bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transonymization of toponym Chernobyl in the Ukrainian poetic discourse
Authors:   Poltava V. G. Korolenko National Pedagogical University, Brailko Julia
Published: August 2021

The article analyzes the phenomenon of transonymization of the toponym Chernobyl in the Ukrainian use and poetic discourse. It is proved that according to the traditional metonymic model ‘place [city] of event → event’ a homonymous chrononym is formed, in particular such its variety as catastrophony or excithonym (name of world catastrophe) as a more narrow variant. It is emphasized that researchers of semantic-associative development of the onym Chernobyl did not discover the phenomenon of transonymization. It is stated that both the toponym Chernobyl and the chrononym, which is formed as a result of transonymy, exist in the Ukrainian poetic discourse. The peculiarities of their paradigmatics are revealed. In particular, the use of the oikonym Chernobyl is accompanied by the following semantic increments ‘a place of accident, danger’, ‘an uninhabited / abandoned city’, ‘an exclusion / disaster zone’, ‘radiation’, ‘life’, ‘death’. In literary texts, the catastrophony Chernobyl clearly reveals temporal semantics with the help of temporal prepositions or comparison with the temporal lexeme. This onym shows a strong associative connection with death, sometimes actualizing the semes, which testify to the closeness of its referent with the corresponding natural elements ‘fire’, ‘wind’. The chrononym Chernobyl also reveals the meaning of a large-scale all-Ukrainian or global disaster, often used with other excitonyms, combined with the meaning of ‘nuclear explosion’. In the poetic discourse, the case of further transonymization of the catastrophony Chornobyl, from which the corresponding zoonym is formed, is revealed, as well as the noticeable movement of this chrononym in the direction of pragmatonymy. The writers use a step-by-step individual-authorial unfolding of the semantics of the onym Chornobyl, accompanied by the obligatory sacralization or, conversely, demonization of its referent. On the example of the onym Chernobyl we can observe the connection of poetic discourse with the usual tendencies of transonymization, which gives grounds to reveal the specifics of the individual-author approach to the creation of new proper names in this way.
Translated dictionaries in the history of Ukrainian phraseography
Authors:   Ukrainian Language and Information Fund of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Сhumak Volodymyr , Korniienko Larisa
Published: August 2021

This article analyzes the specificity of the establishment of translated foreign language and Ukrainian phraseological vocabularies of the late twentieth – early twenty-first century. The principles of parameterization of the structure of phraseological vocabularies are identified. The features of systematization of registry units and the means and methods of reflecting the ethnolinguistic information in the phraseological works of the translation type are identified. The applied significance of the use of transposition phrasebooks is specified. The usefulness of new approaches to the elaboration of vocabulary articles has been substantiated at the macro level vocabulary structure (selection of register items, volume and nature of the vocabulary, ordering principles) as well as at the micro level vocabulary structure (structure of the vocabulary items, translation types, correlation of various types of information about the register item, types of illustrative material, etc.). The creators of foreign and Ukrainian phraseological dictionaries mainly used the alphabetic principle of the register, which they successfully combined with other principles of lexicography of phraseological units: alphabetic-group and alphabetic-thematic. In the selected samples of the studied translated phraseological works one can observe a close interplay of microstructural elements (the vocabulary article itself, translation formula, varieties of information about the reestablished phraseology, translation, examples part) macrostructural elements (general principles the register formation, principles of lexicography, scope and function of a specific vocabulary).
Clinical case of feto-fetal transfusion syndrome development in dichorionic twin pregnancies with fused placentas
Authors: Mochalova Marina N. , Falko Elena V. , Mudrov Viktor A. , Alekseyeva Anastasiya Yu.
Published: August 2021

This article analyzes a clinical case of feto-fetal transfusion syndrome development in dichorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies with fused placentas. Feto-fetal transfusion syndrome is a typical complication of the monochorionic type of placentation, but it is quite rare in the dichorionic type of placentation. In this case, the syndrome development became possible due to the close anatomical location of the placentas, which probably led to their fusion and the development of unbalanced interplacental anastomoses. During the observation of the patient in an antenatal clinic, no ultrasound signs of feto-fetal transfusion syndrome were detected. At a 25+5-week gestation period, the patient complained of cramping pains in the lower abdomen and liquid discharge from the genital tract. The patient was hospitalized at the second stage of labor and gave birth through the natural birth canal. The first fetus had polyhydramnios, the second one having extremely low water. The first was a premature boy in the occiput posterior position weighing 980 g and 32 cm in height in a state of severe asphyxia with an Apgar score of 1, 4 and 6 points. The second was a premature boy in breech position weighing 490 g and 32 cm in height, also in a state of severe asphyxia with an Apgar score of 1, 4 and 6 points. The first child developed severe multiple organ failure, which caused death on the twelfth day. The second newborn developed respiratory distress followed by death on the second day of the neonatal period.
High-intensity focused ultrasound: opportunities and prospects in the treatment of uterine fibroid and deep infiltrative endometriosis
Authors: Sudakov Dmitriy S. , Nikolayenkov Igor P. , Dymarskaya Yulia R. , Bubnova Diana V.
Published: August 2021

