bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermoregulation During Sleep in Mammals
Authors: Parmeggiani PL
Published: December 2017

In mammals thermoregulation is operative during sleep, with synchronized electroencephalogram (EEG) showing only quantitative changes in threshold and gain of responses to thermal loads with respect to wakefulness. Both behavioral and autonomic thermoregulatory responses are impaired during sleep with desynchronized EEG concomitant with deep depression in hypothalamic-preoptic thermosensitivity.
Endothelium-Derived Hyperpolarizing Factor (EDHF): An Endogenous Potassium-Channel Activator
Authors: Suzuki H , Chen G
Published: December 2017

Acetylcholine hyperpolarizes the membrane of vascular smooth muscles by increasing potassium permeability, the response being mediated by an endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF). The membrane hyperpolarization produced by EDHF is therefore one of the components contributing to endothelium-dependent relaxation of vascular smooth muscles.
Monitoring PO2 by the Carotid Chemoreceptor
Authors: Biscoe TJ
Published: December 2017

The carotid body is a major oxygen sensor in the mammal. Measurements of cell electrophysiology, (Ca2+)i, mitochondrial membrane potential, and intracellular NADH suggest that specialized mitochondrial electron transport underlies sensory transduction.
The Bronchial Circulation
Authors: Butler J
Published: December 2017

Vital for lung defense against noxious conditions of inhaled air, tiny bronchial circulation nourishes and helps regulate fluuid exchange of all its tissues except the alveoli. It is in complete contrast to pulmonary circulation in its ability to hypertrophy and its responses to inflammatory mediators, hypoxia, hypercarbia, and temperature changes.
Modulatory Effect of Somatic Inputs on Medullary Cardiovascular Neuronal Function
Authors: Li P
Published: December 2017

Inhibition of somatic inputs on pressor response and arrhythmia is due to activating opiate receptors in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (rVLM), while its pressor response and blocking effect on bradycardia are due to activating cholinergic receptor in rVLM.
Is the Normal Heartbeat Chaotic or Homeostatic?
Authors: Goldberger AL
Published: December 2017

Limits to the usefulness of homeostasis as a guiding physiological principle are revealed by new mechanisms derived from study of nonlinear systems that generate a type of variability called chaos. Loss of complex physiological variability may occur in certain pathological conditions including heart rate dynamics before sudden death and with aging.
Evolutionary Design of Intestinal Nutrient Absorption: Enough but Not Too Much
Authors: Diamond Jared
Published: December 2017

Contrary to previous widespread belief, the small intestine possesses only a modest excess of nutrient absorptive capacity over nutrient intake. This problem exemplifies a field that is now emerging at the infrace between physiology and evolutionary biology and that is concerned with the relation between evolved capacities and natural loads of physiological systems.
Pleural Lymphatics as Regulators of Pleural Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Miserocchi G , Negrini D
Published: December 2017

Pleural fluid is filtered across the parietal mesothelium in the top of the pleural cavity and removed by lymphatic stomatas in the more dependent mediastinal and diaphragmatic regions. The pleural lymphatics act as a feedback system that regulates pleural liquid volume and its protein composition around a low volume set point.
Cell Responsiveness and Protein Kinase C: Receptors, G Proteins, and Membrane Effectors
Authors: Garcia-Sainz JA
Published: December 2017

Protein kinase C (PKC) is activated physiologically by the second messenger diacylglycerol and pharmacologically by phorbol esters. This enzyme participates in regulatory feedback loops and in cross-talk between different signal transduction systems. Among PKC substrates are receptors, G proteins, and membrane effectors.
Neural Control of Cardiac Pacemaker Potentials
Authors: Hirst GDS , Edwards FR , Bramich NJ , Klemm MF
Published: December 2017

Cardiac pacemaker cells generate rhythmic discharge of action potentials. Parasympathetic activity slows, while sympathetic activity accelerates, the rate of discharge. Neuronally released transmitters activate different receptors on pacemaker cells from those activated by exogenous transmitters. Neuronally activated "junctional" receptors selectively decrease and increase inward current during diastole.
Lorente de No and Nerve Physiology
Authors: Bostock Hugh
Published: December 2017

Lorente de No's A Study of Nerve Physiology, once required reading for neurophysiologists, is now largely ignored. His extensive observations on electrotonus in intact nerves were dismissed as artifacts and eclipsed by studies on isolated axons. Recent work has, however, vindicated some of his observations and others await reinterpretation.
One Pain or Many Pains?
Authors: Cervero F , Laird JMA
Published: December 2017

The word "pain" is used to describe a wide range of unpleasant sensory experiences. Current theories tend to ascribe all forms of pain to a single neurological mechanism. We propose that different pain states are the consequences of diverse expressions of the nociceptive system.
Regulation of Contraction-Relaxation in Smooth Muscle
Authors: Hartshorne DJ , Kawamura T
Published: December 2017

Contraction of smooth muscle requires phosphorylation of myosin. This is linked to intracellular Ca2+ transients by formation of the Ca2+-calmodulin complex and subsequent activation of myosin light chain kinase. Dephosphorylation is assumed to be unregulated. Other possible regulatory mechanisms include thin-filament-linked proteins caldesmon and calponin.
Regulation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Tone and Capillary Pressure
Authors: Mellander S , Bjornberg J
Published: December 2017

