bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analyses of a Dipole Antenna Loaded by a Cylindrical Shell of Double Negative (DNG) Metamaterial
Authors: Shams Khan M. Z. , Ali Mohammod
Published: November 2007

The current distribution, input impedance, and radiation pattern of a cylindrical dipole antenna enclosed by a thin cylindrical shell of double negative (DNG) metamaterial are computed using the piecewise sinusoidal Galerkin formulation. In the presence of the DNG shell, the dipole antenna exhibits three interesting characteristics. The input impedance shows potentials for wide bandwidth due to the relative insensitivity of the impedance with frequency. Within specific ranges of DNG material parameter values, the dipole shows resonance at much lower frequencies than its resonant frequency in free space. The dipole does not show change in the direction of the principal beam nor does it show signs of beam splitting and side lobes even when the antenna length approaches one and a half wavelength.
Putting Markov Chains Back into Markov Chain Monte Carlo
Authors: Barker Richard J. , Schofield Matthew R.
Published: November 2007

Markov chain theory plays an important role in statistical inference both in the formulation
of models for data and in the construction of efficient algorithms for inference. The use of Markov chains
in modeling data has a long history, however the use of Markov chain theory in developing algorithms for
statistical inference has only become popular recently. Using mark-recapture models as an illustration,
we show how Markov chains can be used for developing demographic models and also in developing
efficient algorithms for inference. We anticipate that a major area of future research involving mark-recapture
data will be the development of hierarchical models that lead to better demographic models that account
for all uncertainties in the analysis. A key issue is determining when the chains produced by Markov
chain Monte Carlo sampling have converged.
Progressive loss of epidermal growth factor receptor in a subpopulation of breast cancers: implications in target-directed therapeutics
Authors: Choong Lee-Yee , Lim Simin , Loh Marie Chiew-Shia , Man Xiaohui , Chen Yunhao , Toy Weiyi , Pan Mengfei , Chen Chien-Shing , Poonepalli Anuradha , Hande M. Prakash , Tan Puay-Hoon , Salto-Tellez Manuel , Wong Chow-Yin , Shah Nilesh , Druker Brian J. , Lim Yoon-Pin
Published: November 2007

Understanding the molecular etiology and heterogeneity of disease has a direct effect on cancer therapeutics. To identify novel molecular changes associated with breast cancer progression, we conducted phosphoproteomics of the MCF10AT model comprising isogenic, ErbB2- and ErbB3-positive, xenograft-derived cell lines that mimic different stages of breast cancer. Using in vitro animal model and clinical breast samples, our study revealed a marked reduction of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression with breast cancer progression. Such diminution of EGFR expression was associated with increased resistance to Gefitinib/Iressa in vitro. Fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that loss of EGFR gene copy number was one of the key mechanisms behind the low/null expression of EGFR in clinical breast tumors. Statistical analysis on the immunohistochemistry data of EGFR expression from 93 matched normal and breast tumor samples showed that (a) diminished EGFR expression could be detected as early as in the preneoplastic lesion (ductal carcinoma in situ) and this culminated in invasive carcinomas; (b) EGFR expression levels could distinguish between normal tissue versus carcinoma in situ and invasive carcinoma with high statistical significance (P < 0.001, n = 81). However, no significant correlation of EGFR expression with disease-free survival and overall survival was observed. This is the first time EGFR expression has been tracked meaningfully and developmentally from the normal condition through disease progression using in vitro, xenograft, and matched normal and tumor samples. Thus, our study provides a new insight into the role of EGFR in breast cancer development. Although no value of EGFR expression in prognosis was found, our findings are likely to have implications in the design of clinical trials targeting the EGFR family of proteins in breast cancer. [Mol Cancer Ther 2007;6(11):2828–42]
Discovery of lactoquinomycin and related pyranonaphthoquinones as potent and allosteric inhibitors of AKT/PKB: mechanistic involvement of AKT catalytic activation loop cysteines
Authors: Toral-Barza Lourdes , Zhang Wei-Guo , Huang Xinyi , McDonald Leonard A. , Salaski Edward J. , Barbieri Laurel R. , Ding Wei-Dong , Krishnamurthy Girija , Hu Yong Bo , Lucas Judy , Bernan Valerie S. , Cai Ping , Levin Jeremy I. , Mansour Tarek S. , Gibbons James J. , Abraham Robert T. , Yu Ker
Published: November 2007

