bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Of Medicine, Race, and American Law: The Bubonic Plague Outbreak of 1900
Authors: McClain Charles
Published: September 2010

In March of 1900 several cases of bubonic plague were discovered in San Francisco's Chinatom. In response the health authorities, at the instance of the Surgeon General of the United States, sought to implement a series of extraordinarily coercive measures aimed at the city's Asian inhabitants. The measures provoked an uproar among the Chinese, and they determined to challenge them in the federal Circuit Court for the Northern District of California. This essay, based on extensive research in court records, the archives of the U.S. Public Health Service, and press accounts in English and Chinese, documents the complex events that gave rise to the cases of Wong Wai v. Williamson and Jew Ho v. Williamson and the cases themselves as they unfolded in the courts. The cases raised new and dificult questions of fact and of law and tested as few other cases have before or since a court's capacity to act as arbiter between individual rights (and the rights of an ostracized minority at that) and the public interest in a period of acute health emergency.
Lawyers and Politics in France, 1814–1950: The State, the Market, and the Public
Authors: Karpik Lucien
Published: September 2010

Throughout the 19th century, lawyers in France were deeply involved in political action to pursue an overriding goal–to become recognized as spokesmen for the public. This strategy governed their history; it explains their brilliant social ascent and their subsequent slow decline. As long as the conflict between state and civil society raged, lawyers were able to we assets–political mobilization, the power of the word, the esteem enjoyed by law–which had allowed them faithfully to embody public opinion in its struggle to limit state powers. From this embodiment of public ideals they derived independence, prestige, and a dominant position in the state. But when the nature of the political regime ceased to be a bone of contention and when public life became organized around other cleavages, lawyers were gradually deprived of their representative function. This marked the beginning of a social decline that became visible between the two world wars and lasted until the 1950s.
Biology of Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) tau (Walker) (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: SINGH Shakti Kumar , KUMAR Dinesh , RAMAMURTHY Vilayanoor V.
Published: September 2010

The biology of the fruit fly Bactrocera tau, an important horticultural pest, was studied under laboratory conditions at 25°C and 60–70% relative humidity on Cucurbita maxima. The duration of mating averaged 408.03 ± 235.93 min. After mating, the female fly had a preoviposition period of 11.7 ± 4.49 days. The oviposition rate was 9.9 ± 8.50 eggs and fecundity was 464.6 ± 67.98 eggs/female. Eggs were elliptical, smooth and shiny white, turning darker as hatching approached, and measured 1.30 ± 0.07 mm × 0.24 ± 0.04 mm. The chorion has polygonal microsculpturing and is species‐specific with polygonal walls. The egg period lasts for 1.3 ± 0.41 days. The duration of the larval period is 1.2 ± 0.42, 1.7 ± 0.48 and 4.0 ± 0.94 days for first, second and third instars, respectively. Pupation occurs in the sand or soil and pupal periods are 7.0 ± 0.47 days. The life cycle from egg to adult was completed in 14.2 ± 1.69 days; the longevity of mated females and males was 130.33 ± 14.18 and 104.66 ± 31.21 days, respectively. At least two to three generations were observed from June 2008 to June 2009.
Some reproductive characteristics of honeybee drones in relation to their ages
Authors: MAZEED Adel M. , MOHANNY Karem M.
Published: September 2010

The number of spermatozoa, length of testis, length of mucus gland and weights of drones were estimated in caged and free honeybee drones in relation to their ages. For this purpose, three Carniolan colonies were used as sources of drones and two were used as nursery colonies. The drones were held either in cages or freely in the queenless part of the nursery colonies. Measurements were carried out on samples of drones taken at 3‐day intervals from 1–3, 4–6, 7–9, 10–12 and 13–15 days old. While the number of spermatozoa in drone testes decreased in both caged and free drones as the drone age increased, it increased gradually in the seminal vesicles. The results also showed that weight of drones and length of testes decreased, but the length of the mucus gland did not significantly differ with age. Further, the drones' weight, length of mucus gland and total number of spermatozoa tend to be slightly larger in the caged than in free drones. The total number of spermatozoa in all parts of the reproductive organs was lower in the older than younger drones; thus, the number of spermatozoa in the newly emerged drones does not help to predict the real number reaching the queen during mating.
Louisiana Oyster Culture
Authors: Pausina Baldo V.
Published: September 2010

The history of oyster culture in Louisiana is reviewed. Growing, harvesting, and marketing of Louisiana oysters are discussed, along with legislation concerning oyster culture.
Mariculture and the Law
Authors: Davies Charles B. , Shields Harmon W.
Published: September 2010

The Florida Mariculture Act is reviewed and the role of the Division of Marine Resources and the Department of natural resources is discussed.
Use of Antibiotic Sensitivity Tests in Controlling Diseases of Tank‐Raised Pompano
Authors: Monroe Samel R.
Published: September 2010

Bacteria were isolated from pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) and cultured in the laboratory. Antibiotics were tested against the cultures to determine which were effective in control. Antibiotics which showed promise were incorporated into pompano feed. Success was obtained in control of the bacterial infection.
Mariculture: Raising Legal Problems
Authors: Kane Thomas E.
Published: September 2010

