bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Music Tempo on Task Performance
Authors: Mayfield Connie , Moss Sherry
Published: August 2011

Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of music tempo on task performance. In Study 1, 44 undergraduate business students were asked to be “workers” in a stock market project by collecting closing stock prices and calculating the percentage of change in the price from week to week. Subjects were randomly divided into groups such that they either listened to fast-paced music while they worked, to slow-paced music, or to no music. Analyses of variance and covariance were conducted on both the quantity and quality of the subjects' work, using music listening habits as a covariate. There were no differences in either the quantity or quality of the work produced by the groups. There were some methodological concerns regarding Study 1, so a second study was conducted. The 70 undergraduate business students in Study 2 completed the same task under the same music conditions as in Study 1. Analyses of variance indicated women performed significantly better than men, performance was significantly higher in the rock condition than in the heartbeat condition, and subjects in the rock condition had a significantly higher perceived level of distraction by the music.
Contradictory Goals, Different Expectations: Towards an Explanation of Cross-Situational Specificity in Social Behavior
Authors: Patry Jean-Luc
Published: August 2011

The lack of cross-situational consistency, i.e., cross-situational specificity has usually been treated as “error” in social sciences. A theory of cross-situational specificity is needed, and some elements of such a theory are provided here. Behavior is explained by the goals people have, the means they can use to reach the goals, and the values placed upon consequences. Based on expectancy-value models, it is shown how several different behavior-outcome relationships can interact in a given situation and how this can help explain apparent cross-situational inconsistency.
The Factorial Validity of Brief Satisfaction Scales in a Survey of 58 Korean-American Interracial Couples
Authors: Rho Jung Ja , Schumm Walter R.
Published: August 2011

Responses to modified versions of the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale and the Kansas Parental Satisfaction Scale were obtained from a nonrandom sample of 58 Korean-American interracial couples living near Fort Riley and Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. The items were factored using principal axis factoring with varimax rotation. Each scale's items loaded on the factors as expected, with some minor exceptions, for both the English and Korean translations.
Personality and Effective Leadership: A Reply
Authors: Jaffe Eugene D. , Nebenzahl Israel D. , Gotesdyner Harry
Published: August 2011

Some general and specific comments (on differences in reward systems, number of decision iterations, composition of teams, and games) on laboratory-based research on personality and effectiveness of leadership are presented in response to Jones's 1989 remarks in this journal.
Relationship of Divorce to Self-Concept, Self-Esteem, and Grade Point Average of Fifth and Sixth Grade School Children
Authors: Beer John
Published: August 2011

61 children (33 in Grade 5 and 28 in Grade 6) participated and were administered the Piers-Harris Self-concept Test, the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory—School Form, and the Children's Depression Inventory. At the end of the school year grade point averages (GPAs; 12-point scale) were calculated and Iowa Tests of Basic Skills were taken from their transcripts. Among the 58, 21 children were from divorced homes (10 girls and 11 boys) and 37 were from nondivorced homes (21 girls and 16 boys). Other subjects' data were not used because some data were missing. Children from divorced homes scored significantly lower on the self-concept test, self-esteem tests, and GPAs than children from nondivorced homes, although both scores would be considered average. Girls had significantly higher GPAs than boys. Children from divorced homes scored significantly higher on the Children's Depression Inventory than children from nondivorced homes, but there were no significant effects for the composite score from the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills for marital status of parents. Present results agree with prior observations that divorce has negative effects upon the children involved.
Threat, Power, and Presidential Greatness: Harding to Johnson
Authors: McCann Stewart J. H.
Published: August 2011

To ascertain whether an earlier finding by McCann and Stewin that electoral success of U.S. presidents is positively correlated with the congruence between the president's power motivation and prevailing societal threat is transferrable to historians' estimates of presidential greatness, power scores were obtained from Winter, greatness scores were taken from Maranell, and prevailing threat through each president's administration was derived from the social, economic, and political threat index developed by McCann and Stewin, for each president from Harding to Johnson. Greatness correlated positively with threat and power. Correlations between greatness and congruence scores, based on combinations of standardized power and threat scores, were negative and substantial but nonsignificant. It appears on the basis of this small sample that the McCann and Stewin hypothesis is not transferrable to greatness. The nature of the relationships for this sample is opposite to that found for voters' preferences and is analogous to the finding of Winter concerning congruence of presidents' and society's motives.
Nonintervention into Siblings' Fighting as a Catalyst for Learned Helplessness
Authors: Bennett J. C.
Published: August 2011

The hypothesis that siblings fight simply to attract adults' attention has enjoyed much speculation and some study of children's fighting in recent years. Current research indicates that refusing to intervene causes fighting to wane, supposedly because children will adequately solve problems by themselves if left to do so. The phenomenon of learned helplessness, in which lethargy and despair result from an inability to escape pain, has been applied to battered spouses. This work tests the hypothesis that nonintervention into siblings' fighting is more likely to allow one child to establish superiority over another and that fighting stops because the defeated learns helplessness in the manner of an abused spouse. Implications and alternative methods of dealing with fighting are explored.
Predictors of Performance in a Field-Based Counselor Education Program
Authors: Cantwell Zita M.
Published: August 2011

