bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF THE STRUCTURALLY NOVEL ANALGESIC FLUPIRTIN
Authors: VON BEBENBURG W. , THIELE K. , ENGEL J. , SHELDRICK W. S.
Published: April 2016

Zur Synthese des substitutierten Triaminopyridins (VII) wird das leicht zugängliche Dichlornitropyridin (I) durch stufenweise Substitution der Chloratome durch NH3 (II) bzw. p‐Fluorbenzylamin (IV) in (V) übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: STERIC AND CONFORMATIONAL EFFECTS IN NICOTINE CHEMISTRY
Authors: SEEMAN J. I. , SECOR H. B. , CHAVDARIAN C. G. , SANDERS E. B. , BASSFIELD R. L. , WHIDBY J. F.
Published: April 2016

Die Methylierung der Pyridine (I) zu den Salzen (II) wird in Relation zu den Substituenten untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF NITROGEN‐CONTAINING POLYCYCLES ON THE BASIS OF A NEW METHOD OF O‐QUINONEMETHIDE IMINE GENERATION
Authors: ITO Y. , MIYATA S. , NAKATSUKA M. , SAEGUSA T.
Published: April 2016

Das aus dem Diamin (I) erhältliche Ammoniumsalz (II) geht unter dem Einfluß des F′‐Ions in das o‐Chinonmethid‐imin (III) über, das sich durch [4+2 ]‐Cycloaddition zu der Spiroverbindung (IV) dimerisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: PRINS REACTIONS OF ARYL ALDEHYDES. PART 3. REACTION WITH 2‐BUTENE AND WITH CYCLOHEXENE
Authors: GRIENGL H. , MAYER A. , GEPPERT K. P.
Published: April 2016

Der Einfluß von elektronenziehenden oder ‐drückenden Substituenten am Arylaldehyd bei der Prins‐Reaktion bzw. deren Verlauf bei Einsatz eines acyclischen Monoolefins werden untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOSPECIFIC SYNTHESIS OF 2,3‐DISUBSTITUTED 1,4‐BENZODIOXANS
Authors: PROIETTI G. , CORSANO S. , CASTAGNINO E.
Published: April 2016

Bei der Reduktion des Keto‐brenzcatechinethers (I) auf katalytischem Wege erhält man die diastereomeren Carbinole (II), die zu den entsprechenden 1,4‐Benzodioxanen (III) cyclisiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND ANTIHYPERTENSIVE PROPERTIES OF A NOVEL SERIES OF 3‐SUBSTITUTED AMINO‐S‐TRIAZOLO(3,4‐A)PHTHALAZINE DERIVATIVES
Authors: OMAR A.‐M. M. E. , KASEM M. G. , LAABOTA I. M. , BOURDAIS J.
Published: April 2016

1‐Hydrazino‐phthalazin‐hydrochlorid (I) reagiert mit Isothiocyanaten (II) in Gegenwart von Dicyclohexylcarbodiimid zu den Cyclisierungsprodukten (III); (IIIa) wird unabhängig aus (I) über die Zwischenstufe (IV) gewonnen.
ChemInform Abstract: REDUCTIVE DIMERIZATION OF 1,3,4,6‐TETRAMETHYL‐2‐PHENYLPYRIMIDINIUM BIS(TETRAFLUOROBORATE)
Authors: DOUGLASS J. E. , BUMGARNER D. L.
Published: April 2016

Aus Phenyl‐dimethyl‐pyrimidin (I) erhält man nach Methylierung zu (II) das Dikation (III), das mit Zink zum Dimeren (IV) reduz‐iert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: BENZOTHIAZOLO(3,2‐C)‐1,3‐DIOXOLO(4,5‐G)QUINAZOLINES
Authors: GAKHAR H. K. , CHAND S. , KUMAR N.
Published: April 2016

Das aus o‐Aminopiperonal (I) und o‐Aminothiophenol (II) zugängliche (o‐Aminophenyl)‐benzothiazolin (III) cyclisiert mit den Aldehyden (IV) bzw. Säuren (VI) zu den Titelverbindungen (V) bzw. (VII); (VIIa) wird zu (VIII) reduziert.
ChemInform Abstract: FOLATE ANALOGS. 17. SYNTHESIS OF PTEROIC ACID AND 4‐AMINO‐4‐DEOXYPTEROIC ACID
Authors: NAIR M. G. , ADAPA S. R. , BRIDGES T. W.
Published: April 2016

p‐Aminobenzoesäureester (I) wird mit Bromessigsäure (II) zu (IIIa) substituiert, aus dem in der angegebenen Weise über Säurechlorid, Diazomethylketon und Halogenmethylketone das Azidomethyl‐keton (IIIg) erhalten werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF DIKETENE WITH BENZOYLCYANAMIDE: 2‐(BENZOYLAMINO)‐6‐METHYL‐1,3‐OXAZIN‐4‐ONE
Authors: PERRONNET J. , GIRAULT P. , TALIANI L.
Published: April 2016

Benzoylcyanamid (I) reagiert mit Diketen (II) zu dem Cycloaddukt (III), dessen Folgereaktionen untersucht werden.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES IN THE HETEROCYCLIC SERIES. XIX. SYNTHESIS OF 1,4‐DIAZAPHENOTHIAZINE AND ITS BENZO DERIVATIVES
Authors: OKAFOR C. O.
Published: April 2016

2,3‐Dichlor‐pyrazin (II) reagiert mit dem Aminothiophenol (I) zum Diaza‐phenothiazin (III).
ChemInform Abstract: NEUROTROPIC AND PSYCHOTROPIC AGENTS. CLIV. FLUORINATED TRICYCLIC NEUROLEPTICS S WITH PROLONGED ACTION: 3‐FLUORO‐8‐HALO DERIVATIVES OF 10‐PIPERAZINO‐10,11‐DIHYDRODIBENZO(B,F)THIEPINS
Authors: PROTIVA M. , SINDELAR K. , METYSOVA J. , HOLUBEK J. , RYSKA M. , SVATEK E. , SEDIVY Z. , POMYKACEK J.
Published: April 2016

Kondensation der Phenylessigsäure (I) mit den Halogenthiophenolen (IIa) bzw. (IIb) gibt die Sulfide (IIIa) bzw. (IIIb).
ChemInform Abstract: R‐1‐ACETAMIDO‐2‐PHENYLETHANEBORONIC ACID. A SPECIFIC TRANSITION‐STATE ANALOG FOR CHYMOTRYPSIN
Authors: MATTESON D. S. , SADHU K. M. , LIENHARD G. E.
Published: April 2016

