bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF 2,6,4’-TRIHYDROXY-4-METHOXY BENZOPHENONE FROM ETHYL ACETATE EXTRACT OF LEAVES OF MAHKOTA DEWA (Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl.)
Authors: Susilawati Susilawati , Matsjeh Sabirin , Pranowo Harno Dwi , Anwar Chairil
Published: January 2019

Mahkota dewa plant (Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl.) which is included into family of Thymelaeaceae is one of Indonesia's traditional medicines. Chemical constituent has been isolated from ethyl acetate extract of leaves of mahkota dewa. Sample was extracted with methanol, concentrated then extracted by n-hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate extract was separated and fractionated by column chromatography. The first fraction was purified by TLC preparative and recrystalization. Compound was isolated as red-brown spherical crystal in 8 mg (m.p. 129-131 °C). Its spot gave dark fluoroscence at TLC plate (UV366) with Rf of 0.3 at TLC chromatogram with eluent of n-hexane : ethyl acetate (7:3); 0.6 with n-hexane : ethyl acetate (1:1); 0.9 with -hexane : ethyl acetate (4:6). This compound was dissolved in methanol. Compound was identified by UV, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and NMR 2 dimension (HMQC, COSY, HMBC and DEPT-135) spectroscopic as 2,6,4'-trihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenon. This compound as well as the ethyl acetate extract showed antioxidant activity on DPPH with IC50 was 10.57 and 101.06 μg/mL, respectively. This compound showed strong antioxidant activity on DPPH, almost to the standard antioxidant activity of quercetin (IC50 of 2.93 μg/mL)
SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND ADSORPTION TEST OF POLY-TETRA-p-PROPENYLTETRAHYDROXYCALIX[4]ARENE FOR CADMIUM ION
Authors: Kusumaningsih Triana , Jumina Jumina , Siswanta Dwi , Mustofa Mustofa , Ohto Keisuke , Kawakita Hidetaka
Published: January 2019

Synthesis, characterization and adsorption test of poly-tetra-p-propenyl-tetrahydroxycalix[4]arene for cadmium ion had been done. The synthesis was carried out in five steps, which were (1) synthesis of p-t-butylcalix[4]arene from p-t-butylphenol, (2) debutylation of p-t-butylcalix[4]arene, (3) tetraallylation of 25, 26, 27, 28 tetrahydroxycalix[4]arene with NaH and allylbromide in dry tetrahydrofuran, (4) Claissen rearrangement of 25, 26, 27, 28-tetrapropenyloxy- calix[4]arene, and (5) polymerization of tetra-p-propenyltetrahydroxycalix[4]arene to yield poly-tetra-p-propenyltetrahydroxycalix[4]arene. Analysis of products was performed using melting point analysis, FT-IR, and 1H NMR spectrometers. The yield of polymerization was 80.35% and m.p > 380 °C. Characterization of poly-tetra-p-propenyltetrahydroxycalix[4]arene was done using SEM and SAA. Structure of poly-tetra-p-propenyltetrahydroxycalix[4]arene was sparsely porous with crosslinked netty architectures, and possessed surface area of 46.572 m2/g. The application of poly-tetra-p-propenyltetrahydroxycalix[4]arene in the adsorption of Cd(II) cation had also been conducted. Adsorption parameters investigated included medium pH and contact time as well as adsorption isotherm. The resin could be applied as a good adsorbent in the adsorption of Cd(II) metal cation. The adsorption followed Langmuir isotherm model, where the measured adsorption capacity, adsorption constant (K), and adsorption energy were 8.5933 x 10-2 mmol/g, 485 L/mmol, and 32.653 KJ/mol, respectively.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARATERISATION OF RICE HUSK SILICA BASED BOROSILICATE (B2SiO5) CERAMIC BY SOL-GEL ROUTES
Authors: Sembiring Simon
Published: January 2019

In this research, borosilicate ceramics were produced from rice husk silica. Preparation of borosilicate ceramics was conducted by mixing boron oxide sol from borax with silica sol extracted from rice husk. The boron oxide was produced by hydrolysis of borax using H2SO4 5%. The samples were synthesized with different compositions, with the ratios of silica to boron oxide are 8:1, 8:2, 8:3 and 8:4. The samples were sintered at 900 °C. Functional groups were examined using FTIR spectroscopic technique. Structural and microstructural characteristics were examined by XRD and SEM, respectively. The chemical resistance of borosilicate is evaluated by gravimetric method using H2SO4, HCl, NaOH and KOH. The FTIR study revealed that the main functional groups are Si-O-Si, B-O-B, and B-O-Si. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) study revealed that the main crystalline phases are borosilicate (B2SiO5) and boron oxide (B2O3). SEM investigations clearly demonstrated that the smaller particle size was found with increasing in boron oxide concentration. From the chemical resistance test carried out, it was obtained that the produced borosilicate possessed high resistance to acids and alkalis.
MODIFIED KAOLIN WITH CATIONIC SURFACTANT FOR GIBBERELLIC ACID CARRIER MATERIALS
Authors: Sunardi Sunardi , Irawati Utami , Arryanto Yateman , Sutarno Sutarno
Published: January 2019

Synthesis of surfactant modified kaolin from natural kaolin from Tatakan, Tapin, South Kalimantan and its application for carrier material of gibberellic acid have been conducted. The kaolin modification was done by surface engineering using cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (C16TMABr). The characterizations of kaolin and surfactant modified kaolin were carried out by XRF, SEM, XRD, FTIR and TGA/DTA. The adsorption capacity of kaolin was determined by Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The result showed that kaolin from Tatakan, South Kalimantan consist of kaolinite, halloysite, quartz, chlorite, and christobalite. Surface modification using cationic surfactant showed that increasing surfactant content onto kaolin was proportional to the amount of surfactant loaded. Gibberellic acid was partitioned into the organic phase created by the surfactant tails of the C16TMA+ modified kaolin. The calculations result by Langmuir adsorption isotherm model showed that the highest increasing adsorption capacity occurred on surfactant modified kaolin with surfactant/CEC ratio of 2.0, with the adsorption capacity of 28.41 mg/g.
DIFFUSION BEHAVIOR OF KETOPROFEN THROUGH CHITOSAN-ALGINATE MEMBRANES
Authors: Sugita Purwantiningsih , Asnel Rini Siswati , Arifin Budi , Wukirsari Tuti
Published: January 2019

