bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preterm infants' biobehavioral responses to caregiving and positioning over 24 hours in a neonatal unit in Taiwan
Authors: Liaw Jen‐Jiuan , Yang Luke , Hua Yi‐Ming , Chang Pei‐Wen , Teng Chi Chen , Li Chia‐Chi
Published: July 2012

This prospective, descriptive study used a repeated‐measures design to explore preterm infants' biobehavioral responses to 24‐hour neonatal caregiving and positioning, and the factors associated with changes in their biobehavioral responses. Thirty preterm infants (gestational age 27.6–36.1 weeks) were observed for 3 days to record biobehavioral responses. Infants' disorganized behaviors increased as caregiving intrusiveness and supine positioning increased. Social interactions did not lead to increases in infants' disorganized behaviors, but to increased regulatory behaviors. Non‐nutritive sucking (NNS), and prone positioning reduced occurrences of infant disorganized behaviors. Routine caregiving increased instability of oxygen saturation, but lateral and prone positioning improved physiological stability. Clinicians can appropriately provide NNS, positioning, and social interactions to promote biobehavioral stability. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 35:634–646, 2012
Selbstmedikation: Beratung bei der Selbstbehandlung
Authors: Schulz Martin
Published: July 2012

Die Selbstmedikation gilt heute als ein Teil der Selbstbehandlung. Ich definiere sie als die eigenverantwortliche Anwendung von apotheken‐, aber nicht verschreibungspflichtigen Arzneimitteln durch den Verbraucher bzw. Patienten selbst. In der Selbstmedikation übt der Apotheker eine wichtige Beratungs‐ und Kontrollfunktion aus, da er die einzige fachliche Bezugsperson für den Patienten darstellt.
Betreuung von Patienten mit Herzinsuffizienz
Authors: Griese Nina , Schorr Susanne Gabriele , Schulz Martin
Published: July 2012

Herzinsuffizienz ist eine komplexe Erkrankung. Ihre Behandlung wird häufig durch zahlreiche Komorbiditäten erschwert. Multimorbiditäten und Polymedikation bei Patienten mit Herzinsuffizienz erfordern ein multidisziplinäres Versorgungskonzept. Der Apotheker kann im Rahmen der pharmazeutischen Beratung und Betreuung einen wichtigen Beitrag leisten.
Medikationsmanagement
Authors: Griese Nina , Felberg Miriam , Müller Uta , Schulz Martin
Published: July 2012

Fast jeder zweite Mensch in Deutschland hat zwei oder mehr chronische Erkrankungen, jeder Fünfte sogar fünf oder mehr. Häufig erfordert dies eine Multimedikation, die wiederum mit einem erhöhten Risiko für arzneimittelbezogene Probleme einhergeht. Eine vielversprechende Möglichkeit, die Arzneimitteltherapiesicherheit zu erhöhen, ist die stärkere Einbindung des Apothekers bei der Arzneimitteltherapie im Rahmen eines Medikationsmanagements.
Inhibitoren der New‐Delhi‐Metallolactamase
Authors: Holzgrabe Ulrike
Published: July 2012

Die Antibiotka‐Waffen werden immer stumpfer, da sich die Bakterien erfolgreich gegen ihren Angriff zur Wehr setzen. Nur wenige Monate nach Auffindung der Penicilline wurden schon Resistenzen vermeldet, die auf die Bildung von β‐Lactamasen zurückzuführen sind. Bei der Markteinführung von Oxacillin wurden dann multiresistente Bakterien aufgefunden, die sogenannten Methicillin‐resistenten Staphylococcus aureus, kurz MRSA genannt. Von den gram‐negativen Klebsiella pneumoniae kennen wir seit gut zehn Jahren “extended‐spectrum‐β‐lactamase”‐produzierende Stämme, die resistent gegen die 3. Generation von Cephalosporinen und Monobactame sind.
Initial testing of the MDM2 inhibitor RG7112 by the pediatric preclinical testing program
Authors: Carol Hernan , Reynolds C. Patrick , Kang Min H. , Keir Stephen T. , Maris John M. , Gorlick Richard , Kolb E. Anders , Billups Catherine A. , Geier Brian , Kurmasheva Raushan T. , Houghton Peter J. , Smith Malcolm A. , Lock Richard B.
Published: July 2012

Background

RG7112 is a selective inhibitor of p53‐MDM2 binding that frees p53 from negative control, activating the p53 pathway in cancer cells leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. RG7112 was selected for evaluation by the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program (PPTP) due to the relatively low incidence of p53 mutations in pediatric cancers compared with adult malignancies.

Procedures

RG7112 and its inactive enantiomer RG7112i were evaluated against the 23 cell lines of the PPTP in vitro panel using 96 hours exposure (1 nM to 10 µM). It was tested against the PPTP in vivo panel focusing on p53 wild‐type (WT) xenografts at a dose of 100 mg/kg daily for 14 days followed by 4 weeks of observation. Response outcomes were related to MDM2 and p53 expression datasets (http://pptp.nchresearch.org/data.html).

Results

RG7112 demonstrated cytotoxic activity with a lower median IC50 for p53 WT versus p53 mutant cell lines (approximately 0.4 µM vs. >10 µM, respectively). RG7112 induced tumor growth inhibition meeting criteria for intermediate activity (EFS T/C > 2) in 10 of 26 (38%) solid tumor xenografts. Objective responses included medulloblastoma, alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, Wilms, rhabdoid and Ewing sarcoma xenografts. For the ALL panel, there was one partial response, five complete responses and one maintained complete response. The ALL xenografts expressed the highest levels of p53 among the PPTP panels.

