bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Macular thickness comparison in type II diabetic patients using optical coherence tomography: A case control study
Authors: Dubey Gaurav , Pradhan Nitesh , Ranjan Ravi , Ali Jamshed , Sharma Pratik , Pal Shamit , Kamat Om Shankar
Published: July 2024

A case control approach was done in which the primary outcome was to measure and to compare detect any significant changes in the macular thickness of normal controls Versus Type II diabetic patients or with their subgroups of with and without diabetic retinopathy and a secondary outcome to correlate the visual acuity of distance and near with central macular thickness.

Two hundred ten study subjects were included in this case-control study has been conducted over a pool of overall 210 participants were further divided into 7 groups such as normal controls, no diabetic retinopathy, mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, moderate non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, clinically significant macular edema was taken and each group having 30 patients (60 eyes in each group) using spectral-domain - OCT. Selected participants enrolled using sampling size (n = k{Z+Z}× {s+s}/d) and confidence interval being capped at 95%. An automated algorithm of OCT scanned the central retinal region having a variable thickness in three concentric circles primary central circle 1 mm of the macula. Four major quadrants (superior, nasal, inferior, temporal) was scanned from center (1mm) to inner (3 mm) and an outer circle (6 mm).

To evaluate the result, overall 210 participants with each group having 30 patients in 7 groups (mean age 54.54 ± 9.67 years) were analyzed by one way ANOVA and independent sampling T-test method. The results were evenly distributed in terms of gender-wise sampling, duration/severity of the disease, and changes in visual acuity. A substantially increased macular thickness (p <0.05) was observed among severe forms of diabetic retinopathy compared with the control group.

This study conclude that the there is an increased in the macular thickness of all quadrants especially in PDR and CSME group which may be masked by changes in vascular permeability triggering thickening of the retinal layers from early to severe diabetic changes of the macula, using optical coherence tomography for diabetic patients Type II  with and without diabetic retinopathy. Although central macular thickness and Log Mar visual acuity distance as well as near are moderately strong correlated.
Combined intraocular and oculofacial surgeries
Authors: Rambhatla Saptagirish , Bagde Srushti , Shashidhar VS  , Mujeeb Samya , Maurya Rajendra P
Published: July 2024

: Traditionally, a ‘combined surgery’ for ophthalmologists includes combined cataract extraction with other intraocular surgeries. However, literature is lacking on oculofacial procedures (eyelid, brow lift and facial surgery) combined with cataract extraction.

: With this study, we aim to analyse the possibility and feasibility of simultaneous cataract and Oculoplastic procedures. Patients with operable cataracts and non-infective oculoplastic lesions, consenting to undergo simultaneous procedures were included in the study. We performed combined cataract and oculoplastic procedures in 122 patients, out of which 53 were males and 69 were females, 73 were ipsilateral and 49 contralateral eyes. The postoperative follow-up period was 1 month.

We did not note any hemorrhage/ hematoma in any of our patients undergoing combined procedures. No post-operative ocular inflammation/ infection was noted after cataract extraction. We found that the combined procedure of ptosis under/ over correction with cataract extraction had no bearing on visual outcomes as compared to routine cataract outcomes. We noted no under or over-correction in patients undergoing ptosis correction.

: Simultaneous extra-ocular and phacoemulsification is an option for patients reluctant for multistage procedures either by choice or medical recommendations. It is also an alternative for patients with poor medical compliance and works in favour of ergonomics and economy.
Oxidative stress in diabetic retinopathy and diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Pawar Vaishali Satyajeet , Patil Sangita R , Sontakke Ajit V , Patil Prajakta S
Published: July 2024

: Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications including diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic nephropathy (DN) as suggested by experimental and clinical studies. The study aimed to measure as well as compare total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in type 2 diabetic patients (T2DM) with diabetic retinopathy and diabetic nephropathy.

In this cross-sectional study we measured serum TAC, MDA, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and HbA1c levels in 3 groups of T2DM patients with 110 cases in each group: 1st group without DR and/or DN, 2nd group with DN, and 3rd group with DR. This study was done in a tertiary care hospital from Dec 2019 to Dec 2022. Data was analyzed using version 20 of SPSS software.

In DR patients, TAC levels were significantly lower (P=0.000), and FPG and HbA1c levels were significantly higher (P=0.003 & P=0.001 respectively) than in DM and DN patients. However, MDA did not show any significant difference in all groups. In the proliferative DR group, duration of diabetes, MDA levels, FPG levels, and HbA1c levels were significantly high (P=0.027, P=0.033, P=0.014 & P=0.000 respectively) and TAC levels were significantly low (P=0.033) as compared to non-proliferative DR group.

: Weakening of the antioxidant defence system with increased oxidative stress in DM is associated with complications like DR and DN and also with the progression of DR to its vision-threatening proliferative stage.
Evaluation of high risk histopathology features in primary and secondary enucleated retinoblastoma-study of 136 cases in tertiary eye hospital
Authors: Bhanvadia Viral M , Patel Kinjalkumari Jayantibhai , Patel Pinal , Goswami Hansa
Published: July 2024

: Retinoblastoma is a childhood malignant intraocular tumor, necessitates a comprehensive treatment approach. Chemotherapy plays a crucial role in managing retinoblastoma. This study aims to evaluate and analyze high-risk histopathological features (HRF) in retinoblastoma cases initially treated with enucleation and those undergoing secondary enucleation after chemotherapy in a tertiary centre in western India.

