bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of Fluorescence in Colloidal CuInS2 Nanocrystals by Introduction of Crystal Defect
Authors: Uehara Masato , Watanabe Kosuke , Tajiri Yasuyuki , Nakamura Hiroyuki , Maeda Hideaki
Published: November 2009

Cu-In-S nanocrystals were developed as a low toxic fluorescent. The stoichiometric CuInS2 nanocrystals were synthesized facilely by heating a solution of metal complexes. The fluorescence would be originated from the crystal defect. We intentionally introduced the crystal defects related to Cu deficiency in nanocrystal with the prospect that the fluorescence intensity would be increased. The nanocrystals have many defects without phase separation as observed in bulk material. Consequently, the fluorescence quantum yield achieved to c.a. 6%. Moreover, the fluorescence quantum yield was increased up to 15% by the ZnS-coating.
Synthesis and Characterization of Submicron-Sized and Monodisperse Liquid Crystal Capsules
Authors: Liu Yi-Chun , Lin Sheng-Wen , Kuo Hui-Lung
Published: November 2009

Here we developed a new method to prepare the liquid crystal particles by first synthesizing the monodisperse hollow inorganic spheres and then allowing the liquid crystals to infiltrate into the hollow spheres. The resulting liquid crystal colloidal particles have a diameter of 285nm with a low polydispersity of 0.03. DSC thermograms showed a clear peak at around 30 degree, indicating the isotropic-nematic transition of liquid crystals encapsulated in the silica shells. The inorganic shells can prevent liquid crystals inside from leaking out and also hold the spherical shape of colloidal particles after the evaporation of the dispersant. A thin film assembled by the liquid crystal colloidal particles was also prepared in this report.
Self-Assembly and Raman Spectroscopy of Additive Coated Nanocrystals
Authors: Romann Julien , Chevallier Virginie , Merlen Alexandre , Valmalette Jean-Christophe
Published: November 2009

Copper oxalate 1 �m-sized nanocrystalline assemblies with several shapes (cushions, lenses, drilled cushions, and square rods) have been obtained by aqueous precipitation without additive, with glycerol, with PEG and with HPMC. Respective influences of these additives on the nanocrystals self-assembly are suggested from the obtained particles morphologies to provide a better understanding of this assembly process. Raman spectroscopy is used to highlight fluorescence occurring on the copper oxalate samples synthesized with additives. This additive induced fluorescence is suggested to result from specific interactions between the nanocrystals and the adsorbed additives.
Electrostatic Switching in Vertically Oriented Nanotubes for Nonvolatile Memory Applications
Authors: Kaul Anupama B. , Khan Paul , Jennings Andrew T. , Greer Julia , Megerian Krikor G. , Allmen Paul von
Published: November 2009

We have demonstrated electrostatic switching in vertically oriented nanotubes or nanofibers, where a nanoprobe was used as the actuating electrode inside an SEM. When the nanoprobe was manipulated to be in close proximity to a single tube, switching voltages between 10 V – 40 V were observed, depending on the geometrical parameters. The turn-on transitions appeared to be much sharper than the turn-off transitions which were limited by the tube-to-probe contact resistances. In many cases, stiction forces at these dimensions were dominant, since the tube appeared stuck to the probe even after the voltage returned to 0 V, suggesting that such structures are promising for nonvolatile memory applications. The stiction effects, to some extent, can be adjusted by engineering the switch geometry appropriately. Nanoscale mechanical measurements were also conducted on the tubes using a custom-built nanoindentor inside an SEM, from which preliminary material parameters, such as the elastic modulus, were extracted. The mechanical measurements also revealed that the tubes appear to be well adhered to the substrate. The material parameters gathered from the mechanical measurements were then used in developing an electrostatic model of the switch using a commercially available finite-element simulator. The calculated pull-in voltages appeared to be in agreement to the experimentally obtained switching voltages to first order.
Deep-sea ostracods from the South Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean during the last 370,000 years
Authors: Yasuhara Moriaki , Cronin Thomas M. , Hunt Gene , Hodell David A.
Published: November 2009

We report changes of deep-sea ostracod fauna during the last 370,000 yr from the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Hole 704A in the South Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. The results show that faunal changes are coincident with glacial/interglacial-scale deep-water circulation changes, even though our dataset is relatively small and the waters are barren of ostracods until mid-MIS (Marine Isotope Stage) 5.KritheandPoseidonamicuswere dominant during the Holocene interglacial period and the latter part of MIS 5, when this site was under the influence of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW). Conversely,HenryhowellaandLegitimocytherewere dominant during glacial periods, when this site was in the path of Circumpolar Deep Water (CPDW). Three new species (Aversovalva brandaoae, Poseidonamicus hisayoae, andKrithe mazziniae) are described herein. This is the first report of Quaternary glacial/interglacial scale deep-sea ostracod faunal changes in the Southern and South Atlantic Oceans, a key region for understanding Quaternary climate and deep-water circulation, although the paucity of Quaternary ostracods in this region necessitates further research.
Late Paleozoic continental gastropods from Poland: systematic, evolutionary and paleoecological approach
Authors: Stworzewicz Ewa , Szulc Joachim , Pokryszko Beata M.
Published: November 2009

