bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neuromorphic Systems: Devices, Architecture, and Algorithms
Authors: Fetisenkova K. A. , Rogozhin A. E.
Published: April 2024

The application of the structure and principles of the human brain opens up great opportunities for creating artificial systems based on silicon technology. The energy efficiency and performance of a biosimilar architecture can be significantly higher compared to the traditional von Neumann architecture. This paper presents an overview of the most promising artificial neural network (ANN) and spiking neural network (SNN) architectures for biosimilar systems, called neuromorphic systems. Devices for biosimilar systems, such as memristors and ferroelectric transistors, are considered for use as artificial synapses that determine the possibility of creating various architectures of neuromorphic systems; methods and rules for training structures to work correctly when mimicking biological learning rules, such as long-term synaptic plasticity. Problems hindering the implementation of biosimilar systems and examples of architectures that have been practically implemented are discussed.
A Computer Investigation of the Effect of High-Resistance Layer Inhomogeneities on Resistive Switching in a Bismuth Selenide Microcrystal Structure
Authors: Sirotkin V. V.
Published: April 2024

This paper continues the analysis of the results of experimental studies of resistive switching in a structure based on a bismuth selenide microcrystal (flake). It was demonstrated earlier by simulations that both the presence of several highly resistive states in the examined structure and the peculiarities of transitions to these states can be explained by the specific behavior of numerous conducting channels permeating the surface high-resistance (defective) layer. The sources of the nucleation of these channels are believed to be nanoprotrusions on the clamping control silver electrode embedded in the surface layer. In this study it is shown that volumetric inhomogeneities of the surface layer, i.e., nanoinclusions with higher conductivity, can serve as additional sources of the channels. The simulation confirms that the behavior of the channels forming near such inhomogeneities is similar to that of the channels growing from the metallic nanoprotrusions.
Influence of Hot Carrier Degradation on the Characteristics of a High-Voltage SOI Transistor with a Large Drift Region
Authors: Novoselov A. S. , Masalskii N. V.
Published: April 2024

The results of studying the effect of hot carrier degradation on the electrical characteristics of high-power laterally diffused metal oxide semiconductor (LDMOS) transistors made according to the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology, with a long drift region with topological norms of 0.5 microns, are discussed. The analysis of the degradation of hot carriers in high electric fields is based on the experimental results and the additional use of an analytical model. The physical origin of this mechanism is related to the formation of traps at the Si/SiO2 interface. With the help of numerical analysis and experiments, the electrical character-istics of SOI nLDMOS transistors are considered in a wide range of control voltages in order to study their effect on the safe operation zone and reliability of the device under conditions of the degradation of hot carriers. The results of these studies allow us to conclude that a 20% expansion of the safe operation zone is possible.
Anthropological study of european prostitution: experiences and perspectives
Authors: Fais-leutskaia O. D , Novik A. A
Published: April 2024

This article is an introduction to the journal’s special theme on “Profession and Society: Love for Money” where contributors discuss the place of prostitution in modern culture and everyday life and attempt to examine the phenomenon as viewed locally, in emic perspectives, in various regions of Europe. The canonical model of providing (mostly by women) intimate services for a fee, which became generically known as “national” or “traditional” prostitution, took its distinctive shape in the late 19th century and remained dominant in the market of sexual services up until the recent time. This model, oddly enough, has been understudied in the humanities and social sciences and has received less attention than, for example, some ancient (cult, patriarchal) or modern forms of prostitution (among the latter are “ethnic” forms, which emerged due to the intensification of migration processes, “gender-specific” - such as male or transgender - forms, or various “innovative” forms that have arisen due to the use of webcams, technologies, etc.). The contributors (S.A. Sidneva, A.A. Novik, A.N. Kozhanovsky, A. Maxia, and O.D. Fais-Leutskaia) present an array of viewpoints on the phenomenon of traditional prostitution, offering perspectives grounded in field studies, ethnographic reconstruction, and anthropological analysis of cases examined in a few European regions (Greece, Albania, Spain, Sardinia, and Sicily).
Female prostitution in contemporary Spain: uncertainty of the obvious
Authors: Kozhanovsky A. N
Published: April 2024

During several decades of the post-Francoist development, Spanish society has experienced epochal sociocultural transformations that radically changed its ideological atmosphere and value orientations. Considering the situation with female prostitution in Spain allows us to understand the nature of those changes and their orientation better. It also helps us to compare the current existence of this specific phenomenon with the previous era. I track the evolution of the attitudes of Spanish society and the state toward both prostitution as such and the categories of persons involved in it (prostitutes, their owners and pimps, clients, etc.), all under the conditions of the dominance of so-called “liberal paradigm” in public discourse. Among the peculiar features of the “Spanish case”, the national demographic composition of “sex workers” is noted, as well as the protracted struggle of opinions around the interpretation of prostitution in society, a struggle whose acuteness stands in the way of adopting a law on it and thereby ending its current “illegality” (“neither permission nor prohibition”).
Whom did the karasuk people resemble?
Authors: Kozintsev A. G
Published: April 2024

