bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Untangling the role of tau in sex hormone responsive cancers: lessons learnt from Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Barker Rachel M. , Chambers Alfie , Kehoe Patrick G. , Rowe Edward , Perks Claire M.
Published: October 2024

Tubulin associated unit has been extensively studied in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), whereby its hyperphosphorylation and accumulation contributes to disease pathogenesis. Tau is abundantly expressed in the central nervous system but is also present in non-neuronal tissues and in tumours including sex hormone responsive cancers such as breast and prostate. Curiously, hormonal effects on tau also exist in an AD context from numerous studies on menopause, hormone replacement therapy, and androgen deprivation therapy. Despite sharing some risk factors, most importantly advancing age, there are numerous reports from population studies of, currently poorly explained inverse associations between cancer and Alzheimer's disease. We previously reviewed important components of the phosphoinositide-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) signalling pathway and their differential modulation in relation to the two diseases. Similarly, receptor tyrosine kinases, estrogen receptor and androgen receptor have all been implicated in the pathogenesis of both cancer and AD. In this review, we focus on tau and its effects in hormone responsive cancer in terms of development, progression, and treatment and in relation to sex hormones and PI3K/Akt signalling molecules including IRS-1, PTEN, Pin1, and p53.
Aircraft human‐machine interaction assistant design: A novel multimodal data processing and application framework
Authors: Wu Ao , Jin Yang , Lv Maolong , Li Huanyu , Li Leyan , Yang Rennong
Published: October 2024

During aircraft operations, pilots rely on human‐machine interaction platforms to access essential information services. However, the development of a highly usable aerial assistant necessitates the incorporation of two interaction modes: active‐command and passive‐response modes, along with three input modes: voice inputs, situation inputs, and plan inputs. This research focuses on the design of an aircraft human‐machine interaction assistant (AHMIA), which serves as a multimodal data processing and application framework for human‐to‐machine interaction in a fully voice‐controlled manner. For the voice mode, a finetuned FunASR model is employed, leveraging private aeronautical datasets to enable specific aeronautical speech recognition. For the situation mode, a hierarchical situation events extraction model is proposed, facilitating the utilization of high‐level situational features. For the plan mode, a multi‐formations double‐code network plan diagram with a timeline is utilized to effectively represent plan information. Notably, to bridge the gap between human language and machine language, a hierarchical knowledge engine named process‐event‐condition‐order‐skill (PECOS) is introduced. PECOS provides three distinct products: the PECOS model, the PECOS state chart, and the PECOS knowledge description. Simulation results within the air confrontation scenario demonstrate that AHMIA enables active‐command and passive‐response interactions with pilots, thereby enhancing the overall interaction modality.
New insights on thermal ageing of electrical insulating oils as revealed from photoluminescence and absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Karaman Hesham S. , Atiya Eman G. , Mansour Diaa‐Eldin A. , Ghali Mohsen , Elbarbary Z. M. S. , Emara Manal M.
Published: October 2024

Recently, significant efforts have been exerted to replace mineral oil with environmentally friendly oils due to safety and environmental issues. However, there is a need to clarify the physical mechanisms behind the ageing impact of these oils. The authors use advanced optical spectroscopy techniques in correlation with dielectric measurements to understand the ageing processes in environmentally friendly oils as well as mineral oil. Firstly, different samples of environmentally friendly oils and mineral oil were utilised to investigate the ageing mechanism. The samples were subjected to different ageing periods using a thermal accelerated ageing process. Secondly, the severity of the produced byproducts due to the oil degradation is examined based on several measured properties representing macroscopic and microscopic categories. The macroscopic category was evaluated through dielectric properties, including breakdown voltage, dielectric permittivity, and dissipation factor. The microscopic category, on the other hand, was assessed using techniques such as ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy. These techniques enabled a deep understanding of the molecular‐level changes occurring in the oil under ageing conditions, thereby getting new insights into oil ageing mechanisms. It is worth mentioning that natural ester oil demonstrated the most favourable performance across various properties under ageing conditions.
Photometry and kinematics of dwarf galaxies from the Apertif H I survey
Authors: Šiljeg B. , Adams E. A. K. , Fraternali F. , Hess K. M. , Oosterloo T. A. , Marasco A. , Adebahr B. , Dénes H. , Garrido J. , Lucero D. M. , Mancera Piña P. E. , Moss V. A. , Parra-Royón M. , Ponomareva A. A. , Sánchez-Expósito S. , van der Hulst J. M.
Published: October 2024

Context. Understanding the dwarf galaxy population in low density environments (in the field) is crucial for testing the current Λ Cold Dark Matter cosmological model. The increase in diversity toward low-mass galaxies is seen as an increase in the scatter of scaling relations, such as the stellar mass–size and the baryonic Tully-Fisher relation (BTFR), and is also demonstrated by recent in-depth studies of an extreme sub-class of dwarf galaxies with low surface brightnesses but large physical sizes called ultra-diffuse galaxies (UDGs).

Aims. We aim to select dwarf galaxies independent of their stellar content and to make a detailed study of their gas and stellar properties. We selected galaxies from the APERture Tile In Focus (Apertif) H I survey and applied a constraint on their i-band absolute magnitude in order to exclude high-mass systems. The sample consists of 24 galaxies, 22 of which are resolved in H I by at least three beams, and they span H I mass ranges of 8.6 ≲ log(MH I/M⊙) ≲ 9.7 and a stellar mass range of 8.0 ≲ log(M⋆/M⊙)≲9.7 (with only three galaxies having log (M⋆/M⊙) > 9).

