bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Community Leadership and Its Contribution to Rural Revitalization Under the Context of Population Hollowing‐Out: Evidence From Shanghai, China
Authors: Liu Pingyang , Han Aixi , Yuan Yunzhi
Published: December 2024

The importance of organizational leadership has been widely acknowledged, while the nuances, roles and the mechanisms of community leadership, as a unique bottom‐up type, have been inefficiently explored, especially in rural spaces under the context of population hollowing out. Based on the practices of pilot villages in Shanghai, China, this study delves into the intricate roles of rural community leadership, elucidating its contributions to the implementation of rural revitalization initiatives. Identified into three dimensions of leading and demonstrating, mobilization and organization, and reputation and credibility, and analyzed via Probit models, rural community leadership are found to be critical for the revitalization of villages with hollowing out population. All three dimensions significantly influence rural revitalization outcomes, with varying moderating effects on other key factors, such as stakeholder involvement and policy implementation. Notably, the capability of mobilization and organization emerges as paramount for short‐term outcomes, reputation and credibility becomes increasingly crucial for long‐term success, while the leading and demonstrating capability tends to be the bottom‐line requirement for community leaders. This study highlights the increasing importance of cultivating rural community leadership within the left‐behind population for rural development, and the need for sustained efforts to enable community leaders to maximize their talents.
A Doped Surface Ionization Method for Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Authors: Lin Jianhua , Gao Xiaoguang , Jia Jian , He Xiuli
Published: December 2024

Rationale

Exhaled breath can be used for early warning of disease, with organic nitrogen compounds, including triethylamine (TEA), being linked to various medical conditions. Surface ionization ion mobility spectrometry (SI‐IMS) facilitates the direct detection of TEA in exhaled breath. However, the presence of multiple ionization products of TEA poses challenges for both quantitative and qualitative analyses.

Methods

A doped surface ionization (DSI) method consisting of surface ionization of dopants and gas‐phase reaction of samples was proposed, and TEA was detected when combined with an ion mobility spectrometer. TEA at different concentrations and spiked by human breath was detected to evaluate the method's properties.

Results

TEA with concentrations from 5.99 to 30.50 ppb and a relative humidity of 80% was detected. The peak intensity of the protonated TEA ions demonstrated a linear correlation with concentration, yielding a fitted correlation coefficient of R2 = 0.94. A standard deviation less than 0.066% was obtained with 10 replicate analyses of 29.92 ppb TEA, and the recovery rate of the sample was 93.57%.

Conclusions

The SI‐IMS based on the DSI method has the advantages of excellent selective ionization, high accuracy and sensitivity, and remarkable repeatability for detecting TEA. It is a promising method for detecting specific organic nitrogen compounds in exhaled breath.
Effect of Synthesis Conditions on the Size and Morphology of Magnetic Nickel Particles
Authors: Kıvrak Burak , Akyıldız Hasan , Aka Cemal , Akyol Mustafa
Published: December 2024

This study compares the properties of nickel (Ni) particles synthesized through the chemical‐reduction‐reactions (CRRs) under open‐atmosphere and pressurized (solvothermal) conditions. The primary objective was to produce Ni particles with sizes below 100 nm with smooth surfaces, single‐phase composition, highly crystalline, mono‐disperse, and magnetic which are essential for constructing nanostructured Ni suitable for diverse applications. CRRs were conducted in a glass beaker for ambient pressure synthesis and a solvothermal reactor for pressurized conditions. The structural, morphological, and magnetic characteristics of the samples were investigated in detail. The findings demonstrated that the manipulation of the synthesis conditions in both methods allowed the formation of Ni particles with a wide range of morphologies, crystallinity, and purity. Besides, particle sizes varied from nanometer to micrometer scale, depending on the synthesis approach and processing conditions. Moreover, the relation between magnetic characteristics and morphological features was discussed in detail. Therefore, this research provides a comparative evaluation of two different synthesis methods, offering insight into the optimization of conditions for producing phase‐pure, magnetic, and equiaxed Ni nanoparticles (NPs). By addressing the challenge of achieving mono‐disperse Ni NPs, this study contributes to the understanding of synthesis techniques and elucidating the mechanisms underlying the formation of magnetic Ni NPs.
Overview of Phenylhydrazine‐Based Organic Transformations
Authors: Kushwaha Pragati , Bhardwaj Ayush , Rashi  , Khan Danish , Upadhyay Akanksha
Published: December 2024

Phenylhydrazines, comprised of a phenyl group attached with hydrazine unit, contribute potentially to organic synthetic transformations. Because of the myriad of synthetic applications, the last decade has witnessed a considerable upsurge of interest to perform various reactions catalyzed/mediated/promoted by phenylhydrazines. Some of these reactions have shown high regioselectivity in short reaction time under mild reaction conditions. The emergence of innumerable synthetic transformations utilizing phenylhydrazine has unleashed numerous openings for the development of diverse heterocyclic scaffolds. Given the synthetic importance of this valuable chemical entity, this review highlights the methodologies utilizing phenylhydrazines. Moreover, the present article will contribute considerably to the organic synthesis as well as in pharmaceutical chemistry. Academically, this review article will be interesting and informative for the researchers attempting to develop new synthetic routes for the heterocyclic structures.
N‐Doping Fe‐C@Nb2CTx MXenes with High Stability and Strong Activity for Sodium‐Ion Storage and Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Fu Hongliang , Lian Yue , Hu Yongfeng , Zhao Jing , Zhang Huaihao
Published: December 2024