Quantitative recordings of capillary pressure and resistance responses in consecutive large-bore arterial vessels, small arterioles, and veins have provided information about the differentiated sites of action of various vascular control systems and about capillary pressure regulation.
Cerebellar Cortical Regulation of Circulation
Authors: Paton JFR , Spyer KM
Published: December 2017

Activation of the cerebella posterior vermis (uvula) produces marked changes in cardiovascular performance, via pathways involving the parabrachial nucleus, nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), and rostral ventrolateral medulla. Blockade of the baroreceptor reflex during uvula stimulation results from an inhibitory action on neurons within the NTS.
Subcellular Localization of the Type II cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase
Authors: Scott JD , Carr DW
Published: December 2017

Diverse biochemical effects of different neurotransmitters or hormones that stimulate cAMP production may occur through activation of compartmentalized pools of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). Evidence suggests that compartmentalization of type II PKA is maintained through protein-protein interactions between the regulatory subunit and specific anchoring proteins.
Platelet-Activating Factor - A Potent Endogenous Mediator Responsible for Coronary Vasospasm
Authors: Soloviev AI , Braquet P
Published: December 2017

Biological properties and experimental evidence suggest an important role for platelet-activating factor (PAF) as an endogenous mediator responsible for coronary vasospasm. PAF can produce both phasic (transient) and tonic (sustained) contractions in coronary arteries in different physiopathological conditions including hypoxia.
Caudate Nucleus and Pain Modulation
Authors: He L
Published: December 2017

The caudate nucleus has an antinociceptive function related to the opioid peptidergic activity of the periaqueductal gray. Intracaudate opioid peptides and acetylcholine promote acupuncture analgesia, whereas dopamine antagonises it.
Neutrophil Activation: Control of Shape Change, Exocytosis, and Respiratory Burst
Authors: Baggiolini M , Kernen P
Published: December 2017

Neutrophil leukocytes are defence cells that are recruited from the blood into inflamed tissues by chemotactic agonists. Agonist-receptor interaction elicits motion, granule exocytosis, and the respiratory burst. In vitro analysis shows that these responses are controlled at different levels of the intracellular signal transduction process.
Physiology and Burn Trauma Through Pharmacology
Authors: Tomera JF , Friend K , Lilford K
Published: December 2017

Recent studies in investigating basic physiological mechanisms achieve a new understanding of integrative modulation of skeletal muscle active tension by systemic effects on peripheral mechanisms induced by burn trauma. Implications of trauma to muscle dysfunction and pathology and the clinical relevance of the experimental observations to patient treatment are discussed.
Discovery of Heparin: Contributions of William Henry Howell and Jay McLean
Authors: Marcum James A.
Published: December 2017

Credit for discovery of heparin at the beginning of this century continues to be debated. Although McLean's initial observation eventually led to its discovery, Howell, McLean's mentor, developed the observation and discovered its polysaccharide form. The contributions of both investigators were examined to establish their roles in the discovery of heparin.
Platelet ADP Receptors Stimulating Shape Change and Inhibiting Adenylate Cyclase
Authors: Colman RW
Published: December 2017

Aggregin, a platelet surface membrane protein required for ADP-induced shape change, aggregation, and fibrinogen binding, is distinct from the receptor coupled to adenylate cyclase. Platelet aggregation by epinephrine, thromboxane A2, and collagen requires ADP binding to aggregin. Thrombin and plasmin are independent of ADP and activate platelet calpain, which cleaves aggregin.
Neurosecretory Hypothalamus-Endocrine Heart as a Functional System
Authors: Galoyan A
Published: December 2017

Cardiac atrial neurosecretion is precisely regulated by cardiotropic protein-hormonal complexes, formed by neurosecretory nuclei of the hypothalamus. There is a close neurohumoral interrelation between the neuroendocrine heart and the hypothalamus.
How Should Human Baroreflexes Be Tested?
Authors: Eckberg DL , Fritsch JM
Published: December 2017

A new approach to the study of arterial baroreflexes was developed for use during the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Spacelab Life Sciences-1 Space Shuttle mission. This method holds promise as a means to characterize the vagal limb of human baroreflex responses comprehensively and efficiently.
Hypoxic Hypometabolism in Mammals
Authors: Mortola JP
Published: December 2017

During hypoxia, the drop in metabolic rate, a well-known phenomenon in invertebrates and lower vertebrates, is also a frequent occurence in mammals, both newborns and adults, and seems to be largely related to the control of thermoregulation.
Is Innervation a Prime Regulator of Cerebral Blood Flow?
Authors: Bevan JA , Bevan RD
Published: December 2017

Pial artery diameter is likely to be regulated by local effects of pressure and flow, since there is little evidence for neural influences on these vessels. The larger cerebral arteries are influenced by the same constrictor and dilator neural outflows that are distributed to many other tissues of the head.
Relationship of Molecular Biology to Integrative Physiology
Authors: Neill Jimmy D. , Benos Dale J.
Published: December 2017

The revolution in molecular biology now presents physiologists with unprecedented opportunities to place its central theme of homeostasis on firm molecular footing and, simultaneously, to use its new methods and approaches for the further exploration of the functioning of whole body mechanisms.
Membrane Receptors for Aldosterone: A New Concept of Nongenomic Mineralocorticoid Action
Authors: Wehling M , Eisen C , Christ M
Published: December 2017

