bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implications of Debunking the “Critical Positivity Ratio” for Humanistic Psychology: Introduction to Special Issue
Authors: Friedman Harris L. , Brown Nicholas J. L.
Published: March 2018

An extraordinary claim was made by one of the leading researchers within positive psychology, namely, there is a universal–invariant ratio between positive to negative emotions that serves as a unique tipping point between flourishing and languishing in individuals, marriages, organizations, and other human systems across all cultures and times. Known as the “critical positivity ratio,” this finding was supposedly derived from the famous Lorenz equation in physics by using the mathematics of nonlinear dynamic systems, and was defined precisely as “2.9013.” This exact number was widely touted as a great discovery by many leaders of positive psychology, had tremendous impact in various applied areas of psychology, and, more broadly, and was extensively cited in both the scientific literature and in the global popular media. However, this finding has been demonstrated to be bogus. Since its advent as a relatively new subdiscipline, positive psychology has claimed superiority to its precursor, the subdiscipline of humanistic psychology, in terms of supposedly both using more rigorous science and avoiding popularizing nonsense. The debunking of the critical positivity ratio demonstrates that positive psychology did not live up to these claims, and this has important implications, which are discussed in terms of “romantic scientism” and “voodoo science.” In addition, articles in the special issue on the “Implications of Debunking the ‘Critical Positivity Ratio’ for Humanistic Psychology” are introduced, as they also delve into these concerns.
Comprehensive Support for Family Caregivers of Post-9/11 Veterans Increases Veteran Utilization of Long-term Services and Supports: A Propensity Score Analysis
Authors: Shepherd-Banigan Megan , Smith Valerie A. , Stechuchak Karen M. , Miller Katherine E. M. , Hastings Susan Nicole , Wieland Gilbert Darryl , Olsen Maren K. , Kabat Margaret , Henius Jennifer , Campbell-Kotler Margaret , Van Houtven Courtney Harold
Published: March 2018

Family caregivers are an important component of the long-term services and supports (LTSS) system. However, caregiving may have negative consequences for caregiver physical and emotional health. Connecting caregivers to formal short-term home- and community-based services (HCBS), through information resources and referrals, might alleviate family caregiver burden and delay nursing home entry for the patient. The aim of this study was to evaluate the early impact of the Program of Comprehensive Assistance for Family Caregivers (PCAFC) (established by P.L. 111-163 for family caregivers of seriously injured post-9/11 Veterans) on Veteran use of LTSS. A two-cohort pre-post design with a nonequivalent comparison group (treated n = 15 650; comparison n = 8339) was used to (1) examine the association between caregiver enrollment in PCAFC and any VA-purchased or VA-provided LTSS use among Veterans and (2) describe program-related trends in HCBS and institutional LTSS use. The comparison group was an inverse-propensity-score weighted sample of Veterans whose caregivers applied for, but were not accepted into, the program. From baseline through 24 months post application, use of any LTSS ranged from 13.1% to 17.8% for Veterans whose caregivers were enrolled in PCAFC versus from 3.8% to 5.3% for Veterans in the comparison group. Participation in PCAFC was associated with a statistically significant increased use of any LTSS from 1 to 24 months post application (over time odds ratios ranged from 2.71 [95% confidence interval: 2.31-3.17] to 4.86 [3.93-6.02]). Support for family caregivers may enhance utilization of LTSS for Veterans with physical, emotional, and/or cognitive conditions.
Theory and Organization Studies: The Need for Contestation
Authors: Reed Mike , Burrell Gibson
Published: March 2018

In this piece of provocation we focus on the words of people who we view as increasingly powerful institutional actors in the field of organization theory and what they signify about ‘what needs to be done’ and ‘how it needs to be done’ in order to rectify the many failings they identify. We suggest that their actions reflect a desire for an integrated, general theory of organizations and the conception of organization studies as a nomothetic science to which they (and perforce we) are philosophically and ideologically committed. These are seen to be intellectual and ideological forces at work on both sides of the Atlantic. We provide a critique of this emerging orthodoxy within contemporary organization theory, briefly drawing on Swift’s metaphor of Lilliputian ‘big enders’ and ‘little enders’ but also offer contemplation of the architectural metaphors of ‘cathedral’, ‘mystery house’ and ‘the tower of Babel’ (conceived of as ruination) to consider the alternative imaginary edifices that may influence the structure of our studies. Finally, we specify an alternative research agenda for organization theory which focuses upon ‘the organization of destruction’ rather than ‘the organization of production’ or ‘the organization of consumption’. Rather than seeing any contestation of intellectual traditions, analytical frameworks and methodological strategies as mental manacles and shackles which we need to ‘throw off’ to rediscover our true vocation as organization scientists, we contend that organization theory needs to reignite a fierce dialogue over ‘organization’ and its relation to order and disorder that has stretched over, at least, two millennia and still speaks to our lives today and tomorrow.
Perceived Calling and Work Engagement Among Nurses
Authors: Ziedelis Arunas
Published: March 2018

