bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intervention of personalized ventilation on interpersonal airborne disease transmission
Authors: Ren Yijing , Pan Shihai , Li Na , Xu Chunwen
Published: August 2022

Personalized ventilation (PV) has been integrated to reduce the risk of interpersonal infection exposure in the office environment. Some studies showed that PV systems may increase occupants’ risk of airborne infection. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the intervention of PV on interpersonal airborne disease transmission in office environment. A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model (CFD) was developed and experimentally validated in a clean chamber. Then the validated CFD model was used to calculate the diffusion of exhaled droplets under different particle size. Results showed at the size of 0.7μm particles, compared to pure mixing ventilation, the personal ventilation of 6L/s reduced the inhalation fraction （IF）from 0.121% to 0.092%，and the reduction ratio of IF is 23.96%. As of 5μm, the IF also decreased from 0.165% to 0.102%, and the reduction ratio of IF is 38.18%. The percentage of 50μm particles deposited on the ground rises from 6.29% to 43.22% of exhaled particles. Therefore, the personalized ventilation can reduce the risk of inhalation in exposed person, and for large size particles, the number of particles falling on the floor increased greatly, which lead to the risk of resuspension increases. The results may be helpful for maximizing the effect of PV in interpersonal airborne disease control.
Gelerntes in der Praxis wiederfinden – Paradigmenwechsel
Authors: Cölle Doreen
Published: September 2022

Lernende der Ergotherapie und Berufseinsteiger*innen starten meist hoch motiviert in erste Praktikumseinsätze oder das Berufsleben. Dort unterscheidet sich die praktizierte Ergotherapie jedoch oft von den Inhalten, die die frischgebackenen Therapeut*innen in ihrer Ausbildung gelernt haben. Modellgeleitetes Arbeiten? In der Praxis häufig Fehlanzeige. Doreen Cölle sucht nach Gründen für dieses Dilemma und macht Vorschläge zur Lösung.
Greifbare Ziele – Bouldern als therapeutisches Medium
Authors: Siemers Corinna
Published: September 2022

Für viele Kinder und Eltern klingt Bouldern in der Therapie spektakulär und nach Abenteuer. Gleichzeitig vermuten einige Kolleg*innen dahinter lediglich ein Bewegungsangebot, das wenig mit zeitgenössischer Ergotherapie zu tun hat. Corinna Siemers erzählt, wann das Klettern ohne Sicherung in der Ergotherapie sinnvoll einzusetzen ist.
Measures of Subjective Tinnitus: What Does Visual Analog Scale Stand for?
Authors: Shin Seung-Ho , Byun Sung Wan , Kim Soo Jin , Lee Ho Yun
Published: September 2022

Abstract Background Patients with tinnitus may have different severity levels of tinnitus distress. Visual analog scale (VAS) is a simple method to measure the extent of subjective distress caused by tinnitus. It includes ratings of tinnitus loudness, awareness,
annoyance, and impact of tinnitus on life. Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate what led to different distress levels in patients with bilateral tinnitus by analyzing the relationships among all subscales of VAS scores for tinnitus distress and the documented variables.
Research Design This study was a retrospective cohort study. Study Sample The medical records of 268 patients who visited a tinnitus clinic between March and December 2020 were reviewed. Data Collection and Analysis Epidemiologic characteristics,
subjective tinnitus distress factors including tinnitus loudness, awareness, annoyance, and impact of tinnitus on life, questionnaire results including those from the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and audiometric profiles were documented. Based on a
bivariate analysis between variables and subtypes of subjective tinnitus distress, stepwise logistic regression was performed to identify potential influencing factors for aggravating each subtype. Results Data from a total of 122 patients with bilateral tinnitus were collected.
The cohort included 77 males and 45 females with a mean age of 51.16 ± 13.50 years. Tinnitus loudness was associated with an accompanying headache (p < 0.001), the BDI score (p = 0.001), and the duration of tinnitus (p = 0.006).
A high THI (p < 0.001) and an accompanying headache (p = 0.016) were both associated with tinnitus annoyance. Hearing thresholds at 250 Hz (p = 0.011) and 500 Hz (p = 0.002) on the left side
were associated with an impact of tinnitus on life. The hearing threshold at 4 kHz on the left side alone was associated with tinnitus awareness (p = 0.013). Conclusion Psychologic complaints are mainly associated with tinnitus loudness and annoyance.
On the other hand, hearing loss is linked with tinnitus awareness and its impact on life. Thus, an individualized, sequential approach that considers different subtypes of tinnitus severity to assess subjective tinnitus distress is needed.
Pericardial Drain Placement in Interventional Radiology: An Overview
Authors: Herren Josi L. , Chan HingKui , Ray Charles E.
Published: August 2022

