bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The renin-angiotensin system and the third mechanism of renal blood flow autoregulation
Authors: Seeliger Erdmann , Wronski Thomas , Ladwig Mechthild , Dobrowolski Leszek , Vogel Torsten , Godes Michael , Persson Pontus B. , Flemming Bert
Published: April 2009

Autoregulation of renal blood flow comprises three mechanisms: the myogenic response (MR), the tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF), and a third mechanism (3M). The nature of 3M is unknown; it may be related to hypotensive resetting of autoregulation that probably relies on pressure-dependent stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Thus we used a normotensive angiotensin II clamp in anesthetized rats and studied autoregulation 1) by slow ramp-shaped reductions in renal perfusion pressure (RPP) followed by ramp-shaped RPP restorations and 2) by means of the step response technique: after 30 s of either total or partial suprarenal aortic occlusion, a step increase in RPP was made and the response of renal vascular conductance analyzed to assess the mechanisms' strength and initial direction (vasodilation or constriction). The angiotensin clamp abolished the resetting of autoregulation during ramp-shaped RPP changes. Under control conditions, the initial TGF response was dilatory after total occlusions but constrictive after partial occlusions. The initial 3M response presented a mirror image to the TGF: it was constrictive after total but dilatory after partial occlusions. The angiotensin clamp suppressed the TGF and turned the initial 3M response following total occlusions into dilation. We conclude that 1) pressure-dependent RAS stimulation is a major cause behind hypotensive resetting of autoregulation, 2) TGF sensitivity strongly depends on pressure-dependent changes in RAS activity, 3) the 3M is modulated, but not mediated, by the RAS, and 4) the 3M acts as a counterbalance to the TGF and might possibly be related to the recently described connecting tubule glomerular feedback.
Characterizations of urinary sediments precipitated after freezing and their effects on urinary protein and chemical analyses
Authors: Saetun Putita , Semangoen Tistaya , Thongboonkerd Visith
Published: April 2009

One of the obstacles in analyzing frozen urine samples is the formation of uncharacterized precipitates. Frequently, these precipitates are discarded before analysis. Some laboratory data may be erroneous if these precipitates contain important compounds. In the present study, we examined urinary sediments precipitated after overnight storage at −20°C. Although cells and debris were removed before freezing, the precipitates remained, whereas storing the centrifuged urine overnight at 4°C did not result in precipitate formation. There were no significant differences observed among 10 healthy individuals (5 men and 5 women). EDTA (5 mM) could efficiently reduce the amount of precipitates to ∼25% of the initial amount. The addition of exogenous CaCl2, but not sodium oxalate and NaCl, significantly increased the amount of precipitates in a dose-dependent manner. Linear regression analysis revealed a significant correlation between endogenous urinary calcium level and the amount of precipitates ( r = 0.894; P < 0.001). Urine pH also had some effects on the type and amount of precipitates. These precipitates were composed mainly of calcium oxalate dihydrate and amorphous calcium crystals. The results also showed that these precipitates could deplete urinary proteins and calcium ions (23.6 ± 1.1% decrease). Therefore, these freezer-induced urinary sediments significantly affect protein analysis and measurement of calcium levels in the urine. However, vigorous shaking of the sample at room temperature could redissolve these precipitates. Our data strongly indicate that these freezer-induced precipitates must be taken into account when the frozen urine samples are analyzed.
Inspiration regulates the rate and temporal pattern of lung liquid clearance and lung aeration at birth
Authors: Siew Melissa L. , Wallace Megan J. , Kitchen Marcus J. , Lewis Robert A. , Fouras Andreas , te Pas Arjan B. , Yagi Naoto , Uesugi Kentaro , Siu Karen K. W. , Hooper Stuart B.
Published: April 2009

At birth, the initiation of pulmonary gas exchange is dependent on air entry into the lungs, and recent evidence indicates that pressures generated by inspiration may be involved. We have used simultaneous plethysmography and phase-contrast X-ray imaging to investigate the contribution of inspiration and expiratory braking maneuvers (EBMs) to lung aeration and the formation of a functional residual capacity (FRC) after birth. Near-term rabbit pups ( n = 26) were delivered by cesarean section, placed in a water plethysmograph, and imaged during the initiation of spontaneous breathing. Breath-by-breath changes in lung gas volumes were measured using plethysmography and visualized using phase-contrast X-ray imaging. Pups rapidly (1–5 breaths) generate a FRC (16.2 ± 1.2 ml/kg) by inhaling a greater volume than they expire (by 2.9 ± 0.4 ml·kg−1·breath−1 over the first 5 breaths). As a result, 94.8 ± 1.4% of lung aeration occurred during inspiration over multiple breaths. The incidence of EBMs was rare early during lung aeration, with most (>80%) occurring after >80% of max FRC was achieved. Although EBMs were associated with an overall increase in FRC, 34.8 ± 5.3% of EBMs were associated with a decrease in FRC. We conclude that lung aeration is predominantly achieved by inspiratory efforts and that EBMs help to maintain FRC following its formation.
The Global Signal and Observed Anticorrelated Resting State Brain Networks
Authors: Fox Michael D. , Zhang Dongyang , Snyder Abraham Z. , Raichle Marcus E.
Published: April 2009

