bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immunological profile of periapical endodontic infections from HIV− and HIV+ patients
Authors: de Brito L. C. N. , Teles F. R. , Teles R. P. , Nogueira P. M. , Vieira L. Q. , Ribeiro Sobrinho A. P.
Published: July 2014

Aim

To evaluate CD4+CD28+ and CD8+ T‐cell genes and the gene expression of IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, IL‐1‐β, IL‐17A, IL‐10, CCL‐2/MCP‐1, CCL‐4, CCL‐5 (RANTES), CXCR4, CCR5 and RANKL from cells in the periapical interstitial fluid from root canal infections in healthy patients (HIV−) and HIV‐positive individuals (HIV+).

Methodology

Subjects included 20 HIV− and 23 HIV+ patients referred to the School of Dentistry at the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil). Almost all HIV+ patients were undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Clinical samples were taken from teeth with pulp necrosis, and no patients had acute periapical symptoms at the time of the appointments. After cleaning and drying, 3 paper points were introduced into the root canal, passing passively through the root apex (2 mm) into the periapical tissues for 1 min. The samples were collected immediately after root canal cleaning and 7 days later (restrained root canal bacterial load) to characterize those gene expressions using real‐time PCR.

Results

Significantly higher levels of CD4+CD28+ and CD8+ T cells in teeth with restrained bacterial loads (second collection) compared with the first collection were observed in both HIV− and HIV+ samples. In HIV− patients, an increase in IL‐10 and CXCR4 expression was demonstrated as well as a decrease in pro‐inflammatory cytokines such as RANKL, IFN‐γ, IL1‐β and CCL5. However, in HIV+ patients an increase in cytokines IFN‐γ, IL‐1‐β, TNF‐α and IL‐17A, and chemokines CCL‐2, CXCR4 and CCR5 were observed. The chemokine CCL‐5 was not detected in HIV+ individuals.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that after reducing the root canal bacterial load in HIV− individuals an anti‐inflammatory response is generated whilst in HIV+ patients a pro‐inflammatory response is sustained in the periapical area.
Rapid Formation of Nanocrystalline BaTiO3 and Its Highly Stable Sol
Authors: Hao Yanan , Wang Xiaohui , Kim Jinyong , Li Longtu
Published: July 2014

Ultrafine BaTiO3 nanoparticles and their highly stable sols are prepared by a novel and rapid route. In this method, the formation mechanism that lies between the chemical precipitation and the sol–gel process is proposed. The BaTiO3 nanocrystal sols are synthesized in as fast as 15 min in an air atmosphere. Dynamic light scattering analysis and the observation of the Tyndall effect confirm the existence of crystalline nanoparticles in these sols. After careful separation, nanocrystalline BaTiO3 powders with an average particle size as small as 2.8 nm are obtained. These particles have perovskite phase structures as determined by X‐ray diffraction and selected‐area electron‐diffraction analysis. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) and thermal analysis are used to detect the characteristic functional groups of the solvents on the particles to reveal the formation mechanism. Uniform BaTiO3 nanocrystal films with high dielectric constants, low dielectric losses, and paraelectric behavior are prepared through solvent evaporation of the nanocrystal sols, providing a new low‐temperature route for the fabrication of perovskite thin films.
Spinel Mg(Al, Ga)2O4 Solid Solution as High‐Performance Microwave Dielectric Ceramics
Authors: Wu Songping , Xue Juanjuan , Fan Yingxian
Published: July 2014

Spinel Mg(Al1−xGax)2O4 (x = 0–1) solid solutions were synthesized via solid‐state method. Replacement of Al3+ by Ga3+ in MgAl2O4 gave rise to the expansion of the lattice, as well as blueshifts of FT‐IR and Raman peaks. The homogeneous solid solutions, high relative densities, large grain sizes, and compact microstructures resulted in excellent microwave dielectric properties for spinel Mg(Al1−xGax)2O4 (x = 0.6) ceramics sintered at 1485°C: that is, εr = 8.87, Q × f = 107 000 GHz (at 14.8 GHz), and τf = −16 ppm/°C. Spinel‐structured Mg(Al1−xGax)2O4 (x = 0–1) solid solutions possessed low sintering temperatures, wide temperature regions (~100°C), and small negative τf values. These outstanding performance make Mg(Al, Ga)2O4 a promising candidate material for millimeter‐wave devices.
Treatment of lower extremity telangiectasias in women by foam sclerotherapy vs. Nd:YAG laser: a prospective, comparative, randomized, open‐label trial
Authors: Parlar B. , Blazek C. , Cazzaniga S. , Naldi L. , Kloetgen H.W. , Borradori L. , Buettiker U.
Published: July 2014

Background

Telangiectasias of the lower extremities are very common. There are no blinded, randomized, controlled clinical trials comparing laser modalities with the gold standard sclerotherapy, while the few available studies encompass small patients cohorts.

Objective

This prospective, randomized, open‐label trial compares the efficacy of sclerotherapy with polidocanol vs. long‐pulsed neodymium‐doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) laser in the treatment of leg telangiectasias.