Die direkte chirale Synthese von Pinandiol‐oz‐chlorboronsäureester wird zur getrennten Darstellung der Enantiomeren von 1‐Acetamido‐2‐phenylethanboronsäure benutzt.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF (3‐AMINOPROPYL)TRIETHOXYSILANE WITH N‐SUBSTITUTED THIOUREAS
Authors: VLASOVA N. N. , PESTUNOVICH A. E. , VORONKOV M. G.
Published: April 2016

Aus dem Silanderivat (I) und den Thioharnstoffen (II) entstehen der N,N′‐disilylierte Thioharnstoff (III) und die Amine (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: A NEW METHOD FOR PREPARING 1‐PHENYLTHIO‐1‐TRIMETHYLSILYLALKANES: THE PREPARATION OF α‐SILYLCARBANIONS AND OLEFINS
Authors: AGER D. J.
Published: April 2016

Aus dem 1,1‐Bis‐phenylthio‐methan (I) erhält man mit Butyllithium und Alkylierungsmitteln die substituierten Dithioacetale (III), die auch aus entsprechenden Aldehyden (IV) mit Thiophenol erhalten werden können.
ChemInform Abstract: A NEW GEOMETRICAL FORM OF SILICON. SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURE OF TETRAETHYLAMMONIUM BIS(1,2‐BENZENEDIOLATO)FLUOROSILICATE(IV)
Authors: HARLAND J. J. , DAY R. O. , VOLLANO J. F. , SAU A. C. , HOLMES R. R.
Published: April 2016

Die Darstellung der Titelverbindung (II) erfolgt durch Umsetzung des Bis‐[benzoldithiolato]‐Komplexes (I) mit Tetraethylammonium fluorid (keine Ausb.‐Angabe).
ChemInform Abstract: NEW METHOD FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF PHOSPHORYLATED FORMALS
Authors: MALENKO D. M. , GOLOLOBOV YU. G.
Published: April 2016

Phosphite wie (I) reagieren mit Diethoxymethylacetat (II) zu Phosphonaten wie (III).
ChemInform Abstract: CYCLIC PHOSPHORUS‐CONTAINING ACETALS ‐ TETRAHYDROFURAN DERIVATIVES
Authors: GAZIZOV M. B. , KRASIL'NIKOVA E. A. , GALIULLINA I. I.
Published: April 2016

Derivate des Tetrahydrofurans.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF THE ENANTIOMERS OF TRANS‐2,3‐BIS(DIPHENYLPHOSPHINOMETHYL)‐5‐NORBORNENE
Authors: DOEBLER CHR. + , KREUZFELD H.‐J.
Published: April 2016

Zwei Synthesewege für die Enantiomeren der Titelverbindung (V) werden detailliert beschrieben.
ChemInform Abstract: RADICALS BY OXIDATION OF Λ5‐PHOSPHORIN DERIVATIVES
Authors: DIMROTH K. , HEIDE W.
Published: April 2016

Die P‐Phosphorine (I) mit exocyclischen MeO‐Substituenten werden elektrolytisch oder chemisch (Pb‐tetrabenzoat) zuerst zu den weniger beständigen Kationradikalen (II) und dann durch Me ‐Abspaltung zu den sehr stabilen Neutralradikalen (III) oxidiert.
ChemInform Abstract: ACYL‐ AND ALKYLIDENEPHOSPHINES. XVI. (DIMETHYLAMINOMETHYLIDENE)‐ AND (DIPHENYLMETHYLIDENE)PHOSPHINES
Authors: BECKER G. , UHL W. , WESSELY H.‐J.
Published: April 2016

Die Bis‐[trimethylsilyl]‐phosphine (I) reagieren mit DMF (II) oder Benzophenon (V) katalysiert von festem NaOH bei Raumtemp. innerhalb weniger Tage zu den Dimethylamino‐ bzw. Diphenylmethylidenphosphinen (IIIa‐d) bzw. (VIa,c).
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF CLS(OCH(CF3)2)3 AND S(OCH(CF3)2)2 WITH PHOSPHORUS(III) COMPOUNDS
Authors: ROESCHENTHALER G.‐V. +
Published: April 2016

Die Titelverbindung (II) reagiert mit Trimethylphosphin zum Phosphoniumsalz (I) und mit Trimethylphosphit im Sinne einer Arbuzov‐Reaktion zum Phosphat (III) und MeCl.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDY OF THE ORGANOGALLYLAZOLE SERIES. I. SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURE
Authors: BOYER D. , GASSEND R. , MAIRE J. C. , ELGUERO J.
Published: April 2016

Trimethylgallium (I) wird mit Imidazol (II), 2‐Methylimidazol (IV), den Pyrazolen (VI) undanderen Azolen zu den Dimethylgallylazolen (III) bzw. (V) bzw. (VII) und (VIII) umgesetzt, die monomer, z.B. Verbindung (III), dimer, z.B. Verbindung (VII), oder oligomer, z.B. Verbindung (V), vorliegen.
ChemInform Abstract: TRIALKOXYGERMANIUM AMINATES ‐ NEW COMPLEX COMPOUNDS OF GERMANIUM
Authors: GAR T. K. , VIKTOROV N. A. , KHROMOVA N. YU. , MIRONOV V. F.
Published: April 2016

Die Aminate (I) reagieren mit Alkoholen (II) und Trialkylaminen (III) zu den Komplexen (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF SOME DIAZOALKANES WITH TRIALKYLSILYL(GERMYL)PROPYNALS
Authors: MEDVEDEVA A. S. , DEMINA M. M. , BORISOVA A. I. , KALIKHMAN I. D. , VYAZANKIN N. S.
Published: April 2016

Die Trialkylsi1yl‐ bzw. Trialkylgermylpropinale (I) werden unter Lichtausschluß mit Diazoessigsäuremethylester (II) bzw. Diazomethan (XI) umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: UEBER DIE REAKTIONSFAEHIGKEIT DER N‐TRIALKYLSTANNYLDERIVATE VON IMIDEN EINIGER SUBSTITUIERTER DICARBONSAEUREN
Authors: RAZUVAEV G. A. , SHERBAKOV V. I. , STOLYAROVA N. E. , TRUKHINA T. V. , D'YACHKOVSKAYA O. S. , ZAKHAROVA R. P.
Published: April 2016

N‐Tributylstannyl‐malein‐imid (I) addiert Amine (II), wobei die Derivate (III) entstehen.
ChemInform Abstract: TRIS(PHENYL(DIFLUOROPHOSPHINO)AMINO)PHOSPHINE (P(N(C6H5)PF2)3), A NOVEL TRIDENTATE STRONG Π‐ACCEPTOR LIGAND FORMING CAGE CHELATES. CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE CHELATE COMPLEX P(N(C6H5)PF2)3MO(CO)3
Authors: BROWN G. M. , FINHOLT J. E. , KING R. B. , LEE T. W.
Published: April 2016

