bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of residence times of ions in a resistive glass selected ion flow‐drift tube using the Hadamard transformation
Authors: Spesyvyi Anatolii , Španěl Patrik
Published: October 2015

Rationale

Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, SIFT‐MS, used for trace gas analyses has certain fundamental limitations that could be alleviated by adding a facility that allows reaction times and ion interaction energies to be varied. Thus, a selected ion flow‐drift tube, SIFDT, has been created to explore the influence of an embedded electric field on these parameters and on reaction processes.

Methods

The new SIFTD instrument was constructed using a miniature resistive glass drift tube. Arrival times of ions, t, analysed by a downstream quadrupole mass spectrometer over the m/z range 10–100 were studied by modulating the injected ion current using a gate lens. Single pulse modulation was compared with pseudorandom time multiplexing exploiting the Hadamard transformation. A simple model involving analysis of ethanol and water vapour mixture in air was used to explore the advantages of the SIFDT concept to SIFT‐MS analysis.

Results

It is shown that the resistive glass drift tube is suitable for SIFDT experiments. The Hadamard transformation can be used to routinely determine reagent ion residence time in the flow‐drift tube and also to observe differences in arrival times for different product ions. Two‐dimensional data combining arrival time and mass spectra can be obtained rapidly. The calculated ion drift velocities vary with the reduced field strength, E/N, and the calculated ion mobilities agree with theoretical and previous literature values.

Conclusions

This study has provided evidence that the SIFDT‐MS technique can be implemented in a miniature and low‐cost instrument and two‐ or three‐dimensional data can be obtained (product ion count rates as functions of m/z, t and E/N) using the Hadamard transformation thus providing exciting possibilities for further analytical additions and extensions of the SIFT‐MS technique. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transient signal isotope analysis: validation of the method for isotope signal synchronization with the determination of amplifier first‐order time constants
Authors: Gourgiotis Alkiviadis , Manhès Gérard , Louvat Pascale , Moureau Julien , Gaillardet Jérôme
Published: October 2015

Rationale

During transient signal acquisition by Multi‐Collection Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (MC‐ICPMS), an isotope ratio increase or decrease (isotopic drift hereafter) is often observed which is related to the different time responses of the amplifiers involved in multi‐collection. This isotopic drift affects the quality of the isotopic data and, in a recent study, a method of internal amplifier signal synchronization for isotope drift correction was proposed. In this work the determination of the amplifier time constants was investigated in order to validate the method of internal amplifier signal synchronization for isotope ratio drift correction.

Methods

Two different MC‐ICPMS instruments, the Neptune and the Neptune Plus, were used, and both the lead transient signals and the signal decay curves of the amplifiers were investigated.

Results

Our results show that the first part of the amplifier signal decay curve is characterized by a pure exponential decay. This part of the signal decay was used for the effective calculation of the amplifier first‐order time constants. The small differences between these time constants were compared with time lag values obtained from the method of isotope signal synchronization and were found to be in good agreement.

Conclusions

This work proposes a way of determining amplifier first‐order time constants. We show that isotopic drift is directly related to the amplifier first‐order time constants and the method of internal amplifier signal synchronization for isotope ratio drift correction is validated. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Will remote sensing shape the next generation of species distribution models?
Authors: He Kate S. , Bradley Bethany A. , Cord Anna F. , Rocchini Duccio , Tuanmu Mao‐Ning , Schmidtlein Sebastian , Turner Woody , Wegmann Martin , Pettorelli Nathalie
Published: October 2015

Two prominent limitations of species distribution models (SDMs) are spatial biases in existing occurrence data and a lack of spatially explicit predictor variables to fully capture habitat characteristics of species. Can existing and emerging remote sensing technologies meet these challenges and improve futureSDMs? We believe so. Novel products derived from multispectral and hyperspectral sensors, as well as future Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and RADAR missions, may play a key role in improving model performance. In this perspective piece, we demonstrate how modern sensors onboard satellites, planes and unmanned aerial vehicles are revolutionizing the way we can detect and monitor both plant and animal species in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems as well as allowing the emergence of novel predictor variables appropriate for species distribution modeling. We hope this interdisciplinary perspective will motivate ecologists, remote sensing experts and modelers to work together for developing a more refinedSDMframework in the near future.
Pharmaceutical market dynamics and strategic planning: a system dynamics perspective
Authors: Paich Mark , Peck Corey , Valant Jason
Published: October 2015

Competitive pressures are forcing pharmaceutical companies to develop even more effective product‐based strategic plans, which have traditionally been derived from unarticulated mental models about the individual diseases and the role of various decision‐makers within them. The industry is blessed with a wealth of patient‐ and physician‐level data, but often this information is not leveraged to its full extent. System dynamics provides an operational framework for understanding and analyzing how the interaction of patient flow dynamics, physician prescribing/product adoption behavior, and the evaluation of therapy options drive marketplace behavior. By evaluating the response of such an integrated model to possible marketing initiatives, pharmaceutical firms can develop and ultimately execute more cost‐effective strategic plans for their products. Copyright © 2011 System Dynamics Society.
Promoting Social Justice Through Appreciative Community Service
Authors: Mather Peter C. , Konkle Erin
Published: October 2015