Patients and methods

Fifty‐six female patients with primary leg telangiectasias and reticular veins (C1A or SEpAS1PN) were included in the study. One leg was randomly assigned to get treatment with the multiple synchronized long‐pulsed Nd:YAG laser, while the other received foam sclerotherapy with polidocanol 0.5%. The patients were treated in two sessions at intervals of 6 weeks. The patients were evaluated by the handling physician after 6 weeks and 6 months. Two investigators assessed blindly at the end of the study the photographs for clearing of the vessels using a six‐point scale from 1 (no change) to 6 (100% cleared). Patients reported about pain sensation and outcome satisfaction.

Results

According to the handling dermatologist, at the last follow‐up, there was an improvement of 30–40% with a median of 3 (IQR 2) and a good improvement of 50–70% with a median of 4 (IQR 2) after laser treatment and sclerotherapy respectively. In contrast, according to the blinded investigators, there was a median of 5 (IQR 1) with a very good improvement of >70% after both therapies. Improvement was achieved more quickly by sclerotherapy, although at the last follow‐up visit there was no difference in clearance between the two groups as assessed by the blinded experts (P‐value 0.84). The degree of patient's satisfaction was very good and similar with both therapeutic approaches. There was a significant difference (P‐value 0.003) regarding pain perception between the types of therapy. Laser was felt more painful than sclerotherapy.

Conclusion

Telangiectasias of the lower extremities can be successfully treated with either synchronized long‐pulsed Nd:YAG laser or sclerotherapy. The 1064‐nm long‐pulsed Nd:YAG laser is associated with more pain and is suitable especially in case of needle phobia, allergy to sclerosants and in presence of small veins with telangiectatic matting, while sclerotherapy can also treat the feeder veins.
Quantitative trait loci and candidate genes underlying genotype by environment interaction in the response of Arabidopsis thaliana to drought
Authors: EL‐SODA MOHAMED , KRUIJER WILLEM , MALOSETTI MARCOS , KOORNNEEF MAARTEN , AARTS MARK G. M.
Published: July 2014

Drought stress was imposed on two sets of Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes grown in sand under short‐day conditions and analysed for several shoot and root growth traits. The response to drought was assessed for quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping in a genetically diverse set of Arabidopsis accessions using genome‐wide association (GWA) mapping, and conventional linkage analysis of a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population. Results showed significant genotype by environment interaction (G×E) for all traits in response to different watering regimes. For the RIL population, the observed G×E was reflected in 17 QTL by environment interactions (Q×E), while 17 additional QTLs were mapped not showing Q×E. GWA mapping identified 58 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) associated with loci displaying Q×E and an additional 16 SNPs associated with loci not showing Q×E. Many candidate genes potentially underlying these loci were suggested. The genes for RPS3C and YLS7 were found to contain conserved amino acid differences when comparing Arabidopsis accessions with strongly contrasting drought response phenotypes, further supporting their candidacy. One of these candidate genes co‐located with a QTL mapped in the RIL population.
Use of Factor XIII (FXIII) concentrate in patients with congenital FXIII deficiency undergoing surgical procedures
Authors: Janbain Maissaa , Nugent Diane J. , Powell Jerry S. , St‐Louis Jean , Frame Virginia B. , Leissinger Cindy A.
Published: July 2014

Background

Patients with congenital Factor XIII (FXIII) deficiency have impaired fibrin stabilization and are at high risk for surgical bleeding. Data regarding the use of FXIII concentrates before and during surgery are lacking. The objective of this study was to report the use of plasma‐derived FXIII concentrate (Corifact in the United States; Fibrogammin P in other countries) in patients with congenital FXIII deficiency undergoing surgical procedures.

Study Design and Methods

FXIII concentrate at preoperative doses ranging from 25 to 40 U/kg was administered to six patients with congenital FXIII deficiency undergoing major or minor surgeries.

Results

FXIII concentrate was administered immediately before surgery for five surgical cases; three of these patients achieved excellent hemostasis during and after surgery, while two had intraoperative bleeding. In one surgical case, a regular prophylactic dose of FXIII concentrate was administered to the patient 1 week before minor surgery. FXIII concentrate provided rapid replacement of FXIII activity. In all but one of the patients given a dose of FXIII designed to increase FXIII levels more than 50%, there was satisfactory intraoperative and postoperative hemostasis. One patient undergoing aortic valve replacement on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was the exception. Intraoperative bleeding in this patient was associated with lower‐than‐expected blood levels of FXIII.

Conclusion

Preoperative plasma‐derived FXIII concentrate allowed for sufficient hemostasis in most patients with FXIII deficiencies. Additional doses were necessary to achieve hemostasis in one patient who underwent a CPB procedure.
Fully-Plastic Strain-Based J Estimation Scheme for Circumferential Surface Cracks in Pipes Subjected to Reeling
Authors: Parise Luís F. S. , Ruggieri Claudio , O'Dowd Noel P.
Published: July 2014