Conclusions

RG7112 induced tumor regressions in solid tumors from different histotype panels, and exhibited consistent high‐level activity against ALL xenografts. This high level of activity supports prioritization of RG7112 for further evaluation. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60: 633–641. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Supercritical CO2 Assisted Extraction and LC–MS Identification of Picroside I and Picroside II from Picrorhiza kurroa
Authors: Patil Ajit A. , Sachin Bhusari S. , Shinde Devanand B. , Wakte Pravin S.
Published: July 2012

Introduction

Picroside I and picroside II have been studied intensively because of their pharmacological actions and clinical applications. Numerous methods have been reported for extracting picroside I and picroside II from Picrorrhiza. kurroa rhizomes. This is the first report of picroside I and picroside II extraction using the supercritical carbon dioxide assisted extraction technique.

Objective

To develop supercritical carbon dioxide assisted extraction and LC–MS identification of picroside I and picroside II from the Picrorrhiza kurroa Royle rhizomes.

Methodology

Surface response methodology based on 33 fractional factorial design was used to extract picroside I and picroside II from P. kurroa rhizomes. The effects of various process factors, namely temperature (40–80°C), pressure (25–35 MPa) and co‐solvent (methanol) concentration (0–10% v/v) on extraction yield of the two compounds were evaluated. The picroside I and picroside II contents were determined using validated LC–MS methodology.

Results

The maximum yield of picroside I (32.502 ± 1.131 mg/g) and picroside II (9.717 ± 0.382 mg/g) was obtained at the 10% v/v co‐solvent concentration, 40°C temperature and 30 MPa pressure. The conventional Soxhlet assisted methanol extract of P. kurroa powder resulted in 36.743 ± 1.75 and 11.251 ± 0.54 mg/g yield of picroside I and picroside II, respectively.

Conclusion

Variation of concentration and extraction time showed a significant effect on the picroside I and picroside II yield. Supercritical carbon dioxide assisted extraction using methanol as a co‐solvent is an efficient and environmentally sustainable method for extracting picroside I and picroside II from P. kurroa rhizomes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maternal serum CA 19–9 and CA 15–3 levels in pregnancies affected by trisomy 21
Authors: Akinlade F. , Cowans N. J. , Kisanga M. C. , Spencer K.
Published: July 2012

Objectives

To investigate the levels of tumour markers CA 19–9 and CA 15–3 in the first trimester maternal serum of euploid control and trisomy 21 pregnancies.

Methods

Maternal serum marker levels of 69 trisomy 21 and 388 euploid controls were quantified by the Kryptor analyser, and levels were compared between the two groups after analysis for confounding factors. Monte Carlo simulation was carried out to determine the effect of adding potential markers to the combined test.

Results

Neither marker was affected by gestational age; however, CA 19–9 required correction for maternal weight. CA 19–9 was significantly increased in trisomy 21 pregnancies (0.98 MoM in euploid, 1.16 MoM in trisomy 21, p = 0.024). Levels of CA 15–3 were not found to differ significantly (1.03 MoM in euploid, 1.09 in trisomy 21, p = 0.130). Detection rates were unaffected by addition of CA 19–9 to the combined test.

Conclusion

Although a small significant increase in CA 19–9 levels was found in trisomy 21 group, it is unlikely to be of any use as part of a trisomy 21 screening tool. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Das Antimaterie‐Rätsel
Authors: Kellerbauer Alban
Published: July 2012

Die Abwesenheit von Antimaterie im Universum legt eine Verletzung der diskreten Symmetrien nahe, die die Beziehung zwischen Materie und Antimaterie beschreiben. Knapp zehn Jahre nach der ersten Herstellung von kalter Antimaterie am CERN gelang vor kurzem erstmals der Einfang von Antiwasserstoff. Mit seiner Hilfe möchten mehrere Experimente am Antiproton Decelerator das CPT‐Theorem überprüfen. Auch die Wirkung der Schwerkraft auf Antiteilchen soll in den nächsten Jahren erstmals untersucht werden. Derweil gibt es Hinweise vom Large Hadron Collider auf eine Verletzung der CP‐Symmetrie, die dem Standardmodell der Teilchenphysik widerspricht. Auch sie könnte den Materie‐Überschuss im Universum erklären.
Eine Ballonfahrt mit Folgen
Authors: Schuster Peter Maria
Published: July 2012

Victor Franz Hess (1883–1964) entdeckte 1912 bei Ballonaufstiegen die kosmische Höhenstrahlung und erhielt dafür 1936, als bisher einziger Steirer, den Nobelpreis für Physik. Er lehrte an den Universitäten Wien, Graz, Innsbruck und ab 1938 Fordham, New York. Zeitlebens seinem Thema treu, führte er, selbst an Radiumverbrennungen leidend, als erster in USA Routinemessungen von Radiumvergiftungen ein.
Photoeffekt an Nanostrukturen: der klassische Grenzfall
Authors: Herink Georg , Solli Daniel R. , Gulde Max , Ropers Claus
Published: July 2012

Der photoelektrische Effekt dient in der Regel als das historische Paradebeispiel für den Erfolg der Quantenphysik. In Experimenten an der Universität Göttingen ist es nun gelungen, in der Photoelektronen‐Emission aus Nanostrukturen bei hohen Intensitäten ein Regime zu erreichen, in dem wiederum klassische – also nicht allein quantenphysikalische – Gesetzmäßigkeiten gelten.
Einzelphotonen‐Kommunikation zwischen einzelnen Molekülen
Authors: Götzinger Stephan , Sandoghdar Vahid
Published: July 2012

