bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synergism between hydrotalcite and silicate‐modified expandable graphite on ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer combustion behavior
Authors: Pang Xiu‐Yan , Tian Yu , Shi Xiu‐Zhu
Published: November 2016

Influence of independent Mg–Al‐layered double hydroxide (LDH), silicate modified expandable graphite (EG), mixture of LDH and EG at various ratios on ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) combustion behavior and thermal stability was detected in sequence through the limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical combustion (UL‐94) level, microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC) tests and thermal gravimetric/differential thermal gravimetric (TG/DTG) analysis. Results show that the 30 wt % LDH can improve the LOI of 70EVA/30LDH to 27.0%, but the combustion accompanies with serious melt‐dropping. While, the same amount of the EG can increase the LOI, UL‐94 level to 28.5%, V‐0 respectively. However, the combination of LDH and EG can further enhance the 70EVA/20LDH/10EG flame retardancy, it presents the LOI of 29.7%, UL‐94 level of V‐0, and total heat release of 29.5 kJ g−1. The excellent flame retardancy is attributed to its compact residue. Compared with residue mass, the residue compactness plays a more important role in improving flame retardancy. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44634.
Flame retardant performance of a carbon source containing DOPO derivative in PET and epoxy
Authors: Fang Yinchun , Zhou Xiang , Xing Zhiqi , Wu Yarong
Published: November 2016

The combination of gas‐phase and condensed‐phase action will contribute to high quality flame retardant. A novel 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide (DOPO)‐based flame retardant (DOPO‐DOPC), which contains carbon source was synthesized in favor of conducting the effect of gas‐phase as well as promoting the char formation in condensed‐phase. The chemical structure of DOPO‐DOPC was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). DOPO–DOPC was used as an additive in poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and epoxy resin (EP). The flame retardancy of PET/DOPO‐DOPC and EP/DOPO‐DOPC composites were studied by limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL‐94 test. The results showed that the incorporation of DOPO–DOPC into PET or EP could obviously improve their flame retardancy. The LOI values of modified PET or EP, which contained 10 wt % DOPO‐DOPC reached 42.8 and 31.7%, respectively. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results revealed that DOPO–DOPC enhanced the formation of char residues. The Laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS) was used to investigate the carbon structure of thermal oxidation residues. Because of the combination of the gas phase flame retardant effect of DOPO moiety and the promoting formation of char residues in condensed phase, the PET and EP composites exhibited significant improvement toward flame retardancy. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44639.
Aminoalkyl Derivatives of 8‐Alkoxypurine‐2,6‐diones: Multifunctional 5‐HT1A/5‐HT7 Receptor Ligands and PDE Inhibitors with Antidepressant Activity
Authors: Chłoń‐Rzepa Grażyna , Zagórska Agnieszka , Żmudzki Paweł , Bucki Adam , Kołaczkowski Marcin , Partyka Anna , Wesołowska Anna , Kazek Grzegorz , Głuch‐Lutwin Monika , Siwek Agata , Starowicz Gabriela , Pawłowski Maciej
Published: November 2016

In the search for potential psychotropic agents, a new series of 3,7‐dimethyl‐ and 1,3‐dimethyl‐8‐alkoxypurine‐2,6‐dione derivatives of arylpiperazines, perhydroisoquinolines, or tetrahydroisoquinolines with flexible alkylene spacers (5–16 and 21–32) were synthesized and evaluated for 5‐HT1A/5‐HT7 receptor affinities as well as PDE4B1 and PDE10A inhibitory properties. The 1‐(4‐(4‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)butyl)‐3,7‐dimethyl‐8‐propoxypurine‐2,6‐dione (16) and 7‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)piperazinylalkyl‐1,3‐dimethyl‐8‐ethoxypurine‐2,6‐diones (31 and 32) as potent dual 5‐HT1A/5‐HT7 receptor ligands with antagonistic activity produced an antidepressant‐like effect in the forced swim test in mice. This effect was similar to that produced by citalopram. All the tested compounds were stronger phosphodiesterase isoenzyme inhibitors than theophylline and theobromine. The most potent compounds, 15 and 16, were characterized by 51 and 52% inhibition, respectively, of PDE4B1 activity at a concentration of 10−5 M. Concerning the above findings, it may be assumed that the inhibition of PDE4B1 may impact on the signal strength and specificity resulting from antagonism toward the 5‐HT1 and 5‐HT7 receptors, especially in the case of compounds 15 and 16. This dual receptor and enzyme binding mode was analyzed and explained via molecular modeling studies.
The salience of the self: Self‐referential processing and internalizing problems in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Burrows Catherine A. , Usher Lauren V. , Mundy Peter C. , Henderson Heather A.
Published: November 2016

