bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Execution Performance Analysis of the ABySS Genome Sequence Assembler using Scalasca on the K Computer
Authors: Kitayama Itaru  , Wylie Brian J.N.  , Maeda Toshiyuki
Published: February 2025

Performance analysis of the ABySS genome sequence assembler (ABYSS-P) executing on the K computer with up to 8192 compute nodes is described which identified issues that limited scalability to less than 1024 compute nodes and required prohibitive message buffer memory with 16384 or more compute nodes. The open-source Scalasca toolset was employed to analyse executions, revealing the impact of massive amounts of MPI point-to-point communication used particularly for master/worker process coordination, and inefficient parallel file operations that manifest as waiting time at later MPI collective synchronisations and communications. Initial remediation via use of collective communication operations and alternate strategies for parallel file handling show large performance and scalability improvements, with partial executions validated on the full 82,944 compute nodes of the K computer.
SYCL: Single-source C++ accelerator programming
Authors: Reyes Ruyman  , Lomüller Victor
Published: February 2025

Hybrid systems have been massively adopted in high performance clusters and scientific applications. The latest Top500 [1] HPC list shows an increased number of heterogeneous processing elements in the latest systems. This trend continues to grow, and it is expected that future Exascale systems will include a number of hybrid cores (GPUs, FPGAs and others). In order to face these new complex architectures, scientists and engineers need more powerful and flexible programming environments. New programming environments have been designed to program these new hybrid systems. However, existing libraries and scientific applications are yet to be ported, and the effort of doing so is noticeable. Members of the heterogeneous programming community, including both academia and industry, are working under the umbrella of the Khronos Group to design new programming environments for these platforms. One of the outcomes of this work has been SYCL [2]: A C++ cross-platform abstraction layer that builds on the underlying concepts, portability and efficiency of OpenCL. SYCL offers intuitive single-source development for accelerators using C++ templated functions, and can greatly facilitate porting existing C++ code to heterogeneous architectures. In this work we present the main features of the SYCL interface that had been added to complement OpenCL [3] towards the usage on more complex and high-level codes.
Using Task-Based Parallelism Directly on the GPU for Automated Asynchronous Data Transfer
Authors: Chalk Aidan B.G.  , Gonnet Pedro  , Schaller Matthieu
Published: February 2025

We present a framework, based on the QuickSched [1] library, that implements priority-aware task-based parallelism directly on CUDA GPUs. This allows large computations with complex data dependencies to be executed in a single GPU kernel call, removing any synchronization points that might otherwise be required between kernel calls. Using this paradigm, data transfers to and from the GPU are modelled as load and unload tasks. These tasks are automatically generated and executed alongside the rest of the computational tasks, allowing fully asynchronous and concurrent data transfers. We implemented a tiled-QR decomposition, and a Barnes-Hut gravity calculation, both of which show significant improvement when utilising the task-based setup, effectively eliminating any latencies due to data transfers between the GPU and the CPU. This shows that task-based parallelism is a valid alternative programming paradigm on GPUs, and can provide significant gains from both a data transfer and ease-of-use perspective.
A Strategy for Developing a Performance Portable Highly Scalable Application
Authors: Neff Michael  , Andersson Stefan  , Vose Aaron  , Levesque John
Published: February 2025

Over the last years Cray has gained extensive experience scaling real-world applications to hundreds of thousands of cores, as in the Titan project at ORNL Based on this experience, we look into what is needed to scale to next generations of HPC computers with millions of cores where increased performance is not only coming from more nodes but from more powerful nodes.
Performance model based on memory footprint for OpenMP memory bound applications
Authors: Allande César  , Jorba Josep  , Sikora Anna  , César Eduardo
Published: February 2025

Performance of memory intensive applications executed on multi-core multi-socket environments is closely related to the utilization of shared resources in the memory hierarchy. Depending on the characteristics of the application, the shared resources utilization can lead to a significant performance degradation. The exploration of different thread affinity configurations allows the selection of a proper configuration that balances the performance improvement obtained by increasing parallelism with the performance degradation due to memory contention. However, as the number of cores per processor and the number of processors per node increases, testing all possible configurations is not reasonable. We propose a performance model to estimate the execution time for a thread configuration (number and affinity distribution) for an OpenMP application parallel region based on runtime hardware counters information and the estimation of performance degradation due to memory contention generated at last level cache (LLC). The latter is estimated considering features obtained from the memory access pattern and the memory footprint. The experimental results show that the proposed methodology identifies the thread configurations which maximize the application performance by preventing memory contention on main memory.
Automation of Significance Analyses with Interval Splitting
Authors: Deussen J.  , Riehme J.  , Naumann U.
Published: February 2025

