bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cortical Projections of Nucleus ventralis lateralis in Man
Authors: Larson S.J. , Sances Jr. A.
Published: May 2007

The brains of two patients who died following stereotaxic thalamotomy were prepared using the Marchi technique. In both cases the lesion was limited to the ventro-lateral and ventro-intermedian nuclei. The lesions did not encroach upon the internal capsule. Although some of the fibers were distributed to area 6, the majority could be traced to area 4 and area 3. The similarity of cortical projections from ventralis lateralis and ventralis posterior lateralis suggest a functional unity and support the older idea of the sensory motor cortex.
Percutaneous Cordotomy
Authors: Tasker R.R. , Organ L.W.
Published: May 2007

As a result of this review, it is possible to establish patterns of motor and sensory response, which, if satisfied, will ensure the safety and effectiveness of lesion production for our equipment and technique. The ideal response at 2 Hz should include contractions of the ipsilateral neck, especially the trapezius, at a threshold of 2–3 mA. The simultaneous appreciation of a contralateral sensory effect is a favourable sign. The ideal response pattern for stimulation at 100 Hz includes absence of muscle tetanization and a contralateral sensory hallucination (preferably of warmth) at a threshold below 1 mA. This hallucination should be located distal to the neck, preferably in the upper extremity. Lesion-making should be avoided: if tetanization occurs anywhere, if motor effects are seen distal to the upper extremity, in absence of contralateral sensory effects, or with prominent ipsilateral sensory effects. Caution should be used if motor threshold is less than 1 mA, especially if less than 0.5 mA; or if sensory threshold is greater than 2 mA, especially 3 mA.
L-Dopa, B6, and α-Methyldopa Hydrazine
Authors: Klawans Jr. H.L. , Ringel S.P.
Published: May 2007

It has been suggested that L-dopa combines with pyridoxine (B6) to form a specific antiparkinsonian molecule. This raises the possibility that the efficacy of L-dopa can be increased by giving patients both L-dopa and vitamin B6. The administration of B6 to parkinsonian patients receiving L-dopa reverses the L-dopa effect. It has been suggested that the L-dopa effect is not reversed by B6 in patients receiving both L-dopa and a peripheral dopa decarboxylase inhibitor; thus, it is possible that administration of B6 in large doses to patients receiving this combination might increase the antiparkinsonian efficacy of L-dopa. To systematically evaluate this possibility, 12 patients receiving oral L-dopa and α-methyldopa hydrazine (MK-486), a peripheral dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, were given pyridoxine daily for 5–10 days. This failed to increase the antiparkinsonian effect of L-dopa in all 12 patients. It also failed to reverse the L-dopa effect or alter any of the side effects. The failure of B6 to reverse the dopa effect confirms the concept that B6 reversal involves peripheral dopa decarboxylase. The failure of large amounts of B6 to increase the L-dopa effect casts doubt on the concept that a Schiff base formed of L-dopa and B6 is the specific antiparkinsonian agent mediating the effect of L-dopa.
Focal Rhythmic EEG Slowing with Temporal Lobe Tumors
Authors: Wolpow E.R.
Published: May 2007

Six pathologically verified cases are presented in which temporal lobe tumor (glioma or metastatic carcinoma) was associated in the EEG with regular ¾–1½/sec focal broad sharp delta activity over the area of the tumor. This rhythmic activity contrasts with the usual arrhythmic slowing seen focally with brain tumor and may conceivably be related to the rhythmic slowing associated with seizure activity, although clinical seizures occurred in only 2 of the cases.
Cryptococcus neoformans Meningitis
Authors: Manelis Judith , Reichenthal E. , Merzbach D. , Haschman Nehama , Peyser E.
Published: May 2007

A case of Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis has been described. Diagnostic difficulties are emphasized and epidemiological and therapeutic aspects are discussed. Fourteen additional cases of cryptococcosis have been recorded in Israel and are briefly reviewed.
An Extralemniscal Projection to the Centrum medianum and Pulvinar of the Thalamus
Authors: Zorub David S. , Richardson Donald E.
Published: May 2007

Electrophysiologic studies in cats were undertaken to determine the possible pathways for somatosensory transmission to the centrum medianum and pulvinar nuclei of the thalamus. The effects of discrete lesions in the various thalamic nuclei, mesencephalic reticular formation and spinal cord on the evoked potentials of the centrum medianum and pulvinar were recorded. It was noted that the centrum medianum and pulvinar had a dual activation from both dorsal and ventrolateral columns of the cord. The ventrolateral column component was mediated by the bulbar reticular formation and is believed to transmit nociceptive stimuli. The findings were correlated with known information about the mediation of acute and chronic pain and are consistent with the concept of a paleospinothalamic system for pain transmission.
Comparative Energy, Environmental, and Economic Analysis of Traditional and E‐commerce DVD Rental Networks
Authors: Sivaraman Deepak , Pacca Sergio , Mueller Kimberly , Lin Jessica
Published: May 2007