This literature review is devoted to the use of focused ultrasound in gynecological practice as an alternative to the traditional surgical treatment of uterine fibroids and deep infiltrating endometriosis. According to available data, the effectiveness of the treatment of uterine fibroids with focused ultrasound varies widely, ranging from 16.4% to 93.0%. Due to the lack of prospective studies, it is not possible to draw reliable conclusions about the effect of ablation of uterine fibroid with focused ultrasound on fertility. However, unplanned pregnancies after such treatment occurred up to 19.5%, and in 66.3% of cases, pregnancies ended with the childbirth. Research results demonstrate that in 87% of cases, treatment of retrocervical infiltrative endometriosis using focused ultrasound is feasible. Further data accumulation is required to determine the range of patients with uterine fibroids and deep infiltrating endometriosis, to whom the treating technique could be most effective and safe.
Potential role of vitamin D in the prevention and treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Misharina Elena V. , Yarmolinskaya Mariya I. , Abashova Elena I.
Published: August 2021

The incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus is increasing worldwide, and the number of people with vitamin D deficiency in all age groups, including children and adolescents, is simultaneously growing in the world. Over the past decades, it has been found that vitamin D, in addition to participating in the regulation of calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism, has an anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effect. Epidemiological evidence suggests the involvement of vitamin D deficiency in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Polymorphisms in genes important for vitamin D metabolism also modulate the risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Several studies have evaluated the role of vitamin D as adjuvant immunomodulating therapy in patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this review is to present current data on the involvement of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus and to evaluate its role as a drug for the prevention of the disease and its use in treatment in addition to insulin therapy.
Evaluation of the diagnostic possibility of hemorrhagic risk in pregnant women with severe preeclampsia by rotational thromboelastography
Authors: Peretyatko Ilya S. , Mozgovaya Elena V.
Published: August 2021

AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the risk of hemorrhagic complications in pregnant women with severe preeclampsia using rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) in two screening tests EXTEM and INTEM.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined 30 pregnant women with severe preeclampsia, who were observed in the intensive care unit, the Department of Obstetrics and Perinatology, the Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductology named after D.O. Ott, Saint Petersburg. The control group consisted of 10 patients with normal pregnancy, delivered by caesarean section for reasons not related to obstetric complications.
RESULTS: When interpreting the ROTEM results, the reference intervals for pregnant women in the third trimester were used, as determined in the study by J. Lee et al. (2019). According to the analysis of thromboelastograms of pregnant women with severe preeclampsia, 9 (30%) of them had a tendency towards hypocoagulation. Of these, 3 thromboelastograms had deviations via the intrinsic coagulation pathway (in the INTEM tests), 3 thromboelastograms via the extrinsic coagulation pathway (in the EXTEM tests), and the rest combined both options. Two patients with severe preeclampsia developed a complication in the form of HELLP syndrome, and the phenomena of hypocoagulation, according to the results of ROTEM performed before delivery, were observed in only one patient. A comparative analysis of ROTEM parameters among pregnant women with severe preeclampsia and normal pregnancy did not reveal statistically significant differences.
CONCLUSIONS: The use of the ROTEM method with the main screening tests (EXTEM and INTEM) did not show diagnostic value in assessing the risk of hemorrhagic complications of severe preeclampsia.
Randomized comparative study of the effectiveness and safety of various bipolar devices during electrosurgical vaginal hysterectomy
Authors: Plekhanov Andrey N. , Bezhenar Vitaliy F. , Epifanova Tatyana A. , Bezhenar Fyodor V. , Karabak Irina A.
Published: August 2021

AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the morphometric features of tissues after exposure to bipolar energy of various electrosurgical generators and surgical hemostatic instruments used in vaginal hysterectomy.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 48 individuals who underwent a vaginal hysterectomy. The patients were divided in three groups based on the instrument used for sealing blood vessels: a BiClamp was applied in Group 1 (n = 16), a TissueSeal PLUS COMFORT in Group 2 (n = 16), and a Thunderbeat in Group 3 (n = 16). The maximum temperature of tissue measured using a Fluke FLK TIS 40 9HZ thermal imaging infrared camera was compared within the groups.
RESULTS: The maximum tissue temperature between the branches on electroligation, the minimum tissue temperature, and the tissue temperature at the coagulation boundary were significantly lower when using a TissueSeal PLUS COMFORT clamp than when using BiClamp and Thunderbeat clamps (H value = 41.8, p 0.01). Morphometric parameters (prevalence, coagulation depth and area) were the smallest with a TissueSeal PLUS COMFORT clamp compared to other clamps.
CONCLUSIONS: Using a TissueSeal PLUS COMFORT clamp during vaginal hysterectomy is effective and safe and has the best thermometric and morphometric characteristics when applied to the tissue, thereby reducing the risk of lateral thermal damage. The possibility of perifocal heat transfer varies with the type of tool and with the temperature at the coagulation boundary.
Assessment of copulative function and severity of lower urinary tract symptoms in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia after transurethral enucleation
Authors: Vydrin Pavel S. , Kalinina Svetlana N. , Burlaka Oleg O. , Aleksandrov Michail S.
Published: August 2021