Children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) demonstrate atypical processing of, and memory for, self‐referenced information, which may contribute to the heightened rates of co‐occurring internalizing problems. We assessed affective and cognitive aspects of self‐referential processing in verbally‐fluent children with ASD (N = 79), and an age‐matched comparison sample (COM, N = 73) of children without an autism diagnosis. We examined group differences in these two aspects of the self‐system, and their joint contributions to individual differnces in internalizing problems. Using a self‐referenced memory (SRM) task, participants indicated whether a series of positive and negative trait adjectives described themselves and a well‐known fictional character. Participants were then surprised with a recognition memory test on the same adjectives. Overall, individuals with ASD showed a reduction in the extent to which they preferentially endorsed positive over negative trait adjectives about themselves, and a reduction in their preferential memory for self‐ over other‐referenced information. Across the full sample, these two aspects of self‐referential processing jointly predicted self‐reported internalizing problems. Specifically, self‐evaluations were strongly and inversely associated with internalizing problems but only for children with relatively high SRM. These findings suggest that the salience of the self influences the extent to which affective self‐evaluations impact emotional functioning for youth both with and without ASD. Implications for basic (e.g., developmental) and translational (e.g., intervention) research are discussed. Autism Res 2017, 10: 949–960. © 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Untersuchung von Schlosssprengungen an ausgeführten Ufereinfassungen mit kombinierten Spundwänden
Authors: Osthoff David , Grabe Jürgen
Published: November 2016

Neben den vielen verschiedenen Kombinationsmöglichkeiten aus Trag‐ und Zwischenelementen zur Bildung einer kombinierten Spundwand ist ebenso deren Herstellung auf verschiedene Weise möglich. Mit der Wahl des Spundwandsystems ist das Einbringverfahren auf die Randbedingungen der Baumaßnahme abzustimmen, welche u. a. den Baugrund, die Profile und Schlösser, Schlossschutzmaßnahmen, die Rammführung, die Rammplattform, die Rammart und mögliche Einbringhilfen betreffen. Trotz der bewährten Bauweise kombinierter Spundwände treten auch heute noch Schadensfälle in Verbindung mit Schlosssprengungen auf. In diesem Beitrag werden Baumaßnahmen kombinierter Spundwände mit und ohne Schlossschäden untersucht und im Hinblick auf das Auftreten von Schlossschäden analysiert.
Simultaneous determination of l‐tetrahydropalmatine and its active metabolites in rat plasma by a sensitive ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method and its application in a pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Wang Weihui , Liu Jing , Zhao Xiaoning , Peng Yan , Wang Nannan , Lee David Y.W. , Dai Ronghua
Published: November 2016

A sensitive and reliable ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS) method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of l‐tetrahydropalmatine (l‐THP) and its active metabolites l‐isocorypalmine (l‐ICP) and L‐corydalmine (l‐CD) in rat plasma. The analytes were extracted by liquid–liquid extraction and separated on a Bonshell ASB C18 column (2.1 × 100 mm; 2.7 μm; Agela) using acetonitrile–formic acid aqueous as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min in gradient mode. The method was validated over the concentration range of 4.00–2500 ng/mL for l‐THP, 0.400–250 ng/mL for l‐ICP and 1.00–625 ng/mL for l‐CD. Intra‐ and inter‐day accuracy and precision were within the acceptable limits of <15% at all concentrations. Correlation coefficients (r) for the calibration curves were >0.99 for all analytes. The quantitative method was successfully applied for simultaneous determination of l‐THP and its active metabolites in a pharmacokinetic study after oral administration with l‐THP at a dose of 15 mg/kg to rats.
Modeling spatial distribution of oxygen in 3d culture of islet beta‐cells
Authors: McReynolds John , Wen Yu , Li Xiaofei , Guan Jianjun , Jin Sha
Published: November 2016

Three‐dimensional (3D) scaffold culture of pancreatic β‐cell has been proven to be able to better mimic physiological conditions in the body. However, one critical issue with culturing pancreatic β‐cells is that β‐cells consume large amounts of oxygen, and hence insufficient oxygen supply in the culture leads to loss of β‐cell mass and functions. This becomes more significant when cells are cultured in a 3D scaffold. In this study, in order to understand the effect of oxygen tension inside a cell‐laden collagen culture on β‐cell proliferation, a culture model with encapsulation of an oxygen‐generator was established. The oxygen‐generator was made by embedding hydrogen peroxide into nontoxic polydimethylsiloxane to avoid the toxicity of a chemical reaction in the β‐cell culture. To examine the effectiveness of the oxygenation enabled 3D culture, the spatial‐temporal distribution of oxygen tension inside a scaffold was evaluated by a mathematical modeling approach. Our simulation results indicated that an oxygenation‐aided 3D culture would augment the oxygen supply required for the β‐cells. Furthermore, we identified that cell seeding density and the capacity of the oxygenator are two critical parameters in the optimization of the culture. Notably, cell‐laden scaffold cultures with an in situ oxygen supply significantly improved the β‐cells' biological function. These β‐cells possess high insulin secretion capacity. The results obtained in this work would provide valuable information for optimizing and encouraging functional β‐cell cultures. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:221–228, 2017
γ‐Conicein und Coniin aus Geflecktem Schierling
Authors: Puidokait Martin , Graefe Joachim , Sehl Anne , Steinke Katrin , Siehl Hans‐Ullrich , Zeller Klaus‐Peter , Sicker Dieter , Berger Stefan
Published: November 2016

