bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
РІВЕНЬ ПРО- І ПРОТИЗАПАЛЬНИХ ЦИТОКІНІВ У ХВОРИХ НА ВІКОВУ ДЕГЕНЕРАЦІЮ МАКУЛИ ЗА УМОВ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ ВІТАМІНУ D
Authors: Komarova Tetiana
Published: June 2023

Вступ. Вікова дегенерація макули (ВДМ) – найпоширеніша причина значної та незворотної втрати центрального зору в людей віком старше 50 років, при цьому частота захворювання з віком різко збільшується. У той час як патогенез ВДМ є багатофакторним, одним із ключових факторів є порушення імунної регуляції, зокрема синтезу цитокінів.

Матеріали і методи. В дослідженні приймали участь 68 жінок віком від 62 до 87 років. що мали суху форму ВДМ. Усі пацієнти отримували лікування за традиційною формулою AREDS протягом 8 тижнів з інтервалом не менше ніж 12 тижнів. Друга група осіб отримувала препарати за формулою AREDS та препарати вітаміну D. Усім особам проводили визначення рівня цитокінів TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 до та після лікування. Визначення рівня цитокінів проводили імуноферментним методом (IBL International, Німеччина). Визначення рівня вітаміну D проводили імунохемілюмінісцентним методом (Beckman Coulter, США).

Результати. В результаті проведеного дослідження було встановлено, що у осіб на тлі зниження 25-гідроксивітаміну D спостерігається посилення синтезу прозапальних цитокінів. Відмічено вірогідне підвищення рівня IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6 у порівнянні з контрольною групою (p<0,05). Одночасно рівень протизапальних цитокінів IL-4, IL-5 та IL-10 у досліджуваної групи був нижчим у порівнянні з даними контрольної групи. Спостерігали тенденцію до зниження IL-4, IL-10 та вірогідне зниження IL-5. В групі пацієнтів, які приймали комбіновану терапію AREDS і вітаміну D, відмічалась тенденція до зниження цитокінів TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6 і та вже через 2 місяці після лікування. Через 12 місяців після лікування було встановлено, що рівень TNF-α вірогідно знизився і наближався до його значень у контрольній групі. Спостерігалась також тенденція до зниження IFN-γ та IL-6. Щодо рівня протизапальних цитокінів, то встановлено вірогідне підвищення IL-5 в групі пацієнтів, яким застосовували AREDS в поєднанні з вітаміном D вже через 2 місяці після лікування. Через 12 місяців після лікування встановлено зростання його рівня, і наближення до його значень у контрольній групі.

Висновки. Таким чином, застосування комплексної терапії AREDS з вітаміном D сприяє ефективнішій регуляції синтезу про- і протизапальних цитокінів. Застосування вітаміну D може відігравати активну роль в регуляції синтезу цитокінів і сприяти зниженню ризику або сповільненню розвитку ВДМ.
ОСОБЛИВОСТІ Т-ЛІМФОЦИТІВ ТА ЇХ СУБПОПУЛЯЦІЙ В І-ІІ ТРИМЕСТРАХ ВАГІТНОСТІ У ЖІНОК З ПРОБЛЕМАМИ БЕЗПЛІДНОСТІ В МИНУЛОМУ
Authors: Tumanova Larysa , Kolomiiets Olena , Driianska Victoria , Romaschenko Oksana , Riabenko Olena , Molchanova Olena
Published: June 2023

Вступ. Покращення стану народжуваності в Україні є актуальною медико-соціальною задачею, що спонукає до сучасних досліджень імунних механізмів перебігу вагітності, особливо важливих для жінок з безплідністю в анамнезі.

Мета роботи – визначення динаміки відносної кількості Т-лімфоцитів (Т-л) та субпопуляцій Т-х/і і Т-с/ц з різними кластерами диференціювання (CD) на різних термінах вагітності у жінок з безплідністю в минулому.

Матеріали і методи. За допомогою клітинного цитофлуориметра і відповідних тест-систем визначали відносні рівні імунокомпетентних клітин (кл) крові – CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD56+-л з експресією маркерів активації HLA-DR і CD25 або тих, що мають інгібіторні властивості – CD158а у 436 невагітних (референтна група – н) та 514 вагітних жінок(ж) із неплідністю в анамнезі на першому та другому триместрах вагітності. Аналізували особливості показників у вагітних на різних строках в групах: 1 – 4-7 (140 ж), 2 – 8-9 (163 ж), 3 – 10-12 (133 ж), 4 – 13-18 (63 ж), 5 гр – 19-28 (15 ж) тижнів (тиж) порівняно з групою н та між собою.

Результати та їх обговорення. Перші тижні вагітності у жінок із безплідністю в анамнезі характеризуються як високим відносним рівнем в крові Т-л та субпопуляцій Т-х/і і Тс/ц, так і їх активацією за даними експресії DR-аг і CD25 (для CD4+-л). Ці показники з 19 тиж вагітності достовірно знижувались і не відрізнялись від невагітних, а % CD3+4+25+-л були нижче референтної групи. Така сама динаміка і у Тс/ц з маркерами натуральних кілерів – CD3+8+56+-кл, відносна кількість яких після 19 тиж вагітності достовірно знижується порівняно з попереднім періодом і відповідає нормі.

Відносна кількість середніх показників Т-л, Т-х/і та Т-с/ц за числом клітин з експресією CD158a+ не відрізнялась від норми на всіх термінах вагітності, хоча середній показник CD3+8+158a+-л в період після 19 тиж мав тенденцію до підвищення. Виявлено зворотній кореляційний зв’язок числа субпопуляцій Т-л з маркерами інгібіторних властивостей(CD158a) та активації (CD25, HLA-DR) саме на цих (> 19 тиж) термінах вагітності, що є задовільним станом імунної системи для перебігу вагітності.

Висновок. Дослідження відносних рівнів Т-л, Т-х/і та Т-с/ц в крові, маркерів їх активації та інгібіції на різних термінах вагітності виявили особливості динаміки з достовірними кореляційними зв’язками показників після 19-20 тижнів, що свідчить про доцільність визначення предикторів перебігу для персоніфікованого нагляду.
THE PROGNOSIS OF INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION OF FETUS AT DIFFERENT TERMS OF PREGNANCY IN THE CASE OF MICROELEMENTOSIS
Authors: Turova Lyudmyla
Published: June 2023

Prediction of the development of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) – means to predict the possibility at the first prenatal visit of the pregnant woman.

