bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scribes, Repertoires, and Variation
Authors: Grossman Eitan , Cromwell Jennifer
Published: February 2018

As in spoken language, variation abounds in written texts. In the latter, linguistic and extralinguistic variation coexists: one finds variation in lexical and grammatical features, as well as in other textual parameters such as orthography, phraseology and formulary, palaeography, layout, and formatting. Such variation occurs both within the written output of individuals and across broader corpora that represent ‘communities’ of diverse types. To encapsulate this, we use the inclusive term ‘scribal repertoires’, a concept that is intended to cover the entire set of linguistic and non-linguistic practices that are prone to variation within and between manuscripts, while placing focus on scribes as socially and culturally embedded agents, whose choices are reflected in texts. This conceptualization of scribal variation, inspired by the relatively recent field of historical sociolinguistics, is applied to a range of phenomenon in the scribal cultures of premodern Egypt, across languages and socio-historical settings.
From Scribal Repertoire to Text Community
Authors: Stenroos Merja
Published: February 2018

This chapter discusses the problem of relating individual scribal usages to community-level linguistic variation in languages for which the surviving records consist of handwritten texts (‘manuscript languages’). In the absence of detailed contextual information, both individual texts and corpora pose problems of representativeness. A solution is to study the surviving texts strictly on their own terms, rather than attempting to reconstruct the overall variation within the language area. The study of smaller text communities, defined on the basis of groups of texts sharing specific parameters, may provide a useful approach. The discussion is based on work on late Middle English materials, but deals with problems common to many manuscript languages.
Words of Thieves
Authors: Winand Jean
Published: February 2018

This chapter studies how scribes handled the testimonies given during the trials related to the Great Tomb Robbery case at the end of Egypt’s Twentietn Dynasty. Some stylistic uniformization took place, e.g. in narrative sections. This is illustrated by how scribes completed and modified the evidence given to match administrative format (e.g. function titles, the lists of the stolen items), and by how they rephrased words spoken by the accused/witnesses. Sometimes, verbatim quotations could be kept, as shown by occasional intrusions of slang. Variation occurred even in general formulae, the spelling of common words, and phraseology. Four case studies are directly relevant for the discussion of variation: 1) reported by two witnesses, same papyrus; 2) reported by one witness, two different papyri; 3) parallel wording in two unrelated cases reported by two witnesses, same papyrus; and 4) parallel wording in two unrelated cases reported by two witnesses, two different papyri.
Art, Authorship, and Authorization
Authors: Gover K. E.
Published: February 2018

This chapter shows that the concepts of artistic freedom and moral rights have their source in an ideal of authorship that is assumed but incorrectly accounted for in both the legal and philosophical literature. It then presents a ‘dual-intention’ theory of artistic authorship, which argues that authorship entails two orders of intention: the first, ‘generative’ moment, involves the intentions that guide the actions that lead to the production of an artwork. The second moment is the evaluative moment, in which the artist decides whether or not to accept the work as ‘hers.’ This second moment often goes unnoticed and unaccounted for in theories of authorship because it only becomes explicit when challenged.
Evolution of carnivory in angiosperms
Authors: Fleischmann Andreas , Schlauer Jan , Smith Stephen A. , Givnish Thomas J.
Published: February 2018

Molecular systematics demonstrate that carnivorous plants have evolved at least ten times independently, in five orders, 12 families, and 19 genera of angiosperms. Carnivory has arisen once in Nepenthales (a segregate of Caryophyllales), once in Oxalidales, twice in Ericales, and three times each in Lamiales and Poales. Estimated crown ages of these ten lineages range from 1.9 to 81 million years (Mya), with the youngest three lineages (1.9 – 2.6 Mya) being all single genera of Poales, and all involving one or two carnivorous species in an otherwise noncarnivorous group. We now understand the evolution of carnivorous plants based on knowing when and (often) where they diverged from specific noncarnivorous ancestors; inferring which traits were gained, which were retained, and which of the latter may have been crucial preadaptations for carnivory; and identifying the evolutionary drivers of carnivory by evaluating the ecological differences between carnivorous plants and their noncarnivorous relatives.
Systematics and evolution of Lentibulariaceae: III. Utricularia
Authors: Jobson Richard W. , Baleeiro Paulo C. , Guisande Cástor
Published: February 2018