: This retrospective study was carried out in the pathology department, encompassing a total of 136 cases with enucleated eyes, spanning the period from Jan 2017 to Mar 2023. In the present study, all slides were retrieved and examined to gather information on demographics, laterality, choroid invasion, optic nerve invasion, anterior chamber invasion, tumor discrimination, chemotherapy effects, and tumor regression.

In this study, the predominant presenting complaint was leukocoria (90%), with a slight female preponderance (53%), in comparison to males (47%). Unilateral cases accounted for 96%, while bilateral presentations were observed in 4% of cases. The mean age was 38 months, with 43% of eyes exhibiting significant choroid invasion and 27% showing invasion beyond the post-laminar optic nerve or resection margin. 76 patients (56%) underwent primary enucleation and 60 (44%) had secondary enucleation after chemotherapy. Out of the 60 patients with secondary enucleation, only 21 patients (35%) had HRF.

We found late age of presentation of retinoblastoma in developing country like India. Higher incidence of HRFs in primary enucleated eyes than secondary enucleated eyes. Higher number of cases shows complete regression of tumor after chemotherapy.
Learning curve of resident performed phacoemulsification versus manual small incision cataract surgery at a regional ophthalmic institute in western India
Authors: Agrawal Garima , Khobragade Sanath
Published: July 2024

: Manual small incision cataract surgery (MSICS) and phacoemulsification form part of the surgical armamentarium offered to the trainee doctors. We designed a study to document the visual outcomes and major surgical complications of manual small incision cataract surgery and phacoemulsification at our tertiary care centre.

: The study was carried out at our tertiary care centre. The study design is a retrospective, institutional cohort study. Data of consecutive resident cataract surgeries done at our centre from October 2022 to April 2023 were recorded. 283 consecutive resident cataract surgical records were reviewed. MSICS was allotted to junior resident second year (JR2) and junior resident third year (JR3b) (first six months of JR3 residency) groups of residents while phacoemulsification was given to junior resident third year (JR3a) (last six months of JR3 residency) and to the senior residents (SRs). The preoperative and postoperative examination included best corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure, thorough anterior and posterior segment examination. The surgical steps had been documented. The follow up protocol was one day, four days, fortnight, six weeks and 12 weeks. The major surgical complications were documented.

Statistical analysis was done using the student “t” test. Chi square value was calculated and a p value of less than 0.05 was taken as significant.

: 283 eyes of 283 patients were documented. Phacoemulsification was done in 136 cases and MSICS in 147 cases. Age, gender, grade of nucleus and the type of surgery were not significantly associated with the major surgical complication rate. The resident group was significantly associated with the major surgical complication rate (p value 0.01). The lowest complication rate was seen in JR3b operated MSICS cases (1.7%). This was closely followed by SR operated phacoemulsification cases (2.6%). 98.5% of phacoemulsification cases and 98% of MSICs cases had a best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) between 6/6 and 6/18 at 12 weeks postoperatively.

: In conclusion both phacoemulsification and MSICS performed by resident doctors at our institute had good visual outcomes with an acceptable complication rate. As the surgical experience of the surgeon widens the surgical outcomes also improve.
A study of contrast sensitivity in eyes with hydrophobic and hydrophilic acrylic foldable posterior chamber intraocular lens
Authors: Mathukumalli Sumalatha Sai Keerthi , Mukkamala Narasimha Rao V L
Published: July 2024

: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of PCIOL on contrast sensitivity function in patients following Phacoemulsification surgery.

This was an analytical observational study done on patients who underwent uneventful phacoemulsification with either hydrophobic or hydrophilic posterior chamber IOL's. Contrast sensitivity function (CSF) was measured preoperatively and postoperatively after 3 months with Pelli-Robson chart and compared. Normally distributed data was analysed using the independent sample t-test for intergroup comparison and for intragroup comparison before and after cataract surgery, paired t-test was used.

Out of 50 patients underwent phacoemulsification surgery, 52% were females and 56% were belonged to age group of 51 to 60 years. 25 patients received hydrophobic intraocular lens and other 25 patients received hydrophilic intraocular lens.Postoperative mean contrast sensitivity (1.997 ± 0.01) was found statistically significant (p <0.01) as compared to the preoperative contrast sensitivity (1.556 ± 0.16). Significant improvement in contrast sensitivity was observed after cataract surgery in both the groups (p<0.05).

: The reduced contrast sensitivity function due to cataract, improved after surgery. On the other hand, optical properties and the material of IOL has no impact on contrast sensitivity postoperatively.
Prevalence of non-strabismic binocular vision anomalies (NSBVA) among university students of North India
Authors: Shongmu Tsering Lamu , Akhtar Zeeshan
Published: July 2024

: To report the clinical profile of Non-Strabismic Binocular Vision Anomalies (NSBVA) among university students in North India.

: A cross-sectional study was performed among 180 students of the university between the age of 17-35 years attending Sushant vision care center (SVCC), Gurugram from October 2017- February 2020. A comprehensive eye examination and a detailed orthoptic evaluation for binocular and accommodative dysfunctions was carried out, including sensory and motor examinations.

