bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ON THE COUPLING BETWEEN SPINNING PARTICLES AND COSMOLOGICAL GRAVITATIONAL WAVES
Authors: MILILLO IRENE , LATTANZI MASSIMILIANO , MONTANI GIOVANNI
Published: April 2008

The influence of spin in a system of classical particles on the propagation of gravitational waves is analyzed in the cosmological context of primordial thermal equilibrium. On a flat Friedmann-Robertson-Walker metric, when the precession is neglected, there is no contribution due to the spin to the distribution function of the particles. Adding a small tensor perturbation to the background metric, we study if a coupling between gravitational waves and spin exists that can modify the evolution of the distribution function, leading to new terms in the anisotropic stress, and then to a new source for gravitational waves. In the chosen gauge, the final result is that, in the absence of other kind of perturbations, there is no coupling between spin and gravitational waves.
THE GRAVITATIONAL ORIGIN OF FERMION MASSES
Authors: XUE SHE-SHENG
Published: April 2008

We present a preliminary study of the fermion-mass generation in the Einstein-Cardan gravitational theory.
Unconscious Racism: A Concept in Pursuit of a Measure
Authors: Blanton Hart , Jaccard James
Published: April 2008

It is common in scientific and popular discussions to claim that unconscious racism is both prevalent and potent in modern societies. We review the theoretical models that posit different forms of unconscious racism and evaluate the empirical evidence for them. Our analysis suggests that people may sometimes lack knowledge of and control over the causes and consequences of their racial biases. However, there is little evidence to support the more provocative claim: that people possess unconscious racist attitudes. Many of the arguments to the contrary rest on strong interpretations of response patterns on implicit attitude measures. Although advances in implicit measurement can improve our understanding of racial bias, at present their use as tools for rooting out unconscious racism is limited. We describe research programs that might move these constructs to firmer scientific footing, and we urge inferential caution until such research programs are carried out.
Broken Down by Race and Gender? Sociological Explanations of New Sources of Earnings Inequality
Authors: Leicht Kevin T.
Published: April 2008

Group gaps research risks irrelevance because new forms of earnings inequality are increasing inequality within groups. This review attempts to stimulate more broad-ranging research on earnings inequality beyond the study of average gender and racial gaps. After reviewing some of the problems with research on average group gaps, I provide a brief review of more recent attempts to transcend traditional group gaps research, and I point to some areas where there is still substantive neglect. The review ends with suggestions for ways to correct these problems and for inequality researchers to reconnect with a commitment to more comprehensive theoretical models that interrogate multiple sources of inequality.
A perinatal nitric oxide donor increases renal vascular resistance and ameliorates hypertension and glomerular injury in adult fawn-hooded hypertensive rats
Authors: Koeners Maarten P. , Braam Branko , van der Giezen Dionne M. , Goldschmeding Roel , Joles Jaap A.
Published: April 2008

Enhancing perinatal nitric oxide (NO) availability persistently reduces blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. We hypothesize that this approach can be generalized to other models of genetic hypertension, for instance those associated with renal injury. Perinatal exposure to the NO donor molsidomine was studied in fawn-hooded hypertensive (FHH) rats, a model of mild hypertension, impaired preglomerular resistance, and progressive renal injury. Perinatal molsidomine increased urinary NO metabolite excretion at 8 wk of age, i.e., 4 wk after treatment was stopped ( P < 0.05). Systolic blood pressure was persistently reduced after molsidomine (42-wk females: 118 ± 3 vs. 141 ± 5 and 36-wk males: 139 ± 4 vs. 158 ± 4 mmHg; both P < 0.001). Perinatal treatment decreased glomerular filtration rate ( P < 0.05) and renal blood flow ( P < 0.01) and increased renal vascular resistance ( P < 0.05), without affecting filtration fraction, suggesting persistently increased preglomerular resistance. At 4 wk of age natriuresis was transiently increased by molsidomine ( P < 0.05). Molsidomine decreased glomerulosclerosis ( P < 0.05). Renal blood flow correlated positively with glomerulosclerosis in control ( P < 0.001) but not in perinatally treated FHH rats. NO dependency of renal vascular resistance was increased by perinatal molsidomine. Perinatal enhancement of NO availability can ameliorate development of hypertension and renal injury in FHH rats. Paradoxically, glomerular protection by perinatal exposure to the NO donor molsidomine may be due to persistently increased preglomerular resistance. The mechanisms by which increased perinatal NO availability can persistently reprogram kidney function and ameliorate hypertension deserve further study.
Paradoxical effects of endurance training and chronic hypoxia on myofibrillar ATPase activity
Authors: Roels B. , Reggiani C. , Reboul C. , Lionne C. , Iorga B. , Obert P. , Tanguy S. , Gibault A. , Jougla A. , Travers F. , Millet G. P. , Candau R.
Published: April 2008

