bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the Sensormedics® 3100A and Bronchotron® transporter in a neonatal piglet ARDS model
Authors: Messier Stephen E. , DiGeronimo Robert J. , Gillette Robert K.
Published: June 2009

The Sensormedics® 3100A (Cardinal Health, Dublin, OH) (HFOV) and the Bronchotron® (Percussionaire, Sandpoint, ID) (HFPV) are high‐frequency ventilation devices used to support neonatal respiratory failure; however, a comparison of the devices, with respect to gas exchange at similar ventilator settings, has not been previously studied. Thus, we compared the ability of HFOV to that of HFPV to provide oxygenation and ventilation during acute lung injury in a newborn animal model. Using a saline lung lavage model, 12 neonatal piglets were randomized to initial support with either the HFOV or HFPV with settings adjusted to achieve PaCO2 of 45–60 mmHg. After stabilization, ventilator settings and arterial blood gases were serially recorded for 30 min. Animals were then crossed over to the alternative device set to deliver the same Vt, MAP, and F for an additional 30 min with the same parameters recorded. We found that the ΔP needed to generate adequate Vt on HFPV (35 ± 7 cmH2O) trended higher versus HFOV (31 ± 7 cmH2O P = 0.09) when the devices were matched for Vt, F, and MAP. No significant differences in ventilation (PaCO2 = 50 ± 10.7 mmHg vs. 46 ± 10 mmHg, P = 0.22) or oxygenation (PaO2 = 150 ± 76 mmHg vs. 149 ± 107 mmHg, P = 0.57) between the devices were found. We conclude that HFPV ventilates and oxygenates as well as HFOV at equivalent ventilator settings. HFPV may require larger ΔP's to generate equivalent Vt. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009; 44:693–700. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanical ventilation with high tidal volume or frequency is associated with increased expression of nerve growth factor and its receptor in rabbit lungs
Authors: Mittal Rashmi A. , Simbruner George , Smith Johan , Simbruner Bernadette , Holzinger Andreas
Published: June 2009

Objective

Nerve growth factor (NGF), a neurotrophin, is induced in lung cells by proinflammatory cytokines, and has a role in bronchial hyperreactivity and lung tissue repair. Ventilation induced lung injury, on the other hand, is known to increase the levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the lungs. We investigated whether, and to what extent, various degrees of lung injury induced by short‐term ventilation affect NGF levels in the lung tissue of adolescent rabbits.

Methods

The rabbits were randomized to different modes of ventilation: (1) CON: normal ventilation for 30 min; (2) NVT: normal ventilation for 6 hr; (3) HFQ: ventilation for 6 hr at double frequency, but normal tidal volume (VT); and (4) HVT: 6 hr ventilation at double VT but normal frequency.

Results

NGF protein was detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue in all animals. Ventilation for 6 hr significantly increased NGF levels, in both BALF and lung tissue, in the HFQ and HVT groups as compared to control (P < 0.05). The maximum increase in BALF NGF was seen in the HVT group (P = 0.02 vs. CON and NVT groups, and P = 0.05 vs. HFQ). A parallel increase in interleukin 1‐β (IL1‐β) was observed. Expression of the high‐affinity NGF‐receptor, tropomyosin‐related kinase A (TrkA), was also upregulated in these two groups.

Conclusion

Injurious modes of mechanical ventilation upregulate NGF and its receptor TrkA in rabbit lungs, and IL1‐beta may be a mediator for this response. We speculate that this increase in NGF level may translate into the development of bronchial hyperreactivity. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009; 44:713–719. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Formulation and Properties of ADN/GAP Propellants
Authors: Menke Klaus , Heintz Thomas , Schweikert Wenka , Keicher Thomas , Krause Horst
Published: June 2009

In this contribution two ways are described, how it is possible to achieve perfectly cured and processible propellants with prilled ADN, low amounts of HMX 5 μm mps and a binder system based on GAP diole and GAP triole oligomers with and without TMETN as a nitrate ester plasticizer. It was shown how it will be possible to suppress the strongly gas forming reaction between ADN and reactive isocyanates by a mixture of stabilizers. In this way it was possible to create minimum smoke ADN/HMX/GAP/TMETN propellants cured with the triisocyanate N100. In the second part an unconventional binder system based on the 1.3 dipolar cycloaddition reaction of azido groups with acetylene compounds forming 1,2,3‐triazole heterocyclic rings has been applied for ADN/GAP and AP/GAP propellants. Together with small parts of HMX formulations with ADN/HMX/GAP and the corresponding AP/HMX/GAP exhibit high thermodynamic performance, are easily processible, and cure successfully at 60 °C. Their basic properties consisting of burning behavior and mechanical properties, at ambient temperature, chemical stability, and sensitivity have been investigated and are compared to each other.
Immunogenicity of 56°C and UVC‐treated prostate cancer is associated with release of HSP70 and HMGB1 from necrotic cells
Authors: Brusa Davide , Migliore Elisa , Garetto Stefano , Simone Mariagrazia , Matera Lina
Published: June 2009

BACKGROUND

Prostate hyperthermia and photodynamic therapy can be delivered by a variety of procedures which result in a wide range of temperatures and light energy and cause different kinds of cell death.

