bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proportionality in War
Authors: Russett Bruce M.
Published: September 2018

Among most analysts concerned with the morality of warfare, the rule of proportionality— that the seriousness of the damages inflicted must not exceed the seriousness of the injury to be prevented by the war—holds a central place. That rule was prominent in several recent contributions to this magazine, including ones by me and by Paul Ramsey (see the issues of April and November, 1972). In any application of the rule one must take into account damages and benefits to all participants and observers: "our" side, "their" side, those caught in between and the presumed beneficiaries elsewhere.
The Paradoxes and Psychology of Egalitarianism
Authors: Schoeck Helmut
Published: September 2018

The force behind the egalitarian impulse to create a society of equals is a basic human desire for justice, "for a temporal order of things that 'makes sense.'" So Irving Kristol said in a recent essay. He is, of course, right. However, this isi where the true problem, the puzzle, begins. For our ingrained sense of justice produces identical "gut ' reactions," such as feelings of indignation, in regard to very different, indeed sometimes even diametrically opposed, alternatives.
Belfast Blues, II
Authors: Neuhaus Richard J.
Published: September 2018

Among Protestants in Northern Ireland, especially Presbyterians, there is a stronger tradition of individual clerics involved in politics than among Catholics. The tradition is traced over the last hundred years by Andrew Boyd in his Holy War in Belfast and is represented today by, for example, Ian Paisley and the Reverend Martin Smyth, head of the Orange Order, vice president of the Unionist Party and an important factor in the "loyalist" opposition to the White Paper. The three major Protestant groups are the Church of Ireland, which is in communion with the Church of England, the Presbyterians and the Methodists.
Secularization in Bangladesh
Authors: Smith Donald Eugene
Published: September 2018

The emergence of an official policy of secularism in Bangladesh must be viewed as a major ideological landmark in the recent history of the Indian subcontinent. Analyzed in terms of legitimizing symbols, the abrupt change from the Islamic Republic of Pakistan to the secular People's Republic of Bangladesh is a significant event. It is axiomatic that revolutionary changes in the symbols of statehood need not be, and generally are not, accompanied by corresponding attitudinal changes among the masses of the people. The symbols, after all, are formulated by a small political elite or even by one leader. But it is important to understand both what the leaders are trying to express by the symbols they choose and how these symbols are related to the political process and the general culture.
Rabin and the Nixon Jews
Authors: Lazin Fred
Published: September 2018

Last summer in Israel Yitzhak Rabin, Israeli I Ambassador to Washington, suggested that Richard Nixon was the best friend Israel ever had in the White House. Upon his return to Washington before the November election the Ambassador explained that he had not endorsed Richard Nixon's candidacy, and he reaffirmed his country's neutrality in the Presidential election. Despite such assertions, many Americans, both Jews and non-Jews, interpreted Rabin's earlier statement as a Nixon endorsement by Israel. Six months later it is possible to assess the controversy with greater care.
Abusing the Fifties
Authors: Ribuffo Leo P.
Published: September 2018

It's almost obligatory these days to interpret our national temper in 1973, particularly the alleged malaise of the young, as a resurrection of something called “the fifties.” Erstwhile radicals point to a new “silent generation” to justify a change of strategy and often a change of heart. Proponents of stability, eager to dismiss “the sixties” as one of those extremist binges which sometimes interrupt our cycles of “pragmatic” reform and retrenchment, cite the restoration of tranquility to affirm the genius of American politics. Nostalgia merchants and rock musicians find that the splendid sounds of yesteryear can be even more lucrative on eight-track stereo than they were at 45 rpm. Yet for all its commercial potential and ideological convenience, this currently fashionable historical parallel distorts both “the seventies” and “the fifties.”
The Discovery of Africa in Art
Authors: Awoonor Kofi
Published: September 2018

Africa's art tradition rests in a defined and ritualized relationship between man and the Supreme Creator, the primary essence that dwells at the center of all religious processes. Art then becomes the proper instrument of expressing man's world, a measuring rod of his conception of this same world beyond the grave. In the puristic sense, art in Africa becomes a means of expressing man's will and wishes to the Creator, an assertion of his own temporality as a living being (mortal), yet bearing the distinct virtue and energy of the determinable (real and unreal) world's animus. More important, art for the African is the articulation of his own spiritual awareness and sensibility within his cosmos. So it becomes an extension ab initio of the ritualism of all things, the unified expression and morphological statement of his communal and individual aspiration toward the divine.
What Kind of Europe?
Authors: von Habsburg Otto
Published: September 2018

Since the world is again in dramatic search of a new equilibrium, it is not surprising that the future of Europe is a major subject of debate among those concerned about international affairs. Many of the present terms of the discussion were set at the end of World War II—in February, 1945, to be more precise, at Yalta. A careful reading of the Yalta Papers leaves doubt that the three men who sat around the conference table understood clearly the ramifications of the new order they were establishing. Convinced as they were that their solutions were of a temporary nature, they devoted most of their time to jockeying for short-range advantages. In the background, however, were greater historic forces of which these men were the puppets.
Book of the Dead
Authors: Elliot Gil
Published: September 2018

