bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O DIREITO FUNDAMENTAL DE ACESSO A MEDICAMENTOS E A FUNÇÃO SOCIAL DA PROPRIEDADE IMATERIAL NO BRASIL
Authors: Batista Cláudia Karina Ladeia , Calil Mário Lúcio Garcez
Published: July 2016

O objetivo do presente trabalho é estudar as relações entre o direito de acesso a medicamentos e o direito de exclusividade na exploração de inventos farmacêuticos, a partir do direito fundamental à saúde em suas várias dimensões. Este objetivo será buscado por intermédio de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. O presente estudo é justificado tendo em vista que o acesso a medicamentos constitui, atualmente, parcela indispensável do direito fundamental à saúde, devendo ser equilibrado com o direito de patente, considerando-se que toda propriedade, inclusive a imaterial, tem uma função social. Conclui-se que é necessário harmonizar o direito à preservação da propriedade imaterial – e, consequentemente, à exclusividade na exploração econômica do produto desenvolvido e patenteado – com o direito de acesso aos medicamentos, sob pena de se esvaziarem ambas as garantias constitucionais.
O PODER NORMATIVO DAS COMISSÕES INTERGESTORES BIPARTITE E A EFETIVIDADE DE SUAS NORMAS
Authors: Leão Thiago Marques , Dallari Sueli Gandolfi
Published: July 2016

O objetivo deste artigo é discutir o poder normativo da Comissão Intergestores Bipartite (CIB) e a efetividade de suas normas, no bojo do Direito Sanitário brasileiro. Metodologicamente, adotou-se a análise bibliográfica e legislativa, articulada à teoria discursiva do direito e democracia de Habermas. A CIB foi instituída pela Norma Operacional Básica 01/1993 e responde pelos aspectos operacionais do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). É um espaço de negociação e pactuação entre gestores municipais e estaduais, promovendo a integração dos diferentes sistemas municipais de saúde sob coordenação do governo estadual. As normas expedidas pela CIB, na forma de resoluções, têm natureza jurídica de direitos-meio, isto é, estabelecem os procedimentos específicos para realização do direito à saúde, permitindo que todos os potenciais destinatários dessas normas possam conhecer, aderir, criticar ou mesmo judicializá-las. O poder normativo da CIB decorre da previsão legislativa expressa para regular os aspectos operacionais do SUS e da legitimidade democrática, exercida diretamente pelo cidadão ou através dos Conselhos Estaduais de Saúde (CES). Caracterizado como fórum de negociação e operacionalização das políticas de saúde, com potencial para abrir e aprofundar canais de participação e controle social, é um espaço de gênese democrática de direitos, e suas normas devem ser, portanto, respeitadas por integrarem o ordenamento jurídico e cumprirem sua função de instrumentalização normativa do SUS.
Del otro lado: el comercio interétnico de ganado el Carmen de río negro visto por un capitán de amigos de Chile (1781-82)
Authors: Alioto Sebastián L.
Published: July 2016

Se transcriben las noticias que en 1781-82 dio un capitán de amigos de Maque-gua a las autoridades de la frontera de Chile acerca de la nueva colonia española atlántica de Carmen de Río Negro, a partir de información transmitida por los indios huilliches. Se analiza el conocimiento que reflejan respecto al comercio in-terétnico que tenía lugar en esos años, comparando su suerte historiográfica con la del diario de Basilio Villarino.
"Missão nos Brasis": a BFASS e a organização de uma missão abolicionista secreta ao Brasil no início da década de 1840
Authors: Ré Henrique Antonio
Published: July 2016

Em 1839, a British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society (BFASS) organizou veladamente uma missão para visitar o Brasil e, para realizá-la, contratou um casal britânico – George e Charlotte C. Pilkington – que deveria permanecer no país durante mais de um ano para coletar informações sobre o tráfico e a escravidão e fazer propaganda abolicionista. A partir de 1841, uma parte das informações obtidas por esta missão foi publicada pelo Anti-Slavery Reporter, o periódico oficial da Sociedade. No entanto, a BFASS ocultou por aproximadamente meio século seu envolvimento nesse empreendimento, que só se torna claro a partir do cruzamento de informações de várias fontes históricas.
Assaltando a pobreza: política e doutrina econômica na história do Banco Mundial (1944-2014)
Authors: Pereira João Márcio Mendes
Published: July 2016

O artigo discute como o Banco Mundial vinculou o debate e as práticas de desenvolvimento econômico à ideia de pobreza. Para isso, analisa a história da instituição levando em consideração a economia política internacional em que operou e sua interface com o pensamento econômico. Nele, explica-se quando e como surgiu a política de “assalto à pobreza extrema”, que instrumentos o Banco Mundial utilizou para levá-la adiante, que argumentos serviram de sustentação e que limites enfrentou nos anos 1970. Argumenta-se que essa política foi retomada e adaptada no final dos anos 1980, no bojo dos programas de ajuste estrutural, e culminou na consolidação de um novo modelo de política social ao longo dos anos 1990, sintonizado com a liberalização econômica e baseado na quantificação da pobreza e na prestação de mínimos sociais. Depois do 11 de setembro de 2001, o Banco Mundial combinou liberalização econômica e combate à pobreza com a guerra contra o terrorismo e a construção e reconstrução de Estados.
A Eletrobras e as empresas fornecedoras de equipamentos para o setor elétrico brasileiro (1960-1980)
Authors: Sasse Carla Muller , Saes Alexandre Macchione
Published: July 2016

