bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Equatorial range limits of an intertidal ectotherm are more linked to water than air temperature
Authors: Seabra Rui , Wethey David S. , Santos António M. , Gomes Filipa , Lima Fernando P.
Published: April 2016

As climate change is expected to impose increasing thermal stress on intertidal organisms, understanding the mechanisms by which body temperatures translate into major biogeographic patterns is of paramount importance. We exposed individuals of the limpet Patella vulgata Linnaeus, 1758, to realistic experimental treatments aimed at disentangling the contribution of water and air temperature for the buildup of thermal stress. Treatments were designed based on temperature data collected at the microhabitat level, from 15 shores along the Atlantic European coast spanning nearly 20° of latitude. Cardiac activity data indicated that thermal stress levels in P. vulgata are directly linked to elevated water temperature, while high air temperature is only stressful if water temperature is also high. In addition, the analysis of the link between population densities and thermal regimes at the studied locations suggests that the occurrence of elevated water temperature may represent a threshold P. vulgata is unable to tolerate. By combining projected temperatures with the temperature threshold identified, we show that climate change will likely result in the westward expansion of the historical distribution gap in the Bay of Biscay (southwest France), and northward contraction of the southern range limit in south Portugal. These findings suggest that even a minor relaxing of the upwelling off northwest Iberia could lead to a dramatic increase in thermal stress, with major consequences for the structure and functioning of the intertidal communities along Iberian rocky shores.
Typographic enhancement of multiword units in second language text
Authors: Boers Frank , Demecheleer Murielle , He Lin , Deconinck Julie , Stengers Hélène , Eyckmans June
Published: April 2016

This study examines the effect of typographic enhancement on L2 learners’ intake of multiword units from reading. EFL learners read texts in one of three versions: (1) with many multiword units underlined; (2) with half of these multiword units underlined; and (3) without any underlining. The learners were subsequently asked to identify the multiword units they remembered encountering in the texts. The purpose of the text version in which only half of the target units were underlined was to explore whether enhancement of a small number of word strings in a text also stimulates intake of others from that text. As expected, enhanced multiword units were remembered better than unenhanced ones, but there was no evidence that the benefit extended beyond the enhanced items.
Suppressor of hairy‐wing, modifier of mdg4 and centrosomal protein of 190 gene orthologues of the gypsy insulator complex in the malaria mosquito, Anopheles stephensi
Authors: Carballar‐Lejarazú R. , Brennock P. , James A. A.
Published: April 2016

DNA insulators organize independent gene regulatory domains and can regulate interactions amongst promoter and enhancer elements. They have the potential to be important in genome enhancing and editing technologies because they can mitigate chromosomal position effects on transgenes. The orthologous genes of the Anopheles stephensi putative gypsy‐like insulator protein complex were identified and expression characteristics studied. These genes encode polypeptides with all the expected protein domains (Cysteine 2 Histidine 2 (C2H2) zinc fingers and/or a bric‐a‐brac/poxvirus and zinc finger). The mosquito gypsy transcripts are expressed constitutively and are upregulated in ovaries of blood‐fed females. We have uncovered significant experimental evidence that the gypsy insulator protein complex is widespread in vector mosquitoes.
Dinosaur biogeographical structure and Mesozoic continental fragmentation: a network‐based approach
Authors: Dunhill Alexander M. , Bestwick Jordan , Narey Holly , Sciberras James
Published: April 2016

Aim

To reconstruct dinosaur macro‐biogeographical patterns through the Mesozoic Era using a network‐based approach. We test how continental fragmentation affected dinosaur macro‐biogeographical structure and evolutionary rates.

Location

A global occurrence database of dinosaur families from the Late Triassic to the end‐Cretaceous was used for this study.

Methods

Biogeographical and geographical network models were constructed. Continental landmasses were linked by direct continental contact and sea level (SL)‐conditioned connections in geographical networks, and by shared dinosaur families in biogeographical networks. Biogeographical networks were run with raw, novel and first‐step connections for all dinosaur, ornithischian, theropod, and sauropodomorph taxa.

Results

Geographical connectedness declines through time, from peak aggregation in the Triassic–Jurassic to complete separation in the latest Cretaceous. Biogeographical connectedness shows no common trend in the raw and novel connection network models, but decreases through time while showing some correlation with continental fragmentation in most of the first‐step network models. Despite continental isolation and high SLs, intercontinental faunal exchange continued right up to the end of the Cretaceous. Continental fragmentation and dinosaurian macro‐biogeographical structure do not share a common pattern with dinosaurian evolutionary rates, although there is evidence that increased continental isolation resulted in increased origination rates in some dinosaurian lineages. Spatiotemporal sampling biases and early Mesozoic establishment of family‐level distribution patterns are important drivers of apparent dinosaur macro‐biogeographical structure.

