bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lack of synaptic protein, calsyntenin‐2, impairs morphology of synaptic complexes in mice
Authors: Ranneva Svetlana V. , Maksimov Valeriy F. , Korostyshevskaja Irina M. , Lipina Tatiana V.
Published: September 2019

Calsyntenin‐2 (Clstn2) is the synaptic protein, which belongs to the superfamily of cadherins, playing an important role in learning and memory. We recently reported that Clstn2 knockout mice (Clstn2‐KO) have a deficit of GABAergic interneurons, associated with hyperactivity, deficient spatial memory, and social behavior. Therefore, we sought to characterize morphometric features of the ultrastructure of synaptic complexes of hippocampal and cortical neurons in Clstn2‐KO mice, using high magnification electron microscopy. Morphometric analysis revealed a reduction of symmetric (inhibitory) synaptic density, length of synaptic contacts, and postsynaptic density in neurons of Clstn2‐KO mice. Moreover, cortical neurons of Clstn2‐KO mice were characterized by the predominance of the simplified type of synapses with the emergence of negative curvature of the synaptic zone in Clstn2‐KO mice. Notably, presynaptic zones of cortical neurons of Clstn2‐KO mice were characterized by the increased number of synaptic vesicles in opposite to the decreased number of synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic zones of hippocampal neurons. Overall, we found that lack of calsyntenin‐2 leads to the striking architectonic alterations of synaptic complexes in the mouse brain, disrupting synaptic density, shape, and connectivity.
Accept professional organization opportunities to enhance leadership experience
Authors: Pavlik Amelia
Published: September 2019

“Am I going to help my friends?” That was the question Steve McLeod asked himself when he received an unexpected phone call asking if he would serve as president‐elect of the Southern Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers.
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Up‐conversion Luminescence of Ho3+/Yb3+ Co‐doped PbTiO3
Authors: Xiao Zhen , Zhang Jiawei , Zhu Jing , Xu Hui , Wang Huanping , Xu Shiqing , Xia Yang
Published: September 2019

Ho3+/Yb3+ co‐doped PbTiO3 nanocrystals with different content of dopant were successfully prepared via a facile hydrothermal method. The purity, morphology, element distribution, chemical state and up‐conversion (UC) photoluminescence (PL) of PbTiO3 nanocrystals affected by Ho3+ dopant are investigated systematically. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) results illustrate that PbTiO3 samples with the doping Ho3+ concentration ranging from 0 to 5 mol‐% are perovskite structure. The doping Ho3+ ions have no change on the crystal structure of perovskite PbTiO3. Owing to the non‐equivalent substitution of Ho3+ to Ti4+ in PbTiO3, the particle size of Ho3+/Yb3+ co‐doped PbTiO3 samples is decreased as well as the particle agglomeration is detected. Moreover, Ho and Yb ions have uniform distributions in the PbTiO3 nanoparticles as the presence of Ho3+ and Yb3+ cations. The up‐conversion spectra demonstrate that Ho/Yb co‐doped PbTiO3 samples have up‐conversion emissions centered at 550 nm, 660 nm and 755 nm, corresponding to the transitions of 5F4(5S2)→5I8, 5F5→5I8 and 5S2(5F4)→5I7 of Ho3+ ions. Additionally, the effect of temperature on the UC PL property of Ho3+/Yb3+ co‐doped PbTiO3 system is further investigated. The sensitivity and the trend of Ho3+/Yb3+ co‐doped PbTiO3 samples in temperature from 298 k to 493K are calculated on the basis of fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) method. Ho3+/Yb3+ co‐doped PbTiO3 nanocrystals are verified the high potential in the optical temperature sensing.
On the decrease of kinetic energy with depth in wave–current interactions
Authors: Aleman A. , Constantin A.
Published: September 2019

We study wave–current interactions in two-dimensional water flows with constant vorticity over a flat bed. We establish decay rates for the velocity beneath spatially periodic surface waves without any restrictions on the wave amplitude. The approach relies on complex function theory and overcomes the intricacies inherent to nonlinear flow patterns by taking advantage of specific structural properties of the governing equations for water waves.
Anti-PD-1 therapy combined with chemotherapy in patients with advanced biliary tract cancer
Authors: Sun Danyang , Ma Junxun , Wang Jinliang , Han Chun , Qian Yuanyu , Chen Guangying , Li Xiaoyan , Zhang Juan , Cui Pengfei , Du Wushuang , Wu Zhaozhen , Chen Shixue , Zheng Xuan , Yue Zhichao , Song Jia , Gao Chan , Zhao Xiaochen , Cai Shangli , Hu Yi
Published: September 2019

Background

Evidence for the efficacy of immunotherapy in biliary tract cancer (BTC) is limited and unsatisfactory.

Methods

Chinese BTC patients receiving a PD-1 inhibitor with chemotherapy, PD-1 inhibitor monotherapy or chemotherapy alone were retrospectively analyzed. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS). The key secondary outcomes were progression-free survival (PFS) and safety. Patients previously treated with any agent targeting T cell costimulation or immune checkpoints were excluded.