It's our last chance to get the whole business of killing back onto a healthy basis. Imagine in the spanking dawn of our century a youth with dark fiery eyes, a lopsided tangle of curly hair awkward in its profusion, body and limbs … still those of a mere stripling. But what experience was available to temper that growing strength! The Boer War, three long years of fighting at the cost of ten thousand lives: scene of the first concentration camps (the British), the first guerrilla warfare (the Boers). Can you doubt that our youth fought on the side of those doughty Boers in their struggle for freedom?
The Myth of Air Power
Authors: McLellan David S. , Busse Walter
Published: September 2018

Once again the American public is subjected to reports about the sensational effects of bombing against North Vietnam and its offensive in the South. New guided, or “smart,” bombs and the hitting of targets far beyond anything authorized at the height of the 1965-68 campaign have led to spectacular claims for the efficacy of air power in blunting the thrust of North Vietnam's Easter offensive. The Pentagon emphasis is now almost exclusively upon the success of air power in achieveing military goals; far less is claimed, at least publicly,, for bombing as a means of ending the war.
Revolution/Counterrevolution in Portuguese Africa
Authors: Nevins Lawrence
Published: September 2018

The assassination of Amίlcar Cabral in January, 1973, was reported in the American news media, but there was no follow-up, and few Americans recognize Cabral's name, or even the name of Portuguese Guinea, the small colony he had hoped to lead to independence.

From a geographical point of view the obscprity of Portuguese Guinea might seem well deserved. Wedged between Senegal and the independent Republic of Guinea, it is about 40 per cent the size of Portugal, but its population is less than that of the city of Lisbon. Mostly hot and humid, much of the colony is covered by bayous and salt-water swamps. The people, who until recently were about 99 per cent illiterate, are divided into a number of traditionally antagonistic groups that are religiously, culturally and linguistically distinct.
The Road to Peace in the Middle East
Authors: Goldberg Arthur J.
Published: September 2018

In light of the recent war between Israel and Egypt and Syria and the uneasy cease-fire which now prevails, it is entirely natural to inquire whether Resolution 242 of the United Nations Security Council, adopted on November 22, 1967, following the Six-Day War, remains operative.

In a lecture delivered at Chatham House on April 6, 1971, and in an article published in a recent issue of the Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, I stated my conviction that Resolution 242 may ultimately prove to be the basis for a peace settlement in the Middle East. I adhere to this view, despite the recent hostilities still smoldering.

There is an important new development which reaffirms my conviction that the guidelines set forth in Resolution 242 are still relevant. That development is the resolution of the Security Council sponsored by the United States and the Soviet Union–Resolution 338, adopted on October 22, 1973–calling for a cease-fire in the early hours of the morning of the following day.
Chomsky, the State and the True Believer
Authors: Sisk John P.
Published: September 2018

The best way to begin Noam Chomsky's For Reasons of State is to read the epigraph, a lengthy quotation from the nineteenth-century anarchist saint, Mikhail Bakunin, from which the title is taken. Central to it is an impassioned assertion that “the entire history of ancient and modern states is merely a series of revolting crimes” and that kings, ministers, statesmen, bureaucrats and warriors, past and present, “if judged from the standpoint of simple morality and human justice, have a hundred, a thousand times over earned their sentence to hard labor or to the gallows.” It is a fiery and, in more ways than Chomsky may have intended, an entirely appropriate invocation. This is the Bakunin who appears later in the book, in “Notes on Anarchism,” as the eloquent sniffer-out of the coming “red bureaucracy,” the confessed “fanatic lover of liberty,” the prophet of thai “intelligent and truly noble part of youth” that will ultimately adopt the cause of the people.
Genocide in Vietnam?
Authors: Adam Bedau Hugo
Published: September 2018

In 1965, shortly after the United States Government had ordered regular bombing raids over Vietnam, Bertrand Russell and his Peace Foundation organized a nongovernmental “International War Crimes Tribunal.” Its aim was to determine whether the U.S. Government was committing crimes in violation of international law in its conduct of the Indochina war. Hearings began in November, 1966, in Sweden. A year later, Secretary McNamara was ordering preparation of what is now known as the Pentagon Papers, and four months after that was the massacre at Mylai. The final question put before the Tribunal was: “Do the combination of crimes imputed to the Government of the United States in its war in Vietnam constitute the crime of genocide?” The Tribunal voted unanimously that “the United States Government [is] guilty of genocide against the people in Vietnam.”
Cuba, After Chile's Bloody Fall
Authors: Conway James F.
Published: September 2018

Laurence Birns's fine article, “Chile: A Bloody Fall” (Worldview, November, 1973), came to my attention after I returned from a few weeks' visit to Cuba, a visit that coincided with the fall of Allende. The overthrow of Allende drew enormous response.

