bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research League Table: is there a better way?
Authors: Tomlin Richard
Published: March 2003

The results of the 1996 Research Assessment Exercise were presented in several places, notably in The Higher, in the form of a league table. The article discusses how this table was compiled and points to a number of fundamental problems in the way in which the data were handled. It goes on to discuss some more general issues in the calculation of league tables and shows the extreme sensitivity of the RAE data to certain arbitrary assumptions that have to be made. It concludes by urging caution on any who may be tempted to draw conclusions from such tables as well as on those who might compile such tables in the future.
Empowerng or Ensnaring?: The Implications of Outcome‐based Assessment in Higher Education
Authors: Ecclestone Kathryn
Published: March 2003

Trends towards more prescriptive formats of outcome‐based assessment in higher education are integral to proposals by the Dearing Committee to create national degree standards and a new system of external examiners. Potentially, outcome‐based assessment can enhance students' motivation and autonomy and have positive effects on curriculum development. However, if taken too far, it also endangers more critical, open‐ended notions of student‐centred learning. This paper explores possible implications of outcome‐based assessment in higher education and relates these to the experience of General National Vocational Qualifications in further education. This shows that debate about outcome‐based assessment has become almost entirely technical. If unchecked, there is a real danger that uncritical acceptance of increasingly prescriptive, standardised outcomes will create cynical, instrumental attitudes to learning in teachers and students alike and remove critical dimensions of student‐centredness from higher education.
Accession or Exclusion? University and the Disabled Student: A Case Study of Policy and Practice
Authors: O'Connor Una , Robinson Alan
Published: March 2003

Students who are disabled are under‐represented in higher education. One reason for this may be that education is not covered by the Disability Discrimination Act (1995) and disability statements to government made by individual institutions are more for information than an expression of mission or committed action. The growing empowerment of disabled people themselves has radically shifted thinking about the disabled in society and in this paper student views on provision in one large UK University are collected. Questionnaire and interview data highlight the existing shortcomings in terms of physical access but also in terms of disability awareness among those whose job it is to provide effective university education for all. The findings are broadly in line with researches elsewhere. The paper urges that further research be undertaken and that all universities urgently examine their own situation.
The Changing University: Meeting a Need and Needing to Change
Authors: Jarvis Peter
Published: March 2003

This paper returns to the logic of industrialisation thesis of the 1960s and asks whether higher education can respond to the new infrastructures of global society. Its thesis is that capitalism has generated new global infrastructures (the control of capital empowered by information technology) and that these driving forces have generated changes in knowledge, higher education, research and learning. Higher education is a typical superstructural institution, functional to the infrastructure – but it is finding problems in responding rapidly to the greater demands of the knowledge‐based society of advanced capitalism. It has to change but perhaps it is unable to change sufficiently rapidly, and so the infrastructure is beginning to generate its own educational institutions. More significantly, it would have to be non‐functional to the infrastructure if it were to meet some of the human needs.
Collaborative Research: Policy and the Management of Knowledge Creation in UK Universities
Authors: Smith David
Published: March 2003

Collaboration in research activity is now the rule not the exception. It is encouraged by government, funding bodies and research councils. However, the concept of collaboration is difficult to define. It occurs at many different levels, driven by a complex research system‐policy dynamic. Three different models of collaboration – inter‐personal, team and corporate – are identified, each with their own rationale, structure, benefits and costs. The paper examines the institutional implications of these models. It argues that institutions and individual researchers conceptualise and operationalise research collaboration in different ways. Although vital to institutional mission, collaborative research is rarely mapped by senior managers with any precision. In general, institutional approaches to the management of collaborative research lag behind the policy rhetoric. The paper concludes with an overview of the key dilemmas for institutional strategists and policy makers posed by the shift towards more collaborative approaches to research.
‘Until he Receive the Equivalent in Land and Rent’:1 the Use of Annuities as Endowment Patronage in the Reign of Edward III
Authors: Bothwell James
Published: March 2003

This article investigates Edward III's use of annuities for endowing a number of men promoted, or to be promoted, to the parliamentary peerage. It examines the two types of annuity Edward used–those paid through the exchequer and those paid direct from royal revenue sources–and the way he used them. Exchequer annuities are shown to have been somewhat more reliable–though, for a number of reasons, most of Edward's ‘new men’ seem to have preferred the source‐based variety. More importantly, it argues that Edward's use of annuities was directed primarily not at bettering permanently the position of many of these men and their families, but rather towards increasing royal control–dependent, as annuitants were, upon the king's continuing favour. Through this programme Edward III was able to influence the composition and behaviour of the parliamentary peerage to a point where his rule has become a byword for good royal/noble relations in the later middle ages.
The Rise and Fall of Thatcherism*
Authors: Clarke Peter
Published: March 2003

