bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Remote Sensing Ecological Quality and Its Response to the Rocky Desertification in the World Heritage Karst Sites
Authors: Jin Ao , Xiong Kangning , Hu Juan , Lan Anjun , Zhang Shirong
Published: March 2024

Clarifying the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of the ecological environment quality of World Heritage Karst Sites (WHKSs) and its response to different rocky desertification grades at spatial scales is crucial for the monitoring and protection of WHKSs as well as the implementation of ecological and environmental policies in karst regions. The ecological evaluation model of Remote Sensing Ecological Index (RSEI) was used to evaluate the ecological environment of Libo–Huanjiang World Heritage Karst site and Shibing World Heritage Karst site, and then the spatial autocorrelation and geo-detection model was used to further analyze the ecological environment, and final spatial overlay of RSEI and rocky desertification by year to analyze the linkage relationship between RSEI and rocky desertification. The results showed that (1) in the three-phase ecological environmental quality evaluation of the two heritage sites, the RSEI in 2010, 2016, and 2022 reached 0.60, 0.67, and 0.64 for the Libo–Huanjiang heritage site, and RSEI in 2010, 2016, and 2022 for the Shibing heritage site reached 0.60, 0.74, and 0.70, respectively; (2) the RSEI of both heritage sites show a gradually increasing positive spatial correlation, and has significant spatial aggregation characteristics, with both heritage sites dominated by the high-high and low-low spatial aggregation categories; (3) both heritage sites have the highest degree of explanation of changes in ecological quality by the NDBSI factor, indicating that this factor plays a key role in changes in ecological quality at heritage sites; (4) the response of the RSEI mean value of Libo–Huanjiang in each grade of rocky desertification area is, from high to low, no rocky desertification, non-karst, potential rocky desertification, mild rocky desertification, moderate rocky desertification, intensive rocky desertification, and extreme intensity rocky desertification, and the response of the RSEI mean value of Shibing is, from high to low, non-karst, no rocky desertification, potential rocky desertification, mild rocky desertification, and moderate rocky desertification. The spatial superposition analysis of the RSEI index and rocky desertification index can quantitatively study the changing status of the ecological environment in different rocky desertification areas, and the results of the study can provide theoretical references for the environmental monitoring and the prevention and control of rocky desertification in the karst areas and WHKSs.
How Are Tier 2 Metropolises Affected by Housing Asset Value Deflation in the Depopulation Era? A Comparison between the Tokyo and Kansai Metropolitan Areas
Authors: Uto Masaaki , Buhnik Sophie , Okazawa Yuki
Published: March 2024

This study analyzes the differences and similarities between Tier 1 (Tokyo) and Tier 2 (Kansai) metropolitan areas due to shrinking city problems. Both metropolitan areas will see a dramatic decrease in the housing asset value (HAV). Kansai is declining at a faster pace than Tokyo: it is projected that HAVs will register a further decrease of around 38% by 2045, and the decline will be quantitatively more important in the northern suburbs of Osaka. These results raised the question of whether Kansai would be more impoverished by HAV deflation. By focusing on the income multiplier of HAV per household, we find that Tokyo has a higher income multiplier of around 4 (against 2 for Osaka), thus causing much greater HAV deflation per household in Tokyo. Greater HAV deflation per household entails more severe problems for elderly households that need to finance their retirement. Considering our findings, despite earlier and faster trends of HAV deflation in the Tier 2 metropolitan area, the Tier 1 metropolitan area could face big socioeconomic challenges in the future. We conclude that HAV deflation leads to problems of different nature depending on metropolitan rank, rather than just knowing which one is losing more through HAV deflation.
A Methodological Approach for Motor Selection in Dental Impression Material Dispensers Using Experimental and Image Analysis Techniques
Authors: Hwang Ji-Min , Park Sang-Wook , Jeong Ji-Su , Kim Ji-Wook , Ko Dae-Cheol , Jang Jin-Seok
Published: March 2024