“Fidel, Allende, el pueblo les defiende”— Fidel, Allende, the people will defend you—shouted some 500,000 Cubans who jammed the Plaza of the Revolution on the afternoon of September 28 in Havana. A bold-colored outdoor mosaic locates Chile's martyr catty-corner to the Che Guevara monument and just in front of that of Cuba's liberator, José Marti. Allende's finger is pointing skyward in one of his favorite gestures. The inscription below reads: “The forces of fascism will not crush the Chilean people.”
American Policy Toward Africa: Cause for Indictment?
Authors: Baker Ross K.
Published: September 2018

In his study of U.S. Vietnam policy, The Limits of Intervention, Townsend Hoopes ruefully admitted that “nothing is more difficult to confront than the need to outgrow conceptions that have had undeniable validity—have been in truth basic reference points for thought and action involving the life of the nation. It is a difficulty that persists even when one is intellectually aware that familiar conceptions no longer fully square with the facts.” Hoopes intended his strictures to apply to the cold war tenets which for so long provided the guidelines for U.S. foreign policy. They apply with equal force, however, not only to either official policies and orientations but to the conceptions of their critics.
Roszak's Pagan Gospel
Authors: Sisk John P.
Published: September 2018

The ideal preparation for Theodore Roszak's new book is to read again Wordsworth's sonnet “The World Is Too Much With Us.” After lamenting the “getting and spending” that lays waste our spiritual powers, the poet declares he prefers to be a pagan “suckled in a creed outworn,” sustained in a universe still mythic and sacral. Wordsworth, like Roszak in Where the Wasteland Ends: Politics and Transcendence in Postindustrial Society (Doubleday; 492 pp.; $10.00), complains about the spiritual depletion resulting from the scientization of culture and the disenchantment of the world. Since Wordsworth, says Roszak, the situation has simply gotten worse, so that Blake's “May God us keep/ From Single vision and Newton's sleep” sounds more than ever like a desperate prayer.
Zorba Abandoned, Theodorakis Plays On
Authors: Rousseas Stephen
Published: September 2018

The colonels’ coup in Greece on April 21, 1967, caught everyone by ṡurprise - the Right, the Center and the Left. Mikis Theodorakis, Greece's most gifted popular composer and maverick political “revolutionary,” was tipped off by a right-wing journalist who telephoned him in the early morning hours of the coup. He went immediately into hiding and started organizing the Patriotic Front, a left-wing resistance movement based on the Lambrakis Youth Movement, of which he was the founder and president.
Power and Military Impotence
Authors: Melman Seymour
Published: September 2018

After twenty-five years of a nuclear-military arms race, it is possible to define significant limits of military power for national security. These limits apply with special force to the nuclear superpowers. These same limits of military power also define new requirements for a disarmament process.

Underlying the long discussion of disarmament among nations has been the understanding that lowered levels of armaments produce mutual advantage: the prospect of physical destruction is reduced; and the cost of armaments can be applied to constructive uses. The arms race from 1946 to 1971 between the United States and the Soviet Union has not improved the military security of either nation, and the economic cost to these two countries has exceeded $1,500 billion.
The Just Revolution
Authors: Ramsey Paul
Published: September 2018

Those who do Christian ethics are obliged in the seventies to renew their search for an understanding of the conditions that would justify revolutionary resorts to violence (jus ad belum), of the moral limits upon the conduct of insurgency war and, yes, of the permissible limits of counterinsurgency (jus in bello).But, you may object, that is to ignore a chief cause of American involvement in the Vietnam war: President Kennedy was tempted to begin the escalation of U.S. involvement because he had an available “weapons system“ (the Green Berets) and because he trusted a doctrine of counterinsurgency. What's more, you further object, regardless of what we may think about the morality of insurgency or counterinsurgency as such, a chief lesson to be drawn from Vietnam is that, when an industrial power like the United States gets involved in counterinsurgency in a traditional and preindustrial society, disproportionate violence is bound to be done.
Strawberry Jam and Goncientización
Authors: Jacob Jeffrey C.
Published: September 2018

The strawberry plant is a stemless, rosaceous herb of the genus Fragaria. The confectioner has a multitude of uses for its fruit, from ice cream toppings to pastry fillings. But in addition to the interest its fruit adds to ouixliet, the strawberry plant is currently making a most improbable social impact: It forms the basis of a program of fundamental socioeconomic reform in Guatemala's central highlands.

The story of the role of the strawberry in bringing about basic social change and the practical and theoretical implications of the program of which it is an integral part begins with my father, Carl H. Jacob, a former college professor from southeastern Idaho and a Fulbright lecturer at the national university of El Salvador.
United States Diplomacy and the Free World
Authors: Eden Anthony
Published: September 2018

The foreign policy of any democratic nation today must be directed toward neutralizing or demolishing threats to its liberties. These are twofold. Totalitarian governments must be countered for their expansive external policies. So-called revolutionary organizations must be met and overcome because their activities are the thin end of the wedge opening the door to total anarchy.