Two taxa of the Late Carboniferous and four species of the Early Permian terrestrial snails have been found in the Late Paleozoic continental molasse sediments of the Upper Silesian-Cracow Upland (Southern Poland). Discovery ofAnthracopupa ohioensisandProtodiscus priscusindicates that, besides in North America, they occurred also in the European part of the Pangea supercontinent. According to the general sedimentary facies context and the accompanying floral and faunal assemblages, the gastropods lived in swamp environments, including a topogenous fen.
A revision ofPlesiobaena(Testudines: Baenidae) and an assessment of baenid ecology across the K/T boundary
Authors: Lyson Tyler R. , Joyce Walter G.
Published: November 2009

Over the course of the last two decades, the baenid taxonPlesiobaenahas typically been thought to consist of two named species,Plesiobaena antiqua(Campanian) andPlesiobaena putorius(Paleocene), along with an unnamed species from the Maastrichtian, but the interrelationship of these three taxa was never explored in an explicit phylogenetic context. Herein we present or re-describe a number of relevant specimens and provide a cladistic analysis of Baenidae using species only as terminal taxa. The phylogenetic analysis clearly reveals thatPlesiobaenain the traditional sense is a paraphyletic assemblage relative to the clade formed byGamerabaena sonsallaandPalatobaenaspp., thus demanding some nomenclatural adjustments. In particular,Plesiobaena putoriusis moved to a new genus,Cedrobaena, and the unnamed taxon from the Maastrichtian is formally namedPeckemys brinkman.Many of the newCedrobaena putoriusandPeckemys brinkmanspecimens described herein were found at the Turtle Graveyard locality in Slope County, North Dakota, along with four other turtle taxa, increasing the turtle diversity of this locality to at least six taxa. Although this indicates that Turtle Graveyard is the world's most diverse fossil turtle thanatocoenosis, a comparable diversity is found in modern river systems in the southeastern United States today. Our phylogenetic analysis indicates that seven out of nine latest Cretaceous baenid turtle lineages survived into the Paleocene, four of which are interpreted as being durophagous.
Carnivora from the late Early Pleistocene of Cal Guardiola (Terrassa, Vallès-Penedès Basin, Catalonia, Spain)
Authors: Madurell-Malapeira Joan , Alba David M. , Moyà-Solà Salvador
Published: November 2009

The paleontological site of Cal Guardiola (UTM 31T DG1702), on the western bank of the Torrent de Vallparadís (Terrassa, Catalonia, Spain), was discovered in early 1997 during the construction of a socio-sanitary building next to the Mútua de Terrassa. A report on the geology and stratigraphy of Cal Guardiola was published by Berástegui et al. (2000), including a preliminary report on the fauna. This preliminary study suggested an estimated age for Cal Guardiola of ca. 1.0 Ma (Berástegui et al., 2000). Unpublished paleomagnetic analyses, carried out by Miguel Garcés, indicate a reverse magnetization for the sampled sediments, which can be correlated to below the Brunhes-Matuyama geomagnetic boundary (pers. com. of M. Garcés in Postigo Mijarra et al., 2007), thus being older than 0.8 Ma. This dating roughly corresponds to the later part of the Epivillafranchian biochron (1.2 to 0.9 Ma), which in Europe is best represented by the faunal assemblages from Untermassfeld in Germany, Le Vallonnet in France, and Colle Curti and Slivia in Italy (Palombo et al., 2008 and references therein). The faunal assemblage from Cal Guardiola represents one of the latest Epivillafranchian faunas from Europe and thus deserves particular attention for unraveling the chronology of the dispersal events that took place during the Epivillafranchian-Galerian turnover. However, thus far only the primate remains from Cal Guardiola have been published (Alba et al., 2008), while the rest of the fauna remains unpublished. Here we describe the carnivore remains from Cal Guardiola, which record one of the latest occurrences of the hyenidPachycrocutain Europe and further attests the coexistence of two distinct ursid lineages by the latest Early Pleistocene in Europe.
First Definite Record Of Permian Edrioasteroids: Neoisorophusella maslennikovi n. sp. from the Kungurian of northeast russia
Authors: Sumrall Colin D.
Published: November 2009

The late history of edrioasteroids has come to light only in the last 40 yr. When the edrioasteroid chapter of the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology was published (Regnéll, 1966) the youngest known edrioasteroids were upper Mississippian (Chesterian). Since that time, a series of papers have described edrioasteroids in the Pennsylvanian (Fraunfelter and Utgaard, 1970; Bell, 1976; Sumrall, 1992; Sumrall and Bowsher, 1996; Sumrall et al, 2000, 2006). Pennsylvanian edrioasteroids now include nine species distributed among six genera, including one fauna bearing four genera (Sumrall et al., 2006). These edrioasteroids are not limited to a single clade but include postibullinids, plesiomorphic agelacrinitids, and derived clavate discocystinids.
Guizhoumyophoria, a New Name for Quadratia Yin, 1974 (Bivalvia: Trigonioida: Myophoriidae), preoccupied by Quadratia Muir-Wood and Cooper, 1960 (Brachiopoda: Strophomenida: Productellidae)
Authors: Zong-Jie Fang
Published: November 2009

