bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stable water isotopologue ratios in fog and cloud droplets are not size-dependent
Authors: Spiegel J. K. , Aemisegger F. , Scholl M. , Wienhold F. G. , Collett J. L. , Lee T. , van Pinxteren D. , Mertes S. , Tilgner A. , Herrmann H. , Werner R. A. , Buchmann N. , Eugster W.
Published: May 2012

Abstract. In this work, we present the first observations of stable water isotopologue ratios in cloud droplets of different sizes collected simultaneously. We address the question whether the isotope ratio of droplets in a cloud varies as a function of droplet size. Samples were collected from a ground intercepted cloud (=fog) during the Hill Cap Cloud Thuringia 2010 campaign (HCCT-2010) using a three-stage Caltech Active Strand Cloud water Collector (CASCC). An instrument test revealed that no artificial isotopic fractionation occurs during sample collection with the CASCC. Furthermore, we could experimentally confirm the hypothesis that the δ values of cloud droplets of the relevant droplet sizes (μm-range) were not significantly different and thus can be assumed to be in isotopic equilibrium immediately with the surrounding water vapor. However, at the dissolution period of the cloud differences in isotope ratios of the different droplet sizes tended to be larger. This is likely to result from the cloud's heterogeneity, implying that larger and smaller cloud droplets have been collected at different moments in time, delivering isotope ratios from different collection times.
Mineral dust variability in central West Antarctica associated with ozone depletion
Authors: Cataldo M. , Evangelista H. , Simões J. C. , Godoi R. H. M. , Simmonds I. , Hollanda M. H. , Wainer I. , Aquino F. E. , van Grieken R.
Published: May 2012

Abstract. Here we show that mineral dust retrieved from an ice core in the central West Antarctic sector, spanning the last five decades, provides evidence that northerly air mass incursions into Antarctica, tracked by dust microparticles, have slightly declined. This result contrasts with dust in ice core records reported in West/coastal Antarctica, which show significant increases to the present day. We attribute that difference, in part, to changes in the regional climate regime triggered by the ozone depletion and its consequences for the polar vortex intensity. The vortex maintains the Antarctic central region relatively isolated from mid-latitude air mass incursions with implications to the intensification of the Westerlies and to a persistent positive phase of the Southern Annular Mode. We also show that variability of the diameter of insoluble microparticles in central West Antarctica can be modeled by linear/quadratic functions of both cyclone depth (energy) and wind intensity around Antarctica.
Linear estimation of particle bulk parameters from multi-wavelength lidar measurements
Authors: Veselovskii I. , Dubovik O. , Kolgotin A. , Korenskiy M. , Whiteman D. N. , Allakhverdiev K. , Huseyinoglu F.
Published: May 2012

Abstract. An algorithm for linear estimation of aerosol bulk properties such as particle volume, effective radius and complex refractive index from multiwavelength lidar measurements is presented. The approach uses the fact that the total aerosol concentration can well be approximated as a linear combination of aerosol characteristics measured by multi-wavelength lidar. Therefore, the aerosol concentration can be estimated from lidar measurements without the need to derive the size distribution, which entails more sophisticated procedures. The definition of the coefficients required for the linear estimates is based on an expansion of the particle size distribution in terms of the measurement kernels. Once the coefficients are established, the approach permits fast retrieval of aerosol bulk properties when compared with the full regularization technique. In addition, the straightforward estimation of bulk properties stabilizes the inversion making it more resistant to noise in the optical data. Numerical tests demonstrate that for data sets containing three aerosol backscattering and two extinction coefficients (so called 3β + 2α) the uncertainties in the retrieval of particle volume and surface area are below 45% when input data random uncertainties are below 20%. Moreover, using linear estimates allows reliable retrievals even when the number of input data is reduced. To evaluate the approach, the results obtained using this technique are compared with those based on the previously developed full inversion scheme that relies on the regularization procedure. Both techniques were applied to the data measured by multiwavelength lidar at NASA/GSFC. The results obtained with both methods using the same observations are in good agreement. At the same time, the high speed of the retrieval using linear estimates makes the method preferable for generating aerosol information from extended lidar observations. To demonstrate the efficiency of the method, an extended time series of observations acquired in Turkey in May 2010 was processed using the linear estimates technique permitting, for what we believe to be the first time, temporal-height distributions of particle parameters.
Correction of static pressure on a research aircraft in accelerated flight using differential pressure measurements
Authors: Rodi A. R. , Leon D. C.
Published: May 2012

Abstract. Geometric altitude data from a combined Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and inertial measurement unit (IMU) system on the University of Wyoming King Air research aircraft are used to estimate acceleration effects on static pressure measurement. Using data collected during periods of accelerated flight, comparison of measured pressure with that derived from GNSS/IMU geometric altitude show that errors exceeding 150 Pa can occur which is significant in airspeed and atmospheric air motion determination. A method is developed to predict static pressure errors from analysis of differential pressure measurements from a Rosemount model 858 differential pressure air velocity probe. The method was evaluated with a carefully designed probe towed on connecting tubing behind the aircraft – a "trailing cone" – in steady flight, and shown to have a precision of about ±10 Pa over a wide range of conditions including various altitudes, power settings, and gear and flap extensions. Under accelerated flight conditions, compared to the GNSS/IMU data, this algorithm predicts corrections to a precision of better than ±20 Pa. Some limiting factors affecting the precision of static pressure measurement on a research aircraft are examined.
HadISD: a quality controlled global synoptic report database for selected variables at long-term stations from 1973–2010
Authors: Dunn R. J. H. , Willett K. M. , Thorne P. W. , Woolley E. V. , Durre I. , Dai A. , Parker D. E. , Vose R. S.
Published: May 2012

