bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Komunikasi Transaksional - Dialektis dalam Drama Elektra Karya Sophokles
Authors: Abdul Muhaiminul Aziz
Published: March 2020

Artikel ini mendeskripsikan secara kualitatif  komunikasi transaksional-dialektis tokoh Elektra dalam drama Elektra karya Sophokles. Dalam berkomunikasi, Elektra yang sudah disalahi secara tidak adil menerapkan unsur-unsur komunikasi transaksional yang berupa timbal balik, pernyataan, tanggapan, aksi dan reaksi. Secara dialektis, percakapan antara Elektra dan lawan bicaranya yang dibahas di dalam artikel ini adalah yang melibatkan konflik atau oposisi. Selain itu, ada prinsip-prinsip dialektika Marxisme: tidak ada kemungkinan yang statis atau konstan, memanfaatkan celah sekecil apapun demi tujuan mulia, membangun relasi kontradiktif demi penegasian kesalahan, dan berpihak pada revolusi bukan pada ketentraman khalayak tapi mengorbankan diri sendiri. Data dikumpulkan melalui purposive sampling. Data yang sudah terkumpul dianalisis dengan metode analisis wacana untuk teks yang berupa drama. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa dengan berkomunikasi dialektis Elektra berhasil meraih tujuan mulia, berupa mendapatkan keadilan yang sebenarnya, yakni pembunuh ayahnya memperoleh balasan setimpal.
Kharisma Pendakwah sebagai Komunikator
Authors: Murtadlo Athok
Published: March 2020

Kharisma pendakwah sebagai komunikator, Setiap dakwah  atau  seruan membutuhkan  juru  dakwah atau penyeru  dan yang dibutuhkan  oleh  seorang juru  dakwah  adalah unsur-unsur  gerakannya  dan semangatnya  yang tinggi  untuk  menyebarluaskan  ajaran-ajaran Islam  serta menumbuh  kembangkan dakwah.  Seorang  juru dakwah  mempunyai  pengaruh yang luar  biasa,  ia mendapat  kedudukan  sebagai tokoh  panutan  di dalam masyarakat.  Kedudukan  inilah yang  menjadi  konsekuensi bahwa  juru  dakwah harus memiliki  sifat-sifat  dan kepribadian  yang  baik sebagai  tuntutan  tanggung jawab  yang dipikul  oleh  seorang atau  sekelompok  juru dakwah  yang  memiliki kredibilitas  dan kompetensi  yang  mumpuni, agar  mampu  meraih kemajuan  dan hal-hal yang positif dalam melaksanakan kewajiban besar berdakwah. Dengan  demikian, seorang  juru  dakwah dalam  penyampaian  pesan atau materi  ceramahnya,  tentunya tidak  asal-asalan.  Akan tetapi  materi  ceramahnya disampaikan  dan disajikan  dengan  bahasa-bahasa yang  indah,  menarik dan memikat dengan sikap yang santun, ramah, bijaksana penuh hikmah, serta mudah dicerna dan diterima oleh mad’u atau masyarakat luas.
Anonymous Chat sebagai Dampak Maraknya Cyberbully
Authors: Holle Annisa Nurul Fitri Holle
Published: March 2020

Pengguna internet di Indonesia mencapai 75,57 juta orang dan telah mencapai 82 juta orang dimana hampir 50% penggunanya adalah remaja berusia 15 – 22 tahun menurut Markplus Insight tahun 2013 dan Kemenkominfo tahun 2014. Dengan pengguna internet yang tinggi, Akamai Technologies, Inc., melaporkan pada 17 Oktober 2013 cyberbully di Indonesia merupakan yang tertinggi dengan angka 38%. Fakta ini meninggalkan dua pilihan: tetap menggunakan wadah online sebaik-baiknya –dengan kerja keras tentunya, atau meninggalkan aktivitas online sama sekali. Padahal, menurut Horney (1945), setiap orang itu pada dasarnya memiliki tiga kebutuhan dasar. Kebutuhan pertama adalah kebutuhan mendekati orang lain atau publik guna mendapatkan cinta atau pun pengakuan. Ini bisa berarti berbagi curhat (curahan hati). Kebutuhan kedua adalah menjauhi publik guna mendapat kebebasan dan kemandirian. Terakhir adalah kebutuhan menentang publik guna mendapatkan kekuasaan atau kekuatan. Hanya saja, mengingat internet merupakan hal yang tak mungkin ditinggalkan jika ingin tetap menjadi bagian dari dunia yang berkembang pesat ini, berkomunikasi melalui online dan jejaring sosial merupakan keharusan. Maka, tercipta lah wadah komunikasi bagi orang-orang yang rentan terhadap cyberbully: anonymous chat. Aplikasi yang tidak menyediakan fitur berbagi foto, video atau pun identitas personal. Dominasi pengguna anonymous chat yang rentan terhadap cyberbully, merupakan orang-orang berkepribadian introvert yang tak senang membagi identitas personal di depan publik melalui media sosial seperti Instagram atau Facebook. Karena pengguna merasa aman dari penghakiman massa dan memiliki kemerdekaan menyuarakan isi kepala. Data ini didapatkan setelah wawancara penulis dengan 20 pengguna Whisper (salah satu aplikasi anonymous chat).

