bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shift in Food Intake and Changes in Metabolic Regulation and Gene Expression during Simulated Night-Shift Work: A Rat Model
Authors: Marti Andrea , Meerlo Peter , Grønli Janne , Van Hasselt Sjoerd , Mrdalj Jelena , Pallesen Ståle , Pedersen Torhild , Henriksen Tone , Skrede Silje
Published: November 2016

Night-shift work is linked to a shift in food intake toward the normal sleeping period, and to metabolic disturbance. We applied a rat model of night-shift work to assess the immediate effects of such a shift in food intake on metabolism. Male Wistar rats were subjected to 8 h of forced activity during their rest (ZT2-10) or active (ZT14-22) phase. Food intake, body weight, and body temperature were monitored across four work days and eight recovery days. Food intake gradually shifted toward rest-work hours, stabilizing on work day three. A subgroup of animals was euthanized after the third work session for analysis of metabolic gene expression in the liver by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results show that work in the rest phase shifted food intake to rest-work hours. Moreover, liver genes related to energy storage and insulin metabolism were upregulated, and genes related to energy breakdown were downregulated compared to non-working time-matched controls. Both working groups lost weight during the protocol and regained weight during recovery, but animals that worked in the rest phase did not fully recover, even after eight days of recovery. In conclusion, three to four days of work in the rest phase is sufficient to induce disruption of several metabolic parameters, which requires more than eight days for full recovery.
Prevalence and Characterization of Self-Reported Gluten Sensitivity in The Netherlands
Authors: Van Gils Tom , Nijeboer Petula , IJssennagger Catharina , Sanders David , Mulder Chris , Bouma Gerd
Published: November 2016

Background: A growing number of individuals reports symptoms related to the ingestion of gluten-containing food in the absence of celiac disease. Yet the actual prevalence is not well established. Methods: Between April 2015 and March 2016, unselected adults visiting marketplaces, dental practices and a university in The Netherlands were asked to complete a modified validated questionnaire for self-reported gluten sensitivity (srGS). Results: Among the 785 adults enquired, two had celiac disease. Forty-nine (6.2%) reported symptoms related to the ingestion of gluten-containing food. These individuals were younger, predominantly female and lived more frequently in urban regions compared with the other respondents. Symptoms reported included bloating (74%), abdominal discomfort (49%) and flatulence (47%). A total of 23 (47%) srGS individuals reported having had tried a gluten-free or gluten-restricted diet. Abdominal discomfort related to fermentable oligosaccharide, disaccharide, monosaccharide and polyol (FODMAP)-containing food was more often reported in srGS individuals compared with the other respondents (73.5% vs. 21.7%, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Self-reported GS is common in The Netherlands, especially in younger individuals, females and urban regions, although the prevalence was lower than in a comparable recent UK study. It cannot be excluded that FODMAPs are in part responsible for these symptoms.
Constant Matrix Element Approximation to Time-Resolved Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy
Authors: Freericks James , Krishnamurthy H.
Published: November 2016

We discuss several issues associated with employing a constant matrix element approximation for the coupling of light to multiband electrons in the context of time-resolved angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (TR-ARPES). In particular, we demonstrate that the “constant matrix element approximation” —even when reasonable—only holds for specific choices of the one-electron basis, and changing to other bases, requires including nonconstant corrections to the matrix element. We also discuss some simplifying approximations, where a constant matrix element is employed in multiple bases, and the consequences of this further approximation (especially with respect to the calculated TR-ARPES signal becoming negative). We also discuss issues related to gauge invariance of the final spectra.
Incorporation of Stochastic Policyholder Behavior in Analytical Pricing of GMABs and GMDBs
Authors: Escobar Marcos , Krayzler Mikhail , Ramsauer Franz , Saunders David , Zagst Rudi
Published: November 2016

Variable annuities represent certain unit-linked life insurance products offering different types of protection commonly referred to as guaranteed minimum benefits (GMXBs). They are designed for the increasing demand of the customers for private pension provision. In this paper we analytically price variable annuities with guaranteed minimum repayments at maturity and in case of the insured’s death. If the contract is prematurely surrendered, the policyholder is entitled to the current value of the fund account reduced by the prevailing surrender fee. The financial market and the mortality model are affine linear. For the surrender model, a Cox process is deployed whose intensity is given by a deterministic function (s-curve) with stochastic inputs from the financial market. So, the policyholders’ surrender behavior depends on the performance of the financial market and is stochastic. The presented pricing scheme incorporates the stochastic surrender behavior of the policyholders and is only based on suitable closed-form approximations.
Sparsity-Inducing Super-Resolution Passive Radar Imaging with Illuminators of Opportunity
Authors: Zhang Shunsheng , Zhang Yongqiang , Wang Wen-Qin , Hu Cheng , Yeo Tat
Published: November 2016