The development of highly stable and strongly active electrode materials for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) and overall water splitting (OWS) is critical in sustainable energy storage and conversion systems. Here, a new electrode material N‐Fe‐C@Nb2CTx is introduced, with a layered sandwich structure consisting of N‐doping Fe‐MOF derived‐nanorods (Fe‐C) and Nb2CTx MXenes. Specifically, Nb2CTx obtained by etching Nb2AlC with HF acid is used as the main body to construct the layered sandwich structure with Fe‐C as the filler. Benefiting from this structure, Fe‐MOF grows in situ within Nb2CTx, which restrains MXenes aggregation and stacking and also alleviates the bulk effect of sodium‐ion embedding/de‐embedding, thus improving its stability. Again, the more exposed active sites from the layered sandwich structure and N‐doping introduction ensure high reactivity as electrode materials. In addition, Fe‐C nanorods strengthen the linkage between the Nb2CTx layers and N‐doping enhances the ion/electron transport rate, thereby boosting the effective mass transfer and electrical conductivity. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that Fe‐C and N‐doping help increase the density of states (DOS) and material electrical conductivity. Meanwhile, the generated oxygen species (*OH and *O) in OER are captured by in situ FT‐IR test. As a result, the N‐Fe‐C@Nb2CTx electrochemical test displays good electrochemical performance in SIBs and OWS.
Less is More: Biomimetic Hybrid Membrane Nanocarriers for Highly Efficient Tumor Targeted Drug Delivery
Authors: Chen Siwen , Lan Haibo , Liu Minyi , He Chenxi , Li Qiuyu , Zheng Shuting , Zheng Yinfei , Wu Zede , Liu Tiancai , Zhao Bingxia
Published: December 2024

Biomimetic camouflaged nanocarriers coated with cancer cell membranes (CCMs) have attracted considerable research attention for drug delivery application. CCM‐camouflaged nanocarriers have inherent tumor‐homologous targeting ability. However, they enter cancer cells via endocytosis, which is not efficient for drug delivery. Switching the internalization mechanism to membrane fusion may enhance their delivery efficiency. In this study, an innovative biomimetic‐targeting nanocarrier is designed by hybridizing CCMs with pH‐sensitive liposomes (1,2‐dioleoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphoethanolamine liposomes, DOPE‐Lipo), named as CCMpHD. The presence of CCMs makes the nanocarriers capable of homologous targeting, and the DOPE‐Lipo hybrid allows the nanocarriers to achieve efficient internalization via membrane fusion. Notably, the cellular uptake of CCMpHD is significantly higher than that of the CCMs. The most efficient delivery is achieved with 1/10 CCMs, which requires remarkably less cell membranes. Doxorubicin (DOX) is used as a model drug to characterize the homologous targeting drug delivery properties of the hybrid nanocarriers. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that the nanocarriers exhibited satisfactory biosafety and enhanced tumor‐targeted delivery. With enhanced delivery efficiency whilst requiring fewer CCMs, these hybrid membrane nanocarriers provides a new strategy for CCM‐based drug delivery in cancer treatment.
Analytical Photoresponses of Schottky‐Contact MoS2 Phototransistors
Authors: Wei Jianyong , Liu Yumeng , Wang Yizhuo , Li Kai , Lian Zhentao , Xie Maosong , Yang Xinhan , Khaleghi Seyed Saleh Mousavi , Dai Fuxing , Hu Weida , Gao Xuejiao , Yang Rui , Dan Yaping
Published: December 2024

High‐gain photodetectors based on 2D semiconductors have been extensively investigated in the past decades. However, the underlying mechanism remains in dispute without a proper analytical theory. On one side, the classical photogain theory is not applicable, as it was derived on two misplaced assumptions. On the other side, unexpected potential barriers usually present in 2D semi‐conductors but their effect on the ultrahigh gain has been largely ignored. In this work, we first established a universal I‐V equation for Schottky‐contact MoS2 phototransistors, modeled with two anti‐symmetric Schottky diodes and a channel resistor in series. It has been proved to be valid under varying conditions of gate voltage, temperature, light illumination and bias voltage. Moreover, we established analytical equations for photocurrent and gain, which clearly shows that ultrahigh gain is created by light‐induced modulation of potential barrier in exponential form. Finally, the theory was validated on 40 samples by verifying the I–V characteristics and minority carrier lifetime. Our results not only shed light on the working mechanism of 2D phototransistors, but also present important advance for device modeling and design in 2D integrated circuits.
Ion Intercalation‐Enabled Reconfigurable Photodetector with Low Programming Voltage and Broadband Response Based on Van Der Waals Tin Disulfide
Authors: Leng Kangmin , Wan Yu , Wang Xin , Wang Li , Fu Yao , Wang Qisheng
Published: December 2024

