bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a murine hematopoietic progenitor complementary DNA microarray using a subtracted complementary DNA library
Authors: Ma Xianyong , Husain Tupur , Peng Hui , Lin Sharon , Mironenko Olga , Maun Noel , Johnson Steven , Tuck David , Berliner Nancy , Krause Diane S. , Perkins Archibald S.
Published: October 2002

With the goal of creating a resource for in-depth study of myelopoiesis, we have executed a 2-pronged strategy to obtain a complementary DNA (cDNA) clone set enriched in hematopoietic genes. One aspect is a library subtraction to enrich for underrepresented transcripts present at early stages of hematopoiesis. For this, a hematopoietic cDNA library from primary murine bone marrow cells enriched for primitive progenitors was used as tester. The subtraction used 10 000 known genes and expressed sequence tags (ESTs) as driver. The 2304 randomly picked clones from the subtracted cDNA libraries represent 1255 distinct genes, of which 622 (50%) are named genes, 386 (30%) match uncharacterized ESTs, and 247 (20%) are novel. The second aspect of our strategy was to complement this subtracted library with genes known to be involved in myeloid cell differentiation and function. The resulting cDNAs were arrayed on polylysine-coated glass slides. The microarrays were used to analyze gene expression in primary and cultured murine bone marrow–derived progenitors. We found expression of various types of genes, including regulatory cytokines and their receptors, signal transduction genes, and transcription factors. To assess gene expression during myeloid differentiation, we examined patterns of change during induced differentiation of EML cells. Several hundred of the genes underwent fluctuations in expression level during myeloid cell differentiation. The complete database, accessible on the World Wide Web at http://yale130132115135.med.yale.edu/, allows for retrieval of information regarding these genes. Our microarray allows for genomewide expression analysis of myeloid stem cells, which will help in defining the regulatory mechanisms of stem cell differentiation.
CD43 polarization in unprimed T cells can be dissociated from raft coalescence by inhibition of HMG CoA reductase
Authors: Gubina Elena , Chen Trina , Zhang Lei , Lizzio Elaine F. , Kozlowski Steven
Published: October 2002

Movement of T-lymphocyte cell surface CD43 is associated with both antigen activation of T-cell clones and chemokine induction of T-lymphocyte motility. Here, we demonstrate that CD43 movement away from the site of T-cell receptor ligation occurs in unprimed CD4+ T cells as well as T-cell clones. The T-cell receptor (TCR)-dependent movement of CD43 in unprimed T cells is associated with a polarized morphology and CD43 accumulation at the uropods of the cells, unlike that reported for primed T cells. The polarization of CD43 has a requirement for Src kinases and occurs in conjunction with lipid raft coalescence. Thymocytes and T-cell hybridomas, cells that have altered responses to TCR activation and lack lipid raft coalescence, do not polarize CD43 as readily as unprimed T cells. The movement of CD43 depends on the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase. Blockade of this enzyme can specifically prevent CD43 redistribution without affecting cell shape polarization. The likely mechanism of this alteration in CD43 redistribution is through decreased protein prenylation because the cholesterol-dependent lipid rafts still coalesce on activation. These findings suggest that the polarization of cell shape, lipid raft coalescence, and CD43 redistribution on T-cell activation have signaling pathway distinctions. Dissecting out the relationships between various stages of molecular redistribution and lymphocyte activation may facilitate fine-tuning of immunologic responses.
Long-term support of hematopoiesis by a single stem cell clone in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Authors: Nishimura Jun-ichi , Hirota Toshiyuki , Kanakura Yuzuru , Machii Takashi , Kageyama Takashi , Doi Shoichi , Wada Hiroshi , Masaoka Toru , Kanayama Yoshio , Fujii Hiroshi , Inoue Nobumasa , Kuwayama Maki , Inoue Norimitsu , Ohishi Kazuhito , Kinoshita Taroh
Published: October 2002

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is an acquired hematopoietic stem cell disorder characterized by clonal blood cells that are deficient in glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins because of somatic mutations of the PIG-A gene. Many patients with PNH have more than one PNH clone, but it is unclear whether a single PNH clone remains dominant or minor clones eventually become dominant. Furthermore, it is unknown how many hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) sustain hematopoiesis and how long a single HSC can support hematopoiesis in humans. To understand dynamics of HSCs, we reanalyzed the PIG-A gene mutations in 9 patients 6 to 10 years after the previous analyses. The proportion of affected peripheral blood polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) in each patient was highly variable; it increased in 2 (from 50% and 65% to 98% and 97%, respectively), was stable in 4 (changed less than 20%), and diminished in 3 (94%, 99%, and 98% to 33%, 57%, and 43%, respectively) patients. The complexity of these results reflects the high variability of the clinical course of PNH. In all patients, the previously predominant clone was still present and dominant. Therefore, one stem cell clone can sustain hematopoiesis for 6 to 10 years in patients with PNH. Two patients whose affected PMNs decreased because of a decline of the predominant PNH clone and who have been followed up for 24 and 31 years now have an aplastic condition, suggesting that aplasia is a terminal feature of PNH.
Plasmin activity is required for myogenesis in vitro and skeletal muscle regeneration in vivo
Authors: Suelves Mònica , López-Alemany Roser , Lluı́s Frederic , Aniorte Gloria , Serrano Erika , Parra Maribel , Carmeliet Peter , Muñoz-Cánoves Pura
Published: October 2002