Resting state studies of spontaneous fluctuations in the functional MRI (fMRI) blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal have shown great promise in mapping the brain's intrinsic, large-scale functional architecture. An important data preprocessing step used to enhance the quality of these observations has been removal of spontaneous BOLD fluctuations common to the whole brain (the so-called global signal). One reproducible consequence of global signal removal has been the finding that spontaneous BOLD fluctuations in the default mode network and an extended dorsal attention system are consistently anticorrelated, a relationship that these two systems exhibit during task performance. The dependence of these resting-state anticorrelations on global signal removal has raised important questions regarding the nature of the global signal, the validity of global signal removal, and the appropriate interpretation of observed anticorrelated brain networks. In this study, we investigate several properties of the global signal and find that it is, indeed, global, not residing preferentially in systems exhibiting anticorrelations. We detail the influence of global signal removal on resting state correlation maps both mathematically and empirically, showing an enhancement in detection of system-specific correlations and improvement in the correspondence between resting-state correlations and anatomy. Finally, we show that several characteristics of anticorrelated networks including their spatial distribution, cross-subject consistency, presence with modified whole brain masks, and existence before global regression are not attributable to global signal removal and therefore suggest a biological basis.
Tonic Central and Sensory Stimuli Facilitate Involuntary Air-Stepping in Humans
Authors: Selionov V. A. , Ivanenko Y. P. , Solopova I. A. , Gurfinkel V. S.
Published: April 2009

Air-stepping can be used as a model for investigating rhythmogenesis and its interaction with sensory input. Here we show that it is possible to entrain involuntary rhythmic movement patterns in healthy humans by using different kinds of stimulation techniques. The subjects lay on their sides with one or both legs suspended, allowing low-friction horizontal rotation of the limb joints. To evoke involuntary stepping of the suspended leg, either we used continuous muscle vibration, electrical stimulation of the superficial peroneal or sural nerves, the Jendrassik maneuver, or we exploited the postcontraction state of neuronal networks (Kohnstamm phenomenon). The common feature across all stimulations was that they were tonic. Air-stepping could be elicited by most techniques in about 50% of subjects and involved prominent movements at the hip and the knee joint (∼40–70°). Typically, however, the ankle joint was not involved. Minimal loading forces (4–25 N) applied constantly to the sole (using a long elastic cord) induced noticeable (∼5–20°) ankle-joint-angle movements. The aftereffect of a voluntary long-lasting (30-s) contraction in the leg muscles featured alternating rhythmic leg movements that lasted for about 20–40 s, corresponding roughly to a typical duration of the postcontraction activity in static conditions. The Jendrassik maneuver per se did not evoke air-stepping. Nevertheless, it significantly prolonged rhythmic leg movements initiated manually by an experimenter or by a short (5-s) period of muscle vibration. Air-stepping of one leg could be evoked in both forward and backward directions with frequent spontaneous transitions, whereas involuntary alternating two-legged movements were more stable (no transitions). The hypothetical role of tonic influences, contact forces, and bilateral coordination in rhythmogenesis is discussed. The results overall demonstrated that nonspecific tonic drive may cause air-stepping and the characteristics and stability of the evoked pattern depended on the sensory input.
A Programmable Receiver for Communication Systems and Its Application to Impulse Radio
Authors: Merz Roman , Botteron Cyril , Chastellain Frédéric , Farine Pierre-André
Published: April 2009

The design of a programmable receiver for an ultra wideband (UWB) communication is presented. The receiver is using a fast analog to digital converter (ADC) and a field programmable gate array (FPGA) allowing a rapid performance evaluation for various system architectures and signal processing algorithms. To demonstrate the performance and the versatility of the receiver, a simple communication system and a localization system are implemented. The accuracy of the latter is presented for an indoor environment.
Xenopus W-Linked DM-W Induces Foxl2 and Cyp19 Expression during Ovary Formation
Authors: Okada E. , Yoshimoto S. , Ikeda N. , Kanda H. , Tamura K. , Shiba T. , Takamatsu N. , Ito M.
Published: April 2009

The molecular mechanisms of vertebrate ZZ/ZW-type sex-determining systems remain unclear. We recently indicated that a W-linked gene, DM-W is a likely ovary-determining gene in Xenopus laevis. We first examined whether Cyp19 for estrogen-synthesizing enzyme P450 aromatase and Foxl2 showed female-specific expression in developing gonads. Both genes showed much higher expression in ZW than in ZZ gonads during and after sex determination. Importantly, transgenic ZZ gonads expressing exogenous DM-W at the sex-determining stage showed a ZW-type pattern of Cyp19 and Foxl2 expression. These results suggest that DM-W up-regulates Cyp19 and Foxl2 expression to guide primary ovary development in X. laevis.
Update on Ultrasound Techniques for the Diagnosis of Cerebral Ischemia
Authors: Martínez-Sánchez Patricia , Serena Joaquín , Alexandrov Andrei V. , Fuentes Blanca , Fernández-Domínguez Jessica , Díez-Tejedor Exuperio
Published: April 2009

