bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Yarn geometry in woven fabrics
Authors: Ozgen Banu , Gong Hugh
Published: November 2010

Geometrical models of textile structures are important to the design, manufacture and performance prediction of textile related products. The models existing in the textile literature do not take into account the variable deformation of the yarn cross-section along the yarn path and this seriously limits the accuracy of these models. The main aim of our study was to investigate how the yarn cross-section shape changes along the yarn path in the woven fabrics and how these changes relate to the yarn and fabric parameters such as yarn linear density, twist factor, warp and weft cover factors. Based on the elliptical cross-section model, models that describe how major and minor radii were affected by the control factors were developed.
A new approach to improve the bulkiness of worsted grade wool yarn
Authors: Ali Akbar Merati
Published: November 2010

In this research, attempts are made to apply an unconventional draft system to improve the bulkiness of worsted yarn made wholly from wool. The general concept of this research is focused on an uneven length distribution of wool fibers and on the principle of the roller drafting system. Modification of the drafting system as well as various roller gauge adjustments provides an appropriate condition to produce a yarn with different physical specifications. A traditional ungrooved and smooth roller is used instead of the traditional grooved roller in the middle top roller of the drafting system and the distance between the front and middle roller pairs of different gauges are adjusted to produce the samples.

The results of this research show that the yarn diameter and bulkiness strongly depend on the roller gauge of the drafting system. The yarn produced with the ungrooved roller as the middle top roller of the drafting system shrinks more after immersing in hot water by comparison with the same yarn produced conventionally. The higher shrinkage of the yarns results in higher lateral expansion and higher increases of yarn diameter and bulkiness. Other results show that, the ungrooved roller does not alter the yarn strength and irregularity. According to the results, the highest volume of the yarn produced with the ungrooved roller can be achieved at a gauge adjustment of 12.2 cm in which the frequency of the fibers longer than the roller gauge in the staple diagram is about 8.4%. Consequently, the proper roller gauge of the drafting system should be determined from the staple diagram of the fibers and adjusted to obtain about 8.4% of fibers with a length of longer than the gauge.
From Minds to Markets
Authors: Gruber Marc , MacMillan Ian C. , Thompson James D.
Published: November 2010

The resource-based view suggests that firms’ heterogeneous resource endowments are important for explaining interfirm performance differences. To date, however, the literature provides little insight on the factors that shape the identification of markets in which firm resources, as embodied in a product or service, can create value for end customers. Building on entrepreneurship research and Penrose’s early resource-based work, the authors examine how four main types of pre-entry human capital endowments (i.e., the characteristics that the founders bring to the founding process) shape the identification of market opportunities for emerging technology firms. They find that prior entrepreneurial and management experience endowments enhance, while marketing and technological experience endowments constrain, the number of market opportunities identified. In addition, the authors find that the number of market opportunities identified depends on the combinations of generalized and specialized endowments in the founding team.
Self, Brain, Microbe, and the Vanishing Commissar
Authors: Young Allan
Published: November 2010

In his Treatise of Human Nature (1739-1740), David Hume asked how people succeed in constructing edifices of belief from their limited store of sensory impressions and derived ideas. Hume could adduce no evidence to support the existence of an inner self that intelligently manipulates impressions and ideas. At the same time, he recognized in himself the conviction that there is inner self. Today, there is a growing conviction among cognitive neuro-scientists, behavioral scientists, science journalists, and their publics that neuroscience is on the verge of providing us with the ultimate (reductionist) solution to ‘‘Hume’s problem.’’ This article describes two approaches to this solution.
Psychological Contracts across Cultures
Authors: Thomas David C. , Fitzsimmons Stacey R. , Ravlin Elizabeth C. , Au Kevin Y. , Ekelund Bjørn Z. , Barzantny Cordula
Published: November 2010

This paper explores the relationship between national culture and individuals’ psychological contracts. Predicted relationships were drawn from prior theory that identified cognitive and motivational mechanisms through which culture manifests its influence. The dominant forms of psychological contracts were evaluated against predictions based on the national-level cultural values of vertical and horizontal individualism and collectivism in four countries. Results of interviews with 57 participants indicated that French interviewees (vertical individualist) described their psychological contracts as primarily exploitive, Canadians (horizontal individualist) as primarily instrumental, Chinese (vertical collectivist) as primarily custodial and Norwegians (horizontal collectivist) as primarily communitarian. Exploration of the conditions under which patterns deviated from those predicted by the theory indicates potential areas for future theoretical development.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use Among People With Diabetes in Turkey
Authors: Küçükgüçlü Özlem , Kızılcı Sevgi , Mert Hatice , Uğur Özlem , Besen Dilek Büyükkaya , Ünsal Elif
Published: November 2010

