bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COAGULATION DEFECT ASSOCIATED WITH PRESUMED AMNIOTIC FLUID EMBOLISM IN THE MID‐TRIMESTER OF PREGNANCY
Authors: Woodfield D. G. , Galloway R. K. , Smart G. E.
Published: August 2005

An unusual case of disseminated intravascular coagulation is reported. It occurred at about the 20th week of pregnancy and was associated with sudden collapse which appeared to be due to amniotic fluid embolism.

The resulting coagulation defect was studied from the time of the initial episode over a period of 130 hours. During this time it was possible to avoid blood transfusion and the alterations in coagulation factors and the fibrinolytic system were measured.
LENGTH OF GESTATION IN CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA
Authors: Price H. V. , Cone BrendaA. , Keogh M.
Published: August 2005

A survey was made of families of children suffering from congenital adrenal hyperplasia. The length of gestation for these children was found to be within normal limits. The implications of this are discussed in relation to current theories of the cause of the onset of labour. One case was diagnosed in utero by estimation of steroids in amniotic fluid.
SPECTROFLUORIMETRIC ASSAY OF SERUM CYSTINE AMINOPEPTIDASE IN NORMAL AND DIABETIC PREGNANCY COMPARED WITH TOTAL OESTROGEN EXCRETION
Authors: Chapman L. , Silk E. , Skupny A. , Tooth E. A. , Barnes A.
Published: August 2005

A spectrofluorimetric method for the assay of serum cystine aminopeptidase, an enzyme normally produced in increasing amounts during pregnancy, has been evaluated. The clinical application of this method in normal and diabetic pregnancies has been compared with that of measuring urinary total oestrogens. There is a statistically significant difference in cystine aminopeptidase values in diabetic patients whereas no such difference could be demonstrated when using total oestrogen assay.
THE ESTIMATION OF OESTRIOL IN AMNIOTIC FLUID: A COMPARISON OF THREE METHODS
Authors: Klopper A. , Michie Eileen , Aleem Fatma
Published: August 2005

Aliquots from 30 samples of liquor amnii were analyzed for oestriol in Aberdeen, Belfast and Edinburgh, using the methods evolved in each centre. The results from the three centres were related in the sense that values which were found to be low in one centre were low also in the others, and similarly, high values in one centre were high also in the other two. The correlation between Edinburgh and Belfast was least close and that between Edinburgh and Aberdeen was closest. The mean Edinburgh result was 125 per cent of the Aberdeen value and the mean Belfast result 322 per cent of the Aberdeen value.
STREAK GONADS AND THE Y CHROMOSOME
Authors: Andrews Joan
Published: August 2005

Seven cases in which streak gonads were found in association with a Y chromosome in the karyotype are presented. The varied clinical features are discussed. The high incidence of gonadal tumours in individuals who have streak gonads and a Y chromosome in the karyotype is emphasized.
LAPAROSCOPIC STERILIZATION AND FOLLOW‐UP HYSTEROSALPINGOGRAM
Authors: Jordan J. A. , Edwards R. Logan , Pearson J. , Maskery P. J. K.
Published: August 2005

Over a period of three years 910 patients have been subjected to laparoscopic sterilization of which 443 have had a follow‐up hysterosalpingogram. The results are discussed.

Laparoscopic sterilization is safe and efficient.

With only 24 to 36 hours in hospital the method is acceptable to women with home responsibilities. Bridge Hospital, County Durham.
GROWTH OF THE FETAL BIPARIETAL DIAMETER DURING NORMAL PREGNANCY
Authors: Campbell Stuart , Newman G. B.
Published: August 2005

The fetal biparietal diameter was measured by ultrasound during normal pregnancy. The range of biparietal diameter values for each week of pregnancy from 13 weeks until term (1029 measurements) was determined and longitudinal data (646 measurements) were used to illustrate the variation in growth rate according to fetal maturity, head size and weight.
THE EFFECT OF CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN AND CHORIONIC SOMATOMAMMOTROPHIN ON STEROIDOGENESIS IN THE CORPUS LUTEUM
Authors: Stock R. J. , Josimovich J. B. , Kosor B. , Klopper A. , Wilson G. R.
Published: August 2005

Human chorionic gonadotrophin was given every other day to 8 women during 11 luteal phases and their excretion of oestrone and pregnanediol compared with the excretion of these steroids during an untreated luteal phase. Some of these subjects were also given chorionic somatomammotrophin while being treated with chorionic gonadotrophin. It was found that treatment with chorionic gonadotrophin resulted in an increase of ovarian hormone excretion and that the steroid levels remained elevated while the onset of menstruation was postponed. A decline in steroid excretion and menstruation eventually occurred in spite of continued treatment with chorionic gonadotrophin. There was no evidence that the administration of chorionic somatomammotrophin had any effect on ovarian steroidogenesis.
OUT‐PATIENT MANAGEMENT OF TOXAEMIA
Authors: Mathews D. D. , Patel I. R. , Sengupta S. M.
Published: August 2005

During 1969 and 1970 toxaemic patients attending the antenatal clinic at Sheppey General Hospital were admitted only if one or more of the following criteria were satisfied:

1. The urine contained albumin on testing with Albustix.

2. Urinary oestriol excretion was unsatisfactory.

3. The obstetric condition and duration of gestation were such that either labour was to be induced or the baby delivered by elective Caesarean section.

