bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on the Dynamics of Geological Drilling Rig against Drill Pipe Impact
Authors: Bai Shixin , Liu Zhijian , Wang Jin
Published: January 2021

With the ever‐increasing demand for resources, the task of geological surveys has increased rapidly, and automated geological drilling rigs that can improve the efficiency of geological surveys have become the mainstream research direction. Automated geological drilling rigs can improve construction efficiency, reduce labor intensity, and effectively reduce construction accidents. During the construction of geological survey operations, accidents such as drill breakage, stuck drill, and equipment damage, which are easily caused by drill pipe impact, occur from time to time. Therefore, drill pipe impact dynamics is currently a hot topic in academic research, but there are few studies that combine automated geological drilling rigs with drill pipe impact. This article starts with the research on the hydraulic system of the power head of the automatic drilling rig and studies the dynamics of the damage of the power head of the drilling rig caused by the impact of the drill pipe by means of hydraulic valve torque limit and closed‐loop control of the speed. The oil valve group reduces the reverse torsional impact of the drill pipe on the hydraulic motor. At the same time, the requirements for the selection and pressure setting of the relief valve in the buffer filling oil valve group are proposed. The natural frequency of the relief valve is not less than 20 Hz, and the pressure is set to the working pressure 1.25 times. The effects of shock with or without the buffer filling oil valve group and the oil supply line on the power head motor were compared. The research results of this paper can provide theoretical reference and design basis for subsequent development of automated drilling rigs.
A New Norm-Observed Calibration Method Based on Improved Differential Evolution Algorithm for SINS
Authors: Liu Yang , Yang Gongliu , Cai Qingzhong , Wang Lifen
Published: January 2021

It is vital for a strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS) to be calibrated before normal use. In this paper, a new kind of norm-observed calibration method is proposed. Considering that the norm of the output of accelerometers and gyroscopes can be exactly the norm of local acceleration of gravity and Earth rotation angular velocity, respectively, optimization function about all-parameter calibration and the corresponding 24-position calibration path is established. Differential evolutionary algorithm (DE) is supposed to be the best option in parameter identification due to its strong search and fast convergence abilities. However, the high-dimensional individual vector from calibration error equations restrains the algorithm’s optimum speed and accuracy. To overcome this drawback, improved DE (IDE) optimization is specially designed: First, current “DE/rand/1” and “DE/current-to-best/1” mutation strategies are combined as one with complementary advantages and overall balance during the whole optimization process. Next, with the increase of the evolutionary generation, the mutation factor can adjust itself according to the convergence situation. Multiple identification tests prove that our IDE optimization has rapid convergence and high repeatability. Besides, certain motivation of external angular velocity is added to the gyroscope calibration, and a series of dynamic observation paths is formed, further improving the optimization accuracy. The final static navigation experiment shows that SINS with calibration parameters solved by IDE has better performance over other identification methods, which further explains that our novel method is more accurate and reliable in parameter identification.
Sampling and Mechanical Testing of Backfill in Large Mined-Out Area
Authors: Deng D. Q. , Jiang N. , Duan Y.
Published: January 2021

To investigate the physicomechanical properties of stope backfill and to explore the mining conditions for an adjacent pillar, four boreholes, namely, GZK1, GZK2, GZK3, and GZK4, were constructed for taking the backfill core in the test stope. During borehole sampling, it is found that the strength of backfill is usually lower than that of the rock and ordinary concrete, and its resistance to tensile and compressive loads is limited. Therefore, the drilling speed should not be too fast, and a small amount of water is needed to continue drilling smoothly. For backfill with high strength, the sampling process is relatively smooth, and the backfill samples are relatively complete. GZK1 is located on the upper part of the stope near the footwall of the orebody, and the test results show that the backfill quality of this part is poor; thus, a complete backfill core cannot be obtained. GZK2 is located at the bottom of the stope close to the footwall of the orebody, GZK3 is located at the bottom of the stope close to the hanging wall of the orebody, and GZK4 is located at the top of the stope close to the hanging wall of the orebody. The average compressive strength and average tensile strength of the backfill samples obtained from the three boreholes, namely, GZK2, GZK3, and GZK4, are 2.928 to 3.583 MPa and 0.328 to 0.523 MPa, respectively, indicating that the backfill near the upper part and bottom close to the hanging wall of the orebody is good, while the backfill near the upper part close to the footwall of the orebody is poor. Special attention should be paid to the backfill with the range of GZK1 in the future second-step pillar mining process, and the sublevel method can be adopted to ensure the safety of the mining process. The backfill samples in the large goaf of No.17 room were obtained by geological drilling. Segregation occurred in the upper part of the No.17 room near the area of the footwall. The concentration and flow rate of the filling slurry were reasonably adjusted and controlled with the improvement of backfill quality. Therefore, the backfill strength of the No.17 room is generally good, which can meet the requirements of pillar mining, and also creates a good condition for the resource utilization of waste tailings of Caolou Iron Mine.
Existence and Uniqueness of Fixed Points of Generalized F-Contraction Mappings
Authors: Farajzadeh A. P. , Delfani M. , Wang Y. H.
Published: January 2021

