bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘MERIT’ Working Group Plans for a New Earth Rotation Service
Authors: Anderie R. J.
Published: October 2011

During the past 80 years, classical astronomical techniques have been used to determine polar motion (the variation of the direction of the spin axis of the earth with respect to a coordinate system fixed in the earth). The motion, which includes an Eulerian motion of about 0.3″ amplitude with a 430‐day period and a somewhat smaller seasonal variation, is also subject to effects of geophysical processes that cannot be detected reliably because of the 0.01–0.02″ uncertainty (averaged over 5 days) in the astronomical determinations of pole position. The rate of the earth's rotation about its spin axis, measured to about 1‐ms accuracy by astronomical techniques, also has seasonal variations of tens of milliseconds, variations of a few milliseconds over time periods of 2–4 months because of changing wind patterns, and currently undetectable effects as a result of tectonic processes. Higher accuracy and higher frequency determinations of polar motion and the earth–s rotation are required if the data are to be used to learn more about the internal constitution of the earth and earthquake processes.
Geophysical events
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

This is a summary of SEAN Bulletin, 6(12), December 31, 1981, a publication of the Smithsonian Institution. The complete bulletin is available in the microfiche edition of Eos, as a microfiche supplement, or as a paper reprint. For the microfiche, order document number E81‐012 at $1.00 from AGU, 2000 Florida Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009. For reprints, order SEAN Bulletin (give dates and volume number) through AGU Separates: $3.50 for the first copy for those who do not have a deposit account; $2 for those who do; additional copies are $1.00. Order must be prepaid.
1981 Fall Meeting Report and Late Abstracts
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

There were 2875 participants registered at the 1981 Fall Meeting and more than 1900 papers presented. The special session, Voyager 2 at Saturn, presented by E. C. Stone, drew close to 1600 people. It was the largest annual meeting AGU has ever held. Session chairmen's reports contained comments such as: AGU keep up the present momentum, … great session! The authors are to be commended, … all in all in a roar this was a super meeting, … the AGU Fall Meeting is still the best meeting going.

If you missed it this year, plan now to go to San Francisco next December.
Reagan: Maintain Antarctic program
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

President Ronald Reagan has decided that the United States should maintain an ‘active and influential presence’ in Antarctica to support the nation's interests. Following a review of a study by the Antarctica Policy Group, Reagan issued a memorandum, dated February 5, to the heads of 14 government agencies, including the National Science Foundation (NSF), the Office of Science and Technology Policy, and the Office of Management and Budget.

The U.S. presence in Antarctica ‘shall include the conduct of scientific activities in major disciplines; year‐round occupation of the South Pole and two coastal stations; and availability of related necessary logistics support,’ wrote the President. In addition, NSF should continue to budget for the entire U.S. program in Antarctica. Short‐term programs by other agencies require the recommendation of the Antarctica Policy Group and should be coordinated within the framework of NSF logistics support.
Stardust memories
Authors: Wier Stuart
Published: October 2011

The discovery of large numbers of meteorites on the ice sheets of Antarctica during the past several years recalls a passage in the book, Wind, Sand and Stars, by Antoine de St. Exupéry (Reynal and Hitchcock, New York, 1939). St. Exupéry was a pioneer aviator and one of the finest French writers of this century. He possessed a remarkable sensitivity to the meaning of human life that is combined in his writings with observations of the physical world of great clarity. The passage is

A minor accident had forced me down in the Rio de Oro region, in Spanish Africa. Landing on one of those table‐lands of the Sahara which fall away steeply at the sides, I found myself on the flat top of the frustrum of a cone, an isolated vestige of a plateau that had crumbled round the edges. In this part of the Sahara such truncated cones are visible from the air every hundred miles or so, their smooth surfaces always at about the same altitude above the desert and their geologic substance always identical. The surface sand is composed of minute and distinct shells; but progressively as you dig along a vertical section, the shells become more fragmentary, tend to cohere, and at the base of the cone form a pure calcareous deposit.
Geophysicists
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Riccardo Giacconi, director of the Space Telescope Science Institute, has been awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society for his contributions to the development of the field of X ray astronomy.

Alan D. Hecht, director of the National Science Foundation's Climate Dynamics Program, has been appointed director of the National Climate Program Office at NOAA.
NSB endorses Explorer
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

The National Science Board (NSB) recently voted to endorse a program of scientific ocean drilling that would replace the 14‐yearold Glomar Challenger with the Glomar Explorer as the pillar of scientific drilling. This vote by the policymaking arm of the National Science Foundation (NSF) gives another boost to the proposed drilling plan. The plan also has the blessings of the Conference on Scientific Ocean Drilling (COSOD) and of the National Academy of Sciences' Committee on Ocean Drilling.

