bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC TECHNIQUES FOR 3 – D UNDERWATER RECORD OF THE ANTIQUE TIME SHIP FROM PHANAGORIA
Authors: Zhukovsky M. O. , Kuznetsov V. D. , Olkhovsky S. V.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Phanagoria – the largest known ancient Greek settlement on the territory of Russia is situated on the Taman peninsula on the southern side of the Taman bay. The unique feature of the site is that about 1/3 of the settlement of Phanagoria is currently flooded by waters of the Taman bay due to the transgression of the Black sea level since antiquity. In 2012 in the course of underwater prospection of the Taman bay a wooden ship buried under the 1.5 m thick bottom sediments was discovered in situ. The unique feature of the ship is excellent preservation of its wooden parts, which makes it one of the few finds of this kind ever made on the territory of Russia. This paper presents a case-study of application of photogrammetry technique for archaeological field documentation record in course of underwater excavations of the Phanagorian shipwreck. The advantages and possible underwaterspecific constraints of automated point cloud extraction algorithm which was used in the research are discussed. The paper gives an overview of the practical aspects of the workflow of photgrammetry technique application at the excavation ground: photo capture procedure and measurement of control points. Finally a resulting 3-D model of the shipwreck is presented and high potential of automated point cloud extraction algorithms for archaeological documentation record is concluded.
Comparing historical and modern methods of sea surface temperature measurement – Part 2: Field comparison in the central tropical Pacific
Authors: Matthews J. B. R. , Matthews J. B.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Discrepancies between historical sea surface temperature (SST) datasets have been partly ascribed to use of different adjustments to account for variable measurement methods. Until recently, adjustments had only been applied to bucket temperatures from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with the aim of correcting their supposed coolness relative to engine cooling water intake temperatures. In the UK Met Office Hadley Centre SST 3 dataset (HadSST3), adjustments have been applied over its full duration to observations from buckets, buoys and engine intakes. Here we investigate uncertainties in the accuracy of such adjustments by direct field comparison of historical and modern methods of shipboard SST measurement. We compare wood, canvas and rubber bucket temperatures to 3 m seawater intake temperature along a central tropical Pacific transect conducted in May and June 2008. We find no average difference between the temperatures obtained with the different bucket types in our short measurement period (∼1 min). Previous field, lab and model experiments have found sizeable temperature change of seawater samples in buckets of smaller volume under longer exposure times. We do, however, report the presence of strong near-surface temperature gradients day and night, indicating that intake and bucket measurements cannot be assumed equivalent in this region. We thus suggest bucket and buoy measurements be considered distinct from intake measurements due to differences in sampling depth. As such, we argue for exclusion of intake temperatures from historical SST datasets and suggest this would likely reduce the need for poorly field-tested bucket adjustments. We also call for improvement in the general quality of intake temperatures from Voluntary Observing Ships. Using a physical model we demonstrate that warming of intake seawater by hot engine room air is an unlikely cause of overly warm intake temperatures. We suggest that reliable correction for such warm errors is not possible since they are largely of unknown origin and can be offset by real near-surface temperature gradients.
The effects of additional black carbon on the albedo of Arctic sea ice: variation with sea ice type and snow cover
Authors: Marks A. A. , King M. D.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. The response of the albedo of bare sea ice and snow-covered sea ice to the addition of black carbon is calculated. Visible light absorption and light-scattering cross-sections are derived for a typical first-year and multi-year sea ice with both "dry" and "wet" snow types. The cross-sections are derived using data from a 1970s field study that recorded both reflectivity and light penetration in Arctic sea ice and snow overlying sea ice. The variation of absorption cross-section over the visible wavelengths suggests black carbon is the dominating light-absorbing impurity. The response of first-year and multi-year sea ice albedo to increasing black carbon, from 1 to 1024 ng g−1, in a top 5 cm layer of a 155 cm-thick sea ice was calculated using a radiative-transfer model. The albedo of the first-year sea ice is more sensitive to additional loadings of black carbon than the multi-year sea ice. An addition of 8 ng g−1 of black carbon causes a decrease to 98.7% of the original albedo for first-year sea ice compared to a decrease to 99.7% for the albedo of multi-year sea ice, at a wavelength of 500 nm. The albedo of sea ice is surprisingly unresponsive to additional black carbon up to 100 ng g−1 . Snow layers on sea ice may mitigate the effects of black carbon in sea ice. Wet and dry snow layers of 0.5, 1, 2, 5 and 10 cm depth were added onto the sea ice surface. The albedo of the snow surface was calculated whilst the black carbon in the underlying sea ice was increased. A layer of snow 0.5 cm thick greatly diminishes the effect of black carbon in sea ice on the surface albedo. The albedo of a 2–5 cm snow layer (less than the e-folding depth of snow) is still influenced by the underlying sea ice, but the effect of additional black carbon in the sea ice is masked.
Changes in Fungal Population and Aflatoxin Levels and Assessment of Major Aflatoxin Types in Stored Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea Linnaeus)
Authors: Wagacha John Maina , Mutegi Charity K. , Christie Maria E. , Karanja Lucy W. , Kimani Job
Published: July 2013

