bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Income Effects
Authors: Wilson Robert
Published: October 2023

This chapter shows how income effects in customers’ preferences are included in the construction of nonlinear tariffs. For simplicity, only monopoly pricing is addressed here; income effects complicate Ramsey pricing more severely so this topic is deferred to a brief treatment in § 13. Income effects are included in the demand profile by allowing it to depend on the total tariff as well as the marginal price. This amendment complicates calculations because a second-order differential equation must be solved to obtain the optimal tariff. When income effects are substantial, the tariff depends on customers’ incomes and on their income-elasticities of demand.
Technical Amendments
Authors: Wilson Robert
Published: October 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to clarify some technical aspects of the models studied in previous chapters. The presentation invokes more mathematics than used previously, but we do not undertake a fully rigorous analysis. Our aim is mainly to describe how some complications that can arise in general formulations can be resolved. Three technical sections address supplementary topics.
Multiple Products and Competitive Tariffs
Authors: Wilson Robert
Published: October 2023

Multiproduct firms and firms in competitive industries also use nonlinear pricing. The illustrations in §2 from the power and communications industries provide examples of nonlinear tariffs used by multiproduct firms in regulated industries. The illustrations from the airline and package-delivery industries provide examples of nonlinear tariffs in industries affected strongly by competitive pressures.
Multiproduct Tariffs
Authors: Wilson Robert
Published: October 2023

This Chapter describes a method of constructing multiproduct tariffs that is similar to those described in §4 and §12 for one or more single-product tariffs.
Bibliography
Authors: Wilson Robert
Published: October 2023

Because few references are provided in the text, this chapter provides a bibliography of the literature on nonlinear pricing and a capsule summary of its theoretical development. No attempt is made to be exhaustive; rather, the main ideas are emphasized and references are given to the key technical articles on which the various chapters are based. This literature provides supplementary material on the topic of each chapter.
The Future Of The Past
Authors: Woodward C Vann
Published: October 2023

Eminent historian C. Vann Woodward presents a vivid collection of essays broadly concerned with contemporary attitudes towards history and historical study. Woodward discusses the dangers and attractions of historical re-enactments in fiction and in the media; the persistance of popular myths about the white anti-slavery movement; the literary phenomenon of the Southern Renaissance; the failure of the post-Civil War Reconstruction and the treatment of that failure by historians; and the uses and abuses of comparative history.
The Future of the Past
Authors: Woodward C Vann
Published: October 2023

The Fortunes and Vitalities of the learned disciplines, his­tory as well as the others, vary considerably from period to period. Decades of confidence and fulfillment are followed by eras of hesitation and marking time. The relative status and prestige of the disciplines change accordingly. Without attempting to ex­plain the phenomenon, I would contend that the profession of history in America enjoyed a period of exceptional felicity, in fact, something of a boom period, during the two decades follow­ing the Second World War.
Emancipations and Reconstructions: A Comparative Study
Authors: Woodward C Vann
Published: October 2023

Comparisons Arb Essential To All Historical Understanding. American understanding of freedom and of the price the nation paid for it has suffered from lack of comparative reference. In proposing such an approach to the study of emancipation and Reconstruction history, I am of course conscious of the recent outburst of interest in the comparative history of slavery and the light it has shed on an American institution that was thereby rendered less peculiar and more understandable.
Reconstruction: A Counterfactual Playback
Authors: Woodward C Vann
Published: October 2023

The Ruins Of Two Great Failures dominate the landscape of American history. They stand close together in the middle dis­tance, back to back, but separate and distinct. One is the ruins of the Confederacy, the South’s failure to gain independence. The other is the ruins of Reconstruction, the North’s failure to solve the problem of the black people’s place in American life. The South’s failure was the North’s success and vice versa.
Henry Adams
Authors: Woodward C Vann
Published: October 2023

Although The Library Of America was planned to consist of literary classics, it has already found space for the masterpieces of two historians. The first of these was Francis Parkman’s France and England in North America. There could have been little debate about Henry Adams’s work on the age of Jefferson and Madison qualifying for a place beside Parkman as a classic or any question about its author being considered literary. But Adams (1838-1918), though only 15 years younger, was more than a literary generation removed from Parkman (1823-93), the great romantic.
In Memoriam
Authors: Woodward C Vann
Published: October 2023

I Speak In The Presence Of Those Who knew and loved Rich­ard Hofstadter best and therefore with the knowledge that noth­ing I can say will fully express their sense of loss and grief. I will not even be able to put my own feelings into words, much less the feelings of those of you who have known him better and longer, even less those of his family. He was too much a part of our own lives, too much a point of reference in our thoughts, too deeply fixed in our hearts, and the pain of his loss is to.
Oral Culture
Authors: Goody Jack
Published: October 2023