NSF now will approach the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) and the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) to request that $9 million of NSF funds be transferred to the Advanced Ocean Drilling (AOD) program in fiscal 1983 for the next design stages for the Explorer (Eos, March 2, 1982, p. 179). With the support of NSB, COSOD, and the NAS committee, the request goes to OSTP and OMB with strong backing. If OSTP and OMB give the transfer the green light, Congress will review the request.
Vapor seen over northwest sky
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Sky watchers in Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana, and all of western Canada witnessed a brilliant red cloud and two vertical blue streaks form and disperse in their northwest sky. These events occured on two different nights between April 12 and 26, near midnight PST. Visible metal vapors were released by NASA at altitudes of about 1450 km, north of the Alaskan Arctic coastline (near latitude 72°). The vapors were released from rockets launched from the Poker Flat Research Range near Fairbanks, Alaska.
Election report
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Tellers Committee, consisting of Gilbert D. Mead, Chairman; Alan T. Linde; and Marshall E. Moss, will report to the May meeting of the Council that in the recently held election the following candidates were elected for the 1982–1984 biennium.
Eruption forecast for Krafla Caldera
Authors: Wood Charles A. , Whitford‐Stark James L.
Published: October 2011

Since December 1975, Krafla, a volcano in northern Iceland, has been the site of repeated earthquakes, fissuring, and occasional eruptions (see cover figure). Intense monitoring of activity at Krafla has led to the recognition of a repetitive pattern of months‐long inflation in the caldera area, followed by sudden deflation. The systematic tilting, fissuring, and eruptions are interpreted [Björnsson et al., 1977, 1979] as being due to the periodic filling of a central magma chamber under Krafla until a critical stress is reached, at which point magma is injected into rift zones extending as far as 60 km from the central volcano. As soon as a deflation episode and associated eruption cease, a new cycle resumes, with slow inflation as magma rises from a mantle source into the magma chamber.
Atmospheric sciences at NYU
Authors: Wiscombe Warren
Published: October 2011

Many AGU members recall with regret the closing of the New York University (NYU) department of meteorology in 1972. That department had been one of the world's best, growing to prominence under the chairmanship of Athelstan Spilhaus (1938–1946) and continuing under the leadership of Bernhard Haurwitz. It was one of only five meteorology departments in the United States at the time of its founding. Now the phoenix has risen from its own ashes, although in a somewhat different guise.
A plea for peer review
Authors: Brace William F. , Cox Allan V. , Hower John , Liebermann Robert C. , Maxwell John C. , Murthy V. Rama
Published: October 2011

Under the auspices of the Committee on Science and Public Policy (COSPUP) of the National Academy of Sciences, J.R. Cole and S. Cole have recently completed phase 2 of a study of peer review in the National Science Foundation (NSF). A summary of their results appeared in a Science (November 14, 1981) article by S. Cole, J.R. Cole, and G. Simon. We have no wish to take issue with the results and conclusions of this study, but we would like to describe to our AGU colleagues the NSF peer review process used by the Division of Earth Sciences (EAR) and how we view it.

EAR is one of the few NSF divisions that currently employs a review panel in addition to the ad hoc mail reviewers. All proposals are sent to four or more mail reviewers selected by the program director. These proposals are also sent to all panel members in a given discipline. In the past there were three program panels of five members each, serving geology, geochemistry‐petrology, and geophysics. Under the new EAR organization (Eos, December 22, 1981) of eight programs, each of the sixteen panel members will serve on two program panels. These review panels meet in Washington with the program director three times per year to evaluate the proposals with the aid of the mail reviews.
Introduction to Communication Science and Systems
Authors: Russell C. T.
Published: October 2011

This book is designed to serve as a textbook for a three quarter or two semester upper division or graduate course for beginners interested in the wide range of topics essential to communication systems. It covers antennas and transmission, thermal noise and its consequences, Fourier transforms, modulation and noise, sample and pulse code modulation, autocorrelation and power spectrum, optimum filtering, gaussian noise and errors in digital transmission, data transmission limits on data rate, and source encoding.

The book is divided into 13 chapters, each of which is divided into about 10 sections, and each section is followed by a list of about three problems on the material in that section. A list of further reading is included for each chapter as is a comprehensive index. The book is written for students of electrical engineering, but the authors state in their introduction that physicists, earth scientists, and astronomers who must detect signals in their work can use this book to learn about the limits of detectability of signals. I would agree with the authors and say there is more than that. I found many examples of techniques that I had heard of over the years and wondered at how they worked but had never delved into, such as convolutional coding (and decoding), which is used to reduce the number of bit errors in satellite transmissions.
Merle A. Tuve: 1901–1982
Authors: Aldrich L. Thomas , Brown Louis , Ford W. Kent , James David E. , Linde Alan T. , Rubin Vera C. , Sacks I. Selwyn , Thonnard Norbert , Wetherill George W.
Published: October 2011

