bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of UV resonance Raman spectroscopy for assessing the brightness stability of ozone TCF bleached pulp
Authors: Montet Etienne , Isaza Ferro Estefania , Perrin Jordan , Lachenal Dominique , Chirat Christine
Published: May 2020

This study intends to explain the difference in brightness stability between hardwood ECF and TCFz kraft pulps bleached by DEpDD and A(ZEo)(ZEo)(ZP) sequences respectively, using UV Resonance Raman (UVRR) spectroscopy. The brightness stability of the pulps was tested via dry aging experiments where the Post-Color Number (PCN) of the ECF pulp was twice that of the TCF pulp. The aged and non-aged bleached pulps were analyzed with UVRR spectroscopy to identify the cause of the large difference in PCN. The spectra of ECF and TCF bleached pulps presented clear differences in the intensities of the Raman shifts associated to lignin, lignin-like compounds, and degradation products such as muconic acids. To identify more specifically the compounds affecting the PCN, several post-bleaching treatments were applied on the ECF pulp including single stages (E, B, P, Z) or combinations (ZE, ZB, ZP), and their UVRR spectra analyzed. It was found that alkaline-soluble compounds were the main culprits for the difference in PCN values between ECF and TCFz pulps. ZP combination was the most efficient in eliminating residual lignin and other unsaturated components and for the development of brightness and brightness stability.
Celecoxib versus mefenamic acid in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea
Authors: Basri Nurul Iftida , Abd Ghani Nur Azurah , Mahdy Zaleha Abdullah , Abdul Manaf Mohd Rizal , Mohamed Ismail Nor Azlin
Published: May 2020

Background

The objective was to compare the effectiveness and tolerability of mefenamic acid and celecoxib in women with primary dysmenorrhea (PD) and to compare the quality of life of study participants pre- and post-treatment.

Materials and methods

This was a randomized crossover clinical trial conducted among sexually inactive female adults aged 18–25 years with PD. Participants were asked to rate their pain score and answer a validated quality of life questionnaire (EQ-5D-3L) before and after consumption of each medication in two menstrual cycles. The effectiveness of celecoxib and mefenamic acid in treating PD was compared with regard to reduction in pain score and the need for medical leave and rescue therapy. Drug tolerability was determined by comparing the occurrence of side effects of both drugs. Quality of life scores pre- and post-intervention were measured and compared.

Results

Mefenamic acid had a comparable effect to celecoxib in relieving symptoms of PD. Both drugs were equally tolerable and showed similar impacts on quality of life.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated that mefenamic acid and celecoxib had similar effectiveness in improving pain score and quality of life in women with PD.
Osteopontin enhances the migration of lung fibroblasts via upregulation of interleukin-6 through the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway
Authors: Fujisawa Yu , Matsuda Kazuyuki , Uehara Takeshi
Published: May 2020

Fibrosis is a phenomenon in which parenchyma is replaced with fibrous tissue. Persistent inflammation accompanied by dysregulation of cytokine production and repeated cycles of inflammation-associated tissue-repair induces fibrosis in various organs including the liver, lung, and kidney. In idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, production of interleukin (IL)-6 and osteopontin (OPN) are dysregulated. Fibrosis leads to qualitative rather than quantitative changes of fibroblasts at the sites of tissue repair, and this leads to enlargement of fibrotic foci. These fibroblasts are immunohistochemically positive for OPN; however, the effect of overexpressed OPN in fibroblasts is not fully understood yet. In this study, we investigated the effect of OPN on IL-6 secretion and on migration and proliferation of fibroblasts. Lung fibroblasts overexpressing exogenous OPN showed that OPN was linked to the enhancement of cell migration through increased IL-6 secretion via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. These results suggest that OPN may exert its pro-fibrotic functions, such as enhancement of fibroblasts migration by cooperating with chemoattractant IL-6, and may be involved in enlargement of fibrotic foci.
Role of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) in the increased sensitivity of endothelial cells to a promigratory effect of erythropoietin in an inflammatory environment
Authors: Chamorro María Eugenia , Maltaneri Romina , Schiappacasse Agustina , Nesse Alcira , Vittori Daniela
Published: May 2020

The proliferation and migration of endothelial cells are vascular events of inflammation, a process which can also potentiate the effects of promigratory factors. With the aim of investigating possible modifications in the activity of erythropoietin (Epo) in an inflammatory environment, we found that Epo at a non-promigratory concentration was capable of stimulating EA.hy926 endothelial cell migration when TNF-α was present. VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression, as well as adhesion of monocytic THP-1 cells to endothelial layers were also increased. Structurally modified Epo (carbamylation or N-homocysteinylation) did not exhibit these effects. The sensitizing effect of TNF-α on Epo activity was mediated by the Epo receptor. Inhibition assays targeting the PI3K/mTOR/NF-κB pathway, shared by Epo and TNF-α, show a cross-talk between both cytokines. As observed in assays using antioxidants, cell migration elicited by TNF-α + Epo depended on TNF-α-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS-mediated inactivation of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), involved in Epo signaling termination, could explain the synergistic effect of these cytokines. Our results suggest that ROS generated by inflammation inactivate PTP1B, causing the Epo signal to last longer. This mechanism, along with the cross-talk between both cytokines, could explain the sensitizing action of TNF-α on the migratory effect of Epo.
CPEC: A win-win for China and Pakistan
Authors: Hassan Kiran
Published: May 2020

