bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagnosing Personality Disorder in Africans (Blacks) Using the Azibo Nosology: Two Case Studies
Authors: Atwell Irene , Azibo Daudi Ajani ya
Published: March 2007

A nosology is an organized system for diagnosing diseases, disorders, or pathologies, as opposed to their mere enumeration. The present study compared clinical diagnoses of two African (Black) clients using two distinct diagnostic systems, the Eurocentric DSM-III-R nosology and the Africentric Azibo Nosology. The theoretical and paradigmatic importance of the com- parison is that in Eurocentric psychology and psychiatry the DSM-III-R nosology is the standard diagnostic tool, whereas in the Africentric psychology literature this Eurostandard has been challenged as inadequate regarding the diagnosis of personality disorder in Africans. The practical importance of the comparison is that 18 disorders peculiar to the African personality are found in the Azibo Nosology that have no precedent in the DSM-III-R nosology. Three questions are asked in this study: (1) Does the Azibo Nosology accurately reflect the real life conditions of Africans? (2) Can the Azibo Nosology be effectually employed by a therapist? And, (3) is the Azibo Nosology superior to the DSM-III-R on each of the preceding questions? Based on the results of the two case studies presented, the answer to each of the three questions appears affirmative. Recommendations for conducting psychological practice with African clients are offered.
Racial Identity and Preferences for Social Change Strategies among African Americans
Authors: Watts Roderick J.
Published: March 2007

Historically, African Americans have struggled against oppression in a variety of ways. Two of the major strategies have been nationalism and inclusionism; the first emphasizing efforts to establish a separate nation, society or path of development, and the second emphasizing efforts to attain equal opportunity within U.S. society. This article describes an exploration of African American preferences for a range of social change tactics related to these general strategies and the relationship between these preferences and racial identity attitudes. The results indicated that assimilation-oriented Blacks were less likely to prefer organized, collective, policy-related strategies than bicultural Blacks. Other findings led to suggested refinements of the nationalist-inclusionist dichotomy and of racial identity attitudes theory.
Culture and Social Outcomes among Inner-City African American Children: An Afrographic Exploration
Authors: Jagers Robert J. , Mock Lynne Owens
Published: March 2007

This study employs the Triple Quandaryframework as a paradigmfor describing the cultural orientations of 50 inner-city African American sixth graders. The implications of the relative endorsement of these orientations and some specific expressionsfor social outcomes of empathy, Machiavellianism, delinquency, and aggression were also examined. Three cultural orientations-Anglocultural, marginalized minority, and Afrocultural as well as the component Afrocultural expressions of spirituality, communalism, and affect were operationalized. Results indicated greater endorsement of an Afrocultural orientation than of either of the other two. Greaterdivergence betweenAfrocultural variables and the other cultural orientations were associated with lower levels of undesirable attitudes and behaviors. This was particularly true of an Anglocultural orientation. Findings are discussed in terms of the methodological limitations and the apparent negative impact of an Anglocultural orientation among African American children. Directions forfuture research are considered.
The Effects of Music and Movement Opportunity on the Analogical Reasoning Performance of African American and White School Children: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Allen Brenda A. , Butler Lisa
Published: March 2007

This study sought tofurther establish that contextualfactors informed by cultural experiences could influence performance on a learning task. Low-income African American and middle-income White children listened to stories read under two contexts thatdiffered in the degree to which movement and music were integrated with the presentation of the stories. The high-movement expressive (HME) context allowedfor children to coordinate movement with a musical accompaniment while listening to the stories, and the low-movement expressive (LME) context allowed for little movement opportunity and no music was played. Performance was measured via a multiple-choice test designed to assess the amount of information the children processed about the stories. Results revealed that whereas African American children perform better under the HME than the LME context, White children perform better under the LME than the HME context. The results are discussed in relation to future research.
Cognitive Deficits Underlying Learning Disabilities
Authors: Stanford George , Oakland Thomas
Published: March 2007

An estimated 150 million children are learning disabled within the world. Children with learning disabilities constitute the largest handicapping condition as well as the largest number of underserved or unserved students. Despite their widespread nature, few countries formally recognize learning disabilities as a handicapping condition or provide services to students who exhibit them. Methods that improve identification and intervention require a solid scientific foundation, one that will be strengthened by the research involvement of school psychologists and others in various countries. This article summarizes research concerning the cognitive qualities associated with the identification and remediation of learning disabilities, principally in reading, spelling and mathematics, as described through current literature from the United States and Canada. Professionals from other countries are encouraged to contribute to our literature on this pervasive and underserved disorder through research conducted in their countries.
The Role of the School Psychologist in Developing a Health-Promoting School
Authors: de Jong Terry
Published: March 2007