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship of perceived calling and work engagement in nursing over and above major work environment factors. In all, 351 nurses from various health care institutions completed the survey. Data were collected about the most demanding aspects of nursing, major job resources, the degree to which nursing is perceived as a meaningful calling, work engagement, and main demographic information. Hierarchical linear regression was applied to assess the relation between perceived calling and work engagement, while controlling for demographic and work environment factors, and perceived calling was significantly related to two out of three components of nurses’ work engagement. The highest association was found with dedication component, and vigor component was related insignificantly. Results have shown that perceived calling might motivate nurses to engage in their work even in burdensome environment, although possible implications for the occupational well-being of nurses themselves remains unclear.
Psychological ownership and financial firm performance: The interplay of employee stock ownership and participative leadership
Authors: Torp Simon , Nielsen Bo Bernhard
Published: March 2018

Based on a survey among 295 of the top 500 Danish companies, we develop and test an integrated model of the simultaneous effects of employee stock ownership (ESO) and a participative leadership style (PLS) on the creation of psychological ownership (PO) and link this to financial firm performance. While the effect of PO on employee behaviour and attitudes is widely recognised, our study finds a significant positive effect on financial performance, emphasising the importance and relevance of enhancing PO. Our results also show that while PLS supporting employee involvement and empowerment as well as incentives in the form of formal ownership (i.e. ESO) individually supports the creation of PO, combining the two may lead to a crowding-out effect. This suggests that the combination of different human resource management (HRM) practices might impede rather than enhance performance, highlighting the need for more research into the combined effects of bundles of HRM practices.
Fatigue Performance Prediction of Asphalt Pavements with FlexPAVETM, the S-VECD Model, and DR Failure Criterion
Authors: Wang Yizhuang David , Keshavarzi Behrooz , Kim Y. Richard
Published: March 2018

Reliable predictions of asphalt materials and pavement performance are important elements in mixture design, mechanistic-empirical pavement design, and performance-related specifications. This paper presents FlexPAVE™, a pavement performance prediction program. FlexPAVE™ is a three-dimensional finite element program that is capable of moving load analysis under realistic climatic conditions. It utilizes the simplified viscoelastic continuum damage (S-VECD) model to predict asphalt pavement fatigue life. This S-VECD model currently incorporates the so-called GR failure criterion to define the failure of asphalt mixtures. In this study, a new failure criterion for the S-VECD model, designated as the DR criterion, has been developed to remedy some of the shortcomings of the GR failure criterion. This DR criterion has been implemented successfully in FlexPAVETM. In this paper, FlexPAVETM is used to simulate the fatigue performance of field test sections. These test sections include various pavement structures, such as perpetual pavements and accelerated load facility test pavements in the United States, South Korea, and China, as well as various materials, such as warm-mix asphalt, reclaimed asphalt pavement, and mixtures with modified binders. The DR-based FlexPAVETM predictions have yielded good agreement with the field measurements and show more reasonable trends compared to predictions obtained using the GR failure criterion.
A model for fibre washout during high injection pressure resin transfer moulding
Authors: Bodaghi Masoud , Simacek Pavel , Advani Suresh G , Correia Nuno C
Published: March 2018

High injection pressure resin transfer moulding is a variant of resin transfer moulding in which the preform is compressed in a tool and resin is injected into the mould under very high pressure. The high injection pressure (>20 bar) introduces possible fibre washout that translates into manufacturing defects or causes inconsistencies in processing and leads to scatter in mechanical properties of composite parts. A model is presented which quantifies and provides insight into the influence of process variables such as clamping force and injection pressure on fibre washout distance (the one-dimensional model assumes a rigid preform). A generalised one-dimensional stress model for fibre washout is presented for regions that are impregnated with the resin and the regions that are dry. The model shows fibre washout to be significant at the beginning of the injection process. The model allows one to further refine the injection strategy by adjusting injection pressure to account for washout in high injection pressure resin transfer moulding.
Influence of effective stress and dry density on the permeability of municipal solid waste
Authors: Zhang Zhenying , Wang Yingfeng , Xu Hui , Fang Yuehua , Wu Dazhi
Published: March 2018

A landfill is one of the main sites for disposal of municipal solid waste and the current landfill disposal system faces several problems. For instance, excessive leachate water is an important factor leading to landfill instability. Understanding the permeability characteristics of municipal solid waste is a relevant topic in the field of environmental geotechnical engineering. In this paper, the current research progress on permeability characteristics of municipal solid waste is discussed. A review of recent studies indicates that the research in this field is divided into two categories based on the experimental method employed: field tests and laboratory tests. This paper summarizes test methods, landfill locations, waste ages, dry densities and permeability coefficients across different studies that focus on permeability characteristics. Additionally, an experimental study on compressibility and permeability characteristics of fresh municipal solid waste under different effective stresses and compression times was carried out. Moreover, the relationships between the permeability coefficient and effective stress as well as dry density were obtained and a permeability prediction model was established. Finally, the experimental results from the existing literature and this paper were compared and the effects of effective stress and dry density on the permeability characteristics of municipal solid waste were summarized. This study provides the basis for analysis of leachate production in a landfill.
Fatal attraction: explaining variation in the attractiveness of Islamic State propaganda
Authors: Milton Daniel
Published: March 2018