Plasmin, the primary fibrinolytic enzyme, has a broad substrate spectrum and is implicated in biologic processes dependent upon proteolytic activity, such as tissue remodeling and cell migration. Active plasmin is generated from proteolytic cleavage of the zymogen plasminogen (Plg) by urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA). Here, we have investigated the role of plasmin in C2C12 myoblast fusion and differentiation in vitro, as well as in skeletal muscle regeneration in vivo, in wild-type and Plg-deficient mice. Wild-type mice completely repaired experimentally damaged skeletal muscle. In contrast, Plg−/− mice presented a severe regeneration defect with decreased recruitment of blood-derived monocytes and lymphocytes to the site of injury and persistent myotube degeneration. In addition, Plg-deficient mice accumulated fibrin in the degenerating muscle fibers; however, fibrinogen depletion of Plg-deficient mice resulted in a correction of the muscular regeneration defect. Because we found that uPA, but not tPA, was induced in skeletal muscle regeneration, and persistent fibrin deposition was also reproducible in uPA-deficient mice following injury, we propose that fibrinolysis by uPA-dependent plasmin activity plays a fundamental role in skeletal muscle regeneration. In summary, we identify plasmin as a critical component of the mammalian skeletal muscle regeneration process, possibly by preventing intramuscular fibrin accumulation and by contributing to the adequate inflammatory response after injury. Finally, we found that inhibition of plasmin activity with α2-antiplasmin resulted in decreased myoblast fusion and differentiation in vitro. Altogether, these studies demonstrate the requirement of plasmin during myogenesis in vitro and muscle regeneration in vivo.
Flt3 ligand as a vaccine adjuvant in association with HER-2/neu peptide-based vaccines in patients with HER-2/neu–overexpressing cancers
Authors: Disis Mary L. , Rinn Kristine , Knutson Keith L. , Davis Donna , Caron Dania , dela Rosa Corazon , Schiffman Kathy
Published: October 2002

Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells and have shown promise to function as “natural” vaccine adjuvants. Currently, most cancer vaccine trials using DCs generate autologous DCs ex vivo for each patient. Systemic treatment with Flt3 ligand (FL) results in a marked increase of DCs in tissues such as spleen and lymph nodes in mice and in the peripheral blood and skin of humans. In light of these observations, we questioned whether FL could be used systemically as a vaccine adjuvant to stimulate DC mobilization in vivo, circumventing the need to generate DCs ex vivo. Ten patients with HER-2/neu–overexpressing cancer were enrolled in a phase 1 study to receive a HER-2/neu peptide-based vaccine targeting the intracellular domain of the HER-2/neu protein. All patients received 20 μg/kg FL per day subcutaneously for 14 days. Five patients received the HER-2/neu peptide-based vaccine alone on day 7 of the 14-day cycle, and 5 patients received the vaccine admixed with 150 μg granulocyte macrophage–colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on day 7 of the FL cycle. T-cell proliferative responses to HER-2/neu peptides and intracellular domain protein suggest that vaccine regimens including FL as an adjuvant were not effective in eliciting a significant HER-2/neu protein-specific T-cell proliferative response. However, including FL as a vaccine adjuvant was effective in boosting the precursor frequency of interferon-γ–secreting HER-2/neu–specific T cells. The small sample size of each group, however, did not allow a statistically significant comparison of immune responses between the FL alone and FL with GM-CSF arms. Finally, vaccine regimens including FL as a vaccine adjuvant were associated with the development of apparent autoimmune phenomena in some patients.
Murine acute graft-versus-host disease can be prevented by depletion of alloreactive T lymphocytes using activation-induced cell death
Authors: Hartwig Udo F. , Robbers Michael , Wickenhauser Claudia , Huber Christoph
Published: October 2002

Depletion of T lymphocytes from allogeneic bone marrow transplants successfully prevents the development of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) but is associated with impaired engraftment, immunosuppression, and abrogation of the graft-versus-leukemia effect. We therefore explored the possibility of selectively eliminating alloreactive T cells by CD95/CD95L–mediated activation-induced cell death (AICD) in a major histocompatibility complex allogeneic murine model system. Activation of resting or preactivated T lymphocytes from C3H/HeJ (H-2k) mice was induced with irradiated BALB/cJ (H-2d) mouse-derived stimulators. Substantial decrease (≥ 80%) of proliferative and lytic responses by activated alloreactive T cells was subsequently achieved by incubating the mixed lymphocyte culture with an agonistic monoclonal antibody to CD95, and residual T cells recovered did not elicit alloreactivity upon challenge to H-2d. Depletion of alloreactive T lymphocytes by AICD was specific because reactivity to an I-Ad–restricted ovalbumin (OVA) peptide by OVA-specific CD4+ T cells mixed into the allogeneic T-cell pool and subjected to induction of AICD in the absence of OVA peptide could be preserved. Adoptive transfer of donor-derived allogeneic T lymphocytes, depleted from alloreactive T cells by AICD in vitro, in the parent (C3H/He) to F1 (C3H/He × BALB/c) GvHD model prevented lethal GvHD. The results presented suggest that alloreactive T cells can effectively be depleted from allogeneic T cells by induction of AICD to prevent GvHD and might introduce a new strategy for the separation of GvH-reactive T cells and T cells mediating antiviral and possibly graft-versus-leukemia effects.
Prevention of graft-versus-host disease while preserving graft-versus-leukemia effect after selective depletion of host-reactive T cells by photodynamic cell purging process
Authors: Chen Benny J. , Cui Xiuyu , Liu Congxiao , Chao Nelson J.
Published: October 2002