The study investigated variables predicting graduate counselor-trainee academic achievement and professional competence attained in a field-based counselor education program. The variables were the 15 needs from the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule, dogmatism as measured by the Rokeach Dogmatism Scale, and analytic thinking measured by the Miller Analogies Test, all three instruments administered at time of program entrance, as well as level of counselor preparation selected by trainees at entrance and sex. Performance of 81 trainees, 41 women and 40 men, was analyzed. Four predictors—sex, preparation level selected, analytic thinking ability, and need for affiliation—made significant, unique contributions to the explanation of 28% of the variance in academic achievement. Preparation level selected made a significant, unique contribution to the explanation of 11% of the variance in professional competence attained. 57.5% of the men compared to 41.5% of the women selected the basic plus advanced preparation level rather than the basic preparation level only. Trainees selecting the basic level had significantly higher analytic thinking ability and were significantly higher in needs for Achievement and Heterosexuality. Trainees selecting the basic plus advanced level were significantly higher in needs for Deference and Order. Men were significantly higher in need for Achievement and in Dogmatism. Women were significantly higher in academic achievement in the counselor-education program. Complexities in the relationships among characteristics of counselor trainees and of counselor training were discussed. Research on the prediction of performance of counselor-trainees is needed in which the focus of study is on the interactions between trainees' ability and personality characteristics and the curriculum and environmental variables in counselor education programs.
Comparing Survey Results of Volunteer and Randomly-Selected Subjects
Authors: Stevick Richard A. , Barnes James H. , Orke Sandra G.
Published: August 2011

Based on research on nonresponse bias summarized by Rosenthal and Rosnow in 1975, the researchers hypothesized that responses from the 43% of college students who voluntarily returned surveys of students' attitudes and behavior would be more congruent with college goals and expected lifestyle than responses one year later from a randomly selected group of 7% of the students. When percentages of students from the volunteer and random groups were compared on each of 82 items of a survey of students' attitudes and behaviors, most items showed differences of 3% or less. Of the 23 items which varied between 5 and 9%, only six were statistically significant. When compared with the college's stated goals and lifestyle expectations, only three of these items were congruent, which did not support the original hypothesis. With such small and random differences, the authors concluded that either method was equally valid in sampling students' self-reported attitudes and behavior.
An Experimental Application of Personality Type as an Analogue for Decision-Making Style
Authors: Davis Donald L. , Grove Stephen J. , Knowles Patricia A.
Published: August 2011

In the present study, 132 subjects were classified into one of four decision-making styles according to the Myers-Briggs combinations of perception (sensing-intuiting) and judgment (thinking-feeling), specifically, sensing-thinking (ST), sensing-feeling (SF), intuiting-thinking (NT), and intuiting-feeling (NF) styles. They were then asked to perform in an interactive computer-simulated business environment and their cost performance was measured. As hypothesized, analysis of variance indicated significant differences in cost performance among the four decision-making styles. A second hypothesis which predicted that students with the ST style would perform best followed in order by those with NT, SF, and NF styles, was not supported. Over-all, sensing types performed more efficiently than intuiting types. Given that there were significant differences among decision-making styles in terms of cost performance, the present study provides results which support the efficacy of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator as an analogue for decision-making style.
Birth Order and Fear of Success among Midadolescents
Authors: Ishiyama F. Ishu , Munson Paul A. , Chabassol David J.
Published: August 2011

While among 194 high school students 79 first-borns showed less fear of negative consequences of academic success than 78 last-borns and 37 middle-borns, no differences were observed on fear of increased positive attention or of increased responsibility.
Birth Order and Academic Achievement of Children in Transkei
Authors: Cherian Varghese I.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the relationship between birth order and academic achievement of 1021 randomly chosen Standard 7 pupils in Transkei, South Africa. The subjects ranged in age from 13 to 17 yr., with a mean of 15.6 yr. Two questionnaires, one for the pupils and the other for their parents, were administered to collect information on the birth order of children. Analysis of variance indicated a significant negative relationship between birth order of children and their academic achievement.
Fear of Aids: Self-Reports of Australian Children and Adolescents
Authors: King Neville J. , Gullone Eleonora
Published: August 2011

Using a self-report questionnaire, we assessed fear of AIDS in Australian children and adolescents. Recently, the participants had been subjected to a community education program featuring frightening televised advertisements. A high level of fear was reported by 65 9% of the respondents. Girls reported a significantly greater mean fear than boys. Fear of AIDS was not significantly influenced by developmental factors. Given the design and measures, it was not possible to specify the origins of the fear response.
Effect of Subjects' Sex and Sex-Role Attitudes on Real and Perceived Performance Using Gender-Related Stimuli with Traditional and Nontraditional Female Experimenters
Authors: Leventhal Gloria , Herbert Helene
Published: August 2011

