bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of light impurities on zonal flow activities and turbulent thermal transport
Authors: Seo Janghoon , Jhang Hogun , Kwon Jae-Min
Published: May 2022

Nonlinear effects of light impurities on the zonal flow activities and electrostatic ITG (ion temperature gradient) mode are investigated with gyrokinetic simulations. For the investigation, a new multiple-ion-species gyrokinetic Poisson solver is implemented numerically. Benchmark tests for the new solver show good agreements with theoretical and previous simulation results. Nonlinear ITG simulations with and without light impurities are compared. To isolate nonlinear effects of impurities on ITG, simulation parameters are set to exhibit approximately identical spectra of linear growth rates for the admixed and pure deuterium cases (i.e., the cases with and without the impurities). With an intermediate safety factor (∼1.4), the admixed case shows smaller heat transport and more robust E × B staircase structures than the pure deuterium case. The locations of the transport suppression and staircases are strongly correlated, which indicate that light impurities have stabilizing effects on ITG by enhancing the staircase-like E × B shearing. Especially, the radial correlation length of the fluctuations is significantly reduced for the admixed case. On the other hand, the stabilizing effect of impurities is weakened with a high safety factor (∼5). In those cases, strong geodesic acoustic mode activity is observed, and the electric field is dominated by oscillating components instead of stationary staircases.
Progress in relativistic laser–plasma interaction with kilotesla-level applied magnetic fields
Authors: Weichman K. , Robinson A. P. L. , Murakami M. , Santos J. J. , Fujioka S. , Toncian T. , Palastro J. P. , Arefiev A. V.
Published: May 2022

We report on progress in the understanding of the effects of kilotesla-level applied magnetic fields on relativistic laser–plasma interactions. Ongoing advances in magnetic-field–generation techniques enable new and highly desirable phenomena, including magnetic-field–amplification platforms with reversible sign, focusing ion acceleration, and bulk-relativistic plasma heating. Building on recent advancements in laser–plasma interactions with applied magnetic fields, we introduce simple models for evaluating the effects of applied magnetic fields in magnetic-field amplification, sheath-based ion acceleration, and direct laser acceleration. These models indicate the feasibility of observing beneficial magnetic-field effects under experimentally relevant conditions and offer a starting point for future experimental design.
Particle-in-cell simulations of ion dynamics in a pinched-beam diode
Authors: Foster J. C. , McClory J. W. , Swanekamp S. B. , Hinshelwood D. D. , Richardson A. S. , Adamson P. E. , Schumer J. W. , James R. W. , Ottinger P. F. , Mosher D.
Published: May 2022

Particle-in-cell simulations of a 1.6 MV, 800 kA, and 50 ns pinched-beam diode have been completed with emphasis placed on the quality of the ion beams produced. Simulations show the formation of multiple regions in the electron beam flow characterized by locally high charge and current density (“hot spots”). As ions flow through the electron-space-charge cloud, these hot spots electrostatically attract ions to produce a non-uniform ion current distribution. The length of the cavity extending beyond the anode-to-cathode gap (i.e., behind the cathode tip) influences both the number and amplitude of hot spots. A longer cavity length increases the number of hot spots yet significantly reduces the amplitude producing a smoother, more uniform ion beam than for shorter cavities. The net current and the ion bending angles are also significantly smaller with long cavities.
A metamaterial sensor for detecting the location of a sub-wavelength object
Authors: Hua Yujie , Tang Wenxuan , Cui Tie Jun
Published: May 2022

A metamaterial sensor is proposed to detect the random location of a sub-wavelength metallic object. The sensor is composed of a transmission line (TL), which supports the propagation of spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPPs) with localized electromagnetic (EM) field, and a complementary spiral resonator (CSR) that resonates strongly at designed frequencies around 0.9 and 2.7 GHz. Based on the shift of the resonance frequencies, this sensor is able to detect the location of a sub-wavelength metallic object (whose diameter is smaller than 0.6 mm) randomly attached to the CSR. A prototype of the sensor is fabricated and tested. In practice, the CSR is excited through the EM coupling of the SSPP TL, and the location of the metallic object is obtained through the transmission coefficient (S21). To improve the accuracy, a retrieval curve for locating is generated and calibrated. It is proved that the random location of the sub-wavelength object can be accurately detected inside an area of 9π mm2 with a low error of 2‰.
The concept of a stigmatic flat-field X-ray spectrograph based on conical diffraction
Authors: Kolesnikov A.O. , Ragozin E.N. , Shatokhin A.N.
Published: May 2022

The optical scheme of a flat-field stigmatic X-ray spectrograph, which includes a grazing-incidence focusing mirror and a concave fan-type diffraction grating crossed with respect to the mirror and mounted in a conical diffraction scheme, is calculated analytically. Spectral images of a point monochromatic source are obtained by numerical ray tracing, confirming the high quality of spectral images at a level of 1 × 4 μm. It is assumed that the use of small grazing incidence angles in combination with the application of multilayer reflective coatings, including aperiodic ones, will make it possible to extend the working spectral range of the stigmatic spectrograph to the region of the ‘tender’ (ℏω ≈ 1.5 – 6 keV) X-ray range.
One Image is Worth more than a Thousand Words: Producing an Atlas of Medical Signs for Teaching Clinical and Forensic Toxicology
Authors: Dinis-Oliveira Ricardo Jorge
Published: May 2022