No case of eclampsia was seen. A maternal death followed a Caesarean section for accidental haemorrhage. The perinatal death rate in toxaemic patients fell from 4·8 to 3·1 per cent. The hospital bed days utilized by toxaemic patients were reduced by 72 per cent. Tt was concluded that testing of the urine for albumin by the patient herself might replace early admission in the prevention of eclampsia and that neither admission nor placental function testing were necessary for the protection of the baby in non‐albuminuric toxaemia unless there was evidence of impaired fetal growth.
RETICULOCYTE COUNTING AND THE HAEMATOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO INTRAVENOUS IRON INFUSION IN PREGNANCY ANAEMIA
Authors: Chan W. H. , Whitfield C. R.
Published: August 2005

Total dose iron‐dextran infusion is a practical and effective procedure for the treatment of most cases of severe or moderately severe pregnancy anaemia. A post‐infusion reticulocyte count is advocated to forecast the likely haemoglobin response. With this procedure, and provided that further regular haemoglobin estimations are made, it is suggested that routine simultaneous administration of folic acid is not necessary. An unsatisfactory reticulocyte response should draw attention to the likelihood of either urinary tract infection or megaloblastic anaemia. Early recognition of the latter important complication is therefore facilitated by the recommended regime.
CLINICAL AND ENDOCRINOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF DYSMATURITY AND THE USE OF INTERMITTENT ABDOMINAL DECOMPRESSION IN PREGNANCY
Authors: MacRae D. J. , Mohamedally S. M. , Willmot M. P.
Published: August 2005

In dysmaturity there is a high perinatal mortality, which is increased when associated with prematurity or maternal complications of pregnancy. Oestriol monitoring of cases of suspected retardation of fetal growth was found to be a valuable aid in the recognition of fetal jeopardy. A significant rise in oestriol output and an increase in mean pregnanediol excretion occurs with intermittent abdominal decompression. The therapeutic use of abdominal decompression is shown in a series of cases and its effect on the feto‐placental circulation discussed. Because patients who have had dysmature babies have an increased risk of abortion and of recurrence of retardation of fetal growth with complications of pregnancy and labour, obstetric care should be planned from the beginning of pregnancy.
ECLAMPSIA COMPLICATING A SEVEN‐MONTH PREGNANCY ASSOCIATED WITH HYDATIDIFORM CHANGE IN THE PLACENTA
Authors: Chapman Kenneth , Arey David K.
Published: August 2005

A case of eclampsia complicating a 29‐weeks pregnancy associated with hydatidi‐form change in the placenta is reported and a possible explanation for the occurrence of postpartum eclampsia of late onset is suggested.
AMNIOTIC FLUID TOTAL HYDROXYPROLINE AND INTRAUTERINE GROWTH
Authors: Wharton B. A. , Foulds J. W. , Fraser I. D. , Pennock C. A.
Published: August 2005

In normal pregnancy amniotic fluid total hydroxyproline concentration rose to a peak around the 28th week, before falling steadily to term while creatinine concentration was at first constant and then rose rapidly to maximum values at term. The total hydroxyproline: creatinine ratio reached a zenith around 17 weeks and then fell rapidly. Total hydroxyproline concentrations tended to be lower in those pregnancies producing small‐for‐dates babies and those at particular risk of intrauterine growth retardation.

The total hydroxyproline : creatinine ratio in the first urine passed by babies was a little higher than the amniotic fluid from the pregnancy concerned. After birth the urinary ratio rose rapidly.

There is some evidence that changes in amniotic fluid total hydroxyproline and total hydroxyproline : creatinine ratio are related to intrauterine growth. Further information particularly from other animals is required.

A determination of amniotic fluid total hydroxyproline may eventually prove to be clinically useful when considering induction of labour for pre‐eclampsia or maternal loss of weight towards term but a more intensive study during this period of pregnancy will be necessary before a firm, clinically useful conclusion can be made.
ASSESSMENT OF GESTATIONAL AGE AND PREDICTION OF DYSMATURITY BY ULTRASONIC FETAL CEPHALOMETRY
Authors: Willocks James , Dunsmore Ian R.
Published: August 2005

Ultrasonic measurement of the fetal biparietal diameter, as used in the clinical practice of a maternity hospital, gave 641 measurements taken during 387 single pregnancies. These measurements were correlated with gestational age and birth‐weight. A standard growth curve was derived which can be used in the assessment of maturity. A chart has also been prepared to aid in the prediction of dysmaturity from an initial reading of the biparietal diameter. These diagrams can be used to interpret the significance of measurements but it is emphasized that serial readings give the best basis for decisions in the individual case.
SITE OF ACTION OF CLOMIPHENE AND ITS USE AS A TEST OF PITUITARY FUNCTION
Authors: Newton John , Dixon Peter
Published: August 2005

Serial 24‐hour urine samples have been assayed for total oestrogens, LH and FSH. Thirty‐five clomiphene treatment cycles (dose range 50–200 mg. per day for five days) in oligomenorrhoeic women were monitored. Twenty‐eight patients ovulated and all showed a gonadotrophin increase which preceded any change in oestrogen. Thirty patients with secondary amenorrhoea were given 100 to 200 mg. of clomiphene and in 21 patients there was a rise in gonadotrophins that preceded any change in oestrogen.

Seven male patients also showed a significant increase in ICSH after clomiphene. Five patients with hypopituitarism following hypophysectomy for chromophobe adenoma showed no change in oestrogen or LH with clomiphene treatment. One patient with partial hypopituitarism showed an increase in LH which preceded any change in oestrogen.