: 102 of the 180 patients were women and 78 were men. The mean age of the sample was found to be 21.8±2.3 years (mean±SD) with an age range of 17-35 years. The prevalence of NSBVA was found to be 62.2%, of which Convergence Insufficiency was found to be most prevalent (37.2%), followed by Accommodative Insufficiency (12.2%), Accommodative Infacility (7.2%), and Accommodative excess (5.5%). Out of the total, 89 students (49%) exhibited ocular symptoms, while the remaining 91 (51%) were asymptomatic; prevalent symptoms included eyestrain, headaches, and watering of the eyes.

The study reveals prevalent non-strabismic binocular anomalies among university students, with vergence dysfunctions being more prevalent than accommodating dysfunctions. Convergence Insufficiency is the most common. While some of these anomalies might lead to noticeable symptoms, others remain asymptomatic, potentially contributing to delayed diagnosis. Comprehensive eye exams are essential for university students, encompassing evaluation of accommodative and binocular functions alongside refraction to timely detection and treatment, including lenses, prisms, and vision therapy to enhance visual performance
Prevalence of ocular manifestations in HIV patients
Authors: Ananthan Ajay Venkat , Kumar Meena Devi Kalyana , Rayar Vinnarasi , Marudhachalam Sudan
Published: July 2024

: To study the prevalence of ocular manifestations in the HIV-positive individuals and find out the different types of ocular manifestations in HIV patients based on their CD4 count levels.

This is a cross-sectional observational study with a sample size of 70 which will be conducted in department of Ophthalmology at Trichy SRM Medical College Hospital & Research Centre. This study includes all HIV positive patients irrespective of their age group, gender.

A total of 70 cases were included in this study. HIV induced ocular manifestations were present in 33 out of 70 patients which has accounted for 47% in our study. Most of the patients with HIV were in the age group ranging between 20 years to 70 years. Most commonly seen ocular manifestations were anterior segment manifestations accounting for 33.33% and then adnexal manifestations (27%), posterior segment manifestations (24%) and the neuro-ophthalmic manifestations (15.15%). Ocular manifestations with highest prevalence were seen to be present in population with CD4 ranging between 250-300 cells/mm. Of these anterior segment manifestations were common.

: In our study, anterior segment manifestations were more commonly seen than posterior segment manifestations. Dry Eye disorder and HIV Retinopathy are the most commonly seen manifestations. Early screening of HIV positive individual should be done for the ocular manifestations at time of diagnosis.
To study the optic nerve characteristics in patients with optic neuritis
Authors: Supriya B N  , Prasad Divya , Nakkella Srinivas Phani
Published: July 2024

Optic neuritis is defined as an autoimmune demyelinating disorder of the optic nerve. It can be idiopathic/post infectious/component of multiple sclerosis. It is not associated with other systemic diseases so commonly. It causes inflammation, which affects the myelin lining of the optic erve. Aim of this study was to identify study the optic nerve characteristics in patients with optic neuritis in a tertiary care center.

A descriptive study was done on 30patients with optic neuritis, by considering specific components that determine the optic nerve function. Components of optic nerve studied includes, visual acuity, color vision, contrast ensitivity, visual fields, visual evoked otential and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Optic neuritis is more common in females than males (66.6%). Most common age group is 26-35years (36.6%). Relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) seen in 50% of patients (15pts). Visual acuity loss majority in between hand movements–counting fingers close to face (40%). Color vision defects were present in all the patients, Red-Green color defect was more common. Visual fields showed severely depressed fields in 30% patients. MRI was normal in 83% patients.

Optic neuritis usually affects young adults. Proper diagnosis of the disease, correct treatment at right time is necessary. Combined approach for treatment with neurologist is required to make them aware of disease process, treatment & to prevent recurrences.
A study on prevalence of intraocular pressure variation in relation to age, gender and systemic comorbid condition of hypertension and diabetes among the patients attending a tertiary care hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha
Authors: Samal Arun , Khan Zahiruddin , Sahoo Kamalakanta , Mohanty Asit
Published: July 2024

To correlate intraocular pressure variation in relation to age and gender among patients attending a tertiary hospital in Bhubaneswar, Odisha.

This was a cross-sectional observational study from October 2020 to September 2021 following the inclusion criteria. Five hundred twenty-two male and female patients of age 20 years were studied in six groups. Intraocular pressure(IOP) was measured with Noncontact Tonometer including routine eye checkup and dilated fundoscopic examination.

Among the 522 patients 272 were males and 252 were females (M:F =1.08:1.0). 48.83 ± 20.43 years was the mean age. The mean IOP of male was 15.45 ± 3.06 mmHg and female was 14.90 ± 2.75. IOP was higher in male than female without statistical significance. There were increase of IOP as age advances with variation in different age groups. There was significant difference of IOP in male and female of age group 50 – 59 years and 60 – 69 years. Diabetic and Hypertensive patients were having statistically significant higher IOP than nondiabetic and non hypertensives respectively.

: There was increase of IOP on increasing age in both male and female age groups. In higher age group males were having higher IOP than female which is statistically significant. Diabetes and Hypertension was associated with raised IOP.
Study on status of binocular vision in different occupations
Authors: Khanal Miru , Pandey Triptesh Raj , Sah Sushil Kumar , Sah Shrban
Published: July 2024

The study was to identify the various binocular vision dysfunctions in different occupations requiring near work. It affects their near work as well as their performance.