Chitosan-alginate membrane diffusion behavior has been investigated for its application in drugs delivery system. Ketoprofen diffusion behavior assay were performed at 37 and 42 °C to membrane thickness (h) and donor cell concentration of ketoprofen variations (A). The results showed that equilibrium concentrations (Cs) of ketoprofen equation was 27.0087 + 0.09067T - 1.7499h + 0.1030A + 0.0161h2 - 0.0022A2 + 0.0040Th - 0.0018TA + 0.0095hA. The value of Cs was closer to the expected therapy concentration at 50 and 75 mg/L with thin membrane (10-34 μm). Based on Higuchi equation, the model for J and D were J = 11.0849 - 0.2713T - 0.3132h - 0.7461Cs - 0.0096A - 0.0001h2 - 0.0131Cs2 + 0.0002A2 + 0.0084Th + 0.0275TCs - 0.0018TA - 0.0059hCs + 0.0021hA + 0.0037CsA with R2 = 97.9% and D = -12.5000 + 0.2266T + 0.1313h + 0.1538Cs + 0.1200A - 0.0009h2 + 0.0240 Cs2 - 0.0009A2 + 0.0015Th - 0.0150 TCs - 0.0011TA - 0.0096hCs + 0.0004hA + 0.0039CsA with R2 = 98.7%, respectively. The two dimensional contour maps of J versus A and h, both at 37 and 42 °C, showed an increasing of J value as A, h, or T increased.
SORPTION OF Au(III) BY Saccharomyces cerevisiae BIOMASS
Authors: Amaria Amaria , Suyono Suyono , Sugiharto Eko , Rohmah Anis N
Published: January 2019

Au(III) sorption by S. cerevisiae biomass extracted from beer waste industry was investigated. Experimentally, the sorption was conducted in batch method. This research involved five steps: 1) identification the functional groups present in the S. cerevisiae biomass by infrared spectroscopic technique, 2) determination of optimum pH, 3) determination of the sorption capacity and energy, 4) determination of the sorption type by conducting desorption of sorbed Au(III) using specific eluents having different desorption capacity such as H2O (van der Waals), KNO3 (ion exchange), HNO3 (hydrogen bond), and tiourea (coordination bond), 5) determination of effective eluents in Au(III) desorption by partial desorption of sorbed Au(III) using thiourea, NaCN and KI. The remaining Au(III) concentrations in filtrate were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The results showed that: 1) Functional groups of S. cerevisiae biomass that involved in the sorption processes were hydroxyl (-OH), carboxylate (-COO-) and amine (-NH2), 2) maximum sorption was occurred at pH 4, equal to 98.19% of total sorption, 3) The sorption capacity of biomass was 133.33 mg/g (6.7682E-04 mol/g) and was involved sorption energy 23.03 kJ mol-1, 4) Sorption type was dominated by coordination bond, 5) NaCN was effective eluent to strip Au(III) close to 100%.   Keywords: sorption, desorption, S. cerevisiae biomass, Au(III)
6,6’-DIMETHOXY-4,4’-DIHYDROXY-3’,2’-FURANO-ISOFLAVANE, A NEW COMPOUND FROM Melochia umbellata (Houtt.) Stapf var. Degrabrata K. (Paliasa)
Authors: Erwin Erwin , Noor Alfian , Soekamto Nunuk Hariani , Harlim Tjodi
Published: January 2019

Using data from UV, IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, dan NMR-2D analysis, a compound of 6,6'-dimethoxy-4,4'-dihydroxy-3',2'-furano-isoflavane (1) was successfully isolated from chloroform fraction of heartwood in Melochia umbellata (Houtt.) Stapf var. Degrabarata K (Paliasa). Hitherto no report of such compound found in literature. The compound however has not shown a significant bioactivity according to either brine shrimp lethality test or evaluation of anti tumor activity against leukemia murine cell (P-388). Keywords: isoflavane, heartwood, chloroform and Melochia umbellata
PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CHITINASE ENZYMES FROM SULILI HOT SPRING IN SOUTH SULAWESI, Bacillus sp. HSA,3-1a
Authors: Natsir Hasnah , Patong Abd. Rauf , Suhartono Maggy Thenawidjaja , Ahmad Ahyar
Published: January 2019

Chitinase is an extracellular enzyme which is capable in hydrolyzing insoluble chitin to its oligomeric and monomeric components. The enzyme produced by thermophilic bacteria was screened and isolated from Sulili hot spring in Pinrang, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The gram positive spore forming rod shape bacteria was identified as Bacillus sp. HSA,3-1a through morphological and physiological analysis. The production of chitinase enzyme was conducted at various concentration of colloidal chitin at a pH of 7.0 and a temperature of 55 °C. The bacteria optimally was produced the enzyme at a colloidal chitin concentration of 0.5% after 72 h of incubation. The optimum temperature, pH and substrate concentration of chitinase were 60 °C, 7.0 and 0.3%, respectively. The enzyme was stable at a pH of 7.0 and a temperature of 60 °C after 2 h of incubation. The chitinase activities was increased by addition of 1 mM Mg2+, Ca2+ and Mn2+ ions, whereas the activities were  decreased by 1 mM Co2+, Fe2+ and Zn2 ions. The molecular weight of the crude enzyme was determined using SDS-PAGE analysis. Five protein fractions were obtained from SDS-PAGE, with MWs of 79, 71, 48, 43 and 22 kDa.   Keywords: colloidal chitin, thermophilic bacteria, chitinase
UTILIZATION OF OIL PALM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH (OPEFB) FOR BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION THROUGH ALKALI AND DILUTE ACID PRETREATMENT AND SIMULTANEOUS SACCHARIFICATION AND FERMENTATION
Authors: Sudiyani Yanni , Hermiati Euis
Published: January 2019