The World Health Organisation (WHO) views health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not simply the absence of illness or disease. Schools are powerful sources of health promotion and, of course, health adversity. In South Africa's attempt for social and economic transformation much emphasis is being placed on education as being a primary site for achieving healthy development. Organization development (OD) is presently considered by many school development practitioners in South Africa to be a potent strategy for managing change and enhancing the school's growth towards becoming a healthy learning environment. Current policy proposals on education support and special needs in South Africa advance the idea of healthpromoting centres of learning through a holistic approach to institutional development. It is against this background that this paper, which is based on a case study research project, briefly tells the story of a historically disadvantaged South African high school and its quest to establish itself as a healthy learning environment. The school had transformed itself from an adverse learning environment typical of many South African schools (and perhaps schools elsewhere) to a safe, supportive, caring, mutually respectful and generally well organized educational context. Many of these improvements were associated with a particular school OD intervention. What can we learn from this story about the process of developing a health-promoting school? What are the practical implications for school development practitioners, especially school psychologists whose general task it is to promote the health of all learners? This paper addresses these questions and offers some propositions concerning the role of school psychologists in contributing towards the development of health-promoting schools.
Adjustment and Strain among Domestic and International Student Sojourners
Authors: Hechanova-Alampay Regina , Beehr Terry A. , Christiansen Neil D. , Van Horn Roger K.
Published: March 2007

Every year, a growing number of students leave their home environments and relocate to study at universities abroad. Relocation, however, can be a challenging and stressful experience. This longitudinal study surveyed 294 international and domestic student sojourners to examine and compare their adjustment and distress or strain responses during the first six months of their entry into a medium-sized, mid-western US state university. The findings revealed that international student sojourners, compared to domestic sojourners, had greater difficulty in adjusting during their initial transition into the university. Although sojourners experienced increasing adjustment over time, the pattern of strain was curvilinear, peaking three months after the start of the semester. Self-efficacy, social support and cultural novelty predicted adjustment and strain at different times during the transition period.
Developing a Concept for Childhood Survival in Modern Nigeria
Authors: Kalu W. J.
Published: March 2007

Numerous problems face childhood in contemporary Nigeria. This paper discusses the main features of the problems as they affect the two major institutions for socialization, the family and the schools. The needs of the modern Nigerian child, especially for his future survival, are highlighted. A description is given of the Children's Centre project which is now in operation in one of the Nigerian University Campuses. It serves as an interpretation of a new positive concept of childhood survival necessary to meet the challenges posed on such a level in a developing country.
The New Zealand Educational Psychologist
Authors: Ballard Keith D.
Published: March 2007

In New Zealand the psychologist most closely associated with children, families and schools has the title 'educational psychologist'. The role of this professional group differs in significant ways from that of the school psychologist in other countries. The present paper will briefly identify historical antecedents influencing the development of the New Zealand educational psychologist role, and will then suggest possible directions for the future.
The Future of School Psychology in Thailand
Authors: Ayawongse Ladda , Pungah Pranom
Published: March 2007

The present and future of school psychology in Thailand are examined and presented in this article with a view to predicting and evaluating the establishment of an adequately staffed school psychology service throughout the country. Data generated from interview and rating scales are discussed, as are the numbers of students and school psychologists' professional experience.
A Comparison of Danish and US Strategies to Provide for Children with Special Needs
Authors: Wulf Kathleen M. , Greve Jorgen
Published: March 2007

Public school systems world-wide have developed a variety of programmes to provide for children with special needs. Some of these approaches have included segregation of handicapped children into special classes, while others have sought to educate them in regular school environments, with physical and psychological resource support. Still other school systems have ignored the issue and have provided no programmes at all. This paper addresses two possible solutions to the question of educating special needs children in Denmark and the United States, comparing legislation, curriculum planning and the school psychologist's role.
School Psychology in Brazil
Authors: van Kolck Odette Lourencao , Barros Celia Guimaraes
Published: March 2007

A brief historical view of the education and of the somewhat new job of psychologist in Brazil, together with an analysis of the present situation of the school psychologist, shows substantial changes in this field. Data obtained from research carried out in primary schools in the city of Sao Paulo, focusing on the performance and the difficulties related to the school psychologist's work, training and professional situation, lead to the conclusion that it is necessary to define clearly the professional role of the school psychologist and to make both the population and the administration aware of their preventive activities.
Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?
Authors: Zeidner Moshe
Published: March 2007

