bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Robust state-constrained control design for nonlinear systems with uncertainties using a new barrier Lyapunov function
Authors: Guo Jianguo , Feng Zhenxin , Zhou Jun
Published: September 2017

In this paper, a robust state-constrained control algorithm is proposed by introducing time-varying barrier Lyapunov functions (BLF) for nonlinear systems with uncertainties. Novel time-varying symmetric/asymmetric forms of error barrier functions are investigated in order to relax the requirements of the initial state compared with existing BLF-based literatures. By integrating the proposed time-varying BLF method with the backstepping technique, constraint satisfaction is achieved and signals in closed-loop are uniform asymptotically stable. In addition, the extended state observer technique is utilized to prevent the constraint violation during the transient phase and strengthen the robustness of the control system in the presence of uncertainties. Numerical simulations are implemented to illustrate the attitude tracking performance obtained from the proposed method for a homing missile with angle of attack constraint, parametric uncertainties and external disturbances.
Robust path-following control for a fully actuated marine surface vessel with composite nonlinear feedback
Authors: Hu Chuan , Wang Rongrong , Yan Fengjun , Chadli Mohammed , Huang Yanjun , Wang Hong
Published: September 2017

This paper presents a fast and accurate robust path-following control approach for a fully actuated marine surface vessel in the presence of external disturbances. The path following is realized by simultaneously converging the yaw rate and sway velocity to their respective desired values, which are generated according to the path-following demand. An improved combined control strategy using an integral terminal sliding mode (ITSM) based composite nonlinear feedback (CNF) technique considering the external disturbances, time-varying tracking reference, input saturations and transient performance improvement is proposed in this study. The proposed ITSM-CNF combines the advantages of the CNF control in improving the transient performance and of the ITSM control in guaranteeing good robustness and finite-time convergence. A continuous and smooth sliding mode controller, based on an integral nonsingular terminal sliding surface, is added to the CNF controller to eliminate chattering. The overall stability of the closed-loop system is strictly proved based on the Lyapunov method. Simulations verify the effectiveness of the ITSM-CNF controller in improving the transient path-following performance, inhibiting overshoots, eliminating steady-state errors, rejecting external disturbances and removing chattering effects, considering input saturations, varying path curvature and finite-time convergence.
Output regulation for switched LPV systems with Markovian jump parameters and its application
Authors: Yang Dong , Zhao Jun , Zong Guangdeng
Published: September 2017

This paper deals with the output regulation problem for switched linear parameter-varying (LPV) systems with Markovian jump parameters under partially unknown transition probabilities. Our aim is to find a feedback controller, such that the regulated output asymptotically converges to zero and the closed-loop system is stochastically stable when [Formula: see text]. Firstly, we give sufficient conditions for the solvability of the output regulation problem. Then, using the parameter-dependent stochastic Lyapunov functions method, we design a state feedback controller and a regulation observer-based controller for individual switched LPV subsystems to solve the output regulation problem for the given systems. Finally, the output regulation problem of an aero-engine model is investigated, and the effectiveness of the proposed control design scheme is illustrated by its application to a speed regulation problem of an aero-engine.
Sociology in Paraguay
Authors: Peris Carlos
Published: September 2017

Sociology has been taught in Paraguay since 1900. In those years, it was included in the training of other humanities, such as law. Despite this early appearance, the education of sociology is now only 30 years old and exhibits an evolutionary lethargy. The discipline was institutionalized not because it was taught as a major course of study, but because of the publication of two national journals that have existed for more than four decades: Revista Paraguaya de Sociología (Paraguayan Journal of Sociology) and Estudios Paraguayos (Paraguayan Studies). These were the means through which the first sociological articles appeared and currently remain principal channels of knowledge in the field. The objective of this essay is to describe national sociological academic production by analyzing the last five issues of both publications. The classification of topics, methodologies, approaches, use of bibliographies, and types of articles was carried out using hand-coded qualitative text analysis.
Adoptive parents’ experiences of social support and attitudes towards adoption
Authors: Weistra Sabina , Luke Nikki
Published: September 2017

The internalisation of stigma by adoptive parents has been related to depressive symptoms and dysfunctional family behaviour. This study investigates stigma internalisation and perception, and their relationships with social support from family, friends and the broader community. The aim is to determine the extent to which adoptive parents feel that societal attitudes are stigmatising and how social support influences stigma. Data were collected using an online survey and semi-structured interviews. Participants (n = 43) reported that the motivation to adopt and the nature of the adoptive family are poorly understood by non-adopters and that the media portrays parents in an unrealistic manner, as either ‘heroes’ or ‘desperate’. Location was found to be significant, with people living in cities perceiving lower stigma than those in towns, suburbs and rural areas. Social support came from an extended ‘family’ made up of close friends, other adopters and religious communities. The findings point to a need for more extensive education on adoption in schools and the media, for increased support services in less urbanised areas and for earlier support for parents adopting from outside their local authority.
Regionalisation: improving the adoption experience in Wales
Authors: Rees Alyson , Hodgson Phil
Published: September 2017

