bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN PROBIOTIK RABAL TERHADAP KONSUMSI, PERTAMBAHAN BERAT TUBUH DAN EFISIENSI RANSUM PADA KAMBING RAMBON
Authors: Dunuraen Muhammad Amru , Qisthon Arif , Tantalo Syahrio , Adhianto Kusuma
Published: November 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh dan level pemberian probiotik rabal terhadap konsumsi ransum, pertambahan berat tubuh dan efisiensi ransum pada kambing rambon, Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada Desember 2023 sampai Januari 2024 di Peternakan Rakyat Desa Tanjung Tirto, Kec. Way Bungur, Kab. Lampung Timur. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan 16 ekor kambing jantan jenis rambon dengan menggunakan metode Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dan menggunakan 4 perlakuan serta 4 ulangan dengan menggunakan 16 ekor kambing jantan dengan jenis kambing rambon. Perlakuan yangdiberikan yaitu P0; Ransum Basal (tanpa menggunakan probiotik rabal),P1; Ransum Basal+ Probiotik Rabal 100 gram/kg Ransum, P2; Ransum Basal + Probiotik Rabal 150 gram/kg Ransum, P3; Ransum Basal + Probiotik Rabal 200 gram/kg Ransum. Variabel yang diamati yaitu Konsumsi Ransum, Pertambahan Berat Tubuh, dan Efisiensi Ransum. Berdasarkan hasil dari penelitian yang telah dilakukan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian probiotik rabal dalam ransum tidak mempengaruhi konsumsi ransum, pertambahan berat tubuh, dan efisiensi ransum terhadap pada kambing rambon.
EVALUASI KECUKUPAN PASOKAN ZAT-ZAT NUTRISI PADA SAPI POTONG PETERNAK RAKYAT DI DESA ASTOMULYO KECAMATAN PUNGGUR KABUPATEN LAMPUNG TENGAH
Authors: Imelda Meilita , Erwanto Erwanto , Liman Liman , Muhtarudin Muhtarudin
Published: November 2024

ABSTRAK
 
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk 1) mengetahui kebutuhan zat-zat nutrisi sapi potong; 2) mengetahui kecukupan zat-zat nutrisi pada sapi potong yang diberikan oleh peternak rakyat. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode survei kepada 50 peternak sapi potong dan diambil 20 sapi potong untuk mengetahui kecukupan nutrisinya, kemudian dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahan pakan sebagian besar berupa konsentrat  dan limbah pertanian. Rata-rata konsumsi bahan kering 8,91 kg bahan kering/ekor/hari, rata-rata kebutuhan bahan keringnya 9,67 kg bahan kering/ekor/hari dengan selisihnya yaitu 0,75 kg bahan kering, rata-rata konsumsi protein kasar sebesar 1,25 kg protein kasar/ekor/hari. rata-rata kebutuhannya 1,17 kg protein kasar/ekor/hari dengan selisih 0,08 kg protein kasar, serta diperoleh konversi ransumnya sebesar 12,77 kg ransum/kg BT dengan rata-rata pertambahan bobot tubuh 0,70 kg. Pakan yang digunakan berupa konsentrat dan limbah pertanian (kulit singkong, kulit nanas, dan onggok).
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK TEMULAWAK (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) DALAM AIR MINUM TERHADAP EFISIENSI PROTEIN RANSUM AYAM KUB
Authors: Tutuarima Fika , Nova Khaira , Tantalo Syahrio , Riyanti Riyanti
Published: November 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengatuhi pengaruh dari ekstrak temulawak (Curcuma xanthorriza) dalam air minum ayam KUB terhadap konsumsi ransum, efisiensi ransum, konsumsi protein, dan rasio efisiensi protein.  Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada Desember 2022--Februari 2023 di kandang Laboratorium Terpadu, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Lampung.  Pembuatan ekstrak temulawak dilakukan di Laboratorium Teknologi Hasil Pertanian, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Lampung.  Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan 4 perlakuan dan 5 ulangan, dengan satu unit percobaan terdiri dari 10 ekor ayam, sehingga total ayam KUB yang digunakan sebanyak 200 ekor.  Perlakuan yang diberikan 0% ekstrak temulawak (P0), air minum dengan dosis 5% ekstrak temulawak (P1), air minum dengan dosis 10% ekstrak temulawak (P2), dan air minum dengan dosis 15% ekstrak temulawak (P3).  Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan analisis ragam.  Hasil analisis ragam menunjukkan pemberian air minum ekstrak temulawak tanpa ekstrak temulawak (P0), maupun air minum dengan dosis 5% (P1), 10% (P2), dan 15% (P3) ekstrak temulawak tidak berpengaruh nyata (P>0,05) terhadap konsumsi ransum, efisiensi ransum, konsumsi protein, dan rasio efisiensi protein ransumayam KUB.  Pemberian ekstrak temulawak sampai dosis 15% masih dapat diterima oleh ayam KUB, meskipun belum mampu meningkatkan konsumsi ransum, efisiensi ransum, konsumsi protein, dan rasio efisiensi protein ransum ayam KUB.
Prediction of Oil Palm Plantation Block Productivity Based On Canopy Area And Vegetation Index Using Multispectral Aerial Photographs
Authors: Sagoro Tri Haryo , Krisdiarto Andreas Wahyu , Hermantoro Hermantoro
Published: November 2024

