bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Building College Readiness: Theories and Practices
Authors: Wariyo L. G. , Asgedom A.
Published: July 2021

The purpose of this study was to 1) explore theories and practices in building college readiness; 2) examine the Ethiopian college readiness policy and the Ethiopian preparatory for higher education curriculum through the lens of the theories and practices around the world.

Materials and methods. To achieve these objectives, extant literature reviews were conducted. The international research databases such as Scimago Journal and Country Rank, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were used for the collection of the resources. Some local government reports and research findings were accessed in hard copy. The resources reviewed in this study consist of quantitative, qualitative, mixed-methods empirical research reports, and systematic reviews. This systematic review mainly focused on 1) searching for interventionist approaches, theories, and practices of building college readiness across k-12 education beyond the traditional school-based teaching and learning arena; 2) how the trends in building college readiness focused on narrowing the gap between theory and practices through student supports from early years of schooling as well as how the practices focused on managing and monitoring student learning outcomes effectively.

Results. The review analysis shows that the current practice of building college readiness has spread its roots in societal and ecological grounds than ever before. For this reason, the traditional school-based college readiness building tends to be more supplemented by the advanced, research-oriented, and community-based, or ecologically grounded early support and monitoring of student progress. The Ethiopian college readiness curriculum, admission processes, and practices in teaching-learning are highly school-based and traditional compared to the contemporary practices of building college readiness around the world. The early warning and support systems are highly dependent on the teachers’ classroom tests and national assessments that are administered at some grade levels only.

Conclusion. Building college readiness is a significant factor in promoting college success and higher education student learning outcomes. The contemporary college readiness and transition to higher education is highly affected by multiple personal and ecological factors, in addition to the traditional school, curriculum, and teachinglearning factors. Multiple community-based and research-oriented early interventions and support systems need to supplement the role of schooling in building college readiness. The curriculum and teaching-learning processes need to be rich enough in narrowing the gap between theories and practices. The teachers play a great role in building college readiness.
Análise da fragmentação de hábitats em municípios da bacia hidrográfica do Rio Tijucas e municípios conexos à REBio da Canela Preta – Santa Catarina
Authors: Daniela Granato-Souza  , Oscar Benigno Iza
Published: July 2021

A análise da fragmentação de hábitats auxilia na eficácia de ações que evitem a perda significativa de florestas conservadas. Os municípios integrantes e contíguos à bacia hidrográfica do Rio Tijucas, em Santa Catarina, possuem bons remanescentes florestais em estádios preservados, e essa região conta ainda com a presença da REBio da Canela Preta, importante fonte de biodiversidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar os motivos que levaram os proprietários de terras ao desmatamento ilegal de florestas nativas dessa região. Foram analisados os processos administrativos ambientais referentes à flora nativa, ocorridos durante o período de 2007 a 2011, nos quais se observou o registro de grande perda da cobertura florestal (121,45 ha.). Mais de 50% das florestas impactadas encontravam-se em estádios médio e avançado de regeneração antes do desmate. Em 74,4% das áreas desmatadas, foram realizados, a posteriori, reflorestamentos com a espécie exótica Eucalyptus sp., com tamanho médio de 0,15 ha., comprovando ser a opção econômica dos pequenos produtores rurais. Verificou-se também a incidência de intervenção antrópica em áreas de preservação permanente. Espera-se que a apresentação desses dados contribua para identificar as causas da fragmentação de hábitats na região, direcionando a criação de políticas públicas que abordem o problema, com enfoque para a bacia hidrográfica.
Influência de diferentes fatores sobre a predação de sementes de Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) O. Kuntze
Authors: Rosangela GibinskI  , Rogério Antonio Krupek
Published: July 2021

A predação de sementes pode tanto exercer efeitos positivos (por exemplo dispersão) quanto negativos (por exemplo redução do número de sementes viáveis) sobre as espécies vegetais. Considerando Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) O. Kuntze (Araucariaceae) uma das essências florestais mais importantes do sul do Brasil, conhecer aspectos sobre o processo de predação de suas sementes torna-se de extrema relevância. Este trabalho teve como objetivo relacionar as diferentes condições do ambiente com o processo e o tempo de predação de sementes de A. angustifolia. Foram investigados oito tratamentos, levando em consideração: a) tempo (julho: período de maturação da semente; novembro: período vegetativo); b) presença e ausência da planta-mãe; c) presença e ausência de serrapilheira. Em cada um dos tratamentos (envolvendo a associação dos três fatores) foi avaliado um total de dez sementes, e o tempo de predação delas foi observado durante um período de 15 dias nos meses de julho e novembro de 2014. Os resultados revelaram diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos, principalmente quando relacionadas ao tempo e à presença/ausência de planta-mãe. Verificou-se que as sementes foram predadas mais rapidamente durante o período em que a planta se encontrava em fase vegetativa e com as sementes dispostas em local sem presença da planta-mãe. A serrapilheira não influenciou no tempo de predação das sementes.
The Role of 4-Thiazolidinone Scaffold in Targeting Variable Biomarkers and Pathways Involving Cancer
Authors: Chawla Pooja , Negi Meenakshi , Faruk Abdul , Chawla Viney
Published: July 2021

Background:

Cancer can be considered as a genetic as well as a metabolic disorder. The current cancer
treatment scenario looks like aggravating tumor cell metabolism, causing the disease to progress even with greater
intensity. The cancer therapy is restricted to the limitations of poor patient compliance due to toxicities to normal tissues
and multi-drug resistance development. There is an emerging need for cancer therapy to be more focused towards
better understanding of genetic, epigenetic and transcriptional changes resulting in cancer progression and their relationship
with treatment sensitivity.

