bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A semi‐continuous formulation for goal‐oriented reduced‐order models: 1D problems
Authors: Cheng Lei , Mattei Stefano , Fick Peter W. , Hulshoff Steve J.
Published: July 2015

A semi‐continuous formulation is introduced for finding bases that minimise the error in a specific output functional of a reduced‐order model. The formulation is advantageous in that it can be used with arbitrary reference data and can be easily applied to nonlinear models and functionals. A general description of the approach is given; then, explicit formulations are derived for the advection‐diffusion and Burgers' equations. Numerical results are given for both linear and nonlinear functionals. These show substantial reductions in error when compared with POD modes, depending on the functional considered. The optimisation of bases for a reduced‐order model using an approximated governing equation is also described, for which large increases in accuracy are obtained relative to POD modes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Correction and Comment on ‘Sacrifice of the Social Outcasts’
Authors: Prout M. G.
Published: July 2015

C. L. Kieffer incorrectly identified a fused pair of cervical vertebrae in an article published online in May of 2015. This is a correction of the misidentification and a comment on the implications for the author's larger point that the individuals involved may have been physically handicapped and therefore selected by the ancient Maya as victims of human sacrifice. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TGA and magnetization measurements for determination of composition and polymer conversion of magnetic hybrid particles
Authors: Tenório‐Neto Ernandes Taveira , Jamshaid Talha , Eissa Mohamed , Kunita Marcos Hiroiuqui , Zine Nadia , Agusti Géraldine , Fessi Hatem , El‐Salhi Abdelhamid Errachid , Elaissari Abdelhamid
Published: July 2015

Magnetic hybrid colloidal particles can be characterized using various techniques and numerous tools leading generally to particles size, size distribution, and electrokinetic properties. However, the chemical composition of these hybrid particles can be estimated using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). More interestingly, the combination of this quantitative technique with the magnetization measurement leads not only to chemical composition but also to the overall polymerization conversion and more precisely to the polymerization conversion on the seed particles. In fact, the TGA performed on dried magnetic particles leads to exact organic/inorganic chemical composition. Regarding the magnetization, the amount of magnetic material can be deduced, and consequently, the amount of non‐magnetic material can be also estimated. Thus, TGA and magnetization measurements are considered as complementary techniques for characterization of magnetic hybrid colloidal particles. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and properties of poly(dimethysilyleneethynylenephenylene‐ethynylene)/graphene Composites
Authors: Li Xiaojie , Lu Jiarong , Huang Farong
Published: July 2015

Polymer composites with carbon‐based nano‐fillers have generated significant interest in industry and science because of their multifunctional and valuable properties. An APA‐functionalized GO nanofiller (GO–APA) was prepared through the reaction between graphene oxide (GO) and 3‐aminophenyl acetylene (APA) in dimethylformide (DMF) with ammonia hydroxide. Furthermore the PDSEPE/GO–APA composites were made from Poly(dimethysilyleneethynylenephenylene ethynylene) (PDSEPE) and GO–APA. FT‐IR, XRD, XPS, SEM, DSC and TGA techniques were used to characterize the chemical compositions and physical and chemical properties of GO–APA and PDSEPE/GO–APA composites. As a result, the prepared PDSEPE/GO–APA composites show high thermal stabilities, excellent electrical conductivity and good flexural strength. When the weight percentage of GO–APA reaches 0.5%, the PDSEPE/GO–APA composite electrical conductivity increases by 6 orders of magnitude and the flexural strength improves by nearly 33% compared with that of cured PDSEPE resin. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carboplatin Hypersensitivity Reactions in Pediatric Low Grade Glioma Are Protocol Specific and Desensitization Shows Poor Efficacy
Authors: Dodgshun Andrew J. , Hansford Jordan R. , Cole Theresa , Choo Sharon , Sullivan Michael J.
Published: July 2015

Background

The use of carboplatin for the treatment of pediatric low grade gliomas (PLGG) is often limited by the development of carboplatin hypersensitivity. Reported rates of carboplatin hypersensitivity reactions vary between 6% and 32% in these patients. Here we report the frequency of carboplatin hypersensitivity reactions depending on the treatment regimen used, and outcomes of carboplatin desensitization.

Methods

The records of all patients in a single institution who were treated with carboplatin for PLGG were accessed and all patients receiving more than one dose of carboplatin are reported.

Results

Thirty four patients with PLGG were treated with carboplatin according to one of the two different regimens. Carboplatin hypersensitivity was documented in 47% of patients, but the frequency differed by treatment protocol. Those patients treated with 4‐weekly single agent carboplatin had carboplatin allergy in 8% of cases whereas 68% of those treated with combined carboplatin and vincristine (every three weeks, according to the SIOP 2004 low grade glioma protocol) had carboplatin reactions (OR 23.6, P < 0.01). Desensitization was only successful in two out of 10 patients in whom it was attempted.