Die Kopplung von Emittern mit einzelnen Photonen ist von zentraler Bedeutung für die Realisierung von Quantennetzwerken und anderen zukünftigen optischen Quantentechnologien. Unserer Arbeitsgruppe ist es kürzlich gelungen die Kommunikation zweier entfernter Moleküle durch einzelne Photonen zu zeigen. Dies ebnet den Weg zu Experimenten, in denen einzelne Photonen als Träger von Quanteninformation mit Hilfe von einzelnen Atomen oder Molekülen weiterverarbeitet werden.
Ein Plasma‐Universum ohne Urknall
Authors: Loos Andreas
Published: July 2012

Ein einfacher Mensch war er nicht. “Häretiker” nennen ihn seine Biographen und “Dekan der Plasma‐Dissidenten”. 1967, als die Antiatom‐Bewegung in seiner Heimat Schweden stärker wird, reagiert er genervt auf die seiner Meinung nach schlappe Forschungsförderung für die friedliche Nutzung der Atomenergie. Seine Arbeit werde wohl nicht mehr benötigt, stellt er fest – und hält Ausschau nach Atomenergie in freundlicheren Gefilden.
Integrated Hedgehog signaling is induced following castration in human and murine prostate cancers
Authors: Efstathiou Eleni , Karlou Maria , Wen Sijin , Hoang Anh , Pettaway Curtis A. , Pisters Louis L. , Maity Sankar , Troncoso Patricia , Logothetis Christopher J.
Published: July 2012

BACKGROUND

The interplay between androgen and Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathways may be associated with prostate cancer progression and resistance to therapy.

METHODS

Tissue microarrays from prostatectomy specimens were derived from 53 patients treated preoperatively with androgen ablation (AA) with or without chemotherapy, and from 26 stage‐ and grade‐matched controls. A previously characterized androgen‐regulated human prostate cancer xenograft was used to conduct parallel murine studies. Expression of markers of interest was determined on both untreated and castrated tumors.

RESULTS

Four‐month exposure to AA or AA with chemotherapy led to a uniform increase in Hh signaling as compared to controls, paired with an inverse trend of androgen receptor (AR) and CYP17 expression in clinically derived specimens. Changes in the expression profiles of Hh signaling were observed in the epithelium and stroma, in response to genotoxic stress of androgen ablation and chemotherapy. A reduced expression of KI67 and increased bcl2 expression was observed in the malignant epithelial compartment.

CONCLUSION

To our knowledge, this is the first clinical evidence that Hh signaling is induced by AA or the combination of AA and chemotherapy and, by inference, contributes to castrate‐resistant progression of prostate cancer as supported by parallel human and murine studies. These data are in agreement with previous reports that implicate Hh signaling in castrate‐resistant progression of prostate cancer. Based on these findings, we are pursuing parallel clinical and murine investigations to determine if Hh signaling inhibition combined with AA will be more effective than AA alone. Prostate 73: 153–161, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of TiO2 crystalline composition on the dielectric properties of TiO2/P(VDF‐TrFE) composites
Authors: Lin Shuang , Kuang Xiwen , Wang Fanghui , Zhu Hong
Published: July 2012

In order to study the effect of the TiO2 particle crystalline composition (with different proportions of rutile and anatase crystals) on the dielectric properties of the composite, titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles and TiO2/poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF‐TrFE)] composites were synthesized by a reflux method and the solution route, respectively. The results indicated that the optimum TiO2 particle crystalline composition is anatase content of 37% and rutile content of 63% for dielectric‐constant modifier applications. Furthermore, a dielectric constant of 25.7 with dielectric loss of 0.17 at 100 Hz at room temperature were obtained in the composite with 40 wt% TiO2 particles. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nachweis der Ermüdungssicherheit von Brücken – Teil 1: Veranlassung, Ziel und Messkonzept des Monitoring‐Projekts “Bahnbrücke Eglisau“
Authors: Meyer Christian , Bosshard Max , Brühwiler Eugen
Published: July 2012

Durch steigende Anforderungen des modernen Bahnverkehrs (vor allem durch höhere Achslasten und Zugfrequenzen) werden Bahnbrücken immer stärker beansprucht. Entsprechend muss die Trag‐ und Ermüdungssicherheit dieser Brücken nachgewiesen werden. Dies erfolgt über eine so genannte Aktualisierung, indem die effektiv auftretende Beanspruchung des Brückentragwerks genau ermittelt wird.

Im Rahmen eines Pilotprojekts werden zurzeit zerstörungsfreie, statische und dynamische Belastungsversuche an der Bahnbrücke Eglisau, Schweiz, durchgeführt, um Informationen zu erhalten, auf deren Basis zuverlässige Aussagen zur Tragsicherheit und Ermüdungssicherheit gemacht werden sollen. Im laufenden Bahnbetrieb ist die eingleisig befahrene Bahnbrücke schwer zugänglich, weshalb die Langzeitmessungen mit Hilfe eines festinstallierten, vollautomatischen Bauwerk‐Monitoring‐Systems (swissMon) durchgeführt werden. Mit Hilfe dieses Systems können beliebig viele, unterschiedliche Messsensoren zyklisch oder getriggert durch das Überfahren eines Zuges betrieben werden. Die mit swissMon gewonnen Daten sind eine verlässliche Grundlage für weitere Analysen und Modellrechnungen und unterstützen die beteiligten Tragwerksingenieure insbesondere bei der Beurteilung der Ermüdungssicherheit.