Objective:

The 4-thiazolidinone nucleus possesses marked anticancer potential towards different biotargets, thus targeting
different cancer types like breast, prostate, lung, colorectal and colon cancers, renal cell adenocarcinomas and
gliomas. Therefore, conjugating the 4-thiazolidinone scaffold with other promising moieties or directing the therapy
towards targeted drug delivery systems like the use of nanocarrier systems, can provide the gateway for optimizing the
anticancer efficiency and minimizing the adverse effects and drug resistance development, thus providing stimulus for
personalized pharmacotherapy.

Methods:

An exhaustive literature survey has been done to give an insight into the anticancer potential of the 4-
thiazolidinone nucleus either alone or in conjugation with other active moieties, with the mechanisms involved in preventing
proliferation and metastasis of cancer covering a vast range of publications of repute.

Conclusion:

This review aims to summarise the work reported on anticancer activity of 4-thiazolidinone derivatives
covering various cancer biomarkers and pathways involved, citing the data from the year 2005 till now, which may be
beneficial to the researchers for future development of more efficient 4-thiazolidinone derivatives.
Gut Microbiota and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors-Based Immunotherapy
Authors: Tian Mingming , Zhang Si , Tseng Yujen , Shen Xizhong , Dong Ling , Xue Ruyi
Published: July 2021

Application of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is a major breakthrough in the field of cancer therapy,
which has displayed tremendous potential in various types of malignancies. However, their response rates range widely
in different cancer types and a significant number of patients experience immune-related adverse effects (irAEs) induced
by these drugs, limiting the proportion of patients who can truly benefit from ICIs. Gut microbiota has gained
increasing attention due to its emerging role in regulating the immune system. In recent years, numerous studies have
shown that gut microbiota can modulate antitumor response, as well as decrease the risk of colitis due to ICIs in patients
receiving immunotherapy. The present review analyzed recent progress of relevant basic and clinical studies in
this area and explored new perspectives to enhance the efficacy of ICIs and alleviate associated irAEs via manipulation
of the gut microbiota.
Quantification of Flavonoids in Alpinia officinarum Hance. via HPLC and Evaluation
of its Cytotoxicity on Human Prostate Carcinoma (LNCaP) and Breast Carcinoma
(MCF-7) Cells
Authors: Kazemi Sohrab , Asadi Farideh , Barari Ladan , Morakabati Payam , Jahani Maryam , Kani Seyede Narges Mousavi , Soorani Farangiz , Kolangi Fatemeh , Memariani Zahra
Published: July 2021

Background:

Various plant species have been shown to be effective in the prevention or adjuvant therapy of
cancer. Alpinia officinarum and its main phytochemicals have also been the subject of several studies for their anticancer
properties.

Objective:

The objective of this study is to analyze the extracts of A. officinarum to quantify flavonoids and to evaluate
the growth inhibitory effects of the extracts on MCF-7 and LNCaP cells.

Methods:

A. officinarum aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts were analyzed by using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
(HPLC) for the quantification of three flavonoid compounds. Then, MCF-7, LNCaP, and fibroblast cells
were treated with several concentrations (25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 μg/mL) of extracts (24, 48 and 72h). Cell viability
was assessed using an MTT assay. Flow cytometry was conducted to evaluate apoptosis.

Results:

Galangin and kaempferol (3.85 and 1.57 mg/g dry extract) were quantified, respectively, in hydroalcoholic
and aqueous extracts using a validated method. The hydroalcoholic extract significantly decreased the viability of
MCF-7 (IC50: 43.45μg/mL for 48 h) and LNCaP cells (IC50: 168 μg/mL for 48 h). The aqueous extract reduced cancer
cell viability by more than 50% only at 200 and 400 μg/mL (72 h). Treatment of primary fibroblasts with both
extracts showed no significant decrease in cell viability (25-100 μg/mL; 24 and 48h). The hydroalcoholic extract induced
a significant increase in apoptotic cells in both MCF-7 and LNCaP cells.

Conclusion:

Obtained results demonstrated the cytotoxicity of A. officinarum through apoptosis induction in two cancer
cell lines. Further investigations are required to determine the underlying apoptotic cell death mechanisms induced
by A. officinarum in cancerous cells.
Effects of Different Nitrogen and Sulfur Fertilizer Rates on Growth, Yield, Quality and Nutrient Uptake of Onion (Allium cepa L.) at Shewa Robit, North Shewa, Ethiopia
Authors: Tilahun Mandefro , Tena Wondwosen , Desta Bizuayehu
Published: July 2021

Background:

Onion is one of the most important crops widely cultivated throughout the world, including Ethiopia. The production of onion is mainly affected by the inadequate application of inorganic fertilizer types and rates.