Peanut kernels of Homabay Local, Valencia Red, ICGV-SM 12991 and ICGV-SM 99568 cultivars were stored for six months in jute, polypropylene and polyethylene bags to assess the effect of storage bags, temperature and R.H. on fungal population and aflatoxin contamination. Moisture content (M.C.), fungal population and aflatoxin levels were determined before storage and after every 30 days during storage. Isolates of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus were assayed for production of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2. The correlation between MC, population of A. flavus and A. parasiticus and aflatoxin levels in peanuts was also determined. Six fungal pathogens were commonly isolated from the peanut samples and occurred as follows in decreasing order: Penicillium spp. (106.6 CFU/g), A. flavus L-strain (4.8 CFU/g), A. flavus S-strain (2.9 CFU/g), A. niger (2.6 CFU/g), A. parasiticus (1.7 CFU/g) and A. tamarii (0.2 CFU/g). The overall population of A. flavus L-strain was 66% higher than that of A. flavus S-strain. Ninety one percent of A. flavus and A. parasiticus isolates produced at least one of the four aflatoxin types assayed, with 36% producing aflatoxin B1. Total aflatoxin levels ranged from 0 - 47.8 µg/kg with samples stored in polyethylene and jute bags being the most and least contaminated, respectively. Eighty nine percent and 97% of the peanut samples met the EU (? 4 µg/kg) and Kenyan (? 10 µg/kg) regulatory standards for total aflatoxin, respectively. Peanuts should be adequately dried to safe moisture level and immediately packaged in a container - preferably jute bags - which will not promote critical increases in fungal population and aflatoxin contamination.
Hirschsprung Disease and Use of Calretinin in Inadequate Rectal Suction Biopsies
Authors: Gonzalo David Hernandez , Plesec Thomas
Published: July 2013

Context.—Up to 17% of all rectal suction biopsies performed in the evaluation of Hirschsprung disease are considered inadequate. In most instances, inadequate biopsies contain too little submucosa or are taken within the anal transition zone.

Objectives.—To examine the utility of calretinin stain in the workup of inadequate biopsies for patients with clinical suspicion of Hirschsprung disease.

Design.—A retrospective analysis was conducted of all rectal suction biopsies performed in the evaluation of Hirschsprung disease during the previous 12 years that were considered “inadequate.” Seventeen cases were identified, and Hirschsprung disease status was determined by clinical or surgical follow-up. Immunohistochemistry for calretinin was performed for all cases containing columnar mucosa, which were evaluated without knowledge of clinical course.

Results.—All 12 patients without Hirschsprung disease had calretinin-positive nerve fibers in the lamina propria or muscularis mucosae, and all 5 patients with Hirschsprung disease had no calretinin staining of nerves.

Conclusions.—In this retrospective series, calretinin immunohistochemistry correctly predicted outcome in all instances. Although the gold standard for the diagnosis of Hirschsprung disease in rectal suction biopsies remains the evaluation of ganglion cells in a hematoxylin-eosin staining with sufficient submucosa, calretinin immunohistochemistry is quite helpful in triaging further workup based on clinical suspicion.
D-dimer: Simple Test, Tough Problems
Authors: Olson John D. , Cunningham Mark T. , Higgins Russell A. , Eby Charles S. , Brandt John T.
Published: July 2013

Context.—D-dimer is widely used for exclusion, or as an aid in diagnosis, of venous thromboembolism (VTE); however, the D-dimer assay methods available from manufacturers and the laboratory application of those methods vary widely.

Objectives.—To describe the current laboratory practice regarding the assay and reporting of D-dimer.

Design.—Laboratories' D-dimer proficiency testing data were analyzed and laboratory practices regarding the performance and reporting of D-dimer were surveyed.

Results.—Initial grading of D-dimer proficiency testing demonstrated high variability within and among methods. This variability continued to be present for several years after attempts to intervene. The number of laboratories using D-dimer to exclude VTE grew from 1500 in 2004 to more than 3500 in 2012. Survey and proficiency testing data demonstrated that 33% of laboratories changed the type or magnitude of units from that recommended by the manufacturer, a practice associated with as much as a 20-fold increase in the failure of proficiency testing. Many laboratories used a threshold for the exclusion of VTE that is higher than that recommended by the manufacturer. Many laboratories continue to use qualitative assays with insufficient sensitivity for exclusion of VTE.

Conclusions.—There is considerable variability both within and among quantitative methods used to assay D-dimer by laboratories. Laboratory practice continues to vary widely regarding the type and magnitude of units reported and the setting of the threshold for the exclusion of VTE. Although improved, the variability continues despite initial efforts to intervene.
Spindle Cell Rhabdomyosarcoma: A Brief Diagnostic Review and Differential Diagnosis
Authors: Carroll Sarah Jayne , Nodit Laurentia
Published: July 2013

Spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma is a rare variant of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma that has a predilection for young males and most commonly involves the paratesticular region followed by head and neck. Histopathology demonstrates elongated spindle cells with fusiform to cigar-shaped nuclei and indistinct eosinophilic cytoplasm arranged in fascicles or whorls. Although the tumor demonstrates increased cellularity and moderate atypia, the microscopic and architectural patterns can allow this tumor to be confused with multiple entities, such as leiomyosarcoma, spindle cell carcinoma, desmoplastic melanoma, or fibrosarcoma, with important therapeutic implications. Immunohistochemical workup demonstrates sarcomeric differentiation with reactivity for desmin, myogenin, and MyoD1 markers. Compared with other subtypes, the spindle cell variant in children is associated with a favorable outcome; however, in the adult population there does not appear to be any prognostic advantage.
Pantomime Transformations: Genre, Gender and Charley's Aunt
Authors: Varty Anne
Published: July 2013