Conclusions

Hypersensitivity reactions to carboplatin are more common in this cohort than previously reported and rates are protocol‐dependent. Desensitization showed limited effectiveness in this cohort. Pediatr Blood Cancer © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Experimental and four‐component relativistic DFT studies of tungsten carbonyl complexes
Authors: Demissie Taye B. , Kostenko Nataliya , Komorovsky Stanislav , Repisky Michal , Isaksson Johan , Bayer Annette , Ruud Kenneth
Published: July 2015

We present a theoretical and experimental study of the structure and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) parameters of the pentacarbonyltungsten complexes of η1‐2‐(trimethylstannyl)‐4,5‐dimethylphosphinine, η2‐norbornene, and imidazolidine‐2‐thione. The three complexes have a pseudo‐octahedral molecular structure with the six ligands bonded to the tungsten atom. The η1‐2‐(trimethylstannyl)‐4,5‐dimethylphosphinine‐pentacarbonyl tungsten complex was synthesized for the first time. For all compounds, we present four‐component relativistic calculations of the NMR parameters at the Dirac–Kohn–Sham density functional level of theory using hybrid functionals. These large‐scale relativistic calculations of NMR chemical shifts and spin–spin coupling constants were compared with available experimental data, either taken from the literature or measured in this work. The inclusion of solvent effects modeled using a conductor‐like screening model was found to improve agreement between the calculated and experimental NMR parameters, and our best estimates for the NMR parameters are generally in good agreement with available experimental results. The present work demonstrates that four‐component relativistic theory has reached a level of maturity that makes it a convenient and accurate tool for modeling and understanding chemical shifts and indirect spin–spin coupling constants of organometallic compounds containing heavy elements, for which conventional non‐relativistic theory breaks down. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A convection–diffusion porous media model for moisture transport in polymer composites: Model development and validation
Authors: Chen Liangbiao , Chu Hsing‐Wei , Fan Xuejun
Published: July 2015

Moisture may cause many detrimental effects to polymers and their composites, thus inhibiting the applications of polymeric materials in hot and humid environments. In this article, a convection–diffusion porous media model is derived to better characterize rapid moisture transport in polymer composites at high temperatures. The model considers both continuum diffusion in solid and high‐pressure convection taking place in the pore network. Coupling of convection and diffusion is achieved by combining the law of conservation of mass, Darcy's law, the liquid–vapor chemical equilibrium, and the ideal gas law. The presented model is validated by conducting experimental tests on an epoxy compound. It is found that the proposed convection–diffusion model is more effective than diffusion‐only and convection‐only models for interpreting rapid desorption tests at high temperatures. A numerical study is also performed to predict maximum vapor pressure during a rapid heating process. Vapor pressure is found to be as high as 6.5 MPa at a heating rate of 10 K/s. It is concluded that the convection–diffusion model is able to capture both vapor dynamics and diffusion mechanism in porous polymeric materials, and can be potentially used to further investigate polymer‐moisture interactions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2015, 53, 1440–1449
Thermal activation and temperature dependent PL and CL of Tb doped amorphous AlN and SiN thin films
Authors: Guerra J. Andres , Montañez Liz , Winnacker Albrecht , De Zela Francisco , Weingärtner Roland
Published: July 2015

The effect of terbium (Tb) doping on the photoluminescence (PL) and cathodoluminescence (CL) spectra of amorphous aluminum nitride (a ‐AlN) and amorphous silicon nitride (a ‐SiN) thin films has been investigated for different temperature conditions. The samples were prepared by RF dual magnetron reactive sputtering technique with a Tb concentration of about ∼1 at% An enhancement of the light emission is obtained after thermal annealing treatments following the activation of luminescent centers. Furthermore, the Tb related integrated light emission intensity is reported exhibiting a continuous increase with the samples temperature well below thermal quenching for both materials. This behavior suggests a phonon assisted energy migration mechanism which contributes to the effective energy transfer from the matrix to the Tb ions. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the Practical Interest of Discrete Inverse Pólya and Weibull‐1 Models in Industrial Reliability Studies
Authors: Pasanisi Alberto , Roero Côme , Remy Emmanuel , Bousquet Nicolas
Published: July 2015

Engineers often cope with the problem of assessing the lifetime of industrial components, on the basis of observed industrial feedback data. Usually, lifetime is modelled as a continuous random variable, for instance, exponentially or Weibull distributed. However, in some cases, the features of the piece of equipment under investigation rather suggest the use of discrete probabilistic models. This happens for equipment that only operates on cycles or on demand. In these cases, the lifetime is rather measured in number of cycles or number of solicitations before failure; therefore, in theory, discrete models should be more appropriate. This article aims at bringing some light to the practical interest of the reliability engineer in using two discrete models among the most popular: the inverse Pólya distribution (IPD), based on a Pólya urn scheme, and the so‐called Weibull‐1 model. It is shown that for different reasons, the practical use of both models should be restricted to specific industrial situations. In particular, when nothing is a priori known over the nature of ageing and/or data are heavily right censored, they can remain of limited interest with respect to more flexible continuous lifetime models such as the usual (continuous) Weibull distribution. Nonetheless, the intuitive meaning given to the IPD could favour its use by engineers in low (decelerated) ageing situations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rheological, thermal, and gelling properties of azuki bean starch with sucrose
Authors: Kyung Jin‐Suk , Yoo Byoungseung
Published: July 2015

