bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Technical diagnostics of heembedded elements of crane tracks of lifting equipment in machine halls of tunnel escalators
Authors: Vatulin Yan S. , Popov Valeriy A. , Dyatlov Vyacheslav N.
Published: March 2023

BACKGROUND: During the operation of crane beams of lifting equipment of subway tunnel escalators machine halls, the information about the technical condition of certain structural elements of supporting metal framework is always relevant, which determines the possibility of their further safe use and the need for repair and restoration work. The value of the remained service life is estimated by comparing the actual load-carrying ability with the criteria corresponding to the limiting conditions according to the project documentation. The actual state of the supporting framework elements can change with time significantly, therefore, the assessment of the remained service life is carried out with an experiment-and-simulation method based on the determination of stresses and their maximum deviations in weakest sections of framework elements with the determination of the degree of their impact on durability in the long term.
AIMS: Analysis of the combined application of methods for modeling the stress-strain state with subsequent wavelet analysis of wave processes in the interlocked stud-bolts of the suspension unit of riding beams of lifting and transport equipment of subway tunnel escalators machine halls.
METHODS: With regard to the specific features of the design, numerical simulation of the technical state of the interlocked sections of the stud-bolted suspension of crane beams of lifting equipment of subway tunnel escalators machine halls is considered in this work. The capabilities of the Simulation (static analysis using the finite element method) and Motion (kinematic and dynamic research with formation of systems of differential equations of motion and subsequent solving) modules of the SolidWorks software platform were used in the development of the model.
RESULTS: As a result of the carried out research, with regard to the specific features of various methods of the stress-strain state simulation, a spatial linear dynamic model has been developed that reflects the processes occurring during the deformation of the stud-bolt suspension of the supporting I-beam, which is helpful for an objective assessment of its technical state, as well as the possibility and conditions of further operation.
CONCLUSIONS: To simulate the stress-strain state, the combined application of methods is necessary, followed by a wavelet analysis of wave processes, which increases the reliability of diagnostic procedures and, consequently, makes it possible to make reasonable decisions about the further operation of the facility.
The diagnostics of windings of vehicle alternator units
Authors: Randin Dmitriy G. , Tulupov Pavel V.
Published: March 2023

INTRODUCTION: An alternator unit is a necessary unit in a vehicle, as it provides all the consumers with electricity. Therefore, the operation capability of the whole vehicle depends on the alternator units operational state. The issue of the diagnostics of a vehicle alternator unit by means of determination of alternator phases windings active resistance is addressed.
AIM: Improvement of diagnostics informativity by means of voltage controllers with a self-diagnostic function.
METHODS: It is proposed to perform the alternator unit diagnostics without dismantling or disassembly by means of plugging to the diagnostic points.
RESULTS: The existing and known methods of vehicle alternator unit diagnostics with embedded diagnostic tools and with use of external diagnostic tools were analyzed. The method of diagnostics of phase winding active resistance with use of reference resistance was proposed. The algorithm of implementation of the proposed method was suggested. The recommendations for use of the proposed method were given.
CONCLUSIONS: The proposed diagnostics method can be used in engine control units or by technicians of maintenance stations during the alternator unit maintenance without dismantling or disassembly.
Prerequisites for the creation of domestic onboard diagnostics tools for the M1 and M2 categories vehicles
Authors: Zavoykin Vladislav A.
Published: March 2023

BACKGROUND: Due to the steady growth of the worldwide fleet of vehicles alongside the sophistication of their operational functions and the increase in the number and manufacturability of electronic control units, used in a vehicle, the demand for means of access to the performance of on-board electronic sys-tems at the final stages of their production and operation is increasing. This review is necessary to summarize the available data from the world experience in the development and implementation of on-board diagnostic systems.
AIMS: Formulation of general principles for the development of onboard diagnostic systems, helpful to outline reasonable technical solutions for the task of creation of proprietary domestic diagnostic environment for vehicles.
METHODS: This paper describes the purpose and role of onboard diagnostic systems used in world practice for modern vehicles. Classes of diagnostic devices are allocated according to the level of implemented functions. The grounds that determine the demand for development of proprietary onboard diagnostic systems for wheeled vehicles are considered. A review of the functionality of the original diagnostic tools of foreign vehicle manufacturers was carried out. The main requirements imposed on developers by the ISO 27145 and ISO 14229 group of standards within the framework of the implementation of modern diagnostic systems in domestic vehicles of the M1 and M2 categories are determined.
RESULTS: A specific set of functions recommended for integration into diagnostic equipment being developed as a part of promising domestic developments has been determined. The content of the positive effect of the practical implementation of the measures proposed according to the results of the analysis is formulated.
CONCLUSIONS: The performed scientific analysis of the features of the existing diagnostic equipment is helpful to determine the relevant trends in the implementation of a fundamentally new trend in on-board diagnostics in the Russian Federation, which contributes to increasing the level of competence of domestic specialists and development within the framework of the domestic engineering development strategy.
Study of the effects of deformation rate and adhesive layer thickness under impact loading on parameters of adhesive joints in a vehicle
Authors: Liu Yi , Goncharov Roman B. , Zuzov Valery N.
Published: March 2023

