bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relative lower extremity length in Mexican American and in American Black and White youth
Authors: Malina Robert M. , Brown Kathryn H. , Zavaleta Antonio N.
Published: August 2005

Stature, sitting height, estimated leg (subischial) length and the sitting height/stature ratio are compared in Mexican American, American White and American Black boys 9 through 14 years of age and girls 12 through 17 years of age. Mexican American youth are shorter in stature and have absolutely shorter lower extremities. The sitting height of Mexican American youth is similar to that of Black youth and shorter than that of White youth. The sitting height/stature ratio is virtually identical in Mexican American and White youth, indicating similar proportions of lower extremities to stature. In contrast, Black youth have absolutely and relatively longer lower extremities than Mexican American and White youth. These results would thus seem to suggest that reference data for the body mass index (BMI) based on American White youth can be used with Mexican American youth, while race‐specific values may be necessary for American Black youth. However, ethnic variation in physique, perhaps frame size, may be a factor which should be more systematically considered in evaluating the utility of the body mass index.
Femoral diaphyseal histomorphometric age determinations for the Shanidar 3, 4, 5, and 6 Neandertals and Neandertal longevity
Authors: Trinkaus Erik , Thompson David D.
Published: August 2005

Histomorphometric analysis of femoral diaphyseal fragments from the Shanidar 3, 4, 5, and 6 Neandertals provide age at death estimates of 41 (± 6.7), 36 (± 6.7), 40 (± 6.7), and 24(± 6.7) years. These determinations are in agreement with previous macroscopic age assessments. Since the Shanidar 3, 4, and 5 (and slightly younger Shanidar 1) individuals are among the oldest known Neandertals, these age determinations suggest that significant postre‐productive survival was rare among the Neandertals and a phenomenon primarily of anatomically modern humans.
Human remains of Homo sapiens neanderthalensis from the pleistocene deposit of Sants Croce Cave, Bisceglie (Apulia), Italy
Authors: Mallegni F. , Piperno M. , Segre A.
Published: August 2005

The paper deals with a Neanderthal human femur, recovered during excavations in Sants Croce Cave, Bisceglie. The cave also yielded Mousterian lithic industry and fauna indicating a paleoclimate condition with dry‐warm tendency and savannah landscape. Metrical, morphometrical, and morphological analysis, and the comparison with Neanderthal specimens show that the femur belonged to an adult individual. It particularly shows great affinities with the analogous specimens from La Ferrassie 1 and 2, Spy 2, and Fond de Forêt, which are similar in size and, above all, show similar archaic morphological traits.
Radiographic and visual assessment of alveolar pathology of first molars in dry skulls
Authors: Linn J. , Srikandi W. , Clarke N. G. , Smith T.
Published: August 2005

There are many reports in the literature relating to the dental pathology of ancient peoples. In most instances only visual observations of alveolar lesions have been made, precluding assessment of covert dental lesions. The present paper was undertaken to compare the incidence of alveolar dental lesions determined by both visual and radiographic methods in a group of Australian aboriginal skulls. First molars of the right side were used for the comparison; approximately ten percent more lesions were found by the radiographic method. The data demonstrated the limitation of either technique alone.

The strong association between pulp exposure and furcal, angular, and apical lesions suggests that pulpal lesions provoke periodontal changes that have traditionally been assigned to a gingival etiology. The location of the lesions within the periodontium would appear to be determined by the location of the pulpal pathology and the pathways through dentin between that location and the periodontal ligament.
Note on the choice of statistic for testing hypotheses regarding seasonality
Authors: O'brien Kevin F. , Holbert Donald
Published: August 2005

The Kolmogorov‐Smirnov one‐sample test and the Pearson chi‐square test are discussed regarding their application for testing hypotheses of seasonality in births. This paper addresses some points mentioned in an earlier paper by McCullough and argues that the chi‐square procedure may be the better test.
Neandertal radial tuberosity orientation
Authors: Trinkaus Erik , Churchill Steven E.
Published: August 2005

Examination of adult and immature Neandertal radii demonstrates that the medial versus anterior orientations of their radial tuberosities fall within recent human ranges of variation, but on the average their radial tuberosities are significantly more medially, as opposed to anteromedially, oriented. This more posterior positioning of their radial tuberosities implies a maintenance of an effective moment arm for M. biceps brachii through the full range of supination, an interpretation which fits with the hypertrophy of and increased moment arms for their forearm pronator muscles. It is an additional indication of the muscular hypertrophy evident elsewhere in Neandertal upper limbs.
Morphological clues to genetic species: Multivariate analysis of greater Galago sibling species
Authors: Masters Judith , Lubinsky David
Published: August 2005