We provide an overview of the National Adoption Service for Wales (NAS) which was launched in November 2014. Further to a 2016 briefing by John Simmonds, Director of Policy, Research & Development at CoramBAAF, on the regionalisation of adoption services in England, we outline the background and legislative changes that have been made in Wales and report on progress so far. We summarise the current position of NAS, drawing on a wide range of consultation and engagement events with adopted children, adopters and practitioners working in the sector. We conclude by identifying future priorities, challenges and areas for further development.
James Larkin and the Jew’s Shilling
Authors: Kenny Colum
Published: September 2017

The relationship of Irish radicals and socialists to Jews in the decades before Irish independence was an ambivalent one. Neither political activists nor trade union leaders were immune to infection by anti-Semitic tropes. An influx of poor Jewish immigrants to Ireland around the end of the nineteenth century threatened the identity of Irish nationalists and workers, at a time when many Irish were forced by economic circumstances to emigrate. The article concludes that statements by James Larkin and other Irish labour activists and reformers about Jews, expressed in print in the early twentieth century, reflected a mixture of attitudes.
Assessing the impact of headaches and the outcomes of treatment: A systematic review of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs)
Authors: Haywood Kirstie L , Mars Tom S , Potter Rachel , Patel Shilpa , Matharu Manjit , Underwood Martin
Published: September 2017

Aims

To critically appraise, compare and synthesise the quality and acceptability of multi-item patient reported outcome measures for adults with chronic or episodic headache.

Methods

Systematic literature searches of major databases (1980–2016) to identify published evidence of PROM measurement and practical properties. Data on study quality (COSMIN), measurement and practical properties per measure were extracted and assessed against accepted standards to inform an evidence synthesis.

Results

From 10,903 reviewed abstracts, 103 articles were assessed in full; 46 provided evidence for 23 PROMs: Eleven specific to the health-related impact of migraine (n = 5) or headache (n = 6); six assessed migraine-specific treatment response/satisfaction; six were generic measures. Evidence for measurement validity and score interpretation was strongest for two measures of impact, Migraine-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (MSQ v2.1) and Headache Impact Test 6-item (HIT-6), and one of treatment response, the Patient Perception of Migraine Questionnaire (PPMQ-R). Evidence of reliability was limited, but acceptable for the HIT-6. Responsiveness was rarely evaluated. Evidence for the remaining measures was limited. Patient involvement was limited and poorly reported.

Conclusion

While evidence is limited, three measures have acceptable evidence of reliability and validity: HIT-6, MSQ v2.1 and PPMQ-R. Only the HIT-6 has acceptable evidence supporting its completion by all “headache” populations.
Economic Development Challenges for Immigrant Retail Corridors: Observations From Chicago’s Devon Avenue
Authors: Gandhi Akshali , Minner Jennifer
Published: September 2017

Immigrant entrepreneurship is important to local and regional economies, cultural identity, placemaking, and tourism. Meanwhile, regional conditions, such as the development of suburban immigrant gateway communities and increases in the cost of business ownership, complicate local economic development efforts in urban ethnic districts. This research is presented as a mixed–methods case study of Devon Avenue in Chicago, IL, home to a significant concentration of South Asian–owned immigrant businesses. Challenges and pressures facing businesses are examined through merchant surveys and interviews. Observations reinforce the notion that cultural competency and strong grassroots leadership is vital for economic development planning so that “capitalizing” on an ethnic heritage does not become a tool for commodification or commercial gentrification. Agencies must also be mindful of the impacts associated with suburbanization of immigrant communities and take a long-term, regional approach to planning in ethnic commercial corridors.
The Reciprocal Relationship Between Resources and Psychological Distress Among Unemployed Job Seekers
Authors: De Cuyper Nele , Philippaers Kristien , Vanhercke Dorien , De Witte Hans
Published: September 2017

This study sets out to investigate the reciprocal relationship between resources and psychological distress in a sample of unemployed job seekers shortly after dismissal. This idea of reciprocal relationships is inspired by general resource-based theories, the conservation of resources theory, and the broaden and build theory in particular. We selected perceived availability of networks as a social resource and reemployment efficacy as a personal resource, and we distinguished between negative and absence of positive affect as indicators of psychological distress. We analyzed data of 610 unemployed job seekers who participated twice in a survey with a time lag of 6 months and using structural equation modeling. Results showed that negative affect (but not absence of positive affect) depleted both perceived availability of networks and reemployment efficacy. The path from resources to psychological distress was not significant. We discuss potential implications for research and practice.
Large deformation and stability analysis of functionally graded pressure vessels: An analytical and numerical study
Authors: Moallemi Ali , Baghani Mostafa , Almasi Akbar , Zakerzadeh Mohammad Reza , Baniassadi Majid
Published: September 2017