The cross-sectional study was conducted among 105 participants. Eye examination included visual acuity assessment, objective and subjective refraction, and details of orthoptic evaluation were done. Data was taken in an Excel sheet and analysis was made using the statistical software IBM SPSS Statistics 22.

: Of the total (105) participants, 20-20% were equally drawn from each occupation. the mean value of the positive fusional vergence: recovery (near) was noticed low 7.2±3.5 among the teachers compared to 8.5±4.0 among the tailors, 9.4±3.9 among the bankers and higher 11.7±5.4 among the health workers (F = 3.38, p <0.05). The mean of the accommodative facility left eye was high 4.9±2.5 among the health workers compared to 3.6±1.8 among the teachers, 2.7±1.3 among the tailors, and 2.6±1.2 among the bankers (F = 5.11, p < 0.01).

Near work for 8 hrs can lead to binocular abnormalities’ despite of occupation. The majority of the groups were affected by accommodative insufficiency and convergence insufficiency. They need to be provided with therapy according to their condition for better symptom relief.
Comparison of efficacy of topical bepotastine besilate and alcaftadine in patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis
Authors: Yadav Neha , Sachdeva Sumit , Rathi Manisha , Chhabra Sonia , Vashisth Shreay , Yadav Dinkar
Published: July 2024

To compare efficacy of bepotastine besilate (1.5%) versus alcaftadine (0.25%) in patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis.

This comparative, randomized, single-blind and prospective study was conducted on 100 patients diagnosed with VKC, who were allocated to receive either of the two treatment groups. Group A received Alcaftdine eye drops once daily, while Group B received bepotastine besilate twice daily for 8 weeks. The efficacy assessment was done at baseline and then at 4 and 8 weeks post-treatment using following parameters - Primary endpoints included clinical symptoms score and clinical signs score and secondary endpoint included upper tarsal conjunctival brush cytology for eosinophil count.

Intra-group analysis of clinical symptoms and clinical signs score showed statistically significant reduction in both scores and eosionophil count when compared to baseline values with both the drugs. On inter-group analysis, it was found that there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in reduction in clinical symptoms and clinical signs score and eosinophil count.

This study concluded that both drugs proved equally efficacious in relieving signs and symptoms of VKC. Difference in improvement of signs, symptoms, eosinophil count between both the groups drugs was not statistically significant.
Association between ocular pseudoexfoliation and cardiovascular disease status: An analysis in a multi-speciality Hospital
Authors: Annamalai Radha , Ramalingam Uma , James Jai Mercy
Published: July 2024

Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) is the most common cause of secondary open angle glaucoma. It is a systemic disorder characterized by extracellular deposition of distinctive grey-white fibrillary amyloid like material. The material is found in the anterior segment of the eye, where it can be easily identified on ocular (slit- lamp) examination by ophthalmologists. This study was carried out to determine if an association does exist between ocular pseudoexfoliation and cardiovascular disease.

This was a cross-sectional case-control study carried out from March 2023 to June 2023 at a tertiary hospital. A total of 46 cases (patients with ocular pseudoexfoliation) and 46 controls (patients without ocular pseudoexfoliation) were randomly selected from Ophthalmology Outpatient Department. Ophthalmological examination was done which included visual acuity testing using standard Snellen’s Chart, anterior segment assessment by slit lamp examination, Goldmann Applanation Tonometry to check intraocular pressure (IOP) and dilated fundus examination by direct/indirect ophthalmoscopy. Blood pressure (BP) was assessed and Electrocardiogram (ECG) was performed for all the patients undergoing the study. 2D Echocardiogram (ECHO) was done if ECG was abnormal.

Analysis of the study results showed a positive association between ocular pseudoexfoliation and hypertension (HTN) and abnormal ECG. Also, the condition appeared to be more prevalent among the males.

Since there is a positive association between pseudoexfoliation and cardiovascular diseases (CVD), ophthalmologists need to proactively investigate patients with PEX for cardiovascular abnormalities in form of HTN and abnormal ECG and refer them to physicians for appropriate management, if necessary.
A study of anterior chamber angle biometric measurements in closed angle glaucomas and healthy subjects using imaging tool
Authors: Bangra Sharwan Kumar , Sharma Manish , Parwal Sandeep
Published: July 2024

This observational study aims to examine the ability of an imaging tool in differentiating between anterior chamber angle biometric measurements of closed angle glaucomas and healthy subjects.

:This was a hospital based cross-sectional observational study. Seventy five subjects were grouped into three groups of 25 subjects each based on appropriate inclusion and exclusion criteria. Using AS-OCT, major outcome variables measured wereanterior chamber depth, lens thickness, lens vault and anterior opening distance 750 (AOD 750). Intraocular pressure and axial length were also noted.

Statistical analysis showed that there was significant difference in IOP(p=0.02), axial length (p=0.0001), lens thickness (p=0.0001) and lens vault among the studied groups.

The study results show that in phacomorphicglaucoma, anterior chamber depth was less and lens vault, axial length & angle opening distance 750 were more as compared to acute primary angle closure glaucoma.
A study on central corneal thickness in diabetics and non – diabetics
Authors: Mathukumalli Sumalath Sai Keerthi , Tumma Bharath , Mukkamala Narasimha
Published: July 2024

Diabetes is one of the most leading causes of blindness with complications related to diabetic keratopathy (DK). This chronic metabolic stress makes changes in the endothelial cells of the cornea by loss in pleomorphism, corneal autofluorescence, degeneration of the cells due to stress leads to over hydration of the stroma leads to change in corneal thickness. The central corneal thickness is a sensitive indicator of corneal health and serves as an index for corneal hydration and metabolism. Accurate CCT measurement has diagnostic and therapeutic implications.