Several studies conducted in diverse fields indicate the presence of a genetic discontinuity within the taxon Galago crassicaudatus E. Geoffroy—the thick‐tailed bushbaby. One of these areas is morphology. This contribution details a statistical analysis of skull material classified under this taxon in order 1) to confirm the objective existence of two morphotypes, and 2) to investigate the characters that allow the skull types to be distinguished. Emphasis is placed on multivariate techniques, although univariate and bivariate techniques are included where they are felt to be appropriate. All statistical analyses point to the reality of the morphological discontinuity between the groups. This is true even when size considerations have been reduced by rescaling the data. The results support separation of the populations at a specific level: G. crassicaudatus and G. garnettii. In addition, the structural changes observed in the two taxa—including an increase in overall size in G. crassicaudatus—are indicative of a divergence in preferred habitats: G. garnettii is adapted to more mesic environmental conditions, and to a softer, less fibrous diet than is its more robust sibling.
Hominid molars from a middle stone age level at the Mumba Rock Shelter, Tanzania
Authors: Bräuer Günter , Mehlman Michael J.
Published: August 2005

Three hominid molars were recovered from a depth of 7.0–7.1 meters in the Mumba Shelter at Lake Eyasi, northern Tanzania. Geological context of the finds and archaeological data indicate that people with a Middle Stone Age technology were using the Mumba locality intermittently whenever retreat of lake waters allowed access to the site. Uranium series dates suggest an age on the order of 130,000 years bp for the teeth and stone tools. Based on morphological analyses, the dental remains probably belonged to one individual and appear to be the crowns of two upper permanent M2s and one lower permanent M2. Crown areas are very small, even in comparison to the variation exhibited by recent African populations. Crown patterns have no archaic features. These teeth are smaller than any verifiable archaic Homo sapiens examples; thus, they may represent early anatomically modern Homo sapiens.
Secular changes in the angle of divergence of the first two metatarsals in the Japanese
Authors: Funakoshi Kimitake
Published: August 2005

This investigation concerns secular changes of the intermetatarsal M1‐M2 angle in the foot of Japanese, from the prehistoric Jomon period to early modern times. The divergence of the first metatarsal from the second in both sexes in the reconstructed tarsometatarsal bones gradually decreased during this period. In addition, the difference between sexes or sides in each period is small and statistically insignificant. With time, the first metatarso‐cuneiform angles, in both sexes, also decreased in parallel with the reduction of the intermetatarsal M1‐M2 angle, while the second metatarsocuneiform angles in both sexes increased. Both may play a role in decrease of the intermetatarsal M1‐M2 angle. A conspicuous angular divergence of the first metatarsal from the second one occurred in comparatively recent times. This change would be accelerated by modification in life‐style, together with the effects of footwear.
An analysis of crania from Tell‐Duweir using multiple discriminant functions
Authors: Keita S. O. Y.
Published: August 2005

Historical and archaelogical evidence suggests that the Iron Age biblical city of Lachish had a multinational population of diverse geographical origins. A multivariate analysis of crania, using canonical discriminant functions and metric variables, tends to confirm this. The approach employed stresses that population discriminant analysis studies should be both biologically and statistically legitimate. An ecological interpretation of the data suggests a research design for analyzing the affinities of cranial series. Similarities probably should be assessed in an analytical space containing the widest possible range of variation.
Stature variation in the British American colonies: French and Indian war records, 1755–1763
Authors: Steegmann A. Theodore , Haseley P. A.
Published: August 2005

Personnel records kept by military units of American colonials during the French and Indian War (1755–1763) are analyzed for relationships between environmental factors and stature. A robust American economy and direct access to high‐quality food were apparently critical to tallness of this white American male sample. American‐born men were taller at all ages than those who had migrated from Europe. January temperatures, rural versus urban birth, and ethnicity also showed stature relationships within the American‐born group; thermal effects were by far the strongest of the non‐nutritional factors.
Yugoslav Mesolithic dental reduction
Authors: y'Edynak Gloria
Published: August 2005

Yugoslav Mesolithic dentition exhibits maximum mesiodistal reduction compared with contemporary European and North African groups. This reduction is not explained entirely by attrition, and may be seen as a continuation of the European Upper Paleolithic trend. Buccolingual dimension does not reduce as much. In fact, this dimension in premolars and molars is larger than in other groups. This observation also occurs in Natufians, who were grain collectors, hunters, and gatherers. The Yugoslav Mesolithic group was collecting and domesticating Cerelia as well as fishing and hunting. Linear enamel hypoplasias (LEH) indicate childhood stress through the fifth year, which corroborates previously reported incidence of rickets in this group. The central maxillary incisors and canines manifest higher degrees of LEH, but the appearance on the second molars suggest a more severe physiological disruption. Sex differences in distributions of alveolar resorption and calculus suggest differences in diet or nutritional stress. Previous reports indicate that females had higher incidence of osteomalacia. If so, female nutritional stress may explain the extreme mesiodistal reduction and minimal sexual dimorphism in this group.
Complex segregation analysis of dental morphological variants
Authors: Nichol Christian R.
Published: August 2005

