bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From reactive to proactive basic palliative hospital care. Evaluation of one-nurse-based telephone follow-up and bedside consultation to advanced gastrointestinal cancer patients and informal caregivers: A quasi-experimental study
Authors: Soelver Lisbeth , Krogsgaard Marianne
Published: October 2016

Rationale and aim: Organizational and staff-related barriers need to be overcome in order to integrated early palliative care and develop its supporting infrastructure. We aimed to evaluate the use of a one-nurse-staffed telephone line and bedside consultations on a surgical ward.Method: Advanced gastrointestinal cancer patients and their relatives are offered at diagnosis telephone contact with a nurse with a specialism experience and expertise in the field of palliative care – the contact is lifelong. A proactive holistic approach is taken, including individual needs assessment, guidance, regulation of medication and a tight follow-up. The nurse also acts as a sparring advice partner for colleagues and facilitates complex situations and process. Contacts are described qualitatively in a logbook and the effect on the incidence of hospital admissions and hospital deaths was investigated using a quasi-experimental design with a historical control group. Data were processed using descriptive statistics and Chi-squared (x 2) test.Results: Over 9 month 131 patients and 427 consultations were registred. Outgoing telephone calls to patients, caregivers and professionals (40%). Incoming phone calls (31%) and in-person meeting with patients and families during hospitalization or outpatient visits (29%). Over 15 month intervention and control period the test showed a significant reduction in the short-term admissions of  < 2 days, and a significant reduction in the number of patients who died during hospitalization.Conclusion: The telephone follow-up and bedside consultations by one qualified nurse, is an interface that supports continuity and cooperation and could underpine more effective basic palliative care.
Evidence-based or person-centered? An ontological debate
Authors: Anjum Rani
Published: October 2016

Evidence-based medicine (EBM) continues to be vigorously debated and person-centered healthcare (PCH) has been proposed as an improvement. But is PCH offered as a supplement to or as a replacement of EBM? Prima facie PCH only concerns the practice of medicine, while the contended features of EBM also include specific methods and the biomedical model. In this paper I argue that there are good philosophical reasons to see PCH as a radical alternative to the existing medical paradigm of EBM, since the two seem committed to conflicting ontologies. I will aim to make explicit some of the most fundamental assumptions that motivate EBM and PCH in order to show that the choice between them ultimately comes down to ontological preference. While EBM has a solid foundation in positivism, or what I here call Humeanism, PCH is more consistent with causal dispositionalism. I conclude that if there is a paradigmatic revolution on the way in medicine, it is first of all one of ontology.
Use of the emergency medical services by patients with suspected acute primary healthcare problems: developing a questionnaire to measure patient trust in healthcare
Authors: Norberg-Boysen Gabriella , Christensson Lennart , Wireklint-Sundström Birgitta , Herlitz Johan , Nyström Maria , Jutengren Göran
Published: October 2016

Rationale, aims and objectives The objective of this study is to develop a questionnaire measuring the level of trust and its constituents in patients calling the Emergency Medical Services for suspected acute primary healthcare problems. Four different frontline service providers were involved: the Dispatch Centre (DC), the Emergency Medical Services (EMS), the Emergency Department (ED) and the Healthcare Centre (HCC).Method The questionnaire was called the Patient Trust Questionnaire (PTQ). Repeated cross-sectional data collections were made and redundant items were gradually discarded. Finally, the constituents of trust were sought. Based on a literature review, the PTQ was developed as a psychometric instrument in four steps, as follows: 1) Item construction, 2) Face-to-face evaluation of items, 3) Item reduction, 4) Test of factor structure. The inclusion criteria for participating were that the patient must be 18 years of age or older and suspected having an acute primary healthcare problem when calling the EMS. In developing the questionnaire, 427 patients were included.Results Eight items remained for each frontline service provider in the PTQ, and two constituents of trust were found: credibility and accessibility.Conclusion A new measuring instrument has been developed for this particular healthcare chain, for patients with suspected acute primary healthcare problems calling the EMS. The two constituents of trust, credibility and accessibility, are assumed to be specific for this particular healthcare chain.
Knowledge about and experience with tuberculosis by students and their parents in China: physical and psychological pain and overall health burden
Authors: Zhang Shaoru , Wang Xiangni , Li Xiaohong , Cui Zhen , Li Yuelu , Wang Xing
Published: October 2016

Background: China still has serious epidemics of tuberculosis (TB). As a special group, high school students have become a high-risk population for TB. This disease not only brings physical and psychological pain to the TB students, but it is also a heavy burden on their parents. Objectives: To ascertain TB awareness, feelings about and perceptions of TB among high school TB students and their parents.Methods: This study combined quantitative and qualitative methods. The qualitative interviews were held with 22 TB students and their parents. The framework method was used for analysis of the interview data. Results: There was a lack of general understanding about TB by both students and their parents. Their daily lives were deeply affected by TB. TB interrupted the students’ studies and the students were eager to be restored to health in order to return to school as quickly as possible. Under the stress of work, caring for sick children and also economic and psychological pressure, parents had a feeling of lack of time and energy; at the same time, they were concerned about their children’s health and education.Conclusions: Lack of general knowledge about TB resulted in great psychological pressure on both TB students and their parents. Schools and health institutions need to provide timely information about prevention in order to encourage sick students to actively fight against the disease, relieve pressure on parents through psychological guidance and reduce the adverse effects caused by the disease.
Teamwork – a way to improve patient perceptions of the quality of care in an emergency department: an intervention study with follow-up
Authors: Athlin Åsa Muntlin , Farrokhnia Nasim , Von Thiele Schwarz Ulrica
Published: October 2016