Multiple illuminators of opportunity (IOs) and a large rotation angle are often required for current passive radar imaging techniques. However, a large rotation angle demands a long observation time, which cannot be implemented for actual passive radar system. To overcome this disadvantage, this paper proposes a super-resolution passive radar imaging framework with a sparsity-inducing compressed sensing (CS) technique, which allows for fewer IOs and a smaller rotation angle. In the proposed imaging framework, the sparsity-based passive radar imaging is modeled mathematically, and the spatial frequencies and amplitudes of different scatterers on the target are recovered by the log-sum penalty function-based CS reconstruction algorithm. In doing so, a super-resolution passive radar imagery is obtained by the frequency searching approach. Simulation results not only validate that the proposed method outperforms existing super-resolution algorithms, such as ESPRIT and RELAX, especially in the cases with low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and limited number of measurements, but also have shown that our proposed method can perform robust reconstruction no matter if the target is on grid or not.
A Selective Change Driven System for High-Speed Motion Analysis
Authors: Boluda Jose , Pardo Fernando , Vegara Francisco
Published: November 2016

Vision-based sensing algorithms are computationally-demanding tasks due to the large amount of data acquired and processed. Visual sensors deliver much information, even if data are redundant, and do not give any additional information. A Selective Change Driven (SCD) sensing system is based on a sensor that delivers, ordered by the magnitude of its change, only those pixels that have changed most since the last read-out. This allows the information stream to be adjusted to the computation capabilities. Following this strategy, a new SCD processing architecture for high-speed motion analysis, based on processing pixels instead of full frames, has been developed and implemented into a Field Programmable Gate-Array (FPGA). The programmable device controls the data stream, delivering a new object distance calculation for every new pixel. The acquisition, processing and delivery of a new object distance takes just 1.7 μ s. Obtaining a similar result using a conventional frame-based camera would require a device working at roughly 500 Kfps, which is far from being practical or even feasible. This system, built with the recently-developed 64 × 64 CMOS SCD sensor, shows the potential of the SCD approach when combined with a hardware processing system.
A Laser-Based Measuring System for Online Quality Control of Car Engine Block
Authors: Li Xing-Qiang , Wang Zhong , Fu Lu-Hua
Published: November 2016

For online quality control of car engine production, pneumatic measurement instrument plays an unshakeable role in measuring diameters inside engine block because of its portability and high-accuracy. To the limitation of its measuring principle, however, the working space between the pneumatic device and measured surface is too small to require manual operation. This lowers the measuring efficiency and becomes an obstacle to perform automatic measurement. In this article, a high-speed, automatic measuring system is proposed to take the place of pneumatic devices by using a laser-based measuring unit. The measuring unit is considered as a set of several measuring modules, where each of them acts like a single bore gauge and is made of four laser triangulation sensors (LTSs), which are installed on different positions and in opposite directions. The spatial relationship among these LTSs was calibrated before measurements. Sampling points from measured shaft holes can be collected by the measuring unit. A unified mathematical model was established for both calibration and measurement. Based on the established model, the relative pose between the measuring unit and measured workpiece does not impact the measuring accuracy. This frees the measuring unit from accurate positioning or adjustment, and makes it possible to realize fast and automatic measurement. The proposed system and method were finally validated by experiments.
Carbon Footprint of Inbound Tourism to Iceland: A Consumption-Based Life-Cycle Assessment including Direct and Indirect Emissions
Authors: Sharp Hannah , Grundius Josefine , Heinonen Jukka
Published: November 2016

The greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused by tourism have been studied from several perspectives, but few studies exist that include all direct and indirect emissions, particularly those from aviation. In this study, an input/output-based hybrid life-cycle assessment (LCA) method is developed to assess the consumption-based carbon footprint of the average tourist including direct and indirect emissions. The total inbound tourism-related GHG emissions are also calculated within a certain region. As a demonstration of the method, the full carbon footprint of an average tourist is assessed as well as the total GHG emissions induced by tourism to Iceland over the period of 2010–2015, with the presented approach applicable in other contexts as well. Iceland provides an interesting case due to three features: (1) the tourism sector in Iceland is the fastest-growing industry in the country with an annual growth rate of over 20% over the past five years; (2) almost all tourists arrive by air; and (3) the country has an almost emissions-free energy industry and an import-dominated economy, which emphasise the role of the indirect emissions. According to the assessment, the carbon footprint for the average tourist is 1.35 tons of CO2-eq, but ranges from 1.1 to 3.2 tons of CO2-eq depending on the distance travelled by air. Furthermore, this footprint is increasing due to the rise in average flight distances travelled to reach the country. The total GHG emissions caused by tourism in Iceland have tripled from approximately 600,000 tons of CO2-eq in 2010 to 1,800,000 tons in 2015. Aviation accounts for 50%–82% of this impact (depending on the flight distance) underlining the importance of air travel, especially as tourism-related aviation is forecasted to grow significantly in the near future. From a method perspective, the carbon footprinting application presented in the study would seem to provide an efficient way to study both the direct and indirect emissions and to provide new insights and information to enable the development of appropriate GHG mitigation policies in the tourism sector.
Multilevel Editing of B-Spline Curves with Robust Orientation of Details
Authors: Hwang Hae-Do , Park Dong-Geun , Yoon Seung-Hyun
Published: November 2016