Merle Anthony Tuve died May 20, 1982, in Bethesda, Maryland, at the age of 80. His entire scientific life of more than 50 years was spent with the Carnegie Institution of Washington, except for his leave of absence to work with the Office of Scientific Research and Development during WWII. His personal research—and research was intensely personal with Merle Tuve—was in subjects as diverse as the ionosphere, the atomic nucleus, cosmic rays, the atmosphere, the earth's crust and mantle, and the Milky Way. As director of Carnegie's Department of Terrestrial Magnetism he initiated programs in explosion seismic studies of the crust, radiometric dating of rock, and biophysical research into the structure of genetic material. His range of interests and depth of knowledge was astounding. His physical insight was so profound that the questions he studied often were at the heart of complicated matters and disclosed his deep interests in science and in the work of his colleagues. They were characteristics that showed little evidence of diminishing with age.
Regional climate coordinating office
Authors: Vogel John L.
Published: October 2011

In September 1981, the National Climate Program Office (NCPO) funded the Regional Climate Coordinating Office (RCCO) at the Illinois State Water Survey and the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, both located at the University of Illinois. This is the first year of a proposed 4‐year project developed under the aegis of the North Central Regional Research Committee, NC‐94, sponsored by the agricultural experiment stations of the U.S. Department o f Agriculture. The NC‐94 Committee, devoted to the characterization and assessment of climate on agriculture and other renewable resources, devised a plan to demonstrate the feasibility of coordinating state climate services in the 12‐state north central region. The 12 states are Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. A key component of the initial structure of the plan is the RCCO.
Volcanic pollution and climate: The 1783 Laki eruption
Authors: Sigurdsson Haraldur
Published: October 2011

The global temperature rise of 0.4°C in the past century is now generally attributed to the greenhouse effect, i.e., the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide through manmade pollution. Superimposed on this general warming trend are sharp temporary cooling events, usually 1 to 3 years in duration, that coincide with large volcanic eruptions. These events mark a massive natural pollution of the stratosphere, resulting in backscattering of solar radiation and cooling of the earth [Hansen et al., 1981]. The latest of these events was the 1963 eruption of Agung volcano on Bali Island that resulted in 0.2°C global cooling, whereas paradoxically the Mount St. Helens eruption in 1980 had no detectable effect [Robock, 1981], although of comparable magnitude. On the other hand, one of the most severe volcano‐related climate effects in historical times was associated with a largely nonexplosive eruption that produced mostly lava and volcanic gases but little volcanic ash: the 1783 eruption of the Laki crater‐row in Iceland [Thorarinsson, 1979]. Thus, although volcanism clearly affects climate, it appears that this effect is not simply related to the magnitude or the explosivity of the eruption, i.e., the production of volcanic ash, but rather to some other properties of the magma.
Geophysicists
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Elizabeth Blair has been appointed the Vincent C. Kelley‐Leon T. Silver Graduate Fellow by the geology department at the University of New Mexico and by the Caswell Silver Foundation. She earned her B.S. degree from the University of Indiana in 1982 and is interested in petrology and meteoritics.
Minerals From the Marine Environment
Authors: Cruickshank Michael J.
Published: October 2011

The current interest in minerals centering on, among other things, potential shortages, long‐term needs, and deep seabed nodules, accentuates the usefulness and timeliness of this little book authored by a former chairman of the British National Environmental Research Council.

In less than 100 pages, the author puts into perspective the potential for producing minerals from offshore areas of the world. After introducing the reader to the ocean environment and the extraordinary variety of the nature of the seabed, the author describes in some detail the variety of minerals found there. This is done in seven separate chapters entitled ‘Bulk and Non‐Metallic Minerals From the Seas’; ‘Metals From the Shallow Seas’; ‘Metals From the Deep Oceans’; ‘Minerals From Solution’; ‘Oil and Gas from the Shallow Seas’; ‘Oil and Gas From Deep Waters’; and ‘Coal Beneath the Sea.’ The remaining chapters give a brief regional review of marine minerals distribution for eight areas of significant socioeconomic structure, and a short recapitulation of special problems of mineral recovery in the marine environment including such matters as the effect of water motion on mineral processing and of international law on investments. Glossaries of geological periods and technical terms, a short list of references, and an index completethe work.
Chicago, Chicago ...
Authors: Smith Joseph V. , Nobles Laurence H.
Published: October 2011

In Eos (June 22, p. 547), The University of Chicago is described as a large municipal university. It is actually a private university with about 2600 undergraduates in a liberal arts college and 5000 graduates in divisions and graduate schools. Its campus and ethos are similar to those of Johns Hopkins University. Most of the faculty and students of The University of Chicago live in Hyde Park, within walking distance of the university, in distinction to the commuting faculty and students of many large municipal universities.
The Fram 3 expedition
Authors: Manley T. O. , Codispoti L. A. , Hunkins K. L. , Jackson H. R. , Jones E. P. , Lee V. , Moore S. , Morison J. , Packard T. T. , Wadhams P.
Published: October 2011

On the fourteenth of March 1981, Fram 3, the third in a series of four U.S. manned ice camps, was established in the eastern Arctic Ocean at 84.32°N, 20.07°E for oceanographic and geophysical research in the Eurasian Basin north of the Greenland‐Spitzbergen Passage.

