bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Socialized to Safety? The Origins of Gender Difference in Personal Security Dispositions
Authors: Eichenberg Richard C. , Lizotte Mary‐Kate , Stoll Richard J.
Published: April 2021

What factors influence an individual's concern for personal security and safety? Prior research shows that women exhibit higher levels of fear, anxiety, and perceived threat. These differences in threat perceptions have important policy consequences, including the fact that women display lower support for military interventions, lower support for retaliation against terrorist groups, and lower levels of support for using torture. However, previous research has not fully investigated the origins of these differences in concern for safety and security, which we refer to as “personal security dispositions.” We ask if these differences are the result of lived experience, socialization, or both. Specifically, our analysis explores the extent to which personal security dispositions can be traced to parental warnings about safety and avoiding danger. Our findings indicate that both gender identity and parental socialization have an impact on security dispositions. We conclude the article with a discussion of avenues for further research and the policy implications of our findings, in particular with respect to public opinion on issues such as support for the international use of military force.
Increasing Inequality in Long‐Term Earnings: A Tale of Educational Upgrading and Changing Employment Patterns
Authors: Seckler Matthias
Published: April 2021

This paper provides a detailed decomposition analysis of rising long‐term earnings inequality among West German men born between the years 1955 and 1974 based on high‐quality administrative data. Educational upgrading is identified as a leading factor behind increasing inequality in the upper part of the long‐term earnings distribution. The study also reveals a substantial shift from full‐ to part‐time employment and shows this to be an important factor in explaining rising inequality in the lower part. This effect seems to be quantitatively more important than the increasing incidence of non‐employment for the studied cohorts. Overall, increasing inequality in long‐term earnings can primarily be attributed to an increasing inequality in average yearly earnings during times of employment as opposed to changes in the total years of employment. The analysis also reveals similarities with the development in the US by documenting a stagnation in long‐term earnings among the cohorts studied.
Long‐time asymptotic behavior of the fifth‐order modified KdV equation in low regularity spaces
Authors: Liu Nan , Chen Mingjuan , Guo Boling
Published: April 2021

Based on the nonlinear steepest descent method of Deift and Zhou for oscillatory Riemann–Hilbert problems and the Dbar approach, the long‐time asymptotic behavior of solutions to the fifth‐order modified KdV (Korteweg–de Vries) equation on the line is studied in the case of initial conditions that belong to some weighted Sobolev spaces. Using techniques in Fourier analysis and the idea of the ‐method, we give its global well‐posedness in lower regularity Sobolev spaces and then obtain the asymptotic behavior in these spaces with weights.
Dynamics of the predator–prey model with the Sigmoid functional response
Authors: Chen Xianfeng , Zhang Xiang
Published: April 2021

For the predator–prey model with the Sigmoid functional response, the known result is on the global stability of its positive equilibrium when it is locally stable. Here, we characterize existence of particular type of limit cycles using qualitative theory and geometric singular perturbation methods. The main results are as follows. If the positive equilibrium exists and is a weak focus, it is a stable weak focus of order 1. The positive equilibrium is unique, and it is either globally stable or unstable and there exists a limit cycle surrounding it. The limit cycle could be a canard cycle without head, or a canard cycle with head, or a relaxation oscillation. The system could present canard explosions consecutively two times, which first births from one canard point, via relaxation oscillation for a large range of parameter values, and then there exhibits an inverse canard explosion and disappears at another canard point with the parameter variation.
Improving the quality of care for patients requiring continuous renal replacement therapy
Authors: Neyra Javier A. , Kashani Kianoush
Published: April 2021

Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is the preferred extracorporeal kidney support therapy employed to support critically ill patients with acute or chronic kidney dysfunction in intensive care units. Significant heterogeneity in CRRT practice exists in part due to variable logistics, resources, and scarcity of evidence‐based CRRT practices. Importantly, homogenization of practice patterns by developing substantial evidence and effective dissemination among providers is essential for optimizing CRRT practices. The emphasis on quality of CRRT delivery has prompted identification of potential quality indicators, development of multifaceted quality improvement initiatives, effective computer science utilization, and a surge of multidisciplinary quality assurance teams that advocate for “best” CRRT practices. This manuscript provides an overview of quality improvement methodologies and reviews candidate quality indicators of CRRT and the impact of quality improvement on enhancing CRRT delivery practices.
Accumulation patterns of sedentary time and breaks and their association with cardiometabolic health markers in adults
Authors: Farrahi Vahid , Kangas Maarit , Kiviniemi Antti , Puukka Katri , Korpelainen Raija , Jämsä Timo
Published: April 2021