Sokrates ist das bekannteste Opfer eines 399 v.d.Z. in Athen mit dem Schierlingsbecher vollstreckten Todesurteils. Tödlich giftig wirkten darin Alkaloide wie γ‐Conicein und Coniin, die nach Mäuseurin riechen. Schaudern macht, dass dieses Gift sein Opfer allmählich bei vollem Bewusstsein lähmt und dass es kein Gegengift gibt. Auch für Tiere auf der Weide ist Gefleckter Schierling stark giftig. Daher verdrängt die Landwirtschaft den Schierling. Coniin war das erste synthetisierte Alkaloid (Ladenburg, 1886). Schierlingsgifte werden heute nicht medizinisch angewendet. Wir beschreiben die Isolierung von γ‐Conicein und Coniin aus angebautem und wildem Gefleckten Schierling und analysieren ihre Struktur spektroskopisch. Dieser Artikel gehört zur Reihe über die Isolierung und Spektroskopie von Naturstoffen und ergänzt die Kapitel des Buchs “Classics in Spectroscopy” von S. Berger und D. Sicker (Wiley‐VCH 2009). Er beruht auf studentischen Arbeiten ebenso wie auf unserem präparativen Engagement als sie betreuende Wissenschaftler.
Benchmarking the Timmins Process – a novel approach for low energy pre‐combustion carbon capture in IGCC flowsheets
Authors: Hallmark Bart , Parra‐Garrido Julian , Murdoch Andrew , Salmon Ian , Hodrien Chris
Published: November 2016

This paper reports results from an initial benchmarking study of the Timmins Process, a novel pre‐combustion carbon capture process that uses a combination of traditional unit operations, DEPG scrubbing, carbon monoxide shift, and carbon dioxide liquefaction, in a unique arrangement. The study examines the performance of the Timmins Process embedded within an integrated gasifier combined cycle (IGCC) flowsheet and the results are compared to data from the US Department of Energy (DoE) cost and performance baseline studies for coal‐fired energy plants. Modelling was undertaken using UniSim R400 (Honeywell Inc.) with thermodynamic parameters for DEPG interactions being regressed from literature data; these results are also reported here. The net efficiency of an IGCC flowsheet incorporating the Timmins Process, with a carbon capture level of 91.8 % on a mass basis, varies between 33.8 % and 34.3 % depending on the process configuration and the cooling water temperature. This result compares very favourably to a DoE study for a conventional capture process embedded within an IGCC flowsheet that operated at an efficiency of 31.2 %. Further, more detailed, studies are recommended to assess the impact of various assumptions that underpin this work.
Addressing multilevel barriers to cervical cancer screening in Korean American women: A randomized trial of a community‐based intervention
Authors: Fang Carolyn Y. , Ma Grace X. , Handorf Elizabeth A. , Feng Ziding , Tan Yin , Rhee Joanne , Miller Suzanne M. , Kim Charles , Koh Han Seung
Published: November 2016

BACKGROUND

Korean American women have among the lowest rates of cervical cancer screening in the United States. The authors evaluated a multicomponent intervention combining community education with navigation services to reduce access barriers and increase screening rates in this underserved population. It was hypothesized that cervical cancer screening rates would be higher among women who received the intervention program compared with those in the control program.

METHODS

Korean American women (N = 705) were recruited from 22 churches. In this matched‐pair, group‐randomized design, 347 women received the intervention, which consisted of a culturally relevant cancer education program combined with provision of navigation services. The control group (N = 358) received general health education, including information about cervical cancer risk and screening and where to obtain low‐cost or no‐cost screening. Screening behavior was assessed 12 months after the program.

RESULTS

Screening behavior data were obtained from 588 women 12 months after the program. In both site‐level and participant‐level analyses, the intervention program contributed to significantly higher screening rates compared with the control program (odds ratio [OR], 25.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 10.1‐66.1; P < .001). In sensitivity analysis, the treatment effect remained highly significant (OR, 16.7; 95% CI, 8.1‐34.4; P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS

A multicomponent intervention combining community cancer education with navigation services yielded significant increases in cervical cancer screening rates among underscreened Korean American women. Community‐accessible programs that incorporate cancer education with the delivery of key navigation services can be highly effective in increasing cervical cancer screening rates in this underserved population. Cancer 2017;123:1018–26. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Nodular sclerosis classical Hodgkin lymphoma grade 2: A diagnostic challenge to the cytopathologists
Authors: Sharma Sudha , Dey Pranab , Mitra Suvradeep , Rajwanshi Arvind , Nijhawan Raje , Srinivasan Radhika , Gupta Nalini , Das Ashim
Published: November 2016

BACKGROUND

Grade 2 nodular sclerosis classical Hodgkin lymphoma (NSCHL) is less common than grade 1 lymphoma and has a worse overall prognosis. To the best of the authors' knowledge, no study of a large series of cases has been performed until now. The objective of this study was to assess the diagnostic efficacy of cytology for grade 2 NSCHL versus grade 1 NSCHL and study the morphological features of grade 2 NSCHL in fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC).

METHODS

Fifteen of 51 histopathology‐proven cases of NSCHL (18 FNAC procedures) were grade 2, and 36 were grade 1. The efficacy of FNAC for detecting grade 1 and 2 NSCHL was assessed, and the frequency of misdiagnosis was compared. The clinical details and cytomorphological features of grade 2 NSCHL were studied in detail.

RESULTS

Among the grade 1 NSCHL patients, 58.4% were diagnosed with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) or had findings suggestive of HL, whereas 20% of the grade 2 patients were diagnosed HL or suggestive of HL. Two cases of grade 2 NSCHL were misdiagnosed as anaplastic large cell lymphoma, and 4 were misdiagnosed as malignant neoplasms. Grade 2 NSCHL cases showed clusters and sheets of mononuclear, multinucleated, and bizarre cells, with some cases showing a suppurative background. However, extensive searching showed occasional Reed‐Sternberg (RS) cells in most of the cases, and lacunar cells were seen in 12 cases.