The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is believed to be Beijing’s most ambitious project so far. Two types of apprehensions are often voiced to support this claim. First, it is widely argued that despite enjoying enduring strategic partnership for over five decades, Pakistan and China don’t match economically. The Chinese will get weary of the many challenges coming with the corrupt, inefficient and globally isolated Pakistan, seriously undermining the conclusion of the Chinese mammoth investment in CPEC Secondly, Pakistan’s prevailing environment of insecurity which is rife with Islamic militancy and domestic insurgency is thought to be posing serious threats to the construction of the corridor. This paper aims to explain why, despite possible concerns, the China Pakistan economic corridor will succeed.
Análisis de la interacción social en contextos de movilidad transnacional y de superdiversidad
Authors: Sánchez Moreano Santiago
Published: May 2020

En contextos de superdiversidad y movilidad transnacional, al disponer de repertorios plurilingües, los hablantes tienen la posibilidad de utilizar formas lingüísticas particulares indexicales y socioculturalmente asociadas a las diferentes lenguas, variedades diatópicas, estilísticas o registros (Agha 2005) a los que han estado expuestos a lo largo de sus trayectorias de vida (Busch 2012). Dichas formas lingüísticas, a veces híbridas e innovadoras, pueden ser utilizadas con fines pragmáticos como el de adoptar una postura social particular. Basado en ejemplos conversacionales de Cayena (Guayana Francesa) y Cali (Colombia), este artículo sugiere combinar metodológicamente el análisis conversacional y de la interacción con la observación etnográfica y la teoría de stance (Du Bois 2007) para hacer más fino y productivo el análisis de las prácticas discursivas de los hablantes en su conexión con el mundo social.
Propuestas metodológicas para la investigación interdisciplinaria como interacción social
Authors: Haboud Marleen
Published: May 2020

Contextualizado en el programa de investigación interdisciplinaria Oralidad Modernidad y en algunos de sus proyectos, este capítulo reflexiona sobre los procedimientos metodológicos de procesos de documentación activa-revitalización lingüístico-cultural desarrollados en situaciones de contacto en Ecuador. Luego de describir brevemente al Ecuador y algunos trabajos de investigación previos que han sido cruciales para los enfoques metodológicos aquí descritos, puntualizo algunos conceptos clave. Paso entonces a ilustrar los procesos de documentación activa a partir de los resultados del proyecto “Voces Andinas y Conocimientos Ancestrales” (Fase I), desarrollado por Oralidad Modernidad. Finalmente, comparto algunas reflexiones y retos de los procesos investigativos centrados en las comunidades.
Una propuesta analítico-conversacional para el estudio de las actitudes hacia las señales del paisaje lingüístico
Authors: Fernández-Mallat Víctor
Published: May 2020

Basándome en datos naturales, en este estudio contribuyo al ámbito metodológico de los estudios que se interesan por la manera en que las personas interactúan con las señales del paisaje lingüístico que las rodea. Mientras que en estudios previos se han desarrollado e implementado métodos para suscitar que las personas expresen sus actitudes, en el presente desarrollo e implemento una propuesta para analizarlas. Para efectos de ilustrar su implementación, tomo como estudio de caso las actitudes que migrantes de habla hispana radicados en Basilea – una ciudad de tradición germánica – expresan ante la presencia del español en el paisaje lingüístico de su lugar de acogida.
Enhancement of the performance of a static mixer by combining the converging/diverging tube shapes and the baffling techniques
Authors: Kaid Noureddine , Ameur Houari
Published: May 2020

The performance of a newly designed static mixer is explored in this paper by numerical simulations. It concerns a converging/diverging circular tube equipped with opposing and staggered baffles. This new design of static mixer presents a cost-effective, easy-to-design, easy-to-maintain choice, with a minimum pressure drop and a good mixing index at low Reynolds numbers (from 60 to 700), to the currently used static mixers. The investigation was carried out numerically for different baffle clearances (cl/D = 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 1.0, respectively) and inclination angles (α = 0°, 30° and 45°, respectively), different ratios of inlet diameter-to-outlet diameter (D
d = d/D = 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2 and 1.4, respectively) and different Reynolds number values. The obtained results revealed that the diverging tube favors the mixing index while reducing the pressure drop. For a dimensionless baffle clearance (cl/D) of 0.5 and Re = 700, the mixing index has been increased from 0.78 for a simple tube (d/D = 1) having vertical baffles (α = 0°) until 0.95 for a diverging tube at the ratio (d/D) of 1.4 with the same vertical baffles (α = 0°). The increase in the ratio d/D has also yielded a decrease in pressure losses. Compared to the simple static mixer without baffles and having the same inlet as outlet sections, the maximum enhancement in mixing index was about 315.84% when d/D = 1.4 and Cl/D = 0.3 and α = 0°. However, a reduction in pressure drop by about 92% may be obtained when α = 30° with only a reduction in mixing index by 14% (compared to α = 0°).
Experimental investigation of start-up dynamics for various heating effects in batch reactive distillation to produce methyl acetate
Authors: Patan Ameer Khan , Thamida Sunil Kumar , Suranani Srinath , Siliveri Suresh , Narayanan Venkatathri
Published: May 2020