Kata kunci: Cyberbully, Anonymous chat, Whisper, kebebasan bersuara
RESTORATION TECHNIQUES FOR THE HERITAGE BUILDING / KIRKUK QISHLA AS A CASE STUDY
Authors: Yunus Sumbul Muhammed
Published: March 2020

National heritage buildings are considered as the memory of the cities and its civilization’s legacy. Such buildings are receiving more attention these days especially from architectures who are trying to restore them by using the proper techniques to bring them back to their former appearance to serve the community in the present time.

From that point, the general goal of this research is to concentrate on the used techniques of restoring national heritage buildings by using the proper materials for the damaged or the collapsed parts as the restoration process differs from a building to another. All these points should be done according to the laws and protocols of UNSCO and ICOMOS to keep the authentic features of the building and pass it on to the next generations.

This research deals specifically and practically with restoring the Qishla building in Kirkuk as a restoration sample. Some parts of that building collapsed recently and the research aims to save that building by studying the techniques of restoring it using the materials and building techniques of the era the building was built in.

This research rises an important point, which is finding a general prospective of scientific and technical ways in restoring cultural heritage buildings which are made from stone specifically.

From all that above the main issue that this research deals with is “The unclear techniques of restoring cultural heritage buildings in general and the restoration process of Qishla building with stone in specific”.

Accomplishing the aim of this research lies in two points:

First: Studying the rules which govern the restoration process of cultural heritage buildings.

Second: Studying the restoration process of Qishla building and that includes; the restoration process with stone should be done by examining the chemical and physical features of the stone, durability of the used stone, conducting chemical tests in international labs as (ACMAE ANALYSES/ Canada) and the last step is to analyze and discuss the results to take final decisions.
A Comprehensive Catalog of Dark Matter Halo Models for SPARC Galaxies
Authors: Li Pengfei , Lelli Federico , McGaugh Stacy , Schombert James
Published: March 2020

We present rotation curve fits to 175 late-type galaxies from the Spitzer Photometry and Accurate Rotation Curves database using seven dark matter (DM) halo profiles: pseudo-isothermal, Burkert, Navarro–Frenk–White (NFW), Einasto, Di Cintio et al. (2014, hereafter DC14), cored-NFW, and a new semi-empirical profile named Lucky13. We marginalize over the stellar mass-to-light ratio, galaxy distance, disk inclination, halo concentration, and halo mass (and an additional shape parameter for Einasto) using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo method. We find that cored halo models, such as the DC14 and Burkert profiles, generally provide better fits to rotation curves than the cuspy NFW profile. The stellar mass-halo mass relation from abundance matching is recovered by all halo profiles once imposed as a Bayesian prior, whereas the halo mass–concentration relation is not reproduced in detail by any halo model. We provide an extensive set of figures as well as best-fit parameters in machine-readable tables to facilitate model comparison and the exploration of DM halo properties.
Revealing the Dark Threads of the Cosmic Web
Authors: Burchett Joseph N. , Elek Oskar , Tejos Nicolas , Prochaska J. Xavier , Tripp Todd M. , Bordoloi Rongmon , Forbes Angus G.
Published: March 2020

Modern cosmology predicts that matter in our universe today has assembled into a vast network of filamentary structures colloquially termed the “cosmic web.” Because this matter is either electromagnetically invisible (i.e., dark) or too diffuse to image in emission, tests of this cosmic web paradigm are limited. Wide-field surveys do reveal web-like structures in the galaxy distribution, but these luminous galaxies represent less than 10% of baryonic matter. Statistics of absorption by the intergalactic medium (IGM) via spectroscopy of distant quasars support the model yet have not conclusively tied the diffuse IGM to the web. Here, we report on a new method inspired by the Physarum polycephalum slime mold that is able to infer the density field of the cosmic web from galaxy surveys. Applying our technique to galaxy and absorption-line surveys of the local universe, we demonstrate that the bulk of the IGM indeed resides in the cosmic web. From the outskirts of cosmic web filaments, at approximately the cosmic mean matter density (ρ

m
) and ∼5 virial radii from nearby galaxies, we detect an increasing H i absorption signature toward higher densities and the circumgalactic medium, to ∼200ρ

m
. However, the absorption is suppressed within the densest environments, suggesting shock-heating and ionization deep within filaments and/or feedback processes within galaxies.
Phylogeography of post-Pleistocene population expansion in Dasyscyphella longistipitata (Leotiomycetes, Helotiales), an endemic fungal symbiont of Fagus crenata in Japan
Authors: Gasca-Pineda Jaime , Velez Patricia , Hosoya Tsuyoshi
Published: March 2020

During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), drastic environmental changes modified the topology of the Japanese Archipelago, impacting species distributions. An example is Fagus crenata, which has a present continuous distribution throughout Japan. However, by the end of the LGM it was restricted to southern refugia. Similarly, Dasyscyphella longistipitata (Leotiomycetes, Helotiales, Lachnaceae) occurs strictly on cupules of F. crenata, sharing currently an identical distribution. As the effects of the LGM remain poorly understood for saprobiotic microfungal species, herein we identified past structuring forces that shaped the current genetic diversity within D. longistipitata in relation to its host using a phylogeographic approach. We inferred present and past potential distributions through species distribution modeling, identifying environmental suitability areas in mid-southern Japan from which subsequent colonizations occurred. Our findings suggest that current high genetic diversity and lack of genetic structure within D. longistipitata are the result of recent multiple re-colonization events after the LGM.
Mental Representation Impact Analysis (MERIA), a method for analyzing mental representations for the design of HMI. A case study in aeronautics
Authors: Letouzé Théodore , Créno Lisa , Diaz-Pineda Jaime , Dormoy Charles-Alban , Hourlier Sylvain , André Jean-Marc
Published: March 2020