Results

The study included 77 patients (a PD-1 inhibitor plus chemotherapy,n = 38; PD-1 inhibitor monotherapy,n = 20; chemotherapy alone,n = 19). The median OS was 14.9 months with a PD-1 inhibitor plus chemotherapy, significantly longer than the 4.1 months with PD-1 inhibitor monotherapy (HR 0.37, 95% CI 0.17–0.80,P = 0.001) and the 6.0 months with chemotherapy alone (HR 0.63, 95% CI 0.42–0.94,P = 0.011). The median PFS was 5.1 months with a PD-1 inhibitor plus chemotherapy, significantly longer than the 2.2 months with PD-1 inhibitor monotherapy (HR 0.59, 95% CI 0.31–1.10,P = 0.014) and the 2.4 months with chemotherapy alone (HR 0.61, 95% CI 0.45–0.83,P = 0.003). Grade 3 or 4 treatment-related adverse events were similar between the anti-PD-1 combination group and the chemotherapy alone group (34.2% and 36.8%, respectively).

Conclusions

Anti-PD-1 therapy plus chemotherapy is an effective and tolerable approach for advanced BTC.
Associations of physical activity, sedentary time, and cardiorespiratory fitness with heart rate variability in 6- to 9-year-old children: the PANIC study
Authors: Veijalainen Aapo , Haapala Eero A. , Väistö Juuso , Leppänen Marja H. , Lintu Niina , Tompuri Tuomo , Seppälä Santeri , Ekelund Ulf , Tarvainen Mika P. , Westgate Kate , Brage Søren , Lakka Timo A.
Published: September 2019

Purpose

To study the associations of physical activity (PA), sedentary time (ST), and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) with heart rate variability (HRV) in children.

Methods

The participants were a population sample of 377 children aged 6–9 years (49% boys). ST, light PA (LPA), moderate PA (MPA), vigorous PA (VPA), and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), and PA energy expenditure (PAEE) were assessed using a combined heart rate and movement sensor, maximal power output per kilograms of lean body mass as a measure of CRF by maximal cycle ergometer exercise test, and HRV variables (SDNN, RMSSD, LF, and HF) using 5 min resting electrocardiography. Data were analysed by linear regression adjusted for years from peak height velocity.

Results

In boys, ST was inversely associated (β = − 0.185 to − 0.146, p ≤ 0.049) and MVPA, VPA, PAEE, and CRF were directly associated (β = 0.147 to 0.320, p ≤ 0.048) with HRV variables. CRF was directly associated with all HRV variables and PAEE was directly associated with RMSSD after mutual adjustment for ST, PAEE, and CRF (β = 0.169 to 0.270, p ≤ 0.046). In girls, ST was inversely associated (β = − 0.382 to − 0.294, p < 0.001) and LPA, MPA, VPA, MVPA, and PAEE were directly associated with HRV variables (β = 0.144 to 0.348, p ≤ 0.049). After mutual adjustment for ST, PAEE, and CRF, only the inverse associations of ST with HRV variables remained statistically significant.

Conclusions

Higher ST and lower PA and CRF were associated with poorer cardiac autonomic nervous system function in children. Lower CRF in boys and higher ST in girls were the strongest correlates of poorer cardiac autonomic function.
Model reduction in computational homogenization for transient heat conduction
Authors: Waseem A. , Heuzé T. , Stainier L. , Geers M. G. D. , Kouznetsova V. G.
Published: September 2019

This paper presents a computationally efficient homogenization method for transient heat conduction problems. The notion of relaxed separation of scales is introduced and the homogenization framework is derived. Under the assumptions of linearity and relaxed separation of scales, the microscopic solution is decomposed into a steady-state and a transient part. Static condensation is performed to obtain the global basis for the steady-state response and an eigenvalue problem is solved to obtain a global basis for the transient response. The macroscopic quantities are then extracted by averaging and expressed in terms of the coefficients of the reduced basis. Proof-of-principle simulations are conducted with materials exhibiting high contrast material properties. The proposed homogenization method is compared with the conventional steady-state homogenization and transient computational homogenization methods. Within its applicability limits, the proposed homogenization method is able to accurately capture the microscopic thermal inertial effects with significant computational efficiency.
Preoperative predictors of postoperative complications after gastric cancer resection
Authors: Kanda Mitsuro
Published: September 2019

Risk management is becoming an increasingly important healthcare issue. Gastrectomy with lymphadenectomy is still the mainstay of treatment for localized gastric cancer, but it is sometimes associated with postoperative complications that compromise the patient’s quality of life, tolerability of adjuvant treatment, and prognosis. Parameters based exclusively on preoperative factors can identify patients most at risk of postoperative complications, whereby surgeons can provide the patient with precise informed consent information and optimal perioperative management. Ultimately, these predictive tools can also help minimize medical costs. In this context, many studies have identified factors that predict postoperative complications, including indicators based on body constitution, nutrition, inflammation, organ function and hypercoagulation. This review presents our current understanding and discusses some future perspectives of preoperatively identified factors predictive of complications after resection for gastric cancer.
Apps in der Sekundärprävention nach Schlaganfall
Authors: Fruhwirth Viktoria , Enzinger Christian , Weiss Elisabeth , Schwerdtfeger Andreas , Gattringer Thomas , Pinter Daniela
Published: September 2019

