bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contractile and torsional dual-responsive artificial muscles actuated by electric heating and water droplet
Authors: Wang Zeping , Li Qingwei
Published: June 2023

Artificial muscle is a kind of soft actuators that can mimic biological muscles to realize contraction, torsion, and other action modes. Since the artificial muscles based on stimuli-responsive materials can drive the robots to achieve bionic motions under different external stimuli, they are expected to be used in various scenarios. Due to high requirements for the component fibrous materials, the artificial muscles capable of responding to two or more forms of stimuli and integrating multiple functions are rarely reported. Although some valuable attempts (host-guest, sheath-core, hybrid spinning methods) have been made to realize multi-responsive and functional artificial muscles, very complicated and demanding preparation processes are usually needed. Here, we used a direct and effective method to develop dual-responsive artificial muscles without excessive requirements on materials: by plying the viscose and silver-coated nylon coiled yarns (in response to water and electric heating, respectively) into double-helix structure, or tying them into single-strand serial structure, the contractile and torsional muscles can be fabricated readily and conveniently. Under concerted or alternate stimulation of water and electric heating, the dual-responsive muscles can exhibit significant performance improvements (in contractile stroke, output force, durability, etc) and achieve new actuation mode (bidirectional torsion) through the interaction and cooperation of the two component yarns. The moisture detectors based on the dual-responsive muscles were also demonstrated. This work provides a feasible way to prepare dual-/multi-responsive muscles using ordinary stimulus-responsive materials. Besides, the multiple stimuli and the interactions between the muscle components can be fully utilized to improve the muscle performances and extend new functions. These methods and concepts will facilitate the development of multi-responsive and functional artificial muscles, and promote their wide applications.
Experimental entanglement generation using multiport beam splitters
Authors: Kumar Shreya , Bhatti Daniel , Jones Alex E , Barz Stefanie
Published: June 2023

Multipartite entanglement plays a central role in optical quantum technologies. One way to entangle two photons is to prepare them in orthogonal internal states, for example, in two polarisations, and then send them through a balanced beam splitter. Post-selecting on the cases where there is one photon in each output port results in a maximally entangled state. This idea can be extended to schemes for the post-selected generation of larger entangled states. Typically, switching between different types of entangled states requires different arrangements of beam splitters and so a new experimental setup. Here, we demonstrate a simple and versatile scheme to generate different types of genuine tripartite entangled states with only one experimental setup. We send three photons through a three-port splitter and vary their internal states before post-selecting on certain output distributions. This results in the generation of tripartite W, G and GHZ states. We obtain fidelities of up to

(
87.3
±
1.1
)
%

with regard to the respective ideal states, confirming a successful generation of genuine tripartite entanglement.
Helical mode localization and mode locking of ideal MHD instabilities in magnetically perturbed tokamak plasmas
Authors: Puchmayr Jonas , Dunne Mike , Strumberger Erika , Willensdorfer Matthias , Zohm Hartmut , Hindenlang Florian
Published: June 2023

In H-mode tokamak plasmas, the achievable pressure-gradient is limited by type-I Edge Localized Modes (ELMs), which are projected to cause severe damage to future fusion devices. There are several approaches aiming to mitigate/suppress the occurrence of ELMs, such as the application of an external non-axisymmetric magnetic perturbation field, which breaks the axisymmetry of the tokamak plasma. In this work we use the CASTOR3D code to investigate helical localization and mode locking of edge-localized ideal MHD instabilities in rotating and flow-free magnetically perturbed tokamak plasmas with

N
P

=
2

periodicity. Helically localized instabilities are separated into two classes: quasi-locked and strictly locked. In a non-rotating plasma, the localization of quasi-locked modes is determined by an envelope while their precise location under the envelope is arbitrary, whereas strictly locked modes can only occur at a single helical position. Strictly locked modes only rotate if the toroidal plasma rotation exceeds a critical threshold; above the threshold the forced rotation of the strictly locked modes is non-uniform. For quasi-locked modes, no such critical threshold exists; they rotate uniformly beneath their envelope in the case of finite plasma rotation. The helical localization of both quasi-locked and strictly locked instabilities is determined by the energetic decomposition of the instabilities close to the most unstable flux-surface; for example, strongly current-density driven instabilities are aligned with regions of augmented parallel equilibrium current-density. Finally, we compare the computationally determined localization of MHD instabilities to experimental observations. The determined MHD instability is located at the same position as the experimentally measured modes with respect to the equilibrium corrugation, verifying that ideal MHD can describe the experimentally observed instabilities.
A review of carbon footprint reduction of green building technologies in China
Authors: Wang Xi , Pan Yiqun , Liang Yumin , Zeng Fei , Fu Ling , Li Jing , Sun Tianrui
Published: June 2023

