bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Central Issue: Sexual Violence and Feminist Theory
Authors: Kelly Liz
Published: November 2023

There are novo interlinked aspects of feminist theory which connect analysis of senility with male violence: first, the proposition that male control of women’s seA7.lality is a key factor in women’s oppression; and second, that sexuality as it is currently constructed is based on men’s experiences and definitions, which legitimate the use of force or coercion within heterosexual encounters.
The Mirror of Pornography
Authors: Brown Wendy
Published: November 2023

This effort to apprehend the rhetorical pov,1er of Catharine ::,..,macKinnon’s social theory of gender is compelled by an aim that exceeds critique of her depiction of women as always and only se1.7.lally violable, her pornography policies, or her arguments about the First Amendment.
The Body and Cinema: Some Problems for Feminism
Authors: Kuhn Annette
Published: November 2023

It must be clear by now that representation-and visual representations in particular-poses certain problems for both feminist dunking and feminist politics. I want to take a look at one or nvo of these problems as they presented themselves to me in the context of a recent cinema-going experience. Early in 1986. I amended a commercial screening in London of a film called Pumping Iron II-Tiu Women. The screening was organized for an allwomen audience and was followed by a discussion between the audience and a panel, consisting of two film critics and a bodybuilder.
Getting: Down to Basics: Art, Obscenity and the Female Nude
Authors: Nead Lynda
Published: November 2023

Immanuel Kant’s Critique ofAesthtetic judgement (1790) was fundamental in the formation of European aesthetics and its influence is still easily discernible in art history and criticism today although usually in a somewhat ‘hand me down’ and popularized way.
Broken Symmetries: Memory, Sight, Love
Authors: Phelan Peggy
Published: November 2023

The question of belief always enters critical writing and perhaps never more urgently than when one’s subject resists vision and may not be ‘really there’ at all. Like the fantasy of erotic desire which frames love. the distortions of forgetting which infect memories, and the blind spots laced through the visual field, a believable image is the product of a negotiation with an unverifiable real. As a representation of the real the image is always, partially, phantasm tic. In doubting the authenticity of the image, one questions as well the veracity of she who makes and describes it. To doubt the subject seized by the eye is to doubt the subjectivity of the seeing T. These words work both to overcome and to deepen the provocation of that doubt.
Introduction
Authors: Kemp Sandra , Squires Judith
Published: November 2023

Is technology encoded in masculine terms’ Signaling a dear break from ‘technophobic’ forms of ecofeminism, current feminist theory and practice reveals a keen determination to explore the productive possibilities for technological development. From explorations of emerge technologies concerned with promoting conception and with eliminating ‘defects’ in the unborn, to playful engagements with video technology and virtual reality, feminists are increasingly involved in moral and political struggles to negotiate the context and meaning of technological development.
Looking: for the Gender/Technology Relation
Authors: Cockburn Cynthia , Furst-Dilic Ruza
Published: November 2023

A significant proportion of European women work outside the homethough rather more in the former communist countries and rather fewer in the Mediterranean countries. Despite this, women are everywhere the sex that does most housework and maintains responsibility for care and the quality of family life.
The Impossibility of Constructive Achievement
Authors: Gerlich Fritz
Published: November 2023

Fritz Gerlich, editor of the Munchner Neueste Nachrichten in the 1920s, was one of the most prominent of Catholic activists against Nazism. He continually warned against the notion that Hitler could be tamed by being brought into a coalition. The following extract, published in February 1932 in a Catholic journal, is representative of his argument. Gerlich was murdered during the ‘Night of the Long Knives’ of 30 June 1934.
The NSDAP: A ‘People’s Protest Party’
Authors: Falter Jürgen
Published: November 2023

One of the most sophisticated of recent analyses of electoral behaviour in the 1920s and 1930s has been provided by Jurgen Falter. His conclusions, in line with the tenor of much recent research, suggest that the NSDAP was much more than just a middle-class party; nonetheless, attention must also be drawn to his assertion that voters tended to move politically within broad milieux rather than across or between them, the implication being that the core of the industrial working class remained faithful to the SPD and the KPD. His characterization of the NSDAP as a ‘People’s Party with a Middle-Class Belly’ strikes a balance between recognizing that some workers were not immune from the attractions of National Socialism and resisting the attempt to engage in revisionism for revisionism’s sake, as some recent writing has tended to do.
30January 1933
Authors: Kershaw Ian
Published: November 2023

Kershaw argues, pessimistically but persuasively, that Weimar was unsaveable from an early point in the crisis of 1930—3, and that, even had it had any realistic alternatives to its strategy of toleration, the SPD was not in a position to restore the fortunes of the Republic. Rejecting the notion that the Republic ‘capitulated’ of its own accord, he also stresses the limits of the extent to which Hitler’s appointment as chancellor was the product of consensus—still less conspiracy—amongst the elites, who were operating from a position of weakness, having exhausted all other possibilities of finding an authoritarian solution to the crisis.
The Nazi Seizure of Power
Authors: Allen William Sheridan
Published: November 2023