N,N‐Bis‐[difluorphosphino]‐anilin (II) reagiert mit dem in Acetonitril aus Mo‐hexacarbonyl gebildeten fac‐Komplex (I) unter PF3‐ Abspaltung zu dem Chelatkomplex (III) mit dem neuen Tripodliganden (keine Ausb.‐ Angabe).
ChemInform Abstract: ELECTRON EXCHANGE IN PHOTODEPOSITION OF POLY(VINYLFERROCENE) ON PLATINUM ELECTRODES FROM METHYLENE CHLORIDE SOLUTIONS
Authors: ROLISON D. R. , UMANA M. , BURGMAYER P. , MURRAY R. W.
Published: April 2016

Elektrochemisch reaktive Filme von Poly‐ (vinylferrocen) an Platin können durch spontane Adsorption der Polymeren aus CH2Cl2 ‐Lösung erhalten werden, schneller erfolgt die Bildung bei gleichzeitiger UV‐ Bestrahlung der Lösung.
ChemInform Abstract: LASER SYNTHESIS OF METAL CLUSTERS FROM METAL CARBONYL MICROCRYSTALS
Authors: DUNCAN M. A. , DIETZ T. G. , SMALLEY R. E.
Published: April 2016

Untersuchung am Beispiel von Mikrokristallen von F e(CO)5, die wirkungsvoll in Fex‐Cluster mit x = 1‐30 übergeführt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: CATIONIC VINYLCARBENE‐IRON COMPLEXES
Authors: GOMPPER R. , KOTTMAIR E.
Published: April 2016

3‐Chlor‐cyclohexenone (I) reagieren mit dem Eisencarbonylat (II) zu den Eisencarbonyl‐Verbindungen (III), die mit Triethyloxoniumtetrafluoroborat zu (V) ethyliert und mit Trimethylsilyl‐dimethylamin (VI) unter Bildung der Derivate (VII) substituiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF TRICHLOROMETHYLTRIMETHYLSILANE WITH FERROTETRAARYL PORPHYRINS
Authors: BATTIONI J.‐P. , DUPRE D. , MANSUY D.
Published: April 2016

Reduktion von Trichloromethyltrimethylsilan (VI) durch Eisentetraarylporphyrine (V) in Gegenwart von überschüssigem Reduktionsmittel (IV) bzw. (VII) führt zu den Komplexen (VIII), wenn Eisenpulver (VII) als Reduktionsmittel eingesetzt wird und zu den Thiocarbonyl‐Komplexen (II) bei Reduktion durch Dithionit (IV); als instabile Zwischenstufen der Reaktionen werden α‐Silylcarbenferroporphyrin‐ Komplexe (IV) angenommen.
ChemInform Abstract: THERMAL DEAMINATION OF SOME COMPLEXES OF THE TYPE (CO(DIOX.H)2 (AMINE)2)X. ON THE α‐DIOXIMINE COMPLEXES OF TRANSITION METALS. LXIV
Authors: ZSAKO J. , HORAK J. , VARHELYI CS. , BENKOE A.
Published: April 2016

Die thermische Desaminierung der Komplexe (I) wird bei dynamischen Tempsßedingungen untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: REVERSIBILITY OF η4‐CYCLOBUTADIENE METAL FORMATION FROM COMPLEXED ALKYNES: UNIMOLECULAR ISOMERIZATION OF LABELED RACEMIC AND ENANTIOMERICALLY ENRICHE η5‐CYCLOPENTADIENYL‐η4‐CYCLOBUTADIENE‐COBALT COMPLEXES
Authors: VILLE G. , VOLLHARDT K. P. C. , WINTER M. J.
Published: April 2016

Der Mechanismus der Bildung von n4‐Cyclobutadien‐Metallkomplexen aus Alkinen wird diskutiert.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A NOVEL FAMILY OF DIMERIC NICKEL(II) COMPLEXES ‐ BIMETALLIC SPECIES SEPARATED BY A PERSISTENT VOID
Authors: BUSCH D. H. , CHRISTOPH G. G. , ZIMMER L. L. , JACKELS S. C. , GRZYBOWSKI J. J. , CALLAHAN R. C. , KOJIMA M. , HOLTER K. A. , MOCAK J. , HERRON N. , CHAVAN M. , SCHAMMEL W. P.
Published: April 2016

Bimetallic Species Separated by a Persistent Void.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHETIC, SPECTROSCOPIC, AND SOLUTION STUDIES OF IMIDAZOLATE‐BRIDGED DICOPPER(II) COMPLEXES
Authors: KOLKS G. , FRIHART C. R. , COUGHLIN P. K.
Published: April 2016

Die Kondensation von Imidazol‐4,S‐dicarboxaldehyd mit dem aus (I) und Cu‐nitrat entstandenen Cu‐Komplexkation führt zum Komplex (III), der bei Zugabe von Imidazol den vierkernigen Komplex (V) ergibt.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE COPPER(II) AND ZINC(II) COMPLEXES OF D‐β‐(2‐PYRIDYL)‐α‐ALANINATE AND THEIR CONDENSATION PRODUCTS WITH ACETONE
Authors: EBNER S. R. , ANGELICI R. J.
Published: April 2016

Die 1:2‐molare Reaktion von Cu(II)‐ oder Zn(II)‐hydroxid mit D‐β‐(2‐Pyridyl)‐a‐alanin in wäßriger Lösung unter Erwärmen führt zu den Produkten (I).
ChemInform Abstract: DIOXYGEN AND NITRIC OXIDE COMPLEXES OF RHODIUM PORPHYRINS
Authors: WAYLAND B. B. , NEWMAN A. R.
Published: April 2016

Das aus dem Chloroderivat (I) über das Hydrid (II) erhaltene Dimere (III) reagiert mit Disauerstoff unter Bildung von (IV) (S = 1/2 ).
ChemInform Abstract: COMPLEXES OF FUNCTIONAL PHOSPHINES. 4. COORDINATION PROPERTIES OF (DIPHENYLPHOSPHINO)ACETONITRILE, ETHYL (DIPHENYLPHOSPHINO)ACETATE AND CORRESPONDING CARBANIONS. CHARACTERIZATION OF A NEW FACILE REVERSIBLE CARBON DIOXIDE INSERTION INTO PALLADIUM(II) COMPLEXES
Authors: BRAUNSTEIN P. , MATT D. , DUSAUSOY Y. , FISCHER J. , MITSCHLER A. , RICARD L.
Published: April 2016