Lignocellulosic biomass is a potential alternative source of bioethanol for energy. The lignocellulosics are abundantly available in Indonesia. Most of them are wastes of agriculture, plantation and forestry. Among those wastes, oil palm empty fruit bunch (OP EFB) is one of a potential lignocellulosics to be converted to bioethanol. This EFB, which is wastes in oil palm factories, is quite abundant (around 25 million tons/year) and also has high content of cellulose (41-47%). The conversion of OPEFB to ethanol basically consists of three steps which are pretreatment, hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose to simple sugars (hexoses and pentoses), and fermentation of simple sugars to ethanol. Acid and alkali pretreatments are considered the simplest methods and are potentially could be applied in the next couple of years. However, there are still some problems that have to be overcome to make the methods economically feasible. The high price of cellulose enzyme that is needed in the hydrolysis step is one of factors that cause the cost of EFB conversion is still high. Thus, the search of potential local microbes that could produce cellulase is crucial. Besides that, it is also important to explore fermenting microbes that could ferment six carbon sugars from cellulose as well as five carbon sugars from hemicellulose, so that the conversion of lignocellulosics, particularly EFB, would be more efficient. Keywords: OPEFB, lignocellulosics, pretreatment, fermentation, ethanol
ACTIVATED CARBON FROM DURIAN SEED BY H3PO4 ACTIVATION: PREPARATION AND PORE STRUCTURE CHARACTERIZATION
Authors: Ismail Amri , Sudrajat Hanggara , Jumbianti Desi
Published: January 2019

Activated carbons have been produced from the natural biomaterial durian (Durio zibethinus) seed, using phosphoric acid (H3PO4) as the activating agent. The effects of impregnation ratio, activation temperature, heating rate on the carbon surface area, porosity and mass yield are presented. A two step process has been used, the first step was a low temperature impregnation at 150 °C using phosphoric acid and the second step was the carbonization at high temperatures, namely, 600 and 900 °C. The most outstanding carbon with the highest surface area of 2123 m2/g was prepared using an impregnation ratio of 2, an activation temperature of 600 °C for 4 h and a heating rate of 1 °C/min.   Keywords: activated carbon, durian seed, phosphoric acid activation
CHITOSAN PREPARATION WITH MULTISTAGE DEACETYLATION OF CHITIN AND INVESTIGATION OF ITS PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Authors: Junaidi Ahmad Budi , Kartini Indriana , Rusdiarso Bambang
Published: January 2019

Study of chitosan prepared with chitin deacetylation by multistage alkali treatments has been done. Chitin was extracted from Lampung white shrimp's (Litophenaeus vannamei) shell. The FTIR spectroscopy was used to determine deacetylation degree of chitin/chitosan. Viscometry was used to determine molecular weight of chitosan. Effect of chitin deacetylation by multistage alkali treatments toward deacetylation degree and molecular weight was studied by comparingit with continuous alkali treatment. The results showed that chitosan prepared by multistage alkali treatment had higher deacetylation degree than those of obtained by continuous alkali treatment. Multistage alkali treatment does not influence the chitosan's molecular weight. Despite its significant effect on the deacetylation process, concentration of alkali does not significantly effect the process of depolimerization.   Keywords: chitin, chitosan, multistage treatments, deacetylation degree, molecular weight
ADSORPTION OF GIBBERELLIC ACID ONTO NATURAL KAOLIN FROM TATAKAN, SOUTH KALIMANTAN
Authors: Sunardi Sunardi , Arryanto Yateman , Sutarno Sutarno
Published: January 2019

Adsorption of gibberellic acid (GA3) onto raw and purified kaolin from Tatakan, South Kalimantan was investigated in this study. Purification process was done by sedimentation to obtain relative pure kaolinite. Raw and purified kaolin samples were characterized by Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The adsorption process was carried out in a batch system and the effect of pH, contact time and GA3 concentration were experimentally studied to evaluate the adsorption capacity. The amount of GA3 adsorbed was determined by UV spectrophotometer. The result showed that the raw kaolin from South Kalimantan consist of 53.36% kaolinite, 29.47% halloysite, 4.47% chlorite, 11.32% quartz and 1.38% christobalite and the purified kaolin consist of 73.03% kaolinite, 22.6% halloysite, 0.77% chlorite, 1.37% quartz and 2.23% christobalite Adsorption experimental indicate that the optimum adsorption took place at pH 7 and contact time for 4 h. Adsorption of GA3 was described by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model with adsorption capacity of 8.91 mg/g on raw kaolin and 10.38 mg/g on purified kaolin.   Keywords: kaolin, gibberellic acid, adsorption
THE PERFORMANCE OF CHITOSAN-FERRIHIDRYTE MEMBRANE FOR PHOSPHATE UPTAKE
Authors: Rumhayati Barlah , Bisri Chasan , Fajarina Wahyu O.
Published: January 2019

The uptake of orthophosphate onto the chitosan-ferrihydrite membrane has been studied. The membrane was proposed as a new binding layer of DGT technique. Membrane was prepared from a mixture of chitosan solution with ferrihydrite (FeOOH) paste and was crosslinked with glutaraldehyde. As a result, the uptake of orthophosphate was slow. The maximum adsorption capacity was reached at pH 5.0 and 8.0. It was mainly due to electrostatic attraction of phosphate ions to the protonated free amino groups of chitosan and to active sites of ferrihydrite. Desorption could be occurred optimally using 0.3 M of sulphuric acid. The absorption of SO42- ion to the protonated amino groups and the formation of ionic crosslinking could exchange and desorb phosphate ions. Ferrihydrite was eluted also by the acid. However, the eluted ferrihydrite readsorbed phosphate ions, resulted in minimizing the analysed free phosphate.   Keywords: adsorption, phosphate, chitosan-ferrihydrite/glutaraldehide membrane, DGT technique
LEAD ACID BATTERY MODELING FOR ELECTRIC CAR POWER SOURCES
Authors: Kaloko Bambang Sri
Published: January 2019