METHODS

We have addressed the immunogenic effect of heating and UVC irradiation on the prostate cancer (PCa) cell line LNCaP, by studying the release of Danger Associated Molecule Pattern (DAMP) molecules HSP70 and HMGB1 and the dendritic cell (DC) antigen‐presenting efficiency.

RESULTS

Intracellular upmodulation and extracellular release of HSP70 were inversely correlated. Mild temperatures (43–47°C) induced an early increase of intracellular HSP70, whereas the highest temperature (56°C) induced its extrusion from the cell. Likewise, UVC caused an immediate migration of HSP70 into the cell medium in the absence of any intracellular modulation. 56°C and UVC also induced a robust release of HMGB1. The release of DAMP molecules was closely associated with post‐apoptotic membrane damage, as shown by double Annexin V/propidium iodide staining, whereas β‐tubulin, a structural component of cell membranes, was specifically induced by 56°C heating. Tumor uptake strongly impaired the cytokine‐driven maturation of DCs and 56°C heating led to a significant recovery of CD83 and CCR7 DC maturation markers, but did not influence the antigen cross‐presentation activity. On the contrary, UVC‐treated LNCaP had negligible effects on DC maturation, but increased the cross‐priming of tumor specific CTL.

CONCLUSIONS

These data may be of use in the design of effective non‐surgical PCa ablations that combine tumor destruction with long lasting immunity. Prostate 69:1343–1352, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combining census and registration data to analyse ethnic migration patterns in England from 1991 to 2007
Authors: Raymer James , Smith Peter W. F. , Giulietti Corrado
Published: June 2009

In this paper, we develop a model that allows us to combine annual (incomplete) registration data with (auxiliary) census data. The result is a synthetic database that can be used to analyse the evolution of specific migrant groups over time. For illustration, we model the evolution of ethnic interregional migration in England by age and sex from 1991 to 2007 by combining National Health Service registration data with 1991 and 2001 census data. This annual time series of detailed migration flows is useful for both planning and for understanding ethnic population redistribution. Furthermore, changes over time can be related to regions exhibiting, for example, high unemployment, high costs of living, or high immigrant concentrations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical approach to the realization of electronic devices in epitaxial graphene
Authors: Bekyarova Elena , Itkis Mikhail E. , Ramesh Palanisamy , Haddon Robert C.
Published: June 2009

We have shown that nitrophenyl groups may be added to the surface of few‐layer epitaxial graphene (EG) by the formation of covalent carbon–carbon bonds thereby changing the electronic structure and transport properties of EG from near‐metallic to semiconducting. In the present Letter we discuss the opportunities afforded by such chemical processes to engineer device functionality in graphene by modification of the electronic properties without physical patterning.

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(© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Antiplasmodial activities of furoquinoline alkaloids from Teclea afzelii
Authors: Wansi Jean Duplex , Hussain Hidayat , Tcho Alain Tadjong , Kouam Simeon F. , Specht Sabine , Sarite Salem Ramadan , Hoerauf Achim , Krohn Karsten
Published: June 2009

The study of the chemical constituents of the stem bark of Teclea afzelii (Rutaceae) has resulted in the isolation and characterization of four furoquinoline alkaloids, namely kokusaginine (1), tecleaverdoornine (2), maculine (3) and montrifoline (4) together with lupeol (5) and b‐sitosterol glucopyranoside (6). The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated based on spectroscopic studies. The antimalarial activity of compounds 1–4 against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro shows partial suppression of parasitic growth. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interactions between dry‐air entrainment, surface evaporation and convective boundary‐layer development
Authors: van Heerwaarden Chiel C. , Vilà‐Guerau de Arellano Jordi , Moene Arnold F. , Holtslag Albert A. M.
Published: June 2009

The influence of dry‐air entrainment on surface heat fluxes and the convective boundary‐layer (CBL) properties is studied for vegetated land surfaces, using a mixed‐layer CBL model coupled to the Penman–Monteith equation under a wide range of conditions. In order to address the complex behaviour of the system, the feedback mechanisms involved were put into a mathematical framework. Simple expressions for the evaporative fraction and the Priestley–Taylor parameter were derived, based on the concept of equilibrium evaporation. Dry‐air entrainment enhances the surface evaporation under all conditions, but the sensitivity of the evaporation rate to the moisture content of the free troposphere falls as temperature rises. Due to the evaporation enhancement, shallower CBLs develop beneath dry atmospheres. In all cases, dry‐air entrainment reduces the relative humidity at the land surface and at the top of the CBL. However, because of dry‐air entrainment‐induced land–atmosphere feedback mechanisms, relative humidity at the top of the CBL responds nonlinearly to temperature rise; it decreases as temperature rises beneath a moist free troposphere, whereas it increases beneath a dry free troposphere. Finally, it was found that in certain conditions the evolution of the surface fluxes, relative humidity and CBL height can be as sensitive to the free tropospheric moisture conditions as to the land‐surface properties. Therefore, studies of the land surface and of convective clouds have to take into account the influence of dry‐air entrainment through land–atmosphere feedback mechanisms. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Quantum computing measurement and intelligence
Authors: Ezziane Zoheir
Published: June 2009