This study is a comparative life‐cycle assessment (LCA) of two competing digital video disc (DVD) rental networks: the e‐commerce option, where the customer orders the movies online, and the traditional business option, where the customer goes to the rental store to rent a movie. The analytical framework proposed is for a customer living in the city of Ann Arbor, Michigan in the United States. The primary energy and environmental performance for both networks are presented using a multicriterion LCA. The package selected by the traditional network is responsible for 67% of the difference in total energy consumption of the two alternatives. Results show that the e‐commerce alternative consumed 33% less energy and emitted 40% less CO2 than the traditional option. A set of sensitivity analyses test the influence of distance traveled, transportation mode, and reuse of DVD and DVD packaging on the final results. The mode of transportation used by the customer in the traditional business model also affects global emissions and energy consumption. The customer walking to the store is by far the best option in the traditional network; however, the e‐commerce option performed comparatively better despite all transportation modes tested. A novel economic indicator, ESAL, is used to compare different transportation modes based on the level of stress exerted on the pavement. The two networks are compared on the basis of cost accounting; consistent with its energy and environmental advantages, the e‐commerce network also exerts lesser economic impact, by $1.17, for the functional unit tested.
The Cement Industry as a Scavenger in Industrial Ecology and the Management of Hazardous Substances
Authors: Reijnders Lucas
Published: May 2007

The cement industry uses a variety of secondary materials and fuels, thus fulfilling the role of “scavenger” in industrial ecology (IE). The use of wastes in cement production has been advocated to reduce cement production costs and to achieve the degradation and immobilization of hazardous compounds. In dealing with hazardous elements contained in the wastes, this development has side effects such as relatively significant stack emissions of heavy metals and leaching of hazardous compounds during the life cycle of cement‐derived products. Emissions and leaching potential may be substantially lowered by reducing levels of hazardous elements in wastes before they are included in cement production and by selectively capturing mercury from stack gases. An analogy to metabolic functions of selective uptake, sequestration, and selective excretion is presented.
Mesoscale Convective Vortex Formation in a Weakly Sheared Moist Neutral Environment
Authors: Conzemius Robert J. , Moore Richard W. , Montgomery Michael T. , Davis Christopher A.
Published: May 2007

Idealized simulations of a diabatic Rossby vortex (DRV) in an initially moist neutral baroclinic environment are performed using the fifth-generation National Center for Atmospheric Research–Pennsylvania State University (NCAR–PSU) Mesoscale Model (MM5). The primary objective is to test the hypothesis that the formation and maintenance of midlatitude warm-season mesoscale convective vortices (MCVs) are largely influenced by balanced flow dynamics associated with a vortex that interacts with weak vertical shear. As a part of this objective, the simulated DRV is placed within the context of the Bow Echo and Mesoscale Convective Vortex Experiment (BAMEX) field campaign by comparing its tangential velocity, radius of maximum winds, CAPE, and shear with the MCVs observed in BAMEX.

The simulations reveal two distinct scales of development. At the larger scale, the most rapidly growing moist baroclinic mode is excited, and exponential growth of this mode occurs during the simulation. Embedded within the large-scale baroclinic wave is a convective system exhibiting the characteristic DRV development, with a positive potential vorticity (PV) anomaly in the lower troposphere and a negative PV anomaly in the upper troposphere, and the positive/negative PV doublet tilted downshear with height. The DRV warm-air advection mechanism is active, and the resulting deep convection helps to reinforce the DRV against the deleterious effects of environmental shear, causing an eastward motion of the convective system as a whole.

The initial comparisons between the simulated DRVs and the BAMEX MCVs show that the simulated DRVs grew within background conditions of CAPE and shear similar to those observed for BAMEX MCVs and suggest that the same dynamical mechanisms are active. Because the BAMEX field campaign sampled MCVs in different backgrounds of CAPE and shear, the comparison also demonstrates the need to perform additional simulations to explore these different CAPE and shear regimes and to understand their impacts on the intensity and longevity of MCVs. Such a study has the additional benefit of placing MCV dynamics in an appropriate context for exploring their relevance to tropical cyclone formation.
Mixing Processes in a Nocturnal Low-Level Jet: An LES Study
Authors: Cuxart J. , Jiménez M. A.
Published: May 2007

A steady-state low-level jet observed in the Stable Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiment in Spain-1998 (SABLES-98) campaign is simulated using a large-eddy simulation model. The radiation is taken into account since its contribution to the budget of the tendency of temperature is as important as the contribution of the turbulence in the surface layer. The resulting regime is a two-layer flow separated by a change of the temperature gradient at the level of maximum speed. The upper part has turbulence originated by shear production extending up to 3 times the height of wind maximum and of the same order of magnitude as in the layer below. The jet nose is seen by the model as a decoupling layer, and the use of passive scalars allows for the inspection of the amount of transport across it, which is very small. The lower layer is very sensitive to the surface boundary conditions, but the principal patterns in the upper layer do not change significantly. The runs are compared to the observations through mean profiles, time series, and probability density functions.
Identification and ERA-15 Climatology of Potential Vorticity Streamers and Cutoffs near the Extratropical Tropopause
Authors: Wernli Heini , Sprenger Michael
Published: May 2007

A novel approach is introduced to identify potential vorticity (PV) streamers and cutoffs as indicators of Rossby wave breaking near the extratropical tropopause and to compile climatologies of these features on different isentropic surfaces. The method is based on a contour searching algorithm that identifies the dynamical tropopause [2 potential vorticity units (PVU; PVU ≡ 1 × 10−6 K kg−1 m2 s−1) isoline] on isentropic surfaces. The contour is then analyzed to search for cutoffs and filament-like streamers. Whereas the identification of cutoffs is unambiguous, the one for streamers requires the specification of two parameters that determine the width and length of the contour feature to be classified as a streamer. This technique has been applied to the PV distribution in the Northern Hemisphere on isentropes from 295 to 360 K during the time period from 1979 to 1993 using the 15-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-15).