BACKGROUND: At the present time, new technologies of joints adhesive joints are used more and more widely along with spot welding in domestic and foreign vehicles. Study of the joint strength and the influence of deformation rate and the adhesive layer thickness under impact loading on the parameters of the joint in a vehicle is a relevant technical task.
AIMS: Study of the influence of deformation rate and the adhesive layer thickness on the adhesive joint parameters (strength, deformation, etc.) under impact loading as well as evaluation of the efficiency of the proposed modified calibration method for the adhesive layer model on the example of tubular structure, which is often used in the strength elements of a vehicle.
METHODS: Experimental studies were carried out with impact loading at the speed of 6.66 m/s (the axial im-pact) and 6.87 m/s (the side impact) with the mass of 22.3 kg. Simulation of operating conditions was performed in the LS-Dyna software that made possible to study the stress-strain states (SSS) of adhesive-bonded tubular structures and to estimate the simulation error.
RESULTS: Based on experimental and calculated results, the length of the adhesive layer failure under the impact loading in the steel structures bonded with the Henkel EP 5055 adhesive is shorter in the joints with the 0.5 mm thick adhesive layer than in the joints with the 1 mm thick adhesive layer. The total deformation of the bonded structure at the side impact loading for the 1 mm thick adhesive layer is less than for the 0.5 mm thick layer, as the adhesive layer absorbs some of the energy. For the axial impact loading, the differences are insignificant. Errors of adhesive joint simulation under impact loading have been reduced significantly (by 15%) with using the proposed modified method of calibrating the adhesive layer properties considering the influence of the deformation rate and the adhesive layer thickness in the finite element model.
CONCLUSIONS: The practical value of the study lies in the proposed modified model, considering the influence of the deformation rate and the adhesive layer thickness under impact loading on the joint parameters and making possible to improve simulation accuracy, as well as in recommendations for the best value of adhesive joint properties in adhesive-bonded vehicle structures.
The spark plug’s thermal state simulation
Authors: Yakhutl Daut  R. , Maleev Ruslan A. , Zuev Sergey M. , Shmatkov Yuri  M. , Ryabykh Evgeniy A.
Published: March 2023

BACKGROUND: Spark plugs are among the most important components of the ignition system of an internal combustion engine (ICE). The spark-over produced by the ignition system should have sufficient energy for combustion initiation at any engine operation mode in all the service conditions. Start properties, reliability, power, fuel efficiency and exhaust toxicity of an ICE essentially depend on excellence of design and manufacturing quality of a spark plug. On the other hand, functional properties of spark plugs depend on concordance to ICE with main dimensions, design, heat properties and value of a spark gap. AIMS: Use of the methods of the spark plugs temperature field simulation in order to reduce the amount of experimental studies and to reduce the number of specimen options subjected to laboratory and on-road engine tests.
METHODS: The simulation model of the temperature field of a spark plug of an internal combustion engine (ICE) was developed in this study.
RESULTS: The representation of temperature distribution in the insulators thermal cone and other ceramic elements of a spark plug was obtained. The dependence of thermal conductivity and specific thermal capacity of corundum ceramics on temperature was derived. The dependencies of thermal conductivity coefficient of the plugs ceramic insulator are presented. The analysis of thermophysical properties of the substances made of various materials was carried out. The equations of the temperature field of all parts of a spark plug (a contact head, glass sealant, an insulator, a central electrode, a spark plugs body, a heat-sinking washer, a sealing ring, a cylinder head) were developed. The schematic representation of the spark plug geometry, used in the temperature field calculation, was obtained. The requirements for boundary conditions for calculation of the temperature field of a spark plug were determined. The calculation scheme of the spark plug is presented. The condition of heat exchange at the boundary between the selected part of a cylinder head and the cooling system of an internal combustion engine was considered. The study of heat transfer between the structural elements of a spark plug and the air inside the ICE compartment was carried out. The dependencies describing the heat exchange between the structural elements of a spark plug being in thermal contact with each other were determined and the internal boundary conditions were established.
CONCLUSIONS: The presented methods and algorithms of spark plugs thermal state simulation helped to perform the calculation of dependencies of thermal conductivity and specific thermal capacity of the insulators ceramics as well as the thermal conductivity coefficient of the plugs ceramic elements on temperature.
Individual-typological assessment of the body fat component of the examined children and youth
Authors: Safonenkova Elena V. , Chernova Valentina N. , Bubnenkova Olga M.
Published: March 2023

