bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reliability of the Italian Version of the Fugl-Meyer Upper Extremity Scale Administered Remotely
Authors: Falchini Francesca , Germanotta Marco , Fasano Alessio , Cortellini Laura , Insalaco Sabina , Cipollini Valeria , Papadopoulou Dionysia , Aprile Irene Giovanna
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Despite the increase in home-based rehabilitation, outcome measures for telerehabilitation are still underdeveloped. The Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) is one of the most widely used tools for evaluating post-stroke motor deficits, with the upper extremity component (FMA-UE) recommended for assessing motor deficits of the arm. This study aims to examine the intrarater and interrater reliability of the Italian version of the FMA-UE, administered remotely via video conferencing during a robotic telerehabilitation program. Methods: Twenty stroke patients participated and underwent 20 sessions of remote upper limb rehabilitation with a robotic device. In-person evaluations were conducted before (T0) and after (T1) treatment, with additional remote assessments throughout. The study evaluated both intrarater and interrater reliability using Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC) and Bland–Altman plots, classifying reliability as excellent for scores above 0.90. Results: Bland–Altman analysis showed no systematic variance for both intrarater and interrater reliability of the FMA-UE scale. Excellent reliability was found with intrarater ICC = 0.972 and interrater ICC = 0.981. Sections A and C of the FMA-UE showed excellent intrarater reliability, while sections B and D had satisfactory results. Both intrarater and interrater reliability analysis of the total score of the FMA-UE scale also showed strong agreement with Cohen’s Kappa values above 0.70. Conclusions: The findings suggest that the remote administration of the FMA-UE scale is a reliable tool for assessing upper limb motor function in stroke patients, supporting its use in telerehabilitation settings.
Atrial Fibrillation and Cancer—Epidemiology, Mechanisms, and Management
Authors: Davis Nathaniel E. , Prasitlumkum Narut , Tan Nicholas Y.
Published: December 2024

Atrial fibrillation (AF) and cancer are increasingly recognized as interrelated conditions, with cancer patients showing elevated incidences of AF, and there is evidence that AF may sometimes precede cancer diagnoses. This comprehensive review investigates the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management challenges associated with AF in cancer patients. Epidemiologically, several cancers are more closely related to increased rates of AF, including lung, colorectal, gastrointestinal, and hematologic malignancies. Mechanistically, both AF and cancer share pathophysiological pathways centered on inflammation, oxidative stress, and common cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, obesity, and diabetes. The inflammatory microenvironment in tumors, marked by increased cytokines and growth factors, promotes atrial remodeling and AF susceptibility. Elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, driven by the metabolic demands of cancer, further contribute to atrial fibrosis and structural changes. Moreover, many anticancer treatments exacerbate AF risk. Management of AF in cancer patients presents many unique challenges and requires a multidisciplinary approach. Rate and rhythm control strategies are complicated by potential drug–drug interactions and limited data surrounding early implementation of rhythm control strategies in cancer patients. Interventional approaches such as catheter ablation, though effective in maintaining sinus rhythm, carry significant perioperative risk in patients with malignancy. Stroke prevention with anticoagulants is essential but requires cautious administration to avoid heightened bleeding risks, particularly in patients undergoing chemotherapy. Further, the limited applicability of standard risk stratification tools like CHA2DS2-VASc in this population complicate decisions regarding anticoagulation. This review highlights the bidirectional relationship between AF and cancer, the difficulties in management, and the critical need for further research in this field.
Risk Factors for Surgical Site Infection After Cardiac Surgery in Neonates: A Case–Control Study
Authors: Suvorov Vitaliy V. , Ivanov Dmitri O.
Published: December 2024

Objectives: This study was undertaken to determine the incidence and risk factors associated with the development of sternal wound infection in neonates after surgery for congenital heart disease. Methods: A case–control study was conducted to examine the influence of perioperative risk factors on the development of sternal infection. In total, 253 neonates with CHD underwent a complete median sternotomy. To identify the risk factors influencing the development of sternal infection, multivariable logistic regression analysis was used. Results: Overall, 15 (5.9%) patients developed sternal wound infection after surgery. Deep wound infection occurred in six (2.4%) cases. As a result, the perioperative risk factors were the level of oxygen delivery in the postoperative period (OR: 0.956; CI: 0.933–0.98; p < 0.001), duration of intubation after surgery (OR: 1.04; CI: 1.003–1.079; p = 0.034) and application of surgical manipulation features (OR: 0.0004; CI: 0.000007–0.027; p < 0.001). Conclusions: The incidence of sternal infection in newborns can be reduced by simple and affordable methods. This will decrease the cost of patient care, length of hospitalization and the risk of secondary complications.
Articulating Video Stylets in the Setting of Simulated Traumatic Cervical Spine Injury: A Comparison with Four Other Devices and Approaches to Endotracheal Intubation
Authors: Merola Federica , Messina Simone , Santonocito Cristina , Sanfilippo Marco , Sanfilippo Giulia , Lombardo Federica , Schembari Giovanni , Murabito Paolo , Rubulotta Francesca , Sanfilippo Filippo
Published: December 2024

