bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morocco in the era of eco-urbanism
Authors: Barthel Pierre-Arnaud
Published: November 2016

Purpose

Environmental urbanism is reflected for the last years in the design of urban megaprojects. This trend is spreading in Morocco to the point that it is considered as the leading player in this emerging field across North Africa. The purpose of this paper is to advance the twofold hypothesis that these specific urban projects are on the one hand tools of capitalism and on the other hand leverage for clear change in the global management project process compared to non-eco-projects. In addition to these two hypotheses, the lack of environmental regulations at the national level and the copy and paste of international standards are serious limits of the approach at the local scale.

Design/methodology/approach

Drawing on an in-depth case study (Benguérir “green town”) and interviews conducted from 2012 to 2014, the paper will aim to build up a critical and operational research on emerging eco-megaprojects in Morocco.

Findings

The paper provides empirical insights and confirms the connection between capitalistic megaprojects and environmental urbanism in Morocco. However, it partially rejects the hypothesis that this new trend opens up dramatic change in the making of projects. This study case points sharp limitations and mismatches between virtuous environmentalism and reality on the ground: the problem of adjusting projects to urban policies, a lack of coordination and trust between local officials and developers, excessive reliance on standards and labels, conformity of developers with the international doxa of urban sustainability. However, eco-urbanism can give birth to better integrated and sustainable projects than “mainstream” urbanism when strongly related to local financial, technical and economic capacities of end users and stakeholders in North Africa.

Research limitations/implications

Because of the chosen research approach, the research results may lack generalizability. Therefore, researchers are encouraged to test the proposed propositions further.

Practical implications

Recommandations are proposed to improve principles in eco-urbanism in Morocco and beyond in North Africa.

Social implications

The skills of residents are a source of education to be tapped into and developed further for eco-projects.

Originality/value

This paper provides an “in situ” analysis of the preparation and implementation of eco-projects in Africa and the national and local adaptations of the internationally promoted eco-city.
Practice education: A snapshot from Australian university programmes
Authors: Gustafsson Louise , Brown Ted , McKinstry Carol , Caine Anne‐Maree
Published: November 2016

Background/aim

Practice education is an integral component of the learning process for occupational therapy students. The dramatic increase in Australian occupational therapy programmes and students enrolled over the last decade is placing exponential demands on universities and practice education providers to meet accreditation and registration requirements. This study aimed to explore practice education from the perspectives of Australian occupational therapy university programmes.

Methods

A purpose‐designed survey was emailed to the heads of all Australian occupational therapy programmes. The survey gathered qualitative and quantitative data on courses offered, number of students, practice education hours and models, practice education administration and funding, and challenges for stakeholders. All data were summarised and are presented descriptively.

Results

Responses were received from 21 (95.5%) Australian university occupational therapy programmes, with a total enrolment of 5569 undergraduate and 659 graduate‐entry masters students. Practice education hours were predominantly in the later years of study and used an apprenticeship model for supervision. There was a trend for observation, simulation and service‐learning experiences to be placed in the early years of programmes. Participants reported that the increasing student numbers presented difficulties within the changing clinical contexts. There was a call to re‐examine the 1000‐hour requirement for practice education.

Conclusion

Practice education is a critical issue for Australian occupational therapy. Increasing student numbers place mounting financial and resource demands on education programmes and practice education providers. There is a need for a national, collaborative approach to develop guidelines and processes to ensure sustainability relating to practice education.
Novel CT‐guided biopsy of isolated perineural spread of adenoid cystic carcinoma along the trigeminal nerve masquerading as chronic trigeminal neuropathy
Authors: Yong Xian Zhang Eric , Dillon Jonathan , Smith Paul , Salinas‐La Rosa Cesar , Jhamb Ashu
Published: November 2016

The differential diagnoses for chronic peripheral neuropathy are broad and diagnosing a cause can be challenging. We present a case of isolated perineural spread of adenoid cystic carcinoma to the trigeminal nerve involving skull base foramina and Meckel's cave in the setting of chronic trigeminal neuropathy and no known prior malignancy. Computed tomography‐guided core (CT) needle biopsy was needed to arrive at a diagnosis and a novel approach was required to obtain tissue from the trigeminal nerve lesion at foramen ovale.
Employer Organizations and Labour Immigration Policy in Australia and the United Kingdom: The Power of Political Salience and Social Institutional Legacies
Authors: Wright Chris F.
Published: November 2016

This article examines employer organizations and labour immigration policy in Australia and the United Kingdom. Drawing on 102 elite interviews, it analyses employer organizations’ preferences and influence over recent reforms. The article builds on Culpepper's arguments relating to the significance of political salience and identifies the importance of various institutional factors, particularly social institutions, in shaping employer organizations’ decisions and engagement with the policy process. Political salience and social institutional legacies are critical for explaining why employer organizations played a central role in driving labour immigration reforms in Australia and a marginal role in the UK. Large intakes of workers from the European Union, which sustained immigration as a high salience issue and fuelled the Brexit campaign, also influenced the strategies of UK employer organizations.
Family member engagement with early psychosis specialty care
Authors: Lucksted Alicia , Stevenson Jennifer , Nossel Ilana , Drapalski Amy , Piscitelli Sarah , Dixon Lisa B.
Published: November 2016

Background

Family members of individuals with early psychosis (EP) play critical roles in their engagement with EP services, but family member experiences of those roles are insufficiently understood.

