bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Practical guidance on the use of olaparib capsules as maintenance therapy for women with BRCA mutations and platinum‐sensitive recurrent ovarian cancer
Authors: Friedlander Michael , Banerjee Susana , Mileshkin Linda , Scott Clare , Shannon Catherine , Goh Jeffrey
Published: December 2016

Olaparib is the first oral poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase inhibitor to be approved as maintenance monotherapy for treatment of patients with platinum‐sensitive relapsed BRCA‐mutated (BRCAm) serous ovarian cancer. This review provides practical guidance on the use of olaparib (capsule formulation) in the maintenance setting. The article focuses on the key toxicities that can arise with olaparib therapy and recommendations for their management. Nausea, vomiting, fatigue and anemia are the most commonly reported adverse events in olaparib clinical trials and are generally mild to moderate and transient in nature in most patients. Implementation of an effective and timely management plan can control many of the side effects. It is vital that health care providers effectively communicate the potential side effects of olaparib, as well as educate patients on management strategies to combat these symptoms. To this end, realistic expectations regarding the potential side effects need to be set, with an understanding that dose interruptions and modifications may be required to allow patients to continue receiving treatment.
“When Said with a Sneer”: Translating Language, Race, and Culture Through an English Football Race Controversy
Authors: RENFREW DANIEL , SNYDER GENESIS M.
Published: December 2016

This article examines the origins and aftermath of a 2011 English football race controversy, where an English Football Association tribunal found Uruguayan Luis Suárez guilty of using racially abusive language against Patrice Evra, a Frenchman of Senegalese descent. It approaches the Suárez‐Evra controversy as a flashpoint of broader transformations in England, France, and Uruguay associated with sports, race, and nationalism, highlighting the problematic nature of cultural and linguistic translation under shifting racial, ethnic, and cultural dynamics. The controversy also provided an opportunity for Afro‐Uruguayans to collectively denounce and redress longstanding forms of racism in that country. [Soccer (football); Race; Globalization; England; France; Uruguay]
Race, Media, and Postcoloniality: Ukraine Between Nationalism and Cosmopolitanism
Authors: BILANIUK LAADA
Published: December 2016

In response to Orientalist discourses that portray Ukraine as a backward country mired in narrow‐minded nationalism, anti‐Semitism, and xenophobia, a trend in the Ukrainian media constructs Ukrainians as global subjects by asserting ethnic and racial diversity as part of Ukrainian identity, staking a claim to cosmopolitanism and equality with what are perceived as “advanced” nations. The visibility of people of color in Ukrainian media and public performances is multivalent. It can be understood as a postcolonial effort to construct Ukraine as a modern and enlightened country, deserving of support and membership in Europe. It can also be seen as a commodification of blackness, and part of an effort to market Ukrainianness as a desirable brand. While blackness works as a symbol of modernity, racial discrimination and discourses equating Africanness with backwardness are also present. I analyze these conflicting discourses, in particular relating to events that brought race in Ukraine to the forefront of media attention, including the 2012 Eurovision competition, the 2012 European soccer championships, and the 2013‐2014 Euromaidan protests. I also examine the discursive processes through which the links between race and Ukrainianness are constructed and contested on the televised singing competition Holos Kraïny, Ukraine's analogue of The Voice. I argue that blackness and Ukrainianness mutually constitute each other in these cultural products, as people navigate the conflicting terrains of xenophobia and desires for cosmopolitan modernity. [Race; Nationalism; Postcolonialism; Cosmopolitanism; Visible Diversity; African‐Ukrainians; Popular Culture; Ukraine]
Taxis, Traffic, and Thoroughfares: The Politics of Transportation Infrastructure in China's Rapid Urbanization in the Reform Era
Authors: ZHANG JUN
Published: December 2016

Cities have expanded both territorially and demographically at an unprecedented speed during the recent intense process of urbanization in China. This article investigates the material, discursive, and social dimensions of an infrastructural process that has been interwoven with the discourse and practice of urban development in the city of Guangzhou since the 1990s. It takes a 2007 public hearing concerning the short supply of taxis on workdays as an entry point into the politics of urban infrastructure, threading together long‐term changes in urban forms, the ritual dimensions of the public hearing, and taxi drivers' downward mobility. The issue at the heart of this public hearing is a pattern of traffic flow caused by intense urbanization in the late Reform period that has led to important structural tensions in everyday life. Yet, under the official ideology of urban development, these structural tensions are de‐humanized and rendered a mere technical issue of supply and shortage. In present‐day China, infrastructural projects are regarded as technological solutions to a wide range of social and political issues in the process of urbanization; yet their material results often simply make these issues invisible instead. [Infrastructure; Urbanization; Taxi; Class; Mobility; China]
Diminished ability to identify facial emotional expressions in children with disorganized attachment representations
Authors: Forslund Tommie , Kenward Ben , Granqvist Pehr , Gredebäck Gustaf , Brocki Karin C.
Published: December 2016