Why do different Islamic State propaganda products receive different numbers of views? This article relies on a dataset of 1700 Islamic State photo essays to examine this question. It finds that violence in Islamic State photo essays, especially retributional violence, or violence directed at the group’s enemies and wayward adherents, leads to increased viewership. Releases that highlight the group’s military operations, governance activities and geographic expansion also draw more attention, although less than the increase for products containing retributional violence. These findings have implications for research and counterterrorism efforts targeted at reducing the propaganda appeal of terrorist organizations.
Vitamin D and the Breastfeeding Infant: Family Medicine Clinicians’ Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices
Authors: Oberhelman Sara S. , Cozine Elizabeth W. , Umaretiya Puja J. , Maxson Julie A. , Thacher Tom D.
Published: March 2018

Background:

The American Academy of Pediatrics and the National Academy of Medicine recommend vitamin D supplementation for breastfeeding infants. However, compliance with this recommendation is poor. Maternal supplementation with vitamin D is a safe and effective alternative to achieving vitamin D sufficiency in breastfeeding infants, and mothers have indicated a preference for self-supplementation over infant supplementation.

Research aim:

We sought to explore Family Medicine clinicians’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding vitamin D supplementation recommendations for breastfeeding dyads.

Methods:

Fifty-six Family Medicine clinicians (including faculty physicians, resident physicians, and nurse practitioners/physician assistants) completed an online, anonymous survey regarding their knowledge and practices concerning vitamin D supplementation for breastfeeding infants.

Results:

The vast majority of clinicians (92.9%) correctly identified the American Academy of Pediatrics’ 2008 recommended dose for vitamin D supplementation in breastfeeding infants and estimated recommending vitamin D supplementation of exclusively breastfeeding infants 70.1% of the time. If all options were equivalent, clinicians would prefer to offer maternal or infant supplementation (50%) or maternal supplementation (37.5%) over infant supplementation (12.5%). Most (69.6%) preferred daily over monthly supplementation regimens.

Conclusion:

Family Medicine clinicians are knowledgeable regarding current recommendations for vitamin D supplementation in breastfeeding infants. They are also open to recommending maternal supplementation or offering parents a choice of maternal or infant vitamin supplementation.
Shakedown analysis for the evaluation of strength and bearing capacity of multilayered railway structures
Authors: Wang Kangyu , Zhuang Yan , Liu Hanlong
Published: March 2018

Shakedown analysis is a robust approach for solving the strength problem of a structure under cyclic or repeated loading, e.g. railway structures subject to rolling and sliding traffic loads. Owing to the traffic loads, which are higher than the “shakedown limit”, railway structures may fail due to the excessive permanent deformation. This paper develops the analytical shakedown solutions based on Melan’s shakedown theorem, which is then applied for the evaluation of the strength and bearing capacity of multilayered railway structures. The shakedown solutions utilize the elastic stress fields obtained from the fully three-dimensional finite/infinite model, and calculate the shakedown multiplier for each layer of railway structures by means of a self-equilibrated critical residual stress field. The shakedown limits are then determined as the minimum shakedown multiplier among all layers. Parametric studies are also conducted, which indicate how the frictional coefficient, strength and stiffness of the materials, and the thickness ratio of ballast to subballast influence the shakedown limit and the stability condition of railway structures. The critical points of shakedown occur at the rail for low values of rail’s yield stress and large frictional coefficient, while they occur at the ballast layer when the frictional coefficient is relatively small. The shakedown limits are found to decrease with the increase in the strength and thickness of the ballast for a relatively small frictional coefficient. For the engineering design, there is an optimum combination of material properties and layer thickness, which provides the maximum bearing capacity of the railway structure based on this research. The results obtained from this study can provide a useful reference for the engineering design of railway structures.
Automatic optimization of a centrifugal pump based on impeller–diffuser interaction
Authors: Guleren KM
Published: March 2018

