bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Upscaling of Geomechanics in Heterogeneous Compacting Reservoirs
Authors: Settari A. (Tony) , Al-Ruwaili K. , Sen V.
Published: March 2013

Upscaling of properties for reservoir simulation has reached a stage of maturity and uses sophisticated techniques. In contrast, little work has been done on upscaling of mechanical properties for coupled modeling, and the geomechanical model is usually assumed to be representative (upscaled) without actually being subjected to the same rigor of process or scrutiny. Compacting reservoirs often contain fine sand-shale sequences on sub-grid scale (compared to flow modeling grid) and are typically represented in simulators by the net-to-gross (NTG) concept, while being ignored in geomechanical modeling.

In this work, we present a method to upscale shales in the geomechanical component of a coupled simulation by computing dynamically changing equivalent moduli. The method is based on estimating the depletion of interbedded shales, coupled with analytical solutions for equivalent moduli under the assumption of uniaxial deformation. The technique has been verified by sub-grid scale simulations and requires geometric characterization of the shales but is relatively simple and can be easily implemented in coupled simulators. The analysis shows that the inclusion of the shales generally reduces computed compaction, with the controlling variables being NTG, dimensionless pressure depletion of the shales (which in turn depends on their flow properties) and mechanical properties of the shales.

The approach developed was incorporated in the subsidence and compaction analysis over a complex offshore oil reservoir. The reservoir zone consisted of a number of intervals that included relatively undeformed as well as highly deformed layers, and on reservoir model scale had significant NTG ratios. A comprehensive study (based on coupled flow and geomechanics simulation) was conducted to evaluate well integrity, fault slip (reactivation) and compaction drive. A large full field model was built using data from a multitude of sources and production data was modeled and history matched, allowing us to estimate the magnitude of reservoir subsidence and the contribution of the NTG effect on predictions. The study presented here showed that in the absence of any consideration of the NTG effect, predictions (for compaction and subsidence) could be significantly overestimated. In addition, the method can be used to study the phenomena of "time-lag" of subsidence which has been observed in some reservoirs.
An Adaptive Hierarchical Algorithm for Estimation of Optimal Well Controls
Authors: Oliveira D. F. , Reynolds A.
Published: March 2013

In determining the optimal well controls by maximizing net-present-value (NPV) for the remaining life of a reservoir, one typically defines the length of the control steps a priori. Moreover, these control steps are often the same for all wells. We provide a scale splitting/merging method for adaptively selecting the lengths of control steps as the overall optimization proceeds. We start with reasonably small number of control steps and find the associated optimal controls by maximizing NPV. Then, using the control values of the current best estimate for the optimum solution and at most two gradient calculations, we decide which set of control steps will potentially yield the greatest improvement in NPV without unnecessarily increasing the number of control variables. Once new control steps have been defined by refining and/or coarsening the control steps at the previous stage, we again maximize NPV. This process of adaptively selecting control steps and optimizing is continued until no further improvement in NPV is achieved. Both adjoint-gradient-based and derivative- free optimization algorithms are considered. The adaptive approach is applied to two example problems and the results are compared with those obtained using a pre-determined number of control steps.
Parallel Reservoir Simulation Using a Specific Software Framework
Authors: Maliassov S. , Beckner B. , Dyadechko V.
Published: March 2013

Numerical simulation of reservoirs is an integral part of geoscientific studies to optimize petroleum recovery. Modern petroleum reservoir simulation requires simulating detailed and computationally expensive geological and physical models. Parallel reservoir simulators have the potential to solve larger, more realistic problems than previously possible.

To make the solution of these large problems feasible, an efficient parallel implementation of the algorithm is necessary. Such a parallelization of the algorithm requires proper data structures and data layout, some parallel direct and iterative solvers, and some parallel preconditioners. For the development of parallel reservoir simulator, we found the Trilinos Project to be an efficient environment to develop such a complex parallel application.

In this paper, we study the development of a parallel 3-phase black oil reservoir simulator on unstructured meshes. Our work is based on the Trilinos project which provides an object-oriented software framework of integrated algorithms for the solution of large-scale complex multi-physics engineering and scientific problems on massively parallel computing platforms. Trilinos addresses two fundamental issues of developing software for these problems: (i) providing a streamlined process and set of tools for development of new algorithmic implementations and (ii) promoting interoperability of independently developed software packages.

The ability to rapidly incorporate different packages and methods in the Trilinos framework allowed leveraging implementation of computationally intensive modules and development of reservoir simulator in remarkably short timeframe, reducing the development cycle from months to weeks. Our study illustrates how the combination of very efficient state-of-the-art nonlinear solvers with robust partitioning methods, sparse linear solvers, and preconditioning techniques implemented in the Trilinos framework can be used to prototype new computational technologies in a very time efficient manner. Computational tests demonstrate that leveraging parallel computational modules form Trilinos produced computationally efficient and scalable parallel reservoir simulation.
Efficient Coupling for Nonlinear Multiphase Flow with Strong Gravity
Authors: Shahvali M. , Tchelepi H. A.
Published: March 2013

