bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disease-Associated Neurotoxic Astrocyte Markers in Alzheimer Disease Based on Integrative Single-Nucleus RNA Sequencing
Authors: Yu Wuhan , Li Yin , Zhong Fuxin , Deng Zhangjing , Wu Jiani , Yu Weihua , Lü Yang
Published: February 2024

Alzheimer disease (AD) is an irreversible neurodegenerative disease, and astrocytes play a key role in its onset and progression. The aim of this study is to analyze the characteristics of neurotoxic astrocytes and identify novel molecular targets for slowing down the progression of AD. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) data were analyzed from various AD cohorts comprising about 210,654 cells from 53 brain tissue. By integrating snRNA-seq data with bulk RNA-seq data, crucial astrocyte types and genes associated with the prognosis of patients with AD were identified. The expression of neurotoxic astrocyte markers was validated using 5 × FAD and wild-type (WT) mouse models, combined with experiments such as western blot, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and immunofluorescence. A group of neurotoxic astrocytes closely related to AD pathology was identified, which were involved in inflammatory responses and pathways related to neuron survival. Combining snRNA and bulk tissue data, ZEP36L, AEBP1, WWTR1, PHYHD1, DST and RASL12 were identified as toxic astrocyte markers closely related to disease severity, significantly elevated in brain tissues of 5 × FAD mice and primary astrocytes treated with Aβ. Among them, WWTR1 was significantly increased in astrocytes of 5 × FAD mice, driving astrocyte inflammatory responses, and has been identified as an important marker of neurotoxic astrocytes. snRNA-seq analysis reveals the biological functions of neurotoxic astrocytes. Six genes related to AD pathology were identified and validated, among which WWTR1 may be a novel marker of neurotoxic astrocytes.
Challenges and pitfalls during CRT implantation in patients with persistent left superior vena cava
Authors: Akdis Deniz , Vogler Julia , Sieren Malte-Maria , Molitor Nadine , Sasse Tom , Phan Huong-Lan , Bartoli Lorenzo , Grosse Niels , Saguner Ardan M. , Eriksson Urs , Duru Firat , Hofer Daniel , Breitenstein Alexander , Tilz Roland Richard , Winnik Stephan
Published: February 2024

Background

Persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) is a rare venous anomaly, affecting 0.3–0.5% of the general population. Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) implantation in patients with PLSVC is challenging due to a complex anatomy. Moreover, data on CRT implantation in this patient population is scarce. Our aim was to report a series of patients with PLSVC and CRT implantation focusing on challenges and pitfalls.

Methods

Electronic medical databases on patients with CRT implantation at the University Heart Centers in Zurich, Switzerland, and Lübeck, Germany, were screened for individuals with a PLSVC. Clinical and demographic characteristics as well as procedural data were reported in all patients.

Results

This study presents six cases with a median age of 66 years. CRT implantation was successful in five patients, leading to a reduced QRS duration and improved left ventricular ejection fraction. Atrial fibrillation, ischemic cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease, and dilated cardiomyopathy were observed in this group as underlying conditions. Specialized tools, such as active fixation left ventricular leads, were utilized. One patient experienced major complications.

Conclusions

This case series shows that although challenging, conventional endovascular CRT implantation is feasible in PLSVC patients. Specialized tools for visualization and fixation may help. Our experiences highlight the importance of preprocedural evaluation of the anatomy and precise intervention planning.

Graphical Abstract
Investigation of the mechanical, thermal and dielectric properties of electrical corrosion resistance glass reinforced polyimide-based composite produced by spark plasma sintering
Authors: Ogbonna V. E. , Popoola A. P. I. , Popoola O. M.
Published: February 2024

Polyimide polymer matrix composites have gained numerous attentions in the design and fabrication of components for automobile, aerospace, and electronics applications as a result of their outstanding properties. Composites are currently replacing polymers as structural, insulation and dielectric materials, and the improvement of mechanical, thermal, and dielectric properties of polyimide (PI) becomes important. Thus, in this paper, the enhancement of the mechanical, thermal stability, and dielectric properties of PI composites with boron-free E-glass (electrical corrosion resistance (ECR) glass) reinforcements (0, 5, 10, and 15 wt%) using Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) process is presented. X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope (SEM), nanoindentation tests, thermogravimetric analyser, and LCR meter tester were used to investigate the morphology, mechanical, thermal, and dielectric properties of the developed composites, respectively. The SEM results revealed that the ECR-glass powder particles were well dispersed in the PI matrix. The introduction of the ECR into the PI matrix, improves its hardness, stiffness, and modulus. From the obtained results, a notable improvement in its hardness (9.36%), stiffness (30.77%), and modulus (43.58%) was revealed for ECR/PI loaded with 15 wt% ECR compared to pure PI. The thermal stability of the PI composites was observed to be improved with the incorporation of the ECR-glass particles. The heat resistance index of the PI was recorded to be improved by 3.8% at 15 wt% ECR incorporation. Furthermore, the composites depicted low dielectric constant and dissipation factor. In consideration, the obtained properties make the composites promising for mechanical load-bearing, thermal management and electronics applications.
Moving Towards Acceptance and Values: A Qualitative Study of ACTforIBD Compared to IBD Psychoeducation
Authors: Wilkin Kathryn , Evans Subhadra , Van Niekerk Leesa , Romano Daniel , Fuller-Tyszkiewicz Matthew , Knowles Simon , Chesterman Susan , Raven Leanne , Mikocka-Walus Antonina
Published: February 2024

