bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Support of small business as a factor of sustainable development of Krasnoyarsk region districts
Authors: Dalisova Natalya , Martynova Tatyana
Published: March 2023

Nowadays, a complex socio-ecological and economic situation is developing in the rural territories of the region. Changes in governance structures, the collapse of both social and industrial infrastructure, as well as unemployment exacerbate the current situation. The gap between the standard for living of the urban and rural population continues to widen. A large number of villages disappear from the map of the country every year. In this regard, the economy, life, way of people’s life, their history, traditions and culture are being destroyed. In this regard, special attention should be paid to state support of small and medium-sized businesses as a factor of sustainable development of rural areas.
Evocative content-slice of mediadiscourse in forecasting of sustainable development events
Authors: Konovalova Maria
Published: March 2023

The article is devoted to the use of an evocative content-slice in the mediadiscourse for forecasting of sustainable development events. This research toolkit was developed on the basis of evocative representation and is a matrix of collective consciousness, systematizing the relationship of cognitive categories and types of intellectual concept. Cognitive categories and types of intellectual concept were identified in the course of media discourse studies preceding this work in order to identify discursive topics. The matrix of collective consciousness was successfully applied in the development of environmental issues in the media discourse, which provided a theoretical and practical basis for further application on the empirical material of mediatexts on the issues of sustainable development. The study analyzed about five hundred mediatexts for the period from 2020 to 2021. The analyzed empirical material provided an opportunity to study the issue of creating a basis for predicting the events of sustainable development, represented in the mediatexts of electronic media, according to the selected topics of the media discourse, to distribute them into cognitive categories and types of intellectual concept.
Limbisches System und Amygdala
Authors: Corts Magga
Published: March 2023

Die zentrale Steuerung der Emotion ist ein wichtiger Faktor für die körpereigenen Selbstheilungskräfte. Das limbische System spielt im Zusammenspiel mit anderen Gehirnbereichen, unter anderem dem Thalamus und Hypothalamus eine zentrale Rolle. Eine wichtige Struktur bezüglich des emotionalen Verhaltens ist die Amygdala. Sie ist Bestandteil des limbischen Systems.
Psychoneurophysiologische Wirkmechanismen der Selbstheilung
Authors: Schubert Christian
Published: March 2023

Selbstheilung lässt sich der Mind-Body-Medizin (MBM) zuordnen und umfasst eine Reihe von Mind-Body-Therapien (MBT) mit Hilfe derer Individuen selbstwirksam und -regulativ in die physiologischen Gleichgewichtssysteme des Organismus eingreifen. In diesem Beitrag werden die bis dato bekannten neurophysiologischen Wirkmechanismen der MBT aus patho- und salutogenetischer Perspektive integrativ-systemisch dargestellt. Top-down wirkende MBT (z.B. Meditation, Hypnose) dürften dabei über zentralnervöse Aktivitätsveränderungen und damit verbundener Beruhigung der Stresssystemaktivität (u.a. Cortisol, sympatho-vagale Balance) zu Reduktionen von Entzündungsaktivität führen. Bottom-Up wirkende MBT (z.B. Yoga, Qigong) setzen wiederum an der peripheren Körperphysiologie an und wirken über die kontrollierte Atemarbeit und über körperliche Praktiken positiv auf stressverarbeitende Systeme und Immunaktivität. Das robusteste Ergebnis zu den Wirkmechanismen der Selbstheilung stellt die Verringerung von stressbedingter Entzündung dar. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die Messung von genomischen im Vergleich zu zirkulierenden und über die Zeit mehr schwankenden Immunparametern zu verlässlicheren Ergebnissen führt. Dies lässt die in diesem Forschungsbereich mehrheitlich verwendeten randomisierten kontrollierten Studien (randomized controlled trial, RCT)-Studien als zu statisch und normativ erscheinen. Das Integrative Einzelfalldesign zur Untersuchung von biopsychosozialer Komplexität unter Alltagsbedingungen ist aufgrund der Analyse engmaschiger Zeitreihen und von tiefenpsychologischen Interviewanalysen in der Lage, die Mechanismen der Selbstheilung sehr valide zu erfassen.
Reparieren und regenerieren – wenn der Körper sich selbst heilt!
Authors: Jahn Claus
Published: March 2023

Gesundheit ist ein Zustand des Wohlbefindens, in dem allen Einflüssen auf den Organismus immer so entgegnet wird, dass es zu keinen pathologischen Veränderungen kommt. Krankheit entsteht, wenn es Störungen im Reparations-/Regenerationssystem gibt und die Selbstheilungskräfte gegen physische und psychische Belastungen nicht mehr ankommen. Jeder Heilungsprozess ist dabei ein Selbstheilungsvorgang, der mit komplementärmedizinischen Maßnahmen unterstützt werden kann. Heilen muss der Körper sich jedoch selbst.
Graft-versus-Host-Erkrankung
Authors: Reisdorf Simone
Published: March 2023