To test Yuri Rychkov’s claim that the physical type of the Karasuk people was identical to that of the highlanders of Western Pamir, 24 male Karasuk cranial samples were subjected to a multivariate comparison with 59 samples representing other cultures and periods. Karasuk people proved closest, not to those Pamiris whom Rychkov had included in his study (Goranis, Ishkashimis, Wakhanis, and Rushanis) but to those whom he had excluded because of Kirghiz admixture - the Shugnanis. The admixture appears to have been added, not so much to the indigenous southern component present in other Pamiris, as to that associated with Andronovo immigrants from the steppe. This explains the likely similarity of medieval Shugnanis (and, accordingly, the Karasuk people) to modern Uzbeks retaining tribal identities and northern Tajiks.
Deconstruction of population censuses: comments and considerations
Authors: Bublikov V. V , Varshaver E. A , Stepanov V. V
Published: April 2024

The article presents a critical discussion of arguments made by V.A. Tishkov in his essay on Counting the Peoples or Deconstructing Population Censuses [O perepisyvanii narodov, ili dekonstruktsiia perepisei naseleniia] where the author, taking the approach of social constructivism, examines the practices and experience of conducting population censuses in various countries, reviews the outcomes of the 2020-2021 Census in Russia, makes suggestions about the principles of census organization in regard to recording information on ethnicity, nationality, and language, and advances propositions and recommendations on studying the ethnic composition of the population and general ways of understanding ethnicity. These issues are addressed and scrutinized in contributions by V.V. Bublikov (“What Exactly Shows the Question about ‘Nationality' in Russian Censuses?”), E.A. Varshaver (“Census through the Prism of the Constructivist Approach to Ethnicity”), and V.V. Stepanov (“Observed Society: A Register Instead of the Census”)
Vernacular museum: toward the definition of the concept
Authors: Sleptsova (kyzlasova) I. S , Chesnokova E. G
Published: April 2024

The article considers the use of the term vernacular in various fields of humanities and the effectiveness of its utilization as an additional way of describing various types of amateur museums in modern society. An analysis of published works has shown that, regardless of the disciplinary perspective, three key features of this concept stand out. The first feature implies that vernacular is associated with locality, i.e. territorial locality correlates with individual activity. The second feature is characterized through opposition to official social institutions; therefore, vernacular presupposes properties such as informality, independence, and lack of regulation. Finally, the third feature is the great importance of the creative component, due to which the global and institutional are adapted to the individual perception of the world. Museums are considered within the anthropocentric approach as grassroots initiatives aimed at representing individual interests, as well as one of the ways of self-actualization. Despite the fact that the vernacular museum is essentially an individual practice, it refers to those museum spaces in which both the personal stories of living certain events and the narrative patterns of collective memory are presented.
Documentary constructivism as a special form of constructivist folk sociology: evidence from Dagestan
Authors: Varshaver E. A , Orlova A. A , Shulga A. E
Published: April 2024

In this article, the existence of documentary constructivism is justified in the context of literature dedicated to folk theories of ethnicity. Documentary constructivism views ethnicity primarily as an administrative concept. This view is described based on 130 interviews conducted in Dagestan, where the state has changed ethnic classifications several times over the course of the 20th century and relocated entire communities from one nationality to another. It is shown that this view is significantly more prevalent in communities that have been the subject of such re-categorization. These conclusions are placed in the context of literature that traditionally describes folk constructivism solely as a view that ethnic affiliation is an acquired characteristic rather than an innate one. We argue that the prevalence of different folk theories of ethnicity is related to the characteristics of the social context. Furthermore, we suggest that further investigation into the variability of folk theories of ethnicity and their determinants is warranted.
A NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE COMBINED EFFECT OF HOLE AND DENT CONCENTRATORS ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURALLY SIMILAR SAMPLES
Authors: Grinevich D. V , Mitrofanov Oleg Vladimirovich , Yakovlev N. O , Gulina I. V , Knyazev Leonid Alekseevich , Monakhov A. D
Published: April 2024

The paper presents the results of a study of the mutual influence of concentrators of the "dent" type, made by a hemispherical indenter with a diameter of 25 mm to a depth equal to the thickness of the sheet, and a "hole" with a diameter of 4 mm in thin 1.5 and 3.0 mm thick aluminum alloy 1163AT on static strength and fatigue. The presence of a dent did not lead to a decrease in static strength, while the combination of "dent + hole" concentrators reduces the strength to ~ 8% regardless of the location of the hole in the dent. The position of the hole relative to the center of the dent practically does not affect the slope of the fatigue curve, while the displacement of the hole from the center to the edge of the dent leads to a decrease in durability.
STUDY OF THE ADDITIONAL POSSIBILITY EFFECT OF ELASTIC-PLASTIC ALTERNATING DEFORMATION ON THE PROPERTIES OF METAL MATERIALS DURING THEIR PROCESSING ON A ROLLER STRAIGHTENING MACHINE
Authors: Shelest A. E , Yusupov V. S , Rogachev S. O , Andreev V. A , Karelin R. D , Perkas M. M
Published: April 2024