Objective:

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of nitrogen and sulfur fertilizers on the growth, yield, quality, and nutrient uptake of onion at Shewa Robit in 2018/19 under irrigation.

Methods:

The experiment consisted of four nitrogen rates (100, 150, 200, and 250 kg N /ha) and five sulfur rates (0, 15, 30, 45, and 60kg S/ha). The treatments were laid out in a factorial arrangement with three replications using randomized complete block design (RCBD). Bombay Red was used as a testing onion variety.

Results:

The interaction effect of nitrogen and sulfur significantly increased plant height, leaf length, leaf diameter, leaf area index, neck diameter, shoot dry weight, bulb fresh weight and bulb dry weight, percent dry matter content, yield, and quality parameters. The application of 200kg N/ha and 45 kg S/ha resulted in the highest yield (42.6 t ha-1), the average weight of bulb (193.6g), and a marketable bulb (99.8%). The highest N uptake (243.3 kg ha-1) and S uptake (31.9kg ha-1) were obtained by the combined application of 200 kgN/ha and 45kg S/ha.

Conclusion:

The application of 200 kgN/ha and 45kgS/ha can be recommended for high yield and quality onion production in the study area.
Evaluation of the Structural Behaviour of a Unilateral External Fixator for Osteosynthesis
Authors: Terzini Mara , Sicuranza Simona , Alberghina Flavia , Ravera Laura , Aloj Domenico Costantino , Bignardi Cristina
Published: July 2021

Background:

External fixation is an osteosynthesis technique particularly useful in trauma surgery and Damage Control Orthopedics (DCO). However, complications, such as pin loosening and pin tract infections, are fairly common. For reducing thermal damage and infection rates, monocortical pins have been proposed as an alternative to the most used bicortical pins. However, there is a lack of studies regarding their mechanical properties.

Objective:

The aim of the study is to assess the static and dynamic stability of a unilateral external fixator experimentally when applied through monocortical pins for the reduction of femur and tibia fractures.

Methods:

A modular unilateral external fixator was used and a total number of 6 pins were used per test. The static tests were performed in displacement control by applying a vertical displacement to the upper fixture at 1 mm/min until a tension load of 380 N was reached. The dynamic tests were performed by applying a sinusoidal displacement. During each test, forces and crosshead displacements were acquired. Two different stiffness indexes were assessed.

Results:

By comparing the two anatomic regions, it was found that the fixator behaves stiffer when mounted on the femur, regardless of the pins used, while stiffnesses comparable to the femur ones are reached by the tibia when 4 mm diameter pins are used. Static analysis revealed excellent fixator stability when implanted with 4 mm diameter monocortical pins on both anatomic regions. On the contrary, two tibia and one femur samples showed failures at the bone-pin interface when 3 mm diameter pins were used.

Conclusion:

Dynamic analysis showed no substantial difference between the tested configurations and confirmed the fixator's ability to sustain cyclic loading without further damage to the sample.
Social Exclusion and High-Speed Railways: Evidence from China
Authors: Azzouz Labib , Jack Anson
Published: July 2021

Background:

Despite their economic, social, and environmental advantages, HSRs are associated with some negative social impacts and controversy about their equitability.

Gap:

Very few studies have explored the relationship between HSR and social exclusion.

Aims:

This paper examines the relationship between HSR and social exclusion, and it focuses on China as a case study.

Objectives:

The objectives of the study are as follows; to identify the most important and favourable factors for choosing HSR from passengers' perspective; to reveal issues and reasons that inhibit passengers from using HSR and limit their accessibility to the service, and to propose some solutions and interventions.

Methods:

The study utilizes an online survey comprising a set of stated preference and revealed preference questions. A total of 3655 responses were collected, of which 3353 responses were complete and useful.

Results:

A key finding is that comfort is proven to be the most favourable factor for using HSR, followed by travel time and reliability. Another finding is that the economic exclusion followed by the geographical exclusion is prevailing across different age and monthly income groups of non-HSR users. Those who have the lowest income and the elderly experience the strongest levels of economic exclusion. Moreover, physical, time-based, and fear-based exclusions are also notable.