Methods. We determined the geometrical parameters of the H I and stellar disks, built kinematic models from the H I data using 3DBarolo, and extracted surface brightness profiles in the g-, r-, and i-bands from the Pan-STARRS 1 photometric survey. We used these measurements to place our galaxies on the stellar mass–size relation and the BTFR, and we compared them with other samples from the literature.

Results. We find that at a fixed stellar mass, our H I-selected dwarfs have larger optical effective radii than isolated optically selected dwarfs from the literature, and we found misalignments between the optical and H I morphologies for some of our sample. For most of our galaxies, we used the H I morphology to determine their kinematics, and we stress that deep optical observations are needed to trace the underlying stellar disks. Standard dwarfs in our sample follow the same BTFR of high-mass galaxies, whereas UDGs are slightly offset toward lower rotational velocities, in qualitative agreement with results from previous studies. Finally, our sample features a fraction (25%) of dwarf galaxies in pairs that is significantly larger with respect to previous estimates based on optical spectroscopic data.
Searching for orbital period modulation in X-ray observations of the symbiotic X-ray binary GX 1+4
Authors: Klawin Moritz , Ducci Lorenzo , Mirac Serim M. , Santangelo Andrea , Ferrigno Carlo , Bozzo Enrico
Published: October 2024

The symbiotic X-ray binary GX 1+4 possesses a number of peculiar properties that have been studied since the early 1970s. In particular, the orbital period has been a point of debate for many years, until radial velocity measurements were able to settle the debate. These radial velocity findings have so far not been confirmed using X-ray data, even though multiple factors would cause a periodic variation on the same timescale as the orbital period at these energies. Because the orbit of GX 1+4 is eccentric and not seen face-on, changes in the accretion rate and column density along the line of sight could cause a periodic variation in the spin-frequency measurements, X-ray light curves, and hardness ratios of the source. Furthermore, for a high inclination of the orbital plane, the neutron star could be eclipsed by the companion, which would lead to periodic decreases in brightness. We used data from a number of different X-ray telescopes to search directly for periodicity by applying the Lomb-Scargle and epoch-folding approaches to long-term light-curve and spin-frequency measurement data of the source. We support our findings using folded light curves, hardness ratios, and images. We find that our results agree with the radial velocity findings, and we form a self-consistent model that is supported by folded hardness-ratios and light curves. We find that the source is clearly detected in X-rays during the predicted eclipse. Motivated by this absence of an eclipse in the system, we constrain the inclination of the system to ∼76° −84° and the mass of the neutron star in the system to ∼1.23 M⊙ − 1.45 M⊙ using the constraints on the red giant mass and surface gravity provided in the literature. Furthermore, we constrain the radius of the red giant to ∼60 R⊙ − 150 R⊙.
S3-Leitlinie: Nichtinvasive Beatmung als Therapie der chronischen respiratorischen Insuffizienz
Authors: Stanzel Sarah Bettina , Spiesshoefer Jens , Trudzinski Franziska , Cornelissen Christian , Kabitz Hans-Joachim , Fuchs Hans , Boentert Matthias , Mathes Tim , Michalsen Andrej , Hirschfeld Sven , Dreher Michael , Windisch Wolfram , Walterspacher Stephan ,   Für die Leitliniengruppe, in alphabetischer Reihenfolge:,   Bickenbach, Johannes,   Budweiser, Stephan,   Delis, Sandra,   Dellweg, Dominic,   Franke, Christian,   Groß, Martin,   Geiseler, Jens,   Iberl, Gabriele,   Köhnlein, Thomas,   Mörer, Onnen,   Randerath, Winfried,   Schucher, Bernd,   Siemon, Karsten,   Stieglitz, Sven,   Storre, Jan Hendrik,   Westhoff; Michael,   Winterholler, Martin,   Wöbbeking, Hans Joachim
Published: October 2024

Die S3-Leitlinie zur nichtinvasiven Beatmung als Therapie der chronischen respiratorischen Insuffizienz wurde im Juli 2024 auf der Internetseite der Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften e. V. (AWMF) veröffentlicht und bietet umfassende Empfehlungen zur Behandlung der chronisch respiratorischen Insuffizienz bei unterschiedlichen Grunderkrankungen wie z.B. COPD, thorako-restriktiven Erkrankungen, Obesitas-Hypoventilationssyndrom und neuromuskulären Erkrankungen. Eine wichtige Neuerung ist die Aufteilung der vorherigen S2k Leitlinie aus dem Jahr 2017, welche zuvor sowohl die Therapie mittels invasiver Beatmung als auch nicht-invasiver Beatmung beinhaltete. Durch eine vermehrte wissenschaftliche Evidenz und eine deutlich gestiegene Anzahl an Betroffenen, werden diese sehr unterschiedlichen Therapieformen nun in zwei getrennten Leitlinien behandelt. Ziel der Leitlinie ist, die Behandlung von Patienten mit chronischer respiratorischer Insuffizienz durch die nichtinvasive Beatmung zu verbessern und die Indikationsstellung und Therapieempfehlungen den an der Therapie beteiligten Akteuren zugänglich zu machen. Sie basiert auf der neuesten wissenschaftlichen Evidenz und ersetzt die frühere Leitlinie. Zu diesem Zweck werden detaillierte Empfehlungen zur Durchführung der nichtinvasiven Beatmung gegeben, der Einstellung der Beatmungsparameter und der anschließenden Überwachung der Therapie.