The newest generalization of the Banach contraction through the notions of the generalized F-contraction, simulation function, and admissible function is introduced. The existence and uniqueness of fixed points for a self-mapping on complete metric spaces by the new constructed contraction are investigated. The results of this article can be viewed as an improvement of the main results given in the references.
Optimization of Teaching Management System Based on Association Rules Algorithm
Authors: Niu Qing
Published: January 2021

The teaching management department carries all the work related to teaching in the whole school. A scientific, efficient, and complete teaching management system cannot only help the teaching management department improve work efficiency and quality but also greatly reduce many problems caused by manual labour risk. This paper designs and implements a teaching management system based on an improved association rule algorithm. First, aiming at the low efficiency of the Apriori algorithm for mining association rules, an association rule model based on interest is proposed. Second, use the MapReduce calculation model to partition the transaction database, then use the improved Apriori optimization algorithm for mining, and finally merge the mining results to obtain frequent itemsets. Through experiments, the optimized algorithm has greatly improved selection mining and computing time than traditional algorithms.
Standard Urine Collection Bag as an Improvised Bogotá Bag as a Temporary Abdominal Closure Method in an Open Abdomen in Preventing Abdominal Compartment Syndrome
Authors: Shabhay Ahmed , Shabhay Zarina , Chilonga Kondo , Msuya David , Mwakyembe Theresia , Chugulu Samwel
Published: January 2021

Primary abdominal wall closure post laparotomy is not always possible. Certain surgical pathologies such as degloving anterior abdominal wall trauma injuries and peritoneal visceral volume and cavity disproportion render it nearly impossible for the attending surgeon to close the abdomen in the first initial laparotomy. In such surgical clinical scenarios leaving the abdomen open might be lifesaving. Forceful closure might lead to abdominal compartment syndrome and impair respiratory status of the patient. Open abdomen closure techniques have evolved over time from protection of abdominal viscera to complex fascia retraction prevention techniques. Silo bags, i.e., (Bogotá Bags), are relatively cheap, available materials used as a temporary abdominal closure method in limited resources settings. Despite its limitations of not preventing fascia retraction and draining of peritoneal fluid, it protects the abdominal viscera. We report a case of a 29-year-old male who developed incisional anterior abdominal wall wound dehiscence. He was scheduled for emergency explorative laparotomy. Intraoperatively, multiple attempts to reduce grossly dilated edematous bowels into the peritoneal cavity and fascia approximation into the midline were not possible. A urinary collection bag was sutured on the skin edges as a temporary abdominal closure method in prevention of abdominal compartment syndrome. He fared well postoperatively and eventually underwent abdominal incisional wound closure. In emergency abdominal surgeries done in limited surgical material resource settings were primary abdominal closure is not possible at initial laparotomy, sterile urine collection bags as alternatives to the standard Bogota bags as temporary abdominal closure materials can be safely used. These are relatively easily available and can be safely used until definite surgical intervention is achieved with relatively fewer complications.
Some Novel Cosine Similarity Measures Based on Complex Hesitant Fuzzy Sets and Their Applications
Authors: Chinram Ronnason , Mahmood Tahir , Ur Rehman Ubaid , Ali Zeeshan , Iampan Aiyared
Published: January 2021

The theory of complex hesitant fuzzy set (CHFS) is a modification technique of the complex fuzzy set (CFS) to cope with awkward and unreliable information’s in daily life issues. CHFS contains the grade of truth in the form of complex number, whose real and imaginary parts are in the form of the finite subset of the unit interval. CHFS is the mixture of hesitant fuzzy set (HFS) and CFS, which handles the complex and uncertain information in real-world issues which is compared with fuzzy sets and complex fuzzy sets. The positive membership in CHFS is in the form a polar coordinate belonging to unit disc in the complex plane. The aims of this manuscript are to explore some similarity measures (SMs), weighted SMs (WSMs) such as cosine SMs, weighted cosine SMs, SMs based on cosine function, WSMs based on cosine function, SMs based on tangent function, and WSMs based on tangent function of CHFS. Some special cases of the presented measures are discussed in detail. Moreover, we use our described SMs and weighted SMs of CHFS in the environment of medical diagnosis and pattern recognition to assess the practicality and competence of the described SMs. Finally, to find the validity and proficiency of the investigated measures based on CHFSs, the comparison between explored measures with some already defined measures and their graphical representations are also discussed in detail.
Nonintrusive Load Management Based on Distributed Edge and Secure Key Agreement
Authors: Zhang Jing , Liu Qi , Chen Lu , Tian Ye , Wang Jun
Published: January 2021

