bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using a phone-based learning tool as an instructional resource for initial literacy learning in rural African families
Authors: Nshimbi Jacob C. , Serpell Robert , Westerholm Jari
Published: February 2020

Background: Despite increased enrolments at primary schools in Zambia, more than half of the children in Grades 1–4 are unable to meet the required minimum standards for literacy.Aim: The study set out to examine the effects of using a phone-based mobile literacy game (Graphogame) to improve literacy skills in children and adults in rural family settings.Setting: The study was conducted in the Katete District, a rural town in the eastern province of Zambia.Methods: Participants were 73 Grade 2 learners (52% boys, mean age 9 years and 48% girls, mean age 10 years) and 37 parents (mean age 36 years). Three literacy tests, measuring letter-sound identification, phonological awareness, spelling competence and word recognition, were administered to both the children and parents. Parents also reported on their level of education, familiarity with smart phone use, availability of home reading materials and home literacy activities.Results: The findings showed that children who were exposed to the Graphogame performed better than the control group on all literacy measures. Furthermore, parent’s performance on the tests improved after the intervention.Conclusion: The findings suggest that technology can improve literacy skills in both children and adults in rural areas of Zambia.
A Revised Mid-Pliocene Composite Section for ODP Site 846
Authors: Herbert Timothy D. , Caballero-Gill Rocio , Novak Joseph B.
Published: February 2020

Abstract. The composite section from ODP Site 846 has provided key data sets for Pliocene stable isotope and paleoclimatic time series. We document here errors in primary data sets for stable isotopes and alkenone-derived sea surface temperature estimates (SST) in the late Pliocene interval containing the M2 glaciation (ca. 3.250–3.3 Ma) by tying high resolution core measurements to a continuous downhole conductivity log. In addition, we provide new stable isotopic and alkenone measurements that correlate well to the revised splices of color reflectance and gamma ray attenuation porosity evaluator data. A new composite splice is proposed, along with composite isotope and alkenone time series that should be integrated into revised Pliocene paleoclimatic stacks.
A 1782–1794 sea level record at Trieste (northern Adriatic)
Authors: Raicich Fabio
Published: February 2020

Abstract. The physician Leonardo Vordoni recorded sea heights at
Trieste from 1782 to 1794 because of his interest in studying the
connections between tides and the course of diseases that he attributed to
the same forces. The data, expressed in Paris feet and inches (1 ft = 12 in. = 32.4845 cm), consist of
heights measured on a pole, relative to the green algae belt corresponding
to the mean high water. The measurements were reported in a manuscript that
was recently found in the correspondence received by Giuseppe Toaldo, an
astronomer in Padua. The observations were made twice a day until June 1791
and more frequently afterwards; the data from July 1791 onwards reasonably describe both the astronomical tide and the inverted-barometer (IB) effect. The
low frequency of observations and poor metadata information seriously limit
the scientific value of the data set, which, therefore, has mainly a
historical value. In comparisons with modern data, the amplitude of sea
level variations appears rather large, as if a unit shorter than the Paris
foot was used. Moreover, an anomalously large decadal trend exists, which
might be due to the pole sinking into the sea floor. The sea heights were
digitized and are available through SEANOE (SEA scieNtific Open data Edition; https://doi.org/10.17882/62598;
Raicich, 2019a).
Optimising broadband pulses for DEER depends on concentration and distance range of interest
Authors: Scherer Andreas , Tischlik Sonja , Weickert Sabrina , Wittmann Valentin , Drescher Malte
Published: February 2020

Abstract. EPR distance determination in the nanometre region has become an important tool for studying the structure and interaction of macromolecules. Arbitrary waveform generators (AWGs), which have recently become commercially available for EPR spectrometers, have the potential to increase the sensitivity of the most common technique double electron-electron resonance (DEER, also called PELDOR), as they allow the generation of broadband pulses. There are several families of broadband pulses, which are different in general pulse shape and the parameters that define them. Here, we compare the most common broadband pulses. When broadband pulses lead to a larger modulation depth they also increase the background decay of the DEER trace. Depending on the dipolar evolution time this can significantly increase the noise level towards the end of the form factor and limit the potential increase of the modulation to noise ratio (MNR). We found asymmetric hyperbolic secant (HS{1,6}) pulses to perform best for short DEER traces leading to a MNR improvement of up to 86 % compared to rectangular pulses. For longer traces we found symmetric hyperbolic secant (HS{1,1}) pulses to perform best, however, the increase compared to rectangular pulses goes down to 43 %.
The Dark or Bright Side of Entrepreneurs' Social Capital: Effects on Creativity and Innovation
Authors: Safran Barış , Özdemirci Ata
Published: February 2020

