bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantifier les usages de l’eau : une clarification terminologique et conceptuelle pour lever les confusions
Authors: Calianno Martin , Reynard Emmanuel , Milano Marianne , Buchs Arnaud
Published: June 2017

Cet article met en évidence les confusions existantes relatives aux termes employés dans les travaux sur les usages de l’eau : besoins, demandes, apports, consommation, prélèvements. Nous proposons un cadre terminologique adapté aux enjeux de la quantification de ces termes, nécessaire au suivi de la gestion intégrée des ressources en eau (GIRE). Une revue de la littérature permet d’abord d’identifier les termes synonymes de l’usage de l’eau et leurs diverses interprétations. Ensuite, une proposition de terminologie est élaborée autour du concept du cycle d’usage de l’eau, dont la schématisation permet d’illustrer les particularités de chaque terme. Les résultats montrent que les confusions apparaissent principalement au niveau de l’usage même de l’eau, pour lequel les termes associés (besoin, demande, apport et consommation) sont souvent mobilisés de manière imprécise, voire indifférenciée. Les nuances permettant de distinguer ces notions sont décrites via un schéma général de cycle d’usage de l’eau, dont la demande est le moteur principal. Les particularités propres à certains usages sont ensuite schématisées : approvisionnement en eau potable (AEP), irrigation et usages environnementaux. Cette réflexion a été menée conjointement par un géologue, un géographe, une hydrologue et un économiste, ce qui permet d’entretenir le débat sur la terminologie des usages de l’eau et de proposer un essai de synthèse, tel un préalable nécessaire à toute recherche interdisciplinaire sur les « usages de l’eau ».
Diagnostic préventif de la vulnérabilité des constructions résidentielles pour leurs occupants face au risque de submersion marine appliqué à l’île de Noirmoutier (Vendée, France)
Authors: Creach Axel , Pardo Sophie , Mercier Denis
Published: June 2017

En février 2010, la tempête Xynthia génère une submersion marine sur les côtes atlantiques françaises, à l’origine de 41 noyades. Les retours d’expérience pointent la configuration et la localisation des constructions résidentielles comme facteur aggravant de la vulnérabilité humaine. Face à ce constat, l’État décide la destruction des constructions les plus dangereuses. Néanmoins, cette politique des « zones noires » n’a été appliquée que sur les territoires les plus impactés par Xynthia. Or, il existe d’autres secteurs vulnérables à la submersion marine en France. Ce travail propose de mener un diagnostic préventif de la vulnérabilité des constructions résidentielles pour leurs occupants sur l’île de Noirmoutier. Peu touchée par Xynthia, l’île présente une configuration propice à la submersion marine et a déjà été durement touchée par le passé. À partir de la méthode de l’indice V.I.E., les résultats montrent une inégale exposition des communes pour un événement de type Xynthia. 46 % des constructions résidentielles de l’île seraient exposées en cas d’inondation avec des disparités selon les communes, la part du bâti exposé allant de 28 % à 76 %. Toutefois, les communes qui comptent la part la plus importante de constructions les plus vulnérables pour leurs occupants sont celles où l’urbanisation est proche des digues. S’il faut relativiser la vulnérabilité de l’île de Noirmoutier vis-à-vis de La Faute-sur-Mer (29 décès lors de Xynthia), cela confirme le rôle des digues comme facteur aggravant de la vulnérabilité. Ce diagnostic ouvre la réflexion sur l’adaptation afin de prévenir les conséquences d’un futur évènement de submersion marine sur l’île.
Lieux et pratiques de la plongée sous-marine sur la côte marseillaise : pour une approche géographique intégrée de l’espace marin littoral
Authors: Robert Samuel , Plouvier Théophile
Published: June 2017

Activité récréative en pleine croissance sur de nombreux littoraux du monde, la plongée sous-marine est principalement connue grâce à des études conduites dans le cadre d’aires marines protégées (AMP). Les préoccupations de gestion imposent en effet de connaître les pratiques et leurs effets sur les milieux, mais aussi les retombées socio-économiques de l’activité et ainsi l’utilité sociale de la protection de l’environnement. Pourtant, comme pour de nombreuses autres activités récréatives en mer, les connaissances sur la plongée demeurent relativement lacunaires et sont souvent sujettes à caution. En outre, dans le cas de zones côtières complexes, l’espace des pratiques ne se confond pas systématiquement avec le périmètre d’une AMP lorsqu’elle existe. Il est alors pertinent d’appréhender cette activité au niveau du système territorial dans lequel elle s’insère. Tel est le propos de cet article qui s’intéresse au littoral de Marseille (France), l’un des berceaux mondiaux de la plongée. Juxtaposant un grand port de commerce avec divers périmètres de protection de l’espace marin littoral aux réglementations distinctes, ce littoral constitue une zone privilégiée pour cette activité. À partir d’une enquête auprès des principales structures d’encadrement de la plongée, une géographie des pratiques est alors révélée. Dans une perspective de démarche intégrée, elle est ensuite mise en discussion avec les périmètres de gestion et les quelques efforts d’organisation de l’activité sur l’ensemble du littoral.
A Nonadjuvanted IgG2a Monoclonal Antibody against Nucleosomes Elicits Potent T Cell–Dependent, Idiotype-Specific IgG1 Responses and Glomerular IgG1/IgG2a Deposits in Normal Mice
Authors: Hannestad Kristian , Scott Helge
Published: June 2017