This paper develops stability and stress analysis of hyperelastic thick-walled pressure vessel made of isotropic, incompressible functionally graded material. Among all existing energy density functions, the exp–exp form including exponential terms is selected to model the hyperelastic behavior due to its appropriate compatibility with experiments. All stress components are obtained both analytically and numerically. Furthermore, the stress components for homogenous and functionally graded vessels are presented and compared with each other. The results propose that functionally graded materials properties have a great effect on all stress components distribution and more importantly on their rate of changes throughout the thickness. Also, the snap-through instability is performed. A comprehensive study is carried out on sensitivity of stresses to the parameters of the material distribution function. It is shown that the two involved parameters in the selected material distribution function have a significant influence on the stress fields in an opposite manner. These results are useful from a design viewpoint, can be utilized in various industrial applications, to control stresses and avoid failure. To verify the proposed analytical results, the finite element method is employed in some cases. The results of the finite element method simulation and analytical solutions are shown to be in a good agreement.
Transient-free convective flow with heat generation/absorption in an annular porous medium: A semi-analytical approach
Authors: Jha Basant K , Yusuf Taiwo S
Published: September 2017

This article presents the impact of heat-generating/absorbing fluid on fully developed transient free convective flow of a viscous and an incompressible fluid bounded by two concentric vertical cylinders filled with isotropic porous materials and saturated with the same fluid. In the present model, the convective current is setup due to internally generated heat and either isothermal or isoflux heating of the outer surface of the inner cylinder. The transport equations concerned with the model under consideration are rendered nondimensional and transformed into ordinary diffferential equation using Laplace transform technique. The solution of the momentum and energy equation obtained separately in Laplace domain is transformed into time domain using the Riemann-sum approximation approach, this is later validated by numerical comparisons at large time with the closed form solution obtained for steady flow. The accuray of this approach has further been extablished by presenting a numerical solution using implicit finite difference method. The effect of the various physical parameters entering into the model is demostrated with the aid of tables and line graphs. During the course of numerical computations, it is found that the effect of heat generation/absorption can be controlled by increasing/decreasing the viscosity ratio. The system can also be maintained by varying the annular gap and applying approprate phenomenon of heating.
The moral continuum: Congruence, consistency, and continuity in moral cognition
Authors: James Ariel
Published: September 2017

This article provides a criticism of the model of fragmented moral cognition, which states that the processes of moral evaluation are fragmented, compartmentalized, and discontinuous at a cognitive level, in accordance with dual process theories of reasoning. Contrary to this view, I argue that the concept of “moral mind” stands for a graded and continuous mechanism of thinking, without functional breaks between intuitive processing and conscious reasoning. Therefore, I suggest that moral cognition is a general psychological process—a moral continuum—that is irreducible to any particular type or style of reasoning.
Therapeutic jurisprudence in sentencing remarks: An exploratory study
Authors: Tutton Jordan
Published: September 2017

Previous research and commentary indicates that some judicial officers may be reluctant to apply therapeutic jurisprudence principles in court, perhaps because of a perception that therapeutic judging requires a significant departure from conventional practice. This Brief investigates in-court judicial practice through a selection of sentencing remarks for serious criminal offences. The analysis shows how everyday judicial practices can be consistent with the principles of therapeutic jurisprudence, and indicates that judicial officers are already adopting an approach to judging that can be regarded as therapeutic to some extent.
Presumption of innocence in peril
Authors: Gray Anthony
Published: September 2017

This article discusses statutory incursions on the presumption of innocence, using existing drugs offence provisions in the Commonwealth Criminal Code as an example. It argues such laws are problematic because they allow a person to be convicted despite the existence of reasonable doubt as to their guilt, and that through use of the Chapter III concept of ‘institutional integrity’, such laws may be open to constitutional challenge. By permitting a court to preside over a trial where an accused may be convicted despite the existence of reasonable doubt, the court’s institutional integrity is undermined.
Reformative and rehabilitative programs for prisoners with cognitive impairments: Australia’s international obligations
Authors: Henderson Emma , Shackleton Nicole , Falconer Stephanie
Published: September 2017

While there has been much recent controversy relating to the abusive treatment of young prisoners and the failure of the State to properly facilitate the rehabilitation and reformation of young detainees, little attention has been paid to similar failures in relation to prisoners with cognitive impairments. In this article, we argue that Article 10.3 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and Article 26 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities require Australia to ensure that the conditions of detention of all prisoners are primarily reformative and rehabilitative. Analysing relevant jurisprudence, we argue that Australia is systematically failing to meet its human rights obligations to prisoners found ‘not guilty’ by reason of mental impairment.
Anti-protest laws: Lock up your nannas
Authors: Ricketts Aidan
Published: September 2017