Die neutralen Titelliganden (II) reagieren mit den Pd‐Dimeren (I) unter Spaltung der Halogenid‐Brücken zu den monomeren Komplexen (III), in denen sie einzähnig über ihr P‐Atom koordiniert sind.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF (.+‐.)‐NORAMBREINOLIDE BY CYCLIZATION OF TRANS‐β‐MONOCYCLOHOMOFARNESIC ACID
Authors: SAITO A. , MATSUSHITA H. , TSUJINO Y. , KANEKO H.
Published: April 2016

Die Cyclisierung der Säure (I) mit Zinntetrachlorid liefert als Hauptprodukt Norambreinolid (II), das sich bei höherer Temperatur in Norisoambreinolid (III) umlagert.
ChemInform Abstract: STEROIDS. CCXLIX. SYNTHESES OF 17β‐(2‐MALEIMIDO)ANDROSTANES
Authors: DRASAR P. , HAVEL M.
Published: April 2016

Die Säuren (I) werden mit Oxalylchlorid (II) in die Chloride (III) übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: SIMPLE SYNTHESIS OF DE‐AB‐CHOLESTA‐8(14),22‐DIEN‐9‐ONE BY HIGHLY STEREOSELECTIVE DOUBLE MICHAEL ADDITION INVOLVING ALKENYLCOPPER‐PHOSPHINE COMPLEX, VINYL KETONE, AND 2‐METHYL‐2‐CYCLOPENTENONE FOLLOWED BY CLAISEN REARRANGEMENT AND RHODIUM‐PROMOTED DECARBONYLATION
Authors: TAKAHASHI T. , NAITO Y. , TSUJI J.
Published: April 2016

Michael‐Addition des Komplexes (II) an das Cyclopentenon (I), Umsetzung des resultierenden Enolats mit dem Enon (III), Löschen des Reaktionsgemisches mitNH4Cl, Basen‐induzierte Aldol‐Kondensation der gebildeten Diketone und anschließende Eliminierung der Methoxyisopropyl‐Schutzgruppe führen zu den epimeren Enonen (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: SILYL STEROIDS. III. SYNTHESIS OF 2‐ AND 4‐TRIMETHYLSILYLESTRADIOLS AND THEIR R DERIVATIVES
Authors: GOLUBOVSKAYA L. E. , RZHEZNIKOV V. M. , ZONTOVA V. N. , PIVNITSKII K. K.
Published: April 2016

Unter den im Formelschema angegebenen Bedingungen werden die silylierten Östradiolderivate (III), (IV), (VII) und (VIII) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: PEPTIDES. XXXXIII. SYNTHESIS OF THE 94‐104 FRAGMENT OF A LYSOZYME ANALOG
Authors: GALPIN I. J. , HUDSON D. , KENNER G. W. , NOBLE P. , RAMAGE R.
Published: April 2016

Die Synthese des Titelfragments (VI) erfolgt durch Kondensation der Unterfragmente den synthetisiert: 1. durch schrittweisen Aufbau ausge‐ densation der Komponenten (IIIb) [aus (IIIa)] und (IV) (Darst Überführung des Produkts (Va) in den aktiven Ester (Vb).
ChemInform Abstract: 3‐NITRO‐2‐PYRINEDINESULFENYL GROUP FOR PROTECTION AND ACTIVATION OF THE THIOL FUNCTION OF CYSTEINE
Authors: MATSUEDA R. , KIMURA T. , KAISER E. T. , MATSUEDA G. R.
Published: April 2016

Das Boc‐geschützte Cystein (III), dessen Herstellung aus dem Cystin‐Derivat (I) beschrieben ist, wird mit 3‐Nitro‐2‐pyridinsulfensäurechlorid (V) (Npys‐Cl) zum Derivat (VI) umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: BUILDING UNITS FOR OLIGOSACCHARIDES. XXXII. SYNTHESIS OF THE BRANCHED PENTASACCHARIDE UNIT OF THE O‐SPECIFIC SIDE CHAIN OF THE LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE FROM SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE
Authors: PAULSEN H. , BUENSCH H. +
Published: April 2016

Die Synthese der Titelverbindung (VIIIc) erfolgt durch Verknüpfung des Trisaccharidblocks (IVb) aus 3 Azidozuckern mit dem Disaccharidblock (VIIb) [→(VIIIa)], Abspaltung der Tca‐Gruppe, nachfolgende Reduktion der Azidogruppen (NiCl2/NaBH4) und Acetylierung [→(VIIIb)], Hydrolyse der Acetatreste und hydrogenolytische Debenzylierung.
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF (25S)‐25‐HYDROXYVITAMIN D3 26,23‐LACTONE
Authors: YAMADA S. , NAKAYAMA K. , TAKAYAMA H.
Published: April 2016

Aus der Säure (Ia) entsteht das (S)‐Dimethylcitramalat (Ib), das in der angegebenen Weise zum Provitamin D (V) umgesetzt und dann photochemisch zum Vitamin D3‐Derivat (VI) gespalten wird.
ChemInform Abstract: A NOVEL METHOXY‐DIRECTED KETAL HYDROLYSIS AND ITS APPLICATION TO A CONVERGENT, REGIOSPECIFIC SYNTHESIS OF (.+‐.)‐DAUNOMYCINONE
Authors: DOLSON M. G. , CHENARD B. L. , SWENTON J. S.
Published: April 2016

Ausgehend von dem Tetralon (I) wird über die Intermediären (IIa)‐(IIc) der Hydroxyester (III) dargestellt und in das Hydroxyketon (IV) umgewandelt, das mit dem Reagenz (V) zu dem Ether (VI) umge‐ 183 setzt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: EFFICIENT SYNTHESIS OF THE GOSSYPOL BINAPHTHYL BACKBONE
Authors: VENUTI M. C.
Published: April 2016

Eine Synthese des Dinaphthyl‐Gerüstes von Gossypol (VII) geht von 2,3‐Dimethoxy‐isopropylbenzol (Ia) aus, das zum Tetralon (IV) führt.
ChemInform Abstract: KINETICS AND MECHANISM OF THE REACTION OF SUBSTITUTED PHENYLHYDRAZONES WITH THALLIUM(III) ACETATE. REACTIONS OF MERCURY(II) ACETATE WITH NITROGEN COMPOUNDS. PART 8
Authors: BUTLER R. N. , MORRIS G. J. , O'DONOHUE A. M.
Published: April 2016

Als Primär‐Reaktion des Hydrazons (I) mit Tl(III)‐acetat ist ein elektrophiler Angriff des Tl(OAc);,‐′‐Ions auf die NH‐Einheit unter Bildung eines Hydraziniumions anzusehen, dem die Anlagerung des Acetoxy‐Anions an das durch Verschiebung der C=N‐Doppelbindung entstandene Carboniumkation unter Bildung der Azo‐Verbindung (II) folgt.
ChemInform Abstract: 1H‐IMIDAZO(4,5‐B)PYRAZINES. III. 2‐THIOLS AND DERIVATIVES
Authors: TONG Y. C.
Published: April 2016

