bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efeito do exercício aeróbico e resistido no controle autonômico e nas variáveis hemodinâmicas de jovens saudáveis
Authors: Cal Abad César Cavinato , Silva Ricardo Severino da , Mostarda Cristiano , Silva Ivana Cinthya de Moraes da , Irigoyen Maria Cláudia
Published: March 2011

A prática de exercícios aeróbicos e resistidos provoca ajustes agudos e crônicos distintos. Já foram documentadas diferenças hemodinâmicas e musculares entre os exercícios; todavia, quanto aos ajustes autonômicos, os estudos são escassos e controversos. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as adaptações hemodinâmicas e autonômicas após uma sessão de exercício aeróbico (30 minutos, bicicleta ergométrica) e resistido (três séries de 12 repetições para os principais grupamentos musculares), em indivíduos jovens e saudáveis. Para tanto, utilizamos medidas da pressão arterial (PA), frequência cardíaca (FC), cálculo do duplo produto e análise da variabilidade da FC (VFC) nos domínios do tempo e da frequência e a Plotagem de Poincaré. Neste protocolo, a FC durante o exercício aeróbico foi maior do que no resistido (153,32 ± 2,76 vs. 143,10 ± 3,38 bpm, respectivamente). O exercício aeróbico gerou aumento da PA sistólica durante o exercício (7,25 ± 1,97 mmHg). Já o exercício resistido provocou aumento tanto da PA sistólica quanto da diastólica durante sua execução (14,83 ± 1,53; 11,92 ± 1,69 mmHg, respectivamente). Não foi observada hipotensão pós-exercício para nenhuma das sessões. Ao comparar o exercício aeróbico com o resistido na fase de recuperação, verificamos diminuição na VFC no resistido nas variáveis: RMSSD (37,74 ± 5,30 vs. 19,50 ± 2,32), NN50 (94,13 ± 23,65 vs. 27,63 ± 6,68), PNN50 (16,10 ± 4,72 vs. 3,53 ± 0,89), SD1 (26,65 ± 3,85 vs. 13,73 ± 1,66), SD2 (88,98 ± 10,71 vs. 61,88 ± 5,49) e HF (257,25 ± 45,08 vs. 102,75 ± 18,75 ms²). Concluiu-se que, para os protocolos investigados, o trabalho cardiovascular durante o exercício foi semelhante, resultando principalmente do aumento da FC no exercício aeróbico e do aumento da PAS no resistido. No período de recuperação, o exercício resistido promoveu maior alteração autonômica, compatível com manutenção do balanço simpatovagal aumentado.
Efeito da prática regular de atividade física no desempenho motor em idosos
Authors: Rodrigues Paula Cristina dos Santos , Barreiros João Manuel Pardal , Vasconcelos Maria Olga Fernandes , Carneiro Suzana Raquel Moreira
Published: March 2011

Os efeitos do envelhecimento contribuem para uma maior lentidão no processamento da informação, nomeadamente ao nível do tratamento da informação sensorial, decisão e programação dos movimentos. O presente estudo investigou o tempo de reação simples e o tempo de antecipação-coincidência, em idosos praticantes e não praticantes de atividade física. Constituíram a amostra 66 idosos de ambos os sexos com idade cronológica entre os 65 e os 89 anos (M = 74,3; SD = 6,0 anos), dos quais 34 eram praticantes de atividade física regular e 32 não praticantes de atividade física regular. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o "Multi-Choice Reaction Time Apparatus" para avaliar o tempo de reação simples (TRS) e o "Bassin Anticipation Timer" para avaliar a antecipação-coincidência (AC). Estas capacidades são relevantes no bem-estar e funcionalidade da população mais envelhecida. Cada participante realizou com a mão preferida um total de seis tentativas na tarefa de TRS e 20 tentativas na tarefa de AC. Os resultados revelaram que o grupo de praticantes de atividade física demonstrou desempenhos superiores tanto na tarefa de TRS como na tarefa de AC. O sexo foi fator influente apenas no grupo de praticantes no desempenho das duas tarefas, sendo os homens mais rápidos e precisos do que as mulheres. Um processamento da informação mais rápido nos homens pode estar na base destes resultados. Como as duas capacidades avaliadas neste estudo constituem uma expressão da integridade funcional do sistema nervoso central, os resultados sugerem que a prática de atividades motoras sistemáticas pode retardar e ser um importante protetor contra os efeitos de envelhecimento nos processos perceptivo-motores inerentes a este tipo de tarefas.
Alcohol Consumption in Early Adulthood and Schooling Completed and Labor Market Outcomes at Midlife by Race and Gender
Authors: Sloan Frank A. , Grossman Daniel S.
Published: March 2011

Objectives. We assessed the relation of alcohol consumption in young adulthood to problem alcohol consumption 10 years later and to educational attainment and labor market outcomes at midlife. We considered whether these relations differ between Blacks and Whites.

Methods. We classified individuals on the basis of their drinking frequency patterns with data from the 1982 to 1984 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (respondents aged 19–27 years). We assessed alcohol consumption from the 1991 reinterview (respondents aged 26–34 years) and midlife outcomes from the 2006 reinterview (respondents aged 41–49 years).

