bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
When is profiling possible? Offense planning and aggression as moderators in predicting offender age from victim age in stranger rape
Authors: Goodwill Alasdair M. , Alison Laurence J.
Published: November 2007

Debate continues with regard to the possibility of inferring an offender's characteristic features from crime scene details (the process of so‐called “offender profiling”). We argue that psychology generally has benefited from appreciating context in predicting behavior. In the same way, profiling would benefit from an appreciation of context in predicting characteristics. This “reverse” process is contingent on various “if…then” relationships. As one example, this paper demonstrates how profiling offender age from victim age is contingent on (i) the level of planning and (ii) the level of aggression displayed during the offense. Eighty‐five stranger rape case records formed the data set. Moderated regression analysis revealed that victim age is a significant predictor of offender age only in cases where the offender has (i) shown evidence of planning the attack and/or (ii) acts in a gratuitously aggressive manner. The theoretical bases for these findings may lie in the extent to which offenders disparately plan and target victims and how extreme aggressiveness in stranger rapes may relate to a near‐peer proxy for an offender's anger. The implications of the results for the processes and methods involved in offender profiling suggest that certain crime scene factors can have differential moderating effects on predictive outcomes. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Results of the multicenter first‐in‐man study of a novel scoring balloon catheter for the treatment of infra‐popliteal peripheral arterial disease
Authors: Scheinert Dierk , Peeters Patrick , Bosiers Marc , O'Sullivan Gerry , Sultan Sherif , Gershony Gary
Published: November 2007

Objective:

To evaluate the AngioSculpt® (ASC), a novel scoring balloon catheter designed to treat complex diffuse fibro‐calcific atherosclerotic lesions and avoid device slippage during deployment, in patients with infra‐popliteal disease.

Methods:

The ASC incorporates a flexible nitinol scoring element containing three or more spiral struts which encircle a minimally compliant balloon to create focal concentration of the dilating force. Patients scheduled for percutaneous intervention of infra‐popliteal arteries or planned amputation and with a reference vessel diameter of 1.5–3.5 mm were included in the study.

Results:

A total of 42 patients and 56 lesions were treated at five sites. Of these, 38 patients (90.5%) presented with critical limb ischemia (Rutherford Class ≥ 4). The ASC was successfully deployed in 98.2% (55/56) of lesions attempted and was used as primary therapy without stenting in 89.3% (50/56). Lesion morphology was complex, including moderate/severe calcification in 73%, lesion length 33.9 ± 42.2 mm, bifurcation in 26.8%, and ostial in 12.5%. There was no significant device slippage and no perforations. Post‐ASC dissections occurred in only six (10.7%) lesions and were minor or resolved with stenting. In 13 patients initially referred for amputation, ASC treatment resulted in limb salvage.

Conclusions:

The ASC is highly effective in a broad range of complex lesion morphologies, in most cases as stand‐alone therapy, is associated with a very low complication rate and avoids device slippage during deployment. Additional studies are planned to assess the long term efficacy of this promising new technology. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enantioselective Total Synthesis of the Oral Contraceptive Desogestrel by a Double Heck Reaction
Authors: Tietze Lutz F. , Krimmelbein Ilga K.
Published: November 2007

A novel enantioselective total synthesis of the oral contraceptive desogestrel (2) is described, in which the tetracyclic steroid core is formed by a sequence of two consecutive Heck reactions. Conversion of the known enantiopure diketone 7 led to the chiral bicycle 6 which was used for a diastereoselective intermolecular Heck reaction with vinyliodide 5 to give 15. In the following intramolecular Heck reaction, the tetracyclic ring system was formed to give 4, from which the synthesis of desogestrel (2) was furnished.
Synthesis of Novel Migrastatin and Dorrigocin A Analogues from D‐Glucal
Authors: Anquetin Guillaume , Rawe Sarah L. , McMahon Kevin , Murphy Evelyn P. , Murphy Paul V.
Published: November 2007

The synthesis of a range of analogues of the migrastatin macrolide core has been achieved from tri‐O‐acetyl‐D‐glucal in order to facilitate structure–activity studies. Efficient macrolactone formation was achieved in the presence of a reactive olefin, by increasing steric hindrance in the olefin environment. Acyclic analogues of migrastatin, structurally related to dorrigocin A, have also been prepared from D‐glucal. The dorrigocin A analogues were prepared using the combination of the cross metathesis of ethyl 6‐heptenoate with a glycal derivative and a subsequent allylic rearrangement–alkene isomerisation reaction (Perlin reaction). A synthetic route is thus provided that will enable dorrigocin A analogues to be prepared in parallel to migrastatin analogues in the search for novel anti‐cancer and anti‐arthritic therapeutics. Biological evaluation of one migrastatin and one dorrigocin A sugar derived analogue show that they inhibit proliferation and serum‐induced migration of tumour and synovial cells at higher concentrations than evodiamine. Dorrigocin A analogues displayed similar potency to analogues of the migrastatin core.
Preferred Functionalization of Metallic and Small‐Diameter Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Nucleophilic Addition of Organolithium and ‐Magnesium Compounds Followed by Reoxidation
Authors: Wunderlich David , Hauke Frank , Hirsch Andreas
Published: November 2007