In the SCoRPiO project we are interested in the significance of program code with regard to its outputs in order to compute less significant parts for instance on less reliable but power saving hardware. Multiple approaches can be taken including pure interval arithmetics [1], Monte Carlo methods, and a tool chain for interval derivative based significance analysis. The tool chain dco/scorpio [2,3] was introduced in the SCoRPiO project. In this paper we propose to automate the process of interval derivative based significance analysis to widen input domains. We present an interval splitting approach to handle difficulties introduced by the interval evaluation, e.g. unfeasible relational operators or the wrapping effect. Each split will result in multiple scenarios which can be computed in parallel. The presented approach is a step forward towards a fully automatic significance analysis of computer code.
FE
Authors: Klawonn Axel  , Lanser Martin  , Rheinbach Oliver
Published: February 2025

A scale bridging approach combining the FE2 method with parallel domain decomposition (FE2TI) is presented. The FE2TI approach is used in the project “EXASTEEL – Bridging Scales for Multiphase Steels” (within the German priority program “Software for Exascale Computing – SPPEXA”) for the simulation of modern dual-phase steels. This approach incorporates phenomena on the microscale into the macroscopic problem by solving many independent microscopic problems on representative volume elements (RVEs). The results on the RVEs replace a phenomenological material law on the macroscale. In order to bring large micro-macro simulations to modern supercomputers, in the FE2TI approach a highly scalable implementation of the inexact reduced FETI-DP (Finite Element Tearing and Interconnecting – Dual Primal) domain decomposition method (scalable up to 786432 Mira BlueGene/Q cores) is used as a solver on the RVEs. Weak scalability results for the FE2TI method are presented, filling the complete JUQUEEN at JSC Jülich (458752 cores) and the complete Mira at Argonne National Laboratory (786432 cores).
Learning-Based Compositional Model Checking of Behavioral UML Systems
Authors: Grumberg Orna  , Meller Yael
Published: February 2025

This work presents a novel approach for applying compositional model checking of behavioral UML models, based on learning. The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a widely accepted modeling language for embedded and safety critical systems. As such the correct behavior of systems represented as UML models is crucial. Model checking is a successful automated verification technique for checking whether a system satisfies a desired property. However, its applicability is often impeded by its high time and memory requirements. A successful approach to tackle this limitation is compositional model checking. Recently, great advancements have been made in this direction via automatic learning-based Assume-Guarantee reasoning.
Between Testing and Verification: Dynamic Software Model Checking
Authors: Godefroid Patrice
Published: February 2025

Dynamic software model checking consists of adapting model checking into a form of systematic testing that is applicable to industrial-size software. Over the last two decades, dozens of tools following this paradigm have been developed for checking concurrent and data-driven software. Compared to traditional software testing, dynamic software model checking provides better coverage, but is more computationally expensive. Compared to more general forms of program verification like interactive theorem proving, this approach provides more limited verification guarantees, but is cheaper due to its higher level of automation. Dynamic software model checking thus offers an attractive practical trade-off between testing and formal verification. This paper presents a brief introduction to dynamic software model checking.
Impact of the hysteresis description model on the numerical simulation results for yoke-oriented inspection configurations
Authors: Svatoň Tomáš  , Skarlatos Anastassios  , Poulakis Nikolaos  , Theodoulidis Theodoros
Published: February 2025

A 2D numerical model for the solution of the eddy-current induction problem in non-linear hysteretic media is presented. The convergence of the iterative algorithm for the inversion of the non-linear operator is discussed. The numerical results are compared with simulations carried our using a commercial finite elements solver. Finally, an experimental procedure for obtaining the input material curves is presented.
Electromagnetic Modeling of a Periodic Array of Fibers Embedded in a Panel with Multiple Fibers Missing
Authors: Liu Zicheng  , Li Changyou  , Lesselier Dominique  , Zhong Yu
Published: February 2025

Our goal is to detect defects in composite materials composed by multi-layer planar plates with a periodic set of circular cylindrical fibers embedded within each layer. As a starter, the work presented is electromagnetic (EM) modeling and imaging of missing fibers in a fiber array standing in air. The multiple scattering method is utilized to analyze the electromagnetic behavior, and the corresponding imaging model is established directly from Lippman-Schwinger integral formulation. With the imaging model, standard MUltiple SIgnal Classification (MUSIC), and the proposed joint sparsity which borrows the idea from sparsity theory, are applied to retrieve the locations of missing fibers. Various numerical results are provided to illustrate availability and accuracy of the modeling and imaging.
A Measured Relationship Between Stress and Hall Coefficient for Stainless Steel 316
Authors: Kosaka Daigo  , Frishman Anatoli  , Nakagawa Norio
Published: February 2025