We facilitate the editing of hierarchical B-spline curves at multiple resolutions by expressing a displacement function at each level in rotation minimizing frames (RMFs) on the curve at the next lower level. When the curve is edited at a particular level, RMFs at all the higher levels are updated, and the control points of the displacement function at each higher level are obtained from these new RMFs. This transfers details created at the current level to higher levels. Our method presents a hundred-fold faster way to reflect editing results compared to the traditional approach using Frenet frames. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our technique by showing several examples of editing curves with fine details.
Acute Hepatitis E: Two Sides of the Same Coin
Authors: Hartl Johannes , Wehmeyer Malte , Pischke Sven
Published: November 2016

The relevance of acute hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections has been underestimated for a long time. In the past, HEV infection had been interpreted falsely as a disease limited to the tropics until the relevance of autochthonous HEV infections in the Western world became overt. Due to increased awareness, the incidence of diagnosed autochthonous HEV infections (predominantly genotype 3) in industrialized countries has risen within the last decade. The main source of infections in industrialized countries seems to be infected swine meat, while infections with the tropical HEV genotypes 1 and 2 usually are mainly transmitted fecal-orally by contaminated drinking water. In the vast majority of healthy individuals, acute HEV infection is either clinically silent or takes a benign self-limited course. In patients who develop a symptomatic HEV infection, a short prodromal phase with unspecific symptoms is followed by liver specific symptoms like jaundice, itching, uncoloured stool and darkened urine. Importantly, tropical HEV infections may lead to acute liver failure, especially in pregnant women, while autochthonous HEV infections may lead to acute-on-chronic liver failure in patients with underlying liver diseases. Immunosuppressed individuals, such as transplant recipients or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, are at risk for developing chronic hepatitis E, which may lead to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in the long term. Importantly, specific treatment options for hepatitis E are not approved by the regulation authorities, but off-label ribavirin treatment seems to be effective in the treatment of chronic HEV-infection and may reduce the disease severity in patients suffering from acute liver failure.
Global Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Level Rise Estimation with Optimal Historical Time Lag Data
Authors: Aral Mustafa , Guan Jiabao
Published: November 2016

Prediction of global temperatures and sea level rise (SLR) is important for sustainable development planning of coastal regions of the world and the health and safety of communities living in these regions. In this study, climate change effects on sea level rise is investigated using a dynamic system model (DSM) with time lag on historical input data. A time-invariant (TI-DSM) and time-variant dynamic system model (TV-DSM) with time lag is developed to predict global temperatures and SLR in the 21st century. The proposed model is an extension of the DSM developed by the authors. The proposed model includes the effect of temperature and sea level states of several previous years on the current temperature and sea level over stationary and also moving scale time periods. The optimal time lag period used in the model is determined by minimizing a synthetic performance index comprised of the root mean square error and coefficient of determination which is a measure for the reliability of the predictions. Historical records of global temperature and sea level from 1880 to 2001 are used to calibrate the model. The optimal time lag is determined to be eight years, based on the performance measures. The calibrated model was then used to predict the global temperature and sea levels in the 21st century using a fixed time lag period and moving scale time lag periods. To evaluate the adverse effect of greenhouse gas emissions on SLR, the proposed model was also uncoupled to project the SLR based on global temperatures that are obtained from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) emission scenarios. The projected SLR estimates for the 21st century are presented comparatively with the predictions made in previous studies.
Will Dam Removal Increase Nitrogen Flux to Estuaries?
Authors: Gold Arthur , Addy Kelly , Morrison Alisa , Simpson Marissa
Published: November 2016

To advance the science of dam removal, analyses of functions and benefits need to be linked to individual dam attributes and effects on downstream receiving waters. We examined 7550 dams in the New England (USA) region for possible tradeoffs associated with dam removal. Dam removal often generates improvements for safety or migratory fish passage but might increase nitrogen (N) flux and eutrophication in coastal watersheds. We estimated N loading and removal with algorithms using geospatial data on land use, stream flow and hydrography. We focused on dams with reservoirs that increase retention time at specific points of river reaches, creating localized hotspots of elevated N removal. Approximately 2200 dams with reservoirs had potential benefits for N removal based on N loading, retention time and depth. Across stream orders, safety concerns on these N removal dams ranged between 28% and 44%. First order streams constituted the majority of N removal dams (70%), but only 3% of those were classified as high value for fish passage. In cases where dam removal might eliminate N removal function from a particular reservoir, site-specific analyses are warranted to improve N delivery estimates and examine alternatives that retain the reservoir while enhancing fish passage and safety.
Nano- and microstructured materials for in vitro studies of the physiology of vascular cells
Authors: Greiner Alexandra M , Sales Adria , Chen Hao , Biela Sarah A , Kaufmann Dieter , Kemkemer Ralf
Published: November 2016