Rapid effects of aldosterone on the Na+-H+ exchanger of cell membrane have been found in human mononuclear leukocytes. This action is clearly not explicable by the common model of genomic steroid action. Such nongenomic effects involve a receptor site different from the classical cytosolic and/or nuclear type I receptor.
Regulation of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Secretion
Authors: Ruskoaho H , Vuolteenaho O
Published: December 2017

The major determinant of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) secretion is myocyte stretch. Other stimuli, affecting the activity of protein kinase C and the intracellular concentrations of Ca2+ and adenosine 3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate, can act as secretagogues. Evidence that ANP released from ventricular myocytes contributes to plasma ANP levels is also reviewed.
Sleep and Energy Conservation
Authors: Berger RJ , Philips NH
Published: December 2017

Sleep, circadian torpor, and hibernation constitute an electrophysiological continuum. When energy reserves decline, energy can be conserved by increasing the duration of sleep or by lowering sleeping body temperature proportionally to remaining reserves. Sleep in pigeons is controlled by light-dark cycles through their transduction to internal melatonin rhythms.
Particular Sensitivity of the Mammalian Heart Sinus Node Cells
Authors: Petit-Jacques J , Bescond J , Bois P , Lenfant J
Published: December 2017

High resting adenylate cyclase activity, implying a high basal adenosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate level, seems to be a distinctive property of sinoatrial node cells of mammalian heart. This may explain why acetylcholine depresses two ionic mechanisms involved in spontaneous activity of nodal myocytes, via inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity, without previous b-adrenergic stimulation.
P-Type Calcium Channels and Transmitter Release From Nerve Terminals
Authors: Uchitel OD , Protti DA
Published: December 2017

Different types of Ca2+ channels have been identified in neuronal soma. P-type Ca2+ channels resistant to the blocking effect of dihydropyridines and w-conotoxin-GVIA but sensitive to the funnel web spider toxin and w-agatoxin-IVA mediate the influx of Ca2+ involved in transmitter release in mammalian synapses.
Alkaline Stress-Induced Cell Transformation
Authors: Oberleithner H , Schwab A
Published: December 2017

Sustained alkalosis transforms epithelial cells in culture. Genotypically altered cells express an endogenous Ca2+ oscillator that probably is the motor for restless locomotion of these cells. Atomic force microscopy discloses membrane turnover processes during cell migration at the nanometer level.
Endothelial Cell Surface Imaging: Insights Into Hemodynamic Force Transduction
Authors: Davies PF , Barbee KA
Published: December 2017

Hemodynamic forces elicit a range of endothelial cellular responses that regulate tone and vascular structure. Here we review some new approaches to live-cell real-time imaging of endothelial cell surfaces that reveal the dynamic nature of these structures and their mutability when subjected to defined flow forces.
Behavioral Control in Breathing
Authors: Orem J , Trotter RH
Published: December 2017

Cats trained to stop inspiration do so by inactivating inspiratory cells of the automatic brain stem control system. The cells causing this inactivation are not those that stop inspiration during normal breathing;rather, they may be peculiar cells with both respiratory and nonrespiratory properties.
Amino Acids as Central Neurotransmitters in the Baroreceptor Reflex Pathway
Authors: Sved AF , Gordon FJ
Published: December 2017

The baroreceptor reflex is the principal mechanism by which the central nervous system regulates arterial blood pressure. As studies begin to unravel the identity of the central neural pathways and neurotransmitters that mediate baroreceptor reflexes, amino acids appear to play the major role.
Biophysical and Physiological Responses promoting Freeze Tolerance in Vertebrates
Authors: Costanzo JP , Lee RE,
Published: December 2017

Freeze tolerance, an overwintering adaptation of at least 10 species of ectothermic vertebrates, is promoted by integrated biophysical and physiological responses to ice forming within tissues. Application of physiological principles of natural freeze tolerance has accelerated the development of protocols for cryopreserving mammalian organs.
Modular Organization of Spinal Nociceptive Reflexes: A New Hypothesis
Authors: Schouenborg J , Weng H-R , Holmberg H
Published: December 2017

Recent experimental studies suggest that the nociceptive withdrawal reflex system essentially has a "modular" organization, with each module concerned with the control of a single or a small group of muscles. This organizational principle appears to apply also to some spinoolivocerebellar pathways.
Recent Breakthroughs in Neurotransmitter Release: Paradigm for Regulated Exocytosis?
Authors: Thiel G
Published: December 2017

Synaptic vesicles play a fundamental role in brain function by mediating the release of neurotransmitters. Neurons do not use an entirely unique secretion apparatus but rather a modification of the general secretion machinery. Moreover, the synaptic vesicle cycle has many similarities with intracellular vesicle trafficking pathways.
Mechanical Modulation of the Ca2+ Regulatory Protein Complex in Cardiac Muscle
Authors: Fuchs F
Published: December 2017

The regulatory protein complex of cardiac myofilaments not only mediates Ca2+ activation of cross-bridge cycling but serves as a pathway through which changes in load or length can modify Ca2+ regulation. This mechanical feedback may be an important component of the steep force-length relationship in the myocardium.
Pulmonary Edema Fluid Clearance Pathways
Authors: Drake R. E. , Gabel J. C.
Published: December 2017