Utricularia is a morphologically and ecologically diverse genus currently comprising more than 230 species divided into three subgenera—Polypompholyx, Utricularia, and Bivalvaria—and 35 sections. The genus is distributed worldwide except on the poles and most oceanic islands. The Neotropics has the highest species diversity, followed by Australia. Compared to its sister genera, Utricularia has undergone greater rates of speciation, which are linked to its extreme morphological flexibility that has resulted in the evolution of habitat-specific forms: terrestrial, rheophytic, aquatic, lithophytic, and epiphytic. Molecular phylogenetic studies have resolved relationships for 44% of the species across 80% of the sections. Scant data are available for phylogeography or population-level processes such as gene flow, hybridization, or pollination. Because nearly 90% of the species are endemics, data are urgently needed to determine how to protect vulnerable species and their habitats.
Carnivorous plant genomes
Authors: Renner Tanya , Lan Tianying , Farr Kimberly M. , Ibarra-Laclette Enrique , Herrera-Estrella Luis , Schuster Stephan C. , Hasebe Mitsuyasu , Fukushima Kenji , Albert Victor A.
Published: February 2018

Carnivorous plant genome research has focused on members of the Lamiales and Oxalidales; the most complete sequences are for Utricularia gibba and Cephalotus follicularis. The size-limited U. gibba genome highlights the importance of small-scale tandem duplications, which likely play roles in this species’ carnivorous adaptation. Sequencing of the C. follicularis genome detected adaptive changes that may explain the evolution of traits associated with attraction, trapping, digestion, and absorption. Functional consequences of genes putatively missing in the U. gibba genome, yet present in other angiosperms, may have influenced the evolution of polyploidy, physiology, and a rootless Bauplan. Additional draft nuclear genomes and transcriptomes are available for carnivorous Caryophyllales, Ericales, Lamiales, and Poales, but are limited in quantity and quality. Chloroplast genomes of carnivorous Lentibulariaceae have revealed interesting patterns of gene loss, alterations in the proportion of repeat DNA, and plastome-wide increases in substitution rates.
Linear and Nonlinear Dynamic Behaviour
Authors: Huffaker Ray , Bittelli Marco , Rosa Rodolfo
Published: February 2018

In this chapter, we describe how highly erratic dynamic behavior can arise from a nonlinear logistic map, and how this apparently random behavior is governed by a surprising order. With this lesson in mind, we should not be overly surprised that highly erratic and random appearing observed data might also be generated by parsimonious deterministic dynamic systems. At a minimum, we contend that researchers should apply NLTS to test for this possibility. We also introduced tools to analyze dynamic behavior that form the foundation for NLTS. In particular, we have stressed the quite unexpected capability to achieve some form of predictability even with only one trajectory at hand. In subsequent chapters, we treat known nonlinear dynamical systems as unknown, and investigate how NLTS methods rely on a single solution (or multiple solutions) generated by them to reconstruct equivalent systems. This is a conventional approach in the literature for seeing how NLTS methods work since we know what needs to be reconstructed.
The Features of Chaos
Authors: Huffaker Ray , Bittelli Marco , Rosa Rodolfo
Published: February 2018

In this chapter we introduce the features of Chaotic systems. We describe “sensitivity to initial conditions” and its quantitative measure, the Lyapunov exponent, which reflect the average rate of divergence (if any) between two neighboring trajectories. We describe the dynamic “strangeness” of the system. Which has its counterpart in the “strangeness” of the attractor's geometry and concerns with the texture woven by the system in phase space. Fractal dimensions are measures of such strange geometries and they are here described. The concept of recurrence is introduced and the recurrence plot is described, and code provided to generate it. The correlation dimension is addressed and the R code to compute is listed and detailed. Poincare map is introduced and applied to the study of the damped, driven pendulum.
Empirically Detecting Causality
Authors: Huffaker Ray , Bittelli Marco , Rosa Rodolfo
Published: February 2018

Phenomenological models mathematically describe relationships among empirically observed phenomena without attempting to explain underlying mechanisms. Within the context of NLTS, phenomenological modeling goes beyond phase space reconstruction to extract equations governing real-world system dynamics from a single or multiple observed time series. Phenomenological models provide several benefits. They can be used to characterize the dynamics of variable interactions; for example, whether an incremental increase in one variable drives a marginal increase/decrease in the growth rate of another, and whether these dynamic interactions follow systematic patterns over time. They provide an analytical framework for data driven science still searching for credible theoretical explanation. They set a descriptive standard for how the real world operates so that theory is not misdirected in explaining fanciful behavior. The success of phenomenological modeling depends critically on selection of governing parameters. Model dimensionality, and the time delays used to synthesize dynamic variables, are guided by statistical tests run for phase space reconstruction. Other regression and numerical integration parameters can be set on a trial and error basis within ranges providing numerical stability and successful reproduction of empirically-detected dynamics. We illustrate phenomenological modeling with solutions of the Lorenz model so that we can recognize the dynamics that need to be reproduced.
Phenomenological Modelling
Authors: Huffaker Ray , Bittelli Marco , Rosa Rodolfo
Published: February 2018