Covalent sidewall addition to single‐walled nanotubes (SWNTs) of a series of organolithium and organomagnesium compounds (nBuLi, tBuLi, EtLi, nHexLi, nBuMgCl, tBuMgCl) followed by reoxidation is reported. The functionalized Rn‐SWNTs were characterized by Raman and NIR emission spectroscopy. The reaction of SWNTs with organolithium and magnesium compounds exhibits pronounced selectivity: in general, metallic tubes are more reactive than semiconducting ones. The reactivity of SWNTs toward the addition of organometallic compounds is inversely proportional to the diameter of the tubes. This was determined simultaneously and independently for both metallic and semiconducting SWNTs. The reactivity also depends on the steric demands of the addend. Binding of the bulky t‐butyl addend is less favorable than addition of primary alkyl groups. Significantly, although tBuLi is less reactive than, for example, nBuLi, it is less selective toward the preferred reaction with metallic tubes. This unexpected behavior is explained by fast electron transfer to the metallic SWNTs having low‐lying electronic states close to the Fermi level, a competitive initial process. The NIR emission of weakly functionalized semiconducting SWNTs, also reported for the first time, implies interesting applications of functionalized tubes as novel fluorescent reporter molecules.
Water Compatible Gold(III)‐Catalysed Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Ethers from Alcohols
Authors: Cuenca Ana B. , Mancha Gisela , Asensio Gregorio , Medio‐Simón Mercedes
Published: November 2007

An efficient and broad‐scoped method for the preparation of unsymmetrical ethers from alcohols catalysed by the simplest and least expensive gold catalyst, NaAuCl4, is described for the first time. The procedure enables the etherification of benzylic and tertiary alcohols with moderate to good yields under mild conditions with low catalyst loading. Symmetrical ethers, the usual side products in the etherification of alcohols, were not detected in this case. The formation of the racemic ether from a chiral benzyl alcohol suggests the intermediacy of a carbocation, which has not previously been postulated for gold‐catalysed reactions involving alcohols.
Solution Structure of a DNA Duplex Containing a Biphenyl Pair
Authors: Johar Zeena , Zahn Alain , Leumann Christian J. , Jaun Bernhard
Published: November 2007

Hydrogen‐bonding and stacking interactions between nucleobases are considered to be the major noncovalent interactions that stabilize the DNA and RNA double helices. In recent work we found that one or multiple biphenyl pairs, devoid of any potential for hydrogen bond formation, can be introduced into a DNA double helix without loss of duplex stability. We hypothesized that interstrand stacking interactions of the biphenyl residues maintain duplex stability. Here we present an NMR structure of the decamer duplex d(GTGACXGCAG)⋅ d(CTGCYGTCAC) that contains one such X/Y biaryl pair. X represents a 3′′,5′′‐dinitrobiphenyl‐ and Y a 3′′,4′′‐dimethoxybiphenyl C‐nucleoside unit. The experimentally determined solution structure shows a B‐DNA duplex with a slight kink at the site of modification. The biphenyl groups are intercalated side by side as a pair between the natural base pairs and are stacked head to tail in van der Waals contact with each other. The first phenyl rings of the biphenyl units each show tight intrastrand stacking to their natural base neighbors on the 3′‐side, thus strongly favoring one of two possible interstrand intercalation structures. In order to accommodate the biphenyl units in the duplex the helical pitch is widened while the helical twist at the site of modification is reduced. Interestingly, the biphenyl rings are not static in the duplex but are in dynamic motion even at 294 K.
Sensing the Chirality of Dawson Lanthanide Polyoxometalates [α1‐LnP2W17O61]7− by Multinuclear NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Boglio Cécile , Hasenknopf Bernold , Lenoble Géraldine , Rémy Pauline , Gouzerh Pierre , Thorimbert Serge , Lacôte Emmanuel , Malacria Max , Thouvenot René
Published: November 2007

Lanthanide complexes of the chiral Dawson phosphotungstate [α1‐P2W17O61]10− were used to study the formation of diastereomers with optically pure organic ligands. The present work started with the full assignment of the 183W NMR spectra of [α1‐Yb(H2O)4P2W17O61]7− at different temperatures and concentrations, which allowed the structure of the dimerized form in aqueous solution to be established. Different enantiopure amino acids and phosphonic acids were screened as ligands. Both types allowed chiral differentiation by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy under fast‐exchange conditions. Functional groups with a good affinity for the oxo framework of the polyoxometalate were identified, and maps of the interactions between L‐serine and N‐phosphonomethyl‐L‐proline with [α1‐Yb(H2O)4P2W17O61]7− were established. This demonstrates the power of 183W NMR spectroscopy to elucidate the molecular recognition of inorganic molecules by organic compounds. N‐Phosphonomethyl‐L‐proline appears to be a convenient ligand to promote separation of the diastereomers and ultimately resolution of the enantiomers of [α1‐Yb(H2O)4P2W17O61]7−.
Cis‐Configured Aziridines Are New Pseudo‐Irreversible Dual‐Mode Inhibitors of Candida albicans Secreted Aspartic Protease 2
Authors: Degel Björn , Staib Peter , Rohrer Sebastian , Scheiber Josef , Martina Erika , Büchold Christian , Baumann Knut , Morschhäuser Joachim , Schirmeister Tanja
Published: November 2007