The Fully Implicit Method (FIM) is widely used to discretize the nonlinear conservation equations that govern multiphase flow in porous media. Although FIM is unconditionally stable, the nonlinear solver, which is typically based on Newton’s method, often fails to converge for large time steps. As the time step size increases, the complexity of the nonlinear coupling increases. In the presence of strong buoyancy in a heterogeneous domain, for example, counter-current flow may be present, and phase-flow reversal - as a function of time or Newton iteration - becomes an issue. It does not take too many interfaces with flow reversal across them to make the nonlinear solver stall. Even when the Newton-based iterative procedure converges, the cost associated with updating all the unknowns simultaneously - everywhere and all the time - can be quite expensive. Conventional sequential-implicit strategies can be used to reduce the cost, but they suffer from severe restrictions on the allowable timestep size. We propose a new nonlinear solution strategy to improve the robustness and efficiency of FIM. Specifically, for each FIM Newton iteration, we update pressure by solving a linear system obtained from the full Jacobian. Then, we construct a directed graph with grid-cells as nodes and phase fluxes at grid-cell interfaces as edges, to identify the counter-current flow regions. After that, we employ a topological ordering that makes it possible to visit the components once, from upstream to downstream. The graph components vary in size from a single cell to multiple ‘strongly connected’ cells. For each component made up of a single cell, we update the saturation nonlinearly. For each component made up of multiple cells (strongly connected region), we perform a simultaneous linear update of both saturation and pressure. The saturation iterates are safeguarded based on ‘trust regions’ of the flux (fractional flow) functions. We compare the new solver with the current state-of-the-art for a wide range of heterogeneous problems with special focus on counter-current flow due to buoyancy. Our results show that the proposed FIM nonlinear solver converges for large time steps, with excellent convergence rates and lower computational cost per iteration compared with standard or safeguarded Newton.
Formulation and Solution of Compositional Displacements in Tie-Simplex Space
Authors: Zaydullin R. , Voskov D. V. , Tchelepi H. A.
Published: March 2013

We describe an Adaptive Compositional Space Parametrization (ACSP) method for compositional flow simulation. The method is based on casting the nonlinear governing equations, including those that describe the thermodynamic phase equilibrium, in terms of the tie-simplex (tie-lines for two-phase flow) space. The tie-simplex compositional space, which is a function of composition, pressure, and temperature, is then discretized using a limited number of tie-simplexes. The coefficients in the governing system of equations, including the composition, density, and mobility of the phases, are computed using multilinear interpolation in the discretized space.

ACSP is different from the CSAT (Compositional Space Adaptive Tabulation) approach, which we have evolved over the last few years. In CSAT, the tie-line (tie-simplex) information, which is stored and updated adaptively, is used to accelerate the equation-of-state (EOS) computations in standard (e.g., natural variables) compositional reservoir simulators. This is why CSAT was used primarily to essentially replace the phase-stability test in the natural-variables formulation, but not the flash procedure. In ACSP, on the other hand, the full mathematical statement is cast in tie-simplex space and consistent discretization is applied directly. The ACSP framework is supplemented with a new tie-line based flash procedure that avoids the use of the Rachford-Rice equation. Thus, ACSP replaces all the standard EOS computations (phase-stability and flash). A grid refinement study of the ACSP method shows that the discrete formulation is convergent; more importantly, even for highly nonlinear near-miscible displacements, the number of tie-simplex needed is small.
Monoclonal Anti-TNF-α Antibodies for Severe Steroid-Dependent Asthma: A Case Series
Authors: Taillé Camille , Poulet Claire , Marchand-Adam Sylvain , Borie Raphaël , Dombret Marie-Christine , Crestani Bruno , Aubier Michel
Published: March 2013

Background:

Refractory asthma represents an important condition, with considerable morbidity and mortality. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) is a potential target for treatment of severe asthma. However, controlled studies have shown controversial results and the risk-benefit profile of TNF-blocking agents is still debated.

Objectives:

To describe the effect of infliximab on asthma control in patients with severe, uncontrolled, steroid-dependent asthma.

Methods:

From 2007 to 2010, 7 patients received infliximab in our center. All had severe refractory asthma, with frequent severe exacerbations and hospitalizations in the intensive care unit despite maximal inhaled treatment, daily oral steroids and omalizumab treatment.

Results:

Asthma control improved in the 6 patients who received infliximab for at least 3 months. Oral steroids could be stopped in 4 and the frequency of exacerbations and hospitalizations was greatly reduced, especially for the 3 patients with brittle asthma. Two patients showed severe adverse effects (bacterial pneumonia and extension of spreading melanoma). Three patients have received infliximab for more than 2 years, with good tolerance.