Laut der INTERSTROKE Studie werden etwa 90 % des Risikos für einen ischämischen Schlaganfall durch beeinflussbare Risikofaktoren (z. B. Bluthochdruck, Übergewicht, Rauchen) bedingt. Durch eine Verringerung dieser Faktoren könnte das Schlaganfallrisiko deutlich gesenkt werden. Um die Effektivität von Smartphone Apps zur Sekundärprävention nach Schlaganfall in Bezug auf beeinflussbare Risikofaktoren und die Einstellung von PatientInnen gegenüber mobile Health (mHealth) zu ermitteln, wurde von Juni bis August 2018 eine Literaturrecherche in der elektronischen Datenbank PubMed durchgeführt. Berücksichtigt wurden alle Studien, bei denen Smartphone Apps oder App-ähnliche Interventionen an Schlaganfall PatientInnen getestet wurden und deren Auswirkungen auf Risikofaktoren oder PatientInnen-Zufriedenheit berichtet haben (n = 10). Die Ergebnisse zeigten eine signifikante Verbesserung der vaskulären Risikofaktoren Bluthochdruck und Diabetes sowie signifikante Verbesserungen der Lebensstil-Risikofaktoren Bewegungsmangel und Übergewicht durch Smartphone Apps. Schlaganfall PatientInnen empfinden Smartphone Apps größtenteils als nützlich und sind gegenüber mHealth positiv eingestellt, solange diese Maßnahmen eine Ergänzung und keinen Ersatz für persönliche, medizinische Betreuung darstellen.
A High-Fidelity Phantom for the Simulation and Quantitative Evaluation of Transurethral Resection of the Prostate
Authors: Choi Eunjin , Adams Fabian , Palagi Stefano , Gengenbacher Anina , Schlager Daniel , Müller Philippe-Fabian , Gratzke Christian , Miernik Arkadiusz , Fischer Peer , Qiu Tian
Published: September 2019

Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is a minimally invasive endoscopic procedure that requires experience and skill of the surgeon. To permit surgical training under realistic conditions we report a novel phantom of the human prostate that can be resected with TURP. The phantom mirrors the anatomy and haptic properties of the gland and permits quantitative evaluation of important surgical performance indicators. Mixtures of soft materials are engineered to mimic the physical properties of the human tissue, including the mechanical strength, the electrical and thermal conductivity, and the appearance under an endoscope. Electrocautery resection of the phantom closely resembles the procedure on human tissue. Ultrasound contrast agent was applied to the central zone, which was not detectable by the surgeon during the surgery but showed high contrast when imaged after the surgery, to serve as a label for the quantitative evaluation of the surgery. Quantitative criteria for performance assessment are established and evaluated by automated image analysis. We present the workflow of a surgical simulation on a prostate phantom followed by quantitative evaluation of the surgical performance. Surgery on the phantom is useful for medical training, and enables the development and testing of endoscopic and minimally invasive surgical instruments.
Small-Scale Variability in the Nocturnal Boundary Layer
Authors: Mahrt L. , Pfister Lena , Thomas Christoph K.
Published: September 2019

Nocturnal variations of temperature and wind are examined at three contrasting sites. After the early evening period of rapid cooling, the magnitude of the variations of temperature on a time scale of 10 min to an hour often become larger than the corresponding temperature change due to the nocturnal trend. These shorter-term temperature variations are forced by wave-like motions and more complex modes. Observations from a network of stations across a shallow valley at one of the sites are analyzed in more detail. Typically, decreasing wind speed corresponds to less mixing and lower temperature at the surface followed by increasing wind speed, increased mixing, and higher temperatures. The flow may continue to switch back and forth between these two states for much of the night. These non-stationary motions interact with motions induced by the gentle local topography, leading to intermittent local drainage flows, transient cold pools, and both propagating and semi-stationary microfronts.
Bimodal age distribution at diagnosis in breast cancer persists across molecular and genomic classifications
Authors: Allott Emma H. , Shan Yue , Chen Mengjie , Sun Xuezheng , Garcia-Recio Susana , Kirk Erin L. , Olshan Andrew F. , Geradts Joseph , Earp H. Shelton , Carey Lisa A. , Perou Charles M. , Pfeiffer Ruth M. , Anderson William F. , Troester Melissa A.
Published: September 2019

Purpose

Female breast cancer demonstrates bimodal age frequency distribution patterns at diagnosis, interpretable as two main etiologic subtypes or groupings of tumors with shared risk factors. While RNA-based methods including PAM50 have identified well-established clinical subtypes, age distribution patterns at diagnosis as a proxy for etiologic subtype are not established for molecular and genomic tumor classifications.

Methods

We evaluated smoothed age frequency distributions at diagnosis for Carolina Breast Cancer Study cases within immunohistochemistry-based and RNA-based expression categories. Akaike information criterion (AIC) values compared the fit of single density versus two-component mixture models. Two-component mixture models estimated the proportion of early-onset and late-onset categories by immunohistochemistry-based ER (n = 2860), and by RNA-basedESR1and PAM50 subtype (n = 1965). PAM50 findings were validated using pooled publicly available data (n = 8103).

Results

Breast cancers were best characterized by bimodal age distribution at diagnosis with incidence peaks near 45 and 65 years, regardless of molecular characteristics. However, proportional composition of early-onset and late-onset age distributions varied by molecular and genomic characteristics. Higher ER-protein andESR1-RNA categories showed a greater proportion of late age-at-onset. Similarly, PAM50 subtypes showed a shifting age-at-onset distribution, with most pronounced early-onset and late-onset peaks found in Basal-like and Luminal A, respectively.

