bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of body size and food concentration on the in situ filtering rate of Sida crystallina1
Authors: Downing John A. , Peters Robert H.
Published: March 2010

The effect of body length and of concentrations of suspended material and periphyton on the filtering rate of Sida crystallina was measured in situ. The filtering rate of Sida (VF , ml·animal−1·d−1) was predictable from body length (L, mm) and the concentration of small (<35 µm) suspended particles (Sn , mg·liter−1 dry wt) by the equation

urn:x-wiley:00243590:media:lno19802550883:lno19802550883-math-0001

This relationship shows that the filtering rate increased with body length and that the relationship between filtering rate and body length changed with food concentration. The filtering rate decreased with increasing food concentration, and the rate of this decrease declined with decreasing body size. The validity of the assumption that Sida ingests all particulate matter <35 µm at the same rate as radioactive yeast cells (Rhodotorula) was examined and feeding rates (IF) were calculated: IF = VFSn. IF increased with increasing food concentration. The data suggest that the incipient limiting food concentration increased with body length of Sida. These data collected on Sida indicate that the consequences of correcting filtering rates to standard body size and of predicting filtering rates of field animals but ignoring natural size distributions may be significant. The concentration of periphyton, a postulated alternate food source for Sida, was found to have a small but significant effect on the filtering rate of naturally occurring animals.
Grazing and predation of the grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio1
Authors: Morgan Mark D.
Published: March 2010

The grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio did not significantly consume live sea grass (Halodule wrightii), but assimilation of the attached epiphytes was quite significant. Salinity changes from 11–33‰ had no effect on the amount of epiphytes assimilated but increasing the temperature from 14°–30°C exponentially increased the epiphyte consumption rate. The assimilation rate per unit body weight declined significantly for shrimp ranging from 6 to 54 mg dry weight (11–24‐mm total length). Total assimilation of epiphytes increased with shrimp size up to 25–30 mg, after which it leveled off or declined. Assimilation efficiencies averaged about 83% and were not affected by changes in temperature and salinity.

Small shrimp (11–15 mm) did not prey on mysids but larger ones (19–22 mm) did. The maximum consumption rate was six mysids per shrimp per day and was attained at a mysid density of about 400·m−2. Halodule without epiphytes did not provide a refuge for the mysids, but the addition of epiphytes as an alternative food significantly reduced the predation pressure.
1,2
Authors: Pastorok Robert A.
Published: March 2010

Laboratory experiments on prey selection by Chaoborus larvae show that predator choice as well as differential encounter rates with prey determine the composition of the diet. As the larval crop and midgut become filled with food during a feeding bout, the predator avoids eating some available Daphnia and specializes on Diaptomus. After 3 days of starvation at 15°C, the gut system is empty and Chaoborus attacks prey indiscriminately. Then, daphnids are overrepresented in the diet because the predator encounters them more frequently than copepods of equal size. Daphnia swims about twice as fast as Diaptomus and “encounters” a stationary “electric eye” at twice the rate measured for cop epods. The strike efficiency of larvae for encountered prey is the same for both species.

Since feeding selectivity is inversely proportional to larval hunger state, prey selection varies with the abundance of prey and season. In general, larvae collected during autumn have lower feeding rates and are more selective than larvae collected during summer. When food increases, previously opportunistic larvae may become selective within a few hours; but satiated larvae take several days to relax their preferences under a lowered food regime.
A remote sampling device for under‐ice water, bottom biota, and sediments1
Authors: King Eric W. , Everitt David A.
Published: March 2010

A sediment and water sampler designed for use through surface ice uses the principle of mechanical suction. It can he deployed through a hole of 11.09‐cm diameter which can be drilled easily in thick ice with a Sipre ice auger.
Processing of confined and naturally entrained leaf litter in a woodland stream ecosystem1
Authors: Cummins Kenneth W. , Spengler George L. , Ward G. Milton , Speaker Robert M. , Ovink Roger W. , Mahan David C. , Mattingly Rosanna L.
Published: March 2010

A comparison between stream community processing rates of naturally entrained leaf litter and leaves in packs or 1‐mm‐mesh bags demonstrated that packs served as a suitable analogue of processing in exposed sites (riffles) whereas bags did not. In riffles, leaves in bags were processed at rates characteristic of litter in depositional zones (pools and alcoves). A length‐weight regression method for evaluating the range of microhabitat‐related processing rates in stream communities appears suitable. Leaf litter nitrogen levels and increased processing rates by shredders reflected microbial conditioning. Shredders responded to high quality bass‐wood (Tilia americana) leaves by increasing their density rather than growth per individual.
Methane oxidation in Lake Tanganyika (East Africa)
Authors: Rudd John W. M.
Published: March 2010