The aim of this study was to investigate use of complementary and alternative medicines, and factors that affect use of these agents, in individuals with diabetes. This cross-sectional and descriptive study was performed at the outpatient clinics of four hospitals in Turkey with 396 diabetic individuals between October 2006 and March 2007. In this study, 34.6% of the participants were using complementary and alternative medicine in addition to conventional medicine; 73% of these individuals had not informed their doctors and nurses about their complementary and alternative medicine practice. Nurses, as health care providers, should not ignore complementary and alternative medicine options. Instead, they should try to determine the rate of complementary and alternative medicine use among their patients and understand their effects and the reasons for use of these agents. Nurses should learn more about these medicines and educate their patients.
The importance of feeling understood in marital conversations about end-of-life health care
Authors: Moorman Sara M.
Published: November 2010

This study investigates processes within marital discussions about end-of-life medical treatment preferences. The associations among marital quality, the perception of having been understood following discussion, and intentions for whom to appoint as a health care surrogate are addressed. Data from 2,969 white married couples in their mid-60s are analyzed. Four-fifths of primary respondents reported that their partners understood their preferences extremely well. Primary respondents’ perceptions of high marital quality were associated with feeling extremely well understood. In turn, feeling understood partially mediated the relationship between perceptions of marital quality and the intention to appoint the partner as durable power of attorney for health care (DPAHC). Implications for research on marital communication and quality end-of-life health care are discussed.
Paying the Piper: Funding Local Government Retiree Health Care Benefits
Authors: Daley Dennis M.
Published: November 2010

This article examines measures between various funding options and demographic and strategic human resource goals drawing on a survey of retiree health care benefits in American local governments. Survey results show that local governments have adopted cost-containment strategies and cost-sharing programs. This article explores finance approaches and revenue enhancements. Local governments have even begun to contemplate major cost-shedding options. The article investigates the relationship between these options and local government demographics (size, region, metro status, form of government, unfunded liability per capita and union influence), along with the perceived strategic effects on human resources goals (recruitment, retention and retirement).
Realigning Fixed and Variable Pay in Sales Organizations: An Organizational Life Cycle Approach
Authors: Madhani Pankaj M.
Published: November 2010

This article explains the organizational life cycle, its impact on organization performance and role of an HR manager in effective compensation management. The stages in the life cycle are a key determinant of compensation strategies and their effectiveness in achieving organizational goals. The sales revenue, business risk and free cash flow of organizations change considerably during different stages of the organizational life cycle. Sales organizations must review, update and align their sales force compensation strategy in keeping with the organizational life cycle. Realigning fixed and variable pay in the compensation structure according to different stages of organizational life cycle will help organizations design an optimal compensation strategy for building competitive advantage.
Interferences With Urine Drug Screens
Authors: Herring Charles , Muzyk Andrew J. , Johnston Cynthia
Published: November 2010

Qualitative urine drug assays are frequently used in conjunction with opioid contracts as a means of monitoring use of prescribed controlled substances as well as concurrent use of illicit substances in patients receiving opioids for chronic nonmalignant pain (CNMP) management. Appropriate use of these screening tests, in conjunction with opioid contracts, may provide the health care provider with additional information needed to safely prescribe opioids for selected individuals with CNMP. It is important for the practitioner caring for patients subject to random urine drug screening to understand interferences with the commonly used urine drug assays, as well as knowing options to confirm contested test results. We reviewed the literature on urine drug assay test interferences and present a summary of this information in this article.
The Aqedah at the End of the First Century of the Common Era: Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum, 4 Maccabees, Josephus’ Antiquities, 1 Clement *
Authors: Huizenga Leroy Andrew
Published: November 2010

The history of the development of traditions of the Aqedah is contested. Most discussion has centered on rabbinic and targumic texts, which has led certain scholars to engage in significant anachronism and others to see the Aqedah as a late development. In either case, other pertinent texts often suffer substantial neglect and misinterpretation. This article examines significant aspects of the Aqedah in documents composed and received in the later first century CE, seeking to do interpretive justice to their particular presentations of the Aqedah and showing that all significant aspects of the Aqedah were established by the end of the first century CE.
Effects of Adult Attachment and Emotional Distractors on Brain Mechanisms of Cognitive Control
Authors: Warren Stacie L. , Bost Kelly K. , Roisman Glenn I. , Silton Rebecca Levin , Spielberg Jeffrey M. , Engels Anna S. , Choi Eunsil , Sutton Bradley P. , Miller Gregory A. , Heller Wendy
Published: November 2010

