bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Curie temperatures of titanomagnetite in ignimbrites: Effects of emplacement temperatures, cooling rates, exsolution, and cation ordering
Authors: Jackson Mike , Bowles Julie A.
Published: November 2014

Pumices, ashes, and tuffs from Mt. St. Helens and from Novarupta contain two principal forms of titanomagnetite: homogeneous grains with Curie temperatures in the range 350–500°C and oxyexsolved grains with similar bulk composition, containing ilmenite lamellae and having Curie temperatures above 500°C. Thermomagnetic analyses and isothermal annealing experiments in combination with stratigraphic settings and thermal models show that emplacement temperatures and cooling history may have affected the relative proportions of homogeneous and exsolved grains and have clearly had a strong influence on the Curie temperature of the homogeneous phase. The exsolved grains are most common where emplacement temperatures exceeded 600°C, and in laboratory experiments, heating to over 600°C in air causes the homogeneous titanomagnetites to oxyexsolve rapidly. Where emplacement temperatures were lower, Curie temperatures of the homogeneous grains are systematically related to overburden thickness and cooling timescales, and thermomagnetic curves are generally irreversible, with lower Curie temperatures measured during cooling, but little or no change is observed in room temperature susceptibility. We interpret this irreversible behavior as reflecting variations in the degree of cation ordering in the titanomagnetites, although we cannot conclusively rule out an alternative interpretation involving fine‐scale subsolvus unmixing. Short‐range ordering within the octahedral sites may play a key role in the observed phenomena. Changes in the Curie temperature have important implications for the acquisition, stabilization, and retention of natural remanence and may in some cases enable quantification of the emplacement temperatures or cooling rates of volcanic units containing homogeneous titanomagnetites.
Factors contributing to uncertainty in Pacific Decadal Oscillation index
Authors: Wen Caihong , Kumar Arun , Xue Yan
Published: November 2014

Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index is an important indicator of climate variability. However, large discrepancies are found among real‐time PDO monitoring indices maintained by several operational centers, with larger uncertainty exhibiting prior to 1950s and after late 1990s on seasonal to decadal time scales. Two historical sea surface temperature (SST) data sets are used to investigate causes for the uncertainty: the Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature version 3b (ERSST 3b) and the Hadley Center Sea Ice and SST data set (HadISST) version 1. It is found that choices of spatial structure of Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) vector and SST data set are important sources of uncertainty on seasonal to decadal time scales, while choice of climatological base period only contributes to uncertainty on seasonal time scale. Decadal variation of differences in PDO indices from ERSST and HadISST is associated with systematic differences between the two data sets in the central and the north‐eastern Pacific.
Vertical emissivity profiles of Jupiter's northern H3+ and H2 infrared auroras observed by Subaru/IRCS
Authors: Uno T. , Kasaba Y. , Tao C. , Sakanoi T. , Kagitani M. , Fujisawa S. , Kita H. , Badman S. V.
Published: November 2014

We resolved the vertical emissivity profiles of H3+ overtone, H3+ hot overtone, and H2 emission lines of the Jovian northern auroras in K band obtained in December 2011 observed by the IR Camera and Spectrograph of the Subaru 8.2 m telescope with the adaptive optics system (AO188). The spatial resolution achieved was ~0.2 arcsec, corresponding to ~600 km at Jupiter. We derived the vertical emissivity profiles at three polar regions close to the Jovian limb. The H3+ overtone and H3+ hot overtone lines had similar peak altitudes of 700–900 km and 680–950 km above the 1 bar level, which were 100–300 km and 150–420 km lower, respectively, than the model values. On the contrary, the H2 peak emission altitude was high, 590–720 km above the 1 bar level. It was consistent with the value expected for precipitation of ~1 keV electron, which favors a higher‐altitude emissivity profile. We concluded that the lower peak altitudes of H3+ overtone and hot overtone lines were caused by the nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium effect stronger than the model assumption. We could reproduce the observational emissivity profiles from the model by including this effect. It has been proposed that neutral H2 and ionized H3+ emissions can have different source altitudes because of their different morphologies and velocities; however, our observed results with a general circulation model show that the peak emission altitudes of H3+ and H2 can be similar even with different velocities.
Electromechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotube Infused Polyacrylamide Hydrogel
Authors: Jackson Nathan , Sheehan Aisling , Hasan Maksudul , Stam Frank , Razeeb Kafil M.
Published: November 2014

Typically, electroresponsive hydrogels have either a high electrical conductivity with little swelling or large swelling with low conductivity. This paper investigates a method of maintaining high swelling capabilities and increasing electrical conductivity by infusing multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) into a hydrolyzed polyacrylamide hydrogel. Various concentrations of MWCNT and Nafion solutions infused into the hydrogel were investigated. Optical microscopy analysis showed aggregates of carbon nanotube bundles at the macroscale, whereas electron microscopy revealed homogeneous dispersion of carbon nanotube in the polymer matrix at the microscale. Electrical conductivity measurements demonstrated an increase from 0.02 to 0.11 mS cm–1with infused MWCNT. The MWCNT‐infused hydrogels demonstrated a 400% increase in deswelling capabilities during an applied electrical stimulus compared to a noninfused hydrogel. In conclusion, infusing the MWCNT into the hydrogel increased its electrical conductivity, which allows the hydrogel to deswell more rapidly with an applied electrical bias without compromising its mechanical or swelling properties.
Biodegradation of PP and PE Blended with PHBV in Soil Samples
Authors: Patricia Costa Gonçalves Suely , Mara Martins Franchetti Sandra
Published: November 2014