The ‘battle of the books’ conducted in memoirs of the Thatcher government can yield valuable historical insights. ‘Doctrinal Thatcherism’ is examined, especially the proclaimed filiation of the Medium Term Financial Strategy from Friedmanite monetarism. This is shown to be somewhat uncertain either in theory or in practice. Yet the ability of Thatcherism to withstand such frailties proved it ideologically robust in both objectives and methods. If its appeal was crucially dependent on the personality of Thatcher herself, her fall was likewise irreducibly personal, as illustrated in her handling of the poll tax and of her relations with key colleagues.
Narrations of Shifting Maya Identities
Authors: Hervik Peter
Published: March 2003

Three anthropological ways of narrating the historical formation of Maya identity have recently been outlined in an article by Kay Warren on intergenerational struggles of Mayan families in Guatemala. According to the anti‐racism scheme, Maya identity forms as a reaction to ethnic opposition. The cultural continuity approach treats identity formation as persistence that occurs in spite of ethnic oppression. The third, ‘mestizaje’ school of thought argues that assimilation has eroded indigenous identity to the extent that it only makes sense to speak of an intermediary ladino (or mestizo) category. Warren argues that the previous antagonism between ethnographic approaches has obscured the coexistence of these narrations in families, where discontinuity and rejection of traditional Maya identities interplay with continuity and revitalisation. In this paper, I compare the narrations of shifting identities in Guatemala to local representations of socio‐cultural change in Yucutan. Based upon research in Oxkutzcab, I attempt to show how the interpretations of intergenerational changes in language, dress, and occupation relate to a set of local and regional events that evade the mutually exclusive meta‐narratives of change.
Electoral Gender Quotas: Lessons from Argentina and Chile
Authors: Gray Tricia
Published: March 2003

This comparative case study examines the role of electoral quotas for increasing women's representation in Argentina and Chile. The Central hypothesis is that gender quotas in favourable electoral systems increase women's representation, and a corollary hypothesis is that more women in politics should also promote gender issues in public policy. Since the transitions to democratic regimes, many Argentine and Chilean women still promote gender issues, such as gender quotas, but the different transitions shaped the opportunity space for gender issues in politics. Thus, gender quotas can be effective, but the types of electoral and quota systems are important defining conditions and improvements in gender issues are not guaranteed.
Research Ethics: Beyond the Guidelines
Authors: Macpherson Cheryl Cox
Published: March 2003

There is international recognition of the need for sustainable research ethics committees to provide ethical review of human subjects research in developing countries, but many developing countries do not have such committees (often called ‘IRBs’). Theoretical and practical uncertainties encountered by an IRB on the Caribbean island of Grenada offer insight into ethical review of research in developing countries. Theoretical uncertainties include questions about whether means of ensuring confidentiality and obtaining informed consent will be effective in local settings, and whether deviations from Western norms are justifiable. International guidelines are helpful in addressing these concerns, but are subject to interpretation. Guidelines are less helpful in practical areas like selecting members or chairs. They do not address what sort of procedures and paperwork will work in a developing country, or IRBs’ relationships to governments that have no mandate for them. Experiences presented here show that IRBs in developing countries can sustainably adhere to international standards. Sustainability requires knowledge, personal commitment, and an official mandate to uphold international standards. Capacity building must therefore focus on educational programs to make developing country leaders knowledgeable about the value of international guidelines to their nations. Such knowledge is needed before people will become motivated to promote, implement, and uphold the guidelines. People in developing countries must help design bridges to help their nations put international standards into practice. The structure of such bridges may, of necessity, vary in different settings.
A Comparison of Parent and Therapist Ratings of Outcome in a Child Mental Health Clinic
Authors: Garcia Ruth , Joseph Terry , Turk Jeremy , Basu Robin
Published: March 2003

Aim: The study's aim was to ascertain how much parents and therapists agree about therapy outcome.

Method: We contacted 50 recently helped families using postal questionnaires including a 7‐item outcome scale derived from MAISY data system. We used a weighted kappa test to compare parents and therapists views.

Results: Response rate was 63.8%. Observed agreement was 73%, and expected agreement 54%, producing a kappa of 0.42 consistent with moderate parent‐therapist agreement.