Ultrasound (US) techniques increase the ability of neurologists specializing in stroke to rapidly evaluate stroke patients, determine likely mechanisms of brain ischemia, determine arterial patency, quantify stenosis severity, and determine the most appropriate clinical management. Furthermore, the development of new US techniques based on the detection of US contrast agents may permit the evaluation of cerebral microcirculation and the identification of regions of angiogenesis, inflammation and thrombus during brain ischemia.
Evaluating the Carotid Plaque: Going beyond Stenosis
Authors: Chalela J.A.
Published: April 2009

Background: Carotid disease is an important cause of ischemic stroke. Traditionally, therapeutic efforts in carotid disease have been aimed at identifying carotid stenosis in symptomatic patients and treating high-grade stenosis. New research suggests that identifying the vulnerable plaque in symptomatic or asymptomatic patients may be a more rational approach for the prevention of ischemic events. Methods: The author reviews some key references on identification of the vulnerable carotid plaque using different imaging modalities and using biochemical markers. The potential applications of such tools are discussed. Results: Carotid ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance angiography can help identify plaque features associated with the so-called vulnerable plaque. Carotid ultrasound is the most widely studied modality and the easiest to perform and interpret. Concomitant measurement of serum biochemical markers associated with atherosclerosis, inflammation, and thrombosis may help identify the vulnerable carotid plaque. Conclusions: A multimodal approach to studying the carotid plaque appears to be a promising tool in identifying vulnerable carotid plaques. The current literature suggests that in addition to the degree of stenosis other imaging and biochemical findings have important clinical significance.
Inflammatory and Neuroimmunomodulatory Changes in Acute Cerebral Ischemia
Authors: Brea David , Sobrino Tomás , Ramos-Cabrer Pedro , Castillo José
Published: April 2009

Neuronal death produced by cerebral ischemia activates innate immunity by Toll-like receptors and triggers inflammatory response. This response is necessary to remove cell debris and to start regenerative process. However, inflammatory response could exacerbate cerebral damage and it is involved in secondary brain damage. Therefore, organisms have developed different mechanisms to regulate inflammatory response. An accurate balance between inflammation and anti-inflammation is necessary to assure the removal of cell debris and to avoid secondary cell damage. New therapeutic targets could be designed to obtain a correct modulation of the immune system and to reduce cerebral brain damage after cerebral ischemia. In this paper, we review the function of the immune system in cerebral ischemia, particularly inflammation and immunomodulation.
Extreme Elevation of Serum Growth Hormone-Binding Protein Concentrations Resulting from a Novel Heterozygous Splice Site Mutation of the Growth Hormone Receptor Gene
Authors: Aalbers Anna M. , Chin Daisy , Pratt Katherine L. , Little Brian M. , Frank Stuart J. , Hwa Vivian , Rosenfeld Ron G.
Published: April 2009

Background/Aims: Circulating growth hormone-binding protein (GHBP), in humans, is the proteolytic product of the growth hormone receptor (GHR). We investigated a prepubertal male subject who was of short stature, but who had a markedly elevated serum level of GHBP. Methods: Serum and DNA from the patient and his mother were analyzed. Results: Both the patient and mother had serum GHBP concentrations over 100-fold higher than normal, by assays, and Western and ligand blot analysis. Sequencing of the GHR gene revealed a novel heterozygous C>A transversion at position 785-3 in the acceptor splice site of intron 7. Conclusion: In silico analysis of the altered sequence suggested that 785-3(C>A) is a splicing mutation, with either retention of intron 7 or the skipping of exon 8. The consequence is a truncated GHR lacking the transmembrane domain (encoded by exon 8) and the cytoplasmic domain. We hypothesize that this GHR variant cannot anchor to the cell membrane, and the continual secretion into the circulation explains the elevated levels of serum GHBP detected in the patient and his mother. Despite this mutation, the presence of the wild-type GHR allele, presumably, permits some normality in GH-induced action.
Variations in Circulating Osteoprotegerin and Soluble RANKL during Diurnal and Menstrual Cycles in Young Women
Authors: Shimizu Mayumi , Onoe Yoshiko , Mikumo Miho , Miyabara Yuko , Kuroda Tatsuhiko , Yoshikata Remi , Ishitani Ken , Okano Hiroya , Ohta Hiroaki
Published: April 2009