Social justice and community service have strong traditions in higher education. In this chapter, the authors describe ways in which positive psychology and appreciative inquiry inform the pursuit of social justice through community service activities.
Trends and Milestones Affecting Student Affairs Practice
Authors: Hamrick Florence A. , Klein Krista
Published: October 2015

Four principal evolutions that have affected student affairs practice are identified and discussed in this chapter.
Looking Back and Ahead: What We Must Learn From 30 Years of Student Affairs Assessment
Authors: Elkins Becki
Published: October 2015

This chapter reviews the history and current state of assessment in student affairs. It evaluates our progress to date and makes recommendations for the future.
Bootstrap testing of 2D electrophoresis gels across groups
Authors: Huang Hui , Correa Nicole , Roy Anindya , Adali Tulay
Published: October 2015

Statistical procedures are often used to pre‐screen spots that may be differentially expressed across groups of 2‐dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) gels. Commonly used inference procedures are univariate and have poor detection capabilities due to their reliance on unrealistic assumptions and result in a large number of false positives, thereby reducing the efficiency and costing effectiveness of the statistical pre‐screening procedures. We develop a data‐driven statistical approach that provides accurate identification of statistically significant differences in protein expression profiles across groups. Our methodology relies on a spatial bootstrap technique, and we develop a novel testing procedure using modified Kolmogorov‐Smirnov type statistic that is appropriate for spatial dependence in data such as in gel images. Simulation study based on synthetic gels shows that the testing procedure has high efficiency in detecting group differences. The methodology is illustrated via a set of real 2DE gels. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New design aspects for steel linings made of high‐strength steel for pressure shafts
Authors: Greiner Richard , Stering Wilfried , Innerhofer Guntram
Published: October 2015

After an interruption in the last decades of the 20th century, a number of pressure shafts with steel linings are presently being built or planned. These are frequently connected with the use of high‐strength steel and with pumped storage plants. Larger dimensions and higher dynamic loads demand further research beyond the previous state of the art of the 1980s. An advanced concept by the second author, involving the geotechnical interaction of steel lining and rock mass, opens up new potential for the design of linings. This approach postulates ductility requirements for the steel used for liners which may be challenging for the field of modern high‐strength steels. This paper provides an overview of the latest investigations dealing with the design of steel liners for internal pressure and the required properties for high‐strength steel.
Development, experience and qualification of steel grades for hydropower conduits
Authors: Cerjak Horst , Enzinger Norbert , Pudar Milan
Published: October 2015

In this contribution the historical development of materials and applied welding procedures in the field of hydropower plant shafts and penstocks is summarized. Based on the experiences and failure cases observed in the past in combination with modern methods, a best practice solution for the qualification of materials and processes is proposed. Additionally to weldability based on strength and toughness, fracture mechanics, fatigue behaviour and stress corrosion sensitivity have to be considered. All these measures have to be validated by application of related advanced NDT processes.
New European Recommendations for the design and application of sandwich panels – Results of the work of the Joint Committee on Sandwich Constructions
Authors: Berner Klaus , Hassinen Paavo , Heselius Lars , Izabel David , Käpplein Saskia , Lange Jörg , Misiek Thoma , Rädel Felicitas , Tillonen Ak , Zupancic Danijel
Published: October 2015

The design and manufacture of factory‐made self‐supporting sandwich panels are covered by European standard EN 14509. Two new European Recommendations extend the potential applications for the standard, providing information about the influence of openings on the loadbearing behaviour of the panels and about the possibility of supporting beams, purlins and cladding rails against stability failures. The new European Recommendations were prepared by the European Joint Committee on Sandwich Constructions.
Relational Intelligence and Collaborative Learning
Authors: McNamee Sheila , Moscheta Murilo
Published: October 2015

This chapter explores the ways in which a relational understanding of the educational process might inform and transform university teaching.
Using a Brain‐Based Approach to Collaborative Teaching and Learning with Asians
Authors: D'Amato Rik Carl , Wang Yuan Yuan
Published: October 2015

This chapter advocates for a more contemporary ecological neuropsychology approach, where brain‐learner‐environmental interactions are the focus of study, assessment, and evidence‐based intervention.
Update on bladder cancer diagnosis and management
Authors: Bryan Richard T.
Published: October 2015

Although the basis of the diagnosis and management of urothelial bladder cancer has remained unchanged for two decades or more, there have been some subtle but important changes in several components of these pathways over the past five to ten years, as outlined in this review. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons
Improving the awareness and understanding of modern prostate cancer management
Authors: Payne Heather , Kirby Mike
Published: October 2015

