical organizations, as well as to develop organizational and methodological tools for monitoring its success and improving its management.

Materials and methods.A retrospective anonymous survey and expert interviews were carried out among administrative medical staff. The state of career management in the field was analyzed, along with the availability of relevant documents in medical organizations.

Results.The distinctive characteristics of the career of a physician (goals, principles, predictors of career advancement, types, basic models) have been established. The effectiveness of professional training, differentiated by functions, for managers in medical organizations has been shown. The possibility of changing the duration of modules included into the curriculum of study is substantiated. Evaluation tools have been developed to monitor and facilitate the carrer management of physicians.

Conclusions.The results of this study enhance the current understanding of the career of a physician in medical organizations and its management. In addition, a number of applied issues accociated with career management improvement in medical organization can be solved.

Conflict of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest.
EFFECT OF THE FUNCTIONAL CONDITION ON THE FREQUENCY OF INTRAOPERATIVE CRITICAL INCIDENTS IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE COLONIC OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Stakanov Andrei V. , Musaeva Tat’yana S. , Golubtsov Vladislav V. , Muronov Aleksei E.
Published: March 2019

The aimof this study was to identify the distinctive features of the course of anesthesia and the structure of critical incidents (CI) in patients with various functional states (FS) during surgical interventions aimed at eliminating acute colonic obstruction.

Materials and methods. 146 patients having undergone emergency surgical interventions aimed at eliminating acute colonic obstruction were examined. On the basis of the constant potential (CP) value, 3 groups were identified. Group 1 (n=66) was characterized by the CP value of -30 mV and below (FS subcompensation). Group 2 (n=44) included patients with the average negative CP values from -15 to -29.9 mV (FS compensation). Group 3 (n=36) comprised patients with the low negative and positive CP values of -14.9 mV and above (FS decompensation). The connection of FS with the frequency of the CI development was studied. The recorded CI included hemodynamic: hypotension — hypertension — bradycardia — arrhythmia — tachycardia; respiratory: hypoxemia — hypercapnia — the need for a prolonged mechanical ventilation of lungs in the postoperative period; metabolic: hypothermia — retarded recovery of the neuromuscular conductivity — delayed postoperative awakening.

Results. CI occurrence is found to be different in patients with different FS. Hemodynamic CIs were noted in all the studied groups; however, their proportion in patients with high and low negative and positive CP values was significantly higher. Their formation was accompanied by violations of the adequate course of anesthesia, namely, the hypokinetic state of the blood circulation and aerobic metabolism. In addition, this group showed an increase in the frequency of a slow recovery of the neuromuscular conduction and delayed postoperative awakening.

Conclusion.The most adequate course of anesthesia has been observed in patients with moderate negative CP values.

Conflict of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest
FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA: DIAGNOSTIC ISSUES AND THERAPEUTIC POSSIBILITIES
Authors: Zafiraki Vitalii K. , Namitokov Alim M. , Kosmacheva Elena D.
Published: March 2019

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FHC) is a common monogenic disease that occurs with a frequency of ~1:250 and is characterised by a high content of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the blood. This disease leads to the early development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ACVD). Although the screening and diagnostics issues concerned with FHC are well developed and the modern lipid-lowering therapy can significantly improve the prognosis, the detectability of this disease remains extremely low. In recent years, the concept of FHC has undergone significant changes under the influence of large epidemiological studies, including verification of the FHC diagnosis using genetic tests. The article is aimed at discussing the clinical manifestations of FHC, as well as modern medical and extracorporal approaches to its treatment.

Conclusion.Until the advent of modern lipid-lowering drugs, FHC had remained to be a disease with a poor prognosis due to early ACVD and the associated premature death. Today, the diseases is amenable to successful treatment, which, though not eliminating the genetic defect, allows almost the same life duration as in the general population to be achieved. However, all the possibilities of modern approaches to the treatment of this serious disease can be realized provided that a state-level screening program for such patients has been implemented.