The current study explored perspectives of those with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and comorbid anxiety and/or depression on a hybrid acceptance and committment therapy (ACT) intervention, compared to an active control. This qualitative study was nested within a randomized controlled trial (RCT) where an experimental group received an 8-week blended delivery ACTforIBD intervention (four sessions telehealth, four sessions pre-recorded self-directed), while an active control group received a psychoeducation program of similar intensity. Semi-structured interviews were conducted post-intervention and at a 3-month follow-up. Themes were interpreted using reflexive thematic analysis. Twenty individuals participated; ten in each condition. Seven themes were constructed, including three shared themes between groups: I Am Worth Advocating For, Present Moment Is My Biggest Ally, and Ambivalence About Self-Directed Modules. Two themes were identified for the ACTforIBD group: Symptoms Are Going to Happen and Moving Toward Values while two themes identified from the ActiveControl group were: Reset and Refresh and It’s Ok to Say No. Acceptance and values modules from ACTforIBD were perceived as useful in reducing psychological distress for those with IBD, while the ActiveControl group felt their program affirmed existing effective coping strategies. Access to external resources for self-directed modules and networking may increase engagement with content long term.
Controlled Creating of Delaminations in Concrete for Nondestructive Testing
Authors: Timofeev Juri , Azari Hoda , Satyanarayana Raghavendra
Published: February 2024

Locating and sizing delaminations is a common inspection task in the maintenance and quality control of construction and rehabilitation. Their detection is an important area of application of nondestructive testing in civil engineering (NDT-CE). To improve this application, NDT test systems and test solutions must be compared, for which specimens containing well-defined delaminations are needed to serve as a reference. Currently, there are no widely accepted procedures available for creating such flaws locally and reproducibly. This study presents procedures for creating artificial delaminations repeatably and as close as possible to natural delaminations. To produce the discontinuities only substances were used which can occur in concrete components and do not affect the application of NDT-CE methods. Ultrasonic pulse-echo (UPE) was used to test the flaws in the specimens. The delaminations were created by applying expansive mortar in prepared through holes. Three specimens with two delaminations each were built and tested using UPE.
Solvatochromism, optical and electronic properties of thiosemicarbazone derivatives in solution phase
Authors: Kara Yunus Emre , Gülseven Sıdır Yadigar , Sıdır İsa , Kandemirli Fatma
Published: February 2024

The electronic structure, solvatochromic and some optoelectronic properties of five different thiosemicarbazone (TSCs) derivatives with different substituents consisted from indole ring, benzyl ring and conjugated thiosemicarbazide have been investigated in detail. UV–vis. absorption spectra of TSC compounds have been analyzed in solvent media with different polarity. The spectral changes are observed to forming of solvent effects and substituents. Spectral behaviors and electronic transitions are interpreted based on the UV-Vis. spectra. Solvatochromic behaviors were defined by linear solvation energy relationships via multiple linear regression analysis by using Kamlet-Abboud-Taft and Catalán parameters. In addition, the correlations of electronic absorption transition energy with Marcus optical dielectric parameter and Reichardt-Dimroth parameter were also determined. Some optoelectronic parameters such as forbidden band gap energy and refractive index have been determined in different solvent medium. Thiosemicarbazone derivatives have a global electronic absorption transition energy of about 3.351 eV. According to LSER calculations, polarizability-induction of electronic transitions of the investigated molecules is effective. The (E)-4-(4-nitrobenzyl)-1-(2-oxo-2H-indol-3(3aH)-ylidene)thiosemicarbazide (TSC-B) compound that does not a methoxy group and contain nitro group substituent and has the highest forbidden energy range.
Unveiling urban ecological integrity: spatially explicit assessment in contrasting environments
Authors: Lemoine-Rodríguez Richard , García-Arroyo Michelle , Gómez-Martínez Miguel A. , Back Meri , Lindeman Tonje , MacGregor-Fors Ian
Published: February 2024