The only way to increase the impact of elastic-plastic alternating bending on the properties and structure of metal materials is to go beyond the minimum input gap set by the nomogram from the operation manual of the EcoMaster®25 precision roller straightening machine. Analysis of the position of the working rollers when they are in contact and after the setting of a gap between them showed that within the limits of reducing the input gap by 30% from the boundary set by the nomogram, the possibilities of implementing the alteration process remain. Analytical dependences are constructed to determine the input gap for any values of the thickness of strips or sheets in the range from 1 to 3 mm, in which the distribution of the total equivalent intensity of the principal true strains is especially effective. The additivity of this magnitude of the deformation effect on metallic materials (along with the intensity of the principal true strains) is proved, which allows to consider it as a measure of the accumulated strain.
KINETICS OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE NITRIDIZATION OF Zr-U-BASED ALLOYS
Authors: Kovalev I. A , Kochanov G. P , L'vov L. O , Zufman V. Yu , Ogarkov A. I , Shornikov D. P , Tarasov B. A , Konovalov A. A , Shokod'ko A. V
Published: April 2024

The kinetic patterns of nitride formation have been established and the sequence of structural transformations characterizing high-temperature (at 1900 °C) nitridation of Zr-U alloys containing 2 and 5 wt.% U in the range from 3.5 to 60 minutes is presented. During high-temperature saturation with nitrogen for each composition, the solid solution (Zr,U) decomposes with the formation of composite structures ZrN-(ZrN1-n/UxEy/U)-ZrN (where E is O, N; n, x, y are stoichiometric coefficients ). During the decomposition of the solid solution, zirconium nitride is formed and a phase of metallic uranium is released, which accumulates impurities contained in the initial solid solution in the central part of the sample. Kinetic curves for a temperature of 1900 °C are approximated by an exponential law and correspond to the nitridation of zirconium. The nitridation rate of the (Zr,U) solid solution increases with increasing uranium content. To complete the formation process of a compact nitride solid solution of (Zr,U)N of stoichiometric composition, it is necessary to increase the temperature and increase the reaction duration.
THE EFFECT OF ROTARY SWAGING ON THE STRUCTURE, MECHANICAL AND CORROSION PROPERTIES OF THE Mg-1.1%Zn-1.7%Dy ALLOY
Authors: Martynenko N. S , Temralieva D. R , Luk'yanova E. A , Rybal'chenko O. V , Rybal'chenko G. V , Ogarkov A. I , Tarytina I. E , Yusupov V. S , Dobatkin S. V
Published: April 2024

In this work, the effect of rotary swaging (RS) with a deformation degree (ε) equal to 1.28 and 2.31 on the microstructure, corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of a potential medical alloy Mg-1.1%Zn-1.7%Dy was studied. It was shown that RS at ε = 1.28 leads to a grain refinement of the studied alloy by 10 times (from ~300–400 µm to ~30–40 µm). An increase in the deformation degree up to ε = 2.31 leads to the formation of an inhomogeneous microstructure with regions containing both grains ~30–40 µm in size and zones with grains ~5–10 µm in size. Grain refinement after Rs leads to an increase in resistance to electrochemical corrosion (corrosion potential increases from -1550 ± 9 mV in the quenched state to -1442 ± 23 and -1454 ± 35 mV after RS at ε = 1.28 and ε = 2.31, respectively), but does not cause a change in the current density. But the degradation rate of the alloy increases with an increase in the deformation degree up to 3.46 ± 1.06 mm/y. The structure refinement after RS at ε = 1.28 leads to a significant increase in the strength of the alloy in comparison with the quenched state (ultimate tensile strength (UTS) increases from 70 ± 13 to 273 ± 7 MPa) with a drop in ductility from 23.1 ± 5.1 to 14.0 ± 2.9%. An increase in the deformation degree up to ε = 2.31 does not lead to an increase in the strength of the alloy (UTS = 267 ± 4 MPa), but causes an increase in ductility (δ = 21.1 ± 1.6%), apparently due to texturechanges, occurring in the alloy.
EFFECT OF EQUAL CHANNEL ANGULAR PRESSING AND SUBSEQUENT AGING ON THE STRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF Al-Mg2Si ALLOYS WITH TRANSITION METAL ADDITIVES
Authors: Rybal'chenko O. V , Martynenko N. S , Rybal'chenko G. V. , Tabachkova N. Yu. , Luk'yanova E. A , Temralieva D. R , Tarytina I. E , Prutskov M. E , Ogarkov A. I
Published: April 2024

The effect of equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) at a temperature of 150°C and subsequent aging on the structure and strength characteristics of Al-Mg2Si alloys alloyed with Sc and combined additives (Sc + Zr) and (Sc + Hf) has been studied. An analysis of the dependences of hardness and electrical resistivity on time and temperature revealed the same nature of the decomposition of a supersaturated solid solution of alloys with additives (Sc + Zr) and (Sc + Hf), and also made it possible to obtain optimal aging conditions for these alloys. The microstructure of the alloys and the precipitation of secondary phases were carefully studied using scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In alloys after ECAP and aging, an increase in both strength and ductility was revealed due to the compensation of aging processes by recovery processes associated with the rearrangement of the dislocation structure.
INFLUENCE OF PULSED BEAM-PLASMA IMPACTS ON THE STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SURFACE LAYER IN INCONEL 718 ALLOY
Authors: Borovitskaya I. V , Demin A. S , Komolova O. A , Latyshev S. V , Maslyaev S. A , Mikhaylova A. B , Monakhov I. S , Morozov E. V , Pimenov V. N
Published: April 2024