Using data from 34 participants who completed an emotion-word Stroop task during functional magnetic resonance imaging, we examined the effects of adult attachment on neural activity associated with top-down cognitive control in the presence of emotional distractors. Individuals with lower levels of secure-base-script knowledge—reflected in an adult’s inability to generate narratives in which attachment-related threats are recognized, competent help is provided, and the problem is resolved—demonstrated more activity in prefrontal cortical regions associated with emotion regulation (e.g., right orbitofrontal cortex) and with top-down cognitive control (left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and superior frontal gyrus). Less efficient performance and related increases in brain activity suggest that insecure attachment involves a vulnerability to distraction by attachment-relevant emotional information and that greater cognitive control is required to attend to task-relevant, nonemotional information. These results contribute to the understanding of mechanisms through which attachment-related experiences may influence developmental adaptation.
Privates, pee-pees, and coochies: Gender and genital labeling for/with young children
Authors: Martin Karin , Verduzco Baker Lynn , Torres Jennifer , Luke Katherine
Published: November 2010

Second-wave feminists argued that early bodily knowledge was necessary for women’s sexual health and well-being. Using survey data from over 600 mothers, we ask if, decades after the sexual revolution and the height of second-wave feminism, mothers now use anatomically accurate names for genitals with boys and girls? We also ask how children participate in genital labeling with mothers. We found about equal proportions of mothers used anatomical names with boys as with girls. Further, mothers used more common childish names with boys while using ‘privates’ or vague terms more with girls. Children were also active participants in the naming of their genitals as they altered mothers’ words through mispronunciations, (mis)interpretations and adoption of words acquired elsewhere.
The height-increment record of summer temperature extended over the last millennium in Fennoscandia
Authors: Lindholm Markus , Jalkanen Risto , Salminen Hannu , Aalto Tarmo , Ogurtsov Maxim
Published: November 2010

New data have allowed us to extend a previous height-increment chronology of Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) at the northern Fennoscandian timberline 817 years backwards in time, from 1561 to 745. Our final transfer model accounts for 31% of the dependent instrumental (mean June—August) temperature variance between 1908 and 2007. According to the 1263 yr long summer temperature proxy, the most severe summers were experienced in 1601, 1790 and 782. Correspondingly, the summers of 1689, 885 and 1123 were the most favourable for growth. Two drastic shifts in temperature variability were also found. The twentieth century experienced a multidecadal change as the cold 1905—1914 period was immediately followed by a warm period from 1915 to 1944. An even more prominent shift occurred in the Middle Ages, as the most severe cold spell during 1135—1164 was preceded by the warmest period only a decade earlier, during 1115—1124. The Fourier spectrum of the reconstruction shows significant concentrations of variance around 33.3, 23.3 and 11 years, and between 2.6 and 3.0 years. The wavelet spectrum was able to date several centres of fluctuating periodicities between 745 and 2007. Furthermore, daily temperature records allowed us to define the major growth forcing climatic factor in more detail than in previous response analyses. The mean temperature during a 53 day season from 14 June to 6 August produced the strongest positive growth response ( r 2 = 0.36).
Transnational company policy and coordination of collective bargaining - new challenges and roles for European industry federations
Authors: Müller Torsten , Platzer Hans-Wolfgang , Rüb Stefan
Published: November 2010

This article is based on a comprehensive investigation of the organization and policies of all 12 European industry federations (EIFs) since the beginning of the 1990s. The focus in the present analysis lies on the evolution of the tasks, governance capacity and functions of the EIFs in the areas of company policy and collective bargaining — areas which traditionally belong to the ‘core business’ of the national-level trade unions. The empirical analysis demonstrates that, since the early 1990s, the European industry federations have — despite a longstanding lack of resources — proven able to develop from providing forums for the exchange of information to becoming platforms for the definition of binding guidelines and minimum standards. This expansion of their functional competence, which reflects the growing willingness of their national affiliates to be drawn into and committed by transnational coordination processes, has also led to more differentiated organizational and political structures within the European federations.
Complaints on Health Services: A Survey of Persons With Disabilities
Authors: Gal Iddo , Weisberg-Yosub Pnina , Shavit Maya , Doron Israel
Published: November 2010

This study examined the extent to which people with disabilities express their voices and present complaints about the quality of health services, and how their complaints are submitted, compared to nondisabled persons. Data were collected via two national surveys from 243 people with disabilities and 956 nondisabled respondents in Israel who perceived themselves to be aggrieved by their health providers. People with disabilities complained only slightly more often than nondisabled persons, and the majority of complaints were submitted locally and informally by both groups. Since people with disabilities use health services more frequently than nondisabled persons, the fact that a majority of customers with disabilities remains silent causes the health system to lose important information regarding areas for redress or for service recovery. The results have implications for needed actions by health providers and outreach efforts by advocacy groups as well as for further policy and research directions that can improve the quality of health services to people with disabilities.
Institutional Work: Refocusing Institutional Studies of Organization
Authors: Lawrence Thomas , Suddaby Roy , Leca Bernard
Published: November 2010