Rationale, aims and objectives: Targeted interventions are suggested for improving patient perceptions of the emergency care they have received. However, organizational changes are another way of addressing these issues. Structured evaluation of such changes is warranted. The overall aim was to investigate how organizational changes aimed to support multi-professional teamwork in the emergency department (ED) could affect patients’ perceptions of the quality of care.Method: The introduction of multi-professional teamwork in an emergency department at a Swedish university hospital was evaluated using an intervention study design. Weeks with standard procedure were interchanged with and compared to, intervention weeks over a 4-week period and follow-up after 1.5 years. In total, 203 patients completed the questionnaire “Quality from the Patient’s Perspective (QPP)”. Results: Of 4 dimensions, 3 (medical-technical, identity-oriented approach and socio-cultural atmosphere) showed increasing improvements from the control phase to follow-up. Seven of 22 items concerning quality of care in the emergency department improved significantly from baseline to intervention and to follow-up. The number of areas in need of improvement was dramatically reduced in the intervention phase compared to the control phase and overall the results were sustained 1.5 years later. Significant differences between the study phases in patient perceptions of waiting time were also noted.Conclusion: Multi-professional teamwork has previously been related to improved patient safety and lead time efficiency. Findings show that it may also be related to improvements in patients’ perceptions of quality of care in the emergency department. Emphasizing this relationship may enhance the patient-centered care approach of emergency departments.
Non-invasive postural assessment of the spine in the sagittal plane: a systematic review
Authors: Sedrez Juliana Adami , Candotti Cláudia Tarragô , Furlanetto Tássia Silveira , Loss Jefferson Fagundes
Published: October 2016

The objective of this review was to examine the scientific evidence regarding the aspects of validation in non-invasive methods of assessing the spine in the sagittal plane. A systematic search was conducted in following data bases Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed and Medline. To be included the papers must have: conducted a non-invasive assessment of thoracic kyphosis and/or lumbar lordosis; evaluated at least one aspect of validity; been written in English; and been published in the previously three decades. Papers that score less than three in the QUADAS scale were excluded. Initially, 70 articles were pre-selected. Of this, 52 were finally included as they met the quality criterion. Based on this review, the following techniques/instruments were found to present satisfactory results for all aspects of validity in the assessment of thoracic kyphosis: photogrammetry, flexible ruler, archometer, and DeBrunner’skyphometer. Similarly, photogrammetry, inclinometer, flexible ruler, archometer and kypholordometer were found to present satisfactory results in the assessment of lumbar lordosis. Therefore, it is suggested that these instruments be adopted as first choice for evaluating the spine in the sagittal plane, since they present adequate reproducibility and concurrent validity.
Highly divergent mussel lineages in isolated Indonesian marine lakes
Authors: Becking Leontine E. , de Leeuw Christiaan A. , Knegt Bram , Maas Diede L. , de Voogd Nicole J. , Abdunnur  , Suyatna Iwan , Peijnenburg Katja T.C.A.
Published: October 2016

Marine lakes, with populations in landlocked seawater and clearly delineated contours, have the potential to provide a unique model to study early stages of evolution in coastal marine taxa. Here we ask whether populations of the musselBrachidontesfrom marine lakes in Berau, East Kalimantan (Indonesia) are isolated from each other and from the coastal mangrove systems. We analyzed sequence data of one mitochondrial marker (Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI)), and two nuclear markers (18S and 28S). In addition, we examined shell shape using a geometric morphometric approach. The Indonesian populations ofBrachidontesspp. harbored four deeply diverged lineages (14–75% COI corrected net sequence divergence), two of which correspond to previously recorded lineages from marine lakes in Palau, 1,900 km away. These four lineages also showed significant differences in shell shape and constitute a species complex of at least four undescribed species. Each lake harbored a different lineage despite the fact that the lakes are separated from each other by only 2–6 km, while the two mangrove populations, at 20 km distance from each other, harbored the same lineage and shared haplotypes. Marine lakes thus represent isolated habitats. As each lake contained unique within lineage diversity (0.1–0.2%), we suggest that this may have resulted fromin situdivergence due to isolation of founder populations after the formation of the lakes (6,000–12,000 years before present). Combined effects of stochastic processes, local adaptation and increased evolutionary rates could produce high levels of differentiation in small populations such as in marine lake environments. Such short-term isolation at small spatial scales may be an important contributing factor to the high marine biodiversity that is found in the Indo-Australian Archipelago.
Variation in habitat soundscape characteristics influences settlement of a reef-building coral
Authors: Lillis Ashlee , Bohnenstiehl DelWayne , Peters Jason W. , Eggleston David
Published: October 2016