A CULTURE without writing. Many of the standard comparisons between oral and literate cultures are flawed because the role of writing is misrepresented. Writing does not supplant oral communication; it is merely another channel of communication, substituting for the oral only in certain contexts but at the same time developing new ones. It is the same with the new electronic media; they are only substitutes for oral and written communication in certain contexts and are always dependent on them, just as writing is dependent on the oral use of language, which remains the primary means of human communication. It is very important to distinguish between societies (or cultures) with and without writing and also between the written and oral traditions in societies with writing. Oral communication in societies with writing is not the same as it is in those without it.
Play
Authors: Miracle Andrew W
Published: October 2023

Behavior with a genetic basis that is voluntary and pleasurable and that results in an altered state of consciousness while leaving one in control of one’s actions. Play can be realized only in contrast tononplay behaviors. The experience of the play state may be sufficient motivation for engaging in play behavior. This definition implies that one ought to distinguish between the experience of play (as a state of being) and play behaviors as they may be observed in play events. Anthropologists Victor Turner and Helen Schwartzman also have noted that the major difficulty in defining and studying play is distinguishing the act from the experience. For example, urban Zulu males engaged in a soccer match or Dani children playing flip-the-stick may be said to be participants in play events. However, while an observer may assume they are experiencing play, it is un likely that this assumption can be verified. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi has stated that play is a state of subjective experience because its existence is contingent on there being an awareness of alternatives: “[W]e play when we know we are playing. . . . If we could not conceive of acting by a set of rules that are different from those to which we have learned to adapt, we could not play.” He also has developed the concept of flow, which is related to playfulness.
Mime
Authors: Royce Anya Peterson
Published: October 2023

A dramatic form that throughout its long history has portrayed the ordinary through extraordinary means, communicating through the use of Gesture and movement rather than words. To do this mime has evolved a structure that conveys its message through the visual and tactile channels of expression and that is characterized by the features of narrative, time and space, and impulse and weight. In a standard dictionary, definitions of mime refer to its usage both as a noun and as a verb. Moreover, in its noun form it refers to the person who mimes as well as to the Genre. It is used in the sense of a number of theatrical forms as well as to mean imitation in general. Throughout most of its history mime has been plagued by negative associations; decrees, licensing laws, and theater censorship were designed, on the one hand, to contain mime within certain limits and, on the other, to guarantee the preserve of serious drama. Yet mime continued and continues to be per formed to full houses, precisely because it portrays the ordinary person in commonplace situations. It is a form of gesture and movement that has as its goal the presentation of the ordinary, but in evoking the everyday world it must use extraordinary means.
First Pitch
Authors: Echevarria Roberto González
Published: October 2023

Alonso de Ojeda, one of the first conquistadors to rush to the Caribbean in the wake of Columbus, was a man of great physical strength and skill. Lore has it that one of his favorite feats was to stand at the base of the Giralda Tower in Seville, which is a full 250 feet high, and hurl an orange clear over the statue on top of it. Almost 500 years later, in 1965, Pedro Ramos, a Cuban pitcher with the Yankees at the time, tried to reach the ceiling of the Houston Astrodome (208 feet) with a baseball before the first game ever played there. Ojeda’s stunt uncannily anticipated that throwing a round object would become a passion of the variegated progeny he and others were to leave in the Caribbean. It is among the first things a boy learns in the region.
The Age of Gold
Authors: Echevarria Roberto González
Published: October 2023

The 1949-50 season marked the beginning of a decade of stability in the Cuban League that was like no other before in its long history but that led, ironically, to its demise with the advent of the revolution. The period is framed by two victories that rekindled the nationalism that had prevailed in Cuban baseball since the days of Almendares’ victory over a Fe team made up of black Americans, since Mendez’s shutouts of Cincinnati, Torriente’s homers against the New York Giants, and since the triumphs in the Amateur World Series. The first was the already reported win in the inaugural Caribbean Series; the last, the Cuban Sugar Kings’ capture of the 1959 Little World Series against the Minneapolis Millers. The Gran Stadium in Havana was the stage for both. The Little World Series, played to full houses that included a triumphant Fidel Castro, took place less than a year after the revolutionary takeover. The nationalist fervor brought such support to the Sugar Kings that it seemed to herald the coming of majorleague baseball to Havana, the dream of Cuban entrepreneurs since the late forties. It was instead the last hurrah of Cuban professional baseball, in a reversal of epic dimensions and, for many players, tragic consequences.
Work, Workers,and the Workplace in Americz
Authors: Nolan Mary
Published: October 2023

