bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SpOPT1, a member of the oligopeptide family (OPT) of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, is involved in the transport of glutathione through the outer membrane of the cell
Authors: Dworeck Tamara , Wolf Klaus , Zimmermann Martin
Published: January 2009

A protein involved in the transport of glutathione has been identified, cloned and characterized from the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Database searches revealed the Sz. pombe ORF SPAC29B12.10c as a close homologue to several members of the OPT family, including the Saccharomyces cerevisiae high‐affinity glutathione transporter Hgt1p. The gene product of SPAC29B12.10c has been identified as a protein, named SpOPT1, localized within the plasma membrane, transporting the tripeptide glutathione. Disruption of SPAC29B12.10c led to strains inable to grow on media containing glutathione as a sole source of sulphur, due to the inability to internalize the tripeptide. Disruptants contained significantly less glutathione than wild‐type cells. Furthermore, ΔSpopt1 strains were non‐viable in a glutathione biosynthesis‐defective (Δgsh2) background. However, it was possible to complement the disruption of Spopt1 by overexpressing the intact ORF in the disrupted strain. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Learning curve in tissue sparing total hip replacement: comparison between different approaches
Authors: D’Arrigo Carmelo , Speranza Attilio , Monaco Edoardo , Carcangiu Alessandro , Ferretti Andrea
Published: January 2009

Background

The tissue sparing surgery (TSS) concept means not only smaller incisions but also less tissue disruption, allowing decreased blood loss and improved function. However, TSS techniques can result in more complications related to the learning curve. The aim of this study was to compare the learning curve of an experienced surgeon with different TSS approaches for total hip replacement (THR) from a clinical and surgical point of view, focussing especially on complications related to the use of different geometric stems.

Materials and methods

Sixty patients scheduled to be operated for a primary THR were enrolled in the study and were randomly assigned to surgery by one of three different TSS approaches: lateral with mini incision (group A), minimally invasive anterior (group B) and minimally invasive antero-lateral (group C). Results from the three TSS groups were compared with a control group of 149 patients (group D).

Results

Our results reveal significantly reduced blood loss in the TSS groups compared with the control group, with no differences between the TSS groups. We found better early functional scores in the two minimally invasive groups (anterior and anterolateral), and a lower rate of complications with the antero-lateral TSS approach.

Conclusion

The antero-lateral TSS approach seems to be safer and less demanding than standard THR surgery, and is suitable for use with different stems.
Early catastrophic acetabular failure in Furlong total hip replacements
Authors: Knox David , Hamilton Steven W. , Wardlaw Douglas , Gibson Peter H.
Published: January 2009

The use of uncemented hip arthroplasty prostheses with ceramic articulations are popular, especially in the young, because of a perceived reduction in wear. We highlight a complication of ceramic on polyethylene articulating couples not previously described in the Furlong replacement. Despite widespread metalosis and particulate debris, osteolysis was not initially seen. The contamination compromised subsequent revision.
Studies on Preparation of Photosensitizer Loaded Magnetic Silica Nanoparticles and Their Anti-Tumor Effects for Targeting Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Chen Zhi-Long , Sun Yun , Huang Peng , Yang Xiao-Xia , Zhou Xing-Ping
Published: January 2009

As a fast developing alternative of traditional therapeutics, photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an effective, noninvasive, nontoxic therapeutics for cancer, senile macular degeneration, and so on. But the efficacy of PDT was compromised by insufficient selectivity and low solubility. In this study, novel multifunctional silica-based magnetic nanoparticles (SMNPs) were strategically designed and prepared as targeting drug delivery system to achieve higher specificity and better solubility. 2,7,12,18-Tetramethyl-3,8-di-(1-propoxyethyl)-13,17-bis-(3-hydroxypropyl) porphyrin, shorted as PHPP, was used as photosensitizer, which was first synthesized by our lab with good PDT effects. Magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4) and PHPP were incorporated into silica nanoparticles by microemulsion and sol–gel methods. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy. The nanoparticles were approximately spherical with 20–30 nm diameter. Intense fluorescence of PHPP was monitored in the cytoplasm of SW480 cells. The nanoparticles possessed good biocompatibility and could generate singlet oxygen to cause remarkable photodynamic anti-tumor effects. These suggested that PHPP-SMNPs had great potential as effective drug delivery system in targeting photodynamic therapy, diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic hyperthermia therapy.
Hyperglycemia During Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Nurse-Managed Insulin Infusion Protocol for Stricter and Safer Control
Authors: Avanzini Fausto , Marelli Giuseppe , Donzelli Walter , Sorbara Loredana , Palazzo Enzo , Bellato Laura , Lucia Colombo Elena , Carla Roncaglioni Maria , Riva Emma , De Martini Mario
Published: January 2009

Background: Diabetic patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) might benefit from tight glycemic control by means of insulin infusion. Nurse-implemented insulin infusion protocols (IIP) are available but none validated in patients with ACS admitted to a coronary care unit (CCU).