Coral populations, and the productive reef ecosystems they support, rely on successful recruitment of reef-building species, beginning with settlement of dispersing larvae into habitat favourable to survival. Many substrate cues have been identified as contributors to coral larval habitat selection; however, the potential for ambient acoustic cues to influence coral settlement responses is unknown. Usingin situsettlement chambers that excluded other habitat cues, larval settlement of a dominant Caribbean reef-building coral,Orbicella faveolata, was compared in response to three local soundscapes, with differing acoustic and habitat properties. Differences between reef sites in the number of larvae settled in chambers isolating acoustic cues corresponded to differences in sound levels and reef characteristics, with sounds at the loudest reef generating significantly higher settlement during trials compared to the quietest site (a 29.5 % increase). These results suggest that soundscapes could be an important influence on coral settlement patterns and that acoustic cues associated with reef habitat may be related to larval settlement. This study reports an effect of soundscape variation on larval settlement for a key coral species, and adds to the growing evidence that soundscapes affect marine ecosystems by influencing early life history processes of foundational species.
Análise de partos acompanhados por enfermeiras obstétricas na perspectiva da humanização do parto e nascimento Analysis of births attended by nurse midwives under the perspective of humanization of childbirth
Authors: Reis Carlos Sérgio Corrêa dos , Souza Danielle de Oliveira Miranda de , Nogueira Maria de Fátima Hasek , Progianti Jane Márcia , Vargens Octavio Muniz da Costa
Published: October 2016

OBJETIVO: Analisar partos acompanhados pelas enfermeiras obstétricas relacionando sua prática com a política de humanização do parto e nascimento. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo, retrospectivo, quantitativo, baseado na análise documental de 745 partos acompanhados por enfermeiras obstétricas no ano de 2011 em uma maternidade municipal do Rio de Janeiro. RESULTADOS: As primigestas representaram 44,16% das parturientes. As intervenções mais recorrentes foram a administração de ocitocina e a amniotomia. A posição horizontal dorsal ocorreu em 12,89% dos partos. A incidência de episiotomia foi de 15,52%. Das que não foram submetidas a episiotomia, 36,42% permaneceram com períneo íntegro, havendo apenas um caso de laceração perineal grave. A asfixia neonatal (Apgar < 7) ocorreu em 0,55% dos partos. CONCLUSAO: Evidenciou-se a importância do acompanhamento do trabalho do parto pela enfermeira obstétrica, que valoriza e põe em prática o que é preconizado pelo Ministério da Saúde no que se refere à humanização do parto e nascimento.
Situação socioeconômica e reprodutiva de mulheres presidiárias Sociodemographic and reproductive factors of female prisoners
Authors: Barros Maria Aline Rodrigues , Cavalcanti Sheyla Dayana Coelho , Machado Ana Larissa Gomes , Galiza Dayze Djanira Furtado
Published: October 2016

Objetivo: Investigar o perfil socioeconômico e reprodutivo de presidiárias. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo com abordagem quantitativa realizado com 47 presidiárias de duas penitenciárias femininas do Estado do Piauí. A coleta de dados foi realizada de julho a agosto de 2013 e contemplou dados acerca da situação socioeconômica e sexual. Resultados: Evidenciaram mulheres jovens, solteiras, cuja ocupação exigia pouca qualificação, baixa escolaridade e renda. Quanto à saúde reprodutiva, 42,5% eram multíparas e 40,4% não realizaram nenhuma consulta de pré-natal. A frequência de abortos provocados foi de 42,5%. Conclusão: Observou-se a necessidade de planejar estratégias educacionais de promoção da saúde reprodutiva que englobem as peculiaridades sociais vivenciadas.
Assistência à pessoa com Parkinson no âmbito da estratégia de saúde da família Assistance to the person with Parkinson carrier in the context of family health strategy
Authors: Maia Clecio Andre Alves da Silva , Galvão Teresa de Lourdes Araújo , Oliveira Kalyane Kelly Duarte de , Miranda Francisco Arnoldo Nunes de
Published: October 2016

Objetivo: analisar as concepções que o portador da Doença de Parkinson (DP) detém sobre a assistência integral realizada pelo enfermeiro. Método: A investigação é descritivo-exploratório, com abordagem qualitativa. A coleta de informações realizou-se por meio de uma entrevista semiestruturada. Foram entrevistados cinco acometidos pela DP que recebem assistência na Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF) do município de Acari/RN. Resultados: Evidenciou-se a necessidade da implementação de ações voltadas a sua saúde, em âmbito individual e coletivo nas ESF do município, e efetivar a atuação do enfermeiro como responsável pela promoção e prevenção à saúde na atenção primária prestando assistência integral baseada no princípio da integralidade. Conclusão: Conclui-se que não ocorre execução de plano terapêutico direcionado a saúde da pessoa com DP em âmbito individual e coletivo nas ESFs. Desta forma efetivar a atuação do enfermeiro como responsável pela promoção e prevenção à saúde na atenção primária.
Educação sexual para adolescentes por docentes de um centro de educação comunitária Sex education for adolescents by teachers from a community education center
Authors: Queiroz Artur Acelino Francisco Luz Nunes , Sousa Alvaro Francisco Lopes de , Feitosa Jairo Jose de Moura , Alves Rogério da Cunha , Nery Inez Sampaio , Moura Maria Eliete Batista
Published: October 2016