Clinical and forensic toxicology are critically involved in the acquisition of basic skills to correctly suspect intoxication, collect biological and non-biological materials for toxicological analysis, comprehend the complexities inherent to laboratory activity, and understand the fundamentals of toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics that underlie the interpretation of results. This works presents a pedagogical innovation proposal for the teaching of clinical and forensic toxicology based on a compilation of more than 3 000 cases where the image was fulcra for suspicion. The experience in this article follows the model practiced in bachelors, masters, and PhD degrees, as well as in other continuing training courses, where we are teaching toxicology for more than 15 years. All these levels of education are considered fundamental to the sound development of this science. This approach aims also to offer strength to the intervention of the true toxicologist in all the toxicological phases, besides the classic analytical chemistry. Indeed, it is impossible to provide effective clinical and forensic toxicological interpretations without a proper and broad education, and not thinking exclusively in terms of laboratory techniques. In the future, it will be interesting to evaluate knowledge retention and to propose a database of videos of signs related to intoxications. Key PointsA pedagogical innovation proposal for the teaching of forensic and clinical toxicology is presented.A universal and never-ending atlas of phtotographs related to signs of intoxications have been compile.Offering to our students an integrated teaching of clinical and forensic toxicology is crucial since both are grounded in analogous toxicological principles and are mutually dependent.
Lattice dynamical properties of antiferromagnetic oxides calculated using self-consistent extended Hubbard functional method
Authors: Yang Wooil , Jang Bo Gyu , Son Young-Woo , Jhi Seung-Hoon
Published: May 2022

We study the lattice dynamics of antiferromagnetic transition-metal oxides by using self-consistent Hubbard functionals. We calculate the ground states of the oxides with the on-site and intersite Hubbard interactions determined self-consistently within the framework of density functional theory. The on-site and intersite Hubbard terms fix the errors associated with the electron self-interaction in the local and semilocal functionals. Inclusion of the intersite Hubbard terms in addition to the on-site Hubbard terms produces accurate phonon dispersion of the transition-metal oxides. Calculated Born effective charges and high-frequency dielectric constants are in good agreement with experiment. Our study provides a computationally inexpensive and accurate set of first-principles calculations for strongly-correlated materials and related phenomena.
Effects of conjugated structure on electronic and transport properties in organic–inorganic hybrid superlattices Cd2Se2(C2H4N2)1/2
Authors: Li Mingming , Li Jialin , Zhang Xiaojiao , Wu Di , Li Mingjun , Long Mengqiu
Published: May 2022

By inducing π-conjugated organic molecule C2H4N2 in group II–VI based CdSe network structure materials, the band structures and carrier transport of organic–inorganic hybrid superlattices Cd2Se2(C2H4N2)1/2 were investigated via first-principles calculations based on the density functional theory. With different stacking patterns, it is found that the carrier mobility can be modulated by 5–6 orders of magnitude. The physical mechanism of the high carrier mobility in the hybrid structures has been revealed, which means dipole organic layers realize electron delocalization via electrostatic potential difference and build-in electric field. Our calculations shown that the dipole organic layers originate from asymmetric π-conjugated organic molecules and the charges movement between molecules, while symmetric organic molecules tend to electrostatic balance. And although the electronic transport properties were highly restrained by the flat bands of organic layers around Fermi energy in most structures, we found that the collective electrostatic effect can lead to very high electron mobility in AA1 and AA2 stacking systems, which might be attributed to the superposition of molecule electrostatic potential along with electrons transfer between molecules. Furthermore, it is also found that the anisotropy of electron mobility can be modulated via the difference directions of dipole layers.
Defect engineering of oxide surfaces: dream or reality?
Authors: Pacchioni Gianfranco , Rahman Talat S
Published: May 2022

In this brief perspective we analyze the present status of the field of defect engineering of oxide surfaces. In particular we discuss the tools and techniques available to generate, identify, quantify, and characterize point defects at oxide surfaces and the main areas where these centers play a role in practical applications.
An irregular lattice spring model: uniform elasticity, grid refinement and isotropic crack propagation
Authors: Buxton Gavin A
Published: May 2022

The Born lattice spring model (LSM) is implemented on an irregular network. This irregular LSM is directly mapped to linear elasticity theory such that the model can capture an elastically uniform system where the direction of resultant fracture propagation is no longer influenced by a regular lattice structure. Furthermore, this allows the density of nodes to be varied throughout the simulation while maintaining the correct elastic mapping. For the first time, the LSM can be refined around areas of interest such as heterogeneities or crack tips, while capturing the spatial cooperative effects of isotropic fracture propagation in heterogeneous materials.
Probing the charge transfer and electron–hole asymmetry in graphene–graphene quantum dot heterostructure
Authors: Roy Rajarshi , Holec David , Kratzer Markus , Muenzer Philipp , Kaushik Preeti , Michal Lukáš , Kumar Gundam Sandeep , Zajíčková Lenka , Teichert Christian
Published: May 2022