Ruxolitinib ist unter anderem zur Behandlung von Patienten mit akuter oder chronischer Graft-versus-Host-Erkrankung (GvHD) zugelassen, die unzureichend auf Kortikosteroide oder andere systemische Therapien ansprechen. Dies könnte möglicherweise auch für Patienten gelten, die von den randomisiert-kontrollierten Zulassungsstudien ausgeschlossen waren: Ein Poster auf dem letzten DGHO-Kongress zeigte deutliche und anhaltende Therapieerfolge in einem breiter gefassten Patientenkollektiv.
Blühender Seelentröster
Authors: Stumpf Ursula
Published: March 2023

Der Doldige Milchstern (Ornithogalum umbellatum) ist unter vielen Namen bekannt und Bestandteil der Bachblüten-Notfalltropfen.
Decarboxylative Alkenylation of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines Using α,β-Unsaturated Carboxylic Acids via Pd-Catalyzed C–H Functionalization
Authors: Singh Krishna Nand , Kumar Saurabh , Prabhakar Neha Sharma , Kishor Kaushal
Published: March 2023

An efficient synthesis of alkenylated imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines has been accomplished using imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines and α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids adopting C–H functionalization strategy in the presence of palladium acetate, 1,10-phenanthroline, and silver carbonate.
Recent Advances in the Asymmetric Catalytic Synthesis of Phosphonates with an α-Chiral Center
Authors: Xie Dezheng , Chen Ziyi , Wang Chun-Jiang , Dong Xiu-Qin
Published: March 2023

Phosphonates and derivatives with an α-chiral center are of great importance and they are widely distributed in many natural products, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals with various bioactive features. Great effort has been made toward the development of efficient methods for their synthesis. In this short review, recent advances in the asymmetric catalytic synthesis of phosphonates with an α-chiral center are summarized, including asymmetric hydrogenation of α,β-unsaturated phosphonates, asymmetric addition of phosphonates to unsaturated electrophiles, and asymmetric addition of nucleophiles to α,β-unsaturated phosphonates. In addition, continuous development of enantioselective catalytic synthetic methods and the application of phosphonates and derivatives with α-chiral center are future prospects.

1 Introduction

2 Asymmetric Hydrogenation of α,β-Unsaturated Phosphonates

3 Asymmetric Addition of Phosphonates to Unsaturated Electrophiles

4 Asymmetric Addition of Nucleophiles to α,β-Unsaturated Phosphonates

5 Conclusion
Connecting Teaching and Research in Homoeopathy: Why and How?
Authors: Nayak Chaturbhuja
Published: March 2023

Linking teaching with research in any stream is the need of the hour. Homoeopathy, being an integral part of health care delivery system in India and many other countries, goes no exception to it. Both teaching and research are inter-related, dependent and complementary to each other. Without quality teaching, research is like learning without curiosity, or like cataract surgery without restoring visual equity, or like studying Materia Medica without knowledge of Organon of Medicine. Similarly, sans high standard research, teaching in any medical discipline is like searching without direction, or like operating upon a human subject without knowing anatomy. In spite of the fact that some of the teaching institutions have taken up research projects and the outcomes of such research studies have been published in reputed medical journals, yet the quality of such articles needs further improvement. Many homoeopathy research organisations as well as the researchers, on certain aspects, have failed to update with the recent advancements in the field of education. Absence of mandatory provision for conducting research in teaching curriculum at undergraduate (UG) level and lack of proper training on research methodology and biostatistics at postgraduate (PG) level, has led to the non-involvement of academicians and students in research studies. As a result, a void has been created in scientific publications by the faculty and students of homoeopathic colleges. The latest progresses in the field of research are useful for teaching of the individual subjects of UG and PG courses. The academicians as well as the researchers have to sit and discuss across the table the modalities of meaningful integration of teaching and research for mutual benefit. Hence, different facets of connecting teaching and research need to be deliberated upon to find out mutually acceptable solutions.
Photooxidative Coupling of Thiols Promoted by Bromo(trichloro)methane in a Basic Aqueous Medium
Authors: Cheng Xiamin , Li Lin , Shan Shiquan , Pang Songhao , Qu Yunwei , Lu Yongna
Published: March 2023

A transition-metal- and organic-solvent-free oxidative coupling of thiols catalyzed by BrCCl3 and NaOH in an aqueous medium with oxygen as a green oxidant was established The facile and green method has a broad substrate scope in converting thiols into the corresponding disulfides with medium to excellent yields (up to 91%). This method could potentially be used to construct bioactive molecules containing disulfide bonds and to label bioactive molecules with disulfide bonds.
Nickel-Сatalyzed Carbon–Selenium Bond Formations under Mild Conditions
Authors: Zhumagazy Serik , Zhu Chen , Yue Huifeng , Rueping Magnus
Published: March 2023

A nickel-catalyzed C–Se cross-coupling between aryl iodides and selenols is described. The newly developed catalytic methodology offers facile access to various unsymmetrical selenium-containing motifs. The reaction features excellent functional group tolerance, wide substrate scope, good efficiency, and operates under mild reaction conditions. Notably, this protocol could be readily scaled up to gram scale without the loss of yield.
Individualised Homoeopathic Treatment in Plantar Callosities: An Evidence-Based Case Report
Authors: P. Dastagiri , Pritam Prem Deeshna
Published: March 2023