Breaking up sedentary time with physical activity (PA) could modify the detrimental cardiometabolic health effects of sedentary time. Our aim was to identify profiles according to distinct accumulation patterns of sedentary time and breaks in adults, and to investigate how these profiles are associated with cardiometabolic outcomes. Participants (n = 4439) of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 at age 46 years wore a hip‐worn accelerometer for 7 consecutive days during waking hours. Uninterrupted ≥1‐min sedentary bouts were identified, and non‐sedentary bouts in between two consecutive sedentary bouts were considered as sedentary breaks. K‐means clustering was performed with 65 variables characterizing how sedentary time was accumulated and interrupted. Linear regression was used to determine the association of accumulation patterns with cardiometabolic health markers. Four distinct groups were formed as follows: “Couch potatoes” (n = 1222), “Prolonged sitters” (n = 1179), “Shortened sitters” (n = 1529), and “Breakers” (n = 509). Couch potatoes had the highest level of sedentariness and the shortest sedentary breaks. Prolonged sitters, accumulating sedentary time in bouts of ≥15–30 min, had no differences in cardiometabolic outcomes compared with Couch potatoes. Shortened sitters accumulated sedentary time in bouts lasting <15 min and performed more light‐intensity PA in their sedentary breaks, and Breakers performed more light‐intensity and moderate‐to‐vigorous PA. These latter two profiles had lower levels of adiposity, blood lipids, and insulin sensitivity, compared with Couch potatoes (1.1–25.0% lower values depending on the cardiometabolic health outcome, group, and adjustments for potential confounders). Avoiding uninterrupted sedentary time with any active behavior from light‐intensity upwards could be beneficial for cardiometabolic health in adults.
The flexibility of metabolic interactions between chloroplasts and mitochondria in Nicotiana tabacum leaf
Authors: Alber Nicole A. , Vanlerberghe Greg C.
Published: April 2021

To examine the effect of mitochondrial function on photosynthesis, wild‐type and transgenic Nicotiana tabacum with varying amounts of alternative oxidase (AOX) were treated with different respiratory inhibitors. Initially, each inhibitor increased the reduction state of the chloroplast electron transport chain, most severely in AOX knockdowns and least severely in AOX overexpressors. This indicated that the mitochondrion was a necessary sink for photo‐generated reductant, contributing to the ‘P700 oxidation capacity’ of photosystem I. Initially, the Complex III inhibitor myxothiazol and the mitochondrial ATP synthase inhibitor oligomycin caused an increase in photosystem II regulated non‐photochemical quenching not evident with the Complex III inhibitor antimycin A (AA). This indicated that the increased quenching depended upon AA‐sensitive cyclic electron transport (CET). Following 12 h with oligomycin, the reduction state of the chloroplast electron transport chain recovered in all plant lines. Recovery was associated with large increases in the protein amount of chloroplast ATP synthase and mitochondrial uncoupling protein. This increased the capacity for photophosphorylation in the absence of oxidative phosphorylation and enabled the mitochondrion to act again as a sink for photo‐generated reductant. Comparing the AA and myxothiazol treatments at 12 h showed that CET optimized photosystem I quantum yield, depending upon the P700 oxidation capacity. When this capacity was too high, CET drew electrons away from other sinks, moderating the P700+ amount. When P700 oxidation capacity was too low, CET acted as an electron overflow, moderating the amount of reduced P700. This study reveals flexible chloroplast–mitochondrion interactions able to overcome lesions in energy metabolism.
Multidisciplinary management of anti‐PP1Pk or anti‐P alloimmunization during pregnancy: A new case with anti‐P and a literature review
Authors: Lépine Marlène Sohier , Goua Valérie , Debouverie Odile Souchaud , Giraud Christine , Rafat Cédric , Thonier Vincent , Masmouhi Badrdine El , Ndour Cécile Toly , Huguet‐Jacquot Stéphanie , Mailloux Agnès , Cortey Anne , Jouannic Jean‐Marie , Maisonneuve Emeline
Published: April 2021

Background

Red blood cell alloimmunization is the first cause of fetal and neonatal anemia. Alloimmunizations with anti‐PP1Pk or anti‐P can cause recurrent miscarriages and hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy. We report on a pregnant patient immunized with anti‐P and a history of recurrent miscarriages.

Case Report

This P2k (GLOB:‐1; P1PK:‐1,3) patient had a first pregnancy marked by a caesarean at 38 weeks of gestation (WG) for non‐reassuring fetal heart rate. Then, she had three early spontaneous miscarriages. The fifth pregnancy began with a high titer of anti‐P at 128. Early initiation of treatment with Intravenous Immunoglobulins (IVIg) and plasma exchanges (PE) starting at 5 WG permitted us to reduce the titer of anti‐P below 32. A healthy infant was delivered by caesarean at 38 WG without anemia at birth and no exchange transfusion was required.

Discussion and Review of the Literature

The P and Pk antigens are expressed on placental, trophoblastic, and embryonic cells. This explains why P1k (GLOB:‐1; P1PK:1,3), P2k (GLOB:‐1; P1PK:‐1,3), or Tj(a‐)/p (GLOB:‐1; P1PK:‐1,‐3) patients are prone to recurrent abortions in the first trimester of pregnancy. A literature review demonstrated 87% (68/78) of miscarriages in p patients. However, publication biases are possible with the most severe cases being reported.