In this paper, we discuss an alternative focus for institutional studies of organization - the study of institutional work. Research on institutional work examines the practices of individual and collective actors aimed at creating, maintaining, and disrupting institutions. Our focus in this paper is on the distinctiveness of institutional work as a field of study and the potential it provides for the examination of new questions. We argue that research on institutional work can contribute to bringing the individual back into institutional theory, help to re-examine the relationship between agency and institutions, and provide a bridge between critical and institutional views of organization.
Thermally induced vibrations in a generalized thermoelastic medium with diffusion
Authors: Deswal Sunita , Choudhary Suman
Published: November 2010

In this paper we are concerned with a study of the thermoelastic diffusion problem with thermal relaxation in a two-dimensional elastic medium. The bounding surface (isothermal or insulated) of the half-space is taken to be traction free and subjected to a uniformly distributed thermal shock. The fundamental equations of generalized thermoelasticity with diffusion with one relaxation parameter in an elastic medium are obtained as a vector-matrix differential equation form in the Laplace-Fourier transform domain, which is then solved by the eigenvalue approach. A numerical technique is employed to obtain the solution in the physical domain. A comparison is made between the results obtained in a thermoelastic medium with and without diffusion at two different times.
A new method to predict the permanent deformation of rectangular plates based on shock energy compensation
Authors: Liangjun Li  , Weikang Jiang
Published: November 2010

The response of plate subjected to underwater explosion loading is of major concern in a variety of marine, ship and offshore platform applications. This paper first conducts the theoretical analysis of the shock loading acting on the plate exposed to underwater explosion. Thereafter, an effective numerical method is adopted to compute the central plastic deformation of the rectangular plates shocked by primary shock wave without regard to the modeling of surrounding water. Therefore numerical computation efficiency is highly improved. Due to the disregard of the gas bubble pulsation energy, numerical central deflections of the rectangular plates are less than the experimental results. Thus, an energy-modified method is advanced to modify the numerical results according to the energy distribution during underwater explosion. The comparison of two types of modified numerical predictions with experimental results piece-wise shows good agreement.
Delta-nabla optimal control problems
Authors: Girejko Ewa , Malinowska Agnieszka B , Torres Delfim FM
Published: November 2010

We present a unified treatment to control problems on an arbitrary time scale by introducing the study of forward-backward optimal control problems. Necessary optimality conditions for delta-nabla isoperimetric problems are proved, and previous results in the literature are obtained as particular cases. As an application of the results of the paper we give necessary and sufficient Pareto optimality conditions for delta-nabla bi-objective optimal control problems.
Robust adaptive backstepping attitude stabilization and vibration reduction of flexible spacecraft subject to actuator saturation
Authors: Qinglei Hu  , Bing Xiao
Published: November 2010

This paper presents a dual-stage control system design method for flexible spacecraft attitude stabilization control and active vibration suppression. In the design method, the attitude control system and vibration suppression are designed separately using a lower order model. As a stepping stone, a backstepping controller with the assumption of knowing system parameters is designed that ensures asymptotical convergence of attitude described by Modified Rodrigues Parameters (MRPs) vector and velocity in the presence of bounded parameter variation/disturbances. Then this controller is redesigned such that the need for knowing the system parameters in advance is eliminated by using an adaptive update law. Lyapunov analysis shows that this adaptive controller can also guarantee the asymptotical convergence. In addition, for the actuator restricted by physical structure, a modified adaptive backstepping attitude controller is also developed in the presence of external disturbances and input saturation. The undesirable vibration is also actively suppressed by applying feedback control voltages to piezoceramic actuators, in which the modal velocity feedback (MVF) control method is adopted here for determining the control voltages. Compared with conventional methods, the developed control scheme guarantees not only the stability of the closed-loop system, but also yields better performance and robustness. Simulation results are presented for the spacecraft model to show the effectiveness of the proposed control techniques.
Transient dynamics of a massive structure on the seismically oscillating foundation
Authors: Brigante M. , Sumbatyan MA
Published: November 2010