In this study, we investigated the possibility of selective depletion of donor alloantigen-specific T cells from C57BL/6 (H-2b) mice to prevent graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). These cells were first activated with irradiated BALB/c (H-2d) host spleen cells in a 5-day mixed lymphocyte culture. Following this activation, a photoactive rhodamine derivative called 4,5-dibromorhodamine 123 (TH9402), was added. This compound is selectively retained in the mitochondria of activated host-reactive cells but not tumor- or third-party–specific resting cells. The treated cells were subsequently exposed to visible light (514 nm) to deplete the TH9402-enriched activated host-reactive cells. Treatment with photodynamic cell purging process (PDP) inhibited antihost responses measured by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) by 93%, and interferon-γ production by 66%. By contrast, anti-BCL1 (BALB/c-origin leukemia/lymphoma) and anti–third-party C3H/HeJ (H-2k) responses were preserved. PDP-treated primed C57BL/6 cells were further tested in vivo. All lethally irradiated BALB/c mice inoculated with BCL1 cells and T-cell–depleted bone marrow cells developed leukemia by day +30, with 50% mortality by 100 days. All mice died of GVHD after addition of 5 × 106untreated primed C57BL/6 cells. However, addition of same numbers of PDP-treated cells allowed 90% of the recipients to survive more than 100 days without detectable BCL1 tumor cells and free of GVHD. Moreover, PDP-treated primed C57BL/6 cells retained the ability to induce GVHD in the third-party C3H/HeJ mice. These data suggest that PDP can selectively deplete host alloantigen-specific T cells for GVHD prevention and immune and antileukemia function preserve.
Tetra-arsenic tetra-sulfide for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia: a pilot report
Authors: Lu Dao-Pei , Qiu Jing-Ying , Jiang Bin , Wang Qin , Liu Kai-Yan , Liu Yan-Rong , Chen Shan-Shan
Published: October 2002

In the past 6 years, we treated 129 patients who had acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) with a new arsenic agent, oral tetra-arsenic tetra-sulfide (As4S4). Nineteen of the patients had newly diagnosed APL, 7 had first relapse, and 103 had hematologic complete remission (HCR). HCR was achieved in all patients with newly diagnosed APL and in all those with hematologic relapse. Of 16 patients with newly diagnosed disease and available cytogenetic and molecular analyses, 14 had cytogenetic and molecular complete remission (CR). Cytogenetic and molecular CR was also obtained in 5 of the 7 patients with hematologic relapse. In the HCR group, 35 of 44 patients positive for PML-RARα at baseline became negative. In the newly diagnosed group, estimated disease-free survival (DFS) rates for 1 and 3 years were 86.1% and 76.6%, respectively, with a median follow-up time of 13.5 months (range, 2-40 months). In the HCR group, DFS rates for 1 and 6 years were 96.7% and 87.4%, respectively, with a median follow-up of 23 months (range, 2-71 months). Treatment with As4S4 was well tolerated, with only moderate side effects, including asymptomatic prolongation of corrected QT interval, transient elevation in liver enzyme levels, rash, and mild gastrointestinal discomfort; neither myelosuppression nor appreciable long-term side effects occurred. Degeneration or apoptosis of APL promyelocytes was observed during As4S4therapy. Pharmacokinetic studies showed that the agent was absorbed rapidly. Most urinary arsenic excretion occurred within the first 24 hours. Both blood and urinary arsenic levels declined after discontinuation of As4S4. Our results show, for the first time, that As4S4 treatment alone is highly effective and safe in both remission induction and maintenance therapy in patients with APL, regardless of disease stage.
“Some Magnetometric and Gravimetric Surveys in the Transvaal.” By O. Weiss, D. T. Simpson, and G. L. Paver, Department of Mines of the Union of South Africa, Geological Series Bull. No. 7, 1936, pp. 27, plates 8.
Authors: Barton D. C.
Published: October 2002

This short but interesting report covers test application of the magnetic and gravitational methods of prospecting to geologic problems in seven areas in South Africa.
A NEW TYPE OF SEISMIC CROSS‐SECTION WHEREIN ACCURACY OF REPRESENTATION IS RENDERED INSENSITIVE TO VELOCITY ERROR
Authors: Gaby Phil P.
Published: October 2002

A method is presented which was designed to: 1. Simplify computations in areas where velocity is known to vary, or may later be found to vary, laterally. 2. Considerably reduce the amount of recomputation necessitated by subsequent revisions in velocity. The conventional time‐section and time‐map satisfy these requirements but are indicated generally to be subject to serious errors, as illustrated. The proposed system is explained and evaluated. Advantages believed to be peculiar to it are tabulated, and a practical method of plotting the cross‐sections is presented.
THE PRINCIPLE OF VARIATION IN PATH WITH AN APPLICATION TO STRUCTURAL MAPPING
Authors: Evjen H. M.
Published: October 2002