Background/Aims:Physiological bone turnover shows diurnal variations and changes within the menstrual cycle. The aim of this study was to assess the variability of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and soluble RANKL (sRANKL) serum levels during diurnal and menstrual cycles. Method: Blood was collected from 15 young women at 6-hour intervals between 08.00 and 20.00 h during the follicular phase. Moreover, to compare the follicular and luteal phases, blood was also collected at 14.00 h during the luteal phase. Serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP), N-telopeptide of type I collagen (NTX), OPG and free sRANKL were measured. Results: No diurnal variations in BAP, OPG, sRANKL and sRANKL/OPG ratio were detected. NTX was significantly higher in the morning than in the afternoon and at night (p = 0.02). There were no menstrual variations in either. Conclusions: The consistent absence of diurnal variations in circulating OPG and sRANKL levels may reflect the absence of diurnal variation in their expression in the bone microenvironment. In this case, the nocturnal rise and the fall in bone resorption in the luteal phase should be accounted for by other factors than RANKL/OPG-mediated factors. Timing of sampling is unlikely to influence the results of circulating OPG and sRANKL measurement.
Impact of Aromatase Inhibitor Therapy on Bone Turnover, Cortical Bone Growth and Vertebral Morphology in Pre- and Peripubertal Boys with Idiopathic Short Stature
Authors: Hero Matti , Mäkitie Outi , Kröger Heikki , Nousiainen Elina , Toiviainen-Salo Sanna , Dunkel Leo
Published: April 2009

In this randomized placebo-controlled study we examined the influence of aromatase inhibition on bone turnover, cortical bone growth, and vertebral body morphology in peripubertal boys. Thirty peripubertal boys with idiopathic short stature were treated with the aromatase inhibitor letrozole or placebo for 2 years. During treatment and posttreatment follow-up, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-assessed bone mineral density, metacarpal index (MCI), and markers of bone turnover were examined. Vertebral morphology was examined by DXA after cessation of treatment. In letrozole-treated boys, the concentrations of the bone resorption marker urine aminoterminal telopeptide of type I collagen initially increased and thereafter slowly declined while the concentrations of the bone formation markers serum aminoterminal propeptide of type I collagen and serum alkaline phosphatase remained unchanged or slightly increased, respectively. In placebo-treated boys, all markers of bone turnover increased significantly during treatment. Among those who progressed into puberty, metacarpal index (MCI) increased more in the letrozole-treated than in the placebo-treated boys during treatment (25 vs. 9%, p = 0.007). The change in MCI correlated with the testosterone-to-estradiol ratio (r = 0.59, p = 0.02). Vertebral deformities were detected in 6 out of 13 boys receiving letrozole and in 4 out of 11 receiving placebo (p = 0.70). Aromatase inhibition suppresses bone turnover, possibly through an androgen-mediated effect. In pubertal boys, treatment stimulates cortical bone growth by increasing the testosterone-to-estradiol ratio.
Isolation and Characterization of Densonucleosis Virus from Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes and Its Distribution in India
Authors: Sivaram A. , Barde P.V. , Kumar S.R.P. , Yadav P. , Gokhale M.D. , Basu A. , Mourya D.T.
Published: April 2009

Objectives: Mosquito densonucleosis viruses (DNVs) are known to persistently infect the insect cell line and mosquito population in nature, causing mortality in mosquitoes. Here we report the isolation and characterization of a DNV from Aedes aegypti and its distribution among different Ae. aegypti populations from India. Methods: We screened Ae. aegypti mosquito populations from different states of India by PCR. Virus isolation and purification was performed using a cesium chloride gradient from a positive mosquito colony. Characterization of this isolate was carried out by electron microscopy, Western blot and sequencing. Results: Electron microscopy showed the presence of parvovirus-like particles, and Western blot showed the presence of 2 viral proteins of 40 and 41 kDa. A total of 3,776 bases of genome were sequenced, which included a 3′UTR of 128 bases, a coding region of 3,507 bases and a 5′UTR of 141 bases. Three open reading frames (ORFs) were identified and characterized. The NIVDNV genome showed 95% similarity with Culex pipiens pallens DNV and 93% similarity with Ae. aegypti DNV. Conclusion: Phylogenetic analysis of all 3 ORFs showed that this new isolate falls in the lineage of Brevidensovirus along with other mosquito DNVs.
Prenatal Diagnosis of a Spontaneous Monochorionic Five-Amniotic Quintuplet Pregnancy
Authors: Arabin Birgit
Published: April 2009

Objectives: It is the aim of this study to report on the prenatal diagnosis and course of a spontaneous monochorionic (MC) 5-amniotic (5A) quintuplet pregnancy which is such a rare event that it has up to now never been described antenatally. Case Report: A spontaneous MC 5A quintuplet pregnancy was diagnosed at 12 weeks by 2D ultrasound. Video tapes (2D and 4D) were made showing that 2D ultrasound still better documented simultaneous visualization of all quintuplets including their activities compared with 4D ultrasound, which, however, adds the information of space location. Variances of crown-rump length, nuchal translucency and nasal bone were evaluated. After informed consent and a second opinion of 2 centers performing invasive laser coagulation or occlusion of the umbilical cord, the parents decided to interrupt pregnancy. Pathologic evaluation confirmed MC 5A quintuplet pregnancy. Conclusion: The case demonstrates that splitting of 1 zygote into 5 embryos might even occur spontaneously. In view of the poor outcome and limited success of fetal reduction, pregnancy termination was finally part of the counseling.
Evaluation of Transcranial Color-Coded Duplex Sonography for Cerebral Artery Stenosis or Occlusion
Authors: Hou Wei Hua , Liu Xi , Duan Yun You , Wang Jia , Sun Si Guo , Deng Jian Ping , Qin Huai Zhou , Cao Tie Sheng
Published: April 2009

