bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sequential order and sequence structure: the case of incommensurable studies on mobile phone calls
Authors: Arminen Ilkka
Published: November 2005

Two recent conversation analytical (CA) studies draw contrary conclusions from seemingly very similar materials. Hutchby and Barnett ‘show that, far from revolutionizing the organization of telephone conversation, mobile phone talk retains many of the norms associated with landline phone talk’. Arminen and Leinonen, however, state that landline and mobile calls differ systematically from each other. These incommensurate findings raise the question of why the comparisons between landline and mobile call openings have not been able to determine whether social and communicative practices are changing. It is suggested that auxiliary elements in CA allow the emergence of incompatible findings. The auxiliary assumptions enable authors to construct the phenomenon examined from their chosen perspective. Further, it will be shown that unquestioned assumptions materialize into theoretical notions that guide the research. CA studies seem to conceptualize the relationship between sequential order and sequence structure in different ways, which leads to different findings and results.
The Distance Travelled
Authors: Nyland Berenice , Nyland Chris
Published: November 2005

In this article we examine an education project designed to improve the well-being of babies in China's welfare homes. The project is a product of the Chinese Government's decision to marketize its social policy, adopt a mixed funding model and globalize its adoption regime. It involves the movement of education ideas developed in Reggio Emilia in Italy to promote the rights of children across global boundaries and a Chinese–American partnership that draws on these ideas to support child development in the context of the global adoption market. An example of one of these programmes is utilized to illustrate the changes that have occurred in the ideas transported to China. We argue that China should not rely on nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to provide for the basic human needs of its most vulnerable citizens and that in the process of travelling from Italy to China the social justice element in the educational ideas of Reggio Emilia have been lost in translation.
Language, Informal Networks and Social Protection
Authors: Deumert Ana , Inder Brett , Maitra Pushkar
Published: November 2005

Rural–urban migration is a major phenomenon in the developing world. This article is concerned with understanding the ways in which rural–urban migrants have their social protection needs met following their move to the city. We report results from a survey of rural–urban migrants in four low-income areas in Cape Town, South Africa. We look at the experiences of migrants in terms of finding employment in the urban environment, and the impact of language background and proficiency on migrants' ability to integrate in the labour market, and their access to formal and informal protection and government support. Language proficiency and social networks emerge as important variables in the analysis and will need to be considered in the design of social policies. Specifically, inadequate knowledge of dominant urban languages (English and Afrikaans) limits opportunities for employment and access to public services. Furthermore, reliance on informal, strong-tie social networks facilitates initial migration and settlement, but can delay long-term integration into the urban economy and labour market.
Which Rural Migrants Receive Social Insurance in Chinese Cities?
Authors: Nielsen Ingrid , Nyland Chris , Smyth Russell , Zhang Mingqiong , Zhu Cherrie Jiuhua
Published: November 2005

This article draws on a survey of internal migrant workers in China’s Jiangsu province to shed light on the characteristics of migrant workers who receive social insurance and explain why some migrants take up social insurance while others do not. Of the factors which potentially explain which migrants receive social insurance, gender, past earnings, ties to the city to which the migrant had moved, the ownership type of the enterprise in which the migrant works and residential registration status are all found to be statistically significant predictors. The article concludes with the suggestion that the high level of scepticism with respect to social protection that has been reported as being manifest among migrants is justified. There is little likelihood the majority of migrant workers who have moved to China’s towns and cities will be able to access the social insurance benefits traditionally available to those with urban registration.
Resilient or Adaptable Islam?
Authors: Statham Paul , Koopmans Ruud , Giugni Marco , Passy Florence
Published: November 2005

This article investigates multiculturalism by examining the relationship between migrants’ group demands and liberal states’ policies for politically accommodating cultural and religious difference. It focuses especially on Islam. The empirical research compares migrants’ claims-making for group demands in countries with different traditions for granting recognition to migrants’ cultural difference – Britain, France and the Netherlands. Overall, we find very modest levels of group demands indicating that the challenge of group demands to liberal democracies is quantitatively less than the impression given by much multicultural literature. Group demands turn out to be significant only for Muslims, which holds across different countries. Qualitative analysis reveals problematic relationships between Islam and the state, in the overtly multicultural Dutch approach, within British race relations, and French civic universalism. This implies that there is no easy blueprint for politically accommodating Islam, whose public and religious nature makes it especially resilient to political adaptation.
Globalization and the Visualization of Wales and Welsh America
Authors: Garrett Peter , Coupland Nikolas , Bishop Hywel
Published: November 2005

Globalization has led to semiotic forms in general taking on new values. We report on the trends and values of photographic images in a sample (1948–2001) of a North American newspaper ( Y Drych), established in 1851 to serve the Welsh migrant community there. For such diasporic groups, visual imagery of this kind potentially links them with their ‘roots of origin’, provides opportunities for representing their conditions and contemporary trajectories, as well as possibly functioning as a resource for constructing social identities. We consider the images partly in distributional terms – whether they are of scenes or of people in North America or in Wales – and partly through qualitative analysis. We report shifts in the photographic content during our sample period, from primarily images reflecting status and hierarchy in North America, towards the inclusion of more photographs of place (buildings and landscapes) and people in Wales, emphasizing tradition, history and cultural continuity. We consider these findings, first, in relation to selectivity of resources for constructing social identities, and second, in relation to the contestation in Wales between folk and vernacular conceptions of Welshness.
Variations on a theme
Authors: Kauffman Nils
Published: November 2005