Main conclusions

There is some evidence to suggest that dinosaur macro‐biogeographical structure was influenced by continental fragmentation, although intercontinental exchange of dinosaur faunas appears to have continued up to the end of the Cretaceous. Macro‐biogeographical patterns are obscured by uneven geographical sampling through time and a residual earlier Mesozoic distribution which is sustained up to the end of the Cretaceous.
Nail–patella syndrome: report of 11 pediatric cases
Authors: Figueroa‐Silva O. , Vicente A. , Agudo A. , Baliu‐Piqué C. , Gómez‐Armayones S. , Aldunce‐Soto M.J. , Inarejos Clemente E.J. , Navallas Irujo M. , Gutiérrez de la Iglesia D. , González‐Enseñat M.A.
Published: April 2016

Background

Nail–patella syndrome (NPS) is an inherited disease produced by mutations in the LMX1B gene. It is characterized by fingernail dysplasia, hypoplastic or absent patella, dysplasia of the elbows and iliac horns on X‐ray. It is useful to know this syndrome since some patients develop nephropathy and eye abnormalities. There are very few accurate descriptions related to this syndrome in the literature.

Objective

Describe the features of 11 patients with NPS in a paediatric hospital.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed our clinical database of 11 patients with proven diagnosis of NPS from 1977 to 2014. Clinical and radiological features were assessed.

Results

Eleven children (seven male/four female) were included in the study. Mean age at the time of diagnosis was 6.54 years (range 0–11 years). Five patients had a family history of NPS. All patients had nail abnormalities (100%), the most frequent finding being hyponychia. Triangular lunulae were observed in four patients. The knee was the most commonly affected joint, aplasia or hypoplasia of the patella being the most usual findings. Only one patient presented renal involvement. The genetic study revealed three different LMX1B mutations.

Conclusion

Nail–patella syndrome is a rare disorder. The aim of the present study is to highlight the importance of nail examination in children with skeletal dysplasias, in order to diagnose the NPS.
Mapping the spatio‐temporal distribution of threatened batoids to improve conservation in a subtropical estuary
Authors: Possatto F.E. , Broadhurst M.K. , Spach H.L. , Winemiller K.O. , Millar R.B. , Santos K.M. , Lamour M.R.
Published: April 2016

The spatio‐temporal distributions of four batoid species were examined in a subtropical estuary. Fluvial gradient was the most important factor explaining abundances, reflecting positive relationships with either salinity or distance from urbanised areas that were consistent across seasons and depths. The results support existing protected areas.
The Inhibitory Effects of Varying Water Activity, pH, and Nisin Content on Staphylococcus Aureus Growth and Enterotoxin a Production in Whipping Cream
Authors: Wang Tong , Lin Lu , Ou Jie , Chen Min , Yan Weiling
Published: April 2016

To determine the appropriate method to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus growth in whipping cream, enterotoxin A‐producing S. aureus strain was inoculated into whipping cream and stored at 36 ± 1°C for 36 h under varying water activity (Aw), pH, and nisin content. Duplicate samples were analyzed every 3 h to count the number of colonies by 3M Petrifilm™ Staph Express Count Plate, and the S. aureus enterotoxin A (SEA) was detected using ELISA kit (Tecra™). The modified Gompertz model was used to describe the S. aureus growth in whipping cream under various conditions. The results indicated that with the reduced Aw of whipping cream after adding sorbitol, S. aureus growth and SEA production was more effectively inhibited compared with other methods. Compared with the cream with pH 5.5 or containing 0.5 g/kg nisin, SEA production appeared later in the cream containing 7% sorbitol. The cream containing 14% and 21% sorbitol could markedly inhibit S. aureus growth and no SEA could be detected during 36 h. The results from this study may be beneficial for cream manufacturers to improve the safety of their products.

Practical Applications

The purpose of this study is to find an appropriate method to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus growth and SE production whenever the whipping cream is contaminated with S. aureus during whipping, piping, and storage. The result showed that the water activity of the cream reduced by adding sorbitol had better effect against the S. aureus growth and SE production. The application of the result may be beneficial for manufacturers to formulate whipping cream that limit the ability of S. aureus to produce SE, thereby reducing the risk of staphylococcal food poisoning.
Comparative histology of some craniofacial sutures and skull‐base synchondroses in non‐avian dinosaurs and their extant phylogenetic bracket
Authors: Bailleul Alida M. , Horner John R.
Published: April 2016

Sutures and synchondroses, the fibrous and cartilaginous articulations found in the skulls of vertebrates, have been studied for many biological applications at the morphological scale. However, little is known about these articulations at the microscopic scale in non‐mammalian vertebrates, including extant archosaurs (birds and crocodilians). The major goals of this paper were to: (i) document the microstructure of some sutures and synchondroses through ontogeny in archosaurs; (ii) compare these microstructures with previously published sutural histology (i.e. that of mammals); and (iii) document how these articulations with different morphological degrees of closure (open or obliterated) appear histologically. This was performed with histological analyses of skulls of emus, American alligators, a fossil crocodilian and ornithischian dinosaurs (hadrosaurids, pachycephalosaurids and ceratopsids). Emus and mammals possess a sutural periosteum until sutural fusion, but it disappears rapidly during ontogeny in American alligators. This study identified seven types of sutural mineralized tissues in extant and extinct archosaurs and grouped them into four categories: periosteal tissues; acellular tissues; fibrous tissues; and intratendinous tissues. Due to the presence of a periosteum in their sutures, emus and mammals possess periosteal tissues at their sutural borders. The mineralized sutural tissues of crocodilians and ornithischian dinosaurs are more variable and can also develop via a form of necrosis for acellular tissues and metaplasia for fibrous and intratendinous tissues. It was hypothesized that non‐avian dinosaurs, like the American alligator, lacked a sutural periosteum and that their primary mode of ossification involved the direct mineralization of craniofacial sutures (instead of intramembranous ossification found in mammals and birds). However, we keep in mind that a bird‐like sutural microstructure might have arisen within non‐avian saurichians. While synchondroseal histology is relatively similar in archosaurs and mammals, the microstructural differences between the sutures of these two clades are undeniable. Moreover, the current results suggest that the degree of sutural closure can only accurately be known via microstructural analyses. This study sheds light on the microstructure and growth of archosaurian sutures and synchondroses, and reveals a unique, undocumented histological diversity in non‐avian dinosaur skulls.
Investigating the relationship among transformational leadership, interpersonal interaction and mentoring functions
Authors: Huang Ching‐Yuan , Weng Rhay‐Hung , Chen Yi‐Ting
Published: April 2016