In this article the experimental results related to various wall heating conditions for a batch reactive distillation (BRD) are presented. A solid catalyzed esterification reaction between acetic acid and methanol to produce methyl acetate and water is chosen as the system for study. An experimental apparatus with reboiler and a rectification column along with top total condenser is used. As a novelty the rectification column is provided a jacket through which hot water can be circulated. The dynamics of temperature in the reboiler, the time for onset of distillate and the purity of product in the distillate were recorded. The wall temperature of rectification column is varied to study its effect. Another two sets of conditions with air filled jacket and insulated conditions were also studied. The reboiler is supplied a constant heat input rate at three different values. An objective function pertaining to high throughput of the desired product in distillate is defined to select the most suitable option among all the above mentioned operating conditions.
Flow characteristics of the Rushton and pitched blade turbines in turbulent and laminar mixing
Authors: Taghavi Mahsa , Moghaddas Jafarsadegh
Published: May 2020

The velocity field and concentration distribution of three radial and axial impellers were studied in miscible liquid blending in a stirred tank reactor. To obtain a better insight into the applicability of each impeller system, the influence of velocity profiles on the generated concentration profiles was studied in detail for each impeller. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) and planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF) methods were used as the measurement techniques. In the turbulent regime, the Rushton turbine provided a homogeneous concentration field throughout the reactor by generating high radial and axial velocities in the bottom and upper zones of the tank. Operation comparisons of the up and down-pumping pitched blade turbines illustrated that the up-pumping turbine had a better performance in overall because of producing high turbulence in the upper half of the reactor. In this region, the radial concentration profile approached the final homogenized value in a shorter time. In the laminar regime, all three impellers acted in a similar way and produced a radial flow throughout the reactor.
Performance analysis of an open-core type three-phase saturated iron-core superconducting fault current limiter
Authors: Upadhyaya Anirban , Roy Debabrata , Choudhury Amalendu Bikash
Published: May 2020

A very common kind of fault that appear in an electrical power system is the short-circuit fault, which were traditionally handled by the use of protective devices like fuses or circuit breakers which would disconnect the power supply to protect the components of the network. An alternative to these are fault current limiters (FCL), which are protective devices that limit or suppress the high-magnitude currents created during a short-circuit fault, thereby preventing damage to sensitive equipment and also aid in providing uninterrupted power supply to the consumers. A saturated iron-core superconducting fault current limiter (SISFCL) employs the ferromagnetic property of its core material to automatically suppress high-magnitude currents. In this paper, the performance of an open-core type three-phase SISFCL design is evaluated against three different kinds of short-circuit faults. The analysis is performed using finite element modelling (FEM) in the ANSYS Maxwell software environment.
An improvement in fermentability of acid-hydrolysed hemicellulose from kenaf stem for xylitol production
Authors: Shah Siti Syazwani Mohd , Luthfi Abdullah Amru Indera , Jahim Jamaliah Md , Harun Shuhaida , Low Kheng Oon
Published: May 2020

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the use of agricultural biomass for fermentation purposes; however, efficient strategies to counter lignocellulose inhibition are warranted to enhance xylitol production performance. Dilute-acid hydrolysis has been studied to selectively release a significant portion of xylose from hemicellulose, while leaving cellulose and lignin intact. The formation of inhibitory compounds, however, could jeopardise the overall performance during fermentation to produce xylitol. In this study, the fermentability of nitric acid-hydrolysed kenaf stem was substantially improved, through either adaptive evolution of the recombinant Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) or removal of fermentation inhibitors by detoxification with activated carbon. Both methods were compared to evaluate the superiority in fermentative performance. In the fermentation with detoxified hemicellulosic hydrolysate, the non-adapted strain produced the highest xylitol concentration of up to 6.8 g/L, with 61.5% xylose consumption. The yields of xylitol production involving detoxification were successfully enhanced by 22.6% and by 35.7% compared to those involving adaptive evolution and raw hydrolysate, respectively. The results reported herein suggest that the utilization of detoxified kenaf stem hydrolysate could be advantageous.
Duansheng Qian’s thoughts on human rights
Authors: Sun Pinghua
Published: May 2020

Duansheng Qian was a renowned scholar in the period of the Republic of China who studied in depth and at length the legal systems of different countries. His discourse constitutes a rich treasure of political and legal thought and numerous ideas on human rights. Much of his discourse touches on the concept of protecting human rights. A study of Qian’s works reveals the breadth and width of his ideas on human rights that form an important part of Chinese concepts on human rights. Many of these concepts are of great historical and practical significance.
On the Dynamics and Control of Fractional Chaotic Maps with Sine Terms
Authors: Gasri Ahlem , Ouannas Adel , Khennaoui Amina-Aicha , Bendoukha Samir , Pham Viet-Thanh
Published: May 2020

