bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of EPTC on Plastid Membrane Constituents in Germinating Cucumber Cotyledons
Authors: Weinberg Mitchell B. , Castelfranco Paul A.
Published: May 2019

Cotyledons of 6-day old etiolated cucumber (Cucumis sativusL. ‘Alpha Green’) seedlings treated on the second day with EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) accumulated 35 to 45% more protochlorophyll and 30 to 40% more glycolipids than the controls. on illumination the treated cotyledons accumulated chlorophyll faster than the controls. Exposure of cucumber cotyledons to a variety of amide, carbamate, and other thiocarbamate herbicides did not produce a similar effect. EPTC, was found to cause an increase in chlorophyll accumulation.
Control of Cogongrass by Herbicides
Authors: Dickens Ray , Buchanan G. A.
Published: May 2019

Experiments were conducted to develop controls for cogongrass [Imperata cylindrica(L.) Beauv.] on noncrop areas. Single and multiple applications of herbicides were evaluated in field tests. All soil sterilants evaluated provided acceptable control. Single applications of TCA (trichloroacetic acid) at 56 kg/ha and dalapon (2,2-dichloro propionic acid) at 8.3 kg/ha controlled cogongrass without prolonged soil sterility. Multiple applications of amitrole (3-amino-s-triazole), paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion), glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] and dalapon markedly reduced cogongrass stands 1 year after application.
TCA in Irrigation Water After Bank Treatments for Weed Control
Authors: Comes R. D. , Frank P. A. , Demint R. J.
Published: May 2019

Concentrations of TCA (trichloroacetic acid) were determined in irrigation water after the sodium salt formulation had been applied to the banks of dry canals at 82 kg/ha for weed control. When the canals were refilled about 5 months after treatment, maximum concentrations of TCA detected in the water ranged from 53 to 297 ppb. The concentration was highest during the first hour of waterflow. The maximum concentration increased at a rate of 26 to 30 ppb/km of canal treated, unless surface runoff or reduced flow volumes caused abnormal flows in the canals. With one exception, no TCA was detected in the water after 4 hr of flow.
The Basis for Bentazon Selectivity in Navy Bean, Cocklebur, and Black Nightshade
Authors: Mahoney Martin D. , Penner Donald
Published: May 2019

The trifoliate leaf of tolerant navy bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) retained less bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-(4)3H-one 2,2-dioxide] from foliar applications than the unifoliate leaf, or the leaves from susceptible cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicumWallr.) and moderately susceptible black nightshade (Solarium nigrumL.) seedlings. The14C from14C-bentazon applied to the foliage of black nightshade moved throughout the entire plant. In cocklebur, the14C moved throughout the treated leaf, whereas, in the trifoliate leaf of navy bean, very little acropetal movement occurred from the site of application. However, in the unifoliate leaf of navy bean, acropetal and basipetal movement of14C from the leaf was observed. The species differed in the14C-metabolites formed from14C-bentazon 1 and 5 days after treatment. The rapid metabolism of bentazon in the trifoliate leaf of navy bean appears to be related to tolerance.
Ammonium Sulfate Enhancement of Picloram Activity and Absorption
Authors: Wilson Bruce J. , Nishimoto Roy K.
Published: May 2019

Picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) herbicidal activity on seedlings of guava (Psidium guajavaL.), strawberry guava (Psidium cattleianumSabine), and dwarf beans (Phaseolus vulgarisL. ‘Bountiful’) was increased by adding ammonium sulfate to the spray solution. Picloram activity tended to increase with increasing ammonium sulfate concentration up to 10% (w/v), but by the end of each experiment ammonium sulfate concentrations above 0.5% were generally equally effective. The absorption of14C-picloram by strawberry guava leaves was increased about five-fold by 0.5% and 10% ammonium sulfate. There was about four times more14C-picloram in the upper stem and attached leaves when ammonium sulfate was added than with picloram alone. Ammonium sulfate at 0.5% increased picloram absorption by four-fold in guava, but there was no increase in the amount of picloram translocated acropetally. Picloram absorption by dwarf beans, measured by difference between the amount of picloram applied and the amount recovered, was increased by 0.5% and 10% ammonium sulfate by a similar magnitude as on guava species.
Ethylene Adsorption and Movement in Soils and Adsorption by Soil Constituents
Authors: Witt W. W. , Weber J. B.
Published: May 2019

Adsorption of ethylene in four North Carolina soils and on montmorillonite, kaolinite, and organic matter was studied. Rate of ethylene diffusion through soils in the field and laboratory and its rate of loss from field soil were also examined. Ethylene was adsorbed in greater quantities on two soils which were limed as compared to their field pH. Ethylene adsorption by another surface soil and a subsoil were unaffected by pH changes. The order of adsorption of several hydrocarbon gases by two of the soils was ethylene = propylene ≫ methane ≥ ethane ≥ propane. Montmorillonite adsorbed more ethylene than did kaolinite or organic matter. Soils which adsorbed ethylene also had slower diffusion rates when ethylene was injected into a homogeneous soil column. Ethylene diffused 2.1 m horizontally and 0.7 m vertically to cause at least 50% witch weed (Striga luteaLour.) seed germination in a Lakeland soil in the field. Witchweed seed germination as high as 90% was obtained at soil depths of 0.3 m and horizontal distances of 0.7 m from the point of ethylene injection.
Weed Growth in Response to Greenhouse Supplemental Lighting
Authors: Duke W. B. , Hunt J. F.
Published: May 2019