Modern installation techniques for marine pipelines and subsea risers are often based on the reel-lay method, which introduces significant (plastic) strains on the pipe during reeling and unreeling. The safe assessment of cracklike flaws under such conditions requires accurate estimations of the elastic–plastic crack driving forces, ideally expressed in a strain-based formulation to better account for the displacement controlled nature of the reeling method. This paper aims to facilitate such assessments by presenting a strain-based expression of the well-known Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) estimation scheme for the J integral, which is directly based upon fully plastic descriptions of fracture behavior under significant plasticity. Parametric finite element simulations of bending of circumferentially cracked pipes have been conducted for a set of crack geometries, pipe dimensions, and material hardening properties representative of current applications. These provide the numerical assessment of the crack driving force upon which the nondimensional factors of the EPRI methodology, which scale J with applied strain, are derived. Finally, these factors are presented in convenient graphical and tabular forms, thus allowing the direct and accurate assessment of the J integral for circumferentially cracked pipes subjected to reeling. Further results show that crack driving force values estimated using the proposed methodology and the given g1 factors are in very close agreement to those obtained directly from the finite element simulations.
High aspect ratio iridescent three-dimensional metal–insulator–metal capacitors using atomic layer deposition
Authors: Burke Micheal , Blake Alan , Djara Vladimir , O'Connell Dan , Povey Ian M. , Cherkaoui Karim , Monaghan Scott , Scully Jim , Murphy Richard , Hurley Paul K. , Pemble Martyn E. , Quinn Aidan J.
Published: July 2014

The authors report on the structural and electrical properties of TiN/Al2O3/TiN metal–insulator–metal (MIM) capacitor structures in submicron three-dimensional (3D) trench geometries with an aspect ratio of ∼30. A simplified process route was employed where the three layers for the MIM stack were deposited using atomic layer deposition (ALD) in a single run at a process temperature of 250 °C. The TiN top and bottom electrodes were deposited via plasma-enhanced ALD using a tetrakis(dimethylamino)titanium precursor. 3D trench devices yielded capacitance densities of 36 fF/μm2 and quality factors >65 at low frequency (200 Hz), with low leakage current densities (<3 nA/cm2 at 1 V). These devices also show strong optical iridescence which, when combined with the covert embedded capacitance, show potential for system in package (SiP) anticounterfeiting applications.
Reduced
In Vitro
Doxycycline Susceptibility in Plasmodium falciparum Field Isolates from Kenya Is Associated with PfTetQ KYNNNN Sequence Polymorphism
Authors: Achieng Angela O. , Ingasia Luiser A. , Juma Dennis W. , Cheruiyot Agnes C. , Okudo Charles A. , Yeda Redemptah A. , Cheruiyot Jelagat , Akala Hoseah M. , Johnson Jacob , Andangalu Ben , Eyase Fredrick , Jura Walter G. Z. O. , Kamau Edwin
Published: July 2014

Doxycycline is widely used for malaria prophylaxis by international travelers. However, there is limited information on doxycycline efficacy in Kenya, and genetic polymorphisms associated with reduced efficacy are not well defined.
In vitro
doxycycline susceptibility profiles for 96
Plasmodium falciparum
field isolates from Kenya were determined. Genetic polymorphisms were assessed in
P. falciparum
metabolite drug transporter (Pf
mdt
) and
P. falciparum
GTPase
tetQ
(Pf
tetQ
) genes. Copy number variation of the gene and the number of KYNNNN amino acid motif repeats within the protein encoded by Pf
tetQ
were determined. Reduced
in vitro
susceptibility to doxycycline was defined by 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC
50
s) of ≥35,000 nM. The odds ratio (OR) of having 2 PfTetQ KYNNNN amino acid repeats in isolates with IC
50
s of >35,000 nM relative to those with IC
50
s of <35,000 nM is 15 (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.0 to 74.3;
P
value of <0.0002). Isolates with 1 copy of the Pf
mdt
gene had a median IC
50
of 6,971 nM, whereas those with a Pf
mdt
copy number of >1 had a median IC
50
of 9,912 nM (
P
= 0.0245). Isolates with 1 copy of Pf
tetQ
had a median IC
50
of 6,370 nM, whereas isolates with a Pf
tetQ
copy number of >1 had a median IC
50
of 3,422 nM (
P
< 0.0007). Isolates with 2 PfTetQ KYNNNN motif repeats had a median IC
50
of 26,165 nM, whereas isolates with 3 PfTetQ KYNNNN repeats had a median IC
50
of 3,352 nM (
P
= 0.0023). PfTetQ sequence polymorphism is associated with a reduced doxycycline susceptibility phenotype in Kenyan isolates and is a potential marker for susceptibility testing.
Population Pharmacokinetics of Abacavir in Pregnant Women
Authors: Fauchet Floris , Treluyer Jean-Marc , Préta Laure-Helene , Valade Elodie , Pannier Emmanuelle , Urien Saik , Hirt Déborah
Published: July 2014

For the first time, a population approach was used to describe abacavir (ABC) pharmacokinetics in HIV-infected pregnant and nonpregnant women. A total of 266 samples from 150 women were obtained. No covariate effect (from age, body weight, pregnancy, or gestational age) on ABC pharmacokinetics was found. Thus, it seems unnecessary to adapt the ABC dosing regimen during pregnancy.
Pleiotropic and Epistatic Behavior of a Ring-Hydroxylating Oxygenase System in the Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Metabolic Network from Mycobacterium vanbaalenii PYR-1
Authors: Kweon Ohgew , Kim Seong-Jae , Kim Dae-Wi , Kim Jeong Myeong , Kim Hyun-lee , Ahn Youngbeom , Sutherland John B. , Cerniglia Carl E.
Published: July 2014