Abstract. This paper describes the creation of HadISD; an automatically quality-controlled synoptic resolution dataset of temperature, dewpoint temperature, sea-level pressure, wind speed, wind direction and cloud cover from global weather stations for 1973–2010. The full dataset consists of over 6000 stations, with 3375 long-term stations deemed to have sufficient sampling and quality for climate applications requiring sub-daily resolution. As with other surface datasets, coverage is heavily skewed towards Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes. The dataset is constructed from a large pre-existing ASCII flatfile data bank that represents over a decade of substantial effort at data retrieval, reformatting and provision. The work proceeded in several steps: merging stations with multiple reporting identifiers; reformatting to netcdf; quality control; and then filtering to form a final dataset. Particular attention has been paid to maintaining true extreme values where possible within an automated objective process. Detailed validation has been performed on a subset of global stations and also on UK data using known extreme events to help finalise the QC tests. Further validation was performed on a selection of extreme events world-wide (Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the cold snap in Alaska in 1989 and heat waves in SE Australia in 2009). Some very initial analyses are performed to illustrate some of the types of problems to which the final data could be applied. Although the filtering has removed the poorest station records, no attempt has been made to homogenise the data thus far, due to the complexity of retaining the true distribution of high-resolution data when applying adjustments. Hence non-climatic, time-varying errors may still exist in many of the individual station records and care is needed in inferring long-term trends from these data. This dataset will allow the study of high frequency variations of temperature, pressure and humidity on a global basis over the last four decades. Both individual extremes and the overall population of extreme events could be investigated in detail to allow for comparison with past and projected climate.
Rapid movement of frozen debris-lobes: implications for permafrost degradation and slope instability in the south-central Brooks Range, Alaska
Authors: Daanen R. P. , Grosse G. , Darrow M. M. , Hamilton T. D. , Jones B. M.
Published: May 2012

Abstract. We present the results of a reconnaissance investigation of unusual debris mass-movement features on permafrost slopes that pose a potential infrastructure hazard in the south-central Brooks Range, Alaska. For the purpose of this paper, we describe these features as frozen debris-lobes. We focus on the characterisation of frozen debris-lobes as indicators of various movement processes using ground-based surveys, remote sensing, field and laboratory measurements, and time-lapse observations of frozen debris-lobe systems along the Dalton Highway. Currently, some frozen debris-lobes exceed 100 m in width, 20 m in height and 1000 m in length. Our results indicate that frozen debris-lobes have responded to climate change by becoming increasingly active during the last decades, resulting in rapid downslope movement. Movement indicators observed in the field include toppling trees, slumps and scarps, detachment slides, striation marks on frozen sediment slabs, recently buried trees and other vegetation, mudflows, and large cracks in the lobe surface. The type and diversity of observed indicators suggest that the lobes likely consist of a frozen debris core, are subject to creep, and seasonally unfrozen surface sediment is transported in warm seasons by creep, slumping, viscous flow, blockfall and leaching of fines, and in cold seasons by creep and sliding of frozen sediment slabs. Ground-based measurements on one frozen debris-lobe over three years (2008–2010) revealed average movement rates of approximately 1 cm day−1, which is substantially larger than rates measured in historic aerial photography from the 1950s to 1980s. We discuss how climate change may further influence frozen debris-lobe dynamics, potentially accelerating their movement. We highlight the potential direct hazard that one of the studied frozen debris-lobes may pose in the coming years and decades to the nearby Trans Alaska Pipeline System and the Dalton Highway, the main artery for transportation between Interior Alaska and the North Slope.
Recent changes in the number of rainfall events related to debris-flow occurrence in the Chenyulan Stream Watershed, Taiwan
Authors: Chen J. C. , Huang W. S. , Jan C. D. , Yang Y. H.
Published: May 2012

Abstract. This study analyzed the variability in the number of rainfall events related to debris-flow occurrence in the Chenyulan stream watershed located in central Taiwan. Rainfall data between 1970 and 2009 measured at three meteorological stations nearby/in the watershed were collected and used to determine the corresponding regional average rainfall for the watershed. Data on debris-flow events between 1985 and 2009 were collected and used to study their dependence on regional average rainfall. The maximum 24-h regional rainfall Rd was used to analyze the number of rainfall events Nr, the number of rainfall events that triggered debris flows Nd, and the probability of debris-flows occurrences P. The variation trends in Nr, Nd and P over recent decades under three rainfall conditions (Rd > 20, 230, and 580 mm) related to debris-flow occurrence were analyzed. In addition, the influences of the Chi-Chi earthquake on Nd and P were presented. The results showed that the rainfall events with Rd > 20 mm during the earthquake-affected period (2000–2004) strongly responded to the increases in the average number of rainfall events that triggered debris flows and the average probability of debris-flows occurrences. The number of rainfall events with Rd > 230 mm (the lower boundary for the rainfall ever triggering debris flow before the Chi-Chi earthquake), and Rd > 580 mm (the lower boundary for extreme rainfall ever triggering numerous debris flows) in the Chenyulan stream watershed increased after 2000. The increase in the number of extreme rainfall events with Rd > 580 mm augmented the number of rainfall events ever triggering numerous debris flows in the last decade. The increase in both the number of rainfall events that ever triggered debris flows and the probability of debris-flow occurrences was greater in the last decade (2000–2009) than in 1990–1999.
Space conditions during a month of a sequence of six M > 6.8 earthquakes ending with the tsunami of 26 December 2004
Authors: Anagnostopoulos G. , Papandreou A.
Published: May 2012

