bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Late Nineteenth Century Business Cycles in Canada
Authors: Chambers Edward J.
Published: June 2006

The last third of the nineteenth century, covering the years from Confederation until the beginning of the era of rapid expansion on the Western prairies, was a formative period for Canada. It is surprising that this period has as yet received little attention from economic historians, for analyses of demographic and economic changes during these years may yield high returns in the form of a more sophisticated interpretation of Canadian development.

One of a number of important yet neglected aspects of these years in Canada is the business cycle, and the purpose of this paper is to report some new research in this area. A study of business cycles, as opposed to “panics,” implies the existence of a clearly defined cyclical sequence that becomes apparent once an economy has reached a certain state of commercialization. While the process of commercialization in Canada generally lagged behind that in the United States it is clear that even before Confederation a viable market economy had been created in the united province of Ontario and Quebec. There is good reason to believe that by the time of Confederation factor and product markets were functioning quite smoothly and that the price system was playing a prominent role in allocating resources.

The two most authoritative, though far from definitive, accounts of cycles and growth in the late nineteenth century are contained in the works of Breckenridge and Skelton. Other students of Canadian economic history have relied heavily upon Skelton's findings about the pace and nature of activity in the post-Confederation years. Skelton concludes that the short period from 1869 to 1873 was a prosperous one, despite the abrogation of reciprocity with the United States, because (1) exports to the latter were well maintained, (2) Canadian producers were successful in finding new domestic markets, and (3) there were expanding sales to the United Kingdom. In contrast the period from the mid-seventies through the mid-nineties he considered to be “Days of Trial” during which Canada waited grimly for a favorable turn in its economic fortunes. In the late nineties Canada's “hour had struck” with emerging opportunities for agricultural expansion in the prairie west.
La Dimension politique de L'action rationnelle
Authors: Lemieux Vincent
Published: June 2006

The author wishes to show that there is a political dimension to rational action—a dimension which can be expressed in terms of the power which its possessors exert on one another. This power constrains their decisions, and may he said to limit the rationality of their action, in the same way that lack of information and conflict of values hinder rational action. This dimension is absent from economic theories of rationality, especially from the theory of games. But political man cannot be treated in terms of existing notions of economic rationality, even when these are enlarged—that is to say, enfeebled—as in the work of Downs. The reason is that the power of one man over another is inherent in politics. This power must be integrated into our idea of political rationality. The solution can be found through Dahl's formula for the measurement of one man's power over another.

The author extends Dahl's formula to cover cases in which several persons exert power over each other. After identifying sixteen “rules of power” which define all possible positions in a game where each of two persons has two alternatives, he investigates various situations with the aid of these rules, showing that conventional game theory must be modified when some players compete with one another, or when they co-operate.

The ideas of power, and of rules of power, are said to be useful for a more rigorous political science, which could be divided into “macro-politics” and “micro-politics.” The concluding paragraphs of the paper contain definitions and explorations of these two terms.
Conservatism, Liberalism, and Socialism in Canada: An Interpretation
Authors: Horowitz G.
Published: June 2006

In the United States, organized socialism is dead; in Canada socialism, though far from national power, is a significant political force. Why this striking difference in the fortunes of socialism in two very similar societies?

Any attempt to account for the difference must be grounded in a general comparative study of the English-Canadian and American societies. It will be shown that the relative strength of socialism in Canada is related to the relative strength of toryism, and to the different position and character of liberalism in the two countries.

In North America, Canada is unique. Yet there is a tendency in Canadian historical and political studies to explain Canadian phenomena not by contrasting them with American phenomena but by identifying them as variations on a basic North American theme. I grant that Canada and the United States are similar, and that the similarities should be pointed out. But the pan-North American approach, since it searches out and concentrates on similarities, cannot help us to understand Canadian uniqueness. When this approach is applied to the study of English-Canadian socialism, it discovers, first, that like the American variety it is weak, and second, that it is weak for much the same reasons. These discoveries perhaps explain why Canadian socialism is weak in comparison to European socialism; they do not explain why Canadian socialism is so much stronger than American socialism.
Non-Voting and Non-Voters: A Typology
Authors: Laponce J. A.
Published: June 2006