The aim of the study is to create an adequate, informative and stable model for early prediction of IUGR in pregnant women.

Materials and methods: Predictions of IUGR were carried out by regression analysis. The software packages «Statistica» («StatSoft Inc.», USA). Model was grounded on data inspection of 30 women who gave birth to babies with IUGR and their new-borns. The checking of the created model was made on data holding on tracking 30 babies of the studied groups.

Results: with the help of method of multiple linear regressions it got right to create a mathematical model for prediction of IUGR in pregnant women at different stages of pregnancy. The created method of forecasting with the using advanced methods of researching content of microelements in biological environments has been proposed for the first time and deserves attention.

Conclusion: using the proposed method of prediction will allow the clinical practice of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, Perinatologists to carry out the complex treatment-preventive maintenance measures to reduce maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality.
Validez del porcentaje de grasa corporal por pliegues cutáneos comparado con la dilución de óxido de deuterio en escolares costarricenses
Authors: Zamora Salas Juan Diego , Laclé Murray Adriana
Published: June 2023

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la validez del porcentaje de grasa corporal (% GC) estimado por la ecuación de Slaughter en escolares costarricenses. Participaron 54 niños y 49 niñas con una edad promedio 7.8 ± 1.0 años. El óxido de deuterio (D2O) fue el método de referencia para determinar la masa grasa (FM) expresada como % GC. Se utilizó un análisis de regresión lineal y prueba t para determinar la asociación y las diferencias entre el %GC por la ecuación de Slaughter y D2O. La concordancia entre métodos se determinó por el coeficiente de correlación de concordancia (CCC) de Lin. La medición de acuerdo entre los métodos se analizó mediante el procedimiento de Bland-Altman. El % GC entre métodos fue significativamente diferente en niños (26.3 ± 7.4% vs 22.4 ± 7.0%) y niñas (33.2 ± 5.7% vs 26.1 ± 5.7%). La asociación entre métodos no fue significativa en niños (R2 = 0.76, p <0.0001) y niñas (R2 = 0.24, p <0.0001). Los gráficos de Bland-Altman mostraron que la ecuación de Slaughter subestimó el % GC en 6,0% en niños y 3,5% en niñas, en comparación con D2O. El CCC de Lin identificó una fuerza de concordancia pobre entre métodos, niños ρc= 0.87 y niñas ρc= 0.56. Con los resultados se concluye que la ecuación de Slaughter registró baja concordancia del % GC en comparación con el D2O en escolares costarricenses.
INGLIZ VA O'ZBEK TILLARI MEDIADISKURSIDA YANGILIKLARNING LINGVOKULTUROLOGIK JIHATLARI
Authors:   Farg’ona Davlat Universiteti Gumanitar yonalishlar boyicha chet tillari kafedrasi oqituvchisi f.f.f.d PhD, Gulasal A’zamova , Madinabonu Abdusamatova ,   Farg’ona Davlat Universiteti Pedagogika va psixologiya fakulteti 1-bosqich 22,34-guruh talabasi
Published: June 2023

Ushbu maqolada ingliz va o`zbek mediadiskursida yangiliklarni tahlil etishning struktural-semantik, kommunikativ-pragmatik hamda lingvokulturologik jihatlari muhokama etiladi.
OSHQOZON YARASINI OLDINI OLISH VA JARROHLIK YO'LI BILAN DAVOLASH
Authors:   Andijon Davlat Tibbiyot Instituti, R.M. Zaripova
Published: June 2023

Dekompressiya usullari operatsiyadan keyingi erta asoratlarni oldini olish, operatsiyadan keyingi erta davrda gipertoniya va turg'unlik rivojlanishining oldini olish, jarrohlik aralashuvi sohasida funktsional dam olishni yaratish uchun keng qo'llanilishi mumkin.
CHET TILIDA SO‘Z O‘ZLASHTIRISH JARAYONI
Authors:   ToshDO‘TAU 2-kurs magistranti, Zayniddin qizi To‘xtayeva Dilnoza
Published: June 2023

Ushbu maqolada chet tilida so‘z o‘zlashtirishning qanday jarayonlar asosida kechishi, o‘zlashtirish jarayoni modellari va chet tilini o‘qitishda bu modellardan qanday foydalanish haqida so‘z boradi. Shuningdek, ushbu masala yuzasidan o‘tkazilgan ilmiy tadqiqotlar, tajribalar va ularning xulosalari asosidagi chet tili o‘rganuvchilarining lug‘at boyligini shakllantirishga oid tavsiyalar keltirilgan.
KIMYODAN MASALALARNI YECHISHDA FANGA OID KOMPETENSIYALARNI O`QUVCHILARGA O`RGATISH
Authors:   Toshkent Shaxar Shoyhontoxur tumani 102-IDUMning kimyo fani o'qituvchisi, Tolibjonovich Ikromov G'olibjon
Published: June 2023

Ushbu maqolada kimyo darslarida masalalar yechishda o`quvchilarning fanga oid kompetensiyalarini rivojlantirish masalalari muhokama etiladi.
MAKTABGACHA TA’LIM TASHKILOTLARIDA TA’LIM-TARBIYA JARAYONLARINI RIVOJLANTIRISHNING INNOVATSION YO‘LLARI VA UNING ISTIQBOLLARI
Authors:   Sirdaryo viloyati, Mirzaobod tumani 12-sonli DMTT direktori, Soatovna Egamberdiyeva Saida
Published: June 2023

Ushbu maqolada maktabgacha ta’lim tashkilotida ta’lim-tarbiyani rivojlantirishning pedagogik usullari, metodlari va innovatsion yo‘llari haqida taklif va tavsiyalar berilgan. Shuningdek ta’lim-tarbiyani rivojlantirish strategiyasining istiqbollari haqida ham ilmiy-nazariy tahlillar keltirilgan.
ФЕРУЗ ДАВРИДА КЎЧИРТИРИЛГАН ДЕВОНЛАРНИНГ ТАСНИФИ
Authors:   Тошкент Давлат Шарқшунослик университети Матншунослик ва адабий манбашунослик (шарқ тиллари бўйича) Факултети магистратураси 2-курс тингловчиси, Н.Ҳ. Музаффаров
Published: June 2023

