bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The CO2 record at the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory: A new opportunity to study processes on seasonal and inter‐annual scales
Authors: Botía Santiago , Komiya Shujiro , Marshall Julia , Koch Thomas , Gałkowski Michał , Lavric Jost , Gomes‐Alves Eliane , Walter David , Fisch Gilberto , Pinho Davieliton M. , Nelson Bruce W. , Martins Giordane , Luijkx Ingrid T. , Koren Gerbrand , Florentie Liesbeth , Carioca de Araújo Alessandro , Sá Marta , Andreae Meinrat O. , Heimann Martin , Peters Wouter , Gerbig Christoph
Published: September 2021

High‐quality atmospheric CO2 measurements are sparse in Amazonia, but can provide critical insights into the spatial and temporal variability of sources and sinks of CO2. In this study, we present the first 6 years (2014–2019) of continuous, high‐precision measurements of atmospheric CO2 at the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO, 2.1°S, 58.9°W). After subtracting the simulated background concentrations from our observational record, we define a CO2 regional signal () that has a marked seasonal cycle with an amplitude of about 4 ppm. At both seasonal and inter‐annual scales, we find differences in phase between and the local eddy covariance net ecosystem exchange (EC‐NEE), which is interpreted as an indicator of a decoupling between local and non‐local drivers of . In addition, we present how the 2015–2016 El Niño‐induced drought was captured by our atmospheric record as a positive 2σ anomaly in both the wet and dry season of 2016. Furthermore, we analyzed the observed seasonal cycle and inter‐annual variability of together with net ecosystem exchange (NEE) using a suite of modeled flux products representing biospheric and aquatic CO2 exchange. We use both non‐optimized and optimized (i.e., resulting from atmospheric inverse modeling) NEE fluxes as input in an atmospheric transport model (STILT). The observed shape and amplitude of the seasonal cycle was captured neither by the simulations using the optimized fluxes nor by those using the diagnostic Vegetation and Photosynthesis Respiration Model (VPRM). We show that including the contribution of CO2 from river evasion improves the simulated shape (not the magnitude) of the seasonal cycle when using a data‐driven non‐optimized NEE product (FLUXCOM). The simulated contribution from river evasion was found to be 25% of the seasonal cycle amplitude. Our study demonstrates the importance of the ATTO record to better understand the Amazon carbon cycle at various spatial and temporal scales.
ENTRY DECISIONS AND ASYMMETRIC COMPETITION BETWEEN NON‐PROFIT AND FOR‐PROFIT HOMES IN THE LONG‐TERM CARE MARKET
Authors: Grant Iris , Kesternich Iris , Van Biesebroeck Johannes
Published: September 2021

Demand for long‐term care services is growing strongly. Using a rich administrative data set for Germany, we examine strategic interaction between nonprofit and for‐profit nursing homes. The estimated competitive effects imply that competition is much stronger within type, suggesting that they provide differentiated products. Over time, the entry behavior of for‐profit homes has converged to that of the more established nonprofits and between‐type competition has become stronger. Counterfactual simulations of proposed changes in government policy indicate that even moderate changes have a large impact on the fraction of markets that remain unserved or only served by a single type.
Labour and technology: Reflecting on a century of debate in the International Labour Review
Authors: HOWCROFT Debra , RUBERY Jill
Published: September 2021

The aim of this Centenary Issue is to assess a century of debates about the relationships between labour and technology as reflected in various relevant articles in the International Labour Review. The recent wave of interest in sociotechnical change and its implications for the future of work has led numerous commentators to claim that we are on the brink of unprecedented and seismic change. The 14 articles selected for this issue were published between 1925 and 2020 and provide a timely reflection on foundational debates that continue to resonate today.
Use of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections in emerging adults with type 1 diabetes is associated with better clinical engagement but not glycaemic control
Authors: Chai Thora Y. L. , Farrell Kaye , Holmes‐Walker Deborah J.
Published: September 2021

Background

Limited studies have compared outcomes between emerging adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) attending a diabetes transition support programme using multiple daily injections (MDI) or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII).

Aims

To assess glycaemic control and service utilisation in emerging adults with T1D on MDI or CSII attending a young adult diabetes clinic (YAC).

Methods

A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted from January 2013 to December 2015. Data collected included clinic visits per year, after‐hours mobile telephone use, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) admissions and all HbA1c levels. Independent t‐test was used to compare continuous variables whilst Pearson's Chi‐squared test was used for categorical variables. Linear mixed effects models explored mean changes in HbA1c levels over time.

Results

Over 3 years, 318 youth with T1D (176 MDI, 121 CSII, 21 switched from MDI to CSII) attended our YAC. Aggregated mean HbA1c levels remained similar between modalities (CSII 9.1% vs MDI 9.3%; P = 0.23); however, mean change in HbA1c at 3 years was significantly increased in CSII users at 0.55% (95% CI 0.15–0.95; P < 0.01) compared with no significant change in MDI users. Clinic visits per year were improved in CSII users (CSII 2.8 vs MDI 2.5; P = 0.02), while DKA admissions remained similar between MDI and CSII users (3.6 admissions per 100 patient‐years).

