bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reaction of Thiourea with Hydrogen Peroxide: 13C NMR Studies of an Oxidative/Reductive Bleaching Process
Authors: Arifoglu Mustafa , Marmer William N. , Dudley Robert L.
Published: November 2015

Thiourea's reaction with hydrogen peroxide in solution under bleaching conditions at three different pH values has been investigated using 13C NMR spectroscopy. Since this reaction is fast and exothermic, it is essential that short total acquisition times be used to accumulate sufficient data to detect different species formed during the reaction. As the abundance of 13C in the reactants in the concentration range studied is very low, 13C-labeled thiourea was used as the starting material. Sufficient data were accumulated in short acquisition times (2–4 minutes) to identify different species formed during the reaction. The results showed that different intermediate products are formed during the reactions, depending on the pH of the medium and the molar ratio of the reactants. The reaction goes through a thiourea dioxide intermediate; this then hydrolyzes under heat and neutral or alkaline conditions to yield sulfonate anion and urea if the initial reaction of thiourea with hydrogen peroxide is allowed to take place in acidic/neutral medium (pH = 4.0–7.0). Because thiourea dioxide hydrolyzes in solution, there is a rapid change in redox potential from a positive value to a high negative value. The species causing the negative redox potential, and hence the species responsible for reductive bleaching, is believed to be the sulfinate anion. The reaction of thiourea with hydrogen peroxide in hydrochloric acid at pH < 1 results in the formation of formamidine disulfide dihydrochloride, which decomposes at pH values greater than 1.
Comparison of Yarn Tenacity Data Obtained using the Uster Tensorapid, Dynamat II, and Scott Skein Testers
Authors: De Luca Lloyd B. , Thibodeaux Devron P.
Published: November 2015

High speed yarn tensile testing machines increase production of yarn tensile data, but no comparisons with data from older, slow speed testing machines have been successful in determining whether these machines produce the same results. This work compares yarn tenacity data from three different machines. A family of five ring spun yarn sizes, each with five different twist factors, covers the entire range of spinning parameters for staple fibers. A new method used to analyze yarn data to determine the number of broken fibers and the effective fiber length acting in each yarn converts yarn tenacity into tenacity per broken fiber per effective fiber length. Converted yarn data from each machine show the effects of the time-to-break on tenacity and how the single strand yarn tensile test differs from one machine to another and with skein tensile test results.
Elastic Recovery and Inverse Relaxation of Polyester Staple Fiber Rotor Spun Yarns
Authors: Manich A. M. , de Castellar M. D.
Published: November 2015

We have studied the elastic recovery and inverse relaxation phenomena of polyester staple fiber rotor spun yarns. Better fiber orientation obtained with a drawing passage before spinning results in higher permanent deformation and lower delayed elastic recovery of the yarn. Yarn twist has little influence on elastic characteristics. The stress produced in the yarn when strained at 10% is higher when fibers are straighter and lower when twist increases. The inverse relaxation effect increases with the level of orientation of the fibers in the yarn.
Effect of an Alkali Treatment on the Enzymolysis of Never-Dried Cotton Cellulose
Authors: Bhatawdekar S. P. , Sreenivasan S. , Balasubramanya R. H. , Paralikar K. M.
Published: November 2015

The effect of an alkali pretreatment on never-dried fibers prior to enzymolysis has been studied using x-ray diffraction and electron microscope techniques. The reduced susceptibility of the never-dried fibers to enzymolysis after the alkali pretreatment has been traced to the specific morphological state of the fibrils.
Reactions of β-Sulphato-ethylsulphone Crosslinking Agent with Wool
Authors: Smith B. M. , Spedding P. L. , Otterburn M. S. , Lewis D. M.
Published: November 2015

In Part I of our study of the application to wool of the novel chemical crosslinking agent, 2-chloro-4,6-di(-aminobenzene-4-β-sulphato-ethylsulphone)-1,3,5-triazine (XLC), HPLC analysis showed the compound to have good substantivity for wool fibers when applied from boiling aqueous dyebaths in the pH range 3 to 6. In Part II, various solubility and swelling tests have been used to determine whether XLC introduces additional crosslinks into the fiber. The extent of crosslinking depends on the application pH: there is little crosslinking at pH values up to 4, but extensive cross-linking occurs when the compound is applied at pH 5 and 6. Studies on the wet burst strength of XLC treated fabrics indicate that the compound can limit the damage caused to wool by boiling aqueous treatments. For fabrics treated with XLC at pH 6, the compound preserves the original strength of the fabric. Although these results indicate that XLC treatment of wool introduces crosslinks into wool fibers, the mechanism and morphological sites of reaction with wool require further study.
Lint Cleaning Effect on Seed-Coat Fragment Size Distribution in Cotton
Authors: Mangialardi G. J.
Published: November 2015