Callosities are circumscribed areas of hyperkeratosis due to intermittent pressure or friction over a bony prominence. They are often present on the soles and toes due to physical activity, poorly fitting shoes and foot deformities. Its prevalence is more in the above 65 age group, and primarily females are affected. Scalpel debridement and regular application of topical keratolytics like caustic and acidic compounds are the treatment options in conventional medicine, but it is impractical for older people with diabetes mellitus. A case of plantar callosities cured with Sulphur without topical application, recurrence or adverse effects is presented here. The main complaints and overall well-being were assessed using the Measure Yourself Medical Outcome Profile (MYMOP2) and Outcome Related to Impact in Daily Living (ORIDL) scale (+4). The causal relationship attributed to modified Naranjo criteria for homoeopathy (MONARCH) score (+9) suggested clinical improvement through homoeopathic intervention only. This evidence-based case report exhibits the importance of individualised homoeopathic treatment in plantar callosities.
Paddle-Lead Spinal-Cord Stimulation Surgeries for Chronic Neuropathic Pain: A Single Surgeon Case-Series Outcome Analysis in Indian Population
Authors: Baruah Satyakam , Banerjee Anirban D.
Published: March 2023

Background Spinal-cord stimulation (SCS) for relief of chronic neuropathic pain is well established.

Objective The inherent limitations with conventional percutaneous lead SCS are lead migration, positional variations in stimulation, as well as possible nonreplication of benefits after permanent SCS implantation, which were experienced during a positive trial period. To circumvent these limitations, we analyzed five consecutive cases of chronic intractable neuropathic pain who underwent direct SCS paddle lead placement during the trial period for pain relief. In addition, during the process of placing a permanent paddle lead, the impediment created by prior epidural scarring in such chronic patients can be obviated mechanically thereby increasing the efficacy of the procedure.

Material and Methods The demographic details, diagnosis, preoperative visual analogue scale score (VAS), and follow-up VAS were recorded. Surgical procedure consisted of a standard dorsal laminotomy followed by placement of permanent paddle leads.

Results All patients reported significant improvement in their VAS scores. Mean duration of follow-up was 23.6 months (9–35 months). Mean preoperative VAS was 9.4 and 1.4 at the last follow-up. No major complications were found.

Conclusion With careful patient selection and appropriate surgical strategy, it was possible to implant permanent paddle leads during SCS trial itself in our five patients thereby replicating and sustaining the trial period pain relief. We argue that this can be a new cost-effective and reliable technique for the placement of SCS leads achieving excellent and sustained pain relief.
Time to Modify Rather than Discard the Transoral Approach to Selected Cases of Clival Chordomas at the Craniocervical Junction
Authors: Kirollos R. W. , Pillay R.
Published: March 2023

Maintaining the transoral approach in the armamentarium of surgical approaches to clival chordomas mainly as a complimentary procedure to endonasal endoscopic approach in selected cases is advantageous. Lateral extension of the disease is a limitation to both approaches and is addressed by transcranial approaches. Especially for extensive lesions the simultaneous combination of approaches is based upon the predicted blind spots for each approach and certain technical nuances need to be considered.
Ideal gas reference for association/dissociation reactions: Concentration bias and kinetic reference voltage/potentials in electrolysis
Authors: Binninger Tobias , Heinritz Adrian , Mohamed Rhiyaad
Published: March 2023

The water electrolysis reaction involves a large kinetic overvoltage, and considerable research efforts are currently devoted to the search for better electrocatalysts. It is commonly expected that, at least, in principle, an ideal electrocatalyst would enable significant reaction rates close to the equilibrium voltage. In the present work, we question this expectation. For reactions, such as water electrolysis, which involve a significant change in the concentration between the reactant and product states, the position of the equilibrium voltage generally becomes decoupled from the onset of macroscopic kinetic currents. The reason is the dependence of the equilibrium voltage on the concentrations of both reactant and product species, whereas the forward rate of the reaction does not, in general, depend on the latter. Based on a new ideal gas reference for association/dissociation reactions, we develop a formalism to decompose the equilibrium voltage of electrolysis reactions into two distinct contributions: first, a contribution due to unbalanced relative concentrations between reactants and products second, a contribution due to the (mis)alignment of reactant and product states within the potential energy surface. The latter defines an intrinsic “kinetic reference voltage” that agrees remarkably well with the experimentally observed onset of water electrolysis, providing a new perspective on the origin of a significant fraction of the respective overvoltage. We expect the concept of kinetic reference voltages/potentials to be also useful in the context of other reactions involving significant concentration changes from the reactant to the product.
Exploring the parameter space of MagLIF implosions using similarity scaling. I. Theoretical framework
Authors: Ruiz D. E. , Schmit P. F. , Yager-Elorriaga D. A. , Jennings C. A. , Beckwith K.
Published: March 2023