With the advancement of national policies and the rise of Internet of things (IoT) technology, smart meters, smart home appliances, and other energy monitoring systems continue to appear, but due to the fixed application scenarios, it is difficult to apply to different equipment monitoring. At the same time, the limited computing resources of sensing devices make it difficult to guarantee the security in the transmission process. In order to help users better understand the energy consumption of different devices in different scenarios, we designed a nonintrusive load management based on distributed edge and secure key agreement, which uses narrowband Internet of things (NB‐IoT) for transmission and uses edge devices to forward node data to provide real‐time power monitoring for users. At the same time, we measured the changes of server power under different behaviors to prepare for further analysis of the relationship between server operating state and energy consumption.
Lingual Thyroid with Subclinical Hypothyroidism in a Young Female
Authors: Thapa Subash , Khanal Prakash
Published: January 2021

Thyroid tissue presenting as a nodule in the base of the tongue due to the embryonic failure to descend to the anterior neck is a rare clinical entity, called lingual thyroid. Clinical presentation varies depending upon the degree of obstruction caused by an enlarged nodule or features related to thyroid function. We report a case of a 27-year-old female who presented with a foreign body sensation in the throat with mild dysphagia for 3 weeks. The patient was diagnosed as lingual thyroid with subclinical hypothyroidism based on clinical findings, imaging, and fine-needle aspiration cytology. Conservative management with hormone suppression can result in size reduction of ectopic thyroid tissue improving symptoms without surgery. Lingual thyroid with mild symptoms and subclinical hypothyroidism can be managed conservatively.
Economic Determination of Modified Multiple Dependent State Sampling Plan under Some Lifetime Distributions
Authors: Aslam Muhammad , Jeyadurga P. , Balamurali S. , Azam Muhammad , AL-Marshadi Ali
Published: January 2021

In this paper, the modification of multiple dependent state sampling plan is proposed and designed for assuring a mean lifetime of the products under Birnbaum–Saunders distribution and Weibull distribution. The optimal parameters of the proposed plan are determined based on two points on the operating characteristic curve approach. Different combinations of producer’s risk and consumer’s risk are considered for plan parameters determination. The efficacy of the proposed plan is compared with those of other existing sampling plans using an average sample number and operating characteristic function. The economic designing of the proposed plan is also considered and the comparative study is done based on the total cost of the inspection.
Restriction of Transverse Feedback Linearization for Piecewise Linear Paths
Authors: de Souza Cardoso Gildeberto , Schnitman Leizer , Valentim dos Santos Filho José , Simões Soares Júnior Luiz Carlos
Published: January 2021

This work presents a path-following controller for a unicycle robot. The main contribution of this paper is to demonstrate the restriction of transverse feedback linearization (TFL) to obtuse angles on piecewise linear paths. This restriction is experimentally demonstrated on a Kobuki mobile robot, where it is possible to observe, as a result of the limitation of the TFL, the convergence to another domain of attraction.
Hospital Mortality and Resource Implications of Hospitalisation with COVID-19 in London, UK: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Vlachos Savvas , Wong Adrian , Metaxa Victoria , Canestrini Sergio , Lopez Soto Carmen , Periselneris Jimstan , Lee Kai , Patrick Tanya , Stovin Christopher , Abernethy Katrina , Albudoor Budoor , Banerjee Rishi , Juma Fatimah , Al-Hashimi Sara , Bernal William , Maharaj Ritesh
Published: January 2021

Background. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) had a significant impact on the National Health Service in the United Kingdom (UK), with over 35 000 cases reported in London by July 30, 2020. Detailed hospital-level information on patient characteristics, outcomes, and capacity strain is currently scarce but would guide clinical decision-making and inform prioritisation and planning. Methods. We aimed to determine factors associated with hospital mortality and describe hospital and ICU strain by conducting a prospective cohort study at a tertiary academic centre in London, UK. We included adult patients admitted to the hospital with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 and followed them up until hospital discharge or 30 days. Baseline factors that are associated with hospital mortality were identified via semiparametric and parametric survival analyses. Results. Our study included 429 patients: 18% of them were admitted to the ICU, 52% met criteria for ICU outreach team activation, and 61% had treatment limitations placed during their admission. Hospital mortality was 26% and ICU mortality was 34%. Hospital mortality was independently associated with increasing age, male sex, history of chronic kidney disease, increasing baseline C-reactive protein level, and dyspnoea at presentation. COVID-19 resulted in substantial ICU and hospital strain, with up to 9 daily ICU admissions and 41 daily hospital admissions, to a peak census of 80 infected patients admitted in the ICU and 250 in the hospital. Management of such a surge required extensive reorganisation of critical care services with expansion of ICU capacity from 69 to 129 beds, redeployment of staff from other hospital areas, and coordinated hospital-level effort. Conclusions. COVID-19 is associated with a high burden of mortality for patients treated on the ward and the ICU and required substantial reconfiguration of critical care services. This has significant implications for planning and resource utilisation.
ACE2 Is a Prognostic Biomarker and Associated with Immune Infiltration in Kidney Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma: Implication for COVID-19
Authors: Niu Xinhao , Zhu Zhe , Shao Enming , Bao Juan
Published: January 2021