Despite the considerable knowledge of bacterial high-molecular-weight (HMW) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolism, the key enzyme(s) and its pleiotropic and epistatic behavior(s) responsible for low-molecular-weight (LMW) PAHs in HMW PAH-metabolic networks remain poorly understood. In this study, a phenotype-based strategy, coupled with a spray plate method, selected a
Mycobacterium vanbaalenii
PYR-1 mutant (6G11) that degrades HMW PAHs but not LMW PAHs. Sequence analysis determined that the mutant was defective in
pdoA2
, encoding an aromatic ring-hydroxylating oxygenase (RHO). A series of metabolic comparisons using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed that the mutant had a lower rate of degradation of fluorene, anthracene, and pyrene. Unlike the wild type, the mutant did not produce a color change in culture media containing fluorene, phenanthrene, and fluoranthene. An
Escherichia coli
expression experiment confirmed the ability of the Pdo system to oxidize biphenyl, the LMW PAHs naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, and fluorene, and the HMW PAHs pyrene, fluoranthene, and benzo[
a
]pyrene, with the highest enzymatic activity directed toward three-ring PAHs. Structure analysis and PAH substrate docking simulations of the Pdo substrate-binding pocket rationalized the experimentally observed metabolic versatility on a molecular scale. Using information obtained in this study and from previous work, we constructed an RHO-centric functional map, allowing pleiotropic and epistatic enzymatic explanation of PAH metabolism. Taking the findings together, the Pdo system is an RHO system with the pleiotropic responsibility of LMW PAH-centric hydroxylation, and its epistatic functional contribution is also crucial for the metabolic quality and quantity of the PAH-MN.
LEADERSHIP, RESOURCE AND ORGANISATIONAL INNOVATION: FINDINGS FROM STATE AND NON-STATE ENTERPRISES
Authors: TRUNG NGUYEN NGOC , NGHI PHAM THANH , SOLDIER LEONA LITTLE , HOI TRAN VIET , KIM WON JOONG
Published: July 2014

This paper discusses organisational innovation among state, private, foreign and joint-stock enterprises with focus on leadership and resource which are expected as key factors to innovation. Data drawn from a survey with more than 600 respondents in most industrialised regions in Vietnam is analysed. The finding shows that higher educational level of respondents in state enterprises has negative relationship with all kinds of innovation. State enterprises absorb large amount of funding from government budget but still need more financial resource to generate innovation. However, private and foreign companies do not require more financial capital but they need human capital that is leaders owning transformational characteristics, motivation and ability of building organisational culture to generate organisational innovation. This current research proposes that authorities in these enterprises are suggested to use financial capital in appropriate time only otherwise they should use other tool to do innovation in their organisations.
Personalizing Top-k Processing Online in a Peer-to-Peer Social Tagging Network
Authors: Bai Xiao , Guerraoui Rachid , Kermarrec Anne-Marie
Published: July 2014

The rapidly increasing amount of user-generated content in social tagging systems provides a huge source of information. Yet, performing effective search in these systems is very challenging, especially when we seek the most appropriate items that match a potentially ambiguous query. Collaborative filtering-based personalization is appealing in this context, as it limits the search within a small network of participants with similar preferences. Offline personalization, which consists in maintaining, for every user, a network of similar participants based on their tagging behaviors, is effective for queries that are close to the querying user’s tagging profile but performs poorly when the queries, reflecting emerging interests, have little correlation with the querying user’s profile.

We present P
2
TK
2
, the first protocol to personalize query processing in social tagging systems online. P
2
TK
2
is completely decentralized, and this design choice stems from the observation that the evolving social tagging systems naturally resemble P2P systems where users are both producers and consumers. This design exploits the power of the crowd and prevents any central authority from controlling personal information. P
2
TK
2
is gossip-based and probabilistic. It dynamically associates each user with social acquaintances sharing similar tagging behaviors. Appropriate users for answering a query are discovered at query time with the help of social acquaintances. This is achieved according to the
hybrid interest
of the querying user, taking into account both her tagging behavior and her query. Results are iteratively refined and returned to the querying user. We evaluate P
2
TK
2
on
CiteULike
and
Delicious
traces involving up to 50,000 users. We highlight the advantages of online personalization compared to offline personalization, as well as its efficiency, scalability, and inherent ability to cope with user departure and interest evolution in P2P systems.
"Copy content, copy friends: studies of content curation and social bootstrapping on Pinterest" by Changtao Zhong and Nishanth Sastry with Ching-man Au Yeung as coordinator
Authors: Zhong Changtao , Sastry Nishanth
Published: July 2014

Copying, sharing and linking have always been important for the functioning and the growth of the World Wide Web. Two recent copying trends which have emerged are social content curation, and social logins. Social curation involves the copying, categorization and sharing of links and images from third party websites on the social curation website. Social logins enable the copying of user identities and their friends from an established social network such as Facebook or Twitter, onto third party websites.

In this article, we chronicile our ongoing work on Pinterest, a popular image sharing website and social network. The highly active user community on Pinterest has been instrumental in making social curation a mainstream phenomenon. Interestingly, a large fraction (nearly 60%) of the users have also linked their Pinterest accounts with Facebook and have copied their Facebook friends over onto the new website. Thus, using a large dataset crawled from Pinterest, we uncover both the practices used for sharing content, as well as how the copying of friends has helped the content sharing.