A series of cis‐configured epoxides and aziridines containing hydrophobic moieties and amino acid esters were synthesized as new potential inhibitors of the secreted aspartic protease 2 (SAP2) of Candida albicans. Enzyme assays revealed the N‐benzyl‐3‐phenyl‐substituted aziridines 11 and 17 as the most potent inhibitors, with second‐order inhibition rate constants (k2) between 56 000 and 121 000 M−1 min−1. The compounds were shown to be pseudo‐irreversible dual‐mode inhibitors: the intermediate esterified enzyme resulting from nucleophilic ring opening was hydrolyzed and yielded amino alcohols as transition‐state‐mimetic reversible inhibitors. The results of docking studies with the ring‐closed aziridine forms of the inhibitors suggest binding modes mainly dominated by hydrophobic interactions with the S1, S1′, S2, and S2′ subsites of the protease, and docking studies with the processed amino alcohol forms predict additional hydrogen bonds of the new hydroxy group to the active site Asp residues. C. albicans growth assays showed the compounds to decrease SAP2‐dependent growth while not affecting SAP2‐independent growth.
Flow cytometry measurement of the labile iron pool in human hematopoietic cells
Authors: Prus Eugenia , Fibach Eitan
Published: November 2007

Iron is important for many biological processes, and its deficiency or excess is involved in pathological conditions. Although most iron is firmly bound (e.g., in hemoglobin), some, the labile iron pool (LIP), is bound to low‐affinity ligands. The level of LIP is regulated to meet the cell's requirements for iron but prevent excess. We describe herein a multiparameter flow cytometry procedure for measuring LIP in various human hematopoietic cells. Peripheral blood and bone marrow (BM) cells were loaded with calcein‐AM, washed, and then incubated with or without the high‐affinity iron‐chelator Deferiprone (L1). Specific cell subpopulations were identified based on side‐light scattering and expression of surface antigens. LIP was determined based on the ability of L1 to bind and remove iron from calcein and thereby increase the fluorescence emitted by the cells. Blood cells differ in their LIP content in the order monocytes > PMN > RBC > lymphocytes. Analysis of BM cells indicated a similar tendency among precursors of the different lineages. The results also showed that among myeloid precursors, LIP increases along cell maturation. Flow cytometry might be useful for evaluating LIP in various diseases and for studying the efficacy of iron‐chelators. © 2007 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Crystal and Magnetic Structure of Sr2MReO6 (M = Ni, Co, Zn) Double Perovskites: A Neutron Diffraction Study
Authors: Retuerto María , Martínez‐Lope María Jesús , García‐Hernández Mar , Fernández‐Díaz María Teresa , Alonso José Antonio
Published: November 2007

A study of the crystallographic and magnetic structures of the oxides Sr2MReO6 (M = Ni, Co, Zn) was carried out on polycrystalline samples by using neutron powder diffraction (NPD) data. At room temperature the perovskite crystal structure is tetragonal, space group I4/m, and contains an almost completely ordered array of the tilted MO6 and ReO6 octahedra. When the temperature is decreased, Sr2CoReO6 and Sr2ZnReO6 undergo a phase transition to a monoclinic symmetry (P21/n space group). The low‐temperature magnetic structures, which were determined by NPD, show antiferromagnetic behavior for Sr2NiReO6 and Sr2CoReO6. For Sr2NiReO6, a antiferromagnetic structure was observed below TN = 30 K, which was characterized by a propagation vector of k = (1/2, 0, 1/2); this structure remains stable down to 2 K and shows an ordered magnetic moment of 1.3(5) μB for the Ni2+ ions. Sr2CoReO6 is an antiferromagnet below TN = 60 K and down to 2 K; the magnetic structure is defined by a propagation vector k = (0, 0, 1/2) and an ordered magnetic moment of 2.75(7) μB is refined for the Co2+ cations at 2 K. For Sr2ZnReO6, the magnetic measurements suggest the existence of an ordered magnetic array of Re6+ (5d1) spins, which cannot be observed by NPD data. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Zinc Complexes with the Chelating Amido‐Imino Ligand [1‐n‐Butyl‐2‐(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)iminoacenaphthen‐1‐yl]‐2,6‐diisopropylphenylamide (L): Synthesis, Molecular Structure and Reactivity of [(L)­ZnCl]2, (L)Zn‐nBu and (L)ZnN(SiMe3)2
Authors: Fedushkin Igor L. , Tishkina Alexandra N. , Fukin Georgii K. , Hummert Markus , Schumann Herbert
Published: November 2007

Dimeric [(L)ZnCl]2 (4) {L = [1‐n‐butyl‐2‐(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)iminoacenaphthen‐1‐yl]‐2,6‐diisopropylphenylamide} was prepared by treatment of the lithium salt of the ligand (LLi) with equimolar amounts of anhydrous ZnCl2. Treatment of 4 with KN(SiMe3)2 affords the bis(trimethylsilyl)amido compound (L)ZnN(SiMe3)2 (5). The alkylzinc complex (L)Zn‐nBu (6) is the product of the reaction between the adduct LLi·nBuLi (3) and ZnCl2. Compounds 4–6 were characterized by 1H NMR and IR spectroscopy. The molecular structures of 4 and 6 were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. In the solid state, the molecules of 4 exist as centrosymmetric, heterochiral dimers bridged by chlorine atoms, while compound 6 consists of monomeric molecules with three‐coordinate zinc atoms. The reactions of 6 with tert‐butanol, adamanthanol, 2,5‐di‐tert‐butylaniline and diphenylacetonitrile do not proceed with alkane elimination but with protonation of the ligand affording the amino‐imine LH (7). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Tetranuclear Lanthanide Aqua Hydroxo Complexes with Macrocyclic Ligand Cucurbit[6]uril
Authors: Gerasko Olga A. , Mainicheva Ekaterina A. , Naumova Marina I. , Yurjeva Olga P. , Alberola Antonio , Vicent Cristian , Llusar Rosa , Fedin Vladimir P.
Published: November 2007