Lymphatic vessels normally remove excess fluid from the lung tissue and thus prevent pulmonary edema. However, when lungs do become edematous, the edema fluid may be cleared via several pathways. Each clearance pathway has unique properties, and recent studies have helped to define those properties.
New Roles for Eicosanoids as Regulators of Epithelial Function and Growth
Authors: Barrett KE , Bigby TD
Published: December 2017

Eicosanoids have been most often considered in the context of their role as intercellular signaling molecules. However, recent evidence points to possible intracellular and/or autocrine roles of these compounds in a variety of cell systems. The evidence for such a signaling role in epithelial cells, as well as the possible modulation of this process that might occur in disease states, is summarized.
Mechanisms of O2 Sensing in the Carotid Body in Comparison With Other O2-Sensing Cells
Authors: Acker H , Xue D
Published: December 2017

An NAD(P)H oxidase-generating H2O2 dependent on PO2 is proposed as an O2 sensor protein in type I cells of the carotid body, regulating potassium channel open probability as well as tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression. The proposed signal cascade also is important in other O2-sensing cells.
Does the Heart's Hormone, ANP, Help in Congestive Heart Failure?
Authors: Winaver J , Hoffman A , Abassi Z , Haramati A
Published: December 2017

In congestive heart failure, increased secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is an important compensatory mechanism that unloads the failing heart and promotes renal salt and water excretion. However, activation of opposing sodium-retaining factors, particularly the renin-angiotensin system, reduces renal responsiveness to ANP and shifts the cardiovascular system to a state of decompensation.
Regulation of Na+-K+ Pump Activity: Pathways Between Receptors and Effectors
Authors: Bertorello AM , Katz AI
Published: December 2017

Short-term regulation of membrane Na+ -K+-ATPase activity is achieved by complex networks of receptor-mediated intracellular signals. Such regulatory pathways include activation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase or protein kinase C and involve reversible phosphorylation of the catalytic (a) subunit of the enzyme directly, of additional mediators like eicosanoids and the actin cytoskeleton, or both.
New Aspects of Cytosloic Calcium Signaling
Authors: Petersen OH
Published: December 2017

Hormone- or neurotransmitter-evoked cytosolic Ca2+ signals are generally thought to be initiated by an increase in inositol trisphosphate (IP3) concentration that in turn opens Ca2+ release channels in the endoplasmic reticulum. Recent data challenge this simple model and indicate IP3 receptors in several organelles and an additional intracellular messenger system for Ca2+ regulation.
Evolution of Infectious Disease: How Evolutionary Forces Shape Physiological Responses to Pathogens
Authors: Long NC
Published: December 2017

The body's response to infectious disease is the result of eons of coevolution with pathogens. Examination of the physiology of the symptoms of infection shows that many aspects of the acute phase response to infectious disease, including fever, loss of appetite, and lethargy, are important tools in the defense against pathogens.
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide as a Regulator of Transvascular Fluid Balance
Authors: Renkin EM , Tucker VL
Published: December 2017

Unlike other natriuretics, which act via the kidneys to reduce interstitial fluid volume with little change in plasma volume, atrial natriuretic peptide has important extrarenal actions that enable it to reduce plasma volume preferentially.
Perspectives in Imaging of Second Messengers
Authors: Muller W , Swandulla D
Published: December 2017

Microfluorometric imaging of second messengers has revealed a variety of subcellular signals and has contributed to our understanding of physiological as well as pathophysiological processes. An overview of imaging techniques and their perspectives in detecting second messenger signals as well as several examples of achievements with these techniques are presented.
Barriers in the Developing Brain
Authors: Saunders NR , Dziegielewska KM
Published: December 2017

Evidence is summarized that shows that proteins do not penetrate into immature brain. Some proteins reach cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from plasma by a developmentally regulated transfer mechanism. There are also barriers at CSF-brain interfaces, not present in the adult. Thus there is specialization of barriers in the developing brain, some being unique to fetuses.
The Eukaryotic DNA Replication Fork
Authors: Hubscher U , Sogo JM
Published: December 2017

Before a cell divides into two identical daughter cells, the entire genome must be replicated faithfully. The mechanistic details of this complex macromolecular process, called DNA replication, have recently been clarified. We focus on the current knowledge at the eukaryotic DNA replication fork at the levels of DNA and chromatin.
Antisense Oligonucleotides: New Tools for Physiology
Authors: Phillips MI , Gyurko R
Published: December 2017

The recent application of antisense technology to whole animal physiology opens a new way of approaching physiological problems with the specificity of molecular biology. This article gives details of how to design and deliver oligonucleotides to inhibit specific proteins involved in physiological mechanisms.
The Posterior Parietal Cortex in Humans and Monkeys
Authors: Galletti C , Battaglini PP , Fattori P
Published: December 2017

The recently reported existence of neurons able to encode visual space in the superior parietal lobule of the monkey brain suggests that human and monkey superior parietal lobules are homologous structures.
A Metabolic Sensor in Action: News From the ATP-Sensitive K+-Channel
Authors: Trapp S , Ashcroft FM
Published: December 2017