One of the first major studies of the seizure of power on the local level was William Sheridan Allen’s study of Northeim (fictionalized in his book as Thalburg). Allen stresses the importance of local initiatives and party dynamism; prefiguring more recent research, he also stresses how local peculiarities and traditions influenced the manner in which the seizure of power took place locally, and suggests that the ways in which the movement fitted into the town from 1933 onwards were conditioned by similar factors.
The Beginning of a New Stage of State Monopoly Development
Authors: Paterna E , Fischer W , Gossweiler K , Markus G , Patzold K
Published: November 2023

These passages are typical of the orthodox Marxist-Leninist scholarship produced in the former German Democratic Republic, above all in their insistence that the National Socialist regime represented the interests of’monopoly capitalism’.With the incipient consolidation of the dictatorship and the transition to the fascist one-party state, German finance capital acquired new conditions for the control and exploitation of the state apparatus which favoured them to a hitherto unknown extent. Following the elimination of parliament, the democratic and bourgeois parties and organizations, together with their press, the objectives and interests of the exploiter class, which were hostile to the masses, could be implemented far more effectively than had ever been possible under the bourgeois Republic —even in its final phase. The deep satisfaction at the elimination of democracy and the establishment of tyranny was shown by the declarations of greetings and allegiance which local and central organizations of capital addressed to the Hitler government.
The Nazi Empire 1938-1944
Authors: Hayes Peter
Published: November 2023

The giant chemicals combine IG Farben has often been cited both as evidence of the extent to which Nazi expansionism was strongly influenced by the interests of big business, and as an example of the complicity of industry in some of the Nazi regime’s most appalling crimes—IG Farben not only exploited slave labour in the war, as did all other German companies, it even established production at Auschwitz-Monowitz, exploiting the labour of Jews under the most inhumane conditions imaginable. Here, Peter Hayes takes issue with the idea that IG Farben’s business interests were served by an aggressive war of expansion eastwards, but suggests that pragmatic defence of business positions led the company to adapt to the evolving conditions of the <New Order’ as they emerged. The same pragmatism, combined with blinkered professional—rather than moral—concerns, led managers to collude unquestioningly in the deployment of slave labour.
Feudal Aspects of National Socialism
Authors: Koehl Robert
Published: November 2023

Koehl’s essay represents an early post-war attempt to analyse the irrational aspects of the National Socialist political system. Taking the two key aspects of feudalism ‘vassalship’ and ‘fiefdom’ he argues that the National Socialist system of government can be seen in these terms. In picking up on the similarities between the charismatic elements of medieval monarchy and Hitler’s style of rule, Koehl was preempting later discussions which sought to apply Weberian theories of charismatic domination to the Third Reich, although most recent scholarship would be disinclined to accept Koehl’s suggestion that the adoption of feudal power relationships was a product of National Socialism’s allegedly atavistic ideology.
National Socialist Polycracy
Authors: Hüttenberger Peter
Published: November 2023

Hiittenberger’s analysis takes Franz Neumann’s central assumptions regarding the National Socialist ‘cartel’ as his broad starting point,* but places greater emphasis on the dynamics of the changing relationship between each power bloc over time, developing a picture of a system of rule in which each institution existed in a state of interdependency and of a system which was held together only by the authority of Hitler.
The State in National Socialist Germany
Authors: Geyer Michael
Published: November 2023

Geyer argues that what was becoming a new orthodoxy concerning the fragmentation of the National Socialist system was in itself problematic. He argues that the fragmentation and conflict between autonomous power centres in themselves explain nothing, since the state in the twentieth century.
Working towards the Führer
Authors: Kershaw Ian
Published: November 2023

Kershaw uses Max Weber’s theory of charismatic domination to analyse a regime which he, rather like Franz Neumann, sees as characterized by an essential ‘systemlessness’.[Where] Soviet communism in the Stalin era, despite the dictator’s brutal destabilisation, remained recognisable as a system of rule, the Hitler regime was inimical to a rational order of government and administration. Its hallmark was systemlessness, administrative and governmental disorder, the erosion of clear patterns of government, however despotic.
The ‘Seductive Surface’ of the Third Reich
Authors: Reichel Peter
Published: November 2023

In common with other scholars who seek to place National Socialist mass culture within a broader chronological continuum, Peter Reichel characterizes the cultural policies and practices of the Third Reich as ‘Reactionary Modernism’, in the sense that they sought to harmonize pre-modern national traditions with an industrial economy, modern technology, and uniform mass culture.
The Crisis of the Monarchy
Authors: Briggs Robin
Published: November 2023