Background. Individual anatomical variability in the human body shape can be characterized by its proportions, which serve as the main components of assessing the type of human constitution.
Aim. Establish individual typological features of the age-related changes in the fat component of the examined children, adolescents and youth.
Material and methods. 409 residents of the Smolensk region aged 420 years were examined: 212 males and 197 females. The cohort was divided according to the International Age Periodization 1965. Studies of the longitudinal-transverse type lasted for 10 years (20102020). The research methods included anthropometry, somatodiagnostics, determination of the biological development variant. To determine the fat component, the thickness of the skin-fat folds was measured, the calculation was made according to the formulas of Ya. Mateyko. The analyzed data had a normal distribution (ShapiroWilk test). The hypothesis of statistical significance of differences was tested using Student's t-test.
Results. Assessment of age-related changes in the body fat component of the subjects showed its continuous increase from 4 to 20 years. In female subjects it was higher, the significance of differences was established from the age of 12 (p 0.05). The fat component had a high and moderate degree of correlation with body height and weight (r=0.5330.753 and r=0.5300.833), skin-fat folds (r=0.5010.941) and body circumference (r=0.5030.790). Significant differences were established between the extreme variants of biological development (isochronic approach) (t=2.3052.604; р 0.05). In the examined males, the difference was 1012%, females 2530%. Somatotypological assessment (isosome approach) showed significant differences (t=3.4626.781; p 0.001) in the severity of fat mass in the subjects of both sexes of macrosomal and microsomal types.
Conclusion. The conducted studies have confirmed the presence of high individualization of the fat components growth processes of male and female subjects of various somatic types and biological development variants.
Desarrollo Simplificado de una Geometría Descriptiva para Cubiertas Transformables Plegables.
Authors: Morales Guzman Carlos Cesar
Published: February 2023

En esta presente investigación se desarrolla la adecuación geométrica descriptiva simplificada de un sistema plegable y como desarrollar la modelación de sus partes por medio de programas informáticos de dibujo en CAD que ayudaran generar las interpretaciones de diseño de una cubierta plegable en los espacios arquitectónicos, de igual manera la modelación a escala ayuda mucho a interpretar los movimientos de un sistema desplegable y por ello se genera un serie de modelos interpretativos, el cual propone formar una estructura de fácil transportación, por ello la investigación se centró en realizar las adecuaciones geométricas de los modelos creados en el laboratorio de estructuras, esto para verificar la pertinencia de diseño constructivos de dichas uniones articuladas, que ayudaran a mejora la movilidad y construcción de dichos sistemas, por ello se desarrolló una geometría versátil que fácilmente pudiese desarrollarse y construir la modelación de estas uniones flexibles.
Correction of serum prooncogenic cytokines and metastases by 5-hydroxypyrimidine derivatives and doxorubicin after removal of a primary tumor node in mice with the Lewis lung epidermoid carcinoma
Authors: Kovalenko L.P. , Korzhova K.V. , Nikitin S.V. , Ivanova E.A. , Zhurikov R.V.
Published: February 2023

The effect of a single injection of doxorubicin, 8-day administration of two 5-hydroxypyrimidine derivatives, SNK-411 (2-Isobutyl-4,6-dimethyl-5-hydroxypyrimidine) and SNK-578 (hydrochloride of 2-isobutyl-4,6-dimethyl-5-hydroxypyrimidine), on metastases, lifespan and serum cytokines has been investigated in С57ВL/6 mice after removal of a primary tumor node of Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC). LLC cells (1×106) were injected in the footpad of right hind feet of mice in control and experimental groups; after 14 days of tumor development the hind feet with the tumor were amputated at the ankle level. One hour before the amputation mice received a single injection of doxorubicin (4 mg/kg) and 8-day therapy with the 5-hydroxypyrimidine derivatives started. SNK-578 monotherapy was performed at a dose of 10 mg/kg administered intraperitoneally (i.p.). SNK-411 was administered per os at a dose of 25 mg/kg. In the case of combined therapy mice also received a single injection of doxorubicin (4 mg/kg; i.p.). The metastasis inhibition index in mice-treated with SNK-411 and SNK-578 were 53.3% as compared with control mice (with removed tumor). The mice-treated with SNK-411, doxorubicin, and the combination SNK-578 + doxorubicin had lifespan increased by 60.2%, 53.9%, and 42.9%, respectively. A single injection of doxorubicin, the course administration of the 5-hydroxypyrimidine derivative alone and in combination with single injection of doxorubicin completely decreased serum levels of the prooncogenic Th2-cytokines IL-4, and IL-6 and significantly decreased the level of the Th2-cytokine IL-5. Administration of doxorubicin, SNK-411 and SNK-578 did not influence serum concentration of Th1-cytokine interferon gamma (IFN-γ). These data confirm our previous findings that administration of the compounds studied decreased concentrations of prooncogenic IL-4 and IL-6 in tumor-bearing mice with LLC and had no effect on concentrations of the Th1-cytokine IFN-γ.
Проблема национального самосознания в контексте определения направлений воспитательной работы в студенческой среде
Authors: Бобылев Е.Л. , Самохвалова И.Ю. , Чудакова А.О. , Трухманова Е.Н.
Published: March 2023

Рассматривается нравственная, духовная составляющая национального самосознания, которая проявляется, в первую очередь, в патриотизме, как основе национальной идентичности личности. Авторы, опираясь на духовно-религиозную концепцию патриотизма великого русского философа И.А. Ильина, в которой обозначены ключевые ценностные основы национальной мировоззренческой системы и, одновременно, важнейшие компоненты духовно-нравственного образования и воспитания подрастающего поколения, изучили представления студенческой молодежи (100 учащихся колледжа и 100 студентов вуза) о данных компонентах и отношение к ним. В качестве психодиагностического инструментария представлена разработанная авторами анкета. Приводятся результаты исследования, свидетельствующие о значительных искажениях в представлениях учащейся молодежи о религиозном и патриотическом компонентах национального самосознания. Сделан вывод о том, что предложенная И.А. Ильиным модель национального, патриотического воспитания реализуется на современном этапе не в полном объеме.