Fatigue design of bridges – Part 1: Motive, intent and measuring concept of the Swiss monitoring‐study “Railway Bridge Eglisau. Due to increasing requirements of modern railways (higher load per axle, higher train frequencies etc.) higher loads are drawn on railway bridges in the present. A pilot study has been carried out to capture non‐intrusive static and dynamic load tests on a railway bridge at Eglisau, Switzerland. The tests have provided reliable data needed to produce a meaningful report presenting the current and predicted structural safety, serviceability and structural fatigue of the bridge. The single track railway bridge provides limited access when in operation. Therefore, a fully automated construction monitoring system (swissMon) was installed onto the bridge to continuously supply remote measurement data throughout the monitoring period. The system was used to program multiple sensors and sensor types to record measurements at regular time intervals or to trigger the sensors upon the passing of a train. The data obtained from swissMon provided the fundamental reliable information required to carry out further analysis and modeling to support the expert engineers‘ structural assessment of the single track railway bridge at Eglisau.
Risikoorientierte Bemessung von Tragstrukturen – Geplante Nutzungsdauer
Authors: Pertermann Ina , Puthli Ram , Ummenhofer Thomas
Published: July 2012

Der Eurocode DIN EN 1990 [1] fordert in Abschnitt 2.1, Satz (1)P: “Ein Tragwerk ist so zu planen und auszuführen, dass es während der Errichtung und in der vorgesehenen Nutzungszeit mit angemessener Zuverlässigkeit und Wirtschaftlichkeit den möglichen Einwirkungen und Einflüssen standhält und die geforderten Anforderungen an die Gebrauchstauglichkeit eines Bauwerks oder Bauteils erfüllt.“ Sonderbauten in der Industrie, Land‐ und Forstwirtschaft, Gewächshäuser, fliegende Bauten, aber auch Solar‐ und Windenergieanlagen haben oft deutlich vom Normalfall im Hochbau abweichende Nutzungsdauern. Der Eurocode sieht eine Klassifizierung nach der geplanten Nutzungsdauer vor. Die wirtschaftliche Optimierung kann durch Anpassung der zeitveränderlichen charakteristischen Einwirkungen an die geplante Nutzungsdauer erfolgen, wobei das geforderte Zuverlässigkeitsniveau über den Zeitraum der Nutzungsdauer eingehalten bleibt. Falls erforderlich, sind zusätzliche Anforderungen an die Personensicherheit zu beachten, insbesondere dort wo viele Menschen anwesend sein können. In diesem Beitrag werden Hintergründe und Herleitung von Anpassungsfaktoren für die Nutzungsdauer für charakteristische Einwirkungen infolge Schnee, Wind und Temperatur erläutert. Für Verkehrs‐ und Nutzlasten und für außergewöhnliche Einwirkungen wie Anpralllasten und Erdbeben werden Ansatzpunkte aufgezeigt.

Risk oriented structural design – Design working life. The Eurocode DIN EN 1990: 2010‐12 [1] requires in Clause2.1 (1)P that: ”A structure shall be designed and executed in such a way that it will, during its intended life, with appropriate degrees of reliability and in an economical way, sustain all actions and influences likely to occur during execution and use, and remain fit for the use for which it is required.” Special structures such as agricultural buildings, horticultural greenhouses, temporary and fairground structures as well as solar and wind energy structures usually have appreciably lower design lives than normal buildings. The Eurocode provides for a classification according to the structural design life. The economical optimisation can occur by adjusting the time variable characteristic actions to the design life, so that the required level of reliability can be maintained over the design lifetime. If necessary, additional requirements can be made regarding safety of persons, where large crowds are likely. This article explains the background and derivation of modification factors for the design life for the characteristic actions due to snow, wind and temperature. For traffic and live loads as well as exceptional actions such as impact loads and earthquake, some guidance is given.
Captive Husbandry and Socialization of the Red‐Billed Chough (Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax)
Authors: Burgess Malcolm D. , Woolcock David , Hales Ray B. , Waite Rebecca , Hales Alison J.
Published: July 2012

Since the 1970s, Paradise Park Wildlife Sanctuary in Cornwall, United Kingdom, has built up a captive flock of red‐billed choughs Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax and over 30 years has developed successful methods of keeping, breeding, and appropriately socializing them in captivity. A total of 77 nests reached the egg stage with 27 nests producing at least one young and 48 young fledging in total. Several components are important in achieving successful breeding and socialization. Provision of live food, especially ant's eggs and small mealworms and crickets, in the first days after hatching is essential, improving the condition of adults and survival of nestlings. Situating aviaries in quiet areas, away from public view, is important. Socialization in family groups during the winter months and allowing choughs to choose partners induces better compatibility. Introduction of nest cameras greatly improved young survival through early identification of health problems enabling treatment of young between hatching and 10‐days old, when mortality is otherwise highest, and enabling precautionary medication shortly after hatching. We show that clutch size increases significantly with female age and that direct intervention such as artificial egg incubation and hand rearing can be successful and worthwhile, but its requirement is reduced by closer monitoring. Red‐billed choughs provide a good model species to further develop captive management and release techniques that can then be applied to critically endangered species that show similar social and long‐learning behaviors. Captive breeding programs can play an important role in such work through provision of suitable birds and supporting avicultural expertise. Zoo Biol. 31:725‐735, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Patterns of alcohol use, their correlates, and impact in male drinkers: a population-based survey from Goa, India
Authors: Pillai Aravind , Nayak Madhabika B. , Greenfield Thomas K. , Bond Jason C. , Nadkarni Abhijit , Patel Vikram
Published: July 2012

Purpose

Associations between low socio-economic class and alcohol use disorders are relatively well established in developed countries; however, there is comparably little research in India and other developing countries on the associations between socio-economic class, drinking patterns, and alcohol-related problems. We sought to assess drinking patterns and adverse outcomes among male drinkers and examine whether the association between drinking patterns and adverse outcomes differ by socioeconomic class.