Detecting causal interactions among climatic, environmental, and human forces in complex biophysical systems is essential for understanding how these systems function and how public policies can be devised that protect the flow of essential services to biological diversity, agriculture, and other core economic activities. Convergent Cross Mapping (CCM) detects causal networks in real-world systems diagnosed with deterministic, low-dimension, and nonlinear dynamics. If CCM detects correspondence between phase spaces reconstructed from observed time series variables, then the variables are determined to causally interact in the same dynamic system. CCM can give false positives by misconstruing synchronized variables as causally interactive. Extended (delayed) CCM screens for false positives among synchronized variables.
Labour Markets, Solidarity, and Precarious Work
Authors: Pulignano Valeria , Doerflinger Nadja
Published: February 2018

This chapter examines the processes and the conditions explaining union success in fighting precarious work, based on a comparative study of multinational subsidiaries in the metal and chemical industries in Germany and Belgium. It examines how unions in each plant made different use of institutional and associational power resources to avoid concessions for the relatively protected standard (or permanent) workforce, while improving the conditions of the less protected non-standard (temporary and agency) workers. To fight precarity, trade unions need to build and sustain power. Power resources associated with encompassing institutions and associational power are essential to building inclusive solidarity among different groups of workers. Findings show that fragmented and less encompassing institutions in Germany allow employers to exploit exit options. However, inclusive and strong institutions in Belgium are not an antidote per se to employers’ strategic threats.
Better Strategies for Herding Cats?
Authors: Greer Ian , Samaluk Barbara , Umney Charles
Published: February 2018

This chapter examines the forms of solidarity used by musicians in the anarchic and highly competitive market conditions of freelance music. It examines three capital cities, London, Paris, and Ljubljana, and finds similar market conditions but different institutions and different activities by trade unions and collectives. The chapter sketches the relevant state institutions and the activity of trade unions and collectives, showing how institutional forms influence the strategies employed by trade unions. But in all three cases, the structure of the market, combined with the conflicting aspirations of working musicians themselves, leads to collective action that fails effectively to challenge the market conditions that produce precarity for working musicians. Trade union services and advocacy address the aspirations for career advancement or state support for musicians, whereas collectives focus more on creative freedom.
Fighting Precariousness
Authors: Tapia Maite , Holgate Jane
Published: February 2018

This chapter examines union strategies towards precarious migrant workers in the UK, France, and Germany. It shows that at a national level, the umbrella labour organizations or confederations—the British Trades Union Congress (TUC), the German Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (DGB), and the French Confédération Générale du Travail (CGT)—have changed their policies over time, becoming more open and welcoming towards migrant workers. However, specific union strategies towards migrant workers differ substantively. Thus, even though the policy framework at a macro level is quite similar across the UK, Germany, and France, the chapter finds significant differences in union approaches at the micro level when examining the organizing or advocacy work that is happening on the ground in the workplace or locality. The findings show that institutional power resources and union ideology really matter to the specific approaches taken by unions at the micro level.
Unions and Migrant Workers
Authors: Danaj Sonila , Çaro Erka , Mankki Laura , Sippola Markku , Lillie Nathan
Published: February 2018

This chapter examines the relationship between migrant workers and trade unions in different host countries. Based on a series of biographic interviews with Estonian migrant workers in Finland and Albanian workers in Italy and Greece, it makes the case that when migrants join unions, it is usually a result of an individual movement out of precarious and sometimes informal work into secure, formal work relations. The availability of such secure jobs for migrants is a result of inclusive national institutions of labour market regulation, and a strong trade union workplace presence. Although in all three countries the migrants were quite passive and instrumentalist in their relations to unions, they nonetheless generally joined when working in unionized contexts, as a way of conforming to workplace norms.
Holiness and the Holocaust
Authors: Portnoff Sharon
Published: February 2018

The Holocaust may represent absolute desecration: the end of all holiness. The urgent question of the post-Holocaust age is whether holiness may be reaffirmed, whether holiness is possible in history. Emil Fackenheim (1916–2003) argued that holiness is an active search for God’s presence. Such a search could repair history—but it is unclear whether such a search can even occur. Can Jews in good faith continue to believe in the saving presence of God in the midst of a desecrated history? This chapter examines the situation of modern thought that makes holiness, as the search for God, both precarious and necessary.
Selfenergy
Authors: Morawetz Klaus
Published: February 2018

The averaged wave functions allow defining the transport vertex. For the correlation functions this leads to the Generalised Kadanoff and Baym formalism with the Langreth–Wilkins rules. The meaning of the selfenergy is explored. The Green’s function is a secular equation in which the complicated motion of a particle during interaction is represented by the selfenergy. The quasiparticle picture is applicable to long trajectories, where the averaged velocity is of interest. In processes like emission, the Doppler shift depends on the local velocity and one has to return to the microscopic picture. The application scheme how to construct and use the selfenergy is presented.
Properties of Non-Instant and Nonlocal Corrections
Authors: Morawetz Klaus
Published: February 2018