Conclusion:

This case series suggests that anti-TNF-α drugs may improve the condition of a subgroup of patients with severe steroid-refractory asthma, with a favourable risk-benefit profile for most, considering asthma severity, occurrence of life-threatening exacerbations and complications of long-term oral steroids. Specific controlled trials of this subgroup are warranted.
Arrow-type sufficient conditions for optimality of age-structured control problems
Authors: Krastev Vladimir
Published: March 2013

We consider a class of age-structured control problems with nonlocal dynamics and boundary conditions. For these problems we suggest Arrow-type sufficient conditions for optimality of problems defined on finite as well as infinite time intervals. We examine some models as illustrations (optimal education and optimal offence control problems).
Isometries of some F-algebras of holomorphic functions on the upper half plane
Authors: Iida Yasuo , Takahashi Kei
Published: March 2013

Linear isometries of N
p(D) onto N
p(D) are described, where N
p(D), p > 1, is the set of all holomorphic functions f on the upper half plane D = {z ∈ ℂ: Im z > 0} such that supy>0 ∫ℝ lnp (1 + |(x + iy)|) dx < +∞. Our result is an improvement of the results by D.A. Efimov.
Solvability of a mathematical model of dissociative adsorption and associative desorption type
Authors: Ambrazevičius Algirdas , Eismontaitė Alicija
Published: March 2013

A mathematical model of dissociative adsorption and associative desorption for diatomic molecules is generalized. The model is described by a coupled system of parabolic and ordinary differential equations. The existence and uniqueness theorem of the classical solution is proved.
First (fuzzy) Hopf map from irreps of SU(2)
Authors: Fakhri Hossein , Lotfizadeh Mehdi
Published: March 2013

Using the spherical basis of the spin-ν operator, together with an appropriate normalized complex (2ν +1)-spinor on S
3 we obtain spin-ν representation of the U(1) Hopf fibration S
3 → S
2 as well as its associated fuzzy version. Also, to realize the first Hopf map via the spherical basis of the spin-1 operator with even winding numbers, we present an appropriate normalized complex three-spinor. We put the winding numbers in one-to-one correspondence with the monopole charges corresponding to different associated complex vector bundles.
Analysing global food waste problem: pinpointing the facts and estimating the energy content
Authors: Melikoglu Mehmet , Lin Carol , Webb Colin
Published: March 2013

Food waste is a global problem. Each year food worth billions of dollars is wasted by the developed economies of the world. When food is wasted, the problem does not end at that point. More than 95% of the food waste ends at landfill sites, where converted into methane, carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gasses by anaerobic digestion. The impact of food waste to climate change is catastrophic. Food waste problem tends to increase in next 25 years due to economic and population growth mainly in Asian countries. In addition, when food wastes buried at landfill sites their energy content is lost. Although food waste is a huge problem, its global size and extent has recently become a hot topic in the academic community. This paper summarises the size of the global food waste problem together with the estimation of the amount of energy lost when food wastes dumped at landfill sites. Calculations in this study also revealed that energy lost at landfill sites equals to 43% of the delivered energy used for the preparation of foods in the US, 37% of the hydroelectric power generation of Japan, and more than 100% of the current annual renewable energy demand of UK industries.
The Indians of the Prairies and the Rockies: A Theme for Modern Painters
Authors: Barbeau Marius
Published: March 2013

When Langdon Kihn ten years ago sought pictorial themes among the Indian fisherfolk of the Northwest Coast and the prairie hunters of Western Alberta, it was his good fortune to invade a colourful field.
Wordsworth's Vision of Immortality
Authors: Knight G. Wilson
Published: March 2013

Wordsworth succeeds more often as a teacher than as a poet. His nature mysticism has, indeed, exercised a wide and profoundly beneficent influence. But we too often mistake his personal and discursive expressions for the concrete solidities of great literature. In The Prelude and Tintern Abbey we have what is usually considered the Wordsworthian essence. Yet those poems are but intermittently grand, and in places sink below the level of moderately good verse. With a few possible exceptions, their best is only a second best.
The Population Possibilities of Canada
Authors: Jenness Diamond
Published: March 2013

Working with data compiled just before the war by the International Institute of Agriculture in Rome, Professor East computed that it required about 2.2 acres of cultivated land to feed each person in western Europe, where the production per acre was greater than in the United States or Canada and the standard of living less high. Surveying the world as a whole, he estimated that it would require at least 2.5 acres of arable land per capita to permit of a standard of living approaching that of today in the United States. Then, calculating the maximum potential area of arable land in Canada at 150,000,000 acres, and assuming that whatever food were exported would be balanced by an equal quantity imported, he obtained as the maximum population that Canada may eventually support a total of 60,000,000 people.
India and the War
Authors: Brett
Published: March 2013

The contribution which India made to the success of the Allies in 1914-18 is known to have been extremely important. In the present war the resources of India, actual and potential, are much greater, and the help which the British can obtain from that country will play a large part in determining the final result.
Canada the “Interpreter”
Authors: Ferguson George
Published: March 2013

It is a fact that the average American is very ill informed about Canada. There are many striking exceptions to this general statement, but it is a fact nevertheless that this average type is far more interested in South America than he is in his northern neighbour, that he makes a greater effort to study its problems, and that in very many cases he actually knows much more about the countries south of the Rio Grande than he does about Canada.
Montaigne's Classical Bookshelf
Authors: Alexander William Hardy
Published: March 2013