The estuaries are potential areas for mariculture. Yet both state and federal laws are lacking to regulate such an activity. Federal, state and local governments are involved, and several interests must be considered – navigation, fishing and other uses.
Maricultural Feasibility Analysis
Authors: Lollar Robert M.
Published: September 2010

The mariculturist must select a species that has high market demand. Moreover, a year‐round supply must be available to meet demands on a regular basis. The fresh and frozen seafood market is the best for maricultural products. Maricultural products show potential in the convenience‐foods market.
Mariculture Marketing
Authors: Erkins Robert A.
Published: September 2010

An essential part of mariculture is marketing. This paper discusses potential markets for maricultural products and problems that must be overcome.
Marsh Pond Construction
Authors: Perry W. Guthrie , Ensminger Allan B. , Latapie Walter R.
Published: September 2010

This paper reports upon our experiences in the construction of coastal marsh ponds in Louisiana. The 1.7 million ha of marshland offers a wide diversity of conditions, some of which would be applicable to the marsh zones of the other coastal states. The basic marsh types (Active Delta Zone, Inactive Delta Zone and Chenier Plain Zone) are described and pond construction in each is discussed.

The soil conditions of the Chenier Plain Zone in southwest Louisiana are generally better suited for the construction and maintenance of long‐term levee systems. Initial cost of marsh pond construction and maintenance is extremely high. This is because levees must be built with equipment specifically designed for marsh work and because of the corrosive nature of the moist, saline environment.
Culture of Brackish‐Freshwater Shrimp, Macrobrachium Acanthurus, M. Carcinus and M. Ohione1
Authors: Dugan Charles C. , Frakes Thomas A.
Published: September 2010

Macrobrachium larvae were reared in gradually increasing salinities and in constant salinities of 14, 16, 18, and 20 ppt. Best survival (36%) was achieved not only in an increasing salinity but also in a constant salinity of 16 ppt. In a controlled spawning experiment, temperature was lowered from 27.5 C to 24.0 C for 2 weeks. It was then returned to 27.5 C, and an average of 52.9% of the females tested spawned within 1 week.
Pond Culture on Grand Terre Island, Louisiana, 1969–1971
Authors: Neal D. A. , Latapie W. R.
Published: September 2010

Pond cultur̀e experiments were conducted with brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) and white shrimp (P. setiferus) in 0.1 ha ponds. All ponds were stocked with juvenile shrimp trawled from the Barataria Bay area. In 1969, there were several types of feed used; in 1970, stocking rates were varied; and in 1971, the feeding rate was varied. The shrimp were fed a specific percentage of their body weight daily. Feeding rates were calculated after a weekly sample of 50 shrimp was taken from each pond, weighed and returned to the pond alive. Results obtained from 44 experiments are compared and discussed. Production ranged from 104 to 931 kg/ha and feed conversion values ranged from 1.1 to 12.6. The heads‐on weight of recovered shrimp ranged from 4.4 to 16 g. Mortalities ranged from 1.6 to 100%.
Growth Rates of Penaeus Aztecus and P. Setiferus in Artificial Ponds Under Varying Conditions
Authors: Latapie W. R. , Broom J. G. , Neal D. A.
Published: September 2010

Brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) and white shrimp (P. setiferus) were grown in 0.1 ha artificial ponds at Grand Terre Island, Louisiana. Trawl samples of 50 shrimp from each pond were taken weekly and their average weights determined. Growth curves under various stocking rates, feeds, and times of stocking are presented for both species. Effects of excessive competitors, vegetation, temperature and stocking size are discussed. Generally, white shrimp grew better than brown shrimp. Unfed shrimp grew well until they reached the carrying capacity of the ponds, then stopped or declined slightly. During most of the studies the fed shrimp continued to grow until harvesting, oxygen depletion kills or low water temperatures. Best growth was obtained at stocking rates of 50,000 to 62,500 per ha and feeding rates of 5% to 10% of their body weight daily.
Aquaculture of Sea Scallops and Abalone in Japan
Authors: Shaw William N.
Published: September 2010

In Japan, farming of sea scallops (Patinopecten yessoensis) and abalone (Haliotis discus) is expanding at a rapid rate. Approximately 16 prefectural laboratories are producing 2 to 3 million seed abalone annually. These are sold to the fishermen for planting on natural grounds. Studies are underway to utilize heated water from power plants to speed up the abalone's growth. Plans are also underway to develop artificial growing grounds for abalone culture.

Extensive areas in Hokkaido and Mutsu Bay (Honshu) are being utilized in the long‐line culture of scallops. It has been estimated that 40,000 tons of scallops will be harvested in 1972 and 100,000 tons may be produced in 1973.

Some of the methods now being utilized to farm scallops and abalone in Japan could possibly be applied in the United States.
A Study of the Effects of Feeding Synthetic Diets to Brown Shrimp (Penaeus aztecus)1
Authors: Hysmith B. T. , Booth J. R. , Cook H. L. , Mies W. L.
Published: September 2010

Synthetic diets prepared by Ralston Purina, and commercial pet foods were fed to brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) in replicated, 30‐day feeding trials under controlled environmental conditions. A number of Ralston Purina diets were evaluated for palatability.