The authors explore issues regarding the optimal management of prostate cancer, focusing on active surveillance, hormonal therapy and the role of the multidisciplinary team. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons
Men and primary care: improving access and outcomes
Authors: Banks Ian , Baker Peter
Published: October 2015

The authors discuss various approaches to identifying and overcoming the barriers to men's effective engagement with primary care. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons
Re: Three‐dimensional fetal echocardiography for prediction of postnatal surgical approach in double outlet right ventricle: a pilot study. V. Zidere, K. Pushparajah, L. D. Allan and J. M. Simpson. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2013; 42: 421–425
Authors: Gardiner H. M.
Published: October 2015

Linked Comment: Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2013:42:421–425
Understanding Ion Pump Emissions
Authors: Wynohrad Tony
Published: October 2015

Ion pumps continue to be a staple in ultra‐high vacuum (UHV) applications. Since their adoption as a primary UHV pump in the 1960's, it has been known that a variety of particles can emanate from within the ion pump and cause undesirable effects on current measurements and optics components. Historically the solution has been baffling and shielding which results in longer conductance paths to the ion pump. Those solutions can work, but require a larger pump and more vacuum plumbing to compensate for conductance losses.

The first step was to fully understand the nature of the particles and their charges. Once those were characterized options for emissions reduction were evaluated. It was determined that an efficient design of shielding near the source of the particle generation site was the most cost effective solution. With a slight modification to the chamber of a small ion pump, internal shielding was developed that reduced the emissions by a factor of up to 1000 times.
Die Welt ist keine Scheibe
Authors: Wahl Michael , Gnaser Hubert , Kopnarski Michael
Published: October 2015

Die Atomsonden – Tomografie gewinnt vor allem mit Blick auf die ständig steigenden Anforderungen an die Leistungsfähigkeit der Analyseverfahren in der Nanotechnologie in den letzten Jahren deutlich an Bedeutung. Die heute verfügbaren Präparations‐ und Analysegeräte gestatten den Einsatz der Atomsonden‐Tomografie auch für technische Proben und bieten die einzigartige analytische Möglichkeit, die quantitative und hochempfindliche Analyse der chemischen Materialzusammensetzung mit der dreidimensionalen Erfassung der zugehörigen Elementverteilungen zu verknüpfen und dabei eine atomare Tiefen‐ und Lateralauflösung zu erreichen. Die Methode ist deshalb hervorragend geeignet, um die Zusammensetzung und Morphologie in kristallinen und amorphen Materialien und Nanostrukturen zu untersuchen und birgt enormes Potential für die Forschung und Entwicklung im Bereich der Materialwissenschaften. Der erste Teil des Beitrags über die moderne Atomsonden – Tomografie zeigt die Entwicklung der Technik von den Anfängen in den fünfziger Jahren des vorigen Jahrhunderts bis zu den heute kommerziell verfügbaren Geräten auf und geht dabei auch kurz auf die physikalischen und technisch‐instrumentellen Grundlagen des Verfahrens ein. Schwerpunkt des zweiten Teils werden ausgewählte aktuelle Anwendungsbeispiele sein, anhand derer Möglichkeiten, aber auch die Grenzen der Technik erläutert werden.
The BRCA Gene Patents: Arguments Over Patentability and Social Utility
Authors: Chojnacki Bonnie , White Ronald F.
Published: October 2015

Beginning in 2011, a series of contradictory U.S. court decisions cast doubt on the patentability of Myriad Genetics' BRCA1 and BRCA2, the primary genes responsible for breast and ovarian cancer. Similar legal and political opposition materialized within the European Union, Great Britain, Canada, and the rest of the modern world. Despite years of global debate, the long‐term public policy implications for the BRCA gene patents—and indeed all gene patents—remain unclear. This essay will examine the two primary argument forms that have been presented in the BRCA gene patent debate: “patentability arguments” and “social utility arguments.” Neither line of argument has yielded much in terms of national or international consensus. But both have generated increasingly complex, convoluted, and ultimately irreconcilable debate within and between nations. These endless cycles of legal, political, and scholarly debate cast serious doubt upon the long‐term sustainability of the patent institution as a “one‐size‐fits‐all” funding mechanism for genomic science, the genomic industry, and genomic medicine.
Current State of United States Tobacco Control Initiatives
Authors: Burns Tammy L. , Ruckman Jilyan A. , Ling Hua , Washington‐Krauth Shavonne M. , Hilleman Daniel E. , Mohiuddin Syed M.
Published: October 2015