Conclusion

Immunizations to P and PP1Pk antigens differ from others in their physiopathology and precocity. The association of PE and IVIg seems to be an effective treatment in the management of anti‐PP1Pk or anti‐P fetomaternal incompatibilities.
Wintertime growth in Atlantic salmon under changing climate: the importance of ice cover for individual growth dynamics
Authors: Härkönen Laura , Louhi Pauliina , Huusko Riina , Huusko Ari
Published: April 2021

Understanding the dynamic nature of individual growth in stream-dwelling salmonids may help forecast consequences of climate change on northern fish populations. Here, we performed an experimental capture–mark–recapture study in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to quantify factors influencing wintertime growth variation among juveniles under different scenarios for ice-cover reduction. We applied multiple imputation to simulate missing size observations for unrecaptured fish and to account for individual-level variation in growth rates. The salmon parr exhibited substantial body length shrinkage in early winter, suppressed growth through midwinter, and increased growth rates in late winter and particularly in spring. Unexpectedly, the presence of ice cover had no direct effects on wintertime growth. Instead, our results implied increasing energetic costs with reducing ice cover; individuals exposed to absent or shortened ice-covered period gained mass at a lowered rate in spring, whereas the present, long ice-covered period was followed by rapid growth. This study emphasizes natural resilience of Atlantic salmon to wintertime environmental variation, which may help the species to cope with the reductions in ice-cover duration due to climate change.
The Gene Signature Associated with Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Authors: Ge Jiayun , Bai Yannan , Tang Bo , Wei Dong , Yan Maolin
Published: April 2021

Background. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming a critical risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). As both NAFLD and HCC are heterogeneous diseases, this study aims to identify the similarity between the subtypes of NAFLD and HCC based on gene modules. Methods. Coexpressed gene modules were extracted for both NAFLD and HCC. The association between the coexpressed gene modules of NAFLD and HCC was evaluated by Fisher’s exact test. The overlapping coexpressed gene module was validated in three independent human NAFLD datasets. Furthermore, the preserved gene module was assessed in four independent NAFLD mouse datasets. The significantly enriched motifs within the gene module were inferred from upstream sequences. Results. Four coexpressed gene modules were extracted from NAFLD. Of the four coexpressed gene modules, one was significantly overlapping with a module of HCC. This overlapping gene module was regarded as the HCC-associated NAFLD gene module (HANM). Enrichment analysis of biological processes revealed inflammatory response in HANM. Specifically, within the inflammatory response biological process, IL-17, TNF-α, and NF-κB signaling pathways were enriched. HANM was found to be strongly or moderately conserved across four mouse NAFLD datasets. Motif analysis of the upstream genomic sequences of HANM revealed nine transcription factors (FLI1, NRF1, ZBTB33, ELK1, YY1, ZNF143, TAF1, SF1, and E2F1), of which three transcription factors (YY1, E2F1, and ZNF143) were significantly highly expressed in the NAFLD patients and exhibited survival significance in HCC. Conclusion. This study demonstrated a robust way to identify the sharing gene signature between subtypes of NAFLD and HCC, which contributed to a comprehensive understanding of pathogenesis from NAFLD to HCC.
The Effects of Combined Physical Exercise on Serum Redox Biomarkers and Leukocyte DNA Damage of Obese Women
Authors: Nascimento Carla , Peixoto Milena Simões , Fonte Boa Luiz Fernando , de Faria Caroline Coelho , Costa Tulio Senna Fonseca , Matta Leonardo , Ferreira Andrea Claudia Freitas , Fortunato Rodrigo Soares
Published: April 2021

Obesity is usually linked to oxidative stress, which can lead to damage to biomolecules. The combination of aerobic and strength exercises seems to induce health benefits in obese individuals, but little is known about the effects of combined physical exercise on redox homeostasis and DNA damage in this population. Thus, the aim of the current study was to determine the effects of 16 weeks of combined physical exercise on biomarkers of oxidative stress and DNA damage in obese women. 17 obese women underwent 16 weeks of a combined physical training program, 3 times per week. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters, serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase activity, plasma 8‐isoprostane levels, and DNA and chromosomal damage were evaluated before and after physical training. Combined physical exercise training decreased body weight (83.2 ± 9.6 vs. 80.2 ± 9.6 kg), body mass index (33.8 ± 3.6 vs. 32.6 ± 3.7 kg·m-2), body fat (40.2 ± 2.6 vs. 39.0 ± 3.2%), and waist circumference (99.3 ± 9.4 vs. 94.1 ± 8.8 cm), while the fat‐free mass was augmented (59.9 ± 2.9 vs. 60.7 ± 3.1 kg). Moreover, blood glucose reduced (113.5 ± 29.6 vs. 107.3 ± 28.9 mg/dL) along with high‐density lipoprotein (54.6 ± 18.1 vs. 59.0 ± 18.8 mg/dL), TSH (2.1 ± 1.1 vs. 2.6 ± 1.2 mIU/mL), and free T4 (0.9 ± 0.1 vs. 1.12 ± 0.2 ng/dL) increase after physical exercise training. Plasma 8‐isoprostane levels (17.24 ± 7.9 vs. 29.11 ± 17.44 pg/mL) and DNA damage (34.16 ± 7.1 vs. 45.96 ± 5.8% DNA in tail) were also higher after physical training. No changes were observed in chromosomal damage levels. These results suggest that 16 weeks of combined exercise training 3 times per week is effective in reducing body fat but also increases oxidative stress and DNA damage in obese women.
Some Inequalities for a New Class of Convex Functions with Applications via Local Fractional Integral
Authors: Ge-JiLe Hu , Rashid Saima , Farooq Fozia Bashir , Sultana Sobia
Published: April 2021