Postlarval hatchery‐raised shrimp and larger stock obtained from the bays were used. Individual lengths and weights of those animals stocked and harvested were used to statistically develop averages from which growth rate, survival, food conversion, and condition index were calculated.

Growth rates were found to be related to the size of shrimp, feeding rate, protein content and available metabolizable energy. Survival was found to be related to food availability, disease, and the diet fed. Food conversion was related to the diet requirements of the shrimp and the feeding rate. The condition index was not related to diet and was descriptive of the intermolt stage of the individuals only.

As postlarvae, brown shrimp were able to utilize a 45% protein diet effectively when fed at 10% of body weight per day. Development into juveniles changed the relative importance of protein and metabolizable energy in the diet with an accompanying reduction in the food conversion. The growth rates measured in these tests were about half of those measured in the natural habitat and in ponds with supplemental feeding.
Pink Shrimp Feeding Experiments with Wheat Bran1
Authors: Caillouet Charles W. , Heinen John M. , Tabb Durbin C.
Published: September 2010

Other investigators have suggested that detritus enriched by the micro‐organisms that degrade it is a major component of the natural diet of penaeid shrimp. This paper describes pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum) feeding experiments in earthen ponds and concrete tanks, with wheat bran used to produce an artificial detritus food for the shrimp. Wheat bran and other foods are compared, and the effects of food type, feeding methods, and certain aspects of water quality on growth, survival and yield of pink shrimp are evaluated.

The artificial detritus method of feeding in the culture of shrimp is much simpler than the feeding of pelleted or other diets directly to shrimp, since the former does not depend upon monitoring of growth rates and population densities to determine feeding rates. Wheat bran is added to unaerated tanks or ponds at constant rates that do not cause oxygen depletion. We have added wheat bran to ponds at daily rates up to 35 kg per ha without causing obvious problems.

With wheat bran feeding, it seems possible to rear postlarval pink shrimp in ponds or tanks to about 4 g (live bait size) in 3 months and at stocking densities as high as 100,000 per ha, and with survival as high as 90%. Our investigations of the artificial detritus feeding method will continue with the goal of developing methods for producing food shrimp profitably.
Growth of Hatchery‐Reared Penaeus Aztecus on Experimental Diets1
Authors: Grajcer D. , Neal R.
Published: September 2010

During experimentation designed to determine the requirements for sexual maturation of brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) a series of diets were tested on juvenile and subadult shrimp. These diets were formulated from a series of compounds expected to provide the essential nutrients for growth and sexual maturation. Both natural and prepared foods (i.e., foods which have been processed for storage at room temperature) were tested. The ingredients of the foods tested and the processing methods used to stabilize the foods are described.

Growth rates and amounts of food consumed for shrimp reared on these diets are discussed, and growth is compared with that observed for wild shrimp. Implications of these growth rates to shrimp cultures are discussed. Experimental stunting of juvenile shrimp was investigated as a means of storing excess animals temporarily.
SOME RESULTS OF A PILOT PROJECT ON FRESHWATER PRAWN CULTURE IN JAMAICA
Authors: Provenzano Anthony J.
Published: September 2010

Three ponds constructed in southwest Jamaica were stocked with postlarval and juvenile Macrobrachium rosenbergii which had been reared at Ocean Protein Corporation's hatchery in Dania, Florida. Results from one 0.2 ha pond are presented. A variety of commercial and experimental chows was fed. No attempt was made to estimate the population between stocking and harvesting. Growth was considered satisfactory. Bird predation appeared to be a factor in overall mortalities, but did not prevent substantial qualities from being harvested.
POSSIBLE USES OF PELAGIC SEAWEED AS A MARICULTURE SUBSTRATE
Authors: Werner Edgar , Harris James A.
Published: September 2010

Open‐ocean mariculture might have considerable advantages in large‐scale production over usual tank and closed‐bay techniques. Most of the benefits would lie in the elimination of closed systems which require extensive power for water circulation and are subject to the rapid spread of chemical pollutants and disease. In tropical and subtropical waters pelagic sargassum is suggested as a medium for mariculture. Sargassum could be utilized in shallow water as cover, with the concomitant life forms (i.e. plankton, crustaceans, etc.) as a food supply for juveniles such as Coryphaena sp. Some benthic forms, molluska for example, might produce higher yields under cover of sargassum than on reefs or platforms. Studies could also be made on the relationship of seaweed to eels and turtles with a view towards developing culture methods. Deep water platforms might be based under the sargassum mass to eliminate pollution problems associated with nearby land masses.

