bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of Pcsk9 In The Diagnosis Thyroid Disorder in Patient Women
Authors: Mohammed Hassanein Fadel , Jaber Sarah Hassan
Published: April 2021

This study for the diagnosis of thyroid using pcsk9.The current study was conducted on seventy women patients suffering from thyroid disease attending in Center for diabetes and Endocrinology Unit in each of Al-Sadder Teaching Hospital and AL FURAT AL AWSAT Hospital in Al-Najaf province/ Iraq, and during the period from September until December 2017. The sample patients were divided into four study groups: premenopausal hypothyroidism patients group (20), postmenopausal hypothyroidism (15), premenopausal hyperthyroidism patients groups (17), and postmenopausal hyperthyroidism (18). The control group composed of 18 healthy women, also divided into premenopausal control and postmenopausal control.  The results indicated a significant increase (p<0.05) in pcsk9 in hypothyroidism patients compared with the control group, while a significant decrease (p<0.05) in pcsk9 in hyperthyroidism patients compared with the control group.  The results indicated a significant decrease (p<0.05) in pcsk9 in premenopausal hyperthyroidism patients compared with the control group, and a significant decrease (p<0.05) in pcsk9 in postmenopausal hyperthyroidism patients compared with the control group. The results indicated a significant increase (p<0.05) in pcsk9 in premenopausal hypothyroidism patients compared with the control group, and a significant increase (p<0.05) in pcsk9 in the postmenopausal hypothyroidism patients compared with the control group, also a significant increase in pcsk9 in postmenopausal than premenopausal.
LUSOFONIA: identidades, imaginários, crenças, diversidade. desdobramentos e debates
Authors: Poza José Alberto Miranda
Published: April 2021

Resenha
FORMAÇÃO DE PROFESSORES DE PLE: aprendizagem orientada pela avaliação no e pelo teletandem
Authors: Rossatto Franco Gabriela , Bagio Furtoso Viviane Aparecida
Published: April 2021

Apesar do potencial das práticas de teletandem para a aprendizagem de línguas e para a formação de professores, existem lacunas referentes à formação de professores para o ensino de Português como Língua Estrangeira (PLE). Relatamos, assim, a experiência de um curso de extensão de formação de professores no qual os participantes realizaram interações de teletandem e leituras para a discussão de especificidades do ensino de PLE. A partir de affordances para o desenvolvimento de professores no teletandem, o curso foi conduzido com base na avaliação como diagnóstica, formativa e, portanto, orientadora da aprendizagem, permitindo-nos (re)orientar nossa prática pedagógica a partir das respostas fornecidas pelos parceiros brasileiros a uma Ficha de Acompanhamento / Autoavaliação de Teletandem. Como considerações preliminares, o estudo identificou affordances do teletandem para a formação de professores de PLE, a saber: criar empatia para a prática de idiomas por meio da telecolaboração, refletir sobre a língua materna como língua do outro e nas implicações que isso oferece para a atuação do professor de línguas, fornecer feedback cultural considerando a diversidade e a pluralidade, praticar tipos diferentes de feedback linguístico frente à cultura de aprender do parceiro e ampliar o uso de recursos tecnológicos para o ensino de línguas.
Understanding and improving community flood preparedness and response: a research framework
Authors: Dufty Neil
Published: April 2021

Many social research projects identify issues with community disaster preparedness and response but struggle to attribute these issues to underlying causes and recommend possible ways to address them. A research framework that considers the underlying causes of preparedness and response and possible interventions was developed for the Wimmera region of Victoria, Australia. The research framework was developed in conjunction with the Wimmera Catchment Management Authority and tested in a social research project across 6 communities in the Wimmera region. This paper provides an outline and rationale for the components of the research framework. It also summarises the regional flood insight afforded by the research framework. The research framework, albeit with some limitations, has universal appeal not only in the examination of community flood preparedness and response, but also for other hazards and other parts of the disaster management cycle.
UN ANACRONISMO PRECONSTITUCIONAL QUE REQUIERE SER ADAPTADO AL BLOQUE DE CONSTITUCIONALIDAD: EL CONVENIO SOBRE LA PESCA EN EL BIDASOA Y EN LA BAHÍA DE HIGUER, DE 14 DE JULIO DE 1959
Authors: FERNÁNDEZ DE CASADEVANTE ROMANÍ CARLOS
Published: April 2021

