bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Breast cancer screening in an era of personalized regimens: A conceptual model and National Cancer Institute initiative for risk‐based and preference‐based approaches at a population level
Authors: Onega Tracy , Beaber Elisabeth F. , Sprague Brian L. , Barlow William E. , Haas Jennifer S. , Tosteson Anna N.A. , D. Schnall Mitchell , Armstrong Katrina , Schapira Marilyn M. , Geller Berta , Weaver Donald L. , Conant Emily F.
Published: May 2014

Breast cancer screening holds a prominent place in public health, health care delivery, policy, and women's health care decisions. Several factors are driving shifts in how population‐based breast cancer screening is approached, including advanced imaging technologies, health system performance measures, health care reform, concern for “overdiagnosis,” and improved understanding of risk. Maximizing benefits while minimizing the harms of screening requires moving from a “1‐size‐fits‐all” guideline paradigm to more personalized strategies. A refined conceptual model for breast cancer screening is needed to align women's risks and preferences with screening regimens. A conceptual model of personalized breast cancer screening is presented herein that emphasizes key domains and transitions throughout the screening process, as well as multilevel perspectives. The key domains of screening awareness, detection, diagnosis, and treatment and survivorship are conceptualized to function at the level of the patient, provider, facility, health care system, and population/policy arena. Personalized breast cancer screening can be assessed across these domains with both process and outcome measures. Identifying, evaluating, and monitoring process measures in screening is a focus of a National Cancer Institute initiative entitled PROSPR (Population‐based Research Optimizing Screening through Personalized Regimens), which will provide generalizable evidence for a risk‐based model of breast cancer screening, The model presented builds on prior breast cancer screening models and may serve to identify new measures to optimize benefits‐to‐harms tradeoffs in population‐based screening, which is a timely goal in the era of health care reform. Cancer 2014;120:2955–2964. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
FluMapper: A cyberGIS application for interactive analysis of massive location‐based social media
Authors: Padmanabhan Anand , Wang Shaowen , Cao Guofeng , Hwang Myunghwa , Zhang Zhenhua , Gao Yizhao , Soltani Kiumars , Liu Yan
Published: May 2014

Social media have experienced a spectacular rise in popularity, attracting hundreds of millions of users and generating unprecedented amount of content that increasingly contain location and place information. Collectively, the massive location information in these data provides an excellent opportunity to better understand many geographic phenomena and geospatial dynamics in a timely fashion. Recent studies capitalizing on social networking and media data show significant societal impacts in many areas including prediction of stock market and infectious disease surveillance. However, because location‐based social media data are often massive, generated dynamically, and unstructured, significant computation, data, and visualization challenges need to be resolved. This research aims to demonstrate the use of massive social media data to interactively analyze spatiotemporal events across spatial and temporal scales, by establishing a data‐driven framework using cyberGIS—geographic information systems (GIS) based on advanced cyberinfrastructure—to resolve aforementioned challenges. Specifically, FluMapper—an application on the CyberGIS Gateway—is employed as a case study to demonstrate the data‐driven framework and seamless integration of massive location‐based social media data and spatial analytical services within the online problem solving environment of the Gateway. FluMapper presents integrated results from two complementary spatial analyses: (i) an interactive exploration of spatial distribution of flu risk and (ii) dynamic mapping of movement patterns, across multiple spatial, and temporal scales. The seamless integration of these two analyses through the framework illustrates the potential of cyberGIS to resolve the compute and data challenges of analyzing near real‐time social media data in an efficient and scalable manner and to support interactive visualization. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Characterization of Single‐Side Organically Grafted Anderson‐Type Polyoxometalates
Authors: Ai Hui , Wang Yang , Li Bao , Wu Lixin
Published: May 2014

Five single‐side organic decorated Anderson‐type molybdoaluminates have been synthesized from the reaction of the Na3(H2O)6[Al(OH)6Mo6O18]·2H2O cluster and RC(CH2OH)3 ligands [R = CH2OH, NH2, CH2CH3, NHCH2COOH, CH2OCH2C(CH2OH)3], followed by the addition of TBA·Br {TBA = [N(C4H9)4]+}. The prepared compounds possess an identical Anderson‐type structural frame in each case, wherein three of the six hydroxy groups surrounding the AlIII heteroatom are substituted by one RC(CH2OH)3 group, forming asymmetric single‐sided organically decorated clusters. The compounds demonstrate the simplest synthesis of covalent organic decoration for the single‐sides of molybdoaluminates. All the prepared compounds in the present study were synthesized in aqueous solution and characterized by elemental and TG analysis, IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. In addition, the supramolecular structures of these compounds based on the hydrogen bonding have also been discussed. The method reported here provides a common approach for the asymmetric functionalization of Anderson‐type molybdoaluminates.
Four Molecular Superconductors Isolated as Nanoparticles
Authors: de Caro Dominique , Faulmann Christophe , Valade Lydie , Jacob Kane , Chtioui Imane , Foulal Soukaina , de Caro Pascale , Bergez‐Lacoste Manon , Fraxedas Jordi , Ballesteros Belén , Brooks James S. , Steven Eden , Winter Laurel E.
Published: May 2014

