bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Auditory and Visual Modalities in Recall of Words
Authors: Gadzella Bernadette M. , Whitehead Deborah A.
Published: September 2011

Ten experimental conditions were used to study the effects of auditory and visual (printed words, uncolored and colored pictures) modalities and their various combinations with college students. A recall paradigm was employed in which subjects responded in a written test. Analysis of data showed the auditory modality was superior to visual (pictures) ones but was not significantly different from visual (printed words) modality. In visual modalities, printed words were superior to colored pictures. Generally, conditions with multiple modes of representation of stimuli were significantly higher than for conditions with single modes. Multiple modalities, consisting of two or three modes, did not differ significantly from each other. It was concluded that any two modalities of the stimuli presented simultaneously were just as effective as three in recall of stimulus words.
Relationship of Objective Score, Perceptual Trace, and Practice Method in Learning to Balance
Authors: Bole Ronald
Published: September 2011

The relationship of the perceptual trace to the objective score (raw score) under three practice conditions was the main concern of this study. Three groups of 14 Ss performed 35 trials on a stabilometer balancing task. Ss were asked to estimate how well they did after each trial. The difference between S's actual score and his guess was used as a measure of the perceptual trace. While performance and time estimations improved with practice, they correlated very low. The results were discussed in the context of Adams' closed-loop theory and gave mixed support for the theory.
Clinical and “Actuarial” Evaluation of Organic Brain Damage by Psychologists and Non-Psychologists Using the Memory-for-Designs
Authors: Blankenhorn Ann , Cerbus George
Published: September 2011

This study examined the effects of type of training and level of education on clinical judgment, as demonstrated in “clinical” and “actuarial” evaluation of the Graham-Kendall Memory-for-Designs (1960). Protocols of 6 organic and 6 non-organic patients matched for age and IQ were evaluated by 18 judges. Nine of the judges were psychologists and nine had degrees in some field other than psychology. In each group 3 judges had PhDs, 3 had Master's degrees, and 3 had Bachelor's degrees. There was no significant difference ( p > .01) between the 2 groups in clinical or actuarial diagnoses of brain damage regardless of level of education, and inter-rater reliability was all but identical. Results were consistent with other research on clinical judgment.
Relationship of Autonomous Imagery and Creative Self-Perceptions
Authors: Khatena Joe
Published: September 2011

107 Marshall University students were categorized as less, moderate, and more autonomous imagers according to the Gordon Test of Visual Imagery Control. More autonomous imagers obtained higher mean creative perception scores than moderate and less autonomous imagers, and moderate imagers obtained higher scores on creative perception than less autonomous imagers as measured by Something About Myself.
Training in Musical Rhythm and Field Dependence of Children
Authors: Parente Joseph A. , O'Malley John J.
Published: September 2011

The present experiment investigated the effects of musical rhythm training on field dependence in children. An experimental group of 12 Ss showed significant improvement on the Children's Embedded-figures Test and the Rod-and-frame Test after training, while a matched control group did not improve. Pretest scores on the Children's Embedded-figures Test and the Rod-and-frame Test were not correlated.
Perceptions of Height and Self-Esteem
Authors: Prieto Alfonso G. , Robbins Michael C.
Published: September 2011

Although no relationship was found between the actual height of 69 young adolescent males and their self-esteem, positive and significant relationships were found between their own, peers', and teacher's perceptions of their height and self-esteem. These results are discussed with reference to the relationship between body morphology, behavior, and personality.
Serial Processing Shown by Mutual Masking of Icons
Authors: Harcum E. Rae , Nice D. Stephen
Published: September 2011

In a procedure called mutual masking, two compound words were tachistoscopically exposed successively at the same location. Perceptual accuracy for both words was examined. With fixation at the center of the arrays, Ss often identified the component at the left within the temporally first word and at the right within the second. These results imply a left-to-right serial processing. With fixation on beginning or end component, Ss tended to identify the component away from fixation of the first word and the fixated part of the second. This implies scanning from periphery toward fixation. Therefore, sequential processing of iconic information was obtained, with direction of processing determined by specific conditions.
Judgment Error in Category vs Magnitude Scales
Authors: Eyman Richard K. , Kim P. John , Call Tom
Published: September 2011

The effects of a variety of experimental conditions on the judgments (length of lines) of 16 normal and 16 mentally retarded observers were examined using category and magnitude scaling techniques. Using error and variability of judgment as criteria for measuring response bias, for normal subjects knowledge about the stimulus range, whether learned or provided, had as much to do with resulting judgments as the type of scale used. Judgment error of the retarded group was significantly greater than the normal group and appeared to be related to their limited ability to assign categories or proportions to the simuli used.
Directionality in Four Bender-Gestalt Figures: III
Authors: Weiss A. A.
Published: September 2011