Aims and objectives

This study aims to ascertain the relationship between transformational leadership, interpersonal interaction and mentoring functions among new staff nurses.

Background

Mentoring functions could improve the job performance of new nurses, provide them with support and thus reduce their turnover rate.

Design

A cross‐sectional study was employed.

Methods

A questionnaire survey was carried out to collect data among a sample of new nurses from three hospitals in Taiwan. After gathering a total of 306 valid surveys, multiple regression analysis was applied to test the hypothesis.

Results

Inspirational motivation, idealised influence and individualised consideration had positive correlations with the overall mentoring function, but intellectual stimulation showed a positive association only with career development function. Perceived similarity and interaction frequency also had positive correlations with mentoring functions. When the shift overlap rate exceeded 80%, mentoring function showed a negative result.

Conclusion

The transformational leadership of mentors would improve the mentoring functions among new staff nurses. Perceived similarity and interaction frequency between mentees and mentors also had positive correlations with mentoring functions.

Relevance to clinical practice

It is crucial for hospitals to redesign their leadership training and motivation programmes to enhance the transformational leadership of mentors. Furthermore, nursing managers should promote interaction between new staff nurses and their mentors; however, the shift overlap rate should not be too high.
Bone metabolic microarray analysis of ligature‐induced periodontitis in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic mice
Authors: Maekawa S. , Katagiri S. , Takeuchi Y. , Komazaki R. , Ohtsu A. , Udagawa S. , Izumi Y.
Published: April 2016

Background and Objective

Periodontal disease is a chronic infectious disease that results in bone loss. Many epidemiological studies have reported the progression of periodontal tissue destruction in patients with diabetes; however, the associated mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we comprehensively investigated how diabetes affects the periodontal tissue and alveolar bone loss using a ligature‐induced periodontitis model in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic (STZ) mice.

Material and Methods

Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection with streptozotocin in 6‐wk‐old C57/BL6J male mice. A silk ligature was tied around the maxillary left second molar in 9‐wk‐old wild‐type (WT) and STZ mice. Bone loss was evaluated at 3 and 7 d after ligation. mRNA expression levels in the gingiva between the two groups were examined by DNA microarray and quantitative polymerase chain reaction at 1, 3 and 7 d post‐ligation. Tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase staining of the periodontal tissue was performed for evaluation of osteoclasts and osteoblasts in histological analysis.

Results

In the gingiva, hyperglycemia upregulated the osteoprotegerin (Opg) mRNA expression and downregulated Osteocalcin mRNA expression. In the ligated gingiva, tumor necrosis factor‐α (Tnf‐α) mRNA expression was upregulated at 1 d post‐ligation in STZ mice but not in WT mice. At 3 d post‐ligation, alveolar bone loss was observed in STZ mice, but not in WT mice. Significantly severe alveolar bone loss was observed in STZ mice compared to WT mice at 7 d post‐ligation. Bone metabolic analysis using DNA microarray showed significant downregulation in the mRNA expression of glioma‐associated oncogene homologue 1 (Gli1) and collagen type VI alpha 1 (Col6a1) at the gingiva of the ligated site in STZ mice compared to that in WT mice. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that Gli1 and Col6a1 mRNA expression levels were significantly downregulated in the gingiva of the ligated site in STZ mice compared to WT mice. Histological analysis showed lower alkaline phosphatase activity in STZ mice. In addition, an increased number of tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase‐positive multinucleated cells were observed at the ligated sites in STZ mice.

