bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Childhood onset of left ventricular dysfunction in a female manifesting carrier of muscular dystrophy
Authors: Martinez Hugo R. , Pignatelli Ricardo , Belmont John W. , Craigen William J. , Jefferies John L.
Published: November 2011

Duchenne muscular dystrophy and Becker muscular dystrophy are X‐linked disorders that result from a mutation in the dystrophin gene that reduces the production or effectiveness of the protein dystrophin. These disorders are clinically characterized by progressive muscle degeneration. Manifesting female carriers are generally not identified as such until after puberty, when symptoms such as muscle weakness may arise. This clinical report describes a female manifesting carrier who started to show deterioration of left ventricular systolic function, but no marked skeletal muscle weakness, at the age of 10 years. The patient's cardiac function improved significantly after dual drug therapy with an ACE inhibitor (enalapril) and a beta‐blocker (carvedilol). Our case adds to the existing evidence that left ventricular myocardial dysfunction may occur during childhood in female carriers of dystrophinopathies. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A polymorphism in the growth hormone receptor is associated with height in children with Prader–Willi syndrome
Authors: Park Sung Won , Lee Seung‐Tae , Sohn Young Bae , Kim Se Hwa , Cho Sung‐Yoon , Ko Ah‐ra , Ji Sun‐Tae , Kwon Jeong‐Yi , Yeau Sunghee , Paik Kyung‐Hoon , Kim Jong‐Won , Jin Dong‐Kyu
Published: November 2011

The exon‐3 deletion polymorphism (d3, Database of Genomic Variants ID: Variation_64191) in the growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene is associated with increased growth response to growth hormone (GH) therapy in GH‐deficient patients. However, an association of the GHR genotype with height has not yet been reported in Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS). The aim of this study was to assess the association of GHR alleles with height before starting GH therapy in patients with PWS. Seventy‐four patients with PWS were genotyped and their medical records were retrospectively reviewed (45 males and 29 females, median age 8.7 years). One hundred normal controls, with known final height, were also genotyped. The GH‐exon 3 locus was genotyped using a PCR multiplex assay. The distribution of alleles in the patients with PWS was not different from controls [(fl/fl n = 53 (72%), fl/d3 n = 21 (28%)) in PWS vs. (fl/fl n = 72(72%), fl/d3 n = 26(26%), and d3/d3 n = 2(2%)]. However, patients with PWS carrying a d3 allele had significantly greater height standard deviation scores (SDS) (P = 0.025) and higher insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I) level (P = 0.041), although the age at the start of GH therapy, weight, BMI, and body fat were not different. The d3 allele was associated with height and IGF‐I levels before GH therapy and suggests that even before GH therapy, d3 allele may influence height through GH secretion. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phenotypic psychiatric characterization of children with Williams syndrome and response of those with ADHD to methylphenidate treatment
Authors: Green Tamar , Avda Sarit , Dotan Inbar , Zarchi Omer , Basel‐Vanagaite Lina , Zalsman Gil , Weizman Abraham , Gothelf Doron
Published: November 2011

Williams syndrome (WS) is associated with cognitive deficits, special behavioral phenotype, and high rates of psychiatric disorders. The aims of the present study were: (1) To compare the rates of psychiatric disorders and repetitive behaviors in children with WS to children with idiopathic developmental disability (DDs); (2) To longitudinally assess the change in psychiatric disorders during adolescence in WS; (3) To assess retrospectively the effectiveness and safety of methylphenidate (MPH) treatment in WS children with ADHD. The study consisted of a cohort of 38 children and adolescents (age 13.1 ± 5.2 years) with WS and a sample of age‐matched DDs (age 15.0 ± 3.1 years). A current follow‐up evaluation was conducted after 5.6 ± 1.6 years for 25 subjects (65.8%) of the WS cohort. The rate of most psychiatric disorders was found similar in children with WS and DD controls. Specific phobia, especially from noises, obsessive–compulsive symptoms (e.g., aggressive obsessions and repetitive questions), and stereotypic behaviors (e.g., glancing), were more common in WS than DDs. In a longitudinal follow‐up of the WS children, we found a decrease in the rate of anxiety disorders. In addition, a clinically significant improvement was reported in 72.2% of WS children with ADHD following MPH treatment. Sadness/unhappiness was the most common side effect associated with MPH treatment in WS, occurring in 2/3 of treated individuals. The present study further elucidates the neuropsychiatric phenotype of WS. Our results also suggest that MPH treatment for ADHD in WS warrants future prospective controlled trials. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Study of crater structure formation on the surface of biaxially oriented polypropylene film
Authors: Tamura Satoshi , Ohta Katsutoshi , Kanai Toshitaka
Published: November 2011

Biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) film accounts for a large amount of polypropylene since it is well suited for food packaging films or industrial films, because of its high performance in terms of mechanical and optical properties. Recently machine speed has been increasing to obtain higher production rate and film thickness has become thinner to reduce the environmental load. To meet the demands, many researchers have been investigating stretchability of PP by connecting the stretching force at the yield point and crystalline structure. Many other studies have been conducted regarding the surface structure of BOPP. Although there were some cases that crater‐like film surface roughness was formed on BOPP films, the formation mechanism of craters has not been clarified. In this report, new hypothesis of the crater‐like film surface roughness formation mechanism is proposed by observing the transformation of crater from sheet to BOPP film and by investigating the relationship between the stress–strain curve and surface roughness change. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Effect of processing parameters on the mechanical properties of in situ compatibilized polybutylene terephthalate/acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene blends
Authors: Ambrósio José Donato , Hage Elias
Published: November 2011

