bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on Junction Temperature Smooth Control of SiC MOSFET Based on Body Diode Conduction Loss Adjustment
Authors: Wu Junke , Wei Yunpeng , Wu Yuntao , Wang Zhou , Li Xingyu , Wei Xiangnan
Published: December 2024

In a converter of actual working condition, the change in the current and voltage of the power device will cause the junction temperature to fluctuate greatly. This device is subjected to high thermal stress due to the change in the junction temperature. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt junction temperature control to reduce or smooth the junction temperature fluctuation, so as to realize the junction temperature control and improve the reliability of the device. At present, the methods for the junction temperature control of power devices have certain limitations and there are few active thermal management methods proposed for SiC device characteristics. In this paper, a method for realizing the smooth control of the junction temperature of a SiC device based on the conduction loss adjustment of the body diode for the SiC device has been proposed, considering that the conduction loss of the body diode is greater than the conduction loss of the SiC MOSFET. The conduction time of SiC MOSFET body diode was adjusted. By adjusting the conduction loss of the SiC MOSFET device, the fluctuation range of the junction temperature of the SiC MOSFET device was controlled, the smooth control of the junction temperature of the SiC device was realized, and the thermal stress of the device was reduced.
Analysis of Energy System Transformations in the European Union
Authors: Jaroń Agata , Borucka Anna
Published: December 2024

Achieving climate neutrality has become an environmental goal for all European Union (EU) Member States. Thanks to numerous projects and subsidies, EU countries are able to achieve the goal of decarbonizing energy sources. The aim of the presented study is to assess the validity of Member States’ actions to reduce CO2 emissions based on data provided by Eurostat. The presented study combines, using regression, data on financial outlays dictated by environmental protection, the share of renewable energy, and total CO2 emissions in individual Member States. This study has shown that, despite differences in the use of energy sources, Member States are able to achieve economic growth in symbiosis with the environment.
Distributed Low-Carbon Energy Management of Urban Campus for Renewable Energy Consumption
Authors: Yu Kan , Wei Qiang , Xu Chuanzi , Xiang Xinyu , Yu Heyang
Published: December 2024

In order to solve the mismatch between renewable energy and load in urban building microgrids, that is, the problem of renewable energy consumption in building microgrid clusters, while preserving the privacy of each user, this paper proposes a distributed low-carbon energy management method for urban building microgrid clusters. First, a low-carbon energy management method for the urban building microgrid is proposed in order to coordinate the power sharing of various subjects to minimize the total economic cost, unleash the consumption potential of low-carbon building clusters for renewable energy, and reduce carbon emissions on the spatial and time scale. Second, an ADMM-based distributed optimal energy management method is proposed to meet user energy needs while preserving local privacy; this includes energy storage systems, renewable energy generation, and the loads within each urban building microgrid. Finally, simulation experiments are conducted based on actual data from a certain area in Hangzhou, China, and the results verify the effectiveness of the model.
Fracture Propagation Laws and Influencing Factors in Coal Reservoirs of the Baode Block, Ordos Basin
Authors: Zhang Qingfeng , Li Yongchen , Li Ziling , Yao Yanbin , Du Fengfeng , Wang Zebin , Tang Zhihao , Zhang Wen , Wang Shutong
Published: December 2024

The expansion of hydraulic fractures in coalbed methane (CBM) reservoirs is key to effective stimulation, making it essential to understand fracture propagation and its influencing factors for efficient resource development. Using petrological characteristics, logging data, microseismic monitoring, and fracturing reports from the Baode Block on the eastern Ordos Basin, this study systematically investigates the geological and engineering factors influencing hydraulic fracture propagation. The real-time monitoring of fracture propagation in 12 fractured wells was conducted using microseismic monitoring techniques. The results indicated that the fracture orientations in the study area ranged from NE30° to NE60°, with fracture lengths varying between 136 and 226 m and fracture heights ranging from 8.5 to 25.3 m. Additionally, the fracturing curves in the study area can be classified into four types: stable, descending, fluctuating, and falling. Among these, the stable and descending types exhibit the most effective fracture propagation and are more likely to generate longer fractures. In undeformed–cataclastic coals and bright and semi-bright coals, long fractures are likely to form. When the Geological Strength Index (GSI) of the coal rock ranges between 60 and 70, fracture lengths generally exceed 200 m. When the coal macrolithotype index (Sm) is below 2, fracture lengths typically exceed 200 m. When the difference between the maximum and minimum horizontal principal stresses exceeds 5 MPa, fractures with length >180 m are formed, while fracture heights generally remain below 15 m. From an engineering perspective, for the study area, hydraulic fracturing measures with a preflush ratio of 20–30%, an average sand ratio of 13–15%, and a construction pressure between 15 MPa and 25 MPa are most favorable for coalbed methane production.
Advanced Control Algorithm for Shunt Active Power Filter: Enhancing Power Quality in Autonomous Grids
Authors: Bielecka Agata
Published: December 2024