English

This article compares the International Baccalaureate Primary Years Programme (IBPYP) as implemented at three schools in the USA. The author hypothesizes that the schools each offer a unique form of the program based on the respective context and capacity to implement the IBPYP. The author found consistency among the faculties in their explanation of key components of the program. Variation existed in the implementation of these concepts. The author concludes that this variation is due to the different contexts of implementation and to the ambiguity inherent in the IBPYP.

French

Cette étude compare la mise en oeuvre du Programme primaire (PP) de l'Organisation du Baccalauréat International (IBO) dans trois établissements scolaires aux États-Unis. L'auteur émet l'hypothèse que chacun d'eux propose une forme unique de ce programme basée sur leur contexte respectif et leur capacité à le mettre en oeuvre. L'auteur a découvert une certaine cohérence dans les explications que le corps enseignant de chacun de ces établissements donnait des éléments clés du programme. Il existait toutefois des différences dans la mise en oeuvre de ces concepts. L'auteur conclut que ces variations sont dues aux différents contextes de mise en oeuvre et à l'ambiguïté inhérente au PP.

Spanish

Este estudio compara cómo tres colegios en Estados Unidos implementan el Programa de la Escuela Primaria (PEP) de la Organización del Bachillerato Internacional. La hipótesis del autor es que cada colegio tiene una forma propia y única de ofrecer el programa, en función de su contexto y de su capacidad. El autor observó coherencia en la explicación de los componentes clave del programa dada por los docentes de los tres colegios. También observó diferencias en su implementación de estos conceptos. El autor concluye que estas diferencias se deben a los distintos contextos de implementación y a la ambigu¨edad inherente al PEP.
Present and future teachers of the world’s children
Authors: Duckworth Rebecca L. , Levy Lynn Walker , Levy Jack
Published: November 2005

English

The purpose of the study was to investigate the ‘international mindedness’ (IM) of a group of pre- and in-service international school teachers. This included an analysis of their beliefs about teaching and learning successfully in international settings. Ninety respondents completed a 55-item survey, eight of whom then participated in eight-item interviews. Results were multifold; most notably demographics of this group tended to vary while teaching beliefs and international mindedness remained relatively similar. This may suggest that many present and future international educators, while somewhat diverse, share many values and beliefs.

French

Cette étude avait pour but d'étudier la 'sensibilité internationale' d'un groupe d'enseignants avant et après qu'ils n'aient commencé à travailler dans un établissement scolaire international. Elle comprend une analyse de leurs convictions concernant la réussite de l'enseignement et de l'apprentissage dans un cadre international. Une enquête, composée de 55 questions, a été effectuée auprès de 90 personnes, dont huit ont ensuite participé à un entretien de huit questions. Les résultats ont révélé plusieurs éléments: alors que la plupart des données démographiques de ce groupe avaient tendance à varier, leur sensibilité internationale et leurs convictions concernant l'enseignement restaient relativement similaires. Cette constatation peut suggérer que de nombreux professionnels de l'éducation présents et futurs, bien que d'horizons différents, partagent les mêmes valeurs et convictions.

Spanish

El propósito de este estudio era investigar sobre la 'mentalidad internacional' de un grupo de profesores de colegios internacionales y profesores que iban a comenzar a trabajar en colegios internacionales. El estudio incluía un ana´lisis de sus creencias sobre lo que constituye una enseñanza y un aprendizaje adecuados en contextos internacionales. Noventa profesores respondieron a una encuesta de 55 preguntas, y ocho de ellos participaron después en una entrevista de 8 preguntas. Los resultados fueron muy diversos; en especial, la demografía del grupo variaba, pero la mentalidad internacional y las creencias sobre la enseñanza eran relativamente similares. Estos resultados pueden sugerir que muchos educadores internacionales actuales y futuros, si bien con cierta diversidad, comparten numerosos valores y creencias.
International education
Authors: James Kieran
Published: November 2005

English

This article explores the rationale for, aims of, and values underpinning ‘international education’, discusses its ‘characteristic’ features of ‘world-mindedness’ and ‘international understanding’, and considers whether these are achieved through the study of ‘international curricula’. It examines the term ‘international education’, and its field, in the light of the current, post-9/11 socio-political situation in a number of countries. It is argued that few of the values espoused in its name are exclusively internationalist in ethos, or universally-held, that the term is thus misleading in advocating all of them, and that it may therefore be reaching the end of its useful life.

