bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ERYTHROPOIETIN IN PREMATURE INFANTS
Authors: BILJANOVIĆ‐PAUNOVIĆ L. , PAVLOVIĆ‐KENTERA V. , NIKOLIĆ R. , KIĆEVAC P.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The regulation of erythropoiesis during the first three months of life was studied in 30 premature infants who had haemoglobin concentrations which were lower than in term infants of the same postdelivery age. Erythropoietin and erythropoiesis inhibitors were measured by means of an exhypoxic polycythaemic mouse bioassay. The percentage of haemoglobin F was determined as well. An increased erythropoietin level was detected only in six infants older than six weeks, whose blood haemoglobin concentration was lower than 100 g/l, while in serum from other babies erythropoietin was undetectable by the method used. Erythropoiesis inhibitors were present in 80% of the samples tested. The results presented indicate that in premature infants erythropoiesis is regulated through erythropoietin and that inhibitors of erythropoiesis take part in this regulation as well, but that the haemoglobin level at which erythropoietin is increased is lower in preterm infants than in term babies.
COMPARISON BETWEEN TWO PREPARATIONS OF HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN IN TREATMENT OF NEONATAL HYPERBILIRUBINAEMIA
Authors: EBBESEN F. , BRODERSEN R.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Thirty‐six newborn infants with normal birth weights and with uncomplicated hyperbilirubinaemia, treated with light, were studied. At onset of phototherapy the infants received intravenously 1 g human serum albumin (HSA) per kg body weight as a 9 % solution. Two different preparations of HSA were used and compared. One of these, HSAI, contained sodium caprylate and N‐acetyltryptophan, 5 mmol/1 of each, as stabilizers. HSAII contained only caprylate, 5 mmol/1. Nineteen infants received HSAI and seventeen infants HSAII. The reserve albumin for binding of bilirubin, measured by the [14C] MADDS method, was low in both preparations in vitro. During the infusion, the serum concentrations of albumin and reserve albumin increased and the serum unconjugated bilirubin concentration decreased, resulting in a fall in the index of plasma bilirubin toxicity in all infants. After completion of the infusion, the serum concentrations of albumin and reserve albumin declined, and a slight rise in index occurred. The increase in the serum reserve albumin concentration was markedly higher during infusion of HSAII than of HSAI. It is concluded that infusion of both HSA preparations during phototherapy provides an immediate protection against bilirubin encephalopathy. HSAI is inferior to HSAII, probably due to its content of N‐acetyltryptophan.
PROGRESSIVE DYSTONIA AND DYSKINESIA IN CHILDHOOD
Authors: HELLSTRÖM B.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The concept of dystonia and dyskinesia is discussed and glutaric aciduria and dystonia musculorum deformans are reviewed as examples of progressive conditions in childhood showing these symptoms. For the latter condition, which is also called idiopathic torsion dystonia, evidence is brought forward that it can be regarded as a disorder of neurotransmittor function of the basal ganglia with “hyperfunction” of the dopamine‐transmitted functions.
HAEMOGLOBINURIA IN ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS
Authors: MILTÉNYI M. , BÓKA G. , KUN E.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Urinary total protein excretion and the pattern of urinary proteins‐one of which was haemoglobin‐has been determined in 9 newborns suffering from haemolytic anaemia and hyperbilirubinaemia due to anti‐D isoimmunization and in 10 healthy newborns. Eight of the 9 newborns with erythroblastosis fetalis showed elevated urinary total protein excretion and augmented haemoglobinuria. The possible toxic effect of the haemoglobinuria and hyperbilirubinaemia on the tubular functions is discussed.
CYSTITIS CYSTICA IN CHILDHOOD: CLINICAL FINDINGS AND TREATMENT PROCEDURES
Authors: AABECH H. S. , LIEN E. N.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. During the period 1967 to 1978, 1166 girls were admitted to our department because of urinary tract infection. In 97 of the 439 girls examined by cystoscopy, cystitis cystica was found. The age of the 97 girls varied from 3 to 12 years, mean 7½ years. E. coli was found to be the major pathogenic organism in the urine. All but 3 girls had a history of recurrent urinary tract infection. Urinary tract abnormalities were found with the same frequency as in other studies concerning urinary tract infection in childhood. Vesicoureteric reflux was demonstrated on the cystogram for 33 % of the girls. Patients with cystitis cystica are a hard core group requiring long‐term treatment and follow‐up. Different therapeutic methods are discussed and our experience with ehlorhexidine bladder instillation is mentioned. The literature concerning cystitis cystica, especially in childhood, is also discussed.
HERPES ZOSTER AND VARICELLA IN CHILDREN WITH HODGKIN'S DISEASE
Authors: SKOVBY F. , SULLIVAN M. P.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Thirty‐nine episodes of herpes zoster and varicella in 94 children with Hodgkin's disease were studied to determine the incidence and complications of these infections and their effect on the prognosis of Hodgkin's disease in children under multimodal treatment. Twenty‐nine children (31%) developed herpes zoster and seven (7%) had varicella. Three children had herpes zoster on two occasions. All children with varicella had uncomplicated infections. One patient died and three had visceral complications secondary to herpes zoster infections. Disseminated herpes zoster in nine children (10%) was more often associated with recurrent or active Hodgkin's disease and led to more complications than localized herpes zoster. Although varicella‐zoster infection does not impair the prognosis of Hodgkin's disease, it is a potentially fatal infection and an affected child deserves vigorous treatment and support.