Studies were conducted to compare weed growth under lighting systems composed of metal halide (MH) lamps and fluorescent-incandescent (FI) lamps. The MH lamps provided more light intensity and over a 6-week period caused plant dry weight to be 60 to 70% more than for plants exposed to the FI lamps. One week after emergence, all plants under the higher intensity MH lamps had larger stems and cotyledons or first true leaves. Six weeks after planting, weeds grown under the MH lamps had larger leaves, shorter internodes, thicker stems, and, in general, more pubescence than plants under the conventional lighting system. Growth habits of weeds exposed to the MH lamps were similar to those observed for field growth plants.
Selective Control of Cyperaceous Weeds With K-223
Authors: Takematsu Tetsuo , Konnai Makoto , Akashiba Takeo , Seki Nansho
Published: May 2019

A new urea compound, 1-(α,α-dimethylbenzyl)-3-p-tolylurea (hereinafter referred to as K-223) is characterized by its selective control of cyperaceous weeds. This compound does not show any Hill reaction inhibition or foliar contact toxicity. Its main effect is toxicity to roots. K-223 selectively controls slender spikerush [Eleocharis acicularis(L.) R. & S.], purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundusL.) and annual cyperaceous weeds. It is practically nontoxic to most broadleaf weeds. As the selectivity between crops and grass weeds is high, K-223 is applicable with little phytotoxicity. Thus sowing or transplanting is possible even just after application of K-223.
A Method of Evaluating Herbicide Combinations and Determining Herbicide Synergism
Authors: Akobundu I. O. , Sweet R. D. , Duke W. B.
Published: May 2019

Several methods of evaluating plant responses to combinations of herbicides are discussed. They include: a direct-plot of percent response vs toxic units; determining ID50(dosage that causes a 50% reduction in growth of the treated plant) for each herbicide and for each combination; percent response vs log-dosage; double reciprocal procedures; probit analysis, and calculation of expected values. A simplified version of the isobole method of Tammes (23) is presented as a method which can be readily applied by weed scientists to determine the validity of data on plant responses to herbicide combinations. Definitions are proposed which classify plant responses to herbicide interactions as additive, synergistic, antagonistic, or enhancement. Four points are listed that will improve the quality of data obtained from experiments on combinations.
Three Year Effects of Herbaceous Weed Control in a Sycamore Plantation
Authors: Fitzgerald C. H. , Richards R. F. , Selden C. W. , May J. T.
Published: May 2019

Screening studies initiated in 1969 to determine the effectiveness and selectivity of herbicides for herbaceous weed control during the first growing season in American sycamore (Plantanus occidentalis L.) plantations indicated that simazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine], atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6- (isopropylamino)-s-triazine], and dalapon (2,2-dichloropropionic acid) had the desired properties at economically feasible use rates. To further evaluate these herbicides and ametryne [2-(ethylamino)-4-(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine], permanent plots were established in a sycamore plantation in 1970. Weed control obtained from a single herbicide application in the spring after planting seedlings in the winter has resulted in increased height, diameter, and volume growth of the sycamore for at least three growing seasons. No serious phytotoxicity on the crop species was noted with application rates from 4.5 to 9.0 kg/ha of the s-triazines alone or from 5.6 kg/ha of dalapon in combination with the lower rate of simazine and atrazine.
Effects of Soil pH and Moisture on the Direct Radioassay of Herbicides in Soil
Authors: Lavy T.L.
Published: May 2019

The addition of 1.5 ml water or 1.5 ml 0.1 N oxalic acid solution to 2 g soil samples containing 14C-labeled herbicides increased the 14C extraction efficiencies. The employment of a modified dioxane extracting-counting solution allowed the addition of 2 ml water without causing a liquid phase separation. Extraction of benzoic acid herbicides from soil was enhanced when 5 mg oxalic acid was added to 2 g soil or when soil was acidified to pH 4.1.
Persistence and Movement of Perfluidone in Soil
Authors: Ketchersid M. L. , Merkle M. G.
Published: May 2019

Perfluidone (1,1,1-trifluoro-N-[2-methyl-4-(phenylsulfonyl)phenyl]-methanesulfonamide) was chemically stable for 2 to 3 weeks on the surface of three Texas soils either air dry or at field capacity and at temperatures of 22 and 46 C. Perfluidone was susceptible to photodecomposition when applied to glass petri dishes and exposed to ultraviolet irradiation. Perfluidone was readily leached through neutral or slightly alkaline soils, with a tendency toward greater downward movement in soils having low clay and organic matter content. However, leaching was less in an acid loamy sand than in either neutral loamy sand or clay soils.
X-ray Fluorescence Analysis in Weed Science
Authors: Falk R. H. , Hess F. D. , Bayer D. E.
Published: May 2019

X-ray fluorescence analysis (XFA) is a new method for the spatial localization and quantification of herbicide residue on leaf surfaces. The distribution pattern of propanil (3′,4′-dichloropropionanilide) on the surface of prune (Prunus domesticaL.) leaves sprayed to simulate drift is easily mapped using XFA. Residue distribution maps may be electronically enhanced. Enhancement does not qualitatively change the information content of the map when done with discretion.
Influence of Soil pH ons-Triazine Availability to Plants
Authors: Best J. A. , Weber J. B. , Monaco T. J.
Published: May 2019