The climatology reveals a pronounced zonal asymmetry in the occurrence of PV streamers and cutoffs. On all isentropes considered there are clear frequency maxima whose location changes with altitude. For instance, in winter and on the 300-K isentrope, stratospheric streamers and cutoffs occur most frequently near 50°–60°N over the western side of Canada and Siberia. On higher isentropes, the maxima are located farther south and at the downstream end of the storm-track regions. Considering continental areas, the Mediterranean appears as a region with particularly abundant PV features. As noted in previous studies, there is a significant seasonal cycle if considering the frequency of PV features on individual isentropes. It is shown that this is mainly due to the seasonal cycle in the location of the isentropes themselves. Comparing the streamer and cutoff frequencies during different seasons on isentropes that are comparably located in the zonal mean yields a fairly robust pattern with almost no seasonal cycle. This indicates on the one hand that care should be taken when considering the seasonal cycle of dynamical processes on isentropes and on the other hand that Rossby wave breaking occurs year-round with almost constant frequency. A quantitative statistical analysis of individual PV features reveals that stratospheric and tropospheric streamers often occur in pairs.
A Gray-Radiation Aquaplanet Moist GCM. Part II: Energy Transports in Altered Climates
Authors: Frierson Dargan M. W. , Held Isaac M. , Zurita-Gotor Pablo
Published: May 2007

A simplified moist general circulation model is used to study changes in the meridional transport of moist static energy by the atmosphere as the water vapor content is increased. The key assumptions of the model are gray radiation, with water vapor and other constituents having no effect on radiative transfer, and mixed layer aquaplanet boundary conditions, implying that the atmospheric meridional energy transport balances the net radiation at the top of the atmosphere. These simplifications allow the authors to isolate the effect of moisture on energy transports by baroclinic eddies in a relatively simple setting.

The authors investigate the partition of moist static energy transport in the model into dry static energy and latent energy transports as water vapor concentrations are increased, by varying a constant in the Clausius–Clapeyron relation. The increase in the poleward moisture flux is rather precisely compensated by a reduction in the dry static energy flux. These results are interpreted with diffusive energy balance models (EBMs). The simplest of these is an analytic model that has the property of exact invariance of total energy flux as the moisture content is changed, but the assumptions underlying this model are not accurately satisfied by the GCM. A more complex EBM that includes expressions for the diffusivity, length scale, velocity scale, and latitude of maximum baroclinic eddy activity provides a better fit to the GCM’s behavior.
Monsoon Dynamics with Interactive Forcing. Part I: Axisymmetric Studies
Authors: Privé Nikki C. , Plumb R. Alan
Published: May 2007

The applicability of axisymmetric theory of angular momentum conserving circulations to the large-scale steady monsoon is studied in a general circulation model with idealized representations of continental geometry and simple physics. Results from an aquaplanet setup with localized subtropical forcing are compared with a continental case. It is found that the meridional circulation that develops is close to angular momentum conserving for cross-equatorial circulation cells, both in the aquaplanet and in the continental cases. The equator proves to be a substantial barrier to boundary layer meridional flow; flow into the summer hemisphere from the winter hemisphere tends to occur in the free troposphere rather than in the boundary layer. A theory is proposed to explain the location of the monsoon; assuming quasiequilibrium, the poleward boundary of the monsoon circulation is collocated with the maximum in subcloud moist static energy, with the monsoon rains occurring near and slightly equatorward of this maximum. The model results support this theory of monsoon location, and it is found that the subcloud moist static energy distribution is determined by a balance between surface forcing and advection by the large-scale flow.
The Triggering of Orographic Rainbands by Small-Scale Topography
Authors: Kirshbaum Daniel J. , Bryan George H. , Rotunno Richard , Durran Dale R.
Published: May 2007

The triggering of convective orographic rainbands by small-scale topographic features is investigated through observations of a banded precipitation event over the Oregon Coastal Range and simulations using a cloud-resolving numerical model. A quasi-idealized simulation of the observed event reproduces the bands in the radar observations, indicating the model’s ability to capture the physics of the band-formation process. Additional idealized simulations reinforce that the bands are triggered by lee waves past small-scale topographic obstacles just upstream of the nominal leading edge of the orographic cloud. Whether a topographic obstacle in this region is able to trigger a strong rainband depends on the phase of its lee wave at cloud entry. Convective growth only occurs downstream of obstacles that give rise to lee-wave-induced displacements that create positive vertical velocity anomalies wc and nearly zero buoyancy anomalies bc as air parcels undergo saturation. This relationship is quantified through a simple analytic condition involving wc, bc, and the static stability N 2m of the cloud mass. Once convection is triggered, horizontal buoyancy gradients in the cross-flow direction generate circulations that align the bands parallel to the flow direction.
Predicting Institutional Maladjustment in Severe Male Juvenile Delinquents From Criminal History and Personality/ Clinical Subtype
Authors: Taylor Jeanette , SKUBIC KEMPER Therese , Kistner Janet A.
Published: May 2007