It is concluded that the main action of clomiphene is at the hypothalamic‐pituitary level and accordingly the use of clomiphene as a test of pituitary function for gonadotrophins has been suggested, as its site of action appears to be on the hypothalamic pituitary axis.
THERAPEUTIC ABORTION BY INTRAUTERINE INSTILLATION OF PROSTAGLANDIN E2
Authors: Roberts G. , Cassie R. , Turnbull A. C.
Published: August 2005

Intrauterine instillation of prostaglandin E2 was used in an attempt to induce abortion in 20 pregnancies of less than 12 weeks gestation. The technique failed altogether in 7 patients, and achieved only incomplete abortion in the remaining 13. Evidence of uterine infection developed in 4 patients. The results obtained have not encouraged the continuing use of the method for terminating early pregnancy in this centre.
THE USE OF QUINACRINE HYDROCHLORIDE FOR THE CONTROL OF MALIGNANT SEROUS EFFUSIONS
Authors: Lee M. , Boyes D. A.
Published: August 2005

Nine of 16 gynaecological patients with a persistent malignant effusion in whom no further irradiation or chemotherapy appeared possible appeared to have relief of their effusions after intraperitoneal administration of quinacrine hydrochloride (Atabrine).
PRIMARY CARCINOMA OF THE VAGINA
Authors: Daw Edward
Published: August 2005

Fifty‐one cases of primary carcinoma of the vagina from one region of Scotland in 1945–70 are reported and reviewed with the most recent reports of this condition.
DIP AREA. A QUANTITATIVE MEASURE OF FETAL HEART RATE PATTERNS
Authors: Shelley Trevor , Tipton Richard H.
Published: August 2005

Analysis of fetal heart rate records has shown that the frequency, duration and amplitude of transient episodes of fetal bradycardia, regardless of their relationship to uterine activity, are factors of great importance in assessing fetal condition. Dip area is a quantitative measure of these factors; it is easily communicated and avoids the present confusion of classification and nomenclature.
PLASMA CORTISOL (11‐HYDROXYCORTICOSTEROID) DURING AND AFTER PREGNANCY
Authors: Adadevoh B. Kwaku , Akinla Oladele
Published: August 2005

Plasma cortisol (11‐hydroxycorticosteroid) was studied during and after pregnancy in Nigerian women. A rise was found throughout pregnancy which was accompanied by increased binding but the absolute levels were lower than those reported by others. During labour there was a further rise in plasma cortisol which was no longer detectable on the first day after delivery. Six weeks post partum, cortisol levels rose again and this rise was attributed to the stress of lactation. In contrast to previous reports the ratio between maternal and cord blood cortisol levels was found to be narrow.
NORMOTENSIVE ECLAMPSIA—IS IT A MYTH?
Authors: Seligman S. A.
Published: August 2005

In the eclamptic state, the conditions necessary for the production of the Korotkoff sounds are changed, leading to inaccuracy in the sphygmomanometric method of blood pressure recording. This is advanced as the reason for eclampsia in the presence of an apparently normal blood pressure.
ABSENCE OF ANY OBSERVED EFFECT OF ULTRASONIC IRRADIATION ON HUMAN CHROMOSOMES
Authors: Bobrow Martin , Blackwell Nora , Unrau Ann E. , Bleaney Betty
Published: August 2005

Adult human lymphocytes from five individuals were exposed to ultrasonic irradiation at power levels ranging from 0.014 to 2.77 W/cm.2, and at different stages of the cell cycle. No excess of chromosomal damage was detected in such cells as compared with unirradiated control samples.
EFFECTS OF HUMAN PREGNANCY ON GLUCOSE AND FRUCTOSE TOLERANCE TO A SUCROSE MEAL
Authors: Coltart T. M. , Jourdan M. H.
Published: August 2005

Sucrose test meals (1g. per kg. body weight) were given to ten pregnant women at term and ten control non‐pregnant women. Glucose tolerance to the sucrose meals was significantly better in the non‐pregnant than in the pregnant women, but fructose tolerance was identical in the two groups. The findings are discussed in the light of the significantly higher levels of fasting plasma triglyceride observed in the pregnant women.
ONE THOUSAND CONSECUTIVE CASES OF DIAGNOSTIC LAPAROSCOPY
Authors: Duignan N. M. , Jordan J. A. , Coughlan B. M. , Logan‐Edwards R.
Published: August 2005

One thousand consecutive cases of diagnostic laparoscopy are reported. The commonest indications were infertility, amenorrhoea and pelvic pain. Abnormalities were detected in 37.5 per cent of patients with primary infertility, and in 51 per cent of patients with secondary infertility. Laparoscopy provided a more accurate assessment of tubal patency and function than did hysterosalpingography. An ovarian biopsy was taken from 39 patients and provided more definitive information towards the diagnosis and management of patients with amenorrhoea than did urinary steroid investigations. In patients with pelvic pain the clinical findings were confirmed in 61.5 per cent of patients; in 27.4 per cent unsuspected abnormalities were found, and in 11.1 per cent the clinical diagnosis was shown to have been wrong. A diagnosis of early unruptured tubal pregnancy was confirmed in 33 per cent of patients with indefinite clinical findings. The majority of patients with dysmenorrhoea had no abnormality. The only serious complication was a uretero‐vaginal fistula after attempted biopsy of a streak ovary and later hysterectomy.
MODIFIED TECHNIQUE OF PUERPERAL LAPAROSCOPIC STERILIZATION
Authors: Neely M. R. , Elkady Adel A.
Published: August 2005

Seventy‐eight cases of postpartum laparoscopic sterilization are reported. In spite of complications necessitating laparotomy in 3 cases, the method can be safe and reliable in experienced hands.
AN EVALUATION OF HUMORAL ANTIBODY RESPONSES IN PATIENTS WITH CARCINOMA OF THE CERVIX
Authors: Vos G. H. , Hammond M. G. , Vos D. , Grobbelaar B. G. , Auslander H. P. , Marescotti G.
Published: August 2005

