bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors affecting the adequacy of lymph node yield in prophylactic unilateral central neck dissection for papillary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Lang Brian Hung‐Hin , Yih Patricia Chun‐Ling , Shek Tony W.‐H. , Wan Koon Yat , Wong Kai Pun , Lo Chung‐Yau
Published: June 2012

Background

Determinants for adequate lymph node yield (LNY) in prophylactic central neck dissection (pCND) for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) remain unclear. We aimed to determine factors affecting LNY in pCND.

Methods

Of 230 patients, 109 (47.4%) had total thyroidectomy and unilateral pCND. A specimen of ≥6 central lymph nodes (CLNs) was considered adequate. Factors such as patient clinicopathologic features, specimen dimensions, and pathologists' experience were compared between those with LNY < 6 (n = 52) and LNY ≥ 6 (n = 57). A multivariate analysis was conducted to identify independent factors for LNY ≥ 6.

Results

Age, sex, presentation, body mass index, tumor characteristics, TNM stages, MACIS score, and pathologist's experience were not significant determinants for LNY ≥ 6. In the univariate analysis, the length (P = 0.021), width (P = 0.047), thickness (P = 0.024), and pN1a (P = 0.042) were significant determinants but in the multivariate analysis, the length (OR = 1.486 (95% CI: 1.053–2.097), P = 0.024) was the only independent factor for LNY ≥ 6. Postoperative vocal cord palsy, hypoparathyroidism, stimulated thyroglobulin and recurrences were similar between LNY <6 and ≥6.

Conclusions

Length (or the longest measured dimension) of the fresh CLN specimen was the only factor assuring LNY ≥ 6. Surgical complications and short‐term outcomes appeared similar between LNY <6 or ≥6. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 106: 966–971. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Time, Tourism Consumption and Sustainable Development
Authors: Dickinson Janet E. , Peeters Paul
Published: June 2012

The availability of time has played a pivotal role in the analysis of tourism. An examination of social theory and time suggests that tourists experience time in multiple ways, which has implications for the traditional temporal and spatial reference frame. This article calls for a better understanding of ‘time’ in tourism and sets the agenda for further research into time and the sustainable development of tourism. It analyses the role of time in shaping tourism consumption and illustrates the challenges posed by new temporal understandings and distance concepts to create less greenhouse‐gas‐dependent tourism in our society. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tribological response of soft materials sliding against hard surface textures at various numbers of cycles
Authors: Menezes Pradeep L. , Kishore  , Kailas Satish V. , Lovell Michael R.
Published: June 2012

In the present investigation, various kinds of textures were attained on the steel surfaces. Roughness of the textures was varied using different grits of emery papers or polishing powders. Pins made of pure Al, Al–4 Mg alloy and pure Mg were then slid against prepared steel plate surfaces at various numbers of cycles using an inclined pin‐on‐plate sliding tester. Tests were conducted at a sliding velocity of 2 mm s−1 in ambient conditions under both dry and lubricated conditions. Normal loads were increased up to 110 N during the tests. The morphologies of the worn surfaces of the pins and the formation of transfer layer on the counter surfaces were observed using a scanning electron microscope. Surface roughness parameters of the plate were measured using an optical profilometer. In the experiments, it was observed that the coefficient of friction and formation of a transfer layer (under dry and lubricated conditions) only depended on surface texture during the first few sliding cycles. The steady‐state variation in the coefficient of friction under both dry and lubrication conditions was attributed to the self‐organisation of texture of the surfaces at the interface during sliding. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of hardness of sliding bodies on the wear regime transition of steels
Authors: Viáfara Cristian C. , Sinatora Amilton
Published: June 2012

This paper aims to investigate the effect of varying the hardness of both sliding bodies on the operating wear regime. Unlubricated sliding wear tests were performed using a pin‐on‐disc configuration. The friction coefficient was monitored during the wear tests, and the variation of mass loss of bodies as a function of sliding distance was obtained to estimate the steady‐state wear rate. The results showed that the operation of mild and severe wear regimes was influenced by the initial hardness of materials. Under the high pin hardness conditions, a decrease in the disc hardness promoted the severe wear regime operation prior to the action of a mild wear regime. Under the low pin hardness conditions, a severe wear regime was established. When the harder disc was tested, a mild wear regime was observed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tribological properties of crown‐type phosphate ionic liquids as lubricating additives in rapeseed oils
Authors: Jiang Dong , Hu Litian , Feng Dapeng
Published: June 2012

The friction and wear properties of rapeseed oils with different concentrations and crown‐type phosphate ionic liquids were studied by an Optimol SRV oscillating friction and wear tester. Crown‐type phosphate ionic liquids have better solubility than conventional ionic liquids in rapeseed oils. The tribological test results showed that the crown‐type phosphate ionic liquids as lubricating additives in rapeseed oil exhibited better tribological performance than the base oil for steel/steel friction pair under various loads. It is noted that the friction pair showed the least friction coefficient and wear volume when the concentration of ionic liquids was 1 wt.%. The better tribological properties of friction pair should be attributed to the effective boundary films formed in the worn surface, on various tribochemical products, organometallic products and iron oxides. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finger pulp reconstruction with free flaps from the upper extremity
Authors: Yan Hede , Fan Cunyi , Gao Weiyang , Chen Zenggan , Li Zhejie , Chi Zhenglin
Published: June 2012