Backgroundand Purpose: Cerebral artery stenosis or occlusion is the most common etiological factor in patients with acute cerebral ischemia, but the rate of early diagnosis is low. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of transcranial color-coded sonography (TCCS) for cerebral artery stenosis with digital subtraction angiography used as the gold standard of reference. Methods: Seventy-eight patients who were suspected of cerebrovascular disease were involved in the study. Major cerebral arteries were observed through the transcranial echo window by TCCS. The course, shape of the color blood beam and velocity were given special attention. The hemodynamic parameter was measured and analyzed. The findings of TCCS were compared with the results of digital subtraction angiography, according to a double-blind design. A 4-fold table was used as the statistical analysis method to evaluate TCCS. The indexes included sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and false-positive rate. Results: Imaging of TCCS revealed that the blood flow beam narrowed where the artery had stenosis and looked like girdling. The velocity of the foci increased abnormally, while the velocity before and after the foci decreased. Severe stenosis and the long stenotic segment may show discontinuity of the blood flow beam. The velocity of the foci did not noticeably increase or decrease. The blood flow beam of the occlusive artery cannot be seen and the frequency spectrum cannot be obtained, but the other artery was well visualized at the same time. Analysis of the diagnostic value of TCCS according to the 4-fold table included the validity index, with a sensitivity, specificity, false-positive rate, false-negative rate, accuracy, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio and Youden index of 72.9%, 82.9%, 17.1%, 27.0%, 78.2%, 79.4%, 77.3%, 4.3, 0.3 and 0.56, respectively. The reliability index included the agreement rate and κ value, which were 78.2% and 0.56, respectively. Conclusions: TCCS could be considered a valuable method for the screening diagnosis of cerebral artery stenosis or occlusion.
Genetic Ablation of Drosophila Phagocytes Reveals Their Contribution to Both Development and Resistance to Bacterial Infection
Authors: Defaye Arnaud , Evans Iwan , Crozatier Michèle , Wood Will , Lemaitre Bruno , Leulier François
Published: April 2009

Drosophila phagocytes participate in development and immune responses through their abilities to perform phagocytosis and/or secrete extra-cellular matrix components, antimicrobial peptides, clotting factors and signalling molecules. However, our knowledge of their functional impact on development and host resistance to infection is limited. To address this, we have used a genetic cell ablation strategy to generate Drosophila individuals lacking functional phagocytes. Our results highlight the essential contribution of phagocytes to embryonic development including central nervous system morphogenesis. Phagocytes also ensure optimal viability during post-embryonic development through immune functions. The use of phagocyte-depleted flies reveals the contribution of phagocytes in the resistance of Drosophila adults upon systemic infections with specific bacteria. Phagocytes were not involved in the expression of antimicrobial peptides by the fat body indicating a clear separation between cellular and humoral immune responses at this stage. Finally, we confirm that phagocytosis is a critical effector mechanism of the cellular arm by demonstrating that phagocytosis contributes to resistance to infection with Staphylococcus aureus in adults. Our results highlight the power of this cell ablation strategy to reveal the contribution of phagocytes to specific biological processes. We now provide a blueprint of phagocyte importance during both development and innate immune responses in Drosophila.
Topical Application of Dithranol on Normal Skin Induces Epidermal Hyperproliferation and Increased Ks8.12 Binding
Authors: de Zwart A.J. , de Jongm E.M.G.J. , van de Kerkhof P.C.M.
Published: April 2009

Although dithranol has been used for 75 years in the treatment of psoriasis, its working mechanism is still not resolved. In order to further define the mode of action of dithranol, the interference with normal skin was studied. The effect of dithranol on epidermal proliferation, keratinization and inflammation was examined using immunohistochemistry. Punch biopsies from 6 volunteers who applied dithranol 0.5% in petrolatum were taken before application, after 48 and 96 h. Biopsies were processed for assessing epidermal proliferation by Ki67 binding (cycling cells), for keratinization by Ks8.12 binding (keratin 13 and 16, keratin 16 is expressed by hyperproliferative keratinocytes) and RKSE60 binding (keratin 10). For assessing inflammation the antibodies antielastase (polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN)), T11 (T lymphocytes, CD2), T6 (Langerhans cells, CD1a) and WT14 (monocytes/macrophages, CD 14) were used. Ki-67 staining started to increase between 48 and 96h whereas Ks8.12 binding had increased already between 0 and 48 h. RKSE60 staining showed a decline between 48 and 96 h. Inflammation in the dermis showed an increase after 48 h, and continued to increase. In the inflammatory infiltrate, the accumulation of PMN was limited compared to the pronounced infiltration of T lymphocytes. Langerhans cell shape and epidermal position altered in 4 volunteers. Application of dithranol on normal skin produces analogies and discrepancies compared to application of dithranol on psoriatic lesions. Direct interference with epidermal growth and differentiation seems less likely as the antipsoriatic principle.
Angiotensinergic Regulation of Autonomic and Neuroendocrine Outputs: Critical Roles for the Subfornical Organ and Paraventricular Nucleus
Authors: Ferguson Alastair V.
Published: April 2009