This work studied the biodegradation of polyethylene/poly(hydroxybutyrate‐co‐hydroxyvalerate) (PE/PHBV) and polypropylene/PHBV (PP/PHBV) films, by respirometry in soil, using biometric flasks. Additionally, the characteristics of the soil were measured by pH, moisture, organic matter content, and quantification of microorganisms. The soil analysis showed that the two blends inhibited the soil bacteria activity and stimulated the growth of fungi. The PE/PHBV (80/20) blend is more susceptible to the microbial action in the soil than the PP/PHBV (80/20) blend. The blends showed higher biodegradation in the PHBV amorphous phase, due to consumption of ester groups, leading to rearrangement of the crystalline phase of PHBV fraction. On the basis of quantification of CO2, the PE/PHBV (80/20) film showed approximately 7% biodegradation, and the beginning occurred in a period of 60 days. Moreover, the employed methods Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction completed the information obtained by the respirometry method, showing evident changes in the polymer chains structure and crystallinity, respectively.
Lateral Organic Solar Cells with Self‐Assembled Semiconductor Nanowires
Authors: Kim Min , Park Jong Hwan , Kim Joo Hyun , Sung Ji Ho , Jo Sae Byeok , Jo Moon‐Ho , Cho Kilwon
Published: November 2014

Solution‐processable organic semiconductor nanowires (NWs) offer a potentially powerful strategy for producing large‐area printed flexible devices. Here, the fabrication of lateral organic solar cells (LOSC) using solution‐processed organic NW blends on a flexible substrate to produce a power source for use in flexible integrated microelectronics is reported. A high photocarrier generation and an efficient charge sweep out are achieved by incorporating 1D self‐assembled poly(3‐hexylthiophene) NWs into the active layer, and an MoO3 interfacial layer with high work function is introduced to increase the built‐in potential. These structures significantly increase the carrier diffusion/drift length and overall generated photocurrent in the channel. The utility of the LOSCs for high power source applications is demonstrated by using interdigitated electrode patterns that consist of multiple devices connected in parallel or in series. High photovoltage‐producing LOSC modules on plastic substrates for use in flexible optoelectronic devices are successfully fabricated. The LOSCs described here offer a new device architecture for use in highly flexible photoresponsive energy devices.
A comprehensive genomic approach for neuromuscular diseases gives a high diagnostic yield
Authors: Ankala Arunkanth , da Silva Cristina , Gualandi Francesca , Ferlini Alessandra , Bean Lora J. H. , Collins Christin , Tanner Alice K. , Hegde Madhuri R.
Published: November 2014

Objective

Neuromuscular diseases (NMDs) are a group of >200 highly genetically as well as clinically heterogeneous inherited genetic disorders that affect the peripheral nervous and muscular systems, resulting in gross motor disability. The clinical and genetic heterogeneities of NMDs make disease diagnosis complicated and expensive, often involving multiple tests.

Methods

To expedite the molecular diagnosis of NMDs, we designed and validated several next generation sequencing (NGS)‐based comprehensive gene panel tests that include complementary deletion and duplication testing through comparative genomic hybridization arrays. Our validation established the targeted gene panel test to have 100% sensitivity and specificity for single nucleotide variant detection. To compare the clinical diagnostic yields of single gene (NMD‐associated) tests with the various NMD NGS panel tests, we analyzed data from all clinical tests performed at the Emory Genetics Laboratory from October 2009 through May 2014. We further compared the clinical utility of the targeted NGS panel test with that of exome sequencing (ES).

Results

We found that NMD comprehensive panel testing has a 3‐fold greater diagnostic yield (46%) than single gene testing (15–19%). Sanger fill‐in of low‐coverage exons, copy number variation analysis, and thorough in‐house validation of the assay all complement panel testing and allow the detection of all types of causative pathogenic variants, some of which (about 18%) may be missed by ES.

Interpretation

Our results strongly indicate that for molecular diagnosis of heterogeneous disorders such as NMDs, targeted panel testing has the highest clinical yield and should therefore be the preferred first‐tier approach. Ann Neurol 2015;77:206–214
Geometrically Restricted Intermediates in the Self‐Assembly of an M12L24Cuboctahedral Complex
Authors: Fujita Daishi , Yokoyama Hiroyuki , Ueda Yoshihiro , Sato Sota , Fujita Makoto
Published: November 2014

The self‐assembly of a cuboctahedral M12L24complex is traced by time‐dependent NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The metastable intermediate structures that exist during the self‐assembly process are not a chaotic mixture of numerous species, but instead are geometrically restricted. Short‐lived M8L16(D4d) and relatively long‐lived M9L18(D3h) are fully characterized as major intermediates. Employing a ligand with a smaller bend angle (112°) allows these two species to be kinetically trapped and more clearly observed by NMR spectroscopy. X‐ray crystallography shows that M9L18has the framework topology predicted by geometric discussion.
In situ Synchrotron IR Microspectroscopy of CO2 Adsorption on Single Crystals of the Functionalized MOF Sc2(BDC‐NH2)3
Authors: Greenaway Alex , Gonzalez‐Santiago Berenice , Donaldson Paul M. , Frogley Mark D. , Cinque Gianfelice , Sotelo Jorge , Moggach Stephen , Shiko Elenica , Brandani Stefano , Howe Russell F. , Wright Paul A.
Published: November 2014