Yin (1974, p. 25) introduced a new genus, Quadratia for a group of Middle Triassic bivalves in the family Myophoriidae. The type species designated by him is Quadratia quadrata Yin, 1974 [p. 25, pl. 1, figs. 3 (syntype, holotype in original text, right valve), 4a–c (syntype, holotype in original text, left valve), 5 (syntype, paratype in original text); text-fig. 3], the type stratum and locality of which are the Qingyan Formation at Qingyan of Guiyang, Guizhou Province, Southwest China (see also Fang et al., 2009, p. 56, Figs. 16.18–16.21). But this genus name has been preoccupied by Quadratia Muir-Wood and Cooper, 1960 (p. 161, pl. 39, figs. 1–13), which is a member of the Productellidae in the Brachiopoda, with Quadratia hirsutiformis (Walcott, 1884, p. 133, pl. 2, figs. 10, 10a) as the type species, which comes from the White Pine shale of Mississippian age at Applegate Canyon of White Pine County, Nevada, USA. As required by ICZN (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, Fourth edition; Ride et al., 1999) Article 60.3, I replace Quadratia Yin, 1974, with Guizhoumyophoria, new name, based on the same type species, Quadratia quadrata Yin. The new name is derived from Guizhou Province where the genus occurred.
X-ray CT scan as an aid to identification and description of a new bivalve species (Mollusca) from the Mississippian Bluefield Formation, Southeastern West Virginia
Authors: Peck Robert L. , Bailey Jack B. , Heck Richard J. , Scaiff Nathan T.
Published: November 2009

X-ray CT scans at two different energies of three articulated specimens ofSpathelopsis oakvalensisn. sp., a bivalve from the Bluefield Formation of the Mauch Chunk Group (Mississippian, Chesterian) from southeastern West Virginia, permitted observation and description of poorly known internal features of the shell, resulting in a reversal of the shell orientation alleged by past authors and concomitant reassignment of this problematic genus to the palaeotaxodont family Nuculanidae Adams and Adams. Distinctive posterior and anterior gapes inSpathelopsissuggest separation of inhalant and exhalant water streams, a characteristic associated with derived but not primitive palaeotaxodonts.
El Ferdan Bridge, Egypt: the world's longest swing bridge
Authors: Fuchs N. , Tomlinson K. , Buckby R.
Published: November 2009

The world's longest span swing bridge was opened on 14 November 2001 by President Mubarak of Egypt. The combined road and rail bridge crosses the Suez Canal close to the Egyptian town of Ismailia. The adopted solution, based on an illustrative design provided by the client, Egyptian National Railways, is a double swing bridge with a steel truss superstructure and a span of 340 m between pivot pier centrelines. The total weight of the bridge is 13 200 t. This paper describes the procurement, design and construction of this unusual project.
Real strength of high-performance concrete bridge deck slabs
Authors: Taylor S. E. , Rankin G. I. B. , Cleland D. J.
Published: November 2009

Deterioration of bridge deck slabs due to corrosion of reinforcement has become increasingly evident over the past 40 years and continues to be the cause of costly repair programmes. Detailing to reduce the risk of corrosion is simpler if the percentage of reinforcement is low. It is now recognised that laterally restrained slabs exhibit strengths far in excess of those predicted by most design codes. This increase in strength can be attributed to arching or compressive membrane action (CMA), and by recognising it in design, lower percentages of reinforcement can be specified. CMA has been incorporated into a small number of design standards. However, problems still exist in translating the arching theory into slabs in practice. The problem is in the assessment of the degree of external lateral restraint inherent in slab structures. This paper presents the results of tests on eight one-third-scale bridge deck edge panel models with target compressive strengths of 100 N/mm2. The test programme aimed at realistically modelling the restraint conditions intrinsic in the edge panel of a real bridge deck slab. A method for assessing the real restraint in such a slab was incorporated into an existing arching theory by using an effective slab width concept. The procedure showed good correlation with the test results and with other results reported in the literature.
Design of strengthening works for an 1890s steel rail bridge
Authors: Waley G. , Wilkins S. D. , Barbour H.
Published: November 2009