Creativity and innovation phenomena, which are closely interrelated concepts with entrepreneurship, interact with entrepreneurs' social capital through their entrepreneurship and innovation ecosystems. Entrepreneurs' social capital can be influential in various ways in the creativity and innovation processes. Some studies focus on the benefits of social capital, while others focus on the current and potential negative consequences. The concepts of creativity, social capital and innovation in entrepreneurship and the relationships and connections between these variables constitute the subject of this study. All of the participants in the study were trained on entrepreneurship (511) and some of them (211) established their own business. The relational variables of the research are patent application and ownership of entrepreneur/entrepreneur candidates (as a concrete indicator of the innovation process); and independent variables are creative thinking disposition and social capital. While the social capital and creative thinking disposition levels of entrepreneurs are determined and measured by the scales, data regarding the ownership of industrial property rights (patents, utility models, etc.) are taken into consideration for innovation performance. According to the results of the analysis, it was observed that social capital had a positive effect on the creativity of entrepreneurs and innovation performance of enterprises.
Viva Di Bartini: Eleven New Laws of Conservation Expanding Physics for Global Strategic Management and Strategic Development
Authors: Aleinikov Andrei G. , Smarsh David A.
Published: February 2020

This article illustrates how 11 new Laws of Conservation (Aleinikov, 2004, 2005, 2007a,b,c,d,e; Aleinikov & Smarsh, 2007, 2009a, 2009b, 2011; Aleinikov & McFarland, 2008a, 2008b, 2009) expand the Bartini/Kuznetsov LT system of interpretation of laws of physics (Bartini, 1965, 1966, 2005; Kuznetsov & Bolshakov, 2000), thus expanding the physics and strategic management horizons. The new laws are described, explained, and, in some cases, shown in their application to real world problems, including outer space research and global strategic management issues. However, the main contribution of these discoveries is certainly the opening of new horizons for scientific research – the global strategic development of science. In the history of science, these new laws represent an opportunity for a heuristic leap. While in old times, it took about 50-100 years to discover one new law of conservation, the new approach offered by Robert Oros di Bartini and implemented by our research group, allowed us to discover 11 new laws of conservation within five years. It means 100 times acceleration! That's why this article is titled “Viva di Bartini!” It emphasizes the contribution of the great engineer and scientist, named a “prescient genius” by press, to the strategic development of science, including the first in the world MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR LAWS OF CONSERVATION that led to a revolutionary leap in developing new laws and new sciences, including the science of genius – Geniusology, first mentioned in 2003, published in 2004, as described in (Aleinikov, 2013a).
Speaking Anxiety Among Postgraduate International Students in the Academic Context of a University in Malaysia
Authors: Taly Bikash Chandra , Paramasivam Shamala
Published: February 2020

Anxiety is common for international students when speaking in the academic context. The aim of this study is to explore the reasons that cause speaking anxiety in the academic context of a university. The study also aims to find out strategies used by students to cope with speaking anxiety. This research employs the qualitative method in the form of interview questions to investigate the issues. Fifteen international postgraduate students and two experienced university lecturers of a public university in Malaysia were interviewed through semi-structured interviews. The investigation revealed that speaking anxiety originates from students' self-related perceptions, learning challenges, differences between students' and target language cultures, poor language knowledge, and fear of being evaluated by peers and lecturers. The strategies used to cope with speaking anxiety included a variety of affective (relaxation), cognitive (positive thinking) and behavioral strategies (preparation/practice, avoidance of eye contact, providing immediate response to instructors’ questions, taking part in as many speaking activities as possible, peer seeking and physical masking behavior). From the investigation, it is found that anxiety has an influence on students’ communication when speaking in English. More emphasis should be given to anxiety reducing methods in the teaching and learning context of higher education.
Who's Depressed in Our Town? Simon Stimson's Silent Suffering
Authors: Balakian Jan
Published: February 2020

By presenting the problem of the denial and secrecy of struggles with mental health at the turn of the century, Thornton Wilder in Our Town looks forward to a community that treats psychological suffering like the kind of town found in David Rabe's play Good for Otto (2015), a community that pays attention to mental health. Like William Styron's Darkness Visible (1989), Our Town ends with a reference to Dante's stars—an evocation of hope and virtue after death. Simon Stimson's silent story cries out for a more compassionate town that makes “darkness visible” and creates an infrastructure for our towns—so that our Simon Stimsons can walk through their storms and emerge under Dante's and Wilder's starlit night.
Thornton Wilder as Thaumaturge
Authors: McIntyre John P.
Published: February 2020

Influenced by his religious upbringing and classical education, Thornton Wilder wrote about the universal and the particular simultaneously, which contrasts with most modernist writers admired by academia and resulted in the scholarly neglect of his works. But Wilder's program of secularizing the three cardinal virtues (hope, faith, and love/charity) in both his plays and his novels asks audiences and readers to consider the fundamental questions of what it means to be human and how we should live. An examination of Wilder's four full-length plays—Our Town, The Skin of Our Teeth, The Matchmaker, and The Alcestiad—along with his seven novels—The Cabala, The Bridge of San Luis Rey, The Woman of Andros, Heaven's My Destination, The Ides of March, The Eighth Day, and Theophilus North—demonstrates that Wilder was above all a humanist who had hope, faith, and love for his fellow human beings.
History of sacral neuromodulation in Canada
Authors: Gajewski Jerzy B. , Hassouna Magdy M. , Corcos Jacques , Gray Gary J. , Tu Le Mai , Dwyer Neil
Published: February 2020

Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) has been used for the past 30 years, with significant improvements in the implantation technique and technological advances over the last several years. Canadian centers were involved with this technique from the beginning by participating in several multicenter clinical trials and engaging in basic and clinical research. Presently, six Canadian centers continue to have SNM implantation programs.
Equity and Reward Crowdfunding: A Multiple Signal Analysis
Authors: Troise Ciro , Tani Mario , Papaluca Ornella
Published: February 2020

This paper aims to analyse the success signals of initiatives through equity and reward crowdfunding, the two typologies most used by start-ups and SMEs. This article discusses and compares these two models, highlighting the main differences and similarities, by analyzing the factors that influence the success of initiatives through crowdfunding, measured both in terms of amount of funding raised and number of investors that funded the initiatives. The focus is on three sets of signals, venture quality (human capital, information about the establishment and the status of the initiatives), the level of information the company provides to reduce the degree of uncertainty and campaign quality. Using two distinct datasets, one of 235 equity-model initiatives and one of 274 reward-model initiatives, in both cases analyzing projects that have reached (or exceeded) the funding goal, it turns out that venture quality affects in both types, though distinctly, in particular in the reward model play an important role the awards, in addition to the rounds and the tutors (the latter two also present in the equity model), which constitute the status information of the company, while the information about the establishment and the human capital affects only the equity model. Equally for the equity model affects the level of information to reduce uncertainty, while campaign quality in both types seems to have a very slight impact.
ATUAÇÃO DAS EQUIPES DE ATENÇÃO DOMICILIAR NOS CUIDADOS PALIATIVOS
Authors: Oliveira Aislaine Junia , Ribeiro Andrea lemos , Lima Jose Sergio Domingos de , Horta Natalia Cassia
Published: February 2020

RESUMO: No âmbito da atenção domiciliar os cuidados paliativos são uma abordagem terapêutica que tem como objetivo promover a melhoria da qualidade de vida a pacientes e familiares diante de uma doença que ameace à vida, proporcionando alívio da dor e de outros sintomas. Objetivo: Descrever a atuação das equipes de atenção domiciliar em cuidados paliativos, bem como conhecer os desafios e limites dos profissionais nessa modalidade de cuidado Metodologia: Trata de pesquisa descritiva, de cunho qualitativo, desenvolvida em um município de grande porte da Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, por meio de questionário. Participaram 12 profissionais do programa, sendo feita análise de conteúdo. Resultados: A análise permitiu a construção das seguintes categorias: “Cuidados paliativos: a concepção e a pratica; “Construção do plano de cuidado e a relação com a família e cuidador” trazendo a realidade da assistência prestada e “Rede de saúde e cuidados: desafios e recomendações” mostrando os pontos fragilizados Considerações finais: Os profissionais reconhecem a importância dos cuidados paliativos na atenção domiciliar. Entretanto atuam de forma limitada devido à necessidade de capacitação em cuidados paliativos, de carência de recursos profissionais e insumos, corroborado pela e a precariedade socioeconômica da população.
Antonio Candido, no tempo da delicadeza
Authors: Morais Márcia Marques de
Published: February 2020

Este texto, à guisa de Editorial, tem três objetivos. No primeiro momento, pretende historiar, com brevidade, o surgimento do projeto de organizar esta edição 49 da Revista SCRIPTA, em homenagem a Antonio Candido, com textos que privilegiassem três eixos do trabalho do intelectual: o Professor, o Crítico, o Político, e constata o imbricamento dessas três vertentes na vida e produção intelectual do homenageado. Para além dessa constatação, registra enfaticamente o afeto que permeia suas experiências, seus testemunhos, sua convivência e sua escrita. Em um segundo momento, apresenta, muito sucintamente, os artigos selecionados para a publicação, bem como as entrevistas e textos a que se chamou “Do afeto”. Em seguida, vale-se da oportunidade de relatar duas experiências pessoais com Antonio Candido que evidenciam a “reversibilidade” entre literatura e vida. Para tanto, vale-se de ensaio do autor sobre jagunços mineiros (“Jagunços mineiros: de Cláudio a Guimarães Rosa”), cuja exposição – escrita a partir de aulas e palestras em curso ministrado na USP –, enlaça, afetuosamente, vida e literatura.
Duas lembranças bem guardadas
Authors: Gambini Roberto
Published: February 2020

Resumo
Socio-cultural Constraints of Girls’ Access to Education in Mtwara District, Tanzania
Authors: Silas Mollel Neema , Chong Ren
Published: February 2020