O artigo avalia a formação do setor de bens de capital sob encomenda para o setor elétrico como parte de um novo ciclo de investimento fomentado pelo estado brasileiro entre as décadas de 1960 e 1970. Para tanto nos valemos dos dados da principal consumidora individual de equipamentos elétricos naquele momento, a Eletrobrás. O artigo analisa o perfil dos equipamentos elétricos mais custosos usados pela Eletrobrás em seus projetos hidrelétricos, demonstrando como a política econômica dos governos no período foi decisiva para a definição dos fornecedores e, por isso, para a criar as possibilidades de desenvolvimento da indústria nacional.
Repeated Administrations of Cardiac Progenitor Cells Are Markedly More Effective Than a Single Administration
Authors: Tokita Yukichi , Tang Xian-Liang , Li Qianhong , Wysoczynski Marcin , Hong Kyung U. , Nakamura Shunichi , Wu Wen-Jian , Xie Wei , Li Ding , Hunt Greg , Ou Qinghui , Stowers Heather , Bolli Roberto
Published: July 2016

Rationale:

The effects of c-kit
POS
cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs, and adult cell therapy in general) on left ventricular (LV) function have been regarded as modest or inconsistent.

Objective:

To determine whether 3 CPC infusions have greater efficacy than 1 infusion.

Methods and Results:

Rats with a 30-day-old myocardial infarction received 1 or 3 CPC infusions into the LV cavity, 35 days apart. Compared with vehicle-treated rats, the single-dose group exhibited improved LV function after the first infusion (consisting of CPCs) but not after the second and third (vehicle). In contrast, in the multiple-dose group, regional and global LV function improved by a similar degree after each CPC infusion, resulting in greater cumulative effects. For example, the total increase in LV ejection fraction was approximately triple in the multiple-dose group versus the single-dose group (
P
<0.01). The multiple-dose group also exhibited more viable tissue and less scar, less collagen in the risk and noninfarcted regions, and greater myocyte density in the risk region.

Conclusions:

This is the first demonstration that repeated CPC administrations are markedly more effective than a single administration. The concept that the full effects of CPCs require repeated doses has significant implications for both preclinical and clinical studies; it suggests that the benefits of cell therapy may be underestimated or even overlooked if they are measured after a single dose, and that repeated administrations are necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of a cell product properly. In addition, we describe a new method that enables studies of repeated cell administrations in rodents.
Lateral Membrane-Specific MAGUK CASK Down-Regulates Na
V
1.5 Channel in Cardiac Myocytes
Authors: Eichel Catherine A. , Beuriot Adeline , Chevalier Morgan Y.E. , Rougier Jean-Sébastien , Louault Florent , Dilanian Gilles , Amour Julien , Coulombe Alain , Abriel Hugues , Hatem Stéphane N. , Balse Elise
Published: July 2016

Rationale:

Mechanisms underlying membrane protein localization are crucial in the proper function of cardiac myocytes. The main cardiac sodium channel, Na
V
1.5, carries the sodium current (
I
Na
) that provides a rapid depolarizing current during the upstroke of the action potential. Although enriched in the intercalated disc, Na
V
1.5 is present in different membrane domains in myocytes and interacts with several partners.

Objective:

To test the hypothesis that the MAGUK (membrane-associated guanylate kinase) protein CASK (calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase) interacts with and regulates Na
V
1.5 in cardiac myocytes.

Methods and Results:

Immunostaining experiments showed that CASK localizes at lateral membranes of cardiac myocytes, in association with dystrophin. Whole-cell patch clamp showed that CASK-silencing increases
I
Na
in vitro. In vivo CASK knockdown similarly increased
I
Na
recorded in freshly isolated myocytes. Pull-down experiments revealed that CASK directly interacts with the C-terminus of Na
V
1.5. CASK silencing reduces syntrophin expression without affecting Na
V
1.5 and dystrophin expression levels. Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence microscopy and biotinylation assays showed that CASK silencing increased the surface expression of Na
V
1.5 without changing mRNA levels. Quantification of Na
V
1.5 expression at the lateral membrane and intercalated disc revealed that the lateral membrane pool only was increased upon CASK silencing. The protein transport inhibitor brefeldin-A prevented
I
Na
increase in CASK-silenced myocytes. During atrial dilation/remodeling, CASK expression was reduced but its localization remained unchanged.

Conclusion:

This study constitutes the first description of an unconventional MAGUK protein, CASK, which directly interacts with Na
V
1.5 channel and controls its surface expression at the lateral membrane by regulating ion channel trafficking.
Leukocyte-Expressed β
2
-Adrenergic Receptors Are Essential for Survival After Acute Myocardial Injury
Authors: Grisanti Laurel A. , Gumpert Anna M. , Traynham Christopher J. , Gorsky Joshua E. , Repas Ashley A. , Gao Erhe , Carter Rhonda L. , Yu Daohai , Calvert John W. , García Andrés Pun , Ibáñez Borja , Rabinowitz Joseph E. , Koch Walter J. , Tilley Douglas G.
Published: July 2016

Background:

Immune cell–mediated inflammation is an essential process for mounting a repair response after myocardial infarction (MI). The sympathetic nervous system is known to regulate immune system function through β-adrenergic receptors (βARs); however, their role in regulating immune cell responses to acute cardiac injury is unknown.