NEONATAL MORBIDITY OF S. G. A. INFANTS IN RELATION TO THEIR NUTRITIONAL STATUS AT BIRTH
Authors: WALTHER F. J. , RAMAEKERS L. H. J.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. 46 consecutively born term infants with a birthweight ≤ the 2.3 percentile for gestational age were divided into two groups according to their nutritional status at birth quantified by the ponderal index (100 × weight/length3). Though all infants had a ponderal index below the 50th percentile, those with a ponderal index below the 3rd percentile (about half of the study group) were more frequently affected by asphyxia, hypoglycaemia, hypothermia, and hyperviscosity than their more proportionally grown counterparts. On this account the identification of disproportionally grown small‐for‐gestational age infants by using the ponderal index as a yardstick of the nutritional status at birth, is necessary because they constitute a high‐risk group among small‐for‐gestational age infants.
A PLANNED PROSPECTIVE EVALUATION OF THE ANTI‐INFECTIVE PROPERTY OF VARYING QUANTITIES OF EXPRESSED HUMAN MILK
Authors: NARAYANAN I. , PRAKASH K. , PRABHAKAR A. K. , GUJRAL V. V.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. This paper comprises 261 low birth weight infants who were divided into four groups with different feeding schedules. Group I–expressed human milk for all the feeds; Group II–human milk for half the feeds and the nursery formula for the rest; Group III–colostrum, 20 ml three times a day along with the nursery formula; and Group IV–control–only the nursery formula. The groups were matched by means of a randomised block design for identifiable factors which could predispose to the occurrence of infection. Infections were found to be significantly less in the groups which received human milk (p <0.001).
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ANTINUCLEAR ANTIBODIES IN JUVENILE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC BILATERAL IRIDOCYCLITIS
Authors: EGESKJOLD ELSE‐MARIE , JOHANSEN A. , PERMIN H. , HØYERAAL H. M. , SØRENSEN T.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Serum samples from 8 children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and chronic bilateral iridocyclitis were significantly distinguished from 5 children with JRA and no eye symptoms by the presence of large immune complexes (IC)>22S, IgM antinuclear antibodies (ANA), IgG granulocyte‐specific (GS‐) ANA, C3 fixing ANA, and IgM anti‐IgG. One serum with and two sera without IC>22S, all from patients with iridocyclitis, were fractionated by rate zonal ultracentrifugation. Each fraction relevant for the study was separately concentrated and reexamined. In one of the sera without IC>22S this technique exposed the presence of IgA GS‐ANA not detectable in the corresponding whole serum. IgG ANA were precipitated in an area with higher molecular weight than the one for IgG indicating the presence of aggregated IgG ANA. Fractionation of the serum with IC>22S demonstrated IgM GS‐ANA not present in whole serum. The results support previous suggestions that ANA may be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic iridocyclitis and may explain why ANA (In particular C3 fixing ANA) negative patients with JRA rarely develop chronic iridocyclitis.
A FAMILY STUDY OF COELIAC DISEASE
Authors: STENHAMMAR L. , BRANDT Å. , WÅGERMARK J.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Small intestinal biopsy was performed in all 100 firstdegree relatives of 32 index patients with childhood coeliac disease (CD) diagnosed according to the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. CD was found in 2 relatives (2.0%), which means that first‐degree relatives of coeliac children would run a tenfold increased risk of CD compared with the general population of Sweden. Five relatives had a moderately abnormal mucosa. On rebiopsy they had a normal mucosa and are therefore not classified as having CD according to current diagnostic criteria. For practical purposes it would be impossible to perform a biopsy in all first‐degree relatives of coeliac patients. However, relatives with a past history of symptoms suggestive of malabsorption and relatives with present signs of malabsorption should be candidates for biopsy.
HISTIOCYTOSIS X WITH CATECHOLAMINE EXCESS
Authors: GANICK. DOROTHY J. , GREEN C. , EDMONSON M. B. , HAFEZ G. R.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. A case of isolated histiocytosis X of the liver is described in a 12‐month‐old child. The patient's symptomcomplex were characterized by fever, tachycardia, hypertension and odd posturing resembling the clinical picture of pheochromocytoma. An extensive workup failed to demonstrate a catecholamine secreting tumor and only histiocytosis X of the liver was found.
ACUTE OTALGIA IN CHILDREN ‐ FINDINGS AND DIAGNOSIS
Authors: INGVARSSON LEIF
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. One hundred and seventy‐one children up to 15 years of age and with acute otalgia were examined to find out whether otalgia or any other symptoms were so closely related to acute otitis media (AOM) as to make otoscopic examination unnecessary. AOM was diagnosed in 46%, simplex otitis in 15%, serous otitis media (SOM) in 17%, and normal eardrums in 22%. Children with AOM had fever and spontaneous perforation of the eardrums in 78% and 30% of the cases, respectively. Of the children who had not AOM (54%), the otalgia could in most cases be classified as referred pain due to, for instance, discomfort when swallowing, nasal obstruction or throat pain. Other reasons were general irritability due to fever, teething or moderate hearing loss. The difficulties in diagnosing AOM simply on the basis of symptoms were demonstrated in the investigation. Symptoms such as otalgia, otorrhea, fever or upper respiratory tract infection (URI), possibly except for the combination of otorrhea and fever, can occur without AOM. A correct otoscopic examination and evaluation of the eardrums is necessary in children with otalgia, other symptoms of URI or in doubtful cases of acute illness. Physicians without possibilities to evaluate the eardrums properly should thus refer the patient to an otologist without delay.