Investigators from several institutions in the United States, as well as from Canada and England, participated in studies of physical and chemical oceanography, low‐frequency underwater acoustics, geophysics, and the mechanics and propagation of waves through sea ice. A Bell 204 helicopter and crew were stationed at Fram 3 throughout the drift in order to support research efforts and camp operations. Several oceanographic buoys that used satellite telemetry were deployed during this time period.
Environmental Systems Optimization
Authors: Remson Irwin
Published: October 2011

This is a fine textbook that introduces the reader ‘to the application of systems analysis and, most particularly, mathematical modeling and optimization techniques to environmental management.’ It is organized and written with clarity such that it lends itself naturally to use in an upper‐level undergraduate course that is essential for any environmental program.

As was stated by the author, ‘Two principal topics are emphasized. The first is the use of mathematical models that reduce environmental problems to mathematical relationships that can be manipulated to evaluate the effects of management alternatives. The second is the application of optimization methods such as search techniques, linear programming, dynamic programming and integer programming to determine which management alternatives are better than others.’ Thus, the first topic tells how to set up the environmental model, and the second topic tells how to solve the environmental model.
Another vote for Explorer
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

A National Research Council committee formally added its name to the growing roster of those who endorse the conversion of the Glomar Explorer to a drill ship that would replace the Glomar Challenger as the pillar of scientific ocean drilling in the proposed Advanced Ocean Drilling program (AOD).

With its final report, ‘Options for Scientific Ocean Drilling,’ the Committee on Ocean Drilling of the Geological Sciences Board joins, among others, the National Science Board (Eos, April 6, 1982, p. 219) and the Conference on Scientific Ocean Drilling (COSOD) (Eos, December 22, 1981, p. 1197) in urging continued scientific ocean drilling using the former CIA salvage ship Explorer. (The committee's interim report also had backed the program.) AOD, an extension of the Deep Sea Drilling Program carried out with the Challenger, would be supported in part through the Office of Scientific Ocean Drilling in the National Science Foundation (NSF).
The Glaciation of the Ecuadorian Andes
Authors: Schubert Carlos
Published: October 2011

This pleasing book fills the gap in the knowledge about Pleistocene and recent glaciation between Colombia and Peru. A significant amount of data exists already for Colombia and Venezuela and for Peru, Bolivia, and, particularly, Chile. Hastenrath has now given us a description of glaciers and glaciation underneath the equator in the Andes.

The book begins with brief summaries of the physiography and the atmospheric circulation, which give the general setting of Ecuador. Then follow detailed descriptions of the glaciers and glacial morphology of all the important mountains of the Western and Eastern Cordilleras. These are well illustrated, and a particularly useful feature is the comparison of old photographs and paintings of glaciers with modern photographs, many taken by the author. All illustrate the spectacular retreat of the glaciers in the Ecuadorian Andes during the last century and correlate quite well with observations elsewhere. This retreat is snown quantitatively in Table 4, in terms of decrease in glacier‐covered area since the glacial advance of moraine stage III. The area of present‐day glaciers is about 10% of the area during that stage (compared with about 1.5% in the Sierra Nevada de Mérida, Venezuela). A series of maps show the glacial morphology of the mountains (unfortunately, some of the maps have been included within the binding, thus losing some information; they could have been reduced somewhat to fit a single page or, if too large, could have been included in the pocket, together with the map of Chimborazo‐Carihuairazo).
Water shortage: Lessons in conservation from the great California drought, 1976–1977
Authors: Lord William B.
Published: October 2011

During the past 5 years, the subject of municipal water conservation has received unprecedented attention from social scientists for two reasons. One was the Carter administration's selection of conservation as a key water policy issue, with a consequent earmarking of research funds to it. The other was the California drought of 1976–1977, which provided something to study. This book is a report of the findings of an ambitious research effort to learn from the use of conservation policies employed during the California drought.
Publication committee meeting
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Publications Committee has oversight responsibility for the entire AGU publications program. It is supported in this activity by the Journals Board, the Books Board, and the Translations Board. The 1982–1984 committee is chaired by Thomas Graedel. Serving with him are David Atlas, Grant Gross, Jurate Landwehr, Peter Molnar, George Reid, and Rob Van der Voo.