In the present paper we study an anti-plane nonstationary (transient) problem for a massive structure above the oscillating foundation. The latter is taken as an elastic half-space with an oblique plane seismic wave incoming from below to the boundary surface. The structure is assumed to be considerably more rigid than the foundation. The analytical treatment is achieved by applying the Laplace transform over time. After that the solution in the half-space is constructed by using the Fourier transform along the horizontal coordinate. By satisfying the joining boundary conditions between the rectangle and the foundation, the problem is reduced to an integral equation along the contact zone, which contains the Laplace parameter. We propose a new numerical approach to solve the dual Volterrà—Fredholm integral equations of the arising type. Then we investigate the dynamic properties of the structure for various combinations of physical and geometric parameters.
Functional Properties of Protein from Frozen Mantle and Fin of Jumbo Squid Dosidicus gigas in Function of pH and Ionic Strength
Authors: Rocha-Estrada J.G. , Córdova-Murueta J.H. , García-Carreno F.L.
Published: November 2010

Functional properties of protein from mantle and fin of the jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas were explained based on microscopic muscle fiber and protein fractions profiles as observed in SDS-PAGE. Fin has higher content of connective tissue and complex fiber arrangement, and we observed higher hardness of fin gels as expected. Myosin heavy chain (MHC) was found in sarcoplasmic, myofibril and soluble-in-alkali fractions of mantle and only in sarcoplasmic and soluble-in-alkali fractions of fin. An additive effect of salt concentration and pH affected the solubility and foaming properties. Fin and mantle proteins yielded similar results in solubility tests, but significant differences occurred for specific pH and concentrations of salt. Foaming capacity was proportional to solubility; foam stability was also affected by pH and salt concentration. Hardness and fracture strength of fin gels were significantly higher than mantle gels; gels from proteins of both tissues reached the highest level in the folding test. Structural and molecular properties, such as MHC and paramyosin solubility, arrangement of muscle fibers and the content of connective tissue were useful to explain the differences observed in these protein properties. High-strength gels can be formed from squid mantle or fin muscle. Fin displayed similar or better properties than mantle in all tests.
Particle Stability in Dilute Fermented Dairy Drinks: Formation of Fluid Gel and Impact on Rheological Properties
Authors: Kiani H. , Mousavi M.E. , Mousavi Z.E.
Published: November 2010

Fluid gels are known to be very shear-thinning materials with yield stress. In this study, the rheological properties of gellan and gellan—pectin fluid gels in fermented dairy drinks were evaluated using viscometric measurements. Both gellan- and gellan—pectin-containing solutions showed the rheological properties of fluid gels resulting in stabilization of particles; but no evidence of a fluid gel was observed for those with pectin alone and those with no hydrocolloid content. Unlike pectin, gellan gum was capable of creating significant values of yield stress and accordingly stabilized colloidal particles and extrinsic added solid particles in the fermented dairy drink. However, pectin improved the stability in combination with gellan. The origin of fluid gel formation was assumed to be both permanent interactions occurring between gellan and proteins, forming hairy particle gels and transient interactions between the particle gels. The significance of yield stress values for particle stability was demonstrated and two methods, including a noteworthy infinite apparent viscosity method and a conventional Bingham approach, were employed to calculate the values of yield stress. Both the methods showed a good application potential due to their simplicity, reasonable results and also wide availability of the instrument applied.
A Timing Strategy for Investments in U.S. Hospitality Stocks
Authors: Ming-Hsiang Chen
Published: November 2010

Historical data for the period from January 2, 1973 to May 30, 2008 show that U.S. airline, hotel, restaurant, and travel and leisure sector indices underperformed the market portfolio (S&P 500) in terms of the Sharpe ratio. This result suggests that simply buying and holding hospitality sector stocks is a poor investment strategy. It is necessary for hospitality stock investors to find a method of improving their investments in U.S. hospitality sector stocks. This study offers a timing strategy for investing in U.S. hospitality sector stocks. Directional changes in the Fed discount rate signal when to buy or sell stocks of different hospitality sectors. Accordingly, a timing strategy is formulated and its performance relative to a passive buy-and-hold (market portfolio) strategy is examined with five risk-adjusted performance measures. Empirical evidence derived from the daily trading data over a 35-year period generally supports the superiority of the proposed timing strategy for investments in hotel, restaurant, and travel and leisure sector stocks over the buy-and-hold strategy based on various risk-adjusted performance evaluation methods.
Development and Initial Validation of a Measure to Assess Factors Related to Sustainability of School-Wide Positive Behavior Support
Authors: McIntosh Kent , MacKay Leslie D. , Hume Amanda E. , Doolittle Jennifer , Vincent Claudia G. , Horner Robert H. , Ervin Ruth A.
Published: November 2010