Tetranuclear lanthanide aqua hydroxo complexes with two structural types of core – {Ln4(μ3‐OH)4(μ2‐OH)4}4+ [Ln = Pr (1), Nd (2), Eu (3), Gd (4), Tb (5)] and {Ln4(μ3‐OH)4(μ2‐OH)2}6+ [Ln = Er (6), Yb (7)] – were prepared by heating (130 °C) of aqueous solutions of lanthanide(III) chlorides, cucurbit[6]uril (C36H36N24O12, CB[6]), and 4‐cyanopyridine. The formation of Ln4 complexes results from the combined influence of the tetradentate coordination of the polycation by the portals of the macrocyclic ligand CB[6] and the chelating effect of the carboxylate ligands of isonicotinic acid generated as a result of hydrolysis of 4‐cyanopyridine. X‐ray diffraction analysis of 1–7 revealed the sandwich structure with the tetranuclear lanthanide complex situated between two macrocyclic molecules. The compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, and electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry. Luminescence spectra of 3 and 5 and magnetic properties of 4 were also studied.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Telomerase targeted oligonucleotide thio‐phosphoramidates in T24‐luc bladder cancer cells
Authors: Dikmen Z. Gunnur , Wright Woodring E. , Shay Jerry W. , Gryaznov Sergei M.
Published: November 2007

Bladder carcinoma is the second most common genitourinary malignancy. Treatment options for bladder cancer include surgery, combined with chemotherapy, radiation, and/or immunotherapy. The adjuvant chemotherapy and immunotherapy regimen have been widely used in locally invasive as well as metastatic disease. The evaluation of new active agents with improved tolerability has been the focus of investigations over the past decade with minimal overall improvements in outcomes. Telomerase activity has been found in ∼85–90% of all human tumors, but not in the majority of adjacent normal tissues. This suggests that telomerase may be an attractive target for the development of novel anticancer therapeutic agents. GRN163L is a lipid conjugated oligonucleotide N3′ → P5′ thio‐phosphoramidate, and is a potent telomerase RNA (hTR) template antagonist. In the present study, we show that the telomerase activity of T24‐luc bladder cancer cells is inhibited by 1 µM GRN163L within 24 h of incubation. After two weeks of exposure to GRN163L, T24‐luc cells became “clustered” whereas non‐cancerous normal human uroepithelial cells were not morphologically affected. Moreover, in vitro GRN163L treated T24‐luc bladder cancer cells entered G0/G1 arrest following 2 weeks of continuous exposure and stopped dividing. Mismatch control compound had no effect on normal bladder epithelial cells or T24‐luc cells. Additionally, a new generation of thio‐phosphoramidate oligonucleotides were designed and tested in T24‐luc cells and compared with GRN163L. The obtained results warrant further in vivo evaluation of GRN163L as a potential treatment for bladder cancer. J. Cell. Biochem. 104: 444–452, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
S100A8/A9, a key mediator for positive feedback growth stimulation of normal human keratinocytes
Authors: Nukui Takamasa , Ehama Ritsuko , Sakaguchi Masakiyo , Sonegawa Hiroyuki , Katagiri Chika , Hibino Toshihiko , Huh Nam‐Ho
Published: November 2007

S100A8 and S100A9 are known to be up‐regulated in hyperproliferative and psoriatic epidermis, but their function in epidermal keratinocytes remains largely unknown. Here we show that (1) S100A8 and S100A9 are secreted by cultured normal human keratinocytes (NHK) in a cytokine‐dependent manner, (2) when applied to NHK, recombinant S100A8/A9 (a 1:1 mixture of S100A8 and S100A9) induced expression of a number of cytokine genes such as IL‐8/CXCL8, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, CCL20, IL‐6, and TNFα that are known to be up‐regulated in psoriatic epidermis, (3) the S100A8/A9‐induced cytokines in turn enhanced production and secretion of S100A8 and S100A9 by NHK, and (4) S100A8 and S100A8/A9 stimulated the growth of NHK at a concentration as low as 1 ng/ml. These results indicate the presence of a positive feedback loop for growth stimulation involving S100A8/A9 and cytokines in human epidermal keratinocytes, implicating the relevance of the positive feedback loop to the etiology of hyperproliferative skin diseases, including psoriasis. J. Cell. Biochem. 104: 453–464, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transcriptional regulation of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons: The full circle of life and death
Authors: Alavian Kambiz N. , Scholz Christian , Simon Horst H.
Published: November 2007

Since mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons are associated to one of the most prominent human neurodegenerative ailments, Parkinson's disease, the molecular mechanism underlying their development and adult cellular properties has been the subject of intense investigations. Throughout life, transcription factors determine the fate of this neuronal population and control essential processes such as localization in the ventral midbrain, their neurotransmitter phenotype, their target innervations and synapse formation. Studies of transcription factors, such asNurr1,Pitx3,Engrailed‐1/2, andLmx1a/b, have not only revealed importance of these genes during development, but also roles in the long‐term survival and maintenance of these neurons. In this review, we will discuss the function of these transcription factors throughout the life of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons and their value in the study of the disease mechanism. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Glial reactions in Parkinson's disease
Authors: McGeer Patrick L. , McGeer Edith G.
Published: November 2007

Dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra are particularly vulnerable to oxidative and inflammatory attack. Such processes may play a crucial role in the etiology of Parkinson disease (PD). Since glia are the main generators of these processes, the possibility that PD may be caused by glial dysfunction needs to be considered. This review concentrates on glial reactions in PD. Reactive astrocytes and reactive microglia are abundant in the substantia nigra (SN) of PD cases indicating a robust inflammatory state. Glia normally serve neuroprotective roles but, given adverse stimulation, they may contribute to damaging chronic inflammation. Microglia, the phagocytes of brain, may be the main contributors since they can produce large numbers of superoxide anions and other neurotoxins. Their toxicity towards dopaminergic neurons has been demonstrated in tissue culture and various animal models of PD. The MPTP and α‐synuclein models are of particular interest. Years after exposure to MPTP, inflammation has been observed in the SN. This has established that an acute insult to the SN can result in a sustained local inflammation. The α‐synuclein model indicates that an endogenous protein can induce inflammation, and, when overexpressed, can lead to autosomal dominant PD. Less is known about the role of astrocytes than microglia, but they are known to secrete both inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory molecules and may play a role in modulating microglial activity. Oligodendrocytes do not seem to play a role in promoting inflammation although, like neurons, they may be damaged by inflammatory processes. Further research concerning glial reactions in PD may lead to disease‐modifying therapeutic approaches. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Set‐shifting and behavioral dysfunction in primary focal dystonia
Authors: Bugalho Paulo , Corrêa Bernardo , Guimarães João , Xavier Miguel
Published: November 2007

The occurrence of cognitive and behavioral symptoms in patients with primary dystonia remains a matter of debate. We compared 45 patients with primary dystonia with 27 control subjects for performance on neuropsychological tasks with a load on executive‐Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and Stroop test, and visuospatial‐Benton's visual retention test (BVRT) and Block assembly test from Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale BAT‐functions, as well as for intensity of obsessive‐compulsive symptoms (Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, Y‐BOCS). Correlation analysis was performed between neuropsychological performance, dystonia characteristics (duration, age of onset) and severity (Unified Dystonia Rating Scale, UDRS), and Y‐BOCS. Patients made more perseverative errors on the WCST (P = 0.042) and had a higher mean Y‐BOCS (P = 0.003) score than controls. Timed tests (BVRT, BAT, Stroop test) correlated with UDRS. Y‐BOCS, WCST, and UDRS scores were not significantly correlated with one another.These results suggest that patients with primary dystonia may have set‐shifting deficits and a higher intensity of obsessive compulsive symptoms when compared to healthy subjects. This may reflect a pattern of complex neurophysiological dysfunction involving dorsolateral, orbitofrontal, and motor frontostriatal circuits. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Differential effects of levodopa and subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation on bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Timmermann Lars , Braun Martin , Groiss Stefan , Wojtecki Lars , Ostrowski Stefan , Krause Holger , Pollok Bettina , Südmeyer Martin , Ploner Markus , Gross Joachim , Maarouf Mohammad , Voges Jürgen , Sturm Volker , Schnitzler Alfons
Published: November 2007

Cardinal symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) respond well to treatment with levodopa and deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN). However, it has remained unclear whether levodopa and STN‐DBS have differential effects on bradykinesia. We investigated 8 PD‐patients with STN‐electrodes in four conditions: STN‐DBS and levodopa (ONMED/ONSTIM), STN‐DBS only (OFFMED/ONSTIM), levodopa only (ONMED/OFFSTIM), without STN‐DBS/levodopa (OFFMED/OFFSTIM). Fourteen volunteers served as controls. Subjects performed fastest possible (1) pronation/supination of the forearm (diadochokinesia) and (2) flexion and extension of the index finger (finger movements). Movements were recorded using a 3D‐ultrasound‐system. Maximum frequency, amplitude, and smoothness of movements were determined. During OFFMED/OFFSTIM, all parameters were worser than in all other conditions. In proximal diadochokinesia, OFFMED/ONSTIM significantly improved the amplitude and frequency, whereas ONMED/OFFSTIM had no significant effect. In contrast, we found a stronger effect of levodopa (ONMED/OFFSTIM) on amplitudes of distal finger movement than on amplitudes of diadochokinesia. Combination of treatments during ONMED/ONSTIM further improved both movements. However, maximum frequency remained lower in PD‐patients during ONMED/ONSTIM compared with controls. This study demonstrates a better effect of levodopa on distal finger movements and STN‐DBS on proximal diadochokinesia. Furthermore, a complementary effect of both therapies on brain areas involved in bradykinesia can be assumed. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Molecular imaging of macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques using bimodal PEG‐micelles
Authors: Mulder Willem J. M. , Strijkers Gustav J. , Briley‐Saboe Karen C. , Frias Juan C. , Aguinaldo Juan Gilberto S. , Vucic Esad , Amirbekian Vardan , Tang Cheuk , Chin Patrick T. K. , Nicolay Klaas , Fayad Zahi A.
Published: November 2007

Pegylated, fluorescent, and paramagnetic micelles were developed. The micelles were conjugated with macrophage scavenger receptor (MSR)‐specific antibodies. The abdominal aortas of atherosclerotic apoE‐KO mice were imaged with T1‐weighted high‐resolution MRI before and 24 h after intravenous administration of the contrast agent (CA). Pronounced signal enhancement (SE) (up to 200%) was observed for apolipoprotein E knockout (apoE‐KO) mice that were injected with MSR‐targeted micelles, while the aortic vessel wall of mice injected with nontargeted micelles showed little SE. To allow fluorescence microscopy and optical imaging of the excised aorta, the micelles were made fluorescent by incorporating either a quantum dot (QD) in the micelle corona or rhodamine lipids in the micelle. Ultraviolet (UV) illumination of the aorta allowed the identification of regions with high macrophage content, while MSR‐targeted rhodamine micelles could be detected with fluorescence microscopy and were found to be associated with macrophages. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that macrophages in apoE‐KO mice can be effectively and specifically detected by molecular MRI and optical methods upon administration of a pegylated micellar CA. Magn Reson Med 58:1164–1170, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A simple method for improving the primal simplex method for the multicommodity flow problem
Authors: Bompadre Agustín , Orlin James B.
Published: November 2007

