bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Haematological findings in captive dolphins and whales
Authors: SHIRAI K , SAKAI T
Published: March 2008

Objective To examine haematological features in five species of healthy, captive marine mammals.

Animals Twenty bottlenose dolphins (Tursips truncatus), seven Pacific white‐sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens), five Risso dolphins (Grampus griseus) and five false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens).

Results and conclusion The red blood cell count was 4.21 × 1012/L in bottlenose dolphins, 5.32 × 1012/L in Pacific white‐sided dolphins, 4.35 × 1012/L in Risso dolphins and 4.43 × 1012/L in false killer whales. The haemoglobin concentration was 1.51 g/L and packed cell volume 44.7% in bottlenose dolphins; the corresponding values were 1.71 g/L and 48.9% in Pacific white‐sided dolphins, 1.72 g/L and 49.4% in Risso dolphins, and 1.52 g/L and 47.8% in false killer whales. The white blood cell count was 7.097 × 109/L in bottlenose dolphins, 5.928 × 109/L in Pacific white‐sided dolphins, 5.001 × 109/L in Risso dolphins and 7.921 × 109/L in false killer whales. There were no significant differences in these values among bottlenose dolphins and Pacific white‐sided dolphins. The proportion of eosinophils in the differential leukocyte count ranged from 10.3% to 11.5% in bottlenose dolphins, Pacific white‐sided dolphins and false killer whales, but was only 0.4% in Risso dolphins. The eosinophilic granules were larger in Risso dolphins and false killer whales than in bottlenose and Pacific white‐sided dolphins.
Amoxycillin as an alternative to dihydrostreptomycin sulphate for treating cattle infected with Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo
Authors: SMITH CR , CORNEY BG , McGOWAN MR , McCLINTOCK CS , WARD W. , KETTERER PJ
Published: March 2008

Objective To assess the effect of amoxycillin treatment on urinary excretion of leptospires from cattle infected with Leptospira borgpeterseniiserovar hardjo.

Design A chemotherapy trial with controls.

Procedure Fourteen heifers serologically negative to L hardjo were inoculated with L hardjo via the conjunctival route and assessed for evidence of infection by serological, fluorescent antibody and microbiological tests. Two injections (48 h apart) of amoxycillin at a dose of 15 mg/kg were administered intramuscularly to seven heifers 6.5 weeks after infection; the remaining heifers acted as untreated controls. Later, these seven control group heifers were treated with a single dose of amoxycillin (15 mg/kg). Samples of urine were collected before and after amoxycillin treatments; kidneys were collected at slaughter, and examined by fluorescent antibody test and microbiological culture.

Results Leptospires were isolated from the urine of 11 of 14 heifers inoculated with L hardjo. After treatment of six of these with two injections of amoxycillin, leptospires were not isolated. Of the controls, four of the five initially leptospiruric heifers continued to shed leptospires; after a single injection of amoxycillin, no leptospires were detected in the kidneys of these four.

Conclusion Amoxycillin may be an acceptable alternative to dihydrostreptomycin sulphate for the treatment of cattle infected with L hardjo.
Prevalences of feline leukaemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus infections in cats in Sydney
Authors: MALIK R. , KENDALL K. , CRIDLAND J. , COULSTON S. , STUART AJ , SNOW D. , LOVE DN
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo determine prevalences of feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infections in ‘healthy’ cats that, through acute misadventure or other circumstance, were presented to veterinary practitioners. Prevalences of FeLV and FIV in this population were compared to those in a population of predominantly sick cats.

Design and proceduresSerum specimens were obtained over a 2‐year period from 200 cats oldeer than 1 year of age presented to veterinary clinics for routine procedures, including cat fight injuries or abscesses, vehicular trauma, neutering, dental scaling, vaccination, grooming or boarding. An additional 894 sera were obtained over approximately the same period from specimens submitted by veterinarians to a private clinical pathology laboratory, mainly from sick cats suspected of having immune dysfunction, but including some sera from healthy cats being screened prior to FeLV vaccination. FIV antibody and FeLV antigen were detected in samples using commercial enzyme immunoassays.

ResultsAmongst 200 ‘healthy’ cats, the prevalence of FeLV infection was 0 to 2%, and the prevalence of FIV was 6.5 to 7.5%, depending on the stringency of the criteria used to define positivity. FIV infection was significantly more prevalent in cats which resided in an inner city environment (P = 0.013). Of the 894 serum specimens submitted to the laboratory by practitioners, 11/761 (1.4%) were FeLV positive, while 148/711 (20.8%) were FIV positive. The prevalence of FIV was significantly higher in these predominantly ‘sick’ cats than in cats seen for routine veterinary procedures (P < 0.00001), while there was no difference in the prevalence of FeLV (P = 0.75)

ConclusionsThe prevalence of FeLV and FIV in healthy cats may have been substantially overestimated in some previous Australian surveys. FeLV infection would appear to be a rare cause of disease in Australian cats. The higher prevalence of FIV positivity in sick as opposed to healthy cats infers that FIV infection contributes to the development of disease.
Unguided bronchoalveolar lavage techniques and residual effects in dogs
Authors: McCAULEY M. , ATWELL RB , SUTTON RH , LUMSDEN JS
Published: March 2008

ObjectivesTo investigate the use of unguided bronchoalveolar lavage techniques in dogs without fibreoptic bronchoscopy, using an adapted single vascular catheter and a double‐lumen catheter made from two single vascular catheters.