Discussion: Results are consistent with parents and therapists having similar perceptions of therapy outcome. It is important to monitor parental and professional views and the extent to which they coincide.
The Source Provenance of Bronze Age and Roman pottery from Cyprus
Authors: Gomez B. , Neff H. , Rautman M.L. , Vaughan S.J. , Glascock M.D.
Published: March 2003

Archaeological interpretations of ancient economies have been strengthened by chemical analyses of ceramics, which provide the clearest evidence for economic activity, and comprise both the objects of exchange and its means. Pottery is often manufactured from local materials, but its compositional diversity typically prevents significant patterns of resource utilization from being identified. Centrally located and positioned on traditional shipping routes, Cyprus maintained ties with and supplied a variety of distinctive ceramic products to the major commercial centres in the eastern Mediterranean throughout Antiquity. We analysed two Cypriot .ne wares and a variety of utilitarian pottery, as well as samples of extant Cypriot clays to determine source provenance. These chemical analyses provide an objective indication of the origins of ancient (Bronze Age and Roman) ceramics manufactured on Cyprus. The distribution of the probable clay sources and the links between pottery style and the material environment also afford a perspective on the spatial organization of large‐scale pottery production on the island. Compositional analysis provides the means to assemble geographies of pottery production and to unravel the interregional system of exchange that operated in Antiquity, but the ability to accomplish these tasks is predicated on systematic analyses of ceramic products and raw materials that are found far beyond the bounds of individual archaeological sites.
Alterations in fossil collagen
Authors: Tuross N.
Published: March 2003

Fossil collagens isolated from fauna excavated at Kent’s Cavern, Torquay, England, present a number of chemical and biochemical changes relative to modern collagens, including increased atomic C/N values, differential loss of some amino acids, alterations in molecular weights, altered response to diagnostic staining and increased fluorescence. In the aggregate, these changes suggest primarily chemical as opposed to microbiological impacts, and autohumification by compounds containing carbohydrate and/or nucleic acids.
Some comments on compositional data analysis in archaeometry, in particular the fallacies in Tangri and Wright’s dismissal of logratio analysis
Authors: Aitchison J. , Barceló‐Vidal C. , Pawlowsky‐Glahn V.
Published: March 2003

This comment exposes the fallacies in the Tangri and Wright (1993) dismissal of the methodology of logratio analysis of compositional data as dangerous surgery. It suggests that compositional data analysts should pay enough attention to the basic nature of compositional data and some elementary principles underlying coherent study in order to avoid meaningless inferences.
The survival of organic matter in bone: a review
Authors: Collins M. J. , Nielsen–Marsh C. M. , Hiller J. , Smith C. I. , Roberts J. P. , Prigodich R. V. , Wess T. J. , Csapò J. , Millard A. R. , Turner–Walker G.
Published: March 2003

If bone is considered as a composite of collagen (protein) and bioapatite (mineral), then three pathways of diagenesis are identified: (1) chemical deterioration of the organic phase; (2) chemical deterioration of the mineral phase; and (3) (micro) biological attack of the composite. The first of these three pathways is relatively unusual and will only occur in environments that are geochemically stable for bone mineral. However, because rates of biomolecular deterioration in the burial environment are slow, such bones would yield useful biomolecular information. In most environments, bones are not in thermodynamic equilibrium with the soil solution, and undergo chemical deterioration (path 2). Dissolution of the mineral exposes collagen to biodeterioration, and in most cases the initial phase of dissolution will be followed by microbial attack (path 3). Biological attack (3) also proceeds by initial demineralization; therefore paths 2 and 3 are functionally equivalent. However,in a bone that follows path 3 the damage is more localized than in path 2, and regions equivalent to path 1 may therefore exist outside these zones of destruction.

Other biomolecules, such as blood proteins, cellular lipids and DNA, exist within the physiological spaces within bone.For these biomolecules, death history may be particularly important for their survival.
Bear dentine aspartic acid racemization analysis: a proxy for the dating of Pleistocene cave infills
Authors: De Torres T. , Ortiz J. E. , Llamas F. J. , Canoira L. , Juliá R. , García–Martínez M. J.
Published: March 2003

A high correlation between chronometric determinations based on aspartic acid racemization ratios and radioactive dating methods is described from samples of cave bear (Ursus deningeri and Ursus spelaeus) dentine. For samples from a very restrictive environment, as deep cave bear sites are (in view of their highly stable geochemical and thermal history), an age calculation algorithm was obtained. It has been found that there is a very close relationship between collagen preservation, from total aspartic acid in the > 3500 D fraction, and the amino acid racemization.
Two decades of progress towards understanding fossilization processes and isotopic signals in calcified tissue minerals
Authors: Lee–Thorp J.
Published: March 2003

Techniques for dietary and palaeoclimate reconstruction based on stable isotope ratios in the mineral phase of calcified tissues show great promise, but their pathways of development have not been smooth. Two separate trajectories, based on the phosphate and carbonate compartments respectively, have been pursued,usually by different protagonists. There are parallels in the development of these two ‘fields’, however. A fundamental commonality lies in the constraints imposed by the nature of calcified tissue minerals and by diagenesis, although realization of their significance has perhaps been slower amongst phosphate practitioners. In this paper I show how incomplete understanding of the nature of biological apatites, coupled with our often limited understanding of natural variability in carbon and oxygen isotopes in animals, has impeded progress in both areas. Nevertheless, enormous strides have been taken over the past two or so decades. Some of the important milestones in the development of these two techniques are chronicled. With emerging understanding of oxygen isotope variation in mammalian biological apatites and their consequences for behavioural and palaeoclimate interpretations, the two fields are drawing closer together.
Quantifying histological changes in archaeological bones using BSE–SEM image analysis
Authors: Turner–Walker G. , Syversen U.
Published: March 2003