Although never exceeding a few square centimeters, finger pulp defects are reconstructive challenges due to their special requirements and lack of neighboring tissue reserve. Local flaps are the common choice in the management of this injury. However, the development of microsurgery and clinical practice have greatly boosted the application of different free flaps for finger pulp reconstruction with excellent results, especially when local flaps are unsuitable or impossible for the coverage of large pulp defects. These flaps are all located in the same operation field and can be performed under one tourniquet; therefore, they are more convenient with better patients' compliance in clinical setting. Nonetheless, there is still no consensus about which type of these flaps should be preferred among various finger pulp reconstructive options. In this article, we attempt to review articles describing finger pulp reconstruction using free flaps from the upper extremity from the literature. We summarize the clinical applications of these free flaps and detail their advantages and drawbacks, respectively. The algorithm of flap selection for finger pulp reconstruction based on our experience and literature review is also discussed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2012.
The posterior tibial island flap for coverage in complex injuries of the lower extremity
Authors: Hafeez Kamran , Siddiqui Ather , Rashid Haroon‐Ur‐ , CH Sara Iqbal , Cheema Tahseen A
Published: June 2012

The lower third of the leg poses a surgical challenge in patients with complex injuries requiring reconstruction of soft tissue defects. The posterior tibial island fasciocutaneous flap is recognized as a suitable option for coverage of these defects, and provides a versatile solution for a complex problem. A retrospective audit was conducted at our institution from 1996 to 2008 including all patients who underwent this procedure. Patient's demographics, clinical features, outcome, and complications were noted. The study population was 24 patients (23 males, one female) with age ranging from 11 to 60 years. Mechanism of injury was road traffic accident in 20 patients and firearm injury in 4. The defect was located in the lower half of the leg in all cases. Tibial fracture was present in 15 patients, treated by external fixation in 13 and internal fixation in two patients. Fasciocutaneous flap from the medial aspect of leg was raised based on a perforator of the posterior tibial artery and rotated distally. Average length of the flaps was 12.3 cm. Patients were followed for an average of 11 months (minimum 3 months). Clinical outcome was graded as good in 19 patients, fair in four patients, and poor in one patient. Posterior tibial island flap appears to be a safe and reliable option for coverage of complex wounds in lower third of the leg. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2012.
Electro‐magneto‐encephalography for the three‐shell model : a single dipole in ellipsoidal geometry
Authors: Dassios G. , Fokas A. S.
Published: June 2012

Analytic formulae are presented for determining the position and the moment of a single dipole from either Electroencephalography or Magnetoencephalography (MEG) measurements, under the assumption of the three‐shell ellipsoidal model. It is remarkable that for this model all three components of the moment can be determined from the MEG measurements. This means that, in contrast to the spherical model, there exist no silent dipolar sources in MEG for the ellipsoidal model. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonlinear dynamics of differential equations with attractive–repulsive singularities and small time‐dependent coefficients
Authors: Liu Qihuai , Qian Dingbian
Published: June 2012

Motivated by some physical models with small parameters, in this paper, we proved the existence of periodic solutions (almost periodic solutions) for two classes of differential equations with attractive–repulsive singularities and small time‐dependent coefficients by the averaging method and the implicit function theorem. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of gray and white matter segmentation in quantitative proton MR spectroscopic imaging
Authors: Tal Assaf , Kirov Ivan I. , Grossman Robert I. , Gonen Oded
Published: June 2012

Since the brain's gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) metabolite concentrations differ, their partial volumes can vary the voxel's 1H MR spectroscopy (1H‐MRS) signal, reducing sensitivity to changes. While single‐voxel 1H‐MRS cannot differentiate between WM and GM signals, partial volume correction is feasible by MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) using segmentation of the MRI acquired for VOI placement. To determine the magnitude of this effect on metabolic quantification, we segmented a 1‐mm3 resolution MRI into GM, WM and CSF masks that were co‐registered with the MRSI grid to yield their partial volumes in approximately every 1 cm3 spectroscopic voxel. Each voxel then provided one equation with two unknowns: its i‐ metabolite's GM and WM concentrations CiGM, CiWM. With the voxels' GM and WM volumes as independent coefficients, the over‐determined system of equations was solved for the global averaged CiGM and CiWM. Trading off local concentration differences offers three advantages: (i) higher sensitivity due to combined data from many voxels; (ii) improved specificity to WM versus GM changes; and (iii) reduced susceptibility to partial volume effects. These improvements made no additional demands on the protocol, measurement time or hardware. Applying this approach to 18 volunteered 3D MRSI sets of 480 voxels each yielded N‐acetylaspartate, creatine, choline and myo‐inositol CiGM concentrations of 8.5 ± 0.7, 6.9 ± 0.6, 1.2 ± 0.2, 5.3 ± 0.6mM, respectively, and CiWM concentrations of 7.7 ± 0.6, 4.9 ± 0.5, 1.4 ± 0.1 and 4.4 ± 0.6mM, respectively. We showed that unaccounted voxel WM or GM partial volume can vary absolute quantification by 5–10% (more for ratios), which can often double the sample size required to establish statistical significance. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Noninvasive quantification of intracellular sodium in human brain using ultrahigh–field MRI
Authors: Fleysher Lazar , Oesingmann Niels , Brown Ryan , Sodickson Daniel K. , Wiggins Graham C. , Inglese Matilde
Published: June 2012