Aims: To assess feasibility, effectiveness and safety of a new nurse-managed IIP (Desio Diabetes Diagram, DDD) for intensive glucose control in patients with suspected ACS and known diabetes or blood glucose (BG) > 200 mg/dL.

Methods and results: To reach and maintain a target BG level of 100–139 mg/dL we adopted a nomogram based on the percent changes in the insulin infusion rate according to the current BG value and the percent change from previous BG level.

Ninety-one consecutive patients (53 men, mean age 69.7 ± 11.2 years) were treated with DDD IIP. Baseline BG was 202.2 ± 86.8 mg/dL. The median time to achieve the target was 3 h (Q1–Q3 2–5 h). Afterwards target BG levels were maintained for 70.4 ± 15.9% of the time. During 5004 h of insulin infusion BG never fell below 40 mg/dL.

Conclusions: The nurse-managed DDD IIP was easily implemented in our CCU and permitted strict and safe glycemic control in hyperglycemic patients with ACS.
Over‐expressed microRNA‐27a and 27b influence fat accumulation and cell proliferation during rat hepatic stellate cell activation
Authors: Ji Juling , Zhang Jinsheng , Huang Guangcun , Qian Jin , Wang Xueqing , Mei Shuang
Published: January 2009

Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation is an initial event in liver fibrosis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been found to play essential roles in cell differentiation, proliferation, and fat metabolism. In this study, we showed that down‐regulation of two over‐expressed miRNAs, miR‐27a and 27b allowed culture‐activated rat HSCs to switch to a more quiescent HSC phenotype, with restored cytoplasmic lipid droplets and decreased cell proliferation. Mechanistically, retinoid X receptor α was confirmed to be the target of miR‐27a and 27b. These results indicated a new role and mechanism of miR‐27a and 27b in regulating fat metabolism and cell proliferation during HSCs activation.
Identification of the ice‐binding face of a plant antifreeze protein
Authors: Middleton Adam J. , Brown Alan M. , Davies Peter L. , Walker Virginia K.
Published: January 2009

The antifreeze protein of Lolium perenne, a perennial ryegrass, was previously modeled as a beta‐roll with two extensive flat beta‐sheets on opposite sides of the molecule. Here we have validated the model with a series of nine site‐directed steric mutations in which outward‐pointing short side‐chain residues were replaced by tyrosine. None of these disrupted the fold. Mutations on one of the beta‐sheets and on the sides of the protein retained 70% or greater activity. Three mutations that clustered on the other flat surface lost up to 90% of their antifreeze activity and identify this beta‐sheet as the ice‐binding face.
Intertwined dimeric structure for the SH3 domain of the c‐Src tyrosine kinase induced by polyethylene glycol binding
Authors: Cámara-Artigas Ana , Martín-García José M. , Morel Bertrand , Ruiz-Sanz Javier , Luque Irene
Published: January 2009

Here we report the first crystal structure of the SH3 domain of the cellular Src tyrosine kinase (c‐Src‐SH3) domain on its own. In the crystal two molecules of c‐Src‐SH3 exchange their –RT loops generating an intertwined dimer, in which the two SH3 units, preserving the binding site configuration, are oriented to allow simultaneous binding of two ligand molecules. The dimerization of c‐Src‐SH3 is induced, both in the crystal and in solution, by the binding of a PEG molecule at the dimer interface, indicating that this type of conformations are energetically close to the native structure. These results have important implications respect to in vivo oligomerization and amyloid aggregation.
Antisense oligonucleotides effectively inhibit the co‐transcriptional splicing of a Candida group I intron in vitro and in vivo: Implications for antifungal therapeutics
Authors: Zhang Libin , Leibowitz Michael J. , Zhang Yi
Published: January 2009

Self‐splicing of group I intron from the 26S rRNA of Candida albicans is essential for maturation of the host RNA. Here, we demonstrated that the co‐transcriptional splicing of the intron in vitro was blocked by antisense oligonucleotides (AONs) targeting the P3–P7 core of the intron. The core‐targeted AON effectively and specifically inhibited the intron splicing from its host RNA in living C. albicans. Furthermore, flow cytometry experiments showed that the growth inhibition was caused by a fungicidal effect. For the first time, we showed that an AON targeting the ribozyme core folding specifically inhibits the endogenous ribozyme splicing in living cells and specifically kills the intron‐containing fungal strains, which sheds light on the development of antifungal drugs in the future.
Hormonal changes and somatopsychologic manifestations in the first trimester of pregnancy and post partum
Authors: Fan Fenling , Zou Yuliang , Ma Aiqun , Yue Yafei , Mao Wenjun , Ma Xiancang
Published: January 2009

Objective

To investigate links between psychologic distress and levels of maternal hormones and cortisol during pregnancy and post partum.

Method

The study population of 308 pregnant or recently delivered women was divided into 4 equal groups, 3 representing each pregnancy trimester and the fourth one representing the first week of the postpartum period. The women were screened for psychological distress and had blood drawn to measure serum levels of estradiol, progesterone, and total cortisol on the same day.

