bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
KRAS mutations in the parental tumour accelerate in vitro growth of tumoroids established from colorectal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Mousavi Nabi , Truelsen Sarah Line Bring , Hagel Grith , Jorgensen Lars Nannestad , Harling Henrik , Timmermans Vera , Melchior Linea Cecilie , Thysen Anna Hammerich , Heegaard Steffen , Thastrup Jacob
Published: March 2019

The aim of the present study was to characterize a patient‐derived in vitro 3D model (ie tumoroid) established from colorectal adenocarcinoma. This study investigated the growth rate of tumoroids and whether the Kirsten rat sarcoma (KRAS) mutations in the parental tumour accelerate this rate. The tumoroids were established from surgical resections of primary and metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma from 26 patients. The in vitro growth rate of these tumoroids was monitored by automated imaging and recorded as relative growth rate. The KRAS hotspot mutations were investigated on the parental tumours by Ion Torrent™ next‐generation sequencing. The KRAS mutations were detected in 58% of the parental tumours, and a significantly higher growth rate was observed for tumoroids established from the KRAS‐mutated tumours compared to wild‐type tumours (P < 0.0001). The average relative growth rate (log10) on day 10 was 0.360 ± 0.180 (mean ± SD) for the KRAS‐mutated group and 0.098 ± 0.135 (mean ± SD) for the KRAS wild‐type group. These results showed that the presence of KRAS mutations in parental tumours is associated with an acceleration of the growth rate of tumoroids. The future perspective for such a model could be the implementation of chemoassays for personalized medicine.
Large prospective study on adult acne in Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula: risk factors, demographics, and clinical characteristics
Authors: Kaminsky Ana , Florez‐White Mercedes , Bagatin Edileia , Arias Maria Isabel ,   the Iberian Latin American Acne Studies Group (GILEA – Grupo Ibero‐Latinoamericano de Estudio del Acne)
Published: March 2019

Background

Acne vulgaris is a chronic, multifactorial inflammatory skin disease involving the pilosebaceous unit. The prevalence of acne is high during adolescence and is known to persist into adulthood; however, the characteristics of adult acne have not been well established. In the adult population, acne has been associated with psychosocial repercussions impacting the quality of life of those who suffer it, especially in female patients.

Methods

This study assessed the demographic and clinical characteristics of 1,384 patients between the ages of 25 and 60 years from 21 countries in Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula, with the purpose of identifying parameters for the severity of the disease, its links to demographic, biological, social, and environmental factors, and potential triggers.

Results

Gender differences in severity and location of the lesions were identified. In a univariate analysis, the male gender, use of cosmetics, age of onset of adolescence, and signs of hyperandrogenism were associated with acne severity.

Conclusions

The characteristics of adult acne may vary from those of adolescent acne, although the disease presentations are generally similar. Further research is needed to establish similarities and differences in manifestations of adult acne versus adolescent acne.
Effects of the drying method on the oxidative stability of the free and encapsulated fractions of microencapsulated sunflower oil
Authors: Holgado Francisca , Márquez‐Ruiz Gloria , Ruiz‐Méndez María Victoria , Velasco Joaquín
Published: March 2019

The influence of the drying method, freeze‐drying and spray‐drying, on the oxidative stability of microencapsulated sunflower oil depended on the type of encapsulation matrix. For a dairy‐type matrix, formed by sodium caseinate and lactose, greater losses of tocopherols were detected during spray‐drying, but both the free and encapsulated oil fractions were more stable against lipid oxidation than their freeze‐dried counterparts. Results suggested that the free oil was also constituted by droplets that preserved their interfacial membrane and were protected by the matrix. Therefore, the free oil was not necessarily the non‐encapsulated fraction. For a matrix constituted by gelatine, maltodextrin and sucrose, the emulsion showed low stability and a great destabilisation during spray‐drying. No significant effect of the drying method on the oxidative stability of the encapsulated fraction was found with this matrix, but the free oil of the spray‐dried sample oxidised faster, probably due to the emulsion destabilisation observed, which gave rise to a great amount of oil on the particle surface as a consequence of large droplets poorly stabilised.
Phenotype frequencies of Rh (C, c, E, e), M, Mia and Kidd blood group systems among ethnic Thai blood donors from the north‐east of Thailand
Authors: Romphruk Amornrat V. , Butryojantho Chalawan , Jirasakonpat Bhakwarin , Junta Ninnate , Srichai Supawadee , Puapairoj Chintana , Simtong Piyapong
Published: March 2019