Levantar o conhecimento dos professores sobre a sexualidade, para fornecer subsídios para o desenvolvimento de práticas de educação em saúde pela Enfermagem. Estudo descritivo, de abordagem qualitativa, desenvolvido em um Centro de Educação Comunitária, com professores do ensino fundamental e médio (n:15). Após a produção dos dados, estes foram analisados e estruturados por similaridades semânticas. O estudo teve o projeto de pesquisa aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa (CAAE: 02700212.4.0000.5214). No desenvolvimento da pesquisa emergiram quatro categorias: “A importância da abordagem do tema na Escola”, “Demonstrações de Sexualidade pelos alunos”, ”O Papel dos professores na Educação sexual dos alunos” e “Como a escola deve tratar o tema?”. A abordagem utilizada baseia-se em uma transmissão vertical de conhecimento, embasada principalmente em aspectos biológicos.
Assistência de enfermagem ao paciente oncológico hospitalizado: diagnósticos e intervenções relacionadas às necessidades psicossociais e psicoespirituais Nursing care in oncology hospitalized patients: diagnosis and interventions related to psychosocial and psychospiritual needs
Authors: Ribeiro Juliane Portella , Cardoso Letícia Silveira , Pereira Claúdia Maria Silva , Silva Bárbara Tarouco , Bubolz Betania Kohler , Castro Caroline Krüger
Published: October 2016

Objetivo: identificar os diagnósticos e intervenções de enfermagem acerca das necessidades psicossociais e psicoespirituais de pacientes oncológicos. Método: pesquisa qualitativa, realizada em uma unidade de internação oncológica com dados de seis prontuários. A coleta dos dados ocorreu por meio de um instrumento estruturado, a partir das informações contidas nos registros de enfermagem. Resultados: os diagnósticos identificados concentraram-se nos domínios de Autopercepção, Papéis e relacionamento, Enfrentamento total ao estresse, Conforto e Princípios da vida. Evidenciaram-se as intervenções de enfermagem: melhora da autopercepção, promoção de esperança, melhora do enfrentamento, presença, fortalecimento da auto-estima, manutenção do processo familiar, melhora da socialização, aumento da segurança, apoio emocional, escutar ativamente, apoio espiritual, melhoria da imagem corporal e administração de analgésico. Conclusão: É imperativo compreender o impacto causado pelo câncer, pois tal entendimento possibilita o estabelecimento de diagnósticos e de intervenções de enfermagem adequadas ao momento vivido.
TeloPCR‐seq: a high‐throughput sequencing approach for telomeres
Authors: Bennett Henrietta W. , Liu Na , Hu Yan , King Megan C.
Published: October 2016

We have developed a high‐throughput sequencing approach that enables us to determine terminal telomere sequences from tens of thousands of individual Schizosaccharomyces pombe telomeres. This method provides unprecedented coverage of telomeric sequence complexity in fission yeast. S. pombe telomeres are composed of modular degenerate repeats that can be explained by variation in usage of the TER1 RNA template during reverse transcription. Taking advantage of this deep sequencing approach, we find that ‘like’ repeat modules are highly correlated within individual telomeres. Moreover, repeat module preference varies with telomere length, suggesting that existing repeats promote the incorporation of like repeats and/or that specific conformations of the telomerase holoenzyme efficiently and/or processively add repeats of like nature. After the loss of telomerase activity, this sequencing and analysis pipeline defines a population of telomeres with altered sequence content. This approach will be adaptable to study telomeric repeats in other organisms and also to interrogate repetitive sequences throughout the genome that are inaccessible to other sequencing methods.
Structural insights into the interaction of human p97 N‐terminal domain and SHP motif in Derlin‐1 rhomboid pseudoprotease
Authors: Lim Jia Jia , Lee Youngjin , Yoon So Young , Ly Tue Tu , Kang Jung Youn , Youn Hyung‐Seop , An Jun Yop , Lee Jung‐Gyu , Park Kyoung Ryoung , Kim Tae Gyun , Yang Jin Kuk , Jun Youngsoo , Eom Soo Hyun
Published: October 2016

The interaction of the rhomboid pseudoprotease Derlin‐1 and p97 is crucial for the retrotranslocation of polyubiquitinated substrates in the endoplasmic reticulum‐associated degradation pathway. We report a 2.25 Å resolution structure of the p97 N‐terminal domain (p97N) in complex with the Derlin‐1 SHP motif. Remarkably, the SHP motif adopts a short, antiparallel β‐strand that interacts with the β‐sheet of p97N—a site distinct from that to which most p97 adaptor proteins bind. Mutational and biochemical analyses contributed to defining the specific interaction, demonstrating the importance of a highly conserved binding pocket on p97N and a signature motif on SHP. Our findings may also provide insights into the interactions between other SHP‐containing proteins and p97N.
Hepatocyte growth factor reduces CXCL10 expression in keratinocytes
Authors: Hisadome Mitsuhiro , Ohnishi Tomokazu , Kakimoto Kyoko , Kusuyama Joji , Bandow Kenjiro , Kanekura Takuro , Matsuguchi Tetsuya
Published: October 2016