Results

The rates of anxiety and depression were higher in the first trimester and the postpartum groups. Depression was correlated with sharp changes in estradiol and progesterone levels; anxiety was correlated with total cortisol level; and there was a correlation between depression and anxiety.

Conclusion

Sharp changes in maternal hormone levels were correlated with depression; depression was correlated with anxiety; and anxiety was correlated with elevated cortisol levels, which may adversely affect the health of mother and offspring. Measuring maternal hormones may be a diagnostic tool to evaluate psychologic stress and associated risks.
An integration of perspectives on aging and consumer decision making
Authors: Cole Catherine A. , Lee Michelle P. , Yoon Carolyn
Published: January 2009

In this response we integrate the three Comments (Goldberg, forthcoming; Healey & Hasher, forthcoming; Sternthal & Bonezzi, forthcoming) on our original article (Yoon, Cole, & Lee, forthcoming) and suggest both enhancements to our conceptual framework and future research directions. As a group, the responses help guide future research by ably highlighting certain complexities of studying consumer decision making and aging. Acknowledging these complexities and nuances, while encouraging research on the effects of age on consumer decision making, should help spark a new wave of studies in the area.
Scaling the policy response to climate change
Authors: Sovacool Benjamin K , Brown Marilyn A
Published: January 2009

This article assesses the advantages and disadvantages of fighting climate change through local, bottom-up strategies as well as global, top-down approaches. After noting that each scale of action—the local and the global—has distinct costs and benefits, the article explores the importance of scale in three case studies (the EU Emissions Trading Scheme, Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol, and efforts at adaptation/mitigation). It concludes that local thinking must be coupled with global and national scales of action in order to achieve the levels of carbon dioxide reductions needed to avoid dangerous climate impacts.
The euro–dollar exchange rate and equity flows
Authors: Heimonen Kari
Published: January 2009

I examine equity flows between the US and the euro area and their impact on the euro–dollar exchange rate. I explain equity flows by examining the behavior of an international investor who maintains a minimum variance portfolio. An excess of euro area equity returns over US equity returns generates a flow of equity from the euro area to the US. The equity flow, the purchase of US equities by the euro‐area residents, causes appreciation (depreciation) of the dollar (euro), while the purchase of euro area equities by US residents causes appreciation (depreciation) of the euro (dollar).
The scientific claims of British child guidance, 1918–45
Authors: STEWART JOHN
Published: January 2009

This article examines the British child guidance movement's claim to scientific status and what it sought to gain by the wider acceptance of such a claim. The period covered is from the movement's origins in the 1920s to the end of the Second World War, by which point it had been incorporated into the welfare state. This was also an era when science commanded high intellectual and cultural status. Child guidance was a form of psychiatric medicine that addressed the emotional and psychological difficulties that any child might experience. It thus saw itself as a form of preventive medicine and as a component of the international movement for mental hygiene. Child guidance was organized around the clinic and employed the knowledge and skills of three distinct professions: psychiatrists, psychologists and psychiatric social workers. Its claim to scientific status was underpinned by the movement's clinical and organizational approach and in turn derived from developments in the laboratory sciences and in academic medicine. There were, however, those even within the movement itself who challenged child guidance's purported scientific status. Such objections notwithstanding, it is suggested here that at least in its own terms the claim was justified, particularly because of the type of psychiatric approach which child guidance employed, based as it was on a form of medical holism.
The Phenomena of Love and Hate
Authors: Hamlyn D. W.
Published: January 2009

There has been a good deal of interest in recent years in what Franz Brentano had to say about the notion of ‘intentional objects’ and about intentionality as a criterion of the mental. There has been less interest in his classification of mental phenomena. In his Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint Brentano asserts and argues for the thesis that mental phenomena can be classified in terms of three kinds of mental act or activity, all of which are directed towards an immanent object. These are, respectively, presentation, judgment and what he calls the phenomena of love and hate. Once again, less interest has been shown in what he has to say about the last of these three than in what he says about the others. I wish to take Brentano's views as the point of departure for a discussion of love and hate, since these notions seem to me to have a good deal of philosophical interest, for at least two main reasons. First, I have recently had some concern with the part that personal relations play in our understanding of others and of ourselves, and love and hate seem to be very important elements in such relations. Second, love and hate have long seemed to me to provide important counter-examples to some prevalent philosophical theories about the emotions. I shall take this issue first.
Constructivism and Epistemology
Authors: Phillips Colin
Published: January 2009

A picture agrees with reality or fails to agree; it is correct or incorrect, true or false (Tractates Logico-Philosophicus, 2.21).

What does this agreement consist in, if not in the fact that what is evidence in these language games speaks for our proposition? (On Certainty, 203).