This paper studies the dynamics of two fractional-order chaotic maps based on two standard chaotic maps with sine terms. The dynamic behavior of this map is analyzed using numerical tools such as phase plots, bifurcation diagrams, Lyapunov exponents and 0–1 test. With the change of fractional-order, it is shown that the proposed fractional maps exhibit a range of different dynamical behaviors including coexisting attractors. The existence of coexistence attractors is depicted by plotting bifurcation diagram for two symmetrical initial conditions. In addition, three control schemes are introduced. The first two controllers stabilize the states of the proposed maps and ensure their convergence to zero asymptotically whereas the last synchronizes a pair of non-identical fractional maps. Numerical results are used to verify the findings.
“So you know ehn … ” The use of bilingual interjections in Nigerian English
Authors: Unuabonah Foluke Olayinka
Published: May 2020

This paper investigates four bilingual interjections: na wa, shikena, ehn, and ehen, with the objective of exploring their sources, meanings, frequencies, spelling stability, positions, collocational patterns and discourse-pragmatic functions in Nigerian English. The data which were obtained from the Nigerian component of the Global Web-based English corpus were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively, using the theory of pragmatic borrowing. The results indicate that na wa, which is loaned from Nigerian Pidgin, is actually a modified form of a Hausa expression, na wahala, shikena is borrowed from Hausa, while ehn and ehen are loaned from Yoruba. Na wa is an emotive interjection, shikena and ehen are cognitive interjections, while ehn can function both as phatic and as emotive interjections. Both ehn and ehen also function as pragmatic markers. The study thus extends research on the discourse-pragmatic features of Nigerian English.
Exploring L2 learners’ request behavior in a multi-turn conversation with a fully automated agent
Authors: Timpe-Laughlin Veronika , Dombi Judit
Published: May 2020

New technology such as fully-automated interactive spoken dialogue systems (SDS), which allow learners to engage in multi-turn conversations with an automated agent, could provide a means for second and foreign language learners (L2) to practice form-function-context mappings in oral interaction. In this study, we investigated how learners interacted with an automated agent as they engaged in an SDS task that required them to make two requests. We examined the requests employed by 107 L2 learners, exploring in particular the request strategies and modifications used. We first transcribed verbatim all audio-recorded dialogues. Then, all turns were coded as to whether they contained a request or not. All turns that were identified as including requests were then coded for four categories adopted from Cross-cultural Speech Act Realization Patterns project: (1) Level of directness, (2) Request strategy, (3) External modifiers, and (4) Internal modifiers. Direct requests were most frequently used and learners’ preferred request strategies were want-statements and query preparatories. Additionally, they employed more internal than external modifications – a finding that seems contrary to most interlanguage studies on request realization. Moreover, we found distinct request realizations when comparing L1 Hungarian and L1 Japanese learners of English. We discuss the findings with regard to previous interlanguage studies on request realization, the potential impact of an automated agent, and ways automated spoken dialog systems might be used to implement individualized feedback to raise learners’ pragmatic awareness.
Pharmacological evidence of Vitex thyrsiflora, Entandrophragma cylindricum, and Anonidium mannii used for the management of inflammation in Cameroon
Authors: Mokale Kognou Aristide Laurel , Kopa Kowa Theodora , Pateriya Pradeep , Narayan Pal Prem , Mouokeu Raymond Simplice , Tchinda Tiabou Alembert , Agbor Agbor Gabriel , Pawar Singh Rajesh , Ngono Ngane Rosalie Annie
Published: May 2020

Background

Inflammation is the most common health problem faced in life relating to a vast number of diseases. The present study evaluated the pharmacological effect of three plants (Vitex thyrsiflora, Entandrophragma cylindricum, and Anonidium mannii) commonly used in the Cameroon pharmacopeia for the management of inflammatory response.

Methods

The pharmacological effect was characterized by the antioxidant capacity, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties of the ethanol extracts of the three plants. Antioxidant capacity was determined using total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, hydrogen peroxide, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in vitro by protein denaturation and hypotonic-induced hemolysis methods and in vivo by carrageenan paw edema method. Analgesic and antipyretic activities were studied in vivo using acetic acid-induced writhing and brewer’s yeast-induced hyperpyrexia models.

Results

All selected extracts showed high phenolic (15.93–64.45 mgCAE/g) and flavonoid (336.03–1053.48 mgCAE/g) contents and high ferric reducing power (288.75–364.91 mgCAE/g). These extracts exhibited good DPPH (IC50 = 0.30–1.65 μg/mL), ABTS (IC50 = 0.52–1.90 μg/mL), and H2O2 (IC50 = 1.40–3.55 μg/mL) radical scavenging activities. All extracts inhibited protein denaturation (6.79–82.27%) and protected the erythrocyte membrane from lysis induced by hypotonic solution (18.90–88.00%). The extracts significantly reduced dose-dependent paw edema (p < 0.05), fever, and abdominal writhing (p < 0.001) especially at 400 mg/kg.

Conclusions

All extracts exhibited interesting antioxidant properties, as well as significant anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effects.
Protective effects and chemical composition of Corchorus olitorius leaf fractions against isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury through p65NFkB-dependent anti-apoptotic pathway in rats
Authors: Alabi Babatunde , Omobowale Temidayo , Badejo Joseph , Adedapo Adeolu , Fagbemi Oluwole , Iwalewa Olugbenga
Published: May 2020

Background

The fractions of Corchorus olitorius leaf (COLF) were evaluated against oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial injury (MI) Wistar rats.