This paper examines Hall Effect measurements of stainless steel 316 (SS316) under applied stress. In free carrier gas model, the Hall coefficient is inverse proportional to charge carrier density, and thus expected to vary under stress. This relationship is simpler than that of the electrical conductivity, which depends not only on carrier density but also on the mean-free path. Thanks to the simpler underlying physics, it is anticipated that Hall Effect measurements can show more straightforward stress dependency than the conductivity-based measurements such as eddy current. In contrast, at least in the free carrier approximation with single type of carriers, the Hall coefficient has no dependence on the mean free path, while depending on elastic stress. We measured the Hall coefficient of SS316, in comparison with that of copper. First, the expected stress dependence of the Hall coefficient due to the simple volume effect under the stress was estimated in free carrier gas model. Second, Hall coefficients of these metals were measured under varying magnetic fields. It was observed that SS316 exhibited magnetic field dependency of the Hall coefficient outside measurement errors, while no such dependence was observed for copper. Third, the relationship between tensile stress and the Hall coefficient in SS316 was measured. The Hall coefficient increases in magnitude linearly under tension. The stress sensitivity is higher than predicted from the simple volume effect.
A Phased-Array EMAT for Detection of Delamination Defect in a Tube of Multilayer Structure
Authors: Xiao Pan  , Tian Shuxia  , Pei Cuixiang  , Yang Guicai  , Chen Zhenmao  , Wang Wanjin  , Luo Guangnan
Published: February 2025

In this work, a phased-array (PA) electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) is proposed for detection of delamination defect in multilayer tubes of small inner diameter. In order to generate focused ultrasonic waves for the small tube and small defects, a solenoid EM magnet setting outside the tube is adopted for the bias magnetic field generation and an array of bobbin coils setting inside the tube is used to induce eddy current and Lorentz force. Numerical simulations are performed to investigate the validity of the proposed PA EMAT method for monoblock of Tokamak divertor structures. The numerical results show that the detectability can be significantly improved, which demonstrated the validity of the proposed PA EMAT for multilayer tube of small diameter.
Nondestructive Evaluation of Plastic Deformation in Reduced Activation Ferritic/Martensitic Steels for Structure of Fusion Reactors
Authors: He Manru  , Chen Hong-En  , Xie Shejuan  , Chen Zhenmao  , Lin Junming
Published: February 2025

Reduced Activation Ferritic/Martensitic (RAFM) steel is considered to be a candidate structural material for future Tokamak fusion nuclear reactors. The plastic deformation may occur during the operation of the reactor for reason of unexpected loads. Therefore, a reliable non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of RAFM steel is needed. In this study, magnetic NDE methods such as magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN), magnetic incremental permeability (MIP) and magnetic flux leakage (MFL) method have been applied to evaluate the residual plastic strains in RAFM steel to ensure the structural integrity after an unexpected giant loading process. The study shows that the MBN signals and the amplitude of the high harmonic components of the MFL signals decrease regularly with the increasing residual strain. The shape of MIP butterfly trajectory also changes evidently in range of small plastic deformation. The experimental results reveal that the MFL method is the most suitable way in the three magnetic NDE methods for measurement of plastic strain in the RAFM steels.
Nondestructive Evaluation of Material Defects Using Advanced Impedance Converter System
Authors: Borik Stefan  , Cap Ivo  , Smetana Milan  , Capova Klara
Published: February 2025

A high precision impedance converter system can be a good solution for material defect identification using nondestructive evaluation (NDE). The aim of this work is to introduce the low-cost system for investigation of material defects. The developed system consists of integrated impedance converter circuit which is controlled by microcontroller. A voltage controlled current source is a part of the system too. We are able to detect the material defects by measuring the detection coil impedance. Sensitivity and functionality of our measurement system were verified by using a conductive plate having parameters of the stainless steel SUS316L with conductivity of 1.4 MS/m and relative permeability of 1. The several rectangular defects with accurately defined dimensions were placed on the plate specimen. In our measurement we used the defect with width of 0.25 mm, length of 10 mm and depth of 9 mm. The hidden defect was evaluated too. An aluminum plate was used for these purposes.
Identification of Biomaterial Fatigue Cracks by ECT Method
Authors: Smetana Milan  , Capova Klara  , Palcek Peter  , Oravcova Monika
Published: February 2025

The article deals with the eddy current technique for biomaterial fatigue cracks evaluation. The austenitic steel specimens with the presence of fatigue cracks are inspected under the same conditions. The mechanically induced fatigue cracks are made under the defined conditions, while a micro-plastic deformation is visible. Modular eddy current probe is used for the near-side inspection, while the harmonic signal is used for the driving. The gained results are presented and discussed in the paper.
Evaluation of Zirconia Coatings Deposited on Stainless Steel Substrate
Authors: Faktorova Dagmar  , Novy Frantisek  , Fintova Stanislava  , Savin Adriana  , Steigmann Rozina  , Iftimie Nicoleta  , Turchenko Vitalii  , Craus Mihai Liviu
Published: February 2025