Cross-sectional comparative study was done with 260 patients divided into two groups. Group 1 included patients with diabetes and group II patients without diabetes (Control group) of age group between 45 to 80 years who are attending Ophthalmology OPD in a time period of 2 months. Thorough history of patients was taken and underwent visual acuity testing, BCVA, IOP, fundus examination, HbA1c and CCT measurement using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT).

Mean CCT in diabetic population was 560.38±44.51 µm, while in control group was 500.32±39.63 µm with statistically significant p value of <0.001. Correlation analysis shows duration of diabetes and HbA1c shows significant relation and age doesn’t show any correlation with CCT.

Our study demonstrates that individuals with diabetes mellitus or increased levels of HbA1c had higher CCT, regardless of age or gender. This signifies that CCT was influenced by prolonged increased levels of blood glucose.
Study of serum vitamin D and homocysteine levels in patients with diabetic retinopathy and retinal vein occlusion
Authors: Sahay Shambhavi , Tadwalkar Archana , Menon Priyanka , Kumari Pooja
Published: July 2024

Diabetic retinopathy and retinal vein occlusion are significant causes of vision loss in patients with diabetes. Emerging evidence suggests that vitamin D deficiency and elevated homocysteine levels may play a role in the pathogenesis of these conditions. This study investigates the serum levels of vitamin D and homocysteine in patients with diabetic retinopathy and retinal vein occlusion to elucidate potential associations.

: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a sight threatening complications associated with diabetes mellitus. To find the correlation between vitamin D level and homocysteine plasma levels in patients of DR and Retinal Vein Occlusion patients.

: Study the level of serum vitamin D and Homocysteine in patients with diabetic retinopathy as well as in retinal vein occlusions.

A case control type of study was conducted on 100 cases (70 diabetic retinopathy and 30 retinal vein occlusion) and age matched 100 control. Detailed relevant history and complete ocular examination was done . Serum vitamin D and homocysteine levels were noted.

In our study, majority of the patients belonged to & > 60 years in the group of cases of diabetic retinopathy and most of the patients in the control group belonged to 50-60 years and & > 60 years of age group (40%). Mean age in the cases and controls was equal (58.4±8.4)

Majority of the patients in both cases (68.6%) and control (67.1%) group were males. Association was found to be statistically significant when chi square test (p = 0.03). The prevalence of hyper homocysteinenemia was also higher in DR group.

The prevalence of hyperhomocystinemia was more in cases of diabetic retinopathy compared to controls. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was more in cases of diabetic retinopathy compared to controls and the difference was significant.
Visual evoked potential as an early assessment tool in ethambutol-induced toxic optic neuropathy during treatment of tuberculosis
Authors: Misra Anita , Sethi Santosh Kumar , Singh Partha
Published: July 2024

The objective of this study was to determine whether visual evoked potential (VEP) may be utilized as a screening tool for Ethambutol-induced toxic optic neuropathy (EITON) and whether discontinuing the use of Ethambutol will reverse the signs and symptoms of EITON in patients who are suffering from tuberculosis.

Following receipt of authorization from the Institutional Ethics Committee to proceed with the present study, the study officially got underway. The World Health Organization recommended that forty people who had been diagnosed with tuberculosis get ethambutol medication for a period of six months at a dosage of 15-19 milligrams per kilogram of body weight. These patients were inspected both before and after receiving the treatment. Visual function tests and visual evoked potential (VEP) tests were administered to each patient to assess the visual pathway's condition.

An irregular VEP pattern was seen in seven patients out of forty individuals, which accounts for 17.5% of the total. Among these seven patients, delayed P100 latency was observed in all seven patients (17.5%), and an aberrant amplitude difference was documented in one patient (2.5%). There were four patients (10%) who were found to have suboptimal visual acuity, and there were three patients (7.5%) who were found to have problems with their colour vision. An association between low visual acuity and increased P100 delay values was discovered in three out of seven cases. This was the case that was investigated. One patient's visual acuity and colour vision had decreased after two months of Ethambutol therapy, while three patients' visual acuity and colour vision had decreased within four to six months of medication. Due to the absence of abnormalities in the fundus, a diagnosis of retrobulbar optic neuritis was made in these four cases, constituting 10% of the total. There was a full reversal of P100 delay in three patients (43%) out of seven and a partial reversal in four (57%) out of seven.

Our study demonstrates that even at the recommended doses of ethambutol, a timely and routinely performed pattern VEP can detect a significant proportion of cases of subclinical optic neuritis. Furthermore, it demonstrates that the signs and symptoms of ocular toxicity can be reversed in a significant number of these patients after the cessation of Ethambutol treatment.
Retinal changes in anemia - A comparative cross sectional study using SD-OCT
Authors: Rajan Ann Reshma , Arun Sreelakshmi , Kakkanatt C. V. Anthrayose (Andrews) , Rafi Aboobacker Mohammed , Soman Brinda
Published: July 2024

To study the retinal changes in various grades of anemia and compare them with controls by analysing the peripapillary RNFL (retinal nerve fibre layer) thickness and CDR (cup-disc ratio) in OCT.