Actual and perceived performance of male and female college students was investigated using male-oriented and female-oriented words with a “traditional” or a “nontraditional” role-playing female experimenter. Subjects' attitudes toward women, as measured by the Attitudes Towards Women Scale were also considered. On Bem's inventory subjects, especially those with a more traditional attitude, perceived the “nontraditional” experimenter as being more masculine and the “traditional” experimenter as being more feminine than those with other attitudes. More male-oriented words were recalled with the “nontraditional” experimenter and more female-oriented words were recalled with the “traditional” experimenter. Men underestimated their performance more with the “nontraditional” experimenter. Women underestimated their performance with the “nontraditional” experimenter and overestimated their performance with the “traditional” experimenter. Implications for the workplace were discussed.
Guilt—In the Company of Puccini's Doctor
Authors: Peschel Richard , Peschel Enid
Published: August 2011

A physician may feel guilt and sorrow if he contributes, though innocently, to a patient's death. One radiation therapist, whose famous patient died, finds a parallel to his own experience in the case of the opera composer Giacomo Puccini, who died while being treated for cancer by his well-meaning radiotherapist.
Evaluation of Bilingual School Psychology Program: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Martorell Mario , Esquivel Giselle B. , Houtz John C.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to explore how past students of the Fordham University Bilingual School Psychology Program perceived that program regarding acquired psycholinguistic skills, cross-cultural expertise, and assessment/intervention competencies. A thorough assessment of additional areas, such as field work/internship, support system, financial aid, and training approaches was discussed. Analyses suggest that proficiency in all competencies developed as expected. Using this evaluation model appears useful in assessing the effectiveness of training programs.
Effects of Moderating Variables on Product Managers' Behavior
Authors: Lysonski Steven , Andrews J. Craig
Published: August 2011

This study examined the moderating effects of role autonomy, need for affiliation, and tolerance of ambiguity on the relationships between role pressures of conflict and ambiguity and personal outcomes of job satisfaction, job-related tension, and perceived performance. Data from 166 product managers indicate that role autonomy and need for affiliation do have moderating effects unlike tolerance of ambiguity. Managerial implications are discussed.
Life Goals and General Well-Being
Authors: Wheeler Robert J. , Munz David C. , Jain Ashish
Published: August 2011

Meaning, purpose and major goals in people's lives have been purported to relate to well-being and health. To begin study of the relations among these variables, a group of 115 college students was divided into subgroups scoring high and low on general well-being, and differences in their life-goal orientation were estimated using the Life Esteem Survey questionnaire. Three life-goal components were significantly different for the subgroups: recognition of a framework of purpose, perspective of progress, and commitment to a framework. A fourth component, quality of life goals, was not significantly different. A comprehensive set of 22 possible life goals significantly discriminated among the subgroups; however, on only one, excitement, were differences significant. The only significant interaction between sex and well-being also held for the value placed on the goal of excitement. A tendency was shown for the value placed on more hedonistically oriented goals to differentiate the subgroups with the group on low well-being higher on the hedonistically oriented goals.
Revised Beck Depression Inventory Scores of Inner-City Adolescents: Pre- and Postpartum
Authors: Steer Robert A. , Scholl Theresa O. , Beck Aaron T.
Published: August 2011

The revised Beck Depression Inventory was administered to 109 (69 0%) black, 33 (20 9%) Hispanic, and 16 (10.1%) white adolescents who were attending prenatal and postpartum clinics offered by two inner-city hospitals at 28 wk. of pregnancy, 5 wk. postpartum, and 6 mo. postpartum. The mean Beck scores significantly decreased between 28 wk. of pregnancy and 5 wk. postpartum but did not change between 5 wk. and 6 mo. postpartum. The levels of depression were comparable to those previously reported for nonpregnant adolescent females. Using a Beck cut-off score>20 as indicative of depression, 134 (84.8%) were never depressed; 11 (7.0%) became depressed after delivery; 8 (5 1%) ceased being depressed after delivery; and 5 (3.1%) were depressed throughout.
Reply to Hauck, et al. concerning Nonsexual Household Transmission of HIV in Zaire
Authors: Cameron Kirk
Published: August 2011

CDC researchers mishandle statistical evidence and overstate case against casual transmission of HIV. Reassessment by Hauck, et al. is statistically inappropriate.
Developmental Factors and Performance in Remedial Courses
Authors: Dwinell Patricia L. , Ginter Earl J. , Taylor William Douglas
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the relations between various developmental factors and performance in remedial courses. The Iowa Developing Autonomy Inventory, Iowa Managing Emotions Inventory, and Iowa Developing Competency Inventory were administered to 231 students enrolled in a developmental studies program at a large state university (enrollment about 25,000). Regression analyses indicated that various developmental measures accounted for a small effect (amount of variance accounted for ranged from 2% to 7%) on performance in remedial courses. The percentage of variance accounted for by the three inventories was similar to what could be accounted for by more traditional measures of SAT scores and high-school grade point averages. The percentage of variance accounted for by traditional measures ranged from 2% to 10%.
Locus of Control and Adjustment to Cancer
Authors: Watson Maggie , Greer Steven , Pruyn Jean , Van Den Borne Bart
Published: August 2011