The development of children's ability to identify facial emotional expressions has long been suggested to be experience dependent, with parental caregiving as an important influencing factor. This study attempts to further this knowledge by examining disorganization of the attachment system as a potential psychological mechanism behind aberrant caregiving experiences and deviations in the ability to identify facial emotional expressions. Typically developing children (N = 105, 49.5% boys) aged 6–7 years (M = 6 years 8 months, SD = 1.8 months) completed an attachment representation task and an emotion identification task, and parents rated children's negative emotionality. The results showed a generally diminished ability in disorganized children to identify facial emotional expressions, but no response biases. Disorganized attachment was also related to higher levels of negative emotionality, but discrimination of emotional expressions did not moderate or mediate this relation. Our novel findings relate disorganized attachment to deviations in emotion identification, and therefore suggest that disorganization of the attachment system may constitute a psychological mechanism linking aberrant caregiving experiences to deviations in children's ability to identify facial emotional expressions. Our findings further suggest that deviations in emotion identification in disorganized children, in the absence of maltreatment, may manifest in a generally diminished ability to identify emotional expressions, rather than in specific response biases.
Training and transfer effects of response inhibition training in children and adults
Authors: Zhao Xin , Chen Ling , Maes Joseph H.R.
Published: December 2016

Response inhibition is crucial for mental and physical health but studies assessing the trainability of this type of inhibition are rare. Thirty‐nine children aged 10‐12 years and 46 adults aged 18‐24 years were assigned to an adaptive go/no‐go inhibition training condition or an active control condition. Transfer of training effects to performance on tasks assessing response inhibition, interference control, working memory updating, task‐switching, and non‐verbal fluid intelligence were assessed during 3‐ and 6‐month follow‐up sessions and/or an immediate post‐training session. Significant training improvements and positive transfer effects to a similar response inhibition task with other stimuli were observed for both children and adults. Reliable albeit short‐lived transfer effects were only found for the children, specifically to working memory updating and task switching. These results suggest some potential for response‐inhibition training programs to enhance aspects of cognitive functioning in children but not adults.
Psychoanalysis and Ethnography
Authors: Hollan Douglas
Published: December 2016

In this commentary, I discuss some of the theoretical and methodological issues the contributions to this special issue raise collectively, namely: how do we as anthropologists pick and choose among the many diverse psychoanalytic concepts available to us, especially when these concepts may come embedded in very different, and sometimes contradictory, theoretical assumptions about human behavior? Once we find a psychoanalytic concept that is useful for ethnographic work, can we or should we attempt to relate it to more experience near ethnopsychological terms and assumptions, ones that might seem more understandable and intuitive from a local point of view? How intimately should we know people, biographically or developmentally, before we attempt to apply psychoanalytic concepts to their behavior? And, given that George Devereux is cited as one of the inspirations for this special issue, what role can or should an awareness of countertransference play in ethnographic work, and what are the limits, if any, of psychoanalytic interpretation in an ethnographic context?
Lost and found, then lost again? The social history of workers and peasants in the modern Middle East
Authors: Anderson Kyle J.
Published: December 2016

Academic research on the history of the “modern Middle East” in European languages initially emerged in conjunction with efforts to dominate and colonize the region. Yet it was not until the post‐war wave of de‐colonization that what we recognize today as “social history” began to emerge in the field of Middle East studies. At the time, structural functionalism set the parameters for the field, with the elite‐centric “notables paradigm” providing a durable way for historians to think about the region. This scholarship was soon eclipsed by the “new social history,” which aimed to shed light on the previously neglected lives of provincials, women, workers, peasants, slaves, and others. But the “cultural turn” has served for the past twenty or so years to push back against the impulses that used to motivate social historians. This article provides an overview of these developments, along with suggestions for future research in the field of Middle East studies to re‐focus on the lives of workers and peasants. I argue that recent research, informed by theories of performance and a critical geographic approach to institutions and the state–society relationship, overcomes the epistemological critiques embodied in the cultural turn and provides promising new directions for the study of workers and peasants in the modern Middle East.
The Unbelieved and Historians, Part I: A Challenge
Authors: Clossey Luke , Jackson Kyle , Marriott Brandon , Redden Andrew , Vélez Karin
Published: December 2016

