bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trade Liberalization in Thailand: Income Distributional Impact and Financing Problem*
Authors: Sarntisart Isra
Published: October 2007

The relationship between industrial protection and income distribution has been of considerable interest among economists. Although the literature generally focuses on the returns to primary factors of production as measures of income distribution, this paper attempts to clarify the relationship in terms of poverty and income inequality. Simulation results of a general equilibrium model based on Thai data show that a move toward free trade would lead to a more equal distribution of income. However, it would also lead to a government budget deficit. The way the government chooses to finance the deficit could have important consequences for income distribution and economic growth.
Comparing Economic Interdependence and the Structure of Industry in the ASEAN‐4: an International Input‐Output Approach
Authors: Fujita Natsuki , James William E.
Published: October 2007

Structural adjustment policies have been adopted in the ASEAN‐4 countries. The policy changes were intended to shift manufacturing from import substitution to export promotion. We assess how successful this was using the Asian International Input‐Output Tables for 1975 and 1985. The success of structural adjustment is verified, as the number of export‐led industrial sectors increased in each of the ASEAN‐4 countries. The 1‐0 tables are used to evaluate the similarity of industrial technologies and input structures of the ASEAN‐4, Japan, and other Pacific Rim economies. While there are some similarities in industrial technologies with Japan, input structures are dissimilar. Interdependence increased between the ASEAN‐4, Japan and the United States. Increases in US final demand had a larger impact on ASEAN‐4 textile exports, however, than did increases in Japanese final demand.
Exogenous Shocks and Nonstationary Time Series: The Case of the Philippines
Authors: Capuno J. J.
Published: October 2007

This paper demonstrates that the effects of the exogenous shocks experienced by the Philippine economy have been permanent rather than transitory. The finding emerges from the application of the Augmented Dickey‐Fuller (ADF) model and the segmented trend model which confirm the presence of unit roots in several Philippine macroeconomic time series variables. Moreover, the use of the segmented trend model focuses some insights regarding the influence of the government’s stabilization policies on the macroeconomic variables under investigation.
A Test of the Rational Expectations‐Permanent Income Hypothesis for Singapore Revisited
Authors: Wilson Peter
Published: October 2007

This paper repeats Thornton’s (1993) test of the rational expectations‐permanent income hypothesis (REPIH) for Singapore using an alternative data set based upon real disposable income and real consumer expenditure. In contrast to Thornton, but in line with most other studies, we find anticipated income to be significant and interpret this as evidence against the REPIH.
Report on the EEC Workshop on Graphics Certification Defining a Device Interface for Certification Miltenberg/Darmstadt, FRG25–28 April 1982
Authors: Brodlie K.W. , Pfaff G.E.
Published: October 2007

The outcome of the Miltenberg meeting shows that a practical method of certification by testing (falsification) can be developed, given a reasonable amount of time and effort. It is based on semiautomatic comparison at the “device” interface of a candidate implementation against a so‐called reference implementation. A prerequisite for this method is the availability of a number of isolated simple basic facilities of the candidate implementation which have been verified by pictorial testing and by testing through operator actions.

To permit semi‐automatic comparison, a format for describing graphical output and input items and their associated properties must be defined. The workshop produced an outline design for such a format, which can be applied at any interface within GKS at which testing might be desirable.
Hidden Lines using the EXCELL Method
Authors: Tamminen M.
Published: October 2007

The Extendible cell (EXCELL) method provides a data structure for efficient coordinate based access. It stores geometric data into computer storage blocks corresponding to disjoint variable sized rectangular cells accessible by an address calculation type directory. Two efficient hidden line algorithms utilizing an EXCELL structure are presented, both of which perform satisfactorily even if central memory is small compared to the total amount of data. The computation time is approximately proportional to the amount of input. An important aspect of the method is that the programs are contained within a “standard” general purpose graphics system.
An Approach for CAD‐System Simulation
Authors: EncarnaçaTo J.
Published: October 2007

The paper describes an approach for the technical evaluation and economic justification of CAD systems based on a CAD system simulation. The underlying model, the tools needed and the simulation concept used are discussed in detail. An extensive bibliography complements the concepts presented in the paper.
Interactive Computer Graphics Applied to Chemistry: Experiences and New Developments
Authors: Combremont J‐J , Roch M. , Weber J.
Published: October 2007

This paper is essentially a progress report on three years of effort in computer graphics applied to chemistry. The major technical and human problems encountered when running our facility and integrating it into a chemistry department are described. Then progress of our research project, which is developing application programs in several areas of computer graphics applied to chemical education and research, is reviewed. Recent developments in the field of the representation of dynamic processes in molecules and illustrating some basic concepts of reaction mechanisms in organic chemistry are presented, and the important role of graphics in depicting adequately 3D reaction paths is stressed. Finally, some technical problems arising when using the calligraphic system as an audio‐visual tool for teaching chemistry are discussed and some possible solutions are presented.
The GKS Input Facilities and How To Use Them
Authors: Rosenthal D S H
Published: October 2007

The input facilities of GKS, the draft international standard for 2‐D graphics software, are presented from an application programmer's viewpoint. The basic concepts are reviewed, concentrating on the differences between GKS and earlier systems.