One of the grand challenges in the nanoscopic computing era is guarantees of robustness. Robust computing system design is confronted with quantum physical, probabilistic, and even biological phenomena, and guaranteeing high‐reliability is much more difficult than ever before. Scaling devices down to the level of single electron operation will bring forth new challenges due to probabilistic effects and uncertainty in guaranteeing “zero‐one” based computing. Minuscule devices imply billions of devices on a single chip, which may help mitigate the challenge of uncertainty by replication and redundancy. However, such device densities will create a design and validation nightmare with the sheer scale. The questions that confront computer engineers regarding the current status of nanocomputing material and the reliability of systems built from such minuscule devices are difficult to articulate and answer. This article illustrates and discusses two types of quantum algorithms as follows: (1) a simple quantum algorithm and (2) a quantum search algorithm. This article also presents a review of recent advances in quantum computing and intelligence and presents major achievements and obstacles for researchers in the near future. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Classes of admissible exchange‐correlation density functionals for pure spin and angular momentum states
Authors: Tchougréeff A. L. , Ángyán J. G.
Published: June 2009

We analyze various approaches to construct exchange‐correlation functionals which are able to describe states of definite spin multiplicity in the density functional theory (DFT) realm and outline the characteristics of possible functionals consistent with the Kohn–Sham theory. To achieve this goal the unitary group technique is applied to label many‐electron states of definite total spin and to calculate the corresponding analogs of the Roothaan coupling coefficients. The possibility of using range separated Coulomb potential of electron–electron interaction for constructing functionals discriminating multiplet states in the d‐shells is explored and a tentative system of state‐specific functionals, covering nontrivial correlations in d‐shells of transition metal ions, is proposed for the Fe2+ ions. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Degeneracy in one‐dimensional quantum mechanics: A case study
Authors: Matamala Adelio R. , Salas Cristian A. , Cariñena José F.
Published: June 2009

In this work we study the isotonic oscillator, V(x) = Ax2 + Bx−2, on the whole line −∞ < x < + ∞ as an example of a one‐dimensional quantum system with energy level degeneracy. A symmetric double‐well potential with a finite barrier is introduced to study the behavior of energy pattern between both limit: the harmonic oscillator (i.e., a system without degeneracy) and the isotonic oscillator (i.e., a system with degeneracy). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Compound I in horseradish peroxidase enzyme: Magnetic state assessment by quadratric configuration interaction calculations
Authors: Zazza Costantino , Sanna Nico , Tatoli Simone , Aschi Massimiliano , Palma Amedeo
Published: June 2009

Quadratic configuration interaction procedure with single and double electronic excitations (QCISD) has been used, for the first time, to calculate the electronic structure of the Compound I (CpdI), which represents a key intermediate in the catalytic cycle of Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP) enzyme. The QCISD method is applied to lowest quasi‐isoenergetic doublet and quartet spin multiplicity and results compared with density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP) data. This investigation shows that, at present, QCISD is more accurate than DFT‐based approach in discriminating between the two lowest magnetic states of CpdI complex in HRP enzyme. Such a result opens the possibility of theoretically addressing the reaction mechanism leading to CpdI complex in HRP using a correlated wavefunction based approach. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Conformational changes in polypeptides and proteins
Authors: Yakubovich Alexander V. , Solov'yov Andrey V. , Greiner Walter
Published: June 2009

We consider the process of α‐helix↔random coil transition in alanine polypeptides. For this, we suggest a novel theoretical method based on the statistical mechanics. We apply the developed formalism for the description of the thermodynamical properties of alanine polypeptides of different length. We analyze the essential thermodynamical properties of the system such as heat capacity, the phase transition temperature, and the latent heat of the phase transition. Alternatively, we have obtained same thermodynamical characteristics from the molecular dynamics simulations and compared the results with the results of statistical mechanics calculations. The comparison proves the validity of the statistical mechanics approach and establishes its accuracy. We extend the developed formalism for the description of the α‐helix↔random coil transition in the presence of the effects of solvent. The performed analysis explains prominent decrease of the phase transition temperature of the polypeptide in water solution. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Direct calculation of the rate coefficients on the grid: Exact quantum versus semiclassical results for N + N2
Authors: Faginas‐Lago Noelia , Costantini Alessandro , Huarte‐Larrañaga Fermín
Published: June 2009

A detailed description of the theoretical and computational machineries used to apply quantum and semiclassical direct approaches to the calculation of atom‐diatom reaction rate coefficients using the production computing grid of EGEE is given. Specific results of an extended computational campaign on N + N2 are reported. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Meta‐analysis of diagnostic accuracy studies accounting for disease prevalence: Alternative parameterizations and model selection
Authors: Chu Haitao , Nie Lei , Cole Stephen R. , Poole Charles
Published: June 2009