Conclusion

In our YAC cohort, glycaemic control in CSII and MDI users was similar but well below recommended international glycaemic targets (HbA1c level < 7.0%). Despite increased clinical engagement occurring in CSII users, glycaemic deterioration was observed over the 3 years.
Nursing people diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder: ‘We all need to be on the same hymn sheet’
Authors: McCarrick Claire , Irving Kate , Lakeman Richard
Published: September 2021

The diagnosis of borderline personality disorder (BPD) has been found to carry stigma and poor hope of recovery. More recently, it has been regarded as a treatable condition through psychotherapy. Despite this, patients often experience lengthy hospitalizations, limited access to treatment, and poor outcomes. This paper describes the experiences of psychiatric nurses working with people diagnosed with BPD in acute mental health in‐patient settings in Ireland. Seven nurses were interviewed, and the transcripts were analysed using a reflective and inductive approach. Overall, the nurses did not feel confident that their interventions were effective or valued by the wider service or patients. The nurses articulated their invidious professional circumstances, whereby they were required to act in ways, which ran counter to their vision of therapeutic or recovery‐focused work. These views and perceptions that in‐patient care is often ineffectual are widely echoed in the literature. We contend that the effect of this circumstance for these nurses approaches moral distress. The nurses were aware of more effective methods of care and treatment for BPD but perceived that they were unable to influence the culture of in‐patient care.
A review of mathematical optimization models applied to the sugarcane supply chain
Authors: Teixeira Eduardo dos Santos , Rangel Socorro , Florentino Helenice de O. , de Araujo Silvio Alexandre
Published: September 2021

Sugarcane is a product of great economic relevance and, as well as its use for the production of different types of sugar, it is also a renewable source for the production of bio‐fuels, other bio‐products, and electricity. In this context, efficient planning and technology changes are necessary to ensure high productivity, competitiveness and harmony with economic, social, and environmental issues. Consequently, this sector needs technical and scientific support. Mathematical optimization models can be useful to build efficient planning tools for the activities involved in the sugarcane supply chain, helping to address these challenges. This paper describes the sugarcane supply chain and presents a literature review of mathematical optimization models that have been proposed to represent its main stages: planting, harvesting, transporting, industrial processing, and marketing. The findings show that several models have been proposed to represent these five stages, however, most of them have not been thoroughly explored from the point of view of strength of the models and solution methods. Moreover, the harvesting stage is the one that has received more attention than the other stages. In the integration of two or more stages, there are many challenges yet to be addressed by mathematical optimization models. This review contributes to a better understanding of the sugar‐energy sector and opens up new perspectives for future investigations.
Environmental change during the last glacial on an ancient land bridge of southeast Australia
Authors: Adeleye Matthew Adesanya , Haberle Simon Graeme , McWethy David , Connor Simon Edward , Stevenson Janelle
Published: September 2021

Aim

The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) remains an enigmatic period in southeast Australia due to the limited spatial and temporal resolution of its palaeoclimatic records. A major feature of the LGM landscape was the existence of the Bassian Land Bridge, joining Tasmania with the mainland of Australia during periods of low sea level, and potentially facilitating increased biotic movement between these regions. To better understand biogeographical changes on the land bridge and in southeast Australia generally during the LGM, we present a 35 ka‐year palaeoecological record from one of the larger islands of Bass Strait.

Location

Bass Strait, southeast Australia.

Taxon

Eucalyptus, Poaceae, Monotoca, Myriophyllum, Zygnemataceae, Botryococcus, Pediastrum.

Methods

Pollen, charcoal, and non‐pollen palynomorphs were analysed in a 1.75‐m sediment core from truwana/Cape Barren Island, Bass Strait, to reconstruct changes in vegetation, fire regimes and lake levels on the Bassian Land Bridge. Results were then compared to existing palaeoenvironmental studies in the region to develop a broader context of the prevailing land bridge environment and the potential influence on biotic dispersals in Australia during the last glacial period.

Results

Results suggest a major vegetation shift on the Bassian Land Bridge in response to the establishment of the LGM climate, with grassland expansion at the expense of woodland from ~29–11 ka. Floristic richness, biomass burned and lake levels also markedly decreased through this period, with the driest interval being ~25–18 ka. Dryland herbaceous taxa dispersed between the mainland and Tasmania when the landbridge was fully exposed.

Main conclusions

In agreement with previous studies, our results show that the dry grassland that dominated southeast Australia (and Southern Hemisphere mid‐latitude areas) during the LGM also extended across the Bassian Land Bridge. The prevailing environment on the land bridge is likely to have exerted a selective influence on biotic dispersals in Australia during glacial periods.
Hydrogen sulphide reduced the accumulation of lipid droplets in cardiac tissues of db/db mice via Hrd1 S‐sulfhydration
Authors: Sun Yu , Zhang Linxue , Lu Baoling , Wen Jingchen , Wang Mengyi , Zhang Shiwu , Li Qianzhu , Shu Feng , Lu Fangping , Liu Ning , Peng Shuo , Zhao Yajun , Dong Shiyun , Lu Fanghao , Zhang Weihua , Wang Yan
Published: September 2021