I have always believed that there are times when diplomacy can fairly use the balance of power as an aid to peace. Equally, it is important to know where to draw the moral line; one must sometimes sup with the devil, but not fatten him
The Asian Mind Today
Authors: Kitagawa Joseph M.
Published: September 2018

There is no such thing as a typical Asian or Oriental .mind any more than there is a typical Western mind. The phrase is only a shorthand way of stating that, if we wish to understand a people, we must take seriously the internal dimension of mind and feeling as well as external factors such as pontics, economics, kinship and social structures, diplomatic relations and military affairs. We are all what we are—psycho-physical-spiritual beings—mortals endowed with memory, intelligence and sexuality, trying to make some sense out of our transitory existence in this mysterious universe. Yet different cultural traditions have developed their own characteristic way of apprehending the meaning of life, nurtured and preserved by respective languages, customs, myths and religions.
The Politics of Buddhism
Authors: Eugene Smith Donald
Published: September 2018

I am going to argue for two major theses which seek to relate Buddhism to the processes of social and political change. The second thesis also relates the processes of social and political change to each other, a very important linkage in view of the prevailing assumption that government is the major initiator and director of social change.
Teilhard de Chardin in China
Authors: Franklin O'Meara Thomas
Published: September 2018

Pierre Teilhard de Chardin was at work in China from 1924 to 1945, the years in which Chinese communism emerged. The Jesuit scientist saw jhis struggle for mastery in a way almost unique for a Westerner. After only a few years in China Teilhard could write: “Politically the situation is more troubled than ever with the Bolshevists gaining the upper hand on the Yangtse. I am beginning to believe that their success will be the signal for the reorganization of China—but at the expense of the Europeans.”

Teilhard was pulled by both East and West; from Europe and America came the flow of discovery, and yet Western churches and nations disparaged the new movements under way.
Ethical Ghettos in the Ecumenical Age
Authors: Tavard George H.
Published: September 2018

Since Vatican Council II issued its Decree on Ecumenism, the rapprochement between churches has moved many a step forward. To be sure, one no longer finds the enthusiasm of the 1960's, but the dialogues between churches have gained in depth and seriousness what they have lost in facility and popularity. Again, the statements issued by the Lutheran-Catholic Conversations in America (on The Eucharist as Sacrifice, 1967; Eucharist and Ministry, 1970), or by the Anglican-Roman Catholic International Conversations (Windsor Statement on the Eucharist, December, 1971; Canterbury Statement on Ministry, December, 1973) may be neither complete nor final; yet they witness to a growing consensus which would have been unthinkable twenty years ago. This consensus gives the lie to what had been for years an axiom in one stream of the ecumenical flow: Doctrine divides, service unites. The current ecumenical moment has put this maxim to the test and uncovered its inadequacy. It is not too optimistic to say now that doctrine is in the process of uniting.
The Dream and the Wrath
Authors: Benne Robert , Hefner Philip
Published: September 2018

In the midst of pervasive malaise America tries to look forward to celebrating its bicentennial. It is not an easy thing to celebrate a birthday when the body and spirit are sick. Little wonder that social analysts and critics are calling for a renewal of the American spirit, the recovery of an American tradition from the distortions of our recent past. It is this tradition that must provide guidance for the future that is already upon us. Daniel Bell, in his The Coming of Post-Industrial Society, is but the latest of the company of exhorters, which includes such critics as Sydney Ahlstrom, Robert Bellah and Gibson Winter.
No Room for Peace: Possible Futures for Indochina
Authors: Shipler David K.
Published: September 2018

In the perspective of a few thousand years of Indochinese history the decade of direct American military intervention that so wrenched our own country is little more than a minor subtitle in a rather brief chapter. Contrary to the declarations of those who opposed policy and those who made it, the United States neither started nor ended the warfare in Indochina. Although the U.S. inflicted great agony and destruction on some small countries, the suffering yielded no conclusion. Even after their withdrawal, Americans could find no satisfaction in a neat end to a bloody game.
Common Cause?
Authors: Topolsky Mary
Published: September 2018

Dominating the lobby of Common Cause's very modern and very busy offices on M Street in Washington is a cork bulletin board nine feet high and six feet wide. Bold red letters proclaim news! Littering the board are newspaper clippings from all over the country, each bearing a red pencil stripe beneath the phrase “Common Cause.” Every working day over a thousand checks pour into this office, none of them tax-deductible. Membership in the organization has grown to 230,000 since its founding in 1970, and its membership renewal rate increased from a healthy 65 per cent in 1970 to a phenomenal 85 per cent in 1973. What sort of organization is this, and what can it tell us about our society and the individual's role in it?
The Laissez-Faire University
Authors: Hux Samuel
Published: September 2018