Magneto-inertial fusion concepts, such as the magnetized liner inertial fusion (MagLIF) platform [M. R. Gomez et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 155003 (2014)], constitute an alternative path for achieving ignition and significant fusion yields in the laboratory. The space of experimental input parameters defining a MagLIF load is highly multi-dimensional, and the implosion itself is a complex event involving many physical processes. In the first paper of this series, we develop a simplified analytical model that identifies the main physical processes at play during a MagLIF implosion. Using non-dimensional analysis, we determine the most important dimensionless parameters characterizing MagLIF implosions and provide estimates of such parameters using typical fielded or experimentally observed quantities for MagLIF. We then show that MagLIF loads can be “incompletely” similarity scaled, meaning that the experimental input parameters of MagLIF can be varied such that many (but not all) of the dimensionless quantities are conserved. Based on similarity-scaling arguments, we can explore the parameter space of MagLIF loads and estimate the performance of the scaled loads. In the follow-up papers of this series, we test the similarity-scaling theory for MagLIF loads against simulations for two different scaling “vectors,” which include current scaling and rise-time scaling.
Nano-beam clamping revisited
Authors: Golokolenov Ilya , Kumar Sumit , Alperin Baptiste , Fernandez Bruno , Fefferman Andrew , Collin Eddy
Published: March 2023

Within recent years, the field of nano-mechanics has diversified in a variety of applications, ranging from quantum information processing to biological molecules recognition. Among the diversity of devices produced these days, the simplest (but versatile) element remains the doubly clamped beam: it can store very large tensile stresses (producing high resonance frequencies f0 and quality factors Q), is interfaceable with electric setups (by means of conductive layers), and can be produced easily in clean rooms (with scalable designs, including multiplexing). Besides, its mechanical properties are the simplest to describe. Resonance frequencies and Qs are being modeled, with as specific achievement the ultrahigh quality resonances based on “soft clamping” and “phonon shields.” Here, we demonstrate that the fabrication undercut of the clamping regions of basic nano-beams produces “natural soft clamping,” given for free. We present the analytic theory that enables to fit experimental data, which can be used for {Q,f0} design: beyond finite element modeling validation, the presented expressions provide a profound understanding of the phenomenon, with both Q enhancement and a downward frequency shift.
Lu–H–N Phase Diagram from First-Principles Calculations
Authors: Xie Fankai , Lu Tenglong , Yu Ze , Wang Yaxian , Wang Zongguo , Meng Sheng , Liu Miao
Published: March 2023

Employing a comprehensive structure search and high-throughput first-principles calculation method on 1561 compounds, the present study reveals the phase diagram of Lu–H–N. In detail, the formation energy landscape of Lu–H–N is derived and utilized to assess the thermodynamic stability of each compound that is created via element substitution. The result indicates that there is no stable ternary structure in the Lu–H–N chemical system, however, metastable ternary structures, such as Lu20H2N17 (C2/m) and Lu2H2N (

P

3
¯

m
1

), are observed to have small E
hull (< 100 meV/atom). It is also found that the energy convex hull of the Lu–H–N system shifts its shape when applying hydrostatic pressure up to 10 GPa, and the external pressure stabilizes a couple of binary phases such as LuN9 and Lu10H21. Additionally, interstitial voids in LuH2 are observed, which may explain the formation of Lu10H21 and LuH3–δ
N
ε
. To provide a basis for comparison, x-ray diffraction patterns and electronic structures of some compounds are also presented.
Global ‘zero particle flux-driven’ gyrokinetic analysis of the density profile for a TCV plasma
Authors: Mariani A , Brunner S , Merlo G , Sauter O
Published: March 2023

The tokamak `a configuration variable (TCV) is a small-sized tokamak, where finite size effects (often called ‘rho-star’ or ‘global’ effects) could significantly impact the heat and particle fluxes, leading to discrepancies between gyrokinetic flux-tube results and global ones (McMillan et al 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett.
105 155001). The impact of global effects on the radial profile of the plasma density has been investigated in a previous study for a particular TCV discharge with negligible particle source, satisfying the ‘zero particle flux’ (ZPF) condition. A radially local flux-tube analysis, reconstructing the dependence of the peaking of the density profile on the main physical parameters, invoking the ZPF constraint, was pursued close to mid-radius in (Mariani et al 2018 Phys. Plasmas
25 012313). This analysis was followed by a global one (Mariani et al 2019 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion
61 064005), where local quasi-linear (QL) and nonlinear (NL) results were compared with global simulations, showing small global effects on the density peaking. However, these gradient-driven (GD) global runs considered Krook-type heat and particle sources to keep temperature and density profiles fixed on average, which differ from the experimental radially localized sources. To remove this possible bias on the results, a different evaluation of the density peaking for the same case is performed here, based on global NL hybrid simulations where the temperature profiles are [still] kept fixed with the Krook-type sources, however the density profile relaxes in a flux-driven way (with zero particle source). The new hybrid simulations show a good agreement with the old GD runs. A global QL model is also developed and applied using the output from linear global runs, to estimate ratios of fluxes, showing a good agreement with the flux-tube results of global NL GD simulations. The effect of collisions on the results is also investigated, in order to evaluate their impact on the radial variation of the density peaking.
The unusual distribution of spin-triplet supercurrents in disk-shaped Josephson junctions
Authors: Fermin Remko , Yao Junxiang , Lahabi Kaveh , Aarts Jan
Published: March 2023

