bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Incorrect handling of calibration information in divergence time inference: an example from volcanic islands
Authors: Mello Beatriz , Schrago Carlos G.
Published: February 2012

Divergence time studies rely on calibration information from several sources. The age of volcanic islands is one of the standard references to obtain chronological data to estimate the absolute times of lineage diversifications. This strategy assumes that cladogenesis is necessarily associated with island formation, and punctual calibrations are commonly used to date the splits of endemic island species. Here, we re‐examined three studies that inferred divergence times for different Hawaiian lineages assuming fixed calibration points. We show that, by permitting probabilistic calibrations, some divergences are estimated to be significantly younger or older than the age of the island formation, thus yielding distinct ecological scenarios for the speciation process. The results highlight the importance of using calibration information correctly, as well as the possibility of incorporating volcanic island studies into a formal, biogeographical hypothesis‐testing framework.
Isolation of a New Cs‐Symmetrized Mo3(μ3‐S)(μ‐S)(μ‐S2)2 Structural Type Through Complementary Association with a Cubane‐Type Mo3NiS4 Cluster
Authors: Hernandez‐Molina Rita , Gonzalez‐Platas Javier , Vicent Cristian
Published: February 2012

A new cluster of formula {[Mo3(μ3‐S)(μ‐S)(μ‐S2)2(dtp)3(μ‐OAc)][Mo3NiS4(dtp)3(μ‐OAc)(CH3CN)]} (1; dtp = diethyl dithiophosphate; OAc = acetate) comprising the novel Cs‐symmetrized Mo3(μ3‐S)(μ‐S)(μ‐S2)2 structural type covalently attached to a cubane‐type Mo3NiS4 core has been isolated and fully characterized. The reaction of a 2 M HCl solution of [Mo3S4(H2O)9]4+ with an excess of potassium diethyl dithiophosphate and acetic acid in the presence of the [Mo3(NiCl)S4(H2O)9]3+ cluster afforded a mixture of products encompassing different Mo3Sx (x = 4–7) cluster cores from which the Mo3(μ3‐S)(μ‐S)(μ‐S2)2 structural type has been isolated in analytically pure form as a Mo3NiS4 adduct. The robustness of the aggregate 1 was also retained in solution as judged by ESI‐MS and 31P NMR techniques. Single‐crystal X‐ray analysis revealed in detail the complementary association of the newly formed Mo3(μ3‐S)(μ‐S)(μ‐S2)2 entity and the Mo3NiS4 cluster in which μ‐S sulfide ligands and μ‐S2 disulfide ligands act as nucleophilic and electrophilic functional groups, respectively, towards the Mo3NiS4 cube through directional Ni–S covalent bonds and short S···S contacts (below 3.3 Å).
Room‐Temperature Sol–Gel Synthesis of Sodium Hexaniobate in an Immiscible Hexane–Water System and Its Conversion into NaNbO3
Authors: Tanaka Masahiro , Fujihara Shinobu
Published: February 2012

Sodium hexaniobate (Na7[HNb6O19]·15H2O) was synthesized by a one‐pot sol–gel method at room temperature by using an immiscible, biphasic solution. An organic solution was prepared by dissolving niobium pentaethoxide [Nb(OC2H5)5] in ethanol, which was then added to hexane. This solution was brought into contact with an aqueous NaOH solution to form a reaction system consisting of two separate phases. A white precipitate was formed within 12 h at the bottom of the aqueous solution. It exhibited well‐defined rod‐like morphology on a micrometer scale. A comparative study was performed on the basis of a single‐phase solution by mixing Nb(OC2H5)5 in ethanol and the aqueous NaOH solution. The results indicated that the product formed by way of the single‐phase solution was rather different in morphology from that obtained in the biphasic system. In both cases, Na7[HNb6O19]·15H2O could be converted to NaNbO3 by heating at 600 °C. Mechanisms underlying the formation of Na7[HNb6O19]·15H2O and its conversion to NaNbO3 are discussed on the basis of the experimental results.
Selectivity Enhancement for Chloride Ion by In(III)‐Porphyrin‐Based Polymeric Membrane Electrode Operated in Pulsed Chronopotentiometric Mode
Authors: Gemene Kebede L. , Meyerhoff Mark E.
Published: February 2012

A robust selectivity enhancement of an In(III)‐porphyrin ionophore‐based chloride‐selective electrode under pulsed chronopotentiometric measurement mode that enables the detection of chloride ions in the presence of a normally interfering concentration of salicylate ions is described. This enhancement is achieved by the rapid depletion of the surface concentration of the more dilute lipophilic anion during an initial anodic current pulse period due to extraction of this preferred anion into the membrane phase. Measurement of chloride with a detection limit of 8 mM and near Nernstian response slope in the presence of 1 mM salicylate is possible using the pulstrode method.
The effects of multiple access interference and polarization mode dispersion on the outage probability and blocking probability in optical code paths
Authors: Durand F.R. , Barbosa F.R. , Abbade M.L.F. , Moschim E.
Published: February 2012