New South Wales has recently joined several other Australian states in enacting anti-protest laws. Although environmental protests (particularly those against mining) have been the political and economic driving force behind the drafting of the laws in each state, the NSW law explicitly targets this issue. This article explores the political context of the new laws and what the law does. It then critiques the government’s claim that the laws concern safety rather than targeting protests.
Crime prevention and prisoner rehabilitation in Australia: Lessons from Nordic nations
Authors: Scott Andrew
Published: September 2017

This article considers Australia’s past interest in Nordic nations’ achievements in preventing crime and in rehabilitating persons convicted of crimes. Current crises in Australian prisons, particularly as analysed recently by the Victorian Ombudsman, are then considered. Lessons from Sweden and Norway, in particular, are identified which might practically help now to tackle those problems.
Piezoelectric energy harvesting using L-shaped structures
Authors: Liu Donghuan , Al-Haik Mohammed , Zakaria Mohamed , Hajj Muhammad R
Published: September 2017

Energy harvesting from an L-shaped structure, formed by two beams and corner and end masses, is investigated with the objective of expanding the bandwidth of the frequency range over which energy can be harvested. The structure is excited in a direction that yields the most uniform strain distribution along its main beam. The length of the auxiliary beam is varied to determine its effect on the level and breadth of the frequency range over which energy can be harvested. Results from experiments having different geometries are presented and discussed. It is determined that the frequency range over which energy can be harvested from such structures is much larger than levels harvested when using a cantilever beam. The experiments also show that L-shaped structures harvest more power when the length of the auxiliary beam is increased. On the contrary, the power density of the L-shaped structure is much smaller than that of the cantilever beam. The ability to control the bandwidth of frequency over which energy is harvested through proper adjustment of beam lengths is demonstrated.
A continuum model for concrete informed by mesoscale studies
Authors: Vorobiev Oleg , Herbold Eric , Ezzedine Souheil , Antoun Tarabay
Published: September 2017

The paper describes a novel computational approach to refine continuum models for penetration calculations which involves two stages. At the first stage, a trial continuum model is used to model penetration into a concrete target. Model parameters are chosen to match experimental data on penetration depth. Deformation histories are recorded at few locations in the target around the penetrator. In the second stage, these histories are applied to the boundaries of a representative volume comparable to the element size in large scale penetration simulation. Discrete-continuum approach is used to model the deformation and failure of the material within the representative volume. The same deformation histories are applied to a single element which uses the model to be improved. Continuum model may include multiple parameters or functions which cannot be easily found using experimental data. We propose using mesoscale response to constrain such parameters and functions. Such tuning of the continuum model using typical deformation histories experienced by the target material during the penetration allows us to minimize the parameter space and build better models for penetration problems which are based on physics of penetration rather than intuition and ad hoc assumptions.
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy and Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: Bohra Chandrashekar , Sokol Lubomir , Dalia Samir
Published: September 2017

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a viral infection predominantly seen in patients with HIV infection. However, with the increased use of monoclonal antibodies (MAB) for various lymphoproliferative disorders, we are now seeing this infection in non-HIV patients on drugs such as natalizumab, rituximab, and so on. The aim of this article is to review the relationship between the occurrence of PML and MAB used in the treatment of hematological malignancies and autoimmune diseases. Review of articles from PubMed-indexed journals which study PML in relation to the use of MAB. Relevant literature demonstrated an increased risk of reactivation of latent John Cunningham polyomavirus (JCV) resulting in development of PML in patients on long-term therapy with MAB. The highest incidence of 1 PML case per 1000 treated patients and 1 case per 32 000 was observed in patients treated with natalizumab and rituximab, respectively. Serological and polymerase chain reaction tests for the detection of JCV can be helpful in risk stratification of patients for the development of PML before and during therapy with MAB. Treatment with MAB can result in development of PML. Clinicians should include PML in differential diagnosis in patients treated with these agents if they manifest central nervous system symptoms.
Beyond Doing Mathematics: Engaging Talented Students in Mathematically Creative Writing
Authors: Firmender Janine M. , Dilley Anna , Amspaugh Christina , Field Kathryn , LeMay Steven , Casa Tutita M.
Published: September 2017

With recent increased attention to engaging students in written mathematical communication, the Elementary Mathematical Writing Task Force has recommended specific types of and purposes for mathematical writing with the ultimate goals of communicating and reasoning: Exploratory, Informative/Explanatory, Argumentative, and Mathematically Creative. While it is recommended that all students engage in all types of writing, the mathematically creative type has specific implications for mathematically talented students. Justification for and ways to engage talented students in mathematically creative writing are presented and address the following questions: What is mathematical creativity? How can mathematically creative writing help meet the needs of talented students? And, what are the characteristics of a learning environment that fosters mathematical creativity and written communication?
The Value of the Math Circle for Gifted Middle School Students
Authors: Burns Barbara , Henry Julie , McCarthy Dianne , Tripp Jennifer
Published: September 2017