Conclusions

Bimodal age distribution at diagnosis was detected in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study, similar to national cancer registry data. Our data support two fundamental age-defined etiologic breast cancer subtypes that persist across molecular and genomic characteristics. Better criteria to distinguish etiologic subtypes could improve understanding of breast cancer etiology and contribute to prevention efforts.
Stakes Sensitivity and Credit Rating: A New Challenge for Regulators
Authors: Booth Anthony , de Bruin Boudewijn
Published: September 2019

The ethical practices of credit rating agencies (CRAs), particularly following the 2008 financial crisis, have been subject to extensive analysis by economists, ethicists, and policymakers. We raise a novel issue facing CRAs that has to do with a problem concerning the transmission of epistemic status of ratings from CRAs to the beneficiaries of the ratings (investors, etc.), and use it to provide a new challenge for regulators. Building on recent work in philosophy, we argue that since CRAs have different stakes than the beneficiaries of the ratings in the ratings being accurate, what counts as knowledge (and as having ‘epistemic status’) concerning credit risk for a CRA may not count as knowledge (as having epistemic status) for the beneficiary. Further, as it stands, many institutional investors (pension funds, insurance companies, etc.) are bound by law to make some of their investment decisions dependent on the ratings of officially recognized CRAs. We argue that the observation that the epistemic status of ratings does not transmit from CRAs to beneficiaries makes salient a new challenge for those who think current regulation regarding the CRAs is prudentially justified, namely, to show that the harm caused by acting on a rating that does not have epistemic status for beneficiaries is compensated by the benefit from them acting on a CRA rating that does have epistemic status for the CRA. Unlike most other commentators, therefore, we offer a defeasible reason to drop references to CRAs in prudential regulation of the financial industry.
A unifying view of explicit and implicit feature maps of graph kernels
Authors: Kriege Nils M. , Neumann Marion , Morris Christopher , Kersting Kristian , Mutzel Petra
Published: September 2019

Non-linear kernel methods can be approximated by fast linear ones using suitable explicit feature maps allowing their application to large scale problems. We investigate how convolution kernels for structured data are composed from base kernels and construct corresponding feature maps. On this basis we propose exact and approximative feature maps for widely used graph kernels based on the kernel trick. We analyze for which kernels and graph properties computation by explicit feature maps is feasible and actually more efficient. In particular, we derive approximative, explicit feature maps for state-of-the-art kernels supporting real-valued attributes including the GraphHopper and graph invariant kernels. In extensive experiments we show that our approaches often achieve a classification accuracy close to the exact methods based on the kernel trick, but require only a fraction of their running time. Moreover, we propose and analyze algorithms for computing random walk, shortest-path and subgraph matching kernels by explicit and implicit feature maps. Our theoretical results are confirmed experimentally by observing a phase transition when comparing running time with respect to label diversity, walk lengths and subgraph size, respectively.
Development and characterization of 49 novel microsatellite markers in the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)
Authors: Kánainé Sipos Dóra , Bakos Katalin , Ősz Ágnes , Hegyi Árpád , Müller Tamás , Urbányi Béla , Kovács Balázs
Published: September 2019

The African catfish or sharp tooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) is one of the important species (due to its high environmental tolerance and easily controllable breeding habits) that can significantly contribute to reducing hunger in many countries. It is farmed in numerous African, Asian, and European countries. Moreover, during the last decades its production has grown significantly worldwide. Currently, following the carp, this species is produced in the second largest volume in Hungary. Despite its economic importance, the stocks have been maintained without genetic control or guided breeding. Molecular genetic data on bred populations or strains are very limited. In order to investigate the genetic structure of the stocks, 49 new microsatellite markers were characterized and tested on 32 individuals from a Hungarian farmed stock. All these markers were polymorph. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 11. The observed and expected overall heterozygosities were between 0.519 and 0.544 respectively and the overall inbreeding coefficient (Fis: 0.063) does not reveal the presence of inbreeding. However, 63% of the markers showed significant deviations from HWE. The results suggest that the maintenance of genetic variation within the stock require high attention in closed bred populations. These new markers provide a useful tool for population and conservation genetics of natural and bred African catfish populations.
The Mitochondrial Targets of Neuroprotective Drug Vinpocetine on Primary Neuron Cultures, Brain Capillary Endothelial Cells, Synaptosomes, and Brain Mitochondria
Authors: Svab Gergely , Doczi Judit , Gerencser Akos A. , Ambrus Attila , Gallyas Ferenc , Sümegi Balazs , Tretter László
Published: September 2019

Vinpocetine is considered as neuroprotectant drug and used for treatment of brain ischemia and cognitive deficiencies for decades. A number of enzymes, channels and receptors can bind vinpocetine, however the mechanisms of many effects’ are still not clear. The present study investigated the effects of vinpocetine from the mitochondrial bioenergetic aspects. In primary brain capillary endothelial cells the purinergic receptor-stimulated mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and efflux were studied. Vinpocetine exerted a partial inhibition on the mitochondrial calcium efflux. In rodent brain synaptosomes vinpocetine (30 μM) inhibited respiration in uncoupler stimulated synaptosomes and decreased H2O2 release from the nerve terminals in resting and in complex I inhibited conditions, respectively. In isolated rat brain mitochondria using either complex I or complex II substrates leak respiration was stimulated, but ADP-induced respiration was inhibited by vinpocetine. The stimulation of oxidation was associated with a small extent of membrane depolarization. Mitochondrial H2O2 production was inhibited by vinpocetine under all conditions investigated. The most pronounced effects were detected with the complex II substrate succinate. Vinpocetine also mitigated both Ca2+-induced mitochondrial Ca2+-release and Ca2+-induced mitochondrial swelling. It lowered the rate of mitochondrial ATP synthesis, while increasing ATPase activity. These results indicate more than a single mitochondrial target of this vinca alkaloid. The relevance of the affected mitochondrial mechanisms in the anti ischemic effect of vinpocetine is discussed.
Normativität unter der Haut
Authors: Antony Alexander
Published: September 2019

