bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sublingual immunotherapy increases Treg/Th17 ratio in allergic rhinitis
Authors: Wang Jiarong , Qiu Liansheng , Chen Yimin , Chen Minyun
Published: May 2021

Background

Few studies investigated the effects of sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) on the peripheral regulatory T cells (Tregs)/Th17 ratio.

Objective

To investigate the effectiveness of SLIT in children with allergic rhinitis (AR) and the effects on the Tregs/Th17 ratio.

Methods

This was a retrospective study of children who were treated for AR between April 2017 and March 2018 at one hospital. The patients were grouped according to the treatments they received: SLIT + pharmacotherapy vs pharmacotherapy alone.

Results

Eighty children (51 boys and 29 girls; 40/group) were included. The visual analog scale (VAS) and medication scores at 1 year in the SLIT + pharmacotherapy group were 2.70 ± 1.08 and 1.1 ± 0.8, respectively, which were lower than at baseline (7.7 ± 1.2 and 3.6 ± 1.0, respectively) (both Ps < 0.05). For the pharmacotherapy group, the VAS score was decreased at 1 year vs baseline (3.3 ± 1.2 vs 7.4 ± 1.0; P < 0.05), but the medication score did not change (P > 0.05). In the SLIT + pharmacotherapy group, the Treg percentage increased, while the Th17 percentage decreased at 1 year (both Ps < 0.01). The percentages of Tregs and Th17s did not change in the pharmacotherapy group (both Ps > 0.05).

Conclusions

SLIT + pharmacotherapy can increase the Treg percentage and decrease the Th17 percentage in the peripheral blood of children with AR.
On topological descriptors of ceria oxide and their applications
Authors: Siddiqui Muhammad Kamran , Chu Yu-Ming , Nasir Muhammad , Nadeem Muhammad Faisal , Hanif Muhammad Farhan
Published: May 2021

A topological descriptor is a mathematical illustration of a molecular construction that relates particular physicochemical properties of primary molecular structure as well its mathematical depiction. Topological co-indices are usually applied for quantitative structure actions relationships (QSAR) and quantitative structures property relationships (QSPR). Topological co-indices are topological descriptors which are considered the noncontiguous vertex set. We study the accompanying some renowned topological co-indices: first and second Zagreb co-indices, first and second multiplicative Zagreb co-indices and the F-coindex, and some other degree-based indices of the co-indices of ceria oxide.
Recent advances in ultraviolet nanophotonics: from plasmonics and metamaterials to metasurfaces
Authors: Zhao Dong , Lin Zhelin , Zhu Wenqi , Lezec Henri J. , Xu Ting , Agrawal Amit , Zhang Cheng , Huang Kun
Published: May 2021

Nanophotonic devices, composed of metals, dielectrics, or semiconductors, enable precise and high-spatial-resolution manipulation of electromagnetic waves by leveraging diverse light–matter interaction mechanisms at subwavelength length scales. Their compact size, light weight, versatile functionality and unprecedented performance are rapidly revolutionizing how optical devices and systems are constructed across the infrared, visible, and ultraviolet spectra. Here, we review recent advances and future opportunities of nanophotonic elements operating in the ultraviolet spectral region, which include plasmonic devices, optical metamaterials, and optical metasurfaces. We discuss their working principles, material platforms, fabrication, and characterization techniques, followed by representative device applications across various interdisciplinary areas such as imaging, sensing and spectroscopy. We conclude this review by elaborating on future opportunities and challenges for ultraviolet nanophotonic devices.
Effects of the combined usage of nanomaterials and steel fibres on the workability, compressive strength, and microstructure of ultra-high performance concrete
Authors: Huang Kunhong , Xie Jianhe , Wang Ronghui , Feng Yuan , Rao Rui
Published: May 2021

Using nanomaterials to enhance concrete performance is of particular interest to meet the safety and functionality requirements of engineering structures. However, there are few comprehensive comparisons of the effects of different nanomaterials on the properties of ultra-high performance concretes (UHPCs) with a compressive strength of more than 150 MPa. The aim of the present study was to assess the coupling effects of nanomaterials and steel fibres on the workability and compressive performance of UHPC. Three types of nanomaterials, nano-SiO2 (NS), nano-calcium carbonate (NC), and carbon nanofibre (CNF), were each added into UHPC mixes by quantity substitution of the binder; two types of steel fibres were investigated; and two mixing methods were used for casting the UHPC. In addition, the effect of curing age (7 or 28 days) on the compressive performance of the mixtures was considered. Comprehensive studies were conducted on the effects of these test variables on the fluidity, compressive strength, failure mode, and microstructure. The results show that the combination of these nanomaterials and steel fibres can provide good synergetic effects on the compressive performance of UHPC and that the addition of CNF results in a greater enhancement than the addition of NS or NC. The addition of NS, not CNF or NC, has a considerable negative influence on the fluidity of the UHPC paste. It is suggested that reducing the agglomeration of the nanomaterials would further improve the performance of the resulting UHPC.
How does willingness and ability to pay of palm oil smallholders affect their willingness to participate in Indonesian sustainable palm oil certification? Empirical evidence from North Sumatra
Authors: Aisyah Dinda Dewi , Irham  , Mulyo Jangkung Handoyo
Published: May 2021