Successful commercialization of electric vehicles will require a confluence of technology, market, economic, and political factors that transform EVs into an attractive choice for consumers. The characteristics of the traction battery will play a critical role in this transformation. The relationship between battery characteristics such as power, capacity and efficiency, and EV customer satisfaction are discussed based on real world experience. A general problem, however, is that electrical energy can hardly be stored. In general, the storage of electrical energy requires its conversion into another form of energy. Electrical energy is typically obtained through conversion of chemical energy stored in devices such as batteries. In batteries the energy of chemical compounds acts as storage medium, and during discharge, a chemical process occurs that generates energy which can be drawn from the battery in form of an electric current at a certain voltage. A computer simulation is developed to examine overall battery design with the MATLAB/Simulink. Battery modelling with this program have error level less than 5%.   Keywords: Electrochemistry, lead acid battery, stored energy
ESTERIFICATION OF FATTY ACID FROM PALM OIL WASTE (SLUDGE OIL) BY USING ALUM CATALYST
Authors: Usman Thamrin , Ariany Lucy , Rahmalia Winda , Advant Romi
Published: January 2019

Esterification of fatty acids from palm oil waste (sludge oil) as biodiesel liquid base has been done by using alum [Al2(SO4)3.14H2O] catalyst. Some reaction variables like reaction time, catalyst quantity, and molar ratio of sample-reactant was applied for optimal reaction. Yield of 94.66% was obtained at reaction condition 65 °C, 5 h, sample-reactant ratio 1:20, and catalyst quantity 3% (w/w). GC-MS analysis request showed that composition of methyl esters biodiesel are methyl caproic (0.67%), methyl lauric (0.21%), methyl miristic (1.96%), methyl palmitic (49.52%), methyl oleic (41.51%), and methyl stearic (6.13%). Physical properties of synthesized product (viscosity, refraction index and density) are similar with those of commercial product.   Keywords: alum, biodiesel, esterification, sludge oil
MOLECULAR DOCKING OF
D6-ANHYDROERYTHROMYCIN TO rRNA 23S Deinococcus radiodurans AND THE PREDICTION OF ITS ANTIBIOTIC POTENCY
Authors: Haryadi Winarto , Jenie Umar Anggara , Sudibyo Retno Sunarminingsih , Pranowo Harno Dwi , Wibowo Fajar Rakhman
Published: January 2019

D6-anhidroeritromisin-A is a new derivative of erythromycin which is synthesized through biosynthetic engineering technique. The molecular docking in rRNA 23S Deinoccocus radiodurans are accomplished to determine the model and strength of binding to the target macromolecule. The molecular docking of erythromycin-A and 6-deoksieritromisin-A to the same macromolecule is used as a control. The docking result of the D6-anhidroeritromisin-A shows that it occupies the same cavity as of the experimental erythromycin-A in the same macromolecule. The binding position of D6-anhidroeritromisin-A is not exactly same as erythromycin-A and 6-deoksieritromisin-A due to the presence of D6 unsaturated double bond. However the hydroxyl group(OH) at C-6 does not have an apparent effect on the binding model to rRNA23S D. radiodurans.    Keywords: D6-anhidroeritromisin-A, rRNA 23S D. radiodurans, molecular docking, antibiotic potency
ISOLATION AND STRUCTURE ELUCIDATIONS OF RESVERATROL OLIGOMERS FROM STEM BARK OF Dryobalanops lanceolata
Authors: Sahidin Sahidin
Published: January 2019

Five resveratrol oligomers which consist of two resveratrol dimers, balanocarpol (1) and e-viniferin (2), a resveratrol trimer i.e. a-viniferin (3), and two resveratrol tetramers, vaticanol B (4), and hopeaphenol (5) have been isolated from acetone extract of the stem bark of Dryobalanops lanceolata. These compounds were isolated by vacuum liquid chromatography method. Furthermore, the compound structures were determined based on the spectroscopic evidence, including UV, IR, 1-D and 2D NMR spectra, and comparing with those related data reported previously.   Keywords: Balanocarpol, e-Viniferin, a-Viniferin, Vaticanol B, Hopeaphenol, D. lanceolata
STUDY ON THE SYNTHESIS OF MONOLAURIN AS ANTIBACTERIAL AGENT AGAINTS Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Widiyarti Galuh , Hanafi Muhammad , Soewarso Wahyudi Priyono
Published: January 2019

The monolaurin compound had been synthesized from lauric acid and glycerol by using sulfuric acid (H2SO4) as catalyst. The synthesis of monolaurin was done by batch esterification on the free solvent system. The esterification reaction was performed on the equivalent mol ratio between lauric acid and glycerol 1:1, in the presence of 5% H2SO4, at 130 °C, for 6 hours, produced ester compounds on 59.29%. The products of column chromatography on silica gel purification are monolaurin and dilaurin in amount of 31.05 and 4.48%, respectively. The monolaurin and dilaurin were identified by TLC, FTIR, GC-MS, and NMR spectrometer. The spectral data of monolaurin was compared to spectral data of standard monolaurin. The result of NMR identifications showed that synthesis products were a-monolaurin and a,a'-dilaurin. The antibacterial activity of synthesis products was tested against Staphylococcus aureus. The activity result showed that the antibacterial activity of monolaurin is more active than dilaurin.   Keywords: monolaurin, esterification, identification, antibacterial activity.
DOCKING STUDIES OF CURCUMIN AS A POTENTIAL LEAD COMPOUND TO DEVELOP NOVEL DIPEPTYDYL PEPTIDASE-4 INHIBITORS
Authors: Istyastono Enade Perdana
Published: January 2019

Interaction of curcumin to dipeptydyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) has been studied by employing docking method using Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) and AutoDock as the docking software applications. Although MOE can sample more conformational spaces that represent the original interaction poses than AutoDock, both softwares serve as valid and acceptable docking applications to study the interactions of small compound to DPP-4. The calculated free energy of binding (DGbinding) results from MOE and AutoDock shows that curcumin is needed to be optimized to reach similar or better DGbinding compare to the reference compound. Curcumin can be considered as a good lead compound in the development of new DPP-4 inhibitor. The results of these studies can serve as an initial effort of the further study.     Keywords: curcumin, docking, molecular operating environment (MOE), AutoDock, dipeptydyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4)
ADSORPTIVE REMOVAL OF HAZARDOUS INORGANIC ELEMENTS FROM WATER BY USING ORANGE WASTE
Authors: Inoue Katsutoshi
Published: January 2019