These input facilities can be used in three distinct styles. One provides high portability by sacrificing control over details of the user interface. Another can exploit hardware capabilities by sacrificing portability. A third can provide portability and control over the user interface, at the cost of extra application code. All three styles are described, and illustrated with skeleton applications.
A VLSI Implementation of the Graphics Standard GKS
Authors: Encamaçao J L , Lindner R. , Mehl M. , Pfaff G. , Strasser W.
Published: October 2007

The main advantage when using a standardized graphics system is quite obvious: the application programs become portable. Integrating such a system ‐ and GKS (Graphical Kernel System) is the only one being standardized internationally ‐ into VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) chips, this graphics system may become an integral part of graphical devices. This guarantees a uniform interface of such devices to GKS applications. Devices of many different kinds will become compatible not only with respect to plugging but even in their logical behaviour, eliminating all device dependencies from the host software.

We have started to design the GKS‐chip which will be able to be used in a great variety of devices (vector and raster type). The GKS‐chip will bring the computational power to support real time picture updates, limited only by the maximally attainable output data rate.
The New Visual Age: The Influence of Computer Graphics on Art and Society
Authors: Franke H. W.
Published: October 2007

Only a few years ago it would have seemed ridiculous to discuss the influence of computer graphics on art and society. Although computer generated graphics had already been applied in important areas of science and technology, its influence was not yet felt in the arts or in society at large. Those few who used the computer as an artistic instrument were regarded as outsiders: with their freelance experiments they deviated from the solid ground of strictly defined tasks, but on the other hand found no approval in artistic circles. One of the causes for this lack of approval may have been that they did not submit to the frequently changing fashions which are prevalent in today's visual arts. Rather, they were, at least in the beginning when searching for motifs, guided by mathematical and geometrical aspects. The fact that they succeeded in opening up a largely unknown realm of graphically attractive forms went unheeded by the critics.
Raster Display of a Rotating Object Using Parallel Processing
Authors: Strothotte T. , Funt B.
Published: October 2007

Parallel processing algorithms have been developed which approach real‐time in displaying raster graphics images of a single rotating three‐dimensional object. The hardware required consists of a large number of individual processors with inter‐processor communication restricted to immediate neighbours. The overall structure is as if the processors were spread uniformly over the surface of a sphere. The objects for display are modelled as if they were inside this sphere of processors.

Each processor stores the following information:

the intersection points of the object's surface with a radial line extended from the sphere's centre along with the surface normals at those intersection points, and

pixels representing a small section of the screen.

The algorithm involves an organised message‐passing scheme to accomplish rotations of the object description and the subsequent display of the image. A simulation of a system involving several hundred processors indicates that its performance improves as a near‐linear function of the number of processors.
Colour Graphics and te Fifth Generation Workstation
Authors: Willis P J
Published: October 2007

If we accept the above idiosyncratic views, what kind of architecture will the fifth generation machine offer to graphics users? We would hope to see high quality colour raster graphics, tightly coupled to a sophisticated processor but in its own address space. It should allow for pictures much larger than the screen and also at higher resolution. The local disk must be organized to handle the large amounts of data which picture manipulation on this scale calls for. Disk and main memory must have support for manipulation of two dimensional arrays of pixel data and the filing system and its utilities must reflect this. Response is more important than ever.

The software to be built on to this hardware is still a matter for conjecture and depends on whether a particular combination of hardware and language family can be packaged to give clear performance advantages. However a real‐time style operating system is essential.

Timescales for suitable architectures seem quite short, around two or three years, with software developing beyond that. Certainly such a machine will contain far more graphical software in the operating system than any before and ought to satisfy a wide range of raster graphics applications.
The Specification and Implementation of GKS Application Software in ADA (R)
Authors: Mac an Airchinnigh M
Published: October 2007

One of the most important uses of (interactive) computer graphics is as one of the tools available to a User Interface Management System (UIMS) for a variety of user‐computer environments (UCE). Typical UCEs in vogue are Programming Support Environments (PSE), Expert System Builders (ESB), Office Automation systems (OAS). This paper concentrates on the conceptual relationship that exists between the users on the one hand and computer systems on the other. Such relationships are to be seen in the context of specific application domains. The two standards, GKS and Ada, are chosen to be the background against which the argument for a Software Methodology based on the Abstract Data Type approach, is presented. This has significant implications for a GKS binding to Ada and the development of GKS application software written in Ada. A collection of colour models is considered in detail.