The serine/threonine kinase AKT/PKB plays a critical role in cancer and represents a rational target for therapy. Although efforts in targeting AKT pathway have accelerated in recent years, relatively few small molecule inhibitors of AKT have been reported. The development of selective AKT inhibitors is further challenged by the extensive conservation of the ATP-binding sites of the AGC kinase family. In this report, we have conducted a high-throughput screen for inhibitors of activated AKT1. We have identified lactoquinomycin as a potent inhibitor of AKT kinases (AKT1 IC50, 0.149 ± 0.045 μmol/L). Biochemical studies implicated a novel irreversible interaction of the inhibitor and AKT involving a critical cysteine residue(s). To examine the role of conserved cysteines in the activation loop (T-loop), we studied mutant AKT1 harboring C296A, C310A, and C296A/C310A. Whereas the ATP-pocket inhibitor, staurosporine, indiscriminately targeted the wild-type and all three mutant-enzymes, the inhibition by lactoquinomycin was drastically diminished in the single mutants C296A and C310A, and completely abolished in the double mutant C296A/C310A. These data strongly implicate the binding of lactoquinomycin to the T-loop cysteines as critical for abrogation of catalysis, and define an unprecedented mechanism of AKT inhibition by a small molecule. Lactoquinomycin inhibited cellular AKT substrate phosphorylation induced by growth factor, loss of PTEN, and myristoylated AKT. The inhibition was substantially attenuated by coexpression of C296A/C310A. Moreover, lactoquinomycin reduced cellular mammalian target of rapamycin signaling and cap-dependent mRNA translation initiation. Our results highlight T-loop targeting as a new strategy for the generation of selective AKT inhibitors. [Mol Cancer Ther 2007;6(11):OF1–11]
Exemestane's 17-hydroxylated metabolite exerts biological effects as an androgen
Authors: Ariazi Eric A. , Leitão Andrei , Oprea Tudor I. , Chen Bin , Louis Teresa , Bertucci Anne Marie , Sharma Catherine G.N. , Gill Shaun D. , Kim Helen R. , Shupp Heather A. , Pyle Jennifer R. , Madrack Alexis , Donato Anne L. , Cheng Dong , Paige James R. , Jordan V. Craig
Published: November 2007

Aromatase inhibitors (AI) are being evaluated as long-term adjuvant therapies and chemopreventives in breast cancer. However, there are concerns about bone mineral density loss in an estrogen-free environment. Unlike nonsteroidal AIs, the steroidal AI exemestane may exert beneficial effects on bone through its primary metabolite 17-hydroexemestane. We investigated 17-hydroexemestane and observed it bound estrogen receptor α (ERα) very weakly and androgen receptor (AR) strongly. Next, we evaluated 17-hydroexemestane in MCF-7 and T47D breast cancer cells and attributed dependency of its effects on ER or AR using the antiestrogen fulvestrant or the antiandrogen bicalutamide. 17-Hydroexemestane induced proliferation, stimulated cell cycle progression and regulated transcription at high sub-micromolar and micromolar concentrations through ER in both cell lines, but through AR at low nanomolar concentrations selectively in T47D cells. Responses of each cell type to high and low concentrations of the non-aromatizable synthetic androgen R1881 paralleled those of 17-hydroexemestane. 17-Hydroexemestane down-regulated ERα protein levels at high concentrations in a cell type–specific manner similarly as 17β-estradiol, and increased AR protein accumulation at low concentrations in both cell types similarly as R1881. Computer docking indicated that the 17β-OH group of 17-hydroexemestane relative to the 17-keto group of exemestane contributed significantly more intermolecular interaction energy toward binding AR than ERα. Molecular modeling also indicated that 17-hydroexemestane interacted with ERα and AR through selective recognition motifs employed by 17β-estradiol and R1881, respectively. We conclude that 17-hydroexemestane exerts biological effects as an androgen. These results may have important implications for long-term maintenance of patients with AIs. [Mol Cancer Ther 2007;6(11):2817–27]
Imaging of hypoxia-driven gene expression in an orthotopic liver tumor model
Authors: Brader Peter , Riedl Christopher Cesare , Woo Yanghee , Ponomarev Vladimir , Zanzonico Pat , Wen Bixiu , Cai Shangde , Hricak Hedvig , Fong Yuman , Blasberg Ronald , Serganova Inna
Published: November 2007

The purpose of this study was to monitor hypoxia in an orthotopic liver tumor model using a hypoxia-sensitive reporter imaging system and to image enhanced gene expression after clamping the hepatic artery. C6 and RH7777 Morris hepatoma cells were transduced with a triple reporter gene (HSV1-tk/green fluorescent protein/firefly luciferase—triple fusion), placed under the control of a HIF-1–inducible hypoxia responsive element (HRE). The cells showed inducible luciferase activity and green fluorescent protein expression in vitro. Isolated reporter-transduced Morris hepatoma cells were used to produce tumors in livers of nude rats, and the effect of hepatic artery clamping was evaluated. Tumor hypoxia was shown by immunofluorescence microscopy with the hypoxia marker EF5 [2-(2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl acetamide)] and the fluorescent perfusion marker Hoechst 33342, and by pO2 electrode measurements. For tumor hypoxia imaging with the HRE-responsive reporter, both luciferase bioluminescence and [18F]2′-fluoro-2′-deoxyarabinofuranosyl-5-ethyluracil positron emission tomography was done, and the presence of hypoxia in Morris hepatoma tumors were successfully imaged by both techniques. Transient clamping of the hepatic artery caused cessation of tumor perfusion and severe hypoxia in liver tumors, but not in adjacent liver tissue. These results show that the orthotopic reporter-transduced RH7777 Morris hepatomas are natively hypoxic and poorly perfused in this animal model, and that the magnitude of hypoxia can be monitored using a HRE-responsive reporter system for both bioluminescence and positron emission tomography imaging. However, the severity of tumor ischemia after permanent ligation of the hepatic artery limits our ability to image severe hypoxia in this animal model. [Mol Cancer Ther 2007;6(11):2900–8]
Stress testing at the cellular and molecular level to unravel cellular dysfunction and growth factor signal transduction defects: What Molecular Cell Biology can learn from Cardiology
Authors: Waltenberger Johannes
Published: November 2007