The primary aim of this study was to compare the attitudes and affective dispositions of middle-class versus lower-class Israeli elementaryschool students towards the psychometric examiner. In addition, the commonly held assumption about the meaningful relationship between attitudes towards the examiner and level of attainment in the ability test was put to an empirical test. A student feedback inventory, specifically designed to gauge the affctive reactions of students towards the examiner, was administered to 125 middle-class and 101 lower-class students following standardized group ability-test administration procedures. On the whole, the data show few meaningful social-group differences in attitudes towards the examiner. Also, the correlations between group ability-test scores and examiner attitudes, for both middle and lower-class students, were largely negligible. Thus the data negate the situational bias contention, claiming that the poor performance of disadvantaged students on ability tests may be partially attributed to negative dispositions towards the examiner, which adversely affect their level of test performance. Also, the data suggest that school psychologists in Israel, who spend a good deal of their professional time in administering, scoring and assessing the results of group ability tests, may continue to do so without fear that lower-class students' negativistic attitudes towards the examiner may be systematically debilitating their level of test performance.
The Behaviour Adjustment Paradigm
Authors: Wonderly Donald M.
Published: March 2007

A holarchic theory of personality has been developed by the author to be used in the training of school-based psychologists. The theory focuses on an interpretation of motivational elements that places heavy emphasis on the affective evaluation of perceptual and cognitive processes. The Behaviour Adjustment Paradigm (BAP) was developed in conjunction with the holarchic theory for the purpose of providing a visual model of the relationship between behaviour and adjustment. It is designed for use in establishing treatment strategies in therapy, behaviour management techniques for the inculcation of effective discipline programmes, and as a planning model for preventive mental health programming in educational and other social institutions.
Attention Training with Individuals, Groups and Classes
Authors: Wagner Ingeborg
Published: March 2007

The conditions under which cognitively impulsive, 'inattentive' responding can be changed into more reflective functioning were reviewed systematically. Variables include age and intelligence of children, number of training sessions, kinds of instructions or modelling, training atmosphere, trainer personality and experience and training materials. Most successful experiments have been designed for individual training, but small-group training can also be effective when experienced trainers are available. Most successful programmes use cognitive behaviour modification that is, strategic self-instructions introduced by modelling processes. Using a self-administered, self-instruction programme, teachers can become effective models and competent instructors of attention for their classes, so that confusion and disorder diminish and self-initiated task-relevant activity increases in students. Data about impulsive and reflective children that have not been published in English before are reviewed. It is further proposed that we replace the a priori concept of reflection-impulsivity by a concept of five observed and statistically defined types of attention behaviour.
School Psychology Related Research in South Africa
Authors: Donald David R.
Published: March 2007

Within a brief description of the socio-political and structural context that constrains school psychology related research in South Africa, current issues and selected research themes are discussed. Three central issues are identified as the socio-political relevance of research, the issue of community participation in research and the issue of interventionist vs. analytic research. The first theme, research related to the needs of underdeveloped communities, deals with research into underachievement in the Black school system looked at through different conceptual frameworks as well as with a strong, new current of community/action research. The second theme deals with research on those issues that arise in the practice of school psychology in the particular South African social context. The third theme discusses research on testing and test development as undertaken by a statefunded organization and the problematic nature of this area of research. Finally other research themes on child abuse, psycho-legal questions and vocational choice are briefly reviewed.
Antin Semenovych Makarenko
Authors: Holowinsky Ivan Z.
Published: March 2007

Antin S. Makarenko has been hailed in the Soviet Union as a leading educator and theoretician. His Pedagogical Poem helps us to understand the history of the development of the Soviet education system, its philosophical and ideological foundations. It is nearly impossible to understand current ideological assumptions of Soviet education without acknowledging Makarenko's profound contributions. He was described by Maxim Gorky as an educator of the new type. Those who extol Makarenko's contributions today acknowledge that he was not 'an armchair' ideologist, but an activist, 'a doer'. His main 'dogmas' are still the foundations of Soviet education. They can be summarized briefly as follows: The 'a priori' unquestionable acceptance of the primacy of the communist ideology and leadership; the main goal of education as the upbringing of 'a new person', a builder of communist society; importance of a collective (the concept elaborated by Makarenko) in education and formation of 'new socialist personality'. The timeliness of this paper should be viewed in the context of announced 'openness' (glasnost) in the Soviet Union.
State of the Art Procedures for Translating, Validating and Using Psychoeducational Tests in Cross-Cultural Assessment
Authors: Bracken Bruce A. , Barona Andrers
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is to outline state of the art procedures for test translation, validation and use in multicultural, multilingual assessment. Guidelines are based on psychometric, linguistic, cultural and practical considerations. The authors encourage sound practice within the international psychological community in its assessment of children outside the intended source language and/or culture of available tests.
The International School Psychology Survey
Authors: Ezeilo Bernice N.
Published: March 2007