Pericardial effusions can occur from multiple different etiologies. Although often incidentally noted or clinically silent, pericardial effusions may cause significant hemodynamic compromise. In some of these patients, pericardiocentesis may be temporizing only and either repeat procedures or placement of pericardial drains may be preferable. While cardiologists typically perform pericardial drain placement, it is a procedure that may also be performed by interventional radiologists. This article describes for the interventional radiologist the indications and placement technique, as well as potential complications occurring from pericardial drain placement.
New telescopes seek the cosmic dark ages
Authors: Berkowitz Rachel
Published: September 2022

Radio astronomers look to far-flung locations to detect low-frequency signals that emanate from the ancient universe.
The trailblazing career of Willie Hobbs Moore
Authors: Mickens Ronald E.
Published: September 2022

The first African American woman to earn a PhD in physics remains little known. But her legacy is enormous.
The mysterious balancing stones on frozen lakes
Authors: Taberlet Nicolas
Published: September 2022

During the cold, dry Siberian winter, one can occasionally spot stones perched on impossibly thin pedestals of ice. How do they get there?
Light emitting diodes improved the metabolism of rosmarinic acid and amino acids at the transcriptional level in two genotypes of
Authors: Ahmadi Tayebeh , Shabani Leila , Sabzalian Mohammad R.
Published: August 2022

In the present study, we used different LEDs to evaluate their effect on metabolic and transcriptional reprogramming of two genotypes (Ilam and Isfahan) of lemon balm grown under narrow-band LED lighting. Lemon balm plants were grown in four incubators equipped with artificial lighting and subjected to four LED lamps [White, Blue, Red, and mixed RB (Red + Blue) (70%:30%)] and in greenhouse conditions for 7 weeks. The results showed significant increases in leaf number, pigment and soluble sugar contents, secondary metabolites, and calcium, magnesium, potassium and amino acid contents achieved in growth under mixed RB LEDs. As observed for the content of total phenolics, rosmarinic acid, and amino acids, the expression of genes involved in their production, including TAT, RAS, and DAHPS were also enhanced due to the mixed RB LED lighting. The best condition for both the plant growth and expression of genes was under the mixture of Red + Blue LED lamps. These observations indicate that the increase in secondary metabolites under mixed Red + Blue lights may be due to the increase in primary metabolites synthesis and the increased expression of genes that play an essential role in the production of secondary metabolites.
Evaluating ACGME-Accredited Addiction Psychiatry Fellowship Online Content: A Critical Analysis of Addiction Psychiatry Fellowship Program Websites in the US
Authors: Abrams Matthew P. , Lett Elle , Jackson Danielle S. , Kohler Anne E. , Jordan Ayana
Published: August 2022

Introduction: There is an extreme shortage of addiction psychiatrists and a lack of representation of addiction psychiatry (ADP) fellows from racial/ethnic minoritized backgrounds. ADP fellowship websites are integral in engaging potential applicants. It is therefore critical to understand the quality of engagement that trainees are having with ADP fellowship websites. The aim of this study was to investigate the accessibility and content of ADP fellowship program websites in the U.S. Methods: A list of ADP Fellowship programs was obtained from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. A critical textual analysis of 42 unique factors within four categories (accessibility, recruitment, education, and health equity) was performed for each ADP fellowship website. Results: Of 51 ADP fellowships, 47 (92.2%) had websites. Information about social media accounts was largely missing from ADP fellowship websites. For recruitment, program description (95.7%) and program director name (76.6%) were most readily available, while interview day (0.00%) and vacation details (10.6%) were least available. For education, a list of rotations (55.3%) and didactics/lectures (40.4%) were most readily available, while post fellowship placement (6.4%), call schedule (4.3%), and responsibility progression (2.1%) were least available. The most prevalent health equity factors were gender-inclusive language (100%) and an absence of stigmatizing addiction language (100%). The least listed were statements of commitment to health equity (0.0%), antiracism training (2.1%), and harm-reduction strategies (4.3%). Conclusions: There are considerable gaps in the amount and types of information provided by ADP fellowship websites. Many existing websites are poorly interfacing with potential leaders in the field. The development of ADP fellowship websites could serve as a low-cost recruitment tool to engage potential addiction specialists. Our findings underscore the need for ADP fellowships to optimize their websites to engage bourgeoning leaders in addiction and optimize access to more comprehensive information.
Smart Home Automation using Augmented Reality and Internet of Things
Authors: Jaivignesh R. , Janarthanan R. D. , Gnanalakshmi V.
Published: September 2022