Green building technologies (GBTs) play an important role in carbon emission reduction in the building sector. China is currently in the booming phase of green buildings construction and numerous studies have been conducted on GBTs, especially on the potential of reducing buildings’ energy consumption and carbon emissions. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of various GBTs, including high performance envelope, lighting and daylighting, natural ventilation, heating, ventilation and air conditioning system and the utilization of renewable energy. After describing the phases of the building life cycle and the calculation method of building carbon emissions, the literature review focuses on the applications of GBTs in different climate areas in China as well as the main findings and innovations on their carbon reduction potentials. Finally, recommendations for GBTs development are proposed based on the existing researches to facilitate carbon neutrality in the building sector.
RF and thermal studies on conduction cooled Nb3Sn SRF cavity
Authors: Stilin N A , Holic A , Liepe M , Porter R D , Sears J , Sun Z
Published: June 2023

Advancements in the development of Nb3Sn coatings for superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) cavities have enabled efficient RF operation at 4.2 K. This has made the use of new cooling methods possible, namely those based on conduction cooling from commercial cryocoolers. Using cryocoolers in place of liquid helium as a cooling source eliminates the need for expensive and complex cryogenic infrastructure, making SRF technology accessible to small-scale applications in fields such as medicine, industry, environmental sustainability and more. At Cornell University, we have developed a new cavity testing assembly which uses a Cryomech PT420-RM cryocooler to cool a 2.6 GHz Nb3Sn cavity. We have performed several rounds of RF and diagnostic testing using this new assembly. Our best results demonstrated stable CW operation at 10 MV/m, with the cavity remaining at 4.2 K or lower. This represents breakthrough performance for a conduction cooled cavity, in which accelerating gradients relevant to some industrial applications were achieved. Our analysis highlights the importance of reducing thermal gradients across the cavity during cooldown; different methods for achieving this were successfully developed and demonstrated. We also found close agreement regarding thermal behavior between experimental measurements and numerical simulations, validating our chosen conduction cooling methods and providing guidance for future improvements. These findings will serve as a foundation for designing a new cryocooler-based cryomodule which will provide beam energy gains on the order of 1 MeV for beam currents up to 100 mA.
Early-life oxidative stress due to air pollution. A scoping review focusing on identifying potential ‘-OMICS’ biomarkers from body fluids
Authors: Coumans J V F , Al Jaaidi S
Published: June 2023

Exposure to air pollution (AP) is inevitable in daily life and an increasing number of epidemiological studies have reported that exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) is associated with adverse health outcomes. Intrauterine, childhood, and adolescence are vulnerable periods, during which PM exposure can cause molecular changes, potentially leading to changes in metabolism and development. PM-induced oxidative stress is the underlying mechanism. Biomarkers can be used as illustrative measures of PM exposure to facilitate the assessment of potential health effects and provide a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms. The purpose of this scoping review is to report -OMICS biomarkers found in body fluids that are primarily related to oxidative stress and are already used to evaluate ambient AP exposure, as well as to identify knowledge gaps. Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus databases were independently searched for all studies published between January 2013 and December 2022 that reported on -OMICS signature changes during pregnancy, childhood, and adolescence. Of the initial 757 articles, 36 met our inclusion criteria and reported on genomic, epigenomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, lipidomic, and metabolomic biomarkers. The findings of this scoping review indicate that exposure to various ambient pollutants in early life can cause oxidative stress. Integrating biomarkers from top-down -OMICS studies in an epidemiological context may provide a clear picture of the biomarker selection process to establish a causal relationship between PM exposure and disease pathogenesis. This knowledge could lead to the conceptualization and subsequent development of novel preventative strategies.
Development and Validation of a Deep Learning–Based Histologic Diagnosis System for Diagnosing Colorectal Sessile Serrated Lesions
Authors: Wu Zhifeng , Yao Liwen , Liu Wen , Zhang Shiying , Zhang Lihui , Lu Zihua , Wang Jing , Chen Boru , Luo Renquan , Li Xun , Gong Rongrong , Luo Chaijie , Xu Youming , Zeng Zhi , Yu Honggang
Published: June 2023

Objectives

The histopathologic diagnosis of colorectal sessile serrated lesions (SSLs) and hyperplastic polyps (HPs) is of low consistency among pathologists. This study aimed to develop and validate a deep learning (DL)–based logical anthropomorphic pathology diagnostic system (LA-SSLD) for the differential diagnosis of colorectal SSL and HP.

Methods

The diagnosis framework of the LA-SSLD system was constructed according to the current guidelines and consisted of 4 DL models. Deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) 1 was the mucosal layer segmentation model, DCNN 2 was the muscularis mucosa segmentation model, DCNN 3 was the glandular lumen segmentation model, and DCNN 4 was the glandular lumen classification (aberrant or regular) model. A total of 175 HP and 127 SSL sections were collected from Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University during November 2016 to November 2022. The performance of the LA-SSLD system was compared to 11 pathologists with different qualifications through the human-machine contest.

Results

The Dice scores of DCNNs 1, 2, and 3 were 93.66%, 58.38%, and 74.04%, respectively. The accuracy of DCNN 4 was 92.72%. In the human-machine contest, the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the LA-SSLD system were 85.71%, 86.36%, and 85.00%, respectively. In comparison with experts (pathologist D: accuracy 83.33%, sensitivity 90.91%, specificity 75.00%; pathologist E: accuracy 85.71%, sensitivity 90.91%, specificity 80.00%), LA-SSLD achieved expert-level accuracy and outperformed all the senior and junior pathologists.