This study presents a methodology to prevent the overdesign of electric dispensers for dental impression materials by analyzing the necessary load and determining the appropriate pressurization speed and drive motor capacity. We derived an equation to calculate the required torque and rotational speed of the motor based on the extrusion load and the speed of the impression material. A specialized load measurement system was developed to measure the load necessary to extrude the impression material. Through experiments and image processing, we measured the radius of curvature of the trajectory of the impression material and correlated it with the pressurization speed. Techniques such as position coordinate plotting, curve fitting, and circle fitting were employed to determine the pressurization speed that aligns with the manufacturer’s recommended curvature radius. These findings led to a substantial decrease in the necessary motor torque and rotational speed compared with the current standards. This research provides a systematic approach to sizing drive motors using extrusion load and pressurization speed, aiming to reduce overdesign, power consumption, and the weight and size of the motor and battery, thereby contributing to the development of more efficient and compact dental impression material dispensers.
Dialdehyde Starch as a Cross-Linking Agent Modifying Fish Collagen Film Properties
Authors: Brudzyńska Patrycja , Kulka-Kamińska Karolina , Piwowarski Łukasz , Lewandowska Katarzyna , Sionkowska Alina
Published: March 2024

The aim of this research was the modification of fish collagen films with various amounts of dialdehyde starch (DAS). Film properties were examined before and after the cross-linking process by DAS. Prepared biopolymer materials were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy. Moreover, the mechanical, thermal and swelling properties of the films were evaluated and the contact angle was measured. Research has shown that dialdehyde starch applied as a cross-linking agent influences collagen film properties. Mechanical testing indicated a decrease in Young’s Modulus and an increase in breaking force, elongation at break, and tensile strength parameters. Results for contact angle were significantly higher for collagen films cross-linked with DAS; thus, the hydrophilicity of samples decreased. Modified samples presented a lower swelling degree in PBS than native collagen films. However, the highest values for the degree of swelling among the modified specimens were obtained from the 1% DAS samples, which were 717% and 702% for 1% and 2% collagen, respectively. Based on AFM images and roughness values, it was noticed that DAS influenced collagen film surface morphology. The lowest value of Rq was observed for 2%Coll_2%DAS and was approximately 10 nm. Analyzing thermograms for collagen samples, it was observed that pure collagen samples were less thermally stable than cross-linked ones. Dialdehyde starch is a promising cross-linking agent for collagen extracted from fish skin and may increase its applicability.
Numerical Simulation of Reversed Austenite Evolution during Intercritical Tempering of Low-Carbon Martensitic Stainless Steel
Authors: Huo Dingpeng , Peng Jielong , Chen Xiangjun , Zhang Shenghua
Published: March 2024

Since the formation of reversed austenite during critical tempering treatment is an important factor affecting the mechanical properties of 13Cr4Ni martensitic stainless steel, a detailed study of the content and morphology of reversed austenite in heat treatment is needed. In this study, the variation curves of a reversed austenite volume fraction with holding time at different tempering temperatures were measured by in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the reversed austenite and carbides of each process were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The austenite content shows a parabolic change with the increase in the tempering temperature; the maximum can reach a peak of about 6.8% at 610 °C, and drops to 0% at 660 °C. It also shows a parabolic change with the extension of the holding time, reaching a maximum of about 9.2% at 5 h of holding time, and a decreasing trend at 10 h of holding time, about 6.8%. The results show that the precipitation of carbides in the microstructure causes elemental segregation at grain boundaries and inside, which is one of the main factors affecting the thermal stability of reversed austenite formation. The kinetic process of reversed austenite during the tempering process was simulated using the JMAK model and the KM model, which can describe the trend of reversed austenite content during the tempering process. Combining the two models, a mathematical model for the room-temperature reversed austenite content under different processes was obtained, and this can predict the room-temperature austenite content.
Vulnerability of Thermal Energy Storage Lining Material to Erosion Induced by Particulate Flow in Concentrated Solar Power Tower Systems
Authors: Al-Suhaibani Zeyad , Saleh Nader , Alaqel Shaker , Saeed Rageh , Djajadiwinata Eldwin , Danish Syed , Al-Ansary Hany , El-Leathy Abdelrahman , Jeter Sheldon
Published: March 2024