The article considers the moral, spiritual component of national self-consciousness, which manifests itself, fi rst of all, in patriotism, as the basis of the national identity of the individual. The authors, relying on the spiritual and religious concept of patriotism of the great Russian philosopher I.A. Ilyina, which outlines the key value foundations of the national worldview system and, at the same time, the most important components of spiritual and moral education and upbringing of the younger generation, studied the ideas of student youth (100 college students and 100 university students) about these components and attitudes towards them. A questionnaire developed by the authors is presented as a psychodiagnostic toolkit. The results of the study are presented, which testify to signifi cant distortions in the ideas of young students about the religious and patriotic components of national self-consciousness. It is concluded that the proposed by I.A. Ilyin, the model of national, patriotic education is not fully realized at the present stage.
Формирование цифровых компетенций у студентов при реализации программ высшего образования
Authors: Гусарова М.Н. , Савка О.Г.
Published: March 2023

Рассматриваются организационно-методические аспекты формирования цифровых компетенций при реализации программ высшего образования. Анализируются возможности различных моделей цифровых компетенций, выявлены общие подходы к определению их структуры. Разработаны предложения по созданию модели формирования и оценки цифровых компетенций обучающихся при реализации программ высшего образования.

The organizational and methodological aspects of the formation of digital competencies in the implementation of higher education programs are considered. The possibilities of various models of digital competencies are analyzed, common approaches to determining their structure are identifi ed. Proposals have been developed to create a model for the formation and assessment of digital competencies of students in the implementation of higher education programs.
Screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes: a hybrid method
Authors: Zalapa-Rios Rene , Zalapa-Gómez Maria Fernanda , Martinez-Cortes Victor
Published: March 2023

Background: In Mexico the gestational diabetes prevalence varies between 4 and 13%. The main purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of gestational diabetes, the relevance of its risk factors, and its repercussions in pregnancy with a hybrid diagnostic method.
Methods: This prospective, longitudinal, and observational study includes 347 pregnant women. Screening for gestational diabetes was performed with the O’Sullivan test, with a cut-off point of 140 mg/dL of glucose, followed by a 75-gram oral glucose tolerance test in patients with an abnormal screening test. The diagnosis was made with one or more abnormal results. Different variables were evaluated in these patients; from risk factors, to complications of gestational diabetes.
Results: Of the 347 patients studied, 77 (22.2%) had a positive screen and 34 patients were confirmed with gestational diabetes (9.8%). A body mass index greater than or equal to 25 increased the relative risk by 2.52, the history of macrosomia by 4.10, a maternal age greater than or equal to 36 years by 2.54, and the presence of a twin pregnancy by 6.94. Regarding complications, there was an increase in prevalence of macrosomia (RR=4.09).
Conclusions: The prevalence of gestational diabetes, using the combination of the two existing classical methods, is similar to that reported in other national and international studies, while also avoiding overdiagnosis, over-monitoring, and reducing typical discomforts that may come by using the one-step method.
Liver and renal biochemical parameters in preeclampsia: a cross sectional study
Authors: Khan Javid Ahmed , Ashraf Aadil , Fayaz Faizana , Qureshi Waseem , Sheikh Abu Talha
Published: March 2023

Background: Pre-eclampsia is a multisystem disorder of human pregnancy with a genetic predisposition. It occurs more frequently in first pregnancies and leads to elevation in blood pressure and mainly affects maternal renal, cerebral, hepatic and clotting functions. This study evaluated biomarkers of renal and liver function among preeclamptic women.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted among 150 preeclamptic women and 150 normotensive healthy pregnant women in hospital. The baseline data comprising age, gestational age, and blood pressure were obtained. Serum urea, creatinine, and plasma levels of liver enzymes ALT and AST, total protein, albumin, globulin and glucose were measured.
Results: The plasma total protein, and albumin in preeclamptic group were significantly decreased (p<0.05) when compared with control. There was statistically significant increase (p<0.05) in urea creatinine, glucose, serum AST, and ALT activities in preeclamptic group.
Conclusions: Preeclampsia has harmful effects on renal and liver function as shown by alteration of these parameters.
Indirect signs of anterior cruciate ligament tear on MRI knee: a retrospective study
Authors: Sandhir Gagan , Rahman Shakilur
Published: March 2023