Pectic acid contained in some fruits like orange and apple is natural chelating polymeric material, exhibiting excellent adsorption behavior for some cationic metal ions including toxic heavy metals such as lead and copper. In addition, it also exhibits excellent adsorption behavior for some hazardous inorganic anionic species like phosphorus, arsenic and fluoride by loading some high valence cationic metal ions like zirconium(IV) in advance.For the practical application to the removal of these hazardous inorganic elements from various waste water at cheap cost, orange juice residue was employed instead of pure pectic acid. Orange juice residue just after juicing was activated by saponification with small amount of calcium hydroxide to prepare the sorbent.Some hazardous cationic species like lead(II), copper(II) and cadmium(II) were effectively adsorbed on this sorbent, while toxic anionic species like phosphate, arsenate, arsenite and fluoride were also effectively adsorbed on zirconium(IV)-loaded sorbent.     Keywords: Orange waste, Pectic acid, Natural chelating material, Heavy metals, Arsenic, Phosphorus, Adsorption, Removal, Water
THE EFFECT OF PROCESS CONDITIONS IN PREPARATION OF VEGETABLE BROTH AS SAVORY FLAVOR FROM MUNG BEANS (Phaseolus radiatus L.) USING INOCULUM OF Rhizopus-C1
Authors: Susilowati Agustine , Aspiyanto Aspiyanto , Melanie Hakiki , Maryati Yati
Published: January 2019

Preparation of vegetable broth from mung beans (Phaseolus radiatus L.) in semi pilot scale is an attempt development to get product of savory flavor in larger scale. The aim of this activity was to find out the effect of process multiplication on composition of vegetable broth from mung beans using inoculum of Rhizopus-C1 through brine fermentation in mixtures of inoculum, salt, and mung beans of 26, 23, and 51 %. This activity was conducted in both temperature of fermentation (room temperature and 30 °C), various time of fermentation (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks) and process scales, namely laboratory scale (300 g) and semi pilot scale (± 25 kg), respectively. The result of experiment indicated that fermentation temperature and time and process scales were tend to affect on composition of product. The length of fermentation time would increase concentrations of dissolved protein, N-amino and reducing sugar, decreased concentrations of fat and Volatile Reduction Substance (VRS), while concentrations of total protein, and water were tend to be constant in laboratory and semi pilot scales at the both process temperatures. Multiplication in preparation process of inoculum (7 kg) using starter of Rhizopus-C1 resulted inoculum with activities of proteolytic of 0.71 U/g, and amilolytic of 17.5 U/g at 56 h of incubation. The whole process in semi pilot scale decreased composition of products. The optimal treatment based on recovery of total protein, and the highest amino acids as N-amino in semi pilot scale was at fermentation temperature of 30 ºC for 10 weeks with concentrations of water of 44.96%, total protein of 11.77% (dry matter), dissolved protein of 8 mg/mL, N-amino of 15.4 mg/mL, reducing sugar of 582.5 mg/mL, fat of 0.26% and, VRS of 90 µeq.reduction/g.   Keywords: Brine fermentation, vegetable broth, mung beans (Phaseolus radiatus L.), Rhizopus-C1, semi pilot
LATTICE ENERGY DETERMINATION AND MOLECULAR SIMULATION OF PEROVSKITE OXIDES
Authors: Tehubijuluw Hellna , Ismunandar Ismunandar
Published: January 2019

Determination of lattice energy, U, is an important work for ionic compounds, due to it is the driving force in the compounds formation. The objective this work are twofold, firstly to determine lattice energy of perovskite oxide using an approximate equation and compare lattice energy from the resulted simple equation and molecular simulation results. The perovskite oxides used on this study were rare-earth orthoferite (LnFeO3) and aluminate (LnAlO3). These ionic terner compounds adopt space group Pbnm or R-3c. Lattice energy of perovskite oxides were calculated using Glasser, (G), Glasser-Jenkins, (GJ), and Yoder-Flora, (YF) equations. Plots of Born-Haber lattice energies (U(BHC)) vs. U(G), U(GJ) and U(YF) resulted in R2 = 0.8872, 0.5919, and 0.9982. Thus the obtained best fit was U(BHC) vs. U(YF). The simple equation describing the best plot wasUperovskite oxide =[1,0579U(YF) - 835,06] kJ/mol. Molecular simulation method has also been carried out to determine lattice energy and the obtained  results were compared with those obtained from simple lattice energy equation, good agreement were obtained in these two oxides series. The obtained structural parameters also agreed well with those obtained from X-ray diffraction studies.   Keywords: lattice energy, perovskite oxides, lattice energy equation, and molecular simulation
AFFINITY BIOSENSOR BASED ON SCREEN-PRINTED ELECTRODE MODIFIED WITH DNA FOR GENOTOXIC COMPOUNDS DETECTION
Authors: Kuswandi Bambang
Published: January 2019

An electrochemical method for the detection of the genotoxic compounds using a DNA-modified electrode was developed. This electrode was successfully used for the electrochemical detection of genotoxic compounds in water samples. The electrochemical results clearly demonstrated that, the development is related to the molecular interaction between the surface-linked DNA obtained from calf thymus and the target compounds, such as pollutants, in order to develop a simple device for rapid screening of genotoxic compounds in environmental samples. The detection of such compounds was measured by their effect on the oxidation signal of the guanine peak of the DNA immobilised on the surface of carbon based Screen-Printed Electrode (SPE) in disposable mode, and monitored by square-wave voltametric analysis. The DNA biosensor is able to detect known intercalating and groove-binding genotoxic compounds such as Dioxin, Bisphenol A, PCBs, and Phtalates. Application to real water samples is discussed and reported.   Keywords: electrochemical, screen-printed electrode, DNA biosensor, genotoxic compounds
SOLVATOCHROMIC AND SUBSTITUENT EFFECT ON ELECTRONIC ABSORPTION OF ARENETRICARBONYLCHROMIUM(0) COMPLEXES
Authors: Purwoko Agus Abhi
Published: January 2019