Thermal barrier coating (TBC) is used as thermal protective layer dedicated to metallic components in high temperature region, on engines and gas turbines, leading to high component reliability and operating temperature, resulting in higher efficiency and better environmental benefits. Zirconia doped with Yttria ceramics are considered a good TBC material due of its low thermal conductivity, refractory, chemical inertness, and compatible thermal expansion coefficient with metallic support. The paper proposes the use of an electromagnetic method for evaluation of zirconia coating on some stainless steels using a sensor with metamaterial lens and comparison of the results with those obtained by complementary methods.
Development of Inspection Method for Defects in Thermal Reactor Tubes in the Petrochemical Industry
Authors: Nishimura Yoshihiro  , Suzuki Takayuki  , Fukuda Katsumi  , Ikeda Eiki  , Uchibe Ginji
Published: February 2025

Detecting defects in high damping materials using an electromagnetic acoustic transducer requires increasing the power of the incident wave to the inspected object. As the first step, the fundamentals and the effectiveness of impedance matching for some materials were examined.
Optimized Lorentz Force Eddy Current Testing System for Small Metal Injection Molding Specimen
Authors: Schmidt Reinhard  , Weise Konstantin  , Carlstedt Matthias  , Ziolkowski Marek  , Brauer Hartmut  , Toepfer Hannes
Published: February 2025

We extend a procedure to determine the optimal magnet design in the framework of Lorentz force eddy current testing. We consider classical cylinders and Halbach magnet systems for specimens made by metal injection molding. Evaluating as objective function the absolute defect response signal of the Lorentz force measurements using finite element method leads to an optimal and specific magnet design for each defect scenario. The proposed Halbach magnet enables defect responses up to four times higher outperforming cylinder.
Regularization of the Inversion Process in Eddy Current Characterization of Superficial Defects
Authors: Lopes Ribeiro A.  , Pasadas D.  , Ramos H.G.  , Rocha T.
Published: February 2025

In this paper the inversion process is related to the eddy current evaluation of aluminum plates. A special probe that applies a spatially uniform excitation field is used. The excitation field is invariant under the probe translations and permits to simplify the resolution of the inverse problem. The inversion process consists on the approximate determination of the current density on the plate that permits the characterization of the defects geometry. The inversion is regularized by the Tikhonov method and the optimum regularization parameter is determined using the L-curve.
Magnetic Field Measurement-based PRFEC for Detection and Classification of Subsurface Corrosion
Authors: Li Yong  , Li Da  , Yan Bei  , Li Yili  , Abidin Ilham Zainal  , Chen Zhenmao  , Liu Xiangbiao
Published: February 2025

As one of the advanced Electromagnetic Non-destructive Evaluation (ENDE) techniques, Pulsed Remote Field Eddy Current technique (PRFEC) has been found advantageous over the other ENDE methods particularly in evaluation of ferromagnetic multi-layered tubular structures. In this paper, PRFEC in conjunction with magnetic field measurement using solid-state magnetic sensors for detection and classification of subsurface corrosion in ferromagnetic multi-layered tubular structures is intensively investigated through simulations and experiments. The characteristics and features of magnetic field signals against different subsurface corrosion are analysed, whilst a noise-suppression method integrating principle component analysis and independent component analysis is proposed in a bid to mitigate the non-stochastic noise in defect-scanning curves. Following this, the feasibility of most likelihood method for classification of subsurface corrosion via PRFEC is investigated.
Conflict Management in a Confrontational Political Environment
Authors: Zellner Wolfgang
Published: February 2025

Conflict management does not happen in a political vacuum, but is carried out in a more or less benign political environment. Therefore, the first part of this brief essay deals with the recently changed nature of the political relations between Russia and Western States, having shifted from a primarily cooperative to a primarily confrontational one. The second section introduces some principles for multilateral conflict management that are even more important in a confrontational setting, but much more difficult to implement. Finally, how conflict management works in practice and how typical difficulties can be addressed will be analyzed in more detail, using the example of the OSCE Special Monitoring Mission (SMM) to Ukraine.
Making Model of Synergy Work: Case of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Dautovic Kenan
Published: February 2025

This article focuses on the Dayton Agreement of 1995 that brought the war against Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) to an end, and served as a foundation to secure a stable environment within the country, providing a basis for its further stabilization and development. In the author's view, this Agreement represents quite a new strategic approach to solving international conflicts, with the partial delegation of the UN's legitimacy to regional arrangements, and the comprehensive addressing of political, legal, social, military, economic, and other aspects of social life. The author also believes that today, 20 years after the end of the war, BiH is still a sort of geopolitical laboratory with a comprehensive approach strategy in place, and with enough space to judge as to its results and overall effectiveness. The article argues that the comprehensive approach reified in the Dayton Agreement's implementation strategy has, in the case of BiH, resulted in a synergetic effect of its all parts, thus providing a solid basis on which to build the concept of a Model of Synergy as a theoretical contribution to the discipline of international relations. Through analyzing the engagement of three of the Dayton Agreement's key implementing bodies – namely NATO, the EU and the OSCE – the author demonstrates that the manner of their participation in the conflict resolution and conflict management process was through establishing their mutual synergetic cooperation.
The Ukrainian Hybrid Warfare and Neuroscience – Dismantling Some Facets of the Psychosphere
Authors: Barna Cristian  , Dugan Cosmin
Published: February 2025