Conflict of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest.
CONTEMPORARY VIEW OF RETINAL VEIN THROMBOSES
Authors: Kabardina Ekaterina V. , Shurygina Irina P.
Published: March 2019

The aimof this work was to elucidate the modern concept of retinal vein thrombosis.

In the literature review, the retinal vein thrombosis is considered as a disease with a variety of clinical forms, course types, complications and frequently an unfavourable prognosis in terms of the preservation of visual functions. There is a clear connection between eye vascular pathologies, somatic diseases and cerebrovascular pathologies.

Conclusion.The analysis of scientific sources has shown that many aspects of retinal ischemia are yet to be understood. Of particular importance is the development of effective treatment and rehabilitation schemes, including drugs for intravitreal use.

Conflict of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest.
PREVALENCE OF EARLY CERVICAL OSTEOCHONDROSIS IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS AND ITS EFFECT ON THE ADAPTIVE CAPABILITIES OF THE ORGANISM
Authors: Alekseenko Sergei N. , Kostylev Aleksandr N. , Bondina Viktoriya M. , Pil’shchikova Valentina V. , Gubareva Diana A. , Kostyleva Sofiya A.
Published: March 2019

The aim is to investigate the adaptive capabilities of the organism during university study on the basis of the analysis of functional changes in central hemodynamics in university students suffering from early cervical osteochondrosis,

Materials and methods. The students selected for the research were divided into groups depending on the severity of radiographic changes in the cervical spine. Group I (n=28) included students with a distortion of spinal statics. The second group (n=36) was represented by students with degenerative-dystrophic processes. Group III (n=17) combined students with radiologically significant changes. For research purposes, a comparison group of practically healthy students was recruited (group IV, n=30). The adaptive potential (AP) was calculated using the R.M. Baevsky method in scores: less than 2.1 — satisfactory adaptation; 2.11–3.2 — stressed adaptation mechanisms.

Results. Male students in the first group are found to manifest mild clinical symptoms of cervical osteochondrosis (ceased within a short period of time), compared to female respondents, who in 23.5% of the cases reported moderately expressed complaints for a prolonged period time. Female students in the groups II and III, manifested the clinico-neurological symptoms of cervical osteochondrosis in 60.9% and 100%, respectively. In the group III students, radiologically significant changes in the cervical spine were accompanied by moderately severe complaints in 75% of cases, with 25% of the students reporting minor complaints. Thus, the differences in cardiohemodynamics are found to correspond to the obtained data on AP, where the greatest stress of adaptation mechanisms was found in students comprising groups I and II.

Conclusion. The present study has allowed us to identify one of the reasons affecting the adaptive capabilities of the organism and, as a result, successful learning and the quality of life of young students. For the prevention of psychosomatic disorders (against the background of circulatory disorders in the vertebrobasilar basin) in the presence of early cervical osteochondrosis, Х-ray examination should be performed.

Conflict of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest.
PREVALENCE OF EARLY CERVICAL OSTEOCHONDROSIS RISK ASSESSMENT SCALE OF THE NEUROLOGICAL COMPLICATIONS OF SURGICAL TREATMENT IN PATIENTS WITH THE POST-TRAUMATIC DEFORMATIONS OF THE THORACIC AND LUMBAR SPINE
Authors: Afaunov Asker A. , Kuz’menko Aleksandr V. , Basankin Igor’ V. , Ageev Mikhail Yu.
Published: March 2019

The aimis to develop and propose a scale for assessing the risk of neurological complications as a result of surgical treatment in patients with the post-traumatic deformations of the thoracic and lumbar spine.

Materials and methods.An analysis of the treatment of 124 patients (70 men and 54 women) aged 18–54 with post-traumatic deformations of the thoracic and lumbar spine was carried out. The patients were operated during the 2003–2017 period. Repeated surgeries were performed after the period from 6 months to 14 years after injury. In 63 cases, spinal deformation was the result of unsuccessful surgical treatment, while 61 cases were due to diagnostic errors and/or inadequate conservative treatment.