It was by chance rather than by design that the London premiere of Charley's Aunt coincided with the pantomime season when it opened at the tiny Royalty Theatre in Soho on 21 December 1892. Yet in the central character of the cross-dressed male, Lord Fancourt Babberly disguised as Charley's aunt, the play shares its most salient feature of performance with pantomime. During the latter years of the nineteenth century, conservative critics lamented the annual corruption of pantomime. Elements deemed offensive, introduced most notably in houses with a reputation for lavish production, such as Drury Lane, were the bawdy music hall turns taken by star performers and excessive theatrical display in lengthy processions and ballets. This essay sets out to trace relations between the traditional pantomime Dame and his farcical double in Brandon Thomas's Charley's Aunt, through the use of meta-theatrical elements, and the remnants of the pantomime harlequinade.
Richard Mansfield, Jekyll and Hyde and the History of Special Effects
Authors: Danahay Martin
Published: July 2013

Recently, film historians (Gunning, Heath and Mayer) have warned against a teleological reading of cinema that makes it the triumphal outcome of an evolutionary process that leads seamlessly from theatre and photography to motion pictures. This warning is especially appropriate in evaluating the ‘trickrsquo; or double exposure photograph of Richard Mansfield in his signature role as Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde from his highly successful adaptation of Robert Louis Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1886). While it is tempting to view this photograph as part of the history of early film special effects, such a reading occludes the importance of the body in Mansfield's acting. Mansfield in his performances had closer affiliations with contortionists such as Harry Houdini than with cinema technology in that his acting depended on his control of his body and face to effect the live transformation from Dr Jekyll into Mr Hyde. The only technological aid that Mansfield used in this performance was special lighting that illuminated his face differently when he was performing the role of Hyde; otherwise, the transformation was entirely due to his skill as an actor. It is important, therefore, in reading images such as the double exposure image of Richard Mansfield, or equally the conventions of ‘earlyrsquo; cinema, not to fall prey to technological determinism and see them as part of the inevitable development of special effects technology that led to the ultimate triumph of digital computer imaging and morphing.
Solidaridad de intereses: la transformación del derecho social como dominación en Lorenz von Stein
Authors: Carvajalino Guerrero Jinú
Published: July 2013

Lorenz von Stein is a German philosopher and jurist who has traditionally been proposed as one of the forerunners of the Social State. However, there are few studies of him in Spanish or English. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how, based on Social Movements and Monarchy, von Stein describes a new dimension of social rights in the Republic of mutual interest that Gurvitch disregarded. With the ideas of solidarity and mutual interests, von Stein builds a new dimension of social rights, which are transformed by the movement of the society and class interests.
La melancolía y el estado. Reflexiones desde el psicoanálisis aplicado
Authors: Buchely Ibarra Lina Fernanda
Published: July 2013

This article presents a psychoanalytic perspective of the doctrine which deals with the absence of the state. The author analyzes the study of the absence of the state as an unconscious manifestation. The insistence in demonstrating a weak/precarious/ abnormal state formation and its deadly vices which have persisted for 200 years ago, is categorized here as melancholy, a lament for a lost object of desire. Emphasizing the weaknesses of our state is indicative of a deep nostalgia for a colonial domination which is gone but always threatens to return. By applying basic Freudian concepts of melancholy, the article concludes by suggesting that, paradoxically, the dependence of colonization is our lost object of desire.
Del Estado-nación al Estado-marca. El rol de la diplomacia pública y la marca de país en el nuevo escenario de las relaciones internacionales
Authors: San Eugenio Vela Jordi de
Published: July 2013

The establishment of relationships between countries in a global era seems to require new strategies that, in some cases, transcend traditional state diplomacy. In this sense, public diplomacy has become a renewed strategy of transnational representativeness in which the country brand exerts an important role as mechanism for agglutinating and transmitting national identities. Thus, the new soft power of geographical representation seems to take place within the weakening of the state-nation and clearly benefits a new way of communicating the identity of a country which is closer to the intervention of different social agents than to the signing of international treaties, a competence traditionally reserved for governments. Based on a review of existing literature, this article presents the state of the art related to the new strategies of international representativeness that have been executed by countries and nations.
Gasto social y consolidación de la sobrepoblación relativa en Venezuela durante el chavismo (1998-2010)
Authors: De Luca Romina , Seiffer Tamara , Kornblihtt Juan
Published: July 2013

During the administration of Hugo Chavez, social expenditure in Venezuela expanded in relative and absolute terms simultaneously with the increase in oil revenues. Expenditures even went beyond the levels reached during the previous oil boom in the 1970s, particularly due to the expenditures in social security. Based on an analysis of Venezuela’s social and economic structure, we show that this increase is aimed mostly towards the working population that is increasingly seen as excess workers. The increase in expenditure substantially improves the living conditions of this group. However, since there is no change in capital accumulation in Venezuela, this group continues to consolidate itself as excess wokers.
Functional genomic characterization of neoblast-like stem cells in larval Schistosoma mansoni
Authors: Wang Bo , Collins James J , Newmark Phillip A
Published: July 2013