A number of arenetricarbonylchromium(0) complexes, [(η6-arene)Cr(CO)3], in which arene = benzene, chlorobenzene, phenyltrimethylsilane, and acenaphthene were synthesized. Electronic absorptions of these complexes were recorded in various solvents, ranging from polar to non polar ones; i.e. methanol, methylene chloride, chloroform, benzene, and isooctane. These chromium tricarbonyl complexes show lowest electronic absorption in the energy range of 313 - 320 nm, with relatively high intensity (ε = 0,9 - 2,0 x 104 M-1cm-1). Detailed discussion of the solvent and substituent effect on electronic absorption of these complexes are presented in this article.   Keywords: solvatochromic and substituent effect, chromium tricarbonyl complexes, electronic absorption
EFFECT OF PALM EMPTY BUNCH ASH ON TRANSESTERIFICATION OF PALM OIL INTO BIODIESEL
Authors: Sibarani Johan , Khairi Syahrul , Yoeswono Yoeswono , Wijaya Karna , Tahir Iqmal
Published: January 2019

Biodiesel conversion from transesterification reaction palm oil with methanol was studied by using an ash of palm empty bunch as a base catalyst. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and indicator titration analysis were used as tools for characterization of ash sample. Chemical structure of biodiesel was analyzed by GC-MS. The effects of ash sample weight (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 g) immersed in 75 mL methanol and the methanol-palm oil mol ratio (3:1; 6:1; 9:1 and 12:1) toward the conversion of biodiesel were investigated. Biodiesel was prepared by refluxing palm oil and methanol containing ash sample. The reflux was done at room temperature for 2 h. Ester layer was distillated at 74 oC, extracted with aquadest and then dried using Na2SO4 anhydrous. The product was characterized by GC-MS, ASTM D 1298 (specific gravity 60/60 °F), ASTM D 97 (pour point), ASTM D 2500 (cloud point), ASTM D 93 (flash point), ASTM D 445 (kinematics viscosity 40 °C) and ASTM D 482 (ash content). The result of GC-MS analysis showed that methyl palmitate is primary content of biodiesel product. A 15 g weight of ash sample gave the maximum biodiesel conversion. By increasing methanol mole quantity, biodiesel conversion increased progressively and maximum at 9:1 methanol-palm oil ratio (84.12 %) and decreased on 12:1 ratio (75.58 %). Most of the biodiesel products were similar to those of the diesel physical characters.   Keywords: Biodiesel conversion, transesterification, palm oil, palm empty bunch
SYNTHESIS OF THE ISOQUINO-[2,1-c][1,3]-BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE FROM PAPAVERINE
Authors: Sudarma I Made , Bremner John
Published: January 2019

The objective of this research was to synthesize isoquino[2,1-c][1,3]benzodiazepine from papaverine alkaloid. Functional Group Interconversion (FGI) and Carbon -Nitrogen bond connection approach was investigated. Papaverine (1) was nitrated by HNO3 to compound (2) and followed by reduction with Sn and HCl to afford aminonorlaudanosine (3). Formation of cyclic benzodiazepine (4) was achieved by reaction of (3) with CS2. Products of reactions were confirmed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonances (n.m.r), Mass Spectrum, and Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR).   Keywords: isoquino[2,1-c][1,3]benzodiazepine, papaverine
PREPARATION OF MESOPOROUS TITANIA-SILICA AEROGELS BY CO2 SUPERCRITICAL EXTRACTION
Authors: Tursiloadi Silvester , Mansur Dinie , Meliana Yeny , Efendi Ruslan
Published: January 2019

Stable anatase is attractive because of its notable functions for photocatalysis and photon-electron transfer.  TiO2-nanoparticles dispersed SiO2 wet gels were prepared by hydrolysis of Ti(OC4H9n)4 and Si(OC2H5)4 in a 2-propanol solution with acid catalyst.  The solvent in the wet gels was supercritically extracted using CO2 at 60 oC and 22 Mpa in one-step.  Thermal evolution of the microstructure of the extracted gels (aerogels) was evaluated by XRD measurements, TEM and N2 adsorption measurements. The as-extracted aerogel with a large specific surface area, more than 365 m2g-1, contained anatase nanoparticles, about 5 nm in diameter.  The anatase phase was stable after calcinations at temperatures up to 1000 oC, and BET specific surface area, total pore volume and average pore diameter did not change significantly after calcinations at temperature up to 800 oC.   Keywords: Stable anatase, sol-gel, CO2 supercritical extraction.
TRANSPORT OF Cr3+, Cd2+, Pb2+, AND Ag+ IONS THROUGH BULK LIQUID MEMBRANE CONTAINING p-tert-BUTYLCALIX[4]ARENE –TETRACARBOXYLIC ACID AS ION CARRIER
Authors: Maming Maming , Jumina Jumina , Siswanta Dwi , Sastrohamidjojo Hardjono
Published: January 2019

The research on transport of Cr3+, Cd2+, Pb2+, and Ag+ through bulk liquid membrane using p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene-tetracarboxylic acid as ions carrier has been conducted. The aims of this research were to determine optimum condition, efficiency, and selectivity of transport of the ions carriers to those ions. Both optimum condition and efficiency of transport were obtained by determination of transported ions concentration with pH variation of source phase, ionic carrier concentration, nature of stripping agent in target phase, and transport time. The transport selectivity of ions carrier was obtained from experiments of equimolar mixture ions transport competition. Amount of Cr3+, Pb2+, Cd2+, and Ag+  transported across liquid membrane were about 6, 80, 84  and 87 % respectively after being transported for 48 h. The ion carrier  was selective for both Pb2+ ion  (separation factors are 9.6 for Ag+ ion, 1.9 for  Cd2+ ion and infinite for Cr3+ ion) and Ag+ ion (separation factors are 1.8 for Cd2+ and infinite for both Pb2+ and Cr3+ ions). This system represents a proton-coupled transport with flow of protons in the opposite direction.   Keywords: transport,  p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene-tetracarboxylic acid, efficiency, selectivity,  bulk liquid membrane, heavy metals,
EFFECT OF SODIUM DODECYLBENZENESULFONIC ACID (SDBS) ON THE GROWTH RATE AND MORPHOLOGY OF BORAX CRYSTAL
Authors: Suharso Suharso
Published: January 2019