Idiotypes (Ids) are unique epitopes of Ab V regions and can trigger anti-Id immune responses, but immunization with several nonadjuvanted isologous IgG mAbs has induced tolerance to their Ids. We immunized non–lupus-prone mice with 11 allotype “a” of IgG2a (IgG2aa) and 4 IgG2c nonadjuvanted, isologous mAbs purified from serum-free medium. Of five IgG2aa mAbs with specificity for nucleosomes, the repeating histone-DNA subunit of chromatin, four elicited an IgG1 anti-mAb response and one mAb was nonimmunogenic. In contrast, none of six IgG2aa mAbs with unknown specificity triggered anti-mAb responses. The data suggested a link between immunogenicity and specificity for nucleosomes. One anti-nucleosome IgG2aa mAb, termed 3F7.A10, copurified with self-histones and was a potent immunogen for BALB/c mice. The response against IgG2aa 3F7.A10 was CD4+ Th cell–dependent, dominated by the IgG1 subclass, and Id specific. Ultracentrifugation converted the purified 3F7.A10 mAb into a weak immunogen, suggesting that the mAb had formed immunogenicity-enhancing immune complexes (ICs) with nucleosomal Ags during cell culture. BALB/c mice injected with viable MHC-incompatible 3F7.A10 hybridoma cells grown in serum-free medium mounted strong anti-Id responses. TLR9-deficient mice responded significantly weaker to Id-3F7.A10 than did TLR9-sufficient mice, suggesting that the cognate BCR efficiently internalizes the Id in an IC with nucleosomes. Passive transfer of IgG2aa 3F7.A10 to BALB/c mice with high titers of IgG1 anti-3F7.A10 led to glomerular deposits of IgG1/IgG2a complexes. The immunogenicity of Id-3F7.A10 raises the possibility that diverse Ids of nucleosome-specific Abs form ICs with nucleosomes released from dying cells and elicit spontaneous formation of anti-Id Abs in vivo.
Maintaining Christian virtues and ethos in Christian universities in Ghana: The reality, challenges and the way forward
Authors: White Peter , Afrane Samuel K.
Published: June 2017

Christian universities are established to integrate Christian faith, principles and virtues into their academic programmes with the expectation that through this holistic Christocentric education, students will be well-prepared to serve and to contribute positively to transform society. Although this approach to education is good, it however does not come without the challenge of how to maintain these Christian virtues in light of increasing secularisation and permissiveness in contemporary society. This article examines the realities and challenges of maintaining Christian virtues and ethos in Christian universities in Ghana and recommends some helpful solutions. The study employed eclectic methodology in data gathering and analyses. The research revealed that for a university to be called a Christian university, it must have at its core the vision for Christ-centredness, mission mindedness and discipleship focus. This must also be reflected in the attitude of both students and staff in the way they relate to and manage God’s resources.
Pseudo-proxy tests of the analogue method to reconstruct spatially resolved global temperature during the Common Era
Authors: Gómez-Navarro Juan José , Zorita Eduardo , Raible Christoph C. , Neukom Raphael
Published: June 2017

Abstract. This study addresses the possibility of carrying out spatially resolved global reconstructions of annual mean temperature using a worldwide network of proxy records and a method based on the search of analogues. Several variants of the method are evaluated, and their performance is analysed. As a test bed for the reconstruction, the PAGES 2k proxy database (version 1.9.0) is employed as a predictor, the HadCRUT4 dataset is the set of observations used as the predictand and target, and a set of simulations from the PMIP3 simulations are used as a pool to draw analogues and carry out pseudo-proxy experiments (PPEs). The performance of the variants of the analogue method (AM) is evaluated through a series of PPEs in growing complexity, from a perfect-proxy scenario to a realistic one where the pseudo-proxy records are contaminated with noise (white and red) and missing values, mimicking the limitations of actual proxies. Additionally, the method is tested by reconstructing the real observed HadCRUT4 temperature based on the calibration of real proxies. The reconstructed fields reproduce the observed decadal temperature variability. From all the tests, we can conclude that the analogue pool provided by the PMIP3 ensemble is large enough to reconstruct global annual temperatures during the Common Era. Furthermore, the search of analogues based on a metric that minimises the RMSE in real space outperforms other evaluated metrics, including the search of analogues in the range-reduced space expanded by the leading empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs). These results show how the AM is able to spatially extrapolate the information of a network of local proxy records to produce a homogeneous gap-free climate field reconstruction with valuable information in areas barely covered by proxies and make the AM a suitable tool to produce valuable climate field reconstructions for the Common Era.
Ross scheme, Newton–Raphson iterative methods and time-stepping strategies for solving the mixed form of Richards' equation
Authors: Hassane Maina Fadji , Ackerer Philippe
Published: June 2017

Abstract. The solution of the mathematical model for flow in variably saturated porous media described by the Richards equation (RE) is subject to heavy numerical difficulties due to its highly nonlinear properties and remains very challenging. Two different algorithms are used in this work to solve the mixed form of RE: the traditional iterative algorithm and a time-adaptive algorithm consisting of changing the time-step magnitude within the iteration procedure while the nonlinear parameters are computed with the state variable at the previous time. The Ross method is an example of this type of scheme, and we show that it is equivalent to the Newton–Raphson method with a time-adaptive algorithm.Both algorithms are coupled to different time-stepping strategies: the standard heuristic approach based on the number of iterations and two strategies based on the time truncation error or on the change in water saturation. Three different test cases are used to evaluate the efficiency of these algorithms.The numerical results highlight the necessity of implementing an estimate of the time truncation errors.
Development of a comprehensive data basis of scattering environmental conditions and simulation constraints for offshore wind turbines
Authors: Hübler Clemens , Gebhardt Cristian Guillermo , Rolfes Raimund
Published: June 2017