The studies of non-voting made in the United States and Europe have firmly established that failure to vote is associated with conflicting political preferences, with lack of interest in politics, with low position on the social stratification scale, with a feeling of political powerlessness and, to a lesser extent, with sex (women voting usually less than men) and with age (the very young and the very old voting less than the average). But while identifying the causes of non-voting these studies have been unable to determine with any precision the true level of voluntary non-voting and the relative size of the various groups of non-voters. The reason for this failure is in the non-coincidence of four types of electoral universes used and often confused during the research and the analysis: (a) the universe of the cases studied; (b) the universe of the sample (when the research is done by sampling, as is normally the case); (c) the electors registered on the rolls and thus able to vote; and (d) the potential electors. Unless there is a close coincidence between these four universes, determining the true level of electoral participation and the relative importance of the various types of non-voters becomes an open confrontation between hard data and guess work.
Intra-Industry Specialization and the Pattern of Trade
Authors: Grubel Herbert G.
Published: June 2006

In recent years some economists have suggested that under a wide range of circumstances free international trade will result in a situation where each country simultaneously produces, exports, and imports products which are very close substitutes for each other in consumption, production, or both. Because of the similarity of these products they are commonly accounted for in the same statistical “industry” classification, and the resultant international pattern of production and trade can conveniently be described as “intra-industry specialization” as contrasted with “inter-industry specialization” which results when countries produce and export but do not import the output of some industries while they import but do not produce or export the output of some other industries. It was considered that in the European Common Market intra-industry specialization dominated over inter-industry specialization and that similar developments were important in the development of Benelux trade. At the same time, but independently from these two suggestions in the literature, two pieces of research produced models capable of explaining which country would tend to specialize in which of the different qualities or styles of commodities making up the international trade in products of the same industries.
STRUCTURAL CHANGE AND NONLINEARITIES IN A PHILLIPS CURVE MODEL FOR SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: NELL KEVIN S.
Published: June 2006

The main objective of this article is to reexamine the role of the Phillips curve for monetary policy analysis in South Africa by augmenting the model for major structural changes in the balance‐of‐payments and labor market. The main findings show that a linear Phillips curve with an output gap in levels accurately describes South Africa's nontrended inflation experience during 1971(Q1)–1984(Q4), whereas a piecewise concave curve with an output gap in growth rates correctly predicts the decelerating inflation pattern during 1986(Q1)–2001(Q2). The concave curve after 1985 imparts a deflationary bias that requires expansionary demand‐side policies to stabilise the inflation rate. An important corollary is that expansionary demand‐side policies can raise the average growth rate of the output gap over time without sacrificing stabilization objectives. (JELC22, E3, E52)
Tenascin-C is induced by mutated BMP type II receptors in familial forms of pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Ihida-Stansbury Kaori , McKean David M. , Lane Kirk B. , Loyd James E. , Wheeler Lisa A. , Morrell Nicholas W. , Jones Peter Lloyd
Published: June 2006

Familial forms of human pulmonary arterial hypertension (FPAH) have been linked to mutations in bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type II receptors (BMPR2s), yet the downstream targets of these receptors remain obscure. Here we show that pulmonary vascular lesions from patients harboring BMPR2 mutations express high levels of tenascin-C (TN-C), an extracellular matrix glycoprotein that promotes pulmonary artery (PA) smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation. To begin to define how TN-C is regulated, PA SMCs were cultured from normal subjects and from those with FPAH due to BMPR2 mutations. FPAH SMCs expressed higher levels of TN-C than normal SMCs. Similarly, expression of Prx1, a factor that drives TN-C transcription, was elevated in FPAH vascular lesions and SMCs derived thereof. Furthermore, Prx1 and TN-C promoter activities were significantly higher in FPAH vs. normal SMCs. To delineate how BMPR2s control TN-C, we focused on receptor (R)-Smads, downstream effectors activated by wild-type BMPR2s. Nuclear localization and phosphorylation of R-Smads was greater in normal vs. FPAH SMCs. As well, indirect blockade of R-Smad signaling with a kinase-deficient BMP receptor Ib upregulated TN-C in normal SMCs. Because ERK1/2 MAPKs inhibit the transcriptional activity of R-Smads, and because ERK1/2 promotes TN-C transcription, we determined whether ERK1/2 inhibits R-Smad signaling in FPAH SMCs and whether this activity is required for TN-C transcription. Indeed, ERK1/2 activity was greater in FPAH SMCs, and inhibition of ERK1/2 resulted in nuclear localization of R-Smads and inhibition of TN-C. These studies define a novel signaling network relevant to PAH underscored by BMPR2 mutations.
Loss of pro-apoptotic Bim promotes accumulation of pulmonary T lymphocytes and enhances allergen-induced goblet cell metaplasia
Authors: Pierce Joseph , Rir-Sima-Ah Jules , Estrada Isaac , Wilder Julie , Strasser Andreas , Tesfaigzi Yohannes
Published: June 2006