The understanding of inequalities in convexity is crucial for studying local fractional calculus efficiency in many applied sciences. In the present work, we propose a new class of harmonically convex functions, namely, generalized harmonically

ψ

-

s

-convex functions based on fractal set technique for establishing inequalities of Hermite-Hadamard type and certain related variants with respect to the Raina’s function. With the aid of an auxiliary identity correlated with Raina’s function, by generalized Hölder inequality and generalized power mean, generalized midpoint type, Ostrowski type, and trapezoid type inequalities via local fractional integral for generalized harmonically

ψ

-

s

-convex functions are apprehended. The proposed technique provides the results by giving some special values for the parameters or imposing restrictive assumptions and is completely feasible for recapturing the existing results in the relative literature. To determine the computational efficiency of offered scheme, some numerical applications are discussed. The results of the scheme show that the approach is straightforward to apply and computationally very user-friendly and accurate.
Cardiac Amyloidosis Presenting as Biventricular Systolic Heart Failure
Authors: Oye Monique , Richardson Aaron , Sadic Edin , Alkhasawneh Ahmad , Velarde Gladys
Published: April 2021

A previously healthy octogenarian presented with new onset heart failure symptoms. Comprehensive multimodality imaging including complete echocardiography with longitudinal strain analysis, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI), nuclear medicine pyrophosphate (99-mcTcPYP) scan along with biomarker, monoclonal protein analysis, and fat pad biopsy confirmed diagnosis of transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis.
Cytokines and Water Distribution in Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Himmerich Hubertus , Dalton Bethan , Patsalos Olivia , Schmidt Ulrike , Campbell Iain C.
Published: April 2021

In patients with anorexia nervosa (AN), decreased intracellular (ICW), extracellular (ECW), and total body water (TBW) as well as changes in serum cytokine concentrations have been reported. In this exploratory study, we measured body composition and serum cytokine levels in patients with AN (

n
=
27

) and healthy controls (HCs;

n
=
13

). Eating disorder symptom severity was assessed using the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q). Body composition was determined by bioimpedance analysis (BIA) which provided information on ICW, ECW, and TBW. Following blood collection, 27 cytokines and chemokines were quantified using multiplex ELISA-based technology: Eotaxin, Eotaxin-3, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon- (IFN-) γ, interleukin- (IL-) 1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17A, interferon γ-induced protein- (IP-) 10, macrophage inflammatory protein- (MIP-) 1α, MIP-1β, monocyte chemoattractant protein- (MCP-) 1, MCP-4, thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), TNF-α, and TNF-β. ICW, ECW, and TBW volumes were significantly lower in patients with AN than in HCs. In the whole sample, GM-CSF, MCP-4, and IL-4 were positively, whereas IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-10 were negatively associated with all three parameters of body water. In AN participants, we found a statistically significant negative correlation of IL-10 with ICW, ECW, and TBW. Our results suggest an interaction between body water and the cytokine system. Underlying mechanisms are unclear but may involve a loss of water from the gut, kidneys, or skin due to AN-associated inflammatory processes.
Research into Power Transformer Health Assessment Technology Based on Uncertainty of Information and Deep Architecture Design
Authors: Gao Shuguo , Zhao Jun , Liu Yunpeng , Xu Ziqiang , Li Zhe , Sun Lu , Tian Yuan
Published: April 2021

The uncertainty of the evaluation information is likely to affect the accuracy of the evaluation, when conducting a health evaluation of a power transformer. A multilevel health assessment method for power transformers is proposed in view of the three aspects of indicator criterion uncertainty, weight uncertainty, and fusion uncertainty. Firstly, indicator selection is conducted through the transformer guidelines and engineering experience to establish a multilevel model of transformers that can reflect the defect type and defect location. Then, a Gaussian cloud model is used to solve the uncertainty of the indicator criterion boundary. Based on association rules, AHP, and variable weights, the processed weights are calculated from the update module to obtain comprehensive weights, which overcomes the uncertainty of the weights. Improved DSmT theory is used for multiple evidence fusion to solve the high conflict and uncertainty problems in the fusion process. Finally, through actual case analysis, the defect type, defect location, and overall state of the transformer of the device are obtained. By comparing with many defect cases in a case-study library, the evaluation accuracy rate is found to reach 96.21%, which verifies the practicability and efficiency of the method.
A Case of Lung Cancer with Brain Metastasis following Late-Onset Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Shen Shin-Heng , Lee Shwu-Hua
Published: April 2021