We here report the first study of antigen and phenotype frequencies of Rh (C, c, E, e), M, Mia and Kidd antigens in north‐east Thai blood donors. Blood transfusion services aim to ensure availability of adequate and safe blood to minimize the development of transfusion reactions. For pre‐transfusion testing, the most important blood group systems are ABO and RhD. The transfusion of ABO‐compatible otherwise unknown phenotype blood may result in alloimmunization, especially in multi‐transfused patients. Extended red blood cell (RBC) phenotyping and selection of blood negative for specific antigens reduce post‐transfusion complications and allow for effective blood transfusion regimens to be achieved. A total of 13,567 regular repeated, voluntary Thai blood donors were included for red‐cell antigen typing of Rh (D, C, E, c, e). Samples from 12,768, 9,389 and 13,059 donors were typed for Kidd, M and Mia antigens, respectively. Amongst Rh antigens, e was the most common (96.80%) followed by C (95.50%), c (34.40%) and E (32.20%) with CCDee (60.00%) being the most common phenotype. For Kidd phenotypes, Jk(a+b+) was the most common (46.73%) and Jk(a−b−) was rare (0.07%). For the M and Mia antigen, M(+) was most frequently found (94.96%) and Mia(+) was found in 17.97% of individuals. Knowledge of red‐cell antigen phenotype frequencies in a population is helpful for creating a phenotype database of blood donors which can provide antigen‐negative compatible blood to patients with multiple alloantibodies. Moreover, provision of antigen‐matched blood can prevent alloimmunization in multi‐transfused patients.
The God‐Intoxicated Theology of a Modern Theologian
Authors: Sonderegger Katherine
Published: March 2019

John Webster was a God‐intoxicated theologian. His remarkable doctrinal work profoundly shaped modern Protestant dogmatics, most especially in its Doctrine of God. Webster worked out of the whole tradition, drawing on the scholastics in both Catholic and Protestant forms, and touching on the Patristic legacy, giving primacy to Augustine. But this ready eye for the past did not make Webster's Doctrine of God a repristination of the past, nor reactionary in theme. In fact, Webster was a modern theologian in a distinctive mode: of ressourcement or retrieval. He viewed his task in this area as two‐fold, to diagnose disorder and timidity in modern treatments of God, and to set forth a positive doctrine, anchored in Scripture, and descriptive of the Lord disclosed in these Biblical events. Webster favored a particular form of Personalism in the Doctrine of God; he focused on who God is, not what Deity is. His Doctrine was a thorough‐going Trinitarianism, giving a wholly Triune account of the Divine Perfections, and offering the daring proposal that the Economy was included eternally in the Perfect Life of the Immanent God.
Urodynamic analysis of the impact of diabetes mellitus on bladder function
Authors: Majima Tsuyoshi , Matsukawa Yoshihisa , Funahashi Yasuhito , Takai Shun , Kato Masashi , Yamamoto Tokunori , Gotoh Momokazu
Published: March 2019

Objectives

To analyze sequential changes of diabetic cystopathy based on urodynamic data in patients with diabetes mellitus.

Methods

Participants included male diabetes patients who underwent a pressure flow study at Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan, from April 2005 to October 2016. Patients with a previous history of lower urinary tract dysfunction were excluded. Bladder dysfunction was categorized into four urodynamic patterns: (i) normal; (ii) detrusor overactivity with normal detrusor contractility; (iii) detrusor hyperreflexia/impaired contractility; and (iv) detrusor underactivity. The urodynamic patterns were evaluated according to the presence of diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy, which was correlated to diabetes mellitus duration. Furthermore, the association of clinical factors with voiding function, as well as sensory function, was investigated.

Results

A total of 57 patients were enrolled. Detrusor overactivity with normal detrusor contractility patterns was seen only in cases with neither diabetic retinopathy nor diabetic nephropathy, whereas the prevalence of detrusor hyperreflexia/impaired contractility pattern was highest in cases with diabetic retinopathy. Detrusor underactivity pattern was found with the highest frequency in cases with both diabetic retinopathy and diabetic nephropathy. On multivariate analysis, the existence of diabetic retinopathy was only significantly correlated with bladder contractility index. Furthermore, multivariate analysis showed that first desire volume and maximum cystometric capacity were significantly positively correlated with post‐void residual urine volume, and also negatively correlated with voiding efficiency independent of bladder contractility index.

Conclusions

Diabetes patients have diverse progressive bladder dysfunction according to the diabetes stage. An optimal screening program is necessary to detect and manage diabetic cystopathy at an early stage.
Evaluation of intraosseous computerized injection system (QuickSleeper™) vs conventional infiltration anaesthesia in paediatric oral health care: A multicentre, single‐blind, combined split‐mouth and parallel‐arm randomized controlled trial
Authors: Smaïl‐Faugeron Violaine , Muller‐Bolla Michèle , Sixou Jean‐Louis , Courson Frédéric
Published: March 2019

Background

Conventional infiltration anaesthesia (CIA) is the most frequently used in paediatric oral health care. However, other techniques are available, such as intraosseous anaesthesia (IOA), that can beneficiate from newly developed technologies.

Aim

To compare the pain caused by CIA and IOA delivered by the computerized system (QuickSleeper™) in children.

Design

We used an innovative design consisting in simultaneously conducting a multicentre split‐mouth and parallel‐arm randomized controlled trial (RCT) to allow for increased power. The primary outcome was pain reported by the patient on a visual analogue scale (0‐10 cm) concerning the insertion of the needle and injection.