Field studies indicated that liming an acid Bladen silt loam from pH 5.5 to 7.5 increased the phytotoxicity of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] and prometryn [2,4-bis-(isopropylamino)-6-methyoxy-s-triazine]. Liming greatly increased the persistence of atrazine, but did not affect prometryn dissipation. Liming increased the14C-concentration present in the shoots of corn (Zea MaysL. ‘Pioneer 3369A’), cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Coker 201’), and soybeans [Glycine Max(L.) Merr. ‘Ransom’] from soil treated with14C-ring labeled atrazine, prometryn, and hydroxyatrazine [2-hydroxy-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] in greenhouse studies. Decreases in14C-uptake by the crops were associated with adsorption and degradation of the compounds in the soil. Atrazine was taken up in much greater amounts than hydroxyatrazine. Cotton absorbed less of thes-triazines than soybeans or corn from soil.
Sorption of Atrazine, Terbutryn, and GS-14254 on Natural and Lime-Amended Soils
Authors: Colbert Floyd O. , Volk V. V. , Appleby Arnold P.
Published: May 2019

Adsorption of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine], terbutryn [2-(tert-butylamino)-4-(ethylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine], and GS-14254 [2-(sec-butylamino)-4-(ethylamino)-6-methoxy-s-triazine] decreased on natural and limed soils as the soil pH increased to pH 8. More reduction in adsorption occurred with GS-14254 than with the other two herbicides. Increased toxicity to barley from GS-14254 was proportional to decreased adsorption by soils. Adsorption-desorption studies with Chehalis sandy loam (Cumulic Ultic Haploxeroll) indicated that extent and strength of adsorption were equivalent for GS-14254 (pKa 4.36) and terbutryn (pKa 4.32) at a soil pH of 5.20. Two soils, Boyce silt loam (pH 9.6, Cumulic Haplaquoll) and Crooked silt loam (pH 8.5, Xerolic Durorthid), adsorbed thes-triazines readily in contrast to the soils below pH 8. The high adsorption values were substantiated by the GR5 0values on barley for atrazine and terbutryn, 10.2 and 13.2 kg ai/ha, respectively.
Germination Stimulation Properties of Carbamate Herbicides
Authors: Fawcett R. S. , Slife F. W.
Published: May 2019

Butylate (S-ethyl diisobutylthiocarbamate), EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate), vernolate (S-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate), diallate [S-(2,3-dichloroallyl)diisopropylthiocarbamate], CDEC (2-chloroallyl diethyldithiocarbamate), and chlorpropham (isopropylm-chlorocarbanilate) at 0.1 kg/ha caused increased velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic.) populations in field plots. Butylate caused increased populations of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL.) at rates of up to 1.1 kg/ha. In the laboratory, each of the six herbicides caused increased velvetleaf seed germination, and butylate, EPTC, and CDEC caused increased common lambsquarters germination when seeds were exposed to herbicide vapors prior to germination. Germination of velvetleaf, common lambsquarters, and giant foxtail (Setaria faberiiHerrm.) was also increased by butylate solutions over a wide range of concentrations. Maximum germination stimulation generally occurred between concentrations of 10-5and 10-6M butylate. Seedling injury and death also resulted from these concentrations of butylate. Butylate stimulation of seed germination could not be correlated with light requirements of seeds, but appeared to be an additional promotive factor. Ungerminated common lambsquarters seeds after butylate treatment were viable and responded to KCN and KNO3in the same manner as control seeds which did not initially germinate in water. Butylate in combination with the antidote, R-25788 (N,N-diallyl-2,2-dichloroacetamide) stimulated germination of common lambsquarters.
Ethylene: A Witchweed Seed Germination Stimulant
Authors: Eplee Robert E.
Published: May 2019

Ethylene gas (C2H4) was found to stimulate the germination of witchweed [Striga asiatica(L.) O. Kuntze] seeds. Ethylene diffuses greater than 120 cm horizontally from point of injection and more than 90 cm below the soil surface. Rates of 0.42 kg/ha induced germination of witchweed seeds in sandy soil; but 1.1 kg/ha is required on a heavy clay soil. Witchweed seeds respond to ethylene after a period of preconditioning that is necessary to break dormancy. Under field conditions in the Carolinas, maximum response of seeds to ethylene occurs between late April and late July. Field studies indicate a 90% reduction in viable witchweed seeds occurs where a single treatment with ethylene has been applied. The use of ethylene appears now to be a major contributor toward the eventual eradication of witchweed from the United States.
LA PROGRAMMAZIONE ECONOMICA COME PROCESSO POLITICO
Authors: Urbani Giuliano
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Le programmazioni economiche nazionali — a detta degli stessi pianificatori — falliscono buona parte dei propri obiettivi a causa di ragioni piú spesso politiche che economiche. Benchè messa per ora in termini assai vaghi, non credo che questa affermazione sorprenda eccessivamente; molto piú sorprendente è, invece, constatare come uno strumento di politica economica — qual'è indubbiamente la programmazione — abbia ricevuto da parte degli studiosi cosí scarsa e deludente attenzione proprio nei suoi aspetti e problemi politici. Il risultato è che oggi in materia sappiamo davvero troppo poco e, se è vera l'affermazione di partenza, ci troviamo tuttora pericolosamente disattrezzati a formulare consigli e avvertenze su una delle condizioni basilari per programmare meglio di come si sia riusciti a fare finora.
IL DECLINO DELLE IDEOLOGIE: INTERPRETAZIONE E VERIFICA
Authors: Thomas John Clayton
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