In vivo sodium magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures tissue sodium content in living human brain but current methods do not allow noninvasive quantitative assessment of intracellular sodium concentration (ISC) – the most useful marker of tissue viability. In this study, we report the first noninvasive quantitative in vivo measurement of ISC and intracellular sodium volume fraction (ISVF) in healthy human brain, made possible by measuring tissue sodium concentration (TSC) and intracellular sodium molar fraction (ISMF) at ultra‐high field MRI. The method uses single–quantum (SQ) and triple–quantum filtered (TQF) imaging at 7 Tesla to separate intra‐ and extracellular sodium signals and provide quantification of ISMF, ISC and ISVF. This novel method allows noninvasive quantitative measurement of ISC and ISVF, opening many possibilities for structural and functional metabolic studies in healthy and diseased brains. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formulation and sequential numerical algorithms of coupled fluid/heat flow and geomechanics for multiple porosity materials
Authors: Kim Jihoon , Sonnenthal Eric L. , Rutqvist Jonny
Published: June 2012

We extend constitutive relations of coupled flow and geomechanics for the isothermal elastic double porosity model by Berryman [Journal of Engineering Mechanics ASCE 2002; 128(8):840–847] in the previous study to those for the nonisothermal elastic/elastoplastic multiple porosity model, finding coupling coefficients and constraints of the multiple porosity model and determining the upscaled elastic/elastoplastic moduli as well as relations between the local strains of all materials within a gridblock and the global strain of the gridblock. Furthermore, the coupling equations and relations between local and global variables provide well‐posed problems, implying that they honor the dissipative mechanism of coupled flow and geomechanics. For numerical implementation, we modify the fixed‐stress sequential method for the multiple porosity model. From the a priori stability estimate, the sequential method provides numerical stability when an implicit time‐stepping algorithm is used. This sequential scheme can easily be implemented by using a modified porosity function and its porosity correction.

In numerical examples, we observe clear differences among the single, double, and multiple porosity systems, and the multiple porosity model can reflect the substantial heterogeneity that exists within a gridblock. We also identify considerably complicated physics in coupled flow and geomechanics of the multiple porosity systems, which cannot accurately be detected in the uncoupled flow simulation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A partition of unity FEM for time‐dependent diffusion problems using multiple enrichment functions
Authors: Shadi Mohamed M. , Seaid Mohammed , Trevelyan Jon , Laghrouche Omar
Published: June 2012

An enriched partition of unity FEM is developed to solve time‐dependent diffusion problems. In the present formulation, multiple exponential functions describing the spatial and temporal diffusion decay are embedded in the finite element approximation space. The resulting enrichment is in the form of a local asymptotic expansion. Unlike previous works in this area where the enrichment must be updated at each time step, here, the temporal decay in the solution is embedded in the asymptotic expansion. Thus, the system matrix that is evaluated at the first time step may be decomposed and retained for every next time step by just updating the right‐hand side of the linear system of equations. The advantage is a significant saving in the computational effort where, previously, the linear system must be reevaluated and resolved at every time step. In comparison with the traditional finite element analysis with p‐version refinements, the present approach is much simpler, more efficient, and yields more accurate solutions for a prescribed number of DoFs. Numerical results are presented for a transient diffusion equation with known analytical solution. The performance of the method is analyzed on two applications: the transient heat equation with a single source and the transient heat equation with multiple sources. The aim of such a method compared with the classical FEM is to solve time‐dependent diffusion applications efficiently and with an appropriate level of accuracy. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel polyphenylene oxide microcapsules filled with epoxy resins
Authors: Yuan Li , Gu Aijuan , Nutt Steven , Wu Jianyuan , Lin Chao , Chen Feng , Liang Guozheng
Published: June 2012

Novel polyphenylene oxide (PPO) microcapsules filled with epoxy resins (PPOMCs) were synthesized byin situpolymerization technology with 2, 6‐dimethy phenol as shell materials and diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A epoxy resins as core materials. The structures and morphologies of PPOMCs were characterized using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, micro‐confocal Raman microscope, laser scanning confocal microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy, respectively. The thermal properties of PPOMCs were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. The influences of different processing parameters such as the weight ratio of shell material to core material, kind of surfactant and reaction temperature on the morphologies and sizes of PPOMCs were investigated. Preliminary investigation on application of PPOMCs to thermosetting resins 4,4′‐bismaleimidodiphenylmethane/O,O′‐diallylbisphenol A (BMI/BA) system was conducted. Results indicate that PPOMCs can be synthesized successfully. The sizes and surface morphologies of PPOMCs may be significantly affected by different processing parameters. PPOMCs can be well prepared at about 30°C, and they depend strongly on the kind of surfactant and the weight ratio of shell material to core material. PPOMCs basically exhibit high thermal stability when the temperature is below 258°C. The addition of PPOMCs can improve the mechanical properties and maintain the thermal properties of BMI/BA system. The released core materials from PPOMCs may repair the matrix cracks through the polymerization of epoxy resins initiated by curing agent. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fabrication of highly refractive barium‐titanate‐incorporated polyimide nanocomposite films with high permittivity and thermal stability
Authors: Abe Keisuke , Nagao Daisuke , Watanabe Akira , Konno Mikio
Published: June 2012