CONCLUSIONS

The diagnostic efficacy of FNAC is much lower for grade 2 NSCHL versus grade 1 NSCHL. The search for an occasional RS cell and the identification of lacunar cells can provide a clue for the diagnosis. Cancer Cytopathol 2017;125:104–113. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Schedule length minimization of parallel applications with energy consumption constraints using heuristics on heterogeneous distributed systems
Authors: Xie Guoqi , Xiao Xiongren , Li Renfa , Li Keqin
Published: November 2016

Energy consumption is one of the primary design constraints in heterogeneous parallel and distributed systems ranging from small embedded devices to large‐scale data centers. The problem of minimizing the schedule length of an energy consumption‐constrained parallel application has been studied recently in homogeneous systems with a shared memory. To adopt the heterogeneity and distribution of high‐performance computing systems, this study solves the problem of minimizing the schedule length of an energy consumption‐constrained parallel application in heterogeneous distributed systems based on a dynamic voltage and frequency scaling energy‐efficient design technique. The aforementioned problem is divided into 2 subproblems in this study, namely, satisfying energy consumption constraint and minimizing schedule length. The first subproblem is solved by transferring the energy consumption constraint of the application to that of each task, whereas the second subproblem is solved by heuristically scheduling each task with low time complexity. Experiments using both fast Fourier transform and Gaussian elimination parallel applications show that the actual energy consumption values do not always exceed but are close to the given energy consumption constraints. In addition, the minimum schedule lengths are generated using the proposed algorithm.
Calcineurin Inhibitors: Pharmacologic Mechanisms Impacting Both Insulin Resistance and Insulin Secretion Leading to Glucose Dysregulation and Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Chakkera HA , Kudva Y , Kaplan B
Published: November 2016

Calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs), including tacrolimus and cyclosporine, are immune‐modulating agents used in autoimmune disorders, glomerulonephritides, and after transplantation. CNIs are implicated as diabetogenic drugs but the mechanism is not clearly elucidated. Calcineurin is a cytosolic‐phosphatase critical for T‐lymphocyte activation. Calcineurin is widely distributed in different tissues responsible for glucose‐regulation including pancreas, liver, skeletal muscle, adipocytes, brain, and gut. We describe the pharmacologic effects of CNIs in different tissues and impact on glucose regulation.
Managing Innovation to Maximize Value Along the Discovery‐Translation‐Application Continuum
Authors: Waldman SA , Terzic A
Published: November 2016

Success in pharmaceutical development led to a record 51 drugs approved in the past year, surpassing every previous year since 1950. Technology innovation enabled identification and exploitation of increasingly precise disease targets ensuring next generation diagnostic and therapeutic products for patient management. The expanding biopharmaceutical portfolio stands, however, in contradistinction to the unsustainable costs that reflect remarkable challenges of clinical development programs. This annual Therapeutic Innovations issue juxtaposes advances in translating molecular breakthroughs into transformative therapies with essential considerations for lowering attrition and improving the cost‐effectiveness of the drug‐development paradigm. Realizing the discovery‐translation‐application continuum mandates a congruent approval, adoption, and access triad.
Structural Dynamics and Barrier Crossing Observed for a Fluorescent O‐Doped Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon
Authors: Al‐Aqar Roza , Benniston Andrew C. , Harriman Anthony , Perks Thomas
Published: November 2016

The O‐doped aromatic polycycleperi‐xanthenoxanthene (PXX) was prepared from 1,1′‐bi(2‐naphthol) by means of an oxidative ring closure reaction. In solution, PXX is strongly emissive and displays well‐structured absorption and fluorescence spectra but low‐temperature phosphorescence is not detected. There is little change in geometry on excitation but, in most solvents, nonradiative decay of the excited singlet state is promoted by slight twisting of the molecular backbone. This route is partially blocked in viscous solvents and at low temperature. In the liquid phase under low friction, the rate of nonradiative decay correlates with the inverse viscosity of the solvent. Nonradiative deactivation of the excited singlet state is activated in solution while the Huang–Rhys factor is sensitive to temperature changes in a glassy matrix. Assuming the twisting movement is equivalent to translational motion about the ether linkages, Kramers’ theory allows estimation of the potential curvature at the apex of the barrier.
High Biofilm Conductivity Maintained Despite Anode Potential Changes in a Geobacter‐Enriched Biofilm
Authors: Dhar Bipro Ranjan , Ryu Hodon , Ren Hao , Domingo Jorge W. Santo , Chae Junkseck , Lee Hyung‐Sool
Published: November 2016

This study systematically assessed intracellular electron transfer (IET) and extracellular electron transfer (EET) kinetics with respect to anode potential (Eanode) in a mixed‐culture biofilm anode enriched with Geobacter spp. High biofilm conductivity (0.96–1.24 mS cm−1) was maintained during Eanode changes from −0.2 to +0.2 V versus the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE), although the steady‐state current density significantly decreased from 2.05 to 0.35 A m−2 in a microbial electrochemical cell. Substantial increase of the Treponema population was observed in the biofilm anode at Eanode=+0.2 V, which reduced intracellular electron‐transfer kinetics associated with the maximum specific substrate‐utilization rate by a factor of ten. This result suggests that fast EET kinetics can be maintained under dynamic Eanode conditions in a highly conductive biofilm anode as a result of shift of main EET players in the biofilm anode, although Eanode changes can influence IET kinetics.
Glycidol: an Hydroxyl‐Containing Epoxide Playing the Double Role of Substrate and Catalyst for CO2 Cycloaddition Reactions
Authors: Della Monica Francesco , Buonerba Antonio , Grassi Alfonso , Capacchione Carmine , Milione Stefano
Published: November 2016