Als wichtige Neuerungen der S3 Leitlinie sind neben der aktualisierten Evidenz auch die neuen Empfehlungen zur Versorgungsform der Patienten sowie zahlreiche detaillierte Behandlungspfade zu nennen, welche die Anwenderfreundlichkeit der Leitlinie erhöhen. Zusätzlich widmet sich ein gänzlich überarbeitetes Kapitel ethischen Fragen und bietet Empfehlungen für eine Begleitung am Lebensende. Diese Leitlinie ist ein wichtiges Instrument für Ärzte und andere Gesundheitsfachkräfte, um die Versorgung von Patienten mit chronischer respiratorischer Insuffizienz zu optimieren. Diese Leitlinienfassung hat eine Gültigkeit von drei Jahren, bis Juli 2027.
The Relationship between P300 and Central Auditory Processing Test Result
Authors: Yeral Cem , Serbetcioglu Bulent
Published: October 2024

Abstract Background Central auditory processing (CAP) refers to the perceptual processing of auditory inputs in the central nervous system and includes a series of auditory skills such as sound localization, auditory pattern recognition, and temporal sequencing
which is a component of temporal processing. This skill can be assessed by frequency pattern test (FPT) and duration pattern test (DPT). Auditory attention is another skill that contributes to the CAP and can be analyzed by the P300. Purpose This study assesses the relationship
between the P300 latency and the CAP test results of individuals with normal hearing. Research Design An experimental study was used in which the determined tests were applied to the participants. Study Sample Thirty-four individuals with normal hearing between
the ages of 20 and 40 years were included in the study. Data Collection and Analysis P300, FPT, and DPT were applied to the participants. The Spearman correlation test and Mann‐Whitney U test were used for analysis. Results There were significant moderate
and strong-level negative correlations between P300 latency and the scores obtained from frequency pattern and DPT (p < 0.01). We also analyzed whether P300 latency and frequency pattern and DPT scores differed according to gender and, as a result, did not find significant
relationship (p > 0.05). Conclusion We observed that frequency pattern and DPT scores decreased as P300 latency increased. We propose that these results could contribute to the diagnosis and follow-up process of CAP disorder by allowing P300 and CAP
tests to be cross-checked.
Transparency in action or political fiction? The pre-inquiry phase of the UK COVID-19 Inquiry
Authors: Moore Sarah , Manning Peter , Tchilingirian Jordan , Woodthorpe Kate
Published: October 2024

This article examines how public inquiries come into being through a detailed analysis of the pre-inquiry phase of the UK COVID-19 Inquiry. We focus on two key points of contestation—around the timing of the inquiry and its terms of reference—and suggest that what is at stake during the pre-stage of an inquiry is its ontological and epistemological orientation. Our analysis traces the emergence of two distinct positions during this phase: a grassroots position (conceiving of the inquiry as a response to the experience of collective grief) and an official position (conceiving of the inquiry as a means of learning lessons). Particular attention is given to the latter position and what it reveals about the rhetorical function of transparency in confirming a political commitment to institutional accountability, at the same time as working towards a particular conception of the inquiry as a practical task, expansive in remit, and future oriented.
Cellular heterogeneity and dynamics of the human uterus in healthy premenopausal women
Authors: Ulrich Nicole D. , Vargo Alex , Ma Qianyi , Shen Yu-chi , Bazzano Dominic , Hannum D. Ford , Gurczynski Stephen J. , Moore Bethany B. , Schon Samantha , Lieberman Richard , Shikanov Ariella , Marsh Erica E. , Fazleabas Asgerally , Li Jun Z. , Hammoud Saher Sue
Published: October 2024

The human uterus is a complex and dynamic organ whose lining grows, remodels, and regenerates every menstrual cycle or upon tissue damage. Here, we applied single-cell RNA sequencing to profile more the 50,000 uterine cells from both the endometrium and myometrium of five healthy premenopausal individuals, and jointly analyzed the data with a previously published dataset from 15 subjects. The resulting normal uterus cell atlas contains more than 167K cells, representing the lymphatic endothelium, blood endothelium, stromal, ciliated epithelium, unciliated epithelium, and immune cell populations. Focused analyses within each major cell type and comparisons with subtype labels from prior studies allowed us to document supporting evidence, resolve naming conflicts, and propose a consensus annotation system of 39 subtypes. We release their gene expression centroids, differentially expressed genes, and messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA) patterns of literature-based markers as a shared community resource. We identify multiple potential progenitor cells: compartment-wide progenitors for each major cell type and potential cross-lineage multipotent stromal progenitors that may replenish the epithelial, stromal, and endothelial compartments. Furthermore, many cell types and subtypes exhibit shifts in cell number and transcriptomes across different phases of the menstrual cycle. Finally, comparisons between premenopausal, postpartum, and postmenopausal samples revealed substantial alterations in tissue composition, particularly in the proportions of stromal, endothelial, and immune cells. The cell taxonomy and molecular markers we report here are expected to inform studies of both basic biology of uterine function and its disorders.
Hyperspectral unmixing for Raman spectroscopy via physics-constrained autoencoders
Authors: Georgiev Dimitar , Fernández-Galiana Álvaro , Vilms Pedersen Simon , Papadopoulos Georgios , Xie Ruoxiao , Stevens Molly M. , Barahona Mauricio
Published: October 2024