Conclusion:

To create a modal shift from other modes to HSR and allow more groups to access the service, HSR should be competitive in terms of affordability and accessibility. Possible solutions and policy interventions that may help to tackle categories of social exclusion in China are presented.
As ‘Vanguardas Futuristas’ Brasileiras: O Embate Literário nos Periódicos dos Anos de 1920
Authors: Chacon Letícia Gonzaga , Gimenez Priscila Renata
Published: July 2021

This article aims to study the relationship established between the magazines of the early 20th century and the Brazilian Modernist Movement. The objective of the work is to demonstrate how the newspaper, as a democratic vehicle and public space, contributed to the spread of the movement and its subsequent edification the Brazilian cultural scene. The guiding hypothesis of the work is to state that the controversial and conflicting aspect of the news that circulated in the press, even before the conclusion of the Modern Art Week, should be considered as an instrument of this propagation. To this end, the contents of certain news and literary criticisms from different periodicals, which preced the event of the Week Modern Art, will be analyzed, emphasizing in the discussion the relationship established between the publications and their respective responses.
O Centenário de Eça de Queirós na Imprensa
Authors: Goés Breno
Published: July 2021

This article aims to carry out a non-extensive analysis of what was written in the Portuguese press about Eça de Queirós at the time of its first centenary of birth, in 1945. The analysed texts were written by Portuguese intellectuals and ideologues such as António Ferro, António Eça de Queiroz, Vieira de Almeida and Rocha Martins, and published in newspapers such as Diário de Notícias, A República and As Novidades. The aim of this work is to analyse the extent to which, in the dictatorial context in which the Queirosian centenary took place, the debate about the 19th century author became a substitute for debates banned by the various forms of repression that dominated the Portuguese public sphere.
O cavo amor e seus ruídos
Authors: Aquino André Luís Valadares de
Published: July 2021

Study about the relationship of "deviant mastery" between the works of poetry by Carlos Drummond de Andrade and Max Martins. Therefore, it comprehends some emblematic lines of force in Drummond's poetry in convergence and metamorphosis in Max's poetry, in the late 1940s and early 1950s. According to Benedito Nunes, in the essay "Max Martins, Mestre-Aprendiz" (2001), Drummond's poetry was crucial in the formation of Max's poetry. It is dominant in the set of cycles and in the discontinuous movement of Max's work, how Benedito Nunes understands the succession of books, love as an erotic-erosive procedure, a fundamental topical of his learning of unlearning in relation to Drummond's poetry.
Prevention of information leakage through channels of spurious electromagnetic radiation and interference: research models
Authors: Skryl S. V. , Mazin A. V. , Meshcheryakova T. V. , Kalach A. V. , Ponomarev M. V. , Gulyaev O. A.
Published: July 2021

Problem statement. The investigation the currently used methods for determining the sources of information leakage threats from the basic hardware and systems (BHaS) through the spurious electromagnetic radiation and interference (SERaB) channels on the object of informatization (OoI), gives grounds to assert that they have a number of disadvantages. The lack of а formal interpretation for process dynamics of the SERaB information collecting and implementing measures to prevent information leakage requires development of a systematic approach to improving the ways and means of protecting confidential information from leakage through SERaB channels.The purpose. Development of mathematical models and a systematic approach to improving methods and means of protecting confidential information from leaks through the SERaB channels from the BHaS on the OoI.Results. The article substantiates the need for a systematic approach to improving the methods and means of protecting confidential information from leakage through the SERaB channels from the BHaS on the OoI. The authors determined the ways of ensuring the adequacy of the methodological apparatus for the study of these technologies in order to justify measures to prevent leakage. They formulate requirements for techniques used to evaluate the characteristics of measures to prevent information leakage through the SERaB channels. There are describe the procedure of forming the mathematical models set structure for evaluating such characteristics. Also in the article are present the analytical models of the time characteristics of threats to intercept informative SERaB signals on the OoI and measures to prevent information leakage. Finally, the authors are justify the probabilistic format of the indicator of the effectiveness of such measures.Practical relevance. The developed mathematical models can be an effective tool for evaluating the characteristics of measures to prevent information leakage through the SERaB channels.
Het ministerieel comite voor economische en sociale coordinatie
Authors: Van Orshoven J.
Published: July 2021

De spreiding van de regeringsactiviteit op economisch vlak over een steeds toenemend aantal departementen leidde in 1938 in België tot de oprichting, in de schoot van de Ministerraad, van het Ministerieel comité voor economische coördinatie. Sedertdien won dit geleidelijk aan belang : zijn bevoegdheid breidde zich uit tot het financiële en het sociale domein, en het verwierf een eigen beslissingsmacht. Na de Ministerraad is het veruit het belangrijkste en het stabielste van de ministeriële overlegorganen.Toch zou het, voor een grotere eenheid zowel bij de conceptie als bij de uitvoering van het regeringsbeleid, nuttig zijn indien het de bevoegdheid van nog enkele andere ministeriële comités zou overnemen, indien de voorgelegde dossiers vollediger zouden zijn, indien aan de leden meer tijd werd gelaten om ze te bestuderen, en indien het werk door een interdepartementeel orgaan van ambtenaren werd voorbereid.
M. Spaak et M. Harmel : Dix années de politique étrangère belge, deux hommes, une même politique
Authors: Desmedt Luc
Published: July 2021

P.H. Spaak and P. Harmel originnally were differently indoctrinated.  They had very little in common, except that they both were brilliant diplomats. In addition they had the ability to lead Belgiums foreign policy.  But due to Belgiums international context, «The continuation» was the most characteristic guidline in both men's successive policy. Owing to the force of circumstances, it is certainly not paradoxical that Belgium's options in the field of foreign policy are in any case limited.
La guerre des six jours et la presse Française : essai d'analyse
Authors: Henriet Paul
Published: July 2021