Results. Black men who consumed 12 or more drinks per week at baseline had lower earnings at midlife, but no corresponding relation for Black women or Whites was found. Black men and Black women who consumed 12 or more drinks per week at baseline had lower occupational attainment than did White male non-drinkers and White female non-drinkers, respectively, but this result was not statistically significant.

Conclusions. The relation between alcohol consumption in young adulthood and important outcomes at midlife differed between Blacks and Whites and between Black men and Black women, although Blacks’ alcohol consumption at baseline was lower on average than was that of Whites.
Impact of Poor Oral Health on Children's School Attendance and Performance
Authors: Jackson Stephanie L. , Vann William F. , Kotch Jonathan B. , Pahel Bhavna T. , Lee Jessica Y.
Published: March 2011

Objectives. We examined school days missed for routine dental care versus dental pain or infection to determine the relationship between children's oral health status and school attendance and performance.

Methods. We used 2008 data from the North Carolina Child Health Assessment and Monitoring Program. The study sample, weighted to reflect the state's population, included 2183 schoolchildren. Variables assessed included school absences and performance, oral health status, parental education, health insurance coverage, race, and gender.

Results. Children with poor oral health status were nearly 3 times more likely (odds ratio = 3.89; 95% confidence interval = 1.96, 7.75) than were their counterparts to miss school as a result of dental pain. Absences caused by pain were associated with poorer school performance (P < .05), but absences for routine care were not. Mediation analyses revealed that oral health status was associated with performance independent of absence for pain.

Conclusions. Children with poorer oral health status were more likely to experience dental pain, miss school, and perform poorly in school. These findings suggest that improving children's oral health status may be a vehicle to enhancing their educational experience.
Grounding Pit Optimization Using Low Resistivity Materials for Applications in High Resistivity Soils
Authors: Al-Arainy Abdulrehman Ali , Malik Nazar Hussain , Qureshi Muhammad Iqbal , Khan Yasink
Published: March 2011

Grounding arrangement is very important to maintain safe and reliable operation of a power system and to ensure safety of the power apparatus and operating personnel. In Saudi Arabia, the weather is dry and the soil resistivity varies significantly from area to area because the geodetic terrain varies from sea shore to the arid desert and dry mountains. In most of the inland desert areas, the soil resistivity is significantly high and it is difficult to get low earth resistance with conventional methods. Therefore, an economical and efficient grounding system design of the earthing pit is necessary which can be achieved by using a low resistivity material (LRM). When such material is used, it is important to optimize the pit design. This paper presents different configurations of grounding pits commonly used with LRM applications. Different parameters that affect the grounding resistance are studied in detail and an optimized pit design is suggested that can effectively reduce the grounding resistance to an acceptable value. The suggested method can be readily used by engineers to obtain a good earthing pit configuration for efficient grounding of the power system components in high resistivity soils.
Characterization of mineral water from Vitinicki Kiseljak and kozluk springs
Authors: Lazic Dragica , Skundric Jelena , Vasiljevic Ljubica , Sladojevic Slavica , Blagojevic Dragana
Published: March 2011

The aim of this study was to determine the quality of the mineral water from
Vitinicki Kiseljak (Nos. 1 to 9, except No. 3) and Kozluk springs that are
located near the town of Zvornik in the northwestern Republic of Srpska, BIH.
The results were compared with those presented in previous reaserches in
order to determine if the water quality has changed and if the water is still
suitable for therapeutic purposes. The physicochemical (temperature, odor, pH
value, total hardness, electro-conductivity, evaporated residue, suspended
materials, chemical consumption of oxygen and KMnO4) and chemical (Fe2+,
Mg2+, Mn2+,Zn2+, K+, Ca2+, Cu2+, Al3+, HCO3-, Cl-, CO32-, SiO2, SO42- and
S2-) characteristics were analyzed. The obtained results showed that the
waters could be classified as hydrocarbonate-sodium-chloride with the
mineralization of 2450-5830 mg/dm3. It can also be concluded that the waters
are rich in calcium, magnesium and iron, as well as that those are acidic
waters due to the presence of free carbon dioxide. In the samples from Kozluk
and Kiseljak No. 2 springs oxygen-sulphide is present as well. The ideal
ratio of the minerals in these waters is suitable for therapeutical purposes.
Removal of orange 16 reactive dye from aqueous solutions by waste sunflower seed shells
Authors: Suteu Daniela , Zaharia Carmen , Malutan Teodor
Published: March 2011