In a previous article I discussed the views of Montaigne on Cicero, for whom he had, as may be recalled, a lack of reverence most astonishing in that age of Ciceronimaniacs and Ciceronasters.It seems worth while to supplement that investigation by a short study of his classical bookshlelf in general; the idea is suggested particularly by his sixty-seventh essay, On Books, but must also be tracked through the whole range of his work. Such a study will as a matter of fact cover most of his reading; for the greater modern literatures had yet to be born. Montaigne read some French books, and also was competent in Spanish and Italian. He was not ill-disposed or supercilious towards works written in the Romance vernaculars; he thought,for example, that “Boccace his Decameron” and Rabelais were worth reading, though he could not find time for the chivalresque fantasies of the Amadís de Gaula. It was simply that he felt that time is the scarcest commodity of a thoughtful man, and that great writers of antiquity had dealt penetratingly with the deep problems of human life and had recorded their conclusions on a high level of artistic form.
Hume's Theory of Imagination
Authors: Taylor Harold
Published: March 2013

Early in the present century Professor Norman Kemp Smith developed the idea that the “establishment of a purely naturalistic conception of human nature by the thorough subordination of reason to feeling and instinct, is the determining factor of Hume's philosophy.” Since then several more studies of Hume have revealed a growing emphasis on positive elements in his naturalism, in correction of the traditional view of Hume as primarily a phenomenalist and self-defeating sceptic.
The Future of a Conservative Party
Authors: Porter Dana
Published: March 2013

A political party consists of a group of co-ordinating individuals who are agreed on a general direction and conception of policy. The rise of a party begins with a common motive inspired by a progressive idea. As the spirit of the time undergoes its inevitable unfolding development, a party retains its hold upon public favour so long as the progressive idea behind it grows in harmony with the social and political temper. Political parties in Canada that have succeeded in attaining power, have maintained generally a long term of ascendancy; for the idea that in the early stages captured the public approval has been presented and developed by a group of leading personalities who resisted the temptation of moving too far in advance of the time.
Reviews
Authors: Dafoe  , Coulton  , MacGillivray  , Sandwell  , McInnis Edgar , Ross Malcolm MacKenzie
Published: March 2013

Edgar W. McInnis, The Unguarded Frontier: A History of American-Canadian Relations, reviewed by J. W. Dafoe

F. M. Powicke, The Reformation in Englandreviewed by G. G. Coulton

Raymond Dexter Havens, The Mind of a Poet: A Study of Wordsworth's Thought with Particular Reference to The Prelude, reviewed by J. R. MacGillivray

G. P. deT. Glazebrook, Canadian External Relations: An Historical Study to 1914, reviewed by B. K. Sandwell

G. P. deT. Glazebrook, Canada at the Paris Peace Conference, reviewed by B. K. Sandwell

Cecil Brown, Suez to Singapore, reviewed by Edgar McInnis

James Phillips, Jr., the State in Shakespeare's Greek and Roman Plays, reviewed by Malcolm Mackenzie Ross

L. C. Knights, Dram and Society i the Age of Jonson, reviewed by Malcolm Mackenzie Ross

Lousi B. Wright, England's Eliza, reviewed by Malcolm Mackenzie Ross

Brents Stirling, "Anti-Democracy in Shakespeare: A Re-Survey, " reviewed by Malcolm Mackenzie Ross

C. R. Thomson, The Translations of Lucian by Erasmus and St. Thomas More, reviewed by G. N.

Maurice Kelley, This Great Argument: A Study of Milton's De Doctrina Christiana as a Gloss upon Paradise Lost, reviewed by A. E. B.
Fiction
Authors: MacGillivray
Published: March 2013

Reviews of fiction published in Canada in 1942.
Drama
Authors: Milne W. S.
Published: March 2013

Reviews of drama published in Canada in 1942.
Democracy and Education
Authors: Grove Frederick Philip
Published: March 2013

During the last few months I have asked several scores of people, in discussions of present issues, just what they mean by “democracy.” I received many stumbling, fumbling answers most of which concerned themselves with inessentials and externals; not one went back to first principles; none could be accepted as more than what, except in inessentials, I should call a distinction without a difference. Most of them took it for granted that the answer was obvious; that democracy and totalitarianism could not be mistaken; that their aims were irreconcilable. Some used time-honoured phrases which, on closer enquiry, meant nothing any longer in the welter of the day, though at the time of their formulation they had been pregnant with revelation. Among those whom I asked were university teachers, politicians, industrialists, business men, farmers, and labourers. My approach, invariably, was that of one who desired to be informed.
The Emerson Canon
Authors: Pochmann Henry
Published: March 2013

The publication during 1903 and 1904 of the still-standard Centenary edition of Emerson's writings (misnamed “complete”)as edited and carefully annotated by Emerson's son, Edward Waldo, marked a new era of scholarly concern with America's most influential thinker and man of letters; and the appearance, between 1909 and 1914, of the Journals of Emerson, prepared for publication by Edward Waldo Emerson and Waldo Emerson Forbes (Emerson's nephew), inaugurated a series of investigations that wrought a complete reinterpretation of the man and his significance. Except for the appearance, in 1912, of a volume of uncollected essays, addresses, poems, reviews and letters, prepared by Charles C. Bigelow, and the occasional publication of odd lectures and addenda to Emerson's correspondence, it has generally been assumed that the Emerson canon is intact, or nearly so.
Literary Criticsm and Science
Authors: Glicksberg Charles
Published: March 2013

