bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Sexual and Reproductive Health Knowledge of Adolescents in Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
Authors: Rimamnunra GN , Bitto TT , Areo OO , Ukpabi DE , Bako IA
Published: November 2021

In Nigeria, National data indicates that the age group 15 to 24 years contributes the highest (40%) to all reported new cases of HIV and not much is been done to understand and address adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH) concerns. New evidences are required to design cost effective programs on ASRH. This study was aimed at assessing in-school adolescents' knowledge on SRH and associated factors. The study was a cross sectional Study conducted among 250 adolescents in secondary schools in Makurdi selected through multi-stage sampling technique. Pretested, self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Knowledge was assessed via an 18-point knowledge scale and the data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 21 software. The mean age of the respondents was 15.15±1.82 years. More than half of the respondents had good knowledge of ASRH (56.8%) while 43.2% had poor knowledge. The main sources of information on Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) were Parents (90.8%), School Teacher (82.4%), Friends (35.2%) and Social Media (34.4%). Respondents in the senior classes were more knowledgeable about SRH while age and having a girl/boyfriend affected their knowledge. In conclusion, on the adolescents' knowledge on ASRH, more than half of them had good knowledge, however more measures need to be put in place to reach the adolescent population with poor knowledge which will ultimately help to prevent risky sexual behaviors.
Educação a distância no Brasil: Revisão integrativa
Authors: Dos Reis Liliane Belz , Lindolpho Mirian da Costa , De Azevedo Suely Lopes , Chrizostimo Miriam Marinho , Da Silva Jorge Luiz Lima
Published: November 2021

O objetivo do estudo é levantar e discutir a produção acadêmica em diversas áreas do saber acerca da Educação a Distância (EAD) no Brasil. O método utilizado foi a revisão integrativa. A ferramenta de busca foi o portal de periódicos Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), especificamente no ícone “buscar assunto”. Os descritivos foram: “educação a distância”; “ensino”; “epistemologia”; “pedagogia” e “universidade”. Os critérios de inclusão estabelecidos foram o corte temporal entre 2015 e 2020, artigos disponíveis na íntegra e na língua portuguesa e os de exclusão artigos repetidos, teses, livros, notas prévias e resumos. Como resultados encontrou-se 22 artigos, selecionando-se 6 para análise. Foi possível construir quatro categorias: enfoque no professor, perspectiva curricular, panorama do ambiente de ensino a distância, aspectos do EAD. Concluiu-se que a formação docente é um ponto importante no que tange o EAD, haja vista que o professor deve identificar como deve promover o processo de aprendizagem e observar as peculiaridades de cada discente.
Análisis de la cadena de valor de la soja en el Paraguay
Authors: Rodas Rubén Invernizzi , Cano Victor Enciso , Frutos Mario León
Published: November 2021

La producción agrícola conjuntamente con las manufacturas de origen agrícola representa cerca del 32% del PIB de Paraguay, generan un tercio del empleo y el 77,7% de los ingresos de divisas para el país. Dentro de los productos agrícolas, la soja y sus derivados representan el 37% de esos ingresos Aunque el enfoque de la cadena de valor se remonta a varias décadas, la investigación sobre la cadena de valor es reciente en Paraguay. Las existentes no calculan el aporte de cada eslabón. El presente trabajo, a través del enfoque metodológico de Value Links, analiza la cadena de la soja en Paraguay, describiendo y cuantificando la contribución de cada eslabón en valor monetario y relativo. El período de análisis fue el año agrícola 2017/2018 y la información se obtuvo de fuentes secundarias (publicaciones oficiales y páginas web de los gremios, entre otros). Además, recurrió a entrevistas con informantes calificadas como fuente primaria, quienes solicitaron el anonimato. Los resultados mostraron que la producción fue el de mayor contribución al valor agregado (34%) y la de menor fue el de industrialización (8%).
Effects of date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) kernel essential oil on growth performance and innate immunoassay in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles
Authors: Gaballah Mousa S.M. , Alkhunni Saleh B.A. , GÜLTEPE Nejdet
Published: November 2021

This study aimed to investigate the effects of date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) kernel essential oil on growth and development performance parameters as well as phagocytic activity, respiratory burst activity, superoxide dismutase, lysozyme activity, and myeloperoxidase activity from immune parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The nutritional study was performed for 45 days to assess the effect of three concentrations (0.5, 1, and 2 mL kg-1) of date kernel essential oil in rainbow trout. β-citronellol, an important compound in many respects, was found 31.70% in date kernel oil. It has been determined that the addition of date kernel essential oil to rainbow trout feed decreases the feed conversion rate, increases the percent body weight gain, and the specific growth rate. It was observed that phagocytic activity, respiratory burst activity, and myeloperoxidase activity values improved in date kernel essential oil added groups, however, superoxide dismutase and lysozyme activity values were not affected. Consequently, date kernel essential oil can be act as a growth promoter, increase innate immunity, and cheap feed additive for the rainbow trout juveniles.
Effects of substituting dietary fish meal with soybean meal isolate on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, and intestinal morphology of spotted seabass (Lateolabrax maculatus)
Authors: Wang Zhe , Yang Linkun , Zhang Chunxiao , Li Xueshan , Wang Ling , Lu Kangle , Song Kai
Published: November 2021