In this work, we investigate through a formal approach the effects of multiple access interference and polarization mode dispersion on the blocking probability in optical code paths (OCP)s. These paths are determined by the data encoding with non‐coherent codes from code division multiplexing using prime code sequences. We modeled the blocking probability in the OCPs considering the outage probability like a threshold to determine the number of acceptable active OCPs in each wavelength. In this model, new OCPs are granted until the number of active OCPs on the wavelength reaches the blocking threshold; after that, requests are blocked. Results show quantitatively the contribution of multiple access interference effects and polarization mode dispersion constraints on the outage probability and their impact on the blocking probability in the OCPs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Error in Gas Temperature Measurements with Thermocouples: Application on an SOFC System Heat Exchanger
Authors: Tsikonis L. , Van herle J. , Favrat D.
Published: February 2012

Aim of this work is to model and study the behavior of thermocouples as they are used in the measurement of gas temperatures in solid oxide fuel cell systems. Due to the high temperature regime in such systems, the effect of radiation and conduction from surrounding solids may bias the measurements with important consequences on control, performance, and cell durability. In order to study these effects a mathematical model of a working thermocouple was developed and it was integrated in that of a heat exchanger, which was part of a larger SOFC system. The enhanced heat exchanger's model was then validated with measurements from a test on a real system. The possibility to overcome the bias and to have a more correct approximation of the real gas temperatures is discussed.
Antitumor effect of vandetanib through EGFR inhibition in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Klein Jonah D. , Christopoulos Apostolos , Ahn Sun M. , Gooding William E. , Grandis Jennifer R. , Kim Seungwon
Published: February 2012

Background

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) have been implicated as therapeutic targets for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Vandetanib is a small‐molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) with dual specificity for EGFR and VEGFR. Here we characterize the phenotypic and biochemical effects of vandetanib on various HNSCC cell lines.

Methods

In vitro models were used for studying tumor cell viability, invasion, and signaling as well as in vivo xenograft models.

Results

Treatment with vandetanib reduced viability, invasion, and tumor growth of HNSCC cell lines. Phosphorylation levels of mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) were reduced in vandetanib‐treated HNSCC cells. Additionally, vandetanib abrogates EGF‐induced STAT3 activity and STAT3 target gene expression.

Conclusions

We demonstrated that vandetanib inhibits the growth of head and neck cancer cell lines. The antitumor effects of vandetanib appear to be exerted via the EGFR inhibitory effect of the compound. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
Application of microfluidic systems in management of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Tanweer Faiz , Louise Green Victoria , David Stafford Nicholas , Greenman John
Published: February 2012

Microfluidics is an emerging multidisciplinary field that has the potential to provide solutions to many of the current challenges in managing head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Treatment strategies for this disease are often complex and associated with significant morbidity and mortality; furthermore, prediction of response to treatment remains inaccurate. Microfluidic technology allows a small sample of tumor to be maintained alive ex vivo within a microenvironment that mimics the in vivo milieu; the response of this tumor biopsy to treatment regimens can subsequently be investigated. Microfluidics is the science and technology of systems that process or manipulate microliter to nanoliter volumes of fluids in purpose‐built devices fabricated from glass or other biocompatible polymers. The technology also involves miniaturization and integration of various laboratory procedures into novel analysis devices. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of microfluidic devices and discuss potential applications in HNSCC management. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
CHARACTERISTIC OF DESIGN FLOODS USING L‐MOMENT BASED ON GRADUAL COMPOSITION OF ANNUAL MAXIMUM FLOOD FLOW
Authors: Choo Tai H. , Maeng Seung J. , Kim Hyung S. , Lee Seung W.
Published: February 2012

In this study, the characteristics of design floods in Korea were analyzed by selecting 19 watershed regions out of all the water level gauging stations in Korea. In the selected watershed regions, the observed floods were verified and used to derive appropriate design floods. To perform a frequency analysis of the annual maximum flood based on the gradual composition method, in which the maximum flood of each target watershed is increased by one year from the year when the observation began, with 1990 as the reference year, the variation characteristics of the annual flood were analyzed using the moving average method. The basic statistics of the 19 target watersheds were also evaluated based on the composition period of the annual maximum flood series, and the independent, homogeneity and outlier tests were performed. Furthermore, the goodness of fit of the Gumbel (GUM), Pearson type 3 (PT3), generalized extreme value (GEV), generalized logistic (GLO), generalized Pareto (GPA), and lognormal (LN3) distributions were verified based on the L‐moment ratio diagram and the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Finally, the parameter of the GEV distribution, which was selected as the appropriate probability distribution, was estimated based on the L‐moment, and the design flood of each watershed was derived from the composition period of the annual maximum flood series. According to the variation rate analysis used in this study, the period when the design conditions for an appropriate agricultural hydraulic structure should be changed must be around the year 2002, considering the recent climate changes in Korea due to global warming. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative discrimination of NPC cell lines using optical coherence tomography
Authors: Li Jianghua , Chen Changshui , Chen Bingling , Shen Zhiyuan , He Yonghong , Xia Yunfei , Liu Songhao
Published: February 2012