A general functional analysis of the low frequency electric exploration problem is presented. The theory is applied to some field data where a fair degree of subsurface control exists.
THE CORRELATION REFRACTION METHOD OF SEISMIC SURVEYING
Authors: Gillin J. A. , Alcock E. D.
Published: October 2002

This paper presents a method of refraction shooting which has been developed to solve the problem of obtaining seismic data in the Edwards Plateau region of West Texas. The results of an experimental survey in the Todd Area, Crockett County, Texas, are shown to illustrate the method.
INFORMAL DISCUSSION OF EXPLOSIVES HAZARDS ON SEISMOGRAPH CREWS
Authors: Kintz G. M.
Published: October 2002

This paper sets forth the need for a standard set of instructions in the safe handling and use of explosives in the geophysical industry. It suggests the appointments of an agency, such as the Bureau of Mines, to collect data regarding accidents and near‐accidents in which explosives were involved, the agency also to analyze the data that are submitted and compile from the data a standard set of instructions. Several accidents which occurred while explosives were being used by the geophysical industry and which were reported to the Bureau of Mines during the last three years are discussed and analyzed in this paper. Although the accidents analyzed in this paper were not all of the accidents that occurred in the geophysical industry, they cost the industry over $235,000 and the lives of 5 men, in addition to permanent injuries to several members of the geophysical crews. The author believes that if a standardized set of instructions were compiled and used by the geophysical industry, most of the explosives accidents could be prevented. Moreover, these instructions would improve the efficiency of crews when the men are shifted or new men are employed.
FORECASTING EARTHQUAKES
Authors: Macelwane J. B.
Published: October 2002

It was twelve minutes after five in San Francisco on the fateful morning of April 18, 1906. Most of the city’s inhabitants were still in bed when the earthquake struck and the Great San Francisco Fire was started. Why was the public not warned of the coming catastrophe? Why were the people of San Francisco not told of the imminent danger of the earthquake so that they could save themselves and their movable possessions? Why were the city officials not alerted so that the gas and electricity could be cut off? We may ask similar questions about our other destructive earthquakes—about New Madrid and Charleston, about Santa Barbara and Long Beach, about Helena and El Centro.
GEOPHYSICAL HISTORY OF THE ANAHUAC OIL FIELD, CHAMBERS COUNTY, TEXAS
Authors: Bader Glenn E.
Published: October 2002

Early geophysical exploration in the Anahuac area from 1925 to 1929 included refraction fan shooting and a torsion balance survey. A reflection dip survey in 1933 indicated a large structural closure on which the discovery well was drilled in 1935. No detailed geophysical work has been done on the structure since the discovery of the field.
THE DETERMINATION OF AN INFINITE INCLINED DIKE FROM THE RESULTS OF GRAVITY AND MAGNETIC SURVEYS
Authors: Egyed Laszlo
Published: October 2002

The equations are given for the gravitational gradient and curvature, and for the horizontal and vertical components of the magnetic anomaly for ore bodies of the Kursk type. It is then shown how from these equations the depth, width of crest, angle of dip, anomalous density and magnetic susceptibility of the body may be determined.
OCEAN BOTTOM SAMPLER FOR SHIPS UNDER WAY
Authors: Worzel J. L.
Published: October 2002

A simple bottom sampler has been developed which may be used from ships under way at speeds up to 12 knots. The sampler is allowed to fall freely under its own weight, and is recovered by reeling in a wire attached to the front. An open tube at the front will obtain about 1/2 pint of surface material from mud, sand, gravel, or coral bottoms. Existing models have been used in depths to 300 fathoms. At a speed of 8 knots, using a winch with a [Formula: see text]. motor, one man can take a sample in 3 minutes in 10 fathoms of water, and in 8 minutes in 100 fathoms. Models have been built with trap doors to close the tube after taking the sample, and to allow the water in the tube to escape when the sample is taken. These have been discarded as the improvement in the samples was negligible. The sampler can be easily combined with free‐falling hydrographic instruments, such as the bathythermograph. Operation under way improves the ease and accuracy with which the position of a sample may be fixed as the ship can maintain its speed and course. It greatly increases the area covered and the number of samples taken in a given time.
WINTER OPERATION OF GEOPHYSICAL EQUIPMENT IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN AREA
Authors: Thomsen Harry L. , Burton Gerald A.
Published: October 2002

A large increase in geophysical activity in the Rocky Mountain Area has occurred during the last few years. In the past, most of the activity has been seasonal because of adverse weather conditions during the winter months. However, growing competition has resulted in a tendency for geophysical crews to carry on operations throughout the winter. The authors review the performance of several crews which have had experience in winter work, summarize problems connected with winter operations, and discuss methods which have been developed to improve efficiency under these conditions.
CORRELATION OF GRAVITY OBSERVATIONS WITH THE GEOLOGY OF THE COAL CREEK SERPENTINE MASS, BLANCO AND GILLESPIE COUNTIES, TEXAS
Authors: Romberg Frederick , Barnes Virgil E.
Published: October 2002

Gravitational observations were made of the pre‐Cambrian Coal Creek serpentine mass in Blanco and Gillespie Counties, Texas, the geology of which had been mapped previously. The observed gravitational anomalies indicate roughly the depth of the serpentine mass below which it may possibly grade into its parent peridotitic rock. Probable correlation between the gravitational map and the other geologic features of the area is indicated.
GEOPHYSICS, GEOLOGY AND OIL FINDING
Authors: Nettleton L. L.
Published: October 2002

