bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Family Interactions Among African Americans Diagnosed With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Jones Randy A. , Utz Sharon W. , Williams Ishan C. , Hinton Ivora , Alexander Gina , Moore Cynthia , Blankenship Jean , Steeves Rick , Oliver Norman
Published: March 2008

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of family and friends on the management of persons with diabetes and their willingness to be involved in a culturally tailored program.

Methods This qualitative study was based within a larger quasi-experimental study that focused on the impact of a culturally tailored group intervention compared with individual standard diabetes education on the outcomes of self-management and glycemic control among rural African Americans with type 2 diabetes. Twenty-one participants were randomly assigned to an individual education group or a culturally tailored intervention group. Family members/ peers (n = 6) attended invited group sessions to obtain information about diabetes and family/peer support. The facilitator of the invited group sessions used a guide to help with group discussions. The investigators used an iterative approach to enhance the examination of the responses from the discussion guide, thus identifying recurring themes within the participants' responses.

Results The data revealed that family and friends made a difference in the diabetes management of individuals with dia- betes. Although family and friends may have been helpful at times, they also created moments of problems and an environment that made it more difficult to care for diabetes. The data also revealed that diabetes is hard to manage and control. Participants reported that taking medications and being aware of types of foods to keep a well-maintained glucose level were often challenging.

Conclusions These findings confirm that family and peers greatly influence diabetes management among rural African Americans. The study's results will help health care providers understand the importance of involving family members and friends in the treatment and diabetes management of individuals with type 2 diabetes, particularly within rural African American communities where resources are limited.
Designing a Research Study
Authors: Whittemore Robin , Melkus Gail D'Eramo
Published: March 2008

Diabetes educators and advanced-practice nurses in diabetes care often participate in clinical research. The purpose of this article is to provide a broad overview of important decisions in planning a research study. The research process is reviewed, including the conceptual phase, the design and planning phase, the empirical phase, the analytic phase, and the dissemination phase. Issues unique to diabetes education research are highlighted.
Unexplained Hyperglycemia in Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion
Authors: Ponder Stephen W. , Skyler Jay S. , Kruger Davida F. , Matheson Della , Brown Bruce W.
Published: March 2008

Purpose The purpose of this review study was to determine and categorize common causes of intermittent hyperglycemia and suggest potential measures to prevent and treat the identified causes.

Methods A literature review was conducted to obtain relevant information on hyperglycemia and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII). Medical departments from Novo/Nordisk, Eli Lilly and Company, and Sanofi/Aventis were contacted requesting information on their insulin temperature stability, the compatibility of insulin with insulin/pump reservoirs, and tubing sets/catheters. Endocri- nologists, Certified Diabetes Educators, and pump manufacturing company trainers were interviewed for their clinical observations and to determine the incidence of reported hyperglycemia and relationships to pump failures.

Results Causes of intermittent hyperglycemia in CSII patients included problems with mechanical evaluation of the pump, basal/bolus review, reservoir/tubing, catheter site selection/placement, and insulin compatibility/stability.

Conclusions As more patients and health care providers strive to improve control of diabetes, use of insulin pump therapy will continue to increase. Unexplained hyperglycemia will continue to occur, which can lead to increased health care costs due to complications such as diabetic ketoacidosis. Evaluation of patient techniques and pump programming can uncover many potential causes, and the health care provider can assist in patient education to prevent further episodes.
A Review of Systematic Reviews Evaluating Diabetes Interventions
Authors: Magwood Gayenell S. , Zapka Jane , Jenkins Carolyn
Published: March 2008

Purpose This article reviews the literature on definitions and issues related to measurement of quality of life in people with diabetes and summarizes reviews of evidence of intervention studies, with a particular focus on interven- tions targeted for underserved and minority populations.

Methods An integrative literature review of reviews was conducted on adult diabetes interventions and outcomes. Five electronic databases were searched. Eligible publications were those published between 1999 and 2006 that described outcome measures. Twelve review articles are included.

Results Review studies were heterogeneous in terms of intervention type, content, participants, setting, and outcome measures. Interventions used variable operational definitions and frequently lacked adequate description; therefore, comparisons of findings proved difficult. A clinical outcome, A1C, was the most frequently assessed, with little inclusion of quality-of-life measures. Several reviews and independent studies did not explicitly con- sider interventions aimed at the underserved. When quality of life was considered, measures and operational definition of domains were limited.