Tumour tissue from patients with inoperable cervical carcinoma was studied to determine the significance of humoral antibody involvement. Comparative elution studies using normal and cancerous tissues revealed that various classes of immunoglobulin and complement, either singly or in combination could only be recovered from the cancerous tissues. Some cancer tissue eluates possessed antibodies which sensitized normal lymphocytes by the cytotoxicity test suggesting the host's recognition of structural modification of the tumour cell. It is possible that the various classes of immunoglobulin found in cancer tissue eluates represent antibodies to cytoplasmic constituents, cell membranes or antigen‐antibody complexes. It was found that the serum from the cancer patients possessed a significantly higher incidence of “non specific” lymphocytotoxic antibodies than the controls. Our inability to associate these antibodies with specificities for normal histocompatibility antigens suggests that this type of antibody may symbolize humoral responses towards a combination of tumour‐related and normal transplantation antigens. It seems apparent that their activity is of an autoimmune nature capable of altering the in vivo functions of the cell‐mediated immune mechanism.
A SIMPLIFIED METHOD OF SYNTOCINON INFUSION FOLLOWING AMNIOTOMY
Authors: Normington E. A. M.
Published: August 2005

The advantages of oxytocin infusion following amniotomy were demonstrated in a prospective clinical trial. A simplified gravity feed, variable dose, titration infusion system was used as an alternative to the expensive automatic titration infusion device.
THE HAEMOGLOBIN CONTENT OF AUTOTRANSFUSED BLOOD IN ACUTE ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
Authors: Carty M. J. , Barr R. D.
Published: August 2005

Haemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume estimations were made on the intraperitoneal blood from 12 patients with acute ectopic pregnancy. The derived values for mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration were normal or lower than normal, indicating that the haemoglobin was mostly intracellular and therefore potentially capable of normal oxygen transport.
VESICAL CALCULI COMPLICATING UTEROVAGINAL PROLAPSE
Authors: Mahran Maher
Published: August 2005

A case of multiple vesical stones complicating complete irreducible procidentia and causing persistent pain and urinary incontinence is described. The patient was treated by vaginal lithotomy with immediate relief of pain and regain of sphincter control.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE ORIGIN OF AMNIOTIC FLUID ENZYMES
Authors: Sutcliffe R. G. , Brock D. J. H.
Published: August 2005

An enquiry has been made into the origins of a group of amniotic fluid enzymes which have complex specific activity patterns during gestation. Between 13 and 18 weeks of gestation, the specific activities of hexosaminidase, α‐l, 4‐glucosidase, and the placental and heat‐labile alkaline phosphatases in amniotic fluid were in excess of those expected on the hypothesis of a serum origin. In contrast, a significant fraction of the acid phosphatase activity during this period could be attributed to its influx from maternal serum. In amniotic fluid at term, hexosaminidase, heat‐labile alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase appeared to originate from the surrounding tissues, although fetal urine was found to be an additional source of acid phosphatase. The placental alkaline phosphatase in amniotic fluid at term had a mean specific activity which was the closest to that expected on the hypothesis of a serum origin. It is probable that tissue protein is released into the amniotic fluid at term, and possibly also between 13 and 18 weeks of gestation. The methods used to draw these conclusions may be of general use for examining the origins of individual proteins in amniotic fluid.
URINARY PORPHYRINS AND THEIR PRECURSORS IN HUMAN PREGNANCY AND AFTER DELIVERY
Authors: Lyberatos C. , Chalevelakis G. , Platis A. , Gardikas C.
Published: August 2005

Fifty normal pregnant women were investigated for porphyrin and porphyrin precursors in urine during the last month of gestation and two months after parturition. During pregnancy, a statistically significant increase was found for all the parameters examined.
RED‐CELL POTASSIUM IN CHRONIC FETAL ASPHYXIA
Authors: Singh H. A. , Symonds E. M.
Published: August 2005

A study of the relationship between acid‐base balance and red‐cell potassium has been undertaken on maternal and fetal blood in 141 subjects. Metabolic acidosis resulting from chronic fetal asphyxia as determined by low blood pH, high Pco2, low standard bicarbonate and high lactic acid values is associated with a fall in red‐ cell potassium and a rise in plasma potassium in cord arterial blood. In cord venous blood, a significant positive relationship between red‐cell potassium and pH was demonstrated, but a relationship between plasma potassium and red‐cell potassium could not be demonstrated. These findings suggest that correction of plasma potassium occurs in the passage of fetal blood through the placenta and that a depletion of red‐cell potassium occurs under conditions of fetal acidosis until a new equilibrium is reached.
PLASMA HORMONE CONCENTRATIONS IN WOMEN RECEIVING STEROID CONTRACEPTIVES
Authors: Briggs Michael , Briggs Maxine
Published: August 2005

Plasma concentrations of progesterone, oestradiol, testosterone and corticosteroids have been measured by competitive protein binding methods in blood specimens taken from large groups of untreated women and others taking various combined‐ type oral contraceptive proparations. A third group receiving depot injections of medroxyprogesterone acetate was also studied. In other experiments, plasma steroid hormone concentrations were measured before and after treatment by oral or depot contraceptives. Oral contraceptives reduced plasma levels of progesterone and oestradiol to approximately those seen in the follicular phase of untreated women; in contrast, levels of testosterone and corticosteroids, both free and protein‐bound, were markedly increased. The depot preparation had a similar action on progesterone and oestradiol, but did not increase testosterone or cortisol concentrations.
MESONEPHROID TUMOURS OF THE OVARY
Authors: Hayes Dorothy
Published: August 2005

A study of 25 mesonephroid tumours of the ovary is presented. These tumours form a histological entity with a well‐recognized pattern. They appear to be derived from the covering ovarian epithelium which has retained competence to undergo metaplasia along divergent lines and there is no support for an origin from residual mesonephric structures. The varying histological patterns found do not allow prognostication for an individual tumour. The most important index in prognosis is the extent of the tumour at operation.
TERMINATION OF SECOND TRIMESTER PREGNANCY WITH 15 METHYL ANALOGUES OF PROSTAGLANDINS E2, AND F2x
Authors: Karim S. M. M. , Sharma S. D.
Published: August 2005

summary

The uterine muscle stimulating activities of the 15‐methyl analogues of naturally occurring prostaglandins E2, and F2α, in the second trimester of pregnancy have been investigated. Prostaglandins 15(S) 15 methyl E2, methyl ester and 15(S) 15 methyl F2α, (free acid) when administered by the intravaginal, intra‐amniotic and intramuscular routes are effective abortifacients. The human uterine muscle stimulating potencies and duration of actions of these compounds when compared with the parent prostaglandins E2, and F2α, are greatly increased.
OUT‐PATIENT CERVICAL CRYOSURGERY
Authors: Young Cyril , Malvern John , Chamberlain Geoffrey
Published: August 2005

Cryosurgery is an easy, safe and highly acceptable means of treating chronic cervicitis and erosions.

