bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Operating Costs of Electric Industrial Trucks and Tractors
Authors: Crockett C. B. , Payne H. J.
Published: January 2024

The authors attempt to show how direct and indirect costs of a materials-handling system may be classified and estimated, and apply the methods described to the question of operation of electric trucks. The direct costs of operation are here divided into fixed charges and operating charges, both of which are enumerated and, where possible, estimated. Factors affecting the costs are likewise enumerated, and actual figures of cost of operation taken from several plants are presented, and the savings due to truck operation pointed out.
Materials Handling as an Aid to Production
Authors: Eidmann Frank L.
Published: January 2024

The author surveys the materials-handling problem of a plant from eight angles: the design of building and arrangement of equipment, the weight of material handled per pound of finished product, the elimination of hand labor, the effect of the materials-handling methods on inventory, the effect on increased output of the worker, the design of the product to facilitate handling, the selection of the handling equipment, and attempts to facilitate handling in shipment and in customer’s plant. Examples of good and bad practice are quoted, and illustrations of some are included.
The Development of Machine Tools from a User’s Viewpoint
Authors: Spencer F. C.
Published: January 2024

The author bases his paper on the experiences and practices of the Hawthorne Works of the Western Electric Company, whose development organization is charged with the selection of machine tools. This organization has adopted five standards which affect the design of machine tools: namely, minimum floor-space requirement; elimination of accident hazards by properly designed guards; reduction of physical effort by convenient operating arrangements; cleanliness; and appearance. The effect of these standards on labor is next brought out and is followed by a review of the motor-drive program which has eliminated all but individually motorized machines with motors generally located in the machine base. Examples of several individually motor-driven machines are given. There then follows an account with some details of construction of the development of better and safer punch presses, and machines for drilling small holes in thin metal. The paper ends with a discussion of the possibilities of the hydraulic drive and the importance of giving special attention in the design of all new machine tools to the matter of safety, maintenance, and facility of operation.
The Development of Hydraulic Feeds on Multiple Drilling Machines
Authors: Galloway R. M.
Published: January 2024

The author tells first of the three types of hydraulic pumps in general use for feeding machine tools: namely, the gear pump, arranged to operate at pressures up to 250 lb. and capable of delivering a constant volume at a constant pressure; the multiple-piston pump with variable stroke, built to deliver a variable amount of oil at pressures up to 1000 lb.; and a combination of these two arranged to deliver a large volume of oil at 250 lb. pressure from a gear pump and a smaller volume from a variable-delivery piston pump, both pumps being built into the same housing and interlocked as to control.

Following this, he relates experiences encountered in adapting hydraulic feeds to multiple-spindle drilling machines, and in the development of smaller machines with less expensive pumps.

The success attained led to the development of self-contained units which could be built into designs of special drilling machines, as it was found that a single gear pump could be arranged to supply all the feed cylinders. These have been built into machines having from 2 to 7 units. The paper concludes with a statement of some of the lessons learned during the development.
The Manufacture and Application of Extruded Copper Tubes
Authors: Foisy George A.
Published: January 2024

The paper describes briefly the development of extrusion processes. Soft metals such as lead, tin, and lead-tin alloys have been extruded by heating them to a temperature just below the melting point and forcing them under pressure through dies. Collapsible tubes for holding dentifrice have been formed from cold metal in a press by a process in which a punch, entering a die, forces the metal to flow between it and the sides of the die, the tube being stripped off the punch by hand.

The paper next describes the cold extrusion of copper into tubes 7 mm. in diameter, having wall thicknesses of 0.0035 in. to 0.006 in. and 9 to 15 in. long. Electrolytic copper, 99.9 per cent pure, is extruded hot into bars about ½ in. in diameter. These are cut up into slugs about 7/16 in. long and subjected to two preliminary forming processes which reduce them to cups with wall thickness of about 1/10 in. and pressed bottoms of paper thinness. The cups are then extruded cold in a press by means of a die and punch, the material flowing out of the die around the punch through an annular space which is the exact cross-section of the finished tube. A pressure of 50,000 lb. is applied throughout 1/15 of a second, the energy thus expended causing the copper to assume a plastic state.

A final operation forms hexagonal ends to the extruded tubes which permits their assembly with closely fitting sides into cellular radiators for aircraft and automobile motors, condensers for refrigerants, unit heaters, and other heat-exchanging apparatus.
Efficiencies of Otto and Diesel Engines
Authors: Ellenwood F. O. , Evans F. C. , Chwang C. T.
Published: January 2024

This paper gives primarily the results of calculations for the ideal Otto and Diesel engines in which the working substance is a mixture of real gases. The results are presented in the form of convenient tables and curves that may be readily used by any engineer in the determination of the engine efficiencies of internal-combustion motors operating under the various conditions existing today. The general method of procedure is fully explained and the necessary equations are given.