Schistosomes infect hundreds of millions of people in the developing world. Transmission of these parasites relies on a stem cell-driven, clonal expansion of larvae inside a molluscan intermediate host. How this novel asexual reproductive strategy relates to current models of stem cell maintenance and germline specification is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that this proliferative larval cell population (germinal cells) shares some molecular signatures with stem cells from diverse organisms, in particular neoblasts of planarians (free-living relatives of schistosomes). We identify two distinct germinal cell lineages that differ in their proliferation kinetics and expression of a nanos ortholog. We show that a vasa/PL10 homolog is required for proliferation and maintenance of both populations, whereas argonaute2 and a fibroblast growth factor receptor-encoding gene are required only for nanos-negative cells. Our results suggest that an ancient stem cell-based developmental program may have enabled the evolution of the complex life cycle of parasitic flatworms.
Minor introns are embedded molecular switches regulated by highly unstable U6atac snRNA
Authors: Younis Ihab , Dittmar Kimberly , Wang Wei , Foley Shawn W , Berg Michael G , Hu Karen Y , Wei Zhi , Wan Lili , Dreyfuss Gideon
Published: July 2013

Eukaryotes have two types of spliceosomes, comprised of either major (U1, U2, U4, U5, U6) or minor (U11, U12, U4atac, U6atac; <1%) snRNPs. The high conservation of minor introns, typically one amidst many major introns in several hundred genes, despite their poor splicing, has been a long-standing enigma. Here, we discovered that the low abundance minor spliceosome’s catalytic snRNP, U6atac, is strikingly unstable (t½<2 hr). We show that U6atac level depends on both RNA polymerases II and III and can be rapidly increased by cell stress-activated kinase p38MAPK, which stabilizes it, enhancing mRNA expression of hundreds of minor intron-containing genes that are otherwise suppressed by limiting U6atac. Furthermore, p38MAPK-dependent U6atac modulation can control minor intron-containing tumor suppressor PTEN expression and cytokine production. We propose that minor introns are embedded molecular switches regulated by U6atac abundance, providing a novel post-transcriptional gene expression mechanism and a rationale for the minor spliceosome’s evolutionary conservation.
Dynamin phosphorylation controls optimization of endocytosis for brief action potential bursts
Authors: Armbruster Moritz , Messa Mirko , Ferguson Shawn M , De Camilli Pietro , Ryan Timothy A
Published: July 2013

Modulation of synaptic vesicle retrieval is considered to be potentially important in steady-state synaptic performance. Here we show that at physiological temperature endocytosis kinetics at hippocampal and cortical nerve terminals show a bi-phasic dependence on electrical activity. Endocytosis accelerates for the first 15–25 APs during bursts of action potential firing, after which it slows with increasing burst length creating an optimum stimulus for this kinetic parameter. We show that activity-dependent acceleration is only prominent at physiological temperature and that the mechanism of this modulation is based on the dephosphorylation of dynamin 1. Nerve terminals in which dynamin 1 and 3 have been replaced with dynamin 1 harboring dephospho- or phospho-mimetic mutations in the proline-rich domain eliminate the acceleration phase by either setting endocytosis at an accelerated state or a decelerated state, respectively.
A modern Maunder Minimum would not stave off global warming
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: July 2013

Roughly every 11 years, the Sun's activity swings, a peak‐to‐peak oscillation in the presence of sunspots on the solar surface. From around 1645 to 1715, however, researchers think that this largely reliable trend in solar activity stalled. Now known as the Maunder Minimum, the period saw not just a prolonged dearth of sunspot activity but also a likely reduction in the output of energy from the Sun. Researchers estimate that the Maunder Minimum could have caused a reduction in solar irradiance of around 0.01% to 0.25%, a shift that contributed to a drop of globally averaged surface air temperature of a few tenths of a degree.
Sensible heat flux records constrain projections of European warming
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: July 2013

Rising atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases are adding more energy to the Earth system, but how that extra energy turns to heat—and where that heating takes place—depends in part on regional variations in how the atmosphere and the land surface interact. Based on a historically high susceptibility to natural climate variability, driven in part by such land surface–atmosphere interactions, researchers expect Europe to be more strongly affected by climate change than some other regions.
On the Thermal Load of the Color‐Conversion Elements in Phosphor‐Based White Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Fulmek Paul , Sommer Christian , Hartmann Paul , Pachler Peter , Hoschopf Hans , Langer Gregor , Nicolics Johann , Wenzl Franz P.
Published: July 2013

For further improvements to the reliability and the white light quality of phosphor‐converted light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), it is imperative to understand how the compositional, optical, and thermal properties of the materials constituting the color‐conversion elements (CCEs) affect their respective thermal loads. By means of a combined optical and thermal simulation procedure, a comprehensive discussion is given on the underlying coherences of the absorption profile of the blue LED light, the phosphor concentration, the quantum efficiency of the phosphor, and the thermal conductivities of the CCEs. Some general strategies of material composition and design are deduced in order to minimize the thermal load of the CCEs, which is a prerequisite for correlated color temperature maintenance and long‐term material reliability of phosphor‐converted white LEDs.
Application of the anatomical method to estimate the maximum adult stature and the age‐at‐death stature
Authors: Niskanen Markku , Maijanen Heli , McCarthy Donna , Junno Juho‐Antti
Published: July 2013