AIM: was to conduct a comparative assessment of copulative function and the severity of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) who underwent laser and bipolar transurethral enucleation of the prostate and who treated conservatively.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: 143 BPH patients aged 50 to 80 years (mean age 65 years) with complaints of copulatory and urinary disorders were under observation. All patients were divided into two groups. The 1st (main) group included 102 patients who underwent surgical treatment: transurethral laser enucleation of the prostate (n = 55) and transurethral bipolar enucleation of the prostate (n = 47). Patients of the 2nd group (n = 41) received conservative treatment. Control examinations were performed before treatment, 4, 12 and 24 weeks after it.
RESULTS: All 102 patients of group 1, regardless of the type of surgery, noted retrograde ejaculation four weeks after surgery. In the majority of patients of the 1st group during these periods weakening of orgasm was noted, in a significant number deterioration of erection and decreased libido were noted. Upon further observation, by the 12th week after the operation, restoration of all components of the copulatory function was noted, with the exception of ejaculation. By the 24th week of observation, only in 2 patients of the 1st group the normal mechanism of ejaculation was restored. Surgical treatment of patients in group 1, regardless of the method of surgery, led to a significant decrease in the severity of LUTS, an increase in the maximum urine flow rate, a decrease in the volume of the prostate gland and the amount of residual urine. There were no significant differences in the dynamics of these indicators depending on the method of transurethral enucleation. The patients of the 2nd group also had an improvement in clinical parameters, but it was much less pronounced than in the 1st group.
CONCLUSION: Laser and bipolar transurethral enucleation of the prostate are effective surgical techniques that significantly improve the outflow of urine from the bladder, reduce the severity of LUTS and improve the sexual function of patients. Surgery is well tolerated by patients. At the same time, almost all patients operated on by these methods develop retrograde ejaculation.
Photodynamic diagnostics of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer
Authors: Kasymov Bahtijar G. , Shanazarov Nasrulla A. , Muratov Timur M. , Daniyarova Gulnur D. , Zhumakayev Akylbek M. , Kyzlasov Pavel S. , Mustafayev Ali Telman oglu , Slesarevskaya Margarita N. , Kuzmin Igor V. , Al-Shukri Salman K.
Published: August 2021

The review is devoted to the application of photodynamic diagnosis of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. The recent data on the mechanism of action of photosensitizers, the method of performing fluorescence cystoscopy are presented, and the results of clinical studies of the application of photodynamic diagnostics in practical medicine are presented. It has been shown that photodynamic diagnostics significantly increases the efficiency of detecting bladder cancer in comparison with standard cystoscopy. The application of this method is especially valuable in cases of carcinoma in situ and multifocal growth of urothelial tumors. Improvement in diagnostics makes it possible to increase the radicality of surgical treatment and to increase the duration of the relapse-free period.
Clinical and laboratory features of the course of obstructive pyelonephritis in a patient with quantitative kidney abnormality
Authors: Suleymanov Suleyman I. , Kadyrov Zieratsho A. , Dilanyan Oganes E. , Ramishvili Vladimir S. , Musohranov Vladislav V. , Babkin Alexander S.
Published: August 2021

The kidney duplication is the most common abnormality of the urinary system. In most cases, this condition is an accidental finding on prenatal ultrasound or can be diagnosed when the first clinical manifestations occur. Abnormalities of the upper urinary tract can be detected when examining a patient with arterial hypertension, proteinuria, or renal failure. As an example of the complicated course of the inflammatory process in a patient with quantitative kidney abnormality, a clinical observation of the course of obstructive pyelonephritis against the background of complete obliteration of the lower third of the ureter with the formation of terminal changes in the upper half of the doubled kidney, which led to renovascular hypertension and clinically significant renal failure, is presented. The article describes the clinical manifestations of the disease, laboratory and diagnostic screening, as well as the stages of surgical treatment in a multidisciplinary hospital.
COVID 19 Pnömonisi Olan Bir Hastada Olası Akut Pankreatit
Authors: ALKAN Sevil , YILMAZ Mustafa , UYAR Cemile , YILDIRIM Ali , DİNDAR DEMİRAY Emine Kübra
Published: August 2021

Akut pankreatit (AP); bazen ilaç veya toksin yan etkisine, safra kesesi taşlarının pasajı veya sıkışmasına, viral enfeksiyonlara, alkol kullanımına, bazı metabolik bozukluklara, otoimmün hastalıklara bağlı olarak gelişebilir. İlk vakanın tespit edildiği Aralık 2019 tarihinden itibaren Korona virüs hastalığı 2019 (COVID-19) enfekte vaka sayılarının artması ile hastalığın sadece akciğer enfeksiyonu olarak değil, farklı klinik tabloları da bildirilmeye devam etmiştir. Sık karşılaşılan COVID-19 semptomları solunumsal semptomlar olsa da bazen solunum dışı semptomlar da gelişebilir. Bulantı, kusma, karın ağrısı ve diyare gibi gastrointestinal (GI) sistem semptomları ile gelen hastalar olabilir. Çok nadir de olsa pankreatit ile gelen hastalar olabilir. Bu vaka sunumunda; 66 yaşında, başvuru şikayeti karın ağrısı olan, COVID-19 ilişkili olası AP tanısı alan bir olguyu sunmayı amaçladık.
Evaluation of Attitudes and Behavioral Changes in Relatives of Patients with Breast Cancer
Authors: DÖNER GÜNER Pınar , AKSOY Hilal , BÖLÜKBAŞI Hande , DEDE İsa
Published: August 2021