In recent years, graphene-based van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures have come into prominence showcasing interesting charge transfer dynamics which is significant for optoelectronic applications. These novel structures are highly tunable depending on several factors such as the combination of the two-dimensional materials, the number of layers and band alignment exhibiting interfacial charge transfer dynamics. Here, we report on a novel graphene based 0D–2D vdW heterostructure between graphene and amine-functionalized graphene quantum dots (GQD) to investigate the interfacial charge transfer and doping possibilities. Using a combination of ab initio simulations and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) measurements, we confirm that the incorporation of functional GQDs leads to a charge transfer induced p-type doping in graphene. A shift of the Dirac point by 0.05 eV with respect to the Fermi level (E
F) in the graphene from the heterostructure was deduced from the calculated density of states. KPFM measurements revealed an increment in the surface potential of the GQD in the 0D–2D heterostructure by 29 mV with respect to graphene. Furthermore, we conducted power dependent Raman spectroscopy for both graphene and the heterostructure samples. An optical doping-induced gating effect resulted in a stiffening of the G band for electrons and holes in both samples (graphene and the heterostructure), suggesting a breakdown of the adiabatic Born–Oppenheimer approximation. Moreover, charge imbalance and renormalization of the electron–hole dispersion under the additional influence of the doped functional GQDs is pointing to an asymmetry in conduction and carrier mobility.
Spin–orbit torque driven skyrmion motion under unconventional spin Hall effect
Authors: Zhao Yang , Guo Dongying , Zeng Zhongming , Shen Maokang , Zhang Yue , Tomasello Riccardo , Finocchio Giovanni , Wang Ruilong , Liang Shiheng
Published: May 2022

The effective control of skyrmion motion is a critical aspect for realizing skyrmion-based devices. Among the potential directions, the use of current induced spin–orbit torque (SOT) is energetically efficient. However, the conventional heavy metals with high crystal symmetry limit the charge-to-spin conversion to the orthogonal configuration, which causes the skyrmions to deflect from the electrical current direction with a finite skyrmion Hall angle. Here, we investigate the SOT driven skyrmion motion under unconventional spin Hall effect. We systematically study the effect of a noncollinear low-symmetry spin source layer with spin moments mixed by Rashba-like S
y
, Dresselhaus-like S
x
and out-of-plane like S
z
on skyrmion features (velocity, diameter and Hall angle) stabilized in a ferromagnet/WTe2 heterostructure. Our results may provide a new degree of freedom for controlling the skyrmion Hall angle, and can open the way for the discovery of new ferromagnetic multilayer where the skyrmion Hall angle is suppressed by the proper design of different SOT driven forces.
Galvanotaxis of ciliates: spatiotemporal dynamics of Coleps hirtus under electric fields
Authors: Daul Anna , Lemloh Marie-Louise , Hörning Marcel
Published: May 2022

Galvanotaxis describes the functional response of organisms to electric fields. In ciliates, the electric field influences the electrophysiology, and thus, the cilia beat dynamics. This leads to a change of the swimming direction toward the cathode. The dynamical response to electric fields of Coleps hirtus has not been studied since the observations of Verworn in 1890 Pflüger Arch.
46 267–303. While galvanotaxis has been studied in other ciliates, C. hirtus exhibit properties not found elsewhere, such as biomineralization processes of alveolar plates with impact on the intracellular calcium regulation and a bimodal resting membrane potential, which leads to unique electrophysiological driven bimodal swimming dynamics. Here, we statistically analyze the galvanotactic dynamics of C. hirtus by automated cell tracking routines. We found that the number of cells that show a galvanotactic response, increases with the increase of the applied electric field strength with a mean at about 2.1 V cm−1. The spatiotemporal swimming dynamics change and lead to a statistical increase of linear elongated cell trajectories that point toward the cathode. Further, the increase of the electric fields decreases the mean velocity variance for electric fields larger than about 1.3 V cm−1, while showing no significant change in the absolute velocity for any applied electric field. Fully functional galvanotactic responses were observed at a minimum extracellular calcium concentration of about 5 μM. The results add important insights to the current understanding of cellular dynamics of ciliates and suggest that the currently accepted model lacks the inclusion of the swimming dynamics and the complex calcium regulatory system of the cell. The results of this study not only extend the fundamental understanding of current physical models for galvanotaxis and C. hirtus dynamics, but also open possibilities for technical applications, such as biosensors or microrobots in the future.
Janus VXY monolayers with tunable large Berry curvature
Authors: Liu Wenrong , Li Xinyang , Zhang Changwen , Yan Shishen
Published: May 2022

The Rashba effect and valley polarization provide a novel paradigm in quantum information technology. However, practical materials are scarce. Here, we found a new class of Janus monolayers VXY (X = Cl, Br, I; Y = Se, Te) with excellent valley polarization effect. In particular, Janus VBrSe shows Zeeman type spin splitting of 14 meV, large Berry curvature of 182.73 bohr2, and, at the same time, a large Rashba parameter of 176.89 meV·Å. We use the
k·p
theory to analyze the relationship between the lattice constant and the curvature of the Berry. The Berry curvature can be adjusted by changing the lattice parameter, which will greatly improve the transverse velocities of carriers and promote the efficiency of the valley Hall device. By applying biaxial strain onto VBrSe, we can see that there is a correlation between Berry curvature and lattice constant, which further validates the above theory. All these results provide tantalizing opportunities for efficient spintronics and valleytronics.
Quasi-linear toroidal simulations of resonant magnetic perturbations in eight ITER H-mode scenarios
Authors: Li L. , Liu Y.Q. , Loarte A. , Pinches S.D. , Polevoi A. , Becoulet M. , Huijsmans G.T.A. , Zhong F.C.
Published: May 2022