French

Cet article explore les fondements, les objectifs et les valeurs à la base de l''éducation internationale', discute de ses aspects 'caractéristiques' à savoir la 'sensibilité internationale' et la 'compréhension internationale' et considère si celles-ci sont atteintes par le biais de 'programmes d'études internationaux'. L'article examine également le syntagme 'éducation internationale', ainsi que ses domaines, dans le contexte socio-politique actuel de 'l'après 11 septembre' dans un certain nombre de pays. Il y est avancé que très peu des valeurs embrassées en son nom relèvent d'une philosophie exclusivement internationaliste ou sont universellement partagées, qu'en se revendiquant de toutes ces valeurs, ce syntagme est trompeur et qu'il a donc peut-être atteint la fin de sa durée de vie utile.

Spanish

Este artículo explora los principios, los objetivos y los valores que constituyen la base de la 'educación internacional', analiza sus aspectos 'característicos' a saber, la 'mentalidad internacional' y el 'entendimiento internacional' y cuestiona si éstos se logran por medio del estudio de 'currículos internacionales'. El artículo examina el sintagma 'educación internacional', así como el a´mbito que representa, en el contexto socio-político actual (posterior al 11 de septiembre de 2001) en diversos países. El autor arguye que pocos de los valores asociados a dicho sintagma derivan de una filosofía exclusivamente internacionalista o son universalmente compartidos, y que, por tanto, al reivindicar todos los valores, el sintagma es engañoso y puede, por ello, estar acerca´ndose al final de su vida útil.
School culture
Authors: Poore Paul
Published: November 2005

English

This article considers the issue of school culture within the context of international schools worldwide. Focusing on three main points - cultural differences, educating the human spirit, and the importance of relationships - a number of challenges are raised for the international educator and, especially, for the leaders of such schools.

French

Cet article explore le thème de la culture scolaire dans le contexte d'écoles internationales à travers le monde. En se concentrant sur trois points essentiels - les différences culturelles, l'éducation de l'esprit humain et l'importance des rapports humains - il soulève des défis pour les éducateurs internationaux, particulièrement pour les chefs de tels établissements scolaires.

Spanish

En este artículo se analiza el tema de la cultura del colegio en el contexto de los colegios internacionales en distintas partes del mundo. Se concentra en tres puntos principales: diferencias culturales, la educación del espíritu humano y la importancia de las relaciones. A través de ellos, se plantea una serie de desafíos que deben enfrentar los educadores en los colegios internacionales y, en especial, quienes se encuentran al frente de este tipo de colegio.
Case-control study of sudden infant death syndrome in Lithuania, 1997–2000
Authors: Bubnaitienė Vilija , Kalėdienė Ramunė , Kėvalas Rimantas
Published: November 2005

Background

To identify risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome relevant in Lithuania.

Methods

A nationwide case-control study surveying parents of 35 infants who died from sudden infant death syndrome during the period of 1997–2000 and parents of 145 control infants matched with SIDS infants for date of birth and for region of birth was carried out.

Results

Deaths incidence was greater in the warm period (60%) vs. cold period (40%). Prone and side sleeping positions both carried no increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome compared with supine because of a rare prone sleeping (4.1% of controls vs. 0% of dead infants) and more prevalent side than supine sleeping (84.8% of controls vs. 94.3% of dead infants) in the controls as well as the cases. Bed sharing for the whole night as a risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome has not been confirmed, either, as bed sharing was common only for the controls (13.8% of controls vs. 0% of dead infants). Routine sleeping environment factors such as heavy wrapping (≥4 togs) of an infant (odds ratio 8.49; 95% confidence interval 2.38 to 30.32), sleeping in a bassinet (4.22; 1.16 to 15.38) and maternal factors such as maternal education ≤12 years (4.48; 1.34 to 14.94), unplanned pregnancy (5.22; 1.49 to 18.18) and ≥2 previous live births (3.90; 1.00 to 15.10) were significantly associated with sudden infant death syndrome on multivariate analysis.

Conclusion

The results of this first population-based case-control study have shed some light on the epidemiology of the syndrome in Lithuania. Although the mortality of sudden infant death syndrome in Lithuania is not high, it might be lowered moreover by public informing about sudden infant death syndrome and related risk factors. Special attention must be paid to mothers with low education on potentially modifiable risk factors such as routine heavy wrapping of an infant during sleep, routine sleeping in a bassinet and unplanned pregnancy.
The visual analog rating scale of health-related quality of life: an examination of end-digit preferences
Authors: Shmueli Amir
Published: November 2005

Background

The Visual Analog Scale (VAS) has been extensively used in the valuation of health-related quality of life (HRQL). The objective of this paper is to examine the measurement error (rounding) explanation for the higher prevalence of VAS scores ending with a zero, and to provide an alternative interpretation.

Methods

The analysis is based on more than 4,500 reported VAS valuations of own HRQL, included in two Israeli health surveys (1993 and 2000). Bivariate and logistic regression analyses are used.

Results

The results show that reporting VAS scores ending with a 0 (...-20, ..0,10,20.....) decreases and scores ending with a 5 (...-15,-5,5,15,25,...) and with any other integer (...-12, -11,...1,2,...,92,..99) increases as VAS scores depart from 50, particularly when increasing up to 100. This pattern remains after controlling for personal characteristics determining the level of VAS.