The project involved the strengthening and deck replacement of a five-span lattice truss viaduct that carries the West Highland Line across a steep-sided gorge near Crianlarich. The bridge was designed and constructed for the lines opening in 1894. Railtrack Scotland awarded a design-and-build contract to Edmund Nuttall Ltd with White Young Green as Design Consultants to assess the options to strengthen the bridge and to meet current design standards, and to upgrade the capacity of the line for future increases in the weight of freight vehicles. White Young Green's input also involved detailed design, site supervision and the design of enabling works for free-standing and suspended scaffold structures. Innovative truss-strengthening measures included the installation of an external post-tensioning system deflected from the bottom members of the bridge truss. This increases the live load capacity of the truss by reducing permanent load stresses The system allowed the capacity of the trusses to be increased without the practical difficulties associated with adding additional metalwork to the top and bottom truss members. The scheme adopted comprised full deck replacement (still to be carried out), strengthening of the main truss members, and replacement of tertiary bracing members. The predicted response of the bridge under load was determined by developing a space frame model, which included all members of the truss and post-tensioning system. The analysis was used in conjunction with Freyssinet Ltd to develop the stressing system of deflected bars and strand tendons. Real rail vehicle loading, both stationary and slow moving (to minimise dynamic effects), was used in conjunction with strain gauges to confirm that the behaviour of the bridge before and after modification was as expected by the analysis. Monitoring proved that actual and predicted results were within 10% of each other. Some of this variation was attributed to the loads detected by strain gauges in secondary members. In conclusion, the post-tensioning process proved to be rapid and straightforward, with one span being post-tensioned per night shift. Other repair methods would have required much longer ‘no train’ periods to construct. The post-tensioning option was considered to offer the best value for money to Railtrack, and has the potential to be used on other rail bridge strengthening schemes.
The reconstructed Lions' Gate suspension bridge, Vancouver
Authors: Buckland P. G. , Matson D. D.
Published: November 2009

A case study is presented of how the entire suspended structure of the 60-year old Lions' Gate Suspension Bridge in Vancouver, Canada, was replaced during 10-hour nighttime closures plus a few longer closures at weekends. The bridge was open to full traffic at other times. Because the new structure was significantly different from the old, and because there was lack of moment continuity at the working front, the design had to consider every stage of construction. Investigations were key to the viability of the project. These included derivation of long-span traffic loads and load factors, and wind-tunnel testing in both smooth and turbulent flow. The main structural details are given. Fabrication and erection are described briefly. The result is a wider, safer, more durable bridge that citizens consider an aesthetic improvement.
Strengthening concrete structures using fibre composites
Authors: Darby A. , Ibell T. , Clarke J. , Denton S. , Farmer N. , Luke S.
Published: November 2009

Rehabilitation of concrete structures using advanced composite fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) materials has rapidly gained momentum due to the economic and structural benefits offered by such solutions. In 2000, The Concrete Society published its technical report TR55, the world's first best practice guidance on strengthening concrete structures using advanced composite materials in line with British design codes. This document has gained acceptance nationally and in many other parts of the world. Due to the rapid evolution of strengthening techniques, materials and theoretical models of behaviour, the guidelines have been updated for publication in 2004 in order to reflect the current state of the art and best practice. In particular, the chapters dealing with flexural, shear and column strengthening have been substantially revised to reflect latest research findings. Details of the main proposed changes are given in this paper. Design guidance on the use of new techniques such as near surface-mounted (NSM) reinforcement, prestressed FRP and anchorage techniques have also been introduced into the guidelines and are summarised in the paper. The design aspects are backed up with examples of the latest applications of the various strengthening techniques and materials.
Portrack, Scotland—a major railway realignment
Authors: Hackney M. J. , Stocks A. , Miller K. , Jencks C.
Published: November 2009

Crossing the volatile River Nith at Portrack in Dumfriesshire has presented railway engineers with severe problems for over 150 years, at least one previous attempt having been destroyed in a flood. Despite ongoing maintenance and repairs, the existing 11 span wrought iron structure, which carries the increasingly important Glasgow and South West Scotland line over the river, needed urgent replacement to reduce long-term costs and improve the safety and efficiency of the route. Carillion Rail and Scott Wilson Scotland carefully evaluated a number of options before recommending a realignment of the railway, which involved the replacement of two viaducts. Working in an environmentally sensitive location, adjacent to a ‘live’ railway and to a tight deadline required a tremendous amount of planning, cooperation and ingenuity by all parties; even the local estate owner became the project's architectural advisor. The centre-piece of the scheme is a spectacular 90 m curved truss-girder crossing the river, which was erected using the world's largest mobile crane. The meticulous planning and teamwork paid off with the construction of the entire project being completed on time, within budget and without disruption to the railway.
A34 Chieveley/M4 junction 13 improvement: design
Authors: Place D. , Farooq I. , Carter S.
Published: November 2009

The project involved the grade separation of the A34 at junction 13 of the M4 motorway and was carried out under a design-and-build contract. Three integral bridges with contiguous pile wall abutments and Y-beam and slab decks were designed for construction in a top-down sequence while maintaining three lanes of traffic in each direction on the M4. This paper describes the design process, including derivation of earth pressures on the integral abutments, analysis of the soil–structure interaction and the global analysis of the structure. Comparison is made between the design methods required by BD 42/00 which embodies CIRIA Report 104 and the recently published CIRIA C580, and matters pertaining to the design of integral bridges with frame and embedded type abutments are identified for discussion.
Isa Town Gate interchange, Bahrain
Authors: Yau David , Penny J
Published: November 2009