Background. KIRC is one of the most common cancers with a poor prognosis. ACE2 was involved in tumor angiogenesis and progression in many malignancies. The role of ACE2 in KIRC is still ambiguous. Methods. Various bioinformatics analysis tools were investigated to evaluate the prognostic value of ACE2 and its association with immune infiltration in KIRC. Results. ACE2 was shown to be downregulated in KIRC at the mRNA and protein level. Low expression of ACE2 protein in KIRC patients was observed in subgroup analyses based on gender, age, weight, tumor grade, and cancer stage. Upregulation of ACE2 in KIRC was associated with a favorable prognosis. ACE2 mRNA expression showed a positive correlation with the abundance of immune cells (B cells, CD8+ T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells) and the level of immune markers of different immune cells in KIRC. ACE2 expression could affect, in part, the immune infiltration and the advanced cancer stage. Moreover, enrichment analysis revealed that ACE2 in KIRC were mainly involved in translation factor activity, immunoglobulin binding, metabolic pathways, transcriptional misregulation in cancerous cells, cell cycle, and ribosomal activity. Several ACE2-associated kinases, miRNA, and transcription factor targets in KIRC were also identified. Conclusion. ACE2 was downregulated in KIRC and served as a prognostic biomarker. It was also shown to be associated with immune infiltration.
A Conformance Testing Methodology and System for Cognitive Radios
Authors: Silva Francisco S. S. , Balieiro Andson M. , de Mendoça Francisco F. , Dias Kelvin L. , Guarda Paulo
Published: January 2021

The fifth generation (5G) of mobile networks has started its operation in some countries and is aimed at meeting demands beyond the current system capabilities such as the huge amount of connected devices from IoT applications (e.g., smart cities), explosive growth of high‐speed mobile data traffic (e.g., ultrahigh definition video streaming), and ultrareliable and low latency communication (e.g., autonomous vehicle). To attend to these needs, the electromagnetic spectrum must be made available, but the static spectrum allocation policy has caused a spectrum shortage and impaired the employment/expansion of the wireless systems. To overcome this issue, the dynamic spectrum access (DSA) has been promoted in 5G/6G networks, which is enabled by the cognitive radio (CR) technology. Although diverse mechanisms have been developed to tackle the challenges that emerge in different CR layers/functionalities, a standardized testing methodology and system for CR is still immature. Existing standards or methodologies and systems for CR only focus on the definition of network technologies (e.g., IEEE 802.22 and IEEE 802.11af), performance evaluation of CR algorithms/mechanisms, or definition of the device cognition level via performance results or psychometric approaches, not covering systems/methodologies to verify if the device meets the CR capabilities and regulatory policies, neglecting the conformance testing. In this respect, this paper proposes a flexible methodology and system for CR conformance testing under two perspectives, functionalities and limits. We instantiate it by using the Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) software‐defined radio platform and present a proof‐of‐concept with a conformance metric. The results show the feasibility of our proposal.
Energy Cooperation Optimization in Residential Microgrid with Virtual Storage Technology
Authors: Tang Jun , Yang Chen , Feng Changsen , Li Junting , Gu Xiaowen , Jiang Xuelei
Published: January 2021

The power balance of the tie-line is crucial to the stable operation of a community microgrid. This paper presents a power fluctuation smoothing method of the microgrid tie-line based on virtual energy storage technology. Firstly, the structure characteristics and the energy coupling mode of the combined heat and power system is systematically analyzed. Considering the operating characteristics of heat pumps, micro gas turbines, and buildings’ heat storage characteristics, a virtual energy storage model is established. Secondly, the target power of the tie-line is determined with the storage state indexes into consideration. Subsequently, a power allocation strategy which takes into account the correction of equipment state mapping set is proposed to allocate the tie-line power fluctuations to heat pumps, micro gas turbines, and supercapacitors. Simulation results show this method can realize the coupling coordination between heat and power energy and ensure the smoothing effect of the power fluctuations. Meanwhile, the control flexibility of the combined heat and power system can be enhanced, and the microgrid’s operating economy can be improved.
Effect of a Vibration System on Pain Reduction during Injection of Dental Anesthesia in Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: AlHareky Muhanad , AlHumaid Jehan , Bedi Sumit , El Tantawi Maha , AlGahtani Mazin , AlYousef Yousef
Published: January 2021

Background. The ‘‘gate control’’ theory suggests pain can be reduced by simultaneous activation of larger diameter nerve fibers using appropriate coldness, warmth, rubbing, pressure, or vibration. This study investigated the efficacy of a device combining cold and vibration, for needle-related procedural pain in children. Methodology. A total of 51 children aged 5–12 years participated in this randomized controlled clinical trial. Half of the children were in the control group and received maxillary buccal infiltration, by injecting 1.8 ml of 2% lidocaine with 1 : 100,000 adrenaline using topical anesthesia 20% benzocaine gel for 15 seconds, while the other half were in the test group and received the same anesthesia using a commercially available external cold and a vibrating device. A face version of Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used as a subjective measure to assess the child’s pain experience. The parents were requested to evaluate the child’s ability to tolerate pain using a behavioral/observational pain scale. Sound, Eyes, and Motor (SEM) scale and Faces, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability (FLACC) scale were used to record the child’s pain as perceived by the external evaluator. T-test or Mann–Whitney U-test was used for scale variables, paired sample T-test or Wilcoxon rank t-test was used for before and after data, and chi-square was used for categorical variable, based on the results of normality test. Results. The results showed a statistically significant reduction in pain after the injection for the test group compared with control using VAS scale (mean = 6.68 (1.09) and 8.42 (0.50);