Immunological tolerance during prolonged exposure to allergen is accompanied by a shift in the lymphocyte content and a reduction of goblet cell metaplasia (GCM). Bim initiates negative selection of autoreactive T and B cells and shut down of T cell immune responses in vivo. The present study investigated whether Bim plays a role in the resolution of GCM during prolonged exposure to allergen. Loss of Bim increased T lymphocyte numbers in the bronchoalveolar lavage at 4 and 15 days of allergen exposure. The numbers of pulmonary CD4+8−, CD4−8+, and γδ T cells were significantly higher in naive and allergen-challenged bim−/−mice compared with wild-type (WT) littermates. When activated, pulmonary bim−/−T cells produced increased levels of IFNγ compared with bim+/+T cells. No differences were noted in the total numbers of epithelial cells per millimeter of basal lamina between bim+/+and bim−/−mice, and the rate of resolution over 15 days of exposure was similar in both groups of mice. However, GCM was significantly enhanced and expression of IL-13Rα2 was reduced in bim−/−mice compared with WT mice at 4 days. Furthermore, treatment of bronchiolar explant cultures with increasing IFNγ levels reduced immunostaining for IL-13Rα2. Collectively, these studies suggest that, during prolonged exposure to allergen, Bim plays no role in the resolution of GCM, but increased IFNγ levels in bim−/−mice may be responsible for reduced expression of IL-13Rα2 and enhanced GCM despite similar levels of IL-13 in bim+/+and bim−/−mice.
Significance of Vibration Diagnosis of Rotating Machines during Installation and Commissioning: A Summary of Few Cases
Authors: Sinha Jyoti K.
Published: June 2006

Satisfactory operation of any machine is always important for plant safety, increased productivity, and low downtime and maintenance overhead. Such requirements could usually be fulfilled by proper design and installation of machines at site. The design part is perhaps more mature in most cases, however installation may play a significant role in the dynamic behaviour even for properly designed machines. Vibration based condition monitoring and codes are well known and widely followed for most of the conventional rotating machines like pumps, motors, turbines, etc. However many rotating machines often used in different process and power plants are not of conventional type wherein condition monitoring is also important, but the codes and the diagnostic techniques may not directly be applicable. The vibration measurements and analysis during commissioning is important to resolve the problems related to the machine installation, if any, and identify the parameters for future condition monitoring of different kinds of machines. It has been experienced that the vibration diagnosis during commissioning gives significant information about the proper installation vis-à-vis the vibration parameters to look for and the locations of measurements for future condition monitoring. The paper presents a summary of the few such case studies.
An Initial Analysis of Transient Noise in Rotorcraft Maneuvering Flight
Authors: Chen Hsuan-Nien , Brentner Kenneth S. , Lopes Leonard V. , Horn Joseph F.
Published: June 2006

This paper examines the additional noise produced by a helicopter rotor during a short-time maneuver, which we call “transient maneuver noise.” A coupled flight simulation/noise prediction system was developed to predict the low-frequency noise generated during transient maneuvers. The system is partially validated for steady noise predictions in this paper. A simulation of a complex 80-second maneuver flight is performed and transient maneuver noise is identified both in the entry and exit of a coordinated turn. The characteristics of the transient maneuver noise were examined in detail by studying the turn entry. The noise generated during short-duration maneuvers is due to multiple sources: aperiodic blade motions, aircraft attitude changes, and transient aerodynamic loading. More aggressive maneuvers produce higher noise levels. The primary effect of a transient maneuver on thickness noise is to change the acoustic directivity, while both loading noise directivity and levels change significantly during aggressive maneuvers.
Alberta, Economic and Political. I. Social Credit Legislation: A Survey
Authors: McGoun A. F.
Published: June 2006

The Legislature of Alberta has distinguished itself by enacting the most drastic reform measures ever seen in Canada. Supported by a very large body of public opinion, it has reduced debts, both public and private, has attempted to take several matters out of the hands of the Courts, and has, so far as legal enactment could do so, substituted the people’s own credit—Social Credit—for the financial credit which has hitherto been relied on. It is thought that this substitution is possible and might be complete. Whether or not this belief is sound, time only can tell. The present, however, offers a good opportunity to survey the situation in the light of the circumstances of the province and the general characteristics of its people.
Dated Stamp Scrip in Alberta
Authors: Coe V. F.
Published: June 2006