Girls are in a detrimental situation concerning accessing and succeeding in their formal
education. Repetition and dropout proportion are significantly higher to girls while
completion rate is very low. Also, there is a substantial gender inequality in providing
education and performance in education between girls and boys. This research aimed to examine the socio-cultural factors that hinder girls' education in Mtwara District in
Tanzania. The design that adopted in this research is survey research design. The questionnaire used as a tool to gather the infor¬mation, also documentary review and data from Mtwara District Education Office about girls' enrolment and completion used as secondary data. The data organized and then analyzed with the use of the computer. IBM SPSS software used. Descrip-tive statistics used to analyze the data. The findings of this study discovered that socio-cultural factors mostly affecting girls' access to education. Early marriage, traditional ceremonies (unyago), social perception and social roles are among the key socio-cultural factors hinder girls education in Mtwara District. The study concluded that socio-cultural factors are mostly affecting girls' access to education in Mtwara District in Tanzania. The study suggested that the government and other education stakeholders should sensitize the community on the need and significance of girls' education for girls themselves and to the entire community. Education stakeholders also should launch mass media programs like television and radio programs to educate and discourage the bad sociocultural practices within the community that deteriorate girls' education. The government should take the serious action for those who participate in one way or another in declining girls’ education.
Reshaping the National Image of Azerbaijan through Nation Branding Endeavours
Authors: Imran Sana
Published: February 2020

Every nation possesses a nation brand image, either with or without nation branding. A well thought out nation branding campaign can however, project a nation’s image and solicit global recognition. Such an endeavor concurrently instills a greater sense of belonging, self-determination and ideals of public communication in the domestic audience. The value of nation branding for tapping the economic potential of a nation remains arguable. In this paper, an effort is being made to understand how a developing country like Azerbaijan is accruing international recognition through apt utilization of nation branding tools. Strategic, conceptual and practically relevant aspects will be analyzed to ascertain efficacy of nation branding techniques and their impact on national image building. With occasional reference to the international brands of developed countries, focus will remain on endeavors of Azerbaijan to market its name and build own national brands.
The Relationship between Intrinsic/Extrinsic Motivation and Medical Students’ L2 Writing
Authors: Nourinezhad Sepideh , Shokrpour Nasrin , Shahsavar Zahra
Published: February 2020

Despite the increasing interest in the need to increase the students’ learning motivation, there have been few attempts to determine the relationship between the students’ motivation and their L2 writing skill.The present study aimed at investigating the effect of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation on Iranian medical students’ L2 writing. 100 EFL medical students (both males and females) who had enrolled in an English academic writing course held in English Language Department of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences participated in this study.We used a questionnaire to classify the students’ extrinsic/intrinsic motivation. The results showed that the students’ motivation has a positive effect on their writing. Moreover, students with intrinsic motivation were more successful than those with extrinsic motivation in L2 writing. This study can provide the instructors with an in-depth understanding of motivation as a key factor which can improve the students’ writing. Understanding different types of students’ motivation and what promotes their learning skill can assist the teachers in fostering positive and realistic beliefs to maximize their teaching in an educational setting.
When you think you know: The effectiveness of restrictive mediation on parental awareness of cyberbullying experiences among children and adolescents
Authors: Caivano Oksana , Leduc Karissa , Talwar Victoria
Published: February 2020

The current study examined parental awareness of their child’s cyberbullying experiences in relation to the implementation of restrictive mediation strategies (e.g., interaction and technical restrictions) among children in elementary school and adolescents in high school. Canadian parent-child dyads (N = 102) completed a survey where parents reported their perceptions of their child or adolescent’s involvement in cyber aggression, cyber victimization, and witnessing cyber aggression, while children and adolescents (ages 8–16) reported their own experiences. Mean difference scores were calculated to examine parental awareness. The results showed that parents of children in elementary school underestimated their participation in cyber aggression, whereas parents of adolescents in high school overestimated their participation in cyber aggression. In addition, parents of adolescents who did not use restrictive mediation underestimated the extent to which their adolescent witnessed cyber aggression. Overall, this study highlights the importance of parenting practices and parental knowledge of negative online behaviour across childhood and adolescence.
Personnel
Authors: Library Association American
Published: February 2020

Personnel
Impact of needs of space economy development on the legal regulation (a case study of the Luxembourg initiative SpaceResources.lu)
Authors: Popova Svetlana Mikhailovna
Published: February 2020

This article presents the results obtained within the framework of the research program for novelties of modern space law that arise in connection with the needs of the space economy development. Based on the analysis of the effects of the Luxembourg initiative SpaceResources.lu (February 2016 to December 2019), the author investigates possible consequences for the system of international space law. There is a growing global interest in replicating the experience of Luxembourg for creating "legal offshore" to stimulate new types of space activities. The facts demonstrate that implementation of the initiative SpaceResources.lu, supported by the tools of "soft power," "soft law", investments, and other technologies, helps expand the "window of discourse" in matters of space resources private use. This process can cause a sudden change in the rules of the competitive game in the global space market. It is necessary to monitor this kind of "disruptive" political and legal innovations, since rapid changes in the global space economy and international law directly affect the interests of the Russian Federation.
The new European Union space policy in order to maintain Europe’s position among space leaders
Authors: Kolczynski Piotr
Published: February 2020