The results of studying the effects of pulsed flows of helium ions (HI) and helium plasmas (HP) on the Inconel 718 alloy prepared by additive technology by selective laser melting followed by heat treatment are presented. The main structural changes in the irradiated surface layer (SL) are determined for two modes of irradiation - soft (with radiation power density q = 2 ∙108 W/cm2 at pulse duration τ = 50 ns) and hard (at q = 1.5 ∙109 W/cm2, τ = 25 ns). The number of pulsed actions in each mode was N = 10 and 20. It has been found that in the initial state and after irradiation, the alloy under study is a single-phase nickel-based solid solution with an fcc lattice. The impact on the alloy of pulsed HI and HP flows leads to a change in the initial texture in the 220 direction to texture 111. This change in the texture favored the occurrence of the plastic deformation (PD) process observed in the irradiated SL, during which in metals with an fcc lattice, under the action of applied thermal stresses, slip occurs predominantly along the {111} planes. The influence of the irradiation mode of the investigated alloy on the parameter of its crystal lattice is noted. In the soft mode of exposure to HI and HP flows, the lattice parameter a decreases compared to the initial value, which may be due to the action of residual macrostresses, as well as to the evaporation of atoms of impurity elements located in lattice interstices from the SL. In the hard irradiation regime, the parameter a increases, which is due to the dominant influence of the mechanism of implantation of helium ions into the alloy, which contributes to the increase in the value of a. It have been shown that the observed structural changes in the SL of the alloy lead to a decrease in microhardness and softening of the remelted layer. The role of thermal and shock-wave effects in the processes of PD and structural changes in SL under the implemented irradiation conditions was estimated by numerical simulation.
INVESTIGATION OF THE DEGREE DEFORMATION INFLUENCE DURING TENSILE TESTS ON THE TEXTURE, PHASE COMPOSITION AND RESIDUAL STRESSES IN THE α- AND ɣ-PHASES OF STEEL VNS9-SH
Authors: Bannykh I. O , Ashmarin A. A , Betsofen S. Ya , Lukin E. I , Seval'nev G. S , Blinov E. V , Aleksandrov A. A
Published: April 2024

X-ray diffraction methods were used to study the influence of the degree of deformation during tensile testing on the phase composition, texture and stress state of the α- and ɣ-phases of the VNS9-SH alloy. It is shown that during testing to failure, the amount of the α-phase increases on the surface from 75 to 91% and from 45-50 to ~70% in the subsurface layers. To assess the susceptibility of two-phase steels to the trip effect, a parameter of austenite metastability is proposed in the form of the relative fraction of decomposed austenite at individual stages of tensile deformation. It has been established that in the initial steel strip 0.3 mm thick, as a result of the positive volumetric effect of the transformation ɣ = α, compressive stresses are formed in austenite, reaching a value of –1000 MPa on the surface, in contrast to tensile stresses in martensite. Their presence is associated with heating of the metal, the cooling of which leads to tensile stresses in martensite due to its significantly lower temperature coefficient of linear expansion value compared to austenite.
STUDY OF STRENGTH, RELAXATION AND CORROSION RESISTANCE OF ULTRAFINE AUSTENITIC STEEL 08H18N10T OBTAINED BY RCU-PRESSING. I. STUDY OF MICROSTRUCTURE AND STRENGTH
Authors: Kopylov V. I , Chuvil'deev V. N , Nokhrin A. V , Gryaznov M. Yu , Shotin S. V , Smetanina K. E , Tabachkova N. Yu
Published: April 2024

The microstructure and mechanical properties at room and elevated temperatures of ultrafine-grained steel 08H18N10Т, obtained by the equal-channel angular pressing method (ECAP) at temperatures of 150 and 450 °C have been studied. It has been established that UFG steel has an increased content of α`-martensite and when it is heated, nanoparticles of the σ-phase are released. It has been shown that ultrafine-grained steel has high tensile strength and good ductility. A decrease in the Hall-Petch coefficient of ultrafine-grained steel was noted, which is due to the fragmentation of δ-ferrite particles during ECAP.
STRUCTURAL CHANGES OF SURFACE LAYERS DURING WEAR TESTING OF HIGH-STRENGTH AUSTENITIC STEEL VNS-53
Authors: Seval'nev G. S , Druzhinina M. E , Voznesenskaya N. M , Romanenko D. N , Samoylova I. I , Kadyrov R. U
Published: April 2024

Tribotechnical characteristics of high nitrogen austenitic steel VNS-53 under conditions of dry sliding friction in contact with steel ShH15-ShD have been studied. It was found that in a thin surface layer the work hardening occurs without martensitic transformation, as a result the hardness increases by more than 90 %. It is established that this steel has a lower coefficient of friction and a greater increase in hardness in the contact zone of the surfaces compared to the steel 08H18N10T
INVESTIGATION OF MAGNETIC HYSTERESIS PROPERTIES OF ISOTROPIC MAGNETICALLY HARD ALLOYS OF THE Fe-Cr-Co SYSTEM ALLOYED WITH TUNGSTEN
Authors: Ustyukhin A. S , Zelenskiy V. A , Milyaev I. M , Alymov M. I , Kovalev D. Yu , Shustov V. S
Published: April 2024