The paper also considers the factors involved in the establishment of “real-mixture standards” on which to base the performance of Otto and Diesel engines, and compares the results obtained by somewhat different conceptions. The use of higher and lower heating values of the fuel in the various calculations involved is discussed, and the tables and curves for the 65 cases considered give the results for both values.

The importance of using engine efficiencies to express performance is stressed, and five illustrative examples indicate that some of the best internal-combustion motors have already been so well designed and built that they give the excellent result of engine efficiencies as high as 76 per cent.
The Construction and Protection of Oil and Natural-Gas Pipe Lines
Authors: Thornhill W. H. T.
Published: January 2024

After calling attention to the magnitude of the underground systems required for the transportation of oil and natural gas, the author considers in detail the methods employed in field construction, dealing successively with surveying the route, purchasing and preparing the right of way, “stringing” the pipe along the route, welding pipe joints, excavating the ditches, lowering of line into the ditch, laying all-coupled lines, etc. He then takes up the subject of river crossings, following which he discusses at length methods of protecting pipe lines from soil corrosion, and the principal requirements which a good protective coating should meet. Such a coating, the author states, provides reasonable insurance against the destruction of large investments in permanent underground pipe lines.
Investigation of the Pulp and Paper Industry in the State of Washington
Authors: Ross Bruce Wallace , Konzo Seichi
Published: January 2024

In this paper the authors discuss the pulp- and paper-manufacturing industry as it is conducted today and show that, owing to location, source of supply, water supply for both power and process, labor, etc., the state of Washington presents many attractions to the prospective plant builder.

Of the subjects taken up, the first has to do with the materials used in the manufacture of paper. Then the several species of woods found in the United States, with particular emphasis on the state of Washington, are discussed, together with statistics concerning quantities available. One of the sources of supply mentioned is mill waste, and the possibilities of carrying on pulp operations in cooperation with saw-mill activities are discussed.

Pulp-making processes also are treated, those receiving attention being the mechanical process, the soda chemical process, the sulphate process, and the sulphite process.

The process of making paper is touched upon, but owing to the fact that complete treatises on this subject may be obtained without difficulty, little more than a brief review is given.

Interesting statistics on the consumption of wood pulp, its production in the United States, particularly in Washington, and its exportation appear in the paper.
The Application of the Principle of Least Work to the Primary Stress Calculations of Space Frameworks
Authors: Burgess C. P.
Published: January 2024

A structure similar to the framework of a rigid airship is analyzed by three approximate methods commonly applied to such structures, and also by the mathematically exact method of least work. It is shown that the approximate methods may be very considerably in error. A short-cut method of least work, giving very satisfactory results, is described and applied to the structure.
Problems in Flying
Authors: Doolittle J. H.
Published: January 2024

In this paper the author discusses many things that are now receiving attention to make flying safer. More and better airports are needed, and a low landing speed is essential. More attention is being given to airplane construction. The cockpit should be strong to protect the pilot in case of a crash, and there should be sufficient material between the pilot and ground to absorb the shock.

Work being done by the Weather Bureau in notifying pilots of weather conditions along the route is of great value. More frequent points for giving information will add to the service. Recent developments provide a satisfactory instrument for measuring altitude. More improvements are needed in the compass for blind flying. Flying in fog makes it necessary to direct pilots to landing ports, and to make it possible to land without seeing the ground. Much work is being done to solve these problems.
The Metalclad Airship
Authors: Fritsche Carl B.
Published: January 2024

This paper sets forth the advantages to be obtained from the employment of all-metal construction in dirigibles, and discusses at length costs and other economic questions involved. Extended particulars are then given regarding the design, all-metal construction, erection, and assembly of the U. S. Navy Dirigible ZMC-2, together with data on dimensions, weight arrangement, shape and stress analysis, and performance, as well as conclusions on the test flights.
Journal Running Positions
Authors: Howarth H. A. S.
Published: January 2024

The classic theory of bearing lubrication propounded by Reynolds and extended by Sommerfeld has shown that when a journal runs in a full bearing with a complete film, the journal center will run opposite the center of the bearing when the journal load acts directly downward against the bearing. The classic theory has, the author believes, also shown that the journal will never rise higher than opposite the bearing center, if the bearing measures 180 deg. long and if the load line bisects that angle.

Consequently the impression has gained ground that under no circumstances will the journal rise higher than the bearing center in any clearance bearing—if the classic theory is correct. The present investigation was therefore undertaken to find out whether that current impression was reasonable. A study of journal running positions was undertaken for clearance bearings whose resultant pressures do not bisect the bearing angle.

The 120-deg. bearing was chosen for the present study because it approximates the bearings widely used in steam turbines. Other angular lengths will be studied later if the results of the present study indicate that an extension of the work is desirable, much of the preliminary work already having been done.

The result of our analysis proves that the current impression is erroneous. The journal may run with its center higher than that of the bearing, if the load, speed, viscosity, clearance ratio, and α/β ratio are compatible therewith. This must be so if the classical theory is correct.

