bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analytical determination of the complex refractive index and the incident angle of an optically isotropic substrate by ellipsometric parameters and reflectance
Authors: Chen Chia-Wei , Hartrumpf Matthias , Längle Thomas , Beyerer Jürgen
Published: April 2021

An analytical solution for the determination of both angle of incidence (AOI) and the complex refractive index from combined ellipsometric and reflectometric measurements at optically isotropic substrates is presented. Conventional ellipsometers usually measure flat surfaces because the curvatures of the surface alter the reflected or transmitted light, which causes experimental errors due to the deviation of the incident angle. However, in real industrial applications, the shapes of samples are usually curved or even free-form. In this case, the knowledge of the AOI is essential. The proposed method provides a simple way to measure the AOI and the complex refractive index of nonplanar samples without extra or complicated hardware.
“Kankasha” in Kassala: A prospective observational cohort study of the clinical characteristics, epidemiology, genetic origin, and chronic impact of the 2018 epidemic of Chikungunya virus infection in Kassala, Sudan
Authors: Bower Hilary , el Karsany Mubarak , Adam Abd Alhadi Adam Hussein , Idriss Mubarak Ibrahim , Alzain Ma’aaza Abasher , Alfakiyousif Mohamed Elamin Ahmed , Mohamed Rehab , Mahmoud Iman , Albadri Omer , Mahmoud Suha Abdulaziz Alnour , Abdalla Orwa Ibrahim , Eldigail Mawahib , Elagib Nuha , Arnold Ulrike , Gutierrez Bernardo , Pybus Oliver G. , Carter Daniel P. , Pullan Steven T. , Jacob Shevin T. , Abdallah Tajeldin Mohammedein , Gannon Benedict , Fletcher Tom E.
Published: April 2021

Background

The public health impact of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is often underestimated. Usually considered a mild condition of short duration, recent outbreaks have reported greater incidence of severe illness, fatality, and longer-term disability. In 2018/19, Eastern Sudan experienced the largest epidemic of CHIKV in Africa to date, affecting an estimated 487,600 people. Known locally as Kankasha, this study examines clinical characteristics, risk factors, and phylogenetics of the epidemic in Kassala City.

Methodology/Principal findings

A prospective cohort of 102 adults and 40 children presenting with chikungunya-like illness were enrolled at Kassala Teaching Hospital in October 2018. Clinical information, socio-demographic data, and sera samples were analysed to confirm diagnosis, characterise illness, and identify viral strain. CHIKV infection was confirmed by real-time reverse transcription-PCR in 84.5% (120/142) of participants. Nine (7.5%) CHIKV-positive participants had concurrent Dengue virus (DENV) infection; 34/118 participants (28.8%) had a positive Rapid Diagnostic Test for Plasmodium falciparum; six (5.0%) had haemorrhagic symptoms including two children with life-threatening bleeding. One CHIKV-positive participant died with acute renal injury. Age was not associated with severity of illness although CHIKV-infected participants were younger (p = 0.003).

Two to four months post-illness, 63% of adults available for follow-up (30) were still experiencing arthralgia in one or more joints, and 11% remained moderately disabled on Rapid3 assessment. Phylogenetic analysis showed all CHIKV sequences from this study belonged to a single clade within the Indian Ocean Lineage (IOL) of the East/Central/South African (ECSA) genotype. History of contact with an infected person was the only factor associated with infection (p = 0.01), and likely related to being in the same vector environment.

Conclusions/Significance

Vulnerability to CHIKV remains in Kassala and elsewhere in Sudan due to widespread Aedes aegypti presence and mosquito-fostering household water storage methods. This study highlights the importance of increasing awareness of the severity and impact of CHIKV outbreaks, and the need for urgent actions to reduce transmission risk in households.
Factors affecting utilization of mental health services from Primary Health Care (PHC) facilities of western hilly district of Nepal
Authors: Devkota Gaurav , Basnet Puspa , Thapa Bijay , Subedi Madhusudan
Published: April 2021

Aim

To explore the factors affecting mental health service utilization from Primary Health Care facilities of Arghakhanchi district, a western hilly district of Nepal.

Background

Mental health service utilization has many facilitating and hindering factors present at different socio-ecological levels. Stigma and lack of awareness in the community have been identified as the major barriers for mental health service demand and access worldwide.

Methods

A cross-sectional qualitative study was conducted in Arghakhanchi district of Nepal in July-August 2019 that collected information through face-to-face In-depth and Key Informant Interviews of three categories of participants selected judgmentally. Thirty-two purposively selected participants from the three categories were interviewed using validated interview guidelines. Thematic analysis was performed using RQDA package for EZR software. Validation of translated transcripts, member checking and inter-coder percent agreement were performed to maintain rigor in the study.

Results

Mental health stigma and inadequate awareness were identified as major factors that caused barriers for mental health service utilization at community level. They also influenced different factors at other socio-ecological levels to act as barriers. Awareness in community along with accessibility and availability of comprehensive mental health services were recommended by the participants for increasing service utilization from Primary Health Care facilities.

Conclusion

Individual, family and community awareness could help reduce and/or eliminate mental health stigma. Accessibility of health facilities and availability of comprehensive mental health services in Primary Health Care facilities could help increase service utilization from those facilities.
Maternal obesity and stillbirth at term; placental pathology—A case control study
Authors: Åmark Hanna , Westgren Magnus , Sirotkina Meeli , Hulthén Varli Ingela , Persson Martina , Papadogiannakis Nikos
Published: April 2021

Objective

The aim was to explore the potential role of the placenta for the risk of stillbirth at term in pregnancies of obese women.