El trabajo aborda la inconstitucionalidad, en lo que a España se refiere, del Convenio hispano-francés de 14 de julio de 1959, relativo a la pesca en el Bidasoa y Bahía de Higuer; tratado que regula la pesca fluvial, el marisqueo y la acuicultura en esos espacios, así como la inspección y sanción de las infracciones al mismo, pero que casi cuarenta años después del vigente bloque de constitucionalidad no ha sido enmendado para adaptarlo al mismo. Esto es, a la competencia exclusiva de la Comunidad Autónoma Vasca en esas materias y en esas aguas.
Para corregir esta anomalía se propone que los órganos competentes de la Comunidad Autónoma Vasca soliciten al Gobierno del Estado la enmienda del Convenio en el marco de los procedimientos instaurados por los arts. 49, 50 y 51 de la Ley 25/2014, de 27 de noviembre, de Tratados y otros acuerdos internacionales; procedimientos que contemplan la participación autonómica.

lan honek Bidasoan eta Higerreko badian arrantzatzeari buruzko 1959ko uztailaren 14ko Espainiaren eta Frantziaren arteko hitzarmenaren konstituzio-kontrakotasuna aztertzen du, Espainiari dagokionez. Hitzarmen horrek, hain zuzen ere, espazio horietako ibai-arrantza, itsaski-bilketa eta akuikultura arautzen ditu, bai eta horietan egindako arau-hausteen ikuskapena eta zehapena ere, eta konstituzioa onartu eta ia berrogei urtera, ez du zuzenketarik izan araudi berrira egokitzeko. Hau da, alor horietan eta ur horietan Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoak duen eskumen esklusibora egokitu gabe dago oraindik.
Arazo hori konpontzeko, bi aukera proposatzen dira: Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoaren organo eskudunek konstituzio-kontrakotasuneko errekurtsoa jartzea, edo Estatuko Gobernuari Hitzarmena eguneratzeko eskatzea, hitzarmenei eta nazioarteko beste akordio batzuei buruzko azaroaren 27ko 25/2014 Legearen 49., 50. eta 51. artikuluetan xedatutako prozedurak erabiliz. Izan ere, prozedura horietan autonomien parte-hartzea aurreikusten da.

The article deals with the unconstitutionality, as far as Spain is concerned, of the Spanish-French Convention of July 14, 1959, concerning fishing in the Bidasoa and Higuer Bay; treaty ruling river fishing, shellfish and aquaculture in these waters as well as inspection and punishment of violations of it. Nevertheless, nearly forty years after the current block of constitutionality it has not been adapted to it; this is the exclusive competence of the Basque Autonomous Community in these areas and in those waters.
To correct this anomaly the request by the competent bodies of the Basque Autonomous Community for the amendment of the Convention to the Government of the State in the framework of the procedures set up buy articles 49, 50 and 51 of the Law 27/2014, of 27 November, of treaties and other international agreements; procedures including regional participation, is proposed.
Unveiling the Forbidden: Exploration of the Uncanny ‘Other’ in Bollywood Films
Authors: Basu Priyanka
Published: April 2021

The paper explores how multiple personality disorder and schizophrenia are represented in selected Hindi films (Karthik Calling Karthik. Bhool Bhulaiyaa, Aparichit, Madhoshi) and how they affect the attitudes of the common people. Psychoanalytic theory is employed to analyze the concept of mental illness as depicted in these films. The protagonist in the films is a sufferer of either multiple personality disorder, schizophrenia, or mental illness, and these psychological states are central themes. After analyzing the films, it could be stated that Bollywood has moved beyond presenting religious rituals as a cure to mental illness. Psychiatrists gained importance in Hindi films, successfully representing some of the symptoms of multiple personality disorder and schizophrenia. However, the films just mention the treatment procedures and presented them as an easy method. Hence projecting the treatment of mental disorders in Hindi films remains less serious and fictional. Filmmakers should research and investigate the real patients, their families, and doctors before making films on mental illness.
Le federalisme canadien et les subventions aux universite´s que´be´coises
Authors: Bellavance Michel
Published: April 2021