Artificial neural networks with integrated sensing and computing capabilities, leveraging reconfigurable optoelectronics, can effectively emulate biological neural networks, thereby enabling rapid and efficient information processing. However, realizing reconfigurable photoresponsivity is often blocked by the requirement for high programming voltages and the limits of the detection spectrum range. This greatly restricts the progress of energy‐efficient and precise neuromorphic vision sensing. Herein, a reconfigurable photodetector with low programming voltage and broadband response is presented via in situ intercalation of Cu+ ions into the van der Waals (vdW) gaps of thermoelectric 2D material SnS2. Interestingly, the vdW gaps provide an ionic transport channel with lower energy barriers compared to oxide‐based memristors, resulting in a low programming voltage (0.5 V). Furthermore, reversible conversion of photo‐detection is achieved from photovoltaic to photo‐thermoelectric (PTE) mode via voltage‐controlled ion distribution, which modulates the phonon scattering rate in the neighboring SnS2 layer. As a result, the response spectrum switches from visible (532 nm) to long‐wave infrared (10 µm) with an on/off ratio as high as 104. Thus, dual‐mode conversion and broadband detection functionality in reconfigurable imaging are realized, suggesting a potential pathway for the development of highly energy‐efficient reconfigurable optoelectronics with a spectrum far beyond human vision.
Surface‐Engineered 2D Bimetallic FeNi‐MOFs Derived from Layered Double Hydroxides for Photocatalytic Membranes with Enhanced Dye Fixation in Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Karthikeyan Gayathri , Mohan Sakar , Austeria P. Muthu , Balakrishna R. Geetha
Published: December 2024

FeNi‐based layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are used as precursors to derive bimetallic FeNi‐metal organic frameworks (D‐FeNi MOFs) with terephthalic acid ligands, offering enhanced properties compared to conventionally prepared FeNi‐MOFs (C‐FeNi MOFs). D‐FeNi MOFs exhibited superior structural, surface, and electrochemical features, confirmed by density functional theory (DFT) studies, which also predicted their catalytic mechanism. Band edge potential calculations through Mott–Schottky analysis revealed their favorable redox potential, enhanced charge transfer, and reduced recombination resistance, explaining their superior photocatalytic efficiency. D‐FeNi MOFs degraded 91% of rhodamine B (RhB) and 89% of Congo red (CR), outperforming C‐FeNi MOFs, which degraded 84% and 77%, respectively. These MOFs are incorporated (3, 5, and 7 wt%) into polysulfone (PSU) membranes to develop photocatalytic membranes. The 7 wt% membranes (FNM7) exhibited high water flux (54.4 L m−2h−1) and dye flux (≈51.1 and 41.6 L m−2h−1) with rejection rates of ≈88% and 90% for RhB and CR, significantly surpassing bare membranes. FNM7 demonstrated superior anti‐fouling and photocatalytic regeneration (12.9% RhB, 9.6% CR degradation under sunlight) across three cycles. DFT studies showed FeNi centers weaken dye molecule bonds, aiding degradation, while carboxyl groups in MOFs formed robust hydrogen bonds with PSU, ensuring no particle leaching. This highlights D‐FeNi MOF‐membranes as an efficient system for wastewater treatment.
Consecutive Complex Aggregation Pathway in Covalent Helical Polymer‐Metal Complexes: Nanospheres with Controlled P/M Macroscopic Chirality
Authors: Tarrío Juan José , Hermida Borja , Rodríguez Rafael , Crassous Jeanne , Quiñoá Emilio , Freire Félix
Published: December 2024

Kinetically trapped and thermodynamic nanospheres with opposite macroscopic P/M chirality and opposite circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) can be obtained from a single helical polymer‐metal complex under the same environmental conditions. To prepare these nanospheres, a chiral poly(diphenylacetylene) (PDPA) [poly‐(L)‐1] with a large energy barrier between the P and M helical senses is chosen as source of chirality, while Ba2+ metal ions are selected as crosslinking agents. As a result, the poly‐(L)‐1/Ba2+ complex can generate both kinetically trapped (Agg1, M nanospheres) and thermodynamic (Agg2, P nanospheres) aggregates, which can be dispersed in the same solvent. Due to the high energy barrier of the helix inversion process for poly‐(L)‐1, the complete evolution from the kinetically trapped aggregate (Agg1, M nanospheres) to the thermodynamic one (Agg2, P nanospheres) takes more than 75 days at room temperature, which can be accelerated at higher temperatures. These nanospheres are stable and remain dispersed in solution for up to 8 months without further aggregation.
Heart‐on‐a‐Miniscope: A Miniaturized Solution for Electrophysiological Drug Screening in Cardiac Organoids
Authors: Tirgar Pouria , Vikstrom Abigail , Sepúlveda José Miguel Romero , Srivastava Luv Kishore , Amini Ali , Tabata Tomoka , Higo Shuichiro , Bub Gil , Ehrlicher Allen
Published: December 2024

Cardiovascular toxicity remains a primary concern in drug development, accounting for a significant portion of post‐market drug withdrawals due to adverse reactions such as arrhythmias. Traditional preclinical models, predominantly based on animal cells, often fail to replicate human cardiac physiology accurately, complicating the prediction of drug‐induced effects. Although human‐induced pluripotent stem cell‐derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC‐CMs) provide a more genetically relevant system, their use in 2D, static cultures does not sufficiently mimic the dynamic, 3D environment of the human heart. 3D cardiac organoids made from human iPSC‐CMs can potentially bridge this gap. However, most traditional electrophysiology assays, developed for single cells or 2D monolayers, are not readily adaptable to 3D organoids. This study uses optical calcium analysis of human organoids combined with miniaturized fluorescence microscopy (miniscope) and heart‐on‐a‐chip technology. This simple, inexpensive, and efficient platform provides robust on‐chip calcium imaging of human cardiac organoids. The versatility of the system is demonstrated through cardiotoxicity assay of drugs known to impact cardiac electrophysiology, including dofetilide, quinidine, and thapsigargin. The platform promises to advance drug testing by providing a more reliable and physiologically relevant assessment of cardiovascular toxicity, potentially reducing drug‐related adverse effects in clinical settings.
Balancing Competitive Adsorption on Co3O4@P, N‐Doped Porous Carbon to Enhance the Electrocatalytic Upgrading of Biomass Derivatives
Authors: Li Ming , Sun Haixin , Wang Chen , Liu Yongzhuang , Xia Qinqin , Meng Juan , Yu Haipeng , Dou Shuo
Published: December 2024