Glycidol is converted into glycerol carbonate (GC) by coupling with CO2 in the presence of tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) under mild reaction conditions (T=60 °C, P
=1 MPa) in excellent yields (99 %) and short reaction time (t=3 h). The unusual reactivity of this substrate compared to other epoxides, such as propylene oxide, under the same reaction conditions is clearly related to the presence of a hydroxyl functionality on the oxirane ring. Density functional theory calculations (DFT) supported by 1H NMR experiments reveal that the unique behavior of this substrate is a result of the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds into a dimeric structure, activating this molecule to nucleophilic attack, and allowing the formation of GC. Furthermore, the glycidol/TBAB catalytic system acts as an efficient organocatalyst for the cycloaddition of CO2 to various oxiranes.
Interpreting ambiguous bedforms to distinguish subaerial base surge from subaqueous density current deposits
Authors: Moorhouse Benjamin L. , White James D. L.
Published: November 2016

Bedform geometries of volcanogenic sedimentary structures such as dune, low‐ to high‐angle cross‐stratification and planar stratification produced in subaqueous and subaerial environments can be very similar. This has historically created difficulties in unambiguously distinguishing primary from reworked deposits, and gas‐deposited versus water‐deposited ones. The origins of dunes and associated structures within the pyroclastic deposits of basaltic Surtseyan‐style eruptions exposed in seacliffs along the Cape Wanbrow coastline of the Northeast Otago region in the South Island of New Zealand are such an example. Careful analysis of contextual information of these deposits, including granulometry, dune geometry, grading, sorting and particle hydraulic equivalence, has been completed to distinguish between major flow types in different environments. To determine the depositional setting of the Cape Wanbrow dune‐bearing deposits, a number of related sediments have been examined in more detail including well‐described examples of (i) subaerial dry pyroclastic deposits, (ii) subaerial moist pyroclastic deposits, (iii) aeolian deposits, (iv) deposits of unidirectional fluid‐gravity water flows (e.g. rivers) and cyclic tidal flows, and (v) aqueous sediment‐gravity flow deposits encompassing both pyroclastic material and those with non‐pyroclastic material. From this compendium, a framework has been created that allows users to compare the physical controls that shape each example with the factors controlling bedform deposition in that environment. Identifying key characteristics of the Cape Wanbrow dunes and comparing multiple flow types and environments using the designed framework indicates that they were deposited by subaerial dry pyroclastic density currents. This conclusion has wider implications for the entire Surtseyan stack at Cape Wanbrow, because it indicates that at least this volcano (Rua2) became emergent and fully subaerial during its lifespan.
Photosynthetic rates influence the population dynamics of understory herbs in stochastic light environments
Authors: Westerband Andrea C. , Horvitz Carol C.
Published: November 2016

Temporal variability in light from gaps in the tree canopy strongly influences the vital rates of understory plants. From 2012 to 2015, we estimated the size‐specific vital rates of two herbs, Calathea crotalifera and Heliconia tortuosa, over a range of light environments. We estimated maximum photosynthetic capacity (Amax) for a subset of individuals each year during three annual censuses, and modelled future size as a linear function of current size (a plant trait that changes ontogenetically), canopy openness (an environmental variable), and Amax (a potentially plastic physiological trait). We estimated what the demographic success would be of a population comprised of individuals with a particular fixed Amax for each of several levels of canopy openness if the environment remained constant, by evaluating corresponding Integral Projection Models and their deterministic growth rates (λ). We then estimated their demographic success in the stochastic light environment (λS) and its elasticities. As light increased, deterministic λ increased for Calathea by 33% but decreased for Heliconia by 52%, and increasing Amax had no effect on λ for Calathea but increased λ for Heliconia in low light. As Amax increased, λS increased for Heliconia, but not Calathea. We also investigated whether photosynthetic rates would influence the elasticities of λS, including its response to perturbation of vital rates in each environment (ESβ), vital rates over all environments (ES), and variability of vital rates among environments (ESσ). ES, ESσ, and ESβ were influenced by Amax for Heliconia but not Calathea. Events that affect some vital rates in high light have a greater impact on overall fitness than events that affect the same vital rates in shady environments, and there is greater potential for selection on traits of large individuals in high light than in low light for Heliconia, while the reverse was true for Calathea. Photosynthetic rates, through their effects on growth, can strongly influence the population dynamics of plants in random light environments, but the magnitude of this effect varies between species. In the species for which fitness was independent of Amax, Calathea, there would be little opportunity for selection on photosynthetic rates.
Harnessing Cascade Suzuki‐Cyclization Reactions of Pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridine for the Synthesis of Tetracyclic Fused Heteroaromatics
Authors: Lavrard Hubert , Popowycz Florence
Published: November 2016