Reduction of tobacco use around the world is a high priority. This review will provide the current status of tobacco control with particular focus on progress and initiatives in the United States. Primary literature was retrieved through PubMed and review article reference lists. Reports from government and global oversight organizations including the World Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services are the primary sources for data and statistics. Information about the Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement, Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, clean air laws, and tobacco excise taxes in the United States was also included. Continued progress in tobacco control is critical to reducing the tremendous global morbidity and mortality related to tobacco. Strong policies at all levels are critical to making strides toward eliminating the public health burden of tobacco use. Coordinated global efforts to restrict tobacco are necessary to the successful eradication of tobacco use. The United States has recently made sweeping changes in tobacco control policy and the momentum must be maintained through advocacy and action.
Analysis of the Efficacy of the U.S. Charity Care System
Authors: Raja Junaid , Arif Ahmed A. , Warren‐Findlow Jan , Racine Elizabeth F.
Published: October 2015

The Hill–Burton Act attempted to create a safety net for underprivileged Americans with the idea of “charity care.” This paper explores the efficacy with which eligible hospitals accomplish this goal by calculating a benefit‐to‐cost ratio (BCR) relative to the socio‐demographic characteristics (population density, rate of poverty, and diversity) of the hospital's county. Eight states (CA, FL, GA, MN, MT, RI, TX, and WI) and 893 hospitals were included using data from 2007. A BCR of the dollars of charity care provided versus the dollars of federal tax exemption received was performed and sociodemographic characteristics were compared covariately to examine potential disparities. The study illustrates that for every dollar of exemption, the public received $0.11 of charity care. There is a statistically significant association between a higher percentage of diversity and poverty and a decrease in BCR; county level rates of poverty and diversity are negatively correlated with BCR and only 1 percent of hospitals have a cost‐effective BCR. The investment in the charity care system is providing a very low rate of return and improvements or alternatives on the national scale should be considered.
Dimers and Chains of Hydrogen bonded [HS2O7]– Anions in the Crystal Structures of M[HS2O7] (M = K, [NH4], [NO], Rb, Cs)
Authors: Schindler Lisa Verena , Daub Michael , Struckmann Mona , Weiz Alexander , Hillebrecht Harald , Wickleder Mathias S.
Published: October 2015

The reactions of KCl, [NH4]2[SO4], Rb2[CO3], and Cs2[CO3] with fuming sulfuric acid (65 % SO3) yielded colorless and moisture sensitive crystals of K[HS2O7] (monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), Z = 4, a = 716.67(3) pm, b = 1043.57(4) pm, c = 828.78(3) pm, β = 107.884(1)°, V = 589.89(4) × 106 pm3), [NH4][HS2O7] (monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), Z = 4, a = 729.29(1) pm, b = 1079.73(1) pm, c = 843.26(1) pm, β = 106.397(1)°, V = 637.01(1) × 106 pm3), Rb[HS2O7] (monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), Z = 4, a = 724.49(2) pm, b = 1073.19(3) pm, c = 852.01(3) pm, β = 106.534(1)°, V = 635.06(3) × 106 pm3), and Cs[HS2O7] (triclinic, P (no. 2), Z = 2, a = 537.61(3) pm, b = 784.71(4) pm, c = 867.93(4) pm, α = 94.214(2)°, β = 103.138(2)°, γ = 105.814(2)°, V = 339.47(3) × 106 pm3). Colorless crystals of [NO][HS2O7] (monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), Z = 4, a = 739.90(4) pm, b = 1048.00(5) pm, c = 830.97(4) pm, β = 106.985(2)°, V = 106.985(2) × 106 pm3) were obtained as a side product from the reaction of [NH4]2[Rh(NO2)4] with oleum (65 % SO3) in the ionic liquid [BMIm][OTf]. The crystal structures of K[HS2O7], [NH4][HS2O7], [NO][HS2O7], and Rb[HS2O7] show the [HS2O7]– ions linked into dimers by strong hydrogen bonds. Contrastingly, in the crystal structure of Cs[HS2O7] the [HS2O7]– ions are connected to infinite chains. Raman spectra were recorded for M[HS2O7] (M = K, Rb, Cs).
Anglo-American Relations in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Ovendale Ritchie
Published: October 2015

It challenges many existing interpretations and argues that the basis of the Anglo-American special relationship was laid by Roosevelt and Chamberlain, that Roosevelt preferred Stalin to Churchill, and that the origins of the Cold War should be seen as a British education of the Americans to the Soviet threat. Suez is reassessed following the recent release of material in the Eisenhower Library. There is a consideration of the relationship of 'mutual interdependence' and why Wilson and Heath chose to move instead towards the European connection, as well as Mrs Thatcher's reasons for preferring the Atlantic alliance.
Treatment of Patients with Distant Metastases from Phyllodes Tumor of the Breast
Authors: Mituś J. W. , Blecharz P. , Walasek T. , Reinfuss M. , Jakubowicz J. , Kulpa J.
Published: October 2015

Background

Here, the treatment methods and results of patients with phyllodes tumor of the breast (PT) with distant metastases at a single institution are presented.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was performed on a group of 295 patients with PT treated from 1952 to 2010.