XIX аср охири-XX аср бошларидаги Турк дунёси вақтли матбуотида эълон қилинган мақолаларда ҳам Хоразм китоб маданияти, китобат санъати, хаттотлари, давлат арбобларининг китобат аҳлига бўлган муносабатлар ёритиб турилган. Хоразм ҳукмдори Муҳаммад Раҳимхон Феруз, шунингдек, унинг вориси Исфандиёрхон (1910-1918) ҳақидаги маълумотларда унинг араб, форс, туркий тилларини билиши, рус тилидан хабардорлиги, китобсеварлиги, саройида шоирлар, хаттоту котибларни жамълаб, уларга ҳомийлик қилиши каби маълумотлар берилган.
UMUMIY O‘RTA TA’LIM MUASSASALARIDA PEDAGOGIK JARAYONLARNI TASHKIL ETISH VA BOSHQARISHDA REFLEKSIV YONDASHUV FAOLIYATINI TASHKIL ETISH
Authors:   NamDU, Odiljanova G.I.
Published: June 2023

Ushbu maqolada pedagogik jarayonlarda refleksiv yondashuv asosida refleksiv ta’limiy muhitni vujudga keltirish, o‘quvchilarning refleksiv faoliyatini tashkil etish jarayonida o‘quvchilar o‘rganilayotgan tushunchalarga nisbatan o‘tmishdagi va bugungi kundagi munosabatlarni o‘rganishi, tahlil qila olishi va ob’ektiv baholay olishi, natijada ularda mustaqillik, uning mazmun-mohiyati, ahamiyati va zaruriyati bo‘yicha mustahkam tushunchalar berilishi - ma’naviy barkamol shaxsni shakllantirishga xizmat qilishi kabi masalalar yoritib berilgan.
DEFINITION OF CULTURAL TOURISM AND ITS PECULARITIES
Authors:   Master student of University of World Economy and Diplomacy, Nosirova Nafisa
Published: June 2023

In this article various approaches to defining of definition of cultural tourism were explored. The author's definition of cultural tourism is presented. Justified the need to clearly define cultural tourism both for the needs of the subjects, operating in the travel industry, and for scientific research on this topic.
VI-VIII ASRLAR TARIXI MANBALARI
Authors:   Namangan davlat universiteti magistranti, Ilxomjanovna Usmanova Xurshida
Published: June 2023

VI-VIII asrlar jahon tarixida, ayniqsa Yevropa va Yaqin Sharqda muhim davr boʻldi. Bu davr yangi siyosiy, ijtimoiy va madaniy tizimlarning paydo bo'lishiga guvoh bo'ldi. Bu davr bir qancha muhim voqealar, jumladan Rim imperiyasining qulashi, islomning tarqalishi va Buyuk Karl imperiyasining yuksalishi bilan ajralib turdi. Bu davrni chuqurroq anglash uchun olimlar turli manbalarga tayanganlar. Ushbu maqolada 6-8-asrlar tarixining asosiy manbalari va ularning ushbu davr haqidagi tushunchamizni shakllantirishdagi roli ko'rib chiqiladi.
Основные проблемы защиты прав потребителей в электронной коммерции
Authors:   Студент магистратуры Ташкентского государственного юридического университета, Расуловна Каймакова Наргиза
Published: June 2023

В данной статье рассматриваются наиболее распространенные проблемы, связанные с защитой прав потребителей в электронной коммерции, объясняются причины таких проблем и даются рекомендации, которые могут послужить их решением.
Keuangan digital: suatu studi literatur
Authors: Artha Bhenu , Sari Utami Tunjung , Sari Niken Permata , Khairi Ardhi , Bahri  , Suhartini Tien
Published: June 2023

The financial industry has experienced a continuous evolution in service delivery due to digitization, where this evolution is characterized by expanded connectivity and improved information processing speed both at the customer interface and in back-office processes. The role of contracts in the economy has recently received great attention, where contracts are an important element of the operation of a market economy. The relevance of digital finance and financial inclusion for poverty alleviation and economic growth is of interest to policymakers and academics alike, particularly because of a number of issues that if addressed can make digital finance work better for individuals, businesses, governments and economies. Digital finance and financial inclusion have several benefits for financial service users, digital financial providers, governments and the economy such as increasing financial access among poor individuals, reducing financial intermediation costs for banks and fintech providers, and increasing aggregate spending for governments. The purpose of this study was to determine the determinants of digital finance. This study used a systematic literature review method and used 18 articles as study material, which were obtained from the scopus.com and sciencedirect.com pages. The results of the study show the determinants of digital finance, both variables that influence, are influenced or mediate. The results of the literature study did not find digital finance as a moderating variable.
Assess the Performance of Congolese Organizations Converted to Commercial Businesses using the Economic Value Added Approach
Authors: Salam Abdus , Rashid Mamoon Ur
Published: June 2023

This study aims to demonstrate the significance of assessing corporate success in terms of economic value added (EVA). Economic value added is widely recognized as a reliable metric for assessing the performance of private firms. Four organizations were chosen, and their performance was assessed using the EVA approach from 2016 through 2022. The following outcomes were found as a consequence of the analysis: National Electric Company (NEC), Congo National Railway Company (NRCC), and Port Transportation Company (CCPT). A positive EVA, on the other hand, represents value creation for a Water Distribution Company (WDC). Endogenous variables such as the steady fall in factor returns to labor, poor operating performance, and low capital profitability cause value destruction. Yet, ethics and openness are essential for attaining success. Corporate success in terms of economic value added (EVA). Economic value added is widely recognized as a reliable metric for assessing the performance of private firms. Four organizations were chosen, and their performance was assessed using the EVA approach from 2016 through 2021. The following outcomes were found as a consequence of the analysis: National Electric Company (NEC), Congo National Railway Company (NRCC), and Port Transportation Company (CCPT). A positive EVA, on the other hand, represents value creation for a Water Distribution Company (WDC). Endogenous variables such as the steady fall in factor returns to labor, poor operating performance, and low capital profitability cause value destruction. Yet, ethics and openness are essential for attaining success.
Leisure Guests’ Perceptions of Price and Security: The Case of Awka, Nigeria
Authors: Ogbunankwor Chibueze Emmanuel , Nwangene Ogochukwu Christian , Chendo Nkoli Augustina
Published: June 2023