The present analysis indicates that the load direction upon a partial bearing has an amazing influence upon the running position of the journal. It also indicates that no matter how high above the bearing center the journal may run at any finite speed, it will return to run concentric with the bearing at infinite speed.

This study disclosed other interesting phenomena that are explained in the text. Side leakage was neglected. The viscosity was assumed constant. Influence of friction upon the direction of the resultant pressure was estimated. Consequently the present work is readily comparable with that of Reynolds, Sommerfeld, Harrison, and with previous work of the author.
Combustion at High Pressures
Authors: Lichty L. C.
Published: January 2024

In the author’s experiments hydrogen-air mixtures ranging from 1 H2 + 0.85 Air to 1 H2 + 6.5 Air were investigated, first, by varying the length of combustion chamber, holding the initial temperature constant at 80 deg. fahr., and second, by varying the initial temperature from 80 to 400 deg. fahr., holding the length of combustion chamber constant. Records were obtained from which the effect of mixture on maximum pressure was studied, as well as the effect of surface-volume relationships on maximum pressure, effect of mixture on time of pressure rise, rate of flame propagation, heat loss during pressure rise, etc.
Design of Ellipsoidal Heads for Pressure Vessels
Authors: Greene T. W.
Published: January 2024

This paper, after dealing theoretically with the stresses set up in cylindrical pressure vessels provided with ellipsoidally dished heads, gives results of tests made on a propane storage tank 7 ft. in diameter, 38 ft. 4 in. long, and designed for a working pressure of 200 lb. per sq. in., the heads being ellipsoidal with a 2-to-1 ratio of axes. From these results the author concludes that (1) heads with dish and large knuckle radii proportioned to closely approximate true ellipsoidal shapes with a ratio of axes of 2 to 1, are far superior to the flat dished heads with small knuckle radii commonly used in pressure vessels; (2) that the stress distribution in such heads closely approximates that set forth by theory, and that in consequence the formulas presented in the paper can be safely used for design.
Analysis of the Uniform-Rise and Uniform-Pressure-Angle Cam Curves: A Method of Designing Cams by Means of Prepared Charts
Authors: Mallina R. F.
Published: January 2024

The practical design of cams sometimes requires a thorough investigation of the practical limits to which a designer may go without greatly changing the leverage ratio from cam shaft to cam-lever shaft and without putting unnecessary strain on the follower stud.

It is the purpose of this paper to point out methods of obtaining such limits and to provide tables and charts which will enable the draftsman to determine certain cam curves with a minimum of effort.

The results of this investigation are as laid down in two appended charts.
Friction of Journal Bearings as Influenced by Clearance and Length
Authors: McKee S. A. , McKee T. R.
Published: January 2024

An investigation at the Bureau of Standards is described, the object of which was to determine the effects upon the frictional resistance of small-bore full-journal bearings of changes in the length-diameter and clearance-diameter ratios. A journal-bearing friction machine provided a method for measuring the frictional resistance when operating under different conditions of load on the bearing, speed of the journal, and viscosity of the lubricant. By a suitable correlation of these factors a measure of the effects of changes of clearance and length with bearings of the same diameter was obtained. The results indicate that changes in the length-diameter ratio as well as in the clearance-diameter ratio have marked effects upon the frictional characteristics of journal bearings in normal operation. Suitable corrections to a theoretical equation for journal friction are derived from these experiments for bearings of all normal clearances and lengths. In the conclusion, further steps toward a more complete understanding of journal-bearing performance are indicated.
A New High-Speed Fan
Authors: Fechheimer Carl J.
Published: January 2024

The author describes a centrifugal fan of novel construction for use on steam-turbine-driven generators. In the impeller, straight blades of sheet metal are bulged with respect to a plane passing through the longitudinal axis, and are riveted to the supporting rings. Further to reduce stresses, the blades are made of duralumin, having low density and good physical properties. A partition ring lowers the stresses still more. An analysis of the stresses set up in operation is given, as well as test data of an experimental fan built to deliver 50,000 cu. ft. of air per minute and having a peripheral velocity of 25,500 ft. per min. at 1800 r.p.m. The experimental fan was run up to 83 per cent overspeed.
Refrigeration and Ventilation as Aids to National Efficiency
Authors: Bloom S. C.
Published: January 2024

This paper describes developments in air cooling and air circulation that are being incorporated in modern office buildings. The amount of refrigeration required is large and current practice is to recirculate and recool 50 to 75 per cent of the air used. The volume of cooled air introduced is sufficient, usually, to change the air of a building 5 to 8 times per hour. The period during which cooling is required is but a small part of the year and current practice is to provide refrigerating equipment of capacity sufficient to handle the peak load. The power demand resulting is high and intermittent, and much expensive apparatus must remain idle a preponderant part of the time.
Coordination of Industrial-Plant and Central-Station Power
Authors: Gaudy P. J.
Published: January 2024