Most Frenchmen must have experienced the last four decades of the sixteenth century as a period of difficulties and dangers. The political and religious conflicts we know as the Wars of Religion may have been the work of relatively small minorities, but the destruction and disorder they brought proved both widespread and lasting. The effects of civil war combined with social and economic change to create golden opportunities for a lucky few, but deteriorating conditions and hardship for the many. The sharpest decline of all was that in the power and prestige of the monarchy. At the death of Henri II in 1559 the French king’s authority in his own dominions still seemed as absolute as that of any of his rivals in Europe. In 1589 his last surviving son, Henri III, was murdered while laying siege to his own capital, with much of the kingdom in open revolt, and the line of the Valois kings came to an end. At this moment there was a real danger that the country would split up into a number of smaller units; it took all the abilities of Henri IV to re-establish the powers of the crown and the central government.
Survey of the Liturgical History of Saint-Denis
Authors: Robertson Anne Walters
Published: November 2023

A band of seven missionaries from Rome arrived in Gaul around 250. They could not have known that Christianity would prevail in these western reaches of the empire only a few decades later.1 As it happened, the new religious tolerance came too late for one of the evangelists in the party, a bishop named Dionysius. Assigned to convert the heathen in the region of Paris, Dionysius laboured to carry out his holy charge, only to be executed for his trouble.
Opera as an Immoral Institution
Authors: Borchmeyer Dieter
Published: November 2023

No art-form comes in for such violent criticism in Wagner’s post-1848 reform essays as that of ‘opera’. He appears to share all the feelings of resentment that have ever been harboured against this ‘impossible’ genre, particularly by the rationalist poets of the eighteenth century, describing it in Opera and Drama as ‘a madhouse for all the follies of the world’ (iii. 226). His account of its reprehensible form, the conditions which gave rise to it, and its subsequent reception forms a sombre background against which he elaborates his concept of what is intended to be a radically different kind of theatre, namely, musical drama. The latter, he insists, shall owe its structure neither to opera nor to modern ‘literary drama’, but to the living dramatic art of the Greeks and of Shakespeare on the one hand, and, on the other, to modern instrumental music, by which he means, first and foremost, symphonic form. When Wagner speaks of opera, he is generally thinking of the Italian and French music theatre and its specific audience; when he mentions spoken drama, it is, as a rule, the German post-classical literary drama that he has in mind, a genre which, by Wagner’s day, had grown remote from theatrical reality.
Winchester Polyphony
Authors: Rankin Susan
Published: November 2023

When the author of the Musica Enchiriadis refers to ‘two or more singing together’, his words could be interpreted as indicating extempore performance of a second melodic line (to accompany one already known) by more than one singer — with the corollary that any two trained singers could be expected to formulate a second voice in the same way. Described by Fritz Reckow as ‘characterised by the search for a thoroughly “automatic” process in polyphonic performance’,the Musica Enchiriadis teaching presumes an unusually close relationship between the theory and practice of organum singing: the practice based on theoretical rules, the theory—in providing a thorough basic network of rules—sufficient to establish the realizations. This restrictive attitude finds an explanation in the nature of the whole Musica Enchiriadis treatise, and in the place accorded to parallel organum technique within a grander conception.
The Liturgical Year and Calendar
Authors: Harper John
Published: November 2023

Except during the three solemn days at the end of Holy Week (the Triduum), the daily pattern of worship in the medieval Western Church consisted of the same elements: the Office and the Mass. Each will be dealt with in more detail in Chapters 6 and 7 respectively. In summary, the daily Office consists of the nocturnal service of Matins followed by Lauds, and of the six further liturgical hours sung between dawn and darkness: Prime, Terce, Sext, None, Vespers, and Compline (see Fig. 3. 1).
Music in Late Medieval Bruges
Authors: Strohm Reinhard
Published: November 2023

The musical achievements of the so-called ‘Franco-Flemish School’ have attracted many writers, yet Bruges itself has still to be put back on the map of European music history. This book describes how the people of Bruges shaped their acoustic environment and gave musical expression to their spiritual needs. It is based on a scrutiny of musical sources, stylistic trends in music, composers’ achievements, and the function of musical genres; all these are seen against a reconstruction, from archival sources, of the socio-economic context of the art of music—an art which, in all its various manifestations, ‘high’ and ‘low’, sacred and secular, courtly and civic, polyphonic and monophonic, mirrors later medieval urban culture as a whole.
Introduction
Authors: Smallan Basil
Published: November 2023