Results.The analysis of the clinical data identified factors affecting the manifestation of neurological complications, as well as 46 assessment options for risk gradation.

Conclusion.The proposed scale can be used for a rapid assessment of the risk of neurological complications of surgical treatment of patients with the post-traumatic deformations of the thoracic and lumbar spine.'

Conflict of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest.
EFFECT OF TRAHEOSTOMY ON THE INPATIENT TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH CONTACT MEDIASTINITES
Authors: Gromov Alexander L. , Gubin Mikhail A. , Ivanov Sergei V. , Tishkov Denis S.
Published: March 2019

The aimwas to assess the impact of emergency and planned tracheostomy on the main indicators of inpatient treatment in patients with contact mediastinitis.

Materials and methods.This work was performed on the basis of the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery of the Kursk Regional Clinical Hospital. In order to conduct a comparative assessment of the treatment results, the patients with contact mediastinitis (46 people, surveyed period 2008–2017) were divided into 2 subgroups: control (25 people, 7 women, 18 men), who were treated without a tracheostomy; and the main group (21 people: 9 women, 12 men), with tracheostomy performed. The etiological and microbiological characteristics of the disease, the total duration of inpatient treatment, the length of stay in the resuscitation and intensive care units (bed-days), the dependence of the disease outcome (death, recovery) on the form of surgical intervention (tracheostomy) were evaluated.

Results.A statistically significant effect of tracheostomy on the total duration of hospitalization and mortality rate was established (p0.05). Consequently, at present this issue cannot be resolved unambiguously and requires further research and mathematical analysis.

Conclusion.The implementation of tracheostomy significantly increases the duration of inpatient treatment of patients with contact odontogenic mediastinites (p0.05).

Conflict of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest.
Symbolic Interaction of The Deaf Students in Public School
Authors: Pranata Eka Wijaya , Latif Mochamad Chaerul , Fanani Fajriannoor
Published: March 2019

This study aims to know how symbolic interaction process happens to the deaf students who study in SD Maranatha 01 public school. Communication built by the deaf students to the teachers and other students who have good hearing will influence the changing of meaning and behavior. That's why the author is interested to analyze the symbolic interaction of the deaf students in public school, how the role of the teachers and other students in dealing with the deaf students to take their action and to adapt themselves in public school. The research method used in this study is descriptive qualitative conducted using observation, and interview techniques. The foundation used in this study is the theory of Symbolic Interactionism of George Herbert Mead. The conclusion of this research is; the behavior and symbolic formation happening to the deaf students of SD Maranatha 01 are influenced by the social process.
The Industry and Public Finance of the USA and Europe in the XXI Century — the Decline Anatomy
Authors: Chernov A. Yu.
Published: March 2019

The subject of the researchis the dynamics of industrial development in the USA and Europe over the past 15 years.The purpose of the paperwas critical examination of the widely accepted practice of studying the economy in terms of cost indicators. The paper analyzes primarily natural indicators that point to a deep industrial crisis in the United States and European countries who are losing their leadership in such innovative areas as electronics, semiconductor devices, robotics, renewable energy for reasons of a long-term gap in innovation and the chosen economic model. Until the beginning of the XX century, the USA and Europe developed on the principles of a free market economy formulated by Adam Smith that led to the industrial revolution in England while the USA went a century-long way to turn from an agrarian country into an industrial world leader. Other countries followed suit with varying degrees of success. After the global crisis of 1929 and the expansion of state participation in the economy, Marx–Keynes’s model, replaced Adam Smith’s market model. But since the 1970s, growth rates have declined sharply provoking deindustrialization; production facilities have been moving to third world countries; budget deficits and public debt have been increasing along with the accelerating unemployment, inﬂation and the inﬂux of migrants. Any attempts to reduce social expenditures trigger powerful protests of the population and the loss of votes. The United States and Europe have fallen into a social trap from which so far no one sees a way out. As a result,it is concludedthat in 15 years, assuming the current trends continue, the United States and Europe will turn into ordinary regions of the global economy.The relevance of this study, compared with other publications on this subject, stems from the fact that the true situation in the country’s economy is determined according to the valuation of the country’s industrial output rather than based on the analysis of the GDP per capita.
The Relevance of Improving the Legal Framework for Penal Sanctions and Their Accounting
Authors: Getman V. G.
Published: March 2019