Methane oxidation rates were measured at five stations on Lake Tanganyika. Oxidation occurred mainly within a narrow zone at the boundary of the seasonally mixed layer and the permanently anoxic monimolimnion. Whole lake methane oxidation rates were estimated to have varied seasonally from 3.8 to 5.8 mmol CH4·m−2·d−1. The annual rate was tentatively estimated to be about 3.1 mmol CH4·m−2·yr−1, equivalent to at least 10% of annual primary productivity. Certain differences and similarities of methane cycling in Lakes Tanganyika and Kivu are compared to those in lakes of other types.
Fact and artifact in copepod feeding experiments1
Authors: Harbison G. R. , McAlister V. L.
Published: March 2010

In several recent papers dealing with the feeding of copepods on natural particle assemblages investigators have claimed to show types of behavior more complex than simple sieving by the animals. We question these interpretations because first, the sensing‐zone counters used in these experiments size particles on the basis of their volumes, so that the equivalent spherical diameters thus obtained bear little relationship to the linear dimensions of many algal cells; and second, sieves remove particles from water on the basis of their linear dimensions, not necessarily on the basis of their volumes. If mixtures of phytoplankton of diverse shapes are passed through a sieve and sized with a sensing‐zone counter, the sieve will appear to have “behavior.” Two other sources of artifact—the breakage of phytoplankton cells by experimental agitation and by the feeding of the copepods—add to the difficulties of interpreting natural particle experiments. Proper control experiments to evaluate the contribution of these sources of artifact to experimental results have not yet been done.
Disjunct distributions of two aquatic predators1
Authors: Williams Ernest H.
Published: March 2010

Two planktonic predators found in high altitude ponds of the Rockies are distributed locally in a disjunct fashion. Larvae of Chaoborus americanus are well known planktivores and can eliminate the semipredacious copepod Diaptomus shoshone from a pond; but in spite of the close proximity of many of these ponds, early instars of Chaoborus are rarely found in the presence of D. shoshone, and the densities are extremely low in the few cases of coexistence. Feeding experiments show that D. shoshone adults prey on early instar Chaoborus, but the later the midge instar, the greater its survivorship in the presence of D. shoshone. The copepods are in turn preyed upon by 4th instar midge larvae. The life cycles of the two species are offset so that midge eggs hatch in the presence of D. shoshone adults. It is suggested that reciprocal predatory interactions such as this one are unstable.
Bacterial utilization of algal extracellular products. 1. The kinetic approach
Authors: Bell Wayne H.
Published: March 2010

Equations based on the kinetic model for estimating heterotrophic potential are derived which permit a linear kinetic analysis of the utilization of algal extracellular products by bacteria. Laboratory studies with a specific algal‐bacterial system suggest that the analysis will show changes in heterotrophic population size and in concentrations of extracellular products. Deviations from linear predictions of the model may also reveal aspects of the degree of specificity of algal‐bacterial interactions mediated by extracellular products. Application of the mixed substrate model may permit the detection and qualitative evaluation of the ecological significance of a phycosphere effect generated by algal blooms.
Bacterial utilization of algal extracellular products. 2. A kinetic study of natural populations
Authors: Bell Wayne H. , Sakshaug Egil
Published: March 2010

The uptake of 14C‐labeled extracellular products from Skeletonema costatum by native bacterial populations was analyzed during a bloom of this alga in the Trondheimsfjord, Norway. Data in agreement with the linear predictions of a mixed‐substrate kinetic model were obtained on each of 10 separate occasions. Changes in the kinetic parameters indicated that a 4‐fold increase in bacterial activity was enough to prevent a large accumulation of dissolved extracellular products. Transient inhibition of bacterial activity occurred during the late exponential phase of the algal bloom. Labeled extracellular products from Chaetoceros affinis were not utilized in a manner that could be analyzed according to the kinetic model. The data indicate that the bloom of S. costatum stimulated the activity of a specific bacterial flora which established a dynamic equilibrium between the release and consumption in situ of extracellular products.
Patterns of dissolved organic carbon in transport1
Authors: Kaplan Louis A. , Larson Richard A. , Bott Thomas L.
Published: March 2010

Two distinct patterns of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in transport were observed in a southeastern Pennsylvania piedmont drainage basin under low flow conditions. In relatively undisturbed woodland spring seeps, DOC concentrations increased with distance from the groundwater sources as did the apparent percentage of high molecular weight DOC, Changes in pH, color, and phenolic‐C paralleled those for total DOC in a seep, while the concentration of carbohydrate‐C remained relatively constant. In headwater areas perturbed by humans, cattle, or waterfowl, elevated DOC concentrations decreased rapidly from point source inputs.
Photosynthesis—light relationships of a mixed culture of phytoplankton in fluctuating light
Authors: Gallegos Charles L. , Hornberger George M. , Kelly Mahlon G.
Published: March 2010