In 1855, Thakur led a rebellion of the tribal Santals against the British in eastern India. Some historians refused to admit Thakur's involvement in the event because of a three‐century‐old prejudice against giving supernatural beings agency when we write history. InProvincializing Europe, Dipesh Chakrabarty argues that historians must “anthropologize” such beliefs rather than take them seriously. Taking a cue from their less‐than‐marginal place in scholarship today, we call supernatural beings the “Unbelieved” and the explicit or implicit denial of them “Dogmatic Secularism.” We argue that objective historians should not discount, in advance, evidence that points to the existence or involvement of the Unbelieved in history; instead, we should cultivate a sceptical attitude towards all sources. In this, the first half of a two‐part essay, we trace the boundaries of this epistemological problem in the scholarship about the Santal Rebellion and beyond.
Asian migrations to Latin America in the Pacific World, 16th–19th centuries
Authors: Seijas Tatiana
Published: December 2016

This historiographical essay discusses Asian migrations to Latin America from a Pacific World perspective and employs a longue‐durée periodization. The Pacific World paradigm offers a path for studying the movement of people and ideas as multi‐directional flows that impacted communities around the Pacific basin. The pre‐1900 century timeframe similarly urges scholars to move beyond nation‐bound narratives and to consider instead the long‐standing cultural and ethnic ties that connected Asia and the Americas before the reification on national borders.
The changing landscape of gynaecological cancer diagnosis: implications for histopathological practice in the 21st century
Authors: Singh Naveena , Gilks C Blake
Published: December 2016

The era of molecular medicine has led to dramatically improved understanding of the genetic events that give rise to different types of cancers. In the case of gynaecological malignancies, this has resulted in distinct shifts in how these tumours are diagnosed in routine surgical pathology practice, with an increased emphasis on accurate subtype diagnosis. This has happened across all sites in the gynaecological tract and for most cell types, but in ways that are site‐specific and may appear to be subtle, as in most instances the diagnostic terminology has not changed. For example, the diagnosis of clear cell carcinoma of the ovary is still in use, but the diagnostic criteria and clinical implications are different in 2017 from what they were in 2000. As a result, there can be a failure to appreciate how important these changes are and the resulting necessity of incorporating them into our daily practice. In this review we will describe changes in diagnostic surgical pathology occasioned by improved understanding of molecular events during pathogenesis, for cancers of ovary/tube, endometrium, cervix and vulva, and highlight how current practice differs from that of only a few years ago.
The histopathological evaluation of drug‐induced liver injury
Authors: Kleiner David E
Published: December 2016

Drug‐induced liver injury (DILI) presents unique challenges to the pathologist. It is not only an uncommon reason for liver biopsy, but the pathology of DILI is spread across the entire spectrum of hepatic injury patterns. It is important for the pathologist to suspect DILI when the histological changes are unusual or out of synchronicity with the patient's history. A systematic evaluation approach will yield the most information. It begins with the characterization of the general pattern of injury which, for most cases, will be found in a handful of necroinflammatory and cholestatic patterns. A careful assessment of the severity of injury across the various anatomic compartments will provide information on the probable natural history of the injury. Correlation of liver injury with the patient's medication history and clinical findings will help to narrow the differential diagnosis, particularly when it is recognized that most drugs have a limited range of histological findings and vary in their propensity to cause injury. This review provides an overview of the assessment of the liver biopsy and its use to confirm or exclude particular drugs as contributing to the patient's liver injury.
Modern therapies and iatrogenic changes in breast pathology
Authors: Provenzano Elena , Pinder Sarah E
Published: December 2016

Iatrogenic changes within the breast can provide challenges for the histopathologist in routine practice. Diagnostic procedures, such as core biopsies, result in reactive changes and can cause displacement of benign and malignant cells, the interpretation of which may cause difficulties in the resection specimen. Breast augmentation surgery with implants or injection of fillers, performed for cosmetic reasons or as part of a reconstructive process following removal of breast cancer, also produces reactive changes locally and at distant sites that may mimic cancer. The entity of implant‐associated anaplastic large‐cell lymphoma is now well recognized, with progress in our understanding of the underlying biological factors that drive its development. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy used in the treatment of breast cancer causes characteristic changes in normal breast tissue, and can alter the histological appearance and receptor status of the tumour. Radiotherapy to the breast, for breast cancer or childhood malignancies, increases the risk of developing a secondary malignancy in the breast long after treatment. In this review, we describe some of the iatrogenic changes that may be seen in histological specimens from the breast.
Age‐specific variation in relationship between moult and pre‐migratory fuelling in Wood SandpipersTringa glareolain southern Africa
Authors: Remisiewicz Magdalena , Tree Anthony J. , Underhill Les G. , Burman Marc S.
Published: December 2016