Methods

This was a case-control study comparing placental findings from term stillbirths with placental findings from live born infants. Cases were singleton term stillbirths to normal weight or obese women, identified in the Stockholm stillbirth database, n = 264 and n = 87, respectively. Controls were term singletons born alive to normal weight or obese women, delivered between 2002–2005 and between 2018–2019. Placentas were compared between women with stillborn and live-born infants, using logistic regression analyses.

Results

A long and hyper coiled cord, cord thrombosis and velamentous cord insertion were stronger risk factors for stillbirth in obese women compared to normal weight women. When these variables were adjusted for in the logistic regression analysis, also adjusted for potential confounders, the odds ratio for stillbirth in obese women decreased from 1.89 (CI 1.24–2.89) to 1.63 (CI 1.04–2.56).

Conclusion

Approximately one fourth of the effect of obesity on the risk of stillbirth in term pregnancies is explained by umbilical cord associated pathology.
Epidemiology, outcomes, and utilization of intensive care unit resources for critically ill COVID-19 patients in Libya: A prospective multi-center cohort study
Authors: Elhadi Muhammed , Alsoufi Ahmed , Abusalama Abdurraouf , Alkaseek Akram , Abdeewi Saedah , Yahya Mohammed , Mohammed Alsnosy , Abdelkabir Mohammed , Huwaysh Mohammed , Amkhatirah Emad , Alshorbaji Kamel , Khel Samer , Gamra Marwa , Alhadi Abdulmueti , Abubaker Taha , Anaiba Mohamed , Elmugassabi Mohammed , Binnawara Muhannud , Khaled Ala , Zaid Ahmed , Msherghi Ahmed
Published: April 2021

Background

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has severely affected African countries, specifically the countries, such as Libya, that are in constant conflict. Clinical and laboratory information, including mortality and associated risk factors in relation to hospital settings and available resources, about critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Africa is not available. This study aimed to determine the mortality and morbidity of COVID-19 patients in intensive care units (ICU) following 60 days after ICU admission, and explore the factors that influence in‐ICU mortality rate.

Methods

This is a multicenter prospective observational study among COVID-19 critical care patients in 11 ICUs in Libya from May 29th to December 30th 2020. Basic demographic data, clinical characteristics, laboratory values, admission Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, quick SOFA, and clinical management were analyzed.

Result

We included 465 consecutive COVID-19 critically ill patients. The majority (67.1%) of the patients were older than 60 years, with a median (IQR) age of 69 (56.5–75); 240 (51.6%) were male. At 60 days of follow-up, 184 (39.6%) were discharged alive, while 281 (60.4%) died in the intensive care unit. The median (IQR) ICU length of stay was 7 days (4–10) and non-survivors had significantly shorter stay, 6 (3–10) days. The body mass index was 27.9 (24.1–31.6) kg/m2. At admission to the intensive care unit, quick SOFA median (IQR) score was 1 (1–2), whereas total SOFA score was 6 (4–7). In univariate analysis, the following parameters were significantly associated with increased/decreased hazard of mortality: increased age, BMI, white cell count, neutrophils, procalcitonin, cardiac troponin, C-reactive protein, ferritin, fibrinogen, prothrombin, and d-dimer levels were associated with higher risk of mortality. Decreased lymphocytes, and platelet count were associated with higher risk of mortality. Quick SOFA and total SOFA scores increase, emergency intubation, inotrope use, stress myocardiopathy, acute kidney injury, arrythmia, and seizure were associated with higher mortality.

Conclusion

Our study reported the highest mortality rate (60.4%) among critically ill patients with COVID-19 60 days post-ICU admission. Several factors were found to be predictive of mortality, which may help to identify patients at risk of mortality during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
Avaliação das relações entre propriedades de forma de agregados, compactação, parâmetros do esqueleto mineral e textura de revestimentos asfálticos aeroportuários a partir do Processamento Digital de Imagens (PDI)
Authors: Araujo Victor Mosca de Carvalho , Maia Renan Santos , Castelo Branco Verônica Teixeira Franco , Maia Aldaianny Oliveira , Rodrigues Camilla Bezerra
Published: April 2021

Este trabalho busca contribuir, na fase de projeto, para a previsão de macro e microtextura de misturas asfálticas aeroportuárias, relacionando-as com propriedades de forma dos agregados, métodos de compactação e parâmetros do esqueleto mineral. Para tanto, foi validado o uso do Processamento Digital de Imagens (PDI), a partir do equipamento AIMS2, cujas avaliações de macro e microtextura apresentam correspondência satisfatória com o ensaio de Mancha de Areia (MA) e a textura superficial da matriz pétrea, respectivamente. Observou-se que o aumento do Grau de Compactação (GC) e a utilização de rolos tandem provocam uma redução na macrotextura e uma melhoria nas características do esqueleto mineral. Além disso, a compactação em laboratório pode dar suporte à previsão da macrotextura em campo, porém a microtextura pode ser melhor prevista a partir da análise isolada da textura superficial dos agregados, sendo necessário para isso o desenvolvimento de correspondências entre classificações estatísticas e físicas.
Caracterização de emulsões asfálticas brasileiras a partir do protocolo Emulsion Performance Grade (EPG)
Authors: Álvarez Luisa Fernanda Arango , Gadler Fernanda , Savasini Kamilla Vasconcelos , Bernucci Liedi Legi Bariani
Published: April 2021