Background: Simulation offers the opportunity to train healthcare professionals in complex scenarios, such as those with as traumatized patients. Methods: We conducted an observational cross-sectional research simulating trauma with cervical immobilization. We compared five techniques/devices: direct laryngoscopy (DL), videolaryngoscopy (VLS, Glidescope or McGrath), combined laryngo-bronchoscopy intubation (CLBI) and articulating video stylet (ProVu). The primary outcomes were as follows: (1) success rate (SR) by third attempt (each lasting up to 60 s), and (2) corrected time-to-intubation (cTTI, accounting for failed attempts). Results: In a single center, we enrolled 42 consultants experienced in DL/VLS, but reporting no experience with ProVu, and hypothesized that ProVu would have offered encouraging performances. By the third attempt, ProVu had a SR of 73.8%, identical to Glidescope (p = 1.00) and inferior only to McGrath (97.6%; p = 0.003). The cTTI (seconds) of ProVu (57.5 [45–174]) was similar to Glidescope (51.2 [29–159]; p = 0.391), inferior to DL and McGrath (31.0 [22–46]; p = 0.001; and 49.6 [27–88]; p = 0.014, respectively), and superior to CLBI (157.5 [41–180]; p = 0.023). Conclusions: In consultants with no experience, as compared to DL and VLS, the video stylet ProVu showed encouraging results under simulated circumstances of cervical immobilization. The results should be interpreted in light of the participants being novices to ProVu and skilled in DL/VLS. Adequate training is required before the clinical introduction of any airway device.
Treatment of High-Grade Chronic Osteomyelitis and Nonunions with PerOssal®: A Retrospective Analysis of Clinical Efficacy and Patient Perspectives
Authors: Armbruster Jonas , Bussmann Florian , Freischmidt Holger , Reiter Gregor , Gruetzner Paul Alfred , El Barbari Jan Siad
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Traditional autologous bone grafts as a treatment for bone defects have drawbacks like donor-site morbidity and limited supply. PerOssal®, a ceramic bone substitute, may overcome those drawbacks and could offer additional benefits like prolonged, local antibiotic release. This study investigates the clinical and radiological outcomes, including patient-reported outcomes, of using PerOssal® in nonunions (NU) and high-grade chronic osteomyelitis (COM). Methods: A single-center, retrospective study, investigating patients treated with PerOssal® between January 2020 and December 2023. Collected data include patient characteristics as well as various surgical and outcome parameters including the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS). Results: A total of 82 patients were analyzed. Reinfection occurred in 19.5% of cases. Osseous integration of PerOssal® was achieved in 89% of cases, higher in cavitary defects (91.5%) than segmental defects (72.7%). The revision rate was 32.9%, mainly due to wound healing disorders and reinfections. Mean LEFS score was 53.4 which was heavily influenced by sex (male: 50.7 vs. female: 63.4), revision surgery (no: 55.7 vs. yes: 49.1), reinfection (no: 56.6 vs. yes: 39.4), and osseous integration of PerOssal® (yes: 55.8 vs. no: 38.4). Conclusions: PerOssal® demonstrates promising outcomes in treating NUs and high-grade COM, especially in cavitary defects, with high osseous integration rates and acceptable functional results. However, reinfection remains a concern, particularly with difficult-to-treat pathogens and extensive surgical histories. Early, comprehensive surgical intervention and tailored antibiotic strategies are essential. Patient selection, defect characteristics, and comorbidities significantly influence success. Further research is needed to optimize treatment protocols.
A Machine Learning-Based Model for Preoperative Assessment and Malignancy Prediction in Patients with Atypia of Undetermined Significance Thyroid Nodules
Authors: Moon Gilseong , Park Jae Hyun , Lee Taesic , Yoon Jong Ho
Published: December 2024

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the preoperative clinical and hematologic variables, including the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), that can be used to predict malignancy in patients with atypia of undetermined significance (AUS) thyroid nodules; we further aimed to develop a machine learning-based prediction model. Methods: We enrolled 280 patients who underwent surgery for AUS nodules at the Wonju Severance Christian Hospital between 2018 and 2022. A logistic regression-based model was trained and tested using cross-validation, with the performance evaluated using metrics such as the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). Results: Among the 280 patients, 116 (41.4%) were confirmed to have thyroid malignancies. Independent predictors of malignancy included age, tumor size, and the Korean Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (K-TIRADS) classification, particularly in patients under 55 years of age. The addition of NLR to these predictors significantly improved the malignancy prediction accuracy in this subgroup. Conclusions: Incorporating NLR into preoperative assessments provides a cost-effective, accessible tool for refining surgical decision making in younger patients with AUS nodules.
The Prevalence and Diagnostic Patterns of Oral and Maxillofacial Lesions: A Seven-Year, Retrospective, Single-Center Cone Beam Computed Tomography and Histopathology Study in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alzahrani Shadi , Wazzan Tagreed , Almaghrabi Abdulaziz , Alkhudran Abdulaziz , Aljereb Hamzah , Elsayed Shadia , Alolayan Albraa B.
Published: December 2024

