bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide in the Sensitization of Dorsal Horn Neurons to Mechanical Stimulation After Intradermal Injection of Capsaicin
Authors: Sun Rui-Qing , Lawand Nada B. , Lin Qing , Willis William D.
Published: June 2004

This study was designed to assess the role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and its receptor in the sensitization of dorsal horn neurons induced by intradermal injection of capsaicin in rats. Extracellular recordings were made from wide dynamic range (WDR) dorsal horn neurons with receptive fields on the hindpaw in the lumbar enlargement of anesthetized rats. The background activity and responses to brushing, pressing, and pinching the skin were assessed. A postsuperfusion or a presuperfusion of CGRP8-37 paradigm was followed. When tested 30 min after capsaicin injection, there was an increase in background activity and responses to brush, press, and pinch applied to the receptive field. Superfusion of CGRP8-37 into the spinal cord at 45 min after capsaicin injection significantly reversed the increased background activity and responses to brush, press, and pinch applied to the receptive field. On the other hand, spinal superfusion of CGRP8-37 prior to capsaicin injection prevented the increased background activity and responses to brush, press, and pinch of WDR neurons that occurred following capsaicin injection in control experiments. A sensitization of spinal dorsal horn neurons could also be induced by superfusion of the spinal cord with CGRP. The effect could be blocked by CGRP8-37 dose-dependently. Collectively, these results suggest that CGRP and its receptors are involved in the spinal cord central sensitization induced by intradermal injection of capsaicin.
GABAA Receptors Inhibit Acetylcholine Release in Cat Pontine Reticular Formation: Implications for REM Sleep Regulation
Authors: Vazquez Jacqueline , Baghdoyan Helen A.
Published: June 2004

This study used in vivo microdialysis in cat ( n = 12) to test the hypothesis that gamma aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptors in the pontine reticular formation (PRF) inhibit acetylcholine (ACh) release. Animals were anesthetized with halothane to hold arousal state constant. Six concentrations of the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline (0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, and 10 mM) were delivered to a dialysis probe in the PRF, and endogenously released ACh was collected simultaneously. Bicuculline caused a concentration dependent increase in ACh release (maximal increase = 345%; EC50 = 1.3 mM; r2 = 0.997). Co-administration of the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol prevented the bicuculline-induced increase in ACh release. In a second series of experiments, the effects of bicuculline (0.1, 0.3, 1, and 3 mM) on ACh release were examined without the use of general anesthesia. States of wakefulness, rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, and non-REM sleep were identified polygraphically before and during dialysis delivery of bicuculline. Higher concentrations of bicuculline (1 and 3 mM) significantly increased ACh release during wakefulness (36%), completely suppressed non-REM sleep, and increased ACh release during REM sleep (143%). The finding that ACh release in the PRF is modulated by GABAA receptors is consistent with the interpretation that inhibition of GABAergic transmission in the PRF contributes to the generation of REM sleep, in part, by increasing pontine ACh release.
Neural Responses to Free Field and Virtual Acoustic Stimulation in the Inferior Colliculus of the Guinea Pig
Authors: Behrend Oliver , Dickson Benjamin , Clarke Elizabeth , Jin Craig , Carlile Simon
Published: June 2004

Virtual auditory space (VAS) stimuli based on outer ear transfer functions became increasingly important in spatial hearing research. However, few studies have investigated the match between responses of auditory neurons to VAS and free-field (FF) stimulation. This study validates acoustic spatial receptive fields (SRFs) of 183 individual midbrain units using both VAS and FF stimuli. The first-spike latency, which varied systematically across SRFs, was 14.9 ± 8.3 (SD) ms in FF, and 15.1 ± 8.3 ms in VAS. Spike-count-based SRFs measured 0–20 dB above the neural threshold covered on average 44.5 ± 18.0% of the recorded sphere in FF and 45.5 ± 18.7% in VAS. The average deviation of the centroid position of SRFs using FF and VAS stimuli was 7.4° azimuth and 3.3° elevation. The average spike rate remained unchanged. The SRF overlap recorded using FF and VAS stimuli (mean: 71.3 ± 12.6%) or repeated FF stimuli (70.2 ± 14.2%) was high and strongly correlated ( r = 0.96; P < 0.05). The SRF match observed with FF and VAS stimuli was not significantly altered over a range of stimulus levels (paired t-test P = 0.51; n = 6). Randomized VAS barely affected SRF sizes, centroids, or maximum spike count but decreased the average minimum response to 59% compared with sequential stimulation (paired t-test; P = 0.05; n = 26). SRF recordings in VAS excluding the acoustic distortions of the recording equipment differed from those in VAS incorporating the equipment (paired t-test P = 0.01; n = 5). In conclusion, neurophysiological recordings demonstrate that individualized VAS stimuli provided a good simulation of a FF environment.
A Combinatorial Method for Analyzing Sequential Firing Patterns Involving an Arbitrary Number of Neurons Based on Relative Time Order
Authors: Lee Albert K. , Wilson Matthew A.
Published: June 2004