The effect of saw-cylinder lint cleaning at gins on the number, weight, and size of seed-coat fragments in cotton was studied in a three-year investigation. The experimental treatments included zero, one, two, and three stages of lint cleaning. Fragments were sized in ten categories ranging from those with a maximum physical length shorter than 0.4 mm (1/64 in.) to those greater than 6.4 mm (1/4 in.). The study showed that lint cleaning has little effect on the number of fragments in the lint, although it shifts their size distribution toward the smaller fragments. The first and second lint cleaner stages both significantly reduce the weight of fragments present, but more than two lint cleaners are not recommended because of fiber breakage and lint loss attributed to the additional cleaning.
Properties of Cotton Fabrics Crosslinked with Different Molecular Chain Lengths of Aldehyde Agents
Authors: Shyu Jyh-Pyng , Chen Cheng-Chi
Published: November 2015

Cotton fabric has been crosslinked with differing molecular chain lengths of an aldehyde crosslinking agent (formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde). The formaldehyde treated fabric shows lower tensile strength retention than the glutaraldehyde treated fabric but higher elongation retention for a given agent concentration. At the same dry or wet crease recovery angle, tensile strength of the formaldehyde treated fabric is lower than that of the glutaraldehyde treated fabric, but elongation is higher. Wet crease recovery of the formaldehyde treated fabric is better than that of the glutaraldehyde treated fabric. The degree of surface migration is similar for both fabrics. Agent distribution in the treated fibers is different for the differing molecular chain lengths of the crosslinking agents.
Effect of Crystallinity of PET and Nylon 66 Fibers on Plasma Etching and Dyeability Characteristics
Authors: Okuno T. , Yasuda T. , Yasuda H.
Published: November 2015

We investigated the correlation between crystallinity and plasma susceptibility for PET and nylon 66 fibers. Plasma susceptibility is measured by the weight loss observed when fibers of varying crystallinity are exposed to air plasma. We varied the crystallinity of samples by annealing fibers at different temperatures. Plasma susceptibility and dyeability as a function of the crystallinity of fibers showed a striking resemblance: both decreased with increasing crystallinity up to a threshold crystallinity, above which there were appreciable increases. Plasma susceptibilities of these fibers, under the conditions used in this investigation, are believed to be proportional to the dyeable non-crystalline region, but not to the total noncrystalline phase of fibers.
A Species-Specific DNA Probe for Goat Fiber Identification
Authors: Nelson G. , Hamlyn P. F. , Holden L. , McCarthy B. J.
Published: November 2015

The development of a species-specific DNA probe for identifying goat (e.g., cashmere and mohair) fibers is described. A 54-base oligonucleotide probe hybridizes with single stranded target goat fiber DNA under conditions of low stringency. DNA isolated from as little as 100 mg of raw goat fiber can be clearly detected. Visualization of the DNA isolated from a 100% cashmere processed garment is also demonstrated.
Degradative Wool Shrinkproofing Processes: Part II: Lipid Modification
Authors: Coderch L. , Soriano C. , Pinazo A. , Parra J. L. , Erra P.
Published: November 2015

We have investigated lipid modifications produced by some degradative shrinkproofing processes. Using thin-layer chromatography with flame ionization detection, we have determined the composition of the lipids extracted from untreated and treated wools with chloroform/methanol azeotrope. The treatment medium modifies the CMC, facilitating penetration of the reactive agents. In the case of formic acid, the swelling of the fibers and modification of the intercellular cement are reflected in a higher subsequent lipid extraction, mainly sterols and polar lipids. In the case of isopropanol/water, dissolution of a large amount of the lipids during the treatment is reflected in the smaller amount of lipids extracted from these treated fibers, the amounts of free fatty acids, sterols, and polar lipids being markedly reduced.
Optimal Design of the Cylindrical Shell of a Card Machine
Authors: Stadnicki Jacek
Published: November 2015

Deflections of a thin cylindrical shell that is used in carding machines, either as a swift or a doffer, are analyzed in this paper. The shell may have supple supports at its edges and inner strengthening in the form of rings. The task of calculating the deflections has been solved by dividing the shell into longitudinal beam elements. The optimization procedure for criteria of mass minimum or deflection minimum is used. A numerical example to define selected construction data is presented along with the results.
Analysis of the Modeling Methodologies for Predicting the Strength of Air-Jet Spun Yarns
Authors: Rajamanickam Rangaswamy , Hansen Steven M. , Jayaraman Sundaresan
Published: November 2015

The scope, usability, limitations and predictive power of four modeling methodologies are analyzed in this paper: mathematical models, empirical models, computer simulation models, and artificial neural network models. The predictive power of each of the four is estimated by comparing predicted yarn strength with experimentally obtained strengths for yarns spun using different process conditions and material parameters.
Effect of Pre-Existing Dyes and Fabric Type on Cellulase Treatment of Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Choe Eun Kyung , Park Soon Young , Cha Hee Cheol , Jeon Byong Dae
Published: November 2015