Rheological, thermal, and gelling properties of 5% (w/w) Korean azuki bean starch (ABS)‐sucrose mixtures at different sucrose concentrations (0, 10, 20, and 30% w/w) were investigated. Flow properties of ABS‐sucrose mixtures were determined from rheological parameters for power law and Casson flow models. All mixture pastes exhibited a pseudoplastic shear‐thinning characteristic (n = 0.30–0.34) with yield stress. Consistency index (K), apparent viscosity (ηa,50), and Casson yield stress (σoc) values decreased with an increase in sucrose concentration. Dynamic moduli (G′ and G″) values of ABS‐sucrose mixtures increased with increasing sucrose concentration, indicating that their viscoelastic properties were greatly affected by the addition of sucrose. The addition of sucrose had little impact on tan δ (ratio of G″/G′) values. Differential scanning calorimetry of ABS‐sucrose mixtures showed an increase in the onset (To), peak (Tp), and conclusion (Tc) temperatures of gelatinization and a decrease in the enthalpy (ΔH) of gelatinization with a corresponding increase in sucrose concentration. The ABS‐sucrose mixture gels showed much lower gel strength values compared to the control (0% sucrose). In general, these results suggest that the presence of sucrose in ABS modifies physical and rheological properties, depending on the sucrose concentration. In addition, these results could facilitate the development of sweetened ABS‐based products with improved physical and rheological properties.
Effect of cross‐linked waxy maize starch on the quality of non‐fried instant noodles
Authors: Zhou Man , Xiong Zhouyi , Cai Jie , Xiong Hanguo
Published: July 2015

In this study, the effects of cross‐linked waxy maize starch (CLWMS) on non‐fried instant noodles were studied. Noodles were prepared from reconstituted flours by substituting wheat flour at 10, 20 and 30% with CLWMS. The pasting properties, rheology, cooking qualities, texture, colour and microstructure were evaluated. The results for pasting tests of formulated flour showed that peak viscosity, trough, breakdown, final viscosity, setback increased dramatically, whereas pasting temperature declined. The presence of CLWMS raised the G′ and G″ remarkably and contributed to rapid rehydration, as well as higher cooking loss and water absorption. Noodles with CLWMS exhibited a softer texture with brighter, yellower appearance. Incorporation of CLWMS produced more hollow and porous structure with numerous and small voids, which may partly explain their distinct behaviours. The findings in this work provided evidence that CLWMS could be used as a partial substitute for wheat flour in non‐fried instant noodles production.
Fanconi Anemia Mesenchymal Stromal Cells-Derived Glycerophospholipids Skew Hematopoietic Stem Cell Differentiation Through Toll-Like Receptor Signaling
Authors: Amarachintha Surya , Sertorio Mathieu , Wilson Andrew , Li Xiaoli , Pang Qishen
Published: July 2015

Fanconi anemia (FA) patients develop bone marrow (BM) failure or leukemia. One standard care for these devastating complications is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. We identified a group of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs)-derived metabolites, glycerophospholipids, and their endogenous inhibitor, 5-(tetradecyloxy)−2-furoic acid (TOFA), as regulators of donor hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. We provided two pieces of evidence that TOFA could improve hematopoiesis-supporting function of FA MSCs: (a) limiting-dilution cobblestone area-forming cell assay revealed that TOFA significantly increased cobblestone colonies in Fanca−/− or Fancd2−/− cocultures compared to untreated cocultures. (b) Competitive repopulating assay using output cells collected from cocultures showed that TOFA greatly alleviated the abnormal expansion of the donor myeloid (CD45.2+Gr1+Mac1+) compartment in both peripheral blood and BM of recipient mice transplanted with cells from Fanca−/− or Fancd2−/− cocultures. Furthermore, mechanistic studies identified Tlr4 signaling as the responsible pathway mediating the effect of glycerophospholipids. Thus, targeting glycerophospholipid biosynthesis in FA MSCs could be a therapeutic strategy to improve hematopoiesis and stem cell transplantation. Stem Cells  2015;33:3382–3396
Do Native Speakers of North American and Singapore English Differentially Perceive Comprehensibility in Second Language Speech?
Authors: Saito Kazuya , Shintani Natsuko
Published: July 2015

The current study examined the extent to which native speakers of North American and Singapore English differentially perceive the comprehensibility (ease of understanding) of second language (L2) speech. Spontaneous speech samples elicited from 50 Japanese learners of English with various proficiency levels were first rated by 10 Canadian and 10 Singaporean raters for overall comprehensibility and then submitted to pronunciation, fluency, vocabulary, and grammar analyses. Whereas the raters’ comprehensibility judgements were generally influenced by phonological and temporal qualities as primary cues, and, to a lesser degree, lexical and grammatical qualities of L2 speech as secondary cues, their linguistic backgrounds did make some impact on their L2 speech assessment patterns. The Singaporean raters, who not only used various models of English but also spoke a few L2s on a daily basis in a multilingual environment, tended to assign more lenient comprehensibility scores due to their relatively high sensitivity to, in particular, lexicogrammatical information. On the other hand, the comprehensibility judgements of the Canadian raters, who used only North American English in a monolingual environment, were mainly determined by the phonological accuracy and fluency of the L2 speech.
Lewis on Backward Causation
Authors: Wasserman Ryan ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: July 2015

David Lewis famously defends a counterfactual theory of causation and a non-causal, similarity-based theory of counterfactuals. Lewis also famously defends the possibility of backward causation. I argue that this combination of views is untenable—given the possibility of backward causation, one ought to reject Lewis’s theories of causation and counterfactuals.
Combined X‐ray microanalytical study of the Nd uptake capability of argillaceous rocks
Authors: Kéri Annamária , Osán János , Fábián Margit , Dähn Rainer , Török Szabina
Published: July 2015