As a byproduct of mariculture, the sargassum would provide the basis for a local alginate extraction industry.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MARICULTURE INDUSTRY IN BAJA CALIFORNIA
Authors: Glenn Richard D.
Published: September 2010

Commercial harvest of fishes, crustaceans, and shellfish is declining near Baja California. Mariculture is beginning in hopes of offsetting the decline.
CAGE CULTURE OF SOME MARINE FISHES IN THE INTAKE AND DISCHARGE CANALS OF A STEAM — ELECTRIC GENERATING STATION, GALVESTON BAY, TEXAS
Authors: Marcello Rocco A. , Strawn Kirk
Published: September 2010

Several species of marine fishes were cultured in cages in the intake and discharge canals of the P. H. Robinson Generating Station on Galveston Bay, Texas. Survival in the intake canal cages of Atlantic croaker (Micropogon undulatus), pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides), Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus), white mullet (Mugil curema), spot (Leiostomus xanthurus), and black drum (Pogonias cromis) was on the average 70% or greater, while that of pigfish (Orthopristis chrysoptera), Gulf kingfish (Menticirrhus littoralis), and silver perch (Bairdiella chrysura) was less than 70%. With the exception of pinfish, survival of caged fish in the discharge canal was extremely poor. Gas‐bubble disease was the probable cause of their mortality. Only croaker and pompano adapted to surface feeding in cages. Croaker, pinfish, and pompano cultured in cages were rated acceptable by a 12‐member taste panel. Mean taste evaluation scores for croaker, pinfish, and pompano for the appearance, flavor, and overall satisfaction categories were not significantly different (P=0.01). After about 1 year in the water, most cages used in the intake canal were in goad condition, but those located in the discharge canal were in poor condition.
SALMONID CULTURE IN CLOSED SYSTEMS
Authors: Meade Thomas L.
Published: September 2010

The production of salmonids has been a continuing goal of the University of Rhode Island, Marine Experiment Station since 1968. Unfavorable climatic and hydrological conditions necessitated the adoption of cultural systems capable of sustained production. All phases of production from incubation to grow out have been carried out in a controlled environment water re‐use system. Problems encountered in the development and operation of these systems are discussed. Data developed to date indicate that water re‐use systems are technically feasible for all phases of production and dependence upon large volumes of high quality natural water are greatly reduced. Preliminary studies also indicate that marine environments suitable for salmonid culture can be created and maintained at locations remote from the coast.
COMPARATIVE GROWTH OF POMPANO (Trachinotus carolinus) IN SUSPENDED CAGES RECEIVING DIETS OF A FLOATING TROUT CHOW WITH THOSE RECEIVING A MIXTURE OF 50% TROUT CHOW AND 50% SINKING RATION
Authors: Tatum Walter M.
Published: September 2010

The Alabama Marine Resources Division has been engaged in culturing pompano (Trachinotus carolinus Lin.) in suspended cages since 1969. Tests in 1972 demonstrated that Purina Trout Chow (a complete floating ration) was superior to a complete sinking ration for pompano in gain produced, food conversion and percent survival. Stocking densities of 263, 394, 526 to 657 pompano/m3 cage volume demonstrated that individual growth was best at the lower stocking densities but that total weight gained/cage was best at the higher stocking densities. A maximum standing crop of 49.5 kg of pompano/m3 cage volume was attained during the 103‐day culture period.
THE GROWTH, SURVIVAL, AND FEEDING BEHAVIOR OF REDFISH (Sciaenops ocellata) IN PONDS RECEIVING HEATED DISCHARGE WATER FROM A POWER PLANT
Authors: Luebke Richard W. , Strawn Kirk
Published: September 2010

One hundred young redfish (Sciaenops ocellata) were caught by hook and line fishing and stocked in two 0.1 ha ponds. The ponds, located near Baytown, Texas on the Galveston Bay complex, received heated discharge water from the Cedar Bayou Generating Station of the Houston Lighting and Power Company. Once established in the ponds, the fish were taught to eat Purina trout chow pellets. The ponds were drained periodically and redfish were counted, weighed, and measured. Eighty‐three fish were alive at the end of the study. Mean daily weight and length gain in the two ponds were 3.15 g and 2.69 g and 0.76 mm and 0.85 mm, respectively. Food conversion values ranged from 2.70 to 6.61. Mean KSL values ranged from 1.67 to 1.94.
GENERAL CONSIDERATION OF POBLEMS IN SHRIMP NUTRITION1
Authors: Zein‐Eldin Zoula P. , Meyers Samuel P.
Published: September 2010

There are four problems which face the shrimp nutritionist. These are (1) selection of optimal experimental environment, (2) the inherent variability among shrimp, (3) the selection of the form of food and its ingredients, and (4) the presentation of the data in a form useful both to other investigators and to the commercial mariculturist. Data illustrative of each of these problems are presented, and a request is made for the presentation of certain minimal information in each shrimp nutritional study.
URGENT PROBLEMS OF MOLLUSKAN FARMING
Authors: Loosanoff Victor L.
Published: September 2010