Information processing in the brain is believed to require coordinated activity across many neurons. With the recent development of techniques for simultaneously recording the spiking activity of large numbers of individual neurons, the search for complex multicell firing patterns that could help reveal this neural code has become possible. Here we develop a new approach for analyzing sequential firing patterns involving an arbitrary number of neurons based on relative firing order. Specifically, we develop a combinatorial method for quantifying the degree of matching between a “reference sequence” of N distinct “letters” (representing a particular target order of firing by N cells) and an arbitrarily long “word” composed of any subset of those letters including repeats (representing the relative time order of spikes in an arbitrary firing pattern). The method involves computing the probability that a random permutation of the word's letters would by chance alone match the reference sequence as well as or better than the actual word does, assuming all permutations were equally likely. Lower probabilities thus indicate better matching. The overall degree and statistical significance of sequence matching across a heterogeneous set of words (such as those produced during the course of an experiment) can be computed from the corresponding set of probabilities. This approach can reduce the sample size problem associated with analyzing complex firing patterns. The approach is general and thus applicable to other types of neural data beyond multiple spike trains, such as EEG events or imaging signals from multiple locations. We have recently applied this method to quantify memory traces of sequential experience in the rodent hippocampus during slow wave sleep.
Humane Papillomviren und Zervixkarzinom: Gegenwart und Zukunft der Impfung
Authors: Joura Elmar A.
Published: June 2004

Die Beziehung zwischen humanen Papillomviren (HPV) und dem Zervixkarzinom ist sehr eng. Eine Impfung wurde lange Zeit erwartet. Nach exzellenten Ergebnissen von Phase-II-Studien läuft derzeit eine weltweite Phase-III-Studie über eine Impfung, die HPV-Infektionen mit hohem (HPV 16, 18) und niedrigem onkogenen Risiko (HPV 6, 11) vorbeugen soll. Wenn die Impfung effektiv ist und auf den Markt kommt, dauert es mindestens drei Jahrzehnte, bis die Inzidenz an invasiven Zervixkarzinomen signifikant absinkt. Die Prävalenz von prämalignen Läsionen und Kondylomen würde rascher zurückgehen. Da aufgrund der Vielzahl onkogener Stämme ein hundertprozentiger Schutz kaum erreicht werden kann, werden Vorsorgeuntersuchungen weiterhin notwendig sein. Aufgrund der Risikoabsenkung wird das Screeningintervall reevaluiert werden müssen.
Auditory Brainstem Implant in Posttraumatic Cochlear Nerve Avulsion
Authors: Colletti V. , Carner M. , Miorelli V. , Colletti L. , Guida M. , Fiorino F.
Published: June 2004

Patients aged over 12 years with neurofibromatosis type 2 are considered candidates for an auditory brainstem implant (ABI). This study extends the indication criteria of ABI to subjects with profound hearing loss due to damaged cochleas and/or cochlear nerves (CNs) following head injuries. In our department, over the period from April 1997 to November 2002, 32 patients, 23 adults and 9 children, were fitted with ABIs. Their ages ranged from 14 months to 70 years. These patients were suffering from a variety of tumor (13 subjects) and nontumor CN or cochlear diseases (19 subjects). Six patients, 5 adults and 1 child, had profound hearing loss following head injury. Their mean age was 25 years (range: 16–48 years). Five were male and 1 female. The retrosigmoid approach was used in all 6 patients. The electrode array was inserted into the lateral recess of the fourth ventricle and correct electrode positioning was monitored with the aid of electrically evoked auditory brainstem responses and neural response telemetry. Correct implantation was achieved in all patients. No complications were observed due to implantation surgery or related to ABI activation and stimulation of the cochlear nuclei. At activation, an average of 9.8 electrodes (range 5–13) were switched on without side effects. One to 6 electrodes were activated in the following sessions after time periods ranging from 2 to 16 months. All patients achieved auditory-alone-mode closed-set word recognition scores ranging from 40 to 100%; 3 had auditory-alone-mode open-set sentence recognition scores of 60–100%; 2 of these even had speech-tracking performance scores of 38 and 43 words, respectively, showing an ability to engage in normal conversation and converse over the phone. The present study demonstrates that the ABI is a useful rehabilitation instrument in subjects with damaged cochleas and/or CN avulsion following head injury who are unamenable or poorly responsive to auditory rehabilitation using cochlear implants.
Structure and Function of Neurons in the Complex of the Nucleus electrosensorius of Sternopygus and Eigenmannia: Diencephalic Substrates for the Evolution of the Jamming Avoidance Response
Authors: Green Richard L. , Rose Gary J.
Published: June 2004