The purpose of this paper is to outline a constructivist account of the notion of sense and to indicate why such an account is to be preferred to that given by classical semantics.
Hume's View of ‘Is-ought’
Authors: Yalden-Thomson D. C.
Published: January 2009

I cannot forbear adding to these reasonings an observation, which may, perhaps, be found of some importance. In every system of morality, which I have hitherto met with, I have always remark'd, that the author proceeds for some time in the ordinary way of reasoning, and establishes the being of a God, or makes observations concerning human affairs; when of a sudden I am surpriz'd to find, that instead of the usual copulations of propositions, is, and is not, I meet with no proposition that is not connected with an ought, or an ought not. This change is imperceptible; but is, however, of the last consequence. For as this ought, or ought not, expresses some new relation or affirmation, 'tis necessary that it shou'd be observ'd and explain'd; and at the same time that a reason should be given, for what seems altogether inconceivable, how this new relation can be a deduction from others, which are entirely different from it. But as authors do not commonly use this precaution, I shall presume to recommend it to the readers; and am persuaded, that this small attention wou'd subvert all the vulgar systems of morality, and let us see, that the distinction of vice and virtue is not founded merely on the relations of objects, nor is perceiv'd by reason.
Language-games and Presuppositions
Authors: Hudson W. D.
Published: January 2009

Did Wittgenstein think that language-games have presuppositions? He sometimes speaks as if he thought that they do, at other times as though he thought that they do not. For examples, in On Certainty 110, after pointing out that the business of giving grounds for what we say has to come to an end sometime, he remarks, ‘but the end is not an ungrounded presupposition’; whereas, in 115, after warning us that if we try to doubt everything we shall not get as far as doubting anything, he gives as his reason ‘the game of doubting itself presupposes certainty’. It is of some importance for a correct understanding of Wittgenstein to clear up this apparent contradiction.
Hanink on the Survival Lottery
Authors: Harris John
Published: January 2009

Mr. Hanink objects to my ‘Survival Lottery’ which would save Y and Z, who need new organs, by choosing and killing A at random to provide them. He believes the relevant difference between killing A and not saving Y and Z ‘might well be this: Y and Z can not have A killed without intentionally seeking A's death. But a physician can “not save” Y and Z without intentionally seeking their deaths’.
Did Socrates Commit Suicide?
Authors: Frey R. G.
Published: January 2009

It is rarely, if at all, thought that Socrates committed suicide; but such was the case, or so I want to suggest. My suggestion turns not upon any new interpretation of ancient sources but rather upon seeking a determination of the concept of suicide itself.
The Moral Responsibility of the Scientist
Authors: Belsey Andrew
Published: January 2009

Robert Hoffman's note, ‘Scientific Research and Moral Rectitude’ (Philosophy, 50 (1975), 475–7), is a highly misleading introduction to this important topic. Hoffman points out (rightly) that there are some people who ‘believe that the researcher's claim to freedom of inquiry should be upheld only if his discovery does not adversely affect mankind or any significant segment thereof’ (475), and his aim is to reject this belief. But such people are right, as can be shown by some counter-arguments and examples. But first a slight qualification is necessary, for, as Hoffman points out, it is impossible before an inquiry to state categorically that its outcome will (or will not) adversely affect mankind. But it may be possible to estimate whether it is likely to affect mankind adversely, and it is surely reasonable to hold that a researcher's claim to freedom of inquiry should not be upheld if it is likely that the inquiry will adversely affect mankind. If a nuclear physicist interested in particle fusion wishes to carry out research which is likely to lead to an uncontrolled nuclear explosion, no one would seriously uphold his right to carry out this research in a laboratory situated in a densely populated area. And to reply that he still has a right to carry out this research alone on a desert island would be to concede, not to circumvent, the claim that scientific research ought to be under the critical eye of moral responsibility. The critic of science would not in any case accept this reply, since he believes not unreasonably that nuclear explosions adversely affect mankind wherever on earth they occur.
Consciousness and Commissurotomy
Authors: Wilkes Kathleen V.
Published: January 2009

Commissurotomy surgery has lately attracted considerable philosophical attention. It has seemed to some that the surgical scalpel that bisects the brain bisects consciousness and the mind as well; and that the ordinary concept of a person is thereby most seriously threatened. I shall assess the extent of the threat, arguing that it is overestimated. The argument begins with section III; section II, which describes the operation and its effects, should be omitted by those already familiar with these facts.
Morality and the Ik
Authors: Battersby Christine
Published: January 2009

Colin Turnbull's book The Mountain People has aroused much non-academic as well as much academic interest. The success of The Ik, Peter Brook's recent stage adaptation of the book, shows how widespread this interest is. The interest centres on Turnbull's anthropological descriptions of his life with the Ik people. The Ik society is one in which the weak, the old and the children are left to fend for themselves and die. Help proffered to the needy is frowned upon. Food is snatched from the mouths of the old, medicine stolen from the sick, and children left to feed and house themselves at about the age of three. Sexual codes no longer exist, cruelty is thought amusing, and the weak and dying are exploited. Turnbull believes that he has discovered a people without morality; a society that previously possessed a moral code, but which lost it.
Disjunctions and Questions
Authors: Peetz Vera
Published: January 2009

Mr B. H. Slater (‘A Grammatical Point About Disjunction’, Philosophy, April 1976) distinguishes between various pairs of questions:

1(a) Did they agree either that they would go to the pictures or that they would go out for a meal?