The electrocatalytic oxidation of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) represents an environmentally friendly approach to generate high‐value‐added chemicals from biomass. The successful electrochemical transformation of HMF during the oxidation reaction (HMFOR) necessitates an ideal adsorption interaction between HMF and OH− on the electrode surface. Yet, catalysts with a singular active site offer limited flexibility in managing the competitive adsorption of HMF and OH−. To this end, different active sites are customized in this work to construct a P and N co‐doped porous carbon that wrapped Co3O4 (Co3O4@PNC). Co‐doping with these two heteroatoms generates C3P = O and pyrrolic N as adsorption sites to better balance the adsorption of HMF and OH−, respectively, rather than promoting competition between the HMF and OH− on a single active site. With this design strategy, Co3O4@PNC demonstrates significant HMFOR activity, the conversion rate of HMF surpassed 99% with a 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) yield exceeding 95% after 2 h of electrolysis. Furthermore, it shows universal applicability in the electrooxidation of other alcohol/aldehyde substrates, yielding efficiencies of 90–99%. This work not only provides guidance for advanced electrocatalysts design toward alcohol/aldehyde oxidation but also offers insights into the utilization of biomass‐derived platform chemicals.
Substitutional Platinum‐Phosphorus Solid Solution by Phosphidation of Worm‐Like Pt Nanoparticles Using Tri‐n‐octylphosphine
Authors: Liu Hui , Yang Niuwa , Ma Mengyuan , Chen Dong , Tian Shaonan , Xu Lin , Huang Wenlai , Yang Jun
Published: December 2024

Herein, the investigations into the phosphidation of platinum (Pt) nanoparticles are reported using tri‐n‐octylphosphine (TOP) at elevated temperature in an organic solvent, and identify a unique phenomenon not addressed before: The phosphorus (P) atoms can replace partial Pt atoms from their lattice points to form a substitutional Pt‐P solid solution. The rationality is authenticated for forming substitutional Pt–P solid solution via P doping by various characterizations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, both of which suggests that the maximum P content in the Pt–P solid solution is approximately ≈10% for maintaining the stability of the face‐centered cubic crystal structure.
Phase Transition Driven Zn‐Ion Battery With Laser‐Processed V2C/V2O5 Electrodes for Wearable Temperature Monitoring
Authors: Deshmukh Sujit , Vaghasiya Jayraj V. , Michalička Jan , Langer Rostislav , Otyepka Michal , Pumera Martin
Published: December 2024

Flexible power supply devices present significant potential for wearable bioelectronics within the Internet of Things. Aqueous zinc‐ion batteries have emerged as a viable and safe alternative for power supply in flexible electronics. Nevertheless, typical battery behaviors are generally detrimental with unfavorable phase transition of electrodes, which invariably lead to rapid performance degradation. Here, extraordinary capacity enhancement of 150% is presented, sustained over 60 000 cycles, attained using vanadium carbide MXene (V2C)/vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) heterostructure as cathode. The unique cathode material is created through the rational engineering of MAX (V2AlC), employing a single‐step laser writing process. The ultrastable Zn ion battery stands in stark contrast to all previously reported counterparts, which typically exhibit capacity degradation within a few hundred/thousand cycles. The primary mechanisms driving this enhancement include the delamination of V2C MXene and an unexpected favorable phase transition during cycling. Additionally, a wearable power supply is constructed using a series configuration and is integrated with a commercial temperature sensor for wireless, real‐time body temperature monitoring. This study highlights the critical role of electrode design for advanced wearable bioelectronics.
Gliding Arc Plasma Induced One‐Step Millisecond Synthesis of Highly Crystalline Mesoporous TiO2 Homojunctions for Robust Photocatalytic H2 Production
Authors: Zhang Siyuan , Li Xiaosong , Zhu Aimin , Hou Jungang
Published: December 2024

One of the major challenges in photocatalytic hydrogen production lies in the charge separation and transfer. Herein, a one‐step millisecond synthesis of highly crystalline mesoporous TiO2 homojunction nanostructures through the gliding arc plasma is developed toward efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production. The unique non‐thermal plasma environment uniquely enables the concurrent attainment of high crystallinity, well‐defined mesoporosity, and homojunction formation within millisecond. The synthesized TiO2 predominantly comprises an anatase phase (≈80%), with the remainder being a rutile phase. By varying the gas flow rate, there is a noticeable transition in particle morphology from spherical to non‐spherical, accompanied by a gradual reduction in particle size. The mechanism underlying the one‐step synthesis of mesoporous TiO2 homojunctions through gliding arc plasma has been elucidated using in situ emission spectroscopy and band‐pass filter imaging. The optimized TiO2 homojunctions exhibited exceptional photocatalytic hydrogen production rate, 4.32 mmol g−1 h−1 under simulated solar light irradiation, corresponding excellent stability, and reusability. This work not only demonstrates the potential of gliding arc plasma technology for advanced material synthesis but also opens new avenues for the scalable production of high‐performance photocatalysts for sustainable hydrogen production.
Strain‐Modulated Dominant Response Band of Self‐Powered Photodetector Based on WSe2 Lateral PN Homojunction
Authors: Pei Yongfeng , Kang Yufan , Zhou Xinyi , Ma Mingjun , Yang Mingyu , He Dong , Li Wenqing , Xiao Xiangheng
Published: December 2024