The present article examines the information obtained in the survey by Oakland and Cunningham on school psychology in fifty-four countries. Although the data suggest considerable developments in the profession of school psychology, much remains to be done in many areas if the profession is to achieve suitable standards (e.g. in school psychologist to student ratios). Several important differences were reported between high-GNP and low-GNP countries. This article discusses the data with particular reference to their relation to conditions in Africa.
Taking a Human Rights Perspective
Authors: Burden Robert
Published: March 2007

This article was given as a keynote address at the ISPA Colloquium in Istanbul, July 1992. It is presented here in an abbreviated form as a lead-in to several other articles devoted to the issue of children's rights. It begins by identifying the need for school psychologists to be prepared for the demands of a rapidly changing world and offers some possible directions for future training and practice. In particular, the preparation of young people to think for themselves and thus become empowered to identify and speak on behalf of their own rights is seen as a priority. An important implication of taking this perspective is that school psychologists should be seeking to involve children at every opportunity in their own assessments and providing their own viewpoints on decisions that are made by others on their behalf. Some examples are given from the author's own recent experience of ways in which this process is being encouraged.
Children as Victims and Victimizers
Authors: Wilczenski Felicia L. , Steegmann Ruth , Braun Michelle , Feeley Francis , Griffin Jennifer , Horowitz Thomas , Olson Suzanne
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a systemic perspective for understanding the pervasive problem of victimization in schools by clarifying adult attitudes toward childhood aggression, examining victimization as a continuum of behavior, and emphasizing the interpersonal relationship between victims and victimizers. In addition, the rationale and description of a preventive program dealing with children as victims and victimizers is presented.

Bullying happens all the time

In class, at home, or in the lunch line

Bullies punch, kick, threaten, and steal

Then I don't have money for my lunch meal

They try to be cool by making others hurt

And that makes you feel like dirt

I don't know how they can stand to do such

If I tried bullying, I'd feel bad too much.

Tracy, Amy and Phil, Age 11

Fair Play Program Participants
Cultural Variations in Cognitive Style
Authors: Engelbrecht Petra , Natzel Shirley G.
Published: March 2007

Research by Herman A. Witkin reports that one aspect of cognitive style, namely field dependence/field independence, is affected significantly by socialization and child-rearing practices. The present cross-cultural project, using the Children's Embedded Figures Test, examined the cognitive style of 100 African American and 100 Black South African males and females in grades 4 and 5. Hierarchical loglinear models were utilized to uncover the complex relationships between gender (males and females), culture (African Americans and Black South Africans) and learning style (field dependence and field independence). The results were significant and suggest that African Americans are more likely to be using a learning style characterized by field independence and Black South Africans are more likely to be using a learning style characterized by field dependence. No differences were found relative to gender for either group or for the two groups combined. Although no formal cross-cultural research has previously been done relative to cognitive style in the context ofthese two groups, the findings are consistent with the overall theoretical and historical research relative to field dependence and field independence.
Cross-Racial Application of a Children's Multidimensional Life Satisfaction Scale
Authors: Huebner E. Scott
Published: March 2007

The reliability, factor structure, and criterion-related validity of the Multidimensional Students' Life Satisfaction Scale (MSLSS: Huebner, 1994) were examined with respect to their invariance across race. One hundred and fifty-six black and 529 white children participated in the study. The results suggested some cautions with respect to use with black children in the United States. Implications for subjective well-being research with children and adults are discussed.
The Relation between Teacher Burnout and Teachers’ Attributions and Practices Regarding School Behaviour Problems
Authors: Bibou-Nakou I. , Stogiannidou A. , Kiosseoglou G.
Published: March 2007