Clinical medicine has been revolutionized by the impact of cellular and molecular biology in the past 30 years. This article focuses on a novel approach, whereby the clinically proven and important concept of patient or organ stress testing is being applied to cellular models, thereby developing and validating novel quantitative molecular and cellular stress tests. One example is monocyte chemotaxis analysis, whereby circulating monocytes freshly isolated from peripheral blood are being tested for their migratory responsiveness towards relevant biological stimuli such as growth factors or chemokines. These stimuli are relevant for recruiting monocytes to sites of local inflammation such as during wound healing or arteriogenesis, i.e. growth of collateral arteries. Initial clinical studies to validate “ligand-induced monocyte chemotaxis” indicate that this parameter is impaired in the presence of various cardiovascular risk factors including diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia or smoking. In addition, there is proof of concept that impaired monocyte chemotaxis is reversible as shown for anti-oxidants in smokers. Moreover, the parameter “ligand-induced monocyte chemotaxis” is of great relevance for basic science (including Molecular Cell Biology) as unravelling the underlying molecular mechanisms of cellular dysfunction will certainly stimulate our understanding of the molecular basis of cellular function. This article highlights the concept of stress testing in modern medicine. Cellular stress testing is introduced as a novel and intriguing approach, which was developed as bedside-to-bench. Future prospective clinical trials will have to validate the predictive value of cellular stress testing.
Randomized Trial of Genotype-Guided Versus Standard Warfarin Dosing in Patients Initiating Oral Anticoagulation
Authors: Anderson Jeffrey L. , Horne Benjamin D. , Stevens Scott M. , Grove Amanda S. , Barton Stephanie , Nicholas Zachery P. , Kahn Samera F.S. , May Heidi T. , Samuelson Kent M. , Muhlestein Joseph B. , Carlquist John F.
Published: November 2007

Background—

Pharmacogenetic-guided dosing of warfarin is a promising application of “personalized medicine” but has not been adequately tested in randomized trials.

Methods and Results—

Consenting patients (n=206) being initiated on warfarin were randomized to pharmacogenetic-guided or standard dosing. Buccal swab DNA was genotyped for
CYP2C9
*2 and
CYP2C9 *
3 and
VKORC1
C1173T with a rapid assay. Standard dosing followed an empirical protocol, whereas pharmacogenetic-guided dosing followed a regression equation including the 3 genetic variants and age, sex, and weight. Prothrombin time international normalized ratio (INR) was measured routinely on days 0, 3, 5, 8, 21, 60, and 90. A research pharmacist unblinded to treatment strategy managed dose adjustments. Patients were followed up for up to 3 months. Pharmacogenetic-guided predicted doses more accurately approximated stable doses (
P
<0.001), resulting in smaller (
P
=0.002) and fewer (
P
=0.03) dosing changes and INRs (
P
=0.06). However, percent out-of-range INRs (pharmacogenetic=30.7%, standard=33.1%), the primary end point, did not differ significantly between arms. Despite this, when restricted to wild-type patients (who required larger doses;
P
=0.001) and multiple variant carriers (who required smaller doses;
P
<0.001) in exploratory analyses, results (pharmacogenetic=29%, standard=39%) achieved nominal significance (
P
=0.03). Multiple variant allele carriers were at increased risk of an INR of ≥4 (
P
=0.03).

Conclusions—

An algorithm guided by pharmacogenetic and clinical factors improved the accuracy and efficiency of warfarin dose initiation. Despite this, the primary end point of a reduction in out-of-range INRs was not achieved. In subset analyses, pharmacogenetic guidance showed promise for wild-type and multiple variant genotypes.
Early Ambulation After Diagnostic Heart Catheterization
Authors: Boztosun Bilal , Güneş Yilmaz , Yildiz Ahmet , Bulut Mustafa , Saglam Mustafa , Kargin Ramazan , Kirma Cevat
Published: November 2007

The general recommended strategy after arterial invasive procedures is a 4- to 6-hour bed rest that is associated with patient discomfort and increased medical costs. We hypothesized that mobilization of selected patients at the second hour would not increase vascular complications. Coronary angiography was performed through the femoral route via 6-Fr catheters. Homeostasis was achieved by manual compression and maintained with a compressive bandage. A total of 1446 patients were ambulated at the second hour and 1226 of them were discharged without complication. A total of 220 patients required further follow-up due to blood oozing; 154 patients were conventionally ambulated due to difficult arterial access, longer (>15 minutes) compression time, hematoma formation within 2 hours, or hypertensive state (blood pressure >180/100 mm Hg). Twenty-five (16%) of those patients developed minor bleeding after ambulation. No major bleeding or large hematoma was observed during in-hospital observation. Ecchymosis (10% [2-hour group] vs 21% [4—5 hour group]) and small hematomas (22% vs 9%) were the most frequent complications after discharge. Early mobilization of selected patients undergoing diagnostic heart catheterization through the femoral artery via 6-Fr catheters is safe and associated with acceptable bleeding complication rates.
Reperfusion Arrhythmias: Are They Only a Marker of Epicardial Reperfusion or Continuing Myocardial Ischemia After Acute Myocardial Infarction?
Authors: Heper Gulumser , Korkmaz Mehmet Emin , Kilic Ayhan
Published: November 2007