This paper demonstrates the concept of Augmented Reality and the Internet of Things controlling home appliances through the internet. Nowadays, Home Automation using IoT became an integral part but it can be extended to Augmented Reality. Augmented Reality is used to superimpose interactive content into real-world objects. It helps in placing the 3D objects that help in controlling different IoT devices. The main objective of this paper is to demonstrate and analyse the control of home appliances using augmented reality with the internet of things by a Wi-Fi-based microcontroller. This paper also demonstrates its approach toward multiple devices and proves that augmented reality and IoT are complementary to each other that visual interactive objects can control IoT devices. Performance measures like transmission time, RSSI were taken which plays a major role in terms of Internet of Things. The Transmission time determines the time taken by the Wi-Fi of Esp32 to connect to the blynk server. The Comparative analysis for the Transmission ON time and Transmission OFF time at different ranges is measured. The Transmission ON time is of maximum of 2.36 seconds at a distance of 5m and of 2.65 seconds at a distance of 10m without any hindrance. The Transmission time with a wall hindrance is increases than without the wall hindrance. The Transmission ON time is of 2.9 seconds and the Transmission OFF time is of 2.8 seconds. The Received Signal Strength Indicator indicates the strength of the wifi network is also measured and it indicates the network is good. The Measured value is between -23 dbm to -25 dbm which indicates a better network performance.
Battery Management System to Estimate Battery Aging using Deep Learning and Machine Learning Algorithms
Authors: Harippriya S. , Esakki Vigneswaran E. , Jayanthy S.
Published: September 2022

One of the greatest challenges faced by Electric Vehicle (EV) manufactures is insufficient charging stations. Estimating the aging of the battery in the electric vehicle helps the driver to predict the driving range of the vehicle. This paper proposes a battery management system that is developed to predict remaining battery charge of the Electric Vehicle. The aging of the lithium-ion (Li-Ion) battery present in the electric vehicle is predicted using different machine learning and deep learning algorithms. The parameters such as voltage, current and temperature are taken from the sensors connected to the LPC2148 ARM board and the values are given as dataset to the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Decision Tree (DT), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Naïve Bayes (NB) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) Algorithms. The experimental results indicate that for real-time data Naïve Bayes algorithm gave the best results in terms of metrics such as Accuracy, Precision, Recall and F1-score. Naïve Bayes produced results with the accuracy rate of 88% and used to calculate the Remaining Battery Capacity which helps predicting the aging of the lithium- ion battery.
Cost Efficient Virtual Trial Rooms
Authors: Malathi M , Induja R , Mubarak S , Lalitha T
Published: September 2022

The recent covid-19 restrictions like social distancing has limited physical human interaction. There were days when people wish to visit the physical shopping outlets and try the best-suited outfits in the trial rooms. In the post-pandemic era, people are now preferring the E-shopping zone to select the outfits. This type of virtual shopping has its own disadvantages like the suitability of outfits to the customer’s preferences. Regardless of some applications that offer outfit suitability, there are some entrust issues with online stores. This research study analyzes many general customer related concerns like fit of the outfit; appearance; color suitability with the customer skin tone and proposes the possibility of implementing virtual trial rooms. The proposed model empowers the clients to evaluate their outfits based on their stature, shape, size, and wellness estimations by standing in front of the gadget.
Power Quality Enhancement by minimizing the effect of Voltage Sag in Non-linear Load Using D-STATCOM
Authors: Sharma Vivek , Chandrakar Vinod Kumar
Published: September 2022

This research article discusses and examines the voltage sag and power quality issues in distribution networks with D-STATCOM. Power quality issues are examined under various system conditions. Load voltage v/s current characteristics of a nonlinear load is widely used in metal processing industries i.e. ARC Furnace, which is having Non-Linearity in the Load characteristics, is developed in MATLAB environment & recorded using Scopes. The reactive power control with D-STATCOM is applied to enhance the voltage profile and thus the power quality at the load point bus. The significant improvement in voltage and THD calculated by FFT analysis are improved as per IEEE standard.
Computational Analysis of stochastic arithmetic computing and stochastic activation function
Authors: Ashok P , Bala Tripura Sundari B.
Published: September 2022

Stochastic Number Generators (SNG) plays a significant role in designing a stochastic computing system. SNGs make the stochastic system comfortable for computing in the stochastic domain. The challenges in developing the stochastic computing system are correlation and hardware area occupancy. By considering these phenomena, we have considered Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR) based SNG and S-box based SNG in this work. Our contributions to this paper are stochastic computation for activation functions using the SNGs mentioned above and stochastic computation for arithmetic components in the stochastic domain. By considering the two SNG methods, the difference in the computation for accuracy has been analyzed for stochastic activation function and stochastic arithmetic computation. The better SNG method will be used as SNG for stochastic convolutional neural network design using this analysis.
Solving Wave Equation and Heat Equation by Rohit Transform (RT)
Authors: Gupta Rohit , Verma Rakesh Kumar , Verma Sanjay Kumar
Published: September 2022