In this paper, the author discusses the generation of power for use of industrial plants. In general, he finds that central stations are able to deliver power as required by industrials, cheaper than the latter can produce it themselves. An industrial can generate electric energy for power purposes profitably only when the utility does not maintain proper service or charge a reasonable rate or when the industrial has energy available in some form, for conversion to power, which is a by-product, or natural result, of its major manufacturing process.
Steam-Generating Capacities of Boilers
Authors: Raymond Fairfield E.
Published: January 2024

In this paper the author gives reasons why the maximum steam-generating capacity of any complete boiler unit should be calculated entirely on a heat-liberation basis, except in so far as the features of design are reflected in the value used for the weight or volume of fuel consumed per hour in the furnace and in the overall efficiency. He presents formulas which represent the fundamental conditions, and gives several examples of their use.
Analysis of Costs of Variable-Load and Multiple Power Supply
Authors: Scofield Edward H.
Published: January 2024

This study is based upon the actual performance of a plant in operation and includes a classification of costs designed to facilitate the calculation of the influence made thereon by a load of variable demand. Also it attempts to simplify the consideration of load characteristics and to determine the value of constants relating to certain factors of operation. Reference is made to the application of the results to a study for determining the economics of a power supply for the local electric railway system.
Proprietary Air-Cooled Refractory Walls: Evolution of the Boiler Furnace—Forms of Patented or Proprietary Air-Cooled Refractory Walls Now Available—Data on Performance of Air-Cooled Walls in Service
Authors: Gladden C. S.
Published: January 2024

This paper discusses briefly (1) the evolution of the boiler furnace and the increasing tendencies toward higher ratings of boiler operation and the attendant increasing maintenance troubles with refractories; (2) describes some of the proprietary air-cooled walls now available for the consideration of designing engineers and boiler-plant operators; (3) gives the operating experiences of certain engineers with air-cooled refractory walls of different types, and (4) presents the author’s opinion concerning the conditions suitable for air-cooled refractory-wall installations.
Low-Temperature Carbonization of Southern Appalachian Coal
Authors: Holdredge Leo
Published: January 2024

After discussing the principal reasons for the low-temperature carbonization of bituminous coal, the author describes briefly the four types of methods used or proposed for low-temperature carbonization, and then gives details regarding a laboratory experiment carried out at the University of Tennessee Engineering Experiment Station, the primary purpose of which was to produce a smokeless fuel in a form suitable for domestic use. A summary of the results of ten tests of a high-volatile northern Tennessee steam coal is included which gives quantities of semi-coke, gas, tar, and tar products produced, together with their gravities, heating values, etc. The coke obtained is easily ignited, burns smokelessly even in an open grate, and, the author believes, should find a market as a domestic fuel.
A Study of Crystalline Compounds Formed in Slags on Boiler-Furnace Refractories
Authors: Klinefelter T. A. , Rexford E. P.
Published: January 2024

For several years the action of boiler-furnace refractories under various service conditions has been investigated. The present method of investigation used by the Bureau of Standards at Columbus is similar to that used by the Geophysical Laboratory in studying the lime-alumina-silica system, with the addition of iron. It is known as the quenching method. The apparatus consists of two furnaces, a preheater and a quenching furnace automatically controlled. The length of time required for each melt depends on its composition. Each melt determines an equilibrium point, a number of which are necessary for determining the point sought, i.e., the temperature at which the primary phase for that composition disappears and the charge becomes a clear glass. A number of the latter points determine a surface known as an “isopleth.” In working out the system one component is held constant, in this case iron, and the others are varied. In conjunction with the above, field slags, the data of which are known, are being quenched and their results compared with those of the component system.

The paper is a progress report of the work done to date, of the methods used and the difficulties encountered in a laboratory study of the equilibrium relation of oxides composing the slags on boiler-furnace refractories at high temperatures. No data or conclusions are presented.
The Formation and Thermal Effects of Calcium Sulphate Boiler Scale
Authors: Partridge Everett P. , White Alfred H.
Published: January 2024

A fundamental study of the manner in which calcium sulphate scale forms upon an evaporative surface, a redetermination of the solubility values for calcium sulphate in the boiler temperature range, and measurements of the rate of formation and heat conductivity of calcium sulphate scales produced in an experimental boiler, are described in abstract in this paper.

Evidence is presented to show that the initial deposition of calcium sulphate scale takes place as the result of the evolution of bubbles, either of dissolved gas or of steam, from an evaporative surface, and that the continued growth of scale is dependent upon the fact that the solubility of calcium sulphate decreases with temperature increase. The work of the authors thus presents a new explanation of the mechanism of initial scale formation, supports Hall’s theory of the growth of scale, negates the colloidal theory of scale formation, and offers a fundamental basis for the study of scale-prevention methods. Photomicrographs of the early stages of deposition and growth of calcium sulphate scale are shown, as well as photomicrographs of scales produced under varying conditions.