To evaluate mechanical properties of blends prepared by intermeshing corotating twin‐screw extrusion (ICTSE), it is usually necessary to injection mold specimens after the extrusion mixing process. At this study an alternative method is used to obtain testing specimens from ribbons extruded polybutylene terephthalate/acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene blends, (PBT/ABS), compatibilized with methyl methacrylate–glycidyl methacrylate‐ethyl acrylate (MGE) by ICTSE, and then to correlate their mechanical properties with the processing parameters. Regarding to the extrusion process parameters, it has been noted that higher feed rates, lower screw speeds and narrower kneading blocks have reduced the ductile‐brittle transition temperature (DBTT) of the compatibilized PBT/ABS blends, thereby suggesting that the molecule integrity of blend polymeric components has been preserved and that a good dispersion of the ABS domains in the PBT matrix has been achieved. Injection molded PBT/ABS blends were obtained to compare to the extruded ribbons. The mechanical tests for both specimens have shown the same trends. The injection molded samples have presented poorer impact strength, tensile strain at break and tensile strength, when compared to the respective extruded samples. That behavior has been attributed to the high level of molecular orientation resulting from the injection molding process and mainly to PBT degradation during process. The PBT degradation could have increased its degree of crystallinity, which has been confirmed by DSC measurements. As result, the blend became more brittle, decreasing its Izod impact strength. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Relationship between the cell structure and mechanical properties of chemically crosslinked polyethylene foams
Authors: Davari M. , Razavi Aghjeh M. K. , Seraji S. M.
Published: November 2011

The main objective of this work was to study the effect of the controlling parameters on the morphology and mechanical properties of the peroxide crosslinked low‐density polyethylene foams. The relationship between the morphology and mechanical properties was also considered. Using different Dicumyl peroxide (DCP) and azodicrbonamide (ADCA) concentrations, various foams with different cell structures were prepared. Gel content and density of the foams were measured according to the standard methods. The morphology was examined using SEM technique. The mechanical properties of the foams were evaluated by means of compression and creep recovery tests. The results showed that the gel content and the density are mainly controlled by DCP and ADCA concentration, respectively. The results also showed that the cell size distribution is mainly controlled by DCP concentration. Increasing of DCP increased the gel content and decreased the cell size and cell size distribution. Foam density was mainly controlled by ADCA concentration, whereas the morphology was less affected with ADCA concentration. The foams with small cell size and narrow cell size distribution showed higher mechanical strength and lower plastic strain. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Characterization of functional states in nicotine‐ and cotinine‐imprinted poly(4‐vinylphenol) films by nanoindentation
Authors: Richter Asta , BelBruno Joseph J.
Published: November 2011

Thin, imprinted poly(4‐vinylphenol) (PVP) films were produced by spin coating using nicotine or its metabolite, cotinine, as template molecules. The template molecules were extracted from these films and later reloaded (or cross‐loaded) from solution. Depth sensing nanoindentation was applied to measure the nanomechanical properties of the imprinted polymer films. Changes in the nanomechanical properties were correlated to the functional state of the imprinted polymer, allowing identification of the films in their “as produced” state, “template removed state or “reloaded” state. In addition, the nanomechanical properties were capable of identifying which of the two template molecules were inserted in to a film. Reinsertion of a template molecule into a “template removed” film was found to increase the nanohardness over the values recorded for the “as produced” film. This behavior was discussed in terms of the hydrogen bonding characteristics of the materials (through density functional calculations) and the physical properties of poly(4‐vinylphenol) coatings. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Fluorescence upconversion properties of a chiral polybinaphthyl induced by two‐photon absorption
Authors: Zeng Yi , Wang Changshun , Huang Xiaobo , Cheng Yixiang
Published: November 2011

The fluorescence properties of a chiral polymer based on optically active polybinaphthyls were studied in tetrahydrofuran solution. One‐photon excited fluorescence of the polymer was located in the range of ∼ 596 nm and the corresponding lifetime was ∼ 4.38 ns. From the excitation spectra and emission spectra excited at 800 nm, the upconversion fluorescence emission was observed. When excited by using 800 nm fs laser pulses with different input irradiances, the peak fluorescence intensity of the solution provides square dependence with the input irradiance power, giving an evidence for two‐photon excited fluorescence. Furthermore, open aperture Z‐scan measurements were performed at different irradiation intensities to confirm two‐photon absorption property of the solution at 800 nm excitation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Kinetics and molecular mechanism of chromate uptake by dithiocarbamate functionalized starch
Authors: Cheng Rumei , Ou Shengju , Li Yijiu , Xiang Bo
Published: November 2011

Heavy‐metal fixation by the chelating polymers is of great importance in environmental applications. In this work, the molecular mechanism of chromate uptake by dithiocarbamate modified starch (DTCS) was investigated. It was found that the DTCS can achieve a maximum adsorption capacity at pH value of 5.0. In such solution, the adsorption kinetics showed two stages, which involved in different molecular mechanisms. The first was a fast stage. It lasted for about 60 min. In the stage, over 80% of maximum adsorption occurred and a Cr(VI)‐DTC ester formed. The ester was stable in the first hour, and then the Cr(VI) reduction took place in the second stage. The reduction of Cr(VI) was coupled with the oxidation of DTC, producing elemental sulfur and sulfonate. The formed Cr(III) still fixed in the oxidized DTCS without lost of adsorption capacity. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Optimum compatibilization for the nonflammability of thermoplasticized crosslinked polyethylene/metal hydroxides composites with a compatibilizer
Authors: Jin Kwon Yong , Kyun Kim Do , Nyon Kim Woo , Gyoo Cho Bong , Man Hong Soon , Min Koo Chong
Published: November 2011