Keratinocytes secrete vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angioregulatory chemokines during cutaneous wound healing. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) promotes skin re‐epithelialization by increasing VEGF expression in keratinocytes. Here, we investigated the regulatory roles of HGF in the expression of genes encoding angiogenic and angiostatic chemokines in keratinocytes and found that HGF specifically inhibits mRNA expression of the angiostatic chemokine CXCL10 in both mouse primary keratinocytes and in the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT through the MEK/ERK cascade. Furthermore, HGF inhibited tumor necrosis factor‐α‐induced CXCL10 expression at both mRNA and protein levels in HaCaT cells. Thus, HGF may orchestrate angiogenesis in wounded skin by modulating both VEGF and CXCL10 expression in keratinocytes.
Second‐order finite volume with hydrostatic reconstruction for tsunami simulation
Authors: Clain S. , Reis C. , Costa R. , Figueiredo J. , Baptista M. A. , Miranda J. M.
Published: October 2016

Tsunami modeling commonly accepts the shallow water system as governing equations where the major difficulty is the correct treatment of the nonconservative term due to bathymetry variations. The finite volume method for solving the shallow water equations with such source terms has received great attention in the two last decades. The built‐in conservation property, the capacity to correctly treat discontinuities, and the ability to handle complex bathymetry configurations preserving some steady state configurations (well‐balanced scheme) make the method very efficient. Nevertheless, it is still a challenge to build an efficient numerical scheme, with very few numerical artifacts (e.g., small numerical diffusion, correct propagation of the discontinuities, accuracy, and robustness), to be used in an operational environment, and that is able to better capture the dynamics of the wet‐dry interface and the physical phenomena that occur in the inundation area. In the first part of this paper, we present a new second‐order finite volume code. The code is developed for the shallow water equations with a nonconservative term based on the hydrostatic reconstruction technology to achieve a well‐balanced scheme and an adequate dry/wet interface treatment. A detailed presentation of the numerical method is given. In the second part of the paper, we highlight the advantages of the new numerical technique. We benchmark the numerical code against analytical, experimental, and field results to assess the robustness and the accuracy of the numerical code. Finally, we use the 28 February 1969 North East Atlantic tsunami to check the performance of the code with real data.
Subsea ice‐bearing permafrost on the U.S. Beaufort Margin: 2. Borehole constraints
Authors: Ruppel Carolyn D. , Herman Bruce M. , Brothers Laura L. , Hart Patrick E.
Published: October 2016

Borehole logging data from legacy wells directly constrain the contemporary distribution of subsea permafrost in the sedimentary section at discrete locations on the U.S. Beaufort Margin and complement recent regional analyses of exploration seismic data to delineate the permafrost's offshore extent. Most usable borehole data were acquired on a ∼500 km stretch of the margin and within 30 km of the contemporary coastline from north of Lake Teshekpuk to nearly the U.S.‐Canada border. Relying primarily on deep resistivity logs that should be largely unaffected by drilling fluids and hole conditions, the analysis reveals the persistence of several hundred vertical meters of ice‐bonded permafrost in nearshore wells near Prudhoe Bay and Foggy Island Bay, with less permafrost detected to the east and west. Permafrost is inferred beneath many barrier islands and in some nearshore and lagoonal (back‐barrier) wells. The analysis of borehole logs confirms the offshore pattern of ice‐bearing subsea permafrost distribution determined based on regional seismic analyses and reveals that ice content generally diminishes with distance from the coastline. Lacking better well distribution, it is not possible to determine the absolute seaward extent of ice‐bearing permafrost, nor the distribution of permafrost beneath the present‐day continental shelf at the end of the Pleistocene. However, the recovery of gas hydrate from an outer shelf well (Belcher) and previous delineation of a log signature possibly indicating gas hydrate in an inner shelf well (Hammerhead 2) imply that permafrost may once have extended across much of the shelf offshore Camden Bay.
Winter warming and summer monsoon reduction after volcanic eruptions in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) simulations
Authors: Zambri Brian , Robock Alan
Published: October 2016

Though previous studies have shown that state‐of‐the‐art climate models are rather imperfect in their simulations of the climate response to large volcanic eruptions, the results depend on how the analyses were done. Observations show that all recent large tropical eruptions were followed by winter warming in the first Northern Hemisphere (NH) winter after the eruption, with little such response in the second winter, yet a number of the evaluations have combined the first and second winters. We have looked at just the first winter after large eruptions since 1850 in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 historical simulations and find that most models do produce a winter warming signal, with warmer temperatures over NH continents and a stronger polar vortex in the lower stratosphere. We also examined NH summer precipitation responses in the first year after these large volcanic eruptions and find clear reductions of summer monsoon rainfall.
The global infrared energy budget of the thermosphere from 1947 to 2016 and implications for solar variability
Authors: Mlynczak Martin G. , Hunt Linda A. , Russell James M. , Marshall B. Thomas , Mertens Christopher J. , Thompson R. Earl
Published: October 2016