This study highlights the critical role of maintaining high power quality in autonomous grids, particularly in complex systems with significant non-linear loads, such as shipboard power systems. Power quality issues such as voltage harmonic distortion and imbalance can lead to serious malfunctions and even accidents. This paper proposes an advanced predictive control algorithm with feedback from the supply current developed for a shunt active power filter. The presented control algorithm is characterized by high effectiveness in compensating supply current harmonics, imbalance, and reactive power, thereby improving power quality. This high performance in executing compensation tasks has been confirmed through experimental tests conducted in an autonomous grid powered by a diesel generator. The research results also include the system’s adaptability under varying load conditions, the impact of delays, and the converter’s non-linearities on the operation of the active power filter.
ML-Enabled Solar PV Electricity Generation Projection for a Large Academic Campus to Reduce Onsite CO2 Emissions
Authors: Zargarzadeh Sahar , Ramnarayan Aditya , Castro Felipe de , Ohadi Michael
Published: December 2024

Mitigating CO2 emissions is essential to reduce climate change and its adverse effects on ecosystems. Photovoltaic electricity is 30 times less carbon-intensive than coal-based electricity, making solar PV an attractive option in reducing electricity demand from fossil-fuel-based sources. This study looks into utilizing solar PV electricity production on a large university campus in an effort to reduce CO2 emissions. The study involved investigating 153 buildings on the campus, spanning nine years of data, from 2015 to 2023. The study comprised four key phases. In the first phase, PVWatts gathered data to predict PV-generated energy. This was the foundation for Phase II, where a novel tree-based ensemble learning model was developed to predict monthly PV-generated electricity. The SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) technique was incorporated into the proposed framework to enhance model explainability. Phase III involved calculating historical CO2 emissions based on past energy consumption data, providing a baseline for comparison. A meta-learning algorithm was implemented in Phase IV to project future CO2 emissions post-solar PV installation. This comparison estimated a potential emissions reduction and assessed the university’s progress toward its net-zero emissions goals. The study’s findings suggest that solar PV implementation could reduce the campus’s CO2 footprint by approximately 18% for the studied cluster of buildings, supporting sustainability and cleaner energy use on the campus.
Characterization of Lipid Production in Chlorella sp. Cultivated in Different Plant Fertilizers
Authors: Chakrabarty Bipasha , Barczak Łukasz , Rusanowska Paulina , Dudek Magda , Zieliński Marcin
Published: December 2024

Microalgae have gained attention due to their higher reproduction rate and lipid productivity. In particular, various stress conditions lead to an overproduction of lipids in microalgae cells. The study investigated the influence of additional CO2 introduced with air into the reactor during biomass growth of Chlorella sp. Additionally, increased phosphorus concentration in the medium under stress cultivation (low nitrogen concentration) was examined. The partial pressure of CO2 and its increased availability to Chlorella sp. in the cultivation medium increased biomass growth (1.4 times) and chlorophyll content (2.5 times) in microalgae cells. A high phosphorus fertilizer significantly increased lipid production under stress conditions with CO2 supply to 85.2 mg/g (2.6 times) and without CO2 to 73.8 mg/g (2.2 times). A high concentration of phosphorus in the culture medium stimulated the synthesis of C16:0 (about 38–45%) and C18:1 CIS9 (about 24–30%). The results confirm that the fertilizers can be used as a culture medium to induce stress and stimulate lipid production. Adjusting the composition of the fertilizers and controlling the additional CO2 supply could prove beneficial to increase the content of the desired fatty acids.
Holistic Dynamic Modeling and Simulation of Alkaline Water Electrolysis Systems Based on Heat Current Method
Authors: Jiang Yi-Chong , Dong Shi-Meng , Liang Zheng , Wang Xiao-Li , Shi Lei , Yan Bing , Zhao Tian
Published: December 2024

Hydrogen production technology is becoming increasingly important with the rapid development of hydrogen energy. Among existing hydrogen production technologies, alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) is drawing wide attention due to its advantages such as high maturity and low cost, and its performance analysis and optimization are important for applications. However, the AWE system contains processes with different physical and mathematical properties such as electrochemical reaction and heat transport processes, bringing difficulties to the system modeling. Moreover, the electrical and thermal processes have different characteristic time scales, and the system shows a sophisticated dynamic behavior, which has not been well studied yet. Here, a homomorphic dynamic model of the AWE system in the form of electrical circuit is built to describe the thermal and electrochemical processes uniformly, where the two parts are integrated via the energy conservation seamlessly. The model is verified by comparing with the experimental data and shows a high accuracy. The dynamic simulation analysis is conducted to investigate the dynamic response characteristics of the system under current step changes and fluctuations. The temperature overshoot and oscillation phenomena caused by delays in heat transport processes are studied. Results show that the time delay yields a maximum temperature overshoot of 10 °C, which would reduce the lifespan of the stack. This also highlights the importance of dynamic system analysis.
Numerical Simulation of the Dynamic Behavior of Low Permeability Reservoirs Under Fracturing-Flooding Based on a Dual-Porous and Dual-Permeable Media Model
Authors: Wang Xiang , Yu Wenjie , Xie Yixin , He Yanfeng , Xu Hui , Chu Xianxiang , Li Changfu
Published: December 2024