Rates of oxygen production and inorganic carbon uptake by a mixed culture of phytoplankton were determined in a highly variable light regime. Scatter diagrams of the results revealed a smoothly varying relationship between irradiance and photosynthetic oxygen release except when the rate of oxygen release was depressed by CO2 depletion. There was no indication that the instantaneous rate of oxygen production depended on light intensities received in the recent (5–30 min) past. However, the net rate of inorganic carbon uptake exhibited large, transient fluctuations in response to rapid changes in light as CO2 became depleted (<0.001 mg·liter−1). Spectral analysis showed that the transient fluctuations in inorganic carbon exchange were related to the rate of change in irradiance. Enhanced transport of inorganic carbon into the cells at high pH may account for the highest rates of carbon uptake; diffusional loss of intracellular CO2, photorespiration, or both may account for the highest rates of carbon release. Models derived from incubations at constant light intensities cannot account for the observed fluctuations in inorganic carbon uptake, indicating the importance of light variability, especially in systems that become depleted of CO2.
Vertical distribution of invertebrate drift in a large river1
Authors: Matter William J. , Hopwood A. J.
Published: March 2010

Invertebrate drift in large rivers has often been sampled at only one depth, under the assumption that drift density is equal throughout the water column. A new sampling apparatus showed that the vertical distribution of drift density for the baetid mayflies Pseudocloeon and Baetis and for the caddisflies Hydropsyche and Cheumatopsyche was not uniform.
Design of a Lagrangian surface current tracer1
Authors: Cook David O. , Richardson James W. , Flynn Timothy L. , Berger Kenneth J.
Published: March 2010

A Lagrangian tracer has been developed for offshore surface current studies which responds to flow in the uppermost meter of the water column. The tracer emits dye to aid in visual sighting and is equipped with a radio beacon which permits relocation for several days by aircraft. The tracers can be deployed by aircraft or by surface vessels, and once deployed exhibit minimal windage.
An evaluation of an unattended current and temperature profiler for deep lakes
Authors: Hamblin P. F. , Kuehnel R.
Published: March 2010

A system is described for the long term unattended measurement of profiles of horizontal current and temperature at high vertical resolution in a deep lake. Current is measured by a sensitive probe based on differences in the time of flight of acoustic pulses. The reference velocity for the sensor is established from both laboratory and in situ data. Techniques for correcting the temperature‐dependent gain of the sensor and for correcting the current for vehicle motion are outlined. Profiler data are compared with standard limnological data collected over two periods of 6 weeks each in a deep, fjordlike lake; on the basis of these results the threshold speed of the profiler is estimated to be 2 cm·s−1 with a resolution of ±2.0 cm·s−1 rms. Data from the instrument illustrate the short term variability of the velocity structure in lakes.
Developing a multivariable prognostic model for pancreatic endocrine tumors using the clinical data warehouse resources of a single institution
Authors: Anagnostou Valsamo , Hartvigsen Gunnar , Hripcsak George , Weng Chunhua , Botsis Taxiarchis
Published: March 2010

Objective: Current staging systems are not accurate for classifying pancreatic endocrine tumors (PETs) by risk. Here, we developed a prognostic model for PETs and compared it to the WHO classification system.

Methods: We identified 98 patients diagnosed with PET at NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Medical Center (1999 to 2009). Tumor and clinical characteristics were retrieved and associations with survival were assessed by univariate Cox analysis. A multivariable model was constructed and a risk score was calculated; the prognostic strength of our model was assessed with the concordance index.

Results: Our cohort had median age of 60 years and consisted of 61.2% women; median follow-up time was 10.4 months (range: 0.1-99.6) with a 5-year survival of 61.5%. The majority of PETs were non-functional and no difference was observed between functional and non-functional tumors with respect to WHO stage, age, pathologic characteristics or survival. Distant metastases, aspartate aminotransferase-AST and surgical resection (HR=3.39, 95% CI: 1.38-8.35, p=0.008, HR=3.73, 95% CI: 1.20-11.57, p=0.023 and HR=0.20, 95% CI: 0.08-0.51, p<0.001 respectively) were the strongest predictors in the univariate analysis. Age, perineural and/or lymphovascular invasion, distant metastases and AST were the independent prognostic factors in the final multivariable model; a risk score was calculated and classified patients into low (n=40), intermediate (n=48) and high risk (n=10) groups. The concordance index of our model was 0.93 compared to 0.72 for the WHO system.