Results

A total of 30 children were included in the split‐mouth RCT and 128 in the parallel‐arm RCT. We combined treatment effect estimates by using an inverse‐variance weighting meta‐analysis approach. Pain scores were significantly decreased with IOA vs CIA (mean difference −0.69 cm, 95% confidence intervals −1.13 to −0.25 cm). For each patient enrolled in the split‐mouth RCT, about five were enrolled in the parallel‐arm RCT, which allowed for not losing any eligible patients.

Conclusion

Pain during the insertion of the needle and injection was less with IOA vs CIA in children. The design of this study allowed for increasing statistical power and using all generated evidence. (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02084433).
A Study on Firms with Negative Book Value of Equity
Authors: Luo Haowen , Liu Ian , Tripathy Niranjan
Published: March 2019

This paper studies the puzzling negative book equity phenomenon among US public firms. Our evidence suggests that negative book equity firms exhibit heterogeneous characteristics. We show that a great portion of these firms, while operating at excessive capital structure with leverage ratio over 100%, are financially and operationally healthy. These healthy negative book equity firms increase their debt primarily motived by a need for funds to fulfill investment demand. We also find that the off‐balance sheet intangible assets and quality of intangible assets play an important role in determining the true debt capacity of these firms.
The surface mechanism for the flexoelectric response in sodium bismuth titanate‐based ferroelectric ceramics
Authors: Zhou Wanfeng , Hou Yu , Chen Pan , Zhang Haifeng , Chu Baojin
Published: March 2019

The flexoelectric effect of the ferroelectric materials has been intensively studied in recent years. One unresolved issue in this field is that the measured flexoelectric coefficients in ferroelectrics are often several orders of magnitude greater than the values predicted by the theoretical studies. To understand the mechanism for this discrepancy, the flexoelectric response of the Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3–BaTiO3 (NBBT) ceramics of different compositions was systematically studied. We show that the measured flexoelectric response of the NBBT ceramics is mainly from the piezoelectric response of the spontaneously polarized surface in the ceramics. The surface effect can be reduced or removed by abrading the surface off or modifying the compositions of the surface. The thickness of the surface layer was found to be 10‐15 µm. We also show that the composition dependence of the flexoelectric response is mainly affected by the piezoelectric response of the surface layer, whereas the temperature dependence of the flexoelectric response of a composition is primarily influenced by the dielectric constant of the bulk. The mechanisms for the observations are discussed based on the origin of the surface layer. This work is important for the understanding of the mechanisms of the flexoelectric (or flexoelectric‐like) response in ferroelectrics.
Making a career in hospitals: Determinants of registered nurses’ aspirations to become a manager
Authors: Haaland Guro Hognestad , Olsen Espen , Mikkelsen Aslaug
Published: March 2019

Aim

To examine seven determinants of Registered Nurses’ aspirations to become a manager in four Norwegian public hospitals.

Background

Research evidence shows that nurses submit few applications to management positions. Understanding the determinants that influence nurses’ aspirations to become managers can provide healthcare organizations with important knowledge on the drivers and barriers in recruitment and on the development of nurse managers.

Design

This study adopted a cross‐sectional web‐based survey design.

Method

Logistic regression analysis based on 2,630 Registered Nurses’ responses to a self‐completion survey in a Norwegian regional health authority collected during October 2014. The overall response rate was 40%.

Results

Findings indicate that men and younger nurses are most likely to report an aspiration in management. The social support of an immediate supervisor and institutional stress are positively associated with an aspiration to become a manager; however, high experienced workloads have the opposite effect.

Conclusion

Healthcare organizations should work strategically to develop a human resource management policy that ensures that the organization develops the nurse managers it needs now and in the future.

Impact

This study addresses the challenge of having enough qualified nurse managers. The main findings indicate that job demands can have both a negative and positive impact on nurses’ aspirations to become a manager. Healthcare organizations should, however, reduce demands and consider increasing job resources. The results should have an impact on the human resource department, managers, and other key personnel in healthcare organizations.
The interplay between social dominance orientation and intergroup contact in explaining support for multiculturalism
Authors: Visintin Emilio Paolo , Berent Jacques , Green Eva G. T. , Falomir‐Pichastor Juan Manuel
Published: March 2019

In two studies, we tested whether social dominance orientation (SDO) and intergroup contact interacted in shaping support for multiculturalism. Study 1 was correlational, while in Study 2 we measured SDO and experimentally manipulated intergroup contact (imagined contact paradigm). We found that SDO and intergroup contact interacted on support for multiculturalism: Intergroup contact was associated with more support for multiculturalism only for high‐SDO individuals, and SDO was negatively associated to support for multiculturalism more strongly for individuals with low or no contact. Finally, we discussed the role of the intergroup setting in which studies are conducted.
The evolutionary history and global phylogeography of the green turtle (Chelonia mydas)
Authors: Jensen Michael P. , FitzSimmons Nancy N. , Bourjea Jerome , Hamabata Tomoko , Reece Joshua , Dutton Peter H.
Published: March 2019

Aim

To examine the genetic structure and global phylogeography of the endangered green sea turtle, Chelonia mydas, in light of past climatic events and current conservation needs.