Accumulation of lipid droplets (LDs) induces cardiac dysfunctions in type 2 diabetes patients. Recent studies have shown that hydrogen sulphide (H2S) ameliorates cardiac functions in db/db mice, but its regulation on the formation of LDs in cardiac tissues is unclear. Db/db mice were injected with NaHS (40 μmol·kg‐1) for twelve weeks. H9c2 cells were treated with high glucose (40 mmol/L), oleate (200 µmol/L), palmitate (200 µmol/L) and NaHS (100 µmol/L) for 48 hours. Plasmids for the overexpression of wild‐type Hrd1 and Hrd1 mutated at Cys115 were constructed. The interaction between Hrd1 and DGAT1 and DGAT2, the ubiquitylation level of DGAT1 and 2, the S‐sulfhydration of Hrd1 were measured. Exogenous H2S ameliorated the cardiac functions, decreased ER stress and reduced the number of LDs in db/db mice. Exogenous H2S could elevate the ubiquitination level of DGAT 1 and 2 and increased the expression of Hrd1 in cardiac tissues of db/db mice. The S‐sulfhydration of Hrd1 by NaHS enhanced the interaction between Hrd1 and DGAT1 and 2 to inhibit the formation of LD. Our findings suggested that H2S modified Hrd1 S‐sulfhydration at Cys115 to reduce the accumulation of LDs in cardiac tissues of db/db mice.
Telocytes in the human ascending aorta: Characterization and exosome‐related KLF‐4/VEGF‐A expression
Authors: Aschacher Thomas , Schmidt Katy , Aschacher Olivia , Eichmair Eva , Baranyi Ulrike , Winkler Bernhard , Grabenwoeger Martin , Spittler Andreas , Enzmann Florian , Messner Barbara , Riebandt Julia , Laufer Guenther , Bergmann Michael , Ehrlich Marek
Published: September 2021

Telocytes (TCs), a novel interstitial cell entity promoting tissue regeneration, have been described in various tissues. Their role in inter‐cellular signalling and tissue remodelling has been reported in almost all human tissues. This study hypothesizes that TC also contributes to tissue remodelling and regeneration of the human thoracic aorta (HTA). The understanding of tissue homeostasis and regenerative potential of the HTA is of high clinical interest as it plays a crucial role in pathogenesis from aortic dilatation to lethal dissection. Therefore, we obtained twenty‐five aortic specimens of heart donors during transplantation. The presence of TCs was detected in different layers of aortic tissue and characterized by immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. Further, we cultivated and isolated TCs in highly differentiated form identified by positive staining for CD34 and c‐kit. Aortic‐derived TC was characterized by the expression of PDGFR‐α, PDGFR‐β, CD29/integrin β‐1 and αSMA and the stem cell markers Nanog and KLF‐4. Moreover, TC exosomes were isolated and characterized for soluble angiogenic factors by Western blot. CD34+/c‐kit+ TCs shed exosomes containing the soluble factors VEGF‐A, KLF‐4 and PDGF‐A. In summary, TC occurs in the aortic wall. Correspondingly, exosomes, derived from aortic TCs, contain vasculogenesis‐relevant proteins. Understanding the regulation of TC‐mediated aortic remodelling may be a crucial step towards designing strategies to promote aortic repair and prevent adverse remodelling.
Diversity of pathophysiology in type 2 diabetes shown by islet pathology
Authors: Mizukami Hiroki , Kudoh Kazuhiro
Published: September 2021

The etiology of type 2 diabetes is multifactorial, in which environmental and genetic factors are involved to varying degrees. This suggests that its pathophysiology might vary depending on the individuals. Knowledge of the differences is critical, because these differences are directly linked to the care and treatment of the patients. Recent studies have attempted to carry out subclassifications of type 2 diabetes based on clinical and genetic differences. However, there is no pathological evidence to support these subclassifications. The pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes is generally divided into insulin resistance in peripheral tissues and pancreatic islet dysfunction. Among them, islet dysfunction causes a deficit in insulin secretion from β‐cells. In particular, a deficit in insulin secretion is ascribed to a combination of disruption of the insulin secretory machinery and a decrease in β‐cell volume in type 2 diabetes. Recent research has suggested that transdifferentiation and dedifferentiation are involved in the decrease in β‐cell volume, and that it might change dynamically depending on the glucose metabolic state. However, it is possible that the numbers of islet cells are decreased in type 2 diabetes. In particular, the loss of endocrine cells due to islet amyloid deposits is an important pathological change in type 2 diabetes in humans. These results show that pathological changes of the islets can be different in each individuals with type 2 diabetes and reflect each pathophysiology, which is useful in establishing further subclassifications and developing tailor‐made therapies for type 2 diabetes.
Randomized trial of oral sulfate solution versus polyethylene glycol–ascorbic acid for bowel cleansing in elderly people
Authors: Nam Seung‐Joo , Park Sung Chul , Lee Sung Joon , Lee Sang Hoon , Kim Ji Hyun , Bang Chang Seok , Seo Hyun Il
Published: September 2021

Background and Aim

The efficacy and safety of the recently introduced low‐volume purgatives in elderly people are not well known. Therefore, in this trial, we aimed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of two low‐volume agents, oral sulfate solution (OSS) and 2‐L polyethylene glycol with ascorbic acid (PEG‐Asc), in elderly people.

Methods

A prospective, randomized, single‐blinded, multicenter, non‐inferiority trial was performed at three university‐affiliated hospitals in South Korea. Outpatients aged 65–80 years, who underwent elective colonoscopy, were enrolled. The primary outcome was the rate of adequate bowel preparation assessed using the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale.