In recent years, fracturing-flooding technology has achieved a series of successful practices in the development of low-permeability oil reservoirs. However, research on the dynamic behavior of fracturing-flooding remains limited. In this paper, a dual medium model considering anisotropic characteristics is established for the target blocks. Multiple sets of conventional water injection transitions and multi-cycle fracturing-flooding operations are designed for simulation to explore the subsequent optimal operational schemes. Simulations are conducted on the optimal transitions between conventional water injection and multi-cycle fracturing-flooding schemes for different reservoir models with varying physical properties to study the dynamic behavior of fracturing-flooding in oil reservoirs with different properties. The results indicate that, for conventional water injection schemes, the optimal transition time for both the target well group and other reservoirs with different properties corresponds to a formation pressure coefficient between 1.2 and 1.3, with the optimal injection–production ratio being 1:1. From the perspective of water cut, the accumulated oil production of multi-cycle fracturing-flooding is higher than that of conventional water injection. The optimal multi-cycle fracturing-flooding schemes for both the target well group and other reservoirs with different properties are to start fracturing-flooding when the formation pressure coefficient is around 0.8 and to begin production when it reaches 1.4.
Combustion Characterization and Kinetic Analysis of Coupled Combustion of Bio-Syngas and Bituminous Coal
Authors: He Ailing , Li Zaifeng , Gu Bingdong , Lei Tingzhou
Published: December 2024

The coupled combustion of bio-syngas and bituminous coal is an effective technology to reduce pollutant emissions from coal-fired power plants and improve the utilization rate of biomass energy. However, the effects of bio-syngas blending on bituminous coal combustion characteristics and reaction kinetics remain unclear, restricting the development of bio-syngas and bituminous coal combustion technology. In this study, the experimental studies on the coupled combustion of bio-syngas and bituminous coal under different bio-syngas lower-heating-value-based blending ratio (BLBR) were carried out by Micro-Fluidized Bed Reaction Analyzer (MFBRA), the coupled combustion characteristics and kinetic reaction mechanism of coupled combustion of bio-syngas and bituminous coal were analyzed. The results indicated that the nucleation and growth model (F1 Model) provided a reasonable description of the bituminous coal combustion process on the coupled combustion of bio-syngas and bituminous coal in MFBRA. The blending of bio-syngas significantly reduces the apparent activation energy and pre-exponential factor of bituminous coal combustion reaction. In particular, when the BLBR is 5, 10, 20, and 30%, the apparent activation energy is 48.70, 45.45, 46.75, and 42.35 kJ·mol−1, and the pre-exponential factor is 9.26, 7.10, 8.95, and 6.70 s−1, respectively. This research is helpful for improving the coupled combustion efficiency and ensuring the efficient operation of the coupled combustion system.
Optimal Rotor Design for Reducing Electromagnetic Vibration in Traction Motors Based on Numerical Analysis
Authors: Lee Seung-Heon , Song Si-Woo , Yang In-Jun , Lee Ju , Kim Won-Ho
Published: December 2024

Interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) for traction applications have attracted significant attention due to their advantages of high torque and power density as well as a wide operating range. However, these motors suffer from high electromagnetic vibration noise due to their complex structure and structural rigidity. The main sources of this electromagnetic vibration noise are cogging torque, torque ripple, and radial force. To predict electromagnetic vibration noise, finite element analysis (FEA) with flux density analysis of the air gap is essential. This approach allows for the calculation of radial force that is the source of the vibration and enables the prediction of vibration in advance. The data obtained from these analyses provide important guidance for reducing vibration and noise in the design of electric motors. In this paper, the cogging torque and vibration at rated and maximum operating speed are analyzed, and an optimal cogging torque and vibration reduction model, with rotor taper and two-step skew structure, is proposed using the response surface method (RSM) to minimize them. The validity of the proposed model is demonstrated through formulations and FEA based entirely on numerical analysis and results. This study is expected to contribute to the design of more efficient and quieter electric motors by providing a solution to the electromagnetic vibration noise problem generated by IPMSM for traction applications with complex structures.
Experimental Investigation of CO2 Huff-and-Puff Enhanced Oil Recovery in Fractured Low-Permeability Reservoirs: Core-Scale to Pore-Scale
Authors: Zhao Fenglan , Yang Changhe , Huang Shijun , Yang Mingyang , Sun Haoyue , Chen Xinyang
Published: December 2024