Discussion

Rounding true HRQL to the nearest 10's or 5's cannot explain the specific pattern found. It is suggested that this pattern corresponds to a S-shaped value function, where individuals tend to evaluate their HRQL as "gains" or "losses" relative to a reference point evaluated at 50. This particular reference score originates from being a traditional "passing threshold" and the scale's midpoint. Several implications of this interpretation to the measurement of HRQL are discussed.
Increase of mitochondrial DNA content and transcripts in early bovine embryogenesis associated with upregulation of mtTFA and NRF1 transcription factors
Authors: May-Panloup Pascale , Vignon Xavier , Chrétien Marie-Françoise , Heyman Yvan , Tamassia Manoel , Malthièry Yves , Reynier Pascal
Published: November 2005

Background

Recent work has shown that mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial functions are critical determinants of embryonic development. However, the expression of the factors controlling mitochondrial biogenesis in early embryogenesis has received little attention so far.

Methods

We used real-time quantitative PCR to quantify mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in bovine oocytes and in various stages of in vitro produced embryos. To investigate the molecular mechanisms responsible for the replication and the transcriptional activation of mtDNA, we quantified the mRNA corresponding to the mtDNA-encoded cytochrome oxidase 1 (COX1), and two nuclear-encoded factors, i.e. the Nuclear Respiratory Factor 1 (NRF1), and the nuclear-encoded Mitochondrial Transcription Factor A (mtTFA).

Results

Unlike findings reported in mouse embryos, the mtDNA content was not constant during early bovine embryogenesis. We found a sharp, 60% decrease in mtDNA content between the 2-cell and the 4/8-cell stages. COX1 mRNA was constant until the morula stage after which it increased dramatically. mtTFA mRNA was undetectable in oocytes and remained so until the 8/16-cell stage; it began to appear only at the morula stage, suggesting de novo synthesis. In contrast, NRF1 mRNA was detectable in oocytes and the quantity remained constant until the morula stage.

Conclusion

Our results revealed a reduction of mtDNA content in early bovine embryos suggesting an active process of mitochondrial DNA degradation. In addition, de novo mtTFA expression associated with mitochondrial biogenesis activation and high levels of NRF1 mRNA from the oocyte stage onwards argue for the essential function of these factors during the first steps of bovine embryogenesis.
EEG correlates of verbal and nonverbal working memory
Authors: Hwang Grace , Jacobs Joshua , Geller Aaron , Danker Jared , Sekuler Robert , Kahana Michael J
Published: November 2005

Background

Distinct cognitive processes support verbal and nonverbal working memory, with verbal memory depending specifically on the subvocal rehearsal of items.

Methods

We recorded scalp EEG while subjects performed a Sternberg task. In each trial, subjects judged whether a probe item was one of the three items in a study list. Lists were composed of stimuli from one of five pools whose items either were verbally rehearsable (letters, words, pictures of common objects) or resistant to verbal rehearsal (sinusoidal grating patterns, single dot locations).

Results

We found oscillatory correlates unique to verbal stimuli in the θ (4–8 Hz), α (9–12 Hz), β (14–28 Hz), and γ (30–50 Hz) frequency bands. Verbal stimuli generally elicited greater power than did nonverbal stimuli. Enhanced verbal power was found bilaterally in the θ band, over frontal and occipital areas in the α and β bands, and centrally in the γ band. When we looked specifically for cases where oscillatory power in the time interval between item presentations was greater than oscillatory power during item presentation, we found enhanced β activity in the frontal and occipital regions.

Conclusion

These results implicate stimulus-induced oscillatory activity in verbal working memory and β activity in the process of subvocal rehearsal.
"A Symbol of the New Frontier"
Authors: HEEFNER GRETCHEN
Published: November 2005

After nearly a decade of political wrangling, Hawai'i became the fiftieth state in 1959. While scholars have appropriately examined the sectional, racist, and isolationist reasons that statehood took so long, the arguments of statehood proponents have been largely overlooked. This article examines statehood advocates' strategies to keep statehood a live issue, especially equating statehood with U.S. foreign policy objectives of decolonization and the battle for the "hearts and minds" of the world. Advocates deployed the dual discourses of race and internationalism to present a Hawai'i that was both integral to U.S. interests abroad and key in projecting a positive American image to the rest of the world. They portrayed Hawai'i as a bridge to Asia and a shining example of American ideals: a cultural battleground in the ideological Cold War.
Terrorism or Native Protest?
Authors: WALKER ISAIAH HELEKUNIHI
Published: November 2005