The derived nonlocal and non-instant shifts are discussed with respect to various symmetries and gauges. The classical counterparts are derived and found in agreement with the expected phenomenological ones from chapter 3. The explicit forms of the hard-sphere like offsets and the delay time in terms of the scattering phase shifts are calculated and discussed on the example of nuclear collision. The numerical results reveal an interesting inside into the microscopic correlations developed in dependence on the scattering angle and scattering energy. The just-accomplished derivation of the nonlocal scattering integrals is far from being intuitive. We have reached our task, the kinetic equation, being guided by nothing but systematic implementation of the quasiclassical approximation and the limit of small scattering rates.
Nonequilibrium Quantum Hydrodynamics
Authors: Morawetz Klaus
Published: February 2018

The balance equations resulting from the nonlocal kinetic equation are derived. They show besides the Landau-like quasiparticle contributions explicit two-particle correlated parts which can be interpreted as molecular contributions. It looks like as if two particles form a short-living molecule. All observables like density, momentum and energy are found as a conserving system of balance equations where the correlated parts are in agreement with the forms obtained when calculating the reduced density matrix with the extended quasiparticle functional. Therefore the nonlocal kinetic equation for the quasiparticle distribution forms a consistent theory. The entropy is shown to consist also of a quasiparticle part and a correlated part. The explicit entropy gain is proved to complete the H-theorem even for nonlocal collision events. The limit of Landau theory is explored when neglecting the delay time. The rearrangement energy is found to mediate between the spectral quasiparticle energy and the Landau variational quasiparticle energy.
The Oral Dimension
Authors: Kornicki Peter Francis
Published: February 2018

This chapter first examines the oral dimension of the dissemination of Sinitic texts in East Asia. Although a few individuals who had spent many years in China or who were of Chinese origin were able to read Chinese texts in some form of Chinese pronunciation, this was not the case even for most members of the elites, for few spent much time in China. In most societies, conventional pronunciations developed for Chinese characters and these conformed to local phonologies. The first stage of vernacularization, therefore, was in the oral domain. Conversely, however, since there was no common spoken language like Latin, opportunities for intellectual exchange with people from other societies were limited. The remainder of this chapter, therefore, examines the limited extent to which interpreters were trained and other people learned spoken foreign languages. The chapter concludes with an examination of brush conversation, a written substitute for oral conversation.
Book Roads and Routes
Authors: Kornicki Peter Francis
Published: February 2018

Chinese texts travelled in extraordinary quantities to distant parts of East Asia, and this chapter charts the movements of books. Most of the movement was centripetal, from China to neighbouring societies, and rather than being foisted on neighbouring societies Chinese books were instead actively sought and taken home by envoys, monks, and other travellers. The flow of books continued right up to the middle of the nineteenth century, when Chinese accounts of the Opium War and of the power of Western countries reached Japan and Korea. Small numbers of books were taken from neighbouring societies to China or to other neighbouring societies, the most important case being the seizure of many books from Korea by the Japanese forces which invaded the Korean peninsula in the last decade of the sixteenth century. For the most part, though, East Asian societies apart from China were receivers rather than transmitters.
Introduction
Authors: Churchill David
Published: February 2018

The introduction critically interrogates orthodox accounts of crime control and modernization, and outlines the conceptual and methodological basis of an alternative interpretation. In particular, it critiques the state monopolization thesis—the notion that the state assumed full control over the response to crime in the modern era, which it has relinquished only recently, in an age of late modernity. To counter such accounts of crime control and modernity, the introduction advances a multifaceted conceptual framework for understanding the governance of crime, drawing on historical and sociological scholarship on governance and governmentality. Furthermore, it outlines the study’s methodology, which combines qualitative and quantitative analysis of newspaper reports, court depositions, and police records. Finally, it establishes the urban context for the study by synthesizing research on contours of urbanization, social structure, and shifting formations of urban space.
Crime Prevention
Authors: Churchill David
Published: February 2018

This chapter analyses the civilian contribution to crime prevention in the Victorian city, and places that contribution in the context of official strategies of crime control. Whereas most studies assert that the police monopolized crime prevention in the nineteenth century, this chapter reveals that the public retained a vital role through situational techniques of prevention. Furthermore, it outlines the development of security markets in the nineteenth century, and thus illuminates the contribution of the security industry (lock and safe companies) and of private policing (night watchmen) to crime prevention. Finally, the chapter analyses the norms of civilian conduct in crime prevention. Via strategies of responsibilization—enacted through newspaper crime reporting and by the police—members of the public were encouraged to take personal responsibility for their own security, rather than to rely upon police protection.
Criminal Investigation
Authors: Churchill David
Published: February 2018