L'intervention du gouvernement fe´de´ral dans le financement des universite´s que´be´coises a pris diverses formes au cours des anne´es. Ce financement a touche´ aussi bien la formation ge´ne´rale que professionnelle, laformation proprement scolaire aussi bien que les activite´s para-scolaires, la recherche fondamentale et la recherche applique´e. Cette intervention a aussi emprunte´ plusieurs voies, tanto^t prenant la forme de subven- tions individuelles ou institutionnelles, tanto^t la forme de subventions directes ou de transferts fiscaux. En faisant le point sur ces divers types et modalite´s d'intervention, l'auteur en analyse l'e´volution historique et distingue, pour une meilleure compre´hension du lecteur, quatre pe´riodes d'e´volution, chacune correspondant a` un tournant important dans les relations Ottawa-Que´bec. Le tableau de l'intervention fe´de´rale qui se de´gage de l'analyse est relativement com- plexe. L'intervention d'Ottawa dans le secteur de l'enseignement et de la recherche uni- versitaires apparai^t multiforme et a` maints e´gards inconsistante. En e f f e t , l'auteur note d'une part l'intervention directe massive du gouvernement central dans le domaine de la recherche universitaire et, a` l'oppose´, la lattitude laisse´e aux provinces dans le secteur des pre^ts aux e´tudiants. Il note e´galement l'intervention "marginale"du gouvernement central dans le domaine des investissements universitaires par opposition a` l'intervention massive du me^me gouverne- ment, via notamment la formule de financement du niveau post-secondaire, dans le domaine des ope´rations ou du fonctionnement des universite´s. Enfin, l'auteur souligne que l'opposition des provinces, et en particulier du Que´bec, a porte´ davantage sur certaines initiatives fe´de´rales que sur d'autres. Elle s'est manifeste´e, par exemple, beaucoup plus clairement au chapitre des subventions de fonctionnement qu 'a` celui des investissements. En somme, le bilan que trace l'auteur permet de conclure que l'enseignement universi- taire est, a` toutes fins pratiques, un domaine de juridiction concurrente, malgre´ la lattitude laisse´e aux provinces - dont le Que´bec - dans certains secteurs.
Trends in the Socioeconomic Achievement of the University Educated: A Status Attainment Model Interpretation
Authors: Goyder John C.
Published: April 2021

The paper examines the contribution the sociologist's status attainment model makes towards comprehending reasons for the decline, since the mid 1960's, in the economic prospects of university graduates. The assumptions of the model are compared with those underlying an economist's labour market approach, in which explanations are phrased in terms of aggregate demand and supply for the university educated. Tested in the paper is the hypothesis that decline in background endowments among university graduates, a consequence of the policy commitment to democratize access to Canadian universities, accounts for some of the downward trend in the level of job obtained by graduates entering the labour market. The statistical analysis uses data from Ontario and Canada-wide surveys, and finds that changes in father's mean status explain only a small part of the drop in son's first job status. Th e mod el suggests that deterioration in univer- sity completion rates can account for more of the decline.
Deans in Canadian Higher Education
Authors: Konrad Abram G.
Published: April 2021

This article presents a profile of deans in Canadian higher education - their background, career patterns, role characteristics, and professional development needs. Data were collected by a questionnaire mailed to all deans and directors in public degree-granting institutions in Canada. Deans were found to be much like their professional colleagues, and they differed little by major faculty and geographical region. Their identification of areas of strength and needs formed the basis for deriving some implications for profes- sional development in the deanship.
Influence d'une faculte´ des sciences de l'administration sur les valeurs humaines de ses e´tudiants
Authors: Petrof John V. , Sayegh Elie E. , Vlahopoulos Pandelis
Published: April 2021

Cette e´tude indique que les e´coles d'administration influencent les valeurs personnelles de leurs e´tudiants. L'e´ducation manage´riale actuelle produit des individus centre´s sur eux- me^mes pluto^t que sur des valeurs socie´tales ou sur d'autres types de valeurs. Etant donne´ cette situation, les auteurs posent la question: "Est-ce que les e´coles d'administration pro- duisent le type de gestionnaire dont nous aurons besoin dans l'avenir".
Factors Affecting Response Rate and Response Speed in a Mail Survey of Part-Time University Students
Authors: Moss Gwenna M.
Published: April 2021

This paper reports the results of an experiment to determine the effects of questionnaire format, reminder format, and followup format on both response rate and response speed in a mail survey. Complete responses were received from 2212 of a sample of 2638 part- time university students, a rate of 83.8%. Mean response time was 16.09 days. Results indicated that: (1) typeset questionnaires were more effective than photocopied question- naires in terms of both response rate and speed; (2) the use of reminder postcards signifi- cantly increased both rate and speed; (3) there was no advantage in hand-addressed reminders over computer-produced labels; and (4) sending a replacement questionnaire as opposed to only a followup letter did not significantly increase response rate, but follow- up format interacted with questionnaire format in influencing response speed.
Economics of Higher Education: Research Publications in English in Canada, 1971 to 1981
Authors: Stager David
Published: April 2021

Research in the economics of education declined from the early 1970s to the end of the decade. American studies in the early 1960s had stimulated work on the contribution of education to economic growth and earnings differentials, but rapid expansion in post-secondary education led to declining relative earnings of graduates and a disillusionment with investment in higher education. In Canada, renegotiations of the Fiscal Arrangements Act in 1971-72 simply extended the 1967 provisions and dampened further interest in alternative financing arrange- ments. Topics researched in the 1970s in Canada were similar to those examined elsewhere: rates of return, institutional costs and efficiency, demand for educa- tion, income redistribution, alternative financing, manpower planning. Current work emphasizes enrolment flows. Future research should be directed to the demand for education and the relationship between education and earnings.
The Problem of Change in Canadian Teacher Education
Authors: Hopkins David
Published: April 2021