2,3‐Diamino‐pyrazine (I) kondensieren mit Harnstoff zu den Oxo‐Verbindungen (II), die mit Phosphorpentasulfid zu (III) geschwefelt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF SILYL‐SUBSTITUTED VINYLALLENES
Authors: DULCERE J.‐P. , GRIMALDI J. , SANTELLI M.
Published: April 2016

Alkinyl‐allylchloride (I) reagieren mit Trimethylchlorsilan (II) in Gegenwart von Li oder Mg über Organometallverbindungen zu den Allen‐olefinen (III).
ChemInform Abstract: THE MECHANISM OF THE PROTODESILYLATION OF ALLYLSILANES WHICH ARE DISUBSTITUTED ON C‐3
Authors: FLEMING I. , MARCHI D. JUN. , PATEL S. K.
Published: April 2016

3,3‐Dialkylallylsilane wie (I) und (IV) reagieren mit Protonen durch zwei unterschiedliche Mechanismen, liefern jedoch dieselben Ergebnisse.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NIOBIUM(III) β‐DIKETONATE DERIVATIVES; MOLECULAR CONSTITUTION OF THEIR SOLUTIONS
Authors: HUBERT‐PFALZGRAF L. G. , TSUNODA M. , KATOCH D.
Published: April 2016

Die Reaktion von Nb2C16L4 (L = PMe2Ph) mit Dipivaloylmethan in Methylenchlorid oder THF ergibt unabhängig vom stöchiometri‐ schen Reaktandenverhältnis den Monodiketonato‐Komplex (I).
ChemInform Abstract: PRODUCTION AND STRUCTURAL STUDY OF IODOCUPRATES(I) WITH TETRAHEDRON SURFACE LINKAGE
Authors: HARTL H. , MAHDJOUR‐HASSAN‐ABADI F.
Published: April 2016

Die direkte Umsetzung von Cu mit organischen Triiodiden oder mit Iod in Gegenwart der Iodide in organischen Lösungsmitteln führt zu den Verbindungen der Zusammensetzung (I).
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOSELECTIVE, CATALYTIC REDUCTION OF L‐ASCORBIC ACID: A CONVENIENT SYNTHESIS OF L‐GULONO‐1,4‐LACTONE
Authors: ANDREWS G. C. , CRAWFORD T. C. , BACON B. E.
Published: April 2016

Durch Hydrierung von L‐Ascorbinsäure (Ia) bzw. D‐Erythorbinsäure (Ib) entstehen das L‐Gulonolacton (IIa) bzw. das D‐Mannonolacton (IIb).
Confirmation of proposed human papillomavirus risk–adapted staging according to AJCC/UICC TNM criteria for positive oropharyngeal carcinomas
Authors: Horne Zachary D. , Glaser Scott M. , Vargo John A. , Ferris Robert L. , Balasubramani Goundappa K. , Clump David A. , Heron Dwight E. , Beriwal Sushil
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND

Patients with human papillomavirus (HPV)–related oropharyngeal cancers (OPCs) have superior outcomes in comparison with patients with non–HPV‐induced OPCs. This study confirms that a previously proposed HPV risk–adapted restaging system better reflects disease outcomes.

METHODS

The National Cancer Data Base was used to analyze 8803 HPV+ OPC patients. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify the utility of both American Joint Commission on Cancer (AJCC) staging and HPV risk–adapted staging in predicting the outcomes of patients with HPV+ OPC and other factors influencing survival.

RESULTS

With a median follow‐up of 27.1 months, 3.2% had AJCC stage I disease and 6.6%, 19.4%, and 70.9% had stage II, III, and IV disease, respectively. When the patients were restaged according to HPV risk–adapted staging, 76.6% had stage I disease, 9.9% had stage II disease, and 13.5% had stage III disease. The 4‐year overall survival rates according to HPV risk–adapted staging were 85.8%, 77.3%, and 64.6% for stages I, II, and III, respectively, but the rates for AJCC stages I, II, III, and IV were 90.1%, 86.1%, 87.0%, and 80.1%, respectively. Patients with HPV+ metastatic disease at diagnosis had a significantly improved median survival of 20.5 months versus 11.1 months with HPV– disease (P < .01). In the multivariate analysis, survival was also affected by the age at treatment, a nontonsillar or base‐of‐tongue primary site, private insurance, an annual income ≥ $48,000/y, and the comorbidity index (all P values < .01).

CONCLUSIONS

Outcomes of HPV+ OPC are significantly improved in comparison with HPV– OPC outcomes, and the current AJCC staging system does not accurately reflect disease outcomes. This study has retrospectively confirmed that an HPV risk–adapted restaging structure more accurately stratifies patients. Under this new risk‐stratified staging system, patients may be more accurately stratified for investigation into treatment escalation or de‐escalation studies. Cancer 2016;122:2021–30. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
The g‐C3N4/C2N Nanocomposite: A g‐C3N4‐Based Water‐Splitting Photocatalyst with Enhanced Energy Efficiency
Authors: Wang Huimin , Li Xingxing , Yang Jinlong
Published: April 2016

Water‐splitting photocatalysts with good energy efficiency are highly desirable, among which metal‐free graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) is considered to be very promising and has been intensively studied in recent years. However, its practical application is hindered by the relatively low efficiencies of visible‐light absorption and electron–hole separation. Herein, based on first‐principles calculations, it is predicted that, by forming nanocomposites with another carbon nitride (C2N), the energy efficiency of g‐C3N4 can be significantly improved. On one hand, C2N has a wide, strong optical absorption in the visible‐light region, which acts as a photosensitizer and enhances the photoabsorption efficiency of the composite photocatalyst. On the other hand, C2N forms a type II heterojunction with g‐C3N4, which leads to efficient separation of photogenerated electron–hole pairs through the chemical potential difference between the two components. These results provide a potential route to achieve highly efficient metal‐free photocatalysts for water splitting.
Algorithm for the precise detection of single and cluster cells in microfluidic applications
Authors: Girault Mathias , Hattori Akihiro , Kim Hyonchol , Matsuura Kenji , Odaka Masao , Terazono Hideyuki , Yasuda Kenji
Published: April 2016