We present an empirical model of the global infrared energy budget of the thermosphere over the past 70 years. The F10.7, Ap, and Dst indices are used in linear regression fits to the 14.5 year time series of radiative cooling by carbon dioxide and nitric oxide measured by the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument on the TIMED satellite. Databases of these indices are used to develop the radiative cooling time series from 1947. No consistent relation between the occurrence of peak sunspot number and peak infrared cooling is found over the past six solar cycles. The total infrared energy radiated by the thermosphere, integrated over a solar cycle, is nearly constant over five complete solar cycles studied. This is a direct consequence of the geoeffective solar energy also being nearly constant over the same intervals. These results provide a new metric for assessing the terrestrial context of the long‐term record of solar‐related indices.
Macroscopic quasi‐linear theory of electromagnetic electron cyclotron instability associated with core and halo solar wind electrons
Authors: Sarfraz M. , Saeed Sundas , Yoon P. H. , Abbas G. , Shah H. A.
Published: October 2016

Spacecraft observations made near 1 AU show that both core and halo solar wind electrons exhibit temperature anisotropies that appear to be regulated by marginal electromagnetic electron cyclotron instability condition. In the literature, the threshold conditions of this instability, operative for T⊥>T∥, have been expressed as an inverse correlation between the temperature anisotropy, T⊥/T∥, and parallel beta, β∥, but such a relation was deduced on the basis of linear stability analysis combined with empirical fitting. The present paper, on the other hand, employs macroscopic quasi‐linear analysis for core‐halo two‐component model of the solar wind electrons, in order to follow the self‐consistent time history of the core and halo temperature development as well as the dynamics of magnetic field perturbation wave energy. In the present analysis, the inverse correlation for core and halo temperature anisotropy and parallel beta naturally emerges from the solutions of self‐consistent theory. The present findings indicate that the macroscopic quasi‐linear method may be useful for modeling the dynamics of solar wind electrons.
Signatures of complex magnetic topologies from multiple reconnection sites induced by Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability
Authors: Vernisse Y. , Lavraud B. , Eriksson S. , Gershman D. J. , Dorelli J. , Pollock C. , Giles B. , Aunai N. , Avanov L. , Burch J. , Chandler M. , Coffey V. , Dargent J. , Ergun R. E. , Farrugia C. J. , Génot V. , Graham D. B. , Hasegawa H. , Jacquey C. , Kacem I. , Khotyaintsev Y. , Li W. , Magnes W. , Marchaudon A. , Moore T. , Paterson W. , Penou E. , Phan T. D. , Retino A. , Russell C. T. , Saito Y. , Sauvaud J.‐A. , Torbert R. , Wilder F. D. , Yokota S.
Published: October 2016

The Magnetospheric Multiscale mission has demonstrated the frequent presence of reconnection exhausts at thin current sheets within Kelvin‐Helmholtz (KH) waves at the flank magnetopause. Motivated by these recent observations, we performed a statistical analysis of the boundary layers on the magnetosheath side of all KH current sheets on 8 September 2015. We show 86% consistency between the exhaust flows and particle leakage in the magnetosheath boundary layers but further highlight the very frequent presence of additional boundary layer signatures that do not come from the locally observed reconnection exhausts. These additional electron and ion boundary layers, of various durations and at various positions with respect to the leading and trailing boundaries of the KH waves, signal connections to reconnection sites at other locations. Based on the directionality and extent of these layers, we provide an interpretation whereby complex magnetic topologies can arise within KH waves from the combination of reconnection in the equatorial plane and at midlatitudes in the Southern and Northern Hemispheres, where additional reconnection sites are expected to be triggered by the three‐dimensional field lines interweaving induced by the KH waves at the flanks (owing to differential flow and magnetic field shear with latitude). The present event demonstrates that the three‐dimensional development of KH waves can induce plasma entry (through reconnection at both midlatitude and equatorial regions) already sunward of the terminator where the instability remains in its linear stage.
Detection of multiple terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes from thunderstorm systems
Authors: Ursi A. , Marisaldi M. , Tavani M. , Casella D. , Sanò P. , Dietrich S.
Published: October 2016

Since their discovery, Terrestrial Gamma ray Flashes (TGFs) exhibited an evident correlation with thunderstorms and lightning activity. The fleeting nature of these events and the heavy absorption of gamma rays in the lowest atmospheric layers severely hamper the observation of this phenomenon, making us reveal just a small fraction of a probably much wider population. As each thunderstorm produces a large amount of lightning discharges during its lifetime, it is reasonable that even a large amount of TGFs are produced during the same event. However, detection of multiple TGFs coming from the same storm is difficult to perform, as it requires the constant monitoring of a spatially limited geographic region: this is not an easy task to perform for satellites on high‐inclination orbits that make them experience nonnegligible latitudinal shifts at each orbital passage over a certain region, preventing the monitoring of a limited geographic region throughout successive overpasses. In this perspective, the quasi‐equatorial (2.5°) orbit of the Astrorivelatore Gamma ad Immagini LEggero (AGILE) satellite ensures a minimal latitudinal shift when flying over the same region at successive passages, allowing for the follow‐up of thunderstorms in time. We exploit this feature of the AGILE satellite to search for multiple TGFs coming from the same geographic region and, in particular, from the same thunderstorm. We carry out this search on the AGILE TGF database (2009–2016), ending up with a sample of 79 systems producing more than one TGF, both during the same overpass and up to four overpasses after. Data acquired by geostationary meteorological satellites and cross correlation with radio sferics detected by World Wide Lightning Location Network are used to support this investigation. The AGILE satellite for the first time clearly establishes the multiple occurrences of TGFs from convective thunderstorms, both on timescales of minutes to several hours.
A database of interplanetary and interstellar dust detected by the Wind spacecraft
Authors: Malaspina David M. , Wilson Lynn B.
Published: October 2016