From the results of their own work and from that of other investigators, the authors present a discussion of the present knowledge concerning calcium sulphate scale. While the effect of scale upon heat utilization in modern boilers is believed to be very slight, calculations based on the heat conductivity of anhydrite scale indicate the importance of preventing overheating of tubes due to the insulating effect of scale deposits within them.
Present Status of Tests for Refractories
Authors: Phelps Stuart M. , McDowell J. Spotts
Published: January 2024

Tests for refractories may be divided into three general types: durability, suitability, and control. Durability tests can be made only in industrial furnaces, under actual operating conditions. Suitability tests may be carried out in the laboratory, under conditions which simulate those of service as closely as possible. Control tests, for maintenance of uniformity of product, should be relatively simple and require only a short length of time to perform. The pyrometric cone equivalent gives an index of refractoriness, but is not a measure of the actual temperature which a material will withstand under long-continued heating. The standard load test is not an index of refractoriness, but is a good control test, especially for brick to be used under load at high temperatures. Difficulties of interpretation affect the value of reheat and spoiling tests. The most useful specifications are those of the control type.
New Aspects of Maximum Pressure Rise in Closed Conduits
Authors: Kerr S. Logan
Published: January 2024

This paper discusses the various elements entering into the determination of the true maximum rise in pressure which may occur in closed conduits. It shows that, contrary to the usual belief, the maximum rise in pressure will not necessarily be produced when the full flow in a given conduit is cut off, but is a function of the initial flow from which the deceleration starts. The necessity of establishing the relation between the average conduit velocity and the rate of gate travel for various proportional strokes is cited.

Comparison is made of the computations by several of the accepted methods based on the elastic wave theory, and a translation of important studies made by M. Maurice Gariel in France is included. The application to practical cases is outlined and specific examples are worked out in detail.

A general summary of water-hammer computations is given with several simple formulas for the rapid calculation of the critical conditions.
Experimental Study of Loss of Head in a Closed Pipe Carrying Clay Slurry
Authors: Hanocq Charles
Published: January 2024

Taking as a basis for his calculations the formulas presented in a previous paper by an American investigator on the loss of head in a closed pipe carrying clear fluids, the author, a Belgian engineer, seeks to apply them to a fluid carrying a heavy proportion of solid materials. The author takes the conclusions in the original paper, which he assumes seem at first sight somewhat contradictory, and shows that no anomalies exist, and further brings out some precise deductions on the loss of head in a pipe carrying muddy water.
Mechanical Vibrations in Penstocks of Hydraulic Turbine Installations
Authors: Den Hartog J. P.
Published: January 2024

In this paper the author presents a theory showing that objectionable vibration phenomena are to be expected in the penstocks of Francis turbine installations when the number of buckets on the turbine runner is one less than the number of guide vanes, and that satisfactory operation should be obtained when this relation is avoided. Observations on eight different installations show good agreement with the theory.
Automatic Arc Welding of Thin Sheets
Authors: Warner W. L.
Published: January 2024

After briefly outlining the fusion-welding process, the author discusses in detail the various steps in the welding operation, noting the precautions to be taken in order to produce successful welds. He concludes by describing numerous applications of automatic arc welding in the joining of sheets and parts less than ¼ in. in thickness.
Outstanding Economic and Technical Factors Involved in the Engineering of New Manufacturing Equipment
Authors: Shea J. R.
Published: January 2024

The importance of the problem of selecting or developing new and improved manufacturing equipment which is best suited for the economical production of a finished article of the desired quality is pointed out, and then the basic principles underlying the solution of this problem are discussed. The subject is developed under the three main headings of (1) the economic analysis, (2) the technical analysis, and (3) practical applications. The economic analysis is essentially a summary of the various elements of cost involved in a proposed manufacturing plan, and the final choice of the equipment is based on this analysis. The author presents an economic analysis which is a composite of several recent developments of his company, stating that this analysis is the result of an intensive study of the technical phase of the question. He then proceeds to discuss the technical analysis, which comprises a study of the design of the product in all its stages, including the trend in its development, and of the question of methods of processing, these being the more important factors that influence the choice of proper equipment. In the author’s opinion equipment should be selected on the basis of the facts developed by the analyses described and with the ultimate plan of the entire plant in mind, to the end that each machine may function as a part of a single economic unit. Several important items are mentioned relating to the selection of standard equipment, and a description is given of several special machines developed to meet the manufacturing needs of the Western Electric Company, with a discussion of the outstanding facts that may justify expenditures for such developments.
Materials Handling in a Forge Shop
Authors: Dean Hugh
Published: January 2024