Results

A total of 199 subjects were randomized into the OSS (n = 99) or the 2‐L PEG‐Asc (n = 100) group. Of them, 189 subjects were included in the analysis of the primary outcome (OSS group 95 vs PEG‐Asc group 94). The proportion of adequate bowel preparation was 89.5% (85/95) in the OSS group and 93.6% (88/94) in the 2‐L PEG‐Asc group. OSS was not inferior to 2‐L PEG‐Asc according to the prespecified non‐inferiority margin of −15% (95% confidence interval for the difference, −12.1 to 3.8). Vomiting (11.6% vs 2.1%) and thirst (24.2% vs 11.7%) were more common in the OSS group than in the 2‐L PEG‐Asc group.

Conclusions

OSS is an effective low‐volume purgative that is non‐inferior to 2‐L PEG‐Asc in elderly people. Both the low‐volume agents were identified to be well tolerated and safe in the healthy elderly population.
A scalable data collection, characterization, and accounting framework for urban material stocks
Authors: Arbabi Hadi , Lanau Maud , Li Xinyi , Meyers Gregory , Dai Menglin , Mayfield Martin , Densley Tingley Danielle
Published: September 2021

Building stocks represent an extensive reservoir of secondary resources. However, common bottom‐up characterization of these, often based on archetypal classification of buildings and their corresponding material intensity, are still not suitable to adequately inform circular economic strategies. Indeed, these approaches typically result in a loss of building‐specific details, and a building stock characterization in terms of material mass, for example, glass, rather than component, for example, window. To deliver this higher resolution of details, a scalable approach to urban stock characterization, that enables a bottom‐up estimation of building stocks at the building component level, is needed. In this paper, we present a framework to automate the characterization of urban stock. By using and combining a mobile‐sensing approach with computer vision, urban stocks can be captured as 3D surface maps allowing the identification and semantic classification of stock objects, components, and materials. We demonstrate the potential of this framework through a case study of a neighborhood in Sheffield, UK, by using a prototype workflow comprising a custom‐made mobile‐sensing platform and an existing suite of neural network models to calculate an estimate count of buildings external doors and windows. The prototype implementation of the framework achieves comparable total and building‐level component counts with those achieved through manual human counts. Such automated estimation of components enables an understanding of opportunities across the circular economic hierarchies and informs stakeholders across the supply chain to better prepare for the implementation of circular strategies including building refurbishments.
Injectable platelet‐rich fibrin for perioral rejuvenation as assessed by 3D lip volume imaging
Authors: Hamid Omar , Quinlan Daniel J. , Seemann Rudolf , Hassan Haidar
Published: September 2021

Background

Various injectable autologous platelet aggregate preparations have been developed and used for facial rejuvenation. Limited evidence exists for the use of these for augmentation of the lip.

Objectives

This prospective, uncontrolled, single‐center study evaluated the qualitative and quantitative effects of an injectable platelet‐rich fibrin preparation (known as i‐PRF+) for lip augmentation.

Patients/methods

PRF® PROCESS system technology was used to prepare i‐PRF+ supernatant. Ten healthy females were included in the study and received a single intradermal injection of i‐PRF+ in the upper and lower lips (5 ml in each quadrant, total ~2 ml). Participants were followed for 3 months post‐procedure. The efficacy of the procedure was assessed qualitatively by a subjective patient‐reported outcome (FACE‐Q) assessment and quantitatively by objective 3D skin surface volume analysis (ProFace®) at baseline and after 3 months.

Results

FACE‐Q scales that measure satisfaction with skin and lip showed a statistically significant improvement from baseline (p = 0.04 and p = 0.02, respectively). Satisfaction with lip lines showed a numerical improvement with mean total scores for adverse effect scales related to the skin and lips reduced at 2 weeks post‐procedure (p = 0.03 and p = 0.13, respectively). Overall lip volume at 3‐month follow‐up was unchanged (p = 0.11). The treatment was well tolerated with only minor adverse effects.

Conclusions

A single session of i‐PRF+ injections resulted in significant lip rejuvenation at 3‐month follow‐up, shown by improved patient‐reported outcome measure. No significant change in lip volume was observed.
Subject satisfaction following treatment with nanofractional radiofrequency for the treatment and reduction of acne scarring and rhytids: A prospective study
Authors: Arruda Suleima , Swearingen Alyssa , Medrano Kathleen , Sadick Neil
Published: September 2021

Background

Skin‐related changes, such as fine lines, wrinkles, and acne scarring, are a source of distress to both men and women. Nanofractional radiofrequency delivers thermal energy to skin layers leading to dermal remodeling that can address skin conditions related to aging. The objective of this study was to evaluate the subject satisfaction of nanofractional radiofrequency for the treatment of facial wrinkles and acne scarring in both lighter and darker skin tones.

Materials and methods

30 subjects (skin types II‐VI) were enrolled in this prospective, evaluator‐blind study. The average age of subjects was 51.9 ± 13.5 years. Subjects received three treatments at 3‐ to 5‐week intervals on both sides of the face using the 80‐ or the 160‐pin tip disposables. Follow‐up visits were conducted at 6‐ and 12 weeks after the last treatment. Subject satisfaction was evaluated using a self‐assessment of a reduction of wrinkles or acne scars, and subject satisfaction questionnaire. Pain, tolerability, and safety were monitored throughout.

Results

Subjects treated for acne or wrinkles were satisfied with their treatment at both the 6‐week and 12‐week follow‐up visit (mean score 3.0; range 0 = very unsatisfied to 4 = very satisfied). The treatments were well tolerated at all treatment sessions, averaging a score of 3.5 on the tolerability scale (0 = very intolerable to 4 = very tolerable) with treatment‐associated pain reported to be mild (3.2 out of 10). There were no adverse events or unanticipated side effects.