In a meta‐analysis of diagnostic accuracy studies, the sensitivities and specificities of a diagnostic test may depend on the disease prevalence since the severity and definition of disease may differ from study to study due to the design and the population considered. In this paper, we extend the bivariate nonlinear random effects model on sensitivities and specificities to jointly model the disease prevalence, sensitivities and specificities using trivariate nonlinear random‐effects models. Furthermore, as an alternative parameterization, we also propose jointly modeling the test prevalence and the predictive values, which reflect the clinical utility of a diagnostic test. These models allow investigators to study the complex relationship among the disease prevalence, sensitivities and specificities; or among test prevalence and the predictive values, which can reveal hidden information about test performance. We illustrate the proposed two approaches by reanalyzing the data from a meta‐analysis of radiological evaluation of lymph node metastases in patients with cervical cancer and a simulation study. The latter illustrates the importance of carefully choosing an appropriate normality assumption for the disease prevalence, sensitivities and specificities, or the test prevalence and the predictive values. In practice, it is recommended to use model selection techniques to identify a best‐fitting model for making statistical inference. In summary, the proposed trivariate random effects models are novel and can be very useful in practice for meta‐analysis of diagnostic accuracy studies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Leveraging ties: the contingent value of entrepreneurial teams' external advice networks on Indian software venture performance
Authors: Vissa Balagopal , Chacar Aya S.
Published: June 2009

This study investigates the impact of entrepreneurial teams' external networks on their ventures' performance. We first argue that ventures whose entrepreneurial teams span many structural holes in their external advice networks experience higher performance. We then propose that network ties are not uniform in their effect, but rather are contingent on two distinct features of entrepreneurial teams: (i) their strategic consensus—extent of agreement on key goals and strategies within the team—and (ii) internal cohesion—extent of interpersonal friendships within the team. Finally, we propose that team demographics and team networks complement (rather than substitute) each other. Data from Indian software ventures provide support for these arguments. We extend entrepreneurship research by highlighting how venture teams' internal processes and external networks jointly shape performance outcomes. We also add to the literature on team networks by drawing attention to the role of strategic consensus as a distinct pathway through which teams can leverage their external networks.
Spatial regulation of PI3K signaling during chemotaxis
Authors: Iglesias Pablo A.
Published: June 2009

Phosphoinositide 3‐kinases (PI3Ks) are a family of lipid kinases that phosphorylate the 3′ OH position of the inositol ring of phosphoinositides on the inner leaf of the plasma membrane. Receptor‐mediated activation of the PI3K pathway plays a crucial role in numerous signaling pathways and regulates a number of critical cellular processes, including growth, differentiation, survival and directed migration. In this focus article, we review the temporal and spatial regulation of PI3K in chemotaxing cells with particular emphasis on the amoeba Dictyostelium as well as neutrophils. We also briefly discuss one model used to elucidate the PI3K pathway. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

This article is categorized under:

Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Mechanistic Models
Lessons Learned from Hurricane Ike
Authors: Mitchell Laurie , Anderle Diane , Nastally Kathleen , Sarver Troy , Hafner‐Burton Tana , Owens Sheron
Published: June 2009

After the poorly planned evacuation for Hurricane Rita in 2005, many health care systems in the Houston area updated the disaster plans they would implement in the event of a major disaster.

In September 2008, Texas health care systems in the Houston‐Galveston area had the opportunity to execute those plans when Hurricane Ike made landfall. Despite hours of hurricane preparation at the Texas Orthopedic Hospital in Houston, TX, before the storm, we found that there were still lessons to be learned from Hurricane Ike that can be used by other health care systems to prepare for disaster. AORN J 89 (June 2009) 1073–1078. © AORN, Inc, 2009.
The Alzheimer's Advisor
Authors: Fugler Royceann
Published: June 2009

The Alzheimer's Advisor, Vaughn E. James, AMACOM, 2008, 300 pages, $19.95 softcover
Evolution of geminiviruses and their satellites
Authors: Nawaz-ul-Rehman Muhammad Shah , Fauquet Claude M.
Published: June 2009

Geminiviruses and their satellites have circular single stranded DNA genomes, infecting many crops and weeds across the globe. To successfully invade new hosts, break host resistance, move virus particles within and between plants, geminiviruses and their satellites have evolved a coordinated network of protein interactions, showing a possible evolutionary path. Humans have played an important role in the last century to promote the emergence of many geminivirus diseases, thereby impacting their evolution. The greatest molecular diversity of geminiviruses and their satellites resides in Southeast Asia revealing a possible center of origin. This minireview leads us to a possible general grand scheme of their evolution.
Single amino acid mutations of Medicago glycosyltransferase UGT85H2 enhance activity and impart reversibility
Authors: Modolo Luzia V. , Escamilla-Treviño Luis L. , Dixon Richard A. , Wang Xiaoqiang
Published: June 2009