At its November 3–4 meeting the new committee spent much of its time acquainting its elf with the scope of the program, the current problems, and the potential opportunities. In addition to setting the background against which the work of the next two years would take place, the committee
The Properties of Groundwater
Authors: Caruccio Frank T.
Published: October 2011

Scientists and engineers concerned with the environmental aspects of groundwater frequently require a comprehensive reference text that provides an overview of the pertinent problem, appropriate decision making criteria and a guide to relevant references. The Properties of Groundwater, translated from the German by John C. Harvey, is a welcome addition to the select books currently available in this field. The book occupies the niche that lies between Hem's classic Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water (U.S.G.S., Water Supply Pap. 1473, 363, pp., 1970), Stumm and Morgan's Aquatic Chemistry (John Wiley, New York, 780 pp., 1970), and Freeze and Cherry's Groundwater (Prentice‐Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 604 pp., 1979). The level of presentation, coupled with the cost, may limit the use of the book to advanced seminar courses and, more appropriately, as a solid reference text for scientists and researchers concerned with water and water quality. The table of contents is well indexed and is structured to allow the reader to review effectively the subject matter.
Geodynamics: Applications of Continuum Physics to Geological Problems
Authors: England Philip
Published: October 2011

The authors' intention in this book is to provide a treatment of the physical processes that are responsible for plate tectonics and other geological phenomena in a manner that is accessible to senior undergraduate and graduate students of diverse backgrounds in the physical and earth sciences. To this end, they have divided the subject into eight sections, preceded by a brief introduction to plate tectonics. This is perhaps the least felicitous chapter of the book: Summarizing plate tectonics, its driving mechanism and our knowledge of the inner planets, their satellites, and the Galilean satellites in about 30 pages of text is not a trivial undertaking, and while I have read several far worse attempts, I doubt that this chapter will give a clear idea of geodynamics to, say, the average engineering student. Part of the problem lies in the breathless rush through an immense amount of material, some of which is still in a state of flux, and part lies in the curious organization of the material. It seems strange, for example, to put a section on the structure of the continents after sections on accreting plate margins, subduction, and transform faults and before a discussion of paleomagnetism, plate motion, and triple junctions, and stranger still to make this section principally an introduction to geochronology.
Pacific warm event
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

A preliminary description of the 1982 equatorial warm event was published in February as a special issue of the Tropical Ocean‐Atmosphere Newsletter. A followup special issue is planned to discuss the equatorial Pacific environment during the first 6 months of 1983.

The newsletter is published bimonthly by the University of Washington's Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO), with support from the Equatorial Pacific Ocean Climate Studies (EPOCS) program within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. For additional information, contact David Halpern, JISAO, University of Washington, AK‐40, Seattle, WA 98195.
Midcontinent seismicity
Authors: Hastings David A.
Published: October 2011

I enjoyed reading Arch Johnston's article on the Arkansas earthquake swarm (Eos, December 14, 1982, p. 1209), particularly as it appeared shortly after the fourth recent sizeable earthquake here in South Dakota. Recently we had a fifth earthquake. Using preliminary USGS [U.S. Geological Survey] information, the recent history for southern South Dakota is as follows (magnitude (M) is Richter scale)
Historical aspects of the IGY
Authors: Nicolet Marcel
Published: October 2011

Geophysics is a branch of science which has successfully integrated many different areas of research into a coherent whole. It represents the synthesis of various broad fields of knowledge relating to both the past and the present, and this provides a basis for speculating about the future. Since geophysical research must be pursued over the whole of our planet, into the most distant continents, and even across Antarctica, it calls for the application of all man's resources. It reconstructs the past through a process of reappraisal, reflection, and discussion; it elucidates the present and thereby leads us not only to image, to measure, and to study distant events, but also to understand better the mysteries of nature. Indeed, knowledge is the key which geophysics uses to open doors leading toward the future. Geophysics must also be accepted as a branch of fundamental research in which concerted action is an essential feature; it remains in contact with society by combining research and development and assesses the value of the knowledge acquired in terms of the contribution it makes to the welfare of mankind.
Copyright suit partly settled
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

Amidst continuing confusion on what constitutes ‘fair use’ photocopying of copyrighted material, the first legal action taken against an academic institution and individual professors for alleged violations of copyright law has been partly settled. Nine book publishers charged last December that New York University (NYU), several of its faculty, and an off‐campus commercial photocopying establishment had violated copyright law. The action against NYU and its faculty was settled out of court. The portion of the lawsuit directed against Unique Copy Center will continue, however.
Georges Bank: Past, Present, and Future of a Marine Environment
Authors: Hopkins Tom Sawyer
Published: October 2011

This book is composed of a series of lectures given at the New England Aquarium in early 1980. The intent of these lectures was to summarize the issues of ecology, resource management, and law relating to the Georges Bank. Their underlying theme concerns the controversy of whether or not the bank can support both its present fishery and its oil and gas production. In the sense that interest in oil exploration has since subsided, the book is somewhat outdated. Nevertheless, it presents a very readable overview of one of the world's most productive environments, an environment that provides an excellent example of the economic and ecological problems that can result from misuse of its resources.
Applications of marine geodesy
Authors: Saxena Narendra
Published: October 2011