Results

Distant metastases developed in 37 (12.5 %) patients; 3/160 (1.9 %) patients had benign PT, 6/36 (16.7 %) were considered borderline, and 28/99 (28.3 %) had malignant PT. Most frequently, the metastases were located in the lungs; 28 (75.7 %), bone 7 (18.9 %), brain 4 (10.8 %), and liver 2 (5.4 %). Metastases occurred on overage 21 months (2–57) after surgery. Patients with lung metastases were generally treated with monochemotherapy or polychemotherapy. In one patient Testosterone and in two patients resection of metastases combined with Doxorubicin were used. Patients with bones or brain metastases were treated with palliative radiotherapy only or combined with Doxorubicin. The mean survival (MS) from diagnosis of distant metastases (DM) was 7 months (2–17). The longest mean survival in patients with bones metastases was 11.8 months, the worst survival was for patients with brain metastases—2.8 months. Hormone therapy appeared to have low efficacy (MS: 2 months) as well as monochemotherapy (MS: 3–5 months). Improved MS was obtained using Doxorubicin (7 months) and Doxorubicin with Cisplatin, Cyclophosphamide, or Ifosfamide (9 months).

Conclusion

The prognosis of patients with DM from PT is poor. The role of surgery and irradiation of such patients is very limited. There appears to be no role for the use of hormone therapy. This study showed that polychemotherapy with Doxorubicin and Ifosfamide suggest that it might be more effective than once thought.
A Response to Reorienting Teacher Education Towards Sustainability
Authors: Ferreira Jo-Anne , Ryan Lisa , Tilbury Daniella
Published: October 2015

It is 7 years since we wrote this article, yet the reorientation of teacher education towards sustainability remains a challenge. However, there have been some pockets of progress internationally and in Australia (Belgeonne, Clough, Inman, Rogers, & Warwick, 2014; UNECE, 2012).
CAEP 2014 Academic Symposium: “How to make research succeed in your emergency department: How to develop and train career researchers in emergency medicine”
Authors: Perry Jeffrey J. , Snider Carolyn E. , Artz Jennifer D. , Stiell Ian G. , Shaeri Sedigheh , McLeod Shelley , Le Sage Natalie , Hohl Corinne , Calder Lisa A. , Vaillancourt Christian , Holroyd Brian , Hollander Judd E. , Morrison Laurie J.
Published: October 2015

Objectives

We sought to 1) identify best practices for training and mentoring clinician researchers, 2) characterize facilitators and barriers for Canadian emergency medicine researchers, and 3) develop pragmatic recommendations to improve and standardize emergency medicine postgraduate research training programs to build research capacity.

Methods

We performed a systematic review of MEDLINE and Embase using search terms relevant to emergency medicine research fellowship/graduate training. We conducted an email survey of all Canadian emergency physician researchers. The Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) research fellowship program was analysed, and other similar international programs were sought. An expert panel reviewed these data and presented recommendations at the Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians (CAEP) 2014 Academic Symposium. We refined our recommendations based on feedback received.

Results

Of 1,246 potentially relevant citations, we included 10 articles. We identified five key themes: 1) creating training opportunities; 2) ensuring adequate protected time; 3) salary support; 4) infrastructure; and 5) mentorship. Our survey achieved a 72% (67/93) response rate. From these responses, 42 (63%) consider themselves clinical researchers (i.e., spend a significant proportion of their career conducting research). The single largest constraint to conducting research was funding. Factors felt to be positive contributors to a clinical research career included salary support, research training (including an advanced graduate degree), mentorship, and infrastructure. The SAEM research fellowship was the only emergency medicine research fellowship program identified. This 2-year program requires approval of both the teaching centre and each applying fellow. This program requires training in 15 core competencies, manuscript preparation, and submission of a large grant to a national peer-review funding organization.

Conclusions

We recommend that the CAEP Academic Section create a process to endorse research fellowship/graduate training programs. These programs should include two phases: Phase I: Research fellowship/graduate training would include an advanced research university degree and 15 core learning areas. Phase II: research consolidation involves a further 1-3 years with an emphasis on mentorship and scholarship production. It is anticipated that clinician scientists completing Phase I and Phase II training at a CAEP Academic Section-endorsed site(s) will be independent researchers with a higher likelihood of securing external peer-reviewed funding and be able to have a meaningful external impact in emergency medicine research.
Responsibility, Fraternity, and Sustainability in International Law
Authors: CRAWFORD JAMES
Published: October 2015

This article presents an account of international law and its possible future that revolves around three key themes: responsibility, fraternity, and sustainability. These three themes were promoted by Charles Doherty Gonthier, visionary justice of the Supreme Court of Canada from 1989 to 2003, for whom the inaugural lecture where this article was presented is named.
Multifractal analysis for weak Gibbs measures: from large deviations to irregular sets
Authors: BOMFIM THIAGO , VARANDAS PAULO
Published: October 2015