The KATP channel provides a link between metabolism and electrical activity in numerous cell types. It can be reconstituted by coexpression of two subunits, a pore-forming inward rectifier K+ channel and a regulatory subunit, the sufonylurea receptor. Site-directed mutagenesis of these subunits enables analysis of the complex regulation of KATP channel activity by metabolism and therapeutic drugs.
Getting a Grasp on Coordination
Authors: Weiss P. , Jeannerod M.
Published: December 2017

Motor coordination is realized by the nervous system at different levels. Concepts about the coordination within a limb define the controlled parameter in cartesian or joint space, whereas concepts about the coordination between limbs stress the temporal control of schemas. Motor deficits of neurological patients point to the role of the different motor areas in motor coordination.
Control of Upper Airway Motoneurons During REM Sleep
Authors: Kubin Leszek , Davies Richard O. , Pack Allan I.
Published: December 2017

The loss of tone in upper airway muscles contributes to disorders of breathing during sleep. In an animal model of rapid eye movement sleep atonia, decrements in the activity of upper airway motoneurons are caused by withdrawal of excitation mediated by serotonin and other transmitters, rather than by state-dependent inhibition.
The Lacrimal Gland and Its Veil of Tears
Authors: Walcott Benjamin
Published: December 2017

The secretory cells of the lacrimal gland produce a highly complex product of water, ions and proteins. At least five neurotransmitter receptors and three different second message systems are involved in controlling the different secretory processes of this highly sophisticated secretory epithelium.
Reorganization of Somatosensory Cortex After Nerve and Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Jain Neeraj , Florence Sherre L. , Kaas Jon H.
Published: December 2017

Somatotopic maps in the mature brain reorganize in response to deafferentation by peripheral nerve cut, amputations, or spinal lesions. Mechanisms underlying these changes may range from altered tonic inhibition and synaptic efficacy to neuronal sprouting. An understanding of these mechanisms could guide interventions that potentiate recovery from such injuries.
Fast Inactivation of Voltage-Gated K+ Channels: From Cartoon to Structure
Authors: Antz Christoph , Fakler Bernd
Published: December 2017

Fast inactivation of voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels is the best understood gating transition in ion channels and is brought about by an NH2-terminal domain (ball domain) of the channel’s α-subunit, which physically blocks the open pore. Recent analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed that ball domains from various Kv channels exhibit well-defined but distinct structures in aqueous solution.
Computer-Aided Design of Thrombin Inhibitors
Authors: Caflisch Amedeo , Wälchli Rudolf , Ehrhardt Claus
Published: December 2017

Computer-aided ligand design is an active, challenging, and multidisciplinary research field that blends knowledge of biochemistry, physics, and computer sciences. Whenever it is possible to experimentally determine or to model the three-dimensional structure of a pharmacologically relevant enzyme or receptor, computational approaches can be used to design specific high-affinity ligands. This article describes methods, applications, and perspectives of computer-assisted ligand design.
Are There Parallel Channels in the Vestibular Nerve?
Authors: Peterson Ellengene H.
Published: December 2017

A popular concept in neurobiology is that sensory information is transmitted to the central nervous system over parallel channels of neurons that play different functional roles. But alternative organizing schemes are possible, and it is useful to ask whether some other framework might better account for the diversity of vestibular primary afferents.
Healing of Gastrointestinal Mucosa: Involvement of Polyamines
Authors: Johnson Leonard R. , McCormack Shirley A.
Published: December 2017

Polyamines are involved in the processes of cell migration and proliferation that result in the repair of mucosal lesions. Depletion of polyamines dramatically alters the arrangement of the cytoskeleton, EGF receptor function, the activities of signal transduction proteins, the levels of several protooncogenes, and the expression and cellular content of at least one growth factor involved in these processes.
News in Motor Cortical Physiology
Authors: Georgopoulos Apostolos P.
Published: December 2017

Motor cortical activity relates to static motor parameters (isometric force, limb position) under static conditions but predominantly to dynamic parameters (change of force, limb velocity) under dynamic conditions. This dual relation conceptually unifies the role of motor cortex in the control of isometric force and movement.
The Role of the Sinusoidal Endothelium in Liver Function
Authors: Reichen Jürg
Published: December 2017

Microvascular exchange in the liver is governed by fenestrations in sinusoidal endothelial cells and can be manipulated pharmacologically. Microvascular exchange is affected in alcoholic liver disease and cirrhosis, the former leading to a loss of fenestrae, the latter to sinusoidal capillarization and thereby to loss of liver function in disease.
The ether-à-go-go-Related Gene K+ Current: Functions of a Strange Inward Rectifier
Authors: Schwarz Jürgen R. , Bauer Christiane K.
Published: December 2017

The erg channels mediate an inward-rectifying K+ current because of their peculiar gating kinetics. They are involved in repolarization of the cardiac action potential, frequency adaptation, and maintenance of the resting potential. Reduction of erg currents via an intracellular signal cascade underlies the thyrotropin-releasing hormone-induced increase in prolactin secretion.
Ceramides as Key Players in Cellular Stress Response
Authors: Pfeilschifter Josef , Huwiler Andrea
Published: December 2017

The recent discovery of sphingolipid-derived second messengers that regulate fundamental cell responses such as cell growth and apoptosis has provided insight into the way cells sense and respond to stressful stimuli. This will help the understanding of the pathogenesis of stress-related diseases and eventually offer novel therapeutic approaches.
Breathless Legs? Consider Training Your Respiration
Authors: Spengler Christina M. , Boutellier Urs
Published: December 2017