This study aimed to determine the changes in soleus myofibrillar ATPase (m-ATPase) activity and myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform expression after endurance training and/or chronic hypoxic exposure. Dark Agouti rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, normoxic sedentary (N; n = 14), normoxic endurance trained (NT; n = 14), hypoxic sedentary (H; n = 10), and hypoxic endurance trained (HT; n = 14). Rats lived and trained in normoxia at 760 mmHg (N and NT) or hypobaric hypoxia at 550 mmHg (∼2,800 m) (H and HT). m-ATPase activity was measured by rapid flow quench technique; myosin subunits were analyzed with mono- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Endurance training significantly increased m-ATPase ( P < 0.01), although an increase in MHC-I content occurred ( P < 0.01). In spite of slow-to-fast transitions in MHC isoform distribution in chronic hypoxia ( P < 0.05) no increase in m-ATPase was observed. The rate constants of m-ATPase were 0.0350 ± 0.0023 s−1and 0.047 ± 0.0050 s−1for N and NT and 0.033 ± 0.0021 s−1and 0.038 ± 0.0032 s−1for H and HT. Thus, dissociation between variations in m-ATPase and changes in MHC isoform expression was observed. Changes in fraction of active myosin heads, in myosin light chain isoform (MLC) distribution or in MLC phosphorylation, could not explain the variations in m-ATPase. Myosin posttranslational modifications or changes in other myofibrillar proteins may therefore be responsible for the observed variations in m-ATPase activity.
Roles of basolateral solute uptake via NKCC1 and of myosin II in vasopressin-induced cell swelling in inner medullary collecting duct
Authors: Chou Chung-Lin , Yu Ming-Jiun , Kassai Eliza M. , Morris Ryan G. , Hoffert Jason D. , Wall Susan M. , Knepper Mark A.
Published: April 2008

Collecting duct cells swell when exposed to arginine vasopressin (AVP) in the presence of a transepithelial osmolality gradient. We investigated the mechanisms of AVP-induced cell swelling in isolated, perfused rat inner medullary collecting ducts (IMCDs) using quantitative video microscopy and fluorescence-based measurements of transepithelial water transport. We tested the roles of transepithelial water flow, basolateral solute entry, and the cytoskeleton (actomyosin). When a transepithelial osmolality gradient was imposed by addition of NaCl to the bath, AVP significantly increased both water flux and cell height. When the osmolality gradient was imposed by addition of mannitol, AVP increased water flux but not cell height, suggesting that AVP-induced cell swelling requires a NaCl gradient and is not merely dependent on the associated water flux. Bumetanide (Na-K-2Cl cotransporter inhibitor) added to the bath markedly diminished the AVP-induced cell height increase. AVP-induced cell swelling was absent in IMCDs from NKCC1-knockout mice. In rat IMCDs, replacement of Na, K, or Cl in the peritubular bath caused significant cell shrinkage, consistent with a basolateral solute transport pathway dependent on all three ions. Immunocytochemistry using an antibody to NKCC1 confirmed basolateral expression in IMCD cells. The conventional nonmuscle myosin II inhibitor blebbistatin also diminished the AVP-induced cell height increase and cell shape change, consistent with a role for the actin cytoskeleton and myosin II. We conclude that the AVP-induced cell height increase is dependent on basolateral solute uptake via NKCC1 and changes in actin organization via myosin II, but is not dependent specifically on increased apical water entry.
HSP72 attenuates renal tubular cell apoptosis and interstitial fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy
Authors: Mao Haiping , Li Zhilian , Zhou Yi , Li Zhijian , Zhuang Shougang , An Xin , Zhang Baiyu , Chen Wei , Nie Jing , Wang Zhiyong , Borkan Steven C. , Wang Yihan , Yu Xueqing
Published: April 2008

Although heat shock protein 72 kDa (HSP72) protects tubular epithelium from a variety of acute insults, its role in chronic renal injury and fibrosis is poorly characterized. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that HSP72 reduces apoptosis and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), important contributors to tubular cell injury in vitro and in vivo. In rats, orally administered geranylgeranylacetone (GGA), an agent that selectively induces HSP72, markedly reduced both apoptosis and cell proliferation in tubular epithelium and decreased both interstitial fibroblast accumulation and collagen I deposition after unilateral ureteric obstruction, a model of chronic renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis and dysfunction. In cultured renal NRK52E cells, exposure to TGF-β1 induced EMT and apoptosis, major causes of renal fibrosis and tubular atrophy, respectively. Exposure to a pan-caspase inhibitor (ZVAD-FMK) prevented TGF-β1-induced apoptosis but did not reduce EMT. In contrast, selective HSP72 expression in vitro inhibited EMT caused by TGF-β1 as indicated by preserving the E-cadherin expression level and α-smooth muscle actin induction. Small interfering RNA directed against HSP72 blocked the cytoprotective effects of HSP72 overexpression on EMT in TGF-β1-exposed cells. Taken together, our data indicate that HSP72 ameliorates renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy by inhibiting both renal tubular epithelial cell apoptosis and EMT.
Nasal Solitary Chemoreceptor Cell Responses to Bitter and Trigeminal Stimulants In Vitro
Authors: Gulbransen Brian D. , Clapp Tod R. , Finger Thomas E. , Kinnamon Sue C.
Published: April 2008

Nasal trigeminal chemosensitivity in mice and rats is mediated in part by epithelial solitary chemoreceptor (chemosensory) cells (SCCs), but the exact role of these cells in chemoreception is unclear. Histological evidence suggests that SCCs express elements of the bitter taste transduction pathway including T2R (bitter taste) receptors, the G protein α-gustducin, PLCβ2, and TRPM5, leading to speculation that SCCs are the receptor cells that mediate trigeminal nerve responses to bitter taste receptor ligands. To test this hypothesis, we used calcium imaging to determine whether SCCs respond to classic bitter-tasting or trigeminal stimulants. SCCs from the anterior nasal cavity were isolated from transgenic mice in which green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression was driven by either TRPM5 or gustducin. Isolated cells were exposed to a variety of test stimuli to determine which substances caused an increase in intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i). GFP-positive cells respond with increased [Ca2+]i to the bitter receptor ligand denatonium and this response is blocked by the PLC inhibitor U73122. In addition, GFP+ cells respond to the neuromodulators adenosine 5′-triphosphate and acetylcholine but only very rarely to other bitter-tasting or trigeminal stimuli. Our results demonstrate that TRPM5- and gustducin-expressing nasal SCCs respond to the T2R agonist denatonium via a PLC-coupled transduction cascade typical of T2Rs in the taste system.
Adaptation of Cutaneous Stumble Correction When Tripping Is Part of the Locomotor Environment
Authors: Haridas Carlos , Zehr E. Paul , Misiaszek John E.
Published: April 2008