It is argued that Canadian teacher education is characterized by a paradox - that of change and no change. The cause of this paradox is a delinquency in the pro- cess of implementation; the ability to change at the level of structure is not matched by an ability to change at the level of practice. Explanations are sought as to why this is the case. First, the barriers to change in teacher education are analysed and then a situational analysis exposes tensions in the role of teacher training institutions that inhibit their functioning. Finally, individual differences between institutions are explained by a description of the sagas that tend to acculturate them.
Les methodes de modelisation et leur pouvoir de le´gitimation
Authors: Malouin Jean-Louis , Landry Maurice
Published: April 2021

Reviser un programme universitaire peut e^tre assimile´ a` un processus de mode´li- sation visant a` de´terminer les objectifs, les e´le´ments, les interrelations et les fron- tie`res d'un syste`me de formation. Ce processus implique le choix pre´alable d'une me´thodologie qui posse`de ses avantages et ses inconve´nients et ne peut pre´tendre pouvoir s'appliquer a` toutes les situations. Le pre´sent article e´tudie deux cas de re´vision de programmes universitaires, en faisant ressortir les caracte´ristiques des me´thodes choisies pour ce faire et mettant l'accent sur le processus de le´gitima- tion que chacune d'elle implique. Certaines suggestions sont aussi faites pour faciliter le choix d'une me´thode de mode´lisation face aux caracte´ristiques parti- culie`res d'une situation.
Systematic Reviews of University Programs and Units
Authors: Harris Walter E. , Holdaway Edward A.
Published: April 2021

Because universities in Canada, the U.S.A., and other Western countries are facing declining real income and increasing demands for greater accountability, they need to use resources more carefully and undertake planning activities more seriously. By obtaining information from reviews of academic and support units, universities are in a better position to meet these challenges. Most experts agree that reviews aimed at improvement of programs and activities are more successful when conducted under the authority of the university rather than an external agency. Attention needs to be paid to the establishment of an appropriate administrative mechanism that can maximize benefits relative to costs. This article describes the policies and procedures adopted in 1980 by The University of Alberta to allow for a continuous system of reviews of all academic and support units. Establishment of a President's Advisory Committee with a minimum of formal procedures has led to a successful system under which 51 units are now in various stages of the review process. The procedures used at The University of Alberta may be worthy of scrutiny by other universities contemplating such activity.
Goals in Canadian Universities
Authors: Konrad Abram G. , McNeal Joanne
Published: April 2021

An examination of university goals provides an understanding of institutional purposes and priorities. The study reported here was designed to ascertain the goals of Canadian universities as perceived by presidents and board chairmen; to compare their perceptions of existing and preferred goals; and to compare perceptions by respondent position, and by region, age and size of university. Although some differences attributed to region and size were observed, perceptions of university goals were remarkably uniform. Generally, process goals were perceived more highly than the traditional outcome goals of teaching, research and service.
Book review of "Eduquer au dialogue des civilisations"
Authors: Ferland Mario
Published: April 2021

No abstract
The Future of Retirement in Canadian Universities
Authors: Flanagan Thomas
Published: April 2021

There is a strong movement toward legal abolition of fixed-age retirement in Canada. Quebec passed a special statute for that purpose in 1982. Human rights legislation has been interpreted to that effect in Manitoba and is tending in that direction in New Brunswick. Section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms will probably have the same result for all of Canada, once it comes into effect on April 17, 1985. This poses a novel challenge to Canadian universities, for retirement of professors at 65 is well entrenched. Several factors justify the existing practice, including the institution of tenure, the professorial pay schedule, and the need for intellectual rejuvenation. However, the arguments are unlikely to prevail against judicial interpretation of the Charter and of human rights legislation. Thus universities should now consider the ramifications. Possible measures include facilitation of early retirement, modification of pension and benefit plans, and more systematic assessment of academic staff throughout their entire careers.
Federal Contributions to Postsecondary Education Under the Established Programs Financing: Trends and Implications
Authors: Wu Terry Yuk Shing
Published: April 2021

This study reviews the federal funding of postsecondary education under the Established Programs Financing (EPF) arrangements introduced in 1977. Since 1977, federal transfers to the provinces for financing postsecondary education have increased in line with the growth rate of nominal gross national product, rather than in line with operating costs. This implies that the block funding arrangements have actually slowed the growth of federal contributions for the support of postsecondary education.
Intellectual skills in higher education
Authors: Donald Janet G.
Published: April 2021

The knowledge era has placed new demands on professors and students to analyze and organize information. The intellectual skills required to do this have theoretical forerunners in critical thinking, problem solving, formal operations and creativity. These approaches to intellectual skills are reviewed as well as more recent metacognitive and cognitive approaches. Attempts to teach these skills suggest that they have certain operations in common. A model of intellectual skills is presented which includes the skills of description, selection, representation, inference, synthesis and verification.
The Need for Applied Humanities in Postsecondary Technical/Vocational Education
Authors: Thiessen Elmer J.
Published: April 2021