A sample survey of palm oil smallholders was used to examine the amount of Willingness and Ability to Pay (WATP) and the factors that determine WATP as well as the impact of WATP on the willingness to participate of smallholders in Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO) certification scheme. Results reveal that the average amount of WATP accounted only half of the certification cost, implying that partial assistance is needed to support the smallholders through government subsidy. The study shows that WATP significantly affects the willingness to participate, and smallholders with higher WATP are more likely willing to participate in ISPO. Both WATP and willingness to participate are significantly determined by social norms (farmers collective impression) and awareness of the consequences of unsustainable farming practices. This result indicates the necessity to improve a positive impression on ISPO and increase awareness of the importance of following the sustainability principles of palm oil farming to increase the smallholders’ WATP, and at the same time their willingness to participate in ISPO program. It is suggested for the government to intensify the campaign of the program to a wider range of smallholders to increase their knowledge and awareness of the certification program.
State-of-the-art progress in tracking plasmon-mediated photoredox catalysis
Authors: Yuan Lan , Geng Zhaoyi , Fan Baoan , Guo Fen , Han Chuang
Published: May 2021

Metal nanocrystals (NCs), particularly for plasmonic metal NCs with specific morphology and size, can strongly interact with ultraviolet-visible or even near-infrared photons to generate energetic charge carriers, localized heating, and electric field enhancement. These unique properties offer a promising opportunity for maneuvering solar-to-chemical energy conversion through different mechanisms. As distinct from previous works, in this review, recent advances of various characterization techniques in probing and monitoring the photophysical/photochemical processes, as well as the reaction mechanisms of plasmon-mediated photoredox catalysis are thoroughly summarized. Understanding how to distinguish and track these reaction mechanisms would furnish basic guidelines to design next-generation photocatalysts for plasmon-enhanced catalysis.
Catalytic properties of supramolecular polymetallated porphyrins
Authors: Aguirre-Araque Juan S. , Toma Henrique E.
Published: May 2021

Supramolecular polymetallated pyridylporphyrins have been specially designed for exploring the binding and synergism between the macrocyclic system and the peripheral metal complexes. Their chemistry has been reviewed, focusing on the outstanding behavior in solution or as thin organized films generated with several nanomaterials, for application as molecular devices and in energy conversion processes.
FEM micromechanical modeling of nanocomposites with carbon nanotubes
Authors: Chwał Małgorzata , Muc Aleksander
Published: May 2021

Mechanical properties of carbon nanotube (CNT)-based nanocomposites are broadly discussed in the literature. The influence of CNT arrangements on the elastic properties of nanocomposites based on the finite-element method (FEM) and representative volume element (RVE) approach is presented here. This study is an application of RVE modeling in the characterization of elastic behavior of CNT polymer nanocomposites. Our main contribution is the analysis of the impact of a nanotube arrangement on the elastic properties of nanocomposite to comprehensively determine the material constants. While most of the articles are focused on one distribution, not all material constants are determined. Our FEM analysis is compared with micromechanical models and other results from the literature. The current work shows that nanotube arrangements lead to different results of elastic properties. The analytical micromechanical models are consistent with the numerical results only for axial Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio, whereas other elastic constants are lower than the numerical predictions. The results of these studies indicate that FEM can predict nanocomposite mechanical properties with good accuracy. This article is helpful and useful to comprehensively understand the influence of CNT arrangements on the elastic properties of nanocomposites.
Do people with acute low back pain have an attentional bias to threat-related words?
Authors: Skinner Ian , Hübscher Markus , Lee Hopin , Traeger Adrian C. , Moseley G. Lorimer , Wand Benedict M. , Gustin Sylvia M. , McAuley James H.
Published: May 2021

Objectives

It has been hypothesised that attentional bias to environmental threats can contribute to persistent pain. It is unclear whether people with acute low back pain (LBP) have an attentional bias to environmental threats. We investigated if attentional bias of threat related words is different in people with acute LBP and pain-free controls.

Methods

People with acute LBP and pain-free people completed a free viewing eye tracking task. Participants were simultaneously presented with two words, a threat related word and a neutral control word. Threat related words were general threat, affective pain and sensory pain. We conducted linear mixed models to detect differences between acute LBP and pain-free participants on five eye tracking outcome measures (dwell time, first fixation, latency to first fixation, first run dwell time and number of fixations). We calculated absolute reliability, (standard error of measure), and relative reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients [ICC 2,1]) for each eye tracking outcome measures.

Results

We recruited 65 people with acute LBP and 65 pain-free controls. Participants with acute LBP had a higher proportion of fixations towards the affective pain words (M=0.5009, 95% CI=0.4941, 0.5076) than the pain-free controls had (M=0.4908, 95% CI=0.4836, 0.4979), mean between group difference = −0.0101, 95% CI [−0.0198, −0.0004], p=0.0422. There was no difference between acute LBP and pain-free controls for the remaining eye tracking outcome measures (all p>0.05). The only outcome measure that had an ICC of more than 0.7 was the latency to first fixation (affective pain words ICC=0.73, general threat words ICC=0.72).