Methods

We conducted semi‐structured interviews with 18 family members of individuals enrolled in EP services during the Recovery After an Initial Schizophrenia Episode‐Implementation Evaluation Study (RAISE‐IES study), to better understand their experiences engaging with EP specialty care and their roles in client engagement in services.

Results

Family members described diverse experiences with the interplay among distress regarding their loved one's illness, uncertainty engaging with programme staff and highly valued facets of the clinical programme. These included ongoing family outreach and support, frequent communication from staff, programme flexibility and individualization of care. They also described varied and stressful complexities involved in providing practical assistance and encouragement to support their loved one's engagement in care. Competing responsibilities, time and resource limitations, and the intricacy of providing support while fostering autonomy impacted their roles and experiences.

Conclusions

Given key family roles for most EP clients, understanding family members’ highly individual experiences and responding to them in tailored ways is necessary to best support families in helping their loved ones engage in care and recovery as well as navigate their own worry and stress. Recommendations for engaging and supporting family members are highlighted.
Sea lamprey avoid areas scented with conspecific tissue extract in Michigan streams
Authors: Di Rocco R. T. , Johnson N.S. , Brege L. , Imre I. , Brown G.E.
Published: November 2016

Three in‐stream experiments were conducted to determine whether sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L., tissue extract (alarm cue) and 2‐phenylethylamine hydrochloride (PEA HCl, a putative predator cue) influenced the distribution of migrating adult sea lamprey. Experiments evaluated sea lamprey movement when an odour was applied to (1) a tributary of a larger stream; and (2) half of a stream channel. Fewer sea lamprey entered the tributary and side of the river scented with sea lamprey tissue extract compared to the control treatment. Sea lamprey did not avoid the tributary and side of the river scented with PEA HCl. A final laboratory experiment found no difference in the avoidance response of sea lamprey to PEA HCl mixed with river water vs PEA HCl mixed with water from Lake Huron. As such, the lack of sea lamprey response to PEA HCl in the stream was unlikely to have been caused by the presence of the river water. Rather, the difference between laboratory and field results may be attributed to the complexity of the physical environment.
Advertising and Competition for Market Share between a New Good Producer and a Remanufacturer
Authors: Batabyal Amitrajeet A. , Beladi Hamid
Published: November 2016

We study the strategic interaction between a new good producer and a remanufacturer who use advertising campaigns to compete for a dominant share of the market for a certain good. Each firm chooses one of three possible strategies for running its advertising campaign. The two rival firms care only about capturing a dominant share of the relevant market. Hence, if a firm expects to capture dominant market share with probability p є [0, 1], then its payoff in the game we study is also p. Our analysis leads to four results. First, we provide the normal form representation of the game between the new good producer and the remanufacturer. Second, we specify the game in matrix form. Third, we indicate what happens at each stage of the elimination of strictly dominated strategies. Finally, we show that the iterated elimination of strictly dominated strategies yields a clear and unique prediction about the outcome of the advertising game.
Paradoxes of Anti‐austerity Protest: Matters of Neoliberalism, Gender, and Subjectivity in a Case of Collective Resignation
Authors: Granberg Magnus , Nygren Katarina Giritli
Published: November 2016

This article analyses an episode of collective resignation. Carried out mainly by specialist nurses, this is a proliferating form of worker protest in Sweden that poses a challenge to austerity policy and emerges in a specific industrial‐relations context. Mobilizing for collective resignation, activist nurses navigate terrains of neoliberal governance, marketization and flexible labour‐market dynamics. The collective resignation is also a form of action underpinned by a discourse of gender equality. Our analysis, which attends to the co‐emergence of gendering and subject formation in the narratives of a group of activists and to the use of gender‐equality rhetoric in framing collective action, shows how opportunities for collective action arise that also restrain the exercise of agency. In this case, subject formation included contrasting nursing to tropes of archetypical militant workers and negotiating tensions between care and collective action. This involved reproducing and challenging established forms of gendering.
Synthesis of nitride phosphor using entire oxides raw materials and their photoluminescence properties
Authors: Yang Yan‐fang , Chen Jing‐jing , Li Guang‐hao , Mao Zhi‐yong , Xu Jiao , Wang Da‐Jian , Fahlman Bradley D.
Published: November 2016

