bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A legislação brasileira e a arquitetura do Centro de Referência em Assistência Social - CRAS na Amazônia: o caso do município de Laranjal do Jari, Amapá
Authors: Mira Carolina Rola , Figueiredo Cibelly
Published: July 2024

Esta pesquisa investiga a evolução das propostas de assistência social no Brasil desde a metade do século XX até a atualidade com ênfase no surgimento do Centro de Referência em Assistência Social - CRAS, objeto principal deste estudo. Para destacar as peculiaridades regionais e legais de um CRAS na Amazônia, com o intuito de analisar sua edificação e suas reais necessidades, foi escolhido o CRAS localizado no município de Laranjal do Jari, no sudeste do estado do Amapá e na fronteira com o estado do Pará. O método para apreensão de dados consistiu em revisão bibliográfica, entrevistas de caráter exploratório e levantamento cadastral arquitetônico. Dessa forma, a pesquisa, além de desenvolver um histórico das políticas de assistência social no Brasil, analisa a aplicação prática das diretrizes construtivas a partir do contexto amazônico, a fim de gerar contribuições para o programa arquitetônico do CRAS. Nesse contexto, o estudo revela os desafios na implementação de ações sociais relacionadas às questões estruturais das edificações vinculadas ao centro. A análise da infraestrutura nos mostra que as inadequações comprometem a oferta desses serviços e as adaptações de edificações para esse fim geralmente não atendem às questões de clima local e de acessibilidade.
Oligosaccharide Profile of Milk from 60 Mothers Breastfeeding of Infants Aged 45 Days in Abidjan, Ivory Coast
Authors: Ble Matogoma Digbé , Koumi Dorothée Marie , Bonouma Joel , Kouamé Patou Henri , Thodekes Yao
Published: July 2024

Introduction: Breast milk contains essential macro and micronutrients for infant maturation. Among these macronutrients are oligosaccharides, considered prebiotics. They are the third most abundant component of breast milk after lipids and lactose, and their concentrations are influenced by various factors, including maternal dietary habits. This study aims to evaluate the effect of two dietary habits on the variation of the oligosaccharide profile in breast milk.
Methods: The study involved 60 mothers of full-term, exclusively breastfed infants. Five (5) ml milk samples were collected from mothers of 45-day-old infants, and a questionnaire on the frequency of consumption of staple foods and fruits was administered. The correlation between the concentrations of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and 2’-fucosyllactose (2’-FSL) and the dietary habits of breastfeeding mothers was analyzed using SPSS statistical software.
Results: The average concentrations of Neu5Ac and 2’-FSL in mature breast milk were 2.20 ± 0.83 and 1.19 ± 0.56 g/L for mothers consuming rice with peanut sauce (R-PS) and 2.45 ± 0.65 and 1.76 ± 0.66 g/L for those consuming attiéké with fried fish (A-FF). Statistical analyses revealed no significant difference (P > 0.05) in oligosaccharide content between the milk of mothers who consumed R-PS and A-FF. However, there was a positive correlation between the frequency of fruit consumption and the occurrence of gastroenteritis in infants (r = 0.504) and a significant decrease in the 2’-fucosyllactose content in the milk of A-FF mothers who consumed oranges 3 to 5 times a week (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: The consumption of R-PS and A-FF, along with moderate fruit consumption, positively influences the oligosaccharide profile of breast milk. Particular attention should be given to nutritional education during lactation due to its potential impact on infant health through microbiota development.
Study on the Fish Diversity and Distribution of Chromatophores in Some Fishes Inhabiting Manawar Tawi, Rajouri(J&K), India
Authors: Kaur Satinder , Raina Sarita , Jangral Sapana
Published: July 2024

The present study on fish diversity from Manawar Tawi, Rajouri (J&K) was carried out for the period of three months from September 2023 to November 2023. Fishes are very important from biodiversity point of view. Therefore, during the present survey, total six fish species belonging to five genera and two families were collected and identified in this region. Also the distribution of different chromatophores was studied in the fish Labeo boga. This study emphasizes the importance of conducting regular surveys in order to analyse the impact of anthropogenic activities on the fish diversity and impact of pollution on the distribution of chromatophores.
Aufteilung von Gesamtvergütungen bei immateriellen Wirtschaftsgütern — Veranlassungszusammenhang bei vergleichbaren Wertbeiträgen
Authors: Frey Johannes , Schmid Florian
Published: July 2024

Immaterielle Wirtschaftsgüter wie Marken- oder Patentrechte werden oftmals im Bündel übertragen oder lizenziert. Regelmäßig bedarf es einer Aufteilung, etwa wenn nur ein Teil der Vergütung der beschränkten Steuerpflicht unterliegt. Die zugrunde liegenden steuerlichen Fragen sind bislang wenig behandelt. Anhand der sog. Registerfälle werden Umfang der beschränkten Steuerpflicht sowie Fragen der Aufteilung diskutiert. Dabei wird der Fokus auf Fälle gelegt, in denen sich der Schutzbereich der relevanten Rechte überlagert.
Entwicklungen und Besonderheiten zum Gestaltungsmissbrauch in Österreich
Authors: Wimpissinger Christian
Published: July 2024