The goal of the paper is to establish to what extent military neuroscience plays a part (or can be used to explain some features) in the designing of the irregular (hybrid) warfare. Using the Eastern border of Ukraine and the Crimea crisis as the object of study, we question three facets of this type of confrontation. First, tailored propaganda that synergically combined classical themes with more advanced neuromarketing-like features, persistently targeting different features of memories (real, idealized history, recycled themes from old soviet propaganda) from multiple media channels – TV, radio, social media – and by highlighting the efforts to strengthen Russian collective identity. The second issue brought into discussion refers to the manipulation of medical infrastructure, including the medical staff, facilities, drugs, knowledge of medical data (including general and targeted behavioral data - psychological, psychiatrical, neurological and endocrinological) etc., as a means to consolidate the control over civilian population, spreading false medical rumors, demonizing the opponent and creating data collection and influence networks. The last feature is probably the most important and controversial – the use of psychotropic substances or more advanced forms of psychological control combined with other means of manipulating external motivation (money, rewards, blackmail, citizenship, ideology, political and economic privileges, etc.) by unconscripted individuals – “national rebels” (difficult to distinguish from mercenaries, delinquents, social outcasts, mentally ill) involved in a decentralized low intensity conflict, an intrinsic feature of irregular warfare. In the end, one of our conclusion is that the changing shape of the mind-based dimension (“psychosphere”) of future wars should have an adequate response in developing the medical intelligence studies, and especially the military neuroscience branch.
Building National Capabilities and Countering Hybrid Threats: Lessons Learned
Authors: Coldea Florian
Published: February 2025

When speaking about Ukraine, the first word that comes to one's mind to describe the security threats is “hybrid”. We are analyzing the hybrid warfare, looking at all the nuances of the hybrid threats, and announcing a new way to exert power, i.e. making use of the hybrid tools. But if we are taking a breath and looking not so far in history, we realize that hybrid warfare is not really new: we have all seen before energy security used as a political weapon, conventional military maneuvers combined with powerful cyber-attacks and increased propaganda spread through new media. I believe that when we observe a disturbing pattern happening several times, although in various degrees of ampleness and coherence, we may rethink our previous responses and reconsider our past counter-actions. The purpose is a multi-faceted one: to better prepare ourselves, to be more pro-active, to extend a helping hand to our partners and to assume supporting measures, instead of reacting about countless breaches of international legal regulations.
NATO's – EU's Strategic Defence and Security Review
Authors: Nalmpantis Polychronis
Published: February 2025

Historically, states' defence reviews are undertaken to assign the defence policy and the resources and means necessary to achieve nationals' objectives, that related to defend national security at home and to protect and to provide projection of national interest abroad. Nowadays, numerous emergencies in the NATO's and European Union's strategic neighborhood, hybrid security threats, years of uncoordinated cuts in defence spending and rapidly evolving global trends have taken place in a multipolar world. Furthermore, the delayed reaction, by NATO and EU against Crimea's annexation by Russia, under the term of “Solidarity” [Readiness Action Plan (RAP)/2014, Political Guidance (PG15)/2015, NATO Defence Planning Process (NDPP)/2015-18], defines the necessity to be more efficient and more effective their military strategy in order to meet today's security challenges and promotes the NATO's and EU's own values and interests. Focus on a contribution to territorial defence, NATO and EU must become complementary /supplementary into a political and military ability to conduct military operations into and beyond their borders.
Main Features of the Hybrid Warfare Concept
Authors: Eremia Cristian
Published: February 2025

The topic that we are to address is getting an increasing attention on both national and international arena. I believe that a good understanding of the complexity of the hybrid warfare or asymmetric threats, concepts that are currently used in covering almost all changes in the international security environment, contributes to a better coordination of efforts in countering them. I will try to underline main features of the hybrid warfare concept and to raise questions and possible approaches on this topic as possible food for thought for your debate.
Reflecting Developments in Hybrid Warfare into Defence Policy
Authors: Tagarev Todor
Published: February 2025