A especificação Emulsion Performance Grade – EPG indica que os processos de degradação dos tratamentos para preservação de superfícies aplicados a frio com emulsão asfáltica guardam uma relação direta com parâmetros reológicos do ligante residual da emulsão. Apesar do reconhecimento da importância da contribuição da emulsão asfáltica em suas aplicações, no Brasil sua seleção ainda é realizada de maneira empírica, sem avaliação de propriedades relacionadas diretamente ao desempenho da mistura em campo. O presente trabalho visa avaliar o potencial de utilização da especificação por grau de desempenho, para misturas de microrrevestimento asfáltico a frio, mediante a aplicação do protocolo denominado EPG. Foram caracterizadas as propriedades reológicas do resíduo asfáltico de três emulsões brasileiras e o desempenho em serviço de cada uma delas foi previsto com uma estrutura metodológica semelhante às especificações Superpave®. As emulsões frescas foram ainda avaliadas quanto à viscosidade e à estabilidade, que se relacionam com as condições de construtibilidade. A aplicação dos procedimentos e valores admissíveis do EPG levou à definição de graus de desempenho em temperaturas altas e baixas, coerentes com o comportamento esperado segundo as características e o propósito das emulsões avaliadas. No que diz respeito à viscosidade e a estabilidade, apesar de não se tratarem de parâmetros classificatórios, todas as emulsões apresentaram comportamento adequado e resultados aceitáveis do recente protocolo.
Comportamento não conforme de motociclistas em interseções semaforizadas de Fortaleza
Authors: Sasaki Marcos William , Cunto Flávio José Craveiro
Published: April 2021

Os acidentes no Brasil envolvendo motociclistas tem crescido nos últimos anos, motivando mais estudos que permitam compreender a relação entre o comportamento de condução e os acidentes de trânsito. Nesta linha, utilizou-se o conceito de Comportamentos Não Conforme dos motociclistas juntamente com características do ambiente de circulação e acidentes de trânsito para representar quantitativamente esse fenômeno. Neste trabalho foram coletadas e analisadas de forma manual, 124 horas de vídeo de 31 aproximações de interseções semaforizadas. Os comportamentos em não conformidade analisados foram mudança de faixa, avanço semafórico, trânsito sobre a calçada e em sentido proibido e velocidade inadequada, os quais foram relacionados ao ambiente de circulação e posteriormente com os acidentes. Os resultados mostraram que o aumento proporcional do fluxo de veículos pesados pode reduzir em até 22% a frequência de mudança de faixas das motocicletas. A fiscalização eletrônica mostrou-se eficiente em coibir o avanço semafórico. Os motociclistas desenvolvem velocidades 11% maiores que os carros. A diferença de velocidade do 85º percentil entre motos e carros e o número de faixas foram identificadas como variáveis significativas na modelagem dos acidentes. Encontrou-se indícios de que canteiro central, número de faixas e fiscalização eletrônica apresentam influência sobre o comportamento dos motociclistas.
Avaliação da adequação geométrica da malha cicloviária de São Paulo
Authors: Ferreira Roger Biganzolli , Balbo José Tadeu
Published: April 2021

Para o incentivo e aumento do uso da bicicleta nas cidades, é necessária a oferta de vias cicláveis com geometria adequada. Este trabalho teve como objetivo contribuir para a avaliação da adequação geométrica das ciclovias e ciclofaixas de São Paulo. Para tanto, foi delimitada uma área piloto subdividida em segmentos da rede cicloviária para que três aspectos pudessem ser avaliados: larguras, declividades e velocidades. Foram coletadas as larguras médias e calculadas as declividades de cada segmento e observadas as velocidades máximas permitidas dos automóveis das vias adjacentes para comparação com intervalos de referência. Estes valores foram integrados no Indicador de Adequação Geométrica de Vias Cicláveis (IAGVC) que mostrou que nenhum segmento da área piloto é plenamente inadequado, porém apenas 28,95% foram classificados como plenamente adequados.
Estudo laboratorial do comportamento mecânico de agregados reciclados para aplicação em reaterro de valas
Authors: Carvalho João Paulo Barbosa , Motta Rosângela dos Santos
Published: April 2021

Este trabalho visa contribuir com a avaliação de agregados reciclados para uso em pavimentação, particularmente em reaterro de valas, possibilitando, assim, o reaproveitamento de materiais e buscando a melhoria da qualidade do pavimento reparado. Geralmente as especificações acerca do assunto indicam somente uma caracterização física básica dos materiais neste tipo de aplicação, deixando uma lacuna quanto ao seu comportamento mecânico. Para contribuir neste âmbito, o principal objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar o comportamento mecânico de agregados reciclados de resíduo de construção e demolição (RCD) e de reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) em laboratório. O RCD foi avaliado com e sem adição de cimento Portland, enquanto o RAP foi estudado na forma de mistura reciclada a frio com espuma de asfalto. Foi analisado o comportamento mecânico por meio de ensaios de módulo de resiliência e deformação permanente, sob carga repetida, além das evoluções de deformação permanente segundo a teoria do Shakedown. Adicionalmente, os resultados obtidos permitiram a proposição de seções-tipo com estes materiais reciclados em reaterro de valas. Os resultados mostram, de maneira geral, que o RCD estabilizado com cimento e o RAP podem ser aplicados como material de preenchimento de valas em diferentes tipos de tráfego, segundo as condições propostas.
Assessing vulnerabilities in transport networks: a graph-theoretic approach
Authors: Morelli André Borgato , Cunha André Luiz
Published: April 2021

