bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Multiscale Mixed Finite-Element Solver for Three-Phase Black-Oil Flow
Authors: Krogstad S. , Lie K–A. , Nilsen H. Møll , Natvig J. R. , Skaflestad B. , Aarnes J. E.
Published: January 2010

Previous research has shown that multiscale methods are robust and capable of providing more accurate solutions than traditional upscaling methods. Multiscale methods solve the pressure equation on a coarse grid, but capture the effects from fine-scale heterogeneities through basis functions computed numerically from local single-phase problems on the underlying geocellular grid. Published results have so far been limited to simple Cartesian grids and/or incompressible flow. Here, we present a multiscale mixed finite-element method for three-phase black-oil flow on geomodels with industry-standard complexity. In particular, we discuss which effects can be incorporated in the multiscale basis functions and which effects should be modeled only on the coarsened simulation grid. Moreover, we describe how to handle degenerate hexahedral cells and non-matching interfaces that occur across faults. Finally, we present results of flow simulations on models of industry-standard complexity and demonstrate how multiscale methods can be used to simulate three-phase black-oil flow directly on high-resolution geomodels. The multiscale methods presented herein enable varying resolution and provide a systematic procedure for coarsening or refining the simulation model.
Travels with a Donkey: Further Adventures in Social Research
Authors: Pirries Anne , Macleod Gale
Published: January 2010

This article is intended as a contribution to the debate on the epistemology of educational research. The latter is construed as an ethical project that brings with it a distinctive set of power relations, and entails a degree of self-effacement on the part of the researcher, a subordination of the self to the internal logic of the task in hand. The conditions within the academy that inhibit the development of these qualities are briefly outlined, as is the status of the academic as an awkward hybrid between animal laborens and homo faber. The authors build upon earlier work that drew upon ethnographic research on walking and a comparative anthropology of the line in order to develop a new approach to understanding the relation between movement, knowledge, description and measurement in social research. They bring into dialogue the notion of wayfaring elaborated by the anthropologist Tim Ingold and Richard Sennett's socio-cultural exploration of the realm of the craftsman. By drawing extensively on Alan Bennett's The Lady in the Van, they begin to open up perspectives for further debate on the literary turn in social research.

But we are all travellers in what John Bunyan calls the wilderness of this world – all, too, travellers with a donkey: and the best that we find in our travels is an honest friend. He is a fortunate voyager who finds many. We travel, indeed, to find them. They are the end and the reward of life. They keep us worthy of ourselves; and when we are alone, we are only nearer to the absent. (R.L. Stevenson, Preface to Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes [1879/1982])
Evaluation of Packable and Conventional Hybrid Resin Composites in Class I Restorations: Three-year Results of a Randomized, Double-blind and Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Shi L. , Wang X. , Zhao Q. , Zhang Y. , Zhang L. , Ren Y. , Chen Z.
Published: January 2010

Clinical Relevance

Long-term randomized, controlled, clinical trials of treatment outcomes are clearly needed to evaluate the long-term performance of composites in posterior teeth.
Shear Bond Strength of Three Different Nano-Restorative Materials to Dentin
Authors: Korkmaz Y. , Gurgan S. , Firat E. , Nathanson D.
Published: January 2010

Clinical Relevance

Nano glass ionomer exhibited significantly lower shear bond strength compared to nano-composites. The self-etch adhesive showed higher shear bond strength than etch&rinse adhesive for both nanofill and flowable nanofill composites.
Metodologia Analizy Danych Doświadczalnych Propagacji Pęknięć Zmęczeniowych w Warunkach Obciążeń z Przeciążeniami
Authors: Kłysz Sylwester , Szabracki Paweł
Published: January 2010

Metodologia Analizy Danych Doświadczalnych Propagacji Pęknięć Zmęczeniowych w Warunkach Obciążeń z Przeciążeniami

W pracy przedstawiono opis wpływu przeciążeń na prędkość propagacji pęknięć zmęczeniowych z wykorzystaniem modelu opóznień. Poddano analizie wyniki badań doświadczalnych próbek typu RCT wykonanych ze stopu tytanowego WT3-1 - w celu określenia zależności między poszczególnymi parametrami tego modelu. Dopasowanie obliczeń teoretycznych do danych doświadczalnych przeprowadzono w dwóch wariantach: analizując dane w całym zakresie trwałości do zniszczenia próbki i analizując osobno dane w zakresach pomiędzy przeciążeniami - wyznaczając w każdym przypadku wartości współczynników C, m, n dla modelu opóznień. Przedstawiono zależność wartości współczynników od wielkości współczynnika intensywności naprężeń w cyklach przeciążeniowych.
Methodical Approach to the Analysis of Experimental Data Associated with the Fatigue Cracks Propagation Under Overload Conditions
Authors: Kłysz Sylwester , Szabracki Paweł
Published: January 2010

Methodical Approach to the Analysis of Experimental Data Associated with the Fatigue Cracks Propagation Under Overload Conditions

The paper presents an analysis how overloads affect of fatigue cracks propagation rate where the analysis is carried out with use of the retardation model. The completed analysis covered the results of experimental examination of RCT-type samples made of the WT3-1 titanium alloy and was intended to determine interrelationships between individual parameters of the applied model. Comparison between theoretical calculations and experimental data was carried out for two options: with the analysis of samples for the entire range of lifetime until the sample was destroyed, and with a separate analysis of data for time intervals between the overload moments, whereby the values of C, m and n coefficients were determined each time for the retardation model. Finally, the dependence of coefficient values on the stress intensity factor during overload cycles is developed.
Investigations on the Bragg grating recording in all-silica, standard and microstructured optical fibers using 248 nm, 5 ps laser radiation
Authors: Pissadakis S. , Livitziis M. , Tsibidis G. D.
Published: January 2010