Argillaceous rocks are considered as suitable host rock formation to isolate the high‐level radioactive waste from the biosphere for thousands of years. Boda Claystone Formation, the possible host rock formation for the Hungarian high‐level radioactive waste repository, has geologically and mineralogically been studied in detail, but its physico‐chemical parameters describing the retention capability of the rock needed further examinations. Studies were performed on thin sections subjected to 72 h sorption experiments using inactive Nd(III). Nd(III) has been used as a chemical analogue for transuranium elements of the radioactive waste to examine the ion uptake capability of the micrometre size mineral phases occurring in the rock. The elemental mapping of synchrotron radiation‐based microscopic X‐ray fluorescence (micro‐XRF) combined with scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (SEM/EDX) has sufficient sensitivity to study the uptake capability of the different mineral phases on the microscale without the necessity of applying radioactive substances. Elemental maps were recorded on several thousand pixels using micrometre magnitude spatial resolution. By interleaving micro‐XRF and SEM/EDX data sets from the same sample area and applying multivariate methods, calcite and clay minerals could be identified as the main mineral phases responsible for Nd(III) uptake without using additional microscopic X‐ray diffraction mapping. It should be highlighted that the ion uptake capability of dolomite containing calcium and magnesium could be distinguished from the characteristics of calcite only by the interleaving of micro‐XRF and SEM/EDX data sets. The presence of minerals was verified by applying microscopic X‐ray diffraction point measurements. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Luminescence of Salen Lanthanide Bimetallic Complexes: Dual Emission and Energy Transfer
Authors: Jia Rui , Gao Ting , Yang Yu , Sun Wenbin , Chen Ruoxi , Yan Pengfei , Hou Guangfeng
Published: July 2015

The luminescence properties of the tetranuclear bimetallic lanthanide complexes Sm2Eu2 (1) and Eu2Tb2 (2), were compared with those of the analogous homometallic complexes [Sm4(μ3‐OH)2(salen)2(acac)6(CH3OH)2]·CH3OH (3) and [Eu4(μ3‐OH)2(salen)2(acac)6(CH3OH)2] (4) [H2salen = N, N′‐ethylenebis(salicylideneimine), Hacac = acetylacetonate]. X‐ray crystallographic analysis reveals that complexes 3 and 4 have planar tetranuclear structures. For the Eu2Tb2 configurational isomer, the TbIII ion in complex 2 mainly serves as a sensitizer. The quantum yields and lifetime measurements for 2 support the premise that Ln/Ln energy transfer occurs in such lanthanide bimetallic complexes, along with the usual ligand‐to‐metal triplet energy pathways. Complexes 3 and 4 exhibit the characteristic metal‐centered emission.
Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Magnetic Properties of Two Cobalt Coordination Polymers Constructed From 1,3‐Bis(2,4‐dicarboxyphenyl) Benzene and Bis(imidazole) Linkers
Authors: Zhang Xiutang , Fan Liming , Fan Weiliu , Zhao Xian
Published: July 2015

Abstract. The 3D cobalt(II) coordination polymers [Co1.5(HDDB)(1,4‐bib)1.5(H2O)]n (1), and {[Co2(DDB)(1,3‐bib)2(μ2‐H2O)]·H2O}n (2) were assembled by mixed‐ligand synthetic strategy [H4DDB = 1,3‐bis(2,4‐dicarboxyphenyl) benzene, 1,3‐bib = 1,3‐bis(1H‐imidazol‐4‐yl)benzene, and 1,4‐bib = 1,4‐bis(1H‐imidazol‐4‐yl)benzene]. Their structures were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses and further characterized by elemental analyses (EA), IR spectroscopy, powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), and thermogravimetric (TG) analyses. Single X‐ray diffraction analysis reveals that complex 1 is an interestingly 3D (3,3.6)‐connected (63)4(65·88·102) net, and complex 2 is an unprecedented dinuclear [Co2(COO)(μ2‐H2O)] SBUs based 3D (3,6)‐connected (3·6·7)(32·43·54·63·7·82) net. Additionally, the magnetic properties of 2 were investigated.
Selective Template Removal by Thermal Depolymerization to Obtain Mesostructured Molybdenum Oxycarbide
Authors: Schieder Martin , Lunkenbein Thomas , Bojer Carina , Dulle Martin , vom Stein Julia , Auffermann Gudrun , Löbling Tina , Schöbel Judith , Schmalz Holger , Breu Josef
Published: July 2015

The carbon content of mesostructured organic‐inorganic hybrid material of a cylindrical block copolymer template of poly(2‐vinylpyridine)‐block‐poly(allyl methacrylate) (P2VP‐b‐PAMA) and ammonium paramolybdate (APM) could be reduced by thermal depolymerization. By calcination in vacuo at 320 °C the PAMA core can be completely removed while the remaining P2VP brush preserves the mesostructure. The P2VP‐APM composite can then be carburized in‐situ to MoOxCy in a second pyrolysis step without any additional carbon source but P2VP. The molybdenum oxycarbide nanotubes obtained, form hierarchically porous non‐woven structures, which were tested as catalyst in the decomposition of NH3. They proved to be catalytically active at temperatures above 450 °C. The activation energy was estimated from an Arrhenius Plot to be 127 kJ·mol–1.
Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Optical Properties of AM2(OH)(SeO3)2 (A = Na, Rb; M = Mg, Zn)
Authors: Liu Yunsheng , Mei Dajiang , Xu Jingli , Wu Yuandong
Published: July 2015