Ada(R) is a registered trademark of the U.S. Government, Ada Joint Program Office.
An Algorithm for Determining the Intersection of Two Simple Polyhedra
Authors: Szilvási‐Nagy M.
Published: October 2007

An algorithm is presented for the construction of the intersection of two simple possibly non‐convex polyhedra. The methods of descriptive geometry are applied, so that this three‐dimensional problem can be solved in two dimensions.

We have to find all intersections of the edges of each polyhedron with the faces of the other, and these points of intersection can be found in Monge's model. Projecting both polyhedra on the xy and on the xz coordinate planes we obtain two superimposed maps in both projections. The algorithm to find the intersection of two maps is based upon the Shamos‐Hoey, the Bentley‐Ottmann and the Nievergelt‐Preparata algorithms. The asymptotic time requirement for determining the polygon of intersection of two polyhedra is O((N + S)log N), where N is the sum of the numbers of vertices of the two polyhedra and S is the total number of intersections of all projected edges in the xy‐plane (S = O(N2)).
The Winchester Graphics System: A Technical Overview
Authors: Heywood T R , Galton B N , Gillett J , Morffew A J , Quarendon P , Todd S J P , Wright W V
Published: October 2007

This paper gives a technical overview of the Winchester Graphics System. It concentrates on the software system, and in particular, the use of a relational database (PRTV). The main use of the system is in scientific research and it has been used a great deal in Chemistry, Biophysics and related sciences. However, the facilities are general and the same system is used for quite different applications. such as engineering and archaeology. This database has been found to provide researchers with a powerful flexible tool and has helped the UKSC to provide an environment where new ideas can be proposed and evaluated quickly and easily.
GKS in Pascal
Authors: Slater M.
Published: October 2007

The design of the Pascal interface to the Graphics Kernel System is discussed and illustrated. The principles underlying the binding are given and examples show how some of the major features of GKS will look in Pascal. The examples cover graphical output, setting primitive representation, graphical input and inquiries.
An Algorithm for Constructing a Quadtree from Polygonal Regions
Authors: Casciani T. , Falcidieno B. , Fasciolo G. , Pienovi C.
Published: October 2007

Quadtrees are a class of hierarchical data structures particularly suitable for the representation of images in a compact form. In this paper a new algorithm is described which builds up the quadtree corresponding to polygonal multiply connected regions starting from their boundary representation.
High Performance Colour Displays for Computer Graphics*
Authors: Denham Den
Published: October 2007

High‐performance computer graphics displays for CAD utilize the Shadow‐Mask CRT (SMCRT). Factors affecting colour‐display quality and ergonomics include beam‐to‐beam convergence, beamspot profile, resolution, brightness, mask pitch, and image linearity. This paper briefly covers the results of recent experiments on eye fatique and vision. In particular, the effects of beam‐to‐beam misconvergence and poor spot performance in colour displays. Extensive discussion is given on beam‐to‐beam misconvergence: What it is, how it is corrected in different SMCRT types, and state‐of‐the‐art techniques for controlling it. Emphasis is given to the digital‐processor based convergence system employing feedback (autoconvergence). Also included are considerations given to selection of CRT types for high‐performance graphics. CRTs are available with dot, slot, or line screens. There are also inline and delta configuration electron guns. Each combination of screen and gun offers tradeoffs in quality, performance, and cost.
Integration of Town Planning, Landscaping and 3D‐Architecture: Results and Future Enhancements since Camp ‘83*
Authors: Joosten Roy
Published: October 2007

Through major innovations in software development Graphicomp succeeded in 1983 in creating ILP program (Intelligent Library Program) as a part of the ICAADS package (Integrated Computer Aided Architectural Design System) which enables maintenance of unlimited intelligent library items, in contrast to huge limited library figure files using large amounts of active diskspace unproductively.

Further topics will be discussed:

• Library Graphics aspects

• Relations between library figures and architectural networks.

• ACE menus.

• Relations between various ACE applications.

• Image design and solid modelling in ACE.

• Relations towards 3D town planning and management.

• Features of 3D‐landscaping with image design.
Anti‐Aliasing of Computer‐Generated Images: A Picture Independent Approach
Authors: Chryssafis A.
Published: October 2007

A scheme is described which blurs the jagged edges of a binary picture, when it is shown on a raster display possessing a gray scale.