The fabrication of Bragg reflectors in hydrogenated, all-silica, fluorine cladding depressed and microstructured optical fibers using 248 nm, 5 ps laser radiation, is investigated here. Comparative Bragg grating recordings are performed in both optical fibers, for investigating effects related to the scattering induced by the capillary micro-structure, to the photosensitivity and index engineering yield. Further, finite difference time domain method is employed for simulating the scattering from the above capillary structure and the nominal intensity reaching the fiber core for side-illumination. The maximum modulated refractive index changes inscribed in the standard, step-index fiber were of the order of 8.3×10−5, while the maximum refractive index changes inscribed in one of the microstructured optical fibers was 32% lower and 5.7×10−5, for nominal pulse intensities of 20 GW/cm2 and modest accumulated energy densities.
From the Publisher's Side Vol.2(1)
Authors: Thapaliya Bishnu Prasad
Published: January 2010

DOI: 10.3126/init.v2i1.2510 The Initiation Vol.2(1)
Acknowledgement Vol.2(1)
Authors: Coordinator The
Published: January 2010

DOI: 10.3126/init.v2i1.2511 The Initiation Vol.2(1)
Energy Crisis and Nepal’s Potentiality
Authors: Upadhaya Suraj
Published: January 2010

Energy that is not popularly used and is usually environmentally sound like wind, solar, geothermal is simply regarded as renewable energy. The renewable energy made available through established sources and technology is considered as non-conventional one, if otherwise, conventional. Speaking strictly the forms of alternative energy or renewable energy are environmentally favorable and no negative impacts and economically viable. Alternative energy sources are necessary to explored in context to solve the present problem of energy crisis in Nepal. Being rich in natural resources Nepal posses' high potential of development of energy generation station. Key Words: Energy crisis, Hydropower, Alternate energy, Consumption DOI: 10.3126/init.v2i1.2534 The Initiation Vol.2(1) 2008 pp130-135
Diversity, Utilization and Management of Medicinal Plants in Baitadi and Darchula Districts, Far West Nepal
Authors: Kunwar Ripu M , Chowdhary Chotte L , Bussmann Rainer W
Published: January 2010

As in other districts of Nepal, medicinal plants have played a significant role in the life of local people of Baitadi and Darchula districts by providing products for trade, subsistence and traditional therapies. Present study analyzed the pharmacological activities of the species which had the highest informant consensus factor. The use of Asparagus racemosus as galactogogue with consensus factor 0.97, Berberis asiatica for eye troubles with 1.0, Cordyceps sinensis as tonic and longevity with 0.97, Curculigo orchoides as tonic and aphrodisiac with 0.96, Nardostachya grandiflora for epilepsy with 0.97 and Phyllanthus emblica as diuretic with 0.97 possessed the highest consensus factors and greatest affinity to the Ayurveda and phytochemical findings. Phytochemical screening and validity assessments of the medicinal plant widely used in traditional therapies are worthwhile. The findings with the maximum affinity of informant consensus factors and phyto-chemical validations provide the potential to identify which plants are most likely to be useful in the treatment of diseases. Key Words: Medicinal plants, Ethno-medicine, Informant consent factor (ICF), Phyto-chemical validation, West Himalaya DOI: 10.3126/init.v2i1.2538 The Initiation Vol.2(1) 2008 pp157-164
Sustainable Resin Tapping in Nepal: Challenges and Opportunities (A case from Salyan District)
Authors: Paudyal Dhananjaya
Published: January 2010

This paper attempts to explore a case from Salyan district on resin tapping and its contribution to local and national economy. Resin tapping and its related activities like extraction, collection and transportation are one of the major sources of employment for a large number of rural poor people. Based on the quantity of resin collected and exported outside the district, revenue is generated to central as well as local government and Community Forest User Groups (CFUGs). In the mean time, some issues and challenges have been identified at local level regarding the sustainability of resin tapping. It, therefore, concludes that some practical measures are necessary to overcome the issues and challenges so that resin tapping could be done in a sustainable manner. Sources of information of this paper are records of District Forest Office and rosin companies and net surfing as secondary sources; field observation, interviews with CFUGs and resin collectors as primary sources. Key Words: Pine forests, Resin tapping, Sustainability, Revenue, Employment, Nepal DOI: 10.3126/init.v2i1.2540 The Initiation Vol.2(1) 2008 pp172-179
Nepalese Foresters: Technocrats or Deliberative Scientists?
Authors: Ojha Hemant R
Published: January 2010

DOI: 10.3126/init.v2i1.2541  The Initiation Vol.2(1) 2008 pp180-182
Nitrogen heterocyclic systems: Synthesis of 3,3a-trans and cis-2-acetyl/phenyl-3-arylhexahydrobenzo[6,7] cyclohepta[1,2-c]pyrazoles
Authors: Peesapati Venkateswarlu , Sreelakshmi Ponnuru , Anuradha Kancharla
Published: January 2010

Novel pyrazole derivatives (3a-g, 3a'–g’, 4a–g, 4a'–g’) have been synthesised by condensation of 3-methylbenzocy-clohepten-5-one (1) with aryl aldehydes in the presence of a base, followed by treatment with various hydrazines. Biological testing of these compounds for their antimicrobial activity has been carried out.
Radical polymerisation of vinyl monomers initiated by the thermolysis of alkene ozonates
Authors: Lockley J.E. , Ebdon J.R. , Rimmer S.
Published: January 2010