Conclusions

When compared with pain-free controls, people with acute LBP looked more often at affective pain words relative to neutral control words. This may indicate a form of engagement bias for people with acute LBP. Attentional bias was not consistent across outcome measures or word groups. Further research is needed to investigate the potential role of attentional bias in the development of persistent pain.
Analgesic effect of paired associative stimulation in a tetraplegic patient with severe drug-resistant neuropathic pain: a case report
Authors: Vaalto Selja , Nyman Anna-Lena , Shulga Anastasia
Published: May 2021

Objectives

There is no effective evidence-based non-pharmacological treatment for severe neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury (SCI). Paired associative stimulation (PAS) has been used in motor rehabilitation of patients after SCI. In the SCI-PAS protocol for tetraplegic patients, peripheral and central nerve tracts are activated with subject-specific timing, such that ascending and descending signals appear simultaneously at the cervical level. The effect on motor rehabilitation is thought to arise via strengthening of cervical upper and lower motoneuron synapses. We have observed an analgesic effect of PAS on mild-to-moderate neuropathic pain in tetraplegic patients receiving PAS for motor rehabilitation. Here, we applied PAS to a patient with severe drug-resistant neuropathic pain.

Methods

The patient is a 50-year-old man who had a traumatic cervical SCI three years earlier. He has partial paresis in the upper limbs and completely plegic lower limbs. The most severe pain is located in the right upper limb and shoulder region. The pain has not responded to either pharmacological therapy or repetitive-TMS therapy targeted to either primary motor cortex or secondary somatosensory cortex. PAS was targeted to relieve pain in the right upper arm. Peripheral nerve stimulation targeted the median, ulnar, and radial nerves and was accompanied by TMS pulses to the motor representation area of abductor pollicis brevis, abductor digiti minimi, and extensor digitorum communis muscles, respectively.

Results

Hand motor function, especially finger abduction and extension, was already enhanced during the first therapy week. Pain decreased at the end of the second therapy week. Pain was milder especially in the evenings. Numerical rating scale scores (evening) decreased 44% and patient estimation of global impression of change was 1, subjectively indicating great benefit when compared to before therapy. Quality of sleep also improved.

Conclusions

The SCI-PAS protocol reduced neuropathic pain in our subject. The mechanism behind the analgesic effect may involve the modulation of nociceptive and sensory neuronal circuits at the spinal cord level. The possibility to use PAS as an adjunct treatment in drug-resistant post-SCI neuropathic pain warrants further investigation and sham-controlled studies. Patients with neuropathic pain due to SCI may benefit from PAS therapy in addition to PAS therapy-induced improvement in motor function.
Reform der Hinzuverdienstmöglichkeiten für Grundsicherungsbeziehende und Wechselwirkungen mit vorrangigen Leistungen: Auswirkungen auf Arbeitsangebot und Empfängerzahlen
Authors: Bruckmeier Kerstin , Mühlhan Jannek , Wiemers Jürgen
Published: May 2021

In diesem Papier simulieren wir die Auswirkungen einer deutlichen Ausweitung der Hinzuverdienstmöglichkeiten für Bezieher/-innen der Grundsicherung für Arbeitsuchende (SGB II) auf das Arbeitsangebot, die öffentlichen Haushalte und die Zahl der Leistungsbeziehenden. Die Analyse beruht auf einem statischen Mikrosimulationsmodell (IAB-MSM), das ein ökonometrisches Arbeitsangebotsmodell beinhaltet und Daten des Sozioökonomischen Panel (SOEP) verwendet. Bei der Ermittlung der Effekte werden Wechselwirkungen mit den vorgelagerten Leistungen Wohngeld und Kinderzuschlag berücksichtigt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Arbeitsangebotseffekte moderat ausfallen, während die Effekte auf die Empfängerzahlen beim SGB II und bei Kinderzuschlag ebenso wie auf die Kosten dieser Leistungen deutlich sind. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass eine Verbesserung der Hinzuverdienstmöglichkeiten für Erwerbstätige aus einkommensschwachen Haushalten, ohne gleichzeitig die Zahl der Grundsicherungsbeziehenden deutlich auszuweiten, nur durch umfassende Reformen gelingen kann, die das gesamte Steuer- und Transfersystem betrachten.
Quantification of the Bentonite Content in Diaphragm Wall Filter Cakes Based on Cation Exchange Capacity
Authors: von Blumenthal Achim , Lieske Wolfgang , König Diethard , Wichtmann Torsten
Published: May 2021