Recent advances in imaging flow cytometry and microfluidic applications have led to the development of suitable mathematical algorithms capable of detecting and identifying targeted cells in images. In contrast to currently existing algorithms, we herein proposed the identification and reconstruction of cell edges based on original approaches that overcome frequent detection limitations such as halos, noise, and droplet boundaries in microfluidic applications. Reconstructed cells are then discriminated between single cells and clusters of round‐shaped cells, and cell information such as the area and location of a cell in an image is output. Using this method, 76% of cells detected in an image had an error <5% of the cell area size and 41% of the image had an error <1% of the cell area size (n = 1,000). The method developed in the present study is the first image processing algorithm designed to be flexible in use (i.e. independent of the size of an image, using a microfluidic droplet system or not, and able to recognize cell clusters in an image) and provides the scientific community with a very accurate imaging algorithm in the field of microfluidic applications. © 2016 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
The chromatin modifying complex CoREST/LSD1 negatively regulates notch pathway during cerebral cortex development
Authors: Lopez Cecilia I. , Saud Katherine E. , Aguilar Rodrigo , Berndt F. Andrés , Cánovas José , Montecino Martín , Kukuljan Manuel
Published: April 2016

The development of the cerebral cortex is a dynamic and coordinated process in which cell division, cell death, migration, and differentiation must be highly regulated to acquire the final architecture and functional competence of the mature organ. Notch pathway is an important regulator of differentiation and it is essential to maintain neural stem cell (NSC) pool. Here, we studied the role of epigenetic modulators such as lysine‐specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) and its interactor CoREST in the regulation of the Notch pathway activity during the development of the cerebral cortex. We found that CoREST and LSD1 interact in vitro with RBPJ‐κ in the repressor complex and these proteins are released upon overexpression of Notch intracellular domain (NICD). We corroborated LSD1 and RBPJ‐κ interaction in developing cerebral cortex and also found that LSD1 binds to the hes1 promoter. Knock‐down of CoREST and LSD1 by in utero electroporation increases Hes1 expression in vivo and decreases Ngn2. Interestingly, we found a functional interaction between CoREST and LSD1 with Notch pathway. This conclusion is based on the observation that both the defects in neuronal migration and the increase in the number of cells expressing Sox2 and Tbr2 were associated to the knock‐down of either CoREST or LSD1 and were reversed by the loss of Notch. These results demonstrate that CoREST and LSD1 downregulate the Notch pathway in the developing cerebral cortex, thus suggesting a role of epigenetic regulation in the fine tuning of cell differentiation. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 76: 1360–1373, 2016
Hepatocyte nuclear factor‐4 alpha in noise‐induced cochlear neuropathy
Authors: Groth Jane Bjerg , Kao Shyan‐Yuan , Briët Martijn C. , Stankovic Konstantina M.
Published: April 2016

Noise‐induced hearing loss (NIHL) is a problem of profound clinical significance and growing magnitude. Alarmingly, even moderate noise levels, previously assumed to cause only temporary shifts in auditory thresholds (“temporary” NIHL), are now known to cause cochlear synaptopathy and subsequent neuropathy. To uncover molecular mechanisms of this neuropathy, a network analysis of genes reported to have significantly altered expression after temporary threshold shift‐inducing noise exposure was performed. The transcription factor Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor‐4 alpha (HNF4α), which had not previously been studied in the context of cochlear response to noise, was identified as a hub of a top‐ranking network. Hnf4α expression and localization using quantitative RT‐PCR and in situ hybridization, respectively, were described in adolescent and adult mice exposed to neuropathic noise levels in adolescence. Isoforms α3 and α12 in the cochlea were also identified. At every age examined, Hnf4α mRNA expression in the cochlear apex was similar to expression in the base. Hnf4α expression was evident in select cochlear cells, including spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) and hair cells, and was significantly upregulated from 6 to 70 weeks of age, especially in SGNs. This age‐related Hnf4α upregulation was inhibited by neuropathic noise exposure in adolescence. Hnf4α silencing with shRNA transfection into auditory neuroblast cells (VOT‐33) reduced cell viability, as measured with the MTT assay, suggesting that Hnf4α may be involved in SGN survival. Our results motivate future studies of HNF4α in cochlear pathophysiology, especially because HNF4α mutations and polymorphisms are associated with human diseases that may include hearing loss. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 76: 1374–1386, 2016
Titanium Carbide Nanoparticle‐Decorated Electrode Enables Significant Enhancement in Performance of All‐Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries
Authors: Wei Lei , Zhao Tianshou , Zeng Lin , Zhou Xuelong , Zeng Yikai
Published: April 2016

In this work, we demonstrate that titanium carbide (TiC) nanoparticles exhibit high catalytic activity for the redox reaction of V3+/V2+ in acid solution. TiC nanoparticles enable the oxidation peak potential to be negatively shifted by 100 and 183 mV relative to that of pure carbon nanoparticles and that of pristine carbon paper, respectively. A TiC nanoparticle decorated carbon paper electrode is prepared and used as the negative side of a single vanadium redox flow battery. The battery demonstrates an energy efficiency of 80.7 % at a high current density of 100 mA cm−2; this value is 12.3 % higher than that of the battery with the pristine electrode. The findings presented in this work suggest that titanium carbide nanoparticle decorated carbon paper exhibits great promise as a high‐performance electrode for vanadium redox flow batteries.
Impacts of highway construction and operation on carbon footprint in China: A case study of Jiangsu Province
Authors: Zhao Kaiyan , Xu Xibao , Yang Guishan , Wu Shaohua , Jiang Feiwen
Published: April 2016

Transportation sector has been one of the biggest sources of greenhouse gas in China and the world. Highway has been one of the vital means of transport in China, which is significantly beneficial to promote economic development, energy saving, and carbon mitigation. This study investigates the ecological value of highway at regional scale by developing carbon footprint evaluation system of highway, based on expert knowledge and by focusing on the Jiangsu Province of China. Different parts of carbon footprint (CF) are estimated by five indicators, including carbon footprint of construction, carbon footprint of management, carbon footprint of driving, carbon footprint of traffic condition change, and carbon footprint of land use and cover change. The characteristics of and spatial and temporal change in the total carbon footprint for nine trunk highways in Jiangsu Province from 2000 to 2050 were analyzed, and the key factors impacting the recovery period of carbon (RC) of the highways were identified. The results show that an overall condition of CF of highways in Jiangsu Province is helpful to reduce CO2 emissions and recover their carbon emissions in 2031. G25 has the highest value in ecology, whereas G15 has the lowest at the individual level. This study also demonstrates that traffic demand is the fundamental determinant of RC and there is synchronization between RC and recovery period of investment (RI). These findings are helpful for policy makers in mitigating carbon emissions in planning and construction of highway. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 1468–1475, 2016
Penetrance of ATM Gene Mutations in Breast Cancer: A Meta‐Analysis of Different Measures of Risk
Authors: Marabelli Monica , Cheng Su‐Chun , Parmigiani Giovanni
Published: April 2016