In the fall of 1981, the Calgary Institute for the Humanities at the University of Calgary undertook a study of the need for the humanities in one and two-year technical/vocational programs in the ten public colleges and two technical institutes in the Province of Alberta. This study was commissioned by the Department of Advanced Education and Manpower. The research culminated in a report entitled, "The Humanities in Alberta Postsecondary Technical and Vocational Education." The object of this paper is to review the major findings and recommendations of this Report. A central thrust of the report in terms of improving the humanities component in technical/vocational programs has to do with the need to teach the humanities in such a way as to relate to the needs and interests of students in these programs. Various implications that evolve from this central emphasis on the needfor applied humanities are reviewed in this paper.
Situational Position and Student Choice Criteria
Authors: Church H. John , Gillingham David W.
Published: April 2021

The student in choosing a particular university to attend does so within a particular university-student situational context. This paper demonstrates that the situational context significantly influences the evaluative criteria used by students in deciding which university to attend. Using a Canadian university as a case study, the authors develop an analytical framework for understanding the relationship between the particular university-student situational context and the student choice of university decision criteria.
Education of the Professional Accountant: An Empirical Study
Authors: Kapoor M. Rai , Chan K. Hung
Published: April 2021

This paper (1) reviews the literature related to the educational needs of the professional accountant, including several major studies done in the United States, and the accreditation standards of the American Assembly of Collegiate Schools of Business (A.A.C.S.B.) and (2) investigates empirically the perceptions of Canadian accounting educators and practitioners of the educational needs of professional accountants to determine the extent to which these needs are being fulfilled by the current university undergraduate programs in Canada. The literature review confirms the theme that accountants should be broadly educated as well as being technically competent. A calendar review of eleven major Canadian universities provides an indication of the current structure of undergraduate accounting programs in Canada. An opinion survey of educators and practitioners suggests a rather different structure. Among other results, respondents of the survey suggested a higher percentage of general education be included in undergraduate accounting programs especially for certain Ontario and Quebec universities. A greater emphasis should be placed on English language and composition than currently prevails in many major universities. It is hoped that the analysis will prove useful to those involved in curriculum design at the baccalaureate level.
Universities, Politics and Development in Northern Ontario and Northern Sweden: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Weller Geoffery R. , Rosehart Robert G.
Published: April 2021

Both Ontario and Sweden established universities in their northern regions in the nineteen sixties. This article begins by noting that the two regions are similar in very many ways and that the pressures exerted in both for the establishment of postsecondary educational institutions were much the same. The article continues by comparing the rationales and principles upon which the two sets of universities were founded. It is indicated that while the principle of regional access dominated in northern Ontario the principle of regional service dominated in northern Sweden. Thus the northern Ontario universities began as small, basically undergraduate Arts and Science institutions while the universities in northern Sweden began as specialized professional institutes intended to solve specific regional problems and disparities. The article goes on to analyse the academic, financial and geographic problems faced by the two sets of northern universities since they were founded and the developments that have taken place. An assessment is then made of the successes andfailures of the two systems and it is argued that although some convergence has taken place the Swedish approach has been the more successful of the two.
Retrenchment in British Universities: Lessons Learned
Authors: Simpson William A.
Published: April 2021

The 43 British universities conducted a mandated budget and enrollment retrenchment over the 1981-84 period. This exercise required that the universities achieve budget restrictions ranging as high as 40 percent. No major North American research university has in recent history been forced to undergo such a severe retrenchment. This presentation is a report of a four-month field study conducted by visiting 14 British universities, selected in part, by the size of their mandated reduction. The emphasis of this report is on successful policies, procedures, philosophies, and techniques that may be applicable to other institutions of higher education, irrespective of nationality.
The Role of the Department Chair: A Replication and Extension
Authors: Watson Roy E. L.
Published: April 2021

This article reports the findings of a survey of faculty opinion which both replicated and extended an earlier study of the perception of the chairperson' s role at one university. Broad agreement now exists in the definition of this role. Social Scientists no longer hold views which conflict with those of their Natural Science and Humanist colleagues. This strong consensus is best explained by the shared experience of being administered by a bureaucracy established in response to the demands of the I960's for reform of university administration.
De la situation particulière des professeurs d'administration en contexte universitaire
Authors: Turmel Andre
Published: April 2021