Two predictions, viz., that for Austrian non-clinical school children whose left-right reading-writing habits parallel an assumed innate left-right drawing tendency, a clear preference for left-right execution of 4 Bender-Gestalt figures (Nos. 1, 2, 3, 6) would be attained at an earlier age and no plateau would be observed in contrast to Israeli non-clinical school children whose right-left reading-writing habits are in a direction opposite to the assumed innate drawing tendency, were confirmed at significant levels of confidence. In a sub-sample of the Austrian population investigated fathers' educational/occupational level as well as the child's position in his sibship as measures of attention and stimulation in the home do not appear to have any significant influence on preference for direction of drawing.
Monitoring and Reinforcement by Parents as a Means of Automating Articulatory Responses: II. Study of Preschool Children
Authors: Shelton Ralph L. , Johnson Anita F. , Willis Valerie , Arndt William B.
Published: September 2011

To establish articulatory responses on an automatic level 10 preschool children between 4 and 6 yr. of age were given training in production of a training sound out of context and in a set of 10 words. The mother of each child was oriented to a home program by means of a video tape that demonstrated activities to be employed. An audio tape was used to orient the mothers to the identification and evaluation of speech sounds. During the first wk. of home training, each mother was to evaluate her child's articulation of a training sound in an imitative word drill situation and in elicited conversation. Candy or stickers were given to the children for correct responses. During the remaining 4 wk., each mother was to monitor daily her child's spontaneous speech and to evaluate 30 conversational productions of the training sound. Correct responses were rewarded. When an incorrect response was produced, the mother was to have the child imitate the word after her. Each mother kept a record of how many of the 30 responses were correctly articulated each day. That record plus the children's scores on sound-production tasks and talking-tasks constituted the data for analysis. For the group, sound-production task and talking-task measures obtained after training reflected better articulation than did pretreatment scores. Greater gains were made on sounds taught than on other sounds misarticulated by some of the children. Records accumulated by five of the parents also indicated improved articulation.
Automated Reinforcement of Head Posture in Two Cerebral Palsied Retarded Children
Authors: Ball Thomas S. , Crady Richard E. Mc , Hart Archibald D.
Published: September 2011

A transistor radio activated by a mercury switch was used to reinforce head posture in two retarded children with severe cerebral palsy. Under the contingent music condition dropping the head forward automatically terminated the broadcast (music). A comparison of baseline and treatment phases showed that head orientation was strongly controlled by contingent music.
Human Figure Drawing Characteristics Related to Juvenile Delinquents
Authors: Montague Daniel J. , Prytula Robert E.
Published: September 2011

Human figure drawings were scored on seven characteristics popularly attributed to juvenile delinquents, i.e., head size, shading, and three indicators of emotional conflict, i.e., transparencies, omissions, and erasures. Ss were adolescents incarcerated at training schools. Delinquency was defined in terms of MMPI profiles associated with delinquency rather than by social-legal or medical-diagnostic classification. The results fail to support popular hypotheses concerning human figure drawings of delinquents. Delinquents drew significantly more transparencies; however, no other emotional indicator was significant. It was concluded that little support exists for hypotheses concerning human figure drawings of delinquents and drawings should be used with caution in the clinical assessment of a delinquent's personality.
Role of Feedback in Voluntary Control of Heart Rate
Authors: Manuck Stephen B. , Levenson Robert W. , Hinrichsen James J. , Gryll Steven L.
Published: September 2011

The relative effectiveness of biofeedback techniques on the voluntary control of heart rate was examined by randomly assigning 32 Ss to one of four feedback conditions in a bi-directional heart-rate control task: (1) no feedback, (2) binary feedback— S was signaled when an interbeat interval had changed in the correct direction, (3) “real-time,” proportional feedback— S was provided information about the relative duration of successive interbeat intervals, and (4) numerical, proportional feedback—each interbeat interval was represented as a numeral indicating its relationship to pre-trial mean by direction and magnitude. Significant over-all heart-rate changes were evidenced for both increase and decrease directions, but no differences were found between the feedback conditions. While these data suggest that feedback may be a relatively insignificant factor in voluntary heart-rate control, it was recommended that further investigation examine the role of feedback within the context of other training, mediating and motivational variables.
Is Eye Dominance a Part of Generalized Laterality?
Authors: Porac Clare , Coren Stanley
Published: September 2011

The laterality of eye and limb do not appear to be generally correlated as measured in 160 observers using a graded index. Sex differences emerge indicating more consistent eye and limb preferences as well as stronger eye dominance scores in male subjects. In addition, better consistency is found for right-eye dominants than for left. This pattern of results permits some inferences to be made about the role of the environment in determining the dominant eye and hand.
Normative Study of the Goodenough Drawing Test and the Columbia Mental Maturity Scale in a Metropolitan Setting
Authors: Ratusnik David L. , Koenigsknecht Roy A.
Published: September 2011