Both linear and quasi-linear aspects of the plasma response to the resonant magnetic perturbation (RMP) field are numerically investigated for various H-mode scenarios in ITER, covering the pre-fusion power operation and the fusion power operation phases. Linear response computations for eight ITER scenarios, with varying plasma current and toroidal magnetic field, reveal that the best coil current phasing for controlling the type-I edge localized modes (ELMs) scales roughly linearly with the edge safety factor. The coil phasing is defined as the relative toroidal phase of the coil currents between different rows, for a given toroidal harmonic. Quasi-linear initial value simulation, which is the focus of the present study, shows that application of the n = 3 (n is the toroidal mode number) RMP field has a minimum side effect on the plasma core momentum confinement but potentially a large effect on the global particle transport. Generally, the RMP field with the best (worst) coil phasing for ELM control produces the strongest (weakest) effect on the plasma edge flow and the overall density. This robustly holds for all eight ITER scenarios. Consequently, in order to minimize the RMP induced side effects while achieving ELM control (suppression) in ITER, a compromise is necessary in choosing the coil current configuration.
Characterization of BNL and HPK AC-LGAD sensors with a 120 GeV proton beam
Authors: Heller R. , Madrid C. , Apresyan A. , Brooks W.K. , Chen W. , D'Amen G. , Giacomini G. , Goya I. , Hara K. , Kita S. , Los S. , Molnar A. , Nakamura K. , Peña C. , San Martín C. , Tricoli A. , Ueda T. , Xie S.
Published: May 2022

We present measurements of AC-LGADs performed at the
Fermilab's test beam facility using 120 GeV protons. We studied
the performance of various strip and pad AC-LGAD sensors that were
produced by BNL and HPK. The measurements are performed with our
upgraded test beam setup that utilizes a high precision telescope
tracker, and a simultaneous readout of up to 7 channels per sensor,
which allows detailed studies of signal sharing characteristics.
These measurements allow us to assess the differences in designs
between different manufacturers, and optimize them based on
experimental performance. We then study several reconstruction
algorithms to optimize position and time resolutions that utilize
the signal sharing properties of each sensor. We present a world's
first demonstration of silicon sensors in a test beam that
simultaneously achieve better than 6–10 μm position and
30 ps time resolution. This represents a substantial improvement to
the spatial resolution than would be obtained with binary readout of
sensors with similar pitch.
The 3He BF3 Giant Barrel (HeBGB) neutron detector
Authors: Brandenburg K. , Hamad G. , Meisel Z. , Brune C.R. , Carter D.E. , Danley T. , Derkin J. , Jones-Alberty Y. , Kenady B. , Massey T.N. , Paneru S. , Saxena M. , Soltesz D. , Subedi S.K. , Warren J.
Published: May 2022

(α,n) reactions play an important role in nuclear
astrophysics and applications and are an important background source
in neutrino and dark matter detectors. Measurements of total
(α,n) cross sections employing direct neutron detection often
have a considerable systematic uncertainty associated with the
energy-dependent neutron detection efficiency and the unknown
initial neutron energy distribution. The 
3He BF3 Giant Barrel (HeBGB) neutron detector
was built at the Edwards Accelerator Laboratory at Ohio University
to overcome this challenge. HeBGB offers a near-constant neutron
detection efficiency of (7.5 ± 1.2)% over the neutron energy
range 0.01 MeV–9.00 MeV, removing a significant source of
systematic uncertainty present in earlier (α,n) cross section
measurements.
Scintillator tile batch test of CEPC AHCAL
Authors: Duan Y. , Jiang J. , Li J. , Li L. , Li S. , Liu D. , Liu J. , Liu Y. , Qi B. , Qian R. , Shen Z. , Shi Y. , Wang X. , Wang Z. , Yang H. , Yu B. , Zhang Y.
Published: May 2022

Hadron calorimeter (HCAL) is an essential sub-detector of
the baseline detector system for Circular Electron Positron Collider
(CEPC). We plan to build an Analog Hadron CALorimeter (AHCAL)
prototype based on the Particle Flow Algorithm (PFA). The AHCAL of
CEPC uses steel as the absorber and scintillator tiles read out by
Silicon Photo-Multipliers (SiPMs) as the sensitive medium. The
energy linearity and resolution of the calorimeter depend on the
light yield uniformity of the sensitive medium. It is essential to
qualify the entire detector production in order to select
scintillator tiles with the uniformity of light yield within
10%. An automated batch test platform has been designed with 144
channels and an automated 3D servo motor. The paper summarizes the
tests performed on more than 15000 scintillator tiles, and the SiPMs
work at 59 V (overvoltage: 5 V). The measured light yield,
corrected for the set-up response non-uniformity, is around
12.9 p.e. About 91.6% of scintillators (14219 pieces) are
qualified within 10% of the light yield window.
Diagnostics of hot electrons leaving the ECR plasma sustained by the high-power gyrotron
Authors: Kiseleva E.M. , Izotov I.V. , Skalyga V.A.
Published: May 2022