CO2 huff-n-puff is regarded as an effective method to improve the recovery of low permeability and tight oil reservoirs. To understand the impact of CO2 huff-n-puff on crude oil mobilization in tight reservoirs with different fracture scales, this study conducted CO2 huff-n-puff nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and microscopic visualization experiments, focusing on how varying fracture apertures and densities affect the efficiency of the CO2 huff-n-puff. The results show that in scenarios with a single fracture, larger fracture apertures significantly boost oil mobilization within the fracture and the surrounding matrix. For instance, increasing the aperture from 20 μm to 70 μm improved the recovery factor by 9.20%. In environments with multiple fractures, greater fracture density enhances reservoir connectivity, and increases the CO2 sweep area, and the complex fracture model shows a 4.26% increase in matrix utilization compared to the simple fracture model. Notably, the improvement in recovery due to multi-scale fractures is most significant during the first two huff-and-puff cycles, with diminishing returns in subsequent cycles. Overall, increasing both fracture size and density effectively enhances crude oil mobilization in tight reservoirs. These findings provide valuable insights into improving the recovery efficiency of CO2 huff-and-puff techniques in tight oil reservoirs.
Framework and Outlooks of Multi-Source–Grid–Load Coordinated Low-Carbon Operational Systems Considering Demand-Side Hierarchical Response
Authors: Cui Yong , Zheng Jian , Wu Wenying , Xu Kun , Ji Desen , Di Tian
Published: December 2024

In the context of advancing new power systems, a multi-source–grid–load interactive operation framework considering low-carbon demand hierarchical response is developed to further explore the support value of the multi-source–grid–load interaction mechanism for the low-carbon economic operation of the power system. The framework analyzes the support mechanisms of carbon tracking and load-side demand response for the low-carbon economic dispatch of the system and derives the carbon flow calculation method based on the network node correlation matrix, laying the foundation for developing low-carbon demand response strategies. Meanwhile, considering the marginal contribution of each load-side node to the system carbon emissions, a combined Shapley–Topsis low-carbon demand hierarchical response mechanism is designed to guide load nodes in implementing accurate low-carbon hierarchical responses, thereby ensuring the optimal allocation and efficient utilization of system resources. Finally, based on the proposed framework, promising future research perspectives are proposed to provide critical insights for constructing a low-carbon and reliable new energy system.
Robustness-Based Evaluation of GHG Emissions and Energy Use at Neighborhood Level
Authors: Moschetti Roberta , Homaei Shabnam
Published: December 2024

Evaluating neighborhood performance is crucial for achieving long-term zero-carbon goals, enabling efficient energy, cost, and resource sharing among buildings. This task requires balancing multiple criteria and managing uncertainties, emphasizing the importance of performance robustness alongside high performance. This article introduces a flexible multi-criteria approach for evaluating neighborhood performance, focusing on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy use across different life cycle stages. Flytårnet, a Norwegian neighborhood with zero-emission ambitions, serves as a case study. The methodology incorporates the T-robust method, an established robustness-based approach, to select high-performance, resilient neighborhood designs under various uncertainties. Results indicate that when assessing buildings as key components and considering energy delivered during the operational phase, including photovoltaic generation, the supplied energy ranges from 25 to 80 kWh/m2/year. Over a 60-year period, life cycle GHG emissions span from 4 to 12 kg CO2-eq./m2/year, accounting for uncertainties and encompassing material production and replacement, as well as energy consumption and generation. However, the optimal design choice varies based on whether life cycle stages beyond the use stage are considered. This research provides valuable insights for decision-makers and designers seeking effective neighborhood designs in early-stage planning, considering diverse and conflicting performance criteria to achieve zero-emission goals.
The Use of Mesquite Pods (Prosopis spp.) as an Alternative to Improve the Productive Performance and Methane Mitigation in Small Ruminants: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Angeles-Hernandez Juan Carlos , Santiago Ever del Jesús Flores , Cardoso-Gutiérrez Eduardo , Valencia-Salazar Sara S. , Rodriguez Oscar Enrique del Razo , Paz Erwin A. , Ku-Vera Juan C. , Kebreab Ermias , Benaouda Mohammed , Garduño García Ángel
Published: December 2024

Mesquite (Prosopis spp.), a highly nutritious legume from arid regions characterized by its secondary metabolites, offers a cost-effective resource to provide energy and protein for small ruminant farmers in harsh environments. In addition, the high concentrations of secondary metabolites found in mesquite pods could be an option to mitigate methane (CH4) emissions. Thus, the aim of this study was to conduct an analytical review to assess the impact of adding mesquite pods on small ruminant productivity and enteric CH4 emissions. A comprehensive and structured search of scientific articles resulted in a database of 38 trials. The response variables were evaluated through raw mean differences (RMDs) and standardized mean differences (SMDs), followed by a meta-regression, used to investigate the heterogeneity of the explanatory variables. Supplementation with mesquite pods significantly increased the dry matter intake (DMI) and average daily gain (ADG) and reduced the feed conversion ratio (FCR), with sheep showing the highest effect. The meta-regression demonstrated that the mesquite pod effect was influenced mainly by the species, level of incorporation and processing of the pods. Studies employing in silico CH4 estimation reported increased emissions when the diets included mesquite pods. In contrast, in vivo studies demonstrated promising results, showing a significant reduction in CH4 emissions when mesquite pods were included in small ruminant diets. Therefore, future research should focus on evaluating mesquite pod supplementation using precise methods to assess CH4 emissions.
Attica: A Hot Spot for Forest Fires in Greece
Authors: Arianoutsou Margarita , Athanasakis George , Kazanis Dimitrios , Christopoulou Anastasia
Published: December 2024

