bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Indonesia–Import Licensing Regimes: GATT Rules for Agricultural Trade?
Authors: AHN DUKGEUN , GNUTZMANN-MKRTCHYAN AREVIK
Published: March 2019

This paper examines two disputes brought by the United States and New Zealand in response to a series of import sanctions for agricultural products imposed by the Indonesian government to promote food self-sufficiency. We document the heterogeneous effect the sanctioning measures had on Indonesia's partners. We argue that Indonesia's import licensing regimes acted as a high, sometimes prohibitive, fixed cost of exporting. Frequent changes of regulation provided additional challenges and increased the costs of exporting. These properties determined the differential impacts of Indonesia's measures where some sustained significant market losses while other large exporters, in particular Australia, following a short decline strengthened their market position and export levels.
Assessing Locus of Control in Pilots
Authors: Dave Hiten P. , Mesarosova Karina , Siegling Alex B. , Tremblay Paul F. , Saklofske Donald H.
Published: March 2019

Abstract. The present study systematically assessed the factor structure, internal consistency, and construct validity of the Aviation Safety Locus of Control scale (ASLOC) on 476 European pilots (4.6% female). Independent confirmatory factor analyses showed a strong correlation between the latent factors of Internal and External LOC, justifying proceeding with a one-factor solution (assessing internal LOC after reverse-scoring items). This model achieved adequate fit with excellent internal consistency, after refining with structural equation modeling. Furthermore, flight hours significantly predicted Internal LOC after controlling for age, suggesting that pilots’ work experience can enhance internal attributions of control. This has implications for safety-related behaviors and protection against accidents.
Design of a Primary Flight Display to Avoid Decelerating Below the	Minimum Safe Operating Speed
Authors: Sherry Lance , Mauro Robert , Trippe Julia
Published: March 2019

Abstract. Analysis of recent airliner accidents and incidents identified a class of events in which structurally, mechanically, and electronically sound aircraft decelerated through the minimum safe operating speed for the phase of flight to the stick-shaker activation speed. Despite the differences in the sequences of events, a subset of the incidents and accidents had one thing in common – the automation was no longer actively controlling to the airspeed target. This article describes the accident scenarios and design of a modification to the airspeed tape on the primary flight display to explicitly annunciate the absence of active speed control. An experiment to evaluate the efficacy of the enhanced airspeed tape showed faster pilot response time but no differences in correct pilot response.
The Impact of Work on Pilots’ Personal	Relationships
Authors: Avis Tami , Bor Robert , Eriksen Carina
Published: March 2019

Abstract. This study investigates how pilots perceive the way in which their work and shift patterns may impact upon their personal relationships. It also examines the way in which pilots cope with frequently having to form and then put on hold relationships both at home and at work. Three hundred pilots were surveyed by questionnaire to examine the impact of working in the airline industry on personal relationships. Participants were recruited over a 4-year period between 2012 and 2016 on a university’s Master’s program in Air Transport Management. The qualitative data were analysed using thematic analysis (TA). The study found that that partner support was key in managing the demands of shift work and that having an understanding partner was the key to the relationship working. This study is representative of a single sample of mostly male pilots flying for more than 2 years. Future research may seek to use a more diverse sample.
Enhanced Ionization in Magnetic Anomaly Regions of the Martian Lower Ionosphere Associated With Dust Storms
Authors: Venkateswara Rao N. , Leelavathi V. , Mohanamanasa P. , Haider S. A. , Rao S. V. B.
Published: March 2019

The Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionospheric Sounding instrument aboard the Mars Express spacecraft observes vertical echoes from the normal ionosphere and oblique echoes from ionization bulges. The peak frequencies of these two kinds of echoes are, in general, nearly equal. In the present study, we report the detection of oblique echoes whose peak frequencies are much larger than those of the vertical echoes. These echoes were observed on 15 June, 21 June, 28 June, and 10 July 2007, respectively. All these oblique echoes were observed from a region of strong crustal magnetic fields. After correcting for dispersion effects, the maximum electron density in the first case is found to be 3.75 × 105 cm−3 and is observed at an altitude of ~88 km. In subsequent cases, a gradual decrease in peak electron density and an increase in altitude are observed. The causative mechanism of these oblique echoes is examined by considering various forces from top and bottom. During the times of the observations, there were no solar flares or meteor in fall. The presence of solar energetic particles also could not be firmly established. We found that these strong oblique echoes were observed at the initial phase and during the progression of a planet‐encircling dust storm in Martian Year 28. A similar, but weaker features were observed in other dust storm seasons as well. Mechanisms causing such oblique echoes in regions of strong magnetic fields are discussed.
Pathological mechanisms and therapeutic outlooks for arthrofibrosis
Authors: Usher Kayley M. , Zhu Sipin , Mavropalias Georgios , Carrino John A. , Zhao Jinmin , Xu Jiake
Published: March 2019