The article emphasizes some of the most urgent problems facing molluskan farmers. Among them is the need for developing methods that will rapidly purify mollusks feeding on toxic forms of plankton and thus becoming toxic themselves. Better understanding of the physiology of nutrition with commercial mollusks, and development and a broad use of specially prepared foods are other urgent problems to be solved. Studies of epizootics and devising means for their control is also an important field that should be enlarged on an international basis. Questions of radical changes in laws referring to mariculture, and the need for training of future mariculturists are briefly discussed in the article.
What's the problem with gender‐based analysis? Gender mainstreaming policy and practice in Canada
Authors: Paterson Stephanie
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Gender “mainstreaming” is an important concept in feminist politics because it integrates a gendered perspective into all policy‐ and decision‐making. However, while most scholars agree that gender mainstreaming has the potential to transform social relations, to date it has been limited and delivered only marginal benefits for a few women. In the Canadian context, scholars have pointed to several contextual and conceptual issues that limit the transformative potential of gender‐based analysis. While such studies have contributed to our understanding of the impacts of gender mainstreaming, the author suggests that we must also explore the creative or productive dimensions of mainstreaming. When we do so, we see that gender mainstreaming constructs a new form of worker: the “gender expert,” who is then given authority to analyse, monitor and suggest interventions based on “expert analysis.” From this perspective, gender analysis becomes a “technology of rule,” constructing gender experts whose power ultimately goes unscrutinized in the context of the organization, thus obscuring the ways in which gender systems are reproduced or fractured by gender mainstreaming itself. In closing, the author calls for a reorientation of gender mainstreaming, away from an analytic approach that focuses only on the instrumental effects of policies and towards an approach that illuminates both the instrumental and creative impacts of policies.
Planning without guidance: Canadian defence policy and planning, 1993–2004
Authors: Hartfiel Robert Michael
Published: September 2010

Abstract: The decade between the release of Canada's 1994 White Paper on Defence and its 2005 International Policy Statement was a period of crisis within the Canadian Forces. The Forces' operational tempo increased significantly even as the defence budget was cut by a quarter. Defence issues were perceived to have very little profile in Ottawa, and military officers felt their concerns were not being heard. Despite rapid changes in the global security environment, dramatic budget cuts, and frequent deployments, the government failed to update its policy guidance to reflect these new challenges. However, the Canadian Forces gradually learned to survive in the absence of political guidance. Defence planners initiated a number of reforms aimed at anticipating future missions, preserving combat capabilities, and winning more resources. Drawing on a series of interviews with senior military officers and civilian officials at the Department of National Defence and a reading of the relevant literature on Canadian defence policy and strategic planning, the author examines the process of adaptation, focusing particular attention on the adoption of capabilities‐based planning for resource allocation and mitigating risk. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of these developments for civil–military relations in Canada and presents a case for institutional reform.
Genotypes, Antibiotic Resistance Profiles and Microarray‐Based Characterization of Methicillin‐Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Livestock and Veterinarians in Switzerland
Authors: Huber H. , Giezendanner N. , Stephan R. , Zweifel C.
Published: September 2010

Using different typing methods (MLST, spa‐, SCCmec‐ and agr‐typing), PFGE and DNA microarray‐based chip analysis, we characterized 20 MRSA strains isolated from livestock and veterinarians. PFGE analysis after macrorestriction with EagI provided seven different band patterns, which could be grouped into four clusters. One cluster consisted of all MRSA ST398 strains isolated from pigs, calves, mastitis milk and two veterinarians. One strain of ST398 from a veterinarian and the two strains of ST1 and ST8 formed the three other clusters. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that 15 of 20 strains were resistant to ampicillin, cefoxitin, clindamycin, erythromycin, oxacillin, penicillin and tetracycline. All strains were susceptible to rifampin and vancomycin, 19 were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and 18 were susceptible to sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim. Genes encoding different enterotoxins, leukotoxins and haemolysins were found in certain strains.
Outside Participation in Canadian Advertising Self‐Regulation
Authors: Boddewyn J.J.
Published: September 2010

The Canadian advertising self‐regulatory system has been an innovative one, pioneering in such areas as the involvement of “outside'' non‐industry members, the preclearance of children and feminine‐hygiene commercials as well as the handling of sex‐stereotypes and of multiculturalism in advertising.

Most of these developments have been in reaction to government and consumerist pressures: and they have burdened a relatively understaffed and underfinanced system. As such, they reveal the flexibility and innovativeness of advertising self‐regulation in dealing with the “taste, opinion and decency'' issue but also its current limits.

The use of outsiders coming mainly from the consumer and feminist movements has been quite successful, thereby revealing the gradual shift away from pure self‐regulation where only industry members are involved. This Canadian innovation is now spreading in other countries.

Le système d'autoréglementation de la publicité, au Canada, a été innovateur. II a été à l'avant‐garde dans des domaines tels que le recours à des arbitres qui ne sont pas membres de la profession, l'approbation préalable des annonces destinées aux enfants et aux femmes, le traitement des stéréotypes sexuels et du multi‐culturalisme.

Ces nouvelles pratiques ont été introduites en réponse aux pressions des gouvernements et des consommateurs. Elles ont taxé un système dont les dotations en ressources humaines et financières étaient insuffisantes. En conséquence, elles ont démontré la souplesse et la créativité de l'autoréglementation lorsqu'il s'agit de traiter de questions de “goǔt, d'opinion et de décence.'' Mais elles ont montré également ses limites.

Le recours à des arbitres externes issus des mouvements féministes et des consommateurs a pleinement réussi et montre que l'on s'éloigne graduellement de l'autorégulation pure, qui ne fait appel qu'aux membres de la profession. Cette innovation canadienne est en voie d'adoption par d'autres pays.
Determinants of Industrial Effectiveness
Authors: Brown John L. , Schneck Rodney E.
Published: September 2010

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of 71 Canadian manufacturing and mining industries. Profit is used to measure effectiveness while size, diversification, competition, capital intensity, foreign control, age and structure are the independent variables. The results show that foreign control, age and diversification have significant relationships to profit. Size, capital intensity, structure and competition showed no significant effect on the measures of profit.