The demands of productivity and efficiency of oil palm plantations can be met by implementing Precision Farming (PF), where production analysis is carried out on a narrower area. Currently, yield evaluation or harvest results are carried out based on block area (25-100 Ha). The diverse information in one block is standardized, potentially eliminating detailed information that is useful for management. This study aims to develop an empirical estimation model of oil palm plantation productivity per harvest day through the canopy area approach and oil palm vegetation index with multispectral camera technology. The oil palm productivity estimation method is carried out by comparing the processing results using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index  and Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index transformation algorithms. The basis for estimation is per Harvesting Collection Point, namely an area of ± 0.3 ha. The results showed: 1) NDVI, NDRE are strongly and very strongly correlated with FFB production; 2) canopy area has a strong relationship to FFB production; 3) NDVI vegetation index values are strongly correlated with FFB production. The productivity estimation equation from NDRE value: y = 3621.9x – 1153.8, the productivity estimation equation based on canopy area: y = 0.5479x – 717.08, and the productivity estimation equation based on NDVI: y = 11.639x – 9709.2
Prediksi Harga Bitcoin Menggunakan Metode Long Short Term Memory
Authors: Ramadhan Muhammad Fajri , Lestari Dewi , Khaira Ulfa
Published: November 2024

Investing has become a popular activity among the public as it can increase returns from such activities. Currently, there are various investment instruments available such as stocks, bonds, gold, property, and the latest is cryptocurrency. Since its inception in 2008, Bitcoin has emerged as the leading digital currency in terms of market capitalization and continues to attract investor attention. The first Bitcoin transaction occurred in January 2009. More than two years later, various reports estimated that Bitcoin circulation had exceeded 6,5 million with around 10000 users. This has led to a growing number of people interested in investing in Bitcoin. Based on these facts, it is important to predict Bitcoin prices to understand how Bitcoin prices will develop in the future. By predicting future Bitcoin prices, investors can estimate Bitcoin prices from the predicted prices in order to avoid making mistakes in investing and thus prevent significant potential losses. One way to predict Bitcoin prices is by using the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) method. One of the best models with a composition of 50 neurons and 400 epochs using Adam optimization, produce RMSE of 1027 and MAPE 1,76%, which mean the forecasting model has highly accurate forecasting. Then, to facilitate non-programmer users in forecasting, a web-based Graphical User Interface (GUI) is built using the Streamlit library.
Penerapan Teknologi Aplikasi Rumah Pintar Berbasis Web Menggunakan Microcontroller ESP32
Authors: Laksana Muhammad Tegar Tirta , Isnain Auliya Rahman , Heni Sulistiani
Published: November 2024

In the current era of 5.0, integrating internet technology with electronic devices has become increasingly seamless, enabling smarter and more efficient living environments. This research focuses on implementing a web-based smart home application utilizing the ESP32 microcontroller. The application allows users to monitor and control household appliances in real-time through a web interface accessible on devices like smartphones and computers. The ESP32 microcontroller was selected for its Wi-Fi connectivity and compatibility with various sensors and actuators. The web application is designed with a user-friendly and responsive interface, employing web services for effective communication with the ESP32 microcontroller. Currently, the system's functionality is limited to basic operations, such as turning lights on and off, but further development is expected to expand its capabilities. This study demonstrates that a web-based system using the ESP32 microcontroller offers an effective and cost-efficient solution for building a smart home system.
Vzaimosvyaz' mezhdu bakteriyami-epibiontami Nanosynbacter lyticus i vospalitel'nymi zabolevaniyami parodonta
Authors: Побожьева Л. В. , Скворцов-Игралов Г. А. , Бочарова Ю. А. , Копецкий И. С. , Чеботарь И. В.
Published: November 2024

