bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why are People So Prone to Steal Software? The Effect of Cost Structure on Consumer Purchase and Payment Intentions
Authors: Nunes Joseph C. , Hsee Christopher K. , Weber Elke U.
Published: April 2004

Intellectual property piracy is a significant global problem and an enormous problem for U.S. companies and policymakers. This article examines why typically law-abiding people are more inclined to steal intellectual property products than more tangible, material products. The authors propose that the inclination to pay for certain types of goods and services is greater than for other types, and what distinguishes the two classes is their cost structure. They document how consumers are more or less inclined to pay for goods and services as a function of whether the product's cost is principally attributable to variable cost (VC) or fixed cost (FC). The authors’ central thesis is that consumers (1) believe that they cause less harm if their failure to pay prevents a seller from recovering FC than if their failure to pay helps a seller recoup VC; (2) are more likely to risk not paying for a product the less harm they perceive that not paying would cause; and (3) therefore feel less obligated and are less likely to pay voluntarily for a high-FC, low-VC product than for a high-VC, low-FC product, when total cost and average cost are held constant. This research is particularly relevant in the information age, because it helps explain why consumers appear to be more inclined to risk stealing software and other intellectual property products with relatively high FC and little or no VC. It also allows for the creation of marketing remedies that do not involve further legal enforcement.
Short-Term Cardiovascular Complications in Dermatology Patients Receiving JAK-STAT Inhibitors
Authors: Ireland Patrick A. , Jansson Nicholas , Spencer Sascha K. R. , Braden Jorja , Sebaratnam Deshan
Published: January 2024

Importance

Evolving evidence suggests that patients receiving Janus kinase–signal transducer and activator of transcription inhibitors (JAK-STATi) may be at higher risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and venous thromboembolism (VTE). Most existing literature has focused on indications that may confer a higher MACE and VTE risk than that among patients with isolated dermatological indications.

Objective

To evaluate risk of MACE, VTE, serious adverse events (SAEs), and tolerability of systemic JAK-STATi compared with placebo, in those with a dermatologic indication.

Data Sources

A systematic review of the literature was carried out to June 2023, using databases Embase, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, Cochrane Library of Registered Trials, and registered Clinical Trials. The analysis was reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) reporting guidelines. The analysis itself took place in June 2023.

Study Selection

Placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials that compared systemic JAK-STATi with placebo, and investigated the safety in patients with alopecia areata, psoriasis, vitiligo, atopic dermatitis, lichen planus or hidradenitis suppurativa.

Data Extraction and Synthesis

Study selection and data extraction by 2 authors working independently using a standardized template. Crude numbers for MACE, VTE, SAEs, and study discontinuation due to treatment emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were pooled and underwent meta-analysis.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Incidence of MACE, VTE, SAE, and study discontinuation due to TEAEs. Analysis of these values against person exposure years to determine the incidence rate (IR). Risk ratios (RRs) compared incidence rates among treatment and placebo comparator arms.

Results

Forty-five randomized clinical trials were eligible for inclusion, with 12 996 patients receiving active JAK-STATi therapy and 4925 allocated to placebo treatment. Meta-analysis found no significant increase in MACE (I2 = 0.00%; RR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.28-0.80) or VTE (I2 = 0.00%; RR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.26-0.80) between placebo and JAK-STATi comparator arms. There was also no significant difference in SAEs (I2 = 12.38%; RR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.72-1.20) and discontinuations between JAK-STATi and placebo (I2 = 23.55%; RR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.76-1.19).

Conclusions and Relevance

This meta-analysis did not identify a significant increase in the risk of MACE and VTE in dermatology patients receiving JAK-STATi for median duration of 16 weeks. The results of this review suggest there is insufficient evidence that JAK-STATi confer an increased risk of cardiovascular complications in dermatological patients, especially when used for short time frames.
Live Birth After Oocyte Donation In Vitro Fertilization Cycles in Women With Endometriosis
Authors: Paffoni Alessio , Casalechi Maíra , De Ziegler Dominique , Cicinelli Ettore , Somigliana Edgardo , Viganò Paola , Vitagliano Amerigo
Published: January 2024

Importance

Although multiple mechanisms have been proposed to explain the infertility related to endometriosis, there are no conclusive data on the association of endometriosis with endometrial receptivity. The oocyte donation model in assisted reproduction technology (ART) cycles can clarify this issue.

Objective

To explore the association of a history of endometriosis with ART outcomes in recipients of oocyte donation.

Data Sources

In this systematic review and meta-analysis, electronic databases were searched from inception until August 31, 2023, using combinations of relevant keywords. Moreover, we retrieved data from the databases of the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology (SART) in the US and the Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority (HFEA) in the United Kingdom.

Study Selection

Observational studies were included if they investigated the impact of endometriosis on ART outcomes with donor oocytes.

Data Extraction and Synthesis

Publicly available data related to ART from various sources were gathered, and a retrospective aggregate and nonaggregate analysis using registries of in vitro fertilization cycles with oocyte or embryo donation was conducted.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was live birth rate (LBR) following oocyte donor cycles. The effect measures of comparisons between groups are presented as odds ratios (ORs) with a 95% CI.