Les pilotes de ligne en aviation civile évoluent dans des situations dynamiques et incertaines, assistés par des systèmes techniques complexes. Dans ces environnements, la gestion des risques par les opérateurs de première ligne doit être continuellement minimisée et maîtrisée, les pilotes sont soumis à d’importantes charges cognitives, pouvant mener à certaines erreurs de pilotage. Pour faciliter l’activité, les concepteurs de cockpits et d’interfaces cherchent à optimiser la conscience de situation et la représentation mentale des pilotes. Dans cette étude, nous nous intéressons aux représentations mentales des co-pilotes lors de la réalisation de scénarios risqués. Nous étudions en particulier, les écarts qui existent entre la représentation mentale « prescrite, attendue » et la représentation mentale « réelle, effective » des co-pilotes, soulignant les artéfacts qui sont à l’origine de ces écarts. Pour comprendre l’évolution de la représentation mentale au fil d’une activité, nous avons soumis une cohorte de co-pilotes à la réalisation d’un scénario risqué. L’activité de ces derniers a été filmée, commentée par des experts, puis des entretiens d’auto-confrontation ont été réalisés afin de renseigner les différents points de vue de l’activité. A travers la présentation d’une étude de cas d’un co-pilote, cet article propose la description de notre outil original de représentation graphique et chronologique de l’activité. Cet outil parvient à mettre en avant notamment : les représentations mentales du co-pilote à chaque étape du scénario, les écarts ayant impacté ou non l’activité, l’usage des outils et l’impact que cela peut avoir sur les représentations mentales. Cet outil présente de nombreux avantages : une comparaison efficace d’états mentaux relatifs à deux ou plusieurs opérateurs, une quasi-exhaustivité dans la présentation des différents jeux de données recueillis et analysés, une vision synthétique et précise de l’activité déployée. L’outil d’analyse est applicable à d’autres domaines que l’aéronautique et offre des prises considérables pour identifier les erreurs d’origine cognitive et les solutionner à la source.
From Arrangements to New Compositions: Seventeenth-Century French Dance Music in Portuguese and Spanish Keyboard Sources to 1720
Authors: Woolley Andrew
Published: March 2020

Focussing on four keyboard manuscripts, this article discusses the dissemination, arrangement and adaptation of French-style dance music in Portugal and Spain in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. It highlights the importance of short scores in facilitating its transmission and discusses how adaptations accorded with local tastes and practices.
Proces kulturnega transferja skozi predelavo: Galuppijev Il marchese villano, beneška opera buffa na dunajskem cesarskem dvoru
Authors: Schraffl Ingrid
Published: March 2020

Razprava iz perspektive kulturnega transferja primerja prvo dunajsko verzijo opere Il marchese villano (1767) Pietra Chiarija in Baldassarra Galuppija (Benetke 1762). Razlike med komercialnim gledališkim sistemom ob premieri v Beneški republiki in kontekstom dunajske izvedbe (dvorne slovesnosti ob zaroki avstrijske nadvojvodinje Marije Jožefe) se jasno zrcalijo v dunajski adaptaciji opere, ki v smislu povzdignjenega razvedrila opušča bufonistični slog prvotne glasbe.
Photometric Detection of Heavy Metals Using Biosynthesized Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Usman Adamu Ibrahim , Aziz Azlan Abdul
Published: March 2020

Development of bio-reduction techniques for nanoparticles (NPs) synthesis in medical application remains a challenge to numerous researchers. This work reports a novel technique for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNP) using palm oil fronds extracts (POFE) in the present of ultrasound radiation. The POFE is a waste material available in abundance in Asia and some African countries. The functional groups in the POFE operate as a persuasive capping and possibly reduced Au3+ to Au0. The prepared AuNPs were characterized by UV-vis spectrophotometry, FTIR, DLS, FESEM, and XRD. The analysis of FTIR validates the coating of alkynes and phenolic composites on the AuNPs. This shows a feasible function of biomolecules for efficient stabilization of the AuNPs. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) clearly show the morphology of the prepared AuNPs. The XRD patterns display the peaks of fcc crystal structures at (111), (200), (220), (311) and (222). A physical and photometric detection effect of ten heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Ni, Co, Cu, Hg, As, Cr, Fe, and Mn) were investigated using the biosynthesized AuNPs and only Cr metal was detected by the AuNPs when it concentration increased from 1 ppm to 50 ppm with a rapit decrease of intensity measured using UV-vis spectrocopy at room temperature. While, almost all metals ions are detected at elevated tempeture (45 – 50 °C).
Photocatalytic Fuel Cell Based on Zinc Oxide Loaded Carbon Plate Photoanode for Simultaneous Photocatalytic Degradation of Azo Dyes and Electricity Generation
Authors: Ong Yong Por , Ho Li Ngee , Ong Soon An , Banjuraizah Johar , Ibrahim Abdul Haqi
Published: March 2020