O projeto e a manutenção de sistemas de transporte sustentáveis e resilientes dependem da identificação de possíveis vulnerabilidades antes que as crises ocorram, para que a infraestrutura e as estratégias de ação sejam efetivamente desenvolvidas em tempos de crise. No entanto, dada a complexidade dos sistemas de transporte, os métodos propostos para avaliação de vulnerabilidades são de difícil implementação e requerem dados inacessíveis para a maioria dos municípios brasileiros. Diante desse cenário, e com o intuito de simplificar a análise preliminar de um sistema em busca de vulnerabilidades, o objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar a medida de centralidade da teoria dos grafos que melhor representa a vulnerabilidade local das redes de transporte terrestre nas cidades brasileiras. O método proposto no estudo foi a degradação sistemática da rede medindo o decaimento de continuidade no sistema, definida como a proporção de caminhos válidos que permanecem na rede após a remoção de um determinado número de vias. Os resultados apontaram que a centralidade de intermediação é a métrica que melhor reflete a vulnerabilidade, uma vez que a estratégia de ataque que remove progressivamente as estradas com maior centralidade de intermediação apresenta um declínio mais rápido da continuidade. Com este resultado, esperamos facilitar a detecção de vulnerabilidades nos sistemas de transporte e orientar a criação de sistemas de transporte mais resilientes.
Esophageal Mucosa Innervation in Children With Nonerosive Reflux Disease
Authors: Nikaki Kornilia , Lee Chung , Ustaoglu Ahsen , Alessandrella Annalisa , Staiano Annamaria , Woodland Philip , Sifrim Daniel
Published: April 2021

INTRODUCTION:

Esophageal mucosa innervation in adults with nonerosive reflux disease (NERD) is more superficial compared with healthy volunteers. We delineated the esophageal mucosal innervation in pediatric NERD and controls.

METHODS:

Distal and proximal pediatric esophageal biopsies were immunohistochemically stained with calcitonin gene-related peptide and transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1.

RESULTS:

Mucosal innervation was assessed in 18 controls (9M:9F, median age: 9 years) and 11 NERD patients (6M:5F, median age: 5 years). Calcitonin gene-related peptide positive nerve fibers were lying deep in the mucosa in both groups, P > 0.05 and did not coexpress transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1.

DISCUSSION:

The pediatric esophageal mucosa in NERD displays deep lying nerve fibers, in contrast to adults.
NON-LINEAR ANALYSIS OF SLENDER MASONRY COLUMN SUBJECTED TO BIAXIAL BENDING
Authors: Vokál Marek , Drahorád Michal
Published: April 2021

The article deals with a method for analysing slender masonry columns. The proposed method uses material and geometric non-linearity. Various stress-strain diagrams can be used: linear, linear-plastic, parabolic-plastic, two various parabolic and rigid-plastic. In all cases, the tensile strength is neglected. The method can be used for analysing the column in accordance with Eurocodes in two ways: SLS (serviceability limit state) and ULS (ultimate limit state). The internal forces are calculated on a general beam model, with imperfections in both directions, which result in two bending moments in two perpendicular planes – biaxial bending. This case is not covered by the current code – Eurocode, even though all columns are more or less loaded in both directions. In this numerical study, using Matlab software, an algorithm was developed for modelling a real 3D case. The results of this study are also compared to the results of laboratory tests of masonry columns.
As práticas sustentáveis na cadeia produtiva do leite e os objetivos de desenvolvimento sustentável
Authors: Brum Argemiro Luís , Fagundes Mara Aparecida Barnaski , Sausen Jorge Oneide , Casali Marisandra da Silva , Brizolla Maria Margarete Baccin
Published: April 2021

A cadeia produtiva do leite, considerada muito relevante para a economia do país, vêm sendo ponto chave de discussão em virtude da baixa preocupação com o meio ambiente e as questões sociais. Portanto, este estudo objetiva a partir de um levantamento teórico, expor o cenário atual do setor leiteiro no Rio Grande do Sul, desde a propriedade rural até a oferta dos produtos, em seguida, apresentar a descrição de seu funcionamento à luz dos teóricos da sustentabilidade e dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS), mais especificamente o ODS 2. O estudo é de cunho descritivo, trata-se de uma revisão de literatura, com base em dados secundários disponibilizados por diferentes organizações governamentais tanto nacional como internacional. Conclui-se que a sustentabilidade está presente em todos os elos da cadeia produtiva do leite, seja através de ações dos órgãos governamentais, seja através de aprendizagem constante dos produtores. Quanto aos mecanismos de combate à fome e a miséria, há dois cenários: enquanto o Estado abriga um número expressivo de pessoas que vivem abaixo da linha da pobreza extrema, as agroindústrias trabalham com apenas 65% de sua capacidade produtiva gerando números negativos na balança comercial do Estado.
Analysis of the effects of Operational Excellence implementation on Inspection Outcomes in the Pharmaceutical Industry: An Empirical Study
Authors: Eich Steffen , Friedli Thomas
Published: April 2021

Goal: The goal of this paper is to test the possible connection between pharmaceutical manufacturing plants’ Operational Excellence implementation and regulatory inspection outcomes.