1(b) Did they agree that either they would go to the pictures or they would go out for a meal?

2(a) Is it known either that Jones was guilty or that Smith was guilty?

2(b) Is it known that either Jones was guilty or Smith was guilty?

3(a) Did he say either that he would get the puzzle solved or that he would eat his hat?

3(b) Did he say that either he would get the puzzle solved or he would eat his hat?

According to Slater, if we can only say ‘Yes’ to 1(b) (or, correspondingly, to 2(b) or 3(b)), then we immediately know what was agreed, namely, that either they would go to the pictures or they would go out for a meal; but if we can just say ‘Yes’ to 1(a) (or, correspondingly, to 2(a) or 3(a)), then we cannot immediately say what was agreed; all we know is that either they agreed to go to the pictures or they agreed to go out for a meal. Or, generalizing somewhat, a ‘Yes’ answer to the question ‘Did they agree that either p or q?’ tells us that they agreed that either p or q; but, with the question ‘Did they agree either that p or that q?’, while ‘Yes, they agreed that p’, and ‘Yes they agreed that q’ are possible answers (and Slater thinks that ‘Yes they agreed either that p or that q’ is also a possible answer), there is no answer, ‘Yes they agreed that r’, which is invariably correct, when ‘Yes’ is correct. In particular, the answer certainly cannot be ‘Yes, they agreed that p or q’ (that is, where ‘r’ = ‘p or q’).
Higher and Lower Pleasures
Authors: Gibbs Benjamin
Published: January 2009

In the second chapter of Utilitarianism John Stuart Mill writes: It is quite compatible with the principle of utility to recognise the fact, that some kinds of pleasure are more desirable and more valuable than others. It would be absurd that while, in estimating all other things, quality is considered as well as quantity, the estimation of pleasures should be supposed to depend on quantity alone.
Friendship and the Will
Authors: Gilbert Paul
Published: January 2009

If morality concerns the question how to live then can it be a science? Can there be a science of how to live? Hilary Putnam who poses this question answers it thus:1 ‘It is not “logically impossible” that some day we might have so complete a theory of our own nature that we could program a computer to determine what would and would not satisfy us’. But, he reassures us, ‘since that will not happen for a millennium, if ever, the question about morality being a science is best put aside’. In the meantime moral reasoning must engage ‘our full capacity to imagine and feel, in short, our full sensibility’. This is developed through ‘the imaginative recreation of moral perplexities’ in literature. If the computer takes over, of course, then ‘philosophy and literature may well disappear in their present forms’. So too, he says, may science, not because redundant but because complete in its explanatory and predictive power.
The Two Faces of Courage
Authors: Rorty Amélie Oksenberg
Published: January 2009

Courage is dangerous. If it is defined in traditional ways, as a set of dispositions to overcome fear, to oppose obstacles, to perform difficult or dangerous actions, its claim to be a virtue is questionable. Unlike the virtue of justice, or a sense of proportion, traditional courage does not itself determine what is to be done, let alone assure that it is worth doing. If we retain the traditional conception of courage and its military connotations–overcoming and combat–we should be suspicious of it. Instead of automatically classifying it as a virtue, attempting to develop and exercise it, we should become alert to its dangers. And yet and yet. There is an aspect of traditional courage that serves us: we require the capacities and traits that enable us to persist in acting well under stress, to endure hardships when following our judgments about what is best is difficult or dangerous. If courage is checked, redefined as the virtue that enables virtue–the various sets of dispositions, whatever they may be, that make us resolute in worthy, difficult action–then we need not fear the dangers of courage. We need rather to reform it by diversifying it, as a heterogeneous variety of traits that enable us to act well under stress, against the natural movements of self-protection.
Some Recent Work In Aesthetics
Authors: Charlton William
Published: January 2009

The starting in 1960 of the British Journal of Aesthetics was a courageous act. In those days people liked to call aesthetics a ‘dreary’ intellectual region, and high-flying philosophers seldom descended into it. But when in the decade that followed new philosophy departments were created and old ones expanded, aesthetics took up some of the spare capacity. Courses were laid on, and books and articles appeared which could match the quality of work in better established branches of philosophy like ethics and epistemology. The question now is whether the lean years which have begun will eat up the fat years of the sixties and seventies. As courses are cut and vacancies left unfilled, aesthetics is likely to be the first branch of philosophy to suffer.
Negligence and Ignorance
Authors: Woozley A. D.
Published: January 2009