Despite general security concerns, particularly security issues prevalent in the Nigerian hotel industry, guests have to contend with the room rate or price of staying in hotels considering the spiraling inflation in the country. Nevertheless, it is not empirically established if price and security influence leisure guests’ choice of hotels in Nigeria. To achieve these objectives and establish a framework of leisure guests’ choice of hotels, this study used multiple regression analysis to test the formulated hypotheses with the aid of SPSS Version 20.0 software at 5% level of significance. Findings from a convenience sample of 246 respondents who lodge in hotels in Awka metropolis, Anambra State, Nigeria show that the two factors investigated namely price and security influence leisure guests’ choice of hotels. More importantly, security has more influence than price. To sum up, the study concludes that the basis of hotel accommodation is security and affordability. Therefore, the study recommends that hotel owners and managers should definitely be security-conscious in the management of their hotels and always strive to give consumers more for less.
Factors Hindering Access to Healthcare Services in Peri-Urban Communities in Johannesburg, South Africa
Authors: Sigamoney Claudia , Singh Paul
Published: June 2023

Access to healthcare is a major problem for diverse reasons in Africa. This study developed a conceptual model to address the factors that hinder patients from accessing and navigating healthcare services in peri-urban communities in Johannesburg, South Africa. A mixed methods research strategy was used to collect both quantitative and qualitative data. Semi-structured interviews and field notes were used for qualitative data collection, while hand-delivered questionnaires were used for collecting quantitative data. Outpatients, administration, and medical personnel that worked at various research sites constituted the sample. The findings identified poor infrastructure, poverty and geographical location as factors hindering healthcare access. Additionally, the study revealed that healthcare policies contributed to the marginalisation of poor communities and recommended a review of such policies to involve various stakeholders. The planned implementation of National Health Insurance and the need for a comprehensive social security system were also recommended as strategies to address the hindrances. Finally, a conceptual model was developed to drive behavioural change in the public and private healthcare systems, leading to affordable and sustainable improvement in accessing, navigating, and using healthcare services.
Desirability of Incorporating Environmental Literacy Education into The Global Efa Agenda with Focus on Developing Countries
Authors: Eheazu Caroline L.
Published: June 2023

The global Advocacy for Education for All (EFA) has its origin in Article 26 of the 1948 Declaration of Human Rights by the United Nations (UN). The Advocacy has gone through phases with limited success in the achievement of the cardinal objective of global inclusive education for humanity’s survival and socio-economic development. The present (2015-2030) phase is anchored on 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and targets African and other countries facing special developmental challenges. It has been observed that environmental literacy is at the heart of the SDGs. The purpose of this paper is to review the objectives and achievement levels of the various phases of the global EFA Advocacy and expound the desirability of incorporating Environmental Literacy Education (ELE) into the ongoing EFA Agenda, especially in developing countries. After a research-based exposé of the developmental benefits of integrating the competences offered by ELE with those provided by UNESCO in its Guidelines for achieving the SDGs, the paper concludes that incorporating ELE into the ongoing global EFA Agenda is highly desirable and goes on to suggest modalities for the incorporation.
Impact of Globalization on Sustainable Implementation in the Construction Industry: Dynamics of Construction Tender-Price Volatility
Authors: Tembo Moffat , Mwanaumo Erastus Misheng’u , Kahanji Charles
Published: June 2023

Construction infrastructure plays a crucial role in development, bringing significant implications for resource utilization. Henceforward, specific measures for alleviating challenges associated with sustainable construction become crucial-general arguments of good industry practice. Construction-sector sustainability is increasingly important in developing countries, and threats of globalization amid construction-tender price volatility require immediate action. The purpose of this paper is threefold. The first is to investigate, through a literature review, the indicators of globalization concerning the construction sector. The second intention is to evaluate the empirical impacts of globalization on the construction sector with a focus on the derivation of construction tender-price. Thirdly, the study intends to separate the contributions of foreign direct investment (FDI) to global integration for construction sustainability. The study adopts qualitative and quantitative approaches that follow a case study and causal research design to explore and understand decisions and opportunities regarding construction-tender price inflation. The study utilizes content, thematic, and statistical methods for data analysis. The study finds that construction tender prices increased by an average of 49.7% per annum for periodic maintenance of feeder roads between 2012 and 2021, with varying correlations to globalization indicators. The research highlights notable disadvantages of foreign direct investments in the construction sector through the emergence of foreign firms in developing countries. The drawbacks include instigating unfair competition, initiating adverse knockout effects on local firms, exterminating local firms, and perpetuating corruption. In addition, the study identifies areas requiring attention to address the impacts of globalization in the construction sector. Critical areas include legislating procurement controls that protect local firms and improving the qualifications and competencies of local firms. The study further underscores mitigation measures against the adverse effects of foreign firms in the construction sector. These measures include providing training to local firms, managing the nature and type of competition, managing the nature and type of competing firms, and building the capacity of local firms.
Financial Liberalization, Institutions and Savings in Nigeria
Authors: Echebiri Raymond Chidorom , Obiakor Tochukwu , Tella Sheriffdeen
Published: June 2023