Abstract. This paper examines space and seismological data for the time period about one month before the giant Sumatra-Andaman strong (9.3) earthquake (EQ). The combination of seismological and space data reveals some interesting features for this time period: (1) six successive high speed solar wind streams obviously triggering a sudden increase of geomagnetic activity were all followed by strong to giant (M > 6.8) EQs, (2) the 6 strong EQs present certain spatial-temporal constraints, with the epicentre of the EQs occuring at the edges of the Pacific Plate (the Sumatra-Andaman EQ occurred at the end of this series of EQs, eastward of the first one), in a clockwise direction, (3) the EQs occurred after a sudden increase of geomagnetic activity, as inferred from the 3 h-Kp index, following a quiet geomagnetic period and (4) the time delay of the M > 6.2 earthquakes (in the broad area examined) from the last maximum sudden Kp increase was on average ~1.5 days. These findings from the study of the Earth's space environment during the month preceding the Sumatra-Andaman giant (9.3) EQ provide new information for a possible better understanding of the Sun-magnetosphere-lithosphere coupling.
Detecting the 11 March 2011 Tohoku tsunami arrival on sea-level records in the Pacific Ocean: application and performance of the Tsunami Early Detection Algorithm (TEDA)
Authors: Bressan L. , Tinti S.
Published: May 2012

Abstract. Real-time detection of a tsunami on instrumental sea-level records is quite an important task for a Tsunami Warning System (TWS), and in case of alert conditions for an ongoing tsunami it is often performed by visual inspection in operational warning centres. In this paper we stress the importance of automatic detection algorithms and apply the TEDA (Tsunami Early Detection Algorithm) to identify tsunami arrivals of the 2011 Tohoku tsunami in a real-time virtual exercise. TEDA is designed to work at station level, that is on sea-level data of a single station, and was calibrated on data from the Adak island, Alaska, USA, tide-gauge station. Using the parameters' configuration devised for the Adak station, the TEDA has been applied to 123 coastal sea-level records from the coasts of the Pacific Ocean, which enabled us to evaluate the efficiency and sensitivity of the algorithm on a wide range of background conditions and of signal-to-noise ratios. The result is that TEDA is able to detect quickly the majority of the tsunami signals and therefore proves to have the potential for being a valid tool in the operational TWS practice.
The Work of the International Law Commission, 2007–2011: Progress and Prospects
Authors: McRae Donald
Published: May 2012

On November 17, 2011, the UN General Assembly elected the members of the International Law Commission for the next five years. In the course of the quinquennium that was completed in August 2011 with the end of the sixty-third session, the Commission concluded four major topics on its agenda: the law of transboundary aquifers, the responsibility of international organizations, the effect of armed conflicts on treaties, and reservations to treaties. It was by any standard a substantial output. The beginning of a new quinquennium now provides an opportunity to assess what the Commission has achieved, to consider the way it operates, and to reflect on what lies ahead for it.
Mediterranean Studies as a University Course and Discipline
Authors: Kaucha Krzysztof Cezary
Published: May 2012

This article discusses some of the potential difficulties involved in creating a Mediterranean studies program at the university level and suggests some possible solutions, with particular attention to the new Mediterranean Studies Program at the John Paul II Catholic University in Lublin, Poland.
Upregulation of TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, and IRAK-2 Expression During ML-1 Cell Differentiation to Macrophages: Role in the Potentiation of Cellular Responses to LPS and LTA
Authors: Traore Kassim , Zirkin Barry , Thimmulappa Rajesh K. , Biswal Shyam , Trush Michael A.
Published: May 2012

12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) induces the differentiation of human myeloid ML-1 cells to macrophages. In the current study, the expression, responsiveness, and regulation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in TPA-induced ML-1-derived macrophages were investigated. We have found that TPA-induced differentiation of ML-1 cells was accompanied by the upregulation of TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, and CD14 expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. Interestingly, TLR1 and TLR4 protein expression on ML-1 cells could be blocked by pretreatment with U0126, suggesting the role of an Erk1/2-induced differentiation signal in this process. In addition, the expression of IRAK-2, a key member of the TLR/IRAK-2/NF-κB-dependent signaling cascade was also induced in response to TPA. Accordingly, we demonstrated an increased cellular release of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-αand various interleukins) upon stimulation with LPS and LTA ligands for TLR4 and TLR2, respectively. Furthermore, using luminol-dependent chemiluminescence, addition of LPS and LTA induces a sustained DPI-inhibitable generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the differentiated ML-1 cells. Together, these data suggest that the increase in the responsiveness of TPA-treated ML-1 cells to LPS and LTA occurs in response to the upregulation of their respective receptors as well as an induction of the IRAK-2 gene expression.
Thermomechanical Behavior of Bulk Ni/MWNT Composites Produced via Powder Metallurgy
Authors: Suárez Sebastián , Soldera Flavio , Oliver Carlos González , Acevedo Diego , Mücklich Frank
Published: May 2012

The thermal expansion behavior of Ni matrix composites reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) fabricated by pressureless sintering and hot uniaxial pressing was studied in the range between 50 and 1050 °C and compared to that of pure Ni. The results show an active interaction between the MWNT and the Ni matrix by reducing the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of pure Ni up to 76% between 50 and 400 °C. This reduction is due to the strong interfacial interaction between the matrix and the reinforcement and the low intrinsic CTE of the nanotubes. This outstanding behavior may be very useful in applications were low CTE is required as for example structural materials.
The Role of Electron Affinity in Determining Whether Fullerenes Catalyze or Inhibit Photooxidation of Polymers for Solar Cells
Authors: Hoke Eric T. , Sachs‐Quintana I. T. , Lloyd Matthew T. , Kauvar Isaac , Mateker William R. , Nardes Alexandre M. , Peters Craig H. , Kopidakis Nikos , McGehee Michael D.
Published: May 2012