p
=
0.001

) and FLACC scale (mean = 5.92 (1.05) and 8.16 (0.54);

p
=
0.002

), but not when using SEM scale (mean 3.22 (0.42) and 4.24 (2.74);

p
=
0.08

). Conclusions. Combined external cold and vibrating devices can be an effective alternative in reducing experienced pain and fear in children undergoing infiltration dental anesthesia. This study was registered with clinical trial registry of the United States National Institutes of Health (NIH) at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03953001).
Association of BTLA Polymorphisms with Susceptibility to Non‐Small‐Cell Lung Cancer in the Chinese Population
Authors: Wang Jusi , Chen Zhan , Cao Rui , Zhang Qiang , Chen Tingyu , You Chengxiong , Tang Weifeng , Chen Shuchen
Published: January 2021

Studies have reported that B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) polymorphisms may be associated with the risk to different cancers. However, the correlation between those variations and non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is still unclear. A total of 1,003 NSCLC patients and 901 noncancer controls were recruited in the study, to confirm the association of variations in BTLA gene with the risk of NSCLC. The SNPscan™ genotyping assay was used to obtain the genotypes of the four BTLA polymorphisms (BTLA rs1982809 G>A, rs16859629 T>C, rs2171513 G>A, and rs3112270 A>G). It was found that BTLA rs1982809 polymorphism reduced the risk of NSCLC (GA vs. GG: adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.81, 95%confidence interval (CI) = 0.66‐0.99, and P = 0.043). However, the BTLA rs16859629, rs2171513, and rs3112270 polymorphisms showed no significant association between NSCLC patients and controls in overall comparison. In subgroup analyses, we found that BTLA rs1982809 polymorphism reduced the risk of NSCLC (nonsquamous cell carcinoma: GA vs. GG: adjusted OR = 0.79, 95%CI = 0.64‐0.97, and P = 0.026; AA/GA vs. GG: adjusted OR = 0.81, 95%CI = 0.66‐0.99, and P = 0.037; ≥59 years: GA vs. GG: P = 0.036; never alcohol consumption: GA vs. GG: P = 0.013; GA/AA vs. GG: P = 0.016; body mass index (BMI) ≥ 24 kg/m2: GA vs. GG: P = 0.030; GA/AA vs. GG: P = 0.041). The BTLA rs16859629 polymorphism increased the risk of the development of squamous cell carcinoma (CC vs. TT: adjusted OR = 9.85, 95%CI = 1.37‐71.03, and P = 0.023; CC vs. TT/TC: adjusted OR = 9.55, 95%CI = 1.32‐68.66, and P = 0.025). Taken together, the findings of the present suggest that BTLA rs1982809 and rs16859629 polymorphisms may influence the susceptibility to NSCLC in the Chinese population.
A New Analysis for Support Performance with Block Generalized Orthogonal Matching Pursuit
Authors: Xia C. Y. , Zhou Z. L. , Guo Chun-Bo , Hao Y. S. , Hou C. B.
Published: January 2021

For recovering block-sparse signals with unknown block structures using compressive sensing, a block orthogonal matching pursuit- (BOMP-) like block generalized orthogonal matching pursuit (BgOMP) algorithm has been proposed recently. This paper focuses on support conditions of recovery of any

K

-sparse block signals incorporating BgOMP under the framework of restricted isometry property (RIP). The proposed support conditions guarantee that BgOMP can achieve accurate recovery block-sparse signals within

k

iterations.
The Effect of Inferior Rectus Muscle Thickening on Intraocular Pressure in Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy
Authors: Li Xiuhong , Bai Xu , Liu Zhibin , Cheng Ming , Li Jia , Tan Nian , Yuan Hongfeng
Published: January 2021

Objective. We aimed to evaluate the effect of inferior rectus muscle thickening on intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO). Materials and Methods. We analyzed 33 patients with TAO (50 eyes) who presented with hypotropia in the primary position. There was significant eyeball movement restriction and inferior rectus muscle thickening was confirmed on computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. We measured IOP changes in patients with TAO and normal participants in the primary position and upgaze using Icare tonometer. Moreover, we measured the preoperative and postoperative IOP in 13 patients with hypotropia who underwent inferior rectus recession. Results. The average inferior rectus thickness in the TAO and control groups was 0.71 ± 0.13 mm and 0.36 ± 0.12 mm, respectively. In the TAO group, the mean IOP was 16.8 ± 2.1 mm Hg in primary position (hypotropia), which increased by 8.9 ± 2.7 mm Hg to 25.7 ± 3.1 mm Hg in upgaze (horizontal vision). In the control group, the mean IOP in the primary position (horizontal vision) was 15.1 ± 1.9 mm Hg, which increased by 2.5 ± 1.4 mm Hg to 17.6 ± 2.1 mm Hg in upgaze. Compared with normal participants, patients with TAO who presented inferior rectus muscle thickening had a significantly greater increase in the IOP