Flexible devices based on 2D materials have shown promising application capacity in next‐generation optoelectronics. The lack of inversion centrosymmetry renders odd‐layered 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) to be piezoelectric, which means the properties modulation of them gets rid of the limit to the gate voltage and they can be directly gated by external strain. Here, a self‐powered photodetector based on WSe2 lateral PN homojunction is constructed, which exhibits excellent current rectification behavior with a rectification ratio of 1.8 × 103. Further, under the modulation of uniaxial tensile strain, a novel phenomenon that the dominant response waveband can be tuned from 550  to 800 nm by 1.04% tensile strain is observed. The maximum photoresponsivity to 800 nm incident laser reach 216.7 mA W−1 with 455% improvement has been demonstrated when a 1.04% tensile strain is applied. This work provides an example of multi‐band response light detection with strain manipulation on a single photodetector device, which shows significant prospect in adaptable artificial vision application.
Construction of Anthracene‐based Metal–Organic Framework Exhibiting Enhanced Singlet Oxygen Storage and Release Capabilities for Efficient Photodegradation of Phenolic Pollutants
Authors: Wei Wanyu , Yang Liujun , Zhang Long , Wang Shaoshuo , Pan Yicheng , Li Hua , Lu Jianmei
Published: December 2024

Controlling the generation and release of singlet oxygen (1O2) with high oxidation activity and long lifetime properties holds significant potential for efficient oxidation of permanent organic pollutants, tumor eradication, and targeted molecular oxidation. However, the conditions for controlled generation and release of 1O2 remain unclear. Hence, the novel anthracene‐ligands based Zr‐MOFs which use acetic acid (HAc) are constructed to optimize the surface defects and specific surface area exhibit ultrafast saturation adsorption capacity (362.60 mg g−1 in 60 s) and deep photodegradation performance toward bisphenol A (BPA) in water (50 ppm in 20 min) via Zr‐DPA MOF‐1HAc. Mechanistic studies have shown that MOFs are capable of generating high concentrations of 1O2, while anthracene ligands can rapidly store 1O2 and form endoperoxides (EPOs), which can be rapidly released under external light, heat, or chemical triggering conditions. Thus, high concentration of 1O2 is always involved in the oxidation reaction throughout the whole photodegradation process and ultimately achieves the complete mineralization of target phenolic pollutant molecules. This innovative strategy has important implications for generating, storing and controlling the release of 1O2 in the field of environmental engineering and chemical synthesis.
Highly Flexible and Ultralight PVA‐co‐PE‐AgNW/MXene Composite Film with Low Filling for Multistage Electromagnetic Interference Shielding
Authors: Tao Dechang , Yang Chenguang , Chen Can , Yan Kun , You Haining , Wang Wenwen , Wang Dong
Published: December 2024

A composite film with multistage mechanisms for effective electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding in the ultra‐wide frequency of 8–20 GHz was designed. Poly(vinyl alcohol‐co‐ethylene) (PVA‐co‐PE) nanofibers and twill‐structured nylon 6 fabric are used as substrate and filter film, respectively. Subsequently, a PVA‐co‐PE/silver nanowire (AgNW)/MXene (PVA/Ag/M) composite film is prepared by vacuum filtration, templating, and hot‐pressing. A 2.5 wt.% AgNW/MXene content, the EMI shielding efficiency (SE), normalized SE (SE/t), and absolute SE (SSE/t) are 101.6 dB, 7008.3 dB cm−1, and 36501.5 dB cm2 g−1, respectively. These results are attributed to the synergistic EMI shielding mechanisms enabled by the twill gradient structure and highly conductive. The surface twill structure promotes 95% wave adsorption, directing the wave along the film interior, significantly increasing the EM wave collision probability and internal reflection times. The rich number of hydrogen bonds increase the interfacial adhesion between the layers and enhance the tensile stress by up to 26.8 MPa. The PVA/Ag/M exhibits excellent Joule heating, rapid heat dissipation, non‐flammability, hydrophobicity, super‐flexibility, and stability. This paper presents an effective fabrication strategy for ultralight and highly conformable low‐filling films with high strength, excellent EMI SE, and outstanding thermal performance.
Aqueous Synthesis of Membrane Lipids via Amide Formation between Amphiphilic Amines and Thioacids
Authors: Chen Jiyue , Tanwar Lalita , Ji Peng , Brea Roberto J. , Devaraj Neal K.
Published: December 2024

Protocell membranes were likely formed through primitive metabolic reactions that synthesized more complex membrane lipid species from simpler precursors. Thioacids have been shown to be prebiotically plausible and chemoselective N‐acylating reagents. They have been successfully employed for the acylation of peptides and RNA. However, the ability of thioacids to acylate lipid species has not yet been explored. Here, we demonstrate N‐acylation of natural amine‐containing amphiphiles using fatty thioacids. This reaction occurs spontaneously in aqueous conditions and is chemoselective,and traceless. The synthesis of several natural sphingolipids via direct N‐acylation is possible and their subsequent de novo formation into vesicular membranes is shown. Aqueous thioacid coupling provides a route for generating membrane‐forming lipids in the context of protocells and for the in situ synthesis of relevant sphingolipid species.
Systematic placement of Wallenia, Vegaea, and Solonia (Primulaceae: Myrsinoideae), three genera endemic to the Caribbean Islands
Authors: Flickinger Jonathan A. , Campbell Keron C. St. E. , Commock Tracy , Jiménez‐Rodríguez Francisco , Prieto Ramona Oviedo , Santiago‐Valentín Eugenio , Jestrow Brett
Published: December 2024