We tried to explore the intrinsic differences in the optical properties of the four representative NPC cell lines on the models of radiobiology and metastasis by OCT. The scattering coefficients and anisotropies were extracted by fitting the average a‐scan attenuation curves based on the multiple scatter effect. The values of scattering coefficients and anisotropy factors were 5.21 ± 0.11, 5.30 ± 0.09, 5.92 ± 0.21, 6.97 ± 0.22, and 0.892 ± 0.009, 0.886 ± 0.006, 0.884 ± 0.009, 0.86 ± 0.01 for CNE1, CNE2, 5‐8F and 6‐10B pellets (p < 0.05, P = 0.07 for CNE1 and CNE2), respectively. The results showed that the radiobiology and metastasis cell's model could be distinguished obviously; which implied that the corresponding types of NPC tissue might be potentially differentiated by OCT. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Acute and Persistent Effects of Pre‐ and Posthatching Thermal Environments on Growth and Metabolism in the Red‐Eared Slider Turtle, Trachemys scripta elegans
Authors: LIGON DAY B. , PETERSON CHARLES C. , LOVERN MATTHEW B.
Published: February 2012

Many ectotherms possess the capacity to survive a wide range of thermal conditions. Long‐term exposure to temperature can induce acclimational and/or organizational effects, and the developmental stage at which temperature exposure occurs may affect the type, degree, and persistence of these effects. We incubated red‐eared slider turtle embryos at three different constant temperatures (Tinc; 26.5, 28.5, 30.5°C), then divided the resulting hatchlings between two water temperatures (Twater; 25, 30°C). We calculated growth rates to assess the short‐ and long‐term effects of thermal experience on this metabolically costly process. We also measured resting metabolic rate (RMR) at three body temperatures (Tbody; 26.5, 28.5, 30.5°C) shortly after hatching and 6 months posthatching to characterize the degree and persistence of acclimation to Tinc and Twater. Hatchling RMRs were affected by Tbody and Tinc, and fit a pattern consistent with positive but incomplete metabolic compensation to Tinc. Average growth rates over the first 11 weeks posthatching were strongly affected by Twater but only marginally influenced by Tinc, and only at Twater = 30°C. Six‐month RMRs exhibited strong acclimation to Twater consistent with positive metabolic compensation. However, within each Twater treatment, RMR fit patterns indicative of inverse metabolic compensation to Tinc, opposite of the pattern observed in hatchlings. Average growth rates calculated over 6 months continued to show a strong effect of Twater, and the previously weak effect of Tinc observed within the 30°C Twater treatment became more pronounced. Our results suggest that metabolic compensation was reversible regardless of the life stage during which exposure occurred, and therefore is more appropriately considered acclimational than organizational. J. Exp. Zool. 317:227–235, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis of ethyl ester yield in the transesterification of vegetable oil: an accurate method for a truly quantitative analysis
Authors: Mambrini Giovanni Pimenta , Ribeiro Caue , Colnago Luiz Alberto
Published: February 2012

Biodiesel has recently gained importance as an alternative to fossil diesel. However, the development of more efficient biodiesel formation processes still depends on the use of fast and accurate analytical techniques to evaluate the conversion degree of the transesterification reaction. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has been used for this purpose, but some experimental details still need to be addressed. Therefore, in this communication, the experimental conditions for a truly quantitative NMR analysis of biodiesel formation are presented. The longitudinal relaxation time (T1), which is the determining factor for quantitative analysis, was measured using an inversion‐recovery method, and a maximum value of 2.35 s was obtained for a biodiesel sample. A linear determination coefficient of r2 = 0.99 was obtained when a time delay between pulses longer than 5T1 =15 s was used, whereas strong deviations were observed when using shorter delays. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contrast‐enhanced MRI of murine myocardial infarction – Part I
Authors: Geelen Tessa , Paulis Leonie E. M. , Coolen Bram F. , Nicolay Klaas , Strijkers Gustav J.
Published: February 2012

The use of contrast agents has added considerable value to the existing cardiac MRI toolbox that can be used to study murine myocardial infarction, as it enables detailed in vivo visualization of the molecular and cellular processes that occur in the infarcted and remote tissue. A variety of non‐targeted and targeted contrast agents to study myocardial infarction are available and under development. Manganese, which acts as a calcium analogue, can be used to assess cell viability. Traditionally, low‐molecular‐weight Gd‐containing contrast agents are employed to measure infarct size in a late gadolinium enhancement experiment. Gd‐based blood‐pool agents are used to study the vascular status of the myocardium. The use of targeted contrast agents facilitates more detailed imaging of pathophysiological processes in the acute and chronic infarct. Cell death was visualized by contrast agents functionalized with annexin A5 that binds specifically to phosphatidylserine accessible on dying cells and with an agent that binds to the exposed DNA of dead cells. Inflammation in the myocardium was depicted by contrast agents that target cell adhesion molecules expressed on activated endothelium, by contrast agents that are phagocytosed by inflammatory cells, and by using a probe that targets enzymes excreted by inflammatory cells. Cardiac remodeling processes were visualized with a contrast agent that binds to angiogenic vasculature and with an MR probe that specifically binds to collagen in the fibrotic myocardium. These recent advances in murine contrast‐enhanced cardiac MRI have made a substantial contribution to the visualization of the pathophysiology of myocardial infarction, cardiac remodeling processes and the progression to heart failure, which helps to design new treatments. This review discusses the advances and challenges in the development and application of MRI contrast agents to study murine myocardial infarction. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A study of encoding overhead in network management protocols
Authors: Gonçalves Pedro , Oliveira José Luís , Aguiar Rui
Published: February 2012