Understanding the stability and degradation mechanisms of organic solar materials is critically important to achieving long device lifetimes. Here, an investigation of the photodegradation of polymer:fullerene blend films exposed to ambient conditions for a variety of polymer and fullerene derivative combinations is presented. Despite the wide range in polymer stabilities to photodegradation, the rate of irreversible polymer photobleaching in blend films is found to consistently and dramatically increase with decreasing electron affinity of the fullerene derivative. Furthermore, blends containing fullerenes with the smallest electron affinities photobleached at a faster rate than films of the pure polymer. These observations can be explained by a mechanism where both the polymer and fullerene donate photogenerated electrons to diatomic oxygen to form the superoxide radical anion which degrades the polymer.
Growth charts for individuals with Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome
Authors: Lee Ryan W.Y. , McGready John , Conley Sandra K. , Yanjanin Nicole M. , Nowaczyk Małgorzata J.M. , Porter Forbes D.
Published: May 2012

Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a rare multiple congenital anomaly neurodevelopmental syndrome of impaired cholesterol synthesis. Growth restriction and developmental delay are very common clinical manifestations of SLOS. The degree, etiology, and consequences of growth restriction in SLOS remain an area of limited knowledge to the scientific community. There have been no studies describing the growth parameters and providing reference growth charts for individuals with SLOS. Our longitudinal data from 78 patients between the ages of 0.1 and 16 years with SLOS show a growth restriction of about two standard deviations below the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) norms for age. This study represents comprehensive anthropometric data from the largest cohort available, and proposes growth charts for widespread use in the management and study of individuals with SLOS. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nanoindentation of lemur enamel: An ecological investigation of mechanical property variations within and between sympatric species
Authors: Campbell Sara E. , Cuozzo Frank P. , Sauther Michelle L. , Sponheimer Matt , Ferguson Virginia L.
Published: May 2012

The common morphological metrics of size, shape, and enamel thickness of teeth are believed to reflect the functional requirements of a primate's diet. However, the mechanical and material properties of enamel also contribute to tooth function, yet are rarely studied. Substantial wear and tooth loss previously documented in Lemur catta at the Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve suggests that their dental morphology, structure, and possibly their enamel are not adapted for their current fallback food (the mechanically challenging tamarind fruit). In this study, we investigate the nanomechanical properties, mineralization, and microstructure of the enamel of three sympatric lemur species to provide insight into their dietary functional adaptations. Mechanical properties measured by nanoindentation were compared to measurements of mineral content, prism orientation, prism size, and enamel thickness using electron microscopy. Mechanical properties of all species were similar near the enamel dentin junction and variations correlated with changes in microstructure (e.g., prism size) and mineral content. Severe wear and microcracking within L. catta's enamel were associated with up to a 43% reduction in nanomechanical properties in regions of cracking versus intact enamel. The mechanical and material properties of L. catta's enamel are similar to those of sympatric folivores and suggest that they are not uniquely mechanically adapted to consume the physically challenging tamarind fruit. An understanding of the material and mechanical properties of enamel is required to fully elucidate the functional and ecological adaptations of primate teeth. Am J Phys Anthropol 148:178–190, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
What is dental ecology?
Authors: Cuozzo Frank P. , Sauther Michelle L.
Published: May 2012

Teeth have long been used as indicators of primate ecology. Early work focused on the links between dental morphology, diet, and behavior, with more recent years emphasizing dental wear, microstructure, development, and biogeochemistry, to understand primate ecology. Our study of Lemur catta at the Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar, has revealed an unusual pattern of severe tooth wear and frequent tooth loss, primarily the result of consuming a fallback food for which these primates are not dentally adapted. Interpreting these data was only possible by combining our areas of expertise (dental anatomy [FC] and primate ecology [MS]). By integrating theoretical, methodological, and applied aspects of both areas of research, we adopted the term “dental ecology”—defined as the broad study of how teeth respond to the environment. Specifically, we view dental ecology as an interpretive framework using teeth as a vehicle for understanding an organism's ecology, which builds upon earlier work, but creates a new synthesis of anatomy and ecology that is only possible with detailed knowledge of living primates. This framework includes (1) identifying patterns of dental pathology and tooth use‐wear, within the context of feeding ecology, behavior, habitat variation, and anthropogenic change, (2) assessing ways in which dental development and biogeochemical signals can reflect habitat, environmental change and/or stress, and (3) how dental microstructure and macro‐morphology are adapted to, and reflect feeding ecology. Here we define dental ecology, provide a short summary of the development of this perspective, and place our new work into this context. Am J Phys Anthropol 148:163–170, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Brief Report: Long‐term outcome of a randomized clinical trial comparing methotrexate to cyclophosphamide for remission induction in early systemic antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody–associated vasculitis
Authors: Faurschou Mikkel , Westman Kerstin , Rasmussen Niels , de Groot Kirsten , Flossmann Oliver , Höglund Peter , Jayne David R. W. ,   on behalf of the European Vasculitis Study Group
Published: May 2012

Objective

The NORAM (Nonrenal Wegener's Granulomatosis Treated Alternatively with Methotrexate [MTX]) trial demonstrated that MTX can replace cyclophosphamide (CYC) as remission‐inducing treatment for patients with newly diagnosed early systemic antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody–associated vasculitis. Duration of relapse‐free survival was longer among CYC‐treated patients than among MTX‐treated patients during short‐term followup. The aim of the present study was to describe the long‐term outcome in patients enrolled in the randomized clinical trial.