Sr2Si5N8:Eu2+ nitride phosphors application for light emitting diodes were synthesized for the first time using less‐expensive and air‐stable entire oxides raw materials, SrCO3, SiO2, and Eu2O3, through a carbothermal reduction and nitridation (CTRN) route. The reaction dynamic processes of the CTRN route and the phase components, photoluminescent properties, quantum efficiency as well as thermal stability for the resultant Sr2Si5N8:Eu2+ phosphors were investigated in detail. High‐crystalline pure Sr2Si5N8:Eu2+ red‐emitting phosphor with acceptant luminescent performances could be obtained through finely controlling addition amount of carbon reductant agent and carefully removing the residual carbon without oxidation damage. An economic route is outlined in this work for the synthesis of nitride phosphors using cost‐effective entire oxides raw materials, thereby driving the development and practical application of nitrides phosphors.
Self‐perceived health status and sleep quality of older adults living in community after elastic band exercises
Authors: Chan Shu‐Ya , Chen Kuei‐Min
Published: November 2016

Aims and objectives

To test the effectiveness of a six‐month senior elastic band exercise programme on the self‐perceived health status and sleep quality of older adults living in community settings.

Background

Health issues common among older adults living in community settings include poor physical and mental health conditions and sleep quality. Engagement in appropriate exercise programmes facilitates alleviating these health issues among older adults.

Design

A quasi‐experimental design was applied. A convenience sample of older adults was drawn from six senior‐citizen activity centres in southern Taiwan. Participants were assigned to either an experimental group (three centres,n = 97) or a control group (three centres,n = 102) based on the senior‐citizen activity centres they attended.

Methods

The participants in the experimental group carried out the Senior Elastic Band exercise programme for six months (three times per week and 40 minutes per session) in addition to their daily activities. The participants in the control group maintained their daily activities. The participants’ self‐perceived health status and sleep quality were examined at the baseline, three‐month interval and six‐month interval.

Results

In total, 169 participants completed the six‐month study: 84 constituted the experimental group and 85 constituted the control group. At the three‐month interval, the participants in the experimental group had greater improvements in self‐perceived physical health, overall sleep quality, sleep latency and sleep duration compared with those in the control group; these significant changes continued throughout the six‐month study.

Conclusions

The Senior Elastic Band exercise programme showed promising effects in improving the self‐perceived physical health and sleep quality of older adults living in community settings.

Relevance to clinical practice

Healthcare professionals can incorporate the Senior Elastic Band exercise programme as one of the health promotion activities for older adults living in community settings.
Patient room lighting influences on sleep, appraisal and mood in hospitalized people
Authors: Giménez Marina C. , Geerdinck Leonie M. , Versteylen Mathijs , Leffers Pieter , Meekes Gaby J. B. M. , Herremans Hannelore , de Ruyter Boris , Bikker Jan Willem , Kuijpers Petra M. J. C. , Schlangen Luc J. M.
Published: November 2016

Irregular 24 h light/dark cycles with night‐time light exposure and a low amplitude are disruptive for sleep, mood and circadian rhythms. Nevertheless such lighting conditions are quite common in medical care facilities. A controlled clinical trial among 196 cardiology ward patients (mean age 66.5 ± 13.1 years SD) investigated how a patient room lighting intervention affects sleep, appraisal and mood across hospitalization. Patients were either assigned to a standardly‐lit room or to a room with an interventional lighting system offering a dynamic 24 h light/dark cycle with low nocturnal light exposure and 2 h of bright light (1750 lux) during daytime. Measures included wrist actigraphy and questionnaires assessing alertness, sleep quality, anxiety, depression and lighting appraisal. The median length of hospitalization was 5 days in both study arms. Subjective scores on sleep, alertness, anxiety and depression did not differ between arms. Lighting appraisal in intervention rooms was better as compared to standardly‐lit rooms, both in patients (P < 0.001) and staff (P < 0.005). Actigraphic sleep duration of patients improved by 5.9 min (95% CI: 0.6–11.2; P = 0.03 intervention × time effect) per hospitalization day with interventional lighting instead of standard lighting. After 5 days of hospitalization, sleep duration in the lighting intervention rooms increased by 29 min, or a relative 7.3%, as compared to standardly‐lit rooms. A 24 h lighting system with enhanced daytime brightness and restricted nocturnal light exposure can improve some aspects of appraisal and objective sleep in hospital patients. More clinical research is needed to establish the best lighting strategy to promote healing and wellbeing within healthcare settings.
Multi‐Objective Mathematical Programming Approach to Construction Laborer Assignment with Equity Consideration
Authors: Yi Wen , Wang Shuaian
Published: November 2016

Construction laborer assignment is the assignment of laborers in a team to the tasks for a daily work in a construction project. This study proposes a mathematical programming approach to examine the optimal construction laborer assignment problem with the objectives of productivity and occupational health and safety while considering equity between laborers. Several linearization techniques are presented to transform the mathematical programming model into a mixed‐integer linear program, which can be solved by off‐the‐shelf mixed‐integer linear solvers. The proposed model is applied to extensive numerical experiments and the results show that the mathematical programming approach outperforms a conventional heuristic by over 10% in terms of job completion time. This implies considerable overhead, equipment, and manpower savings for the construction industry.
Epidemiology and cost implications of candidemia, a 6‐year analysis from a developing country
Authors: Ulu Kilic Aysegul , Alp Emine , Cevahir Fatma , Ture Zeynep , Yozgat Nuran
Published: November 2016