Fordism claimed to have transformed the nature of work as well as workers’ reactions to it, and Germans took that claim seriously. They saw mechani, zation, flow production, the assembly line, and Taylorism not merely as tech, nological improvements with economic consequences, but also as social inno, vations with psychological and political implications. This restructured system of work raised old questions about exploitation, job satisfaction, and occupational identities and cultures but expressed in new ways. It cast doubts on the future of German quality work and the German skilled worker, and it raised the problematic issue of whether work shaped the worker or had to be shaped to the cultural and political peculiarities of a given nation. German concern with the Americanization of work focused on a set of interrelated themes. The links between rationalization and deskilling, between mechanization and quality-of both the product and the pro, ducer-were of key importance in a country that industry and labor alike defined in terms of German quality work. The issues of work intensity, monotony, and job satisfaction-or “joy in work,” to borrow the elusive but ubiquitous concept-were central to German debates on the crisis of work which many believed afflicted Weimar Germany. Did most workers want mindless detail work, as Ford repeatedly asserted?1 Or were their desires for meaningful tasks and work-centered identities thwarted by tech, nology and flow production?
The Transformation of American Law 1870–1960
Authors: Horwitz Morton J
Published: October 2023

Morton Horwitz’s The Transformation of American Law, 1780-1860 won the Bancroft Prize in American History in 1978 and is considered one of the most significant books ever published in American legal history. A paperback edition is widely used in undergraduate American history courses and legal history courses in law schools. Legal scholars and historians eagerly await Horwitz’s sequel for the modern period which he is now submitting for our consideration. Horwitz’s first volume considered the economic conflicts underlying the transformation of American law in the antebellum period. He sought to show how the resolution of conflict through legal rather than political channels led emerging entrepreneurial and commercial groups to win a disproportionate share of wealth and power in American society. His sequel traces the ongoing contest between orthodox and critical movements in American law and their impact on the American legal and political system. Horwitz considers American legal thought and practice in a broad intellectual context, noting the profound impact of positivist and humanist thinking on legal ideology.
The Econometric Approach To Efficiency Analysis
Authors: Greene William H
Published: October 2023

As described in Chapter 1, two very distinct methods of estimating efficiency in production have developed in the literature. This chapter will survey the econometric approach and provide a summary of the received techniques. Little attempt will be made to survey the received empirical literature. Not only is the list already prohibitively large, but it continues to grow, partly with the latter chapters of this volume.1 Section 2.8 will present some estimates based on the U.S. airline industry in order to illustrate some of the basic, more accessible techniques.The literature on frontier production and cost functions and the calculation of efficiency measures begins with Farrell (1957). He suggested that we could usefully analyze technical efficiency in terms of realized deviations from an idealized, frontier isoquant. This approach falls naturally into an econometric approach in which the inefficiency is identified with disturbances in a regression model.
Technical Efficiency And Technical Progress In Swedish Dairy Farms
Authors: Kumbhakar Subal C , Hjalmarsson Lennart
Published: October 2023

In recent years panel data are increasingly used in the estimation of economic efficiency. Although one can estimate technical efficiency for each production unit using cross-sectional data, the estimates of technical efficiency can not control for individual-specific effects. One has to assume that these individual-specific effects are identical for all production units. On the other hand, when panel data are available one can separate technical (in)efficiency from individual-specific effects. Panel studies can be classified into two groups in terms of their treatment of technical efficiency.
The Schoolhouse Door
Authors: Clark E Culpepper
Published: October 2023

Some of the most important battles of the civil rights era were fought in Alabama: Montgomery, Birmingham, Selma and Tuscaloosa. Indeed, Alabama was to the civil rights movement what Virginia was to the Civil War. This is the story of how the University of Alabama experienced the end of segregation and how events on that campus influenced the civil rights movement and exposed the massive resistance to the changes it promised. It is the story of two dramatic confrontations, the Autherine Lucy episode in 1956 (Lucy was the first person of colour to be admitted to the University and was promptly expelled after mass demonstrations) and George Wallace ‘s 1963 stand in the schoolhouse door (trying to bar the entry of Vivian Malone and James Hood) - confrontations that transformed Tuscaloosa into an international dateline and gave the nation symbols for an age of moral struggle. It is the story of courageous black applicants, reactionary university trustees, lawyers and judges, cautious university officials, fist-shaking demonstrators, fiery crosses, brave and bewildered students, powerful people and their low cunning, also men and women of high purpose struggling almost without hope, and, in the end, it is the story of George Wallace, whose confrontation with the Kennedy ‘s changed America ‘s political landscape. The author has written a powerful narrative history that gives insight into an important era of American history, a local history that sheds light on larger national issues.
Final Cast
Authors: Clark E Culpepper
Published: October 2023

In December 1962, the children at Verner Elementary School on the south side of the campus got the thrill of their lives. It was the last day of classes before Christmas holidays. A training jet from Air National Guard headquarters in Birmingham appeared over the campus, switched on its camera and began taking reconnaissance photographs. The pilot pulled up, surprised when an RF-101 Voodoo streaked in from the east also making photos. To the delight of the children, the two airmen decided to show their stuff and began a series oflow level runs that included rollovers and thunderous sound effects. Another Voodoo and trainer arrived a bit later. The show lasted about two hours.
The Secularization of Power
Authors: Sommerville C John
Published: October 2023