Methods

Population survey of 732 male drinkers screened from 1,899 men, aged 18 to 49 years, randomly selected from rural and urban communities in northern Goa, India.

Results

Usual quantity of alcohol consumed by 14.8 % (rural 16.8 %; urban 13.6 %) current drinkers is at high-risk level. About 28.6 % (rural 31 %; urban 27.2 %) and 33.7 % (rural 30.5 %; urban 35.5 %) of current drinkers reported monthly or more frequent heavy episodic drinking and drunkenness, respectively. Lower education and lower standard of living (SLI) were associated with higher usual quantity of alcohol consumption. More frequent heavy episodic drinking was associated with older age, being separated, lower education, and lower standard of living; weekly or more frequent drunkenness was associated only with rural residence. All three risky drinking patterns were associated with common mental disorders, sexual risk, intimate partner violence, acute alcohol-related consequences, and alcohol dependence. Significant interactions between SLI and risky alcohol use patterns suggested an increased risk of intimate partner violence among men with risky drinking and lower SLI.

Conclusions

Risky drinking patterns are common among male drinkers in Goa and associated with lower socio-economic class. A range of adverse health and social outcomes were associated with risky drinking across all socio-economic classes. Alcohol policy should target risky drinking patterns, particularly among poorer men, to reduce the health and social burden of alcohol use in India.
Randomized phase II study of three doses of the integrin inhibitor cilengitide versus docetaxel as second-line treatment for patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer
Authors: Manegold Christian , Vansteenkiste Johan , Cardenal Felipe , Schuette Wolfgang , Woll Penella J. , Ulsperger Ernst , Kerber Anne , Eckmayr Josef , von Pawel Joachim
Published: July 2012

Introduction This multicenter, open-label, phase II study was carried out to compare the efficacy and safety of cilengitide (EMD 121974), a selective inhibitor of the cell-surface integrins αVβ3 and αVβ5, with that of docetaxel in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods Patients (n = 140) with advanced NSCLC who had failed first-line chemotherapy were randomized to cilengitide 240, 400, or 600 mg/m2 twice weekly, or docetaxel 75 mg/m2 once every 3 weeks for eight cycles. Non-progressing patients could continue cilengitide for up to 1 year. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). No statistical tests were performed since the study was exploratory in nature and the number of patients enrolled was relatively small. Results Median PFS was 54, 63, 63, and 67 days for cilengitide 240, 400, and 600 mg/m2, and docetaxel 75 mg/m2, respectively. One-year survival rates were 13 %, 13 %, 29 %, and 27 %, respectively. The response rate (partial response only) with docetaxel was 15 %. No responses were reported in any cilengitide arm. The most frequent grade 3/4 treatment-related adverse events in the docetaxel group were leukopenia and neutropenia (experienced by 13 % of patients). Hematologic toxicity of this severity did not occur in cilengitide-treated patients. Conclusion With the highest dose of cilengitide (600 mg/m2), median PFS and 1-year survival were similar to those in patients treated with docetaxel 75 mg/m2 and there were fewer grade 3/4 treatment-related adverse events.
Evolution by Squinches
Authors: Branch Glenn
Published: July 2012

Evolution: The Story of Life on Earthprovides a lively, accurate, and delightful explanation of evolution in the form of a graphic novel.
Network influences on cortical plasticity
Authors: Greifzu Franziska , Wolf Fred , Löwel Siegrid
Published: July 2012

Neuronal plasticity forms the basis of our life­long ability to learn and adapt to new chal­lenges. Plasticity in adulthood, however, is of­ten limited and learning becomes increasing­ly laborious. Using a combination of behav­ioral tests and imaging of brain activity, we investigate in the visual system of mice how learning and plasticity change in the course of aging and after lesions and modify the structure and function of nerve cell networks. We hope that answering these key questions not only helps to understand the rules under­lying brain development, functioning, and learning, but will additionally open up new avenues to develop clinically relevant con­cepts to promote the regeneration and re­habilitation for diseased and injured brains. Our research has revealed clear evidence for a prominent influence of long-ranging neuro­nal interactions on cortical function and plas­ticity: they play a major role for the develop­ment of functional cortical architecture, and lesions in one cortical area affect function not only in the directly injured region but also in distant regions even on the opposite brain hemisphere.
On freely decaying, anisotropic, axisymmetric Saffman turbulence
Authors: Davidson P. A. , Okamoto N. , Kaneda Y.
Published: July 2012