This paper analyzes the current EU space strategy and confronts it with existing global challenges in the space sector. The ultimate aim of this research is to recommend a well-adjusted space policy for the European Commission to ensure effective and sustainable exploration and use of outer space for the benefit of all EU member-states. In order to draft the most efficient space policy, the uniqueness of Europe’s space sector is studied. This paper argues that the EU space policy has to focus on guaranteeing European autonomy in access and use of outer space. The author extensively analyzes the challenges and opportunities related to dynamic development of private space sector’s activities. Emphasis is made on the significance of symbiotic cooperation between the public institutions and private companies regarding mutual benefits. The paper concludes that it is the right time for the European Union to build a bold and prospective space policy.
Synaptic mechanisms underlying modulation of locomotor-related motoneuron output by premotor cholinergic interneurons
Authors: Nascimento Filipe , Broadhead Matthew James , Tetringa Efstathia , Tsape Eirini , Zagoraiou Laskaro , Miles Gareth Brian
Published: February 2020

Spinal motor networks are formed by diverse populations of interneurons that set the strength and rhythmicity of behaviors such as locomotion. A small cluster of cholinergic interneurons, expressing the transcription factor Pitx2, modulates the intensity of muscle activation via ‘C-bouton’ inputs to motoneurons. However, the synaptic mechanisms underlying this neuromodulation remain unclear. Here, we confirm in mice that Pitx2+ interneurons are active during fictive locomotion and that their chemogenetic inhibition reduces the amplitude of motor output. Furthermore, after genetic ablation of cholinergic Pitx2+ interneurons, M2 receptor-dependent regulation of the intensity of locomotor output is lost. Conversely, chemogenetic stimulation of Pitx2+ interneurons leads to activation of M2 receptors on motoneurons, regulation of Kv2.1 channels and greater motoneuron output due to an increase in the inter-spike afterhyperpolarization and a reduction in spike half-width. Our findings elucidate synaptic mechanisms by which cholinergic spinal interneurons modulate the final common pathway for motor output.
Words without meaning
Authors: Marder Eve
Published: February 2020

Many of the words used by scientists when reviewing manuscripts, job candidates and grant applications – words such as incremental, novelty, mechanism, descriptive and impact – have lost their meaning.
Molecular characterization of two recombinant isolates of telosma mosaic virus infecting Passiflora edulis from Fujian Province in China
Authors: Xie Lixue , Gao Fangluan , Shen Jianguo , Zhang Xiaoyan , Zheng Shan , Zhang Lijie , Li Tao
Published: February 2020

Telosma mosaic virus (TeMV) is an important plant virus causing considerable economic losses to passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) production worldwide, including China. In this study, the complete genome sequence (excluding the poly (A) tail) of two TeMV isolates, Fuzhou and Wuyishan, were determined to be 10,050 and 10,057 nucleotides, respectively. Sequence analysis indicated that Fuzhou and Wuyishan isolates share 78–98% nucleotide and 83–99% amino acid sequence identities with two TeMV isolates of Hanoi and GX, and a proposed new potyvirus, tentatively named PasFru. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these TeMV isolates and PasFru were clustered into a monophyletic clade with high confidences. This indicated that PasFru and the four TeMV isolates should be considered as one potyvirus species. Two recombination breakpoints were identified within the CI and NIb genes of the Fuzhou isolate, and also within the P1 gene of the Wuyishan isolate. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of TeMV recombinants worldwide.
Transcriptome analysis of flavonoid biosynthesis in safflower flowers grown under different light intensities
Authors: Ren Chaoxiang , Wang Jie , Xian Bin , Tang Xiaohui , Liu Xuyun , Hu Xueli , Hu Zunhong , Wu Yiyun , Chen Cuiping , Wu Qinghua , Chen Jiang , Pei Jin
Published: February 2020

Background

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is a domesticated species with a long history of cultivation and widespread distribution across the globe, and light plays an important role in controlling its distribution boundary. Flowers from safflower have been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine because of their ability to improve cerebral blood flow. Flavonoids are the main active compounds in safflower and have many pharmacological effects. In this study, we aimed to explore the relationship between different light intensities and flavonoid biosynthesis in safflower flowers cultivated in greenhouse.

Methods

The transcriptome of safflower flowers grown under different light intensities were sequenced through BGISEQ-500 platform. After assembled and filtered, Unigenes were annotated by aligning with seven functional databases. Differential expression analysis of two samples was performed with the DEseq2 package. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related with flavonoids biosynthesis were analyzed by Real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Flavonoids accumulation in flowers were determined by high performance liquid chromatography and spectrophotometer.

Results

Transcriptome analysis of safflower flowers cultivated under different light intensities was performed. A total of 99.16 Gb data were obtained, and 78,179 Unigenes were annotated. Among the DEGs, 13 genes were related to flavonoid biosynthesis. The differential expressions of seven key genes were confirmed by RT-PCR. In addition, the levels of some flavonoids were measured in safflower flowers grown under different light intensities. CtHCT3 gene expression showed a significantly negative correlation with kaempferol content in safflower grown under different light intensities.