Radicals, derived from the ozonates of alkenes, have been shown to be capable of initiating polymerisations of methyl methacrylate, styrene and vinyl acetate: in the case of styrene polymerisations the molar masses obtained at low conversion did not follow the expected trend with temperature.
Extraction of AuCl4- from HCl solutions by the chloride salt of the secondary amine Amberlite LA2 and estimation of the interaction coefficient between AuCl4- and H+
Authors: Alguacil Francisco José , Martínez Susana , Sastre Ana María
Published: January 2010

The equilibrium distribution of AuCl4- between hydrochloric acid and the chloride salt of the secondary amine Amberlite LA2 in xylene was investigated. The extraction reaction is exothermic (ΔH° = −20.8 kJ/mol). The stoi-chiometry of the complex formed in the organic phase can be represented by R'R″NHH+AuCl4- and the extraction equilibrium constant depends on the ionic strength. From this dependency it was found that log K° = 3.9 and the interaction coefficient between AuCl4- and H+ is 0.24.
Reaction of N1, N2-diarylamidines with 2-(1,5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1-phenyl-4H-pyrazol-4-ylidene) propanedinitrile
Authors: Gomaa Mohsen Abdel-Motaal
Published: January 2010

2-Arylamino-2-(3-methyl-5-oxo-1-phenyl-1,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazol-4-ylidene)ethanenitriles (6a–c) together with the corresponding formanilides (7a–c) are formed in the reaction of N1,N2-diarylformamidines (1a–c) with 2-(1,5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1-phenyl-4H-pyrazol-4-ylidene)propanedinitrile (2). The analogous N1,N2-diarylacetamidines (8b–d) with 2 gave 5-oxospiro[(1,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazole)-4,4′-(1′,2′,3′,4′-tetrahydropyridine)]-5′-carbonitriles (17b–d) and in two cases 2-arylamino-(1,5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1-phenyl-4H-pyrazol-4-ylidene) ethanenitriles (6b,c) together with the acetanilides (12b,c), which were obtained as minor products.
Medium-sized cyclophanes. Part 58.1 Photochemical introduction of acetoxy groups to the bridged methylenes of 5,13-di-tert-butyl-8,16-dimethyl[2.2]metacyclophane
Authors: Yamato Takehiko , Fujita Koji , Mimura Keisuke , Tashiro Masashi
Published: January 2010

The photoreaction of 5,13-di-tert-butyl-8,16-dimethyl[2.2]metacyclophane 1b in acetic acid at room temperature using a high pressure Hg lamp led to the first successful introduction of acetoxy groups into the methylene groups.
Outer-sphere Redox Reactions of Cobalt(III)-amine Complexes. A Solvent, Chelation and Temperature-dependence Kinetic Study
Authors: Karthikeyan Gopalakrishnan , Anbalagan Krishnamoorthy , Elango Kuppanagounder P.
Published: January 2010

The effect of solvent on the outer-sphere redox reactions between cobalt(III)-amine complexes and hexacyanoferrate(II) studied in aqueous methanol/1,4-dioxane is discussed quantitatively in terms of various solvent–solvent–solute interactions.
Baylis-Hillman Chemistry: A Convenient Stereoselective Synthesis of (Z,Z)- and (E,E)-1,4-diallylpiperazines
Authors: Basavaiah Deevi , Reddy Ravi Mallikarjuna
Published: January 2010

Treatment of piperazine with 3-acetoxy-2-methylenealkanenitriles provides exclusively (1,4)-bis[(2Z)-2-cyanoalk-2-en-1-yl]piperazines. A similar reaction of methyl 3-acetoxy-3-aryl-2-methylenepropanoates with piperazine produces (1,4)-bis[(2E)-3-aryl-2-methoxycarbonylprop-2-en-1-yl]piperazines as the major products.
1H NMR study on the conformation of 5-dicyanomethylene-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene
Authors: Szczecinski Przemysław , Mamiński Mariusz
Published: January 2010

It has been found that the central ring of 5-dicyanomethylene-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene, 1, undergoes bond inversion which is slow on the NMR time scale at ambient temperature. The character of this conformational process has been established and its activation energy estimated.
Nucleosides 31: Synthesis of novel 1,3,4-oxadiazole nucleosides
Authors: Mosselhi M.A.N. , Seliger H.
Published: January 2010

5-Aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-thiones are ribosylated by reaction with 1-O-acetyl-2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-D-ribofuranose, followed by debenzoylation, to give novel 1,3,4-oxadiazole nucleosides in good yields, one of which reacted with aniline to yield the corresponding 3,4-diaryl-1,2,4-triazole nucleoside.
Synthesis, separation and characterisation of diastereomeric mixtures of 3-p-toluenesulfonyl-1,3-diaryl-propan-1-ols
Authors: Sayed Alim A. , Wadia M.S.
Published: January 2010

Four diastereomeric mixtures of 3-p-toluenesulfonyl-1, 3-diarylpropan-1-ols were prepared by the reduction of the corresponding β–sulfonyl ketones and the stereochemistry of the individual separated (HPLC) diastereomers was established on the basis of PMR data.
Conversion of epoxides into 1,3-dioxolanes catalysed by high oxidation state metalloporphyrins
Authors: Tangestaninejad S. , Habibi M.H. , Mirkhani V. , Moghadam M.
Published: January 2010

Tin(IV) tetraphenylporphyrin perchlorate, Sn(IV)(tpp)(ClO4)2, catalyses the efficient reaction of epoxides with acetone to give the corresponding 1,3-dioxolanes in good yields.
Attempted synthesis of 1-pheny-1, 2-cyclohexadiene and Wurtz-like condensation products in the reaction of 1-(2,3-dibromocyclohex-1-en-1-yl) benzene with zinc
Authors: Ceylan Mustafa , Budak Yakup
Published: January 2010