Conclusions Understanding the relationship between interventions and resulting outcomes, particularly quality of life, will require attention to operational definitions and better conceptual models. There is an evidence base emerging about important characteristics of effective intervention programs. This evidence base can guide public health and clinical program planners to better understand and make prudent decisions about assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation of interventions for people with complex chronic illnesses such as diabetes.
Confining Fatherhood
Authors: Swisher Raymond R. , Waller Maureen R.
Published: March 2008

The authors examine the consequences of incarceration for nonresident White, Latino, and African American fathers' contact with children and their formal and informal child support agreements. Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, they found that fathers' current incarceration presented serious obstacles to maintaining contact with children and interfered with the establishment of informal financial support agreements with mothers. Recent and past incarceration were strongly and negatively associated with how often non-Latino White fathers saw their children but had a considerably smaller effect for African American and Latino fathers. A similar pattern of racial and ethnic differences was observed with respect to mothers' trust of fathers to take care of their children. Findings suggest the continued need for fathering programs in prisons and for reentry programs for fathers in communities following their release.
Parental Rights and the Foster Care System
Authors: McWey Lenore M. , Henderson Tammy L. , Burroughs Alexander Jenny
Published: March 2008

Using ecological theory and a mixed-methods approach, the authors examined family–court interactions for foster care decisions made in Virginia across three policy periods: 1980 to 1993, 1994 to 1997, and 1997 to present ( N = 95). For the first and last policy periods, quantitative analyses revealed significant differences in the rates at which parental rights were terminated. Differences also existed in termination rates for parents with mental health issues and limited IQs but not for parents with substance abuse issues or those with special-needs children. The best-interests-of-the-child standard and clear and convincing evidence were the primary legal principles used to determine whether to terminate parental rights or to reunify families. Suggestions were made to enhance the understanding of family professionals.
Sustaining the Commons: The Tragedy Works Both Ways
Authors: Ellerbrock Mike , Bayer Jessica , Bradshaw Rose
Published: March 2008

In the management of common property resources, privatization is often advocated as the surest path to sustainability because of its reliance on human self-interest in natural resources decision making. This article demonstrates that the motive of self-interest, though powerful, does not necessarily lead to environmental outcomes that promote the common good. The key to avoiding the Tragedy of the Commons is not private ownership but controlling access.
Driven to despair: asylum deaths in the UK
Authors: Athwal Harmit , Bourne Jenny
Published: March 2008

The authors examine recent research from the Institute of Race Relations, which documents the deaths of over 200 asylum seekers and undocumented migrants who have lost their lives trying to reach the UK or in work-related accidents, as a result of racial attacks and, most often, as a result of self-harm, especially in detention centres.
Social Studies in Schools
Authors: Polack A.I. , Hughes David R.
Published: March 2008

We publish here two articles which advocate the introduction of the study of social sciences into educational curricula in Britain. A. I. Polack puts forth the reasons why such study is important in modern society, answers some of the objections raised to it, and suggests ways in which the problem might be tackled. David R. Hughes discusses some of the specific proposals, and draws conclusions from his own experiment in Singapore of introducing the study of elementary physical anthropology into a multi-racial secondary school.
Creative women in changing societies: a personal reflection
Authors: El Sadaawi Nawal
Published: March 2008

Nawal El Sadaawi was born in the village of Kafr Tahla, on the banks of the Nile. Refusing to accept the limitations that both religious and colonial oppression imposed on women of rural origin, Nawal qualified as a doctor and rose to be Egypt's Director of Public Health. Since she first began writing twenty-five years ago, her books (six novels and five collections of short stories) have concentrated on women. It was her campaigning as a doctor, a creative writer and a feminist that brought her into conflict with the Egyptian authorities. She was the first Arab woman to denounce female circumcision and other similar practices in her first non-fiction work, Woman and Sex, published in 1972. This evoked such antagonism from the political and religious authorities that she was deprived of her job as Director of Health Education and the right to publish the magazine, Health. Undeterred, she followed this book with four others on similar themes (all in Arabic): Female is the Origin, Women and Neurosis, Man and Sex and The Naked Face of Women in the Arab World. The first work to be published in English is The Hidden Face of Eve: women in the Arab world (London, Zed Press, 1980).

Race & Class talked to Nawal in London when she was reflecting on the ways her views were being treated in the West, and our interview with her is published in the next section. The article which follows is an edited version of a paper delivered at the UNITAR Seminar on 'Creative women in changing societies', held in Oslo, 9-13 July 1980.
What's happening in Atlanta?
Authors: Bambara Toni Cade
Published: March 2008

Since Summer 1979 the working-class black community of Atlanta (a 'convention' city, which aims to project an image of middle-class pros perity and comfort) has suffered a continuing series of murders and ab ductions of its children. One year after the first bodies were discovered, due to increasing public protest and criticism of police ineptitude, an official Task Force was set up to investigate the killings. In February 1982 this was disbanded. Official figures claim that twenty-nine young people (mostly boys aged 9-14) were murdered in the period July 1979-June 1981 — until, that is, a black photographer, Wayne Williams, was arrested, charged with two of the murders and in February 1982 convicted.