We recently showed that cutaneous reflexes evoked by stimulating the superficial peroneal (SP; innervates foot dorsum) nerve are modulated according to the level of postural threat. Context-related modulation was observed mainly in contralateral (c) responses but not in the ipsilateral responses. This lack of effect on ipsilateral (i) cutaneous reflexes might have been caused by the general nature of the whole body perturbation. We therefore hypothesized that context-relevant mechanical perturbations applied to the dorsum of the foot by an instrumented rod at early swing during walking would produce differences in ipsilateral cutaneous reflex amplitudes, consistent with the functional relevance of the SP nerve in stumble correction responses. Subjects walked on a motorized treadmill under four conditions: 1) normal, 2) normal with mechanical perturbations at the foot dorsum, 3) arms crossed, and 4) arms crossed with mechanical perturbations at the foot dorsum. Electrical stimulation of the SP nerve was delivered at five phases of the step cycle, and cutaneous reflexes were compared between all conditions for each phase of the step cycle. Reflex responses were generally found to be modulated in amplitude during walking conditions in which mechanical perturbations were delivered, particularly in ipsilateral tibialis anterior (iTA), which showed a marked reduction in inhibition. The results indicated cutaneous reflexes in iTA and contralateral medial gastrocnemius (cMG) were influenced by the threat of a trip, induced by applying mechanical perturbations to the foot dorsum during walking. This task-related gating of cutaneous reflexes was not generalized to all muscles, thus suggesting a functional role in the maintenance of stability during locomotion.
Maturation of Intrinsic and Synaptic Properties of Layer 2/3 Pyramidal Neurons in Mouse Auditory Cortex
Authors: Oswald Anne-Marie M. , Reyes Alex D.
Published: April 2008

We investigated the development of L2/3 pyramidal cell (PC) circuitry in juvenile mice from postnatal day 10 (P10) to P29. Using whole cell recordings in an in vitro thalamocortical slice preparation, we examined the connection architecture and intrinsic and synaptic properties of PCs. The excitatory connections between PCs were highly localized: the probability of connection between PCs declined with intersomatic distance from 0.18 to about 0.05 over 150 μm, but did not vary with age. However, the mean and variance of the intrinsic and synaptic properties of PCs changed dramatically between P10 and P29. The input resistance, membrane time constant, and resting membrane potential decreased, leading to reduced neural excitability in older animals. Likewise, there were age-dependent decreases in the amplitude and decay time of the excitatory postsynaptic potentials as well as short-term synaptic depression. Both the intrinsic and synaptic properties underwent a transitional period between P10 and P18 prior to reaching steady state at P19–P29. We show that these properties combine to produce age-related differential synaptic responses to low- and high-frequency synaptic input that may contribute to differences in auditory processing during development.
Four New Myrmecophilous Coleoptera
Authors: Fall H. C.
Published: April 2008

The following brief paper is offered primarily for the purpose of
making known a most remarkable Rhyncophorous myrmecophile
recently discovered in Arizona by Mr. Wm. M. Mann.
Opportunity is taken however to describe three other myrmecophious
novelties, two sent me by Mr. Mann, the other found by myself
in California. Two of the four species are notable, in that new
genera must be erected for their reception.
New Native Neuropteroid Insects
Authors: Banks Nathan
Published: April 2008

The following few descriptions are based on materials
gradually accumulating in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology. A generic synopsis of our Capniinae, including
two new genera, is based on characters that, I believe, are
better than those previously used in this group.
A New Genus and Species of Isotomidae (Collembola)
Authors: Bellinger Peter F.
Published: April 2008

In the course of an investigation of the soil fauna of some localities in Connecticut2, a number of species of Collembola were found which do not appear to have been
described. One of these is the subject of the present paper. Others will be dealt with in future contributions, as sufficient material becomes available.
Some New Synonymy in The Haemogamasidae, Laelaptidae andDiplogyniidae Indicated by an Examination of Banks′ Types ofMesostigmata (Acarina)
Authors: Johnston Donald E.
Published: April 2008

During the course of a study of certain of the Banks mite types in
the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard
College some cases of obvious synonymy were found. Two of these
cases sink Banks’ names; the remainder result in the establishment of
his names as senior synonyms. In addition to those of Banks, the types
of Ewing’s, Furman’s and Hicks’ species (all in U.S. National
Museum) were examined in connection with this work. I am grateful
to Drs. H. W. Levi and W. L. Brown for arranging for me to study
the Harvard collection and for their many kindnesses during my visit.
The following lectotype designations are not as precise as one
would wish. The Banks types in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology are not numbered and most names are represented by cotypes.
All of the suspected and certain type slides are arranged alphabetically
according to species and kept as a unit in the Arachnida collection of
the Museum. Thus the lectotypes designated herein will be found
labeled as such in their proper place in the alphabetical filing scheme.
It may also be noted here that some of Banks’ species (none of those
treated herein) are represented by cotypes in both the MCZ and
the Acarina collection of the U.S. National Museum. The same is
true of Jacot’s material which has been divided evenly between these
museums.
A Megasecopteron From Upper Carboniferous Strata in Spain
Authors: Carpenter F. M.
Published: April 2008