Cette étude porte sur les résultats, représentés par les profits, de 71 industries minières et manufacturières au Canada. La taille, la diversification, la concurrence, l'intensité de l'emploi du capital, le contrôl étranger, l'âge et la structure de l'industrie sont les variables indépendantes. On découvre que le contrôle étranger, l'âge et la diversification sont reliés aux profits de façon statistiquement significative. Il n'en va pas ainsi pour la taille, l'utilisation du capital et la concurrence.
Job Satisfaction and Absenteeism
Authors: McShane Steven L.
Published: September 2010

The assumption that those who are dissatisfied with various aspects of their jobs try to minimize this dissatisfaction temporarily through voluntary absenteeism has been questioned in recent years. Specifically, several reviews of the literature have found that the studies with significant job satisfaction‐absenteeism correlations are in the distinct minority. Using meta‐analytic techniques, this study re‐examines the correlations between these two variables published since 1962. Based on 106 correlations from 29 independent studies, the results indicate that only satisfaction with promotions is uncorrelated with voluntary absenteeism and that absence frequency is a better indicator of voluntary absenteeism than is the number of days lost. The study also reports that the age and tenure of a given sample, the length of time over which the absenteeism data were collected, and the year that the study was published moderate the job‐satisfaction‐absenteeism relationship. Other factors which might attenuate the magnitude of the computed association between these two variables are also discussed.

On a récemment mis en doute l'hypothèse selon laquelle les employés insatisfaits s'absentent volontairement de leur travail afin de minimiser provisoirement leur insatisfaction. En particulier, plusieurs synthèses des travaux de recherche ont conclu que les études qui ont découvert une corrélation significative entre l'absentéisme et la satisfaction constituent une minorité. A l'aide de techniques meta‐analytiques, on a procédé à un ré‐examen des analyses de corrélation entre ces deux variable publiées depuis 1962. Fondés sur les 106 coefficients de 29 études indépendantes, nos résultats montrent que seule l'insatisfaction à l'égard des promotions n'est pas reliée à l'absentéisme volontaire et que la fréquence des absences est une meilleure mesure de l'absentéisme que leur durée. On constate aussi que l'âge, la permanence, la longueur de la période pendant laquelle on a collecté les statistiques et leur année de publication ont un effet sur la mesure de la relation satisfaction‐absentéisme. D'autres facteurs qui peuvent atténuer cette relation sont également étudiés.
The Future of Organization Development in Canada
Authors: Adler Nancy J.
Published: September 2010

Organization Development (OD) is an approach to managing and changing organizations which has been developed in the United States and, to a large extent, applied within the American context. This study describes the current, ideal, and future role of OD within a similar, although not identical, culture to the United States – Canada. First, fifty‐six English and French speaking Canadian OD consultants were interviewed and subsequently seventy‐five responded to a questionnaire. It was found that Canadian OD consultants (1) see the core of their professional activities remaining the same over the next decade, (2) would ideally like to increase the breadth of their OD activities and the intensity of involvement with each activity, (3) see a changing focus from micro level activities emphasizing individuals and small groups to macro level activities emphasizing the systemic nature of the whole organization and its relationship to the environment, (4) see little consistency among themselves in their day‐to‐day activities—each consultant is involved in a different set of activities which he or she then labels as OD, and (5) vary more in their opinions, activities, and predictions about the future of the field by role (internal vs external consultant vs academic) than by either gender or culture.

On appelle développement organisationnel (D.O.) une méthode de gestion et de changement des organisations qui a été développée aux Etats‐Unis, pays où, dans une large mesure, ont été confinées ses applications. La présente étude traite du rôle présent, idéal et futur du D.O. au Canada, dont le milieu culturel est similaire, mais non identique, à celui des stats‐Unis. Cinquante‐six consultants canadiens en D.O., anglophones et francophones, ont été interviewés et soixante‐quinze ont répondu à un questionnaire. Les résultats des observations sont les suivants: 1) Les conseillers croient que l'essentiel de leur pratique professionnelle ne changera pas au cours de la prochaine décennie. 2) Ils professent l'idéal d'élargir le champ de leurs activités en D.O. et l'intensité de leur engagement dans chacune d'entre elles. 3) Ils prévoient que l'accent passera des activités qui mettent en relief les individus et les petits groupes à celles qui portent sur le caractère systémique de l'organisation et ses relations avec son milieu. 4) Les consultants ne décèlent pas beaucoup de traits communs dans leurs tâches quotidiennes: chacun s'adonne à des travaux différents auxquels il accole le nom de D.O. 5) Enfin, les opinions, activités et prévisions au sujet de l'avenir de la discipline sont plus affectées par le rôle du répondant, à savoir son état de consultant interne, externe ou universitaire, que par son sexe ou sa culture.
Consumer Warranties
Authors: Clarke T.K. , Gaudette David , Bowick Mike
Published: September 2010

In recognition of consumers' interest in quality, many firms are now making claims based on their warranties. In order for consumers to judge these claims it is necessary that they be able to understand the warranty itself. The research presented here indicates that the readability of many Canadian warranties is very difficult and that large numbers of people cannot understand the warranties available with many products. The possibility of further government intervention into this area of business is also discussed.