Methods:

Wild-type (WT) mice were irradiated followed by isoform-specific βAR knockout (βARKO) or WT bone-marrow transplantation (BMT) and after full reconstitution underwent MI surgery. Survival was monitored over time, and alterations in immune cell infiltration after MI were examined through immunohistochemistry. Alterations in splenic function were identified through the investigation of altered adhesion receptor expression.

Results:

β
2
ARKO BMT mice displayed 100% mortality resulting from cardiac rupture within 12 days after MI compared with ≈20% mortality in WT BMT mice. β
2
ARKO BMT mice displayed severely reduced post-MI cardiac infiltration of leukocytes with reciprocally enhanced splenic retention of the same immune cell populations. Splenic retention of the leukocytes was associated with an increase in vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression, which itself was regulated via β-arrestin–dependent β
2
AR signaling. Furthermore, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in both mouse and human macrophages was sensitive to β
2
AR activity, and spleens from human tissue donors treated with β-blocker showed enhanced vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression. The impairments in splenic retention and cardiac infiltration of leukocytes after MI were restored to WT levels via lentiviral-mediated re-expression of β
2
AR in β
2
ARKO bone marrow before transplantation, which also resulted in post-MI survival rates comparable to those in WT BMT mice.

Conclusions:

Immune cell–expressed β
2
AR plays an essential role in regulating the early inflammatory repair response to acute myocardial injury by facilitating cardiac leukocyte infiltration.
Transglutaminase is a Critical Link Between Inflammation and Hypertension
Authors: Luo Renna , Liu Chen , Elliott Serra E. , Wang Wei , Parchim Nicholas , Iriyama Takayuki , Daugherty Patrick S. , Tao Lijian , Eltzschig Holger K. , Blackwell Sean C. , Sibai Baha M. , Kellems Rodney E. , Xia Yang
Published: July 2016

Background

The pathogenesis of essential hypertension is multifactorial with different underlying mechanisms contributing to disease. We have recently shown that
TNF
superfamily member 14
LIGHT
(an acronym for homologous to lymphotoxins, exhibits inducible expression, and competes with herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D for herpes virus entry mediator, a receptor expressed by T lymphocytes, also known as
TNFSF
14) induces hypertension when injected into mice. Research reported here was undertaken to examine the role of transglutaminase (
TG
ase) in
LIGHT
‐induced hypertension.

Methods and Results

Initial experiments showed that plasma and kidney
TG
ase activity was induced by
LIGHT
infusion (13.91±2.92 versus 6.75±1.92 mU/mL and 19.86±3.55 versus 12.00±0.97 mU/10 μg) and was accompanied with hypertension (169±7.16 versus 117.17±11.57 mm Hg at day 14) and renal impairment (proteinuria, 61.33±23.21 versus 20.38±9.01 μg/mg; osmolality, 879.57±93.02 versus 1407.2±308.04 mmol/kg). The increase in renal
TG
ase activity corresponded to an increase in
RNA
for the tissue TGase isoform, termed
TG
2. Pharmacologically, we showed that
LIGHT
‐induced hypertension and renal impairment did not occur in the presence of cystamine, a well‐known competitive inhibitor of
TG
ase activity. Genetically, we showed that
LIGHT
‐mediated induction of
TG
ase, along with hypertension and renal impairment, was dependent on interleukin‐6 and endothelial hypoxia inducible factor‐1α. We also demonstrated that interleukin‐6, endothelial hypoxia inducible factor‐1α, and
TG
ase are required for
LIGHT
‐induced production of angiotensin receptor agonistic autoantibodies.

Conclusions

Thus,
LIGHT
‐induced hypertension, renal impairment, and production of angiotensin receptor agonistic autoantibodies require
TG
ase, most likely the
TG
2 isoform. Our findings establish
TG
ase as a critical link between inflammation, hypertension, and autoimmunity.
How Patient Demographics, Imaging, and Beliefs Influence Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator Use
Authors: Shamy Michel C.F. , Pugliese Michael , Meisel Karl , Rodriguez Rosendo , Kim Anthony S. , Stahnisch Frank W. , Smith Eric E.
Published: July 2016

Background and Purpose—

Understanding physician decision making is increasingly recognized as an important topic of study, especially in stroke care. We sought to characterize the process of acute stroke decision making among neurologists in the United States and Canada from clinical and epistemological perspectives.

Methods—

Using a factorial design online survey, respondents were presented with clinical data to mimic an acute stroke encounter. The history, examination, computed tomographic (CT) scan, CT angiogram, and CT perfusion were presented in sequence, and respondents rated their diagnostic confidence and likelihood of treatment with tissue-type plasminogen activator after each element. Patient age, race, sex, and CT perfusion imaging results were randomized, whereas the rest of the clinical presentation was held constant.

Results—

We collected 715 responses, of which 473 (66%) were complete. Diagnostic certainty and likelihood of treatment with tissue-type plasminogen activator rose incrementally as additional clinical data were provided. Diagnostic certainty and treatment likelihood were strongly influenced by the clinical history and the CT scan. Other factors such as physicians’ personal beliefs or biases were not influential. Respondents’ accuracy in interpreting CT angiographic and CT perfusion images was variable and generally low.