Recent years have seen rapid developments in the understanding of diagenetic changes to archaeological bones. In particular, the degradation or preservation of proteins and other biomolecules has been explored using an increasingly sophisticated battery of analytical techniques. Problems remain, however, in correlating these parameters with physical changes to bone that may be observed microscopically. This is due, in part, to the problems in reproducibly quantifying histological changes to archaeological bone. This paper introduces a novel method for the accurate quantification of these changes employing image analysis of SEM images. Self–consistency of results was tested using measurements of total calcium content at different magnifications. The term ‘bioerosion index’ is suggested for the measured parameter.
Innovations for conservation and development
Authors: Brown Katrina
Published: March 2003

This paper examines attempts to integrate the objectives of biodiversity conservation and social and economic development through a variety of approaches associated with different forms of protected areas and generally labelled as ‘integrated conservation and development’. It examines how the linkages between conservation and development are conceptualized, and the types of policy prescriptions and associated models and practice of integrating conservation and development. It identifies misconceptions about four key aspects that are common in conventional integrated conservation and development approaches. These difficulties involve the conceptualization of community, participation, empowerment and sustainability. Integrated conservation and development projects have often floundered as a result of over‐simplification of these factors. It assesses attempts made to overcome these common misconceptions through examining the experiences of two innovative approaches to integrating conservation and development in the Caribbean and in Amazonia. It concludes that fundamental changes are necessary to institutions and management and decision‐making strategies to address these issues and to effectively meet conservation and development objectives.
Protest or mainstream? How the European anti‐immigrant parties developed into two separate groups by 19991
Authors: FENNEMA WOUTER VAN DER BRUG & MEINDERT
Published: March 2003

Abstract. In their 1994 study of electoral preferences for anti‐immigrant parties,Van der Brug et al. (2000) concluded that most voters consider anti‐immigrant parties to be normal parties. In this replication using 1999 data, the main conclusions of the 1994 study are confirmed forFPÖ,Alleanza Nazionale,Dansk FolkepartiandVlaams Blok. Preferences for these parties are largely determined by the same variables that determine preferences for other parties. Votes for these parties should not be interpreted as protest votes. Things turned out to be different for theLega Nord, theCentrumdemocraten, theFremskridtspartiet, the FrenchFront national, theRepublikanerand the WallonianFront National. The motivations to vote for any of the latter parties turn out to be substantially different in 1999 than they were in 1994. In 1999, these parties attracted more protest votes, or rather they lost their ideological and pragmatic votes. This article ends with a discussion of the implications of these findings for our theoretical understanding of electoral support for these parties, as well as for the ongoing political debate about the appropriate strategy to fight them.
Is Managed Care Leading to Consolidation in Health‐care Markets?
Authors: David Dranove , Simon Carol J. , White William D.
Published: March 2003

Objective. To determine the extent to which managed care has led to consolidation among hospitals and physicians.

Data Sources. We use data from the American Hospital Association, American Medical Association, and government censuses.

Study Design. Two stage least squares regression analysis examines how cross‐section variation in managed care penetration affects provider consolidation, while controlling for the endogeneity of managed‐care penetration. Specifically, we examine inpatient hospital markets and physician practice size in large metropolitan areas.

Data Collection Methods. All data are from secondary sources, merged at the level of the Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Principal Findings. We find that higher levels of local managed‐care penetration are associated with substantial increases in consolidation in hospital and physician markets. In the average market (managed‐care penetration equaled 34 percent in 1994), managed care was associated with an increase in the Herfindahl of .054 between 1981 and 1994, moving from .096 in 1981 to .154. This is equivalent to moving from 10.4 equal‐size hospitals to 6.5 equal‐sized hospitals. In the physician market place, we estimate that at the mean, managed care resulted in a 14 percentage point decrease of physicians in solo practice between 1986 and 1995. This implies a decrease in the percentage of doctors in solo practice from 38 percent in 1986 to 24 percent by 1995.
The Relationship of Post‐acute Home Care Use to Medicaid Utilization and Expenditures
Authors: Payne Susan M. C. , DiGiuseppe David L. , Tilahun Negussie
Published: March 2003

Research Objectives:To describe the use of post‐acute home care (PAHC) and total Medicaid expenditures among hospitalized nonelderly adult Medicaid eligibles and to test whether health services utilization rates or total Medicaid expenditures were lower among Medicaid eligibles who used PAHC compared to those who did not.

Study Population:5,299 Medicaid patients aged 18–64 discharged in 1992–1996 from 29 hospitals in the Cleveland Health Quality Choice (CHQC) project.