The condition of the respiratory system is more important for endurance exercise performance of healthy subjects than hitherto assumed. Not only do respiratory muscles fatigue during intensive endurance exercise, but prefatigued respiratory muscles can also impair performance. In turn, respiratory endurance training can improve endurance exercise performance.
The Cell Physiology of Biphasic Insulin Secretion
Authors: Rorsman Patrik , Eliasson Lena , Renström Erik , Gromada Jesper , Barg Sebastian , Göpel Sven
Published: December 2017

Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion consists of a transient first phase followed by a sustained second phase. Diabetes (type II) is associated with abnormalities in this release pattern. Here we review the evidence that biphasic insulin secretion reflects exocytosis of two functional subsets of secretory granules and the implications for diabetes.
Exuberant Ca2+Signaling in Neutrophils: A Cause for Concern
Authors: Sayeed Mohammed M.
Published: December 2017

Under inflammatory conditions after burn/trauma injuries, circulating neutrophils are frequently hyperactive, contributing to excessive superoxide production and related tissue damage. Although normal neutrophil activation is cooperatively controlled by Ca2+-independent and Ca2+-linked signaling pathways, exuberant Ca2+-linked signaling appears to cause neutrophil hyperactivation in the injury conditions.
Stimulatory and Inhibitory Functions of the R Domain on CFTR Chloride Channel
Authors: Ma Jianjie
Published: December 2017

CFTR is a chloride channel whose gating process involves coordinated interactions among the regulatory (R) domain and the nucleotide-binding folds (NBFs). Protein kinase A phosphorylation of serine residues renders the R domain from inhibitory to stimulatory and enables ATP binding and hydrolysis at the NBFs, which in turn control opening and closing of the chloride channel.
Angiotensin II Receptor Physiology Using Gene Targeting
Authors: Oliverio Michael I. , Coffman Thomas M.
Published: December 2017

The study of mice with targeted disruptions of angiotensin receptor genes has provided new insights into the roles of the individual receptor subtypes, i.e., AT1A, AT1B, and AT2, in growth, development, and the regulation of blood pressure.
The Organization of the Frontal Motor Cortex
Authors: Luppino G. , Rizzolatti G.
Published: December 2017

Recent anatomic and functional data radically changed our ideas about the organization of the motor cortex in primates. Contrary to the classic view, the motor cortex does not consist of two main areas, primary and supplementary motor areas, but of a mosaic of cortical areas with specific connections and functional properties.
No Role for the Ryanodine Receptor in Regulating Cardiac Contraction?
Authors: Eisner D. A. , Trafford A. W.
Published: December 2017

Cardiac contraction is initiated by Ca2+ leaving the sarcoplasmic reticulum through the ryanodine receptor (RyR). Although opening of the RyR can be modified by various ligands, these have no maintained effect on contraction. We conclude that modulation of the RyR controls sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ content rather than cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration.
Neurogenic Inflammation in Human and Rodent Skin
Authors: Schmelz M. , Petersen L. J.
Published: December 2017

The combination of vasodilation and protein extravasation following activation of nociceptors has been termed “neurogenic inflammation.” In contrast to rodents, no neurogenic protein extravasation can be elicited in healthy human skin. Dermal microdialysis has considerably increased our knowledge about neurogenic inflammation in human skin, including the involvement of mast cells.
Asymmetry of the Neuroendocrine System
Authors: Gerendai Ida , Halász Béla
Published: December 2017

There is information on the lateralization of hypothalamic, limbic, and other brain structures involved in the control of the endocrine glands. Sided differences between paired glands, including their peripheral innervation, and relevant clinical observations on asymmetry are also known. Data suggest predominance of the right half of brain structures in controlling gonadal function.
Polyamines: New Cues in Cellular Signal Transduction
Authors: Bachrach Uriel , Wang Yong-Chun , Tabib Amalia
Published: December 2017

The naturally occurring polyamines putrescine, spermidine, and spermine are involved in signal transduction. This has been demonstrated by using inhibitors for polyamine biosynthesis (such as α-difluoromethylornithine) or adding polyamines to cultured cells. Different polyamines, preferentially activated protein kinases (tyrosine kinases and MAP kinases), stimulated the expression of nuclear protooncogenes (myc, jun, and fos).
Molecular Solutions to Mammalian Lens Transparency
Authors: Donaldson Paul , Kistler Joerg , Mathias Richard T.
Published: December 2017

The mammalian lens generates an internal microcirculation that maintains transparency in the avascular lens. Significant progress has been made in characterizing the membrane transport proteins associated with this circulation. By combining physiological and molecular evidence, a more comprehensive understanding of normal lens function and cataractogenesis is emerging.
Reactive Species in Viral Pneumonitis: Lessons From Animal Models
Authors: Davis Ian , Matalon Sadis
Published: December 2017

Recent evidence suggests that pneumonitis induced by many important human viral pathogens may result from exuberant generation of reactive species by inflammatory cells in response to infection. This review summarizes current evidence from animal model studies regarding the beneficial (antiviral) and harmful (tissue-damaging) effects of reactive species for the host.
Unlocking Mysteries of Gut Sensory Transmission: Is Adenosine the Key?
Authors: Christofi Fievos L.
Published: December 2017