Raman spectroscopy is widely used across scientific domains to characterize the chemical composition of samples in a nondestructive, label-free manner. Many applications entail the unmixing of signals from mixtures of molecular species to identify the individual components present and their proportions, yet conventional methods for chemometrics often struggle with complex mixture scenarios encountered in practice. Here, we develop hyperspectral unmixing algorithms based on autoencoder neural networks, and we systematically validate them using both synthetic and experimental benchmark datasets created in-house. Our results demonstrate that unmixing autoencoders provide improved accuracy, robustness, and efficiency compared to standard unmixing methods. We also showcase the applicability of autoencoders to complex biological settings by showing improved biochemical characterization of volumetric Raman imaging data from a monocytic cell.
Digital creativity and ecolinguistics
Authors: Law Locky
Published: October 2024

This study explores the intersection of digital creativity and ecolinguistics through an analysis of ecological
framings in the acclaimed video game Final Fantasy VII Remake Intergrade (FF7R_inter). Given the rise of
ecocentric games during the COVID-19 pandemic, this research examines how FF7R_inter incorporates environmental themes and the
potential impact of these themes on players’ ecological awareness. Utilizing an ecolinguistic discourse analysis approach, the
study investigates the linguistic and multimodal resources used in the game to frame environmental issues such as fossil fuel
dependency and eco-terrorism from a multiversal inter-reality perspective. The findings reveal that FF7R_inter employs specific
rhetorical strategies, including differences in ecological framings and semantic choices, to convey ecological messages, thereby
contributing to the broader discourse on environmental sustainability in pop culture. This research highlights the significant
role that digital games can play in shaping public perceptions of environmental issues and underscores the importance of
integrating ecolinguistic perspectives into the analysis of digital media.
Ultralight Scalar and Axion Dark Matter Detection with Long-Baseline Atom Interferometers
Authors: Zhao 赵 Wei 伟 , Liu 刘 Hui 慧 , Mei 梅 Xitong 希彤
Published: October 2024

Detecting dark matter remains one of the most challenging problems in modern physics. We propose a method to detect the coupling of ultralight scalar dark matter to quarks and gluons, as well as the coupling of ultralight axion dark matter to gluons, using long-baseline atom interferometers. Interactions between ultralight scalar and axion dark matter with quarks and gluons can induce oscillations in nuclear charge radii, consequently causing oscillations in atomic transition frequencies. We calculate the differential phase shift produced by these dark matter interactions in long-baseline atom interferometers, presenting constraints on the scalar dark matter coupling parameters dg
and

d

m
^

, as well as on the axion dark matter coupling parameter 1/fa
. Our results are anticipated to improve existing bounds and complement bounds from other experiments.
Weak compound fault identification of gearboxes based on improved symplectic geometric mode decomposition and optimized cyclic kurtosis deconvolution
Authors: Li Kaihua , Jiang Hong , Zhang Xiangfeng , Lei Zhen , Bai Yu
Published: October 2024

Given the complex and harsh operating conditions of gear transmission systems, gearboxes are prone to compound faults. These faults often interact and couple with one another, causing early weak fault pulse characteristics to be masked by strong environmental noise and other vibration phenomena. This significantly complicates the extraction of relevant fault information from the gearbox. Failure to identify these faults in a timely manner may lead to their propagation and escalation, making the implementation of early diagnostic and maintenance strategies crucial for ensuring the safety and reliability of the system. To address these issues, this paper proposes a method for extracting compound fault features based on improved symplectic geometric mode decomposition (SGMD) and optimized cyclic bispectrum deconvolution (CYCBD). Firstly, considering the periodic impact characteristics of different fault types, morphological envelope cyclic bispectrum is proposed to cluster the initial components obtained from SGMD decomposition, thereby adaptively separating different fault features contained in the compound fault signals. An adaptive filter length search strategy is subsequently introduced to optimize the CYCBD by deconvolving each initial fault component, thereby eliminating the interference caused by complex transmission paths and substantial environmental noise, which, in turn, enhances weak periodic fault pulses. Following this, the enhanced signals are subjected to envelope demodulation to extract fault characteristic frequencies, enabling the identification of various types of faults. The effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method are demonstrated through both simulation signals and actual experimental data related to gearbox compound faults. Compared with existing methods, the proposed method demonstrates superior performance in identifying weak compound faults under strong environmental noise.
Proton bunch monitors for the clinical translation of prompt gamma-ray timing
Authors: Makarevich Krystsina , Schellhammer Sonja M , Pausch Guntram , Römer Katja E , Tiebel Jessica , Turko Joseph , Wagner Andreas , Kögler Toni
Published: October 2024