Synchrotron radiation (SR) IR microspectroscopy has enabled determination of the thermodynamics, kinetics, and molecular orientation of CO2 adsorbed in single microcrystals of a functionalized metal–organic framework (MOF) under conditions relevant to carbon capture from flue gases. Single crystals of the small‐pore MOF, Sc2(BDC‐NH2)3, (BDC‐NH2=2‐amino‐1,4‐benzenedicarboxylate), with well‐defined crystal form have been investigated during CO2 uptake at partial pressures of 0.025‐0.2 bar at 298–373 K. The enthalpy and diffusivity of adsorption determined from individual single crystals are consistent with values obtained from measurements on bulk samples. The brilliant SR IR source permits rapid collection of polarized spectra. Strong variations in absorbance of the symmetric stretch of the NH2 groups of the MOF and the asymmetric stretch of the adsorbed CO2 at different orientations of the crystals relative to the polarized IR light show that CO2 molecules align along channels in the MOF.
Enantioselective Construction of Vicinal Tetrasubstituted Stereocenters by the Mannich Reaction of Silyl Ketene Imines with Isatin‐Derived Ketimines
Authors: Zhao Jiannan , Fang Bing , Luo Weiwei , Hao Xiaoyu , Liu Xiaohua , Lin Lili , Feng Xiaoming
Published: November 2014

A highly enantioselective Mannich reaction of silyl ketene imines with isatin‐derived ketimines has been realized by using a chiral N,N′‐dioxide/ZnII catalyst. A variety of β‐amino nitriles containing congested vicinal tetrasubstituted stereocenters were obtained with excellent outcomes (up to 98 % yield, >19:1 d.r. and 99 % ee). Based on the experimental investigations, a possible transition state has been proposed to explain the origin of the asymmetric induction.
Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanoribbons: Graphene‐Assisted Formation and Synergic Function for Highly Efficient Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Zhao Yang , Zhao Fei , Wang Xiaopeng , Xu Chenyu , Zhang Zhipan , Shi Gaoquan , Qu Liangti
Published: November 2014

The development of new promising metal‐free catalysts is of great significance for the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, a rationally assembled three‐dimensional (3D) architecture of 1D graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) nanoribbons with 2D graphene sheets has been developed by a one‐step hydrothermal method. Because of the multipathway of charge and mass transport, the hierarchically structured g‐C3N4 nanoribbon–graphene hybrids lead to a high electrocatalytic ability for HER with a Tafel slope of 54 mV decade−1, a low onset overpotential of 80 mV and overpotential of 207 mV to approach a current of 10 mA cm−2, superior to those non‐metal materials and well‐developed metallic catalysts reported previously. This work presents a great advance for designing and developing highly efficient metal‐free catalyst for hydrogen evolution.
Binuclear dichlorido(η6‐p‐cymene)ruthenium(II) complexes with bis(nicotinate)‐ and bis(isonicotinate)‐polyethylene glycol ester ligands
Authors: Eichhorn Thomas , Hey‐Hawkins Evamarie , Maksimović‐Ivanić Danijela , Mojić Marija , Schmidt Jürgen , Mijatović Sanja , Schmidt Harry , Kaluđerović Goran N.
Published: November 2014

Neutral binuclear ruthenium complexes1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8of the general formula [{RuCl2(η6‐p‐cym)}2 μ‐(N∩N)] (N∩N = bis(nicotinate)‐ and bis(isonicotinate)‐polyethylene glycol esters: (3‐py)COO(CH2CH2O)nCO(3‐py) and (4‐py)COO(CH2CH2O)nCO(4‐py),n=1–4), as well as mononuclear [RuCl2(η6‐p‐cym)((3‐py)COO(CH2CH2OCH3)‐κN)], complex9, were synthesized and characterized using elemental analysis and electrospray ionization high‐resolution mass spectrometry, infrared,1H NMR and13C NMR spectroscopies. Stability of the binuclear complexes in the presence of dimethylsulfoxide was studied. Furthermore, formation of a cationic complex containing bridging pyridine‐based bidentate ligand was monitored using1H NMR spectroscopy. Ligand precursors, polyethylene glycol esters of nicotinic (L1 · 2HCl–L4 · 2HCl andL9 · HCl) and isonicotinic acid dihydrochlorides (L5 · 2HCl–L8 · 2HCl), binuclear ruthenium(II) complexes1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8and mononuclear complex9were tested forin vitrocytotoxicity against 518A2 (melanoma), 8505C (anaplastic thyroid cancer), A253 (head and neck tumour), MCF‐7 (breast tumour) and SW480 (colon carcinoma) cell lines. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermogravimetric and Fourier‐transform infrared analyses on the cure behavior of polycardanol containing epoxy groups cured by electron beam
Authors: Cheon Jinsil , Cho Donghwan , Song Bong Keun , Park Jihyun , Kim Byungnam , Lee Byung Cheol
Published: November 2014