Methodology: This paper uses logistic regression models on a unique dataset compiled from proprietary operations datasets and published FDA inspection outcomes.

Results: The findings show that sites with advanced Operational Excellence implementation are more likely to receive favorable inspection outcomes and more so when specifically focusing on Total Quality Management implementation as a subset. A similar trend exists for the Quality Control laboratories and their compliance deficiencies when analyzed separately.

Limitations of the investigation: The limitations of this research mainly lie in the limited size and composition of the available dataset. European manufacturing sites and quality control labs are overrepresented and the sample size for quality control labs is rather small.

Practical Implication: This paper can help industrial managers and regulatory officials to better direct their resources to manufacturing sites and QC laboratories that are at a higher risk of quality non-compliance.

Originality/value: It is a long-standing maxim in literature and practice that manufacturing sites shall build improvement capabilities to reach Operational Excellence which includes superior product quality. Quality Management is particularly important in the pharmaceutical industry and often evolves on its own in the organizations. Pharmaceutical production plants are inspected regarding their quality processes and systems by regulatory authorities. However, there is lacking published evidence of the interplay of Operational Excellence practices and regulatory inspection outcomes.
Analisis Efektivitas Komunikasi Tulis Baca Konfirmasi dalam Sasaran Keselamatan Pasien di Ruang Rawat Inap Rumah Sakit X Jepara
Authors: Nurani Sinta , Sudiro Sudiro
Published: April 2021

Communication is one of the root causes of mismanagement of medical actions, lack of division of labor and coordination between professions as one of the cultural barriers to safety enforcement in hospitals. Hospitals must have a list of permitted or prohibited abbreviations which can often lead to fatal communication errors. Doctors in private hospitals in regions such as the "X" Jepara hospital come from government hospitals, especially specialist doctors. The time that doctors give very little to meet patients and talk with nurses about the patient's health status is also a problem for patient care. General Purpose: To analyze the implementation of communication TBK in an effort to prevent events related to patient safety.This study uses data collection methods through indepth interviews (in-depth interviews) with informants who have been selected and determined in relation to the implementation of the communication process of effective inpatient installation of Jepara X Hospital. Data processing is carried out with four main processes of qualitative data analysis, namely comprehending, synthesizing, theorizing and recontextualizing.The results of the study show the implementation of communication TBK in an effort to prevent events related to patient safety Application of effective communication requires a confirmation sheet as proof of recording. But this is not yet available at the X Hospital in Jepara. The modern nurse operation with the TBK technique is to use the TBK technique documentation format for each patient each shift, operand notebook, and patient medical record
Faktor – Faktor yang Berpengaruh Terhadap Praktik Perawat dalam Pelaksanaan Universal Precaution di RSUD Brebes
Authors: Basuni Haris , Suryawati Chriswardani , Nugraheni Sri Achadi
Published: April 2021

Healthcare Associated Infections/HAIs merupakan persoalan serius di fasilitas kesehatan yang bisa menjadi penyebab kematian pasien dan bertambahnya hari rawat. Universal precaution dirancang di rumah sakit sebagai langkah awal untuk tindakan pencegahan HAIs. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi Praktik Perawat dalam pelaksanaan unversal precaution pencegahan infeksi di RSUD Brebes.Jenis penelitian observasional kuantitatif dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Jumlah sampel 130 perawat, teknik pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian ini menggunakan non probability sampling dengan prosedur convenient/judgement sampling. Pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner dan lembar observasi. Analisis data dengan program SPSS menggunakan korelasi rank spearman dan regresi logistik metode enter.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pengetahuan perawat sebagian besar baik 70,8%, sikap perawat sebagian besar baik 58,5%, praktik perawat sebagian besar baik 50,8%. Uji hubungan rank spearman menunjukkan adanya hubungan antara pengetahuan dan sikap dengan praktik perawat dalam pelaksanaan universal precaution dengan nilai p-value < 0,05. Analisis multivariat regresi logistik menunjukkan pengetahuan dengan nilai rho 5,351 dan sikap dengan nilai rho 6,835 secara bersama-sama berpengaruh terhadap Praktik Perawat dalam pelaksanaan universal precaution. Saran untuk meningkatkan praktik perawat dalam pelaksanaan universal precaution perlu dilakukan  usaha untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan sikap perawat dengan cara mengadakan pelatihan .
Analisis Indeks Keluarga Sehat untuk Mendukung Program Promosi Kesehatan
Authors: Murnita Reni , Prasetyowati Asih
Published: April 2021

Health development starts from the smallest unit of society, namely the family. The Ministry of Health establishes an operational strategy for health development through the Healthy Indonesia Program with a Family Approach (PIS-PK). Data collection activities carried out in the PIS-PK aim to obtain health data for each family member by the Puskesmas. This study aims to determine the description of the index of healthy families in the working area of Puskesmas Batang I by using 12 indicators of healthy families related to the Health Promotion Program. This research is a quantitative study carried out in a descriptive observative manner, namely by analyzing the data narrative. Desa Kecapak has an index value of 0.08 (Unhealthy Family), Kelurahan Sambong has an index of 0.2 (Unhealthy Family), Kelurahan Proyonanggan Utara  has an index 0.13 (Unhealthy Family), and Kelurahan Proyonanggan Tengah has an index 0 , 21 (Unhealthy Family). Puskesmas Batang I work area has an index of 0.18 and is in the Unhealthy Family category. The families that were recorded had not had total coverage, which was still 54.2%. The health promotion program of the Batang I Puskesmas includes data collection on Clean dan Healthy Behavior/Perilaku Hidup Bersih dan Sehat (PHBS), training for posyandu cadres, self-awareness surveys/Survey Mawas Diri (SMD), and guidance for Alert Village/Desa Siaga.. The Health Promotion Program can refer to data on the healthy family index and PHBS by looking at the low indicator coverage of healthy families. Puskesmas can cooperate with educational institutions so that the number of families being recorded is maximized. Based on the healthy family index coverage figures, the health promotion program must synergize with the Disease Eradication Program, especially pulmonary TB disease, hypertension, and mental disorders. It is hoped that the development of posyandu and posbindu cadres can increase the coverage of the healthy family index, especially in increasing family knowledge about infectious and non-communicable diseases
Evaluasi Cold Chain Management Vaksin di Puskesmas Kabupaten Jember
Authors: Syakur Abdul , Sandra Christyana , Bumi Candra
Published: April 2021