In Anbetracht der Gesetzgebung der EU und auf nationaler Ebene, die BEPS-Maßnahmen und die globale Mindestbesteuerung der Pillar 2 umsetzt, ist die Frage gerechtfertigt, ob die Missbrauchsbestimmung des § 22 Bundesabgabenordnung (BAO) überhaupt noch relevant ist. Die klare Antwort ist: ja, insbesondere bei Ausschüttungen ins Ausland, bei möglicherweise meldepflichtigen Transaktionen nach DAC6 oder bei Umstrukturierungen, die grenzüberschreitende Folgen haben. Zudem zeigt nicht nur die nationale Rechtsprechung die Aktualität des Themas, sondern auch jüngere Entscheidungen des EuGH. Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Einblick in die Entwicklungen des Abgabenmissbrauchs der nahen Vergangenheit und welche Schlüsse sich daraus für die Praxis in Österreich ergeben auch aus finanzstrafrechtlicher Sicht.
Alternative ways to evaluate a seasonal dynamical downscaling system
Authors: Shin D. W. , Cocke Steve
Published: December 2013

The value added by dynamically downscaling using a regional climate model, compared to using only a global climate model, is explicitly unveiled by using nontraditional skill evaluation statistics. The conventional model evaluation methods, such as temporal correlation of seasonal average rainfall, cannot always demonstrate the value of dynamically downscaled data. One of our primary alternative metrics for evaluating downscaling methodologies is comparing crop yields simulated using the downscaled data, assuming nonirrigated conditions, to yields simulated using observations. Rainfed crops in the southeast United States are very sensitive to water stress. In fact, these crops are often more sensitive to periods of wet/dry spells than to seasonal rainfall totals. Thus, using crop models as a performance metric provides an alternative to simply evaluating the prediction/simulation of the seasonal mean of some particular meteorological variables and has more practical relevance. Furthermore, while the discovery of climate signals contributing to total summertime precipitation variability remains elusive, our results suggest that dynamical regional models may better simulate intraseasonal variability than simply the anomalies of the seasonal mean, which further justify their usefulness in application models.
AMPA
Receptors
Authors: Lu Wei , Roche Katherine W
Published: December 2013

Neuronal communication relies on rapid signalling via chemical synapses. Glutamate receptors mediate the majority of excitatory neurotransmission in the central nervous system. At excitatory synapses, glutamate is released and binds to a variety of glutamate receptors. Among these, α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methylisoxazole‐4‐propionic acid (AMPA) receptors mediate most of the fast excitatory synaptic transmission. In addition, AMPA receptors play a critical role in the synaptic plasticity underlying learning and memory and neuronal development. When the regulation of synaptic expression of AMPA receptors goes awry, devastating neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases can occur. Since their cloning in the 1990s, much has been learned about the structure, assembly and trafficking of AMPA receptors. Exciting new advances in AMPA receptor research have offered unprecedented opportunities to understand dynamic regulation of AMPA receptor structure and function in brain.

Key Concepts:

AMPA receptors mediate fast glutamatergic synaptic transmission.

Crystal structure of AMPA receptors shows unexpected domain organisation.

Regulation of synaptic expression of AMPA receptors is highly dynamic.

AMPA receptor modulation and/or trafficking mediates LTP.

AMPA receptors are structurally diverse.

Subunit composition of AMPA receptors varies at different synapses.

Post‐translational modifications of AMPA receptors regulate trafficking and function.

AMPA receptor dysfunction is involved in diseases.
Ecological Character Displacement
Authors: Grant Peter R
Published: December 2013

Some morphological differences between closely related species living in the same environment have been enhanced by natural selection resulting from competition between the species or the negative effects of interbreeding. These evolutionary changes are known as ecological and reproductive character displacement, respectively. Ecological character displacement, the subject of this article, helps us to understand how complex communities are built up from simpler ones through ecological adjustments of the constituent species. It also may be involved in the late stages in speciation when formerly allopatric populations come together in sympatry. Examples are given from studies of birds in nature and sticklebacks in experiments. There are few cases of ecological character displacement in nature where the evidence is sufficiently strong to demonstrate evolution by natural selection and to rule out alternative explanations of the causes. These have been supplemented by experiments: there is scope and need for more.

Key Concepts:

Character displacement is a process of evolutionary divergence of coexisting species.

Competition for resources, such as food, is reduced as a result of divergence.

Natural selection causes the evolutionary change.

Closely related species differ in morphology more in sympatry than in allopatry.

Experiments attempt to recreate conditions that are conducive to character displacement in nature.

Solitary species are released from competition and broaden their ecological niches.

Character displacement helps to explain how complex communities of potential competitors develop from simple ones.

Character displacement is one of several types of evolutionary adjustments made by coexisting species.

Its signature should be seen most clearly in young adaptive radiations.