Objective. To describe a case of lung cancer with brain metastasis in a patient who developed new late-onset bipolar disorder 2 years previously. Background. The typical onset age of bipolar disorder is approximately 20, and the first episode is usually a depressive episode. It is still not clear which age-specific factors contribute to the underlying risk. Materials and Methods. A 65-year-old male patient presented with a new-onset manic episode characterized by labile mood, impulsivity, decreased need for sleep, and grandiosity. He was diagnosed with late-onset bipolar disorder after excluding other possible physiological conditions. He was hospitalized in the acute psychiatric ward, and a combination of mood stabilizers and antipsychotics was prescribed. His mental condition improved, and he remained stable for 2 years. However, he experienced abrupt cognitive decline for 2 months and was referred to the emergency room for physiological examination. Results. The patient was diagnosed with lung cancer with brain metastasis by brain magnetic resonance imaging and whole-body positron emission tomography. Conclusion. In geriatric patients, who are at high risk of multiple medical conditions, excluding secondary causes of bipolar disorder is important.
Self-Causation and Unity in Stoicism
Authors: Helle Reier
Published: April 2021

According to the Stoics, ordinary unified bodies—animals, plants, and inanimate natural bodies—each have a single cause of unity and being: pneuma. Pneuma itself has no distinct cause of unity; on the contrary, it acts as a cause of unity and being for itself. In this paper, I show how pneuma is supposed to be able to unify itself and other bodies in virtue of its characteristic tensile motion (τονικὴ κίνησις). Thus, we will see how the Stoics could have hoped to account for corporeal unity by positing another body (pneuma) apparently itself in need of unification.
Online Reputations: Comparing Hospital- and Patient-Generated Ratings in Academic Otolaryngology
Authors: Basa Krystyne , Jabbour Nicolette , Rohlfing Matthew , Schmoker Sarah , Lawlor Claire M. , Levi Jessica , Sobin Lindsay , Tracy Jeremiah C. , Tracy Lauren F.
Published: April 2021

Objectives:

This study compares hospital-generated online ratings to patient-generated online ratings in academic otolaryngology and evaluates physician factors influencing these results.

Methods:

Websites of academic otolaryngologists were assessed for inclusion of hospital-generated Press Ganey surveys. Corresponding scores on Healthgrades and Vitals.com were identified via internet search. Hospital ratings were compared with patient-generated ratings, including score, demographics, and number of ratings. All data was collected between July 15th 2019 and August 22nd 2019.

Results:

742 academic otolaryngologists with hospital-generated ratings were identified. Mean hospital-generated rating was significantly higher ((4.70, 95% CI 4.69-4.72) than patient-generated rating (Vitals:4.26, 95% CI 4.18-4.34, and Healthgrades:4.02, 95% CI 3.87-4.18; P < .001). In patient-generated rating, an increased number of rating scores (>20) was associated with male gender, professor ranking, and >30 years in practice ( P < .005). Physician demographics did not impact number of ratings in hospital-generated setting. With patient-generated, lower aggregate score was associated with professor ranking ( P = .001). In hospital-generated, lower score was associated with >30+ years in practice ( P = .023). Across all platforms, comprehensive otolaryngologists and neurotologists/otologists were rated lower in comparison to other specialties (PGS: P < .001,Vitals: P = .027,Healthgrades: P = .016).

Conclusion:

Hospital-generated ratings yield higher mean scores than patient-generated platforms. Between sources, Healthgrades.com scores were lower than those of Vitals.com . Professors with >30 years of practice generated more reviews in patient-generated ratings, and these physicians were generally rated lower. Access to patient-generated ratings is universal and physicians should be aware of variability between online rating platforms as scores may affect referrals and practice patterns.
Adverse Events Associated with Intranasal Sprays: An Analysis of the Food and Drug Administration Database and Literature Review
Authors: Ahsanuddin Salma , Povolotskiy Roman , Tayyab Rahma , Nasser Wissam , Barinsky Gregory L. , Grube Jordon G. , Paskhover Boris
Published: April 2021

Background:

Intranasal sprays (INSs) are commonly used medications for the treatment of many rhinologic conditions. Despite their popularity, an analysis of a nationwide reporting database and comparison to the available literature has never been performed.

Methods:

The Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database was accessed to obtain adverse event (AE) records from 2014 to 2019 for varying INSs, including: 10 corticosteroids, 1 alpha adrenergic, and 3 antihistamines. The Proportional Reporting Ratios (PRR) and Reporting Odds Ratios (ROR) were calculated for dyspnea, anosmia, ageusia/dysgeusia, epistaxis, and headache. A PRR ≥ 2 or ROR ≥ 1 was considered significant.

Results:

Corticosteroids had 98 864 total reported AEs to the database, followed by antihistamines (7011) and alpha adrenergics (2071). In total, dyspnea was reported 5843 times, followed by headache (4230), epistaxis (1205), ageusia/dysgeusia (920), and anosmia (312). Overall, PRR and ROR values for dyspnea ranged from 0.51 to 4.25 and 0.51 to 4.49; for dysgeusia/ageusia from 0.56 to 6.09 and 0.56 to 6.12; and for epistaxis from 1.03 to 27.24 and 1.03 to 30.76, respectively. All medications which listed anosmia within the top AEs had PRR and ROR values exceeding 2 and 1, respectively. The PRR for headache exceeded 2 for 1 medication and the ROR exceeded 1 in 7 medications.