La discussione sulla sorte dell'ideologia nei paesi occidentali industrializzati è stata una delle piú estese di quasi tutto il passato ventennio fra politologi, sociologi e storici. Ha prodotto almeno una mezza dozzina di testi, e una quantità tale di saggi che non si possono elencare. Nonostante gli si sia prestato notevole attenzione, il dibattito continua tuttora, irrisolto.
LA CADUTA DEI REGIMI DEMOCRATICI
Authors: Linz Juan J.
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Un mutamento di regime influisce su milioni di persone, suscitando una serie di emozioni che vanno dal timore alla speranza. La Marcia su Roma, il Machtergreifung di Hitler, la guerra civile spagnola, i colpi di stato di Praga nel 1948 e quello contro Allende, questi drammi, che sono il simbolo di un trasferimento di potere, si fissano nella mente del popolo come date fondamentali nella sua storia. Ciò nonostante, l'avvenimento in sé è solo l'apice di un processo di mutamento politico graduale, lungo un periodo di tempo piú o meno prolungato. è possibile che gli scienziati sociali scoprano un modello comune in questi processi che conducono a mutamenti di regime, o ci troviamo di fronte a situazioni storiche irripetibili? è possibile costruire un modello almeno descrittivo del processo del crollo della democrazia che possa infine contribuire ad una migliore comprensione dei suoi elementi e della sua dinamica? Se fosse possibile costruire un tale modello, che idealmente è un modello esplicativo, ne sapremmo di piú sulle condizioni richieste per la stabilità della democrazia. Certamente, il problema della stabilità e del rovesciamento dei sistemi politici ha avuto un ruolo rilevante nella mente umana dal momento in cui l'uomo cominciò a trattare di politica.
Test characteristics of the tuberculin skin test and post-mortem examination for bovine tuberculosis diagnosis in cattle in Northern Ireland estimated by Bayesian latent class analysis with adjustments for covariates
Authors: O'Hagan M. J. H. , Ni H. , Menzies F. D. , Pascual-Linaza A. V. , Georgaki A. , Stegeman J. A.
Published: May 2019

The single intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin (SICCT) test and post-mortem examination are the main diagnostic tools for bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in cattle in the British Isles. Latent class modelling is often used to estimate the bTB test characteristics due to the absence of a gold standard. However, the reported sensitivity of especially the SICCT test has shown a lot of variation. We applied both the Hui–Walter latent class model under the Bayesian framework and the Bayesian model specified at the animal level, including various risk factors as predictors, to estimate the SICCT test and post-mortem test characteristics. Data were collected from all cattle slaughtered in abattoirs in Northern Ireland in 2015. Both models showed comparable posterior median estimation for the sensitivity of the SICCT test (88.61% and 90.56%, respectively) using standard interpretation and for post-mortem examination (53.65% and 53.79%, respectively). Both models showed almost identical posterior median estimates for the specificity (99.99% vs. 99.80% for SICCT test at standard interpretation and 99.66% vs. 99.86% for post-mortem examination). The animal-level model showed slightly narrower posterior 95% credible intervals. Notably, this study was carried out in slaughtered cattle which may not be representative for the general cattle population.
Strongyloides stercoralis infection in San Marino Republic: first epidemiological data from an observational study
Authors: Cappella E. D. , Piscaglia A. C. , Cadioli A. , Manoni S. , Silva R. , Buonfrate D.
Published: May 2019

Strongyloides stercoralis is a neglected parasite that can cause death in immunocompromised individuals. There were no data on the epidemiology of S. stercoralis infection in San Marino Republic until two patients (one of whom died) were diagnosed with severe strongyloidiasis (hyperinfection) between September 2016 and March 2017. A serology test for Strongyloides spp. was introduced in routine practice in the laboratory of the State Hospital to test patients considered to be at risk for strongyloidiasis. Between August 2017 and August 2018, of 42 patients tested with serology, two (4.8%) were positive. An additional case was found by gastric biopsy. Two of the positive cases were presumably autochthonous infections (elderly people with no significant travel history), while the other was a probable imported case (young man born in Nigeria and settled in Europe since 2003). Epidemiology of strongyloidiasis in San Marino might be similar to Northern Italy, where a relevant proportion of cases was diagnosed in immigrants (mainly from sub-Saharan Africa) and in elderly Italians with eosinophilia. Screening for strongyloidiasis might be worthwhile in inhabitants of San Marino in the same categories of individuals, particularly those at risk of immune suppression.
Epidemiologic characteristics of outbreaks of three norovirus genotypes (GII.2, GII.17 and GII.4 Sydney) in Guangzhou, China, from 2012 to 2018
Authors: Wang H. , Wang D. H. , Chen C. , Lu Y. , Li M. X. , Li T. G. , Zhang Z. B. , Yang Z. C.
Published: May 2019

To compare the epidemiologic features (e.g. settings and transmission mode) and patient clinical characteristics associated with outbreaks of different norovirus (Nov) strains, we retrospectively analysed data of Nov outbreaks occurring in Guangzhou, China from 2012 to 2018. The results suggested that outbreaks of Nov GII.2, GII.17 and GII.4 Sydney exhibited different outbreak settings, transmission modes and symptoms. GII.2 outbreaks mainly occurred in kindergartens, elementary and high schools and were transmitted mainly through person-to-person contact. By contrast, GII.4 Sydney outbreaks frequently occurred in colleges and were primarily associated with foodborne transmission. Cases from GII.2 and GII.17 outbreaks reported vomiting more frequently than those from outbreaks associated with GII.4 Sydney.
The non-destructive separation of diverse astrobiologically relevant organic molecules by customizable capillary zone electrophoresis and monolithic capillary electrochromatography
Authors: Fujishima Kosuke , Dziomba Szymon , Yano Hajime , Kebe Seydina I. , Guerrouache Mohamed , Carbonnier Benjamin , Rothschild Lynn J.
Published: May 2019