The English form of the Cancer Locus of Control Scale was administered to an heterogeneous sample of 68 cancer patients. A principal components analysis confirmed the three subscales described in the original Dutch form, however, with five items excluded. Correlations with other measures indicated that high internal control over the course of the illness was associated with a tendency to adopt an attitude toward cancer of ‘fighting spirit’ whereas high internal control over the cause of the illness was associated with an ‘anxious preoccupation’ about cancer. No specific relationship was found between scale scores and either depression and anxiety or the tendency to be emotionally controlled. It was concluded that the scale provides a valid measure of perceptions of control of cancer patients and is a useful method of assessing these important psychological responses.
Attention and Disordered Eating Behavior: II. Disattention to Turbulent Inner Sensations as a Risk Factor in the Development of Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Heilbrun Alfred B. , Worobow Alyson L.
Published: August 2011

The Slade model for development of anorexia nervosa proposes that the female may seek success and control in her life by pursuing a thin body through dieting when faced with serious personal problems. Extending upon this model, the present program of research has sought to identify those characteristics of women generally at-risk for anorexia nervosa that would make dieting behavior especially successful, permitting the progression from food restraint into food aversion. The present studies considered whether heightened and stress-related inner stimulation could interfere with the at-risk woman's sensitivity to hunger sensations, thereby decreasing her motivation to eat. A series of analyses conducted within two studies indicated: (1) a relationship between elevated daily stress, concern over being overwhelmed by inner feelings, and a loss of discrimination regarding sources of inner feelings, (2) a tendency to narrow attentional focus when overloaded with excessive internal stimulation, and (3) diminished sensitivity to hunger sensations for women generally at-risk for anorexia nervosa given a narrowed attentional focus.
Preliminary Study of Effect of Decision Making on Locus of Control among Prison Inmates
Authors: Murphy David G.
Published: August 2011

To study the effect of teaching decision-making to inmates in a maximum security facility on locus of control 19 adult male inmates who were incarcerated at a community correctional center were pre- and posttested on the Rotter Internal-External Locus of Control Scale. In this preliminary study there was no statistically significant difference at pretest or posttest so teaching decision-making skills in group settings versus teaching in a group combined and one-to-one contact did not affect locus of control as measured. This personality trait appears stable over time and a more thorough means of intervention is required to effect change.
Perceived Parental Inconsistency as a Factor in the Emotional Development of Behaviour-Disordered Children
Authors: Brand Handré J. , Crous Bernhardt H. , Hanekom Jurgens D. M.
Published: August 2011

55 English-speaking institutionalized adolescents (37 boys and 18 girls between ages of 14 and 19 yr.) were given questionnaires measuring perceived parental inconsistency and different components of emotional development. Canonical correlation analysis indicated that a significant proportion (51%) of the variation in emotional adjustment was accounted for by parental inconsistency. It is suggested that the efficiency of using parents as agents of change for their behaviour-disordered children can be enhanced by including theory on parental inconsistency in program content.
“One-and-a-Half-Tailed” Tests of Significance
Authors: Ramsey Philip H.
Published: August 2011

A compromise is offered between the positions taken by advocates and opponents of one-tailed tests of significance. The one-and-a-half-tailed test is suggested as having most of the benefits of the one-tailed test while eliminating the major objections.
Relationship of Tolerance of Ambiguity and Playfulness to Creativity
Authors: Tegano Deborah W.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of tolerance of ambiguity and playfulness to creativity. The constructs were measured by the AT-20, the Adult Behavior Inventory of Playfulness, and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Creativity Index. Tolerance of ambiguity and playfulness were significantly correlated .31 and .48 with creativity. The correlation of playfulness and creativity remained significant when tolerance for ambiguity was controlled. The discussion includes the role of tolerance for ambiguity in understanding playfulness and creativity, creativity as a multidimensional construct, and the use of the Myers-Briggs Creativity Index as a measure of creative style.
Stress-Related Symptoms among Dental Hygienists
Authors: Lang Rebecca Jessen , Gilpin Joan L. , Gilpin Andrew R.
Published: August 2011