One hundred and thirty‐two patients were reassessed after cryosurgery had been performed in the out‐patients department without anaesthesia or analgesia: treatment was successful in 125 instances (95 per cent).
COMPARATIVE TRIAL OF CRYOSURGERY AND DIATHERMY CAUTERIZATION IN THE TREATMENT OF CERVICAL EROSION
Authors: Jackson Warwick D.
Published: August 2005

The results of treatment by Cryosurgery of 52 patients with cervical erosions and chronic cervicitis were compared with those obtained in 50 patients treated by diathermy cauterization. The extent of the diseased area in all the patients was such that electrocautery in the Out‐patient Department would have been inadequate. The refrigerant used for cryosurgical treatment was nitrous oxide delivered through a special cervical probe. A single treatment with cryosurgery resulted in an 83 per cent rate of complete healing compared to a 62 per cent rate of complete healing after diathermy cauterization. This difference was statistically significant. (P = 0·02).
SMOKING DURING PREGNANCY AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE FETUS
Authors: Cole P. V. , Hawkins L. H. , Roberts D.
Published: August 2005

The smoking habits of a group of pregnant women have been recorded and related to the level of carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) in the circulating blood. Simultaneous maternal and fetal COHb levels at delivery were estimated and on average the fetal levels were 1.8 times greater than the related maternal level. Samples of fetal blood were exposed to carbon monoxide in vitro and an appreciable shift to the left of the haemoglobin dissociation curve was demonstrated. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy diminishes the oxygen carrying capacity of both fetal and maternal blood, affects maternal oxygenation by increased pulmonary venous admixture and diminishes the oxygen available to the fetus at the tissue level by its effect on fetal oxyhaemoglobin dissociation.
THE USE OF A SIMPLE TEST FOR HYPOGLUCOSURIA (URIGLOX) IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF BACTERIURIA IN PREGNANCY
Authors: Emmerson A. M.
Published: August 2005

A simple paper strip test for hypoglucosuria (Uriglox) has been shown to be a reliable indicator of the presence of significant bacteriuria.
THE VALUE OF PLASMA TESTOSTERONE ESTIMATION IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF VIRILIZING OVARIAN NEOPLASIA
Authors: Hancock K. W. , Levell M. J. , Coulson A.
Published: August 2005

A case of hilar cell tumour of the ovary is described in which the ovaries were entirely normal in appearance and the only biochemical abnormality was elevation of the plasma testosterone level. The decision to proceed to operative treatment was made solely on the results of the biochemical investigations.
PREGNANCY IN HOMOZYGOUS SICKLE‐CELL ANAEMIA
Authors: Hendrickse J. P. De V. , Harrison K. A. , Watson‐Williams E. J. , Luzzatto L. , Ajabor L. N.
Published: August 2005

In 12 years (1958–69) 38 patients with homozygous sickle‐cell anaemia (SS) were studied during the course of 61 pregnancies. Maternal prognosis was poor, with 7 deaths. The causes of mortality and morbidity were severe anaemia, acute sequestration, bacterial infections, bone pain crises, and bone marrow embolism. The proportion of these patients requiring operative deliveries was high chiefly because of fetopelvic disproportion from generally contracted pelvis. For obstetric operations various types of anaesthesia were used with excellent results, provided gross anaemia was corrected and hypoxia was avoided. When bone pain crises occurred during late pregnancy, labour and in the early puerperium, heparinization and blood transfusions were freely used.

Fertility was reduced in these women, and both the spontaneous abortion rate and fetal wastage were at least twice as high as they were in the general population. The average birthweight of the babies was comparatively low, for no obvious reasons.
VECTORCARDIOGRAPHY AND ACID‐BASE BALANCE IN THE HUMAN FETUS
Authors: Symonds E. M.
Published: August 2005

An analysis of the configuration of the fetal electrocardiogram assessed by recording the ratio of the positive and negative deflections of the QRS complex has been performed in relation to the QRS complex of the neonatal electrocardiogram. Changes in R/S ratios in the fetal electrocardiogram late in labour were significantly related to changes in Lead II of the neonatal electrocardiogram.

On the basis of the method described by Larks (1965) the mean cardiac axis of the fetus early in labour was +144.5° and late in labour +143.2°. The mean neonatal cardiac axis recorded within five hours after delivery was +134°.