Numerous procedures have been described for the functionalization of pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridine, mainly involving nucleophilic substitutions at the C‐4 position or esterifications/amidations at the C‐5 position. In this paper, we describe a robust, easy to implement protocol for the Suzuki cross‐coupling reaction of chloroarene 2, followed by in‐situ lactonization to provide chromenopyrazolopyridines. The extension of the scope of the reaction to fused naphthyridinones is also reported. This strategy gave access to 10 original pyrazolopyridine‐containing tetracyclic compounds.
On the ionic strength dependence of the electrophoretic mobility: From 2D to 3D slope‐plots
Authors: Cottet Hervé , Wu Hengfu , Allison Stuart A.
Published: November 2016

Determining the charge and the nature (small ion, nanoparticle, or polyelectrolyte) of an unknown solute from its electrophoretic characteristics remains a challenging issue. In this work, we demonstrate that, if the knowledge of the effective electrophoretic mobility (μep) at a given ionic strength is not sufficient to characterize a given solute, the combination of this parameter with (i) the relative decrease of the electrophoretic mobility with the ionic strength (S), and (ii) the hydrodynamic radius (Rh), is sufficient (in most cases) to deduce the nature of the solute and its charge. These three parameters are experimentally accessible by CZE and Taylor dispersion analysis performed on the same instrumentation. 3D representation of the three aforementioned parameters (μep; S and Rh) is proposed to visualize the differences in the electrophoretic behavior between solutes according to their charge and nature. Surprisingly, such 3D slope plot in the case of small ions and nanoparticles looks like a “whale‐tail,” while polyelectrolyte contour plot represents a rather simple and monotonous map that is independent of solute size. This work also sets how to estimate the effective charge of a solute from a given experimental triplet, which is not possible to obtain unambiguously with only or doublet, where is the effective electrophoretic mobility at 5 mM ionic strength.
Steady‐state protein focusing in carrier ampholyte‐based isoelectric focusing: Part II—validation and case studies
Authors: Shim Jaesool , Yoo Kisoo , Dutta Prashanta
Published: November 2016

In this study, we systematically investigate the validity and applicability of an analytical model developed for carrier ampholyte‐based isoelectric focusing (IEF). Three different IEF cases are considered in order to evaluate the efficacy of the approximate analytical results by comparison with high‐resolution computer simulations. In the first case, three proteins are separated in a narrow pH range (6–9) by using 50 carrier ampholytes. In the second and third cases, the separation of proteins is studied in broad pH range (3–10) IEF by using 100 carrier ampholytes. Results obtained from the approximate analytical models are in very good agreement with the numerical results for IEF separation of cardiac troponin I, albumin, and hemoglobin in both narrow and broad pH ranges. The sensitivity of the analytical model is also tested for different initial mass ratios of proteins to ampholytes. No appreciable differences are observed between the approximate analytical and numerical results within the mass ratio range studied. The effect of a nominal electric field and/or a nominal pH gradient on protein focusing is also examined to demonstrate the effectiveness of the analytical model. Our results indicate that the use of both nominal electric field and pH gradient will result in erroneous peak concentrations for proteins. Finally, we describe the limitations of the approximate analytical solutions.
Base shear capping buildings with graphite‐lubricated bases for collapse prevention in extreme earthquakes
Authors: Barbagallo Francesca , Hamashima Ikumi , Hu Hongsong , Kurata Masahiro , Nakashima Masayoshi
Published: November 2016

Damage or collapse of buildings vulnerable to seismic forces may cause human casualties, and seismic upgrading of such structures is a practical solution to this deficiency. The study presented here proposes a simple approach to prevent structural collapse by separating the superstructure from its foundation to let the superstructure slide during extreme ground shaking. The sliding mechanism contributes to cap the horizontal force exerted on the superstructure. In such approach, the key is to maintain the friction force between the superstructure and the foundation sufficiently low and stable. This research proposes to realize a controlled sliding mechanism, which acts as a structural fuse, by means of carbon powder lubrication at the bases of the structure's columns. The fundamental behaviour of the proposed structural system, named the base shear capping building, is investigated by shaking table tests and numerical simulation. Both experimental and numerical results showed that graphite lubrication is an efficient and robust lubrication material, maintaining the friction coefficient between the steel column bases and mortar foundation at around 0.16. The sliding at the bases significantly reduced the acceleration transmitted to the superstructure, keeping the base shear coefficient not greater than about 0.40. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NFL Physicians: Committed to Excellence in Patient‐Player Care
Authors:   The National Football League Physicians Society
Published: November 2016

The National Football League Physicians Society read with disappointment the article “A Proposal to Address NFL Club Doctors’ Conflicts of Interest and to Promote Player Trust.” In spite of the authors’ suggestions, NFL physicians are accomplished medical professionals who abide by the highest ethical standards in providing treatment to all of their patients, including those who play in the NFL. It defies logic for the authors not to have engaged experienced and active NFL physicians from the very start of their effort to explore, challenge, and recommend significant alterations to the delivery of health care to NFL players. As troubling as this article is from so many perspectives, it does represent an opportunity for the NFLPS to set the record straight and call attention to the excellent quality of care NFL players receive. In addition, it represents an opportunity to expose the extraordinarily weak evidence presented in the article and to refute the baseless allegations that challenge the high ethical standards of NFL physicians. Contrary to solid scientific research that starts with a hypothesis based on theory, in this case, it seems quite apparent that the authors started with a predetermined conclusion and set out to justify it. Their premise was flawed, and they failed in their execution.
A Response to Commentaries
Authors: Cohen I. Glenn , Lynch Holly Fernandez , Deubert Christopher R.
Published: November 2016