ASSESSMENT OF LEFT VENTRICULAR ADAPTATION TO EXTRAUTERINE CIRCULATION
Authors: LUNDELL B. P. W. , WALLGREN C. G.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Left ventricular systolic time intervals (STI) were recorded by non‐invasive technique from the axillary artery in fifteen normal newborns from 10–15 min to 70–74 hours after birth. The observed changes in the diflerent STI could almost entirely be related to changes in the isovolumic contraction time (ICT). At the early postnatal recording ICT was only 21.0 msec suggesting an enhanced left ventricular performance compared to prenatal observations. During the following hours ICT increased to 31.6 msec which in some infants may imply a reduced left ventricular performance. This is suggested to coincide with ductal closure.
BACTERIAL COLONIZATION OF NEWBORN INFANTS IN A NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT
Authors: ERIKSSON M. , MELÉN B. , MYRBÄCK K.‐E. , WINBLADH B. , ZETTERSTRÖM R.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The bacterial colonization of the nose, unbilicus, perineum and faeces in 85 newborns was studied during one period of high and one of low occupancy in a neonatal intensive care unit. Cultures were taken on admission, at three days, at one week of age, and then weekly during the stay in the unit. Colonization took place early and potential pathogens were responsible for a significant part of the spectrum. At one week of age, more than 50% of the infants had Staphylococcus aureus in the nose and umbilicus, 25% had E. coli and/or Klebsiella enterobacter in the umbilicus, and 60% had Klebsiella enterobacter in the perineum. Neither the occupancy rate in the unit nor the clinical state of the infant seemed to influence the colonization pattern significantly. Changes in flora were frequent in the individual infant. However, the bacterial spectrum remained essentially the same with increasing age during the stay in the unit and during the two periods. Only on two occasions was the same phage type of Staphylococcus aureus found in two infants at the same time. Two cases of septicemia occured in the 85 infants during the three months of the study. Both infants were colonized beforehand with the causative organism. The results may indicate that the clinical state of the infant is of greater importance for risk of septicemia than the pattern of the bacterial colonization.
CHANGES IN HAIR ZINC AND COPPER CONCENTRATIONS OF BREAST FED AND BOTTLE FED INFANTS DURING THE FIRST SIX MONTHS
Authors: MACDONALD L. D. , GIBSON R. S. , MILES J. E.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. A longitudinal study of 35 full term breast fed (20 males and 15 females; mean birthweight = 3540 g) and 25 full term bottle fed infants (14 males and 11 females; mean birthweight = 3466 g) was carried out to compare the effect of method of feeding on hair zinc and copper concentrations. Hair samples were collected at 30±2, 90±4 and 180±4 days of age and analysed for zinc and copper by instrumental neutron activation procedures. Mean daily zinc and copper intakes were calculated at monthly intervals using three day diet records and test weigh data for the breast fed group. Only the male bottle fed infants showed a significant decline in hair zinc concentration (p<0.01) during the six‐month study period. These results support the suggestion that male infants have a higher requirement for zinc than females in early infancy. No comparable systematic decline in hair zinc levels was evident in the female bottle fed infants or the male and female breast fed infants. The absence of any fall in hair zinc concentrations in the breast fed infants, despite their significantly lower (p<0.01) dietary zinc intakes compared to the bottle fed group, is attributed to the superior bioavailability of zinc from breast milk. Hair copper levels rose during the first three months in both groups, subsequently declining between 3‐6 months. These changes were not significantly related to sex or method of milk feeding, but are associated with the redistribution of copper which occurs during early infancy.
OSMOLALITY OF THE GASTRIC AND DUODENAL CONTENTS IN LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS FED HUMAN MILK OR VARIOUS FORMULAE1
Authors: BILLEAUD C. , SENTERRE J. , RIGO J.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The osmolality of gastric and duodenal contents were determined simultaneously during 30 test‐meals at 0,45, 90, 135 and 180 min after feeding in 15 low birth weight infants, birthweight: 2 075 ± 330 g, gestational age: 35.4 ± 1.8 weeks and postnatal age: 8 ± 4 days. These infants were fed human milk or various formulae whose osmolalities ranged from 227 to 622 mosmol/kg. With human milk and isotonic formula, the osmolality in the stomach and duodenum remained close to 295 mosmol/kg throughout the test. With hypotonic formula (227), the osmolality in the stomach and duodenum rose during the first 45 min to a plateau of about 266 and 285 mosmol/kg, respectively. With the two most hypertonic diets (about 600) (10 g/dt glucose solution and an elemental formula), the osmolality in the stomach and duodenum remained high throughout the test, 470 ± 73 mosmol/kg at 45 min and 345 ± 55 mosmol/kg at 180 min. There was a significant positive linear correlation between the osmolality of the diet and the osmolality in the stomach and duodenum at each time of sampling but the slope of the regression lines decreased progressively during the 3 hours after feeding. On the pooled data, there was also a significant positive linear relationship between duodenal and gastric osmolalities. This study suggests that hyperosmolar feedings might be dangerous for the preterm infants and should be avoided if possible.
A COMPARISON BETWEEN CHILDREN OF ALCOHOLIC FATHERS FROM EXCELLENT VERSUS POOR SOCIAL CONDITIONS
Authors: NYLANDER I. , RYDELIUS P.‐A.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. In a longitudinal research project, the authors have followed up the children of male alcoholics from the lowest social class. The results of these studies have shown that, when they are still small, the children exhibit signs of mental disturbances and that the boys, when they become adults, develop social maladjustment problems and addictions, and have a high rate of both somatic and psychiatric diseases. In comparison to their controls, the values found for these variables are consistently higher for the probands. In the present study, a comparison was made between 85 children of alcoholic fathers from the highest social class and 100 children of alcoholic fathers from the lowest social class. The results indicated that the former group was just as likely to develop social maladjustment problems, including abuse of alcohol and drugs, while they were growing up as the latter group of children. Viewed from this standpoint, it is apparent that, regardless of which social background they grow up in, children are in a risk‐zone if the father is an alcoholic.