Primulaceae subfam. Myrsinoideae are a diverse group of flowering plants that includes three genera endemic to the Caribbean Islands (Wallenia, Vegaea, Solonia) within a mostly woody and tropical clade characterized by drupaceous fruits. A Bayesian phylogenetic analysis based on ITS and trnL‐trnF DNA sequence data from 50 taxa of Myrsinoideae, emphasizing Neotropical species, was conducted to place four species from each of the two subgenera of Wallenia and the monotypic genera Vegaea and Solonia in a phylogenetic context. Several clades of drupaceous‐fruited Myrsinoideae are recovered, which are comparable to those of previous studies. Wallenia is polyphyletic, with the species of W. subg. Wallenia and W. subg. Homowallenia plus Vegaea forming separate clades. Wallenia subg. Wallenia and Solonia appear in a clade of Caribbean species within the New World Ardisioids that includes the type of Ardisia, while W. subg. Homowallenia and Vegaea, the former paraphyletic with respect to the latter, occur in an unresolved position among the Myrsinoid genera. The foliar anatomy of four investigated species representing Ardisia, W. subg. Wallenia, W. subg. Homowallenia, and Vegaea differs in a manner that parallels the phylogenetic results in that the abundance of fibers, mesophyll structure, predominant type of crystal, stomatal type, and strength of reaction with iodine‐potassium iodide are similar for Ardisia and W. subg. Wallenia on the one hand and W. subg. Homowallenia and Vegaea on the other. Variation in the distribution of granular trichomes on the inner surface of the corolla and the extent of corolla fusion and sexual dimorphism is evident in flowers of three investigated species of W. subg. Homowallenia. The problem of the limits of Ardisia in the Neotropics and the affinity of the Homowallenia‐Vegaea clade to Cybianthus are discussed in light of the present results. The species of W. subg. Wallenia and Solonia are transferred to Ardisia, and the species of W. subg. Homowallenia are transferred to an expanded Vegaea. Twenty‐three new combinations and eight new names are proposed to effect the taxonomic changes. Twenty‐four lectotypes, one neotype, and a type for W. subg. Homowallenia are designated. This study contributes to the systematics of Myrsinoideae while reducing the number of genera endemic to the Caribbean Islands by two.
When a monolingual science teacher and multilingual girls engage in science sensemaking through translanguaging: A pedagogical practice, disciplinary tool, and dignity‐affirming stance
Authors: Kayumova Shakhnoza , Harper Akira , Stronach Rachel L.
Published: December 2024

Multilingual youth, from nondominant communities, are often denied critical opportunities for engagement in robust sensemaking due to deficit‐based perspectives and linguistic hierarchies. To advance equity, it is important to recognize all youth as epistemic agents and facilitate opportunities to take on intellectual positions. Drawing on translanguaging theory and critical sociocultural learning perspectives, we examine how a monolingual science teacher employed translanguaging as a dignity‐affirming stance, pedagogical practice, and disciplinary tool, providing multilingual girls with intellectual positions to engage in robust sensemaking. Using video‐interactional analysis, we explore a case of sophisticated sensemaking orchestrated by the teacher's discursive and embodied moves, following the girls' translanguaging practices and disciplinary ideas. Our findings demonstrate how a teacher's translanguaging stance, enacted as a pedagogical practice and disciplinary tool, supported him in developing interpretive power, revealing the multilingual girls' social, cognitive, and communicative brilliances.
Younger age as an independent factor for second primary head and neck cancer in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients after curative esophagectomy: A two‐center retrospective study
Authors: Tsai Ping‐Chung , Hung Ting‐Chun , Liu Chia , Hsu Po‐Kuei , Tseng Yen‐Chiang , Goan Yih‐Gang , Tang En‐Kuei , Hsu Han‐Shui
Published: December 2024

Background

Postoperative survival of esophageal cancer patients has improved with advances in technology and treatment modalities. However, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) often affects the esophagus together with the head and neck regions, with second primary head and neck cancer (SPHNC) adversely influencing the patients' quality of life. Therefore, patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) should be carefully followed up postoperatively. This study evaluated the risk of developing SPHNCs after an esophagectomy for ESCC.

Methods

Patients with ESCC who underwent curative esophagectomy from January 2008 to December 2017 from two tertiary medical centers, Taipei Veteran General Hospital and Kaohsiung Veteran General Hospital, were retrospectively reviewed. SPHNC development was documented according to the anatomic region and the cumulative incidence rate and risk factors were analyzed.

Results

The median follow‐up period of the 435 patients included in our study was 48.5 months [interquartile range (IQR) 16.7–92.4 months]. Among the ESCC patients after curative esophagectomy, younger age <50 [hazard ratio 4.13, 95% CI: 2.53–6.75, p < 0.001) was the only independent factor for developing SPHNCs in the multivariable analysis. The cumulative incidence rate of SPHNCs of patients aged <50 years old was 14.3%, 22.1%, and 34.2% after 3, 5, and 10 years, respectively.