The glycosyltransferase UGT85H2 from Medicago truncatula catalyzes glucosylation of the (iso)flavonoids kaempferol and biochanin A. Structure‐based mutagenesis of UGT85H2 was carried out to explore the roles of amino acids involved in substrate binding. Substitution of Ile305 by threonine increased catalytic efficiency 37‐ or 19‐fold with kaempferol or biochanin A as acceptor, respectively. A point mutation V200E also dramatically improved the turnover rate and catalytic efficiency by 15‐fold for kaempferol and 54‐fold for biochanin A. More interestingly, this single mutation (V200E) conferred reversibility in the glycosyltransfer reaction, indicating that Glu200 is a key determinant for the deglycosylation function.
Molecular characterization and kinetic properties of a novel two‐domain taurocyamine kinase from the lung fluke Paragonimus westermani
Authors: Jarilla Blanca R. , Tokuhiro Shinji , Nagataki Mitsuru , Hong Sung-Jong , Uda Kouji , Suzuki Tomohiko , Agatsuma Takeshi
Published: June 2009

Taurocyamine kinase (TK) was previously reported to be restricted to certain marine annelids; however, the present study has proven otherwise. The lung fluke Paragonimus westermani has a contiguous two‐domain TK with a mass of 80 216 Da consisting of 713 amino acid residues sharing higher sequence identity with molluscan arginine kinase (AK). Both domains of P. westermani TK have significant activity for the substrate taurocyamine and exhibited synergism during substrate binding. Since TK plays a key role in energy metabolism and is not present in mammals, inhibitors against P. westermani TK could be effective novel chemotherapeutic agents and could be utilized for the development of specific diagnostic tools for the detection of paragonimiasis.
Regulation of voltage‐gated K+ channels by glucose metabolism in pancreatic β‐cells
Authors: Yoshida Masashi , Dezaki Katsuya , Yamato Shiho , Aoki Atsushi , Sugawara Hitoshi , Toyoshima Hideo , Ishikawa San-e , Kawakami Masanobu , Nakata Masanori , Yada Toshihiko , Kakei Masafumi
Published: June 2009

Regulation of delayed rectifier‐type K+ channels (Kv‐channels) by glucose was studied in rat pancreatic β‐cells. The Kv‐channel current was increased in amplitudes by increasing glucose concentration from 2.8 to 16.6 mM, while it was decreased by 2.8 mM glucose in a reversible manner (down‐regulation) in both perforated and conventional whole‐cell modes. The current was decreased by FCCP, intrapipette 0 mM ATP or AMPPNP. Glyceraldehyde, pyruvic acid, 2‐ketoisocaproic acid, and 10 mM MgATP prevented the down‐regulation induced by 2.8 mM or less glucose. The residual current after treatment with Kv2.1‐specific blocker, guangxitoxin‐1E, was unchanged by lowering or increasing glucose concentration. We conclude that glucose metabolism regulates Kv2.1 channels in rats β‐cells via altering MgATP levels.
The State and Religion: An Exploratory Comparison in Different Cultures
Authors: Strayer Joseph R.
Published: June 2009

This paper is intended merely to frame certain hypotheses and present some comparisons and contrasts which may stimulate discussion.
Internal Contradictions in Bureaucratic Polities
Authors: Eisenstadt S. N.
Published: June 2009

Centralized bureaucratic polities can be defined as those political systems with the following major characteristics: first, the political sphere is relatively autonomous and distinct from other social institutions and second, there exist special permanent administrative organizations. We shall base our analysis on a number of pre-modern historical examples: the ancient Egyptian Empires, the Sassanid Empire of Persia, the Chinese Empires from the period of Han onwards, the Roman and Byzantine Empires, certain European countries (especially France) in the age of Absolutism, and the Spanish American Empire. Our purpose is to bring out the common characteristics of the political process in these historical societies, especially as it effects their continuity and stability. In the following pages we shall present some preliminary hypotheses and analyses about the political process in these polities. These hypotheses and analyses are derived from a larger and more detailed study which is in progress.
The Social Causation of the Courtly Love Complex
Authors: Moller Herbert
Published: June 2009

How to account for the courtly love complex of the troubadours and minnesingers has been an unsolved puzzle ever since the romanticists discovered it as a scholarly problem. For about three generations, in the 12th and 13th centuries, Provençal and German lyrical poetry was preoccupied with a strangely uneven love pattern. In the classic version of this poetry, the male lover presents himself as engrossed in a yearning desire for the love of an exceedingly beautiful and perfect woman whose strange emotional aloofness and high social status make her appear hopelessly distant. But the frustrated and sorrowful lover cannot overcome his fascination and renders faithful “love service” to this “high-minded” and exacting lady who reciprocates in a surprising manner: She does not grant him the amorous “reward” which he craves, but she gives him what immeasurably increases his “worth”: She rewards him with approval and reassurance. The great lady accepts him as being worthy of her attention, but only at the price of behavioral restraint and refinement of manners, that is, at the price ofcourtoisbehavior. As the contemporaries put it,courtoisieis the result of courtly love.
Some Implications of Recent Work in Historical Demography
Authors: Krause John T.
Published: June 2009