Conclusions—

Diagnostic certainty and likelihood of treatment with tissue-type plasminogen activator increase with additional clinical data, with the history being the most important factor for diagnostic and treatment decisions. Respondents had difficulty in interpreting the results of CT perfusion scans although they had little impact on treatment decisions. We did not identify treatment bias based on patient age, race, or sex.
Normative Principles in the System of Criminal Justice
Authors: Rakar Iztok , Tičar Bojan
Published: July 2016

Legitimacy in the system of criminal justice can be understood,inter alia, as a moral justification of authority. In relation to legitimacy, legality means that within the legal order and legal justice of a democratic state, state bodies are only allowed to do that which is permitted through legal rules. Legitimacy and morality are broader categories than legality and legal justice. In the field of criminal justice, legitimacy is rooted in Tyler’s understanding (1990), which states that recognition of legitimacy plays a key role in obedience before the law. Bennetta-Capersa (2008) takes the view that less strict enforcement of the laws and more police work in the community can reduce the crime rate in society as a whole. This paper’s positive contribution lies more or less in the substantial applicability of terms that have been properly delineated within a social science framework.
‘Peeling Back the Mask’: Sociopathy and the Rhizomes of the eu Food Industry
Authors: Kailemia Mwenda W.
Published: July 2016

This article examines the eu food industry (apropos of the 2013 ‘Horse Meat Scandal’) applying the notion of sociopathy which has hitherto been confined to analyses of corporate banking and insurance. In the ‘underground’ of the eu meat industry we encounter sociopaths nurtured not only by the rhizomes of its industrial con, but also by collective consumer apathy: Despite a pervasive culture of food fraud—with at least 1305 different ingredient adulteration cases since 1980—there is little criminological examination of the culture and environment of the everyday, ‘harmless’, sociopaths present in the tributaries of the eu food supply. More than merely mapping the food industry sociopath, our overall aim is to contribute an interdisciplinary reading of the processes which sustain and reproduce his kind.
Joined Cases Aranyosi and Căldăraru: Converging Human Rights Standards, Mutual Trust and a New Ground for Postponing a European Arrest Warrant
Authors: Gáspár-Szilágyi Szilárd
Published: July 2016

This case-note provides a critical overview of Joined Cases C-404/15 and C-659/15 ppu, Aranyosi and Căldăraru. The cjeu tries to reconcile the principles of mutual trust and recognition with the protection of the fundamental rights of the requested person. Instead of introducing a new ground of refusal for a European Arrest Warrant based on the breach of fundamental rights, the cjeu opted for a ground of postponement. Furthermore, it brings its two-tier ‘systemic deficiencies’ test closer to the standards used by the ECtHR and encourages dialogue between the issuing and executing judicial authorities. Nevertheless, the scope of application of the new ground of postponement is not entirely clear and it is not yet sure what happens after the executing judicial authority postpones its decision due to evidence of a real risk that the requested person will be subjected to inhuman and degrading treatment in the issuing Member State.
Science by regimento: Standardising Long-Distance Control and New Spaces of Knowledge in Early Modern Portuguese Cosmography
Authors: Sánchez Antonio
Published: July 2016

European expansion produced great transformations in the way modern societies were organised as well as in the management of new practices and spaces of knowledge. This article analyses the ways in which the Iberian world responded to such transformations through the creation of a series of control mechanisms that constitute the prehistory of the modern ways of standardising science. This article is thus a contribution to discussions of the normative and institutional development involving long-distance control that took place amongst the expansionist powers of early modern Europe. It examines one of the normative artefacts implemented by the Portuguese crown from the sixteenth to the seventeenth century, the Regimento do Cosmógrafo-Mor (1592), the visible face of a complex process of normalisation, control and circulation of information, which ultimately regulated the nautical and cosmographical practice of a long-distance global network. For this reason, this article refers to science by regimento, science that is produced and performed under clear directives. Through the study of this document I aim to highlight not only how the Portuguese overseas enterprise was organised, but also how its technical and scientific configuration, which regulated navigation in the Atlantic, the use of astrolabes, and the directions to depict previously unseen plants and animals, contributed to defining science in early modern Iberian societies.
A new species of Austrothaumalea Tonnoir from Australia (Diptera: Thaumaleidae)
Authors: PIVAR ROBERT J. , MOULTON JOHN K. , SINCLAIR BRADLEY J.
Published: July 2016

Austrothaumalea spiculata sp. nov. is described from Grampians National Park, in southwest Victoria (Australia). It is known only from the type series and is the second species of Thaumaleidae recorded from the Park. Illustrations of the male terminalia, as well as a distribution map, are provided. Phylogenetic affinities are hypothesized and an updated species identification key is offered.
Phylogenetic analysis of the genus Lensia (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Siphonophora), based on the species morphology
Authors: Nishiyama Eric Y. , Ribeiro Guilherme C. , Oliveira Otto M. P.
Published: July 2016