A set of 20 morphological variants of the dental crowns and four characteristics of the jaws are tested for probable mode of inheritance using the complex segregation analysis method of Morton et al. (Am. J. Hum. Genet. 23:602–611, 1971). Models tested include three two‐allele single‐locus models (dominant, codominant, and recessive) and a model employing the polychotomized normal distribution of liability (an additive polygenic model), with transmissibility estimated via maximum likelihood. Most of the traits studied are observed using ordinal scales with several grades, and many are tested using more than one dichotomy of their scale. These multiple analyses allow for an examination of such factors as trait incidence on the results of the statistical analysis. The results of the analysis yield propositions of major genes for 13 of the 24 traits examined. Two traits give good evidence of being polygenic in origin. The remaining nine characters present methodological problems that do not allow for a definite conclusion on their mode of inheritance at this time. The ability to test varying levels of transmissibility in the polygenic model allows for an estimation of the percentage of trait variance determined by familial factors. Estimates of transmissibility for all characters examined range from 0 to 1, with a mean of 0.36. These findings may suggest a large environmental role in the development of dental crown morphology. However, the possibility exists that difficulties in the ability to classify the expression of certain traits consistently result in overestimates of the environmental influences on the development of those characters.
Human occlusofacial form commonality: Race‐related traits, Ontogeny, paedomorphism, and functional correlates
Authors: Zingeser Maurice P.
Published: August 2005

Previous cephalometric studies of occlusofacial angular and metric data show small variability within and between population samples of Caucasian children and adults. Comparable results were obtained by use of standardized X‐ray cephalometry and direct craniometric measurements of skulls of mature specimens of Alouatta caraya and Cebus capucinus. These data measure facial and occlusofacial form and form relationships. Identical measuring techniques are applied to compare data derived from headplates of 19 young adult American Caucasians and 19 articulated Hindu skulls of mature individuals. The data are expanded to include measurements that relate symphyseal form to occlusal and nasomaxillary structure. The facial plane and an “internal” facial plane (nasion to a point tangential to the superior genial tubercles) straddle the mandibular symphysis. The angles they form at nasion and at their intersections with the maxillary occlusal plane were derived and statistically analyzed. The occlusal plane intersect angles show small absolute variability and are not significantly different (P > .05) in the two groups. The nasion plane angles are significantly different (P > .025), reflecting sample differences in facial height. Linear measurements confirm a considerably larger dentoalveolar prognathism in the Hindu group. Data derived from the geometrically averaged tracings of Bjork, Broadbent, Sassouni, and Solow provide further evidence of occlusofacial form commonality. These shared phyletically conservative traits are evidence of highly integrated morphological adaptations for the attainment, maintenance, and functioning of the species‐wide pattern of precisely fitting complementary crowns and crown parts that constitute the dental occlusion.
Impact of roadside agriculture on subsistence hunting in the Ituri forest of northeastern Zaire
Authors: Wilkie David S.
Published: August 2005

Records of 428 hunter captures were used to assess if large areas of secondary forest surrounding roadside horticulturalists' settlements were successfully exploited for wild game, a primary source of protein in the diet of the local human population. Data show that such forest within the Ituri region of Zaire is frequently and successfully exploited for wild game by subsistence hunters. Fauna exploited and capture weights are comparable from hunts conducted in secondary and climax forest. This study concludes that areas of regrowth forest surrounding horticulturalists' villages can and do provide substantial quantities of wild game for consumption by local inhabitants. Whether exploited faunal populations could withstand the more intensive exploitation associated with higher human population densities and widespread market hunting is, however, questionable.
Ecology and ovarian function among Lese women of the Ituri forest, Zaire
Authors: Ellison Peter T. , Peacock Nadine R. , Lager Catherine
Published: August 2005

Ovarian function is examined in 35 Lese women inhabiting the Ituri Forest of northeastern Zaire over a period of 4 months through measurements of progesterone in saliva samples collected twice weekly. Ovulatory frequency is found to be only 56% on average, with a pattern of age variation similar to that observed in western women, though lower in level at each age. Average luteal progesterone levels of the Lese women are lower than those of Boston controls even if only ovulatory cycles are considered. Women with the poorest nutritional status, inferred from longitudinal weight changes and weight for height, show the greatest compromise of ovarian function, and the average ovulatory frequency of the whole sample declines in parallel with a period of weight loss over four months. It is suggested that low ovulatory frequency and luteal insufficiency contribute to the low fecundity of the Lese population and that nutritional status is likely to be one of the ecological factors modulating this effect.
Anomalously low endemic goiter prevalence among Efe pygmies
Authors: Dormitzer Philip R. , Ellison Peter T. , Bode Hans H.
Published: August 2005