Nonflammability of the thermoplasticized crosslinked polyethylene (PE)/polyolefin elastomer (POE)/metal hydroxide flame retardant/compatibilizer composites were investigated. The thermoplasticized crosslinked PE was decrosslinked from the crosslinked high‐density PE under the supercritical methanol condition. Two types of metal hydroxides: aluminum hydroxide (AH) and magnesium hydroxide (MH), and a low‐density polyethylene‐g‐maleic anhydride (LM) were used as flame retardants and a compatibilizer, respectively. Nonflammability of both PE/POE/AH/LM and PE/POE/MH/LM composites was enhanced with metal hydroxide flame retardant concentration. PE/POE/MH/LM composites had better nonflammability than PE/POE/AH/LM composites at the same flame retardant concentration. Interestingly, nonflammability of the composites was also strongly influenced by the compatibilizer concentration. At low compatibilizer concentration, the nonflammability of the PE/POE/MH/LM composites was improved with the compatibilizer concentration. In contrast, at high compatibilizer concentration, the nonflammability of the PE/POE/MH/LM composites was deteriorated with the compatibilizer concentration. This demonstrates that optimum concentration of the compatibilizer can help to enhance the efficiency of the flame retardants in the development of the nonflammable polyolefin for the wire and cable industry. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
New fluorene‐based thermally stable five‐ and six‐membered rings polyimides with enhanced solubility
Authors: Mehdipour‐Ataei Shahram , Nazari Yousef
Published: November 2011

A novel ester diamine, 9‐(3,5‐diaminobenzoyloxy) fluorene, as a new monomer for preparation of polyimides was synthesized via two successive reactions. In the first step, reaction of 3,5‐dinitrobenzoylchloride with 9‐hydroxy fluorene in the presence of sodium hydroxide led to preparation of 9‐(3,5‐dinitrobenzoyloxy) fluorene. Second reaction was reduction of the nitro groups by tin (II) chloride and fuming hydrochloric acid to produce 9‐(3,5‐diaminobenzoyloxy) fluorene. The new diamine containing bulky fluorene group was characterized and polycondensed with different dianhydrides via two methods to produce polyimides. The new five‐membered and six‐membered ring polyimides were characterized and their properties including solubility behavior, inherent viscosity, thermal behavior and stability, and crystallinity were studied. They exhibited favorable balance of physical and thermal properties and their solubility were improved without sacrificing their thermal stability. Six‐membered rings polyimides showed higher thermal stability and lower solubility in comparison to related five‐membered ring polyimides. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Effect of bismaleimide reactive extrusion on the crystallinity and mechanical performance of poly(lactic acid) green composites
Authors: Baltazar‐y‐Jimenez Alexis , Sain Mohini
Published: November 2011

Poly(D‐,L‐lactic acid) (PDLA) and PDLA‐wood pulp fiber injection molded composites were modified with very small amounts (< 1 wt %) of N′‐(o‐phenylene)dimalemide and 2,2′‐dithiobis(benzothiazole) by reactive extrusion and their resulting mechanical and thermal properties characterized. The modification produced an increase in the percent crystallinity (Xc), heat deflection temperature (HDT), impact energy, tensile strength, and modulus in PDLA. A significant reduction in the melting temperature (Tm) and an increase in the thermal resistance (Tmax) were also found. Fourier‐Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) suggests the creation of hydrogen bonds, a thiol ester and/or ester bond during the modification. Reactive extrusion of commercially available poly(lactic acid) (PLA) by means of N′‐(o‐phenylene)dimalemide and 2,2′‐dithiobis(benzothiazole) provides a low cost and simple processing method for the enhancement of the properties of this biopolymer. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Polymer/clay aerogel‐based glass fabric laminates
Authors: Wang Yuxin , Al‐Biloushi Mohammed , Schiraldi David A.
Published: November 2011

Laminates of polymer/clay aerogels and glass fabric sheets were prepared with varying epoxy adhesion application levels. A poly(amide‐imide) and an epoxy (1,4‐butanediol diglycidyl ether/2,6‐diaminopyridine) were chosen as the two “foam core” polymers; both single‐layered and double‐layered glass fiber laminates were investigated. The adhesion between polymer clay aerogels and glass fibers was quantified using the T‐peel method. The peel strength properties were found to increase as adhesive loading increased up to an optimal value, after which peel strength declines. Flexural and compressive testing of the laminates was also performed as a way of measuring mechanical strength. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
High strength thermoresponsive semi‐IPN hydrogels reinforced with nanoclays
Authors: Djonlagić Jasna , Žugić Dragana , Petrović Zoran
Published: November 2011

Two series of nanoclay reinforced, thermoresponsive hydrogels were prepared, one based on poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPA) and the other on semi‐interpenetrating networks containing PNIPA and poly(N‐vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP), designated as SIPNs. The gels were crosslinked with 1, 3, and 5 wt % inorganic clay (hectorite) and SIPN gels additionally contained 1 wt % of PVP. The hydrogels were tested in the “as‐prepared state,” i.e., at 10 wt % PNIPA concentration in water and at equilibrium (maximum) swelling. Increasing the concentration of nanoclays increases crosslink density, modulus, tensile strength, elongation (except in equilibrium swollen gels), hysteresis and with decreases in the degree of swelling, broadening of the phase transition region, and a decrease in elastic recovery at high deformations. The presence of linear PVP in the networks increases porosity and the pore size, increases swelling, deswelling rates, and hysteresis, but decreases slightly lower critical solution temperature (LCST), tensile strength, elongation, and elastic recovery. The strongest hydrogels were ones with 10 wt % PNIPA and 5 wt % of nanoclays, displaying tensile strengths of 85 kPa and elongation of 955%. All properties of hydrogels at the equilibrium swollen state are lower than in the as‐prepared state, due to the lower concentration of chains per unit volume, but the trends are preserved. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Effect of in situ polymerization conditions of methyl methacrylate on the structural and morphological properties of poly(methyl methacrylate)/poly(acrylonitrile‐g‐(ethylene‐co‐propylene‐co‐diene)‐g‐styrene) PMMA/AES Blends
Authors: de Carvalho Fabiana Pires , Gonçalves Maria do Carmo , Felisberti Maria Isabel
Published: November 2011