This study focuses on the burnout concept in relation to teachers’ perceptions of school behaviour problems. Specifically, 200 elementary teachers were assessed in terms of their explanatory attributions and their preferred practices regarding four school behaviour problems. The teacher burnout was assessed by the Maslach Burnout Inventory. The results showed that teachers’ misbehaviour-related attributions and preferred practices differentiate significantly the burnout levels experienced by the teachers. One means of more adequately dealing with teacher burnout might involve the evaluation of teachers’ attributions and perceptions regarding work stressors.
A Struggle for Recognition: Work Life Reform in the Domestic Services Industry
Authors: Meagher Gabrielle
Published: March 2007

Feminist social scientists around the advanced industrial world have given anxious attention in recent years to the possibility of the 'return of servants': that is, an increase in household purchase of domestic labour services. Feminists have been rightly concerned about the social and economic status of paid household workers. However, they have focused largely on domestic workers' individual responses to problems in their working lives. This article examines solidarity-based strategies directed at challenging economic insecurity and cultural undervaluation of paid domestic and caring work in both private households, and non-domestic settings. It thereby expands the repertoire of strategies included in the debate about paid household work, and its relationship to women's caring and quasi-domestic labour across the labour market.
Living with Risk: Labour Market Transformation, Employment Policies and Social Reproduction in the UK
Authors: Perrons Diane
Published: March 2007

In many ways, contemporary labour market changes in the UK, the problems and their proposed solutions encapsulate many aspects of Ulrich Beck's risk society. Inequality and insecurity are increasing, leading to one-third of children growing up in poverty. Current labour market, income support and childcare policies tend to reinforce rather than challenge adverse aspects of the new partial and insecure forms of work. Remedial policies reflect individualization and are centred on the belief that the route out of poverty lies with 'making work pay' and by increasing the employability of those not in work. New forms of flexible working potentially provide the material foundation for a more equal distribution of paid and unpaid work, but to be effective need to be situated within a framework which prioritizes greater equality, including gender equity, in paid and unpaid work.
Economic Theory and the Challenge of Innovative Work Practices
Authors: Altman Morris
Published: March 2007

A fundamental finding of the current empirical industrial relations and human resource management research is that similar types of firms producing similar types of products adopt different sets of work practices or cultures even when working under the same institutional environment. Only a small minority of firms has adopted superior, often more cooperative work cultures. In sharp contrast to neoclassical theory, which predicts the dominance of the more efficient work cultures, a behavioural model of the firm presented here reveals that even under conditions of competitive product markets, firms can produce competitively using either the traditional, less efficient work cultures or the more efficient cooperative work cultures. The superior work cultures need not dominate simply as a consequence of market forces.
It and Institutions in the Structuring of European Finance: Urban Impacts
Authors: Power Dominic
Published: March 2007

This article reviews recent attempts to create integrated pan-European stock markets and draws on extensive qualitative research carried out on London-based financial services firms and institutions between 1996 and 2000. The article uses the example of stock market integration and the creation of electronic trading platforms to examine the question of why it is that despite advances in technology and telecommunications financial agglomerations in inner urban areas continue to dominate financial markets. It is suggested that a variety of explanations hold the key to this question but that in terms of European stock market integration the agency on the part of institutional players, in particular the larger exchanges, is setting the pace for change but that technology issues are the framework within which they work as well as often the battlefield upon which they compete. Despite the prevalence of technologies capable of producing geographically disaggregated markets, it is shown that in order to best work these markets there are still advantages to be had from locating finance firms'trading operations in the midst of financial agglomerations. It is concluded that as the future of market structures and operation are the result of embedded human and institutional agency, inter-urban rivalries will continue to be crucial to the shape and location of European financial markets and activities.
Education for Industrial Democracy: An Evaluation of the Experimental Trade Union Studies Project
Authors: Turner Robert , Count Roger
Published: March 2007

A crucial question for education policy makers is what kinds of educational provision are likely to be the most appropriate in facilitating demands for industrial democracy both at the level of the 'shopfloor' worker and that of their elected representatives. Our evidence draws heavily upon an illuminative evaluation of an experimental multi-media project in the UK. The Trade Union Studies Project was specifically designed, through distance-learning techniques, to attract a mass audience as well as provide an educational opportunity for trade unionists who were already committed to learning. The article indicates some of the problems encountered by the project's approach and suggests, partly by reference to other schemes, the way in which future policies might be developed.
Co-operative Movement Confronts Centralization: Israeli Kibbutz Regional Organizations
Authors: Rayman Paula
Published: March 2007

Co-operative movements, collectives and alternative institutions existing within a larger environment of opposing values have limited success in maintaining egalitarian and co-operative practices. When these collectives attempt to form centralized organizations they confront patterns of bureaucratization and stratification common to the institutions of the dominant society. Theoretical issues of the inevitability of increasing organizational hierarchy, standardization and routinization are addressed in the study of three kibbutz regional institutions. Based on fieldwork conducted in the 1970s, the study indicates that regional advances have caused conflicts for kibbutz social structure.