A jagged edge is hereby defined as a one pixel discontinuity, which would result from the rounding error of vector to raster conversion.
Graphics, Bifurcation, Order and Chaos
Authors: Pickover C.A.
Published: October 2007

Chaos theory involves the study of how complicated behaviour can arise in systems which are based on simple rules, and how minute changes in the input of a system can lead to large differences in the output. In this paper, bifurcation maps of the education Xt+1=αλXt [1+Xt] ‐β, where α= 1 or α=e‐Xi, are presented, and they reveal a visually striking and intricate class of patterns ranging from stable points, to a bifurcating hierarchy of stable cycles, to apparently random fluctuations. The computer‐based system presented is special in its primary focus on the fast characterization of simple “chacs equation” data using an interactive graphics system with a variety of controlling parameters.
Preserving the Area of Regions
Authors: Williams Richard
Published: October 2007

When regions are represented by their boundary, the number of points ((x, y) coordinate pairs) used to define the boundary can vary. Many more points are required to satisfactorily display a region at a detailed scale than at a broad scale. The area of a region is an important property in geographic and other applications, and it can easily be computed from the sequence of points. However, reducing or increasing the number of points in the sequence will usually alter the area. This paper considers how the region's area could be preserved by approximation algorithms, which reduce the number of points, and by enhancement algorithms, which increase the number of points.
A Scanline Method for Solid Model Display
Authors: Patel Manjula , Hubbold Roger J.
Published: October 2007

The modelling of solid objects is becoming increasingly important in the application of computer graphics to a wide variety of problems, such as CAD/CAM, simulation, and molecular modelling. A variety of methods for rendering solid objects exists, including 2‐Buffer, Scanline and Ray Tracing. This paper is concerned with a scanline method for the production of still images of complex objects. The implementation of a scanline algorithm is discussed, in conjunction with a consideration of its performance in relation to the z‐buffer method.

Many scanline methods cater only for a restricted class of primitives, such as polygons or spheres, whereas this implementation is a general purpose scanline algorithm capable of being extended to handle a variety of primitives. The primitives currently available are polygons, spheres, spheres swept along straight‐line trajectories, and cylinders. Polygonal models of cubes, cones and cylinders are also available.

The approach is capable of dealing with “positive” and “negative” volumes, allowing objects with holes to be modelled and displayed. It has further been extended to cater for the inclusion of transparent objects into a scene, and consequently allows the modelling of coloured “glass” objects.
ADA† and NIL: Two Concurrent Languages for GKS
Authors: Milanese V.
Published: October 2007

The Graphical Kernel System (GKS) has become an international standard in graphics programming and attempts are now being made to integrate it with multiprocessing, possibly in distributed systems. It is therefore necessary to consider new programming languages able to support distributed implementations of GKS. Among them, Ada and Nil are considered here, since they are particularly suitable for concurrent programming. They are compared and evaluated in those specific tools which may provide data safety, system reconfigurability, and availability to distributed programming. The structural philosophies of the two languages are emphasized and reconfigurable implementation schemata for GKS in both of them are then suggested.
Graphic Acquisition and Retrieval of Stereochemical Information
Authors: Dubois J.E. , Cayzergues P. , Georgoulis G.
Published: October 2007

Stereochemistry concepts deal with situations associated with chiral arrangement of atoms in a molecule. The existence of stereocompounds implies different physical properties associated with local and global structural space dissymetry. A left and right hand relationship is a typical local example of such concepts. In this paper, we show how it is possible to include stereochemistry in a comprehensive system allowing for acquisition, storage and retrieval of chemical information. Special emphasis has been placed on the description of the graphic interface on the level of both data acquisition and retrieval. Various graphic coding procedures associated with stereochemical handling are analysed. A specialized input device, optimized for handling of chemical and structural data in bulk, is presented.
Irregular Polygon Fill Using Contour Encoding
Authors: Gourret J.P. , Paille J.
Published: October 2007

A filling algorithm for irregular polygons is described. This algorithm is oriented towards raster graphics and uses image memories as job areas. The algorithm is based on the encoding of polygon boundaries by contour following so that all topologies are successfully processed. Thus, concave or convex polygons, holed or not, including possibly duplicate points can be filled. It is quite robust and easy to implement. It uses systematic encoding without special cases. Only two bits for encoding are needed and, thereby, it is suitable for hardware implementation.

This algorithm can be used in many fields such as image synthesis, 3D objects or mathematical surface displays with hidden parts.
Book Reviews
Authors: Owen J.
Published: October 2007

F.R.A.Hopgood, D.A.Duce, J.R.Gallop, D.'Csutcliffe Introduction to the Graphical Kernel System (GKS)

G.Enderle, K.Kansy, G.Pfaff Computer Graphics Programming.