In this work, the use of an agro-industrial waste, i.e., sunflower seed
shells, was investigated as a sorbent for the removal of Orange 16 reactive
dye from aqueous environments. Batch experiments were performed as a function
of pH, sorbent dose, dye concentration, temperature and contact time. The
percent dye removal increased with increasing sorbent dose and temperature of
the aqueous solution, and decreased with increasing dye concentration; the
required contact time was five hours. The Freundlich, Langmuir,
Dubinin-Radushkevich and Tempkin adsorption isotherms were used to describe
the equilibrium sorption data and to determine the corresponding isotherm
constants. The thermodynamic parameters ?G, ?H and ?S were also determined.
These parameters indicated that the sorption of reactive dye onto sunflower
seed shells was a spontaneous, endothermic and entropy-driven process. The
kinetic data were evaluated by pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and
intra-particle diffusion kinetic models. The results of the kinetic study
indicated that the sorption of Orange 16 reactive dye onto sunflower seed
shells is a complex process and both chemical surface sorption and
intraparticle diffusion contribute to the rate-limiting step. Therefore, the
sunflower seed shell showed itself to be a promising cheap sorbent for the
decolourization of aqueous coloured solutions or effluents.
Effects of denaturing acid on the self-association behaviour of poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(γ-benzyl l-glutamate)-graft-poly(ethylene glycol) copolymer in ethanol
Authors: Zhu Guo-Quan , Gao Qiao-Chun , Wang Fa-Gang , Li Guo-Chang , Wang Ping
Published: March 2011

Poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(γ-benzyl l-glutamate)-graft-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-b-PBLG-g-PEG) copolymer was synthesised by the ester exchange reaction of PEG-block-PBLG copolymer with mPEG. The self-association behaviour of PEG-b-PBLG-g-PEG in mixtures of ethanol, chloroform, and trifluoroacetic acid as denaturing acid was investigated by transmission electron microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and viscometry. It was revealed that the increase in denaturing acid content in the mixed system not only promoted the critical micelle concentration but also changed the morphology of the polymeric micelles from elliptical to spherical.
The pattern of facial preferences in boys at early adolescence
Authors: Kościński Krzysztof
Published: March 2011

Despite numerous studies on perception of facial attractiveness in adults, preferences in adolescents remain poorly characterized. The aim of present study was to explore facial preferences in boys at early adolescence (11-13 years old) and compare them with preferences of men. All males evaluated the same 30 female faces, which were also assessed by independent judges for several perceived features. Regardless of age, boys assessed attractiveness much the same as men, and the strengths of their preferences for specific facial features were similar to those of men. The pubertal maturity (calculated on the basis of the presence of pubic hair at two sessions spaced ten months apart) correlated positively with strength of preference for several facial features (specifically: maturity, sexiness, marital appearance and friendly appearance). This remained true even after controlling for age and psychosexual development, suggesting that sex hormones are involved in the development of facial preferences in pubescent boys.
Cholera and typhoid fever in 19th-century Bielitzer Zion
Authors: Wrębiak Arkadiusz K.
Published: March 2011

This study outlines an analysis of selected anthropo-demographic data of Der Bielitzer Zion population from parish registers and historical sources. The analysis focuses on three epidemics: cholera (two) and typhoid fever (one) which took place in mid-19th century in Bielitz. The aim of this paper is to explore the demographic structure of the fatalities due to the epidemics and to propose possible causes of any variations. Analysis shows the divergence in the age structure of deceased parishioners between the normal and epidemic years. Also, similar outbreaks of infection but of different pathogenesis could lead to observable discrepancies in the overall demographics of the deceased. In the case of cholera: more fatal cases were seen in the city, a higher frequency of deaths occurred in Bielitz females, the disease occurred only in the warm months and the outbreaks were of short duration. For typhoid fever: more fatal cases were seen in the peri-urban villages, a higher frequency of deaths occurred in the female of the peri-urban villages and the outbreak was of long duration. Frequencies and mortality rates of the above causes of death were compared with younger, more advanced populations. The similarities between these groups suggest a high socio-economical status of Bielitzer Zion.
Detonation Deposited Fe-Al Coatings Part II: Transmission Electron Microscopy of Interlayers and Fe-Al Intermetallic Coating Detonation Sprayed onto the 045 Steel Substrate
Authors: Pawłowski A. , Senderowski C. , Wołczyński W. , Morgiel J. , Major Ł.
Published: March 2011

Detonation Deposited Fe-Al Coatings Part II: Transmission Electron Microscopy of Interlayers and Fe-Al Intermetallic Coating Detonation Sprayed onto the 045 Steel Substrate

The microstructure of detonation gaseous sprayed (DGS) transition layers of Ni(Al), Ni(Cr) and subsequent coating of Fe-Al intermetallic phases deposited on the 045 steel were studied in the paper using transmission electron microscopy. In order to identify phases in the particular interlayers the selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and an energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX) were applied. It was found that the Ni(Al) interlayer contained basically pure nickel with a small fraction of NiAl phase. The Al based amorphous phase was also observed its area in the form of bands. The Ni(Cr) interlayer basically contained Ni-rich small grains. Pure chromium in the Ni matrix appeared in the vicinity of Fe-Al coating in the shape of bow-like bands, parallel to the coating. The boundary between the Ni(Cr) layer and the Fe-Al coating revealed abrupt decrease of the Ni content in the coating at simultaneous rapid increase of the Fe amount. Improper Al/Cr ratio within the Ni matrix seems to be responsible for the formation of Al-oxides and the bands of almost pure Cr and Ni(Cr) layers and resulting decrease of interlayer adherence.
Effects of selected groundwater chemical traits on a salt marsh community
Authors: Kilinç Mahmut , Kutbay Hamdi , Yalçin Erkan , Bilgin Ali , Avci Kenan , Topaloglu Solmaz
Published: March 2011