It seldom happens that the ongms of an artistic form can be assigned with confidence to a particular date or identified with a specific creative artist; usually such beginnings are obscured by the number and variety of the factors that contribute to them, or by the inconsistencies which appear inseparable from the evolutionary process. In the case of the piano trio, however, the criteria applicable to its fully fledged form are sufficiently precise to make the pin-pointing of a date, or at least a narrow period of origin, more than usually feasible. The genre represents, as we shall see, the culmination of an extended process of development, during which a great deal of music was written for the trio ensemble (usually in the earlier stages, harpsichord, violin or flute, and bass) under the guise of the so-called accompanied sonata. It was not, however, until the end of the eighteenth century that the conditions were gradually created for it to adapt fully to the ideals associated with classical chamber music. In order for this to happen three specific criteria had necessarily to be accepted as paramount: that the strings (and most crucially, for historical reasons, the cello) should be granted near-equal partnership with the keyboard; that the scoring should be unequivocally for the piano rather than the harpsichord,1 and most importantly, that all three instruments should be accorded, as nearly as possible, an equal share in the sonata argument through the exchange and alternation of thematic material.
The Grand Sonata Style: Beethoven and Schubert
Authors: Smallan Basil
Published: November 2023

It was no doubt partly in emulation of his teacher Haydn and partly as a means of emphasizing that his powers as a composer of concerted chamber music at least equalled his skill as a pianist and improviser, that Beethoven specially cultivated the piano trio in Vienna during the 1790s, eventually issuing three examples as his Opus I. But equally it is clear that, with the publication of these works, Beethoven sought to fulfil an ambition which he had nursed since his earliest days in Bonn. It was there, in 1785, at the age of 14, that he produced his three early piano quartets, remarkably enough in the same year as, and possibly slightly before, Mozart’s first essays in the medium; and it was there also that, before leaving for Vienna in November 1792, he completed two apprentice works for the trio medium, a set of fourteen variations on a severely unmelodic theme, which was issued eventually in 1804 as his Op. 44, and a three-movement piano trio in E flat (WoO 38) which remained unpublished during his lifetime. None of these earliest compositions has much artistic value, but as a group they provide interesting evidence of the composer’s first attempts to achieve an effective synthesis between Haydn’s vivid keyboard style and the subtly integrated piano and string textures characteristic of Mozart.
The German Romantics
Authors: Smallan Basil
Published: November 2023

The repertoire gained by the piano trio during the Viennese classical period up to the death of Schubert, though high in quality, is relatively modest in size. As a result largely of the genre’s delayed origins, no more than two dozen first-rate trios were produced (half of them Haydn’s last works in the form) as compared to nearly a hundred string quartets of comparable calibre from the same period. After the late 1830s, however, this situation began to change as a growing number of composers, attracted by the increased tonal power, range, and singing qualities of the piano, together with its proved effectiveness in combination with solo strings, were drawn to make new contri¬butions to the genre. Naturally enough, it was the Germans, Mendelssohn, Schumann, and Brahms, who, as the most direct inheritors of the classical tradition, provided the lead; but elsewhere in Europe also composers of distinction added significantly to the repertoire with works which, despite some inescapable Teutonic traits, showed many distinctive features of a local or nationalist character. Their contribution will be considered in more detail in the next chapter.
The Nationalists
Authors: Smallan Basil
Published: November 2023

Outside Germany and Austria little of significance was achieved in modern chamber music before the middle of the nineteenth century; and even after 1850 most non-German composers, lacking native traditions on which to build, made only sparse and isolated contributions, often finding readier scope for nationalist expression in opera and orchestral music. By the end of the century, however, as a result of pioneer work in many parts of Europe, a body of new chamber music of considerable size and quality had been created, which was important not only in its own right, but also as a secure basis for crucial later developments. The role played by the piano trio in this general evolutionary process was small but by no means negligible. Increasingly, during the second half of the nineteenth century, characterful additions were made to the repertoire, particularly by French, Czech, and Russian composers, which tended to differ stylistically as much from each other as from the products of the central Austro-Germans of the period. And as a result, the artistic scope of the genre was significantly enriched.
Colonial Beginnings (1607-1790)
Authors: Dinnerstein Leonard
Published: November 2023

The founders of the American colonies, the Dutch, English, Scots-Irish, Germans, French, and other European settlers, brought with them to a New World the seeds of antisemitism. In the colonies, however, new traditions developed that combined the heritage of Europe with the needs of people trying to establish a civilization in the wilderness. Thus, compared with the ghetto conditions that existed for Jews on the continent, the colonies offered vastly superior possibilities for Jews and the few who came received opportunities generally unavailable to their European brethren. Moreover, colonial interactions between Christians and Jews lacked the venomous tone so common in the Old World.2
Antisemitism at High Tide: World War II (1939-1945)
Authors: Dinnerstein Leonard
Published: November 2023

In retrospect it becomes apparent that the rising tide of antisemitism in America paralleled increased national involvement with European affairs. As the possibility of war increased, Franklin D. Roosevelt ended innovative New Deal initiatives in 1938 and shifted his interests toward foreign policy. The Germans had marched into Austria and Czechoslovakia in 1938 and on September 1, 1939, less than ten days after the Nazi-Soviet pact of August 1939 shook the world, Germany invaded Poland. World War II began as Great Britain and France entered the fray on the side of Poland on September 3, 1939.
Broadening the Boundaries of Democracy
Authors: Eley Geoff
Published: November 2023