Sodium magnesium selenite NaMg2(OH)(SeO3)2 and rubidium zinc selenite RbZn2(OH)(SeO3)2 were prepared by hydrothermal reactions. The crystal structures of the title compounds were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. NaMg2(OH)(SeO3)2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma (no. 62) with lattice parameters a = 13.1919(10), b = 6.0415(4), c = 8.2182(6) Å, and Z = 4 and RbZn2(OH)(SeO3)2 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P$\bar{1}$ (no. 2) with lattice parameters a = 4.8698(5), b = 7.3446(8), c = 11.7796(12) Å, α = 82.554(3), β = 78.456(2), γ = 71.603(3)°,and Z = 2. The structure of NaMg2(OH)(SeO3)2 is a three‐dimensional framework consisting of edge‐sharing MgO6 octahedra and trigonal pyramidal SeO32– groups, whereas the structure of RbZn2(OH)(SeO3)2 is a two‐dimensional layers structure consisting of corner‐sharing [Zn2O7] dimers linked by trigonal pyramidal SeO32– groups. The compounds were characterized by the solid state UV/Vis/NIR diffuse reflectance, and FT‐IR spectroscopy.
Effect of Flexible Bis(Benzimidazole) Ligands on the Structures of Cobalt(II) Coordination Polymers Derived from 2,6‐Naphthalenedicarboxylic Acid
Authors: Yang Rui , Liu Guang Yong , Van Hecke Kristof , Cui Guang Hua
Published: July 2015

The cobalt(II) coordination polymers{[Co(L1)(nda)]·2H2O}n (1) and [Co(L2)2(nda)]n (2), [L1 = 1,2‐bis(2‐methylbenzimidazol‐1‐ylmethyl)benzene, L2 = 1,4‐bis(5,6‐dimethylbenzimidazol‐1‐ylmethyl)benzene, H2nda = 2,6‐naphthalenedicarboxylic acid] were hydrothermally synthesized by self‐assembly of cobalt chloride with H2nda and different semi‐rigid bis(benzimidazole) derivatives and characterized by IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and X‐ray single‐crystal diffraction. Complex 1 displays a 2D layer with (4,4) topology, complex 2 exhibits a 1D infinite chain structure, both complexes were further packed into 3D and 2D supramolecular architectures by weak hydrogen bonding. The catalytic activities of the complexes for degradation of Congo red in a Fenton‐like process are presented. In addition, the electrochemical and electrocatalytical behavior of CPEs modified with both cobalt complexes (Co‐CPE) were investigated in detail.
Assessing population‐level response to interacting temperature and moisture stress
Authors: Oke Tobi A. , Wang Jian R.
Published: July 2015

Greenhouse experiments have been pivotal to predicting the likely response of tree species to future climate. However, there are some common inadequacies in the inferences derived from many of the studies. Moisture and temperature effects are tightly coupled but in controlled experiments, only a few studies acknowledged the interacting nature of these factors. Furthermore, there is evidence that population‐level plasticity is relevant to plant survival in novel environments. We posit that an inference derived from response to a single climatic factor is likely incomplete and hypothesised that adaptive properties inherent in population‐level plasticity mediate plant growth in novel environments. We tested this hypothesis using a greenhouse experiment involving four populations of white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh) grown under two temperatures and two moisture regimes. We examined variations in their photosynthetic rates (A), water‐use efficiency (WUE), water potential (ψpd) and stomatal conductance (gs). We also investigated variations in their height growths, height relative growth rates (RGRht), and biomass accumulations. Interaction of temperature and moisture was consistently significant for most of the traits. Contrary to expectation, population from cold climate had the highest growth in the high temperature treatments while a coastal population had the highest WUE in low water treatments and also showed greatest decline in growth responses. Some of the results also suggest that there is an overriding effect of phenotypic plasticity over local adaption in white birch. Collectively, the results underscore the growing awareness that populations would likely respond differently in the event of climate change.
Insights into the function of tegument proteins from the varicella zoster virus
Authors: Wang Wei , Cheng Tong , Zhu Hua , Xia NingShao
Published: July 2015

Chickenpox (varicella) is caused by primary infection with varicella zoster virus (VZV), which can establish long-term latency in the host ganglion. Once reactivated, the virus can cause shingles (zoster) in the host. VZV has a typical herpesvirus virion structure consisting of an inner DNA core, a capsid, a tegument, and an outer envelope. The tegument is an amorphous layer enclosed between the nucleocapsid and the envelope, which contains a variety of proteins. However, the types and functions of VZV tegument proteins have not yet been completely determined. In this review, we describe the current knowledge on the multiple roles played by VZV tegument proteins during viral infection. Moreover, we discuss the VZV tegument protein-protein interactions and their impact on viral tissue tropism in SCID-hu mice. This will help us develop a better understanding of how the tegument proteins aid viral DNA replication, evasion of host immune response, and pathogenesis.
Weibull approach to brake pad wear analysis in the Nigerian market
Authors: Fono-Tamo R. S. , Osunbor O. O. , Koya O. A.
Published: July 2015