Hybrid Warfare is not a new phenomenon, but the use of the term is recent, and the concept came to the attention of European scholars, experts and policy makers with the start of the conflict in Crimea. At the high end of the spectrum of hybrid warfare tools is the military force. Hence, one rightfully expects to see commensurate military measures, reflected in national and allied defence policies. This chapter therefore takes a look first at the types of military capabilities and level of readiness necessary to counter hybrid warfare. It emphasizes the requirements for relatively light, highly maneuverable forces, capable to operate in urban environment and work with local communities, along with a capacity to achieve and maintain information and knowledge superiority and to repel an assault from the air or the sea. Then it calls for enhanced cooperation, coordination, and collaboration (C3) among multiple stakeholders that cover a spectrum well beyond the traditional remits of the security sector. Towards the provision of adequate capabilities and effective C3, the author emphasizes organizational agility and adaptiveness. The final section discusses the need to strengthen the integrity of defence organizations, thus limiting opponents' opportunities to influence the behavior of decision-makers and other defence personnel.
Advancement in Additive Manufacturing & Numerical Modelling Considerations of Direct Energy Deposition Process
Authors: Zeng Quanren  , Xu Zhenhai  , Tian Yankang  , Qin Yi
Published: February 2025

The development speed and application range of the additive manufacturing (AM) processes, such as selective laser melting (SLM), laser metal deposition (LMD) or laser-engineering net shaping (LENS), are ever-increasing in modern advanced manufacturing field for rapid manufacturing, tooling repair or surface enhancement of the critical metal components. LMD is based on a kind of directed energy deposition (DED) technology which ejects a strand of metal powders into a moving molten pool caused by energy-intensive laser to finally generate the solid tracks on the workpiece surface. Accurate numerical modelling of LMD process is considered to be a big challenge due to the involvement of multiple phase changes and accompanied mass and heat flows. This paper overviews the existing advancement of additive manufacturing, especially its subcategory relating to the DED. The LMD process is analyzed in detail and subsequently broken down to facilitate the simulation of each physical stage involved in the whole process, including powder transportation and dynamics, micro-mechanical modelling, formation of deposited track and residual stress on the substrate. The proposed modelling considerations and a specific CFD model of powder feeding will assist in accurately simulating the DED process; it is particularly useful in the field of aerospace manufacturing which normally has demanding requirements on its products.
Effect of Powder Metallurgy Parameters on the Performance of EDM Tool Electrodes
Authors: Gill Amoljit Singh  , Kumar Sanjeev
Published: February 2025

Powder metallurgy (PM) process has emerged as an effective method for manufacturing Electrical Discharge Machining tool because of its economic and fast processing capability as well as its versatility in providing any desired composition. Tool electrodes manufactured by PM have also been used effectively for surface modification purposes in EDM. The present study investigates the effect of PM process parameters on the sintered density and shrinkage of tool electrodes and their performance in EDM. The surface morphology of the machined surface has been studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy. It can be concluded that the PM tool electrode manufactured using 325 mesh powder, 200 MPa compaction pressure and sintering temperature of 850 °C gives the best surface properties after EDM. This tool is also suitable for alloying purpose in EDM since it has lower shrinkage after sintering and high density required for better discharge during the machining process.
Development of PID Controller for Vibratory Milling
Authors: Alharbi Wael Naji  , Batako Andre  , Gomm Barry
Published: February 2025

Milling process is one of the most commonly used in manufacturing industry. However, there is a serious problem in milling which is the chatter generated under unsuitable cutting conditions. A possible solution is to use control algorithms to supress this problem. PID control algorithms remain the most popular approach for industrial process control despite continual advances in control theory. This paper presents an application of vibration into milling process using oscillation in one direction. Acceleration and displacement signals, and forces in 3-axis are measured using a dynamometer. Here, a system identification process for this particular system is presented with a simulation results. A full control feedback system (PID controller), that controls the Vibration, is elaborated in Matlab software.
A Multi Degree of Freedom Actuation System for Robot and Machine Vision Industrial Applications
Authors: Ashu Mfortaw Elvis  , Shafik Mahmoud  , Oraifige Ilias
Published: February 2025

This paper presents the ongoing research to develop an actuation system with multi-degree of freedom, for robot and machine vision industrial applications. This is mainly aiming to overcome the current teething issues with digital visual transducer spot angle and enhance the relevant industrial applications performance and accuracy, at low cost. This paper is focused on the actuation system design and development. It covers the actuation system design optimisation, structure, and working principles. Finite element analysis has been used in the design optimisation process. This has been utilised to test the actuation system structure, investigate the dynamic behaviour and the deformation of the stator (active piezo-ceramic electrodes). The initial analysis and experimental results of the work is also presented in this paper and this is showed the potential of the current development.
Factory Automation and Information Technology Convergence in Complex Manufacturing
Authors: Fan Ip-Shing  , Oswin Leon
Published: February 2025