Thein situdetection of organic molecules in space is key to understanding the variety and the distribution of the building blocks of life, and possibly the detection of extraterrestrial life itself. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been the most sensitive analytical strategy for organic analyses in flight, and was used on missions from NASA's Viking, Phoenix, Curiosity missions to ESA's Rosetta space probe. While pyrolysis GC-MS revealed the first organics on Mars, this step alters or degrades certain fragile molecules that are excellent biosignatures including polypeptides, oligonucleotides and polysaccharides, rendering the intact precursors undetectable. We have identified a solution tailored to the detection of biopolymers and other biomarkers by the use of liquid-based capillary electrophoresis and electrochromatography. In this study, we show that a capillary electrochromatography approach using monolithic stationary phases with tailor-made surface chemistry can separate and identify various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nucleobases and aromatic acids that could be formed under astrophysically relevant conditions. In order to simulate flyby organic sample capture, we conducted hypervelocity impact experiments which consisted of accelerating peptide-soaked montmorillonite particles to a speed of 5.6 km s−1, and capturing them in an amorphous silica aerogel of 10 mg cm−3bulk density. Bulk peptide extraction from aerogel followed by capillary zone electrophoresis led to the detection of only two stereoisomeric peptide peaks. The recovery rates of each step of the extraction procedure after the hypervelocity impact suggest that major peptide loss occurred during the impact. Our study provides initial exploration of feasibility of this approach for capturing intact peptides, and subsequently detecting candidate biomolecules during flight missions that would be missed by GC-MS alone. As the monolith-based electrochromatography technology could be customized to detect specific classes of compounds as well as miniaturized, these results demonstrate the potential of the instrumentation for future astrobiology-related spaceflight missions.
Preferences around the disclosure of dying: A vision from Portuguese society
Authors: Hilário Ana Patrícia
Published: May 2019

Objective

This paper aims to explore the extent to which the “revivalist” discourse of a good death, which promotes an awareness of dying shapes the lived realities of palliative care patients and their families in Portugal.

Method

An ethnographic approach was developed. Participant observation was carried out in 2 palliative care units, and this was complemented by in-depth interviews. Ten terminally ill patients, 20 family members, and 20 palliative care professionals were interviewed.

Results

The “revivalist” good death script might not be suitable for all dying people, as they might not want an open awareness of dying and, thereby, the acknowledgment of imminent potential death. This might be related to cultural factors and personal circumstances. The “social embeddedness narrative” offers an alternative to the “revivalist” good death script.

Significance of results

The “revivalist” discourse, which calls for an open awareness of dying, is not a cultural preference in a palliative care context in Portugal, as it is not in accord with its familial nature.
Kann eine mobile Anwendung helfen abzuwaschen?
Authors: Müller Sandra Verena , Ertas Funda , Aust Jasmin , Gabel Alexander , Schiering Ina
Published: May 2019

Zusammenfassung. Vorgestellt wird die mobile Anwendung RehaGoal App für Menschen mit erworbenen und angeborenen Hirnschädigungen, die Schwierigkeiten bei komplexen Planungsaufgaben haben. Für die Entwicklung der RehaGoal App wurde sich am Vorgehen des Goal Management Trainings orientiert, bei dem die Zerlegung eines übergeordneten Ziels in Teilziele und überschaubare Schritte zu deren Erreichung im Vordergrund steht. Bisher wurde dieses Vorgehen papiergestützt eingesetzt, was die Übertragung in den Alltag erschwert. Daher wurde die RehaGoal App, die auf verschiedenen digitalen Endgeräten wie Smartphones, Smartwatches etc. genutzt werden kann, entwickelt. Bei unserer Zielgruppe liegen häufig zusätzliche Einschränkungen vor, daher verfügt die RehaGoal App über eine barrierearme Gestaltung, eine Sprachausgabe, visuelle Darstellungsmöglichkeiten, eine nutzerabhängige Darstellung, eine einfache Menüführung und ein Autorensystem.
A Survey of People With Lived Experience of Suicide-Related Behavior in Queensland, Australia
Authors: Finlayson-Short Laura , Hetrick Sarah , Krysinska Karolina , Harris Meredith , Salom Caroline , Bailey Eleanor , Robinson Jo
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Background: Many organizations provide support to people affected by suicide-related behavior, for example, those bereaved by suicide, those who have attempted suicide, and their informal carers. However, evidence regarding how well used, and acceptable, these resources are is lacking. Aims: To investigate the views about and experiences with support and resources of people with lived experience of suicide bereavement, suicide attempt, or caring. Method: The study was conducted in Queensland, Australia. In total, 175 people completed the survey. Data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics 22. Results: Participants found resources helpful and user-friendly, but many had never searched for support, did not know it was available, or felt no better after using it. Respondents who had attempted suicide were more likely to look for resources, but less likely to feel better after using them and endorsed more barriers to accessing support. Limitations: This study used a convenience sample of individuals living in Queensland, was biased toward help-seeking populations, and included mostly women, and therefore it was not representative. Conclusion: Support and resources that are more flexible and accessible, and are offered in a more proactive manner could improve the user experiences of people affected by suicide-related behavior.
Assessing the Quality of Media Reporting of Suicide Deaths in Bangladesh Against World Health Organization Guidelines
Authors: Arafat S. M. Yasir , Khan Murad M. , Niederkrotenthaler Thomas , Ueda Michiko , Armstrong Gregory
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Background: Media reporting of suicide events has thus far gone without sufficient scrutiny in Bangladesh. Aim: The purpose of this study was to assess the quality of newspaper reporting of suicides in Bangladesh against international guidelines. Methods: We used content analysis to assess the quality of suicide reporting in six daily newspapers in Bangladesh. The newspapers were hand-searched between November 2016 and April 2017 and 327 articles reporting on suicide deaths were retrieved. Results: The mean number of suicide articles per day per newspaper was 0.3 (range across newspapers 0.11–0.70) and the mean length was 11.3 sentences. Harmful reporting practices were very common (for example, a detailed suicide method was reported in 75.5% of articles) while almost no potentially helpful reporting practices were observed (for example, no articles gave contact details for a suicide support service). Limitations: The findings are limited to print mass media. Conclusions: We observed that explicit and simplistic reports of suicide deaths were frequently observed in newspapers in Bangladesh. Attempts should be made to understand the perspectives of media professionals in relation to suicide reporting, and to devise strategies to boost the positive contribution that media can make to suicide prevention in this context.
Contribution of Historical Global Warming to Local‐Scale Heavy Precipitation in Western Japan Estimated by Large Ensemble High‐Resolution Simulations
Authors: Kawase H. , Imada Y. , Sasaki H. , Nakaegawa T. , Murata A. , Nosaka M. , Takayabu I.
Published: May 2019