L'intérêt des consommateurs pour la qualité des produits qu'ils achètent a conduit plusieurs entreprises à fonder leurs prétentions sur la garantie qu'ils offrent. Le client doit donc en comprendre le libellé. Cette étude indique que les garanties attachées à de nombreux produits canadiens sont d'une lecture très difficile et qu'un grand nombre de personnes ne peuvent les comprendre. On étudie également la possibilité de nouvelles interventions gouvernementales en ce domaine.
Prediction of Peer Rating in a Military Assessment Center
Authors: Tziner Aharon
Published: September 2010

One hundred and two female applicants were accepted for officer training after having first been evaluated for fitness as officers in an assessment centre. Peer rating score, a composite score of situational exercise ratings, assessors' consensus ratings and intelligence scores obtained in the assessment program were validated against performance in training. Whereas the last three were found to be very effective predictors, the peer rating had no unique contribution to explained variance in performance in training. Of the one hundred and two, only sixty‐seven were then observed in military units. After a year their performance as officers was appraised. The predicting measures of the assessment program were correlated against this type of performance criteria also, and only one emerged as valid. However, when combined using regression weights, a multiple correlation coefficient of .34 was obtained. The peer rating measure proved to have no unique contribution to explained variance even in this type of performance.

Cent deux candidates ont été acceptées dans un programme de formation d'officiers après que leurs aptitudes eurent été évaluées dans un bureau d'évaluation. Les résultats de l'évaluation par les pairs, des exercices de mise en situation, du jugement collectif des spécialistes et des tests d'intelligence furent comparés au succès à l'entraînement. Alors que la valeur prédictive des trois dernières méthodes est élevée, celle de l'évaluation par les pairs ne contribue pas à l'explication de la variance des résultats de l'entraînement.

Le comportement de soixante‐sept des cent deux candidates a été étudié pendant l'année qui a suivi leur incorporation à l'armée. On a également établi une corrélation entre les résultats des diverses méthodes d'évaluation et le succès comme officiers: une seule d'entre elles a semblé valable. Cependant, une mesure combinée fondée sur une analyse de régression permet d'obtenir un coefficient de corrélation multiple de .34. Même dans ce cas, l'évaluation par les pairs ne contribue pas à l'explication de la variance des résultats.
Costing Effective versus Ineffective Work Relationships: A Method and a First Look
Authors: Janz Tom , Tjosvold Dean
Published: September 2010

Effective work relationships have been considered a critical component of organizational effectiveness, but the benefits and costs have not been documented in dollar amounts. This study offers a method and a first look at costing the consequences of effective versus ineffective interaction between employees. Results indicating the considerable costs of ineffective interaction underscore the central role of relationships in organizations and their contribution to an organization's success. These costs also suggest that organizations have an opportunity to save money by reducing destructive interaction. The expense of ineffective interaction suggests needed managerial action and future research.

Résumé

Des relations de travail efficaces chez les employés constituent, semble‐t‐il, un des principaux éléments responsables de l'efficacité générale d'une entreprise. Une valeur précise n'y a cependant jamais été rattachée. Cette étude présente pour la première fois une méthode permettant d'évaluer comparativement les coǔts rattachés à l'efficacité de měme qu'à l'inefficacité des relations entre employés. Les résultats, qui indiquent les coǔts importants qu'entraǐnent les relations inefficaces entre employés, soulignent leur rǒle central au sein de l'entreprise de měme que leur contribution à son succès ou à son échec. Il est également suggéré qu'une entreprise peut réduire ses coǔts en réduisant les instances d'interaction négative entre employés et suggère la nécessité d'intervention de la part de la direction et de recherches plus poussées sur la question.
The Power Motive and Organizational Structure: A Micro‐Macro Connection
Authors: Medcof John W.
Published: September 2010

A model is described which includes a taxonomy of the power‐motive profiles of individuals‐a taxonomy of situational types based upon power considerations and a conceptual link among organizational structure, power‐situation type, and individual power motives. The model provides a theoretical connection between micro and macro theories of organizational behaviour and adds some clarification and system to nPow theory.

Résumé

Le modèle décrit inclut la taxonomie des caractéristiques d'attraction au pouvoir des individus‐une taxonomie de situations diverses fondée sur des considérations relatives au pouvoir et sur le lien conceptuel reliant la structure organisationnelle, le type de pouvoir découlant de la situation, et les motivations individuelles. Ce modèle prouve le lien théorique entre les théories micro et macro‐économiques du comportement organisationnel, et clarifie et systématise la théorie nPow.
Optimal Rationing Policies and Production Quantities for Products with Several Demand Classes
Authors: Gerchak Yigal , Parlar Mahmut , Yee Tony K.M.
Published: September 2010

This paper considers a situation in which several distinct classes of customers exist for a single product or service in a fixed, finite planning period. If such a product is also perishable and if backlogging is not permitted, it may sometimes be worthwhile to reject “low‐revenue customers” upon arrival, depending on the number of units on hand and time left until the end of the period. The objectives of this study are to derive optimal rationing policies at any state of the planning period and to formulate a procedure for calculating the optimal production quantity at the beginning of the period for various cost (production) functions, given that an optimal rationing policy is to be followed. The approach used is backward‐recursion dynamic programming.