Methods

Outcome questionnaires were sent to investigators who had recruited patients for the NORAM trial. Patients treated with MTX for induction of remission (n = 49) were compared to CYC‐treated patients (n = 46) with respect to immunosuppressive therapy during followup, relapse‐free survival, mortality, and occurrence of other clinical events.

Results

The median duration of followup was 6 years (range 0.1–10.8 years). One patient developed end‐stage renal disease, and 11 died. The number of patients affected by serious infection, malignancy, or severe organ failure did not differ between treatment groups, and no difference in survival rate was observed. The duration of corticosteroid therapy was longer in the MTX group during the 18 months of the trial (P = 0.005). During subsequent followup, patients who were in the MTX group in the NORAM trial received corticosteroids, CYC, and other immunosuppressive agents (azathioprine, MTX, and/or mycophenolate mofetil) for longer periods than those who were in the CYC group (P = 0.004, P = 0.037, and P = 0.031, respectively). The cumulative relapse‐free survival tended to be lower in the MTX group (P = 0.056).

Conclusion

In the NORAM cohort, no difference in occurrence of major adverse events was observed between treatment groups during long‐term followup. However, first‐line treatment with MTX was associated with less effective disease control than CYC‐based induction therapy.
Analysis of Density‐Dependent Binding of Glycans by Lectins Using Carbohydrate Microarrays
Authors: Tian Xizhe , Pai Jaeyoung , Shin Injae
Published: May 2012

To investigate the density‐dependent binding of glycans by lectins using carbohydrate microarrays, a number of C‐terminal hydrazide‐conjugated neoglycopeptides with various valences and different spatial arrangements of the sugar ligands were prepared on a solid support. The synthetic strategy includes (1) assembly of alkyne‐linked peptides possessing C‐terminal hydrazide on a solid support, (2) coupling of azide‐linked, unprotected sugars to the alkyne‐linked peptides on the solid support utilizing click chemistry, and (3) release of the neoglycopeptides from the solid support. By using this synthetic methodology, sixty five neoglycopeptides with a valency ranging from 1 to 4 and different spatial arrangements of the carbohydrate ligands were generated. Carbohydrate microarrays were constructed by immobilizing the prepared neoglycopeptides on epoxide‐derivatized glass slides and were used to analyze the density‐dependent binding of glycans by lectins. The results of binding property determinations show that lectin binding is highly dependent on the surface glycan density.
Forecasting Elections from Voters' Perceptions of Candidates' Ability to Handle Issues
Authors: Graefe Andreas , Armstrong J. Scott
Published: May 2012

When deciding for whom to vote, voters should select the candidate they expect to best handle issues, all other things equal. A simple heuristic predicted that the candidate who is rated more favorably on a larger number of issues would win the popular vote. This was correct for nine out of ten U.S. presidential elections from 1972 to 2008. We then used simple linear regression to relate the incumbent's relative issue ratings to the actual two‐party popular vote shares. The resulting model yielded out‐of‐sample forecasts that were competitive with those from the Iowa Electronic Markets and established quantitative models. The issue‐index model has implications for political decision makers, as it can help to track campaigns and to decide which issues to focus on. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human adipose tissue‐derived stem cells protect impaired cardiomyocytes from hypoxia/reoxygenation injury through hypoxia‐induced paracrine mechanism
Authors: Yang Junjie , Zhang Huaxin , Zhao Liang , Chen Yundai , Liu Hongbin , Zhang Tao
Published: May 2012

Growing studies have emerged on adipose‐derived stem cells (ADSCs), which hold the potential for cell‐based therapy in diseased injured hearts. Apart from their differentiation pluripotency, such benefits also result from the ability of paracrine. The results of this study showed that after a 24‐h hypoxia culture, ADSCs secreted amplified quantities of hepatocyte growth factor, interleukin‐1, vascular endothelial growth factor‐A, fibroblast growth factor‐2, and transforming growth factor‐β, all of which increased statistically compared with normoxia cultures. Resultantly, conditioned media (CM) from hypoxia‐treated ADSCs can promptly improve cardiac function in in vivo infarction model as well as ameliorate apoptosis of cardiomyocytes subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation conditions, accompanied by changes of JNK signal activation. While SP600125, a specific JNK pathway inhibitor, partly decreased cardiac cytoprotection assessed by incremental caspase‐3 activation and subsequent TUNEL index, which led to no significantly different outcome between CM from ADSCs in normoxia culture and those in hypoxia culture. These data suggested that, in response to hypoxia, ADSCs could amplify expression of several protective soluble factors, which mediate direct cytoprotection. Furthermore, the improvement for impaired cardiomyocytes treated by hypoxia‐induced ADSCs‐CM was significant in part because of the involvement of the JNK signal pathway. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dimerization Determines Substrate Specificity of a Bacterial Prenyltransferase
Authors: Peterhoff David , Zellner Hermann , Guldan Harald , Merkl Rainer , Sterner Reinhard , Babinger Patrick
Published: May 2012