Methods

The n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethylacetate and ethanol fractions were obtained from COLF extract. Male Wistar strains were randomly grouped into 11 groups (n = 6 in each group), which comprises normal control group, MI control group, 4 fraction groups with two doses (50 and 100 mg/kg) and enalapril (10 mg/kg). The sera were obtained for biochemical studies like AOPP (advance oxidized protein product), CRP (C-reactive protein), LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), CKMB (creatine kinase-MB) and myocardial tissue obtained for GSH, p65NFkB, bax, bcl2, p53 and p65NFkB assays.

Results

The subcutaneous administration of ISO increased the serum level of CRP, LDH and CKMB significantly (p < 0.05) and decreased serum AOPP, tissue GSH and p65NFkB (p < 0.05) in the infarction control rats. Pretreatment with COLF and enalapril increased the tissue GSH and p65NFkB levels (p < 0.05) and significantly reduced serum CRP, AOPP, LDH and CKMB. The dichloromethane fraction (CODCM) being the most active was chosen to evaluate the anti-apoptotic effect. CODCM (50 and 100 mg/kg) and enalapril showed a significant (p < 0.05) effect through severe expression of p65NFkB, which correlates with increased bcl2 protein expression, decreased bax protein and p53 expression. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry revealed the presence of 26 compounds in CODCM.

Conclusions

From the present study, COLF protected the myocardial tissue against ischemic injury in rats probably via the p65NFkB-dependent anti-apoptotic pathway and attenuation of pro-inflammatory marker level.
3-(Para-fluorobenzoyl)-propionic acid; a metabolite of haloperidol, reversed oestradiol valerate-induced uterine hyperplasia via modulation of oestrogen receptor signalling pathways in female Wistar rats
Authors: Olowofolahan Adeola O. , Akanji Busayo A. , Olorunsogo Olufunso O.
Published: May 2020

Background

3-(Para-fluorobenzoyl)-propionic acid (3PFBPA) is one of the metabolites of haloperidol used in the treatment of psychotic disorders. 3PFBPA is an inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), implicated in the development of uterine fibroids (UFs) and cellular proliferation. In this study, the effect of 3PFBPA on oestradiol valerate (OV)-induced uterine hyperplasia was investigated.

Methods

Uterine hyperplasia was induced by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of OV (3 mg/kg for 12 weeks). Expression of oestrogen receptor (ER) α, β-catenin and E-cadherin were investigated via immunohistochemistry. The histology and fibroblast cell count/μm2 (using histomorphometry) were carried out.

Results

There was a significant increase in the levels of oestrogen, progesterone and total cholesterol in the OV-treated group when compared with the control, assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Oestrogen and total cholesterol were markedly reduced in the OV + 3PFBPAtreated group when compared with the OV-treated group. The OV-induced overexpression of β-catenin and ER were also ameliorated by 3PFBPA. Also, the loss of E-cadherin function in the OV-treated group was restored by 3PFBPA. The histological findings and histomorphometric results revealed the presence of uterine hyperplasia in the OV-treated rats which was significantly reversed by 3PFBPA. Histological studies revealed a protective role against OV-induced uterine damage that was found after OV + 3PFBPA co-administration.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that 3PFBPA ameliorates OV-induced uterine hyperplasia in the female Wistar rat model. The findings warrant further investigation of the antifibrotic effects of 3PFBPA in humans.
Tangeretin: a mechanistic review of its pharmacological and therapeutic effects
Authors: Ashrafizadeh Milad , Ahmadi Zahra , Mohammadinejad Reza , Ghasemipour Afshar Elham
Published: May 2020

To date, a large number of synthetic drugs have been developed for the treatment and prevention of different disorders, such as neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes mellitus, and cancer. However, these drugs suffer from a variety of drawbacks including side effects and low efficacy. In response to this problem, researchers have focused on the plant-derived natural products due to their valuable biological activities and low side effects. Flavonoids consist of a wide range of naturally occurring compounds exclusively found in fruits and vegetables and demonstrate a number of pharmacological and therapeutic effects. Tangeretin (TGN) is a key member of flavonoids that is extensively found in citrus peels. It has different favorable biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective effects. In the present review, we discuss the various pharmacological and therapeutic effects of TGN and then, demonstrate how this naturally occurring compound affects signaling pathways to exert its impacts.
Pulmonary function severity in relation to interleukin-23 levels in patients with psoriasis vulgaris
Authors: Saranya Vasann , Kuppusamy Saranya , Pal Pravati , Malathi Munisamy , Rajappa Medha , Fredrick Jean
Published: May 2020

Background

Interleukin-23 (IL-23), a key inflammatory regulator in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, is suspected to play a role in the onset of pulmonary dysfunction (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) in psoriasis. Despite that, pulmonary function tests are rarely studied in these subjects. This study aims to seek a possible relation between pulmonary function in psoriasis patients serum IL-23.