Objective: To determine the prevalence of oral and maxillofacial lesions among patients at King Abdulaziz University from January 2016 to December 2022. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study included patients diagnosed with oral and maxillofacial intra-bony lesions based on radiological findings and confirmed by histopathological examination. The lesions were classified according to the fourth edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Head and Neck Tumors. Results: This study included 237 patients with a mean age of 31.53 ± 14.97 years, of which 45.1% were female. Most patients (46.7%) had mandibular lesions, followed by maxillary lesions (35.9%). Only 2.95% of the tumors were malignant. Odontogenic cysts were the most prevalent (65.40%), with radicular cysts and keratocytes being the most common types. The most prevalent tumor types were odontoma and ameloblastoma. The most malignant lesion was multiple myeloma. Conclusions: Our findings reveal that mandibular cystic lesions predominated, and emphasize the low incidence of malignancy in the study population. They provide valuable insights into the oral and maxillofacial lesion landscape at a high-volume tertiary care center.
Prenatal Exposure to Dibutyl Phthalate and Its Negative Health Effects on Offspring: In Vivo and Epidemiological Studies
Authors: Quelhas Ana R. , Mariana Melissa , Cairrao Elisa
Published: December 2024

Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is a low-molecular-weight phthalate commonly found in personal care products, such as perfumes, aftershaves, and nail care items, as well as in children’s toys, pharmaceuticals, and food products. It is used to improve flexibility, make polymer products soft and malleable, and as solvents and stabilizers in personal care products. Pregnancy represents a critical period during which both the mother and the developing embryo can be significantly impacted by exposure to endocrine disruptors. This article aims to elucidate the effects of prenatal exposure to DBP on the health and development of offspring, particularly on the reproductive, neurological, metabolic, renal, and digestive systems. Extensive research has examined the effects of DBP on the male reproductive system, where exposure is linked to decreased testosterone levels, reduced anogenital distance, and male infertility. In terms of the female reproductive system, DBP has been shown to elevate serum estradiol and progesterone levels, potentially compromising egg quality. Furthermore, exposure to this phthalate adversely affects neurodevelopment and is associated with obesity, metabolic disorders, and conditions such as hypospadias. These findings highlight how urgently stronger laws prohibiting the use of phthalates during pregnancy are needed to lower the risks to the fetus’s health and the child’s development.
Decoding Kidney Pathophysiology: Omics-Driven Approaches in Precision Medicine
Authors: Delrue Charlotte , Speeckaert Marijn M.
Published: December 2024

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major worldwide health concern because of its progressive nature and complex biology. Traditional diagnostic and therapeutic approaches usually fail to account for disease heterogeneity, resulting in low efficacy. Precision medicine offers a novel approach to studying kidney disease by combining omics technologies such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and epigenomics. By identifying discrete disease subtypes, molecular biomarkers, and therapeutic targets, these technologies pave the way for personalized treatment approaches. Multi-omics integration has enhanced our understanding of CKD by revealing intricate molecular linkages and pathways that contribute to treatment resistance and disease progression. While pharmacogenomics offers insights into expected responses to personalized treatments, single-cell and spatial transcriptomics can be utilized to investigate biological heterogeneity. Despite significant development, challenges persist, including data integration concerns, high costs, and ethical quandaries. Standardized data protocols, collaborative data-sharing frameworks, and advanced computational tools such as machine learning and causal inference models are required to address these challenges. With the advancement of omics technology, nephrology may benefit from improved diagnostic accuracy, risk assessment, and personalized care. By overcoming these barriers, precision medicine has the potential to develop novel techniques for improving patient outcomes in kidney disease treatment.
Piezosurgery in Third Molar Extractions: A Systematic Review
Authors: Mancini Antonio , Inchingolo Angelo Michele , Chirico Fabrizio , Colella Giuseppe , Piras Fabio , Colonna Valeria , Marotti Pierluigi , Carone Claudio , Inchingolo Alessio Danilo , Inchingolo Francesco , Dipalma Gianna
Published: December 2024

Background: The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the clinical efficacy, benefits, and limitations of piezosurgery in tooth extractions compared to conventional methods. Piezosurgery has emerged as a minimally invasive alternative, promoting better preservation of soft tissues and bone structures. Understanding its impact on postoperative outcomes such as pain, swelling, trismus, and bone healing is critical for its application in oral surgery; Materials and Methods: We restricted our search to English-language articles published between 1 January 2004 and 28 August 2024, in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The Boolean search keywords “piezosurgery AND tooth extraction” were used. Results: A total of 983 articles were identified, and after duplicates were removed, 766 studies were screened. Following the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, seven articles were selected for qualitative analysis. Conclusions: The literature suggests that piezosurgery offers advantages, such as reduced postoperative pain, swelling, and trismus, despite longer surgical times compared to conventional methods. While piezosurgery shows promise for improved patient comfort and soft tissue preservation, further research is required to validate its long-term impact on bone healing and regeneration.
The Influence of Environmental, Social, and Governance Disclosure on Capital Structure: An Investigation of Leverage and WACC
Authors: Tawfiq Tawfiq Taleb , Tawaha Hala , Tahtamouni Asem , Almasria Nashat Ali
Published: December 2024