The purpose of this paper is to discuss and to relate to each other two topics: (a) the admissibility of ignorance and mistake of fact as defences against negligence in crime; and (b) the inadmissibility of ignorance and mistake of law as defences against criminal charges. I am in (a) not concerned at all with torts negligence, only with criminal offences (whether common law or statutory) which can be committed negligently, where negligence suffices for liability, as in the law of homicide. This produces an untidy classification of elements, one or other of which is needed to provide the required mens rea (the exception of strict liability offences is here ignored): intention ( = purpose or aim), knowledge (or belief), recklessness and negligence. It is untidy, because the last does not belong on the same list as the other three, each of which can appropriately be called a state of mind in what we might say to be a positive sense, for each of them includes some degree of awareness of and/or attitude to relevant facts. If negligence is to be called (partly) a state of mind, it is so in a very stretched and negative way: to be told that a person was not attending to, thinking of or noticing something that he should have been is to be given some information, of a negative sort, about his state of mind, but it tells us very little, for it eliminates only one of an unlimited range of states of mind (in the positive sense). His not attending, noticing, etc., is equally compatible with his daydreaming (not attending to or noticing anything) and with his concentrating hard on something else. If negligence requires inadvertence, as is commonly maintained, then there was a state of mind which the agent should have been in but was not; if, as I would argue, it does not require inadvertence, then there was a state of mind which the agent should have been in, and maybe he was not in it, maybe he was in it. (In the present state of English law most offences of criminal negligence do require inadvertence, the notable exceptions being traffic offences such as careless driving. On the other hand, the proposal in the Law Commission Working Paper, No. 31 (1970) would not require it; the definition runs, ‘a person is negligent if he fails to exercise such care, skill or foresight as a reasonable man in his situation would exercise’. However, that is only a proposal; at present advertent negligence is rare in criminal law, although common in torts.) On this view, the questions are (1) whether his performance fell below scratch, (2) what are to be the excusing conditions for such a performance, and (3) if the answer to (1) is yes, whether his performance was covered by the excusing conditions.
Locke on Personal Identity
Authors: Noonan Harold
Published: January 2009

In part I of this paper I defend Locke's account of personal identity against three well-known objections; in part II, I put forward a criticism of my own.
The Penalties for Being Rich
Authors: Ward Andrew
Published: January 2009

In ‘Considering Equality’, Mrs Margaret Coady criticizes my discussion of Professor Bernard Williams's justly renowned essay ‘The Idea of Equality’. During the course of her paper, Mrs Coady ascribes to me views that I do not hold. But I shall not consider these points of detail because they deflect from the substantive disagreement between Professor Williams and myself. I shall merely examine what, as I see it, is the core of Mrs Coady's case against me. This certainly does relate to the substantive issue.
Mill and the Subjection of Women
Authors: Annas Julia
Published: January 2009

When Mill's The Subjection of Women was published in 1869 it was ahead of its time in boldly championing feminism. It failed to inaugurate a respectable intellectual debate. Feminist writers have tended to refer to it with respect but without any serious attempt to come to grips with Mill's actual arguments. Kate Millett's chapter in Sexual Politics is the only sustained discussion of Mill in the feminist literature that I am aware of, but it is not from a philosophical viewpoint, and deals with Mill only in the service of an extended comparison with Ruskin. Philosophical books on Mill give the essay short measure. Alan Ryan in J. S. Mill heads one chapter ‘Liberty and The Subjection of Women’, but the former work gets twenty-six pages and the latter only four. Ryan says that ‘it is almost entirely concerned with the legal disabilities of women in Victorian England’. H. J. McCloskey, injfohn Stuart Mill: A Critical Study, gives the essay one and a half pages, commenting that it reads ‘like a series of truisms’ and seems so unimportant today because equality of the sexes has been achieved!
On Teaching Logic
Authors: Geach P. T.
Published: January 2009

In medieval writers an important distinction was drawn between two applications of the term ‘logica’: there was logica utens, the practice of thinking logically about this or that subject-matter, and there was logica docens, the construction of logical theory. Of course the English word ‘logic’ and its derivative ‘logical’ have a corresponding twofold meaning, and we ignore the distinction at the risk of serious confusion. ‘Logical thought’ may mean thinking that is being commended as orderly, consistent, and consequent, whatever its subject-matter; or it may mean the thinking of logicians about logic, which alas has not always exhibited these virtues. Similarly for ‘teaching logic’: there is trying to get people, by precept and example, to be orderly, consistent, and consequent in their thinking, and there is the endeavour to train logicians for the next generation. In any respectable philosophy department there will be someone teaching logic in the first sense; in my own university there are very many first-year undergraduates who do a course called Reason and Argument with this aim. But we hold that the teacher of such logica utens must himself have a sufficient skill in logica docens if he is to do his job properly; and we undertake the further task of training people in logical theory so that some of them, who have sufficient native ability and motivation, may take up the torch from their teachers.
The Significance of Common Culture
Authors: Scruton Roger
Published: January 2009

The doctrine of a ‘state of nature’ is at best a metaphor. Nevertheless it enables us to describe with vividness the distinction between those goods which might precede, and those which can only result from, the formation of society. I suspect that the goods which establish our well-being as rational creatures (over and above whatever goods might benefit us as animals) belong exclusively to the latter class, so that a rational creature is necessarily a zōon politikon.
The Eternal Thou
Authors: Burke T. E.
Published: January 2009

‘Every particular Thou is a glimpse through to the eternal Thou; by means of every particular Thou the primary word addresses the eternal Thou … the Thou that by its nature cannot become It.’
Russell's New Riddle of Induction
Authors: Johnsen Bredo
Published: January 2009