144 black and white preschoolers' performance on the Goodenough drawing test and the Columbia Mental Maturity Scale was influenced by socioeconomic background and sex rather than race. While no over-all difference in IQ was noted between the two tests, analysis displayed uniformly somewhat lower scores by blacks on the Goodenough drawing test.
Intersubject Communication as a Contaminating Factor in Verbal Conditioning
Authors: Farrow Jonelle M. , Lohss William E. , Farrow Bobby J. , Taub Susan I.
Published: September 2011

Using a modified Taffel procedure, the effect of information leakage on verbal conditioning and awareness was investigated. Fifty subjects were tested in one of two sessions, with each session separated by 1 wk. The use of I or We in sentence construction resulted in verbal reinforcement for experimental subjects; controls received no reinforcement. All subjects were debriefed and asked to refrain from discussing the experiment with others. Intersubject communication was measured in Session 2 via “cooperative” instructions which falsely indicated that a number of previous subjects were supposed to communicate information about the experiment to others. Prior intersubject communication was acknowledged by 24% (5/21) of subjects in Session 2. Although the number of subjects scored as aware did not differ significantly across sessions, conditioning results were inconsistent across sessions with successful conditioning for experimental subjects, aware and unaware combined, in Session 2 only. The possible influence of intersubject communication, a scuttlebutt effect, on the results was discussed, along with more general implications for research with humans.
Socio-Economic Differences in Size-Judgments of Discs and Coins by Chinese Primary VI Children in Hong Kong
Authors: Dawson John
Published: September 2011

The present experimental data provide some cross-cultural support for Bruner and Goodman's (1947) hypothesis about perceptual accentuation. 20 Hong Kong Chinese children from a lower socio-economic level overestimated valued coins more than 15 children from a high socio-economic level. The two Primary Class VI samples used were matched for education and age, and both spoke the Cantonese dialect. There was also some evidence for Tajfel's (1957) ‘interserial’ and ‘intraserial effects’ more particularly for the lower socio-economic children, although similar trends were apparent for the smaller group of higher socio-economic children.
Age Simulation in Perceptual and Cognitive Functioning: Age Progression to 80 Years in a College Sample
Authors: Eisner Donald A.
Published: September 2011

The effect of age simulation by 40 college students was examined by age progression to 80 yr. through the use of instructions to imagine. The results indicated no age progression effects on the cognitive tasks (Vocabulary, Spatial Relation, and Digit Span). However, there were significant decrements in performance on the perceptual task (Hidden-figures Test) under the age progression conditions. Data suggest age progression may be a worthwhile technique in the assessment of age-related perceptions. The discrepancy between the simulated perceptual and cognitive performance could have been due to negative stereotypes regarding visual perception and loss of speed in the elderly.
Two Studies of Personality: Male Graduate Students in Physical Education
Authors: Ruffer William A.
Published: September 2011

In Study I, scores for 100 male graduate students in physical education were compared to the norms for the general population on the 1962 16 PF test: Ss were higher on Intelligence, Ego-strength, Dominance, and Tenseness, and lower on Imaginativeness, Shrewdness, and Self-sufficiency. Centiles derived from the raw scores deviated markedly only on Intelligence, Dominance, and Shrewdness. In Study II, scores of 96 similar Ss were compared to the norms for the 1970 16 PF test; Ss were higher on Intelligence, Dominance, Enthusiasm, and Tenseness, and lower on Imaginativeness, Shrewdness, Apprehensiveness, and Radicalness. No marked centile deviations were found.
Subjective Acceleration of Time with Aging
Authors: Lemlich Robert
Published: September 2011

A quantitative theoretical model for the subjective acceleration of time with aging is presented. It is based on a new hypothesis, namely, that the subjective duration of an interval of real time decreases in mathematical proportion to total subjective time (rather than total real time). This gives a differential equation, the variables of which are separated and integrated to yield the result that the subjective duration of an interval of real time varies inversely with the square root of the total real time (age). This result was tested by polling college students and older adults as to their recollections regarding the relative apparent rate of the passage of time at various ages. Generally good agreement was obtained between the results of the poll and the results predicted by the theory.
Critique of S. S. Stevens' Theory of Measurement Scale Classification
Authors: Prytulak Lubomir S.
Published: September 2011

Numerous observations are incongruous with Stevens-tradition theory of scale classification: (a) ratio scales, when available, are not necessarily preferred to interval scales; (b) the same scale changes classification depending on the use to which it is put; (c) a scale considered in isolation cannot be classified; (d) performing an inadmissible transformation on a scale entails no loss of information; and (e) the ratio scales of psychophysics do not qualify as interval scales. These incongruities result from such theorists': (a) belief that they classify scales when they really classify functions between scales; (b) belief that scientists seek new rules for assigning numbers to familiar events when, in fact, they seek new events to assign numbers to using familiar rules; and (c) confusion of function type with judgment type, leading to the erroneous claim that the ratio scales of psychophysics are distinct from other behavioral scales. Implications of the above interpretation of Stevens-tradition theory are that: (a) ranking of scales according to desirability is situation-specific—a situation-free ranking clashes with scientists' frequent preference for “inferior” scales and (b) proscriptions against mathematical manipulations or tests of statistical significance apply not to a single scale but to inferences from one scale to another.
Field Dependence-Independence and Self-Esteem in Pre-Adolescent Children
Authors: Pawelkiewicz Walter M. , Mc Intire Walter G.
Published: September 2011