Conclusions

This study proposed a logical anthropomorphic diagnostic system for the differential diagnosis of colorectal SSL and HP. The diagnostic performance of the system is comparable to that of experts and has the potential to become a powerful diagnostic tool for SSL in the future. It is worth mentioning that a logical anthropomorphic system can achieve expert-level accuracy with fewer samples, providing potential ideas for the development of other artificial intelligence models.
Remarkable variation in androecial morphology is closely associated with corolla traits in Western Hemisphere Justiciinae (Acanthaceae: Justicieae)
Authors: Kiel Carrie A , Manzitto-Tripp Erin , Fisher Amanda E , Porter J Mark , McDade Lucinda A
Published: June 2023

Background and Aims

Few studies of angiosperms have focused on androecial evolution in conjunction with evolutionary shifts in corolla morphology and pollinator relationships. The Western Hemisphere clade of Justiciinae (Acanthaceae) presents the rare opportunity to examine remarkable diversity in staminal morphology. We took a phylogenetically informed approach to examine staminal diversity in this hypervariable group and asked whether differences in anther thecae separation is associated with phylogenetically informed patterns of variation in corolla morphology. We further discuss evidence for associations between anther diversity and pollinators in this lineage.

Methods

For the Dianthera/Sarotheca/Plagiacanthus (DSP) clade of Western Hemisphere Justiciinae, we characterized floral diversity based on a series of corolla measurements and using a model-based clustering approach. We then tested for correlations between anther thecae separation and corolla traits, and for shifts in trait evolution, including evidence for convergence.

Key Results

There is evolutionary vagility in corolla and anther traits across the DSP clade with little signal of phylogenetic constraint. Floral morphology clusters into four distinct groups that are, in turn, strongly associated with anther thecae separation, a novel result in Acanthaceae and, to our knowledge, across flowering plants. These cluster groups are marked by floral traits that strongly point to associations with pollinating animals. Specifically, species that are known or likely to be hummingbird pollinated have stamens with parallel thecae, whereas those that are likely bee or fly pollinated have stamens with offset, divergent thecae.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that anther thecae separation is likely under selection in concert with other corolla characters. Significant morphological shifts detected by our analyses corresponded to putative shifts from insect to hummingbird pollination. Results from this study support the hypothesis that floral structures function in an integrated manner and are likely subject to selection as a suite. Further, these changes can be hypothesized to represent adaptive evolution.
Changes in mass allocation play a more prominent role than morphology in resource acquisition of the rhizomatous Leymus chinensis under drought stress
Authors: Yang Yuheng , Shi Yujie , Wei Xiaowei , Han Jiayu , Wang Junfeng , Mu Chunsheng , Zhang Jinwei
Published: June 2023

Background and Aims

Plants can respond to drought by changing their relative investments in the biomass and morphology of each organ. The aims of this study were to quantify the relative contribution of changes in morphology vs. allocation and determine how they affect each other. These results should help us understand the mechanisms that plants use to respond to drought events.

Methods

In a glasshouse experiment, we applied a drought treatment (well-watered vs. drought) at early and late stages of plant growth, leading to four treatment combinations (well-watered in both early and late periods, WW; drought in the early period and well-watered in the late period, DW; well-watered in the early period and drought in the late period, WD; drought in both early and late periods, DD). We used the variance partitioning method to compare the contribution of organ (leaf and root) biomass allocation and morphology to the leaf area ratio, root length ratio and root area ratio, for the rhizomatous grass Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvelev.

Key Results

Compared with the continuously well-watered treatment, the leaf area ratio, root length ratio and root area ratio showed increasing trends under various drought treatments. The contribution of leaf mass allocation to leaf area ratio differed among the drought treatments and was 2.1- to 5.3-fold greater than leaf morphology, and the contribution of root mass allocation to root length ratio was ~2-fold greater than that of root morphology. In contrast, root morphology contributed more to the root area ratio than biomass allocation under drought in both the early and late periods. There was a negative correlation between the ratio of leaf mass fraction to root mass fraction and the ratio of specific leaf area to specific root length (or specific root area).

Conclusions

This study suggested that organ biomass allocation drove a larger proportion of variation than morphological traits for the absorption of resources in this rhizomatous grass. These findings should help us understand the adaptive mechanisms of plants when they are confronted with drought stress.
Systematic review on raphide morphotype calcium oxalate crystals in angiosperms
Authors: Lawrie Natasha S , Cuetos Nekane Medrano , Sini Francesca , Salam Ghifary A , Ding Hangyu , Vancolen Arthur , Nelson Jessica M , Erkens Roy H J , Perversi Giuditta
Published: June 2023