Although much attention has been paid to improve the representation of the urban spatial complexity, most efforts have been limited to the inclusion of green cover data to describe the biological component of cities, leaving the measurement of crucial urban ecological properties out of the picture. To tackle this, the Urban Ecosystem Integrity Index (UEII) was recently proposed to spatially represent the interplay between the intensity of urbanization and the biological components of cities, including urban biodiversity. The UEII has shown to be effective in measuring the ecosystem integrity of a Neotropical city; however its generalized applicability remains to be tested. Thus, here we tested the suitability of the UEII when applied in a boreal city and also evaluated if it adds more valuable information than the NDVI (also contrasting it with a UEII previously published for a tropical city), which is often suggested as a proxy of urban greenness and therefore the ecology of cities. We calculated the UEII by considering land surface temperature, built-up cover, and native plants and bird species richness of the city of Lahti, Finland (Palearctic; boreal). The UEII showed to be robust, comparable, and effective in capturing the intra and inter-urban spatial heterogeneity of both cities. Moreover, although the UEII and NDVI values correlated, the variance in such correlation showed the detail that the UEII brings to the quantificaiton of the ecological integrity of the cities, representing a more integral indicator. Thus, our findings indicate that the UEII is a valuable tool to inform on areas requiring ecological enhancement, as well as identifying those that are thriving, in cities ranging from tropical and highly biodiverse to boreal and with considerable less biodiversity.
Habitat loss reduces abundance and body size of forest-dwelling dung beetles in an Amazonian urban landscape
Authors: Bernardino Glenda Vanessa dos Santos , Mesquita Vanessa Pontes , Bobrowiec Paulo Estefano Dineli , Iannuzzi Luciana , Salomão Renato Portela , Cornelius Cintia
Published: February 2024

The loss of forest cover in urban landscapes alters the dynamics of spatial and food resources, challenging the maintenance of forest species, which may have their condition compromised. Dung beetles are sensitive to changes in vegetation structure and land use caused by human activities, processes that are intrinsically related to the establishment and development of cities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of landscape structure on the abundance and morphological characteristics of two species of dung beetle (Dichotomius boreus and Dichotomius quadrilobatus) that inhabit forested areas in urbanized landscapes in the Amazon region. We carried out the study in 38 landscapes located in six urban regions in the central region of the Amazon. We evaluated the effect of landscape structure, at the site and city scales, on beetle abundance, individual body size, and relative horn length of males. At the local scale, landscapes with greater forest cover showed greater abundance of dung beetles, as well as greater lengths of D. boreus horns. Cities with a greater amount of forest cover had larger individuals than those with less forest cover. We conclude that forested areas in urban landscapes are a key habitat for the maintenance of dung beetle populations with a strong relationship between the amount of forest cover in the landscape. The maintenance of healthy and abundant populations of beetles in urban Amazonian landscapes guarantees the persistence of ecosystem services provided by these organisms in urban ecosystems.
Dual-release hydrocortisone improves body composition and the glucometabolic profile in patients with secondary adrenal insufficiency
Authors: Jørgensen Nanna Thurmann , Boesen Victor Brun , Borresen Stina Willemoes , Christoffersen Thea , Jørgensen Niklas Rye , Plomgaard Peter , Christoffersen Christina , Watt Torquil , Feldt-Rasmussen Ulla , Klose Marianne
Published: February 2024

Purpose

Studies have suggested improved metabolic profiles in patients with adrenal insufficiency treated with dual-release hydrocortisone (DR-HC) compared with conventional hydrocortisone (C-HC). This study investigates the effect of DR-HC compared with C-HC treatment on five health variables: diurnal salivary cortisol/cortisone, body composition, bone health, glucose metabolism, lipids, and blood pressure.

Methods

Prospective study of 27 participants (24 men) with secondary adrenal insufficiency with measurements during stable C-HC and 16 weeks after treatment switch to DR-HC.

Outcomes

Diurnal salivary-cortisol/cortisone, body composition assessed by Dual-Energy X-ray absorptiometry scan, bone status indices (serum type I N-terminal procollagen [PINP], collagen type I cross-linked C-telopeptide [CTX], osteocalcin, receptor activator kappa-B [RANK] ligand, osteoprotegerin, and sclerostin), lipids, haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and 24-hour blood pressure.

Results

After the switch to DR-HC, the diurnal salivary-cortisol area under the curve (AUC) decreased non-significantly (mean difference: −55.9 nmol/L/day, P = 0.06). The salivary-cortisone-AUC was unchanged. Late-evening salivary-cortisol and cortisone were lower (−1.6 and −1.7 nmol/L, P = 0.002 and 0.004). Total and abdominal fat mass (−1.5 and −0.5 kg, P = 0.003 and 0.02), HbA1c (−1.2 mmol/mol, P = 0.02), and osteocalcin decreased (−7.0 µg/L, P = 0.03) whereas sclerostin increased (+41.1 pg/mL, P = 0.0001). The remaining bone status indices, lipids, and blood pressure were unchanged.

Conclusion

This study suggests that switching to DR-HC leads to lower late-evening cortisol/cortisone exposure and a more favourable metabolic profile and body composition. In contrast, decreased osteocalcin with increasing sclerostin might indicate a negative impact on bones.