Reviewer: Ken Brodlie Department of Computer Studies University of Leeds
A Survey of Computer Animation
Authors: Pueyo Xavier , Tost Daniela
Published: October 2007

A survey on computer animation is presented with three specific goals:

To clarify what people understand by computer animation.

To separate the different aspects of computer animation and underline its main problems.

To present the different solutions given to these problems.

Several classifications for computer animation systems are first made attending to different criteria. The report is subsequently divided into two basic sections according to the historical classification of computer animation systems: computer‐assisted animation, where traditional animation is just helped by the use of computers, and modelled animation where the use of computers is essential in different aspects of the animation process. Special emphasis is placed on motion specification and generation.

Finally, special attention is paid to human body animation because of the great interest of this specific field of computer animation and the peculiarity of its problems.

Aspects of hardware aspects and postprocessing has just been taken into account in the classification section but have not been studied.
Incremental Polygon Rendering on a SIMD Processor Array
Authors: Theoharis Theohaiis , Page Ian
Published: October 2007

We demonstrate how both area coherence and parallelism can be exploited in order to speed up rendering operations on a SIMD square array of processors. Our algorithms take advantage of the method of differences, in order to incrementally compute the values of a linear polynomial function at discrete intervals and thus implement area rendering operations efficiently. We discuss how filling of convex polygons, hidden surface elimination and smooth shading can be implemented on an N × N processor array that supports planar arithmetic, that is, arithmetic operations performed on N × N matrices in parallel for all matrix elements. A major attraction of the method we present is that it is based on a SIMD processor array; such machines are now recognised as highly general purpose given the wide range of applications successfully implemented on them.
Guidelines for Determining When to Use GKS and When to Use PHIGS
Authors: Bettels Jürgen , Bono Peter R. , McGinnis Eileen , Rix Joachim
Published: October 2007

GKS, GKS‐3D, and PHIGS are all approved ISO standards for the application programmer interface. How does a system analyst or programmer decide which standard to use for his application? This paper discusses the range of application requirements likely to be encountered, explores the suitability of GKS and PHIGS for satisfying these requirements, and offers guidelines to aid in the decision process.
The Problematics of Human Prototyping and Animation
Authors: Magnenat‐Thalmann Nadia , Thalmann Daniel
Published: October 2007

Several ideas and experiments are presented for the creation and realistic animation of three‐dimensional scenes involving human beings conscious of their environment. The various approaches should allow the intelligent creation of human beings using prototypes and generate their animation based on mechanics, artificial intelligence and robotics. This paper discusses the problems involved in three major steps of the simulation of human beings: the creation of the human shapes, the motion of the human skeleton, and the deformation of the surfaces. Several examples are presented illustrating positional constraints, dynamics, behavioural animation and finite element theory.
The Line‐Picture Attribute
Authors: Gossling T.H.
Published: October 2007

The‘linetype’attribute in GKS and PHIGS is required to cover a wide variety of renderings of the polyline primitive. The results are strongly implementation‐dependent, widi virtually no user control. Splitting‘linetype’into a one‐dimensional‘line‐pattern’and a two‐dimensional‘line‐picture’gives much greater flexibility, without the need to go through a registration process for every new style. The line‐picture attribute, consisting of a single glyph repeated at intervals along a linear primitive, can answer many requirements in draughting for process industries, and should also be applicable elsewhere.
Towards an Object‐Oriented Interaction Model for Graphics User Interfaces
Authors: Hübner Wolfgang , de Lancastre Manuel
Published: October 2007

The increasing importance of the User Interface Management System THESEUS stimulated the development of a formalized graphics input model that is based on the THESEUS input concepts. This paper presents cooperative work by the Zentrum fur Gra‐phische Datenverarbeitung (ZGDV), West Germany and IST/INESC, Portugal which aims to formalize, generalize and enhance the THESEUS input model and transfer it to a clean object‐oriented approach. The main goal was to establish concepts for specifying and managing user interfaces tailored to the requirements of graphics dialogues; among these concepts are the diversity of input devices, many different kinds of interaction techniques, higher complexity in dialogue structures, dynamic control over dialogue specification, a strong coupling of input and output instead of ping‐pong sequencing, powerful output capabilities, support of continuous input operations and a close interlocking between user interface component and application.
2‐D Macroscopic Texture Synthesis
Authors: Bennis Chakib , Gagalowicz André
Published: October 2007

We present a new macroscopic texture synthesis method based upon a hierarchical macroscopic texture model. Our model allows the composition of various patterns which can be themselves distorted spatially. Such a method is able to simulate a vast class of realistic macro‐textures.
Parametric Surfaces in PHIGS PLUS: a New Chance for Patterning and Hatching?
Authors: Bakker Miente
Published: October 2007