We consider freely decaying, anisotropic, statistically axisymmetric, Saffman turbulence in which $E(k\ensuremath{\rightarrow} 0)\ensuremath{\sim} {k}^{2} $, where $E$ is the energy spectrum and $k$ the wavenumber. We note that such turbulence possesses two statistical invariants which are related to the form of the spectral tensor ${\Phi }_{ij} (\mathbi{k})$ at small $k$. These are ${M}_{\parallel } = {\Phi }_{\parallel } ({k}_{\parallel } = 0, {k}_{\perp } \ensuremath{\rightarrow} 0)$ and ${M}_{\perp } = 2{\Phi }_{\perp } ({k}_{\parallel } = 0, {k}_{\perp } \ensuremath{\rightarrow} 0)$, where the subscripts $\parallel $ and $\perp $ indicate quantities parallel and perpendicular to the axis of symmetry. Since ${M}_{\parallel } \ensuremath{\sim} { u}_{\parallel }^{2} { \ell }_{\perp }^{2} {\ell }_{\parallel } $ and ${M}_{\perp } \ensuremath{\sim} { u}_{\perp }^{2} { \ell }_{\perp }^{2} {\ell }_{\parallel } $, $u$ and $\ell $ being integral scales, self-similarity of the large scales (when it applies) demands ${ u}_{\parallel }^{2} { \ell }_{\perp }^{2} {\ell }_{\parallel } = \text{constant} $ and ${ u}_{\perp }^{2} { \ell }_{\perp }^{2} {\ell }_{\parallel } = \text{constant} $. This, in turn, requires that ${ u}_{\parallel }^{2} / { u}_{\perp }^{2} $ is constant, contrary to the popular belief that freely decaying turbulence should exhibit a ‘return to isotropy’. Numerical simulations performed in large periodic domains, with different types and levels of initial anisotropy, confirm that ${M}_{\parallel } $ and ${M}_{\perp } $ are indeed invariants and that, in the fully developed state, ${ u}_{\parallel }^{2} / { u}_{\perp }^{2} = \text{constant} $. Somewhat surprisingly, the same simulations also show that ${\ell }_{\parallel } / {\ell }_{\perp } $ is more or less constant in the fully developed state. Simple theoretical arguments are given which suggest that, when ${ u}_{\parallel }^{2} / { u}_{\perp }^{2} $ and ${\ell }_{\parallel } / {\ell }_{\perp } $ are both constant, the integral scales should evolve as ${ u}_{\perp }^{2} \ensuremath{\sim} { u}_{\parallel }^{2} \ensuremath{\sim} {t}^{\ensuremath{-} 6/ 5} $ and ${\ell }_{\perp } \ensuremath{\sim} {\ell }_{\parallel } \ensuremath{\sim} {t}^{2/ 5} $, irrespective of the level of anisotropy and of the presence of helicity. These decay laws, first proposed by Saffman (Phys. Fluids, vol. 10, 1967, p. 1349), are verified by the numerical simulations.
UPTAKE AND UTILIZATION OF 5-SPLIT NITROGEN TOPDRESSING IN AN IMPROVED AND A TRADITIONAL RICE CULTIVAR IN THE BHUTAN HIGHLANDS
Authors: GHALEY BHIM BAHADUR
Published: July 2012

The uptake of urea fertilizer (NDFF), applied with 150 kg nitrogen (N) ha−1, topdressed in five splits of 30 kg N ha−1 (30 N) each at 7, 26, 45, 70 and 83 days after transplanting (DAT) of rice (Oryza sativa L.), was investigated in an improved (Khangma Maap, KM) and a traditional (Janam, JN) cultivar in Bhutan highlands, using enriched 15N stable isotope. The treatments were arranged in a split–split plot design, with N fertilizer levels as main plots, cultivars as subplots and topdressing treatments as sub-subplots, with all the sub-subplots receiving the same dose except different timing of one split of enriched 15N to determine partial N fertilize use efficiency at each split dose. Although cultivar differences were not recorded in soil N accumulation and in total dry matter N, KM produced 21% higher grain yields compared to JN due to higher grain harvest index and partial factor productivity of N. Irrespective of the cultivars, topdressing timing had significant effects on NDFF, with highest mean N recovery (REN) of 29% of applied 30 N at 45 DAT during active tillering stage, resulting in mean NDFF total (grain + straw) uptake of 8.71 kg N ha−1 compared to least effective topdressing timing at 7 DAT with mean REN of 12% and NDFF total of 3.51 kg N ha−1. In similarity to topdressing at 45 DAT, topdressing at 70 DAT (panicle initiation stage) was equally effective with mean REN of 27% across the cultivars. Hence, fertilizer N topdressing recommendations that combine use of improved cultivars with N applications timed to coincide with maximum crop demand at 45 and 70 DAT, could enhance N fertilizer use efficiency for increased rice yields as well as reduce N losses downstream, which can cause adverse off-site environmental effects.
Bilateral acute mastoiditis and subperiosteal abscesses in a child managed by simultaneous bilateral mastoid surgery
Authors: Hathorn I F , Hussain S S M
Published: July 2012

Objective:

We report a case of bilateral acute mastoiditis and subperiosteal abscesses successfully managed with simultaneous surgery.

Method:

A case report and literature review are presented.

Results:

A two-year-old boy presented with fever, otalgia, otorrhoea and bilateral protruding ears. He was treated for 72 hours with intravenous antibiotics but failed to improve. Computed tomography confirmed bilateral mastoid abscesses with destruction of the mastoid cortex. Bilateral drainage of the subperiosteal abscesses and bilateral cortical mastoidectomies were carried out. Post-operatively, he recovered well, and free field audiometry showed a normal hearing threshold of 20 dB across all test frequencies.