Sustainability of effective practices in schools is a critical area for research in any domain. The purpose of this article is to describe and evaluate the validity and reliability of a recently developed research instrument designed to evaluate schools’ capacity to sustain school-wide positive behavior support (SWPBS) efforts at the universal tier. The School-Wide Universal Behavior Sustainability Index–School Teams (SUBSIST) was created to assess factors (of the context, implementer practices, and outcomes) that enhance or prevent sustainability of SWPBS. Content of the web-based survey was identified through literature review, and initial validation analyses included ratings of content validity by an expert panel ( n = 21) and assessment of internal consistency, test–retest reliability, interrater reliability, and concurrent validity (with SWPBS fidelity of implementation data) through a pilot study ( n = 25). Results indicated strong psychometric properties for assessing sustainability. The authors discuss the results in terms of future research in enhancing SWPBS sustainability.
Policing, urban poverty and insecurity in Latin America
Authors: Campesi Giuseppe
Published: November 2010

This article explains how, in the late 20th century, Latin America went through a transition in social-control policy that followed and paralleled the area’s transition from a pervasively authoritarian polity to a democratic one bearing a strong neoliberal imprint. Social-control strategies initially designed to serve a national-security doctrine mainly directed against political opponents morphed into strategies for the repressive government of the advanced marginal groups that for the most part live within economically deprived urban areas. The focus here will be on Buenos Aires and Mexico City. These two cases will be used to exemplify the way in which crime and public security in the Latin American megalopolis have become an important part of the political agenda and how the fears and concerns so amplified have stimulated strong neo-authoritarian pressures that in certain ways have stifled police-democratization processes which had got under way in both Argentina and Mexico in the last decade of the 20th century.
Food risks, old and new
Authors: Buchler Sandra , Smith Kiah , Lawrence Geoffrey
Published: November 2010

New forms of food production, processing and distribution have resulted in rising consumer concern over food safety and quality. This study draws upon data from an Australia-wide survey to evaluate whether consumer perceptions towards various types of food risks differ according to demographic factors. This study has two distinct foci: those concerned with new, and those concerned with traditional, food risks. First, we investigate attitudes and concerns towards food additives and food regulation, characterized by new risks associated with chemicals, pesticides and food additives, as well as industry safeguards and issues of regulation in regard to these modern factors. Second, we consider more traditional types of risk associated with food contamination, such as spoilage and being past the used-by date. Our research suggests that if the risk in question is traditional, preventable and specific knowledge is required in order to avoid it, people who earn less than $25,000 per year, those who have not completed high school and religious people tend to be more concerned. In contrast, if the risk is modern, affects everyone equally, and the effects are not obvious or immediate, women, people with more education and older people tend to be more concerned. This study supports previous research which shows that various groups within society understand and respond to food safety risks differently.
Helping others or a rewarding career? Investigating student motivations to train as social workers in England
Authors: Stevens Martin , Moriarty Jo , Manthorpe Jill , Hussein Shereen , Sharpe Endellion , Orme Joan , Mcyntyre Gillian , Cavanagh Kate , Green-Lister Pam , Crisp Beth R
Published: November 2010

• Summary: Understanding why people want to be social workers is important both for developing social work education and for the profession as a whole. This article presents evidence about the motivations of students enrolled on social work degree programmes in England and draws on data from 3000 responses of three successive intakes of students responding to six online surveys and 26 focus group interviews involving 168 students from nine different social work programmes in six case study sites. The article locates these data in the context of earlier studies of social workers’ motivations, the changing policy context and the changes introduced by the new degree.

• Findings: Similar to previous studies, the current analysis shows that altruistic motivations dominated, but students were also influenced by career issues and the day-to-day aspects of social work. The data highlight continuities with the former qualification in social work in the UK (the DipSW) and provide evidence that the introduction of the social work degree has not dramatically changed the underlying motivations of social work students.

• Applications: Understanding student motivations is important in terms of recruitment to social work qualifying programmes and subsequent retention within the profession. Social work educators and employers need to pay attention to the consequences of mismatches between motivations and expectations about what professional practice involves.
Work-related factors that impact social work practitioners’ subjective well-being: Well-being in the workplace
Authors: Shier Micheal L , Graham John R
Published: November 2010

• Summary: This research is among the first to analyze social work practitioners’ workplace subjective well-being (SWB), the social scientific concept of happiness. From an initial survey of 646 social workers, 13 respondents with the highest SWB scores were interviewed: a cohort that can teach us much about creating and sustaining SWB.

• Findings: The following reports on one aspect of those qualitative findings: the work related factors that impact overall SWB. Researchers found that the respondents’ overall SWB was impacted by characteristics of their work environment (i.e. physical, cultural, and systemic), interrelationships at work (i.e. with clients, colleagues, and supervisors), and specific aspects of the job (i.e. factors associated with both workload and type of work).