The most innovative and important parts of Bertrand Russell's Human Knowledge were the result of his first attempt in three decades to come to grips with the problem of induction, or, more generally, ‘non-demonstrative inference’. My purpose here is to argue that that work constituted giant progress on the problem; if I succeed, something will have been done to restore this work to its proper place in the history of philosophy and, correlatively, to rearrange that history.
The Law of the Jungle: Moral Alternatives and Principles of Evolution
Authors: Mackie J. L.
Published: January 2009

When people speak of ‘the law of the jungle’, they usually mean unions restrained and ruthless competition, with everyone out solely for his own advantage. But the phrase was coined by Rudyard Kipling, in The Second Jungle Book, and he meant something very different. His law of the jungle is a law that wolves in a pack are supposed to obey. His poem says that ‘the strength of the Pack is the Wolf, and the strength of the Wolf is the Pack’, and it states the basic principles of social co-operation. Its provisions are a judicious mixture of individualism and collectivism, prescribing graduated and qualified rights for fathers of families, mothers with cubs, and young wolves, which constitute an elementary system of welfare services. Of course, Kipling meant his poem to give moral instruction to human children, but he probably thought it was at least roughly correct as a description of the social behaviour of wolves and other wild animals. Was he right, or is the natural world the scene of unrestrained competition, of an individualistic struggle for existence?
Eating Meat and Eating People
Authors: Diamond Cora
Published: January 2009

This paper is a response to a certain sort of argument defending the rights of animals. Part I is a brief explanation of the background and of the sort of argument I want to reject; Part II is an attempt to characterize those arguments: they contain fundamental confusions about moral relations between people and people and between people and animals. And Part III is an indication of what I think can still be said on—as it were–the animals' side.
The Moral Basis of Vegetarianism
Authors: Devine Philip E.
Published: January 2009

If someone abstains from meat-eating for reasons of taste or personal economics, no moral or philosophical question arises. But when a vegetarian attempts to persuade others that they, too, should adopt his diet, then what he says requires philosophical attention. While a vegetarian might argue in any number of ways, this essay will be concerned only with the argument for a vegetarian diet resting on a moral objection to the rearing and killing of animals for the human table. The vegetarian, in this laense, does not merely require us to change or justify our eating habits, but to reconsider our attitudes and behaviour towards members of other species across a wide range of practices.
Against Equality Again
Authors: Lucas J. R.
Published: January 2009

Equality in the present age has become an idol, in much the same way as property was in the age of Locke. Many people worship it, and think that it provides the key to the proper understanding of politics, and that on it alone can a genuinely just society be reconstructed. This is a mistake. Although, like property, it is a useful concept, and although, like property, there are occasions when we want to have it in practice, it is not a fundamental concept any more than property is, nor can having it vouchsafe to us the good life. In an earlier paper I argued against equality by showing that the concept of equality was confused and that many of the arguments i egalitarians adduced were either invalid or else supported conclusions I which were not really egalitarian at all. Many egalitarians, however, have complained that my arguments were not fair, because I had failed to elucidate the concept adequately, or because the position I attacked was not one that any egalitarian really wished to maintain, or because I had overlooked other arguments which were effective in establishing egalitarian conclusions, or because the positive counter-arguments of my own I put forward more as a matter of taste than of serious political commitment. In this paper, therefore, I want to elucidate the concept more fully, concede what I should to my critics, point out that, even so, their conclusions do not follow, and give further reasons not only for supposing that egalitarian arguments are invalid but for discerning positive merits in some forms of inequality.
The Combat of Passion and Reason
Authors: Tiles J. E.
Published: January 2009

But if reason has no original influence, it is impossible it can withstand any principle which has such an efficacy, or ever keep the mind in suspense a moment. Thus, it appears, that the principle which opposes our passions cannot be the same with reason, and is only called so in an improper sense. We speak not strictly and philosophically, when we talk of the combat of passion and of reason.
Milgram's Shocking Experiments
Authors: Patten Steven C.
Published: January 2009

After more than a decade of reflection on obedience experiments based on a laboratory model of his own design, the social psychologist Stanley Milgram is clearly confident that the experimental results make a substantial and striking contribution towards understanding human nature:

Something … dangerous is revealed: the capacity for man to abandon his humanity, indeed, the inevitability that he does so, as he merges his unique personality into larger institutional structures (188).
Freud and Pseudo-science
Authors: Jupp V. L.
Published: January 2009

It is a strange fact that people's opinions of psychoanalysis are only rarely tentative or unemphatic. It seems that one must either love it or hate it. Professor Cioffi, in a recent paper, has shown that he is no lover of psychoanalysis, and he makes what appears to be a devastating attack on Freud's theories and methods and on the credibility of the whole psychoanalytic discipline. Without wanting to ally myself wholeheartedly with the opposite camp, I want to show that many of the main contentions of his paper are wrong. I shall argue that the objections he makes which, if valid, would be the most serious for Freudian theory, are unfounded.
Reference and Buridan's Law
Authors: Geach P. T.
Published: January 2009