Fabric weight loss through cellulase treatment of six different cottons depends on mercerization, yarn size, and fabric structure. Weight loss decreases in the order of Ne = 60 mercerized > Ne = 60 nonmercerized ≈ Ne = 40 mercerized > Ne = 40 nonmercerized knit fabrics > Ne = 20 ≈ Ne = 10 nonmercerized woven fabrics, indicating increased enzymatic hydrolysis on mercerized cotton knits with smaller yarn size. The effect of pre-existing dyes on cellulase activity is examined by measuring the difference in weight reduction for mercerized and nonmercerized cotton knits previously dyed with direct, reactive, and vat dyes. All six dyes in this study inhibit the cellulase reaction, and the degree of inhibition depends on the dye class. The concentration of dyes on fabric as estimated by K/S proves to be the most critical factor governing resulting weight losses. The planar structure of vat dyes with larger molecular sizes than indigo dye seems to play an important role in their inhibitory effect. Compared with monoreactive, direct, and vat dyes, the largest inhibitory effect is with bifunctional dyes, implying that the crosslinking property of bifunctional dyes is related to cellulase hydrolysis. This suggestion is further supported by the small reduction in weight after cellulase treatment of DMDHEU-treated cotton fabric. A model is proposed to explain the slower progress of enzymatic cleavage on crosslinked cellulose fibers.
Thermal-Impact Damage of Polyamide and Polyester Yarns
Authors: Versluis Cokki , Krooshof Gerard , van Gulick Fons
Published: November 2015

Thermal impact, that is, the effect of short duration contact between hot objects and polyamide or polyester yarns, is analyzed in relation to the temperature of the hot object and the tension of the yarn. Thermal impact is of practical importance in high speed and heavy duty sewing and in the inflation of uncoated automotive airbags. Yarn damage by thermal impact can be analyzed by visual inspection or by measuring the loss of properties. The melting point and the specific latent heat of the yarn are the main parameters of thermal impact. Polyamide 4,6 yarn performs better than polyamide 6,6, polyester, and polyamide 6 yarns in thermal-impact testing, because it has a higher melting point and a higher specific latent heat.
Air and Ring Combination in Tandem Spinning
Authors: Sawhney A. P. S. , Kimmel L. B.
Published: November 2015

With the objective of boosting ring spinning productivity, a new tandem spinning system combining air-jet and ring spinning technologies in continuous tandem is investigated. In this “air-plus-ring” tandem spinning system, a drafted roving strand as it emerges from the front roller nip feeds into a single- or dual-jet air nozzle where it is subjected to a vortex of compressed air, producing a pneumatically entangled, false-twisted, partially strengthened strand. This so-called prefabricated, air-bolstered strand continuously feeds into a standard ring spinning zone and is ultimately spun into a novel, single-component yarn. By spinning a few cotton and cotton-blend yarns with the lowest practical twist levels possible on both the tandem and conventional ring spinning systems, we show that a tandem spun yarn can be produced with a relatively lower (true ring) twist level than a pure ring spun yarn. To an extent, the tandem spinning's air-bolstering action reinforces the drafted fibrous strand, contributing to yarn formation and hence character. Since ring spinning productivity is inversely proportional to yarn twist level, the relatively lower twist level required in tandem spinning allows a proportionately higher yarn production speed (in some cases, up to 50% faster than the conventional ring spinning), while maintaining spindle speed at the traditional, optimum level imposed by the limiting traveler speed. Tandem spun yarns, however, are somewhat different from, and generally weaker than, conventional ring spun yarns. This paper briefly describes a prototype of the new tandem spinning system developed on a laboratory Spintester, and shows spinning parameters and properties of a few yarns produced on both the tandem arid conventional ring spinning systems, each employing the traditional (maximum) optimum spindle speed of 10,000 rpm for a given 5.0 cm (2 inch) diameter ring.
Effect of Textile Properties in Evaluating a Directional Shading Fabric
Authors: Grasso Maureen M. , Hunn Bruce D. , Rewerts Ardis M.
Published: November 2015

The effect of textile properties—openness of weave, fiber cross section, and fabric structure—on the distribution and redirection of sunlight is reported in this paper. A new scanning radiometer apparatus evaluates the performance of directional shading fabrics through measurements of biconical transmittance distributions. A Z-pleat cross-sectional shade design (aspect ratio 1.5:1) with a round fiber cross section and variable pitch, specular reflecting tape has evolved from an evaluation of several exploratory designs. The effect of the Z-pleat configuration on enhancing the redirection of light is discussed as it relates to the daylighting performance evaluation of a directional shading fabric.
Simulating the Mechanical Properties of a Yarn Based on the Properties and Arrangement of its Fibers Part I: The Finite Element Model
Authors: Van Langenhove Lieva
Published: November 2015

A theoretical model is established to predict stress-strain and torque-tensile strain curves of a yarn. The yarn is described by its properties and the arrangement of its fibers, which have a finite length. The yarn is transformed into finite elements. Equilibrium is expressed by virtual work, and is calculated iteratively using the dynamic relaxation technique. The principles of the model, its potential, limitations, and possible improvements are discussed.
Protein Soil Release Using Protease as Monitored with a Quartz Crystal Microbalance
Authors: Shimomura K. , Onozawa H. , Komiyama J.
Published: November 2015