We find that social curation tends to copy and share hard-to-find niche interest content from websites with a low Alexa Rank or Google Page Rank, and curators with consistent updates and a diversity of interests are popular and attract more followers. On the other hand, Pinterest users can also copy friends from Faceebook, or Twitter. We find that this copying of friends create a community with higher levels of social interaction; thus social logins serve as a social bootstrapping tool. But beyond bootstrapping, we also find a weaning process, where active and influential users tend to form more links natively on Pinterest interact with native friends rather than copied friends.
On effectiveness of mesh-based protocols for smart grid communication networks
Authors: Moulema Paul , Yu Wei , Xu Guobin , Griffith David , Golmie Nada , Lu Chao , Su David
Published: July 2014

The smart grid requires a reliable, efficient and cost effective communication network that meets performance requirements. Due to their cost effectiveness and ubiquitous nature, wireless mesh networks have been considered as an alternative for smart grid communication networks. In this paper, we first review smart grid communication network requirements by applying various use cases that enables the design of network models for simulation. Using the ns-3 simulator tool, we then systematically compare the effectiveness of two representative wireless mesh network protocols: Hybrid Wireless Mesh Network Protocol (HWMP) and Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Protocol in terms of various performance metrics and network settings. Our evaluation data shows that the HWMP protocol is suitable for small size mesh grids whereas AODV performs better for large mesh grids. We also conduct a simulation study to investigate the performance of Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WIMAX) technology in smart grid communication networks with different modulation techniques.
High-Throughput Proteomics
Authors: Zhang Zhaorui , Wu Si , Stenoien David L. , Paša-Tolić Ljiljana
Published: July 2014

Mass spectrometry (MS)–based high-throughput proteomics is the core technique for large-scale protein characterization. Due to the extreme complexity of proteomes, sophisticated separation techniques and advanced MS instrumentation have been developed to extend coverage and enhance dynamic range and sensitivity. In this review, we discuss the separation and prefractionation techniques applied for large-scale analysis in both bottom-up (i.e., peptide-level) and top-down (i.e., protein-level) proteomics. Different approaches for quantifying peptides or intact proteins, including label-free and stable-isotope-labeling strategies, are also discussed. In addition, we present a brief overview of different types of mass analyzers and fragmentation techniques as well as selected emerging techniques.
Concerted Proton-Electron Transfers: Fundamentals and Recent Developments
Authors: Savéant Jean-Michel
Published: July 2014

Proton-coupled electron transfers (PCET) are ubiquitous in natural and synthetic processes. This review focuses on reactions where the two events are concerted. Semiclassical models of such reactions allow their kinetic characterization through activation versus driving force relationships, estimates of reorganization energies, effects of the nature of the proton acceptor, and H/D kinetic isotope effect as well as their discrimination from stepwise pathways. Several homogeneous reactions (through stopped-flow and laser flash-quench techniques) and electrochemical processes are discussed in this framework. Once the way has been rid of the improper notion of pH-dependent driving force, water appears as a remarkable proton acceptor in terms of reorganization energy and pre-exponential factor, thanks to its H-bonded and H-bonding properties, similarly to purposely synthesized “H-bond train” molecules. The most recent developments are in modeling and description of emblematic concerted proton-electron transfer (CPET) reactions associated with the breaking of a heavy-atom bond in an all-concerted process.
Point-of-Care Platforms
Authors: Gauglitz Günter
Published: July 2014

Point-of-care applications are gaining increasing interest in clinical diagnostics and emergency applications. Biosensors are used to monitor the biomolecular interaction process between a disease biomarker and a recognition element such as a reagent. Essential are the quality and selectivity of the recognition elements and assay types used to improve sensitivity and to avoid nonspecific interactions. In addition, quality measures are influenced by the detection principle and the evaluation strategies. For these reasons, this review provides a survey and validation of recognition elements, assays, and various types of detection methods for point-of-care testing (POCT) platforms. Common applications of clinical parameters are discussed and considered. In this ever-changing field, a snapshot of current applications is needed. We provide such a snapshot by way of a table including literature citations and also discuss these applications in more detail throughout.
Efficacy and Tolerability of a High Loading Dose (25,000 IU Weekly) Vitamin D3 Supplementation in Obese Children with Vitamin D Insufficiency/Deficiency
Authors: Radhakishun Nalini N.E. , van Vliet Mariska , Poland Dennis C.W. , Weijer Olivier , Beijnen Jos H. , Brandjes Dees P.M. , Diamant Michaela , von Rosenstiel Ines A.
Published: July 2014