Clinical trial registration

EudraCT201400203932
Thyroid disorders induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors
Authors: Karaviti Dimitra , Kani Eleni-Rafaela , Karaviti Eleftheria , Gerontiti Eleni , Michalopoulou Olympia , Stefanaki Katerina , Kazakou Paraskevi , Vasileiou Vasiliki , Psaltopoulou Theodora , Paschou Stavroula A.
Published: February 2024

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are a revolutionary class of drugs that powerfully contribute to cancer therapy by harnessing the immune system to fight malignancies. However, their successful use as anti-cancer drugs is accompanied by a wide spectrum of immune-related adverse effects (irAEs), including endocrinopathies. Among them, thyroid dysfunction stands out as one of the most common endocrinopathies induced by ICI therapy and surfaces as a prominent concern. Destructive thyroiditis is the pathophysiological basis shared by the most common patterns of thyrotoxicosis followed by hypothyroidism and isolated hypothyroidism. Diagnostic approach is guided by clinical manifestation, laboratory evaluation and imaging modalities. Treatment approaches range from the substitution of levothyroxine to the utilization of beta blockers, depending on the extent of thyroid dysfunction’s severity. While the medical community is dealing with the evolution and complexities of immunotherapy, recognizing and effectively managing ICI-induced thyroid dysfunction emerged as crucial for enhancing patient safety and achieving improved outcomes. The aim of this review is to navigate the significance of ICI-induced thyroid dysfunction unraveling the various patterns, underlying mechanisms, diagnostic approaches, and treatment strategies. It, also, highlights the impact of various factors such as cancer subtype, ICI dosage, age, and genetic susceptibility on the risk of experiencing dysfunction.
Effects of a novel bioprocess for the cultivation Synechococcus nidulans on Mars on its biochemical composition: focus on the lipidome
Authors: Casula Mattia , Fais Giacomo , Sidorowicz Agnieszka , Caboni Pierluigi , Cao Giacomo , Concas Alessandro
Published: February 2024

In the present work, the possibility to grow the strain Synechococcus nidulans CCALA 188 on Mars using a medium mimicking a one obtainable using in situ available resources, i.e. the so-called Martian medium, under an atmosphere obtainable by pressurization of Mars CO2, is investigated. The goal is to obtain a biomass with high-value products to sustain a crewed mission to Mars. The results show that the replacement of 40% vol of Z-medium with the same volume of Martian medium does not affect the cultivation and leads to a slight improvement of biomass productivity. Under an atmosphere consisting of pure CO2 the growth rate was reduced but the strain managed to adapt by modifying its metabolism. Total proteins and carbohydrates were significantly reduced under Mars-like conditions, while lipids increased when using CO2. A balanced diet rich in antioxidants is crucial for the wealth of astronauts, and in our case, radical scavenging capacities range from 15 to 20 mmolTEAC/kg were observed. Under CO2, a reduction in antioxidant power is observed likely due to a decrease in photosynthetic activity. The lipidome consisted of sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, digalactosyldiacylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, and triacylglycerol. A significant increase in the latter ones was observed under Mars simulated atmosphere.
Evaluating adherence, tolerability and safety of oral calcium citrate in elderly osteopenic subjects: a real-life non-interventional, prospective, multicenter study
Authors: Rondanelli Mariangela , Minisola Salvatore , Barale Marco , Barbaro Daniele , Mansueto Francesca , Battaglia Santina , Bonaccorsi Gloria , Caliri Santina , Cavioni Alessandro , Colangelo Luciano , Corbetta Sabrina , Coretti Federica , Dito Giorgia , Gavioli Valentina , Ghigo Ezio , Giannattasio Raffaele , Lapi Paola , Maiorana Blas , Marra Costanza , Mazzantini Maurizio , Morini Elisabetta , Nannipieri Fabrizio , Nuzzo Vincenzo , Parri Fabiana , Perna Simone , Santori Rachele , Procopio Massimo
Published: February 2024

Background

Osteoporosis is a common concern in the elderly that leads to fragile bones. Calcium supplementation plays a crucial role in improving bone health, reducing fracture risk, and supporting overall skeletal strength in this vulnerable population. However, there is conflicting evidence on the safety of calcium supplements in elderly individuals.

Aim

The aim of this study was to evaluate the adherence, safety and tolerability of calcium citrate supplementation in elderly osteopenic subjects.

Methods

In this non-interventional, prospective, multicenter study, subjects received daily 500 mg calcium citrate supplementation for up to one year. Adherence was calculated based on compliance and persistence. Safety was assessed through adverse reactions (ARs), deaths, and clinical laboratory evaluations.

Results

A total of 268 Caucasian subjects (91.4% female, mean age 70 ± 4.5 years) participated in the study. Mean adherence to treatment was 76.6 ± 29.5% and half of subjects had an adherence of 91% and ~ 33% of participants achieved complete (100%) adherence. ARs were reported by nine (3.9%) subjects, primarily gastrointestinal disorders, with no serious ARs. The frequency of all adverse events (including ARs) was significantly higher in subjects with adherence of < 80% (41.6%; 32/77) vs. those with adherence ≥ 80% (11%; 16/145, p < 0.0001). Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased from baseline to follow-up visit (change of -2.8 ± 13.9 mmHg, p = 0.0102 and -2.1 ± 10.4 mmHg, p = 0.0116, respectively).