‘Reference’ was the term Max Black and I chose to render Frege's term ‘Bedeutung’ when we published English translations of some selections from his works. We preferred ‘stand for’ as a translation of the verb ‘bedeuten’; but from ‘stand for’ we could not form a general term to render the corresponding German noun. Our renderings were chosen because, like the German words, they were in themselves colourless and untechnical, and on that very account could take on in context whatever special import Frege's way of thinking might give them. Black ! and I could not foresee how the English language was going to develop. T Like another familiar English word, the word ‘gay’, ‘reference’ has S become the badge or slogan of a certain set of people; those who do not belong to the set but go on using the word as they always have done may find themselves on occasion seriously misunderstood.
Doing Something for its Own Sake
Authors: Champlin T. S.
Published: January 2009

The idea of doing something for its own sake interests me for two reasons. First, I should like to understand better two opposing reactions that I have felt on coming across the phrase ‘for its own sake’ used in earnest. When told that knowledge is worth pursuing for its own sake and that this is what the study of science at a university ought to be like—not an adjunct to commercially motivated research in a product I design and development team funded by local industry—I, and others, feel that something pure and noble, holy, good and true is being said. On the other hand, I recognize that to some, who would probably describe themselves as more realistic than myself, the claim that knowledge should be, and is being, pursued for its own sake has a hollow ring. Nowadays, academics themselves feel uneasy when they hear this sort of thing being said in public in mixed company. But they do continue to say such things to each other, at least occasionally in private, among consenting adults. Furthermore, I do attach impor- tance to the thought that to do the right thing for its own sake is a shining example of moral goodness. At the same time I acknowledge that the idea of a good deed done for its own sake is less than crystal clear I and that, to many, the person who claims to be doing something for its own sake sounds like someone who smiles at himself in the mirror in the morning in order to find one approving face before setting out to commit his next crime against humanity. I should like to know whether this phrase ‘for its own sake’ will bear the weight I want to place on it or whether a more sceptical attitude is called for.
David Hume and Necessary Connections
Authors: Lindley T. Foster
Published: January 2009

David Hume's claim that necessary connection is essential to causality was at the expense of a useful causal distinction we sometimes note with the words ‘necessity’ and ‘contingency’. And since, as J. L. Mackie has stated, Hume made ‘the most significant and influential single contribution to the theory of causation’, subsequent writers on causality, regardless of their support for, or opposition to, Hume, have joined him in trampling this distinction. The object of this paper is not so much to undermine one of Hume's conclusions as it is to describe a use of ‘necessary’ that, while surviving in popular usage, is ignored or obfuscated in the literature on causality.
Retribution Revisited
Authors: Wilson John
Published: January 2009

I am grateful for Professor Manser's criticisms of my brief remarks on f retribution, and in particular for his concluding challenge (‘ … what J injury, on his account, did Adam and Eve do to God in the Garden of r Eden?’), because they bring out the central point I was trying to make—that ‘Retribution aims at a restoration of balance by compensation’ (p. 523). I interpreted ‘compensation’ widely, to include the disadvantaging (punishment) a person should suffer ‘if somebody breaks the rules of a particular deal’ (ibid.), in order that the proper status of the participants be restored. The injury done by Adam and Eve to God, and their punishment, come under this heading.
Evil and the Vulnerability of God
Authors: Mackinnon Donald
Published: January 2009

Susan Lowe's criticism of Freya Mora's argument depends for almost all its force on one admittedly unfortunate word in Mora's article. There are other words there equally unhappy. But some simple verbal substitutions that would cause no unease to W. S. Gilbert's Lord Chancellor are sufficient to disarm Lowe's objection, and restore to Mora's solution of the problem of evil whatever strength it had.
A Science of Mars or of Venus?
Authors: Tiles Mary
Published: January 2009

For as long as there has been anything worthy of the name of science, there have been those who have criticized its claim to superior knowledge. With the birth and prodigious growth of modern science, the corresponding growthof critical opinion led, in the eighteenth century, to a divorce of the sciences from the humanities around which our educational institutions, and our universities in particular, have been built. It is this divorce which renders problematic the status of the social or human sciences. For the extent to which Man can be an object of scientific knowledge will be questioned by those insisting on an opposition between human knowledge and values as embodied in the humanities, and the dehumanized objective knowledge proclaimed within the natural sciences.
Rorty and the New Hermeneutics
Authors: Verges Frank G.
Published: January 2009

Wittgenstein's genius, John Wisdom has suggested, was uniquely revealed in his ability to formulate such questions as ‘Could one play chess without the queen? Would it still be chess?’ The central questions raised by Richard Rorty's work may be cast in a parallel form: ‘Could one do philosophy without the notion of truth as “correspondence with the Real”? Would it still be philosophy?’ Both pairs of questions, Wittgenstein' and Rorty's, are quintessentially anti-essentialist. The scope and ingenuity of Rorty's ‘philosophy without mirrors’ has challenged philosophers to reconf ront basic questions about the nature and purposes of philosophical inquiry.