Conclusion:

The AEs of dyspnea, anosmia, ageusia/dysgeusia, epistaxis, and headache are reported within the FAERS database for commonly prescribed INSs. When compared against the existing scientific literature, the clinical significance of this reporting tool from the FDA for these classes of medications remains unvalidated.
Migraine Features in Patients with Persistent Postural-Perceptual Dizziness
Authors: Sarna Brooke , Risbud Adwight , Lee Ariel , Muhonen Ethan , Abouzari Mehdi , Djalilian Hamid R.
Published: April 2021

Objectives:

To evaluate the presence of migraine features in patients with persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD).

Methods:

In a retrospective survey study, consecutive patients presenting to a tertiary care neurotology clinic during an 18-month period were given questionnaires about headache and dizziness symptoms. The survey responses plus history and examination of the patient were used to diagnose patients with PPPD. The prevalence of migraine headache, vestibular migraine (VM), and migraine characteristics was evaluated.

Results:

In total, 36 subjects with PPPD were included in the study. The mean age of the subjects was 56 ± 16 years with a female (72%) predominance. A total of 19 (53%) patients met the International Classification of Headache Disorders criteria for migraine headache, and 6 of those (17%) met the criteria for definite VM. Of the patients who did not meet full migraine headache criteria, 6 (17%) patients met 4 of 5 criteria, and 5 (14%) patients met 3 of 5 criteria. There was no significant difference between PPPD patients who fulfilled full migraine headache criteria and those who did not in sensitivity to light, sound, smells, weather changes, feelings of mental fog/confusion, and sinus pain/facial pressure.

Conclusions:

This study demonstrates that a majority of patients with PPPD fulfill the criteria for migraine headache. A large proportion of PPPD patients who do not meet the full criteria for migraine headache still meet a majority of the migraine headache criteria. This suggests an association between the 2 conditions. PPPD may be a part of the spectrum of otologic migraine, where migraine manifests as otologic symptoms.
Reversible Canalith Jam of the Horizontal Semicircular Canal Mimicking Cupulolithiasis
Authors: Kalmanson Olivia A. , Aasen Davis M. , Gubbels Samuel P. , Foster Carol A.
Published: April 2021

Objective:

To describe a case of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) resulting in reversible horizontal semicircular canalith jam successfully treated with horizontal canal occlusion. A brief literature review of similar cases was performed.

Methods:

Case report and literature review.

Results:

A 68-year-old female presented with apogeotropic positional nystagmus, attributed to reversible horizontal canalith jam mimicking cupulolithiasis that was refractory to tailored repositioning maneuvers across months. She was unable to work due to the severity of her symptoms. She underwent surgical occlusion of the affected canal with immediate resolution of her symptoms. A literature review revealed similar cases of canalith jam mimicking cupulolithiasis.

Conclusions:

Reversible canalith jam, in which particles moving with horizontal head position alternate between obstructing the semicircular canal and resting on the cupula, can mimic signs of cupulolithiasis. This variant of BPPV can be effectively managed with surgical canal occlusion should symptoms fail to resolve after tailored repositioning maneuvers.
Is RCEP a Panacea for India?
Authors: Deb Rajat
Published: April 2021

The successful integration and development strategies of East Asia and Southeast Asia in the forms of regional integrations such as the ASEAN have motivated to convert these into mega regional groups that is, the formation of the regional comprehensive economic partnership (RCEP). RCEP has remained under discussion in the political forums since 2012 which had reached its crucial phase but India had refused to sign the pact in the Bangkok summit on 4 November 2019. India’s decision to pull out from the RCEP has likely protected her domestic sectors from the Chinese aggressive dumping, but it could adversely impact foreign investments and bargaining powers with the United States and the European Union in the short run.

JEL Classification Codes: P25, R11
Does Crude Oil Price Affect the Inflation Rate and Economic Growth in India? A New Insight Based on Structural VAR Framework
Authors: Sarmah Ankita , Bal Debi Prasad
Published: April 2021

Based on a structural vector autoregressive framework on the monthly data from April 1997 to July 2016, this study is an attempt to show the impact of crude oil price on the rate of inflation and economic growth in India. The results showed that the crude oil price has a positive impact on the rate of inflation whereas an inverse relation exists between crude oil price and economic growth. Further, we segregated the crude oil price into two components, that is, positive and negative partial sum of oil price through the nonlinear and asymmetric autoregressive distribution lag framework. A similar kind of result is derived in the case of positive partial sum of oil price on the rate of inflation and economic growth, while a significant negative relationship is found in the negative partial sum of crude oil price on economic growth. From the policy perceptive, we suggest that policymakers may focus on reducing the consumption of crude oil and using renewable energy for accelerating the economic growth. This would not only prevent the domestic economy from international oil price fluctuations and inflation but also assist in achieving sustainable environmental goal of reduced crude oil use.