(TMTSF)2PF6 and (TMTSF)2ClO4 Bechgaard salts, (BEDT‐TTF)2I3, and TTF[Ni(dmit)2]2 [TMTSF = tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene; BEDT‐TTF = bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene; TTF = tetrathiafulvalene; dmit = 1,3‐dithiole‐2‐thione‐4,5‐dithiolate] are among the most popular molecular superconductors. They are grown as nanoparticles that exhibit properties in agreement with those of the bulk. The shape, size, and homogeneity of particles depend on the stabilizing agent and synthesis conditions. We report on the more recent conditions investigated (i) to produce nanoparticles of 35 nm for β‐(BEDT‐TTF)2I3, (ii) to reduce the particle size to 10–15 nm for TTF[Ni(dmit)2]2 and 3–5 nm for (TMTSF)2ClO4, and (iii) to improve the growth duration from days to one hour for (TMTSF)2PF6. Finally, we report evidence of superconductivity in (TMTSF)2ClO4 particles.
Evolution of BODIPY Dyes as Potential Sensitizers for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Singh Surya Prakash , Gayathri Thumuganti
Published: May 2014

Enhancement of light‐harvesting efficiency (LHE) in the red/near‐IR (NIR) region (600–1000 nm) of the solar spectrum is a challenge to improvement of the photovoltaic performances of dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Therefore, design and development of effective red/NIR photosensitizers are currently a hot topic in DSSCs. BODIPY dyes can offer magnificent characteristics such as sharp and moderately strong absorption, large quantum yields, long excited state lifetimes, good solubility and easy chromatographic separation. From this perspective, recent progress in BODIPY‐sensitized solar cells is reviewed.
One‐Pot Transformation of Methylarenes into Aromatic Nitriles with Inorganic Metal‐Free Reagents
Authors: Kawagoe Yuhsuke , Moriyama Katsuhiko , Togo Hideo
Published: May 2014

Various methylarenes were transformed into the corresponding aromatic nitriles in good to moderate yields by the treatment with aq. HBr and aq. H2O2, followed by reaction with molecular iodine and aq. ammonia in a one‐pot procedure. The present reaction is a useful, practical, transition‐metal‐free, and organic‐reagent‐free method for the preparation of aromatic nitriles from methylarenes.
Positive and extensive intergroup contact in the past buffers against the disproportionate impact of negative contact in the present
Authors: Paolini Stefania , Harwood Jake , Rubin Mark , Husnu Shenel , Joyce Nicholas , Hewstone Miles
Published: May 2014

Negative (vs positive) intergroup contact may have a disproportionately large impact on intergroup relations because of valence‐salience effects, whereby negative contact causes higher category salience (Paolini, Harwood, & Rubin, 2010). One correlational and three experimental studies in three conflict areas (Northern Ireland, Arizona's border area, and Cyprus; Ns = 405, 83, 76, and 91) tested the moderation of these valence‐salience effects by individuals' histories of outgroup contact. Consistent with a perceived fit principle valence‐salience effects of face‐to‐face, television‐mediated, and imagined contact held among individuals with negative or limited histories of outgroup contact; these effects were significantly reduced or nonsignificant among individuals with positive or extensive past outgroup contact. These moderation effects suggest that positive and diverse intergroup contact in the past buffers against the harmful effects of negative contact experiences in the present, thus limiting the potential for negative spiralling of intergroup relations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three‐Dimensionally Ordered Polypyrrole Electrode: Electrochemical Study on Capacity and Degradation Process
Authors: Johne Christopher , Fritzsch Robby , Ignaszak Anna
Published: May 2014

In this work we critically compare electrochemical stability and specific capacitance of the three‐dimensional (3D) polypyrrole membrane and the dense polypyrrole film fabricated at the same conditions. Herein, we concern about study the influence of the electrode morphology on the kinetics of diffusion process by analyzing voltammetry, coulometry and impedance response. This allows us to calculate well‐sustained values of the diffusion coefficient, specific capacitance and diffusion resistance, which summarize equilibrium parameters. The ultra‐thin walls, uniform porosity and well‐ordered structure called “inverse opal” ensure an efficient mass transport and fast charge exchange of the porous polypyrrole resulting in superior electrochemical performance. The calculated diffusion coefficient of anion doping process in 3D polypyrrole is more than two orders of magnitude higher comparing to the control sample. The improved electrochemical stability at high anodic potential is correlated with unique porous and dynamic structure of the polymer that is capable of handling volumetric changes upon electrode polarization. An effective diffusion length for the porous PPy remains unchanged during degradation process (overoxidation) and is significantly smaller in comparison to the dense polymer film, indicating that the degradation process for the porous system is somewhat hindered. This work provides an important insight for fast and scalable synthesis of 3D polymer electrode with improved electrochemical activity and stability for the future energy storage applications.
Selective protection of zidovudine‐induced DNA‐damage by the antioxidants WR‐1065 and tempol
Authors: Olivero Ofelia A. , Ongele Michael O. , Braun Hannan M. , Marrogi Ariadna , Divi Kathyiani , Mitchell James B. , Poirier Miriam C.
Published: May 2014