Soy protein isolate (SPI) is a promising plant protein source to replace fish meal (FM) in aquatic feeds. This study investigated the growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, and intestinal morphology of spotted seabass (Lateolabrax maculatus) fed diets with FM partially substituted by SPI. Three iso-nitrogenous and iso-lipidic diets were formulated to replace 0, 25, and 50% of FM with SPI, being abbreviated as FM, SPI25, and SPI50, respectively. Each diet was allocated to triplicates of fish for 8 weeks. The results indicated that the weight gain was gradually reduced with increasing dietary SPI levels, as did intestinal trypsin and lipase activities. However, these traits were not significantly decreased until 50% of FM was substituted by SPI. Furthermore, feed intake and lipid digestibility significantly decreased with dietary SPI inclusion. Moreover, replacing 50% of dietary FM with SPI significantly reduced the intestinal villus height and perimeter ratio, whereas these traits did not markedly differ between FM and SPI25 groups. In conclusion, this study indicated that up to 25% of dietary FM could be substituted with SPI without significantly affecting the growth, digestive enzyme activity, or intestinal morphology in spotted seabass.
Educational Intervention Aimed at Street Food Vendors to Improve Knowledge and Practices on Food Safety and Hygiene
Authors:   Ministry of Health, Sri Lanka, Karunapema R.P.P.
Published: November 2021

Background: Street foods is ready- to- eat foods and beverages prepared which are sold by vendors in streets and other public places for immediate consumption or consumption at a later time without further processing or preparation. Street vended foods forms a distinctive part of food industry because they are mostly affordable, easily accessible. Food handlers play an important role in food safety and in transmission of food poisoning, because they can introduce pathogens into foods during production, processing, distribution and serving. Therefore, the understanding of food safety procedures and the potential factors that causes food borne diseases is very essential for all food handlers. Objective: The study was conducted with the objective of assessing the level of knowledge and practices on food safety and hygiene in street food vendors and improve the knowledge and practices through an educational intervention targeting the street food vendors. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the knowledge and practices of the street food vendors. An educational intervention was carried out using the mode of one-to-one knowledge sharing discussion facilitated by pictorial materials. The intervention was conducted in all street food vendors in a selected medical Officer of Health area in the Colombo district. Similar MOH area in the Colombo district was used as the control area. Interviewer administered questionnaire was used to assess the level of knowledge and a checklist was used to assess the practices. Results: The knowledge and practices level were not satisfactory in the baseline study. The knowledge improved in a statistically significant proportion (P<0.05) following the intervention in the intervention group. However, the level of improvement of practices was not statistically significant at the post interventional assessment (P>0.05). Conclusions: The intervention was successful in improving the knowledge of the street food vendors significantly. However, the practice level did not show a statistically significant improvement.
Knowledge, Practices and Perceptions Related to Salt Use among 18-70 Year Old Adults in Gampaha District of Sri Lanka
Authors:   Ministry of Health, Sri Lanka, R.P. Karunapema
Published: November 2021

Background: The World Health Organization has called upon all countries to reduce average population salt intake to <5 g/ day. In Sri Lanka, average adult salt consumption is around 13g /day, which is far above the WHO recommended value. Objective: To describe the knowledge and practices related to food salt use, among 18-70 year old adults in Gampaha district of Sri Lanka. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in Gampaha district, Western province, Sri Lanka. Data were collected using a pre-tested self-administered questionnaire. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethical Review Committee of Faculty of Medicine Ragama. Results: The mean age of the study population is 44.3 years and male to female ratio is almost one. A majority (91.9%) of the study participants identified high salt consumption leads to adverse health effects. Only 22 % were able to identify the recommended maximum daily salt requirement. Many (78.4%) respondents expressed cutting down on salt as an important health priority for them. Just over half of the (50.4%) participants were carrying out some measures to reduce salt consumption. However, a large proportion (88.2%) were of the opinion that they were using the correct amount of salt. Conclusions: The level of knowledge about the maximum daily recommended amount of salt among the adult population is poor in Sri Lanka. Most participants were willing to cut down on salt provided they are enlightened with correct health messages.
Jóvenes : entre sus tramas convocantes y sus potencias creadoras
Authors: Fernández Alatorre Ana Corina
Published: November 2021

Esta obra es producto del esfuerzo de cuatro investigadores que no han temido el trabajo empírico, confrontar las concepciones hegemónicas sobre la juventud y desafiar los designios de quien considera a los jóvenes como indolentes, indiferentes, desinteresados, apolíticos, renuentes, rebeldes y desorientados. En tanto sujetos, los jóvenes son la expresión de las condiciones que su sociedad les posibilita; no son efecto de circunstancias individuales, psicológicas o naturales y, por tanto, comprenderlos obliga a tener en cuenta su mundo, los contextos, las idiosincracias, los medios de subsistencia, las perspectivas sociales que los convocan y les encargan funciones dentro de la sociedad. En esa encrucijada de condiciones se hacen posibles no sólo crecimiento y desarrollo, sino vínculos, divertimientos, posiciones ético-morales, proyectos personales, certeza y saberes sobre sí mismos y los otros. En esa encrucijada se configura la identidad
Interculturalidad : cuaderno Español segunda lengua para estudiantes universitarios bilingües de lenguas originarias
Authors: Nivón Bolan Amalia
Published: November 2021

