bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parque automotor y medios de transporte alternativos en Lima Metropolitana, 2010 al 2018
Authors:   , Martínez Esquén Clarita Brenda
Published: April 2021

El presente trabajo de investigación titulado “Parque Automotor y Medios de Transporte Alternativos en Lima Metropolitana, 2010 al 2018” es desarrollado con el objetivo de demostrar si existe una relación entre el parque automotor y la cantidad de vehículos alternativos en Lima. Hoy en día, como todos sabemos, el problema del tráfico es uno de los más importantes en el Perú, el cual lamentablemente sigue empeorando. La aparición y evolución de los diferentes medios alternativos de transporte como la motocicleta, bicimotos, scooters, bicicletas eléctricas y otros, ha hecho que comiencen a ser usados de manera masiva, ya no solo para trasladarse al trabajo, a los centros de estudios u otro sino también para realizar repartos o delivery. Es aquí, donde nos preguntamos si estos medios de transporte pueden sustituir al automóvil convencional y lograr disipar los problemas de la congestión vehicular en Lima. Se utilizarán investigaciones relacionadas directa e indirectamente al tema, así como modelos aplicados en otros continentes para validar el trabajo de investigación. Se desarrollará una investigación cuantitativa correlacional-causal de diseño no experimental-transversal, tomando como muestra a 308 personas dentro de tres distritos de Lima con mayor afluencia de estos vehículos alternativos. Se utilizará una encuesta para obtener datos aplicados a nuestra población. Una vez concluido el trabajo, se espera demostrar que existe una relación inversa entre el parque automotor y la cantidad de medios de transporte alternativos.
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN DECANTER SOLID DAN JUMLAH BENIH PERLUBANG TANAM TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TANAMAN JAGUNG (Zea mays L) DI MEDIA TANAH ULTISOL
Authors: Iwan Purwono Markus , F Langai Bambang , Jumar Jumar
Published: April 2021

A study entitled The Effect of Giving Solids Decanter and the Number of Perforated Planting Seeds on Growth and Yield of Corn Plants (Zea Mays L) in Ultisol Soil. This research was conducted for four months and was carried out in the Galuh Merindu 1 residential land and the Biology Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lambungmangkurat. This study uses an environmental design in the form of a Completely Randomized Design using the interaction of two experimental factors, namely the dose of a solid decanter and the number of seeds per planting hole, which consists of seven treatments, namely: S0 (Control), S1 (10 ton/ha decanter solid), S2 (20 ton/ha decanter solid), S3 (30 ton/ha decanter solid), J1 (1 corn seed varieties BISI 18), J2 (2 corn seed varieties BISI 18). J3 ( 3 corn seed varieties BISI 18). Repeated three times so that there are 36 units of experiments, and from each unit of experiment consists of two polybags so that there are 72 plant polybags. Observations were made in the form of: plant height, number of leaves, plant wet weight, plant dry weight, length of crop cobs, diameter of planting cobs, number of row of perongkol seeds, number of seeds per row of cob, weight of 100 dried shelled seeds, dried shelled yield. The results of this study showed the best number of seeds treated at 1 seed per planting hole (J1), the best solid decanter treatment occurred at 30 tons / ha (S3) treatment and the best interaction was on the treatment of 1 seed per planting hole with 30 tons / ha Solid Decanter (J1S3).
Inter-Regional and Inter-Island Trade at Ulin Raya Market as a Learning Resource on Social Studies
Authors: Hafie Ahmad , Subiyakto Bambang , Putra Muhammad Adhitya Hidayat
Published: April 2021

Kegiatan ekonomi di pasar sebagai ajang perdagangan skala besar maupun skala kecil dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai Sumber Belajar IPS. Pasar Ulin Raya di Landasan Ulin Tengah, kota Banjarbaru, menampakkan kegiatan ekonomi distribusi sebagai perdagangan antar daerah dan antar pulau. Masalahnya, belum ada pemetaan terhadap perilaku pedagang, khususnya terkait kegiatan distribusi, sistem tata niaga dan pengelolaan stok (inventori), serta peranan pemerintah dan masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan kegiatan ekonomi perdagangan antar daerah dan antar pulau di Pasar Ulin Raya sebagai sumber belajar IPS menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif. Pengumpulan data melalui observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Analisis data melalui reduksi data, penyajian data, dan verifikasi. Keabsahan data melalui triangulasi sumber, teknik, dan waktu, perpanjangan pengamatan, menggunakan bahan referensi, dan mengadakan member cek. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa Dinas Perdagangan dan Perindustrian Kota Banjarbaru membuat UPTD Pasar Ulin Rara untuk membina pedagang, pembeli dalam proses Perdagangan Antardaerah/antarpulau, dan menambah referensi pengajar dalam menggunakan sumber belajar sehingga dapat menjadi pembelajaran kontekstual bagi peserta didik.
Foreign Exchange Policies of PRC: Historical Aspect
Authors: Binder A. , Kononov A.
Published: April 2021