The main question about character displacement is not whether it occurs but how important it is.
Golgi: Methods for Preparation
Authors: Tang Danming , Wang Yanzhuang
Published: December 2013

The study of Golgi structure and function has been greatly facilitated by the purification of this membrane organelle from cellular homogenates. Purified Golgi membranes have been used in a variety of cell‐free assays to investigate sugar modifications, vesicle transport, Golgi structure formation and Golgi–cytoskeleton interactions. Golgi membranes can be purified from cells and tissues using a number of different methods, with liver as a preferred source. Highly purified Golgi stacks can be obtained after two sequential density gradient centrifugations of rat liver homogenate. The relative purity of the prepared Golgi stacks is assessed by measuring the increase in activity of a Golgi enzyme, β‐1,4‐galactosyltransferase (GalT), over that of the total liver homogenate. A typical preparation can yield milligrams of Golgi membranes that are purified 80‐ to 100‐fold over the homogenate and 60–70% in stacks, which provides abundant material for both structural and functional studies of this organelle.

Key Concepts:

The Golgi apparatus is an essential membrane‐bound organelle in the centre of the secretory pathway in almost all eukaryotic cells.

The primary function of the Golgi is to modify and package proteins and lipids into transport carriers and send them to the proper locations.

Golgi can be separated from other membranous organelles by density gradient centrifugation.

Glycosyl transferases are used as marker enzymes to monitor the yield and purity of the purified Golgi apparatus during Golgi preparation.

Purified Golgi membranes can be used in a variety of cell‐free assays to investigate sugar modifications, vesicle transport, Golgi structure formation and Golgi–cytoskeleton interactions.
Genotype–Phenotype Relationship in Hereditary Hemochromatosis
Authors: Ayres Lachlan RO , Jayasekeran Vanoo , Olynyk John K
Published: December 2013

The majority of patients of northern European descent with hereditary hemochromatosis are homozygous for the C282Y mutation in the
HFE
gene product. A significant proportion of patients with this genotype have elevated iron indices; however, most will not develop symptoms or organ damage. Age, gender and alcohol are the key factors known to influence this wide variation in clinical penetrance. The authors describe the three stages of disease ranging from only genetic abnormality to overt disease and review the other factors that modify the genotype–phenotype relationship. Algorithms for use in clinical practice are included to aid clinicians in diagnosis, risk stratification and treatment.

Key Concepts:

Mutations in the
HFE
gene are relatively common.

The vast majority of patients with iron overload are homozygous for the C282Y mutation in the
HFE
gene product.

Biochemical penetrance, that is, elevated iron stores are present in 70–91% of males and 30–60% of females who are C282Y homozygotes.

End‐organ damage is less common and occurs in approximately one‐quarter of males and 1% of females.

End‐organ damage is extremely unlikely if serum ferritin is less than 1000 µg l
−1
.

The principal modifiers of disease are gender, age and alcohol. The wide variation in expression of clinical disease is largely unexplained.

Various genes have been shown to have variable modifying effects on disease penetrance.

Phlebotomy is a safe and effective treatment that depletes iron stores, prevents end‐organ damage and confers normal life expectancy. It is best initiated on discovery of elevated iron stores, that is, stage‐II or stage‐III disease.
Synonymous Mutations as a Cause of Human Genetic Disease
Authors: Sauna Zuben E , Kimchi‐Sarfaty Chava
Published: December 2013

The genetic code is degenerate, that is, several codons are translated into the same amino acid. Synonymous codon changes that do not alter the protein sequence were considered as having no functional consequence and referred to as ‘silent’. This viewpoint has changed drastically in the past decade. Studies in molecular evolution have established that in all organisms, synonymous codons are under selection pressure and consequently used with different frequencies. These observations have been complemented by biochemical, biophysical and genetic studies that provide mechanistic explanations of how such a codon bias is exploited by the translation machinery of cells to control gene expression, the efficiency of protein folding and the coordinated expression of functionally related gene families. Interest in this phenomenon has been heightened by the association between many synonymous mutations and human diseases. Thus, synonymous mutations, once considered innocuous are increasingly being demonstrated to be important in human diseases, evolution and biotechnology.

Key Concepts:

Synonymous codon changes do not change the amino acid sequence of the translated protein.

Until recently synonymous changes were thought to have no effect on the protein and were called silent.

New studies show that even synonymous nucleotide changes can affect protein folding and function.

Studies in molecular evolution show that even synonymous codons are under selection pressure.

Over 50 human diseases are associated with synonymous mutations.

Synonymous mutations can affect the splicing of precursor mRNAs.

Synonymous mutations can alter the secondary structure of the mRNA and thus affect mRNA stability.

Several codons encode the same amino acid but are not used with the same frequency, this is called codon bias.