The contribution of personality/clinical subtype to the prediction of institutional maladjustment is examined in a sample of 652 severe male juvenile offenders (ages 12 to 19) committed to a residential facility. As expected, membership in either the group with impulsive and reactive personality/clinical features or the group with psychopathic features is associated with increased number of intensive supervision placements (ISPs) for serious institutional rules violations. Increased number of ISPs is also associated with longer term of commitment, greater number of arrests in the criminal history, and younger age at admission to the residential facility. This study suggests that personality/clinical subtypes may be useful in the prediction of important outcomes for severe male juvenile offenders.
Worldview of High-Risk Juvenile Delinquents
Authors: Goldberg Julie H.
Published: May 2007

Societal-level risk factors can identify those at risk for violence but do not purport to determine how these factors affect individual-level beliefs or judgments. The current study examined high-risk, violent juvenile offenders with devastating past experiences to determine whether an individual-level approach could identify differences in the way they perceived their social world and whether these perceptions influenced the decision-making process. Participants—34 high-risk male delinquents between 15 and 18—were administered quantitative, structured interviews with both traditional risk factors and a decision-making task that required a judgment that could or could not lead to violence. Using traditional risk factors alone, participants appeared homogeneous. The decision-making approach distinguished between juveniles who, as one might expect, perceived a dangerous world where they either “kill or be killed,” from juveniles who optimistically were able to envision a world with alternatives to violence. These differences accounted for aspects of the decision-making process not captured by traditional risk factors and were significantly related to violent past behavior. We must improve upon a recidivism rate of 55% for juvenile offenders. A better understanding of how offenders perceive their social environment may be a first step towards successfully rehabilitating them to return to that environment upon release.
Instrumentally Violent Youths
Authors: Flight Jillian I. , Forth Adelle E.
Published: May 2007

Psychopathy in adults has been well documented as a robust predictor of violence. Explanations for this relation have focused on the affective deficit that characterizes psychopathy. This study examined the relations among psychopathic traits, empathy, attachment, and motivations for violence in 51 incarcerated adolescent offenders. Psychopathy scores were related to both instrumental and reactive violence. Youths who were classified as instrumentally violent scored higher on psychopathy than those who were not, which could be attributed to the interpersonal and affective features of psychopathy. These findings provide support for the construct of psychopathy existing in youths. Implications of the current study for potential interventions and prevention of persistent violent offending are discussed.
Empowerment Evaluation as Evaluation Ideology
Authors: Smith Nick L.
Published: May 2007

As with many forms of evaluation, empowerment evaluation can be viewed as an ideology that promotes a particular set of social and professional values. Judging the quality and utility of empowerment evaluation thus requires a critical appraisal of the implications of adopting those values.
Methods of Rapid Evaluation, Assessment, and Appraisal
Authors: McNall Miles , Foster-Fishman Pennie G.
Published: May 2007

A central issue in the use of rapid evaluation and assessment methods (REAM) is achieving a balance between speed and trustworthiness. In this article, the authors review the key differences and common features of this family of methods and present a case example that illustrates how evaluators can use rapid evaluation techniques in their own work. In doing so, the authors hope to (a) introduce readers to a family of techniques with which they may be unfamiliar, (b) highlight their strengths and limitations, and (c) suggest appropriate contexts for use. Ultimately, the authors hope that REAM becomes a valuable addition to evaluators' toolkits.
Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction: Update
Authors: Raina Rupesh , Pahlajani Geetu , Agarwal Ashok , Zippe Craig D.
Published: May 2007

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is the inability to achieve and maintain an erection. Erectile function is dependent upon complex interactions of neural and vascular pathways. A major neurotransmitter that facilitates erectile function is nitric oxide. Treatment of ED has expanded to include effective oral agents. Previous ED treatments have consisted of intracavernosal injection, transurethral dilators, and vascular constriction devices. Clinical management of ED will be presented with some discussion on the prostatectomy client.
A cell biological perspective on mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson disease and other neurodegenerative diseases
Authors: Mandemakers Wim , Morais Vanessa A. , De Strooper Bart
Published: May 2007

Dysfunction of mitochondria is frequently proposed to be involved in neurodegenerative disease. Deficiencies in energy supply, free radical generation, Ca2+ buffering or control of apoptosis, could all theoretically contribute to progressive decline of the central nervous system. Parkinson disease illustrates how mutations in very different genes finally impinge directly or indirectly on mitochondrial function, causing subtle but finally fatal dysfunction of dopaminergic neurons. Neurons in general appear more sensitive than other cells to mutations in genes encoding mitochondrial proteins. Particularly interesting are mutations in genes such as Opa1, Mfn1 and Dnm1l, whose products are involved in the dynamic morphological alterations and subcellular trafficking of mitochondria. These indicate that mitochondrial dynamics are especially important for the long-term maintenance of the nervous system. The emerging evidence clearly demonstrates the crucial role of specific mitochondrial functions in maintaining neuronal circuit integrity.
Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting on Gallium Nitride Powder
Authors: Maeda Kazuhiko , Teramura Kentaro , Saito Nobuo , Inoue Yasunobu , Domen Kazunari
Published: May 2007

Gallium nitride (GaN) powder was studied as a photocatalyst for overall water splitting. The photocatalytic activity of GaN for the reaction was found to be strongly dependent on the crystallinity of the material and the cocatalyst employed. Modification of well-crystallized GaN with Rh2−yCryO3 nanoparticles as a cocatalyst for H2 evolution resulted in the stable stoichiometric decomposition of H2O into H2 and O2 under ultraviolet irradiation (λ > 300 nm) by the band gap transition. RuO2 modification did not bring about appreciable H2 and O2 evolution. Low-crystallinity GaN exhibits negligible activity for overall water splitting, regardless of the kind of cocatalyst applied.
Degradation of Phenol under Visible Light Irradiation Using TiO2 with FeIII and Easy Sedimentation of TiO2 Particles
Authors: Nahar Mst Shamsun , Hasegawa Kiyoshi , Kagaya Shigehiro , Kuroda Shigeyasu
Published: May 2007