The thermal rearrangement of 8 at 150 °C and 180 °C gave 9 and 10, respectively. The reaction of 1-(2,3-dibromocyclohex-1-en-1-yl)benzene 9 with activated zinc gave Wurtz-like dimeric products 3 and 4 instead of expected allene 2.
Continuous Low Cost Transesterification Process for the Production of Coconut Biodiesel
Authors: Kumar Gajendra , Kumar D. , Singh Shailandra , Kothari S. , Bhatt Sumit , Singh Chandra P.
Published: January 2010

Biodiesel, or alkyl ester, is an alternative renewable, biodegradable, and non-toxic diesel fuel produced by the catalytic transesterification of vegetable oil. Here we characterize a system for continuous transesterification of vegetable oil using five continuous stirring tank reactors (5CSTRs). We tested residence times of 16–43min, stirring speeds of 200–800rpm, a catalyst concentration (KOH) of 0.25–1 wt% of oil (in gram), different total flow rates of the oil and MeOH, and on the production performance of the 5 stage continuous reactor for transesterification of vegetable oil. Using a molar ratio of oil:methanol of 1:7 and a reaction temperature of 65 °C, we show that a high stirring speed increased the reaction rate, but an excessive stir speed decreased the reaction rate and conversion to biodiesel. Furthermore, a higher catalyst percentage significantly increased the reaction rate and production capacity. A catalyst percentage of 1 wt% of oil gave the best conversion; 99.04 ± 0.05%. The resulting biodiesel esters were characterized for their physical and fuel properties including density, viscosity, iodine volume, acid volume, cloud point, pure point, gross heat of combustion, and volatility. The purity and conversion of the biodiesel was analyzed by HPLC.
Advancing the Selection of Neurodevelopmental Measures in Epidemiological Studies of Environmental Chemical Exposure and Health Effects
Authors: Youngstrom Eric , S. LaKind Judy , Kenworthy Lauren , Lipkin Paul  H. , Goodman Michael , Squibb Katherine , R. Mattison Donald , J. Anthony Bruno , Gutermuth Anthony Laura
Published: January 2010

With research suggesting increasing incidence of pediatric neurodevelopmental disorders, questions regarding etiology continue to be raised. Neurodevelopmental function tests have been used in epidemiology studies to evaluate relationships between environmental chemical exposures and neurodevelopmental deficits. Limitations of currently used tests and difficulties with their interpretation have been described, but a comprehensive critical examination of tests commonly used in studies of environmental chemicals and pediatric neurodevelopmental disorders has not been conducted. We provide here a listing and critical evaluation of commonly used neurodevelopmental tests in studies exploring effects from chemical exposures and recommend measures that are not often used, but should be considered. We also discuss important considerations in selecting appropriate tests and provide a case study by reviewing the literature on polychlorinated biphenyls.
Interest of Fluorescence Derivatization and Fluorescence Probe Assisted Post-column Detection of Phospholipids: A Short Review
Authors: Ibrahim Hanadi , Caudron Eric , Kasselouri Athena , Prognon Pratrice
Published: January 2010

Phospholipids are essential constituents of all living cell membranes. There are many analytical methods available for the quantitative and qualitative determination of phospholipids, but since these molecules lack chromophores, common absorbance based methods are of limited use. Beside mass spectrometry, some less specific approaches that are routinely used are evaporative light scattering detection or fluorescence, which exhibit sufficient sensitivity. Here, we focus on fluorescence, which remains an interesting way to quantify phospholipids. Two ways of detecting phospholipids by fluorescence are possible coupled with separation techniques such as thin layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE): firstly, pre-column derivatization procedures and secondly, probe assisted post-column detection with suitable fluorescence reagents. In both cases, the common purpose is to increase the detection sensitivity. It is shown that, whereas pre-column derivatization is characterized by selectivity due to the chemical functionality of the analyte involved in the derivatization process, in supramolecular post-column derivatization, the selectivity only proceeds from the capacity of the lipid to involve supramolecular assemblies with a fluorescence probe. The aim of this review is to summarize available experiments concerning fluorescence detection of phospholipids. The interest and limitation of such detection approaches are discussed.
Isolation, Synthesis and Structures of Ginsenoside Derivatives and Their Anti-Tumor Bioactivity
Authors: Han Mei , Hou Jin-Gang , Dong Cheng-Ming , Li Wei , Yu Hao-Lun , Zheng Yi-Nan , Chen Li
Published: January 2010

Protopanaxatriol saponins obtained with AB-8 macroporous resin mainly consisted of ginsenosides Rg1 and Re. A novel mono-ester of ginsenoside-Rh1 (ginsenoside-ORh1) was synthesized through further enzymatic hydrolysis and octanoyl chloride modifications. A 53% yield was obtained by a facile synthetic method. The structures were identified on the basis of 1D-NMR and 2D-NMR, as well as ESI-TOF-MS mass spectroscopic analyses. The isolated and synthetic compounds were applied in an anti-tumor bioassay, in which ginsenoside ORh1 showed moderate effects on Murine H22 Hepatoma Cells.
A Macroporous TiO2 Oxygen Sensor Fabricated Using Anodic Aluminium Oxide as an Etching Mask
Authors: Lu Chih-Cheng , Huang Yong-Sheng , Huang Jun-Wei , Chang Chien-Kuo , Wu Sheng-Po
Published: January 2010