Anemia is a common health problem, iron deficiency (IDA) being the most common type. It has deleterious visual effects through enhancement of ischemic effects.Changes in RNFL and CDR are seen in many ischemic retinal diseases.Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non invasive imaging modality that gives a cross-sectional topographic imaging of retina.Our study aims at analysing RNFL thickness and CDR by OCT in our subjects.

Our study was conducted including 44 each of anemic and non anemic people, after classifying the anemic group further based on WHO criteria. After detailed clinical examination, OCT was done and peri-papillary RNFL in 4 quadrants and vertical CDR were assessed and compared.

Peripapillary RNFL thickness in anemia group was significantly thinner than controls, the change more pronounced in severe anemia than other groups. CDR was significantly high in severe anemia than others.

Retinal changes in anemia has a correlation with the severity of anemia. RNFL and CDR changes can predispose to serious visual defects in future. Hence, anemia screening and correction along with frequent clinical and OCT evaluation in such patients can be useful in early detection and prevention of anemic retinopathy.
Epiretinal membrane associated with combined hamartoma of retina pigment epithelium: Surgical outcome and histopathological features
Authors: Al Jarallah Othman Jarallah
Published: July 2024

Combined hamartoma of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium (CHR-RPE) represents a rare, benign congenital anomaly typically presenting as slightly elevated, variably pigmented lesions. This report details the surgical outcome and histopathological features of an epiretinal membrane associated with CHR-RPE.

A 29-year-old woman with a three-year history of gradual visual decline in her right eye underwent a comprehensive ophthalmologic examination, including spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), which revealed characteristic features of CHR-RPE and an overlying epiretinal membrane. She subsequently elected to undergo pars plana vitrectomy with membrane peeling.

Intraoperative findings confirmed the presence of histological elements consistent with the internal limiting membrane, fibrillar collagen, vitreous, and cells positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), indicative of glial cells. Postoperatively, there was a noticeable improvement in the retinal architecture; however, visual acuity improvement was minimal. Histopathological analysis of the excised membrane provided insight into the lesion’s cellular composition.

This case underscores the complex nature of CHR-RPE associated with epiretinal membranes and the challenges in achieving significant visual acuity improvement despite successful surgical intervention. It highlights the importance of early detection and a personalized approach to management. Future research should focus on optimizing treatment strategies and improving understanding of the prognosis for similar cases.
Viabilidade financeira preliminar da produção de briquetes com pó de balão siderúrgico
Authors: Almeida Isabella Carolina De , Arantes Marina Donária Chaves , Baldin Talita , Castro Renato Vinícius Oliveira , Ataíde Glauciana Da Mata , Baraúna Edy Eime Pereira
Published: July 2024

A busca por modelos de produção mais sustentáveis está entre as principais prioridades para mitigar os impactos ambientais negativos. Essa inquietação surge em virtude das produções aceleradas, as quais visam satisfazer as exigências do mercado consumidor. O pó de balão, um subproduto proveniente do alto-forno e recuperado por meio do sistema de limpeza de gases na indústria siderúrgica, representa uma oportunidade de reutilização sustentável. Uma das alternativas possíveis para este resíduo é ser empregado na produção de briquetes, configurando-se como uma forma de biocombustível. O presente estudo teve como propósito simular a viabilidade financeira dessa produção, examinando os custos inerentes ao processo fabril na região de estudo. Posteriormente, foram conduzidas análises de viabilidade, sensibilidade e riscos. Os resultados indicam que a produção de briquetes a partir do pó de balão apresenta-se como um investimento viável, com um período de retorno estimado em 5,4 anos, e baixo risco, uma vez que a probabilidade de viabilidade é de 85,99%, indicando alta probabilidade de ser financeiramente viável, conforme as simulações do cálculo do valor presente líquido (VPL) e análises de sensibilidade para a região de Sete Lagoas, estado de Minas Gerais (MG), Brasil.
Strategie i bariery innowacyjności przedsiębiorstw w sytuacji kryzysowej. Perspektywa teoretyczna i praktyczna
Authors: Kozioł-Nadolna Katarzyna , Beyer Karolina
Published: July 2024

Strategies and Barriers of Innovation in Companies in Crisis Situations. Theoretical and Practical Perspective

In the light of recent events, such as the pandemic, armed conflicts, and the global geopolitical crisis, the world is facing increasing operating costs, inflation, and the threat of a global economic crisis. This uncertain environment has triggered profound social, economic, and technological transformations, introducing lasting changes in business models and operational practices.
In this context, businesses are confronted with the challenges of adapting to a new reality, inevitably departing from previous practices. At times, chaos and dynamic changes also present opportunities for innovation and development.
The current business reality directs our attention to the necessity of a thoughtful approach to innovative actions, especially in crisis situations. The growth of innovation is crucial for businesses to adapt to new market conditions and maintain competitiveness.
Considering available knowledge and research findings, it can be affirmed that crises can be both a challenge and an opportunity for businesses. Identifying barriers to innovation and developing sustainable development strategies become key elements in the context of future business development. Furthermore, contemporary significance lies in the pursuit of sustainable development, where innovative processes implemented in businesses play a significant role.
In conclusion, the analyses and research presented in this work illustrate that the current economic climate requires flexibility, innovation, and conscious change management. In this context, the development of innovative strategies and sustainable business models becomes imperative for businesses aspiring to effectively survive and thrive in the face of modern challenges.
Translated by Karolina Beyer
Application of the provisions of Section IVa of the Code of Administrative Procedure in cases resulting in a bound decision
Authors: Biszczanik Małgorzata
Published: July 2024