Codon bias is used by the translation machinery to regulate the translation speed and accuracy.
Adaptive, maladaptive, mediational, and bidirectional processes of relational and physical aggression, relational and physical victimization, and peer liking
Authors: Kawabata Yoshito , Tseng Wan‐Ling , Crick Nicki R.
Published: December 2013

A three‐wave longitudinal study among ethnically diverse preadolescents (N = 597 at Time 1, ages 9–11) was conducted to examine adaptive, maladaptive, mediational, and bidirectional processes of relational and physical aggression, victimization, and peer liking indexed by peer acceptance and friendships. A series of nested structural equation models tested the hypothesized links among these peer‐domain factors. It was hypothesized that (1) relational aggression trails both adaptive and maladaptive processes, linking to more peer victimization and more peer liking, whereas physical aggression is maladaptive, resulting in more peer victimization and less peer liking; (2) physical and relational victimization is maladaptive, relating to more aggression and less peer liking; (3) peer liking may be the social context that promotes relational aggression (not physical aggression), whereas peer liking may protect against peer victimization, regardless of its type; and (4) peer liking mediates the link between forms of aggression and forms of peer victimization. Results showed that higher levels of peer liking predicted relative increases in relational aggression (not physical aggression), which in turn led to more peer liking. On the other hand, more peer liking was predictive of relative decreases in relational aggression and relational victimization in transition to the next grade (i.e., fifth grade). In addition, relational victimization predicted relative increases in relational aggression and relative decreases in peer liking. Similarly, physical aggression was consistently and concurrently associated more physical victimization and was marginally predictive of relative increases in physical victimization in transition to the next grade. More peer liking predicted relative decreases in physical victimization, which resulted in lower levels of peer liking. The directionality and magnitude of these paths did not differ between boys and girls. Aggr. Behav. 40:273–287, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neutron radiography and numerical simulation of mixing behavior in a reactor for supercritical hydrothermal synthesis
Authors: Sugioka Ken‐ichi , Ozawa Kyohei , Tsukada Takao , Takami Seiichi , Adschiri Tadafumi , Sugimoto Katsumi , Takenaka Nobuyuki , Saito Yasushi
Published: December 2013

We have visualized the distributions of temperature and water density in a tubular flow reactor for supercritical hydrothermal synthesis of nanoparticles by neutron radiography, and investigated the effect of reactor configuration on the mixing behavior in the reactor. Here, three types of reactors were used, and the mixing behaviors of supercritical water and room‐temperature water at a T‐junction in the reactors were observed. As a result, it was revealed that the distributions of temperature and water density in the tubular flow reactors strongly depend on their configurations by neutron radiography. In addition, numerical simulations have been carried out to investigate the flow patterns and temperature distributions in the reactor in detail using the commercial software FLUENT, and it was demonstrated that the numerical results can explain the experimental results obtained by neutron radiography well. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 1168–1175, 2014
Simultaneous synthesis of heat exchanger networks with pressure recovery: Optimal integration between heat and work
Authors: Onishi Viviani C. , Ravagnani Mauro A. S. S. , Caballero José A.
Published: December 2013

The optimal integration between heat and work may significantly reduce the energy demand and consequently the process cost. This article introduces a new mathematical model for the simultaneous synthesis of heat exchanger networks (HENs), in which the pressure levels of the process streams can be adjusted to enhance the heat integration. A superstructure is proposed for the HEN design with pressure recovery, developed via generalized disjunctive programming, and mixed‐integer nonlinear programming formulation. The process conditions (stream temperature and pressure) must be optimized. Furthermore, the approach allows for coupling of the turbines and compressors and selection of the turbines and valves to minimize the total annualized cost, which consists of the operational and capital expenses. The model is tested for its applicability in three case studies, including a cryogenic application. The results indicate that the energy integration reduces the quantity of utilities required, thus decreasing the overall cost. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 893–908, 2014
Hippocampal sclerosis after febrile status epilepticus: The FEBSTAT study
Authors: Lewis Darrell V. , Shinnar Shlomo , Hesdorffer Dale C. , Bagiella Emilia , Bello Jacqueline A. , Chan Stephen , Xu Yuan , MacFall James , Gomes William A. , Moshé Solomon L. , Mathern Gary W. , Pellock John M. , Nordli Douglas R. , Frank L. Matthew , Provenzale James , Shinnar Ruth C. , Epstein Leon G. , Masur David , Litherland Claire , Sun Shumei ,   the FEBSTAT Study Team
Published: December 2013

Objective

Whether febrile status epilepticus (FSE) produces hippocampal sclerosis (HS) and temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) has long been debated. Our objective is to determine whether FSE produces acute hippocampal injury that evolves to HS.

Methods

FEBSTAT and 2 affiliated studies prospectively recruited 226 children aged 1 month to 6 years with FSE and controls with simple febrile seizures. All had acute magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and follow‐up MRI was obtained approximately 1 year later in the majority. Visual interpretation by 2 neuroradiologists informed only of subject age was augmented by hippocampal volumetrics, analysis of the intrahippocampal distribution of T2 signal, and apparent diffusion coefficients.

Results

Hippocampal T2 hyperintensity, maximum in Sommer's sector, occurred acutely after FSE in 22 of 226 children in association with increased volume. Follow‐up MRI obtained on 14 of the 22 with acute T2 hyperintensity showed HS in 10 and reduced hippocampal volume in 12. In contrast, follow‐up of 116 children without acute hyperintensity showed abnormal T2 signal in only 1 (following another episode of FSE). Furthermore, compared to controls with simple febrile seizures, FSE subjects with normal acute MRI had abnormally low right to left hippocampal volume ratios, smaller hippocampi initially, and reduced hippocampal growth.