The formation of filter cakes is caused by filtration on the interface between soil and supporting fluid during the construction of diaphragm walls. The supporting fluid, basically a slurry of water and 4–8 % bentonite, is loaded with minerals from the soil while the trench is excavated. The filter cakes, mixtures of in situ soil and bentonite originating from the supporting fluid, are generally believed to be the weakest and therefore most significant transition zone concerning the shear force transfer from the soil to the concrete wall. Previous research has been devoted to the understanding of the composition and mechanical behavior of filter cakes. In this context, the content of bentonite in the filter cake was identified as the governing parameter. The current paper presents a novel concept to determine the amount of bentonite in the filter cake. Based on an iterative approach, the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the filter cake, the pure bentonite, and the in situ soil is determined. A linear correlation between CEC and bentonite content in the range between 0 and 100 % could be established based on an extensive laboratory program for numerous soils and types of bentonite. This correlation can be applied to determine the bentonite content for a given filter cake. A comparison of the actual bentonite percentage of artificial sand-bentonite mixtures and the bentonite percentage determined by the CEC method revealed a good agreement (R2 ≥ 0.9825). In addition, filter cakes obtained on construction sites were examined, and a maximum deviation of ±0.84 % bentonite content was measured in duplicate tests.
A Method of Evaluating Geomembrane Strain Caused by Point Loading from Aggregates
Authors: Marcotte B. A. , Fleming I. R.
Published: May 2021

This paper describes the test device and performance test methodology for measuring and evaluating geomembrane strain for large gravel or tire derived aggregate (TDA). The primary purpose of evaluating geomembrane strain is for determining the adequate protection layers required in long-term waste facilities. The procedure has many advantages over previous versions, such as removal of the lead impression sheet, elimination of operator bias, and a defined method of calculation. A photogrammetry procedure is described in detail as an alternative to laser scanners. An example of a typical comparison between different protection layers is provided for a TDA sample.
Inhibition of Elevated Ras-MAPK Signaling Normalizes Enhanced Motor Learning and Excessive Clustered Dendritic Spine Stabilization in the MECP2-Duplication Syndrome Mouse Model of Autism
Authors: Ash Ryan Thomas , Buffington Shelly Alexandra , Park Jiyoung , Suter Bernhard , Costa-Mattioli Mauro , Zoghbi Huda Yaya , Smirnakis Stelios Manolis
Published: May 2021

The inflexible repetitive behaviors and “insistence on sameness” seen in autism imply a defect in neural processes controlling the balance between stability and plasticity of synaptic connections in the brain. It has been proposed that abnormalities in the Ras-ERK/MAPK pathway, a key plasticity-related cell signaling pathway known to drive consolidation of clustered synaptic connections, underlie altered learning phenotypes in autism. However, a link between altered Ras-ERK signaling and clustered dendritic spine plasticity has yet to be explored in an autism animal modelin vivo. The formation and stabilization of dendritic spine clusters is abnormally increased in the MECP2-duplication syndrome mouse model of syndromic autism, suggesting that ERK signaling may be increased. Here, we show that the Ras-ERK pathway is indeed hyperactive following motor training in MECP2-duplication mouse motor cortex. Pharmacological inhibition of ERK signaling normalizes the excessive clustered spine stabilization and enhanced motor learning behavior in MECP2-duplication mice. We conclude that hyperactive ERK signaling may contribute to abnormal clustered dendritic spine consolidation and motor learning in this model of syndromic autism.
Water allocation under climate change
Authors: Barría Pilar , Sandoval Ignacio Barría , Guzman Carlos , Chadwick Cristián , Alvarez-Garreton Camila , Díaz-Vasconcellos Raúl , Ocampo-Melgar Anahí , Fuster Rodrigo
Published: May 2021

Chile is positioned in the 20th rank of water availability per capita. Nonetheless, water security levels vary across the territory. Around 70% of the national population lives in arid and semiarid regions, where a persistent drought has been experienced over the last decade. This has led to water security problems including water shortages. The water allocation and trading system in Chile is based on a water use rights (WURs) market, with limited regulatory and supervisory mechanisms, where the volume to be granted as permanent and eventual WURs is calculated from statistical analyses of historical streamflow records if available, or from empirical estimations if they are not. This computation of WURs does not consider the nonstationarity of hydrological processes nor climatic projections. This study presents the first large sample diagnosis of water allocation system in Chile under climate change scenarios. This is based on novel anthropic intervention indices (IAI), which were computed as the ratio between the total granted water volume to the water availability within 87 basins in north-central and southern Chile (30°S–42°S). The IAI were evaluated for the historical period (1979–2019) and under modeled-based climatic projections (2055–2080). According to these IAI levels, to date, there are 20 out of 87 overallocated basins, which under the assumption that no further WURs will be granted in the future, increases up to 25 basins for the 2055–2080 period. The results show that, to date most of north-central Chilean catchments already have a large anthropic intervention degree, and the increases for the future period occurs mostly in the southern region of the country (approximately 38°S), which has been considered as possible source of water for large water transfer projects (i.e., water roads). These indices and diagnosis are proposed as a tool to help policy makers to address water scarcity under climate change.
Comprehensive evaluation of the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) reanalysis against independent observations
Authors: Wagner Annette , Bennouna Y. , Blechschmidt A.-M. , Brasseur G. , Chabrillat S. , Christophe Y. , Errera Q. , Eskes H. , Flemming J. , Hansen K. M. , Inness A. , Kapsomenakis J. , Langerock B. , Richter A. , Sudarchikova N. , Thouret V. , Zerefos C.
Published: May 2021

The Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) is operationally providing forecast and reanalysis products of air quality and atmospheric composition. In this article, we present an extended evaluation of the CAMS global reanalysis data set of four reactive gases, namely, ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and formaldehyde (HCHO), using multiple independent observations. Our results show that the CAMS model system mostly provides a stable and accurate representation of the global distribution of reactive gases over time. Our findings highlight the crucial impact of satellite data assimilation and emissions, investigated through comparison with a model run without assimilated data. Stratospheric and tropospheric O3 are mostly well constrained by the data assimilation, except over Antarctica after 2012/2013 due to changes in the assimilated data. Challenges remain for O3 in the Tropics and high-latitude regions during winter and spring. At the surface and for short-lived species (NO2), data assimilation is less effective. Total column CO in the CAMS reanalysis is well constrained by the assimilated satellite data. The control run, however, shows large overestimations of total column CO in the Southern Hemisphere and larger year-to-year variability in all regions. Concerning the long-term stability of the CAMS model, we note drifts in the time series of biases for surface O3 and CO in the Northern midlatitudes and Tropics and for NO2 over East Asia, which point to biased emissions. Compared to the previous Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate reanalysis, changes in the CAMS chemistry module and assimilation system helped to reduce biases and enhance the long-term temporal consistency of model results for the CAMS reanalysis.
Redox homeostasis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis is modulated by a novel actinomycete‐specific transcription factor
Authors: Khan Mehak Zahoor , Singha Biplab , Ali Mohammad Farhan , Taunk Khushman , Rapole Srikanth , Gourinath Samudrala , Nandicoori Vinay Kumar
Published: May 2021

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has evolved diverse cellular processes in response to the multiple stresses it encounters within the infected host. We explored available TnSeq datasets to identify transcription factors (TFs) that are essential for Mtb survival inside the host. The analysis identified a single TF, Rv1332 (AosR), conserved across actinomycetes with a so‐far uncharacterized function. AosR mitigates phagocyte‐derived oxidative and nitrosative stress, thus promoting mycobacterial growth in the murine lungs and spleen. Oxidative stress induces formation of a single intrasubunit disulphide bond in AosR, which in turn facilitates AosR interaction with an extracytoplasmic‐function sigma factor, SigH. This leads to the specific upregulation of the CysM‐dependent non‐canonical cysteine biosynthesis pathway through an auxiliary intragenic stress‐responsive promoter, an axis critical in detoxifying host‐derived oxidative and nitrosative radicals. Failure to upregulate AosR‐dependent cysteine biosynthesis during the redox stress causes differential expression of 6% of Mtb genes. Our study shows that the AosR‐SigH pathway is critical for detoxifying host‐derived oxidative and nitrosative radicals to enhance Mtb survival in the hostile intracellular environment.
Optimization of the effect of accelerated weathering conditions on wood surfaces via the Taguchi method
Authors: Kurt Rifat , Can Ahmet
Published: May 2021

This study investigated the effect of accelerated weathering conditions on total color changes on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and poplar (Populus x euroamericana) wood surfaces using the Taguchi method. The experiments, based on the L18 orthogonal array, were conducted separately for both tree species. The radial and tangential surfaces of wood specimens were subjected to an accelerated weathering process using 340 nm ultraviolet (UV) lamps and temperature conditions of 50 °C. The factors for the minimum color change were determined via the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios of the four parameters thought to be effective on color change. These parameters were cutting direction (two levels), UV-irradiance, conditioning, and water (three levels each). The most important factor affecting the color change was then determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA) testing. The results showed that the maximum UV-irradiance (W/m2) had the largest effect on the total color change, while the cutting direction (radial and tangential) had the smallest effect. The factors that affected the total color change of the poplar and Scots pine wood specimens were the same. However, the analysis revealed that different application times had varying effects on the color change.
Controlled release of essential oil from a rubberwood box using activated carbon to extend the shelf life of strawberries and its possible mode of action
Authors: Phothisuwan Saifon , Matan Nirundorn , Matan Narumol
Published: May 2021

The controlled release of bergamot oil was evaluated from rubberwood boxes containing activated carbon and bergamot oil. Rubberwood boxes impregnated with different concentrations of bergamot oil (50, 100, and 300 µg g−1) with and without activated carbon were prepared. The treated rubberwood boxes were utilized to store strawberries at 6 °C for 21 d, while boxes with only activated carbon were used as a control. The inhibitory effects relative to Botrytis cinerea growth and quality of the strawberries after storage in rubberwood box were investigated. The microstructure of the rubberwood was evaluated via scanning electron microscopy. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry was used to quantify the volatile compounds. The rubberwood boxes with activated carbon and 100 µg g−1 of bergamot oil were found to inhibit Botrytis cinerea growth on strawberries and extend their shelf life for at least 21 d. Compared to rubberwood boxes without activated carbon, activated carbon was able to retard the release of bergamot oil into the system, yielding increased strawberry quality. Releasing less bioactive components from bergamot oil could decrease undesirable effects on strawberries, e.g., tissue, weight loss, flavour, and colour changes.
Biological pretreatment of lignocelluloses with white-rot fungi and its applications: A review
Authors: Isroi  , Millati Ria , Syamsiah Siti , Niklasson Claes , Cahyanto Muhammad Nur , Lundquist Knut , Taherzadeh Mohammad J.
Published: May 2021