The fetal cardiac axis showed a significant shift to the left in relation to fetal acidosis and hyperkalaemia. Similar changes were seen in the neonatal electrocardiogram in relation to biochemical changes.
THE EFFECT OF PARITY ON PLASMA SODIUM, POTASSIUM, CHLORIDE AND OSMOLALITY LEVELS DURING PREGNANCY
Authors: Macdonald H. N. , Good W.
Published: August 2005

The changes in plasma sodium, potassium, chloride and osmolality levels have been examined in primigravidae and multigravidae. Plasma sodium and potassium concentrations decrease significantly from 10 to 28 weeks in multigravidae but not in primigravidae. Both groups show a significant increase in plasma potassium concentration between 28 and 37 weeks, when there is no change in sodium concentration. Plasma sodium and potassium levels rise significantly following delivery in primigravidae but, with multigravidae, only the rise in the latter is statistically significant. There is no change in the plasma levels of chloride and osmolality during normal pregnancy, irrespective of parity; osmolality increases significantly after delivery in each group. The results appear consistent with the hypothesis that the expansion of plasma volume is an important factor in the observed changes.
INTER‐RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LEVELS OF PLASMA OESTRADIOL, URINARY TOTAL OESTROGENS AND BLOOD HAEMOGLOBIN AND NEUTROPHIL COUNTS
Authors: Cruickshank J. M. , Morris R. , Butt W. R. , Corker C. S.
Published: August 2005

The inter‐relationships between levels of urinary total oestrogens, plasma oestradiol and blood haemoglobin and neutrophil levels were investigated in five women undergoing treatment with pituitary gonadotrophin hormone for infertility. Predicted values for urinary oestrogens were also calculated from the haemoglobin and neutrophil results.

There was a positive correlation of plasma oestradiol with both actual and predicted concentrations of urinary oestrogens but there was substantial variation between patients. The levels of plasma and urinary oestrogens showed a significant positive correlation with the blood neutrophil counts, a negative but not significant correlation with the haemoglobin concentration, and a highly significant correlation with the ratio of the two observations. Again marked variation between subjects occurred.

The use of these parameters for monitoring the treatment of infertile patients with human gonadotrophins is discussed.
EPIDURAL ANALGESIA DURING LABOUR IN PATIENTS WITH PRE‐ECLAMPSIA
Authors: Moir Donald D. , Victor‐Rodrigues L. , Willocks James
Published: August 2005

Epidural analgesia was given during labour to 150 women with pre‐eclampsia. All had proteinuria and a blood pressure of at least 160/100 mm. Hg before treatment. Blood pressures were reduced by over 20 per cent on average, although 5 per cent of patients did not have a fall in blood pressure. Four patients had an eclamptic fit, but only after the epidural block had worn off and in the absence of an anticonvulsant drug. There were no maternal deaths and no maternal morbidity attributable to the treatment. There were three stillbirths and three neonatal deaths due mainly to prematurity and placental insufficiency (perinatal mortality 3·9 percent). The Caesarean section rate was 6·6 per cent. Epidural analgesia provides pain relief and usually a valuable reduction in blood pressure for the pre‐eclamptic patient in labour. Combined with an anticonvulsant (usually chlormethiazole in this series) it provides balanced therapy and avoids the use of narcotics in excessive doses.
THE DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF URINARY INCONTINENCE IN THE FEMALE
Authors: Moolgaoker A. S. , Ardran G. M. , Smith J. C. , Stallworthy J. A.
Published: August 2005

Ninety‐five patients complaining of urinary incontinence, 58 of whom had been subjected to previous unsuccessful surgery, were investigated by means of flow studies and voiding cine‐urethrocystography with simultaneous pressure recordings. Patients suffering from neurological lesions or fistulae were excluded from this study. It was found that urinary stress incontinence could result from weakness of the internal urethral sphincter, detrusor instability, urethral narrowing, or any combination of these three. Clinical symptoms and signs alone did not provide an accurate diagnosis. A rational plan of treatment, based on full investigation is outlined and attention is especially drawn to the treatment by internal urethrotomy ofincontinence due to urethral narrowing which may occur as a sequel to gynaecological surgery.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE INTERACTION BETWEEN PROSTAGLANDINS AND SYNTOCINON ON THE ISOLATED PREGNANT HUMAN MYOMETRIUM
Authors: Brummer Hilary C.
Published: August 2005

Interaction between prostaglandins and Syntocinon is shown to be of two kinds. There may be potentiation, where an increased response to Syntocinon follows combination with a low dose of prostaglandin, and enhancement, which is of much longer duration. Potentiation can be produced by both E and F prostaglandins, whereas enhancement is confined to E prostaglandins. Varying the doses of prostaglandin E is shown to have little effect on the degree of enhancement produced. The physiological implications and clinical applications of these interactions are discussed.
SYSTEMIC FIBRINOLYSIS DURING AND FOLLOWING ELECTIVE CAESAREAN SECTION AND GYNAECOLOGICAL OPERATIONS
Authors: Woodfield D. G. , Cole Susan K. , Allan A. G. E. , Cash John D.
Published: August 2005

The changes in systemic plasminogen activator and serum fibrinogen‐fibrin degradation products (FDP) during and following elective Caesarean section have been studied in ten healthy pregnant women, and compared with the changes observed in ten age‐matched non‐pregnant women undergoing hysterectomy or salpingectomy. The Caesarean section patients showed a highly significant reduction in plasminogen activator response during operation. No significant difference was observed in the serum FDP responses. These results confirm the view that depression in the ability to mobilize plasminogen activator occurs in the later months of normal pregnancy. The clinical relationship of this to the development of uncompensated disseminated intravascular coagulation is discussed.
OVARIAN CARCINOMA: IMPROVEMENT IN SURVIVAL TIME AFTER CHEMOTHERAPY
Authors: Nye E. B.
Published: August 2005

A series of 667 cases of ovarian cancer have been studied; 176 patients had triethylene thiophosphoramide chemotherapy and were matched with controls which had not received chemotherapy.