As geophysics has matured in recent years, its important place as a tool in oil exploration has been generally recognized. The operation of the partnership between geologist and geophysicist is relatively straightforward in reflection seismograph exploration as the geophysical maps are similar to those with which geologists are familiar. In geophysical methods based on potential fields (gravity and magnetic) the relations to geology are not so direct and the possible ambiguities are much greater. Close cooperation of geophysicist and geologist in the evaluation of such surveys should produce particularly fruitful results. Some specific examples of both regional and local nature are illustrated and discussed.
THE PROGRESSIVE DETONATION OF MULTIPLE CHARGES IN A SINGLE SEISMIC SHOT
Authors: Shock Lorenz
Published: October 2002

The relative efficiencies of various sizes of explosive charges for the generation of seismic energy were investigated and a procedure devised whereby a number of charges of the most efficient size would be detonated progressively in such a manner that the energy from all the individual charges would arrive simultaneously at the recording position. The results of investigations of this system of progressive detonations, using both horizontal and vertical spacings of the individual charges, are presented and its possible application in reflection and refraction seismic surveys is discussed.
THE METEOROLOGICAL AND OCEANOGRAPHIC ASPECTS OF GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTING
Authors: Glenn Alfred H. , Bates Charles C.
Published: October 2002

The systematic application of the sciences of meteorology and oceanography to geophysical exploration problems is proposed as promising on the basis of successful experiences with these sciences in production operations. Potential applications are outlined wherein professional use of meteorology and oceanography proves superior to traditional dependence upon generalized governmental information or the hope that management will accept all losses resulting from environmental variations as acts of God. Exploitation of recent oceanographic advances in the revision of present sedimentation theories is suggested with the immediate aim of improving the understanding of stratigraphic traps and reefs.
SOME RESULTS OF GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTING CONDUCTED FOR THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA FROM 1945–1948
Authors: Dessau G.
Published: October 2002

The methods used and some results obtained from geophysical investigations conducted by the Geophysical Section of the Geological Survey of India from 1945–1948 are presented. The many difficulties encountered in obtaining the proper instruments necessitated the widespread use of equipment made by the Section. This is one of the reasons why electrical resistivity and spontaneous polarization methods were employed in preference to others. The majority of the geophysical surveys during this three year period were concentrated in the search for minerals, water supplies, and in the solution of foundation engineering problems. The emphasis on these phases of geophysical prospecting rather than on oil surveys was necessary because, of the types of equipment available, as well as the priority assigned to these projects. Two spontaneous polarization, two magnetic, and two resistivity surveys are described, in addition to one carried out jointly by electrical and seismic methods. The geological background of these investigations are also briefly mentioned together with some details of the equipment used.
NOTE ON THE RADIO‐TRANSMISSION DEMONSTRATION AT GRAND SALINE, TEXAS
Authors: Barret Wm. M.
Published: October 2002

Some three years ago a group of scientists witnessed a demonstration involving the propagation of strong radio signals from a surface transmitter to a receiver located 700 feet below the surface in a salt mine at Grand Saline, Texas. Since that time two misconceptions have arisen concerning the demonstration, namely: (1) that the signals were not transmitted through the earth, but instead, reached the receiver by travelling through the mine shaft, and (2) that considerable power was required at the transmitter, which implied high earth attenuation of the signals. This paper presents evidence that denies these beliefs.
PROCEDURES FOR THE DIRECT EMPLOYMENT OF NEUTRON LOG DATA IN ELECTRIC LOG INTERPRETATION
Authors: Wyllie M. R. J.
Published: October 2002

It is well‐known that under suitable borehole conditions there is a relationship between porosity and the deflection of a neutron log curve. This relationship finds practical use, calibration of the neutron deflections being made by reference to porosities measured on cores. It is shown that theoretically core analysis is not mandatory for neutron log calibration and that the calibration may be achieved by direct plotting of suitable neutron and electric log data. For this purpose the concept of the neutron deflection corresponding to a formation factor of unity is introduced. It is shown that this concept makes it possible to use a combination of electrical and radioactivity log data to locate zones of oil saturation in carbonate rock formations and even to estimate the oil saturation. Application of the method to sandstones is also considered. In oil‐base mud logging, neutron‐log data may be conveniently combined with resistivities read off induction logs to give information bearing on the location of saturated zones and the estimation of connate water salinities. Finally a combination of electrical and radioactivity log data is theoretically capable of contributing to the quantitative elucidation of the “dirty sand” problem.
ADEQUATE GEOPHYSICAL MANPOWER IS OUR RESPONSIBILITY
Authors: Johnson Curtis H.
Published: October 2002

Once again I am privileged to attend a Midcontinent Regional Meeting of the Society of Exploration Geophysicists—this time with the honor and responsibility of addressing you on a subject receiving increasingly serious consideration among scientific and engineering groups. As in the past I am highly impressed with the outstanding quality of the program and arrangements for this meeting. On behalf of the other officers of the national Society, who are all attending this meeting, I welcome this opportunity to congratulate the officers and committeemen of the sponsoring and participating societies for the successful culmination of their efforts and to commend the authors for their cooperation in contributing to this outstanding program.
NOMOGRAM FOR COMPUTATION OF EXACT VALUES OF NORMAL MOVE‐OUT TIMES
Authors: Schneider‐Riquelme Oscar
Published: October 2002