Conclusions

This clinical study demonstrates subjects are satisfied with nanofractional radiofrequency treatments for improvement of their wrinkles and acne scars.
A review of topical vitamin C derivatives and their efficacy
Authors: Enescu Christina D. , Bedford Lisa M. , Potts Geoffrey , Fahs Fatima
Published: September 2021

Vitamin C is a popular ingredient in over‐the‐counter cosmeceuticals due to its many biological functions in maintaining and improving skin health by treating UV damage, improving discoloration, and boosting collagen production. Several chemically modified derivatives of vitamin C have been developed in an attempt to increase the stability, percutaneous absorption, and overall activity of this ingredient in topical formulations. The goal of this review is to evaluate the differences between vitamin C derivatives that have been designed for cosmeceutical use and their efficacy.
Harnessing environmental‐RNAi to win an enduring battle: Plant versus pathogen
Authors: Almasi Reza , Amari Khalid
Published: September 2021

Plant‐microbiome interactions are sophisticated phenomena with unrevealed features. Current progress in RNA biology has enlightened the impact of exchanging small RNAs between plants and their associated microbes in altering the battlefield conditions in their favour. The discovery of RNAi and the release of resistant transgenic plants have raised public health concerns rushing to develop less‐invasive control strategies. As an alternative, the topical application of small RNAs to inhibit gene expression via non‐transformative RNAi in pathogens and pests, opens new horizons in plant disease management. The present review highlights how plants and their microbial associates send and receive small RNA molecules and that sRNAs and delivery techniques characteristics provide an effective disease control.
Insight into biosorption of heavy metals by extracellular polymer substances and the improvement of the efficacy: a review
Authors: Li C. , Yu Y. , Fang A. , Feng D. , Du M. , Tang A. , Chen S. , Li A.
Published: September 2021

Heavy metals are continuously released into aquatic environments in which they accumulate. This phenomenon endangers public health because heavy metals accumulate along the food chain. However, conventional remediation methods are inefficient, expensive and yield toxic intermediate products, which adversely affect the environment. The discovery of green bio-adsorbents such as microbial extracellular polymer substance (EPS) has quickly attracted considerable worldwide attention because of their low cost, high removal efficiency of heavy metals and industrial availability. Hence, this review considers the sources, hazards and treatment methods of heavy metals pollution, particularly the biosorption mechanism of EPS to heavy metals and the influencing factors of the bio-adsorption process, which are significant in the efficient removal of heavy metals-containing wastewater treatment. This review also focuses on strengthening the process of EPS adsorption of heavy metals, which can further contribute to heavy metals removal. Finally, it has been proposed that improving the yield, stability, selectivity and recoverability of EPS is the key direction of further research.
Assessment of bladder function for stabilizing urinary volume overnight with recording of brain waves (ABSORB study)
Authors: Torimoto Kazumasa , Matsushita Chie , Itami Yoshitaka , Iwamoto Takashi , Owari Takuya , Gotoh Daisuke , Miyake Makito , Hori Shunta , Nakai Yasushi , Aoki Katsuya , Hirao Shuya , Momose Hitoshi , Tanaka Nobumichi , Fujimoto Kiyohide
Published: September 2021

Objectives

The bladder urothelium is not always impermeable. During sleep, the bladder might absorb urine in healthy individuals who sleep through the night. This study aimed to determine whether the bladder absorbs urine by using a method other than ultrasonic scanning and to simultaneously evaluate sleeping conditions.

Methods

Eleven participants (five males, six females) aged 20 to 49 years without lower urinary tract symptoms or urination while sleeping were enrolled. Bladder volume was estimated by studying the relationship between dilution and absorbance of indigo carmine dissolved in urine. A 12F Foley catheter was inserted into the bladder before sleep. Urine samples (5 mL) were extracted at 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 am sleep stages were monitored with a single‐channel portable electroencephalograph device.

Results

The estimated bladder volume at 6 am and voided volume immediately after rising were significantly correlated (Spearman's ρ = 0.62, P = .046). Eight participants (three males, five females) showed an absorption pattern of the estimated bladder volume change. In a male participant, the blue dye's strength gradually decreased until 4 am (estimated 859 mL) and increased from 5 am (estimated 455 mL). In another, the blue dye's strength increased at 4 am (estimated 449 mL) vs at 3 am (estimated 757 mL). In all participants, electroencephalograph data demonstrated that sleep was maintained despite having a full bladder.

Conclusions

The bladder absorbs urine and maintains an approximate volume of functional bladder capacity during sleep to avoid incontinence and maintain sleep in adults due to an urge to void urine during the sleep cycle.
The analytic‐continental divide in philosophical practice: An empirical study
Authors: Mizrahi Moti , Dickinson Mike
Published: September 2021

Philosophy is often divided into two traditions: analytic and continental philosophy. Characterizing the analytic‐continental divide, however, is no easy task. Some philosophers explain the divide in terms of the place of argument in these traditions. This raises the following questions: Is analytic philosophy rife with arguments while continental philosophy is devoid of arguments? Or can different types of arguments be found in analytic and continental philosophy? This paper presents the results of an empirical study of a large corpus of philosophical texts mined from the JSTOR database (n = 53,260) designed to find patterns of argumentation by type. Overall, the results suggest that there are no significant differences between the types of arguments advanced in analytic and continental philosophy journal articles. The findings, therefore, provide no empirical support to the hypothesis that the divide between analytic and continental philosophy has to do with the place of argument in these traditions.
The processes underlying chronic migraine pathophysiology and its treatment with botulinum toxin type A
Authors: Atraszkiewicz Dominic
Published: September 2021

Objective

To comprehensively review both the models of migraine pathophysiology and transformation to chronic migraine, and align these with the known effects of botulinum toxin type A (BTX‐A).