The existence of endemic goiter, caused by iodine deficiency and the presence of a dietary goitrogen, has been noted in eastern Zaire by a number of authors (De Visscher et al.: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 21:175–188, 1961; Delange et al.: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 34:1059, 1972). In the Ituri Forest of Huate‐Zaire, two distinct populations, the Efe (pygmy) and Lese (Bantu), live in association with each other and have similar diets. The goiter survey reported here documents differences in goiter prevalence and severity between the nomadic pygmy and village‐living Bantu populations. While the Efe have an overall goiter prevalence of 9.4%, the Lese have a goiter prevalence of 42.9%. Furthermore, Efe women living in Lese villages and subsisting on a Lese diet have a prevalence of goiter similar to that of forest‐living Efe women. Village‐living individuals born of Efe mothers and Lese fathers have a prevalence of goiter greater than that of pure Efe but less than that of Lese. While our data cannot exclude dietary explanations for the difference in goiter prevalence between the Efe and Lese, they do support the hypothesis that the Efe possess an adaptation to an iodine‐deficient environment that does not result in the development of goiters.
Hunting behavior of wild chimpanzees in the Taï National Park
Authors: Boesch Christophe , Boesch Hedwige
Published: August 2005

Hunting is often considered one of the major behaviors that shaped early hominids' evolution, along with the shift toward a drier and more open habitat. We suggest that a precise comparison of the hunting behavior of a species closely related to man might help us understand which aspects of hunting could be affected by environmental conditions. The hunting behavior of wild chimpanzees is discussed, and new observations on a population living in the tropical rain forest of the Taï National Park, Ivory Coast, are presented. Some of the forest chimpanzees' hunting performances are similar to those of savanna‐woodlands populations; others are different. Forest chimpanzees have a more specialized prey image, intentionally search for more adult prey, and hunt in larger groups and with a more elaborate cooperative level than savanna‐woodlands chimpanzees. In addition, forest chimpanzees tend to share meat more actively and more frequently. These findings are related to some theories on aspects of hunting behavior in early hominids and discussed in order to understand some factors influencing the hunting behavior of wild chimpanzees. Finally, the hunting behavior of primates is compared with that of social carnivores.
Stratigraphic context of fossil hominids from the Omo group deposits: Northern Turkana Basin, Kenya and Ethiopia
Authors: Feibel Craig S. , Brown Francis H. , McDougall Ian
Published: August 2005

The chronometric framework developed for Plio‐Pleistocene deposits of the northern Turkana Basin is reviewed in light of recent advances in lithostratigraphy, geochemical correlation, paleomagnetic stratigraphy, and isotopic dating. The sequence is tightly controlled by 20 precise ages on volcanic materials. These ages are internally consistent but are at variance with estimates for the boundaries of the magnetic polarity time scale by about 0.07 my. This discrepancy can be only partially resolved at present. Based on the established chronometric framework and stratigraphic sequences, depositional ages can be estimated for significant marker beds. These ages can in turn be used to constrain the 449 hominid specimens thus far reported from the basin. Ages for most hominid specimens can be estimated with a precision of ±0.05 my. In addition, the chronometric framework will be applicable to other paleontological collections, archeological excavations, and future discoveries in the basin.
Salivary measurement of episodic progesterone release
Authors: O'rourke Mary T. , Ellison Peter T.
Published: August 2005

Episodes of luteal progesterone release which have been identified from serum samples can also be observed in saliva. Components of these release episodes—amplitude, duration, and frequency—can be separated and characterized. In a sample of 16 cycle days collected from 6 normal women, pulse duration and frequency increased significantly from the early to the mid‐luteal phase, and then decreased by the late luteal phase (2–4 days before menses). Pulse amplitude also increased early to mid‐luteal, but continued to increase significantly into the late luteal, and did not decline until the peri‐menstrual phase (0–1 days before menses). Circadian variation, previously considered unimportant for progesterone, was also observed in late luteal samples.

Extension of studies of ultradian release characateristics to groups known to vary from controls in broad‐scale progesterone patterns, such as young, nutritionally stressed, or exercising women, should help to elucidate the potential functional significance of fine‐grained release components. Such knowledge can also inform protocols of anthropoloical studies which seek to identify broad progesterone patterns or to classify and compare reproductive status.
Endocranial capacity of Western Australian Aboriginal crania: Comparisons and association with stature and latitude
Authors: Freedman L. , Blumer W. F. C. , Lofgren M.
Published: August 2005