Results

This study analyzed 7212 oocyte donation cycles from 4 studies for the meta-analysis, along with 162 082 cycles from 2 registries (137 182 from SART and 24 900 from HFEA). No significant differences between the groups were observed in the meta-analysis of published data after adjusting for confounding factors (OR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.19-1.57). A statistically significant lower LBR was identified in women with endometriosis when analyzing the aggregate data from SART and HFEA databases (OR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.81-0.97).

Conclusions and Relevance

This study found a modest decrease in LBR among women with a history of endometriosis, although only results from the pooled analysis of registry data and not those from the meta-analysis reached statistical significance. These findings suggest that a marginal impairment of uterine receptivity may contribute to infertility mechanisms in women affected by endometriosis.
Worldwide Prevalence and Disability From Mental Disorders Across Childhood and Adolescence
Authors: Kieling Christian , Buchweitz Claudia , Caye Arthur , Silvani Juliana , Ameis Stephanie H. , Brunoni André R. , Cost Katherine T. , Courtney Darren B. , Georgiades Katholiki , Merikangas Kathleen Ries , Henderson Joanna L. , Polanczyk Guilherme V. , Rohde Luis Augusto , Salum Giovanni A. , Szatmari Peter
Published: January 2024

Importance

The period from childhood to early adulthood involves increased susceptibility to the onset of mental disorders, with implications for policy making that may be better appreciated by disaggregated analyses of narrow age groups.

Objective

To estimate the global prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs) associated with mental disorders and substance use disorders (SUDs) across 4 age groups using data from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study.

Design, Setting, and Participants

Data from the 2019 GBD study were used for analysis of mental disorders and SUDs. Results were stratified by age group (age 5 to 9, 10 to 14, 15 to 19, and 20 to 24 years) and sex. Data for the 2019 GBD study were collected up to 2018, and data were analyzed for this article from April 2022 to September 2023.

Exposure

Age 5 to 9 years, 10 to 14 years, 15 to 19 years, and 20 to 24 years.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Prevalence rates with 95% uncertainty intervals (95% UIs) and number of YLDs.

Results

Globally in 2019, 293 million of 2516 million individuals aged 5 to 24 years had at least 1 mental disorder, and 31 million had an SUD. The mean prevalence was 11.63% for mental disorders and 1.22% for SUDs. For the narrower age groups, the prevalence of mental disorders was 6.80% (95% UI, 5.58-8.03) for those aged 5 to 9 years, 12.40% (95% UI, 10.62-14.59) for those aged 10 to 14 years, 13.96% (95% UI, 12.36-15.78) for those aged 15 to 19 years, and 13.63% (95% UI, 11.90-15.53) for those aged 20 to 24 years. The prevalence of each individual disorder also varied by age groups; sex-specific patterns varied to some extent by age. Mental disorders accounted for 31.14 million of 153.59 million YLDs (20.27% of YLDs from all causes). SUDs accounted for 4.30 million YLDs (2.80% of YLDs from all causes). Over the entire life course, 24.85% of all YLDs attributable to mental disorders were recorded before age 25 years.

Conclusions and Relevance

An analytical framework that relies on stratified age groups should be adopted for examination of mental disorders and SUDs from childhood to early adulthood. Given the implications of the early onset and lifetime burden of mental disorders and SUDs, age-disaggregated data are essential for the understanding of vulnerability and effective prevention and intervention initiatives.
Using standardized workflows and quantitative data‐driven management to reduce time interval from simulation to treatment initiation
Authors: Yu Naichang , LaHurd Danielle , Mastroianni Anthony , Magnelli Anthony , Tendulkar Rahul , Chao Samuel T. , Suh John H. , Xia Ping
Published: January 2024

Purpose

External beam radiotherapy is a complex process, involving timely coordination among multiple teams. The aim of this study is to report our experience of establishing a standardized workflow and using quantitative data and metrics to manage the time‐to‐treatment initiation (TTI).

Methods and materials

Starting in 2014, we established a standard process in a radiation oncology‐specific electronic medical record system (RO‐EMR) for patients receiving external beam radiation therapy in our department, aiming to measure the time interval from simulation to treatment initiation, defined as TTI, for radiation oncology. TTI data were stratified according to the following treatment techniques: three‐dimensional (3D) conformal therapy, intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), and stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). Statistical analysis was performed with the Mann–Whitney test for the respective metrics of aggregate data for the initial period 2012– 2015 (PI) and the later period 2016–2019 (PII).

Result

Over 8 years, the average annual number of treatments for PI and PII were 1760 and 2357 respectively, with 3D, IMRT, and SBRT treatments accounting for 53, 29, 18% and 44, 34, 22%, respectively, of the treatment techniques. The median TTI for 3D, IMRT, and SBRT for PI and PII were 1, 6, 7, and 1, 5, 7 days, respectively, while the 90th percentile TTI for the three techniques in both periods were 5, 9, 11 and 4, 9, 10 days, respectively. From the aggregate data, the TTI was significantly reduced (p = 0.0004, p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001) from PI to PII for the three treatment techniques.