Reperfusion arrhythmias are associated with epicardial reperfusion but may also be a sign of vascular reperfusion injury which can be seen as no-reflow phenomenon on coronary angiography and predicts in-hospital complications and recovery of left ventricular (LV) function. No-reflow phenomenon (thrombolysis in myocardial infarction [TIMI] ≤2 flow) is frequently observed in patients after mechanical or medical reperfusion procedures for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The authors hypothesized that reperfusion arrhythmias (or peri-infarct arrhythmias) may be related to continuing myocardial ischemia. They documented all arrhythmia episodes in patients with AMI and compared arrhythmia rates in different therapy groups. They also compared arrhythmia rates according to TIMI flow achieved and those after MI. The highest arrhythmia rate was detected in patients to whom thrombolytic therapy was given for AMI (64%). The arrhythmia rate was lower in patients with primary PCI performed for AMI (46.2%) than in those receiving thrombolytic therapy. The arrhythmia rates according to therapy modalities for AMI were significantly different (p < 0.01). The achieved mean TIMI flow with primary PCI (2.46 ±0.21 ) was higher than the mean flow achieved after thrombolytic therapy (2.12 ±0.16). When compared to the arrhythmia rate according to TIMI flow, it was shown that the lowest arrhythmia rate was found in patients with TIMI 3 flow (17.2%) achieved with any procedure after AMI. The arrhythmia rate was 84% in patients with TIMI 2 flow and 33.3% with TIMI 0—1 flow (p <0.001). The arrhythmia rate was appreciably lower after 48 hours of MI. This finding suggests that the continuing myocardial ischemia represented by TIMI flow at the coronary angiography after acute myocardial infarction may have an important role in the pathogenesis of reperfusion arrhythmias.
Is There an Association Between Left Bundle Branch Block and Coronary Slow Flow in Patients With Normal Coronary Arteries?
Authors: Biceroglu Serdar , Yildiz Ahmet , Bayata Serdar , Yesil Murat , Postaci Nursen
Published: November 2007

Slow flow in angiographically normal coronary arteries is not a rarely seen problem. It is unknown whether it is related with conduction disorders. In this study we investigated the frequency of conduction disorders in patients with normal coronary artery and slow flow. The study included 36 (22 female; mean age 63 ±11 years) patients who have normal coronary arteries and slow flow in coronary angiography. Patients' 12-lead electrocardiograms were analyzed for the presence of bundle branch block. Twenty-two of 36 patients (61%) demonstrated left bundle branch block. Twelve patients (33%) had normal intraventricular conduction. Only 2 of 36 patients (6%) had right bundle branch block. Microvascular disease has been implicated in coronary slow flow. However, according to the results of this study there is a close association between especially left bundle branch block and coronary slow flow. A causal relation should be sought between them with future studies.
The Importance of Construct Breadth When Examining Interrole Conflict
Authors: Huffman Ann H. , Youngcourt Satoris S. , Payne Stephanie C. , Castro Carl A.
Published: November 2007

Research examining the influence of nonwork issues on work-related outcomes has flourished. Often, however, the breadth of the interrole conflict construct varies widely between studies. To determine if the breadth of the interrole conflict measure makes a difference, the current study compares the criterion-related validity of scores yielded by a work—nonwork conflict scale and those yielded by a work—family conflict scale using active-duty U.S. Army soldiers stationed in Germany and Italy with spouses and/or children and without spouses or children. Results demonstrated that the two constructs are related but distinct. In addition, work—family conflict had a stronger relationship with job satisfaction and turnover intentions for employees with a spouse and/or children than for single, childless employees, whereas work—nonwork conflict had a stronger relationship with these outcomes for single, childless employees than for employees with a spouse and/or children.
Individual Differences in Children's Materialism: The Role of Peer Relations
Authors: Banerjee Robin , Dittmar Helga
Published: November 2007

Associations between materialism and peer relations are likely to exist in elementary school children but have not been studied previously. The first two studies introduce a new Perceived Peer Group Pressures (PPGP) Scale suitable for this age group, demonstrating that perceived pressure regarding peer culture (norms for behavioral, attitudinal, and material characteristics) can be reliably measured and that it is connected to children's responses to hypothetical peer pressure vignettes. Studies 3 and 4 evaluate the main theoretical model of associations between peer relations and materialism. Study 3 supports the hypothesis that peer rejection is related to higher perceived peer culture pressure, which in turn is associated with greater materialism. Study 4 confirms that the endorsement of social motives for materialism mediates the relationship between perceived peer pressure and materialism.
Critical theory and the traps of conspiracy thinking
Authors: Heins Volker
Published: November 2007