We have identified the native dimer interface of heptaprenylglyceryl phosphate synthase PcrB from the bacterium Bacillus subtilis and analyzed the significance of oligomer formation for stability and catalytic activity. Computational methods predicted two different surface regions of the PcrB protomer that could be responsible for dimer formation. These bona fide interfaces were assessed both in silico and experimentally by the introduction of amino acid substitutions that led to monomerization, and by incorporation of an unnatural amino acid to allow cross‐linking of the two protomers. The results showed that, in contrast to previous assumptions, PcrB uses the same interface for dimerization as the homologous geranylgeranylglyceryl phosphate synthase from Archaea. Thermal unfolding demonstrated that the monomeric proteins are only slightly less stable than wild‐type PcrB. However, activity assays showed that monomerization limits the length of accepted polyprenyl pyrophosphates to three isoprene units, whereas the native PcrB substrate contains seven isoprene entities. We provide a plausible hypothesis as to how dimerization determines substrate specificity of PcrB.
The Unique Role of CaO in Stabilizing the Pt/Al2O3 Catalyst for the Dehydrogenation of Cyclohexane
Authors: Yu Jiafeng , Wang Rui , Ren Shiyuan , Sun Xiaoyan , Chen Chunlin , Ge Qingjie , Fang Wen , Zhang Jian , Xu Hengyong , Su Dang Sheng
Published: May 2012

Coke‐induced deactivation is one of the major challenges in the field of heterogeneous catalysis. Herein, the performance of the Pt/Al2O3 catalyst for the hydrogen‐free dehydrogenation of cyclohexane was improved by doping with a small amount of Ca. The Ca‐modified Pt/Al2O3 catalyst exhibited a cyclohexane conversion of 97.0 % and maintained a conversion above 75 % after 48 h, whilst the unmodified catalyst was deactivated from 87.0 to 2.7 % under the same conditions. Characterization techniques, including in situ DRIFT, XPS, thermal analysis, and temperature‐programmed techniques, revealed that the presence of Ca effectively suppressed the deep dehydrogenation of H‐rich carbonaceous components and promoted coke desorption by increasing the H/C ratio of H‐deficient coke. This promotion effect of Ca was also associated with neutralizing the residual Cl ions and promoting immediate dehydrogenation.
Combining Gold and Palladium Catalysis: One‐Pot Access to Pentasubstituted Arenes from Furan–Yne and En–Diyne Substrates
Authors: Hashmi A. Stephen K. , Ghanbari Mohammad , Rudolph Matthias , Rominger Frank
Published: May 2012

A series of furan–yne systems was transformed into the corresponding tetrasubstituted annelated phenol derivatives that bear one bromo group. The two‐step procedure consisted of a phenol synthesis and a subsequent electrophilic bromination with N‐bromosuccinimide (NBS). The reactions can be performed in a one‐pot procedure with the same precatalyst. The halogenation reaction is highly selective only in the presence of the gold catalyst. En–diyne substrates were also suitable starting materials; then the pentasubstituted aromatic core showed a completely different substitution pattern for the phenolic products. Furthermore, a one‐pot protocol that consisted of a gold‐catalyzed phenol synthesis, a gold‐catalyzed halogenation reaction, and a palladium‐catalyzed Suzuki coupling was established. The overall efficiency of this procedure was excellent and the substrate scope of the reaction was broad.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile and Template‐Free Hydrothermal Synthesis of Mn3O4 Nanorods on Graphene Sheets for Supercapacitor Electrodes with Long Cycle Stability.
Authors: Lee Jeong Woo , Hall Anthony S. , Kim Jong‐Duk , Mallouk Thomas E.
Published: May 2012

Graphene/Mn3O4 composites for use in supercapacitors are hydrothermally synthesized from an ethylene glycol suspension of an aqueous dispersion of graphene sheets and KMnO4 (autoclave, 120 °C, 4 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Titania Nanosheets Hierarchically Assembled on Carbon Nanotubes as High‐Rate Anodes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries.
Authors: Wu Hao Bin , Lou Xiong Wen , Hng Huey Hoon
Published: May 2012

Hierarchically structured nanocables with TiO2 nanosheets anchored on carbon nanotubes are prepared from carbon nanotubes and Ti(O‐Bu)4 dispersed in a mixture of DMF and iPrOH (autoclave, 180 °C, 20 h) followed by calcination in N2 at 500 °C for 2 h.
ChemInform Abstract: Nanostructured BiVO4 Photocatalysts Synthesized via a Polymer‐Assisted Coprecipitation Method and Their Photocatalytic Properties under Visible‐Light Irradiation.
Authors: Garcia‐Perez U. M. , Sepulveda‐Guzman S. , Martinez‐de la Cruz A.
Published: May 2012

The title photocatalysts are synthesized by coprecipitation from solutions of Bi(NO3)3 in HNO3, NH4VO3 in NH4OH, and sodium carboxymethylcellulose in water and characterized by powder XRD, SEM, and FTIR spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: Porous Montmorillonite Heterostructures Directed by a Single Alkyl Ammonium Template for Controlling the Product Distribution of Fischer—Tropsch Synthesis over Cobalt.
Authors: Su Dang Sheng , et al. et al.
Published: May 2012

Porous clay heterostructures are synthesized using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide ion‐exchanged montmorillonite and Si(OEt)4 as a Si precursor under normal conditions and supercritical CO2 conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Binary Pnictogen Azides—An Experimental and Theoretical Study: [As(N3)4]‐, [Sb(N3)4]‐, and [Bi(N3)5(dmso)]2‐.
Authors: Schulz Axel , Villinger Alexander
Published: May 2012

The structures of the new compounds (III) and (V) are determined by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrothermal Synthesis and Comparative Coordination Chemistry of New Rare‐Earth V4+ Compounds.
Authors: Kimani Martin M. , McMillen Colin D. , Kolis Joseph W.
Published: May 2012