Endogenous adenosine acts at pre- or postsynaptic A1, A2, or A3 receptors to inhibit synaptic transmission in intrinsic primary afferent/AH neurons, S neurons, and mucosal and motility reflexes. Adenosine provides dual modulation of adenylyl cyclases. Its modulation of sensory transmission may be of therapeutic potential in gut inflammation, ischemia, and constipation.
Dysregulation of Intestinal Mucosal Immunity: Implications in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Laroux F. Stephen , Pavlick Kevin P. , Wolf Robert E. , Grisham Matthew B.
Published: December 2017

The mucosal interstitia of the intestine and colon are continuously exposed to large amounts of dietary and microbial antigens. Fortunately, the mucosal immune system has evolved efficient mechanisms to distinguish potentially pathogenic from nonpathological antigens. There are, however, situations in which this immune regulation fails, resulting in chronic gut inflammation.
Transcranial Magnetic Brain Stimulation: a Tool to Investigate Central Motor Pathways
Authors: Rösler Kai M.
Published: December 2017

Transcranial magnetic stimulation allows the painless activation of cortical motor neurons and elicits responses in a wide range of muscles, termed “motor-evoked potentials.” Since its introduction in 1985, the technique has evolved as one of the most fruitful recent contributions to clinical neurophysiology.
General Anesthesia and Circulatory Homeostasis
Authors: Price Henry L.
Published: December 2017

H. L. Price, “General Anesthesia and Circulatory Homeostasis”

Page 207, line 7, volume 40, should read: “A function of the cephalic circulation…”
Cytochrome Oxidase
Authors: Lemberg M. R.
Published: December 2017

M. R. Lemberg, “Cytochrome Oxidase”

Gilmour, Lemberg, and Chance or Lemberg and Chance, unpublished observations, should now be: Gilmour, M. V., M. R. Lemberg, and B. Chance. Cytochrome oxidase and its derivatives. 9. Spectrophotometric studies on the rapid reaction of ferrous cytochrome c oxidase with molecular oxygen under conditions of complete and partial oxygenation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 172: 37, 1969.

Williams, Lemberg, and Cutler, unpublished observations, should now be: Williams, G. R., M. R. Lemberg, and M. E. Cutler. The oxidized forms of cytochrome oxidase. Can. J. Biochem. 46: 1371, 1968.

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Blood circulation and fluid dynamics in the eye
Authors: Bill A.
Published: December 2017

The nutrition of the intraocular tissues is accomplished by the retinal vessels, the uveal vessels, and by the aqueous humor. Both morphologically and physiologically the retinal vessels are similar to those in the brain. The endothelial cells of the capillaries are attached to each other by tight junctions, the resistance vessels respond poorly to a large number of drugs, and the blood flow through the retina is autoregulated and very little affected by the sympathetic nervous system. The blood vessels of the iris also have morphological and permeability characteristics similar to those in the brain but they are under a strong influence from the sympathetic nerves and react to many drugs. The blood flow is autoregulated. The blood vessels of the choroid and the ciliary processes are similar to those in the small intestine and in the kidney. The endothelial cells of the capillaries are fenestrated; the vessels respond to sympathetic nervous stimulation and to a large number of vasoactive drugs. Autoregulation of the blood flow is intermediate in the ciliary body and very poor or absent in the choroid...
Posttranslational protein modifications, with special attention to collagen and elastin
Authors: Gallop P. M. , Paz M. A.
Published: December 2017

It is apparent that significant progress has been made in our understanding of the biosynthesis, modifications, and maturation of collagen and elastin. We now recognize and partially understand special reactions involved in hydroxylations within the cell and complex cross-linking processes occurring outside the cell. Recent experiments (191) have shown that in human diploid fibroblast cultures of limited doubling potential (191) the hydroxylation of collagen prolyl residues appears to be "age" or passage-level dependent. With increasing passage level of these cultures, both the ascorbate requirements and the extent of collagen hydroxylation decrease. "Young" cell cultures have a strong requirement for complete hydroxylation and without ascorbate there is only about 50% of the normal level. "Middle-aged" cultures show higher hydroxylation without and full hydroxylation with ascorbate, whereas "old" (or cultures close to "senescence") are incapable of full hydroxylation with or without ascorbic acid. Although the overall system may show some deterioration with increasing passage levels, it appears that with increasing passage levels other components in the cell replace the ascorbate dependence of the hydroxylase system to a greater exten. In some ways, aging WI-38 cultures begin to resemble some transformed cells in their biochemical reactions, although they continue to remain diploid and eventually lose the ability to replicate. It is not yet known whether old animals can produce collagen, which may now be underhydroxylated, perhaps contributing to certain senescent changes. Careful examination of the hydroxylation index of collagen produced in organoid cultures of tissue biopsies as a function of donor age might be informative, particularly if one looks at the quality of collagen by employing collagenase and other proteolytic digests with collagen (191). One could comare the levels of frequent and characteristic peptide triplet sequences such as Gly-Pro-Hyp to Gly-Pro-Pro, Gly-Ala-Hyp to Gly-Ala-Pro, or Gly-Pro-Hyl to Gly-Pro-Lys and others for evaluation of hydroxylation throughout the entire molecule or at selected sequences.
Uterine luteolytic hormone: a physiological role for prostaglandin F2alpha
Authors: Horton E. W. , Poyser N. L.
Published: December 2017