The cytokinesis‐block micronucleus cytome (CBMN) assay, introduced by Fenech, was used to demonstrate different types of DNA damage in MOLT‐3 human lymphoblastoid cells exposed to 10 μM zidovudine (AZT). In addition, we explored the cytoprotective potential of two antioxidants, WR‐1065 and Tempol, to decrease AZT‐induced genotoxicity. Binucleated cells, arrested by Cytochalasin B (Cyt B), were evaluated for micronuclei (MN), caused by DNA damage or chromosomal loss, and chromatin nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs), caused by telomere attrition. Additionally, nuclear buds (NBUDs), caused by amplified DNA, and apoptotic and necrotic (A/N) cells were scored. We hypothesized that AZT exposure would increase the frequency of genotoxic end points, and that the antioxidants Tempol and WR‐1065 would protect against AZT‐induced genotoxicity. MOLT‐3 cells were exposed to 0 or 10 µM AZT for a total of 76 hr. After the first 24 hr, 0 or 5 µM WR‐1065 and/or 0 or 200 µM Tempol were added for the remainder of the experiment. For the last 28 hr (of 76 hr), Cyt B was added to arrest replication after one cell division, leaving a predominance of binucleated cells. The nuclear division index (NDI) was similar for all treatment groups, indicating that the exposures did not alter cell viability. MOLT‐3 cells exposed to AZT alone had significant (P < 0.05) increases in MN and NBs, compared to unexposed cells. Both Tempol and WR‐1065 protected against AZT‐induced MN formation (P < 0.003 for both), and WR‐1065, but not Tempol, reduced the levels of A/N (P = 0.041). In cells exposed to AZT/Tempol there were significantly reduced levels of NBUDs, compared to cells exposed to AZT alone (P = 0.015). Cells exposed to AZT/WR‐1065 showed reduced levels of NPBs, compared to cells exposed to AZT alone (P = 0.037). Thus WR‐1065 and Tempol protected MOLT‐3 cells against specific types of AZT‐induced DNA damage. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 55:566–572, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inhibition of UDP/P2Y6 purinergic signaling prevents phagocytosis of viable neurons by activated microglia in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Neher Jonas J. , Neniskyte Urte , Hornik Tamara , Brown Guy C.
Published: May 2014

Microglia activated through Toll‐like receptor (TLR)‐2 or ‐4 can cause neuronal death by phagocytosing otherwise‐viable neurons—a form of cell death called “phagoptosis.” UDP release from neurons has been shown to provoke microglial phagocytosis of neurons via microglial P2Y6 receptors, but whether inhibition of this process affects neuronal survival is unknown. We tested here whether inhibition of P2Y6 signaling could prevent neuronal death in inflammatory conditions, and whether UDP signaling can induce phagoptosis of stressed but viable neurons. We find that delayed neuronal loss and death in mixed neuronal/glial cultures induced by the TLR ligands lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or lipoteichoic acid was prevented by: apyrase (to degrade nucleotides), Reactive Blue 2 (to inhibit purinergic signaling), or MRS2578 (to specifically block P2Y6 receptors). In each case, inflammatory activation of microglia was not affected, and the rescued neurons remained viable for at least 7 days. Blocking P2Y6 receptors with MRS2578 also prevented phagoptosis of neurons induced by 250 nM amyloid beta 1–42, 5 μM peroxynitrite, or 50 μM 3‐morpholinosydnonimine (which releases reactive oxygen and nitrogen species). Furthermore, the P2Y6 receptor agonist UDP by itself was sufficient to stimulate microglial phagocytosis and to induce rapid neuronal loss that was prevented by eliminating microglia or inhibiting phagocytosis. In vivo, injection of LPS into rat striatum induced microglial activation and delayed neuronal loss and blocking P2Y6 receptors with MRS2578 prevented this neuronal loss. Thus, blocking UDP/P2Y6 signaling is sufficient to prevent neuronal loss and death induced by a wide range of stimuli that activate microglial phagocytosis of neurons. GLIA 2014;62:1463–1475
Mechanosensitive release of adenosine 5′‐triphosphate through pannexin channels and mechanosensitive upregulation of pannexin channels in optic nerve head astrocytes: A mechanism for purinergic involvement in chronic strain
Authors: Beckel Jonathan M. , Argall Arthur J. , Lim Jason C. , Xia Jingsheng , Lu Wennan , Coffey Erin E. , Macarak Edward J. , Shahidullah Mohammed , Delamere Nicholas A. , Zode Gulab S. , Sheffield Val C. , Shestopalov Valery I. , Laties Alan M. , Mitchell Claire H.
Published: May 2014

As adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (ATP) released from astrocytes can modulate many neural signaling systems, the triggers and pathways for this ATP release are important. Here, the ability of mechanical strain to trigger ATP release through pannexin channels and the effects of sustained strain on pannexin expression were examined in rat optic nerve head astrocytes. Astrocytes released ATP when subjected to 5% of equibiaxial strain or to hypotonic swelling. Although astrocytes expressed mRNA for pannexins 1–3, connexin 43, and VNUT, pharmacological analysis suggested a predominant role for pannexins in mechanosensitive ATP release, with Rho kinase contribution. Astrocytes from panx1−/− mice had reduced baseline and stimulated levels of extracellular ATP, confirming the role for pannexins. Swelling astrocytes triggered a regulatory volume decrease that was inhibited by apyrase or probenecid. The swelling‐induced rise in calcium was inhibited by P2X7 receptor antagonists A438079 and AZ10606120, in addition to apyrase and carbenoxolone. Extended stretch of astrocytes in vitro upregulated expression of panx1 and panx2 mRNA. A similar upregulation was observed in vivo in optic nerve head tissue from the Tg‐MYOCY437H mouse model of chronic glaucoma; genes for panx1, panx2, and panx3 were increased, whereas immunohistochemistry confirmed increased expression of pannexin 1 protein. In summary, astrocytes released ATP in response to mechanical strain, with pannexin 1 the predominant efflux pathway. Sustained strain upregulated pannexins in vitro and in vivo. Together, these findings provide a mechanism by which extracellular ATP remains elevated under chronic mechanical strain, as found in the optic nerve head of patients with glaucoma. GLIA 2014;62:1486–1501
Association of matrix metalloproteinase‐11 polymorphisms with susceptibility and clinicopathologic characteristics for oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Lin Chiao‐Wen , Yang Shun‐Fa , Chuang Chun‐Yi , Lin Huang‐Pin , Hsin Chung‐Han
Published: May 2014

Background

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of genetic polymorphisms of the matrix metalloproteinase‐11 (MMP‐11) gene on the susceptibility of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).

Methods

Four single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the MMP‐11 gene from 595 patients with oral cancer and 561 noncancer controls were analyzed by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Results

MMP‐11 gene polymorphisms exhibit synergistic effects of environmental factors (betel nut chewing and tobacco use) on the susceptibility of OSCC. Furthermore, among patients with OSCC with betel nut consumption, those who have at least one polymorphic C allele of MMP‐11 rs738792 have an increased incidence of lymph node metastasis when compared with those patients homozygous for T/T.

Conclusion

Our results showed that the combined effects of the MMP‐11 gene polymorphisms and environmental carcinogens are related to an increased risk for the development of OSCC and may be a predictive factor for tumor lymph node metastasis in Taiwanese with OSCC. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 1425–1431, 2015
Training and Performance of a Diverse Workforce
Authors: Scheel Tabea , Rigotti Thomas , Mohr Gisela
Published: May 2014

The moderating role of work contracts on the relationship between human resource management (HRM) and the self‐reported performance of 1,311 permanent and 924 temporary employees across three sectors was studied using a multilevel design in 103 organizations in three European countries. The HR practice examined was training and its allocation to the different workforce groups. The relationship between training for permanent employees and performance was moderated by work contract as well as country. In the Spanish sample, the performance of temporary employees was more negatively related to training for permanent employees as compared to the Dutch and the Swedish sample. Unexpectedly, in the Dutch sample, training provision was negatively related to the workforce group it was provided for. It is the temporary employees that seemed to be the cause of the interactions, underlining the call for special treatment of this workforce. Results indicate a considerable role of the interplay of job dependence and labor market conditions. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Human Resource Systems and Ethical Climates: A Resource‐Based Perspective
Authors: Manroop Laxmikant , Singh Parbudyal , Ezzedeen Souha
Published: May 2014

We know very little about how ethical climates are built and the potential role of a firm's HR system in facilitating the development of this resource. The resource‐based view (RBV) of the firm suggests that human resource systems directly influence a firm's performance through the development of resources that are deeply woven in a firm's history and culture. How this occurs though has not been thoroughly considered in the research literature. Drawing on the theoretical insights from the resource‐based view of the firm, this article explores how HR systems can foster the development and maintenance of five types of ethical climates. In so doing, this article improves our conceptual understanding of why ethical climates may be seen as having strategic value for firms and how HR systems may influence that value. In addition, it contributes to theory by extending the domain of the resource‐based view of the firm by exploring its integration with the varied types of ethical climates. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF ON‐DEMAND PRESSURIZED IRRIGATION NETWORK DESIGNED WITH LINEAR AND FUZZY LINEAR PROGRAMMING
Authors: Kanakis P. C. , Papamichail D. M. , Georgiou P. E.
Published: May 2014

In on‐demand pressurized irrigation networks the pressure and discharge requirements at each hydrant are dependent on the irrigation system requirements and the availability of water resources. Possible changes in these requirements can occur in the future because of change of irrigation methods, advances in technology, changes in user practices and behaviour, management decisions or future trends related to effective irrigation water application, altering pressure requirements at hydrants and the discharge at the upstream end of the network. The objective of this paper is to deal with changes in the pressure requirements by using the method of fuzzy linear programming (FLP) for the minimization of the pipes cost during the design stage of such a network. The FLP uses fuzzy numbers for the pressure head constraints at the hydrants. An application of the method in a case study network in Greece is presented and the results are compared with those from the linear programming (LP), focusing on the performance analysis of the generated networks, using the well‐known computer program COPAM. The results showed that the network design with FLP can cope better with future changes than the network designed with LP. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nitric oxide secretion by endothelial cells in response to fluid shear stress, aspirin, and temperature
Authors: Kabirian Fatemeh , Amoabediny Ghassem , Haghighipour Nooshin , Salehi‐Nik Nasim , Zandieh‐Doulabi Behrouz
Published: May 2014