In this study, a centrifugal pump has been optimized using the genetic algorithm coupled with computational fluid dynamics considering the flow physics for various impeller–diffuser configurations. During the automatic optimization process, the population was selected from a pool of pump geometries generated by four design variables; namely the relative diffuser vane angle, number of diffuser vanes, number of impeller blades, and the impeller wrap angle. The genetic algorithm was combined with a flow solver and a computer aided design software which was used also to create the mesh for the generated geometry. Two objective functions were adopted for the optimization: maximum pressure increase and minimum relative flow angle, which is an indication of reverse flow in the impeller. The iteration history of the optimization for the design (2.4 kg/s) and off-design (3.6 kg/s) flow rate showed that the optimization has been converged to an impeller–diffuser configuration within approximately 250 computational fluid dynamics analyses. Three geometries from each optimization with the highest pressure increase were studied for various mass flow rates and the results were compared with those of the original pump. The results show that the first optimization indicates a significant improvement of pressure increase at design flow rate (15.5%) but decrease at larger flow rates. The second optimization which was required after the results of the first optimization enhanced the head for the entire mass flow rates with an average increase of 25.74%.
Infrared spectroscopic imaging studies of medicinal plants
Authors: Türker-Kaya Sevgi , Huck-Pezzei Verena AC , Huck Christian W
Published: March 2018

Molecular knowledge about plant constituents and their localization is of interest for basic and applied plant sciences. Mid- and near-infrared imaging techniques have advantages over conventional methods. These technologies offer significant information for the studies on plant classification, physiology, ecology, genetics pathology and other related disciplines. This article aims to present a general perspective about infrared imaging/micro-spectroscopy in plant research.
Librarians’ perceptions of educational values of comic books: A comparative study between Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan, Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Lo Patrick , Allard Bradley , Ho Kevin K.W. , Chen Joyce Chao-chen , Okada Daisuke , Stark Andrew , Henri James , Lai Chung-chin
Published: March 2018

Comic books are becoming increasingly popular in the field of education. In the past, comic books were excluded from school libraries and classrooms. However, with the resurgence in the popularity of comic books and students’ increased demands for them, they are now considered as recreational reading with educational value. In response to this, school libraries have begun collecting comic books and including them as part of their regular collections. This research paper reflects on the current situation of comic books in primary and middle school library collections and examines school librarians’ perceptions towards educational values of comics. The investigation was launched in Hong Kong, Taiwan, New Zealand, Australia and Japan – making comparisons amongst different levels (primary school and secondary school), and different types (public school and private school) of schools in five different countries. Questionnaire surveys were sent to selected school librarians and were the main method of data collection. A total number of 683 responses were collected for this study. Research results include librarians’ attitudes towards comic books in school libraries, adolescent readers’ use of school libraries, their reading and borrowing practices, as well as other problems encountered with the on-going maintenance of comic books as part of the school libraries’ regular collections.
Book review: Sukti Dasgupta and Sher Singh Verick (Eds), Transformation of Women at Work in Asia: An Unfinished Development Agenda
Authors: Sahai Garima
Published: March 2018

Sukti Dasgupta and Sher Singh Verick (Eds), Transformation of Women at Work in Asia: An Unfinished Development Agenda. New Delhi:SAGE and ILO, 2016, ₹995, xix + 312 pp. (Hardcover). ISBN: 9789385985058.
Forest Conservation and Restraints on Economic Freedom of Fishermen in Sundarban Tiger Reserve, India
Authors: Mistri Avijit , Das Bhaswati
Published: March 2018

The environmental conservation in India is skewed towards environmental protection and hardly balanced with economic and social development and sustainability of the ‘ecosystem people’. Conservation initiatives have resulted in strife and political unrest in different parts of the country. This article reflects on one such conflict, namely the process of forest conservation in Indian Sundarban and how it restrains the economic freedom of the fishermen. In this case, the economic entitlements of fishermen are not justified as a set of fair claims, rather overlooked due to non-sanction by the legislated fundamental rights. The article concludes that a thoughtful conservation with local peoples’ participation in sustainable use of forest resources are very essential.
Effect of deformation history on the stress relaxation behaviour of Colombian Caribbean coastal cheese from goat milk
Authors: Tirado Diego F , Acevedo Diofanor , Torres-Gallo Ramiro
Published: March 2018

Textural attributes are a manifestation of the rheological properties and physical structure of foods, cheeses among these. In order to describe these physical properties, the objective of this work was to analyse the effect of deformation history on the stress relaxation behaviour of Colombian Caribbean coastal cheese made from goat milk with 3.75% (F1), 4.00% (F2) and 4.25% (F3) fat content, through prediction made by a four-term Prony series based on Chen's model. For this, stress relaxation data and stress relaxation spectra were analysed. Moreover, textural attributes by texture profile analysis were measured. Physicochemical results were similar to those published by other authors, and all samples meet national and international standards. Results from this work showed that Chen's model could be successfully used to describe the effect of deformation history on the stress relaxation behaviour of Colombian Caribbean coastal cheese made from goat milk. F1 had the highest elastic response, with the most significant residual modules ( P0) and relaxation times (τ1, τ2 and τ3). On the other hand, residual modules and relaxation times (τ1, τ2 and τ3) for cheeses F2 and F3 did not present statistically significant differences (p > 0.05). Besides, by interpretation of the stress relaxation spectra, F1 presented the firmest structure (greatest distribution function and relaxation time) which was characterised by the highest elastic behaviour. Finally, according to texture profile analysis test, F1 had the highest hardness, cohesiveness and chewiness, whereas F2 and F3 did not present statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) between them.
An intraocular micro light-emitting diode device for endo-illumination during pars plana vitrectomy
Authors: Koelbl Philipp S , Lingenfelder Christian , Spraul Christoph W , Kampmeier Juergen , Koch Frank HJ , Kim Yong Keun , Hessling Martin
Published: March 2018

Purpose:

Development of a new, fiber-free, single-use endo-illuminator for pars plana vitrectomy as a replacement for fiber-based systems with external light sources. The hand-guided intraocularly placed white micro light-emitting diode is evaluated for its illumination properties and potential photochemical and thermal hazards.