The field independence-dependence and self-esteem of 200 preadolescent boys and girls were studied using the Portable Rod-and-frame Test and the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory. Analysis of variance indicated that field-independent children had significantly higher self-esteem than middle-range and field-dependent individuals. A small significant correlation between field independence and high self-esteem obtained (–.24) but only for boys.
Latency Differences to Monochromatic Stimuli Measured by Disjunctive Reaction Time
Authors: Jones Paul D. , Wilkinson Hilde
Published: September 2011

Two studies were done in order to assess the effects of wavelength on visual perceptual latency as measured in a disjunctive RT paradigm. The results of the first study, though not statistically significant, suggested a trend toward shorter RT to longer wavelength stimuli. In the second study, using well-practiced subjects, significant differences were found between disjunctive RT to red and green stimuli. The results suggest that latency differences as a function of wavelength are demonstrable in an experimental situation in which the subject must react to chromatic information, as differentiated from brightness information.
Perception of Curves
Authors: Zusne Leonard
Published: September 2011

In 4 experiments, in which 66 subjects participated, the perception of 6 types of curved contours in two-dimensional shapes was studied. Random polygons and their curvilinear transformations were presented for detection under low-luminance contrast conditions, oddity-type discrimination problem solving, tachistoscopic identification, and identification involving visual acuity in distance vision. In all experiments curvature affected perception at statistically significant levels, but the extent of this effect was a function of (1) the locus and direction of curvature, (2) the level of compactness-jaggedness of the figure, and (3) the nature of the perceptual task. Shapes with acute corners were more easily perceived than shapes with curved corners. Within these two classes of shapes, those with convex sides were perceived as having greater curvedness than those with concave contours. However, the degree to which curvature affected response was determined primarily by the nature of the perceptual task.
Internal-External Locus of Control and Performance on a Vigilance Task
Authors: Sanders Michael G. , Halcomb Charles G. , Fray J. Michael , Owens Jerry M.
Published: September 2011

Previous studies have demonstrated there are large individual differences in subjects' ability to perform on vigilance or watch-keeping tasks. This study used Rotter's Internal-External (I-E) Locus of Control Scale to resolve some of the variance attributed to individual differences and tested the hypothesis that the internally controlled person is a better monitor on a vigilance task than an externally controlled person. There were 64 subjects who performed a visual watch-keeping task for a 1-hr. period. The results indicated that the external subjects made significantly more incorrect responses and missed significantly more signals during the entire task. The internal-external dimension was effective in differentiating performance on a vigilance task.
Comparison of Task- and Relation-Oriented Individuals' Ability to Perceive Viewpoints of others
Authors: Hardy Robert C. , Carey Jane , Eberwein Bruce , Eliot John
Published: September 2011

Undergraduate education students (28 males, 104 females) were administered Fiedler's Least Preferred Co-worker Scale. Those who scored greater than = ½ SD from the mean were administered a modified version of Laurendeau and Pinard's Coordination of Perspectives Test, a measure of perception of viewpoints of others in respect to the arrangement of objects. That high scoring subjects perceive the viewpoints of others more accurately than low scoring subjects was supported.
Impressions in the Dark: A Multidimensional Scaling Approach to Multi-Modal Experience
Authors: Webb Noreen
Published: September 2011

12 students rated the experienced similarities among 16 compound visual-auditory stimuli. Each of 4 colors was combined with each of 4 musical chords to form 16 color-chord impressions. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling of the 16 × 16 matrix of similarity data yielded an orderly and interpretable solution in two dimensions. The results suggest that the color-chord combinations produced psychologically integrated impressions which varied along orthogonal dimensions of darkness (versus lightness) and spread (versus compactness) of chords.
A Common Factor Structure of Bender Gestalt Protocols of Young Children
Authors: Hofmann Richard J.
Published: September 2011

The common factor structure of the Bender is defined for 9-yr.-old children according to the Koppitz scoring procedure. Utilizing a new robust factor analytic interpretation strategy, it is demonstrated that the common factors correspond closely to the general error categories defined by Koppitz. A cross-validation study is suggested.
Unilateral Ocular Suppression and Tests of Eye Dominance
Authors: Palmer Lyelle L.
Published: September 2011

Only for the near-point controlling eye was there a significant deviation from chance of the proportion of subjects (9 to 18 yr.) for whom the dominant eye was without suppression and nondominant eye with suppression.
Affect and Future Orientation as They Relate to Performance and Test Anxiety
Authors: Entin Elliot E.
Published: September 2011