Historically, blatantly untrue and defamatory conspiracy theories had disastrous consequences for those who were portrayed in them as evil-doers. At the same time, conspiratorial agreements at the expense of the common good between powerful groups in society do exist and have occasionally been uncovered. Against this background, the article describes different ways in which critical theory has looked at conspiracies. First, an attempt is made to show that Max Horkheimer's notes on `rackets' are an ambitious but flawed attempt to theorize conspiracy. It is argued that Horkheimer's theory is imbued by the very conspiracy thinking that he proposed to criticize. Second, the author suggests recovering Franz Neumann's concept of `political alienation' as a more appropriate starting point to think critically about the ethical and epistemological questions raised by conspiracy theories.
What's wrong with hypergoods
Authors: Blattberg Charles
Published: November 2007

Charles Taylor defines `hypergoods' as the fundamental, architechtonic goods that serve as the basis of our moral frameworks. He also believes that, in principle, we can use reason to reconcile the conflicts that hypergoods engender. This belief, however, relies upon a misindentification of hypergoods as goods rather than as works of art, an error which is itself a result of an overly adversarial conception of practical reason. For Taylor fails to distinguish enough between ethical conflicts and those relating to the religio-aesthetic domain. A proper identification of hypergoods as aesthetic, moreover, requires us to revise his accounts of ordinary life, of evil and of the controversy over university curricula.
Marx and the gendered structure of capitalism
Authors: Leeb Claudia
Published: November 2007

I argue that Marx's central concern, consistent throughout his works, is to challenge and overcome hierarchical oppositions, which he considers as the core of modern, capitalist societies and the cause of alienation. The young Marx critiques the hierarchical idealism/materialism opposition, in which idealism abstracts from and reduces all material elements to the mind (or spirit), and materialism abstracts from and reduces all mental abstractions to the body (or matter). The mature Marx sophisticates this critique in his theory of the commodity fetish, in which exchange-value (the mind) abstracts from the use-value (the body) of the commodity. Although Marx aims to challenge capitalism by abolishing the hierarchical relation among binary oppositions, I show that in his early as well as his later writings on the working-class woman he reinforces hierarchical binaries, which points at the gendered unconscious structure of capitalism.
Tragedy and politics
Authors: Curtis Neal
Published: November 2007

This article considers the war against terror in relation to classical tragedy. It uses Heidegger's analysis of Sophocles's play Antigone to argue that human beings are essentially `homeless' and yet our destiny lies in the continual attempt to overcome this homelessness by establishing foundational principles that might bring our journeying to an end. The tragedy of this situation is that the search for foundations and a search for a home invariably bring differing worlds in conflict with each other as their paths to truth collide. Lucien Goldmann's analysis of the tragedy of refusal is also considered in relation to a non-foundational politics that may permit us not only to endure, but actually to affirm our homelessness as an attempt to resist the terror and anabolic militarism that marks the current age.
Rawls and Habermas on religion in the public sphere
Authors: Yates Melissa
Published: November 2007

In recent essays, Jürgen Habermas endorses an account of political liberalism much like John Rawls'. Like Rawls, he argues that laws and public policies should be justified only in neutral terms, i.e. in terms of reasons that people holding conflicting world-views could accept. Habermas also, much like Rawls, distinguishes reasonable religious citizens, whose views should be included in public discourse, from unreasonable citizens in his expectation that religious citizens self-modernize. But in sharing these Rawlsian features, Habermas is vulnerable to some of the same objections posed to Rawls. In this article I assess Habermas' ability to overcome two objections frequently posed to Rawls: (1) that religious citizens are unfairly expected to split their identities in public discourse, and (2) that the burdens of citizenship are asymmetrically distributed. I conclude that while he may be able to overcome the second, the first remains a problem for him.
Does Status Inconsistency Matter for Marital Quality?
Authors: Min Gong
Published: November 2007

This study tests status inconsistency theory by examining the associations between wives' and husbands' relative statuses—that is, earnings, work-time, occupational, and educational inconsistencies—and marital quality and global happiness. The author asks three questions: (a) Is status inconsistency associated with marital quality and overall happiness? (b) Do those who hold traditional or egalitarian gender ideologies react differently to status inconsistency? (c) Are these patterns replicable across three data sets, gathered at different points in time? Data are from the Marital Instability Over the Life Course Survey (1980), the National Survey of Families and Households (1987-1988), and the General Social Survey (1996). With only one exception, status inconsistency is not associated with marital quality or global happiness, even among those who hold the most traditional gender ideologies.
African American Mothers' Socialization Beliefs and Goals With Young Children
Authors: Suizzo Marie-Anne , Robinson Courtney , Pahlke Erin
Published: November 2007

Although research on African American family socialization is increasing, little is known about the beliefs, goals, and strategies of middle-class parents of young children. This study's aim was to address this research gap by examining three key aspects of parental socialization. First, the authors investigated whether and how African American mothers engage in racial socialization. Second, they examined the meanings of educational achievement to these mothers and how these meanings are conveyed through academic socialization. Third, the authors investigated which aspects of interdependence and independence these mothers promote in their children. Twelve mothers of 3- to 6-year-old children were interviewed, and 5 of these mothers participated in a focus group. Three themes were identified: (a) teaching children about African Americans' history and their ancestors' “struggle,” (b) promoting educational achievement to overcome barriers of racism, and (c) promoting autonomy while maintaining close family relationships. Implications for educators and family practitioners are discussed.
Busy Brides and the Business of Family Life
Authors: Blakely Kristin
Published: November 2007