Arthrofibrosis is a fibrotic joint disorder that begins with an inflammatory reaction to insults such as injury, surgery and infection. Excessive extracellular matrix and adhesions contract pouches, bursae and tendons, cause pain and prevent a normal range of joint motion, with devastating consequences for patient quality of life. Arthrofibrosis affects people of all ages, with published rates varying. The risk factors and best management strategies are largely unknown due to a poor understanding of the pathology and lack of diagnostic biomarkers. However, current research into the pathogenesis of fibrosis in organs now informs the understanding of arthrofibrosis. The process begins when stress signals stimulate immune cells. The resulting cascade of cytokines and mediators drives fibroblasts to differentiate into myofibroblasts, which secrete fibrillar collagens and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Positive feedback networks then dysregulate processes that normally terminate healing processes. We propose two subtypes of arthrofibrosis occur: active arthrofibrosis and residual arthrofibrosis. In the latter the fibrogenic processes have resolved but the joint remains stiff. The best therapeutic approach for each subtype may differ significantly. Treatment typically involves surgery, however, a pharmacological approach to correct dysregulated cell signalling could be more effective. Recent research shows that myofibroblasts are capable of reversing differentiation, and understanding the mechanisms of pathogenesis and resolution will be essential for the development of cell-based treatments. Therapies with significant promise are currently available, with more in development, including those that inhibit TGF-β signalling and epigenetic modifications. This review focuses on pathogenesis of sterile arthrofibrosis and therapeutic treatments.
How rapid advances in imaging are defining the future of precision radiation oncology
Authors: Beaton Laura , Bandula Steve , Gaze Mark N. , Sharma Ricky A.
Published: March 2019

Imaging has an essential role in the planning and delivery of radiotherapy. Recent advances in imaging have led to the development of advanced radiotherapy techniques—including image-guided radiotherapy, intensity-modulated radiotherapy, stereotactic body radiotherapy and proton beam therapy. The optimal use of imaging might enable higher doses of radiation to be delivered to the tumour, while sparing normal surrounding tissues. In this article, we review how the integration of existing and novel forms of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography have transformed tumour delineation in the radiotherapy planning process, and how these advances have the potential to allow a more individualised approach to the cancer therapy. Recent data suggest that imaging biomarkers that assess underlying tumour heterogeneity can identify areas within a tumour that are at higher risk of radio-resistance, and therefore potentially allow for biologically focussed dose escalation. The rapidly evolving concept of adaptive radiotherapy, including artificial intelligence, requires imaging during treatment to be used to modify radiotherapy on a daily basis. These advances have the potential to improve clinical outcomes and reduce radiation-related long-term toxicities. We outline how recent technological advances in both imaging and radiotherapy delivery can be combined to shape the future of precision radiation oncology.
Author Correction: Hydrophobic pore gates regulate ion permeation in polycystic kidney disease 2 and 2L1 channels
Authors: Zheng Wang , Yang Xiaoyong , Hu Ruikun , Cai Ruiqi , Hofmann Laura , Wang Zhifei , Hu Qiaolin , Liu Xiong , Bulkley David , Yu Yong , Tang Jingfeng , Flockerzi Veit , Cao Ying , Cao Erhu , Chen Xing-Zhen
Published: March 2019

The original version of this Article contained an error in the spelling of the author David Bulkley, which was incorrectly given as David Bulkey. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
Pathogenicity of Nipah henipavirus Bangladesh in a swine host
Authors: Kasloff S. B. , Leung A. , Pickering B. S. , Smith G. , Moffat E. , Collignon B. , Embury-Hyatt C. , Kobasa D. , Weingartl H. M.
Published: March 2019

In 1998 an outbreak of fatal encephalitis among pig farm workers in Malaysia and Singapore led to the discovery of Nipah henipavirus (NiV), a novel paramyxovirus closely related to Hendra henipavirus with case fatality rates of nearly 40%. Following its initial emergence nearly annual outbreaks of NiV have occurred in Bangladesh with a different, NiV Bangladesh, genotype, where the role of pigs in its transmission remains unknown. The present study provides the first report on susceptibility of domestic pigs to NiV Bangladesh following experimental infection, characterizing acute and long-term phases of disease and pathogenesis. All pigs were successfully infected with NiV Bangladesh following oronasal inoculation, with viral shedding confirmed by a novel genotype-specific qRT-PCR in oral, nasal and rectal excretions and dissemination from the upper respiratory tract to the brain, lungs, and associated lymphatic tissues. Unlike previous NiV Malaysia findings in pigs, clinical signs were absent, viremia was undetectable throughout the study, and only low level neutralizing antibody titers were measured by 28/29 days post-NiV-B infection. Results obtained highlight the need for continued and enhanced NiV surveillance in pigs in endemic and at-risk regions, and raise questions regarding applicability of current serological assays to detect animals with previous NiV-B exposure.
In-situ observation of collective bubble collapse dynamics in a quasi-two-dimensional foam
Authors: Yanagisawa Naoya , Kurita Rei
Published: March 2019

The stability of foams is an important subject not only for fundamental science, but for applications in daily life. The most destructive phenomenon underpinning foam collapse is a collective bubble collapse, yet the mechanism behind this is unclear. In this study, we clarify the dynamics of the collective bubble collapse in a quasi-two-dimensional foam by in-situ observation with a high speed camera. We find two modes for collective bubble collapse: one is the propagation of liquid film breakage via impact with the stream of another broken liquid film. The other is breakage of a distant liquid film due to penetration by a liquid droplet, emitted by impact with the flow of a broken liquid film. As the liquid fraction increases, the velocity of liquid droplets decreases. Instead of penetration, the liquid droplet bounces like a billiard ball or it is absorbed into other films.
Inhibition of IL-17 ameliorates systemic lupus erythematosus in Roquinsan/san mice through regulating the balance of TFH cells, GC B cells, Treg and Breg
Authors: Lee Seon-yeong , Lee Seung Hoon , Seo Hyeon-Beom , Ryu Jun-Geol , Jung KyungAh , Choi Jeong Won , Jhun JooYeon , Park Jin-Sil , Kwon Ji Ye , Kwok Seung-Ki , Youn Jeehee , Park Sung-Hwan , Cho Mi-La
Published: March 2019