Considerable recent work has focused on identifying the mechanisms through which circulating angiotensin II acts in the central nervous system (CNS) to control a variety of different autonomic and neuroendocrine effectors. The following review will focus on work identifying the subfornical organ (SFO), and its efferent projections to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), as a critical component of the CNS circuitry activated by circulating angiotensin II. It will also summarize the current knowledge describing cellular mechanisms through which this peptide controls the excitability of both SFO and PVN neurons.
Europeanization, Education, and School Curricula
Authors: Haus Leah
Published: April 2009

One might expect governments to react to deepening European integration since the mid-1980s by updating national school curricula in social science subjects such as history and geography so as to reflect the new realities. France has done so, whereas England has not. This study asks how one explains this variation in outcome. Established explanations for why Britain has been a more reluctant European than France on other issues provide a useful starting point. However, a more thorough explanation for the outcome on this issue is gained by instead looking at the role of historical legacies in education (“laissez-faire” and decentralization in England and “faire” and centralization in France) that date back to the beginnings of the spread of mass education in the 19th century. These unique national legacies served as a prism through which Europeanization was filtered, and this contributes to an understanding for the variation in contemporary curricula content.
The National High School Orchestra 1926—1938
Authors: Hash Phillip M.
Published: April 2009

The purpose of this study was to document the history of the National High School Orchestra (NHSO), a select ensemble organized by Joseph E. Maddy under the auspices of the Music Supervisors' National Conference during the 1920s and 1930s. Research questions examined the orchestra's (1) origin, performances, and operation; (2) instrumentation and repertoire; (3) influence on music education; and (4) implications for modern practice. The first NHSO was assembled for the 1926 meeting of the Music Supervisors' National Conference in Detroit, Michigan. Initially led by Maddy, this ensemble was reorganized in 1927, 1928, 1930, 1932, and 1938. The NHSO helped promote instrumental music education through conference performances, radio broadcasts, and concerts presented throughout the country. This organization also demonstrated the potential of high school musicians and served as a basis for the NHSO Camp—the institution known today as the Interlochen Center for the Arts.
The Soul of a Polarized Democracy
Authors: Binder Andrew R. , Dalrymple Kajsa E. , Brossard Dominique , Scheufele Dietram A.
Published: April 2009

This study explores the relationships between discussion networks and the development of extreme attitudes toward stem cell research during the 2004 presidential election. The authors test competing theoretical models that address discrepancies in previous attitude polarization research—whether interpersonal discussion leads to attitude extremity or extremity leads to discussion, within the deliberating American public. Using data from a nationwide mail panel survey carried out between 2002 and 2005, the authors explore within-wave and between-wave causal paths, revealing patterns difficult to discern in cross-sectional survey or lab experimental designs. Our findings show that political talk plays a substantial role in shaping and polarizing attitudes on stem cell research, with discussion in networks composed of like-minded others leading directly to the development of extreme attitudes.
Politics of Personal Law in India
Authors: Ghosh Partha S.
Published: April 2009

Focusing explicitly on a political science perspective, this article argues that the inter-communal politics of personal law debates in India can be seen as a politically navigated form of identity construction. Specifically the Hindu–Muslim debates demonstrate that today, such contested matters of identity are not merely debated within national boundaries but have also taken on global dimensions which need to be accounted for. Inter-communal politics evidently have important implications for electoral politics, but manipulations of personal laws run the risk of making bad politics.
Meaning, Internalization, and Externalization
Authors: Le Cornu Alison
Published: April 2009

The study of the process of reflection has a dignified history. However, few have linked reflection to the development of the self in such a way that the form of reflection is understood to influence the resultant type of self. This article explores the process of reflection using a framework of meaning making, internalization, and externalization to argue that reflection directly impacts on the development of the self. It draws links between the Western emphasis on critical reflection and the autonomous, independent self typical of Western cultures, and turns to the field of adult Christian, or religious, education to identify two alternative forms of reflection as well as types of self. It proposes a working model of the process of reflection in which the self is seen to be formed by both internalization and externalization and the way in which reflection takes place.
Imogene M. King's Scholars Reflect on Her Wisdom and Influence on Nursing Science
Authors: Clarke Pamela N. , Killeen Mary B. , Messmer Patricia R. , Leibold Sieloff Christina
Published: April 2009

Reflections on the impact of the work of great leaders are vital for both scientists and practitioners to gain important perspectives on the progress of the evolution of the discipline. Recognizing the influence of a particular theorist's impact is particularly important at the time of death, which is the time where the development of a particular theory moves from the originator to the followers. This column serves as a tribute to Imogene M. King, and is dedicated to her wisdom in promoting the conceptual system she developed.
Leadership and Ethics in Nurse-Nurse Relationships
Authors: Milton Constance L.
Published: April 2009