Current population theory depends heavily on the hypothesis that a demographic revolution occurred in West European countries roughly between 1750 and 1880. According to this hypothesis, European death rates averaged at least 35 per 1,000 prior to 1750; hence, even very high birth rates did not enable populations to recover rapidly from the effects of catastrophes, which are supposed to have been frequent and intense. Only after the advances, mainly hygienic, which began about 1750 did the death rate commence a long-term decline. Because fertility remained high, West European populations grew more rapidly than they had ever done. Eventually, urbanization and industrialization sapped the forces which maintainted high birth rates, and low fertility became the major cause of low Western rates of growth.Since currently under-developed populations have high vital rates, it has been suggested that demographic principles are transcultural and that Western demographic patterns will be repeated.
Free versus Compulsory Labor: Mexico and the Philippines 1540–1648
Authors: Phelan John Leddy
Published: June 2009

Two irrevocable commitments of Spanish colonial policy were that the natives as “new Christians” merited some guarantees as to their property rights and the liberty of their persons and that colonizing based upon the services of Indian labor had to be made profitable for the Spanish colonists. The Spanish crown seldom vacillated in its sometimes quixotically pursued determination to reconcile these two cardinal commitments. Harmonized they sometimes were, but there are striking cases where the two goals seemed mutually exclusive. The aim of this essay is to examine some patterns of change and continuity which emerged during those periods of crisis when the general well-being of the colony apparently clashed with the specific welfare of the Indians.
Social Science in Prague
Authors: Hughes Everett C.
Published: June 2009

An Interdisciplinary Conference on International Understanding and Peaceful Co-operation, called by the social science division of UNESCO, was held in Prague, September 24–30, 1958. The approximately thirty social scientists present came from seventeen countries, including Egypt and Japan (which had not had representatives at previous meetings of the series). The Czechoslovakian National UNESCO Commission were hosts to the meeting, which was held in the Charles University.
Independent Religious Movements
Authors: Mead Margaret
Published: June 2009

Dr. Mair's feeling of inconclusiveness, after an examination of so much material, comes, I believe, from a failure to choose the right units. Anthropologists have traditionally dealt only with those cults which arose among primitive – that is, preliterate – peoples in situations of contact with advanced cultures. They have left to historians the discussion of cults within part-literate societies in the past, and to sociologists, social psychologists and psychiatrists the study of contemporary cult phenomena in modern literate societies. Recent work in the narrowly defined anthropological studies has made possible the delineation of differences attributable to culture area, date and conditions of culture contact, and discrimination between the retrospective orientation of American Indian nativistic cults, like the Ghost Dance, and the future-oriented cults of the Southwest Pacific, the Cargo cults. Dr. Mair discusses a third regional type, the cults of South Africa. Such organization of materials by period and area does make it possible to demonstrate that cults differ in form and content, in different times and different places. They do not help us isolate the universals involved. The area frame of reference gives no detail about the specific tribal situation, the personality of the leader and the other personnel of the cult. It is too large for detailed psychological explanation of social process, and too narrow for the understanding of cult formation as a social process.
Aspects of Social Mobility in China, 1368–1911
Authors: Ho Ping-Ti
Published: June 2009

Social mobility in traditional China, particularly during the last two dynasties, Ming (1368–1644) and Ch'ing (1644–1911), for which ample data are available, deserves systematic study by both Chinese and Western historians and social scientists. It is remarkable to observe that in a meticulously “regulated” society such as traditional China's, there was probably a greater amount of vertical mobility, both upward and downward, than is usually found in pre-modern and modern societies of the West. What makes this more striking is the fact that it occurred in a society which for twenty-five centuries believed in the inequality of men. For this reason alone the question of social mobility in traditional China should be of more than usual interest to theoretical sociologists with a comparative approach to their subject. Owing to the author's limited knowledge of Western sociology and also because of limitations of space, this article deals mainly with China, although brief comparisons with pre-modern and modern Western societies will be attempted at certain points.
Comment
Authors: Rodgers Brian
Published: June 2009

A twentieth century social scientist is bound to be impressed by this paper and it should drive him back to ask more fundamental questions about modern social legislation. He will, however, be bound to feel a little disappointed by the fact that the same degree of scholastic rigour has not been applied to the ideas of modern social legislators as has been applied to those of the Decretists.
Representation and the Nature of Political Systems
Authors: Sutton Francis X.
Published: June 2009

The study of comparative politics is currently invigorated by a world-wide perspective. There is now a lively concern with the politics of societies hitherto little regarded or left comfortably to specialists, and these societies often challenge familiar assumptions based on Western experience. Efforts to understand unfamiliar institutions or why formally similar political institutions perform differently in different societies inevitably forces attention outward from the political focus into wider reaches of each society.
Indigenous Politics and Colonial Administration with special reference to Australia
Authors: Barnes J. A.
Published: June 2009