The rate of savings in Nigeria has been low over the years. Despite efforts to stimulate savings through the adoption and implementation of financial liberalization policies, the rate of savings in the country has remained low in absolute and comparative terms. Previous studies on the determinants of savings in the country focused mainly on the association between savings and financial liberalization [(Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Broad Money Supply (BMS) and Deposit interest Rate (DPR)], paying scant attention to institutions [(Rule of Law (RUL), Control of Corruption (COC), Political Stability and absence of violence/terrorism (POS), Regulatory Quality (RGQ), Voice and Accountability (VAC) and Government Effectiveness (GEF)]. This study therefore examined the effect of financial liberalization and institutions on Gross Domestic Savings (GDS) in Nigeria. The study adopted ex-post facto design. Annual data from 1996 to 2020 on Nigeria was sourced from World Development Indicators (WDI, 2020) and World Governance Indicators (WDI, 2020). Data was analyzed using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimation technique. The study adopted the 5% level of significance. Findings of the study revealed that GDP, DPR and BMS had positive and insignificant effect on GDS in Nigeria. The findings also showed that institutions was correlated with GDS in Nigeria. The study concluded that the effect of financial liberalization on savings in Nigeria improved when it was moderated with institutions. The study recommended that the country should strengthen its institutions by controlling corruption and ensuring political stability and regulatory quality to boost its savings.
Oil Exploration in Eastern Obolo Environment, 1996 – 2021
Authors: Israel Ubongabasi Ebenezer , Mbikan Maclean Donald
Published: June 2023

Eastern Obolo is richly endowed with abundant natural resources especially crude oil and gas. Oil exploration has impacted disastrously on the people and their environment. Despite its immense contribution to the up-keep of the state, the area has suffered monumental neglect and deprivation in addition to the destruction of the ecosystem. The fauna and flora are under threat. The exploration of crude oil apart from causing damages to the ecosystem has been one of the major sources of communal conflicts and crime in the area. This vexed situation has in recent years encouraged youth restiveness, violent protests, pipeline vandalisation and kidnapping. Against this backdrop, the paper argues that unless there is a paradigm shift in the manner the oil multinationals as well as the state and federal government respond to these ugly situations, violent crisis will continue to prevail.
Influence of Religion On the Political Parties’ Affiliations and Elections in Uganda: The Case of Iganga District
Authors: Kasujja John Paul
Published: June 2023

This study examined the influence of religion on the political Parties’ affiliation and elections in Iganga District. The study used a cross-sectional survey research design with both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The study used 700 respondents identified using simple random, purposive and snow ball sampling techniques. These included religious leaders, political and traditional leaders, and voters. Data was analysed using Chi-square test of goodness of fit and thematic analysis. The study discovered that Political party affiliation is not linked to religion apart from the traditional political parties, and religious leaders and their institutions are turned into mobilization centers consequently influencing them politically. The study recommended that religious leaders should try to unite the people in the region amidst confusion and divisionism caused by politics. In addition, Religious leaders and political leaders should therefore desist from activities which compromise with their religious and leadership ethics, thus campaigns or political gatherings should take place entirely out of the worship centers. They should not allow religion to be politicized.
The Authority of the Prosperity in Optimizing State Financial Loss Returns Due to Criminal Acts of Corruption Which Associated With Tax Criminal Actions
Authors: Asphianto Aan
Published: June 2023

According to the applicable procedural law, findings of state financial losses due to tax crimes must be delegated to PPNS (Civil Servant Investigators) at the Directorate General of Taxes as the institution authorized to investigate and investigate tax crimes. If the handling of state financial losses due to the two crimes must be separated, by delegating the handling of tax crimes to the Directorate General of Taxes first, then this will actually cause problems and the recovery of state financial losses will not be optimal. To analyze these problems, this research uses progressive legal theory as the grand theory and responsive legal theory as the middle theory. The type of research used is normative legal research or doctrinal research, namely legal research conducted by examining legal materials, whether in the form of doctrines or legal principles in the science of law. Meanwhile, the approach used in this study is the statutory approach, the case approach, and the conceptual approach. The types and sources of legal materials used in this normative legal research consist of Primary Legal Materials, Secondary Legal Materials, and Tertiary Legal Materials. The results obtained from the research, that in carrying out his authority as an investigator and as a Public Prosecutor, the Prosecutor must be able to reflect on the rules he is dealing with, so that he does not implement the law statically but can be dynamic, because procedural law/procedure law is not always able to regulate completely, because Therefore, the presence of prosecutors who dare to make breakthroughs is the key to success in optimizing the recovery of state financial losses due to criminal acts of corruption that intersect with criminal acts of taxation.
Neuman Sistemler Modelinin Morbid Obez Bireyin Hemşirelik Bakımında Kullanımı-Olgu sunumu
Authors: KELEŞ İsmail , OLGUN Nermin
Published: June 2023

Dünya Sağlık Örgütü obeziteyi “sağlığı bozacak ölçüde vücutta aşırı yağ birikmesi” olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Obezite; gelişmiş veya gelişmekte olan devletlerin en önemli sağlık problemleri arasındadır. Obezite sorunu 2017 yılından beri aşırı kilolu ve obez olmanın neticesinde her yıl yaklaşık olarak 4 milyon insanın ölmesiyle salgın boyutuna ulaşmış durumdadır. Obezite ile gebelik aşamasından yaşamın son evresine kadar mücadele edilmesi gereken bir zorunluluktur. Bu nedenle bir model veya teorinin hemşirelik uygulamalarında rehber olarak kullanılması önemlidir. Hemşirelik uygulamalarında kullanılabilecek modellerden biri de Neuman Sistemler Modeli’dir. Bu modelin sağlık sistemi üzerindeki benzersiz odak noktası, çevresel stres etkenleri ve stres tepkisi ile ilgilidir. Bu model, hastayı, içsel, kişiler arası ve kişi dışı stresörlerle sürdürülebilir etkileşimler sistemi olarak tanıtır. Hemşirenin rolü, bireyin strese tepkisini etkileyen faktörlere odaklanmak ve hastayı ilgili risk faktörlerine karşı korumaktır. Hemşire; hasta, çevre ve sağlık arasındaki ilişkiyi oluşturur ve sürdürülebilir bir sistem kurar. Hemşirelik mesleğinde teorilerin klinik uygulamalarda kullanılmak üzere geliştirildiği unutulmamalıdır. Teoriler geliştirmek ve gözden geçirmek, kaliteli bakıma yeni yaklaşımlar açmaktadır. Bundan dolayı hemşireler Neuman Sistemler Model’ini kullanarak, obeziteli bireylerin hayatındaki stresörlerin bilinmesini ve hemşirelik süreci yönünden kapsamlı bir şekilde verilerin toplanmasını, aynı zamanda gereksinimlerin holistik açıdan değerlendirilmesini ve uygun hemşirelik tanılarının konulmasını sağlamaktır.
Gebelerde Algılanan Eş Desteği ve Gebelik Semptomları
Authors: TOSUN GÜLEROĞLU Funda , ONAT Taylan
Published: June 2023