Our article “NFL Player Health Care: Addressing Club Doctors’ Conflicts of Interests and Promoting Player Trust” focused on an inherent structural conflict that faces club doctors in the National Football League. The conflict stems from club doctors’ dual role of providing medical care to players and providing strategic advice to clubs. We recommended assigning these roles to different individuals, with the medical staff members who are responsible for providing player care being chosen and subject to review and termination by a committee of medical experts selected equally by the NFL and the NFL Players Association. Recognizing that the problem of structural conflict of interest is deeply entrenched and that our recommendation is a significant departure from the status quo, we invited comment from a diverse and highly qualified group of experts. There is considerable common ground among the commentators. All but one agreed with us that, despite the best intentions of upstanding professionals, there is a structural conflict of interest in the club doctors’ relationship with players, and the commentaries were generally supportive of our recommendation for change. There are also meaningful disagreements, however. Some commentators think that the proposal is on the right track but does not go far enough to reduce the structural conflict of interest, and one commentary wholly disagrees with our analysis and recommendations.
Cure of cancer for seven cancer sites in the Flemish Region
Authors: Silversmit Geert , Jegou David , Vaes Evelien , Van Hoof Elke , Goetghebeur Els , Van Eycken Liesbet
Published: November 2016

Cumulative relative survival curves for many cancers reach a plateau several years after diagnosis, indicating that the cancer survivor group has reached “statistical” cure. Parametric mixture cure model analysis on grouped relative survival curves provide an interesting way to determine the proportion of statistically cured cases and the mean survival time of the fatal cases in particular for population‐based cancer registries. Based on the relative survival data from the Belgian Cancer Registry, parametric cure models were applied to seven cancer sites (cervix, colon, corpus uteri, skin melanoma, pancreas, stomach and oesophagus), at the Flemish Regional level for the incidence period 1999–2011. Statistical cure was observed for the examined cancer sites except for oesophageal cancer. The estimated cured proportion ranged from 5.9% [5.7, 6.1] for pancreatic cancer to 80.8% [80.5, 81.2] for skin melanoma. Cure results were further stratified by gender or age group. Stratified cured proportions were higher for females compared to males in colon cancer, stomach cancer, pancreas cancer and skin melanoma, which can mainly be attributed to differences in stage and age distribution between both sexes. This study demonstrates the applicability of cure rate models for the selected cancer sites after 14 years of follow‐up and presents the first population‐based results on the cure of cancer in Belgium.
INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
Authors: Dahmann Judith , Henshaw Michael
Published: November 2016

This article provides an introduction and overview of basic concepts of systems of systems (SoS). Beginning with the definition of SoS and SoS engineering, the paper describes the characteristics of SoS. It compares systems with SoS and discusses the implications for systems engineering. Finally, the paper concludes with a discussion of the challenges SoS pose for systems engineering with a description of recognized SoS ‘pain points.’
CASE STUDY: APPLICATION OF EVOLVING ARCHITECTURE FRAMEWORKS FOR HEAVY RAIL ASSET MANAGEMENT AND SAFETY ASSURANCE
Authors: Scott William , Campbell Peter
Published: November 2016

A heavy rail system is a complex system of systems that has specific challenges for asset management. The introduction of modern digital systems into existing rail systems adds further to this complexity. The Asset Standards Authority of Transport for New South Wales in Australia is introducing model‐based systems engineering through the use of an architecture framework populated using the Systems Modeling Language (SysML), referred to hereafter as the Transport Network Architecture Framework (TNAF). The TNAF is intended initially to be used to act as a structure that will assist procurement through the depiction of the minimum standards to be met when specifying new systems to be acquired and integrated into the network. This article describes how architecture framework tools can be used for management of the various configurations.
SYSTEMS OF SYSTEMS, CYBER‐PHYSICAL SYSTEMS, THE INTERNET‐OF‐THINGS…WHATEVER NEXT?
Authors: de C Henshaw Michael J.
Published: November 2016

This paper considers the concepts of systems of systems, cyber‐physical systems, and the Internet‐of‐things. Although originating from different domains and perspectives, there is considerable convergence of the three concepts in terms of future complex systems, and it is concluded that the Internet‐of‐things is essentially a cyber‐physical system of systems which will require new approaches in systems engineering to be developed.
COMPREHENSIVE MODEL‐BASED ENGINEERING FOR SYSTEMS OF SYSTEMS
Authors: John Fitzgerald
Published: November 2016

Systems of systems (SoS) place particular demands on model‐based engineering, arising from the uncertainty inherent in dealing with independent constituent systems, the need to obtain confidence in the end‐to‐end capabilities of the SoS, and the challenges of integrating diverse domain‐specific terminologies, models, and tools. This paper describes the approach taken by the COMPASS project in developing and validating model‐based methods for SoS engineering (SoSE). Architectural frameworks, profiles and modelling patterns implement a contractual approach that deals with uncertainty by allowing abstract specification of the assumptions and guarantees between SoS constituents. These are underpinned by a formal semantic framework that permits the verification of SoS‐level properties arising from the composition of diverse constituent system contracts. The whole approach has been realized in an open tools framework and validated through applications in home audio/video networks and in emergency response service reengineering. The paper outlines and exemplifies the technologies developed within COMPASS and looks forward to the emerging challenges of cyber‐physical SoS.
Galectin‐3 contributes to vascular fibrosis in monocrotaline‐induced pulmonary arterial hypertension rat model
Authors: Wang Xiaoyan , Wang Yanli , Zhang Jinbo , Guan Xue , Chen Minggang , Li Yumei , Zhang Li
Published: November 2016