The present essay aims at defining the attitude of the French press towards the conflict of May/]une 1967 between Israel and Arab countries.As a thematic analysis of a representative sample of daily, weekly and monthly newspapers, covering bath periods of the preceding diplomatic antagonism and of the actual war, the article comprises a number of quantitative approaches which, as they complement each other, lead to certain conclusions in respect, on the one hand, of the particular newspaper analysed and, on the other hand, of the complete sample under observation. This method makes it possible to bring to light the fundamental pro-Israel and anti-Arab leanings of the sample, as they reflect the pre-existent attitudes of French public opinion. It also reveals that the only pro-Arab and anti-Israel newspaper are those that belang at the far left end of the sample.These factors lead to hypothesize that the disposition which favoured Israel sprung in fact not from any special sympathy towards Jewry, but from a feeling of bond with a mode of civilisation as represented by the Western and pro-Western characteristics of Israel.
De discussies rond een legalisering van opzettelijke abortus
Authors: De Clercq Bertrand J.
Published: July 2021

This article deals with the problems of abortion as a political issue, in the form represented in the two reports of the Belgian «National Commission for Ethical  Problems» (Fall 1976). Both the «translation» of the political problem into a question to be handled by an «apolitical» commission on the level of scientific expertness, and the delivery of two mutually dissenting reports, are studied as a typical stage of the development of the political decision-making process in this matter and compared with similar evolutions in the neighbour countries (W.-Germany, France, the Netherlands). From a view point of political theory the main problem is the following : how a parliamentary democracy solves such a deap-seated confiict concerning the «basic values» of ethical order of society ? Elements of an answer can be gathered from a comparative analysis of the different positions and arguments in the two reports of the Ethical Commission.
La campagne en français
Authors: Thoveron Gabriel , Geerts Claude , Legros Michèle , Thoveron Jacqueline , Dartevelle Roseline , Nobre-Correia José Manuel
Published: July 2021

The article represents a first approach of the campaign in the frenchspeakingradio and television. A thorough study will be done later.

The topics examined here are: the impact of the campaign on the people; the organization of the campaign in the radio and television and the presentation of the different broadcastings in the national and the regional campaign; the topics of the campaign through the political platforms, the debates between several parties and the questions asked by the audience; the personalities and «stars» during the campaign ; the audience and the campaign on RTL and in the press.
L'expérience des sections
Authors: Courtoy Claude
Published: July 2021

In 1974 specialized chambers were introduced in Belgium as an attempt to improve the functioning of the Parliament.Only the Senate endeavoured to put info full practice the experiment of these chambers during the 1974/75 session. The attempt, though proved ephemeral : during the following session a deep cleavage was felt even among those who were initially its fervent advocates. Today, this experiment has been completely nipped in the bud. These chambers have proved inefficient; the goal proving neither attainable nor conclusive.It would appear, therefore, that the specialized chamber is merely a void concept which does not provide for a concrete application.  This, at least, is the lesson to be drawn from the «sections» of the Belgian Senate.However, in the context of a reallocation of tasks between the Senate and the House of Representatives, such specialized chambers might prove useful.
L'expédition des affaires courantes
Authors: Mascarenhas Gomes Monteiro Antonio
Published: July 2021

Since the last war, one character of the political system in Belgium is the growth and the duration of the ministerial crisis. Some questions of public law appeared. How is it possible to maintain the continuity of the political and administrative action, without ministerial responsibility to Parliament, during the crisis ? The Belgian Conseil d'Etat contributed, by the notion of the «affaires courantes», sort of general principle of public law, to give a solution to this problem.
Veranderingen in het Belgische partijenstelsel van 1945 tot 1980
Authors: Van Haegendoren Mieke
Published: July 2021

The major changes in the Belgian partysystem occurred within the context of the rise of the welfare state. Most welfare provisions were subcontracted to the different «zuil» organisations, with their political parties functioning as masterorganisation.The contrasts between «catholic» Flanders and «red» Wallonia dominated the political  agenda, and led up to the fractionalisation of the party-system. The political positions of the parties remained unchanged : ascendancy of the catholics, challenged by the socialists, with the liberals holding the balance, and communists and «federalist» parties beingback in opposition after a short period of governmental participation.Although party identification has shifted from ideological towards clientelist motives, the party preference of the electorate did not alter. The functions of parties did change : the power of mandatories decreased and parties increasingly control and even formulate public policy.Television has personalized political propaganda, which is, in between elections, professionally made by highly subsidized cultural masterorganisations.  The costs of electoral propaganda, nowadays runned by commercial - advertising bureaus, have increased substantially. All this led to the decline of the propaganda by volunteers.
De staatshervorming en de Duitstalige Gemeenschap
Authors: Van De Velde Edgard
Published: July 2021