Interpretation

Hippocampal T2 hyperintensity after FSE represents acute injury often evolving to a radiological appearance of HS after 1 year. Furthermore, impaired growth of normal‐appearing hippocampi after FSE suggests subtle injury even in the absence of T2 hyperintensity. Longer follow‐up is needed to determine the relationship of these findings to TLE. ANN NEUROL 2014;75:178–185
Influence of polycaprolactone/polyglycolide blended electrospun fibers on the morphology and mechanical properties of polycaprolactone
Authors: Spearman Shayla S. , Rivero Iris V. , Abidi Noureddine
Published: December 2013

Polycaprolactone (PCL) and polyglycolide (PGA) are two biopolymers that have been used as in situ biomedical devices for various applications. The obstacle of creating a composite that captures the benefit of PCL's long degradation time, while acquiring the strength from PGA is overcoming the lack of surface adhesion between the two biopolymers for stress transfer to occur. This study investigates the use of miscible PCL‐PGA blended fibers, created by electrospinning, to increase the interfacial bonding of fibers to the PCL matrix of the polymer–polymer composite. The use of the blended fibers will thereby create the ability of load transfer from the long‐term PCL matrix to the stronger PCL‐PGA fiber reinforcement. The incorporation of the PCL‐PGA fibers was able to increase the tensile yield strength and Young's modulus over that of the bulk PCL, while decreasing the percent elongation at break. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40224.
Synthesis of low molecular weight poly(vinyl acetate) and its application as plasticizer
Authors: Heinze Daniel , Mang Thomas , Peter Karin , Möller Martin , Weichold Oliver
Published: December 2013

Poly(vinyl acetate), PVAc, with a degree of polymerization Xn = 10 was prepared by chain‐transfer radical polymerization using carbon tetrachloride and used as oligomeric plasticizer for commercial PVAc. However, the chlorinated chain ends cause a low thermal stability requiring mild Cl/H substitution. The product exhibits high thermal stability and excellent melt‐compounding properties. Blends of oligomeric and commercial PVAc show single glass transition temperatures which decrease with higher oligomer content and exhibit small negative deviations from Fox' linear additivity rule. This indicates plasticization and miscibility being mainly due to entropic effects. Injection‐moulded thick specimens show ductile behaviour at oligomer contents >10 wt %, while sheets with a thickness of 0.2–0.5 mm appear flexible already at 7.5 wt %. The oxygen permeability coefficients are an order of magnitude lower than those of low‐density polyethylene. Due to the sum of their properties, the plasticized sheets present a promising alternative in the preparation of barrier materials. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40226.
Development of a CFD–PBE coupled model for the simulation of the drops behaviour in a pulsed column
Authors: Amokrane Abdenour , Charton Sophie , Sheibat‐Othman Nida , Becker Julian , Klein Jean P. , Puel François
Published: December 2013

The pulsed column is a widely used technology for liquid–liquid extraction processes in various industries. In this work, the use of this technology has been extended to perform continuous precipitation. An original process of continuous precipitation in emulsion in a pulsed column is thereby developed. A thorough understanding of the behaviour of the dispersed phase inside the column helped to achieve process optimisation and is the purpose of this paper. In this aim, a coupled computational fluid dynamics (CFD)–population balance equation (PBE) approach was developed for the simulation of this original process, and allows the determination of the mean droplet size, which is a key parameter. On one hand, breakup and coalescence kernels for the PBE were selected by performing homogenous type experiments in a stirred tank reactor. The parameters of those kernels were adjusted by fitting the models' parameters to the measured droplets size distribution (DSD) in the stirred tank. One another hand, the continuous phase flow inside the pulsed column was investigated by CFD and has been validated using particle image velocimetry (PIV) data. The latter helped us to choose the best turbulence model representing the flow inside the pulsed column. Finally, the coupled CFD–PBE model was implemented using the quadrature method of moments (QMOM) in the CFD code ANSYS‐Fluent® to determine the mean droplet size inside the column.
Chronic toxicity of heavy fuel oils to fish embryos using multiple exposure scenarios
Authors: Martin Jonathan D. , Adams Julie , Hollebone Bruce , King Thomas , Brown R. Stephen , Hodson Peter V.
Published: December 2013

The chronic toxicity to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) embryos of heavy fuel oil (HFO) 6303, weathered HFO 6303, HFO 7102, and medium South American (MESA) crude oil was assessed by different exposure regimes. These included water accommodated fractions (WAF; water in contact with floating oil), chemically enhanced WAF (CEWAF; oil dispersed with Corexit 9500), and effluent from columns of gravel coated with stranded oil. Heavy fuel oil WAF was nontoxic and did not contain detectable concentrations of hydrocarbons, likely because the high density and viscosity of HFO prevented droplet formation. In contrast, chemically dispersed HFO and effluent from columns of stranded HFO contained measurable concentrations of alkyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), coincident with embryo toxicity. These exposure regimes enhanced the surface area of oil in contact with water, facilitating oil–water partitioning of hydrocarbons. Heavy fuel oil was consistently more toxic to fish than crude oil and the rank order of alkyl PAH concentrations in whole oil were sufficient to explain the rank order of toxicity, regardless of exposure method. Thus, the propensity of HFO to sink and strand in spawning shoals creates a long-term risk to developing fish because of the sustained release of PAHs from HFO to interstitial waters. Further, PAH monitoring is key to accurate risk assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:677–687. © 2013 SETAC
Seed germination, root elongation, root-tip mitosis, and micronucleus induction of five crop plants exposed to chromium in fluvo-aquic soil
Authors: Hou Jing- , Liu Guan-Nan , Xue Wei , Fu Wen-Jun , Liang Bao-Cui , Liu Xin-Hui
Published: December 2013