Conclusions

These results suggest that an imbalance of bone metabolism causes osteoclastosis in insulin‐deficient diabetes, and that alveolar bone loss could occur at an early phase under this condition.
Submerged vegetation complexity modifies benthic infauna communities: the hidden role of the belowground system
Authors: González‐Ortiz Vanessa , Egea Luis Gonzalo , Jiménez‐Ramos Rocio , Moreno‐Marín Francisco , Pérez‐Lloréns José Lucas , Bouma Tjeerd , Brun Fernando
Published: April 2016

Marine plants provide a variety of functions with high economic and ecological values in ecosystems. The above‐ (AG) and below‐ground (BG) systems increase the structural complexity of plants, which also enhance faunal abundance and diversity. The ecological role of the AG compartment in structuring inter‐tidal macrobenthic communities has been widely studied; however, this is not the case for the BG compartment. This study addressed the effects of variation in vegetation complexity (in both AG and BG systems) on associated macrobenthic infauna with respect to abundance, species richness, composition, weight and body type. To achieve this aim, a field experiment using artificial vegetation mimics was carried out using replicated treatments with different AG‐BG complexity ratios. We found a significant increase in the density and the number of taxa of macrobenthic infaunal species in plots with vegetation mimics compared with unvegetated areas, regardless of either AG or BG complexity. This effect was found even when AG parts were not present (i.e. when only BG parts were used). Furthermore, a positive relationship between structural complexity and diversity was recorded. Variation in one or both plant compartments was strongly related to diversity changes in the associated macrobenthic infauna. In conclusion, our experimental set‐up provides the first evidence that the BG compartment is at least as important as the AG compartment in controlling diversity in inter‐tidal vegetated areas because it was able to strongly affect community structure even when the AG system was totally absent.
Phosphorus starvation induces membrane remodeling and recycling in Emiliania huxleyi
Authors: Shemi Adva , Schatz Daniella , Fredricks Helen F. , Van Mooy Benjamin A. S. , Porat Ziv , Vardi Assaf
Published: April 2016

Nutrient availability is an important factor controlling phytoplankton productivity. Phytoplankton contribute c. 50% of the global photosynthesis and possess efficient acclimation mechanisms to cope with nutrient stress. We investigate the cellular response of the bloom‐forming coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi to phosphorus (P) scarcity, which is often a limiting factor in marine ecosystems.

We combined mass spectrometry, fluorescence microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and gene expression analyses in order to assess diverse cellular features in cells exposed to P limitation and recovery.

Early starvation‐induced substitution of phospholipids in the cells' membranes with galacto‐ and betaine lipids. Lipid remodeling was rapid and reversible upon P resupply. The PI3K inhibitor wortmannin reduced phospholipid substitution, suggesting a possible involvement of PI3K‐ signaling in this process. In addition, P limitation enhanced the formation and acidification of membrane vesicles in the cytoplasm. Intracellular vesicles may facilitate the recycling of cytoplasmic content, which is engulfed in the vesicles and delivered to the main vacuole. Long‐term starvation was characterized by a profound increase in cell size and morphological alterations in cellular ultrastructure.

This study provides cellular and molecular basis for future ecophysiological assessment of natural E. huxleyi populations in oligotrophic regions.
Current ethical issues in HIV/AIDS research and HIV/AIDS care
Authors: Hlongwa P
Published: April 2016

HIV/AIDS is a global public health concern with more than 30 million deaths having been reported. Over 70% of the 35 million people with HIV/AIDS live in sub‐Saharan Africa. The current available antiretroviral treatments are limited because they do not cure but slow the progression of disease. Therefore, care and treatment for HIV/AIDS and its related research, especially in HIV‐preventive vaccine trials, require stringent ethical guidelines because of the vulnerability of the affected individuals as it with all clinical trials. These guidelines should incorporate the basic principles in ethics which include autonomy of individuals, beneficence, non‐malfeasance and justice in the care and participation of individuals in research. With at least one in five African adults infected with the disease living in sub‐Saharan Africa, this review will discuss the current ethical issues in HIV care and HIV research based on the South African context as well as exploring some of the issues globally.
The Oral HIV/AIDS Research Alliance Program: lessons learned and future directions
Authors: Shiboski CH , Webster‐Cyriaque JY , Ghannoum M , Dittmer DP , Greenspan JS ,   the Oral HIV/AIDS Research Alliance, Subcommittee of the AIDS Clinical Trial Group
Published: April 2016

The Oral HIV/AIDS Research Alliance (OHARA) was established in 2006 to provide the capacity to investigate the oral complications associated with HIV/AIDS within the ACTG infrastructure. Its goals were to explore the effects of potent antiretroviral therapy (ART) on the development of opportunistic infections, and variation and resistance of opportunistic pathogens in the context of immune suppression and long‐term ART. The objectives of this talk, presented as part of a plenary session at the 7th World Workshop on Oral Health and Disease in AIDS, were to (i) provide an overview of OHARA's most recent research agenda, and how it evolved since OHARA's inception; (ii) describe OHARA's main accomplishments, including examples of research protocols completed and their key findings; and (iii) describe spin‐off projects derived from OHARA, lessons learned, and future directions.