The combined photocatalytic system (P25 TiO2 + Fe(ClO4)3) was visible light active, and the phenol degradation rate was higher than the sum of the rates for the separately used single photocatalyst. The reason is discussed based on the catalytic cycle of FeIII/FeII. The suspended TiO2 particles were easily sedimented by neutralizing the suspension.
Photochemistry and Photo-Induced Ultrafast Dynamics at Metal Surfaces
Authors: Matsumoto Yoshiyasu
Published: May 2007

This account describes excitation mechanisms and ultrafast nuclear dynamics at metal surfaces induced upon photon irradiation. After reviewing possible excitation mechanisms for photochemistry of adsorbates on metal surfaces, we discuss the ultra-violet photochemistry of saturated hydrocarbons, i.e., methane and cyclohexane, on metal surfaces. Although these alkanes in the gas phase do not absorb photons at ≈6 eV, CH bond dissociation takes place upon 6.4-eV photon irradiation on metal surfaces. Hybridization between CH antibonding orbitals of the alkanes and metal bands, forming a new band across the Fermi level, is proposed to be responsible for both the photochemistry and CH vibrational mode softening. Since electronic relaxation at metal surfaces takes place very rapidly, most of excited adsorbates do not proceed to dissociation and/or desorption, but rather they are vibrationally excited. To probe photo-induced nuclear motions in real time, we developed femtosecond (fs) time-resolved second harmonic generation spectroscopy on metal surfaces. This method was used to explore the dynamics of photo-excited coherent vibration at Pt(111) surfaces covered with alkali-metal atoms. Irradiation of fs pump-laser pulses induced coherent vibrational motions of the stretching vibration of alkali atoms with respect to the metal surface and the Rayleigh modes of the Pt surface, which manifest themselves in modulations of second harmonic intensity of probe pulses. We also demonstrated that selective excitation of a phonon mode can be achieved by using tailored light pulse trains.
Syntheses and Crystal Structures of Mono(di-2-pyridylamine)chloro(dimethyl sulfoxide-S)ruthenium(II) Complexes [RuCl2(Hdpa)(dmso-S)2] and [RuCl(Hdpa)(dmso-O)(dmso-S)2](OTf)
Authors: Toyama Mari , Suganoya Ryuji , Tsuduura Daisuke , Nagao Noriharu
Published: May 2007

The reaction between trans-[RuCl2(dmso-S)4] (dmso = dimethyl sulfoxide) and di-2-pyridylamine (Hdpa) in EtOH–H2O at ca. 273 K afforded trans(Cl),cis(S)-[RuCl2(Hdpa)(dmso-S)2] (1) in moderate to high yield. When dissolved in DMSO, 1 rearranged to the more thermodynamically stable cis(Cl),cis(S)-[RuCl2(Hdpa)(dmso-S)2] (2), along with cis(Cl),trans(X)-[RuCl2(Hdpa)(dmso)2] (X = S- or O-bonded dmso). The reaction of 2 with Ag(OTf) afforded cis(Cl,S),trans(O,S)-[RuCl(Hdpa)(dmso-O)(dmso-S)2](OTf) (3·(OTf)) (OTf− = trifluoromethanesulfonate). X-ray crystal structures of 1, 2, and 3·(OTf) revealed that the conformation of the six-membered chelate ring formed by the Hdpa ligand with the Ru ion varies according to interactions among the co-ligands (dmso and Cl−) and the counter-anion (OTf−). For 3·(OTf), the structural parameters, apart from the dmso-O ligand, were essentially comparable to those of 2, except for the axial Cl− ligand; the remaining axial site is occupied by the O-donor of the dmso ligand instead of the S-donor. The solution structures (in DMSO solution) of 1, 2, and 3·(OTf) are discussed on the basis of their 1H NMR spectra. In 3·(OTf), “flapping” of the Hdpa ligand causes the coordination modes (O- and S-bonded) of the two axial dmso ligands to undergo mutual alternation.
Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Conversion of Three Linkage Isomers of Di-2-pyridyl Ketone in Dichlorobis(dimethyl sulfoxide-S)ruthenium(II) and Chlorobis(dimethyl sulfoxide-S)ruthenium(II) Complexes: [RuCl2(dpk-κ2N,O)(dmso-S)2], [RuCl2(dpk-κ2N,N′)(dmso-S)2], and [RuCl(dpk-OH-κ3N,O,N′)(dmso-S)2]
Authors: Toyama Mari , Nakahara Makito , Nagao Noriharu
Published: May 2007