Adquirir una lengua es una ventaja; sin embargo, no haber reflexionado sobre ella –tarea de la escuela–, hace que se arrastren algunos problemas que en la norma académica universitaria pueden dar lugar a incomprensiones entre maestros y alumnos. El presente cuaderno se ha elaborado con base en problemáticas específicas y están dirigidos a la adquisición de un español académico, oral y escrito, para estudiantes que ya tienen un alto nivel conversacional.
Diversidad, ciudadanía y educación sujetos y contextos
Authors: Díaz Couder Cabral Ernesto , Gigante Rodríguez Elba Gladys , Ornelas Tavarez Gloria Evangelina
Published: November 2021

La ciudadanía es consustancial a los estados nacionales y su construcción ha sido asignada a las instituciones educativas de manera privilegiada. Mucho se ha discutido desde su origen, sin embargo, en los últimos años el debate se ha renovado en relación con el reconocimiento del pluralismo y la diversidad en las democracias modernas. La discusión se ha centrado en gran medida en perspectivas antropológicas, sociológicas, políticas e históricas. Su tratamiento en el campo de la educación ha sido comparativamente menor. Las contribuciones incluidas en este volumen buscan adoptar perspectivas para la interpretación de la ciudadanía en contextos de diversidad sociocultural, y para esto toman en cuenta diversos sujetos participantes en los procesos educativos. Este texto combina investigaciones que exploran perspectivas conceptuales y estrategias metodológicas alternativas para la comprensión de la relación entre ciudadanía y diversidad en la educación.
Teorías del aprendizaje nivel avanzado : cuaderno español segunda lengua para estudiantes universitarios bilingües de lenguas originarias guía para el aprendizaje
Authors: Cruz García Fanny , Villegas Calderón Maribel
Published: November 2021

Este cuaderno de ejercicios forma parte de una serie dirigida a estudiantes bilingües español-lenguas originarias, que desean mejorar su práctica del español de forma sistemática. Su concepción, objetivos y diseño provienen de un diagnóstico elaborado por el equipo sobre los problemas a que se enfrenta este sector de la población estudiantil en la escritura de textos académicos en segunda lengua a nivel universitario.
Cosmovisión en actores educativos : una configuración desde sus trayectorias académicas
Authors: Ornelas Tavarez Gloria Evangelina
Published: November 2021

Con base en la Antropología de la Educación se aborda la cosmovisión, en torno del campo educativo, de estudiantes con discapacidad a nivel primaria, alumnos de bachillerato, de licenciatura y maestría, así como de egresados del mismo posgrado; se toma en cuenta su narrativa, la vida cotidiana y los procesos rituales analizados y puestos en práctica por dichos sujetos mediante los cuales transitan, reproducen, se apropian, construyen e intervienen a partir de sus trayectorias académicas.
AVALIAÇÃO DA FORÇA MUSCULAR EM PACIENTES VÍTIMAS DE QUEIMADURAS COM USO DO DINAMÔMETRO
Authors: Silva Bárbara Cristina Lopes da , Silva Bruna de Souza , Nascimento Isabela Cerri , Donato Isabela  Nascimento Voltarelli , Miorim Isabella Mazzo , Torquato Lucas Gonçalves , Fuentes Victoria Message , Gonçalves Adriana da Costa
Published: November 2021

Objetivo: Avaliar possíveis alterações na força e função de indivíduos vítimas de queimaduras com acometimento de membros superiores. Material e Métodos: Estudo transversal, em vítimas de queimaduras, maiores de 18 anos, com cicatrizes em membros superiores, tendo o membro contralateral como controle, entre junho e agosto de 2019. Materiais utilizados: Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido, ficha de avaliação, dinamômetro digital (Lafayette), QuickDASH e Escala visual analógica (EVA), em uma única sessão.. Resultados: Foram 10 participantes, com média de 48,28 anos de idade (DP: 14,42), predomínio de mulheres (80%, 08). As áreas mais atingidas foram braço e antebraço (80%, 08), predomínio de destros (80%, 08). A média de tempo pós-operatório foi de 11,83 meses (DP: 7,35), tratamento fisioterapêutico em média por 7,88 meses (DP: 4,16), com queixas de dor (80%, 08) e prurido (50%,05). Na EVA a média referente a dor foi de 3,5 (DP: 3,71). Na avaliação da força muscular (dinamômetro), foi observada uma diferença significativa para flexão de cotovelo (p= 0,038), extensão de cotovelo (p= 0,031) e abdução de ombro (p= 0,024), quando comparado o membro superior queimado com o lado contralateral, não acometido. No QuickDASH a média das notas foi de 35,68 (DP: 23,17), boa funcionalidade. Considerações finais: Indivíduos vítimas de queimaduras com acometimento unilateral de membros superiores, mesmo em uma fase tardia, apresentam alterações na força muscular em movimentos específicos quando comparados ao membro não acometido, após avaliação com dinamômetro digital, porém sua função foi classificada como boa, com a utilização do questionário QuickDASH.
Delta Baryons, Isospin, and the Need for a New Mendeleev
Authors: Bollinger Terry
Published: November 2021