Conclusion

Our results strongly suggested that the reduction in light intensity in a suitable range promoted flavonoid biosynthesis in safflower flowers. We suggest that the expressions of HCT genes played an important role in flavonoid accumulation in safflower flowers. Our study lays a foundation for further research on the effects of light on flavonoid biosynthesis in safflower.
Consequences of a changing environment on the breeding phenology and reproductive success components in a long‐distance migratory bird
Authors: Reséndiz‐Infante Cynthia , Gauthier Gilles , Souchay Guillaume
Published: February 2020

Migratory birds have a narrow time window to breed, especially in the Arctic, where early nesting typically yields the highest reproductive success. We assessed temporal changes (1991–2015) in reproductive success components in relation to timing of breeding in greater snow geese (Chen caerulescens atlantica). This species breeds in the Canadian Arctic, a region that has experienced a strong warming trend. We tested the effect of laying or hatching date, year and their interaction on six reproductive components: Total clutch laid, nesting success, egg survival, hatching success, prefledging, and postfledging survival. Over 25 years, mean laying date changed little, even though it advanced 1.8 days in early breeders and was delayed 3 days in late breeders. Likewise, the number of eggs in nests initiated early in the season decreased by 0.6 egg, whereas in late nests it increased by 0.3 egg. Success of nests initiated early and late in the season was lower than nests initiated near the population mean, and consistently increased over time. The proportion of eggs surviving to partial predation and postfledging survival decreased with laying date but the pattern did not change over time. In contrast, prefledging survival was not affected by laying date initially but declined in nests initiated late in the season toward the end of the study. Overall, nests initiated close to the population mean showed little temporal change for most components of reproductive success and seem to be less affected by environmental change than nests initiated early and late in the season.
Element F: Special Construction
Authors: Rush Richard D. , Sarama William ,   NIDC Architects, Inc.,   Cini‐Little International, Inc., Food Service Consultants,   St. Onge, Ruff and Associates, Inc.,   Cerami + Associates, Vitullo Richard J. , Kruse Kelsey A. , Pulaski Jay , Campbell David ,   Industrial Fabrics Association, O'Meara Kathleen , Burns Robert P. , Shook Ken , Lee Peter , Powell Jessica , Soltis John , Ruotolo Charles , Buckley Robert D. , Hunsaker D. J. ,   National Swimming Pool Foundation, Oak Jesse ,   American Boarding Kennels Association, Czenszak Chris
Published: February 2020

This chapter discusses special construction in the following areas: building modules, manufactured—fabricated rooms, special structures, manufactured engineered structures, special function construction, special facilities components and athletic and recreation special construction. Steel mobile buildings are much stronger than fiberglass units because of the construction—most frequently they are continuously welded 6 by 6 in., 4 by 4 in., or 2 by 4 in. Speed of construction and low initial cost are the main advantages of mobile modules; moreover, on‐site labor requirements are minimal. Isolated rooms incorporate special construction to reduce intrusive noise and vibration from outside a room or to contain the sound and impact energy generated within a room. The most effective floor construction is a floating concrete slab, which is separated from the building structure by steel springs, neoprene, or glass‐fiber isolation mounts. Designating responsibility for engineering, fabrication, and construction may allow better cost control.
Element G: Sitework
Authors: Sekela James E. , Fischer Carrie , Neubauer Donald ,   Mueser Rutledge Consulting Engineers, Niehoff James W. , Bedenis Timothy H. , Smith Mary S. , Mahan William T. , Lorenz Robert H ,   The Operations Council, American Trucking Association, Childs Mark , Carmichael Dennis , Pearson Jon , Rowe John , Okuma Faith , Vitullo Ricard J. , Cox Dean , O'Meara Kathleen , McGee Cline , Ananich Sheryl , Raeder Paul ,   Lawrence Cook Associates, Barnicle Michael , Wilkinson Dennis , Ferguson Bruce K. , Urban James ,   American Nursery and Landscape Association (formerly AAN), Mensch Joseph P. , Pronske Kurt N. , Munger Harold C. , O'Doherty Pearse , Green Lisa Passamonte , Lighting Kim ,   Resource Lighting Inc.
Published: February 2020

Erosion can damage the site and pollute waterways with sediment. The need for mechanical stabilization can be reduced through careful site gradings that divert or slow the velocity of runoff and by avoiding disturbances to stable, natural streambanks. This chapter addresses site lighting as a component of site electrical utilities. Architects can use several on‐site measures to control runoff in development projects. Ditches are typically excavated along the upslope portion of the site or around the perimeter, to intercept water before it reaches the site. Through the process of grading and earthwork, the designer adapts a building program from a two‐dimensional drawing board to the dynamics of an actual site. The chapter concentrates on access and safety design issues. There are differences in the design requirements between local, state, and federal accessibility and safety regulations. Identifying and determining the relevant regulations for a project requires research and discussion with the project client.
Positive Effect of Ge Vacancies on Facilitating Band Convergence and Suppressing Bipolar Transport in GeTe‐Based Alloys for High Thermoelectric Performance
Authors: Li Peigen , Ding Teng , Li Junqin , Zhang Chunxiao , Dou Yubo , Li Yu , Hu Lipeng , Liu Fusheng , Zhang Chaohua
Published: February 2020