Abstract. For the design and optimisation of offshore wind turbines, the knowledge of realistic environmental conditions and utilisation of well-founded simulation constraints is very important, as both influence the structural behaviour and power output in numerical simulations. However, real high-quality data, especially for research purposes, is scarcely available. This is why, in this work, a comprehensive data basis of thirteen environmental conditions at wind turbine locations in the North and Baltic Sea is derived using data of the FINO research platforms. For simulation constraints, like the simulation length and start-up time, well-founded recommendations in literature are also rare. Nevertheless, it is known that the choice of simulation lengths and start-up times fundamentally affects the quality and computing time of simulations. For this reason, studies of convergence for both parameters are conducted to determine adequate values depending on the type of substructure, the wind speed and the considered loading (fatigue or ultimate). As the main purpose of both the data basis and the simulation constraints is to compromise realistic data for probabilistic design approaches and to serve as a guidance for further studies in order to enable more realistic and accurate simulations, all results are freely available and easy to apply.
Ameliorating Plant Available Water by Addition of Treated Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Sludge on Entisols
Authors: Khairuddin Mohd Nizar , Md Isa Isharudin , Zakaria Abd Jamil , Syahlan Syahrizan
Published: June 2017

Palm oil mill contributed a significant benefit to agro-based industry and social-economic for Malaysia. The treated POME sludge was produced from the open treatment ponds and palm oil mill effluent (POME) without any treatment is considered as a polluted wastewater. This study is to determine the effect of POME sludge on Entisols for plant available water (PAW). The data obtained from this study were selected to measure physicochemical parameters (bulk density, porosity, compaction, organic matter), hydraulic parameter (hydraulic conductivity, hydraulic capacity and water retention) to determine the PAW. The POME sludge from different treatment ponds (control, mixing pond, anaerobic pond, facultative pond, algae pond and dumping pond) was applied to the Zea mays (Hibrimas) as a test crops. The results showed that maize treated with POME sludge from the dumping pond indicated significant difference on soil organic matter, bulk density, porosity, soil compaction and plant available water compared to mixing and anaerobic ponds. As a conclusion, POME sludge from the dumping might improve soil physical properties of Entisols. The dumping pond sludge has significant potential to be used as an organic amendment for plant growth in the future.
Effect of Moringa olifera Leaf Extract on Growth and Productivity of Three Cereal Forages
Authors: Abusuwar Awad O. , Abohassan Refaat A.
Published: June 2017

Moringa olifera leaf extract at different concentrations were used to evaluate their effects on three cereal forages (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench, Penisetum typhoideum Rich and Sorghum Sudanese) grown under stress environment of soil and water salinity in an arid environment. Three independent experiments carried out at King Abdulaziz University Experimental Station, Makkah province during 2015 and 2016. Treatments consisted of four concentrations of Moringa olifera leaf extract: (C1 = 1 ml of juice + 10 ml of distilled water ,C2 = 1 ml of juice + 20 ml of distilled water, C3 = 1 ml of juice + 30 ml of distilled water and C4 = 1 ml of juice + 40 ml of distilled water in addition to distilled water alone as a control). Results showed that the higher concentration C1 contained the highest amount of inorganic elements and growth hormones compared to other concentrations. This in turn reflected in significant higher growth and forage yields of the three forage crops tested. Significant increases in growth and forage yields in both seasons reported for the higher concentration C1 compared to others. Fresh and dry forage yields of Millet, during 2016, increased by the higher concentration over the control treatment by 17.67 and 4.87%, respectively. Results indicated the effectiveness of Moringa leaf extract in improving growth and increasing productivity of cereal forages under harsh environment of salinity and aridity.
Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Helminthosis in Santa Ines Sheep under Dry and Rainy Season
Authors: Abreu Bueno Da Silva , Luz Carlos Syllas Monteiro , Santos Ronaldo Do Ò , Oliveira Marcelo Richelly Alves de , Carvalho Geraldo Magela Côrtes , Farias Leonardo Atta , Sousa Júnior Severino Cavalcante de , Santos Karina Rodrigues dos
Published: June 2017

Cryptosporidiosis is a parasitic disease caused by a protozoan from the genus Cryptosporidium with cosmopolitan distribution and zoonotic potential. The objective of this work was to determine the occurrence of Cryptosporidium and helminthosis in Santa Ines sheep herd during dry and rainy season. This work was developed at the sheep’s breeding sector from the Federal University of Piaui, located in Southern Piauí, Brazil. Fifty sheep kept in a semi-intensive system were used in the experiment using the method according Ritchie, Ziehl-Neelsen and Gordon and Whitlock. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 36% of the animals tested, with 20 males exhibiting a percentage of 50% (10 animals) protozoan in the feces and 50% (10 animals) exhibiting negative results. Among the 30 tested females, 8 (26.6%) were positive and 22 (73.4%) were negative. Concerning the age, 24 animals (48%) were of 0-12 months old, with prevalence of 11 (46%) positive animals showing protozoan in the feces, and 26 animals (52%) between 13-48 months old. The rainy season showed the highest counting of eggs per gram of feces (EPG), reaching a mean value of 2250 thus, a high occurrence of Cryptosporidium was evidenced, with a higher infection degree in young male sheep, predominantly during the rainy season, when a higher EPG was observed.
METEOROLOGICAL MESSAGES FOR ANTI-AIRCRAFT
ARTILLERY
Authors: Baranowski Leszek , Jasiński Janusz , Chiliński Michał , Gadomski Błażej
Published: June 2017