The struggle between science and literary criticism goes on, and with the years the issue becomes more muddled rather than clearer. The antagonism that many writers manifest towards the conclusions of science should neither surprise nor discourage us; psychic inertia is a datum, a force, that must constantly be reckoned with in all realms of thought. The aim of science is to classify facts and pass judgments upon them, without regard to the peculiarities of the individual mind. Science, therefore, appeals to the reason, not the imagination. Conclusions must flow inevitably out of the observations made, the facts presented. No matter what the subject matter may be, it is the method that counts, but that method—let there be no mistake about it—takes as its goal or ideal the complete interpretation of the universe. It is content with nothing less. If science is to be excluded from any field, that is due to a very simple consideration: it is impossible as yet to apply the scientific method. Metaphysical speculation cannot furnish anything that falls within the scope of what science regards as knowledge. What is beyond verification or the possibility of verification remains outside the pale of science. There is no short cut to truth.
Reviews
Authors: Wallace Malcolm , Innis  , Kirkwood
Published: March 2013

Walter Lippman, U.S. Foreign Policy: Shield of the Republic, reviewed by Malcolm W. Wallace

Norman J. Silberling, The Dynamics of Business, an Analysis of Trends, Cycles, and Time Relationships in American Economic Activity since 1700 and their Bearing upon Government and Business Policy, reviewed by H. A. Innis

Sigmund K. Proctor, Thomas DeQuincey's Theory of Literature, reviewed by M. M. Kirkwood
Trends in American Foreign Policy
Authors: Underhill Frank
Published: March 2013

A Canadian needs to live for a while in the United States before the full meaning of the Declaration of Independence dawns upon him. It is with somewhat of a shock that he discovers how deep-seated is American nationalism and how widely it differs from the colonialism amidst which he has grown up in Canada. He listens to Americans talking amongst themselves about their national interests and policies, and he finds himself very often taking offence at their habit of treating Englishmen as foreigners. They assume as a matter of course that Britain is a great power with a particular body of interests of her own and that the United States is another power with distinct interests of her own. And a Canadian listening to them realizes that, however much of a Canadian nationalist he may have thought himself at home, he has never quite been able to regard Britain as an outsider in this detached impersonal way. Particular Americans may be violently anti-British, but the general American attitude towards Britain is one neither of animosity nor of affection. It is simply that of one independent people to another. What the Canadian misses is the filial piety which is so much a part of his own attitude that he had not been quite aware of it until he lived amongst neighbours.
William Covell and the Troubles at Enfield in 1659
Authors: Patrick J. Max
Published: March 2013

A great revolution always involves changes in land ownership. That the Puritan Revolution was no exception is proved by the story of agrarian riots in 1659 over property rights to Enfield Chase, a tract of land in Middlesex about nine miles from London. The struggle was between a moneyed group of Intruders who had encroached upon or purchased part of the Chase and a group of Inhabitants who had traditional feudal property rights, including rights of common, over the area. Their quarrel reproduced in miniature the conflict between moneyed men attached to the new capitalism and men whose wealth consisted mainly of “feudal” rights and properties—the conflict which underlay the Revolution. It is also significant because it led to the collectivist theories of William Covell, just as the agrarian struggles of the Diggers helped to provoke the communistic writings of Gerrard Winstanley. The purpose of this study is to tell the story of the troubles at Enfield and to examine Covell's pamphlets.
The Achievement of George Sidney Brett (1879–1944)
Authors: Irving John
Published: March 2013

With the death of George Sidney Brett in Toronto on October 27, 1944, the world lost its greatest historian of psychology, and Canada its most distinguished philosopher. He was born in Briton Ferry, a seaport of Glamorganshire, South Wales, on August 5, 1879, of English parents, George J. an Emmeline Brett. His father was a Methodist minister whose birthplace was Canterbury, in 1849. After training at Didsbury College, the elder Brett was appointed in 1873 to his first circuit. On the occasion of his death in 1915, after forty-two years in the ministry, he was describeed in the minutes of th Wesleyan Conference of England as a man whose personal life was characterized by sincere piety and humility and an absording devotion to duty: "He had a high ideal of the Christian ministry, and was loved as a cultured, Christian gentleman. In business he was methodical and exact, cautious and tactful, a capable and strong admininstrator, giving that strict attention to detail which only a man engrossed in his work could give, and with a fund of quiet, genial humour that smoothed away many difficulties.
The End of an Age
Authors: Alexander W. H.
Published: March 2013

Such phrases as “the end of an age” can be dangerous. They play, for instance, into the hands of the compilers of college catalogues who can snip history more neatly into arbitrary segments than any modern precision machine can reduce an original solid to diaphanous slices. There can no more be the end of an age than there can be an abrupt stoppage and resumption of the processes of life in the individual after childhood, youth, middle age, and the date of retirement. Historical fact is a continuum; as a rule it is only when we turn to look back that we begin to see lines floating before our eyes and presently identify these our own ophthalmic disturbances with actualities of historical divisions. Rome may have " fallen"in 476 AD but not many people heard the crash; the business of getting something to eat, a place to sleep, and the sustenance for a family never ceased for a single hour for most people, whatever it was that happened to the child with the ironically conceived name of Romulus Augustulus. What did happen was that an administrative system ceased to be at Rome.
Thomas Hobbes: Jurisprudence at the Crossroads
Authors: Mosse George
Published: March 2013