The chapter explores the role of the public in discovering and investigating criminal offences in the Victorian city. It reveals that civilians (rather than the police) were responsible for discovering most offences, through practices of everyday surveillance in communities, homes, and workplaces. By contrast, the balance of initiative in investigating crimes was more evenly divided between the police and public. Contrary to accounts that stress the decline of civilian activity in modern criminal investigation, the chapter argues that members of the public continued to play a vital role, especially in property-based (rather than suspect-based) modes of detection, which relied upon victims’ intimate familiarity with their belongings. In tracing stolen goods, ordinary people harnessed local pawnbrokers, shopkeepers, and the press; while the police too exploited these investigative networks and resources, it seems that increasing police involvement was not correlated with diminishing public activity.
Confronting the Criminal
Authors: Churchill David
Published: February 2018

This chapter examines civilian self-policing in the Victorian city, through a survey of self-defence and apprehension practices. Despite the formation of preventative police forces, victims of crime remained active in defending themselves and in tackling offenders on the streets, in shops, homes, and workplaces. Victims’ participation in this field was underpinned by the limited physical presence of the police, and by forms of legal duty and cultural obligation for civilians to assist the police in making arrests. The chapter demonstrates that the Victorian city crowd continued to play a major role in apprehension, by supporting victims and the police in dealing with criminals. Notwithstanding the diffusion of more restrained notions of masculinity in the nineteenth century, the chapter argues that confronting criminals afforded victims an outlet for more assertive (and violent) forms of manly conduct, which complemented the vigorous public culture of the Victorian street.
Conclusion
Authors: Churchill David
Published: February 2018

The conclusion builds upon the content of the book to reflect on contemporary policing and crime control in its historical context, and on the politics of agency in social history. It argues that Victorian crime control is best characterized as a mixed economy, in which governance was shared between the police and the public. The modernization of crime control was marked less by a transition in governance from communities to the state, than by subtle shifts within this mixed economy. Furthermore, the chapter critiques accounts of late modern policing, which emphasize stark shifts (responsibilization, pluralization, etc.) in contemporary governance, and suggests instead that the Victorian era presents compelling antecedents of contemporary crime control strategies. Finally, given the role of ordinary people in responding to crime, the chapter reflects critically on conventional modes of thinking about power and agency in social history.
Perspectives on Agriculture, Diversification, and Gender in Rural Africa: Theoretical and Methodological Issues
Authors: Djurfeldt Agnes Andersson , Dzanku Fred Mawunyo , Isinika Aida Cuthbert
Published: February 2018

The chapter frames the book in terms of the recent debates on smallholder agriculture and the empirical context of sub-Saharan Africa and presents the aims of the book. Moreover, it outlines the theoretical basis for the book departing from theoretical perspectives on pro-poor agricultural growth, gender-based differences in agricultural productivity, linkages to the non-farm sector, and gender-based aspects of such diversification. The chapter details the research design employed by the project and how it has evolved over time, and lists the countries and regions in which the data have been collected. The longitudinal data gathered in 2002, 2008 and 2013/15 are described, as are the complementary qualitative data collected since 2008. Finally, the chapter summarizes the structure of the book.
African Smallholder Farmers on the Move: Farm and Non-Farm Trends for Six Sub-Saharan African Countries, 2002–15
Authors: Jirström Magnus , Bustos Maria Archila , Loison Sarah Alobo
Published: February 2018

This chapter provides a broad descriptive background of central aspects of smallholder agriculture in six countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It offers an up-to-date picture of the current trends of crop production, area productivity, levels of commercialization, and sources of cash incomes among 2,500 farming households. Structured around smallholder production, commercialization, and diversification in the period 2002–15, the chapter points on the one hand at persistent challenges such as low crop yields, low levels of output per farm, and a high degree of subsistence farming, and on the other hand at positive change over time in terms of growth in crop production and increasing levels of commercialization. It points at large variations not only between countries and time periods but also at the village levels, where gaps in crop productivity between farms remain large. Implicitly it points at the potential yet to be exploited in the SSA smallholder sector.
Spatial and Gendered Linkages Between Non-Farm Diversification and Farm Productivity in Ghana
Authors: Dzanku Fred Mawunyo , Sarpong Daniel B.
Published: February 2018

This chapter uses both household panel and cross-sectional data to examine the relationship between non-farm diversification and farm labour productivity; is asks whether the gender of the diversifier matters for the relationship. The full sample results provide no evidence that non-farm earning has any effect on farm labour productivity. Region-specific nuances exist, however. The chapter finds that increasing non-farm earnings reduces average farm productivity in poor regions but not in rich regions. The data also provide support for the hypothesis that the gender of the non-farm diversifier matters. Even so, there are spatial nuances: in agro-ecologically more dynamic regions, farm labour productivity is significantly decreasing with women’s non-farm earnings but increasing with men’s, whereas in less dynamic regions only men’s non-farm earnings exert a significant negative effect on farm labour productivity. The chapter concludes that the relationship between non-farm diversification and farm labour productivity is context-specific.
Holding the Sole
Authors: Davidson Hilary
Published: February 2018