The Polygon Fill style PATTERN and HATCH, which are quite successful in 2D graphics standards as GKS1 and CGI2 have proved to be less suitable for 3D graphics standards as GKS‐3D3 and PHIGS4. However, the emerging standard PHIGS PLUS5 offers a unique chance to successfully employ these Interior Styles (under another name and in a slightly different form), because PHIGS PLUS supports a.o. topologically rectangular parametric surfaces In this article it is shown how these Interior Styles could be efficiently applied to curved surfaces in PHIGS PLUS. In addition, the possible interaction between the tessellation method and the patterning is shown.
Language for Description of Geometric Configurations
Authors: Barbič Janez , Špegel Marjan
Published: October 2007

This contribution is an informal presentation of some concepts, facts, and definitions about general configurations, as well as a description of our proposed GL/0 language for symbolic description of geometric configurations. Emphasis is placed on the demand of invariance of geometric descriptions in the spirit of the Erlangen program of Felix Klein, and on the need for separation between the notions of configuration and of segments. Some possibilities for use of the same ideas in other, not necessarily geometric domains are described.
Simulating Natural Light
Authors: Wu Jintong
Published: October 2007

Simulating natural light is an interesting subject in computer graphics. Using the principles of meteorology, we build a sphere cap light source model. Unlike existing illumination or light source models, we consider the effects of both the ratio of direct light to diffuse light and the position of the sun under different weather conditions. We use an area light source to generate shadows and a point light source to generate the other effects. The ratio of the two types of light is adjusted by a brightness factor b while the position of the sun is determined by giving the light direction. In addition. a modifiable sphere cap is used to obtain modified penumbra which vary with illumination.
The Organisational View of the State
Authors: Burnham Peter
Published: October 2007

The state is arguably the most fundamental concept in politics and international relations. However, much confusion surrounds the employment of the term. This article emphasizes the importance of adopting an organisational definition of the state. The strength of this approach is that it draws attention to the changing nature of state forms, thereby enabling distinctions to be made between national form of the state and the nation-state, and between the state itself and government. The organisational approach opens up a rich field for the comparative study of institutional forms which politically-organised subjection has taken throughout history.
Communitarianism
Authors: Lacey Nicola , Frazer Elizabeth
Published: October 2007

This article presents ‘Communitarianism’ in political theory as a ‘Blind Alley’. This is on the grounds that it is difficult to find a political theorist who is willing to be called a communitarian, because the literature lacks any well delineated concept of community, and because a number of awkward theoretical questions, notably about power, arise which are not clearly addressed within the literature. Furthermore, communitarianism has been a blind alley for feminists. Although feminism and so-called communitarianism share an opposition to some other varieties of social and political theory, the apparent affinities between feminism and communitarianism mask significant differences.
The Engine Room of Instruction: Small Group Teaching
Authors: Wood Bruce , Moran Michael
Published: October 2007

The changing role of tutorials and tutors in an age of mass higher education is sketched. The differing purposes of small group teaching are explored; small groups are shown to have a variety of academic and pastoral functions. The mechanics of tutorial organisation are explored and the range of teaching formats examined.
A Reply to Buller
Authors: George Stephen
Published: October 2007

In this reply to Buller's article, Stephen George argues that although the comments made about the ‘awkward partner thesis’ are a valid critique of some common assumptions found in the media, they do not represent his position accurately; also that Buller's critique of explanations of British governments' attitudes to the EC which concentrate on institutions cannot be made of the domestic politics approach that he has adopted.
Politics and Literature?
Authors: Whitebrook Maureen
Published: October 2007

What are the possibilities of connection between politics and literature? How have those possibilities been developed? Why should students of politics turn to literature as a source of political understanding? Connections have traditionally been made in terms of literature as illustration or example for politics or as a form of moral education. Other possibilities are a ‘political sociology of literature’ or literature as a primary source for political studies. Work in the United States suggests further extensions. The case for ‘politics and literature’ is also strengthened by recent developments in political theory such as the interest in ‘identity’ or ‘narrative’.
Dialectics in a Post-Communist World
Authors: Walker David
Published: October 2007

The collapse of communism has prompted a re-examination of the Marxist legacy. Dialectics is a neglected and underdeveloped part of this legacy, which is now starting to receive the attention it warrants. In particular, dialectics has a great deal to contribute to current debates on methodology and epistemology in the social sciences. A leading proponent of the new dialectics is Bertell Ollman, whose contribution is assessed here. This article argues that his account of dialectics is flawed, but that there remains the germ of a dialectical approach to the themes of identity, truth and knowledge. The article explores these themes and suggests new avenues for their theoretical development.
The Changing Face of British Public Administration
Authors: Rhodes R A W
Published: October 2007