Surveillance of candidemia is essential to monitor trends in species distribution and change in the incidence and antifungal resistance. In this study, we aimed to investigate prevalence, resistance rates, antifungal utilization and costs. A 6‐year retrospective analysis of the data belonging to patients with candidemia hospitalized between 2010 and 2016 was performed. The annual usage of fluconazole and caspofungin and the usage of these antifungals in different units were described in defined daily doses (DDD) per 1000 patient days. In total, 351 patients of candidemia were included. Median age of the patients was 45 (0‐88) and 55.1% of them were male. Overall, 48.1% of the candidemia episodes (169/351) were due to C. albicans, followed by C. parapsilosis (25.1%), C. glabrata (11.7%). Length of hospital stay was longer with a median of 20 days among patients with non‐albicans candidemia. Presence of a central venous catheter was found to be an associated risk for candidemia caused by non‐albicans strains. Annual incidence of candidemia increased from 0.10 to 0.30 cases/1000 patient days. Antifungal use was increased over years correlated with the cost paid for it. The policy against candidemia should be specified by each institution with respect to candidemia prevalence, resistance rates, antifungal use and costs.
Pharmacokinetics of dabrafenib in a patient with metastatic melanoma undergoing haemodialysis
Authors: Park John J. , Boddy Alan V. , Liu Xiaoman , Harris David , Lee Vincent , Kefford Richard F. , Carlino Matteo S.
Published: November 2016

The combination of dabrafenib and trametinib is a standard of care for the management of BRAF mutant metastatic melanoma. Clinical trials excluded patients with end‐stage kidney disease (ESKD), and as such, no data are available regarding the safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetics of these drugs in such patients. Here, we present the case of a 78‐yr‐old male patient with ESKD managed with haemodialysis (HD), treated with dabrafenib and trametinib at reduced doses. The patient has had a partial response, and this response continues at 9 months since our last follow‐up without any dose escalation. Treatment was complicated by the development of diarrhoea, attributed to trametinib, necessitating temporary cessation of trametinib. Pharmacokinetic profiling of dabrafenib was undertaken, and its metabolites were similar pre‐ and post‐dialysis and comparable to those in patients with normal renal function. Moreover, HD did not lower the plasma concentration of dabrafenib or trametinib. It is feasible to administer dabrafenib, in combination with trametinib, to patients with ESKD undergoing HD.
The association between grandparental investment and grandparents' happiness in Finland
Authors: DANIELSBACKA MIRKKA , TANSKANEN ANTTI O.
Published: November 2016

There is a lack of studies analyzing the association between grandparental investment and grandparents' happiness. Using nationally representative data from the Generational Transmissions in Finland project (sample n = 2,152 older adults), this study explores (a) whether grandparenthood is associated with self‐evaluated happiness, (b) whether there is an association between grandparental investment (measured by contact frequencies with grandchildren) and a grandparent's self‐perceived happiness, and (c) whether differences in the associations between grandparental investment and happiness vary according to the gender and lineage of a grandparent. Our results show that just being a grandparent is not associated with self‐evaluated happiness among older Finns. However, a positive association was found in the case of maternal grandmothers' investment and happiness.
Religious Symbols
Authors: Whistler Daniel
Published: November 2016

In this essay, I survey the different uses of the concept of the symbol at play in the philosophy of religion. Considering that historically theories of the symbol have frequently had significant religious presuppositions and implications, I suggest that one might expect that the symbol would play a significant role in current research. This is not the case, however, since the very specific metaphysical, linguistic and theological premises that have traditionally informed much theorisation of the symbol tend to be unpopular today. The main exception is Peircean symbolics which has recently been re‐appropriated by a variety of philosophical fields, including philosophy of religion. To open up further contexts for contemporary deployments of the symbol, I look to contemporary public and legal debates concerning the right to wear religious symbols as an area of research unjustly neglected by philosophers of religion: much of the inchoate conceptual work being done in the legal cases themselves would naturally feed into academic philosophical discussion of the symbol.
Targeted Inactivation of DNA Photolyase Genes in Medaka Fish (Oryzias latipes)
Authors: Ishikawa‐Fujiwara Tomoko , Shiraishi Eri , Fujikawa Yoshihiro , Mori Toshio , Tsujimura Tohru , Todo Takeshi
Published: November 2016