Current vascular grafts have a high incidence of failure, especially in the grafts less than 6 mm in diameter, due to thrombus formation. Nitric oxide (NO) is released by endothelium and has some beneficial influences such as an antithrombotic effect. We hypothesized that applying different shear stress regiments and low temperature or aspirin would result in an increase in the amount of NO release from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and decrease in platelet aggregation in the same manner as expected in vivo. HUVECs were cultured into the intraluminal surface of silicone tubes. HUVECs were subjected for 60 min to different parameters of shear stress, temperature, aspirin, and platelets or a combination in a perfusion bioreactor by monitoring NO secretion. We found that shear stress leads to an elevation of NO production in HUVECS, independent of the shear stress magnitude (0.9 or 1.8 dyne/cm2). The magnitude of this response increased with a decrease in temperature. Our results also show that by addition of platelets in combination with aspirin to media circulation, no thrombus formation occurred during the test time. Presence of aspirin resulted in marked increase in NO levels. In conclusion, shear stresses, temperature lowering, and aspirin increase the amount of NO release from HUVECs. Also no thrombus formation was detected in our experimental setting. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 1231–1237, 2015.
Quinolone Analogs 13: Synthesis of Novel 1,1′‐(2‐Methylenepropane‐1,3‐diyl)di(4‐quinolone‐3‐carboxylate) and Related Compounds
Authors: Kurasawa Yoshihisa , Yoshida Kiminari , Yamazaki Naoki , Kaji Eisuke , Sasaki Kenji , Zamami Yoshito , Fujii Takatoshi , Zhao Min , Ito Hideyuki , Fukaya Haruhiko
Published: May 2014

The reaction of the 4‐hydroxyquinoline‐3‐carboxylate 6 with pentaerythritol tribromide gave the 1,1′‐(2‐methylenepropane‐1,3‐diyl)di(4‐quinolone‐3‐carboxylate) 11, whose reaction with bromine afforded the 1,1′‐(2‐bromo‐2‐bromomethylpropane‐1,3‐diyl)di(4‐quinolone‐3‐carboxylate) 12. Compound 12 was transformed into the (Z)‐1,1′‐(2‐acetoxymethylpropene‐1,3‐diyl)di(4‐quinolone‐3‐carboxylate) 13 or (E)‐1,1′‐[2‐(imidazol‐1‐ylmethyl)propene‐1,3‐diyl]di(4‐quinolone‐3‐carboxylate) 14. Hydrolysis of the dimer (Z)‐13 or (E)‐14 with potassium hydroxide provided the (E)‐1,1′‐(2‐hydroxymethylpropene‐1,3‐diyl)di(4‐quinolone‐3‐carboxylic acid) 15 or (Z)‐1,1′‐[2‐(imidazol‐1‐ylmethyl)propene‐1,3‐diyl]di(4‐quinolone‐3‐carboxylic acid) 16, respectively. The nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) spectral data supported that those hydrolysis resulted in the geometrical conversion of (Z)‐13 into (E)‐15 or (E)‐14 into (Z)‐16.
Regionalization of extreme rainfall in India
Authors: Bharath R. , Srinivas V. V.
Published: May 2014

Regionalization of extreme rainfall is useful for various applications in hydro‐meteorology. There is dearth of regionalization studies on extreme rainfall in India. In this perspective, a set of 25 regions that are homogeneous in 1‐, 2‐, 3‐, 4‐ and 5‐day extreme rainfall is delineated based on seasonality measure of extreme rainfall and location indicators (latitude, longitude and altitude) by using global fuzzy c‐means (GFCM) cluster analysis. The regions are validated for homogeneity inL‐moment framework. One of the applications of the regions is in arriving at quantile estimates of extreme rainfall at sparsely gauged/ungauged locations using options such as regional frequency analysis (RFA). TheRFAinvolves use of rainfall‐related information from gauged sites in a region as the basis to estimate quantiles of extreme rainfall for target locations that resemble the region in terms of rainfall characteristics. A procedure forRFAbased onGFCM‐delineated regions is presented and its effectiveness is evaluated by leave‐one‐out cross validation. Error in quantile estimates for ungauged sites is compared with that resulting from the use of region‐of‐influence (ROI) approach that forms site‐specific regions exclusively for quantile estimation. Results indicate that error in quantile estimates based onGFCMregions andROIare fairly close, and neither of them is consistent in yielding the least error over all the sites. The cluster analysis approach was effective in reducing the number of regions to be delineated forRFA.
Top Managers and Information Systems: ‘Crossing the Rubicon!’
Authors: Loonam John , McDonagh Joe , Kumar Vikas , O'Regan Nicholas
Published: May 2014

Supporting information systems requires both thought and action, which managers should consider in a consistent roadmap before ‘crossing the Rubicon’ to adopt such systems.
Process Capital: A Synthesis of Research and Future Prospects
Authors: Matthies Benjamin
Published: May 2014

As an intangible resource, process capital represents the institutionalized knowledge and the competencies necessary for efficient value creation from the perspective of organizational infrastructure. Even though a practical relevance for its systematic assessment and development exists, there still appears to be a strong lack of basic definitions, standards, and practical methods to comprehensibly record such a complex set of information. On the basis of a structured literature review, this paper will be the first to summarize the research on process capital. The results support the assumptions that process capital is widespread in the scientific discussion and has been researched on a very interdisciplinary basis. Furthermore, research papers to date have a strong reflective focus, and few papers have addressed the development of practical concepts. Practical experience or progress reports is exceedingly rare. In addition, this paper discusses the status quo of process capital research and illustrates implications for research and practice. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigating the Relationship between Coordination Mechanisms and Knowledge in a Wine Firm
Authors: Pezzillo Iacono Mario , De Nito Ernesto , Esposito Vincenza , Martinez Marcello , Moschera Luigi
Published: May 2014