Data Sources:Linked Ohio Medicaid claims and CHQC medical record abstract data.

Data Extraction:One stay per patient was randomly selected.

Design:Observational study. To control for treatment selection bias, we developed a model predicting the probability (propensity) a patient would be referred to PAHC, as a proxy for the patient's need for PAHC. We matched 430 patients who used Medicaid‐covered PAHC (“USE'') to patients who did not (“NO USE'') by their propensity scores. Study outcomes were inpatient re‐admission rates and days of stay (DOS), nursing home admission rates and DOS, and mean total Medicaid expenditures 90 and 180 days after discharge.

Principal Findings:Of 3,788 medical patients, 12.1 percent were referred to PAHC; 64 percent of those referred used PAHC. Of 1,511 surgical patients, 10.9 percent were referred; 99 percent of those referred used PAHC. In 430 pairs of patients matched by propensity score, mean total Medicaid expenditures within 90 days after discharge were $7,649 in the USE group and $5,761 in the NO USE group. Total Medicaid expenditures were significantly higher in the USE group compared to the NO USE group for medical patients after 180 days (p<.05) and surgical patients after 90 and 180 days (p<.001). There were no significant differences for any other outcome. Sensitivity analysis indicates the results may be influenced by unmeasured variables, most likely functional status and/or care‐giver support.

Conclusions:Thirty‐six percent of the medical patients referred to PAHC did not receive Medicaid‐covered services. This suggests potential underuse among medical patients. The high post‐discharge expenditures suggest opportunities for reducing costs through coordinating utilization or diverting it to lower‐cost settings. Controlling for patients' need for services, PAHC utilization was not associated with lower utilization rates or lower total Medicaid expenditures. Medicaid programs are advised to proceed cautiously before expanding PAHC utilization and to monitor its use carefully. Further study, incorporating non‐economic outcomes and additional factors influencing PAHC use, is warranted.
Medicare Contracting Risk/Medicare Risk Contracting: A Life‐Cycle View from Twelve Markets
Authors: Hurley Robert E. , Grossman Joy M. , Strunk Bradley C.
Published: March 2003

Objective To examine the evolution of the Medicare HMO program from 1996 to 2001 in 12 nationally representative urban markets by exploring how the separate and confluent influences of government policy initiatives and health plans' strategic aims and operational experience affected the availability of HMOs to Medicare beneficiaries.

Data Source Qualitative data gathered from 12 nationally representative urban communities with more than 200,000 residents each, in tandem with quantitative information from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and other sources.

Study Design Detailed interview protocols, developed as part of the multiyear, multimethod Community Tracking Study of the Center for Studying Health System Change, were used to conduct three rounds of interviews (1996, 1998, and 2000–2001) with health plans and providers in 12 nationally representative urban communities. A special focus during the third round of interviews was on gathering information related to Medicare HMOs' experience in the previous four years. This information was used to build on previous research to develop a longitudinal perspective on health plans' experience in Medicare's HMO program.

Principal Findings From 1996 to 2001, the activities and expectations of health plans in local markets underwent a rapid and dramatic transition from enthusiasm for the Medicare HMO product, to abrupt reconsideration of interest corresponding to changes in the Balanced Budget Act of 1997, on to significant retrenchment and disillusionment. Policy developments were important in their own right, but they also interacted with shifts in the strategic aims and operational experiences of health plans that reflect responses to insurance underwriting cycle pressures and pushback from providers.

Conclusion The Medicare HMO program went through a substantial reversal of fortune during the study period, raising doubts about whether its downward course can be altered. Market‐level analysis reveals that virtually all momentum for the program has been lost and that enrollment is shrinking back to the levels and locations found in the mid‐1990s.
Quantifying Components of Drug Expenditure Inflation: The British Columbia Seniors' Drug Benefit Plan
Authors: Morgan Steven G
Published: March 2003

Objective. To quantify the relative and absolute importance of different factors contributing to increases in per capita prescription drug costs for a population of Canadian seniors.

Data Sources/Study Setting. Data consist of every prescription claim from 1985 to 1999 for the British Columbia Pharmacare Plan A, a tax‐financed public drug plan covering all community‐dwelling British Columbians aged 65 and older.

Study Design. Changes in per capita prescription drug expenditures are attributed to changes to four components of expenditure inflation: (1) the pattern of exposure to drugs across therapeutic categories; (2) the mix of drugs used within therapeutic categories; (3) the rate of generic drug product selection; and (4) the prices of unchanged products.

Data Collection/Extraction Methods. Data were extracted from administrative claims files housed at the UBC Centre for Health Services and Policy Research.

Principal Findings. Changes in drug prices, the pattern of exposure to drugs across therapeutic categories, and the mix of drugs used within therapeutic categories all caused spending per capita to increase. Incentives for generic substitution and therapeutic reference pricing policies temporarily slowed the cost‐increasing influence of changes in product selection by encouraging the use of generic drug products and/or cost‐effective brand‐name products within therapeutic categories.