Trans‐equatorial avian migrants tend to breed, moult and migrate – the main energy‐requiring events in their lifecycle – at different times. Little is known about the relationship between wing moult and pre‐migratory fuelling in waders on their non‐breeding grounds, where time is less constrained than during their brief high‐latitude breeding season. We determined age‐related strategies of Wood SandpipersTringa glareolato balance the energetic demands of primary moult against pre‐migratory fuelling in southern Africa by analysing body mass and primary moult at first capture of 1721 birds mist‐netted in 1972–96 at waterbodies in Zimbabwe. Adults moulted all their primaries in August–December, but immatures underwent a supplemental moult of varying numbers of outer primaries in December–April, close to departure. We used locally weighted linear regression to estimate trends in Wood Sandpiper body mass from 1 July to 1 May. They maintained low mass from arrival in July–September to February–early March. Adults fuelled from 10 February to 1 May at a mean rate of 0.25 g/day (sd = 0.16). Most adults (98%) began fuelling 10–75 days after completing primary moult. Immatures fuelled from 4 March to 13 April at 0.24 g/day (sd = 0.14). They used varying strategies depending on their condition: a brief gap between moult and fuelling; an overlap of these processes near departure, leading to slower fuelling; or skipping fuelling altogether and staying in southern Africa for a ‘gap year’. Immatures moulting three or five outer primaries fuelled more slowly than post‐moult birds. Immatures moulting four outer primaries started fuelling 3 weeks later but at a higher rate than did post‐moult birds of this group. In post‐moult immatures, the later they ended moult, the later and faster they fuelled. The heaviest adults and immatures using all moult patterns accumulated fuel loads ofc. 50% of lean body mass, and could potentially cross 2397–4490 km to reach the Great Rift Valley in one non‐stop flight. Immatures were more flexible in the timing and extent of moult and in the timing and rate of fuelling than adults. This flexibility enables inexperienced Wood Sandpipers to cope with inter‐annual differences in feeding conditions at Africa's ephemeral inland waterbodies.
Do Sectoral Employment Programs Work? New Evidence from New York City's Sector‐Focused Career Centers
Authors: Gasper Joseph M. , Henderson Kathryn A. , Berman David S.
Published: December 2016

While sectoral employment is growing as an approach to providing job opportunities to disadvantaged jobseekers, there is little evidence on the effectiveness of these programs. This study estimates impacts on employment and earnings of three large sectoral employment programs in New York City using a quasi‐experimental design and administrative data on earnings. Participants realized increased employment levels and earnings gains. In addition, participants who received industry‐specific training had greater earnings gains than those who did not.
Are you Satisfied Now?
Authors: Angelini Viola , Bertoni Marco , Corazzini Luca
Published: December 2016

Asking about life satisfaction in different ways can change reported measures of well-being. By Viola Angelini, Marco Bertoni and Luca Corazzini
Hungry for Data
Authors: Wilkerson Rachel Lynne
Published: December 2016

New and improved sources of information are needed to understand and address the problem of food insecurity, says Rachel Lynne Wilkerson
The Impact of Racism and Midwifery's Lack of Racial Diversity: A Literature Review
Authors: Wren Serbin Jyesha , Donnelly Elizabeth
Published: December 2016

Introduction

The United States is increasingly racially diverse. Racial disparities in maternal‐child health persist. Despite national calls for workforce diversification, more than 90% of certified nurse‐midwives are white. This systematic review examines how racism and midwifery's lack of racial diversity impact both midwives and their patients.

Methods

Databases were searched in January 2016 for studies that explored 1) racially concordant or racially discordant maternity care provided, at least in part, by midwives; 2) women of color's experience of race and discrimination in maternity care provided, at least in part, by midwives; and 3) midwives of color's experience of race and discrimination in clinical, educational, and/or professional settings. Studies were excluded if they were conducted outside the United States, focused on recent immigrant populations, or didn't have an English‐language abstract. Selected studies were each reviewed by 2 independent reviewers, and data from the studies were entered into literature tables and synthesized for discussion.

Results

A total of 7 studies was retained for review—3 on the experience of patients and 4 on the experience of providers. The studies show racism is common in midwifery education, professional organizations, and clinical practices. Racism and midwifery's lack of racial diversity act as a barrier to people of color completing midwifery education programs and fully participating in midwifery professional organizations. Both patients and midwives of color identified midwives of color as uniquely positioned to provide high‐quality care for communities of color.

Discussion

The midwifery profession and its patients stand to substantially benefit from diversification of the field, which requires addressing racism within the profession. Structural competency is a new theory that offers an effective framework to guide these efforts.
Ethnic Disparities in School‐Based Behavioral Health Service Use for Children With Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Locke Jill , Kang‐Yi Christina D. , Pellecchia Melanie , Marcus Steven , Hadley Trevor , Mandell David S.
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND

We examined racial/ethnic disparities in school‐based behavioral health service use for children with psychiatric disorders.

METHODS

Medicaid claims data were used to compare the behavioral healthcare service use of 23,601 children aged 5‐17 years by psychiatric disorder (autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], conduct/oppositional defiant disorder, and “other”) and by race/ethnicity (African‐American, Hispanic, white, and other). Logistic and generalized linear regression analyses were used.