A nomogram is presented for conveniently computing the exact value of normal move‐out times in terms of the velocity at the near surface datum, the rate of increase of velocity with depth, the reflection time, and the shot‐receiver distance.
DEVICES FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF REFRACTED RAYS
Authors: Vajk Raoul
Published: October 2002

Simple devices constructed from such readily obtainable items as triangles, protractors, plastic rulers, and steel straight edges are described for the graphical solution of two problems which often arise in seismic computations. One problem is to find the minimum‐time path between two points located in media with different seismic velocities separated by a plane interface. The other is to find the refracted ray where the incident ray to an interface and the velocities of the media on either side are known.
SPONTANEOUS POTENTIAL SURVEY OF A COPPER DEPOSIT AT SARIYER, TURKEY
Authors: Yüngül Sulhi
Published: October 2002

Several electrical methods were applied in the exploration for quartz‐vein type chalcopyrite and auriferous pyrite deposits in the Sariyer area of Turkey. The spontaneous polarization method was found to be suitable for locating such deposits. The anomalies found by this method were tested by drilling and all of them showed sulphide masses. One of these, the Nalbant Çeşmesi anomaly, was partly developed afterwards and the geological section thus determined is in accord with the predictions based on the quantitative interpretation of the spontaneous polarization data. The sulphide mass here was found under a sterile cover of overthrusted schists. The topographic correction was of critical significance in locating this ore body.
THE SPECTROGRAPHIC CORRELATION OF OIL WELL WATERS
Authors: Hasler M. F.
Published: October 2002

A spectrographic analysis of oil well water brines is described, which allows the detection and measurement of a much larger number of elements than the chemical method usually employed, with a considerable saving of time. This larger number of correlation variables have been analyzed statistically and found to give correlations in many cases where the usual chemical tests were inadequate. It is proposed that the same methods may be applied to core analysis.
MAPPING FAULTS BY THE REFLECTION METHOD
Authors: Salvatori Henry
Published: October 2002

In regions where reflections can be correlated from point to point the mapping of faults presents little difficulty, and the hade as well as the throw of a fault can be generally determined. Two records secured across a fault are reproduced and a cross section derived from these records is shown. A description is given of a method of profiling which permits correlation of records in areas where the ordinary correlation method cannot be successfully applied. The application of this method in the determination of faults is outlined.
THE REFLECTION OF ELASTIC WAVES FROM TRANSITION LAYERS OF VARIABLE VELOCITY
Authors: Wolf Alfred
Published: October 2002

Elastic waves are reflected not only from discontinuities in the medium in which they are propagated, but also from transition layers in which the elastic constants are continuous functions of position; the coefficient of reflection is then a function of wave length. Section 1 of this paper gives explicit formulae for the coefficient of reflection of continuous waves from such a layer, at vertical incidence. In Section 2 the manner of variation of the coefficient of reflection with the angle of incidence is discussed qualitatively. Finally, in Section 3, the shape of a pulse reflected from a transition layer is determined.
EXTRAPOLATION AND INTERPOLATION FORMULAE ADAPTABLE TO DESK AND OTHER TYPES OF DIGITAL COMPUTERS
Authors: Jones V. L.
Published: October 2002

The advent of high‐speed digital computing machines requires extrapolation and interpolation methods which do not involve central differences and time‐consuming tabular information. Extrapolation and interpolation formulae meeting these requirements are developed. These formulae are applicable to the desk calculator as well as to punched‐card programming systems for electronic‐digital computors. Some applications of the usefulness of these formulae are noted in connection with the preparation of gravity and magnetic maps. Their usefulness may likewise be extended to other types of geophysical and experimental data where the time required to obtain computed results is an economic factor.
INVESTIGATION OF SHEAR WAVES
Authors: Jolly R. N.
Published: October 2002

A series of measurements was made to investigate some of the fundamental properties of shear waves and to explore the possibility of using horizontally polarized (SH) shear waves for reflection prospecting. A special source was devised to produce a shearing motion which was detectable as far as 400 feet vertically and 1,000 feet horizontally. Direct, refracted, and reflected SH and SV (vertically polarized) shear waves were identified on a series of surface and subsurface recordings. A strong, highly dispersive surface wave, which satisfies the theoretical criteria of Love waves, was also observed. Certain anomalous features of the data which did not conform to the predictions of simple isotropic theory were readily explained by considering the stratified section under observation to be transversely isotropic. It was found that horizontal SH velocity exceeded vertical SH velocity by 100 percent whereas the corresponding compressional wave velocities differed by only 12 percent. SV anisotropy was manifested by a complex variation of velocity at intermediate directions of travel. Other theoretical predictions were confirmed in detail by the experimental data. An evaluation of SH reflection recording was made in four different areas. It was possible at one location, using multiple horizontal geophones and the shear source, to obtain an SH reflection from the base of a thick weathered layer. However, the results in general indicate that the method is not likely to have much practical importance.
SELECTION OF NEW REGIONS FOR OVERSEAS EXPLORATION
Authors: Wallis W. E. , McNatt E. M.
Published: October 2002