The co-operative system will never transform capitalist society. To convert social production into one large and harmonious system of free and co-operative labour, general social changes are wanted, changes of the general condition of society...

K. Marx, Capital, Vol. 1
Worker Capitalists? Profit-Sharing, Capital-Sharing and Juridical Forms of Socialism
Authors: Ramsay Harvie , Haworth Nigel
Published: March 2007

Ideas of economic democracy within the confines of capitalism have gained wide currency in recent years. This paper compares initiatives from employers on the profit-sharing front and on capital-sharing from labour movements. It examines the theoretical and empirical case for seeing such initiatives as having the potential to transform the worker's position into one of less or zero-exploitation by sharing in the distribution of surplus value. It is concluded that such claims to this effect are non-starters for profit-sharing and misconceived for capital-sharing. The latter view is sustained by a critique of the conceptions of capitalism and of prefigurative socialism embedded in the models of capital-sharing.
Economic Restructuring and Company Unionism the Japanese Model
Authors: Deutschmann Christoph
Published: March 2007

The paper discusses problems of union involvement in the management of industrial restructuring using the example of Japanese enterprise unions. 'Economic restructuring' implies processes of technical and organizational change at firm level as well as shifts in the sectoral structure of the economy. The aim of the paper is to analyse how far Japanese unions participated in these two types of change and to what degree they were able to implement their goals of maintaining the level of employment and wages and of improving the structure of qualifications. Secondly, the effects of industrial restructuring on the organizational identity of unions are discussed. It is shown that, although union participation in industrial restructuring in Japan was largely confined to informal consultation on lower levels of management, the outcome of industrial restructuring did not violate unions' interests in a spectacular way, thus allowing the unions to keep their decisively positive standpoint on technical and organizational innovation. The paper analyses the structural conditions of the labour market in large Japanese firms and of union organization which underlie that positive attitude towards economic restructuring. Considering the aspect of organizational identity the paper points out that in spite of the relatively favourable condition of the Japanese economy, successes of unions in the field of wages and especially working hours' policies were very limited during the last ten years. Notwithstanding a considerable increase in the level of regular employment during the last ten years the organizational density of Japanese unions declined in relative and even in absolute terms. Thus it seems that the cooperative attitude of Japanese unions in industrial restructuring did not help them to escape the same trend of organizational decline and diminishing ideological appeal which is experienced also by many Western European and US unions.
Voice, Choice and the Question of CMI Democracy in the Swedish Welfare State
Authors: Saltman Richard B. , von Ofter Casten
Published: March 2007

Although economic issues of cost containment and service productivity continue to dominate European health policy debate, important political and normative issues remain on the agenda as well. Drawing upon the Swedish case, this paper explores the broader questions of democratic control over welfare-state-supplied human services. It suggests that 'civil' as against 'political', 'social' or 'economic' democracy should guide the organization of human services generally and health services in particular. The paper concludes that the concept of 'civil democracy' can provide a useful policy model in political and normative as well as in economic terms.
Internal Jurisprudence and Trade Union Democracy: The Case of the Auto Workers
Authors: Bodah Matthew M.
Published: March 2007

While much of the literature on trade union democracy considers the ability of members to influence union policy or gain union office, not enough attention has been paid to internal systems of jurisprudence. In this article, the author presents evidence of the effects of the United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricultural Implements Workers of America's (UAW) highly formalized system of jurisprudence on democracy in that union. Following a brief section on public policy and union regulation, key decisions of the UAW's Public Review Board are presented. Finally, the attractiveness of the public review model, in light of the current state of government deference and union acceptance, is discussed.
TQM, Trade Unions and Cooperation: Case Studies in Quebec Manufacturing Plants
Authors: Harrisson Denis , Laplante Normand
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the implementation of total quality management (TQM) programmes in four unionized plants where trade unions and managers join forces during the implementation process. This joint regulation between local union representatives and managers is supported at the institutional level where the state, private corporations and trade union confederations have paved the way for cooperative practices at the firm level. The economic and social situation of the firm strongly contributes to shaping the involvement of trade unions and labour in this joint regulation. The patterns of transformation resulting from the relations between management and labour are not universal, but are rather an outcome of negotiation between actors on TQM normative needs and the specifics of the social reality of the plant. The settlements between trade union officials and plant managers are experimental and are reached on a local level.
Trade and Cross-Border Labor Strategies in the Americas
Authors: Frundt Henry J.
Published: March 2007