This study focuses on the age adjustment of statures estimated with the anatomical method. The research material includes 127 individuals from the Terry Collection. The cadaveric stature (CSTA)–skeletal height (SKH) ratios indicate that stature loss with age commences before SKH reduction. Testing three equations to estimate CSTA at the age at death and CSTA corrected to maximum stature from SKH indicates that the age correction of stature should reflect the pattern of age‐related stature loss to minimize estimation error. An equation that includes a continuous and linear age correction through the entire adult age range [Eq. (1)] results in curvilinear stature estimation error. This curvilinear stature estimation error can be largely avoided by applying a second linear equation [Eq. (2)] to only individuals older than 40 years. Our third equation [Eq. (3)], based on younger individuals who have not lost stature, can be used to estimate maximum stature. This equation can also be applied to individuals of unknown or highly uncertain age, because it provides reasonably accurate estimates until about 60/70 years at least for males. Am J Phys Anthropol 152:96–106, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evolution of peroxide species during the photooxidation of poly(vinyl butyral)
Authors: Butler Chase H. , Whitmore Paul M.
Published: July 2013

Photooxidizing films of poly(vinyl butyral) were investigated for the generation of solid‐state and volatile peroxide species, acids, and changes in mass in order to gain insight into the factors that influence the levels of these peroxides during oxidation. Both the concentration of solid‐state peroxides and the emission rate of volatile peroxides increased and subsequently declined, while acidic groups in the polymer accumulated without decreasing. After an initial increase, the mass of the films fell as volatile degradation products were released. It is suggested that the decline in the peroxide species, both in the polymer and volatiles, may be due to their reactions with other products of the polymer's oxidation, including aldehydes and acids. These results indicate that reactions besides the often‐invoked homolytic cleavage of hydroperoxides may remove these species from the poly(vinyl butyral) and similar materials during advanced stages of photooxidation. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39753.
Extending SemRep to the public health domain
Authors: Rosemblat Graciela , Resnick Melissa P. , Auston Ione , Shin Dongwook , Sneiderman Charles , Fizsman Marcelo , Rindflesch Thomas C.
Published: July 2013

We describe the use of a domain‐independent method to extend a natural language processing (NLP) application, SemRep (Rindflesch, Fiszman, & Libbus, 2005), based on the knowledge sources afforded by the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS®; Humphreys, Lindberg, Schoolman, & Barnett, 1998) to support the area of health promotion within the public health domain. Public health professionals require good information about successful health promotion policies and programs that might be considered for application within their own communities. Our effort seeks to improve access to relevant information for the public health profession, to help those in the field remain an information‐savvy workforce. Natural language processing and semantic techniques hold promise to help public health professionals navigate the growing ocean of information by organizing and structuring this knowledge into a focused public health framework paired with a user‐friendly visualization application as a way to summarize results of PubMed® searches in this field of knowledge.
High‐performance liquid chromatographic enantioseparation of naphthol‐substituted tetrahydroisoquinolines on polysaccharide‐based chiral stationary phases
Authors: Ilisz István , Gecse Zsanett , Szatmári István , Fülöp Ferenc , Péter Antal
Published: July 2013

The stereoisomers of 15 naphthol‐substituted tetrahydroisoquinoline analogs were separated on chiral stationary phases containing the chiral selectors cellulose tris‐(3,5‐dimethylphenyl carbamate) (Cellulose 1), cellulose tris‐(3‐chloro‐4‐methylphenyl carbamate) (Cellulose 2), cellulose tris‐(4‐methylbenzoate) (Cellulose 3) and cellulose tris‐(4‐chloro‐3‐methylphenyl carbamate) (Cellulose 4). Experiments were performed in normal‐phase mode with n‐heptane(n‐hexane)–alcohol–diethylamine mobile phases in the temperature range 5–40 °C. Thermodynamic parameters were calculated from plots of lnk or lnα vs 1/T. On the Cellulose 1 column, Δ(ΔH°) ranged from −6.8 to 5.9 kJ/mol, Δ(ΔS°) from −16.7 to 21.0 J/mol/K and the Gibbs energy, −Δ(ΔG°) from 0.2 to 1.5 kJ/mol; on the Cellulose 2 column, Δ(ΔH°) ranged from −7.8 to 2.5 kJ/mol, Δ(ΔS°) from −16.1 to 13.2 J/mol/K and − Δ(ΔG°) from 0.7 to 3.0 kJ/mol. Both enthalpy‐ and entropy‐controlled enantioseparations were observed. The latter was advantageous with regard to the shorter retention and greater selectivity at high temperature. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse of the advanta V12 large diameter covered stent following implantation for aortic coarctation
Authors: Hayes Nicholas , Podnar Tomaž , Qureshi Shakeel
Published: July 2013