As work traditionally located in the private sphere, wedding planning, like other domestic functions, has become commodified. Building upon Hochschild's work on the commercialization of intimate life, this article explores the relationship of feminism to the commercial spirit of intimate life to understand wedding planning as a commodified domestic service designed to meet the competing demands of work and home for women. In its marketing, the industry makes use of feminism, harnessing liberal feminist ideals of “having it all”: The solution for busy, engaged career women is to outsource their wedding planning. Thus, both the problem and the answer are rooted in a capitalist version of liberal feminism. Based on interviews with six wedding planners, an analysis of the online advertising of 280 planning businesses, and an examination of the industry, this case study of wedding planning illuminates the connections between liberal feminism and the commodification of family life.
The Value of Myocardial Perfusion Scintigraphy in the Diagnosis and Management of Angina and Myocardial Infarction: A Probabilistic Economic Analysis
Authors: Hernández Rodolfo , Vale Luke
Published: November 2007

Background and Aim. Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the most common cause of death in the United Kingdom, accounting for more than 120,000 deaths in 2001, among the highest rates in the world. This study reports an economic evaluation of single photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (SPECT) for the diagnosis and management of coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods. Strategies involving SPECT with and without stress electrocardiography (ECG) and coronary angiography (CA) were compared to diagnostic strategies not involving SPECT. The diagnosis decision was modeled with a decision tree model and long-term costs and consequences using a Markov model. Data to populate the models were obtained from a series of systematic reviews. Unlike earlier evaluations, a probabilistic analysis was included to assess the statistical imprecision of the results. The results are presented in terms of incremental cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY). Results. At prevalence levels of CAD of 10.5%, SPECT-based strategies are cost-effective; ECG-CA is highly unlikely to be optimal. At a ceiling ratio of £20,000 per QALY, SPECT-CA has a 90% likelihood of being optimal. Beyond this threshold, this strategy becomes less likely to be cost-effective. At more than £75,000 per QALY, coronary angiography is most likely to be optimal. For higher levels of prevalence (around 50%) and more than a £10,000 per QALY threshold, coronary angiography is the optimal decision. Conclusions. SPECT-based strategies are likely to be cost-effective when risk of CAD is modest (10.5%). Sensitivity analyses show these strategies dominated non-SPECT-based strategies for risk of CAD up to 4%. At higher levels of prevalence, invasive strategies may become worthwhile. Finally, sensitivity analyses show stress echocardiography as a potentially cost-effective option, and further research to assess the relative cost-effectiveness of echocardiography should also be performed.
William Roseberry, Class and Inequality in the Anthropology of Migration
Authors: Lem Winnie
Published: November 2007

■ This article addresses the ways in which Roseberry's work advances our understanding of the processes of transformation under capitalism. Looking at his use of class in selected writings, I explore Roseberry's ideas on class and class analysis by applying them to the case of international migration. While Roseberry did not engage with the subject of migration, I will argue that his discussions of social differentiation, petty commodity production, fields of force and social class nonetheless have heuristic value in the study of contemporary international migration. They provide the conceptual and methodological tools to enhance our understanding of the nature of social reproduction and dynamics of capital formation in different social and economic sites that are configured by migration. Roseberry's analytical insights are applied to cases of migration within China, as well as migration between China and France.
`A Cargo del Futuro' — Between History and Memory
Authors: Narotzky Susana
Published: November 2007

■ In this article I address conflict during the Spanish Civil War and the immediate post-war years by searching for any discernible social bases for the coalitions that confronted each other locally in a particular rural area in Catalunya. I try to address the real complexity of how civilians locally, and often violently, confronted their close neighbors and how this related to larger issues at stake. The careful reading of one document in this article enables an examination of the particular local expression of the civil war conflict, not just as a source of factual evidence but also as the expression of a particular kind of historicity, that of modernity. In the article I use the production of this document and the explicit aim of its author to confront present-day processes of the `Recuperation of Historical Memory' that are being produced by a wide range of political groups, public institutions and private initiatives in Spain, and which have attracted wide exposure in the media. This leads to a discussion of the issue of the different `regimes of historicity' that can emerge around the recuperation of memory and their political value.
Historical Anthropology as an Ethical Choice in an Age of Genocide
Authors: Rebel Hermann
Published: November 2007

■ A consideration of Bill Roseberry's reception of aspects of Clifford Geertz's analytical ethics, this article focuses on concepts of hegemony and counter-hegemony as alternatives to the `thick concept' approach that continues to inform, both directly and indirectly, historical narratives in anthropology.
Occidentalism and the Realism of Empire
Authors: Roth-Seneff Andrew
Published: November 2007

■ In the last two decades, the problem of the realism of empire and its relation to occidentalism has been addressed in many different and contradictory ways. These conflicting arguments and approaches raise the issue of the need for a method in anthropology that can reveal the cultural and historical dimensions operating in the production and reproduction of the relationship between realism in its scholastic Thomistic sense and occidentalism as a category of representation intimately tied to modern empire. That the anthropological method developed by William Roseberry is an important contribution to this problem can be illustrated through a critical contrast between the historian David Cannadine and Roseberry (anthropologist turned historian). Both scholars reflected on the meaning and experience of coming of age during a major shift in modern empire. The contrasts between their reflexive ways are relevant to the examination of their very different modes of inquiry into the relations between culture and history.
Development of a National Cruciate Ligament Surgery Registry
Authors: Granan Lars-Petter , Bahr Roald , Steindal Kjersti , Furnes Ove , Engebretsen Lars
Published: November 2007

Background

No prospective surveillance system exists for monitoring the outcome of cruciate ligament surgery.