CHRONIC GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE: A NEW CLINICAL VARIANT
Authors: MENDELSOHN H. B. , BERANT M.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. We describe a 14‐year‐old boy who suffered from chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). Long‐term prophylactic treatment with trimethoprimsulfamethoxasole (TMP‐SMX) has succeeded to maintain the patient practically infection‐free. The clinical behavior, the laboratory findings and the genetic pattern of CGD in this patient suggest a variant of the disease, consisting of a combination of elements which pertain to the “childhood” form, with others which are more characteristic of the “adulthood” form of the syndrome.
X‐LINKED CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPOPLASIA A Study of Five Generations of a Greenlandic Family
Authors: PETERSEN KNUD E. , BILLE TORBEN , JACOBSEN B. BROCK , IVERSEN TORBEN
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. In a Greenlandic family comprising 171 descendants in 5 generations, 11 boys had died with a clinical picture of adrenocortical insufficiency within three weeks of birth. Three treated male patients, who survived, were closely studied. The adrenal glands could not be identified by computed tomography. The clinical picture and biochemical studies were consistent with congenital adrenal hypoplasia. The pedigree indicates X‐linked recessive inheritance. The pubertal development was delayed in two patients aged 14 years. LHRH stimulation yielded a significant rise in LH and FSH in at least one of the patients, adrenal androgen values were very low. A family instruction programme has been set up.
TRANSIENT CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME ACCOMPANYING RUBELLA INFECTION
Authors: BLENNOW G. , BÉKÁSSY A. N. , ERIKSSON M. , ROSENDAHL R.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Four children are presented with otherwise uncomplicated rubella infection suffering from transient carpal tunnel syndrome. The diagnosis was conflrmed by repeated measurments of sensory conduction velocity and sensory action potential amplitude. The symptoms were only nocturnal. They disappeared rapidly but the neurophysiological changes normalized slowly. The possibility of a carpal tunnel syndrome should be considered in a child with rubella complaining of numbing or tingling fingers during the night.
THE IMMUNE RESPONSE OF THE INTESTINAL MUCOSA TO FOREIGN PROTEINS
Authors: VISAKORPI J. K.
Published: January 2008

Visakorpi, JK (Department of Paediatrics, University of Tampere, Finland). The immune response of the intestinal mucosa to foreign proteins. Acta Paediatr Scand, Suppl. 296: 56, 1982.—In order to prevent the penetration of intraluminal material such as micro‐organisms, food antigens, toxins etc. across the intestinal mucosa, a complex defence mechanism has been developed. This mechanism consists of non‐immunological defence with enzymatic detoxification as well as an immunological one. The nature of the immunological defence has been thoroughly elucidated during the past 10—15 years. This mechanism is in man based on a special local immunological resistance, where production of secretory IgA plays the main role. Immunoglobulin producing plasma cells appear relatively late after birth in the lamina propria of the gut mucosa. Therefore a physiological immaturity of the immunological defence during first weeks of life can be anticipated. The role of the immunological defence system in the control of dietary antigen penetration across gut epithelium has been much discussed. Circulating antibodies to cow's milk proteins in small infants after milk ingestion and the almost constant finding of such antibodies in high titre in patients with selective IgA deficiency even without intestinal disease indicate a highly significant function of this local immunity in antigen handling. It has been suggested that the apparently high incidence of food allergy in infancy is due to immaturity of this system. Cow's milk protein induced enteropathy is also strictly bound to this age group.
CLINICAL SYMPTOMS AND COMPLICATIONS OF WHOOPING COUGH IN CHILDREN AND ADULTS
Authors: Riitta Huovila
Published: January 2008

Clinical symptoms of whooping cough were observed in 100 children and 16 adults who fell ill in 1976–1977 during two whooping cough epidemics and as sporadic cases. The diagnosis of all patients was confirmed by positive Bordetella pertussis cultures.

All unvaccinated children (13/13 = 100%), most of whom were less than one year old, showed typical whooping cough. The vaccinated children were one to 15 years old. Of these, 37/87(43% developed typical, 43/87(49%) atypical, and 5/87(6%) abortive whooping cough and 2/87(2%) were symptomless bacteria carriers. The adults, who were parents of these children, had their second attack of whooping cough. The clinical course was typical in 4/16(25%) and atypical in 7/16(44%), while 3/16(19%) showed abortive whooping cough and 2/16(13%) were symptomless bacteria carriers.

Children aged six months or less showed leuco‐ and lymphocytosis, whereas vaccinated children 5–15 years old exhibited no changes of the white cell count.

The erythrocyte sedimentation rate was generally normal. The most common complication was pneumonia in unvaccinated children (14/35 = 40%) and otitis media in vaccinated children (9/91 =10%).
III. DIFFERENCES IN INFANT CARE AND HEALTH INDEPENDENT OF SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS
Authors: BLOOM K. , GOLDBLOOM R. B. , STEVENS F. E.