Methods:

A micro light-emitting diode was used to develop a single-use intraocular illumination system. The light-source-on-tip device was implemented in a prototype with 23G trocar compatible outer diameter of 0.6 mm. The experimental testing was performed on porcine eyes. All calculations of possible photochemical and thermal hazards during the application of the intraocular micro light-emitting diode were calculated according to DIN EN ISO 15007–2: 2014.

Results:

The endo-illuminator generated a homogeneous and bright illumination of the intraocular space. The color impression was physiologic and natural. Contrary to initial apprehension, the possible risk caused by inserting a light-emitting diode into the intraocular vitreous was much smaller when compared to conventional fiber-based illumination systems. The photochemical and thermal hazards allowed a continuous exposure time to the retina of at least 4.7 h.

Conclusion:

This first intraocular light source showed that a light-emitting diode can be introduced into the eye. The system can be built as single-use illumination system. This light-source-on-tip light-emitting diode–endo-illumination combines a chandelier wide-angle illumination with an adjustable endo-illuminator.
Alternative surgical procedure for treating superior vena cava syndrome in a hemodialysis patient
Authors: Yao Chen L , Tan Zheng L , Tian Ran , Miao Peng , Chen Xin , Yu Zheng Y
Published: March 2018

Background:

The incidence of superior vena cava syndrome has been increasing in hemodialysis patients with the widespread use of dialysis catheters. Although endovascular intervention remains the primary choice for treatment, the long-term patency rate is not optimistic. Occlusive lesions are often encountered that cannot be opened using this intervention. Therefore, we chose to present this case involving a pericardial patch used to reconstruct the superior vena cava in the treatment of catheter-associated chronic superior vena cava occlusion.

Methods:

Here, we report a case of facial swelling and severe bilateral pleural effusion secondary to superior vena cava occlusion in a 41-year-old woman. An endovascular venous intervention was attempted initially but failed. Finally, we adopted a procedure using the pericardium as a patch to reconstruct the superior vena cava, maintaining most of the original anatomical structure.

Results:

This patient’s facial swelling and bilateral pleural effusion disappeared after the operation. In addition, her symptoms of coughing and dyspnea were relieved. The Brescia-Cimino fistula in her left forearm functioned well.

Conclusion:

The use of a pericardial patch to reconstruct the superior vena cava is a reliable approach in patients who are not candidates for endovascular treatment.
Peritoneal dialysis catheter insertion surgery and management
Authors: Yoshida Kazunari , Ishii Daisuke
Published: March 2018

Peritoneal access surgery is the first step to achieve successful peritoneal dialysis. It is important to perform easy, safe, and less invasive surgery of peritoneal dialysis catheter insertion. Secure peritoneal dialysis catheter insertion will lead to less infection, that is, exit site, tunnel infection, and peritonitis, which sometimes result in peritoneal dialysis discontinuation. To avoid these undesirable results, we should perform good and proper peritoneal dialysis insertion surgery. In this article, we describe peritoneal dialysis catheter insertion surgery and its management.
Proceedings from the Digital Innovation in Mental Health Conference, London, 2017
Authors: Inkster Becky
Published: March 2018

Aims and Scope: The conference aims were two-fold: (1) to explore how digital technology is implemented into personalized and/or group mental health interventions and (2) to promote digital equality through developing culturally sensitive ways of bringing technological innovation to disadvantaged groups. A broad scope of perspectives were welcomed and encouraged, from lived experience, academic, clinical, media, the arts, policy-making, tech innovation, and other perspectives.
Zirconia-Based Biomaterials for Hard Tissue Reconstruction
Authors: Tosiriwatanapong Terawat , Singhatanadgit Weerachai
Published: March 2018

Implantable biomaterials are increasingly important in the practice of modern medicine, including fixative, replacement, and regeneration therapies, for reconstruction of hard tissues in patients with pathologic osseous and dental conditions. A number of newly developed advanced biomaterials have been introduced as promising candidates for tissue reconstruction. Among these, zirconia-based biomaterials have gained attention as a biomaterial for hard tissue reconstruction due to superior mechanical properties and good chemical and biological compatibilities. This review summarizes the types of zirconia, advantages of zirconia-based biomaterials for hard tissue reconstruction including bone and dental tissues, responses of tissue and cells to zirconia, and surface modifications for enhanced bioactivity of zirconia. Current and future applications of zirconia-based biomaterials for bone and dental reconstruction, ie, medical implanted devices, dental prostheses, and biocompatible osteogenic scaffolds, are also discussed.
Rage inside the machine
Authors: Lepoutre Maxime
Published: March 2018