AnimalsSixty‐nine dogs were examined with the single‐catheter technique and 110 dogs with the double‐catheter technique.

DesignA prospective study.

ProcedureSixty‐nine and 220 samples, collected with the single catheter and the double catheter respectively, were examined cytologically Lungs of 69 dogs were examined grossly and histologically. Radiographic examination was performed on 11 dogs.

ResultsThe double‐catheter technique produced samples with significantly higher cellularity (P < 0.01) and fewer red blood cells (P < 0.01) than the single‐catheter technique. Repeat samples collected with a double catheter were not significantly different (P > 0.01) in any value. A reference range for nucleated cell counts of 62 to 1210 – 106/L was calculated from 57 clinically and histologically normal dogs. The major residual effects of the technique were localised pulmonary oedema, and alveolar distension with collapse and congestion of distant parenchyma. Thoracic radiographs revealed increased lung opacity for at least up to 7 h after the procedure.

ConclusionsThe cellularity of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained was adequate and sufficient fluid was retrieved when the single catheter was located in a proper position. However, the double catheter obtained better samples more quickly and easily, with less damage to the respiratory tract.
Effects of residues of deltamethrin in cattle faeces on the development and survival of three species of dungbreeding insect
Authors: WARDHAUGH KG , LONGSTAFF BC , LACEY MJ
Published: March 2008

Objective To assess the toxicity to insects of drug residues excreted in cattle faeces following treatment with deltamethrin.

Design Bioassays were performed on one species of dung‐breeding fly (Musca vetustissima) and two species of dung beetle (Onthophagus binodis and Euoniticellus fulvus).

Animals Cattle on properties near Kangaroo Valley, Canberra and Gundagai were treated with pour‐on formulations of deltamethrin. Untreated animals acted as controls.

Procedures Faeces from treated and untreated cattle were inoculated with newly emerged fly larvae or fed to adults of two species of dung beetle. Percentage survival and duration of development provided measures of the toxicity of deltamethrin residues in faeces.

Results Residues of deltamethrin were excreted in concentrations sufficient to inhibit survival of larvae of M vetustissima for 1 to 2 weeks after treatment. Peak concentrations of 0.4mg deltamethrin/kg dry weight of faeces occurred 3 days after treatment and were sufficient to kill adult beetles for at least twice this period. With one of two formulations tested, there was evidence of a reduction in dung beetle fecundity and an increase in the duration of juvenile development. A model of the effect of deltamethrin on the breeding success of dung beetles in the field suggests that a single treatment, applied when most of the population is in a non‐parous condition, may cause up to 75% reduction in beetle acitivity by the end of the season. Multiple treatments at 10 or 21 day intervals may drive local populations towards extinction.

Conclusion Depending on the time and frequency of treatment, the effect of deltamethrin on insects in cattle faeces may range from negligible to catastrophic.
Length of veterinary working life
Authors: HEATH TJ
Published: March 2008

Objective To estimate the time veterinary graduates spend in private practice and in veterinary work generally, and to determine what factors influence this.

Methods Questionnaires were completed in the sixth year after graduation by 119 veterinarians who had participated in this longitudinal study since starting the veterinary course, and the data were analysed using the SAS System for Windows.

Results Of those who started the veterinary course, 90% graduated, and 96% of these then entered private practice. Five years later 94% (73% in full‐time equivalents) were working as veterinarians, and 64% (50% in full‐time equivalents) were still in private practice in Australia. Hours, attitudes of principals and clients, and inadequate rewards were the main reasons for leaving private practice. The likelihood of being still in private practice was greater for those who had had significant responsibility for animals before they entered the course, but it was not related to geographical origin (city vs country), age at entry or gender. Women were, however, more likely than men to be working part time as veterinarians. Predictions of veterinary working life were not affected by geographical origin or by previous experience with animals or on farms, but men expected to work longer than women.

Conclusion The average veterinary career, estimated by veterinarians who graduated 5 years earlier, is 24 years in fulltime equivalents for men, and 16 years for women. Almost all (94%, representing 73% in full‐time equivalents) still work as veterinarians after 5 years, most of them (76%, representing 59% in full‐time equivalents) in private practice. The likelihood of remaining in private practice is related to previous responsibility for animals.
Variation in the immune status of two Australian pig breeds
Authors: NGUYEN VP , WONG CW , HINCH GN , SINGH D. , COLDITZ IG
Published: March 2008

Objective To investigate the variation in immune competence of two Australian pig breeds.

Design A panel of immune tests were used to assess breed and sire differences in weaner piglets of Large White and Duroc breeds.

Procedure All piglets were immunised against porcine leptospirosis. Blood samples were taken for studies on lymphocyte phenotypes, mitogenic responses of blood cells and serological analysis.

Results Significantly larger blood leucocyte numbers were found in Large White piglets compared with Duroc piglets after vaccinations. No significant difference in concanavalin A induced blood cell proliferation was found between these two breeds before or after vaccinations. Some significant breed variation in blood lymphocyte phenotypes was found. While the age‐related changes of lymphocyte phenotypes were similar for the two breeds, the Large White breed had significantly larger numbers of CD2+ and CD4+ cells than the Duroc breed after the two vaccinations. There were also significant sire effects on CD8+ cells within the Large White breed after the first vaccination. No significant breed difference was detectable in serum IgG concentrations but sire differences within each breed before the primary vaccination were found. The serum antibody response to vaccination against leptospirosis was generally small, and showed no variations due to either breed or sire. No gender effects were found during the entire study.