Purpose

This article is intended to describe the development and procedures of the Norwegian National Knee Ligament Registry (NKLR), including baseline results from the first 2 years of operation.

Study Design

Cohort study (prevalence); Level of evidence, 1.

Methods

The NKLR was established on June 7, 2004 to collect information prospectively on all cases of cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery in Norway. Information on the details of surgery is gathered through a registration form completed by the surgeon postoperatively, and a validated knee outcome score form is completed by the patients preoperatively and at follow-ups on all patients at 2, 5, and 10 years postoperatively. Hospital compliance was examined in 2005 and 2006.

Results

A total of 2793 primary cruciate ligament reconstruction surgeries were registered by 57 hospitals. This corresponds to an annual population incidence of primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgeries of 34 per 100 000 citizens (85 per 100 000 citizens in the main at-risk age group of 16–39 years). After 21 months of operation, the NKLR had an overall compliance of 97% when compared with the hospital records.

Conclusions

A national population-based cruciate ligament registry has been developed, implemented, and maintained in Norway. The registry will each year enroll approximately 1500 primary cruciate ligament reconstruction cases. It is expected that inadequate procedures and devices can be identified, as well as prognostic factors associated with good and poor outcomes, at least for the most frequent categories.
Regional Foot Pressure during Running, Cutting, Jumping, and Landing
Authors: Orendurff Michael S. , Rohr Eric S. , Segal Ava D. , Medley Jonathan W. , Green John R. , Kadel Nancy J.
Published: November 2007

Background

Evaluating shoes during sport-related movements may provide a better assessment of plantar loads associated with repetitive injury and provide more specific data for comparing shoe cushioning characteristics.

Hypothesis

Accelerating, cutting, and jumping pressures will be higher than in straight running, differentiating regional shoe cushioning performance in sport-specific movements.

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Materials and Methods

Peak pressures on seven anatomic regions of the foot were assessed in 10 male college athletes during running straight ahead, accelerating, cutting left, cutting right, jump take-off, and jump landing wearing Speed TD and Air Pro Turf Low shoes (Nike, Beaverton, Ore). Pedar insoles (Novel, Munich, Germany) were sampled at 99 Hz during the 6 movements.

Results

Cutting and jumping movements demonstrated more than double the pressure at the heel compared with running straight, regardless of shoe type. The Air Pro Turf showed overall lower pressure for all movement types ( P < .0377). Cutting to the left, the Air Pro Turf shoe had lower heel pressures (36.6 ± 12.5 N/cm2) than the Speed TD (50.3 ± 11.2 N/cm2) ( P < .0001), and the Air Pro Turf had lower great toe pressures than the Speed TD (44.8 ± 8.1 N/cm2 vs 54.4 ± 8.4 N/cm2; P = .0002). The Air Pro Turf also had significantly lower pressures than the Speed TD at the central forefoot during acceleration (38.2 ± 8.3 N/cm2 vs 50.8 ± 7.4 N/cm2; P <.0001).

Conclusion

Sport-related movements load the plantar surface of the foot more than running straight. Shoe cushioning characteristics were more robustly assessed during sport-related movements (4 significant results detected) compared with running straight (1 significant result detected).

Clinical Relevance

There is an interaction between shoe cushioning characteristics and sport-related movements that may influence plantar pressure and repetitive stress injuries.
Identifying Predictors of the Reasons Women Give for Choosing to Breastfeed
Authors: Brodribb Wendy , Fallon Anthony Bruce , Hegney Desley , O'Brien Maxine
Published: November 2007

The aims of this article are to outline the reasons Australian women give for initiating breastfeeding, identify unique predictors for these reasons, and use principal components factor analysis to determine factors that influence a woman's decision to breastfeed. Data were collected as part of a large longitudinal study investigating the breastfeeding behaviors and supports of women in Southern Queensland, Australia. The most common reason women (N = 562) gave for deciding to breastfeed was breast milk is better for my baby (95.5%). Reasons related to the mother such as breastfeeding is more convenient (84.3%) were also popular. Four significant components—mother-related reasons, health effects for the infant, moral and family influences, and advice from others—were determined after principal components factor analysis. As well as health benefits for the infant, convenience and other reasons related to the mother appear to be important factors in an Australian woman's decision to breastfeed. J Hum Lact. 23(4):338-344.
Characterization of Human Milk Donors
Authors: Osbaldiston Richard , Mingle Leigh A.
Published: November 2007