Background

Migraine is a relatively common, disabling, and debilitating condition that is notoriously difficult to manage by pain specialists. A comprehensive review of the mechanisms of its pathophysiology, chronification, and treatment with BTX‐A is lacking.

Methods

This narrative literature review is formed following an intensive search of scientific literature on PubMed, CENTRAL, and EMBASE databases using relevant key search terms.

Results

Migraine can be seen as a threshold disorder with multiple mechanisms: hyperexcitability of trigeminal afferents, impaired descending inhibition, and central sensitization. The mechanism of transformation to chronic migraine, where headache symptoms occur on at least 15 days per month, remains unclear, but key risk factors include sex (female), headache frequency, psychiatric co‐morbidities, obesity, and low socioeconomic status. Botulinum toxin A is an exotoxin produced by the gram‐positive rod bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Following the agent's initial use in aesthetic medicine, it is now an FDA‐approved treatment for chronic migraine. The toxin has multiple modes of action in chronic migraine, including neurotransmitter exocytosis blockade, inhibition of membrane receptor insertion, and anti‐inflammatory processes.

Conclusion

Migraine is likely caused by intrinsic hyperexcitability of the trigeminovascular nociceptive system, disrupted descending inhibitory pain networks, and central sensitization. Pathophysiology of chronification is poorly understood. BTX‐A acts primarily by attenuating neuropeptidergic signaling, inhibiting membrane receptor insertion, and downregulating expression of receptors implicated in cortical spreading depression.
The experiences of nurses diagnosed with COVID‐19 in Turkey: A qualitative study
Authors: Özlük Bilgen , Bıkmaz Zülfiye
Published: September 2021

Frontline healthcare professionals during the pandemic were exposed to the risk of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) worldwide. In this study, we aimed to explore the experiences of nurses who were diagnosed with COVID‐19. This qualitative, descriptive study was conducted between July 20 and September 29, 2020. A total of 17 nurses were included by using purposeful and snowball sampling methods and interviewed. Video interviews were conducted through WhatsApp using a semistructured in‐depth interview form. Data were analyzed using the content analysis method. The experiences of nurses at the time of COVID‐19 diagnosis were categorized into three main themes: (a) personal experiences, (b) thoughts on the reasons for getting infected, and (c) social experiences. In conclusion, we shed light on the experiences of frontline nurses during pandemic who were exposed to COVID‐19. Individual, organizational, and social regulations and actions are needed for the management of the pandemic.
Building and evaluating suicide attempt prediction models using risk factors
Authors: Kim Seol Bin , Jeong Ihn Sook
Published: September 2021

This study identified risk factors of suicide attempts for the purpose of building prediction models and evaluating their performance. The participants of this secondary data analysis study were 11 671 adults aged 19 years or older. The prediction models consisted of risk factors identified through multiple logistic regression analysis, and performance was analyzed in terms of calibration, discrimination, and clinical usefulness. The risk factors for suicide attempts were suicide plan and suicidal ideation for males, and suicide plan and depression diagnosis for females. The prediction models constructed with these risk factors showed good calibration and discrimination, with over 0.90 of the area under the curves. At the cutoff point of 0.5%, the sensitivity of the full model was 90.9% for males and 82.4% for females. The net benefit was positive at a threshold probability under 30% for males and 40% for females. Given the acceptable performance of the suicide attempt prediction models, they can be used to assess suicide attempt risk and detect the population at high risk in the community at an early stage, with limited human resources.
The standard of integrity may be useful when assessing arguments over qualitative review methods: The case of the Joanna Briggs Institute's rebuttal of a fundamental critique
Authors: de Vaal Marielle , Tamás Peter Andrew
Published: September 2021

One challenge for those reading methodological debates in low consensus fields is determining the outcome when participants do not share standards. When parties to a debate do not agree on the standards to be used in assessing their arguments (i.e., quality), it may be useful to ask first if parties’ contributions meet their own expectations (i.e., integrity). Most protocols for review of qualitative research specify some form of quality assessment. These protocols normally require some test of internal coherence. Coherence is also relevant when describing the match between a rebuttal and the argument it answers. In 2019,Nursing Inquirypublished a critique and rebuttal of the methods used by the Joanna Briggs Institute. In this essay, we attempted to use the Joanna Briggs Institute's own quality assessment standards to assess their rebuttal of this fundamental critique. We found it possible to use the Joanna Briggs Institute's own quality assessment standards to assess this rebuttal, and we found that JBI's rebuttal did not meet their own standards.
Late‐onset rapid gastric emptying: Identification of a new abnormal finding in patients with otherwise normal results on gastric emptying scintigraphy
Authors: McCallum Richard , La Follette Carola , Kumar Dwivedi Alok , Sarosiek Irene , Havey Anna , Diaz Jesus
Published: September 2021

Background

The 4‐h gastric emptying (GE) scintigraphy protocol is the gold standard for assessing GE. Rapid gastric emptying (RGE) is >30% emptied by 30 min and >65% emptied at1 h. We observed that some GE studies demonstrated rapid emptying at a later time although interpreted as normal (NGE) at 4 h. We aimed to establish thresholds to characterize this subset of late‐onset rapid gastric emptying (LRGE).