Mendeleev's pragmatic table approach to capturing patterns in the chemical elements allowed it to endure even after quantum theory uncovered the simplicity that created those patterns. While predictively powerful, the Standard Model's early extensive use of mathematical symmetries likely added a level of noise that to this day is hiding, rather than clarifying, the deeper foundations of physics.
Bacterial Cellulose Synthesis by Gluconacetobacter xylinus: Enhancement via Fed-batch Fermentation Strategies in Glycerol Media
Authors: Adnan Azila , Nair Giridhar , Lay Mark , Swan Janis
Published: November 2021

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is an abundant polysaccharide, which is secreted by several genera of bacteria. It has remarkable characteristics, which include high purity, high tensile strength, high biocompatibility and non-toxic. The main feature that differentiates BC and plant cellulose (PC) is the absence of contaminants such as lignin, hemicellulose and pectin. However, the main drawbacks in producing BC are low yield and expensive carbon source. Due to that, this study was carried out to enhance BC volumetric productivity in fed-batch operation mode using glycerol as a carbon source. BC was produced in fill-and-draw and pulse-feed fed-batch cultures of Gluconacetobacter xylinus DSM 46604 in a 3-L bench-top bioreactor. The fed-batch fermentation trials were conducted in agitated and aerobic conditions at 30 ºC. For fill-and-draw fed-batch culture, a total of 24.2 g/L of BC accumulated in the bioreactor after 9 days, which corresponded to a yield and productivity of 0.2 g/g and 2.69 g/L/day, respectively. Pulse-feed fed-batch fermentation resulted in a yield and volumetric productivity of 0.38 g/g and 2.71 g/L/day, respectively. The pulse-feed fed-batch culture proved to be a better fermentation system for utilizing glycerol, which is a low-cost and abundant carbon source.

HIGHLIGHTS

Komagataeibacter species, which were formerly known as Acetobacter or Gluconacetobacter is one of the Gram-negative BC producers that secretes a large quantity of BC microfibrils extracellularly

One of the main challenges in bacterial cellulose (BC) production is low productivity and high processing cost

As fed-batch fermentation is one of the operation modes in bioprocess that can control the microbial growth rate, this operation mode is conducted to enhance the yield of BC, substrate consumption and also volumetric productivity

Fill-and-draw and pulse feed fed-batch culture were conducted to enhance yield and volumetric productivity. The pulse-feed fed-batch culture resulted to be a favorable operation mode for utilizing glycerol, which is a low-cost and abundant carbon source

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
The Antidiabetic and Anti-microbial Activity Analyses in The Extract of Methanol, Ethyl Acetate, and Hexane from Flesh of Matoa (Pometia pinnata J. R. Forst. & G. Forst)
Authors: Rochaeni Henny , Irawan Candra , Hanafi Hanafi , Lestari Poppy Sri , Sulistiawaty Lilis , Putri Ima Lia Dwi
Published: November 2021

The current research was designed to examine the antidiabetic and anti-microbial activities in the extracts of methanol, ethyl acetate and hexane from Flesh of Matoa (Pometia pinnata J. R. Forst. & G. Forst) to find out the best solvent to produce antidiabetic and anti-microbial active compounds.  In the phytochemical screening, hexane extracted alkaloids and terpenoids, while ethyl acetate extracted saponin and methanol extracted tannin, phenol and terpenoids. In the antidiabetic activity by a-glucosidase inhibition methods, ethyl acetate showed the highest percentage of inhibition and the smallest value of IC50, followed by hexane and methanol compared to the Quercetin as the control group. The maximum percentage inhibition was 36.74 ± 0.07 for 100 µg/mL of concentration. The minimum value of IC50 was observed at 159.74 ± 0.65 µg/ml compared to the control group 6.04 ± 0.14 µg/ml. The smaller the IC50 value, the stronger the antidiabetic activity. Anti-microbial inhibition activities assessed using anti-microbial diffusion test method. The hexane and ethyl acetate extracts provide an inhibition of fungi and bacteria compared to Ketoconazole and Amoxicillin as the standard. The maximum fungi inhibition zone was observed at 4 mm for A. flavus and 9 mm for A. niger by Hexane extracts compared to the standard 14 and 24 mm. The maximum bacteria inhibition zone was observed at 7 mm for B. cereus by both of hexane and ethyl acetate extracts compared to the standard 5 mm. Compared to the anti-microbe inhibitory power categories, hexane and ethyl acetate was on the range of weak and moderate. The methanol extract could not inhibit all types of microbe. This study concluded that various extract of flesh of Matoa showed antidiabetic and anti-microbial activities at different value with varying potencies. The ethyl acetate extract was found to be more potent among all, followed by hexane and methanol.