(1) Background: Forest fires are widespread in Mediterranean-climate regions and are becoming very common in urban and peri-urban areas. (2) Methods: Wildfires in Attica since 1977 are mapped and types of vegetation burned are reported. (3) Results: Fires are becoming larger. During the period of study (1977–2024), 45% of the burned area was covered with Pinus halepensis forests, 1.4% with Abies cephalonica forests, and 18.5% with shrublands. A relatively high percentage of the burned area (BA) affected more than once consisted of pine forests (65%). Ten percent of the total BA lies within the boundaries of the Natura 2000 network, Europe’s most important network of protected areas, of which 38.9% was burned. At the interannual scale, the BA in Attica is negatively correlated with relative humidity, while reduced precipitation may contribute to the expansion of wildfires. (4) Conclusions: Fires are becoming larger over time, with low humidity increasing the higher fire risk. Since the changing climate is expected to create more severe and uncontrollable conditions, mitigation and adaptation measures should be planned and be introduced immediately.
Fire Risk Assessment and Driving Factor Analysis for the Building Complex of the Palace Museum in China
Authors: Yang Xinwei , Shen Zhanfeng , Lei Yating , Wang Bo , Liu Jinzhou
Published: December 2024

The unique structure of ancient buildings poses a significant risk of fire hazards, so the assessment of potential fire risk is of great significance to fire safety management. This paper examines the fire risk associated with the building complex of the Palace Museum. Firstly, a fire risk assessment indicator system was constructed based on three dimensions: hazard factors, sensitivity of hazard-bearing bodies, and loss control factors. Secondly, the weight values for each index were calculated based on the entropy weight method. Finally, the monthly fire risk assessment levels in the year 2019 were visualized by using a geographic information system. Based on the fire risk assessment results, this study quantitatively reveals the fire risk driving mechanism of ancient buildings in the Palace Museum from the perspective of spatial stratified heterogeneity by using the geodetector model. The results show that there are differences between the main factors that affect the weight of fire risk assessment and the main factors that cause the spatial heterogeneity of fire risk. Factors such as the safety protective grade and staff number contribute to a stronger explanation of the spatial stratified heterogeneity for fire risk within the museum. The results can help us to understand the driving factors affecting the distribution patterns of fire risk for the Palace Museum and could provide support for the formulation of fire prevention and safety management measures.
Insight into the Prevalence of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Vegetables: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Nkhebenyane Sebolelo Jane , Khasapane Ntelekwane George , Lekota Kgaugelo Edward , Thekisoe Oriel , Ramatla Tsepo
Published: December 2024

The occurrence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae in vegetables is an escalating global problem. This study aimed to document the global prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in vegetables using a comprehensive meta-analysis. A web-based search of electronic databases such as ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and PubMed was conducted using studies published between 2014 and 2024. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines were followed for the systematic review and meta-analysis. The Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) Ver 4.0 software was used to analyse the data. The pooled prevalence estimate (PPE) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated using the random effects model. After reviewing 1802 articles, 63 studies were carefully analyzed and were part of the comprehensive meta-analysis. The overall PPE of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) was 11.9% (95% CI: 0.091–0.155), with high heterogeneity (I2 = 96.8%, p < 0.001) from 2762 isolates. The blaSHV ESBL-encoding gene was the most prevalent, showing a PPE of 42.8% (95% CI: 0.269–0.603), while the PPE of blaampC-beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae was 4.3% (95% CI: 0.025–0.71). Spain had a high ESBL-E PPE of 28.4% (0.284; 95% CI: 0.057–0.723, I2 = 98.2%), while China had the lowest PPE at 6.4% (0.064; 95% CI: 0.013–0.259, I2 = 95.6%). Continentally, the PPE of ESBL-E was significantly higher in reports from South America at 19.4% (95% CI: 0.043–0.560). This meta-analysis showed that ESBL-E in vegetables increased by 9.0%, 9.8%, and 15.9% in 2018–2019, 2020–2021, and 2022–2024, respectively. The findings emphasize the potential risks of consuming raw or inadequately cleaned produce and the importance of vegetables as ESBL-E reservoirs. Our work calls for immediate attention to food safety procedures and more thorough surveillance as antibiotic resistance rises to reduce antimicrobial resistance risks in food systems.
Evaluation of Meat Quality in Duhu Hybrid Lambs Reared in Different Conditions
Authors: Jia Wanhang , Yang Jiaxin , Zhang Binglei , Sun Saiyi , Dou Xueru , Ren Guoyan , Wang Yuqin
Published: December 2024