In response to private sector's utilization of 'free trade agreements' to unbridle corporate investments in union-free environments, North and South American labor unions have attempted at least five types of responses: developing activist networks; campaigning for corporate sourcing codes; advocating trade-based labor standards; coordinating with developing country unions; seeking women's empowerment. After assessing each response, the study evaluates the US Guatemala Labor Education Project as a model that combines them all. It argues that with various degrees of success, such labor strategies extend beyond traditional class boundaries.
Processes of Clinical Change and Resistance
Authors: Alford Brad A. , Lantka Angela L.
Published: March 2007

Evidence from both experimental laboratory studies and clinical observation supports the behavioral principle that immediate (compared with delayed) consequences are most influential in shaping future actions. This presents the theoretical possibility of conflicts of consequences (e.g., short-term positive vs. long-term negative). As one example, resistance to completing therapeutic homework assignments that instruct clients to approach feared situations may result in short-term positive outcomes, such as freedom from negative emotional experience (emotional avoidance), but is dysfunctional over time. Thus, temporal conflicts of consequences is one theoretic source of resistance in clinical treatment. In this article, the authors articulate how the activation of the metacognitive level theoretically mediates conflicts between short-term (immediate) and long-term (delayed) consequences, thereby facilitating therapeutic change and reducing resistance. This synthesis unifies principles of behaviorism and contemporary clinical cognitive theory.
Learning in Respiratory Control
Authors: Gallego Jorge , Nsegbe Elise , Durand Estelle
Published: March 2007

In this article, it is argued that learning participates to fulfill the metabolic requirements by adapting respiratory control to changing internal and external states. Recent classical conditioning experiments in newborn mice or adult rats showthe close link between conditioned respiratory and arousal responses. The conditioned fear model may be a suitable and largely unexplored model of emotionally induced hyperventilation. The parabrachial nucleus and periacqueducal grey may play a pivotal role in the ventilatory component of conditioned fear. The sensitivity of breathing to conditioning in newborn and adult animals suggests that learning processes may shape breathing pattern throughout life.
Thought-Stopping in the Control of Obsessive Ruminations
Authors: Lombardo Thomas W. , Turner Samuel M.
Published: March 2007

Thought-stopping was used to control obsessive ruminations in a chronic schizophrenic patient. The effects of treatment were evaluated in a single case experimental design, and the results suggest that thought-stopping is an effective technique in controlling obsessive thoughts. `The effects of treatment were maintained at a six-week follow-up.
Behavioral Approaches to Childhood Disorders
Authors: Phillips Jeanne S. , Ray Roberta S.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a survey of the child behavior therapy literature, drawing upon reviews and outcome studies published in the past five years. A number of criticisms are made. Child behavior therapy research needs to acquire a greater developmental focus, conduct more complex functional analyses, place greater emphasis on assessment and description of subjects, and employ more consistent use of adequate designs and procedures. Recent work, nonetheless, reflects greater methodological and conceptual sophistication than was found in earlier reviews.
The Current Status of Behavior Therapy
Authors: Kazdin Alan E. , Hersen Michel
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the current status of behavior therapy, discussing ambiguities, characteristics, myths, and limitations of the field. Ambiguity of "behavior therapy" stems from the different definitions that have been proposed, the historical development of the field, and the diverse conceptual positions and treatment techniques. Myths about behavior therapy related to the role of client-therapist relationship and "symptom substitution" are evaluated in light of contemporary data. Current limitations including the heavy reliance upon outcome research with subclinical populations and the utility of medical treatments are also discussed. Despite the ambiguities of the field and complexities in evaluating the evidence, behavior therapy has contributed substantially to therapy research by placing outcome research on a scientific footing.
Attendance and Fitness in Aerobics Exercise
Authors: Epstein Leonard H. , Wing Rena R. , Thompson J. Kevin , Griffin William
Published: March 2007

The effects of contracting and lottery procedures on exercise attendance and improvements in fitness were assessed using 37 female college students assigned to five groups. Three of the groups utilized contract procedures, one a lottery, and the fifth was a no-treatment control group. Subjects in two of the contracting groups ran over twice as much distance as subjects in the other three groups, providing an assessment of the effects of increased training on the measure of fitness (the 12-minute test). Results showed that all contracting groups and the lottery group attended the exercise sessions significantly more than did the control group.
Modification of Grooming Behavior in Adult Retarded
Authors: Doleys Daniel M. , Stacy Donald , Knowles Sue
Published: March 2007