In this study, the curing behavior of polycardanol containing epoxy groups (diepoxidized polycardanol) was exploited in terms of thermal stability and the cure reaction conversion by means of thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. The effect of photo‐initiator type and concentration and electron beam absorption dose in the presence of cationic photo‐initiators (triarylsulfonium hexafluorophosphate (P‐type) and triarylsulfonium hexafluoroantimanate (Sb‐type) on the cure behavior of diepoxidized cardanol (DEC) resin was investigated. The thermal stability of DEC with Sb‐type photo‐initiator was higher than that with P‐type one, being increased with increasing the concentration and electron beam absorption dose. The conversion of cure reaction was gradually increased with increasing the dose, showing the maximum at 800 kGy. The results revealed that Sb‐type photo‐initiator, the concentration of 2 or 3 wt %, and electron beam absorption dose of about 800 kGy may be preferable for initiating epoxy ring opening in the DEC molecules as well as for efficiently curing the DEC resin by electron beam irradiation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41599.
Reliable H∞ Control for a Class of Nonlinear Networked Control Systems with Random Delays
Authors: Wang Yanqian , Zhuang Guangming , Zhang Shuyu , Shan Zhenfang
Published: November 2014

In this paper, the problem of reliable H∞ controller design is studied for a class of nonlinear networked control systems. A novel model is presented, which contains random transmission delays, faults of the sensor and actuator. The sensor‐to‐controller and controller‐to‐actuator transmission delays with upper bounds are considered, simultaneously. The working conditions of the sensor and actuator are formulated as two independent Markov chains, which take matrix values in finite sets, respectively. The resulting closed‐loop system is converted into a Markov switching system. On the basis of the cone complementary linearization algorithm, a mode‐dependent reliable controller is constructed such that the closed‐loop system is stochastically stable and attains the prescribed H∞ disturbance attenuation level. Finally, a numerical example is given to show the effectiveness of the developed technique.
Quantized Filtering for Continuous‐Time Markovian Jump Systems with Deficient Mode Information
Authors: Wei Yanling , Qiu Jianbin , Karimi Hamid Reza
Published: November 2014

This paper investigates the problem of quantized
filtering for a class of continuous‐time Markovian jump linear systems with deficient mode information. The measurement output of the plant is quantized by a mode‐dependent logarithmic quantizer, and the deficient mode information in the Markov stochastic process simultaneously considers the exactly known, partially unknown, and uncertain transition rates. By fully exploiting the properties of transition rate matrices, together with the convexification of uncertain domains, a new sufficient condition for quantized
performance analysis is first derived, and then two approaches, namely, the convex linearization approach and iterative approach, to the
filter synthesis are developed. It is shown that both the full‐order and reduced‐order filters can be obtained by solving a set of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) or bilinear matrix inequalities (BMIs). Finally, two illustrative examples are given to show the effectiveness and less conservatism of the proposed design methods.
Optimal decision procedure for an operation‐dependent deteriorating system
Authors: Jin Lu
Published: November 2014

Highly flexible and integrated systems can perform one of several operations at a time, which allows the decision‐maker to select which operation to perform in the safest and most effective way. There are strong dynamic interactions between a system's deterioration and the operations it performs. In this research, optimal decision‐making was investigated for operation‐dependent deteriorating systems under variable operations while formulating the problem as a Markov decision process with the operation as a parameter. The decision‐maker selects the operation that will minimize the total expected cost over an infinite horizon on the basis of the current state. The properties of the resulting optimal expected cost function were examined, and the optimal decision procedure was found to be given by a monotone procedure under certain conditions. This research provides a generalization of the ‘keep, inspection, and replacement’ problem that was initially introduced by Derman (Mathematical Optimization Techniques: 201–210, 1963) and has been studied extensively since then. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On a matter of seminal importance
Authors: McGraw Lisa A. , Suarez Susan S. , Wolfner Mariana F.
Published: November 2014

Egg and sperm have, understandably, been the “stars” of mammalian fertilization biology, particularly because artificial reproductive technologies allow for fertilization to occur outside of the female reproductive tract without other apparent contributions from either sex. Yet, recent research, including an exciting new paper, reveals unexpected and important contributions of seminal plasma to fertility. For example, seminal plasma proteins play critical roles in modulating female reproductive physiology, and a new study in mice demonstrates that effects of some of these proteins on the female can even affect the health of her progeny. Furthermore, although several actions of seminal plasma have been conserved across taxa, male accessory glands and their products are diverse – even among mammals. Taken together, these studies suggest that the actions of seminal plasma components are important to understand, and also to consider in future development of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) for humans, farm species and endangered species of mammals.
A sensitive assay of mercury using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy of gold nanoparticles
Authors: Xu Zhancheng , Lan Tao , Huang Xiangyi , Dong Chaoqing , Ren Jicun
Published: November 2014

We described a new and sensitive method for the determination of mercury ions (Hg2+) on the basis of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and recognition of oligonucleotides. In this assay, 30‐nm gold nanoparticles (GNPs) were modified with oligonucleotides containing thymine bases (T) as fluorescent probes, and the principle of this assay was based on the specific binding of Hg2+ by two DNA thymine bases. When two GNPs labelled with different oligonucleotides were mixed with a sample containing Hg2+, the T‐Hg2+‐T binding reaction should cause GNPs to form dimers (or oligomers), which would lead to a significant increase in the characteristic diffusion time of GNPs in the detection volume. The FCS method is a single molecule detection method and can sensitively detect the change in the characteristic diffusion time of GNPs before and after binding reactions. The quantitative analysis was performed according to the relation between the change in the characteristic diffusion time of GNPs and the concentration of Hg2+. Under optimal conditions, the linear range of this method was from 0.3 nM to 100 nM, and the detection limit was 0.14 nM for Hg2+. This new method was successfully applied for direct determination of Hg2+ levels in water and cosmetics samples. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pharmacokinetics and penetration into synovial fluid of systemical and electroporation administered sinomenine to rabbits
Authors: Yan Huan , Yan Miao , Li Huan‐De , Jiang Pei , Deng Yang , Cai Hua‐lin
Published: November 2014