Abstract. Calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals are biominerals present in a wide variety of plants. Formation of these crystals is a biomineralization process occurring in vacuoles within specialized cells called crystal idioblasts. This process is dependent on two key components: deprotonated oxalic acid, and calcium ions (Ca2+), and can result in multiple crystal morphologies. Raphides are needle-like CaOx crystals found in various plant organs and tissues. Though their function is highly debated, they can potentially store calcium, sequester heavy metals, protect against herbivory and possibly programmed cell death. The last review of the taxonomic and anatomical distribution of raphides across the plant kingdom dates back to 1980, in a review by Franceschi and Horner, prompting an updated systematic review of raphides in plants. We conduct a broad literature search to record plant taxa and tissue locations containing raphides. We provide an overview of raphide-forming plant taxa, discussing phylogenetic distribution of raphides at the order level, and report on the specific locations of raphides within plants. Our review reveals raphide occurrence has been studied in 33 orders, 76 families and 1305 species, with raphides presence confirmed in 24 orders, 46 families and 797 species. These taxa represented less than 1 % of known species per family. Leaves are the most prominent raphide-containing primary location in all three major angiosperm clades investigated: Eudicots, Magnoliids, and Monocots. Roots are least reported to contain raphides. The collation of such information lays the groundwork to unveil the genetic origin and evolution of raphides in plants, and highlights targets for future studies of the presence and role of plant raphides.
Everything First
Authors: Lord Errol
Published: June 2023

Normative theory aims to understand the commonalities between ethics, prudence, epistemology, aesthetics and political philosophy (among others). One central question in normative theory is what is fundamental to the normative. The reasons-first approach holds that normative reasons are fundamental to the normative domain. This view has been challenged by proponents of alternative X-first views such as value, fittingness and ought. This paper examines the debate about the analysis of normative reasons and argues for a new form of reductive naturalism that analyses normative reasons in terms of fittingness, ought and value. I argue that this view is compatible with Reasons First because fittingness and the type of ought and value appealed to are not robustly normative notions. It is also extensionally and explanatorily plausible, and thus has much to recommend it on both first-order and second-order grounds.
Arctigenin derivatives improve exercise performance in mice: synthesis and biological evaluation
Authors: Zeng Wanbo , Wu Xiaowen , Zhu Huimin , Shi Weiguo , Li Xiang , Tan Junjie , Xu Liang
Published: June 2023

Arctigenin (ARG) has potent antifatigue activity, but its clinical application has been restricted for its poor water solubility. In this study, seven ARG derivatives containing different amino acids coupled via an ethoxy linker were synthesized, and tested for their solubility, as well as activities to improve exercise performance in mice. All of the derivatives showed improved solubility compared to that of ARG. Derivative Z-A-6 exhibited the highest activity, showing that the mice ran a 4.88-fold greater distance in the running wheel test and swam a 2.86-fold greater time in the swimming test than those in the blank control group. Z-A-6 treatment increased the plasma superoxide dismutase and catalase concentrations as well as reduced lactic acid and blood urea nitrogen accumulation during exercise. Z-A-6 treatment enhanced the phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, and no acute toxicity was observed. The results will contribute to the development of potential antifatigue agents.
Golden berry leaf extract containing withanolides suppresses TNF-α and IL-17 induced IL-6 expression in HeLa Cells
Authors: Yano Akira , Yuki Sayaka , Shiraishi Akiko , Hakozaki Mayuka , Kanno Yuko , Kimura Ken-ichi , Uesugi Shota
Published: June 2023

Inflammation, characterized by the overexpression of IL-6 in various tissues, has been reported as a symptom of coronavirus disease 2019. In this study, we established an experimental system for overexpression of IL-6 in HeLa cells stimulated by TNF-α and IL-17, along with identification of anti-inflammatory materials and components from local agricultural, forestry, and fishery resources. We constructed a library of extracts from natural sources, of which 111 samples were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activities. The MeOH extract of Golden Berry (Physalis peruviana L) leaf was found to exhibit strong anti-inflammatory properties (IC50 = 4.97 µg/mL). Preparative chromatography identified two active constituents, 4β-hydroxywithanolide E (4β-HWE) (IC50 = 183 nM) and withanolide E (WE) (IC50 = 65.1 nM). Withanolides are known anti-inflammatory ingredients of Withania somnifera, an Ayurvedic herbal medicine. P. peruviana leaves containing 4β-HWE and WE should be considered as useful natural resources for anti-inflammatory products.
Isobavachalcone inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis via miR-193-3p/NF-κB/NFATc1 signaling pathway in BMMs cells
Authors: Liu Xin , Xu Xiaosa , Li Jinping , Shi Liying , Zeng Ying , Tang Siyuan , Liu Wei , Jia Lujuan , Li Yuhong , Zhang Jie
Published: June 2023

Inhibition of extensive osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption is considered a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of osteoporosis. Isobavachalcone (IBC) is derived from the traditional Chinese herb Psoralea corylifolia Linn. We showed that IBC dose-dependently suppressed receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis in bone marrow monocyte/macrophage (BMMs) and osteoclastic bone-resorption function without cytotoxicity at a dose of no more than 8 µmin vitro. Mechanistically, the results of western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) indicated that IBC inhibited the RANKL-induced degradation of IκBα and phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in BMMs, and subsequently downregulated the expression of osteoclastic-specific genes and osteoclastogenesis-related proteins. TRAP staining and qRT-PCR showed that IBC can inhibit osteoclast differentiation by down-regulating the expression of miR-193-3p on osteoclast differentiation. Overall, our findings suggest that IBC may serve as a promising compound for the treatment of osteoporosis and other metabolic bone diseases.
A step-economical divergent approach to isoflavenes based on Suzuki–Miyaura cross coupling of a 3-boryl-2H-chromene with aryl bromides: application to total synthesis of isoflavonoid natural products
Authors: Uchida Yuichiro , Takikawa Hirosato , Kang Bubwoong
Published: June 2023