Detergency is a complex procedure comprising both chemical and mechanical processes. In order to fully understand the chemical process, it is necessary to uncover its basic steps by setting up a simplified modeling system. In this study, we attempt to find the key to the detergency mechanism by revealing the adsorption of enzymes and surfactants onto proteins and the degradation and subsequent release of the proteins using a quartz crystal microbalance (qcm) measurement that can quantify minute weight changes in water over time. We first examine three different proteins—gelatin, ovalbumin(OvA), and keratin. The frequency change of a qcm is traced for the release of solid protein by Nagarse® from the surface of a gold electrode. As observed in former studies of dissolved protein, the synergistic effects are confirmed for release by protease/nonionic surfactants, i.e., C12(EO)7 and C16(EO)7. Adding anionic surfactants—sodium dodecylbenzene-sulfonate (dbs) or sodium dodecylsulfonate (sds)—enhances the release rate at near the critical micelle concentrations. The amount of adsorption of the enzyme to gelatin increases in the presence of anionic or nonionic surfactants.
Fabric-Evoked Prickle in Worsted Spun Single Jersey Fabrics Part III: Wear Trial Studies of Absolute Fabric Acceptability
Authors: Naylor G. R. S. , Phillips D. G.
Published: November 2015

Using wools with different diameter characteristics, the acceptability of worsted spun single 12 gauge jersey fabric for next-to-skin wear is assessed by wearing sleeves against bare arms. This assessment is undertaken with both skilled adult judges and an unskilled group of children aged 9 to 12 years. Both groups find sleeves made from fine wool to be comfortable and suitable for next-to-skin wear, with discomfort/prickle only occurring with the coarser fibers. Using the known diameter characteristics of commercially available tops, this work shows that the acceptability for next-to-skm wear changes rapidly from approximately 90% for 20.5 μm wool to 50% for 23.5 μm wool.
Cotton Cleanability: Part I: Modeling Fiber Breakage
Authors: Robert Kearny Q. , Blanchard Lawrence J.
Published: November 2015

Cotton's ability to open and release its foreign matter in response to mechanical cleaning treatments is a crucial concern for the textile processing industries. This work is part of a series in which a comprehensive approach to cotton quality in textile processing is developed. The theme is that processing quality is expressed in terms of a trade-off between reduction in foreign matter on the one hand and accumulation of fiber damage on the other. This trade-off between cleaning and damage governs the efficiency of manufacture as well as the quality of the textile product. In order to optimize the processing, it is necessary to be able to measure and interpret this tradeoff; this requires practical methods for quantifying both cleaning and damage. Since the principal overt manifestation of processing damage to cotton is fiber breakage, it is essential to have a methodology for measuring and interpreting incremental amounts of fiber breakage. This study presents a model of fiber breakage that relates the fundamental nature of breakage processes to the observable differences between the length distribution of fibers going into and coming out of a specific processing stage, such as a single machine. This technique is demonstrated with length data derived from the Peyer TexLab instrument system.
A Micromechanical Model of the Tensile Behavior of Woven Fabric
Authors: Realff M. L. , Boyce M. C. , Backer S.
Published: November 2015

This work takes a micromechanical approach to fabric tensile modeling. The entire uniaxial tensile stress-strain behavior of the fabric is modeled from the constitutive yarn properties (tensile, bending, flattening, and consolidation behavior) and the original fabric geometry. Techniques for measuring these yarn properties are described. In most cases, there is good agreement between the theoretical and experimental results for several fabrics of differing weave and yarn construction. Modified approaches are suggested for those cases where prediction of fabric stress-strain behavior deviates from the experimental data.
Wear and Fatigue of Nylon and Polyester Mooring Lines
Authors: Seo M. , Wu H. C. , Chen J. , Toomey C. S. , Backer S.
Published: November 2015

Wear and fatigue in synthetic fiber lines depend on a multitude of mechanisms, including cumulative creep to rupture, hysteretic heating due to cyclic loading of filaments or to relative displacement of structural rope elements, internal wear caused by relative movement between yarns or strands, and external abrasion against deck hardware or rough surfaces. Studies undertaken to evaluate fiber, yarn, and rope responses to each of these mechanisms, singly or in combination, vary significantly with the test conditions including cyclic load level (both axial and transverse), cyclic strain level, and ambient conditions, i.e., temperature and moisture content (whether dry or wet in fresh water or salt). Cyclic load limits depend on wave height, wind velocity, and mooring line dimensions and properties. The relative durability of nylon versus polyester lines is considered as the lines are subjected to tensile cycling under storm conditions. While tensile fatigue as a creep phenomenon is operative over the free length of the mooring line, the more critical location of rope deterioration is at its interactive contact with deck hardware. An ideal mooring system is composed of two segments. The one between the elements of deck hardware (cleats and chocks) should possess maximum abrasion resistance and high tensile stiffness. The other segment should possess high tensile compliance so as to minimize cyclic load levels induced by waves and wind. A review of yarn/yarn wear tests and rope abrasion tests is provided to form the foundation for recommendations.
A Simple Analytical Model to Simulate Textile Fabric Ballistic Impact Behavior
Authors: Chocron-Benloulo Isaias Sidney , Rodríguez J. , Sánchez-Gálvez Vicente
Published: November 2015