In 1962 Professor F. Stockmans, of the Institut Royal des Sciences
Naturelles de Belgique, kindly sent me for study two insects from
Upper Carboniferous deposits in Northern Spain. One of these (no.
94.837), from the Mine de Poleiro, is part of a cockroach tegmen,
which cannot be placed with certainty even to family level. The
other specimen (no. 97.587), from shales near the village of Magdalena,
is a nearly cornplete, well‐preserved wing of a megasecopterous
insect. Since it shows interesting venational features and since there
seems little chance of obtaining additional insects from this deposit in
the near future, I have considered it advisable to publish a formal
description of the fossil at this time. I am indebted to Dr. Stockmans
not only for his courtesy in loaning me these specimens but for providing
me with information about the geology and stratigraphy of the
formation concerned.
A New Genus of the Tribe Mesostenini From Chile (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Porter Charles C.
Published: April 2008

In my work on the Chilean Mesostenini it early became evident
that the Cryptus cyanipennis of Brullé, one of the most striking and
easily recognizable of the described mesostenines of temperate South
America, is sufficiently distinct from other known forms to deserve
separate generic status. I therefore give below a description of this
new genus together with a brief discussion of its affinities and a
redescription of the type species.
A New Species of Eurygaster and Notes on Some Little Known Species of Turkish Pentatomidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)
Authors: Lodos Niyazi
Published: April 2008

The species belonging to the genus Eurygaster Laporte are very
important from the economic point of view in Turkey. Eurygaster
integriceps Puton is one of the most harmful insects to wheat and
barley, but in addition it also attacks rye, oat and other graminaceous
plants. In Turkey it causes extensive damage especially in the eastern
south provinces, the amount of injury caused varying from year to
year and from place to place. In epidemic years the total amount of
the losses in some areas can reach up to 9o% if no control measures
are used. Eurygaster maura (L.) and Eurygaster austriaca (Schrk.),
found especially in Western Anatolia, cause damage approaching only
20% if no control measures are used, because their egg parasites are
very active in this part of the country. A good knowledge of this
genus is therefore very important to Turkish entomologists and agriculturists.
While working at the University of Aegea, Izmir‐Turkey,
I paid speciaL attention to these insects and collected many specimens
whenever time was available. Amongst my material I find one new
species which is described below.
The Male of Mecynometa Globosa (O. P.‐Cambridge) (Araneae, Argiopidae)
Authors: Chickering Arthur M.
Published: April 2008

The female of this species was described from Guatemala by the
elder Pickard‐Cambridge in 1889. Apparently it was known only
from that part of Central America until Dr. Petrunkevitch reported
a female specimen from the Wilcox camp on the San Lorenzo River
in Panama in 1925. Mr. Banks reported two females from the Panama Canal Zone in 1929. I now have in my collection about two
dozen females from several localities in the Canal Zone and El Valle,
Panama. Only three males have appeared in the collection and all
were collected in 1934 and 1936. Mecynometa is an interesting genus
with a total of seven species now known. Simon described a species
from the African Congo; five species have been described from South
America; M. globosa (O. P,‐Cambridge) is now known from two
countries in Central America. Because males have hitherto been
unknown I have thought it worth while to describe one of these in
this brief paper.
The Venom and Poison Glands of Pseudomyrmex Pallidus (F. Smith)
Authors: Blum Murray S. , Callahan Philip S.
Published: April 2008

In the United States. the small subfamily Pseudomyrmicinae is
represented by several species which are known to sting severely.
Probably the most common species in the southeastern area is Pseudomyrmex
pallidus (F. Smith). As part of a program of study on ant
venoms in our laboratories, this paper presents a characterization of
the venom of this species, a description of its poison apparatus and a
study of the reaction of human beings to its sting. In addition, the
possible nature of the venoms produced by the Formicidae is discussed.
Defense Mechanisms of Arthropods. XI. The Structure, Function, and Phenolic Secretions of the Glands of a Chordeumoid Millipede and a Carabid Beetle
Authors: Eisner T. , Hurst J. J. , Meinwald J.
Published: April 2008

In the course of exploratory field studies on arthropods with defensive
glands, we came across two species which emit a strong and
persistent phenolic odor when handled. One is a carabid beetle
(Chlaenius cordicollis Kirby), the other a chordeumoid millipede
[Abacion magnum (Loomis)]. The fact that both animals produce
repellent secretions is not surprising, since many other carabids and
millipedes are well known for their defensive glands. But the particular
phenolic odor possessed by these two species is unIike the odor of
any other arthropod secretion that has been studied (for a summary
of defensive secretions of arthropods see Roth and Eisner, 1962).