This paper is a summary of a 1980 research study initiated by the Marine Technology Society and several U.S. government agencies to identify requirements for marine geodetic applications in support of national objectives in ocean science, engineering, and operations over the next two decades. The study established a broad definition of marine geodesy to form a base for marine geodesy's several maritime applications. The study investigated the following areas: bathymetry, hydrography, marine gravity and geophysics, positioning and navigation, plate tectonics/seafloor spreading, ocean surface topography, mean sea level, and tsunamis.
Gravitational field theories combined
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Einstein's gravitation theory has been beset with problems for a long time. These problems are related to the extension of the theory to outer space. All measurements to test the theory have been done on or near earth, but a number of convincing theoretical arguments have been made to suggest that the tests do not adequately explain effects in space beyond the solar system. It seems that an additional, supplementary field may be required in certain domains of outer space.
Polar news
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Cores of ocean‐bottom sediments and other geological samples collected near and in Antarctica are available for study by qualified scientists, according to the National Science Foundation (NSF). Available are 12,900 m of piston, trigger, and phleger cores from the southern oceans; 4,200 kg of grabbed, trawled, and dredged rock specimens from 600 ship stations; and 1,150 m of drilled cores from the ice‐free valleys of southern Victoria Land. Most specimens were obtained in the last 21 years.

Scientists need not have an NSF grant to obtain samples, but proposals for grant support of such studies will be considered by NSF's U.S. Antarctic Research program. For additional information, contact Dennis Cassidy, Curator, Antarctic Marine Geology Research Facility and Core Library, Department of Geology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306 (telephone: 904‐644‐2407).
A climate hypothesis describing the solar‐terrestrial system as a frequency domain with specific response characteristics
Authors: Paine Douglas A.
Published: October 2011

The evidence for and against solar variability influencing weather and climate is beset by conflicting results (e.g., see Goldberg, 1982). This article will examine a new point of departure that is designed to complement simple cause‐and‐effect methodologies. The study is based upon an analogue to contemporary quantum physics.

Individual atoms are known to exhibit discrete absorption and emission responses to incoming radiation. John Jacob Balmer's 1885 description of the visible lines in the hydrogen spectrum was soon extended by Lyman and Humphreys to include both the ultraviolet and infrared componems defining the simplest atomic element. In the late 1970's I decided to test a climate concept based upon the known variability of incoming UV radiation and outgoing infrared that also displays a similar discrete frequency response. This response is primarily controlled by the triatomic molecules O3, H20, and CO2 that exist as diabatically important trace gases within earth's atmosphere.
Sigurdur Thorarinsson 1911–1983
Authors: Sigurdson Haraldur
Published: October 2011

In March 1875 a number of farms were abandoned in eastern Iceland as a consequence of the great eruption of Askja volcano. The abandonment of one farm, however, had to be delayed as the family was expecting a child. In the spring a son was born. He was Thorarinn, the father of Sigurdur Thorarinsson. This incident is merely one example of the dynamic interaction between man and nature which is so typical of Iceland. Here the geological mill, fueled by vigorous volcanism, glaciers, and swift rivers, grinds faster than elsewhere on earth. Here the existence of a small nation is continually responding and adjusting to the environmental pressures generated by rapid and sometimes catastrophic earth processes.
Irvine receives VGP Award
Authors: Smith Joseph V. , Irvine T. N.
Published: October 2011

Textbooks of not so long ago typically presented the study of stratiform igneous intrusions as a simple and straightforward exercise in nature's petrology laboratory. The fractional crystallization products of mafic magma were presumed to accumulate sequentially, largely in response to gravity. Those familiar with the literature of the past several years are aware, however, that the textbooks of the next generation will conclude that this model, if not actually wrong, is at best a gross oversimplification. Why this apparent fall from grace of such a seemingly useful concept?
[Comment on “Forecasts and predictions”] Krafla revisited
Authors: Whitford‐Stark James L. , Wood Charles A.
Published: October 2011

“Predictions” of imminent volcanic eruptions are more successful than are “forecasts” of impending activity if we use the terminology defined by Swanson in the accompanying article. The implication is that, despite occasional intervals of periodically recurring eruptions, the long term (months to years) activity of volcanoes is stochastic. Once magma rises near the surface, however, and initiates measurable phenomena (harmonic tremor, inflation, increased fuming, etc.), a volcano appears to be locked into a nonreversible process leading to an eruption weeks to hours hence. Each type of forewarning is valuable, and USGS volcanologists have demonstrated that the basic monitoring and prediction techniques developed for effusive eruptions in Hawaii are transferable to explosive activity in the Cascades. But longer term forecasts, as pointed out by Swanson, are still largely unreliable.
Climate History and the Modern World
Authors: Riebsame William E.
Published: October 2011