The extracellular environment of vascular cells in vivo is complex in its chemical composition, physical properties, and architecture. Consequently, it has been a great challenge to study vascular cell responses in vitro, either to understand their interaction with their native environment or to investigate their interaction with artificial structures such as implant surfaces. New procedures and techniques from materials science to fabricate bio-scaffolds and surfaces have enabled novel studies of vascular cell responses under well-defined, controllable culture conditions. These advancements are paving the way for a deeper understanding of vascular cell biology and materials–cell interaction. Here, we review previous work focusing on the interaction of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs) with materials having micro- and nanostructured surfaces. We summarize fabrication techniques for surface topographies, materials, geometries, biochemical functionalization, and mechanical properties of such materials. Furthermore, various studies on vascular cell behavior and their biological responses to micro- and nanostructured surfaces are reviewed. Emphasis is given to studies of cell morphology and motility, cell proliferation, the cytoskeleton and cell-matrix adhesions, and signal transduction pathways of vascular cells. We finalize with a short outlook on potential interesting future studies.
Discourse related readings of scalar particles
Authors: Beck Sigrid
Published: November 2016

This paper offers an analysis of certain uses of the particles noch/still according to which they scope above a speech act operator. This allows us to keep their meaning contribution stable, and requires a framework in which the operators are part of the LF.
Discourse update at the service of mirativity effects: the case of the Discursive Dative
Authors: Bar-Asher Siegal Elitzur , Boneh Nora
Published: November 2016

The classic model of conversation based on the Common Ground (CG), introduced by Karttunen (1974), Lewis (1979) and Stalnaker (1978), was shown to be insufficient for accounting for various conversational phenomena (inter alia Portner 2004, 2007, Farkas & Bruce 2009, Murray 2014). This paper further strengthens this line by analyzing a type of non-truth conditional non-core dative termed the Discursive Dative (DD) as a discourse management device (Krifka 2008, Repp 2013). The DD signals that the asserted proposition p constitutes an exception to a normative generalization believed by the speaker to be shared by the speech event participants. In order to capture the notion of exception we propose to divide the CG into two sets of worlds, those consistent with previous assertions and their presuppositions (CGA) and those consistent with generalizations (CGG). The DD signals a non-inclusion relation between the asserted proposition and the CGG. This enables us to distinguish between different types of mirativity effects, by drawing a distinction between adding a proposition p that was not previously in the speaker’s expectation-set (inter alia DeLancey 1997, 2001, Rett 2009, Peterson 2013, Rett & Murray 2013) and the present case of the DD, where p can very well be in the speaker’s expectation-set, but objectively expected that ~p.
Tanglewood Untangled
Authors: Erlewine Michael Yoshitaka , Kotek Hadas
Published: November 2016

We argue for the existence of covert focus movement in English focus association. Our evidence comes from Tanglewood configurations of the form in Kratzer 1991. We show that Tanglewood configurations are sensitive to syntactic islands, contrary to Kratzer’s claims and predictions. We propose that Tanglewood configurations always involve covert movement of the focused constituent—possibly with covert pied-piping (Drubig 1994; Krifka 1996, 2006; Tancredi 1997, 2004; Wagner 2006; Erlewine & Kotek 2014)—to bind a bound variable in the ellipsis site. This availability of covert pied-piping explains examples such as Kratzer’s which are apparently not island-sensitive. We show that covert focus movement is long-distance and not simply QR. Kratzer’s proposal that ellipsis enforces the identity of focus indices is shown to overgenerate Tanglewood readings.
Intonational sentence-type conventions for perlocutionary effects: An experimental investigation
Authors: Jeong Sunwoo , Potts Christopher
Published: November 2016

One of the major open issues in semantics and pragmatics concerns the role of convention in relating sentence types with illocutionary acts and perlocutionary effects. For the type-to-illocution connection, some degree of force conventionalism seems to be widely accepted. In contrast, Austin (1962) and many subsequent researchers have assumed that perlocution is not a matter of convention, but rather arises inexorably from illocution, content, and context. In this paper, we challenge this fundamental assumption about perlocution with evidence from a new perception experiment focused on perlocutionary effects relating to the listener’s conception of the speaker as a social actor. We find that these effects are predictable from sentence type plus intonation (‘type + tune’), that they vary by type + tune, and that they are consistent across a wide range of sentence contents, contexts, and illocutionary inferences. We argue that these conventions are naturally incorporated into existing work on sentence-type conventions.
The meanings of perspectival verbs and their implications on the taxonomy of projective content/conventional implicature
Authors: Oshima David Yoshikazu
Published: November 2016

This work discusses the  presuppositional meanings of three kinds of perspectival (perspective-sensitive) verbs: (i) motion-deictic verbs, (ii) empathy-loaded verbs, and (iii) referent-honorific verbs, and their implications on the taxonomy of "projective content", which subsumes but is not limited to presupposition. Building on Tonhauser, Beaver, Roberts & Simons's (2013; "Toward a taxonomy of projective content", Language 89) four-way classification of projective content, I propose a more fine-grained, six-way classification that distinguishes "global-context oriented" content, which obligatorily projects through a "filter" operator such as a belief predicate, and "ambioriented" content, which  optionally does so. I also develop a "pseudo-multidimensional" representation of natural language meaning, where (i) proffered content, (ii) nonpresuppositional projective content, and (iii) presuppositional projective content have distinct roles in the sentence meaning, while anaphoric interaction across them is nevertheless possible.
Counting in Context: count/mass variation and restrictions on coercion in collective artifact nouns
Authors: Sutton Peter , Filip Hana
Published: November 2016