Methods

For this analytical cross-sectional study, male psoriasis patients in the age group of 25–45 years were recruited from dermatology out patient department (n = 40). Age and BMI matched apparently healthy individuals were recruited as control group (n = 40). After obtaining demographic and personal details, anthropometric parameters and blood pressure were recorded. The severity of psoriasis was assessed using Psoriasis Area and Severity Index score. Pulmonary function was assessed using computerized spirometry, and serum IL-23 was measured using ELISA.

Results

Forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 s, peak expiratory flow rate, and forced expiratory flow at 25%–75% of the pulmonary volume (FEF25%–75%) were significantly reduced in psoriasis. Based on the percentage of predicted values FEF25%–75% was significantly reduced in psoriasis. Serum IL-23 (pg/mL) was significantly higher in psoriasis. The increase in IL-23 in psoriasis subjects does not correlate with their pulmonary function.

Conclusions

Psoriasis may be associated with a reduced lung function even when the disease is in the mild stage. Increased IL-23 found in these subjects is suggestive of systemic inflammation, which indirectly lowers lung function.
The effects of Pb on sperm parameters and sperm DNA fragmentation of men investigated for infertility
Authors: Wijesekara G.U.S. , Fernando D.M.S. , Wijeratne S.
Published: May 2020

Background

Lead (Pb) is one of the metals most prevalent in the environment and is known to cause infertility and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fragmentation. This study aimed to determine the association between seminal plasma Pb and sperm DNA fragmentation in men investigated for infertility.

Methods

Male partners (n = 300) of couples investigated for infertility were recruited after informed consent was obtained. Sperm parameters were assessed according to the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Seminal plasma Pb was estimated by atomic absorption spectrophotometry after digestion with nitric acid.

Results

In Pb-positive and -negative groups the sperm parameters and sperm DNA fragmentation were compared using independent sample t-test and the Mann-Whitney U-test, respectively. The mean [standard deviation (SD)] age and duration of infertility were 34.8 (5.34) years and 45.7 (35.09) months, respectively, and the mean Pb concentration was 15.7 μg/dL. In Pb positives compared to Pb negatives the means (SD) of sperm count, progressive motility viability and normal morphology were lower (p > 0.05) but the DNA fragmentation was significantly higher 39.80% (25.08) than Pb negatives 22.65% (11.30). Seminal plasma Pb concentration and sperm DNA fragmentation had a positive correlation (r = 0.38, p = 0.03). A negative correlation was observed between sperm DNA fragmentation and sperm concentration, progressive motility, total motility and viability. When the DNA fragmentation was ≥30% sperm concentration and viability decreased (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Pb in seminal plasma had a significant effect on sperm DNA fragmentation but not with other sperm parameters.
A case report on clozapine-induced ventricular ectopics: a fatal adverse drug reaction
Authors: Kumar Rakesh , Sharma Arvind , Kaur Navneet , Singh Anand , Chhabra Manik , Sharma Rishabh
Published: May 2020

Background

Clozapine is one of the most efficacious antipsychotic drug used for the treatment-resistant schizophrenia; it is sometimes associated with serious adverse reactions like agranulocytosis, myocarditis, cardiac rhythm disturbances, etc.

Case presentation

A 30-year-old patient with a primary diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia (ICD code - F20.05) was on regular prescription for 6 years. Due to refractoriness, the patient was initiated on tablet clozapine. After 45 days of clozapine therapy, he presented with the complaints of worsening of positive symptoms and sudden falls associated with a brief period of unresponsiveness for which the patient was admitted for evaluation. After stabilization of the patient, it was concluded that he was suffering from ventricular ectopics based upon cardiac investigations like electrocardiogram (ECG) and Holter monitoring. Upon causality assessment between the adverse drug reaction (ADR) and the suspected drug using Naranjo Scale and WHO causality assessment scale, the ADR was found to be probable.

Conclusions

This case report will help to keep physicians vigilant about the rare cardiac side effects of clozapine and to do regular ECG monitoring of the patients who are on clozapine. Moreover, this case report generates the evidence of clozapine-induced arrhythmia, which is needed to be quantified with aggressive study design and there is a need to study the dose-dependent relationship of clozapine-induced arrhythmia.
Production of the secondary metabolite catechin by in vitro cultures of Camellia sinensis L
Authors: Sutini  , Widiwurjani  , Ardianto Chrismawan , Khotib Junaidi , Purwanto Djoko Agus , Muslihatin Wirdhatul
Published: May 2020

Background

Catechin is one of the secondary metabolites in Camellia sinensis L. that is alternatively produced through in vitro cultures. The in vitro culture product is possibly improved by optimizing the culture medium with the addition of growth regulators and precursors. The purpose of this study was to confirm the success of the secondary catechin metabolite production through the in vitro culture of C. sinensis L in a relatively short time.

Methods

The secondary catechin metabolite product is obtained in about 40 days. The study was conducted by (1) leaf cutting for inoculation in Murashige and Skoog media with 1 μg/mL of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid growth regulator; (2) the inoculation of callus multiplication on the same medium as a partially modified inoculation media condition with the addition of 1 μg/mL of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 2 μg/mL of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid at concentration; (3) callus multiplication developed on a new medium containing phenylalanine precursors (300 μg/mL); (4) testing growth by harvesting the callus and weighing the wet weight of its biomass and (5) identification of the callus qualitatively and quantitatively by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

Results

The level of secondary catechin metabolite produced was 2.54 μg/mL and 12.13 μg/mL in solid and suspension media, respectively.