The gene responsible for ataxia‐telangiectasia syndrome, ATM, is also an intermediate‐risk breast cancer (BC) susceptibility gene. Numerous studies have been carried out to determine the contribution of ATM gene mutations to BC risk. Epidemiological cohorts, segregation analyses, and case‐control studies reported BC risk in different forms, including penetrance, relative risk, standardized incidence ratio, and odds ratio. Because the reported estimates vary both qualitatively and quantitatively, we developed a general model allowing the integration of the different types of cancer risk available in the literature. We performed a comprehensive meta‐analysis identifying 19 studies, and used our model to obtain a consensus estimate of BC penetrance. We estimated the cumulative risk of BC in heterozygous ATM mutation carriers to be 6.02% by 50 years of age (95% credible interval: 4.58–7.42%) and 32.83% by 80 years of age (95% credible interval: 24.55–40.43%). An accurate assessment of cancer penetrance is crucial to help mutation carriers make medical and lifestyle decisions that can reduce their chances of developing the disease.
Psychotropic drugs and the risk of fall injuries, hospitalisations and mortality among older adults
Authors: Johnell Kristina , Jonasdottir Bergman Gudrun , Fastbom Johan , Danielsson Bengt , Borg Natalia , Salmi Peter
Published: April 2016

Objective

To investigate whether psychotropics are associated with an increased risk of fall injuries, hospitalizations, and mortality in a large general population of older adults.

Methods

We performed a nationwide matched (age, sex, and case event day) case–control study between 1 January and 31 December 2011 based on several Swedish registers (n = 1,288,875 persons aged ≥65 years). We used multivariate conditional logistic regression adjusted for education, number of inpatient days, Charlson co‐morbidity index, dementia and number of other drugs.

Results

Antidepressants were the psychotropic most strongly related to fall injuries (ORadjusted: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.38–1.45) and antipsychotics to hospitalizations (ORadjusted: 1.22; 95% CI: 1.19–1.24) and death (ORadjusted: 2.10; 95% CI: 2.02–2.17). Number of psychotropics was associated with increased the risk of fall injuries, (4 psychotropics vs 0: ORadjusted: 1.53; 95% CI: 1.39–1.68), hospitalization (4 psychotropics vs 0: ORadjusted: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.22–1.33) and death (4 psychotropics vs 0: ORadjusted: 2.50; 95% CI: 2.33–2.69) in a dose–response manner. Among persons with dementia (n = 58,984), a dose–response relationship was found between number of psychotropics and mortality risk (4 psychotropics vs 0: ORadjusted: 1.99; 95% CI: 1.76–2.25).

Conclusions

Our findings support a cautious prescribing of multiple psychotropic drugs to older patients. © 2016 The Authors. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Amyloid burden and incident depressive symptoms in cognitively normal older adults
Authors: Harrington Karra D. , Gould Emma , Lim Yen Ying , Ames David , Pietrzak Robert H. , Rembach Alan , Rainey‐Smith Stephanie , Martins Ralph N. , Salvado Olivier , Villemagne Victor L. , Rowe Christopher C. , Masters Colin L. , Maruff Paul ,   for the AIBL Research Group
Published: April 2016

Objective

Several studies have reported that non‐demented older adults with clinical depression show changes in amyloid‐β (Aβ) levels in blood, cerebrospinal fluid and on neuroimaging that are consistent with those observed in patients with Alzheimer's disease. These findings suggest that Aβ may be one of the mechanisms underlying the relation between the two conditions. We sought to determine the relation between elevated cerebral Aβ and the presence of depression across a 54‐month prospective observation period.

Methods

Cognitively normal older adults from the Australian Imaging Biomarkers and Lifestyle study who were not depressed and had undergone a positron emission tomography scan to classify them as either high Aβ (n = 81) or low Aβ (n = 278) participated. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale — Short Form at 18‐month intervals over 54 months.

Results

Whilst there was no difference in probable depression between groups at baseline, incidence was 4.5 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3–16.4) times greater within the high Aβ group (9%) than the low Aβ group (2%) by the 54‐month assessment.

Conclusions

Results of this study suggest that elevated Aβ levels are associated with a 4.5‐fold increased likelihood of developing clinically significant depressive symptoms on follow‐up in preclinical Alzheimer's disease. This underscores the importance of assessing, monitoring and treating depressive symptoms in older adults with elevated Aβ. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Poorer outcomes and greater healthcare costs for hospitalised older people with dementia and delirium: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Tropea Joanne , LoGiudice Dina , Liew Danny , Gorelik Alexandra , Brand Caroline
Published: April 2016

Objective

To compare healthcare utilisation outcomes among older hospitalised patients with and without cognitive impairment, and to compare the costs associated with these outcomes.

Methods

Retrospective cohort study of administrative data from a large teaching hospital in Melbourne, Australia from 1 July 2006 to 30 June 2012. People with cognitive impairment were defined as having dementia or delirium coded during the admission. Outcome measures included length of stay, unplanned readmissions within 28 days and costs associated with these outcomes. Regression analysis was used to compare differences between those with and without cognitive impairment.

Results

There were 93 300 hospital admissions included in the analysis. 6459 (6.9%) involved cognitively impaired patients. The adjusted median length of stay was significantly higher for the cognitively impaired group compared with the non‐cognitively impaired group (7.4 days 6.7–10.0 vs 6.6 days, interquartile range 5.7–8.3; p < 0.001). There were no differences in odds of 28‐day readmission. When only those discharged back to their usual residence were included in the analysis, the risk of 28‐day readmission was significantly higher for those with cognitive impairment compared with those without. The cost of admissions involving patients with cognitive impairment was 51% higher than the cost of those without cognitive impairment.

Conclusions

Hospitalised people with cognitive impairment experience significantly greater length of stay and when discharged to their usual residence are more likely to be readmitted to hospital within 28 days compared with those without cognitive impairment. The costs associated with hospital episodes and 28‐day readmissions are significantly higher for those with cognitive impairment. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three‐dimensional imaging technologies: a priority for the advancement of tissue engineering and a challenge for the imaging community
Authors: Teodori Laura , Crupi Annunziata , Costa Alessandra , Diaspro Alberto , Melzer Susanne , Tarnok Attila
Published: April 2016

Tissue engineering/regenerative medicine (TERM) is an interdisciplinary field that applies the principle of engineering and life sciences to restore/replace damaged tissues/organs within vitroartificially‐created ones. Research on TERM quickly moves forward. Today newest technologies and discoveries, such as 3D‐/bio‐printing, allowin vitrofabrication ofex‐novomade tissues/organs, opening the door to wide and probably never‐ending application possibilities, from organ transplant to drug discovery, high content screening and replacement of laboratory animals. Imaging techniques are fundamental tools for the characterization of tissue engineering (TE) products at any stage, from biomaterial/scaffold to construct/organ analysis. Indeed, tissue engineers need versatile imaging methods capable of monitoring not only morphological but also functional and molecular features, allowing three‐dimensional (3D) and time‐lapsein vivoanalysis, in a non‐destructive, quantitative, multidimensional analysis of TE constructs, to analyze their pre‐implantation quality assessment and their fate after implantation. This review focuses on the newest developments in imaging technologies and applications in the context of requirements of the different steps of the TERM field, describing strengths and weaknesses of the current imaging approaches.