A major factor grounding the mass/count distinction is the (non-)resolution of overlap in context. We argue that counting presupposes that nouns be interpreted relative to counting contexts, which are contexts enforcing a resolution of overlap in noun denotations. While, in this respect, we largely follow some suggestions in Rothstein 2010 and Landman 2011, what is novel about our proposal is the role of context in the (non-) resolution of overlap. Lexical entries of mass Ns specify the null context as the context for evaluation, which makes them uncountable. The reason for this is that the null context allows for overlap in noun denotations, because it is the union of the interpretations of the predicate at all counting contexts (i.e. variants). In contrast, lexical entries of count Ns do not specify such a context, and therefore their counting context may vary from utterance to utterance. Adopting this semantics has two major benefits. First, we can predict, on semantic grounds, for a large class of nouns, when we can(not) expect to find mass/count variation cross- and intralinguistically. Second, we are able to explain why ‘collective artifact’ nouns (aka ‘object’ or ‘fake’ mass nouns) resist mass-to-count coercion.
A conservative theory of gradable modality
Authors: Pasternak Robert
Published: November 2016

In the tradition of modal semantics stemming from the work of Kratzer (1981, 1991), several attempts have been made to analyze adjectives like important, which are both modal and gradable. I show that existing theories of such gradable modal adjectives (GMAs) in this framework do not allow for comparisons across distinct sets or prioritizations of premises, as the basis for comparison in these theories is too closely wedded to the particular choice and ranking of priorities. To fix this, I include modal degrees in the ontology, with sets of premises being relativized to those degrees. What results is a theory that allows comparison across sets of priorities, while still retaining the premise-based world ordering and quantification that lies at the heart of Kratzer’s approach. This theory is then extended to account for existentially-quantifying GMAs like permissible, as well as entailment relations between modal auxiliaries and GMAs.
Lifting conditionals to inquisitive semantics
Authors: Ciardelli Ivano
Published: November 2016

This paper describes how any theory which assigns propositions to conditional sentences can be lifted to the setting of inquisitive semantics, where antecedents and consequents may be associated with multiple propositions. We show that the lifted account improves on the original account in two ways: first, it leads to a better analysis of disjunctive antecedents, which are treated as introducing multiple assumptions; second, it extends the original account to cover two further classes of conditional constructions, namely, unconditionals and conditional questions.
Epistemic Resistance Moves
Authors: Bledin Justin , Rawlins Kyle
Published: November 2016

This paper introduces and analyzes a new kind of non-acceptance, non-disagreeing move: resistance. We focus in particular on attention-targeted resistance facilitated by epistemic possibility claims. In this response type, we suggest, an agent draws attention to some subsidiary issue that they think might cause an interlocutor to withdraw a previous commitment. We develop a granularity model of attention where drawing attention in discourse can refine the space of possibilities under consideration and consequently lead to changes in view.
A computational model of S-selection
Authors: White Aaron Steven , Rawlins Kyle
Published: November 2016

We develop a probabilistic model of S(emantic)-selection that encodes both the notion of systematic mappings from semantic type signature to syntactic distribution—i.e., projection rules—and the notion of selectional noise—e.g., C(ategory)-selection, L(exical)-selection, and/or other independent syntactic processes. We train this model on data from a large-scale judgment study assessing the acceptability of 1,000 English clause-taking verbs in 50 distinct syntactic frames, finding that this model infers coherent semantic type signatures. We focus in on type signatures relevant to interrogative and declarative selection, arguing that our results suggest a principled split between cognitive verbs, which select distinct proposition and question types, and communicative verbs, which select a single hybrid type.
Are All Concessive Scalar Particles the Same? Probing into Spanish "Siquiera"
Authors: Alonso-Ovalle Luis
Published: November 2016

Concessive scalar particles (CSPs) (Crnic 2011a,b) (Slovenian magari, Greek esto, and Spanish siquiera, among others) are focus sensitive polarity items that get licensed in a variety of non-veridical contexts, where they trigger a characteristic interpretation: CSPs convey a strengthening effect in downward entailing environments, a ‘settle for less’ interpretation in modal contexts, and a negative bias in questions. This paper explores the characterization of this class of items by probing into Spanish siquiera. The paper reveals differences between siquiera and magari that challenge a straightforward extension to siquiera of the analysis of CSPs presented in Crnic 2011a and Crnic 2011b and shows that the analysis of esto in Giannakidou 2007 does not cover siquiera either —partly for reasons already pointed out for magari by Crnic. The central insights of Crnic's and Giannakidou’s work are nevertheless reconciled in an alternative analysis. The picture that emerges is that CSPs might uniformly convey an existential meaning that determines a set of alternatives, but differ with respect to the role that these alternatives play in determining their interpretation and distribution.
Superlative Modifiers as Modified Superlatives
Authors: Coppock Elizabeth
Published: November 2016