It should not be surprising to find that a secularizing of power was at the heart of our subject, since religion is best defined in terms of power. Certainly the activities of the state have been prominent in our considerations thus far, indicating that the secularization of English culture was largely due to a contest between two kinds of power. In 1486 the English government was glad to have the support of a papal bull which announced the Holy Father’s “great curse” on those who did not acknowledge Henry VII; the king reprinted it in a proclamation. Supernatural power stood over political power and the Church had monopolized it. Two centuries later the English government refused to allow its emasculated church even to define blasphemy for legal purposes. This chapter traces the steps in the process by which religion lost its preeminent position and became one political issue among many.
The Lees of Virginia
Authors: Nagel Paul C
Published: October 2023

In The Lees of Virginia, Paul Nagel chronicles seven generations of Lees, from the family founder Richard to General Robert E. Lee, covering over two hundred years of American history. We meet Thomas Lee, who dreamed of America as a continental empire. His daughter was Hannah Lee Corbin, a non-conformist in lifestyle and religion, while his son, Richard Henry Lee, was a tempestuous figure who wore black silk over a disfigured hand when he made the motion in Congress for Independence. Another of Thomas’ sons, Arthur Lee, created a political storm by his accusations against Benjamin Franklin. Arthur’s cousin was Light-Horse Harry Lee, a controversial cavalry officer in the Revolutionary War, whose wild real estate speculation led to imprisonment for debt and finally self-exile in the Caribbean. One of Harry’s sons, Henry Lee, further disgraced the family by seducing his sister-in-law and frittering away Stratford, the Lees’ ancestral home. Another son, however, became the family’s redeeming figure--Robert E. Lee, a brilliant tactician who is still revered for his lofty character and military success. In these and numerous other portraits, Nagel discloses how, from 1640 to 1870, a family spirit united the Lees, making them a force in Virginian and American affairs. Paul Nagel is a leading chronicler of families prominent in our history. His Descent from Glory, a masterful narrative account of four generations of Adamses, was hailed by The New Yorker as “intelligent, tactful, and spiritually generous,” and Pulitzer Prize-winning historian W.A. Swanberg, in the Chicago Sun-Times, called it “a magnificent embarrassment of biographical riches.” Now, in The Lees of Virginia, Nagel brings his skills to bear on another major American family, taking readers inside the great estates of the Old Dominion and the turbulent lives of the Lee men and women.
Reforming the System: The Salzburg Initiative and Other Proposals for Change
Authors: Susskind Lawrence E
Published: October 2023

In the fall of 1989, with support from the Massachusetts-based Dana Greeley Foundation for Peace and Justice, a small group of scholars, diplomats, and environmental activists met at the Program on Negotiation at Harvard Law School. Their goal was to explore possible institutional reforms that might encourage more effective global environmental treaty making in the face of growing mistrust among nations, continued governmental unwillingness to acknowledge mounting evidence of new environmental threats, and the unremitting desire on the part of most nations to protect their sovereignty. The group identified several factors that seemed to account for past collective action on the environment: the existence of the scientific equivalent of a “smoking gun” (for example, a hole in the ozone layer), strong worldwide pressure from activists and the news media acknowledging a threat, and the emergence of a simply stated action that might address the problem or reduce the risk (for example, phase out the production of CFCs).
Hysteria
Authors: Goetz Christopher G , Bonduelle Michel , Gelfand Toby
Published: October 2023

On October 12, 1878, the British Medical Journal (BM]) described a clinical demonstration conducted a few months earlier at the Salpêtrière. The subject was hystero-epilepsy and the metteur en scène, Jean-Martin Char cot. “That remarkable disease,” commented Arthur Gamgee, a professor of physiology from Manchester, “almost all our knowledge of which is due to the labours of M. Charcot.”
The Age of the Queen Mother: 1566-1656
Authors: Peirce Leslie P
Published: October 2023

According to the Venetian ambassador Paulo Contarini, the dismissal of the grand vezir Sinan Pasha in 1582 was due in large part to the efforts of the queen mother, Nurbanu Sultan, who wanted her own candidate in the post. In addition, observed Contarini, she was motivated by a desire “to avenge her self for the words that Sinan had dared to speak, that empires are not governed with the counsel of women, and moreover that authority did not rest with her, even though she might try to make it seem so, but rather with the sultana consort.”1 It was perhaps at that moment, a year before the death of Nurbanu, that the combined power of the queen mother and the favorite was the greatest. The affair of Sinan Pasha’s dismissal reveals the rivalry not only between influential individuals in the inner and outer government (exempli fied here in the tension between queen mother and grand vezir) but between female generations (queen mother and favorite).
The Rhetorical Paradigm in Psychiatric History: Thomas Szasz and the Myth of Mental Illness
Authors: Vatz Richard E , Weinberg Lee S
Published: October 2023