We report a case of collapse of the Advanta V12 Large Diameter (LD) covered stent following previous successful implantation for native aortic coarctation. This unreported complication was successfully managed with subsequent stent redilation and implantation of two covered Cheatham‐Platinum stents within the collapsed Advanta V12 stent. This case highlights the importance of correct stent apposition to the aortic wall and also raises some concerns regarding the radial strength of the Advanta V12 stent. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Systematic Investigation of Coinage Metal Carbonyl Complexes Stabilized by Fluorinated Alkoxy Aluminates
Authors: Schaefer Julia , Kraft Anne , Reininger Stefanie , Santiso‐Quinones Gustavo , Himmel Daniel , Trapp Nils , Gellrich Urs , Breit Bernhard , Krossing Ingo
Published: July 2013

The reaction of CuI, AgI, and AuI salts with carbon monoxide in the presence of weakly coordinating anions led to known and structurally unknown non‐classical coinage metal carbonyl complexes [M(CO)n][A] (A=fluorinated alkoxy aluminates). The coinage metal carbonyl complexes [Cu(CO)n(CH2Cl2)m]+[A]− (n=1, 3; m=4−n), [Au2(CO)2Cl]+[A]−, [(OC)nM(A)] (M=Cu: n=2; Ag: n=1, 2) as well as [(OC)3Cu⋅⋅⋅ClAl(ORF)3] and [(OC)Au⋅⋅⋅ClAl(ORF)3] were analyzed with X‐ray diffraction and partially IR and Raman spectroscopy. In addition to these structures, crystallographic and spectroscopic evidence for the existence of the tetracarbonyl complex [Cu(CO)4]+[Al(ORF)4]− (RF=C(CF3)3) is presented; its formation was analyzed with the help of theoretical investigations and Born–Fajans–Haber cycles. We discuss the limits of structure determinations by routine X‐ray diffraction methods with respect to the CO bond lengths and apply the experimental CO stretching frequencies for the prediction of bond lengths within the carbonyl ligand based on a correlation with calculated data. Moreover, we provide a simple explanation for the reported, partly confusing and scattered CO stretching frequencies of [CuI(CO)n] units.
Ionic Liquids as Unique Solvents in One‐Pot Synthesis of 4‐(N,2,2,2‐Tetranitroethylamino)‐3‐R‐Furazans
Authors: Sheremetev Aleksei B. , Aleksandrova Nataly S. , Palysaeva Nadezhda V. , Struchkova Marina I. , Tartakovsky Vladimir A. , Suponitsky Kyrill Yu.
Published: July 2013

An efficient two‐step one‐pot protocol for the synthesis of N‐nitrated trinitroethylamino furazans in an ionic liquid has been developed involving the condensation of aminofurazans with trinitroethanol and the N‐nitration of an intermediate Mannich base. Trinitroethylnitramino derivatives have been synthesized and characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography. A role of the N,2,2,2‐tetranitroethylamino group for stabilization of the high‐density crystal‐packing motif is described. The performance calculations gave detonation pressures and velocities for the furazan derivatives in a range of about 31–36 GPa and 8330–8745 ms−1, respectively, which makes them competitive energetic materials. Furthermore, due to the positive oxygen balance, the compounds could be potential oxidizers for energetic formulations.
Specification and Layout of Equipment for a Combination of Mechanical and Thermal Processes for Solid Materials
Authors: Schramm Rüdiger
Published: July 2013

Im Prozessraum einer Ausrüstung vollzieht sich die Stoffwandlung durch einen Makroprozess. Sie kann durch eine Kombination von Prozessen der mechanischen und der thermischen Verfahrenstechnik erfolgen. Anhand der Einteilung der Makroprozesse in die Prozesshauptgruppen Zerteilen, Trennen, Agglomerieren und Mischen werden für jeweils ein markantes Beispiel jeder Prozesshauptgruppe die Zusammenhänge zwischen mechanischen und thermischen Prozessen für Feststoffe untersucht. Allgemeine Schlussfolgerungen zu den Zusammenhängen bei der Konzeption und Auslegung von Ausrüstungen werden gezogen. Die Darstellung der Bindeglieder der Makroprozesse der mechanischen Verfahrenstechnik zu den thermischen Prozessen in der Forschung und Lehre wäre, wie in der Praxis schon üblich, zu begrüßen.
Preparation and characterisation of Citrulus colocynthis oil biodiesel: Optimisation of alkali‐catalysed transesterification
Authors: Elsheikh Yasir A. , Man Zakaria , Bustam M. Azmi , Akhtar Faheem H. , Yusup Suzana , Muhammad Ayyaz
Published: July 2013

A non‐edible oil of Citrulus colocynthis was investigated as a prospective feedstock for biodiesel production by transesterification reaction with methanol. The content of fatty acid methyl ester in the produced oil obtained by four alkaline‐catalysed transesterifications, i.e. sodium hydroxide, sodium methoxide, potassium methoxide and potassium hydroxide was evaluated. Important fuel properties of the produced biodiesel such as ester content, density, kinematic viscosity and acid value were measured and compared. The ester ingredients in the biodiesel product were myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic and linolenic. The best quality of Citrulus colocynthis oil at the highest yield of 97.8% was produced at a constant mixing rate of 600 rpm, methanol/oil molar ratio of 6:1, 60°C reaction temperature for 60 min, using 1.0 wt% of NaOH.
Potential Bioaccumulator Mosses around Massive Sulfide Deposits in the Vicinity of the Giresun Area, Northeast Turkey
Authors: Karakaya Muazzez Çelik , Karakaya Necati , Küpeli Şuayip , Karadağ Mehmet Muzaffer , Kırmacı Mesut
Published: July 2013