Crystalline nanoparticles of barium titanate (BT) are incorporated into polyimide (PI) to fabricate highly refractive, anti‐UV‐degradable nanocomposite films with high permittivity and thermal stability. For homogeneous incorporation of BT nanoparticles into the PI matrix, the BT nanoparticles are surface modified by phthalimide with the aid of a silane coupling agent as a scaffold. The PI nanocomposites are prepared by in situ polymerization in which a diphthalic anhydride and a diamine are used to form the PI matrix in the presence of the surface‐modified nanoparticles. The refractive index of the transparent nanocomposite films reaches 1.85 at a nanoparticle content of 59 vol% with a high dielectric constant of ε = 37 and thermal stability up to 460 °C. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparative analyses of the electrical properties and dispersion level of VGCNF and MWCNT: Epoxy composites
Authors: Cardoso Paulo , Silva Jaime , Paiva Maria Conceição , Hattum Ferrie van , Lanceros‐Mendez Senentxu
Published: June 2012

The electrical properties and dispersion of vapor‐grown carbon nanofibers (VGCNF) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT)—epoxy resin composites are studied and compared. A blender was used to disperse the nanofillers within the matrix, producing samples with concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 wt % for both nanofillers, besides the neat sample. The dispersion of the nanofillers was qualitatively analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, transmission optical microscopy, and grayscale analysis. The electrical conductivity and the dielectric constant were evaluated. The percolation threshold of MWCNT epoxy composites is lower than 0.1 wt % while for VGCNF lies between 0.1 and 0.5 wt %. The difference on the dispersion ability of the two nanofillers is due to their intrinsic characteristics. Celzard's theory is suitable to calculate the percolation threshold bounds for the VGCNF composites but not for the MWCNT composites, indicating that intrinsic characteristics of the nanofillers beyond the aspect ratio are determinant for the MWCNT composites electrical conductivity. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012
The use of DiazaCon™to limit fertility by reducing serum cholesterol in female grey squirrels,Sciurus carolinensis
Authors: Mayle Brenda A , Ferryman Mark , Peace Andrew , Yoder Christi A , Miller Lowell , Cowan David
Published: June 2012

BACKGROUND: The grey squirrel,Sciurus carolinensisGmelin, is an invasive alien species introduced into Great Britain in the late nineteenth century and into Northern Italy during the early twentieth century. Grey squirrels have displaced the native European red squirrel,Sciurus vulgarisL., throughout much of Great Britain and have a significant impact on trees and woodlands through bark‐stripping activity. In Britain, eradication is no longer an option at a regional scale, but fertility control offers a non‐lethal approach to reducing negative impacts. The cholesterol mimic DiazaCon™has been successfully used to inhibit reproduction in some species. These studies aimed to evaluate whether DiazaCon™is effective in inhibiting reproduction in grey squirrels.

RESULTS: DiazaCon™reduced serum cholesterol levels in female grey squirrels at a range of doses. The period of effect increased with increasing dose. Reproduction rate was not significantly different between treatment and control groups owing to a lack of breeding in controls.

CONCLUSIONS: DiazaCon™has potential to reduce serum cholesterol levels enough and for a sufficient period to reduce fertility in female grey squirrels. Information on baseline physiology and blood chemistry of grey squirrels is required to inform interpretation of the level of significance of the effect. © Crown copyright 2012. Reproduced with permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variation in chlorotoluron photodegradation rates as a result of seasonal changes in the composition of natural waters
Authors: Oliver Robin G , Wallace Derek F , Earll Mark
Published: June 2012

BACKGROUND: It is important to understand the degradation of organic molecules in surface waters to ensure that risk assessments, intended to prevent adverse effects on human health and the environment, are robust. One important degradation mechanism in surface waters is photodegradation. This process is generally studied in laboratory test systems, and the significance of the results is then extrapolated to the field. The aim of this work was to assess how fluctuations in the composition of surface water influence the photodegradation rate of chlorotoluron.

RESULTS: Photodegradation DT50 values in the lake (mean = 26.0 days) and pond (mean = 26.0 days) were significantly slower than in the river (mean = 6.8 days) and stream (mean = 7.3 days) samples. The DT50 values in the pond and lake samples were similar to the direct photolysis value (mean = 28.6 days). Photodegradation was significantly faster in the stream and river samples, suggesting that indirect photolysis was significant in those waters. Principal component analysis indicated a strong inverse correlation between nitrate concentration and degradation rate.

CONCLUSIONS: Nitrate concentration had a strong influence on the rate of photodegradation, with increasing nitrate concentrations sharply reducing the DT50. However, this effect was restricted to a narrow concentration range and levelled off quite quickly, such that further increases in the nitrate concentration had no significant effect on the rate of degradation. Extrapolating photodegradation rates of chlorotoluron from the laboratory to the field should be relatively straightforward, provided the nitrate concentrations in the waters are known. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Molecular cloning and pharmacological characterisation of a tyramine receptor from the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker)
Authors: Wu Shun‐Fan , Huang Jia , Ye Gong‐Yin
Published: June 2012

BACKGROUND: Tyramine (TA) and octopamine (OA) are considered to be the invertebrate counterparts of the vertebrate adrenergic transmitters. Because these two phenolamines are the only biogenic amines whose physiological significance is presumably restricted to invertebrates, the attention of pharmacologists has been focused on the corresponding receptors, which are believed to represent promising targets for novel insecticides. For example, the formamidine pesticides, such as chlordimeform and amitraz, have been shown to activate OA receptors.