In the spring semester of 19761 taught the first truly good course I can recall teaching in a number of years. I would feel much more hopeful about the future if I could take as much credit for the success of the course as I would like to. Twenty students and I sat about trying to decide which of the philosophers we read—Aristotle, Hegel, or Nietzsche—provided the best insights into4he literary tragedies we read. At semester's end a student wandered by the office. "It was really a good course... I mean, really worthwhile." "I'm glad." He hesitated: "It wasn't really an English course, you know. I mean...well...I think we learned a lot about life."
Politics Through Tinted Glass (Brightly)
Authors: Nevins Lawrence
Published: September 2018

What should have been the Soviet Union's great lesson—that beautiful Socialist dreams can easily turn into something far worse than a repressively tolerant bourgeois society, while those with eyes to see refuse to look—is an example that many with eyes to see and ears to hear have yet to consider. The prevailing cold war consensus was responsible for policy errors and misapprehensions of serious consequence, but its perception of Stalin's Soviet Union as an evil and dangerous despotism was correct. Those who had thought otherwise before Khrushchev's famous speech of 1956 were wrong.

Hard facts and disturbing clues were available long years before Stalin's fans flip-flopped on cue. The more sophisticated had deliberately refrained from looking at the ugly truth, or had looked and were not repelled. But a majority simply were incapable of assimilating information incompatible with their political mindset, unless it was directly related to matters of personal concern.
Christianity and Communism: The Dilemma of Dialogue
Authors: Murphy Francis J.
Published: September 2018

Thursday, June 10, 1976, was a memorable day in Lyons, France. The press had prepared the local population for the event. From cities and towns throughout the Rhone Valley^special buses, trains, and cars had brought thousands into the city. The Gerland Sports Palace was packed with well over ten thousand enthusiasts. Georges Marchais, Secretary- General of the French Communist Party, would begin his highly publicized speech to the Christians of France at 8:30 that evening.
Latin America and the U.S.—That "Special Relationship"
Authors: Gannon Francis X.
Published: September 2018

When a new President is elected in the United States, Latin America is visited by visible tremors of expectation. On assuming office, each U.S. President or Secretary of State, whether Republican or Democrat, manages to refer to the "special relationship" that is said to exist between the two halves of the Western Hemisphere. The heavy overtones of paternalism often associated with this pattern do not appear to be an inherent feature of its contemporary forms.
Asia: 1976
Authors: Davies Derek
Published: September 2018

While all remained fairly quiet on the international front in Asia during 1976, it was a year of internal convulsions for many of the region's governments. Of the great powers, only the Soviet Union remained unshaken. The U.S. suffered one of its quadrennial "lame duck" run-ups to a Presidential election (with Henry Kissinger almost entirely preoccupied with diplomacy in the Middle East and Africa). China suffered the deaths of its two highest leaders, Premier Chou^En-lai on January 8, and Chairman Mao Tse-tung on September 9. Mao's demise was followed almost immediately by an amazing power struggle, which led to the swift downfall of his widow and three other members of the Politburo.
The Insignificant Death of Stanislaw Pyjas
Authors: Franco Thomas C.
Published: September 2018

Stanislaw Pyjas said goodbye to his friends late in the afternoon of of May 6, 1977. After that no one is exactly sure what happened to him. Early the next morning a waitress hurrying to work found his crumpled body lying face down inside the dingy passageway of a ramshackle Krakow apartment building. It was raining, and a political crisis began to brew in Poland.
A Voice of the Egyptian Left
Authors: Bruzonsky Mark , Kipper Judith
Published: September 2018

Its basic critical stand toward the trip has not changed. The Left now believes that the small degree of reciprocation by Begin is proof that the party was right.

The Left party believes that the euphoria that began with Sadat's trip is built on issues that are not solid. This state of mind is a bit similar to that during the January riots of 1977. In both cases it is an expression of deep dissatisfaction with the everyday life of the Egyptian people and the economic difficulties they're living with.
Deepening Shadows Over a Fragile Democracy
Authors: Menges Constantine C.
Published: September 2018

Two years ago, with the death of General Franco, thirty-six years of dictatorship came to an end in Spain. The effective leadership of King Juan Carlos, the tactical skills of Prime Minister Adolfo Suarez, and the cooperation of most political and economic groups have since brought about peaceful transition to free elections and a functioning democratic government. Spaniards have had a sense of satisfaction with the dramatic political changes they have accomplished.
The Story of Aid
Authors: Toth Csanad
Published: September 2018

Aid is more than an organized effort to transfer resources from the affluent to the poor. It is also a message to the world and a medium of communication. Who we are as a people and what we stand for as a nation are implicit in the choices we make in our aid programs and are revealed by the manner in which we pursue them.
The Music of Modern Africa
Authors: Awoonor Kofi
Published: September 2018

Since the emergence of negritude as a literary and philosophical creed, debates have been raging among African and black intellectuals both inside and outside the continent as to the real nature of the "true" art and culture of Africa. Some of these debates ignore history and the contact made between Africa and other parts of the world. The followers of the nationalist position hold that any Europeanism in Africa's culture is untenable and tantamount to betrayal and cultural heresy.
Civil Rights Beyond the Water's Edge
Authors: Greene James
Published: September 2018

For over a decade the controversy surrounding American private investment in South Africa has failed to penetrate a basic national ambiguity. That ambiguity is viewed by one side of the controversy as plain hypocrisy in the face of racial wrong, and by the other as pragmatism before unclear moral alternatives.