HIGHLIGHTS

Phytochemical screening of Flesh of Matoa (Pometia pinnata R. Forst. & G. Forst) produced alkaloids, terpenoids, saponin, tannin, phenol and terpenoids

In the antidiabetic activity by a-glucosidase inhibition methods, ethyl acetate showed the highest percentage of inhibition and the smallest value of IC50, followed by hexane and methanol

The hexane and ethyl acetate extracts provide an inhibition of fungi and bacteria compared to Ketoconazole and Amoxicillin as the standard

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Histological and Ultrastructural Characterization of the Gonads of the Grunting Toadfish Allenbatrachus grunniens (Linnaeus, 1758) from the Pranburi River Estuary, Thailand
Authors: Mitparian Tappadit , Senarat Sinlapachai , Kettratad Jes , Jiraungkoorskul Wannee , Kaneko Gen , Kangwanrangsan Niwat , Ampawong Sumate
Published: November 2021

Information on the reproductive biology of toadfish remains limited. In this study, we examined the structure and development of gonads in the grunting toadfish Allenbatrachus grunniens (Linnaeus, 1758) using morphological, histological and ultrastructural methods. The fish were collected from the Pranburi River Estuary, Thailand, during the annual reproductive period for this species (January to December 2018). The ovary of this species was paired and had elongated sac-like structures parallel to the kidneys and the digestive tract. In females, we identified 4 oocyte differentiation phases in the ovary including oogonia proliferation phase, a primary growth phase that was further classified into 2 steps (perinucleolar and oil droplets-cortical alveolar steps), and a secondary growth phase that also contained 2 steps (secondary growth and full-grown oocyte steps) and post-ovulatory phases, indicating an asynchronous pattern in ovarian development for this species. Transmission electron microscopy showed the 4 layers including the zona pellucida, basement membrane, granulosa cells and theca cells, all of which initially appeared in the oil droplets-cortical alveolar stage. The zona pellucida and the granulosa cells were highly developed during the secondary growth stage. The granulosa cells contained abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum near the mitochondria. In males, the spermatogenesis was classified into spermatogonium to spermatozoa. Finally, we associated the morphological gonadal developments (stage I - IV) and the gonadosomatic index (GSI value) with the cellular developmental processes in both sexes. These results help integrate various levels of reproductive observations, which will be applied to understanding the reproductive cycle and development for aquaculture.
Optimization of Power Density of Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor for Electric Two-Wheeler
Authors: Patel Amit Narayanbhai
Published: November 2021

The main objective of this work is to optimize the power density of axial flux permanent magnet brushless dc (PMBLDC) motor based on genetic algorithm (GA) technique for performance improvement of electric 2-wheeler. Power density is one of the important performance parameter of motor as it significantly influences overall performance of electric 2-wheeler. Firstly, the rating of electric motor is determined according to the application requirements and vehicular dynamics. Axial flux PMBLDC motor of 250 W, 150 rpm is designed to fit in to the rim of electric 2-wheeler based on assumption of various design variables. The salient contribution of this work is to suggest the best combination of design variables with the application of GA optimization technique for power density optimization. Comparative performance analysis is carried out between initially designed motor and optimized motor. Finally, 3 dimensional (3-D) finite element analysis (FEA) is performed to verify the results obtained from design optimization. Results obtained from FEA fairly validates the initial design and optimized design. It is analyzed that the power density of motor is enhanced by 42.85 % with the proposed optimization technique. The proposed technique is implementable and complexity free. It may further be applied to the performance improvement of a non-linear design comprising different design variables.

HIGHLIGHTS

Axial flux permanent magnet motors are the most compatible in electric vehicle applications

Power density is one of the important performance parameters of axial flux permanent magnet motors

Optimization of power density improves drive range and overall performance of electric vehicle

Influential design variables are identified based on parametric analysis and its optimization is carried out with an GA based optimization technique with an objective of power density optimization

Proposed optimization technique is validated with finite element analysis

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Risk Assessment and Protective Effect of Respirators on Airborne Paraquat Exposure during Simulated Spraying Operations
Authors: Chaiklieng Sunisa , Chagkornburee Chuthamas , Songsermsakul Piyada , Pruktharathikul Vichai
Published: November 2021

Paraquat (PQ) is widely used as a herbicide in Thailand. The aim of this study was to evaluate the health risk and protective effect of respirators during simulated PQ spraying operations in an experimental chamber. Additional data were collected from the interviews of PQ sprayers. Airborne PQ concentrations were collected from an experimental spray chamber employing controlled-rate sprayers of solutions (paraquat dichloride in water) and were lower than 50 µg/m3 (the standard regulation). Air sampling through a polytetrafluoroethylene filter membrane was performed under the conditional settings of inside and outside respirators, and analysed by using a HPLC-UV detector following NIOSH method 5003. The average PQ concentrations inside the certified respirators (cartridge, cup-shaped mask, surgical mask) were significantly lower than those outside of the respirators (4.30 ± 2.63 µg/m3 vs. 19.12 ± 16.65 µg/m3), which was not found with convenient sponge masks. Human health risk assessment on short-term and long-term exposure following US.EPA guide estimation showed that cartridge respirators and cup-shaped masks significantly decreased the risk (hazard quotient) of adverse health effects (p-value < 0.05) among the PQ sprayers. As a result, the PQ sprayers should be aware of preventive action and use a qualified mask/respirator to protect against exposure to airborne PQ and chronic health effects.