Math Circles are designed to allow students to explore mathematics using a problem-solving/inquiry approach. Many of the students attending our Math Circle are mathematically talented and curious. This study examines the perspectives of the students and their families in determining why students attend Math Circle, what they enjoy about Math Circle, and what they perceive as differences in Math Circle from their classroom mathematics instruction. Findings indicate that students and parents feel that our Math Circle offers more challenging work than students are finding in their regular classroom and that the Math Circle provides a scholarly camaraderie among participants.
Analgesic effects of gabapentin and buprenorphine in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy using two pain-scoring systems: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Steagall Paulo V , Benito Javier , Monteiro Beatriz P , Doodnaught Graeme M , Beauchamp Guy , Evangelista Marina C
Published: September 2017

Objectives

The aim of the study was to evaluate the analgesic efficacy of gabapentin–buprenorphine in comparison with meloxicam–buprenorphine or buprenorphine alone, and the correlation between two pain-scoring systems in cats.

Methods

Fifty-two adult cats were included in a randomized, controlled, blinded study. Anesthetic protocol included acepromazine–buprenorphine–propofol–isoflurane. The gabapentin–buprenorphine group (GBG, n = 19) received gabapentin capsules (50 mg PO) and buprenorphine (0.02 mg/kg IM). The meloxicam–buprenorphine group (MBG, n = 15) received meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg SC), buprenorphine and placebo capsules (PO). The buprenorphine group (BG, n = 18) received buprenorphine and placebo capsules (PO). Gabapentin (GBG) and placebo (MBG and BG) capsules were administered 12 h and 1 h before surgery. Postoperative pain was evaluated up to 8 h after ovariohysterectomy using a multidimensional composite pain scale (MCPS) and the Glasgow pain scale (rCMPS-F). A dynamic interactive visual analog scale (DIVAS) was used to evaluate sedation. Rescue analgesia included buprenorphine and/or meloxicam if the MCPS ⩾6. A repeated measures linear model was used for statistical analysis ( P <0.05). Spearman’s rank correlation between the MCPS and rCMPS-F was evaluated.

Results

The prevalence of rescue analgesia with a MCPS was not different ( P = 0.08; GBG, n = 5 [26%]; MBG, n = 2 [13%]; BG, n = 9 [50%]), but it would have been significantly higher in the BG (n = 14 [78%]) than GBG ( P = 0.003; n = 5 [26%]) and MBG ( P = 0.005; n = 4 [27%]) if intervention was based on the rCMPS-F. DIVAS and MCPS/rCMPS-F scores were not different among treatments. A strong correlation was observed between scoring systems ( P <0.0001).

Conclusions and relevance

Analgesia was not significantly different among treatments using an MCPS. Despite a strong correlation between scoring systems, GBG/MBG would have been superior to the BG with the rCMPS-F demonstrating a potential type II error with an MCPS due to small sample size.
Medication usage and falls in people with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Comber Laura , Quinn Gillian , McGuigan Chris , Galvin Rose , Coote Susan
Published: September 2017

There is a need to identify modifiable risk factors for falls in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) to enable the design of successful falls prevention interventions. There is conflicting evidence regarding the association between medication use and occurrence of falls in MS. A total of 101 people with MS had medications classified using the Anatomical Therapeutic Classification system and number of falls prospectively monitored for 3 months. No association was noted between number of medications and falls. The use of genitourinary and sex hormones (odds ratio (OR) = 5.154, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.427–18.609, p = 0.012) and centrally acting muscle relaxant (OR = 5.181, 95% CI = 1.546–17.364, p = 0.008) medications were associated with an increased odds of being a faller.
Clinical profile of patients with paraneoplastic neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and aquaporin-4 antibodies
Authors: Sepúlveda Maria , Sola-Valls Nuria , Escudero Domingo , Rojc Bojan , Barón Manuel , Hernández-Echebarría Luis , Gómez Begoña , Dalmau Josep , Saiz Albert , Graus Francesc
Published: September 2017

Background:

In a minority of patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and aquaporin-4 antibodies (AQP4-IgG), the disease has a paraneoplastic origin. It is unknown whether these patients have distinctive clinical features.

Objective:

To report the clinical features of a series of patients with paraneoplastic NMOSD and AQP4-IgG and to review previously reported cases.

Methods:

Retrospective analysis of clinical records of 156 patients with NMOSD and AQP4-IgG and review of previously reported patients with paraneoplastic NMOSD and AQP4-IgG. Paraneoplastic patients were defined as those with cancer identified within 2 years of the diagnosis of NMOSD.