This paper seeks to examine the extent to which environmental, social, and governance (ESG) disclosure affects capital structure and cost of capital for non-financial Fortune 500 firms. With a sample period from 2007 to 2022 and a system (Generalized Method of Moments) GMM estimation method, we investigate the linkage between ESG disclosure scores and both leverage and the weighted average cost of capital (WACC). Thus, we find that firms with stronger ESG performance have higher ESG disclosure and lower leverage ratios and WACC, highlighting that firms with good ESG outcomes have better equity financing facilities and are perceived to be less risky. We also find the moderation effect where the effects of ESG disclosure depend on the level of ESG disclosure. The empirical results thus show that the environmental and social factors have significant influences on leverage and WACC than the governance factors. Furthermore, we show that firm size affects these relationships in that larger firms are more affected by the variables. These findings extend the literature on ESG, and provide relevant information for corporate financial managers, investors, and policymakers about the financial effects of ESG disclosure. This paper therefore provides evidence of the relevance of ESG factors in decisions on capital structure and cost of capital especially for large firms.
The Impact of Corruption on SMEs’ Trade Credit Management Effectiveness
Authors: Otto Werner Henk
Published: December 2024

The continued rise in SMEs’ corruption-related activities results in uncertainty around their ability to sustainably contribute to economic growth, leaving SMEs financially fragile and exposed to problems associated with trade credit management resulting in business exits. Given that little research has been conducted on how corruption affects smaller businesses while corruption’s impact on SMEs’ trade credit management effectiveness remains largely unexamined, the study aims to determine the impact of corruption on SMEs’ trade credit management effectiveness. By addressing this unanswered research gap, SMEs could be better equipped to understand how corruption affects their trade credit management in support of their overall finances. The study employed a quantitative research design with purposive sampling using a survey by administrating 10450 online questionnaires tested by a sample of 450 SMEs across South Africa. The result aligns with expectations around corruption being detrimental to SMEs’ trade credit management effectiveness while also indicating, unexpectedly, SMEs’ willingness to partake in corruption, given that SMEs benefit from increased effectiveness in managing trade credit. The study adds to the existing literature on corruption and SMEs’ trade credit management while also providing anti-corruption recommendations to SMEs that are dependent on trade credit. In so doing, SMEs could be better equipped to understand how corruption affects their trade credit management to support their overall finances contributing to improved SME creation rates and fostering entrepreneurship as a pivotal mechanism for improving South Africa’s sustainable development goals.
The Extent and Efficiency of Credit Reallocation During Economic Downturns
Authors: Sakai Koji , Uesugi Iichiro
Published: December 2024

The theoretical literature on credit reallocation has yielded conflicting predictions on both the extent and the efficiency of reallocations during economic downturns. We borrowed the methodology of measuring job reallocation to measure credit reallocation and examine which predictions are consistent with the data. We reported the following findings: (1) the extent of credit reallocation is smaller in recessions than in expansions, which is attributable to the decreasing extent of credit creation; (2) this tendency was more pronounced during the Lost Decade of the 1990s; (3) credit reallocation generally is efficiency-enhancing, but at a lower rate in recessions and turns to efficiency-reducing during the Lost Decade, possibly due to financial assistance by banks to large but low-quality firms (e.g., through zombie lending). These findings indicate that the inefficient credit reallocation during the Lost Decade was characterized by efficiency-reducing reallocation to large firms.
Stereotactic Body Therapy for Urologic Cancers—What the Urologist Needs to Know
Authors: Coles-Black Jasamine , Rahman Adib , Siva Shankar , Ischia Joseph , Perera Marlon , Bolton Damien , Lawrentschuk Nathan
Published: December 2024

Background: stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy (SABR) is a disruptive radiation therapy technique which is increasingly used for the treatment of urologic cancers. The aim of this narrative review is to provide an overview on the current landscape of SABR in urologic cancers and highlight advancements on the horizon. Methods: a narrative review of the contemporary role of SABR in urologic cancers is conducted. Results: in localised prostate cancer, SABR boasts excellent tumour control and biochemical control, with acceptable GU and GI toxicity. Its comparison to laparoscopic radical prostatectomy is currently ongoing. SABR appears to be practical for metastasis-directed therapy in metastatic prostate cancer, with good local control and a low toxicity profile, either alone or in combination with ADT. In localised RCC, SABR offers adequate local control with a modest impact on renal function in patients unfit for surgical management. Its role in metastatic RCC is much more established, where it has been shown to be superior to conventional radiotherapy. Emerging evidence suggests that SABR has a role in delaying systemic therapy whilst maintaining QOL and overall survival. Intriguingly, in metastatic prostate cancer and metastatic RCC, SABR results in a cytoreductive and immunomodulatory ‘abscopal effect’, a focus of current investigations. Conclusions: SABR has emerged as a safe, effective, and feasible treatment for urologic cancers. Urologists should be aware of its increasing use in localised prostate cancer and metastatic RCC, with good oncological outcomes combined with acceptable toxicity. In addition, SABR holds promise for both metastatic prostate cancer and localised RCC treatment in terms of toxicity and oncological outcomes.
Quercetin Enhances 5-Fluorouracil-Driven Cytotoxicity Dose-Dependently in A375 Human Melanoma Cells
Authors: Roman Andrea , Smeu Andreea , Lascu Ana , Dehelean Cristina Adriana , Predescu Iasmina-Alexandra , Motoc Andrei , Borza Claudia , Draghici George Andrei , Trandafirescu Cristina Maria , Anton Alina , Ardelean Simona
Published: December 2024