In the mid-1970s a Native Hawaiian surfing group called the Hui 'O He'e Nalu protested a burgeoning professional surfing industry that threatened a Hawaiian cultural sanctuary on O'ahu's North Shore. Popular media have since portrayed the Hui as a group of unruly, savage-like Native troublemakers, but oral history interviews with Hui members reveal that they had clear anti-colonial objectives. This article examines why their objectives were not seen as rational or political. Mainland representations of Pacific Island men had often stereotyped most Hawaiian men as submissive and unmanly, yet Hui members were branded terrorists. Such labels have historically helped colonizing nations justify their exploits. In the context of the Hawaiian Renaissance,Hui members nevertheless found ways to achieve their objectives within these parameters and to reassert Hawaiian masculinity.
IL‐4 modulates the histamine content of mast cells in a mast cell/fibroblast co‐culture through a Stat6 signaling pathway in fibroblasts
Authors: Nabeshima Yukiko , Hiragun Takaaki , Morita Eishin , Mihara Shoji , Kameyoshi Yoshikazu , Hide Michihiro
Published: November 2005

IL‐4 plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases, such as the induction of IgE synthesis and the development of mast cells. To further understand the effect of IL‐4 on mast cells in skin, we utilized a mast cell/fibroblast co‐culture system as an in vitro model of dermal mast cells. IL‐4 induced mast cell growth in the culture with fibroblasts. Immunoblot analysis revealed that IL‐4 activated Stat6 in both mast cells and fibroblasts. The over‐expression of dominant‐negative Stat6 in fibroblasts in the presence of IL‐4 decreased the histamine content per mast cell, but not the number of mast cells. In contrast, the over‐expression of constitutively‐active Stat6 in fibroblasts increased the histamine content per mast cell, indicating that the activation of Stat6 in fibroblasts supports the maturation of mast cells co‐cultured with fibroblasts.
Glutaric acid moderately compromises energy metabolism in rat brain
Authors: da C. Ferreira Gustavo , Viegas Carolina M. , Schuck Patrícia F. , Latini Alexandra , Dutra‐Filho Carlos S. , Wyse Angela T.S. , Wannmacher Clóvis M.D. , Vargas Carmen R. , Wajner Moacir
Published: November 2005

Glutaric acidemia type I is an inherited metabolic disorder biochemically characterized by tissue accumulation of predominantly glutaric acid (GA). Affected patients present frontotemporal hypotrophy, as well as caudate and putamen injury following acute encephalopathic crises. Considering that the underlying mechanisms of basal ganglia damage in this disorder are poorly known, in the present study we tested the effects of glutaric acid (0.2–5 mM) on critical enzyme activities of energy metabolism, namely the respiratory chain complexes I–IV, succinate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase in midbrain of developing rats. Glutaric acid significantly inhibited creatine kinase activity (up to 26%) even at the lowest dose used in the assays (0.2 mM). We also observed that CK inhibition was prevented by pre‐incubation of the homogenates with reduced glutathione, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of GA was possibly mediated by oxidation of essential thiol groups of the enzyme. In addition, the activities of the respiratory chain complex I–III and of succinate dehydrogenase were also significantly inhibited by 20 and 30%, respectively, at the highest glutaric acid concentration tested (5 mM). In contrast, complexes II–III and IV activities of the electron transport chain were not affected by the acid. The effect of glutaric acid on the rate of oxygen consumption in intact mitochondria from the rat cerebrum was also investigated. Glutaric acid (1 mM) significantly lowered the respiratory control ratio (state III/state IV) up to 40% in the presence of the respiratory substrates glutamate/malate or succinate. Moreover, state IV respiration linked to NAD and FAD substrates was significantly increased in GA‐treated mitochondria while state III was significantly diminished. The results indicate that the major metabolite accumulating in glutaric acidemia type I moderately compromises brain energy metabolism in vitro.
Selected neurotrophins, neuropeptides, and cytokines: developmental trajectory and concentrations in neonatal blood of children with autism or Down syndrome
Authors: Nelson Phillip G. , Kuddo Thea , Song Eun Young , Dambrosia James M. , Kohler Shawn , Satyanarayana Gowri , VanDunk Cassandra , Grether Judith K. , Nelson Karin B.
Published: November 2005

Using a double‐antibody immunoaffinity assay (Luminex) and ELISA technology, we measured concentrations of certain neurotrophins, neuropeptides, and cytokines in pooled samples (one to three subjects per sample) eluted from archived neonatal blood of children with later‐diagnosed autism, Down syndrome, very preterm birth, or term control infants. We also measured analytes in blood from healthy adult controls. Case or control status for infant subjects was ascertained by retrospective review of service agency medical records. We observed inhibitory substances in eluates from archived bloodspots, especially marked for measurement of BDNF. Concentrations in control subjects differed by age: BDNF rose markedly with age, while NT‐3 and NT‐4/5 concentrations were lower in adults than in newborn infants. IL‐8 concentrations were higher in newborn infants, preterm and term, than in adults. Considered by diagnostic group, total protein was higher in Down syndrome than in either autism or control subjects. In infants with Down syndrome, concentrations of IL‐8 levels were higher than in controls, whether or not corrected for total protein; NT‐3 and CGRP were lower and VIP higher. In samples from autistic subjects, NT‐3 levels were significantly lower than controls and an increase in VIP approached statistical significance. Concentrations of NT‐4/5 and CGRP were correlated in infants with autism but not in Down syndrome or controls. Some of these results differ from earlier findings using a single‐antibody recycling immunoaffinity chromatography (RIC) system. We discuss interrelationships of VIP, NT‐3 and IL‐8 and their potential relevance to features of the neuropathology of autism or Down syndrome.
Associative adjectives in English and the lexicon–syntax interface
Authors: GIEGERICH HEINZ J.
Published: November 2005