Effects of selected groundwater chemical traits on a salt marsh community

Electrical conductivity, exchangeable sodium ratio and water depth have negative impacts, whereas soil organic matter concentration has a positive impact on Black Sea salt marsh vegetation. The most saline soils were characterized bySalicornia prostratavegetation and associated with exchangeable sodium ratio.Alhagi pseudalhagiandTamarix smrynensispopulations were associated with water depth, whileJuncus littoralis, Ammophila arenariaandE. paraliaswere associated with soil organic matter.Euphorbia paralias, Ammophila arenariaandIris orientaliswere associated with acidity.
Early post-fire changes in Pinus brutia forests (Amanos Mountains, Turkey)
Authors: Türkmen Necattin , Düzenli Atabay
Published: March 2011

Early post-fire changes inPinus brutiaforests (Amanos Mountains, Turkey)

We studied the species composition and soil nutrients in aPinus brutiaforest after a fire that occurred in 1989. Four permanent plots were created in the burnt and not burnt areas in the Amanos Mountains of Turkey. The floristic richness, biological spectra, above ground phytomass and soil features in the study areas were assessed during the first three years after the fire. After the fire, we found a reduced amount of organic matter (14.3%), total nitrogen (22%) and soil water saturation (13.1%), but an increased amount of available phosphorus (71%), acidity (3.6%), cation exchange capacity (9.9%), exchangeable sodium (20.8%) and exchangeable potassium (37.1%). The aboveground phytomass in the burned area reached 5284 kg ha-1, the third year after the fire. Forty-six pre-fire species were renewed in the first three years after the fire.Juniperus oxycedruscould not renew within three years after the fire. Pine phytomass has increased five times within three years after the fire.
Public Policy and Aboriginal Peoples in Canada: Taking a Life-Course Perspective
Authors: Cooke Martin , McWhirter Jennifer
Published: March 2011

The health and social conditions of First Nations, Inuit, and Métis peoples in Canada remain important policy concerns. The life course has been proposed by some as a framework for analysis that could assist in the development of policies that would improve the economic and social inclusion of Aboriginal peoples. In this paper we support the goal of applying a life-course perspective to policies related to Aboriginal peoples but suggest that the framework needs to consider the unique relationship between Aboriginal peoples and public policies. We provide some illustrations using data from the 2001 Aboriginal Peoples Survey.
Role of p53 in Cell Death and Human Cancers
Authors: Ozaki Toshinori , Nakagawara Akira
Published: March 2011

p53 is a nuclear transcription factor with a pro-apoptotic function. Since over 50% of human cancers carry loss of function mutations in p53 gene, p53 has been considered to be one of the classical type tumor suppressors. Mutant p53 acts as the dominant-negative inhibitor toward wild-type p53. Indeed, mutant p53 has an oncogenic potential. In some cases, malignant cancer cells bearing p53 mutations display a chemo-resistant phenotype. In response to a variety of cellular stresses such as DNA damage, p53 is induced to accumulate in cell nucleus to exert its pro-apoptotic function. Activated p53 promotes cell cycle arrest to allow DNA repair and/or apoptosis to prevent the propagation of cells with serious DNA damage through the transactivation of its target genes implicated in the induction of cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis. Thus, the DNA-binding activity of p53 is tightly linked to its tumor suppressive function. In the present review article, we describe the regulatory mechanisms of p53 and also p53-mediated therapeutic strategies to cure malignant cancers.
Drosophila Models of Parkinson's Disease: Discovering Relevant Pathways and Novel Therapeutic Strategies
Authors: Muñoz-Soriano Verónica , Paricio Nuria
Published: March 2011

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder and is mainly characterized by the selective and progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons, accompanied by locomotor defects. Although most PD cases are sporadic, several genes are associated with rare familial forms of the disease. Analyses of their function have provided important insights into the disease process, demonstrating that three types of cellular defects are mainly involved in the formation and/or progression of PD: abnormal protein aggregation, oxidative damage, and mitochondrial dysfunction. These studies have been mainly performed in PD models created in mice, fruit flies, and worms. Among them, Drosophila has emerged as a very valuable model organism in the study of either toxin-induced or genetically linked PD. Indeed, many of the existing fly PD models exhibit key features of the disease and have been instrumental to discover pathways relevant for PD pathogenesis, which could facilitate the development of therapeutic strategies.
’n Waardering vir die positiewe! Waarderende betrokkenheid as ‘n gemeentelike- en pastorale lens
Authors: Schoeman Kobus , Van den Berg Jan Albert
Published: March 2011

An appreciation for the positive! Appreciative engagement as congregational process and congregational- and pastoral lens The traditional approach of only solving what is wrong is challenged by newer perspectives emphasising the meaning of an appreciation for the positive. The possible meaning of this alternative perspective for the development of a relevant positive practical theology was explored in investigating the possible meaning of the methodology of appreciative inquiry. The benefit of this model, for congregational studies and pastoral ministry amongst others, was investigated, described and illustrated with a case study. After a critical evaluation of the methodology of appreciative inquiry, suggestions for the development of a relevant positive practical theology, incorporating an appreciation for the positive in an appreciative engagement were mapped.
Stratified Subcartesian Spaces
Authors: Lusala Tsasa , Śniatycki Jędrzej
Published: March 2011