P
<
0.0001

. In the patients with TAO who underwent inferior rectus muscle recession, there was a postoperative reduction in the IOP in the horizontal vision by 9.4 ± 5.2 mm Hg. Conclusion. Inferior rectus muscle thickening in patients with TAO causes a significant increase in the IOP upon upgaze compared to that in normal individuals. Given the ease of misdiagnosis as glaucoma, IOP measurement in patients with TAO should be performed in the primary position.
Development and Validation of a Prediction Model for Stroke, Cardiac, and Mortality Risk After Non‐Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Woo Sang H. , Marhefka Gregary D. , Cowan Scott W. , Ackermann Lily
Published: January 2021

Background

Commonly used cardiovascular risk calculators do not provide risk estimation of stroke, a major postoperative complication with high morbidity and mortality. We developed and validated an accurate cardiovascular risk prediction tool for stroke, major cardiac complications (myocardial infarction or cardiac arrest), and mortality after non‐cardiac surgery.

Methods and Results

This retrospective cohort study included 1 165 750 surgical patients over a 4‐year period (2007–2010) from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Database. A predictive model was developed with the following preoperative conditions: age, history of coronary artery disease, history of stroke, emergency surgery, preoperative serum sodium (≤130 mEq/L, >146 mEq/L), creatinine >1.8 mg/dL, hematocrit ≤27%, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status class, and type of surgery. The model was trained using American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program data from 2007 to 2009 (n=809 880) and tested using data from 2010 (n=355 870). Risk models were developed using multivariate logistic regression. The outcomes were postoperative 30‐day stroke, major cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, or stroke), and 30‐day mortality. Major cardiac complications occurred in 0.66% (n=5332) of patients (myocardial infarction, 0.28%; cardiac arrest, 0.41%), postoperative stroke in 0.25% (n=2005); 30‐day mortality was 1.66% (n=13 484). The risk prediction model had high predictive accuracy with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for stroke (training cohort=0.869, validation cohort=0.876), major cardiovascular events (training cohort=0.871, validation cohort=0.868), and 30‐day mortality (training cohort=0.922, validation cohort=0.925). Surgery types, history of stroke, and coronary artery disease are significant risk factors for stroke and major cardiac complications.

Conclusions

Postoperative stroke, major cardiac complications, and 30‐day mortality can be predicted with high accuracy using this web‐based predictive model.
Managing “Property”
Authors: Petley Christer
Published: January 2021

Probate inventories helped to support the established social and economic order in colonial Jamaica. These documents were part of the legal process of winding up an estate after a death and presented an account of personal possessions that had belonged to a decedent. They facilitated the transfer of property to heirs and identified those parts of an estate that were available for the repayment of debts. The inventories contain lists of enslaved people, representing them as a type of “property,” and so these documents form a major part of the archive of Jamaican slavery. This article explores the practices, aims, and assumptions of the people who produced the inventories, developing our understanding of slaveholder culture in the British Caribbean and of the bureaucratic and accounting techniques that facilitated slave management.
The Whip and the Hoe
Authors: Roberts Justin
Published: January 2021

Spectacular physical punishments such as whipping were at the core of the master-slave relationship but it was the chronic and acute physical demands of forced labor that did the most destructive and lasting damage to enslaved people. Plantation field work caused more extensive damage to enslaved bodies than non-field work. Field work was more debilitating to enslaved women than to their male counterparts. Work on sugar plantations caused more damage to the enslaved than work on cotton plantations. Changes in crops, productivity rates, and work regimes had a compound and cumulative effect on the health of the enslaved.
“[M]anaged at First as if They Were Beasts”
Authors: Radburn Nicholas
Published: January 2021

How did British-American planters forcibly integrate newly purchased Africans into existing slave communities? This article answers that question by examining the “seasoning” of twenty-five enslaved people on Egypt, a mature sugar plantation in Jamaica’s Westmoreland parish, in the mid-eighteenth century. Drawing on the diaries of overseer Thomas Thistlewood, it reveals that Jamaican whites seasoned Africans through a violent program that sought to brutally “tame” Africans to plantation life. Enslaved people fiercely resisted this process, but colonists developed effective strategies to overcome opposition. This article concludes that seasoning strategies were a key component of plantation management because they successfully transformed captive Africans into American slaves.
“Whoever Takes Her Up, Gives Her 50 Good Lashes, and Deliver Her to Me”
Authors: Dornan Inge
Published: January 2021