Objective. Prompt gamma-ray timing is an emerging technology in the field of particle therapy treatment verification. This system measures the arrival times of gamma rays produced in the patient body and uses the cyclotron radio frequency signal as time reference for the beam micro-bunches. Its translation into clinical practice is currently hindered by observed instabilities in the phase relation between the cyclotron radio frequency and the measured arrival time of prompt gamma rays. To counteract this, two proton bunch monitors are presented, integrated into the prompt gamma-ray timing workflow and evaluated. Approach. The two monitors are (a) a diamond detector placed at the beam energy degrader, and (b) a cyclotron monitor signal measuring the phase difference between dee current and voltage. First, the two proton bunch monitors as well as their mutual correlation were characterized. Then, a prompt gamma-ray timing measurement was performed aiming to quantify the present magnitude of the phase instabilities and to evaluate the ability of the proton bunch monitors to correct for these instabilities. Main results. It was found that the two new monitors showed a very high correlation for intermediate proton energies after the first second of irradiation, and that they were able to reduce fluctuations in the detected phase of prompt gamma rays. Furthermore, the amplitude of the phase instabilities had intrinsically decreased from about 700 ps to below 100 ps due to cyclotron upgrades. Significance. The uncertainty of the prompt gamma-ray timing method for proton treatment verification was reduced. For routine clinical application, challenges remain in accounting for detector load effects, temperature drifts and throughput limitations.
Twisted clustered pinhole collimation for improved high-energy preclinical SPECT/PET
Authors: Cosmi Valerio , Kvassheim Monika , Ghosh Satyajit , Beekman Freek J , Goorden Marlies C
Published: October 2024

Objective. Advanced pinhole collimation geometries optimized for preclinical high-energy ɣ imaging facilitate applications such as ɑ and ß emitter imaging, simultaneous multi-isotope PET and PET/SPECT, and positron range-free PET. These geometries replace each pinhole with a group of clustered pinholes (CPs) featuring smaller individual pinhole opening angles (POAs), enabling sub-mm resolution imaging up to ∼1 MeV. Further narrowing POAs while retaining field-of-view (FOV) may enhance high-energy imaging but faces geometrical constraints. Here, we detail how the novel twisted CPs (TCPs) address this challenge. Approach. We compared TCP and CP collimator sensitivity at equal system resolution (SR) and SR at matched sensitivity by tuning pinhole diameters for 18F (511 keV) and 89Zr (909 keV). Additionally, simulated Derenzo phantoms at low activity (LA: 12 MBq ml−1) and high activity (HA: 190 MBq ml−1) levels, along with uniformity images, were compared to assess image resolution and uniformity. Main results. At equal SR, TCP increased average central FOV sensitivity by 15.6% for 18F and 29.4% for 89Zr compared to CP. Image resolution was comparable, except for 89Zr at LA, where TCP resolved 0.80 mm diameter rods compared to 0.90 mm for CP. Image uniformity was equivalent for 18F, while for 89Zr TCP granted a 10.4% improvement. For collimators with matched sensitivity, TCP improved SR by 6.6% for 18F and 17.7% for 89Zr while also enhancing image resolution; for 18F, rods distinguished were 0.65 mm (CP) and 0.60 mm (TCP) for HA, and 0.70 mm (CP and TCP) for LA. For 89Zr, image resolutions were 0.75 mm (CP) and 0.65 mm (TCP) for HA, and 0.90 mm (CP) and 0.80 mm (TCP) for LA. Image uniformity with TCP decreased by 18.3% for 18F but improved by 20.1% for 89Zr. Significance. This study suggests that the TCP design has potential to improve high-energy ɣ imaging.
Correlation between temperature distribution and changes in self-organized luminous pattern in an atmospheric pressure DC glow discharge with sheath gas flow
Authors: Miyazaki Toshiaki , Sasaki Koichi , Shirai Naoki
Published: October 2024

The self-organized luminous patterns observed above the anode surface in atmospheric-pressure DC glow discharges were changed by the composition of the gas flow. The patterns were observed not only with liquid anodes but also with metal anodes. Various pattern structures were observed by changing the helium gas flow rate in the core and the ambient oxygen gas flow rate supplied during the discharge. When the pattern formation was observed, the emission spectra and the radial spread of the positive column changed, and the voltage–current characteristic also changed. These results suggest that not only the anode surface but the entire discharge affects the pattern formation. Comparing the results for the liquid and metal anodes, the trends in the pattern formation and voltage–current characteristics were almost identical. The gas temperature in the discharge was also investigated in two different ways, by the laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy of OH radicals and by Rayleigh scattering, showing in good agreement between both methods. Under the condition where the pattern formed, the gas temperature in the discharge was approximately 2500–3000 K and higher than that of the discharge without the pattern formation. Focusing on the gradient of the temperature distribution, the discharge with the pattern formation had a steeper gradient than that of the discharge without the pattern formation. It is suggested that not only the high temperature of the discharge but also the large gradient of the temperature change plays an important role in the pattern formation. The role of oxygen gas in the pattern formation may be the effect of increasing the temperature and altering the temperature gradient in the discharge rather than generating negative ions in the discharge.
Anticathode effect on electron kinetics in electron beam generated E × B plasma
Authors: Chopra Nirbhav Singh , Romadanov Ivan , Raitses Yevgeny
Published: October 2024