Conclusions

There was a high risk of secondary cancer after ESCC in the upper aerodigestive tract, especially the head and neck regions; therefore, active surveillance is strongly recommended, especially in younger patients.
Vocational Pathways in and for the Integration of At-Risk Youth: Concepts, Theoretical Framework and Research Methodology
Authors: Tikkanen Tarja , Ümarik Meril , Loogma Krista
Published: December 2024

This chapter introduces the main parameters of the study, as well as the rationale, purpose and objectives of the book. It also presents an overview of the social and institutional context of the research topic, empowerment of at-risk VET students. We highlight the state of the art and current limitations of research on vocational integration and empowerment of at-risk youth in VET and working life. We also introduce the key concepts of our study, and the main theoretical frameworks applied, the socio-ecological approach and the resiliency or protective process approach, addressing also critical accounts to VET when it comes to students who are at-risk of social exclusion and marginalization. Further, the chapter describes our research methodology built on mixed methods design, closing with brief introductions to the book chapters.
Vocational Pathway to Empowerment for At-Risk Youth in Lithuania—A Typical Case of Neoliberal Reforms?
Authors: Tūtlys Vidmantas , Kaminskienė Lina , Daukilas Sigitas , Gedvilienė Genutė , Vaitkutė Lina
Published: December 2024

The focus of this chapter is on the critical analysis and review of the implications of the institutional, procedural and curricular reforms of VET provision for their potential to empower socially vulnerable youth in Lithuania. Particular attention is paid to the shifts of the VET policy and the reform goals between the social integration and development of human capital according to business needs and the implications of such double orientation for the potential of VET schools to facilitate vocational and labour market integration of socially vulnerable youth. The chapter presents the findings of the qualitative study carried out in the VET schools of Lithuania through interviewing vulnerable VET students and teaching staff. This research discloses various supportive and hindering factors which affect the empowerment of these vulnerable VET students.
Social Ecology of Youth in Drop Out Risk from Initial Vocational Education: The Case of Estonia
Authors: Loogma Krista , Bentsalo Inna , Ümarik Meril , Väljataga Terje
Published: December 2024

This chapter presents the Estonian case to analyse the social ecology of the development of students in the case of the risk of dropping out from IVET (Initial Vocational Education and Training). The persistence of the interrelated problems, such as early school-leaving and drop out from vocational education, leaving education without qualifications, being vulnerable in the labour market and the risk of social exclusion, refer to the existence of a “wicked” or complex set of interrelated problems that are approached from the perspective of social ecology. Two key aspects of social ecology are discussed: the main institutional developments of the Estonian VET system with a specific emphasis on the institutional and macro-contextual factors that could affect vulnerable youth groups in VET, and the micro-level empirical research to better understand the proximal processes of learning and development of students that risk drop-out. The sample of students interviewed consisted of 20 students (14 female and 6 male) aged between 16 and 22 years, from different vocational schools and regions in Estonia and studying different specialities. The empirical analysis identified three clusters of students, representing three separate ecologies of vulnerable students. The ecologies reflect the different experiences in getting help, or not, in the surrounding environment, in the case of emerging problems, and the consequences of their self-agency capacities and their perspectives for their future life.
Educational Learning Labs for Empowering Educators and Promoting the Social Inclusion of Vulnerable Youth in VET
Authors: Ümarik Meril , Väljataga Terje , Moen Vegard , Tūtlys Vidmantas , Bruin Marieke , Bentsalo Inna , Loogma Krista
Published: December 2024

This chapter discusses the results of the final stage of the EmpowerVET project research—the five educational interventions conducted in Estonia, Norway and Lithuania. These educational intervention studies were targeted at VET teaching staff and have followed the Educational Learning Lab Model characterized by the co-creation between researchers and vocational teachers and workplace training instructors, aimed to promote ownership of the changes, adoption, and sustainability of pedagogical innovations. The results of the five intervention studies have enabled us to make conclusions and suggest some critical points to consider when planning and implementing future educational interventions.
Conclusions, and the Implications for Research and Practice
Authors: Tūtlys Vidmantas , Tikkanen Tarja , Ümarik Meril , Sloka Biruta
Published: December 2024

This chapter outlines and discusses the main research findings by triangulating them based on the personal strategies of socially vulnerable VET students, the pathways of empowerment provided by the VET systems and the capacities of VET schools. It also provides insights into their implications for VET research and practice, as well as suggestions for future research in the field of empowerment for vulnerable VET students.
Economic evaluation of critically ill adult CAR-T cell recipients—analysis from a healthcare payer perspective
Authors: Roedl Kevin , Ahmadi Paymon , Essmann Sonja , Aamir Sarosh , Haar Markus , Ayuk Francis , Karagiannis Panagiotis , Kröger Nicolaus , Kluge Stefan , Wichmann Dominic
Published: December 2024

Background

CAR-T cell (chimeric antigen receptor T) therapy is now part of standard of care treatment of B‑cell lineage malignancies. Although it is an effective treatment, it comes along with adverse side effects and toxicities that may require intensive care therapy. The costs related to critical care therapy in critically ill patients after CAR‑T administration have not been evaluated.

Patients and methods

Retrospective analysis of all patients who had received CAR‑T therapy and were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of a tertiary care university medical centre in Germany between 1 January 2019 and 31 December 2022. Cause of admission and ICU therapy as well as treatment and total hospitals costs were evaluated.