The reaction between trans-[RuCl2(dmso-S)4] (dmso = dimethyl sulfoxide) and di-2-pyridyl ketone (dpk) in H2O at room temperature afforded trans(Cl),cis(S)-[RuCl2(dpk-κ2N,O)(dmso-S)2] (1) in high yield, while the reaction between cis(Cl),fac(S)-[RuCl2(dmso-S)3(dmso-O)] and dpk in EtOH–DMSO at reflux afforded cis(Cl),cis(S)-[RuCl2(dpk-κ2N,N′)(dmso-S)2] (2). Reaction of 1 with Ag+ and OH− afforded the one-dimensional Ru–Ag coordination polymer trans(Cl),cis(S)-[AgRuCl2(dpk-OH-κ3N,O,N′)(dmso-S)2]n (3), which, as shown by X-ray crystallographic analysis, was in an “arrested” state of chloride ion abstraction. Reaction of 3 in DMSO afforded a mixture of two isomers containing dpk-OH-κ3N,O,N′: trans(Cl,O),cis(S)- and cis(Cl,O),cis(S)-[RuCl(dpk-OH-κ3N,O,N′)(dmso-S)2] (4a and 4b, respectively). The trans(Cl,O),cis(S)-isomer 4a was selectively synthesized by reaction of 1 with OH− in H2O, while the cis(Cl,O),cis(S)-isomer 4b was selectively synthesized by reaction of 2 with OH− in H2O. The isomerization reaction between 4a and 4b in DMSO solution was found to be reversible, and 4b was favored over 4a, with K4ab = [4b]/[4a] = 1.5 ± 0.1. The crystal structures of 1 and 2 showed that the geometry of the RuCl2(dmso-S)2 unit caused selective formation of the κ2N,O- and κ2N,N′-coordination modes of the dpk ligand. In 4a, the flexibility of the κ3N,O,N′-coordination mode of the (dpk-OH)− ligand mitigates the steric hindrance caused by the RuCl(dmso-S)2+ unit.
On-Line Electrochemical Redox Derivatization for Enhancement of Separation Selectivity of Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Saitoh Kazunori , Naitoh Shogo , Endo Miho , Washiya Manami , Shibukawa Masami
Published: May 2007

An on-line electrochemical redox derivatization technique for enhancement of separation selectivity of HPLC using an electrolytic flow cell is presented. This HPLC system consists of two separation columns and a small electrolytic flow cell placed between them. A redox derivatization reaction proceeds in the electrolytic flow cell so that an analyte compound migrates in its original form in the first column, while it moves in its oxidized or reduced form in the second column. The selective separation of an analyte compound has been achieved, because redox reactions specific for the analyte in the electrochemical derivatization unit can be controlled by alteration of potential applied to the cell. A successful application of this method to the separation and determination of cobalt in a stainless steel is demonstrated.
Why Achiral Rod-like Compound with Ester Group Amplifies Chiral Power in Chiral Mesophase
Authors: Kawauchi Susumu , Choi Suk-Won , Fukuda Kaoru , Kishikawa Keiki , Watanabe Junji , Takezoe Hideo
Published: May 2007

In this work, we carried out ab initio molecular orbital theory calculations for phenylbenzoate and N-benzylideneaniline, by which we will interpret unusual phenomenon of compounds 1 and 2.
Dendritic Cells at the Osteo-Immune Interface: Implications for Inflammation-Induced Bone Loss
Authors: Alnaeeli Mawadda , Park Jaekweon , Mahamed Deeqa , Penninger Joseph M , Teng Yen-Tung A
Published: May 2007

Within the past decade, the critical roles of T cells and T cell–mediated immunity in inflammation-induced osteoclastogenesis and subsequent bone loss have been extensively studied, thereby establishing the new paradigm of osteoimmunology. Therefore, dendritic cells (DCs), the most potent antigen-presenting cells, responsible for activation of naïve T cells and orchestration of the immune response, became critically situated at the osteo-immune interface. Today, emerging new evidence suggests that DC may be directly involved in inflammation-induced osteoclastogenesis and bone loss, by acting as osteoclast (OC) precursors that can further develop into DC-derived OCs (DDOC) under inflammatory conditions. These findings have tremendous implications, because in addition to DC's important roles in regulating innate and adaptive immunity, a direct contribution by these cells to inflammation-induced bone loss may provide a promising therapeutic target not only for controlling inflammation but also for modulating bone destruction.
Residual Lifetime Risk of Fractures in Women and Men
Authors: Nguyen Nguyen D , Ahlborg Henrik G , Center Jacqueline R , Eisman John A , Nguyen Tuan V
Published: May 2007

In a sample of 1358 women and 858 men, ≥60 yr of age who have been followed-up for up to 15 yr, it was estimated that the mortality-adjusted residual lifetime risk of fracture was 44% for women and 25% for men. Among those with BMD T-scores ≤ −2.5, the risks increased to 65% in women and 42% in men.

Introduction: Risk assessment of osteoporotic fracture is shifting from relative risk to an absolute risk approach. Whereas BMD is a primary predictor of fracture risk, there has been no estimate of mortality-adjusted lifetime risk of fracture by BMD level. The aim of the study was to estimate the residual lifetime risk of fracture (RLRF) in elderly men and women.

Materials and Methods: Data from 1358 women and 858 men ≥60 yr of age as of 1989 of white background from the Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study were analyzed. The participants have been followed for up to 15 yr. During the follow-up period, incidence of low-trauma, nonpathological fractures, confirmed by X-ray and personal interview, were recorded. Incidence of mortality was also recorded. BMD at the femoral neck was measured by DXA (GE-LUNAR) at baseline. Residual lifetime risk of fracture from the age of 60 was estimated by the survival analysis taking into account the competing risk of death.