For centuries, people have invested shoes with supernatural powers beyond their daily functionality. Their moulding quality makes them vessels for holding emotions, containing agency, and transmitting talismanic potencies of the self, body, and socio-cultural environments and authorities. This chapter explores magical and emotional uses of shoes in three historical contexts: folk and fairy tales, saints’ relics, and deliberately concealed shoes. Supernatural shoes in tales inscribe punishments or give aid. This magical agency finds parallels in shoes associated with saints. Relic shoes transmit saints’ posthumous holiness or are material embodiments of their souls. Finally, the supernatural is explored around shoes deliberately concealed in buildings throughout the pre-modern period. The beliefs involved mirror each other in polarities between oral/literary, recording/concealing, doctrine/practice, sacred/profane, public/private, held in shoes as material cultural vessels. The physical shoe is linked to the power of the sacralized supernatural shoe as elevated, evoking wonder and awe.
Get a Grip? The Tactile Object of Handlyng Synne
Authors: Farina Lara
Published: February 2018

This chapter contributes to a history of the human handling of books by considering the instructive and affective qualities of an early fourteenth-century confessor’s manual, Robert Mannyng’s Handlyng Synne. It discusses both Mannyng’s directions for the user and his use of exempla, comparing the latter to ‘experiment anecdotes’ in present-day writings in affect theory, such as those by Brian Massumi and Erin Manning. It argues that the medieval carole, a dance featured in Mannyng’s most memorable exemplum (known as ‘The Dancers of Colbek’) provides a model of the readerly movements summoned by both Mannyng’s book and current work in affect studies. These movements are circular, but contradictory and in some ways ‘nonsensical’, unlike the progressive mobility imagined in medieval monastic and mystical writings.
Classical mechanics
Authors: Kachelriess Michael
Published: February 2018

This chapter reviews those concepts of classical mechanics which are essential for progressing towards quantum theory. The Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulation of classical mechanics are derived from action principles. The Green function method is illustrated and the action of a relativistic point particle recalled.
Gauge theories
Authors: Kachelriess Michael
Published: February 2018

After reviewing electrodynamics as the special case of an abelian gauge theory, this local symmetry is generalised to non-abelian gauge theories. The curvature of space-time is introduced as analogue of the non-abelian field-strength. Non-abelian gauge theories are quantised using the Fadeev–Popov method and the resulting Feynman rules are derived.
Renormalisation I: Perturbation theory
Authors: Kachelriess Michael
Published: February 2018

After giving an overview about regularisation and renormalisation methods, this chapter shows the calculation of the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron in QED. Using a power counting argument, non-, super- and renormalisable theories are distinguish from one another. The structure of the divergences and perturbative renormalisation is discussed for the case of the λϕ4 theory. regularisation methods, renormalisation schemes, anomalous magnetic moment of the electron, power counting, renormalisation of the λϕ4 theory.
Introduction
Authors: Schifano Norma
Published: February 2018

Chapter 1 outlines the main research questions of the book, namely identifying a detailed map of verb movement across a wide selection of (non-)standard Romance varieties and showing that much more variation is attested than traditionally assumed. In order to achieve this goal, verb placement is tested with respect to a number of hierarchically ordered adverbs, as mapped by Cinque (1999), and taking into account not only present indicative lexical verbs, but also different verb typologies. Before proceeding with the investigation, a number of assumptions are presented, such as the methodological ones (e.g. the intonational and scope requirements of the tested adverbs), the theoretical ones (e.g. hybrid cartographic-minimalist framework), as well as some comments on the method of data collection (cf. guided translation task with native speakers).
Microvariation
Authors: Schifano Norma
Published: February 2018

Chapter 5 investigates Spanish and Romanian marked orderings of verbs and adverbs, as well as the microvariation in verb placement emerging from the investigation of variously TAM-specified lexical vs functional and finite vs non-finite forms. First, the pragmatically marked orders of Romanian and Spanish present indicative verbs are considered. Second, the placements of the perfective auxiliary ‘have’ and of the active past participle are analysed and it is shown that the attested variation can be subsumed under the same licensing principle responsible for default movement. Subsequently, a unified analysis is provided to account for the high placement of infinitives and subjunctives. The chapter ends with the cases of Romanian and French, which seem to escape the proposed analyses, followed by a discussion about the role played by Tense and Aspect in verb movement and the residual patterns of microvariation exhibited by Brazilian Portuguese.
Introduction
Authors: Tripkovic Bosko
Published: February 2018