Energy distribution of electrons in the electron-cyclotron
resonance (ECR) discharge has a complicated shape as a function of
various parameters that still remains unknown. Meanwhile, it is an
important plasma characteristic. There are some methods and
approaches, which give the possibility to measure or estimate the
properties of the distribution. One of them, similar to the ion mass
spectrometry [1], was used in this work to obtain the energy
distribution of electrons escaping the magnetic confinement in the
non-classical continuous ECR ion source with high (up to
50–100 W/cm3) specific energy input along with
bremsstrahlung spectra. A threshold-like behaviour was discovered,
which comprised of the bursts of energetic electrons, bremsstrahlung
and, supposedly, the development of kinetic instabilities, once the
energy input exceeds a certain level.
Study on pulse shape discrimination power of plastic scintillators
Authors: Jiang T. , Lu P.Z. , Luo G. , Hor Y.K.
Published: May 2022

Nuclear reactor safeguard, based on detection of electron antineutrino flux and energy spectrum, is of great interests to both administrative agencies such as International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and neutrino community. A dominant reaction channel of such detection is inverse beta decay (IBD), for which discrimination of gamma against neutron is critical. In this study, pulse shape discrimination (PSD) is used over plastic scintillator, for its ease of detector assembly, no risk of leakage, and high chemical stability. Using 22Na and 137Cs radioactive sources to calibrate the energy response of the whole system (data acquisition and materials), EJ200 and EJ426 scintillator combination is used as the discrimination setup. The figure of merit (FOM) can reach 9.13 ± 0.01, and could be adopted to build a reactor neutrino safeguard detector. In addition, the PSD of two kinds of plastic scintillators were compared. The FOM of the EJ276 plastic scintillator can reach 1.35 ± 0.01 at the energy threshold of 1 MeV gamma equivalent in comparison to 0.96 ± 0.01 of UPS-113NG at the same energy threshold.
The Majorana Demonstrator readout electronics system
Authors: Abgrall N. , Amman M. , Arnquist I.J. , Avignone F.T. , Barabash A.S. , Barton C.J. , Barton P.J. , Bertrand F.E. , Bhimani K.H. , Bos B. , Bradley A.W. , Burritt T.H. , Busch M. , Buuck M. , Caldwell T.S. , Chan Y-D. , Christofferson C.D. , Chu P.-H. , Clark M.L. , Cooper R.J. , Cuesta C.. , Detwiler J.A. , Drobizhev A. , Edwins D.W. , Efremenko Yu. , Ejiri H. , Elliott S.R. , Gilliss T. , Giovanetti G.K. , Green M.P. , Gruszko J. , Guinn I.S. , Guiseppe V.E. , Haufe C.R. , Hegedus R.J. , Henning R. , Hervas Aguilar D. , Hoppe E.W. , Hostiuc A. , Kidd M.F. , Kim I. , Kouzes R.T. , Li A. , Loach J.C. , Lopez A.M. , López-Castaño J.M. , Luke P.N. , Martin E.L. , Martin R.D. , Massarczyk R. , Meijer S.J. , Mertens S. , Myslik J. , Oli T.K. , Othman G. , Peterson D. , Pettus W. , Poon A.W.P. , Radford D.C. , Rager J. , Reine A.L. , Rielage K. , Robertson R.G.H. , Ruof N.W. , Sayki B. , Stortini M.J. , Tedeschi D. , Turqueti M. , Van Wechel T.D. , Varner R.L. , Vasilyev S. , Vetter K. , Wilkerson J.F. , Wiseman C. , Xu W. , Yaver H. , Yu C.-H. , Zhu B.X. , Zimmermann S.
Published: May 2022

The Majorana Demonstrator comprises two arrays of
high-purity germanium detectors constructed to search for
neutrinoless double-beta decay in 76Ge and other physics beyond
the Standard Model. Its readout electronics were designed to have
low electronic noise, and radioactive backgrounds were minimized by
using low-mass components and low-radioactivity materials near the
detectors. This paper provides a description of all components of
the Majorana Demonstrator readout electronics, spanning the
front-end electronics and internal cabling, back-end electronics,
digitizer, and power supplies, along with the grounding scheme. The
spectroscopic performance achieved with these readout electronics is
also demonstrated.
Bioinspired morphing fins to provide optimal maneuverability, stability, and response to turbulence in rigid hull AUVs
Authors: Randeni Supun , Mellin Emily M , Sacarny Michael , Cheung Skyler , Benjamin Michael , Triantafyllou Michael
Published: May 2022

By adopting bioinspired morphing fins, we demonstrate how to achieve good directional stability, exceptional maneuverability, and minimal adverse response to turbulent flow, properties that are highly desirable for rigid hull AUVs, but are presently difficult to achieve because they impose contradictory requirements. We outline the theory and design for switching between operating with sufficient stability that ensures a steady course in the presence of disturbances, with low corrective control action; reverting to high maneuverability to execute very rapid course and depth changes, improving turning rate by 25% up to 50%; and ensuring at all times that angular responses to external turbulence are minimized. We then demonstrate the developments through tests on a 1 m long autonomous underwater vehicle, named Morpheus. The vehicle is capable of dynamically changing its stability-maneuverability qualities by using tuna-inspired morphing fins, which can be deployed, deflected and retracted, as needed. A series of free-swimming experiments and maneuvering simulations, combined with mathematical analysis, led to the design of optimal retractable morphing fins.
Elastic storage enables robustness of flapping wing dynamics
Authors: Cai Xuefei , Xue Yujing , Kolomenskiy Dmitry , Xu Ru , Liu Hao
Published: May 2022