High Value Manufacturing has been deploying automation to improve their manufacturing processes. The technology controlling factory automation, operating technology (OT) is closely linked to Industrie 4.0 concept. The shop floor is also tightly coupled with the production and material management systems like ERP. Office purposed Information Technology (IT) has been developed in a different technology path from OT. Technology associated with IT is increasingly being used within the OT domain to the advantage of equipment manufacturers and users. Historically, maintenance of automation is managed in the same way as technical machines in the shop floor. When things go wrong, shop floor technical experts and the suppliers work together to rectify the situation. Support of office IT has a more defined system with best practice frameworks and skills standards. This research provides an analysis of a leading global aerospace manufacturer to identify the implication of IT and OT convergence.
Development of a Simulation-Based Approach to Smart Management of Energy Consumption in Buildings and Their Implementation
Authors: Pour A.N.R.  , Cheng K.
Published: February 2025

The research presented in this paper aims to study possible methods for prediction modelling the energy consumption in a building. The system under study is building in Brunel University London where a measurement system has made it possible to record the required data for energy consumption modelling over a one-year period. As the real captured data shows, the energy consumption trend highly oscillates in a way that appears to be stochastic. In this regard, it is necessary to apply and evaluate various modelling methods in order to find the best fit model of sufficient accuracy. The performance of both dynamic and static modelling is evaluated to find the best level of fitness. After applying several static and dynamic, and linear and nonlinear methods, it is observed that an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) method, among the dynamic models, and Least Squares with Integral Cost Function (LSICF) among the static ones provide the best fit for forecasting energy consumption patterns. Energy Consumption prediction and energy management system goes hand in hand. For implementing an effective management system, firstly should predict the energy consumption and therefore, find out the extra usage of energy.
Texturing of Tool Insert Using Femtosecond Laser
Authors: Khan Ashfaq  , Khan Aftab  , Shah Kamran  , Ul Haq Izhar  , Khan Mushtaq  , Imran Syed Husain  , Sheikh Mohammad A.  , Li Lin
Published: February 2025

Chip removal processes are one of key processes of the manufacturing industry where chip removal is conducted by tool inserts of exceptionally hard materials. Tungsten carbide has been extensively used as tool insert for machining processes involving chip removal processes. These hard materials are generally fabricated by single step sintering process as further modification after fabrication in these materials cannot be done easily. Advances in tool surface modification have revealed that advantages such as improved tribological properties and extended tool life can be harnessed from the same tool by texturing the tool rake surface. Moreover, it has been observed that the shape and location of the texture also influences the behavior. Although texturing offers plentiful advantages the challenge lies in the generation of textures on the tool surface. Extremely hard material such as diamond is required to process tungsten carbide. Laser is unique processing tool that does not have a physical contact with the material and thus does not wear. In this research the potential of utilizing laser for texturing of tungsten carbide to develop custom features would be studied. A parametric study of texturing of Tungsten Carbide with a femto second laser would be conducted to investigate the process parameters and establish the feasible processing window. The effect of fluence, scan speed and number of repetition would be viewed in detail. Moreover, the mechanism for the generation of features would also be reviewed.
Monitoring Electrodermal Activity for Stress Recognition Using a Wearable
Authors: Martínez-Rodrigo Arturo  , Fernández-Caballero Antonio  , Silva Fábio  , Novais Paulo
Published: February 2025

This paper introduces a novel and unobtrusive wearable monitoring device to be used for stress recognition. The paper offers details on the hardware design as well as on the software processes needed to classify between calm and stressed subjects. Only one physiological variable, the electrodermal activity, is used in this work. Moreover, the experimentation, training and testing of the mathematical classification model are also provided. A correctness of 82.5% is achieved by the combination of three skin conductivity response features. It is also interesting to highlight that the proposed approach reports a sensitivity of 89% when differentiating stressed from calm people.
Intrabody Communication for Implants in Body Area Network Scenarios
Authors: Teshome Assefa K.  , Kibret Behailu  , Lai Daniel T.H.
Published: February 2025

This paper studies implant communication in the Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN) and presents a novel analytical electromagnetic model for galvanically coupled Intra-body Communication (IBC) for implants. The model is versatile to be applied to any part of the human body as it is based on multilayered ellipsoidal geometry. Experimental validation and Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) analysis show that the model is highly accurate for implant-to-implant and implant-to-surface communication. With high degree of miniaturizability, path loss at the surface of the skin is found to around 35 dB; that shows Galvanically coupled IBC implants are a good alternative compared to existing wireless implants.
A Low Cost, Wireless Spinal Motion Measurement Device
Authors: Sobey Sammuel A.  , Grimshaw Paul N.  , Grainger Steven  , Robertson William S.P.  , Taylor Isaac  , Weston Melissa
Published: February 2025

In this study, a low cost Spinal Motion Measurement device (SMM) was created. The device consists of up to three inertial measurement units (IMUs) and two accelerometers. The IMUs are primarily used to measure the orientation and angular rate of the spine, however they can also be used on other body segments. The accelerometers are used to determine if the user is standing or sitting. The SMM uses inexpensive IMUs that are comparable in orientation accuracy to more expensive IMUs and optical motion capture in axes perpendicular to gravity. The SMM is capable of logging data at a maximum frequency of ~55Hz and has a wireless range of 15m. The SMM has shown potential to be a useful, low cost alternative for the collection of human movement data.
The Importance of Port Security System in the Implementation of Transport Modal-Shift
Authors: Žgaljić Dražen  , Badurina-Tomić Paola  , Plenča Matej
Published: February 2025