As even his critics acknowledge, psychiatrist Thomas Szasz is the preeminent and most prolific critic of psychiatric theory, practice, and participation in public policy and the law.1 Born in Budapest, Szasz and his family escaped Nazi Europe when Szasz was in his teens. While forsaking his original interest in internal medicine to specialize in psychiatry, Szasz was always skeptical of the medical pretensions of psychiatry, especially insofar as psychiatric hospitals were represented to be authentic medical hospitals. Instructed by his new department chair at the University of Chicago, where he did his residency, to spend a year of training at a state mental hospital, Szasz refused, saying “I won’t go because I don’t believe in it.”2 Szasz had acquired early on an appreciation of the effects of language and metaphor on perceived reality, which led to skepticism and disbelief of psychiatric orthodoxy. After publishing a number of articles critical of psychiatric concepts and practice, in 1961 Thomas Szasz wrote his seminal work, The Myth of Mental Illness: Foundations of a Theory of Personal Conduct, a book that challenged the medical identity of psychiatry.3
The Mechanisms Of Governance
Authors: Williamson Oliver E
Published: October 2023

New Institutional Economics is a new way to look at how organizations function. Rather than seeing the firm as a “black box”, Williamson shows how decision makers respond to economic factors WITHIN the firm—what he calls “transaction cost economics” (TCE). In this series of studies, Williamson shows how complexity expands in organizations because of bounded rationality and opportunism; that is the “bad news” of his message. The “good news” is that individuals within organizations become perceptive of resulting hazards they may and do encounter, and are adept at fashioning their organizations to cope creatively with difficult situations. This creativity accounts for diversity among organizations, in which governance structures are adapted to firm—or industry-specific hazards.
Calculativeness, Trust, and Economic Organization
Authors: Williamson Oliver E
Published: October 2023

My main purpose in this chapter is to explicate what Diego Gambetta has referred to as “the elusive notion of trust” (1988, p. ix). As the literature on trust reveals, and as developed here, “trust” is a term with many meanings. The relentless application of calculative economic reasoning is the principal device that I employ to define and delimit the elusive notion of trust. The calculative approach to economic organization is sketched in Section 1. The concept of “calculative trust,” which enjoys widespread and growing acceptance but with which I take exception, is examined in Section 2. Societal trust, which works through the institutional environment and takes a series of hyphenated forms, is briefly treated in Section 3. Nearly non calculative uses of trust of a personal kind are developed in Section 4. Concluding remarks follow in Section 5.
Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Grand Alliance, 1933-1945
Authors: Powaski Ronald E
Published: October 2023

By the time Franklin D. Roosevelt entered the White House in March 1933, it had become obvious that the U.S. nonrecognition policy was a failure. Not only did the policy fail to change the internal structure of the Soviet Union, it did not dissuade the Soviets from engaging in anticapitalist activities abroad. Nor did it prevent other countries from establishing diplomatic relations with the Soviet government. Indeed, of all the world’s major countries only the United States did not recognize the Soviet Union at the time of Roosevelt’s inauguration.
Framing the Margins
Authors: Harper Phillip Brian
Published: October 2023

In this dramatic re-reading of postmodernism, Phil Harper contends that the fragmentation considered to be characteristic of the postmodern age can in fact be traced to the status of marginalized writers of the thirties to fifties: West, Nin, Barnes, Allison, Brooks. Disempowered by circumstances of gender, race, and sexual orientation, these writers (Harper argues) display a postmodern sensibility that is specifically rooted in their status in society.
International Law and International Relations: The Prospects for Interdisciplinary Collaboration
Authors: Beck Robert J
Published: October 2023

So submitted Louis Henkin in his classic study, How Nations Behave: Law and Foreign Policy.1 The present volume is animated by the spirit of interdisciplinary collaboration called for by Henkin, and more recently by Kenneth Abbott, Robert Keohane, Anne-Marie Slaughter, and Oran Young. For too long, International Relations (IR) scholars have simply dismissed international law as either irrelevant or epiphenomenal: in general, “law” has been left, rather unceremoniously, to the lawyers.International Law (IL) scholars, meanwhile, have typically returned the favor, ignoring routinely the work of political scientists on international rules and institutions.
From White Man to Redskin: Changjng Anglo-American Perceptions of the American Indian
Authors: Vaughan Alden T
Published: October 2023

The use of color terminology for major social groups, especially “whites” and “blacks, “ is nowadays virtually universal even though those labels are chromatically inaccurate and encourage a dangerous homogenization of human categories. Yet as shorthand labels for what most people probably perceive as significant divisions of the human species, chromatic labeling seems as deeply entrenched as is the concept of “race” on which it rests. It has not always been so: “black” and “white” were rarely afrPlied to humans (in print, at least) until the sixteenth century; “red” and “yellow” came into frequent use two centuries later.
The Origins Debate: Slavery and Racism in Seventeenth-Century Virginia
Authors: Vaughan Alden T
Published: October 2023