Location

Tropical and subtropical beaches around the world.

Methods

We analysed 386 base pairs of the mitochondrial (mt)DNA control region of 4,878 individual nesting green turtle samples from 127 rookeries globally. We used phylogeographic analysis to assess how demographic history, dispersal and barriers to gene flow have led to the current distribution of mtDNA lineages.

Results

We identified 11 divergent lineages that were tied to specific biogeographical regions. The phylogenetic analyses revealed an ancient origin for the species centred in the Indo‐Pacific and more recent colonization of the Central/Eastern Pacific as well as the Atlantic Basin. Overall the phylogeographic structure was strong but with a clear pattern of regional connectivity among rookeries. A Large genetic separation was found where there were obvious barriers to dispersal such as between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and across the Pacific Ocean, as well as less obvious barriers to dispersal. Admixture of mtDNA haplotype lineages was detected at latitudinal extremes across the Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean resulting in these areas being nucleotide diversity hotspots. The highest regional genetic diversity and high endemic richness was observed in the SW Pacific, NW Pacific, SW Indian and NW Indian oceans.

Main conclusions

Past climatic fluctuations greatly affected the distribution of genetic diversity in the highly migratory green turtle. Our data suggest that past climatic events influenced local populations in different ways and the species appears to have survived the last glaciations in multiple glacial refugia.
Biases in assessing the evolutionary history of the angiosperm flora of China
Authors: Qian Hong
Published: March 2019

In their recent paper published in Nature (2018, 554, 234‐238), Lu et al. use phylogenetic approaches to determine the proportion of the Chinese angiosperm genera that originated during the Miocene or later, and contrast divergence times and phylogenetic dispersion between eastern and western China. One of their key conclusions is that 66% of the angiosperm genera in China originated in the Miocene or later. However, an analysis of 300 angiosperm genera shows that 139 (76.8%) of the 181 genera considered as originating in the Miocene or later by Lu et al. have fossil records before the Miocene. Thus, the evolutionary history of Chinese angiosperm flora has been substantially underestimated in Lu et al. In addition, the results of Lu et al. have been biased by using an incomplete phylogeny.
Contrasting colonization patterns of black mangrove (Avicennia germinans (L.) L.) gene pools along the Mexican coasts
Authors: Ochoa‐Zavala Maried , Jaramillo‐Correa Juan Pablo , Piñero Daniel , Nettel‐Hernanz Alejandro , Núñez‐Farfán Juan
Published: March 2019

Aim

Historical and geological events can impact the genetic structure of species, producing signatures that vary among taxa and among gene pools within taxa. Such signatures can also be affected by local geography and tolerance to environmental conditions. However, disentangling the different drivers of population structure is often difficult. In an attempt to do so, we surveyed two independent gene pools of the same species that followed similar paths of post‐glacial colonization across contrasting landscapes and environmental conditions. We aimed to determine how these differences have affected the post‐glacial population dynamics of each gene pool.

Location

The Pacific and Atlantic coasts of Mexico.

Taxon

Black mangrove (Avicennia germinans; Avicenniaceae).

Methods

Using microsatellite variation, we estimated the divergence time of black mangrove populations through approximated Bayesian computation and implemented a comparative approach to evaluate different demographic hypotheses within and between coasts.

Results

The Pacific and Atlantic gene pools diverged long after the rise of the Central American Isthmus (Mid‐Pleistocene), although occasional transisthmian gene exchanges were also inferred. Both coasts showed the characteristic isolation by distance (IBD) pattern expected for expanding gene pools. However, populations from the Atlantic coast were more genetically diverse and admixed than those from the Pacific basin. Both our migration models and the climate data gathered suggested a more ancient establishment and/or more stable conditions for black mangrove on the Atlantic coast.

Main conclusions

The Atlantic basin likely bore more favourable climate conditions than the Pacific, allowing for the survival of A. germinans during the Last Glacial Maximum in situ. Populations from the northern Pacific coast became established after the Holocene warming, leading to contrasting genetic patterns between the two gene pools. Nevertheless, the action of environmental factors in determining the contemporary distribution of genetic variation in A. germinans cannot be discarded.
Human‐mediated dispersal of weed species during the Holocene: A case study of Chenopodium album agg.
Authors: Krak Karol , Habibi Farzaneh , Douda Jan , Vít Petr , Lomonosova Maria N. , Wang Lei , Mandák Bohumil
Published: March 2019

Aim

We hypothesised that during the Holocene, the distributions of species such as crop weeds have been significantly influenced by human activity. We aimed to (a) identify the main centres of diversity of the Chenopodium album agg. species and (b) test if these species colonised Europe from western Asia, most likely due to the westward expansion of agriculture in the Neolithic period.

Location

Eurasia.

Taxon

Chenopodium album aggregate (Amaranthaceae).

Methods

Three cpDNA regions were sequenced in 904 individuals, from 26 species of the C. album aggregate. A dated phylogeny was inferred and this was used to establish relationships among the haplotypes and to estimate their divergence times. The group's main centres of diversity were inferred by comparing species and haplotype richness between Europe, the Mediterranean, western Asia, central Asia and Siberia.

