bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multidisciplinary Approach for Correction of Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Ravindranath VK , Madhaswar Aarti B , Daga Prateek N
Published: December 2016

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common type of sleep apnea and is caused by complete or partial obstructions of the upper airway. In this study we are presenting a case report of 11-year-old male patient with enlarged adenoids and tonsils, convex profile, receded chin, lower lip trap, class II skeletal and dental relationship with increased overjet. Surgical removal of enlarged adenoids was done before commencement of twinblock therapy. After this, two-step advancement with expansion in both arches utilizing twin blocks was planned. Four months into the treatment, patient reported with history of facial trauma with avulsed maxillary left central incisor. Twin block was then modified with pontic as replacement for maxillary left central incisor. Sagittal correction resulting in class I molar relationship was achieved in next 6 months. Fixed appliance therapy was followed. The design of the appliance and the results achieved after the postfunctional therapy are presented in this case report.

How to cite this article

Madhaswar AB, Ravindranath VK, Daga PN. Multidisciplinary Approach for Correction of Obstructive Sleep Apnea. J Contemp Dent 2016;6(3):189-193.
Ectodermal Dysplasia and Anodontia associated with Ring Chromosome 18
Authors: Mandal Shouvik
Published: December 2016

Ectodermal dysplasia (ED) is a heritable condition and represents a multifarious group of diseases comprising different clinical signs and symptoms. The ED occurs as a result of disturbances in the ectoderm of the evolving embryo. Agenesis of teeth or anodontia is also the result of disturbance in this process, which prevents the proliferation of tooth buds. In the present case, an 18-month-old child with history of congenital anomalies (CAs), severely delayed developmental milestones, and mental retardation presented with complete anodontia and ED. The CA included pulmonary stenosis, pulmonary valvar regurgitation, ventricular septal defect (VSD), absence of grips, absence of head-holding capacity, inability to sit, simian crease (R), visual impairment with corectopia, blepharitis, lagophthalmos with cortical visual impairment, telecanthus, hypotrichosis, hypertelorism, high philtrum, high arched palate, degenerated nails, and depressed third toes. Routine karyotyping via peripheral blood culture revealed a ring chromosome 18, which was confirmed de novo after parental karyotyping. Although a straightforward association between r(18) and anodontia is yet to be established, it is apparent that anodontia coupled with multiple CA and systemic complications was caused by chromosomal/genetic mutations in the present case, and thus, this report strongly recommends phenotypic and genotypic examination in dental management in such a complex scenario.

How to cite this article

Mandal S, Kadam NN, Ram SM, Ganguly BB, Shenoy VU. Ectodermal Dysplasia and Anodontia associated with Ring Chromosome 18. J Contemp Dent 2016;6(3):220-224.
Free Gingival Autograft and Subepithelial Connective Tissue Graft for the Treatment of Gingival Recession: A Brief Review and Report of Three Cases
Authors: Yadav Seema , Rijhwani Jaishree A , Kini Vineet V
Published: December 2016

Gingival recession is the migration of the free gingival margin apical to the cementoenamel junction. There are various factors contributing toward gingival recession apart from periodontal disease that include faulty tooth brushing, tooth position or malaligned teeth, high muscle or frenal attachment, alveolar bone dehiscence, orthodontic forces, and iatrogenic factors leading to problems of esthetics, hypersensitivity, and root caries.

Several periodontal plastic surgical techniques have been introduced in the previous literature aiming to correct marginal tissue recessions, the predictability of which depends upon careful evaluation of the defect type, presence of attached gingiva, keratinized tissue width, and presence of single or multiple gingival recessions. The use of free gingival graft (FGG) and subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG) in root coverage is indicated for the treatment of single or multiple gingival recessions. Although both FGGs and SCTGs provide significant reduction in recession depth and clinical attachment gain for Miller's Class I and II gingival recession defects, SCTG seems to offer root coverage with a better color match between donor and recipient site tissue rendering better esthetics. Considering the advantages and disadvantages of FGG and SCTG in root coverage procedures, the following case reports describe the clinical results using FGG by Miller's technique, and using SCTGs by technique of Langer and Langer, and Zabalegui tunnel technique for the treatment of gingival recession.

How to cite this article

Rijhwani JA, Kini VV, Pereira R, Yadav S. Free Gingival Autograft and Subepithelial Connective Tissue Graft for the Treatment of Gingival Recession: A Brief Review and Report of Three Cases. J Contemp Dent 2016;6(3):225-232.
Perfil da sexualidade de pessoas idosas portadoras de SIDA/AIDS atendidas em um serviço de saúde do Distrito Federal
Authors: Benito Linconl Agudo Oliveira , De Andrade Pollyanna Braga Santos
Published: December 2016