Conclusion

This study demonstrated favorable adherence to calcium citrate supplementation in elderly osteopenic subjects. The occurrence of ARs, though generally mild, were associated with lower adherence to calcium supplementation.
Scrutinizing microbiome determinism: why deterministic hypotheses about the microbiome are conceptually ungrounded
Authors: Suárez Javier
Published: February 2024

This paper addresses the topic of determinism in contemporary microbiome research. I distinguish two types of deterministic claims about the microbiome, and I show evidence that both types of claims are present in the contemporary literature. First, the idea that the host genetics determines the composition of the microbiome which I call “host-microbiome determinism”. Second, the idea that the genetics of the holobiont (the individual unit composed by a host plus its microbiome) determines the expression of certain phenotypic traits, which I call “microbiome-phenotype determinism”. Drawing on the stability of traits conception of individuality (Suárez in Hist Philos Life Sci 42:11, 2020) I argue that none of these deterministic hypotheses is grounded on our current knowledge of how the holobiont is transgenerationally assembled, nor how it expresses its phenotypic traits.
A deep learning approach for transportation mode identification using a transformation of GPS trajectory data features into an image representation
Authors: Ribeiro Ricardo , Trifan Alina , Neves António J. R.
Published: February 2024

Global positioning system data play a crucial role in comprehending an individual’s life due to its ability to provide geographic positions and timestamps. However, it is a challenge to identify the transportation mode used during a trajectory due to the large amount of spatiotemporal data generated, and the distinct spatial characteristics exhibited. This paper introduces a novel approach for transportation mode identification by transforming trajectory data features into image representations and employing these images to train a neural network based on vision transformers architectures. Existing approaches require predefined temporal intervals or trajectory sizes, limiting their adaptability to real-world scenarios characterized by several trajectory lengths and inconsistent data intervals. The proposed approach avoids segmenting or changing trajectories and directly extracts features from the data. By mapping the trajectory features into pixel location generated using a dimensionality reduction technique, images are created to train a deep learning model to predict five transport modes. Experimental results demonstrate a state-of-the-art accuracy of 92.96% on the Microsoft GeoLife dataset. Additionally, a comparative analysis was performed using a traditional machine learning approach and neural network architectures. The proposed method offers accurate and reliable transport mode identification applicable in real-world scenarios, facilitating the understanding of individual’s mobility.
Culturo-Behavioral Contributions to a Sustainable Market: The Interplay of Producers’ and Consumers’ Practices
Authors: Tagliabue Marco , Łęgosz-Tagliabue Izabella Kazimiera
Published: February 2024

Sustainability is a relevant and pressing theme in which concepts and tools of cultural systems analysis should be applied to a greater extent. The misalignment of the incentive system for producers and consumers raises the issue of sustainable production and consumption of goods and services. A change of paradigm may be needed for shifting defective practices into better informed choices that are consistent with environmental targets and avoid the overexploitation of our planet’s resources. Previous efforts include the 2010 special issue of The Behavior Analyst and the Matrix Project, which advocated a greater involvement of behavior analysts and scientists in sustainability issues. In this conceptual analysis, we continue this effort by analyzing and discussing some of the contingencies underlying: i. manufacturers’ drive for offering environmentally friendly goods; ii. consumers’ bounded choices; and iii. their interaction in the market for achieving sustainable goals. We provide examples of virtuous and defective practices and relate to the Green Shift in Norway. The potential impact of this work consists of informing and influencing policymakers and advocacy organizations as agents of change. Their work is key to shape producers’ and consumers’ preferences for implementing sustainable practices and achieving common environmental goals.
Preparation of hydrophilic MgAl type layered double hydroxide films with elevated Mg/Al molar ratio on aluminum substrates via a facile approach
Authors: Fukugaichi Satoru , Tomosugi Yuta , Aono Hiromichi
Published: February 2024

A straightforward method is necessary for synthesizing hydrophilic films on aluminum fins and heat sinks intended for water vaporization-based cooling applications. Herein, a facile synthesis approach is presented for generating hydrophilic films of MgAl type layered double hydroxides (LDH) at temperatures of 20 and 50 °C, with a synthesis duration of less than 120 min. The synthesized films were comprehensively characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The film hydrophilicity was assessed through contact angle (CA) measurements with water. XRD analysis revealed a higher intensity of LDH film peaks at 50 °C than at 20 °C. Additionally, the Mg/Al and Cl/Al ratios within the films increased with increasing concentrations of MgCl2. Notably, chloride anions constituted approximately 70–80% of the anions in the LDH films, with the remaining 20–30% expected to be CO32−. The surface morphology of the films displayed net-like and porous flower-like structures, which varied based on the synthesis conditions. The hydrophilicity of the LDH films was found to be more strongly influenced by the Mg/Al molar ratio than by the surface morphology. Particularly, the CA test indicated a hydrophilicity threshold at a Mg/Al molar ratio of approximately 2.0, with a CA of 0° when the molar ratio exceeded 2. The resultant hydrophilic film on aluminum is potentially applicable to vaporization-type coolers.
Jet-induced vortices of a row of distributed engines at vertical take-off condition
Authors: Bai C. , Zhou C.
Published: February 2024