Immunization is the most cost-effective health prevention method to suppress the incidence of vaccine-preventable disease. Immunization Program in Jember district is still not optimal with many vaccine-preventable disease cases found. Another problem found in Jember is the management of logistics vaccine that is still not optimal. Based on the activity plan report of ORI Difteri 2018, it is known that the logistics needs of some vaccines do not comply with the allocation received by Jember regency of the province. This condition This was a descriptive study using questionaire and observations data as well as the documentation study of the annual Report of Health Pharmacy Installation (IFK) year 2019. Respondent to this study were immunization officers at primary health care of Jember District. The result of cold chain management evaluation is known that the most are good enaugh. In some primary health care are still hampered insufficient means so that the maintenance of vaccine is still not optimalBased on the result that cold chain management evaluation, the knowledge officer on cold chain management is still lacking good. In the some primary health care, it is known that the equipment canstraints are unavailable. While in the conformity of temperature only one primary helath care is not recommended. And stirage activities are mostly in accordance with SOP.
Efektivitas Inisiasi Menyusui Dini (Imd) dan Faktor – Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Keberhasilannya: Tinjauan Literatur
Authors: Belawati Yeny Ristaning
Published: April 2021

Background UNICEF and WHO estimate that if all babies were breastfed for at least the first six months of their lives, morbidity and malnutrition rates would significantly decrease worldwide. both of these organizations promote the policy of initiating early breastfeeding by campaigning for a baby-friendly hospital policy, one of which encourages early breastfeeding initiation to be carried out. The aim of our study is to review the available evidence regarding the positive effects of early breastfeeding initiation on the success of exclusive breastfeeding, to suggest the most appropriate strategy to support it.Research Methods The research taken was research published in 2000-2019, obtained through major databases such as PubMed, Google Schoolar, and then examined to obtain original documents. Research searches related to the effectiveness of early initiation initiation (IMD) and the factors that influence it use the main terms "early initiation of breastfeeding", "effectivity" and "determinants of". A total of 31 literature conclusions and results of research in making this review. The 31 selected literatures have met the specified inclusion criteria.The Result Giving breastfeeding initiation is best done no later than 1 hour postpartum. IMD (initiation of early breastfeeding) is effective in stimulating milk production, producing antibody protection, reducing postpartum maternal bleeding, and in the long term affecting the duration of breastfeeding. IMD has also been studied as having the effect of reducing neonatal mortality by preventing morbidity such as diarrhea, pneumonia, UTI, meningitis and neonatal sepsis. Factors that influence the success of IMD include geographical, socioeconomic, individual health, education and maternal knowledge about IMD, duration of labor, maternal employment, hospital policy, support from health workers, labor delivery, gestational age, and maternal health conditions.Conclusions Breastfeeding initiation has been extensively studied increasing the success of exclusive breastfeeding and contributing to the reduction in infant mortality caused by infection. However, the success rate of breastfeeding initiation in several developing countries in the world still varies. Many factors influence the success of breastfeeding initiation, which still need to involve health promotion, because the implementation of breastfeeding initiation needs to involve many parties, in addition to the general public as well as to health workers who are tasked with helping in the maternity unit.
Patents, exports and technological specialization at the state level in Germany
Authors: Vlčková Jana , Stuchlíková Zuzana
Published: April 2021

Germany is a highly innovative country with large regional differences, both in economic performance and innovation potential. This paper focuses on the knowledge production and technological specialization at the state level in Germany and how it affects the exports of individual states. We measured the technological specialization based on average relatedness between patent classes. We demonstrated that technological specialization increased between 1988–1992 and 1998–2002 in most German states, whereas between 2008 and 2012 it slightly declined or remained stable in all states except Saarland and Bremen. Highly innovative states, such as Bayern, as well as the least innovative Sachsen-Anhalt, belong among the most specialized states. Therefore, there is no obvious trend indicating that large specialization is related to higher innovativeness or vice versa. In accordance with other studies, we found that having a higher number of patent applications increases exports. This is especially valid at the state level. However, within the seven examined industrial categories, the relationship is weaker. Apart from patenting, we also estimated other R&D indicators such as Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development (GERD), R&D personnel and technological specialization. Whilst the higher relative numbers of R&D personnel increase the volume of exports relative to regional GDP, in the case of GERD, the results were inconclusive. Furthermore, a higher technological specialization measured by average relatedness between patent classes negatively affects exports. This finding is surprising, and other measures of specialization in different regions should be tested to support it.
Transdziedzinowość – retoryczność – cyfryzacja. W stronę tekstów transdziedzinowych i eksplozji strukturalnej
Authors: Szczęsna Ewa
Published: April 2021