Results

Thirty patients with a history of CAR-T cell therapy for underlying haematological malignancy were included. The median age of all patients was 60 years (interquartile range [IQR] 50–70) and 37% (n = 11) were female. 93% (n = 28) of patients had non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 7% (n = 2) had multiple myeloma. The cohort was stratified whether the ICU admission was CAR‑T therapy related (i.e. within 30 days after CAR‑T therapy; 73%, n = 22) or the admission was of an other cause (> 30 days after CAR‑T therapy) (27%, n = 8). The median duration from CAR‑T therapy to ICU admission was 6 (range 5–8) days in CAR-T cell therapy associated ICU admissions compared with 52 (range 31–126) days in other admissions. The overall illness severity on admission was numerically higher in CAR-T-related ICU admission compared to other admissions (46 vs. 43 points, p = 0.18). Vasopressor therapy (50% vs. 75%; p = 0.19), invasive mechanical ventilation (27% vs. 50%; p = 0.24) and renal replacement therapy (14% vs. 50%; p < 0.05) were used in CAR-T-associated admission compared to other admissions, respectively. The ICU mortality (23% vs. 50%; p = 0.15) was higher in patients with other ICU admission. Median total costs of the entire inpatient stay in hospital were € 27,845 (range 8661–368,286 €) in CAR-T-associated ICU admissions compared to € 59,234 (range 23,182–127,044 €) in the group of other ICU admissions (costs of the CAR‑T product not included).

Conclusion

In relation to the total costs of CAR-T-cell therapy (production of the CAR‑T product), therapy-associated complications have a relatively low impact on the costs and utilization of ICU resources.
Telemedizin und KI-gestützte Diagnostik im Alltag der Viszeralmedizin
Authors: Grade Matthias , Uslar Verena
Published: December 2024

Die Fortschritte von Augmented (AR) und Virtual Reality (VR) in der Telemedizin sind rasant. Eine über die Distanz verfügbare AR konnte beispielsweise bereits erfolgreich in der Krisenintervention, z. B. in Kriegsgebieten, eingesetzt werden. Vielversprechend erscheinen die Potenziale der Telemedizin auch in strukturschwachen Gebieten oder in der Hinzuschaltung von Expertinnen oder Experten in Notaufnahmesituationen. Der Einsatz von Avataren in der Telemedizin bedarf noch weiterer Forschung und Entwicklung, um das Gefühl der Präsenz zu verbessern und damit die Akzeptanz zu erhöhen. Künstliche Intelligenz in der Endoskopie v. a. in der Koloskopie ist bereits in vielen gastroenterologischen Abteilungen gelebte tägliche Praxis. Über eine erhöhte Adenomdetektionsrate (ADR) ist der Benefit klar belegt. Studien konnten zudem eine im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe erhöhte Detektionsrate für sessile serratierte Adenome (SSA) und eine signifikant erhöhte Rate an dysplastischen Barrett-Arealen im oberen Gastrointestinal(GI)-Trakt (eventuelle Barrett-Karzinome) zeigen.
Effects of tannin-geopolymer impregnation on wood: leachability, biodegradation resistance and mechanical properties
Authors: López-Gómez Yeray Manuel , Barbero-López Aitor , Suvanto Sari , Venäläinen Martti , Haapala Antti
Published: December 2024

Geopolymers have elicited significant attention in the field of construction and building materials due to their enhanced durability, physical load-bearing ability and chemical resistance. This study investigates the effects of geopolymer impregnation on wood, together with commercial tannin-rich bark extract Colatan GT10, which, by itself, preserves wood against decay but leaches out once the wood is exposed to water. The efficacy of the treatments is evaluated through attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR FTIR) spectroscopy, mechanical testing, decay resistance assessment (EN 113) and leachability analysis (EN 84). The results showed that the two-step tannin-geopolymer impregnation improved the durability of wood against wood decay fungi. The mechanical properties of the treated wood specimen were not different from that of the untreated controls, and the performance of the treated wood specimen was retained after the leaching test. The FTIR revealed that the absorbance of tannin at 10 and 5% treatments was reduced after leaching, indicating the leachability of tannin. The combination of tannin at 5% with subsequent geopolymer at 4% treatment yielded the best performance, showing no significant change in absorbance before and after the leaching test. Overall, this study highlights the potential of combining tannin and geopolymer impregnation treatments to enhance the performance of wood in terms of fixation, leachability and wood decay resistance. These findings contribute to the development of a durable wood material for various applications, such as outdoor construction, where resistance to decay is a critical factor.
$$n\mathbb {Z}$$-cluster tilting subcategories for Nakayama algebras
Authors: Herschend Martin , Kvamme Sondre , Vaso Laertis
Published: December 2024

$$n\mathbb {Z}$$

n
Z

-cluster tilting subcategories are an ideal setting for higher dimensional Auslander–Reiten theory. We give a complete classification of

$$n\mathbb {Z}$$

n
Z

-cluster tilting subcategories of module categories of Nakayama algebras given by quivers with relations. In particular, we show that there are three kinds of Nakayama algebras that admit

$$n\mathbb {Z}$$

n
Z

-cluster tilting subcategories: finite global dimension, selfinjective and non-Iwanaga–Gorenstein. Only the selfinjective ones can admit more than one

$$n\mathbb {Z}$$

n
Z

-cluster tilting subcategory. It has been shown by the second author, that each such

$$n\mathbb {Z}$$

n
Z

-cluster tilting subcategory induces an

$$n\mathbb {Z}$$

n
Z

-cluster tilting subcategory of the corresponding singularity category. For each Nakayama algebra in our classification, we describe its singularity category, the canonical functor from its module category to its singularity category, and provide a complete comparison of

$$n\mathbb {Z}$$

n
Z

-cluster tilting subcategories in the module category and the singularity category. This relies heavily on results by Shen, who described the singularity categories of all Nakayama algebras.