Results:

Five (3.2%) of 156 patients had paraneoplastic NMOSD, and 12 previously reported patients were identified. The most common tumors were adenocarcinoma of the lung (five patients) and breast (five). Compared with the 151 non-paraneoplastic NMOSD patients, the 17 (5 current cases and 12 previously reported) were older at symptom onset (median age = 55 (range: 17–87) vs 40 (range: 10–77) years; p = 0.006), more frequently male (29.4% vs 6.6%; p = 0.009), and presented with severe nausea and vomiting (41.2% vs 6.6%; p < 0.001). The frequency of longitudinal extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) as heralding symptom was similar in both groups, but patients with paraneoplastic NMOSD were older than those with non-paraneoplastic NMOSD (median age: 63 (range: 48–73) vs 43 (range: 14–74) years; p = 0.001).

Conclusion:

Patients, predominantly male, with NMOSD and AQP4-IgG should be investigated for an underlying cancer if they present with nausea and vomiting, or LETM after 45 years of age.
Powered by public relations? Mutual perceptions of PR practitioners’ bases of power over journalism
Authors: Koch Thomas , Obermaier Magdalena , Riesmeyer Claudia
Published: September 2017

Public relations practitioners depend on journalists to report information, and journalists count on public relations practitioners to provide information. This mutual dependence gives the two parties a degree of power over each other that can be wielded if certain resources are available. However, there are many unanswered questions about how public relations exerts power over journalists and how these influence attempts may affect news coverage. We differentiate six bases of power that public relations practitioners may use to influence journalists. To test the use of these bases of power, we conducted a quantitative survey among German journalists and public relations practitioners. Our results show that while public relations practitioners perceive themselves as exerting influence by providing information and maintaining good relationships, journalists state that public relations practitioners exert influence by putting pressure on journalists or by buying advertising space. Also, purchasing advertising space (reward power) and maintaining good contacts (expert power) account for the largest proportion of variance.
The unequal crime drop: Changes over time in the distribution of crime among individuals from different socioeconomic backgrounds
Authors: Nilsson Anders , Estrada Felipe , Bäckman Olof
Published: September 2017

Since the 1990s, many countries, including Sweden, have seen declining crime levels. In this article, we study whether this general trend is concealing differences between different social groups. In contrast to the few studies that have to date examined the issue of inequality in the crime drop, we focus on the social background of offenders rather than crime victims. We analyse register data covering three entire Swedish birth cohorts, in which convictions data have been linked to data on parental incomes. In this way, we are able to examine changes over time in the distribution of crime among individuals from different socioeconomic backgrounds. Our results show that crime trends differ by socioeconomic background: decreases in crime (theft offences) are greater among the more affluent, and increases (violent crime) are primarily located among the lower levels of the income distribution. This produces an increasing inequality in the conviction risk, primarily among men. Different mechanisms that can contribute to an understanding of why crime has become increasingly concentrated among less affluent social groups are discussed.
Legislative Party Polarization and Trust in State Legislatures
Authors: Banda Kevin K. , Kirkland Justin H.
Published: September 2017

We argue that citizens’ trust attitudes are inversely related to party polarization because polarization tends to encourage political conflict, which most people dislike. We further posit that partisans trust attitudes are driven by the ideological extremity of the opposing and their own parties for similar reasons. Using roll-call-based estimates of state legislative party polarization and public opinion data collected in 2008, we show strong evidence in favor of our theory: higher levels of party polarization within legislative chambers depresses citizens’ trust in their legislatures. Among partisans, we also find that trust attitudes respond to the ideological extremity of the opposing party but not to a citizen’s own party’s extremity. We further find that as citizens’ interest in politics increases, they react more strongly to polarization when forming their trust attitudes. Finally, partisans become less responsive to the ideological extremity of the opposing party as they become more politically interested.
Surgical Interventions for Organ and Limb Ischemia Associated With Primary and Secondary Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome With Arterial Involvement
Authors: Hinojosa Carlos A. , Anaya-Ayala Javier E. , Bermudez-Serrato Karla , García-Alva Ramón , Laparra-Escareno Hugo , Torres-Machorro Adriana , Lizola Rene
Published: September 2017

Objective:

The association of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) and hypercoagulability is well known. Arterial compromise leading to ischemia of organs and/or limbs in patients with APS is uncommon, frequently unrecognized, and rarely described. We evaluated our institutional experience.

Methods:

Retrospective review was conducted. From August 2007 to September 2016, 807 patients with diagnosis of APS were managed in our Institution. Patients with primary and secondary APS who required interventions were examined. Demographics, comorbidities, manifestations, procedures, complications, and other factors affecting outcomes were recorded.