Bu çalışma gebelerin algıladığı eş desteğini ve bu desteğin gebelik semptomlarına olan etkisini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Tanımlayıcı ve ilişkisel tipteki çalışmanın evrenini 1 Temmuz- 31 Aralık 2021 tarihleri arasında İç Anadolu’da bir üniversite hastanesinin kadın doğum polikliniklerine gelen gebeler oluşturmuştur. Çalışma 156 gebe ile tamamlanmıştır. Çalışmanın verileri Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Gebelikte Eş Desteği Algısı Ölçeği (GEDAÖ) ve Gebelik Semptom Envanteri (GSE) kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Gebelerin yaş ortalamasının 26.9±5,2 ve %63.5’inin 21-30 yaş aralığında olduğu belirlenmiştir. Gebelerin eş desteği algısı ölçeği toplam puan ortalamasının 61.5±14.9 ve gebelik semptom ölçeği puan ortalamasının 45.04±17.6 olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Gebelerin algılanan eş desteği alt boyut ve toplam puan ortalamaları ile gebelik semptomları puan ortalamaları arasındaki ilişkinin istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olmadığı saptanmıştır (p>0.05). Gebelerin algıladığı eş desteği ile deneyimledikleri gebelik semptomları arasında ilişki yoktur. Yaş, gebenin ve eşin öğrenim düzeyi, evlenme şekli, süresi ve gebelik sayısı gebelerin algıladığı eş desteğini etkilemektedir. Doğuma hazırlık eğitimlerinde özellikle eş desteği olmak üzere sosyal desteğin önemi konusuna yer verilmesi önerilebilir.
Validity and Reliability of Heart Surgery Symptom Inventory in Turkish Language
Authors: ALTINOK Dilara , SAĞLAM Rabia
Published: June 2023

This study was conducted to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Heart Surgery Symptom Inventory (HSSI) in Turkish language. This methodological study consisted of 312 patients who had CABG surgery in a public and a foundation university hospital between December 2017 and September 2018. Data were collected with the Patient Information Form and the HSSI. Language validity of the HSSI was analyzed by the translation-back translation method. Content validity was evaluated by Davis technique. Cronbach α coefficient, and item total correlation were examined for the reliability of the inventory. Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin (KMO) and Bartlett's tests were performed to evaluate the sampling adequacy and the suitability of the data for factor analysis. KMO value was 0.867, which indicates suitability for principal component analysis. Bartlett's test was found as x2=22733.809; p=0.000 and this value shows that the data are related to each other and are suitable for factor analysis. Content Validity Index (CVI) of the inventory was found 0.84. Factor loadings of the 35-item HSSI, which was examined as a single sub-dimension, varied between 333 and 858, and explained variance was 44.922%. The total Cronbach alpha coefficient was 0.961 and the total item correlations for all items were positive. As a result, the HSSI with single-subscale and 35-item was found to be valid and reliable inventory in Turkish language and could be used for the evaluation of symptoms after heart surgery.
Food Diversity and Compliance of Menus with Nutritional Recommendations of Kindergartens in Istanbul
Authors: SARIKAYA Buse , AKTAÇ Şule , KARĞIN Dicle
Published: June 2023

This descriptive research was carried out in randomly selected 210 kindergartens in 7 districts sides of Istanbul. The study aimed to examine the characteristics of preschool menus and compare them to the nutritional requirements of children. Meals served in breakfast, lunch, and snacks were determined in portions and nutritional and energy content is calculated. The nutrient content of the menus was compared to Dietary Guidelines for Turkey to meet the daily requirements. 21.4% of the kindergartens that provided food reported that dietitians planned the menu. The mean percentages of meeting the daily energy recommendations for breakfast, lunch, and afternoon meals were 26.18%, 29.54%, and 6.48% respectively. Of those kindergarten menus were most convenient for consumption (94.3%); they provided a variety in terms of consistency (85.2%) and pattern variety (68.1%). The dietary fiber content of the menus was insufficient compared to the daily recommendations. The menus offer sweetened fruit juices, and salads were less served than recommendations. Kindergarten menus should contain more whole grains and vegetables to provide requirements for dietary fiber.
Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Beslenme Okuryazarlığı Durumu ve Obezite ile İlişkisi: Yozgat Örneği
Authors: İBİŞ Reyhan , ÖZTÜRK Ahmet
Published: June 2023

Çalışma, üniversite öğrencilerinin beslenme okuryazarlığı düzeylerini tespit etmek, beslenme okuryazarlığı durumunun obeziteyle ilişkisini araştırmak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Tanımlayıcı nitelikteki araştırma Yozgat Bozok Üniversitesi’nde 967 öğrenciyle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Verilerin toplanmasında anket formu ve Yetişkinlerde Beslenme Okuryazarlığı Değerlendirme Aracı kullanılmıştır.

Araştırmaya katılan öğrencilerin %52,3’ü kadın, %47,7’si erkek olup, yaş ortalamaları 20,7±2 yıldır. Öğrencilerin %68,8’i normal olup, %21,8’i hafif şişman/şişmandır. Öğrencilerin Yetişkinlerde Beslenme Okuryazarlığı Değerlendirme Aracı puan ortalaması 25,06±5.62 olup %73,5’inin beslenme okuryazarlığı düzeyi yeterli bulunmuştur. Öğrencilerin en fazla (%81,8) “besin grupları” alt bölümünde okuryazarlığının yeterli olduğu tespit edilmiştir. “Porsiyon miktarları” alt bölümünde yeterli okuryazarlığa sahip olma oranı sadece %9,7’dir. Okuduğunu anlama ve gıda etiketi okuma ve sayısal okuryazarlık durumu yetersiz olanların şişmanlık oranları anlamlı şekilde daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, beslenme okuryazarlığı yetersiz olanlarda hafif şişmanlık/şişmanlık oranının daha yüksek olduğu bulunmuştur. Üniversite öğrencileri sağlıklı beslenme alışkanlıkları konusunda uzmanların desteği ile teşvik edilmeli ve kampüs alanları fiziksel aktiviteye uygun hale getirilmelidir.
Adolesan Dönemde Premenstrual Sendromun Obezite İle İlişkisi
Authors: ÇAĞIRAN YILMAZ Feray , ÇAĞIRAN Derya
Published: June 2023