OHARA has met its central goal and made key contributions to the field in several ways: (i) by developing/updating diagnostic criteria for oral disease endpoints commonly measured in OHARA protocols and in HIV/AIDS research in general and has creating standardized training modules, both for measuring these oral disease endpoints across clinical specialties, and for collecting oral fluid specimens; (ii) by implementing a total of nine protocols, six of which are completed. Three protocols involved domestic research sites, while three involved international research sites (in Africa, India, and South America); (iii) and by developing and validating a number of laboratory assays used in its protocols and in the field of oral HIV/AIDS research.
Comorbidities associated with HIV and antiretroviral therapy (clinical sciences): a workshop report
Authors: Vernon LT , Jayashantha PLP , Chidzonga MM , Komesu MC , Nair RG , Johnson NW
Published: April 2016

In the era of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART), parsing out the effects of HIV vs ART on health outcomes is challenging. Nadir CD4 count, a marker of the extent of immunosuppression, has significant long‐term impact on an array of disease states in HIV+ persons; however, in the dental literature, reporting of pre‐ART exposure to immunosuppression has largely been ignored and this limits the validity of previous studies. In Workshop A1, we explain fully the importance of nadir CD4, pre‐ART immunosuppression, and identify a need to include specific variables in future research. The questions posed herein are challenging, typically not neatly addressed by any one study and require integration of the latest evidence from the wider medical literature. We consider topics beyond the confines of the oral cavity and examine oral health in the complex context of ART era HIV immunopathophysiology. We depict how variability in geographic setting and time period (pre‐ and post‐ART era) can impact oral conditions – influencing when HIV infection was detected (at what CD4 count), the type and timing of ART as well as social determinants such as strong stigma and limited access to care. We hope our Workshop will stir debate and energize a rigorous focus on relevant areas of future research in HIV/AIDS.
Impact of periodontal intervention on local inflammation, periodontitis, and HIV outcomes
Authors: Valentine J , Saladyanant T , Ramsey K , Blake J , Morelli T , Southerland J , Quinlivan EB , Phillips C , Nelson JAE , DeParis K , Webster‐Cyriaque J
Published: April 2016

Objective

The aim of this study was to determine active periodontal disease status in HIV and to determine the impact of periodontal disease resolution on HIV status.

Methods

In this longitudinal cohort study, 73 HIV‐positive subjects received comprehensive dental care. AAP, CDC/AAP, and BGI case definitions determined periodontal classification. Likelihood and frequency of moderate/severe periodontal disease were assessed based on demographic variables. The influence of periodontal intervention was assessed at baseline, 12, and 24 months. IL‐6 was measured in a subset of subjects.

Results

Of the periodontal classifications, BGI demonstrated the highest percentage category improvement with the intervention (>50%). Moderate/severe periodontitis was positively associated with HIV regardless of race, smoking status, gender, income level, and age, and was associated with increased IL‐6. At baseline, the majority of subjects had severe periodontal disease regardless of ART status. Subjects with suppressed viral load at baseline demonstrated a significant improvement in BGI classification (P = 0.026), increased CD4 counts (P = 0.027), and decreased IL‐6 levels (P = 0.03).

Conclusions

Periodontal inflammation was prevalent regardless of ART status. In virologically suppressed subjects, the intervention decreased periodontitis with a concomitant IL‐6 decrease and CD4 increase. These findings suggest a relationship between periodontal inflammation, oral microbial translocation, and HIV status.
Oral mycoses and other opportunistic infections in HIV: therapy and emerging problems – a workshop report
Authors: Vidya KM , Rao UK , Nittayananta W , Liu H , Owotade FJ
Published: April 2016

Oral mycoses and other opportunistic infections are recognized features of HIV infection even after four decades of the epidemic. The therapeutic options, challenges of therapy, and evolving patterns of opportunistic infections were evaluated by the workshop. It was observed that high Candida counts and infection are still more prevalent in HIV‐positive individuals even in the era of antiretroviral therapy. Furthermore, one or more non‐Candida albicans are present in some HIV‐positive individuals. While Candida species are more virulent in HIV infection, similar virulence may be present in other states of immunosuppression. Consequently, the interplay between host factors and virulence ultimately determines the clinical outcomes. Adverse clinical outcomes such as candidemia and other deep fungal infections are on the increase in HIV infection. Disseminated histoplasmosis and penicilliosis have been reported, especially with low CD4 counts. Even with advances in antifungal therapy, mortality and morbidity from deep fungal infections have not changed significantly. In addition, long‐term exposure to common antifungal drugs such as fluconazole has led to the development of antifungal resistance in 6% to 36%. Development of new antifungal therapeutic agents and the use of alternative therapies may offer breakthrough. In addition, effective strategies to enhance the host immune status are being explored.
Innate immunity in HIV‐1 infection: epithelial and non‐specific host factors of mucosal immunity‐ a workshop report
Authors: Nittayananta W , Weinberg A , Malamud D , Moyes D , Webster‐Cyriaque J , Ghosh S
Published: April 2016

The interplay between HIV‐1 and epithelial cells represents a critical aspect in mucosal HIV‐1 transmission. Epithelial cells lining the oral cavity cover subepithelial tissues, which contain virus‐susceptible host cells including CD4+ T lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages, and dendritic cells. Oral epithelia are among the sites of first exposure to both cell‐free and cell‐associated virus HIV‐1 through breast‐feeding and oral–genital contact. However, oral mucosa is considered to be naturally resistant to HIV‐1 transmission. Oral epithelial cells have been shown to play a crucial role in innate host defense. Nevertheless, it is not clear to what degree these local innate immune factors contribute to HIV‐1 resistance of the oral mucosa. This review paper addressed the following issues that were discussed at the 7th World Workshop on Oral Health and Disease in AIDS held in Hyderabad, India, during November 6–9, 2014: (i) What is the fate of HIV‐1 after interactions with oral epithelial cells?; (ii) What are the keratinocyte and other anti‐HIV effector oral factors, and how do they contribute to mucosal protection?; (iii) How can HIV‐1 interactions with oral epithelium affect activation and populations of local immune cells?; (iv) How can HIV‐1 interactions alter functions of oral epithelial cells?
Feasting at Marj Rabba, An Early Chalcolithic Site in the Galilee
Authors: Hill Austin “CHAD” , Price Max D. , Rowan Yorke M.
Published: April 2016