Conclusion The study demonstrated significant differences in some important immune components of the pig breeds studied. This may in turn indicate the variation in their immune competence or disease resistance. However, further investigation into the heritability and correlation with specific immune responses is required.
Surgical management of an abdominal abscess in a Malayan tapir
Authors: LAMBETH RR , DART AJ , VOGELNEST L. , DART CM , HODGSON DR
Published: March 2008

A captive Malayan tapir was observed to have inappetence, weight loss, signs of depression, mild dehydration and diar rhoea. Haematological and serum biochemical tests showed anaemia, hypoproteinaemia, hyperfibrinogenaemia and neu‐trophilia with a left shift. Ultrasonic examination of the abdomen under anaesthesia revealed a well‐encapsulated abscess. The abscess was marsupialised to the ventral body wall. Culture of the pus produced a mixed bacterial growth. Antimicrobial therapy was based on bacterial sensitivity results. Follow‐up ultrasonic examinations showed resolution of the abscess. Ninety‐one days after surgery the tapir began regurgitating food and water. An abscess originating from the stomach and occluding the lumen of the duodenum was identified at surgery. The abscess ruptured during surgical manipulations and the tapir was euthanased.
Attitudes and practices of Queensland dairy farmers to the control of the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus
Authors: JONSSON NN , MATSCHOSS AL
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine practices for the control of cattle ticks on dairy farms in Queensland, the attitudes of farmers to tick infestations and to identify opportunities for and barriers against the introduction of non‐chemical methods of tick control.

Design A survey of 199 dairy farmers from tick‐infested parts of Queensland was undertaken by 20 dairy advisers and stock inspectors from October 1996 to June 1997. The sample was a proportional, random selection of dairy farms from four regions. A personal interview was conducted with each farmer and answers to 134 questions were obtained.

Results and conclusions Most farmers were not concerned by cattle ticks on their own farms, although they believed that ticks are important to the dairy industry. They were most concerned about the development of chemical resistance by cattle ticks. Inadequate facilities and lack of motivation appeared to be the factors most limiting to improving the methods of control. Most farmers claimed to have only small numbers of ticks at worst. Although a control program recom mended by the Queensland Dairyfarmers' Organisation was well regarded by farmers, few had adopted it. Many farmers saw no need to implement a strategic control program.
Development of a toxin‐binding agent as a treatment for tunicaminyluracil toxicity: protection against tunicamycin poisoning of sheep
Authors: MAY C. , STEWART PL
Published: March 2008

Objective To assess the ability of certain derivatives of beta‐cyclodextrin to treat sheep affected by tunicaminyluracil toxicity, using tunicamycin poisoning as a model system.

Design Controlled treatment trial.

Animals One hundred and sixty Merino wethers were used in the studies.

Procedure Groups of sheep were experimentally poisoned with tunicamycin. Derivatives of beta‐cyclodextrin, with or without magnesium sulphate and magnesium gluconate, were administered to treatment groups daily for 2 to 3 days. Treatment groups were compared with untreated groups in terms of survival.

Results A significant increase in survival was observed following treatment of tunicamycin‐affected sheep with hydroxypropyl‐beta‐cyclodextrin (HPb ‐CD) and magnesium sulphate in solution (P < 0.05). In subsequent trials, formula tion of the cyclodextrin in the form of a magnesium gluconate gel suspension demonstrated significant protection (P < 0.01) and was equally as effective as the cyclodextrin in solution, but required half the frequency of administration, even when the treatment was not commenced until 24 h after the final toxin dose. Beta‐cyclodextrin‐epichlorohydrin copolymer also improved the survival rate. After toxin administration, the sheep lost significantly less weight if treatment with HPb ‐CD was commenced early (P < 0.001).

Conclusion Protection studies using these two beta‐cyclodextrin derivatives suggest that they may be effective in increasing the survival of sheep poisoned by tunicamycin and warrant further testing in field outbreaks of annual ryegrass toxicity.
Reviewing the alternatives
Authors: REVINGTON M.
Published: March 2008

Complementary and Alternative Veterinary Medicine, Principles and Practice, edited by Allen M Schoen and Susan G Wynn
Transmission studies of Hendra virus (equine morbilli‐virus) in fruit bats, horses and cats
Authors: WILLIAMSON MM , HOOPER PT , SELLECK PW , GLEESON LJ , DANIELS PW , WESTBURY HA , MURRAY PK
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine the infectivity and transmissibility of Hendra virus (HeV).

Design A disease transmission study using fruit bats, horses and cats.

Procedure Eight grey‐headed fruit bats (Pteropus poliocephalus) were inoculated and housed in contact with three uninfected bats and two uninfected horses. In a second exper iment, four horses were inoculated by subcutaneous injection and intranasal inoculation and housed in contact with three uninfected horses and six uninfected cats. In a third experi ment, 12 cats were inoculated and housed in contact with three uninfected horses. Two surviving horses were inoculated at the conclusion of the third experiment: the first orally and the second by nasal swabbing. All animals were necropsied and examined by gross and microscopic pathological methods, immunoperoxidase to detect viral antigen in formalin‐fixed tissues, virus isolation was attempted on tissues and SNT and ELISA methods were used to detect HeV‐specific antibody.