Przedmiotem badań i analiz podjętych w ramach niniejszego opracowania jest problematyka możliwości zastosowania przepisów działu IVa kodeksu postępowania administracyjnego w sytuacji, w której przepis ustawy materialnej przewiduje obligatoryjność wymierzenia przez organ administracji publicznej administracyjnej kary pieniężnej w drodze tzw. decyzji związanej. W pierwszej kolejności podjęto próbę analizy charakteru decyzji związanej w ramach szeroko pojętej dyskrecjonalności prawa administracyjnego. Charakter decyzji związanych wskazuje jednoznacznie na jej charakter obligatoryjny pod kątem zastosowania ściśle określonego środka administracyjnego w postaci kary pieniężnej. W przypadku jednoznacznego określenia konkretnego mechanizmu prawnego jako wiążącego dla organu administracji publicznej przez przepisy ustawy materialnej, dowolność w określaniu wysokości kary administracyjnej lub zrezygnowanie z jej nałożenia może być uznane za sprzeczne z zasadą pewności prawa. Następnie, poprzez analizę licznego orzecznictwa sądów oraz organów administracyjnych dokonana została charakterystyka art. 189a i n. k.p.a. w przedmiocie możliwości ich zastosowania wobec decyzji związanych. Celem opracowania jest kompleksowa analiza wykładni dokonywanej przez sądy administracyjne oraz wskazanie na brak możliwości zastosowania działu IVa k.p.a. wobec decyzji związanych. Wyniki badania w tym opracowaniu odpowiadają na pytanie, czy charakter decyzji związanych pozostawia jakikolwiek luz decyzyjny w przedmiocie rozstrzygnięcia, zwłaszcza jeśli chodzi o zrezygnowanie z nałożenia administracyjnej kary pieniężnej lub ustalenie jej wysokości.
Safeguards of the rights of the individual in the administrative proceedings on the example of article 8 of the code of administrative procedure
Authors: Folgier Anna
Published: July 2024

W artykule poddano analizie zawartą w art. 8 K.p.a. zasadę pogłębiania zaufania uczestników postępowania do władzy publicznej. Zasada ta nakłada na organy administracji publicznej obowiązki w zakresie sposobu prowadzenia postępowania administracyjnego, jednak „sposobu” tego nie określa bezpośrednio, ale tylko przez wskazanie celu (rezultatu), jaki sposób ten ma osiągnąć. Jednocześnie, samo znaczenie terminu „zaufanie” na gruncie K.p.a. pozostaje dyskusyjne , jakkolwiek omawiana zasada jest postrzegana jako mechanizm zabezpieczający sferę praw i interesów podmiotów przed nieracjonalnymi rozstrzygnięciami stanowionymi przez uprawnione organy administracji publicznej. Zasada określona w art. 8 K.p.a. ma na celu wyrównanie pozycji uczestników postępowania w postępowaniach administracyjnych. Na podstawie orzecznictwa sądów administracyjnych wskazano na najważniejsze dyrektywy, które powinny być uwzględniane przez organy administracji publicznej w toku postępowania administracyjnego. W szczególności, organ prowadzący postępowanie winien szanować zasadę równego traktowania stron i stosować jednolite kryteria rozstrzygnięć i ocen w stosunku do wszystkich podmiotów postępowań dotyczących podobnych zagadnień i kwestii.
Współpracownicy księdza Idziego Radziszewskiego
Authors: Misiura Grzegorz
Published: July 2024

Założycielem Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego był ks. Idzi Radziszewski. Pełnił on funkcję jego rektora, aż do swojej przedwczesnej śmierci, przez pierwsze cztery lata akademickie (1918-1922). Przez ten czas tworzony przez niego uniwersytet zatrudniał ludzi, którzy tworzyli grono pedagogiczno-naukowe i administracyjne. Warto bliżej się przyjrzeć biografiom tych osób, ponieważ informacje te układają się w portret zbiorowy współpracowników ks. I. Radziszewskiego. Podsumowania obrazują omawiane zagadnienia, np. pochodzenie, wiek, wykształcenie itp. Inicjatywy podjęte przez ks. I. Radziszewskiego oraz jego współpracowników wytyczyły kierunki działań Uniwersytetu na następne lata, a ich ślady można znaleźć nawet we współczesności.
Droga do wojny. II Republika Hiszpańska 1931-1936
Authors: De la Fuente de Pablo Pablo , Taracha Cezary
Published: July 2024

Artykuł ten ma pod względem koncepcyjnym charakter zarówno syntetyczny, jak i analityczny.  Wyjaśnia przyczyny rażącej porażki Drugiej Republiki w Hiszpanii. Był to system polityczny, w którym państwo stało się zaciekłym wrogiem znacznej części narodu. Skandaliczne oszustwo wyborcze w lutym 1936 r. było preludium krwawej wojny domowej.
„Wyspa Hyperborejczyków” Hekatajosa z Abdery – najważniejsze propozycje jej identyfikacji między XVI a XX wiekiem
Authors: Kochanek Piotr
Published: July 2024