• Applications: The findings are discussed in relation to social work administration, and future research. There are implications for direct social work practitioners, managers, and educators, and in particular with regard to workplace environments that support social worker SWB.
Processes of Reflectivity
Authors: Ben-Ari Adital , Enosh Guy
Published: November 2010

The aim of this article is to suggest a useful approach demonstrating the focal role of processes of reflectivity in qualitative research. In particular, we distinguish between levels of analysis and analytical procedures for generating and organizing the interpretation of data and meanings in knowledge construction. We argue that reflective processes simultaneously involve both a state of mind and an active engagement. Within this context, reflective processes may refer to deliberate awareness involving both a contemplative stance (state of mind) and intentional activity aimed at recognizing differentness and generating knowledge (active engagement). Specifically, we identify four levels of reflection: observation, informants’ accounts, text deliberation, and contextualization and reconstruction. Simultaneously, we suggest several practical analytical procedures of reflectivity, which emanate from a dialectical line of thinking, including figure and ground, pre-existing expectations, apparent contradictions and opposites, and turning points (epiphanies). The dialectical approach to qualitative inquiry presented here maintains that discrepancies and opposites found at one level of analysis may be reconciled at a higher level of conceptual integration. During this process, the researcher becomes aware of the emergence of new knowledge by being attuned to a sense of differentness. We demonstrate the application of this model utilizing a concrete example taken from a research project evaluating a rehabilitation program for imprisoned male batterers.
Threats to autonomy in consumer societies and their implications for education
Authors: Schinkel Anders , de Ruyter Doret , Steutel Jan
Published: November 2010

The development of autonomy in children is a central concern of liberal philosophers of education. We endorse the liberal intuition that autonomy matters and that it is an appropriate aim of education. However, we divert from autonomy liberals, who defend a rather limited and demanding conception of autonomy that is closely connected with skills of critical thinking and reflection. As a consequence of this conception, they believe that (orthodox) religious education poses one of the severest threats to the development of autonomy. We do not deny the value of their conception of autonomy. Our point, however, is that the inhibition of the development of this kind of autonomy is not by far as serious a problem as the frustration of a more basic form of autonomy that the majority of people are expected to achieve. Focusing on this kind of autonomy, we argue that it is not religious education, but rather certain ingrained features of consumer societies that pose the greatest threats to the development of autonomy. We conclude by offering some suggestions regarding how education can counter these threats.
Automated identification and characterisation of secondary and tertiary γ′ precipitates in nickel-based superalloys
Authors: Tschopp M. A. , Tiley J. S. , Viswanathan G. B.
Published: November 2010

The use of different electron loss edges in energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) has allowed researchers to capture images of the morphology and size of precipitates in nickel-based superalloys. In this work, the authors discuss a computational methodology for automated detection of secondary and tertiary γ′ precipitates in EFTEM images. The optimum parameters for the automated region growing technique were identified using a combination of visual inspection and intensity information from the EFTEM images. The microstructural statistics obtained from the segmented γ′ precipitates agreed with those of the manually segmented precipitates. Then, automated segmented precipitates are used to extract microstructural information about the distributions of equivalent diameters of 656 tertiary precipitates along with the distances to the nearest secondary precipitates. The significance of this technique is its ability to automate segmentation of precipitates in a reproducible manner for acquiring microstructural statistics that relate to both processing and properties.
Semisolid processing of metallic materials
Authors: Atkinson H. V.
Published: November 2010

Semisolid processing involves forming metallic alloys between the solidus and the liquidus. For the process to operate, the microstructure must consist of solid spheroids in the liquid matrix, rather than dendrites. The material then flows when it is sheared but thickens again when allowed to stand, i.e. it behaves thixotropically. This type of behaviour was first discovered by Flemings and co-workers in the 1970s and is utilised in a family of processes, some now applied commercially. Here, the current status of semisolid processing, both technologically and from a research point of view, will be reviewed.
Human neutrophils interact with both 6-sulfo LacNAc+ DC and NK cells to amplify NK-derived IFNγ: role of CD18, ICAM-1, and ICAM-3
Authors: Costantini Claudio , Calzetti Federica , Perbellini Omar , Micheletti Alessandra , Scarponi Claudia , Lonardi Silvia , Pelletier Martin , Schakel Knut , Pizzolo Giovanni , Facchetti Fabio , Vermi William , Albanesi Cristina , Cassatella Marco A.
Published: November 2010