In an age of crumbling empires, when many former colonial territories are becoming politically independent, it may still be instructive to study the processes by which empires and nations have been built up. What political forms have been involved and how have they been modified and developed? The new nations of Africa and Asia now emerging have political structures that bear a generic resemblance to the established democracies and dictatorships of Europe. These forms of organization seem to be a necessary requirement for membership of the United Nations, and are widely held to be essential if there is to be a flexible industrial and commercial economy, centralized administration and widespread literacy. None of the United Nations enjoys an entirely subsistence economy or relies only on communication by word of mouth. They all have courts of law, standing armies and at least the beginnings of a bureaucracy.
The Aztec Aristocracy in Colonial Mexico
Authors: Gibson Charles
Published: June 2009

The student of Aztec “aristocracy” in its colonial period (1519–1810) confronts an historical situation of which the abstract conditions are familiar from other (and often much better known) instances of conquest and long-term adaptation. Romans and Barbarians, Moslems and Christians, Whites and Negroes, and additional examples will immediately suggest themselves. The situation is one wherein a given society, previously independent, suffers subjugation under an external society to the extent that its whole hierarchy of class stratification is subordinated to a new and foreign upper class. The society is demoted as a whole, and whereas for lower classes this entails only a further degradation, for ruling classes the change is absolute, from a dominant to a subordinate rank. Theoretically, at least, one could expect stimulus and response in greatest degree and greatest incidence in the group whose position is most seriously affected.
Sienese Society in the Renaissance
Authors: Hicks David L.
Published: June 2009

The traditional explanations of Italy's post-Renaissance decline are almost too well-known to bear repeating: northern economic competition, the opening of new trade routes bypassing the Mediterranean, the French and Spanish invasions and eventual Spanish domination of much of the peninsula, and so on. There is no doubt they were of significance. But explicit in all of them are “foreign” influences of one sort or another: Italy is pictured as simply an unwilling but helpless victim of the rise of the European nationstates. It is suggested that the northern Italian states also posessed within themselves the seeds of decline. Inherent in their economy, in the structure of their society, and in their political institutions were forces which, together with forces from outside, shaped the character of post-Renaissance Italy. It is suggested further that these forces were discernible in many states by the end of the fifteenth century.
On the Possibility of Increasing Fertility in the Underdeveloped Nations
Authors: Krause John T.
Published: June 2009

In the last issue Richard A. Easterlin criticized some arguments which I have advanced. Because I think that his main point is at least partially irrelevant, I shall briefly summarize my argument. I suggested that demographic growth in the pre-industrial West was determined primarily by levels of fertility, levels which depended in large part on economic factors, and that mortality has been the major variable in the demographic growth of most less developed countries today mainly because they do not control fertility in the interest of the maintenance of a given standard of living. From this basic difference, I drew a number of consequences. Among them, but by no means the most important, was the one to which Easterlin devoted most attention. It was my statement: “Hence, there is the possibility that improved nutrition and health will increase birth rates fantastically.”1 Easterlin omitted the first six words of the sentence from his quotation.
The New England Plain Style
Authors: Garvan Anthony
Published: June 2009

Purism represents the conscious effort of a culture to reject a commonly accepted iconography and the meanings implicit in its canons of proportion, taste and esthetic, and to substitute in their place a pragmatic solution of the artistic problem involved. What is not always recognized is that this solution must be the consequence of the terms of the problem; and the statement of these terms, indeed the selection of the problem itself, are both culturally determined.
Imperial Russia at the Turn of the Century: the Cultural Slope and the Revolution from Without
Authors: Von Laue Theodore H.
Published: June 2009

The expansion of Europe has been a much-discussed process. Unfortunately the publicists' and historians' interest has commonly been limited to surface aspects of power, to political, economic, and intellectual penetration. Yet a closer acquaintance reveals the existence of a yet deeper layer of hostile infiltration, a subtler and more subversive onslaught on native values and traditions. The “underground” portions of western expansion have hitherto rather escaped notice, let alone analysis, although among their victims their force was felt deeply if confusedly. Thus an anonymous journalist writing in Russia late in 1896 pointed to that melting away of native guideposts under the western impact when he lamented that “under the influence of historical conditions and progress many phenomena which distinguished Russian nationality are now changing and therefore prove no longer to be genuine and unchangeable…” No hallowed custom, no authority remained unimpaired, even though the surface structure of society and government was preserved and the sovereignty of the state untouched. The termites of western influence were eating away the substance and left only facades. And the invisible portion of western power, its ability to serve as a universal model, proved in the long run even more devastating than armies, battleships, or stocks and bonds.
Buddhist Monastic Economy: the Jisa Mechanism
Authors: Miller Robert J.
Published: June 2009