JEL Classification Codes: C3, O4, Q4
Examining the Coevolution of Drug Use Variety and Different Types of Offending Frequency Among Justice-Involved Adolescents
Authors: Kuettel Benjamin T.
Published: April 2021

Past research demonstrates a strong link between drug use and crime among justice-involved adolescents, yet little is known about the joint development between drug use variety and various types of criminal offending frequencies from adolescence to young adulthood. Using a sample of male adolescent offenders ( N = 842), this article examines the coevolution of drug use variety and three separate types of offending frequencies. First, four group-based trajectory models identify unique group developmental patterns for drug use variety, drug sales offending, property offending, and violent offending. Next, three dual-trajectory models examine the coevolution between drug use variety and each type of criminal offending. Findings reveal a general pattern of desistance for both drug use and offending, while also illustrating notable variability in group trajectory patterns for drug use variety and criminal behavior. This article concludes that adolescents with elevated drug use variety make up a large proportion of frequent offenders.
Language-Specific Effects in Response to Spelling Intervention in Italian and in English as an Additional Language
Authors: Arfé Barbara , Zancato Tamara
Published: April 2021

According to a language-integrated view of spelling development, learning to spell involves the same language-learning skills across alphabetic systems. A prediction based on this view is that the same spelling training should be equally effective for learning to spell in a shallow (Italian, native language) or an opaque (English, additional language) orthography. We tested this prediction by teaching 6- to 9-year-old Italian children to use multiletter spelling units to spell words in Italian and English. The children were trained on the spelling of Italian words containing orthographic difficulties that required switching from phoneme–grapheme spelling correspondences to larger grain size (multiletter) spelling units. In a stepped-wedge cluster randomized trial, 108 Italian children (ages 6–9 years) were assigned to the experimental spelling training or a waiting list condition. Their ability to spell the trained (Italian and English) word lists and to generalize the acquired knowledge to new (untrained) words was assessed. Similar learning effects were found in the two languages for the trained word lists. However, generalization of the acquired spelling knowledge to new words occurred only in English. The influence of language-specific factors on learning to spell could account for these findings.
The universal particularism of panta ta ethne: A biblical case for the continued viability of the people group concept in mission
Authors: Datema David Earl
Published: April 2021

This article is a partial response to Lee and Park’s 2018 contribution to Missiology, “Beyond people group thinking: A critical reevaluation of unreached people groups,” and focuses on the meaning of panta ta ethne in Matthew 28:19. The author does not agree that Matthew had in mind primarily “Gentiles in distinction from Jews,” although that is indeed a common meaning of the phrase in the New Testament. Interpreting ethne as “Gentiles” obscures the dimension of particularism inherent in the way humanity is described in Scripture (as parts not just a whole). By contrast, the author submits that ethne as “nations” or “people groups” better displays this particularism of all people as they exist in diverse human groupings. The author takes a step back from Matthew 28 and first gives an overview of the way human grouping (particularism) is understood in the Old and New Testaments. He then highlights the way New Testament authors appropriated Old Testament promises related to the “nations,” showing their comprehension and continuation of that Old Testament understanding. The article then deals with the exegetical issues related to Matthew 28:19 and concludes by urging refinement of the people group concept, rather than replacement.
Confirming Scripture through Eyewitness Testimony (2 Peter 1.19a): Resolving a Crux Interpretum
Authors: Williams Travis B.
Published: April 2021

Responding to objections raised against the parousia, the author of 2 Peter seeks to defend the validity of Jesus’ return by pointing to the experience of the apostles at the Transfiguration (1.16-18) and to prophetic scripture (1.19-21). But how these two proofs relate to one another has been a matter of dispute since the earliest days of critical scholarship. Standing behind this disagreement is a difficult grammatical construction involving the comparative adjective βεβαιότερον (2 Pet. 1.19a). This article seeks to bring resolution to the debate through a comprehensive assessment of the force and function of this key term.
Choice of Intensive Lifestyle Change and/or Metformin after Shared Decision Making for Diabetes Prevention: Results from the Prediabetes Informed Decisions and Education (PRIDE) Study
Authors: Moin Tannaz , Martin Jacqueline M. , Mangione Carol M. , Grotts Jonathan , Turk Norman , Norris Keith C. , Tseng Chi-Hong , Jeffers Kia Skrine , Castellon-Lopez Yelba , Frosch Dominick L. , Duru O. Kenrik
Published: April 2021

Introduction

While the Diabetes Prevention Program Study demonstrated that intensive lifestyle change and metformin both reduce type 2 diabetes incidence, there are little data on patient preferences in real-world, clinical settings.

Methods

The Prediabetes Informed Decisions and Education (PRIDE) study was a cluster-randomized trial of shared decision making (SDM) for diabetes prevention. In PRIDE, pharmacists engaged patients with prediabetes in SDM using a decision aid with information about both evidence-based options. We recorded which diabetes prevention option(s) participants chose after the SDM visit. We also evaluated logistic regression models examining predictors of choosing intensive lifestyle change ± metformin, compared to metformin or usual care, and predictors of choosing metformin ± intensive lifestyle change, compared to intensive lifestyle change or usual care.