We present a step-economical divergent synthetic approach for isoflavene derivatives using the Suzuki–Miyaura cross coupling of a 3-boryl-2H-chromene and three aryl bromides. 3-Boryl-2H-chromene, which is not a well-explored species, was prepared via Miyaura–Ishiyama borylation of a 3-chloro-2H-chromene obtained through a Claisen rearrangement cyclization cascade reaction. Further conversion of the cross-coupling products, three isoflavene derivatives, afforded three isoflavonoid natural products with one or two additional reaction steps.
AIRRSHIP: simulating human B cell receptor repertoire sequences
Authors: Sutherland Catherine , Cowan Graeme J M
Published: June 2023

Adaptive Immune Receptor Repertoire Sequencing is a rapidly developing field that has advanced understanding of the role of the adaptive immune system in health and disease. Numerous tools have been developed to analyse the complex data produced by this technique but work to compare their accuracy and reliability has been limited. Thorough, systematic assessment of their performance is dependent on the ability to produce high quality simulated datasets with known ground truth. We have developed AIRRSHIP, a flexible and fast Python package that produces synthetic human B cell receptor sequences. AIRRSHIP uses a comprehensive set of reference data to replicate key mechanisms in the immunoglobulin recombination process, with a particular focus on junctional complexity. Repertoires generated by AIRRSHIP are highly similar to published data and all steps in the sequence generation process are recorded. These data can be used to not only determine the accuracy of repertoire analysis tools but can also, by tuning of the large number of user-controllable parameters, give insight into factors that contribute to inaccuracies in results.

Availability and implementation

AIRRSHIP is implemented in Python. It is available via https://github.com/Cowanlab/airrship and on PyPI at https://pypi.org/project/airrship/. Documentation can be found at https://airrship.readthedocs.io/.
Phenotypic differentiation in populations of a gladiator tree frog: environment, genetic drift and sexual selection
Authors: Nali Renato C , Zamudio Kelly R , Prado Cynthia P A
Published: June 2023

Phenotypic differentiation among animal populations is common, yet few studies have simultaneously examined the adaptive and neutral mechanisms behind it. Such evolutionary processes become more relevant in species with complex behaviours that undergo global and local selective pressures throughout their geographical range. Here we measured and compared morphological and acoustic variation across the distribution range of a Neotropical gladiator tree frog that shows elaborate reproduction (territoriality, complex courtship and female choice). We then incorporated molecular and landscape data to examine the roles of sexual selection, genetic drift and acoustic adaptation to the environment in call differentiation, i.e. the acoustic adaptation hypothesis (AAH). We found that calls varied more than morphology among populations, but differences in calls or morphological traits were not explained by genetic differentiation. We found no evidence for the AAH, but a significant relationship in the opposite direction regarding call frequencies suggests an indirect role of sexual selection. Differentiation on call traits that are associated with individual discrimination and/or female attraction also corroborated an important role of sexual selection. We show that multitrait and multimechanism approaches can elucidate intricate processes leading to phenotypic variation among individuals and populations. We emphasize that studies of species with complex reproductive behaviours across their range may provide insights into different selective pressures leading to phenotypic differentiation.
Teleonomy in living systems: an overview
Authors: Vane-Wright Richard I , Corning Peter A
Published: June 2023

An introduction, overview and discussion are provided for this special issue of the Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, entitled ‘Teleonomy in Living Systems’. The introduction offers a brief account of the origin of Colin Pittendrigh’s notion of teleonomy, in many ways comparable to Dobzhansky’s later proposal of ‘internal teleology’, and a subsequent externalist interpretation of the concept by Ernst Mayr which, unfortunately, has remained influential. As part of the growing movement that places organismic purpose, goal-directedness and agency back at the centre of biology, in June 2021 a 2-day online international meeting was organized by the authors through the Linnean Society of London, under the title Evolution ‘On Purpose’: Teleonomy in Living Systems. Our overview provides a summary, with some commentary, for each of 15 papers presented here. Together with a complementary volume of 18 papers published by MIT Press, they form a selected and extended proceedings. These papers represent scientifically founded views of evolutionary biologists and philosophers of science who seriously question the adequacy of the neo-Darwinian Modern Synthesis to account for the purposive nature of living systems. Like any other phenomena associated with life, purposive and teleonomic behaviours demand evolutionary explanations and context. Without any recourse to supernatural or non-material processes, various approaches to trying to understand how this goal-directed, teleonomic property of life has influenced the course of evolution are explored.
Bite and seek: bite force and exploratory behaviour of the lizard Podarcis siculus across its non-native range in the north-eastern United States
Authors: Patti Thomas , Donihue Colin M , Dressler Caroline , Luo Andy , Kartzinel Tyler R
Published: June 2023