Results:

Fourteen patients (mean age 35 years old, standard deviation ±14) were evaluated and treated by our service. Six (43%) of them had primary APS and 8 (57%) had secondary APS; 11 (79%) were female. Two (14%) experienced distal aorta and iliac arteries involvement, 3 (21%) visceral vessels disease, 2 (14%) in upper and 7 (50%) in the lower extremity vasculatures. Thirteen (93%) patients underwent direct open revascularization and 1 with hand ischemia (Raynaud disease) underwent sympathectomy. During the mean follow-up period of 48 months, reinterventions included a revision of the proximal anastomosis of an aortobifemoral bypass graft, 1 (7%) abdominal exploration for bleeding, 1 (7%) graft thrombectomy, and 4 (29%) amputations (2 below the knee, 1 above the knee, and 1 transmetatarsal). One (7%) death occurred secondary to sepsis in a patient who had acute mesenteric ischemia. Significant differences in clinical manifestations and outcomes were not observed among patients with primary and secondary APS. All patients remained on systemic anticoagulation.

Conclusion:

APS is a prothrombotic disorder that may lead to arterial involvement with less frequency than the venous circulation but has significant morbidity and limb loss rate. Arterial reconstruction seems feasible in an attempt to salvage organs and limbs; however, research is necessary to establish the optimal anticoagulation regime and long-term management following surgical interventions.
Fibrinolytic for treatment of intraventricular hemorrhage: A meta-analysis and systematic review
Authors: Baker Alexandra Delaney , Rivera Perla Krissia Margarita , Yu Zhiyuan , Dlugash Rachel , Avadhani Radhika , Mould William Andrew , Ziai Wendy , Thompson Richard E , Staykov Dimitre , Hanley Daniel F
Published: September 2017

Background

Intraventricular hemorrhage is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Treating intraventricular hemorrhage with intraventricular fibrinolytic therapy via a catheter is becoming an increasingly utilized intervention.

Aims

This meta-analysis aimed to investigate the role of intraventricular fibrinolytic treatment in hypertensive intraventricular hemorrhage patients and evaluate the effect sizes for survival as well as level of function at differing time points.

Summary of review

PubMed, CNKI, VIP, and Wanfang were searched using the terms “IVH” and “IVH and ICH” for human studies with adult patients published between January 1950 and July 2016. Seventeen publications were selected. Data analysis showed lower rates of mortality in the treatment group at 30 days ( P < 0.001), 180 days ( P = 0.001), 365 days ( P = 0.40), and overall ( P < 0.001). Pooling modified Rankin Scale and Glasgow outcome scale data, the treatment group had more good functional outcomes at 30 days ( P = 0.38), 90 days ( P = 0.04), 180 days ( P = 0.31), 365 days ( P = 0.76), and overall ( P = 0.02). Good functional outcome was defined as modified Rankin Scale score of 0 to 3 or a Glasgow outcome scale score of 3 to 5.

Conclusions

Intraventricular fibrinolytic for treatment of hypertensive intraventricular hemorrhage reduces mortality and potentially leads to an increased number of good functional outcomes. Different functional outcome scales (modified Rankin Scale or Glasgow outcome scale) produce different effect sizes. Intraventricular fibrinolytic treatment may offer intraventricular hemorrhage patients a targeted therapy that produces meaningful mortality benefit and possible functional outcome benefits.
Involvement of the proximal radial ulnar joint in partial radial head fractures: a novel three-dimensional computed tomography scan evaluation method
Authors: Couture Anne , Hébert-Davies Jonah , Chapleau Julien , Laflamme G. Yves , Sandman Emilie , Rouleau Dominique M.
Published: September 2017

Background

Partial radial head fractures (PRHF) can involve the proximal radioulnar joint (PRUJ) or be restricted to the ‘safe zone’ (SZ) during forearm rotation. The objective of the present study was to develop an assessment method for PRUJ involvement in radial head fractures using axial computed tomography (CT) scans.

Methods

The area of the radial head in contact with the PRUJ zone was identified, and defined on 18 cadaveric elbows CT scans; the quantitative relationship between PRUJ zone and radial tuberosity was established. Then, four evaluators validated it on PRHF CT scan axial views, classifying the fractures as involving the PRUJ or not.

Results

Using the radial tuberosity as the 0° of a 360° circle, the SZ was within 108° to 212° clockwise for a right elbow and counter clockwise for the left elbow. Fifty-five consecutive (30 men, 25 women, mean age of 49 years) partial radial head fracture CT scans were classified: four in the SZ only, three in the PRUJ zone and 48 in both the PRUJ and SZ. The kappa for the inter- and intra-observer agreement was 0.517 and 0.881, respectively.

Conclusions

Ninety-three percent of partial radial head fractures will involve the PRUJ and the geometric model developed allows their classification, potentially helping surgeons decide on optimal treatment.