Conclusion: Our prognostic model was highly accurate in stratifying patients by risk; novel approaches as such could thus be incorporated into clinical decisions.
The importance of family: a case report
Authors: Bernard Sarah , Gratton Suzannah , Momcilovic Natasa
Published: March 2010

This case report highlights the importance of the role of the family in supporting a young person with a developmental disability. The young person discussed has a complex neurodevelopmental disorder with co‐morbid physical health problems. Her family have coped with a number of events in CR's life, ensuring that she has always had their support and understanding. At the time of transition there is a risk of failure to understand the complexities of the role of the family in CR's life. The implications will be discussed.
Ethical dilemmas of antenatal screening for Down's syndrome in primary care
Authors: Douglas Neil
Published: March 2010

A fictionalised case report is used to highlight the author's experience of antenatal screening for Down's syndrome in a primary care setting. The case of a Bangladeshi woman who has a strongly positive result for a screening test for which she has not given informed consent is examined from several different ethical standpoints. The dilemma posed by the case is resolved using a narrative ethical approach.
Therapeutic progressions of client and therapist throughout a course of psychodynamic therapy with a man with mild learning disabilities and anger problems
Authors: Alim Nadja
Published: March 2010

Despite a long history of psychodynamic therapy interventions with people with learning disabilities and anger problems, there is little evidence that suggests that this approach is effective. The present case study explored 18 pychodynamic therapy sessions with an adult with mild learning disabilities and anger problems, investigating therapy outcomes and progress along a nine‐stage Malan (1979) model, as well as analysing therapeutic interactions leading to therapy progression. The patient's progression along Malan stages was explored by a thematic analysis matching therapy sessions to the Malan model. The investigation of therapeutic interactions was achieved by discourse analysis of those therapy sessions indicative of Malan‐Stage progression. The results are discussed and suggestions for future research and practice implications are made.
Towards knowledge‐based practice in complex child protection cases: a research‐based expert briefing
Authors: Thoburn June
Published: March 2010

This article is an extended version of an ‘experts’ briefing' commissioned to inform senior child welfare managers in English local authorities and voluntary agencies about the available evidence to inform the provision of effective services in complex child protection cases. It starts by noting how differences in the approach to service provision in different jurisdictions affect both the nature of research conducted and its transferability across national boundaries. It then summarises the characteristics both of parents who are likely to maltreat their children and also of the children most likely to be maltreated. The factors that make some families ‘hard to engage’ or ‘hard to help/change’ are then discussed, as are the essential elements of effective professional practice in child protection. Particular attention is paid to effective approaches to helping families and young people who are hard to identify or engage.
Teams as Author: Narrative and Knowledge Creation in case Discussions in Multi-Disciplinary Health Teams
Authors: Opie A.
Published: March 2010

Narrative has been described as a universally used means for ordering experience. Although the narratives of medical teams have received recent attention, those produced by health professionals in multi-disciplinary health care teams in the course of their everyday work in team reviews and case discussions about service users have not. This paper, then, presents a discussion of an under-investigated area of narrative in the social sciences. The analysis is developed from the narratives produced during team reviews conducted over several weeks about 2 users - one a quadriplegic, the other, a psychiatric patient in a medium secure unit. The major issues with which the paper is concerned are: (i) the identification and explanation of significant differences between the narratives produced by medical and multi-disciplinary teams; (ii) the identification of a suppressed dimension (both in the literature on health care teams, and in the practice of these teams) on the management of difference in the development of complex multi-disciplinary team narratives; and (iii) how members of MD teams work with the different professional knowledges represented by their members. The final section of the paper defines team work as primarily a process of knowledge work and knowledge creation, and it discusses some of the organizational conditions which facilitate such work.
Facilitating Social Networks among Gay Men
Authors: Cant Bob
Published: March 2010

Social networks are increasingly recognised as being beneficial to health and wellbeing. This paper, drawing from a qualitative study into health services targeted at gay men in London, explores the facilitation by service providers of social networks among gay men. Networks are dependent upon reciprocity among their participants and the study examines how shared narratives can generate a sense of the reciprocity that contributes to the development of networks. The networks discussed here promote instrumental support or communication or emotional well-being or a combination of those. The paper explores the diversity of narratives among the thirty eight gay male service users who were informants to this study. While narratives around experiencing same sex desire, encountering social isolation and making decisions about coming out were articulated by all these informants, there were other organising principles in their lives which also shaped their narratives and their decisions about whom they shared these narratives with. The paper focuses on the development of social networks among three groups of gay men: young South Asian men accessing HIV prevention services, men seeking to give up smoking in relation to their experiences in the commercial venues which constitute the gay scene and carers of gay men and lesbians suffering from a chronic disease. The paper seeks to generate opportunities for reflection about the means to promote health and well-being among members of this marginalised population group.
Toys for Boys? Women's Marginalization and Participation as Digital Gamers
Authors: Crawford Garry , Gosling Victoria
Published: March 2010