Composite materials have become very attractive as personal and vehicle armors because of their light weight and high performance. Unfortunately, these materials are difficult to simulate numerically or analytically, and the only way to check their performance is experimentally. A first step could be the study of the primary components of the composite. The fabric is undoubtedly the most important one, and an analytical model of its behavior is developed in this paper. The model calculates residual velocities, velocity and strain in the fabric histories, and absorbed energies. The comparison with experimental results for Kevlar 29 and the application of the model to Dyneema are very satisfactory as a demonstration of the good predictive power of an analytical model that is easy to understand and easy to compute.
Theoretical and Experimental Profiles of Fiber Fineness and Maturity Using the Shirley Micromat and the Zellweger Uster Advanced Fiber Information System Module
Authors: Gordon Stuart G. , Montalvo Joseph G. , Faught Sherman E. , Grimball Robert T. , Watkins Terry A.
Published: November 2015

Past research has demonstrated that the fundamental properties of wall thickness and perimeter, computed from the fmt (Micromat model) readings, produce better correlations with the Southern Regional Research Center (SRRC) near-infrared high volume instrumentation (nir hvi) than similar property data from the afis fineness and maturity module. (The nir hvi analyzes about 3,000,000 fibers or 30 g, the Micromat 400,000 fibers or 4 g, and the afis 5000 fibers or 0.05 g, a single fiber at a time.) To help understand these differences in correlation, we probe the random and systematic variations in the Micromat and afis data using appropriate data analysis techniques. We present descriptive statistics and an internal correlation of paired means from replicate measurements, and we compare the fit of wall thickness versus perimeter with the expected theoretical fit. Preliminary results suggest that the Micromat is more robust in representing changes in mean wall thickness and perimeter values. Direct comparison of wall thickness and perimeter from each method shows that although the relationships are highly significant, the values are different.
High-Speed Melt Spinning of Sheath-Core Bicomponent Polyester Fibers: High and Low Molecular Weight Poly(ethylene Terephthalate) Systems
Authors: Radhakrishnan J. , Kikutani Takeshi , Okui Norimasa
Published: November 2015

Sheath-core bicomponent spinning of high molecular weight poly (ethylene terephthalate) (hmpet, IV = 1.02 dl/g) and low molecular weight pet (lmpet, IV = 0.65 dl/g) is done at a take-up velocity range of 1 to 7 km/min. The structures of the individual components in the as-spun bicomponent fibers are characterized. Orientation and orientation-induced crystallization of the hmpet component are enhanced, while those of the lmpet component are suppressed in comparison to corresponding single component spinning. Numerical simulation with the Newtonian model shows that elongational stress in the hmpet component is enhanced and that of the lmpet decreases during high-speed bicomponent spinning. The difference in elongational viscosity is the main factor influencing the mutual interaction between hmpet and lmpet, which in turn affect spinline dynamics, solidification temperature, and structural development in high-speed bicomponent spinning. Simulation with an upper-convected Maxwell model shows that considerable stress relaxation can occur in the lmpet component if the hmpet component solidifies before lmpet. A mechanism for structural development is also proposed, based on the simulation results and structural characterization data.
Predicting Hairiness for Ring and Rotor Spun Yarns and Analyzing the Impact of Fiber Properties
Authors: Zhu Reiyao , Ethridge M. Dean
Published: November 2015

Models for predicting ring or rotor yarn hairiness are built using a back-propagation neural network algorithm. These models are based on fiber property input measured by three different systems, hvi, afis, and fmt. We compare the prediction results from the different models, which reveal that yarn hairiness measurements from hvi data are superior to other models. The optimum model is based on the availability of all three measurement systems. We also study the impact of each fiber property on yarn hairiness. The dominant effect is fiber length. Each of the remaining properties has a different degree of impact on ring or rotor yarn hairiness.
Degree and Stability of Flat Set of Plain Weft Knitted Fabrics
Authors: Phukan Ava Rani , Subramaniam V.
Published: November 2015

Knitted fabrics are subjected to various wet-relaxation treatments, and their degrees and stability of flat set are studied. Of the various methods used to study the degree of set, curling couple merits consideration in view of its sensitivity.
Ethylene Glycol and Glycerin as the Solvent for Alkaline Treatment of Poly(ethylene Terephthalate) Fabrics
Authors: Yang M.-C. , Tsai H.-Y.
Published: November 2015

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) fabrics are treated with sodium hydroxide using ethylene glycol or glycerin as the solvent. Compared with conventional aqueous alkaline hydrolysis, the degradation rate in ethylene glycol increases tenfold. The kinetics of the alkaline-ethylene glycol treatment show that the weight loss is linear with respect to time. The moisture regain rate and tensile properties of the treated fabrics are measured; other tests include scanning electron microscopy and dyeing properties. The results show that the properties of the treated fabrics do not depend significantly on the solvent; therefore, using ethylene glycol can greatly shorten the treatment time to achieve results similar to those with the conventional aqueous system.
Influence of Pattern Design and Fabric Type on the Hand Characteristics of Pigment Prints
Authors: Robinson Kay J. , Chambers Edgar , Gatewood Barbara M.
Published: November 2015