Many non‐technical problems involving legal, tax, currency, and associated subjects must be studied and resolved as a prelude to the launching of an exploration venture in a new region. Cost estimates and forecasts of capital investments required for the development and production of possible discoveries are important factors for consideration. An estimate of minimum exploration expenditures in case of failure is usually required. In general, remote and thinly populated regions require better geological prospects than do industrialized countries. Prospects of new, unproved areas are usually assessed by geological comparison or contrast with known petroliferous provinces. In this regard, Denmark is a good example. In cases where ventures are restricted to comparatively small fractions of a new country or sedimentary basin, an approach toward selection of acreage is illustrated by brief case histories from Turkey and Libya. Problems of staffing, organization, and programming are discussed briefly.
INTERDEPENDENCE IN WORLD‐WIDE OIL EXPLORATION
Authors: Ion D. C.
Published: October 2002

Current exploration for oil is being conducted by governments, major integrated oil companies, independent oil companies and syndicates, all of whom have different interests. The interdependence of the various aspects of exploration, production, transportation, refining and consumption within the oil industry is obvious; but the interdependence of the producing, transit, refining, and consuming countries has only recently been realized by the world. Within the exploration branch of the oil industry the mutual dependence of geological and geophysical methods has become generally accepted over the past thirty years. Good early training and collaboration along the whole chain of exploration can solve many industrial problems, and education can solve the world‐wide problems between countries
INTERDEPENDENCE IN WORLD‐WIDE OIL EXPLORATION
Authors: Richards T. C.
Published: October 2002

I welcome this opportunity to take part in a written discussion on Mr. Ion’s paper because despite the fact that he and I had much discussion on the geophysical aspects before the paper was presented, several points of disagreement remained.
GEOMETRICAL FACTORS IN SONIC LOGGING
Authors: Kokesh F. P. , Blizard R. B.
Published: October 2002

The purpose of the sonic log is to measure formation velocity, but various geometrical factors can cause apparent velocity readings substantially different from the true velocity at the depth of measurement. An understanding of these factors enables one to derive greater value from the log. Bed thickness, hole size, caves, alteration of the formation adjacent to the bore, spacing of the transducer, and whether the tool is centered in the bore, are among the factors influencing the log. Centering the tool can increase the signal strength, but in large holes and slow formations the first arrival may come through the mud. The transmitter‐receiver spacing which is needed to avoid this is given for various hole sizes and formation velocities. The effect of caves is shown with theoretical and actual curves. There is some evidence that action of the mud or stress concentration around the bore can alter the velocity of the formation; the effect on the indicated velocity is shown as a function of transducer spacing and of degree and depth of velocity alteration.
TERRAIN CORRECTION CHARTS FOR TRANSITION FROM HAMMER CHARTS TO HAYFORD‐BOWIE CHARTS
Authors: Sandberg C. H.
Published: October 2002

Two systems of terrain corrections are used for gravity surveys in the United States. For detailed gravity surveys, the terrain corrections are made with the Hammer charts, which extend out to a radius of about 13.6 miles. The Hammer charts emphasize the effect of local terrain. In large regional surveys it is advisable to use the Hayford‐Bowie charts. These charts cover the entire surface of the earth. Recently it has been found desirable, in specific instances, to incorporate the results of local surveys into larger surveys. In order to avoid repeating the terrain correction of the local surveys it is necessary to be able to convert from one system of terrain corrections to the other. Nine conversion zones have been completed and are presented in tables. The essentials of this paper are found in Table II. The relationship of the two sets of zones is shown in Table I.
STANDARDIZATION OF GRAVITY SURVEY PROCEDURES
Authors: Vajk R. , Van Der Sleen N.
Published: October 2002

Standardization of gravity datum, gravity meter calibration, latitude correction, elevation datum, average density correction factor, map scale and grid, and gravity bench mark information between companies working in the same area prior to execution of the surveys is recommended to facilitate future trades of information. Governmental agencies, geodesists, and earth scientists will also benefit by such standardization.
FIELD TESTING SEISMIC INSTRUMENTS
Authors: Grannemann W. W.
Published: October 2002

The field tests compiled here are designed to detect the presence of the subtle as well as the obvious equipment troubles. Auxiliary test equipment used includes a low distortion sine wave oscillator, oscilloscope, geophone shaketable, and a timing standard as well as the usual voltmeter, ammeters, and ohmmeters which are often built in the equipment. Field test procedures on geophones, cables, seismic amplifier, seismic oscilloscope cameras, magnetic seismic recorders are included. The time lapse between each test is considered, but some flexibility in this respect is recognized, depending on the specific equipment used and the operating conditions.
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH AND PROGRESS IN EXPLORATION
Authors: White J. E. , Press Frank
Published: October 2002