Lignocellulosic carbohydrates, i.e. cellulose and hemicellulose, have abundant potential as feedstock for production of biofuels and chemicals. However, these carbohydrates are generally infiltrated by lignin. Breakdown of the lignin barrier will alter lignocelluloses structures and make the carbohydrates accessible for more efficient bioconversion. White-rot fungi produce ligninolytic enzymes (lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, and laccase) and efficiently mineralise lignin into CO2 and H2O. Biological pretreatment of lignocelluloses using white-rot fungi has been used for decades for ruminant feed, enzymatic hydrolysis, and biopulping. Application of white-rot fungi capabilities can offer environmentally friendly processes for utilising lignocelluloses over physical or chemical pretreatment. This paper reviews white-rot fungi, ligninolytic enzymes, the effect of biological pretreatment on biomass characteristics, and factors affecting biological pretreatment. Application of biological pretreatment for enzymatic hydrolysis, biofuels (bioethanol, biogas and pyrolysis), biopulping, biobleaching, animal feed, and enzymes production are also discussed.
ON NEW APPROACH TO DETERMINING HEAT-PRODUCING OF NATURAL GAS SUPPLIED TO CONSUMERS AND ITS CUBIC METROBAROMETRY
Authors: SVOREN Yosyp
Published: May 2021

It is shown that with the change in pressure and temperature of natural gases in storages gas-holders, different installations one can separate water in necessary concentration from hydrates of hydrocarbon gases in their composition that forms its increased admixture in pipes and in the long run it influences the final heat-producing of the fuel. New approach was proposed as to the determing of heat-producing of natural gas supplied to consumers by the way of substantiation of the necessity to introduce such a unit as cubic metrobar (m3 bar). This would be conductive to determination of the correlation between heat-producing of produced natural gas and gas supplied to consumers, that is to say, determination of quality of consumed gas.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN ALGORITHM FOR SWITCHING CONTROL STRATEGIES OF SALIENT SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS WITH PERMANENT MAGNETS
Authors:   National Technical University of Ukraine Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, pr. Peremohy, 37, Kyiv, 03056, Ukraine, Tolochko O.I. , Burmelov O.O. ,   National Technical University of Ukraine Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, pr. Peremohy, 37, Kyiv, 03056, Ukraine,, Kalenchuk Ya.O. ,   National Technical University of Ukraine Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, pr. Peremohy, 37, Kyiv, 03056, Ukraine,
Published: May 2021

In this paper, a detailed analysis of the control algorithms for a permanent magnet synchronous motor in a wide range of speeds is carried out using the optimal strategies: "Maximum torque per ampere" (first zone), "Field weakening mode" (second zone) and "Maximum torque per volt" (third zone). A method for determining the boundaries of the first and second zones, as well as a method for determining the maximum static moment with which the motor can operate without the risk of irreversible demagnetization of permanent magnets, was proposed. It allows determining the maximum possible operating speed of the motor at a given load, the maximum motor load at a given speed, as well as the advisability of using the third control zone to achieve the maximum motor speed. References 19, figures 4.
MODELING OF PROCESSES ON THE BASIS OF STATE SPACE AVERAGING IN BOOST CONVERTER WITH MAGNETICALLY COUPLED ELEMENTS
Authors:   Institute of Electrodynamics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, pr. Peremohy, 56, Kyiv, 03057, Ukraine,, Rudenko Yu.V.
Published: May 2021

The features of the state-space average method using Lagrange's theorems for calculation of processes in the boost converter with magnetically coupled elements (with autotransformer connection of inductors) in continuous currents mode are considered. A mathematical model of the converter based on relative variables has been developed, which makes it possible to calculate processes in a wide range of parameters taking into account the degree of magnetic coupling between inductive elements, including the definition of constant and pulsating components. It is shown that to obtain a complete system of the algebraic equations as a mathematical model of converters, which provides its single solution, it is advisable to additionally use the ratio according to energy balance in reactive elements in a steady state at the operation intervals of the converter during commutation period. The boundary dependences of boost converter parameters with magnetically coupled elements between the modes of discontinuous and continuous currents are calculated. The relative characteristics of the converter have been studied, which demonstrate the influence of imperfection of the magnetic coupling in the regulation zone of the relative duration value of switching interval. Ref. 21, fig. 6.
INFLUENCE OF THE FILTER IN THE CONTROL CHANNEL CONTOURS OF THE STORAGE CAPACITOR VOLTAGE STABILIZATION ON THE DYNAMICS IN THREE-PHASE SHUNT ACTIVE POWER FILTER
Authors:   Institute of Electrodynamics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, pr. Peremohy, 56, Kyiv, 03057, Ukraine,, Denisenko K.I. , Lesyk V.O. ,   Institute of Electrodynamics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, pr. Peremohy, 56, Kyiv, 03057, Ukraine,, Mysak T.V. ,   Institute of Electrodynamics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, pr. Peremohy, 56, Kyiv, 03057, Ukraine,
Published: May 2021