HIGHLIGHTS

The estimated human health risk from paraquat (PQ) exposure lower than the occupational exposure limit (OEL: 50 µg/m3) during the spraying operation was unacceptable for some sprayers

The average PQ concentrations inside the certified respirators (cartridge respirator and cup-shaped mask) were significantly lower than outside of the respirators that was not seen with the convenient sponge mask, a common type used by the sprayers

The cartridge respirator and cup-shaped mask significantly decreased the risk estimation of the PQ sprayers with regard to adverse health effects both from short-term and long-term PQ exposure

It is important for preventive action on exposure to PQ of the sprayers by the use of qualified respirators or masks to protect against inhalation of PQ and decrease health risks

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Revolution, Elite Fear, and Electoral Institutions
Authors: Gjerløw Haakon , Rasmussen Magnus B.
Published: November 2021

We present a systemic threat theory to explain the introduction of Proportional Representation (PR). If facing a revolutionary threat, incumbents agree to enact electoral reforms such as PR to secure the stability of the parliamentary system, even if this could imply their own personal
electoral loss. We argue that the theory can help explain the largest wave of PR adoptions in history, namely in the years immediately after the Bolshevik revolution in 1917. Incumbents came to over-estimate the true revolutionary threat in Europe. Simultaneously, reformist parliamentarian
socialists came to push for PR to weaken the radicals within their party. Incumbents and reformist socialists could therefore support the same system. We test this using qualitative and quantitative data from Norway's adoption of PR in 1919.
Repression Reconsidered: Bystander Effects and Legitimation in Authoritarian Regimes
Authors: Lachapelle Jean
Published: November 2021

Research on repression has primarily focused on its destructive potential, namely how violence serves to eliminate threats. This article proposes an alternative role for repres- sion: to build popular support. I argue that repression builds support for an autocratic regime when it targets
groups perceived as dangerous. I refer to this phenomenon as a legitimation strategy of repression, which aims to gain the support of civilian bystanders beyond eliminating threats. To test the argument, I present a case study of state repression in Egypt after the 2013 coup. I explain how
repression against the Muslim Brotherhood helped build popular support for the new regime. My findings contribute to scholarship on authoritarianism and repression by demonstrating the oft-overlooked role of civilian bystanders in shaping state violence.
Over a Barrel? Oil Busts and Petrostate Stability
Authors: Meierding Emily
Published: November 2021

Do oil busts destabilize petrostates? This article asserts that existing political resource curse theories overpredict the likelihood of instability during oil busts because they overlook petrostates' agency. It argues that, by employing the "petrostates' toolkit"–a collection
of strategies for mitigating the negative consequences of low oil prices–most oil producers can survive even prolonged oil busts. Through within-case comparisons of thirty petrostates' political stability before and after the 2014 oil price collapse, it finds that most petrostates were
more or equally stable during the bust than before it. The article also presents a case study showing how Saudi Arabia used the petrostates' toolkit to remain politically stable after the 2014 collapse. The article concludes that petrostates are not "over a barrel" during oil busts.
Authoritarian Repression and Electoral Opposition: Mobilization under Germany's Antisocialist Law
Authors: Thomson Henry
Published: November 2021

We know little about repression's effects on opposition party mobilization under electoral authoritarianism. I argue that targeted repression of opposition leaders has both direct negative effects on mobilization and indirect effects on activist and voter support. However, party organizations
and ideological leadership can adapt to mitigate targeted repression's effects. In Germany, from 1878–1890 the social democratic party was banned and its leaders were expelled from their home districts. I estimate difference- in-differences models that leverage variation in expulsion
timing and frequency to estimate their effects on electoral outcomes. Expulsions caused declines in social democrats' electoral support. However, their effects diminished with each additional expulsion and after the first election post-expulsions, as local party organizations adapted to maintain
mobilization in electoral districts despite targeted repression.
Analysis of variability of decorative features of the genus Dahlia Cav. in annual culture in the conditions of the Moscow region
Authors: Orlova Elena , Kozlova Elena , Zubik Inna
Published: November 2021

In this paper, the results of the analysis of the variability of quantitative and qualitative decorative features of hybrid dahlia varieties (Dahlia x cultorum Thorsr. et Reis) used in landscaping of the Moscow region are considered. The following varieties are used in the work: Vesioly rebjata mix, Monarch mix, Butterfly Mix, Rumba white, Unwins Bedding Mix, Collarette Dandy Mix. To assess the variability, quantitative characteristics were selected: plant height, leaf size (length, width) and petiole, inflorescence diameter, tongue flower size, abundance of flowering (number of inflorescences per plant), duration of flowering; and qualitative: bush shape, compactness, type, color, glossiness, basket type, basket position relative to leaves, position, color of tongue flowers. The variability of quantitative features was assessed by calculating the coefficients of variation, the variability of qualitative features - by establishing the modalities and frequencies of occurrence. It was found that the studied varieties are the most variable in terms of plant height and the number of inflorescences on the plant, the most stable in terms of inflorescence sizes. Keywords: ANNUAL DAHLIA, BORDER VARIETIES, MORPHOLOGICAL SIGNS, QUANTITATIVE SIGNS, QUALITATIVE SIGNS, COLOR OF INFLORESCENCES, VARIABILITY OF DECORATIVE SIGNS
glocal
Authors: Grigoryeva Elena
Published: November 2021