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is mediated by a chronic and dysregulated inflammatory response. Interleukin (IL)-17, a proinflammatory cytokine, and T helper (Th)17 cells are associated with chronic autoimmune diseases. We hypothesized that inhibition of IL-17 would decrease the numbers of T cell subsets that function as B-cell helpers, as well as B-cell differentiation into plasma cells and autoantibody expression. The IL-17 level was increased markedly in Roquinsan/san mice. Loss of IL-17 in Roquinsan/san mice improved nephritis by downregulating immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgG1, and IgG2a production. Formation of germinal centers (GCs), and follicular B- and T-cell differentiation was reduced, whereas the number of regulatory T (Treg) cells and immature B cells was increased, by IL-17 deficiency in Roquinsan/san mice. These results suggest that IL-17 inhibition can ameliorate SLE by inhibiting B-cell differentiation into GCs. Therefore, IL-17–producing Th17 cells show promise as a target for development of novel therapeutics for SLE.
Formation of a morphine-conditioned place preference does not change the size of evoked potentials in the ventral hippocampus–nucleus accumbens projection
Authors: Sakae D. Y. , Martin S. J.
Published: March 2019

In opioid addiction, cues and contexts associated with drug reward can be powerful triggers for drug craving and relapse. The synapses linking ventral hippocampal outputs to medium spiny neurons of the accumbens may be key sites for the formation and storage of associations between place or context and reward, both drug-related and natural. To assess this, we implanted rats with electrodes in the accumbens shell to record synaptic potentials evoked by electrical stimulation of the ventral hippocampus, as well as continuous local-field-potential activity. Rats then underwent morphine-induced (10 mg/kg) conditioned-place-preference training, followed by extinction. Morphine caused an acute increase in the slope and amplitude of accumbens evoked responses, but no long-term changes were evident after conditioning or extinction of the place preference, suggesting that the formation of this type of memory does not lead to a net change in synaptic strength in the ventral hippocampal output to the accumbens. However, analysis of the local field potential revealed a marked sensitization of theta- and high-gamma-frequency activity with repeated morphine administration. This phenomenon may be linked to the behavioral changes—such as psychomotor sensitization and the development of drug craving—that are associated with chronic use of addictive drugs.
Automated tumour budding quantification by machine learning augments TNM staging in muscle-invasive bladder cancer prognosis
Authors: Brieu Nicolas , Gavriel Christos G. , Nearchou Ines P. , Harrison David J. , Schmidt Günter , Caie Peter D.
Published: March 2019

Tumour budding has been described as an independent prognostic feature in several tumour types. We report for the first time the relationship between tumour budding and survival evaluated in patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer. A machine learning-based methodology was applied to accurately quantify tumour buds across immunofluorescence labelled whole slide images from 100 muscle invasive bladder cancer patients. Furthermore, tumour budding was found to be correlated to TNM (p = 0.00089) and pT (p = 0.0078) staging. A novel classification and regression tree model was constructed to stratify all stage II, III, and IV patients into three new staging criteria based on disease specific survival. For the stratification of non-metastatic patients into high or low risk of disease specific death, our decision tree model reported that tumour budding was the most significant feature (HR = 2.59, p = 0.0091), and no clinical feature was utilised to categorise these patients. Our findings demonstrate that tumour budding, quantified using automated image analysis provides prognostic value for muscle invasive bladder cancer patients and a better model fit than TNM staging.
Synergistic improvement in spring maize yield and quality with micro/nanobubbles water oxygation
Authors: Zhou Yunpeng , Li Yunkai , Liu Xiujuan , Wang Keyuan , Muhammad Tahir
Published: March 2019

Soil oxygen shortages in root areas have negative effects on crop growth and decrease crops yield and quality, and soil hypoxia conditions will be aggravated by application of subsurface drip irrigation (SDI). A two-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the response of maize to micro/nanobubbles oxygation (MNBO) at three dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations (10, 20 and 30 mg/L) and seven MNBO periods (vegetative stage, reproductive stage, filling and ripening stage, combination of two stages and the whole growth stage) in addition to a control treatment (CK, no oxygation during the growth period). Our results revealed that the MNBO treatments increased maize root dry weight, root length density and root surface area in 0–20 cm soil. The highest yield was obtained in O20A (MNBO at 20 mg/L DO during the growth period), with an increase of 11.66% relative to CK. Crude ash, starch and vitamin C were improved by application of MNBO at 20 mg/L DO. However, excessive oxygen adversely affected maize growth, decreasing the maize yield in 2013 relative to CK. The results suggest that application of MNBO at 20 mg/L DO during the growth period of spring maize was appropriate.
Effect of oestrogen-dependent vasopressin on HPA axis in the median eminence of female rats
Authors: Nishimura Kazuaki , Yoshino Kiyoshi , Sanada Kenya , Beppu Hiroki , Akiyama Yasuki , Nishimura Haruki , Tanaka Kentaro , Sonoda Satomi , Ueno Hiromichi , Yoshimura Mitsuhiro , Maruyama Takashi , Ozawa Hitoshi , Ueta Yoichi
Published: March 2019

The median eminence (ME) anatomically consists of external (eME) and internal (iME) layers. The hypothalamic neurosecretory cells terminate their axons in the eME and secrete their neurohormones regulating anterior pituitary hormone secretion involved in stress responses into the portal vein located in the eME. Magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs) which produce arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin in the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic nuclei (SON) terminate their axons in the posterior pituitary gland (PP) through the iME. Here, we provide the first evidence that oestrogen modulates the dynamic changes in AVP levels in the eME axon terminals in female rats, using AVP-eGFP and AVP-DREADDs transgenic rats. Strong AVP-eGFP fluorescence in the eME was observed at all oestrus cycle stages in adult female rats but not in male transgenic rats. AVP-eGFP fluorescence in the eME was depleted after bilateral ovariectomy but re-appeared with high-dose 17β-oestradiol. AVP-eGFP fluorescence in the MNCs and PP did not change significantly in most treatments. Peripheral clozapine-N-oxide administration induced AVP-DREADDs neurone activation, causing a significant increase in plasma corticosterone levels in the transgenic rats. These results suggest that stress-induced activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis may be caused by oestrogen-dependent upregulation of AVP in the eME of female rats.
The influence of Ag incorporation on the electrochemical characteristics of ZnO/C electrodes
Authors: Chelladurai Sasirekha , Sinnaswamy Arumugam , Gopalan Muralidharan
Published: March 2019