In this study, we evaluated the wear properties of four brands of brake pad available in the Nigerian market. In particular, we assessed the tribo performance and service life of the brake pads. We purchased four commercial brands of brake pads used in light duty cars and coded them as AU, SN, TY and SM, respectively. A small piece of the brake pad lining materials was carefully chiseled from the back plates to obtain samples for the experiments. We conducted Brinell hardness tests using a tensometer and a pin-on-disc test rig to determine the coefficient of friction and the wear characteristics of the materials. We then correlated the wear on each set of brake pads with the running time and used Weibull’s equation to determine average service life. Sample TY exhibited the highest hardness value (29.09) and sample SN the lowest (10.05). The determined coefficients of friction ranged between 0.3–0.36, with sample AU exhibiting the lowest value and sample SM the highest. Sample SN showed the lowest wear rate of 3.53 × 109 g/min, while the wear rates of samples TY, AU, and SM were 5.64 × 108, 8.19 × 109, and 2.10 × 108 g/min, respectively. The relative service life of samples SN, TY, and AU were similar, with average values of 2778.09, 2725.41, and 2717.34 min, respectively, and SM had a relatively low service life (2017.82 min). We conclude that the overall performances of Nigerian brake pads do not meet all the specifications for friction materials used in road vehicle brake linings and pads.
Mental health problems and resilience in international adoptees: Results from a population‐based study of Norwegian adolescents aged 16–19 years
Authors: Askeland Kristin Gärtner , Hysing Mari , Aarø Leif Edvard , Tell Grethe S. , Sivertsen Børge
Published: July 2015

The aim of the study was to investigate mental health and resilience in adolescents who have been internationally adopted and their non‐adopted peers and examine the potential interaction between adoption status and resilience on mental health problems. Data from the population based youth@hordaland‐survey, conducted in Hordaland County, Norway, in 2012 was used. In all, 10 257 adolescents aged 16–19 years provided self‐reported data on several mental health instruments. Of these, 45 adolescents were identified as internationally adopted. Adoptees reported more symptoms of depression, attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and perfectionism than non‐adopted adolescents, but there were no differences regarding resilience. Adolescents with higher resilience scores reported fewer symptoms of mental health problems, however, no interaction effects were found for adoption status and total resilience score on measures of mental health problems. Our findings indicate that knowledge of resilience factors can form the basis for preventive interventions.
ALIGNMENT OF EFFORT: RECRUITMENT INTO UNDERGRADUATE AGRICULTURAL AND APPLIED ECONOMICS PROGRAMS
Authors: ESPEY MOLLY , BOYS KATHRYN A.
Published: July 2015

Despite high employment rates and starting salaries for qualified graduates of agribusiness, agricultural, and applied economics (AAAE) programs, several AAAE departments have experienced years of low enrollment. This study offers insight into how AAAE programs can more effectively market themselves and recruit undergraduate students through analysis of a nationwide survey of college and department personnel and a statewide survey of high school students. Findings reveal important differences between students’ preferred information and message sources and those currently used. Gaps in understanding of AAAE across administrative units are also identified. Specific program awareness, marketing, and student recruitment recommendations are offered.
A Survey of Caregiver Perspectives on Children’s Pain Management in the Emergency Department
Authors: Ali Samina , Weingarten Laura E. , Kircher Janeva , Dong Kathryn , Drendel Amy L. , Rosychuk Rhonda J. , Curtis Sarah , Newton Amanda S.
Published: July 2015

Objectives

We explored caregiver perspectives on their children’s pain management in both a pediatric (PED) and general emergency department (GED). Study objectives were to: (1) measure caregiver estimates of children’s pain scores and treatment; (2) determine caregiver level of satisfaction; and (3) determine factors associated with caregiver satisfaction.

Methods

This prospective survey examined a convenience sample of 97 caregivers (n=51 PED, n=46 GED) with children aged <17 years. A paper-based survey was distributed by research assistants, from 2009–2011.

Results

Most caregivers were female (n=77, 79%) and were the child’s mother (n=69, 71%). Children were treated primarily for musculoskeletal pain (n=41, 42%), headache (n=16, 16%) and abdominal pain (n=7, 7%). Using a 100 mm Visual Analog Scale, the maximum mean reported pain score was 75 mm (95% CI: 70–80) and mean score at discharge was 39 mm (95% CI: 32–46). Ninety percent of caregiver respondents were satisfied (80/89, 90%); three (3/50, 6%) were dissatisfied in the PED and six (6/39, 15%) in the GED. Caregivers who rated their child’s pain at ED discharge as severe were less likely to be satisfied than those who rated their child’s pain as mild or moderate (p=0.034).