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 4‐h GE studies of 425 patients with upper GI symptoms who fulfilled the criteria for NGE. We recruited 24 normal subjects to establish GE cutoff values (mean +/‐ 2SD) at 1–2, 2–3, and 3–4 h. These thresholds were applied to the 425 patients with NGE. During every GE study, patients graded their postprandial symptoms on a scale from 0 to 4.

Key Results

The mean upper threshold decrement limits were calculated from the normal volunteers as 67.6% at 1–2 h, 48.7% at 2–3 h, and 27.9% at 3–4 h. After applying these values to the NGE patients, 19 (4.5%) were classified as having LRGE; 6 patients (1.4%) for the 2‐ to 3‐h; and 13 (3.1%) for the 3‐ to 4‐h period. Patients with LRGE had abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, or diarrhea beginning more than 1‐h postprandial.

Conclusion

5% of patients classified as “normal” at 4 h had an abnormal GE pattern based on the proposed criteria for LRGE. This highlights the importance of applying these hourly decrement thresholds to identify LRGE as a new diagnostic entity explaining postprandial symptoms.
Duodenum at a crossroads: Key integrator of overlapping and psychological symptoms in functional dyspepsia?
Authors: Wauters Lucas , Ceulemans Matthias , Vanuytsel Tim
Published: September 2021

The study of the interaction between gastrointestinal (GI) function and psychological features is a complex and developing field. The bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain or gut‐brain axis is considered as a pivotal player in the pathogenesis of the highly prevalent functional GI disorders, including irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia (FD), which have been redefined as disorders of gut‐brain interaction. However, the mechanisms through which changes in the gut alter brain functioning, feelings, and behavior remain unclear. Based on the presence of duodenal pathology in adult FD patients, Ronkainenet al. provide the first prospective evidence for duodenal eosinophils potentially driving anxiety. Also in this edition, associations between gastroduodenal pathology and rumination syndrome, which may coexist with FD, have now been confirmed in children by Friesenet al. Together these findings confirm not only the potential role of duodenal alterations in determining overlapping upper GI but also psychological symptoms, which result from bidirectional and complex interactions. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent advances in this field and highlight the novel contributions of the original studies of Ronkainen et al. and Friesen et al. to this topic.
Methamphetamine use in the United States: epidemiological update and implications for prevention, treatment, and harm reduction
Authors: Jones Christopher M. , Houry Debra , Han Beth , Baldwin Grant , Vivolo‐Kantor Alana , Compton Wilson M.
Published: September 2021

Recent attention has focused on the growing role of psychostimulants, such as methamphetamine in overdose deaths. Methamphetamine is an addictive and potent stimulant, and its use is associated with a range of physical and mental health harms, overdose, and mortality. Adding to the complexity of this resurgent methamphetamine threat is the reality that the increases in methamphetamine availability and harms are occurring in the midst of and intertwined with the ongoing opioid overdose crisis. Opioid involvement in psychostimulant‐involved overdose deaths increased from 34.5% of overdose deaths in 2010 to 53.5% in 2019—an increase of more than 50%. This latest evolution of the nation's overdose epidemic poses novel challenges for prevention, treatment, and harm reduction. This narrative review synthesizes what is known about changing patterns of methamphetamine use with and without opioids in the United States, other characteristics associated with methamphetamine use, the contributions of the changing illicit drug supply to use patterns and overdose risk, motivations for couse of methamphetamine and opioids, and awareness of exposure to opioids via the illicit methamphetamine supply. Finally, the review summarizes illustrative community and health system strategies and research opportunities to advance prevention, treatment, and harm reduction policies, programs, and practices.
Obesity and endocrine therapy resistance in breast cancer: Mechanistic insights and perspectives
Authors: Barone Ines , Caruso Amanda , Gelsomino Luca , Giordano Cinzia , Bonofiglio Daniela , Catalano Stefania , Andò Sebastiano
Published: September 2021

The incidence of obesity, a recognized risk factor for various metabolic and chronic diseases, including numerous types of cancers, has risen dramatically over the recent decades worldwide. To date, convincing research in this area has painted a complex picture about the adverse impact of high body adiposity on breast cancer onset and progression. However, an emerging but overlooked issue of clinical significance is the limited efficacy of the conventional endocrine therapies with selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) or degraders (SERDs) and aromatase inhibitors (AIs) in patients affected by breast cancer and obesity. The mechanisms behind the interplay between obesity and endocrine therapy resistance are likely to be multifactorial. Therefore, what have we actually learned during these years and which are the main challenges in the field? In this review, we will critically discuss the epidemiological evidence linking obesity to endocrine therapeutic responses and we will outline the molecular players involved in this harmful connection. Given the escalating global epidemic of obesity, advances in understanding this critical node will offer new precision medicine‐based therapeutic interventions and more appropriate dosing schedule for treating patients affected by obesity and with breast tumors resistant to endocrine therapies.
Hypertension and periodontitis: A joint report by the Italian society of hypertension (SIIA) and the Italian society of periodontology and implantology (SIdP)
Authors: Del Pinto Rita , Landi Luca , Grassi Guido , Marco Sforza Nicola , Cairo Francesco , Citterio Filippo , Paolantoni Guerino , D’aiuto Francesco , Ferri Claudio , Monaco Annalisa , Pietropaoli Davide ,   The Italian working group on Hypertension, Periodontitis (Hy‐Per Group)
Published: September 2021