We show that if the family of orbits of all vector fields on a subcartesian space P is locally finite and each orbit in is locally closed, then defines a smooth Whitney A stratification of P. We also show that the stratification by orbit type of the space of orbits M/G of a proper action of a Lie group G on a smooth manifold M is given by orbits of the family of all vector fields on M/G.
Role of Hysteroscopy Prior to Assisted Reproductive Techniques in Patients with Previous IVF Failure
Authors: Dalal Rutvij Jay , Palshetkar Nandita P
Published: March 2011

Background

There have been numerous advances in the area of assisted reproduction. Among the various reasons of implantation failure, intrauterine lesions play an important role.

Objective

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the role of hysteroscopy prior to any assisted reproductive technique in patients who had previous one or more failed IVF cycle(s).

Materials and methods

It is a retrospective study of 248 women who attended our infertility clinic over a period of 18 months, who had a variable number of failed IVF cycles previously.

Results

Out of the 248 women studied, in 62 (25%) patients, intrauterine pathology was detected, which when rectified by hysteroscopy gave a considerable increase in pregnancy rate.

Conclusion

According to this study it can be concluded that evaluating the uterine cavity is an important step before any assisted reproductive procedure.
A Corpus‐Based Evaluation of Syntactic Complexity Measures as Indices of College‐Level ESL Writers' Language Development
Authors: LU XIAOFEI
Published: March 2011

This article reports results of a corpus‐based evaluation of 14 syntactic complexity measures as objective indices of college‐level English as a second language (ESL) writers' language development. I analyzed large‐scale ESL writing data from the Written English Corpus of Chinese Learners (Wen, Wang, & Liang, 2005) using a computational system designed to automate syntactic complexity measurement with 14 measures that have been proposed in second language writing development studies (Lu, 2010). This analysis allows us to investigate the impact of sampling condition on the relationship between syntactic complexity and language development, to identify measures that significantly differentiate between developmental levels, to determine the magnitude at which between‐level differences in each measure reach statistical significance, to assess the pattern of development associated with each measure, and to examine the strength of the relationship between different pairs of measures. This research provides ESL teachers and researchers with useful insights into how these measures can be used effectively as indices of college‐level ESL writers' language development.
Rater Sensitivity to Qualities of Lexis in Writing
Authors: RUEGG RACHAEL , FRITZ ERIK , HOLLAND JENNIFER
Published: March 2011

An examination of the scores given using analytic rating scales can provide insight into how well the scales are measuring what they are supposed to be measuring. Many analytic rating scales include separate scales for lexis and grammar, yet the distinction between lexis and grammar has not been widely researched or defined. It is therefore unclear whether separate lexis and grammar scales are appropriate. For this reason, the lexis scores for 140 timed essays on a Japanese university English proficiency test were analyzed to determine what portion of variance is accounted for by different lexical qualities. In this test, which was administered to incoming university students at the beginning of the academic year, it was found that lexical accuracy is predictive of lexis scores. The lexis scores, however, are predicted by the scores on the grammar scale much more than range, frequency, or even accuracy of lexis in the essays. The difficulties in separating lexis from grammar when rating writing are discussed. Finally, limitations of the study and suggestions for further research are given.
REVIEWS
Authors: MATSUDA PAUL KEI
Published: March 2011

TESOL Quarterly welcomes evaluative reviews of publications relevant to TESOL professionals. In addition to textbooks and reference materials, these include computer and video software, testing instruments, and other forums of nonprint materials.

The Idea of English in Japan: Ideology and the Evolution of a Global Language Philip Seargeant

Global English Teaching and Teacher Education: Praxis and Possibility Seran Dogancay‐Aktuna and Joel Hardman

The Psychology of Second Language Acquisition Zoltán Dörnyei
Gold Dreams, Gold Nightmares: The Social Construction of Inflation as Delegitimation Discourse
Authors: Rafalovich Adam
Published: March 2011

Using archival data from the four most popular gold investment websites, this study is a content analysis of gold investment enthusiast (‘gold bug’) commentaries over a six-month time period, from November 2007 to April 2008. We examine gold bug discourse as a conspiracy narrative whose central tenet is the criticism of inflationary monetary policy. Gold bugs argue that the continual presence of inflation demonstrates the fundamental flaws of global capitalism and the illegitimacy of the administrative system that operates it. The invocation of inflation is the primary way in which gold bugs forecast economic conditions and the inevitable failure of those who control global monetary policy. Based upon the ontological claim that gold is the only ‘true’ store of value, gold bugs posit a sharp rebuke of monetary policy, predicting a drastic increase in the price of gold and a consequent collapse of the world's fiat currencies.
Woolworths and Wales: A Multi-Dimensional Analysis of the Loss of a Local Brand
Authors: Smith Robin James , Heley Jesse , Stafford Ian
Published: March 2011