Results

The most haplotype‐diverse area for the entire C. album aggregate is central Asia. Interestingly, Europe is poor in terms of haplotype diversity, showing the same level of diversity as the western Asian region. The pairwise genetic differentiation between Europe, the Mediterranean and western Asia is lower than between any of these regions and either central Asia or Siberia. This points to the origin of the European Chenopodium species pool as being in western Asia. In some phylogenetically‐defined clades, species could not be distinguished based on cpDNA haplotypes due to a high level of haplotype sharing. However, in others, the haplotype variation follows the species boundaries.

Main conclusions

Using the C. album agg. species as a model, we show the importance of central Asia as one of the main centres of diversity for weedy species. However, the group's colonisation of Europe had its origins in western Asia, highlighting the importance of human‐mediated dispersal of ruderal and weed plant species accompanying the westward spread of agriculture in the Neolithic period.
Phylogeography of Bornean land snails suggests long‐distance dispersal as a cause of endemism
Authors: Hendriks Kasper P. , Alciatore Giacomo , Schilthuizen Menno , Etienne Rampal S.
Published: March 2019

Aim

Islands are often hotspots of endemism due to their isolation, making colonization a rare event and hence facilitating allopatric speciation. Dispersal usually occurs between nearby locations according to a stepping‐stone model. We aimed to reconstruct colonization and speciation processes in an endemic‐rich system of land‐based islands that does not seem to follow the obvious stepping‐stone model of dispersal.

Location

Five land‐based habitat archipelagos of limestone outcrops in the floodplain of the Kinabatangan River in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo.

Methods

We studied the phylogeography of three species complexes of endemic land snails, using multiple genetic markers. We calculated genetic distances between populations, appliedbeast2 to reconstruct phylogenies for each taxon and subsequently reconstructed ancestral ranges using ‘BioGeoBEARS’.

Results

We found spatial‐genetic structure among nearby locations to be highly pronounced for each taxon. Genetic correlation was present at small spatial scales only and disappeared at distances of 5 km and above. Most archipelagos have been colonized from within the region multiple times over the past three million years, in 78% of the cases as a result of long‐distance dispersal (LDD) or dispersal from non‐adjacent limestone outcrops. The flow of the main geographical feature within the region, the Kinabatangan River, did not play a role.

Main conclusions

Phylogeographic structure in these Bornean land snails has only partly been determined by small‐scale dispersal, where it leads to isolation‐by‐distance, but mostly by LDD. Our results demonstrate that island endemic taxa only very locally follow a simple stepping‐stone model, whilst dispersal to non‐adjacent islands and especially LDD, is most important. This leads to the formation of highly localized, isolated “endemic populations” forming the onset of a complex radiation of endemic species.
Variation in ecophysiological traits might contribute to ecogeographic isolation and divergence between parapatric ecotypes ofMimulus aurantiacus
Authors: Sobel James M. , Stankowski Sean , Streisfeld Matthew A.
Published: March 2019

Many forms of reproductive isolation contribute to speciation, and early‐acting barriers may be especially important, because they have the first opportunity to limit gene flow. Ecogeographic isolation occurs when intrinsic traits of taxa contribute to disjunct geographic distributions, reducing the frequency of intertaxon mating. Characterizing this form of isolation requires knowledge of both the geographic arrangement of suitable habitats in nature and the identification of phenotypes involved in shaping geographic distributions. InMimulus aurantiacus,red‐ and yellow‐flowered ecotypes are incompletely isolated by divergent selection exerted by different pollinators. However, these emerging taxa are largely isolated spatially, with a hybrid zone occurring along a narrow region of contact. In order to assess whether responses to abiotic conditions contribute to the parapatric distribution of ecotypes, we measured a series of ecophysiological traits from populations along a transect, including drought sensitivity, leaf area and the concentrations of vegetative flavonoids. In contrast to the abrupt transitions in floral phenotypes, we found that ecophysiological traits exhibited a continuous geographic transition that largely mirrors variation in climatological variables. These traits may impede gene flow across a continuous environmental gradient, but they would be unlikely to result in ecotypic divergence alone. Nevertheless, we found a genetic correlation between vegetative and floral traits, providing a potential link between the two forms of isolation. Although neither barrier appears sufficient to cause divergence on its own, the combined impacts of local adaptation to abiotic conditions and regional adaptation to pollinators may interact to drive discontinuous variation in the face of gene flow in this system.
Moral entrepreneurship, the power‐knowledge nexus, and the Cochrane “crisis”
Authors: Greenhalgh Trisha , Ozbilgin Mustafa F. , Prainsack Barbara , Shaw Sara
Published: March 2019

Background

In 2018, a so‐called crisis developed in the international network of systematic reviewers known as Cochrane. It was widely depicted in terms of two competing narratives—“bad behaviour” by one member of Cochrane's Governing Board and scientific and moral decline within Cochrane.