RESULTS: A full‐length cDNA (designated CsTyR1) from the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker), has been obtained through homology cloning in combination with rapid amplification of cDNA ends/polymerase chain reaction (RACE‐PCR). The mRNA of CsTyR1 is present in various tissues, including hemocytes, fat body, midgut, Malpighian tubules, nerve cord and epidermis, and it is found predominantly in the larval nerve cord with 16–80‐fold enrichment compared with other tissues. The authors generated a HEK 293 cell line stably expressing CsTyR1 in order to examine functional and pharmacological properties of this receptor. Both TA and OA at 0.01–100 µM can reduce forskolin‐stimulated intracellular cAMP levels in a dose‐dependent manner (TA, EC50 = 369 nM; OA, EC50 = 978 nM). In agonist assays, activation of CsTyR1 by clonidine and amitraz but not by naphazoline and chlordimeform can also significantly inhibit forskolin‐stimulated cAMP production. The inhibitory effect of TA at 10 µM is eliminated by coincubation with yohimbine, phentolamine or chlorpromazine (each 10 µM).

CONCLUSION: This study represents a comprehensive molecular and pharmacological characterisation of a tyramine receptor in the rice stem borer. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Micropatterning of non‐crystalline methylsilsesquioxane–titania hybrid films based on their structural changes with UV irradiation
Authors: Ainuddin A. R. , Hakiri N. , Muto H. , Matsuda A.
Published: June 2012

Non‐crystalline, transparent methylsilsesquioxane–titania hybrid films for application in micropatterning were prepared from methyltriethoxysilane and titanium tetrabutoxide by the sol–gel method. The hybrid films were heat‐treated at 100 °C for 1 h and then irradiated with UV light using an ultrahigh‐pressure mercury lamp. The refractive index of the film increased as the amount of incorporated TiO2 increased. No changes in hardness were observed for the films lacking TiO2 during UV irradiation, whereas adding a small amount of TiO2 caused the hardness to increase significantly following UV irradiation. These changes in the physical properties of the films with UV irradiation were caused by the cleavage of Si–C bonds in the films induced by the photocatalytic effect of TiO2. On the basis of the changes in surface profiles, and optical, chemical, and mechanical properties induced by UV irradiation, it is concluded that the methylsilsesquioxane–titania films are promising for micropatterning by photolithography.
Transparent and flexible field emission display device based on single‐walled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Ghosh Debasish , Ghosh Pradip , Yusop Mohd Zamri , Tanemura Masaki , Hayashi Yasuhiko , Tsuchiya Tetsuo , Nakajima Tomohiko
Published: June 2012

A fully transparent and flexible field emission device (FED) has been demonstrated. Single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) coated on arylite substrate were used as electron emitters for the FED and a novel metavanadate phosphor coated on the SWCNTs/arylite film was used as transparent and flexible screen. The SWCNTs/arylite based emitters and the SWCNTs/arylite/metal‐vanadate‐based phosphor showed a transmittance value of 92.6% and 54%, respectively. The assembled device also showed satisfactory transparency and flexibility as well as producing significant current. Metavanadate phosphor is considered to be an excellent candidate due to its superior luminescence properties and easy fabrication onto transparent and flexible conductive substrate at room temperature while retaining reasonable transparency of the substrate. Thus, its transparency and flexibility will open the door to next‐generation FEDs. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A proof‐of‐concept clinical trial design combined with dose‐ranging exploration
Authors: Wang Xin , Ting Naitee
Published: June 2012

In recent years, the pharmaceutical industry has experienced many challenges in discovering and developing new drugs, including long clinical development timelines with significant investment risks. In response, many sponsors are working to speed up the clinical development process. One strategy is to combine the proof‐of‐concept (PoC) and the dose‐ranging clinical studies into a single trial. This manuscript proposes approaches to help address both PoC and dose‐ranging objectives in such a combined design. One proposal is to use a linear trend test for PoC, together with a serial gatekeeping method (TGK) to identify individual doses; the other is to use the dose–response curve estimated from a three‐parameter Emax model to establish PoC and explore activities of various doses. Simulations were performed to evaluate the performance of both proposals with recommendations based on the simulation results. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improvement of Equivalent Drop Theory for Transport Packaging
Authors: Zhong Chen , Saito Katsuhiko , Kawaguchi Kazuaki
Published: June 2012

In this study, the reliability of the traditional equivalent drop theory for transport packaging was experimentally evaluated, and a new physical model that considers the factor of friction was proposed. Using this new model, mathematical shock response equations of a shock test and a test at free‐fall were deduced. In addition, a correcting condition was reached. To let the equivalent free‐fall height be exactly equivalent, a new friction equivalent drop theory was proposed. This theory not only significantly reduces experimental errors and improves the accuracy of equivalent experiments but also provides a new theoretical basis for experimental analysis of structural cushioning materials. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cellulose Acetate Butyrate Nanocomposites with Antimicrobial Properties for Food Packaging
Authors: Quintero Rosa Itzela , Rodriguez Francisco , Bruna Julio , Guarda Abel , Galotto Maria Jose
Published: June 2012