Historians—like lawyers, physicians, and movie critics—are often at wggerheads over interpretations of major matters. Sometimes the different viewpoints are almost predictable, stemming from the interpreters’ disparate backgrounds or ideologies, especially on issues that bridge the usual boundaries between events of the past and the present. But sometimes the reasons for differences are harder to discern, being rooted in the unique definition a scholar gives to crucial terms, or the idiosyncratic significance placed on certain words, or in the very personal intellectual context into which the historian tries to fit new evidence. Whatever the explanation for scholarly disagreements, surely the debate over the origins of slavery, and especially of racism, in early Vitginia has been a prime example for nearly half a century.
The Problem of Rights
Authors: Walker Samuel
Published: October 2023

“THE CRISIS IN American society today,” thundered Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas, is a result of the “judicial rights revolution.” Our streets are overrun with crime, drug abuse is rampant, and teenage pregnancy is epidemic. These and other problems are symptoms of a pervasive collapse of individual responsibility in contemporary society. And who is to blame for this disaster? The courts or, to be more precise, activist liberal federal judges. “Why is there no discipline in our schools?” “Why are so many of our streets rife with drug bazaars?” He places the blame on judicial activism on behalf of rights.
The Political Ideas of the Young Turks
Authors: Hanioğlu M Şükrü
Published: October 2023

Foreign scholars commenting on the Young Turks’ writings, even after the revolution of 1908, had difficulty deciphering the heavy Islamic rhetoric and references used. Even the titles of Young Turk organs-Ezan, Hak, ictihad, Mef Veret-hadbeen selected for their appeal to a Muslim readership. In the CUP anthem, the sultan was accused of being “an atheist,” and in an early propaganda pamphlet, the CUP leaders described an imaginary trial-not in a modern court, which they professed to admire, but on Judgment Day when the Prophet, famous caliphs, Ottoman sultans, and statesmen tried Abdülhamid II and sentenced him to death according to Islamic law.Whereas in their open writings the CUP leaders extolled and promoted Islam,4 their private letters reveal the disregard in which they held Islam, especially in its institutionalized form. Here is a letter from Ahmed Riza to his sister: Though many famous scholars emerged among the Arabs in the fields of geometry, algebra, astronomy, geography, and medical sciences during the times of Prophet Muhammad and of his successors, a thousand years later the ummahof Muhammad have descended so low as to request a shopping tally of three and a half gurush from the clerk of grocer Georgos.
Gender in Practice
Authors: Kay Fiona , Hagan John
Published: October 2023

This book analyses the current status of women in the law, drawing on two major studies in Canada in 1985 and 1990, and relating the findings to women and the legal profession in the United States.
Modern Slavery and Modern Freedom
Authors: Drescher Seymour
Published: October 2023

Until the late eighteenth century, slavery was deemed acceptable wherever Europeans dominated in the world beyond Europe. However, the relatively effortless extension of the institution during the three centuries after 1450 depended on the continual constriction of its legitimacy within early modern Europe itself. Especially in terms of northwestern European self-identity, the historical shift of the social order and social values to libertarian norms began in medieval Europe, long before the creation of northern European slave plantations in the Americas.
Desires: Last Tango At The Academie
Authors: Matsuda Matt K
Published: October 2023

In March 1914, “the celebrated metaphysician of the College de France,” one “M. Balgson,” delivered a lecture on a subject previously unexplored by the world’s most famous living philosopher: the tango. The lecture, reported more or less straight-faced by the satirical Paris journal Le Sourire, played on many of the themes which had brought such renown to Henri Bergson, whose weekly lectures on consciousness, memory, and the creative energies of the clan vital attracted overflow crowds to the College de France. The fictitious lecture of Le Sourire might have occasioned a laugh, as it lampooned the dance fanaticism of the 1913-14 season by equating the rage of the ballroom with the darling of popular intellectual fashion.1 The conjunction of one of the Academie’s Immortals, arbiter of classics, and the tango, a popular folkloric dance from Argentina, could be counted on to raise a few smiles.
Treasures of Tibetan Art
Authors: Lipton Barbara , Ragnubs Nima Dorjee
Published: October 2023

Constructed between 1945 and 1947 by Jacques Marchais (professional name of Jacqueline Klauber), the Jacques Marchais Museum of Tibetan Art in Staten Island houses more than 1200 pieces of Tibetan Buddhist art from China and Mongolia, dating from the 17th to the 19th centuries. Two essays about the history of the museum and the history of Tibetan Buddhism open the catalogue, which contains 169 objects from the museum's collections.
Diagnostic Histopathology of the Bone Marrow
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