Estudo exploratório, descritivo e de abordagem quantitativa que analisou a sexualidade de pessoas idosas portadoras de HIV/AIDS. Para aquisição dos dados foi utilizado enquanto instrumento e coleta de dados (ICD) a Escala de Atitudes e Conhecimento sobre Sexualidade no Envelhecimento (ASKAS). Foram entrevistados dez (10) idosos. Os sujeitos da pesquisa se constituíram de 70% (n=7) pessoas com 60 a 69 anos, 70% (n=7) do sexo masculino, 50% (n=5) nordestinos, 40% (n=4) se encontravam separados ou divorciados, 40% (n=4) possuíam ensino médio completo, 70% (n=7) eram tabagistas, nenhum etilista, nenhum dependente químico, 40% (n=4) possuía HA, 40% possuía DM, 20% (n=2) possuía outra enfermidade, 60% (n=6) possui HIV/AIDS a menos de 10 anos, 50% (n=5) consomem pelo menos cinco (5) ou mais medicações, 80% (n=8) possuía renda mensal de 3 ou mais salários mínimos, 40% (n=4) moram numa residência com mais de 3 pessoas, e 70% (n=7) declaram possuir filhos. Foi possível evidenciar que as pessoas idosas portadoras de HIV/AIDS possuem conhecimento em relação a sexualidade, sendo a mesma um fator relacionado a qualidade de vida (QV). Paradoxalmente aos avanços tecnológicos e a inovações científicas, ainda são percebidos por meio dos discursos, preconceitos em relação à sexualidade e medo de não serem capazes de desenvolverem a sexualidade.
Fatores que influenciam na escolha da via de parto cirúrgica: uma revisão bibliográfica
Authors: Pimentel Tatiane Abud , Oliveira-Filho Eduardo Cyrino
Published: December 2016

Nos últimos anos observa-se um considerável aumento do parto cirúrgico. Dados do Ministério da Saúde afirmam que 88% dos bebês que nascem nos hospitais privados no Brasil são por cirurgia, e no setor público chega a 40% dos partos, um número elevado ante os 15% recomendados pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). Diante disso, esse trabalho propôs distinguir quais os fatores que influenciam na escolha da via de parto. Trata-se de um estudo de revisão narrativa da literatura científica nacional e internacional, consultadas nas bases de dados Lilacs, Scielo, e PubMed. Concluiu-se que muitos são os fatores que influenciam o comportamento materno em relação à preferência por determinada via de parto, destaca-se entre eles o processo doloroso do parto, o desrespeito à sua autonomia, o desinteresse do profissional pelo parto normal, e o próprio sistema de saúde. Ressalta-se a relevância do acesso ao pré-natal com ações voltadas para a reeducação dos profissionais de saúde, e das próprias pacientes que incentivem o parto humanizado, e que proporcionem uma decisão com total autonomia e segurança sem riscos para a mãe e o bebê.
Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical and Antibacterial Studies on the Leaves of Ocimum tenuiflorum Linn. in Cuba
Authors: Salas Olivet Eva , González José , Cuéllar Armando , Monan Max , Adames Yuliamny , A. Ramírez Roberto , García Ellis M.
Published: December 2016

Towards authentication and quality assurance of medicinal plants, pharmacognostic, physicochemical, phytochemical and preliminary antibacterial studies of the leaves of Ocimum tenuiflorum Linn, were carried out. The macroscopic evaluation revealed characters that are of diagnostic value and useful in authentication of the plant. The physicochemical analyses reveals values for moisture content (12.46 %), alcohol extractive (0.5 %), and total ash (11.5 %) which are within the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for crude drug from medicinal plants, except the last one. Phytochemical screening for secondary metabolites revealed the presence of fats, alkaloids, saponins, triterpens/steroids, reductants sugars, flavonoids, free aminoacids or amines, quinones, anthocyanins and mucilage, and phenolic compounds, while resins and balsams, coumarins and tannins were absent. Information obtained from these studies can be used as markers in the identification and standardization of this plant as a herbal remedy and also towards monograph development on the plant.
Types of Pleasures Occurring through Paid Sexual Performances among Women Offering Escort Services
Authors: Comte Jacqueline
Published: December 2016

Even though offering sexual services implies for service providers that they have to deal directly with sexuality, research rarely focuses on their representations and emotional experience of sexuality. In order to explore both of these aspects, 16 women who either were offering or had offered escort services were individually met for two semi-directed interviews of about 90 minutes each. Most participants either pursued or accepted sexual pleasure in their interaction with clients, while a few others rather avoided it. In this article, I will first review the skills participants considered necessary for a good work performance (self-presentation as beautiful, feminine and sexy; listening skills and empathy; sexual competence). Following this, I will present the experiences of different types of pleasure they identified (regarding work well done; resulting from performing sexually; feeling sexual pleasure) and compare these experiences as well as the representations those pursuing or accepting sexual pleasure had in contrast with those avoiding sexual pleasure. Feeling comfortable in having sex outside a love relationship as well as in being paid for it renders these types of pleasure possible, while considering sexuality should be expressed only with lovers produces shame, disgust and much displeasure when doing the paid sexual performance.
A rare association of left atrial myxoma with rheumatic mitral stenosis
Authors: Vaidya Satyanarayana R , Devarapally Santhosh R
Published: December 2016