Two cotton fabrics printed with two pigment types in six designs have been analyzed by a trained descriptive panel to evaluate the effects of pattern design, color, and fabric type on seventeen hand characteristics. The six designs include a 3.2 mm wide stripe, a paisley, a 6.4 mm diameter dotted design, a 25.4 mm wide stripe, a modern swirl, and a check with 6.4 mm crossed stripes, and are printed on a 100% cotton shirting and an interlock knit with two print paste formulations that differ in pigment type (C.I. Pigment White 6 and C.I. Pigment Blue 15:3) and concentration. Results show that fabric and pigment type have a greater influence on hand characteristics than does the design of the print. However, the pattern design has a significant influence on eight of the seventeen components, but the effects are often confounded by the fabric-print paste combination. For many of the mechanical attributes, the dotted design has the highest intensity values, whereas the 25.4 mm stripe has the lowest. Thus, fabric type, print paste formulation, and pattern design need to be considered when evaluating the hand properties of pigment prints.
Gender Differences in Academic Attitudes among Gifted Elementary School Students
Authors: Swiatek Mary Ann , Lupkowski-Shoplik Ann
Published: November 2015

A number of studies have documented gender differences in the academic attitudes of gifted adolescents, but few studies have investigated these differences among students younger than age 12. Very few studies explore the age at which the differences emerge. The present study investigated four questions: Are gender differences in attitudes toward academic subjects evident among gifted 3rd through 6th graders? Do the students' attitudes toward school subjects vary according to grade level? Do gender differences become more or less pronounced from 3rd to 6th grade? Are attitudes toward academic areas related to students' ability in those areas? To address these questions, 2,089 gifted 3rd- through 6th-grade children rated their liking for 11 academic areas. Observed gender differences were consistent with those found in research with older students participating in talent-search programs. Grade-level differences suggest that attitudes toward several academic areas become more negative with age. Attitudes were not related to tested academic ability.
Gifted and Nongifted Middle School Students: Are Their Attitudes toward School Different as Measured by the New Affective Instrument, My Class Activities …?
Authors: Gentry Marcia , Gable Robert K. , Springer Penny
Published: November 2015

This paper describes a study in which the attitudes of gifted middle school students were compared with other middle school students, using a survey instrument that measures the dimensions of interest, challenge, choice, and enjoyment—dimensions rooted deeply in gifted education and central to learning. Although statistical differences were found between the two groups, the effect size was so small that the findings were interpreted to indicate that gifted students viewed their class activities essentially the same as the other students in this study. Each group reported their class activities were only slightly more than “sometimes” interesting, challenging, and enjoyable and that they were slightly more than “seldom” offered choices in their educational activities. These findings offer insight into how gifted and other students view their class activities and have implications for practices that may affect motivation and learning for all students.
Reframing the Perfectionist's Catch-22 Dilemma: A Systems Thinking Approach
Authors: Ramsey Deborah C. , Ramsey Philip L.
Published: November 2015

Perfectionist tendencies present a particular challenge to gifted and talented children. The complexity of perfectionism, however, acts as an impediment to agreement on the nature of the phenomenon and on the development of strategies to ameliorate its effects. This article uses systems thinking to examine the dynamic complexity of perfectionism. These dynamics are explained as an attempt by the perfectionist to achieve cognitive consistency. The unrealistic world view of a perfectionist generates a catch-22 situation that makes change difficult. Rather than change their world view, perfectionists are more likely to attempt to change their behavior or their levels of self-esteem. Fundamental change requires a world view that balances performance and learning, and this involves changing views on performance and failure. The article discusses how such fundamental change might be achieved effectively.
Qualitative Case Study in Gifted Education
Authors: Mendaglio Sal
Published: November 2015

All forms of research methodology contribute to the field of gifted education. The focus of this article is the unique contribution that qualitative case study research makes. Case study as a form of qualitative research activity is a vehicle by which researchers enable our hearing of the voices of gifted persons. In this article, issues relating to research plans in qualitative case study are discussed. From a selection of case study articles drawn from 4 journals in gifted education, 2 are identified as exemplars of qualitative case study research in gifted education. The works of Coleman (2001) and Hébert and Beardsley (2001) are used to illustrate how researchers can plan qualitative case studies such that the perspectives of gifted students are included in the discourse in gifted education.
Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis in Gifted Education: Examples with Self-Concept Data
Authors: Plucker Jonathan A.
Published: November 2015

Factor analysis allows researchers to conduct exploratory analyses of latent variables, reduce data in large datasets, and test specific models. The purpose of this paper is to review common uses of factor analysis, provide general guidelines for best practices, illustrate these guidelines with examples using previously published self-concept data, and discuss common pitfalls and ways to avoid them.
Validity, Reliability, and Equity Issues in an Observational Talent Assessment Process in the Performing Arts
Authors: Oreck Barry A. , Owen Steven V. , Baum Susan M.
Published: November 2015