The economic activities of Buddhist monasteries have frequently been noted. In regard to Tibetan Lamaist monasteries some writers have assumed that these activities indicate the “corruption” or “degeneration” of pure Buddhist ideals. On the other hand many have expressed wonder at the generosity with which Lamaist laymen will give, sometimes impoverishing themselves, to support their religion. Attention too seldom has been drawn to the means by which gifts are translated into religious merit for the donors, whether these be monks or laymen. It is the mechanism of translation that explains the universal economic success of Buddhist monasticism.
Comparative Study at Stockholm
Authors: Gerhard Dietrich , Thrupp Sylvia L.
Published: June 2009

If historians, as some non-historians imagine, were occupied only with the detail of national past politics, they would have nothing to say to each other at an international conference. Yet leading historians have labored to create a permanent organization, the International Congress of Historical Sciences, which now holds regular quinquennial meetings with increasingly worldwide representation. At least twenty countries besides all European countries and the Soviet Union were represented at its eleventh meeting, held at Stockholm in August 1960.
The Imposition of Western Law Forms upon Primitive Societies
Authors: Hannigan A. St. J.
Published: June 2009

At the present day the African hailing from a primitive society, who comes to live in the towns side by side with Africans of other tribal origins and with Europeans, is a familiar figure. This has resulted in the influencing by alien cultures of the African's traditional way of life and the formation of a new type of society governed by a complex set of rules to which the old traditional order affords little or no guide. It is only to be expected in the circumstances that difficulty will be experienced in reconciling African customary rules of behavior with the western-type law, and that also, where the two systems are being administered side by side, the Western system of law will tend to predominate due to its greater affinity to modern development. As will be shown, this tendency to replace native custom by Western law, as exemplified by the position in the past and present territories of British Africa, even where motivated by the best intentions, is at times dominated by an adherence to Western law patterns and by Western economic and social theories, which may be neither acceptable nor expedient in the present state of African development.
Cities in Social Transformation
Authors: Friedmann John
Published: June 2009

This essay has sought to bring out salient points that can throw light both upon the vexing problems of cultural transformation and on the related phenomena of economic growth. It has employed concepts that are relatively recent in the social sciences and that when synthesized provide the elements of a theory of social change. The five main concepts are: the city as a cross-cultural type; the functional urban hierarchy; the nodular regional structure; effective social, political-administrative and economic space; economic growth as being part of a more comprehensive process leading to successively higher levels of integration of the social system.

From the concept of the city as a cross-cultural type it follows that there are no fundamental distinctions between industrial and preindustrial cities, but both are sharply distinguished from communal village life. All cities have in common a way of life that is characterized by varying degrees of social heterogeneity and cultural vitality, and by inventiveness, creativity, rationality, and civic consciousness. From the fact that cities and the regions related to them may be seen as functionally differentiated and arranged in hieratic fashion it follows that the extent of urban influence will vary with (a) the stage of evolution reached by the hierarchy as a whole, and (b) the relative position of any given city within the hierarchy.

Economic growth has to be seen as part of a comprehensive process of cultural transformation. From the ruthless destruction of old social forms no aspect of society will be spared. It is the influences spreading outward from cities that accomplish both the disruption of the traditional social patterns and the reintegration of society around new fundamental values. The city acts as a coordinating, space-creating force, thus achieving the integration of the social order in its spatial dimensions. Intellectuals, administrators and entrepreneurs are the city's agents in this task. With their success in organizing the life of a society, both as a pattern of activities and as a pattern in space, the traditional notion of a city as a place having definite geographic limits will tend gradually to disappear. Just as Karl Mannheim speaks of fundamental democratization as one of the tendencies of our age, so one may speak of fundamental urbanization as the end-result of modern economic growth. With this, the former distinction between town and country will beblurred and will leave a thoroughly organized, impersonal, and functionally rational society to carry on.
One Hundred Million Frenchmen: The “Assimilation” Theory in French Colonial Policy
Authors: Lewis Martin Deming
Published: June 2009

During World War II, Jacques Stern, a former French Minister of Colonies, wrote almost lyrically of the “patient labor of assimilation” by which France had been “consolidating the moral and material ties which bind together forty million continental Frenchmen and sixty million overseas Frenchmen, white and colored” in the French Empire. When the Brazzaville Conference met in 1944 under the auspices of the Free French government to consider the postwar future of that empire, its final resolution declared that the aims of the work of colonization which France is pursuing in her colonies exclude any idea of autonomy and any possibility of development outside the French empirebloc; the attainment of self-government in the colonies even in themost distant future must be excluded.
Voting Patterns in the British House of Commons in the 1840s
Authors: Aydelotte William O.
Published: June 2009

In the 1840s, the time of Sir Robert Peel's great ministry, the British House of Commons debated and voted upon a number of substantial political issues. The Parliament of 1841–47 not only repealed the Corn Laws; it also placed on the statute books important legislation regulating factories, banks, railways and mines. It approved the income tax, reintroduced by Peel in 1842, and the Poor Law, which was renewed in 1842 and again in 1847. It discussed and voted upon, though it was far from approving, proposals for the extension of the franchise, the adoption of the secret ballot and the restriction of the special legal privileges of landowners. There were divisions as well on various aspects of the Irish question, religious questions and the position of the Church of England, army reform, fiscal reform and other matters.