This is an account of the issue of dated stamp scrip in Alberta in 1936. The data were gathered a year later, and the scantiness of the information then available has resulted in important gaps which cannot be filled. But for several reasons it has seemed desirable to attempt a description and explanation of what happened. First, there is general interest in the actions of the present Alberta government, the only Social Credit government which has been elected to office in any country. The second reason is the paradox that the Social Credit government's first monetary innovation was not the installation of Social Credit, but the adoption of a rival monetary reform, the dated stamp money of Gesell. Thirdly, the interest of many people, including the monetary theorists, J. M. Keynes and Irving Fisher, in the economic ideas of Gesell seems to make an investigation of the Alberta episode worth while, even though Gesell's device was not introduced in exactly the manner he would have adopted. Fourthly, the prevalence in our time of many types of movements for monetary reform calls for as much documentation as possible of what is actually done. Finally, the economic problems of the Prairie Provinces are persistent enough to justify a record and analysis of each type of solution which is offered.
The Conception of a National Interest
Authors: Underhill Frank H.
Published: June 2006

We form a new and distinct political organization for promoting by a joint endeavour, the national interest upon a particular principle on which we are agreed.” So ran the “Address of the Canadian National Association to the People of Canada” in January, 1874. The Canada First movement of the early 1870's represents the first intrusion of intellectuals as such into the discussion of Canadian public problems. Its story has been surrounded with a romantic halo by our Canadian bourgeois political historians, prone as they are to fall an easy prey to the rhetoric of nationalism wherever they run across it. But the moral which really emerges from a study of the young idealists of Canada First is the difficulty of defining “the national interest” as something which comprehends and transcends those particular group interests whose competition with one another has ever since Confederation formed the subject matter of our day-to-day federal politics.
Sir William Temple, Political Scientist?
Authors: Macpherson C. B.
Published: June 2006

Less than justice has been done to Sir William Temple as a political scientist. It is true that his reputation now stands higher than it did in the nineteenth century when Courtenay, his biographer, observed, “Neither in science nor in politics, were his opinions founded upon an accurate combination of facts and principles,” and added, “Of Political Economy Temple knew nothing” and when Macaulay dismissed the essay on government as “exceedingly childish.” Three modern studies have done much to revise this unflattering estimate, but some aspects of Temple's political thought have remained unconsidered or confused. Professor Herriott in his analysis of Temple's ideas on government has pointed out the novelty of those ideas but has given little attention to the significance of Temple's approach and method. Dr. Marburg's excellent book, though it does not deal primarily with Temple's political ideas, has made a valuable contribution towards their understanding. But her views on Temple's attitude to science and his use of its method are open to question. Professor Woodbridge, in his recent very full study of Temple, praises “the astonishing originality” of the essay On the Original and Nature of Government, and remarks as its great merit that its argument is based “upon historical probability, observation and experience,” but he does not emphasize the inductive aspect of Temple's work nor discuss the relation of his political thought to the scientific movement. Apart from Professor G. N. Clark's explicit but passing references to Temple's significance as one of the first of the inductive political thinkers, the extent to which Temple participated in the prevailing scientific climate of opinion and was influenced by it has been generally overlooked or greatly underestimated.
The Motivation of Economic Activities
Authors: Parsons Talcott
Published: June 2006

Specialization is, without doubt, one of the most important factors in the development of modern science, since beyond a certain level of technicality it is possible, even with intensive application, only to master a limited sector of the total of human knowledge. But some modes of specialization are, at the same time, under certain circumstances, an impediment to the adequate treatment of some ranges of problems.

The principal reason for this limitation of the fruitfulness of at least some kinds of specialization lies in the fact that the specialized sciences involve a kind of abstraction. They constitute systematically organized bodies of knowledge, and their organization revolves about relatively definite and therefore limited conceptual schemes. They do not treat the concrete phenomena they study “in general” but only so far as they are directly relevant to the conceptual scheme which has become established in the science. In relation to certain limited ranges of problems and phenomena this is often adequate. But it is seldom, after such a conceptual scheme has become well worked out, that its abstractness does not sooner or later become a crucial source of difficulty in relation to some empirical problems. This is apt to be especially true on the peripheries of what has been the central field of interest of the science, in fields to which some of the broader implications of its conceptual scheme and its broader generalizations are applied, or in which the logically necessary premises of certain of these generalizations must be sought.
The Canadian Constitution and the United Nations Charter
Authors: Angus H. F.
Published: June 2006

The British North America Act of 1867 recorded in its preamble that the Provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick had “expressed their desire to be federally united” and then proceeded to give legal effect to that desire. For a long time Canada has been classified as a federal state in contrast to the unitary state which “Legislative Union” would have produced. If, however, Professor F. R. Scott is correct in asserting that “an established convention leaves little doubt that we can amend our constitution whenever a mere majority of our Senate and House of Commons demand it,” Canada has finally joined the ranks of the unitary states, since, as a result of this “established convention,” the provisions of the B.N.A. Act by which “in each Province the Legislature may exclusively make laws in relation to matters coming within” certain “Classes of Subjects” could be altered at will by the Parliament of Canada.