An investigation of the effect of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (SDBS) on both growth rate and morphology of borax crystal has been carried out.  This experiment was carried out at temperature of 25 °C and relative supersaturation of 0.21 and 0.74 under in situ cell optical microscopy method.  The result shows that SDBS inhibits the growth rate and changes the morphology of borax crystal.   Keywords: Borax; growth rate; crystallization, SDBS
THE SYNTHESIS OF 1,3-DIMETHYL-6,7-DIMETHOXY-3,4-DIHYDROISOQUINOLINE FROM METHYLEUGENOL : APPLICATION OF RITTER REACTION FOR DIRECTLY CYCLIZATION
Authors: Rahman M. Farid , Iftitah Elvina Dhiaul
Published: January 2019

The synthesis of 1,3-dimethyl-6,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline from methyleugenol with application of Ritter reaction for directly cyclization was presented. This research was carried out in 2 steps : (1) Determination of intermediate stability that undergo in the reaction by using hyperchem version 6 with AM 1 semi empirical method, and (2) Synthesis of dihydroisoquinoline from methyleugenol and acetonitrile with acid catalyst (H2SO4) in the laboratory. The result of AM 1 calculation found that generally, the intermediate encourage the formation dihydroisoquinoline product, had low energy were compared with the intermediate in other product. Therefore, the dihydroisoquinoline product was easily formed. The result of experimental laboratory found that dihydroisoquinoline could be synthesed from methyleugenol and acetonitrile in the presence sulphuric acid under reflux in 74,92% yields. In despite, the minor product was formed with amount 6,74%. While the reaction at room temperature gave dihydroisoquinoline in poor yield about 11,42%.   Keywords: stability of intermediate, dihydroisoquinoline, Ritter reaction
ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION FLAVONOID COMPOUND FROM THE STEM BARK OF Saccopetalum horsfieldii BENN
Authors: Mahmiah Mahmiah
Published: January 2019

Isolation and identification flavonoid compound from the stem bark of Indonesian plant Saccopetalum horsfieldii Benn. Annonaceae family have been done. Extraction was carried out by maseration method using methanol at room temperature, the product was then extracted by n-hexane and etil acetate. Etil acetate extract separation carried out by liquid vacuum column chromatography and flash column chromatography. The product purificated by recristalization using acetone p.a. into yellow solid that having melting point of 224-226 °C. The structure of flavonoid compound was determinated by spectroscopy method : UV-vis, IR, 1H-NMR and 12C-NMR. The flavonoid compound known as quercetin-3,7-dimetil eter or 3,7-dimetoksi quercetin.                                                                                                                                                       Keywords: Saccopetalum horsfieldii Benn, flavonoid, chromatography, quercetin
NANOSIZE STRUCTURE OF SELF-ASSEMBLY SODIUM DODECYL SULFATE: A STUDY BY SMALL ANGLE NEUTRON SCATTERING (SANS)
Authors: Putra Edy Giri Rachman , Ikram Abarrul
Published: January 2019

Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) investigation on the self-assembly sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) molecules as a function of concentration and additives has been carried out. SANS spectrometer which has been completely installed at the neutron scattering laboratory (NSL) BATAN in Serpong, Indonesia has played most important role to determine the growth (size) and also the shapes of a micelle structure. In this works we report that spherical micelle structure with a radius of 16.7 Å will transform to ellipsoidal or rod-like micelle structure with the long axis extends up to 50 Å by increasing the concentration of SDS. Similar to that the micelle structures change by addition of salt in SDS micellar solutions.   Keywords: nanostructure, micelle, self-assembly
A NOVEL METHOD OF THE HYDRIDE SEPARATION FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ARSENIC AND ANTIMONY BY AAS
Authors: Supriyanto Ganden , Simon Jürgen
Published: January 2019

A novel method is proposed for the hydride separation when determinining of arsenic and antimony by AAS. A chromatomembrane cell was used as preconcentration-, extraction- and separation-manifold instead of the U-tube phase separator, which is normally fitted in continuous flow vapour systems generating conventionaly the hydrides. The absorbances of the hydrides produced were measured by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer at 193.7 nm and 217.6 nm. Under optimized analytical conditions, the calibration plot for arsenic was linear from 50 to 500 ng.mL-1 (r2 = 0.9982). The precision for three subsequent measurements of 500 ng.mL-1 arsenic gave rise to a relative standard deviation of 0.4%. The detection limit was 15 ng.mL-1, which is much lower compared with that of the conventional hydride system (2000 ng.mL-1). A similar result was observed in case of antimony: the detection limit was 8 ng.mL-1 when the proposed method was applied. Consequently, the sensitivity of the novel method surpasses systems with conventional hydride generation, i.e. the precision and the acuracy increase whereas the standard deviation and the detection limit decrease. The proposed method was applied in pharmacheutial analysis and the certified As-content of a commercial product was very sufficiently confirmed.   Keywords: Chromatomembrane Cell, Hydride separation, Arsenic detection, Antimony detection, AAS
SQUARE WAVE CATHODIC STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRY ADSORPTIVE FOR NICKEL AND COBALT ANALYSIS
Authors: Saryati Saryati , Sumardjo Sumardjo
Published: January 2019

The adsorptive stripping voltammetric determination of Ni and Co based on adsorption of the Ni/Co and dimethylglioxime (DMG) complex on a hanging mercury drop electrode is studied. The reduction current of the adsorbed DMG complex is measured by square wave cathodic stripping voltammetry method. The effect of various parameters such as ligand concentration, pH of supporting electrolytic, adsorption potential and adsorption time on the current peak of Ni and Co voltammogram were studied. Optimum condition of this method are supporting electrolyte pH 9, DMG concentration 5×10 -4 M, adsorption potential -0.7 V vs Ag/AgCl and adsorption time 180 second. A linier relationship between the current peak and Ni or Co concentration was obtained in the range 5 - 30 ng/mL and the detection limit 0.6 ng/ml for both Ni and Co. The recovery of Ni and Co were 98.11-104.17% using standard biological materials with RSD 2.59 - 10.37%. Based on ";t"; test can be conclude that the result are nearly equal to the standard reference material.   Keywords: adsorptive stripping voltammetric, dimethylglioxime complex, nickel, cobalt
ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF FLAVONOID COMPOUND EXTRACTIRE ETHYL ACETATE FRACTION EXTRACTED FROM THE RHIZOMES FINGERROOT OF (Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb.) Schlecht) (Zingiberaceae)
Authors: Sari Ochtavia Prima , Taufiqurrohmah Titik
Published: January 2019

Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb.) Schlecht is one of fingerroot plant in ginger family (Zingiberaceae). The rhizomes of the plant contained a lot of secondary metabolites compounds. Therefore, the purpose of the research is to isolate and identify the flavonoid compound from the plant. The rhizomes were extracted with metanol continued by partition using ethyl acetate-water (1:1). The ethyl acetate extract was chromatographed on a column of Si gel (Vacuum Liquid Chromatography and Gravitation Column Chromatography) using n-hexane-ethyl acetate (5:2) as eluents. Further purification by recristalization  using benzene  produced a compound as yellow powder (16 mg) having melting point of 294-295 oC. The spectra of isolated compound were determined by spectroscopic UV-Vis, FT-IR, and GC-MS. Spectrum UV-Vis of the isolated compound showed ultraviolet absorption at λmax (MeOH, nm) 290 and 322; λmax (MeOH+NaOH, nm) 322; λmax (MeOH+AlCl3, nm) 309; λmax (MeOH+AlCl3+HCl, nm) 310; λmax (MeOH+NaOAc, nm) 322 and λmax (MeOH+NaOAc+H3BO3, nm) 290. Its FT-IR spectrum represented a number of absorption lied on νmax (cm-1) : 3142.5; 3012.6; 2893; 2345.3; 1631.7; 1585.4; 1357.8; 1168.8; and 825.5. GC-MS spectrum of the isolated compound exhibited an [M]+ ion peak at m/z = 256 with retention time of  22,579. Based on the results of spectrum analysis it can be concluded that the compound is 5,7-dyhydroxyflavanone.   Keywords: 5,7-dyhydroxyflavanone, Boesenbergia pandurata, ethyl asetat, fingerroot
SORPTION-DESORPTION MECHANISM OF Zn(II) AND Cd(II) ON CHITIN
Authors: Santosa Sri Juari , Narsito Narsito , Lesbani Aldes
Published: January 2019

This study reports the results of the elucidation of the sorption-desorption mechanism of Zn(II) and Cd(II) on chitin through the determination of capacity, energy, and rate constant of sorption as well as the investigation of their desorption properties in NaCl and Na2EDTA solutions. The chitin was isolated through deproteination followed by demineralization of crab (Portunus pelagicus Linn) shell using NaOH solutions. The sorption of both metal ions followed the Langmuir isotherm model, resulting the sorption capacities of 3.2 x 10-4 and 2.8 x 10-4 mol g-1 for Zn(II) and Cd(II), respectively, and sorption energies of 15.1 kJ mol-1 for Zn(II) and 17.9 kJ mol-1 for Cd(II). It was also observed that Zn(II) was sorbed slightly faster than Cd(II) with first order sorption rate constants of 2.82 x 10-3 min-1 for Zn(II) and 2.61 x 10-3 min-1 for Cd(II). The result of the desorption experiment showed that Cd(II) and especially Zn(II) could only be exchanged by Na(I) after desorbing those metal ions by strong chelating agent of EDTA2-. The easier desorption of Zn(II) than Cd(II) by EDTA2- must be attributed by the smaller sorption energy of Zn(II) and by harder acid property of Zn(II) than Cd(II) as EDTA2- contained hard electron donor elements.   Keywords: sorption, desorption, chitin, Zn(II), Cd(II)
CALLUS INDUCTION AND PHYTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF Cannabis sativa CELL SUSPENSION CULTURES
Authors: Raharjo Tri Joko , Eucharia Ogbuadike , Chang Wen-Te , Verpoorte Robert
Published: January 2019

Callus of Cannabis sativa has been successfully induced from C. sativa explants and seedings. It seems that flowers are the best explant for callus induction and induction under light also give better results than induction in dark. Four cell culture lines were established from flower induced callus. Phytochemical profiles of C. sativa suspension cell cultures were investigated using HPLC and 1H-NMR. Cannabinoids and phenolic compounds related to cannabinoids such as flavonoids could not be found in the cell suspension cultures and there is no major chemical difference between the cell lines though they can visually be distinguished by their colors. Only in one cell line some aromatic compounds in the water/methanol extract could be observed in the 1H-NMR. Further investigations showed that none of these compounds are flavonoids. It seems that lack of cannabinoids in the cell cultures is related to lack of polyketide synthase activity.   Keywords: Callus, Cannabis, phytochemical
(-)-AMPELOPSIN A : A DIMER RESVERATROL FROM Dryobalanops oblongifolia (dipterocarpaceae)
Authors: Aminah Nanik Siti , Achmad Sjamsul Arifin , Niwa Masatake , Syah Yana Maolana , Hakim Euis Holisotan
Published: January 2019

A dimer resveratrol compound named (-)-ampelopsin A was isolated from acetone extract of the stem bark of  Dryobalanops oblongifolia (Dipterocarpaceae). The structure of this compound was determined on the basis of NMR spectroscopic data.   Keywords: (-)-ampelopsin A, Dryobalanops oblongifolia, Dipterocarpaceae
STRUCTURE IDENTIFICATION OF A TRIMER STILBENOID COMPOUND FROM STEM BARK Hopea nigra (DIPTEROCARPACEAE)
Authors: Atun Sri , Aznama Nurfina , Arianingrum Retno , Niwab Masatake
Published: January 2019

Bioactivity as antihephatotoxic directed fractionation of aceton extract from the stem bark of Hopea nigra (Dipterocarpaceae) afforded a stilbenoid trimer, namely vaticanol G (1). The structure of this compound were elucidated based on physical and spectroscopic data (UV, IR, MS, 1H and 13C NMR 1D and 2D). Keywords: Vaticanol G; Hopea nigra; antihepatotoxic; Dipterocarpaceae.