Hard magnetic alloys Fe-30Cr-20Co (wt.%) alloyed with tungsten in an amount of up to 3 wt.% were obtained by powder metallurgy. A study of magnetic properties showed that tungsten additions increase the values of the coercivity Hc and the maximum energy product (BH)max, but at the same time reduce the residual induction Br. This effect increases with increasing tungsten content in the material. The maximum values of Hc (55.8 kA/m) and (BH)max (17.2 kJ/m3) are observed in the alloy alloyed with 3 wt.% W. At the same time, the alloys studied in the work turned out to be sensitive to thermal conditions processing. According to X-ray phase analysis, after a full processing cycle, alloys contain a noticeable proportion of non-magnetic ɣ-phase, but the magnetic properties correspond to the level of cast analogues. During compression tests, all samples of tungsten alloyed alloys failed before reaching a deformation rate of 20%, while the unalloyed Fe-30Cr-20Co (wt.%) alloy deformed without failure under these conditions. Thus, tungsten additives reduce the ductility of the material.
STRUCTURE AND PHASE CHANGES IN SAMPLES FROM FORGED-ROLLED ALLOY PLATES OF Al-Mg-Cu SYSTEM UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF CORROSION ENVIRONMENT AFTER OPERATING HEATING
Authors: Volkova E. F , Duyunova V. A , Mostyaev I. V , Alikhanyan A. A , Akinina M. V
Published: April 2024

The article presents the results of studies on the structure, phase composition, mechanical and corrosion properties of forged-rolled plates made from the structural aluminum alloy of Al-Mg-Cu system in different states. A comparative analysis of the obtained results and the properties of commercial AK4-1 alloy was carried out. It is established that the alloy under study exceeds the analog alloy in terms of the strength properties at room and elevated (up to 175 °С) temperatures on 9-12%. The impact strength of KCU of aluminum alloy of Al-Mg-Cu system is two times greater than that of the AK4-1 alloy. It is shown that the strength and corrosion properties raising after operating heating can be explained by the features of the phase composition and morphology of intermetallic phases including the transition metals phases formed in small quantities in the surface lays of the sample.
EVOLUTION OF DEFECTS DURING COLD ROLLING OF LOW-ALLOY MOLYBDENUM ALLOYS
Authors: Gnesin B. A , Karpov M. I , Aristova I. M , Gnesin I. B , Prokhorov D. V , Postnova E. Yu , Vnukov V. I , Zheltyakova I. S , Stroganova T. S
Published: April 2024

The experimental work briefly describes the technology of multiple electron beam melting, which allows to obtain low-alloy molybdenum alloys with other carbide-forming elements and carbon. Two new alloys described in the work allow deformation by cold rolling up to a thickness of 0.17 mm. Based on the modified Golovin—Sims expression, it is shown that an alloy with dispersed carbides (size 30-200 nm) is strengthened during cold rolling much stronger than an alloy in which only large (≥1 microns) carbides are present. The evolution of continuity defects during cold rolling with an increase in the degree of deformation is traced.
ON THE TECHNOLOGICAL CAUSES OF RIDGE APPEARANCE ON METALLOGRAPHIC SURFACES OF Cu-45%Ni ALLOY BARS
Authors: Golovkin P. A
Published: April 2024

Based on the peculiarities of the copper-nickel alloy of vacuum melting Cu-45%Ni such as “constantan” (Russian abbreviation “МН45-ВП”), the reasons for the appearance of characteristic "tubercle" on the metallographic cuts of its rods as a type of surface effect of the "mustache" type are revealed. It has been shown that the formation of "tubercle" is a manifestation of diffusion processes caused by increased unevenness of the chemical composition of material. It is also indicated that the reason for this heterogeneity is due to the absence of special electromagnetic devices in the composition of the induction melting furnace for mixing the melt, the components of which are separated by indicators of magnetic susceptibility, i.e. the duration of the melt exposure during cooling during degassing is insufficient.
RESESRCH OF THE KINETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOLID-STATE TRANSFORMATION OF Kh30N60M9 and Kh23N65M13 ALLOYS IN THE TEMPERATURE RANGE OF 500-650 °C, ACCORDING TO THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS
Authors: Mikhaylov D. L , Ermishkin V. A , Minina N. A , Kulagin S. P
Published: April 2024

The results of the study of the structural states of single-phase alloys Kh30N60M9 and Kh23N65M13 for the conditions of heating samples at a rate of 1.0 °C/min are presented. The structural states of the alloy samples were obtained by water quenching; the alloy quenching temperature was 1107 and 1135 °C, respectively. The article presents the results of thermal analysis of samples of the considered alloys in the conditions of an inert gas - argon, without carrying out its additional purification from oxygen, the volume fraction of which was up to 0.003 %. As a characteristic of the structure state, an indicator of the rate of weight gain is proposed. According to the experimental results of weight gain, an original method for calculating this kinetic indicator as the rate of solid-state transformation, then the conversion coefficient (k) is proposed. The true values of weight gain considered are referred to the true values of temperatures in the temperature range of 500-650 °C, when the scales of variables and values of variables are proposed in the range of true values (0..1). As a result of the work, confirmation of the improved thermophysical characteristics for the Kh30N60M9 alloy in the considered temperature range was found, in comparison with the Kh23N65M13 alloy. The calculated indicators of the conversion coefficients of the alloy samples were confirmed by experimental data on the amount of enthalpy in the considered gradations of the temperature range, for which the areas under the DTA graphs of the Kh30N60M9 and Kh23N65M13 alloy samples were calculated for the conditions of heating the samples at a rate of 1.0 °C/min. It was found in the work that the decomposition of the solid solution structure is more inherent and essential for the structure of the Kh23N65M13 alloy in the temperature range of 500–650 °C.
In Addition to Discussion on the Correlation of the Bajocian–Bathonian Sections in the Izhma River Basin, European North of Russia
Authors: Mitta V. V. , Glinskikh L. A. , Kostyleva V. V. , Shurygin B. N. , Dzyuba O. S. , Nikitenko B. L. , Гуляев Д.Б.
Published: April 2024