In a world where terrorism, organized crime, illegal immigrants and thefts have become constant on a global level in every aspect of transportation, the transport sector has not been spared. Recent terrorist activities points out that ports, as a major and initial point of maritime transport, are still not attractive targets for this type of illegal activity. Nevertheless, it is necessary to apply preventative measures to reduce the opportunities of a terrorist attack within the entire transport sector. Most studies concerning the shipping industry are pointing out the fact that ships can be used as a tool for planned terrorist attacks, especially when they are in a port. Accordingly, a series of measures and regulations, relevant to the implementation and application of an appropriate system to protect ships and ports internationally, have been adopted. One of these measures is International Code of Security of Ships and Ports (ISPS code). The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the importance of a common approach of coordination and standardization of ISPS application in ports, and making it efficient on a regional level. Furthermore, its intention is to highlight the direct and indirect impact that may arise from the illegal activities, which could result in negative modal shift whose realization is one of the priorities of the European Union.
NATO Dialogue with the Defence and Security Industry in the Context of the Hybrid Threats
Authors: Lazar Liviu
Published: February 2025

Three elements are seen important for this debate:
Cyber Security and CIP: A Potential Role for OSCE
Authors: Hiller Ben
Published: February 2025

Critical infrastructures are essential to all states and any attacks on critical infrastructure can cripple the economy of the state or even harm the lives of its citizens. Advanced developed states have developed cyber programmes, with a specific few having created offensive cyber capabilities. When we live in a world of constant threat of cyber-attacks, countries need to adapt CBMs so as to avoid misunderstandings and create transparency. In this report we will discuss the importance of cyber security, showcase a possible scenario between two countries and figure out what is next for the OSCE in the field of critical infrastructure protection.
CBRN Terrorism and the Challenge of Daesh
Authors: Bliddal Henrik
Published: February 2025

Daesh – the so-called Islamic State – is already using chemical weapons in Iraq and Syria. With considerable access to funding and territory, Daesh is now seeking to acquire a broader Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) arsenal. The group certainly has the motivation to employ a CBRN device in Europe or North America – not least because it would fit its media strategy. In sum, the risk that Daesh carries out acts of CBRN terrorism is growing. This contribution addresses the threat and concludes with some thoughts on how to sharpen Euro-Atlantic responses.
Support System Design for Remote Area Surveillance and Protection Requirements
Authors: Richardson Andrew C.  , Mo John P.T.
Published: February 2025

The Australian mainland has 35,876 km of coastline, and an additional 23,859 km of island coastline. The persistence of illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing has been identified as a major factor contributing to the overexploitation of marine resources worldwide. Unfortunately, this vast area requires a great deal of resources and costs hundreds of million dollars to protect. Due to decisions at different times, the patrol boat bases are located at the east side of Australia while most illegal activities are at the north west, which is located a vast distance from where the asset is. Instead of piecemeal development in the past, the current situation has called for a model-based design methodology for the support system design. This paper reviews methodologies commonly used in service systems design and outlines a system model that captures elements of the support system and improves the processes of developing a viable solution to the problem.
Parallel Engineering: Our Next Step
Authors: Fukuda Shuichi
Published: February 2025

Rapidly increasing diversification calls for a new industry framework. Traditional framework was linear and sequential. Concurrent Engineering worked very well in these environments to reduce time to market. But to meet widely diversifying requirements, we have to develop another framework to adapt to this situation. Parallel Engineering is proposed. It will enable us to adapt quickly to the changes and we can explore new markets. This framework pivots on emerging technologies in material and in networking. Parts companies will play a central role and by combining these parts, any products can be realized to meet personal preferences and needs of customers.
Scope Patterns for Projects Modeled as Sociotechnical Systems
Authors: Moser Bryan R.
Published: February 2025

This paper examines the treatment of scope as project attribute, arguing that an improved representation will allow increased fidelity of project plan trade space enumeration and preferred plan selection. Cost, schedule, and scope are emergent characteristics of a project's integrated architecture, activities, and resources uniquely for a project at hand. System engineering as commonly practiced places strong, early emphasis on product architecture and requirements, including enumeration of system options prior to interplay with aspects of project implementation. As such, system options are often framed and pruned prior to effective examination of project feasibility. Characteristics of scope are presented suitable for model-based design of projects. Scope is defined as the tangible outcomes of project tasks. Scope items should be useful in the evolution of project knowledge and interplay with requirements and resources. Target-neutral, resource-nominal, and exception-capable patterns of scope are described.