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the information and support needs of breast cancer patients’ relatives and to what extent they were met.Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with 177 participants whose relatives were followed up with breast-cancer diagnosis in the Oncology Department between May and September 2019. The questionnaire and sociodemographic characteristics and “Information and Support Needs Scale” were applied to the participants.Results: The mean age of the participants was 39.70±14.10. 66 (37.30%) were primary school graduates, 106 (59.90%) were housewives and 124 (70.10%) were married. The most common breast cancer screening methods for women were 68.40% (121) self-examination and 54.20% (96) mammography. The number of participants who had breast cancer screening was 78 (44.30%). The mean score of information requirements was 3.50±0.09 and the mean score of support requirements was 3.30±0.18. with Statistical analysis were performed with SPSS 21.0 program.Conclusion: It is necessary to determine the knowledge status, attitudes and needs of women who have breast cancer in their neighborhood by the health professionals about the causes, screening methods, treatment methods and prevention of breast cancer. In this way, it will increase the spread of breast cancer screening, the number of patients diagnosed early and the success of treatment.
A Questionnaire of 2020 European Society of Cardiology Atrial Fibrillation Guideline for Cardiologists
Authors: ÖZGEYİK Mehmet
Published: August 2021

Objective: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common clinically significant cardiac arrhythmia. In our clinical practice, we wonder any knowledge differences between cardiology subspecialists, academic levels and first reading time interval for guidelines after published.
Methods: A standard questionnaire was created and sent to all cardiology specialists through our country. 27 questions were grouped as total questions (27 questions), AF diagnosis criteria (4 questions), scores of anticoagulation treatment decision (5 questions) (CHADS2-VASc and HAS-BLED), anticoagulation for AF (12 questions) and AF treatment (6 questions). In addition, 3 subjective questions were asked about the issues that should be included in the next guidelines.
Results: 59 cardiology specialists participated in this survey. Median age was 36 (26-52) years and 50 physicians were male. According to total, diagnosis, anticoagulation, treatment and anticoagulation scores success, 25 (42.4%), 19 (32.2%), 30 (50.8%), 19 (32.2%) and 45 (76.3%) participants were successful, respectively. Participants were grouped as academic title. Diagnosis, treatment, anticoagulation and anticoagulation score questions’ collected points were not statistically significant different between groups. There was only a statistically significance according to total questions (p=0.04). Professors were more successful for diagnosis (68.75 points), anticoagulation score (75 points), total (66.66 points) and associate professors were more successful for anticoagulation (71.29 points) and treatment (59.25 points) questions. Cardiology subspecialties were compared according to questions’ groups. Total, anticoagulation and treatment questions were statistically significant different between groups (p=0.005, p=0.012, p=0.037, respectively). There was only statistically significance between electrophysiologists and clinic cardiologists according to total questions (p=0.005) in favor of electrophysiologists.
Conclusion: In conclusion, 2020 ESC AF guideline is well understood among all type of cardiology specialist. However, as AF is one the most important disease in cardiology, general understanding should be increased.
Corporalidad y ciudadanía en México: Don Justo de José Gómez Robleda (1940-1950)
Authors: Enríquez-Gutiérrez Gustavo Adolfo
Published: August 2021

El texto aborda parte de la investigación sobre José Gómez Robleda de 1940 a 1950 en México sobre el cuerpo, la ciudadanía y la educación. El análisis interpreta la relación entre cuerpo y ciudadanía a través de la novela: Don Justo de José Gómez Robleda. Metodológicamente, se vincula el cuerpo y la ciudadanía como contenidos centrales de análisis a través de una investigación cualitativa, histórica y documental apoyada en fuentes primarias y secundarias. El trabajo coloca la importancia del cuerpo a través del biopoder en Foucault y el análisis de Michel de Certeau sobre los aparatos de su encarnación. El entramado analítico comprende la biotipología de José Gómez Robleda y la forma en que definió la corporalidad en la civilidad, la ciudadanía y la escuela. Las conclusiones principales del texto apuntan: a) al cuerpo como eje rector en la conformación ciudadana mexicana a mediados del siglo XX; b) la explicación racial corporal de la modernidad y la actividad laboral como ejes de la ciudadanía mexicana de mediados del siglo XX, en lo individual y social.
Del salón al aula virtual: Las dificultades tecnológicas, económicas y de salud mental que afrontan los universitarios para el desarrollo de la educación remota en el marco de la pandemia del COVID-19
Authors: García-González Andrea , Rodriguez-Zapata Danilo
Published: August 2021