Conclusion:

This is only the second reported case of bilateral mastoiditis and subperiosteal abscesses. This case illustrates the use of bilateral cortical mastoidectomy in the successful management of this condition following failed antibiotic therapy, and highlights important management considerations.
Madness and the Making of a Colonial Order in Burma
Authors: SAHA JONATHAN
Published: July 2012

In general, during the nineteenth century the British were indifferent to the condition of the insane in colonial Burma. This was most apparent in the Rangoon lunatic asylum, which was a neglected institution reformed reluctantly and episodically following internal crises of discipline and the occasional public scandal. However, whilst psychiatry was generally neglected, British officials did intervene when and where insanity threatened the colonial order. This occurred in the criminal courts where the presence of suspected lunatics was disruptive to the administration of justice. Insanity was also a problem for the colonial regime within the European community, where erratic behaviour was viewed as a threat to racial prestige. This paper shows how, despite its neglected status in Burma, psychiatric knowledge contributed to British understandings of Burman masculinity and to the maintenance of colonial norms of European behaviour.
Marriage, Education, and Employment among Tamil Brahman Women in South India, 1891–2010
Authors: FULLER C. J. , NARASIMHAN HARIPRIYA
Published: July 2012

A hundred years ago, pre-puberty marriage for girls was the norm among South Indian Tamil Brahmans, and Brahman girls received little or no education. By the 1940s, child marriage had largely ended and girls’ education was improving gradually. Today, girls’ educational standards more or less match that of boys’, and many Brahman women are also employed outside the home. In relation to marriage and education in particular, the position of women has greatly improved, which is regarded by Tamil Brahmans themselves as a sign of their modern, educated, professional, middle-class status, whereas extreme gender inequality formerly indicated their traditional, high-caste status. This paper examines how female marriage, education, and employment are interrelated and how they have changed among Tamil Brahmans, particularly in the Eighteen-Village Vattima subcaste, which continued child marriage until the 1970s. Among Tamil Brahmans, as both women and men recognize, a real reduction in gender inequality has occurred. Moreover, Brahman men have more readily ceded status to Brahman women than Brahmans together have to non-Brahmans, so that there is a striking contrast today between persisting ideas of caste superiority and diminishing gender inequality.
Understanding Possession in Jainism: A Study of Oracular Possession in Nakoda
Authors: AUKLAND KNUT
Published: July 2012

Possession among Jains remains an almost unexplored field of study. Based on fieldwork at a Jain pilgrimage site in India, this paper presents ethnographical material on a hitherto unknown oracular possession cult. The paper looks at the ways in which Jains themselves understand and sometimes critique possessions, as a way of understanding Jainism itself. The ethnographic material is presented on the background of other cases of Jain possession, both in scriptures and other accounts, in an attempt to show how possessions challenge our understanding of Jainism as a religion. Furthermore, possession is not one thing. There are various types of possession—depending for instance on who possesses—and they have different implications in the Jain scheme of things.
Nutrition and the psychoneuroimmunology of postpartum depression
Authors: Ellsworth-Bowers E. R. , Corwin E. J.
Published: July 2012

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a relatively common and often severe mood disorder that develops in women after childbirth. The aetiology of PPD is unclear, although there is emerging evidence to suggest a psychoneuroimmune connection. Additionally, deficiencies in n-3 PUFA, B vitamins, vitamin D and trace minerals have been implicated. This paper reviews evidence for a link between micronutrient status and PPD, analysing the potential contribution of each micronutrient to psychoneuroimmunological mechanisms of PPD. Articles related to PPD and women's levels of n-3 PUFA, B vitamins, vitamin D and the trace minerals Zn and Se were reviewed. Findings suggest that while n-3 PUFA levels have been shown to vary inversely with PPD and link with psychoneuroimmunology, there is mixed evidence regarding the ability of n-3 PUFA to prevent or treat PPD. B vitamin status is not clearly linked to PPD, even though it seems to vary inversely with depression in non-perinatal populations and may have an impact on immunity. Vitamin D and the trace minerals Zn and Se are linked to PPD and psychoneuroimmunology by intriguing, but small, studies. Overall, evidence suggests that certain micronutrient deficiencies contribute to the development of PPD, possibly through psychoneuroimmunological mechanisms. Developing a better understanding of these mechanisms is important for guiding future research, clinical practice and health education regarding PPD.
Supportive parenting mediates neighborhood socioeconomic disparities in children's antisocial behavior from ages 5 to 12
Authors: Odgers Candice L. , Caspi Avshalom , Russell Michael A. , Sampson Robert J. , Arseneault Louise , Moffitt Terrie E.
Published: July 2012

We report a graded relationship between neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) and children's antisocial behavior that (a) can be observed at school entry, (b) widens across childhood, (c) remains after controlling for family-level SES and risk, and (d) is completely mediated by maternal warmth and parental monitoring (defined throughout as supportive parenting). The children were participants in the Environmental Risk Longitudinal Twin Study (N= 2,232), which prospectively tracked the development of children and their neighborhoods across childhood. Direct and independent effects of neighborhood-level SES on children's antisocial behavior were observed as early as age 5, and the gap between children living in deprived versus more affluent neighborhoods widened as children approached adolescence. By age 12, the effect of neighborhood SES on children's antisocial behavior was as large as the effect observed for our most robust predictor of antisocial behavior: sex (Cohend= 0.51 when comparing children growing up in deprived vs. more affluent neighborhoods in comparison to Cohend= 0.53 when comparing antisocial behavior among boys vs. girls). However, these relatively large differences in children's levels and rate of change in antisocial behavior across deprived versus more affluent neighborhoods were completely mediated by supportive parenting practices. The implications of our findings for studying and reducing socioeconomic disparities in antisocial behavior among children are discussed.
Childhood maltreatment and illicit drug use in middle adulthood: The role of neighborhood characteristics
Authors: Chauhan Preeti , Widom Cathy Spatz
Published: July 2012