The chapter explains the relevance, subject matter, structure, and method of the book. The book aims to challenge and explain the metaethical foundations of value-based arguments in constitutional reasoning. The chapter clarifies which value-based arguments are analysed, why we should study their metaethical foundations, what does it mean to challenge and explain them, and why constitutional adjudication is important in this context. In so doing, the chapter introduces the central concepts and themes explored in the book, motivates its philosophical approach, and provides a brief chapter overview.
Constitutional Ethics, Confidence, and Reflection
Authors: Tripkovic Bosko
Published: February 2018

The chapter applies the notions of confidence and reflection to constitutional reasoning. The first part of the chapter contends that the arguments from constitutional identity, common sentiment, and universal reason can be modified in line with the dialectic of confidence and reflection to be mutually compatible, and explains how these arguments interact, constrain, and reinforce each other. It locates the source of constitutional confidence in the evolving constitutional identity that is reaffirmed and developed through the reflection upon the moral sentiments of the constitutional community. The second part of the chapter demonstrates how the reconstruction of the arguments from constitutional identity, common sentiment, and universal reason around a credible understanding of value enables us to express some of the quintessential constitutional dilemmas in a new vocabulary and allows us to resolve them. It explains how diachronic changes and synchronic differences in moral attitudes ought to affect constitutional interpretation.
Conclusion
Authors: Tripkovic Bosko
Published: February 2018

The chapter summarizes the main argument of the book. It contends that previously identified value-based arguments—from constitutional identity, common sentiment, and universal reason—fail as independent grounds of moral judgment. However, combining these arguments allows constitutional courts to emulate the moral point of view in a process that is both sensitive to different moral perspectives and attuned to their institutional position. The chapter concludes that constitutional courts ought to respect the moral intuitions of the people that can be reflectively attributed to their constitutional identity.
Introduction
Authors: Chen-Wishart Mindy , Loke Alexander , Vogenauer Stefan
Published: February 2018

This chapter provides an introduction to the Studies in Asian Contract Law series: its genesis and objectives, the difficulties encountered, the methodology adopted, as well as the terms of reference given to all contributors to this volume. It explains the comparative law dimensions of the project, the thematic focal points of each stage of the project, and the basis on which the Asian jurisdictions featured in this book were selected. It introduces the underlying research questions and overarching themes of the book and also provides a summary of each of the chapters.
Contract Formation under Chinese Law
Authors: Chunyan Ding
Published: February 2018

This chapter discusses the law on contract formation in Chinese law which largely follows the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods and the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts. An objective approach is adopted in determining the parties’ intentions but exceptions are allowed where parties have not accurately expressed their true agreement, the contract is a sham, or one party’s intentional false expression is known to the other. For a contract to be binding, its ‘essential elements’ must be agreed (names of the parties, subject matter, and quantity); other terms may be agreed by the parties after the conclusion of the contract or, failing that, determination by the court. In reality, however, courts use soft laws and the nature of the contract, to augment what is required. A purported acceptance which makes a ‘non-material’ alteration to the content of the offer can bind the offeror unless the offeror timely rejects it, but there is little scope for non-materiality. Nevertheless, even a materially varied acceptance can bind if the original offeror’s performance amounts to acceptance where the usage of transaction or the express terms of the offer allows acceptance by conduct. Furthermore, courts show willingness to recognize an acceptance by conduct of performance beyond these two situations. There is no general requirement of form for a valid contract, although exceptionally, laws or administrative regulations may require writing or approval/registration. There is no general requirement of consideration; gratuitous contracts are enforceable. However, the latter attract far less legal force than onerous contracts. An offer is irrevocable only if it is an option or if the offeree reasonably believes the offer is irrevocable and has made preparations for the performance of the contract. An acceptance takes effect only when it arrives. A late acceptance that is not attributed to the offeree is ineffective unless the offeror gives timely notice of its intention to ratify the acceptance. Electronic means of communication are treated in the same way as paper-based communications with specific rules to determine the time and place of contract formation and the validity of electronic signature. Reliance-based pre-contractual liability may be imposed, on the basis of the requirement of good faith, in the circumstances including negotiating with no intention of concluding a contract, intentional concealment of material facts, or breach of confidentiality.
Contracts for the Benefit of Third Parties: The Singapore Law Perspectives
Authors: Burton ONG
Published: February 2018