The subject of the researchis the procedure for imposing penalties on business entities.The relevanceof the paper lies in the fact that nowadays there is an urgent need to streamline the current legislation in the part of establishing the responsibility of organizations for breach of tax legislation, especially for lesser breaches punishable by minor fines usually appealed against by organizations involved thereby overloading the work of courts.The purpose of the researchwas critical assessment of individual legislative provisions relating to the imposition of minor fines on legal entities doing business in disputable situations, cases of which are often brought on to courts on the initiative of the heads of organizations. Judicial practice on them is not uniform. Regarding identical cases, some district arbitration courts decide in favor of business entities, while others support claims of tax authorities. Nor is the Russian Ministry of Finance always consistent in explanations on these issues in its official letters. In a number of cases, they happened to change their point of view regarding the fine imposing procedure for a quite opposed position. Therefore, there is a need to clarify certain rules of imposing fines on legal entities following the results of a field tax audit as well as for breach of contractual obligations.It is concludedthat the current tax legislation is imperfect in the part of imposition of penal sanctions. It is proposed to introduce a special provision about the penalty charged on the management of legal entities who loose disputable law breach cases in court followed by imposition of a minor fine. The procedure for accounting fines, penalties for breach of contractual obligations in corporate tax calculations is considered and its shortcomings are revealed. A new procedure for the accounting of penalties is proposed.
Improving the Property Taxation in the Russian Federation
Authors: Vylkova E. S.
Published: March 2019

In their search for new ways of recharging budget revenues, foreign countries repeatedly implement tax reforms including the area of property taxation.The subject of the researchis the state of property taxation in the Russian Federation and abroad.The purposes of the researchwere to study the trends in property tax reforms in the world and the Russian Federation; systematize the OECD experience in reforming property taxation; compare the Russian innovations in the field of corporate property taxation with the trends existing in OECD countries; assess of the adequacy of corporate property tax reforms carried out in Russia in recent years, and propose property tax innovations with account for advanced foreign experience based on OECD data, foreign and domestic publications. The share of property taxes in the Russian GDP is lower compared to the OECD average although it is higher than in the countries with the lowest value of this indicator, which means that the above shares can be increased as shown by a comprehensive analysis of both taxation practices in foreign countries and the socio-economic situation in Russia.It is concludedthat Russian innovations in the field of property taxation generally conform to the world trends both in terms of tax rates and the tax base formation procedure. The paper outlines the most significant areas of the property tax reform comprising a clear legislative distinction between movable and immovable property, reasoned definition of the real estate cadastral value taking into account the developments in the foreign and domestic economic literature on this issue.
National Digital Currency as a Factor of the Russia’s Economic Revival
Authors: Grigoriev V. V.
Published: March 2019

The past decade has highlighted the increasing role of virtual electronic digital currency in the financial sphere. This currency is now performing the functions of investment, storage and accumulation rather than solely the function of measuring the value of goods and services. Thus, the virtual digital currency has come to implement all basic functions of paper money.The purpose of the paperwas to put forward the thesis of the feasibility of introduction in Russia of a new virtual national digital currency operating on the basis of the blockchain technology, which will significantly revitalize the domestic economy. The paper provides the definition of the virtual digital currency and its types, discusses its advantages and disadvantages, gives a brief overview of the experience of using this currency in Russia and abroad, shows the current state of cost capitalization of the virtual digital currency and describes the legal framework for the virtual digital currency application. The paperconcludesthat rather than forbidding the crypto currency, there are all the reasons to arrange the issue and circulation of an officially accepted type of a virtual national digital currency that would give a powerful impetus to the development of all spheres of the country’s economy. Special attention is paid to the mechanism of the national digital currency operation with the government participation. Every citizen will be able to get a salary in a few seconds, buy everything he wants, invest in any project. Records of transactions in the user’s personal digital electronic purse will completely relieve him of paperwork. It is important to note that blockchain protocols do not allow transaction canceling or compulsory change of ledger entries. This means that all transactions will become safe and anonymous, and anonymity cannot be violated if only by illegal operations. This will suit all law-abiding citizens of the country. The advantages of the national digital currency will ensure its wide circulation in the country and lead to significant shrinking of the “gray” and “dark” cryptocurrency markets and revival of the domestic economy.
Improving the Efficiency of the Russian Budgetary Policy in the Context of Economic Growth Fueling
Authors: Semenova N. N. , Eremina O. I. , Morozova G. V. , Filichkina Yu. Yu.
Published: March 2019