This outcome completed the nineteenth century processes of state formation, dramatically furthered by the 1860s, which formed Europe into a system of nation-states. If the 1860s had brought Italy and Germany onto the map, this new bout of constitution making added the so-called successor states of east-central Europe, the Baltic states, and the Irish Republic, while rationalizing borders in the Balkans.
Class and the Politics of Labor
Authors: Eley Geoff
Published: November 2023

Before 1914, this meant an evolutionary determinism, the Second International’s automatic Marxism, where capitalist development would make workers the overwhelming mass of society and therefore (under parliamentary democracy) the source of an unstoppable socialist majority.
The Center and the Margins
Authors: Eley Geoff
Published: November 2023

New social movements grew from the wider sociocultural changes of the postFordist transition. From 1960 to 1985 professional, technical, and administrative categories at least doubled in Western Europe’s workforce, attaining 13–18 percent in most countries and sometimes even more; and these new specialists in education, communications, health, and social services became disproprotionately visible in the new movements. British CND drew heavily from the “welfare and creative professions,” for example, as did the exceptionally broad peace movement in the Netherlands, where 3.8 million signed the People’s Petition against the missiles in 1985, or a quarter of the entire population.
Railroads Triumphant
Authors: Martin Albro
Published: November 2023

The coming of the railroad to America in the 1830s was one of the most significant events in its history. Enabling towns, industries, and farms to spring up away from the waterways, it transformed the social and economic face of the nation. Albro Martin's history is a colourful chronicle of the great railroad founders and builders, famous trains, and classic stations. It is, however, much more than a romance of the rails: it also explores the corruption and greed of the pioneers, the too-frequent sacrifice of safety for speed, and the threat posed by other forms of transport.
Baseball
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold
Published: November 2023

The third volume of Seymour's definitive history of baseball places the sport into its social context between 1930 and the beginning of the Second World War. It is a vivid book of cultural history and offers a new perspective on baseball in America.
Sandlot and Cow Pasture
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold
Published: November 2023

Cries of Encouragement and Derision Like These Have Been Shouted By Generations of Boys Playing Baseball On The Sandlots and Cow Pastures of America. They Also Experienced Sounds Like The Satisfying Thwack of The Ball into A Glove, The Click of Spikes On Concrete Or Wood, The Sharp Crack of The Bat Hitting The Ball. and They Knew Smells Like The Scent of Oil On A Glove, and Feelings Like The Raw inner Skin On The Thumb That Comes From Gripping The Bat.
College Or Kindergarten
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold
Published: November 2023

During The prosperity of The Twenties, enrollment in Colleges and Universities Expanded From More Than A Half Million At The Beginning of The Decade to Double That Ten Years Later. The General American Sports Mania of The Era Solidified into an appanage of College Life Characterized By Virulent spectatoritis. At The University of Chicago, For instance, Most Students Spent Two Hours Or More Each Week Not Participating in Sports But Watching and Cheering At College Games and Rallies, Where Their Athletic Association Or Fraternity Expected Them to Demonstrate Allegiance to Their institution and Solidarity With Their Peers By Expressing “College Spirit” Athletes Themselves Loomed Large in Importance and Prestige On College Campuses. The President of Yale Marveled in A 1927 Harper’s Article That Students’ Parents often Preferred Their offspring to Win Distinction in Athletics Rather Than in Science Or Letters.
Soldiers and Sailors Play Ball At Home and Abroad
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold
Published: November 2023

Now that the United States had acquired a far-flung overseas empire and commercial interests reaching from the Caribbean across the wide Pacific Ocean, the Navy had become an established institution with the up-and-down cycles of the previous 125 years behind it. The war with the Spanish had demonstrated the necessity for fleets “in being”; to be stationed on both coasts. The impact of these permanent steam-powered fleets on ships’ crews quickly became apparent.
From Traditional Paths to Base Paths
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold
Published: November 2023

of the two races that fared worst in the United States, the blacks and the indians, the indians came off better as far as baseball was concerned. Unlike the blacks who, except for a short space, were barred from the House of Baseball until after World War II, the indians at least had access to its basement, from which they could aspire to its upper story. For Organized Baseball accepted indians and rejected blacks. Prejudice toward blacks was racial, but toward indians it was mainly cultural. The main conduit for baseball among indians became the federal government’s indian schools. As part of its campaign to obliterate indian culture, the government eventually established boarding schools at which the directors pressed baseball upon the pupils, thus inadvertently aiding some of them to get a chance in Organized Baseball.
Other Breeds Without The Law
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold
Published: November 2023

in a variety of other institutions that introduced baseball before World War I, most of them less well-known than those already discussed, the game survived and in some gained strength in the decades between the wars. in two such prisons, Walla Walla and Salem on the West Coast, baseball thrived. At the former, in Washington state, a varsity team played outside semipros Sunday afternoons, and each year it engaged Whitman College in a three-game series. Baseball also prospered as the principal sport in the Salem, Oregon, state penitentiary, where on holidays the first team played outside teams, among them their perennial opponents, the Chemawa indians.
intramural Vs. intercollegiate Ball For Women
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold
Published: November 2023