Herein, Ag-incorporated ZnO/C samples were successfully synthesizedviagreen chemistry processes.
The interplay between structural perfectness and CO oxidation catalysis on aluminum, phosphorous and silicon complexes of corroles
Authors: Mohajeri Afshan , Hassani Nasim
Published: March 2019

Catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide on perfect and defective structures of corrole complexes with aluminum, phosphorous and silicon have been investigated by performing density functional theory calculations.
Functionalized hollow MnFe2O4 nanospheres: design, applications and mechanism for efficient adsorption of heavy metal ions
Authors: Jin Chengzhao , Teng Guixiang , Gu Yinan , Cheng Hao , Fu ShaoPeng , Zhang Chun , Ma Weigang
Published: March 2019

A l-cysteine functionalized magnetic hollow MnFe2O4 nanosphere material has been synthesised, with high magnetism, large interior cavities, and high porosity and surface activity. It has high adsorption efficiency and regenerated adsorption capacity for the removal of Cr6+ and Pb2+ in contaminated water.
The facile hydrothermal synthesis of CuO@ZnO heterojunction nanostructures for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution
Authors: Prabhu Yendrapati Taraka , Navakoteswara Rao V. , Shankar Muthukonda Venkatakrishnan , Sreedhar Bojja , Pal Ujjwal
Published: March 2019

CuO@ZnO nanostructures prepared via a modified hydrothermal method exhibited superior catalytic activity in the removal of organic pollutants and more efficient H2 production.
Structurally simple trimesic amides as highly selective anion channels
Authors: Yuan Lin , Shen Jie , Ye Ruijuan , Chen Feng , Zeng Huaqiang
Published: March 2019

Trimesic amide molecules modified with simple alkyl chains exhibit highly active and selective anion-transporting functions.
A novel fluorescent surfactant enhances the delivery of the Cas9 ribonucleoprotein and enables the identification of edited cells
Authors: Li Jie , Røise Joachim Justad , Zhang Jingtuo , Yang Jiaying , Kerr D. Lucas , Han Hesong , Murthy Niren
Published: March 2019

A novel fluorescent single tailed surfactant was synthesized, which can disrupt endosomes, complex lipofectamine, and identify transfected cells.
Crystal structure design and multiband physical properties of quaternary sulfide Ba5Bi2Co2S10 for optoelectronic conversion
Authors: Bu Kejun , Zhang Xian , Huang Jian , Luo Mengjia , Zheng Chong , Wang Ruiqi , Wang Dong , He Jianqiao , Zhao Wei , Che Xiangli , Huang Fuqiang
Published: March 2019

Band alignment of hypothetical Bi–MT–S compounds with MT in Oh and Td symmetry, respectively. Crystal structure of Ba5Bi2Co2S10 viewed down the a-axis and multiband properties with optimal bandgap of Ba5Bi2Co2S10.
Rational design of an improved transglucosylase for production of the rare sugar nigerose
Authors: Franceus Jorick , Dhaene Shari , Decadt Hannes , Vandepitte Judith , Caroen Jurgen , Van der Eycken Johan , Beerens Koen , Desmet Tom
Published: March 2019

Sucrose phosphorylase was redesigned to vastly improve its ability to produce a promising rare sugar from abundant bulk sugars.
Carbonylation of tertiary carbon radicals: synthesis of lactams
Authors: Yin Zhiping , Zhang Zhuan , Zhang Youcan , Dixneuf Pierre H. , Wu Xiao-Feng
Published: March 2019

Herein, we disclose an interesting iron-catalyzed approach for the carbonylation of a tertiary carbon radical.
Deconstructing the behavior of donor–acceptor copolymers in solution & the melt: the case of PTB7
Authors: Ryno Sean M. , Risko Chad
Published: March 2019

Molecular dynamics simulations of the donor–acceptor copolymer PTB7 at near experimental scale reveal structure–dynamics correlations in the condensed phase.
Palladium-catalysed alkyne alkoxycarbonylation with P,N-chelating ligands revisited: a density functional theory study
Authors: Ahmad Shahbaz , Lockett Ashley , Shuttleworth Timothy A. , Miles-Hobbs Alexandra M. , Pringle Paul G. , Bühl Michael
Published: March 2019

A revised mechanism of alkyne alkoxycarbonylation via a Pd catalyst with P,N-ligands is validated through joint DFT modeling and experiments.
Ionic liquids tethered to a preorganised 1,2-diamide motif for extraction of lanthanides
Authors: Boyd Robert , Jin Lili , Nockemann Peter , Robertson Peter K. J. , Stella Lorenzo , Ruhela Ritesh , Seddon Kenneth R. , Gunaratne H. Q. Nimal
Published: March 2019

The synthesis and metal binding ability of a novel 1,2-diamide functionalised ionic liquid system for lanthanide extractions from water is described in this communication.
Synthesis of high molecular weight chitosan from chitin by mechanochemistry and aging
Authors: Di Nardo Thomas , Hadad Caroline , Nguyen Van Nhien Albert , Moores Audrey
Published: March 2019