Because the intrinsic Ge vacancies in GeTe usually lead to high hole concentration beyond the optimal range, many previous studies tend to consider Ge vacancies as negative effects on increasing the figure of merit ZT of GeTe‐based alloys, and consequently have proposed various approaches to suppress Ge vacancies. However, in this work, it is demonstrated that the Ge vacancies can have great positive effects on enhancing the ZT of GeTe‐based alloys when the hole concentration falls into the optimal range. First, hole concentration of GeTe is reduced close to the optimal range by co‐alloying of Pb and Bi, and then the Ge vacancies are increased by adding excess Te into the Ge0.8Pb0.1Bi0.1Te1+x. The Ge vacancies can cause lattice shrinkage and promote rhombohedral‐to‐cubic phase transition. As revealed by first‐principle calculations, theoretical simulations, and experimental tests, Ge vacancies can facilitate the band convergence, suppress the bipolar transport at higher temperature range, and reduce the lattice thermal conductivity. Combining these effects, a peak ZT of 1.92 at 637 K and an average ZT of 1.34 within 300–773 K in Ge0.8Pb0.1Bi0.1Te1.06 can be obtained, demonstrating the great significance of utilizing vacancy‐type defects for enhancing ZT.
The Effects of Constriction Factor and Geometric Tortuosity on Li‐Ion Transport in Porous Solid‐State Li‐Ion Electrolytes
Authors: Hamann Tanner , Zhang Lei , Gong Yunhui , Godbey Griffin , Gritton Jack , McOwen Dennis , Hitz Gregory , Wachsman Eric
Published: February 2020

3D focused ion beam tomography is used to analyze the microstructures of Li‐ion conducting Li6.75La2.75Ca0.25Zr1.5Nb0.5O12 (LLCZN) garnet porous electrolytes with different levels of porosity and the theoretical effective bulk conductivities of the electrolyte are calculated based on LLCZN volume fraction, constriction factor, geometric tortuosity, and percolation factor. The experimentally measured effective bulk conductivities are consistently lower than the theoretical values when assuming constant bulk conductivity, suggesting the bulk conductivity of the LLCZN decreased with increasing porosity. This work highlights the importance of understanding the full effects of altering the microstructure of solid‐state electrolytes, as this will play a key role in advancing Li‐ion battery technology to higher energy and power densities.
Biological Behavior Regulation of Gold Nanoparticles via the Protein Corona
Authors: Ma Yu , Hong Jin , Ding Ya
Published: February 2020

One of the difficulties in the translation of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) into clinical practice is the formation of the protein corona (PC) that causes the discrepancy between the in vitro and in vivo performance of GNPs. The PC formed on the surface of GNPs gives them a biological identity instead of an initial synthetic one. In most instances, this biological identity increases the particle size, leads to more clearance by the reticuloendothelial system, and causes less uptake by target cells. However, the performance of GNPs can still be improved by rewriting their original surface chemistry via the PC. This review specifically focuses on discussing the main influence factors, including the biological environment and physicochemical properties of GNPs, which affect the production and status of the PC. The status of the PC such as the amount, thickness, and composition subsequently influence the biological behavior of GNPs, especially their cellular uptake, cytotoxicity, biodistribution, and tumor targeting. Further understanding and revealing the impacts of the PC on the biological behavior of GNPs can be a promising and important strategy to regulate and improve the performance of GNP‐based biosystems in the future.
Photolithographic Patterning of Organic Color‐Centers
Authors: Huang Zhongjie , Powell Lyndsey R. , Wu Xiaojian , Kim Mijin , Qu Haoran , Wang Peng , Fortner Jacob L. , Xu Beibei , Ng Allen L. , Wang YuHuang
Published: February 2020

Organic color‐centers (OCCs) have emerged as promising single‐photon emitters for solid‐state quantum technologies, chemically specific sensing, and near‐infrared bioimaging. However, these quantum light sources are currently synthesized in bulk solution, lacking the spatial control required for on‐chip integration. The ability to pattern OCCs on solid substrates with high spatial precision and molecularly defined structure is essential to interface electronics and advance their quantum applications. Herein, a lithographic generation of OCCs on solid‐state semiconducting single‐walled carbon nanotube films at spatially defined locations is presented. By using light‐driven diazoether chemistry, it is possible to directly pattern p‐nitroaryl OCCs, which demonstrate chemically specific spectral signatures at programmed positions as confirmed by Raman mapping and hyperspectral photoluminescence imaging. This light‐driven technique enables the fabrication of OCC arrays on solid films that fluoresce in the shortwave infrared and presents an important step toward the direct writing of quantum emitters and other functionalities at the molecular level.
Uncovering the Potential of M1‐Site‐Activated NASICON Cathodes for Zn‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Hu Pu , Zou Zheyi , Sun Xingwei , Wang Da , Ma Jun , Kong Qingyu , Xiao Dongdong , Gu Lin , Zhou Xinhong , Zhao Jingwen , Dong Shanmu , He Bing , Avdeev Maxim , Shi Siqi , Cui Guanglei , Chen Liquan
Published: February 2020