The phenomenon of s-wave spin-triplet Cooper pairs induced in ferromagnetic metals has been researched now for more than a decade, and its main aspects are well understood. Crucial in converting s-wave singlet pairs in the superconductor to s-wave triplets in the ferromagnet is the engineering of well-defined magnetic inhomogeneity (the ‘generator’) at the interface with the superconductor. Vertical layer stacks are typically used as such, where two separate thin ferromagnetic layers with homogeneous but non-collinear magnetizations, provide the inhomogeneity. Alternatively, magnetic textures, like ferromagnetic domain walls and vortices, are possible triplet generators, although they are far less studied. In this paper, we review our experiments on lateral disk-shaped Josephson junctions where a ferromagnetic bottom layer provides a weak link with a vortex magnetization imposed by the shape of the disk. We present three different junction configurations, exhibiting their own generator mechanism. In the first, we utilize the non-collinearity with a second ferromagnetic layer to produce the triplet correlations. The second configuration consists of only the bottom ferromagnet and the superconducting contacts; it relies on the vortex magnetization itself to generate the spin-polarized supercurrents. In the third case, we exploit an intrinsic generator by combining a conventional superconductor (NbTi) and a half-metallic ferromagnetic oxide (La0.7Sr0.3MnO3). We find strong supercurrents in all cases. A particularly interesting finding is that the supercurrents are strongly confined at the rims of the device, independent of the generating mechanism, but directly related to their triplet nature. What causes these rim currents remains an open question.
Localization of edge state in acoustic topological insulators by curvature of space
Authors: Quan Jia-Qi , Wu Hong-Wei , Liu Yun-Kai , Xie Peng-Xiang , Sheng Zong-Qiang
Published: March 2023

Topological insulators (TIs) with robust boundary states against perturbations and disorders have boosted intense research in classical systems. In general, two-dimensional (2D) TIs are designed on a flat surface with special boundary to manipulate the wave propagation. In this work, we design a 2D curved acoustic TI by perforation on a curved rigid plate to localize the edge state by means of the geometric potential effect, which provide a unique approach for manipulating waves. We experimentally demonstrate that the topological edge state in the bulk gap is modulated by the curvature of space into a localized mode, and the corresponding pressure distributions are confined at the position with the maximal curvature. Moreover, we experimentally verify the localized edge state is still topologically protected by introducing defects near the localized position. To understand the underlying mechanism for the localization of the topological edge state, a tight-binding model considering the geometric potential effect is proposed. The interaction between the geometrical curvature and topology in the system provides a novel scheme for manipulating and trapping wave propagation along the boundary of curved TIs, thereby offering potential applications in flexible devices.
Numerical integration of stochastic contact Hamiltonian systems via stochastic Herglotz variational principle
Authors: Zhan Qingyi , Duan Jinqiao , Li Xiaofan , Li Yuhong
Published: March 2023

In this work, we establish a stochastic contact variational integrator and its discrete version via stochastic Herglotz variational principle for stochastic contact Hamiltonian systems. A general structure-preserving stochastic contact method is provided to seek the stochastic contact variational integrators. Numerical experiments are performed to verify the validity of this approach.
Transition mechanisms of breather molecules in the Hirota equation
Authors: Zhao Jun-Fei , Wang Lei , Zhou Shuo , Zhao Yin-Chuan
Published: March 2023

The transition dynamics of the breather molecules are investigated for the Hirota equation, which describes the propagation of ultrashort optical pulses in optical fibers. Based on the two-breather solution, the breather molecules and breather complexes are obtained. The half-transition mechanism of the breather molecules is unveiled and a series of the transformed wave molecules and the corresponding complexes are generated. The superposition mechanisms of breather molecules and transformed wave molecules are explained through the nonlinear superposition principle. It should be noted that the full transition of the breather molecules does not exist in the Hirota equation. The effects of the phase parameters on the transformed wave molecules are discussed. Besides, the collisions for breather molecules and transformed wave molecules are investigated. The distances between atoms in the molecules and the shapes of the transformed waves are changed after the collisions. By means of the phase shift analysis, the nature of shape-changed collisions is shed light on. Finally, the stability of the propagation of molecule waves under small perturbations is performed.
Fluctuation-dissipation relation, Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics, equipartition theorem, and stochastic calculus
Authors: Escudero Carlos
Published: March 2023

We derive the fluctuation-dissipation relation and explore its connection with the equipartition theorem and Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics through the use of different stochastic analytical techniques. Our first approach is the theory of backward stochastic differential equations, which arises naturally in this context, and facilitates the understanding of the interplay between these classical results of statistical mechanics. Moreover, it allows to generalize the classical form of the fluctuation-dissipation relation. The second approach consists in deriving forward stochastic differential equations for the energy of an electric system according to both Itô and Stratonovich stochastic calculus rules. While the Itô equation possesses a unique solution, which is the physically relevant one, the Stratonovich equation admits this solution along with infinitely many more, none of which has a physical nature. Despite of this fact, some, but not all of them, obey the fluctuation-dissipation relation and the equipartition of energy.
Nonintegrability of a coupled KdV system: prolongation structure approach
Authors: Wang Zhilan , Zang Liming
Published: March 2023