This paper explores the changes in the study of Public Administration during the 1980s It documents the continuing contribution of organisation theory in the study of central-local government relations and government-industry relations; the failure of state theory; the challenge of rational choice theory; and the meteoric rise of the new public management. Public Administration experienced contradictory trends. The institutionalist tradition underwent a long lingering decline and was replaced by many competing approaches. The institutional base of the subject was eroded in the 1980s as the subject was absorbed by business schools and research funding evaporated. The New Right was the wellspring of ideas for government reform while ‘indifference’ best describes official attitudes to Public Administration. But against this inauspicious back cloth, there were clear signs of intellectual vigour with important innovations in, for example, bureaumetrics, policy networks and rational choice models of bureaucracy.
Chomsky and the State
Authors: Edgley Alison
Published: October 2007

Chomsky's work focuses its uncompromising gaze upon the American state. He exposes the self-interested, and for the privileged few, the powerful and often brutal nature of a state's international relations. The internal and external roles of states can be seen to be intimately linked. This paper argues that to define a state by considering only its internal relations is to misrepresent it. If we give equal attention to the international dimensions of a state's actions then distinctions between democratic and fascist states become blurred. It is also possible to challenge the Marxist assumption that a state only becomes ‘Bonapartist’ during an interregnum.
‘Caudine Forks’: Can Capitalism Be Leapt Over?
Authors: Duan Zhongqiao
Published: October 2007

The article shows that, according to Marx, capitalism is a necessary stage leading to communism, and the backward countries have to pass through capitalism, if they cannot get the material conditions to establish communist society from the developed capitalist countries.
Communitarianism as a Blind Alley? A Reply to Lacey and Frazer
Authors: Lowe Toby
Published: October 2007

This article seeks to challenge the interpretation of communitarianism offered by Lacey and Frazer ( Politics, Vol. 14 No.2). By developing a theory of community it is possible to overcome the problems which they highlight, and to demonstrate that communitarianism, properly understood, is a philosophy which can frame much useful debate in political theory.
Liberalism: Interacting to Conserve
Authors: Treanor Paul
Published: October 2007

Post-war liberalism should be defined in terms of its promotion of (social) interaction. It is not to be seen as the opposite of communitarianism, as current usage implies, nor is it individualist. In practice it strengthens the nation state. It has a purpose, too, for given an innate but not perfect human conservatism, maximising interaction will minimise change. This conservatism does seem to exist, but liberalism is ‘ideological’ in concealing it as a goal. With success, for no change-directed and specifically anti-interactive normative theory has emerged Partly, perhaps, because it would lie outside the concept of the political entirely.
FEDERAL REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT POLICIES IN CANADA: Employment Impact in Quebec and the Atlantic Provinces*
Authors: Schofield John A.
Published: October 2007

Three separate econometric methods based on a shift‐share model of employment change are used to assess the effect of federal Department of Regional Economic Expansion (DREE) policies in creating manufacturing employment in the province of Quebec and the Atlantic provinces of Canada. Results cast doubt on some optimistic claims regarding the impact of DREE policies.
HOUSING POLICY IN DEVELOPING ECONOMIES: Evaluating the Macroeconomic Impacts*
Authors: Buckley Robert , Mayo Stephen
Published: October 2007

This paper presents a view of the role of the housing sector in developing countries which emphasizes the potentially high macroeconomic costs of inappropriate housing policies. Traditional public finance perspectives on the role of the housing sector in the economy focus on efficiency and equity implications of the rather modest levels of government spending in the sector. This paper points out that this traditional approach is misleading in that it is less government's spending in the sector than its role in defining regulatory frameworks, pricing policies, and policies affecting the financial sector that comprise the major instruments for influencing the performance of the housing sector and, in turn, the way its performance affects the macroeconomy. The paper also presents a simplified framework for analyzing how housing policies influence the housing sector and the macroeconomy. Simple applications of the framework suggest that the macroeconomic implications of housing policy choices can be of major importance. This is emphasized by two case studies, of policies in Argentina and Poland, where recent housing policies appear to have had major impacts on levels of investment, price and wage levels, and savings rates.
RURAL‐URBAN LINKAGES: Farming and Farm Households in Regional and Town Economies*
Authors: Bendavid‐Val Avrom
Published: October 2007

While it is known that agricultural expansion is critical to growth in nonfarm sectors of rural regions, the extent and mechanisms of economic interdependency between agriculture and other sectors remains an inadequately understood aspect of the rural‐urban economic growth dynamic. Least well understood are the linkages between household farm income and development of town economies. This paper presents findings from rural‐urban exchange research in rural regions of Kenya and Somalia that provide insights into relationships between agriculture and the nonfarm economy, and offers conclusions for rural regional development strategies.
A NEW DIRECTION IN WORLD BANK URBAN LENDING TO LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES*
Authors: Guarda Gian Carlo
Published: October 2007