In this study, the structural and morphological properties of poly(methyl methacrylate)/poly(acrylonitrile‐g‐(ethylene‐co‐propylene‐co‐diene‐g‐styrene) (PMMA‐AES) blends were investigated with emphasis on the influence of the in situ polymerization conditions of methyl methacrylate. PMMA‐AES blends were obtained by in situ polymerization, varying the solvent (chloroform or toluene) and polymerization conditions: method A—no stirring and air atmosphere; method B—stirring and N2 atmosphere. The blends were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The results showed that the PMMA‐AES blends are immiscible and present complex morphologies. This morphology shows an elastomeric dispersed phase in a glassy matrix, with inclusion of the matrix in the elastomer domains, suggesting core shell or salami morphology. The occlusion of the glassy phase within the elastomeric domains can be due to the formation of graft copolymer and/or phase inversion during polymerization. However, this morphology is affected by the polymerization conditions (stirring and air or N2 atmosphere) and by the solvent used. The selective extraction of the blends' components and infrared spectroscopy showed that crosslinked and/or grafting reactions occur on the elastomer chains during MMA polymerization. The glass transition of the elastomer phase is influenced by morphology, crosslinking, and grafting degree and, therefore, Tg depends on the polymerization conditions. On the other hand, the behavior of Tg of the glassy phase with blend composition suggests miscibility or partial miscibility for the SAN phase of AES and PMMA. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Fabrication and characterization of homogeneous composites of polypropylene and multiwalled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Jeon Jong‐Hwan , Lee Seung‐Hwa , Lim Jung‐Hyurk , Kim Kyung‐Min
Published: November 2011

The polypropylene‐grafted multiwalled carbon nanotubes (PP‐MWCNTs) were produced from the reaction of PP containing the hydroxyl groups and MWCNTs having 2‐bromoisobutyryl groups. The PP‐MWCNTs had a significantly rougher surface than the original MWCNTs. PP‐MWCNTs had PP layers of thickness 10–15 nm on the outer walls of the MWCNTs. PP/PP‐MWCNT composites and PP/MWCNT composites were prepared by solution mixing in o‐xylene. Unlike PP/MWCNT composites, PP‐MWCNTs were homogeneously dispersed in the PP matrix. As a consequence, the thermal stability and conductivity of PP/PP‐MWCNT composites were dramatically improved even if only 1 wt % of PP‐MWNTs was added to the PP matrix. The good miscibility of PP and PP‐MWCNTs plays a critical role in the formation of the homogeneous composites and leads the high thermal stability and conductivity. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Flax‐fabric‐reinforced arylated soy protein composites: Brittle‐matrix behavior
Authors: Kumar Rakesh , Anandjiwala Rajesh D.
Published: November 2011

Biocomposites were successfully prepared by the reinforcement of soy protein isolate (SPI) with different weight fractions of woven flax fabric. The flax‐fabric‐reinforced SPI‐based composites were then arylated with 2,2‐diphenyl‐2‐hydroxyethanoic acid (DPHEAc) for 4 h to obtain arylated biocomposites. A new method was proposed to determine the amount of carbon dioxide evolved during the arylation of the soy protein in the presence of DPHEAc. Characterizations of the arylated and nonarylated biocomposites were done by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. The results indicate that the arylated soy‐protein‐based composites exhibited mechanical behavior like brittle‐matrix composites, which differentiated them from nonarylated soy‐protein‐based composites, which showed mechanical behavior similar to polymer–matrix composites. In the arylated composites, there was clear evidence of a stick–slip mechanism, which perhaps dominated and, therefore, prevented easy deformation of the reinforced film. Scanning electron microscopy studies revealed cracks in the arylated soy protein composites when they were subjected to tensile tests. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Auswirkungen aus dem neuen Verkehrslastmodell nach DIN EN 1991‐2/NA bei Betonbrücken
Authors: Maurer Reinhard , Arnold Andreas , Müller Matthias
Published: November 2011

Stahlbeton‐ und Spannbetonbrücken werden derzeit in Deutschland auf Grundlage der DIN‐Fachberichte 101 “Einwirkungen auf Brücken” und 102 “Betonbrücken” berechnet, bemessen und konstruiert. Bereits in naher Zukunft werden diese Regelwerke durch die europäischen EN Normen mit den zugehörigen nationalen Anhängen abgelöst. Im Rahmen dieser Umstellung wird das Lastmodell nach DIN EN 1991‐2/NA für die Verkehrslasten von Straßenbrücken eingeführt. Nachfolgend werden die Auswirkungen auf die Bemessung von Betonbrücken aus dem neuen Lastmodell für Verkehrslasten aufgezeigt, bei dem die Lasten gegenüber dem bisherigen Lastmodell 1 nach DIN‐Fachbericht 101 deutlich angehoben sind.