Next‐Generation Network (NGN) is a critical scenario in terms of network management because of its network dimension, its number of users and its heterogeneity. Since the introduction of the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) at the beginning of the 1990s, much effort has been devoted to the development of new network management technologies. Both the Desktop Management Task Force (DMTF) and the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) have developed different network and system management protocols, such as Common Open Policy Service, Web‐Based Enterprise Management, Network Configuration and even adapted other protocols, such as Diameter and Web Services. A network management technology with poor scalability could compromise NGN management and ultimately NGN network behaviour. This paper analyses the network overhead of several management technologies developed by the DMTF and IETF, and goes on to compare their results with the usage of SNMP. Furthermore, some deployment recommendations are proposed for performance optimization in NGNs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photorepair of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers by 8‐oxopurine nucleosides
Authors: Nguyen Khiem Van , Burrows Cynthia J.
Published: February 2012

The 8‐oxopurine nucleosides 2′,3′,5′‐tri‐O‐acetyl‐8‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydroguanosine (OG) and 2′,3′,5′‐tri‐O‐acetyl‐ribosyluric acid (RU) were studied for their ability to mediate the photochemical (λ > 300 nm) reversion of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers to their parent pyrimidines thymine and uracil. The bimolecular reactions of these monomers proceeded at very slow rates compared with recently published work using oligonucleotide contexts; nevertheless, it was possible to make comparisons between the efficacy of OG and RU as photocatalysts as a function of pH. Although RU has a lower redox potential and anionic character, it was only equivalent to OG in facilitating thymine dimer photorepair over a broad pH range. Only OG showed pH‐dependent behavior with higher activity at pH 8–9 where the base becomes deprotonated. Despite the overall low activity of OG and RU, the results are instructive with respect to a comparison of the two 8‐oxopurines, and support the hypothesis that 8‐oxopurine nucleosides may have played primordial roles as precursors to modern‐day flavins in redox reactions of the RNA world. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Substituent effect study on δc values of the bridge group carbons in disubstituted cinnamyl aniline series
Authors: Chen Guanfan , Cao Chenzhong , Sheng Bin , Zhu Yun , Wu Zhenxing , Wu Xiangsi
Published: February 2012

The 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shifts δc of bridge group carbons (C‐β, C‐α, and C═N) were measured in this work for a wide set of substituted cinnamyl anilines p‐XC6H4CH═CHCH═NC6H4Y‐p (X = NO2, Cl, H, Me, MeO, or NMe2; Y = NO2, CN, CO2Et, Cl, F, H, Me, MeO, or NMe2) and were used to study the substituent effect. In the study on 13C NMR chemical shifts of the titled compounds with single substituent changed, for every bridge carbon δc, the effect of cinnamyl substituent X is opposite to that of aniline substituent Y. That is, the action of the same substituent on different aromatic rings is different from the 13C NMR chemical shifts, and for C‐β, C‐α, and C═N, the choice of correlation equation depends on the ratio ρF(Y)/ρR(Y). When the ratio ρF(Y)/ρR(Y) is close to 1, the chemical shifts of bridge carbons can be well correlated with the single‐parameter equation; otherwise, it is better to adopt the dual‐parameter equation for correlation, and the further the values of ρF(Y)/ρR(Y) stray from 1, the more suitable the corresponding δc values are to be correlated with the dual‐parameter equation. In the study on δc of model compounds with simultaneous variations of substituents X and Y, for δc(C═N), a multi‐parameter correlation equation is obtained, and the substituent cross‐interaction item Δσ2 is suitable to scale the interaction between substituents; however, for δc(C‐α and C‐β), the substituent cross‐interaction item Δσ2 is perhaps too small to be observed. The multi‐parameter correlation equations can be recommended to predict well the corresponding δc values of disubstituted cinnamyl anilines. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The nature of tryptophan radicals involved in the long‐range electron transfer of lignin peroxidase and lignin peroxidase‐like systems: Insights from quantum mechanical/molecular mechanics simulations
Authors: Bernini Caterina , Pogni Rebecca , Basosi Riccardo , Sinicropi Adalgisa
Published: February 2012