Far from clarifying matters, the ongoing debate has resulted in a constant shift in emphasis and sometimes in position. Many who once called for a complete withdrawal of in vestment now advocate it if it can be shown to promote the welfare of South African blacks. At the same time, strong advocates of withdrawal have won new adherents from active political groups.
A Balance Sheet on Sixty Years of Soviet Foreign Policy
Authors: Clemens Walter C.
Published: September 2018

A resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union dated January 31, 1977, declares that “the victory of October |1917| is the main event of the twentieth century, one that radically changed the course of development for all humanity.” The reason is simple: That victory produced the world's first Socialist state.

“Under Communist Party leadership the workers of our country successfully coped with the main and most complicated task of the socialist revolution—the creative.” This was done, we are told, under most difficult conditions, starting with the low level of productive forces and culture inherited from czarist Russia and including the hardships imposed by a series of external attacks.
Bright Prospects for Southeast Asia
Authors: Davies Derek
Published: September 2018

Southeast Asia has been poorly treated by the world's press. For over a decade, while the Vietnam war raged, the region provided by far the greatest amount of foreign news in the rich countries of North America, Europe, Japan, and Australia. Every news agency, TV station, and newspaper that could afford it maintained a bureau in Saigon and other regional centers. While most headlines were captured by the hostilities in Indochina, editors mindful of the “domino theory” paid great attention too to the situation in neighboring countries.

The result was that the region quickly acquired an “image” of violence, political instability, communal unrest, intraregional disputes, and a capacity for coups and countercoups rivaled only by Latin America. The “image” was implanted in the mind of the man in the street in New York, Washington, London, Tokyo, Sydney, Paris, and Frankfort, but also found its way into the investment calculations of those cities’ bankers and industrialists—those whose decisions affected the levels of investment in and trade with Southeast Asia.
Carter on Apartheid
Authors: Baker Ross K.
Published: September 2018

In 1913, when Woodrow Wilson was assuming the duties of President of the United States, Joseph Stalin was in exile in Siberia and Lenin in Galicia. When Union and Confederate veterans were meeting to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg and Henry Ford was about to set up the first modern assembly line, the newly established Union of South Africa promulgated the Natives Land Act. A world preoccupied with the decay of great empires and apprehensive about the onset of world conflict was only dimly aware of this law enacted in a distant corner of a remote continent. The law prescribed the apportionment of territory of the Union into areas of exclusive settlement by whites and blacks.
China on Its Way to Becoming Japan, via Sweden
Authors: Macrae Norman
Published: September 2018

As a journalist whose job it is to check facts against politicians' promises and public servants' continuing prejudices, I doubt whether modern history is moved much by slogans. Interdependence versus self-reliance, the supposed conflicts of the Chinese Way (egalitarianism, autarchy, underconsumption) versus the Japanese Way (growth, trade, investment)— all give way, I suspect, to changing precepts that bring successes.
The Uses of Empire
Authors: Venning Corey
Published: September 2018

The goal is to construct a stable balance of power for the late twentieth century. Critics point out that no balance of power has ever assured justice, or even peace. War and the threat of war have been the central instruments of balance-of-power operations. A system based on a multiplicity of sovereign states is a poor vehicle for managing the crucial problems of our time. I consider those problems to be universalized ideologies in conflict; nuclear weaponry—and perhaps technology in tending to slip out of control; population explosion; maldistribution and looming insufficiency in energy and other natural resources; environmental deterioration; growth of multinational corporate power; the fragility of national and international economies; and on and on.
The Zenith of the European Peoples
Authors: Schall James V.
Published: September 2018

Some very old, almost forgotten memories are suddenly flickering across the European scene these days—the Crusades, the Balkans, August, 1914, Islam, Haile Selassie, Persia, the Holy Land, Suez, Ireland, Scotland, Portugal, the islands off Aden in the Red Sea. There are even reports of Chinese submarines stationed in Albania. Albania! This was the heroic little country of early World War II. From Albania in 1799 a young Mehemed-Ali came to Egypt with the Ottoman Sultan's army to try to stop Bonaparte's invasion. Then, having learned something from this experience, Mehemed proceeded with his son Ibrahim to establish the first purely Arab power against Turkey.
The Food Crisis and the Church
Authors: Bryan Hehir J.
Published: September 2018

My comments are based on the assumption that there is a global food crisis and that it will be with us for some time. In discussing it here my scope is quite limited. I wish to focus on the unique relationship which the United States has to the global problem and the consequent special responsibility which the Christian community in the United States has for the problem.