Bu kesitsel çalışma ile, adolesan dönemde premenstrual sendromun obezite ile ilişkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Kesitsel olarak yürütülen bu çalışma Çocuk Adolesan Polikliniği’ne başvuran 12-18 yaş grubu araştırmaya katılmayı gönüllü olarak kabul eden 650 adolesan ile yürütülmüştür. Adolesanların antropometrik ölçümleri alınarak, Premenstrual Sendrom Ölçeği uygulanmıştır. Çalışmaya katılan adolesanların tamamında premenstrual sendrom varlığı saptanmıştır. Premenstrual sendrom ile adolesanların beden kütle indeksi sınıflaması arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık olduğu belirlenmiştir (p
Öğrenci Yemekhanesinde Tabak İsrafının Nedenlerinin Araştırılması: Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Örneği
Authors: KOÇAK Elif , ARLI Hatice , ZENGİN Dilan , DOĞAN Nilüfer , İLYASOĞLU Huri
Published: June 2023

Bu çalışmanın amacı Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Öğrenci Yemekhanesinde tabak israfının nedenlerinin araştırılmasıdır. Çalışmaya toplam 330 öğrenci katılmıştır. Yüz-yüze anket tekniği uygulanarak araştırma verileri toplanmıştır. Demografik bilgileri, öğrencilerin yemekhaneyle ilgili görüşlerini ve tabakta artık bırakma nedenlerini belirlemeye yönelik toplam 13 soruyu içeren anket uygulanmıştır. Öğrencilerin çoğunluğu (%69,1) ucuz olması nedeniyle yemekhaneyi tercih ettiğini belirtmiştir. Öğrencilerin %33,9’unun yemeklerden memnun olduğu, %23,3’ünün ise memnun olmadığı, %19,7’sinin artık bırakmadığı ve %80,3’ünün ise artık bıraktığı belirlenmiştir. Öğrencilerin en çok artık bıraktığı 3 yemeğin çorba, makarna ve pilav olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Sık tekrarlanması, uygun sıcaklıkta servis edilmemesi, soğuk olması, tadının ve görünümünün beğenilmemesi gibi nedenlerden dolayı öğrencilerin tabaklarında artık bıraktığı belirlenmiştir.
Trabzon Fatih Devlet Hastanesinden İzole Edilen Klinik Acinetobacter baumannii ve Pseudomonas aeruginosa Suşlarında Antibiyotik Direnç Genlerinin Araştırılması
Authors: AKYILDIZ Esma , SARAL Ayşegül , KÖSE Tuba , BERİŞ Fatih Şaban , ÖZAD DÜZGÜN Azer
Published: June 2023

Bu çalışmanın amacı Acinetobacter baumannii ve Pseudomonas aeruginosa izolatlarının antibiyotik duyarlılık profilini araştırmak ve bu izolatlarda direnç genlerinin varlığını belirlemektir. Direnç genlerinin tespiti PCR yöntemi ile değerlendirildi. Acinetobacter baumannii izolatlarında imipenem ve meropenem direnci sırasıyla %93,2 ve %91 olduğu görüldü. P. aeruginosa izolatlarında imipenem direnç oranı %53,9 ve meropenem direnç oranı %38,5 olarak belirlendi. Pseudomonas aeruginosa izolatları arasında aranan genlerden bir izolatta sadece OXA-23 tespit edildi. Acinetobacter baumannii izolatlarından bir izolatta OXA-24, 40 izolatta OXA-23 saptandı. Bu çalışma, CRPA (Karbapenem dirençli Pseudomonas aeruginosa) ve CRAB (Karbapenem dirençli Acinetobacter baumannii) izolatlarında karbapenem direncinden OXA-23'ün sorumlu olduğunu göstermektedir.
Investigation of Microflora-Mediated Effect of Nutrition Frequency and Food Choice on General Affective State
Authors: VARDAĞLI Duygu , ORTAKCI Özlem
Published: June 2023

We investigated the changes in the gut microbiota depending on the type and frequency of use of carbohydrate, which is the main element in our diet, and the relationship of these changes with mood. Thus, we aimed to intervene in mood disorders, which are seen in approximately 6.2% of the population in our country, by improving the type and frequency of use of carbohydrates, which make up 60% of the daily diet. In the study, 197 young adults between the ages of 18-45; Questions were asked to determine the number and times of meals during the day, the basic nutrients that make up their meals, the foods they chose in case of mood changes they noticed, the types of carbohydrates they consumed and the frequency of consumption, and the data were collected in the digital environment. To increase the possibility of accurate and reliable data collection; The ideal number of questions was determined as 30 and the Cronbach Alpha coefficient was calculated as (0.78). SPSS 26 statistical program was used to determine the data and p
Effects of Quercetin on Cypermethrin-Induced Stomach Injury: The Role of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis.
Authors: AKARAS Nurhan , GÜR Cihan , ŞİMŞEK Hasan , TUNCER Sibel Çiğdem
Published: June 2023

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of quercetin (QUE) on cypermethrin (CYP) induced gastrotoxicity in rats. 35 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups, 7 in each group. In the study, 25 and 50 mg/kg QUE were administered orally 30 min after 25 mg/kg cypermethrin was administered to rats for 28 days. Oxidative stress, inflammation, ER stress, apoptosis and autophagy markers were biochemically analyzed in gastric tissues. Additionally, histological analysis was performed for microscopic evaluation of gastric tissue. The results revealed that QUE prevented tissue damage by reducing CYP-induced lipid peroxidation (MDA) and increasing GSH, SOD, CAT and GPx activities. It also showed anti-inflammatory effect by suppressing inflammatory markers such as NF-𝜅B, IL-1β, TNF-α, iNOS and COX-2. QUE administration down-regulated CYP-induced increased PERK, ATF6, Caspase-3 and Beclin-1 markers. In addition, administration of QUE ameliorated the pathological tissue damage in gastric tissue due to CYP. The data of this study show that Que suppresses CYP-induced gastric toxicity by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, ER stress, apoptosis a autophagy.
Hemşirelik Öğrencilerinin Uygulama Alanlarında Meslektaş Şiddetine Maruz Kalma Durumlarının Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: KIRBAŞ Zila Özlem , KAHRİMAN İlknur
Published: June 2023