This paper develops out of ongoing research into the location and use of digital gaming in practices of everyday life. Specifically this paper draws on a questionnaire based survey of just under four hundred undergraduate students and twenty-three follow up interviews. This paper suggests that the women in this research play digital games significantly less than their male counterparts, and suggests that this is largely due to digital games continuing to be viewed, both culturally and by the gaming industry, as belonging to men. However, this paper suggests that for some women video and computer gaming can be an important social activity, and for others mobile telephone based gaming can offer a less restricted and more accessible leisure activity.
Oyster Coverage: Chiastic News as a Reflection of Local Expertise and Economic Concerns
Authors: Ten Eyck Toby A. , Deseran Forrest A.
Published: March 2010

The media, it is argued, are agents of legitimation - for themselves as well as others. Issues and social actors become recognized as important when they appear within the limelight of the news, and reporters are relied upon to correctly choose among the myriads of issues and actors vying for their attention. What happens, though, when an economically important cultural icon becomes a health threat? This is the situation facing news organizations in Southern Louisiana where oysters are both loved and loathed as food. We study newspaper presentations of oysters in Southern Louisiana over a ten-year period to investigate the ways in which this issue was approached. In many of the instances when negative articles appeared, positive statements could be found in the same issue of the newspaper, creating what we refer to as chiastic - defined as two parallel lines moving in opposite directions - media presentations. The presence of this type of news reporting is discussed in terms of the economic and cultural importance of the oyster, the economics of newspapers, and the stance of news organizations as cultural authorities.
Research Ethics and the Governance of Research Projects: The Potential of Internet Home Pages
Authors: Denscombe Martyn
Published: March 2010

This paper explores the potential of research project Home Pages in relation to the growing need for good governance of research projects. In particular, the paper considers the benefits such web pages might have in terms of research ethics and argues that research project Home Pages can provide a very straightforward, practical means of addressing a number of ethical issues related to both on-line and off-line research. Limitations to the use of research project Home Pages are also discussed and conclusions are drawn about the value of establishing appropriately designed research project Home Pages as an integral component of social research protocols.
The Gentrification of Consumption: A View from Manchester
Authors: Massey Joanne
Published: March 2010

This article gives some insight into the processes underpinning the exclusion of small traders from of the redevelopment of Manchester after the IRA bombing in 1996. This is achieved by drawing upon interviews with former traders of the Corn Exchange. This is a small subsection of a broader set of qualitative data which was gathered (between 2001 and 2002) from past and present everyday users of the Millennium Quarter. I claim that through regeneration the Millennium Quarter has experienced intense gentrification in which it has been reconfigured as an exclusive site of consumption (Smith 1996, Zukin 1995) which caters for the needs of the affluent. This gentrification is not only influenced by the middle classes who it is designed to attract but by private developers (Hackworth 2002) and often state intervention (Hackworth and Smith 2001). I draw on literature reflecting the experience of American cities (Betancur 2002, Hackworth 2002, Hackworth and Smith 2001, Zukin 1995) and more recent work about the rebuilding of Manchester (Holden 2002, Mellor 2002, Williams 2000). Whilst a significant body of literature exists regarding British cities (Atkinson 2000, Butler and Robson 2001, Hamnett and Randolph 1984, Robson and Butler 2001, Rosenburg and Watkins 1999) much of this concentrates on housing and residential areas. This paper is about the Millennium Quarter which is primarily a retail site in the central urban core and it adds to a growing literature regarding city centre redevelopment (e.g.; Chatterton and Hollands (2003); Low (2000) Van der Land (this collection).
The Captive Mother? The Place of Home in the Lives of Lone Mothers
Authors: Head Emma
Published: March 2010

Feminist writers have drawn attention to the way in which the home can be a source of oppression for women, by the experience of domestic violence and the unending burdens of domestic labour. In this literature little attention has been paid to the experiences of lone mothers specifically. This paper presents findings from empirical work with self-defined lone mothers living in social housing and in receipt of income support in south-west England. The tensions between the home being experienced in positive terms as a place of refuge or as symbolic of a new stage of life are contrasted with the experiences of home as a place of isolation and generating a sense of captivity. The way lone mothers experience the home can be understood with reference to a number of factors. These include whether the lone mother has insider or outside status in the area, the perception and experience of crime, racism, social networks and the experience of mothering.
Becoming More Accountable: A Comment on Hammersley and Gomm
Authors: Romm N.
Published: March 2010

This article provides a response to Hammersley and Gomm's article entitled Bias in Social Research (1997). Hammersley and Gomm's proposed conception of bias is rooted in a particular view of the pursuit of scientific knowledge - a view which they call nonfoundationalist. The way in which Hammersley and Gomm account for their nonfoundationalist view and the way in which they level critiques against relativism and standpoint epistemology, are challenged in this article. The discussion is focused around my concern that their account excludes (as outside the range of relevant argument in research communities) a serious consideration of alternative epistemological orientations.
Becoming Poor in Belgium and Britain: The Impact of Demographic and Labour Market Events
Authors: Dewilde Caroline
Published: March 2010