The object of research is a three-phase shunt active power filter, which consists of a semiconductor voltage inverter on fully controllable switches, capacitive storage, and an RL-link. The carried-out decomposition of the research object according to the rate of motion of the dynamic system makes it possible to divide this dynamic system into two subsystems, interconnected by control. The role and influence of the communication subsystem between the voltage stabilization circuit on the storage capacitor of the three-phase shunt active power filter and the circuits for the formation of the compensation current, which is injected by this filter into the distributed power supply network, is considered. The presence of a non-linear load in this network is a source of distortion of the parameters of electrical energy. The formation of the compensation current by the forced introduction of the first order sliding modes along some sliding surfaces was carried out. The two-dimensional sliding surface is a linear combination of the components of the two-dimensional error vectors of the compensation current and the first derivative of the error of this current. The introduced communication subsystem makes it possible to reduce the influence of the disturbance in the form of harmonic components of the rectified voltage on the parameters of the compensating current. The influence of the dynamic characteristics of a communication subsystem with filtering properties on the performance indicators of a parallel active filter and the current distortion factor in the power supply network to which this filter is connected was analyzed. To confirm the theoretical assumptions, a simulation model was built and the results of digital modeling were analyzed. Comparison of different types of filters as a communication subsystem according to the criteria of the duration of the transient process and the harmonic distortion in the current that consumed from the network was carried out. References 26, figures 4, tables 3.
CORRECTION OF THE QUALITY OF CURRENT OF THE ELECTRIC NETWORK WITH A THYRISTOR REGULATOR OF AC VOLTAGE WITH ACTIVE-INDUCTIVE LOAD
Authors:   Institute of Electrodynamics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, pr. Peremohy, 56, Kyiv, 03057, Ukraine,, Chyzhenko A.I. , Blinov I.V. ,   Institute of Electrodynamics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, pr. Peremohy, 56, Kyiv, 03057, Ukraine,
Published: May 2021

The use of the AC voltage control method is considered. In this method, the improvement of the current quality of the supply network is achieved by a discrete change of the inductance in the network current flow circuit. In this method, it is proposed to use a circuit with counter-parallel thyristors and the neutral wire. The dependences of the harmonic coefficient and the current distortion coefficient of the electric network on the values of the regulated voltage are constructed. The obtained dependences prove the effectiveness of the proposed regulator. The required number of reactor sections is determined and the proper inductance of their windings to provide the values ​​of the harmonics coefficient that does not exceed 7% while adjusting the voltage depth of 50% on the active-inductive load. References 9, 3 figures 3, table.
OPERATING RELIABILITY OF GENERATING EQUIPMENT OF POWER UNITS OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS OF UKRAINE
Authors:   Institute of Electrodynamics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, pr. Peremohy, 56, Kyiv, 03057, Ukraine,, Kensytskyi O.H.
Published: May 2021

Statistic data analysis of effective operation of power units of Ukraine NPP has been performed. It has been determined part of unscheduled downtime of power units which occurs due to failures of turbine generators. It was considered indicators of reliability of three types of turbine generators which are used as part of power units of Ukrainian NPPs. Based on analysis of results it was found that in 2015-2019 the average reliability indicators of 1000 MW turbine generators, both two-pole and four-pole, do not fit the requirements of the current standards. The main types of damage are mentioned. The most dangerous between them is depressurization of the stator winding rods, the appearance of cracks in the intercoil bridges of the rotor winding, and hydrogen leakage in gas coolers. Possible reasons for malfunctions in the operation of elements and construction units and shortcomings of the systems control of the technical condition of machines were analyzed. It was proposed effective measures to improve the operational reliability of equipment. In particular, it is mentioned the necessity of introducing automated systems for continuous monitoring of hydrogen moisture in the turbine generator. References 6, table 3.
DEFINITION OF THE SHAFTS RADIAL BEATING CAPACITIVE SENSOR RESPONSE FUNCTION BY COMPUTER MODELING
Authors:   Institute of Electrodynamics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, pr. Peremohy, 56, Kyiv, 03057, Ukraine,, Bereznychenko V.O.
Published: May 2021