A sample of 49 practicing dental hygienists responded to a survey which included Derogatis and Spencer's 1982 Brief Symptom Inventory, a measure of stress-related symptoms, and a list of items considered stressful based on previous research with hygienists, arranged in six content categories. As hypothesized, in comparison with national norms, hygienists displayed significantly more symptoms on the over-all inventory and also on eight of nine subscales. Also as hypothesized, on the list of stressors, items pertaining to time pressure were rated as significantly more stressful than items from other behavioral domains. However, contrary to prediction, the correlation between over-all symptom level on the inventory and self-rated stress did not reach statistical significance. A variety of implications for stress reduction in dental hygiene practice are discussed.
Is Propensity to Laugh Equivalent to Sense of Humor?
Authors: Thorson James A.
Published: August 2011

But laughter is weakness, corruption, the foolishness of our flesh. It is the peasant's entertainment, the drunkard's license.…

Brother Jorge

The Name of the Rose (Eco, 1983, p. 576)

Several recent studies using the scales, Situational Humor Response Questionnaire, Coping Humor Scale, and Sense-of-Humor Questionnaire, suggest caution in viewing a measure of the behavioral response of laughter as an assessment of the sense of humor, a multidimensional construct.
Theoretical Underpinnings of Practice in Family Service Agencies
Authors: Cantoni Lucile E. , Cantoni Louis J.
Published: August 2011

1,334 counselors from 123 Family Service America (FSA) agencies participated in a survey to assess which theories of counseling and psychotherapy were used in their day-to-day work with clients. Counselors were not asked directly which theories they used. Rather, use was ascertained from the interventions they employed in the counseling process. Although 3 theories predominated, findings showed that FSA practitioners were eclectic in their practice—they chose certain interventions from 11 theories. Comparison of subgroup scores for demographic characteristics with total group scores for theory use showed remarkable consistency in the order of theories used.
Attendance Reward and Absenteeism in High School
Authors: Sturgeon Ron , Beer John
Published: August 2011

14 years of data, 1976 to 1989, from a north central Kansas rural high school district were analyzed. An attendance reward of exemption from taking semester tests was implemented to decrease the absenteeism in high school from 1976 to 1989. In 1980 a reward policy for attendance was implemented. Students who attended school regularly and maintained a certain grade point average earned an opportunity to be exempt from taking semester tests. Absenteeism was significantly higher for students before 1980 than afterwards. The reward policy was effective in raising attendance and in lowering absenteeism.
The Environment and its Relationship to the Type a Behavior Pattern in Middle and Old Age, a Pilot Study
Authors: Kopac Catharine A.
Published: August 2011

21 men and 76 women between the ages of 68 0 and 97.0 yr. were administered the Geriatric Scale of Recent Life Events, the Jenkins Activity Survey, the Framingham Type A Scale, and a measure designed to assess factors in the environment believed to contribute to the development and maintenance of the Type A Behavior Pattern. Differences were found between the environment of old age and the retrospective middle-age environment. Results support that Type A behavior emerges in response to environmental elicitors.
Comparison of Self-Report and Projective Measures of Dependency
Authors: Ehrenreich John H.
Published: August 2011

No correlation was found between the interpersonal dependency of subjects assessed by two different methods, a self-report measure and a measure of dependency based on TAT stories. Issues related to lack of consensual definition of “dependency” and the differences in what projective and self-report tests measure are held accountable for the lack of agreement between the measures.
Retest Reliability of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence Restandardized in Iran
Authors: Razavieh Asghar , Shahim Sima
Published: August 2011

Retest reliability of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence test scores was performed in Iran using 30 subjects in a time interval of 5 to 6 wk. The results of this analysis suggest that this restandardization of the WPPSI provides a consistent measure of intelligence for application in Iran. Reliability coefficients of .83, .90, and .88 were found for Verbal IQ, Performance IQ, and Full Scale IQ, respectively.
Effects of Sex, Race and Year in College on Self-Reported Drinking-Related Problem Behaviors
Authors: Curtis Kenneth , Genaro Sandra , Roberts Arah , Kayson Wesley A.
Published: August 2011

This research was conducted to study the effects of sex, race, and year in college on self-reported drinking-related problem behaviors. It was hypothesized that men would report more problem behaviors than women, white students would report more than Hispanic or black students, and an interaction of sex and race would be observed. The study was conducted at a middle-sized eastern college, where 181 students anonymously filled out a 17-item questionnaire. The design was a 3 (race) × 2 (sex) × 2 (year in college) factorial. The hypotheses for sex and race were confirmed. Investigation of whether these self-reported drinking-related problem behaviors are congruent with actual behaviors requires study.
Protestant Fundamentalism and Marital Success Revisited
Authors: Schumm Walter R. , Jeong Gyung Ja , Silliman Benjamin
Published: August 2011

Chi and Houseknecht found partial support for a negative relationship between Protestant fundamentalism and marital success, but among 44 Protestant couples randomly sampled from a midwestern community, no over-all relationship was observed between fundamentalism and self-esteem and each of seven measures of marital quality. For a small subsample, subjects who attended the same church frequently, fundamentalism may have been associated with greater apprehension about marital and/or aversive communication. Negative effects of fundamentalism, if any, on marital quality may operate selectively in marital interaction.
Suicide Rates, Handgun Control Laws, and Sociodemographic Variables
Authors: Boor Myron , Bair Jeffrey H.
Published: August 2011