Sinomenine is an anti‐rheumatoid arthritis (RA) drug derived from the Sinomenium acutum. The major site of RA treatment is within the synovial compartment. However, the pharmacokinetic and penetration into synovial fluid (SF) of sinomenine have not been reported. In our study, the pharmacokinetics and penetration into SF of systemic and electroporation administered sinomenine were investigated by microdialysis incorporated with HPLC‐MS/MS. Sinomenine went into plasma and SF more rapidly with higher peak concentration (Cmax) by intramuscular injection compared with oral administration. The area under the concentration–time graph (AUC0–∞) of intramuscularly injected sinomenine was 1,403,294.75 ± 125,534.567 ng min/mL in plasma and 456,116.37 ± 62,648.36 ng min/mL in SF, which were equivalent with those for an oral dose. These results indicated that equal amounts of sinomenine could penetrate into SF by the two administration routes, and the permeation ratios were approximately 1:3. The AUC0–∞ and Cmax were lower with electroporation compared with systemic administration, but the CSF/CPlasma (concentration of sinomenine in SF vs that of plasma) at 90, 120, 150, 180, 240 and 480 min by electroporation was 3‐ to 10‐fold higher relative to systemic administration. This illustrated that sinomenine can be targeted into joints by electroporation, and electroporation is a potential technique for sinomenine's transdermal delivery. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Endovascular therapy by CO2 angiography to prevent contrast‐induced nephropathy in patients with chronic kidney disease: A prospective multicenter trial of CO2 angiography registry
Authors: Fujihara Masahiko , Kawasaki Daizo , Shintani Yoshiaki , Fukunaga Masashi , Nakama Tatsuya , Koshida Ryouji , Higashimori Akihiro , Yokoi Yoshiaki ,   on behalf of the CO Angiography Registry Investigators
Published: November 2014

Objectives

To assess the safety and efficacy of carbon dioxide (CO2) angiography‐guided endovascular therapy (EVT) for renal, iliofemoral artery disease.

Background

Patients with peripheral vascular disease (PVD) often have chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the use of iodinated contrast media may enhance the risk of contrast‐induced nephropathy (CIN). Contrast volume reduction is an effective CIN preventive strategy.

Methods

A prospective multicenter registry was developed and six clinical centers participated in the study. Patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 and stage‐3 CKD were recruited between February 2012 and March 2013. CO2 angiography‐guided EVT was performed; incomplete CO2 angiograms were supplemented by intravascular ultrasound, pressure wire, and/or minimal iodinated contrast media. The primary endpoint was a composite of freedom from renal events and freedom from major CO2 angiography related complications.

Results

This study included 98 patients with 109 lesions. The mean eGFR baseline was 35.2 ± 12.7 ml min−1. CO2 angiography‐guided angioplasty were performed in 16 renal arteries, 31 aortoiliac arteries, and 62 superficial femoral arteries. The technical success rate was 97.9%. Average CO2 consumption was 281.4 ± 155.8 ml, average dose of iodinated contrast media was 15.0 ± 18.1 ml. Primary endpoint was 92.8% (91/98). Incidence of CIN was 5.1% (5/98) and CO2 angiography‐related complications occurred in 17.3% (17/98). Two cases (2%) developed severe, fatal, nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia (NOMI).

Conclusions

This trial showed that CO2 angiography‐guided angioplasty was effective for preventing CIN, however, CO2 angiography related complication was somewhat high. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Coronary artery aneurysms associated with ascending aortic aneurysms and abdominal aortic aneurysms: Pathophysiologic implications
Authors: Balderston Jessica R. , Giri Jay , Kolansky Daniel M. , Bavaria Joseph E. , Gertz Zachary M.
Published: November 2014

Background

Coronary artery aneurysms (CAA) are seen in 1–5% of angiograms. Aneurysmal coronary disease has been thought to be a variant of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD) in most patients, but this has not been systematically studied.

Methods

To better understand the pathophysiology of CAA, we reviewed the cardiac catheterization films of 403 patients with ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms and 74 patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) who underwent surgery for their aortic aneurysms at our institution. Coronary aneurysms had diameters 1.5‐fold that of a reference segment.

Results

The incidences of CAA in patients with ascending aneurysms and AAA were 17% and 16% respectively (P = 0.92). CAAs in the ascending group were larger (mean diameter 5.9 vs. 5.0 mm, P = 0.12) with larger reference vessel size (3.1 vs. 2.6 mm, P = 0.03). CAAs in the patients with ascending aneurysms were less likely to be CAD‐associated within the same vessel (12% vs. 75%, P < 0.001). This difference remained significant after controlling for the presence of generalized CAD. No other differences in CAAs between the two groups were found. Within the ascending aneurysm group, the only clinical variable independently associated with CAA was bicuspid aortic valve (OR 0.47, 95% confidence interval 0.25–0.89, P = 0.02). The majority of patients with CAA in the ascending aortic aneurysm population did not have CAD or any other previously identified cause of CAA.