This article argues that of English adjective–noun constructions involving associative adjectives (‘associative AdjNs’), some originate in the lexicon and others in the syntax. While in many cases such constructions are unambiguously and for identifiable reasons located on one side or the other of the lexicon–syntax ‘divide’, variation being possible only across speakers, a range of associative AdjNs is identified which must be simultaneously, and for the same speakers, of both lexical and syntactic provenance. There is therefore no lexicon–syntax ‘divide’: the two modules overlap.
The Transnational Dream: Politicians, Diplomats and Soldiers in the League of Nations' Pursuit of International Disarmament, 1920–1938
Authors: WEBSTER ANDREW
Published: November 2005

The pursuit of disarmament was central to the work of the League of Nations throughout its existence, but it was a relatively small and consistent set of national representatives who sat on the many bodies created to deal with the issue. Unfortunately, the gradual development of a sense of ‘transnational’ community among these delegates was never able to overcome the more powerful imperatives of national self-interest. Disarmament was always tied too closely to the issue of security for the individual governments of the major powers to view it from anything other than a strictly national strategic perspective.
National Internationalists: British and West German Protests against Nuclear Weapons, the Politics of Transnational Communications and the Social History of the Cold War, 1957–1964
Authors: NEHRING HOLGER
Published: November 2005

This article examines the politics of communication between British and West German protesters against nuclear weapons in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The interpretation suggested here historicises the assumptions of ‘transnational history’ and shows the nationalist and internationalist dimensions of the protest movements' histories to be inextricably connected. Both movements related their own aims to global and international problems. Yet they continued to observe the world from their individual perspectives: national, regional and local forms thus remained important. By illuminating the interaction between political traditions, social developments and international relations in shaping important political movements within two European societies, this article can provide one element of a new connective social history of the cold war.
Industry Watch
Authors: DALE ROBERT
Published: November 2005

Suppose you're a corporate vice president at a well-known international software company, and you want to check on the visibility of one of your leading researchers in the outside world. You're sitting at your desk, so the most obvious thing to do is to enter their name into a search engine. If the well-known international software company happened to be Microsoft, and if the leading researcher happened to be Microsoft's Susan Dumais, and if the search engine you decided to use happened to be Google, you might be surprised to find that the sponsored link that comes atop the search results is actually from Google itself, exhorting you to ‘Work on NLP at Google’, and alerting you to the fact that ‘Google is hiring experts in statistical language processing’.
Articulatory suppression in language interpretation: Working memory capacity, dual tasking and word knowledge
Authors: PADILLA FRANCISCA , BAJO MARIA TERESA , MACIZO PEDRO
Published: November 2005

How do interpreters manage to cope with the adverse effects of concurrent articulation while trying to comprehend the message in the source language? In Experiments 1–3, we explored three possible working memory (WM) functions that may underlie the ability to simultaneously comprehend and produce in the interpreters: WM storage capacity, coordination and word knowledge. In Experiments 1 and 2, interpreters, high span individuals and control participants performed free recall tasks under normal, articulatory suppression conditions (Experiment 1) or while performing a secondary task (Experiment 2). In Experiment 3, professional interpreters free recalled nonwords or words in their first (L1) and second language (L2). The results indicated that the ability of the interpreters to simultaneously comprehend and produce is related to word knowledge rather than to an increased WM storage capacity or to an enhanced ability to coordinate processes and tasks.
Predictors of reading among Herero–English bilingual Namibian school children
Authors: VEII KAZUVIRE , EVERATT JOHN
Published: November 2005

Predictions derived from the central processing and script dependent hypotheses were assessed by measuring the reading ability of 116 Grade 2–5 Herero–English bilingual children in Namibia ranging in age from 7 to 12 and investigating possible predictors of word reading among measures of cognitive/linguistic processes. Tasks included measures of word reading, decoding, phonological awareness, verbal and spatial memory, rapid naming, semantic fluency, sound discrimination, listening comprehension and non-verbal reasoning. Faster rates of improvement in literacy within the more transparent language (Herero) supported the predictions of the script dependent hypothesis. However, the central processing hypothesis was also supported by evidence indicating that common underlying cognitive-linguistic processing skills predicted literacy levels across the two languages. The results argue for the importance of phonological processing skills for the development of literacy skills across languages/scripts and show that phonological skills in the L2 can be reliable predictors of literacy in the L1.
A response to MacSwan (2005): Keeping the Matrix Language
Authors: JAKE JANICE L. , MYERS-SCOTTON CAROL , GROSS STEVEN
Published: November 2005