In the Izhma River basin, the Upper Bajocian–Lower Bathonian sections crop out at several localities along the Dreshchanka River. The recently published views (Ippolitov A.P., Kiselev D.N. “Geological Features of the Bajocian–Bathonian in the Reference Section of the Izhma River Basin (European North of Russia) and the Succession of Ammonites of the Subfamily Arctocephalitinae Meledina”, Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation, 2021, vol. 29, pp. 742–755) on the correlation of these sections, as well as the comments made in the same article on the results of our research, are critically reviewed. The correlation model based on the stratohypses of the top of the Arcticoceras-bearing sandstone horizon, constructed by the opponents relative to four marks of the water’s edge, turned out to be factually unfounded and methodologically unjustified. Arguments against this model are as follows: the low efficiency of the interpolation method on a small sample size when constructing the riverbed dip profile under conditions of intensive meandering of the Dreshchanka River on the floodplain terrace; ignoring the geomorphological situation as a whole; the irrelevance of the topographic map of the 1999 edition; the underestimation of the variability of the low-water position of the water’s edge in different years due to changes in the amount of precipitation.
Early Jurassic (Sinemurian) Ammonoids from the Boulders of the Greek Quarry, Central Crimea
Authors: Zaitsev B. A. , Ippolitov A. P. , Гуляев Д.Б.
Published: April 2024

The Sinemurian ammonoids from the boulders in the Greek quarry (Salgir River basin, south-east of Simferopol city) are described. The assemblages are represented by Phylloceratidae (Phylloceras, Zetoceras and Partschiceras), Juraphyllitidae (Juraphyllites and Paradasyceras), Schlotheimiidae (Phricodoceras), Arietitidae (Coroniceras, Metophioceras, Arnioceras and Asteroceras), Oxynoticeratidae (Gleviceras), Echioceratidae (Plesechioceras, Orthechioceras, Echioceras and Paltechioceras), Eoderoceratidae (Eoderoceras), Epideroceratidae (Epideroceras) and, questionably, Coeloceratidae (?Tetraspidoceras). A new species Asteroceras dommerguesi sp. nov. is described. A sequence of biostratigraphic units was reconstructed and correlated with known biostratigraphic units (zones, subzones and biohorizons) of the Mediterranean area. The ammonite assemblages were found to be close to those of the northern Tethyan margin (Pontic and Austroalpine subprovinces).
Reference Sections, Fossil Ichthyofauna and Sr Isotope Signature of the Lower Frasnian Sediments of the Latvian Saddle and Orsha Depression, Belarus
Authors: Plax D. P. , Kuznetsov A. B. , Gavrilova A. A. , Kulkov A. M. , Иванов А.О.
Published: April 2024

The article provides a lithological description of the sections of the Lower Frasnian Stage of the Upper Devonian: the Zhelon Regional Stage and the Saria Beds of the Sargaevo Regional Stage, exposing in the basin of the Saryanka river, the Latvian Saddle. The complete lithological description of the Sargaevo and Semiluki sediments of the Frasnian Stage in the Gralevo quarry of the Vitebsk region, Orsha Depression has been presented. Macro- and micro-dimensional remains of heterostracans, placoderms, acanthodians, sarcopterygians, actinopterygians, as well as scolecodonts and conodonts have been found in the Lower Frasnian sediments; their photographic images are presented. For the first time, the Sr isotope composition was measured in the remains of ichthyofauna from the Zhelon and Sargaevo sediments of Belarus. On the basis of palaeoichthyological and taphonomic data, lithology and Sr isotope composition of ichthyofauna fragments, depositional environments in the Zhelon and Saria times were clarified, and the distant sections were correlated. The 87Sr/86Sr values in ichthyofauna samples from the Saria Beds in sections of the Latvian Saddle (sections of Kalyuty 5a and 6, Virenka 1) and the Orsha Depression (Gralevo quarry) lie within similar ranges: 0.70825–0.70842 and 0.70837–0.70856, respectively. The 87Sr/86Sr values in the ichthyofauna from the Zhelon sediments in the Kalyuty 2 and Obukhovo 1 sections (Latvian Saddle) vary within 0.70898–0.70932 and 0.71065–0.71102, respectively. High 87Sr/86Sr values in the fossil ichthyofauna of both regional stages suggest that the Early Frasnian palaeobassin was significantly desalinated, and the salinity in the Saria palaeobassin was comparable to the salinity of the modern Baltic Sea.
Foraminiferal Biostratigraphy of the Upper Campanian–Maastrichtian of the Beshkosh Section, Southwestern Crimea
Authors: Proshina P. A. , Ryabov I. P. , Бугрова Э.М.
Published: April 2024