The existence of the German cultural community was guaranteed by the articles 3ter and 59ter of the Constitution and its organisation was institutionalized by the Law of July 10th, 1973. In 1980 the notion «German cultural community» in art. 3ter of the Constitution was replaced by the notion «German-speaking community».The reform of the statute of the German-speaking community has to be executed within the following limits : 1° an executive power that is accountable to the council can only be granted after revision of art. 59ter of the Constitution; 2° there seems no harm in granting power to modify laws and to legislate with exclusion of the national legislator to the council, as long as the exercise of this power is submitted to, judicial review ; 3° the enlargement of the council's competence to the «personalized matters» does not require the revision of art. 59ter. The enlargement of the council's competence to some «regional affairs» is possible without revision of the Constitution, as long as the council does not receive the same competence as the Flemish, Wallon and Brussels region; 4° it is possible to grant the German-speaking community theyield of a part of some taxes.
Morfologie van de uiterst-rechtse groeperingen in België
Authors: Verlinden Peter
Published: July 2021

White a generally acknowledged definition of «right» and «extreme right» does not exist, an external definition was accepted, departing from what the most important authors accepted as being «right and extreme right wing groups» in Belgium.In Flandern the most important ones situate themselves within the «Flemish Movement», although being a small part of this Movement.  These groupings are classified into three categories : groups oriented towards the Flemish-Nationalistic past, students- and youth-organizations, and the recently activist groups.In Brussels and Wallonia two initiatives delineate this political field : Le Nouvel Europe Magazine, a well distributed monthly magazine, and the Front de la Jeunesse, initially founded as the youth organization of the magazine.The relevance of these rather small groups must be seen on two levels : that of the global Belgian political context, and on the level of the political Flemish Movement. To analyse strictly the amount of that influence needs more than a systematic review of the groupings that operate on this specific political field in Belgium last year.
Les élections législatives du 8 novembre 1981 : Analyse des résultats
Authors: Fraeys William
Published: July 2021

The general elections of november 1981 in Belgium showed the second most important change in party-vote since 1945.  The non-voting is in the three regions slightly superior to the nonvoting at the 1978 elections, but considerably lower than the non-voting for the European Parliament.In contrast with the results of the public opinion polls, the number of blank and spoilt ballot papers shows a rather sharp decline compared with 1978. For the country taken as a whole, these votes totalled about 5 % less than at the time of the European election.The election trends are very much alike in the three regions of the country : a considerable loss by the Christian Democrats, a quasi status quo for the Socialists, a gain by the Liberals and the UDRT-RAD (Democratic Union for Respect of Work), a Communist loss, a very heavy defeat by the French-speaking nationalist parties contrasting with the ahead movement of the Volksunie (Flemish federalists), this being the only «reversed» trend according to the regions, and at last a significant breakthrough of the «green» lists.The parties of the outgoing coalition have been «punished» by the electorate; together they lost 10.11 % of the valid votes. The loss, however, has been suffered almost entirely by the Christian Democrats.
Het gebruik van de voorkeurstem bij de parlementsverkiezingen van 8 november 1981
Authors: De Winter Lieven
Published: July 2021

At the general elections, the Belgian voter can either vote for an entire party (a vote on top of the candidate-list) or vote for a candidate on that list. The general, elections of november 8th, 1981 featured a notable fall of the percentage of preferential votes by 4,46 %, although this proportion was steadily rising since 1958, by an average of 3,67 % each election year.Although the use of preferential votes is varying from one constituency to another, and from one party to another, the order of constituencies and parties, ranked by their proportion of preferential votes, did not change profoundly.The remarkable drop of the overall proportion of preferential votes is probably due to the shift from preferential votes to list-votes by the bulk of voters who fled from the christian-democratic parties to the liberals, the flemish-nationalists and the ecologists.
Crises macro-sociales et stabilité de l'élite : Etude de l'élite belge face aux perturbations sociales durant la période 1919-1981
Authors: Dewachter Wilfried
Published: July 2021

Between 1919 and 1981, Belgium was confronted with a number of profound societal crises : one world war, two af termaths of world wars, severe economie crises, a new politica! orientation, and serious internal political conflicts. This article examines the reaction of the elite to these crises, and operationalizes this reaction by the circulationof the elite.The non-political elite remained strikingly stable in spite of the multiplicity and intensity of the crises. The political elite, in this period, circulated much more rapidly. Still, this was primarily in function of governmental instability. Crises shrink the room for maneuver of politicians, but crises are clearly not the only, and even not the most important factors contributing to governmental instability. The changes were, moreover, compensated for to a considerable degree by returns to former positions. Thus, there was a lot of rotation rather than circulation, especially among the top-level politicians.
La fusion des communes : Un bilan provisoire
Authors: Michel Joseph
Published: July 2021