In the western Henan agricultural area, Duhu (Dupo♂ × Hu sheep♀) hybrid lambs are the primary breed of local meat sheep, predominantly raised in large-scale indoor feeding systems, although many farmers still rely on grazing. However, limited research exists on the meat quality of Duhu lambs under both grazing and indoor feeding systems. This study examined how grazing and indoor feeding affect the nutritional quality, flavor, amino acid profile, and fatty acid composition of 7-month-old Duhu lamb meat. Grazed lamb meat exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) higher moisture, protein content, hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, rubberiness, chewiness, and resilience than indoor-fed lamb. Regarding aroma, ammonia, oxidized compounds, and inorganic sulfides were more pronounced and stable in grazed lamb meat. Flavor analysis showed stronger bitter, salty, and sweet profiles in grazed lamb meat, whereas the sour flavor was more pronounced in indoor-fed meat. Among the volatile flavor compounds, 26 organic compounds were identified in grazed lamb meat compared with 12 in indoor-fed meat, with 1 compound common. Additionally, 16 amino acids were found in both feeding systems, with amino acid levels significantly higher (p < 0.01) in indoor-fed lamb. In total, 25 fatty acids were detected in grazed lamb meat, whereas 15 were found in indoor-fed meat, with 11 showing significantly different levels (p < 0.05). Indoor-fed lamb meat exhibited a considerably higher saturated fatty acid content (p < 0.05) compared to grazed lamb meat, while the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content was significantly lower (p < 0.05).
Exploring Near-Infrared and Raman Spectroscopies for the Non-Destructive In-Situ Estimation of Sweetness in Half Watermelons
Authors: Vega-Castellote Miguel , Pérez-Marín Dolores , Wold Jens Petter , Afseth Nils Kristian , Sánchez María-Teresa
Published: December 2024

Watermelons are in high demand for their juicy texture and sweetness, which is linked to their soluble solids content (SSC). Traditionally, watermelons have been sold as whole fruits. However, the decline in the mean size of households and the very large size of the fruits, together with high prices, mainly at the beginning of the season, mean that supermarkets now sell them as half fruits. For consumers, it is important to know in advance that the fruits that they are purchasing are of a high quality, based not only on external flesh colour but also on sweetness. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and Raman spectroscopy were used for the in situ determination of SSC in half watermelons while simulating supermarket conditions. A handheld linear variable filter (LVF) device and an all-in-one (AIO) Process Raman analyser were used for the NIRS and Raman analysis, respectively. The excellent results obtained—including residual predictive deviation for prediction (RPDp) values of 3.06 and 2.90 for NIRS and Raman, respectively—showed the viability of NIRS and Raman spectroscopies for the prediction of sweetness in half watermelons.
Stellar Evolution and Convection in 3D Hydrodynamic Simulations of a Complete Burning Phase
Authors: Rizzuti Federico , Hirschi Raphael , Varma Vishnu , Arnett William David , Georgy Cyril , Meakin Casey , Mocák Miroslav , Murphy Alexander StJ. , Rauscher Thomas
Published: December 2024

Our understanding of stellar evolution and nucleosynthesis is limited by the uncertainties coming from the complex multi-dimensional processes in stellar interiors, such as convection and nuclear burning. Three-dimensional stellar models can improve this knowledge by studying multi-D processes, but only for a short time range (minutes or hours). Recent advances in computing resources have enabled 3D stellar models to reproduce longer time scales and include nuclear reactions, making the simulations more accurate and allowing to study explicit nucleosynthesis. Here, we present results from 3D stellar simulations of a convective neon-burning shell from a 20 M⊙ star, run with an explicit nuclear network from its early development to complete fuel exhaustion. We show that convection halts when fuel is exhausted, stopping its further growth after the entrainment of fresh material. These results, which highlight the differences and similarities between 1D and multi-D stellar models, have important implications for the evolution of convective regions in stars and their nucleosynthesis.
Microgels of N-Isopropylacrylamide Copolymerized with an Amphiphilic Acid for the Delivery of Doxorubicin
Authors: Rodriguez-Tellez Teresa G. , Magaña Héctor , Cornejo-Bravo José M. , Palomino-Vizcaino Giovanni , Palomino-Vizcaino Kenia
Published: December 2024

This study aims to design microgels that are thermo- and pH-sensitive for controlled doxorubicin (Dox) release in response to tumor microenvironment changes. N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) is widely used for thermoresponsive tumor-targeted drug delivery systems for the release of therapeutic payloads in response to temperature changes. Herein, a NIPAAm microgel (MP) that is responsive to temperature and pH was designed for the smart delivery of Dox. MP was made from NIPAAm, and polyethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA) was copolymerized with 5%, 10%, or 15% mol of methacryloylamido hexanoic acid, (CAM5) an amphiphilic acid. We characterized the microgels using FTIR-ATR, DLS, and FESEM. The MP 10% CAM5 exhibited a particle size of 268 nm, with a transition temperature of 44 °C. MP had a drug loading capacity of 13% and entrapment efficiency of 87%. Nearly 100% of the Dox was released at pH 5 and 42 °C, compared to 30% at pH 7.4 and 37 °C. MP 10% CAM5 showed cytocompatibility in HeLa cells using the MTT assay. However, the cell viability assay showed that dox-MP was twice as effective as free Dox. Specifically, 3 μg/mL of free Dox resulted in 74% cell viability, while the same doses of Dox in NP reduced it to 35%. These results are promising for the future tumor-targeted delivery of antineoplastic-drugs, as they may reduce the side effects of Dox.
L-Cysteine/Silver Nitrate/Iodate Anions System: Peculiarities of Supramolecular Gel Formation with and Without Visible-Light Exposure
Authors: Vishnevetskii Dmitry V. , Polyakova Elizaveta E. , Andrianova Yana V. , Mekhtiev Arif R. , Ivanova Alexandra I. , Averkin Dmitry V. , Alekseev Vladimir G. , Bykov Alexey V. , Sulman Mikhail G.
Published: December 2024