The article analyses the agency of transgression and transcendence at the domain level. It characterizes the specificity of this process and points to factors that influence its intensification (especially the development of digital technologies). The text presents the effects of this process – the impact on the way cultural texts and their structures exist. The article examines the rhetorical dimension of a trans-disciplinary nature, the effect of which is the creation of trans-disciplinary texts. It proves the thesis that in the interaction between disciplines a structural explosion takes place, which leads to the creation of new textual figures and structures and the formation of new types of texts. These issues are illustrated using specific examples of trans-disciplinary texts.
Prolog antycznej komedii w oczach Profesora Sylwestra Dworackiego (1937–2020)
Authors: Wesołowska Elżbieta
Published: April 2021

The article is an attempt to remember the recently deceased, eminent researcher, Prof. Dr. Sylwester Dworacki, based on his article on prologues in Menander’s ancient Greek comedy.
Ľubomír Čunderlík, Finančné pyramídy a ich regulačné perspektívy (Piramidy finansowe i perspektywa ich regulacji), „Acta Universitatis Carolinae – Iuridica” 2020, vol. 66, no. 3, s. 27–35, DOI: 10.14712/23366478.2020.22
Authors: Dąbrowski Karol
Published: April 2021

Ľubomír Čunderlík, Finančné pyramídy a ich regulačné perspektívy (Piramidy finansowe i perspektywa ich regulacji), „Acta Universitatis Carolinae Iuridica” 2020, vol. 66, no. 3 (opr. Karol Dąbrowski)
On the extreme values of M/M/m queueing systems
Authors: Matsak Ivan K.
Published: April 2021

The asymptotic behavior of extreme
values of queueing systems is studied. For a system

M
/
M
/
m

{{M/M/m}}

,

1
≤
m
<
∞

{1\leq m<\infty}

, the weak convergence of extreme
values of an actual waiting time and a statement of the type of the
law of the iterated logarithm are established.
Management of Soil Fertility and Agricultural Intensification in NW Iberia, 1750–1900
Authors: Corbacho González Beatriz , Padró Caminal Roc , Soto Fernández David , Fernández Prieto Lourenzo
Published: April 2021

This article describes agricultural practices of fertilization in the NW of the Iberian Peninsula between 1750 and 1900, where a leguminous plant called gorse (Ulex Europaeus) was used as bedding for livestock in order to produce manure. During the period examined, this whole region experienced a process of agricultural intensification which resulted in a net loss of nutrients in the soil. Peasants dealt with the increasing nutrient requirements by adapting land and livestock management in order to produce more manure during the second half of the 20th century. However, this was done at the expense of nutrient reserves in extensively managed areas, all of which resulted in an unsustainable agricultural pattern. Our data also suggest that the context of nutrient scarcity could be related to changes in the migration pattern, which started to be more intense after 1850 and preferred distant destinations (America), thus switching from seasonal to permanent stays.
Nitrogenous Fertilisers in Germany – Paths of Distribution from Chile Saltpetre to Haber-Bosch-Ammonia and Cyanamide (ca 1914–1930)
Authors: Strotmann Christine
Published: April 2021

This paper focusses on nitrogenous fertilisers in Germany and how they were distributed from the First World War into the 1930s. Since the availability of the fertilisers kept changing at a fast pace in the period under discussion here, the focus lies on policies concerning the production of nitrogen and the markets for nitrogenous fertilisers. The paper discusses the impact of the development of a (nearly) entirely new domestic nitrogen industry during the First World War on the market for nitrogenous fertilisers during the war and interwar period, up until the foundation of an international nitrogen cartel in 1930.
The French Nitrogen Industry during the Interwar Period: The Ambiguous Relationship between the State and Manufacturers
Authors: Llopart Michael
Published: April 2021

At the end of the First World War, the French government seized the opportunity to acquire the chemical processes of the German firm BASF, including the Haber-Bosch process. This patent made it possible to synthesize nitrogen from the air and thus produce nitrogen fertilizers in large quantities. French industrialists, however, refused to acquire these patents, and to make up for this lack of private sector involvement, the French Parliament decided in 1924 to create a national plant (ONIA), which became the first state-owned plant to be exposed to market competition. The intention was for the ONIA to supply the army with nitric acid in times of war, and, in peacetime, to sell fertilizers at the lowest possible prices in order to curb the monopoly of the private industry cartel. The purpose of this article is therefore to study the establishment and organisation of the French market for nitrogen fertilisers during the inter-war period by raising a number of questions about the ambiguous and complex relations between the state and private industry in this strategic sector. Why was the state policy initiated with the ONIA not successful at first? From 1927-1928, once the ONIA was operational, why and how did the public and private players jointly organise the marketing of fertilisers even though their interests were partially divergent? From the economic crisis of the 1930s onwards, how did the regulation of this mixed market evolve and how were public/private tensions overcome? In the French case, why did French producers leave the international cartel very early on in favour of state protectionism? And finally, to what extent can it be said that this “managed economy” framework succeeded in satisfying all the players in the French nitrogen industry?
Zur Problematik der Schuldfähigkeitsbeurteilung von intelligenzgeminderten Rechtsbrechern«
Authors: Seifert Dieter , Neuschmelting Tina
Published: April 2021