Cutaneous melanoma (CM) represents a severe skin cancer with a rising incidence at present and limited treatment options. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is widely used, including for CM; however, the innate resistance of this cancer to conventional therapy remains problematic. Quercetin (QUE) is a flavonoid that can sensitize cancer cells to antitumor agents such as 5-FU. However, the potential sensitization capability of CM cells to 5-FU has scarcely been determined, and is investigated herein. Therefore, A375 CM cells were tested in terms of their cell viability, cell confluence, and morphological changes. Their nuclear and cytoskeletal aspects, clonogenic potential, and in ovo properties were also followed. The results showed that the 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) of 5-FU and QUE determined by a cell proliferation assay were 11.56 and 11.08 µM, respectively. The addition of QUE (10 µM) to 5-FU (5–50 µM) increased the cytotoxic potential. A significant decline in cell viability (up to 43.51%), the loss of cell confluence, chromatin condensation and nuclear dysmorphology, tubulin and F-actin constriction, and a suppressed clonogenic ability were noted. The QUE + 5-FU association was non-irritating to the chorioallantoic membrane and showed an antiangiogenic effect in ovo. Thus, our results highlight that combining QUE with 5-FU can enhance the cytotoxic effect of 5-FU in A375 melanoma cells and present a safe profile in ovo.
Numerical Simulation of the Frequency Dependence of Fatigue Failure for a Viscoelastic Medium Considering Internal Heat Generation
Authors: Kudo Natsuko , Sekino Takumi , Fikry M. J. Mohammad , Koyanagi Jun
Published: December 2024

Accurately predicting fatigue failure in CFRP laminates requires an understanding of the cyclic behavior of their resin matrix, which plays a crucial role in the materials’ overall performance. This study focuses on the temperature elevation during the cyclic loadings of the resin, driven by inelastic deformations that increase the dissipated energy. At low loading frequencies, the dissipated energy is effectively released as heat, preventing significant temperature rise and maintaining a consistent, balanced thermal state. However, at higher frequencies, the rate of energy dissipation exceeds the system’s ability to release heat, causing temperature accumulation and accelerating damage progression. To address this issue, the study incorporates non-recoverable strain into a fatigue simulation framework, enabling the accurate modeling of the temperature-dependent fatigue behavior. At 0.1 Hz, damage accumulates rapidly due to significant inelastic deformation per cycle. As the frequency increases to around 2 Hz, the number of cycles until failure rises, indicating reduced damage per cycle. Beyond 2 Hz, higher frequencies result in accelerated temperature rises and damage progression. These findings emphasize the strong link between the loading frequency, non-recoverable strain, and temperature elevation, providing a robust tool for analyzing resin behavior. This approach represents an advancement in simulating the fatigue behavior of resin across a range of frequencies, offering insights for more reliable fatigue life predictions.
Determination of Strain and Stress Field in Screening Test for Concrete Fire Spalling—Passive Restraint Effect
Authors: Mróz Katarzyna , Hager Izabela , Tekieli Marcin , Kočí Václav , Castro-Gomes João
Published: December 2024

The paper examines the impact of passive restraint on fire-induced spalling in concrete, utilizing a concrete mixture to minimize compositional variability. A variety of specimen geometries was prepared, including standard cubes and cylinders for the determination of mechanical properties and slabs of different dimensions for fire spalling tests conducted under controlled conditions. A top-opening Dragon furnace, which applies ISO 834-1 fire curves, was used to evaluate the influence of “cold rim” boundaries, where slab edges were insulated to create thermal restraint. The cold rims were categorized as 0 cm, 10 cm, and 20 cm, with each modification representing a different degree of thermal expansion restraint. Digital image correlation (DIC) was utilized to monitor the strain fields on the unheated slab surfaces. The findings demonstrated that increasing the cold rim width implies a rise in compressive stress and strain in the central zone, thereby precipitating a more pronounced spalling behaviour. The unrestrained slabs (cold rim 0 cm) exhibited minimal spalling, whereas the restrained slabs (cold rim 20 cm) demonstrated significant spalling depths and volumes. The study confirms that thermal dilation restraint intensifies the severity of spalling and provides a quantitative framework that links stress evolution, strain distribution, and spalling depth. The findings emphasize the necessity of managing thermal restraint to properly assess fire-induced concrete spalling in material screening tests.
Accelerated Aging Effect on the Stability of the 3D-Printed Biodegradable Implant for Bone Defect Repairs
Authors: Gutowska Agnieszka , Kubiak Paweł , Kośla Katarzyna , Wilbik-Hałgas Bożena , Chmal-Fudali Edyta , Kucharska-Jastrząbek Agnieszka , Struszczyk Marcin Henryk
Published: December 2024