Flying insects could perform robust flapping-wing dynamics under various environments while minimizing the high energetic cost by using elastic flight muscles and motors. Here we propose a fluid-structure interaction model that couples unsteady flapping aerodynamics and three-torsional-spring-based elastic wing-hinge dynamics to determine passive and active mechanisms (PAM) in bumblebee hovering. The results show that a strategy of active-controlled stroke, passive-controlled wing pitch and deviation enables an optimal elastic storage. The flapping-wing dynamics is robust, which is characterized by dynamics-based passive elevation-rotation and aerodynamics-based passive feathering-rotation, capable of producing aerodynamic force while achieving high power efficiency over a broad range of wing-hinge stiffness. A force-impulse model further confirms the capability of external perturbation robustness under the PAM-based strategy.
Shifting cultivation geographies in the Central and Eastern US
Authors: Burchfield Emily K
Published: May 2022

Climate change is projected to transform agricultural systems around the globe. Though climate strongly influences where and how farmers cultivate, millennia of agricultural innovation have expanded cultivation geographies far beyond what sun, soil, and water alone can support. Evaluating how climate interacts with human activity to shape cultivation possibilities for farmers is vital to understanding the impacts of climate change on agriculture. I assess how climate interacts with agricultural activity to shape the cultivation geographies of six major crops: corn, soy, wheat, cotton, hay and alfalfa. For each crop, I modelbiophysical suitability, or the probability of a crop’s occurrence given only biophysical conditions, andagricultural suitability,or the probability of a crops occurrence given biophysical conditions as well as agricultural inputs, farm resources, and farm(er) characteristics. Though biophysical conditions strongly shape cultivation geographies, agricultural activity—particularly the use of crop insurance and agricultural inputs—amplifies and expands the cultivation geographies of these major crops, often into regions biophysically unsuited to their cultivation. I project biophysically driven shifts in cultivation geographies to 2100 under low, moderate, and high emissions scenarios and find that these geographies will shift strongly north, with the Corn Belt becoming unsuitable to the cultivation of corn by 2100. These results indicate that significant agricultural adaptation will benecessaryandinevitablein the Central and Eastern U.S.
The effect of non-genetic factors on Bali Cattle (Bos javanicus) growth traits
Authors: Setiaji R , Rohadi M , Widyas N , Prastowo S
Published: May 2022

Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) is one of the native cattle of Indonesia, which have excellent performance though reared in hot tropic condition with low quality of feed. As generally known, livestock performance is influenced by genetic and non-genetic such as environmental factors. Therefore, this study aims to determine the non-genetic factors on growth traits of Bali cattle. The material used in this study was Bali cattle that participated in the progeny test program, consisting of 20 bulls, 122 cows and 176 calves born three years in row. The data included sex, birth season, mating system, parity, and data on growth traits which included: birth weight (BW), weaning weight at 205 days (WW205), yearling weight at 365 days (YW365) and mature weight at 730 days (MW730). Data were then analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The result shows that BW, YW365 and MW730 were influenced by birth season and sex (p<0.05), and WW205 was influenced by sex and parity (p<0.05). Based on the result, we concluded that the performance of the Bali cattle population in this study was influenced by non-genetic factors that are birth season, sex and parity affect the growth traits of Bali cattle.
Performance of Local Beef Cattle For Fattening with Sorinfer Feed After A Short Distance Transportation
Authors: Aditia EL , Priyanto R , Abdullah L , Dewi MHKS Panca , Manalu W
Published: May 2022

A good quality of feed should be fed to the animal after transport. The objective of the research was to investigate the effect of sorinfer and commercial concentrate feed on feedlot performance of local beef cattle after short period of transportation. This study used 8 Ongole Crossbreed (PO) and 8 Local Crossbreed Cattle (SL) bull with average age of 18-30 months. The average body weight of Ongole and Local Crossbreed Cattle were 291.5±23.5 kg and 289.0±26.3 kg respectively. The bull was allotted into two treatment of feed namely Sorinfer and commercial concentrate feed. Parameter observed were body weight loss, recovery time, body weight after short fattening period, average daily gain, feed consumption and conversion. A factorial 2 × 2 design was used for data analysis. Result shows that average of body weight loss for both breed was 1,2%. Furthermore, recovery time for both breed was similar for 10 days. In addition, PO cattle with Sorinfer and commercial concentrate feed has higher body weight gain and final weight (P<0,05) compare to SL cattle. In conclusion, sorinfer feed was effective for recovery after transport for local beef cattle. However, sorinfer provide lower performance compare to commercial concentrate for short fattening period.
Effect of Supplementation Garlic (Allium sativum) by Various Processing on Performances of Broiler
Authors: Tanti Ariyani , Retnani Yuli , Soesanto Iman Rahayu Hidayati
Published: May 2022

This study evaluated the effect of feeding broiler garlic processing on performance. In a completely randomized design (CRD), 200 one-day-old broiler chicks were randomly allocated to four diet treatments, with five replicates of ten birds each. The treatment diets are as follows; the control T0 (0%), 3% fresh garlic (T1), 3% garlic powder (T2), and 3% black garlic powder (T3), respectively. Supplementation of black garlic powder would be more costly than others. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum. The average temperature and humidity observed were 27±3°C and 83%. The parameters measured were; feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, final body weight, and mortality. The result showed that supplementation of garlic processing had a significant effect (P<0.05) on performances. T1 had the highest feed intake (P<0.05). The weight gain differs significantly (P<0.05) between T1 and T3. T2 had a significant impact on final body weight (P<0.05). Although tending to have a lower feed conversion ratio in T2, there is no significant effect on feed conversion ratio and mortality. It was reported that supplementing 3 % garlic powder (T2) improves broiler growth performance and final body weight.
Potential Availability of Forage in Oil Palm Plantations in West Pasaman Regency
Authors: Putri A , Abdullah L , Nahrowi
Published: May 2022