We present a new efficient approach for solving the multicommodity flow problem as a sequence of subproblems, each on a very sparse but connected network. We show that each subproblem can be contracted to a problem on a much smaller graph. We then solve these problems using the simplex method. We test the algorithm on benchmark instances, and show its improvement over the usual simplex algorithm. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2008
A new method for Stokes problems with circular boundaries using degenerate kernel and Fourier series
Authors: Chen Jeng‐Tzong , Hsiao Chia‐Chun , Leu Shyue‐Yuh
Published: November 2007

This study is concerned with the Stokes flow of an incompressible fluid of constant density and viscosity with circular boundaries. To fully capture the circular boundary, the boundary densities in the direct and indirect boundary integral equations (BIEs) are expanded in terms of Fourier series. The kernel functions in either the direct BIE or the indirect BIE are expanded to degenerate kernels by using the separation of field and source points. Consequently, the improper integrals are transformed to series sum and are easily calculated. The linear algebraic system can be established by matching the boundary conditions at the collocation points. Then, the unknown Fourier coefficients can be easily determined. Finally, several examples including circular and eccentric domains are presented to demonstrate the validity of the present method. Five gains were obtained: (1) meshless approach; (2) free of boundary‐layer effect; (3) singularity free; (4) exponential convergence; and (5) well‐posed model. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radical polymerization of allyl alcohol and allyl acetate
Authors: Iio Kokoro , Kobayashi Kentaro , Matsunaga Mutsuo
Published: November 2007

Monoallyl compounds are not readily homopolymerized by a conventional free‐radical mechanism. However, the polymerization of allylbiguanide hydrochloride was reported to proceed in a concentrated solution of hydrochloric or phosphoric acid in the presence of a radical initiator. Here we have studied the polymerization of allyl alcohol by a radical initiator in the presence of a Lewis acid (ZnCl2, CuCl2 or MgCl2) in an organic solvent (toluene, hexane, methanol or isopropanol). Reactions were performed either at room temperature or 50°C under an atmosphere of nitrogen or in a sealed tube. The same polymerization was also carried out in water and in a concentrated acid solution. The polymer product was purified by dialysis in 0.2–3.7% yield and confirmed by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy and 1H NMR. The molecular weight range of poly(allyl alcohol) was 10,000–35,000. The polymerization of allyl acetate by the radical initiator under the above conditions gave poly(allyl acetate) with the molecular weight range of 10,000–13,800 by multi‐angle laser light scattering. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lung cancer and regular use of aspirin and nonaspirin nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs
Authors: Kelly Judith P. , Coogan Patricia , Strom Brian L. , Rosenberg Lynn
Published: November 2007

Purpose

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the US. There is evidence of a reduced risk of some cancer sites associated with use of aspirin (ASA) and nonaspirin nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NANSAIDs). Our objective was to examine the association of regular use of ASA and NANSAIDs with lung cancer.

Methods

A hospital‐based case–control study of 1884 incident cases of lung cancer and 6251 controls with noncancer diagnoses. Use of ASA and NANSAIDs was considered ‘regular’ if it occurred on ≥4 days/week and lasted for ≥3 months. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals.

Results

The OR for regular use of ASA was 1.1 (0.9–1.4), and the corresponding estimate for regular NANSAID use was 1.0 (0.7–1.3). There was no evidence of decreased risk within strata of age, sex, years of education, or interview year. Examining the association within strata of duration of use, recency of use, cigarette smoking status, pack‐years of cigarette smoking, or histologic type of cancer produced no ORs significantly different from 1.0.

Conclusions

The hypothesis that regular use of ASA or NANSAIDs reduces the risk of lung cancer is not supported by the present data. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mass spectrometry analysis of in vitro nitration of a recombinant human IgG1 monoclonal antibody
Authors: Liu Hongcheng , Gaza‐Bulseco Georgeen , Chumsae Chris , Radziejewski Czeslaw H.
Published: November 2007

Nitration of a recombinant human monoclonal antibody was carried out in vitro by incubating the antibody with the nitrating reagent tetranitromethane (TNM). The susceptible sites of nitration were identified using high‐performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS). In general, tyrosine residues in the variable domains of the antibody are more susceptible to nitration, while tyrosine residues in the constant domains are relatively resistant to nitration. However, one tyrosine residue in the CH1 domain and one tyrosine residue in the CH2 domain are highly susceptible to nitration. Interestingly, the susceptible tyrosine residue in the CH2 domain is followed by the conserved asparagine residue that is glycosylated. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quasi‐random graphs with given degree sequences
Authors: Chung Fan , Graham Ron
Published: November 2007

It is now known that many properties of the objects in certain combinatorial structures are equivalent, in the sense that any object possessing any of the properties must of necessity possess them all. These properties, termed quasirandom, have been described for a variety of structures such as graphs, hypergraphs, tournaments, Boolean functions, and subsets of Zn, and most recently, sparse graphs. In this article, we extend these ideas to the more complex case of graphs which have a given degree sequence. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2008
Design, implementation, and performance analysis of PKI certificate repository using LDAP Component Matching
Authors: Lim Sang Seok , Choi Jong Hyuk , Zeilenga Kurt D.
Published: November 2007