Conclusion

Establishing a standardized workflow and frequently measuring TTI resulted in shortening the TTI during the early years (in PI) and maintaining the established TTI in the subsequent years (in PII).
Ternary Strategy Enables Non‐Halogenated Solvent‐Processed All‐Polymer Solar Cells with High Efficiency Over 18%
Authors: Zhang Jiabin , Zhou Qiuman , Xie Juxuan , Zhao Ju , Yu Jiangkai , Zhang Kai , Jia Tao , Huang Fei , Cao Yong
Published: January 2024

Herein, efficient ternary all‐polymer solar cells (all‐PSCs) are fabricated by employing PDEDTQ that possesses down‐shifted highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level and blue‐shifted absorption with higher maximum absorption coefficients compared with the host donor JD40‐BDD20 as a guest donor into the JD40‐BDD20:PA‐5 host blend. The enhanced light‐harvesting and the energy transfer from PDEDTQ to JD40‐BDD20 can be observed in the ternary device, which conduces to improving the short circuit current density (JSC). Additionally, the PDEDTQ shows relatively weak crystalline and well miscibility with the JD40‐BDD20, meaning that the morphology can be tuned using the PDEDTQ. Subsequently, a more uniform and fine‐divided network with slightly weakened crystalline occurs in the ternary blend film, implying that a more intermixing domain with a higher density of donor/acceptor (D/A) interfaces may be formed. Thus, compared with JD40‐BDD20:PA‐5, the ternary device obtained enhanced exciton dissociation and charge extraction, reducing charge recombination and energy loss (Eloss). Ultimately, in addition to guaranteeing outstanding fill factor (FF), the higher JSC and improve open circuit voltage (VOC) are achieved and then boosted the power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 17.39% to 18.47%, which is one of the highest PCEs for the all‐PSCs. Overall, this work provides guidance on forming a high‐quality network with uniform distribution of D/A using ternary strategy, and then obtaining high‐efficiency all‐PSCs processed using non‐halogenated solvent.
Phase Engineering for Stability of CsPbI3 Nanowire Optoelectronics
Authors: Li Dengji , Xie Pengshan , Zhang Yuxuan , Meng You , Chen Yancong , Zheng Yini , Wang Weijun , Yin Di , Li Bowen , Wu Zenghui , Lan Changyong , Yip SenPo , Lei Dangyuan , Chen Fu‐Rong , Ho Johnny C.
Published: January 2024

Zinc (Zn) has arisen as a significant suppressor of vacancy formation in halide perovskites, establishing its pivotal role in defect engineering for these materials. Herein, the Zn‐catalyzed vapor‐liquid‐solid (VLS) route is reported to render black‐phase CsPbI3 nanowires (NWs) operationally stable at room temperature. Based on first‐principle calculations, the doped Zn2+ can not only lead to the partial crystal lattice distortion but also reduce the formation energy (absolute value) from the black phase to the yellow phase, improving the stability of the desired black‐phase CsPbI3 NWs. A series of contrast tests further confirm the stabilization effect of the Zn‐doped strategy. Besides, the polarization‐sensitive characteristics of black‐phase CsPbI3 NWs are revealed. This work highlights the importance of phase stabilization engineering for CsPbI3 NWs and their potential applications in anisotropic optoelectronics.
Highly Resilient Noncovalently Associated Hydrogel Adhesives for Wound Sealing Patch
Authors: Han Gi‐Yeon , Park Ji‐Yong , Back Jong‐Ho , Yi Mo‐Beom , Kim Hyun‐Joong
Published: January 2024

The development of hydrogel adhesives with high mechanical resilience and toughness remains a challenging task. Hydrogels must exhibit high mechanical resilience to withstand the inevitable movement of the human body while simultaneously demonstrating strong wet tissue adhesion and appropriate toughness to hold and seal damaged tissues; However, tissue adhesion, toughness, and mechanical resilience are typically negatively correlated. Therefore, this paper proposes a highly resilient double‐network (DN) hydrogel wound‐sealing patch that exhibits a well‐balanced combination of tissue adhesion, toughness, and mechanical resilience. The DN structure is formed by introducing covalently and non‐covalently crosslinkable dopamine‐modified crosslinkers and physically interactable linear poly(vinyl imidazole) (PVI). The resulting hydrogel adhesive exhibits high toughness and mechanical resilience due to the presence of a DN involving reversible physical intermolecular interactions such as hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic associations, cation–π interactions, π–π interactions, and chain entanglements. Moreover, the hydrogel adhesive achieves strong wet tissue adhesion through the polar hydroxyl groups of dopamine and the amine group of PVI. These mechanical attributes allow the proposed adhesive to effectively seal damaged tissues and promote wound healing by maintaining a moist environment.
Robust Fiber‐Shaped Flexible Temperature Sensors for Safety Monitoring with Ultrahigh Sensitivity
Authors: Lu Yufei , Zhang Hongjian , Zhao Yang , Liu Haodong , Nie Zhentao , Xu Feng , Zhu Jixin , Huang Wei
Published: January 2024

Flexible temperature sensors capable of detecting and transmitting temperature data from the human body, environment, and electronic devices hold significant potential for applications in electronic skins, human–machine interactions, and disaster prevention systems. Nonetheless, fabricating flexible temperature sensors with exceptional sensing performance remains a formidable task, primarily due to the intricate process of constructing an intrinsically flexible sensing element with high sensitivity. In this study, a facile in situ two‐step synthetic method is introduced for fabricating flexible fiber‐shaped NiO/carbon nanotube fiber (CNTF) composites. The resulting NiO/CNTF flexible temperature sensors demonstrate outstanding deformability and temperature sensing characteristics, encompassing a broad working range (−15 to 60 °C) and high sensitivity (maximum TCR of −20.2% °C−1 and B value of 3332 K). Importantly, the mechanical and thermal behaviors of the sensor in various application conditions are thoroughly examined using finite element analysis simulations. Moreover, the temperature sensors can effectively capture diverse thermal signals in wearable applications. Notably, a temperature monitoring and warning system is developed to prevent fire accidents resulting from abnormal thermal runaway in electronic devices.
Inherited thrombophilia gene mutations and risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Roy Danielle Carole , Wang Tzu‐Fei , Lun Ronda , Zahrai Amin , Mallick Ranjeeta , Burger Dylan , Zitikyte Gabriele , Hawken Steven , Wells Philip
Published: January 2024