The purpose of this paper is to report on the nature of the two
phenols involved, and to discuss the structure and mode of operation
of the glands, as well as their defensive effectiveness. Both species
were collected in the environs of Ithaca, N. Y. Abacion was from
leaf litter in deciduous woods, and Chlaenius from beneath rocks near
a creek bed. We had available for study ten specimens of Abaciorz
and about two dozen Chlaenius.
A New Bolivian Trachysphyrus of the Imperialis Group (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Porter Charles C.
Published: April 2008

Entomologically, Bolivia is perhaps the least known part of Latin
America. In 1967, when I published a monograph of the nearly
100 predominantly Andean and southern South American species of
Trachysphyrus, I could include onty two records from that country,
although adjacent Perú, Chile, and Argentina were each found to
be major centers of abundance and diversity for Trachysphyrus. In
March of 1968, however, when I was able to spend a week collecting
near La Paz, I discovered an abundant and conspicuous new Trachysphyrus
belonging to the group of T. imperialis Haliday, as defined in
my earlier study (Porter 1967, p. 275).
The Predatory Behavior of Some Araneid Spiders and the Origin of Immobilization Wrapping
Authors: Robinson Michael H. , Mirick Heath , Turner Olga
Published: April 2008

Erratumdx.doi.org/10.1155/1970/10180
On the Life Cycle and Natural History ofHymenitis Nero (Lepidoptera: Ithomiinae)in Costa Rica
Authors: Young Allen M.
Published: April 2008

A knowledge of life cycle and natural history are often important
prerequisites to studies of population biology in butterflies. Although
studies on the systematics and broad distribution patterns of that
familiar New World Tropical group, the Ithomiinae, have been
conducted (Seitz, 194; Fox, 1956; Fox, 1968), a lot remains to
be known about the biology of many species in Central America.
This is surprising in light of the considerable interest in these butterflies
as members of mimicry complexes. In this spirit, this paper
summarizes life cycle and natural history data on a clear wing ithoreiine
Hymenitis nero (Hewitson) (Nymphalidae: Ithomiinae) in
Costa Rica. Similar studies of several other sympatric ithomiines
have either been completed (Young, in prep.) or begun, as a preliminary
step towards understanding the local patterns of diversity
of this family in selected tropical plant communities.
A Review of Nesting Behavior in theGenus Entomognathus, With Notes onE. Memorialis Banks (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)
Authors: Miller Richard C. , Kurczewski Frank E.
Published: April 2008

The genus Entomognathus contains at least 4o species, half in
the Ethiopian and in the Palaearctic, Nearctic, Oriental, and Neotropical
regions (Leclercq, 1954, 1955, 1961, 1963; Nouvel and
Ribaut, 1956; Krombein, 1963). Relatively little is known about
the nesting behaviors, host preferences, or life histories of members
of this genus. Only the Palaearctic E. (Entomognathus) brevis van
der Linden has been studied in any detail, and almost nothing is
known about the four U. S. species belonging to the subgenus
Toncahua One of the purposes of the present paper is, therefore,
to amalgamate information on the host preferences, nesting behaviors,
life histories, and immature stages of the species of Entomognathus,
based upon a review of the world literature. The major portion of
this paper details the components of the nesting behavior of E. (Toncahua)
memorialis Banks, describes the mature larva and cocoon,
and compares this species and related crabronine and larrine wasps
in nesting ethology and larval and cocoon morphology. The adult
wasps and prey beetles have been placed in the S. U. N. Y. College
of Forestry Insect Museum. and the mature larva has been deposited
in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University.
The Spider Genus Trachelas(Araneae, Clubionidae) in the Vest Indies
Authors: Chickering Arthur M.
Published: April 2008

As I have frequently done in the past, I am again expressing my
deep appreciation for the continued help and encouragement in the
pursuit of my studies extended to me by the staff of the Museum of
Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. The National Science
Foundation has aided me very materially by awarding me Grants
GB‐18o1 and GB‐5o13. Other foundations, not specifically mentioned
here, have also aided me in my studies and collecting trips in Central
America and the West Indies. Dr. J. G. Sheals and Mr. D. J.
Clark, British Museum (Natural History), have kindly loaned me
males and females of Trachelas femoralis Simon from St. Vincent, B. W. I.
Review of the Extinct FamilySyntonopteridae (Order Uncertain)
Authors: Carpenter Frank M.
Published: April 2008

The family Syntonopteridae was named by Handlirsch in 1911 for
a new genus and species, Syntonoptera schucherti, from the Upper
Carboniferous of Mazon Creek, Illinois. Although the unique specimen
on which the species was based consisted of only a wing fragment,
the presence of several intercalary, triad veins was of unusual
interest. During the 75 years that have passed since then, only six
additional specimens of the family have been found (Carpenter,
1938, 1944; Richardson, 1956), all of them in the Mazon Creek beds.
The latest of these specimens was sent to me for study by Dr. E. S.
Richardson, Jr., a few months before his death, and I have only
recently had the opportunity to study it and prepare illustrations.
While working on this fossil, I decided to reexamine at the same
time the other five specimens in the family known to me. A review of
these specimens is included here, followed by revised diagnoses of
the family and of the two known genera.
A New Species of Protosmia Ducke From SpainWith Notes on Related Species(Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Authors: Griswold Terry , Parker Frank D.
Published: April 2008

A trap‐nesting program in northern Spain undertaken in cooperation
with Dr. Enrique Asensio (Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones
Agrarias, Valladolid) over the past few years has resulted in
numerous nests of megachilids. One of these represents a new species
of Protosmia Ducke. It is described here in order to make the
name available for the description of its nesting biology, and is
named in honor of Dr. Asensio, in recognition of his considerable
help in this trap‐nesting study.