This comment responds to some of the criticisms that MacSwan (2005) presents of the Matrix Language Frame (MLF) model of codeswitching (CS) in general and of Jake, Myers-Scotton and Gross (2002), in particular. The goal is to point out misunderstandings and misinterpretations that are the basis of MacSwan's critique. His attempt to show how the Minimalist Program can explain CS on its own fails. Theoretically, while either of the participating languages in CS could frame the bilingual CP, only one, the ML, does. That is, recognizing the construct of the ML as the source of the morpho-syntactic frame of each bilingual clause showing CS is necessary.
Validation of transgenic models of breast cancer: ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and Brca1-mutation-related breast cancer
Authors: Frech M. S. , Jones L. P. , Furth P. A.
Published: November 2005

Available mouse models of ductal carcinomain situ(DCIS) and BRCA1-mutation-related breast cancer are reviewed. The best validated mouse models of human DCIS are the conditional estrogen receptor α in mammary tissue (CERM) model initiated by deregulated estrogen receptor α and the serial explant mouse model initiated by p53 deficiency. At present the most useful and best validated mouse model of BRCA1-mutation-related breast cancer uses the cre-lox system to make a conditional Brca1 deletion targeted to mammary epithelial cells. The major shortcoming of the non-conditional Brca1 models is the high incidence of non-mammary tumor development. The use of mammary gland transplants or explants from these mice into nude hosts is one approach that could be used to circumvent this deficiency. Development and validation of a Brca1-mutation-related mouse model of basal cell breast cancer is an important next step.
Implication of planned radiotherapy on breast reconstruction: radiotherapy and plastic surgery with implants
Authors: Freedman G. M.
Published: November 2005

Radiation therapy is an important part of the modern multimodality treatment of breast cancer, and in the past decade has had an increasing role in the treatment of patients at intermediate to high risk for local-regional recurrence after mastectomy. During the same time period, a less radical surgical approach to mastectomy has developed that is more compatible with reconstruction, and a greater number of young patients diagnosed due to screening who are more motivated and candidates for the procedure. This has led to an increased need to consider the special implications of combining radiation with breast reconstruction. This review will focus on reconstruction by tissue expander and breast implants. A multidisciplinary approach to management is needed that includes a team of a plastic surgeon, and radiation, surgical and medical oncologists. Experience with implant reconstruction and radiation in the past decade has been associated with relatively high rates of complications and/or implant loss compared with unirradiated patients. However, newer techniques of radiation, and improved patient selection and coordination between the multidisciplinary team offer the promise of low complication rates and good or excellent cosmetic results for most patients in the future.
Effect of anomalous electron heating on the transpolar potential in the LFM global MHD model
Authors: Merkin V. G. , Milikh G. , Papadopoulos K. , Lyon J. , Dimant Y. S. , Sharma A. S. , Goodrich C. , Wiltberger M.
Published: November 2005

The tendency of global MHD models to overestimate the transpolar potential in simulations of strong geomagnetic storms and evidence of an adverse feedback of the ionospheric conductance on the potential suggest that these models lack important physics leading to the conductance enhancement. Farley‐Buneman instability in the auroral ionosphere provides this lacking physics. This instability is believed to cause strong anomalous electron heating which affects the ionospheric conductivity. We use an earlier developed model of anomalous electron heating to estimate the ionospheric conductance disturbance as a function of the local electric field. This result is used to modify the ionospheric conductance in the LFM model to study its effect on the simulated transpolar potential. An idealized and a real‐case simulations are accomplished. In both cases a considerable drop in the simulated transpolar potential is found. The latter is in a good agreement with AMIE model and DMSP data.
A case study of rapid mixing across the extratropical tropopause based on Civil Aircraft for the Regular Investigation of the Atmosphere Based on an Instrumented Container (CARIBIC) observations
Authors: Rhee T. S. , Brenninkmeijer C. A. M. , Mühle J. , van Velthoven P. F. J. , Hermann M. , Zahn A. , Oram D. E. , Scharffe D. H. , Koeppel C. , Fischer H. , Lelieveld J.
Published: November 2005

Using the CARIBIC Boeing 767 aircraft, a suite of trace gases and aerosols was measured between Germany and the Maldives in June 2000 at altitudes between 9.4 and 10 km. In the extratropics, the flight track was located in the tropopause region. A large variability of trace gases and ultrafine aerosol concentrations was observed while the aircraft intercepted air masses from the upper troposphere and the lowermost stratosphere, as well as outflow of deep convection. The correlations of alkanes (C2–C5) observed in the nonconvective areas point to relatively rapid mixing across the tropopause within about a day. Unusually high mixing ratios of short‐lived alkanes (C4–C6) in the convective areas indicate rapid transport of boundary layer air masses to cruising altitude. Using the ratios of the mixing ratios of alkanes (C3–C5) observed in the convective and nonconvective areas, we estimate the age of air masses in the tropopause region to be 24(±6) days for this event. This timescale is similar to that of vertical transport within the troposphere. Altogether our observations provide further evidence that the extratropical tropopause is often not a very effective mixing barrier.
Volume elements and torsion
Authors: Mosna Ricardo A. , Saa Alberto
Published: November 2005