Understanding how animals succeed in novel environments is critical to predicting the outcomes of species introductions under global change. Variation in exploratory behaviour—the willingness to investigate unfamiliar environments—has potential to influence species’ invasion success. The Italian wall lizard, Podarcis siculus, is native to southern Europe and has been introduced across Europe and North America. To compare the exploratory behaviour and bite force of individuals from three non-native populations in the United States, we conducted a laboratory experiment involving wild-caught lizards from New York City, Philadelphia, and Boston. We tested a series of hypotheses concerning the predictions that: (1) exploratory behaviour would be greatest in the most recently established population and (2) bite force—associated with competitive ability—would be greatest in the densest populations. Across populations, exploratory behaviour increased significantly with body size. Contrary to our first prediction, exploratory behaviour was not significantly greater in more recently established populations. Consistent with our second prediction, however, lizards from the low-density Philadelphia population exhibited weaker bites. Results suggest that contemporary behavioural variation reflects differences in local ecological conditions, such as resource abundance, population density, and size structure rather than establishment history. Our findings highlight the need for further research into behavioural and performance drivers of lizard invasion success.
Objective Research Priorities in Pancreatic Surgery – Results of a Worldwide Online Expert Survey
Authors: Holze M , Klotz R , Antony P , Diener M K , Probst P
Published: June 2023

Background

Several evidence gaps still need to be addressed in pancreatic surgery research. In our times of scarcity of resources in finances and time, research activities should be prioritized according to their clinical and political relevance.

Aims

Prioritize research topics in pancreatic surgery based on existing evidence and expert voting.

Methods

A digital survey among national and international pancreatic societies was performed over the course of six months. International experts were asked to rate their “Top 5” research topics requiring an RCT based on the 76 research topics from the Evidence Map of Pancreatic Surgery. Moreover, experts rated the importance of having an RCT for existing evidence gaps i.e. from the eleven research topics currently without an existing RCT.

Results

A total of 149 surgeons from 30 countries contributed to this study. Currently, the most relevant research topic is vascular resection in pancreatic surgery (39 votes). Radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy (RAMPS) versus standard distal pancreatectomy was ranked second (30 votes). Celiac axis resection versus standard resection and spleen management in distal pancreatectomy were ranked third and fourth (both 27 votes). Finally, the time point for surgery for chronic pancreatitis was ranked fifth with 25 votes.

With regard to the eleven evidence gaps, the topic of RAMPS versus standard distal pancreatectomy and total versus partial pancreatectomy were both rated as having “very high priority” to have an RCT.

Conclusions

Research activities should be based on objective prioritization. The current study allows researchers and funding bodies to address the most relevant research questions based on a systematic evidence overview evaluated by pancreatic surgeons worldwide. This will allow for clinically relevant, high-quality evidence while also saving resources.
Impact of Circular Stapled Oesophagogastric Anastomosis Caliber on the Incidence of Postoperative Anastomotic Leakage in Minimally Invasive Ivor Lewis Oesophagectomy
Authors: Kröll D , Matthias B , Fehrenbach U , Raakow J , Pratschke J , Denecke C , Seika P
Published: June 2023

Background

Minimally invasive oesophagectomy (MIE) with intrathoracic anastomosis is increasingly used in treating patients with oesophageal cancer. Anastomotic leakage (AL) remains a critical perioperative complication, despite recent advances in surgical techniques. It remains unclear to what extent the size of the circular stapler (CS), a 25 mm CS or a bigger CS, may affect the incidence of AL.

Aims

This study aimed to evaluate whether the CS size in oesophagogastrostomy affects the postoperative AL rates and related morbidity in MIE.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective review of consecutive patients who had undergone thoracic MIE between August 2014 and July 2019 using a CS oesophagogastric anastomosis at the level of the Vena azygos. The patients were grouped according to CS size (mm): small-sized (SS25) and large-sized (LS29). The patient demographics, data regarding morbidity, and clinical outcomes were compared. The primary outcome measure was the AL rate related to the stapler size.

Results

A total of 119 patients were included (SS25: n = 65; LS29: n = 54). Except for the distribution of squamous cell carcinoma, the demographics were similar in each group. The AL rate was 3.7% in the LS29 group and 18.5% in the SS25 group (p = 0.01). The major morbidity (CD ≥ 3a) was significantly more frequent in the SS25 group compared with the LS29 group (p = 0.02). CS size, pulmonary complications, and cardiovascular disease were independent risk factors for AL in the multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

A 29 mm CS is associated with significantly improved surgical outcomes following standard MIE at the level of the azygos vein and should be conducted whenever technically feasible.
Mechanical Parameters Influencing Recurrence in Ventral Midline Incisional Hernia Open Repair
Authors: Pal N , Mehta A , Hagen M , Dupuis A , Toso C , Douissard J
Published: June 2023

Background

Ventral midline incisional hernia (VMIH) is common and recurrence rates remain of concern after gold-standard open repairs. Personalized optimization and risk stratification are traditionally performed through preoperative considerations regarding patients’ general and medical status and occulting mechanical factors.