The article analyzes the distinctive features of the PRC foreign exchange policy from the historical perspective, taking the national color into account and emphasizing the traditions-modernity unity in its strategy. It reviews the debates over renminbi exchange rate, disclosing the weakness of the modern international foreign exchange law. It systemizes the practices of international pressures applied to China in this aspect. It is stated, that China’s foreign exchange reforming process is of a long-term nature, and it will be completed only by the time the Chinese economy gets adjusted to the world market’s requirements.
World Economy: A Quest for the New Growth Model
Authors: Afontsev S.
Published: April 2021

As a consequence of the global crisis, a major shift to the new growth model is under way in the world economy. The article analyses principal changes in the role of resources, technologies, institutions, and economic policies in shaping new growth patterns in developed as well as developing markets. With human capital and capital intensive technologies replacing cheap labor and natural resources as principal sources of comparative advantage, global economy is likely to be rebalanced in favor of richer countries. The resulting adjustment calls for more flexible regulatory rules and social institutions, while growth-friendly economic policies at subnational level are expected to complement (and sometimes substitute for) more traditional national policies.
Center-Periphery Relations for the Half Century: Basic Trends of Changes
Authors: Khoros V.
Published: April 2021

For the last half-a-century important changes are taking place in the process of globalization, as the countries belonging to the Center are entering the post-industrial stage. The transfer of some industrial production from the post-industrial North (West) to the South (East) is creating not just new elements of interdependence, but new forms of the Periphery’s dependence on the Center. The disproportional growth of finance and the dominance of financial institutions in the world economy have resulted in a number of serious crises in Asia and Latin America, as well as similar events on a global scale.
Argentine Model of Post-Crisis Development
Authors: Yakovleva N.
Published: April 2021

In 2003, in Argentina has been formed and strengthened the new regime associated with the names of the last two presidents - Nestor and Cristina Kirchner. Having undergone a certain evolution of the tenth anniversary of its existence, the model of the organization of political and socio-economic life came to the crucial stage when the principal becomes a question of whether it will continue in the future, or in the country would be a change of the course. The author aims to show the stages of its formation, to highlight the main features, to outline possible scenarios and prospects.
IMEMO-ANPOKEN: New Rally of Russian and Japanese Experts
Authors: Shvydko V.
Published: April 2021

The publication presents major points of the discussion held by Russian and Japanese experts at the joint symposium organized by IMEMO and Tokyo-based Council on National Security Problems (ANPOKEN) in March, 2013. More than 30 specialists from the two sides exchanged views on security and business relations between Russia and Japan against the background of the present situation in Northeast Asia. The discussion covered major issues of domestic and foreign policy of the two countries as well as problems and prospects of their economies in the context of the growing role of external factors. The participants discussed reaction of political and business elites in Russia and Japan to external and domestic challenges as well as their perception of political, economic and economic situation in Northeast Asia and the Asia-Pacific region.
The Phenomenon of Metallurgical Mini-Mills
Authors: Adno Y.
Published: April 2021

The article is devoted to the phenomenon of metallurgical mini-mills, one of the most dynamically growing segments of modern steel industry. The author describes the concept and prerequisites for the developing of mini-mills, as well as their competitive benefits and evolution. Analysis of the main development trends in the world steel industry allows to evaluate dynamics of its further structural transformations, as well as the prospects of mini-metallurgy in Russia.
Returning of Primakov (1985–1989)
Authors: Cherkasov P.
Published: April 2021

The article is devoted to the research activities of IMEMO in 1985–1989, when the Institute was headed by Academician Yevgeny Primakov. Perestroika in IMEMO was characterized by a noticeable revival of scientific research, which was gradually released from censorship and ideological diktat. The revision of the old dogmas affected both the theory and practical politics. In this way, the researchers met with great difficulties. Thus, the attempt to create in IMEMO a fundamental work on the theory of international relations failed. During these years political theory couldn’t keep pace with political practice. More successful was the search for new approaches to foreign and defense policy of the USSR. A number of recommendations of IMEMO were approved and used in a strategic dialogue with the United States.
A Political Economy of Foreign Aid
Authors: Degterev D.
Published: April 2021

Representatives of various paradigms of international relations (realism, liberalism , neo-marxism and constructivism) and various currents of development economics (Keynesian, neoclassical, institutional) often take polar positions on the nature of international aid and its impact on the economy of the recipient countries. From the point of view of global justice there are also several different perspectives on the role of international assistance: development paradigm with correction function and distribution paradigm with redistributive function. The author investigates a number of contradictions in the system of administration of international aid in the framework of institutional analysis.
Resource and Territorial Factors of Modernization (on the Example of Arab Countries of North Africa)
Authors: Trubitsyn D.
Published: April 2021