Background: The recommended dose of vitamin D supplementation of 400 IU/day might be inadequate to treat obese children with vitamin D insufficiency. Therefore, we tested the efficacy and tolerability of a high loading dose vitamin D3 supplementation of 25,000 IU weekly in multiethnic obese children, 8-18 years of age, with vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency. Methods: Fasting blood samples were drawn for the assessment of vitamin D. Vitamin D-insufficient/-deficient children (<50 nmol/l) were supplemented, using a high loading dose of 25,000 IU weekly, and measured again 9 weeks later. Vitamin D supplementation was considered effective and tolerable when an increase to vitamin D sufficiency (25(OH)D >50 nmol/l) was reached in >75% without side effects nor reaching toxic levels. Results: In total, 109 children (mean ± SD age 11.1 ± 3.0, 34.2% boys, 90.8% obese) received vitamin D supplementation. In 84.4% of the children, the vitamin D status improved from insufficiency/deficiency (<50 nmol/l) to sufficiency (≥50 nmol/l). The majority of children that did not reach vitamin D sufficiency reported non-compliance. No side effects were reported, and the highest level reached was far below the threshold for toxicity. Conclusion: A high loading dose vitamin D3 supplementation is effective and well-tolerated in our cohort of multiethnic obese children with vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency.
Developing Clinical Cancer Genetics Services in Resource-Limited Countries: The Case of Retinoblastoma in Kenya
Authors: He Li Qun , Njambi Lucy , Nyamori Joseph M. , Nyenze Emmanuel M. , Kimani Kahaki , Matende Ibrahim , Rono Hilary , Njom Victor , Bett James , Mukuria Mukiri , Gachago Muchai , Roberts Helen , Dimaras Helen
Published: July 2014

Background/Aims: Clinical cancer genetics is an integral part of cancer control and management, yet its development as an essential medical service has been hindered in many low-and-middle-income countries. We report our experiences in developing a clinical cancer genetics service for retinoblastoma in Kenya. Methods: A genetics task force was created from within the membership of the existing Kenyan National Retinoblastoma Strategy group. The task force engaged in multiple in-person and telephone discussions, delineating experiences, opinions and suggestions for an evidence-based, culturally sensitive retinoblastoma genetics service. Discussions were recorded and thematically categorized to develop a strategy for the design and implementation of a national retinoblastoma clinical genetics service. Results: Discussion among the retinoblastoma genetics task force supported the development of a comprehensive genetics service that rests on 3 pillars: (1) patient and family counseling, (2) community involvement, and (3) medical education. Conclusions: A coordinated national retinoblastoma genetics task force led to the creation of a unique and relevant approach to delivering comprehensive and accurate genetic care to Kenyan retinoblastoma patients. The task force aims to stimulate innovative approaches in cancer genetics research, education and knowledge translation, taking advantage of unique opportunities offered in the African context.
Flexible Ureteroscopy with Holmium Laser Lithotripsy: A New Choice for Intrarenal Stone Patients
Authors: Xu Chen , Song Ri-jin , Jiang Min-jun , Qin Chao , Wang Xiao-lan , Zhang Wei
Published: July 2014

Objective: To evaluate the efficiency and safety of flexible ureteroscopy (FURS) and holmium lithotripsy for intrarenal stones and to stratify the efficiency and safety by stone burdens of ≤20, 20-40, and ≥40 mm. Methods: Five hundred eighty-two patients with intrarenal stones were treated with FURS and holmium lithotripsy at a single department from August 2008 to October 2013. Stone size was evaluated by calculating the cumulative stone diameter of all intrarenal stones, and stone-free status was defined as the absence of any stone or stone fragment <1 mm in the kidney. Results: Data analysis revealed a mean stone burden of 21.8 ± 7.6 mm. The overall primary stone-free rate (SFR) was 65.3%, which increased to 89.0% 6 months after the first surgery. Complications developed in 6.7% of patients. A significant difference was found between lower-calyx stones and other stones (p < 0.001; p = 0.006), while noncalcium stones had a much higher SFR than calcium stones (p < 0.001; p = 0.04). Conclusion: Our study showed that the overall renal SFR with the use of FURS and holmium lithotripsy was satisfactory, with a relatively low complication rate. We believe that FURS with holmium lithotripsy could be a valuable choice for patients with renal stones, especially for patients with a cumulative stone burden ≤40 mm.
Transdifferentiation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells to Macrophage-Like Cells During Atherogenesis
Authors: Feil Susanne , Fehrenbacher Birgit , Lukowski Robert , Essmann Frank , Schulze-Osthoff Klaus , Schaller Martin , Feil Robert
Published: July 2014

Rationale:

Atherosclerosis is a widespread and devastating disease, but the origins of cells within atherosclerotic plaques are not well defined.

Objective:

To investigate the specific contribution of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) to atherosclerotic plaque formation by genetic inducible fate mapping in mice.

Methods and Results:

Vascular SMCs were genetically pulse-labeled using the tamoxifen-dependent Cre recombinase, CreER
T2
, expressed from the endogenous SM22α locus combined with Cre-activatable reporter genes that were integrated into the ROSA26 locus. Mature SMCs in the arterial media were labeled by tamoxifen treatment of young apolipoprotein E–deficient mice before the development of atherosclerosis and then their fate was monitored in older atherosclerotic animals. We found that medial SMCs can undergo clonal expansion and convert to macrophage-like cells that have lost classic SMC marker expression and make up a major component of advanced atherosclerotic lesions.