We apply the Wahlquist-Estabrook prolongation method to a coupled KdV system proposed by Kamata and Nakamula [J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 35(2002) 9657-70]. Under the assumption that the center is trivial, we prove that there exists no non-trivial finite-dimensional representation for the prolongation algebra. In this sense, the nonintegrability of the coupled KdV system is proved.
Recalibration of neuromodulation parameters in neural implants with adaptive Bayesian optimization
Authors: Aiello Giovanna , Valle Giacomo , Raspopovic Stanisa
Published: March 2023

Objective. Neuromodulation technology holds promise for treating conditions where physiological mechanisms of neural activity have been affected. To make treatments efficient and devices highly effective, neurostimulation protocols must be personalized. The interface between the targeted nervous tissue and the neurotechnology (i.e. human-machine link or neural interface) usually requires constant re-calibration of neuromodulation parameters, due to many different biological and microscale phenomena happening over-time. This adaptation of the optimal stimulation parameters generally involves an expert-mediated re-calibration, with corresponding economic burden, compromised every-day usability and efficacy of the device, and consequent loss of time and increased discomfort of patients going back to clinics to get the device tuned. We aim to construct an adaptable AI-based system, able to compensate for these changes autonomously. Approach. We exploited Gaussian process-based Bayesian optimization (GPBO) methods to re-adjust the neurostimulation parameters in realistic neuroprosthetic data by integrating temporal information into the process to tackle the issue of time variability. To this aim, we built a predictive model able to tune the neuromodulation parameters in two separate crucial scenarios where re-calibration is needed. In the first one, we built a model able to find the optimal active sites in a multichannel electrode, i.e. able to cover a certain function for a neuroprosthesis, which in this specific case was the evoked-sensation location variability. In the second one, we propose an algorithm able to adapt the injected charge required to obtain a functional neural activation (e.g. perceptual threshold variability). By retrospectively collecting the outcomes from the calibration experiments in a human clinical trial utilizing implantable neuromodulation devices, we were able to quantitatively assess our GPBO-based approach in an offline setting. Main results. Our automatic algorithm can successfully adapt neurostimulation parameters to evoked-sensation location changes and to perceptual threshold changes over-time. These findings propose a quick, automatic way to tackle the inevitable variability of neurostimulation parameters over time. Upon validation in other frameworks it increases the usability of this technology through decreasing the time and the cost of the treatment supporting the potential for future widespread use. This work suggests the exploitation of AI-based methods for developing the next generation of ‘smart’ neuromodulation devices.
EEG-based classification of imagined digits using a recurrent neural network
Authors: Mahapatra Nrushingh Charan , Bhuyan Prachet
Published: March 2023

Objective. In recent years, imagined speech brain–computer (machine) interface applications have been an important field of study that can improve the lives of patients with speech problems through alternative verbal communication. This study aims to classify the imagined speech of numerical digits from electroencephalography (EEG) signals by exploiting the past and future temporal characteristics of the signal using several deep learning models. Approach. This study proposes a methodological combination of EEG signal processing techniques and deep learning models for the recognition of imagined speech signals. EEG signals were filtered and preprocessed using the discrete wavelet transform to remove artifacts and retrieve feature information. To classify the preprocessed imagined speech neural signals, multiple versions of multilayer bidirectional recurrent neural networks were used. Main results. The method is examined by leveraging MUSE and EPOC signals from MNIST imagined digits in the MindBigData open-access database. The presented methodology’s classification performance accuracy was noteworthy, with the model’s multiclass overall classification accuracy reaching a maximum of 96.18% on MUSE signals and 71.60% on EPOC signals. Significance. This study shows that the proposed signal preprocessing approach and the stacked bidirectional recurrent network model are suitable for extracting the high temporal resolution of EEG signals in order to classify imagined digits, indicating the unique neural identity of each imagined digit class that distinguishes it from the others.
The quantum muon
Authors: Blundell Stephen J
Published: March 2023

Most muon spin rotation (µSR) experiments are based on the coupling between a muon (a quantum, spin-

1
2

particle) and a macroscopic magnetic field, either applied externally (as is often the case for experiments on superconductors) or produced internally (due to, for example, the alignment of spins in an ordered magnet). This article will review some experiments which have exploited this, essentially classical, interaction, but then will consider cases in which a more intrinsically quantum mechanical approach is needed. In these cases, one cannot ignore the back reaction of the muon’s effect on the system it is probing. It can be profitable to consider the muon as a qubit, evaluating the decoherence of quantum information injected by the muon into the environmental spin system. Experiments focussed on this approach are underpinned by DFT+µ calculations (density functional theory with an included muon) and give rise to an excellent agreement between theory and experiment and open up new ways of using the muon as a probe.
Development of a sample cell for Radio Frequency µSR studies of metal nanoparticle systems with surface-adsorbed reactants in mesoporous hosts
Authors: Cottrell S P , Fleming D G
Published: March 2023