According to an influential objection, which Martha Nussbaum has powerfully restated, expressing anger in democratic public discourse is counterproductive from the standpoint of justice. To resist this challenge, this article articulates a crucial yet underappreciated sense in which angry discourse is epistemically productive. Drawing on recent developments in the philosophy of emotion, which emphasize the distinctive phenomenology of emotion, I argue that conveying anger to one’s listeners is epistemically valuable in two respects: first, it can direct listeners’ attention to elusive morally relevant features of the situation; second, it enables them to register injustices that their existing evaluative categories are not yet suited to capturing. Thus, when employed skillfully, angry speech promotes a greater understanding of existing injustices. This epistemic role is indispensable in highly divided societies, where the injustices endured by some groups are often invisible to, or misunderstood by, other groups. Finally, I defuse the most forceful objections to this defense – that anger is likely to be manipulated, that it is epistemically misleading, and that my defense presupposes unrealistic levels of trust – partly by showing that they overlook the systemic character of democratic discourse.
A probabilistic approach to remaining useful life prediction of rolling element bearings
Authors: Prakash Guru , Narasimhan Sriram , Pandey Mahesh D.
Published: March 2018

In this article, we present a probabilistic approach for fault detection and prognosis of rolling element bearings based on a two-phase degradation model. One of the main issues in dealing with bearing degradation is that the degradation mechanism is unobservable and can only be inferred through appropriate surrogate measures obtained from indirect sensory measurements. Furthermore, the stochastic nature of the degradation path renders fault detection and estimating the end-of-life characteristics from such data extremely challenging. When such components are a part of a larger system, the exact degradation path depends on both the operating and loading conditions, which means that the most effective condition monitoring approach should estimate the degradation model parameters under operational conditions, and not solely from isolated component testing or historical information. Motivated by these challenges, a two-phase degradation model using surrogate measures of degradation from vibration measurements is proposed and a Bayesian approach is used to estimate the model parameters. The underlying methodology involves using priors from historical data, while the posterior calculations are undertaken using surrogate measures obtained from a monitored unit combined with the aforesaid priors. The problem of fault detection is posed as a change point location problem. This allows the prior knowledge obtained from the past failures to be integrated for maintenance planning of a currently working unit in a systematic way. The correlation between the degradation rate and the time of occurrence of the change point, an often overlooked aspect in prognosis, is also considered in here. A numerical example and a case study are presented to illustrate the overall methodology and the results obtained using this approach.
How Inaccurate Metrics Hide the True Potential for Organ Donation in the United States
Authors: Siminoff Laura A. , Gardiner Heather M. , Wilson-Genderson Maureen , Shafer Teresa J.
Published: March 2018

Background:

There is a discrepancy between the reported increase in donor conversion rates and the number of organs available for transplant.

Methods:

Secondary analysis of data obtained from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients from January 2003 through December 2015 was performed. The primary outcomes were the (1) number of brain-dead donors from whom solid organs were recovered and (2) number of the organs transplanted. Descriptive statistics and growth plots were used to examine the trajectory of organ donation, recovery, and transplantation outcomes over the 11-year period.

Results:

From 2003 to 2006, the number of brain-dead donors increased from 6187 to 7375, remaining relatively stable at approximately 7200 thereafter. The average eligible deaths per organ procurement organization dropped from 182.7 (standard deviation [SD]: 131.3) in 2003 to 149.3 (SD: 111.4) in 2015. This suggests a total of 12 493 unrealized potential donors (2006-2015).

Conclusions:

Since 2006, a steady decline in the number of donor-eligible deaths was reported. In 2003, the reported eligible deaths was 11 326. This number peaked in 2004 at 11 346, tumbling to 9781 eligible donors in 2015, despite a 9% increase in the US population. From 2006 to 2015, the data indicate an artificial depression and underestimation of the true potential of brain-dead donors in the United States of conservatively 12 493 donors or 39 728 missing organs. New metrics providing objective but verifiable counts of the donor pool are needed.
Fluid–structure coupling analysis of impeller in unstable region for a reversible axial-flow pump device
Authors: Meng Fan , Yuan Shouqi , Li Yanjun
Published: March 2018