New hydrated rare earth vanadates and rare earth oxy‐vanadates are characterized by powder and single crystal XRD, and UV/VIS spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of New Perovskite‐Type Oxyfluoride, PbMnO2F.
Authors: Katsumata Tetsuhiro , Nakashima Mamoru , Inaguma Yoshiyuki , Tsurui Takao
Published: May 2012

The new title compound is synthesized by high pressure/high temperature reaction of PbF2, PbO, and Mn2O3 (multi‐anvil‐type high‐pressure apparatus, 4—7 GPa, 1000 °C, 30 min).
ChemInform Abstract: Rare‐Earth Metal Chlorides as Efficient Catalysts for the Simple and Green Synthesis of 1,2‐Disubstituted Benzimidazoles and 2‐Substituted Benzothiazoles under Ultrasound Irradiation.
Authors: Zhang Li‐Jun , Xia Jing , Zhou Yong‐Qing , Wang Hua , Wang Shao‐Wu
Published: May 2012

A wide variety of 1,2‐disubstituted benzimidazoles (III) and (V) is prepared by YCl3‐catalyzed reaction of o‐phenylenediamine (I) with aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes under solvent‐free conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: 9‐Azanoradamantane N‐Oxyl (Nor‐AZADO): A Highly Active Organocatalyst for Alcohol Oxidation.
Authors: Hayashi Masaki , Sasano Yusuke , Nagasawa Shota , Shibuya Masatoshi , Iwabuchi Yoshiharu
Published: May 2012

The catalyst exhibits superior activity compared to TEMPO and related 2‐azaadamantane N‐oxyls (16 examples).
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Hydroxylation Mediated by Alkoxysulfonium Ions.
Authors: Ashikari Yosuke , Nokami Toshiki , Yoshida Jun‐ichi
Published: May 2012

Anodic oxidation of toluene derivatives in the presence of DMSO followed by hydrolysis of the alkoxysulfonium ion intermediates allows a new and selective access to benzylic alcohols.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Initiated Hydroamination of 2‐Ethoxypropenal with Secondary Amines.
Authors: Keiko N. A. , Verochkina E. A. , Larina L. I.
Published: May 2012

Microwave irradiation and the presence of water significantly accelerate the addition of secondary amines to 2‐ethoxypropenal.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Catalytic Azidation of Allylic Alcohols.
Authors: Rueping Magnus , Vila Carlos , Uria Uxue
Published: May 2012

A broad spectrum of allylic alcohols can be successfully transformed to the azides.
ChemInform Abstract: A Microwave‐Assisted Deconjugative Esterification of α,β‐Unsaturated Carboxylic Acids Through α,β‐Unsaturated Ketene Intermediates.
Authors: Sano Shigeki , Ichikawa Takashi , Nakao Michiyasu , Nagao Yoshimitsu
Published: May 2012

An efficient one‐pot protocol for the preparation of β,γ‐unsaturated esters is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Methylcarbonate and Bicarbonate Phosphonium Salts as Catalysts for the Nitroaldol (Henry) Reaction.
Authors: Fabris Massimo , Noe Marco , Perosa Alvise , Selva Maurizio , Ballini Roberto
Published: May 2012

The phosphonium salt CPS and its bicarbonate analogue efficiently promote the addition of aldehydes and ketones to nitroalkanes.
ChemInform Abstract: New Preparation Method for Vilsmeier Reagent and Related Imidoyl Chlorides.
Authors: Kimura Yoshikazu , Matsuura Daisuke , Hanawa Takeshi , Kobayashi Yukimoto
Published: May 2012

A novel method for the synthesis of Vilsmeier reagent (II) and related imidoyl chlorides uses OPC as chlorinating agent.
ChemInform Abstract: Well‐Defined Binuclear Chiral Spiro Copper Catalysts for Enantioselective N—H Insertion.
Authors: Zhu Shou‐Fei , Xu Bin , Wang Guo‐Peng , Zhou Qi‐Lin
Published: May 2012

The synthetic value of the present protocol is demonstrated by preparation of herbicide (X).
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Hydrocyanation of N‐Protected Aldimines.
Authors: Uemura Masato , Kurono Nobuhito , Ohkuma Takeshi
Published: May 2012

The Ru complexes (I) and (II) efficiently promote the title reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed 2,2,2‐Trifluoroethylation of Organoboronic Acids and Esters.
Authors: Zhao Yanchuan , Hu Jinbo
Published: May 2012

Aryl boronic acids are efficiently converted into the corresponding (trifluoroethyl)arenes by treatment with the readily available reagent CF3CH2I (19 examples).
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Trifluoromethylation of Arylboronates with Shelf‐Stable Potassium (Trifluoromethyl)trimethoxyborate.
Authors: Khan Bilal A. , Buba Annette E. , Goossen Lukas J.
Published: May 2012

With copper acetate as mediator and molecular oxygen as the oxidant, the reaction provides the trifluoromethylated products in yields which are comparable to or even higher than those reported in related trifluoromethylations.
ChemInform Abstract: β‐Hydroxy Ketones Prepared by Regioselective Hydroacylation.
Authors: Murphy Stephen K. , Coulter Matthew M. , Dong Vy M.
Published: May 2012

The rhodium‐catalyzed method for the synthesis of title compounds bearing an α‐tertiary or quaternary carbon center from readily available aryl aldehydes and allylic alcohols affords single regioisomers.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Biaryls Through a One‐Pot Tandem Borylation/Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reaction Catalyzed by a Palladacycle.
Authors: Wang Lianhui , Cui Xiuling , Li Jingya , Wu Yusheng , Zhu Zhiwu , Wu Yangjie
Published: May 2012