Aims

The aim of this retrospective observational cohort study is to identify mechanical parameters potentially influencing VMIH recurrence (VMIHR) after repair.

Methods

Data were derived from an institutional quality database. Patients who underwent VMIH open repair with retromuscular or preperitoneal non-absorbable mesh reinforcement, confirmed by an available preoperative CT scan for biomechanical measurements, between June 2012 – June 2020 in a single centre, were included. Exclusion criteria were non-open repairs, non-midline hernias, absence of preoperative scan, absence of mesh reinforcement, intraperitoneal/bridging mesh positions, biologic/biosynthetic mesh and use of component separation techniques. The main outcome was VMIHR, a symptomatic clinically confirmed recurrence re-operated in the same institution within 36 months maximum following primary open repair. Patients with/without recurrence were compared using standard analytic tools.

Results

Fourty-eight patients met the inclusion criteria of which 11 (23%) developed VMIHR. The following parameters were statistically significantly associated with VMIHR: smaller visceral fat surface (mean of 244.9 cm2 in the recurrence group vs 286.3 cm2 in non-recurrence group, p = 0.0295), smaller mesh length (17.2 cm vs 23 cm, p = 0.001), smaller total mesh surface (315.2 cm2 vs 550.1 cm2, p = 0.0095), coated meshes (p = 0.033), absorbable suture for mesh anchoring (p = 0.043) and a greater largest defect width/mesh width ratio (0.42 vs 0.29, p = 0.0146).

Conclusions

When focusing on mechanical parameters, non-modifiable and patient-related parameters seem to play a limited role. However, using uncoated meshes of larger dimensions (greater than/equal to 3.5x defect size) than suggested previously (defect size + 5cm) resulted in fewer recurrences. This may help to orientate further larger prospective trials.
Implementation of the Dexter Robot System in Daily Practice - First Experiences in Gall Bladder and Hernia Surgery
Authors: Hotz A S , Breitenstein S , Kambakamba P , Grochola L F , Zehnder A , Bächler T , Gantner L , Seeger N , Gelpke H , Adamina M , Grieder F
Published: June 2023

Background

The use of surgical robots is increasing in the field of visceral surgery. Recently, new robotic platforms have entered the market. Dexter Robotic System is a computer-assisted surgical device with two working arms and one camera arm.

Aims

The purpose of this study was to assess the implementation this innovative robotic system in general visceral surgery.

Methods

This prospective study investigated the efficiency in elective cholecystectomy and inguinal hernia surgery of the Dexter robot. The Primary endpoints was safety, defined by device related adverse events. Secondary endpoints were performance of the Robotic System (defined as completion of the robotic procedure), operative parameters and surgeons’ comfort. Patients were consented for participation and the study was approved by the Ethical committee.

Results

The first 25 consecutive Dexter robotic assisted elective procedures (14 hernia, 11 cholecystectomies) were included. No device related adverse events occurred. 24 operations could be completed robotically. One hernia procedure was converted to a laparoscopic operation, due to a software failure of the Dexter-system. The median robot usage time were 55 minutes (IQR 41-5-79.5) for cholecystectomy and 95 minutes (IQR 90.5-115.25) in hernia, while the operating time amounted 99 minutes (IQR 84-133) in cholecystectomy and 131 minutes (IQR 124.75-153.75) in hernia. The median docking time of the Dexter robot was 7 minutes (IQR 7-10.5). Operators perceived comfort as high, median 4 (IQR 4-10.5, Discomfort Score range 4-16) and subjective stress levels as low, median 25 (IQR 10-35, Mental Effort Questionnaire range 10-60). (This study is ongoing, we expect to include 50 cases until June 2023).

Conclusions

This world's first clinical study of the Dexter Robotic System in general visceral surgery demonstrates a safe and efficient implementation of this innovative robotic system in clinical practice. Further studies will refine the effective applications of the Dexter Robotic System and its advantages over conventional surgical techniques.
Noise in the Operating Room as Indicator for Long and Difficult Surgeries
Authors: Peisl S , Beldi G , Sanchez-Taltavull D , Tschan F , Keller S
Published: June 2023

Background

Noise pollution in the operating room (OR) has been shown to have adverse effects on the surgical team and has been linked to the occurrence of surgical site infections.

Aims

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether intraoperative sound levels were associated with postoperative complications.

Methods

Sound levels were measured during 407 procedures of patients undergoing elective or emergency surgery in four Swiss hospitals. Sound levels were registered every second in decibels dB(A). The percentage of time above 70dBA and the time-averaged sound levels were calculated. A standard questionnaire at the end of the surgery was used to evaluate subjectively perceived difficulty of the surgery and distraction during the procedure by the OR members. The POSSUM classification (“Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the enUmeration of Mortality and morbidity”) was used to assess complexity of each procedure. Noise levels were then related to the occurrence of postoperative complications in multivariate regression models.