An innovative fabrication method to produce a macroporous Si surface by employing an anodic aluminium oxide (AAO) nanopore array layer as an etching template is presented. Combining AAO with a reactive ion etching (RIE) processes, a homogeneous and macroporous silicon surface can be effectively configured by modulating AAO process parameters and alumina film thickness, thus hopefully replacing conventional photolithography and electrochemical etch methods. The hybrid process integration is considered fully CMOS compatible thanks to the low-temperature AAO and CMOS processes. The gas-sensing characteristics of 50 nm TiO2 nanofilms deposited on the macroporous surface are compared with those of conventional plain (or non-porous) nanofilms to verify reduced response noise and improved sensitivity as a result of their macroporosity. Our experimental results reveal that macroporous geometry of the TiO2 chemoresistive gas sensor demonstrates 2-fold higher (~33%) improved sensitivity than a non-porous sensor at different levels of oxygen exposure. In addition, the macroporous device exhibits excellent discrimination capability and significantly lessened response noise at 500 °C. Experimental results indicate that the hybrid process of such miniature and macroporous devices are compatible as well as applicable to integrated next generation bio-chemical sensors.
JUODASIS KUBAS: PIRMINIŲ FORMŲ MORFOLOGIJA IR FENOMENAS
Authors: Lupeikis Kęstutis
Published: January 2010

Recently, alongside other phenomena, Renaissance of resort of initial forms in contemporary architecture is also observed. This process is determined by opposition to deconstructive breaking, complexity, padding. Expression of initial forms of minimalism are formed by such values as simplicity but not complexity; elegance moderation but not arrogance; spirituality but not pragmatism; essentiality but not particularity; concentration but not scatter. This scale of values determines purposes and priorities of architectural expression: “more” is sought with “less”, perfection is aimed by simple means, spirituality and poetry are tried to be found in pragmatism and rationality. Resort of initial forms often evokes controversial discussions within society. Despite that even opponents do not deny their influence and impact, because initial forms enable to approach actual values, essence, whereas pluralism of opinions is publicly expressed and spontaneously is a feature of a democratic society. In the paper various aspects and areas of morphology of initial forms in contemporary architecture are discussed, marginal and distinctive cases reflecting a vast range of purposes and priorities are distinguished. It is aimed to reveal the essential aspects of morphology of initial forms and their phenomenon by the example of the building “Black Cube” in Vilnius.

Santrauka

Pastaruoju metu, šalia kitų reiškinių, šiuolaikinėje architektūroje vyksta pirminių formų panaudojimo renesansas. Šį procesą lemia priešprieša formaliam dekonstrukciniam laužymui, įmantrumui, daugžodžiavimui. Pirminių minimalistinių formų raišką šiuolaikinėje architektūroje formuoja šios vertybės: paprastumas, o ne įmantrumas; elegantiškumas, santūrumas, o ne arogantiškumas; dvasingumas, o ne pragmatizmas; esmingumas, o ne smulkmeniškumas; koncentracija, o ne išsibarstymas. Ši vertybinė skalė lemia specifinius architektūrinės raiškos tikslus ir prioritetus: su „mažiau“ siekiama „daugiau“, paprastomis priemonėmis siekiama tobulumo, pragmatizme, racionalizme siekiama dvasingumo, poezijos. Neretai pirminių formų panaudojimas sukelia prieštaringas diskusijas visuomenėje, tačiau net oponentai neneigia jų įtaigumo ir paveikumo, nes tai leidžia artėti prie tikrųjų vertybių, esmės, o viešai reiškiamas nuomonių pliuralizmas savaime yra demokratiškos visuomenės požymis.

Straipsnyje aptariami įvairūs pirminių formų morfologijos šiuolaikinėje architektūroje aspektai ir sritys, išskiriami kraštutiniai, charakteringi atvejai, atspindintys platų tikslų ir prioritetų diapazoną. Prokuratūrų pastato „Juodojo kubo“ Vilniuje pavyzdžiu siekiama atskleisti pirminių formų morfologijos ir jų fenomeno esminius aspektus.
LIETUVOS ARCHITEKTŪRINIŲ KONKURSŲ TENDENCIJOS 1999-2009 METAIS
Authors: Linartas Darius
Published: January 2010

Over the recent decade, the number of architectural competitions organised in Lithuania has been continuously growing. Analysis and inventory of the competitions reveal the essential features of the period, qualitative and dynamic changes in this field, and at the same time may be useful for improvement of the competition organisation system in the nearest future. The paper deals with the legislation changes that influence the competitions as well as introduces quantitative and typological analysis of the competitions of 1999–2009 comparing it with that of other periods. Achievements of the Lithuanian architects at international competitions, participation of foreign architects at creative contests of Lithuania are described. New manifestations of architectural criticism of competitions, the theme of plagiarism, gaps in competition organization, “commercialization”, the tendency of strengthening pragmatic ambitions are described.