The paper explores the relationship between coordination mechanisms and typologies of knowledge in a wine firm. Allocating knowledge as either process related or outcome related, we illustrate the nature of knowledge that emerges in each category and discuss the main coordination mechanisms used to integrate knowledge. We used a single case study, as this approach was considered best for gaining an in‐depth, holistic understanding of the phenomenon. We studied an Italian wine firm, positioning the analysis within the theoretical background on knowledge governance. Unlike previous studies on the wine industry, which focused on the network level, we tried to study the organization, focusing on how the adoption of the coordination mechanisms influences tacit and explicit knowledge integration. The study shows how both tacit and explicit knowledge play a key role in managing processes. We found that it was not possible to define a clear and fixed association between typical situations and the adoption of coordination mechanisms. Interpreting our findings in a dynamic perspective, we found that it is the combination of different coordination mechanisms that is important in integrating knowledge. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Manifestations of Conformational Defects in Electronic Spectra of Polysilanes – a Theoretical Study
Authors: Hanulikova Barbora , Kuritka Ivo
Published: May 2014

In this paper, density functional theory (DFT) and time dependent DFT (TDDFT) are applied on the calculation of electronic properties of alkyl‐ and aryl‐substituted oligosilanes with conformational defect introduced into their silicon chain. Oligo[methyl(phenyl)silane]s and oligo(dimethylsilane)s up to 10 or 13 mer units, respectively, are treated as model structures by DFT and TDDFT with B3LYP/6–31 G* base. Frontier molecular orbital (FMO) energies evince the dependence on the presence as well as on the position of the defect in oligomer backbones. Delocalization of FMO is strongly influenced by position of the defect which in some cases divides the molecule to the FMO‐rich part and the part almost without FMO delocalization and therefore affects location of electrons. Behaviour of longer chains in analogous polysilanes is deduced from linear regression of plots of FMO energy over the inverse of the polymerization degree.
Raman Microspectroscopy of Thienothiadiazole‐Fluorene Copolymer and its Blends with Fullerene
Authors: Morávková Zuzana , Pokorná Veronika , Výprachtický Drahomir , Kmínek Ivan , Cimrová Vera.
Published: May 2014

Thin films made of a low‐band gap copolymer poly{4,6‐bis(3‐dodecylthien‐2‐yl)thieno[3,4‐c][1,2,5]thiadiazole‐alt‐9,9‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)‐fluorene} (CDTF) and made of its blends with soluble fullerene derivative [6,6]‐phenyl C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM60) with various ratios were studied by means of UV–vis absorption spectroscopy and Raman microspectroscopy. It was found that inhomogeneities which are present in thin films consist of higher content of PCBM60 than the rest of the film. Photoluminescence of both components observed in the Raman spectra was distinguished using two different excitation wavelengths.
At the Limits of Simulation: A New Method to Predict Thermal Degradation Behavior in Cyanate Esters and Nanocomposites Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation
Authors: Baggott Alex , Bass Joanne R. , Hall Stephen A. , Hamerton Ian , Howlin Brendan J. , Mooring Lyndsey , Sparks David
Published: May 2014

Despite their inability to model bond breaking molecular dynamics simulations are shown to predict thermal degradation temperatures of polycyanurate (cyanate ester) homopolymers and nanocomposites in very close agreement with experimental data. Simulated polymer density, used to predict Tg also shows a reduction within the same temperature range as experimental values for the thermal degradation.
Bioenergetics and intermuscular fat in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease‐associated quadriceps weakness
Authors: Shields Gregory Samuel , Coissi Graziele S. , Jimenez‐Royo Pilar , Gambarota Giulio , Dimber Rahul , Hopkinson Nicholas S. , Matthews Paul M. , Brown Andrew P. , Polkey Michael I.
Published: May 2014

Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with metabolic abnormalities in muscles of the lower limbs, but it is not known whether these abnormalities are generalized or limited to specific muscle groups, nor is there an easy way of predicting their presence. Methods: Metabolism in the quadriceps and biceps of 14 COPD patients and controls was assessed during sustained contraction using 31‐phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P MRS). T1 MRI was used to measure quadriceps intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT). Results: COPD patients had prolonged quadriceps phosphocreatine time (patients: 38.8 ± 12.7 s; controls: 25.2 ± 10.6 s; P = 0.006) and a lower pH (patents: 6.88 ± 0.1; controls: 6.99 ± 0.06; P = 0.002). Biceps measures were not significantly different. IMAT was associated with a nadir pH <7.0 (area under the curve = 0.84). Conclusions: Anaerobic metabolism during contraction was characteristic of quadriceps, but not biceps, muscles of patients with COPD and was associated with increased IMAT. Because IMAT can be assessed quickly by conventional MRI, it may be a useful approach for identifying patients with abnormal muscle bioenergetics. Muscle Nerve 51: 214–221, 2015
Detection of cerebral NAD+ by in vivo1H NMR spectroscopy
Authors: de Graaf Robin A. , Behar Kevin L.
Published: May 2014