While women in the world at large explored baseball’s possibilities for them, others attending college found it a different place from what it had been in the prewar decades. Curriculums were changing, and the comprehensive liberal arts education offered earlier suffered dilution by the introduction of courses like “Husband and Wife,”; “Motherhood,”; “Family as an Economic Unit,”; and “Home Economics” The students themselves differed from their predecessors of the progressive era, taking less interest in social problems and displaying more acceptance of what Sheila Rothman has termed the view of woman as a romantic companion of man.
Not From Dragon’S Teeth
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold
Published: November 2023

Organized Baseball’s completion of its horsehide barrier against them did not stop blacks. They went on to develop skilled players, form professionalteams, and finally establish stable, organized leagues, patterned largely after those of the whites and composed of players many of whom, as I have demonstrated, were sufficiently skilled to play in the white leagues had they been given the opportunity.But where did all these competent players come from? Assuredly, they did not spring magically readymade from dragon’s teeth, like the soldiers of Greek mythology. Baseball begins with boys, black as well as white.
The Heart of the Matter: Slavery and Sectionalism
Authors: Stampp Kenneth M
Published: November 2023

The debate between the sections and political parties over the Dred Scott case, though often shrill and hyperbolic, nevertheless clearly illustrated both the substantive issues that divided North and South and the manner in which the parties tried to deal with them. Whether or not the Court’s decision would have any practical significance for the existing territories, the various reactions to the case did make clear-as the Kansas controversy had done the year before-the centrality of the slavery issue in the sectional conflict. The issue assumed many forms. Northern abolitionists aimed their attacks directly at slavery in the southern states, denouncing it as immoral and its survival as a national disgrace.
1858: The Fruits of Lecompton
Authors: Stampp Kenneth M
Published: November 2023

The Kansas crisis ran its destructive course well into the summer of 1858. Although the arguments for and against accepting the Lecompton constitution had been exhausted in December, the debate continued after Congress reconvened in January and grew increasingly acrimonious with each passing day. Except for a few wavering northern Democrats and southern Whig-Americans, members of the House had taken firm positions before the Christmas recess. The 75 southern Democrats unanimously demanded the admission of Kansas as a slave state; the 92 Republicans unanimously opposed.
Empire Of Liberty
Authors: Wood Gordon S
Published: November 2023

The Oxford History of the United States is by far the most respected multi-volume history of the USA. The series includes three Pulitzer Prize winners, two New York Times bestsellers, and winners of the Bancroft and Parkman Prizes. Now, in the newest volume in the series, one of America's most esteemed historians, Gordon S. Wood, offers a brilliant account of the early American Republic, ranging from 1789 and the beginning of the national government to the end of the War of 1812. As Wood reveals, the period was marked by tumultuous change in all aspects of American life--in politics, society, economy, and culture. The men who founded the new government had high hopes for the future, but few of their hopes and dreams worked out quite as they expected. They hated political parties but parties nonetheless emerged. Some wanted the United States to become a great fiscal-military state like those of Britain and France; others wanted the country to remain a rural agricultural state very different from the European states. Instead, by 1815 the United States became something neither group anticipated. Many leaders expected American culture to flourish and surpass that of Europe; instead it became popularized and vulgarized. The leaders also hope to see the end of slavery; instead, despite the release of many slaves and the end of slavery in the North, slavery was stronger in 1815 than it had been in 1789. Many wanted to avoid entanglements with Europe, but instead the country became involved in Europe's wars and ended up waging another war with the former mother country. Still, with a new generation emerging by 1815, most Americans were confident and optimistic about the future of their country. Integrating all aspects of life, from politics and law to the economy and culture, Empire of Liberty offers a marvelous account of this pivotal era when America took its first unsteady steps as a new and rapidly expanding nation.
The Making of Future Officers
Authors: Deak Istvan
Published: November 2023

The transformation of the Habsburg officer corps from a group of disorderly noblemen and mercenaries at the moment of its creation in the seventeenth century into a centrally controlled professional caste in the late 1860s was a long and uncertain process. Well into the nineteenth century, the recruitment and training of future officers was a most confusing affair, and only slowly and fitfully did a unified system begin to take shape.
Latter-Day Knights
Authors: Deak Istvan
Published: November 2023