In this study, novel anion photo-responsive supramolecular hydrogels based on cysteine–silver sol (CSS) and iodate anions (IO3−) were prepared. The peculiarities of the self-assembly process of gel formation in the dark and under visible-light exposure were studied using a complex of modern physico-chemical methods of analysis, including viscosimetry, UV spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, electrophoretic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In the dark phase, the formation of weak snot-like gels takes place in a quite narrow IO3− ion concentration range. The visible-light exposure of these gels leads to an increase in their viscosity and dramatic change in their color. The morphology of gels alters after light irradiation that is reflected in the formation of a huge number of spherical/elliptical particles and the thickening of the fibers of the gel network. The interaction of CSS with IO3− anions has features of a redox process, which leads to the formation of silver iodide/silver oxide nanoparticles inside and on the surface of CSS particles. CSS possesses selectivity only to IO3− anions compared to many other inorganic ions relevant for humans and the environment. Thus, the CSS/IO3− system is non-trivial and can be considered as a novel low-molecular-weight gelator with photosensitive properties, as another way to produce silver iodide nanoparticles, and as a new approach for IO3− ion detection.
A Novel Pathogenic Sense Variant in Exon 7 of the HK1 Gene in a Patient with Hexokinase Deficiency and Gilbert Syndrome
Authors: Bartnik Magdalena , Pawlik Weronika , Burzyńska Beata , Wasilewski Konrad , Kamieńska Elżbieta , Urasiński Tomasz
Published: December 2024

Background: Hexokinase (HK) deficiency is a rare autosomal recessively inherited disease manifested by chronic nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia. Most patients present with a mild to severe course of the disease (fetal hydrocephalus, neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, severe anemia). We reviewed 37 cases of patients with hexokinase deficiency described so far, focusing on the severity of the disease, clinical presentation, treatment applied, and genetic test results. Methods: We present a 10-year-old girl who initially presented with symptoms of weakness, excessive fatigue, and yellowing of the skin and sclerae. Genetic testing detected the (TA)7 variant in both alleles of the UGT1A1 gene and diagnosed Gilbert’s disease. In the follow-up, red cell hemolysis was observed. The diagnosis was extended, and tests for red cell enzymopathy were performed and a reduced level of hexokinase—0.65 IU/gHb (normal 0.78–1.57) was found. Next-generation sequencing revealed a new sense-change variant in exon 7 in the hexokinase gene not previously reported in databases. Results: Up to this date, only around 37 cases of hexokinase deficiency associated with hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia have been documented around the world. Diagnosing hexokinase deficiency involves clinical evaluation, laboratory testing, and genetic analysis. Management focuses on treating symptoms and preventing complications; there is no cure for the underlying enzyme deficiency. In patients with severe anemia, the treatment is multiple blood transfusions followed by iron chelation therapy. Conclusions: Understanding and diagnosing hexokinase deficiency is critical for providing appropriate care and improving the quality of life for affected individuals.
Bioinformatic Analysis of Actin-Binding Proteins in the Nucleolus During Heat Shock
Authors: Taniguchi Shinya , Torii Takeru , Goto Toshiyuki , Takeuchi Kohei , Katsumi Rine , Sumida Mako , Lee Sunmin , Sugimoto Wataru , Gessho Masaya , Itoh Katsuhiko , Hirata Hiroaki , Kawakami Junji , Miyoshi Daisuke , Kawauchi Keiko
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Actin plays a crucial role not only in the cytoplasm, but also in the nucleus, influencing various cellular behaviors, including cell migration and gene expression. Recent studies reveal that nuclear actin dynamics is altered by cellular stresses, such as DNA damage; however, the effect of heat shock on nuclear actin dynamics, particularly in the nucleolus, remains unclear. This study aims to elucidate the contribution of nucleolar actin to cellular responses under heat shock conditions. Methods: Nuclear actin dynamics in response to heat shock were investigated using nAC-GFP, a GFP-tagged actin chromobody, to visualize nuclear actin in HeLa cells. Bioinformatic analyses were also performed. Results: Heat shock induced the reversible assembly of nAC-GFP in the nucleolus, with disassembly occurring upon recovery in a heat shock protein (Hsp) 70-dependent manner. Because the nucleolus, formed via liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS), sequesters misfolded proteins under heat shock to prevent irreversible aggregation, we hypothesized that nucleolar actin-binding proteins might also be sequestered in a similar manner. Using several databases, we identified 47 actin-binding proteins localized in the nucleolus and determined the proportion of intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) known to promote LLPS. Our analysis revealed that many of these 47 proteins exhibited high levels of IDRs. Conclusions: The findings from our bioinformatics analysis and further cellular studies may help elucidate new roles for actin in the heat shock response.
Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Sertoli Cells Adapting Through Redox and Metabolic Pathways Under Heat Stress in Goats
Authors: Yang Guang , Wang Yiwei , Ji Pengyun , Wang Bingyuan , Liu Guoshi
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Climate change-induced temperature elevations pose significant challenges to livestock reproduction, particularly affecting testicular function in small ruminants. This study investigates the acute heat-stress response in goat Sertoli cells (SCs), aiming to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying heat-induced damage to male reproductive tissues. Methods: SCs were isolated from testes of 4-month-old black goats and exposed to heat stress (44 °C for 2.5 h). We employed transcriptome sequencing, CCK-8 assay, electron microscopy, ROS measurement, autophagy detection, Western blot analysis, and lactate concentration measurement. Bioinformatics analyses including Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway, and protein–protein interaction network analyses were performed on the transcriptome data. Results: Heat stress significantly reduced SC viability, induced oxidative stress and autophagy, and altered gene expression profiles. We identified 1231 significantly differentially expressed genes, with significant enrichment in membrane-related processes and metabolic pathways. Metabolism-related genes, including PKLR, ACOT11, and LPCT12, were significantly downregulated. Protein–protein interaction network analysis revealed ten hub genes potentially crucial in the heat-stress response: HSP90AA1, HSPA5, BAG3, IGF1, HSPH1, IL1A, CCL2, CXCL10, ALB, and CALML4. Conclusions: This study provides comprehensive insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying goat SC response to heat stress. The identified genes and pathways, particularly those related to metabolism and stress response, offer potential targets for developing strategies to mitigate heat-stress effects on livestock reproduction. These findings contribute to our understanding of climate change impacts on animal husbandry and may inform the development of heat-stress resistant livestock lines.
Sharing Data and Transferring Samples Within Pediatric Clinical Studies: How to Overcome Challenges and Make Them a Science Opportunity
Authors: Landi Annalisa , D’Ambrosio Federica , Faggion Silvia , Rocchi Francesca , Paganin Carla , Lain Maria Grazia , Ceci Adriana , Giannuzzi Viviana
Published: December 2024