Der Aufsatz verfolgt das Ziel, einen theoretischen und empirischen Beitrag zur Soziologie der Kompetenz zu leisten. In Auseinandersetzung mit praxistheoretischen Ansätzen wird argumentiert, dass sich Prozesse der Kompetenzproduktion nicht in einem Demonstrieren körperlicher Fertigkeiten erschöpfen. Sie beruhen vielmehr auch darauf, dass das Tun im Hinblick auf seine normative Angemessenheit beurteilt wird. Das Potenzial einer solchen Perspektivierung wird zunächst anhand körper- und sportsoziologischer Studien vorgeführt. Diese fokussieren allerdings zumeist auf Tätigkeiten, in denen die Kompetenzproduktion primär bei den kommunikativen Dimensionen sozialer Praktiken ansetzt: Kompetenz wirdgezeigt. Die Atemarbeit, eine körperorientierte Therapie- und Selbsterfahrungspraktik, stellt vor diesem Hintergrund einen theoretisch instruktiven Kontrastfall dar. Sie zeichnet sich durch Bewegungsarmut und eine Kultivierung leiblicher Selbstbezüglichkeit aus. Es gerät eine alternative Form der Kompetenzproduktion in den Blick, die gleichsam an den Rändern des Kommunikativen operiert: Kompetenz wirderspürt.
Penile Prosthesis Implantation in an Exstrophy-Epispadias Complex Patient: A Case Report
Authors: Sotimehin Ayodeji E. , Burnett Arthur L.
Published: September 2019

Penile prosthesis implantation (PPI) is a definitive treatment option for patients with medically refractory erectile dysfunction (ED). It is a safe, reliable operation with high patient satisfaction and few complications. We report a novel case of an adult patient with exstrophy-epispadias complex who underwent PPI for ED and discuss the surgical challenges presented by the unique anatomic constraints of this condition.
Agency, Akrasia, and the Normative Environment
Authors: ANTILL GREGORY
Published: September 2019

Just as the existence of practical akrasia has been treated as important evidence for the existence of our practical agency, the alleged absence of epistemic akrasia—cases in which a believer believes some proposition contrary to her considered judgments about what she has most reason to believe—has recently been marshaled as grounds for skepticism about the existence of similar forms of epistemic agency. In this paper, I defend the existence of epistemic agency against such objections. Rather than argue against the impossibility of epistemic akrasia, I argue that the impossibility of epistemic akrasia is actuallycompatible withthe existence of epistemic agency. The crucial mistake, I argue, is that skeptics about epistemic agency are failing to distinguish carefully between differences in the structure of believing and acting and differences in the structure of normative reasons to believe and normative reasons to act. I show that once these ‘environmental’ differences are properly distinguished, we can see that absence of epistemic akrasia provides no reason to doubt that practical and epistemic agency are on a par with one another.
Predicting vortex merging and ensuing turbulence characteristics in shear layers from initial conditions
Authors: Guha Anirban , Rahmani Mona
Published: September 2019

Unstable shear layers in environmental and industrial flows roll up into a series of vortices, which often form complex nonlinear merging patterns such as pairs and triplets. These patterns crucially determine the subsequent turbulence, mixing and scalar transport. We show that the late-time, highly nonlinear merging patterns are predictable from the linearized initial state. The initial asymmetry between consecutive wavelengths of the vertical velocity field provides an effective measure of the strength and pattern of vortex merging. The predictions of this measure are substantiated using direct numerical simulations. We also show that this measure has significant implications in determining the route to turbulence and the ensuing turbulence characteristics.
Tenure trumps title: Assessing the logic of informant selection in inter-organizational network research
Authors: Beacom Amanda M. , Valente Thomas W.
Published: September 2019

Researchers collecting survey data on inter-organizational networks typically choose a single informant with the most senior job title in each organization from whom to obtain a report of the organization’s inter-organizational ties. This approach to informant selection is based on the logic that greater seniority confers greater knowledge of inter-organizational relationships. The present study investigated the wisdom of this logic, using data in which multiple informants’ reports of inter-organizational network ties were collected for each organization. We calculated the degree of agreement in network reports between the informant with the most senior job title and a second informant in the organization. To determine if alternative criteria to seniority serve as better approaches to informant selection, we assessed other potential predictors of agreement in informants’ reports. Results indicated that (1) informants’ perceptions of the network differed significantly according to job title, suggesting little agreement between senior informants and their more junior colleagues; and (2) greater informant tenure in the network and industry were associated with greater agreement among informants. These results call a common data collection practice into question and suggest that tenure may trump title as a criterion for informant selection in inter-organizational network research.
Paleoclimatic record from the clay mineralogy of Quaternary sediments of drill core DWJ from Jiudong subbasin (western Hexi Corridor), NW China
Authors: Chen Dianbao , Pan Baotian , Ma Jinfeng , Hu Xiaofei , Geng Haopeng , Pang Hongli
Published: September 2019