To summarize luteal function during pregnancy briefly, there are physiological processes initiated by the embryo and/or conceptus in early pregnancy that serve to prolong the life-span of the corpus luteum. Some of these processes are well defined, but others remain more obscure. The corpus luteum is maintained in a functional state throughout pregnancy (at least in those species described in this review), even though in several species progesterone production by the corpus luteum is not required after the first third of the gestational period. The cessation of secretory function by the corpus luteum of pregnancy at the end of gestation is apparently actively induced. There is evidence in some species (especially the goat) that this is due to PGF2alpha released from the uterus or placenta. It is concluded that the occurrence of luteal regression in several species of mammal can be attributed to the physiological release of PGF2alpha from both the pregnant and nonpregnant uterus.
Role of cyclic nucleotides in cell growth and differentiation
Authors: Friedman D. L.
Published: December 2017

A simple model is depicted below that suggests some unifying principals in the action of cyclic nucleotides in the GO-to-G+ interconversion, differentiation, and transformation (see article). The letters with G+ subscripts (AG+ through EG+) represent cell states at different increasing levels of "determination" (see sect. vE). Cells in each of these states are continuously reproducing themselves through cell division (i.e., they are in G+). As an alternative to cell reporduction, cells at each level may move toward or enter GO, which is conceived of not only as a quiescent state but also as a state in which differentiated properties are more fully expressed. This state is designated by letters with GO subscripts (AGO through EGO). Entrance into this more expressed state will usually be reversible (nerve cells and red blood cells are two exceptions). Sometimes movement toward GO and full expression may require a number of cell divisions. Ultimately, however, there usually will be a slowing or cessation of cell division. The transformed state, according to this model, is one in which cells have lost the ability to enter the "expressed" CO state. However, they do remain differentiated in the sense that they have maintained their level of determination and can be induced to enter into the expressed state, as for example in the case of DBcAMP treatment of transformed fibroblasts. In most cases, cAMP appears to stimulate cells to proceed toward XGO (where X = A,B,C,D, or E) and toward fuller expression of their differentiated functions. It is not the sole mediator of this transition. In cell types where cAMP plays this role, transformation may arise through a defect in the ability to raise cAMP levels in response to growth-regulatory signals or in a defect in the cell's ability to respond to cAMP. In other cell types, cAMP may not be involved in the CO-to-C+ transition or may act in the opposite direction (see sect. II). It remains to be seen whether these situations are ture exceptions or whether different loci of regulation are involved. For example it is possible that in certain cases where cAMP has been shown to stimulate growth that it is stimulating growth toward a more expressed state. Other actions of cAMP relating to cell-cycle traverse have been discussed (sect. III). Investigations of the action of cGMP are still at a preliminary stage of development. There is evidence consistent with the idea that cGMP mediates conversion toward the G+ state in some cell types (see sect. II) under certain conditions. However, further studies are required to establish this as a fact. There has been little or no reported evidence relating to a role for cGMP in expression of differentiated properties, nor has there been any significant evidence as yet for other cell-cycle roles of cGMP. It should be apparent that the areas of biology covered in this review are only beginning to evolve biochemically...
Functional properties of vertebrate olfactory receptor neurons
Authors: Getchell T. V.
Published: December 2017

The interaction of an odorant with the chemosensitive membrane of olfactory receptor neurons initiates a sequence of molecular and membrane events leading to sensory transduction, impulse initiation, and the transmission of sensory information to the brain. The main steps in this sequence are summarized in Figure 6. Several lines of evidence support the hypothesis that the initial molecular events and subsequent stages of transduction are mediated by odorant receptor sites and associated ion channels located in the membrane of the cilia and apical dendritic knob of the olfactory receptor neuron. Similarly, the membrane events associated with impulse initiation and propagation are mediated by voltage-gated channels located in the initial axonal segment and the axolemma. The ionic and electrical events associated with the proposed sequence have been characterized in general using a variety of experimental techniques. The identification, localization, and sequence of membrane events are consistent with the neurophysiological properties observed in specific regions of the bipolar receptor neuron. The influence of other cells in the primary olfactory pathway such as the sustentacular cells in the olfactory epithelium, the Schwann cells in the olfactory nerve, and the astrocytes in the olfactory nerve layer in the olfactory bulb on the physiological activity of the olfactory receptor neuron is an emerging area of research interests. The general principles derived from the experimental results described in this review provide only a framework that is both incomplete and of necessity somewhat speculative. As noted in the Introduction, the multidisciplinary study of the primary olfactory pathway is undergoing a renaissance of research interest. The application of modern biophysical, cell, and molecular biological techniques to the basic issues of odorant recognition and membrane excitability will clarify the speculations and lead to the establishment of new hypotheses. Three broad areas of research will benefit from such studies. First, the application of biophysical techniques will lead to a detailed characterization of the membrane properties and associated ion conductance mechanisms. Second, the isolation and biochemical characterization of intrinsic membrane and cytosolic proteins associated with odorant recognition, sensory transduction, and the subsequent electrical events will result from the utilization of cell and molecular biological techniques.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)