Galectin‐3 (Gal‐3) plays a critical role in vascular inflammation and fibrosis. The role of TGF‐β1 in mediating pulmonary vascular fibrosis is well documented; thus, we suspected that Gal‐3 could be an important factor in TGF‐β1‐induced fibrosis in pulmonary adventitial fibroblasts (PAFs). We treated rats with monocrotaline (MCT) and cultured PAFs with TGF‐β1 to stimulate fibrosis. We found that MCT injection induced vessel thickening and extracellular matrix deposition in vivo. TGF‐β1 stimulated the production of collagen and fibronectin (Fn) protein in vitro. TGF‐β1 promoted the expression of Gal‐3 and its translocation, while silencing Gal‐3 reduced Col‐1a deposition. Blockage of STAT3 decreased the expression of Gal‐3 induced by TGF‐β1. Gal‐3 increased Col‐1a accumulation and downregulated matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP‐9) expression in PAFs, but it did not affect Fn expression. These findings demonstrate that Gal‐3 is required for TGF‐β1‐stimulated vascular fibrosis via a STAT3 signaling cascade and that MMP‐9 is also involved in TGF‐β1/Gal‐3‐induced vascular fibrosis.
Specific Intermolecular Interactions in the Supramolecular Structure of 5‐Hydroxy‐6‐Methyluracil: A DFT Study of the Hydrogen‐bonded Dimers
Authors: Shayakhmetova Regina Kh. , Khamitov Edward M. , Mustafin Akhat G. , Ivanov Sergey P. , Khursan Sergey L.
Published: November 2016

Studying the self‐assembly of uracil derivatives has great importance for biochemistry and nanotechnology. For example, modification of the sorbent surfaces by 5‐hydroxy‐6‐methyluracil (HMU) enhances their adsorption activity. It is assumed that these changes are caused by the self‐assembly of the network‐like supramolecular associates of the uracil derivative on the sorbent surface. In the present work, the relative stabilities of 15 hydrogen‐bonded dimers HMU have been studied by the TPSSh/TZVP density functional theory method and the strengths of the noncovalent interactions analyzed in terms of the reduced density gradient and natural bond orbital approaches. It was found that the symmetric dimer stabilized by two intermolecular hydrogen bonds N1–H∙∙∙O–C2 (dimer 1‐1) is the most stable. This suggests that the self‐assembly of HMU should occur through the intermediate formation of the dimer 1‐1. The results may be useful for understanding the processes of self‐assembly of the uracil derivatives and the rationalized design of the uracil‐based supramolecular structures with specific properties.
Disaster Mental Health and Positive Psychology: An Afterward to the Special Issue
Authors: Southwick Steven M. , Satodiya Ritvij , Pietrzak Robert H.
Published: November 2016

The articles in this Special Issue are devoted to integrating the fields of disaster mental health and positive psychology. Their focus on resilience building, individual and community preparation, meaning making, and posttraumatic growth represents an important new development in disaster mental health. The overarching goal of this effort is to inform strategies to help both individuals—including children, adolescent, adult disaster survivors, and relief workers—and communities prepare for, respond to, recover from, and possibly even grow stronger in the face of adversity. To achieve this goal, this body of literature suggests that it is important for disaster mental health workers to partner with community leaders, organizations, and the population at large to understand community vulnerabilities, take advantage of existing strengths, and respect cultural factors implicated in disaster recovery. It further suggests that an effective community‐based approach to disaster recovery will make psychosocial support and skill‐building programs available to large numbers of survivors, which is critical for responding to future national and international disasters. Continued high‐quality research that is comprehensive and considers not only relevant psychological, social, cultural, and biological factors but also interrelations between individuals, organizations and communities is needed to advance this relatively new and important direction of the disaster mental health field.
Roles of Notch Signaling in Adipocyte Progenitor Cells and Mature Adipocytes
Authors: Shan Tizhong , Liu Jiaqi , Wu Weiche , Xu Ziye , Wang Yizhen
Published: November 2016

Adipose tissues, composed with mature adipocytes and preadipocytic stromal/stem cells, play crucial roles in whole body energy metabolism and regenerative medicine. Mature adipocytes are derived and differentiated from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or preadipocytes. This differentiation process, also called adipogenesis, is regulated by several signaling pathways and transcription factors. Notch1 signaling is a highly conserved pathway that is indispensable for stem cell hemostasis and tissue development. In adipocyte progenitor cells, Notch1 signaling regulates the adipogenesis process including proliferation and differentiation of the adipocyte progenitor cells in vitro. Notably, the roles of Notch1 signaling in beige adipocytes formation, adipose development, and function, and the whole body energy metabolism have been recently reported. Here, we mainly review and discuss the roles of Notch1 signaling in adipogenesis in vitro as well as in beige adipocytes formation, adipocytes dedifferentiation, and function in vivo. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 1258–1261, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.