The Bahrain Ministry of Works roads directorate and Hyder Consulting undertook a national transport model in 2002 in which traffic congestion was identified and future 2021 traffic flows were estimated. Strategic improvements were identified to improve traffic flow and make allowances for future increases in traffic volumes. The Isa Town Gate interchange was an existing roundabout with a five-leg junction in an urban setting with two major highways: Sheikh Salman Highway and Al Estiqlal Highway. This paper details the design of the £66 million project from concept to tender and also expands on the construction progress. Execution of the project modified the existing Isa Town Gate roundabout into a three-level grade-separated interchange. The option chosen was a three-level grade-separated junction with a free-flow flyover and underpass for the major highway routes. The existing roundabout was replaced with a complex split-traffic signalised junction accommodating all movements. The flyover consisted of two non-parallel curved bridge decks 2·4 km long of glued segmental prestressed concrete viaducts. An overhead launching gantry was specified to minimise traffic management. The underpass was designed as a diaphragm-walled U trough but was later varied to a ground-anchored solution. Construction commenced in October 2007, and is due for completion in mid-2010.
Properties of concrete using high-lime pfa from a UK source
Authors: Shirley R. , Claisse P. , Ganjian E.
Published: November 2009

Recent changes in UK coal supply have resulted in the production of high-lime ash from a major UK power station. This paper offers results collected during a project to compare the key performance characteristics of concretes using an ASTM class C (high lime) and an ASTM class F (low lime) ash as a partial replacement for Portland cement. Mixes were produced using 40% replacement of Portland cement by weight, with pulverised fuel ash, and a water/cement (w/c) ratio of 0·4. Characteristics examined included workability, compressive strength, water permeability, water absorption, chloride permeability using the rapid chloride permeability test, resistance to sulfate attack, and freeze–thaw resistance. The results showed that the concrete containing the ASTM class C ash was superior in all of these areas except for sulfate resistance. Workability and compressive strength tests were also performed on mixes containing 60, 70, 80 and 90% replacement levels with the class C ash, all with 0·4 w/c ratio. Results showed a steady increase in the workability and a decrease in the compressive strength. Samples made at 90% replacement level showed extreme unsoundness and could not be tested for strength.
On the use of Rayleigh damping for seismic analysis
Authors: Nielsen A. H.
Published: November 2009

Rayleigh damping is widely used for dynamic analysis of structures. Although it is based on a simple formula, the use of Rayleigh damping for seismic analysis involves a hidden complication, which is commonly overlooked both in theory and in practice. The complication arises because mass-proportional damping introduces an extra term into the equations of motion when these are written as total displacements. If this term is not included, the validity of the results obtained from finite element analysis may be doubtful. This paper presents the correct equations of motions for problems involving foundation motion and Rayleigh damping. The paper provides evidence suggesting that at least two of the most widely used commercial finite element codes do not contain a consistent implementation of Rayleigh damping. This evidence is presented in the form of two verification problems. Finally, an estimate of the likely error in seismic analysis carried out to date is offered.
On a damage–plasticity approach to model concrete failure
Authors: Grassl P.
Published: November 2009

A damage–plasticity constitutive model for the description of fracture in plain concrete is presented. Two approaches – the local model comprising the adjustment of the softening modulus and the non-local model based on spatial averaging of history variables – are applied to the analysis of a concrete bar subjected to uniaxial tension and to a three-point bending test. The influence of mesh size and the decomposition into damage and plasticity components are discussed. It is shown that for the two examples studied, both approaches give mesh-independent results. However, the non-local model, which relies on spatial averaging of history variables, exhibits sensitivity with respect to boundary conditions which requires further studies.
Quantifying the impacts of wind variability
Authors: Milborrow D.
Published: November 2009

Although the issues surrounding the introduction of wind energy into electricity networks tend to be controversial, an increasing number of analytical studies suggest that the issues can be addressed at modest cost. This paper first discusses the key characteristics of electricity networks in order to establish the technical framework within which wind operates. Drawing on actual data from western Denmark, it is shown that the additional fluctuations encountered by system operators are measurable – and manageable. The importance of aggregation is emphasised and recent data from the British system operator are used as a basis for an estimate of additional balancing costs with wind energy penetration levels up to 40%. Above a penetration level of about 5%, additional costs are incurred as the ‘capacity credit’ of wind falls, which reduces the load factor of thermal plant. Combining this ‘backup’ cost with the costs of extra balancing, it is suggested that the extra cost to the consumer of wind variability at the 40% level is likely to be around £6/MWh – about 5% of the typical domestic electricity price. Factors that may reduce this extra cost, such as demand-side management and better wind forecasting, are also discussed.
Sustainable development: recent thinking and practice in the UK
Authors: Bennett J. , Crudgington A.
Published: November 2009