Results

Among PRIDE participants ( n = 515), 55% chose intensive lifestyle change, 8.5% chose metformin, 15% chose both options, and 21.6% declined both options. Women (odds ratio [OR] = 1.60, P = 0.023) had higher odds than men of choosing intensive lifestyle change. Patients >60 years old (OR = 0.50, P = 0.028) had lower odds than patients <50 years old of choosing metformin. Participants with higher body mass index (BMI) had higher odds of choosing intensive lifestyle change (OR = 1.07 per BMI unit increase, P = 0.005) v. other options and choosing metformin (OR = 1.06 per BMI unit increase, P = 0.008) v. other options.

Conclusions

Patients with prediabetes are making choices for diabetes prevention that generally align with recommendations and expected benefits from the published literature. Our results are important for policy makers and clinicians, as well as program planners developing systemwide approaches for diabetes prevention.
Using Published Health Utilities in Cost-Utility Analyses: Discrepancies and Issues in Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Zhou Ting , Chen Zhiyuan , Li Hongchao , Xie Feng
Published: April 2021

Background

Health utilities are commonly used as quality weights to calculate quality-adjusted life years in cost-utility analysis (CUA). However, if published health utilities are not properly used, the credibility of CUA could be affected.

Objectives

To identify discrepancies in using published health utilities in CUAs for cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Methods

CVD CUAs in the Tufts Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Registry that reported health utilities were included in the analysis. References cited for health utilities in these CUAs were reviewed to identify the original health utility studies. The description and value of health utilities used in the CUA were compared with those reported in the original utility studies. Logistic regression was used to identify the factors that can predict the discrepancy.

Results

A total of 585 eligible CUAs published between 1977 and 2016 were identified and reviewed. Of these studies, 74.5% were published between 2007 and 2016. 442 CUAs that used a total of 2235 health utilities published in 203 original utility studies were included for the comparison. As compared with those utilities originally reported, only 596 (26.7%) health utilities had the same description and value, whereas 991 health utilities (44.3%) differed in both description and value. Of 1290 health utilities with a different description, 69.1% were due to different severity or disease. No explanation or justification was provided for 1171 (87.4%) of 1340 health utilities with different value.

Conclusions

There are concerning discrepancies in using published health utilities for CVD CUAs. Given the important role health utilities play in CUAs, authors of CUAs should always refer to the original studies for health utilities and be transparent about how published health utilities are selected and incorporated into CUAs.
Effect of magnetic field on the thermo-elastic response of a rotating FGM Circular disk with non-uniform thickness
Authors: Sarkar Pranta Rahman , Rahman Akm Samsur
Published: April 2021

In this study, the effect of the magnetic field on the thermo-elastic response of a rotating non-uniform circular disk of functionally graded material (FGM) is investigated for both steady and transient states of temperature. A single second-order ordinary differential equation of motion was developed for an FGM disk and solved along with the boundary conditions using the finite-difference method (FDM). The steady-state and transient heat conduction equations were also solved using the finite-difference method. Numerical results were presented and discussed for an Al/Al2O3 FGM disk of exponentially varying material properties keeping Poisson’s ratio and magnetic permeability uniform. Displacement and stress components were analyzed by increasing the intensity of the magnetic field for different cases of steady and transient states of temperature. The analysis suggests that the magnetic field has a remarkable effect on the displacement and stress distributions. It is also found that, high intensity of the magnetic field changes the nature and location of maximum stress. The transient analysis of magneto-thermo-elastic field suggests that the increase in the intensity of magnetic field results in the increase in stress intensity near the outer region of the disk and maximum radial stress always exceeds maximum circumferential stress. The effects of inner and outer surface radius, thermal gradient between inner and outer surface, and the outer surface thickness were also analyzed in detail. It was found that, with the decrease in outer surface radius and thermal gradient between inner and outer surface, maximum circumferential stress becomes higher than the maximum radial stress. In addition, the soundness and accuracy of the solutions were verified with the results from the standard computational method and analytical solution.
Spatiotemporal Demand Prediction Model for E-Scooter Sharing Services with Latent Feature and Deep Learning
Authors: Ham Seung Woo , Cho Jung-Hoon , Park Sangwoo , Kim Dong-Kyu
Published: April 2021

The electric scooter (e-scooter) sharing service has attracted significant attention because of its extensive usage and eco-friendliness. Since e-scooters are mostly accessed by foot, the presence of e-scooters within walking distance has a crucial effect on the service quality. Therefore, to maintain appropriate service quality, relocation strategies are often used to properly distribute e-scooters within service areas. There are extensive literatures on demand forecasting for an efficient relocation. However, the study of the relocation of small-scale spatial units within walking distance level is still inadequate because of the sparsity of demand data. This research aims to establish an effective methodology for predicting the demand for e-scooters in high spatial resolution. A new grid-based spatial setting was created with the usage data. The model in the methodology predicts not only the identified demand but also the unmet demand to increase practicality. A convolutional autoencoder is used to obtain the latent feature that can reduce the problem of representing sparse data. An encoder–recurrent neural network–decoder (ERD) framework with a convolutional autoencoder resulted in a huge improvement in predicting spatiotemporal events. This new ERD framework shows enhanced prediction performance, reducing the mean squared error loss to 0.00036 from 0.00679 compared with the baseline long short-term memory model. This methodological strategy has its significance in that it can solve any prediction issue with spatiotemporal data, even those with sparse data problems.