Conclusions

It is concluded that the method is effective and efficient in producing catechin product from C. sinensis L.
Alterations in histological, biochemical and hematological parameters in Plasmodium berghei NK-65 infected balb/c mice treated with Bridelia ferruginea stem bark extract
Authors: Shittu Olalere , Opeyemi Olufunke Adenike , Salawu Muritala Kayode , Ashiru Abeeb Adio , Medaiyese Shadrach Ayodeji , Asogwa Nnaemeka , Sheba Kehinde Funmilola , Kadir Rafiu Adebisi , Aremu Olusola Isaac , Ajibaye Olusola
Published: May 2020

Background

Recent ethnomedicinal studies on Bridelia ferruginea Benth (family Phyllanthaceae) as an antiplasmodial remedy have established its potency as a strong prophylactic and chemosuppressive agent. Human consumption of medicinal herbs without adequate evaluation of its efficacy and safety can result in grave physiological and pathological consequences. Therefore, this study assessed the antiplasmodial bioactivity, biochemical, hematological, histopathological and toxicity profile of the ethanolic stem bark extract of B. ferruginea in mice.

Methods

Ethanolic stem bark extract of B. ferruginea (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg) were orally administered to Plasmodium berghei-infected mice in models and were subsequently observed for mortality, behavioral changes and signs of toxicity. Acute evaluation was experimented at 1,000 mg/kg for 28 days. Occult blood obtained from the euthanized mice were subjected to biochemical and hematological assays. A comprehensive assessment of the histology of the liver and kidney was also ascertained. The median lethal dose (LD50) was determined and extrapolated using the regression equation obtained from the plot of the probits of mortalities (y) and the log of doses (log10C).

Results

Different concentrations of the phytochemical secondary metabolites were revealed. Antiplasmodial bioactivity was established at the 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg of the herbal extract with a dearth in parasitemia at different days post-treatment. The 800 mg/kg group responded by exhibiting a dose-dependent decrease in parasitemia comparable with the chloroquine bi-phosphate group. Significant alterations in the histology of the liver and kidney of the 1,000 mg/kg group was documented. There was a reduction in the titers of LDH, ALT, AST, and urea in the treated group when compared with the control (p < 0.05). Antioxidant profiles were also highly significant with elevation in SOD, GPx, and CAT, but a reduction in MDA. LD50 was established at 424 mg/kg.

Conclusion

B. ferruginea Benth (family Phyllanthaceae) is a potent antiplasmodial, antioxidant, regenerative and ameliorative herbal remedy if administered in controlled dosage.
A pervasive scientific overview on mangiferin in the prevention and treatment of various diseases with preclinical and clinical updates
Authors: Mittal Saurabh , Iqubal Mohammad Kashif , Iqbal Babar , Gupta Madan Mohan , Ali Javed , Baboota Sanjula
Published: May 2020

Natural products are increasing used in preventing and treating various diseases. Mangiferin belongs to the xanthone family, and has potential antiangiogenic, anticancer, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activity along with the antioxidant activity. It is also used in the treatment of cardiac problem, diabetes and neurodegenerative disease. Finding of various researchers proves that mangiferin has a broad spectrum therapeutic application. Motive of this review is to describe the various studies performed on mangiferin for its different pharmacological activities. It also discusses various challenges associated with mangiferin such as stability and bioavailability. Strategies and approaches to improve bioavailability of mangiferin have also been discussed. Both research and review articles were used to write the manuscript. They were collected from various search engines like Pub Med, Science Direct and Google Scholar, using keywords like mangiferin, polyphenol, bioavailability enhancement, solubility enhancement, and antioxidant. Mangiferin being a potent antioxidant is effective in the treatment of various diseases. With novel drug delivery approaches we can overcome poor solubility and bioavailability problem which eventually can result to better utilisation of mangiferin in treating a variety of diseases and make mangiferin a revolutionary drug.
Anti-anaemic effect of ethanol leaf extract of Cnidosculus aconitifolius on cyclophosphomide-induced anaemia in rats
Authors: Atata Jamila Abdulhamid , Ayoola Taiwo Oluwaseun , Ajadi Abdullateef Abiodun , Adamu Sani , Olatunji Aishat O. , Biobaku Khalid Talha
Published: May 2020

Background

The folkloric claim that Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (Chaya) could ameliorate anaemia requires scientific revalidation in anaemic models.

Objective

The aim of this study is to investigate the anti-anaemic effect of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius on cyclophosphamide-induced anaemia in rats.

Methods

The leaves of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius were collected, dried and extracted with ethanol. Twenty five Wistar Albino rats weighing 120–180 kg were used. Anaemia was induced in groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 with a single injection of cyclophosphamide, while group 1 served as a negative control without anemia and was treated with 0.5 mL of normal saline, Group 2 rats were treated with 100 mg/kg body weight of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius. Group 3 rats were treated with 500 mg/kg body weight of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius. Group 4 served as the positive control rats and was treated with 0.5 mL of normal saline. Group 5 which served as the standard control rats and were treated with 5 mg/kg body weight of standard drug Chemiron. The treated lasted for two weeks during which blood samples were collected from each rat for haematological analysis.