A process based on mechanochemistry and aging under humidity affords high molecular weight chitosan under safe conditions from chitin.
Rapid and efficient sequestration of arsenic from contaminated water using hypertolerantBacillusL-148 sp.: a two-step process
Authors: Bagade Aditi , Nandre Vinod , Ghosh Sayanti , Battu Shateesh , Haram Santosh , Giri Ashok , Kodam Kisan
Published: March 2019

Working of a fast and robust bioreactor for arsenic sequestration.
Heart-cut 2DSEC-RP-LC-ICP-MS as a screening tool in metal-based anticancer research
Authors: Galvez Luis , Rusz Mate , Jakupec Michael A. , Koellensperger Gunda
Published: March 2019

Screening tool for metal-based anticancer drugs enabled by on-line heart-cut two-dimensional liquid chromatography combined with ICP-MS (2DLC-ICP-MS).
Community Leaders: Alfredo Sanz-Medel
Authors: Barnes Ramon M. , Costa-Fernandez Jose M.
Published: March 2019

Guest Editors, Ramon M. Barnes and José M. Costa-Fernandez, introduce this themed issue dedicated to Alfredo Sanz-Medel.
Novel 5-chloro-pyrazole derivatives containing a phenylhydrazone moiety as potent antifungal agents: synthesis, crystal structure, biological evaluation and a 3D-QSAR study
Authors: Jiao Jian , Wang An , Chen Min , Wang Meng-Qi , Yang Chun-Long
Published: March 2019

Novel 5-chloro-pyrazole derivatives containing a phenylhydrazone moiety were designed and synthesized. Some of the target compounds showed potent fungicidal activity. A 3D-QSAR study provides information for structural optimization.
Synthesis and characterization of 3-O-esters of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine derivatives as organogelators
Authors: Chen Anji , Samankumara Lalith P. , Garcia Consuelo , Bashaw Kristen , Wang Guijun
Published: March 2019

Fourteen glycolipids were synthesized; all alkyl esters were organogelators. The hexanoate was a phase-selective gelator for oil in water.
Reaction of the C60 radical anion with alkyl halides
Authors: Maeda Yutaka , Sanno Makoto , Morishita Tatsunari , Sakamoto Kodai , Sugiyama Eiichiro , Akita Saeka , Yamada Michio , Suzuki Mitsuaki
Published: March 2019

A new reductive alkylation of C60 with α-bromo-1,3-dicarbonyl compounds, benzyl halide, and 1,2-bis(dihalomethyl)benzene has been reported.
Correction: Textile-based high-performance hydrogen evolution of low-temperature atomic layer deposition of cobalt sulfide
Authors: Kim Donghyun , Song Jeong-Gyu , Yang Hyungmo , Lee Hoonkyung , Park Jusang , Kim Hyungjun
Published: March 2019

Correction for ‘Textile-based high-performance hydrogen evolution of low-temperature atomic layer deposition of cobalt sulfide’ by Jusang Park, Hyungjun Kim et al., Nanoscale, 2019, 11, 844–850.
Polymer brush interfaces for protein biosensing prepared by surface-initiated controlled radical polymerization
Authors: Badoux Michael , Billing Mark , Klok Harm-Anton
Published: March 2019

This article discusses protein-binding polymer brushes and the various strategies that can be used to immobilize proteins on these films.
Regulation of differential proton-coupled folate transporter gene expression in human tumors: transactivation by KLF15 with NRF-1 and the role of Sp1
Authors: Hou Zhanjun , O'Connor Carrie , Frühauf Josephine , Orr Steve , Kim Seongho , Gangjee Aleem , Matherly Larry H.
Published: March 2019

Tumors can be therapeutically targeted with novel antifolates (e.g. AGF94) that are selectively transported by the human proton-coupled folate transporter (hPCFT). Studies were performed to determine the transcription regulation of hPCFT in tumors and identify possible mechanisms that contribute to the highly disparate levels of hPCFT in HepG2 versus HT1080 tumor cells. Transfection of hPCFT-null HT1080 cells with hPCFT restored transport and sensitivity to AGF94. Progressive deletions of the hPCFT promoter construct (−2005 to +96) and reporter gene assays in HepG2 and HT1080 cells confirmed differences in hPCFT transactivation and localized a minimal promoter to between positions −50 and +96. The minimal promoter included KLF15, GC-Box and NRF-1 cis-binding elements whose functional importance was confirmed by promoter deletions and mutations of core consensus sequences and reporter gene assays. In HepG2 cells, NRF-1, KLF15 and Sp1 transcripts were increased over HT1080 cells by ∼5.1-, ∼44-, and ∼2.4-fold, respectively. In Drosophila SL2 cells, transfection with KLF15 and NRF-1 synergistically activated the hPCFT promoter; Sp1 was modestly activating or inhibitory. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and supershifts confirmed differential binding of KLF15, Sp1, and NRF-1 to the hPCFT promoter in HepG2 and HT1080 cells that paralleled hPCFT levels. Treatment of HT1080 nuclear extracts (NE) with protein kinase A increased Sp1 binding to its consensus sequence by EMSA, suggesting a role for Sp1 phosphorylation in regulating hPCFT transcription. A better understanding of determinants of hPCFT transcriptional control may identify new therapeutic strategies for cancer by modulating hPCFT levels in combination with hPCFT-targeted antifolates.
Generalised optimised design of single‐resonant AC current regulators
Authors: Elkayam M. , Kuperman A.
Published: March 2019