Impact of meteorological conditions on projectile trajectory has been subjected to scientific research since the beginning of 20th century. During this time different standards and methods of taking meteorological conditions into account in calculations of firing angles were established. This paper presents a number of widely used methods and the results of their application basing on an example of KDA 35 mm antiaircraft gun.
ANALYSIS OF ENERGETIC PARAMETERS FOR ANTITANK KINETIC AMMUNITION OF CONTEMPORARY BATTLEFIELD
Authors: Magier Mariusz
Published: June 2017

Basic energetic parameters of select-ed examples of 120 mm APFSDS (armur piercing fin stabilised discarding sabots) service projectiles are specified and analysed in the paper. Author has estimated chances for meeting penetration capacities through RHA (rolled homogeneous armour) by designs of kinetic energy projectiles which are currently under development. The summary also includes a characterisation of present limitations for tank guns ballistic parameters.
EXPECTED DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS OF NEW POLISH MILITARY PISTOL
Authors: Badurowicz Przemysław , Stępniak Wiesław
Published: June 2017

Artykuł opisuje jakie cechy konstrukcyjne powinien posiadać nowy polski pistolet. Przywołano najnowsze wymagania na pistolet dla Wojska Polskiego. Opracowanie przedstawia aktualne tendencje oraz stosowane rozwiązania konstrukcyjne, poparte przykładami producentów broni z całego świata. Artykuł opisuje, jakie cechy obecnie są najbardziej doceniane i z jakich powodów. Skupiono się na aspekcie ergonomicznym, czyli przystosowaniu broni do strzelców prawo- i lewo ręcznych, wygodnej obsłudze zapewniającej szybką reakcję strzelca oraz na zabezpieczeniach, czyli stosowaniu bezpieczników i innych dodatkowych rozwiązań podnoszących poziom bezpieczeństwa przy eksploatacji. Przedstawiono najnowsze wymagania w zakresie niezawodności pistoletów, w normalnych jak i ciężkich warunkach eksploatacji, a także wymagania w zakresie żywotności broni, przy zachowaniu odpowiednich parametrów (skupienia i prędkości początkowej pocisków). Opisano również w skrócie metody badań broni strzeleckiej, które pozwalają zweryfikować pracę automatyki w ciężkich warunkach eksploatacji.
On Saulyev's Methods
Authors: Østerby Ole
Published: June 2017

No abstract.
New medical therapies in glaucoma management
Authors: Skorin, Leonid
Published: June 2017

New and potent medications such as alpharadrenergic agonists, topically active carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and prostaglandin analogs, are now available for use in the treatment of glaucoma. These ophthalmic medications have the potential to cause serious drug interactions and systemic side effects. The primary care physician should be able to recognize and to monitor any potential adverse effects and interact with the prescribing ophthalmologist for optimal patient care.
Aortopulmonary fistula in an infected Dacron graft for coarctation of the aorta: An uncommon cause of hemoptysis
Authors: Ashchi Majdi , McCarthy Patrick M. , Golish Joseph A.
Published: June 2017

Hemoptysis secondary to an aortobronchial fistula is rare and uniformly fatal when left untreated. The authors describe a case of massive hemoptysis caused by an aortopulmonary fistula in an infected Dacron graft used successfully to repair a coarctation of the aorta.
Stress profile influences learning approach in a marine fish
Authors: Raoult Vincent , Trompf Larissa , Williamson Jane E. , Brown Culum
Published: June 2017

The spatial learning skills of high and low stress juvenile mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus) were tested in a dichotomous choice apparatus. Groups of fish were formed based on background blood cortisol levels and required to learn the location of a food reward hidden in one of two compartments. Low stress fish characterised by low background levels of the stress hormone cortisol had higher activity levels and entered both rewarded and unrewarded rooms frequently. Within the first week of exposure, however, their preference for the rewarded room increased, indicative of learning. Fish that had high background levels of cortisol, in contrast, showed low levels of activity but when they chose between the two rooms they chose the rewarded room most often but showed less improvement over time. After 12 days in the apparatus, both low and high stress fish had similar ratios of rewarded vs unrewarded room entrances. Our results suggest that proactive coping styles may increase exposure to novel contexts and thus favour faster learning but at the cost of reduced initial accuracy.
Accumulative Roll Bonding at Room Temperature of a Bi‐Metallic AA5754/AA6061 Composite: Impact of Strain Path on Microstructure, Texture, and Mechanical Properties
Authors: Verstraete Kevin , Azzedine Hiba , Helbert Anne‐Laure , Brisset François , Bradai Djamel , Baudin Thierry
Published: June 2017

Accumulative roll bonding (ARB) is performed at room temperature on an aluminum composite up to five rolling cycles, using two different paths: the conventional one (ARB) and the cross ARB (CARB) one consisting of a 90° rotation of the rolling direction before each rolling pass. The microstructure is refined faster by CARB than by ARB occasioning higher yield strength of the elaborated samples. Besides, CARB has the ability to delay the loss of stratification of the composite. The resulting textures are different: while ARB promotes typical rolling components (Brass {011}<211>, Goss {110}<001>, Dillamore {4 4 11}<11 11 8>), S {123}<634>), CARB promotes the ND‐rotated Brass {011}<755> instead of Brass together with the S and Dillamore components. A Visco‐Plastic Self‐Consistent (VPSC) simulation highlights that the ND‐rotated Brass had Brass and S components for origin. The ND‐rotated Brass presence in the texture promotes a better mechanical isotropy of the composite sheet.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Chiral 3‐Substituted‐3‐silylpropionic Esters via Rhodium/Bisphosphine‐Thiourea‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation
Authors: Zhang Zongpeng , Han Zhengyu , Gu Guoxian , Dong Xiu‐Qin , Zhang Xumu
Published: June 2017

We have successfully developed the asymmetric hydrogenation of β‐silyl‐α,β‐unsaturated esters to prepare chiral 3‐substituted‐3‐silylpropionic ester products catalyzed by rhodium/bisphosphine‐thiourea (ZhaoPhos) with excellent results (up to 97% yield, >99% ee, 1500 TON). Moreover, our hydrogenation products can be efficiently converted to other important organic molecules, such as chiral ethyl (R)‐3‐hydroxy‐3‐phenylpropanoate or (R)‐3‐[dimethyl(phenyl)silyl]‐3‐phenylpropanoic acid.