Photocatalytic fuel cell (PFC) is promising to own its synchronous degradation of organic pollutants with electricity generation under illumination of light. The oxidation and reduction process promote the conversion of chemical energy in the pollutants into electrical energy. In this study, PFC is driven by the electrode reactions between the zinc oxide loaded carbon plate (ZnO/C) photoanode and carbon plate cathode under irradiation of UVA light. The ZnO/C photoanode was successfully fabricated by using simple ultrasonication-annealed method and investigated by XRD, SEM and EDX. To investigate the capability of the PFC, reactive red 120 (RR120), congo red (CR) and acid orange 7 (AO7) are employed well compared among themselves. The results indicated that the molecular structure of azo dyes with different adsorption of light by dye itself, number of azo bonds and sulfonic groups can be the crucial factors of decolorization in the PFC. The photocatalytic fuel cell with AO7 as sacrificial agent was able to perform 82.43% of decolorization efficiency, a maximum short circuit current (JSC) of 0.0017 mA cm-2 and maximum power density (Pmax) of 0.0886 µW cm-2.
Electrochemical Performance of Mn and Fe Substitution in LiCo0.9X0.1O2 Cathode Materials
Authors: Mohd Abdillih Nor Syamilah Syamimi , Kamarulzaman Norlida , Elong Kelimah , Badar Nurhanna , Mastuli Mohd Sufri
Published: March 2020

LiCo0.9X0.1O2 (where X=Mn and Fe) were synthesized using self-propagating combustion (SPC) method using citric acid as a combustion agent. The precursors of LiCo0.9X0.1O2 were annealed at a temperature of 800 °C at 24 h. The phase and crystalinity of the materials were characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). All the materials were observed to be single and pure phase with no impurity peaks detected. The morphology and particle sizes of the materials were also analyzed using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microcopy (FESEM). Finally, the electrochemical performance of the materials was studied using charge-discharge cycling in the voltage range of 2.5 to 4.3 V. Based on the results from charge-discharge studies, Mn substituted cathode materials exhibit better specific discharge capacity compared with Fe substituted cathode materials.
UV_Blue Light Conversion Using Dyes Polymeric Materials
Authors: Ismael Alaa Falih
Published: March 2020

White light-emitting diode (LED) is used in a new generation of solid-state lighting due to its advantages in energy saving and environmental friendliness. Based on this assumption, Emphasis was put on trying to establish a laboratory technique to convert UV-blue light into white light by using polymeric materials. In this work, an laboratory technique to convert UV-blue light into white light by using polymeric materials, consisting of red (R), green (G) and blue (B) for a white light generation. The project employed the use Colouring polymorph plastic as an active materials mixed with Silicone Sealant in different ratio and pumping by UV-Blue light. Colour rendering index (CRI) and correlated colour temperature (CCT) as main measurement parameters to evaluate the performance of the white light. The best white light appearance an indicated by photo and colour meter were achieved by mixing red (R), 0.05gm and green (G), 0.1gm the optimum results were CCT =3606k, CRI =70.3, x=0.3661, y=0.2925, and by mixing red (R), 0.005gm and green (G), 0.005gm the results were CCT=4891 k, CRI =63.8 and x=0.3359, y=0.2405.
System Integration in Aircraft Environment - Hydraulic Performances through Coupled Simulations
Authors: Hutchison Matthieu , Marles David , Singh Ashutosh , Witt lng Henning , Boulon Pierre
Published: March 2020

An Airbus methodology for the assessment of accurate hydraulic performance at early program stages in the complete aircraft and power consuming systems environment based on joint collaboration with Chiastek is presented. The aim is to comfort the prediction of an aircraft hydraulic performance in order to limit the need for a physical integration test bench and extensive flight test campaign but also to avoid late system redesign based on robust early stage model based engineering and to secure the aircraft entry-into-service.
A MATLAB Simulink Based Co-Simulation Approach for a Vehicle Systems Model Integration Architecture
Authors: Raczkowski Brian C. , Jones Nicholas , Deppen Tim , Lucas Charles , Yeu Rodney , Walters Eric , Donovan Adam , Patnaik Soumya , Bodie Mark
Published: March 2020

In this paper, a MATLAB-Simulink based general co-simulation approach is presented which supports multi-resolution simulation of distributed models in an integrated architecture. This approach was applied to simulating aircraft thermal performance in our Vehicle Systems Model Integration (VSMI) framework. A representative advanced aircraft thermal management system consisting of an engine, engine fuel thermal management system, aircraft fuel thermal management system and a power and thermal management system was used to evaluate the advantages and tradeoffs in using a co-simulation approach to system integration modeling. For a system constituting of multiple interacting sub-systems, an integrated model architecture can rapidly, and cost effectively address technology insertions and system evaluations. Utilizing standalone sub-system models with table-based boundary conditions often fails to effectively capture dynamic subsystem interactions that occurs in an integrated system. Additionally, any control adjustments, model changes or technology insertions that are applied to any one of the connecting subsystems requires iterative updates to the boundary conditions. When evaluating a large set of trade studies, the number of boundary condition models and time to generate these models becomes intractable and affects capturing the results accurately. A single interconnected model of all the subsystems may be impractical and using additional external packages may be prohibitive in terms of cost or compatibility. This general approach requires no additional MATLAB toolboxes. Two different data interchange mechanisms are presented. A dynamic vehicle system integrated model was developed to enable customizability and flexibility. The developed co-simulation approach was combined with this flexible architecture to enable system evaluation. Example applications using the vehicle system model integrated architecture with the co-simulation approach are discussed.
Effects of Helical Carbon Nanotubes on Mechanical Performance of Laminated Composites and Bonded Joints
Authors: Sritharan Ramanan , Askari Davood
Published: March 2020