In the following description, abdominal segments are numbered
based on the metasoma; expressions in parentheses in the description
of the male represent departures among male paratypes from
characteristics described for the holotype.
Worker Longevity in Harvester Ants(Pogonomyrmex)
Authors: Gordon D. M. , Hölldobler B.
Published: April 2008

Most studies of worker longevity in ants have been made in the
laboratory (Haskins and Haskins 1980; Porter and Tschinkel 1982).
In the field, increased energy expenditures, predation, and environmental
fluctuations may all contribute to shorten the life of a
worker ant. In the few existing studies of worker longevity conducted
in the field, the lifespan of exterior workers was found to be
extremely short. For example, Schmid‐Hempel and Schmid‐
Hempel (1984) found that the half‐life of Cataglyphis foragers, after
they were marked, was only 6 days.

In harvester ants of the genus Pogonomyrmex, the only existing
field study of worker longevity demonstrated that the average life
expectancy of foragers and defenders (ants emerging from the nest
in response to a disturbance) of P. owyheei is 14 days (Porter &
Jorgensen 1981). Here we show that these results for P. owyheei
cannot necessarily be generalized to other species in the genus, and
that longevity results for the exterior workers engaged in one activity,
such as foraging, may not apply to exterior workers that do
other tasks.
A New Genus of Berothidae From TropicalAmerica, With two New Species
Authors: Adams Phillip A.
Published: April 2008

Previously, the Berothidae of the Western Hemisphere all could
be referred to three genera: Naizema Navas and Cyrenoberotha
MacLeod and Adams, both restricted to South America, including
one species each, and Lomamyia Banks, predominately North
American. A generic level discussion of these taxa may be found in
MacLeod and Adams, 1967, and in Aspöck, 1986. In material submitted
to me for identification are representatives of two species,
from Central and northern South America, which belong to a previously
undescribed genus. Institutions wherein material has been
deposited are abbreviated as follows: DHJ—Daniel H. Janzen
Collection; FSCA—Florida State Collection of Arthropods;
EGM—Ellis G. MacLeod Collection; IZAV—Instituto de Zoologia
Agricola, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay; MCZ—
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University; NHMW—
Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien, Austria; USNM—United States
Nationsl Museum of Natural History, Washington.
Chrysoperla Mohave (Banks) Neuroptera:Chrysopidae: Two Familiar Species in an Unexpected Disguise
Authors: Henry Charles S.
Published: April 2008

The vibrational courtship song of Chrysoperla mohave (Banks)
from several widely separated sites in California is described and
compared to C. downesi (Smith) and to a C. mohave‐like population
of the recently described species. C. johnsoni Henry, Wells,
and Pupedis. Unexpectedly, C. mohave is shown to have a song
very much like that of C. downesi, in contrast to the very different
song of mohave‐like C. johnsoni. Yet the C. downesi and C. johnsoni versions of "C. mohave" are physically indistinguishable.
Therefore, C. mohave is not a monophyletic taxon, but instead it is
a color morph that has arisen independently at least twice in separate lineages of Chrysoperla. Both C. downesi and C. johnsoni are thus highly variable species, encompassing populations that range
from solid dark green or bright green with no markings to light
yellowish‐green with tergal spottig and dark crossveins. It is
argued that C. downesi should be taken from synonymy with C.
carnea (Stephens) and recognized as a valid biological species or
species complex, defined by a unique type of courtship song.
Type Specimens of Species of Dynastini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) Described by J. L. Leconte and G. H. Horn
Authors: Mawdsley Jonathan R.
Published: April 2008

A lectotype is designated for Megasoma thersites LeConte
(type‐locality Cape San Lucas, Baja California) from the Leconte
collection, Museum of Comparative Zoology. The holotype of
Dynastes grantii Horn is preserved in the Horn collection, Museum
of Comparative Zoology.
Can the Species Richness of Spiders be Determined?
Authors: Edwards Robert L.
Published: April 2008

The jackknife estimate of species richness for spiders in a study
area on southwest Cape Cod was 373.1 species, with a confidence
interval of 28.2 species. Over a period of six years 390 species had
been recorded in that area. Fourteen habitats were sampled using
conventional sampling techniques. The sample data for each habitat
was examined for various aspects of comparability. It is suggested
that for the purposes of calculating the jackknife estimate of
species richness, a minimum number of individuals be collected
from each habitat.
The Genus Coelocrania and the Resurrection of the GenusPseudosastra (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae)
Authors: Mohamedsaid Mohamed S.
Published: April 2008

The genus Coelocrania Jacoby is reviewed, with the resurrection
of the genus Pseudosastra Jacoby. Four new species are
herein described from Malaysia: Pseudosastra depressa, P. ghazallyi
, P. indah, and P. latiffi. Keys to the species of Coelocrania
and Pseudosastra are provided.
Perissomyrmex Snyderi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) is Native toCentral America and Exhibits Worker Polymorphism
Authors: Longino J. T. , Hartley D. A.
Published: April 2008

The rediscovery of Perissomyrmex snyderi, previously known
from the two worker types, is reported. New collections were
observed from two different cloud forest sites in the state of Chiapas,
Mexico. Based on the collection localities and cloud forest
habitats, the species is clearly native to Central America. A sample
of 205 workers revealed diphasic allometry, with distinct minor
and major worker castes, and the queen was observed for the first
time.
Associations Between Australian Pseudoscorpions and Ants
Authors: Cole Deborah C. , Elgar Mark A. , Harvey Mark S.
Published: April 2008