The article is devoted to interdisciplinary problems of modernization. Through the comparative historical analysis of economics of Arab countries of North Africa in the second half of the 20th century, an attempt is made to prove that intensification sets in as a result of the lack of potentials for an extensive economic strategy. Comparing the data about population size, availability and condition of land resources, hydrocarbon reserves and their significance for economy, as well as the results of the industrial production development in these countries, the author comes to the conclusion that resource constraints are a necessary factor for modernization.
EU-Russia Cooperation on Migration: Migration Dialog
Authors: Bisson L.
Published: April 2021

The article aims at presenting a comprehensive analysis of the EU-Russia cooperation in migration in the framework of migration dialog. Migration policies in EU-28 and Russia including such spheres as migration and development, highly qualified migration, combating irregular migration are being compared. Main accent is made on the potential of the migration dialog as a tool for a fruitful exchange of experience and strengthening of bilateral cooperation and trust.
Was ist Geopolitik?
Authors: Jahn E.
Published: April 2021

The article is devoted to the history and modern definition of the term “geopolitics”. The author analyzes different interpretations of this term in Germany and Europe, in anglo-saxon tradition, in the USSR and Russia. Geopolitics is regarded as a science that has a meaningful impact on the modern political practice.
Hegemonic Stability, the New Quintet and Others
Authors: Vanaik A.
Published: April 2021

The article deals with the problems of stability maintaining in the system of international relations, in the context of the bipolar model breakup. The spectrum of problems associated with the crisis of traditional mechanisms of global domination is analyzed. The author proposed and justified a model of hegemonic stability within the framework of the "Quintet" of Great Powers. A possible role of the U.S.A., India and the BRICS countries in the development of a new world order model is analyzed.
European and Eurasian Integration Models: the Limits to Their Comparability
Authors: Treshchenkov E.
Published: April 2021

In discussions on Eurasian integration Russian politicians and experts constantly appeal to the experience of the European Union. The reasons are not only in borrowing the experience of European integration, but also in trying to transfer its positive image to the Eurasian project. This article analyses the coherence of such comparisons, as well as educes the prospects and prerequisites of the Eurasian integration process. For example, of crucial importance is to ensure that the integration process is backed by an appropriate pace of internal reforms in the participating countries. Another important prerequisite is real and in-depth partnership between Russia and the European Union.
Public Wealth in USA: Distribution and Financing
Authors: Shlikhter A.
Published: April 2021

The article focuses on the state regulation and financing of public wealth in the USA. The author analyses historical trends in managing of state social programs within the system “federation – states – local units”. Special attention is given to the concepts and practices of federative relations in the context of US socioeconomic development. The article also evaluates the reforms of state machinery conducted during the terms of Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, George Bush (Jr.) and Barack Obama administrations.
New Information and Communication Technologies in the Foreign Policy of the USA
Authors: Karasev P.
Published: April 2021

The article focuses on the shift of approach to information and communication technologies use in U.S. foreign policy over the last five years. Analyses touches upon the creation of a new field of political confrontation. The use of information and communication technologies for military-strategic and political purposes has a significant impact on international security. It is concluded, that we need to counter new threats emanating from cyberspace, while retaining its positive potential.
Venezuela in New Century: Results and Prospects
Authors: Semenov V.
Published: April 2021

Article contains analysis of the results of Venezuela’s social and economic development from 1999 to 2013. The periodization of governmental economic policy is offered. The conclusion is about gradual withdrawal of the market principles in economic regulation, and, then, radicalization of government policy for the purpose of "socialism of the XXIth century” creation. The changes connected with coming to power of the new president are analyzed. The assessment of possibility of stabilization of economic and socio-political situation in the country is given.
Japan and Myanmar: History of “Special” Relations
Authors: Simoniya A.
Published: April 2021

Burma and Japan had long held the strongest ties among Asian countries. Such “historically friendly relationship” were based also on the sentiments and experiences of the leaders of both countries. Young Burmese patriots were trained by the Japanese army officers leading to the birth of the Burma Independence Army. Huge official development assistance provided by the Japanese government also cemented this “special relations”. However the military coup (1988) and Japanese ODA Charter (1992) drastically changed this favorable ties. Japan’s government and business have shown a keen interest in Myanmar since the establishment of a formally civilian government (2011) and beginning the rapid political reforms.
Farewell to the Era: IMEMO before the Collapse of the USSR
Authors: Cherkasov P.
Published: April 2021

The article is dedicated to the scientific activities of IMEMO in 1989 which was a turning point for Perestroika, when the society had the feeling that a lot of the accumulated problems in the country couldn’t be solved in the framework of the previous political system. Academic life at the Institute was still intense and strenuous, but at the same time the team grew frustrated with the low-impact of its performance. There was a clear feeling that M.S. Gorbachev and his team didn’t know what to do with the country, more and more in chaos.
Back to the Euro-Atlantic: Why NATO is not Going to Remain Global?
Authors: Nadtochei Y.
Published: April 2021