The cellulose acetate butyrate/modified motmorillonite (Cloisite20A and Cloisite30B) nanocomposites were prepared by two different solvent casting methods. All antimicrobial nanofillers were characterized using X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and antimicrobial components (carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde) included in the nanofillers were determined by gas and HPLC chromatography. These analyses confirmed the inclusion of antimicrobial agents in organoclay. The nanocomposite films were characterized by XRD, TGA, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Oxygen and Water Vapor Permeability, mechanical properties and antimicrobial behavior against E coli, L.innocua, S. cerevisiae. All films presented a reduction of at least 2.0 log cfu/mL when applied film nanocomposites procedure in which antimicrobial components are included in the last stage of the process and they are not previously included in the organoclay. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimized analysis of imaging time‐of‐flight SIMS data
Authors: Gelb Lev D. , Millilo Tammy M. , Walker Amy V.
Published: June 2012

We present progress toward the quantitative extraction of chemical concentration profiles, component spectra, sample topography, and other information from imaging mass spectrometry data. Our approach is based on maximum a posteriori image reconstruction as used in astronomy, computer vision, hyperspectral imaging, and other fields. We propose a simple but extensible nonlinear model for the sample, consisting of concentration profiles for each component, topography, component mass spectra, and “interaction spectra” that describe the interactions between components. This model is fit against sample data using stochastic optimization techniques. This approach can naturally incorporate regularization, chemical structure identification, and matching against standard reference data. In this article, we present preliminary analyses of time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF SIMS) images of a well‐characterized reference sample and discuss further extensions of this approach. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SIMS using O−, F−, Cl−, Br− and I− primary ion bombardment
Authors: Pillatsch L. , Wirtz T.
Published: June 2012

The success of secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) analyses depends largely on the ionization probability of the analyzed elements. The chemical state of the surface changes with the chemical nature and the concentration of implanted ions. The positive ionization probability can be enhanced by bombarding the surface with electronegative elements. In view of such an enhancement of the positive secondary ion yield, we present SIMS analyses carried out with O−, F−, Cl−, Br− and I− primary ion beams. Useful yields were experimentally determined for metal (Al, Ni, Cu, Ag and Ta) and semiconductor samples (Si, Ge, InP and GaAs). For metal samples, an enhancement of the useful yield under halogen bombardment, compared with O− bombardment, was observed for Ni, Cu and Ag under F− bombardment (enhancement of up to two orders of magnitude). For semiconductors, lower useful yields are obtained under halogen bombardment as compared with O− bombardment. The observed results are discussed in terms of the surface concentration of the implanted primary ion species and their electronegativity. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrocodone and morphine possess similar rewarding effects and reduce erk and creb phosphorylation in the nucleus accumbens
Authors: Tenayuca John M. , Nazarian Arbi
Published: June 2012

The number of prescriptions for hydrocodone‐containing opioid analgesics has greatly increased over the past decade. This increase has led to an associated enhancement in the nonmedical use of hydrocodone products. There is a lack of evidence to determine the extent of the rewarding effects and signal transduction properties of hydrocodone. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the rewarding properties of hydrocodone (1 and 5 mg/kg) and morphine (1 and 5 mg/kg) using the conditioned place preference paradigm (CPP) in rats. Both hydrocodone and morphine produced a CPP at the 5 mg/kg dose, but not the lower 1 mg/kg dose, suggesting that both drugs possess similar rewarding properties in the CPP paradigm. Moreover, hydrocodone and morphine equally reduced phosphorylation levels of ERK and CREB proteins in the nucleus accumbens, suggesting that both drugs exert their effects through signal transduction pathways known to be involved in drug reward and reinforcement. These findings suggest that hydrocodone should be viewed as similarly capable of producing rewarding and euphoric properties as morphine. Synapse 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Full Report ‐ World of Work Report 2009: The global jobs crisis and beyond
Authors:   International Institute for Labour Studies
Published: June 2012

The recent rebound in world output and stock markets should not mask the fact that the crisis which erupted in October 2008 is not over. Unless adequate measures are adopted, unemployment will continue to grow, many workers and small entrepreneurs will suffer a permanent cut in their incomes, and inequalities will widen further. And little has been done so far to address the root causes of the crisis.

This Report warns against the risk of complacency. It calls for faster implementation of the Global Jobs Pact recently adopted by theILOso as to support recovery and make the world economy more sustainable and fairer.
Making profits work for investment and jobs
Authors: Escudero Verónica , Khatiwada Sameer , López Elva
Published: June 2012

Dividends, investment and their link to employment creation.

Financial policies and the link to productive investment and employment.
The labour share of income: Determinants and potentialcontribution to exiting the financial crisis
Authors: Charpe Matthieu
Published: June 2012

This chapter assesses trends in the labour share of income across the world and discusses the importance of financial globalization and labour market regulation in explaining these trends.
Full Report ‐ World of Work Report 2011: Making markets work for jobs
Authors:   International Institute for Labour Studies
Published: June 2012

This publication provides a comprehensive analysis of recent social unrest and trends in labour markets and assesses likely prospects. It highlights the risks of an employment double‐dip associated with ongoing strategies which put too much emphasis on the short‐term preoccupations of financial markets. And it shows that policies focusing on jobs and real investment would boost recovery prospects while at the same time addressing the root causes of the global financial crisis. Market forces, crucial as they are, should work for jobs and people's needs.