Résumé

Ce mémoire examine une situation dans laquelle plusieurs classes distinctes de clients existent pour un seul produit ou service au cours d'une période de planification déterminée. Si cette denrée est également périssable et que le stockage n'est pas permis, il est parfois avantageux de rejeter les “clients à bas revenus,” tout dépendant du nombre d'unités en main et du temps qui reste avant la fin de la période. Les objectifs de l'éude visent à créer des politiques de rationnement optimal au cours de la période de planification et de formuler une méthode de calcul des quantités optimales de production en début de période relativement à plusieurs fonctions relatives au coǔt (production), compte tenu de l'application d'une politique de rationnement optimal. Il s'agit ici de programmation dynamique à récursivité rétrograde.
Increased Competition and Canada's Domestic and International Trade Flows
Authors: MacCharles D.C.
Published: September 2010

Many Canadian manufacturers have high unit costs compared to their foreign competitors because of their small size, high levels of product diversity, and quality of management. The increasing competition over the 1970s would have caused such manufacturers to increase their scale and specialization in order to improve productivity and reduce costs. Such rationalization would lead to increased intra‐industry trade (iit) in which both imports and exports increase together for many firms and industries. This paper presents the results of research on the extent of domestic and international IIT for Canada. The analysis uses data on imports and exports collected at the level of the enterprise, disaggregated by sector of control and size of enterprise. The results of the analysis show thatiitis significant in many industries with greater foreign than Canadian involvement. One policy implication is that attempts to curtail imports in order to increase employment would only reduce the process of rationalization and in the long‐run reduce rather than increase employment in the manufacturing sector.

Plusieurs fabricants canadiens accusent des coûts unitaires élevés par rapport à leurs concurrents étrangers en raison de la petite taille de leur entreprise, de la très grande diversité des produits et de la qualité de leur gestion. Une concurrence accrue au cours des années 1970 aurait dû, en principe, mener ces fabricants à produire davantage et de façon plus spécialisée pour augmenter la productivité et réduire les coûts. Ce type de rationalisation aurait dû, à son tour, produire une augmentation du commerce intra‐industriel (iit) et augmenter le volume des importations et des exportations de plusieurs entreprises. Ce mémoire présente les résultats d'une étude sur l'étendue du commerceiitdomestique et étranger au Canada. L'analyse a été effectuée à l'aide de données concernant les importations et les exportations qui ont été recueillies auprès d'entreprises et classées selon la nature de leur contrôle et la taille de l'entreprise. Les résultats de l'analyse démontrent que le commerceiitest considérable pour plusieurs entreprises mais qu'il prévaut dans le cas des entreprises dont le contrôle est étranger, par opposition aux entreprises dont le contrôle est canadien. Ces résultats impliquent donc que des politiques visant à réduire les importations pour augmenter l'emploi n'auraient pour effet que d'entraver le processus de rationalisation et réduire à long terme l'emploi dans le secteur manufacturier.
Quelques Facteurs explicatifs du délai dans la production et la divulgation de l'information comptable
Authors: Zéghal Daniel
Published: September 2010

Les préoccupations comptables ont été jusqu'à maintenant principalement orientées vers l'amélioration du contenu des états financiers. L'intérêt porté au processus de production des informations comptables et de façon particulière au délai s'inscrit dans une perspective moderne qui veut que le produit comptable soit considéré comme un bien économique qui a son marché, ses concurrents, ses substituts et aussi ses coûts et ses avantages.

Selon la littérature comptable contemporaine, la publication en temps opportun est une caractéristique importante que doivent posséder les données comptables en raison de leur utilité présumée et plus particulièrement en raison du rôle qu'elles doivent jouer dans un marché des capitaux efficient.

Les résultats de cette recherche suggèrent que certaines caractéristiques de l'entreprise, tels que son Industrie d'appurtenance, son risque et sa taille, affectent le délai dans la production et la publication des rapports comptables.

Ces résultats peuvent être potentiellement utile pour les groupes responsables de la normalisation comptable, les utilisateurs des états financiers et dans le développement de critères pour juger de l'efficacité du processus comptable.

Until very recently, accounting has been primarily concerned with improving the contents of financial statements. Interest in the process of producing financial reports, and more particularly their timeliness, is in keeping with a modern perspective which regards the financial product as an economic good with its own market, competitors, substitutes, costs, and advantages.

According to contemporary accounting literature, timely publication is an important characteristic of financial data because of its presumed utility and more particularly, because of the role it plays in an efficient capital market.

The results of this research suggest that certain characteristics of the company, such as the industry specialization, risk factor, and size affect the time frame in which financial reports are produced and published.

These results would be of potential use for those groups responsible for accounting standards, financial reports, and the development of criteria to judge the effectiveness of the accounting process.