The presentation will involve three steps: first, an analysis of the factual dimensions of the food crisis and the basic moral issues it poses; second, a description of why and how the United States bears a unique responsibility for the food question; third, a proposal regarding the potential of the Church in the United States to address the question of global and domestic hunger.
Opposing Views on Population
Authors: Henriot Peter J. , Ryan William F.
Published: September 2018

This is a population conference, and therefore we must talk about population and not about reforming the worldl” That sentiment was expressed repeatedly in one form or another at Bucharest last August during the United Nations World Population Conference. It was a cry of anger, an expression of dismay, an admission of defeat. It was also, unfortunately, an acknowledgment that many people failed to recognize the very changed character of discussions and decisions about “population.”

The U.N, Conference was the result of over two years of careful planning. As the first political meeting to address the issue of population at the international level, the Conference had generated considerable attention in governmental, nongovernmental, and academic circles. More than four thousand persons came to Bucharest as members of official delegations, as observers, as delegates to the nongovernmental Population Tribune held simultaneously with the Conference, and as journalists. All came to talk about “population,”
Biology and the Human Condition: Interview With Lionel Tiger
Authors: Tiger Lionel
Published: September 2018

When I first grew up and had to have a job, I was defined as a sociologist because that is the degree I got—Political Sociology from the University of London. But since I had done research in Ghana (and hence studied black people), it was commonly felt that I must be something of an anthropologist. For a long time, when I was asked the question you asked, I would tell students that sociologists study white people arid that that was the only useful distinction— the most parsimonious distinction—one could make between sociology and anthropology. I have since come to think that the distinction is more serious, chiefly because anthropologists still retain a lingering interest in human beings, while sociologists have become, in a certain sense, condemned to being concerned with systems.
Untouchable Power
Authors: Le Bihan Adrien
Published: September 2018

Some three years ago a movement calling itself the Dalit Panthers began to be heard of outside the Untouchable communities of Bombay and the surrounding coastal village of Maharashtra where it originated. By the time the Dalit (“oppressed”) Panthers had come to .the attention of the national and foreign media, they had extended their base to include other areas and language groups and broadened their appeal to reach beyond Untouchables to aboriginal people and landless peasants, and even to small landowners and cultivators.

This newest revolutionary Indian group's rallying cry is “Untouchable Power.” Admittedly influenced by the Black Panthers from which they took their name, one leader declared: “The problems of black Americans are our own. Black Power gave birth to Untouchable Power.”
What Really Happened When Arafat Spoke at the UN.
Authors: Yeselson Abraham , Gaglione Anthony
Published: September 2018

Since there were seventy-one sponsors, it was inevitable that the resolution would be adopted, But debate on the question was inevitably bitter and spilled over to the substance of the Palestinian issue. For many people the debate—and Arafat's subsequent address to the General Assembly—sharpened questions about the United Nations, its purpose, and its long-term value.

From its birth the United Nations has been an important weapon in the armory of nations in conflict. When one's national ends are advanced, the U.N. is seen as the expression of man's highest ideals. Victims, however, perceive attacks in the world forum as irresponsible distortions of the Charter. From either perspective the United Nations is an arena for combat.
Willy Brandt of Germany
Authors: Gillessen Günther
Published: September 2018

Chancellor in Crisis." “Federal Chancellor Despairs.” Such is the tenor of articles discussing the political situation in the Federal Republic. What has become of Willy Brandt? There have always been anecdotes about the chancellors. Adenauer in particular received his share. But the humor of bitterness and gloating has not been witnessed in these parts since the days of Adolf Hitler. Obviously, the two men are not to be compared. What is comparable is the need for psychic relief in political humor.
Reflections on Patriotism
Authors: Berger Peter L.
Published: September 2018

The roots of patriotism are in childhood. At least in Western languages this is expressed in the terms that most commonly evoke patriotic sentiments—fatherland, motherland, homeland, native country. Patriotism most basically refers to places, people and things with which one is at home, and there are few later experiences that can match the sense of at-homeness experienced by the child. The world then is still a very new place, and most of it is very strange, much of it terrifying. The familiar, the secure zones of the world have, for this reason, a particular sweetness about them.
The Erosion of Humanitas
Authors: Holbrook Clyde A.
Published: September 2018

The role of higher education is crucial in a world that seems torn apart by cultural, economic, political and social differences, and yet is, at the same time, ever more closely drawn together by technology, travel, social and economic needs. Higher education offers no panacea for the disunity of this complex and confusing world. It should, however, contribute to a kind of understanding that spans the differences among the people of the world, or at least those within one country. In this connection liberal arts education is today in jeopardy, unsure of its competence to serve the ideal of humanitas that at one time was conceded to be both the stable ground and the ever elusive goal of higher education.
The Course of the Rising Sun
Authors: Massengale Eugene W.
Published: September 2018

It is generally accepted today that Japan —simultaneously the most economically powerful and militarily weak nation in Asia—is looking for a role in the world community that is independent rather than subservient, cooperative rather than disruptive, influential and contributive rather than domineering and exploitative. Thus Japan is an anomaly in a system of world politics where the prime determinant of role and influence throughout the modern age has been military power and the will to use it. However, having once demonstrated its ability and will to challenge the United States and Great Britain in East Asia, Japan could again become a major military power if that seemed necessary to achieve and maintain the influence it seeks in the international community.
Third World Trade: USSR vs. China
Authors: Edmund Clubb O.
Published: September 2018

In recent years a new economic nationalism has been bom in the developing countries of the “Third World.” The embargo imposed on consuming countries by the Arab producers, followed by the manipulation of prices by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), sparked the beginning of a significant redistribution of world wealth.