En este artículo se abordan los efectos económicos, sociales y educativos provocados por los confinamientos obligatorios en respuesta al problema de salud pública mundial que representa la pandemia del COVID-19. Esto, en el marco del cierre de las instituciones educativas en su modalidad presencial y el paso imperativo a la modalidad remota o virtual. Así pues, en este documento se pretenden comprender las dificultades en términos tecnológicos, de salud mental, y de recursos económicos que enfrentan estudiantes de una Institución de Educación Superior, con cobertura nacional y pertenecientes a la clase media colombiana. Por lo cual, se realizó una indagación de tipo descriptiva y mixta a partir de grupos focales, entrevistas abiertas y encuestas a estudiantes, docentes y directivos. Se encontró que el principal obstáculo en lo tecnológico es la conectividad a través de una red estable y de alta velocidad. Estas falencias se profundizaron en la ruralidad. En relación con la salud mental, se reconoció la presencia de distintos estresores en los estudiantes que han sido identificados en la crisis actual y en investigaciones previas sobre otros contextos de desastres sanitarios. Y, por último, se evidenció la preocupación generalizada de los estudiantes por los impactos económicos de la pandemia y las posibilidades de continuar sus procesos de formación académica.
VILFREDO PARETO’NUN İKTİSADİ SOSYOLOJİK DÜŞÜNCE YAPISI VE REFAH İKTİSADINA YANSIMALARI
Authors: AKDOĞAN-GEDİK Melek
Published: August 2021

İktisatçı ve sosyolog olarak anılan Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1923), iktisat sosyolojisinde

kullanılmayan ve sosyolojisinin diğer alanlarında çok az rastlanan bir düşünce biçimini temsil

etmektedir. Pareto, sosyolojik bakış açısının temelini oluşturan insan yaşamının mantıksal olmayan

kısımlarını vurgulayarak ve toplumdaki dinamiklerle ilgilenerek deneysel örnekler sunmaktadır.

Pareto, mantıksal ve mantıksal olmayan davranışlar, tortular ve türemler, elit (seçkinler teorisi),

rantiyeciler ve spekülatörler temelinde sosyolojik teoriler geliştirerek refah iktisadına katkılar

sunmaktadır. Toplumlar arasında gelir farklılıklarından hareketle genel bir sosyal eşitsizlik teorisi

geliştirmiştir. Pareto'nun yaklaşımı, sınıfsal ayrılıklardan çok bireysel gelire, istatistiklerden çok tüm

sosyoekonomik dağılıma, sosyal yapının boşluklarından çok sosyal heterojenliğe ve bireylerin sahip

olduğu fırsatlar ve yeteneklerin dağılımından kaynaklı eşitsiz yapıya dikkat çekmektedir. İktisat ve

sosyolojiye ortak bir bakış açısı geliştiren Pareto'nun öngörüleri, eşitlik ile ilgili sosyo iktisadi

yaklaşımlara öncülük etmektedir. Çalışmamızda iktisat ve sosyolojiye ortak bir bakış açısı getiren

Pareto’nun öngörüleri ve refah iktisadına yansımaları değerlendirilmeye çalışılacaktır.
The ten group Robson classification: an institutional study to analyse the caesarean section rates
Authors: Gopinath Lekshminath , Vaidya Rajani
Published: August 2021

Background: Over the last few decades, there has been an alarming increase in the rate of deliveries by caesarean section (CS) in most of the countries, though the drivers of this trend are not completely understood. In 1985, WHO had proposed that ideal rate for regional CS rates should not exceed 10-15%. The Robson’s classification system is simple, robust and flexible. The study was done as it was important to have a tool to monitor, compare the CS rates in a same setting and between different settings over a period of time and to optimise the CS rates.Methods: It was a retrospective study conducted in the department of obstetrics and gynaecology in a tertiary care centre. The hospital delivery records were reviewed for a period of 15 months from April 2020 to June 2021.Results: The total number of deliveries during the study period was 1016. The total number of CSs was 441 and the total number of vaginal deliveries was 575.The CS rate was 43.4%. The relative contribution from groups 1, 2 and 5 in our study accounted for 76.36% and group 5 accounted for 44.4% of the total CSs. These 3 groups should be the focus of attention to reduce the overall CS rates.Conclusions: It is advisable that all institutions can use the Robson’s report table to analyse the population catered by them and to make institutional specific policies. This will allow comparing the data amongst the different institutions and countries which can help in policy making.
Terminal branching of internal laryngeal nerve: a cadaveric study
Authors: Madhavapillai Vijayalakshmi , Mohanraj Karthik Ganesh
Published: August 2021

Background: Innervation of larynx is much more complicated than previously been thought. Laryngopharynx is the common gateway for many specialists like oral surgeons, ENT surgeons, anaesthetists, UGI endoscopists and bronchoscopists. The sub-mucosal neural network can be anaesthetised by topical application or injection of local anaesthetics. In this study destination of the internal laryngeal nerve and its penetration into the intrinsic muscles of larynx are analysed.Methods: A total of 40 en bloc cadaveric specimens were investigated in the department of anatomy, Madras Medical College, Chennai and from Melmaruvathur Adhiparasakthi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Kanchipuram. Conventional anatomy dissection method was used in the identification of internal laryngeal branch of superior laryngeal nerve and its branches.Results: Irrespective of the number of divisions at the point of entry into thyrohyoid membrane, 4 branches were constantly traceable. The branches were traced by 2 approaches- (A) those supplying the mucus membrane- (i) to the junction of aryepiglottic fold and lateral border of epiglottis; (ii) to the posterior surface of interarytenoideus; (iii) to the posterior surface of posterior arytenoideus; and (iv) descending to apex of the pyriform fossa behind cricothyroid junction; (B) penetration into intrinsic muscles- (i) a branch terminated after entering interaryteoideus; and (ii) another terminated after entering the posterior cricoarytenoideus muscle.Conclusions: The knowledge of variation into branches and area of supply of internal laryngeal nerve is essential for anatomists and clinicians. It is not a nerve to be neglected as the knowledge of its branches is very much essential for the surgeons operating in this area of air and food passage.
Noticias del BID: Vol. 2, no. 1, febrero 1975
Authors:   Inter-American Development Bank
Published: August 2021