The adaptation of the new municipal entities to present-day social life is a success. The concentration of the local administration with better organized services has left human relations unaffected. The amalgamation of the territory and its administration has effected a more equitable distribution of the casts. Considering the administration, the new municipalities could have been bigger but the human dimensions did not allow such enlargement. In most cases, the amalgamation contributed to the inception of a real social and economie entity. But the deliberations did not always lead to new municipalities that would normally have been required. In view of the rationalisation and improvement of the services the new municipality has succeeded. More goods and services are being distributed for the same cost. The amalgamation of the municipalities led to better organization and more efficiency of the administration.The power to manage increased. Concerning municipal finances, the amalgamation operation has not caused any deficits. The causes of the deficits have to be sought elsewhere : a tendency to extend social benefits and to overstaff, the transformation of the Centers for Public Assistance into Public Centers for Social Welf are, the failure of the national government to fulfil its financial obligations vis-à-vis the municipalities. In addition to these causes, errors in judgment have compromised the finances of many municipalities. On the whole, the amalgamations have been a success.
De ruimtelijke ordening en de gemeentelijke fusie
Authors: Lagrou Evert
Published: July 2021

During the amalgamation period, important changes occurred in landuse planning primarily under the impetus of regional formation. The position of the municipalities has not been strengthened. In the historical monument policy, the gap between the national and the municipal level is particularly large. This is also the case for housing policy, but the gap is generally not felt to be encumbering by the municipal authorities. After the amalgamation and the «politisation» of the municipal council parties, most of the municipal administrators have, in a very pragmatic way, received a direct line to the national land-use planning via party clientism. This appears to be much more efficient than the formal procedures of the urban construction law, the historica monument law, and other provisions. However, this does have the consequence that the people of the amalgamated municipalities feel little involvement in the land-usepolicy. Some municipalities have tried to break through on this by the launching of a structure plan.The political orientations of the designers and other land-use planning experts and the sometimes anti-political attitude of large groups of the population are not alien to the aforementioned pragmatism. All this, however, complicates the impact on land-use organisation by the local communities, which are still administratively powerful after the amalgamation.
Problemen van administratief toezicht ten aanzien van de gefusioneerde gemeenten
Authors: Lambrechts William
Published: July 2021

This brief study is to examine whether some legal questions do influence the administrative control in general and more particularly the administrative control of merged municipalities. First are analysed the propositions aiming the administrative control in the new local government act as proposed by the Association of Belgian Towns and Villages. It says that administrative control must not be excessivily hindering. It would rather change the control phylosophy and procedures in order to relieve the administrative control. The two important State Reform Acts of 8 and 9 august 1980 present in fact major institutional changes concerning the administrative control. The Flemish and the Walloon regions obtain the competence to organise the procedures and to exercise the administrative control with regard to provinces, towns, villages and agglomerations. After revision of article 108 of the Constitution in 1980opportunity-control of administrative acts is maintained and the exercise of the autonomy of action must take place in harmony with the jurisprudence of the «Council of State». Finally, comparison between theFrench Act of March 2nd, 1982 about decentralisation of administrative control in France and the opportunity-control in Belgium is made.
Sweden, the crown of the state
Authors: Larsson Torbjörn
Published: July 2021

Tbe role of Swedish royal family has been reduced to an almost exclusively ceremonial one during the 20th century, and this reduction of functions has possibly been carried out further in Sweden than in any other monarchy - with the exception of Japan. The Swedish King is for example no longer responsible even pro forma for the formation of the Government, but it took a long time before he was thus stripped of all his power.By the mid-1800s his influence on the economy had been greatly diminished, and by 1905 (when the union with Norway was dissolved) bis influence on foreign policy had also vanished. Tbe last time a Swedish King ex erts any real power is in 1914, when he insisted on choosing bis own advisors. In reality he only managed to substitute a government he disliked for one which he liked better (even if it wasn't his first choice). But after 1917, when the King is forced to accept a government which included Social Democrats, his influence is reduced to virtually nothing. Officially, however, the King is not reduced to figure-head until 1974, when the new Swedish constitution was passed. Tbe new constitution stated, after a great deal of negociating between the Social Democrats and the nonsocialist parties, that Sweden should remain a monarchy hut the Head of State should only have a ceremonial role. Apparently no one in the royal f amily had any serious objections to this new order and they didn 't try to stop it.  Power and influence is not, however, only related to the laws of a country.  The King and the whole royal family still exert a good deal of influence over the Swedish people by setting an example. The image the royal family wants to project is that of traditional conservative values ; they are all in f a vor of a strong defence, church going and f amily life. The present King has given bis opinion on a few occasions on rather controversial issues - whether this has been part of a strategy or simply a mistake is impossible to say. All in all the present royal family seems to be quite satisfied with their position as figure-head on the Swedish barge, which, according to the public opinion polls, the Swedish people consider to be a very fitting role for a modern monarch.
The monarchy in a parliamentary system
Authors: Daalder Hans
Published: July 2021