The ability to discriminate the sign of the difference in frequency (DF) between two wavelike signals is integral to the jamming avoidance response (JAR) of weakly electric gymnotiform fish such as Eigenmannia. ‘Whole-cell’ intracellular recordings from neurons in the nucleus electrosensorius (nE) of Sternopygus, a gymnotiform that lacks the JAR, revealed that this nucleus receives information from both the ampullary and the tuberous electrosensory systems. Most tuberous units responded to DF stimuli, and many of these cells were DF sign-sensitive, i.e., they responded differently for one sign of DF. Although the distribution of ampullary units was somewhat restricted, sign-sensitive units were found in all areas of the nE in Sternopygus. Whole-cell recordings made in the nE of Eigenmannia revealed that, as in Sternopygus, sign-sensitive cells were not restricted to areas associated with control of the JAR. The diverse neurophysiology and connectivity of the nucleus electrosensorius suggests that, besides its role in the JAR of some members of the order, this nucleus likely serves as an interface between sensory input and neural circuits controlling other behaviors and endocrinological states in other gymnotiforms as well. The discovery of sign sensitivity in the nE of Sternopygus indicates that this property is not uniquely associated with the presence of a JAR; rather, the ability to discriminate the sign of DF may be relevant to many other behavioral contexts in gymnotiforms. Existing evidence indicates that the JAR evolved more than once in this group; the presence of sign sensitivity in ancestral gymnotiforms may have made this parallelism more likely.
Collective Subjectivity, Democracy and Domination: The MJVA in Marathwada, India
Authors: Tambe Shruti
Published: June 2004

Indian independence in 1947 came in the context of uneven capitalist development. The postcolonial state’s nation-building agenda included social justice and socialism, and modernization following western models for triggering ‘internal colonialisms’, thus increasing erstwhile inequalities on different geographical scales. Marathwada subregion, which has a feudal background, was integrated into the Indian Republic in 1948. The movement Marathwada Janata Vikas Aandolan (MJVA), which emerged in the 1960s, comprised a series of campaigns and protests organized by propertied classes, trading classes and students. Exclusion from mainstream agendas of development in the context of aspirations for a democratic way of life and muted democratic institutions led these actors to challenge predominant definitions of development, democracy and nationalism. This article uses the MJVA example and moves beyond the framework of conflict and underscores complex articulations of global, national, regional and local to analyse collective action. It argues that the processes related to modernity, reflexivity and identity formation are combined to shape the movement against exclusion and marginalization.
The Effect of Temperature on the Dynamic Impact Characteristics of Energy Absorbing Materials
Authors: Lovell David J. , Kerman Michael L. , Allen Richard C. , Liddle John W.
Published: June 2004

A variety of different materials have been considered and implemented for occupant protection in automotive head impact countermeasures since the beginning of the five-year phase of FMVSS 201 (Upper) on September 1, 1998. Polyurethane foam has been the material of choice because of its good performance, ability to maintain properties across a wide range of temperature conditions, reasonable cost, and ability to be molded into complex shapes.

In recent years, pressure to reduce costs has resulted in an increased use of lower-cost thermoplastic materials. The thermoplastic nature of some of these materials can lead to significant changes in energy management characteristics with changes in environmental conditions. This paper shows that polyurethane foams are superior at retaining their energy-absorbing characteristics over the service temperature range of 30 to 85 °C.
Peace through Trade or Free Trade?
Authors: McDonald Patrick J.
Published: June 2004

This study argues that a subtle shift in the primary independent variable of the commercial peace literature—from trade to free trade—provides an opportunity to respond to the some of the strongest criticisms of this research program. Free trade, and not just trade, promotes peace by removing an important foundation of domestic privilege—protective barriers to international commerce—that enhances the domestic power of societal groups likely to support war, reduces the capacity of free-trading interests to limit aggression in foreign policy, and simultaneously generates political support for the state often used to build its war machine. A series of statistical tests demonstrates that higher levels of free trade, rather than trade alone, reduce military conflict between states. Moreover, contrary to conventional wisdom, these arguments suggest how the puzzling case of World War I may confirm, rather than contradict, the central claims of commercial liberalism.
Democracy and Military Effectiveness
Authors: Biddle Stephen , Long Stephen
Published: June 2004

Why are democracies unusually successful in war? We find that superior human capital, harmonious civil-military relations, and Western cultural background are largely responsible. These traits correlate positively with democracy, and account for democracy’s apparent effectiveness bonus. This is either good news or bad news for democratic effectiveness theorists. Many believe that democracy causes these traits. If so, our findings strengthen democratic effectiveness theory by explicating its causal mechanism. But others see democracy as a consequence rather than a cause of such traits. If so, our findings challenge the thesis by identifying alternative causes of the effectiveness bonus previously attributed to democracy. Either way, the results show a powerful effect for unit level variables in military performance. In the process, these same results sharpen our understanding of military effectiveness in general, and the relationship between military performance and regime type in particular.
The Limitations of Fair Division
Authors: Schneider Gerald , Krämer Ulrike Sabrina
Published: June 2004