Results

The result shows that hematological parameters were elevated in groups 2, 3 and 5 rats treated with 100 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg body weight of ethanol extract of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius and chemiron respectively.

Conclusions

Ethanol leaf extract of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius at a graded dose of 500 mg/kg body weight had higher ameliorative effect on the haematological parameters of cyclophosphamide-induced anemia in rats.
Language history from below: Standardization and Koineization in Renaissance Italy
Authors: Brown Josh
Published: May 2020

The paper returns to the complex question of the sociolinguistic history of Italy during the Renaissance. The traditional historiography of the Italian language adopts a teleological perspective, often defining the codification of Italian in 1525 with the publication of Pietro Bembo’sProse della volgar lingua. This approach means that less attention has been devoted to other processes of language change, as well as less focus on areas outside Tuscany. Using the major historical grammars of Italian, I highlight cases of variation which emphasize the non-uniformitarian nature of the standard. One major process while the standard was evolving was the formation of a koine or ‘common language’. This was the main feature of language change throughout much of north Italy. Recent research into the histories of non-Italo Romance varieties have suggested that standardization and koineization are not mutually exclusive processes. Rather, they are best characterised by a ‘top-down’ vs. ‘bottom-up’ approach respectively, with many points of intersection. The paper transposes these notions onto the sociolinguistic landscape of Renaissance Italy, allowing for further insight into how Italian was codified in particular, and the relationship between standards and koines more generally.
A novel heterozygous mutation in the insulin receptor gene presenting with type A severe insulin resistance syndrome
Authors: Aghababaie Arameh S. , Ford-Adams Martha , Buchanan Charles R. , Arya Ved B. , Colclough Kevin , Kapoor Ritika R.
Published: May 2020

Background

Inherited severe insulin resistance syndromes (SIRS) are rare and can be caused by mutations in the insulin receptor gene (INSR).

Case presentation

A 12-year-old Jamaican girl with a BMI of 24.4 kg/m2 presented with polyuria and polydipsia. A diagnosis of T1DM was made in view of hyperglycaemia (18 mmol/l), and elevated Hba1C (9.9%), and insulin therapy was initiated. Over the next 2 years, she developed hirsutism and acanthosis nigricans, and had minimal insulin requirements with frequent post-prandial hypoglycaemia. In view of this, and her strong family history suggestive of a dominantly inherited type of diabetes, the diagnosis was revisited. Targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) of the patient’s monogenic diabetes genes was performed.

What is new?

NGS revealed a novel heterozygous missense INSR variant, NM_000208.3:c.3471T>G, p.(His1157Gln), confirming a diagnosis of Type A SIRS.

Conclusions

Type A SIRS can be difficult to differentially diagnose due to the variable phenotype. Features of insulin resistance may be absent at initial presentation and may develop later during pubertal progress. Awareness of the clinical features and comprehensive genetic testing are essential to identify the condition.
Rapid progressive central precocious puberty: diagnostic and predictive value of basal sex hormone levels and pelvic ultrasound
Authors: Calcaterra Valeria , Klersy Catherine , Vinci Federica , Regalbuto Corrado , Dobbiani Giulia , Montalbano Chiara , Pelizzo Gloria , Albertini Riccardo , Larizza Daniela
Published: May 2020

Objectives

Data on the predictive values of parameters included in the diagnostic work-up for precocious puberty (PP) remain limited. We detected the diagnostic value of basal sex hormone levels, pelvic ultrasound parameters and bone age assessment for activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in girls with PP, in order to help in the decision to perform GnRH testing.

Patients and methods

We retrospectively considered 177 girls with PP. According to puberty evolution, the girls were divided into two groups: rapid progressive central precocious puberty (RP-CPP) and non/slowly progressive/transient forms (SP-PP). In all patients we considered Tanner stage, basal luteinizing hormone (LH) and estradiol (E2) values, bone age, and pelvis examination. We assessed the diagnostic value of each variable and identified the number of pathological parameters that best identify patients with RP-CPP.

Results

Basal LH ≥ 0.2IU/L, E2 level ≥ 50 pmol/L, uterine longitudinal diameter ≥ 3.5 cm, transverse uterine diameter ≥ 1.5 cm, endometrial echo and ovarian volume ≥ 2 cm3 were significantly associated with RP-CPP (p ≤ 0.01). The ability to diagnose RP-CPP was enhanced with increasing number of pathological hormonal and instrumental parameters (p < 0.001). With more than three parameters detected, sensitivity and specificity reached 58% (95%CI 48–67) and 85% (95%CI 74–92), respectively, with a PPV = 86% (95%CI 76–93) and PPN = 54% (95%CI 43–54); the area under the ROC curve was 0.71 (95%CI 0.65–0.78).

Conclusion

Despite the availability of different tests, diagnosing RP-CPP remains difficult. A diagnosis model including at least three hormonal and/or ultrasound parameters may serve as a useful preliminary step in selecting patients who require GnRH testing for early detection of RC-PP.