Results Clinical disease was not observed in the fruit bats, although six of eight inoculated bats developed antibody against HeV, and two of six developed vascular lesions which contained viral antigen. The in‐contact bats and horses did not seroconvert. Three of four horses that were inoculated devel oped acute disease, but in‐contact horses and cats were not infected. In the third experiment, one of three in‐contact horses contracted disease. At the time of necropsy, high titres of HeV were detected in the kidneys of six acutely infected horses, in the urine of four horses and the mouth of two, but not in the nasal cavities or tracheas.

Conclusions Grey‐headed fruit bats seroconvert and develop subclinical disease when inoculated with HeV. Horses can be infected by oronasal routes and can excrete HeV in urine and saliva. It is possible to transmit HeV from cats to horses. Transmission from P poliocephalus t o horses could not be proven and neither could transmission from horses to horses or horses to cats. Under the experimental conditions of the study the virus is not highly contagious.
Prevalence of megabacteria in budgerigar colonies
Authors: FILIPPICH LJ , HENDRIKZ JK
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo measure the prevalence of megabacteria in budgerigar‐breeding colonies and to evaluate possible methods to reduce the prevalence.

DesignA monitoring study over several years.

Sample populationTwo budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus) colonies with over 300 birds each.

ProcedureThe prevalence of megabacteria in the faeces in two budgerigar breeding colonies, colony 1 and 2, was determined by faecal examination of each bird. Following an initial survey (1990), most of the birds that were scored 2+ or more were culled and a management practice was implemented to discriminate against positive birds. Consecutive yearly surveys (1991, 1992) were conducted on the young birds bred in these colonies. The prevalence of megabacteria in colony 2 was also evaluated in 1994 and 1996 after all the birds were treated with amphotericin B administered in drinking water.

ResultsThe prevalence of megabacteria in the two colonies was significantly (P < 0.001) different. Overall the prevalence of megabacteria adjusted for colony differences was significantly higher (P < 0.025) in males compared to females. Age was not an influencing factor. After the initial survey, the prevalence in the offspring did not significantly (P > 0.05) decrease in the following two annual breeding seasons but by inference it did significantly decrease after amphotericin B treatment.

ConclusionThe practice of culling most birds with more megabacteria in faeces and discriminating against positive birds when selecting birds for breeding or culling birds on show quality does not decrease megabacteria prevalence in the offspring. However, a reduction in prevalence does occur with administration of amphotericin B. Birds may have amphotericin B‐resistant organisms and these birds need to be identified and culled.
Mitotane (o, DDD) resistance in a dog with pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism and phaeochromocytoma
Authors: BENNETT PF , NORMAN EJ
Published: March 2008

A dog was presented with a 2 year history of polyuria and polydipsia due to pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism. A low‐dose dexamethasone suppression test and measurement of plasma ACTH concentration confirmed the diagnosis. Treatment was instituted with mitotane at 44 mg/kg/day and then 88 mg/kg/d without complete resolution of signs. The dog collapsed with signs consistent with liver disease and was euthanased. Necropsy revealed a phaeochromocytoma of the left adrenal medulla with extensive metastases to the liver. A chromophobe adenoma of the pars intermedia of the pituitary was found.
Cutaneous syndrome possibly caused by heartworm infestation in a dog
Authors: SEAVERS A.
Published: March 2008

A 9‐year‐old German Shepherd bitch was presented with a recent onset of seborrhoea oleosa, hyperpigmentation, erythema, pruritus and alopecia along the neck, thorax, ventrum and the dorsal area of the carpus. The skin changes were believed to be caused by Dirofilaria immitis infection. A combination of topical and parenteral anti‐heartworm therapy led to the resolution of the lesions.
Disc extrusion in a Rottweiler dog with caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy after failure of intervertebral distraction/stabilisation
Authors: MARCHEVSKY AM , RICHARDSON JL
Published: March 2008

A Rottweiler dog was presented with an 8 week history of hindlimb ataxia. Neurological examination localised the lesion to the cervical spinal cord. Myelography demonstrated dynamic compressive lesions at C5–6 and C6–7 consistent with a diagnosis of caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy. Distraction/stabilisation of both discs was performed using interbody polymethyl methacrylate. Both implants subsequently failed leading to extrusion of the remaining dorsal annulus fibro‐sus of the C5–6 intervertebral disc and nonambulatory tetraparesis. A ventral slot combined with distraction/stabilisation using screws and polymethyl methacrylate was performed and resulted in nearly full neurological recovery.
Multiple crusted cutaneous plaques in a cat
Authors: FOSTER SF , CHARLES JA , SWINNEY GR , MALIK R.
Published: March 2008

A 12‐year‐old castrated male, domestic shorthaired cat was presented with multiple skin lesions. The cat lived mainly indoors and was regularly vaccinated against feline herpes‐, calici‐ and parvo‐viruses. It had also been vaccinated against feline leukaemia virus 18 months previously and the owner claimed that the skin lesions had developed after that vaccination.
Variation of pesticide concentration in sheep dips operated according to traditional and revised methods
Authors: SHERWOOD N. , WATTS T. , ALLAN C. , CHANDLER D.
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo quantify stripping in traditional dipping operations and to revise dipping methods, based on prediction of stripping so that a more stable concentration of pesticide in the dipwash is achieved.