Conclusions

Despite continued pain upon discharge, most caregivers report being satisfied with their child’s pain management. Caregiver satisfaction is likely multifactorial, and physicians should be careful not to interpret satisfaction as equivalent to adequate provision of analgesia. The relationship between satisfaction and pain merits further exploration.
TABOO, HERMENEUTICAL INJUSTICE, AND EXPRESSIVELY FREE ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: Crerar Charlie
Published: July 2015

In Epistemic Injustice (2007), Miranda Fricker has insightfully introduced the notion of a hermeneutical injustice, where historic conditions of marginalisation serve to deprive individuals of the appropriate hermeneutical resources with which to render significant patches of their experience fully intelligible to themselves and others. In this paper I draw attention to a shortcoming in Fricker's account: that the only hermeneutical resource she acknowledges is a shared conceptual framework. Consequently, Fricker creates the impression that hermeneutical injustice manifests itself almost exclusively in the form of a conceptual lacuna. Considering the negative hermeneutical impact of certain societal taboos, however, suggests that there can be cases of hermeneutical injustice even when an agent's conceptual repertoire is perfectly adequate. I argue that this observation highlights the need to expand Fricker's account to accommodate a wider range of hermeneutical resources and, in turn, a broader taxonomy of hermeneutical injustice. Specifically, my central case of a societal taboo presses the need to recognize as a valuable hermeneutical resource an expressively free environment, in which individuals can put their conceptual-interpretative resources to good hermeneutical effect.
War and Revenge: Explaining Conflict Initiation by Democracies
Authors: STEIN RACHEL M.
Published: July 2015

While we know much about what differentiates the conflict behavior of democracies from autocracies, we know relatively little about why some democracies are more belligerent than others. In contrast to existing studies, I argue that it is public opinion and not institutions that drives these differences. All democratic leaders have an incentive to take public opinion into account, but public opinion is not the same everywhere. Individuals’ attitudes towards war are shaped by core beliefs about revenge, which vary across countries. Leaders with more vengeful populations will be more likely to initiate conflicts because they generate popular support for war more effectively. Using retention of capital punishment as a proxy for broad endorsement of revenge, I find that democracies that have retained the death penalty for longer periods of time are significantly more likely to initiate conflicts. This research has important implications for existing theories of democracy and war.
BRITISH GOVERNMENTS, COLONIAL CONSUMERS, AND CONTINENTAL EUROPEAN GOODS IN THE BRITISH ATLANTIC EMPIRE, 1763–1775
Authors: CONWAY STEPHEN
Published: July 2015

This article looks at the attempts made by British governments after the Seven Years War to reduce colonial consumption of continental European manufactures. It begins by sketching the pre-war background, focusing first on the availability of European goods in North America and the Caribbean and then on British debates about foreign commodity penetration of the Atlantic colonies. The next part charts the emergence after 1763 of a political consensus in London on the need to give British goods added advantage in American markets. The article goes on to suggest reasons for the forming of this consensus, and finally considers the success of the measures introduced by British governments to diminish colonial purchases of European products.
WHAT'S IN A NAME: ZHONGGUO (OR ‘MIDDLE KINGDOM’) RECONSIDERED
Authors: KWONG LUKE S. K.
Published: July 2015

Western writers have long criticized the Chinese term Zhongguo, translated as ‘Middle Kingdom’, for its ethnocentric purport. This article proposes to address this criticism by re-examining salient features of Zhongguo's etymological past. The discussion is divided into two parts. The first part offers an overview of the term's historical usage and argues that contrary to the common view, Zhongguo as applied to the imagined whole of Chinese political and cultural traditions or to any of its discrete period segments had not been employed primarily as an ethnocentric expression but as a simple identity label. The second part revisits a late Qing (c. 1861–1912) episode in which Chinese writers made a rare, if not unprecedented, attempt to dispute and, indeed, to reject the name in light of the foreign criticism. Though their arguments did not, in the end, alter how nationalists named the Chinese nation, these debates revealed a cultural posture that became prevalent as educated Chinese negotiated the crossroads of modernity.
MICHAEL TURNBULL, G. R. ELTON, AND THE MAKING OF THE PRACTICE OF HISTORY
Authors: MUNRO DOUG
Published: July 2015

In 1964, the editor of Sydney University Press, Michael Turnbull, approached G. R. Elton to write the book that became The practice of history (1967). Remarkably, a famous University of Cambridge historian was persuaded to embark on what Turnbull correctly sensed would be an influential and profitable text, and this for an obscure and recently established publishing house located at the other end of the earth. Were it not for Turnbull, The practice of history would probably never have been written. But for Turnbull's editorial advice, a somewhat different book would have resulted. This article traces the close and fruitful working relationship between publisher and author, as well as the adversarial relationship between The practice of history and E. H. Carr's What is history? (1961). It also suggests that Turnbull intended The practice of history as part of a wider publishing purpose where big ideas could be expressed, given a mass audience, and thus contribute to debate and social change. Elton would have found such a socially engaged agenda abhorrent, had he known about it.
Turbulent dissipation challenge: a community-driven effort
Authors: Parashar Tulasi N. , Salem Chadi , Wicks Robert T. , Karimabadi H. , Gary S. Peter , Matthaeus William H.
Published: July 2015

Many naturally occurring and man-made plasmas are collisionless and turbulent. It is not yet well understood how the energy in fields and fluid motions is transferred into the thermal degrees of freedom of constituent particles in such systems. The debate at present primarily concerns proton heating. Multiple possible heating mechanisms have been proposed over the past few decades, including cyclotron damping, Landau damping, heating at intermittent structures and stochastic heating. Recently, a community-driven effort was proposed (Parashar & Salem, 2013, arXiv:1303.0204) to bring the community together and understand the relative contributions of these processes under given conditions. In this paper, we propose the first step of this challenge: a set of problems and diagnostics for benchmarking and comparing different types of 2.5D simulations. These comparisons will provide insights into the strengths and limitations of different types of numerical simulations and will help guide subsequent stages of the challenge.
Childhood maltreatment modifies the relationship of depression with hippocampal volume
Authors: Gerritsen L. , van Velzen L. , Schmaal L. , van der Graaf Y. , van der Wee N. , van Tol M.-J. , Penninx B. , Geerlings M.
Published: July 2015

Background.