Before the dawn of the seventeenth century, English political thought and the Common Law of the land were closely integrated, with the result that political theory and legal practice were interdependent. No doubt this fact was due largely to the challenge of the Roman law. Englishmen had been forced to produce a “Staatsrechtssystem” in contradistinction to the Roman legal system that prevailed abroad. “Our Law ... is called of us the Common Law—as ye would say Jus Civile,” wrote Sir Thomas Smith in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, with an eye on the neighbouring people of France. It was the Common Law which protected the people's rights and thus ensured the freedom of Englishmen, while the French people appeared to be at the mercy of an absolute monarch supported by the Roman law. Thus any description of the commonwealth of England in Elizabeth's time had necessarily to include a description of the Common Law as its distinguishing feature.
The Future of Philosophy
Authors: Irving John
Published: March 2013

In a period when the administrations of certain American universities (Columbia, Chicago, Colgate) have introduced spectacular educational practices and when the “Post-War Planning” committees of others (Harvard, Yale, Princeton) have issued exhaustive reinterpretations of the idea of a liberal education, the report of the less publicized and more intensive investigation which is contained in a new volume may easily be overlooked. Early in 1943, the Board of Officers of the American Philosophical Association decided to undertake an examination “of the present state of philosophy and of the role philosophy might play in the post-war world.” Five eminent philosophers of Yale, Cornell, Wisconsin, and Brown were appointed to a “Commission on the Function of Philosophy in Liberal Education.” Financed by the Rockefeller Foundation, the commissioners held seven regional conferences throughout the United States during 1943 and 1944, at four of which Canada was represented: at Chicago (by R. C. Lodge of Manitoba), at Berkeley (by the present writer, then of British Columbia), at Los Angeles, New Orleans, Baltimore, New York (by George Humphrey of Queen's), and at Boston (by Cecil Currie of McGill).
New-Canadian Letters
Authors: Kirkconnell Watson
Published: March 2013

Reviews of English-Canadian books published in Canada in 1946.
Australian Labour Today
Authors: Ross Lloyd
Published: March 2013

In April, 1934, the QUARTERLY published an article by me entitled “The Depression in Australia.” The depression was ending. Australian Labour had failed either to achieve a democratic and socialist alternative to deflation or to hold the support of the electorate. The Scullin Labour Government, elected in 1929, was defeated in 1931, after a series of party splits that left Labour out of office in New South Wales until May, 1941, and in the Commonwealth until October, 1941.
Reviews
Authors: Knox R. S. , Underhill Frank , Shaw J. E. , Wilson H. S. , Frye Northrop , Roper Gordon , Mercer Samuel
Published: March 2013

John Palmer, Political Characters of Shakespeare, reviewed by R. S. Knox

John Palmer, Comic Characters of Shakespeare, reviewed by R. S. Knox

E. K. Chambers, Sources of a Biography of Shakespeare, reviewed by R. S. Knox

Gerald E. Bentley, Shakespeare and Jonson: Their Reputations in the Seventeenth Century Compared; 2 vols., reviewed by R.S. Knox

Edward A. Armstrong, Shakespeare's Imagination: A study of the Psychology of Association and Inspiration, reviewed by R.S. Knox

F. S. C. Northrop, The Meeting of East and West: An Inquiry Concerning World Understanding, reviewed by Frank H. Underhill

Paolo Milano, ed., The Portable Dante, reviewed by J. E. Shaw

Hiram Haydn, ed., The Portable Elizabethan Reader, reviewed by H. S. Wilson

Alfred Kazin, ed., The Portable Blake, reviewed by Northrop Frye

Mark Van Doren, ed., The Portable Emerson, reviewed by Gordon Roper

W. H. P. Hatch, An Album of Dated Syriac Manuscripts, reviewed by Samuel A. B. Mercer
Ruth Benedict: Apollonian and Dionysian
Authors: Barnouw Victor
Published: March 2013

“The Chippewa can not kill the father!” Ruth Benedict exclaimed to me one day, looking up gravely from my much blue-pencilled thesis and emphasizing each word separately. “They can not kill the father! Contrast with Eskimo!” My adviser turned her meditative eyes upon me and inquired, “Can't you fit that in somewhere?” As often happened, I felt that I almost saw her point, but not quite. However, I jotted a hurried note—“Chips don't kill father....Esk.(?)”—and said that I would have to think about it.
Social Studies
Authors: Brady A.
Published: March 2013

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Thomas Garrigue Masaryk: Philosopher in Action
Authors: Thomson S.
Published: March 2013