The superlative modifiers at least and at most are quite famous, but their cousins at best, at the latest, at the highest, etc., are less well-known. This paper is devoted to the entire family. New data is presented illustrating the productivity of the pattern, identifying a generalization delimiting it, and showing that the cousins, too, have the pragmatic effects that have attracted so much attention to at least and at most. To capture the productivity, I present a new decomposition of at least into recombinable parts. Most notable is the at-component (silent in some languages), which takes advantage of the comparison class argument of the superlative to produce the set of possibilities involved in the ignorance implicatures that superlative modifiers are known for. A side-effect is a new view on gradable predicates, accounting for uses like 88 degrees is too hot.
COOL SUBDWARF INVESTIGATIONS. III. DYNAMICAL MASSES OF LOW-METALLICITY SUBDWARFS
Authors: Jao Wei-Chun 饒惟君 , Nelan Edmund P. , Henry Todd J. , Franz Otto G. , Wasserman Lawrence H.
Published: November 2016

We report dynamical mass measurements for the components of the previously known double-lined spectroscopic subdwarfs G 006-026 B and C using the Fine Guidance Sensors on the Hubble Space Telescope. To build the empirical mass–luminosity relation for low-metallicity subdwarfs, we collect four other subdwarf systems with dynamical masses that we compare to theoretical models for various metallicities on the mass–luminosity relation. For most stars, they fall in the regions where the models predict them to be low metallicity. This effort highlights the scarcity of dynamical masses for subdwarfs, and that much work remains to be done to improve the mass errors and metallicity measurements of low-mass subdwarfs in our Galaxy.
THE NuSTAR X-RAY SPECTRUM OF HERCULES X-1: A RADIATION-DOMINATED RADIATIVE SHOCK
Authors: Wolff Michael T. , Becker Peter A. , Gottlieb Amy M. , Fürst Felix , Hemphill Paul B. , Marcu-Cheatham Diana M. , Pottschmidt Katja , Schwarm Fritz-Walter , Wilms Jörn , Wood Kent S.
Published: November 2016

We report on new spectral modeling of the accreting X-ray pulsar Hercules X-1. Our radiation-dominated radiative shock model is an implementation of the analytic work of Becker & Wolff on Comptonized accretion flows onto magnetic neutron stars. We obtain a good fit to the spin-phase-averaged 4–78 keV X-ray spectrum observed by the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array during a main-on phase of the Her X-1 35 day accretion disk precession period. This model allows us to estimate the accretion rate, the Comptonizing temperature of the radiating plasma, the radius of the magnetic polar cap, and the average scattering opacity parameters in the accretion column. This is in contrast to previous phenomenological models that characterized the shape of the X-ray spectrum, but could not determine the physical parameters of the accretion flow. We describe the spectral fitting details and discuss the interpretation of the accretion flow physical parameters.
Adolescents cérébro-lésés
Authors: Boissel Anne
Published: November 2016

Les effets à long terme d’un traumatisme crânien grave survenant chez l’enfant et l’adolescent, sont souvent sous-estimés. Or, la gravité des séquelles, notamment cognitives et comportementales, d’un traumatisme crânien augmente de façon inverse avec l’âge de la survenue du traumatisme. À travers le récit d’une psychothérapie d’un adolescent traumatisé crânien, il est proposé un cadre spécifique de travail psychothérapique pour les adolescents cérébro-lésés.
Annonce d’une agénésie utéro-vaginale
Authors: Gueniche Karinne , Vibert Sarah , Ouallouche Chloé , Nataf Nicole , Polak Michel
Published: November 2016

À l’appui des données cliniques et projectives issues d’une recherche médico-psychopathologique proposée à des patientes atteintes d’une agénésie utéro-vaginale, notre travail propose l’analyse d’une réaction fréquente de nature anorectique et/ou boulimique à l’annonce diagnostique au moment de l’adolescence. Une étude de cas étaye notre réflexion sur l’accès à la vie sexuelle féminine et porte l’accent sur le traitement psychique à l’œuvre dans la construction de l’intériorité psycho-corporelle.
Don et dette de vie à l’adolescence
Authors: Haxhe Stéphanie , de Saint Georges Marie-Christine , Michard Pierre , Heireman Magda
Published: November 2016

L’adolescent récuse la dette de vie et réclame autonomie et considération. Néanmoins, la société actuelle offre à l’adolescent des parents fragilisés. La réalité de l’adolescent contemporain apparaît alors comme une quête en tension entre une nécessaire appropriation de lui-même et des dons discrets à ses parents. Si ces dons ne sont pas reçus et échouent à introduire parents et adolescent à une nouvelle position relationnelle, le risque d’un épuisement de l’adolescent est à prendre en considération.
Adolescence, cancer et amours
Authors: Ricadat Élise
Published: November 2016

Dans le contexte de maladie grave, les spécificités propres au travail d’adolescence ordinaire se voient teintées de problématiques inhérentes au corps malade, notamment l’emprise de la dimension biologique et du caractère létal. Deux romans parus récemment permettent de saisir comment les configurations psychique et fantasmatique qui en découlent infiltrent les réorganisations pubertaires au cœur desquelles figurent les questions du sexuel, de la sexualité et des relations amoureuses à l’adolescence.
Écriture de la sensorialité adolescente : Les Vagues de Virginia Woolf
Authors: Baligand Pascale
Published: November 2016