Sustainable development is development that makes possible sustainable living. This means: delivering built development that sustains life and improves the quality of life for human beings; work that removes the environmental and/or social damage from the past and improves the sustainability of the wider environment and ecosystems; and development of individuals and of societal quality of life. The challenge of sustainable development includes the delivery of poverty reduction; environmental protection and enhancement; efficient use of natural resources; an improved built environment; economic growth and stability; and enhancing social capital and human well-being. However, the delivery of these elements will only be possible with an immense contribution from engineers and engineering; if engineers work with and listen to many others involved; if it becomes the normal way for civil engineering to be done; if civil engineers take a lead; and if practical action is taken now. For example, the individual engineer can become the sales force for sustainable development; demonstrate the concept by example in our work and personal lives; and persuade our clients, our governments and our friends to do likewise.
Briefing: Sustainable development: UK Government objectives and the role of business
Authors: Bender Brian
Published: November 2009

‘Our priorities are to get all of the headline indicators of sustainable development moving in the right direction, and industry has a valuable role in helping achieve this,’ Brian Bender, Permanent Secretary at the UK’s Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) told the Carillion sustainability forum in October 2002.
MaSC: managing sustainable companies
Authors: Woodall R. , Cooper I. , Crowhurst D. , Hadi M. , Platt S.
Published: November 2009

The Department of Trade and Industry, under its Partners in Innovation programme, has sponsored the development of a set of self-assessment tools called MaSC (Managing Sustainable Companies) for helping organisations to assess their current progress in introducing sustainable business practices and to plan what steps they need to take next to improve their performance. This paper describes the MaSC tools and reports their use by over 300 firms from across the demand and supply sides of the construction industry, through a series of industry workshops. The paper reports the average ‘organisational profile’ of these organisations against the six key management areas measured by the MaSC matrix: strategy, responsibility, planning, communication, implementation and auditing. It also records what firms saw as the key external and internal drivers for provoking their organisations to adopt and develop more sustainable business practices and the support they would need to implement change effectively. These findings are compared with the progress made using the wider set of MaSC tools, over an initial six-month period, by six test-bed organisations with whom the MaSC team worked to develop and evaluate the self-assessment tools. These organisations ranged from very large multi-national corporations to small companies and spanned both the demand and supply sides of construction.
Civil engineering for the optimal use of scarce land resources
Authors: Carpenter T. G.
Published: November 2009

There is abundant evidence that global resources are being exploited unsustainably and there are many forms of human activity which have to be curbed or redirected to reverse this. One of the resources is land space and one of the activities is civil engineering. This paper identifies scarce land resources, the significance to them of water, and ways in which engineering can improve or threaten them. Specific forms of engineered land development reviewed are irrigation schemes, storage reservoirs, steam power stations, built-up areas and transport infrastructure. Effects of construction on landscape itself are briefly introduced. Conclusions concern the needs to plan construction with natural systems and resources, to share land among different uses and to continue to develop engineering solutions to certain pressing problems.
Crane erection of timber-trussed rafter roofs
Authors: Hairstans R. , Kermani A. , Lawson R.
Published: November 2009

Traditional methods of timber frame construction are labour-intensive and time-consuming. This paper details a study of the crane-erect method of construction which utilises on-site preparatory work and off-site fabrication. The paper also examines the project planning alterations and implications which are required for crane-erect construction to be successful and the feasibility of crane erect with regard to improved time, cost and safety.
Brick recycling and reuse
Authors: Gregory R. J. , Hughes T. G. , Kwan A. S. K.
Published: November 2009

The paper assesses the current brick recycling industry in the UK, and highlights the low rate of brick recycling that is currently achieved. The benefits of increased brick recycling are identified, but it is noted that in order for this to be achieved improved technology to allow more efficient recovery of bricks would be necessary.
Integrated assessment of urban sustainability
Authors: Walton J. S. , El-Haram M. , Castillo N. H. , Horner R. M. W. , Price A. D. F. , Hardcastle C.
Published: November 2009

Urban areas are recognised as having a major influence in the drive towards making development more sustainable. Consequently, robust and comprehensive methodologies for the assessment of sustainability in the urban context are essential for urban decision makers such as planners, architects, engineers and managers. This paper describes the method and main findings of a scoping study undertaken by the ‘Metrics, Models and Toolkits for Whole Life Sustainable Urban Development’ consortium of the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council's Sustainable Environment Programme in the UK (Sue-MoT) to determine gaps and needs in current urban sustainability assessment tools. The paper also introduces a main programme of research which will address key priorities identified. During the study, 675 tools applicable to the assessment of sustainability in regard to urban developments were identified with 165 of these undergoing evaluations against a series of criteria identified as important for the integrated assessment of urban sustainability. Additionally, stakeholders, including urban decision makers and tool developers, were canvassed on the strengths and weaknesses of current assessment tools and on future user requirements. The results of the work confirmed that there is no tool currently capable of simultaneously covering all assessment criteria but demonstrated the need not for a new tool but for a framework that integrates those that already exist. Consequently, the consortium proposes the development of an integrated sustainability assessment toolkit (ISAT).
Building façades: sustainability, maintenance and refurbishment
Authors: Kaluarachchi Y. , Jones K. , James P. , Jentsch M. , Baha A. S. , Clements-Croome D. , Gann D.
Published: November 2009