The effects on task performance of affect toward and perceived future importance of a task were examined in 86 high- and 83 low-test anxious students. Results showed that high affect increased performance of students high and low in anxiety about equally. The effect of future orientation was more specific. Students low in anxiety performed significantly better than students high in anxiety in the high but not the low future-oriented group. Affect and future orientation increment performance by different means.
Effects of Nonfluencies on Comprehension
Authors: Hulit Lloyd M.
Published: September 2011

The effects of simulated nonfluencies on the comprehension of a 205-word recorded passage were studied. The results for 5 groups of 30 undergraduates indicate that prolongations and double-unit phoneme repetitions on key words and on lesser words reduced comprehension and that the comprehension reduction with the prolongations on key words was less than the reductions produced by the other conditions of nonfluency.
Cancer and Personality
Authors: Voth Harold M.
Published: September 2011

Autokinesis (the apparent motion of a pinpoint of light in total darkness) has been predictably related to a variety of personality variables and psychiatric syndromes. The present study reports a statistically significant relationship between cancer and autokinesis in two samples. The first sample (17 women, 14 men) is prospective, while the second (26 women) is retrospective. In both samples, cancer subjects reported less autokinesis than controls, a finding which fits conceptually with prior work with autokinesis and also with the observation reported by many others that cancer is preceded by or associated with a sense of helplessness or hopelessness and some degree of resignation from life. A second finding, but one which has not been replicated, is a statistically significant relationship between scores on the embedded-figures test and cancer. The possible meanings of these data are explored.
In Search of Pre-Menstrual Tension: Note on Sex-Differences in Psychological-Differentiation as a Function of Cyclical Physiological Changes
Authors: Dor-Shav Netta Kohn
Published: September 2011

Better performance on human-figure drawings and embedded-figures was found for the third week of the cycle for 155 college women and for a second group of 116 girls and unmarried women. Further study of the role of cyclicity in perceptual-cognitive functioning is desirable.
Luminosity Curves of Populations of Class I and Class II Normals in Colour Vision
Authors: Cobb Stephen R.
Published: September 2011

18 Class I and 18 Class II male subjects for unique green point who had normal colour vision had their luminosity curves measured for 8 points in the spectrum on a Wright Colorimeter for a 2° field. The results confirm earlier findings on fewer subjects, i.e., that the Class II subjects had a consistently lower luminosity at about the 565-nm point in the spectrum. Further data were collected whereby the luminosity of subjects exhibiting the various types of colour defect were taken for this region of the spectrum to see whether the characteristic of the curves, at different levels of luminance of the comparison field, corresponded to the characteristics of the Class I and Class II cases. A new visual pigment model to account for the Unique Green Phenomenon and colour-vision defect data is proposed.
Superior Performance by Women in a Visual Orienting Task: A Limit on the Concept of Field Dependence
Authors: Pitblado Colin
Published: September 2011

15 women and 24 men were compared on a visual orienting task requiring observers to set a luminous line to a vertical position while viewing from a laterally tilted body position. No visible frame of reference was available. Women made no significant error as a group, while the men's average settings deviated approximately 7° from vertical, in the same direction as body tilt. This result reverses the direction of sex differences usually reported on orienting tasks and specifies a limitation on the usefulness of the “field dependence” concept as a predictor of comparative spatial performances of men and women.
McCollough Effect: Specificity of Induction and Line Width
Authors: Dale Alexander , Anderson D. E. , Smith M. Glenn
Published: September 2011

The binocularly induced McCollough aftereffect was stronger for 15 naive undergraduates when orientation hues were tested simultaneously than sequentially. The hues were considerably weakened in a monocularly tested group in comparison to a binocularly tested group. In a second study, with 32 subjects, long-lasting orientation-specific McCollough aftereffects generalized to thinner lines and were reduced under monocular resting conditions when binocularly induced. It is concluded that these results support the idea that the effect appears to be mediated centrally and to be enhanced by simultaneous color contrast.
Norms on Edwards Personal Preference Schedule for Female Australian Therapy Students
Authors: Allen Leon R. , Foreman Peter E.
Published: September 2011

Comparison of 149 Australian women in physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy with the standardization women ( n = 749) on Edwards Personal Preference Schedule showed the Australians to be significantly higher on Autonomy, Succorance, Nurturance, Change, and Aggression and significantly lower on Deference, Exhibition, Dominance, Abasement, and Order.
Time Estimation and Reproduction under Conditions of Differential Perceptual Oscillation
Authors: Lechelt Eugene C.
Published: September 2011

Experienced duration was measured by the methods of reproduction and estimation under two conditions of perceptual oscillation, binocular rivalry and figure-ground reversal. While the number of rivalries was significantly negatively correlated with both reproduced and estimated time, the number of figure reversals was not correlated with judgments of duration. For both conditions of perceptual oscillation, reproduced and estimated durations were significantly positively correlated.
Two Studies of Personality: Female Graduate Students in Physical Education
Authors: Ruffer William A.
Published: September 2011