In this paper, we model the impact on the entry into poverty of a range of demographic and labour market events. Our analyses are based on longitudinal panel data from two countries belonging to a different regime type – Belgium and Britain. The results show that while in Belgium the impact of most life events is relatively small, in Britain most demographic and labour market events significantly raise the chances of becoming poor. We link the observed poverty entry patterns to the ways in which economic welfare in Belgium and Britain is distributed between the three main systems of resources distribution: the welfare state, the labour market and the family. We furthermore find that the combined influence of the interrelated parts of the welfare regime on the role of women in the household economy is a potentially important explanatory factor.
Sites of Memory or Aids to Multiculturalism? Conflicting Uses of Jewish Heritage Sites
Authors: Clark David
Published: March 2010

The immediate postwar in Europe was characterised by collective amnesia concerning where Jews had lived prior to the Holocaust. By the 1970s and mid-1980s, there was a revival of interest in residential areas, synagogues and cemeteries connected with a Jewish past, right throughout Europe, including former communist countries in the 1990s. This resulted in much renovation and the attempt to provide new uses for such sites as museums and cultural centres.

My paper focuses on the shift in emphasis from the need to preserve such sites as places of memory to an increasing concern with other issues. Such issues range from tourism promotion to the promotion of multiculturalism. This emphasis on preparing the younger generation for a future in a new multicultural state provides much of the motivation for central and local government to lend support to such initiatives, whether in Sweden, Germany or Italy, for instance.

The paper focuses on the Jewish Museum in Bologna, where I conducted fieldwork between 1999 and 2002. The study illustrates the mix of policy objectives involved, such as heritage preservation, urban regeneration, cultural policy and educational objectives. The theoretical discussion seeks to combine Clifford's notion of the museum as a contact zone (Clifford, 1997) with Foucault's notions on discourse formation (Foucault, 1972). In the process, the analysis of the museum's political economy extends beyond the four walls of the museum into the adjoining space of the ghetto and the city.
Assessing the Representativeness of the 1992 British Crime Survey: The Impact of Sampling Error and Response Biases
Authors: Elliott C. , Ellingworth D.
Published: March 2010

The paper highlights the importance of the representativeness of survey samples, using the 1992 British Crime Survey as an example. The success with which different demographic characteristics are represented in the survey sample is addressed by comparison to the 1991 Census Small Area Statistics for England and Wales. In addition, biases associated with different response rates in different areas are addressed, and given the nature of the survey, the impact of an area's crime rate on its response rate is also analysed. Finally, regression modelling is used to identify whether the same variables have explanatory power in explaining differences in crime rate and response rate.
‘Another Day, Another Demand’: How Parents and Children Negotiate Consumption Matters
Authors: Boden Sharon
Published: March 2010

This paper discusses the various kinds of pressure placed on children to consume and how their parents view and deal with this. It focuses on the consumption of clothing, the marketing of ‘fashion’ to youngsters and the commercial opportunities presented to children to construct a particular image of themselves through their choice of attire. Related to these issues are the range of constraints placed upon children's consumption as they desire to seek independence from their parents yet remain embroiled in their social networks where they seek belonging, conformity and inclusion. Leading on from this, the paper goes on to explore whether and to what extent children's increasing engagement with consumer culture affects the parent-child relationship.
Accessing Large Corporations: Research Ethics and Gatekeeper-Relations in the Case of Researching a Japanese-Invested Factory
Authors: Grønning T.
Published: March 2010

Large Japanese corporations have usually been researched according to one out of five main approaches. This short paper presents and discusses some dilemmas which emerged from a small research project where the first approach, access through the ‘front door’ by direct contact with the corporation's high-level representatives, was combined with direct contact and interviews with regular employees. The dilemmas are presented and discussed in view of the discussion within sociological methodology regarding research on sensitive topics, conditional access and relationship with gatekeepers.
Time and the Prison Experience
Authors: Wahidin Azrini
Published: March 2010

Throughout the literature on time there has been an omission of the qualitative dimension of time in relation to the experience of time in different locales. This paper will explore the nature and role of time-use in prison. Based on intensive fieldwork in 8 male and female prison establishments, this article will explore the experiences of women and men aged 50 years and above, serving a custodial sentence and their relationship with time. The data draws from 90 semi-structured interviews. The aim of this paper is firstly to landscape time use in prison. Secondly, to show how time in prison is negotiated by the prisoners and finally, examine how outside time becomes more real as the transition from a closed to an open prison becomes more imminent.
‘Pants to Poverty'? Making Poverty History, Edinburgh 2005
Authors: Gorringe Hugo , Rosie Michael
Published: March 2010