It was recently discovered that the WAVES instrument on the Wind spacecraft has been detecting, in situ, interplanetary and interstellar dust of approximately 1 μm radius for the past 22 years. These data have the potential to enable advances in the study of cosmic dust and dust‐plasma coupling within the heliosphere due to several unique properties: the Wind dust database spans two full solar cycles; it contains over 107,000 dust detections; it contains information about dust grain direction of motion; it contains data exclusively from the space environment within 350 Earth radii of Earth; and it overlaps by 12 years with the Ulysses dust database. Further, changes to the WAVES antenna response and the plasma environment traversed by Wind over the lifetime of the Wind mission create an opportunity for these data to inform investigations of the physics governing the coupling of dust impacts on spacecraft surfaces to electric field antennas. A Wind dust database has been created to make the Wind dust data easily accessible to the heliophysics community and other researchers. This work describes the motivation, methodology, contents, and accessibility of the Wind dust database.
Geomagnetically induced currents around the world during the 17 March 2015 storm
Authors: Carter B. A. , Yizengaw E. , Pradipta R. , Weygand J. M. , Piersanti M. , Pulkkinen A. , Moldwin M. B. , Norman R. , Zhang K.
Published: October 2016

Geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) represent a significant space weather issue for power grid and pipeline infrastructure, particularly during severe geomagnetic storms. In this study, magnetometer data collected from around the world are analyzed to investigate the GICs caused by the 2015 St. Patrick's Day storm. While significant GIC activity in the high‐latitude regions due to storm time substorm activity is shown for this event, enhanced GIC activity was also measured at two equatorial stations in the American and Southeast Asian sectors. This equatorial GIC activity is closely examined, and it is shown that it is present both during the arrival of the interplanetary shock at the storm sudden commencement (SSC) in Southeast Asia and during the main phase of the storm ∼10 h later in South America. The SSC caused magnetic field variations at the equator in Southeast Asia that were twice the magnitude of those observed only a few degrees to the north, strongly indicating that the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) played a significant role. The large equatorial magnetic field variations measured in South America are also examined, and the coincident solar wind data are used to investigate the causes of the sudden changes in the EEJ ∼10 h into the storm. From this analysis it is concluded that sudden magnetopause current increases due to increases in the solar wind dynamic pressure, and the sudden changes in the resultant magnetospheric and ionospheric current systems, are the primary drivers of equatorial GICs.
Interseismic deformation and moment deficit along the Manila subduction zone and the Philippine Fault system
Authors: Hsu Ya‐Ju , Yu Shui‐Beih , Loveless John P. , Bacolcol Teresito , Solidum Renato , Luis Artemio , Pelicano Alfie , Woessner Jochen
Published: October 2016

We examine interseismic coupling of the Manila subduction zone and fault activity in the Luzon area using a block model constrained by GPS data collected from 1998 to 2015. Estimated long‐term slip rates along the Manila subduction zone show a gradual southward decrease from 90–100 mm/yr at the northwest tip of Luzon to 65–80 mm/yr at the southern portion of the Manila Trench. We provide two block models (models A and B) to illustrate possible realizations of coupling along the Manila Trench, which may be used to infer future earthquake rupture scenarios. Model A shows a low coupling ratio of 0.34 offshore western Luzon and continuous creeping on the plate interface at latitudes 18–19°N. Model B includes the North Luzon Trough Fault and shows prevalent coupling on the plate interface with a coupling ratio of 0.48. Both models fit GPS velocities well, although they have significantly different tectonic implications. The accumulated strain along the Manila subduction zone at latitudes 15–19°N could be balanced by earthquakes with composite magnitudes of Mw 8.8–9.2, assuming recurrence intervals of 500–1000 years. GPS observations are consistent with full locking of the majority of active faults in Luzon to a depth of 20 km. Inferred moments of large inland earthquakes in Luzon fall in the range of Mw 6.9–7.6 assuming a recurrence interval of 100 years.
Continental rupture and the creation of new crust in the Salton Trough rift, Southern California and northern Mexico: Results from the Salton Seismic Imaging Project
Authors: Han Liang , Hole John A. , Stock Joann M. , Fuis Gary S. , Kell Annie , Driscoll Neal W. , Kent Graham M. , Harding Alistair J. , Rymer Michael J. , González‐Fernández Antonio , Lázaro‐Mancilla Octavio
Published: October 2016