Proteins of the cryptochrome/photolyase family (CPF) exhibit sequence and structural conservation, but their functions are divergent. Photolyase is a DNA repair enzyme that catalyzes the light‐dependent repair of ultraviolet (UV)‐induced photoproducts, whereas cryptochrome acts as a photoreceptor or circadian clock protein. Two types of DNA photolyase exist: CPD photolyase, which repairs cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), and 6‐4 photolyase, which repairs 6‐4 pyrimidine–pyrimidone photoproducts (6‐4PPs). Although the Cry‐DASH protein is classified as a cryptochrome, it also has light‐dependent DNA repair activity. To determine the significance of the three light‐dependent repair enzymes in recovering from solar UV‐induced DNA damage at the organismal level, we generated mutants in each gene in medaka using the CRISPR genome editing technique. The light‐dependent repair activity of the mutants was examined in vitro in cultured cells and in vivo in skin tissue. Light‐dependent repair of CPD was lost in the CPD photolyase‐deficient mutant, whereas weak repair activity against 6‐4PPs persisted in the 6‐4 photolyase‐deficient mutant. These results suggest the existence of a heretofore unknown 6‐4PP repair pathway and thus improve our understanding of the mechanisms of defense against solar UV in vertebrates.
Developing manufactured soils from industrial by‐products for use as growth substrates in mine reclamation
Authors: Watkinson Autumn D. , Lock Alan S. , Beckett Peter J. , Spiers Graeme
Published: November 2016

Suitable soils for reclamation can be acquired through excavation and translocation of local soils, increasing the industrial footprint on previously undisturbed lands and causing negative environmental impacts. Manufactured soils (Technosols) could be a viable soil source when the availability of suitable natural soils is limited. The purpose of this study was to manufacture a Technosol from an admixture of woody residuals, primary paper sludge, and two subtypes of nonacid generating crushed mine rock, to function as a growth substrate for revegetation of mined land. Technosols manufactured with 0, 25, 50, and 75% organic materials (v/v) were assessed in a 10‐week growth study using annual ryegrass biomass production and allocation as a performance indicator. Technosols containing no organic materials had significantly lower plant nutrient concentrations than Technosols containing an organic constituent and, after 5 weeks of growth, ryegrass grown on nonorganic Technosols had greater root:shoot ratios than ryegrass grown on organic Technosols. Organics increase the water holding capacity and nutrient concentrations of Technosols and should be included in manufacturing Technosols for revegetation. Technosols manufactured with primary paper sludge produced lower shoot biomass than Technosols manufactured with woody residuals, which could be in part due to the higher pH of the paper sludge. Technosols can be manufactured for revegetation purposes and individual components should be assessed before and after mixing. Further development of Technosols should include field testing and amendment or fertilizer use to improve soil nutrient content.
Frailty is common and strongly associated with dyspnoea severity in fibrotic interstitial lung disease
Authors: Milne Kathryn M. , Kwan Joanne M. , Guler Sabina , Winstone Tiffany A. , Le Angela , Khalil Nasreen , Camp Pat G. , Wilcox Pearce G. , Ryerson Christopher J.
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

Background and objective

Frailty is the age‐related accumulation of deficits that decrease the ability to respond to biological stress. Patients with fibrotic interstitial lung disease (ILD) may be frail due to consequences of ILD, age, co‐morbidities and adverse effects of pharmacotherapies. The objective of this study was to examine the prevalence and predictors of frailty in fibrotic ILD.

Methods

Fibrotic ILD patients were recruited from a specialized clinic. Patients with ILD secondary to a systemic disease were excluded. Frailty was determined using the Frailty Index based on the presence or absence of multiple deficits, including co‐morbidities, symptoms and functional limitations. The Frailty Index was based on the proportion of deficits present, with frailty defined as a score >0.21. Cronbach's alpha was used to estimate the internal consistency of the Frailty Index. Dyspnoea was measured using the University of California San Diego Shortness of Breath Questionnaire. Multivariate analysis was used to determine independent predictors of frailty.

Results

The definition of frailty was met in 50% of the 129 patients. Cronbach's alpha for the Frailty Index was 0.87. The Frailty Index was associated with forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1
), diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO
), ILD‐gender, age and physiology (GAP) index, composite physiologic index and dyspnoea score. Dyspnoea severity was the strongest unadjusted predictor (r = 0.65, P < 0.001) and only independent predictor of the Frailty Index (0.034 increase in Frailty Index per 10‐point increase in dyspnoea score; R2
 = 0.37; P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Frailty is highly prevalent and is strongly and independently associated with dyspnoea severity, demonstrating that dyspnoea is a more important determinant of frailty than pulmonary function.
U.K. Foot and Mouth Disease: A Systemic Risk Assessment of Existing Controls
Authors: Delgado João , Pollard Simon , Pearn Kerry , Snary Emma L. , Black Edgar , Prpich George , Longhurst Phil
Published: November 2016

This article details a systemic analysis of the controls in place and possible interventions available to further reduce the risk of a foot and mouth disease (FMD) outbreak in the United Kingdom. Using a research‐based network analysis tool, we identify vulnerabilities within the multibarrier control system and their corresponding critical control points (CCPs). CCPs represent opportunities for active intervention that produce the greatest improvement to United Kingdom's resilience to future FMD outbreaks. Using an adapted ‘features, events, and processes’ (FEPs) methodology and network analysis, our results suggest that movements of animals and goods associated with legal activities significantly influence the system's behavior due to their higher frequency and ability to combine and create scenarios of exposure similar in origin to the U.K. FMD outbreaks of 1967/8 and 2001. The systemic risk assessment highlights areas outside of disease control that are relevant to disease spread. Further, it proves to be a powerful tool for demonstrating the need for implementing disease controls that have not previously been part of the system.
Devolved Responsibility and On‐Farm Biosecurity: Practices of Biosecure Farming Care in Livestock Production
Authors: Higgins Vaughan , Bryant Melanie , Hernández‐Jover Marta , Rast Luzia , McShane Connar
Published: November 2016