This Letter generalises frequency‐domain oriented design guidelines for optimised single‐resonant three‐parameter AC current regulators for grid‐connected converters. Unlike in previously established set of design guidelines, possible practical restrictions imposed by relatively low‐switching frequency are taken into account in the proposed methodology. In addition, resonant term bandwidth is selected according to the desired robustness to fundamental frequency variations. As a result, a closed set of three non‐linear equations is created. The solution maximises the loop gain crossover frequency for a given phase margin while respecting frequency robustness and resonant gain restrictions, set a priori.
γ Doradus stars as a test of angular momentum transport models
Authors: Ouazzani R.-M. , Marques J. P. , Goupil M.-J. , Christophe S. , Antoci V. , Salmon S. J. A. J. , Ballot J.
Published: March 2019

Helioseismology and asteroseismology of red giant stars have shown that distribution of angular momentum in stellar interiors, and the evolution of this distribution with time remains an open issue in stellar physics. Owing to the unprecedented quality and long baseline of Kepler photometry, we are able to seismically infer internal rotation rates in γ Doradus stars, which provide the main-sequence counterpart to the red-giants puzzle. Here, we confront these internal rotation rates to stellar evolution models which account for rotationally induced transport of angular momentum, in order to test angular momentum transport mechanisms. On the one hand, we used a stellar model-independent method developed by our team in order to obtain accurate, seismically inferred, buoyancy radii and near-core rotation for 37 γ Doradus stars observed by Kepler. We show that the stellar buoyancy radius can be used as a reliable evolution indicator for field stars on the main sequence. On the other hand, we computed rotating evolutionary models of intermediate-mass stars including internal transport of angular momentum in radiative zones, following the formalism developed in the series of papers started by Zahn (1992, A&A, 265, 115), with the CESTAM code. This code calculates the rotational history of stars from the birth line to the tip of the RGB. The initial angular momentum content has to be set initially, which is done here by fitting rotation periods in young stellar clusters. We show a clear disagreement between the near-core rotation rates measured in the sample and the rotation rates obtained from the evolutionary models including rotationally induced transport of angular momentum following Zahn’s prescriptions. These results show a disagreement similar to that of the Sun and red giant stars in the considered mass range. This suggests the existence of missing mechanisms responsible for the braking of the core before and along the main sequence. The efficiency of the missing mechanisms is investigated. The transport of angular momentum as formalized by Zahn and Maeder cannot explain the measurements of near-core rotation in main-sequence intermediate-mass stars we have at hand.
Spatial externality and indeterminacy
Authors: Augeraud-Véron Emmanuelle , Ducrot Arnaud
Published: March 2019

We study conditions for existence and uniqueness of solutions in some space-structured economic models with long-distance interactions between locations. The solution of these models satisfies non local equations, in which the interactions are modeled by convolution terms. Using properties of the spectrum location obtained by studying the characteristic equation, we derive conditions for the existence and uniqueness of the solution. This enables us to characterize the degree of indeterminacy of the system being considered. We apply our methodology to a theoretical one-sector growth model with increasing returns, which takes into account technological interdependencies among countries that are modeled by spatial externalities. When symmetric interaction kernels are considered, we prove that conditions for which indeterminacy occurs are the same as the ones needed when no interactions are taken into account. For Gaussian kernels, we study the impact of the standard deviation parameter on the degree of indeterminacy. We prove that when some asymmetric kernels are considered, indeterminacy can occur with classical assumptions on supply and demand curves.
Personalisierte Krebsmedizin im klinischen Alltag – Reflektion und Perspektive
Authors: Denschlag Dominik , Jansen Gunther , Huelsewig Carolin , Laib Anna , Stecker Katrin , Giesecke Dagmar , Knoblauch Bernd , Löhr J.-Matthias , Heringlake Stefan
Published: March 2019

Hintergrund Präzisionsmedizin will die richtige Medikation zur richtigen Zeit an den richtigen Patienten bringen, basierend auf dem molekularen Profil des jeweiligen individuellen Tumors. Trotz dieses großartigen Versprechens ist die Umsetzung in die klinische Praxis sehr ernüchternd.

Material und Methodik Im Rahmen eines Präzisionsmedizinprogramms in einem kommunalen Krankenhaus der Maximalversorgung wurden insgesamt 11 Patienten/Patientinnen (9 mit gynäkologischen Tumoren und 2 mit gastrointestinalen Karzinomen) mittels Hochdurchsatzsequenzierung und einer evidenzbasierten Software analysiert. Sämtliche Patienten/-innen waren zum Zeitpunkt der Analyse bereits multipel vorbehandelt und ohne Chance auf einen kurativen Therapieansatz.

Ergebnisse Im Vergleich zur bisherigen konventionellen Analyse konnte insgesamt in 8 Fällen ein Zugewinn an Information festgestellt werden. In der jeweiligen Tumorkonferenz wurden basierend auf der Software-gestützten Analyse insgesamt 6 Therapieempfehlungen ausgesprochen, hiervon allerdings lediglich 1 zugelassene Medikation bzw. 5 off-label-use Empfehlungen. Zwei Patientinnen sind an fulminant progredientem Tumorleiden verstorben, ohne dass eine Empfehlung umgesetzt werden konnte. Bei 3 Patienten/-innen wurden keine Hinweise auf spezifisch wirksame Medikamente gefunden.