Level of evidence

Retrospective basic science study. Level III: anatomic study, imaging
Who owns educational theory? Big data, algorithms and the expert power of education data science
Authors: Williamson Ben
Published: September 2017

‘Education data science’ is an emerging methodological field which possesses the algorithm-driven technologies required to generate insights and knowledge from educational big data. This article consists of an analysis of the Lytics Lab, Stanford University’s laboratory for research and development in learning analytics, and the Center for Digital Data, Analytics and Adaptive Learning, a big data research centre of the commercial education company Pearson. These institutions are becoming methodological gatekeepers with the capacity to conduct new forms of educational research using big data and algorithmic data science methods. The central argument is that as educational data science has migrated from the academic lab to the commercial sector, ownership of the means to produce educational data analyses has become concentrated in the activities of for-profit companies. As a consequence, new theories of learning are being built-in to the tools they provide, in the shape of algorithm-driven technologies of personalization, which can be sold to schools and universities. The paper addresses two themes of this special issue: (1) how education is to be theorized in relation to algorithmic methods and data scientific epistemologies and (2) how the political economy of education is shifting as knowledge production becomes concentrated in data-driven commercial organizations.
SITAR: a system for independent task-oriented assessment and rehabilitation
Authors: Hussain Asif , Balasubramanian Sivakumar , Roach Nick , Klein Julius , Jarrassé Nathanael , Mace Michael , David Ann , Guy Sarah , Burdet Etienne
Published: September 2017

Introduction

Over recent years, task-oriented training has emerged as a dominant approach in neurorehabilitation. This article presents a novel, sensor-based system for independent task-oriented assessment and rehabilitation (SITAR) of the upper limb.

Methods

The SITAR is an ecosystem of interactive devices including a touch and force–sensitive tabletop and a set of intelligent objects enabling functional interaction. In contrast to most existing sensor-based systems, SITAR provides natural training of visuomotor coordination through collocated visual and haptic workspaces alongside multimodal feedback, facilitating learning and its transfer to real tasks. We illustrate the possibilities offered by the SITAR for sensorimotor assessment and therapy through pilot assessment and usability studies.

Results

The pilot data from the assessment study demonstrates how the system can be used to assess different aspects of upper limb reaching, pick-and-place and sensory tactile resolution tasks. The pilot usability study indicates that patients are able to train arm-reaching movements independently using the SITAR with minimal involvement of the therapist and that they were motivated to pursue the SITAR-based therapy.

Conclusion

SITAR is a versatile, non-robotic tool that can be used to implement a range of therapeutic exercises and assessments for different types of patients, which is particularly well-suited for task-oriented training.
Sustaining China-Africa relations
Authors: Ehizuelen Michael Mitchell Omoruyi , Abdi Hodan Osman
Published: September 2017

China’s “One Belt One Road” (OBOR) Initiative forms the centerpiece of China’s leadership’s new foreign policy. The initiative aspires to put the nations of Asia, Oceania, Europe, and Africa on a new trajectory of higher growth and human development through infrastructural connectivity, augmented trade, and investment. The initiative offers tremendous opportunities for international economic cooperation, especially for African nations. This article examines China-Africa relations, centering on the possibility of expanding the OBOR initiative to cover more African nations. Africa has been the focus of China’s foreign policy since 2013. A study on the implementation of OBOR in Africa will allow for a better understanding of contemporary China-Africa relations, while hopefully providing answers to some of the questions surrounding the issue. In this article, we carefully examine the economic drivers, challenges – with suggestions on ways to navigate those challenges – and opportunities of the OBOR initiative.
Autologous fat grafting for scars, healing and pain: a review
Authors: Riyat Harjoat , Touil Leila L. , Briggs Matthew , Shokrollahi Kayvan
Published: September 2017

Introduction:

[Formula: see text] Current guidelines suggest a multimodal approach to treating scars but there is no gold standard for treatment; however, there is exciting therapeutic potential for the use of autologous fat grafting (AFG). Functional and aesthetic improvements have been reported, including pain relief and scar quality improvement.

Aims:

To explore the current evidence regarding the use of AFG in hypertrophic and painful scars.

Methods:

A systematic review of the literature was conducted using 11 MeSH terms in PubMed, Medline and EMBASE. English studies that used AFG to treat scars in human participants were included.

Results:

[Formula: see text] A total of 746 studies were found and 23 studies (from 2008 to 2016) were included: five studies were evidence level V; nine studies were evidence level IV; eight were evidence level III; and one study was evidence level II. A total of 1158 patients were assessed for improvement in scar characteristics including colour, thickness, volume, pain and restoration of function at affected sites, following treatment. Positive outcomes were noted for all parameters and a significant improvement in AFG’s analgesic effect was recorded in 567 out of 966 patients, P < 0.05.

Discussion:

[Formula: see text] AFG is a minimally invasive and safe approach to treating scars, a promising alternative to surgical excision. The technique of blunt cannula insertion optimises the release of scar retraction, which contributes to the analgesic effect of this treatment method. The evidence supports current theories of mesenchymal stem cell’s regenerative and anti-inflammatory properties responsible for scar healing. There are limited high quality studies to support its use and future randomised controlled trials should be conducted.