Primary cardiac tumors are very rare. Atrial myxomas are the most common primary tumors and are commonly located in the left atrium. Myxomas can cause mitral valve inflow obstruction and can present with clinical signs and symptoms of mitral stenosis and the possibility of myxoma should be considered in differential diagnosis of mitral stenosis.  Left atrial myxoma is rarely associated with rheumatic mitral stenosis. Transesophageal echocardiography plays a major role in the diagnosis of this tumor. We report a case of an extremely rare association between left atrial myxoma and rheumatic mitral stenosis. Because of its location and mobility, a thrombus in the left atrium may have a similar appearance to left atrial myxoma. However, a careful inspection of features of the left atrial mass may allow a diagnosis of left atrial myxoma. In our case, the site near the atrial septum, heterogeneous echogenicity, and detection of a stalk connecting  the myxoma to the atrial septum were inspected. Such findings essentially exclude thrombus.
The Irascible Heroine in E.T.A. Hoffmann’s Fairy Tale, “Princess Brambilla: A Capriccio in the Style of Jacques Callot”
Authors: Scullion Val , Treby Marion
Published: December 2016

This socio-linguistic study of a selection of E.T.A. Hoffmann’s literary fairy tales, particularly “Princess Brambilla: A capriccio in the style of Jacques Callot” (1820), focuses on his revisioning of contemporary social discourses on gender. Conventionally, these discourses depicted men as dominating and women as subservient, whereas Hoffmann’s wide range of fairy-tale characters subverts a strict gender differentiation. The authors’ use of a Bakhtinian method to disentangle interdependent narrative strands in this carnivalesque fairy tale reveals its lack of a single patriarchal ideology. By exploring the relationship between “Brambilla”’s unconventional heroine Giacinta-Brambilla, and unheroic hero Giglio-Chiapperi, their argument demonstrates how Giacinta’s dominance facilitates Giglio’s developing self-knowledge. Through examining differing critical interpretations of Hoffmann’s presentation of women, the authors argue that, set against the normative values of his time, “Princess Brambilla” takes a subversive position. In short, Hoffmann’s fairy tales, in their historical context, offered a new way to interpret gender.
Religious Cognition in Social Marketing Campaigns: Savior or Pariah?
Authors: Van Esch Patrick , Teufel James , Geisler Ally , Esch Skye van
Published: December 2016

Religious cognition is regarded as a major influencing factor in popular culture, helping shape individual attitudes and decisions regarding food choice, personal associations and social interactions. Social marketing campaigns derive from marketing and social science and are used to influence positive behaviour change through different types of communication methods. A substantial body of literature exists on both religious cognition and social marketing campaigns, yet the literature on where the two phenomena intersect is limited. Religious cognition is empirically proven as a predictor of positive healthy behavior. However, these elements receive minimal attention from social marketing researchers and practitioners. A review of the existing literature is provided with compelling evidence that religious cognition would positively influence behavior change when more congruent with social marketing campaigns. Knowledge gaps are identified and four propositions recommended for future research.
2016/54 Dismissing a Christian teacher for refusing to separate from her husband following conviction for sex offences was indirect religious discrimination (UK)
Authors: Mills Laurence
Published: December 2016

2016/54 Dismissing a Christian teacher for refusing to separate from her husband following conviction for sex offences was indirect religious discrimination (UK)

The Employment Appeal Tribunal has upheld an appeal against the finding that a committed Christian teacher who refused to separate from her husband following his conviction for sexual offences would have been dismissed regardless of her faith and therefore such a dismissal was not indirectly discriminatory. The EAT found instead that the Claimant was presented with the choice of having to separate from her husband or be dismissed which subjected people who have a faith-based commitment to marriage to a particular disadvantage.
2016/56 Constitutional Court prohibits suspension pending disciplinary investigation (RO)
Authors: Suciu Andreea
Published: December 2016

2016/56 Constitutional Court prohibits suspension pending disciplinary investigation (RO)

Article 52(1)(a) of the Romanian Labour Code allows an employer to suspend, without pay, an employee under a disciplinary investigation. However, the Constitutional Court has recently ruled Article 52(1)(a) unconstitutional.
2016/58 First Injunction granted under the new whistleblowing legislation (IR)
Authors: O’Neill Lucy
Published: December 2016

2016/58 First Injunction granted under the new whistleblowing legislation (IR)

In one of the first high-profile cases under the Protected Disclosures Act 2014 (i.e. whistleblowing legislation), two employees have successfully secured an injunction in the Circuit Court which prevents their dismissal.
2016/59 The Supreme Court confirms that the transferee should pay pension premiums left unpaid by the transferor (NL)
Authors: Even Zef
Published: December 2016

2016/59 The Supreme Court confirms that the transferee should pay pension premiums left unpaid by the transferor (NL)

This case confirms that if both the transferor and transferee are affiliated to the same mandatory industry-level pension scheme, following the transfer, the transferee is liable for due but unpaid pension contributions dating from before the date of the transfer.
2016/60 Special protection for disabled employees against termination of employment – international apsects (GE)
Authors: Schreiner Paul , Stephan Nina
Published: December 2016

2016/60 Special protection for disabled employees against termination of employment – international aspects (GE)

An employee may bring a claim for invalid termination before the German Labour courts, irrespective of the law governing the employment relationship. In Germany, it is only possible for an employer to dismiss a severely disabled person if the competent state authority grants a permit enabling it to do so. However, this requirement is limited to those with employment agreements under German Law.
Chemical compounds of extracts from Sarcodon imbricatus at optimized growth conditions
Authors: Sułkowska-Ziaja Katarzyna , Szewczyk Agnieszka , Gdula-Argasińska Joanna , Ekiert Halina , Jaśkiewicz Jerzy , Muszyńska Bożena
Published: December 2016