The X.509 certificate stored in a Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) certificate repository requires secure and flexible means to make assertions against its component values such as the identity of its owner, issuer, and the intended usage of the public key contained therein. LDAP has traditionally lacked this ability because its string‐based encodings do not have a standardized way of carrying structural information of complex syntaxes as in X.500. The traditional remedies to this limitation are (1) to provide certificate‐specific matching for a limited set of components and their combinations and (2) to extract and store the certificate components in separate searchable attributes. Neither of these remedies is considered complete, because the former lacks flexibility while the latter heightens complexity in managing the integrity of the certificate repository and doubles storage requirements. Owing to the significant downside of these remedies, we investigate the possibility of an Abstract Syntax Notation One‐based Component Matching alternative. In this paper, we present (1) the design and implementation of the LDAP Component Matching for an OpenLDAP directory server to facilitate its use as the certificate repository in Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), (2) various optimization mechanisms to increase the performance of the Component Matching and their implementation in OpenLDAP, and (3) the detailed performance analysis of the LDAP directory server as a certificate repository in comparison with the traditional certificate‐specific matching and the attribute extraction approaches. We show that Component Matching, if equipped with the optimization techniques proposed in this paper, outperforms the traditional approaches. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Reliable Biomarker Derived from Plasmalogens to Evaluate Malignancy and Metastatic Capacity of Human Cancers
Authors: Smith Rosina E. , Lespi Pablo , Di Luca María , Bustos Claudia , Marra Fernando A. , de Alaniz María J. T. , Marra Carlos A.
Published: November 2007

Antigen tumor markers employed in monitoring therapeutical approaches are limited by their specificity (Sp) and sensitivity (Se). The aim of this study was to investigate the suitability of a lipid tumor marker derived from ether‐linked phospholipids and to compare it with others usually assayed in clinical practice. Complex lipids from normal and pathological breast, lung, and prostate tissue were isolated and analyzed by TLC and c‐GLC methods. Results were compared as pooled samples, or by means of the averaged percent changes with respect to the composition observed in the normal tissue of the same patient. Sp, Se, negative‐predictive (NPV) and positive‐ predictive values (PPV) were established for conventional markers and for the proposed lipid‐derived marker. Results demonstrated that the content of monoenoic fatty acyl chains was significantly increased in total lipids, phosphatidylethanolamine, and especially in ethanolamine‐containing ether lipids of neoplastic tissues with respect to their corresponding normal ones. Major changes were observed in the plasmalogen sub‐fraction where the ratio monoenoic/saturated fatty acids can distinguish with high Se normal tissues from either benign or neoplastic tissues from breast, lung, or prostate lesions. Analyses of fatty acyl chains from ethanolamine‐containing plasmalogens provided a reliable tumor marker that correlated with high Se and linearity with metastases spreading. This fact may be useful in prognosis of the most frequently observed human cancers.
A FAMILY OF PLANE CURVES WITH MODULI 3g-4
Authors: CASTORENA ABEL
Published: November 2007

In the moduli space$\mathcal{M}_g$of smooth and complex irreducible projective curves of genusg, let$\mathcal{GP}_g$be the locus of curves that do not satisfy the Gieseker-Petri theorem. Let$\mathcal{GP}^1_{g,d}$be the subvariety ofGPgformed by curvesCof genusgwith a pencilg1d=(V, L∈G1d(C) free of base points for which the Petri map μV:V⊗H0(C,KC⊗L−1)→H0(C,KC) is not injective. Forg≥8, we construct in this work a family of irreducible plane curves of genusgwith moduli$3g-4 in GP g-2.$
A NECESSARY AND SUFFICIENT CONDITION FOR CERTAIN MARTINGALE INEQUALITIES IN BANACH FUNCTION SPACES
Authors: KIKUCHI MASATO
Published: November 2007

Let X be a Banach function space over a nonatomic probability space. We investigate certain martingale inequalities in X that generalize those studied by A. M. Garsia. We give necessary and sufficient conditions on X for the inequalities to be valid.
NON-TAME AUTOMORPHISMS OF A FREE GROUP OF RANK 3 IN
Authors: PAPISTAS A. I.
Published: November 2007

We give a way of constructing non-tame automorphisms of a free group of rank 3 in the variety $\frak{A}_p \frak{A}$, with p prime.
A STUDY OF UNIFORM ONE-SIDED IDEALS IN SIMPLE RINGS
Authors: CLARK JOHN , VAN HUYNH DINH
Published: November 2007

Using a variation on the concept of a CS module, we describe exactly when a simple ring is isomorphic to a ring of matrices over a Bézout domain. Our techniques are then applied to characterise simple rings which are right and left Goldie, right and left semihereditary.
AN EXTENSION OF THE HERMITE-HADAMARD INEQUALITY THROUGH SUBHARMONIC FUNCTIONS*
Authors: MIHĂILESCU MIHAI , NICULESCU CONSTANTIN P.
Published: November 2007

In this paper we obtain a Hermite-Hadamard type inequality for a class of subharmonic functions. Our proofs rely essentially on the properties of elliptic partial differential equations of second order. Our study extends some recent results from [1], [2] and [6].
MULTIPLICITY RESULTS FOR A PERTURBED NONLINEAR SCHRÖDINGER EQUATION
Authors: CAMMAROTO F. , CHINNÌ A. , DI BELLA B.
Published: November 2007