The endocranial capacities (ECCs) of 73 Western Australian Aboriginal crania were estimated. Using water‐standardised mustard seed, ECCs were (in cm3) males—X̄1,239, S.D. 92.3; females—X̄1,118, S.D. 77.5. The male and female mean values were smaller than those previously published for Australia as a whole; sexual dimorphism (9.7%) was also slightly lower. Comparison of the Western Australian Aboriginal sample with a large Danish sample (Pakkenberg and Voigt, 1964; Holloway, 1980) permitted analysis of factors underlying sex and population differences in ECC. In both samples about 40% of the mean sex differences in ECC could be related to stature differences; for each sex almost 2/3 of the differences between the Western Australian and Danish means appear to be associated with differences in stature and latitude. Allometric adjustments are also involved.
Biological impact of social disruption resulting from epidemic disease
Authors: McGrath Janet W.
Published: August 2005

Whereas previous research on the disruptive effects of epidemic disease have focused on the ways in which epidemics affect social structure and function, this study focuses on the biological impact of social disruption. The hypothesis is that social disruption resulting from the occurrence of epidemic disease increases the biological impact of the epidemic, as assessed by disease incidence. This hypothesis is explored in terms of a “level of response” model, borrowed from Slobodkin and Rapoport (Q. Rev. Biol. 49:181–200, 1974). The Human Area Relations File (HRAF) provides ethnographic reports of social responses to epidemics. The most frequently reported response in the HRAF is flight or migration away from the locus of the epidemic, followed in frequency by extraordinary preventive and/or therapeutic measures and scapegoating. The model proposes a continuum of responses beginning with responses that are already part of the indigenous response to disease and proceeding through disruptive processes, including flight and rejection of authority systems. Social disruption increases the biological impact of epidemics by robbing the social group of important participants, dismantling public health programs, or producing general economic hardship. The model proposes a scheme for identification of situations under which particular social group responses are “biologically appropriate”.
Determination of sex from arm bone measurements
Authors: Holman Darryl J. , Bennett Kenneth A.
Published: August 2005

Discriminant function analysis has been applied to numerous dimensions of the cranial and postcranial skeleton for sex determination of U.S. blacks and whites and is extended here to five measurements of the arm and wrist. These include maximum lengths of the long arm bones in addition to two measurements that reflect wrist breadth. Our results indicate that whites are more accurately classified than blacks, but seven of the 31 possible measurement combinations common to both groups yield functions with sex prediction accuracies comparable to most, but not all, functions based on other parts of the skeleton.
Tooth size and the Carabelli trait
Authors: Reid C. , Van Reenen J. F. , Groeneveld H. T.
Published: August 2005

The Carabelli trait and its association with maxillary molar crown base and cusp size was studied in a group of 128 Kwengo, a San‐Negro hybrid community living in Western Caprivi, Namibia. The trait was classified according to a modification of the scheme put forward by Dahlberg and by Scott (In: Dental Anthropology. New York: Pergamon, 1963) (Hum. Biol. 52:63–78, 1980). Crown base areas were larger in trait‐positive than in trait‐negative molars, and this difference existed for all eight categories of the trait in the first molar and for most of the categories in the second and third molars. The degree of expressivity of the trait seems to be associated with molar size, but this is more apparent in the first than in the second and third molars.
Reproductive behavior of free‐ranging Lemur catta at Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar
Authors: Sauther Michelle L.
Published: August 2005

Observations of reproductive behavior in free‐ranging Lemur catta were carried out during one annual cycle. Variability in the behavior of female ringtailed lemurs during parturition appears to be mainly a function of the female's parity and thus her experience. Females within a troop show estrous asynchrony and characteristically mate with more than one male. Females also exhibit proceptive behavior toward and mate with some males from other troops and with transferring males. The potential for a male to monopolize mating opportunities during a female's short estrous period is therefore limited. Male mating strategies in ringtailed lemurs can be seen as adaptations to female mate choice during a highly restricted breeding season. In this species the dominance hierarchy does not break down with regard to the order of mating. The highest ranking male (central male) mates first and shows precopulatory guarding and longer postejaculatory guarding, which may increase his chances of siring the offspring. Subsequent mating partners have developed various counterstrategies to mitigate mating order effects.
Reassessment of the paleoenvironment and preservation of hominid fossils from Hadar, Ethiopia
Authors: Radosevich Stefan C. , Retallack Gregory J. , Taieb Maurice
Published: August 2005

Samples of paleosols from locality AL‐333, known for numerous specimens of Australopithecus afarensis, were analyzed in order to reconstruct the original soils and environment of burial of the associated fossil hominids. The bones were found in swale‐like features, within the calcareous and coarse‐grained basal portion of a paleosol. This is more like an assemblage of bones buried during a single depositional episode, such as a flood, than an assemblage accumulated on a soil over a long period of time by carnivores or other means of death. What killed the hominids remains unclear, but considering the association of originally disarticulated bones of such hydraulically distinct types as phalanges and maxillae, it is very likely that they died and partially rotted at or very near this site. The paleosols at AL‐333, here named the Fo and Go clay paleosols, have calcareous rhizoconcretions, granular surface horizons, prismatic peds, and shallow calcareous nodules and stringers like soils now supporting grassy woodland in semiarid regions. Although this group of hominids was buried in streamside gallery woodland, there is evidence from Laetoli, Tanzania, that A. afarensis ventured out into open wooded grassland as well. Evidence for this should be sought from other paleosols at Hadar.
Porotic hyperostosis: A new perspective
Authors: Stuart‐Macadam Patty
Published: August 2005