The lack of valid, research-based methods to identify potential artistic talent hampers the inclusion of the arts in programs for the gifted and talented. The Talent Assessment Process in Dance, Music, and Theater (D/M/T TAP) was designed to identify potential performing arts talent in diverse populations, including bilingual and special education students and students who have had no prior formal arts instruction. Research results over 13 years in elementary schools in New York and Ohio provide evidence that creative and artistic potential can be assessed validly and equitably and that such assessments can offer a reliable prediction of success in rigorous arts instruction.
Examining the Relationships between Reading Achievement and Tutoring Duration and Content for Gifted Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students from Low-Income Backgrounds
Authors: Kitano Margie K. , Lewis Rena B.
Published: November 2015

This article describes a study designed to examine the relationship of tutoring in specific reading comprehension strategies to gains in reading achievement for children enrolled in self contained classrooms for gifted students from low-income, culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds and heterogeneous with respect to reading achievement. Participants were 58 students in grades 3–5, including 12 English learners. Eleven adult tutors received training in decoding and 3 basic and 3 higher level reading comprehension strategies consistent with the district's reading program and adapted to include increasing levels of challenge and support for English learners. Scores on a standardized reading achievement test and an assessment of reading fluency served as outcome measures. Findings suggest that tutoring in decoding and higher level reading comprehension strategies supported gains in reading achievement. Gifted students who are English learners appear to benefit from tutoring in decoding and the full range of lower and higher level reading comprehension strategies.
Environmental Influences on Creativity Measurement
Authors: Smith Jeffrey K. , Bistocchi Maryann
Published: November 2015

The effect of different pre-administration warm-up activities on the scores from a measure of creative thinking was investigated. Four activities were used: (1) Creative movement, (2) Guided fantasy, (3) Testlike, and (4) Control. Results indicate that the subscores of fluency, elaboration, and originality on the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking were influenced by these activities, but that the total score was not. Findings are interpreted in light of their implications for creativity measurement and creativity research in general.
Gifted Adolescent Females Require Differential Treatment
Authors: Higham Sharon J. , Navarre Jane
Published: November 2015

How one responds to the issue of differential treatment for gifted girls depends upon one's belief system. Psychometric data indicate that sex-related differences in cognitive skills exist, particularly in the areas of mathematical and/or visual spatial ability. Although many theories proposing biological causation for these differences have been offered, there is no consensus among experts on this matter. Furthermore, the existence of different individual cognitive patterns within each sex, suggests that environmental factors are influential. Based on the literature reviewed, the authors present recommendations for parents and educators of gifted adolescent females. It is argued that differential treatment will produce more equitable education and the requisite skills to achieve success in both traditional and non-traditional careers.
Gifted Adolescents as Co-Learners in Mentorships
Authors: Runions Ted , Smyth Elizabeth
Published: November 2015

Mentorships are co-learning partnerships that link resourceful adolescents with supportive, talented persons in the school or community. These partnerships offer real-life experiences that can support gifted adolescents’ emerging self through ideal adult role-models and significant social interaction. This article describes in detail the goals of mentorship programs for gifted adolescents: reality, relationship, and responsibility. In addition, descriptions of several mentorship programs are provided and evaluated to examine key organizational facets.
Effect of Giftedness, Sex, and Bottle Shape on Hearing Impaired Adolescents’ Performance on the Water Line Task
Authors: Murphy-Berman Virginia , Witters Lee , Harding Richard
Published: November 2015

Gifted and average-functioning hearing impaired adolescents were examined for their ability to perceive that still water remains horizontal regardless of the degree to which the container is tilted. The impact of bottle shape and subjects’ gender on this perception was also assessed. Gifted students were found to perform better on this task than average functioning students and the straight-sided containers were found to induce more errors than containers with curved sides, particularly among the average functioning. Among the average functioning adolescents, females were found to perform at a slightly lower level than males on some bottle positions. Implications of the findings and their similarity or dissimilarity to previous research are discussed.
State Definitions of the Gifted and Talented: An Update and Analysis
Authors: Karnes Frances A. , Koch Susan F.
Published: November 2015

This article presents the current information on the definitions states are using to determine giftedness. A 1977 study by Karnes and Collins is updated by this research and the results with comparative data are presented. In addition, definitions are presented by state.
Spontaneous Verbal Elaboration in Gifted and Non-Gifted Youths
Authors: Scruggs Thomas E. , Mastropieri Margo A.
Published: November 2015

In two experiments, differences were investigated between gifted youths and comparison groups with respect to: (a) performance on paired-associate tasks involving meaningful and nonmeaningful words; (b) reported use of spontaneously produced learning strategies; and (c) degree to which learning strategies facilitated recall. Under free-study conditions, gifted youths outperformed their age peers in recall and strategy use, for both meaningful and nonmeaningful word pairs. In both experiments, gifted youths appeared to benefit greatly from mediational strategy use. Results of this and previous investigations, taken together, suggest that the learning of gifted students may be inhibited by rate learning environments which are too highly structured. When gifted learners were allowed to study at their own pace and develop their own learning strategies, performance increased.
Understanding the Female Adolescent's Self Perceptions of Ability
Authors: Hollinger Constance L.
Published: November 2015