The aerodynamic performance of a wing model with a row of distributed engines are investigated at the vertical take-off condition. The engines are installed near the trailing edge of the wing. During vertical take-off, the jets exit from the engines and impinge perpendicularly to the ground, providing a thrust for the aircraft. Due to the ground effects, complex vortex structures are induced by the jets. The vortices are categorised into the spanwise vortices and the chordwise vortices. The underwing vortices can lead to low-pressure regions on the lower surface of the wing, resulting in an undesirable downward force. The underwing vortex structures are affected by the ratio of the engine distance to the engine diameter (
$S/D$
). At a small
$S/D$
= 1.10, the flow field is dominated by the spanwise vortices; at a large
$S/D$
= 2.78, the flow field is dominated by the chordwise vortices. The range and strength of the spanwise vortices are affected by the vortices interaction. Competition mechanism exists between the range and strength effects, which results in the non-linear variation of the wing lift coefficient with engine spacing. The details of the flow physics underneath the wing and its mechanism on the lift of the wing during take-off are investigated.
Renewable energy prosocial behavior, is it source dependent?
Authors: Katare Bhagyashree , Wang H. Holly , Wetzstein Michael , Jiang Yu , Weiland Brandon
Published: February 2024

Facing increasing nonrenewable and environmental concerns with fossil power generation, renewable energy is being supported by government mechanisms. With the power generation cost of renewables generally higher than fossil fuels, determining the optimal level of these mechanisms requires an understanding of households’ prosocial behavior toward renewables. The issue is determining the magnitude households are willing to pay (WTP) for alternative renewables. Our hypothesis is this behavior varies by the type of renewable energy. As a test of this hypothesis, we apply a discrete choice experiment to measure households’ WTP. Results support our hypothesis with a positive WTP for solar energy, leading to a 62% reduction in solar subsidy, and a negative WTP for biomass and wind sources.
Crime, Incarceration, and Dementia: An Aging Criminal System
Authors: Arias Jalayne J. , Morgado Lillian , Tyler Ana
Published: February 2024

Dementia within the criminal system, from arrest through incarceration, has been largely ignored. While the health system has begun grappling with the chronic conditions that will accompany an aging society, the criminal system has yet to meaningfully respond. Dementia is a clinical syndrome characterized by impairment in cognitive domains (memory, executive function, visuospatial). Additionally, dementia often includes behavioral symptoms that increase the likelihood that an individual’s actions may violate social norms and in some circumstances be deemed criminal. Prior studies have established criminal behavior as a trend among individuals living with dementia. Yet, the criminal system has yet to establish protections for individuals who commit a crime while impaired by dementia. This paper will report on an empirical study to evaluate the treatment of persons with dementia within the criminal justice system. We will report on interviews with attorneys (n=15) regarding their experience and perspective on the treatment of persons with dementia post-arrest. In the paper, we will explore topics identified through these interviews including pre-trial release, competency, placement (housing), criminal liability determination, sentencing, and post-conviction release. We will highlight key findings including the lack of a systematic screening process for dementia post-arrest, placement is a significant challenge, attorneys’ lack of training on dementia to be able to understand how the disease could impact decision-making, and the two legal mechanisms available to divert miss the mark given their focus on psychiatric populations. We will use these data and findings to argue for a research and policy agenda to address a gap in legal policies to appropriately manage persons with dementia post-arrest.
“The Timeless Explosion of Fantasy’s Dream”: How State Courts Have Ignored the Supreme Court’s Decision in Panetti v. Quarterman
Authors: Perlin Michael L. , Harmon Talia Roitberg , Geiger Maren
Published: February 2024

Multiple states have enacted statutes to govern procedures when a state seeks to execute a person who may be incompetent to understand why s/he is being so punished, an area of the law that has always been riddled with confusion. The Supreme Court, in Panetti v. Quarterman, sought to clarify matters, ruling that a mentally ill defendant had a constitutional right to make a showing that his mental illness “obstruct[ed] a rational understanding of the State’s reason for his execution.”

However, the first empirical studies of how Panetti has been interpreted in federal courts painted a dismal picture. Only a handful of defendants have ever been successful in federal courts in seeking to enforce the Panetti ruling, and the authors of this abstract have characterized the relief ostensibly offered by that case as nothing more than an “illusion” or a “mirage” in a federal context. The issues of believability of experts, allegations of malingering, and “synthetic competency” dominate these decisions.