This study establishes that women slave-owners were specifically inscribed into South Carolina’s laws on slave management from the first decades of English colonization. Mistresses were explicitly named alongside masters or incorporated into the gender-neutral rubric of owner in a common understanding that absolute ownership and authority over enslaved people was as much rooted in female mastery as male. Remarkably, neither the scholarship on women slave-owners nor the far more voluminous scholarship on American slave laws and slave management have explored, or even acknowledged, how gender influenced the formulation of American slave laws, and how mistresses, in particular, featured in the roles and duties assigned to slave-owners in the management of slaves. This study seeks to redress this by examining how South Carolina’s lawmakers incorporated women slave-owners into the colony’s slave laws, culminating with an assessment of the 1740 slave code, which marked a key turning point both in the colony’s laws governing the management of slaves and in an evolving ideology of female mastery.
The Tripartite Intervention: Breaking Down Attitudinal Barriers in Education
Authors: Freer John R. R.
Published: January 2021

Students with disabilities face attitudinal barriers to social inclusion. Poor attitudes toward disability can impact friendship development between students with and without disabilities and result in social exclusion. Fortunately, a body of literature exists, which suggests that educational interventions can help to enhance students’ attitudes toward disability. Such interventions, however, vary in both their approach to teaching students about disability experiences and their effectiveness. This paper presents the Tripartite Intervention, a 12-lesson intervention created for junior-level elementary students that targets cognitive, behavioural, and affective dimensions of attitude. This paper provides a high-level overview of the intervention lessons, as well as, offers readers some practical considerations for implementation. Those interested in utilizing the Tripartite Intervention for educational or research purposes are encouraged to contact the author for intervention materials and training opportunities.
Contrastive Pragmatics in a Diachronic Perspective: Insights from Othello
Authors: Taavitsainen Irma , Włodarczyk Matylda
Published: January 2021

The paper provides an overview of the interface of contrastive and historical pragmatics and a case study of Othello’s monologue. The emerging lines of development at the cross-roads of contrastive and historical pragmatics cover, in particular, speech acts, forms of discursive behaviour and stance. In the analysis, German, Swedish, Finnish and Polish translations from different periods are compared to show differences in the above-mentioned features. The illustrations are contextualised in order to show the discursive sensitivity of these linguistic items and their cross-linguistic diversity. The study reveals some tendencies and diachronic developments in translation strategies and underlines the need to include historical analyses in the realm of contrastive research.
Science and Politics in China’s Official Water System: the Management of the Qiantang River (1927-1949)
Authors: Haijing Li , Church Sally K.
Published: January 2021

Western water science and technology were introduced to upgrade China’s traditional water management methods and strategies during the Nanjing decade (1927-1937) under the Nationalist government. The engineering efforts expended to control the Qiantang River were typical examples of such initiatives. The primary strategy to protect areas surrounding the river from the destruction caused by the Qiantang bore was for centuries one of “passive defence”, with the construction of defensive seawalls featuring prominently among the methods used. However, the Qiantang tide consistently broke through these defences, and caused devastation. After 1927, while the old defensive methods were not completely discarded, more active strategies of river regulation were introduced, under the combined influence of Western methods, materials and expertise, and Western-trained Chinese engineers who stepped forward to tackle the problem. These activities were interrupted during the war years (1937-1945), but resumed again after the war. During the 22 years from 1927 to 1949, in four discrete stages, different technological solutions were devised, priorities identified, guidelines developed and strategies attempted, with each stage championed by a different engineer in charge. Gradually these efforts formed into what can be called the Qiantang River Project, a concerted effort to apply the knowledge of Western science and technology to change previous “passive defence” methods to “active governance” strategies for river regulation that combined both prevention and control. Efforts at each stage were influenced by factional struggles at the top of the government, and also affected by Western competition for Chinese interests. These developments were all part of the complex interaction of science and politics that took place in the management of the Qiantang River between 1927 and 1949.
The Research Agenda of Zhu Qiqian: A Reframing of Traditional Chinese Craftsmanship
Authors: Hofmann Martin
Published: January 2021

As a researcher, Zhu Qiqian 朱啟鈐 (1872-1964) is commonly known as the founding father of Chinese architectural history. Consequently, his work has been analyzed predominantly by architectural historians and in the context of architectural history. However, this lopsided perception distorts and obscures Zhu’s comprehensive research objectives and his contribution to a variety of fields, in particular his attempt to reframe and thoroughly investigate the history of Chinese traditional crafts. In order to reveal the intended scope and the unique approach of Zhu’s studies, this article analyzes the motivations behind Zhu Qiqian’s engagement with traditional craftsmanship, the far-reaching program of the research group he established, and one of his main research projects, the Zhejianglu 哲匠錄 (Collected Biographies of Master Craftsmen).
A Review of Employability Skills Expected of New Graduates in the Hospitality Industry
Authors: Kalra Sushil , Puri Deepika , Singh Kanwardeep
Published: January 2021

The objective of this study is to review the hospitality education literature. We analyze work on hospitality education and its justification utilizing a stakeholder perspective by evaluating its effect on employability skills in the hospitality industry. In this, we analyzed existing
papers addressing various philosophical structures, metrics and samples for evaluating the present state of the sector, combining results, defining deficiencies and recommending avenues for potential studies. It explores the definitional dilemma, the phenomenon of education and the key theories
used in the literature. It analyses the three stakeholders (industry, educators and parents) and their role in the students’ production of employability skills. We’re discussing various aspects of this business. This synthesizes the problems presented by employment in hospitality.
This illustrates the difference between the educational establishments, understanding of the students, and business. Finally, we have the ramifications of this study and propose directions for potential studies.
The politics of anti-austerity protest: South Korea in 1997–1998 and Greece in 2009–2010
Authors: Lee Sang Kyung
Published: January 2021