Objective

Our goal was to distil insights on the structural issues underpinning the crisis, without taking a definitive position on the accuracy of either narrative.

Approach and dataset

In this paper, we draw on (among other theories) Becker's notion of moral entrepreneurship and Foucault's conceptualisation of power to analyse the claims and counterclaims made by different parties. Our dataset consisted of publicly available materials (blogs, journal articles, newspaper articles) to end 2018, notably those relating to the expulsion of one Governing Board member.

Main findings

Both narratives include strong moral claims about the science of systematic review and the governance of scientific organizations. The expelled individual and his supporters defined good systematic reviews in terms of a particular kind of methodological rigour and elimination of bias, and good governance largely in terms of measures to achieve independence from industry influence. Most of Cochrane's Governing Board and their sympathizers evaluated systematic reviews according to a broader range of criteria, incorporating factors such as attention to relationships among reviewers and reflexivity and dialogue around scientific and other judgements. They viewed governance partly in terms of accountability to an external advisory group. Power‐knowledge alignments in Cochrane have emerged from, and contributed to, a particular system of meaning which is now undergoing evolution and challenge.

Conclusion

Polarizing Cochrane's “crisis” into two narratives, only one of which is true, is less fruitful than viewing it in terms of a duality consisting of tensions between the two positions, each of which has some validity. Having framed the conflict as primarily philosophical and political rather than methodological and procedural, we suggest how Cochrane and its supporters and critics might harness their tensions productively.
What is multispecies MSY? A worked example from the North Sea
Authors: Thorpe Robert B.
Published: March 2019

The concept of an optimum yield at intermediate levels of fishing (the so called maximum sustainable yield or MSY) has been with us since the 1930s and is now enshrined in legislation as a key objective of fisheries management. The concept seems intuitively reasonable and is readily applicable to a single stock treated in isolation and assuming a constant environment. However, translating this concept into a mixed and multispecies fishery, where there are complex trade‐offs between fleets and stocks and in general no simple optimum solution, has been problematic. Here I introduce a framework for thinking about multispecies MSY in terms of an integrated risk of stock depletion and expected long‐term yield. Within this framework I consider the performance of a set of simple harvest control rules based upon a single‐limit fishing mortality rate (F) which is common to all stocks and a target biomass which is a set fraction of a stock's virgin biomass. Using a multispecies management strategy evaluation, I compare expected outcomes for a set of these harvest control rules with alternative scenarios, in which each stock has its own F based on the assessment process. I find that the simple framework can produce outcomes that are similar to those from the more sophisticated estimates of F. I therefore conclude that achieving multispecies MSY may depend more upon setting reasonable biomass targets and faithfully applying a harvest control rule approach rather than determining the best possible Fs for each stock.
Historical photographs of captures of recreational fishers indicate overexploitation of nearshore resources at an oceanic island
Authors: Jiménez‐Alvarado David , Sarmiento‐Lezcano Airam , Guerra‐Marrero Airam , Tuya Fernando , Santana Del Pino Ángelo , Sealey Michael J. , Castro José J.
Published: March 2019

In this study, we used a historical collection of photographs taken by recreational fishers from 1940 to 2014, at the island of Gran Canaria, to show both a significant decrease in the mean total length of Epinephelus marginatus and a concurrent change in the composition of captures. Before 1980, the mean total length of fish caught and photographed was c. 100 cm, while after 2009 this was typically < 40 cm. Before 1980, the predominant captured species was E. marginatus (an apex predator), but currently the majority of catches are of omnivorous species, in particular the parrotfish, Sparisoma cretense and seabreams Diplodus spp. Overall, integration of these results indicates a qualitative and quantitative variation in captures of recreational fishers, probably as a sign of change in ecological balances and the overfished status of many target species.
Textural and structural characterization of extrudates from apple pomace, defatted soy flour and corn grits
Authors: Singha Poonam , Singh Sushil K. , Muthukumarappan Kasiviswanathan
Published: March 2019

Corn grits blended with defatted soy flour (30‐50%) and apple pomace (0‐20%) were extrusion cooked. The effect of apple pomace levels and processing conditions (extrusion temperature, screw speed and moisture content) on the extrudates' textural properties, cellular structure and molecular conformation were studied. Results show that increase in the apple pomace level (0 to 20%) and extrusion temperature (100 to 140°C) decreased the hardness of the extrudates. The hardness ranged between 7.57 and 15.23 N. Lower hardness was associated with higher crispness and brittleness. SEM examination revealed that higher temperature and shear were responsible for the damage of the cellular structure of the extrudates. Presence of air cells indicated crisper extrudates. FTIR showed that there were significant changes in the components in the formulation due to extrusion. This study showed the variation in internal structure and molecular bonds and their effect on the texture of the extrudates containing apple pomace.