Mathematical procedures that promise an envy-free, equitable, and efficient solution to distributional conflicts have received widespread attention. Two fair-division mechanisms, adjusted Knaster and proportional Knaster, which are similar to the well-known adjusted-winner procedure, are compared with the less fair divide-and-choose mechanism. Results show that participants largely prefer the adjusted-Knaster procedure to the two alternatives. Adjusted Knaster, closely followed by proportional Knaster, also promises the highest average payoff. Yet the sophisticated mechanisms cease to perform better than divide-and-choose once actors receive the possibility to deviate from the mandatory bargaining protocols of fair-division procedures. The preference for adjusted and proportional Knaster is found to be a partial function of the participants’ psychological profile. The more “antisocial” a participant, the more likely this respondent is to opt for a procedure with a compensatory mechanism.
Toward a Sociology of Stammering
Authors: Acton Ciaran , Hird Myra J.
Published: June 2004

Conversation is one of the most fundamental of all human activities. While most people take this form of interaction for granted, people who stammer often approach it with fear and trepidation. This article identifies stammering as a distinctly social event and highlights the relative neglect of the issue within the discipline of sociology. Drawing upon the work of George Mead and Erving Goffman we suggest that a distinctly sociological approach offers specific insights into stammering as an effect of social interaction.We argue that the strategies that people who stammer employ when passing and covering and the accounting practices that all individuals use in social interaction to define the difference between stammered and non-stammered speech are of sociological interest insofar as they provide valuable insights into the interaction of self and society, the tenuous distinction between ‘normal’ and ‘abnormal’, and the conceptual boundaries of disability.
Samples of Anonymized Records (SARs) from the UK Censuses
Authors: Li Yaojun
Published: June 2004

The Samples of Anonymized Records (SARs) from the 1991 UK census have proved an outstanding achievement for social science research. Research based on the SARs has taken advantage of the large sample size, the detailed geography, the wide range of socio-demographic variables and the operational flexibility. A wide range of areas has been covered including sociology, human geography and public health. The new SARs from the 2001 UK census will provide an even richer source of information. The availability of the SARs from the two censuses will provide a unique opportunity for studying socio-economic cultural and demographic changes in the UK over the decade and for conducting international comparisons. This article reviews the data structure of the SARs, summarizes some of the most innovative and important findings using the 1991 SARs, and looks at the research potential of the 2001 SARs. The purpose of the article is to encourage even greater use of the SARs.
Conceptions of the Internet in Everyday Life Information Seeking
Authors: Savolainen Reijo , Kari Jarkko
Published: June 2004

Based on the interviews of 18 people in Finland in 2001-2, conceptions of the Internet as an information source were explored. In general, the conceptions reflect the acceptability, accessibility and usability of Internet sources. Most conceptions appeared to be quite impressionistic, reflecting the basic difficulty of describing the constantly changing nature of the Internet. Two major kinds of Internet conceptions were identified. First, in metaphorical conceptions, the Internet was primarily conceived in terms of space or place, for example, a library or a bazaar. Second, conceptions based on actual use experiences of the Internet significantly drew on quality judgments of the networked services. Since a growing number of information sources of various types are competing for people’s attention, general level conceptions of sources and channels will gain importance as a criterion by which sources will be accepted or rejected. This seems to be a particular characteristic of networked information environments.
A Content Analysis of Librarianship Research
Authors: Koufogiannakis Denise , Slater Linda , Crumley Ellen
Published: June 2004

Objective: To conduct a content analysis of library and information studies (LIS) literature published in 2001 and test the domains developed by Crumley and Koufogiannakis. Methods: A comprehensive list of refereed library and information studies journals was compiled and reviewed independently by two researchers to derive a list of included journals. Articles published in 2001 from included journals were independently assessed for relevancy by two researchers. Researchers separately extracted and checked data from included articles.

Results: 217 LIS journals were reviewed and 107 were included; 91 journals provided data. 2664 journal articles were examined, with 807 (30.3%) classified as research. The Top 10 journals for research published in 2001 were: 1) JASIST, 2) Scientometrics, 3) Info Proc & Man; 4) Coll & Res Lib, 5) Tie: J Lib Adm/Bull Med Lib Assn, 7) Libs & Culture, 8) J Doc, 9) Tie: J Info Sci/J Acad Libr. For the period studied, descriptive research (329 out of 807 articles) was published far more frequently than any other type. The domain Information Access & Retrieval had the highest number of research articles (314/807), followed by Collections (193/807), Management (135/807), Education (95/807) and Reference (77/807). Two new possible domains were identified: Library History and Professional Issues. Conclusions: Because 36 articles fell into the domain of Professional Issues, a case can be made to add this domain to Crumley and Koufogiannakis’ taxonomy. Library History was not added as a domain because historical research is not used for evidence-based decision-making. There was no evidence to support keeping the Marketing & Promotion domain. LISA provides the best coverage of the top 10 LIS research journals identified in this study.
Evaluation of Treatment Programs for Persons with Severe Mental Illness
Authors: Kenny David A. , Calsyn Robert J. , Morse Gary A. , Klinkenberg W. Dean , Winter Joel P. , Trusty Michael L.
Published: June 2004