The article is devoted to a new role of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in Post-American world. It explores reasons why the Alliance enters a new cycle of its life, which may be branded as a steady retrenchment after a decade-long period of both geographical and functional expansion. The author examines new challenges the Alliance has faced in a time of global crisis. Austere military budgets, lack of political coherence within the transatlantic community, new rising powers and changing global political landscape – all these factors determine NATO “rolling back” policy.
The Russian Vector in the Foreign Policy of Angela Merkel
Authors: Pavlov N.
Published: April 2021

The article focuses on the Russian course in the foreign policy of German chancellor Angela Merkel in front of discussion: what is more important in the international relations – values or interests. Much attention is paid to the analysis of the transformation of the conceptual apparatus in this area and its substantive content of German politicians and experts.
Knowledge-Intensive Entrepreneurship in the Economy of the European Union
Authors: Olevsky G.
Published: April 2021

The article studies role of knowledge in business and analyzes tendencies of the formation of knowledge-intensive entrepreneurship (business) in the EU. It is shown that for small and medium-sized enterprises prospects of expansion of knowledge production and sales of products and services are associated with the internationalization of business. The author proposes the matrix of decision-making entrepreneurs, depending on the completeness and quality of information at their disposal on the market.
Domestic and International Aspects of the Scottish Independence Problem
Authors: Andreeva T.
Published: April 2021

The article is devoted to the problem of the Scottish nationalists coming into power, the beginning of discussion on the possible Scotland’s secession from Great Britain and its impact on international influence of the Kingdom.
Investment Strategies of the EU Power and Gas Companies
Authors: Darmanov I.
Published: April 2021

Thе article is devoted to investment strategies of the EU power and gas companies. The author starts by definition of the external processes at the EU energy market, and then deals with the current state of corporate structure in power-gas sectors and, by evaluation of M&A databases and reports, points out three stages of the investment strategies transformation. Finally the place of Russia in a geographical structure of investment is explained.
DO GENDER, AGE AND FREQUENCY OF INTERNET ACCESS MATTER ON THE PERCEIVED IMPORTANCE OF HOTEL WEBSITE FEATURES?
Authors: Ezzaouia Imane , Bulchand-Gidumal Jacques
Published: April 2021

Purpose – This study measures the relative importance of hotel website features based on users’ perceptions and analyses the impact of gender, age, and frequency of Internet access on the given importance of features. Our study includes ten features and three hypotheses. Design/methodology/approach – A research questionnaire was developed and distributed to hotel guests. A total of 406 responses were collected. Statistical analysis included paired t-tests and oneway ANOVA. Findings – Results showed that users prioritized information about products and services, bookings and reservations, an easy-to-use website, and contact information. Privacy, design, and information on the surroundings were also important features. Customer feedback options, corporate information, and links to social media sites were ranked as significantly less important. Moreover, age and frequency of Internet access have a significant impact on the perceived importance of features, while no differences were found with regard to gender. Originality – Many studies have used web performance tools to measure the performance of hotel websites. However, these studies have not provided guests’ preferences and perceived importance of website features. To our knowledge, no previous research has examined the effect of gender, age, and frequency of Internet access on the perceived importance of hotel website features.
Alteration in the cerebrospinal fluid lipidome in Parkinson´s disease: A pilot study
Authors: Fernández-Irigoyen Joaquín , Cartas-Cejudo Paz , Santamaría Enrique
Published: April 2021

Lipid metabolism is clearly associated to Parkinson´s disease (PD). Although lipid homeostasis has been widely studied in multiple animal and cellular models as well as in blood derived from PD individuals, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lipidomic profile in PD remains largely unexplored. In this study, we have characterized the CSF lipidomic imbalance between neurologically intact controls (n=10) and PD subjects (n=20). The combination of dual extraction with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-qToF-MS/MS) allowed to monitor 257 lipid species across all samples. Complementary multivariate and univariate data analysis pointed out that glycerolipids (mono-, di-, and triacylglycerides), saturated and mono/polyunsaturated fatty acids, primary fatty amides, glycerophospholipids (phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines), sphingolipids (ceramides, sphingomyelins), N-acylethanolamines and sterol lipids (cholesteryl esters, steroids) were significantly increased in the CSF of PD compared to control group. These results, despite the limitation of being obtained in a small population, demonstrate and extensive CSF lipid remodelling in PD, shedding new light on the deployment of CSF lipidomics as a promising tool to identify potential lipid markers as well as discriminatory lipid species between PD and other atypical parkinsonisms.
Effect of Trading Companies Share on Investors' Attitude and Financial Behaviour
Authors: Baloch Jawed , Syed Urooj Fatima , Lashari Muhammad Akram , Soomro Shafqat Aman
Published: April 2021