H. H. Lamb's latest book on the earth's changing climate is a carefully crafted work covering four areas: the physical basis of climate and climate change, the methods of climate reconstruction, the history of climate since the height of the last glaciation, and the impact of climate on human affairs. The book will be of particular interest to three groups. Atmospheric scientists interested in the long history of climate behavior (but perhaps overwhelmed by Lamb's all‐encompassing work on the topic, Climate: Past, Present and Future, vol. II, Methuen, New York), will find Climate History and the Modern World to be a good titration of the fuller work. Scientists in other fields, including social scientists grappling with issues of climate‐society interaction, will find the book a good entree into the field. Finally, Lamb himself suggests that the book will be useful to resource managers and other decision makers trying to avoid negative climate impacts. With this last audience in mind, no doubt, Lamb has chosen a style that eschews extensive footnoting and references (though sufficient citations are included to lead to further information). This works quite well and seems reasonable in view of his carefully documented previous writings.
IUGG Quadrennial Report Overviews: Chemical Oceanography 1979–1982
Authors: Schink David A.
Published: October 2011

The last four years have brought exciting advances in oceanography within the United States. The traditional research approach of a modest program built around a single investigator was supplemented during the International Decade of Ocean Exploration in the United States by a series of large‐scale cooperative programs involving many investigators, often from a multitude of institutions. Continuing with this approach has allowed us to attack otherwise intractable problems. The broad range in program scales, from small to rather large, utilizes both individual creativity and the synergism of many observations focused on a single process; it continues to produce rich returns.
Tectonophysics 1979–1982
Authors: Scholz C. H.
Published: October 2011

Studies in tectonophysics are becoming increasingly interdisciplinary: Hence there was an attempt in this report to concentrate on subjects that have attracted particularly broad interest during this quadrennium, rather than concentrating on the activities of the individual disciplines.

One of the strongest debates during this period has been on the state of stress in the lithosphere, reported on by M. Zoback. This debate has centered on the conflict between the low heat flow over the San Andreas fault, which suggests very low stresses, and the experimentally determined laws of rock friction, which suggest the opposite. Other lines of evidence, such as that of shear heating in ductile shear zones, in situ stress measurements, and strengths necessary to support flexure of the lithosphere, and paleopiezometry have also been brought into the debate, all of which seem to support the latter point of view.
Geomagnetism and paleomagnetism 1979–1983
Authors: Fuller M.
Published: October 2011

My function, in writing these notes, is to bring you up to date in Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism, in as painless a manner as possible—without tears, as the French language texts for tourists used to promise. In writing this account of progress in the past quadrennium, I must first acknowledge that it is a personal and subjective viewpoint;; another reporter would surely emphasize other developments. Yet, there is some virture in writing of things, about which one knows something, so I leave to future reporters the task of redresssing the balance in matters covered.

At the outset, one very sad event must be recorded. On April 3, 1981, Sir Edward Bullard died. His published work alone marks him as one of the leaders of geomagnetism in our times. Yet his contribution was much greater; many an American geophysicist, as well as a whole generation of British colleagues, have felt the benefit of his perceptive advice on their research. To those who saw him in the last few months of his life, his courage in the face of his illness was a remarkable example of fortitude. It is by now well known that the definitive paper, which he wrote with Malin, on secular variation at London, was only completed immediately before his death. The transmittal letter had been typed, but death prevented him from signing it. Bullard returned in this final paper to a topic to which he had contributed much. In it, he notes the role of Halley, who first described the phenomenon of westward drift, to which Bullard gave a new numerical precision, two and a half centuries later. I seem to remember Bullard saying in a lecture years ago that, while the Newtons of this world seem other than mortal, Halley was a scientist whose life and acheivements could encourage one's own efforts. Bullard, like Halley, inspires and encourages us.
Multiobjective Decision Analysis With Engineering and Business Applications
Authors: Wood Eric
Published: October 2011

The last 15 years have witnessed the development of a large number of multiobjective decision techniques. Applying these techniques to environmental, engineering, and business problems has become well accepted. Multiobjective Decision Analysis With Engineering and Business Applications attempts to cover the main multiobjective techniques both in their mathematical treatment and in their application to real‐world problems.

The book is divided into 12 chapters plus three appendices. The main portion of the book is represented by chapters 3–6, Where the various approaches are identified, classified, and reviewed. Chapter 3 covers methods for generating nondominated solutions; chapter 4, continuous methods with prior preference articulation; chapter 5, discrete methods with prior preference articulation; and chapter 6, methods of progressive articulation of preferences. In these four chapters, close to 20 techniques are discussed with over 20 illustrative examples. This is both a strength and a weakness; the breadth of techniques and examples provide comprehensive coverage, but it is in a style too mathematically compact for most readers. By my count, the presentation of the 20 techniques in chapters 3–6 covered 85 pages, an average of about 4.5 pages each; therefore, a sound basis in linear algebra and linear programing is required if the reader hopes to follow the material. Chapter 2, “Concepts in Multiobjective Analysis,” also assumes such a background.
Physico‐Chemical Behaviour of Atmospheric Pollutants
Authors: Crutzen P.
Published: October 2011

This book covers the proceedings of the Second European Symposium on the Physico‐Chemical Behavior of Atmospheric Pollutants, held September 29 to October 1, 1981, in Varese, Italy. These symposia are organized about every second year to coordinate research within the European Community and in Austria, Switzerland, Sweden, and Yugoslavia under a joint agreement called COST (Cooperation Scientifique et Technique).