The thick sedimentary deposits of the Jiudong subbasin in the western Hexi Corridor of NW China can potentially provide important records of climate change in arid and semiarid areas subject to the interaction of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) and the westerlies. Here we present the results of a study of the clay mineralogy of the sediments of drill core DWJ from the Jiudong subbasin. The clay minerals consist mainly of illite, followed by chlorite, kaolinite, and smectite. The clay mineral assemblages are used to define four paleoclimatic stages since ~1.8 Ma: (1) During ~1.8–1.2 Ma, the climate was relatively cold and arid; (2) during ~1.2–0.9 Ma, it was relatively warm and wet, with strongly seasonal precipitation; (3) during ~0.9–0.3 Ma, there was a long-term trend of cooling and drying; and (4) during ~0.3–0.1 Ma, the climate was warmer and wetter than during the previous period, with strongly seasonal precipitation. The paleoclimatic record of the Jiudong subbasin since ~1.8 Ma is consistent with records from the Tengger Desert and typical monsoonal areas. This suggests that the EASM penetrated into the central regions of the North Qilian Shan and Zhangye–Jiudong subbasin during ~1.2–0.9 and ~0.3–0.1 Ma.
AFRICAN IVORIES AND EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLISH ANTIQUARIANS
Authors: Hart William
Published: September 2019

In the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, artists in West Africa made sophisticated ivory carvings specifically for the early Portuguese navigators and their patrons. In researching the history of the ivories, the records of eighteenth-century English antiquarians are a neglected yet important source of information. Such sources help to bridge the gap between the earliest references to Afro-Portuguese ivories in Portuguese customs records (as well as the inventories of royal and princely treasuries of the late Renaissance) and their re-appearance in nineteenth-century museum registers and the collections of private individuals.

Especially valuable in this regard are the eighteenth-century minutes of the Society of Antiquaries of London, which enable us to trace the history of several African ivories associated with Fellows of the Society – in particular, Richard Rawlinson, Martin Folkes, Sir Hans Sloane, George Vertue and George Allan. In this article, the author reassesses two African ivories, an oliphant and a saltcellar, with specific reference to the Minutes of the Society of Antiquaries of London, shedding new light on the history of these beautiful objects.
The Anthropocene and the Triumph of the Imagination: An Environmental Perspective on C. A. Bayly'sRemaking the Modern World, 1900–2015
Authors: Amrith Sunil
Published: September 2019

Having had the privilege of being taught by Chris Bayly as an undergraduate, I can hearRemaking the Modern Worldin his voice. I can hear it in the form of the dazzling lectures—never showy, but perspective-shifting week after week—that were the kernels from which this book and its predecessor on the nineteenth century both grew. In the late 1990s, that course was still called “The West and the Third World since 1914.” Notwithstanding its then already outmoded title, it was a progressive course: a perspective on global history building out from the detailed study of South and Southeast Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa. It was clear even then that Bayly's long immersion in the study of Indian history was not incidental but rather vital to Bayly, the global historian.
Let's talk about trees: Genetic relationships of languages and their phylogenetic representation
Authors: Blust Robert
Published: September 2019

This volume contains an introduction and eight papers presented at an international symposium ‘Let's Talk about Trees’, which was organised by Ritsuko Kikusawa and hosted by the National Museum of Ethnology of Osaka, Japan, in February 2013. The stated purpose of the meeting was to evaluate the pros and cons of the classic tree model of historical linguistics in describing the order of splits within a language family. Because the problem of modelling relationships of descent is common to other disciplines, contributors were invited from a range of academic disciplines, including not only linguistics, but also what is described on page one as ‘cladistics’, ‘biology’ and ‘genetics’, although cladistics is clearly a part of biological taxonomy, and not an independent discipline.
Explaining why childhood abuse is a risk factor for poorer clinical course in bipolar disorder: a path analysis of 923 people with bipolar I disorder
Authors: Marwaha Steven , Briley Paul M. , Perry Amy , Rankin Phillip , DiFlorio Arianna , Craddock Nick , Jones Ian , Broome Matthew , Gordon-Smith Katherine , Jones Lisa
Published: September 2019

Background

Childhood abuse is a risk factor for poorer illness course in bipolar disorder, but the reasons why are unclear. Trait-like features such as affective instability and impulsivity could be part of the explanation. We aimed to examine whether childhood abuse was associated with clinical features of bipolar disorder, and whether associations were mediated by affective instability or impulsivity.

Methods

We analysed data from 923 people with bipolar I disorder recruited by the Bipolar Disorder Research Network. Adjusted associations between childhood abuse, affective instability and impulsivity and eight clinical variables were analysed. A path analysis examined the direct and indirect links between childhood abuse and clinical features with affective instability and impulsivity as mediators.

Results

Affective instability significantly mediated the association between childhood abuse and earlier age of onset [effect estimate (θ)/standard error (SE): 2.49], number of depressive (θ/SE: 2.08) and manic episodes/illness year (θ/SE: 1.32), anxiety disorders (θ/SE: 1.98) and rapid cycling (θ/SE: 2.25). Impulsivity significantly mediated the association between childhood abuse and manic episodes/illness year (θ/SE: 1.79), anxiety disorders (θ/SE: 1.59), rapid cycling (θ/SE: 1.809), suicidal behaviour (θ/SE: 2.12) and substance misuse (θ/SE: 3.09). Measures of path analysis fit indicated an excellent fit to the data.