Santrauka

Pastarąjį dešimtmetį Lietuvoje organizuojama vis daugiau architektūrinių konkursų. Jų analizė ir inventorizacija ne tik atskleidžia esminius laikotarpio bruožus, kokybinius ir dinaminius poslinkius šioje srityje, bet kartu gali būti naudinga tobulinant konkursų organizavimo sistemą artimiausioje ateityje. Straipsnyje aptariami konkursams įtaką darantys teisinės bazės pokyčiai, atliekama kiekybinė ir tipologinė 1999–2009 m. konkursų analizė, kuri lyginama su kitais periodais. Aprašomi Lietuvos architektų pasiekimai tarptautiniuose konkursuose, užsienio architektų dalyvavimas Lietuvos kūrybinėse varžytuvėse. Aprašomos naujos konkursų architektūros kritikos apraiškos, plagiato tema, konkursų organizacinės spragos, komercialėjimas, pragmatinių siekių stiprėjimo tendencija.
La gestión de los recursos faunísticos durante el Neolítico en la Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos): los niveles 19 y 20 de la Cueva del Mirador
Authors: Martín Patricia , Rosell Jordi , Vergès Josep María
Published: January 2010

En este trabajo se presentan los datos obtenidos a partir del análisis zooarqueológico y tafonómico de los restos faunísticos recuperados en los niveles 19 y 20 de la Cueva del Mirador (Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos). El objetivo fundamental ha sido obtener información sobre la gestión de los recursos faunísticos y las características de ocupación de la cavidad y aprovechamiento del entorno durante el final del VI milenio y los inicios del V milenio cal. BC. Los resultados han mostrado el desarrollo de comunidades con una estructuración compleja y una gran adaptación a su entorno. La cavidad fue empleada por un grupo de agricultores y ganaderos, tanto como redil para el ganado como espacio doméstico y durante la práctica totalidad del año. La economía ganadera se basaría en la cría de ganado ovicaprino, explotado tanto para la obtención de carne como de leche. Esta práctica económica estaría complementada por la cría de ganado bovino y las prácticas cinegéticas.
Palimpsestos y cambios culturales en el límite Pleistoceno-Holoceno: el conjunto lítico de Picamoixons (Alt Camp, Tarragona)
Authors: García Catalán Sergio , Vaquero Rodríguez Manuel , Pérez Goñi Idoia , Menéndez Iglesias Beatriz , Peña García Luna , Blasco López Ruth , Mancha Flores Eva , Moreno García Davinia , Muñoz Encinar Laura
Published: January 2010

En este artículo se presenta el análisis tecnológico y tipológico de la industria lítica recuperada en el año 1993 en el yacimiento de Picamoixons. Dadas sus características, su estado de conservación diferencial, su distribución espacial y las dataciones radiométricas disponibles, podemos concluir la existencia de dos conjuntos líticos pertenecientes a dos momentos cronológicos y culturales diferentes. El primero es el conjunto patinado (CP) que debería incluirse dentro del Mesolítico macrolítico, y el segundo conjunto es el no patinado (CNP) perteneciente a los momentos finales del Paleolítico superior.
Distribution of Progeny byCryptus inornatusPratt (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Ullyett G. C.
Published: January 2010

The results obtained in the experiments just described indicate that the discriminative ability of the female parasite operates to enable the parasite to distinguish between hosts which have been parasitized previously, not only by itself but by other members of the species, and perfectly health; hosts. If this were not the case, series in which the densities of the female parasite populations were high would have given results which were more nearly approximate to a random distribution of progeny among the available hosts. As we have seen, the tendency was for the parasite to avoid superparasitism under all conditions, i.e., to exercise a deliberate choice of hosts.
The Effect of Insecticide Applications on the Insect Fauna and Seed Yield of Alsike Clover in Southern Ontario
Authors: Pielou D. P.
Published: January 2010

The work described here is an attempt to assess the effect of insecticides, particularly DDT, on the more prominent elements of the insect fauna of alsike clover Trifolium hybridum L., and on the yield of seed harvested. The decline in legume seed production, over a period of years, in districts which were once major seed producing areas is a familiar story in North America. For instance, Sorenson (1939) records that in 1925 Utah produced nearly 40 per cent of the total alfalfa seed in the United States. Five years later this state produced less than 4 per cent, the drop being largely the result of a decline in yield from an average of 6.4 to 1.2 bushels per acre. A similar history has been experienced in the production of alsike clover seed in Southern Ontario in the last twenty years. Haldimand County once produced heavy and profitable yields of over 5 bushels per acre but now yield is so poor and unprofitable that it is difficult even to find fields left for Experimental work. No doubt many causes are at work in this reduction but there is good reason to believe that the successful establishment oi specific insect pests, as a large and permanent part of the fauna, has been partly responsible in both these cases.
Notes on Some Odonata from the Kenora and Rainy River Districts, Ontario
Authors: Walker E. M.
Published: January 2010

In the writer's list of the Odonata of Ontario fifty species were recorded from the Kenora District of Ontario and only one from the Rainy River District. Thirty-five are reported from the vast northern part of the District known as the “Patricia Portion” and twenty-three from the southern part. The records from the Patricia portion are all from three widely separated localities but probably give a fair general picture of the odonate fauna of these northern latitudes. The records from the southern part of the District, on the other hand, are almost entirely from one locality, Minaki (approx. 50° N. Lat., 9° W. Long.) and are quite inadequate even for that one locality, some of the commonest regional species not being included.
The Effect of the Miticide Neotran Upon the Laboratory Production of Aspidiotus lataniae Signoret as a Coccinellid Food
Authors: Sellers W. F. , Robinson G. G.
Published: January 2010