Patienten mit der Hauptdiagnose einer Intelligenzminderung führen ein Schattendasein im deutschen Maßregelvollzug nach § 63 StGB. Zahlenmäßig stellen sie eine Minderheit dar, weisen jedoch im Vergleich zu anderen Diagnosegruppen eine überlange Verweildauer auf. Der bis dato persistierende Umstand mangelnder wissenschaftlicher Grundlagenkenntnisse über diese Patientengruppe hält deren Abseitsposition aufrecht. Dadurch werden Unsicherheiten bei der Diagnostik sowie Beurteilung der strafrechtlichen Verantwortlichkeit und Legalprognose sowohl auf Seiten der Juristen als auch der Sachverständigen und Therapeuten geschürt. Das dritte Eingangsmerkmal des § 20 StGB, unter das Patienten mit einer angeborenen Intelligenzschwäche ohne nachweisbare Ursache subsumiert werden, ist gleichsam ein Abbild dieses Daseins. Abgesehen von der noch bis Ende 2020 despektierlichen und antiquierten Bezeichnung (Schwachsinn), birgt dieser Rechtsbegriff Unklarheiten und erschwert ein sicheres, transparentes Vorgehen in der forensischen Beurteilung. Dabei sind gerade diese Patienten, allein aufgrund ihrer mangelnden intellektuellen Fertigkeiten, auf die Expertise und auch Fürsorge Anderer (Sachverständiger/Juristen) angewiesen. Anhand der Ergebnisse einer aktuellen empirischen Untersuchung über 102 im Maßregelvollzug des Landes NRW (gemäß § 63 StGB) untergebrachten intelligenzgeminderten Patienten soll versucht werden, einige der offenkundig gewordenen wissenschaftlichen Lücken zu schließen, um ein höheres Maß an Sicherheit im Umgang mit dieser Patienten- und Straftätergruppe zu erreichen. Im Besonderen ist darauf hinzuweisen, dass bei mehr als jedem fünften Urteil (21,5 %) erhebliche Defizite festzustellen waren, die beide Stufen der Schuldfähigkeitsbeurteilung betrafen. So ließ sich in den Urteilen bei 13 % keine Angabe zu einem Eingangsmerkmal des § 20 StGB entnehmen; in den restlichen Fällen fehlten konkrete Ausführungen zur Einsichts- und/oder Steuerungsfähigkeit. Bei kritischer Analyse der Einweisungsgutachten lag der Anteil an fehlerhaften Ausführungen zur Schuldfähigkeit noch etwas höher (27 %).
Sich treu geblieben? Symbolische Grenzziehungen in inner-ostdeutschen Sozialgefügen vor dem Hintergrund des Nachwendeschocks
Authors: Hilmar Till
Published: April 2021

Der vorliegende Beitrag präsentiert Ergebnisse eines Forschungsprojekts zur Nachwendezeit in Ostdeutschland, das mit 41 Personen, die den Umbruch von 1989 als junge Erwachsene erlebt haben, durchgeführt wurde. Auf Basis von semi-strukturierten Interviews diskutiert der Beitrag symbolische Grenzziehungen, die Gesprächspartner/innen in Bezug auf die Erfahrungen dritter Personen nach 1989 artikulieren, und mit denen sie ein legitimes „Wir“ nach 1989 konstruieren. Es zeigen sich zwei Muster symbolischer Grenzziehungen: erstens die Abgrenzung zu politisch Begünstigten nach 1989 („Wendehals“); zweitens die Abgrenzung zu Personen, die sich nach der Wende aufgrund von sozialer Auf- oder Abwärtsmobilität negativ im Charakter verändert hätten. In Bezug auf den zweiten Typus wird das Phänomen der Brüche in ehemaligen Nahbeziehungen (vor allem Freundschaftsbeziehungen) nach 1989 als eine wichtige Form der symbolischen Grenzziehung analysiert. Der Beitrag stellt insgesamt die Bedeutung einer Ethik desSich-treu-Bleibensvor dem Hintergrund der kollektiven Krisenerfahrung nach 1989 heraus, die auf eine Verschränkung sozioökonomischer und moralischer Grenzziehungen verweist.
Pandemic in the Network Society: COVID-19 in EU and Latin America
Authors:   MGIMO University, Milovidov Vladimir
Published: April 2021

The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of the factors related to the spread of the new coronavirus infection in Europe and Latin America. The choice of regions for comparison is due to a certain similarity of their peoples' cultures and religions, their linguistic commonality, the scale of infection of the population with the new coronavirus, clearly expressed specificity and different economic development levels. The criteria for the network society are: indicators of broadband Internet subscribers and Internet shopping, the proportion of households with Internet access and the Network Readiness Index (NRI). The article proves that the development of a modern network society can affect the spread of diseases in global pandemics. The author uses the example of the popularity of food delivery services in various countries to show that the features of the influence of elements of a networked society on the risks of COVID-19 infection are regional. The author provides arguments that ceteris paribus a high level of development of the network society is the most effective in terms of ensuring biological safety in countries with a higher standard of living, which retain their regional and cultural specifics and are distinguished by the presence of sufficiently strong local communities. The evolution of a network society opens up significant opportunities for developing countries, an improvement in the quality of life, and the emergence of new traditions. All this together changes the established social structures, groups, and local networks. The world is becoming more interconnected and interdependent. That requires collective efforts from the entire world community to equalize the living standards of the population in different countries of the world, which is necessary for minimizing risks during periods of global pandemics and possibly other biological crises.