International efforts to prevent the spread of biological threats to agro‐food production are increasingly being devolved from national governments to farming industries and farmers. Previous research has highlighted the farm‐level and institutional challenges in engaging farmers in biosecurity. However, little is known sociologically about what farmers already know and do to manage disease risk, and specifically how they practice biosecurity. This article addresses this issue through the application of theoretical work on the choreography of care. Drawing from a qualitative study of biosecurity in the Australian beef industry, we argue that farmers’ localised practices of caring for their herd health and farm are crucial in making biosecurity workable. These practices take two key forms: skilled craftwork, through which farmers construct and hold together different objects and elements of care; and fluid engineering, which involves efforts to construct barriers for separating on‐farm practices of care from perceived off‐farm disease risks. In engaging in these care practices, farmers make an important contribution to national livestock biosecurity principles and practices. We argue that greater recognition of localised practices of biosecure care may provide the basis for engaging farmers more effectively in a devolved form of biosecurity governance.
Von interkultureller Literatur zu inter‐/transkulturellen und symbolischen Kompetenzen: Yoko Tawada im DaF‐Unterricht
Authors: Rieger Caroline L.
Published: November 2016

Die Entwicklung interkultureller/transkultureller und symbolischer Kompetenzen gehört zu den schwierigsten und gleichzeitig unabdingbaren Leistungen aller Fremdsprachenlernenden. Die regelmäßige, gesteuerte Auseinandersetzung mit literarischen Texten fördert die Ausbildung dieser Kompetenzen ganz wesentlich, und besonders hilfreich ist die Arbeit mit fremdsprachlich literarischen Texten, die direkt oder auch indirekt (inter‐)kulturelle Konfrontationen oder Fragestellungen thematisieren.Von der Muttersprache zur Sprachmuttervon Yoko Tawada ist ein solcher Text. Wie er im (universitären) Fremdsprachenunterricht sinnvoll und gewinnbringend auf der Mittelstufe etwa zwischen B1.2 und B2.2 entsprechend dem Gemeinsamen Europäischen Referenzrahmen für Sprachen (Europarat,) eingesetzt werden kann, wird in diesem Beitrag beschrieben.
Effects of Pipeline Elevation Changes on Optimum Expelling Procedures for Gas Pipelines
Authors: Botros K. K. , Edwards C. , Watson B. , Thrall T.
Published: November 2016

Expeller performance has been evaluated in terms of the capability to create suction pressure at the throat. This formulation has been used to assess the effectiveness of evacuating combustible gases from an isolated, depressurized, pipeline section involving mainline block valves up to two times normal spacing with an intermediate vent stack. Additionally, the effects of elevation changes that promote buoyancy driven flows are accounted for in time as the interface between air and gas travels along the pipeline section during expelling. Two expelling strategies were introduced and assessed. These are simultaneous expelling, in which gas is expelled from the pipeline section from both ends, and sequential expelling, in which an intermediate vent stack is used to expel gas from the upstream and downstream segments. The effects of elevation changes and the location of the intermediate vent stack determine the best strategy for expelling so as to maximize the purge velocity in the section of a pipeline to be purged, while maintaining the mean flow velocity in the pipe above the minimum purge velocity to prevent air-gas stratification. It was found that for a ‘Flat-’ or a ‘Cusp-type’ elevation profile it is advantageous to follow a sequential expelling procedure using one expeller at the intermediate vent stack location. In the case of a ‘Vee-type’ elevation profile, a simultaneous expelling procedure is a better option in terms of expelling time, at the cost of needing to deploy two expellers to different sites quite far apart. Air ingress location depends on the expelling strategy and elevation profile.
The Specifications Dilemma Posed by Ultra High Toughness Line Pipe Steels
Authors: Leis B. N. , Gray J. M. , Barbaro F. J.
Published: November 2016

Pipelines transporting compressible hydrocarbons like methane or high-vapor-pressure liquids under supercritical conditions are uniquely susceptible to long-propagating failures in the event that initiation triggers this process. The unplanned release of hydrocarbons from such pipelines poses the risk for significant pollution and/or the horrific potential of explosion and a very large fire, depending on the transported product. Accordingly, the manufacturing procedure specification (MPS) developed to ensure the design requirements are met by the steel and pipe-making process is a critical element of the fracture control plan, whose broad purpose is to protect the environment and ensure public safety, and preserve the operator’s investment in the asset.