Background: Anterior cruciate ligament is the most common ligament tear in knee and its primary role is to provide stability to the knee joint. Aim of study is to describe various secondary signs that are helpful in diagnosing partial/complete ACL tear. MRI offers distinct advantages over arthroscopy as a means of evaluating the ACL. MRI evaluation is effective in preventing unnecessary arthroscopy by assessing the severity of ACL tear and coexisting injuries.
Methods: In this retrospective study 30 cases of partial/complete ACL tear were studied over a period of six months using Siemens Magnetom Essenza 1.5T MRI scanner in Srinivas institute of medical sciences and research centre, Mangalore.
Results: To establish the sensitivity and specificity of indirect signs at MR imaging of Anterior Cruciate Ligament in 30 patients (18 with complete and 12 with partial thickness tear). The indirect signs were as follows: Bone Contusions (70%); Buckling of PCL (72%); Posterior displacement of lateral meniscus (54%); Anterior displacement of tibia (28%); pericruciate fat pad (86%); Wavy patellar tendon sign (28%) and associated joint effusion (90%).
Conclusions: ACL ligament is the most commonly disrupted ligament in knee seen in radiology and orthopedic practice. A significant percentage of partial tears will progress to a functionally complete ACL tear. MRI helps guide the treatment decision process by demonstrating the extent of ACL injury and secondary signs make the accuracy of diagnosis stronger.
Prevalence of obstructive airway disease in pulmonary function tests of patients visiting respiratory medicine out patient department
Authors: S. Thritia , Deshmukh Hafis , Deshmukh Ashish , Jadhav Sunil , Kasat Shivprasad , Roy Arya , Mani S. Thamil
Published: March 2023

Background: The recognition of obstructive airway disease as a public health problem, however, has failed to keep pace with its increasing impact on health-care resources. This study is conducted to evaluate the prevalence of obstructive airway disease in pulmonary function tests (PFT) of patients visiting respiratory medicine out patient department (OPD).
Methods: This is a retrospective study of patients from October 2020 to September 2022 (2 years), on 80 subjects reporting to respiratory medicine OPD, MGM medical college, Aurangabad. Data collected from 80 subjects who were diagnosed with obstructive airway disease in PFT.
Results: The study population had a COPD prevalence of 16 (19.7%). GOLD criterion revealed that 54.2% (9/16) of COPD patients had mild COPD. This research showed no evidence of very severe COPD. In terms of gender distribution, 8 (16.6%) of 46 males and 7 (19.5%) of 34 women had COPD. However, there was no statistically significant (p=0.167) difference in COPD prevalence between sexes. Furthermore, univariable analysis revealed no significant differences in marital status (p=0.836), co-morbidities (p=0.541), family size (p=0.535), educational status (p=0.827), employment status (p=0.643), and medical visits (p=0.366) between persons with and without COPD.
Conclusions: According to the findings of this research, the variables that increase a person's likelihood of developing COPD are as follows: advancing age, prolonged exposure to smoke from biomass burning, tobacco use, and inadequate ventilation in the kitchen.
Prevalence of dry eye and tear film changes in diabetic population: experience at our tertiary care centre
Authors: Khateeb Erum Waris , Hussain Ashaq , Rashid Wasim , Qazi Ifrah Ahmad
Published: March 2023

Background: Abnormalities in tear secretion, alteration of epithelial barrier and autonomic neuropathy lead to tear film and ocular surface changes in diabetes, thus causing dry eye. Aim was the evaluation of tear film and ocular surface of diabetic patients and to assess the prevalence of dry eye in diabetic patients presenting to our department.
Methods: It was prospective, observational study. Visual acuity was tested for all the patients and slit lamp evaluation was done followed by staining methods to evaluate dry eye. The parameters included ocular symptoms, Schirmer test, tear meniscus height, tear film breakup time, corneal staining with fluorescein, conjunctival staining, presence of strands/filaments and presence of diabetic retinopathy.
Results: A total of 200 diabetic patients were assessed. Forty percent had the duration of diabetes mellitus ranging between 6-10 years. Majority of patients were having grittiness (54%). Around 32% of the study participants are having dry eye. On Schirmer test majority (43%) were having 6-10 mm. 69% of the study participants were having more than 1 mm of tear meniscus height. Majority (69%) of the study participants had more than 10 sec tear film breakup time. 18% of the study participants were having positive conjunctival staining and 18% of the study participants were having positive corneal staining. 13% of the study participants are having filaments/strands.
Conclusions: The incidence of dry eye was seen to increase with increasing duration of diabetes and increasing age. Careful elicitation of history followed by proper evaluation to diagnose dry eye is emphasized.
Pattern of dermatology referrals in a tertiary care center in North East India
Authors: Nandakishore Thokchom , Sudharmman Mrudula , Kongbam Linda , Valsalan Bhavya , Yumnam Deepa , Nonibala Devi Athokpam
Published: March 2023