In Study I, scores for 35 female graduate students in physical education were compared to the norms for the general population on the 1962 16 PF test; Ss were higher on Intelligence and lower on Outgoingness and Shrewdness. Centiles derived from the raw scores deviated markedly also on these traits. In Study II, scores of 35 similar Ss were compared to the norms for the 1970 16 PF test; Ss were higher on Intelligence and Ego Strength and lower on Outgoingness and Tender-mindedness. Centiles deviated markedly on Intelligence and Ego Strength.
Effects of Lightness Contrast and Fundus Pigmentation on Age-Related Decrement in Magnitude of the Mueller-Lyer Illusion
Authors: Ebert Pam
Published: September 2011

Components of the Mueller-Lyer figure, representing two levels of lightness contrast (1.5 black/ and 7.5 light grey/ each on 9.5 white/ ground) were viewed tachistoscopically for 500 msec. by 65 white elementary school children and 50 white college students. The contrast effect was significant, with black figures yielding a greater illusion than the light grey figures at all age levels. Further, a bimodal distribution of fundus density was evident in both age categories, with more densely pigmented Ss yielding smaller illusions.
Stability of Self-Concept in Field-Dependent and Field-Independent Children
Authors: McIntire Walter G. , Drummond Robert J.
Published: September 2011

Changes in self-concept patterns of field-independent and field-dependent pre-adolescents ( n = 63) were examined. No pattern of change was found by either sex or cognitive style.
Fatigue in Learning and Performance of a Gross Tracking Task
Authors: Williams L. R. T. , Cooper E. L.
Published: September 2011

A total of 75 10-sec. trials on a novel gross two-handed tracking task were given to 58 Ss over 2 days. Following the first 3 trials under control non-fatigue conditions, the experimental group performed a 4-min. initial exercise bout and further 1-min. bouts that were interpolated between 1-min. periods of continuous practice on the learning task. The control group followed the same procedures except that a vowel-cancelling task was substituted for the exercise task. The view that moderately heavy levels of physical fatigue cause little or no impairment in the learning and performance of motor skills which depend highly upon exteroceptive information was supported by the results.
Screening Infants to Clarify Research Results
Authors: Poresky Robert H.
Published: September 2011

The use of screening trials clarified the analysis and interpretation of the effect of luminance on 45 infants' visual acuity.
Heart Rate and Cardiac Cycle Effects on Reaction Time
Authors: Salzman Leonard F. , Jaques Non
Published: September 2011

Reaction time stimuli were presented to subjects during epochs of ascending or descending heart rate and at different points in the cardiac cycle. Response latencies did not differ significantly as a function of phase in the cardiac cycle. Two experiments yielded conflicting results regarding the relationship between heart-rate change and reaction time. No relationships were found between reaction time and the heart beat immediately preceding the stimulus or with the beat during which the stimulus was presented. It is likely that these relationships suggested by Lacey's hypothesis are weak or inconsistent.
Sex Differences on Piaget's Water-Level Task: Spatial Ability Incognito
Authors: Geiringer Eva R. , Hyde Janet S.
Published: September 2011

Sherman's (1967) hypothesis that sex differences in performance on many cognitive tasks can be explained by sex differences in spatial ability was extended to explain sex differences in performance on Piaget's water-level task. The hypothesis was supported. The correlations between average errors on the water-level task and performance on the Primary Mental Abilities, Spatial Relations Test were –.83 for 12th-grade males, –.97 for 12th-grade females, –.65 for fifth-grade males, and –.42 for fifth-grade females. Statistically significant sex differences were found on both the spatial test and the water-level task for the 12th graders, while neither test showed significant sex differences for the fifth graders. An analysis of covariance of sex differences in 12th graders' scores on the water-level task, using spatial performance as a covariate, indicated that sex differences were not statistically significant, suggesting that no important sex differences remain on the water-level task once differences in spatial ability have been removed.
Specificity Principle and Performance and Learning a Gross Tracking Task under Interpolated Heavy Physical Exercise
Authors: Williams L. R. T. , Cooper C. M. , Gilkison B. K.
Published: September 2011