The wave equation and the heat equation are widely known differential equations coming to light in engineering, basic and material sciences. The differential equations which represent the wave equation and the heat equation are usually solved by the exact technique or by the approximate technique or by the purely numerical technique. Since the implementation of these techniques is very complex, computationally vigorous, and requires elaborate computations, therefore, for finding the solutions of differential equations depicting the wave equation and the heat equation, there is a need to ask for integral transform techniques. Integral transform techniques render productive means for finding the solutions of problems coming to light in engineering, basic and material sciences. The Rohit transform (RT) is a new integral transformation put forward by the author Rohit Gupta recently in the year 2020 and has been utilized for finding the solutions of problems coming to light in engineering, basic and material sciences like other transform techniques. In this study, the RT is brought in for finding the solutions of the heat equation and the wave equation expressed in terms of differential equations which are generally partial in nature.
Artificial Intelligence & Deep Learning: Pet and Spect Imaging and Classification on Brain MRI Images List
Authors: Goel Amit Kumar , Yadav Sagar , Zubair  , Jain Naman
Published: September 2022

Cognitive abilities commonly linked with human brains include learning and problem solving. Another option is just a preprogrammed rule that instructs the computer to perform a given action under specified circumstances. Voice recognition and image recognition, for instance, are both widely used in daily life and may be found everywhere. “Deep learning” (DL) approaches, in particular,due to their ability to come up with creative solutions to complex situations throughout the past decade. Both cancerous and non-cancerous tumors can be seen in the human brain (benign). Google developed the open-source deep learning library Tensor Flow. It can be combined with traditional machine learning. It was created on top of PIL that the Python Pillow module exists (Python Image Library). This collection of modules is critical to Python’s ability to perform image processing. “A deep learning API developed in Python” is powered by “the TensorFlow-based machine learning platform TensorFlow.” NumPy is a Python library for manipulating arrays, as the name suggests. Also included are linear algebra, the Fourier transform, and matrix functions. As far as the ResNet50 model goes, it has 48 convolutional layers, a maxpool and an averagepool layer. Up to a scale of 3.8 x 109, floating point operations can be performed. ResNet-50 is a type of neural network with 50 layers. You can import a pre-trained version of the network from the ImageNet database.
Copy Move Forgery Detection: The Current Implications and Contemporary Practices
Authors: Gajjar Pranshav , Saxena Aayush , Shah Het , Kikani Nandish , Lakhani Karan , Shah Pooja , Sharma Ankit , Limbachiya Krishn
Published: September 2022

Copy move forgeries are a type of digital retouching that takes place in the field of image modification. This type of retouching occurs when one element of a picture is replicated over to a different segment of the photograph. This is typically done in an effort to mask or cover up undesirable qualities of the photograph thus copy move forgeries are a form of image modification. When it comes to digital picture modalities, copy move forging is by far the most prevalent form of picture manipulation that may take place. This is mainly observed when certain elements or segments of the recorded file are duplicated in the recorded file. The identification and localization of forgeries is a prominent problem that has piqued the attention of scholars working in the field of digital forensics and continues to do so. The identification of photo forgery has previously been the subject of several methodologies and uncountable publications, all of which were created and published. An abridged description of the present methodology and approaches is provided in this document, along with a survey and condensed summaries of current research and successes, among other things.
Early heart disease prediction using ensemble learning techniques
Authors: Rohit Chowdary K , Bhargav P , Nikhil N , Varun K , Jayanthi D
Published: September 2022

Cardiovascular illnesses claim the lives of 18 million individuals each year (heart-related diseases). According to the WHO, heart disease is to blame for 31% of all deaths worldwide. In this study, a new machine learning model for predicting heart disease is provided. The proposed method was evaluated on Kaggle and the University of California, Irvine datasets. We used sample approaches and feature selection methods to identify the most useful characteristics in the dataset that was unbalanced. Eventually, classifier models were employed, and an ensemble classifier generated great accuracy. In two datasets, the proposed approach showed to be accurate in predicting heart disease. In all cases, Python was used.
Real-Time Quality Assurance of Fruits and Vegetables with Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Tata Jagannadha Swamy , Kalidindi Naga Karthik Varma , Katherapaka Hitesh , Julakal Sharath Kumar , Banothu Mohan
Published: September 2022