Design and methodsPlunge and shower dips were operated sequentially according to traditional and revised dipping instructions. Dips were operated by continuous and intermittent replenishment. Samples of mixed dipwash were collected periodically and assayed for pesticide (diazinon) concentration.

ResultsDiagrammatic representations of pesticide concentration versus number of sheep dipped indicated traditional dipping leads to wide variations in the concentration of pesticide in dipwash during dipping. Intermittent replenishment led to a ‘saw‐tooth’ pattern in the pesticide concentration. Traditional continuous replenishment (using the starting concentration of pesticide) indicated both the rate and extent of stripping was higher in shower dipping. If sufficient sheep were dipped, equilibrium was reached between the rate of pesticide replenishment and removal. An alternative method of dip operation by continuous replenishment, using a low starting concentration of pesticide and a replenishment concentration high enough to offset the pesticide loss through stripping resulted in a more stable concentration of pesticide in the dip.

ConclusionRevision of dipping instructions can lead to exposure of sheep to stable concentrations of stripping pesticide during dipping.
Hansen type I disk disease at T1‐2 in a Dachshund
Authors: LIPTAK JM , WATT PR , THOMSON MJ , COPELAND SE , GALLOWAY AM
Published: March 2008

A 7‐year‐old Dachshund was presented with chronic left thoracic limb lameness and acute neurological deficits to the hind limbs following trauma. A lesion was suspected between C7 and T2 on the basis of neurological examinations. Radiography and myelography identified a calcified intervertebral disk at C7‐T1 and an extradural unilateral compressive lesion at T1‐2. Computed tomography scans of the cranial thoracic spine revealed extrusion of disk material from the T1‐2 intervertebral space resulting in marked spinal cord compression. Intervertebral disk disease is rarely reported at this location. The neurological condition deteriorated after a second myelogram, which was done to examine the thoracolumbar spine. A modified dorsal decompression of T1‐2 was performed. The dog was euthanased due to further neurological deterioration 8 days after surgery.
Concentrations of macro‐ and micro‐elements in the milk of pasture‐fed Thoroughbred mares
Authors: GRACE ND , PEARCE SG , FIRTH EC , FENNESSY PF
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine the changes in Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, S, Cu, Fe and Zn concentrations of milk during the lactation in pasture‐fed Thoroughbred mares and then calculate the dietary mineral requirements of the sucking foal and the lactating mare.

Procedure Milk was sampled on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 and at various times between 55 to 65, 85 to 95 and 135 to 150 days after parturition from 21 pasture‐fed mares. The concentrations of macro‐ and micro‐elements in the milk were determined by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry.

Results Concentrations (mg/L) of these elements were highest in colostrum (Mg 302, Na 561, K 955, S 1035, Cu 0.76, Fe 0.79 and Zn 5.5) except for Ca (1245) and P (895), which where highest on day 7. The mean milk mineral element concentrations (mg/L) over days 55 to 150 were Ca 843, P 543, Mg 47, Na 120, K 590, S 219, Cu 0.19, Fe 0.34 and Zn 2.1. The mean plasma element concentrations (mg/L) over the same period were Ca 120, P 77.1, Mg 17.0, Na 3110, K 168, S 983, Cu 1.1, Fe 1.5 and Zn 0.49. Concentration gradients between plasma and milk were observed and, in the case of Ca, P, Mg, K and Zn, their concentrations in milk were greater than those in plasma, while a reverse situation was observed for Na, S, Cu and Fe.

Conclusion With the exception of Ca and P, the highest concentrations of mineral elements were observed in the colostrum. The nursing foal should have access to good pasture or creep feed, because the intakes of Ca, P and Cu from milk may be less than optimum to meet the daily mineral element requirements.
Osteochondrodysplasia in Scottish Fold cats
Authors: MALIK R , ALLAN GS , HOWLETT CR , THOMPSON DE , JAMES G , McWHIRTER C , KENDALL K
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo better characterise the bone and joint problems which can develop in Scottish Fold cats.

DesignRetrospective study of cases seen in five veterinary clinics and radiographic survey of cats in a cattery.

ResultsSix Scottish Fold cats (four castrated males, two spayed females) aged between 5 months and 6 years were presented for signs of skeletal disease including lameness, reluctance to jump, a stiff stilted gait, short misshapen distal limbs, swelling of plantar tarsometatarsal regions and short thick inflexible tails. A further four cases (one male, three females, 15 months to 11 years) were identified by radiographic screening of a cattery. A diagnosis of osteochondrodysplasia was based on characteristic radiological findings including irregularity in the size and shape of tarsal, carpal, metatarsal and metacarpal bones, phalanges and caudal vertebrae, narrowed joint spaces, and progressive new bone formation around joints of distal limbs with diffuse osteopenia of adjacent bone. A plantar exostosis caudal to the calcaneus was present in advanced cases. In all nine cases where pedigree information was available, affected cats allegedly originated from the mating of a Scottish Fold to a cat with normal ears. The severity and time of onset of physical signs, and rate of progression and extent of radiographic abnormalities, varied from case to case. Limited histological observations suggested the underlying problem may be an osteochondrodysplasia, related to inadequate cartilage maturation. Clinical signs were ameliorated by administration of pentosan subcutaneously in two of three cats in which it was trialled, and one of these also benefited from an oral glycosaminoglycan preparation.