A catalytically active tryptophan radical has been demonstrated to be involved in the long‐range electron transfer to the heme cofactor of lignin peroxidase (LiP) from Phanerochaete chrysosporium although no direct detection by EPR spectroscopy of the tryptophan radical intermediate has been reported to date. An engineering‐based approach has been used to manipulate the microenvironment of the redox‐active tryptophan site in LiP and Coprinus cinereus Peroxidase (CiP), allowing the direct evidence of the tryptophan radical species. In light of the newly available EPR experimental data, we performed a quantum mechanical/molecular mechanics computational study to characterize the tryptophan radicals in the above protein matrices as well as in pristine LiP. The nature of the tryptophan radicals is discussed together with the analysis of their environment with the aim of understanding the different behavior of pristine LiP in comparison with that of LiP and CiP variants. Proteins 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A quantitative approach to estimate a website security risk using whitelist
Authors: Kim Young‐Gab , Lee Minsoo , Cho Sanghyun , Cha Sungdeok
Published: February 2012

Despite much research on defense against phishing attacks, incidents continue to occur where sensitive (e.g., personal or financial) information is stolen using social engineering and technical spoofing techniques. Most approaches use the notions of blacklists versus whitelists (WWLs), and it is difficult to quantify the degree of a website's vulnerability against phishing attacks. In this paper, we present a quantitative approach for evaluating the phishing possibility of a given website using the refined security risk elements for domain and web page. Design and implementation of the website risk assessment system for antiphishing are also included. It can detect suspicious websites containing phishing attack and abnormal behavior and generates a warning if website is judged untrustworthy. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of botnets before activation: an enhanced honeypot system for intentional infection and behavioral observation of malware
Authors: Moon Young Hoon , Kim Eunjin , Hur Suh Mahn , Kim Huy Kang
Published: February 2012

As botnets have become the primary means for cyber attacks, how to detect botnets becomes an important issue for researchers and practitioners. In this study, we introduce a system that is designed to detect botnets prior to their activation. Pre‐detection of botnets becomes available with our enhanced honeypot system that allows us to intentionally infect virtual machines in honeynets. For empirical testing, we applied our system to a major Internet service provider in Korea. After running our proposed system for 12 months, it was found that nearly 40% of blacklisted botnets were pre‐detected by our system before their attacks begin. We expect that our system can be used to detect command‐and‐control servers and to screen them out during their propagation stage before they make harmful attacks. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design, implementation and verification of MILS systems
Authors: Delange Julien , Pautet Laurent , Kordon Fabrice
Published: February 2012

Safety‐critical systems are used in many domains (military, avionics, aerospace, etc.) and handle critical data in hostile environments. To prevent data access by unauthorized subjects, they must protect and isolate information so that only allowed entities can read or write information. However, because of their increased number of functionalities, safety‐critical systems design becomes more complex; this increases difficulties in the design and the verification of security functions and potential error in their implementation. The multiple independent levels of security (MILS) approach introduces rules and guidelines for the design of secure systems. It isolates data according to their security levels, reducing system complexity to ease development. However, there is no approach addressing the whole development of MILS systems from high‐level specification (application components with their security levels) to the final implementation (code that executes application functions and provide security mechanisms). This paper presents a complete development approach for the design, verification and implementation of MILS architectures. It aims at providing a complete framework to build secure applications based on MILS guidelines. We describe security concerns using a modeling language, verify security requirements and automatically implement the system code generation techniques and a MILS‐compliant operating system that provides security functions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In search of proof‐of‐concept: gene therapy for glycogen storage disease type Ia
Authors: Koeberl Dwight D.
Published: February 2012

The emergence of life threatening long‐term complications in glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD‐Ia) has emphasized the need for new therapies, such as gene therapy, which could achieve biochemical correction of glucose‐6‐phosphatase deficiency and reverse clinical involvement. We have developed gene therapy with a novel adeno‐associated virus (AAV) vector that: 1) prevented mortality and corrected glycogen storage in the liver, 2) corrected hypoglycemia during fasting, and 3) achieved efficacy with a low number of vector particles in G6Pase‐deficient mice and dogs. However, the gradual loss of transgene expression from episomal AAV vector genomes eventually necessitated the administration of a different pseudotype of the AAV vector to sustain dogs with GSD‐Ia. Further preclinical development of AAV vector‐mediated gene therapy is therefore warranted in GSD‐Ia.
Workplace learning
Authors: Dornan Tim
Published: February 2012

This critical review found Dutch research to be strong at the undergraduate and residency levels and more or less absent in continuing medical education. It confirms the importance of coaching medical students, giving constructive feedback, and ensuring practice environments are conducive to learning though it has proved hard to improve them. Residents learn primarily from experiences encountered in the course of clinical work but the fine balance between delivering clinical services and learning can easily be upset by work pressure. More intervention studies are needed. Qualitative research designs need to be more methodologically sophisticated and use a wider range of data sources including direct observation, audio-diaries, and text analysis. Areas for improvement are clear but achieving results will require persistence and patience.
William Lloyd Garrison
Authors: Grimké Archibald Henry
Published: February 2012