Dans cet article, l’auteur prend appui sur Les Vagues de Virginia Woolf pour interroger le statut de la sensorialité à l’adolescence. En mettant en perspective les modalités particulières de l’écriture de Virginia Woolf, qualifiées d’écriture de la sensorialité, l’article éclaire les liens entre sensorialité, continuité d’être, redéploiements identificatoires et subjectivation de la perte à l’adolescence, entrevus notamment à travers les relations des protagonistes au personnage clef de Perceval.
Le droit colonial au gré de la mondialisation. Un ordre sous surveillance
Authors: Durand Bernard
Published: November 2016

Une Allemagne qui, alors que la France colonise, l’assure de sa « neutralité bienveillante », une Angleterre qui s’effraie des formidables progrès de la marine allemande, présente sur toutes les mers du globe et à la recherche de points d’appui pour l’acquisition de territoires, un Japon qui colonise « son lac » et trouve intolérable les extensions russes, françaises, britanniques qui menacent sa façade ouest… L’international s’impose à un ordre colonial qui défie le droit, le confronte aux regards et aux exigences des concurrents, l’interroge sur sa capacité à l’imposer aux populations « colonisées » et, finalement, l’amène à entrevoir d’autres finalités pour la colonisation elle-même !
Le Conseil du contentieux administratif de la Guyane au tournant du xx e siècle
Authors: Bauzerand Christian
Published: November 2016

Le 1 er septembre 2011, le tribunal administratif de Cayenne est devenu une juridiction administrative totalement autonome. Auparavant, le tribunal administratif de Cayenne était en réalité l’une des trois composantes du tribunal administratif des Antilles-Guyane. Les magistrats qui le composaient siégeaient, en tant que besoin, en Guadeloupe, à la Martinique ou en Guyane. Ce n’est qu’en 1881 que le Conseil du contentieux administratif devient une véritable juridiction : il acquiert son autonomie par rapport au gouverneur, ses audiences deviennent publiques. Son contentieux présentera des résonances ainsi que des compétences particulières nombreuses. Les Conseils du contentieux forment aux colonies « des tribunaux administratifs de droit commun » avant la lettre.
Le droit foncier chez les populations amérindiennes de Guyane française : entre acceptation et conflits
Authors: Davy Damien , Filoche Geoffroy , Guignier Armelle , Armanville Françoise
Published: November 2016

Depuis la création de droits d’usage collectifs en 1957, le territoire guyanais se situe au centre de revendications entre les collectivités locales qui cherchent à se réapproprier une part des terres afin de maîtriser leur propre développement et les populations amérindiennes et bushinenge qui cherchent à faire reconnaître leur légitimité sur ces terres qu’elles occupent depuis de nombreux siècles. Ces zones de droits d’usage collectifs servent à valoriser non seulement les activités économiques mais aussi les savoirs traditionnels, et favorisent la diversité biologique en permettant toutes les activités nécessaires à la subsistance de ces populations, dont les membres sont devenus des acteurs incontournables de la vie politique locale. Une autre conséquence est la survie des coutumes.
Pampila et politique sur le Maroni : de l’état civil sur un fleuve frontière
Authors: Benoît Catherine
Published: November 2016

Aux confins de la République française, sur le fleuve Maroni, frontière entre la Guyane et le Surinam, le développement de l’état civil fut des plus chaotiques, en particulier pour les populations amérindiennes et noires marronnes. Cet article propose une histoire du développement de l’état civil en lien avec la nationalité et la citoyenneté françaises, de la Révolution à aujourd’hui, en insistant plus particulièrement sur les campagnes d’identification des personnes sans état civil et de délivrance des jugements déclaratifs de naissance depuis les années 1950. Il analyse ensuite les enjeux politiques de la dernière campagne commencée en 2013 dans une commune du fleuve au regard de la définition du poids de la coutume et de la définition des identités ethniques des groupes en présence.
In vitro colonisation of the distal colon by Akkermansia muciniphila is largely mucin and pH dependent
Authors: Van Herreweghen F. , Van den Abbeele P. , De Mulder T. , De Weirdt R. , Geirnaert A. , Hernandez-Sanabria E. , Vilchez-Vargas R. , Jauregui R. , Pieper D.H. , Belzer C. , De Vos W.M. , Van de Wiele T.
Published: November 2016

Host mucin is the main constituent of the mucus layer that covers the gut epithelium of the host, and an important source of glycans for the bacteria colonising the intestine. Akkermansia muciniphila is a mucin-degrading bacterium, abundant in the human gut, that is able to produce acetate and propionate during this degradation process. A. muciniphila has been correlated with human health in previous studies, but a mechanistic explanation is lacking. In this study, the main site of colonisation was characterised alongside additional conditions, such as differences in colon pH, prebiotic supplementation and variable mucin supply. To overcome the limitations of in vivo studies concerning variations in mucin availability and difficult access to proximal regions of the colon, a dynamic in vitro gut model (SHIME) was used. In this model, A. muciniphila was found to colonise the distal colon compartment more abundantly than the proximal colon ((±8 log copies/ml compared to ±4 log copies/ml) and the preference for the distal compartment was found to be pH-dependent. The addition of mucin caused a specific increase of A. muciniphila (±4.5 log increase over two days), far exceeding the response of other bacteria present, together with an increase in propionate. These findings suggest that colonisation and mucin degradation by A. muciniphila is dependent on pH and the concentration of mucin. Our results revealed the preference of A. muciniphila for the distal colon environment due to its higher pH and uncovered the quick and stable response of A. muciniphila to mucin supplementation.
In vivo effects of s-pantoprazole, polaprenzinc, and probiotic blend on chronic small intestinal injury induced by indomethacin
Authors: Byun S.J. , Lim T.J. , Lim Y.J. , Seo J.G. , Chung M.J.
Published: November 2016