A novel synthesis of unsymmetrical biphenyls as well as heterocyclic analogues is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of a Dimeric ortho‐Palladated Complex of Tribenzylamine as an Efficient Catalyst in Microwave‐Assisted Hiyama Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Hajipour Abdol R. , Rafiee Fatemeh
Published: May 2012

Palladium‐catalyzed Hiyama cross‐coupling reaction of various aryl iodides and bromides with silane (II) under microwave irradiation gives substituted biaryls in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Palladium—Benzimidazolyl Phosphine Complex for the Suzuki—Miyaura Coupling of Aryl Mesylates: Facile Ligand Synthesis and Metal Complex Characterization.
Authors: Chung Kin Ho , So Chau Ming , Wong Shun Man , Luk Chi Him , Zhou Zhongyuan , Lau Chak Po , Kwong Fuk Yee
Published: May 2012

A new class of easily accessible hemilabile benzimidazolyl phosphine ligands showing excellent catalytic activity in the Suzuki—Miyaura coupling of aryl mesylates at catalyst loadings as low as 0.5 mol% is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Enantioselective Construction of Nitrocyclohexanes Containing Multiple Chiral Centers via a Cascade Reaction.
Authors: Rajkumar Sundaram , Shankland Kenneth , Brown Geoffrey D. , Cobb Alexander J. A.
Published: May 2012

A novel asymmetric domino Michael—Michael reaction between nitrohexenoates and nitroolefins is catalyzed by a cinchona‐derived thiourea.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Selective Synthesis of Naphthalenes and Indenones and Their Luminescent Properties.
Authors: Chen Xiaopeng , Jin Jisong , Wang Ningning , Lu Ping , Wang Yanguang
Published: May 2012

Under a nitrogen atmosphere, the palladium‐catalyzed reaction of o‐haloacetophenones (I) with terminal alkynes in the presence of wet secondary cyclic amines gives β‐arylnaphthalenes.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Sodium Nitrite Catalyzed Oxidative Coupling for Constructing Polymethoxyphenanthrene Rings.
Authors: Su Bo , Li Ling , Hu Yanna , Liu Yuxiu , Wang Qingmin
Published: May 2012

The coupling of polyoxy‐substituted benzenes using air as the terminal oxidant provides access towards phenanthrenes and also biphenyl derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: From the Feist—Benary Reaction to Organocatalytic Domino Michael—Alkylation Reactions: Asymmetric Synthesis of 3(2H)‐Furanones.
Authors: Dou Xiaowei , Han Xiaoyu , Lu Yixin
Published: May 2012

Enantioselective preparation of some synthetically and biologically valuable 3(2H)‐furanones is achieved using a novel tertiary amine/thiourea catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Tetrahydrodibenzofuran and Tetrahydrophenanthridinone Skeletons by Intramolecular Nucleopalladation/Oxidative Heck Cascades.
Authors: Martinez Claudio , Aurrecoechea Jose M. , Madich Youssef , Denis J. Gabriel , de Lera Angel R. , Alvarez Rosana
Published: May 2012

Tetrahydrodibenzofurans (II) and (VIII) are formed from 2‐alkynylphenols (I), (VII) containing a tethered α,β‐unsaturated ester or ketone.
ChemInform Abstract: Optically Active Thiophenes via an Organocatalytic One‐Pot Methodology.
Authors: Ransborg Lars Krogager , Albrecht Lukasz , Weise Christian F. , Bak Jesper R. , Joergensen Karl Anker
Published: May 2012

A general, efficient, and highly stereoselective method to prepare chiral thiophenes and thienoindoles is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted NH Pyrroles and Polysubstituted Furans via an Addition and Cyclization Strategy.
Authors: Li Liang , Zhao Mi‐Na , Ren Zhi‐Hui , Li Jianli , Guan Zheng‐Hui
Published: May 2012

A general protocol is developed for the FeCl3‐catalyzed cyclocondensation of nitroolefins and enamino derivatives to provide tri‐ and tetrasubstituted NH‐pyrroles (III) and (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Cationic Ruthenium(II) Catalysts for Oxidative C—H/N—H Bond Functionalizations of Anilines with Removable Directing Group: Synthesis of Indoles in Water.
Authors: Ackermann Lutz , Lygin Alexander V.
Published: May 2012

The procedure allows the synthesis of various bioactive indole structures.
ChemInform Abstract: Dioxindole in Asymmetric Catalytic Synthesis: Routes to Enantioenriched 3‐Substituted 3‐Hydroxyoxindoles and the Preparation of Maremycin A.
Authors: Bergonzini Giulia , Melchiorre Paolo
Published: May 2012

The organocatalyzed synthesis of a variety of spiro(oxindoles)(γ‐butyrolactones) and a benzofuran analogue is based on the high nucleophilicity of the starting indoles and benzofuran (XIX) toward α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Core‐Structure‐Oriented Asymmetric Organocatalytic Substitution of 3‐Hydroxyoxindoles: Application in the Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (+)‐Folicanthine.
Authors: Guo Chang , Song Jin , Huang Jian‐Zhou , Chen Peng‐Hao , Luo Shi‐Wei , Gong Liu‐Zhu
Published: May 2012

The title reaction of 3,3′‐bisindolin‐2‐ones with vinylcarbamates catalyzed by a chiral phosphoric acid affords the corresponding indolinones with concomitant generation of an all‐carbon quaternary stereogenic center in high yield and excellent enantioselectivity.