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Graphene‐Based Organic Electrochemical Capacitors for AC Line Filtering
Authors: Chi Fengyao , Li Chun , Zhou Qinqin , Zhang Miao , Chen Ji , Yu Xiaowen , Shi Gaoquan
Published: June 2017

Less‐defective graphene oxide sheets with a small average size of 0.7 µm are electrochemically reduced to form a hydrogel film with highly oriented porous structure. It is applied as the electrode of organic electrochemical capacitor (OEC) after solvent change with organic electrolyte and deep reduction in this organic medium. At 120 Hz, the typical OEC exhibits a high areal specific energy density of 472 µF V2 cm−2 with a wide workable voltage window of 2.5 V, a phase angle of −80.5°, a resistor‐capacitor time constant (τRC) of 0.219 ms, and an excellent electrochemical stability. Thus, it is promising to replace aluminum electrolytic capacitors for AC line filtering. Furthermore, two identical OECs connected in series keep the performance of single device, making them practically applicable in electronics.
Work‐related injury factors and safety climate perception in truck drivers
Authors: Anderson Naomi J. , Smith Caroline K. , Byrd Jesse L.
Published: June 2017

Introduction

The trucking industry has a high burden of work‐related injuries. This study examined factors, such as safety climate perceptions, that may impact injury risk.

Method

A random sample of 9800 commercial driver's license holders (CDL) were sent surveys, only 4360 were eligible truck drivers. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models were developed to describe the population and identify variables associated with work‐related injury.

Results

2189 drivers completed the pertinent interview questions. Driving less‐than‐truckload, daytime sleepiness, pressure to work faster, and having a poor composite score for safety perceptions were all associated with increased likelihood of work‐related injury. Positive safety perception score was protective for odds of work‐related injury, and increased claim filing when injured.

Conclusions

Positive psychological safety climate is associated with decreased likelihood of work‐related injury and increased likelihood that a driver injured on the job files a workers’ compensation claim.
New evidence suggesting a dissociated etiology for cribra orbitalia and porotic hyperostosis
Authors: Rivera Frances , Mirazón Lahr Marta
Published: June 2017

Objectives

Porotic hyperostosis (PH), characterized by porotic lesions on the cranial vault, and cribra orbitalia (CO), a localized appearance of porotic lesions on the roof of the orbits, are relatively common osteological conditions. Their etiology has been the focus of several studies, and an association with anemia has long been suggested. Anemia often causes bone marrow hypertrophy or hyperplasia, leading to the expansion in trabecular or cranial diploic bone as a result of increased hematopoiesis. Hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia is often coupled with a disruption of the remodeling process of outer cortical bone, cranially and/or postcranially, leading to the externally visible porotic lesions reported in osteological remains. In this article, we investigate whether individuals with CO have increased thickness of the diploë, the common morphological direct effect of increased hematopoiesis, and thus test the relationship between the two conditions, as well as explore the type of anemia that underlie it.

Methods

An analysis of medical CT scans of a worldwide sample of 98 complete, young to middle‐aged adult dry skulls from the Duckworth Collection was conducted on male and female cribrotic individuals (n = 23) and noncribrotic individuals (n = 75), all of whom lacked any evidence of porotic lesions on the vault. Measurements of total and partial cranial thickness were obtained by virtual landmark placement, using the Amira 5.4 software; all analyses were conducted in IBM SPSS 21.

Results

Cribriotic individuals have significantly thinner diploic bone and thicker outer and inner tables than noncribriotic individuals, contrary to the expected diploic expansion that would result from anemic conditions associated to bone marrow hypertrophy or hyperplasia. Additionally, individuals without CO and those with the condition have distinctive cranial thickness at particular locations across the skull and the severity to which CO is expressed also differentiates between those with mild and those with a moderate to severe form of the condition.

Conclusions

Our results suggest a complex pattern of causality in relation to the pathologies that may lead to the formation of porotic lesions on the vault and the roof of the orbits. A form of anemia may be behind the osteological changes observed in PH and CO, but it is unlikely to be the same type of anemic condition that underlies both types of osteological lesions. We suggest that CO may be associated to anemias that lead to diploic bone hypocellularity and hypoplasia, such as those caused by anemia of chronic disease and, to a lesser extent, of renal failure, aplastic anemia, protein deficiency, and anemia of endocrine disorders, and not those that lead to bone marrow hypercellularity and hyperplasia and potential PH. This leads us to the conclusion that the terms PH and CO should be used to reflect different underlying conditions.
Strukturelle Studie zur Erweiterung des genetischen Codes durch ein artifizielles Nucleobasenpaar
Authors: Betz Karin , Kimoto Michiko , Diederichs Kay , Hirao Ichiro , Marx Andreas
Published: June 2017