Patogenez vospalitel'nyh zabolevanij parodonta determiniruetsya mikroorganizmami polosti rta. Krome horosho izuchennyh parodontopatogenov, pri gingivite i parodontite obnaruzhivayutsya mikrobnye agenty s nedokazannym klinicheskim znacheniem, k chislu kotoryh prinadlezhat bakteriiepibionty. Cel'yu raboty bylo opredelit' vzaimosvyaz' mezhdu prisutstviem epibionta Nanosynbacter lyticus i vospalitel'nymi zabolevaniyami parodonta. U 47 uchastnikov issledovaniya (sredi nih 31 zhenshchina i 16 muzhchin) v vozraste 18–45 let s pomoshch'yu PCR opredelyali nalichie konservativnyh posledovatel'nostej DNK, specifichnyh dlya rodov Nanosynbacter, Schaalia, a takzhe domena Bacteria. Rezul'taty vyrazhali v vide indeksov, opredelyayushchih kolichestvennye sootnosheniya mezhdu N. lyticus i Schaalia spp. (indeks NS), a takzhe mezhdu N. lyticus i predstavitelyami domena Bacteria (indeks NB). U znachitel'noj doli (11/27, 40,7%) pacientov bez parodontita Schaalia spp. ne byli obnaruzheny. Vse pacienty so srednej i tyazheloj stepen'yu parodontita, a takzhe 75% pacientov s legkoj stepen'yu parodontita byli nositelyami Schaalia spp. Dlya vsekh Schaaliapozitivnyh obrazcov ot pacientov s parodontitom indeks NS byl bolee vysokim (r < 0,05), chem u Schaalia-pozitivnyh obrazcov bez parodontita: mediany pokazatelya NS sostavlyali sootvetstvenno Me = 0,89 (0,79; 0,93) i Me = 0,63 (0,00; 0,73). Indeks NB u pacientov, stradayushchih hronicheskim generalizovannym parodontitom (Me = 0,83 (0,79; 0,85)), byl dostoverno vyshe (r < 0,05), chem u pacientov bez parodontita, Me = 0,67 (0,00; 0,81).
“Good faith in the time of Covid-19”: Key Legal Developments 2020-2022
Authors: Reilly Amanda
Published: November 2024

This article discusses some key legal developments related to Covid-19 and employment law. As will be seen, some legal issues which arose were specific to the circumstances of the Covid-19 pandemic while others raise more broadly applicable questions which are yet to be resolved. One very clear thread that emerges is that the need for employers to consult and engage with employees in good faith was not negated by the fact of a public health crisis and national state of emergency.
The key legal issues that arose can conveniently be divided under two headings: those related to the economic impact of Covid-19 and those related to vaccination requirements.
Redundancy with dignity – Give it to me straight
Authors: Macpherson Wayne , Ashwell Doug
Published: November 2024

In times of crisis, organisations implement cost-cutting measures, including retrenchment. Research on employee redundancy often focuses on the processes performed by organisations. This paper, however, reports on the expectations of New Zealand and Australian employees (n=613) during the later stages of the pandemic-lockdown environment, circa late 2021, regarding their organisation’s messaging of imminent redundancy. Employees in both countries indicated that they seek dignity and directness, and to be told face-to-face by their immediate line manager, senior line manager, or CEO that they are being “made redundant”. Interestingly, being told by Human Resources personnel was a least favoured option. This research informs organisations of their organisational justice and corporate social responsibilities in times of retrenchment.
The concept of gathering evidence by parties of criminal proceedings
Authors: Dulskyi O. L.
Published: November 2024

Collection of evidence is the first, important component in ensuring the process of proof in criminal proceedings. Its content consists in finding actual data that will allow establishing the circumstances of a criminal offense and ensure objectivity in achieving the objectives of criminal proceedings. Taking into account the specifics of the activity of the authorized subjects involved in the proof, there is a need to form the appropriate theoretical foundations of the outlined activity, which will ensure effective law enforcement.
The article analyses the main concepts formed by scholars regarding the definition of «evidence collection», which differ in certain respects. The author provides a linguistic interpretation of such concepts as «collection» and «evidence». It is substantiated that the concept of «collection of evidence» may include such elements as: cognition, finding, perception, demand, seizure, preservation and recording. The author defines their definitions and draws attention to their functions in criminal procedure in the course of evidence collection.
The conducted analysis proved that during the formation of the definition of the concept of «gathering evidence» by the parties of criminal proceedings: 1) it is appropriate to use such an element as «finding», which includes such terms as «search», «detection», «receiving», « obtaining» and which individual scientists define them as independent elements of the evidence-gathering process and use them alongside the term «finding»; 2) between such terms as «fixation» and «backing», which are synonyms, it is correct to use «fixation» as an element of the activity of gathering evidence, because it is broader in meaning.
It is concluded that the gathering of evidence by the parties to criminal proceedings is a cognitive activity of the subjects authorized to do so, which consists in finding, perceiving, demanding, separation, preserving, fixing actual data that are important for criminal proceedings, in accordance with normative legal acts, decisions of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, resolutions of the Plenum of the Supreme Court and taking into account the practice of the European Court of Human Rights.
The Institute of Advocacy as a Key Element of Building the Rule of Law: Modern Challenges and Prospects
Authors: Hefner K. - S. L. , Byelov D. M.
Published: November 2024