The effect of carbon and nitrogen sources and initial pH and temperature of the medium on the mycelial growth of Sarcodon imbricatus (L.) P. Karst. in axenic liquid culture was investigated. The optimal composition of the medium was found to be: 5% fructose, 1% hydrolysate of casein, 1% yeast extract, and 0.3% KH2PO4 at pH = 6 and incubation temperature of 20°C. In this condition the maximum biomass growth was observed, yielding 10.2 g L−1 of dry weight after 3-week of growth. The medium regarded as optimal for growth of S. imbricatus mycelium was used for the production of the biomass and further chemical analysis. The quantitative and qualitative composition of phenolic acids, fatty acids, and sterols were determined using chromatographic methods. The total content of phenolic acids was 1.86 mg × 100 g−1 DW, with the largest amount of protocatechuic acid (1.27 mg × 100 g−1 DW). Nineteen fatty acids were estimated, including five unsaturated fatty acids, e.g., oleic and α-linolenic acid. The analysis of sterols composition revealed the presence of ergosterol and ergosterol peroxide (197.7 and 200.47 mg × 100 g−1 DW, respectively). These compounds were isolated and confirmed by 1H-NMR. Presented study constitutes the first report on the accumulation of substances (phenolic acids, fatty acids, and sterols) with multidirectional biological activity in the mycelial axenic culture of Sarcodon imbricatus.
New potentiometric electrode based on ion pair complex for determination of tropicamide in pure and pharmaceutical formulations
Authors: Khateeb Mouhammed , Elias Basheer , Alksair Hazar
Published: December 2016

Construction and general performance of a novel modified carbon paste electrode (MCPE) for determination of tropicamide (TPC) in pure form and pharmaceutical formulations have been examined. Tropicamide-tetraphenylborate (TPC–TPB) ion pair has been prepa­red and used as electroactive material. The best MCPE electrode was composed of 7 % ion-pair, 46.5 % dioctylphthalat and 46.5 % graphite powder. The electrode shows stable potentiometric response for TPC in the concentration range 0.3–221.0 µM at 25 °C and pH range of 2.0–8.0. The electrode exhibits near Nernstian slope of 59.71±0.30 mV/decade and lower limit of detection of 0.09 µM with fast response time (less than 15 s). The selectivity of the electrode (TPC–TPB) was investigated with respect to some organic and inorganic cations. The MCPE was designed to have better mechanical resistance. The proposed method was successfully applied for determination of TPC in eye drop formulation.
Tratamento da Insônia em Atenção Primária à Saúde
Authors: Ribeiro Nelson Ferreira
Published: December 2016

A insônia é uma das perturbações do sono mais comuns, sendo uma das principais queixas dos pacientes que recorrem aos cuidados médicos. A perturbação de insônia está associada a aumento da morbimortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares, psiquiátricas e acidentes, estando igualmente associada a maior absentismo laboral e maiores custos em saúde. Foram pesquisadas normas de orientação clínica, revisões sistemáticas, meta-análises e estudos originais, publicados entre 2010 e 15 de maio de 2015, relacionados com o tratamento da insônia. O tratamento da insônia pode iniciar-se por terapia cognitivo-comportamental, tratamento farmacológico ou associação dos dois. A terapia cognitivo-comportamental é considerada por várias sociedades médicas como tratamento padrão, sendo que os estudos comprovam a sua eficácia no tratamento da insônia sem ou com comorbilidades e com manutenção a longo prazo dos seus efeitos. Esta compreende múltiplas estratégias, como controle de estímulo, restrição do sono, relaxamento, terapia cognitiva e intenção paradoxal. A farmacoterapia deve ser considerada em situações agudas com necessidade de redução imediata dos sintomas. Os fármacos hipnóticos têm indicação no tratamento da insônia quando os sintomas assumem caráter patológico. Os antidepressivos sedativos, apesar de comumente utilizados, não reúnem evidência da sua eficácia, com exceção da insônia associada a sintomas depressivos ou de ansiedade ou em pacientes com abuso de substâncias. Assim, dada a prevalência de queixas de insônia em atenção primária à saúde, o médico de família deve conhecer a melhor abordagem para o seu tratamento, quer seja farmacológico ou não farmacológico, e os critérios de referenciação.
A Scheme for the Study of Discussions in the Social Media
Authors: Popping Roel
Published: December 2016

In case one wants to study discussions in the social media one needs a template for doing this. The discussions can range from comments on some event to developing a deliberative democracy. This template, or scoring system, should give insight in developments in the substance of the discussion, but it should also allow considering the development of the structure of the discussion. In this text a template is proposed that covers both questions. The information that is collected by using the template might be useful in the context of (new) policy making; it can also be used to study opinions.
A Clinical Study on Outcome of Polymethyl Methacrylate Orbital Implant (Mules orbital implant) Following Evisceration
Authors: Shaik Asma , Sandhya Cheedella Subramnayam , Jagannath Challa , Krishna Murali Dumdum
Published: December 2016

Objective :

This present study was undertaken to assess the outcome of Mules PMMA orbital implant following evisceration.