The association of state handgun control laws to state suicide rates was investigated while controlling for sex, age, percent black, percent metropolitan population, population density, and rates of population change, divorce, crime, and unemployment. Gun control laws formed two statistically identifiable groups, (1) laws that place restrictions on the sellers of handguns and (2) laws that place restrictions on the buyers of handguns. A multiple regression analysis indicated that suicide rates were significantly lower in states with low divorce rates, low crime rates, and stringent firearm control laws, as those laws affect both the sellers and the buyers of handguns. The variables in this analysis accounted for 69% of the variance of suicide rates.
The Young Children's Empathy Measure: Reliability, Validity and Effects of Companion Animal Bonding
Authors: Poresky Robert H.
Published: August 2011

The Young Children's Empathy Measure is a brief measure of young children's cognitive and affective perspective taking developed to assess preschool children's empathy. The Cronbach alpha coefficient of internal reliability for the empathy score was acceptable and interrater reliability across four raters was very high. The children's empathy scores were correlated with their ages and social development, but not with their IQs. Empathy toward children was correlated with empathy for pets, and children with a strong pet bond had higher scores on empathy for children than young children without pets.
The Inappropriateness of Using Participants' Reactions to Evaluate Effectiveness of Training
Authors: Yancey George B. , Kelly Lynne
Published: August 2011

The prevailing wisdom in the evaluation of training effectiveness is that participants' reactions are of limited utility; however, they continue to be the preferred instrument in most industrial settings. The end result of this policy could be disastrous as well as expensive in light of research which indicates that training participants tend systematically to distort their evaluations of training in a positive fashion.
Irrational Beliefs and Three Interpersonal Styles
Authors: Goldberg Glenn M.
Published: August 2011

To examine whether certain irrational beliefs described by Albert Ellis covary with specific interpersonal styles, 217 undergraduates completed R. G. Jones's Irrational Beliefs Test and a revised version of the Interpersonal Checklist popularized by T. Leary. A principal components analysis of the structure of the Interpersonal Checklist produced three distinct factors, and factor scores derived from this were correlated with the 10 irrational beliefs measured. Eight of the irrational beliefs covaried with at least one interpersonal style. The irrational belief that “one must have approval from others” correlated with both an “hostile-dominant” and “submissive” interpersonal style. This finding, along with several other significant correlations, is explained through a negative reinforcement paradigm. All correlations were low to moderate in magnitude. Findings suggest that the relationship between certain irrational beliefs and different interpersonal styles may at times be fairly complex.
Japanese and Americans Compared on the Affect Orientation Construct
Authors: Frymier Ann Bainbridge , Klopf Donald W. , Ishii Satoshi
Published: August 2011

162 Japanese and 202 American university students completed the affect orientation scale on which American men scored higher than Japanese men and American women higher than Japanese women. The American women also scored higher than American men. Other comparisons were statistically nonsignificant.
Retention of Graduate Students in Social Work: An Issue of Enrollment Management for the Nineties
Authors: Singer Terry L. , Strobino Jane
Published: August 2011

The retention of graduate students in social work is a key issue of management of enrollment for the decade of the nineties due to the anticipated enrollment shortage as well as the changing demographic characteristics of graduate students. In light of this issue, a study was conducted to assess the presence and structure of formal mechanisms to monitor students who “drop out” and/or “stop out” of graduate programs. Also, an attempt was made to document and identify the numbers and types of students who are especially vulnerable to interruption in programs. Analysis indicates that, although formal mechanisms to track students are in place in schools of social work, there is little evidence of interruption of students' programs. While respondents suggested that they monitor especially vulnerable students, they did not provide specific information on identifying that group. These results raise further questions about management of enrollment in general and how the issue of retention in particular may be important to survival and/or development of graduate programs.
Criterion-Related Validity of the British Ability Scales Short-Form for Black and White Children
Authors: Buckhalt Joseph A.
Published: August 2011

Scores for four subtests of the British Ability Scales comprising the Short Form and for the Stanford Achievement Test were compared for a sample of 107 black and white sixth and seventh grade students in the USA. Analysis showed substantial criterion-related validity of the British Ability Scales Short-Form IQ both for the Stanford Complete Battery score and for the Otis-Lennon School Ability Index. Comparison of scores for black and white students showed significant differences on all Stanford scores, on the British Ability Scales Short-Form IQ, and on two subtests, Matrices and Similarities. No race differences were found for the Recall of Digits and the Speed of Information Processing subtests. Significant slope and intercept differences by race indicate that further research on predictive bias is needed.
The Study Habits and Attitudes Inventory and its Implications for Students' Success
Authors: Nixon Carol T. , Frost Alan G.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to construct a psychometrically sound inventory that could predict college academic success from students' study habits and attitudes. Success was measured in terms of grade point average. A 37-item inventory was constructed and twice revised by removing ineffective items after being administered to samples of 128 and 56 students. The final 31-item inventory was both reliable and valid. Strong correlations were found between both goal-setting and self-concept and academic success. A curvilinear relationship was found between study time and academic success.
Personality Correlates and Cyclicity in Positive and Negative Affect
Authors: Almagor Moshe , Ehrlich Sharon
Published: August 2011