After the trial the media reported that the authorities were satisfied that Williams was guilty of at least twenty-six cases. The verdict is be ing appealed and it is expected that information about the multiple series of murders that have taken place throughout the three-year period, particularly those that occurred while Williams was in jail, will come up in the defence case. Before, during and after the trial, a number of community forums focused on the stark discrepancy bet ween 'official' and 'actual' versions and protested the arrest, trial and verdict.

Community estimates of the death toll - the black parents of Atlanta had from the first organised their own increasingly dynamic campaign to stop the murders - had put the numbers far higher. Many girls, young women and young men have also been murdered, but excluded from the official death toll as not fitting the 'pattern' (an arbitrary characterisation of the killings produced under media pressure). What the community records demonstrate is that the killings did not cease with the arrest and imprisonment of Wayne Williams - they are even now going on. Since this article was written a number of families have petitioned the Attorney-General for an investigation into the murders, and the present chief of police has, in response to intense community pressure, invited a citizen's Task Force to assist in investigating the murder of seven women. Community forces hope to use this oppor tunity to pry open the whole case.

This article is taken from Toni Cade Bambara's forthcoming book on the Atlanta killings (to be published by Random House). Cast part ly in fictional form, it is based on the experiences, records and ongoing work of the STOP campaign against the murders, of which she was, and is, an active member.
UK commentary Left, Right and Burnage
Authors: Sivanandan A.
Published: March 2008

On 17 September 1986, 13-year-old Ahmed Ullah was stabbed to death at Burnage High School, Manchester, by a white schoolmate. The local education authority commissioned an inquiry, under Ian Macdonald QC, but refused to publish its findings on grounds of defamation. In April 1988, some of its conclusions were leaked to a local paper. These included, among other things, a strong criticism of the way the school had applied its anti-racist policies. And it was this aspect of the report alone that was seized upon by the right-wing press to mount an attack on anti-racism.
UK commentary
Authors: Usher Graham
Published: March 2008

After fifteen years wrongful imprisonment in English gaols, the Guildford Four - Patrick Armstrong, Gerard Conlon, Paul Hill and Carole Richardson - were finally freed on 17 October 1989 when their convictions for the IRA pub bombings in Guildford and Woolwich were quashed by the Court of Appeal. The Director of Public Prosecutions had decided not to sustain the convictions, after major irregularities had been uncovered in the ways police had obtained their original confessions.

The four had been arrested and charged with murder and other offences arising out of the bombing of two pubs in Guildford in October 1974, in which five people were killed. Hill and Armstrong were also charged with murder arising out of a similar pub bombing in Woolwich a month later. These bombings were part of a major IRA campaign on mainland Britain (which also included the Birmingham pub bombing in which twenty-one people died) and which continued beyond the arrest of the four. The Guildford Four received life sentences, the trial judge noting that had it not been for the abolition of capital punishment they would have been sentenced to hang. The four had always strongly asserted their innocence and insisted that their confessions had been obtained by force. A lengthy campaign had been waged for their release.

Race & Class spoke to Gareth Pierce, solicitor for Gerard Conlon and other Irish prisoners, about the case and its implications, and about the policing of the Irish community in Britain.
Mexico
Authors: Poynton Peter
Published: March 2008

The Mexican essayist and poet, Octavio Paz, has described Latin America as 'the suburbs of the West'. In those suburbs/states where large indigenous populations live, the notion of 'Amer-indian'has not taken on. In Mexican political discourse, the word 'Indian' does not necessarily imply prejudice and it is into that particular labyrinth that this article leads.1
Australian cleverwoman: an Aboriginal writer beats the blues
Authors: Nyoongah Janine Little
Published: March 2008

...language was a glass door we walked into BANG all the time, and not many white people could see it ... Occasionally white people who'd worked with Kooris would say, 'We as a white race are losing out on a spiritual journey.' Black achievements were an invisible glass door to white people. Not a barrier. Just invisible.1
Role of Refined Paper Fiber on Structure of Water Blown Soy Polyol Based Polyurethane Foams
Authors: Banik Indranil , Sain Mohini M.
Published: March 2008

In this communication, an interesting effect of mechanically refined cellulosic fiber, obtained from simple commercially available writing paper, has been studied on the foaming reactions of polyurethane based on polyol derived from soy bean oil. Presence of refined cellulosic paper fiber has been observed to have a considerable influence on the density of the foams. Changes in density of different foams have been correlated with the possible chemical structures generated in presence of the fiber, and analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic study and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Further, differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analyis has been performed to lend support to possible changes in foaming behavior in presence of refined fiber. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observations are in line with the modifications induced by the refined paper fiber.
Modification of the Dynamic Damping Behavior of Unsaturated Polyester Resin
Authors: Ray Dipa
Published: March 2008