ConclusionsClinical and radiological findings were ascribed to defective maturation and function of cartilage, particularly in the distal limbs, ears and tail. As all Scottish Fold cats suffered from osteochondrodysplasia of some degree, the best solution would be to avoid using fold‐eared cats for breeding and instead use Scottish shorthairs.
Arterially perfused eye model of uveitis
Authors: SHIELS IA , SANDERSON SD , TAYLOR SM
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo develop an in vitro model of uveitis based on an ex situ perfused eye to evaluate the anti‐inflammatory activity of new pharmacological products.

ProcedureEyes were removed from more than 60 dogs and 9 horses immediately after euthanasia and perfused with nutrient medium through the lateral long ciliary artery. Perfused eyes produced aqueous humour, and perfusion pressure was adjusted to obtain an intraocular pressure in the physiological range. When the eyes were treated with histamine, a complement C5a analogue peptide and hydrogen peroxide, typical signs of uveitis were produced. These included miosis, vascular leakage, reduced intraocular pressure, reduced flow of perfusate and, in some eyes, conjunctival oedema.

ResultsCanine eyes showed a decrease in intraocular pressure and a decrease in perfusate flow rate when challenged with 100 μmol/L hydrogen peroxide. Flunixin meglumine (5 μmol/L), ketoprofen (5 μmol/L), indomethacin (5 μmol/L) as well as a new drug pirfenidone (10 μmol/L) prevented changes in intraocular pressure induced by hydrogen peroxide, but did not significantly moderate the mediator‐induced changes in perfusate flow.

ConclusionsThis model is suitable for evaluating potential anti‐inflammatory activity of drugs without having to induce uveitis in an experimental animal. The technique is suitable for species that range in size from cats to horses.
Bacterial septic arthritis in 19 dogs
Authors: MARCHEVSKY AM , READ RA
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo provide information on the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of bacterial septic arthritis in dogs.

DesignA retrospective study examining case records of all dogs diagnosed with bacterial septic arthritis at Murdoch University Veterinary Hospital between 1988 and 1997.

ResultsNineteen dogs were diagnosed with bacterial septic arthritis, which most commonly occurred after surgery involving the stifle joint. Haematogenous infection occurred in only five dogs. Diagnosis was based on clinical signs, joint fluid analysis, radiography, microbiology and/or response to treatment. Chronic lameness was the most common problem at presentation. Analysis of joint fluid invariably revealed large number of nucleated cells, which consisted primarily of neutrophils. In all but one case the neutrophils were nondegenerate. Culture of joint fluid was frequently successful.Staphylococcusspp were the most common bacteria isolated. Treatment involved antimicrobial drugs only in five dogs. Other dogs received antimicrobial drugs in combination with surgical procedures such as joint lavage and removal of nonabsorbable suture material (eight), arthrodesis (two) or amputation (one). Two dogs were euthanased. Most dogs responded well to treatment and were free of signs of septic arthritis at follow‐up.

ConclusionBacterial septic arthritis may often be mild and manifest as chronic lameness. Analysis of joint fluid will detect an inflammatory arthropathy but the presence of toxic neutrophils should not be relied on as an indicator of sepsis. Culture of infected joint fluid is likely to be successful if antimicrobials are not given prior to collection and if the sample is inoculated into enrichment broth. Treatment should involve antimicrobial drugs, open‐joint lavage and removal of joint prostheses if the infection is associated with previous surgery.
Ultrastructure of the hydrophobic gastric surfactant barrier in the dog
Authors: ETHELL MT , HODGSON DR , HILLS BA
Published: March 2008

Objectives To confirm the hydrophobicity of the luminal surface of the canine stomach and to elucidate the ultrastructure of the lining imparting that property.

Design and procedures Gastric and duodenal mucosal samples from eight dogs were collected immediately after euthanasia and subjected to contact angle measurement using a goniometer. Other samples were examined by electron microscopy following a fixation procedure known to preserve phospholipids and oligolamellar structures.

Results Contact angles for the canine gastric mucosal surface (85.1 ± 5.5) were significantly greater (P<0.0001) than for the duodenum (24.0 ± 1.7). Electron microscopy revealed the existence of surfactant as abundant osmiophilic phospholipid material within the gastric and duodenal mucosae.

Conclusion We have confirmed the hydrophobic nature of the canine gastric mucosa whereas the luminal surface of the duodenum is hydrophilic. We propose that the water‐repellent nature of the canine gastric lining contributes to the'gastric mucosal barrier and is imparted by an oligolamellar layer of surface‐active phospholipid ('gastric surfactant) adsorbed to the surface. Both gastric and duodenal mucosae may also utilise phospholipids as an intercellular defense mechanism in the event that tight junctions are breached by acid. It is tempting to speculate that a deficiency of gastric phospholipids may predispose dogs to ulcers. Further, exogenous administration of phospholipids may be useful in preventing gastric ulceration.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Nielsen Ian L
Published: March 2008

Clunies Ross Australian Visionary, LR Humphreys
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Hoare Rod
Published: March 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

Equine Welfare by M Kiley‐Worthington
Management of bilateral flexural deformity of the metacarpophalangeal joints in three alpaca crias
Authors: CASHMAN T , DART AJ , O'SHEA A , HODGSON DR
Published: March 2008