In the general population, individuals with an inherited thrombophilia have a higher risk of thrombosis, but the effect of inherited thrombophilia on the risk of cancer‐associated venous thromboembolism (VTE) remains controversial. Our objective was to determine the risk of VTE in cancer patients with inherited thrombophilia. We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of studies reporting on VTE after a cancer diagnosis in adult patients who were tested for inherited thrombophilia. In September 2022, we searched Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central. Two reviewers screened the abstracts/full texts and assessed study quality using the Quality in Prognostic Studies tool. We used Mantel–Haenszel random‐effects models to estimate pooled odds ratios (OR) of VTE and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). We included 37 and 28 studies in the systematic review and meta‐analysis, respectively. Most studies focused on specific cancer types and hematologic malignancies were rare. The risk of VTE was significantly higher in cancer patients with non‐O (compared with O) blood types (OR: 1.56 [95% CI: 1.28–1.90]), Factor V Leiden, and Prothrombin Factor II G20210A mutations compared with wild types (OR: 2.28 [95% CI: 1.51–3.48] and 2.14 [95% CI: 1.14–4.03], respectively). Additionally, heterozygous and homozygous methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T had ORs of 1.50 (95% CI: 1.00–2.24) and 1.38 (95% CI: 0.87–2.22), respectively. Among those with Plasminogen‐Activator Inhibitor‐1 4G/5G, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) A C634G, and VEGF C2578A mutations, there was no significant association with VTE. In conclusion, this meta‐analysis provided evidence that non‐O blood types, Factor V Leiden, and Prothrombin Factor II G20210A mutations are important genetic risk factors for VTE in cancer patients.
Synthesis of Fused Imidazoles and Pyrimidinones from 2‐Aminoazines
Authors: Wang Yuankun , Jiang Maokai , Liu Bowen , Xianzhang Wang , Yumeng Zhuang , Yao Lei
Published: January 2024

Fused imidazole and pyrimidine heterocycles represent two important classes of organic compounds. Numerous synthetic methods have been developed for the synthesis of these compounds due to their diverse biological activities and potential pharmaceutical applications. This review provides a comprehensive assessment of the cutting‐edge methods used in the synthesis of fused heterocycles from pyridin‐2‐amines and their aza derivatives involving reaction with 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds or α‐halo carbonyl compounds. In addition, the Groebke‐Blackburn‐Bienaymé (GBB) reaction, metal‐mediated reactions and other related reaction systems have been considered. We summarize the pertinent literature on related synthetic methods in the period 2020 to 2023. The analysis provided can inform future developments directed at new cost‐effective approaches to the synthesis of fused imidazole and fused pyrimidine analogues.
Matched Kinetics Process Over Fe2O3‐Co/NiO Heterostructure Enables Highly Efficient Nitrate Electroreduction to Ammonia
Authors: Yang Qiang , Bu Yongguang , Pu Shuailei , Chu Longgang , Huang Weifeng , Zhu Xiangdong , Liu Cun , Fang Guodong , Cui Peixin , Zhou Dongmei , Wang Yujun
Published: January 2024

Tandem nitrate electroreduction reaction (NO3−RR) is a promising method for green ammonia (NH3) synthesis. However, the mismatched kinetics processes between NO3−‐to‐NO2− and NO2−‐to‐NH3 results in poor selectivity for NH3 and excess NO2− evolution in electrolyte solution. Herein, a Ni2+ substitution strategy for developing oxide heterostructure in Co/Fe layered double oxides (LDOs) was designed and employed as tandem electrocataltysts for NO3−RR. (Co0.83Ni0.16)2Fe exhibited a high NH3 yield rate of 50.4 mg ⋅ cm−2 ⋅ h−1 with a Faradaic efficiency of 97.8 % at −0.42 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) in a pulsed electrolysis test. By combining with in situ/operando characterization technologies and theoretical calculations, we observed the strong selectivity of NH3 evolution over (Co0.83Ni0.16)2Fe, with Ni playing a dual role in NO3−RR by i) modifying the electronic behavior of Co, and ii) serving as complementary site for active hydrogen (*H) supply. Therefore, the adsorption capacity of *NO2 and its subsequent hydrogenation on the Co sites became more thermodynamically feasible. This study shows that Ni substitution promotes the kinetics of the NO3−RR and provides insights into the design of tandem electrocatalysts for NH3 evolution.
A New Life For Nitrile‐Butadiene Rubber: Co‐Harnessing Metathesis And Condensation For Reincorporation Into Bio‐Based Materials
Authors: Bekmirzaev Jakhongir , Simon Malaury , D'Aniello Sara , Mazzeo Mina , Cohen‐Janes Sander J. , Mathers Robert T. , Gauvin Régis M. , Thomas Christophe M.
Published: January 2024