Background: Dermatologists besides providing service to patients in the outdoors, also play a vital role in the care of inpatients admitted to dermatology unit and other departments. The aim of the study was to evaluate the pattern of referrals sent to the dermatology department by other departments.
Methods: A retrospective study was carried out on 487 patient referrals requested to department of dermatology, of Regional institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur for a period of 5 years from January 2005 to December 2010.  The department maintains a consultation register where the demographic details, specialty requiring dermatological consultation, time frame between admission and referral request and diagnosis, investigation and treatment of the patients were entered.  Patients were evaluated within few hours from the time of consultation. Procedures such as skin biopsy, fungal culture or KOH smears etc. were performed wherever required. All these information’s entered in referral register were collected from register. All the patients entered in register from January 2005 to December 2010 were selected and none were excluded. Ethical approval was obtained from research ethics board. Data were entered in IBM SPSS statistics 21 for Windows (IBM Corp. 1995, 2012). Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentages, mean with standard deviation and median were used. Analysis was done using Chi-square test to check the significance between proportion and p value<0.05 was taken as statistically significant.
Results: A total of 487 consultations were recorded. Most (48.3%) consultations were received from general medicine, followed by surgery (14.4%), gynecology (9.4%), chest medicine (5.54%) with the least from PMR (1.23%) and psychiatry (1.84%). Infectious skin diseases were most common (37.5%) followed by eczema (22.3%) and drug reactions (11%). Among infections viral infections topped the list (Herpes simplex- 35.9%), among eczema chronic eczematous dermatitis (22.9%). Among drug reaction severe cutaneous adverse drug reaction was present in 12 cases.
Conclusions: Dermatology referrals can enhance the dermatological knowledge of non-dermatologists to diagnose and manage common dermatoses thus improving overall patient care.
Assessment of online teaching as teaching learning method among the university students in the COVID pandemic
Authors: Kumar Binay , Prasad Seema , Prasad Nidhi
Published: March 2023

Background: The urgent need to educate during COVID times has led to stresses and needs for reimagining the education system, and now the system is evolving and has led to organising and designing in the current scenario to reap the benefits.
Method: A total of 600 electronic students in Bihar, India participated in the study conducted to assess the barrier and facilitator of online learning. Participants in the study were post-secondary students graduating in electronics stream. Access to the online platform was through mobile and mobile data was used for connecting to online platform like google classroom. Majority of them (42%) preferred traditional teaching and complained of health issues, eye strain and loss of concentration.
Results: The study showed most commonly used gadget for online teaching was mobile (98.8%) and google meet was the most common connecting platform (66.8%). The most common challenge faced was network issue (68.3%). Average screen time spent was 4.5 hours, that leads to eye strain and mental fatigueness as most common symptom reported.
Conclusions: The reflection on how teaching learning process evolved during pandemic and incorporating ideas to deal with challenges help us build education system that is resilient and help us embrace an evolving teaching learning format now and in future.
Clinical profile and outcome of patients with meningoencephalitis in a tertiary care hospital
Authors: N. Monika , M. G. Rohith , Ravi K.  , Someshwar A. Kandagal
Published: March 2023

Background: Encephalitis is an important cause of morbidity, mortality, and permanent neurologic sequelae globally. Causes are diverse and include viral and non-viral infections. In the emergency setting differentiating the bacterial from other causes such as viral, fungal, tubercular, toxic or autoimmune causes is extremely difficult. Although plenty of literature is available on meningitis, the clinic-etiological profile and outcome with meningoencephalitis remains not that well studied, except for in paediatric population.
Methods: The present prospective observational study included 75 patients who presented with acute encephalitis syndrome in tertiary care hospital, Bengaluru. All patients were subjected to complete clinical evaluation and appropriate investigations to study the etiology, clinical profile and outcome in them.
Results: Among 75 patients, majority of them were <60 years constituting about 73.2%, mean age being 49.14 years with female preponderance. 30 (40%) patients had viral meningoencephalitis where aetiology was confirmed in 15 patients, remaining were presumed to be of viral aetiology. 12 (16%) had tubercular meningitis and 8 (10.6%) had bacterial meningitis followed by cryptococcal meningitis 7 (9.3%). In about 18 (24%) patients, aetiology was not identified and were treated based on syndromic approach. The most common presentation was fever and altered sensorium. Thrombocytopenia was common among viral and bacterial aetiologies and those in unspecified etiological group. Mortality was highest among cryptococcal meningitis (71.4%) followed by tubercular (66.7%) and bacterial meningitis (62.5%).
Conclusions: A large number of number of cases where aetiology cannot be identified maybe benefited by a syndromic approach and better diagnostic modalities.
A rare cutaneous infection in a chronic intra-muscular drug abuser
Authors: Chandrasekharan Jagadeesh , Karjala Sri Lasya , Vijayaragavelu Jayashri
Published: March 2023

After rhinocerebral and pulmonary, mucormycosis affecting the skin is considered to be the third most common type of mucormycosis. It has varied presenting features and hence it is important to make a diagnosis early to achieve better outcomes. Although a large proportion of published cases have no underlying disease, it is most commonly associated with diabetes and blood malignancies. The mode of infection is usually due to cutaneous trauma, while the rest of the cases are health-care associated. Apophysomyces spp are usually seen in Asia, while Rhizopus is the most common genus in Europe, North America and South America. It is usually treated with antifungals like amphotericin B and/or surgery. In this article, we presented a case of a middle aged immune-competent female with a history of recurrent intramuscular and intravenous drug usage presenting with cutaneous mucormycosis.
A descriptive analysis of the relationship between place of birth and type of birth attendant with breastfeeding feeding practices among children in Kenya
Authors: Mbogori Teresia , Muriuki James
Published: March 2023