The present study aimed to determine the toxic effects of chromium (Cr) on cabbage (Brassica oleracea), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), wheat (Triticum aestivum), and corn (Zea mays), and identify the sensitive plant species and appropriate bioassays for potential use in phytotoxicity assessment of Cr in soil. Results showed that seed germination might not be a sensitive assay for assessing Cr toxicity because at most of the Cr levels there were no toxic effects. Root elongation was more sensitive to Cr than seed germination. The lowest concentration of adverse effect (LOAEC) of lettuce was 20 mg Cr/kg−1 soil, and that of the other 4 species was 50 mg Cr/kg−1 soil. The mitotic index fluctuated with increasing Cr concentration, thus it was insufficient to assess toxicity of Cr in soil. However, micronucleus assay showed that 5 mg Cr/kg−1 soil caused a significant increase in micronucleus frequency in cabbage, cucumber, and lettuce. For wheat and corn, however, the LOAEC was 20 and 50 mg/Cr/kg−1 soil, respectively. Furthermore, the analysis of Cr accumulation showed that lettuce significantly accumulated Cr for all the tested concentrations. However, corn and wheat significantly accumulated Cr only with the highest tested dose. This may explain the higher inhibitory effects of Cr on root growth. It can be concluded that root elongation and micronucleus assay are good indicators to assess the phytotoxicity of Cr in soil. Lettuce is the most sensitive species for indicating the toxicity of Cr in soil. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:671–676. © 2013 SETAC
A scoring system to predict the risk of anastomotic leakage after anterior resection for rectal cancer
Authors: Liu Yingjun , Wan Xiangbin , Wang Gangcheng , Ren Yingkun , Cheng Yong , Zhao Yuzhou , Han Guangsen
Published: December 2013

Background

Various risk factors for anastomotic leakage after anterior resection for rectal cancer have been documented in previous studies. However, there have been no quantized studies to more accurately predict the risk of anastomotic leakage.

Methods

A total of 1,060 patients with rectal cancer who underwent anterior resection were included in the study. Potential risk factors for leakage including gender, age, body mass index (BMI), diabetes, preoperative radiotherapy, tumor size, level of anastomosis, intraoperative blood loss, concomitant resection of other organs and TNM stage were subjected to univariate analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the independent risk factors for anastomotic leakage. The scoring system was developed based on regression coefficient for each significant risk factor.

Results

Independent risk factors included male gender, low level of anastomosis from anal verge and high‐volume intraoperative blood loss. These patients were separated into high risk, intermediate risk and low risk groups based on scores of 4–5, 2–3, and 0–1. The leakage rates of the three groups were 16.1%, 8.0%, and 1.9%, respectively (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

The scoring system is effective and accurate for identifying a subgroup of patients at high risk for leakage. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 109:122–125. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improved outcomes in adjuvant radiotherapy for oral cavity carcinoma at an academic center: A matched‐pair analysis
Authors: George Jonathan R. , Yom Sue S. , Wang Steven J.
Published: December 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

Our objective was to evaluate for outcomes differences for patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) who underwent primary surgical resection at an academic center (AC), followed by postoperative radiation therapy either at the AC or at a nonacademic radiation treatment center (non‐AC).

Design

Secondary analysis of a retrospective cohort of patients with previously untreated upper aerodigestive tract SCC who underwent surgery followed by adjuvant therapy at an AC from 2002 to 2012. Fifty‐three matched pairs of OCSCC patients surgically treated at the AC, but receiving adjuvant radiation at either an AC or a non‐AC, were evaluated for differences in clinicopathologic variables, radiation treatment metrics, and survival outcomes. The main outcome measures were overall survival, disease‐specific survival, and locoregional control rates.

Results

Matched pairs were closely comparable in TNM (tumor, node, metastasis) stage, age, and gender. There were no significant between‐groups differences in demographic and clinicopathologic variables except for smoking status (never smokers 43.3% for AC vs. 20.8% for non‐AC; P = 0.037). Non‐AC OCSCC patients received a significantly lower total radiation dose (P = 0.0004) and lower radiation fractional dose (P = 0.0002) than their AC matched‐pair counterparts. AC treatment was associated with improved overall survival (P = 0.005), disease‐specific survival (P = 0.019), and locoregional control (P = 0.016). AC treatment was an independent predictor of overall survival on multivariate analysis (P = 0.044), after adjustment for clinicopathologic differences between groups.