The study area located in the western part of the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey, represents the eastern part of the metallogenic province of the Black Sea region. The soil, water, and some mosses from the area contain heavy metal pollution from the mines and tailings of the abandoned and partially active massive sulfide deposits and their host rocks. The surface/subsurface/underground ore bodies generally cause the acidification of groundwater and the enrichment of heavy and toxic trace metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, As, and Pb) in the water, soil, and mosses. The mosses are Rhabdoweisia crispata, Pohlia nutans, and Pohlia elongata. R. crispata is a newly reported plant in Turkey, and the abovementioned moss species are observed especially where the toxic element contents of the water and soil are enriched. The mosses are sensitive to the trace metals and thus accumulate metal ions, predominantly Fe, Al, and Mn, which are apparent in the interaction between the water and roots. R. crispata is a better accumulator of trace metals and some major elements than the other mosses. R. crispata is therefore suitable for use in the recovery of polluted soil and water affected by acid mine wastewater from active and/or abandoned mining sites in the NE of Turkey.
Neuroblastoma of undifferentiated subtype, prognostic significance of prominent nucleolar formation, and MYC/MYCN protein expression: A report from the Children's Oncology Group
Authors: Wang Larry L. , Suganuma Rie , Ikegaki Naohiko , Tang Xao , Naranjo Arlene , McGrady Patrick , London Wendy B. , Hogarty Michael D. , Gastier‐Foster Julie M. , Look A. Thomas , Park Julie R. , Maris John M. , Cohn Susan L. , Seeger Robert C. , Shimada Hiroyuki
Published: July 2013

BACKGROUND

This study sought to investigate biological/clinicopathological characteristics of neuroblastoma, undifferentiated subtype (NBUD).

METHODS

This study examined 157 NBUD cases filed at the Children's Oncology Group Neuroblastoma Pathology Reference Laboratory, and survival rates of the patients were analyzed with known prognostic factors. Immunostainings for MYCN and MYC protein were performed on 68 tumors.

RESULTS

NBUD cases had a poor prognosis (48.4% ± 5.0% 3‐year event‐free survival [EFS]; 56.5% ± 5.0% overall survival [OS]), and were often associated with high mitosis‐karyorrhexis index (MKI, 65%), prominent nucleoli (PN, 83%), ≥ 18 months of age (75%), MYCN amplification (MYCN‐A, 83%), diploid pattern (63%), and 1pLOH (loss of heterozygosity (72%). However, these prognostic indicators, except for MYCN status, had no significant impact on survival. Surprisingly, EFS for patients with MYCN‐A tumors (53.4% ± 5.6%) was significantly better (P = .0248) than for patients with MYCN‐nonamplified (MYCN‐NA) tumors (31.7% ± 11.7%), with MYCN‐NA and PN (+) tumors having the worst prognosis (9.3% ± 8.8%, P = .0045). Immunohistochemically, MYCN expression was found in 42 of 48 MYCN‐A tumors. In contrast, MYC expression was almost exclusively found in the MYCN‐NA tumors (9 of 20) especially when they had PN (8 of 11). Those patients with only MYC‐positive tumors had the worst EFS (N = 8, 12.5% ± 11.7%) compared with only MYCN‐positive (N = 39, 49.9% ± 17.7%) and both negative tumors (N = 15, 70.0% ± 17.1%) (P = .0029). High MKI was often found in only MYCN‐positive (30 of 38) but rarely in only MYC‐positive (2 of 8) tumors.

CONCLUSIONS

NBUD represents a unique subtype of neuroblastoma associated with a poor prognosis. In this subtype, MYC protein expression may be a new prognostic factor indicating more aggressive clinical behavior than MYCN amplification and subsequent MYCN protein expression. Cancer 2013;119:3718–3726. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Voltage transformer ferroresonance analysis using multiple scales method and chaos theory
Authors: Abbasi A. , Fathi S. H. , Gharehpatian G. B. , Gholami A. , Abbasi H. R.
Published: July 2013

In this article, the Multiple Scales Method is used to analyze the chaotic behavior and different types of fixed points in ferroresonance of voltage transformers considering core loss. This phenomenon has nonlinear chaotic dynamics and includes subharmonic, quasi‐periodic, and also chaotic oscillations. In this article, the chaotic behavior and various ferroresonant oscillations modes of the voltage transformer is studied. This phenomenon consists of different types of bifurcations such as Period Doubling Bifurcation (PDB), Saddle Node Bifurcation (SNB), Hopf Bifurcation (HB) and chaos. The dynamic analysis of ferroresonant circuit is based on bifurcation theory. The bifurcation and phase plane diagrams are illustrated using a continuous method and linear and nonlinear models of core loss. To analyze ferroresonance phenomenon, the Lyapunov exponents are calculated via Multiple Scales Method obtaining Feigenbaum numbers. The bifurcation diagrams illustrate the variation of the control parameter. Therefore, the chaos is created and increased in the system. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 18: 34‐45, 2013
Climate change and plant dispersal along corridors in fragmented landscapes of Mesoamerica
Authors: Imbach Pablo A. , Locatelli Bruno , Molina Luis G. , Ciais Philippe , Leadley Paul W.
Published: July 2013