Siphonophores are poorly studied despite their abundance and ecological importance in marine ecosystems. The genus Lensia Totton, 1932 contains the highest number of species within Siphonophora, but systematic studies of these organisms are scarce in the literature. This study presents a phylogenetic analysis for fifteen species of Lensia based on morphological data. The material for this study was obtained during two oceanographic campaigns made along the southeastern Brazilian coast. A total of twenty two characters of the anterior nectophore morphology were scored. The shortest trees were searched using parsimony (under different weighting regimes). All analyses provided the same topology: (M. kochi (D. dispar + D. bojani) (L. leloupi (L. havock (L. conoidea (L. subtilis; L. meteori; L. hardy; L. fowleri; (L. subtiloides (L. hotspur; L. cossack; L. campanella)); (L. multicristata (L. hunter (L. lelouveteau + L. grimaldii))). The monophyly of the genus Lensia is supported by the hydroecium measuring up to 1/4 the height of the nectosac.
Taxonomy and natural history of Eutropis beddomei (Jerdon, 1870) (Reptilia: Scincidae), including a redescription of the holotype
Authors: AMARASINGHE A.A. THASUN , CAMPBELL PATRICK D. , CHANDRAMOULI S.R. , DEUTI KAUSHIK , RAHA SUJOY , KARUNARATHNA D.M.S. SURANJAN , INEICH IVAN
Published: July 2016

Euprepes beddomei was described by Jerdon (1870) from “Mysore” (Karnataka State, India). Simultaneously, Euprepes (Tiliqua) septemlineatus, which is morphologically similar to E. beddomei, was described by Blanford (1870) based on a single specimen collected from the Ganga River Valley, Southeast Berar, Madhya Pradesh, India. Smith (1935) synonymised the latter species (published in September, 1870) with Euprepes beddomei which in turn was published earlier (March, 1870). Jerdon’s publication should therefore be given priority. A comprehensive comparison between the holotypes of the above two species confirms that E. septemlineatus is a junior synonym of E. beddomei. Based on morphological characters, Eutropis beddomei is here clearly identified and can be considered a widespread species in India and Sri Lanka. The original description of E. beddomei is very short and lacks a description containing most of the important diagnostic characters; hence, we hereby provide a comprehensive description of the species based on the examination of its holotype.
A new species of Abyssobrotula (Ophidiiformes, Ophidiidae) from the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench
Authors: OHASHI SHINPEI , NIELSEN JØRGEN G.
Published: July 2016

A new abyssal ophidiid fish, Abyssobrotula hadropercularis, is described on the basis of two specimens caught at two stations at ca. 5000 meters of depth in the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench. The genus Abyssobrotula Nielsen, 1977 was previously known from the type species, A. galatheae Nielsen, 1977 of which 40–50 specimens now are reported from all oceans at depths greater than 2000 m. One of the specimens from the Puerto Rico Trench captured at 8370 m is still the deepest record for fishes. The new species differs from A. galatheae in having great number of pectoral-fin rays 14–15 (vs 10–11); greater eye diameter (1.2–1.3% SL vs 0.7–0.9% SL); larger prepelvic 14.0–14.5% SL (vs 10.5–12.5% SL) and preanal lengths 42.5% SL (vs 33.0–41.5% SL); opercular spine strongly developed (vs poorly developed); gill rakers on anterior arch robust and close-set (vs rakers thin and well separated). The description of A. hadropercularis makes it necessary to slightly modify the generic diagnosis.
First description of the male and additional data on the female morphology of Aprostocetus rubi Graham (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae)
Authors: JAŁOSZYŃSKI PAWEŁ
Published: July 2016

The previously unknown male of Aprostocetus rubi Graham (Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae) was reared, together with females, from galls of the raspberry gall midge Lasioptera rubi (Schrank) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) collected in Central Poland. The male is described and illustrated for the first time, and additional information provided on the morphology of the female.
Application of Satellite- and NWP-Derived Wind Profiles to Military Airdrop Operations
Authors: Meier David C. , Fiorino Steven T.
Published: July 2016

The Joint Precision Airdrop System (JPADS) has revolutionized military high-altitude airdrop capability, allowing delivery of equipment and supplies to smaller drop zones from higher altitudes than was previously possible. This capability relies on accurate wind data, currently provided by GPS dropsondes released in the vicinity of the drop zone shortly before the airdrop. This research investigates the potential for a wind-profiling algorithm to generate the required wind data from passive IR and microwave satellite soundings, eliminating the requirement for a hazardous dropsonde pass near the drop zone. The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) provides a 3D temperature field and determines the heights of 100 standard levels. From these data, the slopes of the isobaric pressure surfaces and temperature gradients are used to calculate wind speed and direction using the thermal wind relationship. The accuracy of these satellite-derived wind profiles is evaluated through comparison with rawinsonde measurements near the coordinates and time of the AIRS sounding. Further investigation of the wind profile accuracy is made by a comparison with numerical weather prediction (NWP) data worldwide, and the effect of cloud cover in the vicinity of the target coordinates is analyzed. The AIRS-derived winds are found to be less accurate than short-term NWP winds for the JPADS application, but the technique developed may be applied to alternate applications, such as use in the stratosphere, where NWP winds are not widely available. The agreement between satellite-retrieved temperatures and measurements at altitudes above 30 km indicates the AIRS data could be used to create accurate, 3D fields of optical turbulence strengths for directed-energy applications.
Transmission Raman Measurements Using a Spatial Heterodyne Raman Spectrometer (SHRS)
Authors: Strange K. Alicia , Paul Kelly C. , Angel S. Michael
Published: July 2016