Conclusions

Improved survival for combined modality treatment of OCSCC at the AC was noted on multivariate analysis. Differences in key radiation treatment metrics could explain survival differences noted in this study.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 124:1603–1608, 2014
A facile route to regular and nonregular dot arrays by integrating nanoimprint lithography with sphere‐forming block copolymer directed self‐assembly
Authors: Xiao Shuaigang , Yang XiaoMin , Hwu Justin J. , Lee Kim Y. , Kuo David
Published: December 2013

Nanoimprint lithography is used to create large‐area two‐dimensional prepatterns with tunable topographic heights in a resist layer. The resist prepatterns are applied to direct the self‐assembly of sphere‐forming polystyrene‐block‐polydimethylsiloxane block copolymers so as to form sparse nonregular nanodot arrays with flexible pattern layouts from high‐topography prepattern or dense regular nanodot arrays with a multiplicative pattern density from low‐topography prepattern. By precisely controlling the topographic height in substrate prepatterns, the origin of directed self‐assembly of block copolymer spheres using low‐topography prepattern is found to be topographic contrast. High‐fidelity pattern transfer from spherical block copolymer nanotemplates to functional materials indicates a promising route to ultrahigh density nanodevices. Bit‐patterned media over 1 teradot/in on a 2.5‐inch disk are fabricated, thus presenting future magnetic data storage media with great areal density growth potential. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2014, 52, 361–367
Impacts management: An approach to fulfilling public trust responsibilities of wildlife agencies
Authors: Decker Daniel J. , Forstchen Ann B. , Organ John F. , Smith Christian A. , Riley Shawn J. , Jacobson Cynthia A. , Batcheller Gordon R. , Siemer William F.
Published: December 2013

In many states, case law, statutes, or constitutions establish a “public trust in wildlife,” a derivative of the public trust doctrine. Although interpretation differs across jurisdictions, the underlying principle of wildlife as a public trust resource, explicitly expressed or not, carries with it broad obligations and standards of trust administration by government to ensure benefits of wildlife are available to all citizens, present and future. The standards for execution of responsibilities by trustees (elected officials or their appointees, such as commissions) and trust managers (e.g., wildlife professionals working for state wildlife agencies) require understanding beneficiaries' varied interests in the wildlife resource, which in turn requires effective public input and involvement, following the precepts of good governance, such as inclusiveness, openness, fairness, transparency, and accountability. Managing wildlife resources as public trust assets entails providing sustainable net benefits from the existence of wildlife and its co‐existence with humans. Wildlife managers need an approach to wildlife management that is philosophically consistent with the benefits‐production focus of trust administration. We explain that impacts management is such an approach, essentially tailor‐made for fulfilling trust‐management responsibilities because of its focus on diverse, stakeholder‐value‐defined outcomes (desired impacts) and its reliance on stakeholders' input for identifying and weighing competing outcomes desired by them. Impacts management is a wildlife resource management approach for providing sustainable, highly relevant public trust administration. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Social cues are preferred over resource cues for breeding-site selection in Barn Swallows
Authors: Ringhofer Monamie , Hasegawa Toshikazu
Published: December 2013

To maximize fitness, animals choose habitats by using a combination of direct resource cues, such as the quality and quantity of safe breeding sites or food resources, and indirect social cues, such as the presence or breeding performance of conspecifics. Many reports show that nest predation leads to reduced fitness. However, it remains unclear how birds assess predation risk and how it affects breeding-site selection. In this study, we analyzed the relationship between predation risk and breeding-site selection in Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica). We assessed the cues that swallows use in their selection. We used nest-site characteristics related to predation and foraging sites as direct resource cues, number of breeding pairs, and breeding success in the previous year as indirect social cues, and number of old and undamaged old nests as direct resource and/or indirect social cues. Breeding-site preference was assessed using the arrival date of males. We showed that only the number of undamaged old nests was used for breeding-site selection. When comparing effects at two spatial scales, nest-site and home-range, the effect of the number of undamaged old nests occurred at the home-range scale only, suggesting that these nests are used as an indirect social cue rather than a direct resource cue to reduce the energy or time-consuming costs of nest building. We suggest that undamaged old nests may indicate the presence and breeding performance of conspecifics for several previous years. Because Barn Swallows are migratory birds, undamaged old nests may be a reliable indirect social cue and may reduce the time required to sample information at breeding sites.
The relationship of thought suppression and recent rape to disordered eating in emerging adulthood
Authors: Collins Brittany , Fischer Sarah , Stojek Monika , Becker Kendra
Published: December 2013

This study utilizes a prospective design to examine the interaction of recent rape/attempted rape with individual differences in thought suppression on increases in disordered eating symptoms during late adolescence/emerging adulthood. Thought suppression is the attempt to suppress unwanted thoughts. We propose that emerging adult women who have experienced recent rape/attempted rape and tend to use thought suppression as a coping mechanism are at risk for increases in disordered eating. 319 women completed the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire, the Sexual Experiences Survey, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and the White Bear Thought Suppression Inventory in their first month of college and three months later. The experience of recent rape/attempted rape in the three months prior to the assessment accounted for unique variance in disordered eating at Time 2. Levels of thought suppression assessed at Time 1 significantly moderated the influence of recent rape/attempted rape on disordered eating at Time 2.
Loneliness and Facebook motives in adolescence: A longitudinal inquiry into directionality of effect
Authors: Teppers Eveline , Luyckx Koen , A. Klimstra Theo , Goossens Luc
Published: December 2013