A refraction and wide‐angle reflection seismic profile along the axis of the Salton Trough, California and Mexico, was analyzed to constrain crustal and upper mantle seismic velocity structure during active continental rifting. From the northern Salton Sea to the southern Imperial Valley, the crust is 17–18 km thick and approximately one‐dimensional. The transition at depth from Colorado River sediment to underlying crystalline rock is gradual and is not a depositional surface. The crystalline rock from ~3 to ~8 km depth is interpreted as sediment metamorphosed by high heat flow. Deeper felsic crystalline rock could be stretched preexisting crust or higher‐grade metamorphosed sediment. The lower crust below ~12 km depth is interpreted to be gabbro emplaced by rift‐related magmatic intrusion by underplating. Low upper mantle velocity indicates high temperature and partial melting. Under the Coachella Valley, sediment thins to the north and the underlying crystalline rock is interpreted as granitic basement. Mafic rock does not exist at 12–18 km depth as it does to the south, and a weak reflection suggests Moho at ~28 km depth. Structure in adjacent Mexico has slower midcrustal velocity, and rocks with mantle velocity must be much deeper than in the Imperial Valley. Slower velocity and thicker crust in the Coachella and Mexicali valleys define the rift zone between them to be >100 km wide in the direction of plate motion. North American lithosphere in the central Salton Trough has been rifted apart and is being replaced by new crust created by magmatism, sedimentation, and metamorphism.
GPS Imaging of vertical land motion in California and Nevada: Implications for Sierra Nevada uplift
Authors: Hammond William C. , Blewitt Geoffrey , Kreemer Corné
Published: October 2016

We introduce Global Positioning System (GPS) Imaging, a new technique for robust estimation of the vertical velocity field of the Earth's surface, and apply it to the Sierra Nevada Mountain range in the western United States. Starting with vertical position time series from Global Positioning System (GPS) stations, we first estimate vertical velocities using the MIDAS robust trend estimator, which is insensitive to undocumented steps, outliers, seasonality, and heteroscedasticity. Using the Delaunay triangulation of station locations, we then apply a weighted median spatial filter to remove velocity outliers and enhance signals common to multiple stations. Finally, we interpolate the data using weighted median estimation on a grid. The resulting velocity field is temporally and spatially robust and edges in the field remain sharp. Results from data spanning 5–20 years show that the Sierra Nevada is the most rapid and extensive uplift feature in the western United States, rising up to 2 mm/yr along most of the range. The uplift is juxtaposed against domains of subsidence attributable to groundwater withdrawal in California's Central Valley. The uplift boundary is consistently stationary, although uplift is faster over the 2011–2016 period of drought. Uplift patterns are consistent with groundwater extraction and concomitant elastic bedrock uplift, plus slower background tectonic uplift. A discontinuity in the velocity field across the southeastern edge of the Sierra Nevada reveals a contrast in lithospheric strength, suggesting a relationship between late Cenozoic uplift of the southern Sierra Nevada and evolution of the southern Walker Lane.
Close correlation between global air temperature change and polar motion during 1962–2013
Authors: Huang Mei , Zhu Lin , Gong He , Shao Yaping
Published: October 2016

Polar motion is an important Earth orientation parameter, but our understanding of its relation to global climate change is highly uncertain. In this study, we examine the links between polar motion excitation and annual mean air temperature during the period of 1962–2013 and discuss the possible responsible mechanisms. The regions of positive correlation correspond well with the warming centers. Spectral analysis shows that they have strong signals at similar frequencies. Strong correlations are also found between the polar motion and surface air pressure and vertical integrated zonal wind. This implies that polar motion serves as an important indicator of global climate change, and thus, the feedbacks between the solid Earth and the climate system deserve careful considerations.
Increase in winter haze over eastern China in recent decades: Roles of variations in meteorological parameters and anthropogenic emissions
Authors: Yang Yang , Liao Hong , Lou Sijia
Published: October 2016

The increase in winter haze over eastern China in recent decades due to variations in meteorological parameters and anthropogenic emissions was quantified using observed atmospheric visibility from the National Climatic Data Center Global Summary of Day database for 1980–2014 and simulated PM2.5 concentrations for 1985–2005 from the Goddard Earth‐Observing System (GEOS) chemical transport model (GEOS‐Chem). Observed winter haze days averaged over eastern China (105–122.5°E, 20–45°N) increased from 21 days in 1980 to 42 days in 2014 and from 22 to 30 days between 1985 and 2005. The GEOS‐Chem model captured the increasing trend of winter PM2.5 concentrations for 1985–2005, with concentrations averaged over eastern China increasing from 16.1 µg m−3 in 1985 to 38.4 µg m−3 in 2005. Considering variations in both anthropogenic emissions and meteorological parameters, the model simulated an increase in winter surface‐layer PM2.5 concentrations of 10.5 (±6.2) µg m−3 decade−1 over eastern China. The increasing trend was only 1.8 (±1.5) µg m−3 decade−1 when variations in meteorological parameters alone were considered. Among the meteorological parameters, the weakening of winds by −0.09 m s−1 decade−1 over 1985–2005 was found to be the dominant factor leading to the decadal increase in winter aerosol concentrations and haze days over eastern China during recent decades.