Conclusions

Affective instability and impulsivity are likely part of the mechanism of why childhood abuse increases risk of poorer clinical course in bipolar disorder, with each showing some selectivity in pathways. They are potential novel targets for intervention to improve outcome in bipolar disorder.
Pure iso-type systems
Authors: YANG YANPENG , OLIVEIRA BRUNO C. D. S.
Published: September 2019

Traditional designs for functional languages (such as Haskell or ML) have separate sorts of syntax for terms and types. In contrast, many dependently typed languages use a unified syntax that accounts for both terms and types. Unified syntax has some interesting advantages over separate syntax, including less duplication of concepts, and added expressiveness. However, integrating unrestricted general recursion in calculi with unified syntax is challenging when some level of type-level computation is present, since properties such as decidable type-checking are easily lost. This paper presents a family of calculi called pure iso-type systems (PITSs), which employs unified syntax, supports general recursion and preserves decidable type-checking. PITS is comparable in simplicity to pure type systems (PTSs), and is useful to serve as a foundation for functional languages that stand in-between traditional ML-like languages and fully blown dependently typed languages. In PITS, recursion and recursive types are completely unrestricted and type equality is simply based on alpha-equality, just like traditional ML-style languages. However, like most dependently typed languages, PITS uses unified syntax, naturally supporting many advanced type system features. Instead of implicit type conversion, PITS provides a generalization of iso-recursive types called iso-types. Iso-types replace the conversion rule typically used in dependently typed calculus and make every type-level computation explicit via cast operators. Iso-types avoid the complexity of explicit equality proofs employed in other approaches with casts. We study three variants of PITS that differ on the reduction strategy employed by the cast operators: call-by-name, call-by-value and parallel reduction. One key finding is that while using call-by-value or call-by-name reduction in casts loses some expressive power, it allows those variants of PITS to have simple and direct operational semantics and proofs. In contrast, the variant of PITS with parallel reduction retains the expressive power of PTS conversion, at the cost of a more complex metatheory.
Are we Ready for a “Microbiome-Guided Behaviour” Approach?
Authors: LAVAZZA ANDREA , SIRONI VITTORIO A.
Published: September 2019

The microbiome is proving to be increasingly important for human brain functioning. A series of recent studies have shown that the microbiome influences the central nervous system in various ways, and consequently acts on the psychological well-being of the individual by mediating, among others, the reactions of stress and anxiety. From a specifically neuroethical point of view, according to some scholars, the particular composition of the microbiome—qua microbial community—can have consequences on the traditional idea of human individuality. Another neuroethical aspect concerns the reception of this new knowledge in relation to clinical applications. In fact, attention to the balance of the microbiome—which includes eating behavior, the use of psychobiotics and, in the treatment of certain diseases, the use of fecal microbiota transplantation—may be limited or even prevented by a biased negative attitude. This attitude derives from a prejudice related to everything that has to do with the organic processing of food and, in general, with the human stomach and intestine: the latter have traditionally been regarded as low, dirty, contaminated and opposed to what belongs to the mind and the brain. This biased attitude can lead one to fail to adequately consider the new anthropological conceptions related to the microbiome, resulting in a state of health, both physical and psychological, inferior to what one might have by paying the right attention to the knowledge available today. Shifting from the ubiquitous high-low metaphor (which is synonymous with superior-inferior) to an inside-outside metaphor can thus be a neuroethical strategy to achieve a new and unbiased reception of the discoveries related to the microbiome.
Patients’ perspectives on imagery rescripting for aversive memories in social anxiety disorder
Authors: Takanashi Rieko , Yoshinaga Naoki , Oshiro Keiko , Matsuki Satoshi , Tanaka Mari , Ibuki Hanae , Oshima Fumiyo , Urao Yuko , Matsuzawa Daisuke , Shimizu Eiji
Published: September 2019

Background:

Imagery rescripting (IR) for early aversive memories in patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD) has shown promising results, but no study has investigated the reactions and perspectives of patients who received IR.

Aims:

This study aimed to gain understanding of patients’ experiences/perspectives on IR as an adjunct to cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for SAD.

Method:

Twenty-five individuals with SAD received one or two sessions of IR over 16 CBT sessions. Contents of recurrent images and linked memories were identified during IR. Outcome measures included social anxiety, image and memory distress and vividness, and encapsulated belief. Patients completed a questionnaire about their perspectives of IR after the session. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the qualitative data.

Results:

IR resulted in significant within-session improvement in most outcome measures. Linked memories to negative recurrent images in social situations were categorized into nine groups. Common memories were ‘Being criticized by others’, ‘Being made fun of’, ‘Failing or not doing something well’ and ‘Being left out in a group’. Most patients (82%) experienced IR as impressive, and more than half of patients (59%) found IR effective. Themes of reasons of impressiveness and effectiveness were categorized as ‘Results of IR session’ and ‘Processes of IR session’. The theme ‘Results of IR session’ included six subthemes, and the theme ‘Processes of the IR session’ included five subthemes.