Unsaturated polyester resin is extensively used in the fiber reinforced composite industry and very often, their failure starts from the microcracking of the matrix resin. UPE resin, being a thermoset material, becomes very rigid after crosslinking and has poor energy absorption characteristics. To enhance its stress absorbing behavior in dynamic conditions, an attempt was made by blending it with SBR latex in three proportions (1, 5, and 10%). The three sets of samples were subjected to flexural testing and dynamic mechanical analysis. A 50% and 22% increase in modulus were observed in case of 1% and 5% latex added samples respectively. This indicates a strong intercomponent bonding in these samples. In the 10% latex added blend, the latex particles were evident as discrete phases in the continuous resin matrix. The flexurally fractured surfaces were examined under a scanning electron microscope. Their static and dynamic mechanical properties were correlated with their microstructure.
Fatigue and Fracture Behavior of Woven Steel Reinforced Polyethylene Composite
Authors: Erkendirci Ö. Faruk , Avci Ahmet , Akdemir Ahmet
Published: March 2008

The objective of this study is to investigate the fatigue and fracture behavior of woven steel reinforced high density polyethylene (HDPE) thermoplastic composite having a middle tension (MT) specimen with through-thickness crack. The composite material was manufactured from bi-directional woven Cr—Ni steel fibers and HDPE with a fiber volume fraction (Vf) of 0.04. The crack initiation, damage behavior, fatigue crack-growth rate (da/dN), stress intensity factors (▵K), strain energy release rates (▵G), and fracture toughness (KIC) were determined in the study. Moreover, ▵G values were obtained by using linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) and compliance methods, and the results were compared with each other. Also, da/dN—▵K and da/dN—▵G were plotted for determining fracture behavior under fatigue loading of the composite material.
Influence of Strain Rate on the Flexural Properties of a Wood Flour/HDPE Composite
Authors: Dastoorian Foroogh , Tajvidi Mehdi
Published: March 2008

The effect of strain rate on flexural modulus (MOE), and flexural strength (MOR) was studied in a wood flour/high density polyethylene composite. Testing was performed in a three-point bending mode. Four different strain rates were used: 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, and 0.08 (min-1). The variations of flexural strength and flexural modulus were explained equally well by a linear relationship to strain rate. It was found that the mechanical properties of this material are significantly sensitive to strain rate. Based on statistical analysis, it was inferred that the flexural modulus was strain rate dependent and the sensitivity of MOE was more than that of MOR to strain rate. Relationships between flexural modulus, flexural strength, and strain rate allowing for the adjustment of these properties at different strain rates were also developed.
Effects of Prerecorded Sight Words on the Accuracy of Tutor Feedback
Authors: Van Norman Renee K. , Wood Charles L.
Published: March 2008

Six kindergarten students at risk for reading difficulties were taught to tutor each other and provide accurate feedback with the use of a prerecorded sight word model. Students were taught the components of reciprocal peer tutoring and were asked to tutor each other on unknown, phonetically irregular sight words. An A-B-A-B reversal design embedded within a multiple baseline design showed that prerecorded sight words increased students' accurate feedback during peer tutoring and testing. In addition, most students' word identification scores increased from pre- to posttests.
Why Youngsters With Autistic Spectrum Disorders Remain Underrepresented in Special Education
Authors: Safran Stephen P.
Published: March 2008

Although numerous investigations have examined the prevalence of autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) in the general population, have special education identification rates of autism kept pace? From the 1992–1993 to 2001–2002 school years, U.S. Department of Education data indicate an increase from 15,580 to 97,904 students with autism, an expansion of 528% and an annual average growth of 22.69%. The number of students with autism per 10,000 public school enrollees has correspondingly increased from 3.64 to 20.53 during this period. Despite this expansion, there remains a substantial gap between students identified with autism under the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act and current prevalence estimates of ASD, in large part due to underidentification of youngsters on the higher functioning end of the spectrum.
Early Intervention in Reading
Authors: Menzies Holly M. , Mahdavi Jennifer N. , Lewis James L.
Published: March 2008

This study documents the implementation of research-based strategies to minimize the occurrence of reading difficulties in a first-grade population. Three strategies were implemented: (a) A system of progress monitoring was used to assess student progress and skill acquisition; (b) instruction was characterized by high intensity through the use of groups with a low student–teacher ratio; and (c) an explicit instructional approach was used for children who lacked phonemic awareness or an understanding of the alphabetic principle. Furthermore, teachers were supported in working collaboratively with one another and were provided with ongoing support from a literacy coach. Ninety percent of participants met or exceeded grade-level expectations by the end of the year, and 75% of treatment resisters were eligible for special education. Challenges related to implementation are discussed.
Interferon-γ Alters Electrical Activity and Clock Gene Expression in Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Neurons
Authors: Kwak Yongho , Lundkvist Gabriella B. , Brask Johan , Davidson Alec , Menaker Michael , Kristensson Krister , Block Gene D.
Published: March 2008