The current study investigated over time variation of Positive and Negative Affect and the relation between mood level and personality characteristics. 68 male undergraduate volunteers completed the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire and then recorded mood ratings daily over a 29-day period. Spectra time series analyses showed a distinct and significant seven-day cycle for Positive Affect and Negative Affect, with the peak in Negative Affect occurring approximately three days after that of Positive Affect. Positive Affect was significantly correlated with scores on Well-being, Social Closeness, Social Potency, and Absorption scales of the questionnaire, while Negative Affect was significantly related to scores on the Stress-Reaction, Alienation, and Aggression scales.
Relationship of Liking of First Names to Birth Order and Loneliness
Authors: Joubert Charles E.
Published: August 2011

Women who were first-born and only children reported liking their first names better than later-born women liked theirs. Also, women who liked their first names tended to be less lonely and have fewer siblings. Women with more siblings tended to be more lonely.
Femininity and Expected Satisfaction in the Stages of the Family Life Cycle
Authors: McCann Stewart J. H. , Stewin Leonard L. , Short Robert H.
Published: August 2011

This study focused on the relationships between femininity and expected satisfaction over the eight stages of married life listed by Duvall in 1977. Single undergraduates indicated personal expected levels of satisfaction at the stages of marriage and completed the Bem Sex-role Inventory. It was predicted that the phase before children are born and the phase after children leave home would be significantly higher in anticipated satisfaction than the phase when children are at home, thereby reflecting in a general way the U-shaped pattern that has often been reported in studies of actual marital satisfaction. Results support the prediction for women but are more in line with an hypothesis of a linear decline for men. Femininity was more predictive of expected satisfaction than was masculinity over the stages of married life, and women high on femininity showed the most pronounced U-shaped pattern.
Measures of Shame and Conflict Tactics: Effects of Questionnaire Order
Authors: Faulkner Kim K. , Cogan Rosemary
Published: August 2011

In the context of a theory of the intrapsychic dynamics of violent spousal relationships, in which abuse serves to replace shame with guilt, the effect of the order of presentation of questionnaires assessing shame, guilt, narcissism and conflict tactics was considered. Among 122 male and 133 female students, a shame score was significantly higher if the student had responded first to the Conflict Tactics Scale.
Effect of Experience with Nontraditional Workers on Psychological and Social Dimensions of Occupational Sex-Role Stereotyping by Elementary School Children
Authors: Bailey Becky A. , Nihlen Ann S.
Published: August 2011

AngloAmerican and Hispanic boys and girls ages 6 to 11 yr. ( N = 219) were exposed to nontraditional workers within their elementary school classrooms. They rated 30 occupations as appropriate for men, women, or both men and women, on a pre- and posttest for a social dimension score (attribution of occupational sex-role stereotypes to others). Pre- and posttest fixed-choice selection of individual career aspirations indicated a psychological dimension score (individual job preference). Traditionality was measured from the child's point of view, not an adult concensus. Analysis shows: (a) When students are exposed to nontraditional role models their attitudes become less sex-typed on the social but not on the psychological dimension. (b) Sex and age affected career choices. (c) Historical-cultural (i.e., women's movement) events appear to have affected the children's attitudes on the social dimension.
Breadwinning Status as a Moderator of the Equity-Job Satisfaction Relationship
Authors: Witt L. Alan , Wilson John Warren
Published: August 2011

Data collected from 44 married female schoolteachers and 26 married female workers in a military organization indicated that perceptions of equity were stronger predictors of feelings of job satisfaction among those who were the family breadwinners than among those whose husbands worked (i.e., the nonbreadwinners).
Perceived Consequences of Employing Aids Victims: Development and Validation of a Scale
Authors: Vest Michael J. , O'Brien Fabius P. , Vest Jusanne M.
Published: August 2011

Preliminary results in the development of a 15-item scale to measure managers' beliefs about the consequences of employing AIDS victims are reported. Study participants included 248 managers in southeastern U.S. manufacturing, government, and service organizations. Principal components analysis of the proposed scale yielded three dimensions including reduced revenues, workplace disruptions, and increased insurance costs. Evidence of predictive validity is presented and support is also provided for the hypothesis that fear of AIDS in the workplace is a construct distinct from perceived consequences of AIDS in the workplace.
Burnout among Dutch Psychotherapists
Authors: Van Der Ploeg Henk M. , Van Leeuwen Jacques J. , Kwee Maurits G. T.
Published: August 2011