The term GLOCAL that appeared only thirty years ago and was taken by us as the theme of this issue, is internally contradictory. The global, relating to the globe as a whole, looks like the opposite to the local, partial. Our paradoxical time, however, fills the term with actual meaning. Humanity is united in a common information space, and none of the corners of the Earth can ignore universal human processes and trends anymore. Globality threatens to erase all local differences, unify and average everything and everyone. Against this background, there is an escalating struggle for vivid and unique local national, cultural and ethnic identities, which can be compared with a tree breaking through the asphalt... The pandemic, which has gripped the world, divides people strictly and sets up many borders and walls. But it also unites them, demonstrating the widest range of local options for responding to a deadly threat.The articles from the theoretical section of this issue are devoted to the analysis of the concept of "glocality".
Glocal architecture
Authors: Lidin Konstantin
Published: November 2021

The article examines the concept of glocality in relation to architecture and urban planning. The notion of glocality is proposed as an embodiment of global trends in local forms, taking into account the historical, geographical and cultural characteristics of the given chronotope. The deviation of the balance towards globality leads to unification, erasure of local features and loss of cultural diversity. On the contrary, the predominance of the local aspect leads to "cultural nationalism", separation from the global information space and artistic barrenness.
On natural and artificial glocalization
Authors: Bagina Elena
Published: November 2021

Glocalization is a point where globalization enters communities or phenomena of different styles, cultures and traditions, including the phenomena of fine arts and architecture. Artificial glocalization is a search and application of specific forms-signs, and creation of a set of characteristics symbolizing the local tradition. Natural glocalization occurs when the national culture is on the rise and is ready to accept any innovations without loss of identity, when it is not forms-signs that work, but forms-images, which are identified as national.
Design as a space of compromise between the global and the local
Authors: Zheleznyak Olga
Published: November 2021

The contradictory integrity of the global and the local is viewed as a source of transnational and regional development. Design is an important aspect of glocalization, which ensures the “formulation” and introduction of basic ideas into the real life, and a space of compromise and interaction between the global and the local. It is clearly demonstrated by contemporary branding systems. Design as a scientific and educational space is presented in glocal discourses through the work of the Design Department of INRTU.
urbanization trends
Authors: Grigoryeva Elena , Lidin Konstantin
Published: November 2021

Sometimes, people dream ofBlue cities,Which have no name.Song from the film “Two Sundays”, 1963What does the future hold for us? This question has always attracted attention and always eluded answering. Which of today’s trends will shape the appearance of tomorrow's cities? Irkutsk architects, continuing the theme of the Winter City, reflect on the development of underground urbanism. Novosibirsk citizens study the creative capital as the main resource for the growth of Siberian cities. The environmental approach to urban development and the ratio of the notion of environment with the borderline concepts of style, meaning and essence are studied by theorists of architecture. The issues of the theory are directly related to everyday practice of the post-covid world. Isolation of people from each other and fusion of residential spaces with the office ones, new functions and the role of public spaces need reflection right now. The triptych of philosophers from Voronezh, Latvia and Vologda is about it.
Expeditions around Stalin’s prison camps: from Yakutsk to Magadan
Authors: Kradin Nikolai
Published: November 2021

The article presents the materials of seven expeditions made by the author and his fellow architects from 2012 to 2021 around Stalin’s prison camps located in the territory from Yakutsk to Magadan. Researchers performed photographic record of the remains of camp buildings of various types and wooden bridges with unique design, described mines where prisoners mined tungsten and other minerals essential to the defense of the country. The article presents measurements of bridges, camp buildings, civil objects and author's photographs of the given objects.
city and war
Authors: Grigoryeva Elena , Lidin Konstantin
Published: November 2021

And two thousand years of war.The war without any special cause.“The star called the Sun” (band Kino)Throughout its history, humanity has been fighting almost constantly. Cities were designed either as fortresses capable to hold the fort, or as permeable structures, which can be quickly restored after destruction. People, whose profession is meant for war, have always been a special caste and evoked a special attitude. We are witnessing an unprecedented process: the war changes its character, becomes undeclared, invisible, hybrid. How will a city, its appearance and functions respond to the new concepts of the war? How should we preserve, study and comprehend the military experience of the previous eras, the experience of educating “people of war” embodied in architecture of military schools?Not so long ago, historic Irkutsk lost the complex of Red Barracks related to the history of Port Arthur. The place is troubled again. While there is no problem with the building of the military school (the Ministry of Defense took it under their wing and is transforming it into the Suvorov School), there is a real war for preservation of exactly the same building of the cadet corps, which is fought in courts and public structures. As usual, we don't try to take these issues off the table or to hide away from inconvenient topics, but start discussing them in a series of articles.
The city and the war
Authors: Salmin Leonid
Published: November 2021