Reversible axial-flow pump is widely adopted in the coastal regions or along the river. Due to severe vibration, which results in impeller cracks in unstable region, the fluid–structure interaction solving strategy of impeller was applied for reversible axial-flow pump. In unstable region, the two-way coupling method was employed to obtain the pump performance curve and the quantity analysis of deformation and stress on impeller. The results show that the measured efficiency and head are in good agreement with the simulation values. Under positive rotation, the maximum equivalent stress and total deformation are found to be below 0.75 Qdes. Under negative rotation, the maximum total deformation is observed to be below 0.65 Qdes and the maximum equivalent stress increases with increase in flow rate. Whether under positive or negative rotation, along the direction from impeller inlet to outlet and in the direction from impeller hub to rim, the total deformation goes up and the equivalent stress first increases and then declines. The results indicate that the equivalent stress reduces with decrease in fillet radii. The analysis results of deformation and stress can be utilized to guide the structure design of reversible axial-flow pumps and attain more stable pump performance.
A new Kriging-based DoE strategy and its application to structural reliability analysis
Authors: Yu Zhenliang , Sun Zhili , Wang Jian , Chai Xiaodong
Published: March 2018

As the numerical model of engineering structure becomes more and more complicated and time consuming, efficient structural reliability analysis is badly in need. To reduce the number of calls to the performance function and iterative times during structural reliability analysis, an innovative strategy of the design of experiments (DoE) called Isomap-Clustering strategy is proposed. According to the statistical information provided by Kriging, points with the worst uncertainty for reliability analysis are on the estimated limit state. Therefore, by combining Isomap and k-means clustering algorithm, Isomap-Clustering strategy refreshes the DoE of the Kriging model with a few representative points in the vicinity of the estimated limit state each iteration and iteratively “pushes” the estimated limit state to the real one until a stopping condition is satisfied. By employing the proposed DoE strategy and sparse polynomial-Kriging model, a structural reliability analysis method is constructed, whose stopping criterion is defined by derivation. Three examples are studied. Results show that the proposed method can lower the number of calls to the performance function and remarkably reduces the iterations of structural reliability analysis.
Happiest People Revisited
Authors: Diener Ed , Seligman Martin E. P. , Choi Hyewon , Oishi Shigehiro
Published: March 2018

In a past Psychological Science article, Diener and Seligman (2002) explored the characteristics of extremely happy individuals and found that strong social relationships characterized the entire group. The study was popular, perhaps because the authors focused on the very happiest people, not merely on correlations across the entire spectrum of subjective well-being. In the current study, we replicated and extended the earlier paper here by examining, in a world sample, the differences between the happiest individuals and unhappy and averagely happy people. We largely replicated earlier findings; basic need fulfillment and social resources were two ingredients for high subjective well-being. Replicating and extending the earlier findings, we found that, compared with the averagely happy people, the happiest people were more likely to come from societies high in subjective well-being and social capital. To achieve very high happiness, it is helpful not only to have desirable personal circumstances, but also to live in a prosperous happy society with strong social support. As in the original study, although a few characteristics seemed virtually necessary for subjective well-being (SWB), no characteristic guaranteed it. We also uncovered variables separating the groups that might be outcomes of SWB, for example, helping others, exercising, and not smoking.
An Evaluation of Amazon’s Mechanical Turk, Its Rapid Rise, and Its Effective Use
Authors: Buhrmester Michael D. , Talaifar Sanaz , Gosling Samuel D.
Published: March 2018

Over the past 2 decades, many social scientists have expanded their data-collection capabilities by using various online research tools. In the 2011 article “Amazon’s Mechanical Turk: A new source of inexpensive, yet high-quality, data?” in Perspectives on Psychological Science, Buhrmester, Kwang, and Gosling introduced researchers to what was then considered to be a promising but nascent research platform. Since then, thousands of social scientists from seemingly every field have conducted research using the platform. Here, we reflect on the impact of Mechanical Turk on the social sciences and our article’s role in its rise, provide the newest data-driven recommendations to help researchers effectively use the platform, and highlight other online research platforms worth consideration.
Fitness Effects on the Cognitive Function of Older Adults: A Meta-Analytic Study—Revisited
Authors: Kramer Arthur F. , Colcombe Stanley
Published: March 2018

We discuss the factors that encouraged us to examine the question of whether exercise training has a positive influence on cognitive health of older adults in 2003. At that time there was a substantial literature on exercise and cognition. However, cognitive assessment instruments, exercise protocols (including type of exercise, length, and intensity of exercise programs), and subject-selection criteria differed widely. Our meta-analysis enabled us to examine both the main question under study—exercise effects on cognition—and potential moderators of this effect. Several interesting findings, which are briefly detailed in the present article, were revealed by our analyses. The current article also examines where the literature has gone since our 2003 article.
Fertility and pregnancy in cancer survivors
Authors: Tang Monica , Webber Kate
Published: March 2018