Le but de ce texte sera d'analyser les représentations que les scientifiques se font de leur activité de travail, la recherche. Ces représentations sont saisies à travers le discours que les chercheurs tiennent sur leur métier. L'élaboration d'une politique scientifique s'accompagne d'un intense travail réflexifqui constitue un récit despratiques de recherche qui sefont. Comment les chercheurs parlent-ils de la recherche? A quel type de connaissance ont-ils recours lorsqu'ils disent leur travail scientifique? La rationalisation de la recherche à laquelle s'attaque une politique scientifique porte au jour les logiques sociales qui constituent le travail de recherche. S'affrontent enfait une logique de la spatialisation et une logique de la temporalité dans le processus de mise en espace-temps de la recherche.
The NSERC Program of University Research Fellowships
Authors: Kavanagh Robert J.
Published: April 2021

In the mid-1970s several analyses warned of an impending crisis in Canadian universities resulting from the age distribution of faculty members and anticipated trends in student enrolments. It was feared that many young Canadians with new doctoral degrees would be unable to enter academic careers and that the universities would suffer from a lack of young research-oriented faculty members. This paper describes the University Research Fellowships program which was introduced by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council in 1980 as a response to this situation. The steps leading up to the launching of the program, the experience with this program to date, and its impact upon the universities are described. Finally, the Council's plans for the future of this program are discussed.
Benefit Segments for Full-Time Undergraduate Students
Authors: Church John H. , Gillingham David W.
Published: April 2021

The purpose of this article is to present the results of a case analysis conducted at Laurentian University in Sudbury, Ontario. The objective of this case study was to identify the benefits sought by undergraduate students and to form meaningful groups, or segments, based upon these benefits. A sample of 427 full-time at Laurentian University was used for this investigation. A questionnaire to gather information on the student, this included 19 questions using Likert statements to measure the perceived benefits of a university education. Factor analysis was used to identify five underlying benefit dimensions which were subsequently labelled as: personal skill development; personal advancement; social pressure; learning and discovering; and intellectual development. Cluster analysis, based upon the factor scores, was used to form groups of students seeking similar benefits. Six groups, or segments, were formed and named as: self improvement; pressure; learning; self development; career; and continue to study favourite subject. These groups were found to have significantly different scores on a wide range of variables. Whilst this study was limited to the students at Laurentian University nevertheless university administrators should find this study useful as a case study of applying market segmentation to educational markets.
Book review of "The Company of Critics: Social Criticism and Political Commitment in the Twentieth Century"
Authors: Skolnik Michael L.
Published: April 2021

No abstract
Bilingual Education at the post-secondary level; A Case Study
Authors: Edwards Viviane
Published: April 2021

In 1983, the University of New Brunswick adopted a French Language Policy which called for courses to be offered in French in a number of disciplines, including Economics, History and Political Science. This article discusses the events which led to the adoption of the Policy and the difficulties as well as successes which the Policy has met since its adoption. In spite of being supported unanimously by the Deans and in spite of having a fairly large population of eligible candidates at the university, courses continue to suffer from low enrollment. The article provides information on enrollment since 1984 as well as the university policy for the support of French language study by members of faculty.
French at the Post-Secondary Level: the CPF Perspective
Authors: Manzer Kathryn
Published: April 2021

Canadian Parents for French is a national organization dedicated to promoting and creating opportunities for young Canadians to learn French as a second language. This article describes the organization's developing concern at the paucity of opportunities for anglophone students who are fluent in French to pursue bilingual education at the post-secondary level, the organization's role in focusing attention on this issue, and organizational policy as it evolved through regional and national conferences, surveys and reports.
On the Study of Higher Education in Canadian Universities
Authors: Skolnik Michael L.
Published: April 2021

Although research on Canadian higher education has advanced considerably over the past few decades, the opportunities for university level study of higher education in Canada are still quite limited. Only four universities offer higher education programs; only one has a higher education department; and only a handful of other institutions offer even a course in higher education. The number of students enrolled in higher education programs in Canada is about 200, compared to about 6,000 in the United States; the number of faculty about 15 compared to 700 in the U.S. Moreover, while American higher education journals have, since the early 1970's, regularly featured articles about university higher education programs, there has not been a single article on this subject in The Canadian Journal of Higher Education. This paper attempts to fill some of that gap by providing some basic information about the study of higher education in Canadian universities and by examining the role of these programs in the overall development of higher education research and the possible reasons for the very limited scale of such programs in Canada. The author's conclusion is that the factor which has most limited the development of higher education studies in Canadian universities is neither insufficient student demand nor limited employment opportunities of graduates, but reluctance of Canadian universities to allocate resources for this area of study. This reluctance is attributed to the combination of the low prestige of higher education as a field of study and the lack of a strong lobby for this program area outside the university. It is suggested that - in contrast to their American counterparts - presently Canadian higher education programs have less than the minimum resources necessary to make the advances that would be required to overcome this "prestige barrier".
Research at Small Canadian Universities
Authors: Owen Michael
Published: April 2021