Why does austerity confront varying degrees of popular resistance? While prior research primarily addresses the economic threat of austerity as the stimulus for anti-austerity protest, a growing volume of studies highlights the roles of external environments in moderating the mobilizing effect of austerity. This study challenges the recent literature on the moderating role of external environments, pointing out that it tends to overlook the distinction between structural and contingent aspects of external environments. I undertake a paired comparison of carefully chosen cases, South Korea in 1997–1998 and Greece in 2009–2010, to examine the moderating roles of the two aspects of external environments—each aspect is characterized through the notion of political opportunity drawing on Rootes’ work. Results reveal that structural and contingent opportunities played distinct roles in promoting (Greece) and hampering (South Korea) the growth of anti-austerity movements, initially triggered by the economic threat of austerity in both countries.
‘Crimelordism’: Understanding a New Phenomenon in Armed Banditry in Nigeria
Authors: Okoli Al Chukwuma , Abubakar Mamuda
Published: January 2021

Armed banditry is prevalent in Nigeria. It has competed with insurgency for the soul of Nigeria’s national security. Contemporary trajectories of armed banditry in Nigeria have been full of complications. One of the complications is the emergence of crime lords who engage in a self-aggrandizing but also socially sensitive criminal career. This paper seeks to explore the phenomenon of ‘crimelordism’ as a new trend in armed banditry in Nigeria. Utilizing a mixed qualitative method, the paper posits that the prevalence of grossly under-governed territorial spaces, especially in the countryside and borderlands of Nigeria, has created a vacuum of security that is being exploited by criminal kingpins to establish enclaves of criminality where they wield and exercise quasi-territorial powers. The paper submits that ‘crimelordism’ holds critical implications for Nigeria’s national security in view of its ruinous impacts.
Differential Effects of Widowhood on Network and Support
Authors: Klaus Daniela
Published: January 2021

This study examines the mobilization of close and supportive relationships following widowhood and whether these trajectories differ by educational level or gender. It is assumed that widowed spouses call up social relationships to compensate for their spousal loss and accompanying cuts in subjective well-being. Using longitudinal data from the German Ageing Survey (N = 7,012; observations = 20,816), fixed effects models were estimated. Widowhood results in increases in the network size and the providers of support up to the fourth post-widowhood year. After that, starting decreases reach pre-widowed levels around seven years after widowhood. The most pronounced changes were found for widowed spouses with university degree and for widowed women. The overall mobilization of social relationships is thus limited in time and widowed spouses without vocational degree, as well as men in part, are the most vulnerable to the adverse social consequences of widowhood.
Subtle nuances in personality differences between gifted children as perceived by parents and teachers
Authors: Tanik Nagihan , Büyük Uğur
Published: January 2021

This study, using a phenomenological research design, was conducted with 10 gifted children, 7 parents, and 2 teachers. The data, which were analyzed via content analysis method, revealed that there were subtle nuances in personality differences between gifted children. Moreover, while the Science and Arts Center (SAC) teachers were more aware of the gifted children’s cognitive traits, while parents were more aware of their children’s affective and personality traits and needs. Furthermore, the results of the study seem to indicate that gifted children are leaders and intelligent, rational, hardworking, knowledgeable, very careful, calm, amusing, funny, curious, and highly observant individuals who like reading books and have a well-developed strong memory. On an average day in their lives, these students allocate spare time for academic success-focused behaviors, their hobbies, and socialization. Among these, the time spent on activities related to academic success and hobbies constitutes the highest amount of ratio.
Development and Validation of a Self-Neglect Scale Among Older People: The Study on Challenges for Neglect and Self-Neglect in Poland
Authors: Zawisza Katarzyna , Tobiasz-Adamczyk Beata , Galas Aleksander , Grodzicki Tomasz
Published: January 2021

The study aimed to develop and validate a tool to recognize the presence and to evaluate the level of self-neglect in community-dwelling older people. The cross-sectional study included 2,894 face-to-face interviews with randomly selected individuals from among the general population, social service users, and hospital patients. In addition, specially trained interviewers assessed the physical appearance and standards of living. Reliability, content, and construct validity were assessed. The Item Response Theory was used. The following scales were developed: the Self-Reported Self-Neglect Scale (SRSNS), the Objective Assessment of the Level of Self-Neglect–Physical Appearance (OALSN-PA) scale, concerning physical health risks based on the appearance of an individual, and the Objective Assessment of the Level of Self-Neglect–Standards of Living Arrangements (OALSN-SLA) scale, which assesses the physical and personal living conditions. The brevity of the scales makes them useful for the daily practice of health care and social care professionals.