Summary

Cancer survivors are increasing as improvements in cancer diagnosis and treatment translate to improved outcomes. As cancer survivors in their reproductive years contemplate pregnancy, it is important to understand the impact of cancer and its treatment on fertility and pregnancy outcomes. Cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy can affect patients’ fertility, and strategies are available to help preserve the future fertility of survivors. The potential impact of previous cancer diagnoses and treatments on pregnancy and maternal and fetal outcomes needs to be assessed and discussed with survivors, with support from materno-fetal medicine specialists and high-risk antenatal services as needed.
Preoperative Shoulder Injections are Associated with Increased Risk of Subsequent Revision Rotator Cuff Repair
Authors: Traven Sophia A. , Brinton Daniel , Simpson Kit , Adkins Zachary , Althoff Alyssa , Palsis John Andrew , Ashford William , Slone Harris
Published: March 2018

Objectives:

Corticosteroid injections (CSI) are frequently utilized in the nonoperative management of rotator cuff tears. However, recent literature suggests that injections may reduce biomechanical strength of tendons and ligaments in animal models and increase the risk of postoperative infections following surgery. The goal of this study was to determine if the timing of CSI is associated with an increased risk of reoperation following primary rotator cuff repair (RCR).

Methods:

A retrospective analysis of claims data of privately-insured subjects from the MarketScan® database for the years 2010-2014 was conducted. A cohort of subjects aged 18-64 who were diagnosed with a rotator cuff tear and underwent repair in 2011 was identified. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to compare the odds of reoperation between groups.

Results:

A total of 4,959 subjects with an arthroscopic RCR were identified. Of this, 553 subjects required reoperation within the following 3 years (Table 1). Patients who had a CSI within 6 months preceding the RCR were at a much higher risk of undergoing reoperation (Figure 1): 0-3 months prior, AOR 1.536 (95% CI: 1.201 -1.965); 3-6 months, AOR 1.843 (95% CI: 1.362-2.494); and 6-12 months AOR 1.339 (95% CI: 0.914 -1.962). Of those patients that underwent a reoperation, the most common surgery performed was revision rotator cuff repair followed by arthroscopic debridement (48.5% versus 38.9% respectively).

Conclusion:

Patients who had received a CSI within 6 months prior to RCR were much more likely to undergo a subsequent reoperation within the following 3 years. These odds diminished as more time passed between CSI and primary repair. Consideration should therefore be given to delaying primary rotator cuff repair for 6 months following injection. [Table: see text][Figure: see text]
Complications and Pharmacologic Interventions of Invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation During Critical Illness
Authors: Newsome Andrea Sikora , Chastain Daniel B. , Watkins Paige , Hawkins W. Anthony
Published: March 2018

Objective: To review the fundamentals of invasive positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) and the common complications and associated pharmacotherapeutic management in order to provide opportunities for pharmacists to improve patient outcomes. Data Sources: A MEDLINE literature search (1950-December 2017) was performed using the key search terms invasive positive pressure ventilation, mechanical ventilation, pharmacist, respiratory failure, ventilator associated organ dysfunction, ventilator associated pneumonia, ventilator bundles, and ventilator liberation. Additional references were identified from a review of literature citations. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All English-language original research and review reports were evaluated. Data Synthesis: IPPV is a common supportive care measure for critically ill patients. While lifesaving, IPPV is associated with significant complications including ventilator-associated pneumonia, sinusitis, organ dysfunction, and hemodynamic alterations. Optimization of pain and sedation management provides an opportunity for pharmacists to directly affect IPPV exposure. A number of pharmacotherapeutic interventions are related directly to prophylaxis against IPPV-associated adverse events or aimed at reduction of duration of IPPV. Conclusions: Enhanced knowledge of the common complications, associated pharmacotherapy, and monitoring strategies facilitate the pharmacist’s ability to provide increased pharmacotherapeutic insight in a multidisciplinary intensive care unit setting.
‘A good fit?’ Bringing the sociology of footwear to the clinical encounter in podiatry services: a narrative review
Authors: Nicholls Emily , Robinson Victoria , Farndon Lisa , Vernon Wesley
Published: March 2018

Background

This narrative review explores the ways in which drawing on theories and methods used in sociological work on footwear and identity can contribute to healthcare research with podiatrists and their patients, highlighting recent research in this field, implications for practice and potential areas for future development.

Traditionally, research within Podiatry Services has tended to adopt a quantitative, positivist focus, developing separately from a growing body of sociological work exploring the importance of shoes in constructing identity and self‐image. Bringing qualitative research drawing on sociological theory and methods to the clinical encounter has real potential to increase our understanding of patient values, motivations and – crucially – any barriers to adopting ‘healthier’ footwear that they may encounter. Such work can help practitioners to understand why patients may resist making changes to their footwear practices, and help us to devise new ways for practitioners to explore and ultimately break down individual barriers to change (including their own preconceptions as practitioners). This, in turn, may lead to long‐term, sustainable changes to footwear practices and improvements in foot health for those with complex health conditions and the wider population.

Conclusion

A recognition of the complex links between shoes and identity is opening up space for discussion of patient resistance to footwear changes, and paving the way for future research in this field beyond the temporary ‘moment’ of the clinical encounter.