Research in Canadian universities has received much attention in recent years. Governments and research councils have encouraged greater communication between industry and university researchers. Recently research councils, university administrators, and university faculty have focused their attention on improving the research environment in small universities. In the paper, the author outlines some of the issues that are deemed important to the conduct of research by faculty at small universities in English Canada. The paper is based on six years' experience as a research administrator at a small university, and on a survey of research administrators, including vice-presidents academic and deans of graduate studies who had research as part of their daily responsibilities. The research was presented initially at the 1988 CAURA meetings. In this paper, some of the issues that are important to the conduct of research at small Canadian universities are outlined.
Book review of "The Idea of the University: A Re-examination"
Authors: Arlin Patricia Kennedy
Published: April 2021

No abstract
Women's Perceptions of Graduate Level Educational Administration Programs
Authors: Epp Juanita Ross
Published: April 2021

Women in graduate programs have, in the past, been subject to a "chilly climate" (Hall & Sandler, 1982). Those in educational administration faced particular problems associated with the male orientation of the discipline (Edson, 1988). Has this diminished now that half of the students are women? Although there were many positive reports, the overall experiences for women in educational administration programs were often marred by discriminatory attitudes displayed by specific professors, negative responses to affirmative action initiatives voiced by fellow students, and resentment displayed by both male professors and male students toward female professors. In the students' perceptions, universities had done little to encourage women, although some had been able to take educational administration courses intended to address issues of gender or women's studies courses as part of program. Positive experiences were often associated with exposure to women mentors interested in qualitative research methods. Students' recommendations for improvement of educational administration programs centred around the inclusion of women in course content, the "upgrading " of particularly entrenched professors, and program changes to provide more flexibility. Students were also concerned with changing the school systems themselves, in order to improve job opportunities once they had completed their programs.
An Evaluation of Pay Equity Reports at Five Canadian Universities
Authors: Dean James M. , Clifton Rodney A.
Published: April 2021

This paper reviews five reports measuring discrimination in salaries between males and females at Canadian universities. All find some discrimination (3% to 8%), a result in accord with published research on the same topic. However, the approaches taken are quite different, often reflecting controversial decisions over which variables would be included to explain salary differentials. We examine the strengths and weaknesses of these reports. In particular, the focus on single equation models is a problem since some of the controversial variables, which may be biased by discrimination, also contain some information which explains legitimate differences in salaries. Our review suggests that many of the models are probably misspecified. We conclude with a call for universities to collect the information which is required to complete these studies expeditiously and accurately.
La situation de l'emploi chez les finissants francophones des institutions de formation à l'enseignement de l'Ontario
Authors: Herry Yves , Levesque Denis , Smith Laverne , Marshall David
Published: April 2021

The employment status of 420 Francophone students who graduated in 1991 from an Ontario French-language teacher education program was assessed, one and two years after graduation. One year after graduation, 265 graduates (63%) held full-time teaching positions; 38 (9%) held part-time teaching positions; and 63 (15%) were working as supply teachers. At the two-year follow-up, 6 percent of the respondents who were not employed as teachers at the one year follow-up had signed teaching contracts; whereas 12 percent who had held a teaching position a year earlier had lost their teaching jobs. Fifty seven percent of the respondents were found to be employed as teachers at both the one- and two-year follow-ups. Twenty-five percent of the sample had failed to secure a teaching position at either follow-up.
Values in the Decision Making of CEOs in Public Colleges
Authors: Keast David A.
Published: April 2021

The effective administration of postsecondary education depends, to a significant degree, upon sound and systematic judgments by educational leaders in key administrative roles. The view taken in this paper is that "sound judgment" is comprised of rational decision processes combined with basic value choices. Yet, to date, one notices a conspicuous lack of research on decisions and values in higher education. The need for such research may be urgent, given our present climate of rapid change and economic restraint. This study examines the decision making and values of CEOs in public colleges. The paper provides an overview and comparison of types of decisions made, the processes used in decision making, and the value choices which influence those decisions.
Involvement in Subject Learning Scale (ISLS)
Authors: Bujold Neree , Saint-Pierre Henri , Bhushan Vidya
Published: April 2021

Since 1984, when the American Department of Education published a report on higher education entitled "Involvement in learning, realizing the potential of American higher education," many studies have been conducted on this subject pertaining mainly to academic involvement and, a wide-range concept of involvement in learning. It is proposed here to limit the scope of this concept to involvement in subject learning as an easier bounded concept. The Involvement in Subject Learning Scale (ISLS) was therefore constructed and validated and is presented here with its psychometric characteristics. This scale is proposed as an educational outcome measure for research purposes on the quality of instruction in higher education.
Do Students Report that Easy Professors Are Excellent Teachers?
Authors: Brodie Delbert A.
Published: April 2021