Vegetables and fruits make up a major part of the human diet and finding a good grade of its quality is now a major issue in the market. To find a grade of the vegetable or fruit will be based on some parameters like size, shape, appearance, etc. The appearance is now a deciding factor for the market and affects the consumer’s choice. So, we have designed an application that will classify fruits and grade them according to their quality with appearance as a parameter. This paper will describe the process which is involved in the application. This proposed system will use image processing to classify and grade the quality of fruits and vegetables by extracting features such as color, shape, and HOG (Histogram of Gradient) to classify the given fruit or vegetable. Image pre-processing techniques like data-augmentation and normalization along with Principle- Component Analysis (PCA), and also Deep learning (CNN) are used for getting good accuracy and for dimensional reduction. To speed up the identification and increase the usability, compared to current manual systems like a person checking every fruit and vegetable to grade which takes more time and energy, or by using embedded systems (sensors), we opted for a high-performance android application for quicker deployment.
Avoided population exposure to extreme heat under two scenarios of global carbon neutrality by 2050 and 2060
Authors: Lei Yadong , Wang Zhili , Zhang Xiaoye , Che Huizheng , Yue Xu , Tian Chenguang , Zhong Junting , Guo Lifeng , Li Lei , Zhou Hao
Published: August 2022

To mitigate global warming and the resulting climate risk, many countries have accelerated the optimization of industrial structures and mixture of energy type in an attempt to achieve carbon neutrality by the second half of the 21st century. Here, we present the first assessment of the quantitative benefits of population exposure to extreme heat (defined by the heat index) during 2040–2049 under two scenarios of global carbon neutrality by 2060 and 2050, i.e. moderate green (MODGREEN) and strong green (STRGREEN) recovery scenarios, relative to the baseline scenario of Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) 2–4.5. Global mean extreme heat days increase by 12.1 d yr−1 (108%) during 2040–2049 under the SSP2-4.5 scenario relative to the historical period (1995–2014). The aggravating extreme heat events could be mitigated by as much as 12% and 18% during 2040–2049 under the MODGREEN and STRGREEN scenarios, respectively. Following the changes in extreme heat days, global population exposure to extreme heat is mitigated by 27.3 billion person-days (7%) in the MODGREEN scenario and 39.9 billion person-days (11%) in the STRGREEN scenario during 2040–2049 relative to the SSP2-4.5 scenario. Such benefits from these low-carbon policies are larger in regional hotspots, including India and Northern Africa, which have experienced high population growth and have extremely limited medical infrastructure. Moreover, an early carbon neutrality (2050 vs 2060) could avoid 12.6 billion person-days exposure to extreme heat during 2040–2049. Our results provide an important scientific support for governments to drive early policymaking for climate change mitigation.
Increasing intensity and frequency of cold fronts contributed to Australia’s 2019–2020 Black Summer fire disaster
Authors: Cai Dejun , Abram Nerilie J , Sharples Jason J , Perkins-Kirkpatrick Sarah E
Published: September 2022

Human-caused climate changes are increasing the risk of dangerous wildfires in many regions of the world. There are multiple, compounding aspects of climate change that are increasing fire risk, including large-scale climate changes driving hotter and drier conditions that are generally well observed and predicted. However, changes in synoptic-scale processes that can exacerbate dangerous fire weather and promote extreme pyroconvective events are often not well known in historical observations and are poorly represented in climate models, making it difficult to fully quantify and anticipate changing fire risk. In this study, we statistically test the association between synoptic-scale cold front passage and large fires in southeast Australia during Australia’s 2019–2020 ‘Black Summer’ fire disaster, and analyse daily gridded temperature data to detect long-term changes in the intensity and frequency of strong cold fronts over southeast Australia. We demonstrate that the passage of cold fronts over southeast Australia significantly increased the likelihood of large fire days during the entire Black Summer fire season. Additionally, the intensity and frequency of strong cold front events were anomalously high during the Black Summer, and this is part of a long-term significant increase in the intensity and frequency of strong cold fronts since the 1950s. These changes in fire-promoting cold front activity are expected to imminently emerge above the range of historical experience across large areas of southeast Australia if current trends continue. Our results provide new insights into a previously poorly constrained contributor to fire risk in southeast Australia, highlighting the potential of synoptic-scale weather changes to compound previously documented broad-scale climate changes in intensifying future forest fire risk.
Filtered deformations of elliptic algebras
Authors: Rains Eric
Published: August 2022

One of the difficulties in doing noncommutative projective geometry via explicitly presented graded algebras is that it is usually quite difficult to show flatness, as the Hilbert series is uncomputable in general. If the algebra has a regular central element, one can reduce to understanding the (hopefully more tractable) quotient. If the quotient is particularly nice, one can proceed in reverse and find all algebras of which it is the quotient by a regular central element (the filtered deformations of the quotient). We consider in detail the case that the quotient is an elliptic algebra (the homogeneous endomorphism ring of a vector bundle on an elliptic curve, possibly twisted by translation). We explicitly compute the family of filtered deformations in many cases and give a (conjecturally exhaustive) construction of such deformations from noncommutative del Pezzo surfaces. In the process, we also give a number of results on the classification of exceptional collections on del Pezzo surfaces, which are new even in the commutative case.
Task Planning and Oral L2 Production: A Research Synthesis and Meta-analysis
Authors: Johnson Mark D , Abdi Tabari Mahmoud
Published: September 2022