Schlussfolgerungen Der personalisierte Zugang in der Tumortherapie ist im Rahmen der klinischen Routineversorgung machbar, obwohl die meisten Therapieempfehlungen off-label sind in der jeweiligen Indikation. Von Vorteil ist daher ein molekulares Tumorboard, in dem alle onkologischen Disziplinen zusammen mit der Pathologie die Fälle besprechen und die Therapieentscheidung gemeinsam tragen.
Friendly Fire: Autoimmune Pneumonitis nach Checkpoint-Inhibitor-Therapie
Authors: Holzhauer Peter , Grosse Christina
Published: March 2019

Die Therapie mit Checkpoint-Inhibitoren hat mittlerweile einen festen Platz in der Therapie von immer mehr Tumorentitäten gefunden. Gerade beim nichtkleinzelligen Bronchialkarzinom können mittlerweile bisher nicht möglich scheinende Ansprechraten und oft auch ein verlängertes Gesamtüberleben bei geeigneten Patienten, realisiert werden. Besonders Patienten mit einer hohen PD-L1-Expression im Tumorgewebe profitieren von dieser Behandlung. Der Checkpoint-Inhibitor Pembrolizumab ist bei diesen Patienten für den 1st line Einsatz zugelassen 1. Checkpoint-Inhibitoren sind in der Regel gut verträglich. Dennoch können sich bei einigen Patienten immunbezogene Reaktion an verschiedenen Organen, wie Lunge, Kolon oder Schilddrüse einstellen. Das Management dieser autoimmunen Nebenwirkungen (immune-related adverse events) erfordert ein schnelles therapeutisches Handeln und ist in Algorithmen zur Vorgehensweise publiziert 3. Hier wird der Behandlungsverlauf einer Patientin vorgestellt, die schon nach der ersten Gabe Pembrolizumab mit einer sehr ausgeprägten Pneumonitis konfrontiert wurde.
One-Pot Regioselective Synthesis of 2,5,6,7-Tetrahydroimidazo [1,2-a]imidazol-3-ones Starting from (Vinylimino)phosphoranes
Authors: Tan Fen , Meng Zheng-Zheng , Xiong Xiao-Qin , Zeng Guo-Ping , Ding Ming-Wu
Published: March 2019

A new, one-pot, regioselective preparation of 2,5,6,7-tetrahydroimidazo[1,2-a]imidazol-3-ones by a sequential aza-Wittig/nucleophilic addition/cyclization reaction was developed. The aza-Wittig reactions of ethyl (2Z)-3-aryl-2-[(triphenylphosphoranylidene)amino] acrylates with aryl isocyanates produced carbodiimide intermediates that were then treated sequentially with 2-aminoethanol and tosyl chloride/triethylamine to give the corresponding (2Z)-2-[(substituted)benzylidene]-2,5,6,7-tetrahydro-3H-imidazo[1,2-a]imidazol-3-ones in good overall yields and with high regioselectivity.
Reconfigurable edge-state engineering in graphene using LaAlO3/SrTiO3 nanostructures
Authors: Li Jianan , Guo Qing , Chen Lu , Hao Shan , Hu Yang , Hsu Jen-Feng , Lee Hyungwoo , Lee Jung-Woo , Eom Chang-Beom , D'Urso Brian , Irvin Patrick , Levy Jeremy
Published: March 2019

The properties of graphene depend sensitively on doping with respect to the charge-neutrality point (CNP). Tuning the CNP usually requires electrical gating or chemical doping. Here, we describe a technique to reversibly control the CNP in graphene with nanoscale precision, utilizing LaAlO3/SrTiO3 (LAO/STO) heterostructures and conductive atomic force microscope (c-AFM) lithography. The local electron density and resulting conductivity of the LAO/STO interface can be patterned with a conductive AFM tip [Cen et al., Nat. Mater. 7, 298 (2008)] and placed within two nanometers of an active graphene device [Huang et al., APL Mater. 3, 062502 (2015)]. The proximal LAO/STO nanostructures shift the position of graphene CNP by ∼1012 cm−2 and are also gateable. Here, we use this effect to create reconfigurable edge states in graphene, which are probed using the quantum Hall effect. Quantized resistance plateaus at h/e2 and h/3e2 are observed in a split Hall device, demonstrating edge transport along the c-AFM written edge that depends on the polarity of both the magnetic field and direction of currents. This technique can be readily extended to other device geometries.
Reverse breakdown studies of GaN MOSCAPs and their implications in vertical GaN power devices
Authors: Gupta C. , Chan S. H. , Pasayat S. S. , Keller S. , Mishra U. K.
Published: March 2019

P-n diodes and metal-oxide-semiconductor-capacitors (MOSCAPs) are integral parts of vertical GaN power MOSFETs. The voltage in the off-state in trench MOSFETs is held by the p-n junction (source-drain) and the MOSCAP (gate-drain). Although the understanding of the reverse bias behavior of the p-n diode and the MOSCAP component is critical, the literature is sparse pertaining to the reverse bias studies of GaN MOSCAPs. In this work, we present a detailed investigation on the reverse bias behavior of in situ grown GaN MOSCAPs. A photo-assisted I-V technique is also presented to estimate the reverse breakdown field of the gate-dielectric.
Linear properties of global energetic particle induced geodesic acoustic mode with bump-on-tail distribution in tokamak plasmas
Authors: Xiang Xijin , Fu Guoyong
Published: March 2019

A systematic study of the global Energetic particle-induced Geodesic Acoustic Mode (EGAM) has been carried out for bump-on-tail energetic distribution in tokamak plasmas using linear kinetic-fluid hybrid simulation. The stability threshold of EGAM in energetic particle pressure is found to be very low. The eigenmode structure becomes more and more radially extended as energetic particle distribution evolves from bump-on-tail distribution to fully slowing-down distribution. The mode radial scale length increases with the energetic particle orbit width.
Running a Small Flock of Sheep
Authors: Hinton David G
Published: March 2019