Conclusions:

This study provides strong in vivo evidence for smooth muscle-to-macrophage transdifferentiation and supports an important role of SMC plasticity in atherogenesis. Targeting this type of SMC phenotypic conversion might be a novel strategy for the treatment of atherosclerosis, as well as other diseases with a smooth muscle component.
Effective Arterial Elastance Is Insensitive to Pulsatile Arterial Load
Authors: Chirinos Julio A. , Rietzschel Ernst R. , Shiva-Kumar Prithvi , De Buyzere Marc L. , Zamani Payman , Claessens Tom , Geraci Salvatore , Konda Prasad , De Bacquer Dirk , Akers Scott R. , Gillebert Thierry C. , Segers Patrick
Published: July 2014

Effective arterial elastance (E
A
) was proposed as a lumped parameter that incorporates pulsatile and resistive afterload and is increasingly being used in clinical studies. Theoretical modeling studies suggest that E
A
is minimally affected by pulsatile load, but little human data are available. We assessed the relationship between E
A
and arterial load determined noninvasively from central pressure–flow analyses among middle-aged adults in the general population (n=2367) and a diverse clinical population of older adults (n=193). In a separate study, we investigated the sensitivity of E
A
to changes in pulsatile load induced by isometric exercise (n=73). The combination of systemic vascular resistance and heart rate predicted 95.6% and 97.8% of the variability in E
A
among middle-aged and older adults, respectively. E
A
demonstrated a quasi-perfect linear relationship with the ratio of systemic vascular resistance/heart period (middle-aged adults,
R
=0.972; older adults,
R
=0.99;
P
<0.0001). Aortic characteristic impedance, total arterial compliance, reflection magnitude, and timing accounted together for <1% of the variability in E
A
in either middle-aged or older adults. Despite pronounced changes in pulsatile load induced by isometric exercise, changes in E
A
were not independently associated with changes pulsatile load but were rather a nearly perfect linear function of the ratio of systemic vascular resistance/heart period (
R
=0.99;
P
<0.0001). Our findings demonstrate that E
A
is simply a function of systemic vascular resistance and heart rate and is negligibly influenced by (and insensitive to) changes in pulsatile afterload in humans. Its current interpretation as a lumped parameter of pulsatile and resistive afterload should thus be reassessed.
Visit-to-Visit Variability of Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Disease and All-Cause Mortality
Authors: Diaz Keith M. , Tanner Rikki M. , Falzon Louise , Levitan Emily B. , Reynolds Kristi , Shimbo Daichi , Muntner Paul
Published: July 2014

Visit-to-visit variability of blood pressure (BP) has been associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality in some but not all studies. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the association between visit-to-visit variability of BP and CVD and all-cause mortality. Medical databases were searched through June 4, 2014, for studies meeting the following eligibility criteria: adult participants; BP measurements at ≥3 visits; follow-up for CVD, coronary heart disease, stroke, or mortality outcomes; events confirmed via database, death certificate, or event ascertainment committee; and adjustment for confounders. Data were extracted by 2 reviewers and pooled using a random-effects model. Overall, 8870 abstracts were identified of which 37 studies, representing 41 separate cohorts, met inclusion criteria. Across studies, visit-to-visit variability of systolic BP and diastolic BP showed significant associations with outcomes in 181 of 312 (58.0%) and 61 of 188 (32.4%) analyses, respectively. Few studies provided sufficient data for pooling risk estimates. For each 5 mm Hg higher SD of systolic BP, the pooled hazard ratio for stroke across 7 cohorts was 1.17 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07–1.28), for coronary heart disease across 4 cohorts was 1.27 (95% CI, 1.07–1.51), for CVD across 5 cohorts was 1.12 (95% CI, 0.98–1.28), for CVD mortality across 5 cohorts was 1.22 (95% CI, 1.09–1.35), and for all-cause mortality across 4 cohorts was 1.20 (95% CI, 1.05–1.36). In summary, modest associations between visit-to-visit variability of BP and CVD and all-cause mortality are present in published studies. However, these findings are limited by the small amount of data available for meta-analysis.
The Dialectics of Kinesis + Stasis in My Visual Art
Authors: Nappi Maureen
Published: July 2014

The author reflects on how her work in both kinetic and static arts has influenced—and continues to influence—her approach to her art practice as a whole.
Studies in Composing Hydrogen Atom Wavefunctions
Authors: Putnam Lance J. , Kuchera-Morin JoAnn , Peliti Luca
Published: July 2014

The authors present their studies in composing elementary wavefunctions of a hydrogen-like atom and identify several relationships between physical phenomena and musical composition that helped guide the process. The hydrogen-like atom accurately captures some of the fundamental quantum mechanical phenomena of nature and supplies the composer with a set of well-defined mathematical constraints that can create a wide variety of complex spatiotemporal patterns. The authors explore the visual appearance of time-dependent combinations of two and three eigenfunctions of an electron with spin in a hydrogen-like atom, highlighting the resulting symmetries and symmetry changes.
Portfolios of Political Ties and Business Group Strategy in Emerging Economies
Authors: Zhu Hongjin , Chung Chi-Nien
Published: July 2014