July 2005 saw 225,000 people march through Edinburgh in the city's largest ever demonstration. Their cause was the idealistic injunction to ‘Make Poverty History’ (MPH). This paper presents an analysis of the MPH march, focusing particularly on the interplay between protestors, the police and the media. Drawing on ongoing research, it interrogates the disjunction between projected and actual outcomes, paying particular scrutiny to media speculation about possible violence. It also asks how MPH differed from previous G8 protests and what occurred on the day itself. The paper considers three key aspects: the composition and objectives of the marchers (who was on the march, why they were there and what they did?), the constituency that the protestors were trying to reach, and the media coverage accorded to the campaign. The intent underlying this threefold focus is an attempt to understand the protestors and what motivated them, but also to raise the question of how ‘successful’ they were in communicating their message.
The Ambiguities of Football, Politics, Culture, and Social Transformation in Latin America
Authors: Bar-On T.
Published: March 2010

In this article, I attempt to highlight the relationships between football (soccer), politics, culture, and social change in Latin American societies. The essential argument of the paper is that football in Latin America has tended to reinforce nationalistic, authoritarian, class-based, and gender-specific notions of identity and culture. The few efforts of Latin American professional football clubs, individual players, and fans to resist these oppressive tendencies and ‘positively’ influence the wider society with public positions on pressing social and political concerns have been issue-oriented, short-term, and generally unsystematic in their assessment of the larger societal ills. In Europe, however, there has been a stronger politicization of football directed towards social change by both professional football clubs and supporters. This European tendency, like its Latin American counterparts, has also failed to tackle wider systemic and structural issues in capitalist European societies. On both continents, the ‘ludic’ notion of games has been undermined by the era of football professionalism, its excessive materialism, and a corresponding ‘win-at-all-costs’ philosophy. In the future, the world's most popular game will continue to be utilized as a political tool of mass manipulation and social control: a kind of mass secular pagan religion. As a footnote not mentioned in the essay, the 1998 World Cup in France, a worldwide event with 32 countries and an estimated 2.5 billion fans watching the matches in the stadiums and on television, will be used by the international French Evangelical Alliance called ‘Sport et Foi Mondial 98’ (‘Sport and Faith World Cup 98’) to bring the Gospel to the greatest number of people in the world: Chaplaincy work among the athletes, a Bible-Expo at a strategic location, evangelical street concerts, evangelical messages and banners in the stadiums, etc. In this instance, the new pagan and secular religion of football clashes with the traditional Christian Church - itself crippled by a loss of mass supporters and the rise of alternative secular lords. In both cases, football unwittingly acts as an agent of mass indoctrination rather than challenging established dogmas, or serving as a vehicle for deeper, systemic social change.
Beyond ‘Juggling’ and ‘Flexibility’: Classed and Gendered Experiences of Combining Employment and Motherhood
Authors: Armstrong Jo
Published: March 2010

This paper proposes that there is a need to push beyond the popular discourses of ‘flexibility’ and ‘work-life balance’. Developing a feminist-Bourdieuian approach and drawing on three illustrative case studies from my interview research with 27 mothers in the UK, I show the importance of maintaining a focus on class and gender inequalities. In the first part of the paper the concepts of capitals, dependencies and habitus which shaped, and were shaped by, this interview research are discussed. An analysis of three women's accounts of their experiences across work and family life is then used to illustrate that although these women all used terms such as ‘flexibility’ and ‘juggling’ in describing their work, the experience of that work was crucially influenced by their histories and current positioning. Tracing each of these women's trajectories from school, attention is focused on the influence of differential access to capitals and relations of dependency in the emergence of their dispositions toward work. Overall, the paper points to the significance of examining the classed and gendered dimensions of women's experiences of employment and motherhood.
‘It's Made a Huge Difference’: Recognition, Rights and the Personal Significance of Civil Partnership
Authors: Shipman Beccy , Smart Carol
Published: March 2010

In this paper we map briefly some of the arguments around the meaning and significance of the introduction of Civil Partnership in England and Wales, and in this way show how contested these meanings are with some groups profoundly against this legal reform and others supporting it, but for a mixture of reasons. We then turn to our empirical data based on interviews with same-sex couples to explore the extent to which these arguments and issues are part of the everyday decision making processes of same sex couples who have decided to register their partnerships or to undergo a commitment ceremony of some kind. In doing this, we were interested in how people make their own meanings (if they do) and whether they actually frame important decisions in their lives around the ideas that are part of the current political debates. We are interested in whether the public debates (such as legal equality) are featured in the accounts of our interviewees but we are also concerned to reveal whether other issues are important to same sex couples when they decide to have their relationship publicly recognised in some way. We found for example that while equality and legal rights were important, love, commitment and respect from wider family featured just as strongly in people's accounts.
More Varieties than Heinz: Social Categories and Sociality in Humphries, Hammersley and Beyond
Authors: Cealey Harrison, W. , Hood-Williams J.
Published: March 2010