In modern life, the budgetary policy is a crucial tool for financial regulation of the Russian economic development from the standpoint of ensuring stable growth rates. The importance of the budgetary policy for the sustainable economic development is determined by the following factors: first, at the macroeconomic level it helps to achieve macroeconomic stability (a necessary condition for economic growth); second, at the microlevel it stimulates investment, accumulation of human capital and the increase in factor productivity. The state inﬂuences the economic growth rates and quality through productive expenditures as one of the most important components of aggregate demand.

The subject of the researchis the impact of productive government expenditures on the economic growth rates in the Russian Federation at the stages of crisis and post-crisis development of the national economy (2008–2016).The purpose of the researchwas to assess the budgetary policy of the Russian Federation in the context of boosting the economic growth and to develop proposals to increase its efficiency. The paper examines the existing theoretical approaches to assessment of the impact of government expenditures on the economic development. The authors also used statistical data to measure the interrelationship between budgetary investments in science, basic and human capital and the GDP volumes. The authors formulated recommendations on improving the efficiency of the Russian budgetary policy, in particular: identifying priorities for budget fund expenditures; changing the existing structure of government spending; expanding the scope of the public-private partnership to promote investment and innovation activities. The paperconcludesthat the lack of medium- and long-term reserves for increasing government expenditures necessitates the change in the structure of government spending through reducing overheads and increasing production costs with the purpose of ensuring sustainable economic growth.
Trends in the Development of Sovereign Funds as a Tool of Budgetary Policy
Authors: Solyannikova S. P. , Bondarenko N. O.
Published: March 2019

The subject of the researchis the activity of sovereign funds as a tool of the budgetary policy ensuring the sustainability of the budget system and having a positive impact on the national currency rate.The relevance of the researchis due, first, to the changing conditions, goals and tasks of establishing sovereign funds in the XXI century and, second, to the need to update approaches to coordination of the fiscal and monetary policies with account for modern macroeconomic challenges and shocks.The purpose of the researchwas to identify current trends in the development of sovereign funds and define the main areas for improving the mechanism for the formation of sovereign funds and making use of their money in Russia. Based on the analysis of the foreign and domestic experience in running sovereign funds, the paper reveals the stages and trends of their development. It also shows the changes in the conceptual approaches, sources and rules for the formation of sovereign funds and analyzes the prospects of their modernization. A special focus is placed on increasing the transparency of sovereign funds, in particular, Russian funds.

The paper concludesthat in order to achieve the strategic goals and tasks of the Russian National Wealth Fund it is necessary to develop a long-term development strategy for Russian sovereign funds. Besides, to reduce the dependence of the budget system revenues on the world market prices, parts of corporate tax revenues and PIT revenues can be transferred to the National Welfare Fund, which will make it possible to maintain the counter-cyclical nature of the budgetary policy.
Improving the Effectiveness of Anti-Crisis Measures of the Russian Federation Government for 2019–2021
Authors: Ryakhovskaya A. N.
Published: March 2019