In this paper we present a multi-dimensional analysis of the closure of Woolworths in Wales and the way in which the loss of this familiar high-street brand can be accounted for at a number of levels and within different social arenas. Primarily, the paper demonstrates how Woolworths is positioned as a symbol of a previous era of consumption centred upon community and place based notions of nostalgia and community. What is striking in the analysis is the similarities in the way in which Woolworths is mobilised as a symbol by the general public and elites; albeit with varying outcomes and affects. In presenting the analysis the paper demonstrates a processual framing as providing a fruitful approach to the combination of different approaches and fields of inquiry (sociology, geography, and political science) without diminishing their distinct contributions.
Impacts of agricultural intensification through upscaling of suitable rainwater harvesting technologies in the upper Ewaso Ng'iro North basin, Kenya
Authors: Mutiga J. K. , Zhongbo S. , Woldai T.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. Changes in land cover and land use can lead to significant impacts to hydrology by affecting the amount of runoff, soil moisture and groundwater recharge over a range of temporal and spatial scales. However, hydrologic effects of these changes are still an unknown at watershed scale. Moreover, predicting the effects of land cover/use and climate change on hydrological cycle has remained a major challenge. This is because of the complexity and uncertainty of future climate changes making it difficult to predict the consequences. It is against this backdrop that, for sustainable water resources management, assessment of the impacts of land cover/use change on hydrological regime at all scales becomes critical. During this study, we applied the SWAT model to assess the impacts of area hydrology between baseline and alternative scenario (upscaling of rainwater harvesting technologies). Specifically, our overall objective was to quantitatively evaluate the effects of land use changes on watershed hydrology in the upper Ewaso Ng'iro North basin in Kenya. This was achieved by estimating hydrological responses under historical land use scenarios obtained from the multi-temporal satellite imageries of 1987, 1995 and 2003. The model performance was found to be relatively good (Nash and Sutcliffe efficient of 70%). Stream flow analysis was carried out for different parts of the basin to understand its hydrological responses, especially, the behavior of base flow. The results show a decrease in base flow during 1987–2003 period with decreasing forest, bush and grass covers, which can be attributed to poor natural vegetation emanating mainly from overgrazing and deforestation for agricultural activities. In conclusion, the study clearly shows that, assessment of hydrologic effects of land use changes is critical for a sustainable water resources planning and management of the basin.
PI forecast with or without de-clustering: an experiment for the Sichuan-Yunnan region
Authors: Jiang C. S. , Wu Z. L.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. Pattern Informatics (PI) algorithm uses earthquake catalogues for estimating the increase of the probability of strong earthquakes. The main measure in the algorithm is the number of earthquakes above a threshold magnitude. Since aftershocks occupy a significant proportion of the total number of earthquakes, whether de-clustering affects the performance of the forecast is one of the concerns in the application of this algorithm. This problem is of special interest after a great earthquake, when aftershocks become predominant in regional seismic activity. To investigate this problem, the PI forecasts are systematically analyzed for the Sichuan-Yunnan region of southwest China. In this region there have occurred some earthquakes larger than MS 7.0, including the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. In the analysis, the epidemic-type aftershock sequences (ETAS) model was used for de-clustering. The PI algorithm was revised to consider de-clustering, by replacing the number of earthquakes by the sum of the ETAS-assessed probability for an event to be a "background event" or a "clustering event". Case studies indicate that when an intense aftershock sequence is included in the "sliding time window", the hotspot picture may vary, and the variation lasts for about one year. PI forecasts seem to be affected by the aftershock sequence included in the "anomaly identifying window", and the PI forecast using "background events" seems to have a better performance.
The Hemangioblast: From Concept to Authentication
Authors: Cao Nian , Yao Zhong‐Xiang
Published: March 2011

The hemangioblast hypothesis has been hotly debated for over a century. Hemangioblasts are defined as multipotent cells that can give rise to both hematopoietic cells and endothelial cells. The existence of hemangioblasts has now been confirmed and many important molecules and several signaling pathways are involved in their generation and differentiation. Fibroblast growth factor, renin–angiotensin system and runt‐related transcription factor 1 (Runx1) direct the formation of hemangioblasts through highly selective gene expression patterns. On the other hand, the hemogenic endothelium theory and a newly discovered pattern of hematopoietic/endothelial differentiation make the genesis of hemangioblasts more complicated. But how hemangioblasts are formed and how hematopoietic cells or endothelial cells are derived from remains largely unknown. Here we summarize the current knowledge of the signaling pathways and molecules involved in hemangioblast development and suggest some future clinical applications. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of the reproductive and developmental risks of caffeine
Authors: Brent Robert L. , Christian Mildred S. , Diener Robert M.
Published: March 2011