Published: January 2008

A prospective longitudinal study was conducted to determine the quality and frequency of solid‐food intake, illness and weight gain in 539 infants from a Canadian urban population from birth to 6 months of age. Compared with their formula‐fed counterparts, breast‐fed infants were fed solid foods less frequently, were fed commercially‐prepared solid foods less frequently, and were less frequently ill. Both groups gained comparable amounts of weight in the first six months of life. Analyses of infants for whom breast feeding was discontinued demonstrated that lower rates of early and commercially‐prepared solid‐food intake and lower rates of digestive upset for breastfed infants was due not to socioeconomic factors but rather to the practice of breast feeding.
PLASMA AND URINARY β‐HEXOSAMINIDASE IN JUVENILE DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: HANSEUS K. , HULTBERG B. , ISAKSSON A. , SJÖBLAD S.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The activity of β‐hexosaminidase (E C 3.2.1.30) in plasma and urine was determined in 99 patients with juvenile diabetes mellitus and in 40 age‐matched controls. Plasma enzyme activities were above normal in plasma from diabetics and showed significant correlations with blood glucose and glycosylated HbA1 (GHbA1) but not with the presence of retinopathy. The urinary excretion of β‐hexosaminidase, which is a sensitive indicator of renal injury, was also excessive in the diabetics and showed a significant correlation with blood GHbA1. The results show that plasma and urinary β‐hexosaminidase correlate with parameters of diabetic control and that urinary β‐hexosaminidase may be more sensitive than urinary albumin as an indicator of early renal damage.
PERCEPTUAL, MOTOR AND ATTENTIONAL DEFICITS IN SEVEN‐YEAR‐OLD CHILDRENNeurological Screening Aspects
Authors: GILLBERG C. , CARLSTRÖM G. , RASMUSSEN P. , WALDENSTRÖM E.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT.In an extensive neuropsychiatric study of seven‐year‐old children, operational criteria for diagnosing minimal brain dysfunction (MBD) syndrome were used. Detailed behavioural assessment and meticulous neurological examination provided the basis for the MBD diagnosis. The time consuming specialist examination by the child neurologist was considered too sophisticated for use in everyday clinical practice. Therefore, the results obtained at a short neurodevelopmental screening assessment performed by a child psychiatrist were analysed with the aim of finding a limited set of neurological examination items with high discriminating capacity detecting for MBD syndromes. A set of six such items (diadochokinesis, hopping on one leg, standing on one leg, cutting out a paper circle, associated movements when walking on lateral sides of feet and the labyrinth test of the WISC) produced a minimal rate of misclassified cases. It is argued that this discriminant set may be useful in everyday child psychiatric and pediatric assessment of children who raise suspicion of suffering from MBD.
BCG VACCINATION AS A CAUSE OF MULTIFOCAL OSTEOMYELITIS IN A 12‐YEAR‐OLD GIRL
Authors: MOËLL. C. , WIEBE T. , HALLBERG T.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. A 12‐year‐old girl with multifocal skeletal sclerosis has been investigated. She was BCG vaccinated at birth and developed regional lymphadenitis in her left groin at two months of age. She was healthy until approximately 10 years of age, after which deficient height and weight gain occurred. BCG‐itis was diagnosed in skeleton lesions. No evidence of immunodeficiency was found in the patient. After antituberculous treatment, the skeleton lesions, previously seen at bone scan, had disappeared. There has been a dramatic effect on her weight gain, growth and general well‐being.
GROWTH HORMONE RESPONSE TO FEEDING IN TERM AND PRETERM NEONATES
Authors: ADRIAN T. E. , LUCAS A. , BLOOM S. R. , AYNSLEY‐GREEN A.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Plasma growth hormone concentrations were measured in 248 healthy term and preterm infants. At birth growth hormone concentrations in cord blood from both term and preterm babies were approximately 100‐fold higher than those in blood drawn from healthy adults. By the sixth postnatal day basal pre‐feed levels had fallen in term neonates by 65% and a marked postprandial rise was apparent; preterm infants did not show this initial fall in preprandial hormone levels nor was any response to feeding seen. However a fall in preprandial concentrations accompanied by the development of postprandial surges in growth hormone occurred during the next 2 weeks so that by 24 days the postprandial rise was similar to that of term neonates on the sixth day. We conclude that although the initial postnatal changes in plasma growth hormone concentrations are different in preterm and term infants, feeding is a major stimulus to growth hormone secretion in both groups of neonates. Further work is needed to define the precise role of this hormone in neonatal metabolic adaptation.
SOCIAL FACTORS AND LIFE EVENTS AS PREDICTORS FOR CHILDREN'S HEALTH. A ONE‐YEAR PROSPECTIVE STUDY WITHIN A GENERAL PRACTICE
Authors: AAGAARD JØRGEN , HUSFELDT PER , HUSFELDT VIBEKE
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. During a period of one year information was obtained concerning social background, life events and diseases among children, who happened to consult the general practitioner. One year after this index consultation information concerning the children's present state of health was obtained. 43 (13%) had been admitted to hospital during the follow‐up year. 45 (12%) had had more than 5 consultations at the general practitioner, and the parents of 23 children (6%) stated that their child had poor health. A multivariate predictor‐analysis was performed. The associations discovered suggest 1) that the selected social or psycho‐social factors do not appear to be of considerable importance for prediction of later hospitalization, 2) that indices for short‐term psycho‐social stress appear to increase the risk for many consultations at the general practitioner, 3) that “poor health” in the children is partly predicted by indices for more longterm psycho‐social stress.