Hydrophobe artifizielle Basenpaare, die keine Wasserstoffbrücken bilden, sind die derzeit vielversprechendsten Kandidaten zur Erweiterung des genetischen Alphabets. Die erfolgreichsten nichtnatürlichen Nukleobasen weisen wenig Ähnlichkeit untereinander und mit ihren natürlichen Gegenstücken auf. Daher ist es rätselhaft, wie sie von DNA‐Polymerasen prozessiert werden, den Enzymen, die in der Evolution eigentlich daraufhin optimiert wurden, effizient die natürlichen Bausteine zu prozessieren. Hier werden die strukturellen Hintergründe des enzymatischen Einbaus von dDs‐dPx, einem der vielversprechendsten hydrophoben nichtnatürlichen Basenpaare, in einen DNA‐Strang untersucht. Dazu wurde eine Kristallstruktur der KlenTaq‐DNA‐Polymerase mit einem modifizierten Templat/Primer‐Duplex und dem gebundenen nichtnatürlichen Triphosphat gelöst. Der ternäre Komplex zeigt, dass das artifizielle Paar genau wie ein natürliches Basenpaar eine planare Struktur annimmt, und lässt zudem Besonderheiten erkennen, die die immer noch schlechtere Einbaueffizienz bei der Prozessierung von nichtnatürlichen Substraten erklären könnten.
Cyclopenta Ring Fused Bisanthene and Its Charged Species with Open‐Shell Singlet Diradical Character and Global Aromaticity/ Anti‐Aromaticity
Authors: Wang Qing , Gopalakrishna Tullimilli Y. , Phan Hoa , Herng Tun Seng , Dong Shaoqiang , Ding Jun , Chi Chunyan
Published: June 2017

Cyclopenta ring fused bisanthene and its charged species were synthesized. The neutral compound has an open‐shell singlet ground state and displays global anti‐aromaticity. The dication also exhibits singlet diradical character but has a unique [10]annulene‐within‐[18]annulene global aromatic structure. The dianion is closed‐shell singlet in the ground state and shows global aromaticity with 22 π electrons delocalized on the periphery. These findings prrovide new insight into the design and properties of global aromatic/anti‐aromatic systems based on π‐conjugated polycyclic hydrocarbons.
π‐Extended Dihydrophenazines with Three‐State NIR Electrochromism Involving Large Conformational Changes
Authors: Nagasaki Juri , Hiroto Satoru , Shinokubo Hiroshi
Published: June 2017

π‐Extended dihydrophenazines were successfully prepared by oxidation of 2‐(N‐arylamino)anthracenes. Their roof‐type conformations were revealed by X‐ray diffraction analysis, and the analysis of the optical properties indicated the presence of intramolecular charge‐transfer processes. Upon chemical oxidation, the electronic absorption dramatically changed in a two‐step fashion. The electron spin resonance (ESR) analysis revealed that, depending on the amount of oxidant added, either a paramagnetic radical cation or a diamagnetic dication was generated. The NMR analysis revealed a conformational change upon oxidation, which was supported by theoretical calculations. A three‐state electrochromic behavior was observed during the electrochemical oxidation and reduction cycles, showing sequential switching between visible and near‐infrared (NIR) absorption properties upon application of electrochemical stimuli.
Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass for the production of diluents for bitumen transport
Authors: Kumar Mayank , Oyedun Adetoyese Olajire , Kumar Amit
Published: June 2017

This study explores the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of wood chips to biocrude followed by upgrading to diluents, which are used to transport bitumen through pipelines. In this study, we considered a 2000 dry t day−1 plant capacity with two scenarios. The first scenario uses hydrogen for upgrading from the on‐site hydrogen production plant (i.e., the hydrogen production scenario) and the other relies on procuring hydrogen from an external source (i.e., the hydrogen purchase scenario). We developed a data‐intensive process model for HTL and used it to estimate plant capital costs. Project investment costs for the hydrogen production and hydrogen purchase scenarios are 559.67 and 429.13 M $, respectively. The product values (PV) of the diluent from the two scenarios are 0.98 ± 0.03 and 0.79 ± 0.03 $ L−1, respectively, at a 95% confidence interval. The sensitivity analysis shows that diluent yield and internal rate of return (IRR) have the highest impact on the PV of the diluent, followed by capital cost and biomass cost. The optimum plant size at which the cost of production is lowest is 4000 dry t day−1 for PVs of 0.82 $ L−1 and 0.68 $ L−1 for the hydrogen production and purchase scenarios, respectively. This study offers insights into the techno‐economic feasibility of producing diluents from HTL. The results of the study could help in the production of diluents for bitumen transportation for the oil sands industry and help reduce the overall greenhouse gas (GHG) footprint of the oil and gas sector. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Penalized estimation in latent Markov models, with application to monitoring serum calcium levels in end‐stage kidney insufficiency
Authors: Farcomeni Alessio
Published: June 2017

We introduce a penalized likelihood form for latent Markov models. We motivate its use for biomedical applications where the sample size is in the order of the tens, or at most hundreds, and there are only few repeated measures. The resulting estimates never break down, while spurious solutions are often obtained by maximizing the likelihood itself. We discuss model choice based on the Takeuchi Information Criterion. Simulations and a real‐data application to monitoring serum Calcium levels in end‐stage kidney disease are used for illustration.
Efficient tRNA degradation and quantification in Escherichia coli cell extract using RNase‐coated magnetic beads: A key step toward codon emancipation
Authors: Salehi Amin S. M. , Smith Mark T. , Schinn Song‐Min , Hunt Jeremy M. , Muhlestein Christina , Diray‐Arce Joann , Nielsen Brent L. , Bundy Bradley C.
Published: June 2017