Running a Small Flock of Sheep uses a step-by-step approach and has been written for small-scale sheep farmers and inexperienced people considering a rural life-style change. It will prepare the reader for each procedure and event on a sheep farm.
The book begins with an introduction to the basic principles and procedures of sheep farming and the economics and required farm infrastructure for different sheep enterprises. There are chapters on handling techniques, the obligations of owners, and laws and regulations covering the welfare of sheep. The remainder of the text deals with sheep husbandry including health and nutrition, condition scoring, breeding, lamb care and weaner management. There are separate chapters on wool production and prime lamb production. The final chapter covers the diagnosis, control and prevention of sheep diseases.
This reliable and understandable guide provides all the information anyone needs to make the right choices in successfully managing a small flock of sheep, whether you're running a single pet or several hundred sheep for prime lamb, wool or dual purpose.
Integrated Pest Management for Crops and Pastures
Authors: Horne Paul , Page Jessica
Published: March 2019

Integrated Pest Management for Crops and Pastures describes in straightforward language what is required for farmers to successfully implement Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in cropping and grazing operations. It explains the differences between conventional pesticide-based controls and IPM, and demonstrates the advantages of IPM.
Effective control of pests depends on a number of approaches, not just chemical or genetic engineering. The opening chapters cover the different approaches to pest management, and the importance of identification and monitoring of pests and beneficials. Most farmers and advisors can identify major pests but would struggle to recognise a range of beneficial species. Without this information it is impossible to make appropriate decisions on which control methods to use, especially where pests are resistant to insecticides.
The book goes on to deal with the control methods: biological, cultural and chemical. The biological control agents discussed include both native and introduced species that attack pests. Cultural changes that have led to an increase in the incidence or severity of pest attack are also examined. The chapter on chemical control describes the different ways chemicals can affect beneficial species, also detailing acute, sub-lethal and transient toxicities of pesticides, drawing on examples from horticulture where necessary.
Finally, the authors bring all the components of integrated pest management together and show farmers how to put their IPM plan into action.
Managing Horses on Small Properties
Authors: Myers Jane
Published: March 2019

A dream shared by many is to run a few horses on a small property on the fringes of a city or town. This book shows how to combine sustainable land management practices with a style of horse keeping that will protect the health and well-being of your horses, as well as the land and its wildlife.
Good property management does not need to be an expensive undertaking. Improved pasture means less feed bills, reduced mud or dust improves a horse's health and reduces vet bills, better manure management turns a liability into an asset.
The reader is first introduced to the horse's natural behaviour as expressed in body language, intelligence, ability to learn, grazing, herd instincts and social behaviour. The book then goes on to cover all the basics of safe handling, routine care and common health problems.
Property selection, property design, water supply, pasture management, horse facilities, fencing, trees and plants, manure management and equipment and tools are comprehensively dealt with in separate chapters.
This is a practical book written with a minimum of jargon especially for those who are new to horse ownership and small properties. It will deliver real benefits to the landholder, including reduced horse keeping costs, better welfare of horses, increased productivity, and improved land management practices.
Reducing debt improves psychological functioning and changes decision-making in the poor
Authors: Ong Qiyan , Theseira Walter , Ng Irene Y. H.
Published: March 2019

Significance

The impact of chronic debt on the poor is psychological, not just financial. We hypothesize that chronic debt impairs psychological functioning and decision-making, contributing to the poverty trap. This is because debt is not considered fungible and is viewed as costly mental accounts that consume cognitive bandwidth. We test this using quasiexperimental evidence from a one-off, unanticipated debt-relief program worth several months’ household income. Comparing the poor before and after debt relief, those with more debt accounts paid off experienced greater improvements in cognitive functioning, reported less anxiety, and became less present-biased. These findings provide actionable evidence for poverty-alleviation policy.
Crystal structure and activity-based labeling reveal the mechanisms for linkage-specific substrate recognition by deubiquitinase USP9X
Authors: Paudel Prajwal , Zhang Qi , Leung Charles , Greenberg Harrison C. , Guo Yusong , Chern Yi-Hsuan , Dong Aiping , Li Yanjun , Vedadi Masoud , Zhuang Zhihao , Tong Yufeng
Published: March 2019

USP9X is a conserved deubiquitinase (DUB) that regulates multiple cellular processes. Dysregulation of USP9X has been linked to cancers and X-linked intellectual disability. Here, we report the crystal structure of the USP9X catalytic domain at 2.5-Å resolution. The structure reveals a canonical USP-fold comprised of fingers, palm, and thumb subdomains, as well as an unusual β-hairpin insertion. The catalytic triad of USP9X is aligned in an active configuration. USP9X is exclusively active against ubiquitin (Ub) but not Ub-like modifiers. Cleavage assays with di-, tri-, and tetraUb chains show that the USP9X catalytic domain has a clear preference for K11-, followed by K63-, K48-, and K6-linked polyUb chains. Using a set of activity-based diUb and triUb probes (ABPs), we demonstrate that the USP9X catalytic domain has an exo-cleavage preference for K48- and endo-cleavage preference for K11-linked polyUb chains. The structure model and biochemical data suggest that the USP9X catalytic domain harbors three Ub binding sites, and a zinc finger in the fingers subdomain and the β-hairpin insertion both play important roles in polyUb chain processing and linkage specificity. Furthermore, unexpected labeling of a secondary, noncatalytic cysteine located on a blocking loop adjacent to the catalytic site by K11-diUb ABP implicates a previously unreported mechanism of polyUb chain recognition. The structural features of USP9X revealed in our study are critical for understanding its DUB activity. The new Ub-based ABPs form a set of valuable tools to understand polyUb chain processing by the cysteine protease class of DUBs.