HEREDITARY MOTOR AND SENSORY NEUROPATHIES IN SWEDISH CHILDREN I
Authors: HAGBERG B. , WESTERBERG B.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT.The prevalence of hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies (HMSN) and their distribution according to the severity of the disability were studied in a population‐based series of Swedish children 2–15 years old. The prevalence per 100 000 of total peroneal muscle atrophies was 21.6 and of all clinical HMSN 19.0 Among HMSN, de‐ and remyelinating types (HMSN I) constituted 8 per 100000 and neuronal‐axonal types (HMSN II) 11. Eighteen of the 21 HMSN I cases and 26 of the 29 HMSN II were considered to represent an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. Ten per cent of all children were severely, 70% moderately and 20 % mildly disabled. All the severely affected children belonged to the HMSN I group and 9 of the 10 mildly affected to HMSN II.
LONGITUDINAL CHANGES IN SELENIUM CONTENT OF BREAST MILK
Authors: HIGASHI A. , TAMARI H. , KUROKI Y. , MATSUDA I.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The selenium (Se) contents of human milk, serum and hair obtained from 22 lactating mothers were measured by fluorometric analysis. The Se contents in 41 milk samples from different stages of lactation were obtained longitudinally from 10 mothers. They showed a large variance of individual samples at any stage of studies. The highest Se level was found in colostrum (median 80 ng/ml); subsequently, Se content declined significantly during the first month of lactation and then came to a plateau level (median 17–18 ng/ml). No positive correlation of Se content was found between the serum and the milk samples at three months of lactation. No positive correlation of Se content was found between the hair and the milk samples obtained from lactating mothers.
APOLIPOPROTEIN A‐I AND B LEVELS IN ADOLESCENTS; A TRIAL TO DEFINE SUBJECTS AT RISK FOR CORONARY HEART DISEASE
Authors: SVEGER T. , FEX G.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The normal levels of apolipoprotein A‐I and B (apo A‐I, apo B) were determined in 220 male and 340 female 16–19‐year‐old adolescents. In addition to these apolipoproteins, total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (total‐C HDL‐C) were analysed in an attempt to define subjects at high risk for coronary heart disease (CHD). The normal levels were for boys: apo A‐I 0.96±0.13 g/l, apo B 0.64±0.14 g/l; for girls: apo A‐I 1.04±0.18 g/l, apo B 0.65±0.14 g/l; for girls taking combined oral contraceptives: apo A‐I 1.14±0.22 g/l, apo B 0.72±0.16 g/l. Subjects with the following high‐risk profiles were selected for further follow‐up: 1. Total‐C and apo B ±95th percentile; 2. Total‐C or apo B ±95th and HDL‐C or apo A‐I ±5th percentile. Seven adolescents had the combination of high total‐C and apo B. None had any of the other combinations. One girl had lipid, apolipoprotein levels and a family history indicating familial hypercholesterolemia (f. h.). Another two adolescents were suspected of having f. h. while one girl might have abnormal levels secondary to oral combined contraceptives. The study suggests that the analyses of apolipoproteins, especially apo B, are of value to trace adolescents at risk for future CHD.
HEREDITARY MOTOR AND SENSORY NEUROPATHIES IN SWEDISH CHILDREN III
Authors: HAGBERG B. , WESTERBERG B. , HAGNE I. , SELLDÉN U.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Clinical, neurophysiological and certain other laboratory data are given for 10 children considered to represent sporadic cases of de‐ and remyelinating hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies (HMSN). In all 10 families the parents had been found to be non‐affected and said to be non‐consanguineous. Nine of the 10 families originated from the two most northerly Swedish counties, but none from the Gothenburg area. The median age at clinical onset was 3 years. Gait abnormalities and/or foot deformities were common reasons for referral. Scoliosis developed in all 10 and hand atrophies in 7 children. In the majority there was neurological deterioration through childhood. Nerve conduction velocities, both motor and sensory, were consistently and markedly reduced. The protein level in cerebrospinal fluid (medium 657 mg/l) was slightly to moderately raised in 7 of 9 examined children and ≧1500 mg/l in the remaining two. The fatty acid pattern of serum lecithin was consistently normal in all 10.
CORD BLOOD HAEMOGLOBIN, IRON AND FERRITIN STATUS IN MATERNAL ANAEMIA
Authors: AGRAWAL R. M. D. , TRIPATHI A. M. , AGARWAL K. N.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Maternal and cord blood haemoglobin, serum iron, transferrin saturation and ferritin were studied in sets of 30 anaemic (haemoglobin <110 g/l) and 21 nonanaemic (haemoglobin ≧110 g/l) mothers. The cord serum iron, transferrin saturation and ferritin concentrations had significant correlation with maternal haemoglobin. The significant low levels of these parameters suggested that maternal anaemia adversely affected the iron status including iron stores of the newborns. The cord serum iron of 15.2±4.35 μmol/l and ferritin of 29.7±10.93 ng/ml seem to be effective to maintain cord haemoglobin levels. Thus, anaemic mothers with reasonably maintained ferritin and trasferrin saturation levels provide sufficient iron for maintenance of cord haemoglobin, although foetal iron stores are likely to be depleted.
ELEVATION OF LIPID PEROXIDE IN CHILDREN TREATED WITH A COMBINATION OF CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS INCLUDING DOXORUBICIN
Authors: HORINO NOBUKO , KOBAYASHI YOHNOSUKE , USUI TOMOFUSA
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The fluorometric method of Yagi was used to determine serum lipid peroxide levels in children with various types of malignancies, treated with or without doxorubicin. It was found that patients on regimens of intermittent combination chemotherapies including doxorubicin had higher levels of serum lipid peroxide and were all apparently free from cardiotoxicity. Doxorubicin was the only determinant in affecting the serum lipid peroxide value. Coenzyme Q10 given concurrently failed to reduce the elevated levels to normal.