Efficient plastic recycling processes are crucial for the production of value‐added products or intermediates. Here, we present a multicatalytic route that allows the degradation of nitrile‐butadiene rubber, cross‐metathesis of the formed oligomers, and polymerization of the resulting dicarboxylic acids with bio‐based diols, providing direct access to unsaturated polyesters. This one‐pot approach combines the use of commercially available catalysts that are active and selective under mild conditions to synthesize renewable copolymers without the need to isolate intermediates.
Self‐relevance enhances susceptibility to false memory
Authors: Wang Jianqin , Wang Bihan , Otgaar Henry , Patihis Lawrence , Sauerland Melanie
Published: January 2024

Eyewitness testimony serves as important evidence in the legal system. Eyewitnesses of a crime can be either the victims themselves—for whom the experience is highly self‐referential—or can be bystanders who witness and thus encode the crime in relation to others. There is a gap in past research investigating whether processing information in relation to oneself versus others would later impact people's suggestibility to misleading information. In two experiments (Ns = 68 and 122) with Dutch and Chinese samples, we assessed whether self‐reference of a crime event (i.e., victim vs. bystander) affected their susceptibility to false memory creation. Using a misinformation procedure, we photoshopped half of the participants' photographs into a crime slideshow so that they saw themselves as victims of a nonviolent crime, while others watched the slideshow as mock bystander witnesses. In both experiments, participants displayed a self‐enhanced suggestibility effect: Participants who viewed themselves as victims created more false memories after receiving misinformation than those who witnessed the same crime as bystanders. These findings suggest that self‐reference might constitute a hitherto new risk factor in the formation of false memories when evaluating eyewitness memory reports.
Generalist versus Specialist Self‐Replicators
Authors: Komáromy Dávid , Monzón Diego M. , Marić Ivana , Monreal Santiago Guillermo , Ottelé Jim , Altay Meniz , Schaeffer Gaël , Otto Sijbren
Published: January 2024

Darwinian evolution, including the selection of the fittest species under given environmental conditions, is a major milestone in the development of synthetic living systems. In this regard, generalist or specialist behavior (the ability to replicate in a broader or narrower, more specific food environment) are of importance. Here we demonstrate generalist and specialist behavior in dynamic combinatorial libraries composed of a peptide‐based and an oligo(ethylene glycol) based building block. Three different sets of macrocyclic replicators could be distinguished based on their supramolecular organization: two prepared from a single building block as well as one prepared from an equimolar mixture of them. Peptide‐containing hexamer replicators were found to be generalists, i. e. they could replicate in a broad range of food niches, whereas the octamer peptide‐based replicator and hexameric ethyleneoxide‐based replicator were proven to be specialists, i. e. they only replicate in very specific food niches that correspond to their composition. However, sequence specificity cannot be demonstrated for either of the generalist replicators. The generalist versus specialist nature of these replicators was linked to their supramolecular organization. Assembly modes that accommodate structurally different building blocks lead to generalist replicators, while assembly modes that are more restrictive yield specialist replicators.
Covalent Post‐Synthetic Modification of Metal‐Organic Cages: Concepts and Recent Progress
Authors: Luo Dong , Zhu Xiao‐Wei , Zhou Xiao‐Ping , Li Dan
Published: January 2024

Metal‐organic cages (MOCs) are supramolecular coordination complexes that have internal cavities for hosting guest molecules and exhibiting various properties. However, the functions of MOCs are limited by the choice of the building blocks. Post‐synthetic modification (PSM) is a technique that can introduce new functional groups and replace existing ones on the MOCs without changing their geometry. Among many PSM methods, covalent PSM is a promising approach to modify MOCs with tailored structures and functions. Covalent PSM can be applied to either the internal cavity or the external surface of the MOCs, depending on the functionality expected to be customized. However, there are still some challenges and limitations in the field of covalent PSM of MOCs, such as the balance between the stability of MOCs and the harshness of organic reactions involved in covalent PSMs. This concept article introduces the organic reaction types involved in covalent PSM of MOCs, their new applications after modification, and summarizes and provides an outlook of this research field.
Optimization and modelling of pravastatin recovery from aqueous solutions using reactive extraction methodology
Authors: Yetisen Mehmet , Uslu Hasan , Baltacioglu Cem
Published: January 2024

This research endeavour primarily aimed to optimize and establish a model for the recovery of pravastatin, a well‐known statin drug recognized for its cholesterol‐lowering properties, from aqueous solutions using reactive extraction. This study used the Box–Behnken design to investigate extraction parameters and create a concise model equation illustrating the relationship between variables and responses. The investigation showed a strong agreement between the model equation and experimental outcomes. It highlighted a positive correlation, demonstrating that higher concentrations of reactant and pravastatin led to notable improvements in extraction efficiency. Two out of 90 experiments had extraction efficiencies below 10%, both with constant factors except for solvent type, while 14 experiments exceeding 80% efficiency highlighted the positive impact of a 50% reactant concentration on extraction efficiency. According to a statistical second‐order polynomial, the predicted extraction efficiency stands at 75.14%. In the culminating phase of the study, optimal extraction conditions were meticulously determined, resulting in the identification of an optimal set of parameters: a pravastatin concentration of 35 mg · L−1, an adogen concentration of 20.91% (v/v), and a butanol phase ratio of 0.2% (v/v). Under optimal conditions, the experimental extraction efficiency reached 72.69%, closely aligning with values predicted through numerical optimization employing response surface methodology.
Risk assessment behaviour when eating out in adults with food hypersensitivity
Authors: Knibb Rebecca C. , Hawkins Lily , Screti Cassandra , Gowland M. Hazel , Krishna Mamidipudi Thirumala , du Toit George , Jones Christina J.
Published: January 2024

Background

Food hypersensitivity (FHS) management requires daily risk assessments of all food and drinks consumed to prevent unpleasant and potentially fatal adverse reactions. Most research has focussed on food allergy in children and families. Little is known about the impact on adults or those with other FHS, such as food intolerance or coeliac disease. This study assessed differences in practices and risk assessment behaviours when eating out for adults with FHS.