Noticias del BID, publicación mensual que tiene por objetivo informar acerca de las actividades del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo.
BID América: Vol. 27, no. 1-2, enero-febrero 2000
Authors:   Inter-American Development Bank
Published: August 2021

BID América cubre las tendencias del desarrollo económico y social de América Latina y el Caribe y las actividades del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo. Se publica 10 veces al año en castellano e inglés.
A Contribuição dos Valores Humanos na Explicação de Sintomas Depressivos na Adolescência
Authors: Couto Ricardo Neves , Silva Laura Nascimento Caetano da , Nascimento Radamés Coelho , Sousa Marlanne Cristina Silva , Nascimento Davi Diego de Souza do , Silva Paulo Gregório Nascimento da , Medeiros Emerson Diogenes de
Published: August 2021

Objetivou-se de maneira geral verificar o poder preditivo dos valores humanos, controlando o efeito de sexo e categoria da instituição escolar, nos sintomas de depressão dos adolescentes. Especificamente, verificar se há diferenças nos níveis de depressão quanto ao sexo e categoria da escola dos adolescentes. Para tanto, realizou-se uma pesquisa com 437 adolescentes estudantes do município de Parnaíba-PI, a maior parte foi composta pelo sexo feminino (51,3%) e escola pública (52,3%). Com a idade média de 14,53 anos (DP = 2,10, variando entre 12 e17 anos). Estes participantes responderam o Questionário de Valores Básicos (QVB-18), Inventário de Depressão Infantil (CDI) e dados demográficos. Com o SPSS versão 21 foram realizadas correlações de Pearson, seguidas de regressão múltipla hierárquica identificando que no modelo final, a subfunção que prediz a sintomatologia de depressão é existência, de maneira inversa, sugerindo que quanto mais pontuações nos valores dessa subfunção menos vivência de depressão, sexo também entrou no modelo, indicando que as meninas experienciam mais sintomatologia de depressão, não foram encontradas diferenças quanto ao tipo de escola. Tais resultados são discutidos à luz da literatura, evidenciando a importância dos valores como fator protetivo no contexto escolar.
A Influência das Crenças Conspiratórias e Orientação Política na Vacinação
Authors: Galli Luccas Moraes , Modesto João Gabriel
Published: August 2021

O êxito de uma política de vacinação depende, não apenas, de insumos materiais, mas também do endosso da população às campanhas. No Brasil, isso parece ser dificultado por conta de uma polarização política e da desinformação. Atento a isso, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar o efeito mediador das crenças conspiratórias sobre a pandemia e das informações oficiais na relação entre orientação política e a intenção de se vacinar contra COVID-19. A amostra foi composta por 325 participantes que responderam a medidas sobre crenças conspiratórias, informações oficiais, intenção de vacinação, orientação política e, por fim, o questionário sociodemográfico. Os resultados evidenciaram que as crenças conspiratórias sobre a pandemia e as informações oficiais exerceram efeitos de mediação na relação entre a orientação política e a intenção de se vacinar. Conclui-se que as crenças conspiratórias e a polarização política têm se configurado como um problema para a saúde pública no Brasil, e que podem atrapalhar o endosso a campanhas de vacinação.
Evaluación del riesgo ambiental por petróleo crudo en las especies acuáticas Lemna minor, Daphnia magna y Danio rerio
Authors: Caja-Molina Alisson Valeska , Iannacone José
Published: August 2021