Singapore’s contract law framework, in the context of third party beneficiaries, has stayed faithful to the approach taken under English law. The common law in Singapore has adopted the privity of contract rule, various common law exceptions to the rule, and a statutory regime to empower third parties to enforce contractual terms in prescribed circumstances. The privity rule confines the benefits and burdens under a contract to the contract parties; only they have given consideration and only they can sue and be sued under it. However, various reasons support the third party beneficiary having some right to enforce that benefit and a range of common law mechanisms have been recognized by the courts to allow the third party to do this. Some are true exceptions, others operate by recharacterizing the status of the third party into that of a primary party, thereby eliminating the lack of privity. In cases where the third party may potentially be able to sue the promisor in tort, the basis for loosening the privity doctrine to permit the third party to sue the promisor in contract, and the character of the damages recoverable from the party in breach, requires closer scrutiny.
Contracts for the Benefit of Third Parties Under the Taiwan Civil Code
Authors: JAN Sheng-Lin
Published: February 2018

This chapter discusses the position of third party beneficiaries in Taiwan law where the principle of privity of contract is well established. Article 269 of the Taiwan Civil Code confers a right on the third party to sue for performance as long as the parties have at least impliedly agreed. This should be distinguished from a ‘spurious contract’ for the benefit of third parties where there is no agreement to permit the third party to claim. Both the aggrieved party and the third party beneficiary can sue on the contract, but only for its own loss. The debtor can only set off on a counterclaim arising from its legal relationship with the third party. Where the third party coerces the debtor into the contract, the contract can be avoided, but where the third party induces the debtor to contract with the creditor by misrepresentation, the debtor can only avoid the contract if the creditor knows or ought to have known of the misrepresentation.
Urban Intellectual Christianity
Authors: Chow Alexander
Published: February 2018

This chapter focuses on the development in the late 1990s and the early twenty-first century of intellectuals in the study of Christianity with a stronger faith commitment than their predecessors discussed in Chapter 3. Whilst many of these individuals would initially see themselves as being cultural Christians, they would later shift and see themselves as Christian scholars (Jidutu xueren) who serve as elders and pastors of local urban intellectual churches and develop their theological engagements based on the Calvinist tradition. Moreover, in contrast to the cultural Christians who spent most of their more formative years during the Cultural Revolution, this new generation of Christian intellectuals was born towards the end of the Cultural Revolution and was often more shaped by—and may even have been part of—the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests.
The Public as Transcendent
Authors: Chow Alexander
Published: February 2018

Building on the author’s previous work on the Eastern Orthodox understanding of theosis and the Chinese understanding of the unity of Heaven and humanity (Tian ren heyi), Chapter 6 engages Aristotle Papanikolaou’s recent work on political theology and argues the case for Chinese Christianity to have an integrative theology which pursues a Divine–human unity as the foundation for the theologian and the church to engage the state and the society.
Optimal Spacecraft Trajectories
Authors: Prussing John E.
Published: February 2018

Optimal spacecraft trajectories are given a modern comprehensive treatment of the theory and important results. In most cases “optimal” means minimum propellant. Less propellant required results in more payload delivered to the destination. Both necessary and sufficient conditions for an optimal solution are analysed. Numerous illustrative examples are included and problems are provided at the ends of the chapters along with references. Newer topics such as cooperative rendezvous and second-order conditions are considered. Seven appendices are included to supplement the text, some with problems. Both classical results and newer research results are included. A new test for a conjugate point is demonstrated. The book is both a graduate-level textbook and a scholarly reference book.
Introduction
Authors: Prussing John E.
Published: February 2018

The performance index for an optimal spacecraft trajectory is typically minimum propellant consumption, not because of the monetary cost of the propellant, but because for each kilogram of propellant saved an additional kilogram of payload is delivered to the final destination. The term “minimum fuel” is often used in place of “minimum propellant”, even for chemical rockets in which the propellant is composed of both fuel and oxidizer. As is often the case, the term “fuel” is used rather than “propellant” because it’s shorter – having one syllable instead of three. In some applications other performance indices are used, such as minimum time, maximum range, etc....
Optimal Trajectories
Authors: Prussing John E.
Published: February 2018

Optimal trajectories are analysed, covering both constant- and variable-specific-impulse cases. Primer vector is defined and illustrated. The first-order necessary conditions for an optimal constant-specific-impulse (CSI) trajectory were first derived by Lawden using classical Calculus of Variations. Variable-specific-impulse rocket engines are discussed with the cost functional for a VSI engine. In the derivation that follows, an Optimal Control Theory formulation is used, but the derivation is similar to that of Lawden. One difference is that the mass is not defined as a state variable, but is kept track of indirectly.
Second-Order Conditions
Authors: Prussing John E.
Published: February 2018

Second-order conditions for both parameter optimization problems and optimal control problems are analysed. A new conjugate point test procedure is discussed and illustrated. For an optimal control problem we will examine the second variation of the cost. The first variation subject to constraints provides first-order NC for a minimum of J. Second-order conditions provide SC a minimum.