The proinflammatory cytokine interferon (IFN-γ) is an immunomodulatory molecule released by immune cells. It was originally described as an antiviral agent but can also affect functions in the nervous system including circadian activity of the principal mammalian circadian pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus. IFN-γ and the synergistically acting cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α acutely decrease spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic activity and alter spiking activity in tissue preparations of the SCN. Because IFN-γ can be released chronically during infections, the authors studied the long-term effects of IFN-γ on SCN neurons by treating dispersed rat SCN cultures with IFN-γ over a 4-week period. They analyzed the effect of the treatment on the spontaneous spiking pattern and rhythmic expression of the “clock gene,” Period 1. They found that cytokine-treated cells exhibited a lower average spiking frequency and displayed a more irregular firing pattern when compared with controls. Furthermore, long-term treatment with IFN-γ in cultures obtained from a transgenic Per1-luciferase rat significantly reduced the Per1-luc rhythm amplitude in individual SCN neurons. These results show that IFN-γ can alter the electrical properties and circadian clock gene expression in SCN neurons. The authors hypothesize that IFN-γ can modulate circadian output, which may be associated with sleep and rhythm disturbances observed in certain infections and in aging.
The Digital Consumer
Authors: Fiore Ann Marie
Published: March 2008

In this article, the author posits how the “digital consumer” can become a valuable partner for textile and apparel product development/design and production firms. Inspiration and insight for product development/design and production is available through digital technology via blogs, mass customization, and rich media (e.g., virtual models). This article also discusses the need for the textile and apparel industry to understand the full range of human–computer interface experience (i.e., how the consumer responds to the information, interface, and interactive functions of the digital medium such as a Web site) to ensure successful partnerships and implementation of digital technology.
Dress in the Third Dimension
Authors: Loker Suzanne , Ashdown Susan , Carnrite Erica
Published: March 2008

This article is an analysis of how digital technology and the Internet are changing how we engage in practices of dress and appearance in the 21st century. An exploration of the technologically-assisted ways we see and interact with images of self and the clothing we wear is presented. Applications of body scan images for individuals and businesses to improve fit are examined as well as the interactive technologies being developed that allow individuals to view and dress their own body scans for virtual-try-on, virtual-fit, and virtual-reality applications. Although issues surrounding consumer comfort with, availability of, and profitable business models for these technologies still prevent broad-based adoption, we pose questions about the potential advantages and challenges for the digital, interactive third dimension of dress. Will dress in the third dimension have the same self-defining role that our dress has now in our everyday lives? Will the ability to create imaginary and symbolic virtual worlds affect our relationship to the world where we interact in person with others every day? Will the ability to see ourselves in three dimensions increase acceptance of normal body variations and counteract the popular media images of what constitutes a beautiful body? These are the questions we need to study as interactivity helps us become involved with our dress in new ways.
Clothing and Textiles Education in South Korea
Authors: Rhee Eun-Young
Published: March 2008

Clothing has been an important object to individuals, society, and culture throughout history. Clothing and textiles (C&T) in higher education in South Korea has gone through different stages as its educational goals and contents have responded to social needs. During the first era (1920s-1950s), C&T was taught along with other subjects as a part of home economics. During the second era (1960s-1980s), C&T became an independent academic discipline with its own identity. In the current era, when knowledge-based information is the central resource of society, C&T education is expected to change to meet the needs of industry, which mediates between society and academia. Globalization and information technology (IT) development in the information society affect the fashion industry, not only directly but also indirectly through the changes of consumers' diversified lifestyles. The fashion industry needs trained human resources from C&T, graduates who have global core competencies in specialized areas, can create high value, and implement IT technology for the industry. C&T education should set goals reflecting the needs of the fashion industry and take approaches seeking balance in vocational versus theoretical, specialized versus integrated, and basic versus applied knowledge.
A Computer-Graphical Model of Multigenerational Family Systems
Authors: Ventrella Jeffrey J. , Amodio James H. , Schur Thomas J.
Published: March 2008

This paper describes an interdisciplinary project in which techniques from the field of scientific data visualization are applied to the field of family psychotherapy. The model of Bowen theory a conceptual framework that treats the family as an organism, is the basis for this project Beginning with symbols and conventions from the genogram, a static diagram widely used for documenting family process, a three-dimensional dynamic model is being developed, based on a treelike topology. The system allows interactive analysis of this 3-D structure using a mouse and keyboard commands. An interactively movable "time-slice" in the structure gives rise to a motion picture of family symbols (similar to the genogram) which change through time. Upon further development, this system will allow analysis of an extensive family database, including information from social, emotional, and physical domains, over many generations. Keywords: data visualization, family systems theory genealogy genogram, interactive computer animation.
Neural Nets: An Approach to the Forecasting of Time Series
Authors: Huntley David G.
Published: March 2008