RESULTS

Differences in service use by racial/ethnic group were identified within and across diagnostic groups, both for in‐school service use and out‐of‐school service use. For all disorders, Hispanic children had significantly lower use of in‐school services than white children. Among children with ADHD, African‐American children were less likely to receive in‐school services than white children; however, there were no differences in adjusted annual mean Medicaid expenditures for in‐school services by race/ethnicity or psychiatric disorders. Statistically significant differences by race/ethnicity were found for out‐of‐school service use for children with ADHD and other psychiatric disorders. There were significant differences by race/ethnicity in out‐of‐school service use for each diagnostic group.

CONCLUSIONS

Differences in the use of school‐based behavioral health services by racial and ethnic groups suggest the need for culturally appropriate outreach and tailoring of services to improve service utilization.
School Finance & the Distribution of Equal Educational Opportunity in the Postrecession U.S.
Authors: Baker Bruce D.
Published: December 2016

This article builds on the national school funding fairness report annually produced by the Education Law Center (ELC) of New Jersey. This article expands prior analyses in two directions. First, while ELC analyses evaluate only the most recent 3 years of data, we track school funding progressiveness (the relative targeting of funding to districts serving economically disadvantaged children) for all states from 1993 to 2012. Second, this article explores in greater depth the consequences of school funding levels, distributions and changes for specific classroom resources provided in schools. The analyses presented herein validate that variations in available revenues and expenditures are associated with variations in children's access to real resources—as measured by the competitiveness of the wages paid to their teachers and by pupil‐to‐teacher ratios and class sizes.
The Social Genome Model: Estimating How Policies Affect Outcomes, Mobility and Inequality across the Life Course
Authors: Acs Gregory , Martin Steven , Schwabish Jonathan A. , Sawhill Isabel V.
Published: December 2016

Persistently high poverty among families with children, a lack of equal opportunity, stalled intergenerational mobility, and inequality have all risen up the agenda for federal, state, and local policymakers. Children born into low‐income families face barriers to success in each stage of life from birth till age 40. Using data on a representative group of American children and a life cycle model to track their progress from the earliest years through school and beyond, we show that well‐evaluated, targeted interventions can close over 80% of the gap between more and less advantaged children in the proportion that ends up middle class by middle age. These interventions can also greatly improve social mobility and enhance the lifetime incomes of less advantaged children.
“I'm Still Waiting On That Golden Ticket”: Attitudes toward and Experiences with Opportunity inThe Streetsof Black America
Authors: Payne Yasser Arafat , Brown Tara Marie
Published: December 2016

Fifteen residents (20‐48), formerly of the streets and/or criminal justice system, were organized into a street participatory action research team to conduct a street ethnographic community needs assessment of the Eastside and Southbridge neighborhoods of Wilmington, Delaware. This article is primarily a qualitative analysis of the educational and employment experiences of a community sample of street identified Black men and women between the ages of 18–35. This secondary analysis is guided by the question:How do street‐identified Black men and women frame their experiences with educational and employment opportunity? Mixed methods were employed to collect data in the form of: (1) 520 surveys; (2) 24 individual interviews; (3) four dual interviews; (4) three group interviews; and (5) extensive ethnographic field observations. All data were collected in the actual streets of Wilmington, Delaware (e.g., street corners, local parks, barbershops, local record/DVD stores, etc.). Two core themes emerged in qualitative coding for schooling opportunity, which include institutional removal and student–teacher interactions. Also, three subcodes emerged out of the student–teacher interactions theme: (1) lack of academic preparation, (2) lack of cultural competency, and (3) home/neighborhood conditions related to schooling experiences. Further, two subcodes emerged for the core theme employment: (1) neighborhood isolation and (2) employment after incarceration.
New Directions in History of Emotion and Affect Theory in Eighteenth‐Century Studies
Authors: Hultquist Aleksondra
Published: December 2016

Increasing critical energy focuses on history of emotion and affective theory in order to better understand the eighteenth century. Scholars are re‐examining history, literature, and culture to consider the importance of how people felt to what they experienced, how they thought, and how they acted in the eighteenth century. The essay examines the emotion words in use in this scholarly endeavor (such as passions, sentiments, and sensibility), the connections between affects, emotions, and politics, and the epistemological explorations connected to feeling. By surveying affective and emotional methods of interrogation from the past thirty years, this essay both concentrates on historical, cultural, and literary studies to map how scholars of the eighteenth century are analyzing the shape of emotion in the past, and it looks forward to new energy in this field of inquiry.
The Transnational Wandering Jew and the Medieval English Nation
Authors: Lampert‐Weissig Lisa
Published: December 2016

