Predicting emergent Dolutegravir resistance in South Africa: A modelling study
Authors: Loosli Tom , Hauser Anthony , Josi Johannes , Han Nuri , Ingle Suzanne M , van Sighem Ard , Wittkop Linda , Vehreschild Janne , Ceccherini-Silberstein Francesca , Maartens Gary , Gill M John , Sabin Caroline A , Johnson Leigh F , Lessells Richard , Günthard Huldrych F , Egger Matthias , Kouyos Roger D 
Published: July 2024

Background

In response to the rising prevalence of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) resistance, millions of people living with HIV (PWH) have switched to dolutegravir-based antiretroviral therapy (ART). Understanding the possible emergence of dolutegravir resistance is essential for health policy and planning. We developed a mathematical model to predict the trends of dolutegravir resistance in PWH in South Africa.

Methods

MARISA (Modelling Antiretroviral drug Resistance In South Africa) is a deterministic compartmental model consisting of four layers: (i) the cascade of care, (ii) disease progression, (iii) gender, and (iv) drug resistance. MARISA was calibrated to reproduce the HIV epidemic in South Africa. We assumed dolutegravir was introduced in 2020. We extended the model by including key resistance mutations observed in PWH experiencing virologic failure on dolutegravir-based ART (G118K, E138AKT, G140ACS, Q148HKNR, N155H, and R263K). Model outcomes were acquired (ADR) and transmitted drug resistance (TDR) to dolutegravir and NNRTIs stratified by duration on failing dolutegravir-based ART and under different counterfactual scenarios of switching to protease-inhibitor (PI)-based ART.

Finding

The model predicts that ADR will increase rapidly, from 18.5% (uncertainty range 12.5% to 25.4%) in 2023 to 46.2% (32.9% to 58.9%) in 2040. The prevalence of ADR in 2040 increased with the duration of virologic failure on dolutegravir-based ART: 18.0% (12.2% to 23.7%) for 6 months of failing ART compared to 54.8% (41.1% to 63.9%) for over 1.5 years. For TDR, the model predicts a slow but steady increase from 0.1% (0.1% to 0.2%) in 2023 to 8.8% (4.4% to 17.3%) in 2040. Transmitted NNRTI resistance will cease to increase but remain prevalent at 7.7% in 2040. Rapid resistance testing-informed switching to PI-based ART would substantially reduce both ADR and TDR.

Interpretation

The prevalence of dolutegravir ADR and TDR will likely increase, with the 10% threshold of TDR possibly reached by 2035, depending on monitoring and switching strategies. The increase will likely be greater in settings where resources for HIV-1 RNA monitoring and resistance testing or options for switching to alternative ART regimens are limited.

Funding

Swiss National Science Foundation, National Institutes of Health, UZH URPP Evolution in Action

Research in context

Evidence before this study

Dolutegravir has demonstrated high efficacy, even in individuals with compromised backbone drugs. We searched Scopus on April 15 2024, using free text words dolutegravir and resistance. We did not identify any modelling studies attempting to predict dolutegravir resistance trends in the coming years. A recent collaborative analysis of predominantly European cohort studies involving 599 people living with HIV (PWH) who underwent genotypic resistance testing at the point of dolutegravir-based treatment failure showed that the risk of dolutegravir resistance increases significantly in the presence of Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NRTI) resistance. This is particularly concerning in settings such as South Africa, where a high proportion of individuals already exhibit NRTI resistance. Indeed, recent surveys in South Africa already hint at rapidly increasing levels of acquired dolutegravir resistance.

Added value of this study

This study is the first to model the likely dynamics of dolutegravir resistance in South Africa. Covering the period 2020 to 2040, it extends a previous model of antiretroviral drug resistance evolution in South Africa to dolutegravir-based ART. The results indicate that while dolutegravir resistance is currently low, it will increase at the population level, and transmitted dolutegravir resistance may exceed 10% by around 2035, depending on the duration PWH spend on failing dolutegravir-based ART. Interventions such as switching to protease-inhibitor (PI)-based ART based on genotypic resistance tests could reduce or even curb the rise of dolutegravir resistance.

Implications of all the available evidence

Dolutegravir resistance may undermine the success of integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI)-based ART in South Africa, where the guidelines limit drug resistance testing to PWH with repeated viral load measurements above 1,000 copies/mL and evidence of good adherence. Monitoring the evolution of dolutegravir resistance at the population level is crucial to inform future changes in guidelines on drug resistance testing and switching to PI-based ART.