In this paper, we seek to expand this inquiry to determine (1) how defendants in state courts seeking to assert Panetti claims have fared, and (2) the extent to which state statutes have made any meaningful difference in the way such cases have been decided. We also investigate the significance of the fact that the caselaw in this area has totally ignored the teachings of the school of legal thought known as therapeutic jurisprudence and offer some conclusions and recommendations (based on therapeutic jurisprudence principles) that, if implemented, can (at least partially) ameliorate this situation.
Reshaping Insanity in Pakistani Law: The Case of Safia Bano
Authors: Munir Muhammad Ahmad , Wright Brian
Published: February 2024

This Article analyzes the 2021 judgment of the Supreme Court of Pakistan in the case of Mst. Safia Bano v. Home Department, Government of Punjab. The case has garnered significant local and international attention due to the Court’s ruling that a death sentence may not be carried out on a defendant who has a mental illness. Setting the case against the backdrop of Pakistan’s Islamic and colonial contexts, this article argues that the Supreme Court has reshaped the insanity defense in Pakistani law by placing the determination of a defendant’s mental state mainly in the hands of medical professionals. However, the Court’s reliance on medical professionals and the subsequent downplaying of the “moral capacity” element of the insanity defense—a determination of law made by courts—has created an obstacle for courts to punish offenders more stringently in future cases due to the popular belief that mental health professionals are ill-equipped to answer broader questions of justice for victims and society. The article recommends that this issue can be remedied by establishing an objective legal test for insanity that considers Islamic law, Pakistani precedent, and advances in medical science.
Potential Effects of Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health on Civil Commitment Law
Authors: Hall Timothy S.
Published: February 2024

Since the publication of the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Dobbs v Jackson Women’s Health in June of 2022, much attention has been paid to the direct effects of that decision on reproductive health care for pregnant or potentially pregnant individuals; and to the potential effects of the Court’s approach in Dobbs to other established precedent related to privacy and autonomy, such as rights to contraception and marriage equality. This Article will explore another potential negative consequence of Dobbs; its potential effect on the constitutional parameters of the law of civil commitment and involuntary medication of the mentally ill.

The foundational Supreme Court case establishing the parameters of the State’s right to involuntarily commit an individual to a mental institution was decided only two years after Roe v. Wade. In 1975, the Supreme Court in O’Connor v Donaldson held that an individual has a liberty interest in “prefer[ring] one’s home to the comforts of an institution,” and that a State could not, “without more,” confine a non-dangerous individual. The two-prong test of requiring a showing of both mental illness and dangerousness to one’s self or to others has remained the cornerstone of civil commitment law ever since.

The language and analysis of O’Connor is similar to that of Roe, the abortion rights case overturned by Dobbs. In particular, the grounding of the right to avoid civil commitment in the individual liberty and privacy interests are common themes in the two cases. The current Court, in its decision in Dobbs, has cast substantial doubt on the continued vitality of that analysis; and one can easily imagine a reconceptualization of O’Connor along the lines of Dobbs that substantially alters the requirements for civil commitment. In particular, the reliance in Dobbs and other recent Supreme Court opinions on historical precedent as a linchpin of originalist analysis could lead the Court to search for justifications in colonial or 19th-century mental health practices, time periods which predate modern psychiatric science.

This Article will explore the parallels in approach between Roe and O’Connor, and will suggest ways in which the post-Dobbs Supreme Court majority might disrupt the civil commitment status quo, including potential expansion of civil commitment or other detention of pregnant individuals for the protection of the fetus; and possible relaxation of the dangerousness requirement for civil commitment articulated in O’Connor.
Mental Health Matters: A Look At Abortion Law Post-Dobbs
Authors: Telford Kristin , Solberg Lauren B.
Published: February 2024

In June 2022, in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health, the U.S. Supreme Court overturned the precedent set by the 1973 decision in Roe vs. Wade, leaving access to abortion to be regulated by each state, rather than a U.S. constitutional right. Some states are setting gestational age limits, beyond which point only under certain circumstances can an abortion be obtained. Other states are banning abortion outright (regardless of gestational age) unless an “exception” is met. Certain states include an exception for abortion when a woman’s physical health is at risk if they continue the pregnancy, but, at the same time, do not provide an exception for women whose mental health is at risk (a “mental health exception”).

Mental health conditions that develop, continue, or are exacerbated during pregnancy may be manageable or treatable, and women may want to continue their pregnancy even while experiencing such conditions. However, the absence of a choice to terminate their pregnancy as a result of these mental health conditions means women who are unable to successfully manage or treat their mental health during pregnancy have no choice but to experience the impact on their mental health – and reconcile any resulting impact on the fetus.

This article will discuss the role a mental health exception plays in state abortion statutes by analyzing the impact of pregnancy on mental health and resources available to support those who experience mental health impacts during pregnancy while, simultaneously, advocating for the inclusion of a mental health exception in state abortion laws.
Mental Health Parity Arguments for Accessing Gender Affirmation Surgery
Authors: Konnoth Craig
Published: February 2024

Many insurers exclude coverage for transgender individuals. Litigation challenging these exclusions has increased. Most of these cases successfully advance equality claims by arguing that trans exclusions discriminate based on sex. That is, procedures performed on patients for reasons unrelated to gender affirming care are being denied to transgender individuals. There are, however, limitations to this argument. First, some courts may construe care narrowly and hold that some procedures are unique to gender affirming care that have no analog in other contexts. Second, a court that is hostile to the sex discrimination argument might hold that the denial does not arise from sex discrimination, but rather, because of the kind of diagnosis at issue. Further, the sex discrimination argument might force transgender individuals into making claims based on a binarized gender identity which may not conform with their lived experience.