In this paper, using a recent critical point theorem of Ricceri, we establish two multiplicity results for the Schrödinger equation of the form

where $Gf, \,g:\R^n \times \R \to \R$ (n\ge 3)$ are Carathéodory functions, λ and μ two positive parameters.
EXISTENCE OF MONOTONIC ASYMPTOTICALLY CONSTANT SOLUTIONS FOR SECOND ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Authors: GONZÁLEZ CRISTÓBAL , JIMÉNEZ-MELADO ANTONIO
Published: November 2007

Starting from results of Dubé and Mingarelli, Wahlén, and Ehrström, who give conditions that ensure the existence and uniqueness of nonnegative nondecreasing solutions asymptotically constant of the equation

we have been able to reduce their hypotheses in order to obtain the same existence results, at the expense of losing the uniqueness part. The main tool they used is the Banach Fixed Point Theorem, while ours has been the Schauder Fixed Point Theorem together with one version of the Arzelà-Ascoli Theorem.
Transport and stirring induced by vortex formation
Authors: SHADDEN S. C. , KATIJA K. , ROSENFELD M. , MARSDEN J. E. , DABIRI J. O.
Published: November 2007

The purpose of this study is to analyse the transport and stirring of fluid that occurs owing to the formation and growth of a laminar vortex ring. Experimental data was collected upstream and downstream of the exit plane of a piston-cylinder apparatus by particle-image velocimetry. This data was used to compute Lagrangian coherent structures to demonstrate how fluid is advected during the transient process of vortex ring formation. Similar computations were performed from computational fluid dynamics (CFD) data, which showed qualitative agreement with the experimental results, although the CFD data provides better resolution in the boundary layer of the cylinder. A parametric study is performed to demonstrate how varying the piston-stroke length-to-diameter ratio affects fluid entrainment during formation. Additionally, we study how regions of fluid are stirred together during vortex formation to help establish a quantitative understanding of the role of vortical flows in mixing. We show that identification of the flow geometry during vortex formation can aid in the determination of efficient stirring. We compare this framework with a traditional stirring metric and show that the framework presented in this paper is better suited for understanding stirring/mixing in transient flow problems. A movie is available with the online version of the paper.
Global stability of base and mean flows: a general approach and its applications to cylinder and open cavity flows
Authors: SIPP DENIS , LEBEDEV ANTON
Published: November 2007

This article deals with the first Hopf bifurcation of a cylinder flow, and more particularly with the properties of the unsteady periodic Kármán vortex street regime that sets in for supercritical Reynolds numbers Re > 46. Barkley (Europhys. Lett. vol.75, 2006, p. 750) has recently studied the linear properties of the associated mean flow, i.e. the flow which is obtained by a time average of this unsteady periodic flow. He observed, thanks to a global mode analysis, that the mean flow is marginally stable and that the eigenfrequencies associated with the global modes of the mean flow fit the Strouhal to Reynolds experimental function well in the range 46 < Re < 180. The aim of this article is to give a theoretical proof of this result near the bifurcation. For this, we do a global weakly nonlinear analysis valid in the vicinity of the critical Reynolds number Rec based on the small parameter ε = Rec−1 − Re−1 ≪ 1. We compute numerically the complex constants λ and μ′ which appear in the Stuart-Landau amplitude equation: dA/dt = ε λA − εμ′ A|A|2. Here A is the scalar complex amplitude of the critical global mode. By analysing carefully the nonlinear interactions yielding the term μ′, we show for the cylinder flow that the mean flow is approximately marginally stable and that the linear dynamics of the mean flow yields the frequency of the saturated Stuart-Landau limit cycle. We will finally show that these results are not general, by studying the case of the bifurcation of an open cavity flow. In particular, we show that the mean flow in this case remains strongly unstable and that the frequencies associated with the eigenmodes do not exactly match those of the nonlinear unsteady periodic cavity flow. It will be demonstrated that two precise conditions must hold for a linear stability analysis of a mean flow to be relevant and useful.
Increased mobility of bidisperse granular avalanches
Authors: LINARES-GUERRERO ESPERANZA , GOUJON CELINE , ZENIT ROBERTO
Published: November 2007

The unexpected behaviour of long-runout landslides has been a controversial subject of discussion in the geophysics community. In order to provide new insight into this phenomenon, we investigate the apparent reduction of friction resulting from the presence of a second species of smaller particles in the bulk of the granular material that forms the avalanche. Results obtained by means of a two-dimensional soft particle discrete element numerical simulation are presented. The numerical experiments consider an avalanche of two-size particles, originally placed over an inclined plane. The friction coefficient for the particle–particle and wall–particle contacts is held fixed. The granular mass is allowed to evolve with time, until it comes back to rest on a horizontal plane. The position of the centre of mass is located, such that the runout length Lcm/Hcm could be measured, with Lcm and Hcm being the horizontal distance travelled and the height lost by the avalanche centre of mass, respectively. Many simulations were performed keeping the area of the avalanche constant, varying only the area fraction of small particles. The results show that the runout length increases with the area fraction of small particles, reaching a maximum for a given area fraction of small particles. A detailed analysis of the particle distribution in the granular mass indicates that the apparent friction coefficient is affected by the formation of a layer of small particles at the base of the avalanche. This layer is identified as the source of ‘lubrication’. Furthermore, since there is a dependence of the runout on the fall height and the volume in real avalanches, some simulations with different areas and different fall heights were performed. The results show a tendency of the runout to increase with area, and to decrease with the initial fall height, which is in agreement with what is observed for geological events.