It is true that in making the statement which has been cited, Professor Scott was primarily concerned with showing how completely autonomous Canada has become and not with the federal character of the Canadian constitution. But the example which he selected to illustrate the convention, viz. the opposition of Quebec to the amendment of 1943, was phrased so as to carry the implication that provincial opposition does not matter whatever the nature of the proposed amendment may be. It may well be that the Parliament of the United Kingdom would, in practice, enact any amendment for which the Canadian Parliament asked. But, as we are in the sphere of convention and not of formal law, it is also possible that, as between Canada and the provinces, a convention would be recognized limiting the type of amendment for the enactment of which the Parliament of Canada should ask. As constitutional conventions are apt to be the embodiment of common sense and fair play, and to admit of reasonable exceptions to fit whatever emergencies may arise, it is not impossible that it would be generally recognized as unconstitutional for the Canadian Parliament to ask, without consulting the provincial governments, for an amendment extending its own legislative power and diminishing the legislative power of the provincial legislatures. Emergency action taken in war-time is hardly a complete test for a convention for, as Professor Scott observes, “the demands of total war are such that in the result Canada may almost be said to possess a unitary form of government in war-time (p. 334).” A generous interpretation of constitutional conventions in time of war may well be expected to go hand in hand with a generous construction of the written law by the courts.
Government Forecasting in Canada
Authors: Bates Stewart
Published: June 2006

The most significant economic events of the past twenty years in the world at large, were the boom, the depression, the re-armament, and the war, and the lesson of this precarious period, more than of any other perhaps, is the necessity of trying to look ahead. The issue is not whether we should make forecasts or avoid forecasts. It is whether we should look ahead in a haphazard, unorganized way, or whether we should try to systematize our outlook, appraising current and foreseeable trends as part of a broader programme for maintaining high employment and sustained levels of income. Part of the federal government programme devoted to these ends, has been to set up a research unit which among other jobs, is attempting to develop a technique of forecasting suited to Canadian conditions, and which is trying to extend this as a basis for consideration of policy. This paper is a report on the progress of this forecasting unit: an attempt to state its objectives, the stage of development of its procedures, and its difficulties as they are now seen.

These remarks should be prefaced by reference to an informal committee on forecasting, established in Ottawa by representatives of several federal departments. Much of the forecasting work is reviewed by that committee, and the content of this paper is much affected by its work. But this paper expresses a personal view of the matter, for which that committee would probably be unwilling to take much responsibility.
The Distribution of Income Among Wage Workers in Railway Employment, 1939-47
Authors: McDougall John L.
Published: June 2006

It has been a truism that the distribution of income is relatively fixed. The slope of the Pareto curve of income may change slightly in the various stages of the business cycle; but it oscillates about a norm, it does not fluctuate at random. It conforms itself to relative productivity.

Relative income is important socially as well as economically. Income is one of the major yardsticks by which people establish themselves in a social hierarchy; and any attempt to alter the income pattern may be expected to produce serious disturbances. The new situation can persist only if the relative supplies of labour of different grades are correspondingly altered. Otherwise unemployment may be expected.

The distribution of income among wage-earners has been sharply altered since 1939. There was a very strong tendency to give wage increases as so many cents per hour and not as a given percentage of the previous wage. The cost of living bonus was so designed; and its pattern was followed by the large industrial unions when they demanded further wage increases. The total of increases given in this fashion was large enough to narrow sharply the percentage spreads between the skilled and the unskilled occupations. The present situation is one of unstable equilibrium and the study which follows attempts to measure the degree of distortion in the wage structure and therefore to indicate how much change must be made in it before it is again normal. The broad fact is clear; all that can be claimed for this paper is that it helps to give precision to what is now vague common knowledge.
The Liberal Convention of 1893
Authors: Lederle John W.
Published: June 2006

The year 1948 goes down in the history of Canadian politics as the year of national party conventions. Meeting at Ottawa, both the Liberals and the Conservatives used national party conventions to select new national leaders, to revitalize their national party organizations, and to revamp their party platforms. The C.C.F., meeting in Winnipeg, although not in the throes of change of party leadership, likewise used a national convention as a vehicle for discussion of organization and platform problems. That the questions of leadership, organization, and platform are properly subjects for deliberation by representative assemblies of party stalwarts is today unquestioned in Canada.