Most composite assemblies and structures generally fail due to weak interlaminar properties and poor performance of their bonded joints that are assembled together with an adhesive layer. Adhesive failure and cohesive failure are among the most commonly observed failure modes in composite bonded joint assemblies. These failure modes occur due to the lack of reinforcement within the adhesive layer in transverse direction. In addition, the laminated composites fail due to the same reason that is the lack of reinforcement through the thickness direction between the laminae. The overall performance of any composite structures and assemblies largely depends on the interlaminar properties and the performance of its bonded joints. Various techniques and processes were developed in recent years to improve mechanical performance of the composite structures and assemblies, one of which includes the use of nanoscale reinforcements in between the laminae and within the adhesive layer. However, most prior research has been focused on use of straight carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and other nanomaterials in particle forms. The goal of this research was to improve the properties of the adhesive film and the interfacial bonding effectiveness between the laminae. Because CNTs are inert in nature, their interaction with the resin and adhesive polymer molecules is very weak. In this research we have used CNTs with various geometrical configuration (straight and helical geometries) and various weight percentages as additional reinforcements. The objective was to investigate the effectiveness of helical geometries of the CNTs to form interlocking mechanisms with the resin and the traditional microfiber reinforcements to improve the overall performance of the composite structures and assemblies. Single lap joint test specimens and flexural test specimens were prepared based on the ASTM standard D5868-01 and ASTM standard D790 and then tested and analyzed. The experimental results showed that the samples with CNT reinforcements performed considerably better than neat epoxy samples. Among the two different CNT geometries, helical CNTs performed better than the straight CNTs.
Validation Testing of Lithium Battery Performance-Based Packaging for Use in Air Transportation (SAE G-27)
Authors: Whittal Ian , Shoib Kiran , Fatih Khalid , Hernandez Manuel
Published: March 2020

The SAE G-27 committee was tasked by ICAO to develop a performance-based packaging standard for lithium batteries transported as cargo on aircraft. The standard details test criteria to qualify packages of lithium batteries & cells for transportation as cargo on-board passenger aircraft. Lithium batteries and cells have been prohibited from shipment as cargo on passenger aircraft since 2016.

This paper summarizes the results of the tests conducted by Transport Canada and National Research Council Canada to support the development of this standard with evidence-based recommendations. It includes a description of the test specimens, the test set up, instrumentation used, and test procedures following the standard as drafted to date.

The study considered several lithium-ion battery and cell chemistries that were tested under various proposed testing scenarios in the draft standard. The aim was to assess the feasibility of proposed tests, and to determine whether the tests are able to accurately capture hazards which may arise from a catastrophic battery or a cell failure within the package. Laboratory results were also simulated with Computational Fluid Dynamics software for confirmation.

A comprehensive study involved validating several areas of the draft standard: i) the baseline test method consisting of a package of lithium cells; ii) an oversized battery (i.e. electric vehicle battery) to large to be tested within the proposed test chamber; iii) stratification of evolved gases within the test chamber; iv) control thermocouple placement location on the test cell for compliant measurement; and, v) test chamber leak rate effect on vented gas ignition.

The main findings of the experiments are presented in this paper for each test scenario as prescribed in the draft standard; results for proposed recommendations to improve the standard to identify a hazard with higher accuracy are presented. A discussion on each of the recommendations is included.
A Systematic Approach to Development Assurance and Safety of Unmanned Aerial Systems
Authors: Laflin Cory R.
Published: March 2020

The unrestrained design space for unmanned aerial systems (UAS) presents challenges to accurate safety assessment and the assurance of development to appropriate levels of rigor within those systems. The established safety and development assurance standards and practices were developed for vehicles operating in highly controlled conditions with continuous oversight. The very nature of unmanned systems introduce new failure conditions, even in those systems operating within the strict rules of the National Airspace System (NAS), particularly failures of control and command, situational awareness, and control security. Beyond those, the new concepts of operation being conceived by UAS developers introduce their own new set of considerations with regards to operating in uncontrolled airspace, often in close proximity to bystanders. These new concepts require new technologies beyond those currently supported by the hardware and software development assurance processes. However, the established standards and practices of aircraft development assurance and safety assessment can be adapted for the broader world of UAS applications, provided that the considerations driven by the new concepts of operation can be identified and properly analyzed. The two major challenges to this are the identification and determination of criticality of failure conditions in the new operational environment, and the analysis of the new architectures, technologies, and the “new and novel” mitigations that will be possible from them. If these challenges can be addressed, it will be possible to apply established principles of development assurance and system safety to these new products, and thus give confidence both to the developers and the regulators tasked with certificating them.
Optimal Sizing and Control of Battery Energy Storage Systems for Hybrid Turboelectric Aircraft
Authors: Sergent Aaronn , Ramunno Michael , D'Arpino Matilde , Canova Marcello , Perullo Christopher
Published: March 2020