Feasting is a common part of human culture in the present and past that can serve a variety of roles such as creating and maintaining social identities within and between social groups. In zooarchaeology, feasting evidence, rather than the accumulated and mixed refuse from long‐term consumption, often gives us some of the only data from individual events at a site. A cattle bone refuse pit at the site of Marj Rabba, Israel, provides evidence for feasting from the early Chalcolithic (c.4500–3600 BC) in the southern Levant. The presence of cattle feasts at Marj Rabba provides a glimpse of cultural practices in this critical transitional period that may mirror practices from earlier periods.
Facilitating Interaction: Board Games as Social Lubricants in the Ancient Near East
Authors: Crist Walter , de Voogt Alex , Dunn‐Vaturi Anne‐Elizabeth
Published: April 2016

This re‐evaluation of existing data on board games from the Near Eastern Bronze Age demonstrates their function as social lubricants in cross‐cultural interaction. Board games are situated theoretically as liminoid practices, which lie outside the bounds of normative social behaviour and allow for interaction across social boundaries. Utilizing double‐sided game boards, with an indigenous game on one side and a newly introduced game on the other, the games of senet, mehen and twenty squares provide evidence for social interactions. Cypriots had adopted Egyptian mehen and senet by the third millennium BC, and indigenized the games. This lies in contrast to the game of twenty squares, which had a particular role among elites in the Late Bronze Age interaction sphere. This anthropological discussion of evidence relating to gaming seeks to inspire further research on the role of board games in society.
Testing Against a Linear Regression Model Using Ideas from Shape-Restricted Estimation
Authors: Sen Bodhisattva , Meyer Mary
Published: April 2016

A formal likelihood ratio hypothesis test for the validity of a parametric regression function is proposed, using a large dimensional, non-parametric double-cone alternative. For example, the test against a constant function uses the alternative of increasing or decreasing regression functions, and the test against a linear function uses the convex or concave alternative. The test proposed is exact and unbiased and the critical value is easily computed. The power of the test increases to 1 as the sample size increases, under very mild assumptions—even when the alternative is misspecified, i.e. the power of the test converges to 1 for any true regression function that deviates (in a non-degenerate way) from the parametric null hypothesis. We also formulate tests for the linear versus partial linear model and consider the special case of the additive model. Simulations show that our procedure behaves well consistently when compared with other methods. Although the alternative fit is non-parametric, no tuning parameters are involved. Supplementary materials with proofs and technical details are available on line.
Can immunosuppressive therapy facilitate the diagnosis and affect the clinical signs of canine scabies? A retrospective study of 79 cases
Authors: Souza Clarissa P. , Torres Sheila M. F. , Koch Sandra N. , Rendahl Aaron , Verocai Guilherme G.
Published: April 2016

Background

Scabies infestation is one of the most pruritic dermatoses of dogs. It is often misdiagnosed and dogs are treated with immunomodulatory drugs (IMD) to relieve pruritus.

Hypothesis/Objectives

The primary goals of this study were to determine the impact of IMD on skin scraping results, pruritus level and extent of skin lesions, and to evaluate whether disease duration is associated with positive skin scrapings and contagion.

Animals

Seventy nine dogs with a final diagnosis of scabies.

Methods

Inclusion in this retrospective study required a positive skin scraping for scabies or a clinical response to an acaricidal treatment trial.

Results

The average pruritus score of dogs that received IMD (8.71) was significantly higher than those that did not (7.43; P = 0.03). However, there were no significant differences in either the rates of positive skin scrapings (79.6% versus 59.1%; P = 0.13) or the mean number of body sites affected (3.8 versus 3.4; P = 0.30) between dogs that received IMD and those that did not. Neither skin scraping status nor duration of clinical signs were correlated with a report of contagion within the household.

Conclusion/Clinical importance

IMD was associated with a significant increase in the pruritus level, but not with the mean number of lesional body sites. Dogs exposed to IMD had a 20.5% higher rate of positive skin scrapings. This difference could be clinically relevant and lack of statistical significance may indicate an underpowered study.
Cambios y Trayectorias de Participación desde la Experiencia de Usuarios y Usuarias de Programas Sociales de Transferencias Monetarias con un Fuerte Componente Psicosocial
Authors: Daher Marianne , Jaramillo Andrea
Published: April 2016