This article presents an evaluation of the accelerated aging impact on the structural properties of biodegradable PLA/HAp implants produced using 3D printing technology for use in traumatic bone defect repairs in individual patients. The designed biodegradable implants were sterilized with a radiation dose of 25 ± 0.99% kGy, then exposed to an accelerated aging process. Selected physicomechanical and chemical properties of biodegradable implants were evaluated with FT-IR spectra analyses and DSC. The accelerated aging process, carried out according to the ASTM F 1980:2002 “Standard Guide for Accelerated Aging of Sterile Barrier Systems and Medical Devices”, simulates three years of implant usage. It confirmed the stability of structural, physical and mechanical properties and proved the effectiveness and safety of the implants’ application. The present study was conducted to determine the shelf-life of newly developed biodegradable implants proposed for the treatment of children and adolescents where bone growth still occurs by using accelerated aging methodologies, allowing the assessment of changes in performance that do not result in a negative impact on the safety of the medical device.
Vibration Principles Research of Novel Power Electronic Module as Dynamic Vibration Absorber for Chassis-By-Wire
Authors: Ding Xiaoyu , Wang Wei , Chen Xinbo
Published: December 2024

This paper presents a novel power electronic module (PEM) for chassis-by-wire in passenger cars. The PEM is supposed to be installed in a close-to-wheel position, which provides electrical interfaces with a power harness and signal harness. When the vehicle is driving, the PEM works as a dynamic vibration absorber (DVA) to diminish the negative effects of un-sprung mass. Based on the vibration system model, the mechanical principles are analyzed and the design parameters are mathematically optimized. For a comparison of different configuration schemes with an in-wheel motor (IWM), we take the condition of a vehicle driving at a speed of 15 m/s on a C-class road to examine indicators of vehicle body acceleration, wheel dynamic load, and suspension dynamic deflection. The calculation results prove that the system has advantages in ride comfort and wheel grounding characteristics. For the detailed design of the machine, we build a digital virtual prototype for simulation. Compared to the initial state, the optimized DVA configuration has obvious suppression in component vibration, including the vehicle body, the IWM, and the PEM. The frequency sweep analysis proves a robust result, which ensures that the frequency and amplitude are both within the vibration tolerance range of PEM operations.
Adaptive Transit Signal Priority Control for Traffic Safety and Efficiency Optimization: A Multi-Objective Deep Reinforcement Learning Framework
Authors: Dong Yuxuan , Huang Helai , Zhang Gongquan , Jin Jieling
Published: December 2024

This study introduces a multi-objective deep reinforcement learning (DRL)-based adaptive transit signal priority control framework designed to enhance safety and efficiency in mixed-autonomy traffic environments. The framework utilizes real-time data from connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) to define states, actions, and rewards, with traffic conflicts serving as the safety reward and vehicle waiting times as the efficiency reward. Transit signal priority strategies are incorporated, assigning weights based on vehicle type and passenger capacity to balance these competing objectives. Simulation modeling, based on a real-world intersection in Changsha, China, evaluated the framework’s performance across multiple CAV penetration rates and weighting configurations. The results revealed that a 5:5 weight ratio for safety and efficiency achieved the best trade-off, minimizing delays and conflicts for all vehicle types. At a 100% CAV penetration rate, delays and conflicts were most balanced, with buses showing an average waiting time of 4.93 s and 0.4 conflicts per vehicle, and CAVs achieving 1.97 s and 0.49 conflicts per vehicle, respectively. In mixed traffic conditions, the framework performed best at a 75% CAV penetration rate, where buses, cars, and CAVs exhibited optimal efficiency and safety. Comparative analysis with fixed-time signal control and other DRL-based methods highlights the framework’s adaptability and robustness, supporting its application in managing mixed traffic and enabling intelligent transportation systems for future smart cities.
Dynamic Analysis of a Standby System with Retrial Strategies and Multiple Working Vacations
Authors: Lai Changjiang , Kasim Ehmet , Muhammadhaji Ahmadjan
Published: December 2024

In this paper, we developed a new standby system that combines a retrial strategy with multiple working vacations, and we performed a dynamic analysis of the system. We investigated its well−posedness and asymptotic behavior using the theory of the C0−semigroup in the functional analysis. First, the corresponding model was transformed into an abstract Cauchy problem in Banach space by introducing the state space, the main operator, and its domain of definition. Second, we demonstrated that the model had a unique non−negative time−dependent solution. Using Greiner’s boundary perturbation idea and the spectral properties of the corresponding operator, the non−negative time−dependent solution strongly converged to its steady−state solution. We also provide numerical examples to illustrate the effect of different parameters on the system’s reliability metrics.
Non-Invasive Cardiac and Vascular Monitoring in Systemic Sclerosis: Impact of Therapy on Subclinical Dysfunction
Authors: Magda Ștefania Lucia , Gheorghiu Ana Maria , Mincu Raluca Ileana , Ciobanu Andrea Olivia , Constantinescu Tudor , Popa Elisa Cristina , Mihai Carina , Vinereanu Dragoș
Published: December 2024