Handling of raw material and finished products in a modern forge shop is the problem discussed by the author of this paper. Raw stock is handled from cars to storage bins in the steel yard, and from there to the shear sheds and then to the different hammers. Work in process includes such operations as trimming, grinding, heat treating, rattling, and pickling. A new plant devoted exclusively to the manufacture of crankshafts is described. There work is made as nearly automatic as possible.
Straight-Line Production Applied to Stove Manufacture
Authors: Sherman Alvin G.
Published: January 2024

Results obtained from use of a complete conveyor system in a stove plant are described by the author. The capacity of the assembly line is approximately 1000 stoves in 8 hr. In the porcelain plant a rotary heat-treating furnace is used. Not only are the benefits of labor saving and higher efficiency obtained through use of conveyors but a better quality of ware results. The complete system includes a pickling conveyor, three rotary furnaces, three drying chambers, three connecting systems of monorail conveyors, three straightening caterpillars, and the belt conveyor which takes the finished product to the assembling floor.
Progressive Assembly in a Washing-Machine Factory
Authors: Lane H. M.
Published: January 2024

In this paper the author tells of mold- and sand-handling equipment as installed in the aluminum and gray-iron foundry of a washing-machine plant. Conveyors were used also between the various grinding, polishing, and finishing operations with good results. For the assembling operations inter-related conveyors are used to bring the various parts together. In the spray-painting department conveyors and continuous ovens are used.
Internal Grinding of Small and Medium Sized Holes
Authors: Alden Carroll R.
Published: January 2024

Details are given of bearing and spindle design valuable to those confronted with problems of high speed. Extraordinary accuracy and very high speeds are required in grinding very small holes. The general principles in the choice of grinder-spindle equipment are detailed.
A Simple Method of Comparing Oil-Engine Performances
Authors: Nonnenbruch Otto
Published: January 2024

In this paper the author analyzes a number of reliable tests made on Diesel engines by disinterested authorities to determine fuel consumption per brake horsepower-hour and per indicated horsepower-hour. He finds that the friction load in all cases is constant over the whole load range, and that the fuel consumption per indicated horsepower-hour at low indicated mean effective pressures is practically the same for all types of engines. This, and the regularity with which the indicated fuel consumption increases with increasing indicated mean effective pressure, make it possible to derive the indicated fuel consumption and the indicated horsepower of an engine from brake fuel-consumption tests without indicator cards. The procedure is illustrated by examples. The general rating of Diesel engines at a standard indicated fuel consumption is suggested.
Modern Refinements in Diesel Power Plants
Authors: Kates Edgar J.
Published: January 2024

The object of this paper is to indicate that if the full value of Diesel power is to be realized, quite as much attention must be given to the design of the complete power plant as to the design of the bare engine. The author discusses the trend toward lessened attendance through the employment of automatic devices for lubrication for and maintaining reliable jacket-water and fuel supplies; the balancing of cylinder output through pyrometric measurements; reduction of costs by utilization of waste heat; elimination of noise in operation; prevention of vibration; improvement of performance, and reduction of overall power costs. It has been his experience that the cost of making a correct layout and of installing the proper refinements is fully repaid by the ensuing operating savings, and that in addition the plant performance is invaluably improved.
Economics of Electric Pipe-Line Pumping
Authors: Thomas J. B.
Published: January 2024

This paper reviews the “stale of the art” in both the oil-pipe-line and the electric-power-supply industries as affected by the use of electric power for pipe-line pumping. It indicates the general construction and operating costs of pipe-line pumping stations and certain economic factors affecting the cost of pumping oil. A method of analysis including these factors is outlined and a detailed solution of a typical problem given.

The author’s viewpoint is primarily that of an engineer trained in the electric-power industry, and therefore this discussion covers the analysis of the comparative over-all economic results to be obtained by using generally accepted methods and practice, rather than the details of design and operation of pipe lines or stations.
How the Engineer Would Approach the Problem
Authors: Wallace L. W.
Published: January 2024

The engineering approach is keyed to thoroughness. All factors of information are first assembled. The results being achieved through research are changing the trend of civilization itself. The industry which fails to adopt fundamental research is doomed.
Research Problems in the Newspaper Printing Field
Authors: Park John W.
Published: January 2024

Real engineering knowledge is required in dealing with the problems of a modern high-speed newspaper printing plant. Economical factory production is planned for, the basic problems being those at the root of the success of any large manufacturing operation. In building a new plant or in extending an old one, a wooden model is made to scale, and every detail of the routing of production is carefully considered.
Research Problems in the General Printing Field
Authors: Hebb George K.
Published: January 2024

Printing employers welcome the day when engineers will approach their problems by first acquainting themselves with the language of the industry, and then analyzing the industry from the mechanical side, by starting first at the shipping platform instead of in the front office. Printing being an industry of small units, the work should begin with the materials and the machines that the trade uses.
Research Problems in Lithographic Printing and Machinery
Authors: Jones Thomas R.
Published: January 2024