Los derrames de petróleo ocasionan contaminación en los sistemas acuáticos y generan un problema ambiental grave. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el riesgo ambiental de los derrames de petróleo crudo mediante bioensayos de toxicidad letal y subletal en Lemna minor, Daphnia magna y Danio rerio. Se determinó la toxicidad de los hidrocarburos totales de petróleo (total petroleum hydrocarbon, TPH) en la fracción acumulada de petróleo mediante bioensayos con un diseño de bloques completos al azar (DBCA) de 6 x 4, con cinco concentraciones, un control y cuatro repeticiones. Las variables analizadas fueron el peso seco y la clorosis (L. minor); la mortalidad y la inmovilidad (D. magna), y la hipoactividad, el escape hacia el fondo y la hipoventilación (D. rerio). Los resultados obtenidos se evaluaron mediante diferencias estadísticas (p<0,05) entre las concentraciones y el control. Se determinaron los valores de la concentración en que no se observa efecto por exposición del contaminante (no observed effect concentration, NOEC) de <0,4 y 3,22 mg/L en las variables de clorosis y peso seco para L. minor. En el caso de D. magna, se obtuvo una concentración efectiva media para la inmovilidad (CE50-48h) de 2,74 mg/L y una concentración letal media (CL50-48h) de 6,22 mg/L. En el ensayo con el pez D. rerio, la variable de hipoactividad dio una NOEC y una concentración más baja en la que se observa efecto por exposición del contaminante (LOEC) de 14,28 y 28,61 mg/L a las 96 h de exposición, respectivamente. Los peces mostraron respuesta de escape hacia el fondo a 3,58 mg/L. En cuanto a la hipoventilación, los valores obtenidos de NOEC y LOEC fueron 7,15 y 14,31 mg/L (96 h). Se determinó el siguiente orden de toxicidad decreciente: L. minor (<0,40 mg/L – clorosis 168 h) > D. magna (1,61 mg/L – inmovilidad 48 h) > D. rerio (<3,58 mg/L – escape hacia el fondo 96 h). Todas las variables analizadas presentaron un cociente de riesgo mayor a 1, lo que dejó en evidenció el riesgo acuático ambiental.
Education as a Way of Human Existence in a Postmodern Society
Authors: Bekh Volodymyr , Vashkevych Viktor , Kravchenko Alla , Yaroshenko Alla , Akopian Valerii , Antonenko Tetiana
Published: August 2021

Without exaggeration, learning problems are among the most complex and most controversial not only in pedagogical and philosophical science but also in other scientific areas. We are talking about the philosophy of education as a general paradigm of the organization and content of all that knowledge - scientific and non-scientific - that we pass on to pupils and students through education, about worldview values that are brought up, merged in the process of educational and educational activities, the certainty of the spiritual world of the individual which is formed at school and university and determines her personal position, role and ways of behavior in postmodern society. Education is an important stage in the formation of the human soul, his spiritual world. Consciousness, like other qualities of the human psyche, results from education and acquisition of social experience. An important means of forming a person's consciousness is the educational system, which contributes to the spiritual development of a person. Since it is education that is that social institution, it performs the functions of preparing and including the individual in various spheres of the life of postmodern society and attracting him to culture. Human consciousness is the ideological foundation of aim and reliable knowledge. In this context, consciousness is the possibility and condition of the world, the individual can perceive and develop his spirituality. Education in this case is the most effective way to form a person's spirituality. Since, besides a certain profession, education gives a person the opportunity to spiritually improve himself.
A Journey Inside the Perception of the Self-Image - from the 15th Century Italian Portrait to the Glamorized Image on the Facebook
Authors: Dumitrescu Marius
Published: August 2021

This article aims to present the philosophical perspective upon the birth of the idea of the individual and the consequences of the discovery of the self-image on the techniques of image reproduction from the Renaissance to the present day. The process of projecting the self-image into the public space acquires a special importance with the elaboration of the portrait technique in the Italian painting of the 15th century. Through Leonardo da Vinci's paintings, this technique of reproducing self-image reaches a certain perfection. Following the evolution of this kind of projections and reproductions of the self-image, it is found that there is an obvious tendency by which the individual tends to free himself from certain patterns, or rather canons, which a certain epoch imposes. This process manifested in the visual arts corresponds to a new philosophical perception of man opened by the works of Ficino and Pico della Mirandola. The assertion of a new type of dignity, correlated with the idea of the microcosm, of the Renaissance man will lead to an affirmation of his own personality and especially to an increase of the will to power reflected more and more in the works of art. With the resurgence of the Italian renaissance, artists and philosophers experienced a decline, but found a favorable space for their development at the court of Elizabeth I, Queen of England. The art of portraiture, but also the philosophy of renaissance survives and is even more flourishing at the court of this queen. But the most important moment of this renaissance is marked by Dutch art after its liberation from Spanish rule. From this moment on, the emancipation of the individual will occur on an unimaginable scale until then.
Communicative Model – Author, Hero, Text, Recipient in a Postmodern Novel
Authors: Levchenko Natalia , Lubov Pecherskyh , Varenikova Olena , Torkut Nataliya
Published: August 2021

The study deals with the communicative interaction between the author, the hero, the text, the reader in a postmodern novel. A similar and ambiguous reality, on the one hand, sometimes led to the subjectivist hypertrophy, absolutizing the author’s world view, and at times minimized and devaluated the author’s identity, on the other. Therefore, from the end of the 1990s the ways of expressing author’s “Self” changed dramatically, which directly affected the means of creating a hero in the contemporary Ukrainian literature. An important place in the communicative literary model was occupied by the text as an independent semantic unit and the reader as an interpreter of the text. The specifics of deploying the dialog between the author and the hero point to the transformation of their functions in the Ukrainian postmodern novel. Considering the statement of the death of the author proclaimed by R. Barthes, the former stops being the main holistic text creator, thus rather becoming its product and the way of expression. The author, the hero and the text have a certain integrity aimed at the interpretative game with the recipient, who diffuses the newly created semantic integrity into a diversity of meanings.
Foreign Language Education in Eastern Europe in the Historical and Postmodern Discourse
Authors: Onishchuk Iryna , Bidyuk Natalya , Doroshenko Tetiana , Zastelo Olha , Kokhanovska Elena , Yatsiv Svitlana , Ishchuk Nataliia
Published: August 2021