Three neonatal alpacas were treated for MCPflexural deformities. Two crias responded well to conservative therapy using splints made from fibreglass cast material. One cria with severe deformity failed to respond to conservative treatment but recovered satisfactorily after transection of the suspensory ligament in both legs. It seems that mild cases of flexural deformity of the MCP joint in alpaca crias respond well to conservative therapy but that surgical correction may be required in more severe cases. Sequential transection of the structures limiting extension of the MCP joint may result in fewer complications than previously reported techniques.
Detection of leptospires in bovine semen by polymerase chain reaction
Authors: HEINEMANN MB , GARCIA JF , NUNES CM , MORAIS ZM , GREGORI F. , CORTEZ A. , VASCONCELLOS SA , VISINTIN JA , RICHTZENHAIN LJ
Published: March 2008

Objective In view of the considerable importance of vene real transmission of bovine leptospirosis, the objective of the present study was to compare the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture/isolation and serology to detect leptospire infection in bovine semen.

Design Blood for serologic examination and semen for bacterial culture and PCR were collected from 20 bulls at arti ficial insemination centres in Brazil. Each animal was sampled twice for serology.

Result Forty‐five percent (9/20) of the serum samples collected showed agglutinin titers to serovar hardjo i n the first sample and 25% (5/20) had agglutinin titers to serovar hardjo in the second sample. Eighty percent (16/20) of semen samples were positive by PCR. Leptospires could not be isolated from any of the semen samples examined.

Conclusion Polymerase chain reaction can be a method of great potential for the detection of leptospires at artificial insemination centres.
Effect of topical rh‐TGF‐β1 on second intention wound healing in horses
Authors: STEEL CM , ROBERTSON ID , THOMAS J. , YOVICH JV
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects on wound healing of transforming growth factor‐β1 as a topical treatment to full‐thickness, excisional wounds of the distal limb of horses.

DesignA randomised block study using four horses, each with wounds assigned to four treatment groups.

AnimalsFour adult Standardbred geldings.

ProcedureFour, 4 cm2, full‐thickness wounds were created on the dorsomedial and dorsolateral aspect of the metacarpus or metatarsus of each limb of four horses, giving a total of 64 wounds. For each limb, wounds were randomly assigned to four treatment groups: no treatment (control), carrier (Methyl Cellulose gel), 50 ng/wound rhTGF‐β1 in carrier, and 500 ng/wound rhTGF‐β1 in carrier. Wounds were treated on day 0 and day 8. Effects of treatment were evaluated on the basis of the presence of exuberant granulation tissue requiring excision, number of times excision was required, total wound area, area of epithelialisation, area of granulation, and histological evaluation of biopsy samples of wounds on day 8 and excised wounds on day 21.

ResultsTopical application of TGF‐β1 at the two concentrations studied had no significant effect on the total area of wounds (P = 0.7), the area of granulation tissue (P = 0.78), the area of epithelialisation (P = 0.92), histological assessment or subjective clinical assessment of wounds.

ConclusionTGF‐β1 had no beneficial effects on wound healing. Additional trials are needed to test if it has value for wound treatment in horses.
World watch
Authors: Murray Gardner
Published: March 2008

Four new viruses with veterinary and public health implications have been discovered in association with bats since mid‐1994 ‐ three in Australia and one in Malaysia. Bats are naturally infected by all four viruses and appear to be the natural reservoirs for these viruses. Thus, whenever attending bats, veterinarians need to be aware of the diseases that can be caused by these viruses, both for reasons of differential diagnosis and of occupational health and safety. Fact sheets with additional information on these new viruses are available on the CSIRO website (http:www.csiro.au).
Extent and economic effect of heat loads on dairy cattle production in Australia
Authors: MAYER DG , DAVISON TM , McGOWAN MR , YOUNG BA , MATSCHOSS AL , HALL AB , GOODWIN PJ , JONSSON NN , GAUGHAN JB
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo investigate the extent of heat load problems, caused by the combination of excessive temperature and humidity, in Holstein‐Friesian cows in Australia. Also, to outline how milk production losses and consequent costs from this can be estimated and minimised.

ProceduresLong‐term meteorological data for Australia were analysed to determine the distribution of hot conditions over space and time. Fifteen dairy production regions were identified for higher‐resolution data analysis. Both the raw meteorological data and their integration into a temperature‐humidity thermal index were compiled onto a computer program. This mapping software displays the distribution of climatic patterns, both Australia‐wide and within the selected dairying regions. Graphical displays of the variation in historical records for 200 locations in the 15 dairying regions are also available. As a separate study, production data from research stations, on‐farm trials and milk factory records were statistically analysed and correlated with the climatic indices, to estimate production losses due to hot conditions.

ResultsBoth milk yields and milk constituents declined with increases in the temperature‐humidity index. The onset and rate of this decline are dependent on a number of factors, including location, level of production, adaptation, and management regime. These results have been integrated into a farm‐level economic analysis for managers of dairy properties.