Forage fodder can be obtained from various sources, one of which is from oil palm plantations. Oil palm plantations have enormous potential for the development of ruminant livestock. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of forage biomass in oil palm plantations in the West Pasaman Regency. The research was carried out in different location with different plants aged 13 and 15 years with a land area of 2 ha each. Sampling was carried out randomly, each location is taken as many as 30 samples of forage samples using a 100 cm x 100 cm quadrant, for forage plant species identification, forage production, and storage carrying capacity. The results showed that 24 types of potential forage plant species were identified, including grasses, legumes, rumba (other indigenous plant species), and oil palm leaf midribs. Potential forage biomass was 994 thousand tons year-1, which is possible to supply forage with a carrying capacity of 436,000 animal units year-1. This number enables an additional population of cattle with 413,352 AU in west pasaman regency in terms of forage biomass potency in soil palm plantation.
Assesment of the Antidiabetic Activity and Characteristics of Cow’s Milk Yogurt Enhanced with Herbs Extracts
Authors: Wihansah R R S , Pazra D F , Wahyuningsih  , Handayani K S
Published: May 2022

Health and environmental effect of diet are currently a considerable factors regarding sustainable development goals. Incorporation of bioactive phytochemicals in yogurt deliver extra beneficial properties for health. The present study asses antidiabetic activity through α-glucosidase inhibition, physical, chemical, microbiological quality and organoleptic attributes of cow’s milk yogurt enhanced with Cinnamon, Fenugreek and Aloe vera extract. An amount of 1% ethanol herbs extracts were added after incubation of cow milk with starter culture. Results showed that yogurt with Cinnamon extract has the highest performance with 97.79% α-glucosidase inhibition, in line with the highest activity of Cinnamon extract itself with IC50 35.37 ppm, whereas yogurt with Aloe vera and Fenugreek have respectively 11.17 and 10.16%. There were no activity in the used of two and three combination of extracts in yogurt. Physical, chemical and microbiological quality of all treatments were significantly different but in a good value with pH value 3.80-4.12, total Lactic Acid Bacteria 7.9-8.12 log CFU/mL, titratable acidity 1.06-1.17%, viscosity 210-286 cP, and water acivity 0.96-0.99. Overall acceptance score showed that panelists rather like all the treatments except yogurt with fenugreek extract.
Physicochemical and Microbiological Quality of Goat’s Milk Yogurt Added Red Ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) Extract
Authors: Wanniatie V , Qisthon A , Husni A , Yuliawan D
Published: May 2022

This study aims to determine the quality of goat’s milk yogurt with red ginger extract addition. This research was conducted experimentally using a completely randomized design with the red ginger extract added (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%) with four replications. The parameters to be measured are physicochemical quality, namely acidity, pH, viscosity and density, chemical composition, fat content, protein content, water content, and microbiological tests - total lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and total plate count (TPC). The collected data were analyzed by One Way ANOVA. The results showed that the range of fat content was 6.57%-12.51%, protein content 4.78%-7.66%, water content 79.12%-82.45%, acidity 0.1-0.15, pH 3.72-3.83, viscosity 6.86-9.57 CPs, BJ 1.011- 1.035, BAL 11.23-11-85 log cfu/mL, and TPC 11.37-13.17 log cfu/mL. The addition of red ginger extracts significantly affected fat content, protein content, lactic acid content, viscosity, density, LAB and TPC content of goat’s milk yogurt. The addition of red ginger extract can increase the fat content and reduce the amount of TPC in goat’s milk yogurt.
Manufacturing of self-standing multi-layered 3D-bioprinted alginate-hyaluronate constructs by controlling the cross-linking mechanisms for tissue engineering applications
Authors: Janarthanan Gopinathan , Kim Jung Hyun , Kim Ingul , Lee Chibum , Chung Eun-Jae , Noh Insup
Published: May 2022