Electron beam (e-beam) generated plasmas with applied crossed electric and magnetic (

E
×
B

) fields are promising for low damage processing of materials with applications to microelectronics and quantum information systems. In cylindrical e-beam

E
×
B

plasmas, radial confinement of electrons and ions is achieved by an axial magnetic field and radial electric field, respectively. To control the axial confinement of electrons, such e-beam generated plasma sources may incorporate a conducting boundary known as an anticathode, which is placed on the axially opposite side of the plasma from the cathode. In this work, it is shown that varying the anticathode voltage bias can control the degree to which the anticathode collects or repels incident electrons, allowing control of warm electron (electron energies in 10–30 eV range) and beam electron population confinement. It is suggested that the effect of the anticathode bias on the formation of these distinct electron populations is also associated with the transition between weak turbulence and strong Langmuir turbulence.
Two-dimensional cylindrical magnetosonic shock waves in a relativistic degenerated plasma
Authors: Khaled Mahmood A H , Hager Yusra A A , Shukri Mohamed A
Published: October 2024

In this paper, the characteristics of two-dimensional magnetosonic (MS) shock waves have been studied in a nonplanar relativistic degenerate collisional magnetoplasma whose constituents are non-degenerate warm ions and relativistic degenerated electrons. Employing fluid model equations for such plasma along with Maxwell equations, a set of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model equations is obtained. Based on the newly obtained MHD equations, a Burgers–Kadomstev–Petviashvili (Burger–KP) equation (which describes shock wave structures) is derived in cylindrical geometry using the reductive perturbation technique. The considered plasma system was investigated under the impacts of spin-magnetization, relativistic degeneracy, cylindrical geometry, and dissipation. Numerical results revealed that the relativistic degeneracy, dissipation, and electron spin-magnetization as well as nonplanar geometry significantly altered the MS shock wave properties. Interestingly, it is found that there is a change in the shock nature and emergence of new structures due to the influences of both transverse perturbation and cylindrical geometry. The implications of our investigation may be applicable to dense astrophysical environments, particularly neutron stars, and white dwarfs at which the relativistic degenerated electrons are existed.
Investigation of magnetic resonance contrast properties of PEG-coated gadolinium oxide nanoparticles in various biological environments
Authors: Chaturvedi Anamika , Pranjali Pranjali , Raj Ritu , Shukla Ayush , Singh Ranjana , Tripathi Deepak Kumar , Poluri Krishna Mohan , Singh Ranjan Kumar , Kumar Dinesh , Guleria Anupam
Published: October 2024

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are promising tools for biomedical applications, particularly in molecular imaging using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The unique magnetic properties of MNPs, combined with their similarity in size to biological objects, make them ideal candidates for in situ imaging probes. The present study explores the use of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for improved diagnostic accuracy. Specifically, the study investigates the MR contrast properties of polyethylene glycol-coated gadolinium oxide nanoparticles (PEG@GONPs) in five different biological fluids. The nanoparticles were synthesized using the polyol route and their size, shape, and morphology were characterized using TEM, SEM, and FT-IR spectroscopy. The magnetic resonance (MR) relaxivity of PEG@GONPs was studied in different biologically relevant media, and results revealed highest relaxivity in plasma as compared to other media. In addition, comparative analysis of proton relaxivity of the synthesized nanoparticles was carried out with a well-known gadolinium-based contrast agent, Omniscan, in various medium. The present findings revealed that PEG@GONPs can serve as an effective contrast agent for MRI imaging in biological fluids such as plasma, which is crucial for preclinical diagnosis of specific diseases and lesions. The high relaxivity observed in plasma could be attributed to the interaction of the nanoparticles with plasma proteins, amplifying their magnetic properties which further improve their ability to produce contrast in MR images.
Three-component soliton states in spinor F = 1 Bose–Einstein condensates with

P
T

-symmetric generalized Scarf-II potentials
Authors: Han Zhang-Lei , Lao Jun-Yi , Zhang Jia-Rui , Shen Yu-Jia
Published: October 2024

Introducing

P
T

-symmetric generalized Scarf-II potentials into the three-coupled nonlinear Gross–Pitaevskii equations offers a new way to seek stable soliton states in quasi-one-dimensional spin-1 Bose–Einstein condensates. In scenarios where the spin-independent parameter c
0 and the spin-dependent parameter c
2 vary, we use both analytical and numerical methods to investigate the three-coupled nonlinear Gross–Pitaevskii equations with

P
T

-symmetric generalized Scarf-II potentials. We obtain analytical soliton states and find that simply modulating c
2 may change the analytical soliton states from unstable to stable. Additionally, we obtain numerically stable double-hump soliton states propagating in the form of periodic oscillations, exhibiting distinct behavior in energy exchange. For further investigation, we discuss the interaction of numerical double-hump solitons with Gaussian solitons and observe the transfer of energy among the three components. These findings may contribute to a deeper understanding of solitons in Bose–Einstein condensates with

P
T

-symmetric potentials and may hold significance for both theoretical understanding and experimental design in related physics experiments.
Non-monotonic dynamic correlation explored via active microrheology
Authors: Madanchi A , Aghaei F , Rahbari S H E , Reza Rahimi Tabar M , Pöschel T
Published: October 2024