The development of a Dutch adaptation of the Maslach Burnout Inventory is described. Preliminary results on burnout for 98 Dutch psychotherapists indicate that (on the average) young therapists and therapists who are employed in regional mental health services are more prone to burnout.
What Women Think and What Men Think Women Think: Perceptions of Abuse and Kindness in Dating Relationships
Authors: Bruschi Irene Gillman , Raymond Beth
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate how college women and their boyfriends viewed their relationships in terms of both abuse and kindness. The women filled out the Psychological Abuse-Kindness Relationship Inventory for themselves and their boyfriends responded to the questionnaire as they thought their girlfriends would. Several intriguing findings resulted. (1) Men thought their girlfriends would respond more negatively about the relationship than the women actually did. (2) Certain aspects of the relationship resulted in more discrepancies between the men's and women's perceptions. (3) Women distinguished present from past relationships by describing the former as more positive and the latter as more negative; men made no such distinction. Alternative explanations were offered to account for these results including projection, denial, projective identification, lack of psychological separation within couples, men's emotional upbringing and deeply rooted feelings towards women.
Reliability and Concurrent Validity of the Sternberg Triangular Love Scale
Authors: Chojnacki Joseph T. , Walsh W. Bruce
Published: August 2011

This study was conducted to assess the reliability and concurrent validity of the Sternberg Triangular Love Scale. From introductory courses in psychology 90 students who were currently involved in dating relationships completed the scale and a group of other measures in reference to their dating partners. The scale demonstrated adequate internal consistency and 2-wk. test-retest reliability, but high subscale interrelatedness. Results supported hypotheses designed to assess the concurrent validity of the Sternberg subscales. Possible explanations for the high interrelatedness between the subscales are discussed.
Reliability of Ratings of Movies by Professional Movie Critics
Authors: Boor Myron
Published: August 2011

The ratings and narrative reviews for 3,144 motion pictures in Video Movie Guide 1989, by Mick Martin and Marsha Porter, were compared with those for the same movies in TV Movies and Video Guide, by Leonard Maltin. The correlation between these ratings was .67. The mean difference between these ratings was .55 points (stars) on a scale that ranged from zero stars to four stars. The critics' evaluations, as indicated by these ratings and reviews, differed markedly for approximately 6.3% of the 3,144 movies, but they showed good or acceptable agreement for the remaining 93.7% of the films. The critics' evaluations showed sufficient agreement to be of substantial value to viewers of movies. Critics showed the highest agreement for westerns.
Sources of Meaning through the Lifespan
Authors: Baum Steven K. , Stewart Robert B.
Published: August 2011

185 men and women representing five developmental ages ranging from younger to older adulthood (17 to 96 yr.) completed several measures to assess the amount and origins of most meaningful events in a person's life. As assessed by a modification of the Purpose-in-Life Test, the amount of purpose did not vary per se with age or sex. Similarly, the sources of meaning did not alter across time or sex. Themes of involvement emerged as the salient sources of meaning and included love, work, births of children, independent pursuits, accidents, illnesses, deaths, separations, or divorces, and to a lesser extent major purchases. The common sources and their timing are discussed within the context of a lifespan developmental model.
Relating Computer-Associated Stress to Computerphobia
Authors: Hudiburg Richard A.
Published: August 2011

The associations of computer-related stress, somatic complaints, and computerphobia were studied by administering questionnaires covering demographic data, exposure to computer information, computer-related stress, as measured by the Computer Technology Hassles Scale, somatic complaint items of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist, and Rosen, Sears, and Weil's measures of computerphobia: Computer Anxiety Rating Scale, Attitudes Toward Computers Scale, and Computer Thoughts Scale to 109 students. Correlations indicated scores on the Computer Technology Hassles Scale were significantly correlated .35 with somatic complaints, .27 with years used a computer, and .28 with self-rated computer knowledge. The Computer Technology Hassles Scale was not significantly correlated (.18, −.08, and −.05) with the three measures of computerphobia. Computer-related stress appears to be distinct from computerphobia.
Credit Cards as Spending-Facilitating Stimuli: A Test and Extension of Feinberg's Conditioning Hypothesis
Authors: Hunt James M. , Chatterjee Anindya , Florsheim Renee A. , Kernan Jerome B.
Published: August 2011

To replicate and extend the 1986 work of Feinberg, the effect of a credit card's presence on subjects' spending behavior was assessed. Over-all, no main effect was observed, which does not support Feinberg's conditioning hypothesis that credit cards function as spending-facilitating stimuli. These results held even for subjects who exhibited high scores on materialism, as assessed on Belk's 1984 scale. Inasmuch as our procedure replicated Feinberg's, the contrasting results might be attributed to either methodological differences (our experiment used comparatively small numbers of subjects, composed of women largely from working-class backgrounds) or to nomological problems (in which case the validity of Feinberg's conditioning hypothesis and/or that of Belk's materialism scale would be called into question).