Large ensemble pairs of high‐resolution global and regional climate simulations, which are composed of 100 members of 60 years each, make it possible to attribute changes in local‐scale heavy precipitation to historical global warming. Mountain ranges separate local climates and can modulate the impact of global warming on heavy precipitation. In the summer, Japan's Kyushu region, with mountain ranges approximately 200‐km long from south to north, receives large amounts of precipitation. Over western Kyushu, the monthly maximum daily precipitation (maxPrdaily) in July increases due to historical global warming, while the maxPrdaily is unchanged over eastern Kyushu. Moisture advection and convergence due to stationary weather fronts are primary factors causing heavy precipitation in western Kyushu and moistening due to warming increases the maxPrdaily. On the other hand, typhoons heading to Kyushu are related to heavy precipitation over eastern Kyushu. The changes in typhoons heading to Kyushu result in unchanged maxPrdaily in eastern Kyushu. Our results suggest that local‐scale mountain ranges can change synoptic‐scale disturbances causing heavy precipitation and modulate the impact of historical global warming on heavy precipitation across mountain ranges.
Millennial‐Scale Climate Variability and Dinoflagellate‐Cyst‐Based Seasonality Changes Over the Last ~150 kyrs at “Shackleton Site” U1385
Authors: Datema Mariska , Sangiorgi Francesca , de Vernal Anne , Reichart Gert‐Jan , Lourens Lucas J. , Sluijs Appy
Published: May 2019

During the last glacial period, climate conditions in the North Atlantic region were determined by the alternation of relatively warm interstadials and relatively cool stadials, with superimposed rapid warming (Dansgaard‐Oeschger) and cooling (Heinrich) events. So far little is known about the impact of these rapid climate shifts on the seasonal variations in sea surface temperature (SST) within the North Atlantic region. Here, we present a high‐resolution seasonal SST record for the past 152 kyrs derived from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program “Shackleton” Site U1385, offshore Portugal. Assemblage counts of dinoflagellates cysts (dinocysts) in combination with a modern analog technique (MAT), and regression analyses were used for the reconstructions. We compare our records with previously published SST records from the same location obtained from the application of MAT on planktonic foraminifera. Our dinocyst‐based reconstructions confirm the impression of the Greenland stadials and interstadials offshore the Portuguese margin and indicate increased seasonal contrast of temperature during the cold periods of the glacial cycle (average 9.0 °C, maximum 12.2 °C) with respect to present day (5.1 °C), due to strong winter cooling by up to 8.3 °C. Our seasonal temperature reconstructions are in line with previously published data, which showed increased seasonality due to strong winter cooling during the Younger Dryas and the Last Glacial Maximum over the European continent and North Atlantic region. In addition, we show that over longer time scales, increased seasonal contrasts of temperature remained characteristic of the colder phases of the glacial cycle.
The Role of Geomagnetic Field Intensity in Late Quaternary Evolution of Humans and Large Mammals
Authors: Channell J. E. T. , Vigliotti L.
Published: May 2019

It has long been speculated that biological evolution was influenced by ultraviolet radiation (UVR) reaching the Earth's surface, despite imprecise knowledge of the timing of both UVR flux and evolutionary events. The past strength of Earth's dipole field provides a proxy for UVR flux because of its role in maintaining stratospheric ozone. The timing of Quaternary evolutionary events has become better constrained by fossil finds, improved radiometric dating, use of dung fungi as proxies for herbivore populations, and improved ages for nodes in human phylogeny from human mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomes. The demise of Neanderthals at ~41 ka can now be closely tied to the intensity minimum associated with the Laschamp magnetic excursion, and the survival of anatomically modern humans can be attributed to differences in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor that has a key role in the evolutionary response to UVR flux. Fossil occurrences and dung‐fungal proxies in Australia indicate that episodes of Late Quaternary extinction of mammalian megafauna occurred close to the Laschamp and Blake magnetic excursions. Fossil and dung fungal evidence for the age of the Late Quaternary extinction in North America (and Europe) coincide with a prominent decline in geomagnetic field intensity at ~13 ka. Over the last ~200 kyr, phylogeny based on mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomes in modern humans yields nodes and bifurcations in evolution corresponding to geomagnetic intensity minima, which supports the proposition that UVR reaching Earth's surface influenced mammalian evolution with the loci of extinction controlled by the geometry of stratospheric ozone depletion.
Deciphering the Fate of Plunging Tectonic Plates in Borneo
Authors: Pilia Simone , Rawlinson Nicholas , Gilligan Amy , Tongkul Felix
Published: May 2019