Archibald Grimké (1849–1930) was an American lawyer, politician and black civil rights activist. He was the son of a white plantation owner and a slave, and was born a slave himself. Aided by his father's abolitionist sisters, he graduated from Lincoln University, and in 1874 attended Harvard Law School. He then practised as a barrister in Boston, campaigning for black civil rights and writing many essays and articles concerning black history. This volume, first published in 1891, contains Grimké's biography of the prominent American abolitionist and social reformer William Lloyd Garrison (1805–1879). Grimké discusses Garrison's considerable influence in the campaign for immediate emancipation, providing details on his early life and his position as editor of the leading abolitionist newspaper The Liberator. This sympathetic biography provides valuable insights into Garrison's life and his standing among contemporary civil rights campaigners in the years after emancipation.
The Naval History of Great Britain
Authors: James William
Published: February 2012

William James (1780–1827) was a lawyer and naval historian best known for this magisterial history of the Royal Navy between 1793 and 1827. James began to research the role of the Royal Navy in the Revolutionary Wars, publishing five volumes between 1822 and 1824. This was expanded up to 1827 in later editions. In one of the most comprehensive histories of the Navy in the Napoleonic Wars ever published, James' rigorous research methodology using various contemporary sources provides detailed descriptions of the operations of the Royal Navy in the period. Fleet campaigns and minor engagements are discussed, with technical and tactical details of ships and battles also provided. These volumes (here reissued from the 1859 edition) remain an invaluable source of information for the history of the Royal Navy during this fascinating period. Volume 3 covers 1800–1805 and includes the Battle of Copenhagen.
British Freewomen
Authors: Stopes Charlotte Carmichael
Published: February 2012

Charlotte Carmichael Stopes (1841–1929) was a British scholar, a prolific writer and supporter of feminist causes. After becoming the first women to gain a Certificate of Arts in Scotland, Stopes published widely on Shakespeare and social reform, receiving an award from the British Academy in 1916 for her contributions to Shakespearian literary research. This volume, now reissued from the 1907 third edition, was first published in 1894. It contains Stopes' investigation into the history of British women's legal and civic rights. Through an analysis of state papers, parliamentary records and scholarly works on legal history, Stopes provides numerous historical examples of women holding extensive constitutional and legal rights, which are arranged according to the holder's social status. This pioneering feminist history became a key text used by women's suffrage activists to justify their position. For more information on this author, see http://orlando.cambridge.org/public/svPeople?person_id=stopch
Land Degradation
Authors: Chisholm Anthony , Dumsday Robert
Published: February 2012

This book was first published in 1987 when land degradation was one of the major conservation issues of that decade. Australian scientists were at the fore in awakening world interest in this complex phenomenon and in contributing to debate. This book presents a broad multi-disciplinary perspective on the challenge of problems of degrading land, including the onsite and offsite effects of soil erosion, nutrient loss, and salinisation and on the conservation policies needed to meet the challenge. The volume brings together leading contributors to the field of soil conservation from the natural sciences, from economics and the social sciences, and representatives of farming and conservation organisations. The contributions by natural scientists provide the biological and physical setting to the problem. Chapters on economic, legal and social aspects provide empirical information, together with a conceptual and analytical framework to inform policy makers and to guide them in their choice of policies.
The Strife of Tongues
Authors: Thompson Colin P.
Published: February 2012

Fray Luis de León (1527–91) is known chiefly as the author of some of the finest poetry of the Spanish Golden Age, but he also wrote important prose works in both Latin and Spanish, and produced eloquent translations into Spanish of biblical and classical texts. He spent five years imprisoned in solitary confinement by the Spanish Inquisition, fighting to clear himself of a series of accusations against his views on the Bible. Acquitted on all counts, he returned to teach at the University of Salamanca. This book examines the controversies in which Fray Luis was caught up, and investigates the complex influences upon his writings of his prison experiences, his indebtedness to Judaism, his interests as a linguist, and his work as a biblical scholar and theologian. Colin Thompson looks afresh at Fray Luis's most famous poems and prose works, and explores his understanding of language as a means of enabling God to speak to humanity and humanity to rise to God.
Footfalls on the Boundary of Another World
Authors: Owen Robert Dale
Published: February 2012

Robert Dale Owen (1801–1877) was born in Scotland and emigrated to the United States in 1825 to help his social reformer father Robert Owen set up an experimental community in New Harmony, Indiana. He was elected to the US House of Representatives in 1842, and appointed US minister at Naples in 1853. In addition to his political career, Owen was a follower of spiritualism. In Footfalls on the Boundary of Another World, published in 1860, he draws from his own observations of supernatural phenomena as well as published research in fields such as psychology. Owen's comprehensive study addresses six thematic areas. He starts by comparing attempts to navigate uncharted spiritual waters to Christopher Columbus' voyages of discovery, and then moves on to examine themes such as dreams, disturbances and apparitions.
A Descriptive Catalogue of the Manuscripts in the Library of Eton College
Authors: James Montague Rhodes
Published: February 2012