Conclusions

There is a high incidence of CAA in patients with aortic aneurysms. In patients with ascending aortic aneurysms there is likely a mechanism distinct from CAD that causes CAAs. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Williams syndrome presenting with findings consistent with Alagille syndrome
Authors: Sakhuja Pankaj , Whyte Hilary , Kamath Binita , Martin Nicole , Chitayat David
Published: November 2014

Key Clinical Message

Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, posterior embryotoxon, and vertebral anomalies are not features of William syndrome (WS). We herein report a preterm infant who presented with features suggestive of Alagille syndrome, but microarray showed findings consistent with WS. This further extends the phenotype of WS and emphasizes the need for microarray analysis.
Flavin‐Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles as an Efficient Catalyst for Aerobic Organic Transformations
Authors: Imada Yasushi , Osaki Motonari , Noguchi Mikiko , Maeda Takatoshi , Fujiki Misa , Kawamorita Soichiro , Komiya Naruyoshi , Naota Takeshi
Published: November 2014

Monolayer‐protected gold clusters functionalized with synthetic flavins were synthesized and their catalytic activity in aerobic organic transformations investigated. Gold nanoparticles with 5‐ethyl‐3‐(8‐thiooctyl)lumiflavinium perchlorate acts as an efficient catalyst for the aerobic oxidation of organic sulfides to the corresponding sulfoxides upon treatment with hydrazine at room temperature and under atmospheric pressure in oxygen. With a catalytic amount of gold nanoparticles with 3‐(8‐thiooctyl)lumiflavin, diimide reduction of various olefins can be performed with hydrazine at room temperature under atmospheric pressure in air with greater yields of product alkanes than with non‐supported 3‐methyllumiflavin catalyst under the same conditions. Kinetic studies revealed that the monolayer‐protected gold cluster‐catalyzed reactions proceeded faster than those with non‐supported catalysts over the full substrate concentration range for the hydrogenation of olefins and at lower substrate concentrations for sulfoxidation. This positive effect was rationalized by assuming a Michaelis–Menten‐type mechanism in which the specific inclusion of substrates into the enzyme‐like reaction cavities was a key factor in the high efficiency of the supported flavin catalysts.
Numerical Simulation of Particle Segregation in Vibration Fluidized Beds
Authors: Sun Liyan , Zhao Feixiang , Zhang Qinghong , Li Dan , Lu Huilin
Published: November 2014

The influence of vibration parameters on the segregation phenomenon of a binary mixture in a vibration fluidized bed is investigated. Initially, the mixture composed of spherical balls with different densities but same diameter is in a perfect mixing state in the bed. The motion of particles is simulated based on the discrete element method. The effects of friction coefficient, vibration frequency, amplitudes, and gas velocity are analyzed. The coefficient of segregation to the degree of particle segregation is calculated for different operating conditions. The segregation degree in the vibration fluidized bed is found to be higher than that in the bed without vibration. The curve for the segregation degree exhibits a single peak value which represents the optimal segregation result.
Droplet Size Distribution Obtained by Atomization with Two‐Fluid Nozzles in a Spray Dryer
Authors: Sander Aleksandra , Penović Tomislav
Published: November 2014

The possibility of predicting the droplet size distribution from the particle size distribution was investigated. For that purpose, suspensions of different types of materials were dried in a laboratory‐scale spray drier. Drying of suspensions was performed with different sizes of two‐fluid nozzles. Droplet size distribution was evaluated from the data obtained for spray drying of bismuth molybdate suspension. The method was validated experimentally with other tested materials. Investigated systems involve processes of drying, crystallization, and coating. The proposed methodology can be applied when nonagglomerated particles, spherical particles, or spherical agglomerates were obtained by spray drying.
Origin of the Enantioselectivity in Organocatalytic Michael Additions of β‐Ketoamides to α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyls: A Combined Experimental, Spectroscopic and Theoretical Study
Authors: Quintard Adrien , Cheshmedzhieva Diana , Sanchez Duque Maria del Mar , Gaudel‐Siri Anouk , Naubron Jean‐Valère , Génisson Yves , Plaquevent Jean‐Christophe , Bugaut Xavier , Rodriguez Jean , Constantieux Thierry
Published: November 2014

The organocatalytic enantioselective conjugate addition of secondary β‐ketoamides to α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds is reported. Use of bifunctional Takemoto’s thiourea catalyst allows enantiocontrol of the reaction leading either to simple Michael adducts or spirocyclic aminals in up to 99 % ee. The origin of the enantioselectivity has been rationalised based on combined DFT calculations and kinetic analysis. This study provides a deeper understanding of the reaction mechanism, which involves a predominant role of the secondary amide proton, and clarifies the complex interactions occurring between substrates and the catalyst.
Univalent Gallium Complexes of Simple and ansa‐Arene Ligands: Effects on the Polymerization of Isobutylene
Authors: Lichtenthaler Martin R. , Maurer Steffen , Mangan Robert J. , Stahl Florian , Mönkemeyer Florian , Hamann Julian , Krossing Ingo
Published: November 2014