What happens when subduction stops? A team of scientists installed a dense seismic network in Borneo to investigate causes and consequences of subduction termination.
Temporal Change of Seismic Earth's Inner Core Phases: Inner Core Differential Rotation or Temporal Change of Inner Core Surface?
Authors: Yao Jiayuan , Tian Dongdong , Sun Li , Wen Lianxing
Published: May 2019

We discuss the question whether inner core (IC) differential rotation or temporal change of the IC surface provides a consistent interpretation for temporal changes of the IC‐related phases and their coda. While temporal change of the IC surface is required and provides a consistent explanation to all the seismic observations, we present three lines of seismic evidence showing that IC differential rotation cannot provide a consistent or reasonable interpretation for the observed temporal change of seismic waves from repeating earthquakes in the South Sandwich Islands (SSI) and the Middle America subduction zone. (1) Changed PKIKP/PKiKP coda between events in a doublet in SSI indicates an IC surface scatterer that simply disappeared, with no associated energy in the later event for any assumed IC differential rotation. (2) Within a cluster in SSI, comparisons between temporal changes of PKIKP wave and its coda of the earlier and later event pairs yield contradictory estimates of differential rotation rate change by a factor of at least 27, using different portions of seismic data. (3) The seismic data from repeating earthquakes in Middle America indicate a PKiKP temporal change of 0.017–0.04 s on a timescale of 8–85 days, requiring an unreasonable rotation rate of at least 8.6°/year. We conclude that the observed temporal changes of IC phases are caused by temporal changes of the IC surface, which occur in some localized regions within a timescale of days or months, a phenomenon that should provide important clues to our understanding of core dynamics.
A Method of Three‐Dimensional Location for LFEDA Combining the Time of Arrival Method and the Time Reversal Technique
Authors: Chen Zefang , Zhang Yang , Zheng Dong , Zhang Yijun , Fan Xiangpeng , Fan Yanfeng , Xu Liangtao , Lyu Weitao
Published: May 2019

Based on fast electric field waveforms of the Low‐frequency E‐field Detection Array (LFEDA), we introduce the time reversal technique into lightning three‐dimensional location for the first time and propose a new algorithm for the three‐dimensional location of lightning low‐frequency discharges. Without using complex filtering algorithms to remove higher‐frequency component, this method obtains similar results to the newly reported LFEDA refinement algorithm. The new algorithm can obtain finer, more continuous, and richer positioning results with a minimum of four stations, 5‐dB signal‐to‐noise ratio, and 500‐ns time error compared with the low‐frequency signal time of arrival three‐dimensional positioning method. These results indicate that the new algorithm has the advantages of low requirements on the number of stations, certain anti‐interference ability, and low requirements on time accuracy. The standard deviations in the X and Y directions for return strokes of triggered lightning flashes are both approximately 90 m.
Potential Added Value of Incorporating Human Water Use on the Simulation of Evapotranspiration and Precipitation in a Continental‐Scale Bedrock‐to‐Atmosphere Modeling System: A Validation Study Considering Observational Uncertainty
Authors: Keune J. , Sulis M. , Kollet S. J.
Published: May 2019

Human activities, such as human water use, have been shown to directly influence terrestrial water fluxes and states. Simulations of soil moisture, river discharge, evapotranspiration, and groundwater storage are significantly improved, if human interactions, such as irrigation and groundwater abstraction, are incorporated. Yet improvements through the incorporation of human water use on the simulation of local and remote precipitation are rarely studied but may contribute to the skill of land surface fluxes. In this study, we evaluate the impact of human water use on the skill of evapotranspiration and precipitation in a fully coupled bedrock‐to‐atmosphere modeling platform. The results show that human water use can potentially increase the skill of the simulations across scales. However, observational uncertainty at the watershed scale limits the identification of model deficiencies and added value related to human water use. Locally, daily precipitation statistics potentially benefit from the incorporation of human water use. Although the incorporation of human water use does not remove the wet bias, it can increase the model skill.
RelB acts as a molecular switch driving chronic inflammation in glioblastoma multiforme
Authors: Waters Michael R. , Gupta Angela S. , Mockenhaupt Karli , Brown LaShardai N. , Biswas Debolina D. , Kordula Tomasz
Published: May 2019

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a primary brain tumor characterized by extensive necrosis and immunosuppressive inflammation. The mechanisms by which this inflammation develops and persists in GBM remain elusive. We identified two cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1) and oncostatin M (OSM) that strongly negatively correlate with patient survival. We found that these cytokines activate RelB/p50 complexes by a canonical NF-κB pathway, which surprisingly drives expression of proinflammatory cytokines in GBM cells, but leads to their inhibition in non-transformed astrocytes. We discovered that one allele of the gene encoding deacetylase Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), needed for repression of cytokine genes, is deleted in 80% of GBM tumors. Furthermore, RelB specifically interacts with a transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1) in GBM cells and activates GBM-specific gene expression programs. As a result, GBM cells continuously secrete proinflammatory cytokines and factors attracting/activating glioma-associated microglia/macrophages and thus, promote a feedforward inflammatory loop.
Elevated VMP1 expression in acute myeloid leukemia amplifies autophagy and is protective against venetoclax-induced apoptosis
Authors: Folkerts Hendrik , Wierenga Albertus T. , van den Heuvel Fiona A. , Woldhuis Roy R. , Kluit Darlyne S. , Jaques Jennifer , Schuringa Jan Jacob , Vellenga Edo
Published: May 2019