In this article we prove estimates for the topological pressure of the set of points whose Birkhoff time averages are far from the space averages corresponding to the unique equilibrium state that has a weak Gibbs property. In particular, if$f$has an expanding repeller and$\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}$is a Hölder continuous potential, we prove that the topological pressure of the set of points whose accumulation values of Birkhoff averages belong to some interval$I\subset \mathbb{R}$can be expressed in terms of the topological pressure of the whole system and the large deviations rate function. As a byproduct we deduce that most irregular sets for maps with the specification property have topological pressure strictly smaller than the whole system. Some extensions to a non-uniformly hyperbolic setting, level-2 irregular sets and hyperbolic flows are also given.
Critical slope for laminar transcritical shallow-water flows
Authors: Thual O. , Lacaze L. , Mouzouri M. , Boutkhamouine B.
Published: October 2015

Backwater curves denote the depth profiles of steady flows in a shallow open channel. The classification of these curves for turbulent regimes is commonly used in hydraulics. When the bottom slope $I$ is increased, they can describe the transition from fluvial to torrential regimes. In the case of an infinitely wide channel, we show that laminar flows have the same critical height $h_{c}$ as that in the turbulent case. This feature is due to the existence of surface slope singularities associated to plug-like velocity profiles with vanishing boundary-layer thickness. We also provide the expression of the critical surface slope as a function of the bottom curvature at the critical location. These results validate a similarity model to approximate the asymptotic Navier–Stokes equations for small slopes $I$ with Reynolds number $Re$ such that $Re\,I$ is of order 1.
XXVI.—Solution of the Equation (z + b)eZ+a = ±(z − b)
Authors: Wright E. M.
Published: October 2015

SYNOPSIS

The roots of these equations are of importance in several theories and various authors have studied certain of their properties. Here we solve the equations in the sense that we define two numbers z(1), z(0), and a sequence {zn} which include the roots of both equations. Except for a small, finite number of values of n, we find a rapidly convergent series for zn whose terms are alternately real and purely imaginary. We give a number of expansions and a variety of practical methods which enable us to calculate the small number of remaining roots to any required degree of accuracy.

The main results of this article have been announced without proof or details in Wright 1960.
WHAT'S MORALITY GOT TO DO WITH IT? MAKING THE RIGHT
DISTINCTIONS
Authors: Elshtain Jean Bethke
Published: October 2015

I will be arguing against a school of thought and an epistemology.
The school of thought is ‘scientific neorealism’, as it is
called in the study of international relations. This perspective is
shaped by the insistence that ethics and international politics have
nothing to do with one another, save insofar as morality is brought in
as window dressing in order to disguise what is really going on: the
clash of narrowly self-interested powers. The world of international
relations is construed as a zone of self-help in a Hobbesian clash of a
war of all against all. For more than twenty-five years now, I have
argued that, to the contrary, ethics does not stop at the water's
edge and morality is not silent during war.
The environment of the Estuary and Firth of Clyde—an introduction
Authors: Boyd John Morton
Published: October 2015

The words ‘Clyde-built’ and ‘Clyde-navigation’ originated in the heyday of maritime engineering and commerce in Clydeside at the beginning of this century and had a double meaning; they respectively became the hallmarks of high-quality workmanship and astuteness in business. The words are symbolic of and have a rooting in the proud tradition of the lower Clyde with its flat carse-land suitable for human settlement, its sheltered navigable firth and estuary facing the New World and its handy reserves of coal. A new industrial society was founded from communities of poor, rural people in Scotland and Ireland ready to immigrate and settle in this land of opportunity. The sons of crofters became skilled tradesmen, engineers and businessmen; the Clyde was made navigable to the heart of Glasgow and for a time became an open sewer.
IX. — On Hamilton's Principle and the Modified Function in Analytical Dynamics
Authors: Livens G. H.
Published: October 2015

1. The following note may be of some interest as helping in the elucidation of the rather complex analytical questions involved in the derivation of the modified Lagrangian function for a dynamical system. The results derived also have some bearing on the various questions involved in the transformation theory based on Hamilton's equations of motion. The discussion is given for the simplest type of system, but it can be easily generalised to the less restricted cases covered by the results.
1. Note on the Manganese Nodules found on the bed of the Ocean
Authors: Buchanan J. Y.
Published: October 2015

The manganese nodules occur in greater or less quantity all over the ocean-bed, and most abundantly in the Pacific. They occur of all sizes, from minute grains to masses of a pound weight, and even greater, and form nodular concretions of concentric shells, round a nucleus, which is very frequently a piece of pumice or a shark's tooth. Their outside has a peculiar and very characteristic mammillated surface, which enables them to be identified at a glance. When freshly brought up they are very soft, being easily scraped to powder with a knife. They gradually get harder on exposure to the air.
CBT for adolescent pathological gambling – lessons from adult research
Authors: Clarke Ciaran , Skokauskas Norbertas
Published: October 2015

Objectives:Features of gambling, particularly among young people have changed over the past decade and, while there are no data from Ireland, there are suggestions from those working in the field that pathological gambling is increasing among adolescents. Relatively little is known about the effective treatment of pathological gambling in adolescents. This paper aims to review research in cognitive behavioural treatments with a view to their application in adolescents. Research among adolescence is given prominence when this is available.