Childhood maltreatment (CM) may modify the relationship between major depressive disorder (MDD) and hippocampal volume reduction. To disentangle the impact of MDD and CM on hippocampal volume we investigated the association between MDD and hippocampal volume in persons with and without a history of CM in two independent cohorts.

Method.

We used data of 262 participants from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA) (mean age 37 years, 32% male) and 636 participants from the SMART-Medea study (mean age 61 years, 81% male). In both studies a 12-month diagnosis of MDD and CM were assessed using a diagnostic interview. Hippocampal volume was measured in NESDA using FreeSurfer software on 3-T magnetic resonance (MR) images and in SMART it was manually outlined on 1.5-T MR images. With analysis of covariance adjusted for intracranial volume, age, gender and lifestyle factors we estimated the effects of MDD and CM on hippocampal volume.

Results.

In both cohorts CM was not significantly associated with hippocampal volume. After pooling the data MDD was associated with smaller hippocampal volume (B = −138.90 mm3, p = 0.05) and the interaction between MDD and CM reached significance (p = 0.04); in participants with CM, MDD was related to smaller hippocampal volume (NESDA: B = −316.8 mm3, p = 0.02; SMART: B = −407.6, p = 0.046), but not in participants without CM (p > 0.05).

Conclusions.

Our study shows that in two independent cohorts, particularly in individuals with CM, a diagnosis of MDD is related to smaller hippocampal volume. Prospective studies are needed to further determine through which mechanism CM may amplify the relationship between MDD and hippocampal volume.
Reciprocity in material and time support within parent–child relationships during late-life widowhood
Authors: ISHERWOOD L. M. , LUSZCZ M. A. , KING D. S.
Published: July 2015

The exchange of informal support within the social network plays a vital role in enabling older adults to remain living in the community as they age. Following spousal loss in later life, the exchange of instrumental support is of particular importance in order to meet the practical and financial needs of the bereaved spouse. Adult children are typically the primary source of social contact and informal support for older widowed adults following bereavement. However, very little is known of the longitudinal changes that occur in the exchange of instrumental support with children during the transition to late-life widowhood. Trajectories and predictors of change in material and time support exchange in parent–child relationships were modelled over a 15-year period for 1,266 older adults (mean age 76.7 years). Widowed older adults received more material and time support from their children than their married peers. Proximity to children, age at spousal loss, self-rated health, cognitive functioning and income were predictive of levels of exchanged instrumental support in late-life widowhood. Short-term reciprocity appears to continue in parent–child relationships during late-life widowhood. The implications of the findings for policy and practice are discussed, including the role of children in the support networks of older widowed adults and the potential difficulties faced by those who do not have access to informal avenues of support.
Irradiation asymmetry effects on the direct drive targets compression for the megajoule laser facility
Authors: Demchenko N.N. , Doskoch I.YA. , Gus'kov S.YU. , Kuchugov P.A. , Rozanov V.B. , Stepanov R.V. , Vergunova G.A. , Yakhin R.A. , Zmitrenko N.V.
Published: July 2015

In the previous works (Rozanov et al., 2013; 2015) we have performed one-dimensional (1D) numerical simulations of the target compression and burning at the absorbed energy of ~1.5 MJ. As a result, the target was chosen to have a low initial aspect ratio in order to be less sensitive to the influence of such parameters as laser pulse duration, total laser energy, and equations of state model. The simulation results demonstrated a higher probability of ignition and effective burning of such a system. In the present work we discuss the impact of irradiation asymmetry on this baseline target implosion. The details of the 1D compression and a possible influence of 2D and 3D effects due to the hydrodynamic instability and mixing have been described. In accordance with the 2D calculations the target is still ignited, however, the symmetry analysis of 3D ones gives reasons to further reduce the efficiency of conversion of kinetic energy into potential energy.
A ‘fourth moment’ for music education? A response to Chris Philpott's sociological critique of music curriculum change
Authors: McPhail Graham
Published: July 2015

The catalyst for this paper is the ongoing debate concerning formal and informal approaches to pedagogy within the music education literature. I utilise a chapter by Philpott (2010) as a means to continue discussion about the apparent dialectic between formal and informal approaches to music learning and the case Philpott raises for radical change in ‘three moments’ of music education history. In engaging with the concerns in Philpott's chapter I also seek to bring to a wider audience the ideas developed by a group of sociologists of education who draw on the work of Basil Bernstein (2000) and critical realism (Moore, 2013) to argue for a realist theory of knowledge. I utilise thesesocial realistideas as a means to engage with the theme of access to what Michael F.D. Young has recently termed ‘powerful knowledge’ (Young, 2012). As Bernstein (2000) suggests we must have an understanding of the recontextualising principles that come into play whenever the classification of knowledge undergoes change, as ideologies shift and change. I argue for a balance between powerful forms of pedagogyandpowerful forms of knowledge based on an awareness of the essentially differentiated nature of knowledge.