Yet, so far as the Liberal and Conservative parties are concerned, acceptance of the convention procedure for consideration of important party matters is based upon limited experience. While national party conclaves have not been uncommon, national party “conventions” especially designed to include delegates selected by and representing the individual federal ridings have been infrequent. Actually, the first truly representative national convention after confederation was that of the Liberal party in 1893.1 In 1919, Mackenzie King was selected as leader of the party at another great convention2 and it was not until 1948 that the Liberals met again. As a party in opposition, whose path back into office has been far from smooth, the Conservatives have in recent years had more occasion to use national party conventions. They assembled in 1927, 1938, 1942,3 and again in 1948.

The national party convention appears to have challenged the role of the party’s elected members of parliament as the dominating ruler of the party in selecting the party leader and formulating the party platform and organization. Of course the parliamentary party group plays a prominent part in convention proceedings, but the significant thing is that the parliamentary group now must, in some instances, exercise its influence through the medium of a representative convention in which the members of parliament can be outvoted by the local delegates.
The New Fidelity
Authors: Watkins F. M.
Published: June 2006

For some time past the market has been flooded with books and articles on the weaknesses of modern liberalism. They differ on many points, but on one at least they show a remarkable degree of agreement. What liberalism lacks, it seems, is a truly living faith. The Communists are united throughout the world in passionate allegiance to the doctrines of orthodox Marxism, and are inspired thereby to prodigies of self-confident action. The supporters of constitutional democracy, on the other hand, are paralysed by doubts and self-questionings. The only way to remedy this situation, so the argument runs, is to restore liberalism as a fighting faith, and to arm liberals with a doctrine at least as sure and fanatical as that of their enemies. Attempts to discover such a doctrine, or laments for its non-existence, have become one of the staple products of current political thought.

Out of this background there has emerged a movement which is best described as “The New Fidelity.” “The Revival of Christianity” would be a more usual, but less accurate designation for this particular current of thought. For true Christians love of Christ is the end of human existence, and everything else is significant only as a means to that end. The New Fidelity is distinguished not by faith in Christ, but by faith in faith. Starting from the proposition that the end of human existence is to achieve political and social stability, it regards belief in Christ as a desirable and even indispensable means to the attainment of this end. Unlike Christianity, it has its eyes fixed not on a heavenly but on an earthly kingdom.
Immigration and Economic Development
Authors: Corbett D. C.
Published: June 2006

During the last two centuries economic and demographic changes have taken place with unprecedented speed. The population of the world, after several centuries of stability, has increased from 728 million in 1750, to 1,171 million in 1850, and then to 2,171 million in 1940, a phenomenal leap of 1 billion in ninety years. Meanwhile the European whites, the most prolific of the world's races in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, were streaming overseas. From 1815 to the 1920's, some 55 million Europeans emigrated; about 19 million of them were from the British Isles. Some 36 million settled in the United States, over 4 million in Canada, 10 million in South America.

The outlines of the demographic phenomena associated with this expansion are well known; perhaps even better known are the revolutionary agricultural, scientific, industrial, and commercial changes of the same period. The succession of events need not be traced here; and of the actual increase in aggregate or per capita productivity of the industrialized nations no precise estimate can be made. The rise in the gross value of international trade from $3 billion in 1840 to $40 billion in 1913 is one indication of the expansion of economies.
The Gold Standard in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Michell H.
Published: June 2006

On May 1, 1851, Queen Victoria, accompanied by the Prince Consort, to whom must be given credit for the undertaking, with the royal family, the ministers of state, ambassadors, and a great throng of all who were famous in the United Kingdom, opened the Great Exhibition housed in the Crystal Palace, “that blazing arch of lucid glass.” A massed choir of a thousand voices—the Victorians loved massed choirs and massed orchestras—sang an ode composed by Tennyson, the Poet Laureate, in which they praised “the invisible, universal Lord,”

Who lets once more in peace the nations meet,Where Science, Art and Labour have outpour'dTheir myriad horns of plenty at our feet.