We have recently begun an investigation of paramagnetic (free-radical) final states formed on metal nanoparticles by muonium (Mu) reactivity with surface-adsorbed molecules. The nanoparticles are incorporated into mesoporous silica, facilitating specific reaction steps in the silica host that involve H-atom transfer reactions important to studies in heterogeneous catalysis. Radio frequency (RF) methods are an essential tool for characterising final state species in these systems, and a non-metallic sample cell is essential for the RF field to penetrate the sample. Unfortunately, several significant problems were encountered during initial experiments using a cell made from PEEK polymer, the most serious being a temporal instability in the signals likely due to reactant molecules adsorbing on the PEEK. This paper discusses the problems encountered using the PEEK cell, and then considers the development of a ceramic cell designed to give better reproducibility in the measurements. The success of this new cell is demonstrated both through off-line tests and by muon measurements, including a series of TF 2G Mu spin precession measurements verifying the temporal stability of the experimental setup. Finally, an RF cavity was fashioned, and RF measurements made for muons stopped in bare silica, with signals from both diamagnetic and paramagnetic muon states clearly seen.
Search of ultracold muonium generation material: muon spin rotation and relaxation study in SiC
Authors: Pant A. D. , Ishida K. , Koda A. , Matoba S. , Nishimura S. , Kawamura N. , Shimomura K.
Published: March 2023

Ultracold muonium (UCMu) is an important muonium (Mu) source for the generation of ultraslow muon beam for nanotechnological applications and understanding hydrogen dynamics in materials. In order to search for a new solid material for the generation of UCMu in vacuum, we have studied polycrystalline SiC using conventional muon spin rotation and relaxation method at low temperatures (5 K – 300 K). The high relaxation rates of Mu formed deep inside from the surface (full-stop case) and near the rear surface (half-stop case) were observed at low transverse field (TF 1.2 G). The relaxation rates of Mu at different temperatures in full-stop and half-stop cases were found to be the same within error-bars indicating the less possibility of emission of the UCMu from the surface of the SiC. We plan further study in KCl, porous silica, and chevron shaped electron rich microporuos materials.
MuSpinSim: spin dynamics calculations for muon science
Authors: Sturniolo Simone , Liborio Leandro , Chadwick Eli , Thomas Jyothish , Mudaraddi Anish
Published: March 2023

MuSpinSim is a Python software to simulate muon (µSR) experiments. In particular, it simulates the spin dynamics of a system of a muon plus other spins such as electrons and atomic nuclei. MuSpinSim can simulate various common experimental setups used in µSR, such as zero, transverse and longitudinal field experiments; and it can simulate µSR experiments that are resolved in time, field, or temperature. Furthermore, MuSpinSim can account for the effects of hyperfine, dipolar, quadrupolar and Zeeman couplings, as well as simulate quantum systems exchanging energy with the environment with the Lindblad master equation. Finally, MuSpinSim can be used to fit experimental µSR data with simulations that use all of the capabilities described above. In this work, we present the Python package MuSpinSim with all the utilities it provides to facilitate simulations of µSR experiments, and we demonstrate the effectiveness of the method with some chosen example systems.
Target Design of MELODY
Authors: Liu Lei , Vassilopoulos Nikolaos , Bao Yu , Zhang Gang , Chen Cong , Tan Zhixin , He Ning
Published: March 2023

The Muon station for sciEnce, technoLOgy and inDustrY (MELODY) is foreseen to be the first muon source in China and to be located at the China Spallation Neutron Source in Dongguan. The stand-alone target station has been studied for the surface muons and the pions production. In this report, we aim to describe the design of the target station, including the mechanical design, the radiation shielding and optimization of the target in order to provide the highest rates of surface muons and pions to the capture solenoids under certain emittance selections.
Design of the First μSR Spectrometer at China Spallation Neutron Source
Authors: Li Qiang , Pan Ziwen , Bao Yu , Yang Tianyi , Cheng Hui , Li Yang , Hu Haitao , Liang Hao , Ye Bangjiao
Published: March 2023

The Phase II upgrade project of the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) includes the construction of a surface muon beam line and a muon spin rotation/relaxation/resonance (μSR) spectrometer, which will be the first μSR spectrometer built in China. Here, we report the conceptual design of the spectrometer, including the detector arrangement, magnets, sample environment (SE) and sample chamber. Based on the design parameters of the muon beam (1 Hz, 105 μ+/pulse), the spectrometer possesses over 2500 detector units to maximize the counting rate. Three different types of magnets can generate a zero field (ZF), a longitudinal field (LF) within 5000 G, and a transverse field within 400 G. The SE consists of a cryostat and a closed-cycle refrigerator (CCR) to provide temperatures lower than 2 K in the current stage. It has potentials to be updated to 300 mK. The sample chamber is designed with a fly past structure to reduce the background for experiments with small-sized samples.
An experimental procedure to determine quantitative muon Knight shifts
Authors: Hotz Fabian , Arh Tina , Guguchia Zurab , Das Debarchan , Wang Chennan , Gomilsek Matjaž , Zorko Andrej , Luetkens Hubertus
Published: March 2023