Porotic hyperostosis is a paleopathologic condition that has intrigued researchers for over a century and a half. It is now generally accepted that anemia, most probably an iron deficiency anemia, is the etiologic factor responsible for lesion production. Although there can be a number of factors involved in the development of iron deficiency anemia, a dietary explanation has often been invoked to explain the occurrence of porotic hyperostosis in past human skeletal populations. In fact, porotic hyperostosis has been referred to as a “nutritional” stress indicator. Traditionally those groups with a higher incidence of porotic hyperostosis have been considered to be less successful in adapting to their environment or more nutritionally disadvantaged than other groups.

A new perspective is emerging that is challenging previous views of the role of iron in health and disease, thus having profound implications for the understanding of porotic hyperostosis. There is a new appreciation of the adaptability and flexibility of iron metabolism; as a result it has become apparent that diet plays a very minor role in the development of iron deficiency anemia. It is now understood that, rather than being detrimental, hypoferremia (deficiency of iron in the blood) is actually an adaptation to disease and microorganism invasion. When faced with chronic and/or heavy pathogen loads individuals become hypoferremic as part of their defense against these pathogens, thus increasing their susceptibility to iron deficiency anemia. Within the context of this new perspective porotic hyperostosis is seen not as a nutritional stress indicator, but as a indication that a population is attempting to adapt to the pathogen load in its environment.
On comparing biological shapes: Detection of influential landmarks
Authors: Lele Subhash , Richtsmeier Joan T.
Published: August 2005

For problems of classification and comparison in biological research, the primary focus is on the similarity of forms. A biological form consists of size and shape. Several approaches for comparing biological forms using landmark data are available. If the two biological forms are demonstrated to be different, the next important issue is to localize the differences by identifying those areas which differ most between the two objects. In this paper we suggest a technique to detect influential landmarks, those which contribute most to the difference between forms. We study the effectiveness of the technique using three‐dimensional simulated data sets and two examples. Results suggest that the technique is useful in the study of biological form and its variation.
Occlusion in 47,XXY (Klinefelter syndrome) men
Authors: Alvesalo Lassi , Laine Tellervo
Published: August 2005

Occlusal morphology of permanent dentitions in 29 men with a 47,XXY chromosome complement (Klinefelter syndrome) was determined from dental casts. The results showed that a relatively frequent occlusal anomaly was mesial molar occlusion. Incisal open bite was also more common than in controls. Based on the present and previous observations of occlusal anomalies in various sex chromosome anomaly groups and normal controls, it is suggested that the presence of the Y chromosome in the genome is at least as important as the X chromosome for the development of harmonious occlusal morphology. The tendency towards sexual dimorphism in occlusal phenotype might result from a differential effect of the X and Y chromosomes on cellular activity which leads to different growth patterns.
Polymorphic aspects of male anthropoid honing premolars
Authors: Greenfield Leonard O. , Washburn Arthur
Published: August 2005

A recent study has indicated that heritage may be an important component in explanations of interspecies variation in male anthropoid maxillary canines. To further test this hypothesis, comparative data for the maxillary canine's occlusal partner, the honing mandibular premolar, are presented. Relative to body mass, measurements of the honing premolar—length of the honing facet, mesiodistal length, and buccolingual breadth and shape (as expressed by the ratio of length to breadth)—show a similar but stronger heritage component than measurements of the maxillary canine. Results indicate that canine variation among male anthropoids has not yet been explained and that quantitative analyses of this issue will necessarily require a methodological approach which incorporates heritage as a factor.
Further studies of crania from ancient Northern Africa: An analysis of crania from First Dynasty Egyptian tombs, using multiple discriminant functions
Authors: Keita S. O. Y.
Published: August 2005

An analysis of First Dynasty crania from Abydos was undertaken using multiple discriminant functions. The results demonstrate greater affinity with Upper Nile Valley patterns, but also suggest change from earlier craniometric trends. Gene flow and movement of northern officials to the important southern city may explain the findings.
Comparative assessment of the ischial morphology of Victoriapithecus macinnesi
Authors: McCrossin Monte L. , Benefit Brenda R.
Published: August 2005

An almost complete primate ischium was recovered from middle Miocene (ca. 15 ma) deposits of Maboko Island (Kenya) in 1987. The specimen shows numerous similarities to the ischial morphology of extant cercopithecids and is attributed to Victoriapithecus macinnesi (Von Koenigswald, 1969), the early Old World monkey best known from Maboko Island. The Victoriapithecus ischium provides the first evidence of early Old World monkey pelvic girdle anatomy. The ischium is characterized by an obliquely oriented and broadly flaring tuberosity, a relatively small acetabulum with little ventrally directed curvature of its caudal portion, a long ischial body and a flange‐like ischial spine positioned caudal to the rim of the acetabulum. In these features, Victoriapithecus most closely resembles the vervet monkey, Cercopithecus aethiops. The fossil specimen indicates that Victoriapithecus possessed ischial callosities, a mobile tail and adaptations for (possibly cursorial) quadrupedalism with an adducted posture of the thigh.