Researchers from all around the world have been paying close attention to particle-based power tower technologies. On the King Saud University campus in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the first integrated gas turbine–solar particle heating hybrid system has been realized. In this study, two different types of experiments were carried out to examine how susceptible prospective liner materials for thermal energy storage tanks were to erosion. An accelerated direct-impact test with high particulate temperature was the first experiment. A low-velocity mass-flow test was the second experiment, and it closely mimicked the flow circumstances in a real thermal energy storage tank. The tests were conducted on bare insulating fire bricks (IFBs) and IFBs coated with Tuffcrete 47, Matrigun 25 ACX, and Tuffcrete 60 M. The latter three lining materials were high-temperature-resilient materials made by Allied Mineral Products Inc. (AMP) (Columbus, OH, USA). The results showed that although IFBs coated with AMP materials worked well in this test, the accelerated direct-impact test significantly reduced the bulk of the bare IFB. As a result, lining substances must be added to the surface of IFBs to increase their strength and protection because they cannot be used in situations where particles directly impact their surface. On the other hand, the findings of the 60 h cold-particle mass-flow test revealed that the IFBs were not significantly eroded. Additionally, it was discovered that the degree of erosion on the samples of bare IFB was unaffected by the height of the particle bed.
Residual Stress Measurement Using X-ray Diffraction in Friction Stir-Welded Dissimilar Titanium Alloys
Authors: Gangwar Kapil , Ramulu M.
Published: March 2024

Surface residual stresses in welded specimens significantly influence properties such as fatigue resistance, fracture toughness, and the superplasticity of joints. In this study, we employed friction stir welding, a well-established joining method, to weld dissimilar titanium alloys. By combining two distinct titanium alloys, we aimed to harness their unique properties when subjected to cyclic loading, impact, or superplastic forming processes. Utilizing X-ray diffraction, macroscopic surface stresses were assessed in dissimilar titanium alloys (Ti-6242 standard grain (SG) and Ti-54M) welded via friction stir welding, assuming a linear lattice distortion. The study accounted for misalignment, significant distortion, and grain refinement in the stir zone. Macroscopic surface residual stresses were quantified on the weld surface and at a depth of 1.5 mm beneath it within a square cross-section (1 × 1 mm2) by oscillating the specimen in the (X-Y) direction. The sin2φ method, implemented through the LEPTOS® (v7.8) software, was employed for residual stress measurement. The analysis of the results was conducted with respect to different rotation and traverse speeds. It was noted that at the center (CEN) of the weld, commonly referred to as the weld nugget, approximately 50 MPa of tensile stress was observed under the lowest values of both tool rotation speed and traverse speed. Tensile residual stresses were evident at the boundaries and within the stir zone. No discernible pattern was observed at the specified locations. Notably, the resultant values of residual stress, influenced by rotation and traverse speeds, exhibited asymmetry.
Utilizing Crushed Limestone as a Sustainable Alternative in Shotcrete Applications
Authors: Mutaz Elamin , Dafalla Muawia , Al-Mahbashi Ahmed M. , Serati Mehdi
Published: March 2024

Solving the challenges facing the mining industry is crucial for shaping the global attitude towards clean energy technologies associated with critical minerals extracted from depth. One of these challenges is the well-known explosion-like fractures (rockbursts) or spalling failures associated with the initiation of internal cracks. To prevent such catastrophic failure, shotcrete, as a cement grout, is widely used in tunnel support applications. In areas where the tunnels are constructed within the limestone strata using tunnel boring machines (TBM), drilling, and/or blasting, millions of cubic meters of crushed limestone (CL) in powder form are extracted and landfilled as waste. Given the fact that natural sand consumption as a raw material in the construction industry exceeds previous records, recycling of such excavation material is now becoming increasingly needed. From this perspective, this study aims to utilize crushed limestone as a potentially sustainable alternative to natural sand in shotcrete applications in deep tunnels. Accordingly, several strength characterization and crack initiation determinations through various stress–strain-based models were carried out on cylindrical samples containing different proportions of crushed limestone. By increasing the crushed limestone content in the shotcrete mix, the crack initiation stress (as a measure of the in situ spalling strength) increased as well. The results suggest that the crushed limestone has good potential to replace the natural sand in the shotcrete mixture used in tunnel support applications.
Effect of Rare Earth Y on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of High-Carbon Chromium Bearing Steel
Authors: Xu Wenwen , Liu Luhua , Yang Qing , Zhou Wei , Luo Diqiang , Jiang Cunchang , Yin Binbing , Lai Chaobin
Published: March 2024