It is foreign languages that allow one to carry out one’s professional duties at the international level, in particular in the academic field. Besides, they are recognized as a key to the development of human culture, which opens new opportunities for international integration and deepens cultural, intellectual and communicative functions of languages. Considering its historical post-totalitarian specifics and social roles, the development of foreign language education in higher education institutions (HEIs) in Eastern Europe, in particular Ukraine, includes materialist and pragmatic and partly postmodernist trends, which need to be studied and analyzed in the context of a modern, postcolonial society. The research aims to systematize theoretical issues and generalize the experience of developing foreign language education for future humanities teachers in pedagogical universities in Ukraine (the mid 20th century - the early 21st century), as well identify some proper ways to implement authentic and world experience into the modern practice of training future foreign language professionals. The following pedagogical strategies are considered to be certain productive areas in the combination of classical and postmodernist trends in education: the integration of repetitive teaching methods and creative activity; the combination of modular and problem-based learning; the use of non-communicative models and cognitive strategies of foreign language education; the introduction of models of foreign language education, which make it possible to specify social, professional and research activity of the student’s personality; the reinforcement of extra-curricular activities in the context of foreign language education.
Sport in Society as a Binder in Social Communication of Human's Emotions
Authors: Popescu-Bradiceni Ion , Plastoi Camelia Daniela , Mihai Ilie , Mihăilescu Liviu , Buțu Ioana , Cătuna George Cristian , Teodorescu Simona
Published: August 2021

Society is the ensemble/the whole of the relations with the others, it is their form based on the natural needs (objective): the perpetuation of the species, the playful expression, the language, the thinking, the communication, the inter-subjectivity report (based on good morals, social obligations, education, the functioning of the state, the laws, rules and group conventions (in the case of sport, the constraints imposed, exceeding any individual will and transforming the social fact into an objective fact). In the evolution of psychology of human development, sport contributes to the improvement of the body in relation to the environment; of the cognitive, moral development of language, that of complex skills, sensory integrations, games with body schematics, which mobilize self-awareness and (re)structure through learning and experience. Thus, social and communication behaviours generate a mutually advantageous social repertoire.
The Main Factors Influencing the Socialization of Students in PostPandemic Period
Authors: Haleta Yaroslav , Filonenko Oksana , Ratsul Olexander , Ratsul Anatoliy , Babenko Tetiana
Published: August 2021

Successful reform of the higher education system in the context of COVID-19, both in a single country and in the world in the context of its development toward democratization, requires updated approaches to assessing the results of socialization of various categories of young people, and especially students. Since student age is a period of active formation of the inner need of a person to correlate his own aspirations with the interests of society, it is sensitive for the assimilation of social experience, socially significant activities, and the formation of an active creative personality. Higher education in the context of COVID-19 faces an important task - to ensure the education of "vital and socially competent person who can make independent choices and make responsible decisions in various life situations" the formation of their own motives and interests. It is important how much the student as a subject of socialization, independent in the information space, what is the level of his social competence, how quickly he chooses the field of activity in which he can achieve high professionalism. The article deals with the problem of socialization of student youth in modern conditions of a higher educational institution, associated with the processes of development and education of the individual. The features, stages and socio-pedagogical conditions of successful socialization of students in the context of COVID-19 are revealed.
An Investigation into Interrelations Between Trait Emotional Intelligence and Perfectionism in Middle School Aged Children
Authors: Doktorová Dominika , Varečková Ľubica
Published: August 2021

This research focuses on the detection of interrelations between perfectionism and trait emotional intelligence in children of middle school age. The Frost multidimensional scale of perfectionism (F-MPS) for the detection of the perfectionism level was used. The global level of trait emotional intelligence was measured with the trait emotional intelligence questionnaire for children (TEIQue-CSF). The research sample consisted of 120 middle school children between 10 to 12 years old. The sample comprised of 80 girls and 40 boys. The results of the research failed to reveal any statistically significant relations between perfectionism and trait emotional intelligence.
Analysis of Accessibility of Public Transport in Warsaw in the Opinion of Users
Authors: Stachyra Rafal , Roman Kamil
Published: August 2021

Public transport in Warsaw is currently showing a dynamic development. The capital of Poland, as the largest city in the country, is constantly increasing spending on transport and implementing large investment projects, such as the expansion of the subway, which gives residents more opportunities for efficient movement within the agglomeration. Despite the implementation of these investments, there are still some sensitive places in Warsaw where access to public transport may be difficult. Given these conditions, a study of public transportation accessibility is warranted and socially needed. This article presents the results of a questionnaire survey conducted among Warsaw residents. The study included a group of 986 respondents, most people between the ages of 18 and 44. The analysis conducted looked at perceived accessibility of public transportation and satisfaction with public transportation services. As a result of the study, we could identify the main factors that influence passenger satisfaction, as well as examine transport accessibility in the social city of Warsaw. Conclusions from the study may be helpful for the city government to improve the functioning of public transport.