Using data on 290 business groups, this study examines how ties with rival political parties maintained by Taiwanese firms from 1998 through 2006 affected business strategies, specifically the unrelated diversification into new industries. Taiwan’s recent democratization and emerging economy provide an ideal setting for studying the economic impact of firms’ ties with rival political parties. By focusing on a firm’s entire portfolio of ties instead of strictly dyadic business–government ties, we offer a novel model that demonstrates how the interplay of various ties affects a firm’s strategy differently under different forms of government. Our analysis shows that under a united government, ties to the ruling party facilitate entries of business groups into unrelated industries, while ties to the opposition parties inhibit such moves. Portfolios of ties to both the ruling and opposition parties impose additional obstacles to market entry. Under a divided government, however, ties to the ruling party are conducive to market entry, and portfolios of ties to both the ruling party and the opposition party with legislative authority offer a further boost. Regardless of type of government, the effect of having a portfolio of political ties tends to be mitigated by a firm’s internal resources and capabilities: a firm with sufficient resources and market entry experience has a better chance of achieving its goals even when a dominant political party withholds its support. Our study highlights the tradeoffs that politically connected firms confront in emerging economies with underdeveloped political and market institutions.
Computational analysis of effective thermal conductivity of microencapsulated phase change material coated composite fabrics
Authors: Siddiqui Muhammad Owais Raza , Sun Danmei
Published: July 2014

Microencapsulated phase change materials have been widely used as filler material to develop thermoregulating textile composites. Phase change material has unique property of latent heat that can absorb and release energy over constant temperature range. In this work a method is developed to predict the effective thermal conductivity of microencapsulated phase change material coated composite woven fabrics via finite element analysis. For this purpose unit cell of microencapsulated phase change materials as coated material and woven fabrics were developed and analysed by applying different boundary conditions. Validation of the models was carried out on the basis of strong correlation in effective thermal conductivity values of the microencapsulated phase change materials coated composite fabrics between experimental results and the predicted results from post-processing calculation by finite element method.
Novel thermal error modeling method for machining centers
Authors: Zhu Xiaolong , Xiang Sitong , Yang Jianguo
Published: July 2014

Thermal deformation is one of the main contributors to machining errors in machine tools. In this paper, a novel approach to build an effective thermal error model for a machining center is proposed. Adaptive vector quantization network clustering algorithm is conducted to identify the temperature variables, and then one temperature variable is selected from each cluster to represent the same cluster. Furthermore, a non-linear model based on output-hidden feedback Elman neural network is adopted to establish the relationship between thermal error and temperature variables. The output-hidden feedback Elman network is adopted to predict the thermal deformation of the machining center. Back propagation (BP) neural network is introduced for comparison. A verification experiment on the machining center is carried out to validate the efficiency of the newly proposed method. Experimental verification shows that the adaptive vector quantization network clustering algorithm and output-hidden feedback Elman neural network is an accurate and effective method.
A real-time algorithm for variable-objective motion planning over terrain and threats
Authors: Karimi J , Pourtakdoust Seid H
Published: July 2014

A major issue required to enhance the autonomy level of unmanned vehicles is real-time motion planning. In this context, optimal trajectories need to be generated online considering the vehicle’s dynamic potentials and constraints. However, autonomous air vehicles often need to plan and execute their missions with varying objectives that may even be dictated in flight. Therefore, the current study introduces and focuses on the new concept of variable-objective motion planning. In this regard, a new dynamic multi-objective heuristic optimization algorithm is developed for path and motion planning of autonomous air vehicles in presence of deterministic terrain obstacles as well as random threats. Effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated via several simulated scenarios and verified against past research. The results are promising and indicative of a good potential of the proposed algorithm in producing optimal real-time optimal feasible trajectories with multi-variable objectives.
Promoting Social and Emotional Growth of Students with Disabilities
Authors: Darrow Alice-Ann
Published: July 2014

Students with disabilities are often faced with numerous challenges as they progress through their school years. In addition to disability-related challenges, they may encounter additional difficulties such as bullying in school and lack of social acceptance by their peers. It is important that students with disabilities develop competence in skills that will promote their social success in school. Affective education during their school years may improve the quality of life for students with disabilities as they transition into adulthood. Music-making experiences can provide opportunities to practice important life skills that will benefit students’ social and emotional development.
Reply to “Preparing Current and Future Practitioners to Integrate Research in Real Practice Settings” by Bruce A. Thyer
Authors: Gambrill Eileen
Published: July 2014

Professor Thyer addresses the vital question “How can we prepare practitioners to integrate research in practice settings?” His focus on ethical concerns due to a failure in integration and suggestion to seek legal remedies are welcome ones. Their importance is highlighted by continuing to disregard the close relationship between ethical and evidentiary concerns in everyday practice and policy.
Digesting the emerging role for the gut microbiome in central nervous system demyelination
Authors: Joscelyn Jennifer , Kasper Lloyd H
Published: July 2014

The fields of microbiology, immunology, neurology and nutrition are rapidly converging, as advanced sequencing and genomics-based methodologies have enabled the mapping out of the microbial diversity of humans for the first time. Bugs, guts, brains and behavior were once believed to be separate domains of clinical practice and research; however, recent observations in our understanding of the microbiome indicate that the boundaries between domains are becoming permeable. This permeability is multidirectional: Biological systems are operating simultaneously in a vastly complex and interconnected web. Understanding the microbiome-gut-brain axis will entail fleshing out the mechanisms by which transduction across each domain occurs, allowing us ultimately to appreciate the role of commensal organisms in shaping and modulating host immunity. This article will highlight animal and human research to date, as well as highlight directions for future research. We speculate that the gut microbiome is potentially the premier environmental risk factor mediating inflammatory central nervous system demyelination, in particular multiple sclerosis.