Pakistan is under developing country and it has an unpredictable market nature of shareholder-investors observe the company’s performance. This research could help to companies in understanding financial behavior, attitude and investors’ satisfaction in stock trade. Financial behavior is comparatively new subject in Pakistan therefore; this study has examined the financial behavior and attitude of investors. The behavioral finance that has been attempted to understand the positive experiences influences investors’ financial behavior. This study has find out that investor satisfaction is strongest in influence of positive financial behavior of investor and trader in stock trading; positive experience and brokers suggestions are strengthens the investment decision of investors and increases behavior loyalty to prefer over competitor. The main purpose of research to determine the effect of financial behavior on investors’ attitude and behavioral loyalty and investors’ satisfaction to preference over competitor. The research framework links with experiences in stock trade for positive (negative) experiences, attitude and financial behavior is developed. The research framework is measured data from sample of Karachi and Karachi Stock Exchange; the data is analyzed in smart PLS based on PLS-SEM. This study focused on trading experience with company’s active investors and traders in banking industry in Pakistan. The future research could be research in other sectors with inter-related issue of investors and traders (brokers) in stock trade. This is the first study in this research area; this study will be determine the experiences with positive (negative) financial behavior, attitude, satisfaction and behavioral loyalty of investors and traders in stock trade. Therefore, adding in this area of study which will help understanding the investors and traders attitude, preference and financial behavior in financial market.
A SPECIAL INSTITUTION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE CORRECTIONAL SYSTEM REVITALIZATION
Authors: Sulistyanta Sulistyanta , Shaifu Awwal Muhammad
Published: April 2021

This research describes the individualization of convict coaching and the special penitentiary for certain convicts. It also analyzes the understanding required to revitalize convicts' correctional facilities, which assess changes in treatment regarding those with "good behavior." Furthermore, this research examined the possibility of revitalizing convicts' penitentiary to focus on the security approach. When the basic concept of the revitalization of the penitentiary is focused on the level of "treatment," which is based on the assessment criteria of "good behavior of the convicts," the convicts are placed in the penitentiary with minimum security. Furthermore, this change assesses the ability to change the existing treatment system for convicts. This is normative legal research, with data obtained from primary and secondary legal materials through literature study. The results showed that the individualization of coaching rests on the fact of the convicts' heterogeneity based on their classification, which affects the type of coaching applied. This variety of coaching affects the facilities and infrastructure needed therefore it is based on the heterogeneity of convicts the need special Penitentiary.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN UNDER INDONESIA’S PREFERENTIAL TRADE AGREEMENTS (PTAs)
Authors: Widiatedja I Gusti Ngurah Parikesit
Published: April 2021

International trade has resulted positive impacts, such as alleviating poverty and increasing jobs. All countries then start concluding trade agreements multilaterally, regionally and bilaterally. The existence of preferential trade agreements is increasingly significant due to the deadlock of multilateral trade agreements. Although providing benefits, international trade has adversely affected environment. Some international treaties suggest how countries should include environmental concern in their PTAs. Unlike traditional PTAs, most of modern PTAs have incorporated environmental concern, reconciling the goal of trade liberalization and environmental protection. In Indonesia, there is a link between international trade and environmental harm. This article aims to show the existing Indonesia’s PTAs, analysing how Indonesia has put, and how it should put environmental concern in its PTAs. This article argues that only a few Indonesia’s PTAs have incorporated environmental concern in their provisions. Moreover, when they include environmental concern, there is no further elaboration on how this process should be undertaken. Compare to other existing PTAs, Indonesia should start incorporating environmental concern in its PTAs, and then allow the right of government to impose protective measure in order to preserve environment. 
COMMERCIAL SEXUAL EXPLOITATION OF CHILDREN: AN EFFORT OF HANDLING AND LEGAL PROTECTION
Authors: Rahayu Devi , Fatoni Syamsul
Published: April 2021

This article examines efforts to protect and deal with government, law enforcement agencies and assistants or NGOs in preventing and eradicating commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC). In Indonesia there are many child trafficking in border areas and cities like Surabaya, which are identified as sending, transit and destination cities. The research type used is  the juridical empirical study namely the effectiveness research of regulations enforcement on child protection. Primary data obtained from experience experienced by children and the family, law enforcement, government and companion Non Governmental Organization (NGO). Data collection techniques carried out by the interview method and FGD. The results showed that the commercial sexual exploitation of children is an act of human trafficking because the purpose of sexual action is to obtain money or other goods with the children, sex service users, liaison and related parties. The highest educated victims of Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (CSEC) are high school and are in an economically inadequate condition, broken home, and the influence of uncontrolled social media.