A spatial heterodyne Raman spectrometer (SHRS) was used to measure transmission Raman spectra of highly scattering compounds. Transmission Raman spectral intensities of ibuprofen were only 2.4 times lower in intensity than backscatter Raman spectra. The throughput was about eight times higher than an f/1.8 dispersive spectrometer, and the width of the area viewed was found to be seven to nine times higher, using 50.8 mm and 250 mm focal length collection lenses. However, the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio was two times lower for the SHRS than the f/1.8 dispersive spectrometer, apparently due to high levels of stray light.
On Bandit Organizations and Their (IL)Legitimacy: Concept Development and Illustration
Authors: Cederström Carl , Fleming Peter
Published: July 2016

Outlaw organizations are neglected in organization studies. This is understandable given the presumption of illegitimacy they attract. Our article challenges the presumption by positing the concept of ‘bandit organizations’, demonstrating how some can build impressive levels of legitimacy among their audience. The case of Christopher ‘Dudas’ Coke, a philanthropic Jamaican drug cartel leader, and his ‘Shower Posse’ gang, is used to investigate how contemporary bandit organizations foster legitimacy. By placing ‘shadow economy’ organizations like this in the spotlight, we seek to extend scholarship on organizational legitimacy, while avoiding any undue romanticization of criminal organizations.
Politics and Power in Multinational Companies: Integrating the International Business and Organization Studies Perspectives
Authors: Geppert Mike , Becker-Ritterspach Florian , Mudambi Ram
Published: July 2016

The study of power and politics in multinational companies (MNCs) has been a niche area of study for both scholars of organization studies (OS) and international business (IB). Further, the awareness of each research community with regard to the efforts of the other has been rather superficial. Hence, bridge-building efforts to cross-fertilize ideas developed in IB and OS in order to enhance our understanding of the nature and role of politics and power in the MNC are overdue. In order to develop the basis for integration, we trace the conceptual developments in the two disciplines, that enables us to highlight particularly promising opportunities for integrative advances. Using a typology which differentiates among four ‘faces’ of power in the study of management and organization, we discuss how focusing on each of these four dimensions may help us to both see and make sense of different aspects of power relations and facets of politics in MNCs. We then use the ‘four faces’ framework to outline how OS and IB approaches can be integrated to develop a more complete understanding of politics and power in MNCs. Finally we suggest some directions for future research.
A study of hybrid laser–waterjet micromachining of crystalline germanium
Authors: Zhu Hao , Wang Jun , Yao Peng
Published: July 2016

An experimental investigation of the cutting performance in hybrid laser–waterjet (or laser-assisted waterjet) micro-grooving of germanium wafers is presented, with a view to eliminate or minimize the laser-induced thermal damages to the workpiece. Various process parameters are considered, such as water pressure, laser pulse overlap, pulse energy and focal plane position. It is found that the hybrid laser–waterjet is a viable technology for micromachining of germanium with negligible thermal damage. A Raman spectroscopy study did not reveal any crystalline change in the material on the machined surfaces. The effects of process parameters on the heat-affected zone and groove characteristics are amply discussed. It is shown that good grooves of within 100 µm in top width and up to 300 µm in depth can be machined with high material removal rates, and the heat-affected zone size can be controlled to within 20 µm on each side of the grooves. Recommendations are also made on the appropriate process parameters that may be used in the process.
Usability and feasibility of a mobile health system to provide comprehensive antenatal care in low-income countries: PANDA mHealth pilot study in Madagascar
Authors: Benski Anne Caroline , Stancanelli Giovanna , Scaringella Stefano , Herinainasolo Josea Léa , Jinoro Jéromine , Vassilakos Pierre , Petignat Patrick , Schmidt Nicole C
Published: July 2016

Background

Madagascar’s maternal health mortality ratio in 2013 was 478 deaths per 100,000 live births. Most deaths are related to direct complications during pregnancy and childbirth and could be reduced by providing comprehensive antenatal care (ANC).

Objective

The objective of the study was to assess the usability and feasibility of a mobile health system (mHealth) to provide high-quality ANC, according to World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations.

Methods

PANDA (Pregnancy And Newborn Diagnostic Assessment) is an easy-to-use mHealth system that uses affordable communications technology to support diagnosis and health care worker decision-making regarding ANC. From January to March 2015, a cross-sectional pilot study was conducted in Ambanja District, Madagascar, in which ANC using PANDA was provided to 100 pregnant women. The collected data were transmitted to a database in the referral hospital to create individual electronic patient records. Accuracy and completeness of the data were closely controlled. The PANDA software was assessed and the number of abnormal results, treatments performed, and participants requiring referral to health care facilities were monitored.

Results

The PANDA system facilitated creation of individual electronic patient records that included socio-demographic and medical data for 100 participants. Duration of ANC visits averaged 29.6 min. Health care providers were able to collect all variables (100%) describing personal and medical data. No major technical problems were encountered and no data were lost. During 17 ANC visits (17%), an alert function was generated to highlight abnormal clinical results requiring therapy or referral to an affiliated hospital. Participants’ acceptability of the system was very high.