Methods:The methodology comprised a literature search of Medline, Psycinfo, and EMBASE databases, using the search terms: ‘cognitive behavioural therapy’; ‘gambling; ‘psychology’; ‘epidemiology’; ‘adolescent’; ‘motivation’; ‘effectiveness’; ‘outcome’; ‘relapse’; and ‘internet’. In addition, a hand search ofClinical Psychological Reviews, Journal of Gambling Studies, Addiction, Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, and International Gambling Studies(1997-2007) was performed.

Results:A total of 23 studies comprising various cognitive and behavioural approaches were identified, all but three of them confined to adult subjects. Study methodology and quality varied greatly, with many case studies or small case series, and only three randomised control trials. None used an intention-to-treat analysis, and there was little long-term follow-up. Almost ail indicated, with more or less evidence, that cognitive behavioural strategies might be beneficial.

Conclusions:Many varieties and modifications of cognitive behavioural therapy have been applied to pathological gambling, though there are few studies of any psychological treatments for adolescent gamblers. Methodological problems surround much of the research. Notwithstanding these reservations cognitive behavioural approaches seem to offer promise in managing this serious problem.
Reflections on environmental education: past development and future concepts
Authors: Linke R.D.
Published: October 2015

In attempting to review the recent progress and outline a few of the remaining problems in environmental education it is important, but also because of the scope of the task extremely difficult, to find a suitable structure that will provide some continuity. I have elected therefore to comment firstly on the fundamental issue of philosophy, of what we mean by environmental education and what we acknowledge as practical examples; secondly to discuss a few prominent issues of teaching and learning in four different spheres of education: primary and secondary schools, higher education (universities and colleges of advanced education), technical and further education (TAFE), and non-formal education; and lastly to comment on two general issues in environmental education that relate to the entire field, the first to participation and the need to identify and make suitable provision for those sections of the community who have as yet had no formal contact with environmental education, and the second to the special problems and teaching demands arising from its characteristic focus on the development of attitudes and values and appropriate behavioural change.

To take firstly the issue of philosophy: it appears that the level of discussion on the nature and objectives of environmental education has advanced considerably in the past decade. The sometimes bitter and generally unproductive arguments of the early 1970s about what was and was not related to environmental education seem now to have largely disappeared, being replaced by a more or less common dialogue about the nature and purpose of environmental education and ways in which it can be further developed. Nevertheless, despite this general and encouraging trend there still exist some significant areas of disagreement and confusion. One example concerns the distinction between environmental education as a movement or collective enterprise and as a description of individual activities or programmes. This distinction is an important one because of different expectations — in the former case that it necessarily reflects an interdisciplinary character and has a clear emphasis on problem-solving and decision-making activities; but this is not to say that a particular programme which fails to reflect these emphases has nothing to contribute to environmental education.
Religious Education and Christian Values in the 1988 Education Reform Act
Authors: Hull John M.
Published: October 2015

In his article ‘The Religious Dimension of the Education Reform Act 1988’ (Ecclesiastical Law Journal No. 5, July 1989, pp 32–52), J. D. C. Harte has provided a helpful summary of the new legal framework in the context of the legal history. His interpretation of the implications of the legislation for the theory and practice of religious education in the schools is less satisfactory, and the theological assumptions of his article are at least questionable. It is thus as a religious educator and (if you like) a theologian specialising in educational problems that I would like to respond. In order to appreciate the exposition of Mr Harte, it will be necessary first to have some insight into the history and recent developments of religious education.
Burnout among physicians in palliative care: Impact of clinical settings
Authors: Dréano-Hartz Soazic , Rhondali Wadih , Ledoux Mathilde , Ruer Murielle , Berthiller Julien , Schott Anne-Marie , Monsarrat Léa , Filbet Marilène
Published: October 2015

Objective:

Burnout syndrome is a work-related professional distress. Palliative care physicians often have to deal with complex end-of-life situations and are at risk of presenting with burnout syndrome, which has been little studied in this population. Our study aims to identify the impact of clinical settings (in a palliative care unit (PCU) or on a palliative care mobile team (PCMT)) on palliative care physicians.

Method:

We undertook a cross-sectional study using a questionnaire that included the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), and we gathered sociodemographic and professional data. The questionnaire was sent to all 590 physicians working in palliative care in France between July of 2012 and February of 2013.