In the group with widespread cancer a significantly greater number of treated patients than controls were alive at all times of analysis up to three years after operation. Possible sources of bias have been critically analyzed. Despite close matching, and the apparently favourable result, it was not possible to prove that chemotherapy prolongs survival and a large‐scale prospective controlled trail of chemotherapy in ovarian cancer is still necessary and would be justifiable.
CERVICOGRAPHS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF LABOUR IN PRIMIGRAVIDAE
Authors: Philpott R. H. , Castle W. M.
Published: August 2005

The application of an Action Line drawn four hours to the right of the Alert Line on the cervicograph of Rhodesian African primigravidae, with an active form of management for those whose cervicograph crossed the Action Line, has efficiently differentiated patients requiring Caesarean section for cephalopelvic disproportion or incorrectable inefficient uterine action from those who can be safely delivered vaginally. The regime outlined in this paper has reduced the Caesarean section rate, the incidence of prolonged labour and the perinatal mortality rate.
CIRCULATING LEVELS OF HUMAN CHORIONIC SOMATOMAMMOTROPHIN IN LATE PREGNANCY: DISAPPEARANCE FROM THE CIRCULATION AFTER DELIVERY, VARIATION DURING LABOUR, AND CIRCADIAN VARIATION
Authors: Pavlou C. , Chard T. , Letchworth A. T.
Published: August 2005

Plasma HCS levels have been determined in a number of physiological situations. The half‐life was found to vary between 10·8 and 20·2 minutes. Variation of HCS levels during labour was no greater than that during 24‐hour periods in late pregnancy. There was an increase in levels at the time of delivery. In late pregnancy, 5 out of 10 subjects showed variation during a 24‐hour period, but this variation did not follow any recognizable pattern.
STATISTICAL ANALYSTS OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SECONDARY AMENORRHOEA AND GALACTORRHOEA
Authors: Shearman Rodney P. , Smith Ian D.
Published: August 2005

The association of secondary amenorrhoea with galactorrhoea and a history of oral contraceptive treatment in a series of 230 patients has been analyzed. Ninety‐six (4·17 per cent) developed their syndrome after treatment with oral contraceptives. Comparing these observations with the known usage of oral contraceptives in Australia, there is a highly significant (P<0.0l) relationship between the use of oral contraceptives and the subsequent development of amenorrhoea.

Somewhat surprisingly, although amenorrhoea‐galactorrhoea is more commonly associated with a history of oral contraceptives than any other factor, such history had no effect upon the proportion of secondary amenorrhoea patients with concurrent galactorrhoea.
THE BRENNER TUMOUR OF THE OVARY
Authors: Fox H. , Agrawal K. , Langley F. A.
Published: August 2005

The clinical and pathological features of 54 cases of Brenner tumour of the ovary have been reviewed. One tumour was considered to be malignant and one to be of the “proliferative” type; the remainder showed the characteristic features of Brenner tumours and many were of microscopic size only. Cystic change, mucinous metaplasia, stromal calcification, stronial hyalinosis and thecosis were common histological features. Thirteen of the tumours were in combination with mucinous or serous tumours or with a benign cystic teratoma. Three were bilateral.

A very high proportion of the tumours were asymptomatic and were incidental findings during the investigation or treatment of some other condition. Abdominal symptoms or abnormal vaginal bleeding occur as symptoms of a small proportion of cases of Brenner tumour and there is an association of this tumour with cystic hyperplasia of the endometrium; the degree of endometrial hyperplasia is usually mild and rarely produces symptoms. A small proportion of Brenner tumours are presumed to be oestrogenic but it has not proved possible to correlate any morphological features of the tumour with presumed hormonal activity.
HIGH‐DOSE INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION OF PROSTAGLANDIN E2 AND F2α FOR THE TERMINATION OF MIDTRIMESTER PREGNANCIES
Authors: Hillier Keith , Embrey M. P.
Published: August 2005

Intracenous prostaglandins E2 and F2α were administered for the induction of abortion in 20 patients. A steeply increasing high‐dose regime was employed. Side effects were closely monitored and blood and urine analyses carried out before, during and after infusion.

Compared with a low‐dose regime proeviously reported the efficacy of the method was disappointing while the incidence of toxic effects was high. Leucocytosis and was necessitated by persistent vomiting and diarrhoea while in two patients receiving PGE2α a “phlebitic” type reaction prevented further infusion. In these five patients prostaglandin therapy was continued by the intrauterine route without disturbing side effects.
AMNIOTIC FLUID HEAT‐STABLE ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE IN NORMAL PREGNANCY AND IN PRE‐ECLAMPSIA
Authors: Roopnarinesingh Syam , Morris David , Matadial Lennox
Published: August 2005

Estimations of levels of heat‐stable alkaline phosphatase in amniotic fluid and maternal serum were performed in 78 normal and 27 pre‐eclamptic pregnant mothers. The concentration of this enzyme was greater in maternal serum than in amniotic fluid in both normal pregnancy and pre‐eclampsia, and the correlation between maternal serum HSAP and liquor HSAP in both groups was statistically significant. Mean values of liquor HSAP were higher in pre‐eclampsia than in normal pregnancy at corresponding periods of gestation, and in both groups there was an abrupt rise in levels after the 36th week of pregnancy
PLACENTA EXTRACHORIALIS
Authors: Fox H. , Sen D. K.
Published: August 2005

In a study of placentae from 3000 consecutive deliveries nearter were of the extrachorial type. All forms of placenta extrachorialis were associated with high maternal parity.