Artykuł przedstawia serię propozycji identyfikacji „wyspy Hyperborejczyków” Hekatajosa z Abdery z konkretnymi wyspami. Serię tę rozpoczyna Johannes Magnus (1554), a kończy René Vallois (1926). W tym czasie zaproponowano powiązania terminu „wyspa Hyperborejczyków” (= Elixoia) z kilkoma znanymi wyspami lub obszarami uważanymi wówczas za wyspy. J. Magnus za „wyspę Hyperborejczyków” uważał swą ojczyznę, którą za Prokopiuszem z Cezarei nazywał także Scandia-Thule (1554). Lorenz Rhodomann (1604) chciał widzieć w roli tej wyspy Anglię. Philipp Clüver identyfikował ją z Nową Ziemią (1616). Z kolei Henry Rowlands (1723) wskazywał bardzo ostrożnie na wyspę Anglesey, zwaną przez Rzymian Mona. W 1740 r. Simon Pelloutier opowiadał się bądź za Grenlandią, bądź za Nową Ziemią. Peter Wesseling (1745) wskazał na Brytanię lub Irlandię. Jean Sylvain Bailly (1779) zaproponował aż trzy potencjalne synonimy „wyspy Hyperborejczyków”: Grenlandię, Nową Ziemię i Spitsbergen. W 1859 r. Friedrich Gottlieb Welcker wskazał na Helgoland. Natomiast Friedrich Kähler w 1903 r. zasugerował, że wyspy czcicieli Apollina należy szukać na jednej z ostrowów u wschodnich wybrzeży Morza Kaspijskiego. Wreszcie w 1926 r. R. Vallois był skłonny lokalizować siedziby Hyperborejczyków na Krecie. Szczególnie popularne były cztery identyfikacje: Scandia-Thule (1554), Anglia/Brytania (1604), Nowa Ziemia (1616) i Irlandia (1745).
Trajetórias e aprendizados do curso de educação popular e promoção de territórios saudáveis na convivência com o semiárido
Authors: Teixeira Ana Cláudia de Araújo , Pulga Vanderléia Laodete , Castro Gigi
Published: July 2024

A obra: “TRAJETÓRIAS E APRENDIZADOS DO CURSO DE EDUCAÇÃO POPULAR E PROMOÇÃO DE TERRITÓRIOS SAUDÁVEIS NA CONVIVÊNCIA COM O SEMIÁRIDO” apresenta a sistematização do processo e percurso pedagógico vivenciado no “Curso de Especialização e Aperfeiçoamento em Educação Popular e Promoção de Territórios Saudáveis na Convivência com o Semiárido”. Uma das inovações produzidas como dispositivo de implementação da Política Nacional de Educação Popular em Saúde reconhecida institucionalmente no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) através da Portaria 2.761 de 19 de novembro de 2013, que tem na sua essência o diálogo, a amorosidade, a problematização, a construção compartilhada do conhecimento, a emancipação e o compromisso com o Projeto Democrático e Popular de sociedade como princípios fundamentais (BRASIL, 2013). Desse processo essencialmente inovador surgem três obras, em que se apresentam os saberes e aprendizados que emergiram do vivenciado no Curso e no que o conjunto de suas singularidades político-pedagógicas possibilitaram fazer, sentir, experienciar e criar de novos conceitos, reflexões e conhecimentos. Esta primeira reflete o percurso desse processo, sua construção, a proposta pedagógica e como foi sendo desenvolvido enquanto dinâmica formativa essencialmente comprometida, engajada e implicada nos territórios com seus atores e atrizes! Expressa a força e a potência da Sistematização de Experiências na produção de conhecimentos, pesquisas, saberes e sabores emergentes no cotidiano dos serviços, das organizações sociais e populares, do Esperançar de vida e saúde vivido no Ceará e Rio Grande do Norte e agora compartilhado com quem deseja construir processos nessa perspectiva dialógica e emancipatória.
Impact of diet composition of Corcyra cephalonica (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on the development and reproduction of Trichogramma chilonis (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)
Authors: KAUR LOVEPREET , KALKAL DEEPIKA , JAKHAR ANIL , YADAV SUNITA , SHEORAN NIHARIKA
Published: July 2024

Utilizing parasitoids for augmentative biological control frequently depends on the physiological state of the parasitoids and the pest population density at the time of release. Trichogramma chilonis Ishii (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) is commonly used as an egg parasitoid for biological insect pest control via augmentation and field release. A crucial component of mass production programmes is the host’s nutritional compatibility. So, the investigations were carried out to study the effect of diet composition of Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on developmental and reproductive parameters of Trichogramma chilonis Ishii. The T. chilonis was reared on Corcyra cephalonica fed on different diets (D1-D7) in the laboratory at 25℃±1℃ with 75±5% RH. Based on pooled data of two generations T. chilonis had shown significantly highest parasitization of 85.80%, adult emergence percentage 75.00% and sex-ratio 1.62:1 on rice moth eggs obtained from Maize (48.5%) + Sorghum (48.5%) + Groundnut (3%) diet (D5). Trichogramma adult’s emergence was observed earlier (3.10 days) on the host’s eggs reared on the Bajra (100%) diet (D1). In case of adult longevity, the maximum longevity of 7.70 days was recorded on the host’s egg obtained from the D5 diet over the others. These findings may help to improve the developmental and reproductive performance of T. chilonis and an optimized D5 diet may be useful for mass rearing of this egg parasitoid.