The UK has a fairly mature building stock with between 1 and 5% of new buildings being introduced each year. The development of new façade solutions that can respond to the needs of the occupants of both new and refurbished buildings is, therefore, a key area for development. The built environment is a major consumer of energy across the domestic, industrial and service sectors. The construction and operation of buildings are responsible for about one-third of the energy use and one-half of the electricity use in most industrialised countries. A large share of the energy use is associated with protection from the external climate and operation of systems necessary to give the occupants a comfortable indoor environment. Natural light is seen as a key driver to people's well-being both in the workplace and at home. To realise high daylight factors in offices on overcast days, however, in particular requires highly glazed façades. Single-glazed windows result in high winter-month heat loads, whereas modern double- or triple-glazed units could result in summer overheating without additional solar protection or ventilation. This paper discusses the issue of façade refurbishment or replacement in the UK for multioccupancy buildings in both the commercial and domestic sectors. Sustainability is considered from people, process and product perspectives for traditionally glazed façades in comparison with double-skin façades and climatic envelopes.
Application of tyre bales to slope failure repair
Authors: Winter M. G. , Williammee R. , Prikryl W.
Published: November 2009

Landslides take a variety of forms including slides, flows, falls, topples and spreads. Many landslides require a degree of remediation to ensure that infrastructure and property are left in an acceptably safe condition. The many forms of remediation available include the removal of loose material (often also involving its replacement with more competent material), stabilisation of the remaining material and the complete engineering reconstruction of an area of the slope. In some cases quite large volumes of failed material may be removed and replaced with competent material. In general, failures that produce large holes will tend to fall into the category of slides be they circular, translational or wedge failures. However, flows can also excavate quite large gully-shaped volumes during their erosional phases. The main requirements of the fill material are usually that it should be free-draining and high friction, and should prevent internal and external migration of material in order to avoid further build-up of water pressures. Typically, rockfill is used and plastic materials are to be avoided. Tyre bales are a relatively new form of material that satisfy the criteria for such fill. This paper describes the key features of tyre bales in the context of slope failure remediation. Types of failure in which tyre bales might be successfully used are discussed, as are issues in relation to drainage, excavation boundary conditions and placement and alignment of bales. Successful applications are also described, including the results of an analysis of a slope failure repair using tyre bales.
Discussion: Widening engineering horizons: addressing the complexity of sustainable development
Authors: Fenner R. A. , Ainger C. , Cruickshank H. , Guthrie P.
Published: November 2009

The following discussion is from an Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) prestige lecture based on the original paper and delivered by the authors at the ICE in London on 24 September 2008. 1 The event was chaired by Engineering Sustainability editorial panel chair, Professor Chris Rogers from Birmingham University. It was attended by an audience of 130 people as well as being watched by a similar number over a live web-cast. The web-cast can be accessed from the ICE archive for online viewing at http://scenta.interwise.com/etechb/OnDemand/TH6509 .
The behaviour of lightly loaded piles in swelling ground and implications for their design
Authors: Crilly M. S. , Driscoll R. M. C.
Published: November 2009

This paper describes the results of experiments on instrumented piles from a shrinkable/expansible clay site in Kent. On this high-plasticity London Clay site, the ground had been desiccated to a considerable depth by trees which were felled in 1990, resulting in approximately 160 mm of ground heave. The data obtained from the site are used to investigate design methods for lightly loaded bored piles in swelling clays. It is concluded that: in stiff clays, under seasonal shrinkage and swelling near trees, shear stresses may quickly reach a peak value which appears to be associated with the fully softened strength, ϕ′cv, and at large displacement reach a limiting value that appears to be associated with residual strength, ϕ′r; application of ‘normal’ α factors to desiccated soil strengths in ground that is swelling is likely to lead to a significant overestimate of maximum shear stress. A design framework in which ultimate and serviceability limit states are examined explicitly, rather than through a single factor of safety, is recommended as being more appropriate for lightly loaded piles in swelling ground.
Comparison of European bearing capacity calculation methods for shallow foundations
Authors: Sieffert J.-G. , Bay-Gress Ch.
Published: November 2009

The aim of this paper is to compare the methods used by the European countries to evaluate the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. Comparisons of several formulations of bearing capacity factors, depth and shape factors, load inclination and eccentricity factors, as well as values of these factors, are presented. This study has deliberately been restricted to methods using the bearing capacity factors Nc, Nq and Nγ: other methods exist and are used, but few of them are in common use in all European countries (for example, the pressiometric method is used almost exclusively in France), and consequently the comparison would be awkward. The most important conclusion is that the evaluated bearing capacity depends highly on the country. Therefore, bearing capacity needs to be better understood using new parametric and numerical analyses.
The benefits from geotechnics in construction of the A34 Newbury Bypass
Authors: Perry J. , Field M. , Davidson W. , Thompson D.
Published: November 2009