Conclusions. The results suggest that drug plans (and patients) would benefit from more concerted efforts to evaluate the relative cost‐effectiveness of competing products within therapeutic categories of drugs.
Health Insurance and Mammography: Would a Medicare Buy‐In Take Us to Universal Screening?
Authors: Taylor Donald H , Scoyoc Lynn Van , Hawley Sarah Tropman
Published: March 2003

Objective. To determine whether health insurance expansions via a Medicare buy‐in might plausibly increase mammography screening rates among women aged 50–64.

Data Sources. Two waves of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) (1994, 1996).

Study Design. A longitudinal study with most explanatory variables measured at the second wave of HRS (1994); receipt of mammography, number of physician visits, and breast self exam (BSE) were measured at the third wave (1996).

Data Extraction. Our sample included women aged 50–62 in 1994 who answered the second and third HRS interview (n=4,583).

Principal Findings. From 1994 to 1996, 72.7 percent of women received a mammogram. Being insured increased mammography in both unadjusted and adjusted analyses. A simulation of universal insurance coverage in this age group increased mammography rates only to 75–79 percent from the observed 72.7 percent. When we accounted for potential endogeneity of physician visits and BSE to mammography, physician visits remained a strong predictor of mammography but BSE did not.

Conclusion. Even in the presence of universal coverage and very optimistic scenarios regarding the effect of insurance on mammography for newly insured women, mammography rates would only increase a small amount and gaps in screening would remain. Thus, a Medicare buy‐in could be expected to have a small impact on mammography screening rates.
Usual Source of Care in Preventive Service Use: A Regular Doctor versus a Regular Site
Authors: Xu K. Tom
Published: March 2003

Objective. To compare the effects of having a regular doctor and having a regular site on five preventive services, controlling for the endogeneity of having a usual source of care.

Data Source. The Medical Expenditure Panel Survey 1996 conducted by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and the National Center for Health Statistics.

Study Design. Mammograms, pap smears, blood pressure checkups, cholesterol level checkups, and flu shots were examined. A modified behavioral model framework was presented, which controlled for the endogeneity of having a usual source of care. Based on this framework, a two‐equation empirical model was established to predict the probabilities of having a regular doctor and having a regular site, and use of each type of preventive service.

Principal Findings. Having a regular doctor was found to have a greater impact than having a regular site on discretional preventive services, such as blood pressure and cholesterol level checkups. No statistically significant differences were found between the effects a having a regular doctor and having a regular site on the use of flu shots, pap smears, and mammograms. Among the five preventive services, having a usual source of care had the greatest impact on cholesterol level checkups and pap smears.

Conclusions. Promoting a stable physician–patient relationship can improve patients’ timely receipt of clinical prevention. For certain preventive services, having a regular doctor is more effective than having a regular site.
Japan's ‘Un-Westminster’ System: Impediments to Reform in a Crisis Economy
Authors: Mulgan Aurelia George
Published: March 2003

Japan's Prime Minister Koizumi is attempting a bold program of ‘structural reform’ in order to revive a moribund economy. However, his actual achievements after more than a year in office have fallen far short of his original goals. Such lack of progress for a prime minister bent on reform can only be understood in the context of Japan's ‘Un-Westminster’ system in which the cabinet is not an authoritative decisionmaking body for government policy. Although modelled along Westminster lines, Japan does not have strong cabinet government; it has party-bureaucratic government. In practice this means that Koizumi's push for reform faces the de facto veto power of bureaucrats and his own ruling party.
Self‐Execution,Capital Punishment,and the Economics of Murder: Analysis of U.K.Statistics Suggests that Suicide by Murder Suspects is Not Influenced by the Probability of Execution
Authors: Cameron Samuel
Published: March 2003

During the period when capital punishment was regularly used in England and Wales, the risk of self‐execution from suicide, when suspected of murder, greatly dominated the risk of death at the hands of the state. Over the period 1900–1949, even with four years’ data missing, there were 1,540 suicides by those suspected of murder. Using econometric analysis it is found that there is no significant relationship between self‐execution and state execution.
Some Remarks on the Place of Psychological and Social Elements in a Theory of Custom
Authors: Klaes Matthias
Published: March 2003

This comment is part of a symposium on Ekkehart Schlicht, On Custom in the Economy (1998)
Liberty, Nobility, Philanthropy, and Power in Alexander Hamilton's Conception of Human Nature
Authors: Rosano Michael J.
Published: March 2003