The self perceptions of math ability and four social abilities reported by 284 gifted and talented female adolescents on the Self Directed Search (SDS) were examined to test two set of hypotheses. One set of hypotheses, derived from Bern's (1981) gender schema theory, rests upon the assumption that the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ) measures global constructs of masculinity and femininity. The second set of hypotheses was derived from Spence and Helmreich's (1978, 1981) interpretation of the PAQ M and F scales as measures of socioaffective instrumental and expressive traits. The results of both typological and regression analyses provided consistent support for the hypotheses derived from the socioaffective trait interpretation of the PAQ. Parallel regression analyses testing for interaction effects failed to support an hypothesized interaction between these two scales, which, even after partialling out the contribution of demonstrated leadership ability, contributed significantly to an understanding of observed differences in self perceptions of social abilities reported by gifted and talented young women.
Intelligence: The Speed and Accuracy Tradeoff in High Aptitude Individuals
Authors: Lajoie Suzanne P. , Shore Bruce M.
Published: November 2015

The relative contributions of mental speed and accuracy measures to Primary Mental Ability (PMA) IQ prediction were studied in 52 high ability students (mean age 16, mean IQ 120). Both speed and accuracy independently predicted IQ, but not speed over and above accuracy. Accuracy was demonstrated to be universally advantageous in IQ performance, but speed to vary according to the test. Superior performance might best be achieved by attention to accuracy at whatever speed the subject is comfortable working.
The Reading Attitudes of Gifted Learners in Grades Seven and Eight
Authors: Ley Terry C. , Trentham Landa L.
Published: November 2015

In order to study the patterns of reading attitude internalization among gifted learners, the authors administered the Mikulecky Behavioral Reading Attitude Measure (MBRAM) to 399 gifted seventh and eighth grade students. Although the data revealed that the reading attitudes of gifted subjects were generally positive, nearly twice as many subjects were classified at the two lowest stages of attitude internalization (attending and responding) than were classified at the two highest stages (organization and characterization). Nearly 10% of the students did not meet the criterion for even the lowest stage. Differences by sex were statistically significant, (females had better reading attitudes) but differences across stages by grade were not.
Techniques and Sources for Developing Integrative Curriculum for the Gifted
Authors: Kersh Mildred E. , Nielsen M. Elizabeth , Subotnik Rena F.
Published: November 2015

This article describes the appropriateness of integrative curricula in addressing the educational needs of gifted learners. Integrative curriculaunify subject matter from a variety of disciplines around a series of generalizations. This unification presents students with a sophisticated, comprehensive view of the world. In graduate seminars at three universities, a series of steps were designed to provide guidance in the development of integrative curricular units. The steps are: (a) identify and select materials amenable to the integration process, (b) study the materials to extrapolate generalizations, (c) evaluate the materials to determine their appropriateness for gifted learners, (d) select a general format for the units, and (e) solicit input from professionals. The article delineates the manner in which these steps were employed to design integrative curricular units focusing on The Search for Solutions film series. Additionally, this article presents: a general unit format, an application of that format using “Patterns” as an interdisciplinary theme, and an annotated bibliography of integrative curricular material sources.
Perceived Competence and Parent-Adolescent Communication in High Ability Adolescent Females
Authors: Callahan Carolyn M. , Cornell Dewey G. , Loyd Brenda
Published: November 2015

Adolescent females have been largely ignored in previous research on high ability youth, despite the social pressures and family conflicts they may experience as a result of their efforts to achieve commensurate with their high abilities. The present study investigates the self-concepts (perceived competence) and quality of parent-adolescent communication in 60 high ability adolescent females, including 42 who left home to enroll in an early college entrance program and 18 who attended more traditional high school programs. Results indicate that the quality of parent-adolescent communication for these young women: (1) varies widely with both mothers and fathers; and (2) is consistently associated with perceived competence in both academic and non-academic areas. As a group, the young women have above-average academic and overall perceived competence, but IQ is negatively correlated with perceived competence in non-academic areas.
The Research Base for Renzulli's Three-Ring Conception of Giftedness
Authors: Jarrell Ranald H. , Borland James H.
Published: November 2015

After stressing the importance of subjecting conceptions of giftedness to critical scrutiny, the authors analyze the research cited in support of Renzulli's (1978) three-ring conception of giftedness. A close reading of the original studies leads to the conclusion that the cited research constitutes a weak and equivocal case for this definition. Furthermore, the authors argue that some of the research has been misinterpreted and should instead be seen as leading logically to conclusions antithetical to Renzulli's. The authors conclude that, when judged on the basis of the strength of its research base, this conception of giftedness is of questionable validity, although it may be defensible as an implicit conception.
Self-Concepts of Gifted Children in Enrichment Programs
Authors: Feldhusen John F. , Sayler Michael F. , Nielsen M. Elizabeth , Kolloff Penny B.
Published: November 2015

Sixty children in grades 3 to 8 served as subjects in a study of self-concept changes after participation in a creative enrichment, pullout program for the gifted. Results showed positive gains on two self-concept scales for children in grades 3 to 6 and positive gains on one of two self-concept scales for grades 7 and 8.