This paper is a contribution to a long standing debate over the nature of research and the relations between knowledge and power recently instantiated in exchanges over the criticisms of Hammersley (Hammersley, 1992, 1995, 1997; Gelsthorpe, 1992; Ramazanoglu, 1992; Williams, 1993; Hammersley & Gomm, 1997a and 1997b; Romm, 1997; Temple, 1997). It takes as its starting point Beth Humphries’ recent critical commentary on Hammersley and emancipatory research, and her attempt to ‘go beyond ourselves’ (Humphries, 1997). It argues that the logical endpoint of arguments that suggest the continuous salience of the social divisions commonly found in the current sociological lexicon is a bewildering impossibility and that they should not be taken as guidelines for research practice. It clarifies this critique in relation to ‘gender’. It further argues that Humphries's position, despite her apparent sympathy for post-structuralism, retains much from earlier structuralist positions, which undermines the basis of her attempt to develop a position beyond the constraints of current emancipatory research.
Recording Social Life: Reflexivity and Video Methodology
Authors: Lomax H. , Casey N.
Published: March 2010

The degree to which researcher generated visual records (for example video texts) may be used to collect valid information about the social world is subject to considerable academic debate (cf. Feld and Williams, 1975; Gottdiener, 1979 and Grimshaw, 1982). On the one hand the method is assumed, by implication, to have limited impact on the data, the taped image being treated as a replica of the unrecorded event (Vihman and Greenlee, 1987; Vuchinich, 1986). On the other, it is suggested that the video camera has a uniquely distorting effect on the researched phenomenon (Gottdiener, 1979: p. 61; Heider, 1976: p. 49). Research participants, it is argued, demonstrate a reactive effect to the video process such that data is meaningful only if special precautions are taken to validate it. Strategies suggested include a covert approach to the data collection itself (cf. Eibl-Eibesfeldt and Haass, 1974; Gottdiener, 1979; Albrecht, 1985) or the application of triangulative techniques such as respondent validation (Gottdiener, 1979; Albrecht, 1985 and Arborelius and Timpka, 1990). In this paper we suggest that both these views are problematic. The insistence of one on marginalising the role of the research process and the other on attempting to separate the process from the research data is at the expense of exploring the degree to which the process helps socially and interactionally produce the data. As we demonstrate, the activity of data collection is constitutive of the very interaction which is then subsequently available for investigation. A reflexive analysis of this relationship is therefore essential. Video generated data is an ideal resource in as far as it can provide a faithful record of the process as an aspect of the naturally occurring interaction which comprises the research topic.
Politics, Responsibility and Adult Victims of Childhood Sexual Abuse
Authors: Woodiwiss Jo
Published: March 2010

This paper will explore ways in which self identified survivors of childhood sexual abuse and false memory syndrome appropriate therapeutic discourses which both encourage women to hold themselves responsible for their own unhappiness and provide a way to alleviate that responsibility. Although I look critically at women's engagement with abuse narratives the intention is not to enter the ‘recovered memory wars’ but rather to explore the consequences of locating adult victims of childhood sexual abuse within a therapeutic rather than a political framework. Within this therapeutic culture priority is given to self-actualisation and personal fulfilment and the self is increasingly seen as a project to be worked on. A pervasive theme within the therapeutic literature is a particular linkage between women's ‘inferiority’ and their oppression. Women are not only shown an array of problems from which they suffer together with self-improving solutions but are encouraged to seek the ‘hidden’ causes of these problems in the past and to probe further and further back rather than look to the material conditions of their adult lives for explanations. Drawing on interview material I will look at how women invest in discourses which provide an explanation for hidden knowledge of abuse and may offer a way to alleviate responsibility but which also encourage them to (re)construct themselves as sick, damaged and ultimately responsible for their own unhappiness.
Old, Poor and Alone in Palestine
Authors: Zanoon F , Findlay A , Lazaridis Gabriella
Published: March 2010

In most societies there has been a progressive transfer of responsibility for caring for the older people from the family to the state. The political context of the Palestinian population of the occupied territories has made this impossible. The paper reports on a large scale survey of the problems of caring for older people in Palestine. It shows significant variations in the problems faced by older people, with those living alone outside refugee camps who are unable to access family support networks more vulnerable than others. The greatest need for intervention is for older people living alone in urban areas. Following a classification of older people, policy options for social care for the most vulnerable groups are explored.