Hybrid-electric gas turbine generators are considered a promising technology for more efficient and sustainable air transportation. The Ohio State University is leading the NASA University Leadership Initiative (ULI) Electric Propulsion: Challenges and Opportunities, focused on the design and demonstration of advanced components and systems to enable high-efficiency hybrid turboelectric powertrains in regional aircraft to be deployed in 2030. Within this large effort, the team is optimizing the design of the battery energy storage system (ESS) and, concurrently, developing a supervisory energy management strategy for the hybrid system to reduce fuel burn while mitigating the impact on the ESS life. In this paper, an energy-based model was developed to predict the performance of a battery-hybrid turboelectric distributed-propulsion (BHTeDP) regional jet. A study was conducted to elucidate the effects of ESS sizing and cell selection on the optimal power split between the turbogenerators (TGs) and ESS. To this extent, the supervisory energy management strategy is formulated into a discrete time optimal control problem and solved via dynamic programming. The performance of BHTeDP was compared to a turboelectric distributed-propulsion (TeDP) next-gen aircraft that assumes improvements in weight, drag, and engine efficiency consistent with regional jet entering operation in 2035.
The ability and utility of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging with different ‘b’ values in the differentiation of benign from malignant lung lesions
Authors: Elbir Şenol Fatih , Öztürk Mehmet , Doğan Serap
Published: March 2020

Introduction

To evaluate the ability and the utility of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with different ‘b’ values to visualise benign and malignant lung lesions, and to determine which ‘b’ value (b = 300, 500, or 1000 s/mm²) was most useful in differentiating benign from malignant lung lesions.

Material and methods

A total of 100 patients (28 women, 72 men; mean age = 57.19 ± 13.44 years; age range = 20-83 years). Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) was obtained with ‘b’ values of 300, 500, and 1000 s/mm². The signal intensity of lesions on DWI images was analysed, and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of the lesions were calculated. MRI was performed in all patients after having presented at our department for thoracic computed tomography for various reasons.

Results

A statistically significant difference in DWI signal scores was detected between benign and malignant lesions for all ‘b’ factors (p < 0.0001 for each). The sensitivity and specificity were 95% and 64%, respectively, when a score of 3 for β = 300 s/mm²; 90% and 69%, respectively, when a score of 3 for β = 500 s/mm²; and 84% and 74%, respectively, when a score of 3 for β = 1000 s/mm². ADC values showed significant differences between benign and malignant lesions for all ‘b’ factors (p < 0.0001 for each).

Conclusions

Using ‘b’ values of 300, 500, and 1000 s/mm², DWI signal intensity scores and ADC values are effective methods for the differential diagnosis of malignant and benign pulmonary lesions.
Feature-tracking-based strain analysis – a comparison of tracking algorithms
Authors: Thomas Daniel , Luetkens Julian , Faron Anton , Dabir Darius , Sprinkart Alois M. , Kuetting Daniel
Published: March 2020

Introduction

Optical flow feature-tracking (FT) strain assessment is increasingly being employed scientifically and clinically. Several software packages, employing different algorithms, enable computation of FT-derived strains. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of the underlying algorithm on the validity and robustness of FT-derived strain results.

Material and methods

CSPAMM and SSFP cine sequences were acquired in 30 subjects (15 patients with aortic stenosis and associated secondary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and 15 controls) in identical midventricular short-axis locations. Global peak systolic circumferential strain (PSCS) was calculated using tagging and feature-tracking software with different algorithms (non-rigid, elastic image registration, and blood myocardial border tracing). Intermodality agreement and intra- as well inter-observer variability were assessed.

Results

Intermodality/inter-algorithm comparison for global PSCS using Friedman’s test revealed statistically significant differences (tagging vs. blood myocardial border tracing algorithm). Intermodality assessment revealed the highest correlation between tagging and non-rigid, elastic image registration (r = 0.84), while correlation between tagging and blood myocardial border tracing (r = 0.36) and between the two feature-tracking software packages
(r = 0.5) were considerably lower.

Conclusions

The type of algorithm employed during feature-tracking strain assessment has a significant impact on the results. The non-rigid, elastic image registration algorithm produces more precise and reproducible results than the blood myocardium tracing algorithm.
Drone-based remote sensing shows no effect of stand density on canopy temperature in semi-arid pine forest during drought
Authors: Rotenberg Eyal , Müller Jonathan D. , Segev Lior , Yakir Dan
Published: March 2020

High radiation, low albedo, and limited evaporative cooling greatly affect canopy temperature in many semi-arid ecosystems. This makes the dissipation of excess energy essential to tree survival. Remote sensing has the potential to optimise management and better understanding of tree survival mechanisms in this zone. Stand density is thought to affect canopy and soil temperature through shading, change in overall albedo, evapotranspiration, and its effect on convective cooling through wind penetration into the canopy layer. Our objective was to assess the effect of stand density on the canopy and the mean plot temperature as a basis to optimize energy management of a severely water-limited forest.