Qualities of nursing leadership may be reflected in the patterns of relating illuminated through communications between interdependent members of a discipline and interdisciplinary professional healthcare relationships. Authority and responsibility in leading-following reside with the designated leader. However, there is power with person in situation with the ever-present possibility of conflict. The author in this column will begin a discussion of conflict in nurse-nurse relationships and offer questions for straight thinking regarding the ethics of leading-following situations with nurse-nurse relationships from a humanbecoming nursing theoretical perspective.
Gleaning Wisdom in the Research on Caring
Authors: Purnell Marguerite J.
Published: April 2009

Light is the metaphor for wisdom; we seek and turn toward light as we seek and reach for wisdom, personally and professionally. The purpose of human life is, as Jung noted, kindling the light of meaning to illuminate the darkness. Nursing caring, focusing on the wholeness of persons regardless of life experiences, events, or circumstances, is intimately bound with wisdom, acquired both professionally and personally. In order to glean the wisdom reflected in current nursing research on caring, the author reviewed studies conducted from 2003 to 2008. Only a sampling of the 99 studies found are included here. Patients, students, nurse leaders, and administrators were asked what caring means and how it can be improved; ways to measure and evaluate caring were tested. This body of work can be used to enlighten nurses on the process of caring and how we teach our students to care.
The Substantive Theory of Surviving on the Margin of a Profession
Authors: Etowa Josephine B. , Sethi Sarla , Thompson-Isherwood Roxie
Published: April 2009

Using the grounded theory method, a substantive theory of surviving on the margin of a profession emerged as the core variable that explains the patterns of behavior of black nurses in Canada. Data were collected through audiotaped in-depth interviews of 20 black nurses. The three phases of this theory are realizing, surviving, and thriving and the three critical transitions points are the center, the margin, and the proving ground. The phases and transitions points, as well as the conditions that influence variations in the theory are the focus of this paper. These conditions include racism, diversity, and worklife issues such as healthy workplaces.
The Nurse-Patient Relationship as a Caring Relationship
Authors: Granados Gámez Genoveva
Published: April 2009

Studies regarding healthcare professionals and patient relationships were found to be few in the review completed by this author. Moreover, there are fewer still that analyze the role of nurse professionals as agents in the relationship. The author of this column approaches the nurse-patient relationship from the framework of the general systems theory and shows the need to further study and clarify the function of different elements in the nurse-patient relationship as it occurs in daily practice, and in patients' expectations.
Digging to Survive
Authors: Lahiri-Dutt Kuntala
Published: April 2009

The global trend of the informalisation of women's work is also evident in what is commonly known as artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) practices. Small mines and quarries are extremely diverse in nature, but comprise a repository of extremely poor people. This article focuses on the gender and livelihood issues and concerns in small mines and quarries of South Asia. In view of the lack of official quantitative data, the research presented here is based on proxy indicators and field surveys. It addresses a gap in existing knowledge in ASM and makes visible gender roles in the informal work in the mines and quarries. The article provides the necessary backdrop, relevant information and interpretation of livelihood needs with a view to sensitising policy makers to the issues rooted in gender.
Travels of a Buddhist Mind
Authors: Brummans Boris H. J. M.
Published: April 2009

On August 1, 2007, I returned to Ladakh, the highest altitude plateau region of India, which crosses part of the Himalayas and is situated in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir (see Rizvi, 1996), to carry on my ethnographic fieldwork on everyday interactions in a Buddhist monastery by living with monks in the remote monastery of Rizong, participating in their life, and increasingly experiencing my mind as traveling within itself (see also Brummans, 2007). What follows is my poetic account of this continued experience, deriving renewed insights, and again drawing on field notes, diary entries, and several recorded conversations with teachers and monks.
Lactoferrin and Its Possible Role in Iron Enrichment of Infant Formulas
Authors: Jovani M. , Barbera R. , Farre R.
Published: April 2009

The properties and functions of lactoferrin in relation to its use in the supplementation of infant formulas are discussed. Special attention is paid to lactoferrin functions directly related to its ability to bind iron, that is, its effect on iron absorption and bacteriostatic and antioxidant activities. From the results obtained by different authors, it can be concluded that the addition of lactoferrin, usually bovine, to infant formulas, does not affect iron absorption. However, given its ability to bind iron, its use in infant formulas could be useful for protecting the gut of infants against infections from microbial-requiring iron, its ability to reduce interelemental interactions and especially to protect infant formulas supplemented with iron and ascorbic acid against free radical formation. Although bovine lactoferrin is at the moment the most easily available, today it is possible to have human recombinant lactoferrin. The possibility of adding it to infant formulas should be considered, if and when the toxicological evaluation proves favorable, because of the possible additional improvement of iron bioavailability.
Improved Response of Unsymmetrically Laminated Sandwich Plates by Using Zig-zag Functions
Authors: Brischetto S. , Carrera E. , Demasi L.
Published: April 2009