Study Design:

Interventional study

Study setting:

Department of Ophthalmology, S.V.R.R.G.G. Hospital, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Materials and Methods :

Modified technique of evisceration with anterior sclerotomy and double breasting of sclera along with primary placement of PMMA orbital implant was performed in 35 consecutive patients who presented with various causes of painful blind eye. The postoperative performance of the implant was assessed in terms of volume replacement, motility, extrusion rates and other complications.

Results:

In the present study, degree of volume replacement was found to be good in 13 patients and fair in 22 patients. 24 of the 35 patients had a good movement of prosthesis (>20 degrees of horizontal movement) and 11 patients had fair motility(10 to 20 degrees). Extrusion rate was nil.

Conclusions:

Evisceration with modified technique followed in the present study minimised the extrusion rates of PMMA implants with successful retention of the implant. In conclusion, evisceration with PMMA orbital implant can be an effective treatmentfor painful blind eyes with excellent postoperative outcome.
High‐density lipoprotein‐like particle formation of Synuclein variants
Authors: Eichmann Cédric , Kumari Pratibha , Riek Roland
Published: December 2016

α‐Synuclein (α‐Syn) is an intrinsically disordered protein in solution whose fibrillar aggregates are the hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). Although the specific function of α‐Syn is still unclear, its high structural plasticity is key for the interactions of α‐Syn with biological membranes. Recently, it has been observed that α‐Syn is able to form high‐density lipoprotein‐like (HDL‐like) particles that are reminiscent of self‐assembling phospholipid bilayer nanodiscs. Here, we extended our preparation method for the production of α‐Syn lipoprotein particles to the β‐ and γ‐Syn variants, and the PD‐related familial α‐Syn mutants. We show that all human Syns can form stable and homogeneous populations of HDL‐like particles with distinct morphologies. Our results characterize the impact of the individual Syns on the formation capacity of these particles and indicate that Syn HDL‐like particles are neither causing toxicity nor a toxicity‐related loss of α‐Syn in PD.
Regulation of BC200 RNA‐mediated translation inhibition by hnRNP E1 and E2
Authors: Jang Seonghui , Shin Heegwon , Lee Jungmin , Kim Youngmi , Bak Geunu , Lee Younghoon
Published: December 2016

The long noncoding RNA BC200 (brain cytoplasmic RNA, 200 nucleotides) acts as a translational modulator of local protein synthesis at dendrites. BC200 RNA has been shown to inhibit translation in vitro, but it remains unknown how this translation inhibition might be controlled in a cell. Here, we performed yeast three‐hybrid screening and identified hnRNP E1 and hnRNP E2 as BC200 RNA‐interacting proteins. We found that: these hnRNA proteins could restore BC200 RNA‐inhibited translation; BC200 RNA interacts with hnRNP E1 and E2 mainly through its unique 3′ C‐rich domain; and the RNA binding specificities and modes of the two proteins differed somewhat. Our results offer new insights into the regulation of BC200 RNA‐mediated translation inhibition.
The self‐association of HMGB1 and its possible role in the binding to DNA and cell membrane receptors
Authors: Anggayasti Wresti L. , Mancera Ricardo L. , Bottomley Steve , Helmerhorst Erik
Published: December 2016

High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a chromatin protein, interacts with DNA and controls gene expression. However, when HMGB1 is released from apoptotic or damaged cells, it triggers proinflammatory reactions by interacting with various receptors, mainly receptor for advanced glycation end‐products (RAGE) and toll‐like receptors (TLRs). The self‐association of HMGB1 has been found to be crucial for its DNA‐related biological functions. It is influenced by several factors, such as ionic strength, pH, specific divalent metal cations, redox environment and acetylation. This self‐association may also play a role in the interaction with RAGE and TLRs and the concomitant inflammatory responses. Future studies should address the potential role of HMGB1 self‐association on its interactions with DNA, RAGE and TLRs, as well as the influence of physicochemical factors in different cellular environments on these interactions.
Decadal changes in salinity in the oceanic subtropical gyres
Authors: Melzer Bryce A. , Subrahmanyam Bulusu
Published: December 2016

We analyzed spatial and temporal salinity trends in five subtropical gyre regions over the past six decades using Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) reanalysis with a focus on the subsurface salinity of the upper 1000 m of the ocean. Our results indicate an overall salinity increase within the mixed layer, and a salinity decrease at depths greater than 200 m in the global subtropical gyres over 61 years, of which each individual gyre was analyzed in further detail. We determine that freshwater fluxes at the air‐sea interface are the primary drivers of the sea surface salinity (SSS) signature over these open ocean regions by quantifying the advective contribution within the surface layer. This was demonstrated through a mixed layer salinity budget in each subtropical gyre based on the vertically integrated advection and entrainment of salt. Our analysis of decadal variability of fluxes into and out of the gyres reveals little change in the strength of the mean currents through this region despite an increase in the annual export of salt in all subtropical gyres, with the meridional component dominating the zonal. This study reveals that the salt content of E‐P maximum waters advected into the subtropical gyres is increasing over time. A combination of increasing direct evaporation over the regions with increasing remote evaporation over nearby E‐P maxima is believed to be the main driver in increasing salinity of the subtropical oceans, suggesting an intensification of the global water cycle over decadal time scales.
Significant wave heights from Sentinel‐1 SAR: Validation and applications
Authors: Stopa J. E. , Mouche A.
Published: December 2016