Meslektaş şiddeti, birçok meslekte olduğu gibi hemşirelik mesleğinde de önemli bir sorun olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışma hemşirelik öğrencilerinin klinik uygulama alanlarında meslektaş şiddetine maruz kalma durumlarını belirlemeyi amaçlamıştır. Çalışma tanımlayıcı tipte yapıldı. Araştırmanın verileri, Kişisel Bilgi Formu ve Hemşirelik Öğrencileri için Meslektaş Şiddetine Maruz Kalma Ölçeği kullanılarak toplandı. Çalışma toplam 281 öğrenci ile yürütüldü. Çalışmaya katılan öğrencilerin yaş ortalaması 20,58±1,74 olup, %84’ü kız öğrenciydi. Öğrencilerin sözel/psikolojik şiddete maruz kalma durumu alt boyutu puanları 20,35±7,50, şiddetin fiziksel ve ruhsal sağlık üzerine etkisi alt boyutu puanları 23,63±10,13 ve ölçek toplam puanları 43,99±16,88 olarak bulundu. Hemşirelik öğrencilerinin düşük dereceli meslektaş şiddetine maruz kaldıkları belirlendi. Bu nedenle hemşirelik öğrencilerinin uygulama alanlarında maruz kaldıkları şiddetin önlenmesine yönelik önlemler alınmalıdır.
COVID-19’un Psikolojik Etkisi ve Kendini Toparlama
Authors: PEKMEZCİ Hilal , AKBAL Yağmur , GENÇ KÖSE Burcu , ÇUVALCİ Burcu , KEFELİ ÇOL Bahar
Published: June 2023

Bu araştırma COVID-19 tanısı alan bireylerin yaşadıkları psikolojik semptomları ve kendilerini toparlama düzeylerini belirlemek amacıyla yapıldı. Tanımlayıcı-kesitsel tipte yapılan bu araştırmanın örneklemini Haziran 2021-Aralık 2021 tarihleri arasında araştırma kriterlerine uyan ve araştırmaya katılmayı kabul eden 823 kişi oluşturdu. Veriler online olarak Bilgi Formu, Depresyon Anksiyete Stres Ölçeği ve Kendini Toparlama Gücü Ölçeği ile toplandı. Çalışmaya katılan bireylerin %69,9’u kadın, %57,4’ü ise bekardır. %66,3’ü üniversite mezunu, %81,2’si geniş ailede ve %65,1’i ilde yaşamaktadır. Katılımcıların %57,5’inin birlikte yaşadığı kişiler COVID-19 tanısı almıştır. Depresyon Anksiyete Stres ölçeği alt boyut puanları da kadınlarda ve bekarlarda daha yüksek bulundu (p
Identification of Expertise Roles and Skill Sets Required for Careers in Health Information Management
Authors: GÜRCAN Fatih
Published: June 2023

This study aims to investigate the competency areas and skill sets demanded on the job market for health information management (HIM), which plays a vital role in sustaining and enhancing the quality and efficacy of health services. In accordance with this objective, a semantic content analysis was performed on online HIM job postings using a quantitative method based on text mining and probabilistic topic modeling to identify the expertise roles and skill sets as semantic topics. Our findings revealed ten expertise roles and twenty-four skills that represent a broad spectrum of HIM professions’ competency requirements. “Specialist” (17.57%), “Director” (17.05%), “Manager” (13.18%), “Coder” (12.40%), and “Technician” (11.11%) are the top five expertise roles for HIM. A competency taxonomy was developed for HIM professions based on the knowledge and skills revealed by 24 topics using topic modeling analysis. The HIM competencies were categorized as “Medical Knowledge” (39.92%), “Management Skills” (29.80%), “IT Skills” (16.09%), and “Soft Skills” (14.18%). Our findings may have significant implications for HIM candidates and professionals, healthcare industries, and academic institutions in their efforts to comprehend, evaluate, and develop the necessary competencies and skills for HIM careers.
Şiddet Mağduru Kadının Değişim Aşamaları Ölçeği Türkçe Formunun Geçerlik ve Güvenirliğinin Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: YILDIRIM Nilüfer , UYSAL TORAMAN Aynur
Published: June 2023

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, Şiddet Mağduru Kadının Değişim Aşamaları Ölçeği’nin Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirliğinin değerlendirilmesidir. Yöntem: Metodolojik çalışma, bir adliyede, Mart-Aralık 2017 tarihleri arasında, 255 şiddet mağduru kadın ile yürütülmüştür. Veri toplama aracı olarak araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen sosyodemografik soru formu ve Şiddet Mağduru Kadının Değişim Aşamaları Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. İçerik geçerliği için kapsam geçerlik indeksi, yapı geçerliği için açıklayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi yapılmıştır. Ölçek güvenirliğini test edebilmek için Cronbach alfa değeri, madde toplam korelasyonu kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Ölçek için kapsam geçerlik indeksi 1,00’dır. Ölçeğin yazarı tarafından belirtilen dört ayrı ölçek ve maddeleri göz önünde bulundurularak dört farklı Cronbach alfa katsayısı hesaplaması yapılmıştır. İlişkide Sorunlar Ölçeği Cronbach alfa katsayısı, 0,73; İlişkide Artı ve Eksiler Ölçeği Cronbach’ alfa katsayısı, 0,77; İlişkide Çekici Gelen Durumlar Ölçeği 0,96 ve İlişkide Çekici Gelen Durumları Seçerken Kendine Güven Ölçeği 0,97 olarak tahminlenmiştir. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizine göre modelin veri-model uyumu yeterli bulunmuştur. Sonuç: Şiddet Mağduru Kadının Değişim Aşamaları Ölçeğinin model veri uyumu oldukça yeterli bulunmuştur. Ölçeğin geçerli ve güvenilir ölçümler sağlayabildiği sonucuna varılmıştır.