M. R. James (1862–1936) is probably best remembered as a writer of chilling ghost stories, but he was an outstanding scholar of medieval literature and palaeography, who served both as Provost of King's College, Cambridge, and as Director of the Fitzwilliam Museum, and many of his stories reflect his academic background. His detailed descriptive catalogues of manuscripts owned by colleges, cathedrals and museums are still of value to scholars today. This volume, first published in 1895, contains James' catalogue of the manuscript holdings of Eton College, where he himself was educated. No catalogue had been published since 1697, when 115 manuscripts were briefly noted; by James' time the collection had grown to 193. James provides information on the donors and the library building before going on to describe the manuscripts and their contents. His book is still sought after and this reissue will be welcomed by librarians and researchers alike.
General Sketch of the History of Pantheism
Authors: Plumptre Constance E.
Published: February 2012

A perceptive thinker and author of five scholarly tomes as well as numerous essays, the philosopher and historian of religion, Constance E. Plumptre is now unfamiliar to many readers. Yet for a period of just over twenty years between 1878 and 1902 she championed some of the most fascinating philosophical and religious theories of the Victorian age. Although she won greatest acclaim for Studies in Little-Known Subjects (1898), her first work, General Sketch of the History of Pantheism, published anonymously in 1878, was one of the most significant nineteenth-century studies in theological philosophy. In this second volume Plumptre continues her account of modern Pantheism and introduces the reader to the works of Spinoza, Fichte, Hegel and Schopenhauer, before concluding with a brief but insightful summary of this substantial philosophical question. For more information on this author, see http://orlando.cambridge.org/public/svPeople?person_id=plumce
A Modern Priestess of Isis
Authors: Solovyov Vladimir Sergeyevich
Published: February 2012

This book by the Russian novelist Vsevolod Sergeyevich Solovyov (1849–1903), translated and abridged by Walter Leaf (1852–1927) and published in 1895, reflects on the life of Madame Helena Blavatsky (1831–1891), co-founder of the theosophy movement in the United States. Originally published over eight months in literary magazine Russy Vyestnik ('Russian Messenger'), the book considers the controversy that engulfed Blavatsky in her final years over displays of her 'phenomena'. Solovyov was living in Paris in 1884 and researching spiritualist literature when he met Blavatsky (whose work was known in Russia), but he became disillusioned with both her and her movement. Leaf, a classical scholar and fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, undertook the translation for the Council of the Society for Psychical Research, which had investigated Blavatsky's work. This account now provides a window on to the life of one of Europe's most controversial nineteenth-century spiritual leaders.
Plato’s Charmides
Authors: Tuozzo Thomas M.
Published: February 2012

This book argues that Plato's Charmides presents a unitary but incomplete argument intended to lead its readers to substantive philosophical insights. Through careful, contextually sensitive analysis of Plato's arguments concerning the virtue of sophrosyne, Thomas M. Tuozzo brings the dialogue's lines of inquiry together, carrying Plato's argument forward to a substantive conclusion. This innovative reading of Charmides reverses misconceptions about the dialogue that stemmed from an impoverished conception of Socratic elenchus and unquestioned acceptance of ancient historiography's demonization of Critias. It views Socratic argument as a tool intended to move its addressee to substantive philosophical insights. It also argues, on the basis of recent historical research, a review of the fragments of Critias' oeuvre and Plato's use of Critias in other dialogues, that Plato had a nuanced, generally positive view of Critias. Throughout, readers are alerted to textual difficulties whose proper resolution is crucial to understanding Plato's often abstract arguments.
The History of Greece
Authors: Curtius Ernst
Published: February 2012

The German archaeologist Ernst Curtius (1814–1896) published this seminal work in three volumes between 1857 and 1867. It quickly became a bestseller and was republished in numerous German editions. The work was translated into English by the eminent British historian Adolphus William Ward (1837–1924) who divided it into five volumes, published between 1868 and 1873. Volume 1 of Ward's translation contains two books. Book 1 covers the state of Greece in the period before the so-called Dorian migrations, and Book 2 the development of Attica and the Peloponnese up until the Persian wars. Curtius' History was a pioneering work of nineteenth-century classical scholarship. For many generations it provided an indispensable guide through the complex history of the ancient Greek world, and it continues to inspire researchers today.
Journal of a Tour in Iceland, in the Summer of 1809
Authors: Hooker William Jackson
Published: February 2012

Sir William Jackson Hooker (1785–1865) was an eminent British botanist, best known for expanding and developing the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew into a leading centre of botanic research and conservation. At the age of nineteen he undertook an expedition to Iceland, his first outside Britain. Unfortunately, all his specimens and notes were destroyed in a fire on the return voyage (described in Volume 1), but he was able, with the help of the notes made by Sir Joseph Banks on an earlier expedition, to write this account. His work was first published privately in 1811, but a second edition was published in 1813 and is reproduced here. Volume 1 gives a brief history of Iceland, before Hooker begins his detailed observations of the people and topography, and the flora and fauna he found. His accounts of the lives of the people of the island are of particular interest.
The Political Philosophy of Zionism
Authors: Chowers Eyal
Published: February 2012