Results

Of the 294 patients included, 38% had any kind of postoperative complication. Intraoperative sound levels (percentage of time above >70dB(A) and time-averaged sound levels) were significantly higher for patients who developed a postoperative complication (0.7% versus 0.5%, respectively 60dB(A) versus 58dB(A), p-value < 0.01). Further, higher sound levels were significantly correlated with the duration and complexity of the procedure as well as subjectively perceived difficulty by the members of the surgical team. In a multivariate analysis including procedure- and patient-related factors, only the duration of the surgery was an independent predictor for postoperative complications.

Conclusions

Higher intraoperative sound levels were associated with an increased rate of postoperative complications. Here, we showed that this is likely the result of louder procedures being technically more challenging for the surgical team. Thus, increased sound levels may represent a surrogate marker for long and complex surgical procedures.
MicroRNA Expression Correlates with Clinical Presentation of Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Martinez Lopez I S , Papasotiropoulos T , Schläpfer F , Ulrich S , Opitz I , Kirschner M B
Published: June 2023

Background

Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension (CTEPH) is a rare, debilitating disease characterized by pathological changes that obstruct both sides of the pulmonary arteries (PA). The underlying pathophysiology is poorly understood.

Aims

Trying to understand the possible contribution of microRNAs to CTEPH pathophysiology, we here analysed the expression of four candidate microRNAs in pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) specimens.

Methods

MicroRNA specific RT-qPCR for miR-939, miR-942, let-7b and let-7d was done on RNA from PEA specimens of 50 CTEPH patients and from PAs resected from explant lungs of 48 transplant recipients (25 due to COPD, and including 22 with PH). Associations between microRNA expression and clinical presentation (not all factors available for every patient) were assessed by Spearman correlation. MicroRNA expression between CTEPH and reference PAs was compared by Mann Whitney test.

Results

Expression levels in left-side PEA-derived tissues correlated negatively with: CRP for let-7d (n = 49, R = -0.29, p=0.039), oxygen saturation (SpO2) at peak 6-minute walk distance for miR-939 (n = 44, R = -0.39, p=0.007), and Right Jamieson classification for miR-942 (n = 40, R = -0.34, p=0.03). Right-side samples let-7d levels correlated negatively with mPAP (n = 42, R = -0.33, p=0.031). Contrastingly, mean expression levels of miR-942 showed positive correlation with mPAP (n = 49, R = 0.28, p=0.049) and Borg Scale showed a similar tendency with miR-939 (n = 50, R = 0.31, p=0.027). Compared to reference PAs, right-side expression of miR-942 reached significance (n = 47 CTEPH vs n = 46 Reference, p=0.0001).

Conclusions

Correlations with clinical parameters suggest that miRNAs may be associated with clinical presentation of CTEPH. Furthermore, the significant elevation compared to reference PA tissue suggest that microRNA dysregulation might be involved in CTEPH pathophysiological mechanisms, encouraging us to investigate further.
Cannabis use and serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin: a smoky illusion
Authors: Patel Priyank , Hussain Khawar
Published: June 2023

Systemic isotretinoin is a well-known human teratogen that remains the most effective treatment for patients > 12 years old with severe nodulocystic acne. This is, to our knowledge, the first report in the dermatology literature of a false-positive serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin level from recreational cannabis use. It is important to raise awareness of this phenomenon given the ramifications of positive results for the patient, clinician and the potential workup required by various medical teams. We emphasize the importance of taking a recreational drug and alcohol history during the initial consultation and also highlight the importance of revisiting the topic in subsequent follow-up appointments.
Galectin-9 in synergy with NF-κB inhibition restores immune regulatory capability in dendritic cells of subjects with food allergy
Authors: Li Linjing , Xu Xuejie , Wang Xinxin , Zhang Shuang , Yao Wenkai , Liu Jiangqi , Liu Zhiqiang , Yang Pingchang
Published: June 2023

The pathogenesis of immune tolerance disruption is not fully understood. Galectin-9 (Gal9) has immune regulatory functions. The objective of the present study is to assess the role of Gal9 in maintaining immune tolerance. Blood and intestinal biopsies were taken from patients with food allergy (FA). The status of tolerogenic dendritic cells (tDC) and type 1 regulatory T cells (Tr1 cells) in the samples was evaluated and used as representative parameters of immune tolerance. An FA mouse model was established to assess the role of Gal9 in maintaining immune tolerance. We found that peripheral CD11c+ CD5+ CD1d+ tDC frequency was significantly lower in FA patients as compared to health control (HC) subjects. There was no significant change in CD11c+ DC frequency between the FA group and the HC group. The expression of IL-10 in peripheral tDCs was lower in the FA group than that in the HC group. A positive correlation was detected between the serum levels of IL-10 and Gal9. The expression of Gal9 was observed in intestinal biopsies, which was positively correlated with the serum levels of Gal9 as well as serum IL-10 levels. Peripheral Tr1 cells had lower frequencies in the FA group than in the non-FA (Con) group. tDCs demonstrated the ability to generate Tr1 cells, which was weaker in the FA group as compared with the Con group. Exposure of FA tDCs to Gal9 in culture restored the ability to generate Tr1 cells. In summary, the lower frequency of tDC and Tr1 cell of FA patients was associated with the levels of Gal9. The presence of Gal9 restored the capacity of tDC to generate Tr1 cells.