Conclusion

This pilot study proved the usability and feasibility of the PANDA mHealth system to conduct complete and standardised ANC visits according to WHO guidelines, thus providing a promising solution to increase access to high-quality and standardised ANC for pregnant women in remote areas.
Language rights and the Council of Europe: A failed response to a multilingual continent?
Authors: McDermott Philip
Published: July 2016

Debates on language rights as integral elements of human rights have gathered momentum since the early 1990s. International organisations such as the Council of Europe (CoE) and the United Nations (UN) have advocated linguistic rights through various charters and conventions, albeit with wavering levels of success. This article focuses specifically on the European context and the manner in which the CoE has dealt with language rights in the continent. The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), the European Charter for Regional and Minority languages (ECRML) and the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (FCPNM) are discussed in light of the region’s contemporary linguistic makeup. Current inequalities in the application of language recognition provide an area of special concern. For example, while speakers of ‘indigenous’ (or autochthonous) minority languages have apparently enjoyed an improving status in recent decades, the position of immigrant (or allochthonous) languages is less clear and current approaches largely ignore linguistic diversity which has been brought by recent mass migration patterns, leading to a somewhat exclusionary system. Through the discussion possible pathways for better inclusion of immigrant languages within current international frameworks, especially those of the CoE, are explored.
Human Resources for Health Challenges in Nigeria and Nurse Migration
Authors: Salami Bukola , Dada Foluke O. , Adelakun Folake E.
Published: July 2016

The emigration of sub-Saharan African health professionals to developed Western nations is an aspect of increasing global mobility. This article focuses on the human resources for health challenges in Nigeria and the emigration of nurses from Nigeria as the country faces mounting human resources for health challenges. Human resources for health issues in Nigeria contribute to poor population health in the country, alongside threats from terrorism, infectious disease outbreaks, and political corruption. Health inequities within Nigeria mirror the geographical disparities in human resources for health distribution and are worsened by the emigration of Nigerian nurses to developed countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom. Nigerian nurses are motivated to emigrate to work in healthier work environments, improve their economic prospects, and advance their careers. Like other migrant African nurses, they experience barriers to integration, including racism and discrimination, in receiving countries. We explore the factors and processes that shape this migration. Given the forces of globalization, source countries and destination countries must implement policies to more responsibly manage migration of nurses. This can be done by implementing measures to retain nurses, promote the return migration of expatriate nurses, and ensure the integration of migrant nurses upon arrival in destination countries.
Activating mutations in genes related to TCR signaling in angioimmunoblastic and other follicular helper T-cell–derived lymphomas
Authors: Vallois David , Dobay Maria Pamela D. , Morin Ryan D. , Lemonnier François , Missiaglia Edoardo , Juilland Mélanie , Iwaszkiewicz Justyna , Fataccioli Virginie , Bisig Bettina , Roberti Annalisa , Grewal Jasleen , Bruneau Julie , Fabiani Bettina , Martin Antoine , Bonnet Christophe , Michielin Olivier , Jais Jean-Philippe , Figeac Martin , Bernard Olivier A. , Delorenzi Mauro , Haioun Corinne , Tournilhac Olivier , Thome Margot , Gascoyne Randy D. , Gaulard Philippe , de Leval Laurence
Published: July 2016

Key Points

A high frequency of diverse activating mutations in costimulatory/TCR-related signaling genes occurs in AITL and other TFH-derived PTCL. Deregulated TCR activation may play a role in the pathogenesis of TFH-derived PTCL, paving the way for developing novel targeted therapies.
FcγR mediates TLR2- and Syk-dependent NLRP3 inflammasome activation by inactivated Francisella tularensis LVS immune complexes
Authors: Duffy Ellen B , Periasamy Sivakumar , Hunt Danielle , Drake James R , Harton Jonathan A
Published: July 2016

IgG (mAb)-opsonized, inactivated Francisella tularensis LVS (iFt-mAb) enhances TLR2-dependent IL-6 production by macrophages via Fcγ receptors (FcγR). In mice, vaccination with iFt-mAb provides IgA-dependent protection against lethal challenge with Ft LVS. Because inflammasome maturation of IL-1β is thought important for antibody-mediated immunity, we considered the possibility that iFt-mAb elicits an FcγR-dependent myeloid cell inflammasome response. Herein, we find that iFt-mAb enhances macrophage and dendritic cell IL-1β responses in a TLR2- and FcγR-dependent fashion. Although iFt-mAb complexes bind FcγR and are internalized, sensing of cytosolic DNA by absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) is not required for the IL-1β response. In contrast, ASC, caspase-1, and NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) are indispensable. Further, FcγR-mediated spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) signaling is required for this NLRP3-dependent IL-1β response, but the alternative IL-1β convertase caspase-8 is insufficient. Finally, iFt-mAb-vaccinated wild-type mice exhibit a significant delay in time to death, but IL-1R1– or Nlrp3-deficient mice vaccinated in this way are not protected and lack appreciable Francisella-specific antibodies. This study demonstrates that FcγR-mediated Syk activation leads to NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent IL-1β production in macrophages and suggests that an Nlrp3- and IL-1R–dependent process contributes to the IgA response important for protection against Ft LVS. These findings extend our understanding of cellular responses to inactivated pathogen-opsonized vaccine, establish FcγR-elicited Syk kinase-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and provide additional insight toward understanding crosstalk between TLR and FcγR signals.
A tale of two sites: how inflammation can reshape the microbiomes of the gut and lungs
Authors: Scales Brittan S , Dickson Robert P , Huffnagle Gary B
Published: July 2016