On July 1, 1900, lieutenants Augustin Weigel and Anton Bonkowski of the 22nd Dalmatian Franz Moritz Graf von Lacy k.u.k. Infantry Regiment entered a house of pleasure in the Dalmatian city of Zara to cap an evening of drinking. There, as the Zara military command later reported to the minister of war in Vienna, Weigel got into an argument, at pleasure’s end, with an equally drunk local civilian of Italian nationality, Cirillo Cristo, who heaped abuse on him. In accordance with army regulations concerning the defense of honor, Weigel attempted to draw his sword to put a violent end to the insults, but his arm was pinned down by a number of prostitutes and patrons. Nor was Lieutenant Bonkowski any more successful in rescuing the honor of the corps when he subsequently appeared on the scene. Ejected from the brothel, the two lieutenants, rather surprisingly, reported the inci dent to the local military command, but a quickly dispatched patrol found no trace of either Cristo or the other culprits.
Religion, Nationality, Advanced Training, and Career
Authors: Deak Istvan
Published: November 2023

What factors determined the success of an officer’s career? How important to advancement were religion, nationality, social origins, connections, schools, or the type of advanced training courses he had attended? Was it all a question of seniority? Some of these considerations are distinctive of the structure of the Habsburg army; others not.
Friends in place: acheson and alger hiss
Authors: Beisner Robert L
Published: November 2023

Fear, sometimes an undifferentiated swamp of fear, struck many Americans early in the cold war, especially after the first Soviet atomic bomb test and after the “fall” of China to the communist revolution in 1949. The most alarmed Americans thought the nation’s enemies included homegrown communist agents of overseas adversaries. Many Republicans discharged pent-up political frusrations by stigmatizing the whole Democratic-New-Deal cosmos as enemies of the American system.
In thrall: ironic failures in korea
Authors: Beisner Robert L
Published: November 2023

Never did American prospects in a war shift so often as in 1950. The first fifty days were like the playing of an accordion. Nearly defeated, the tag end of the South Korean army and the first of the intervening U.S. force hung on in the Pusan perimeter, a patch of territory in the southeastern corner of Korea. Then, with General Douglas MacArthur’s strike behind North Korean lines at Inchon, the UN force sprang northward, and the next sixty days resembled an accelerated rendition of the Normandy breakout. MacArthur’s forces rolled over a demoralized foe, seized Pyongyang, and neared the Yalu River and Chinese border. Finally, the accordion squeezed inward again when China’s calamitous intervention in November and December threw UN forces back toward Pusan.
Latin america: critical but not serious
Authors: Beisner Robert L
Published: November 2023

Spanish Verbs Compared to Europe, the Latin American record made by President Truman and Dean Acheson is marked by ignorance and neglect as neither of them knew much about the nations to the south. The president once greeted a Bolivian diplomat with the cheery remark, “I remember you; you are the man who plays a piano and whose country needs an outlet to the sea,” and saw nothing amiss in sending a trinket maker to a Latin American state as ambassador. When Americans had shown great interest in Latin America—as was the case, for instance, with John Quincy Adams and, more recently, Cordell Hull—it was primarily to block meddling by European interlopers and secondarily to open up the hemisphere for U.S. trade. Some momentary concerns in the early cold war led to the 1947 Rio Pact, in which hemispheric nations promised to consider an attack against one an attack on all. But this was more a kind of leftover hiccup from World War II than a well-defined policy of the cold war. Because Washington then saw no threat to itself from elsewhere in the hemisphere, its policy toward the “neighboring” republics was shifting and often ill defined. As late as 1949, former ambassador to Brazil, Adolf A. Berle, remarked: “We have simply forgotten about Latin America.” In Europe and Asia, U.S. officials used aid programs to counter the strategic threat posed by communists and their Soviet ringmasters. Since they discerned no communist infection nearby, they were deaf to Latin Americans’ appeals for economic programs of their own.
The Chase
Authors: Slaughter Thomas P
Published: November 2023

Then, throughout the summer, an almost unprecedented combination of heat and drought wilted crops in the fields and stunted their growth. The blazing sun baked and cracked the clay soil of northern Maryland and southeastern Pennsylvania. As August mercifully came to an end, it was clear that this season’s corn, wheat, and tobacco crops would be two-thirds, or less, of the normal yield. When September began, farmers could only pray for some relief from the heat for themselves and their animals, a break in the weather that would give some hope for fall plantings. In early September, the topic for discussion whenever farmers met was rain-the lack of it, whether anyone could remember a worse summer, or prospects for a change. Conversation at Retreat Farm certainly included the weather, but the Gorsuches also talked about slaves, especially the four who were not there to suffer and work along with the rest. Across the York Pike from Retreat Farm, to the east, was an inn that served as a meeting place for the area’s white propertied class. Owners of large farms, doctors, lawyers, and even a liberal minister or two would stop for a drink, to exchange pleasantries, to discuss the weather or business transactions, or just to eat a good meal with family and friends. Located on land adjoining the extended Gorsuch family’s other estate, Retirement Farm, the roadhouse was the largest in the area, and its proprietor was also, not surprisingly, a Gorsuch. Captain Joshua Gorsuch retired from his seafaring profession and built the hostelry in 1810.
The Riot
Authors: Slaughter Thomas P
Published: November 2023