Conclusions:

Regarding patients’ perspectives, although they may experience negative emotions in the process of an IR session, our results suggest that many patients with SAD found IR sessions effective.
Local Climate Projections: A Little Money Goes a Long Way
Authors: Guttorp Peter , Thorarinsdottir Thordis
Published: September 2019

Three Nordic countries collaborate to build a suite of eScience tools to support long-term planning and decision-making in the face of a changing climate.
Climate Change Is Coming for Our Fish Dinners
Authors: Duncombe Jenessa
Published: September 2019

Your fish fillet may have less omega-3 fatty acids, an important nutrient for brain health, by the end of the century.
E2F1 facilitates DNA break repair by localizing to break sites and enhancing the expression of homologous recombination factors
Authors: Choi Eui-Hwan , Kim Keun Pil
Published: September 2019

The human genome is constantly exposed to both endogenous and exogenous stresses, which can lead to errors in DNA replication and the accumulation of DNA mutations, thereby increasing the risk of cancer development. The transcription factor E2F1 is a key regulator of DNA repair. E2F1 also has defined roles in the replication of many cell cycle-related genes and is highly expressed in cancer cells, and its abundance is strongly associated with poor prognosis in cancers. Studies on colon cancer have demonstrated that the depletion of E2F1 leads to reduced levels of homologous recombination (HR), resulting in interrupted DNA replication and the subsequent accumulation of DNA lesions. Our results demonstrate that the depletion of E2F1 also causes reduced RAD51-mediated DNA repair and diminished cell viability resulting from DNA damage. Furthermore, the extent of RAD51 and RPA colocalization is reduced in response to DNA damage; however, RPA single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) nucleofilament formation is not affected following the depletion of E2F1, implying that ssDNA gaps accumulate when RAD51-mediated DNA gap filling or repair is diminished. Surprisingly, we also demonstrate that E2F1 forms foci with RAD51 or RPA at DNA break sites on damaged DNA. These findings provide evidence of a molecular mechanism underlying the E2F1-mediated regulation of HR activity and predict a fundamental shift in the function of E2F1 from regulating cell division to accelerating tumor development.
Maladaptive activation of Nav1.9 channels by nitric oxide causes triptan-induced medication overuse headache
Authors: Bonnet Caroline , Hao Jizhe , Osorio Nancy , Donnet Anne , Penalba Virginie , Ruel Jérôme , Delmas Patrick
Published: September 2019

Medication-overuse headaches (MOH) occur with both over-the-counter and pain-relief medicines, including paracetamol, opioids and combination analgesics. The mechanisms that lead to MOH are still uncertain. Here, we show that abnormal activation of Nav1.9 channels by Nitric Oxide (NO) is responsible for MOH induced by triptan migraine medicine. Deletion of theScn11agene in MOH mice abrogates NO-mediated symptoms, including cephalic and extracephalic allodynia, photophobia and phonophobia. NO strongly activates Nav1.9 in dural afferent neurons from MOH but not normal mice. Abnormal activation of Nav1.9 triggers CGRP secretion, causing artery dilatation and degranulation of mast cells. In turn, released mast cell mediators potentiates Nav1.9 in meningeal nociceptors, exacerbating inflammation and pain signal. Analysis of signaling networks indicates that PKA is downregulated in trigeminal neurons from MOH mice, relieving its inhibitory action on NO-Nav1.9 coupling. Thus, anomalous activation of Nav1.9 channels by NO, as a result of chronic medication, promotes MOH.
Global agricultural concept space: lightweight semantics for pragmatic interoperability
Authors: Baker Thomas , Whitehead Brandon , Musker Ruthie , Keizer Johannes
Published: September 2019

Progress on research and innovation in food technology depends increasingly on the use of structured vocabularies—concept schemes, thesauri, and ontologies—for discovering and re-using a diversity of data sources. Here, we report on GACS Core, a concept scheme in the larger Global Agricultural Concept Space (GACS), which was formed by mapping between the most frequently used concepts of AGROVOC, CAB Thesaurus, and NAL Thesaurus and serves as a target for mapping near-equivalent concepts from other vocabularies. It provides globally unique identifiers, which can be used as keywords in bibliographic databases, tags for web content, for building lightweight facet schemes, and for annotating spreadsheets, databases, and image metadata using synonyms and variant labels in 25 languages. The minimal semantics of GACS allows terms defined with more precision in ontologies, or less precision in controlled vocabularies, to be linked together making it easier to discover and integrate semantically diverse data sources.
Virtual multi-alignment theory of parallel-beam CT image reconstruction for rigid objects
Authors: Jun Kyungtaek
Published: September 2019

X-ray computed tomography has become an essential technique in various fields, such as biology, archaeology, geoscience, and materials science. Although considerable effort has been given to reconstructing projection image sets from fixed rigid specimens, little attention has been given to the reconstruction of projected images using an alignment method with a rotation axis for objects that are moving during scanning. Therefore, in this study, a mathematical solution for the reconstruction of a projection image set that is obtained from moving objects is presented. In particular, this study presents the reconstruction of a projection image set for two and three objects moving in different directions using the virtual multi-alignment method.
Automation of Flow Chemistry
Authors: Jaworski Jonathan N. , Beingessner Rachel L. , Jamison Timothy F.
Published: September 2019

Continuous flow chemistry has many well-established advantages, including its facile automation, that make it an attractive technology for the rapid development and synthesis of target molecules. In this chapter, we highlight recent examples of automated continuous flow systems capable of chemical reaction optimization through the integration of process analytical technology and optimization algorithms. We then transition to describing automated continuous flow manufacturing platforms engineered for small molecule synthesis, namely pharmaceutical production. Such systems have realized capabilities in complex multistep synthesis and downstream operations like purification, crystallization and formulation steps.