Treatment and prevention methods for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced enteropathy have not yet been established. We tested the preventive effects of s-pantoprazole sodium trihydrate (PAN), polaprezinc (PZ), and probiotics on an indomethacin (Indo)-induced small intestinal injury in a rat model. Rats were randomised into 6 groups to receive: normal saline (control), Indo (6 mg/kg), PZ plus Indo, PAN plus Indo, or probiotics plus Indo (at 108 and 109 cfu/head) for 2 weeks. We measured body weight, food intake, severity of small intestinal damage, haemoglobin (Hb) levels in the small intestinal fluid, intestinal inflammatory cytokines, and a few groups of faecal bacteria. The experimental groups were found to have the following survival rates: 0% for the Indo, PZ, and PAN groups; 50% for both probiotic groups; and 100% for control. Treatment with probiotics of different concentrations reduced small intestinal lesion scores and intestinal fluid Hb as compared with the Indo group, while these parameters did not reduce in the PZ and PAN groups. The anti-inflammatory marker interleukin 10 increased in both probiotic groups. Analysis of a few groups of faecal bacteria revealed that Indo-induced a significant increase in Gram-negative bacteria and decreases in Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. Similar changes were also observed in the PZ and PAN groups. However, opposite effects were found in both probiotic groups. The use of probiotics appeared to be beneficial in preventing Indo-induced chronic small intestinal injury.
Potential influence of dairy propionibacteria on the growth and acid metabolism of Streptococcus bovis and Megasphaera elsdenii
Authors: Luo J. , Ranadheera C.S. , King S. , Evans C.A. , Baines S.K.
Published: November 2016

Ruminal acidosis is a prevalent disorder among dairy cows and feedlot cattle, which can significantly impair their health and productivity. This study, involving seven different strains of dairy propionibacteria, represents an in vitro investigation of the feasibility of using these organisms as direct-fed microbials to control lactic acid acumulation in the rumen. Interactions between the propionibacteria, Streptococcus bovis and Megasphaera elsdenii were evaluated in terms of effects on lactic, acetic and propionic acid metabolism, following co-incubation. Spot resistance tests showed slight but varying degrees of growth inhibition by S. bovis among the propionibacteria, while no inhibition was observed between M. elsdenii and the different strains of dairy propionibacteria. In the co-culture experiments comprising S. bovis in nutrient broth, significant differences in pH and the levels of production of lactic, acetic and propionic acid, were observed between treatments following inoculation with various propionibacteria and/or M. elsdenii. In general, lactic acid concentrations at the end of the incubation were significantly lower in the cultures containing propionibacteria compared with cultures comprising either S. bovis only or S. bovis + M. elsdenii, although efficacy of lactate metabolism varied between species and strains. Moreover,the accumulation of acetic and propionic acid in the combined cultures, but not in the solo S. bovis culture, indicated that these compounds were produced as a result of the metabolism of lactic acid by the propionibacteria and M. elsdenii.
La Résistance cinématographique à la littérature, des formalistes russes à Dos Passos
Authors: Dziub Nikol
Published: November 2016

Afin que l’art n’apparaisse plus comme naturel, les cinéastes formalistes russes développent un procédé que Chklovski nomme Остране́ние (défamiliarisation). Dans le même temps, ils rejettent le passé littéraire, et prétendent pratiquer un cinéma pur de tout contact avec les autres arts. Vertov puis Eisenstein développent une poétique anti-littéraire du montage, que Brecht et Dos Passos tenteront d’exploiter verbalement, afin de résister à la tendance naturelle de la littérature au désengagement.
Understanding Faculty and Student Attitudes about Distance Education
Authors: Li Rui , Bunk Jennifer , Smidt Esther
Published: November 2016

The purpose of this chapter is to further understand faculty and student attitudes about distance education by exploring the psychological processes through which these attitudes are influenced. The authors explored whether feelings of excitement or fear mediate and/or moderate the relationships between experiences with distance education and various faculty and student attitudes. Survey data from 152 faculty and 1,400 students from a mid-sized United States public university were collected. The results of multiple regression analyses revealed support for both mediation and moderation in both samples. Thus, feelings of excitement/fear play a large role in explaining both why and to what degree experiences with distance education relate to attitudes. The authors suggest that consistent communication about the positive aspects of distance education that instill a sense of excitement among campus communities may be helpful in shaping more positive attitudes about online learning.