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) plays a central role in cellular metabolism both as a coenzyme for electron‐transfer enzymes as well as a substrate for a wide range of metabolic pathways. In the current study NAD+ was detected on rat brain in vivo at 11.7T by 3D localized 1H MRS of the NAD+ nicotinamide protons in the 8.7–9.5 ppm spectral region. Avoiding water perturbation was critical to the detection of NAD+ as strong, possibly indirect cross‐relaxation between NAD+ and water would lead to a several‐fold reduction of the NAD+ intensity in the presence of water suppression. Water perturbation was minimized through the use of localization by adiabatic spin‐echo refocusing (LASER) in combination with frequency‐selective excitation. The NAD+ concentration in the rat cerebral cortex was determined at 296 ± 28 μm, which is in good agreement with recently published 31P NMR‐based results as well as results from brain extracts in vitro (355 ± 34 μm). The T1 relaxation time constants of the NAD+ nicotinamide protons as measured by inversion recovery were 280 ± 65 and 1136 ± 122 ms in the absence and presence of water inversion, respectively. This confirms the strong interaction between NAD+ nicotinamide and water protons as observed during water suppression. The T2 relaxation time constants of the NAD+ nicotinamide protons were determined at 60 ± 13 ms after confounding effects of scalar coupling evolution were taken into account. The simplicity of the MR sequence together with the robustness of NAD+ signal detection and quantification makes the presented method a convenient choice for studies on NAD+ metabolism and function. As the method does not critically rely on magnetic field homogeneity and spectral resolution it should find immediate applications in rodents and humans even at lower magnetic fields. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IN IT FOR THE LONG HAUL? POST‐CONFLICT STATEBUILDING, PEACEBUILDING, AND THE GOOD GOVERNANCE AGENDA IN TIMOR‐LESTE
Authors: Goldfinch Shaun , DeRouen Karl
Published: May 2014

Statebuilding after conflict often entails liberal peacebuilding measures. The end of the UN mission in post‐conflict Timor‐Leste in December 2012 provides a unique opportunity to investigate statebuilding in practice. The liberal peacebuilding agenda has met with stiff academic resistance—mainly from the critical theorist camp—and is questioned as an appropriate measure of …statebuilding success. We deploy instead the good governance (GG) agenda as a hybrid local‐liberal guide. Drawing on field work, interviews, and secondary documents, we investigate what we see as four key, intertwined and overlapping aspects of GG: state capacity including the establishment of a state bureaucracy, participation and the engagement of civil society, institution building and rule of law, and corruption control and transparency. We note GG provides a useful policy heuristic, while abstract “one‐size‐fits‐all” liberal peacebuilding models, which avoid the complexities of machinery of government issues, the time taken to develop institutions, and historical and contextual environments of countries, are likely to face severe problems. New states may be dependent on external forces to maintain monopoly of violence. The reversibility and uncertainty of statebuilding and the decades‐long commitment needed by international agencies are noted. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of novel Drosophila centromere‐associated proteins
Authors: Barth Teresa K. , Schade Georg O. M. , Schmidt Andreas , Vetter Irene , Wirth Marc , Heun Patrick , Thomae Andreas W. , Imhof Axel
Published: May 2014

Centromeres are chromosomal regions crucial for correct chromosome segregation during mitosis and meiosis. They are epigenetically defined by centromeric proteins such as the centromere‐specific histone H3‐variant centromere protein A (CENP‐A). In humans, 16 additional proteins have been described to be constitutively associated with centromeres throughout the cell cycle, known as the constitutive centromere‐associated network (CCAN). In contrast, only one additional constitutive centromeric protein is known in Drosophila melanogaster (D.mel), the conserved CCAN member CENP‐C. To gain further insights into D.mel centromere composition and biology, we analyzed affinity‐purified chromatin prepared from D.mel cell lines expressing green fluorescent protein tagged histone three variants by MS. In addition to already‐known centromeric proteins, we identified novel factors that were repeatedly enriched in affinity purification‐MS experiments. We analyzed the cellular localization of selected candidates by immunocytochemistry and confirmed localization to the centromere and other genomic regions for ten factors. Furthermore, RNA interference mediated depletion of CG2051, CG14480, and hyperplastic discs, three of our strongest candidates, leads to elevated mitotic defects. Knockdowns of these candidates neither impair the localization of several known kinetochore proteins nor CENP‐ACID loading, suggesting their involvement in alternative pathways that contribute to proper centromere function. In summary, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the proteomic composition of Drosophila centromeres. All MS data have been deposited in the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD000758 (http://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org/dataset/PXD000758).
Anticancer Activities of Essential Oils Constituents and Synergy with Conventional Therapies: A Review
Authors: Lesgards Jean‐François , Baldovini Nicolas , Vidal Nicolas , Pietri Sylvia
Published: May 2014