 
ACHIEVING OF INCOME TAX WITH AWARENESS OF TAXATION IN INDONESIA'S TAX LAW SYSTEM
Authors: Anggia Putri
Published: April 2021

The journey of Indonesian taxation is full of dynamics in order to get the State's revenue target as the main source of the country's economy. Furthermore fulfillment of the country's income depends on ongoing policies. However Indonesian people does not  found a point that the obligation to pay taxes is a form of voluntary awareness as citizens. This was captured by the Government as one of the points that must be observed and acted upon. The Minister of Finance Decree Number 36 / KMK.01 / 2014 concerning the Blueprint of the Ministry of Finance's Transformation Program for 2014-2025 provides space to take several steps in an effort to increase understanding of tax awareness through education. This study aims to examine in depth about tax education in the tax law system in Indonesia. The methodology used in this study is literature study that the data collection techniques, and library research aim to examine primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal materials. The library materials are summarized and analyzed. This research found an assertive concept that was applied massively, consistently, and could be accepted by every society in order to succeed the goal of achieving tax awareness. It is tax compliance.
A HOLISTIC APPROACH OF AMNESTY APPLICATION FOR BAIQ NURIL MAKNUN IN THE FRAMEWORK OF CONSTITUTIONAL LAW OF INDONESIA
Authors: Manthovani Reda , Tejomurti Kukuh
Published: April 2021

The Supreme Court has rejected a petition for case review from Baiq Nuril Maknun, a West Nusa Tenggara woman who was convicted of defamation against her alleged sexual harasser. Justices Margono, Desniyati and Suhadi rejected Nuril’s challenge against the Supreme Court's decision in September 2018, which found Nuril guilty of violating Article 27 of the Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE) Law and sentenced her to six months in prison and a fine of Rp 500 million (US$34,644). The defamation case has been criticized for using the controversial law to incriminate an alleged victim of sexual harassment, when the Mataram Education Agency reported Nuril for recording the phone call.This research is prescriptive normative research namely, legal research that takes legal issues as a norm system used to provide prescriptive justifications about a legal event. From Nuril’s case we can see the laws are sorely inadequate, case in point the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (ITE Law), that got her into trouble. It’s so rubbery, it can be interpreted any way anyone wants. Amnesty should be given to Baiq Nuril Maknun because amnesty is the authority of the President for the interests of the state, in this case human rights and citizens' rights to get legal protection and free from discrimination and Law Number 11 Drt In 1954, yet it contradicted the constitution in cases and institutions, because Article 14 paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia had no case restrictions in granting amnesty and was carried out with consideration of the People’s Representative Council of The Republic of Indonesia.
THE ROLE OF THE CONTRARIUS ACTUS PRINCIPLE IN OVERSIGHT OF THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS
Authors: Izhharulhaq Muhammad Yasin , Rompis Adrian E , Cahyadini Amelia
Published: April 2021

The term contrarius actus principle is deemed not to exist in Law Number 17 of 2013 on Community Organizations (hereinafter to as CSOs) so that it explicitly states that the Perppu of CSOs contains the principle of contrarius actus in its application. The existence of this principle as referred to in the consideration of the Public Order Perppu lies in the process of applying sanctions where the process is part of the follow-up process of supervisory actions carried out by government officials. Thus, that role in terms of supervision should be studied more deeply in connection with the growth and development of community organizations at this time. The research method with a normative juridical approach, prioritizes library research and its implementation in practice. Research specifications are descriptive. The research phase is carried out through library research, collecting secondary data in the form of primary, secondary, and field research materials to obtain primary data as support. Based on the analysis conducted by the author regarding the role of the principle of contrarius actus in monitoring the growth and development of community organizations, the author raises the role of the principle of contrarius actus in terms of supervision of CSOs as the application of sanctions in the form of administrative sanctions, which are emphasized by the role of responding or reacting to non-compliance with provisions the provisions contained in the decision which in this case are ratification as registered CBOs and also ratification of CSOs as legal entities, in other words that the placement of sanctions in the case of mass organization supervision is a follow-up to the results of monitoring and evaluation by external supervisors with the aim that can control the initial purpose of the establishment of a mass organization that is in accordance with the objectives of the state and national development.
ANALYSIS OF M-P-F-A-A-C (Meaning – Positioning – Functioning – Authorizing – Actuating - Controlling) ON THE VILLAGE GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT (Law Making Philosophically of Law Number 6 of 2014 On Villages)
Authors: Kridasakti Sri Wahyu , Sudarsono Sudarsono , Nurcholis Chanif
Published: April 2021