Effects from the new load‐model according to DIN EN 1991‐2/NA on the design of concrete bridges

German concrete bridges are currently designed and detailed on the basis of DIN‐Fachbericht 101 “actions on bridges” and DIN‐Fachbericht 102 “concrete bridges”. In near future concrete bridges will be designed and detailed according to the European EN standards. At the same time a new load model with increased traffic loads according to DIN EN 1991‐2/NA will be used. In the following the influences from the new load model on the design of concrete bridges are demonstrated.
Fügung schlanker Bauteile
Authors: Sobek Werner , Mittelstädt Jan , Kobler Martin
Published: November 2011

Die Minimierung des Ressourcenverbrauchs von Betonbauteilen ist ein wichtiger Schritt hin zu einem nachhaltigen Bauwesen. Die Reduktion des Massenverbrauchs durch Anwendung neuartiger High‐Tech‐Materialien erfordert hierbei gleichsam die Entwicklung von Konstruktionsweisen, die die Aspekte eines recyclingfähigen Konstruierens in den Vordergrund stellen. Die Verwendung von ultrahochfestem Beton (UHPC) ermöglicht durch seine materiellen Eigenschaften die Herstellung von vorgefertigten, dünnwandigen und gestalterisch ansprechenden Bauteilen. Anforderungen an das Fügen und Verbinden solcher Bauteile auf der Baustelle treten hinsichtlich der Montage, Demontage, des Recyclings sowie der Fugenzugänglichkeit und des Toleranzausgleichs auf. Die Autoren präsentieren – unter Berücksichtigung der zuvor genannten Anforderungen – eine Füge‐ und Verbindungstechnik für vorgefertigte, dünnwandige Bauteile aus ultrahochfestem Faserfeinkornbeton (UHFFB) mittels Implantaten. Die Entwicklung der Implantate, erste experimentelle Untersuchungen sowie eine Übersicht der generellen Anforderungen an das recyclinggerechte Konstruieren werden im Kontext des ressourcenschonenden Bauens und Konstruierens dargestellt.

Joining of thin walled elements. Investigations on the introduction of compressive forces by the use of implants

Reducing the environmental impact of concrete structures is a significant step for a sustainable building industry. Mass reduction due to an application of high‐tech material combined with a focus on design for recyclability of structural elements requires the development of new construction methods. The use of Ultra‐ High‐Performance Concrete (UHPC) with its advantageous properties allows for the construction of thin walled, prefabricated elements and aesthetically pleasant structures. Requirements for the assembly, disassembly and therefore recyclability as well as the compensation of tolerances and the accessibility of the gap between joined structural elements have to be taken into account for joining prefabricated elements on site. The authors present a construction method under consideration of the aforementioned requirements for joining thin, prefabricated elements made of Ultra‐High‐Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) by the use of implants. The implant development, first results of experimental investigations and a general outline on the design for assembly and disassembly will be given in the context of recyclable and sustainable structures.
Early intraperitoneal metabolic changes and protease activation as indicators of pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy
Authors: Ansorge C , Regner S , Segersvärd R , Strömmer L
Published: November 2011

Background

Ischaemia and local protease activation close to the pancreaticojejunal anastomosis (PJA) are potential mechanisms of postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) formation. To provide information on the pathophysiology of POPF, intraperitoneal microdialysis was used to monitor metabolic changes and protease activation close to the PJA after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD).

Methods

In patients who underwent PD, intraperitoneal metabolites (glycerol, lactate, pyruvate and glucose) were measured by microdialysis, and lactate and glucose in blood were monitored, every 4 h for 5 days, starting at 12.00 hours on the day after surgery. Trypsinogen activation peptide (TAP) was measured in microdialysates as a marker of protease activation.

Results

Intraperitoneal glycerol levels and the ratio of lactate to pyruvate were higher after PD and glucose levels were lower in seven patients who later developed symptomatic POPF than in eight patients with other surgical complications (OSC) and 33 with no surgical complications (NSC) (all P < 0·050). TAP was detected at a concentration greater than 0·1 µg/l in six of seven patients with POPF, two of eight with OSC and two of 33 with NSC. Intraperitoneal lactate concentrations were higher than systemic levels in all patients on days 1 to 5 after surgery (P < 0·001). In patients with POPF, high intraperitoneal lactate concentrations were observed without systemic hyperlactataemia.

Conclusion

Early in the postoperative phase, patients who later developed clinically significant POPF had higher intraperitoneal glycerol concentrations and lactate/pyruvate ratios, and lower glucose concentrations in combination with a TAP level exceeding 0·1 µg/l close to the PJA, than patients who did not develop POPF. Copyright © 2011 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aerosol Emissions from Outdoor Firework Displays
Authors: Dutschke A. , Lohrer C. , Kurth L. , Seeger S. , Barthel M. , Panne U.
Published: November 2011

The results of investigations on the emission of particulate matter from three outdoor firework displays are presented. During these events, possibly harmful and toxic aerosol emissions were measured. Aerosols in the size range from 30 to 450 nm were detected. The maxima in the observed particle size distribution were between 80 and 175 nm, and the highest value determined was ∼1.3 · 106 particles per cm3, while the highest mass concentration was approximately 1.8 mg m–3. The time‐averaged particle mass concentration did, however, not exceed 0.7 mg m–3 (over 15 min).
Optimal Designs of Multiple Dividing Wall Columns
Authors: Gómez‐Castro F. I. , Rodríguez‐Ángeles M. A. , Segovia‐Hernández J. G. , Gutiérrez‐Antonio C. , Briones‐Ramírez A.
Published: November 2011

Since the optimal design of dividing wall columns (DWC) is a highly nonlinear and multivariable problem, an appropriate solving tool is required. In this paper a multi‐objective genetic algorithm with restrictions is considered to design columns with dividing walls. Also, a methodology is proposed for sizing the DWC. The proposed design methodology allows achieving appropriate designs for columns with two dividing walls. As expected, the physical structures that allow the use of one or two dividing walls are not so different from each other and, as a consequence, the difference in the total annual costs for both systems depends mainly on the energy requirements.
Hybrid Technologies for the Remediation of Diesel Fuel Polluted Soil
Authors: Pazos M. , Alcántara M. T. , Rosales E. , Sanromán M. A.
Published: November 2011