Alexander Hamilton's conception of human nature grounds his political thought. His predominately and radically liberal conception of human nature is based on Locke's concept of liberty, Hobbes's concept of power, and Machiavelli's concept of the “effectual truth.” It thus stresses the necessary relation between self‐interest and republican government and entails the repudiation of classical republican and Christian political ideals. But Hamilton's love of liberty is nonetheless rooted in a sense of classical nobility and Christian philanthropy that elevates even while contradicting his liberalism. The complex relation between liberty, nobility, philanthropy, and power in Hamilton's conception of human nature, in effect, defines his thought, reveals its assumptions, constitutes its strengths, and poses urgent problems. That complexity forms the spirit of his liberal republicanism.
Los Angeles and the Chicago School: Invitation to a Debate
Authors: Dear Michael
Published: March 2003

Until very recently, debates about urban structure have been dominated by the precepts of the ‘Chicago School,’ which include the notion that the city is a coherent regional system where the center organizes its hinterland. The rise of an ‘LA School’ reverses this logic, insisting that in contemporary cities the hinterlands organize what is left of the center. This essay begins to explore the divergent theoretical and empirical consequences following upon such a conceptual upheaval. By placing Chicago alongside Los Angeles, an important and long‐overdue debate on comparative urban analysis is joined.
Disadvantage, Disorder, and Urban Mistrust
Authors: Ross Catherine E. , Mirowsky John , Pribesh Shana
Published: March 2003

Does life in the city foster mistrust of others? This study tests four connected hypotheses about urban mistrust by comparing the City of Chicago to suburbs, small cities, towns, and rural areas. The Urban Mistrust Hypothesis is that urban residents are more mistrusting than residents of places outside the city. The Neighborhood Disadvantage Hypothesis is that mistrust increases with the prevalence of economic and social disadvantage in one's neighborhood, which accounts for some of the mistrust associated with urban residence. The Individual Disadvantage Hypothesis is that socioeconomically disadvantaged individuals are more mistrusting than others, which accounts for some of the mistrust associated with residence in Chicago and in disadvantaged neighborhoods. The Neighborhood Disorder Hypothesis is that mistrust correlates positively with observing signs of disorder in one's neighborhood such as graffiti, vandalism, run‐down or abandoned buildings, noise, crime, and people hanging out on the streets, drinking, or taking drugs; and disorder mediates some of the effects of residence in the city and in a disadvantaged neighborhood. Some, but not all, of the association between disorder and mistrust is mediated by criminal victimization. We examine these hypotheses using the Community, Crime and Health data, which is a 1995 survey of a representative sample of 2,482 Illinois residents linked to contextual data on their neighborhoods. We find results consistent with all four hypotheses. The mean level of mistrust reported by residents of Chicago is more than half a standard deviation above that of people living elsewhere. Most of the higher mistrust in Chicago can be attributed to three related things: neighborhood disadvantage, individual disadvantage, and neighborhood disorder; but even with adjustments for disadvantage and disorder, urban residents report more mistrust.
Political Regimes and Suburban Growth, 1980–1990
Authors: Logan John R. , Crowder Kyle D.
Published: March 2003

We provide new evidence on two hypotheses associated with the model of the city as a growth machine. The first posits the pervasive influence of pro‐growth coalitions in local governing regimes. The second asserts that growth regimes make a difference to local development. Census data from 1980 and 1990 and data from a survey of community leaders in nearly 300 incorporated suburban communities are used to assess these hypotheses. In support of the first hypothesis, we find that pro‐growth coalitions represent by far the most common type of political regime, but are less likely to dominate the local politics of higher‐status communities. The type of regime prevailing in a suburb has a significant impact on the growth‐related policies adopted by the community. However, there is no evidence that either growth policy or the type of political regime significantly influences changes in population size, racial composition, or median income of these suburbs. These results cast doubt on the assumed efficacy of local growth policies and raise additional questions regarding the impacts of extra‐local factors in the development of suburban municipalities.
What Happened to Gender Relations on the Way from Chicago to Los Angeles?
Authors: Spain Daphne
Published: March 2003

From the Chicago human ecologists to the Los Angeles postmodernists, urban theorists have tried to understand how space is structured by technological, political, economic, and cultural forces; gender is seldom examined. Yet both women’s status and urban form underwent significant changes following World War II. As the home became less predictably the center of women’s lives, the monocentric city was evolving into the polycentric metropolis. This article suggests that gender relations also have spatial implications for the metropolis, and that urban theory would be more comprehensive if it incorporated historically parallel developments in the literature on gender and space.
Ever‐More Rooted Americans
Authors: Fischer Claude S.
Published: March 2003