New data on the taxonomic composition and stratigraphic distribution of benthic and planktonic foraminifera in the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the Beshkosh section (Southwestern Crimea) are presented. Samples were collected according to “sample-to-sample” system for different types of analysis. According to the foraminiferal analyses, zones and beds were established. Angulogavelinella gracilis LC 18 Zone, Bolivinoides draco LC 21 Zone, Brotzenella praeacuta LC 22 Zone and Beds with Gavelinella sahlstroemi by benthic foraminifera and Beds with Laeviheterohelix glabrans, Guembelitria cretacea Zone by planktonic foraminifera were identified. All biostratons are correlated with magnetostratigraphics, palynomorphs and macrofauna’s events. Beds and zones by benthic foraminifera are correlated with Campanian–Maastrichtian bioevents in sections of the European paleobiogeographic region. Planktonic foraminifera data are compared with International Stratigraphic Scale (Tethys region) and the regional stratigraphic scheme of Poland. For the first time, 15 species of 9 planktonic foraminifera genera and 38 species (25 of which are for the first time) of 25 benthic foraminifera genera in the Beshkosh section have been identified.
CURRENT STATE OF ETHNOGENETIC RECONSTRUCTIONS OF BRONZE AGE POPULATIONS OF SOUTHWESTERN SIBERIA (some results and prospects)
Authors: Molodin Vyacheslav I. , Pilipenko Aleksandr S. , Pozdnyakov Dmitry V.
Published: April 2024

The article characterizes the current state of multidisciplinary research under the authors’ guidance focused on the objective reconstruction of ethnogenetic processes that took place in southwestern Siberia, primarily, in its forest-steppe zone (Baraba forest-steppe) during the Bronze Age. The approach used is based on the analysis of a representative diachronic sample of the ancient population by means of palaeogenetic methods with the interpretation of data in the archaeological and anthropological context of the materials from different periods. Particular attention is paid to possible directions for the development of diachronic models based on the sample representativeness and the depth of molecular genetic analysis. These directions are shown with various modern aspects of the development of the Baraba diachronic model, which was the first in Russia and one of the first similar models built and studied in the territory of Eurasia. The authors prove the necessity of continuous studies in such models as new archaeological and anthropological materials are being accumulated, moreover, there has been progress in the development of palaeogenetic methods and tools for storing, analyzing and interpreting the results of the research on such models in the form of multidisciplinary databases.
EASTERN EUROPEAN CHAMPLEVE ENAMELS: COMPOSITION, TECHNOLOGY, AND THE ISSUE OF IDENTIFYING PRODUCTION CENTRES (RED OPAQUE ENAMEL)
Authors: Rumyantseva Olga S. , Khanin Dmitry A.
Published: April 2024

The composition of 139 samples of red enamel items from different regions of Eastern and Central Europe was studied using the SEM-EDS method. Most of the enamels were made following the “recipe” of provincial Roman enamellers; in some cases “ordinary” red glass was used. The high degree of standardization of the “recipes” for the manufacture and colouring of Roman glass and enamel does not make it possible to distinguish between the products of different manufacturing centres in most cases. At the same time, the peculiarities of the composition of spurs suggest the existence of specialized centres for their production, while specific features of penannular brooches suggest the possibility of distinguishing some types originating from the Baltic region. The heterogeneity of enamels with the “classical” composition indicates the functioning of numerous enamel workshops, rather than a centralized production.
BRONZE VOTIVE OBJECTS OF “A HAND WITH A CROSS” TYPE: AN ITEM FROM THE COLLECTION OF ARCHIMANDRITE ANTONIN (KAPUSTIN)
Authors: Golofast Larisa A.
Published: April 2024

The article introduces a votive bronze hand with a cross from the collection of Archimandrite Antonin Kapustin, as well as a small catalog of similar items known to the author, which are kept in various museums and private collections. The study of the collection presented in the paper makes it possible to support the assumptions made by the researchers earlier: first, the objects in question were votive offerings to the temple; this is indicated by bracelets and rings on some of them, as well as inscriptions and images on crosses; second, their use as votives was borrowed by Christians from pagan cults associated with various Middle Eastern deities, however, in a Christian context, they meant not only a plea for help and protection, but also symbolized the victory of Christianity over paganism, which was especially important during fierce struggle between receding religions and Christianity; third, items were mounted either on special stands, to which they were fixed with nails or rods, or on a shaft; fourth, the area of such hands is most likely confined to the Middle East, where they were produced, although it is possible that some objects were taken by pilgrims to other regions; fifth, their existence does not go beyond the early Byzantine period, until the Arab conquest of the beginning of the 7th century AD; it is impossible to compile a staged chronology due to the complete lack of information about the circumstances of finding currently known items (the only exception is the hand from the Second Cypriot hoard).
ON THE ORIGIN OF NOVGOROD. 862–1136 – PRINCELY TOWN OF RURIKIDS
Authors: Burov Vladimir A.
Published: April 2024