The exhibition was off to a good start, and its success was phenomenal. Fourteen thousand exhibitors from all the leading nations of the world had brought the best they had of their wares. Six million visitors, brought to England by the new steamships and to London by the new railways, came to see the marvels displayed, and thought it all very wonderful. And it was wonderful; nothing like it had ever been seen before. It was the apotheosis of the Industrial Revolution. The Victorians believed in Progress; they had every reason to believe in it and the Crystal Palace was its outward and visible sign. The entrepreneurs, the manufacturers were entirely satisfied with things. Everything was for the best in the best of all possible worlds. God was in his heaven and all was right everywhere; or at least it was all right in Manchester where they made fortunes from cottons; and in the Black Country where, under the shadow of those “dark satanic mills” which had vexed the gentle soul of William Blake, they were making even greater fortunes.
The Theory of Elections in Single-Member Constituencies
Authors: Black Duncan
Published: June 2006

Which candidate ought to be elected in a single-member constituency if all that we take into account is the order in which each of the electors ranks the various candidates? The most reasonable answer, I think, is that that candidate ought to be elected who, on the whole or on the average, stands highest on the electors' schedules of preferences.

At the very outset of the argument we try to move from the is to the ought and to jump the unbridgeable chasm between the universe of science and that of morals. Some discussion of this step should be given, even though it does no more than point out the assumptions under which the jump is made.

We assume that, in a constituency which is to elect a single member, we know the order in which the candidates are ranked on the schedule of preferences of each elector. If the electors had only been allowed to cast a single vote and the record of this was all the information at our disposal, inevitably, I think, we would have to conclude that the candidate most deserving of election was the one with the greatest number of first-preference votes. As against this, however, our assumption will be that each elector expresses his attitude to each of the candidates in the field, and that we have this record of the electors' attitudes.
Malthus on the High Price of Provisions
Authors: Johnson Harry G.
Published: June 2006

Malthus's Investigation of the High Price of Provisions, hitherto available in Canada only on microfilm, is a pamphlet well worth republication here both for its topicality and its economic content. Many of Malthus's views on inflation, particularly his discussion of opposing theories, have direct application to current economic controversy. And while the late Lord Keynes, with that excess of generosity which he reserved for the underdog in academic debates, seems to have exaggerated the extent to which Malthus here expounds the principle of effective demand, the pamphlet does anticipate several important elements of the modern theory of income determination.

The Investigation was written in a hurry—in much the same way as a modern British economist takes time from his academic pursuits to dash off a quick pamphlet setting the public straight on some problem of grave national importance. It records, Malthus says elsewhere, “an idea which struck him so strongly as he rode on horseback from Hastings to Town” that he stopped two days in his “garret in town,” “sitting up till two o'clock to finish it that it might come out before the meeting of Parliament.” As a result of this rapid writing, it is clear, incisive, and delightfully personal, in the manner of the first Essay; by the second Essay, for reasons of his own, he had reduced his style to a pedantic verbosity almost worthy of Adam Smith himself.
John Maynard Keynes
Authors: Timlin Mabel F.
Published: June 2006

I Have been asked, before introducing the speakers, to take a quarter-hour to pay tribute on behalf of this Association to the memory of the great economist whose life and work are the subjects of this evening's meeting. I propose to use these few minutes to inquire very briefly into the philosophy and characteristics which made Lord Keynes so great a human being, perhaps as nearly a whole person as the twentieth century can show us.

In a recent article Mr. Harrod has expressed the conviction that Keynes had a more distinguished mind than Ricardo. There is food for reflection in the fact that Ricardian thought developed along two quite different lines, one through the so-called Manchester School and the other through the Christian Socialists and Karl Marx, and that Keynesian influences are already showing a similar bifurcation. On the one hand, we find developing a stereotype labelled a “Keynesian,” presumably preoccupied with unemployment, with a simple philosophy based upon the possibility of management of the economic macrocosm through monetary and fiscal means. On the other hand, we find Marxists claiming Keynes and non-Marxists repudiating him on the ground that the “philosophic implications” of his “doctrines” are Marxist in nature.

With respect to the first line of development, it seems to me that Keynes's devotion was to ends rather than to means, that he viewed means always as experimental, and that it is a central conviction in his personal philosophy that we do not know how human beings will react to a change in environment. For that reason, and also because circumstances alter with the passage of time, we must be prepared always to alter economic modes, or even to “reverse a process” which has been initiated. This is not the philosophy of the Keynesian stereotype.
Problems in the Administration of Canadian Resources
Authors: Keenleyside H. L.
Published: June 2006

The expansion of Europe and the industrial revolution brought about revolutionary changes in the life of humanity, changes that had no counterpart in the previous history of the human race. The European peasant of 1700 or even of 1800 could have adjusted himself readily to the life of the agricultural communities in the valleys of the Nile or Euphrates in the year 5000 B.C. He would have been completely bewildered and frightened by the life of the farmers of Alberta or Kansas in 1950. A similar metamorphosis has taken place in the lives of other classes of society during the last two centuries. It is true that many of the commercial practices of the present day can be traced back to the earliest periods of recorded history, but while the clerks of King Hammurabi could have quickly adapted themselves to the handling of the commercial and financial problems of Henry VIII, they would have required a good deal of post-graduate training before they could have made the additional and very much briefer transition into the life of the twentieth century.