Practical applications

Textural and structural properties of extrudates containing novel blend of apple pomace, defatted soy flour and corn grits were examined. The information generated from this research will help in formulating extruded products with high levels of protein and fiber.
Paid Family Leave: An Emerging Benefit for Employed Family Caregivers of Older Adults
Authors: Feinberg Lynn Friss
Published: March 2019

As our population ages, the ability to take time off to care for an ill family member or close friend without losing income or a job is a growing social, health, and economic issue for American families. Therefore, the need for paid family leave policies for workers with caregiving responsibilities is an important topic for employers and policymakers, in the clinical care of older adults, and at kitchen tables across the United States. Despite this growing need, paid family leave is not available to most workers, and there is no national paid family leave policy. Health care and social service providers have a role in ensuring that family members of their patients with a serious health condition or disability are aware of the potential availability of paid family leave benefits in the states and businesses that provide them. Building a better system of care for older adults means changes not only in health care settings and in long‐term services and supports, but in workplaces too. This article describes the challenges faced by workers with family caregiving responsibilities, explains why paid family leave matters, indicates which states have adopted these protections, and reviews research on existing paid family leave policies. Finally, actions by clinicians and other stakeholders are offered to advance awareness about paid family leave benefits, including coverage for workers with care responsibilities for older people.
Beyond Parental Leave: Paid Family Leave for an Aging America
Authors: Wolff Jennifer L. , Drabo Emmanuel F. , Van Houtven Courtney H.
Published: March 2019

This editorial comments on the article by Lynn Friss Feinberg
The Role of Federal and Private Student Loans in Homeownership Decisions
Authors: Robb Cliff A. , Schreiber Samantha L. , Heckman Stuart J.
Published: March 2019

This paper examines the effect of student loans on the decision to become a homeowner. Analyses use the Baccalaureate and Beyond 2008:2012 (B&B) panel dataset collected by the U.S. Department of Education that surveyed a representative sample of four‐year college graduates from institutions across the country. Whereas previous analyses of student loan debt rely on cumulative loan balances, the present research examines both federal and private student loan impacts separately. Private student loan data is often unavailable in major datasets, but the B&B data provide rich information on sources and amounts of debt for recent graduates. We instrument student loans using in‐state tuition rates and find that for four‐year college graduates, a $1,000 increase in a respondent's private student loan balance lowers the likelihood of buying a home by about 5 percentage points whereas a $1,000 increase in federal loans has no significant impact on homeownership during this time.
Understanding the Downstream Healthcare Supply Chain: Unpacking Regulatory and Industry Characteristics
Authors: Dobrzykowski David
Published: March 2019

Hospital leaders face unprecedented pressure to improve traditional supply chain performance measures such as cost, quality, and customer experience. As such, healthcare executives are increasingly turning to the operations and SCM field to provide thought leadership and establish best practices around coordinating information, material, and financial flows in healthcare delivery. Unfortunately, our learnings from traditional manufacturing, and to some extent other service supply chains, do not always easily port to the downstream healthcare delivery supply chain due to regulatory issues and distinctive characteristics present in this network. Grounded in Institutional Theory, this study conceptualizes the downstream healthcare delivery supply chain, highlights important regulatory pressures that influence this supply chain, and examines the effects of government regulation and the unique characteristics of this network on coordination. In doing so, this conceptual study brings to bear important contextual considerations and motivates novel research areas where the SCM field can make substantial contributions.
RecBCD, SbcCD and ExoI process a substrate created by convergent replisomes to complete DNA replication
Authors: Hamilton Nicklas A. , Wendel Brian M. , Weber Emma A. , Courcelle Charmain T. , Courcelle Justin
Published: March 2019

The accurate completion of DNA replication on the chromosome requires RecBCD and structure specific SbcCD and ExoI nucleases. However, the substrates and mechanism by which this reaction occurs remains unknown. Here we show that these completion enzymes operate on plasmid substrates containing two replisomes, but are not required for plasmids containing one replisome. Completion on the two‐replisome plasmids requires RecBCD, but does not require RecA and no broken intermediates accumulate in its absence, indicating that the completion reaction occurs normally in the absence of any double‐strand breaks. Further, similar to the chromosome, we show that when the normal completion reaction is prevented, an aberrant RecA‐mediated recombination process leads to amplifications that drive most of the instabilities associated with the two‐replisome substrates. The observations imply that the substrate SbcCD, ExoI and RecBCD act upon in vivo is created specifically by two convergent replisomes, and demonstrate that the function of RecBCD in completing replication is independent of double‐strand break repair, and likely promotes joining of the strands of the convergent replication forks.
Microplastic effects on plants
Authors: Rillig Matthias C. , Lehmann Anika , de Souza Machado A. Abel , Yang Gaowen
Published: March 2019

Microplastic effects in terrestrial ecosystems have recently moved into focus, after about a decade of research being limited to aquatic systems. While effects on soil physical properties and soil biota are starting to become apparent, there is not much information on the consequences for plant performance. We here propose and discuss mechanistic pathways through which microplastics could impact plant growth, either positively or negatively. These effects will vary as a function of plant species, and plastic type, and thus are likely to translate to changes in plant community composition and perhaps primary production. Our mechanistic framework serves to guide ongoing and future research on this important topic.
Anemia in Bolivian children: a comparative analysis among three regions of different altitudes
Authors: Cordero Dilberth , Aguilar Ana Maria , Casanovas Carmen , Vargas Elizabeth , Lutter Chessa K.
Published: March 2019