Muon Knight-shift measurement are experimentally rather challenging as in most setups one does not have a direct way of measuring the external magnetic field applied to the sample. Here we show, a way to overcome this problem and suggest a suitable sample mounting and correcting scheme. This enables us to quantitatively determine the correct Knight-shift values even in extreme sample environments where a separate measurement of the externally applied magnetic field by means of NMR or additional µSR is not feasible or practical.
8Li Spin Relaxation as a Probe of the Modification of Molecular Dynamics by Inelastic Deformation of Glassy Polystyrene
Authors: Fujimoto D , Brazil O , Oliver WC , Jadidi MF , Sinnott A , McKenzie I , Chatzichristos A , Dehn MH , Karner VL , Kiefl RF , Levy CDP , Li R , McFadden RML , Morris GD , Pearson MR , Stachura M , Ticknor JO , MacFarlane WA , Cross GLW
Published: March 2023

The molecular dynamics of inelastic strain in glasses remains poorly understood, in contrast to the plasticity of crystalline materials that is well-characterized by measurements of dislocation activity. We report initial results on a 300 nm thick atactic polystyrene film undergoing plastic strain in its glassy state. This physical modification was applied by nanoimprint stamping with a 1 mm ultra-smooth spherical die to induce a stress exceeding mechanical yield (0.8% residual strain). Using 8Li implanted-ion βNMR, we monitor the spin-lattice relaxation to infer depth-resolved rates of molecular dynamics. We find a significant change in the bulk molecular dynamics of the imprinted film (away from the surface) compared to an identically prepared control film. The relaxation is ∼ 20% slower in the film left densified by imprinting. We expect this relaxation to be coupled to the motion of the phenyl side rings; wherein slower dynamics due to densification is reasonable, as tighter packing should increase the energy barrier to molecular motion. In addition, we see an increase in the apparent thickness of a nanometric mobile surface layer, but this may be an artefact of surface roughening caused by imprinting.
Mixed-valence hydrides at [FeFe]-hydrogenase active site mimics
Authors: Wright Joseph A , Madlool Atheer M , Cottrell Stephen P
Published: March 2023

The number of methods to study transient paramagnetic hydrides at organometallic centres is extremely limited. The reactivity of {2Fe2S} centres with protons to produce both diamagnetic and paramagnetic systems is of central interest in developing novel catalysts for hydrogen production, inspired by the [FeFe]-hydrogenase enzymes. Here, we show how a combination of spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques is allowing access to detail of the reactivity of key species on these pathways. Electron paramagnetic resonance and infra-red spectroelectrochemical approaches have been used to observe the reduction of pre-generated diamagnetic hydrides. In contrast, avoided level crossing muon spin resonance (ALC-µSR) has been used to form the open-shell species directly and to examine the formation of short-lived intermediates in the reaction process. The combination of these techniques suggests the involvement of terminal hydrides or CO-protonation states on the pathway to the isolable bridging hydride products.
Unfolding slow muon depth profiles with universal range distributions
Authors: Ribeiro Eduardo F M , Vilão Rui C , Alberto Helena V , Gil João M , Weidinger Alois
Published: March 2023

The analysis of depth-dependent data of thin film semiconductor heterostructures is discussed in this work. The data is obtained by varying muon implantation energy, E, using the Low-Energy Muon (LEM) facility at PSI, Switzerland. Since the measurement method has a finite resolution, unfolding of the measured profile with the resolution function is required. The unfolding can be performed in the real space (that is in depth variable x), using range distribution function, P(x, E), obtained by Monte Carlo simulations. As will be shown, it is much simpler to perform the unfolding in the implantation energy space and to transform the results afterwards into real space. This simplifies the analysis considerably, since the universal range distributions can be used, independent of the specific sample.
8Li βNMR studies of Epitaxial Thin Films of the 3D topological Dirac semimetal Sr3SnO
Authors: MacFarlane W A , Oudah M , McFadden R M L , Huang D , Chatzichristos A C , Fujimoto D , Karner V L , Kiefl R F , Levy C D P , Li R , McKenzie I , Morris G D , Pearson M R , Stachura M , Ticknor J O , Thoeng E , Nakamura H , Takagi H
Published: March 2023

The inverse perovskite Sr3SnO is a 3D cubic Dirac semimetal with a very small energy gap[1]. Its unusual electronic structure confers a variety of novel properties, such as chiral topological surface states, and very strong itinerant electron orbital magnetism. Remarkably, when doped it also becomes superconducting[2]. In the lowest carrier density samples, the Fermi level lies close to the Dirac points, and orbital magnetism is maximal. Here we report the results of ion-implanted 8Li+
βNMR in Au-capped epitaxial thin films of Sr3SnO as a function of carrier content. In addition, we stop the 8Li in the Au overlayer to seek proximal evidence of the chiral surface state.

In high magnetic field (6.55 T), we find remarkably little contrast in spin-lattice relaxation (SLR) between low carrier density Sr3SnO and the Au overlayer. In the inverse perovskite layer, 1/T
1 ∼ 0.14 s-1, slightly faster than Au at 300 K, while in the overlayer, there is a small but systematic enhancement in 1/T
1 compared to a control film of Au. The resonance in the Sr3SnO layer is broad with a long tail towards negative shift without resolved quadrupolar splitting.