We propose to compare the performance of a parallel distributed processing system with an operational time series model to predict mean length of service (LOS) in a military personnel system After testing a simple model to gauge the suitability of neural networks for pattern recognition, various standard network types were tested, including Adaline, counterpropagation, and backpropagation. The networks are being tested to see if they can provide forecasts that are more sensitive to turning point fluctuations than standard time series models Keywords: neural nets, forecasting, time series analysis
Computer Applications in Archaeology: Graphics, Database, and Image Processing in a Multimedia Field-to-Publication Data Management System
Authors: Stone Jane
Published: March 2008

The Archaeological Computing Laboratory (ACL), a subdivision of the Graphics and Imaging Laboratory (GRAIL) in the Computer Science Department at Montana State University, specializes in archaeological applications of computer technology. Four areas of research and development will be discussed (1) an integrated multimedia field-to-publication data management system, (2) a relational database, (3) image processing, and (4) graphics applications Keywords database, graphics, image processing, archaeology computerized map generation, multimedia, visualization.
International Economic Policy Simulation Games on the Microcomputer
Authors: Adams F. Gerard , Geczy Christopher C.
Published: March 2008

Taking advantage of standard spreadsheets ( Lotus 1-2-3) and a LAN, the authors describe a prototype "world" model for instructional use. Simple macro models of three countnes are linked through trade, price, and capital flow linkages. The model system can be used as a computer game, allowing the participants to seek optimal positions for their countries and/or for the world economy. Keywords: computer model, world model, macroeconomics, international trade, computer instruction.
On the Transfer of Market-Oriented Business Games to Eastern Bloc Cultures
Authors: Wolfe Joseph
Published: March 2008

Europe's former Soviet bloc countries have begun to implement market-based restructurings of their economies. The use of experiential learning techniques in general, and the specific use of American-style, market-based management games, can be of particular interest and value to these nations as they begin to implement perestroika . The paper attempts to capitalize on the wealth of gaming experiences already residing in each nation and to accelerate the management education and development process by encouraging the joint use and adaptation of the gaming tools and techniques already existing in these nations. Keywords: Experiential learning; management education; management games; perestroika ; simulation.
Sociolinguistic Research on Human-Computer Interaction— A Perspective from Anthropology
Authors: May Linda
Published: March 2008

Driven by the metaphor of the computer as dialogue partner, the field of human-computer interaction (HCI) is turning to sociolinguistics—the study of language in social context—for theories, models, and methods. Likewise, sociolinguistics is turning to HCI as a new domain in which to explore classic questions of shared understanding, mutual mtelligibility, and the relationship of human action to the social and material world. This survey article assesses recent sociolinguistic research on human-computer interaction, including developments in the new subfield of computer-supported cooperative work. Keywords: human-computer interaction, computer-supported cooperative work, sociolinguistics, conversational analysis, cognitive anthropology, speech act theory, ethnography of speaking.
Performance and Attitudinal Effects of a Computer Laboratory in the Principles of Economics Course
Authors: Ray Margaret A. , Grimes Paul W.
Published: March 2008

This study presents the results of a controlled experiment testing the effect of a computer laboratory on student performance and attitudes in an introductory college economics course. The authors develop a two-stage, ordered-probit model to examine the simultaneous determination of performance and attitude formation. The empirical results indicate the lab course significantly improved course performance for students at either end of the grade distribution. The lab was not found to significantly improve student attitudes toward the discipline. Keywords: economics, CAI, laboratory, learning, attitudes.
Using TETRAD II as an Automated Exploratory Tool
Authors: Callahan Janice D. , Sorensen Stephen W.
Published: March 2008

An automated process for forming measurement models and structural equation models was developed using an experimental version of TETRAD II. An evaluation function was developed to select the measurement models and the structural models for further consideration. Comparisons were made between developing the models in this way and using factor analysis to develop measurement models. We found TETRAD II useful in building sets of measurement models and in suggesting sets of possible structural models. A previously unstudied data set with a sample size of 7,625 was used for testing the process. We developed measurement models and structural equation models that satisfied our intuitive understanding and had a chi-square goodness-of-fit p value of .77. Keywords: EQS, structural models, measurement models, model specification, TETRAD.
Social Impacts of Computing: Codes of Professional Ethics
Authors: Anderson Ronald E.
Published: March 2008