This study evaluated several statistical models for estimating treatment effects in a randomized, longitudinal experiment comparing assertive community treatment (ACT) versus brokered case management (BCM). In addition, mediator and moderator analyses were conducted. The ACT clients had improved outcomes in terms of housing and psychiatric symptoms thanBCM clients. Case management housing assistance and financial assistance partially mediated housing outcomes. No reliable mediators were found for psychiatric symptoms, and no reliable moderators were found for either housing or psychiatric symptoms. The study also made several important methodological advances in the analysis of longitudinal data in randomized experiments.
Lafayette’s Mémoires and the Changing Legacy of Two Revolutions
Authors: Neely Sylvia
Published: June 2004

By publishing his posthumous memoirs in 1837, Lafayette’s family intended to insure his reputation and promote the liberal cause. This article explains the varied and often surprising reasons for the failure of this enterprise, including the effects of copyright laws, finance and editing decisions. By examining the responses of contemporaries to the memoirs, this article also explores the shifting meaning of Lafayette’s legacy in both France and the United States, the changing meaning of revolution in the middle of the nineteenth century, and the difficulties of sustaining a heroic reputation when it is no longer politically useful.
Social Climate within an Adolescent Medium-Secure Facility
Authors: Langdon Peter E. , Cosgrave Nicola , Tranah Troy
Published: June 2004

The objectives of the study were to investigate the social climate of two different types of units (open vs. secure) contained within the same South London adolescent mediumsecure facility. Two hypotheses were generated: (a) adolescents would rate the social climate of the whole facility in a more negative direction than staff and (b) adolescents and staff would rate the social climate of the open units in a more positive direction than the social climate of the secure units. 43 adolescents and 49 staff members from the open units and the secure units were recruited and completed the Correctional Institutions Environment Scale (CIES), a measure of social climate. Overall, adolescents tended to rate the facility in a more negative direction. All participants rated the open units in a more positive direction than secure units. However, on selected subscales there were differences. The findings of this study suggest that adolescents and staff may perceive their shared social climate differently. This may have implications for those attempting to develop positive social climates within secure services.
Applying Social Learning Theory to Childhood and Adolescent Firesetting: Can it Lead to Serial Murder?
Authors: Singer Stephen D. , Hensley Christopher
Published: June 2004

Despite the fact that serial murder has existed for centuries, it has been given little academic attention in the social science literature. Existing studies have primarily examined the motivational factors involved in the commission of serial murder. However, research examining the childhood and adolescent backgrounds of serial murderers is scant. Based on three case studies of serial murderers, this study contributes to the existing literature by exploring the possible link between childhood and/or adolescent fire setting and adult serial murder by applying social learning theory.
Surface Visual Quality of Gas-Assisted Injection Molded ABS Parts with Various Gas Channel Designs
Authors: Chen Shia-Chung , Lin Ming-Chung , Der Chien Rean , Teng Min-Yu , Chen Chun-Sheng
Published: June 2004

Gas-assisted injection molding (GAIM) provides many more advantages than conventional injection molding (CIM), but its applications are limited to the surface visual quality problem. ABS plate parts designed with gas channels having five different types of cross-section but with the same section area were gas-assisted injection molded. Furthermore, various plate thickness parts designed with semicircular gas channel of different radii were also molded. Surface visual quality of GAIM parts was investigated by gloss and chromatics measurements. Effects of processing parameters and geometrical factors, introduced by part thickness, shape, and associated dimensions of gas channels on glossy difference and chromatic aberration of GAIM parts were studied. Influence of mold with etching treatment on surface visual quality was also examined. Basically, it was found that glossy difference is very sensitive to the degree of crystallinity whereas gas channel residual skin melt thickness plays a dominant factor for chromatic aberration. The surface visual quality shows a strong dependence on processing conditions. In general, gas channel design of semicircular cross section (shape A) provides better surface effect than the other designs in visual quality. Meanwhile, to obtain best surface visual quality, the ratio of equivalent radius to plate thickness should be ranged from 2.2 to 2.4. Alternatively, the surface visual quality can be improved by etching treatment on mold core-side. The results of this research may provide part design guideline for choosing the most effective gas channel design to achieve the best surface visual quality.
Poly Methacrylic Acid-Alginate Semi-IPN Microparticles for Oral Delivery of Insulin: A Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Sajeesh S. , Sharma Chandra P.
Published: June 2004