Here, we analyzed four population‐based demographic and health surveys conducted in Bolivia between 1998 and 2016 to understand trends in anemia in children from 6 to 59 months of age by selected sociodemographic characteristics and three categories of altitude: low, medium, and high. Over the 18‐year period, the prevalence of anemia was virtually unchanged while that in children living at high altitude increased. Anemia in children living at all three altitude categories is more than 40% and a severe public health problem according to the World Health Organization. We did not identify a single consistent risk factor for anemia in children living at high altitude compared with those living at medium or low altitude. The most consistent characteristic associated with childhood anemia across the three altitude categories was diarrhea in the last 2 weeks. Low length/height for age, an adolescent or anemic mother, a mother with no or little education, and a mother who speaks Quechua or Aymara were also risk factors. We conclude that it is necessary to review anemia policies and programs and prioritize children who are at greatest risk of developing anemia, particularly those living at high altitude. As iron deficiency appears to explain only a small part of childhood anemia, there is also a need to better understand its other causes and develop appropriate interventions.
Short‐term pharyngeal airway space changes after mandibular advancement surgery in Class II patients—a two‐dimensional retrospective study
Authors: do Vale Francisco , Rodrigues Mariana Latas , Francisco Inês , Roseiro Ana , Santos Inês , Caramelo Francisco , Rodrigues Maria João
Published: March 2019

Structured Abstract

Introduction

Planning successful treatment for the correction of anatomic abnormalities of the upper airways, by surgical advancement of the mandible, depends on extensive knowledge of the pharyngeal airway space (PAS). However, there is limited scientific evidence about changes in PAS after mandibular advancement surgery.

Aim

To evaluate the immediate changes in superior posterior airway space (SPAS) in Class II patients, after mandibular advancement surgery.

Materials and Methods

A cephalometric evaluation of 37 patients with skeletal Class II deformity was performed at 2 distinct time intervals: Pre‐operative (T0) and immediate post‐operative (T1), using Dolphin Image & Management Solutions, version 11.9, according to the method of Arnett/Gunson FAB Surgery. The differences due to the surgical intervention were assessed with Student's t test, and a Principal Component Analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between mandibular advancement and SPAS variables. Anticlockwise and clockwise rotation groups were also evaluated with Mann‐Whitney tests. The statistical analysis was conducted in SPSS and R assuming a 0.05 level of significance.

Results

As an effect of mandibular advancement, an anteroposterior statistically significant increase in SPAS (P < 0.001) was perceived at all points measured.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that mandibular advancement surgery is a viable option to achieve widening of the SPAS in patients with Class II skeletal morphology.
Short‐ and long‐term potential effects of accelerated osteogenic orthodontic treatment: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Dab Sandeep , Chen Kevin , Flores‐Mir Carlos
Published: March 2019

Structured Abstract

Objective

To better understand the potential effects after corticotomy accelerated osteogenic orthodontic treatment (CAOOT).

Setting and sample population

Systematic review with meta‐analysis.

Materials and methods

A literature search up to August 2018 was conducted to identify randomized clinical studies (RCTs) on CAOOT reporting periodontal parameters, bone changes, patient‐centred and short‐ and long‐term adverse outcomes. A random‐effects meta‐analysis was performed on various parameters (bone density, buccal bone thickness, anchorage loss, visual analog scale, root resorption and retraction time) to quantify weighted treatment effects.

Results

A total of five split mouth, four parallel arms, one regular RCTs and two prospective CCTs were included (206 patients). Pooled data showed increase in bone thickness by 0.68 mm (95% CI: 1.17, 0.19) and reduced retraction time by 2.80 months (95% CI: −4.17, −1.43). There were statistically insignificant differences for root resorption 0.24 mm (95% CI: −0.49, 0.96), anchorage loss 0.49 mm (95% CI: −1.38, 0.40), worsening of periodontal parameters (gingival index) by 0.30 (95% CI: −0.83, 0.23) and mean increase in bone density of 7.07% on the corticotomy side at 6 months (95% CI: −3.24, 17.38).

Conclusion

Current evidence suggests a very low to low level of certainty (GRADE assessment) in regard to quantified effects after CAOOT. Although CAOOT procedures show insignificant increase in the density following the use of bone graft and anchorage loss, they appear to accelerate the tooth movement during the first few months, to increase the buccal bone thickness and to show good tolerance by the patients; the clinical significance of these changes may be considered questionable.
A novel treatment for idiopathic knuckle pads with cantharidin‐podophylotoxin‐salicylic acid
Authors: Hasbún Catalina , Sandoval Mauricio , Curi Maximiliano
Published: March 2019

Knuckle pads are benign subcutaneous nodules that appear most frequently on the small joints of the hands. In children, they are often idiopathic, and no universally effective treatment has been reported. We present the case of an adolescent successfully treated with a combination of topical cantharidin ‐podophylotoxin ‐salicylic acid.