We reexamine here the issue of consistency of minimal action formulation with the minimal coupling procedure (MCP) in spaces with torsion. In Riemann-Cartan spaces, it is known that a proper use of the MCP requires that the trace of the torsion tensor be a gradient, Tμ=∂μθ, and that the modified volume element τθ=eθgdx1∧⋯∧dxn be used in the action formulation of a physical model. We rederive this result here under considerably weaker assumptions, reinforcing some recent results about the inadequacy of propagating torsion theories of gravity to explain the available observational data. The results presented here also open the door to possible applications of the modified volume element in the geometric theory of crystalline defects.
Calculating molecular Rydberg states using the one-particle Green’s function: Application to HCO and C(NH2)3
Authors: Feuerbacher Sven , Santra Robin
Published: November 2005

A simple but accurate and computationally efficient method for routine ab initio calculations of molecular Rydberg states is described. The method, which can be applied to Rydberg states associated with a nondegenerate ion core, consists in the self-consistent solution of an effective one-electron problem. First, the restricted Hartree-Fock problem of the ion core is solved. The orbital energies and certain two-electron Coulomb matrix elements with respect to the molecular orbital basis are then used to construct an energy-dependent many-body correction to the Hartree-Fock mean field. This correction is derived from the Dyson equation satisfied by the one-particle Green’s function. The method is applied to calculate Rydberg potential-energy curves of HCO. The presented data confirm and extend recent large-scale multireference configuration-interaction calculations and help develop a detailed theoretical description of the astrophysically important dissociative recombination of a low-energy electron with HCO+. As further illustration of the utility of the method, the first ab initio calculations of the excited states of an electron bound to the guanidinium cation [C(NH2)3]+ are reported.
Domain switching anisotropy in textured bismuth titanate ceramics
Authors: Jones Jacob L. , Slamovich Elliott B. , Bowman Keith J. , Lupascu Doru C.
Published: November 2005

In a poled ferroelectric ceramic, the probability of crystallographic poles oriented in any given specimen direction is the multiple of both the initial crystallographic texture and the domain switching fraction. In this paper, the non-180° domain switching fraction is shown to be dependent on the initial crystallographic texture and poling direction in tape cast Na0.5Bi4.5Ti4O15 ceramics. The domain switching fraction is 0.18 out of a maximum of 0.50 when poled in a direction in which most of the possible ferroelastic structural distortions are oriented (tape casting plane) whereas no non-180° domain switching is discernable when poled in a less-preferred direction. The mechanism for domain switching anisotropy in textured bismuth titanate ceramics is suggested to be the synergistic alignment of ferroelastic structural distortions, analogous to the mechanical clamping conditions in poling ferroelastic thin films.
Bending of multiwalled carbon nanotubes over gold lines
Authors: Walkeajärvi T. , Lievonen J. , Ahlskog M. , Åström J. , Koshio A. , Yudasaka M. , Iijima S.
Published: November 2005

We have investigated an experimentally moderate bending of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) in the perpendicular direction from flat substrates. The tubes were in the diameter range of 3–13nm and deposited over lithographically fabricated gold lines whose height determined the total bending. In our model for the bending profile we take into account the van der Waals attraction between the substrate and the MWNT and the opposing elastic bending force. With reasonable parameters for the competing forces we obtain an agreement between the model and the experimental data for the critical distance between two adjacent lines when the van der Waals attraction can no longer prevent elastic forces from straightening the tube to a suspended position between the lines. However, for the smallest nanotubes a simple classical model is clearly insufficient.
Techniques for deriving explicit algebraic Reynolds stress models based on incomplete sets of basis tensors and predictions of fully developed rotating pipe flow
Authors: Grundestam Olof , Wallin Stefan , Johansson Arne V.
Published: November 2005

Different techniques for deriving explicit algebraic Reynolds stress models (EARSMs) using incomplete sets of basis tensors are discussed. The first is the Galerkin method which has been used by several authors. The second alternative technique, proposed here, is based on the least-squares method. The idea behind the latter method is to minimize the error induced in the implicit relation, i.e., the algebraic Reynolds stress model (ARSM) equation, due to the use of incomplete sets of basis tensors. It is argued that since the system matrix of the ARSM equation is not symmetric and positive definite, the Galerkin method does not give EARSMs that are optimal in the strict classical sense. The possible singular behavior depending on the choice of the basis tensors has also been investigated. It is demonstrated that many of the EARSMs based on incomplete tensor bases, expressed in general three-dimensional mean flows, have singularity problems in some flows, such as general two-dimensional (2D) mean flows or more specifically, strain- and/or rotation-free 2D mean flows. The different EARSMs emanating from the two derivation methods are investigated by computing fully developed rotating pipe flow. The results indicate that the EARSMs derived with the least-squares method capture the behavior of the complete EARSMs significantly better than those derived with the Galerkin method. Furthermore, by using mean flow data from the complete EARSMs to evaluate the square error of the incomplete EARSMs it is demonstrated that the least-squares based EARSMs have square errors significantly smaller than the Galerkin EARSMs, very close to minimum.