Increased second language acquisition (SLA) research interest in the effect of planning on subsequent L2 oral production has typically examined the effect of planning on the syntactic complexity, accuracy, lexical complexity, and/or fluency (CALF) of L2 production. However, the results of research in this domain are inconclusive. This study, a research synthesis and meta-analysis of SLA research on the effects of planning on the CALF of L2 oral production, attempts to facilitate a direct comparison of such research, first by examining the role of planning in theoretical models of (i) speech production, (ii) task complexity, and (iii) task readiness; second by summarizing the features of SLA research on planning; and finally by comparing the results of quantitative research on the effect of planning on subsequent L2 production. The results of the research synthesis portion of the study suggest a number of consistencies in SLA research on planning to date, whereas the results of the meta-analysis portion of the study suggest clear effects of planning on L2 oral production and have clear pedagogical implications for L2 instruction.
Metric learning for comparing genomic data with triplet network
Authors: Ma Zhi , Lu Yang Young , Wang Yiwen , Lin Renhao , Yang Zizi , Zhang Fang , Wang Ying
Published: September 2022

Many biological applications are essentially pairwise comparison problems, such as evolutionary relationships on genomic sequences, contigs binning on metagenomic data, cell type identification on gene expression profiles of single-cells, etc. To make pair-wise comparison, it is necessary to adopt suitable dissimilarity metric. However, not all the metrics can be fully adapted to all possible biological applications. It is necessary to employ metric learning based on data adaptive to the application of interest. Therefore, in this study, we proposed MEtric Learning with Triplet network (MELT), which learns a nonlinear mapping from original space to the embedding space in order to keep similar data closer and dissimilar data far apart. MELT is a weakly supervised and data-driven comparison framework that offers more adaptive and accurate dissimilarity learned in the absence of the label information when the supervised methods are not applicable. We applied MELT in three typical applications of genomic data comparison, including hierarchical genomic sequences, longitudinal microbiome samples and longitudinal single-cell gene expression profiles, which have no distinctive grouping information. In the experiments, MELT demonstrated its empirical utility in comparison to many widely used dissimilarity metrics. And MELT is expected to accommodate a more extensive set of applications in large-scale genomic comparisons. MELT is available at https://github.com/Ying-Lab/MELT.
McFarlane v Tayside Health Board [2000] 2 AC 59
Authors: Purshouse Craig
Published: September 2022

Essential Cases: Tort Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in McFarlane v Tayside Health Board [2000] 2 AC 59. The document also included supporting commentary from author Craig Purshouse.
Spartan Steel & Alloys Ltd v Martin and Co. (Contractors) Ltd [1973] 1 QB 27
Authors: Purshouse Craig
Published: September 2022

Essential Cases: Tort Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Spartan Steel & Alloys Ltd v Martin and Co. (Contractors) Ltd [1973] 1 QB 27. The document also included supporting commentary from author Craig Purshouse.
Murphy v Brentwood DC [1991] 1 AC 398
Authors: Purshouse Craig
Published: September 2022

Essential Cases: Tort Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Murphy v Brentwood DC [1991] 1 AC 398. The document also included supporting commentary from author Craig Purshouse.
Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v Morts Docks & Engineering Co. Ltd (The Wagon Mound No 1) [1961] AC 388
Authors: Purshouse Craig
Published: September 2022

Essential Cases: Tort Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v Morts Docks & Engineering Co. Ltd (The Wagon Mound No 1) [1961] AC 388. The document also included supporting commentary from author Craig Purshouse.
Stocker v Stocker [2019] UKSC 17
Authors: Purshouse Craig
Published: September 2022

Essential Cases: Tort Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Stocker v Stocker [2019] UKSC 17. The document also included supporting commentary from author Craig Purshouse.
Attorney-General’s Reference (No. 3 of 1994) [1998] AC 245, House of Lords
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2022

Essential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Attorney-General’s Reference (No. 3 of 1994) [1998] AC 245, House of Lords. The document also included supporting commentary from author Jonathan Herring.
R v Blaue [1975] 1 WLR 1411, Court of Appeal
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2022

Essential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v Blaue [1975] 1 WLR 1411, Court of Appeal. The document also included supporting commentary from author Jonathan Herring.
R v Kennedy [2008] 1 AC 269, House of Lords
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2022

Essential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v Kennedy [2008] 1 AC 269, House of Lords. The document also included supporting commentary from author Jonathan Herring.
R v Miller [1983] 2 AC 161, House of Lords
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2022