Many studies have shown that a large number of terpenoids and aromatic compounds contained in essential oils have significant anticancer activities, both on cell lines and on tumors in animals. The activity of these constituents is related to the activation of cell death (apoptosis) induced by the caspases proteins in cancer cells, with minor modifications of healthy cells. Many phenomena seem to occur, among which are as follows: overexpression and regulation of liver detoxification enzymes, changes in the membrane potential of cancer cells and mitochondria, production of free radicals in cancer cells, inhibition of angiogenesis, and modification of tumor‐inducing genes. These active essential oil constituents appear to act synergistically with conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and some clinical studies in humans are beginning to be realized. In this review, we discuss about the antitumoral activity of 13 essential oil components selected among the most studied in the literature, with a focus on their possible mode of action. We also report current data on the anticancer properties of several total essential oils. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Curcumin Modulates miR‐19/PTEN/AKT/p53 Axis to Suppress Bisphenol A‐induced MCF‐7 Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation
Authors: Li Xiaoting , Xie Wei , Xie Chunfeng , Huang Cong , Zhu Jianyun , Liang Zhaofeng , Deng Feifei , Zhu Mingming , Zhu Weiwei , Wu Rui , Wu Jieshu , Geng Shanshan , Zhong Caiyun
Published: May 2014

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Bisphenol A (BPA), as a known endocrine disrupter, is closely related to the development of breast cancer. Curcumin has been clinically used in chemopreventation and treatment of cancer; however, it remains unknown whether microRNAs are involved in curcumin‐mediated protection from BPA‐associated promotive effects on breast cancer. In the present study, we showed that BPA exhibited estrogenic activity by increasing the proliferation of estrogen‐receptor‐positive MCF‐7 human breast cancer cells and triggering transition of the cells from G1 to S phase. Curcumin inhibited the proliferative effects of BPA on MCF‐7 cells. Meanwhile, BPA‐induced upregulation of oncogenic miR‐19a and miR‐19b, and the dysregulated expression of miR‐19‐related downstream proteins, including PTEN, p‐AKT, p‐MDM2, p53, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen, were reversed by curcumin. Furthermore, the important role of miR‐19 in BPA‐mediated MCF‐7 cell proliferation was also illustrated. These results suggest for the first time that curcumin modulates miR‐19/PTEN/AKT/p53 axis to exhibit its protective effects against BPA‐associated breast cancer promotion. Findings from this study could provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms by which BPA exerts its breast‐cancer‐promoting effect as well as its target intervention. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of low‐cloud climate feedback through single‐column model equilibrium states
Authors: Dal Gesso S. , Siebesma A. P. , de Roode S. R.
Published: May 2014

The dependency of the boundary‐layer cloud regime on the free tropospheric temperature and humidity is examined. Equilibrium state solutions obtained with the single‐column model version of the climate model EC‐EARTH are analysed in a phase space defined by the lower tropospheric stability (LTS) and a similar measure for humidity. The set‐up comprises two experiments: one with large‐scale subsidence which is constant in time and a second one with additional stochastic noise added to the subsidence. The dependency of the boundary‐layer state on the free tropospheric conditions is qualitatively consistent between the two experiments. Well‐mixed stratocumulus‐topped boundary layers are found for high LTS and moist free tropospheric conditions. Cooler and dryer free tropospheric conditions favour the presence of shallow cumulus clouds. Subsequently the response to a sea surface warming of 2 K and a free atmospheric perturbation conserving both the LTS and the relative humidity is assessed. The model predicts an overall positive low‐cloud feedback for both the constant subsidence experiment and the experiment with the additional stochastic noise.
Structure of Single‐Wall Carbon Nanotubes: A Graphene Helix
Authors: Lee Jae‐Kap , Lee Sohyung , Kim Jin‐Gyu , Min Bong‐Ki , Kim Yong‐Il , Lee Kyung‐Il , An Kay Hyeok , John Phillip
Published: May 2014

Evidence is presented in this paper that certain single‐wall carbon nanotubes are not seamless tubes, but rather adopt a graphene helix resulting from the spiral growth of a nano‐graphene ribbon. The residual traces of the helices are confirmed by high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The analysis also shows that the tubular graphene material may exhibit a unique armchair structure and the chirality is not a necessary condition for the growth of carbon nanotubes. The description of the structure of the helical carbon nanomaterials is generalized using the plane indices of hexagonal space groups instead of using chiral vectors. It is also proposed that the growth model, via a graphene helix, results in a ubiquitous structure of single‐wall carbon nanotubes.
Supervaluationism: Truth, Value and Degree Functionality
Authors: Cobreros Pablo , Tranchini Luca ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: May 2014

This article deals with supervaluationism and the failure of truth-functionality. It draws some distinctions that may contribute to a better understanding of this semantic framework.
MicroRNA in skeletal muscle development, growth, atrophy, and disease
Authors: Kovanda Anja , Režen Tadeja , Rogelj Boris
Published: May 2014

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short noncoding RNAs that are important global‐ as well as tissue‐ and cell‐type‐specific regulators of gene expression. Muscle‐specific miRNAs or myomirs have been shown to control various processes in skeletal muscles, from myogenesis and muscle homeostasis to different responses to environmental stimuli, such as exercise. Importantly, myomirs are also involved in the development of muscle atrophy arising from aging, immobility, prolonged exposure to microgravity, or muscular and neuromuscular disorders. Additionally, muscle atrophy is both induced by and exacerbates many important chronic and infectious diseases. As global yet specific muscle regulators, myomirs are also good candidates for therapeutic use. Understanding the dynamics of myomirs expression and their role in the development of disease is necessary to determine their potential for muscle atrophy prevention. WIREs RNA 2014, 5:509–525. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1227

This article is categorized under:

Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Regulatory RNAs

RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease

RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Development