A discussion of the political role of monarchs in contemporary Western Europe is complicated by three uncritical preconceptions : the traditionalist-monarchist view of Kings as transcendent sovereigns, the democratic-emancipatory view which assumes that Kings are by definition nothing but constitutional nonentities, and the media-view of members of a royal family as at one and the same time both superhuman and very human actors.A realistic analysis of the role of monarchs and monarchy focuses on at least five issues : whether countries remained monarchies in the wake of democratisation because of, or notwithstanding being monarchies ; the relationship of monarchs to major social cleavages; the very real importance of Kings within the actions of the nominal Crown notwithstanding the importance of the principle of ministerial responsibility ; the inevitably personal role of Kings in the making, the crisis and the fall of cabinets ; and the unavoidable conflict between the personal rights and actions of monarchs and the limitations which constitutional monarchy implies.
De verkiezing van de CVP-voorzitters in de jaren '80
Authors: Vanmaercke Luk
Published: July 2021

During the eighties, the Flemish christian democratic party (CVP) has elected a new president after every legislative election. These party leaders have to fit in the political and electoral strategy for the next years. In the three cases which are examined here, several candidates were running for the party leadership, but only one was admitted to the election. This indicates that the CVP avoids any form of discord. The chairman bas to be familiar with the party and he is selected in accordance with the equilibrium between the various tendencies and social organizations ("standen") within the party. This selection takes place in a limited, informal group of influential party members, such as the most important ministers, the resigning chairman and the leaders of the "standen". The general party members are not involved in this process ; they can only confirmthe choice of the party elite.
Une nouvelle technique d'élection directe du gouvernement
Authors: Dewachter Wilfried
Published: July 2021

A simpte solution for polyarchies which have not yet solved the problem of electing democratically a government and which have to cope with the problem of multipartism is proposed. The technique proceeds as follows : in a first round the electorate can make a choice between different candidates for the prime ministership. The candidate who obtains an absolute majority forms a government.If no candidate obtains an absolute majority, which is the most likely outcome, the two best placed candidates participate in a second round. However, each of these candidates now presents a complete government coalition to the electorate. The voters can choose between those two coalitions. The coalition with the majority of the vote becomes the government. The criticism against this proposal is being investigated. The new technique is illustrated on the basis of the political situation in Belgium.
L'Abstentionnisme électoral et vote blanc et nul en Belgique
Authors: Ackaert Johan , De Winter Lieven , Aish Anne-Marie , Frognier André-Paul
Published: July 2021

In spite op compulsory voting, the number of non-voters increased at the last general elections in Belgium to 7.3 per cent. This evolution can largely be explained by demographic factors. The number of blank or invalid voters reaches nearly the same level. Concerning this form of political non-participation, we noticed considerable differences occur between the types of elections (local, provincial, House, Senate, European) due to factors such as the importance and the proximity of the proper institution, the social distance between candidate and citizen and the main issue of the elections.The analysis of both phenomena over time at the level of the individual voters based on surveys shows that electoral absenteeism is rather accidental, white blanc and invalid voting is more permanent. From the analysis of absenteeism and blanc and invalid voting emerge on the one hand socio-economic factors (like age, gender, professional activity, income, marital status and family composition) which jeopardize electoral participation in a direct or indirect way, and on the other hand, attitudes and behaviour reflecting political indifference, alienation and hostility (like low levels of political interest, information, knowledge, satisfaction, party identification, and participation).
Diversidad de especies de Blacus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Blacinae) en dos ecosistemas forestales de Michoacán, México
Authors: Figueroa José Isaac , Mejía-Ramírez Aarón , Martínez Ana Mabel , Pineda Samuel , Ponce Saavedra Javier , Sánchez-García José Antonio , Champo-Jiménez Omar
Published: July 2021

Este estudio estimó la diversidad de avispas del género Blacus Nees (Braconidae, Blacinae) en dos ecosistemas forestales del noreste de Michoacán, en el Eje Neovolcánico Transversal: Parque Nacional Cerro de Garnica (PN C-Garnica) y Zona Protectora Forestal Los Azufres (ZPF Los Azufres). Se elaboró un mapa de cobertura vegetal con imágenes satelitales de estos ecosistemas forestales. La captura de especímenes se realizó mensualmente desde marzo 2008 hasta febrero 2010 con la ayuda de platos-trampa de color amarillo. Se capturó un total de 172 especímenes de 17 especies del género Blacus, de los cuales 84.3% provinieron del PN C-Garnica (13 especies) y 15.7% de la ZPF Los Azufres (10 especies). El porcentaje de similitud indicó una composición de especies diferente entre las dos áreas estudiadas (índice de Jaccard = 0.35). En el PN C-Garnica se capturaron significativamente más especímenes por mes que en la ZPF Los Azufres (12.1 ± 4.0 vs 2.3 ± 1.20). De acuerdo con el índice de Shannon-Wiener, la diversidad fue similar en ambas áreas estudiadas (2.1 vs 1.9). Los estimadores de riqueza Chao 2 y Jackknife 2 indicaron que en ambas áreas se capturó ~60% de las especies esperadas. Se concluye que el PN C-Garnica y la ZPF Los Azufres mantienen una alta diversidad de especies de Blacus. Las mayores abundancias, así como la mayor riqueza de especies se encontraron en el PN C-Garnica, la cual es una zona con mayor grado de perturbación.