Results: After adjusting for competing risk of death, the RLRF for women and men from age 60 was 44% (95% CI, 40–48) and 25% (95% CI, 19–31), respectively. For individuals with osteoporosis (BMD T-scores ≤ −2.5), the mortality-adjusted lifetime risk of any fracture was 65% (95% CI, 58–73) for women and 42% (95% CI, 24–71) for men. For the entire cohort, the lifetime risk of hip fracture was 8.5% (95% CI, 6–11%) for women and 4% (95% CI, 1.3–5.4%) for men; risk of symptomatic vertebral fracture was 18% (95% CI, 15–21%) for women and 11% (95% CI, 7–14%) for men.

Conclusions: These estimates provide a means to communicate the absolute risk of fracture to an individual patient and can help promote the identification and targeting of high-risk individuals for intervention.
Surface complexation modeling of the effects of phosphate on uranium(VI) adsorption
Authors: Romero-González Maria R. , Cheng Tao , Barnett Mark O. , Roden Eric E.
Published: May 2007

Previous published data for the adsorption of U(VI) and/or phosphate onto amorphous Fe(III) oxides (hydrous ferric oxide, HFO) and crystalline Fe(III) oxides (goethite) was examined. These data were then used to test the ability of a commonly-used surface complexation model (SCM) to describe the adsorption of U(VI) and phosphate onto pure amorphous and crystalline Fe(III) oxides and synthetic goethite-coated sand, a surrogate for a natural Fe(III)-coated material, using the component additivity (CA) approach. Our modeling results show that this model was able to describe U(VI) adsorption onto both amorphous and crystalline Fe(III) oxides and also goethite-coated sand quite well in the absence of phosphate. However, because phosphate adsorption exhibits a stronger dependence on Fe(III) oxide type than U(VI) adsorption, we could not use this model to consistently describe phosphate adsorption onto both amorphous and crystalline Fe(III) oxides and goethite-coated sand. However, the effects of phosphate on U(VI) adsorption could be incorporated into the model to describe U(VI) adsorption to both amorphous and crystalline Fe(III) oxides and goethite-coated sand, at least for an initial approximation. These results illustrate both the potential and limitations of using surface complexation models developed from pure systems to describe metal/radionuclide adsorption under more complex conditions.
Enhanced extraction and separation of zirconium(IV) and hafnium(IV) with 3-phenyl-4-benzoyl-5-isoxazolone in presence of various neutral organophosphorus extractants
Authors: Reddy K. Janardhan , Reddy A. Varada , Shaibu B. S. , Reddy M. L. P.
Published: May 2007

Various 3-phenyl-4-aroyl-5-isoxazolones, namely, 3-phenyl-4-benzoyl-5-isoxazolone (HPBI), 3-phenyl-4-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-5-isoxazolone (HFBPI) and 3-phenyl-4-(4-toluoyl)-5-isoxazolone (HTPI) were synthesized and examined with regard to the solvent extraction behavior of Zr(IV) and Hf(IV) from hydrochloric acid solutions. The results demonstrated that Zr(IV) and Hf(IV) extracted into chloroform with 3-phenyl-4-aroyl-5-isoxazolones (HA), as ZrOA2 and HfOA2, respectively. The equilibrium constants of the extracted complexes follow an order HFBPI > HPBI > HTPI, which is in accordance with their pK
a values. The synergistic extraction of Zr(IV) and Hf(IV) was also investigated with mixtures of HPBI and tri-n-octylphosphine oxide (TOPO), trialkylphosphine oxide (TRPO), and tri-n-butylphosphate (TBP), where the complexation strength follows the order TOPO > TRPO > TBP. The equilibrium constants of the synergistically extracted complexes have been correlated with the donor ability of phosphoryl oxygen of the neutral organophosphorus extractants in terms of their 31P NMR chemical shifts and their basicity values. The addition of neutral organophosphorus extractant to the metal chelate system not only enhances the extraction efficiency but also improves the selectivity between these metal ions.
American Ethnological Society
Authors: Rothstein Fran
Published: May 2007

?Addressing the Gender Gap in the Global Response to HIV/AIDS ?The Anthena Network
Anthropology and Environment Section
Authors: Ogden Laura
Published: May 2007

?Understanding Children's Environmental Knowledge Norbert Ross
Association for Africanist Anthropology
Authors: Coffman Jennifer E
Published: May 2007

?Teaching Mali in Virginia Robin Poulton  ?Share Your Experience and Wisdom, Please...
Association for Political and Legal Anthropology
Authors: Krause Elizabeth , Bhan Mona
Published: May 2007

?Between Illegality and the Law in Bolivia Daniel M Goldstein
Biological Anthropology Section
Authors: Vitzthum Virginia J
Published: May 2007

?New Bioanthropology Blog ?Worthy Website ?Annals of Human Biology: New Cover, New Features ?Summer "Vacation"
Central States Anthropological Society
Authors: Ismail Zohra , Glaros Angela
Published: May 2007

?Changes at CSAS ?Highlight From the CSAS Annual Conference Held in April 2007 H Sidky  ?Lillian Trager Memorial Table and Student Assistance Fund ?Member News
National Association for the Practice of Anthropology
Authors: Treitler Inga E
Published: May 2007

?Living in Interesting Times
National Association of Student Anthropologists
Authors: Bernardo Melinda
Published: May 2007

?"I Thought That's What Anthropology Was." Mary Fuson
Society for the Anthropology of Conciousness
Authors: McBride Lawrence B
Published: May 2007

?End of Anthropology: A Cautionary Tale? Constantine Hriskos
Society for the Anthropology of Food and Nutrition
Authors: Chrzan Janet
Published: May 2007