Associations of computing specialists have adopted codes of ethics parallel to those of professional societies of engineers and scientists. These codes have attempted to address the special ethical dilemmas posed by computing. Difficulties in obtaining consensus about ethical imperatives make the development, revision, and maintenance of these codes problematic. The codes of professional ethics from 10 associations are compared with respect to content and focus. A recent revision of the Code of Ethics for the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) is offered as a model for social science computing specialists. Keywords: ethics, codes of ethics, computer professionals, computers and society.
From Mainframes to Micros: Computer Applications for Anthropologists
Authors: Kemper Robert V. , Wetherington Ronald K. , Adler Michael
Published: March 2008

During the past 30 years, anthropologists have shifted their computer applications from large mainframe computers with relatively limited memory and mass storage capabilities to highly portable microcomputers with large memory and mass storage characteristics. Thus, computers are now critical components for field-work as well as for subsequent data analysis and write-up. Additionally, computers are becoming integral parts of classroom and laboratory instruction for undergraduate and graduate students in a wide array of anthropology courses. Keywords archaeology, physical anthropology, social-cultural anthropology, data analysis, textual analysis, statistical analysis, CD-ROM, videodisc, computer-aided instruction.
Computer Assistance in Qualitative Sociology
Authors: Heise David R.
Published: March 2008

Software for analyzing qualitative data is emerging simultaneously with a resurgence of formal methods for qualitative analysis, giving contemporary sociologists unprecedented control over qualitative research projects. This article focuses on computer methods of text analysis and on software for building "logic models" that systematize interpretations of empirical data. Content analysis, network analysis, and image analysis are mentioned as additional growth areas in computer-assisted qualitative research. Keywords: qualitative sociology, text analysis, modeling.
The Essentials of Scientific Visualization: Basic Techniques and Common Problems
Authors: Follin Steven E.
Published: March 2008

The advent of affordable computer graphics hardware and software has initiated great interest in using this technology for interpreting and displaying multidimensional data. The first part of this article ( SSCORE 10:3, Fall 1992) discussed the basic hardware and software components of a 3-D visualization system and presented an example illustrating 3-D visualization of social science data. This paper describes basic 3-D visualization techniques and examines commonly encountered problems. The intent of these discussions is to help social scientists determine whether 3-D visualization may be a useful tool in their work and provide interested researchers with sufficient information to begin the planning process for a visualization laboratory.
Codebooks in the 1990s; or, Aren't You Embarrassed to Be Running a Multimedia-Capable, Graphical Environment like Windows and Still Be Limited to 40-Byte Variable Labels?
Authors: Blank Grant
Published: March 2008

Codebooks are designed to reproduce the context in which data were collected. For survey data, they contain the complete text of questions and responses, along with frequencies of each response. Standard PC statistical packages like SAS, SPSS, and Systat are unable to produce a good codebook; problems include: severe limits on the length of variable and value labels, no ability to store extended text describing variables (such as the text of questions), and no ability to handle multiple response variables, among others. As a result most survey research firms use their own custom-written software to produce a codebook. This paper describes important aspects of a project undertaken for the National Opinion Research Center (NORC) to produce the NORC Automated Codebook. It concludes by considering how the characteristics of an ideal codebook are changing as computing and survey research change in the 1990s. Codebook-style output would be useful for more than just survey research; it is an effective way to describe a variety of scientific, marketing, business, and government data. Keywords statistical software, codebook, frequency tables, variable labels, value labels, SAS, SPSS, Systat.
News and Notes
Authors: Garson G.David
Published: March 2008

Call for contributions and reviewers: Social Science Computer Review welcomes submission of articles, reports, communications, news items, and software and book reviews. Please contact the appropriate associate editor listed on the inside back cover, or write to the editor, G. David Garson, NCSU Box 8101, Raleigh, NC 27695; 919-515-3067. Regarding book reviews, contact the book review editor, Carl Grafton, Department of Government, Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, AL 36193; 205-277-4685. Note: All products discussed in this section are for MS-DOS computers except where otherwise noted, such as for Macintosh stations or products requiring Windows or OS/2.
Use and Utility of Alternative Information Sources about PCS: A Disk-Based Survey of PC User Group Members
Authors: Saltzman Arthur , Danziger James N.
Published: March 2008

A disk-based interviewing techmque is used to conduct an extensive survey among members of a large PC user group The survey includes a series of questions on the sources of technical knowledge used by these PC users to gain information about software and hardware. The extent of use and the relative utility of 11 alternative sources of information are assessed. Data on the information source attributes and on the end-user characteristics that might affect the use and utility of the information sources are also analyzed. We conclude that PC magazine articles and friends and colleagues are the most frequently used sources and that these 2 sources and user group members are attributed the greatest utility. In general, whereas accessibility is the most important factor in determining the level of use of an information source, those sources that are less biased and more interpersonal receive the highest utility scores from end users. Keywords personal computers, information utility, information use, user groups, disk-based surveys, opinion leaders, end users.
Computer Simulations of the Relation Between Individual Heuristics and Global Cooperation in Prisoner's Dilemmas
Authors: Messick David M. , Liebrand Wim B. G.
Published: March 2008