The article focuses on the city as a visual discourse. This topic was previously studied in the article “Invisible Moscow” (Salmin, 2018). The impact of the war on the concepts of visibility / invisibility of the city and their relationship is analyzed from the point of view of mytho-ritual practices. Inversions of the visible and invisible are considered in the context of evolution of the city's symbolism under the influence of the military threats.
Cadet, military, aerotechnical, suvorov...
Authors: Sidorenko Anna , Chertilov Alexei
Published: November 2021

The article is devoted to the complex of Irkutsk cadet corps (school), which was unreasonably withdrawn from the list of monuments of regional significance and the State Register of Cultural Heritage Sites by the Service for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of the Irkutsk Region. Disagreeing with the opinion of officials, the authors reveal the historical and cultural potential of this ensemble and prove its historical, memorial, town-planning, architectural, landscape and recreational value.
Military Gymnasium in Irkutsk
Authors: Sinkova Anastasia , Selivanov Roman
Published: November 2021

The article presents the results of the qualification work “Renovation of the territory of Irkutsk Higher Military Aviation Engineering School with the development of a fragment of the military gymnasium complex in Irkutsk”. The historical context, urban planning and space location of the university campus and techniques are described. They allow increasing the density of buildings and pedestrian accessibility of infrastructure facilities, which makes the urban environment more comfortable. The definition of renovation and its main characteristics are given.
The age of FSES: Portrait of an architect in the frame of education
Authors: Kiyanenko Konstantin
Published: November 2021

Basing on the analysis of the Federal State Educational Standards (FSES) and the legislative context of their development and approval, the post-reform history of the standardization of architectural education is viewed with the focus on the transformation of a qualification portrait of an architect as a set of the architect’s qualification characteristics. The article traces the evolution of standards of the last decade, the “age of FSES”. The national FSES of the bachelor degree of the “generation 3++” is compared with the UIA international standard of an architect. The author makes a conclusion whether it is practicable for Russia to use international principles and models of educational standards, the standards of architectural professional practice.
Technopark in educational facilities
Authors: Bulgakova Elena , Petrova Larisa , Shulginova Olga
Published: November 2021

The article covers the concept of technopark in higher educational institutions in the framework of the programs of adaptation of educational institutions to innovation forms of education. Knowledge about the subject is concretized on the basis of the study of the features of the technopark in the facility of the holding group MFUA - MITU-MACI. The authors describe the architectural solution for the technopark in the context of scientific activities on the elaboration of architectural solutions, advisory and rule-making activities.
Polytechnic edition published by graduates of Harbin Institute of Technology
Authors: Kradin Nikolai
Published: November 2021

This article discusses and analyzes the material relating to the life and creative activity of the former graduates of Harbin Institute of Technology, who came to Australia. The author analyzes the content of materials of all 17 journal issues published in 1969-2004. Examples of works by graduates of HIT who came to live in Russia, Europe, Australia and America are given; their memories about the institute, about the teachers and the educational process are analyzed. In particular, the author talks about five commemorative editions of Polytechnic devoted to the anniversaries of the HIT and the journal.
FOLK USES OF WEEDS FROM DISTRICT RUDRAPRAYAG, UTTARAKHAND, INDIA
Authors: Rautela Bharti , Tiwari Prabhawati
Published: November 2021

Weeds adversely affect the crop yield. However, some weeds are traditionally used as fodder resources, wild edibles, medicinal plants, fibre yielding, etc. in different parts of the world. Present study aimed to document the local uses of weedy plants in Rudraprayag district of Uttarakhand. A total of 113 weed species belonging to 90 genera and 38 families were documented with various folk uses. The present study revealed that the local people use weed species mainly as fodder for cattle. Some species are effective in healing skin ailments, cuts, wounds and urinary problems.
STUDIES ON SOME INVASIVE ALIEN MACROPHYTES IN ARTHUNA POND OF GARHI TEHSIL IN DISTRICT BANSWARA OF SOUTH RAJASTHAN, INDIA
Authors: Pathak Varsha , Rana Shafkat
Published: November 2021

This Present study is aimed to determine the diversity and distribution of Alien Macrophytic plants found in the Arthuna pond of Garhi Tehsil in Banswara District of South Rajasthan. In the years 2019 and 2020, the specimens were collected from four sites located from the north to south and east to west of study area. A total of seven species belonging to six genera and six families are reported as Invasive Alien Macrophytes. These are Ipomea sps., Nymphoides, Nymphea, Nelumbo, Potamogeton, Azolla belonging Convovulaceae, Menyanthaceae, Nelumbonaceae, Salviniaceae, Nympheaceae, Potamogetonaceae respectively. Physicochemical parameters like water pH, Temperature, TDS, Dissolve oxygen, Turbidity were analysed in three seasons winter, summer and rain. The Invasive Alien Species possess serious threat to local diversity and human Health therefore systematic study about the invasive plant species is necessary