A risk analysis of in utero caffeine exposure is presented utilizing epidemiological studies and animal studies dealing with congenital malformation, pregnancy loss, and weight reduction. These effects are of interest to teratologists, because animal studies are useful in their evaluation. Many of the epidemiology studies did not evaluate the impact of the “pregnancy signal,” which identifies healthy pregnancies and permits investigators to identify subjects with low pregnancy risks. The spontaneous abortion epidemiology studies were inconsistent and the majority did not consider the confounding introduced by not considering the pregnancy signal. The animal studies do not support the concept that caffeine is an abortafacient for the wide range of human caffeine exposures. Almost all the congenital malformation epidemiology studies were negative. Animal pharmacokinetic studies indicate that the teratogenic plasma level of caffeine has to reach or exceed 60 µg/ml, which is not attainable from ingesting large amounts of caffeine in foods and beverages. No epidemiological study described the “caffeine teratogenic syndrome.” Six of the 17 recent epidemiology studies dealing with the risk of caffeine and fetal weight reduction were negative. Seven of the positive studies had growth reductions that were clinically insignificant and none of the studies cited the animal literature. Analysis of caffeine's reproductive toxicity considers reproducibility and plausibility of clinical, epidemiological, and animal data. Moderate or even high amounts of beverages and foods containing caffeine do not increase the risks of congenital malformations, miscarriage or growth retardation. Pharmacokinetic studies markedly improve the ability to perform the risk analyses.Birth Defects Res (Part B)92:152–187, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bullying at school as a predictor of delinquency, violence and other anti‐social behaviour in adulthood
Authors: Bender Doris , Lösel Friedrich
Published: March 2011

Background Although bullying at school is an important topic, its long‐term relation to anti‐social development is rarely investigated.

Aim To study the relation between bullying in youth and anti‐social outcomes in adulthood.

Methods A group of 63 males (bullies and victims over‐sampled) from the Erlangen‐Nuremberg Bullying Study were investigated at ages 15 and 25. Bullying was assessed with the Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire. Outcome measures included self‐reported delinquency, violence, aggressiveness, drug use, impulsivity and psychopathy. In addition to bivariate correlations, hierarchical regressions were used to control for family and individual risk factors.

Results Bullying was a strong predictor of nearly all anti‐social outcomes. Physical bullying was more predictive than verbal/indirect bullying. Controlling for family risks and externalising/internalising problems reduced effect sizes, but bullying remained a sound predictor. Victimisation was not related to anti‐social outcomes.

Conclusions Bullying seems to be a key risk marker for anti‐social development. Therefore, studies on whole‐school anti‐bullying programmes and child‐oriented or family‐oriented strategies of crime prevention should be more integrated. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bullying in early adolescence and its association with anti‐social behaviour, criminality and violence 6 and 10 years later
Authors: Renda Jennifer , Vassallo Suzanne , Edwards Ben
Published: March 2011

Background Few longitudinal studies have examined the links between engagement in bullying and later anti‐social behaviour for both males and females.

Aims This study aimed to examine the association between adolescent bullying behaviour and subsequent anti‐social behaviour, among a community sample of Australian males and females.

Methods Regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between bullying perpetration at age 13–14 and anti‐social behaviour, criminal violence and contact with police or courts 6 and 10 years later among approximately 800 young adults participating in a 27‐year longitudinal study. The analyses controlled for known risk factors for anti‐social behaviour at age 13–14 years.

Results Moderate significant associations were found between bullying perpetration and subsequent anti‐social behaviour. Associations were more powerful for males than females, and for short‐term than long‐term outcomes. Engagement in bullying remained a significant predictor of later anti‐social behaviour and contact with police or courts even after other risk factors were accounted for.

Conclusions These findings suggest that bullying in adolescence may be a marker of risk for a continuing pattern of anti‐social behaviour, particularly among young males. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hasse diagram technique as exploratory tool in sediment pollution assessment
Authors: Tsakovski Stefan , Simeonov Vasil
Published: March 2011

The present paper deals with the presentation of a new approach in sediment quality estimation. This approach studies the ranking toward ecotoxicity of lake sediment samples from Turawa Lake in Poland with respect to chemical pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and heavy metals. The sediment quality estimation is done by combining Hasse diagram technique (HDT) with self‐organized maps (SOM). The classification abilities of SOM are used as preprocessing procedure of the initial data matrix before applying HDT. The Hasse diagram analysis shows two specific sediment pollution ‘patterns’. The Hasse diagram structure is discussed in relation to the environmental management of Turawa Lake region. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micromixing in two‐phase (G‐L and S‐L) systems in a stirred vessel
Authors: Hofinger Julia , Sharpe Robert W. , Bujalski Waldemar , Bakalis Serafim , Assirelli Melissa , Eaglesham Archie , Nienow Alvin W.
Published: March 2011

The literature on micromixing and local‐specific energy dissipation rate, (on which it depends), for two‐phase systems is limited and conflicting. Here, the competitive iodide/iodate reaction scheme has been used to study the effect of particles and gas flow rate on micromixing in a Rushton turbine agitated vessel. Gassing rates up to 1.5 vvm did not show any effect on product distribution compared to the ungassed at constant mean‐specific energy dissipation rate for a feeding near the impeller. Near the upper liquid surface, micromixing improved with increasing flow rate because it increased fluid turbulence. These results confirm the limited literature. With 500 µm glass beads at concentrations up to 2.5 wt.%, micromixing was unaffected near the impeller and near the surface. The related literature is very unclear and it is difficult to draw any precise conclusions. At ∼12 wt.% when cloud formation was observed, micromixing was significantly worse, especially, it is shown for the first time, in the clear layer above the cloud. The latter finding is significant for processes such as precipitation where micromixing determines the particle characteristics.
Inpatient costs and predictors of costs in the psychosomatic treatment of anorexia nervosa
Authors: Haas Laura , Stargardt Tom , Schreyoegg Jonas , Schlösser Rico , Danzer Gerhard , Klapp Burghard F.
Published: March 2011

Objective:

In German inpatient psychosomatics per diem lump sums will be introduced as reimbursement rates by 2013. It was the aim to calculate total inpatient costs per case for the psychosomatic treatment of patients with anorexia nervosa and to identify cost predictors.