Printing processes, the author finds, are largely in the hands of know-how men who, through long experience with printing, have learned what to do to overcome difficulties. The technique in one plant differs from the technique in another plant in handling the same work. The handling of one press is apt to be different from the handling of the press next to it. The development of present processes and mechanisms has largely been due to the cut-and-try method. Progress today in the foremost industries is being brought about, not by the cut-and-try method, but by fundamental research. In other industries the “know-how” man has disappeared, and his place is well filled by the technically trained man.
What Research Can Do for the Bookbinding Industry
Authors: Baker Roy C. , Blaylock F. R.
Published: January 2024

In applying organized research to the bookbinding industry the phases that are being considered are the quality of materials, the purchase of materials, the manufacturing problems, and the sales. The Research Division supplies a label for all approved products. A research engineer is at work in the Government Printing Office laboratory investigating and trying to solve the problems confronting the bookbinding industry.
What Research Has Done in Paper Making and Using
Authors: Stephenson J. Newell
Published: January 2024

This authority carries the results of research through all the paper-making processes and shows that it has been adopted and well carried out by the manufacturer. Elaborate research laboratories are maintained at leading pulp mills to turn out a product that will meet the many and changing demands of the printing industry.
Accuracy in Printing-Press Construction
Authors: Blaine J. R.
Published: January 2024

The printing-press manufacturer must build accuracy into his press, holding all machined parts to a definite limit or tolerance. After considerable research, the Miehle company has adopted a definite system whereby the engineering department stipulates the permissible tolerances, any part coming outside being rejected. Cylinder-bearer diameters are held to within 0.0005 in., and ink-fountain rollers must be true within 0.0001 in.
Automatic Train Control
Authors: Ellis G. E.
Published: January 2024

After briefly reviewing the early work done in automatic train control, the author recounts governmental activities regarding their installation and gives the requirements specified by the Interstate Commerce Commission. He then presents a classification of the various types of devices proposed, following this with brief descriptions of individual types. He then points out the elements necessary to the operation of all devices for automatic train control, gives figures showing the extent to which automatic train control has been adopted, and concludes with a brief discussion of the question of cost.
Ball Bearings as Applied to Woodworking Machinery
Authors: Brunner H. E.
Published: January 2024

Anti-friction bearings have come into general use in all classes of woodworking machinery. Their adoption has been largely influenced by the trend to higher operating speeds and increased production. Considerable study and effort have been expended in developing the details for application of ball and roller bearings to the various types of equipment. The principles underlying the practice which is now generally followed are brought out by descriptions of actual bearing installations. Special considerations entering into the design and manufacture of bearings for this field are discussed. The question of lubrication, important from the point of view of the machinery operator, is considered, and requirements of lubrication peculiar to anti-friction bearings are discussed in detail.
Oblique Wave Scattering by a Combination of Two Asymmetric Trenches of Finite and Infinite Depths
Authors: Ray Swagata , De Soumen
Published: January 2024

The focal point of the current study lies in investigating oblique wave scattering within the framework of linear potential theory, with particular attention to scenarios involving asymmetric trenches of both finite and infinite depths. By employing the eigenfunction expansion method, the physical problem undergoes a transformation into an equivalent boundary value problem. This newly formulated problem is characterized by a system of four weakly singular integral equations, which pertain to the horizontal component of velocity across the gaps situated above the edges of the trenches. The solution to these integral equations is achieved through the utilization of a multi-term Galerkin approximation method. This approach involves expansions using ultraspherical Gegenbauer polynomials as basis functions, coupled with the appropriate weight functions tailored to address the one-third singularity. Graphical representations are employed to depict the numerical evaluations of reflection and transmission coefficients across various non-dimensional parameters. These visualizations offer insight into the behavior and dependencies of these coefficients under different conditions. To validate the accuracy of the current model, it is compared against previously published results available in the literature.
Supplemental Material: Hydrologic windows into the crystalline basement and their controls on groundwater flow patterns across the Paradox Basin, western USA
Authors: Person Mark A. , et al.
Published: January 2024

Supplemental materials discuss the transport equations used in the manuscript.
A Grey-box Model with Neural Ordinary Differential Equations for the Slow Voltage Dynamics of Lithium-ion Batteries: Model Development and Training
Authors: Brucker Jennifer , Bessler Wolfgang G. , Gasper Rainer
Published: January 2024