The issue of the article is "What are the implications of village institutional governance for village governance institutional governance?". The legis ratio of Law Number 6 of 2014 states in Article 18 B paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, while the subject matters prescribed includes two main material types of different villages. This study uses a normative legal research method with a prescriptive conceptual approach and statute approach. The theoretical basis used is the rule of law, the theory of legislation, the concept of local government,;the concept of authority, and the concept of M-P-F-A-A-C. The results showed that the village government regulated by Law Number 6 of 2014 is not an autonomous village but an independent village, not a customary law community unit and not a formal government. While the implications for governance in the Meaning aspect, happened to shift in the meaning of village government institutions from time to time; in the Positioning, the institutional status of village government as state-corporatism is a deviation in the administrative logic of local government; in the Functioning, the imposition of technocratic local government institutional function work is unrealistic to the institutional function of a self-governing community; in the Authorizing, authority over the principle of Recognition and Subsidiarity that is apparent from the government is outside the principle of decentralization; in the Actuating, the work apparatus of the village is not solid yet, showing poor regulation which also technocratic in Government Regulation Number 43 of 2014 Jo. Government Regulation Number 47 of 2015; in the Controlling, construction of checks & balances carried out by Village Council (BPD) are still ineffective due to weak apparatus competence and low community participation in the policy making process. In conclusion, Law Number 6 of 2014 has a 'contra-productive' implication for village governance institutional governance, therefore Law Number 6 of 2014 needs to be reformulated
BAPETEN SUPERVISORY AUTHORITY IN THE PROCEDURE OF TRANSPORTATION OF RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCE THROUGH THE SEA
Authors: Hadiyantina Shinta , Cahyandari Dewi , Puspitawati Dhiana
Published: April 2021

One important thing that must be considered in the use of nuclear and other radioactive materials is the process of transporting radioactive substances through the sea. This paper will analyze the optimization of the supervisory authority of BAPETEN in the transportation of radioactive substances, especially in the process of transporting radioactive substances by sea. Option to choose the sea because most of Indonesia's territory is the sea. If it has the authority, Bapeten's supervisory authority will then be analyzed in the process of transporting radioactive substances via the sea lane. Recommendations from this article are a form of juridical liability if an error occurs, which causes a loss in the process of transporting radioactive substances by sea. Because the process of transporting radioactive substances is essential in preventing the occurrence of radiation, the regulatory authority in the transportation process must be regulated in detail based on the precautionary principle, as well as the form of juridical accountability.
ASSESSING THE INDONESIAN CONSTITUTIONAL COURT CONSISTENCY IN DETERMINING ITS AUTHORITY TO SETTLE DISPUTE ON REGIONAL HEAD ELECTION
Authors: Omara Andy
Published: April 2021

This study aims to answer three important questions: first, how the 1945 Constitution regulate the authority of the Constitutional Court in resolving dispute on general election as stated in Article 22 E and the regional head election as stipulated in Article 18. Second, how the Constitutional Court, through its rulings, interpret its authority to settle dispute on general election and regional head election. Third, why, in different period, there is a tendency that the Court provide different interpretation regarding its authority to resolve dispute on general election and regional head election. To answer these three questions, this study utilizes doctrinal approach. It analyses the relevant laws and regulation and also the relevant Court rulings. This study concludes that (1) the 1945 Constitution expressly differentiate between regional head election and general election. However, (2) the Court provide different interpretation on determining the nature of regional head election specifically on whether such an election include in the category of general election or it is a distinct election. (3) There are two main factors that may explain why the Court provide different explanation regarding its power to settle dispute on the regional head election and general election. 
THE ROLE OF THE JUDICIARY IN EXECUTION OF ARBITRATION AWARD IN THE ARABIAN MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES
Authors: Al-Amaren Emad Mohammed , Hamad Ahmed M A , Al Mashhour Omar Farouk
Published: April 2021

Arbitration has been known since ancient times, Arbitration is an ancient system known to the ancient Greeks and Romans, and the first origins of arbitration was in the ancient Roman era. Arbitration is a legal path that seeks to resolve disputes when parties choose to deal with it. The result of the arbitration is called an arbitration award. Where this judgment is issued as a decision of rights and it is binding for opponents subject to it, and when the opponent who has the right obtained an arbitration award for his benefit, this arbitration award does not pay off the purpose of it only after the implementation of the other opponent for what it says. The issue of Execution of arbitration award is very important, and the arbitration decision includes judgment on the parties to the dispute and giving the right to another party and may also include binding the parties as if the expenses were divided between them. As for the implementation of the arbitrators award, it is only if the arbitration award has reached a certain degree of strength, so that the objection to it does not have an impact on its executive power or its enforcement, and this is with the approval of the judiciary. The role of the observer of the arbitration procedures upon the issuance of the arbitration award, in addition to that he plays an important role through the arbitration procedures from bringing a witness or bringing papers from a government agency, and from that we reach the research point where the judiciary and arbitration are connected through oversight of the arbitration award after its issuance as The judiciary determines the fate of the entire arbitration process, as it can nullify this ruling or make it enforceable
LEGITIMATION OF THE SURROGATE MOTHER AGREEMENT ON HUMAN RIGHTS PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Antari Putu Eva Ditayani , Yeni Asmari Dewa Ayu
Published: April 2021