We used a drone equipped with RGB, thermal (FLIR) and multispectral cameras (Parrot Sequoia, bands: 550nm, 660nm, 735nm & 790nm) alongside independent Lidar measurements in a set of five replicate plots of three different stand density treatments (100, 200 & 300 trees/ha) alongside ground-based measurements. Drone flights were performed during midday throughout the peak of the summer drought (lasting ~8 months) in our semi-arid Aleppo Pine forest research site in southern Israel (sun near NADIR & midday solar radiation >800 W·m-2, air temperature >30°C). Finally, a set of techniques were developed to automatically identify and extract data of individual tree canopies from the aerial images.

Initial results highlight the importance of partitioning the forest into exposed and shaded soil and tree canopy: The canopy-to-air and exposed soil-to-air temperature differences reached up to 5°C and 35°C, respectively, while shaded soils were in the same temperature range as canopies. Ground-based measurements of DBH and photosynthetic activity increased with decreasing stand density. This is in spite of up to 30% more longwave radiation reaching the canopies through exposure to the hot soil and lack of shading from neighbouring trees in the lower density plots. Unexpectedly, there was a lack of significant canopy temperature differences among density plots, indicating that trees in all treatments dissipated the excess energy equally efficiently. Therefore, mean plot-scale forest surface (skin) temperatures (including both soil and canopy) were affected by the fraction of canopy cover rather than canopy temperature differences among different stand density plots. The results highlight the limitation of interpreting low-resolution satellite data in open canopy forests. Our results will allow us to assess the stand density effects on the balance between carbon sequestration (biogeochemical effects) and surface energy balance (biogeophysical effects).
Sedimentary loading-unloading cycles and faulting in intermontane basins: insights from numerical modeling and field observations from the broken foreland basin of NW Argentine Andes
Authors: Ballato Paolo , Brune Sascha , Strecker Manfred
Published: March 2020

The removal, redistribution, and transient storage of sediments in tectonically active mountain belts is thought to exert a first-order control on shallow crustal stresses, fault activity, and hence on the spatiotemporal pattern of regional deformation processes. Accordingly, sediment loading and unloading cycles in intermontane sedimentary basins may inhibit or promote intrabasinal faulting, respectively, but unambiguous evidence for this potential link has been elusive so far.

Here we combine 2D numerical experiments that simulate contractional deformation in a broken-foreland setting (i.e., a foreland where shortening is diachronously absorbed by spatially disparate, reverse faults uplifting basement blocks) with field data from intermontane basins in the NW Argentine Andes. Our modelling results suggest that thicker sedimentary fills (> 0.7-1.0 km) may suppress basinal faulting processes, while thinner fills (< 0.7 km) tend to delay faulting. Conversely, the removal of sedimentary loads via fluvial incision and basin excavation promotes renewed intrabasinal faulting.

These results help to better understand the tectono-sedimentary history of intermontane basins that straddle the eastern border of the Andean Plateau in northwestern Argentina. For example, the Santa María and the Humahuaca basins record intrabasinal deformation during or after sediment unloading, while the Quebrada del Toro Basin reflects the suppression of intrabasinal faulting due to loading by coarse conglomerates. We conclude that sedimentary loading and unloading cycles may exert a fundamental control on spatiotemporal deformation patterns in intermontane basins of tectonically active broken forelands.
Analysis of ionospheric disturbances caused by the severe weather event in Poland on 11th August 2017
Authors: Nykiel Grzegorz , Zanimonskiy Yevgen , Figurski Mariusz , Baldysz Zofia , Koloskov Aleksander , Sopin Andrey
Published: March 2020

The coupling of the ionosphere with the tropospheric processes is a complex problem and the necessity of its resolve is highlighted in numerous publications. They mainly focus on lightning, hurricanes, tornadoes, as well as tsunamis, which induce disturbances in the ionosphere. Current works suggest that they are generated by the two major mechanisms: electrical effects during lightning, and atmospheric gravity waves propagated vertically and horizontally. However, these mechanisms are still not precisely examined.

The aim of this study is investigation of the coupling of severe weather event with ionosphere. This phenomenon, which can be classified as derecho occurred on 11th August 2017 in Poland. It was a 300 km length bow echo heavy storm, characterized by wind gusts of about 150 km/h, lightning, strong rain and hail drops. All these factors may have caused disturbances not only in the troposphere but also affect the ionosphere. In order to investigate a coupling mechanism and determination of morphological characteristics of the ionospheric disturbances, we used a dense network of GNSS receivers. Using GPS and GLONASS observations, we estimated total electron content (TEC) variations with 30-second interval. This has allowed to obtain high spatial and temporal resolution maps of ionospheric disturbances which have been compared with other data derived from in situ meteorological measurements, weather radars, and the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) numerical weather model. We investigated that during the main phase of the storm the wavy-like ionospheric disturbances occurred for some of the observed satellite with magnitude of about 0.2 TECU. In this work, we present detailed analysis of this event and discussion about troposphere-ionosphere coupling.
The Potential Impact of Solar Photovoltaic Installation on Local Circulation and Convection in Taipei
Authors: Chang Po-Shen , Chen Jen-Ping , Hsieh Cheng-I
Published: March 2020