The effects of token reinforcement upon the grooming behavior of seven deinstitutionalized mentally retarded adults were examined. The project was conducted in a community-based program which provided the "least restrictive" environment. A multiple baseline design across subjects was utilized. Substantial increases in grooming behavior were recorded under the token reinforcement condition. Analysis of individual subject data revealed that each demonstrated a positive change. Interpretations of the data were confounded by intersubject variability noted in baseline and in the rate of acquisition of grooming behavior. Variables potentially related to this intersubject variability were enumerated and discussed. The general applicability of the present token program and the need for additional research with deinstitutionalized populations in community-based programs were emphasized.
Training and Generalization of Social Skills
Authors: Tofte-Tipps Sharry , Mendonca Pamela , Peach Richard V.
Published: March 2007

Treatment and generalization effects of a social skills training package for children were evaluated. Subjects were two children referred for outpatient treatment of psychological and interpersonal problems. A multiple baseline across skill components revealed substantial posttraining improvement in all behaviors targeted. Additionally, treatment effects generalized to novel role-play scenes and to unstructured conversations with familiar and unfamiliar adults. Training effects did not appear to transfer to conversations with unfamiliar children, however. Some generalization across target behaviors was also observed. This study indicates the usefulness of social skills training with an outpatient population of children, and provides new evidence concerning the range of setting and individuals to which skill improvements may naturally generalize.
Social Calibration of the SSIT
Authors: Wallander Jan L. , Curran James P. , Myers Patricia E.
Published: March 2007

Social validation of qualitative ratings of clinical change is typically demonstrated with a subjective evaluation method. Social calibration, a method of comparing laboratory measures to community standards with respect to a particular target behavior, was proposed as a more cost-effective alternative. The community standard is operationalized by the ratings of the target behavior from representatives of the community at large. This procedure was used with the Simulated Social Interaction Test (SSIT), a role-play test of social skills. The ratings of the trained criterion judges typically used with this instrument were compared separately to those of 50 community representatives and to those of 20 naive assistants. Results indicated that the SSIT was socially calibrated for measurement of psychiatric patients' overall social skills (but not anxiety) and bogus patients' situation-specific as well as overall social skills and anxiety. The general utility of the social calibration procedure was discussed.
Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Fairbank John A. , Gross Richard T. , Keane Terence M.
Published: March 2007

Individuals with posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD) often show intense levels of anxiety when exposed to stimuli associated with the precipitating traumatic incident. Recent advances in the treatment of PTSD have emphasized the importance of providing imaginal exposure to the traumatic memories. Assessment of treatment efficacy, therefore, can include psychophysiological, self-report (cognitive), and behavioral (motoric) measures obtained during the exposure treatments. To date, very little work has been conducted on the development and evaluation of behavioral indexes of intense anxiety during imaginal exposure to traumatic memories. The subject of the study was a 32-year-old Vietnam combat veteran with PTSD. Motoric behavior was assessed by independent observers during behavioral treatment sessions that consisted of separate components of imaginal exposure to nontraumatic (relaxing) and traumatic (flooding) cues. Gross motoric arousal during exposure dramatically decreased from preto posttreatment and at the 6-month follow-up. These changes were associatead with improvement in several areas of general life functioning and self-monitoring data, thus supporting the utility of imaginal flooding in the treatment of PTSD and the potential for this behavioral code in the assessment of intense anxiety disorders.
Student-Teacher Contracting with Goal Setting for Maintenance
Authors: Kelley Mary Lou , Stokes Trevor F.
Published: March 2007

This study evaluated the use of student goal setting as a strategy for maintaining the effects of student-teacher contracting on the academic productivity of eight economically disadvantaged high school dropouts between the ages of 16 and 21. The study was conducted during the students' basic education skills training class, where students worked in self-paced textbooks in preparation for the GED test. During baseline, students were paid for each hour they attended school. During contracting, students negotiated weekly work requirements with their teacher and were paid contingent on contract fulfillment. Employing a single-subject reversal design, the results showed that student-teacher contracting was effective in increasing student productivity substantially. Subsequently, a multiple-baseline design across students was employed to evaluate the necessity for, and effectiveness of, student goal setting as a strategy for maintaining productivity. During goal setting, students wrote their own work contracts without teacher feedback and were paid contingent on contract completion. The results indicated that goal setting for reponse maintenance proved effective.