The large scale production of Coccinellids at the Fontana Laboratory, Commonwealth Bureau of Biological Control, Fontana, California, for shipment to Bermuda where they are used against the Diaspine Cedar Scale, Carulaspis visci Schrank has created a variety of problems. Potato tubers are being used to rear the Diaspine scales Aonidiella aurantii Mask., Aspidiotus lataniae Signoret, and Aspidiotus hederae Vallot for host material for the Coccinellids Zagloba ornata Casey, Cephaloscymnus occidentalis Horn, Microweisea suturalis Schwartz, Lotis nigerrima Casey, Lotis neglecta Muls., Pharoscymnus exiguus Weise, Telsimia sp., and the Nitidulid Cybocephalus sp. One of the outstanding difficulties was the damage caused by several species of predaceous mites as contaminants in our production program. The elimination of these mites led to the rather novel use of miticides as a means of sanitation control. The results although effective were open to experimental error. This preliminary report deals primarily with the effectiveness of Neotran on these mites, Hemisarcoptes malus Schimer, Iphidulus sp., Tyroglyphus americanus Banks, the associated effect upon the praducrion of the Diaspine scale Aspidiotus lataniae, and the subsequent effect on the prodection of the Coccinellids.
A Bibliography of Honey Bee Toxicology
Authors: Musgrave A. J. , Salkeld E. H.
Published: January 2010

Interest in honey bee toxicology has recently received a fresh impetus as a result of the development of many new insecticides and the more general appreciation of the honey bee as an important pollinator. In particular, for seed setting in many legumes the honey bee appears to be essential. This bibliography is therefore presented at this time to serve as a guide to the literature. The extent of the literature is considerable: the bibliography is extensive, but it would be unwise to claim that it is complete. It contains references up to the fall of 1949.
The Canadian Species of Epiptera (Homoptera: Achilidae)
Authors: Beirne Bryan P.
Published: January 2010

Fulgorids of the genus Epiptera Metcalf are well represented in the Canadian fauna, probably because they are associated with conifers. Metcalf (1938. Gen. Cat. Hemip. IV, Part 10) listed 12 North American species, of which seven had been recorded from Canada. Ten species are represented by specimens from Canada in the Canadian National Collection. Two of these are previously undescribed. As there has been much confusion among certain species of this genus, due partly to misinterpretations of some of the original descriptions, it is probable that previous Canadian records for some species were based on mis-identifications. The species show external characters that are usually of good specific value, although there is some variation. The colour and type of markings of the face and the shape of the vertex are of particular value. The male genitalia exhihit good specific characters in the form and structure of the acdoeagus (Figs. 8-12).
Notes on a Collection of Dragonflies (Odonata) from Nova Scotia
Authors: Cook Carl
Published: January 2010

During the past four years Mr. Douglas C. Ferguson has collected dragonflies in Nova Scotia thereby greatly increasing our knowledge of the geographical distribution of these insects within the province. He very generously presented to the writer his entire collections comprising 327 specimens of 51 species, four of these being new records for the Maritime Provinces and two others being new for Nova Scotia. In the annotated list of species below these new records are indicated as follows: New records for the Maritime Provinces are indicated by a double asterisk (**). Records which are new for Nova Scotia only, are indicated by a single asterisk (*). A better representation of the widely distributed northern genus Somatochlora whould have been expected in a collection of this size made from the territory covered, in view of the fact that at least eight species are known to occur in thls territory. The reasons for their escaping capture is doubtless due, in part, to the restricted habitat occupied by many of the species, and in part to the difficulty of collecting specimens.
Larval and Pupal Development of Dermestes maculatus Degeer Under Controlled Conditions of Temperature and Relative Humidity
Authors: Bellemare E. R. , Brunelle Louise
Published: January 2010

The hide beetle, Dermestes maculatus Degeer, is a cosmopolitan insect which each year causes considerable losses to stored products throughout the world. The economic importance of this species is due especially to the habit which the mature larvae have of boring into many commodities in order to pupate. However, the larvae and adults also feed on and thus damage a wide variety of substances with a high protein content (4), e.g., bones, carcasses, skins and hides of all kinds, etc.
Preparation of Slide Mounts of Lepidopterous Genitalia
Authors: Hardwick D. F.
Published: January 2010

One of the most essential procedures in the identification of many Lepidoptera is an examination of the genitalia, and for a most critical examination of these organs slide mounts must be prepared. In many cases, the preparation of slides is one of the most neglected arts in lepidopterology. This is to be deplored, for a well-prepared slide is not only handsome but also much more valuable taxonomically than a messily prepared one. For large and medium-sized specimens, I have found the following technique very gratifying in producing slides of uniformly high quality. Certain phases of the technique are not particularly well adapted for working with smaller moths.
A New Species of Sarcophaga Reared from the Columbian Ground Squirrel (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)
Authors: Shewell G. E.
Published: January 2010

Head: Black, sometimes reddish on the lower facial and parafacial areas. Pollen silvery, but with distinct pale-yellow cast on parafrontal, parafacial, occipital orbit, and anterior part of gena. Frontals 9-11, moderately divergent below, reaching middle of sccond antennal segment. Two or 3 hair-like interfrontals on upper part. Ocellars moderate. Preverticals strong. Outer verticals hair-like. Orbitals nil. Parafacial hairs irregularly scattered, a little stronger below, but not bristly. Occipital fringe of black bristles and hairs, a few of the latter arising in the intrapostocular area (occipital orbit). Behind the fringe an irregular second and sometimes a partial third row of black hairs. Beard white, extending a little in front of metacephalic suture. Front ¼ head width, (average of 5 specimens, 0.256). Gena ⅓ eve height. Antenna ⅔ length of face, black,
apex of first and second and base of third segments reddish. Second segment ½ length of third. Arista moderately plumose on basal ⅗ Palpi and proboscis black.
A New Species of Dytiscus Linn. (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae)
Authors: Wallis J. B.
Published: January 2010

For a number of years, at least one species of Dytiscus, apparently undescribed, has been in my collection.

Recently Professor M. H. Hatch asked me to describe this species in order that he might include it in his forthcoming book on The Coleoptera of the Pacific Northwest.