This book is written as an introduction and guide to the interpretation of the bone marrow biopsy. It is intended primarily for pathologists and pathologists-in-training., but it is hoped that it may also be of interest to hematologists and oncologist who perform bone marrow biopsies on their patients. Although emphasis has been placed on the histologic interpretation of the bone marrow core biopsy, an attempt has been made to integrate the histopathologic findings with clinical and laboratory features and peripheral blood and bone marrow aspiration morphology. The role of morphology in hematologic diagnosis has been overshadowed in recent years by newer immunologic and molecular techniques. Morphology remains, however, the “gold standard” for many hematologic diagnoses, and is the appropriate point of departure for more complex diagnostic investigations. The cost-effectiveness of the relatively simple microscopic examination of a smear of blood or bone marrow, by a trained observer with knowledge of the clinical problem at hand, unsurpassed. Nevertheless, immunologic and molecualr techniques have revolutionized many areas of hematologic diagnosis and an effort has been made to incorporate discussion of these newer techniques wherever applicable.
World Economic Primacy
Authors: Kindleberger Charles P
Published: October 2023

This book examines why certain countries have achieved, at some period in their history, economic superiority over all other countries. The author is particularly interested not only in the factors that lead to this primacy, but also the factors that cause the primacy to end. The study begins in 1350 with Italian city-states, and continues through Portugal, Spain, the Low Countries, Great Britain, and the United States. Additional chapters treat France as a perennial challenger, Germany which twice waged war to attain primacy, and Japan.
The National Cycle
Authors: Kindleberger Charles P
Published: October 2023

Ifit be agreed that there is a life cycle of the human individual, one may ask whether there is a life cycle of a nation. Individuals are born, grow, mature, and die, but new generations follow in their train and may keep the city­ state or nation-state on a steady track. Nations may not die, though Fernand Braudel claims that civilizations are mortal (1966 [1975], p. 775). The cyclical idea of history was broached by Spain as early as 1600 (Elliot, 1961 [1970], p. 170). With national economies, economists have pointed to business cycles, and within them the cycle of invention, followed by improvement and stasis (Wijnberg, 1992); a corporate cycle (Mueller, 1988), well illustrated in 1993 by the problems of General Motors, IBM, General Electric, and Sears Roebuck; and, with particular application to manufactured products innovated in one country and then spread abroad, the product cycle (Vernon, 1966). A Spanish historian has even noted a cycle in the guild, an organizational structure encouraged by Ferdinand and Isabella and useful at the start of industrial growth because it helped maintain standards of quality, but ending as “obstruction, oppression and fraud” (Vicens Vives, 1970, p. 142). One modern political scientist refers to a national power cycle (Doran, 1985), another to cycles in war (Bergesen, 1985). Even a literary critic, reviewing Spengler’s Decline of the West, comments:
The Missing People In Development Planning
Authors: Haq Mahbub Ul
Published: October 2023

The most difficult thing in life is to discover the obvious. It took Newton to question why an apple falls down rather than up and to discover the law of gravity. It took Einstein to point out that time and space are relative, not absolute, which led to the theory of relativity. It took Keynes to observe that if every individual tries to save without investing, the nation as a whole may not be able to save because total output will decline. So, what is considered economically rational behaviour at the disaggregate level may not be all that rational at the aggregate level, an observation that culminated in the General Theory. And it took Churchill to thunder in the midst of the Second World War: ‘There is no finer investment than putting milk in babies.”In the same spirit, after many decades of development, we are redis covering the obvious-that people are both the means and the end of economic development. Often, this simple truth gets obscured because we are used to talking in abstractions, in aggregates, in numbers. Human beings, fortunately too stubborn to lend themselves to becoming a mere abstraction, are conveniently forgotten. Economists, in discussing the means of development, often talk about investment capital. Physical capital has taken centre stage, to the exclusion of many other factors of production. Human capital is measured neither quantitatively nor qualitatively. Nor does it receive the attention it deserves. Many societies, despite an abundance of financial capital, have been unable to develop.
“The Tocsin of Freedom”: The Black Leadership of Radical Reconstruction
Authors: Foner Eric
Published: October 2023

Reconstruction, the turbulent period that followed the Civil War, was a time of momentous changes in American political and social life. But no development during that era marked so dramatic a break with the nation’s traditions, or aroused such bitter hostility from Reconstruction’s opponents, as the appearance of large numbers of black Americans in public office only a few years after the destruction of slavery. Before the Civil War, blacks did not form part of America’s “political nation.” In 1860, only five Northern states, all with tiny black populations, allowed black men to vote on the same terms as white. Black officeholding was unknown in the slave South and virtually unheard of in the free states as well. During Presidential Reconstruction (1865–67), voting and elective office in the South continued to be restricted to whites.
The Common Soldier’s Gettysburg Campaign
Authors: Glatthaar Joseph T
Published: October 2023

In one of the most misinterpreted statements in the Civil War, Confederate General Robert E. Lee once explained his command style to Prussian military observer Justus Schiebert. “I think and work with all my powers to bring my troops to the right place at the right time.” Once he had completed that, Lee continued, “I leave the matter up to God and the subordinate officers,” because to interfere “does more harm than good.” Lee was not abdicating responsibility for the course of battle, as some scholars have suggested; rather, he was merely concurring with Union generals Ulysses S. Grant and William Tecumseh Sherman that a commander’s ability to influence combat was finite. Success on the battlefield depended on subordinate officers’ capacity to command, and soldiers’ ability to fight. In short, Lee could bring his forces together at the proper location and the precise moment, but the army, its officers and its men, had to execute for victory.
Why Markets Don’t Stop Discrimination
Authors: Sunstein Cass R
Published: October 2023