Radical as have been the changes in the forms and content of civilization since the Italian and English and Spanish and French explorers of the sixteenth century followed the sun westward across the Atlantic, there is no evidence that the process of change is terminating or even slowing down. Indeed, the contrary is true. As the changes of the nineteenth century exceeded those of several millenia, today the changes of a decade are likely to surpass those of the preceding hundred years.
Disequilibrium-Pricing Versus Inconsistent Preferences in Unemployment Theory
Authors: Dehem Roger
Published: June 2006

Apart from the voluminous literature on pragmatic issues of employment policy written after the appearance of J. M. Keynes's General Theory, relatively few authors have probed the conceptual foundations of unemployment theories. The object of this essay is to review or reinterpret the main analytical systems that have been used in attempts to explain unemployment, to discuss their relevance to reality, and to suggest an alternative model.

Consistency as an Optimum Property of Classical General Equilibrium Systems. Classical general equilibrium theory, in particular Pareto's system, may be interpreted in two ways: either in the sense that once the equilibrium values of the variables are realized, the economic system will remain stationary as long as the parameters of the equations remain unchanged; or, and this applies to Pareto more than to Walras, in the sense that the equilibrium values, in a certain competitive framework, represent an “optimum” situation, any deviation from which involves a welfare-loss.

The set of equilibrium prices and quantities is the solution of a system of equations implicitly assumed to be consistent. The equilibrium values are in fact those that render mutually compatible the results of the maximizing behaviour of individuals, given the psychological and technological parameters and the initial distribution of assets. In order to yield an equilibrium solution, a system of equations must be consistent. But, although consistency is necessary for an optimum solution, it is not sufficient.
Co-operative Central Banking in Canada
Authors: Croteau J. T.
Published: June 2006

In the Spring of 1951, after more than three years of planning, the organized leadership of the Canadian co-operative movement made a determined effort to persuade the Government of Canada to support before Parliament a bill to incorporate a national co-operative credit society–a national co-operative central bank. While this attempt did not succeed, the co-operative leaders, far from abandoning the proposal, intensified their efforts to secure this incorporation, and a campaign is being conducted throughout the country. In this article an examination will be made of the central co-operative credit societies now existing in the different provinces of Canada; their economic function will be considered and elements of strength and weakness found in them will be analysed. While the emphasis will centre on the provincial units, certain observations on the proposed national co-operative credit society will also be made.

The principles of co-operative banking can be derived from observation of existing institutions. During the 1930's well-developed systems of co-operative credit were operating in almost every civilized country in the world. While these banking systems professed a certain similarity of purpose, embracing such characteristics as non-profit operation, low interest rates to borrowers, the accumulation of funds for the development of co-operatives, and the like, they exhibited a wide variety of organizational structures. Some of these societies served only co-operatives, while others dealt with the general public; some served only credit societies, others all types of co-operatives; some were primarily systems of agricultural credit, while others served urban tradesmen and producers; some operated under the aegis of the state while others were independent of state aid; some practised open membership, while others accepted as members only certain racial or religious segments of the population. Thus the problem of classification of co-operative banking systems is a difficult one.
The Use of Sampling Procedures and Role Theory in Sociological Research
Authors: Hall Oswald
Published: June 2006

This paper is a consideration of the possibility of combining sampling procedures and role theory as methods of social research. It is one contention of this study that these are currently the chief centres of interest in sociological theorizing. The first, shared by several other sciences, is part of a broader interest in statistical procedures. The other is an integral part of the renewed interest in the study of social organization as such.

On the surface it might appear that these two interests are complementary in character, and that both would share in the attention of persons inclined to considerations of theory. Actually the situation is quite otherwise. Students in the two fields have remained isolated from each other to an eminent degree. The intent of this paper is to attempt a bridge between these two interests, by exploring the possibility of extending the techniques of sampling to the analysis of social organization.

The paper is divided into three parts. The first section is a very abbreviated introduction to some general features of sampling procedures and of the nature of social organization. The second part is a consideration of a specific study in each of the two fields. The final section deals with the application of both types of approach to a research situation.