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Red cell exchange to mitigate a delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction in a patient transfused with incompatible red blood cells
Authors: Irani Mehraboon S. , Karafin Matthew S. , Ernster Luke
Published: April 2016

Purpose

A red cell exchange was performed to prevent a potentially fatal hemolytic transfusion reaction in a patient with anti‐e who was transfused with e‐antigen unscreened red blood cells during liver transplant surgery.

Case Report

A 64‐year‐old woman with cirrhosis due to hepatitis C was scheduled to receive a liver transplant. She had a previously documented anti‐e, an antibody to the Rh(e)‐antigen that is known to cause delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions. Pre‐operatively and intra‐operatively, she had massive hemorrhage which required transfusion of 34 e‐antigen unscreened red blood cells (RBCs) most of which were incompatible. The hemoglobin dropped from 9.1 g/dL on post‐operative day (POD)1 to 6.6 g/dL on POD6, with no evidence of blood loss. The bilirubin also increased from 5.0 mg/dL on POD 1 to 11.0 mg/dL on POD 6. As she was also becoming more hemodynamically unstable, a red cell exchange with 10 units of e‐negative RBCs was performed on POD 6. She improved clinically and was extubated the following day. A few residual transfused e‐positive red cells were detected after the red cell exchange until POD 13.

Conclusion

This case illustrates how a red cell exchange can mitigate the potentially harmful effects of a delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction caused by red cell antibodies. With massive intraoperative blood loss it may not be possible to have antigen‐negative RBCs immediately available, particularly for the e‐antigen, which is present in 98% of the donor population. The ability to perform such a procedure may be life‐saving in such patients. J. Clin. Apheresis 32:59–61, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Soil Water Content and Root Patterns in a Rain‐fed Jujube Plantation across Stand Ages on the Loess Plateau of China
Authors: Li Lusheng , Gao Xiaodong , Wu Pute , Zhao Xining , Li Hongcheng , Ling Qiang , Sun Wenhao
Published: April 2016

Planting economic trees is one of the primary parts of the large‐scale ecological rehabilitation project (known as ‘Grain for Green’ project) initiated in 1999 on the Loess Plateau of China. Knowledge of soil water dynamics and fine roots patterns is critical to water management for orchards in this region. Here we investigated the distribution of root‐zone soil water variation and fine roots with a range of stand ages (2, 6, 10 and 15 years) in a rain‐fed jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) plantation on the Loess Plateau. Soil water in the 0‐ to 3‐m depth was monitored using portable Time Domain Reflectometry, and root samples were taken with a hand auger (Φ = 9 cm). The results showed soil water storage in the 0‐ to 0·6‐m soil layers in all stands increased remarkably following apparent rainfall events. However, there was no clear change in soil water storage below 0·6 m throughout the growing season. Generally, fine root length density increased with the increase of stand age, which were unevenly distributed in the vertical and horizontal directions around the tree trunks in young stands (2 and 6 years), and the fine roots were uniformly distributed radically from the tree trunk in mature stands (10 and 15 years). Additionally, a high‐density zone of fine roots was observed in the middle of the inter‐row in mature stands, and the specific length of fine roots in young stands was higher than observed in mature stands. The results presented here would be helpful to water management in the rain‐fed jujube plantations on Loess Plateau and potentially for other semi‐arid orchards. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prediction of high temperature corrosion phenomena by the cellular automata approach
Authors: Jahns K. , Balinski K. , Landwehr M. , Wübbelmann J. , Krupp U.
Published: April 2016

Aim of the study is to develop a simulation software for the prediction of internal corrosion during high temperature applications. Besides a significant mass transport by diffusion, chemical reactions, and phase transformations are occurring at elevated temperatures. Eventually, corrosion results in a severe deterioration of the properties of a material. During the last 6 decades, great effort has been put into quantitative identification of the relevant mechanisms of high temperature corrosion in metallic alloys. Recently, the cellular automata approach was identified to be a powerful tool to describe diffusion‐controlled transformation processes. Up to now, the model is able to predict diffusion‐controlled nucleation and growth, internal precipitation kinetics and the transition from internal precipitation to external scale formation, distinguishing between bulk and grain boundary diffusion. Within this study, the cellular automata approach was used to describe TiN formation in Ni‐20Cr‐2Ti, MnO formation in a Mn‐steel containing 3.7 wt% Mn and intergranular Al2O3 formation in Inconel 625Si. It is shown that experimental and simulated results are in good agreement.
The BioFIND study: Characteristics of a clinically typical Parkinson's disease biomarker cohort
Authors: Kang Un Jung , Goldman Jennifer G. , Alcalay Roy N. , Xie Tao , Tuite Paul , Henchcliffe Claire , Hogarth Penelope , Amara Amy W. , Frank Samuel , Rudolph Alice , Casaceli Cynthia , Andrews Howard , Gwinn Katrina , Sutherland Margaret , Kopil Catherine , Vincent Lona , Frasier Mark
Published: April 2016

Background

Identifying PD‐specific biomarkers in biofluids will greatly aid in diagnosis, monitoring progression, and therapeutic interventions. PD biomarkers have been limited by poor discriminatory power, partly driven by heterogeneity of the disease, variability of collection protocols, and focus on de novo, unmedicated patients. Thus, a platform for biomarker discovery and validation in well‐characterized, clinically typical, moderate to advanced PD cohorts is critically needed.

Methods

BioFIND (Fox Investigation for New Discovery of Biomarkers in Parkinson's Disease) is a cross‐sectional, multicenter biomarker study that established a repository of clinical data, blood, DNA, RNA, CSF, saliva, and urine samples from 118 moderate to advanced PD and 88 healthy control subjects. Inclusion criteria were designed to maximize diagnostic specificity by selecting participants with clinically typical PD symptoms, and clinical data and biospecimen collection utilized standardized procedures to minimize variability across sites.

Results

We present the study methodology and data on the cohort's clinical characteristics. Motor scores and biospecimen samples including plasma are available for practically defined off and on states and thus enable testing the effects of PD medications on biomarkers. Other biospecimens are available from off state PD assessments and from controls.

Conclusion

Our cohort provides a valuable resource for biomarker discovery and validation in PD. Clinical data and biospecimens, available through The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, can serve as a platform for discovering biomarkers in clinically typical PD and comparisons across PD's broad and heterogeneous spectrum. © 2016 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society