EPIICAL (Early treated Perinatally HIV-Infected individuals: Improving Children’s Actual Life) is a consortium of European and non-European research-driven organizations inter-connected with the aim of establishing a clinical and experimental platform for the early identification of novel therapeutic strategies for the pediatric Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Within the EPIICAL project, several pediatric clinical studies were conducted, requiring the collection and transfer of biological samples and associated data across boundaries within and outside Europe. To ensure compliance with the applicable rules on pediatric data and sample transfer and to support the efforts of academic partners, which may not always have the necessary expertise and resources in place for designing, managing and conducting multi-national studies, the consortium established a dedicated expert Working Group. This group has guided the consortium since the start of the project through the complexities of the ethical and regulatory aspects of international clinical studies. The group provided support in the design and preparation of the prospective and retrospective multi-center and multi-national pediatric studies with a focus on the clinical study protocols, informed consent and assent forms. In particular, well-structured informed consent and assent templates were developed, and data sharing and material transfer agreements were set up to regulate the transfer of samples among partners and sites. We considered that such support and the implementation of ad hoc agreements could provide effective practical solutions for addressing ethical and regulatory hurdles related to sharing data and transferring samples in international pediatric clinical research.
“Navigating Risk and Responsibility?”: A Mixed-Methods Study Addressing Stigma and Well-Being Among Men Who Have ‘Sex on Chems’ with Other Men in the English Midlands
Authors: Wilson Amanda , Williamson Iain R.
Published: December 2024

Background: Most research on ‘Chemsex’ has been conducted with gay, bi-sexual, and men who have sex with men (GBMSM) in large cities with well-established infrastructures. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the ‘Chemsex’ risks and responsibilities of GBMSM who lived outside of the queer metropolis. This study also aimed to understand how stigma and mental health present in the absence of a well-established community infrastructure. Methods: This study utilized mixed methods in Leicester, Leicestershire, and Rutland, a location in the East Midlands of England. The quantitative component consisted of a survey. The qualitative component comprised three case studies based on in-depth interviews, using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Results: Of the 123 survey respondents, 86% engaged in riskier sex during sessions and 35% no longer enjoyed sober sex. In the interviews, the three men balanced risk management and personal responsibility, positioning themselves as mature, considerate, and well-educated users. All were alienated by the term ‘Chemsex’. The findings are considered using theoretical frameworks, or how discourses of ‘moral threat’ operate within the micro-politics of regulating GBMSM’s pleasure and stigma. Conclusions: The complexities of understanding this practice for researchers and practitioners are discussed and recommendations are made for reframing education and support services for GBMSM.