In the study of local and heterogeneous structures in supercooled liquids, microrheology plays a crucial role, offering a closer examination of the mechanical properties at a local level. We concentrate on active microrheology, where an external force drives a probe particle. This technique is employed in the study of a Kob–Andersen mixture, using extensive molecular dynamics simulations. Through active microrheology, we analyze the positional dependence of viscosity, observing how probe particles respond to activation velocity. Utilizing advanced stochastic analysis, we disentangle the deterministic and stochastic components of the local viscosity time series, characterizing its nonlinear and intermittent properties, which indicate heterogeneity. We construct a Langevin equation to model the dynamics of local viscosity and derive its drift and diffusion coefficients from simulation data. Additionally, we investigate the temperature-dependent variations of viscosity dynamics, unveiling their multiplicative and nonlinear nature. We elaborate on how the existence of multiplicative dynamics in viscosity results in the characteristic emergence of heterogeneity within viscosity dynamics. We derive a dynamic correlation length from local viscosity. Moreover, this correlation length shows a non-monotonic dependence on temperature with a maximum at about the Kauzmann temperature.
Asymmetric iterated prisoner’s dilemma on weighted complex networks and evolutionary strategies analysis
Authors: Ding Yunhao , Zhang Chunyan , Zhang Jianlei
Published: October 2024

In real-world scenarios, individuals often cooperate for mutual benefit. However, differences in wealth, reputation, and rationality can lead to varying outcomes for similar actions. Besides, in complex social networks, an individual’s choices are frequently influenced by their neighbors. To explore the evolution of strategies in realistic settings, we conduct repeated asymmetric iterated prisoner’s dilemma experiments on weighted networks using a Memory-one strategy framework and different strategy update rules. During the strategy evolution on the network, two key strategies emerge, and we name them as ‘self-bad, partner-worse’ and the ‘altruists’. Then, we perform separate evolutionary experiments on several strong strategies on corresponding networks and find that strategy ‘self-bad, partner-worse’ can still stand out from the dominant strategies. Finally, by introducing optimization mechanisms, we increase the cooperation levels among individuals within the group. The models utilize in these studies diverge from conventional approaches, scrutinizing the evolutionary process at a macroscopic scale. These findings broaden the scope of evolutionary games and furnish a foundation for addressing real-world challenges.
A procedure for the dynamic range characterization of X-ray imaging linear and TDI detectors
Authors: Re Alessandro , Peruzzi Niccolò , Del Greco Filippo , Nervo Marco , Pastrone Nadia , Sacchi Roberto , Lo Giudice Alessandro
Published: October 2024

This paper presents a methodology to fully characterize the dynamic range of a linear
X-ray detector, usually employed to perform radiography and tomography. The proposed procedure
analyzes each pixel of the detector and presents the results both in terms of general performance
of the detector and as a spatial distribution of different parameters for each pixel. This method
has been applied to three X-ray detectors: one linear and two TDI (Time Delay Integration)
detectors, used to implement X-ray imaging setups inside the neu_ART project. The results
obtained from this characterization, carried out in experimental conditions typically employed
during real X-ray imaging experiments, allow to completely determine the behavior and the limits
of the detectors and to optimize the procedure used to acquire radiographic and tomographic data,
especially in terms of determining the maximum exposure time that can be used to achieve the best
signal quality with a faster acquisition.
Waveform resampling with LMN method
Authors: Gerlach L. , Gu W. , Nayak N. , Qian X. , Viren B.
Published: October 2024

Resampling is a common technique applied in digital signal
processing. Based on the Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT), we
apply an optimization called here the LMN method to achieve fast and
robust re-sampling. In addition to performance comparisons with
some other popular methods, we illustrate the effectiveness of this
LMN method in a particle physics experiment: re-sampling of
waveforms from Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers.
Development and performance evaluation of a thin GAGG:Ce scintillator plate for high resolution synchrotron radiation X-ray imaging
Authors: Yoshino Masao , Yamamoto Seiichi , Nakanishi Kohei , Yogo Katsunori , Kamada Kei , Koshikawa Nanase , Kataoka Jun , Yoshikawa Akira
Published: October 2024

Scintillator-based X-ray imaging detectors are pivotal in
numerous scientific and practical domains, including medical
imaging, food and device inspection, and security monitoring. Recent
advancements have spurred interest in 4D X-ray imaging using
synchrotron radiation, necessitating higher temporal
resolutions. Consequently, this places stringent demands on X-ray
detector technology, especially when X-ray energy exceeds 20 keV.
The selection of a suitable scintillator material is crucial for
achieving optimal timing resolution, yet it poses a significant
challenge in dynamic X-ray imaging. This study delves into the
optimization of scintillator properties and their impact on spatial
resolution and light output, elucidating the performance of Ce-doped
Gd3Ga3Al2O12 (GAGG:Ce) scintillators for X-ray imaging
applications. We developed a micro X-ray imaging detector using a
100 μm-thick GAGG:Ce scintillator plate and conducted
X-ray imaging tests at the Aichi SR facility. The results
demonstrated that the resolution, quantified as the chart slit width
at a contrast transfer function (CTF) value of 10%, reached
2 ∼ 3 μm with a 4× lens,
0.52 μm± 0.03 μm with a 20×
lens, and 0.42 μm± 0.01 μm with a
40× lens. Although the results of this study did not achieve
a spatial resolution nearing the effective pixel size of the
40× lens, the text also elucidates the underlying reasons for
this limitation. Furthermore, we compared the X-ray sensitivity of
our GAGG:Ce scintillator plate with that of a commercial LuAG:Ce
scintillator, revealing an approximately 1.5-fold increase in light
output. As a demonstration, transmission images of dried small fish
were captured using the GAGG:Ce scintillator plate and the developed
X-ray imaging system. These findings highlight the potential of the
X-ray imaging detector devised in this study for future generations
of X-ray imaging applications.
Improved simulation of compound drought and heat extremes in eastern China through CWRF downscaling
Authors: Zhang Han , Zhang Shulei , Xu Haoran , Zhang Guwei , Dai Yongjiu , Liang Xin-Zhong
Published: October 2024