Vacuole membrane protein (VMP1) is a putative autophagy protein, which together with Beclin-1 acts as a molecular switch in activating autophagy. In the present study the role of VMP1 was analysed in CD34+ cells of cord blood (CB) and primary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells and cell lines. An increased expression of VMP1 was observed in a subset of AML patients. Functional studies in normal CB CD34+ cells indicated that inhibiting VMP1 expression reduced autophagic-flux, coinciding with reduced expansion of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC), delayed differentiation, increased apoptosis and impaired in vivo engraftment. Comparable results were observed in leukemic cell lines and primary AML CD34+ cells. Ultrastructural analysis indicated that leukemic cells overexpressing VMP1 displayed a reduced number of mitochondrial structures, while the number of lysosomal degradation structures was increased. The overexpression of VMP1 did not affect cell proliferation and differentiation, but increased autophagic-flux and improved mitochondrial quality, which coincided with an increased threshold for venetoclax-induced loss of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) and apoptosis. In conclusion, our data indicate that in leukemic cells high VMP1 is involved with mitochondrial quality control.
Multi-omics of the gut microbial ecosystem in inflammatory bowel diseases
Authors: Lloyd-Price Jason , Arze Cesar , Ananthakrishnan Ashwin N. , Schirmer Melanie , Avila-Pacheco Julian , Poon Tiffany W. , Andrews Elizabeth , Ajami Nadim J. , Bonham Kevin S. , Brislawn Colin J. , Casero David , Courtney Holly , Gonzalez Antonio , Graeber Thomas G. , Hall A. Brantley , Lake Kathleen , Landers Carol J. , Mallick Himel , Plichta Damian R. , Prasad Mahadev , Rahnavard Gholamali , Sauk Jenny , Shungin Dmitry , Vázquez-Baeza Yoshiki , White Richard A. ,   IBDMDB Investigators, Bishai Jason , Bullock Kevin , Deik Amy , Dennis Courtney , Kaplan Jess L. , Khalili Hamed , McIver Lauren J. , Moran Christopher J. , Nguyen Long , Pierce Kerry A. , Schwager Randall , Sirota-Madi Alexandra , Stevens Betsy W. , Tan William , ten Hoeve Johanna J. , Weingart George , Wilson Robin G. , Yajnik Vijay , Braun Jonathan , Denson Lee A. , Jansson Janet K. , Knight Rob , Kugathasan Subra , McGovern Dermot P. B. , Petrosino Joseph F. , Stappenbeck Thaddeus S. , Winter Harland S. , Clish Clary B. , Franzosa Eric A. , Vlamakis Hera , Xavier Ramnik J. , Huttenhower Curtis
Published: May 2019

Inflammatory bowel diseases, which include Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, affect several million individuals worldwide. Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are complex diseases that are heterogeneous at the clinical, immunological, molecular, genetic, and microbial levels. Individual contributing factors have been the focus of extensive research. As part of the Integrative Human Microbiome Project (HMP2 or iHMP), we followed 132 subjects for one year each to generate integrated longitudinal molecular profiles of host and microbial activity during disease (up to 24 time points each; in total 2,965 stool, biopsy, and blood specimens). Here we present the results, which provide a comprehensive view of functional dysbiosis in the gut microbiome during inflammatory bowel disease activity. We demonstrate a characteristic increase in facultative anaerobes at the expense of obligate anaerobes, as well as molecular disruptions in microbial transcription (for example, among clostridia), metabolite pools (acylcarnitines, bile acids, and short-chain fatty acids), and levels of antibodies in host serum. Periods of disease activity were also marked by increases in temporal variability, with characteristic taxonomic, functional, and biochemical shifts. Finally, integrative analysis identified microbial, biochemical, and host factors central to this dysregulation. The study’s infrastructure resources, results, and data, which are available through the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Multi’omics Database (http://ibdmdb.org), provide the most comprehensive description to date of host and microbial activities in inflammatory bowel diseases.
The Integrative Human Microbiome Project
Authors:   The Integrative HMP (iHMP) Research Network Consortium, Proctor Lita M. , Creasy Heather H. , Fettweis Jennifer M. , Lloyd-Price Jason , Mahurkar Anup , Zhou Wenyu , Buck Gregory A. , Snyder Michael P. , Strauss Jerome F. , Weinstock George M. , White Owen , Huttenhower Curtis
Published: May 2019

The NIH Human Microbiome Project (HMP) has been carried out over ten years and two phases to provide resources, methods, and discoveries that link interactions between humans and their microbiomes to health-related outcomes. The recently completed second phase, the Integrative Human Microbiome Project, comprised studies of dynamic changes in the microbiome and host under three conditions: pregnancy and preterm birth; inflammatory bowel diseases; and stressors that affect individuals with prediabetes. The associated research begins to elucidate mechanisms of host–microbiome interactions under these conditions, provides unique data resources (at the HMP Data Coordination Center), and represents a paradigm for future multi-omic studies of the human microbiome.