Se presentan los resultados de un estudio cualitativo cuyo objetivo fue describir y analizar relacionalmente los cambios experimentados por personas participantes de dos emblemáticos programas sociales chilenos, el Programa Puente y el Programa Calle, ambos pertenecientes al Sistema de Protección Social. Para ello, se sostuvieron entrevistas en profundidad con 12 personas, las cuales fueron analizadas siguiendo los procedimientos de la Teoría Fundamentada. Se identificaron cambios a nivel personal (bienestar físico, valoración personal, enfrentamiento vital), económico (mayor capacidad económica, mejor administración del dinero, adquirir bienes) y relacional (mejoramiento de relaciones familiares y sociales). Estos cambios interactuaron entre sí y variaron según el nivel de vulnerabilidad de las personas, definiendo distintas trayectorias de participación en los programas.
Empoderamiento en el Movimiento Estudiantil, Años 2011-2012 en Chile
Authors: Silva Carmen , Kronmüller Catalina , Cruz Melany , Riffo Ignacio
Published: April 2016

En base a antecedentes sobre un debilitamiento del empoderamiento de grupos frente a poderes macroeconómico-políticos, se pregunta por éste en el Movimiento Estudiantil en Chile, años 2011-2012, según la percepción subjetiva de los jóvenes participantes. Mediante una metodología cualitativa, se realizaron 18 entrevistas individuales y 3 grupos focales (N=31), con jóvenes de universidades y colegios. Los resultados indicaron que los participantes experimentan empoderamiento en la mayoría de las dimensiones: análisis crítico, organización, acciones, y apoyo ciudadano. En cambio, es más débil su percepción de efectividad frente a la institucionalidad política. Se discuten implicancias de los hallazgos en relación al tema de la fortaleza, permanencia-erosión del movimiento, distinciones teórico conceptuales y políticas públicas.
“Nuevos” valores en la práctica psicosocial y comunitaria: Autonomía compartida, auto-cuidado, desarrollo humano, empoderamiento y justicia social
Authors: Sánchez Vidal Alipio
Published: April 2016

Los valores son concepciones de lo bueno que iluminan analíticamente y guían prácticamente la acción humana. Con meritorias excepciones la Psicología comunitaria ha descuidado explícitar y discutir abiertamente sus dimensiones éticas y valorativas. Con el fin de remediar parcialmente ese descuido propongo en este artículo algunos valores y enfoques valorativos novedosos en la práctica comunitaria. Sugiero primero modificaciones para adecuar los valores deontológicos -pensados para la clínica- a la mayor complejidad y dinamismo del trabajo comunitario. Propongo así sustituir la autonomía individual por una autonomía compartida que extienda la auto-dirección al conjunto de la comunidad. Introduzco también el auto-cuidado (auto-beneficio legítimo) para garantizar la integridad psicológica y moral del practicante y la sostenibilidad del trabajo comunitario. Resalto después tres valores socio-comunitarios. El desarrollo humano, que junto a la auto-dirección incluye la interacción personal y la vinculación social. El empoderamiento, un valor instrumental, fruto de la conciencia subjetiva, la comunicación y la acción social eficaz. Y la justicia social (valor finalista junto al desarrollo humano) compuesto por: un mínimo vital humano (universal), la distribución equitativa de los bienes y recursos materiales y psicosociales producidos por la sociedad y la relación igualitaria con los demás.
Hacia un modelo socio-comunitario: un enfoque de bienestar
Authors: Castellá Sarriera Jorge , Bedin Lívia Maria
Published: April 2016

El presente trabajo busca desarrollar un modelo de bienestar sociocomunitario incorporando recursos materiales, sentimiento de pertenecimiento a la comunidad y satisfacción con el ambiente y verificar la relación entre la satisfacción global con la vida y el modelo de bienestar sociocomunitario. Participaron 1157 niños de 10 a 13 años, siendo 54.9% niñas y 45.1% niños, de escuelas públicas y particulares de cinco ciudades del Estado del Rio Grande del Sur (Brasil). Las escalas utilizadas fueron: Sense of Community Index (SCI), Children´s Environmental Attitudes Scale (CEAS), recursos materiales y Overall Life Satisfaction (OLS). Los resultados evidencian que todos los parámetros del modelo fueron estadísticamente significativos, que el bienestar (OLS) tiene una relación significativa y positiva con el modelo sociocomunitario propuesto indicando validez de la medida y el constructo presenta altos pesos factoriales para el bienestar sociocomunitario.
On the Relaxation Time Scales of the Classical Thermodynamic Model for Heat Transfer in Quiescent Compressible Fluids
Authors: Alves Leonardo S. de B.
Published: April 2016

An approximate solution of the classical thermodynamic model for compressible heat transfer of a quiescent supercritical fluid under microgravity leads to the well-known piston effect relaxation time tPE=tD/(γ0−1)2, where tD is the thermal diffusion relaxation time and γ0 is the ratio between specific heats. This relaxation time represents an upper bound for the asymptotic bulk temperature behavior during very early times, which shows a strong algebraic relaxation due to the piston effect. This paper demonstrates that an additional relaxation time associated with the piston effect exists in this classical thermodynamic model, namely, tE=tD/γ0. Furthermore, it shows that tE represents the time required by the bulk temperature to reach steady-state. Comparisons with a numerical solution of the compressible Navier–Stokes equations as well as experimental data indicate the validity of this new analytical expression and its physical interpretation.
Simulation of Rotating Channel Flow With Heat Transfer: Evaluation of Closure Models
Authors: Hsieh Alan S. , Biringen Sedat , Kucala Alec
Published: April 2016