Archaeological discoveries of recent decades have formed the basis for the development of a new concept of Novgorod origin. This study is the first to consider the problem through the prism of contacts between the Slovenes and Scandinavians and to associate it with the patrimonial land ownership of the Rurikids. In 862, this Varangian clan was summoned under an agreement to reign in the union of tribes and received a land area (volost) from the Ilmen Slovenes in the upper reaches of the Volkhov River. This is evidenced with12 toponyms of the 10th–12th centuries AD on the territory of Novgorod and its vicinity. The core of the volost is a river island between the Volkhov and Volkhovets rivers with adjacent lands. On this land of the Rurikids, the princely fortresses found by archaeologists were erected at different times (862, 940s, and 1044). All of them were named identically – Novgorod, as well as the volost itself. Novgorod with its vicinities within the boundaries of the ancient volost was ruled by the prince as a princely town. This was due to the fact that the inclusion of the Scandinavian Rurik’s clan in the tribal structure of the tribal union resulted in recognition of the clan by the Slovenes as the dominant and ruling one. Led by the ruling prince Rurik, Novgorodians began to consider themselves as originating from the Varangian family. In case of the Ilmen Slovenes this tribal identity manifested itself most clearly in high burial mounds which became very common. At the same time, the ethnic structure of the early city-state, formed in 862, which was called the Novgorod volost according to chroniclers, turned out to be multiple, claiming the Slavic-Finno-Scandinavian unity. The Varangians were not seen as an alien element in the Slovenian environment. Therefore, Scandinavian finds are common in the lower layers of Novgorod estates of the 10th–11th centuries AD. They testify to the free residence of the Varangians in the Volkhov region. The same is true for Pskov, where Scandinavian burials were found. The Rurikid volost ceased to exist as a single whole in 1132/1136 with the expulsion of the prince. Expanding urban communities (in terms of streets and town districts) began to claim its lands and shrink its territory. But even at a later time, certain fragmented areas of the Novgorod vicinity still belonged to the prince.
THE RIGHT-BANK TSIMLYANSK FORTRESS OF THE KHAZAR KAGANATE BASED ON THE 2006–2021 EXCAVATIONS
Authors: Flerov Valery S.
Published: April 2024

The right-bank Tsimlyansk settlement is a white-stone fortress doomed to destruction by the construction of the Tsimlyansk reservoir. The estimates of experts in bank transformation show that the fortress will disappear in the next 75 years, while the bank stabilization will take 200 years or longer. The paper presents the results of the 2006–2021 excavations along more than 56 m of the eastern fortress wall and in tower IV which were built from white limestone blocks laid on a base of shell rock and sandstone slabs. No wooden posts under the wall were found, as in the case of the southern corner of the fortress. The location of the tower corresponds to the 1743 plan by I. Satsyperov. Two options for its reconstruction are proposed. A unique feature of many blocks is the decoration in the shape of a straight and oblique grid. A number of building materials of Byzantine origin were found, including roof tiles and kalypters, as well as ceramic tiles. Another yurt dwelling (structure no. 50) typical for the fortress was uncovered. It is of fundamental importance that the dwelling adjoins the inner face of the fortress wall. Earlier, two more dwellings were found near the inner facade, but none has been found under the wall. This circumstance casts doubt on S.A. Pletneva’s hypothesis unsupported by M.I. Artamonov about the existence of an earlier settlement on the site of the fortress.
THE RESULTS OF NEW STUDY OF NEOLITHIC HUMAN REMAINS IN CENTRAL ASIA (based on Tutkaul and Kaylu materials)
Authors: Shnaider Svetlana V. , Berezina Natalia Yu. , Filimonova Tatiana G. , Alisher kyzy Saltanat , Buzhilova Aleksandra P.
Published: April 2024

This paper presents the analyses of human remains from Neolithic deposits from the Tutkaul (Hissaro-Alay) and Kaylu (Caspian region) sites. The Tutkaul site is located on the territory of modern Nurek reservoir and was excavated by V.A. Ranov in the 1960s. Tutkaul has yielded three burials attributed to the Hissar Neolithic technocomplex. Part of the human remains were lost such as fragments of the postcranial remains from burials 2 and 3. Our recovery of the faunal collection of the site identified new human remains in the immediate vicinity of the burials. The taphonomic analysis demonstrates the intervention of a medium size carnivore on some of the fragments. Recent AMS-dating attributed burial 3 to 8.4-8 ky BP. Two palaeogenomic analyses identify the presence of Hepatitis B (infectious liver disease) in the individual from burial 3. From the tooth found in burial 2, the mychondrial genome was isolated and a comparative analysis of haplogroups, including those from the Y chromosome, was performed. Genetic analysis showed similarity of the mitochondrial genome of this individual with the Ancient North Eurasian population, especially with the genomes of the earliest population of Siberia, as well as with the Neolithic population of Iran. In addition, the Y-chromosome haplogroup analysis revealed the presence of haplogroup Q1b2a, which was isolated for the first time in the series of the ancient population and has never been described before. In addition, some genetic links were investigated between individual 2 and the ancient North Eurasian population and the Neolithic population from Iran. Finally, some cultural similarities were found that the Tutkaul burials shared with synchronous remains from the Sai-Sayod and Bulyoni-Poyon sites (Hissaro-Alay). Re-examination of the human remains from the Kaylu burials has identified the presence of one young and one mature adults (Adultus and Maturus). The sex of the individuals (male and female) was determined using chromato-mass spectrometric analysis of dental enamel peptides. Radiocarbon dating was also performed for these materials – 6 ka BP. The burials find analogies in synchronous burials of the Kelteminar Neolithic culture.