The book consists of 13 articles on the identification and analysis of pollutants, 14 on chemical and photochemical reactions, 12 on aerosols, 12 on pollutant cycles, and 21 on transport and modeling and field experiments and ends with five useful summaries written by the session chairman.
Geophysical events
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

This is a summary of SEAN Bulletin, 8(6), June 30, 1983, a publication of the Smithsonian Institution. The complete bulletin is available in the microfiche edition of Eos as a microfiche supplement or as a paper reprint. For the microfiche, order document E83–007 at $2.50 (U.S.) from AGU Fulfillment, 2000 Florida Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20009. For the paper reprint, order SEAN Bulletin (giving volume and issue numbers and issue date) through AGU Separates at the above address; the price is $3.50 for one copy of each issue number for those who do not have a deposit account, $2 for those who do; additional copies of each issue number are $1. Subscriptions to SEAN Bulletin are available from AGU Fulfillment at the above address; the price is $18 for 12 monthly issues mailed to a U.S. address, $28 if mailed elsewhere, and must be prepaid.
Atmospheric Turbulence and Air Pollution Modelling
Authors: Sun Wen‐yih
Published: October 2011

Atmospheric Turbulence and Air Pollution Modelling originates from a September 1981 short course at The Hague presented by seven outstanding specialists. The material has been combined and integrated by the editors.

The first two chapters cover the basic concepts, fundamental equations, and similarity relations applied in the planetary boundary layer. They provide a very important background for succeeding chapters. The first‐order and the second‐order closure schemes are discussed in chapter 3. Observational phenomena of free convection have been extensively covered in chapter 4. The subsequent three chapters treat the diffusion problems in both unstable and stable conditions. Various models, which include the Lagrangian model of diffusion, similarity model of diffusion, statistical model of diffusion, Gaussian plume model, and K‐diffusion model are presented; the comparison of the results of some models with observations are also included. The last chapter is a report of panel discussion in which some useful remarks can be found.
The Natural Geochemistry of Our Environment
Authors: Gregor Bryan
Published: October 2011

This small work sets out “to provide an overview of the earth that will enable earth scientists to gain an appreciation of how and where the work of scientists in other disciplines can be applied to earth‐science problems” and to “provide an overview of the natural geochemical behavior of elements for the scientists in these other disciplines so that they, in turn, can use the work of earth scientists for their own problems.” If these undeniably worthwhile aims have already been achieved in large measure by such familiar figures from the past as Vernadsky, Boltwood, Goldschmidt, and Holmes, there is nonetheless some justification for this otherwise unpretentious little book, which in fact focuses its attention on the chemical elements important to life. It contains a good deal of information, most of it reasonably up to date; among its most useful features are compilations of hydrographic data (mainly from Browzin, Meybeck, and Baumgartner and Ruedel) and of data from several recent publications on the chemical composition of land plants and on the global distribution of biomass and productivity. There are good explanations of the hydrologic cycle and of the effect of pH on the mobility of chemical species, and the chapter on soils is satisfactory at the elementary level to which it necessarily adheres in so short a treatment. Each chapter is followed by a comprehensive list of references, and the index is adequate.
Jack D. Fellows: Congressional Science Fellow
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Jack D. Fellows has been selected as the 1983–84 AGU Congressional Science Fellow. Last week he began his 1‐year stint on Capitol Hill as AGU's seventh Congressional Science Fellow.

Fellows received his Ph.D. earlier this year from the civil engineering department at the University of Maryland, College Park. For his dissertation he developed a management system using regional geographic information for hydrologic models. His work applied remote sensing data to the decision‐making processes of regional planning organizations concerned with hydrology and natural resource management. The Maryland National Capital Park and Planning Commission has integrated Fellows' work into their programs on water resource and environmental planning; his approach also is being used for forest and water resource planning near Freiburg, Baden‐Wurtemberg, West Germany.
NASA budget set
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

Although the fiscal 1984 budget for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was signed into law in July, the agency only recently distributed the appropriated funds to various programs. Unlike the U.S. Geological Survey and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration budgets (Eos, September 13, 1983, p. 548), NASA had its budget signed into law well before the fiscal year began on October 1. Here is a summary of the appropriations for NASA and how the agency plans to distribute the funds.