Two empirical algorithms are developed for wave mode images measured from the synthetic aperture radar aboard Sentinel‐1 A. The first method, called CWAVE_S1A, is an extension of previous efforts developed for ERS2 and the second method, called Fnn, uses the azimuth cutoff among other parameters to estimate significant wave heights (Hs) and average wave periods without using a modulation transfer function. Neural networks are trained using colocated data generated from WAVEWATCH III and independently verified with data from altimeters and in situ buoys. We use neural networks to relate the nonlinear relationships between the input SAR image parameters and output geophysical wave parameters. CWAVE_S1A performs well and has reduced precision compared to Fnn with Hs root mean square errors within 0.5 and 0.6 m, respectively. The developed neural networks extend the SAR's ability to retrieve useful wave information under a large range of environmental conditions including extratropical and tropical cyclones in which Hs estimation is traditionally challenging.
Methane and nitrous oxide distributions across the North American Arctic Ocean during summer, 2015
Authors: Fenwick Lindsay , Capelle David , Damm Ellen , Zimmermann Sarah , Williams William J. , Vagle Svein , Tortell Philippe D.
Published: December 2016

We collected Arctic Ocean water column samples for methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) analysis on three separate cruises in the summer and fall of 2015, covering a ∼10,000 km transect from the Bering Sea to Baffin Bay. This provided a three‐dimensional view of CH4 and N2O distributions across contrasting hydrographic environments, from the oligotrophic waters of the deep Canada Basin and Baffin Bay, to the productive shelves of the Bering and Chukchi Seas. Percent saturation relative to atmospheric equilibrium ranged from 30 to 800% for CH4 and 75 to 145% for N2O, with the highest concentrations of both gases occurring in the northern Chukchi Sea. Nitrogen cycling in the shelf sediments of the Bering and Chukchi Seas likely constituted the major source of N2O to the water column, and the resulting high N2O concentrations were transported across the Arctic Ocean in eastward‐flowing water masses. Methane concentrations were more spatially heterogeneous, reflecting a variety of localized inputs, including likely sources from sedimentary methanogenesis and sea ice processes. Unlike N2O, CH4 was rapidly consumed through microbial oxidation in the water column, as shown by the 13C enrichment of CH4 with decreasing concentrations. For both CH4 and N2O, sea‐air fluxes were close to neutral, indicating that our sampling region was neither a major source nor sink of these gases. Our results provide insight into the factors controlling the distribution of CH4 and N2O in the North American Arctic Ocean, and an important baseline data set against which future changes can be assessed.
A simple hypothesis of how leaf and canopy‐level transpiration and assimilation respond to elevated CO2 reveals distinct response patterns between disturbed and undisturbed vegetation
Authors: Donohue Randall J. , Roderick Michael L. , McVicar Tim R. , Yang Yuting
Published: December 2016

Elevated CO2 increases leaf‐level water‐use efficiency (ω) almost universally. How canopy‐level transpiration and assimilation fluxes respond to increased ω is currently unclear. We present a simple, resource‐availability‐based hypothesis of how equilibrium (or mature) leaf and canopy transpiration and assimilation rates, along with leaf area index (L), respond to elevated CO2. We quantify this hypothesis in the form of a model and test it against observations from eight Free Air CO2 Enrichment sites that span a wide range of resource availabilities. Sites were grouped according to vegetation disturbance status. We find the model adequately accounts for the responses of undisturbed vegetation (R2 = 0.73, 11% error) but cannot account for the responses of disturbed vegetation (R2 = 0.47, 17% error). At undisturbed sites, the responses of L and of leaf and canopy transpiration vary predictably (7% error) with resource availability, whereas the leaf assimilation response is less predictable. In contrast, the L and transpiration flux responses at the disturbed (mostly forested) sites are highly variable and are not strongly related to resource availability. Initial analyses suggest that they are more strongly related to regrowth age than to resource availability. We conclude that (i) our CO2 response hypothesis is valid for capturing the responses of undisturbed vegetation only, (ii) that the responses of disturbed vegetation are distinctly different from undisturbed vegetation, and (iii) that these differences need to be accounted for when predicting the effects of elevated CO2 on land surface processes generally, and on leaf area and water fluxes in particular.
Biodegradation kinetics of dissolved organic matter chromatographic fractions in an intermittent river
Authors: Catalán N. , Casas‐Ruiz J. P. , von Schiller D. , Proia L. , Obrador B. , Zwirnmann E. , Marcé R.
Published: December 2016