There is a long‐standing consciousness that the rhombohedral NASICON‐type compounds as promising cathodes for Li+/Na+ batteries should have inactive M1(6b) sites with ion (de)intercalation occurring only in the M2 (18e) sites. Of particular significance is that M1 sites active for charge/discharge are commonly considered undesirable because the ion diffusion tends to be disrupted by the irregular occupation of channels, which accelerates the deterioration of battery. However, it is found that the structural stability can be substantially improved by the mixed occupation of Na+/Zn2+ at both M1 and M2 when using NaV2(PO4)3 (NVP) as a cathode for Zn‐ion batteries. The results of atomic‐scale scanning transmission electron microscopy, analysis of ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, and an accurate bond‐valence‐based structural model reveal that the improvement is due to the facile migration of Zn2+ in NVP, which is enabled by a concerted Na+/Zn2+ transfer mechanism. In addition, significant improvement of the electronic conductivity and mechanical properties is achieved in Zn2+‐intercalated ZnNaV2(PO4)3 in comparison with those of Na3V2(PO4)3. This work not only provides in‐depth insight into Zn2+ intercalation and dynamics in NVP unlocked by activating the M1 sites, but also opens a new route toward design of improved NASICON cathodes.
Topological Engineering of Pt‐Group‐Metal‐Based Chiral Crystals toward High‐Efficiency Hydrogen Evolution Catalysts
Authors: Yang Qun , Li Guowei , Manna Kaustuv , Fan Fengren , Felser Claudia , Sun Yan
Published: February 2020

It has been demonstrated that topological nontrivial surface states can favor heterogeneous catalysis processes such as the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), but a further decrease in mass loading and an increase in activity are still highly challenging. The observation of massless chiral fermions associated with large topological charge and long Fermi arc (FA) surface states inspires the investigation of their relationship with the charge transfer and adsorption process in the HER. In this study, it is found that the HER efficiency of Pt‐group metals can be boosted significantly by introducing topological order. A giant nontrivial topological energy window and a long topological surface FA are expected at the surface when forming chiral crystals in the space group of P213 (#198). This makes the nontrivial topological features resistant to a large change in the applied overpotential. As HER catalysts, PtAl and PtGa chiral crystals show turnover frequencies as high as 5.6 and 17.1 s−1 and an overpotential as low as 14 and 13.3 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2. These crystals outperform those of commercial Pt and nanostructured catalysts. This work opens a new avenue for the development of high‐efficiency catalysts with the strategy of topological engineering of excellent transitional catalytic materials.
Giant Nonlinear Optical Response in Triple Cation Halide Mixed Perovskite Films
Authors: Syed Hamad , Kong Wenchi , Mottamchetty Venkatesh , Lee Kwang   Jin , Yu Weili , Soma Venugopal Rao , Yang Jianjun , Guo Chunlei
Published: February 2020

The versatility of perovskites through chemical composition modification is critical for enhancing performance of a range of potential applications such as light emitters and integrated photovoltaics. However, a systematic study on the nonlinear optical (NLO) responses of these perovskites is still lacking. Here, for the first time, the NLO properties of triple cation mixed halide perovskite (TCMHP) films, (Cs0.06FA0.79MA0.15)Pb (I0.85Br0.15)3, using Z‐scan and time‐resolved spectroscopy, are investigated. It is found that TCMHP film shows strong saturable absorption at 395 nm, reverse saturable absorption such as two‐ and three‐photon absorption (2PA, 3PA) at 790 nm (near the bandgap), and 3PA at 1200 nm. The 3PA phenomena at 790 nm are attributed to the phonon‐assisted anti‐Stokes process. The 2PA and 3PA coefficients are estimated to be ≈2.1 cm MW−1 and ≈900 cm3 GW−2, respectively, which are an order of magnitude larger than those of MAPbI3 and other perovskites. Moreover, it is demonstrated that these giant 2PA and 3PA coefficients of TCMHP can be used to realize optical stabilization. The observed strong multiphoton absorption response will enable TCMHP materials to be suitable for various nonlinear optical applications such as multiphoton‐based imaging, optical modulator, and all‐optical switching devices.
Nonlinear Spectral‐Imaging Study of Second‐ and Third‐Harmonic Enhancements by Surface‐Lattice Resonances
Authors: Shen Binglin , Liu Liwei , Li Yanping , Ren Sheng , Yan Junshuai , Hu Rui , Qu Junle
Published: February 2020

An ultrafast spectral imaging optical system featuring adaptive precompensation for group delay dispersion, automated tuning and collimation, rapid power stabilization, and rapid spectral imaging switching is developed. In this system, real‐time visualization ensures that the excited Gaussian beam remains focused on the nanoarray of the electron‐beam lithographed metasurface, as well as maximum gain of the nonlinear effect information. Based on the system, two surface‐lattice resonance metasurfaces under broadly tunable excitation (800–1300 nm) are investigated. The results demonstrated a 16‐fold enhancement in the third harmonic generation intensity and a 168‐fold enhancement in the second harmonic generation intensity at a 1200 nm excitation compared to the unpatterned films, with a narrow resonant bandwidth of 8 nm. This can be attributed to the frequency‐matching lattice‐enhanced localized surface plasmon resonance, which results in effective and vast excitation of plasmons that produce numerous energetic carriers. The method offers the possibility to reveal various ultrafast dynamics in nonlinear plasmonic metasurfaces.