This is the fourth in a series of review papers dealing with technological developments in exploration and with geophysical research at universities and industrial laboratories. Among the developments in exploration, the use of reproducible recording of seismic records continues to grow, with a trend toward digitizing reflection data for further computation. Refined digital methods have been developed for computation of synthetic seismograms. Well‐logging developments have included the appearance of a resistivity logger capable of being pumped down the drill pipe; the availability of more tools for logging seismic velocity, accompanied by laboratory investigations of the manner in which seismic velocity is affected by porosity, fluid content, and other factors; commercial use of the scattered‐gamma ray density tool; and further interest in gamma ray spectral logs. Remarkable advances have been made in the techniques of gravity measurement aboard surface vessels and aircraft, although the results are not directly applicable to prospecting. The proton precession magnetometer is being used in commercial air‐borne surveys, but the rubidium vapor magnetometer is not available as an exploration tool. The development of a Doppler‐positioned navigation method has greatly facilitated air‐borne surveys. A ship‐borne seep‐detector has been outfitted for exploration in water‐covered areas. A review is presented of research on all phases of geophysics at academic institutions in the United States, including laboratory experiments, field measurements, and theory. The review also gives partial coverage of geophysical research at European laboratories, including a discussion of Soviet research as gauged by recent visits to a number of research laboratories in the Soviet Union.
GEOPHYSICAL CASE HISTORY OF THEUVENINS CREEK FIELD, TYLER COUNTY, TEXAS
Authors: Chang T. Y.
Published: October 2002

Theuvenins Creek Field is located along the Wilcox producing trend in south‐central Tyler County, Texas. The field was discovered jointly by Sinclair Oil and Gas Company and the Atlantic Refining Company. The first seismic survey of the area was made in 1938. In 1942, a reconnaissance seismic survey was made using the spot correlation method. This work indicated anomalous conditions. In 1955, the area was detailed using a continuous seismic profile method. The seismic data were later reviewed, and the reviewed interpretation substantiated the existence of Wilcox structural closure. Based on seismic evidence, Atlantic and Sinclair spudded the Brown Fee No. 1 wildcat well on August 15, 1957. This well was completed on October 12, 1957 as the discovery well of the field. From an Upper Wilcox sand the well produced 279 barrels of oil per day. Subsequent drilling developed two producing sands in the Uppper Wilcox. A total of 38 producing wells have been drilled on the structure with no dry hole to date. To January, 1961, the total cumulative production from the field was 1.4 million barrels of oil.
SEISMIC DECOUPLING FOR EXPLOSIONS IN SPHERICAL UNDERGROUND CAVITIES
Authors: Adams William M. , Allen DeWitt C.
Published: October 2002

A series of paired explosions in a salt mine near Winnfield, Louisiana, has been conducted to test a theory by A. L. Latter concerning seismic decoupling by underground cavities. The theory predicted a decoupling of 130. Free‐field and surface measurements from an explosion in either a 6‐ft‐ or a 15‐ft‐radius spherical cavity were compared with similar measurements from a completely tamped explosion of equal size. Shot sizes were from 20 pounds to a ton. Surface measurements were made out to 100 km and covered the frequency range from 0.05 to 100 cps. The experiment confirmed that decoupling does occur. For explosions that produce an average cavity pressure up to one‐fifth and possibly more of the lithostatic overburden pressure, seismic waves were decoupled by more than 100, i.e., two orders of magnitude. Even for explosions producing an average cavity pressure of six times the lithostatic overburden pressure, the seismic waves were decoupled by 20—more than a full order of magnitude. Minimum decoupling factors as a function of frequency are presented.
On: HAWKIN’S PAPER “THE RECIPROCAL METHOD OF ROUTINE SHALLOW SEISMIC REFRACTION INVESTIGATIONS” (GEOPHYSICS, DECEMBER, 1961, PP. 806–819)
Authors: Hagedoorn J. G.
Published: October 2002

The “Review Article” by L. V. Hawkins in the December 1961 issue of Geophysics is an excellent article on the method used by a certain small group for the interpretation of shallow refraction work. However, it does not seem to give an unbiased review of methods generally used for this purpose and it describes a method that is rather unnecessarily complicated.
LIMITING PARAMETERS IN THE MAGNETIC INTERPRETATION OF A GEOLOGIC STRUCTURE
Authors: Andreasen Gordon E. , Zietz Isidore
Published: October 2002

A prominent aeromagnetic anomaly in Randolph County, Indiana, suggests the existence of a dikelike structure within the Precambrian basement rocks. Because of the ambiguity inherent in magnetic interpretation, a unique solution for the parameters involved (depth of burial, geometric configuration, and magnetic susceptibility of the mass producing the anomaly) is impossible. However, if one of the parameters is known it is sometimes possible to indicate a range of plausible values for each of the remaining parameters. The depth to the surface of the Precambrian rocks in Randolph County is known from drill‐hole data to be about 3,000 ft. As the depth of burial is known, limits need be set only on the thickness, angle of dip, and susceptibility contrast of the assumed dike. These limits are determined by a graphical method. Theoretical anomalies over the postulated dike are computed for different dike thicknesses, angles of dip, and susceptibility contrasts. The computed profiles are then fitted to an observed magnetic profile flown at right angles to the trend of the feature. Numerical values for the “goodness of fit” are calculated by using the statistical method of sums of squares. Two plots, one of the index of goodness of fit and the other of susceptibility as functions of dip angle and dike thickness, are made to show graphically the interdependence of the variables and the plausible range of each. The contoured plots of the goodness of fit and the susceptibility contrast show that the range of best fit is between dip angles of 30 and 60 degrees and dike thickness of 1,000 to over 4,000 ft. The contoured plot of the susceptibility contrast, translated into percentage of magnetite, shows this parameter to be independent of the dip angle, varying only with thickness.