Controls on the degradation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) are complex but key to understand the role of freshwaters in the carbon cycle. Both the origin and previous degradation history have been suggested to determine DOM reactivity, but it is still a major challenge to understand the links between DOM composition and biodegradation kinetics. An appropriate context to study these links are intermittent rivers, as summer drought naturally diversifies DOM sources and sinks. Here we investigated the biodegradation kinetics of DOM in the main aquatic environments present in a temporary river. During dark incubations we traced the dynamics of bulk DOM and its main chromatographic fractions defined using LC‐OCD: high molecular weight substances (HMWS), low molecular weight substances (LMWS), and humic substances and building blocks. Bulk DOM decay patterns were successfully fitted to the reactivity continuum (RC) biodegradation model. The RC parameters depicted running waters as the sites presenting a more reactive DOM, and temporary pools, enriched in leaf litter, as the ones with slowest DOM decay. The decay patterns of each DOM fraction were consistent throughout sites. LMWS and HMWS decayed in all cases and could be modeled using the RC model. Notably, the dynamics of LMWS controlled the bulk DOM kinetics. We discuss the mechanistic basis for the chromatographic fractions' kinetics during biodegradation and the implications that preconditioning and summer drought can have for DOM biodegradation in intermittent rivers.
Evaluation of oxygen isotope and Mg/Ca ratios in high‐magnesium calcite from benthic foraminifera as a proxy for water temperature
Authors: Maeda Ayumi , Fujita Kazuhiko , Horikawa Keiji , Suzuki Atsushi , Yoshimura Toshihiro , Tamenori Yusuke , Kawahata Hodaka
Published: December 2016

Oxygen isotope ratios (δ18O) and Mg/Ca ratios in organically produced calcium carbonate (calcite and aragonite) by marine species have been used as proxies for paleotemperature. The relationship between the components of large benthic foraminiferal tests (high‐magnesium calcite) and seawater temperature has been little investigated yet. We conducted culture experiments using two species of reef‐dwelling large benthic foraminifera under six temperature conditions (21–30°C). We selected the perforate species Calcarina gaudichaudii, and the imperforate species Amphisorus kudakajimensis, both of which are host to algal symbionts, for the experiments. The results indicated the significant correlation of Mg/Ca ratios (C. gaudichaudii and A. kudakajimensis) and δ18O (C. gaudichaudii) with temperature. The test weight of both species showed temperature dependency, with maxima at 27°C or 29°C and subsequent decline at 30°C. After correction for the contribution of the initial tests, which can be calculated from the weight ratios of the initial and cultured tests, the relationships of the Mg/Ca ratios and δ18O to temperature were obtained with the least squares best fit method as follows: C. gaudichaudii: T = 18.5–4.52 (δ18Oc–δ18Osw), A. kudakajimensis: T = 25.0–4.96 (δ18Oc–δ18Osw), and C. gaudichaudii and A. kudakajimensis: Mg/Ca = 2.85 T + 81.20. We concluded that species‐specific calibration is unnecessary for Mg/Ca‐temperature relationship, although it is necessary for δ18O related to the different calcification mechanisms of imperforate (A. kudakajimensis) and perforate (C. gaudichaudii) species.
Low photolability of yedoma permafrost dissolved organic carbon
Authors: Stubbins Aron , Mann Paul J. , Powers Leanne , Bittar Thais B. , Dittmar Thorsten , McIntyre Cameron P. , Eglinton Timothy I. , Zimov Nikita , Spencer Robert G. M.
Published: December 2016

Vast stores of arctic permafrost carbon that have remained frozen for millennia are thawing, releasing ancient dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to arctic inland waters. Once in arctic waters, DOC can be converted to CO2 and emitted to the atmosphere, accelerating climate change. Sunlight‐driven photoreactions oxidize DOC, converting a portion to CO2 and leaving behind a photomodified pool of dissolved organic matter (DOM). Samples from the Kolyma River, its tributaries, and streams draining thawing yedoma permafrost were collected. Irradiation experiments and radiocarbon dating were employed to assess the photolability of ancient permafrost‐DOC in natural and laboratory generated samples containing a mix of modern and ancient DOC. Photolabile DOC was always modern, with no measurable photochemical loss of ancient permafrost‐DOC. However, optical and ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometric measurements revealed that both modern river DOM and ancient permafrost‐DOM were photomodified during the irradiations, converting aromatic compounds to less conjugated compounds. These findings suggest that although sunlight‐driven photoreactions do not directly mineralize permafrost‐DOC, photomodification of permafrost‐DOM chemistry may influence its fate and ecological functions in aquatic systems.
The dynamic response of the water retention curve in unsaturated soils during drainage to acoustic excitations
Authors: Lo Wei‐Cheng , Yang Chi‐Chin , Hsu Shao‐Yiu , Chen Chu‐Hui , Yeh Chao‐Lung , Hilpert Markus
Published: December 2016

We examined the effects of acoustic excitations on the water retention curve, i.e., the relationship between capillary pressure
and water saturation
in unsaturated porous media, during drainage. The water retention curves were measured under static and dynamic conditions, where water was withdrawn from a sandbox with three different pumping rates, 12.6, 19.7, and 25.2 mL/s. Excitations with frequencies of 75, 100, 125, and 150 Hz were applied. The acoustic excitations had no effect on the static water retention curve but altered the dynamic water retention curve. The acoustic excitations lowered the dynamic
, especially under the dynamic condition where the pumping rate was 25.2 mL/s and when
varied between 0.6 and 0.95. The differences between the capillary pressures measured under static and dynamic conditions decreased when acoustic excitations were applied. We link this finding to the change in contact angle induced by the acoustic excitation. The dynamic coefficients,
, for the dynamic water retention curves that we fitted to the experimental data were smaller with than without acoustic excitations. We attribute the decrease of the dynamic coefficient to the combination of the increase in the permeability and the decline in the air‐entry pressure caused by adding acoustic excitations.
A coupled three‐dimensional hydrodynamic model for predicting hypolimnetic oxygenation and epilimnetic mixing in a shallow eutrophic reservoir
Authors: Chen Shengyang , Lei Chengwang , Carey Cayelan C. , Gantzer Paul A. , Little John C.
Published: December 2016

