Comprehensive Evidence-Based Guidelines for
Interventional Techniques in the Management
of Chronic Spinal Pain
Authors: Manchikanti Laxmaiah 
Published: March 2021

Background: Comprehensive, evidence-based guidelines for interventional techniques in the
management of chronic spinal pain are described here to provide recommendations for clinicians.
Objective: To develop evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for interventional techniques in
the diagnosis and treatment of chronic spinal pain.
Design: Systematic assessment of the literature.
Methods: Strength of evidence was assessed by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) criteria
utilizing 5 levels of evidence ranging from Level I to III with 3 subcategories in Level II.
Outcomes: Short-term pain relief was defined as relief lasting at least 6 months and longterm relief was defined as longer than 6 months, except for intradiscal therapies, mechanical disc
decompression, spinal cord stimulation and intrathecal infusion systems, wherein up to one year
relief was considered as short-term.
Results: The indicated evidence for accuracy of diagnostic facet joint nerve blocks is Level I or II1 in the diagnosis of lumbar, thoracic, and cervical facet joint pain. The evidence for lumbar and
cervical provocation discography and sacroiliac joint injections is Level II-2, whereas it is Level II-3 for
thoracic provocation discography.
The indicated evidence for therapeutic interventions is Level I for caudal epidural steroid injections
in managing disc herniation or radiculitis, and discogenic pain without disc herniation or radiculitis.
The evidence is Level II-1 or II-2 for therapeutic cervical, thoracic, and lumbar facet joint nerve blocks;
for caudal epidural injections in managing pain of post-lumbar surgery syndrome, and lumbar
spinal stenosis, for cervical interlaminar epidural injections in managing cervical pain; for lumbar
transforaminal epidural injections; for percutaneous adhesiolysis in management of pain secondary to
post-lumbar surgery syndrome; and spinal cord stimulation for post-lumbar surgery syndrome.
The indicated evidence for intradiscal electrothermal therapy (IDET), mechanical disc decompression
with automated percutaneous lumbar discectomy (APLD), and percutaneous lumbar laser discectomy
(PLDD) is Level II-2.
Limitations: The limitations of these guidelines include a continued paucity of the literature, lack of
updates, and conflicts in preparation of systematic reviews and guidelines by various organizations.
Conclusion: The indicated evidence for diagnostic and therapeutic inverventions is variable from
Level I to III. These guidelines include the evaluation of evidence for diagnostic and therapeutic
procedures in managing chronic spinal pain and recommendations for managing spinal pain.
However, these guidelines do not constitute inflexible treatment recommendations. Further, these
guidelines also do not represent “standard of care.”
Key words: Interventional techniques , chronic spinal pain, diagnostic blocks, therapeutic
interventions, facet joint interventions, epidural injections, epidural adhesiolysis, discography,
radiofrequency, disc decompression, spinal cord stimulation, intrathecal implantable systems