Climate change is a threat to biodiversity, and adaptation measures should be considered in biodiversity conservation planning. Protected areas (PA) are expected to be impacted by climate change and improving their connectivity with biological corridors (BC) has been proposed as a potential adaptation measure, although assessing its effectiveness remains a challenge. In Mesoamerica, efforts to preserve the biodiversity have led to the creation of a regional network of PA and, more recently, BC. This study evaluates the role of BC for facilitating plant dispersal between PA under climate change in Mesoamerica. A spatially explicit dynamic model (cellular automaton) was developed to simulate species dispersal under different climate and conservation policy scenarios. Plant functional types (PFT) were defined based on a range of dispersal rates and vegetation types to represent the diversity of species in the region. The impacts of climate change on PA and the role of BC for dispersal were assessed spatially. Results show that most impacted PA are those with low altitudinal range in hot, dry, or high latitude areas. PA with low altitudinal range in high cool areas benefit the most from corridors. The most important corridors cover larger areas and have high altitude gradients. Only the fastest PFT can keep up with the expected change in climate and benefit from corridors for dispersal. We conclude that the spatial assessment of the vulnerability of PA and the role of corridors in facilitating dispersal can help conservation planning under a changing climate.
Differentiation of strains from the Bacillus cereus group by RFLP‐PFGE genomic fingerprinting
Authors: Otlewska Anna , Oltuszak‐Walczak Elzbieta , Walczak Piotr
Published: July 2013

Bacillus mycoides, Bacillus pseudomycoides, Bacillus weihenstephanensis, Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus thuringiensis, and Bacillus cereus belong to the B. cereus group. The last three species are characterized by different phenotype features and pathogenicity spectrum, but it has been shown that these species are genetically closely related. The macrorestriction analysis of the genomic DNA with the NotI enzyme was used to generate polymorphism of restriction profiles for 39 food‐borne isolates (B. cereus, B. mycoides) and seven reference strains (B. mycoides, B. thuringiensis, B. weihenstephanensis, and B. cereus). The PFGE method was applied to differentiate the examined strains of the B. cereus group. On the basis of the unweighted pair group method with the arithmetic mean method and Dice coefficient, the strains were divided into five clusters (types A–E), and the most numerous group was group A (25 strains). A total of 21 distinct pulsotypes were observed. The RFLP‐PFGE analysis was successfully used for the differentiation and characterization of B. cereus and B. mycoides strains isolated from different food products.
A quantitative approach to understanding dated dune stratigraphies
Authors: Bailey R. M. , Thomas D. S. G.
Published: July 2013

Attempts to reconstruct past changes in climate‐related forcing of dryland landscapes are hampered by the lack of an adequate quantitative framework for understanding the production and interpretation of dated sedimentary records. In drylands, as in other environments, information on past forcing conditions is progressively modified, degraded and removed from the available stratigraphic record by a series of ‘filters’ involving changes in the primary forcing factors themselves, geomorphological processes and the sampling/dating procedures. In this paper we describe a quantitative model that includes these effects, and use the model to examine the nature of preserved dryland sedimentary records and their relationships to primary forcing conditions: thicker preserved sedimentary records reflect periods of more intense aeolian activity; localized switching between erosion and deposition results in discontinuous and highly variable stratigraphic sequences; a preservation bias towards younger deposits is observed, potentially leading to a continuum of accumulation that decays approximately in proportion to. Time periods not represented by deposition can in some cases be interpreted as periods of higher precipitation and/or lower wind energy. An asymmetry exists between the efficiency with which past ‘drier’ and ‘wetter’ episodes can be identified, which relates to the time‐separation of depositional periods and the correct distinction between hiatuses due to forcing conditions and those due to under‐sampling. Relevant to this is the effect of random dating errors (statistical uncertainty), which (increasingly with age) filter‐out higher frequency events from the record. A new data treatment method (termedAccumulation Rate Variability) provides an efficient proxy for accumulation rates, and therefore the intensity of aeolian activity, with significant improvements over existing date–frequency methods. The filtering problem discussed applies to all attempts at understanding the timing and nature of past events, independent of the proxies and dating methods employed. Further explicit analysis of these issues would be beneficial. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anthropogenic impacts on mass change in North China
Authors: Tang Qiuhong , Zhang Xuejun , Tang Yin
Published: July 2013

The gravity fields from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite have been used to estimate groundwater depletion in many parts of the world. Groundwater depletion assessment in North China, however, is affected by large anthropogenic disturbance on mass variation. Using the water survey data and coal flow statistics, we show that the mass variations in North China during 2003–2011 were largely affected by reservoir regulation, water diversion, and coal transport. According to our estimates, the mass loss rate of groundwater depletion (−14 to −8.4 mm yr−1) was largely offset by the mass gains caused by reservoir regulation (1.3 mm yr−1), water diversion (4.4 mm yr−1), and coal transport (1.9 mm yr−1) in the North China Plain. We note that anthropogenic impacts on mass change must be taken into account when using the GRACE data to estimate groundwater change in the area intensively altered by human activities.