This paper examined whether childhood maltreatment increases the risk of living in neighborhoods with less desirable characteristics (i.e., more disorder and disadvantage, less social cohesion, social control and advantage, and fewer resources) in middle adulthood and whether these neighborhood characteristics influence subsequent illicit drug use. Using a prospective cohort design study, court documented cases of childhood abuse and neglect and matched controls (n= 833) were first interviewed as young adults (mean age = 29 years) from 1989 to 1995 and again in middle adulthood from 2000 to 2002 (mean age = 40 years) and 2003 to 2005 (mean age = 41 years). In middle adulthood, individuals with histories of childhood abuse and neglect were more likely to live in neighborhoods with more disorder and disadvantage and less social cohesion and advantage compared to controls and to engage in illicit drug use during the past year. Path analyses showed an indirect effect on illicit drug use via neighborhood disorder among maltreated children, even after accounting for drug abuse symptoms in young adulthood, although this was sex specific and race specific, affecting women and Whites. Overall, child abuse and neglect places children on a negative trajectory that dynamically influences negative outcomes at multiple levels into middle adulthood.
Association between a marker for prenatal testosterone exposure and externalizing behavior problems in children
Authors: Liu Jianghong , Portnoy Jill , Raine Adrian
Published: July 2012

Prenatal androgen exposure has been associated with aggressive behavior in adults. It is less clear whether this association holds for childhood externalizing behavior. This study tests the hypothesis that increased prenatal androgen exposure is associated with aggressive behavior and attention problems in childhood. The ratio of the length of the second finger digit relative to the fourth digit, which is a marker for prenatal testosterone exposure, was assessed in 239 male and female fifth grade schoolchildren from Jintan, China, together with parent and teacher ratings of aggression and attention problems. Increased aggression and attention problems were both significantly associated with a lower ratio of the length of the second finger digit relative to the fourth digit ratios in boys but not girls. The effects remained significant after controlling for early adversity. These findings are the first to establish a relationship between an indirect indicator of fetal androgen exposure and any child psychopathology in Chinese children, and the observed effect size in boys was stronger than in male adults in Western studies. The results provide limited cross-cultural support for the importance of prenatal androgen exposure in contributing to the development of externalizing behavior problems in children, and they suggest that such effects may be specific to boys who may be relatively more vulnerable to early prenatal influences.
Temperamental exuberance and executive function predict propensity for risk taking in childhood
Authors: Lahat Ayelet , Degnan Kathryn A. , White Lauren K. , McDermott Jennifer Martin , Henderson Heather A. , Lejuez C. W. , Fox Nathan A.
Published: July 2012

The present study utilized a multilevel approach to examine developmental trajectories in risk-taking propensity. We examined the moderating role of specific executive function components, attention shifting and inhibitory control, on the link between exuberant temperament in infancy and propensity for risk taking in childhood. Risk taking was assessed using a task previously associated with sensation seeking and antisocial behaviors. Two hundred ninety-one infants were brought into the lab and behaviors reflecting exuberance were observed at 4, 9, 24, and 36 months of age. Executive function was assessed at 48 months of age. Risk-taking propensity was measured when children were 60 months of age. The results indicated that exuberance and attention shifting, but not inhibitory control, significantly interacted to predict propensity for risk taking. Exuberance was positively associated with risk-taking propensity among children who were relatively low in attention shifting but unrelated for children high in attention shifting. These findings illustrated the multifinality of developmental outcomes for temperamentally exuberant young children and pointed to the distinct regulatory influences of different executive functions for children of differing temperaments. Attention shifting likely affords a child the ability to consider both positive and negative consequences and moderates the relation between early exuberance and risk-taking propensity.
THE PRENATAL MANAGEMENT OF NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS: TIME FOR A RE-APPRAISAL
Authors: ENDO MASAYUKI , VAN MIEGHEM TIM , EIXARCH ELISENDA , DE COPPI PAOLO , NAULAERS GUNNAR , VAN CALENBERGH FRANK , DE CATTE LUC , DEVLIEGER ROLAND , LEWI LIESBETH , EGGINK ALEX , NICOLAIDES KYPROS , GRATACOS EDUARDO , DEPREST JAN
Published: July 2012

The prevalence of neural tube defects (NTD) in Europe is around 9 per 10,000 births making it one of the most frequent congential anomalies affecting the central nervous system. NTD encompass all anomalies that are secondary to failure of closure of the neural tube. In this review, we will first summarize the embryology and some epidemiologic aspects related to NTDs. The review focuses on myelomeningocele (MMC), which is the most common distal closure defect. We will describe the secondary pathologic changes in the central and peripheral nervous system that appear later on in pregnancy and contribute to the condition's morbidity. The postnatal impact of MMC mainly depends on the upper level of the lesion. In Europe, the vast majority of parents with a fetus with prenatally diagnosed NTDs, including MMC, opt for termination of pregnancy, as they are apparently perceived as very debilitating conditions. Animal experiments have shown that prenatal surgery can reverse this sequence. This paved the way for clinical fetal surgery resulting in an apparent improvement in outcome. The results of a recent randomized trial confirmed better outcomes after fetal repair compared to postnatal repair; with follow up for 30 months. This should prompt fetal medicine specialists to reconsider their position towards this condition as well as its prenatal repair. The fetal surgery centre in Leuven did not have a clinical programme for fetal NTD repair until the publication of the MOMS trial. In order to offer this procedure safely and effectively, we allied to a high volume centre willing to share its expertise and assist us in the first procedures. Given the maternal side effects of current open fetal surgical techniques, we have intensified our research programmes to explore minimally invasive alternatives. Below we will describe how we are implementing this.