The totally circumvallate placenta is accompanied by an unduly high incidence of threatened abortion, premature labour and fetal hypoxia, and an excessive proportion of infants with either partially or totally circumvallate placentae show intrauterine growth retardation. Circummarginate placentae are of no clinical significance.
A FACTOR IN PRE‐ECLAMPTIC SERUM AFFECTING SODIUM TRANSPORT ACROSS A MEMBRANE
Authors: Marton Istvan , Spearing Graham
Published: August 2005

The serum from non‐pregnant and normotensive pregnant women and from women with pre‐eclampsia tested for its effect on the rate of sodium transport across a frogskin membrane. There is a factor in pre‐eclamptic serum which alters the rate of sodium transport.
OESTROGEN EXCRETION AND CORPUS LUTEUM FUNCTION IN EARLY NORMAL AND INDUCED PREGNANCIES
Authors: Biggs J. S.
Published: August 2005

Urinary total oestrogen excretion in thye first 40 days of one normal and three induced pregnancies showed a temporary fall, beginning about 20 days after ovulation and lasting for 7–16 days. This fall may represent a change in thesite of hormone production from the corpus luteum to the placenta.
URINARY EXCRETION OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE IN GIRLS AND NORMAL MENSTRUATING WOMEN
Authors: Sciarra N. , Maijnelli M.
Published: August 2005

The 24‐hour urinary excretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) was determinded in 24 girls, aged 4 to 11 years, and in 15 normal menstruating women, aged 18 to 44 years, by an immunological method using the haemagglutination inhibition reaction after a tannic acid extraction. LH was detected in every subject investigated. The mean value for urinary LH excretion in girls was equivalent to 3.8 i.u. (2nd IRP‐HMG) per 24 hours (range 1.2–8.0) and was 29.8 i.u. per 24 hours (range 24.0 to 38.0) in adult women. In girls the LH output increased significantly with age. In normally menstruating adult women, the LH output increased slightly but not significantly with age.
PLASMA RENIN ACTIVITY IN PERIPHERAL AND UTERINE VEIN BLOOD IN PREGNANT AND NON‐PREGNANT WOMEN
Authors: Kokot Franciszek , Cekánski Adam
Published: August 2005

Plasma renin activity (PRA) was estimated in cubital and uterine venous blood of 29 non‐pregnant, 15 healthy, and 18 moderately or severely pre‐eclamptic women. In some of the pregnant and non‐pregnant patients, significantly higher or lower values of uterine PRA were obtained compared to those in peripheral blood. The most consistent results were found in pre‐eclamptic patients, in whom significantly higher mean PRA in uterine venous blood was found. It was concluded that the uterus influences peripheral PRA in some non‐pregnant as well as in healthy and pre‐eclamptic women, causing higher or lower PRA in uterine venous blood than in cubital blood.
RADIUM MENOPAUSE: A LONG‐TERM FOLLOW‐UP
Authors: Bamford D. S. , Wagman H.
Published: August 2005

Ninety‐three patients have been traced out of 110 who were treated by induction of a radium meniopause in 1950 and 1951. The method was very successful: were no seruous postoperative complications and patients suffered neither recurrence of dysfunctional bleedign nor distressing menopausal symptoms. However seven women subsequently developed malignant tumours and six of these involved the genital ract. The fact that two of these were pelvic sarcomas may support the view that pelvic irradiation promotes the development of sarcoma. This, together with the knowledge that women with abnormal bleeding in the 5th and 6th decades already have an increased risk of uterine malignancy, supports the view that redium menopause should be considered only in the treatment of women who are poor surgical risks.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE DOSE OF PROSTAGLANDIN E2 AND SYNTOCINON REQUIRED TO INDUCE LABOUR
Authors: Gillespie Arnold
Published: August 2005

The dose of prostaglandin E2 or Syntocinon required to induce labour in 300 women showed no correlation with maternal weight, parity or gestation.
LUMBAR EPIDURAL ANALGESIA GIVEN BY OBSTETRICIANS
Authors: Cooper Kenneth , Vella Paul , Browning David
Published: August 2005

The benefits of lumbar epidural analgesia may be made available more easiy in peripheral hospitals if obstetricians give the injections themselves, instead of being dependent on anesthetic colleagues to do so. The technique used is described in detail and the results given in a series of 100 patients.
FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCY AND CONGENITAL MALFORMATION
Authors: Hall Marion H.
Published: August 2005

In a prospective study of 2949 singleton pregnancies the maternal serum folate level was assayed at booking in early pregnancy. No association was found between a low serum folate level and congenital malformation of the fetus either in the index pregnancy or in previous pregnancies. It is concluded that folic acid deficiency is not a cause of congenital fetal malformation.
SPONTANEOUS RUPTURE OF THE UTERUS IN THE SECOND TRIMESTER DUE TO PLACENTA PERCRETA: TWO CASE REPORTS
Authors: Dick J. S. , De Villiers V. P.
Published: August 2005

Two cases of rupture of uterus due to placenta in the second trimester are presented. The significance of pain in this period is discussed.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ANAEMIA IN AN OBSTETRIC POPULATION IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Ratten G. J. , Beischer N. A.
Published: August 2005

In a series of 15 321 consecutive patients 568 (3.7 per cent) had haemoglobin values below 9.2 g. per 100 ml. before delivery. The commonest causes of amaemia were iron deficiency (49 per cent) and β‐thalassaemia minor (28 per cent), the latter being explained by a high proportion of patients of Mediterranean origin. The most important cause of anaemia, in terms of maternal morbidity and perinatal mortality, was chronic renal disease which had an incidence of 7 per cent (39 of 568). Maternal age and parity were significantly higher in the anaemia series than in a control series of non‐anaemic patients. The incidence of twin pregnancy was 5.2 per cent or five times that of whole obstetric population.

Maternal oestriol excretion was low in 24 per cent of anaemic patients tested (55 of 225), including 12 of 13 patients tested whose infants died. The association between maternal anaemia and placental hypertrophy was confirmed.

In the whole anaemia series the perinatal mortality rate was 3.8 per cent, and it was 6.4 per cent (13 of 202) in patients with haemoglobin values below 8.2 per 100 ml. Patients with anaemia who were most likely to have perinatal deaths were those with associated chronic renal disease. Renal function tests should be performed during pregnancy when anaemia is severe of fails to respond to treatment.