Diesel fuel may be released into soil due to anthropogenic activities, such as accidental spills or leaks in underground storage tanks or pipelines. Since diesel fuel is mainly composed of hydrophobic organic compounds, it has low water solubility. Therefore, treating contaminated areas with conventional techniques is difficult. In this study, electrokinetic treatment of soil contaminated with diesel fuel was carried out. Two different hybrid approaches to pollutant removal were tested. A surfactant was used as a processing fluid during electrokinetic treatment to increase desorption and the solubility of diesel fuel. Additionally, a hybrid technology combining a Fenton reaction and electrokinetic remediation (EK‐Fenton) was tested in an attempt to generate favorable in situ degradation of pollutants. The efficiency of each treatment was determined based on diesel fuel removal. After 30 days of treatment, the highest removal of diesel fuel was found to be achieved with the EK‐Fenton process.
Optimum Coagulant from Acacia mearnsii de Wild for Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Sánchez‐Martín J. , Beltrán‐Heredia J. , Dávila‐Acedo M. A.
Published: November 2011

A novel coagulant agent from Acacia mearnsii de Wild tannin extract was characterized for removal of the anthraquinonic colorant Alizarin Violet 3R and the anionic surfactant sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate. This coagulant is the result of a previous optimization study. The influence of operative variables such as temperature, coagulant dosage, initial pollutant content, and pH was investigated. The new coagulant demonstrates a high affinity for dye and surfactant and is efficient within a wide range of working conditions. While the temperature does not affect the coagulant ability, an acidic pH seems to increase the contaminant removal from aqueous solutions. Implementation in a pilot plant confirms the feasibility of this coagulant not only at lab scale, but also at higher level.
Modeling of Gas‐Particle Turbulent Flow in Spout‐Fluid Bed by Computational Fluid Dynamics with Discrete Element Method
Authors: Ren B. , Zhong W. , Jin B. , Yuan Z. , Lu Y.
Published: November 2011

Gas and solid turbulent flow in a cylindrical spout‐fluid bed with conical base were investigated by incorporating various gas‐particle interaction models for two‐way coupling simulation of discrete particle dynamics. The gas flow field was computed by a k‐ϵ two‐equation turbulent model, the motion of solid particles was modeled by the discrete element method. Drag force, contact force, Saffman lift force, Magnus lift force and gravitational force acting on individual particles were considered in the mathematical models. Calculations on the cylindrical spout‐fluid bed with an inside diameter of 152 mm, a height of 700 mm, a conical base of 60° and the ratio of void area of 3.2 % were carried out. Based on the simulation, the gas‐solid flow patterns at various spouting gas velocities are presented. Besides, the changes in particle velocity, particle concentration, collision energy, particle and gas turbulent intensities at different proportions of fluidizing gas to total gas flow are discussed.
Behavior of Elongated Liquid Jets in Viscous Liquid‐Liquid‐Systems
Authors: Sellerberg M. , Walzel P.
Published: November 2011

The stability of jets in elongational flow is exploited to obtain thin threads before breakup. Fine drops can be generated in suitable geometries with comparably large ducts. The examination deals with the stability of liquid threads simultaneously extended with the continuous phase in convergent flow. Breakup limits and regimes are discussed.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Regioselective Deuteration of Alcohols at the β‐Carbon Position with Deuterium Oxide
Authors: Tse Sunny Kai San , Xue Peng , Lau Christy Wai Sum , Sung Herman H. Y. , Williams Ian D. , Jia Guochen
Published: November 2011

A convenient method for regioselective H/D exchange between D2O and alcohols at the β‐carbon position using the catalytic system [(p‐cymene)RuCl2]/ethanolamine/KOH is described. This method is applicable for deuteration of both primary and secondary alcohols. The H/D exchange reactions proceed through an oxidation/modification/reduction reaction sequence. Alcohols are first temporarily oxidized to carbonyl compounds by the hydrogen transfer catalyst. The carbonyl compounds then undergo deuteration at the carbon adjacent to the carbonyl group by keto–enol tautomerization in the presence of D2O and a catalytic amount of base. The deuterated carbonyl compounds are then reduced to produce deuterated alcohols. In support of the reaction mechanism, a well‐defined bimetallic ruthenium complex was isolated from the reaction of [{(p‐cymene)RuCl2}2] with ethanolamine. The activity of this complex is similar to that of [{(p‐cymene)RuCl2}2]/ethanolamine.
Design, Synthesis and Characterisation of Guanosine‐Based Amphiphiles
Authors: Simeone Luca , Milano Domenico , De Napoli Lorenzo , Irace Carlo , Di Pascale Antonio , Boccalon Mariangela , Tecilla Paolo , Montesarchio Daniela
Published: November 2011

A small library of sugar‐modified guanosine derivatives has been prepared, starting from a common intermediate, fully protected on the nucleobase. Insertion of myristoyl chains and of diverse hydrophilic groups, such as an oligoethylene glycol, an amino acid or a disaccharide chain, connected through in vivo reversible ester linkages, or of a charged functional group provided different examples of amphiphilic guanosine analogues, named G1–G7 herein. All of the sugar‐modified derivatives were positive in the potassium picrate test, showing an ability to form G‐tetrads. CD spectra demonstrated that, as dilute solutions in CHCl3, distinctive G‐quadruplex systems may be formed, with spatial organisations dependent upon the structural modifications. Two compounds, G1 and G2, proved to be good low‐molecular‐weight organogelators in polar organic solvents, such as methanol, ethanol and acetonitrile. Ion transportation experiments through phospholipid bilayers were carried out to evaluate their ability to mediate H+ transportation, with G5 showing the highest activity within the investigated series. Moreover, G3 and G5 exhibited a significant cytotoxic profile against human MCF‐7 cancer cells in in vitro bioassays.
Allylsilanes in “Tin‐free” Oximation, Alkenylation, and Allylation of Alkyl Halides
Authors: Rouquet Guy , Robert Frédéric , Méreau Raphaël , Castet Frédéric , Landais Yannick
Published: November 2011