This essay focuses on the legendary Wandering Jew in order to explore how elements of transnationalism figure into representations of the Jew and Jewish‐Christian relations in medieval England and how the Jew figured into emergent English nationalism.
Ledgers and landscapes: Indicators of rural landscape change in southern New Zealand, 1878–1919
Authors: Holland Peter , Olson Sherry
Published: December 2016

Our objective was to develop and calibrate numerical measures to represent the timing and magnitude of landscape change between 1878, and 1919 using information in a stock and station agency's ledgers. Relative expenditures on fencing materials peaked in the 1880s, were lowest in the early 1900s, and rose to one‐fifth of annual expenditures from 1914 onwards. In contrast, relative expenditures on soil preparation, cropping and harvesting grew steadily after 1879, peaked in 1900, and declined from then until 1919. This research found that periods of intensive landscape investment between 1878 and 1919 were separated by longer intervals of landscape maintenance.
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYMPOSIUM
Authors: 6 PERRI , SWEDLOW BRENDON
Published: December 2016

This symposium showcases diverse contributions that a particular institutional theory of cultural biases makes to public administration and policy research. Bridging and integrating these subfields, the theory offers powerful explanations for the ways in which institutional processes drive policy‐making. Developed initially by Douglas using Durkheimian theory, Hood and Wildavsky made the theory increasingly influential in public administration and policy. Today, the theory has several variants which nevertheless share common core elements. We briefly survey this institutional theory's contributions to the study of public administration and policy before describing its central claims, analysing the uses of its variants in the symposium articles, and identifying their key advances. We conclude with challenges and promising developments in efforts to conceptualize, operationalize, and test the theory in public administration and policy research.
Recent work in reformed epistemology
Authors: Moon Andrew
Published: December 2016

Reformed epistemology, roughly, is the thesis that religious belief can be rational without argument. After providing some background, I present Plantinga's defense of reformed epistemology and its influence on religious debunking arguments. I then discuss three objections to Plantinga's arguments that arise from the following topics: skeptical theism, cognitive science of religion, and basicality. I then show how reformed epistemology has recently been undergirded by a number of epistemological theories, including phenomenal conservatism and virtue epistemology. I end by noting that a good objection to reformed epistemology must criticize either a substantive epistemological theory or the application of that theory to religious belief; I also show that the famous Great Pumpkin Objection is an example of the former.
The ethics of historic preservation
Authors: Matthes Erich Hatala
Published: December 2016

This article draws together research from various sub‐disciplines of philosophy to offer an overview of recent philosophical work on the ethics of historic preservation. I discuss how philosophers writing about art, culture, and the environment have appealed to historical significance in crafting arguments about the preservation of objects, practices, and places. By demonstrating how it relates to core themes in moral and political philosophy, I argue that historic preservation is essentially concerned with ethical issues.
The metaphysics of social kinds
Authors: Mason Rebecca
Published: December 2016

It is a truism that humans are social animals. Thus, it is no surprise that we understand the world, each other, and ourselves in terms of social kinds such asmoney and marriage, warandwomen, capitalistsandcartels, races, recessions, andrefugees. Social kinds condition our expectations, inform our preferences, and guide our behavior. Despite the prevalence and importance of social kinds, philosophy has historically devoted relatively little attention to them. With few exceptions, philosophers have given pride of place to the kinds studied by the natural sciences, especially physics. However, philosophical interest in social kinds is growing in recent years. I critically examine answers to a cluster of related questions concerning the metaphysics of social kinds. Are social kinds natural kinds? Do social kinds have essences? Are social kinds mind dependent? Are social kinds real?
Recent issues in high‐level perception
Authors: Helton Grace
Published: December 2016

Recently, several theorists have proposed that we can perceive a range of high‐level features, including natural kind features (e.g., being a lemur), artifactual features (e.g., being a mandolin), and the emotional features of others (e.g., being surprised). I clarify the claim that we perceive high‐level features and suggest one overlooked reason this claim matters: it would dramatically expand the range of actions perception‐based theories of action might explain. I then describe the influential phenomenal contrast method of arguing for high‐level perception and discuss some of the objections that have been raised against this strategy. Finally, I describe two emerging defenses of high‐level perception, one of which appeals to a certain class of perceptual deficits and one of which appeals to adaptation effects. I sketch a challenge for the latter approach.
Heavy metal: Genre? Style? Subculture?
Authors: Gracyk Theodore
Published: December 2016

Although popular music is increasingly recognized as an important area of inquiry in philosophy of art, many organizing principles have been taken over from other fields without scrutiny. This article selects heavy metal as an example of the value of applying philosophy of criticism to discourse about popular music. Metal is now in its fifth decade, and its combination of longevity and diversity have made it an attractive topic in popular music studies. In accounts of metal by musicologists and social science researches, metal is almost always referred to as a genre of music, and the genre is said to unify diverse metal subcultures, which are associated with diverse styles of metal. An examination of the concepts of genre and subculture as they are typically understood in popular music studies generally, and in metal studies in particular, suggests that they do not function to delineate metal as a unitary category. However, contemporary philosophy of art provides several theoretical principles that provide criteria for identifying a unified genre. The relevant theories are historical definitions of art and Kendall Walton's account of style. Viewed in terms of these philosophical developments, metal should be seen as an evolving assemblage of related styles, only some of which are associated with fans who constitute a subculture. However, it is not a "category" in Walton's sense of that term.