Microparticles of Poly methacrylic acid (P1) and novel semi-interpenetrating network composed of Poly methacrylic acid-alginate (P2) were prepared and their application in oral insulin delivery was evaluated. The microparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for morphological studies. Insulin loading onto the microparticles was performed by the diffusion filling method and insulin encapsulated microparticles were subjected to in vitro release study in buffer solution of pH 1.2 and 7.4. The release kinetics at pH 7.4 exhibited sustained release of insulin for more than 5 h in case of PMAA microparticles whereas burst release of insulin (90% of total insulin loaded) within 1 h of study was observed in the case of PMAA-alginate microparticles. At pH 1.2, around 30% of insulin loaded was released from both microparticles within 2 h of study.
Unpacking the Gender System
Authors: Ridgeway Cecilia L. , Correll Shelley J.
Published: June 2004

According to the perspective developed in this article, widely shared, hegemonic cultural beliefs about gender and their impact in what the authors call “social relational” contexts are among the core components that maintain and change the gender system. When gender is salient in these ubiquitous contexts, cultural beliefs about gender function as part of the rules of the game, biasing the behaviors, performances, and evaluations of otherwise similar men and women in systematic ways that the authors specify. While the biasing impact of gender beliefs may be small in any one instance, the consequences cumulate over individuals’ lives and result in substantially different outcomes for men and women. After describing this perspective, the authors show how it sheds newlight on some defining features of the gender system and illustrate its implications for research into specific questions about gender inequality.
Social Dialogue in Central and Eastern Europe: Present State and Future Development
Authors: Mailand Mikkel , Due Jesper
Published: June 2004

This article examines social dialogue in Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and the three Baltic states. It argues that social dialogue in these countries does not measure up to the minimum criteria for effectiveness and has failed to counteract serious reductions in real wages and employment opportunities. It presents ideas on how to improve the social dialogue and suggests how these improvements might be initiated. However, many of the proposals face difficulties because of the weak organizational capacities of the state and especially of the social partners. It is therefore unlikely that these countries will be capable of substantially improving the social dialogue using their own resources; this would require more forceful intervention by the European Union.
What Really Happens in Violence Prevention Groups?
Authors: Letendre Joan , Davis Kenya
Published: June 2004

Group workers frequently use standardized skill-building curricula to teach elementaryaged children prosocial ways of interacting with peers. The findings of this study of group sessions of an urban violence prevention project indicate that there are challenges to this process. Leaders must manage the behavior of young children, develop a cohesive group, and allow adequate time for full delivery of skills that are age and culture specific. Training for this method of skill building must include knowledge of behavioral reinforcement and group dynamics and support for balancing curricular content with the specific concerns of group members.
Experience as Teacher: Two Techniques for Incorporating Student Experiences into a Course
Authors: Finan Mary Casey
Published: June 2004

How can learning situations build on students’ lived experiences? Two techniques, the experience paper and the dialogue paper, enable students to connect their experiences with an organizational behavior course. In the experience paper, students write about their experiences of leading, being motivated, working in groups, being empowered, and acting in situations of power and change. The effects of the technique on the professor, the students, and the dynamics of the class learning are detailed. In the dialogue paper, students use relevant theorists to illuminate their experience. The two techniques build on each other. Adaptations for use with large classes are described.
Effects of Grain Boundary Sliding on Microstructural Evolution and Damage Accumulation in Tin-Lead Alloy
Authors: Shen Y. -L. , Abell K. C. R. , Garrett S. E.
Published: June 2004

Experiments on the eutectic tin-lead (Sn-Pb) alloys were conducted to study the effects of grain boundary sliding on the deformation and damage processes at the microscopic level. The primary objective is to gain mechanistic undersanding of solder joint reliability in microelectronic packaging. Bulk specimens were subjected to relatively fast deformations of tension, compression, and bending, for the purposes of examining the pure mechanical effect without the influence of diffusion-related phenomena. Grain realignment and phase redistribution were characterized by microscopy and microhardness indentation. A micromechanical model is proposed to elucidate the observed microstructural changes and progressive damage. This study illustrates the significance of damage in the form of microscopic heterogeneity caused by grain boundary sliding. It also illustrates the possibility of mechanically induced phase coarsening in actual solder joints. High-frequency cyclic shear tests on Sn-Pb solder joints showed damage along the coarsened band after only a short time, in accord with the proposed effects. Boundary sliding without the influence of atomic diffusion plays an essential role in fatigue damage in solder.
Notes on Damage Effect Tensors of Two-Scalar Variables
Authors: Ganczarski A. , Barwacz L.
Published: June 2004

The aim of this paper is the presentation of notes concerning the two-scalar damage effect tensors by Chow as well as the formulation of conditions of thermodynamic admissibility of such tensors and the verification of known-in-literature damage effect tensors from the point of view of the derived conditions.
Childhood Sexual Abuse: A Gender Perspective on Context and Consequences
Authors: Banyard Victoria L. , Williams Linda M. , Siegel Jane A.
Published: June 2004