The primary objective of this research was to create a detailed characterization of human milk donors, including descriptive information about demographics and lifestyle, involvement with the milk bank, reasons for donating, problems encountered while breastfeeding and pumping milk, barriers to donating milk, affective experiences, and personal values. Data were collected via telephone interview of 87 donors and 19 nondonor controls. Few relationships were found between the descriptive information and amount of milk donated. Donors reported fewer problems pumping milk than nondonors. Strategies for recruiting new donors and strategies for increasing donation amounts are presented. J Hum Lact. 23(4):350-357.
Comparison of Milk Output Between Breasts in Pump-Dependent Mothers
Authors: Hill Pamela D. , Aldag Jean C. , Zinaman Michael , Chatterton Robert T.
Published: November 2007

This article reports the naturally occurring pattern of milk output beginning day 6 through day 42 postpartum from each individual breast in 95 pump-dependent mothers of a non-nursing preterm infant. Of the 3488 study days, milk output was greater from the left breast on 51.6% (n = 1800) of the study days, from the right breast 45.8% (n = 1598) of the study days, and equal 2.6% (n = 90) of the study days. Overall, total left and right breast milk output for the entire study (37 days) was 52.6% and 47.4%, respectively. There was no significant relationship between individual breast milk output and maternal handedness, parity, or breastfeeding experience. Clinicians need to assess the total milk output as well as individual breast output in lactating mothers, as there may be significant disparities in milk production. J Hum Lact. 23(4):333-337.
Breastfeeding Information in Nursing Textbooks Needs Improvement
Authors: Philipp Barbara L. , McMahon Marcy J. , Davies Susan , Santos Tina , Jean-Marie Sheina
Published: November 2007

The objective of this study was to determine if breastfeeding information in maternal-child (nursing) textbooks used in the United States is accurate and up to date. Six nursing textbooks, all published since 1999, were reviewed using a standardized scoring sheet. Five reviewers (1 pediatrician, 2 lactation consultants, 1 nurse, and 1 research assistant) examined breastfeeding content in each text. Each textbook was graded for inclusion of 20 basic breastfeeding facts derived from recommendations from the American Academy of Pediatrics and the World Health Organization. Of the 20 criteria scored, the mean number present was 17 (range, 14-19). For each category, the mean number of criteria was correct (11.8; range, 10-15) incorrect (5.2; range, 2-8), and omitted (3.0; range, 1-6). The scores were Pilliteri 10/20 (50%), Ladewig 11/20 (55%), Leifer 11/20 (55%), Ball 12/20 (60%), London 12/20 (60%), and Klossner 15/20 (75%). Thus, breastfeeding information in these nursing textbooks, when not omitted, was at times found to be inaccurate and inconsistent. J Hum Lact. 23(4):345-349.
Breastfeeding Attitudes and Reported Problems in a National Sample of WIC Participants
Authors: McCann Margaret F. , Baydar Nazli , Williams Rick L.
Published: November 2007

Recent reports indicate that breastfeeding rates continue to be dramatically lower among WIC participants, compared with other US mothers. The WIC Infant Feeding Practices Study was a nationally representative 1-year longitudinal study of WIC participants that obtained information about attitudes regarding infant feeding and about infant-feeding practices. Hispanic mothers were most likely to agree with statements about benefits of breastfeeding, and Black mothers were most likely to agree with statements about barriers. Concern about insufficient milk was common in all ethnic groups. Perceived benefits were associated with breastfeeding initiation ( P < .05), longer breastfeeding duration ( P < .01), and later formula initiation ( P < .01); for barriers, the opposite pattern was found. Breastfeeding mothers who reported concern about insufficient milk breastfed for shorter durations ( P < .001) and initiated formula earlier ( P < .01). These results suggest possible messages that should be communicated as part of a re-energized WIC breastfeeding promotion campaign. In particular, maternal anxiety about insufficient breast milk must be addressed. J Hum Lact. 23(4):314-324.
On Studying Ethnologs (Not Just People, Societies in Miniature)
Authors: Prus Robert
Published: November 2007

Because language is so central to community life, everyone who acquires a language effectively becomes an ethnolog or a “society in miniature.” This is because language does not just consist of sounds and their referents but is interconnected with all realms of knowing and acting within the community. Moreover, even in achieving some rudimentary degree of intersubjectivity with the other, one begins to access the broader, historically accomplished, and actively engaged resources of human group life. In discussing ethnologs as instances of societies in miniature, the author not only attends to (a) the processes, functions, and “whatness” of language but also considers (b) how ethnologs routinely assume roles as ethnographers, historians, philosophers, pragmatists, moralists, and politicians; (c) memory as a socially enabled, humanly engaged process; and (d) the necessity of using ethnography, history, and comparative analysis for achieving a more genuine, informed, and productive social science.
Doing Gender as Resistance
Authors: Tibbals Chauntelle Anne
Published: November 2007

This article examines the different ways in which “waitresses” in a traditional restaurant setting and “servers” in a routinized and standardized corporate restaurant setting “do gender” in the workplace. Whereas waitresses are permitted interpretative use of gender in the workplace, the goals and ideologies of the corporate restaurant limit servers' use of gender in the workplace. My findings suggest that normatively accepted versions of gender can be done as a method of resistance, rather than conformity, in standardized and routinized workplace settings. These conclusions are informed by ethnographic research conducted over twenty-two months in two different Los Angeles area restaurants.