In this paper we explore the aggregate consequences of three simple individual choice rules in a simulated society in which the interaction between pairs of actors is constituted as a Pnsoner's Dilemma (PDG). After several simulations under different conditions, the most important conclusion is that in highly competitive PDG settings, using a competitive type of social comparison for performance evaluation, cooperative behavior is maintained in large groups. There remain, however, several findings that need further study before we better understand the relation between individual heuristics and their global consequences. Keywords: Prisoner's Dilemma, simulation, game theory, social comparison.
Building Qualitative Models for Reasoning about Device Behavior
Authors: Bredeweg Bert , Schut Cis
Published: March 2008

This article describes the general principles of qualitative reasoning, a special form of reasoning with deep knowledge. Three prevailing approaches to qualitative reasoning are integrated into one generic framework with which it is possible to describe qualitative deep knowledge and the reasoning process that uses this knowledge to predict the behavior of physical systems. In addition, the process of modeling a real-world system into the qualitative vocabulary is analyzed, and two examples of techniques to automate this modeling activity are discussed.
Social Impacts of Computing: The Framing of Hypertext—Revolutionary for Whom?
Authors: Douglas J. Yellowlees
Published: March 2008

Current literature on the social impact of hypertext has focused largely on the similarities between hypertext and the concept of the postmodern Text as defined by Barthes, Bakhtm, Dernda, and Foucault. By claiming that hypertext concretely realizes the shape and role of the postmodern Text, researchers claim also to be able to assess the possible social impact of hypertext. Yet much of the literature also relies on a perspective on the links between technology and society informed almost entirely by a form of technological determinism, based on technicist readings of the development of written discourse. As a result, many of the assessments of the potentially "revolutionary" impact of hypertext on society are overly simplistic. Keywords: hypertext, hypertext/hypermedia, discourse, critical theory, literary theory, literacy studies.
Economics: Microcomputers in the College Classroom—A Review of the Academic Literature
Authors: Grimes Paul W. , Ray Margaret A.
Published: March 2008

During the past I5 years, numerous articles have appeared in academic literature concerning the use of microcomputers in the college economics curriculum. This paper presents a brief review of this literature. The authors discover that the specific topics and issues addressed in this literature are diverse. However, five major content themes are revealed: (I) implementation of programs and/or course procedures, (2) presentation of new computer programs, (3) critical software reviews, (4) overviews of the state of classroom computer usage, and (5) surveys and empirical analyses of student performance under controlled conditions. The authors conclude that the empirical evidence suggests that computerized instruction in college economics is most effective when simulation programs are used. This conclusion is based on a very limited number of studies, and more research is needed in this critical area of inquiry. Keywords economics, computers, learning, evaluation, education, simulations, tutorials, reviews.
Social Science Computer Simulation: Its History, Design, and Future
Authors: Garson G. David
Published: March 2008

Though far from comprehensive, what may be the most extensive inventory of social science computer simulations of the last decade is presented in historical perspective. Simulations are discussed in terms of four underlying structural models: equation systems, probability, resource allocation, and social process designs. Advantages and limitations of each design are discussed. Five developments affecting the future of social science computer simulation are also noted, along with simulation exam ples of each: hypertext, interactive fiction, natural language, expert systems, and pattern recognition. Some 168 simulations or simulation authoring tools are listed in a resource appendix. Keywords: computer simulation, social science, gaming, modeling, educational technology, hypertext, interactive fiction, natural language, expert systems, pattern recognition.
A Small Econometric Model of the U.S. Economy for Classroom Use
Authors: Adams F. Gerard , Ratcliffe Ronald C.
Published: March 2008

A small econometric model has been programmed in a Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet for student use. Sample-period-simulation performance, policy multipliers, and applica tions for forecasting and policy making are demonstrated. Keywords: econometric model, forecasting, policy simulation, multipliers.
News and Notes
Authors: Garson G. David
Published: March 2008

Call for contributions and reviewers: the Social Science Computer Review welcomes submission of articles, reports, communications, news items, and software and book reviews. Please contact the appropriate associate editor listed on the inside back cover, or write to the editor, G. David Garson, NCSU Box 8101, Raleigh, NC 27695; 919-515-3067. Regarding book reviews, contact the book review editor, Carl Grafton, Department of Government, Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, AL 36193; 205-277- 4685. Note: All products discussed in this section are for MS-DOS computers except where otherwise noted, such as for Macintosh stations or products requiring Windows or OS/2.