The article examines the role and place of the institution of advocacy in a modern democratic state. The author analyzes the key aspects of the functioning of the legal profession as an integral component of the legal system and civil society, its importance in ensuring the right to protection, access to justice and the implementation of the principle of the rule of law.
The evolution of the role of the legal profession from the simple provision of legal assistance to active participation in the formation of the legal policy of the state, improvement of legislation and improvement of the legal culture of society is considered. Special attention is paid to the double meaning of advocacy – individual and social.
The author emphasizes the importance of advocacy as a mechanism of public control in the sphere of justice, its role in ensuring the justice of the judiciary and strengthening the rule of law. The relationship between the effectiveness of advocacy and the level of democracy, compliance with the rule of law and human rights in society is analyzed.
The article considers the right to qualified legal assistance as a fundamental human right, which acts as a guarantee of the realization of the entire set of rights and legitimate interests of a person. The author emphasizes the need to create effective mechanisms for the protection of human and citizen rights and freedoms, emphasizing the role of advocacy in this process.
The impact of European integration processes on the development of the legal profession in Ukraine, the need for adaptation to European standards and principles is studied. The author analyzes the modern challenges faced by the legal profession and the prospects for its development in the context of the development of the rule of law.
The conclusions emphasize the key role of the legal profession in ensuring a balance between the interests of the individual, society and the state, its importance for the development of democracy and the establishment of the rule of law. The author emphasizes the need for further improvement of the institution of advocacy in order to effectively perform its functions in modern conditions.
The evolution of doctrinal approaches to international police cooperation in the framework of the European Union
Authors: Biriukov R. M.
Published: November 2024

The article is devoted to the relevant in the science of international law the issue of evolution of doctrinal approaches to international police cooperation within the European Union. The literature on this issue is being investigated, on the basis of which observations of the nature of internal security management in the EU are made. The connection and the mutual stress between police integration and internal EU security policies are investigated on the one hand and the state sovereignty and the state monopoly to use force on the other. The evolution of the public sphere in the management of security policies is traced. The role of politicization in the management of international police cooperation is outlined. It is noted that politicization and public discourse can be both a favorable factor and an obstacle to police integration.
The article highlights the evolution of management methods through soft and rigid law, as well as the growing role of internal and supranational actors in the management of police integration. The influence of differentiated informal networks on internal security management is noted. There is a trend available in the theoretical literature to mix powers through the generalization of cooperation networks. The issue of domestic and international internal security management is considered. It is concluded that not the state, but the network of police professionals determine the level of interest of states in integration in the field of international police cooperation.
It is stated that a large array of research focuses on the institutionalization of the process of managing international police cooperation, while at the same time, relatively little work was carried out on the specific impact of differentiated networks on security management and the results of EU security policy. The asymmetry and variability of the integration preferences of states in the field of internal security are investigated. It is noted that this issue is best considered in the framework of the theory of functionalism. Such explanations are based on responding to common threats and functionality of ordinary institutions that allow to achieve certainty about the expected behavior of states.
Addressing war crimes in Ukraine: international response, accountability and the path to reparations for violations committed as a result of russian aggression
Authors: Bondarenko Ye.
Published: November 2024

It is indicated that russia’s aggression against Ukraine, which began in 2014 with the annexation of Crimea by the russian federation, has since intensified significantly, especially after the large-scale invasion of russia in February 2022. This armed aggression of the russian federation against Ukraine led to a serious humanitarian crisis, serious violations of international humanitarian law (IHL), international criminal law (ICC) and international human rights law (IHRC).
The article explores the international legal responses to russia’s ongoing aggression against Ukraine, beginning with the annexation of Crimea in 2014 and intensifying with the full-scale invasion in February 2022. This war has led to severe humanitarian crises and widespread violations of international humanitarian law, international criminal law, and international human rights law. The paper focuses on war crimes, including targeting civilians, the use of prohibited weapons, and the unlawful deportation of children to russia.
This article addresses the scientific literature on the war crimes committed by russia against Ukraine and IHL implementation, noting the lack of research on forensic methodologies for war crime investigations in Ukraine. While Ukrainian scholars emphasize integrating international law into national legislation, foreign experts provide more detailed forensic approaches. The study evaluates the actions of international bodies like the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the United Nations, alongside efforts by the European Union and others, to ensure accountability and reparations, with particular focus on the various mechanisms established to address war crimes, human rights abuses, and the path toward reparations and justice for Ukraine.
Special attention is given to international initiatives, such as the Atrocity Crime Advisor Group (ACA) and the International Centre for the Prosecution of the Crime of Aggression (ICPA), which are crucial in enhancing Ukraine’s ability to prosecute atrocity crimes. The article underscores the need for coordinated international legal and financial support to achieve justice for the victims and rebuild Ukraine.
Institutional and conventional mechanisms of the European system of ensuring and protecting women’s rights
Authors: Zamula A. Yu.
Published: November 2024