Tin‐free oximation, vinylation, and allylation of alkyl halides have been developed by using allylsilanes as di‐tin surrogates. Initiation of the radical process with a peroxide provides the silyl radical, which can abstract a halogen from the corresponding alkyl halide. The resulting carbon‐centered radical then adds to various acceptors, including a sulfonyloxime, a vinylsulfone, and an allylsulfone, leading to formation of the desired products along with the corresponding allylsulfone resulting from the reaction of the PhSO2 radical with the allylsilane precursor. Better results were generally obtained with methallylsilane 1 b than with 1 a. This observation was rationalized by invoking the higher nucleophilicity of 1 b and the faster β‐fragmentation of the corresponding β‐silyl radical intermediate. Calculation of the energy barrier for the β‐fragmentation of a series of β‐silyl radicals at the DFT level supported this hypothesis. Finally, a second version of these oximation and vinylation reactions, based on the utilization of 3‐tris(trimethylsilyl)silylthiopropene, was devised, affording the desired oximes and olefins in reasonable yields. This strategy allowed the title reaction to be performed under milder conditions (AIBN, benzene, 80 °C), as a result of the easier β‐fragmentation of the CS bond as compared with the CSi bond.
Ionic Liquids Containing the Triply Negatively Charged Tricyanomelaminate Anion and a B(C6F5)3 Adduct Anion
Authors: Voss Karsten , Becker Martin , Villinger Alexander , Emel'yanenko Vladimir N. , Hellmann Robert , Kirchner Barbara , Uhlig Frank , Verevkin Sergey P. , Schulz Axel
Published: November 2011

Room‐temperature ionic liquids containing the triply charged tricyanomelaminate (tcmel) ion [C3N6(CN)3]3− were synthesized. The 1‐methyl‐3‐methylimidazolium (MMIm), 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium (EMIm), and 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium (BMIm) salts of the tricyanomelaminate ion have glass transition temperatures (−6, −20, and −30 °C) similar to those found for the analogous monomeric dicyanoamide salts. They are thermally stable up to over 200 °C and dissolve in polar organic solvents. Addition of B(C6F5)3 to M3[tcmel] (M=Na, MMIm, EMIm, BMIm) yields salts containing the very voluminous adduct ion [C3N6{CN⋅B(C6F5)3}3]3− (tcmel_3B). The solid‐state structure of [MMIm]3[tcmel] shows only long cation⋅⋅⋅anion contacts but in large number, while the solid‐state structure of [Na(THF)3]3[tcmel_3B]⋅1.76 THF displays strong interactions of the sodium cation with the amido nitrogen atoms of the anion. Hence this adduct anion cannot be regarded as a weakly coordinating anion. A similar situation is found for the MMIm salt, [MMIm]3[tcmel_3B]⋅ 2.66 CH2Cl2, in which weak hydrogen bonds with the acidic proton of the MMIm ion are observed. On the basis of computations the energetics, structural trends, and charge transfer of adduct anion formation were studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Group 13 Lewis Acid Adducts of [PCl2N]3.
Authors: Tessier Claire A. , et al. et al.
Published: November 2011

The adducts (III), obtained under strict anaerobic conditions, are characterized by XRD and multinuclear and variable‐temperature NMR spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Optical Properties of Indium Arsenic(III) Oxide Halides: In2(As2O5)Cl2 and In4(As2O5) (As3O7)Br3.
Authors: Jiang Xiao‐Ming , Xu Zhong‐Ning , Zhao Zhong‐Yan , Guo Sheng‐Ping , Guo Guo‐Cong , Huang Jin‐Shun
Published: November 2011

The structures of the new title compounds (IV) (triclinic, space group P$\bar 1$, Z = 2) and (VI) (P$\bar 1$, Z = 2) are determined by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Tetraamine Tetrafluorido Cerium(IV) Ammonia (1/1), [CeF4(NH3)4]·NH3.
Authors: Kraus Florian , Baer Sebastian A.
Published: November 2011

The title compound is synthesized by reaction of CeF4 with liquid ammonia at ‐40 °C.
ChemInform Abstract: Ionothermal Synthesis and Structure Analysis of an Open‐Framework Zirconium Phosphate with a High CO2/CH4 Adsorption Ratio.
Authors: Liu Lei , Yang Jiangfeng , Li Jinping , Dong Jinxiang , Sisak Dubravka , Luzzatto Marisa , McCluster Lynne B.
Published: November 2011

The new open‐framework zirconium phosphate [(EtNH3)8(H2O)8] [Zr32P48O176F8(OH)16] with unusual 7‐ring channels is synthesized from ZrOCl2, H3PO4, and HF in a mixture of ethylammonium chloride and oxalic acid as a deep‐eutectic solvent (autoclave, 180 °C, 4 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Ca10Ge16B6O51 and Cd12Ge17B8O58: Two Types of New 3D Frameworks Based on BO4 Tetrahedra and 1D [Ge4O12]n Chains.
Authors: Xu Xiang , Hu Chun‐Li , Kong Fan , Zhang Jian‐Han , Mao Jiang‐Gao
Published: November 2011