The effect of rare earth Y on the microstructure and properties of high-carbon chromium bearing steel in different heat treatment processes has been studied. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the bearing steel under hot rolled, annealed and quenched and tempered conditions were compared and analysed, focusing on the effect of inclusions on fatigue performance. The addition of rare earth Y improves the microstructure, Vickers hardness, tensile strength, impact toughness and fatigue properties of bearing steel. The results show that rare earth Y can refine and spheroidise cementite, make the distribution of cementite more uniform, enhance the strengthening effect of the second phase and reduce the stress concentration caused by the shape of cementite. At the same time, the formation of network cementite is inhibited and the harm to grain boundary is reduced. It also has a refining effect on the grain, and the refined grain can achieve better mechanical properties. In addition, by modifying the oxides and sulphides in the steel, the properties of the steel are also improved, particularly in the quenched and tempered state.
Synthesis of TiCx/Al Composites via In Situ Reaction between AlxTi Melt and Dissolvable Solid Carbon
Authors: Guo Lei , Sun Hao , Guo Zhancheng
Published: March 2024

TiCx/Al composites were successfully prepared in this study by dissolving graphite particles in Al-Ti melt based on the principle of a solid–liquid in situ reaction. It was observed that the microstructure of the TiCx/Al composites changed with changes in the reaction temperature and graphite particle size. With an increase in reaction temperature, the TiCx particles in the TiCx/Al composites transitioned from a spider-like distribution to being evenly dispersed in the Al matrix. Additionally, the morphology of the TiCx particles changed from polygons of various sizes to quasi-spherical shapes with a uniform particle size, while the presence of Al4C3 and Al3Ti in the matrix diminished. The size variation of the graphite particles had minimal impact on the particle size and stoichiometric ratio of TiCx generated in the sample. Furthermore, an appropriate graphite particle size was found to mitigate the agglomeration and residue of graphite particles during the in situ reaction.
Photothermal-Based Multiplex Nested Digital PCR System for Rapid Detection of Foodborne Pathogens
Authors: Li Junwei , Liang Xinyi , Ma Jinsong , Cheng Jianye , Wang Hui , Wang Xuzhao , Wu Jie Jayne , An Hailong
Published: March 2024

The rapid and sensitive detection of foodborne pathogens is crucial for ensuring food safety. Among virus testing methods, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has served as the gold-standard technique in most food safety regulation organizations. However, to enhance the speed and efficiency of PCR, novel approaches are continually being explored. In this work, leveraging the photothermal effects and high thermal conductivity of gold nanoparticles, we have significantly improved the heating and cooling rates of thermal cycles, enabling ultra-fast PCR detection. Specifically, we present a pre-degassing multiplex digital PCR chip integrated with gold nanoparticles. We further developed a portable system with a light source for photothermal heating cycling, along with an optoelectronic sensor to analyze PCR amplification products after rapid thermal cycling. As proof of concept, the proposed chip and portable device was applied for the on-site detection of several types of foodborne pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella. The whole system could distinguish those pathogens within 20 min, showing good potential for the rapid detection of multiple types of foodborne pathogens.
Continuous Perfusion Experiments on 3D Cell Proliferation in Acoustic Levitation
Authors: Fabiano Luca , Pandey Shilpi , Brischwein Martin , Hasanzadeh Kafshgari Morteza , Hayden Oliver
Published: March 2024

An acoustofluidic trap is used for accurate 3D cell proliferation and cell function analysis in levitation. The prototype trap can be integrated with any microscope setup, allowing continuous perfusion experiments with temperature and flow control under optical inspection. To describe the trap function, we present a mathematical and FEM-based COMSOL model for the acoustic mode that defines the nodal position of trapped objects in the spherical cavity aligned with the microscope field of view and depth of field. Continuous perfusion experiments were conducted in sterile conditions over 55 h with a K562 cell line, allowing for deterministic monitoring. The acoustofluidic platform allows for rational in vitro cell testing imitating in vivo conditions such as cell function tests or cell–cell interactions.
Changes in Blue Color of Sapphire Compared with Oxidation State Changes
Authors: Amphon Ratthaphon , Chankhantha Chawalit , Srimuang Chanisara , Vongsetskul Suchinda , Intarasiri Saweat , Shen Andy H.
Published: March 2024