Zionism emerged at the end of the nineteenth century in response to a rise in anti-Semitism in Europe and to the crisis of modern Jewish identity. This novel, national revolution aimed to unite a scattered community, defined mainly by shared texts and literary tradition, into a vibrant political entity destined for the Holy Land. However, Zionism was about much more than a national political ideology and practice. By tracing its origins in the context of a European history of ideas and by considering the writings of key Jewish and Hebrew writers and thinkers from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the book offers an entirely new philosophical perspective on Zionism as a unique movement based on intellectual boldness and belief in human action. In counter-distinction to the studies of history and ideology that dominate the field, this book also offers a new way of reflecting upon contemporary Israeli politics.
Über die Kawi-sprache auf der Insel Java
Authors: Humboldt Wilhelm von
Published: February 2012

Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835) was a German philologist, diplomat and philosopher. While Minister of Education he was responsible for reforming the Prussian education system. His pioneering achievements in linguistics influenced many later scholars including Chomsky. This monumental three-volume study of Kawi, a traditional formal and literary language of Java belonging to the Austronesian language family, was posthumously published in 1836–9. The manuscript was prepared for the press by J. K. E. Buschmann, a protégé of Humboldt's friend and colleague Bopp (also reissued in this series). Humboldt considered Kawi, which includes many Sanskrit loan-words, to be the common ancestor of all the Malayo-Polynesian languages, though this view is no longer accepted. Volume 1 begins with a preface by Humboldt's brother Alexander describing Wilhelm's extensive academic network, and reprints Wilhelm's famous 1836 essay on language, before focusing on the question of Indian (Sanskrit and Buddhist) influences on Javan language and society.
Echoes from the Backwoods
Authors: Levinge R. G. A.
Published: February 2012

A dynamic army officer and sportsman, Sir Richard Levinge (1811–84) was an unlikely chronicler of nature. However, service during the suppression of the French Canadian uprising of 1837–8 led to a personal fascination with the people, flora and fauna of the Canadian colonies. Published in 1846, this two-volume description of travel through eastern Canada and the United States reflects the author's passion for hunting and the outdoor life. In Volume 2 readers are introduced to the American swamps, Montreal, the Great Lakes and Niagara Falls, as well as the continent's exotic fauna in the form of racoons, snakes and bald eagles. Illustrated with a dramatic lithograph of a caribou hunt, this work conveys both the dangers and the attractions for the hunter and traveller of the North American continent at this period, and includes a sardonic account of the military activity which caused Levinge to be there.
The Correspondence of Samuel Richardson
Authors: Richardson Samuel
Published: February 2012

Samuel Richardson (1689–1761), the English writer and printer best known for his epistolary novels, including Pamela (1740) and Clarissa (1748), had preserved copies of his extensive correspondence with a view to its eventual publication, and these volumes, edited by Anna Laetitia Barbauld and first published in 1804, contain her selection from his papers. Richardson became a printer's apprentice in 1706 and for the rest of his life managed a successful printing business in addition to writing his highly popular and influential novels. After the success of Pamela, Richardson regularly corresponded with leading contemporary literary figures including Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson. The letters provide fascinating insights into Richardson's life and literary and social activities. Volume 6 is devoted entirely to his lively correspondence with Lady Bradshaigh, discussing literature but also the writers' respective domestic affairs, and contemporary social concerns including the education of women and the behaviour of men.
A Grammar of Yidiɲ
Authors: Dixon R. M. W.
Published: February 2012

Professor Dixon's book The Dyirbal Language of North Queensland (CUP 1972) is acknowledge to be a classic study. His study of Yidin is directly comparable in importance. Yidin, which is also a dying language, is Dyirbal's northerly neighbour. Yet the two languages have striking and fundamental differences in each area of grammar (while still both belonging to the Australian language family). In the phonology, there is a preference for each word to consist of an even number of syllables, in order to satisfy the stress targets of Yidin. Syntactically, the language is of a 'mixed ergative' type that cannot easily be accommodated in terms of standard syntactic theory. These and a number of other special features of Yidin have a crucial bearing on several theoretical enquiries into linguistic universals.
Études et leçons sur la Révolution Française
Authors: Aulard Alphonse
Published: February 2012

Alphonse Aulard (1849–1928) was the first French historian to use nineteenth-century historicist methods in the study of the French Revolution. Pioneered by German historians such as Leopold van Ranke, this approach emphasised empiricism, objectivity and the scientific pursuit of facts. Aulard's commitment to archival investigation is evidenced by the many edited collections of primary sources that appear in his extensive publication record. In these eight volumes of papers analysing the French Revolution (published 1893–1921), Aulard sought to apply the principles of historicism to reveal the truth. The work draws on earlier journal articles and lectures which Aulard delivered as Professor of the History of the French Revolution at the Sorbonne, a post he had held since 1885. Volume 5 (1907) covers the separation of church and state and the Concordat of 1801 which redefined the status of the Roman Catholic Church in France, giving more power to the state.