Inflammation can directly and indirectly modulate the bacterial composition of the microbiome. Although studies of inflammation primarily focus on its function to negatively select against potential pathogens, some bacterial species have the ability to exploit inflammatory byproducts for their benefit. Inflammatory cells release reactive nitrogen species as antimicrobial effectors against infection, but some facultative anaerobes can also utilize the increase in extracellular nitrate in their environment for anaerobic respiration and growth. This phenomenon has been studied in the gastrointestinal tract, where blooms of facultative anaerobic Gammaproteobacteria, primarily Escherichia coli, often occur during colonic inflammation. In cystic fibrosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, another Gammaproteobacteria facultative anaerobe, can reduce nitrogen for anaerobic respiration and it blooms in the airways of the chronically inflamed cystic fibrosis lung. This review focuses on the evidence that inflammation can provide terminal electron acceptors for anaerobic respiration and can support blooms of facultative anaerobes, such as E. coli and P. aeruginosa in distinct, but similar, environments of the inflamed gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts.
A novel bacterial transport mechanism of Acinetobacter baumannii via activated human neutrophils through interleukin-8
Authors: Kamoshida Go , Tansho-Nagakawa Shigeru , Kikuchi-Ueda Takane , Nakano Ryuichi , Hikosaka Kenji , Nishida Satoshi , Ubagai Tsuneyuki , Higashi Shouichi , Ono Yasuo
Published: July 2016

Hospital-acquired infections as a result of Acinetobacter baumannii have become problematic because of high rates of drug resistance. Although neutrophils play a critical role in early protection against bacterial infection, their interactions with A. baumannii remain largely unknown. To elucidate the interactions between A. baumannii and human neutrophils, we cocultured these cells and analyzed them by microscopy and flow cytometry. We found that A. baumannii adhered to neutrophils. We next examined neutrophil and A. baumannii infiltration into Matrigel basement membranes by an in vitro transmigration assay. Neutrophils were activated by A. baumannii, and invasion was enhanced. More interestingly, A. baumannii was transported together by infiltrating neutrophils. Furthermore, we observed by live cell imaging that A. baumannii and neutrophils moved together. In addition, A. baumannii-activated neutrophils showed increased IL-8 production. The transport of A. baumannii was suppressed by inhibiting neutrophil infiltration by blocking the effect of IL-8. A. baumannii appears to use neutrophils for transport by activating these cells via IL-8. In this study, we revealed a novel bacterial transport mechanism that A. baumannii exploits human neutrophils by adhering to and inducing IL-8 release for bacterial portage. This mechanism might be a new treatment target.
Plastic restriction of HIV-1 replication in human macrophages derived from M1/M2 polarized monocytes
Authors: Graziano Francesca , Vicenzi Elisa , Poli Guido
Published: July 2016

M1/M2 cytokine-dependent polarization of primary human MDMs has been shown to contain CCR5-dependent (R5) HIV-1 replication. In this study, a similar effect was achieved when monocytes were first polarized toward M1 or M2 and were infected 7 d after their differentiation into MDMs, regardless of whether the cytokines were removed 18 h after cell stimulation or were left in culture. Unlike polarized MDMs, no significant down-regulation of CD4 from the cell surface was observed in MDMs derived from M1/M2-polarized monocytes. A second stimulation of MDMs differentiated from M1/M2 monocytes with the opposite polarizing cytokines converted the virus replication profile according to the new stimuli. The expression of M1 and M2 markers (i.e., APOBEC3A and DC-SIGN, respectively) was induced by MDM stimulation with the opposite cytokines, although it also persisted in cells according to their first stimulatory condition. Thus, stimulation of monocytes with M1- and M2-inducing cytokines leads to a restriction of HIV-1 replication when these cells are infected several days later as differentiated MDMs. These observations imply that activation of circulating monocytes significantly influences their capacity to either support or restrict HIV-1 replication, once extravasated, and eventually to become infected as tissue macrophages.
Lessons from a double-transgenic neutrophil approach to induce antiproteinase 3 antibody–mediated vasculitis in mice
Authors: Schreiber Adrian , Eulenberg-Gustavus Claudia , Bergmann Astrid , Jerke Uwe , Kettritz Ralph
Published: July 2016

ANCA to either PR3 or MPO are found in patients with necrotizing vasculitis and glomerulonephritis. ANCA binding to their target antigens on neutrophils and subsequent neutrophil activation are pivotal disease mechanisms that lead to vascular inflammation and necrosis. ANCA interaction with PR3 is more complex than with MPO as the neutrophil-specific CD177 receptor is involved in PR3 surface expression and PR3-ANCA–induced neutrophil activation. Modeling human disease is important to clinical research. Highly successful mouse models of MPO-ANCA vasculitis exist; however, recapitulating PR3-ANCA vasculitis has not been successful. We generated double-transgenic (DT) mice that expressed human PR3 and CD177 under a myeloid-specific huMRP8 promoter in an attempt to model PR3-ANCA vasculitis. DT mice strongly expressed the human transgenes in and on murine neutrophils and bound murine and human anti-PR3 antibodies. Nevertheless, passive transfer of these antibodies into LPS-primed DT mice or immunization of C57BL/6 mice with human PR3 followed by irradiation and transplantation of DT bone marrow failed to induce glomerulonephritis. Further analyses revealed that anti-PR3 antibodies did not activate DT neutrophils as shown by superoxide generation. Moreover, we found that mice did not properly process human pro-PR3 into mature PR3 and, consequently, the signaling complex between PR3, CD177, and CD11b, which promotes neutrophil activation by anti-PR3 antibodies, failed to form. We conclude that important species differences in PR3 and CD177 exist between men and mice that prevented successful generation of a murine anti-PR3 antibody model.