Methods

Adult UK residents (N = 930; 820 females, 90 males; 95% White; mean age 50 years [±16.6SD]), with food allergy (18%), food intolerance (23%) coeliac disease (44%) or multiple FHS (15%) completed an online survey.

Results

Adults checked information to identify foods causing a reaction always or most of the time when eating out. However, adults with food intolerance reported checking significantly less often than adults with other FHS (all ps < 0.001). Adults reporting more severe FHS, medical rather than self‐diagnosis of FHS, previous anaphylaxis, had called an ambulance or been in hospital due to a reaction checked information significantly more often (all ps < 0.001), but were also less confident in the information provided (all ps < 0.05). Adults with allergy, coeliac disease or multiple FHS were also less confident in written and verbal information provided than those with food intolerance (p < 0.01). The type of FHS, greater perceived severity of FHS and having a medical diagnosis consistently predicted risk assessment behaviours when eating out (all ps < 0.001).

Conclusion

Clinicians, patients and the food industry should be aware that the type of FHS, patient‐perceived severity and past experience of reactions affect risk assessment behaviours when eating out. This should be considered when providing clinical advice and emergency plans.
Structural Development of Androgen Receptor Antagonists Using Phenylferrocene Framework as a Hydrophobic Pharmacophore
Authors: Ochiai Kotaro , Yonezawa Ryo , Fujii Shinya
Published: January 2024

We previously identified nitrophenylferrocenes and cyanophenylferrocenes as promising lead structures of novel androgen receptor (AR) antagonists, based on the structural similarity between ferrocene and the steroidal skeleton. In the present research, we explored the structure‐activity relationship (SAR) of phenylferrocene derivatives. Introduction of a hydrophobic substituent such as a chlorine atom at the 2‐position or 3‐position of phenylferrocene derivatives significantly increased the antagonistic activity toward wild‐type AR, and among the synthesized compounds, 3‐chloro‐4‐cyanophenylferrocene (29) exhibited the most potent anti‐proliferative activity toward the androgen‐dependent growth of SC‐3 cells expressing wild‐type AR (IC50 14 nM). Like conventional antiandrogens such as hydroxyflutamide, the major active metabolite of flutamide, compound 29 exhibited agonistic activity toward T877A‐AR, a mutant AR expressed in human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. Notably, however, the 2‐chloro isomer 27 showed potent antagonistic activity toward wild‐type AR (IC50 49 nM) and also exhibited antagonistic activity toward T877A‐AR. Our SAR data should prove helpful for the development of new‐generation AR antagonists based on phenylferrocene as candidate agents to treat drug‐resistant prostate cancer.
Investigating Surgical Mask Thermal Degradation via X‐Ray Techniques for Efficient Reuse
Authors: Delorme Charlène , Docquer Louis , Fedi Chloé , Henry‐Barriol Julie , Robert Manon , Botella Claude , Vacher Béatrice , Leclerc Lara , Grattard Florence , Verhoeven Paul O. , Pourchez Jérémie , Penuelas José
Published: January 2024

The Covid‐19 crisis has led to a massive surge in the use of surgical masks worldwide, causing risks of shortages and high pollution. Reusing the masks may be promising to reduce such risks, especially since various decontamination techniques are being investigated. In this study, the thermal degradation of surgical masks was investigated using X‐ray‐based techniques such as XRD and XPS. Additional characterization was performed using scanning electron microscopy and contact angle measurements. XRD experiments reveal an increase in both crystal size and crystallinity of the mask with temperature until it is destroyed at 160 °C. However, XPS results show that there was no significant change in the surface chemistry of the mask, as no other chemical element has been detected in the mask heated up. Breathability has been proven compliant with standards until 150 °C.
Flash Organometallic Catalysis Uncovered by Continuous Microfluidic Devices
Authors: Guan Fanfu , Wen Jialin
Published: January 2024

The flash organometallic catalysis is a new concept that refers to the study of fast and controlled organometallic catalytic reactions by using microfluidic devices. Flash reactions’ kinetics (ms‐s scale) is often ignored due to the lack of proper research tool in organometallic chemistry. The development of microfluidic systems offers the opportunity to discover under‐studied mechanisms and new reactions. In this concept, the basic theory of kinetic measurement in a microreactor is briefly reviewed and then two examples on studying flash organometallic catalytic transformation are introduced. One example is the discovery of a highly active palladium catalytic species for Suzuki Coupling and the other example is the study of a neglected isomerization catalytic cycle with a time scale of seconds before isomerization‐hydroformylation by customized microfluidic devices. The last part is summary and prospect of this new area. Customizing a microfluidic device with good engineering design for a target reaction supports flash reactions’ kinetic experimentation and could become a general strategy in chemistry lab.
Vendor sustainability performance and corporate customers' supplier selection
Authors: Cui Xiaoyu , Qi Baolei , Hussain Muhammad Jameel
Published: January 2024