The role of neutrophils as key players in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses is increasingly being recognized. We report that human neutrophils establish a network with both natural killer (NK) cells and 6-sulfo LacNAc+ dendritic cells (slanDCs), which ultimately serves to up-regulate NK-derived interferonγ (IFNγ). This network involves direct reciprocal interactions and positive amplification loops mediated by cell-derived cytokines. Accordingly, we show that after lipopolysaccharide + interleukin-2 (IL-2) or IL-15/IL-18 stimulation, neutrophils directly interact with and potentiate the activity of both slanDCs and NK cells. On the one hand, neutrophils augment the release of IL-12p70 by slanDCs via a CD18/ intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) interaction that stimulates activated NK cells to produce IFNγ. IFNγ further potentiates the interaction between neutrophils and slanDCs and the release of slanDC-derived IL-12p70, thus creating a positive feedback loop. On the other hand, neutrophils directly costimulate NK cells via CD18/ICAM-3, leading to the production of IFNγ. Colocalization of neutrophils, NK cells, and slanDCs, as well as of IL-12p70 and IFNγ, in inflamed tissues of Crohn disease and psoriasis provides strong evidence for a novel cellular and cytokine cooperation within the innate immune system in which neutrophils act as amplifiers of NK cell/slanDC-mediated responses.
Immunoglobulin light chains activate nuclear factor-κB in renal epithelial cells through a Src-dependent mechanism
Authors: Ying Wei-Zhong , Wang Pei-Xuan , Aaron Kristal J. , Basnayake Kolitha , Sanders Paul W.
Published: November 2010

One of the major attendant complications of multiple myeloma is renal injury, which contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality in this disease. Monoclonal immunoglobulin free light chains (FLCs) are usually directly involved, and tubulointerstitial renal injury and fibrosis are prominent histologic features observed in myeloma. The present study examined the role of monoclonal FLCs in altering the nuclear factor κ light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activity of renal epithelial cells. Human proximal tubule epithelial cells exposed to 3 different human monoclonal FLCs demonstrated Src kinase–dependent activation of the NF-κB pathway, which increased production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). Tyrosine phosphorylation of inhibitor of κB kinases (IKKs) IKKα and IKKβ and a concomitant increase in inhibitor of κB (IκB) kinase activity in cell lysates were observed. Time-dependent, Src kinase–dependent increases in serine and tyrosine phosphorylation of IκBα and NF-κB activity were also demonstrated. Proteasome inhibition partially blocked FLC-induced MCP-1 production. These findings fit into a paradigm characterized by FLC-induced redox-signaling events that activated the canonical and atypical (IKK-independent) NF-κB pathways to promote a proinflammatory, profibrotic renal environment.
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for adults with acute myeloid leukemia: myths, controversies, and unknowns
Authors: Gupta Vikas , Tallman Martin S. , Weisdorf Daniel J.
Published: November 2010

Progress in the last decade has improved the understanding of leukemia biology. Molecular markers in combinations with cytogenetics have improved the risk stratification of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and informed decision-making. In parallel, several important advances in the transplant field, such as better supportive care, improved transplant technology, increased availability of alternative donors, and reduced-intensity conditioning have improved the safety as well as access of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) for a larger number of patients. In this review, the positioning of HCT in the management of patients with AML is evaluated in view of changing risk/benefit ratios associated with both conventional treatments and transplantation, and some of the controversies are addressed in light of emerging data. Increasing data demonstrate outcomes of alternative donor transplantation approaching HLA-identical sibling donors in high-risk AML supporting the inclusion of alternative donors in trials of prospective studies evaluating post remission strategies for high-risk AML. The use of reduced-intensity conditioning has expanded the eligibility of HCT to older patients with AML, and outcome data are encouraging. Continued study of HCT versus alternative therapies is required to optimize patients' outcomes in AML.
Acetylated microtubules are required for fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes
Authors: Xie Rui , Nguyen Susan , McKeehan Wallace L , Liu Leyuan
Published: November 2010

Background

Autophagy is a dynamic process during which isolation membranes package substrates to form autophagosomes that are fused with lysosomes to form autolysosomes for degradation. Although it is agreed that the LC3II-associated mature autophagosomes move along microtubular tracks, it is still in dispute if the conversion of LC3I to LC3II before autophagosomes are fully mature and subsequent fusion of mature autophagosomes with lysosomes require microtubules.

Results

We use biochemical markers of autophagy and a collection of microtubule interfering reagents to test the question. Results show that interruption of microtubules with either microtubule stabilizing paclitaxel or destabilizing nocodazole similarly impairs the conversion of LC3I to LC3II, but does not block the degradation of LC3II-associated autophagosomes. Acetylation of microtubules renders them resistant to nocodazole treatment. Treatment with vinblastine that causes depolymerization of both non-acetylated and acetylated microtubules results in impairment of both LC3I-LC3II conversion and LC3II-associated autophagosome fusion with lysosomes.

Conclusions

Acetylated microtubules are required for fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes to form autolysosomes.