There is no man in the history of our modern civilization who better exemplifies the ideal of Plato's philosopher-king than Thomas Garrigue Masaryk, first President of the Czechoslovak Republic. So cautious a judge of personalities as George Bernard Shaw remarked of him that he was the only man capable of being the President of a United States of Europe. He has been called the wisest and greatest European of this century and there are few if any who dispute that judgment. Yet he came from one of the smaller and almost unknown peoples of Europe. The greater powers offer their statesmen a broader field on which to display their talents, and we are accustomed to accept the size of their role as an index of the excellence of performer and performance. But size is not quality, and history ultimately judges quality. Fifth-century Greece was small, even in its own day, but it produced men and ideas, a society, and a culture we humbly envy and respect today.
The Neo-Orthodoxy of Niebuhr
Authors: Stewart David
Published: March 2013

Among other exponents of neo-orthodoxy, Reinhold Niebuhr asserts the old conviction that God is creator of the world, above the contradiction of reason, both life and form, and the source of all existence. It is the divine spirit in man that enables him to place a meaning on life and on the world around him, for man must in some sense be detached if he is able to comment on the meaning of life. Man is like a passenger in a ship who cannot observe that the passenger in the seat opposite him is moving because all the passengers are in the same boat; in order to observe the motion of that boat and of the passengers in it, an observer must be elsewhere, perhaps on the shore or in another ship. In the same way everyone who extracts a meaning from life must have a detachment from life itself. To observe cause, sequence, and purpose, a man must somehow be able to view them as things apart; it requires a capacity of freedom which is greater than reason in order to make judgments above that reason. From the same source a man is able to detect evil which he finds to be located in the human will. Every judgment of good or bad presupposes an origin which is above good and bad. Sin actually is promoted by man's refusal to admit his limitations and by his ambition to be more than he is. Sin is the wrong use of the freedom which has its source in God, for though man is an individual, he is not self-sufficient. When he presumes to make himself self-sufficient, he sins in refusing to acknowledge the source of his life and his freedom.
Jane Austen's Art of Rudeness
Authors: Parks Edd
Published: March 2013

The comedy of manners is most entertaining when it is generously spiced with ill-manners. Jane Austen seems to have realized this instinctively, for she uses social rudeness as a motivating dramatic force often, and builds one novel largely around it. Her people live within, if not always by, a strict code of manners; without some such code, rudeness could not exist. Practically all novelists who are also social commentators recognize this truism and take advantage of it for incidental effects, but Miss Austen goes farther: in Pride and Prejudice she makes rudeness a part of the novel's fabric.
Masaryk's Idea of Democracy
Authors: Odlozilik Otakar
Published: March 2013

Some twenty-five years ago a German daily sent letters to prominent persons of that time asking whom they would recommend as president, should the United States of Europe be created. The late George Bernard Shaw replied at once, naming Thomas Garrigue Masaryk, then President of Czechoslovakia.
The Goldsmiths and Their Villages
Authors: Pacey Desmond
Published: March 2013

In 1825 a young Halifax official by the name of Oliver Goldsmith published a poem entitled The Rising Village. Goldsmith was a grandnephew of the Anglo-Irish poet of the same name, and in the preface to his poem and in the introductory lines of it he frankly expressed his desire to emulate his ancestor and to produce a sequel to his Deserted Village. Contemporary reviewers and subsequent critics of The Rising Village have all referred to this relationship between the men and their poems, but without exception they have confined themselves to vague and general comparisons. Remarks such as these are typical: “The author is indeed worthy of the relationship he bears to that great genius”; the poem “is an imitation of Goldsmith's Deserted Village and is eighteenth century in manner and feeling.” The purpose of this article is to undertake a close comparative analysis of the two poems. To what extent is the Canadian poem an imitation of its model? The superiority of the English poem is universally admitted, but in what does its superiority consist? Was it possible for a nineteenth-century Canadian to write a poem which is “eighteenth-century in manner and feeling”? If not, how did the place and time of the Canadian poet affect his attitudes?
Materialism and the Theory of the Organism
Authors: Jonas Hans
Published: March 2013

Biology, the modern science of life, is beset by an embarrassing contradiction. Dealing with things alive, it is committed to excluding categories of life from their explanation. It is so committed because it aspires to the status of a science. To be a science, in our day, means to be a department of natural science. As such, biology treats of bodies, or rather, of a particular class of bodies whose particularity is sufficiently marked to justify separate treatment. Now, according to the general assumptions of physical science, the particularity of a class of bodies consists in the disposition of its parts, the ultimate parts or “elements” themselves being the same in all aggregates; and since the basic modes of their interaction, their “behaviour” within the aggregate, are identical in all combinations, “knowledge” of any complex entity merely results from the application of the general laws of physical interaction to the particular pattern in which the elementary units are arranged. Successful analysis, therefore, always means reduction to the elementary level where all differences, except those of number and order, vanish; and has its test in successful synthesis, i.e. in the deduction, from these prime elements, of the complex systems and their functioning which are actually found in experience.
Reviews
Authors: Plumptre A. F. W. , Wilson H. S. , MacLennan Hugh , MacLure Millar , Leonard Henry , Daniels Roy , Conacher J. B. , Roper Gordon
Published: March 2013

R. F. Harrod, The Life of John Maynard Keynes, reviewed by A. F. W. Plumptre

Allardyce Nicoll, ed., Shakespeare Survey: An Annual Survey of Shakespearian Study and Production, reviewed by H. S. Wilson

Henry N. Paul, The Royal Play of Macbeth: When, Why, and How It Was Written, reviewed by H. S. Wilson