An accumulating body of evidence supports an independent association between high blood pressure (BP) and periodontitis, possibly mediated by low‐grade inflammation. This joint report by the Italian Society of Hypertension (SIIA) and the Italian Society of Periodontology and Implantology (SIdP) working group on Hypertension and Periodontitis (Hy‐Per Group) provides a review of the evidence on this topic encompassing epidemiology, biological plausibility, relevance, magnitude, and treatment management. Consensus recommendations are provided for health professionals on how to manage BP in individuals showing signs of poor oral health. In summary, (1) large epidemiological studies highlight that individuals with periodontal diseases have increased risk for high/uncontrolled BP independent of confounders; (2) mechanistically, low‐grade inflammation might have a causal role in the association; (3) BP profile and control might benefit from periodontal treatment in pre‐hypertensive and hypertensive individuals; (4) oral health status should be evaluated as a potential risk factor for high/uncontrolled BP, and effective oral care should be included as an adjunct lifestyle measure during hypertension management. Further research is needed to optimize BP management in individuals with poor oral health.
Association of Sagittal Spinopelvic Realignment with Correction in Lower Lumbar Lordosis after Surgical Treatment in Degenerative Lumbar Scoliosis
Authors: Zhang Zi‐fang , Qi Deng‐bin , Wang Tian‐hao , Wang Chun‐guo , Wang Zheng , Wang Yan , Zheng Guo‐quan
Published: September 2021

Objective

To assess the effect that correction of lower lumbar lordosis (3L) has on global spine realignment due to the key role of 3L for scoliosis surgery in patients with degenerative lumbar scoliosis (DLS).

Methods

This study is a retrospective review performed between June 2018 and January 2020, including consecutive patients with DLS. Only patients age ≥ 45 years who had already undergone a selective root block operation and had the procedure of long‐fusion extending to pelvis and posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) at lower lumbar spine (L4‐S1) were retained for analysis. Spinopelvic parameters measured included thoracic kyphosis (TK), lumbar lordosis (LL), 3L, pelvic incidence (PI), pelvic tilt (PT), sacral slope (SS), T1 pelvic angle (TPA), and sagittal vertical axis (SVA) at pre‐operation and the third month follow‐up. The mismatch (PI‐LL) was calculated subsequently. Pearson correlation and linear regression analysis were performed to explore the association of the changes in global spinopelvic parameters with 3L correction.

Results

Thirty‐nine patients (five males, 34 females) with the average age of 63.84 years (SD 7.53; range, 45–75 years) at the time of surgery were identified. All patients had the surgical procedure of long‐fusion (≥4 vertebras) with PLIF at lower lumbar spine between L4 and S1 spine. Lower instrumented vertebras (LIV) fused to pelvis (S1, 14; S2, 18; ilium, 7) were operated in all patients. Seventeen patients were with upper instrumented vertebras (UIV) at thoracolumbar spine (L2‐T11), and 22 patients at thoracic spine (T10 and above). The median of instrumented segments was 10 (5–14). 3L significantly increased (P = 0.02) after surgical treatment by mean change of 4.21° (range, −19.7° to +22.2°). Perioperatively, all spinopelvic parameters regarding to TK, LL, SS, PT, TPA, SVA, and mismatch (PI‐LL) had significant changes (P < 0.001). The change in 3L correlated significantly with the changes in spinopelvic parameters (r = 0.772 for LL, −0.589 for SVA, −0.439 for TPA, and −0.428 for PI‐LL). After linear regression analysis, the formulas were obtained: d‐LL = 14.977 + 0.636 × d‐3L, (R2 = 0.596); d‐(PI‐LL) = 16.575 + 0.62 × d‐3L, (R2 = 0.183); d‐TPA = −7.284 to 0.358 × d‐3L, (R2 = 0.193); d‐SVA = −30.556–2.639 × d‐3L (R2 = 0.347).

Conclusions

Correction in lower lumbar lordosis, following the surgical procedure of long‐fusion with PLIF at lower lumbar spine, could result in significant changes in full‐spine parameters. The significant association of changes in each of global spine parameter with the correction of 3L perioperatively could provide important information for surgeons to make a surgical plan for spinal correction.
Multifocal granular cell tumors in a 10‐year‐old boy
Authors: Oro‐Ayude Marcos , Mesa‐Álvarez Laura , Álvarez‐Álvarez Carlos , Feal Carlos , González‐Sixto Beatriz , Batalla Ana , Ramírez Aquilina , Couselo‐Rodríguez Carmen , Devesa‐Múgica Miguel , Flórez Ángeles
Published: September 2021

Multifocal granular cell tumor is a poorly understood entity. Its importance lies in its association with several genetic disorders and the challenging distinction between multifocal and metastatic granular cell tumor. Herein, we report an unusual case of nonmalignant, multifocal, granular cell tumors affecting the skin, including the scrotum, in a 10‐year‐old boy.