This study investigates the impact of potential suppliers' sustainability performance (measured by environmental, social, and governance performance) on customer firms' supplier selection decisions. Our findings suggest that potential suppliers (vendors) with better sustainability performance are more likely to be selected as actual suppliers. Moreover, we find that customer firms with better sustainability performance, those operating in competitive industries, and state‐owned customer firms are more inclined to opt for sustainable suppliers. Furthermore, our analyses indicate that the positive influence of vendors' sustainability performance on the likelihood of being selected is more significant for vendors who hold non‐leading industrial positions or face high uncertainty. In addition, by focusing on actual customer‐supplier relationships, we find that customer firms benefit from collaborating with more sustainable suppliers. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the role of corporate sustainability in supply chain management.
A novel SM4 cryptographic architecture against higher order power analysis attacks
Authors: Sun Nengyuan , Liu Wenrui , Cheng Jiafeng , Peng Zhaokang , Wang Chunyang , Sun Caiban , Sha Heng , Pan Zhiyuan , Jin Ming , Zhao Hongyang , Wang Jinghe , Wen Yiming , Kong Pengliang , Zhao Yunfeng , Wang Yaoqiang , Kose Selcuk , Yu Weize
Published: January 2024

In this letter, a novel secret merchant‐4 (SM4) cryptographic circuit implementation is proposed against higher order power analysis attacks (PAAs). Four different random number generators (RNGs) are embedded into the SM4 architecture for breaking the correlation between the processed data and monitored power dissipation against PAAs. Firstly, fake keys are created by the first RNG to scramble the critical information related with the actual secret key. Furthermore, the second RNG controls the implementations of substitution boxes (Sboxes) with composite fields or look‐up tables randomly while the third RNG randomizes the substitution locations with respect to these Sboxes. Ultimately, the fourth RNG randomly swaps the behaviors of the fake SM4 and true SM4 to further break the critical correlation. Under the assistance of the four embedded RNGs, the proposed SM4 cryptographic architecture is capable of resisting against fourth‐order PAAs effectively with a 300 Mbps throughput and 165,354  m2area after synthesizing in the TSMC 90 nm process design kits (PDK).
Challenges in applying principles from cognitive science to the design of a school mathematics curriculum
Authors: Foster Colin , Woollacott Bethany , Francome Tom , Shore Chris , Peters Caroline , Morley Hannah
Published: January 2024

There are increasingly frequent calls for school mathematics curricula to be informed by robust research evidence. One approach to achieving this is designing evidence‐informed learning and teaching resources for the classroom. In this paper, we reflect on our experiences of designing a free and fully resourced complete set of secondary mathematics curriculum materials. We explore in detail the challenges we have encountered in our attempts to apply principles from the cognitive theory of multimedia learning. We focus on tensions we have experienced when simultaneously applying multiple principles and balancing these with other educational considerations. Specifically, we consider trade‐offs between redundancy versus clarity, seductive details versus richness, personalisation and emotional design versus abstraction, spatial contiguity and signalling versus parsimony, and pre‐training and worked examples versus exploration. We examine the choices and dilemmas we faced, and illustrate our emerging attempts to resolve these tensions through presenting multiple examples from our design work. We conclude with recommendations about how tensions among these design principles might be navigated in curriculum design and we suggest possible avenues for further research in this area.
Co‐occurring orchid species associated with different low‐abundance mycorrhizal fungi from the soil in a high‐diversity conservation area in Denmark
Authors: Hartvig Ida , Kosawang Chatchai , Rasmussen Hanne , Kjær Erik Dahl , Nielsen Lene Rostgaard
Published: January 2024

Plant–fungal interactions are ubiquitous across ecosystems and contribute significantly to plant ecology and evolution. All orchids form obligate symbiotic relationships with specific fungi for germination and early growth, and the distribution of terrestrial orchid species has been linked to occurrence and abundance of specific orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF) in the soil. The availability of OMF can therefore be a habitat requirement that is relevant to consider when establishing management and conservation strategies for threatened orchid species, but knowledge on the spatial distribution of OMF in soil is limited. We here studied the mycorrhizal associations of three terrestrial orchid species (Anacamptis pyramidalis, Orchis purpurea and Platanthera chlorantha) found in a local orchid diversity hotspot in eastern Denmark, and investigated the abundance of the identified mycorrhizal fungi in the surrounding soil. We applied ITS metabarcoding to samples of orchid roots, rhizosphere soil and bulk soil collected at three localities, supplemented with standard barcoding of root samples with OMF specific primers, and detected 22 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) putatively identified as OMF. The three orchid species displayed different patterns of OMF associations, supporting the theory that association with specific fungi constitutes part of an orchid's ecological niche allowing co‐occurrence of many species in orchid‐rich habitats. The identified mycorrhizal partners in the basidiomycete families Tulasnellaceae and Ceratobasidiaceae (Cantharallales) were detected in low abundance in rhizosphere soil, and appeared almost absent from bulk soil at the localities. This finding highlights our limited knowledge of the ecology and trophic mode of OMF outside orchid tissues, as well as challenges in the detection of specific OMF with standard methods. Potential implications for management and conservation strategies are discussed.
PTSA‐Catalyzed [3+2] Cycloaddition of in Situ Generated 3‐Ylidene Oxindoles with Coumarin‐Based N‐Phenyl Enamine Derivatives
Authors: Yadav Anoop , Dahiya Pooja , Rawat Megha , Peddinti Rama Krishna
Published: January 2024