EARLY ONSET GROUP B STREPTOCOCCAL DISEASE. SEVEN YEAR EXPERIENCE AND CLINICAL SCORING SYSTEM
Authors: LANNERING B. , LARSSON L. E. , ROJAS J. , STAHLMAN M. T.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Early onset group B streptococcal disease was reviewed for the seven year period between 1975 to 1981 at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. One hundred and twenty cases were identified. The disease varied from asymptomatic bacteremia to fatal cardiopulmonary collapse. Factors associated with a poor outcome were prematurity, low Apgar score at 5 min, the presence of shock, leukopenia, rupture of membranes for more than 12 hours, and a delay in treatment after the onset of symptoms. A scoring system for probability of death based on these 6 factors was then developed. Over the seven year period mortality decreased from 50% to 10%. The only factor identified with the decrease in mortality was a significant decrease in the number of hours between the onset of symptoms and the beginning of treatment. Early recognition and prompt treatment seem to be the major causes of the decreasing mortality over the seven years of this report.
SPONTANEOUSLY ACQUIRED FACTOR VIII INHIBITOR IN A NON‐HAEMOPHILIAC CHILD
Authors: LABBE A. , DUBRAY C. , BEZOU M. J. , TRAVADE Ph. , COULET M.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. A three‐year‐old girl who had for two months suffered bruising after minimal injury was admitted because of diffuse ecchymoses and a large haematoma hindering elbow movement. These symptoms were attributable to the development of antifactor VIII inhibitor. No definite etiology was evident despite repeated immunological investigation. Although the inhibitor still persisted at high levels after two years, no further haemorrhage occurred, excepted haematomas three months after the onset of symptoms, in association with mumps.
SYMPTOMATIC AND ASYMPTOMATIC ROTAVIRUS INFECTIONS IN HOSPITALIZED CHILDREN
Authors: WALTHER F. J. , BRUGGEMAN C. , DANIÉLS‐BOSMAN M. S. M. , POURIER S. , GRAULS G. , STALS F. , BOGAARD A. V. D.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. During one year, 871 infants and children admitted to a Dutch paediatric ward were examined weekly for rotavirus. Rotavirus was detected in the stools of 64/129 (49.6%) children with diarrhoea and in 283/742 (38.1%) controls. The incidence of asymptomatic rotavirus excretors increased from 14.5% in infants 0 to 6 months of age to 65.8% in children of 6 years and over, a feature not yet reported. Possible explanations may be the methodology used, the age groups studied, the local hospital (and community) situation and the geographical location. Routine bacteriology revealed enteropathogens in 25.6% of the children with diarrhoea: Salmonellae in 20.9%, Campylobacter jejuni in 3.9%, Yersinia enterocolitica in 1.5%, Shigella sonnei in 0.8% and enteropathogenic E. coli in 0.8% of the patients.
THE RENIN‐ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM IN NEPHROGENIC DIABETES INSIPIDUS AND THE INFLUENCE OF HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE AND INDOMETHACIN
Authors: ANDERSEN O. , JACOBSEN B. B.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Three generations of a family with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus were studied. Treatment of a male infant patient with hydrochlorothiazide normalized the serum sodium concentration and improved the clinical condition, but did not influence the polyuria. Although indomethacin alone was without long‐term effect, combined therapy with hydrochlorothiazide and indomethacin regulated serum sodium better than hydrochlorothiazide alone. The renin‐aldosterone system was not activated in healthy carriers or patients with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus neither in infancy during severe hypernatremic dehydration nor in adult patients.
TRANSEPIDERMAL WATER LOSS IN NEWBORN INFANTS
Authors: STRÖMBERG B. , HAMMARLUND K. , ÖBERG P. Å. , SEDIN G.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. In order to investigate whether a change in skin blood flow is associated with changes in the evaporative loss of water from the skin of fullterm appropriate for gestational age infants, we measured the evaporation rate and skin blood flow in the body temperature range 36.6 to 37.2°C. Fifteen healthy, fullterm newborn infants delivered by Caesarean section were studied in a warm environment. Evaporation rate and skin blood flow were measured non‐invasively without disturbing the infant. When the body temperature slowly rose because of the warm environment, the skin blood flow steadily increased. The rate of evaporation of water from the skin slowly decreased until a body temperature of 37.1°C was reached. The evaporation rate then suddenly increased as the infant began to sweat. Thus, in fullterm newborn infants born by Caesarean section the skin blood flow increases in the body temperature range 36.6‐37.1°C but does not influence the evaporation rate from the skin.
RICKETS IN A PRETERM INFANT DURING INTRAVENOUS ALIMENTATION
Authors: THE T. S. , KOLLÉE L. A. A. , BOON J. M. , MONNENS L. A. H.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. A preterm baby given intravenous feeding developed severe rickets. Laboratory investigation revealed hypophosphatemia as the main cause of this picture. Recovery was achieved by giving extra phosphorus supplementation. This case demonstrates that conventional infusates do not meet the phosphorus requirement of rapidly growing infants.
MULTIPLE HEREDITARY GASTROINTESTINAL ATRESIAS: STUDY OF A FAMILY
Authors: ARNAL‐MONREAL F. , POMBO F. , CAPDEVILA‐PUERTA A.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Two siblings with multiple gastrointestinal atresias, from stomach to rectum, are reported. The pathological findings obtained from surgical material and complete autopsies are stressed. This syndrome, first described in 1973, presents a unique combination of clinical, radiologic and pathologic findings and is probably secondary to a malformative process taking place early in intrauterine life and effecting the whole gastrointestinal tract.