The article reveals the role of key European institutions and their importance for the formation and implementation of programs aimed at ensuring gender equality and protecting women’s rights. It is noted that achieving gender equality is an important element in the realization of the Council of Europe’s mission, which is to protect human rights, support democracy and ensure the rule of law. The institutions of the European Union, in turn, use a multifaceted approach to ensuring women’s rights, which includes legislative initiatives, strategic planning, project funding, monitoring and political influence. The importance of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) in the adoption of a number of documents to support gender equality, including the Action Plan for the Promotion of Gender Equality, is investigated.
A thorough analysis of the conventional aspects of the system of ensuring and protecting women’s rights in the European context was conducted. Thus, the role of the Council of Europe was strengthened with the adoption of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950, the Council of Europe Strategy for Gender Equality 2014–2017, the Council of Europe Strategy for Gender Equality 2018–2023, and the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention) of 2011.
The author summarizes the importance of strengthening the work of national institutions responsible for protecting women’s rights, as well as promoting educational campaigns and raising awareness in this area, since differences in legal culture, resource capacities and political will can negatively affect the effectiveness of the adaptation of national legislation to the European regulatory framework.
The article provides a critical analysis of the achievements and challenges faced by European institutions in ensuring women’s rights. The author offers a number of recommendations to improve the effectiveness of existing mechanisms in the field of women’s rights, including improving legislation, strengthening monitoring and ensuring proper implementation of international obligations.
Theoretical aspects of qualification of armed conflict
Authors: Kolotukha I. O.
Published: November 2024

The question is considered, which aims to establish the main types of armed conflict and to determine the types of armed conflicts in international law, as well as when this or that act of the state will be considered aggression, armed attack or armed conflict, or not.
It is indicated that the analysis of modern international relations shows that humanity has not yet managed to get rid of wars and other armed conflicts, which are mostly armed conflicts of a non-international nature. This is evidenced by the events in the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Afghanistan, Iraq, Liberia, and the Caucasus, and since 2014, Ukraine has not been an exception, the international armed conflict on whose territory has grown from February 24, 2022 into a full-scale war waged by the Russian Federation on the scale of which Europe has not knew since the Second World War.
It is noted that modern international relations are characterized by a change in the nature of the conflict, the emergence of a number of new categories and situations, an increase in the number of victims among the civilian population, and an increasing internationalization of armed conflicts of a non-international nature. In this regard, the question of the qualification of various types of armed conflicts is extremely relevant, especially in the context of the ongoing full-scale war waged by Russia against Ukraine.
The author pays special attention to the provisions of the statute of the International Criminal Court and the statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, which essentially form the modern doctrine of criminal responsibility for war crimes and the crime of genocide.
The article highlights the provisions and the author’s assessment regarding the prerequisites for proper qualification, because the prerequisite for proper qualification is a deep study and understanding by a person who applies the rules of law, the principles of international humanitarian law, international state policy, international judicial and investigative practice; correct clarification and interpretation of the content of the international agreement, determination of the limits of the selected norm in time, space and by the number of persons, as well as establishing all its features; collection and analysis of evidence in the case, full and comprehensive establishment of the actual signs of the armed conflict; application of qualification rules developed by theory and practice, with a justified combination of the signs of an armed conflict established by international law with the signs of a committed act.
An important place in the work is covered by the theoretical analysis of the term qualification.
Some aspects of ensuring the rights of persons with disabilities in the activities of the Council of Europe
Authors: Kuvila O. I.
Published: November 2024

The article is devoted to the study and analysis of the acts defining the rights of persons with disabilities, providing for the ways of their guarantee and protection, which were adopted within the Council of Europe. The concept of human rights mechanisms, in particular, in the activities of regional international intergovernmental organisations, is revealed. The author demonstrates the complex multilevel nature of the European system of human rights protection, which includes special regulatory and institutional instruments.
Some acts of the so-called ‘soft law’ of the Council of Europe are analysed. It is shown that the first documents of the Council of Europe in the field of the rights of persons with disabilities concerned mainly the economic rights of this category of persons. Particular emphasis was placed on the importance of ensuring the required number of jobs, professional retraining and professional assessment of employees who have lost the ability to perform certain types of work. With the further improvement of human rights protection mechanisms, the Council of Europe’s strategy for ensuring the rights of persons with disabilities has also changed. Member states agreed on the importance of expanding the range of freedoms for people with disabilities. This was due to the existence of numerous barriers to access to social services, cultural life of society, diversification of leisure activities, etc. The recommendations that were subsequently adopted included provisions on the absolute prohibition of discrimination on the basis of disability in such areas as education, transport, public services, political, social and cultural life of the state. The article also analyses the concept of universal design, which was introduced to ensure that the infrastructure of European countries is accessible so that every person with a disability can receive the necessary social services with minimal interference from third parties.
The article examines the issue of protection of persons with disabilities from violence and ill-treatment, whether committed by relatives, healthcare professionals or third parties. The author identifies the categories of persons who are more vulnerable due to the combination of disability with certain other characteristics, such as age, gender, social status, citizenship, etc. The author reveals a new approach of the Council of Europe to ensuring the rights of persons with disabilities, which provides for the elimination of social barriers and their full integration into society.
Theoretical and legal approaches to the classification of sanctions
Authors: Hdeshynskyi D. E.
Published: November 2024