Given their profound socio-economic impact and increasing occurrence, compound drought and heat extremes (CDHEs) have become a focal point of widespread concern. Studies have attempted to reproduce and predict these extremes using general circulation models (GCMs); however, the performance of these models in capturing compound events remains controversial. This study presents an improved simulation of CDHE trends over eastern China by using the regional Climate-Weather Research and Forecasting model (CWRF) to downscale the projections of two GCMs that participated in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6. The results show that CWRF downscaling significantly improved the underestimation of CDHE trends in GCM historical simulations, aligning better with observed trends. Moreover, the improvements of CWRF downscaling in simulating CDHEs are more pronounced than those for univariate events, i.e. extreme drought and extreme heat events. This enhancement largely results from CWRF’s better representation of land-atmosphere interaction processes, as indicated by the more realistic spatial distributions and intensities of the land-atmosphere coupling strength index. Under the SSP245 and SSP585 scenario, CWRF downscaling again predicts a more rapid increase in regional mean CDHE frequency compared to GCMs, with values nearing or exceeding 0.4 by the mid-21st century, suggesting a significant future threat to the study region. This study highlights the important role of land-atmosphere interactions in shaping CDHEs and the efficacy of regional climate models to reduce uncertainty in compound event simulations.
In vitro bioprinted 3D model enhancing osteoblast-to-osteocyte differentiation
Authors: Pragnere Sarah , Essayan Lucie , El-Kholti Naima , Petiot Emma , Pailler-Mattei Cyril
Published: October 2024

In vitro bone models are pivotal for understanding tissue behavior and cellular responses, particularly in unravelling certain pathologies’ mechanisms and assessing the impact of new therapeutic interventions. A desirable in vitro bone model should incorporate primary human cells within a 3D environment that mimics the mechanical properties characteristics of osteoid and faithfully replicate all stages of osteogenic differentiation from osteoblasts to osteocytes. However, to date, no bio-printed model using primary osteoblasts has demonstrated the expression of osteocytic protein markers. This study aimed to develop bio-printed in vitro model that accurately captures the differentiation process of human primary osteoblasts into osteocytes. Given the considerable impact of hydrogel stiffness and relaxation behavior on osteoblast activity, we employed three distinct cross-linking solutions to fabricate hydrogels. These hydrogels were designed to exhibit either similar elastic behavior with different elastic moduli, or similar elastic moduli with varying relaxation behavior. These hydrogels, composed of gelatin (5% w/v), alginate (1%w/v) and fibrinogen (2%w/v), were designed to be compatible with micro-extrusion bioprinting and proliferative. The modulation of their biomechanical properties, including stiffness and viscoelastic behavior, was achieved by applying various concentrations of cross-linkers targeting both gelatin covalent bonding (transglutaminase) and alginate chains’ ionic cross-linking (calcium). Among the conditions tested, the hydrogel with a low elastic modulus of 8 kPa and a viscoelastic behavior over time exhibited promising outcomes regarding osteoblast-to-osteocyte differentiation. The cessation of cell proliferation coincided with a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase activity, the development of dendrites, and the expression of the osteocyte marker PHEX. Within this hydrogel, cells actively influenced their environment, as evidenced by hydrogel contraction and the secretion of collagen I. This bio-printed model, demonstrating primary human osteoblasts expressing an osteocyte-specific protein, marks a significant achievement. We envision its substantial utility in advancing research on bone pathologies, including osteoporosis and bone tumors.
Circularly polarized twin port tunable silicon-graphene antenna with beam tilting characteristics for THz based 6G communication system
Authors: Kumar Nilesh , Kumar Arvind
Published: October 2024

This communication explains the design and analyse of a twin port silicon-graphene aerial. The intended aerial has three distinct features: (i) stimulation of ceramics through uneven cross slot produces the circularly polarised waves from 3.45 THz to 3.65 THz; (ii) a mirror arrangement of uneven cross-shaped slot increases separation between ports by almost 25 dB; and (iii) suspension of partial reflecting surface over twin port antenna slants the radiation pattern by ±45°. A sheet of graphene over silicon creates the tunablity in terms of working band and circularly polarized band by altering its chemical potential. The optimized result from HFSS is compared to the CST EM tool, and it is determined that the suggested aerial functions well in the 3.25–3.75 THz range with a peak gain of 3.5 dBi. By including pattern diversity characteristics, the suggested antenna’s multi-port parameters are improved, and it becomes suitable for THz-built 6 G wireless applications.