Using [Ga(C6H5F)2]+[Al(ORF)4]−(1) (RF=C(CF3)3) as starting material, we isolated bis‐ and tris‐η6‐coordinated gallium(I) arene complex salts of p‐xylene (1,4‐Me2C6H4), hexamethylbenzene (C6Me6), diphenylethane (PhC2H4Ph), and m‐terphenyl (1,3‐Ph2C6H4): [Ga(1,4‐Me2C6H4)2.5]+ (2+), [Ga(C6Me6)2]+ (3+), [Ga(PhC2H4Ph)]+ (4+) and [(C6H5F)Ga(μ‐1,3‐Ph2C6H4)2Ga(C6H5F)]2+ (52+). 4+ is the first structurally characterized ansa‐like bent sandwich chelate of univalent gallium and 52+ the first binuclear gallium(I) complex without a GaGa bond. Beyond confirming the structural findings by multinuclear NMR spectroscopic investigations and density functional calculations (RI‐BP86/SV(P) level), [Ga(PhC2H4Ph)]+[Al(ORF)4]−(4) and [(C6H5F)Ga(μ‐1,3‐Ph2C6H4)2Ga(C6H5F)]2+{[Al(ORF)4] −}2 (5), featuring ansa‐arene ligands, were tested as catalysts for the synthesis of highly reactive polyisobutylene (HR‐PIB). In comparison to the recently published 1 and the [Ga(1,3,5‐Me3C6H3)2]+[Al(ORF)4]− salt (6) (1,3,5‐Me3C6H3=mesitylene), 4 and 5 gave slightly reduced reactivities. This allowed for favorably increased polymerization temperatures of up to +15 °C, while yielding HR‐PIB with high contents of terminal olefinic double bonds (α‐contents=84–93 %), low molecular weights (Mn=1000–3000 g mol−1) and good monomer conversions (up to 83 % in two hours). While the chelate complexes delivered more favorable results than 1 and 6, the reaction kinetics resembled and thus concurred with the recently proposed coordinative polymerization mechanism.
Coordination‐Driven Terpyridyl Phosphine Pd(II) Gels
Authors: Li Hongmiao , Tan Xin , Zhang Jianyong
Published: November 2014

Incorporation of phosphine‐Pd catalytic centers in gel network is an important strategy to develop highly active catalysts. In this contribution we show that catalytically active phosphine‐Pd(II) gels can be readily obtained via reaction of rigid bridging terpyridyl phosphines and Pd(II). The terpyridyl phosphines, Py2P2 and Py2P, contain one 4,2′:6′,4′ ′‐terpyridyl group and two/one diphenylphosphino groups. Reactions of Py2P2/Py2P and Pd(II) in CHCl3‐MeOH afforded the corresponding phosphine‐Pd(II) gels at room temperature or at elevated temperature (40°C). The gelation is driven by formation of metal‐organic coordination. Mild heating is important in triggering the formation of Py2P‐Pd(II) gel. The gels have a coherent, rigid spongy porous network of continuous nanometer‐sized particles. The phosphine‐Pd(II) gels showed high activity in the Suzuki‐Miyaura reactions of aryl bromides under ambient conditions and could be recycled and reused.
A Novel Highly Selective "Turn‐On" Fluorescence Sensor for Silver Ions Based on Schiff Base
Authors: Lin Qi , Yang Qingping , Sun Bin , Wei Taibao , Zhang Youming
Published: November 2014

A novel optical chemical sensor L was designed and synthesized for the determination of silver ions. The sensor L was derived from 1‐naphthaldehyde and 3,4,5‐tris(hexadecyloxy)benzohydrazide. The sensor L shows high sensitivity and selectivity for Ag+ detection in comparison to other metal cations (Mg2+, Ca2+, Al3+, Cr3+, Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Hg2+, Pb2+) and has no significant response to other common metal cations. Upon addition of Ag+, the fluorescent emission of the sensor L was enhanced dramatically but other metal cations had no same response. The detection limit for Ag+ was 1.2×10−7 mol/L. Therefore, the sensor L is useful for Ag+ detection with some advantages including sensitivity, selectivity, simplicity and low‐cost.
Competitive Adsorption of PbII, NiII, and SrII Ions on Graphene Oxides: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study
Authors: Yang Shubin , Chen Changlun , Chen Yue , Li Jiaxing , Wang Dongqi , Wang Xiangke , Hu Wenping
Published: November 2014

The individual and competitive adsorption of PbII, NiII, and SrII on graphene oxides (GOs) was investigated by experimental and density functional theory (DFT) studies. Experimental results indicate that 1) in all the single, binary, and ternary metal‐ion adsorption systems, the sequence of maximum adsorption capacities is PbII>NiII>SrII on GOs; 2) the desorption hysteresis of metal ions from GOs shows the adsorption affinity in the same sequence: PbII>NiII>SrII. For the first time, DFT calculations indicate that 1) PbII and NiII prefer to interact with the COH group, whereas SrII interacts with COH and COC comparably, and 2) PbII can easily abstract the OH group from the GOs to form the much more stable Pb(OH)–GO complex. These findings are very important and useful for understanding the mechanisms of heavy‐metal‐ion adsorption on GOs and assessing the adsorption of coexisting heavy‐metal ions on GOs.
Affective, sensory and empathic sharing of another's pain: The Empathy for Pain Scale
Authors: Giummarra M.J. , Fitzgibbon B.M. , Georgiou‐Karistianis N. , Beukelman M. , Verdejo‐Garcia A. , Blumberg Z. , Chou M. , Gibson S.J.
Published: November 2014

Background

Through two studies, we introduce and validate the Empathy for Pain Scale (EPS), which characterizes the phenomenology of empathy for pain, including the vicarious experience of pain when seeing others in pain.

Methods

In study 1, 406 individuals completed the EPS and Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI). In the EPS, four painful scenarios (witnessing surgery, patient recovering from surgery, assault and accidental injury) were rated for 12 emotional, empathic and sensory responses. In study 2, 59 participants completed the same questionnaires and then watched and rated videos of sporting injuries.