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting of self-supporting stable tissue and organ structure is critically important in extrusion-based bioprinting system, especially for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. However, the development of self-standing bioinks with desired crosslinking density, biocompatibility, tunable mechanical strength and other properties like self-healing, in situ gelation, drug or protein incorporation is still a challenge. In this study, we report a hydrogel bioink prepared from alginate (Alg) and hyaluronic acid (HA) crosslinked through multiple crosslinking mechanisms, i.e. acyl-hydrazone, hydrazide interactions and calcium ions. These Alg-HA gels were highly dynamic and shear-thinning with exceptional biocompatibility and tunable mechanical properties. The increased dynamic nature of the gels is mainly chemically attributed to the presence of acyl-hydrazone bonds formed between the amine groups of the acyl-hydrazide of alginate and the monoaldehyde of the HA. Among the different combinations of Alg-HA gel compositions prepared, the A5H5 (Alginate-acyl-hydrazide:HA-monoaldehyde, ratio 50:50) gel showed a gelation time of ∼60 s, viscosity of ∼400 Pa s (at zero shear rate), high stability in various pH solutions and increased degradation time (>50 days) than the other samples. The A5H5 gels showed high printability with increased post-printing stability as observed from the 3D printed structures (e.g. hollow tube (∼100 layers), porous cube (∼50 layers), star, heart-in, meniscus and lattice). The scanning electron microscopy analysis of the 3D constructs and hydrogels showed the interconnected pores (∼181 µm) and crosslinked networks. Further, the gels showed sustained release of 5-amino salicylic acid and bovine serum albumin. Also, the mechanical properties were tuned by secondary crosslinking via different calcium concentrations. In vitro assays confirmed the cytocompatibility of these gels, where the 3D bioprinted lattice and tubular (∼70 layers) constructs demonstrated high cell viability under fluorescence analysis. In in vivo studies, Alg-HA gel showed high biocompatibility (>90%) and increased angiogenesis (threefolds) and reduced macrophage infiltration (twofold decrease), demonstrating the promising potential of these hydrogels in 3D bioprinting applications for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine with tunable properties.
Cryogenic electro-optic modulation in titanium in-diffused lithium niobate waveguides
Authors: Thiele Frederik , vom Bruch Felix , Brockmeier Julian , Protte Maximilian , Hummel Thomas , Ricken Raimund , Quiring Viktor , Lengeling Sebastian , Herrmann Harald , Eigner Christof , Silberhorn Christine , Bartley Tim J
Published: May 2022

Lithium niobate is a promising platform for integrated quantum optics. In this platform, we aim to efficiently manipulate and detect quantum states by combining superconducting single photon detectors and modulators. The cryogenic operation of a superconducting single photon detector dictates the optimisation of the electro-optic modulators under the same operating conditions. To that end, we characterise a phase modulator, directional coupler, and polarisation converter at both ambient and cryogenic temperatures. The operation voltage

V

π

/

2

of these modulators increases, due to the decrease in the electro-optic effect, by 74% for the phase modulator, 84% for the directional coupler and 35% for the polarisation converter below 8.5

K

. The phase modulator preserves its broadband nature and modulates light in the characterised wavelength range. The unbiased bar state of the directional coupler changed by a wavelength shift of 85

n
m

while cooling the device down to 5

K

. The polarisation converter uses periodic poling to phasematch the two orthogonal polarisations. The phasematched wavelength of the utilised poling changes by 112

n
m

when cooling to 5

K

.
Invited Commentary: There’s No Place Like Home—Integrating a Place-Based Approach to Understanding Sleep
Authors: Hauptman Marissa , Lockley Steven W , Landrigan Christopher P
Published: May 2022

Light exposure at night impedes sleep and shifts the circadian clock. An extensive body of literature has linked sleep deprivation and circadian misalignment with cardiac disease, cancer, mental health disorders, and other chronic illnesses, as well as more immediate risks, such as motor vehicle crashes and occupational injuries. In this issue of the Journal, Zhong et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2022;191(9):1532–1539) build on this literature, finding that in a cohort of 50,000 California teachers, artificial light at night, noise, green space, and air pollution were all associated with sleep disturbances. Light, noise, air pollution, and the lack of green space are problems inequitably distributed across the population, concentrated among vulnerable populations in inner cities. Zhong et al. provide novel data on the manner in which these local environmental exposures drive sleep deprivation. Future research should explore the degree to which place-based disparities in sleep in turn drive disparities in short and long-term health. Addressing home-based sleep disparities could be an avenue to addressing systemic racism and achieving environmental justice.
Low Diastolic Blood Pressure and Mortality in Older Women. Results From the Women’s Health Initiative Long Life Study
Authors: Haring Bernhard , McGinn Aileen P , Kamensky Victor , Allison Matthew , Stefanick Marcia L , Schnatz Peter F , Kuller Lewis H , Berger Jeffrey S , Johnson Karen C , Saquib Nazmus , Garcia Lorena , Richey Phyllis A , Manson JoAnn E , Alderman Michael , Wassertheil-Smoller Sylvia
Published: May 2022

Background

Recommended systolic blood pressure targets often do not consider the relationship of low diastolic blood pressure (DBP) levels with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality risk, which is especially relevant for older people with concurrent comorbidities. We examined the relationship of DBP levels to CVD and all-cause mortality in older women in the Women’s Health Initiative Long Life Study (WHI-LLS).

Methods

The study sample included 7,875 women (mean age: 79 years) who underwent a blood pressure measurement at an in-person home visit conducted in 2012–2013. CVD and all-cause mortality were centrally adjudicated. Hazard ratios (HRs) were obtained from adjusted Cox proportional hazards models.

Results

After 5 years follow-up, all-cause mortality occurred in 18.4% of women. Compared with a DBP of 80 mm Hg, the fully adjusted HR for mortality was 1.33 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04–1.71) for a DBP of 50 mm Hg and 1.67 (95% CI: 1.29–2.16) for a DBP of 100 mm Hg. The HRs for CVD were 1.14 (95% CI: 0.78–1.67) for a DBP of 50 mm Hg and HR 1.50 (95% CI: 1.03–2.17) for a DBP of 100 mm Hg. The nadir DBP associated with lowest mortality risk was 72 mm Hg overall.

Conclusions

In older women, consideration should be given to the potential adverse effects of low and high DBP. Low DBP may serve as a risk marker. DBP target levels between 68 and 75 mm Hg may avoid higher mortality risk.