Video abstract (click to view)
Extended emotions
Authors: Krueger Joel , Szanto Thomas
Published: December 2016

Until recently, philosophers and psychologists conceived of emotions as brain‐ and body‐bound affairs. But researchers have started to challenge this internalist and individualist orthodoxy. A rapidly growing body of work suggests that some emotions incorporate external resources and thus extend beyond the neurophysiological confines of organisms; some even argue that emotions can be socially extended and shared by multiple agents. Call this the extended emotions thesis (ExE). In this article, we consider different ways of understanding ExE in philosophy, psychology, and the cognitive sciences. First, we outline the background of the debate and discuss different argumentative strategies for ExE. In particular, we distinguish ExE from cognate but more moderate claims about the embodied and situated nature of cognition and emotion (Section 1). We then dwell upon two dimensions of ExE: emotions extended by material culture and by the social factors (Section 2). We conclude by defending ExE against some objections (Section 3) and point to desiderata for future research (Section 4).
The racial implications of the effects of parental incarceration on intergenerational mobility
Authors: Shaw Marcus
Published: December 2016

This review focuses on adverse effects of parental incarceration disproportionately experienced by minority youth. Mass incarceration has not been just the widespread removal of individual social isolates and deviants from society, but has also been the removal of parents and family members from homes and communities. First, this review discusses the racial implications of a vast and multidimensional, punitive and stigmatizing, criminal justice system. The review then focuses on the intergenerational effects of mass incarceration that limit intergenerational mobility, such as the reduced educational attainment of those experiencing parental incarceration. Using existing literature in the field, the review highlights the workings of intergenerational transmissions of stigma and strain in the production of disadvantage for children of incarcerated parents. Finally, the need for more restorative forms of justice is discussed.
Descriptive Epidemiology of Soccer Injury During Elite International Competition in Africa
Authors: Nuhu Assuman , Kutz Matthew
Published: December 2016

Epidemiological research on soccer injuries during African soccer competition is sparse. This study was conducted among 12 teams in the Council of East and Central Africa Football Association (CECAFA) challenge cup tournament. Fifty-seven injuries were reported (2.7 injuries per match), or 82.25 injuries per 1,000 match hours. The ankle was most often injured (23%). The majority (81%) of injuries occurred as a result of traumatic contact, with the most injuries occurring in the last 30 min of the match. A majority (84%) of athletes who sustained injuries continued to play. African medical personnel should be trained to handle the unique constraints and variety of injuries sustained during soccer competition.
Test-Retest and Interrater Reliability of Core Muscular Endurance Tests Used for Injury Risk Screening
Authors: Bruce Scott L. , Rush Jared R. , Torres Megan M. , Lipscomb Kyle J.
Published: December 2016

There is an absence of literature pertaining to the reliability of core muscular endurance tests. The purpose of this study was to assess the test-retest and interrater reliability of four core muscular endurance tests. Participants were physically active, college students. Data were gathered during three trials for each core test. Participants were timed by two test administrators (raters) until the participant could no longer hold the test position. Test-retest reliability values ranged from 0.57–0.85 for all three trials, and from 0.80–0.89 for the latter two trials. Interrater reliability values ranged from 0.99–1.00 for all three trials of all four tests. Although the participants were not athletes, we were able to demonstrate good test-retest and interrater reliability for the core muscular endurance tests assessed.
Validity, Reliability, and Normative Values for Clinically-Assessed Frontal Tibial Orientation as a Measure of Varus-Valgus Knee Alignment
Authors: Werner David , Willson John , Willy Richard , Barrios Joaquin
Published: December 2016

Frontal plane knee alignment can influence the development and management of various knee pathologies. Valid and reliable clinical methods for assessment are needed. The primary purposes of this study were to assess the validity and reliability of inclinometer-based frontal plane tibial orientation as a limb alignment measure, and secondarily to establish normal values in healthy individuals. Frontal tibial orientation was validated per moderately strong correlation to radiographic knee alignment. Intra- and interrater reliability were excellent. The normative mean was approximately 7°. In summary, inclinometer-based frontal tibial orientation is a valid and reliable clinical measure of frontal plane knee alignment.
Iliotibial Band Impingement Syndrome: An Evidence-Informed Clinical Paradigm Change
Authors: Geisler Paul R. , Lazenby Todd
Published: December 2016