Literature on gender and child sexual abuse (CSA) has highlighted patterns of similarity and difference among survivors and the need for further research. This study relied on gender analysis of 128 women and 69 men, obtained through an examination of childhood hospital records, to further examine gender differences in mental health outcomes among abuse survivors and correlates of mental health outcomes including professional help seeking, family environment, and other trauma exposure. Overall, men and women were similar in the context and consequences of CSA. The role of the characteristics of CSA and contextual variables in explaining variance in mental health for 106 male victims and nonvictims was also examined. Among male participants, number of incidents of sexual abuse, injury at the hands of a caregiver, and exposure to other traumas significantly explained higher levels of an array of mental health symptoms. Implications for future research are discussed.
Legal Outcomes for Children Who Have Been Sexually Abused: The Impact of Child Abuse Assessment Center Evaluations
Authors: Joa Debbie , Edelson Meredyth Goldberg
Published: June 2004

Fifty children who were seen at a Child Abuse Assessment Center (CAAC) were matched on age and relationship to perpetrator with 51 children not evaluated at a CAAC to determine whether the groups differed in legal outcomes in cases of sexual abuse. CAAC children were significantly more likely to have cases filed rather than no-actioned, to have more overall counts charged in filed cases, to have more counts charged against biological fathers and stepfathers who were alleged perpetrators, and to have a greater number of defendants pleading or being found guilty compared to cases involving children not seen at the CAAC. There were also significantly more cases filed for 4-to 6-year-olds and children at least 12 years old if they were seen at the CAAC. The implications of the results are discussed in light of the use of CAACs.
The Politics of the Third Rail
Authors: Ziegler Garrett
Published: June 2004

This article traces the relationship between the planned space of the New York City (NYC) subway and the individuated resistance of its riders. Using Michel de Certeau’s theories about urban tactics and strategies as expounded in The Practice of Everyday Life, the author shows how the riders of the NYC subway have resisted its organizing and totalizing discourse, inserting “rhetorics” of individuation into the industrio-corporate machinery, thus challenging the production of anonymous subjectivity striven after by urban planners and city officials. The author shows how the popular reaction to the subway developed over three stages: the early years (1910-1945), marked by the conceptualization of the subway as a manifestation exodus of the technological sublime; the middle period (1945-1970), notable for the emergence of urban fear at the sight of the city’s inhabitants draining off in to the freshly built suburbs; and the later years (1970s-1980s), where the aftermath of the urban becomes fully recognizable and the structuralizing power of the subway is most overtly challenged. In short, this article shows how de Certeau’s ideas of everyday resistance to dominant systems of power, which he takes to be articulated through a rhetoric of pedestrian activity, are updated to encompass individuals caught up in the depersonalizing rationalist mechanics of mass transit.
Thought on the Convergence of Digital Media, Memory, and Social and Urban Spaces
Authors: Casalegno Federico
Published: June 2004

In this article, the relationship between the development of digital media and memory,community, and urban spaces is discussed. It is based on a project sponsored by the European Commissioni3 and was developed by a consortium of five partners between 1997 and 2000. The project’s name is Living Memory (LiMe), which is a communication system prototype. LiMe aims to provide members of a locality with means to capture, share, and explore their collective memory and experiences and is an intelligent network of interfaces embedded within the physical fabric of the local community, supporting the creation and distribution of informal content within that community. LiMe interfaces are in natural meeting and crossing points, such as cafes and bus stops. People do not have to sit behind computers to create and find information but come across local knowledge incidentally and peripherally in everyday locations. LiMe is about discovering, expressing, and getting out in the local physical neighborhood.
The Chinese Folk Model of Facial Expressions: a Linguistic Perspective
Authors: Ye Zhengdao
Published: June 2004

This study provides much-anticipated information on how facial expressions are perceived and interpreted by people from a non-Western culture by undertaking a detailed, culturespecific case study of their linguistic representations in the Chinese language. It shows that linguistic representations of facial expressions, which represent a local facial encoding system, provide valuable resources with which researchers can obtain a culture-internal view of the perceptions and conceptions of the face. A folk model of facial expressions characteristic of the Chinese people is revealed through systematic documentation and linguistic analyses of set phrases for describing facial expressions drawn from Hongloumeng, the most popular and important literary work in the Chinese language. This folk model, which shows a way of seeing and thinking about facial expressions that is not commonly reflected in the English language, and is yet most natural to the Chinese people, questions the methodological assumptions underpinning the current dominant paradigm in research of the ‘universals’ of the human face, and highlights the force of culture and folk theories in scientific research programs. It also demonstrates the usefulness and viability of a linguistic perspective and methodology, in particular the cross-cultural semantic theory of the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM), for a theory of linguistic representations of facial expressions and emotions across cultures.
‘Why Sally Never Calls Bobby “I” ’ Revisited: an Alternative Perspective on Language and Early Self Development
Authors: Budwig Nancy
Published: June 2004