The present study was conducted to determine if students report that professors are excellent teachers when little studying is required to receive high grades. Altogether 1,939 student evaluations were obtained from 75 first-year university classes representing 15 disciplines. Mean expected grade in a class correlated negatively with how long students reported studying for that class. Across all classes the relationship between student evaluations and different expected grades was underestimated because most grades were concentrated around the mean of the distribution. When grades varied markedly across sections of the same course, the professor assigning highest grades with least studying received highest evaluation, including paradoxically teaching the most intellectually challenging course. Previous correlational studies have underestimated the biasing effect of grading leniency.
Book review of "Color-Blind: Seeing Beyond Race in a Race- Obsessed World"
Authors: Magsino Romulo F.
Published: April 2021

No abstract
Experiences at University: Perceptions of students with disabilities
Authors: Duquette Cheryll
Published: April 2021

Using Tinto's (1975) model of dropping out or persisting, this study examined the perceived experiences at university of students with disabilities. Tinto's (1975) model presents three variables which are related to persistence: background characteristics, integration into the academic milieu, and social integration. Thirty-six students completed a questionnaire, and of this group 17 participated in a narrative interview. Later, six of these people engaged in a focus group. The findings of this study showed that background characteristics and academic integration were more important variables related to persistence than social integration. Goal commitment, support of family and friends and understanding professors were found to be important elements related to persisting among these students with disabilities.
Fostering Global Perspectives in Undergraduate Marketing Students- A Kazakhstani/Canadian Collaboration
Authors: Freeman Ina , Knight Peter
Published: April 2021

“Globals” can cross cultural and national boundaries to effectively conduct business in most or all parts of the globe and are viewed as the business leaders of tomorrow (Bird & Stevens, 2003). Utilizing a double-loop learning approach (Argyris, 1976), a transcontinental e-mail exchange project between undergraduate marketing students from very disparate cultures facilitated “frame-breaking” learning about global business. Although not without problems, this project appeared to clearly foster a greater cultural sensitivity and a desire to learn about global business among students. In this paper, the instructors who designed the project refl ect on the value of this innovation for management educators.

Certaines personnes – ici appelées “Globals” – ont la capacité de traverser les frontières culturelles et nationales pour faire des affaires de par le monde. Ces « Globals » sont considérées comme les leaders du monde des affaires de demain (Bird et Stevens, 2003). Cet article rapporte les résultats d’un projet d’échange transcontinental par courrier électronique entre étudiants universitaires de premier cycle en marketing issus de cultures très différentes. Utilisant une approche d’apprentissage en double boucle, cet échange a permis de rompre avec les préconceptions relatives aux relations d’affaires à l’échelle internationale. Bien qu’il ne se soit pas réalisé sans diffi cultés, ce projet semble avoir stimulé, chez celles et ceux qui y ont participé, une plus grande sensibilité culturelle et un désir d’en apprendre davantage sur les affaires dans une perspective internationale. Les concepteurs de ce projet réfl échissent ici sur la valeur de cette innovation pour l’enseignement de la gestion.
Unequal Treatment and Program Satisfaction Among Students of European and Chinese Origin
Authors: Grayson J. Paul
Published: April 2021

A four year panel study at an ethnically diverse commuter university examines the relationships among assessments of professor performance, GPA, academic program satisfaction, and perceptions of equal treatment of students of varying ethno-racial origins. Repeated analyses of variance indicate that although the first three of these variables do not clearly divide on the basis of ethno-racial origin, non-European origin students are more likely than those of European origin to perceive that not all students are treated equally. Analyses of relationships among variables within and between years indicates that the factors explaining the program satisfaction of students of European origin are different than those explaining satisfaction of Chinese origin students. For the former, it is likely that certain personality characteristics play a key role; for the latter, perceptions of equal treatment of students are more important.

Un panel d’une durée de quatre ans, constitué dans une université non-résidentielle fréquentée par des étudiantes et étudiants d’origines ethniques diverses, nous a permis d’examiner les relations entre les variables suivantes : la perception de la performance des enseignants,la moyenne générale, la satisfaction à l’égard du programme d’études et la perception d’un traitement égal de tous (peu importe l’origine ethnique). Des analyses de variance répétées indiquent que les trois premières de ces variables ne créent pas de distinctions claires sur la base de l’origine ethnique. Par contre, les étudiantes et étudiants d’origine autre qu’européenne sont plus susceptibles que ceux d’origine européenne de percevoir que tous ne sont pas traités également. De plus, l’analyse des relations entre variables au cours d’une même année et entre différentes années indique que les facteurs expliquant la satisfaction des étudiantes et étudiants d’origine européenne sont différents de ceux qui expliquent la satisfaction de ceux d’origine chinoise. Pour les premiers, il semble que certaines caractéristiques associées à la personnalité jouent un rôle; pour les seconds, il est plus important de percevoir que tous les étudiantes et étudiants sont traités également.