Although Balfour-Browne, 1935, pointed out that the correct spelling of the generic name is Dyticus, this does not seem to have been accepted, as in the 5th Supplement to the Leng Catalogue, Dytiscus is still used. I, therefore, use that spelling.
New Leadership in the Canadian Division of Entomology
Authors: Thompson W. R.
Published: January 2010

The Division of Entomology in the Canadian Department of Agriculture is now one of the largest entomological services in the entire world, second only to the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine of the United States Department of Agriculture. Its staff now comprises over 300 professional officers and its annual budget is in the neighborhood of $3,000,000. Entomology, in such settings is, in the main, economic entomology: ancillary to agriculture. Pursuing this idea to what seems its logical conclusion, the authorities in some parts of the world have attempted, sometimes with success, to break up the entomological body into a collection of subordinate units, each working under more or less specialized agricuImra1 direction; so that the entomologist becomes a member of an agricultural team, concentrating on some special objective. Such arrangements are fairly common in the old world. Outstanding examples in Great Britain are the Horticultural Research Station at East Malling and the Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station at Long Ashton.
The Residual Toxicity of Some Newer Acaricides to the Two-Spotted Spider Mite (Acarina: Tetranychidae)
Authors: Armstrong Thomas
Published: January 2010

The data presented in this paper were obtained during preliminary tests of acaricides that have been carried on in the greenhouse since 1947. Special attention has been given to the duration of residual action because this is one of the most critical indications of the potential value of an acaricide under field conditions. Residual toxicity in these experiments may he defined as the toxicity of a dry deposit to mites introduced on foliage subsequent to spraying.

The modes of action of the various acaricides are uncertain. In most cases it is undoubtedly contact action, although the more volatile materials may have some fumigant effect. Toxicity by direct ingestion is unlikely because of the feeding habits of the mites, but it is possible that some of the compounds tested may have a systemic action, being absorbed by the plant and remaining within the tissues for an extended period.
Notes on, and Additions to the Cerambycidae of Vancouver Island
Authors: Hardy George A.
Published: January 2010

The following article contains two records apparently new to Vancouver Island, notes concerning two species rare in collections from the island and remarks concerning the status of Leptura soror LeConte.

Holopleura murginata LeC. A single male, taken on Mount Tzouhalem, Duncan, Vancouver Island, on May 21, 1947, by R. L. Fiddick apparently provides the first record for the island. This interesting species was called to my attention by G. Stace Smith of Creston to whom it was originally sent for determination. The only other British Columbia record, published by H. B. Leech (1945) is based on a single specimen beaten from a Douglas fir at Arrowhead, B.C. by G. Slade on May 10, 1945.
A Description of the Previously Unknown Male of Cyrtolobus griseus Van Duzee
Authors: Dennis Clifford J.
Published: January 2010

Apparently, the male of Cyrtolobus griseus Van Duzee (Stud. N.A. Memb. 90.16, 1908) has never been described. The following is a description of a male which is here designated the allotype. This specimen was collected in the University of Wisconsin Arboretum, Madison, July 21, 1950 from bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa Michx.). The allotype is in the author's collection.
The Illustration of Entomological Papers
Authors: Thompson W. R.
Published: January 2010

Readers will have noted that, beginning with the January number, a better grade of paper has been adopted for the Canadian Entomologist. This step was taken in order to meet the demand for a better reproduction of photographic illustrations, in which a good deal of important detail was lost with the paper formerly used. It will we think be generally agreed that the new paper is a great improvement.

However, we should like to take this opportunity of making some general observations on the illustration of entomological papers.
The Nearctic Species ofOncopsis(Homoptera: Cicadellidae)
Authors: Beirne Bryan P.
Published: January 2010

The following are notes on the taxonomies and synonymies, and on the distributions in Canada, of the Nearctic species of leafhoppers of the genusOncopsisBurmeister. Twenty-one species referable to this genus have been described from the Nearctic region. Seventeen were listed as valid species by Oman (1949), underOncopsis, Macropsis, andZinneca. One is probably not a Nearctic species. In the present paper 14 names are considered to be synonyms. This reduces the number of Nearctic species to seven, including one new species described below. Wagner (1949) discussed six species found in Germany. Of these, two were new and the remaining four had been described under a total of 14 names.
A Previously Unrecognized Species of Nymphula (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Munroe E. G.
Published: January 2010

Study of the series placed in the Canadian National Collection as Nymphula badiusalis (Walker) revealed that it consisted of specimens of two closely similar species. The original descriptions are sufficiently detailed to indicate that one of these is N. badiusalis and that the other is N. curviferalis (Walker), which has been considered a synonym of N. badiusalis. The following brief descriptions will permit separation of the species.
A Bi-Valve Type of Insect Feeding Cage
Authors: Wilde W. H. A.
Published: January 2010

Studies on the transmission of the virus of little cherry disease in the Kootenay Valley of British Columbia involve the feeding of introduced insects on uninfected cherry trees. Muslin cages slipped over individual branches and tied at both ends were first used to confine the introduced insects but resulted in heavy insect losses. Temperature within the caged area was likely to be excessive, it was difficult to introduce and recover the insects, and insects became entangled in the muslin. A special cage has been designed to overcome these difficulties.
Blow Flies (Calliphoridae) in Alaska
Authors: Sailer Reece I. , Lienk Siegfried E.
Published: January 2010

Several blow fly collections were made in the vicinity of Fairbanks between May 28 and June 14, 1948, and one large collection at Anchorage on August 9, 1948. All flies were caught in screen-wire fly traps baited with liver or dead salmon. The material was identified by D. G. Hall, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, who also generously provided information concerning the possible importance of the various species of Alaskan blow flies.