Lithium-ion batteries exhibit slow voltage dynamics on the minute time scale that are usually associated with transport processes. We present a novel modelling approach toward these dynamics by combining physical and data-driven models into a Grey-box model. We use neural networks, in particular neural ordinary differential equations. The physical structure of the Grey-box model is borrowed from the Fickian diffusion law, where the transport domain is discretized using finite volumes. Within this physical structure, unknown parameters (diffusion coefficient, diffusion length, discretization) and dependencies (state of charge, lithium concentration) are replaced by neural networks and learnable parameters. We perform model-to-model comparisons, using as training data (a) a Fickian diffusion process, (b) a Warburg element, and (c) a resistor-capacitor circuit. Voltage dynamics during constant-current operation and pulse tests as well as electrochemical impedance spectra are simulated. The slow dynamics of all three physical models in the order of ten to 30 min are well captured by the Grey-box model, demonstrating the flexibility of the present approach.
Polyphenol-Standardized Aphanamixis polystachya Leaf Extract Ameliorates Diabetes, Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Fibrosis in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: Chandra Shill Manik , All Rakib Abdullah , Islam Khan Sabrin , Hossain Murad , Alam Shaiful , Hossain Hemayet , Kumar Karmakar Utpal , Bhuia Md. Shimul , Shahriar Masum , Mahmud Reza Hasan , Sarkar Chandan , Sönmez Gürer Eda , Sharifi-Rad Javad , Butnariu Monica , Torequl Islam Muhammad
Published: January 2024

Background. Diabetes is a rising disorder that affects millions of people annually. It also creates more complications, such as neuropathy, oxidative stress, and hepatic and kidney impairment. Aphanamixis polystachya plant, which possesses multiple medicinal values, is used in this study to explore its potential in treating diabetes. Methods. A single dose (65 mg/kg) of intraperitoneal streptozotocin injection was utilized to mediate diabetes in Sprague-Dawley rats. Diabetic animals were treated orally with 250 or 500 mg/kg of standardized leaves’ extract of A. polystachya (AP) for 28 days to evaluate the antidiabetic and organ-protective effects of the plant. Different biochemical and histological markers are measured according to the established protocol. Results. Our results demonstrated a significant decrease in blood glucose (p <0.001) and HbA1c (p <0.05) levels in the diabetic animal after administering AP (250 and 500 mg/kg doses) compared to the control groups. AP can also regularize lipids, glycogen, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase. Furthermore, serum urea nitrogen and creatinine decreased after treatment with AP in diabetic rats. AP also reduced oxidative stress markers and showed a substantial elevation in antioxidant enzymes in diabetic animals. Overall, AP at 500 mg/kg revealed comparable results against the standard antidiabetic drug glyburide. Besides, the histological investigation showed the AP’s efficacy in attenuating kidney tissue inflammation and damage. HPLC data elucidated that the AP leaf extract contains polyphenols with potential antioxidant, antidiabetic, and organ protective agents: gallic acid, rutin hydrate, and quercetin hydrate. Conclusion. Taken together, AP may be one of the potential sources of antidiabetic agents.
Figure S1. from Targeting MTHFD2 to Exploit Cancer-Specific Metabolism and the DNA Damage Response
Authors: Ramos Louise , Henriksson Martin , Helleday Thomas , Green Alanna C.
Published: January 2024

Figure showing MTHFD2 nuclear roles with legend
Supplementary Table S1 from Gain-of-Function p53 Mutation Acts as a Genetic Switch for TGFβ Signaling–Induced Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Intestinal Tumors
Authors: Wang Dong , Nakayama Mizuho , Hong Chang Pyo , Oshima Hiroko , Oshima Masanobu
Published: January 2024

Up-regulated genes (>2) in AKTFP(M/LOH) by activin treatment and p53 LOH
Supplementary Tables S1-10 from Cell State of Origin Impacts Development of Distinct Endometriosis-Related Ovarian Carcinoma Histotypes
Authors: Beddows Ian , Fan Huihui , Heinze Karolin , Johnson Benjamin K. , Leonova Anna , Senz Janine , Djirackor Svetlana , Cho Kathleen R. , Pearce Celeste Leigh , Huntsman David G. , Anglesio Michael S. , Shen Hui
Published: January 2024

Supplementary Tables S1-10
Supplementary Data from Cell State of Origin Impacts Development of Distinct Endometriosis-Related Ovarian Carcinoma Histotypes
Authors: Beddows Ian , Fan Huihui , Heinze Karolin , Johnson Benjamin K. , Leonova Anna , Senz Janine , Djirackor Svetlana , Cho Kathleen R. , Pearce Celeste Leigh , Huntsman David G. , Anglesio Michael S. , Shen Hui
Published: January 2024

Figures S1-S5
Supplementary Table S4 from Leveraging Tissue-Specific Enhancer–Target Gene Regulatory Networks Identifies Enhancer Somatic Mutations That Functionally Impact Lung Cancer
Authors: Hariprakash Judith Mary , Salviato Elisa , La Mastra Federica , Sebestyén Endre , Tagliaferri Ilario , Silva Raquel Sofia , Lucini Federica , Farina Lorenzo , Cinquanta Mario , Rancati Ilaria , Riboni Mirko , Minardi Simone Paolo , Roz Luca , Gorini Francesca , Lanzuolo Chiara , Casola Stefano , Ferrari Francesco
Published: January 2024

Epigenomics data from lung cell and tissue type used for Enhancer definition