Theoretical and legal approaches to the classification of sanctions are systematized concepts used to analyze, define, and structure sanctions within a legal framework. These approaches are based on legal theory and help organize various types of sanctions depending on specific criteria.
This article discusses theoretical and legal approaches to sanction classification in the legal system, emphasizing the importance of their application in law enforcement and legal accountability. Key approaches to sanction classification include distinctions based on the nature of enforcement measures and the bodies applying them, as well as the methods of maintaining legal order.
Sanctions are categorized into criminal, administrative, and disciplinary sanctions, with criminal sanctions being the most severe, applied by the court for serious offenses, including imprisonment. Administrative sanctions, which are less severe, aim to maintain public order without overburdening the judicial system and are applied by authorized state bodies or officials. Disciplinary sanctions, unlike criminal and administrative ones, are applied by the administration of an organization and serve as an internal control mechanism within institutions to maintain professionalism and ethical standards.
Sanctions are further divided into restorative and punitive (penal) categories. Restorative sanctions aim to restore the original state, rights, or compensate for damages caused by the violation. Punitive sanctions, on the other hand, focus on punishing the violator, preventing future offenses, and deterring others, emphasizing justice and responsibility over restoring the previous state.
The approaches outlined in the article enable the differentiation of sanctions based on different characteristics and objectives, ensuring their correct and effective application in specific legal situations. Systematized approaches to sanction classification improve the effectiveness of legal responsibility and transparency in legal processes, especially in criminal and administrative cases.
Additionally, the article analyzes Ukrainian publications on sanction classification approaches, providing insight into the current state of Ukrainian scholarly thought on the topic.
Formation of the national concept of transitive justice
Authors: Matvieieva L. G.
Published: November 2024

The scientific article is devoted to researching the concept of transit justice and clarifying its significance for Ukraine. The concept of transitive justice is very relevant, which is connected with the spread of internal and interstate conflicts. It is noted that the national model of transitive justice is relatively new for domestic legal practice, therefore the understanding of its essence and the development of mechanisms is still at the initial stage. It is emphasized that transitive justice involves a set of measures aimed at overcoming the consequences of war and occupation and developing mechanisms that will prevent the recurrence of conflicts in the future.
The concept of transitive justice is used by states that are transitioning from a state of conflict and occupation to a state of peace, it does not contain universal formulas for all states. Attention is focused on the fact that under modern conditions in Ukraine, the directions of transitive justice are implemented situationally, unsystematically and do not have proper legal consolidation. The international experience of the implementation of the mentioned concept, taking into account the Ukrainian realities, should be defined as useful.
Recognition of the supremacy of international law and the tendency to increase the role of non-judicial mechanisms in the justice system will provide an opportunity to use non-judicial mechanisms in order to strengthen sustainable peace. Implementation of the principles of transitive justice affects the development of the legal system of Ukraine and should ensure its stabilization, creation of conditions for its modernization and sustainable development. At the same time, it is stated that it is necessary to carry out a lot of work to establish the reasons for which the war is taking place, to find out what happened directly during the armed conflict. It should be understood that the end of the war is not just the return of the occupied territories under the jurisdiction of Ukraine, but the beginning of a difficult path to resolve the consequences of the conflict and search for a compromise. It is emphasized that there is a real need to implement the model of transitive justice, as an important tool for resolving the military conflict and the main direction of state legal policy, in the conditions of Russia’s armed aggression against Ukraine.
Legal ideal in the light of potential achievement through the prism of axiological analysis of world experience and determination understanding in Ukraine
Authors: Polonka I. A.
Published: November 2024

The article analyzes the current state of Ukraine and world experience regarding the possibility of achieving the legal ideal. The positions of Ukrainian scientists regarding the understanding of this category are considered. The author’s concept of the legal ideal is derived, which is interpreted in a narrow sense - as a process of knowledge and analysis of the current legal system with the aim of its further improvement, to ensure the dignified existence of the individual in the conditions of the development of civil society and the rule of law. It is proposed to consider the legal nature of the legal ideal at the doctrinal and everyday levels. The doctrinal level includes a harmoniously combined and integral system of principles, ideas, ideas, concepts and model norms regarding law and its development, that is, it expresses the normative-value nature of the legal ideal based on perfect and fair law. At the everyday level, the legal ideal is based on customs, traditions, and social experience, which characterize the peculiarities of the life of a specific nation, nationality, and ethnic group.
The European legal ideal is studied using the example of the European Union. Among the main ideals in the 27 EU countries, human rights, peace, democracy, the rule of law, solidarity, equality and personal freedom take precedence. It has been proven that for Ukraine in modern realities it is practically impossible to achieve the legal ideal. However, it is necessary to work on improving the concept of the implementation of the legal ideal in order to maintain the appropriate level of legal awareness of the population. It is proposed to focus people’s orientation on striving for such a legal ideal that would correspond to the principles and standards of legal behavior based on national self-awareness, history, Ukrainian culture, ideals of goodness, justice, freedom and independence. The prospects for further research are indicated, namely: it is necessary to analyze in more detail the positive trends of the concept of realization of the legal ideal by other states with possible borrowing for improving the legal system of Ukraine; the question of the mechanism of implementing the legal ideal into legal reality should be subjected to a general theoretical analysis; it is necessary to specify ways of transforming legal ideology on the basis of the modern national idea of Ukrainians.
European standards of judicial control at the stage of pre-trial investigation in criminal proceedings
Authors: Нolovko B. Yu.
Published: November 2024