Clinical practice in sports medicine is often guided by axioms or paradigms of practice, some of which have persisted over time despite a lack of objective evidence to support their validity. Evidence-based practice compels practicing clinicians to not only seek out and produce evidence that informs their decision-making, but also to challenge existing paradigms of thought and practice, especially when favorable treatment outcomes remain elusive. Insidious, load induced lateral knee pain around the iliotibial band in runners, cyclists, military personnel, rowers, and other athletes has for decades now been conceptualized as iliotibial band friction syndrome, a biomechanically based and unsubstantiated paradigm based on Renne’s 1975 theory that the iliotibial band slips back and forth over the lateral femoral epicondyle during flexion and extension movements of the knee, primarily irritating the underlying bursa and even the iliotibial band itself. Newer evidence about the anatomy and biomechanics of the iliotibial band, the physiology of the condition, and interventional outcomes is now available to challenge that long-held paradigm of thought for iliotibial band related pathology. Given this plethora of new information available for clinical scientists, iliotibial band impingement syndrome is proposed here as a new, evidence-informed paradigm for evaluating and treating this problematic overuse syndrome.
Velocity, Oxygen Uptake, and Metabolic Cost of Pull, Kick, and Whole-Body Swimming
Authors: Morris Kirstin S. , Osborne Mark A. , Shephard Megan E. , Jenkins David G. , Skinner Tina L.
Published: December 2016

Purpose:

The contributions of the limbs to velocity and metabolic parameters in front-crawl swimming at different intensities have not been identified considering both stroke and kick rate. Consequently, velocity, oxygen uptake (V̇O2), and metabolic cost of swimming with the whole body (swim), the upper limbs only (pull), and lower limbs only (kick) were compared with stroke and kick rate controlled.

Methods:

Twenty elite swimmers completed six 200-m trials: 2 swim, 2 pull, and 2 kick. Swim trials were guided by underwater lights at paces equivalent to 65% ± 3% and 78% ± 3% of participants’ 200-m-freestyle personal-best pace; paces were described as low and moderate, respectively. In the pull and kick trials, swimmers aimed to match the stroke and kick rates, respectively, recorded during the swim trials. V̇O2 was measured continuously, with velocity and metabolic cost calculated for each 200-m effort.

Results:

The velocity contribution of the upper limbs (mean ± SD; low 63.9% ± 6.2%, moderate 59.6% ± 4.2%) was greater than that of the lower limbs to a large extent at both intensities (low ES = 4.40, moderate ES = 4.60). The V̇O2 used by the upper limbs differed between the intensities (low 55.5% ± 6.9%, moderate 51.4% ± 4.0%; ES = 0.74). The lower limbs were responsible for a greater percentage of the metabolic cost than the upper limbs at both intensities (low 56.1% ± 9.5%, ES = 1.30; moderate 55.1% ± 6.6%, ES = 1.55).

Conclusions:

Implementation of this testing protocol before and after a pull- or kick-training block will enable sport scientists to determine how the velocity contributions and/or metabolic cost of the upper- and lower-limb actions have responded to the training program.
The Impact of an Assistive Pole, Seat Configuration, and Strength in Paralympic Seated Throwing
Authors: Hyde Alysha , Hogarth Luke , Sayers Mark , Beckman Emma , Connick Mark J. , Tweedy Sean , Burkett Brendan
Published: December 2016

Purpose:

To quantify the influence of the assistive pole, seat configuration, and upper-body and trunk strength on seated-throwing performance in athletes with a spinal-cord injury (SCI).

Methods:

Ten Paralympic athletes competing in wheelchair rugby, basketball, or athletics (seated throws) participated in 2 randomized sessions: seated throwing and strength tests. Participants threw a club from a custom-built throwing chair, with and without a pole. 3D kinematic data were collected (150 Hz) for both conditions using standardized and self-selected seat configurations. Dominant and nondominant grip strength were measured using a dynamometer, and upper-body and trunk strength were measured using isometric contractions against a load cell.

Results:

Seated throwing with an assistive pole resulted in significantly higher hand speed at release than throwing without a pole (pole = 6.0 ± 1.5 m/s, no pole = 5.3 ± 1.5 m/s; P = .02). There was no significant difference in hand speed at release between standardized and self-selected seating configurations during seated throwing with or without an assistive pole. Grip strength (r = .59–.77), push/pull synergy (r = .81–.84), and trunk-flexion (r = .50–.58) strength measures showed large and significant correlations with hand speed at release during seated throwing with and without an assistive pole.

Conclusions:

This study has demonstrated the importance of the pole for SCI athletes in seated throwing and defined the relationship between strength and seated-throwing performance, allowing us to better understand the activity of seated throws and provide measures for assessing strength that may be valid for evidence-based classification.