The subject of the researchis measures of the anti-crisis regulation to be taken by the Russian Government aiming to strengthen the financial system of Russia, improve the performance of the state socio-economic systems at various levels, support all sectors of the economy and prevent irreversible processes that could be provoked by Western sanctions.The purpose of the researchwas to substantiate the feasibility of transition to the principles of integrity and consistency in the development and implementation of the above measures along with increasing the personal responsibility of managers for their implementation and monitoring the approved system of indicators when innovative developments of universities are put into practice. The research assessed the role of the bankruptcy institution in the state management of the economy as well as the impact of sanctions on the current socio-economic system, analyzed the consequences of certain regulations adopted by the Russian Government and their impact on the pricing policy of Russian enterprises, the importance of certain economic parameters of international and intergovernmental relations for the Russian economy, the efficiency of the state regulation of the housing sector, activities of non-government pension funds. there are all the reasons to It is concluded that an integrated approach to the crisis management is a powerful tool for the state to increase its efficiency and effectiveness in the constantly changing environment and maintain the effectiveness of internal processes at the macro-, meso- and micro-levels of the economy. The domestic and foreign policies of theRussian Federation need modernization through structural transformation in order to increase the share of high value-added sectors in the economy with a corresponding decrease in the share of low profitability sectors.
Hautsi da anphora: Sare-aktorearen Teoriara hurbilpena
Authors: Bergara Eguren Jokin
Published: March 2019

Europa eta mundu-mailako gizarte-zientzietan paradigma erabat berritzailea azaldu da azken hamarkada hauetan, Actor-Network Theory izendapena jasoz. Oihartzun zabala izaten ari denez, oinarri epistemologiko, ontologiko eta metodologiko berriak eskaintzen baitizkigu, euskal soziologiara ekartzeko saiakera egin gurada. Sare-aktorearen Teoria gisa definiturik, darabiltzan kontzeptuetara hurbiltzea proposatzen da jarraian, besteak beste, tresna-kutxa, itzulpen, muntaketa edo kutxa beltza terminoak erabiliz. Haren jaiotzaren aurretik izandako eraginak ekarri dira Tarde, Garfinkel, Serres eta Deleuze-ren ekarpen nagusiak azpimarratuz eta proposaturiko ideiek izandako bilakaera azalduz. Ikerketa-eremuan zer aplikazio izan duen erakusteko, ilustrazio batzuk ere azaldu dira, hiri, osasun edo ekonomiaren soziologian burutu direnak. Bukatzeko, izan dituen kritika nagusiak aipatuko dira, euskal soziologiari paradigma berritzaile hauetan murgiltzeko gonbidapena lutzazeaz batera.
PRENATAL PSYCHOLOGY ASPECT OF PARENTING
Authors: Savchenko Yu.
Published: March 2019

The article discloses the modern womanhood readiness aspects to maternity. The author defines that women ready for maternity have got a sympathetic mother image that perceives and promotes the child`s development and education, sharing her self-worthiness. The article gives the men and women`s psychological characteristics analysis during the pregnancy according to the pregnancy dividing into the major trimester based on physiological views. Pregnant women have differences in behavior and attitude; some of them change their image completely, when others remain unchanged in their character and behavior. Every woman becomes a mother, in her own way but with the extremes exception that is common for mothers to have their special psychology, which changes every month. The article emphasizes the main modern pregnant women`s motives that mainly depend on the women`s personal attitudes and social norms, which are determined by cultural and historical time when they live. The motivational background experiences varieties of pregnancy are selected for manifestation the fact that for most women pregnancy is not only conscious desire, the essential spiritual meaning of maternity, but also in major sense as the neediness of conformity to social requirements. The proposed program for pregnant women`s psychological preparation to childbirth «Happy mother – happy baby», to form a conscious positive perception of maternity and implementation of educational and health issues solving.

This program is aimed to raise maternity feelings by the means of forming spiritual connection between mother and child inside her; awareness of life plots and work with pregnant woman`s personal meanings and values; the psychological correction of the women`s emotional states, relieving stress and creating a comfortable environment during pregnancy on the emotional, psychophysical and psychophysiological level.