Artificial mixing and hypolimnetic oxygenation are two common methods for improving water quality in reservoirs. To examine the effects of their operation on the thermal structure of the water column, we used a three‐dimensional hydrodynamic model coupled with a newly developed water‐jet model and an existing linear bubble‐plume model in conjunction with whole‐reservoir in situ mixing experiments in a drinking‐water reservoir. This reservoir has a side‐stream supersaturation (SSS) hypolimnetic oxygenation system and a bubble‐plume epilimnetic mixing (EM) system installed to reduce hypolimnetic hypoxia and algal blooms. The results show that the SSS successfully adds dissolved oxygen to the hypolimnion without destratifying the reservoir, whereas the EM, located at the lower metalimnetic boundary, deepens this boundary and partially mixes the metalimnion and epilimnion. The newly developed water‐jet model coupled with the hydrodynamic model can successfully predict the variation of the thermal structure in the reservoir. The extent to which the SSS and EM systems affect the thermal structure of the reservoir is also quantified by further application of the coupled hydrodynamic model.
What is the “active layer”?
Authors: Church M. , Haschenburger J. K.
Published: December 2016

We note the presence in the literature of two different concepts of the term “active layer” in relation to fluvial sediment transport. It has been used to represent the current dynamically active streambed surface, or to represent the depth of event‐scale scour and fill. These concepts involve distinct length and time scales. We propose that, when the distinction is important, the concepts be distinguished as either a “dynamical active layer” or an “event active layer.”
Constraining the annual groundwater contribution to the water balance of an agricultural floodplain using radon: The importance of floods
Authors: Webb Jackie R. , Santos Isaac R. , Robson Barbara , Macdonald Ben , Jeffrey Luke , Maher Damien T.
Published: December 2016

The water balance of drained floodplains is highly dynamic with complex groundwater–surface water interactions operating over varying spatial and temporal scales. Here we hypothesize that the majority of groundwater discharge will follow flood events in a modified wetland. To test this hypothesis, we developed a detailed water balance that quantifies the contribution of groundwater discharge to the annual water budget of an extensively drained agricultural floodplain. A clear relationship between surface water radon measurements and groundwater level indicated alternating connection–disconnection dynamics between the drains and shallow groundwater. This relationship was used to develop a radon mass balance to quantitatively model groundwater discharge continuously throughout the year. Groundwater discharge varied by four orders of magnitude over the study period, with daily average rates ranging from 0 to 27,200 m3 d−1, peaking just a few hours after floods receded. Flood events occurred only 12% of the time yet contributed 72–76% of the total groundwater discharge. During flood recession periods, aerial groundwater discharge rates reached up to 325 cm d−1 which were some of the highest rates ever estimated. We proposed that the high drainage density of this site (12.4 km constructed drains km−2 catchment area) enhanced groundwater discharge during wet periods due to increased connectivity with the soil. Overall, groundwater discharge contributed 30–80% to the total surface water discharge. This study offers insight into the dynamic behavior of groundwater within an extensively drained floodplain, and the importance of capturing flood events to quantify total groundwater contribution to floodplain water balances.
Imaging and quantification of spreading and trapping of carbon dioxide in saline aquifers using meter‐scale laboratory experiments
Authors: Trevisan Luca , Pini Ronny , Cihan Abdullah , Birkholzer Jens T. , Zhou Quanlin , González‐Nicolás Ana , Illangasekare Tissa H.
Published: December 2016

The role of capillary forces during buoyant migration of CO2 is critical toward plume immobilization within the postinjection phase of a geological carbon sequestration operation. However, the inherent heterogeneity of the subsurface makes it very challenging to evaluate the effects of capillary forces on the storage capacity of these formations and to assess in situ plume evolution. To overcome the lack of accurate and continuous observations at the field scale and to mimic vertical migration and entrapment of realistic CO2 plumes in the presence of a background hydraulic gradient, we conducted two unique long‐term experiments in a 2.44 m × 0.5 m tank. X‐ray attenuation allowed measuring the evolution of a CO2‐surrogate fluid saturation, thus providing direct insight into capillarity‐dominated and buoyancy‐dominated flow processes occurring under successive drainage and imbibition conditions. The comparison of saturation distributions between two experimental campaigns suggests that layered‐type heterogeneity plays an important role on nonwetting phase (NWP) migration and trapping, because it leads to (i) longer displacement times (3.6 months versus 24 days) to reach stable trapping conditions, (ii) limited vertical migration of the plume (with center of mass at 39% versus 55% of aquifer thickness), and (iii) immobilization of a larger fraction of injected NWP mass (67.2% versus 51.5% of injected volume) as compared to the homogenous scenario. While these observations confirm once more the role of geological heterogeneity in controlling buoyant flows in the subsurface, they also highlight the importance of characterizing it at scales that are below seismic resolution (1–10 m).