The occurrence of ischial callosities in Victoriapithecus extends the documented antiquity of this feature in catarrhines by more than 12 million years and shows that the distinctive “sitting‐sleeping” adaptations of Old World monkeys (Washburn, 1957) originated prior to the divergence of Colobinae and Cercopithecinae. Differences of developmental sequence and tissue composition indicate that the ischial pads of cercopithecids, hylobatids, and pongids may have arisen independently, through parallel evolution. Contrary to Strasser and Delson (1987), discontinuity of ischial callosities was probably the primitive condition for male cercopithecids.
Phyletic diversity and locomotion in primitive European hominids
Authors: Begun David R.
Published: August 2005

A major contribution of previous analyses of Miocene hominoid postcrania is the recognition of a great ape grade of locomotor morphology in the late Miocene. However, in the absence of a consideration of the taxonomic and phylogenetic implications of the specimens concerned, the importance of this conclusion remains unappreciated. This paper presents a revised view of the positional implications of late Miocene hominid fossils and considers some of the taxonomic and phyletic implications of these specimens. The taxonomic status of a number of large catarrhine specimens from Europe (attributed to Dryopithecus, Sivapithecus, Austriacopithecus, Paidopithex, Rudapithecus) is discussed. The functional and phyletic significance of this material reveals a complex pattern of behavioral and phyletic diversity among large‐bodied catarrhines in Europe and suggests that this diversity evolved in situ from circum‐Mediterranean middle Miocene ancestors.
Osteoarthritis, calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease, and osseous infection in old world primates
Authors: Rothschild Bruce M. , Woods Robert J.
Published: August 2005

Uncertainties as to the nature and implications of osteoar‐thritis and calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (CPPD) in primates were subject to critical review through examination of 153 prosimians and 1,250 Old World non‐prosimian primates. Osteoarthritis, calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease, and infectious arthritis/osteomyelitis were relatively rare phenomena, affecting only 1.7% and 2.5%, respectively, of free‐ranging prosimians and other Old World non‐prosimian primates. Frequency of infection in Indri and Presbytis appears to reflect a unique susceptibility or exposure. Papio may have a unique predisposition to CPPD. The dichotomy (frequency and joint distribution) between free‐ranging and artificially restrained animals suggests caution in interpretation of osteoarthritis or CPPD in non‐free‐ranging animals.
Body size and proportions in early hominids
Authors: McHenry Henry M.
Published: August 2005

The discovery of several associated body parts of early hominids whose taxonomic identity is known inspires this study of body size and proportions in early hominids. The approach consists of finding the relationship between various measures of skeletal size and body mass in modern ape and human specimens of known body weight. This effort leads to 78 equations which predict body weight from 95 fossil specimens ranging in geological age between 4 and 1.4 mya. Predicted weights range from 10 kg to over 160 kg, but the partial associated skeletons provide the essential clues as to which predictions are most reliable. Measures of hindlimb joint size are the best and probably those equations based on the human samples are better than those based on all Hominoidea.

Using hindlimb joint size of specimens of relatively certain taxonomy and assuming these measures were more like those of modern humans than of apes, the male and female averages are as follows: Australopithecus afarensis, 45 and 29 kg; A. africanus, 41 and 30 kg; A. robustus, 40 and 32 kg; A. boisei, 49 and 34 kg; H. habilis, 52 and 32 kg. These values appear to be consistent with the range of size variation seen in the entire postcranial samples that can be assigned to species. If hominoid (i.e., ape and human combined) proportions are assumed, the males would be 10 to 23 kg larger and the females 4 to 10 kg larger.
Male investment under changing conditions among chacma baboons at Suikerbosrand
Authors: Anderson Connie M.
Published: August 2005