This paper considers steel specification to avoid long-propagating shear failures in advanced-design larger-diameter higher-pressure pipelines made of thinner-wall higher-grade steels. Assuming that the arrest requirements can be reliably predicted it remains to specify the steel design, and ensure fracture control can be affected through the MPS and manufacturing procedure qualification testing (MPQT). While standards exist for use in MPQTs to establish that the MPS requirements have been met, very often CVN specimens remain unbroken, while DWTT specimens exhibit features that are inconsistent with the historic response and assumptions that underlie many standards. In addition, sub-width specimens are often used, whereas there is no standardized means to scale those results consistent with the full-width response required by some standards. Finally, empirical models such as the Battelle two curve model (BTCM) widely used to predict required arrest resistance have their roots in sub-width specimens, yet their outcome is widely expressed in a full-size context.

This paper reviews results for sub-width specimens developed for steels in the era that the BTCM was calibrated to establish scaling rules to facilitate prediction in a full-size setting. Thereafter, issues associated with the use of sub-width specimens are reviewed and criteria are developed to scale results from such testing for use in the MPS, and MPQT, which is presented as a function of toughness. Finally, issues associated with the acceptance of data from unbroken CVN specimens are reviewed, as are known issues in the interpretation of DWTT fracture surfaces.
Failure Along Spiral Welds in Gas Pipeline
Authors: Al-Sulaiman Saleh , Safri Shabbir , Salam Abdul , Lee Chi
Published: November 2016

A 16 km. long, 18” Gas pipeline (HP055) was in service to transport High Pressure Gas from an oil gathering center in West Kuwait (WK) area since 2001. The Pipeline carried wet sour gas. It was inspected in 2008 using high resolution MFL-ILI tool. No significant corrosion was found. In late 2012, a leak developed in the pipeline. The leak was due to a crack along a spiral weld on the bottom. Inspection during repairs revealed severe internal pitting on the bottom. The pipeline continued to leak several times in the next year, eventually resulting in decommissioning of the pipeline. Another ILI could not be carried out due to operational constraints and frequent leaks. The Pipeline was critical in the operation of the oil gathering center, and the loss of it severally affected the gas/oil export target and the flaring reduction commitment. An internal failure investigation was inconclusive, though indicating possibility of sulfide stress cracking. The failure investigation work was then entrusted to TWI, UK. A failed section of the pipeline was sent to their facilities and various tests including Chemical analysis, tensile test, residual stress measurement, SSC/HIC test, microstructure analysis, and analysis of corrosion products were carried out. The outcome of the tests and conclusion was very surprising. This paper describes in detail the leaks, inspection of leak locations, and the failure investigation findings and conclusions.
Formulation and Experimental Validation of a New Erosion Flow Model
Authors: Owston Rebecca , McKeon Dalton
Published: November 2016

In the present work, a multivariable study has been conducted to systematically evaluate the effects of impact angle, material hardness, flow rate, sand concentration, particle size, and fluid viscosity on erosion. Experimental testing consisted of a submerged sand slurry jet impacting a flat plate in different orientations. Weight loss data, as well as profilometer surface scans have been collected on coupons to fully define the erosion. Empirical data trends were evaluated to provide insights into functional relationships between erosion rate and the parameters varied in the study. Interestingly, it was determined that scaling of experimental testing with regard to proppant concentration could be accomplished, since erosion rate normalized by the mass of sand impacting the eroded surface proved to be a constant.

A total of five existing computational erosion models were evaluated against experimental data for both qualitative and quantitative performance. Results indicate that two models achieve relatively good comparison with experimental data without the need for case-specific tuning of model constants. This suggests that the use of these numerical models for erosion prediction in scenarios where tuning is not possible (due to lack of time/data), may still provide a reasonable estimate for the rate of material loss on equipment.

As the culmination of experimental testing and computational benchmarking efforts, a new erosion model was also formulated. This model was based on both the experimental results and behavioral observations from existing submodels. The new model explicitly included contributions to erosion from the following variables: impact velocity, particle size, material hardness, and angle of impact. Improvement in simulated erosion rate agreement with empirical data was observed for all cases over existing submodels. However, those cases with higher particle diameters benefited the most. Using the new model, error compared to experiments was below 50% for all cases except one.
Geotechnical Instrumentation: Monitoring Longitudinal Stress of a High Pressure Pipeline During Longwall Mining Operations — A Case Study in West Virginia
Authors: Derby Martin P. , Saunders Mark D. , Zand Benjamin
Published: November 2016

Longwall mining operations could compromise the integrity of high pressure pipelines by way of surface subsidence and soil strains. Prior to implementing field programs for monitoring subsidence, a preliminary mitigation/stress analysis study should be designed to determine the possible effects of the longwall mining operations on the pipeline(s). If the stress analysis indicates possible high stresses beyond the allowable limits of a pipeline, then a mitigation plan should be developed and implemented. Regardless of the anticipated stress level in a pipeline, a strain monitoring program is usually recommended.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the design of a pipeline strain monitoring program, which includes the installation of strain gages at critical locations along two adjacent pipelines. The study area includes a 12 inch diameter steel pipeline (for natural gas transport) and a 12 inch HDPE pipeline for water transport. The study area is located in a mountainous region of West Virginia.