This study investigates the potential impact of rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) installation on local convection in urban area. Rooftop solar PV system is a space-efficient option to deploy renewable energies in the crowded urban area. However, as the installation scale increases, unintentional impact on local climate may emerge. In particular, PV array deployment can change the surface radiative balance and thus enhance or reduce the urban heat island effect. The urban heat island effect has been hypothesized to influence afternoon thunderstorm activity in the tropical island, Taiwan. Therefore, temperature change due to PV installation may also alter the local circulation and convection. This research takes the Taipei City, which is a metropolitan area in northern Taiwan, for a case study. Citywide rooftop solar PV installation experiments are conducted by using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model coupled with urban canopy model. Different PV conversion efficiency scenarios, including currently and future technology levels, are simulated to evaluate the potential impact on local circulation and convection.
Investigating Pedestrian-level Wind Fields and Thermal Environments Under Different Urban Morphology
Authors: Chen Wei-Jhe , Juang Jehn-Yih
Published: March 2020

As urban heat island effect intensifies, weather data produced by a mainly official weather station are not adaptable to represent and reflect the microclimate situation in a city. This study selected 17 weather stations in Tainan, Taiwan, to estimate the wind velocity at pedestrian-level and utilized 102 automatic stations from high-density street-level air temperature observation network (HiSAN) to measure air temperature at a height of 2 meters. Based on those observed weather data and urban environmental information provided by the government. This study established a method of generating high-resolution pedestrian-level weather information for urban areas. The method has taken urban morphological parameters, such as surface roughness, into consideration to be the factor of evaluating wind velocity. By interpolation and extrapolation, each grid obtained microclimate weather data on the pedestrian-level scale. In addition, both pieces of information were integrated into consideration of the thermal comfort index and presented by a useful tool, WebGIS. The application could provide a simple way to visualize an instantly environmental situation for urban planning and decision making.
Lidar measurement of cirrus at Palau Island (7°N 134°E)
Authors: Cairo Francesco , Snels Marcel , Scoccione Andrea , De Muro Mauro , Di Liberto Luca , Ghisu Stefano , Kottayl Ajil , Legras Bernard , Bucci Silvia
Published: March 2020

Lidar measurement of cirrus at Palau Island (7°N 134°E)

Francesco Cairo [1], Marcel Snels [1], Andrea Scoccione [1,2], Mauro De Muro [1,3], Luca Di Liberto [1], Stefano Ghisu [4], Ajil Kottayl [5], Bernard Legras [6], Silvia Bucci [6].

[1] Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Rome, Italy

[2] Now at: Centro Operativo per la Meteorologia, Aeronautica Militare, Pomezia, Italy

[3] Now at: AIT Thales Alenia Space, Roma, Italy

[4] Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Dipartimento di Fisica, Roma, Italy

[5] Cochin University of Science and Technology, CUSAT, Cochin, India

[6] Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, LMD-CNRS, Paris, France

A polarization diversity elastic backscatter lidar has been deployed in the equatorial island of Palau in Feb- Mar 2016. The system operated unattended in the Atmospheric Observatory of Palau Island, from 15 February to 25 March 2016, working automatically 8 hrs per night, delivering 3650 atmospheric profiles (5 min average). Each profile extends from 1 to 30 km height. Here the dataset is presented and discussed in terms of the temperature structure of the UTLS, as derived from co-located PTU soundings. During the timeframe of the campaign it was found that the main convective outflows peaks roughly 3 km below the Cold Point Tropopause, its occurrence associated with cold anomalies in the upper troposphere (UT). When warm UT anomalies occur, presence of particles is restricted to a 5 km wide layer centered 5 km below the CPT. Particles have been detected also slightly above the CPT. These particles are depolarizing, with depolarization values generally lower than those encountered in the TTL. Results show a correlation between presence of optically detectable particles and cold anomalies above the Cold Point. A backtrajectory analysis coupled with satellite observation of convective activity was performed, in order to link the presence of cirrus with their convective origin and inferred lifetime, or possibly with in-situ formation processes. 
Multi-Scale Depositional Successions in Tectonic Settings
Authors: Matenco Liviu , Haq Bilal
Published: March 2020

Observations in sedimentary basins affected by deformation show that the fault-induced depositional accommodation, at various spatial and temporal scales, is closely linked to basin kinematics. The tectonically-driven sediment infill displays the history of deepening and shoaling facies that are controlled by the activation of faults and changes in their offset rates. Simply stated, this results in shifting sedimentary facies towards the source area or towards the basin centre in response to increasing or decreasing depositional space. We propose a first-principle conceptual model for tectonic successions, controlled by the balance between the rates of creation of depositional space and sediment supply. These sediment bodies are bounded by succession boundaries and comprise sourceward or basinward shifting facies tracts that are separated at a point of reversal. Due to the relatively steep slopes associated with the evolution of faults, changes in sediment supply rates and mass-wasting are common in these systems and may complicate the normal rhythm of the shifting facies tracts. Once tectonic quiescence is achieved, and if the basin is connected to the open ocean, eurybatic or eustatic base level changes may take over and play a greater role in sedimentary rhythm and cyclicity. We illustrate the efficacy of the new concept with a review of examples from extensional, contractional and strike-slip basins. We show that the basic tectonic succession model is applicable at all temporal and spatial scales and whether the tectonics cause subsidence or uplift, and in all types of tectonic settings that determine the evolution of sedimentary basins.