Markets, it is sometimes said, are hard on discrimination. An employer who finds himself refusing to hire qualified blacks and women will, in the long run, lose out to those who are willing to draw from a broader labor pool. Employer discrimination amounts to a self-destructive “taste”—self-destructive because employers who indulge that taste add to the costs of doing business. Added costs can only hurt. To put it simply, bigots are weak competitors. The market will drive them out.
Chinese Workers and Taiwanese Competitiveness
Authors: Hsing You-tien
Published: October 2023

The increasing regional disparities in China and the consequent massive migration from the interior has brought an oversupply of workers to the coastal south. Because of the abundant supply of migrant workers with di­ versified qualifications, Taiwanese investors were able to employ a strategy of”people sea” to expand the production capacity rapidly in southern China. Such a strategy was combined with exploitation of unorganized and unprotected migrant workers. In some factories, Chinese workers did enjoy better benefits, working conditions, and skill training when the investor had a more stable source of orders and a longer term investment plan. However, in most cases the Taiwanese competitiveness in the world shoe markets was still based on a labor practice of free hiring and firing, low wages, and very intensive work.
In Defense of Private Writing: Consequences for Theory and Research
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: October 2023

Most of the words written by most people are intended for the eyes of others. Indeed, many people have this intention for everything they write. Still, some people sometimes, and many people occasionally, write words not meant for others to see. Some of this writing seems trivial, as when people make lists and jottings for themselves for day-to-day business; but some of it is far from trivial, as when people write out important thoughts or feelings they don’t want anyone else to see. Some of this writing goes in a diary of some sort, but some it is discarded or destroyed soon after it is written.
Hulme of Original Sin
Authors: Schuchard Ronald
Published: October 2023

Some of us who include Eliot in our own syllabuses have to contend with a number of entrenched attitudes toward his life and work, especially the alleged discontinuity of the poetry and criticism written before his religious conversion with that written after. Since the 1920s the cumulative criticism of Eliot’s development as a poet, critic, and Anglo-Catholic has persuaded most classroom teachers to accept the following assumptions and chronology: that the poems written from “Prufrock” to “The Hollow Men” are those of a despairing, sceptical poet probing spiritual bankruptcy in the modern world; that from “Tradition and the Individual Talent” (1919) to his formal conversion in 1927 Eliot’s theory of tradition and criticism spring from literary rather than moral concerns; that in 1928, when in the preface to For Lancelot Andrewes Eliot announces that his attitude is “classicist in literature, royalist in politics, and anglcatholic in religion,” there is a rather sudden turn from an aesthetic and literary theory of tradition to a moral and religious doctrine of orthodoxy; that in After Strange Gods (1934) and later Eliot not only sins against literature by employing his dogmatic religious beliefs as the narrow touchstone of his criticism but yearns nostalgically for the unified sensibility and moral security of a lost medieval world. Few would accept the assertion that by 19r6 Eliot’s classical, royalist, and religious point of view was already formulated. A first step toward establishing this assertion is to examine evidence of Eliot’s critical and religious position in 1915-16, and especially the role of T. E. Hulme in defining that position.
Esau And Jacob
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain , Moisès Carlos Felipe
Published: October 2023

Esau and Jacob is the last of Machado de Assis's four great novels. At one level it is the story of twin brothers in love with the same woman and her inability to choose between them. At another level, it is the story of Brazil itself, caught between the traditional and the modern, and between the monarchical and republican ideals. Instead of a heroic biblical fable, Machado de Assis gives us a story of the petty squabbles, conflicting ambitions, doubts, and insecurities that are part of the human condition.
Theories of Justice in the Context of Research
Authors: Powers Madison
Published: October 2023

A central theme throughout this volume is the recent transition from a view of justice in research ethics, having an almost exclusive emphasis on the need for special protection of vulnerable populations, to an increased concern that members of disadvantaged populations (both individually and as a group) have greater access to the potential benefits of medical research and increased opportunities to participate as research subjects. However, the theoretical justifications offered in support of this fundamental change in view are diverse, and the implications for public policy vary accordingly.
Justification for Hate Crime Laws
Authors: Jacobs James B , Potter Kimberly
Published: October 2023

The New Hate Crime laws have been enacted for essentially symbolic reasons. However, once enacted, they must be defended against charges that they are unnecessary, unfair, and unconstitutional. Sophisticated jurisprudential rationales, frequently dependent on and bolstered by social science studies, emerge in the course oflitigation and are elaborated, honed, and polished in the hands of appellate lawyers, judges, and professors. In this chapter, we examine and critique the most frequently offered justifications for hate crime laws. In chapter 8, we will take up the question of constitutionality.