The distribution of three species of pseudoscorpions, found
under the bark of blue gum Eucalyptus globulus, is closely correlated
with the presence of three species of ants. Marachernes bellus
is never found on trees without Anonychomyrma sp. near
foetens, and Protochelifer victorianus and Paraustrochernes victorianus are more commonly found on trees with Technomyrmex jocosus
and/or Tapinoma minutum. The distribution of another
pseudoscorpion, Conicochernes sp., is not influenced by the presence
of these ants. Observations of the behavior of these pseudoscorpions
indicate that at least some species may be specialist
predators of ants.
Cockroaches From Guana Island, British West Indies (Blattaria:Blattellidae: Blaberidae).
Authors: Roth Lous M.
Published: April 2008

At least 8 species in 7 genera of cockroaches occur on Guana
Island. Symploce pararuficollis new species is described, raising
the number of West Indian Symploce to ten.
Trichoscapa Karawajewi and its Synonyms (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: Brown William L.
Published: April 2008

A recent loan fom the Zoological Institute, Ukrainian Academy
of Sciences, Kiev, Ukrainia, through the kindness of Dr. Alexander
G. Radchenko, has allowed me for the first time to examine the
type of Strumigenys emeryi Karawajew, which proves to be an
example of the same species I later described as Smithistruma dubia.
Since S. emeryi was preoccupied in Strumigenys, I had
already given it the replacement name Strumigenys (Trichoscapa)
karawajewi. The necessary synonymy follows.
Distribution and Natural History of the Workerless Inquiline AntPogonomyrmex Anergismus Cole (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: Johnson Robert A.
Published: April 2008

Seven colonies of the rare inquiline Pogonomyrmex anergismus
Cole were located in New Mexico, two in Hidalgo County, and five
in Grant County; P. rugosus was the host for each. Mating flights
follow late summer rains. Males mated with colony‐mates, mostly
inside the nest, and then returned to the nest, Pogonomyrmex anergismus
may parasitize host nests over multiple years, with presence
of host female alates confirming that the host gyne is not
killed. Observations suggest this may be a polygynous species.
A New Fossil Snake‐Fly Species from Baltic Amber (Raphidioptera: Inocelliidae)
Authors: Engel Michael S.
Published: April 2008

A new species of inocelliid snake‐fly, Fibla carpenteri, is described and figured frorn Middle to Upper Eocene Baltic amber. The species belongs to the nominate subgenus and is the largest amber snake‐fly currently known. The aberrant fossil species Inocellia peculiaris is transferred to a new genus, EIectrinocellia, and placed in a new subfamily, the Electrinocelliinae, sister to the remainder of the Inocelliidae.
Queen Size Variation in the Ponerine Ant Ponera coarctata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: Liebig J. , Heinze J. , Hölldobler B.
Published: April 2008

Queens of Ponera coarctata show a pronounced variation in size as measured by ommatidia number and Weber′s alitrunk length. Isometric size variation and the normal distribution of size categories indicate that, despite these differences, only one queen morph exists. Queen size varies less within colonies than between colonies, and thus appears to be colony specific. Ovary length apparently varies with queen size. Similar size variations as in queens also occured in males, but not in workers.
Seed‐Robbing between Ant Species Intervenes in the Myrmecochory of Euphorbia characias(Euphorbiaceae)
Authors: Espadaler Xavier , Gómez Crisanto , Suñrer David
Published: April 2008

A case of interference competition in which some ant species (Messor barbarus and Aphaenogaster senilis) rob seeds of Euphorbia characias from other ants (especially Tapinoma nigerrimum) is reported. Seed robbing is here regarded as a possible natural impediment to myrmecochory as it may interfere with the seedling recruitment process of the myrmecochorous plant.
A Second Host Species of the Inquiline Ant Leptothorax wilsoni
Authors: Heinze J. , Trunzer B. , Lechner K. , Ortius D.
Published: April 2008

The workerless parasitic ant, Leptothorax wilsoni, as yet known only from colonies of Leptothorax cf. canadensis, was found in five colonies of a second host species, Leptothorax sp. A (sensu
Heinze and Buschinger, 1989) near Escoumins, Québec. This is the first finding of an inquiline with more than one host species in the ant tribe Formicoxenni. In contrast to a previous statemem, the palp formula of L. wilsoni is 4. 3.
Africalolampra ehrmanni New Genus and Species, and the Male of Paraplecta Parva Princis (Blattaria: Blaberidae)
Authors: Roth Louis M.
Published: April 2008

A new cockroach genus and species, Africalolampra ehrmanni (Epilamprinae) from Kenya, and the previously unknown male of Paraplecta parva Shelford (Perisphaeriinae) from Uganda, are described.

A new genus and species, Africalolampra ehrmanni, an ovoviviparous cockroach from Kenya, is described. It is related to Calolampra and several other genera, and is placed in the Epilamprinae. The previously unknown male of African Paraplecta parva Princis is described, and its female is redescribed. All of the specimens on which this paper is based are housed in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (MCZ).
Cannibalistic Caterpillars (Utetheisa ornatrix; Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) Fail to Differentiate between Eggs on the Basis of Kinship
Authors: Hare James F. , Eisner Thomas
Published: April 2008

Utetheisa ornatrix larvae, in exercising egg cannibalism, do not discriminate between kin and nonkin. Under natural conditions this may not be a handicap, partly because the larvae hatch largely in synchrony and do not immediately upon emergence engage in cannibalism.
Location Estimation in a Smart Home: System Implementation and Evaluation Using Experimental Data
Authors: Rahal Youcef , Pigot Hélène , Mabilleau Philippe
Published: April 2008