In this article, I consider the question posed by Boesch (2003) in his commentary that appeared in response to issues raised in Coehlo and Figueiredo’s (2003) discussion of intersubjectivity. I begin with an overview of an alternative view of language to the one adopted in Boesch’s question, one that starts from a usage-based approach. Next I move on to consider empirical findings from recent research that examines language and the construction of self. Agreeing with Boesch’s central claim, this article nevertheless offers a distinct view of the connection between language and human development suggesting that language not only provides a tool for the researcher, but also provides a powerful means for the child to come to interpret culturally sanctioned ways of being in the world.
The Effect of Extra-Curricular Mental Training with Biofeedback on Short Running Performance of Adolescent Physical Education Pupils
Authors: Bar-Eli Michael , Blumenstein Boris
Published: June 2004

In this study, the relationship between mental training with biofeedback and performance was investigated. An adapted version of the Wingate five-step approach was used as a mental preparation technique for enhancing the short-running performance among 16-18-year-old adolescent physical education pupils. Participants ( n = 79) were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: (a) experimental - regular training plus three stages of the Wingate mental training program, and (b) control - regular training and relaxing activities. After a baseline measurement, participants were tested on actual performance three times during a 12-week period. Results indicated that the experimental group exhibited a substantial increase in performance, whereas the control group remained relatively stable. Results are discussed in reference to previous work on the Wingate approach to mental training. Additional theoretical and methodological aspects are discussed that are relevant to the use of such interventions with other populations and tasks.
Decoding Pictorial Metaphor
Authors: Amouzadeh Mohammad , Tavangar Manoochehr
Published: June 2004

This article focuses primarily on pictorial metaphors used by advertising firms in pre-and post-revolutionary Iran. By comparing the two sets of data, it argues that one of the main functions of pictorial metaphor in the post-revolutionary period is to reconcile two types of competing and conflicting ideologies: one based on advertising and the other inspired by Islamic values. Advertisers are not allowed, in post-revolutionary times, to manipulate the picture of women for their intended publicity of commercial products. However, they do employ some pictorial metaphors to redress the balance. The article also addresses other issues related to cultural and social aspects of contemporary Iran as reflected in Persian commercial advertisements.
Contingency and Politics
Authors: Cherney Adrian
Published: June 2004

Community safety officers have become central to the delivery of crime prevention and community safety policy both in Australia and elsewhere. This article reviews the community safety officer (CSO) role in local government and provides results from interviews with CSOs in the Australian state of Victoria. The experiences, challenges and problems faced by CSOs in implementing Victorian schemes are outlined. It is argued that the focus by governments and criminologists on developing training packages, competencies and identifying ‘what works’ discounts the administrative and political environments in which local level CSOs work. These contexts present obstacles to strategy development and implementation. Likewise a similar criticism is made of the governmentality thesis, that it too fails to engage with and interrogate local practice, overlooking issues of contingency and agency that encompass the CSO role. It is concluded that this role is one concerned with change management, and that building CSO capacity requires the devolution of authority, resources and decision-making powers. Understanding how CSOs manage the barriers and ‘crisis’ they face in crime prevention and community safety will tell us more about ‘what works’ that is germane to effective policy development and implementation.
Interpreting Penal Change
Authors: O’donnell Ian
Published: June 2004

A number of recent commentators, most notably and perhaps most elegantly David Garland, have outlined the contours of a new crime control dispensation that is said to characterize modern society. One strand of the evidence for this development is the upward trend in countries’ per capita prison populations. The purpose of this research note is to highlight some of the difficulties associated with any analysis carried out at this level of abstraction, especially with respect to the USA.
Cybercheats
Authors: Szabo Attila , Underwood Jean
Published: June 2004

This study investigated the attitudes and beliefs of 291 science students at a large university in the UK about plagiarism involving the Internet. Students from seven undergraduate classes, ranging from Year 1 to Year 3, completed a 12-item questionnaire anonymously, but in the presence of the investigator and a host lecturer. The results revealed that more than 50 percent of the students indicated an acceptance of using the Internet for academically dishonest activities. Males and first- and second-year students took a more liberal view about academic dishonesty than females and third-year students. Guilt and moral reasoning were significant factors in forming attitudes towards plagiarism. The alarming figures disclosed here are a call for preventative action to curtail students’ academically dishonest activities through the Internet.
Technological Advances in Observational Data Collection: The Advantages and LImitations of Computer-Assisted Data Collection
Authors: Ice Gillian H.
Published: June 2004

Quantitative behavioral observation can add a great deal of depth to anthropological research. The development of laptops, handheld computers, and observational software has given researchers enhanced flexibility in sampling strategies and assistance in training and establishing reliability; it has also greatly reduced the amount of time required for data entry. With technological advances, more researchers should be able to incorporate quantitative behavioral analysis into their projects. Although computer-assisted data collection offers many advantages, it is not without pitfalls and limitations. One of the primary disadvantages is the potential loss of data resulting from battery failure, computer error, or operator error. This article reviews the basic elements of observational data collection and considers the advantages and disadvantages of computer-assisted quantitative observational data collection for human field research, with a focus on The Observer software and associated hardware from Noldus Informational Technology (© 1995–2003).