The article examines the European standards for the judicial control at the stage of pretrial investigation in criminal proceedings, with an emphasis on the compliance of the provisions of Article 303 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine with the standards of the European Court of Human Rights. In the conditions of reforming the Ukrainian legal system with the aim of integration into the European community, the problem of ensuring effective judicial control is extremely urgent. It is proposed under the European standards of judicial control at the stage of pre-trial investigation in criminal proceedings to consider a set of legal norms, principles and guarantees enshrined in the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and precedent practice of the European Court of Human Rights, which ensure an effective, fair and legal judicial review and control over the actions, decisions or inaction of pre-trial investigation bodies for the purpose of protecting the rights and freedoms of a person.
Groups of European standards in criminal proceedings are highlighted: firstly, standards relating to the legality of detention and detention, secondly, standards relating to the reasonableness of suspicion, thirdly, standards of effectiveness of pre-trial investigation, fourthly, standards of access to justice in criminal proceedings. It has been established that part of the standard of access to justice is the standard of effectiveness of judicial control.
It has been proven that the standard of effectiveness of judicial control at the stage of pre-trial investigation is, in our opinion, an important element of access to justice, as it ensures: protection of the rights of individuals at the stage of pre-trial investigation in criminal proceedings, transparency and accountability of the process, prevention of human rights violations, appeal of procedural decisions.
It was concluded that although Article 303 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine provides tools for judicial control, the existing mechanisms do not always meet European standards due to problems of access to justice and speed of trial. The need to implement international standards is to ensure effective protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens and to strengthen trust in the judicial system of Ukraine. The work emphasizes that further adaptation of national legislation to European requirements will contribute to increasing the effectiveness of judicial control at the pre-trial investigation stage.
On algorithmic problems in group theory
Authors: Roman'kov V.A.
Published: November 2024

We give a survey of research directions and results of algorithmic nature, thatwas presented in the survey “Model-theoretic and algorithmic questions in group theory” by the V. A. Roman'kov and V. N. Remeslennikov that appeared in the series “Itogi nauki i techniki” in 1983 (Moscow: VINITI). We estimate this survey basing on the further inves- tigations. A number of results concerning algorithmic problems are given, that have been obtained during last years. We demonstrate changes in direction of algorithmic research in group theory.
On minimally complete semigroups
Authors: Knyazev O.V.
Published: November 2024

This note is devoted to the study of minimally complete semigroups in the classof all semigroups. It is proved that an each infinite non-periodic semigroup of the form Bn,k = ˂a, b│aba = a, bab = b, an = bk = 0˃ is minimally complete in the class of all semigroups.
STABILITY OF HETEROGENEOUS THREE-LAYER RODS UNDER A NON-UNIFORM TEMPERATURE FIELD IN A NONLINEAR ELASTIC MEDIUM
Authors: Mamedli R.E.
Published: November 2024

The article studies the problem of stability of three-layer heterogeneous rectilinear rods on a nonlinear elastic foundation under the action of compressive loads. Here it is assumed that the rod is in a non-uniform temperature field and the elasticity moduli of the material of the layers depend on the temperature. For an elastic foundation, a nonlinear model is adopted and it is assumed that the hypothesis of flat sections is valid for the entire thickness of the rod element. In general, the stability equation of the considered rod is obtained and for a specific case, a formula for determining the critical load is found.
RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENT ON DETECTING A WIRELESS ACCESS POINT BY A MODIFIED TRILATERATION METHOD
Authors: Kondyurina A.A. , Lavrov D.N.
Published: November 2024

The paper presents the results of an experiment to detect a wireless access point in open space based on a previously constructed model.
Economics of Commitment: Why Giving Away Some Freedom Makes Sense
Authors: Kreinovich V. , Kosheleva O. , Afravi M. , Bejarano G. , Chacon M.
Published: November 2024

In general, the more freedom we have, the better choices we can make, and thus, the better possible economic outcomes. However, in practice, people often artificially restrict their future options by making a commitment. At first glance, commitments make no economic sense, and so their ubiquity seems puzzling. Our more detailed analysis shows that commitment often makes perfect economic sense: namely, it is related to the way we take future gains and losses into account. With the traditionally assumed expo- nential discounting, commitment indeed makes no economic sense, but with the practically observed hyperbolic discounting, commitment is indeed often economically beneficial.
Algorithm for forming a training set of an artificial neural network for image segmentation
Authors: Belim S.V. , Larionov S.B.
Published: November 2024