Single crystals of the title compounds are prepared by solid state reaction of CaCO3 or CdCO3, GeO2, and H3BO3 (Pt crucible, 980—1080 °C, 10—20 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Two Germanide Hydride Phases Grown in Calcium‐Rich Flux: Use of Interstitial Elements for Discovery of New Phases.
Authors: Lang David A. , Latturner Susan E.
Published: November 2011

LiCa7Ge3H3 (I) and LiCa11Ge3OH4 (II) are prepared by the reaction of Ge and CaH2 in a Ca/Li flux (1323 K, 2 h; 50% yield for (I) and 20% yield for (II)).
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure and Properties of Yb5Ni4Ge10.
Authors: Peter Sebastian C. , Rayaprol Sudhindra , Francisco Melanie C. , Kanatzidis Mercouri G.
Published: November 2011

Single crystals of the new title compound are prepared from the elements in liquid In (alumina crucible, N2, 1000 °C, 5 h; annealing at 850 °C, 48 h; <95% yield based on Yb).
ChemInform Abstract: Two Tandem Sequential Reactions Catalyzed by [Au], N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes (NHC) and Organic Bases.
Authors: Adamo Mauro F. A. , Bellini Gea , Suresh Surisetti
Published: November 2011

Depending on the base used, either chalcon derivatives (III) or alkenyl benzoic esters (IV) are formed by the title reaction of benzaldehydes with alkyne (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel Tetrahydro[4,5]imidazo[2,1‐b]chromeno[4,3,2‐de]quinazoline and Benzothiazol‐2‐ylaminoxanthenone Derivatives.
Authors: Saeedi Mina , Beheshtiha Yahya S. , Heravi Majid M. , Oskooie Hossein A.
Published: November 2011

Dimedone (II) reacts with Schiff bases (I) and (IV) in the presence of sulfamic acid to provide the title compounds (III) and (V) in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of Nazarov Type Electrocyclization to Access [6,5,6] and [6,5,5] Core Embedded New Polycycles: An Easy Entry to Tetrahydrofluorene Scaffolds Related to Taiwaniaquinoids and C‐nor‐D Homosteroids.
Authors: Singh Ritesh , Panda Gautam
Published: November 2011

The desired skeletons are obtained under catalysis of Sc(OTf)3.
ChemInform Abstract: Chlorodifluoromethyl Aryl Ketones and Sulfones as Difluorocarbene Reagents: The Substituent Effect.
Authors: Wang Fei , Zhang Laijun , Zheng Ji , Hu Jinbo
Published: November 2011

Chlorodifluoromethyl aryl ketones (II) and chlorodifluoromethyl aryl sulfones (IV) react as difluorocarbene reagents and can be used for O‐ and N‐difluoromethylations reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: An Instant and Facile Bromination of Industrially‐Important Aromatic Compounds in Water Using Recyclable CaBr2—Br2 System.
Authors: Kumar Lalit , Mahajan Tanu , Agarwal D. D.
Published: November 2011

The brominated products are obtained in high purity in a very short reaction time.
ChemInform Abstract: Unexpected Cycloisomerizations of Nonclassical Carbocation Intermediates in Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Homo‐Rautenstrauch Cyclizations.
Authors: Wang Guan , Zou Yue , Li Zhiming , Wang Quanrui , Goeke Andreas
Published: November 2011

Treatment of propargylic esters of type (I) and (IV) with gold(I) catalysts results in unexpected rearrangement to cyclohexadiene derivatives like (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Silica‐Supported Boric Acid with Ionic Liquid: A Novel Recyclable Catalytic System for One‐Pot Three‐Component Mannich Reaction.
Authors: Kumar Vishal , Sharma Upendra , Verma Praveen Kumar , Kumar Neeraj , Singh Bikram
Published: November 2011

The solid‐supported boric acid along with the ionic liquid provide an excellent catalytic system for the Mannich reaction of aromatic aldehydes (I), cyclohexanone (II), and anilines (III).
ChemInform Abstract: MgI2 Etherate‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Allylation: A Facile and Efficient Synthesis of Homoallylic Amines.
Authors: Zhang Xingxian , Ye Saisai , Hu Shenghui
Published: November 2011

MgI2·OEt2‐catalyzed three‐component one‐pot reaction of aldehydes, amines, and allyltributylstannane affords homoallylic amines (IV) (13 examples) in good to excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Combined Carbometalation—Zinc Homologation—Allylation Reactions as a New Approach for Alkoxyallylation of Aldehydes.
Authors: Mejuch Tom , Botoshansky Mark , Marek Ilan
Published: November 2011

The reaction tolerates aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes and proceeds with good yields and diastereoselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Polyfluorinated Cycloalkoxyphenyl Ether Systems (III) as Dopants for Liquid Crystal Display Applications
Authors: Cargill Matthew R. , Sandford Graham , Tomlinson David J. , Hollfelder Nadine , Pleis Frank , Nelles Gabriele , Kilickiran Pinar
Published: November 2011

synthesis and electro‐optical properties
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Synthesis of Ibutilide Fumarate (IV)
Authors: Wang Tao , Tian Rui , Xiao Bin , Shen Yi , Zhou Hui , Li Qingeng
Published: November 2011

involving a Friedel—Crafts acylation as key step
ChemInform Abstract: Heterocyclic Radical Mediated Synthesis and Fluorescence Properties of Conjugated Polyene Ketones.
Authors: Zhang Xiangdong , Ye Junwei , Wang Suning , Gong Weitao , Lin Yuan , Ning Guiling
Published: November 2011

Decatetraene diketone derivatives are prepared in a one‐step procedure from the phenyl‐substituted pyrylium perchlorates.