What Happened Up To This Point in the story of the Christiana Riot is, if not obvious, at least pretty clear. It is possible with some sense of assurance to piece together the sequence of events. But from the moment that Joshua Kite ran back into William Parker’s house, the narrative becomes significantly more difficult to reconstruct. The record is a contradictory jumble of individual perspectives, attempted self-vindications, faulty and incomplete recollections, bragging, and lies. Sorting out one version from another and recognizing each for what it is requires some tolerance for imprecision. In the end, the reader deserves a candid admission that even with the voluminous documentation surrounding this extraordinary event, we cannot be entirely certain of the sequence of actions, the precise dialogue, or the roles played by the major actors in the riot. This is not surprising. Riots are by their very nature wild, confusing, and frightening experiences. Seldom does anyone have a clear perspective of all that goes on or the calm state of mind that contributes to rational perception and objective reporting. This riot was no exception. Chapter 7 will detail the specific testimonies given by some of the survivors; for now, my task is to provide a coherent narrative, which silently makes judgments about what happened during those first two hours after dawn on September 11, 1851, at William Parker’s home.
Masculinity and Male Codes of Honor in Modern France
Authors: Nye Robert A
Published: November 2023

After a decade of works on women’s history, historians are becoming aware of the dearth of literature on men’s history. Professor Nye addresses this gap in a study of evolving definitions of masculinity in France since the eighteenth century. He examines specifically the aristocratic ethos of male honour, rooted in a society of landlords, hunters, and warriors, adapted to a society motivated by utilitarian values, urban life, and rational law. He focuses on the cultural practices and mentality of middle and upper class men and the appeal of their codes to men throughout French society.
Family Treatment After Adoption: Common Themes
Authors: Hartman Ann , Laird Joan
Published: November 2023

Adoption is a social arrangement constructed in some human societies to respond to children in need of parents and parents in need of children. Adoption is defined and shaped through political and social processes and expresses the world views and values of its social context (Benet, 1976). This value-laden social arrangement varies from society to society and will change over time in relation to changes in the surrounding sociocultural contexts.
Foster Parent Adoption: The Legal Framework
Authors: Derdeyn Andre P
Published: November 2023

In the United States today the basic purpose of adoption of minors is to benefit children in need of parents who will nurture them. The emphasis is on benefiting children rather than on gratifying the wishes of would-be adopters. Despite the acceptance of child-oriented goals in adoption, current adoption practice is strongly influenced by legal vestiges of the past that seem inconsistent with this approach. Most important, there remains important judicial unwillingness to break with the concept that parents have something approaching a legal property right in their children.
America In The Great War
Authors: Schaffer Ronald
Published: November 2023

Ronald Schaffer shows how, in order to mobilize the nation for the First World War, the US government evolved a complex system of rewards and punishments and so created a war-welfare state in which the groups having the largest bargaining power - businessmen, conservative labour leaders, military leaders, social reformers, organized women, and pro-war intellectuals - received the largest rewards for co-operation.
The Battleground
Authors: Schaffer Ronald
Published: November 2023

In 1965 the historian William L. Langer maiveled that after nearly three years of agonizing trench warfare, after Verdun and the Somme and other gruesome battles, all reported in excruciating detail, any American should have joined in the Great War without duress. Professor Langer wrote from first hand knowledge. Forty-seven years earlier, he had been Sergeant Langer of the First Gas Regiment, American Expeditionary Force, serving on the battlefields of France. His government had given considerable thought at that time to the problem he referred to-how to induce Americans to enter and fight on the Western Front where millions of the Europeans had already suffered death and mutilation.
Motivating the AEF
Authors: Schaffer Ronald
Published: November 2023

Although Woodrow Wilson had little knowledge of battle-just a few memories of the wounded men and prisoners he had seen at his father’s church during the Civil War-he came to understand, at least in a general way, what the battleground was like. In 1916, while the French were struggling to regain the fortress of Verdun, he remarked about the Great War’s “mechanical slaughter” and commented on the “uselessness” of the “sacrifices made.” Trench warfare and poison gas had changed battle. By using enough ammunition and expending enough men, it was still possible to capture a strong objective. But where, he asked, was “the glory commensurate with the sacrifice of the millions of men required in modem warfare to carry and defend Verdun?” A few months later, he and his government had to find ways to encourage Americans to sacrifice them selves in France.
Insulted and Injured
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila
Published: November 2023

We have already encountered the power of the “reforging” myth-that in Sovict society every man, no matter what his crimes or the ddCcts of his origins, had the possibility of being remade. The reality, however, was different. If the stigma of past criminal activity could sometimes be shed, other stigmas were essentially permanent. The stigma of”bad” social origin stubbornly refused to disappear even when the regime tried to lift it in the mid 1930s. The stigma of a dubious political past-membershipof other political parties before the Revolution, membership of oppositions within the Bolshevik Parry, disgrace as an “enemy of the people” during the Great Purges-was similarly indelible.