ConclusionBy considering the historical patterns of hot conditions over time and space, along with expected production losses, managers of dairy farms can now conduct an economic evaluation of investment strategies to alleviate heat loads. These strategies include the provision of sprinklers, shade structures, or combinations of these.
Surgical removal of an ependymoma from the third ventricle of a cat
Authors: SIMPSON DJ , HUNT GB , TISDALL PLC , GOVENDIR M , ZAKI S , FRANCE MP , MALIK R
Published: March 2008

A 10‐year‐old spayed domestic shorthaired cat was presented for behavioural changes, signs suggestive of visual deficits and aimless circling. Neuro‐ophthalmological examination suggested the cat had central blindness. CT scans following administration of iohexol demonstrated a contrast‐enhancing mass in the vicinity of the third ventricle resulting in obstructive hydrocephalus. Following rostral tentorial craniotomy and incision through the cerebral cortex, the third ventricle was approached via the dilated left lateral ventricle. An ependymoma was seen through a dorsocaudolateral incision into the third ventricle, and removed by gentle manipulation and suction. The cat recovered unremarkably, regaining normal vision and behaviour.
Evidence of sperm storage in the female ostrich
Authors: SWAN RA , SICOURI O
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine the length of time following mating that fertile eggs can be laid by an ostrich (Struthio camelus).

Design

A clinical reproductive problem in a pair of breeding ostriches provided the opportunity to mate the birds at intervals of 5 to 8 days and assess the fertility of the eggs laid.

Procedure

Following prolapse of the phallus of the male ostrich during the breeding season, the pair were immediately separated. The hen was reintroduced to the cock at intervals of 5 to 8 days over a 6 week period for supervised mating. Records were kept of dates of mating and laying, number of eggs laid, egg weights, and fertility determined by candling after 2 weeks incubation.

Results

Over the 6 week period, 10 eggs were laid, of which 8 were fertile and 2 infertile. Fertile eggs weighed 1020 to 1285 g (mean 1143). The two infertile eggs weighed 1160 and 925 g. Six fertile eggs were laid 2 to 7 days after mating. The remaining two fertile eggs were laid the same days that mating occurred, suggesting that fertilisation resulted from the last matings 5 and 8 days previously, or from earlier matings.

Conclusion

Sperm storage occurs in ostrich hens and fertile eggs can be laid for at least 5 to 8 days after copulation. Further studies are required to demonstrate the maximum period during which stored sperm are capable of successful fertilisation.
Production and oxidation of wool grease after shearing
Authors: DARWISH A , HENNESSY DR , MAXWELL CA
Published: March 2008

Objective To measure the production and amount of oxidation of wool grease secreted immediately after shearing. To identify components of wool grease that might act as a carrier to facilitate lateral diffusion of topically applied insecticides.

Design

Fine‐wool Merino sheep were shorn and residual greasy wool was collected from the sheep's flank. The quantity of grease produced, and the amount of oxidation was measured during 18 days after shearing. Wool grease was fractionated into five component groups based on their polarity and the degree of oxidation in these fractions determined.

Results

There was a 24% increase in grease production within 2 days after shearing but secretions returned to pre‐shearing amounts after 4 days. During this period wool grease oxidised rapidly. Of the grease fractions examined, sterol and wax esters remained essentially unoxidised whereas free sterols such as cholesterol and lanosterol, fatty acids and polar lipids, aldehydes and alcohols were extensively oxidised within 7 days after shearing.

Conclusion

The transient increase in grease production after shearing may facilitate diffusion of topically applied synthetic pyrethroid insecticides. Oxidation of grease components may then contain the insecticide and limit further diffusion. Incorporating the insecticide in non‐oxidising fractions of wool grease may make insecticide dispersion more efficient.
Diarrhoea associated with cryptosporidial oocyst shedding in a Quarterhorse stallion
Authors: McKENZIE DMA , DIFFAY BC
Published: March 2008

Cryptosporidial oocyst shedding was detected in a 2.5‐year‐old Quarterhorse stallion with diarrhoea. Based on the detection of cryptosporidial oocysts, and the absence of other aetiological agents or enteropathogens, cryptosporidiosis was presumptively diagnosed. This case was unusual because cryptosporidial oocyst shedding is primarily found in some immunocompromised or immature horses, and has not been reported in healthy mature horses.
A bovine stress syndrome associated with exercise‐induced hyperthermia
Authors: HILL BD , McMANUS AC , BROWN NN , PLAYFORD CL , NOBLE JW
Published: March 2008

Objective To investigate an exercise‐induced bovine stress syndrome under field and controlled experimental conditions.

Design and procedure In the field study, cattle affected with the stress syndrome were observed while they were grazing and during normal mustering using horses. This study served to define the clinical nature of the syndrome. The experimental study utilised three affected and five normal unaffected cattle. These animals were compared on the basis of their response to a defined exercise program, which consisted of walking 3.6 km in 2 h. Blood samples and measurements of respiratory rate, ambient temperature and rectal temperature were taken immediately before exercise, and at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 h during the exercise and 24 h later. Clinical and blood constituent data were subjected to standard analysis of variance and repeated measures analysis.

Results In the field study, affected cattle were observed to show abnormally anxious and hyperactive behaviour. This behaviour was exhibited by affected cattle during the experimental exercise program where it was shown to be accompanied by hyperthermia and hyperventilation. The experimental study showed that affected cattle developed metabolic acidosis and became hyperglycaemic. Their plasma creatine kinase activity remained markedly increased at 24 h after exercise but other clinical and blood constituent variables had returned to normal values.

Conclusion The clinical and biochemical changes detected in affected cattle were consistent with exercise‐induced malignant hyperthermia.