Claims based on the Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act of 2008 (MHPAEA) can address these shortcomings. This Act prohibits insurers from discriminating against mental health diagnoses—for example, procedures that insurers cover because of medical or surgical diagnoses should also be covered if indicated for mental health diagnoses. Gender dysphoria is a recognized mental health diagnosis. Transgender individuals seeking gender affirming care arising from gender dysphoria can thus claim that exclusions of coverage violate the MHPAEA. Some transgender individuals might raise concerns that such an approach would lead to increased medicalization of trans identity. However, an MHPAEA claim would only appear in cases where a transgender individual is voluntarily submitting themselves to medical assistance in order to advance their own autonomy.
The Causes of Minor Suicide: How the Restatement Approach to Foreseeability & Scope of Liability Fails to Act as a Deterrent
Authors: Toomey John W.
Published: February 2024

Suicide is one of the most common causes of death among individuals younger than eighteen years old. While psychological and social sciences continue to study the causes of the increasing prevalence of suicide in children and teens, the law largely continues to treat suicide as an isolated event. This Note tracks the historical treatment of suicide both under tort and criminal law, supporting the shift away from the traditional view of suicide towards one that more closely aligns with the growing understanding of the many factors that can contribute to a minor’s suicide. Ultimately, this Note argues that many minor suicides should be treated as foreseeable, allowing actions in tort.
Transportation, childcare, lodging, and meals: Key for participant engagement and inclusion of historically underrepresented populations in the healthy brain and child development birth cohort
Authors: Zgierska Aleksandra E. , Gramly Tatum , Prestayko Nicholas , Symons Downs Danielle , Murray Traci M. , Yerby Lea G. , Howell Brittany , Stahlman Barbara , Cruz Jennifer , Agolli Arjola , Horan Holly , Hilliard Florence , Croff Julie M. ,   the HEALthy Brain and Child Development (HBCD) Consortium
Published: February 2024

Introduction:

Participant recruitment and retention (R&R) are well-documented challenges in longitudinal studies, especially those involving populations historically underrepresented in research and vulnerable groups (e.g., pregnant people or young children and their families), as is the focus of the HEALthy Brain and Child Development (HBCD) birth cohort study. Subpar access to transportation, overnight lodging, childcare, or meals can compromise R&R; yet, guidance on how to overcome these “logistical barriers” is sparse. This study’s goal was to learn about the HBCD sites’ plans and develop best practice recommendations for the HBCD consortium for addressing these logistical barriers.

Methods:

The HBCD’s workgroups developed a survey asking the HBCD sites about their plans for supporting research-related transportation, lodging, childcare, and meals, and about the presence of institutional policies to guide their approach. Descriptive statistics described the quantitative survey data. Qualitative survey responses were brief, not warranting formal qualitative analysis; their content was summarized.

Results:

Twenty-eight respondents, representing unique recruitment locations across the U.S., completed the survey. The results indicated substantial heterogeneity across the respondents in their approach toward supporting research-related transportation, lodging, childcare, and meals. Three respondents were aware of institutional policies guiding research-related transportation (10.7%) or childcare (10.7%).

Conclusions:

This study highlighted heterogeneity in approaches and scarcity of institutional policies regarding research-related transportation, lodging, childcare, and meals, underscoring the need for guidance in this area to ensure equitable support of participant R&R across different settings and populations, so that participants are representative of the larger community, and increase research result validity and generalizability.
Emergency Nurse Roles, Challenges, and Preparedness in Hospitals in the Context of Armed Conflict
Authors: Mani Zakaria , Kuhn Lisa , Plummer Virginia
Published: February 2024

Introduction:

An understanding of emergency nurses’ roles, challenges, and preparedness in the context of armed conflict is necessary to capture in-depth insights into this specialty and their preparational needs when working in these unique environments. Unfortunately, the evidence about emergency nurses’ work in the context of armed conflict is scant.

Method:

Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 23 participants and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. The COREQ guideline for reporting qualitative research was followed.

Results:

The emergency nurses’ roles, challenges, and preparedness in hospitals in the context of armed conflict were explored in detail. The main challenges that these nurses faced included poor orientation, access block, and communication barriers. Various perspectives about preparation, including education, training, and strategies for preparing emergency nurses were identified. The most striking findings in these settings were the diversity of armed conflict injuries, clinical profiles of patients, triage of mass casualties, trauma care, surge capacity, orientation, communication, and strategies for preparing nurses.

Conclusions:

This study provided an exploration of the scope of emergency nurses’ roles, and how they were prepared and expected to function across multiple hospitals in armed conflict areas. The resultant snapshot of their experiences, challenges, and responsibilities provides an informative resource and outlines essential information for future emergency nursing workforce preparedness. There is a broad range of preparational courses being undertaken by emergency nurses to work effectively in settings of armed conflict; however, required education and training should be carefully planned according to their actual roles and responsibilities in these settings.