Results

In study 1, we identified three factors of the EPS with principal component analysis, which were validated with confirmatory factor analysis: affective distress; vicarious pain; and empathic concern. The EPS demonstrated good psychometric properties, re‐test reliability (n = 105) and concurrent validity. In study 2, we validated the EPS against empathic reactions to the pain of others as displayed in video clips depicting sporting injuries and showed that the scale has unique utility to characterize empathic reactions to pain above general trait empathy measures. Both studies showed that the affective distress and empathic concern subscales of the EPS correlated with measures of cognitive and affective empathy from the IRI, whereas the vicarious pain subscale was only correlated with the personal distress IRI subscale.

Conclusions

The EPS is a psychometrically sound new scale that characterizes empathy for pain and vicarious pain. The EPS offers valuable insight to the phenomenological profile of the affective, empathic and sensory dimensions of empathy for pain.
Cell‐free RNA content in urine as a possible molecular diagnostic tool for clear cell renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Zhao An , Péoc'h Michel , Cottier Michèle , Genin Christian , Mottet Nicolas , Li Guorong
Published: November 2014

There is limited research on cell‐free RNA (cf‐RNA) in the urine of cancer patients. The present study was performed to detect the cf‐RNA in the urine of patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Ninety‐five urine samples from ccRCC patients and 50 urine samples from control subjects were analyzed. The cf‐RNA integrity index was calculated by using quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR assays of the small‐sized fragment (106 bp) and the big‐sized fragment (416 bp) in GAPDH mRNA. The initial analysis showed that cf‐RNA was stable and detectable in the urine. The mean cf‐RNA integrity index was significantly lower in the urine of ccRCC patients (mean: 0.07, 95%CI: 0.05–0.10) when compared with the urine from control subjects (mean: 0.25, 95%CI: 0.16–0.33) (p < 0.001). The value of the area under the receiver‐operating characteristic curve by using the cf‐RNA integrity index for the diagnosis of ccRCC was 0.858 with a sensitivity of 68.0% and a specificity of 92.6%. Moreover, the small‐sized VEGF mRNA fragment (98 bp) was detected in 31 of 50 urine samples of patients with ccRCC and in only 2 of 50 urine samples of control subjects (p < 0.001) while the detection of the big‐sized (420 bp) VEGF mRNA fragment was an infrequent event. Our findings suggest that the small‐sized cf‐RNA in urine was more abundant in cancer patients. The tumor‐related gene VEGF mRNA fragment was detectable in the urine of cancer patients. Our finding may provide a new molecular assay for the diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma.
Brief Therapy by Letter
Authors: Hargens Jürgen
Published: November 2014

The author responds to a client's rejection of him, not by blaming himself, but by trying a different approach. So, he keeps in touch with her by letter.
Genograms: Is it Time for a Change?
Authors: Macvean Anne , McGoldrick Monica , Evans Jan , Brown Jenny
Published: November 2014

This article began as a letter to the Editors, expressing Anne Macvean's concern about the genogram convention that the ANZJFT follows. How does a journal decide whether or not it is time to change? This seemed to be an issue deserving of a wider debate. Here is the beginning of the debate, with comments on Anne's letter from two local users of genograms, Jenny Brown and Jan Evans, and from Monica McGoldrick, internationally known genogram expert, author of You Can Go Home Again [1995], co‐author of Genograms: Assessment and Intervention (1999).
On Using Appreciative Language in Constructing Promising/Illusionistic Realities
Authors: Malinen Tapio
Published: November 2014

This article is a carnival: besides Peter Lang, the protagonist it gives appearance and voice to many other people, as in a play or dance. In this dialogue, facts are not considered to be anything given; they are constructed in the relationships and interactions, thoughts formulate themselves in the carnival whirl of language. The postmodern team appearing in the article have taken their voices from the literature. They are saying partly what they have said in print partly what they might have said – or will be saying in the future. What happened to the director of the discussion was the same thing that can, in a best‐case scenario, happen to a therapist: the director was simultaneously the writer and the product of the story. Through it he died and was reborn.

You can never predict the future through the past because the past changes all the time (Mihail Bakhtin).

To be systemic means you accept everything, defy everything, accept nothing. Life is like a carnival or like a parody (Peter Lang).
Who Should Be a Family Therapist? A Personal View of Selection for Training
Authors: Crago Hugh
Published: November 2014

The author presents a view of the selection of applicants for training programs in family therapy, drawing on his own experience. A case is made for the importance of selection, based in the notion that the profession is responsible for attempting to protect the therapy consumer from practitioners who are potentially unhelpful or even damaging. The qualities that are desirable in a trainee family therapist are itemised and discussed. The article then describes how particular selection processes can be used to identify appropriate and inappropriate applicants. The author stresses that a good selection process should be isomorphic with the program of which it forms the first stage.
Using Tape Measures in Family Therapy: An Exploration of the Global Assessment of Relational Functioning
Authors: Stiefel Ingeborg , Johnson Susan , Clarke Leanne , Chahoud Katrina
Published: November 2014

In the current climate of evidence‐based clinical practice, there is an urgent need to give family therapy research more prominence, and to demystify it for the practitioner. We were curious to discover how a family assessment instrument would behave with families we saw in our clinical practice. This paper describes our first attempt to apply a family measure, the Global Assessment of Relational Functioning, with 51 families in which the referred child presented with a confirmed or suspected diagnosis of AD/HD. The GARF, a one‐point measure, assesses three dimensions of family functioning: problem‐solving skills, organisational characteristics and emotional climate. We illustrate the use of the measure with the description of two families who rated at the opposite ends of the scale. The potential value and the limitations of the GARF as a family assessment are discussed.