This report shows that a sustainable, job‐rich recovery is possible – provided that the factors that led to the crisis are tackled.
Reduktive Dimerisierung von NO an Dirutheniumkomplexen und Bildung eines tridentaten 2, 2‐Bis(diphenylphosphanyl)ethanolato‐Liganden
Authors: Mayer Tobias , Böttcher Hans‐Christian
Published: June 2012

The reaction of the trans‐hyponitrito complex [Ru2(CO)4(μ‐η2‐ONNO)(μ‐H)(μ‐PtBu2)(μ‐dppen)] (1, dppen = Ph2PC(=CH2)PPh2) with tetrafluorido boric acid afforded the new complex salt [Ru2(CO)4(μ‐η2‐ONNOH)(μ‐H)(μ‐PtBu2)(μ‐dppen)]BF4 (2) containing the monoprotonate hyponitrous acid as the ligand in the cationic complex. Complex 1 showed a nucleophilic reactivity towards the trimethyloxonium cation resulting in the monoester derivative of the hyponitrous acid [Ru2(CO)4(μ‐η2‐ONNOMe)(μ‐H)(μ‐PtBu2)(μ‐dppen)]BF4 (3). During heating of compound 2 in ethanol under reflux for a short time nitrous oxide was liberated affording unexpectedly a new tridentate 2, 2‐bis(diphenylphosphanyl)ethanolato ligand formed by an intramolecular attack of an intermediate hydroxido ligand towards the unsaturated carbon carbon double bond in the bridging dppen ligand. Thus the complex salt [Ru2(CO)4{μ‐η3‐OCH2CH(PPh2)2}(μ‐H)(μ‐PtBu2)]BF4 (4) was formed in good yields. The new compounds 2, 3, and 4 were characterized by spectroscopic means as well as their molecular structures were determined in the crystal.
Swelling Hybrid Solids
Authors: Ferey Gérard
Published: June 2012

Inorganic solids are usually rigid. Professor Hoppe, all over the years, provided a tremendous number of beautiful examples of their structural organization in oxides and fluorides.1 His immense creativity enriched a lot this part of chemistry, and attracted many colleagues – including myself – toward solid state chemistry. A common idea, associated with the usual definition of solids, was to consider crystallized solids are rigid edifices, within which the only degrees of freedom were the thermal vibration of the atoms forming the compound and the movement of atoms during a displacive structural transition. This implied small displacements of the atoms (0.1 Å < d < 1 Å).In 2002, simultaneously with my friend Susumu Kitagawa from Kyoto university,2–5 we discovered a new behavior of the crystallized solid matter: the unusually large flexibility of crystalline solids (movements of > 5–10 Å), keeping the same topology in the absence of any amorphous intermediate. Knowing your continuous curiosity toward new events in solid state chemistry, I decided to dedicate this tribute to this strange phenomenon, primitively a laboratory curiosity but which became during these last ten years a specific topic attracting chemists, physicists, and computer scientists for the academic point of view, but also companies for the applications this behavior allows. This paper will focus exclusively on the flexibility of three‐dimensional solids.
Lead Fluoridooxidovanadates(V), Pb(V2O2F8), Pb(VOF5), and Mixed Valent Fluoridooxidovanadate(IV, V), Pb3F(V4O3F18)
Authors: Lozinšek Matic , Goreshnik Evgeny , Žemva Boris
Published: June 2012

The lead fluoridooxidovanadates(V), Pb(V2O2F8) and Pb(VOF5), were synthesized from PbF2 and VOF3 in anhydrous HF. Their crystal structures were determined and Raman spectra recorded. Compound Pb3F(V4O3F18) with a novel mixed valent vanadium(IV, V) fluoridooxido anion, V4O3F185–, obtained as a by‐product, was also structurally characterized.
Palladium‐mediated Cleavage of S–C Bonds: Preparation and Characterization of Palladium(II) Complexes of 2, 6‐Diformyl‐4‐tert‐butylthiophenol Dioxime
Authors: Gruschinski Sina , Handke Marcel , Kersting Berthold
Published: June 2012

The synthesis of air‐sensitive 2, 6‐diformyl‐4‐tert‐butylthiophenol dioxime H3L3 was achieved by a Pd‐mediated S–C cleavage of the corresponding S‐tert‐butyl protected thioether. The novel ligand forms a dinuclear, neutral PdII2 complex, which is stabilized by two N···HO hydrogen bonds to give a pseudo‐macrocyclic structure. The crystal structure of a PdII complex of an oxidized isothiazole derivative of H3L3 is also reported.
Clinical diagnostic criteria of IgG4‐related sclerosing cholangitis 2012
Authors: Ohara Hirotaka , Okazaki Kazuichi , Tsubouchi Hirohito , Inui Kazuo , Kawa Shigeyuki , Kamisawa Terumi , Tazuma Susumu , Uchida Kazushige , Hirano Kenji , Yoshida Hitoshi , Nishino Takayoshi , Ko Shigeru B.H. , Mizuno Nobumasa , Hamano Hideaki , Kanno Atsushi , Notohara Kenji , Hasebe Osamu , Nakazawa Takahiro , Nakanuma Yasuni , Takikawa Hajime
Published: June 2012

Background

IgG4‐sclerosing cholangitis (IgG4‐SC) patients have an increased level of serum IgG4, dense infiltration of IgG4‐positive plasma cells with extensive fibrosis in the bile duct wall, and a good response to steroid therapy. However, it is not easy to distinguish IgG4‐SC from primary sclerosing cholangitis, pancreatic cancer, and cholangiocarcinoma on the basis of cholangiographic findings alone because various cholangiographic features of IgG4‐SC are similar to those of the above progressive or malignant diseases.