The increasing popularity of Facebook among adolescents has stimulated research to investigate the relationship between Facebook use and loneliness, which is particularly prevalent in adolescence. The aim of the present study was to improve our understanding of the relationship between Facebook use and loneliness. Specifically, we examined how Facebook motives and two relationship‐specific forms of adolescent loneliness are associated longitudinally. Cross‐lagged analysis based on data from 256 adolescents (64% girls, Mage = 15.88 years) revealed that peer‐related loneliness was related over time to using Facebook for social skills compensation, reducing feelings of loneliness, and having interpersonal contact. Facebook use for making new friends reduced peer‐related loneliness over time, whereas Facebook use for social skills compensation increased peer‐related loneliness over time. Hence, depending on adolescents' Facebook motives, either the displacement or the stimulation hypothesis is supported. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
The role of emotion identification skill in the formation of male and female friendships: A longitudinal study
Authors: Rowsell H. Claire , Ciarrochi Joseph , Heaven Patrick C.L. , Deane Frank P.
Published: December 2013

The present study explored the relationship between emotion identification skill (EIS) and friendships in adolescence. Students from five Australian high schools completed questionnaires annually from Grade 8 to Grade 12 including subjective measures of EIS and a peer‐based objective measure of social functioning (e.g., friendship nominations). The total sample of participants was 795 (406 males; 389 females) with 468 (225 males; 243 females) completing questionnaires in Grade 12. EIS in early adolescence was predictive of friendships for females in late adolescence. Specifically, girls starting out with low EIS in Grade 8 tended to have fewer female friendships and more male friendships in Grade 12. There were no effects for males. Lower initial EIS was associated with significant improvements in awareness over time, but these improvements had no effect on friendships in Grade 12. The EIS that girls enter high school with may influence their friendship composition into late adolescence.
Brief report: Assessing dispositional optimism in adolescence – Factor structure and concurrent validity of the Life Orientation Test – Revised
Authors: Monzani Dario , Steca Patrizia , Greco Andrea
Published: December 2013

Dispositional optimism is an individual difference promoting psychosocial adjustment and well‐being during adolescence. Dispositional optimism was originally defined as a one‐dimensional construct; however, empirical evidence suggests two correlated factors in the Life Orientation Test – Revised (LOT‐R).

The main aim of the study was to evaluate the dimensionality of the LOT‐R. This study is the first attempt to identify the best factor structure, comparing congeneric, two correlated‐factor, and two orthogonal‐factor models in a sample of adolescents. Concurrent validity was also assessed.

The results demonstrated the superior fit of the two orthogonal‐factor model thus reconciling the one‐dimensional definition of dispositional optimism with the bi‐dimensionality of the LOT‐R. Moreover, the results of correlational analyses proved the concurrent validity of this self‐report measure: optimism is moderately related to indices of psychosocial adjustment and well‐being.

Thus, the LOT‐R is a useful, valid, and reliable self‐report measure to properly assess optimism in adolescence.
Comparison of the Spectrum of Radiologic and Clinical Manifestations of Pulmonary Disease Caused by Mycobacterium avium Complex and Mycobacterium xenopi
Authors: Carrillo Maria C. , Patsios Demetris , Wagnetz Ute , Jamieson Frances , Marras Theodore K.
Published: December 2013

Aim

Mycobacterium xenopi is described with upper lobe cavitation (“fibrocavitary” pattern), whereas the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is described with bronchiectasis and centrilobular nodules (“nodular bronchiectasis”). We retrospectively described and compared computed tomography (CT) chest manifestations of disease caused by MAC and M xenopi.

Materials and Methods

We reviewed patients who had either MAC or M xenopi lung disease and who had CTs between January 2002 and December 2003. Clinical data were recorded, and the patterns on chest CTs were categorized as “fibrocavitary,” “nodular bronchiectatic,” and “unclassified.”

Results

There were 74 patients; 50 with MAC and 24 with M xenopi. The patients with MAC were older (mean 69 vs 58 years; P = .007). Patients with M xenopi more often had emphysema (50% vs 20%; P = .02), cavities (46% vs 16%; P = .01), and nodules ≤5 mm (88% vs 58%; P = .02). M xenopi cases more commonly had a fibrocavitary radiologic pattern (33% vs 18%), with no statistically significant difference ( P = .24). MA C was more often associated with a nodular bronchiectatic pattern (68% MAC vs 4% M xenopi; P < .0001). Sixty-three percent of patients with M xenopi had a pattern that was predominantly randomly distributed nodules (11/15 [73%]) or consolidation and/or ground-glass opacities (4/15 [27%]).

Conclusion

Compared with MAC, patients with M xenopi infection develop more cavities and more nodules, and they less often have a predominant nodular bronchiectatic pattern. Although a predominantly cavitary pattern appears to be more common with M xenopi, the majority of patients with M xenopi had CT patterns of random nodules or consolidation and/or ground-glass opacities rather than classically described findings.