This paper highlights the geotechnical, contractual and economic benefits to be gained when innovation is progressed by all parties to a major highway construction contract. It explains the construction measures taken by the consultant, the contractor and the client on the A34 Newbury Bypass to embody the effects of new legislation and the growing public concern over the construction of major public infrastructure works. In particular it details the geotechnically varied and environmentally sensitive approach adopted throughout the project to produce the least environmentally intrusive and most cost-effective scheme. Geotechnical engineering played a major part in addressing the environmental and cost restraints which developed throughout the design and construction of the project. A structured approach to using materials in the most efficient manner on site was adopted which provides a model for other projects. This, along with changes in requirements and the availability of additional land, has resulted in a more balanced design. The result has been the dramatic reduction in both the volume of surplus material to be removed from the site and an associated reduction in the importation of other materials. As well as major cost savings, scarce natural resources have been conserved and the number of lorry movements considerably reduced.
Instrumentation for monitoring sprayed concrete lined soft ground tunnels
Authors: Clayton C. R. I. , Hope V. S. , Heymann G. , van der Berg J. P. , Bica A. V. D.
Published: November 2009

This paper presents an evaluation of the field instrumentation that is used in sprayed concrete lined tunnelling projects in soft ground. It discusses the possible roles of instrumentation and monitoring, and describes the principal considerations which govern the selection of instrumentation for effective field monitoring. The paper recommends the strategy of using a small core of reliable and well-understood instrumentation, rather than a proliferation of diverse apparatus and techniques, and augmenting this core with further, well-planned instrumentation if it is needed.
Wetting collapse in opencast coalmine backfill
Authors: Blanchfield R. , Anderson W. F.
Published: November 2009

Significant settlements of opencast coalmine backfill can occur if the partially saturated material is inundated by rising groundwater once mine pumping has ceased. In laboratory one-dimensional compression tests, the wetting collapse has been shown to increase almost linearly with overburden over the stress range studied and quadratically with compaction air voids. The results were used to predict the behaviour at the Sheffield and Rotherham City Airport site, and the predictions compared to field monitoring data. The modelling overpredicted the field settlements by 17%. It also revealed that the majority of the settlement may have been due to the collapse of relatively few, poorly compacted layers, and that the practice of specifying or recording only average air voids during compaction may be highly misleading.
Liquid limit of soils from equilibrium water content in one-dimensional normal compression
Authors: Sridharan A. , Nagaraj H. B. , Prasad P. S.
Published: November 2009

Consistency limits are extensively used in geotechnical engineering practice. Conventional test procedures which have been developed to determine the liquid limit are based on the strength, with the liquid limit corresponding to a shearing resistance of 1·7–2·0 kPa. However, the mechanisms controlling the test procedures do not simulate the mechanisms controlling the water-holding capacity of soils which the liquid limit is supposed to represent. Further, the test procedures have their limitation in that they are relatively arbitrary. In this paper an attempt has been made to devise a test procedure which will give the water-holding capacity equivalent to the liquid limit as the equilibrium water content under a specified effective vertical stress of 0·9 kPa in normal compression. It has been found that the proposed test procedure is simple, accurate, relatively experimental and personal error-free, and could also be carried out easily for soils of low plasticity.
Classification procedures for expansive soils
Authors: Sridharan A. , Prakash K.
Published: November 2009

Most of the national codes of practice do not give characterization and classification of expansive soils, in spite of expansive soils being distributed very widely over almost all geographical locations in the world, causing distress to the structures founded on them and discomfort to the users. A simple user-friendly approach based on the free swell ratio, defined as the ratio of the sediment volume of soil in distilled water to that in carbon tetrachloride or kerosene, is formulated considering the compatibility of the results with oedometer free swell tests and the soil clay mineralogy. Statistical illustrations are provided which clearly indicate that while the assessment of soil expansivity based on index properties is an overestimation, there is a consistency in the classifications based on oedometer test results and the proposed approach. It is recommended that simple approaches such as the one proposed here to classify the expansive nature of soils are entered into standard codes of practice.
Metros under construction around the world
Authors: Hellawell E. E. , Hawley J. , Pooley A. J. , Eskesen S. D. , Garrod B. , Leggett M.
Published: November 2009

Many cities are tackling their urban congestion problems by utilising underground space and developing or expanding underground railways or metros. This paper presents metro projects currently being constructed in four major world cities: Los Angeles, Copenhagen, Bangkok and Toronto. An overview of each project is presented together with illustrations of the tunnelling process and station development. The major design issues common to all the projects were settlement and groundwater control. Other issues specific to particular projects, such as earthquake allowance or maintenance of traffic flow, are also discussed. The aim of the paper is to show the infrastructure developing below our cities and briefly outline some of the complex geotechnical problems faced in the construction of these essential facilities.