Background: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), all infants should be breastfed immediately after birth, exclusively for 6 months, and for a minimum of two years thereafter. This study determined the relationship between place of birth and type birth attendant with breastfeeding practices in Kenya.
Methods: Data from 21,773 households participating in the 2015/2016 Kenya integrated household budget survey (KIHBS) were analysed. Respondents provided information on duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding practices as well as place of birth, and the type of birth attendant.
Results: 99.4% of the children 0-59 months had been breastfed with about 62.8 % exclusively breastfed for 6 months. 54% of the children were born in a hospital or health care center. 49% of all the births were attended by a nurse/midwife and 27% by traditional birth attendants (TBA). Those born at home were less likely to EB (Z2=24.6; p<0.001) than those born in the hospital. Those whose birth was attended by a TBA were less likely to EB for 6 months (Z2=28.6, p<0.001).
Conclusions: These findings suggest that interventions could focus on identifying factors that hinder women from giving birth in hospitals or health care facilities which are able to provide resources on infant feeding practices.
Family history of diabetes, hypertension, obesity and cardiovascular diseases in relation to self health-care
Authors: Jabbar Javereeya A. , Al Masri Alaa H. , Oweidat Farah A. , Al Ahmad Moustafa M. , Ali Omnia B. , Oweidat Zaid A. , Sreedharan Jayadevan
Published: March 2023

Background: To assess the prevalence of family history of DM, HT, CVD, and obesity and determine the methods of self-health care among participants with and without a FH of these disease(s). Self-testing methods such as screening for chronic metabolic diseases and lifestyle modifications were focused on.
Methods: A cross-sectional study including 1000 participants above 18 years of age and a self-reported questionnaire was used to collect data. The association was assessed using the Chi-square test. Logistic regression was used to determine the degree of association. P≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. An informed consent was taken from all participants and ethics approval obtained from International Review of Boards Committee.
Results: Results showed 44.8% with a FH of DM, 49.1% with hypertension, 21.9% with CVD and 17.3% with obesity. The OR showed that the likelihood of testing for FBG (OR=5, p<0.001 those with four FH compared to no FH), Cholesterol (OR=2.4, p<0.01 those with four FH compared to no FH), BP (OR=2.5, p<0.05 those with four FH compared to no FH), ECG (OR=2.1, p<0.01 those with four FH compared to no FH) and BMI (OR=7.7, p<0.001 those with four FH compared to no FH).
Conclusions: Participants with more FH of disease were more likely to test for glucose, cholesterol, blood pressure, electrocardiograms and body mass index.
Clinically significant bacteria on doctors stethoscope in Makurdi, Nigeria and their antibacterial susceptibilities
Authors: Nyinoh Iveren W. , Ackombo Shima W.
Published: March 2023

Background: The stethoscope is highly susceptible to contamination, specifically by the diaphragm that comes into contact with the patient’s body. This study aims at determining the presence of, and the most prevalent bacteria on medical interns and doctors’ stethoscopes at the federal medical centre (FMC) and Benue State university teaching hospital (BSUTH), Makurdi, assess antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates, and compare the levels of stethoscope contamination between the hospitals.
Methods: The study was a hospital-based cross-sectional study undertaken between December 2020 and May 2021. A total of 99 samples were taken using sterile swab sticks from the diaphragms of the sampled stethoscopes. Standard microbiological and biochemical tests were performed to identify the bacterial diversity. A paired sample t-test was used to compare the numbers of bacteria-contaminated stethoscopes used by doctors and interns in the two hospitals. A p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
Results: Escherichia coli, and coagulase negative Staphylococci, were found in all of the stethoscopes tested. S. aureus was found to be the most prevalent pathogen in both hospitals (43.43%), followed by CoNS (29.29%), Klebsiella pneumonia, and Escherichia coli (both 16.16% and 11.11%) respectively. All of isolates were susceptible to the antibiotics tested. There was a significant difference in the numbers of stethoscopes contaminated from FMC (58.75, 19.31) and BSUTH (72.5, 18.52); t (3)=28.72, p=(9.27E-05), with BSUTH showing highest contamination. 
Conclusions: To reduce number of pathogens and risk of transmission, it is recommended that stethoscopes be sanitized after each patient consultation. Disposable stethoscope heads should also be considered to prevent cross-contamination.
Risk factors for stunting of under-five children in Myanmar
Authors: Oo Moe Zaw , Soe Pa Pa
Published: March 2023

Background: This study aimed to identify risk factors and assess their significance concerning childhood stunting in Myanmar.
Methods: This study was conducted through the analysis of a secondary dataset based on the 2015-2016 Myanmar Demographic and Health Survey (MDHS 2015-2016), a program funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Among the 5239 under-five children who participated in the Myanmar DHS 2015-2016 survey, 4172 children with complete anthropometric measurements were included in this study. This was a cross-sectional study, and Chi-squared analysis was applied to determine the association of each risk factor with stunting. In addition, logistic regression was used for multivariate analysis of all risk factors combined.
Results: Out of 4172 children who participated in the study, 1146 (27.5%) were stunted. Type of place of residence, household wealth index, and maternal education level have a significant effect on stunting of under-five children with (χ2=52.79, df=1, p=0.000), (χ2=82.03, df=2, p=0.000) and (χ2=72.31, df=3, p=0.000) respectively. When applied to multivariate logistic regression analysis, all three factors remained significant predictors of stunting in under-five children.
Conclusions: Individual- and community-level factors determining the stunting of under-five children in Myanmar were explored. Government support programs for the occupation and income of the household heads and household members, as well as education programs targeting women in both the short term and long term, may help improve the condition.
Timing of elective term deliveries and its association with adverse neonatal outcomes
Authors: Advani Varsha , Nausheen Sidrah , Sajid Muhammad , Khan Tooba Jawed
Published: March 2023