The article proposes an algorithm for forming a training set for an artificial neural network in the problem of image segmentation. A distinctive feature is the use of only one segmented image. Segmentation is performed using a three-layer perceptron. The region growing method is used. The neural network is used to decide whether a pixel belongs to a segment being formed. Pulse noise is used to form the training set. Pixels changed by noise do not belong to any segment. A computer experiment was conducted in automatic and interactive modes.
HEURISTICS FOR THE SEPARATION PROBLEM OF 1-PARACHUTES IN THE GRAPH APPROXIMATION PROBLEM
Authors: Urazova I.V.
Published: November 2024

The problem of graph approximation is to find a family of pairwise vertex-disjoint cliques of minimum weight in a complete edge-weighted graph. In the general case, the problem is NP-hard. In the paper (see \cite{SimUr15}), a class of inequalities supporting the polyhedron of this problem was proposed. Conditions were found under which the constructed inequalities are faceted. When using these inequalities in cutting algorithms, the identification problem (Separation problem) becomes relevant. In the paper (see \cite{SimUr16}), it was shown that the problem of identifying the proposed inequalities is NP-hard. In this paper, a local search procedure is developed for identifying cuts. A computational experiment was conducted to analyze the efficiency of the proposed methods. \\ \textit{The work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project 18-07-00599)}
ALL MAXIMALLY COMPLEX PROBLEMS ALLOW SIMPLIFYING DIVIDE-AND-CONQUER APPROACH: INTUITIVE EXPLANATION OF A SOMEWHAT COUNTERINTUITIVE LADNER''S RESULT
Authors: Kosheleva O. , Kreinovich V.
Published: November 2024

Ladner's 1975 result says that every NP-complete problem, that is, in fact, every maximal hard problem, can be reduced to solving two simpler problems. This result sounds counterintuitive: if a problem is maximally hard, how can it be reduced to simpler problems? In this paper, we give an intuitive explanation for this result. Our main argument is that, since problem difficulty and problem divisibility are not perfectly correlated, it is natural to expect that a maximally hard problem is not necessarily equally hard to divide. Our related argument is that, as this result shows, NP-completeness is a sufficient but not a necessary condition for a problem to be maximally hard; how to come up with a more adequate notion of difficulty remains an open problem.
FACTOR ANALYSIS BASED ON THE k-MEANS METHOD
Authors: Shovin V.A.
Published: November 2024

An urgent problem of medical and mathematical research is the analysis and search for hidden dependencies in experimental data. Determination of such dependencies allows to build a model of a phenomenon or object that would best correspond to the experimental data and at the same time have a minimal complex structure. A well-known mathematical and software tool for automatic construction of such models is factor analysis. Various generalizations and modernizations of factor analysis methods seem to be in demand. The article proposes a new approach to factor analysis based on the k-means data clustering method and subsequent factor rotation. Factor analysis selects from a set of initial indicators - k principal components or factors - with the greatest accuracy approximating the spread and distribution of the initial data. Such principal components form the factor structure of the initial data. Various characteristic points of the initial data structure can be used as directions and positions of the principal components. In this paper, it is proposed to use the centers of the clusters of the initial data. A large number of clustering methods exist to divide data points into classes. The most popular is the k-means method. As a result, the k-means method allows finding the factor structure in the original multidimensional data space from the positions of k centers of the selected clusters. Subsequent factor rotation according to the original interpretability criterion allows finding a simple factor structure. Conducting numerical experiments showed good agreement between the results of this factor analysis method and previously known methods. The proposed factor analysis method has good and superior efficiency compared to other factor analysis methods. It has less complexity and the number of necessary actions to determine the factor structure.
KAJIAN KRANIOMETRI PERSILANGAN SAPI BELGIAN BLUE DENGAN SAPI PERANAKAN ONGOLE DI JAWA BARAT
Authors: Aditya Natasha Ramanda , Dudi Dudi , Arifin Johar
Published: November 2024

Research on the craniometric size of crosses of Belgian Blue cattle and Peranakan Ongole was carried out from April to June 2022.  The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution and craniometric size of crosses of Belgian Blue cattle and Peranakan Ongole in West Java.  This study used 18 crosses of Belgian Blue cattle and Ongole cattle, aged 1 – 9 months.  The method used in this research is descriptive exploratory, with census data collection.  The variables measured were 11 cranium size parameters consisting of Profile length, Median frontal length, Length of the nasals, Foramen gums length, Condilo basal length, the Greatest breadth of the skull, Least Breadth between the basses of the horn cores, Least frontal breadth, Least breadth between supraorbital foramina, Least breadth between the orbits and Breadth between infraorbital foramina.  The results of statistical analysis showed uniform and various coefficients of variation, meaning that the diversity was caused by the effect of heterosis