?An Interview With Miriam Chaiken, Nutritional Anthropologist of the Year Janet Chrzan
Society for the Anthropology of Religion
Authors: Coleman Simon
Published: May 2007

?The Alister Hardy Society Religious Experience Research Center ?The International Journal of Religion and Sport
Society for East Asian Anthropology
Authors: Stevens Carolyn S , Yano Christine R
Published: May 2007

?Interview With Merry White Masayo Nishida
Society of Lesbian and Gay Anthropologists
Authors: Houston David L R
Published: May 2007

?The Fog of Self ?The Piece Process
Pesticide and pathogen: Heat shock protein expression and acetylcholinesterase inhibition in juvenile Chinook salmon in response to multiple stressors
Authors: Eder Kai J. , Köhler Heinz-R. , Werner Ingeborg
Published: May 2007

Rapid expression of heat shock protein (hsp) families in response to a variety of stressors has been demonstrated in many organisms, including fish. The present 60-d challenge study was designed to compare hsp induction in juvenile Chinook salmon following exposure to individual pesticides, virus, and both stressors combined. Heat shock protein expression patterns over time were monitored and related to the extent of virus infection and mortality. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition and recovery in response to applied stressors were measured in brain. High enzyme inhibition levels have been correlated with imminent mortality, and other sublethal physiological effects have been observed in fish concurrent with depressed AChE activity. Mortality was elevated considerably in fish exposed to 0.08 μg/L of the pyrethroid esfenvalerate (EV). Mortality due to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) was lower in groups previously treated with pesticides; however, these fish died sooner than individuals exposed to virus only. Both pesticides, EV and the organophosphate (OP) chlorpyrifos (CP), as well as virus exposure, induced hsp expression, but highest hsp levels were observed after the combined treatments, suggesting an additive effect between virus and pesticides. Highest virus titers were accompanied by strongest hsp induction, indicating a connection between virus concentration and hsp expression. In conclusion, the measurement of hsp expression appears to be a very sensitive, integrative indicator of stress. Esfenvalerate and IHNV did not affect AChE activity, and exposure to 3.7 μg/L CP led to significantly inhibited AChE for at least 20 d. The time required for complete recovery of AChE activity raises concern about deleterious behavioral effects.
Transfer and efflux of cadmium and silver in marine snails and fish fed pre-exposed mussel prey
Authors: Cheung Ma-Shan , Zhang Li , Wang Wen-Xiong
Published: May 2007

Subcellular metal distribution may play an important role in the bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of metals in marine food chains. In the present study, we preexposed the green mussel Perna viridis to Ag and Cd and quantified their trophic transfer efficiencies to two predators (whelks [Thais clavigera] and fish [Terapon jarbua]). For the mussels, more Ag was distributed in the metal-rich granule (MRG) fraction following Ag exposure, and more Cd was distributed in the metallothionein-like protein following Cd exposure. In addition, Cd was mainly bound with the proteins having a molecular size of approximately 20 kDa. After being fed with metal-exposed mussels, the assimilation efficiencies of Ag decreased significantly (from 77 to 29–60% in whelks and from 9 to 2% in fish) with an increasing percentage of Ag deposited in the MRG fraction of the prey. In contrast, the assimilation efficiencies of Cd remained comparable (81–85% in whelks and 6–8% in fish), because its partitioning in the soluble fraction of different treatments of the prey was similar. The efflux of Ag and Cd in the two predators was comparable after feeding on preexposed mussel prey. Our results imply that the subcellular distribution of metals in prey may affect the dietary assimilation of metals in predators, but such influence is clearly metal-specific. The present study may lead to a better understanding of metal trophic transfer in different marine food chains.
Using mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) arrays to monitor the effectiveness of remediation at a Superfund site in Charleston, South Carolina, USA
Authors: Roling Jonathan A. , Bain Lisa J. , Gardea-Torresdey Jorge , Key Peter B. , Baldwin William S.
Published: May 2007

We previously developed a cDNA array for mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus), an estuarine minnow, that is targeted for identifying differentially expressed genes from exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and several metals, including chromium. A chromium-contaminated Superfund site at Shipyard Creek in Charleston, South Carolina, USA, is undergoing remediation, providing us a unique opportunity to study the utility of arrays for monitoring the effectiveness of site remediation. Mummichogs were captured in Shipyard Creek in Charleston prior to remediation (2000) and after remediation began (2003 and 2005). Simultaneously, mummichogs were collected from a reference site at the Winyah Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR) in Georgetown, South Carolina, USA. The hepatic gene expression pattern of fish captured at Shipyard Creek in 2000 showed wide differences from the fish captured at NERR in 2000. Interestingly, as remediation progressed the gene expression pattern of mummichogs captured at Shipyard Creek became increasingly similar to those captured at NERR. The arrays acted as multidimensional biomarkers as the number of differentially expressed genes dropped from 22 in 2000 to four in 2003, and the magnitude of differential expression dropped from 3.2-fold in 2000 to no gene demonstrating a difference over 1.5-fold in 2003. Furthermore, the arrays indicated changes in the bioavailability of chromium caused by hydraulic dredging in the summer of 2005. This research is, to our knowledge, the first report using arrays as biomarkers for a weight-of-evidence hazard assessment and demonstrates that arrays can be used as multidimensional biomarkers to monitor site mitigation because the gene expression profile is associated with chromium bioavailability and body burden.