The idea that motor tasks involving a strong emphasis on use of exteroceptive sources of information would be more resistant to the detrimental effects of heavy physical work than tasks of a highly interoceptive nature was tested. The design also allowed testing of the specificity hypothesis that practice should be under performance conditions having a specific criterion. 40 women were randomly assigned to either a control or an experimental group and received 75 practice trials on a new two-handed tracking task over 4 consecutive days. The control group practiced under conditions of heavy interpolated work on the first 3 days with Day 3 representing the heavy-work criterion, while the experimental group did the same except for Day 2 when they performed a letter-cancelling task instead of work. The second criterion condition which had no exercise stress was given to both groups on Day 4. A step-up exercise, which included use of the arms, was used to induce stress so that a heart rate of approximately 180 beats/min. was obtained prior to each minute of continuous practice on the tracking task. The results were in general agreement with the view that physical work does not detrimentally affect learning of highly perceptual tasks. Although the lack of significant differentiation of performance with and without work did not allow a clear test of the specificity hypothesis, under the stress criterion, the results suggested that the hypothesis did not hold for the present situation.
Effects of Familiarity with More Than One Phonological System on Effort Ratings of Phonemic CCVCS
Authors: Koutstaal C. W. , Smith O. W.
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis was that raters familiar with more than one phonological system would experience less effort in vocalizing Greenberg and Jenkins' (1964) List 1 CCVCs that had been scaled for language distance than would raters familiar with sounds of only one language. Members of bi- or multilingual homes ( N = 19) rated the effort of vocalizing or subvocalizing the CCVCs. These ratings were compared with those by persons from predominantly monolingual homes ( N = 25). The hypothesis remains tenable ( p < .01). The correlation of the two sets of mean scale values was .98.
Experimental Control of Rhythm in Stereotyped Body Rocking
Authors: Pohl Peter
Published: September 2011

A technique is described which enabled external control of the rhythm of stereotyped body rocking in a profoundly retarded, non-verbal subject. The technique consists of training the individual to synchronize the rhythm of his body rocking with an externally driven pacemaker light. Evidence is presented for experimental control of rhythm in a profoundly retarded, institutionalized child with a chronic history of body rocking.
Reaction Time as a Function of Peripheral Retinal Locus around Fovea: Effect of Stimulus Size
Authors: Osaka Naoyuki
Published: September 2011

Using targets of four sizes between 18' and 116' at a fixed luminance of 5.8 cd/m2, human visual reaction times (RT) were measured on a circle at 30° eccentric to the fovea. A foveal and 12 peripheral retinal loci were explored, covering the range between 0° and 330° in steps of 30° units on a circle about the fovea. RT decreased significantly by the stimulation to the quadrant retinal loci between nasal and superior side. RT decreased as a function of increasing target size and the amount of decrement was relatively larger in the periphery than in the fovea.
Analysis of Superiority of the Right Visual Field in Bilateral Tachistoscopic Word-Recognition
Authors: Fudin Robert
Published: September 2011

McKeever and Huling questioned procedures in experiments on lateral differences in the recognition of horizontally oriented multi-letter stimuli, tachistoscopically exposed bilaterally. They effected three major changes in this method and found superior scores for material in the right than left visual field, a result in the opposite direction of prior findings. Ideas from directional scanning and cerebral dominance accounts of lateral asymmetries suggest that McKeever and Huling's methodological innovations produced their result. Directional scanning notions indicate that horizontal targets impede measures of differences in processing skills of the cerebral hemispheres. These obstacles can be overcome by exposing vertically oriented targets.
Exploratory Studies of Self-Destruction
Authors: Lee Dorothy E.
Published: September 2011

Data related to the nature of self-destructive behavior are presented from three exploratory studies of 106, 213, 61 adult students. Results suggest the value of further research emphasizing the social bases of and cognitive support for such behavior.
Development of Lateral Consistency and its Relation to Reading and Reversals
Authors: Lyle J. G. , Johnson E. G.
Published: September 2011

Unselected children from preschools ( n = 224) and from primary schools ( n = 222), representing an age range 4 to 8 yr., were tested for lateral consistency, eye preference and cross-hand-eye preference. The primary school children were also tested for reading achievement, reversal tendency in writing, and vocabulary. Lateral consistency was unrelated to age, as also were hand and eye preference, and cross-hand-eye preference. None of these variables was related to reading achievement, reversal tendency, or vocabulary.
Arousal and Cognition: Creative Performance, Arousal and the Stimulation-Seeking Motive
Authors: Farley Frank H.
Published: September 2011

On an hypothesis that intermediate values of individual differences in arousal or stimulation-seeking would be associated with best performance in timed tests of originality and fluency, undergraduate volunteers were administered the Unusual Questions Test and stratified on the basis of two stimulation-seeking measures into high, intermediate and low stimulation-seeking groups of 21 subjects each. Planned comparisons showed that, although both originality and fluency were related to stimulation-seeking in the predicted curvilinear form, only where fluency was concerned was a significant difference noted. Intermediate stimulation-seeking subjects were significantly more fluent than subjects low in stimulation-seeking although the former were not significantly different from high stimulation-seeking subjects. It was concluded that the experimental hypothesis had received limited support; further avenues to the study of arousal and stimulation-seeking factors in creative performance were outlined.
Range Estimation Error as a Function of Rate of Stimulus Movement
Authors: Ton William H.
Published: September 2011