Many scholars attribute contemporary ills to greater “rootlessness” among Americans. Residential mobility may be of some concern because local communities are disordered and vulnerable individuals are at risk when turnover is especially rapid. However, rates of residential mobility actually declined between the 19th and 20th centuries and continued to decline between 1950 and 1999. Analysis of Current Population Surveys shows that: in the population overall, the decline in mobility rates occurred for local moves—rates of cross‐county moves stayed almost constant; Americans across age, race, gender, and class experienced the decline; but certain specific groups experienced either no drop or a slight increase in mobility. The latter seem distinctive in being the most economically marginal.
Neighborhood Revitalization and the Practice of Evaluation in the United States: Developing a Margin Research Perspective
Authors: Fraser James C. , Kick Edward L. , Williams J. Patrick
Published: March 2003

The dominant framework of neighborhood revitalization in the United States that emerged in the 1990s is the comprehensive community‐building approach based on a “theory of change” model. This framework posits that to improve neighborhoods and the quality of life of residents, programmatic efforts are needed that are “resident‐driven” and holistic in their focus. While these types of initiatives flourish, neighborhood revitalization often results in the displacement of low‐income families and marginal return for existing residents. Why this occurs in the context of initiatives purporting to aid existing residents is underexamined in the evaluation literature. We argue that researchers engaged in documentation and evaluation of revitalization initiatives need a broader framework to examine heretofore marginalized issues. We use a “margin research” methodology to demonstrate how this alternative form provides a more expansive representation of revitalization activities and outcomes.
Using Space: Agency and Identity in a Public–Housing Development
Authors: Gotham Kevin Fox , Brumley Krista
Published: March 2003

Recent critiques of conventional poverty research have highlighted the need to move beyond the conceptual limitations of “neighborhood effects” models and the use of the tropes of “adaptation” or “resistance” to explain the behaviors and actions of the urban poor. We use ethnographic field observations and interviews with public–housing residents to address these limitations in the poverty literature, assess competing explanations of poor people’s agency, and provide insight into the importance of space as a mediating link between macrostructural constraints and locally situated behaviors. We theorize agency and identity as spatial phenomena—with spatial attributes and spatial influences—and examine how different spatial meanings and locations enable or constrain particular forms of social action and behavior. Our ethnographic and interview data depict several strategies by which residents “use space” to provide a measure of security and protection, to designate and avoid areas of criminality and drug activity, and to challenge or support the redevelopment of public housing. From these data we show that urban space is not a residual phenomenon in which social action occurs, but a constitutive dimension of social life that shapes life experiences, social conflict, and action.
Economic Inequality and Public Policy: The Power of Place
Authors: Swanstrom Todd , Dreier Peter , Mollenkopf John
Published: March 2003

In recent decades two broad trends in American society have been well–documented: rising income inequality and rising segregation of economic classes across space in metropolitan areas. The thesis of this article is that rising economic segregation is both a cause of rising economic inequality and amplifies its effects in ways that do not showup in the income statistics. The article synthesizes the evidence on the contextual effects of economic segregation in three areas: 1) jobs and income; 2) public services; and 3) retail services. Economic segregation does not only undermine equal opportunity, it also damages American democracy. Although more research is needed on the effects of economic segregation, the evidence is more than sufficient to call for public action.
Are Virtual Communities True Communities? Examining the Environments and Elements of Community
Authors: Driskell Robyn Bateman , Lyon Larry
Published: March 2003

Critiques of modern societies often cite the loss of community as a result of weak connections with local places and changing modes of social interactions. We will argue that both the loss of community and attempts to regain community can be understood as a series of debates progressing from one environment to another. Specifically, community was seen as being lost from its original environment, the local place, typically a village or a residential neighborhood. Then came the claim that community could be regained in the environment of shared space, typically voluntary associations or work groups. The most recent candidate for regaining community is the digital environment of cyberspace. Using existing research, we seek to determine if virtual communities are indeed true communities. Can the virtual community provide two of the core elements—common ties and social interaction—without identification with place? We explore each of these environments as we search for community and the qualities necessary to establish community, finding that virtual communities are spatially liberated, socially ramified, topically fused, and psychologically detached, with a limited liability. In this sense, if we understand community to include the close, emotional, holistic ties of Gemeinschaft, then the virtual community is not true community. That does not necessarily imply, however, that Internet relationships are the antithesis of true community relationships. The Internet may either reduce community, reinforce community, or provide a weak replacement.
“Placing” Health in an Urban Sociology: Cities as Mosaics of Risk and Protection
Authors: Fitzpatrick Kevin M. , LaGory Mark
Published: March 2003

Central to urban sociology is the assumption that place matters. Yet, urban sociology has virtually ignored the role of place in understanding a critical aspect of personal and collective well–being—health. This article attempts to synthesize major sociological theories of health, within an urban ecological framework, in an effort to provide insight into how the distinct spatial qualities of neighborhoods impact the health risks, beliefs, and behaviors of their residents. Because the ecology of metropolitan regions is a landscape of uneven risk, hazard, and protection, it produces dramatic differences in the physical and mental health of its residents. Most affected by this process have been inner–city, disadvantaged populations who have shouldered the primary weight of the “urban health penalty.”