Essential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v Miller [1983] 2 AC 161, House of Lords. The document also included supporting commentary from author Jonathan Herring.
R v Thabo Meli [1954] 1 WLR 228, Privy Council
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2022

Essential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v Thabo Meli [1954] 1 WLR 228, Privy Council. The document also included supporting commentary from author Jonathan Herring.
R v Dowds [2012] EWCA 2576, Court of Appeal
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2022

Essential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v Dowds [2012] EWCA 2576, Court of Appeal. The document also included supporting commentary from author Jonathan Herring.
R v SD [2008] EWCA Crim 527, Court of Appeal
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2022

Essential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v SD [2008] EWCA Crim 527, Court of Appeal. The document also included supporting commentary from author Jonathan Herring.
R v Geddes [1996] Crim LR 894, Court of Appeal
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2022

Essential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v Geddes [1996] Crim LR 894, Court of Appeal. The document also included supporting commentary from author Jonathan Herring.
White and Carter (Councils) Ltd v McGregor [1962] AC 413
Authors: Jackson Nicola
Published: September 2022

Essential Cases: Contract Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in White and Carter (Councils) Ltd v McGregor [1962] AC 413. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Nicola Jackson.
Defrenne v SABENA (‘Defrenne II’) (Case 43/75), EU:C:1976:56, [1976] ECR 455, 8 April 1976
Authors: O'Meara Noreen
Published: September 2022

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Defrenne v SABENA (‘Defrenne II’) (Case 43/75), EU:C:1976:56, [1976] ECR 455, 8 April 1976. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Noreen O’Meara.
Plaumann v Commission (Case 25/62), EU:C:1963:17, [1963] ECR 95, 15 July 1963
Authors: O'Meara Noreen
Published: September 2022

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Plaumann v Commission (Case 25/62), EU:C:1963:17, [1963] ECR 95, 15 July 1963. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Noreen O’Meara.
Gerhard Köbler v Republik Österreich (Case C-224/01), EU:C:2003:513, [2003] ECR I-10239, 30 September 2003
Authors: O'Meara Noreen
Published: September 2022

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Gerhard Köbler v Republik Österreich (Case C-224/01), EU:C:2003:513, [2003] ECR I-10239, 30 September 2003. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Noreen O’Meara.
Keck and Mithouard (Joined cases C-267/91 and C-268/91), EU:C:1993:905, [1993] ECR I-6097, 24 November 1993
Authors: O'Meara Noreen
Published: September 2022

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Keck and Mithouard (Joined cases C-267/91 and C-268/91), EU:C:1993:905, [1993] ECR I-6097, 24 November 1993. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Noreen O’Meara.
Aranyosi and Căldăraru (Joined cases C-404/15 and C-659/15 PPU), EU:C:2016:198, 5 April 2016
Authors: O'Meara Noreen
Published: September 2022

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Aranyosi and Căldăraru (Joined Cases C-404/15 and C-659/15 PPU), EU:C:2016:198, 5 April 2016. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Noreen O’Meara.
A v BBC (Scotland) [2014] UKSC 25, Supreme Court
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: September 2022

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in A v BBC (Scotland) [2014] UKSC 25, Supreme Court. This case concerned whether a court order granting anonymity to a convicted and deported foreign national sex offender could remain in place, notwithstanding objections from BBC (Scotland). In answering the question, the Court articulated what it referred to as the common law principle of open justice, which is the focus of this case note. The document also includes supporting commentary and questions from author Thomas Webb.
Anisminic Ltd v Foreign Compensation Commission [1969] 2 AC 147, House of Lords
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: September 2022

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Anisminic Ltd v Foreign Compensation Commission [1969] 2 AC 147, House of Lords. This case note deals with how the House of Lords interpreted an ouster clause, a statutory provision which seeks to prevent judicial supervision of decisions made by subordinate decision-making bodies, and considers the wider constitutional implications of the courts’ approach to ouster clauses. The document also includes supporting commentary and questions from author Thomas Webb.
Attorney General v Jonathan Cape Ltd [1976] QB 752, High Court (Queen’s Bench Division)
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: September 2022

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Attorney General v Jonathan Cape Ltd [1976] QB 752, before the High Court (Queen’s Bench Division). This case concerns the constitutional convention of collective Cabinet responsibility which requires, inter alia, that Cabinet discussions remain secret, whether the publication of a diary detailing Cabinet discussions breached the convention, and what the constitutional consequences of any breach were. The document also includes supporting commentary and questions from author Thomas Webb.
Dimes v Proprietors of the Grand Junction Canal (1852) III House of Lords Cases (Clark’s) 759, 10 ER 301, House of Lords
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: September 2022