Methods

The Research Committee of IgG4‐related Diseases and the Research Committee of Intractable Diseases of Liver and Biliary Tract in association with the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, Japan and the Japan Biliary Association have set up a working group consisting of researchers specializing in IgG4‐SC, and established the new clinical diagnostic criteria of IgG4‐SC 2012.

Results

The diagnosis of IgG4‐SC is based on the combination of the following 4 criteria: (1) characteristic biliary imaging findings, (2) elevation of serum IgG4 concentrations, (3) the coexistence of IgG4‐related diseases except those of the biliary tract, and (4) characteristic histopathological features. Furthermore, the effectiveness of steroid therapy is an optional extra diagnostic criterion to confirm accurate diagnosis of IgG4‐SC.

Conclusion

These diagnostic criteria for IgG4‐SC are useful in practice for general physicians and other nonspecialists.
Skeletal manifestations in pediatric and adult patients with Niemann Pick disease type B
Authors: Wasserstein Melissa , Godbold James , McGovern Margaret M.
Published: June 2012

Introduction

Niemann‐Pick disease (NPD) due to acid sphingomyelinase deficiency is a lipid storage disease resulting from the accumulation of sphingomyelin, predominantly within cells of the monocyte‐macrophage system. In contrast to other lysosomal storage disorders, skeletal involvement in NPD has not been systematically studied.

Methods

Pediatric and adult NPD‐B patients underwent medical histories and physical examinations, DEXA scans to measure bone mineral content (BMC), and bone mineral density (BMD) and computed tomography scan or MRI of the abdomen for spleen volume. Z and/or T scores were calculated for the DEXA results. For the pediatric patients adjusted mean BMC (g) and BMD (g/cm2) of the lumbar spine, hip, and femoral neck was compared to control subjects. For determination of the relationship between spleen volume and lumbar spine BMD Z score, linear correlation analyses were performed.

Results

Lumbar spine Z scores for pediatric patients ranged from 0.061 to ‐4.879. Statistically significant decreases were observed for the adjusted mean BMC and BMD at the lumbar spine, hip, and femoral neck between the pediatric NPD‐B cohort and control subjects. Most NPD‐B adults were osteopenic or osteoporotic at one or more sites according the WHO classification of BMD. In NPD‐B patients, the degree of splenomegaly was inversely correlated with lumbar spine BMD Z scores.

Conclusion

Skeletal involvement is a common and previously unrecognized manifestation of NPD‐B. The association between splenomegaly and BMD lends further support to spleen size as an indicator of disease severity.
Lipid biomarkers of oxidative stress in a genetic mouse model of Smith‐Lemli‐Opitz syndrome
Authors: Korade Zeljka , Xu Libin , Mirnics Karoly , Porter Ned A.
Published: June 2012

7‐Dehydrocholesterol (7‐DHC) accumulates in tissues and fluids of patients with Smith‐Lemli‐Opitz syndrome (SLOS), which is caused by mutations in the gene encoding 3β‐hydroxysterol‐Δ7‐reductase (DHCR7). We recently reported that 7‐DHC is the most reactive lipid molecule toward free radical oxidation (lipid peroxidation) and 14 oxysterols have been identified as products of oxidation of 7‐DHC in solution. As the high oxidizability of 7‐DHC may lead to systemic oxidative stress in SLOS patients, we report here lipid biomarkers of oxidative stress in a Dhcr7‐KO mouse model of SLOS, including oxysterols, isoprostanes (IsoPs), and neuroprostanes (NeuroPs) that are formed from the oxidation of 7‐DHC, arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, respectively. In addition to a previously described oxysterol, 3β,5α‐dihydroxycholest‐7‐en‐6‐one (DHCEO), we provide evidence for the chemical structures of three new oxysterols in the brain and/or liver tissue of Dhcr7‐KO mice, two of which were quantified. We find that levels of IsoPs and NeuroPs are also elevated in brain and/or liver tissues of Dhcr7‐KO mice relative to matching WT mice. While IsoPs and NeuroPs have been established as a reliable measurement of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in vivo, we show that in this genetic SLOS mouse model, 7‐DHC‐derived oxysterols are present at much higher levels than IsoPs and NeuroPs and thus are better markers of lipid oxidation and related oxidative stress.
Commentary: What degree of hyperphenylalaninaemia requires treatment?
Authors: Pollitt R. J.
Published: June 2012

Despite some 50 years’ experience in the treatment of phenylketonuria and numerous scientific publications on the subject there is no clear consensus as to what degree of hyperphenylalaninaemia will result in intellectual impairment. Studies of three main types, on untreated cases of moderate hyperphenylalaninaemia, on treated cases of phenylketonuria, and on the effects of current blood phenylalanine concentration on executive function, have lead to different conclusions. Overall, there appears to be a fairly strong case for limiting dietary treatment to individuals whose blood phenylalanine levels would otherwise exceed 600 μmol/L. This is now policy in some European countries but a formal large‐scale study of long‐term outcomes to validate the approach is urgently required.