The paper presents the results study the characteristics of capacitive beating sensors to optimize them by computer simulation tools using. A concentric capacitive sensor with high-potential and grounded electrodes was studied. In the course of the research, the expediency of using computer modeling tools by finite element analysis methods to study the metrological characteristics of sensors was shown. It is shown that the application of modeling makes it possible to reduce the time spent on studies of the transformation function and metrological characteristics. The picture of the distribution of equipotential lines of an electric field in a working backlash of the sensor has resulted. The simulation results make it possible to create a picture of equipotential lines by changing the distance between the total surface of the sensor electrodes and the grounded surface, simulating the surface of the shaft. The results of the definition of the response function are given. References 23, figures 5.
Minimally Invasive Coronary Revascularisation Surgery: A Focused Review of the Available Literature
Authors: Van Praet Karel M , Kofler Markus , Nazari Shafti Timo Z , El Al Alaa Abd , van Kampen Antonia , Amabile Andrea , Torregrossa Gianluca , Kempfert Jörg , Falk Volkmar , Balkhy Husam H , Jacobs Stephan
Published: May 2021

Minimally invasive coronary revascularisation was originally developed in the mid 1990s as minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass (MIDCAB) grafting is a less invasive approach compared to conventional coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) to address targets in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). Since then, MIDCAB has evolved with the adoption of a robotic platform and the possibility to perform multivessel bypass procedures. Minimally invasive coronary revascularisation surgery also allows for a combination between the benefits of CABG and percutaneous coronary interventions for non-LAD lesions – a hybrid approach. Hybrid coronary revascularisation results in fewer blood transfusions, shorter hospital stay, decreased ventilation times and patients return to work sooner when compared to conventional CABG. This article reviews the available literature, describes standard approaches and considers topics, such as limited access procedures, indications and patient selection, diagnostics and imaging, techniques, anastomotic devices, hybrid coronary revascularisation and outcome analysis.
Dynamics of pine stands condition in SE “Lymanske Forest Economy”
Authors: P. Pasternak Volodymyr , B. Prihodko Olexiy , S. Pyvovar Tetiana , Yu. Yarotsky Volodymyr
Published: May 2021

The issue of pine forest stands health condition and mortality at the scale of one state enterprise (SE "Lymanske Forest Economy"), located in the Northern part of the Steppe zone of Ukraine, is considered.

For the study data from two repeated observations at 8 permanent plots, laid in 2019, in forest stands with varying degrees of mortality and those damaged by fire was used. A re-survey was carried out in 2020. Using the GIS Field-Map, trees were mapped at the permanent plots and their health condition, mortality, and damage were assessed. For the background assessment of pine forests condition, the results of observations at 7 forest monitoring plots (I level) (surveys of 2015 and 2020) were used. The source of climate data was the online resource ClimateCharts.net.

It was found out that over the last 10 years, due to climate change, the temperature in the region increased and the amount of precipitation decreased, which led to the appearance of a dry period in August, which is unfavourable for the growth of pine forests at the limit of their range. Groundwater levels have changed, as evidenced by the drying of Lake Lyman during 2013-2020. Obtained results showed, that the condition of pine stands in the monitoring plots significantly deteriorated compared to 2015. Currently, the condition of pine forests are considered as "weakened" and "severely weakened" (the health condition index (HCI) of living trees varied from 1.53 to 2.70), the average defoliation and mortality of trees have increased significantly. In weakened stands, the proportion of trees with damage increases over time, in particular, due to the colonization of stem insects. Forest fires pose a significant threat to the pure artificial pine forests that predominate in the region. As a result of fires, the condition of the stands deteriorated (HCI 2.49–2.70) and the number of dead trees increased.
Representaciones socioespaciales de los trabajadores y extrabajadores de la Refinería YPF- La Plata (1993-2015). Un análisis desde los imaginarios y la experiencia urbana
Authors: Ursino Sandra
Published: May 2021

Este trabajo analiza los vínculos materiales y simbólicos que los trabajadores y extrabajadores de la Refinería YPF-La Plata-Argentina establecen con los lugares en que viven y trabajan. Para ello se registra la importancia del trabajo industrial y los procesos socioeconómicos en los espacios de la vida cotidiana y en las representaciones espaciales que construyen los sujetos con el espacio urbano.
La petrolera nacional se instaló en Ensenada en 1922, de modo que se transformaron las dinámicas urbanas y sociales de este lugar y de su ciudad vecina, Berisso. En 1993 la petrolera es privatizada, generando despidos y terciarización de mano de obra, con fuerte impacto en la estructura social y urbana.
El interés de estudiar este colectivo social y sus vínculos con la ciudad radica en que la privatización generó una manifestación social que se tradujo en la apropiación de determinados espacios urbanos (fábricas, calles y barrios) y en la deconstrucción de sentidos y significados vinculados a la fuente de trabajo. Dicho escenario, atravesó parte del imaginario de los trabajadores que sobrevivieron a ese despido, pero también permanece en el recuerdo y la memoria de los más jóvenes que trabajan en la actualidad. El abordaje metodológico es cualitativo, basado en la entrevista en profundidad a los dos grupos de trabajadores, y en observación participante en los barrios circundantes a la fábrica. Se complementa con cartografías urbanas: imaginarios, huellas urbanas y mapas cognitivos, como herramientas teórico-metodológicas que permiten analizar la apropiación simbólica de la ciudad por parte de sujetos políticos y sociales con incidencia en la vida comunitaria.