Emancipating sense codons toward a minimized genetic code is of significant interest to science and engineering. A key approach toward sense codon emancipation is the targeted in vitro removal of native tRNA. However, challenges remain such as the insufficient depletion of tRNA in lysate‐based in vitro systems and the high cost of the purified components system (PURE). Here we used RNase‐coated superparamagnetic beads to efficiently degrade E. coli endogenous tRNA. The presented method removes >99% of tRNA in cell lysates, while partially preserving cell‐free protein synthesis activity. The resulting tRNA‐depleted lysate is compatible with in vitro‐transcribed synthetic tRNA for the production of peptides and proteins. Additionally, we directly measured residual tRNA using quantitative real‐time PCR. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:1401–1407, 2017
Linkage of microbial kinetics and bacterial community structure of MBR and hybrid MBBR–MBR systems to treat salinity‐amended urban wastewater
Authors: Rodriguez‐Sanchez Alejandro , Leyva‐Diaz Juan Carlos , Gonzalez‐Martinez Alejandro , Poyatos Jose Manuel
Published: June 2017

Three pilot‐scale bioreactors were started up and operated under salinity‐amended urban wastewater feeding. The bioreactors were configured as membrane bioreactor and two different hybrid, moving bed biofilm reactor‐membrane bioreactor and operated with a hydraulic retention time of 9.5 h, a solid residence time of 11.75 days and a total solids concentration of 2500 mg L−1. The three systems showed excellent performance in suspended solids, BOD5, and COD removal (values of 96–100%, 97–99%, and 88–90%, respectively), but poor nitrogen removal (values of 20–30%). The bacterial community structure during the start‐up phase and the stabilization phase were different, as showed by β‐diversity analyses. The differences between aerobic and anoxic biomass—and between suspended and attached biomass—were higher at the start‐up phase than at the stabilization phase. The start‐up phase showed high abundances of Chiayiivirga (mean values around 3–12% relative abundance) and Luteimonas (5–8%), but in the stabilization phase, the domination belonged to Thermomonas (3–14%), Nitrobacter (3–7%), Ottowia (3–11.5%), and Comamonas (2–6%), among others. Multivariate redundancy analyses showed that Thermomonas and Nitrosomonas were positively correlated with fast autotrophic kinetics, while Caulobacter and Ottowia were positively correlated with fast heterotrophic kinetics. Nitrobacter, Rhodanobacter, and Comamonas were positively correlated with fast autotrophic and heterotrophic kinetics. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:1483–1495, 2017
Majority and minority ethnic status adolescents' bystander responses to racism in school
Authors: Palmer Sally B. , Cameron Lindsey , Rutland Adam , Blake Belinda
Published: June 2017

Twelve to 15‐year‐olds (N = 1,100) from majority and minority ethnic backgrounds, living in an ethnically diverse area in the UK, read a hypothetical scenario about verbal racism in school and indicated their bystander responses (prosocial, aggressive, and passive). Findings showed that age, ethnicity, cross‐group friendships, and ethnic socialisation predicted their bystander responses.
ox‐LDL increases microRNA‐29a transcription through upregulating YY1 and STAT1 in macrophages
Authors: Jian Dongdong , Dai Bing , Hu Xiaotong , Yao Qiang , Zheng Chengfei , Zhu Jianhua
Published: June 2017

Macrophages and oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (ox‐LDL) have been verified playing vital roles in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (AS). Previous studies demonstrated that microRNA‐29a (miR‐29a) was upregulated in many atherogenic process and cells, thus acting as an important participant in AS. But the detailed regulation mechanism of miR‐29a in AS has not been fully understood. In our study, we demonstrated a positive feedback loop of ox‐LDL‐SRA‐miR‐29a. Furthermore, we found that YY1 and STAT1 were upregulated in ox‐LDL‐stimulating macrophages followed by translocation in the nucleus and binding to the transcriptional promoter region of miR‐29a, thus leading to the increase of miR‐29a expression. In addition, we demonstrated that JAK1/2 signaling was involved in miR‐29a upregulation. Finally, we found that miR‐29a played important roles in the secretion of proinflammation factors and lipid uptake in macrophages. We uncovered the molecular mechanism and provide novel insights into the function and regulatory network of miR‐29a expression regulated by ox‐LDL in macrophages.
ZnI2/NEt3‐Catalyzed Cycloaddition of CO2 with Propargylic Alcohols: Computational Study on Mechanism
Authors: Ma Jun , Lu Lu , Mei Qingqing , Zhu Qinggong , Hu Jiayin , Han Buxing
Published: June 2017

The ZnI2(NEt3)/NEt3‐catalyzed cycloaddition of CO2 with propargylic alcohols to α‐alkylidene cyclic carbonates was studied by DFT calculations for the first time to explore the detailed reaction mechanism. By comparing the distinct CO2‐activated and OH‐activated pathways as well as the solvent effects of reactants and products, a complete picture of the metal‐salt/base‐catalyzed mechanism is provided, which involves four steps: deprotonation of propargylic alcohol, CO2 electrophilic attack, concerted metalation and intramolecular cyclization, and protonation to form the cyclic carbonates. With the polar solvent effects of reactants or products, the third step is the rate‐determining step. The role of ZnII is activating the hydroxyl group, balancing of the charge of the alkylcarbonate anion and leading to the metalation. The base NEt3 acts as the proton‐transfer bridge to promote the transfer of the proton. In addition, the selectivity of the five‐membered cyclic carbonates has been investigated.
Double Gold Activation of 1‐Ethynyl‐2‐(Phenylethynyl)Benzene Toward 5‐exo‐dig and 6‐endo‐dig Cyclization Reactions
Authors: Villegas‐Escobar Nery , Larsen (née Vilhelmsen) Mie Højer , Gutiérrez‐Oliva Soledad , Hashmi A. Stephen K. , Toro‐Labbé Alejandro
Published: June 2017