Background and objectives: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) causes myocardial and microvascular impairment, with subclinical dysfunction and eventually permanent cardio-vascular damage. The long-term influence of SSc therapies on subclinical cardiovascular dysfunction is insufficiently investigated. We aimed to assess 2D and 4D cardiac ultrasound parameters of heart function in patients with different forms of SSc versus controls and to determine the evolution of cardiac function and arterial stiffness parameters under therapy. Materials and methods: A total of 60 subjects with SSc were studied at baseline; 30 SSc patients were compared to 30 matched controls. A total of 52 SSc subjects were reassessed after 1 year and 30 after 2 years of treatment. Cardiac function was evaluated through 2D standard echocardiography, tissue Doppler, speckle tracking and 4D auto LV quantification echo. Arterial stiffness was determined via the cardio-ankle vascular index and ankle brachial index. Results: At baseline, the standard echo parameters were normal. The 4D and myocardial work parameters, although in normal limits, were significantly altered in the SSc group vs. controls (4D ejection fraction 54.5 ± 8.5% in SSc vs. 63.8 ± 3.1% in controls; 4D longitudinal strain −14.2 ± 2.4% in SSc vs. −22.0 ± 2.7% in controls; global constructive work 2124.2 ± 449.5 mmHg% in SSc vs. 3102.8 ± 337.5 mmHg% in controls, for all p ≤ 0.02). Both at 1 year and 2 years of treatment, all echo and arterial stiffness parameters were similar to baseline, with no correlation to treatment type. Conclusions: SSc determines subclinical systolic dysfunction. Non-invasive assessment methods do not detect a functional cardiovascular decline in patients on classical therapy. Complex cardiac follow-up should be implemented in cases at risk for complications.
Investigation of Residual Stress Variation in Sequential Butt Welding and Pocket Material Removal Machining Processes Utilizing Pre-Stress Method: A 3D Simulation Approach
Authors: Cetintav Isik , Can Yilmaz , Akkus Nihat
Published: December 2024

This study investigates the residual stresses arising from welding and machining processes, recognizing their adverse implications in manufacturing. Employing experimental analysis and simulation techniques, the research scrutinizes residual stress alterations resulting from sequential butt welding and subsequent machining. Utilizing MSC Marc Mentat software(version 2016), three-dimensional models are developed to simulate these processes. The finite element model from welding simulation seamlessly integrates into cutting simulations via the pre-state option. The experimental procedures involve 100 × 100 × 10 mm AISI 304 steel plates subjected to sequential welding and machining, with residual stresses measured at each stage. A comparative analysis between experimental and simulation results elucidates variations in residual stresses induced by sequential processes. The study focuses on examining the initial stress state post-welding and numerically assessing stress modifications due to milling. The results suggest minimal material removal insignificantly affects stress distribution and magnitude at the weld centerline. However, increased material removal leads to noticeable changes in through-thickness transverse stress within the weld zone, contrasting with marginal alterations in through-thickness longitudinal stress. Regions distanced from the weld seam show substantial increases in through-thickness longitudinal stress compared to marginal changes in through-thickness transverse stress.
A Study on the Impact Toughness of the Simulated Heat-Affected Zone in Multi-Layer and Multi-Pass Welds of 1000 MPa Grade Steel for Hydroelectric Applications
Authors: Li Yuwei , Li Yuanbo , Chang Jianxiu
Published: December 2024

The microstructure and impact toughness of a steel material subjected to multi-layer and multi-pass welding with varying secondary peak temperatures were investigated using welding thermal simulation. The detailed microstructures and fracture morphologies were examined by SEM, TEM, and EBSD. When the secondary peak temperature reaches 650 °C, the microstructure resembles that of a primary thermal cycle at 1300 °C, characterized by coarse grains and straight grain boundaries. As the temperature increases to 750 °C, chain-like structures of bulky M/A (martensite/austenite) constituents form at grain boundaries, widening them significantly. At 850 °C, grain boundaries become discontinuous, and large bulky M/A constituents disappear. At 1000 °C, smaller austenitic grains form granular bainite during cooling. However, at 1200 °C, grain coarsening occurs due to the significant increase in peak temperature, accompanied by a lath martensite structure at higher cooling rates. In terms of toughness, the steel exhibits better toughness at 850 °C and 1000 °C, with ductile fracture characteristics. Conversely, at 650 °C, 750 °C, and 1200 °C, the steel shows brittle fracture features. Microscopically, the fracture surfaces at these temperatures exhibit quasi-cleavage fracture characteristics. Notably, chain-like M/A constituents at grain boundaries significantly affect impact toughness and are the primary cause of toughness deterioration in the intercritical coarse-grained heat-affected zone.
Improved Surface Properties of Low-Carbon Steel by Chromizing–Titanizing Coating Using Pack Cementation Process
Authors: Yousef Ayman , Bastaweesy A. M. , Maafa Ibrahim M. , Abutaleb Ahmed
Published: December 2024