Surrogate Mother is a method used by infertility couples to have offspring who still have a genetic relationship. This method is usually carried out by married couples who cannot have offspring through the IVF method. The implementation of Surrogate Mother is generally based on agreement. This agreement is an agreement that grows and develops in the community so that it is not yet known in the Penal Code. So this agreement is included in the new innominaat agreement. In Indonesia, until now there has been no legal umbrella related to Surrogate Mother. The existence of this agreement is inseparable from the principle of freedom of contract which gives freedom for everyone to make any agreement and with anyone. With the Surrogate Mother agreement, the right to continue descendants which are human rights (civil and political rights) which cannot be reduced under any circumstances can be fulfilled. In the implementation of Surrogate Mother, we also pay attention to certain restrictions as regulated in IVF regulation, including those conducted by a legitimate married couple and in a state of infertility. Therefore, the type of Surrogate Mother that can be done is Gestational Surrogate or Intrafamillie Surrogate by implanting the results of fertilization of a legitimate husband and wife into the womb of a Surrogate Mother.
CONSTITUTIONAL INTERPRETATION OF ORIGINAL INTENT ON FINDING THE MEANING OF SOCIAL JUSTICE IN THE CONSTITUTIONAL REVIEW
Authors: Harvelian Agnes , Safa'at Muchamad Ali , Widiarto Aan Eko , Qurbani Indah Dwi
Published: April 2021

This article will study whether original intent method able to find justice in constitution and formulate constitutional interpretation that will able to perform constitutional supremacy. This study uses a doctrinal approach or also referred to as the normative legal approach. The method taken in this writing is analysis descriptive which describes and analyses constitutional interpretation with original intent method. Formulating constitution interpretation which answers people dynamic but doesn’t lose its original constitutional intent. This research shows that Constitutional interpretation with original intent method can mean as an interpretation which assimilate the spirit of how the original written constitution was formulated when building UUD 1945, the opinion of constitution’s founders in their understanding on the purpose and the nation’s ground principals. Basically, All the rules must not contradict with constitution’s intention. The freedom of judges to decide is not freedom without limits. The limitations of judges' freedom of interpretation are Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Decisions made by judges must not conflict with Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution, constitutional judges have great power in interpreting the 1945 Constitution. This power is vulnerable to various interests which make the decisions of constitutional judges not objective. Accountability of decisions in public and academics should be a legal idea that can be realized, not to judge the verdict but to know the basis of interpretation and or legal discovery by constitutional judges
Collaborative Development of Green Infrastructure: Urban Flood Control Measures on Small-Scale Private Lands
Authors: Taura Fumiko , Ohme Masaki , Shimatani Yukihiro ,   Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan,   Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
Published: April 2021

Focusing on green infrastructure (GI), which utilizes nature’s diverse resources, we developed urban flood control measures on three small-scale private tracts in Tokyo and Fukuoka in Japan, experiencing high rainfall. In addition, we implemented these measures and verified the possibility of introduction. Using a target rainfall of 100 mm/h and previous rainfall data, we set our goal of reducing runoff from each site below the capacity of a public sewage pipe. Implementation was conducted by assessing the soil infiltration rate and developing and installing rain gardens and storage layers using crushed stones. These measures satisfied the initially set goals, drastically reducing runoff at all three sites. The target installation cost was set at 100,000 yen per cubic meter of runoff reduction. The target costs were met in the two Fukuoka sites but not at the Tokyo site. The key reasons were the high costs of removing non-permeable surfaces or improving the soil of compacted surfaces, which called for a process to balance the runoff reduction and cost to determine the most effective plan for implementing GI in urban areas. The development and implementation processes were conducted in collaboration with the house owners and concerned parties; the workshops produced constructive ideas being unconstrained by conventional thinking. Visitors highly appreciated ideas related to using water because the techniques were derived from the Japanese culture of lifestyle. Thus, introducing attractive and effective GI may be possible through collaboration. Additionally, sharing experiences led to the formation of new community ties, supporting post-implementation site maintenance.
Daily RAPID streamflow and reservoir release flow in the Mississippi River Basin
Authors: Tavakoly Ahmad , Gutenson Joseph , Lewis James , Follum Michael , Rajib Adnan , LaHatte W. , Hamilton Chase
Published: April 2021

This dataset includes RAPID streamflow simulation correspond to the selected gages in the Mississippi River Basin. RAPID was run from 2005 to 2014 with and without reservoir releases. 175 USACE dams and reservoirs were considered in this study. The daily reservoir releases are included in this dataset.