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Dimes v Proprietors of the Grand Junction Canal (1852) III House of Lords Cases (Clark’s) 759, 10 ER 301, House of Lords. This case concerns an example of a judge holding a pecuniary interest in a case they were adjudicating upon. There is also wider discussion of the concept of bias. The document also includes supporting commentary and questions from author Thomas Webb.
Ellen Street Estates Ltd v Minister of Health [1934] 1 KB 590, Court of Appeal
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: September 2022

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Ellen Street Estates, Limited v Minister of Health [1934] 1 KB 590, Court of Appeal. This case concerned whether provisions enacted by an earlier Westminster parliament could bind the legislative choices of future Westminster parliaments. The arguments of Wade and Jennings over Diceyan and ‘manner and form’ approaches to this issue are discussed. The document also includes supporting commentary and questions from author Thomas Webb.
Ghaidan v Godin-Mendoza [2004] UKHL 30, House of Lords
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: September 2022

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Ghaidan v Godin-Mendoza [2004] UKHL 30, House of Lords. This case concerns the interpretive obligation placed on the courts to, so far as is possible, interpret all legislation, past and future, in line with the Human Rights Act 1998. The substantive issue in the case was whether the Rent Act 1977, as amended, could be read in such a way as to allow a surviving tenant from a same-sex relationship to succeed to a tenancy held by their deceased partner. The document also includes supporting commentary from author and questions Thomas Webb.
Hirst v United Kingdom [2005] ECHR 681, European Court of Human Rights (Application 74025/01) (Grand Chamber)
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: September 2022

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Hirst v United Kingdom [2005] ECHR 681, European Court of Human Rights (Grand Chamber). This case note concerns the provisions limiting the voting rights of prisoners, and the extent to which the United Kingdom is bound to follow the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights. The document also includes supporting commentary and questions from author Thomas Webb.
Osborn v Parole Board [2013] UKSC 61, Supreme Court
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: September 2022

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Osborn v Parole Board [2013] UKSC 61, Supreme Court. This case concerned three applicants who, it was contended, had been subject to procedurally unfair processes by the Parole Board. In arguing their cases they had primarily relied upon Article 5(4) of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). The UKSC preferred the common law principle of procedural fairness. This case note examines that principle and the concept of common law rights more generally in relation to the ECHR and the Human Rights Act 1998. The document also includes supporting commentary and questions from author Thomas Webb.
R v Chaytor and others [2010] UKSC 52, Supreme Court
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: September 2022

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v Chaytor and others [2010] UKSC 52, Supreme Court. This case considered the extent of parliamentary privilege, and the courts’ role in interpreting it. The document also includes supporting commentary and questions from author Thomas Webb.
R v Disciplinary Committee of the Jockey Club, ex parte Aga Khan [1993] 1 WLR 909, Court of Appeal (Civil Division)
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: September 2022

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v Disciplinary Committee of the Jockey Club, ex parte Aga Khan [1993] 1 WLR 909, Court of Appeal (Civil Division). This case considered under what circumstances a decision-maker could be considered public, or to be exercising a public law function, for the purposes of determining whether that decision-maker was subject to judicial review. The document also includes supporting commentary and questions from author Thomas Webb.
R v Panel on Take-overs and Mergers, ex parte Datafin plc [1987] QB 815, Court of Appeal (Civil Division)
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: September 2022

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v Panel on Take-overs and Mergers, ex parte Datafin plc [1987] QB 815, Court of Appeal (Civil Division). This case examines the characteristics of bodies which can be subject to judicial review, exploring whether bodies which are ostensibly private in nature can be subject to judicial review if the nature or consequences of their functions and decisions are public. The document also includes supporting commentary and questions from author Thomas Webb.
R (on the application of Evans) and another v Attorney General [2015] UKSC 21, Supreme Court
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: September 2022

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R (on the application of Evans and another) v Attorney General [2015] UKSC 21, Supreme Court. This case concerns whether Parliament can have intended for a statutory provision to allow a member of the executive to overturn the decision of a court without good, clearly articulated reasons (Lord Mance), or contrary to constitutional principle (Lord Neuberger). The document also includes supporting commentary and questions from author Thomas Webb.
R (on the application of H) v London North and East Region Mental Health Review Tribunal [2001] EWCA Civ 415, Court of Appeal
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: September 2022

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R (on the application of H) v London North and East Region Mental Health Review Tribunal [2001] EWCA Civ 415, Court of Appeal. This case concerned whether the language of ss 72–73 of the Mental Health Act 1983 could be read in such a way as to be compatible with the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA), under s. 4 of that Act, or whether such an interpretation was not possible. In the latter case, the court should consider making a declaration of incompatibility. This note explores s. 4 HRA declarations of incompatibility. The document also includes supporting commentary and questions from author Thomas Webb