In the context of a constantly increasing aging population with cognitive deficiencies, insuring the autonomy of the elders at home becomes a priority. The DOMUS laboratory is addressing this issue by conceiving a smart home which can both assist people and preserve their quality of life. Obviously, the ability to monitor properly the occupant’s activities and thus provide the pertinent assistance depends highly on location information inside the smart home. This paper proposes a solution to localize the occupant thanks to Bayesian filtering and a set of anonymous sensors disseminated throughout the house. The localization system is designed for a single person inside the house. It could however be used in conjunction with other localization systems in case more people are present. Our solution is functional in real conditions. We conceived an experiment to estimate precisely its accuracy and evaluate its robustness. The experiment consists of a scenario of daily routine meant to maximize the occupant’s motion in meaningful activities. It was performed by 14 subjects, one subject at a time. The results are satisfactory: the system’s accuracy exceeds 85% and is independent of the occupant’s profile. The system works in real time and behaves well in presence of noise.
The Effects of C‐peptide on Type 1 Diabetic Polyneuropathies and Encephalopathy in the BB/Wor‐rat
Authors: Sima Anders A. F. , Zhang Weixian , Li Zhen-guo , Kamiya Hideki
Published: April 2008

Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) occurs more frequently in type 1 diabetes resulting in a more severe DPN. The differences in DPN between the two types of diabetes are due to differences in the availability of insulin and C‐peptide. Insulin and C‐peptide provide gene regulatory effects on neurotrophic factors with effects on axonal cytoskeletal proteins and nerve fiber integrity. A significant abnormality in type 1 DPN is nodal degeneration. In the type 1 BB/Wor‐rat, C‐peptide replacement corrects metabolic abnormalities ameliorating the acute nerve conduction defect. It corrects abnormalities of neurotrophic factors and the expression of neuroskeletal proteins with improvements of axonal size and function. C‐peptide corrects the expression of nodal adhesive molecules with prevention and repair of the functionally significant nodal degeneration.
Cognitive dysfunction is a recognized complication of type 1 diabetes, and is associated with impaired neurotrophic support and apoptotic neuronal loss. C‐peptide prevents hippocampal apoptosis and cognitive deficits. It is therefore clear that substitution of C‐peptide in type 1 diabetes has a multitude of effects on DPN and cognitive dysfunction.
Here the effects of C‐peptide replenishment will be extensively described as they pertain to DPN and diabetic encephalopathy, underpinning its beneficial effects on neurological complications in type 1 diabetes.
PATHOS: Pervasive at Home Sleep Monitoring
Authors: Obermiller Ian , Ahamed Sheikh I.
Published: April 2008

Sleeping disorders affect a large percentage of the population, and many of them go undiagnosed each year because the method of diagnosis is to stay overnight at a sleep center. Because pervasive technologies have become so prevalent and affordable, sleep monitoring is no longer confined to a permanent installation, and can therefore be brought directly into the user home. We present a unique solution to the problem of home sleep monitoring that has the possibility to take the place of and expand on the data from a sleep center. PATHOS focuses not only on analyzing patterns during the night, but also on collecting data about the subject lifestyle that is relevant and important to the diagnosis of his/her sleep. PATHOS means “evoking emotion.” Here, we mean Pathos will help us to keep healthy: both mentally and physically. Our solution uses existing technology to keep down cost and is completely wireless in order to provide portability and be easily to customize. The daytime collection also utilizes existing technology and offers a wide range of input methods to suit any type of person. We also include an in-depth look at the hardware we used to implement and the software providing user interaction. Our system is not only a viable alternative to a sleep center, it also provides functions that a static, short-term solution cannot provide, allowing for a more accurate diagnosis and treatment.
Skew Polynomial Extensions over Zip Rings
Authors: Cortes Wagner
Published: April 2008

In this article, we study the relationship between left (right) zip
property of R and skew polynomial extension over R, using the skew
versions of Armendariz rings.
Kinetic and High-Pressure Mechanistic Investigation of the Aqua Substitution in the Trans-Aquaoxotetracyano Complexes of Re(V) and Tc(V): Some Implications for Nuclear Medicine
Authors: Botha J. Mattheus , Roodt Andreas
Published: April 2008

A kinetic study of the aqua substitution in the [TcO(OH2)(CN)4]− complex by different thiourea ligands (TU = thiourea, NMTU = N-methyl thiourea, NNDMTU = N, N′-dimethylthiourea) yielded second-order formation rate constants (25∘C) as follows [NNDMTU, NMTU, TU, respectively]: kf
= 11.5 ± 0.1, 11.38 ± 0.04, and 7.4 ± 0.1 M−1s−1, with activation parameters:
ΔHkf#:55±2, 42±3, 35±5 kJ mol−1;
ΔSkf#:−40±8,
−84±11,
−110±17 J K−1mol−1. A subsequent high-pressure investigation of the aqua substitution in the [ReO(OH2)(CN)4]− and [TcO(OH2)(CN4)]− complexes by selected entering ligands yielded ΔVkf# values as follows: Re(V): −1.7±0.3(NCS−), −22.1±0.9 (TU) and for Tc(V): −3.5±0.3(NCS−), −14±1 (NNDMTU), and−6.0±0.5 (TU) cm3mol−1, respectively. These results point to an interchange associative mechanism for the negative NCS− as entering group but even a pure associative mechanism for the neutral thiourea ligands.