Willard Farnham, Shakespeare's Tragic Frontier, reviewed by H. S. Wilson

E. K. Brown, Rhythm in the Novel, reviewed by Hugh MacLennan

A. L. Rowse, The England of Elizabeth: The Structure of Society, reviewed by Millar MacLure

Thomas A. Goudge, The Thought of C. S. Peirce, reviewed by Henry S. Leonard

Ruth Wallerstein, Studies in Seventeenth-Century Poetic, reviewed by Roy Daniels

C. E. Carrington, The British Overseas: Exploits of a Nation of Shopkeepers, reviewed by J. B. Conacher

William P.D. Wightman, The Growth of Scientific Ideas, reviewed by T.A. Goudge

Lewis Mansfield, Tobias Smollett: Doctor of Men and Manners, reviewed by Eugene Joliat

W.M. Frohock, The Novel of Violence in America, 1920–1950, reviewed by Gordon Roper
Meredith and Goethe
Authors: Stone James
Published: March 2013

Why was George Meredith, like so many of the Victorian philosophes, reticent about the sources of his philosophy? Perhaps he believed that his idea of nature was his own creation; or perhaps he felt that he had indicated his teacher (or teachers) clearly enough for posterity. Whatever was the case, his silence has aroused much speculation. Tennyson has been named as the inspiration of the sentimental spiritualism in Meredith's early nature poems; Mary (Peacock Nicolls) Meredith has been given credit for his belief in the spirituality of love and for his courageous outlook on life; the Moravian brothers of Neuwied and Thomas Love Peacock have been suggested as possible sources of Meredith's altruism; R. H. Horne and Wordsworth have been mentioned as contributors to the poet's embryonic nature philosophy; and even Shelley, James Thomson, and August Comte have received their due for influencing Meredith in the early years of his life. All these hypotheses, it is true, are supported by the idea of nature that one finds in Meredith's poems. However, it seems to me that if one takes all these suggestions into account one must assume that Meredith's philosophy of nature was a patched-up conception. There is no evidence in Meredith's poetry to justify that assumption.
Robert Browning and Mrs. Pattison: Some Unpublished Browning Letters
Authors: Armytage W.H.G.
Published: March 2013

No one took greater measures of protection against the probings of posterity than Robert Browning. Unfinished poems, personal letters, anything that might betray his personal inner life, he ruthlessly destroyed. Indeed, when T. J. Wise, his bibliographer and acolyte, first met him in 1884, he was "dipping into" an old leather trunk and burning his early poems and some letters from Carlyle. From that time, till Thurman L. Hood published his edition of Browning correspondence forty-nine years later, letters of the poet have been bobbing up in many places. More have been published since Thurman Hood's collection, each adding its quota to knowledge of his life.
New Canadian Letters
Authors: Kirkconnell Watson
Published: March 2013

Reviews of new Canadian letters published in Canada in 1951.
The Confessional Fiction of Mark Rutherford
Authors: Stone Wilfred
Published: March 2013

Although Mark Rutherford has enjoyed a considerable succès d'estime ever since his slim novels began appearing in the 1800s, he still cannot be profitably discussed—even before an audience of literary scholars—without a word of general introduction. For in spite of the fact that he has received almost unanimous critical approval and has been persistently included in literary histories and critical studies of the Victorian period, he has never inspired a wide following nor, until lately, stimulated much scholarly research.
Count Paul Ignatiev's Efforts to Save the Monarchy of Nicholas II
Authors: Strakhovsky Leonid
Published: March 2013

In the last two years of the Russian monarchy there were a few courageous and patriotic men who at the risk of incurring the disfavour of the emperor or even of breaking their own careers tried in vain to persuade their sovereign to adopt a course of action which might have prevented the revolution of 1917 and thus saved the monarchy. One of them was Count Paul Nikolaievich Ignatiev.
A Masque of Love and Death
Authors: Abel Darrel
Published: March 2013

Three quarters of a century ago The Marble Faun rivalled The Scarlet Letter in popularity, but it is now the least read of Hawthorne's romances. It used to be admired as an elegant guidebook to Italy, but readers now agree with Henry James that the impression it gives of Italy is "factitious." Parvenu Americans of the Gilded Age relished its comments on Italian art, but these are now deplored as mere decorative embellishments which clog the narrative. Nineteenth-century readers prized The Marble Faun chiefly for its cloudy allegorical suggestiveness; they delighted to read it as an edifying puzzle, a Christmas pie full of moral sugarplums. It was, as E. P. Whipple said, "a labyrinth of guesses," in which biased interpreters followed such different clues that the were led to discoveries of meaning sometimes flatly contradictory to each other. Thus, Father A. F. Hewitt, writing in the Catholic World in 1885, found in the romance a record of Hawthorne's being "brought face to face with Catholicism, having his mind freed to a considerable extent from Protestant prejudices"; whereas Jessie K. Curtis, writing in the Andover Review a few years later, asserted that the book represents "Protestantism facing Popery." (These apparently conflicting views are perhaps not irreconcilable, as we shall see, although such opinions are so explicit that they express merely part-truths about the romance.)