This article shows the advantages of using the zig-zag function (-1) kξk (ZZF) in the bending analysis of unsymmetrically laminated sandwich flat panels with a soft core. Higher order theories are developed by adding ZZF to displacement fields of known theories. From linear to seventh order cases in displacement are considered. The main advantage of ZZF lies in the fact that it introduces a discontinuity in the first derivative (so called zig-zag effect) of the displacement distribution corresponding to the core-face interfaces. Results including and discarding ZZF are compared in the bending response of sandwich plates loaded by an harmonic distribution of transverse pressure at the top surface. Different values of face-to-core stiffness ratio (FCSR) as well as length-to-thickness ratio (LTR) have been analyzed. It is concluded that: (1) ZZF is highly recommended in the bending analysis of unsymmetrically laminated sandwich plates; (2) the use of ZZF makes the error almost independent of the FCSR parameter; (3) ZZF is easy to implement and its use should be considered with respect to other theories.
Fillets Formed by Adhesive Bonding of Axially Oriented Webs to Flat grain Wood Pieces and their Effects on Bond Strength
Authors: Follrich Jurgen , Frybort Stephan , Teischinger Alfred , Müller Ulrich
Published: April 2009

In order to study the influence of adhesive fillet radius on bond strength as well as notch-stress t-shaped specimens of Norway spruce wood (Picea abies Karst.) bonded with a rapidly curing epoxy adhesive were tested in tension. In general, increasing tensile strength was observed with increasing fillet radii and web thickness. The effect of small fillet radius was more pronounced for thin webs. Highest notch-stress reduction was found for samples of small fillet radii and thin webs.
Using factor analysis to confirm the validity of children's self-reported health-related quality of life across different modes of administration
Authors: Varni James W , Limbers Christine A , Newman Daniel A
Published: April 2009

Background The measurement of pediatric health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in pediatric medicine and health services research has grown significantly over the past decade. While HRQOL instruments are often administered in clinic settings, alternative modes of administration are also utilized such as mail and telephone surveys. In order for comparisons across in-person, mail, and telephone administration to be valid, items on a HRQOL measure must have equivalent meaning across mode of administration. That is, they must demonstrate factorial invariance (stable factor structure) across mode of administration.

Purpose The objective of the present study was to implement the multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) method for invariance testing across mode of administration for children's self-reported HRQOL.

Methods Multigroup CFA was performed specifying a five-factor model across three modes of administration groups (in-person, mail, and telephone survey). The 23-item PedsQLTM 4.0 Generic Core Scales was utilized as the measure of children's self-reported HRQOL in a sample of 3741 children ages 5—18.

Results Strong factorial invariance across the mode of administration groups was demonstrated based on stability of the Comparative Fit Index (CFI) between the models, and several additional indices of practical fit including the Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation (RMSEA), the Non-Normed Fit Index (NNFI), and the Parsimony Normed Fit Index (PNFI).

Limitations The mode of administration subpopulations in our study differed with regard to health status.

Conclusion The multigroup CFA statistical methods utilized in the present study have important implications for clinical trials in which mixed modes of administration are used. The present findings support an equivalent five-factor structure of the PedsQL TM 4.0 Generic Core Scales across the three modes of administration studied. Based on these data, it can be concluded that children across the three modes of administration groups interpreted items on the PedsQL TM 4.0 Generic Core Scales in a similar manner. Clinical Trials 2009; 6: 185—195. http://ctj.sagepub.com
Childhood craniopharyngioma: greater hypothalamic involvement before surgery is associated with higher homeostasis model insulin resistance index
Authors: Trivin Christine , Busiah Kanetee , Mahlaoui Nizar , Recasens Christophe , Souberbielle Jean-Claude , Zerah Michel , Sainte-Rose Christian , Brauner Raja
Published: April 2009

Background

Obesity seems to be linked to the hypothalamic involvement in craniopharyngioma. We evaluated the pre-surgery relationship between the degree of this involvement on magnetic resonance imaging and insulin resistance, as evaluated by the homeostasis model insulin resistance index (HOMA). As insulin-like growth factor 1, leptin, soluble leptin receptor (sOB-R) and ghrelin may also be involved, we compared their plasma concentrations and their link to weight change.

Methods

27 children with craniopharyngioma were classified as either grade 0 (n = 7, no hypothalamic involvement), grade 1 (n = 8, compression without involvement), or grade 2 (n = 12, severe involvement).

Results

Despite having similar body mass indexes (BMI), the grade 2 patients had higher glucose, insulin and HOMA before surgery than the grade 0 (P = 0.02, <0.05 and 0.02 respectively) and 1 patients (P < 0.02 and <0.03 for both insulin and HOMA). The grade 0 (5.8 ± 4.9) and 1 (7.2 ± 5.3) patients gained significantly less weight (kg) during the year after surgery than did the grade 2 (16.3 ± 7.4) patients. The pre-surgery HOMA was positively correlated with these weight changes (P < 0.03).

The data for the whole population before and 6–18 months after surgery showed increases in BMI (P < 0.0001), insulin (P < 0.005), and leptin (P = 0.0005), and decreases in sOB-R (P < 0.04) and ghrelin (P < 0.03).

Conclusion

The hypothalamic involvement by the craniopharyngioma before surgery seems to determine the degree of insulin resistance, regardless of the BMI. The pre-surgery HOMA values were correlated with the post-surgery weight gain. This suggests that obesity should be prevented by reducing inn secretion in those cases with hypothalamic involvement.