The demand of the Third World for a changed world economic order was highlighted at a special session of the U.N. General Assembly on raw materials and development in April, 1974. The industrialized countries evidenced their concern about their “right of access” to other scarce raw materials besides petroleum. But the larger issue dealt with reducing the vast inequities in the international economic order.
A World Food Action Program
Authors: Humphrey Hubert H.
Published: September 2018

We have been waging a battle to improve the quality of life in the developing world for twenty-five years. Today this battle is being lost. As the world's military powers seek to reduce the risks of nuclear holocaust, new dangers to political and economic stability have arisen.

The threat of widespread famine is on the increase. Fertilizer shortages grow, and the affluent continue to consume a disproportionate amount of the world's food resources. Worldwide inflation continues to take a heavy toll on the developing and the developed countries alike. This erodes political stability and depletes what little hard currency the poor nations have amassed.
Robert Heilbroner's Morality Play
Authors: Gilkey Langdon
Published: September 2018

Robert Heilbroner's Human Prospect would change everything. Suddenly and radically our future is transformed. Only yesterday morning science and technology—aided by expanding industrialism—painted for us a future resonant with promise. Now we knew how to know; and in knowing all, we could control all. Thus the future was to be a realm of unlimited freedom; freedom over the forces that formerly bound us in necessity, even, said some, freedom over evolution, freedom from the limits of space and time, from want, from labor, possibly from disease, from genetic faults and from social maladjustments. Only yesterday afternoon gospels of political, social and theological liberation painted a future of self-realization, a future where the chains of oppression and exploitation are broken. Here too the future is a realm of hope, the realm where, as futurist theologians have told us, God's rule will be fully manifest.
Uganda's Reign of Terror
Authors: Sempangi F. K.
Published: September 2018

In the reprisals following Idi Amin's 1971 coup in Uganda the mayor of Masaka, a town in West Buganda, was dragged from his house by Nubians paid by the General. A crowd gathered. The mayor asked to speak to the new chief of state by telephone. Amin's killers—“soldiers” is too good a word for them—stripped him, bound his hands, and tied a rope around his neck. The chief killer drew a knife, cut off the mayor's penis, and, holding it in front of the screaming man, told him he could call Kampala through the severed organ.
Up to Our Steeples in Realism: Ethics After Vietnam
Authors: McCollough Charles
Published: September 2018

After witnessing ten years of carnage in Vietnam and the defeat of George McGovem who promised a moral (as opposed to an "honorable") way out of the war, the moral-religious community is left in the lurch. Too idealistic to give up and too realistic to do without results, we are in for some deep analysis of our ethical foundations.

I believe our problem is not that the churches have been involved,in too much politics, requiring of us now a return to evangelism or group encounter. Rather, we have been involved in too much of the wrong kind of politics. Whether Democratic or Republican, we have accepted the politics of Realism as the only way. If the Episcopal Church is "the Republican Party in prayer," the rest of the liberal church community may well be regarded as the Democratic Party in caucus.
Reactions to the Calley Trial: Class and Political Authority
Authors: Lawrence Lee H. , Kelman Herbert C.
Published: September 2018

At the time the American public seemed to take the Mylai massacre itself in stried Lieutenant William Calley's conviction produced a massive response, with many signs of anger, bitterness and indignation. The pattern should not surprise any student of history or social science. It is consistent with what we have learned from Nazi Germany and elsewhere about the banality of evil, the dividing line between in-group and out-group, the unquestioning nature of obedience to legitimate authority. Yet the intensity of the public outcry against the conviction and the seemingly complex pattern of reactions called for some explanation. We looked for part of the explanation in a national survey we conducted about a month after Calley s conviction was announced.
Liberation Theology and the Captivities of Jesus
Authors: Neuhaus Richard J.
Published: September 2018

Gustavo Gutierrez is a native of Peru and professor of theology at the Catholic University of Peru. He is also chaplain to the National Union of Catholic University Students and advisor to the Latin American Bishops Conference. Gutierrez is widely credited with having coined the term "liberation theology," and with the recent publication of his A Theology of Liberation (Orbis; 323 pp.; $7.95/4.95) North American readers are challenged by a major systematic effort to articulate the meaning of the Christian gospel in terms attuned to the revolutionary ferment in Latin America.