Male investment in infant baboons was measured by frequency of carrying from 1978 through 1985. A series of hypotheses was generated and tested with the carrying data, based on the assumptions that: male baboons have some capacity to estimate likelihood of paternity; where paternity probability is greater, males will invest more, where potential benefits to males or infants are higher, males will invest more. Carrying was affected by probability of paternity, availability of estrous females, season of conception and season of carrying, infant age, subtrooping, and predation risk. Infants were carried by probable fathers, siblings, mothers' siblings, and unrelated “suitors.” Male investment increased female reproductive fitness: carried infants were more likely to survive, and mothers of carried infants had shorter interbirth intervals. Males appeared to estimate paternity both by observed copulations by other males and by the likelihood that copulations could have occurred without being observed. Male care of infant baboons may also be affected by female choice among males, the distribution of probable infants in time, male tenure at alpha rank, the number of males per troop, the probability of infanticide, and energy demands. Subtrooping seems to be historically crucial, by initially creating a situation in which some males have high paternity certainty.
Neandertal supralaryngeal vocal tract
Authors: Houghton Philip
Published: August 2005

Interpretations of skeletal anatomy claiming to show that Neandertals could not have had a similar supralayngeal vocal apparatus to that of humans are demonstrated to be flawed. Correction of the errors suggests that the Neandertal vocal apparatus need not have differed from that of recent humans. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Divergence between biochemical and cytogenetic differences in three species of the Callicebus moloch group
Authors: Schneider H. , Schneider M. P. C. , Sampaio M. I. C. , Montoya E. , Tapia J. , Encarnacion F. , Anselmo N. P. , Salzano F. M.
Published: August 2005

Specimens from three species of the Callicebus moloch group—C. Moloch (N = 80), C. brunneus (N = 166), and C. cupreus (N = 23)—were studied. Twenty genetic loci were investigated through electrophoresis, genetic distances were estimated, and the results compared with the available cytogenetic data. Low values of genetic distance were encountered, contrasting with relatively large chromosome differences. We propose that recent karyotypic rearrangements, rather than other Pleistocene events, were the major evolutionary mechanisms determining speciation in these three taxa. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Periodontal health in free‐ranging baboons of Ethiopia and Kenya
Authors: Phillips‐Conroy Jane E. , Hildebolt Charles F. , Altmann Jeanne , Jolly Clifford J. , Muruthi Philip
Published: August 2005

Frontal and lateral intraoral photographs of 19 baboons from the Awash National Park, Ethiopia and 37 baboons from Amboseli National Park, Kenya, were used to assess periodontal health. The Awash baboons, and two groups (Alto's and Hook's) at Amboseli, fed entirely from natural sources, but baboons from the third Amboseli group (Lodge) fed largely on food refuse from one of the park's lodges. Juveniles and adults were evaluated separately. Intraoral photographs were seriated based on visual appraisals of periodontal health.

In both age groups, the best periodontal health was seen in Awash animals; Alto's and Hook's animals were intermediate, and the poorest health was seen in the Lodge sample. The periodontal health decreased with age in adult baboons, as reported in humans. Geochemistry, genetics, age, and diet (particularly variations in bacterial flora) were considered as factors contributing to the intergroup differences. Although it is not possible at present to exclude any of these as a contributing cause, we consider that diet in the broad sense (including food, water, and contamination by oral bacteria of human origin) probably plays a major role. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Linear densitometry and digital image processing of proximal femur radiographs: Implications for archaeological and forensic anthropology
Authors: Macchiarelli Roberto , Bondioli Luca
Published: August 2005

Age‐ and sex‐related patterns of proximal femur trabecular bone loss have previously been used to establish radiographic reference standards for estimating age at death for human skeletal remains. Such standards are of interest to both anthropologists and forensic scientists. However, osteopenia as a physiological phenomenon is dependent on numerous genetic, environmental, and cultural factors. Thus, while general age‐and sex‐related trends can be clearly observed for trabecular bone loss, such patterns also demonstrate marked variation among individuals of both sexes at all ages. Moreover, clinical evidence shows that rates of bone loss are not steady but episodic, and that radiographically “normal” (i.e., young adult) patterns of trabecular bone architecture can also exist in femora of older individuals, particularly within samples of African origin. In this study, adult proximal femur radiographs were used to explore patterns of age‐ and sex‐related proximal femur cancellous bone involution among a sample of 66 African American individuals from the Terry collection (33 males and 33 females), ranging in age from 19 to 71 years. The proximal femur radiographs of these subjects were analyzed by digital image processing (DIP), and the results were compared to those obtained by laser linear densitometric analyses (LDA) previously performed on the same series (Macchiarelli et al., 1987). Results of LDA and DIP analyses indicate (a) more pronounced bone density decrease in females; (b) sex‐ and site‐specific structural patterns of proximal femur trabecular bone loss; (c) a high level of individual variability, in which predicted age deviated from real age by as much as 22.26 (males) and 30.78 years (females); (d) a moderate linear correlation with age for all the variables analyzed; and (e) an average discrepancy between known age and predicted age (measured by root mean squared residual values) of 10.34 (males) and 12.71 years (females) for the most satisfactory DIP analysis parameter (recorded at the center of the femoral neck in the equalized images). With regard to estimating adult age at death from radiographic images of proximal femora, it is argued that the amount of useful age information reported for this criterion has been overestimated. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.