DEXTRAN‐REACTIVE ANTIBODIES IN CHILDREN Appearance during the First 4 years of Life and Relation to E. coli Infections in the Urinary Tract
Authors: HATTEVIG G. , KJELLMAN B. , RICHTER A. W. , BJÖRKSTÉN B.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The appearance of dextran‐reactive antibodies (DRA) was investigated in 88 children with sampling of serum at birth (n=87), at 3 months of age (n=87), at 8 months (n=88), at 2 years (n=86) and at 4 1/2 years of age (n=87). Serum DRA appeared at 3 months of age and a peak level exceeding the levels in adults was noted at 8 months of age. At 4 1/2 years the titres were close to those in adults. Investigation of DRA in 8 children with acute pyelonephritis and in 8 children with asymptomatic bacteriuria caused by E. coli did not indicate that the appearance of DRA was a consequence of Gram‐negative infections. The practical conclusion drawn is that if therapy with i. v. dextran is considered for infants or children, they should undergo preventive therapy with hapten dextran similar to the procedure recommended for adults.
PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS OF POTTER'S SYNDROME BY ULTRASOUND
Authors: HELIN INGEMAR , AXELSSON IRÉNE , PERSSON PER‐HÅKAN
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. A variety of fetal anomalies can be diagnosed by ultrasonographic examinations during the antepartum period. This report describes the first Scandinavian case of Potter's syndrome detected prenatally. The syndrome must be suspected whenever the combination of intrauter‐ine growth retardation and severe oligohydramnios is seen. It is then essential to scan for the presence of fetal kidneys to establish that bilateral agenesis is not occurring.
WATER AND MINERAL BALANCE DURING TOTAL PARENTERAL NUTRITION
Authors: MEURLING S.
Published: January 2008

Meurling, S. (Department of Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden). Water and mineral balance during total parenteral nutrition. Acta Paediatr Scand, Suppl. 305: 84–87, 1983.—The water balance of 10 full‐term infants was investigated during postoperative total parenteral nutrition. When only the output of water in faeces, urine and vomit was taken into account the infants gained water (positive balance), 36.44.1 g/kg/day, with the given infusion. The total mean evaporative water loss was calculated to be 26.5 2.4 g/kg/day, which is slightly higher than that found in healthy newborn infants. When the same amounts of zinc and copper per kg body weight were given to two pre‐term and to two full‐term newborn infants, lower zinc concentrations were found in the serum of the pre‐term infants. Negative balances of zinc were found in the pre‐term infants, indicating that pre‐term infants need more zinc/kg. Serum copper levels were normal in all infants.
PERINATAL CEREBRAL ISCHAEMIA AND DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROLOGIC DISORDERS
Authors: LOU H. C.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. In infants who die during the first months of life necrotic foci are almost invariably found. They are, as a rule, located in border zones between vascular territories, suggesting cerebral ischemia as a pathogenetic mechanism. Normally, the brain is protected against changes in perfusion pressure by autoregulation of cerebral perfusion. In utero, this mechanism is extremely fragile, and normal birth is a sufficient hypoxic insult to abolish autoregulation. Abolished autoregulation has been demonstrated in distressed newborns: Even mild hypotension, which is a common occurrence in these infants during the first few hours of life, is sufficient to induce ischemia. Follow‐up studies at the ages of one and four years have shown neonatal ischemia to be the decisive factor in the development of atrophic encephalopathy and motor and cognitive dysfunction. This clarification of the pathogenetic process has important implications for prevention, which is briefly discussed.
A Controlled Study on the Effect of Injected Water‐Miscible Retinyl Palmitate on Plasma Concentrations of Retinol and Retinol‐Binding Protein in Children with Measles in Northern Nigeria
Authors: JAMES H. O. , WEST C. E. , DUGGAN M. B. , NGWA M.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Post‐measles corneal ulceration resembling keratomalacia is frequently seen in young children in northern Nigeria. The concentration of retinol in plasma has been found to be depressed more by measles than by malnutrition. In order to determine whether this could be due to a specific influence of measles on the uptake, storage and release of retinol by the liver or its subsequent transport in the plasma, retinyl ester was administered parenteral^ to assess its effect on the concentration of circulating holo retinol‐binding protein. A water‐miscible preparation of retinyl palmitate was administered by intramuscular injection to well‐and malnourished children with and without acute measles. In all cases, the concentration of both retinol and retinol‐binding protein rose appreciably within 24 h of administration of the vitamin preparation. Thus the failure of post‐measles corneal lesions to respond to orally or parenterally administered vitamin A would not appear to be due to the inability of such vitamin A to increase the level of circulating retinol in the plasma of children with measles.
Deterioration in Lung Function after General Anaesthesia in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: RICHARDSON V. F. , ROBERTSON C. F. , MOWAT A. P. , HOWARD E. R. , PRICE J. F.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. 48 hours after oesophagoscopy and injection sclerotherapy of oesophageal varices under general anaesthesia, 11 studies of 6 children ith cystic fibrosis and portal hypertension showed a significant deterioration in 4 tests of lung function. The largest falls were seen in Forced Expiration Volume in one second (p <0.01) and Forced Expiratory Flow between 25 % and 75 % of Vital Capacity (p <0.02). In 14 studies of 10 children with portal hypertension from other causes a significant fall occurred only in Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (p <0.01). The slight falls in Forced Expiratory Volume in one second and Forced Expiratory Flow between 25 % and 75 % of vital capacity were significantly smaller than those observed in the patients with cystic fibrosis (p <0.05; p <0.01).