Method:

The sample comprised of 127 inpatients. Cost calculation was executed from the hospital's perspective, mainly using microcosting. Medical records provided data on patient characteristics and individual resource use. Two generalized linear models with gamma distribution and log link function were estimated to determine cost predictors by means of demographic data, comorbidities, and body‐mass‐index at admission.

Results:

Inpatient costs amounted to 4,647 €/6,831 US$ per case (standard deviation 3,714 €/5,460 US$).The admission BMI and “Disorders of Adult Personality and Behavior” were significant cost predictors (p < 0.05).

Discussion:

The formation of patient groups within the diagnosis anorexia nervosa should be oriented towards the determined cost predictors. © 2011 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012)
Toxic effects of dietary methylmercury on immune function and hematology in American kestrels (Falco sparverius)
Authors: Fallacara Dawn M , Halbrook Richard S , French John B
Published: March 2011

Fifty-nine adult male American kestrels (Falco sparverius) were assigned to one of three diet formulations including 0 (control), 0.6, and 3.9 µg/g (dry wt) methylmercury (MeHg). Kestrels received their diets daily for 13 weeks to assess the effects of dietary MeHg on immunocompetence. Immunotoxic endpoints included assessment of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) using the phytohemagglutinin (PHA) skin-swelling assay and primary and secondary antibody-mediated immune responses (IR) via the sheep red blood cell (SRBC) hemagglutination assay. Select hematology and histology parameters were evaluated to corroborate the results of functional assays and to assess immunosuppression of T and B cell-dependent components in spleen tissue. Kestrels in the 0.6 and 3.9 µg/g MeHg groups exhibited suppression of CMI, including lower PHA stimulation indexes (p = 0.019) and a 42 to 45% depletion of T cell-dependent splenic lymphoid tissue (p = 0.006). Kestrels in the 0.6 µg/g group exhibited suppression of the primary IR to SRBCs (p = 0.014). MeHg did not have a noticeable effect on the secondary IR (p = 0.166). Elevation of absolute heterophil counts (p < 0.001), the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio (p < 0.001), and total white blood cell counts (p = 0.003) was apparent in the 3.9 µg/g group at week 12. Heterophilia, or the excess of heterophils in peripheral blood above normal ranges, was apparent in seven of 17 (41%) kestrels in the 3.9 µg/g group and was indicative of an acute inflammatory response or physiological stress. This study revealed that adult kestrels were more sensitive to immunotoxic effects of MeHg at environmentally relevant dietary concentrations than they were to reproductive effects as previously reported. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:1320–1327. © 2011 SETAC
Morbidity of supraomohyoidal and modified radical neck dissection combined with radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. A prospective longitudinal study
Authors: Ahlberg Alexander , Nikolaidis Polymnia , Engström Therese , Gunnarsson Karin , Johansson Hemming , Sharp Lena , Laurell Göran
Published: March 2011

Background

The purpose of this study was to show the investigated impact of supraomohyoidal neck dissection and modified radical neck dissection, both combined with radiotherapy, on cervical range of motion (CROM), mouth opening, swallowing, lymphedema, and shoulder function.

Methods

One hundred eight patients who had neck dissections and 98 patients who had non‐neck dissections were evaluated in a prospective, nonselective, longitudinal cohort study by a physiotherapist and a speech‐language pathologist (SLP) before the start of radiotherapy and up to 12 months after treatment.

Results

The incidence of shoulder disability after neck dissection was 18%. Supraomohyoidal neck dissection had no significant effect on the evaluated parameters at any time point. Modified radical neck dissection significantly reduced CROM and mouth opening 2 months after treatment, but after 12 months only cervical rotation was still significantly reduced.

Conclusion

In patients treated with external beam radiation (EBRT), modified radical neck dissection induced additional morbidity regarding CROM but not regarding mouth opening, swallowing, and lymphedema 1 year after treatment. Both modified radical neck dissection and supraomohyoidal neck dissection induced shoulder disability. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
The shape of change: A memetic analysis of the definitions of poverty from the 1970s to the 2000s
Authors: Misturelli Federica , Heffernan Claire
Published: March 2011

The authors illustrate how notions of poverty are constructed around specific ‘memes’, or replicating units of cultural information, around which concepts and ideas develop and change. Three ‘memes’ characterising definitions of poverty over the previous years were identified: ‘basic needs’, ‘multidimensional’ and ‘deprivation’. The analysis illustrated the semantic space in which each term was utilised and to the extent it changed and modified over time by different actors. The results revealed how ‘memes’ compete with one another across the discourse. Within this competition, older concepts are almost never fully abandoned, but rather repackaged and reutilised. Thus, new definitions of poverty are less innovative than portrayed in the wider literature. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.