A direct numerical simulation (DNS) of spanwise-rotating turbulent channel flow was conducted for four rotation numbers: Rob=0, 0.2, 0.5, and 0.9 at a Reynolds number of 8000 based on laminar centerline mean velocity and Prandtl number 0.71. The results obtained from these DNS simulations were utilized to evaluate several turbulence closure models for momentum and heat transfer transport in rotating turbulent channel flow. Four nonlinear eddy viscosity turbulence models were tested and among these, explicit algebraic Reynolds stress models (EARSM) obtained the Reynolds stress distributions in best agreement with DNS data for rotational flows. The modeled pressure–strain functions of EARSM were shown to have strong influence on the Reynolds stress distributions near the wall. Turbulent heat flux distributions obtained from two explicit algebraic heat flux models (EAHFM) consistently displayed increasing disagreement with DNS data with increasing rotation rate.
Modified Body Force Model for Air Flow Through Perforated Floor Tiles in Data Centers
Authors: Arghode Vaibhav K. , Joshi Yogendra
Published: April 2016

Generally, porous jump (PJ) model is used for rapid air flow simulations (without resolving the tile pore structure) through perforated floor tiles in data centers. The PJ model only specifies a step pressure loss across the tile surface, without any influence on the flow field. However, in reality, the downstream flow field is affected because of the momentum rise of air due to acceleration through the pores, and interaction of jets emerging from the pores. The momentum rise could be captured by either directly resolving the tile pore structure (geometrical resolution (GR) model) or simulated by specifying a momentum source above the tile surface (modified body force (MBF) model). Note that specification of momentum source obviates the need of resolving the tile pore geometry and, hence, requires considerably low computational effort. In previous investigations, the momentum source was imposed in a region above the tile surface whose width and length were same as the tile dimensions with a preselected height. This model showed improved prediction with the experimental data, as well as with the model resolving the tile pore geometry. In the present investigation, we present an analysis for obtaining the momentum source region dimensions and other associated input variables so that the MBF model can be applied for general cases. The results from this MBF model were compared with the GR model and good agreement was obtained.
The Impact of Casing Groove Location on Stall Margin and Tip Clearance Flow in a Low-Speed Axial Compressor
Authors: Juan Du , Jichao Li , Lipeng Gao , Feng Lin , Jingyi Chen
Published: April 2016

In this study, the impact of single grooves at different locations on compressor stability and tip clearance flow are numerically and experimentally investigated. Initially, the numerical stall margin improvement (SMI) curve is examined using experimental data. Then, the evolution of the interface between the tip leakage flow (TLF) and the incoming main flow (MF) in the prestall and stall inception processes for two typical grooves, i.e., the worst and the optimal grooves in terms of their SMI, are compared with the smooth casing. The results show two different interface behaviors throughout the throttling process. The compressor with the worst single groove casing first experiences a long-length-scale disturbance after the interface near the blade suction side spills in front of the rotor leading-edge plane, and then goes through spikes after the whole interface spills. With the smooth casing and the optimal single groove near midchord, the interface reaches the rotor leading edge at the last stable operating point and spikes appear once the whole interface spills over the rotor leading edge. A model that illustrates the spillage patterns of the interface for the two stall precursors is thus proposed accordingly and used to explain their effectiveness in terms of the SMI. At last, the relevance of these results to the preliminary selection of groove locations for multigroove casing treatments (CTs) is verified by test data and discussed.
Flow Instability Detected by High-Resolution Computational Fluid Dynamics in Fifty-Six Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysms
Authors: Varble Nicole , Xiang Jianping , Lin Ning , Levy Elad , Meng Hui
Published: April 2016

Recent high-resolution computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies have detected persistent flow instability in intracranial aneurysms (IAs) that was not observed in previous in silico studies. These flow fluctuations have shown incidental association with rupture in a small aneurysm dataset. The aims of this study are to explore the capabilities and limitations of a commercial cfd solver in capturing such velocity fluctuations, whether fluctuation kinetic energy (fKE) as a marker to quantify such instability could be a potential parameter to predict aneurysm rupture, and what geometric parameters might be associated with such fluctuations. First, we confirmed that the second-order discretization schemes and high spatial and temporal resolutions are required to capture these aneurysmal flow fluctuations. Next, we analyzed 56 patient-specific middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysms (12 ruptured) by transient, high-resolution CFD simulations with a cycle-averaged, constant inflow boundary condition. Finally, to explore the mechanism by which such flow instabilities might arise, we investigated correlations between fKE and several aneurysm geometrical parameters. Our results show that flow instabilities were present in 8 of 56 MCA aneurysms, all of which were unruptured bifurcation aneurysms. Statistical analysis revealed that fKE could not differentiate ruptured from unruptured aneurysms. Thus, our study does not lend support to these flow instabilities (based on a cycle-averaged constant inflow as opposed to peak velocity) being a marker for rupture. We found a positive correlation between fKE and aneurysm size as well as size ratio. This suggests that the intrinsic flow instability may be associated with the breakdown of an inflow jet penetrating the aneurysm space.