Prior to the field program, a laboratory pilot study was performed with strain gages on a test section of HDPE pipe to determine the best mounting procedures. The field implementation program included the installation of strain gages on the gas and water pipelines. Multiplexers, data loggers, a solar array and a satellite modem for 24/7 data transfer were installed, and monitored throughout the study. During the field implementation program several meteorological and geologic events occurred which caused some design changes in the field program.
Full Scale Burst Validation Tests for Crack Arrestor Designs for NPS 48 Grade 550 Rich Gas Pipeline
Authors: Guan Cindy , Rothwell Brian , Kondo Joe , Murata Masahiko , Armstrong Keith
Published: November 2016

Two full scale burst tests for the assessment of different crack arrestor designs were carried out on the pipes that will be used in the Coastal GasLink (CGL) Pipeline project. The tests supported by LNG Canada and TransCanada Technology Management Program were conducted at the Spadeadam test site of DNV GL, United Kingdom (UK), on 1219 mm (48 inch) outside diameter CSA Z245.1 Category II Grade 550 pipe at a nominal pressure of 13.38 MPa (1,940 psig) with 80% SMYS and temperature of −5°C, and with a gas representative of the richest gas envisaged for transport in the CGL pipeline project.

The reservoirs are spaced with a gap between the reservoir ends of approximately 130 m, where the test section, comprising eleven pipe lengths and a tie-in pup, was installed. The centre of the test section consisted of an 18.5 mm thick low toughness initiation pipe. The remaining pipes were referenced as 1E to 5E in the easterly direction and similarly 1W to 5W in the westerly direction. The propagation pipes (1E and 1W) with 18.5 mm wall thickness, used to establish steady-state propagation, were located immediately either side of the central initiation pipe.

For the first test, two crack arrestor pipes with 29.6 mm wall thickness were installed adjacent to the propagation pipes in the west and east directions, with a lead-in transition of 18.5 mm wall thickness for a distance of 130 mm then a 4:1 taper running back to the full pipe wall thickness. To the east, the first crack arrestor pipe had an average Charpy Vee-notch (CVN) energy of 246 J and to the west it had an average CVN energy of 341 J at the inboard end. In both directions, the fracture propagated from the initiation pipe, through the propagation pipes (1E/1W) before arresting in the first 29.6 mm thick crack arrestor pipes (2E/2W). In both directions, the arrest resulted in the fracture turning at the toe of the tapered transition on the front end of crack arrestor pipes 2E and 2W.

The pipe arrangement for the second test was similar to the first one. In the east direction, in order to optimize crack arrestor design, two 24.7 mm wall thickness pipes replaced the 29.6 mm pipes which were used in the first test. In the west direction, the test section contained four 18.5 mm wall thickness test pipes arranged with a progressively increasing Charpy energy, up to 452 J. A low toughness, 18.5 mm thick pipe (5W), with a 1.8 m long Clock Spring® crack arrestor completed the test section. To the east, the fracture propagated from the initiation pipe through pipe 1E before arresting near the inboard end of the crack arrestor pipe 2E. In the west direction, the fracture was observed to run through all four of the pipes arranged with increasing CVN energy, before being arrested by the Clock Spring® crack arrestor fitted to the fifth pipe.
Relative Statistical Calibration of ILI Measurements
Authors: Abdolrazaghi Mona , Hassanien Sherif , Cheng Karmun
Published: November 2016

In-Line inspection tools (ILI) including Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) and Ultrasonic (UT) technologies are commonly used to detect/measure potential anomalies in oil and gas pipelines. Some of ILI reported anomalies are usually selected for excavation and validated through field non-destructive examination techniques (NDE). It is a fact that both ILI and NDE readings are contaminated with measurement errors. Such errors are usually originated from inherent tool limitations and capabilities, measurement techniques, and/or human factors. The intend of this paper is to calibrate the corrosion ILI data relative to NDE measurement given estimated statistical errors from both tools. Commonly, a graphical representation is used to compare ILI versus field measurements; namely, a unity plot. Herein, a linear relationship between ILI and NDE measurements is assumed. Such an assumption leads to another assumption of having a linear relationship between the ILI measurement and true value. Similarly, NDE measurement has the same relationship with the true value. An advanced statistical approach based on linear regression and maximum likelihood is used to determine the uncertainty of both ILI and NDE measurement errors. This method is based on first quantifying the uncertainty of ILI and field measurement and then calibrating the ILI data relative to the field using the estimated tools errors. The tool error estimation is based on reducing the relative error between ILI and field measurements. The calibration methodology implements advanced statistics to improve both accuracy and precision of measurement data. The proposed process is validated through results from successive ILI programs. The proposed calibration can be easily adopted in ubiquitous computing spreadsheet environment and be applied to both corrosion and crack measurements.