In this work, a detailed characterization was carried out of the ring‐closure mechanism of EPB (1‐ethynyl‐2‐(phenylethynyl)benzene) toward the 5‐exo‐dig and 6‐endo‐dig cyclization reactions, catalyzed by two Au–N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) moieties. It was found that the 5‐exo‐dig cyclization takes place with a slightly lower activation barrier and larger exothermicity compared to that of the 6‐endo‐dig cyclization, in agreement with the available experimental data. A phenomenological partition (structural and electronic) for rate constants computed using transition‐state theory and the reaction force analysis was used to shed light into the nature of the activation rate constant. It was found that rate constants are influenced by a strong structural component, which is larger for the 5‐exo‐dig cyclization due to the strain to form the five‐membered ring. On the other hand, the gold activation mechanism is evidenced by a σ‐ and π‐coordination of the Au−NHC moieties to the EPB substrate. It was found that differences in the σ‐coordination arise on the reaction path for the 5‐exo‐dig and 6‐endo‐dig cyclizations. Thus, in the 6‐endo‐dig cyclization the σ gold–EPB interaction is weakened as a consequence of the formation of the cationic aryl intermediate, while for the 5‐exo‐dig cyclization this interaction was found to be favored. Furthermore, although minor changes in the Au–EPB coordination occur on the reaction path, these bonds are formally established in the TS vicinity. Results support the concerted nature of the dual gold activation mechanism.
Target Identification of Kinase Inhibitor Alisertib (MLN8237) by Using DNA‐Programmed Affinity Labeling
Authors: Wang Dong‐Yao , Cao Yan , Zheng Le‐Yi , Chen Lang‐Dong , Chen Xiao‐Fei , Hong Zhan‐Ying , Zhu Zhen‐Yu , Li Xiaoyu , Chai Yi‐Feng
Published: June 2017

Accurate identification of the molecular targets of bioactive small molecules is a highly important yet challenging task in biomedical research. Previously, a method named DPAL (DNA‐programmed affinity labeling) for labeling and identifying the cellular targets of small molecules and nucleic acids was developed. Herein, DPAL is applied for the target identification of Alisertib (MLN8237), which is a highly specific aurora kinase A (AKA) inhibitor and a drug candidate being tested in clinical trials for cancer treatment. Apart from the well‐established target of AKA, several potential new targets of MLN8237 were identified. Among them, p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (p38) and laminin receptor (LAMR) were validated to be implicated in the anticancer activities of MLN8237. Interestingly, these new targets were not identified with non‐DNA‐based affinity probes. This work may facilitate an understanding of the molecular basis of the efficacy and side effects of MLN8237 as a clinical drug candidate. On the other hand, this work has also demonstrated that the method of DPAL could be a useful tool for target identification of bioactive small molecules.
Usefulness of the σ‐Aromaticity and σ‐Antiaromaticity Concepts for Clusters and Solid‐State Compounds
Authors: Popov Ivan A. , Starikova Alyona A. , Steglenko Dmitry V. , Boldyrev Alexander I.
Published: June 2017

In this Review we present examples of clusters, molecules, and solid‐state compounds, for which the use of σ‐aromaticity and σ‐antiaromaticity concepts is essential for understanding of chemical bonding. We show that the bonding patterns in these σ‐aromatic and σ‐antiaromatic compounds are similar to those of the corresponding π‐aromatic and π‐antiaromatic chemical systems, respectively. Undoubtedly, σ‐aromaticity helps us understand why the high symmetry isomers are the most stable among myriads of other potential structures. We also show that besides systems exhibiting either σ‐ or π‐aromatic features, there are species, which can possess multiple aromaticity/antiaromaticity, or conflicting aromaticity patterns. We believe that the σ‐aromaticity and σ‐antiaromaticity concepts will be helpful in rationalizing chemical bonding, structure, stability, and molecular properties of chemical species in both organic and inorganic chemistry. We hope that they will also be useful for other areas of science such as material science, catalysis, nanotechnology, and biochemistry.
α,β‐Unsaturated Amides as Dipolarophiles: Catalytic Asymmetric exo‐Selective 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition with Nitrones
Authors: Zhang Ming , Kumagai Naoya , Shibasaki Masakatsu
Published: June 2017

1,3‐Dipolar cycloaddition is a commonly exploited method to access 5‐membered chemical entities with a variety of peripheral functionalities and their stereochemical arrangements. Nitrones are isolable 1,3‐dipoles that exhibit sufficient reactivity toward electron‐deficient olefins in the presence of Lewis acids to deliver highly substituted isoxazolidines. Herein we document that α,β‐unsaturated amides, generally regarded as barely reactive in a 1,3‐dipolar reaction manifold, were effectively activated using the designed 7‐azaindoline auxiliary in an In(OTf)3/bishydroxamic acid catalytic system. The broad substrate scope and clean removal of the 7‐azaindoline auxiliary from the product highlight the synthetic utility of the present catalysis.
Two‐Step Spin‐Crossover with Three Inequivalent FeII Sites in a Two‐Dimensional Hofmann‐Type Coordination Polymer
Authors: Meng Yan , Sheng Qing‐Qing , Hoque Md. Najbul , Chen Yan‐Cong , Wu Si‐Guo , Tucek Jiri , Zboril Radek , Liu Tao , Ni Zhao‐Ping , Tong Ming‐Liang
Published: June 2017

An unprecedented two‐step spin‐crossover behavior with the sequence of γHS=1↔γHS=3/4↔γHS=1/4 was observed in two‐dimensional Hofmann type coordination polymer [Fe(isoq)2{Ag(CN)2}2] (isoq=isoquinoline), which resulted from three crystallographically inequivalent FeII sites with distinct transition temperatures.