The urban development loans of the World Bank are acquiring a regional rather than a city‐specific orientation in several countries, especially in Latin America. These broader operations often dovetail national trends of decentralization in the political, administrative and fiscal structures. Given the current constraints of the central governments in meeting the growing demands of urbanization through incremental top‐down grants, these operations aim at a gradual substitution of unrequited transfers with long‐term loans to regional and local governments. The paper reviews the implications of this approach in terms of distribution and efficiency and suggests that it may be more suitable in countries undergoing economic adjustment. The objective is to sustain motivation in fiscal effort and resource mobilization at the city level, and possibly establish a different rationale for external credit supporting local infrastructure and service improvements.
ACCESSIBILITY AND THIRD WORLD RURAL DEVELOPMENT: A Case Study of Sumatra*
Authors: Cervero Robert
Published: October 2007

Road and transport service improvements are widely recognized as important catalysts to economic development in most third world countries. When integrated with other programs which create new employment opportunities, roads and bus services enable subsistence farmers to seek off‐farm salary‐earning jobs. This paper examines the relationship between accessibility and economic well‐being using data from rural Sumatra in Indonesia. The research relies on multiple indicators of both measures. Households in more remote rural villages are found to average appreciably lower levels of consumption expenditures. When isolated from subregional market and trade centers, consumption levels fall dramatically. The research also shows that the average value of farm produce increases with road quality, frequency of bus service, and close proximity of commerical centers. Thus, agriculture productivity is linked to both transport supply and spatial proximity factors. Additionally, the analysis shows that off‐farm earnings increase when migrant households have access to both motorcycles and bicycles. Loans and subsidies for purchasing such “low tech” vehicles as bicycles, scooters, and micro‐buses could prove more beneficial to many rural villagers than capital‐intensive road projects. Lastly, the research suggests that the siting of transmigration settlements within reasonable proximity to regional and subregional market centers is important if the planned villages are to develop trade linkages and experience sustained economic growth.
AN ANALYSIS OF PROJECTED URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT COSTS IN INDIA*
Authors: Acharya Shankar N. , Mohan Rakesh
Published: October 2007

There is considerable apprehension concerning the cost of rapid urbanization in developing countries. However, actual costs of urbanization have seldom been computed. This paper provides a relatively simple procedure for making such cost estimates from information which is readily available from executing agencies involved in urban infrastructure projects in India. It is found that infrastructure costs are not systematically different for large and small cities. Differences in costs are more related to differences in physical factors such as geography, terrain, and climate, and especially to the different levels of service standards used. It is also found that the costs of replacement investment assume increasing significance with growing urbanization. Planning activities must therefore give greater emphasis to replacement investments than is generally the case. The main conclusion is that the cost of providing basic urban infrastructure in India can be kept within manageable limits in the foreseeable future provided that modest standards are maintained. The appropriate level of urban infrastructure investment should be roughly double the current level in India.
POLICIES AND PERFORMANCES: The Real Estate Markets in Hong Kong, Singapore, and West Coast Cities
Authors: Ho Chi‐Wing
Published: October 2007

The flow of international funds in real estate investment between Asian and North American cities in the Pacific Rim is now a major financial force to be recognized. This paper reviews the differences in the characteristics and performances of the real estate markets in Hong Kong, Singapore, and several west coast cities. The residential and office price movements among selected Pacific Rim cities over the last 20 years are compared. The paper attributes the differences in the performances to the differences in economic and planning policies in these cities, the differing strategies adopted by the market players, the differences in East and West cultural values, and the differing opportunities and risks created by the various “rules of the game” in each city. If Asian countries continue to enjoy robust economic growth, and the differences in regional real estate markets persist, the flow of international funds within the region and across the Pacific will continue to dominate the 1990's.
SINGAPORE RISING: The Services Dimension*
Authors: Norton R.D.
Published: October 2007

Singapore's export‐services upgrading experiment can perhaps be better viewed as a bid to shift from a branch‐plant to a regional‐headquarters role for multi‐national corporations (MNCs). More generally, a survey of service‐based development possibilities suggests a similar conclusion for other world cities as well. What might appear at the local level to be autonomous export‐ or producer‐services activity may instead reflect the city's role in the corporate networks that coordinate global manufacturing. The upshot is the prospect of a multi‐polar East Asian industrial landscape. Coordination and control are likely to radiate not only from Tokyo, Seoul, and post‐1997 Hong Kong, but also from Singapore — an advanced communications enclave ideally suited to MNCs administering the emerging factory systems of such Little Tigers as Malaysia and Indonesia.