The primary goal of this research was to study errors in stadimetric estimation. Earlier workers had hypothesized that differences in angular velocity of stimuli associated with direction of movement resulted in differences in error between incoming and outgoing stimuli. Therefore, an experiment was performed which investigated differences in range estimation error as a function of three rates of movement. The results for 6 observers showed that errors were consistent regardless of rate of movement.
Field Independence and Hypothesis Testing
Authors: Davis J. Kent , Haueisen William C.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this experiment was to examine field independence-dependence and hypothesis-testing. 218 field-independent is and 218 field-dependent Ss solved 24, four-trial learning set problems. Ss received 18 outcome problems (feedback) and 6 nonoutcome problems (no feedback). Analysis of the nonoutcome problems showed that field-independent Ss were more efficient hypothesis-testers than field-dependent Ss.
Interrelationships of Perceptual Modality, Short-Term Memory and Reading Achievement
Authors: Barker Barbara M.
Published: September 2011

Visual and auditory components of short-term memory and perception were used as predictors of vocabulary and comprehension components of reading for 72 children from Grades 2 to 5 in a low socio-economic rural school. All six variables were significantly intercorrelated (with the exception of visual short-term memory and auditory perception). When canonical correlation analysis was applied using the four scores measuring short-term memory and perception as predictors of the two reading scores, one was significant, and each variable made a significant contribution. Not only are short-term memory and perception a part of learning to read but both visual and auditory channels are important.
Temporal Extension and Orientation: A Methodological Study
Authors: Perlman Lawrence M.
Published: September 2011

Research on temporal extension and orientation has produced a mass of conflicting findings. It was felt that differences in the operational definition of the dimensions might account for the contradictory findings. Ten tests, representative of different measurement techniques, were administered to 210 college students. Correlations of the following demographic factors with the test variables were non-significant or trivial: sex, social class, birth order, verbal intelligence, and rural/urban origin. The factor analyzed data showed that the tests clustered according to the three broad temporal dimensions and according to instrument-related characteristics. It was concluded that three types of stimulus attributes are crucial to the interpretation of research findings on extension and orientation—breadth of the temporal perspective, temporal anchoring, and affective loading of the items. It will be necessary to re-evaluate the research literature on temporal perspective in the light of these test-related differences. Question is raised as to whether temporal perspectives are quantifiable in the simplistic sense of the previous research in this field. Content characteristics must be considered in conjunction with the numerical indices.
Monitoring Performance as a Function of Rate of Ready Signals
Authors: Benignus Vernon A. , Otto David A. , Prah James D. , Ryan Lawrence J.
Published: September 2011

62 human male subjects were tested in this study which involved a unique, numeric-monitoring task including both ready signals and GO NO-GO signals for response in order to verify that increases in signal rate improve performance. These data extend and generalize previous findings to a wider variety of signal conditions and also answer a criticism of previous findings, i.e., that if subjects made a constant number of responses per hour, their percentage signals missed would decline as a function of signal rate. By the unique design of the task, this criticism was refuted and the general conclusions in the extant literature were supported and extended. It was shown that performance improved as a function of number of ready signals ( P < .02). Data from this study could be used to support the arousal hypotheses of performance.
Relation of General Activity in Rats to Environmental Temperature
Authors: Finger Frank W.
Published: September 2011

The relation between ambient temperature and amount and pattern of wheel running was examined in four experiments, with a total of 88 adult male albino rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain, under conditions of 12-hr. light/12-hr. dark. While lowering of temperature from baseline of 21—25°C to 4—7°C most typically led to increased running, consistently reduced running characterized a substantial number of individuals, especially those with relatively high baseline scores. When comparison trials were run at 27°C, reduced activity was recorded for virtually all subjects. As temperature was elevated above 27°C, however, there was in most cases an upturn. At 34°C, 24-hr. running scores tended to exceed baseline level for about half the animals, and running during the light 12 hr. of the day was above baseline for virtually all. Analysis of the temporal distribution suggests that the thermoregulatory reduction of activity, readily demonstrated at the moderately warm temperature, is complicated by efforts to escape as the environment becomes aversively hot. Failure of previous investigators to observe this is attributable in part to apparatus and recording differences. It is speculated that the pattern of response to extreme temperatures is closely related to the circadian fluctuation of internal temperature.
Conditioning Away Prejudicial Attitudes in Children
Authors: Parish Thomas S. , Shirazi Annmarie , Lambert Frank
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether or not certain attitudes could be modified through classical conditioning. It was hypothesized that evaluations of Vietnamese and Afro-Americans would become more favorable after slides of each were paired with the presentation of positively evaluated words. Evaluations were made through the use of a semantic differential-type attitude scale (Osgood, 1952). Analysis of covariance demonstrated a significant increase in favorable evaluations of the Vietnamese only. The reason the evaluations of Afro-Americans did not demonstrate a similar change may have been due to the fact that Euro-American children's attitudes of Afro-Americans were too psychologically significant an issue to be modified by a single session of conditioning trials.