Background: Pre and early term birth are one of the major causes of neonatal mortality and morbidity as compared to term infants. The risk of neonatal morbidity and mortality decreases with gestational age. Thus, this study aimed to determine the association of neonatal outcomes among early term and full-term elective deliveries.
Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted at the department of obstetrics and gynecology, Aga Khan University Hospital, Pakistan. A total of 390 women, 195 in each study group were selected using a non-probability consecutive sampling. Demographic was presented as simple descriptive statistics giving mean and standard-deviation. Pearson’s chi-square and Fisher-Freeman-Halton exact test were used to compare qualitative data. Risk-ratios (RR) and confidence-intervals (CI) were calculated by using binary logistic regression. STATA V.17 SE software was used for data analysis.
Results: A total of 390 participants were recruited, including 195 patients in each group. The high prevalence of low Apgar score 5.6%, low birth weight 5.6% was found among early term when compared with full term. The respiratory distress was also reportedly high in early term neonates with 7.2%. Likewise, the prolonged hospital stays and NICU admissions were also more evident in early term elective deliveries i.e. 8.7% and 5.6%.
Conclusions: Early-term births are associated with adverse neonatal outcome of low APGAR score, low birth weight, hospital stay, NICU admission and respiratory distress when compared with neonates born as full term through elective deliveries. Similarly, the risk of prolonged hospital stay and NICU admissions were higher among the early term neonates.
Implementing an antibiotic cycle program to reduce antimicrobial resistance while optimizing antibiotic usage: a sobering experience from a tertiary care facility in northern Mumbai
Authors: Patel Kinjal Prashant , Purushottaman Suraj , Carval Trupti
Published: March 2023

Background: The increase of antimicrobial resistance and the scarcity of new broad-spectrum antibiotics is a major challenge. Antibiotic cycling is one tactic that increases antibiotic homogeneity to the greatest extent possible and can aid in controlling resistance pattern, but this approach has not undergone a thorough evaluation. The study’s objective was to examine the effects of an antibiotic cycling strategy on the antimicrobial susceptibility profile by avoiding and alternately using beta lactam/beta lactamase inhibitors over a period of many years.
Methods: During the four-year trial period, from January 2018 to December 2021, an antibiotic cycling protocol was applied for indoor patients. Piperacillin/tazobactam and cefoperazone/sulbactam were alternately rotated and withheld for the full year. Using the hospital’s antibiogram as a guide, antibiotics were chosen for cycling. Data obtained from positive clinical cultures were used for preparing antibiogram.
Results: The general susceptibility profile of the most prevalent species remained stable or showed a minor increase in sensitivity. While piperacillin/tazobactam susceptibility failed to approach statistical significance, the antibiogram for cefoperazone/sulbactam indicated a 4% increase in susceptibility with a shift to the left of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).
Conclusions: Antibiotic cycling is a controversial idea, yet it can be a successful technique to achieve either stability or a continuous decrease in resistance to a chosen antibiotic. Additionally, for meaningful outcomes, the antibiotic selected and the length of cycling must be in accordance with the hospital’s antibiogram.
Knowledge, attitude and practice among dentists of Gujarat regarding medico-legal issues
Authors: Bhatia Gunjan A. , Shah Anvi R. , Sharma Devdatt J. , Nakhuda Fatema M. , Mehta Dhwani G. , Sodani Vasudha
Published: March 2023

Background: Law concerns with every field of human life and dentistry is no exception. Therefore, knowledge of legal aspects is as important as knowledge of medicine in life of health care professionals. The patient-dentist relationship had undergone a significant transition over the past few decades with upsurge anxiety in the community and increased lawsuits against dentists. Thus, a health care professional must know about medico-legal problems to protect oneself from legal issues.
Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire was pre-tested among the group of 10 professionals prior to the study. It was made available to dental practitioners residing in Ahmedabad city. It was mandatory to answer all the questions. Data was collected through online survey forms and were subjected to descriptive statistics.
Results: The results showed that there was lack of knowledge in majority of dentists regarding medico-legal issues. Nearly half (53%) of the participants were unaware concerning consumer protection act and 81.33% of the candidates were not aware regarding minimum duration for the preservation of dental records. Around 56% were unaware about revised code of ethics and less than half know about negligence and non-negligence acts.
Conclusions: The present study depicted that majority of the dentists lack knowledge concerning medico-legal issues. Therefore, seminars should be arranged to intensify their knowledge regarding legal facets or more information should be added in dental curriculum.