This study investigates the application of chromizing and titanizing coatings on low-carbon steel (LCS) via the pack cementation process, utilizing various compositions, temperatures, and durations. The coating was analyzed using standard techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Vickers hardness testing, to determine their characteristics. The kinetics of the pack chromizing, titanizing, and chromotitanizing of low-carbon steel exhibited parabolic behavior, with the rate constant with increasing temperature. The formed diffusion layers primarily consisted of Cr, Ti, Cr1.9Ti, FeTi, Al2O3, Cr2O3, TiO2, and Cr1.36Fe0.52, in addition to Fe. The microhardness reached its highest value of 900 HV0.01 Kgf with 48% FeTi, followed by 790 HV0.01 Kgf with 12% FeCr–36% FeTi, 730 HV0.01 Kgf with 24% FeCr–24% FeTi, 680 HV0.01 Kgf with 36% FeCr–12% FeTi, and 560 HV0.01 Kgf with 48% FeCr. The results indicate a significant enhancement in the mechanical properties of low-carbon steel through the coating process. This study confirms that the pack cementation coatings of chromizing, titanizing, and chromotitanizing significantly enhance the surface hardness and mechanical integrity of low-carbon steel. The controlled diffusion process leads to the formation of robust intermetallic layers, and the variation in FeCr and FeTi composition allows for tailored mechanical properties. Additionally, the results suggest that the interplay between Cr and Ti promotes the development of a complex, multilayered microstructure that balances hardness with potential toughness, providing a broad spectrum of industrial applications. This research underscores the versatility of pack cementation as an effective method to engineer advanced coatings, offering a cost-efficient pathway to enhance the performance of low-carbon steel in demanding environments.
Serological Detection of Ovine Gammaherpesvirus 2 Antibodies in Dairy Farms from Southern Brazil
Authors: Headley Selwyn Arlington , Grant Dawn Marie , Fritzen Juliana Torres Tomazi , Martins Felippe Danyel Cardoso , Camilo Stefany Lia Oliveira , Caldart Eloiza Teles , Lisbôa Júlio Augusto Naylor , Alfieri Amauri Alcindo , Russell George Cameron
Published: December 2024

Sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (SA-MCF) is a severe lymphoproliferative vascular disease of cattle that is caused by ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 (OvGHV2), which is a Macavirus within the Gammaherpesvirinae subfamily. SA-MCF occurs worldwide in several mammalian hosts. Alternatively, alcelaphine gammaherpesvirus 1 (AlGHV1) is a Macavirus that causes wildebeest-associated malignant catarrhal fever (MCF), which principally occurs in cattle from Africa. Previous serological assays to evaluate the presence of MCF in mammals used a competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CI-ELISA). This CI-ELISA is based on the 15A antigenic epitope that is common to all Macavirus associated with the development of MCF in their respective hosts. This study evaluated an indirect MCF-specific ELISA assay based on the AlGHV1 C500 strain to detect antibodies against OvGHV2 in 43 closed dairy cattle farms from Southern Brazil. These farms are located in a region where subclinical infections by OvGHV2 have been detected in free-ranging wild boars (Sus scrofa). Sheep or goats were not reared at these farms or within the proximity of these farms. Risk factors associated with seropositivity to OvGHV2 were evaluated, while the possible participation of subclinically infected wild boars in the dissemination of OvGHV2 was estimated using spatial analysis. Sera from 29 dairy cows from 16 farms demonstrated sample/positive (S/P) values considered positive with this MCF-specific ELISA (cutoff S/P, 0.063). The S/P values for the positive dairy cows varied between 0.0633 and 0.2510 (mean, 0.0998; standard deviation, 0.0476). At least one cow was seropositive in 16/43 (37.2%) of these farms, with seropositivity identified in 29/367 (7.9%) of dairy cows maintained at these farms. Additionally, dairy cows raised within the intensive system had a more than threefold higher chance of being seropositive to OvGHV2 relative to those reared within the semi-intensive system. Furthermore, the spatial evaluation revealed that cows on dairy farms within a 50 km radius of the home range of subclinically infected wild boars had an increased risk of being seropositive to this assay. These findings demonstrated that the AlGHV1 C500-specific MCF ELISA can be efficiently used to monitor the occurrence of OvGHV2 in cattle. In addition, the occurrence of subclinically infected free-ranging wild boars within a radius of 50 km from susceptible cattle may be a possible risk factor for the occurrence of OvGHV2-related infections in these animals from Southern Brazil. These initial results are fundamental to understanding the epidemiology of OvGHV2-associated infections and clinical SA-MCF in mammals in Brazil.
Lessons Learned from COVID-19 Pandemic in Combating Antimicrobial Resistance—Experience of Hong Kong, China
Authors: Ma Edmond Siu-Keung , Wong Shuk-Ching , Cheng Vincent Chi-Chung , Chen Hong , Wu Peng
Published: December 2024

The world has gone through the COVID-19 pandemic and has now returned to normalcy. We reviewed the strategies and public health actions conducted in Hong Kong during the COVID-19 pandemic, and reflected on the lessons learned, which are potentially useful in the fight against antimicrobial resistance (AMR). We recommended extending wastewater surveillance for AMR, apart from SARS-CoV2. We suggested exploring the use of rapid tests in outpatients to aid clinical diagnosis and reduce antibiotic use for viral infections. Stringent infection control measures are crucial to prevent nosocomial transmission of resistant microorganisms, such as vancomycin-resistant enterococci and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales in hospitals and in elderly homes. Taking COVID-19 experiences as a reference, transparent data, the prompt dissemination of information, and strategic risk communication should be adopted to maintain sustained behavioral changes in AMR. We also encouraged the adoption of information technology, artificial intelligence, and machine learning in antimicrobial stewardship programs. We also discussed the potential merits and limitations of these strategies. The lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic may provide insights into the long battle against AMR.