Brønsted acid mediated [3+2] cycloaddition of coumarin‐based enamines with 3‐ylidene oxindoles generated in situ from 3‐hydroxy‐3‐aroylmethyl oxindoles enabled the synthesis of polyheterocyclic compounds with a pyrrolocoumarin core structure in a highly regioselective manner. The synthetic procedure is highly efficient and metal‐free, and no chromatographic purification of the products is required. The chromenopyrrole derivatives bearing an oxindole moiety formed as rapidly interconverting rotamers.
AI tool round‐up: Text, image, and other resources to explore
Authors: Talarico Donna
Published: January 2024

The last time you opened a fresh Google Doc, were you welcomed with a sparkly bluish‐purple prompt “help me write”? Existing tools many of us know and love have already implemented AI features such as this one; in fact, you might say the lovable (or love‐to‐loathe) Clippy — Microsoft's office‐supply‐shaped assistant — was the first. And he was probably way ahead of his time.
Disclosures 8: Parents who initiate request for disclosure, part 2
Authors: Rainsberger Richard
Published: January 2024

Last month we began discussing requests for disclosures of education records that were initiated by parents. This month we’re going to look at a parental “demand” (not a “request” if we are going to be accurate) to send all of a student's education information to the parent. Of course, this carries the implication that the parent has an equal right to access the student's education records as the student does.
Hedging securities and Silicon Valley Bank idiosyncrasies
Authors: Kim Raymond
Published: January 2024

Hedging requires adequacy and timing. This paper finds that banks did not systematically ignore balance‐sheet risks like Silicon Valley Bank (SVB), and instead exercised risk management by asymmetrically increasing hedging activity when security losses increase and scaling back hedging activity as security losses reverse. Banks also hedge against bank runs when risk increases due to a combination of security losses and funding risks from unsecured deposits. Findings suggest SVB's mistakes are idiosyncratic. Results suggest that nonstress test banks target balance‐sheet risks when hedging, stabilizing themselves from interest rate shocks transmitted through fixed‐income securities. Scrutiny of rules‐based outliers like SVB is preferable to increased regulatory burden for all nonstress test banks.
Effect of online health training/counseling and progressive muscle relaxation exercise on postpartum depression and maternal attachment: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Uçakcı Asalıoğlu Canan , Yaman Sözbir Şengül
Published: January 2024

Objective

To evaluate the effect of online health training/counseling and a progressive muscle relaxation exercise (PMRE) program on postpartum depression and maternal attachment.

Methods

The present study was a randomized, controlled, experimental trial. Participants were asked to complete the Prenatal Attachment Inventory (PAI) and the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) at 35 weeks of pregnancy. Group assignment was done by stratified block randomization according to EPDS score (0–9, 10–30) and parity. Women in the experimental group received training in progressive muscle relaxation, postpartum depression, and maternal attachment via online video calls twice a week starting at 36–37 weeks of pregnancy. They were asked to complete the PMRE program from 36 weeks of pregnancy until 6 months postpartum, and online counseling was provided throughout this period. Participants completed the Maternal Postpartum Attachment Scale (MPAS) and the EPDS at 6 weeks postpartum.

Results

Mean PAI score was 64.24 ± 9.61 in the experimental group before the intervention and 62.14 ± 10.13 in the control group. The mean EPDS score of the experimental group was 9.12 ± 5.05 and the mean score of the control group was 9.77 ± 6.30 (P > 0.05). The mean MPAS score after the intervention was 13.92 ± 5.54 in the experimental group and 17.51 ± 6.12 in the control group. The mean EPDS score of the experimental group was 3.40 ± 3.00 and the mean score of the control group was 11.40 ± 5.91 (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Online health training/counseling and PMRE reduce the risk of postpartum depression and increase maternal attachment.
Parenchymal renal rupture due to an obstructive ureteric calculus in an incompletely duplicated renal pelvis and ureter
Authors: Toyoshima Moe , Ikarashi Daiki , Sekiguchi Kie , Kawamura Tatsuya , Machida Arisa , Yamaguchi Takeshi , Arakawa Yumeka , Ito Akito , Maekawa Shigekatsu , Obara Wataru
Published: January 2024

Introduction

Parenchymal renal rupture due to a ureteric calculus is extremely rare and an emergency.

Case presentation

A 54‐year‐old man was brought to the emergency room with left back pain without trauma. Computed tomography showed left parenchymal renal rupture with an incompletely duplicated renal pelvis, ureter, and an 11‐mm ureteric calculus in the ureterovesical junction. A ureteral stent was placed, and the patient was treated conservatively as his vital signs were stable. We performed transurethral lithotripsy after resolution of the perirenal hematoma.

Conclusion

To best of our knowledge, this report is the first to present a case of parenchymal renal rupture due to a ureteric calculus in an incompletely duplicated renal pelvis and ureter. Ureteric calculus within an incompletely duplicated renal pelvis and ureter is at risk of parenchymal renal rupture. Therefore, the aggressive treatment of ureteric calculus could be important.