Results:

The response rate was 61, 8% after three reminders. Some 27 (9%) participants showed high emotional exhaustion, 12 (4%) suffered from a high degree of depersonalization, and 71 (18%) had feelings of low personal accomplishment. Physicians working on a PCMT tended (p = 0.051) to be more likely to suffer from emotional exhaustion than their colleagues. Physicians working on a PCMT worked on smaller teams (fewer physicians, p < 0.001; fewer nonphysicians, p < 0.001). They spent less time doing research (p = 0.019), had fewer resources (p = 0.004), and their expertise seemed to be underrecognized by their colleagues (p = 0.023).

Significance of Results:

The prevalence of burnout in palliative care physicians was low and in fact lower than that reported in other populations (e.g., oncologists). Working on a palliative care mobile team can be a more risky situation, associated with a lack of medical and paramedical staff.
Supporting members and friends
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2015

Thank you! Over the past year, AGU has received 12,871 gifts, both large and small, from members and friends. The Union has also received corporate contributions, National Science Foundation grants, and support from the National Oceanographic Partnership Program. Together their generosity has benefited AGU non‐revenue‐producing programs that are critical to our science and the future health of the Union.

The following list gratefully acknowledges annual gifts of $100 or more and cumulative giving of $5,000 or more. The 1919 Society ($100,000 or more) and Benefactors ($5,000–$99,999) recognize single major gifts and cumulative contributions. Three Circles acknowledge annual giving: President's Circle ($1,000 or more), Leadership Circle ($200–$999), and Supporters Circle ($100–$199). Supporting Life Members, who contribute a one‐time gift of $1,200 in addition to lifetime dues, are among our most loyal supporters.
Early warning systems: The “last mile” of adaptation
Authors: Huggel Christian , Rohrer Mario , Calanca Pierluigi , Salzmann Nadine , Vergara Walter , Quispe Nelson , Ceballos Jorge Luis
Published: October 2015

Recent scientific assessment studies of climate change impacts, including those from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, provide evidence of the negative effects of climate variability and change on natural and human systems. For instance, recent climate trends have caused loss in wheat and maize production, negatively affected coral reefs, and changed characteristics of some hazards in high‐mountain regions. Assessment studies furthermore suggest that related risks to ecosystems, commerce, and daily life may increase over the coming decades as temperatures warm. Adaptation to climate change is required to reduce the effects of unavoidable changes, especially for the most vulnerable regions and populations.
U.S. Senate examines concerns about marine debris from 2011 Japan tsunami
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: October 2015

Approximately 5 million tons of debris washed into the Pacific Ocean from Japan following the 11 March 2011 tsunami, and the Japanese government estimates that 1.5 million tons may still be floating on or below the ocean surface. However, it is not known how much debris may reach U.S. shores, an official from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) testified at a 17 May Senate hearing. “If you've got 1.5 [million tons] that's floating and you leave it in there for a year, how much of that is still going be floating and available to come ashore? We don't have a clue,” David Kennedy, NOAA assistant administrator for ocean services and coastal zone management, testified before a subcommittee of the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. He said that some materials pushed by the wind could be expected to float but that materials pushed by currents under the surface are difficult to find. “A whole bunch of the 1.5 million is construction debris, and do [wooden] two‐by‐fours still float after a year? We're not sure.”
Research council leaders issue merit review principles, establish Global Research Council
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: October 2015

The directors of research councils from 41 countries, along with representatives from the European Commission and other organizations, issued a set of merit review principles and established a virtual Global Research Council following a 14–15 May Global Summit on Merit Review that was hosted by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF). The merit review principles cover six key areas: expert assessment by reviewers; transparency regarding decisions; impartiality of proposal assessments; appropriateness of the review process; confidentiality in handling proposals; and integrity and ethical consideration, which was deemed paramount to the review process. According to NSF, the merit review principles statement was developed with two primary objectives. “First, the worldwide agreement on core, high‐level principles will foster international cooperation between funding agencies that support the scientific research community. Second, for those countries that are developing new funding agencies, the principles provide a global consensus on the key elements necessary for a rigorous and transparent review system.”
A better understanding of potentially hazardous asteroids
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: October 2015

About 4700 potentially hazardous asteroids (PHAs) come within 8 million kilometers of Earth and are big enough to cause regional or larger‐scale damage, according to results from NEOWISE, the near‐Earth‐object observing component of NASA's Wide‐field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), which NASA released on 16 May. The total number of PHAs with diameters larger than about 100 meters could be 1500 more or less than the total announced, and about 20%–30% of those asteroids have been found, according to NASA. The number of PHAs is similar to predicted numbers from earlier estimates, but because the WISE telescope detected infrared light from asteroids, the new study provides a more credible estimate of the number and sizes of PHAs, according to NASA. In addition, the results suggest that about twice as many PHAs as previously thought may reside in lower‐inclination orbits more aligned with the plane of the Earth's orbit. Those asteroids are more likely to come close to the Earth, and they may also be easier to explore.
Curiosity Rover Finds Organic Molecules on Martian Surface
Authors: Shultz David
Published: October 2015

Scientists assess the present and past habitability of Mars from organic compounds detected at Gale Crater.