Blue sapphire has long been treated with heat to modify its blue color and attain greater value. However, the process of modifying the blue color in sapphire remains not well understood. The color-changing mechanism has traditionally been explained using the Intervalence Charge Transfer (IVCT) (Fe2+-Ti4+ and/or Fe2+-Fe3+) theory, wherein the blue color can be diminished by heat treatment in an oxidizing environment which alters Fe2+ (FeO) to Fe3+ (Fe2O3) and decreases the occurrence of the IVCT process. However, recently, the band gap theory has been proposed, suggesting that iron (Fe) in sapphire is always in the Fe3+ state, the blue color is caused by Fe3+-Ti4+ pair and the heat treatment does not affect Fe oxidation state. Therefore, in this study, eight magmatic sapphires from four localities were investigated for changes in blue color via color analysis, changes in spectra using XANES, and changes in chemical composition using PIXE both before and after heat treatment. The color analysis reveals a slight reduction in saturation (fading of blue) and a noticeable lightening after heat treatment, which corresponds with the high content of solid inclusions or trapiche samples. XANES data analysis using the LCF technique indicated insignificant changes in Fe oxidation state from 2+ to 3+ after heat treatment across all samples. However, when comparing the XANES data with color parameter L*a*b*, it is noted that the percentage of Fe oxidation state changes does not show a positive relationship with changes in blue based on color parameter b* (blue–yellow); rather, it shows a positive relationship with parameter L* (lightness). Microscopic observations also reveal the dissolution of clouds or minute particles around planes of ilmenite needles. It could be suggested that the changes in Fe oxidation state may not be directly related to changes in blue color but could be linked to the partial dissolution of Fe-bearing inclusions.
Comprehensive Comparison of Lacustrine Fine-Grained Sedimentary Rock Reservoirs, Organic Matter, and Palaeoenvironment: A Case Study of the Jurassic Ziliujing Formation and Xintiangou Formation in the Sichuan Basin
Authors: Li Delu , Wu Shiqiang , He Qianyang , Li Wangpeng , Meng Peilong , Li Haibin , Sun Qiang , Zhao Xiaochen
Published: March 2024

Lacustrine sedimentary formations potentially contain hydrocarbons. The lacustrine sedimentary rocks of the Ziliujung and Xintiangou Formations have been investigated for their hydrocarbon potential using low-pressure nitrogen adsorption (LP-N2A), low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), total organic carbon (TOC), rock-eval pyrolysis (Rock-Eval), gas chromatography (GC), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results show that the normalized difference of the pore parameters between the two formations is less than 10%, and the pores are mainly slit-like mesopores with high porosity. Macropores and micropores are often developed in the quartz skeleton, while mesopores often occur among organic matter, clay minerals, carbonate minerals, and pyrite particles. The organic matter abundance of the Ziliujing Formation is relatively high. Additionally, the organic matter types of the two formations are mainly type II and type III, and the sources of the organic matter are plankton and bacteria which have reached the mature gas production stage. The palaeoenvironmental differences between the depositional periods of the two formations lie within 10% of each other. The warm and humid climate promotes the development of quartz minerals to further enhance the proportion of both micropores and macropores, and the clay minerals, carbonate minerals, and pyrite carried in the terrigenous detritus are closely associated with the total organic carbon (TOC), which promotes the development of mesopores to enhance the porosity. The reservoir, organic matter, and palaeoenvironmental characteristics of fine-grained sedimentary rocks in the two formations are similar, and both of them have good potential for development. The above results provide a basic geological theoretical basis for unconventional oil and gas exploration in the northeastern margin of the Sichuan Basin.
Optimized Tribological Performance of Nitrogen-Doped Diamond-like Carbon Films on NBR: Influence of Bias Voltage of DC Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Yang Tao , Han Changxin , Deng Qiaoyuan , Wen Feng
Published: March 2024

In this research, nitrogen-doped diamond-like carbon (N-DLC) coatings were deposited on Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR) substrates using direct current magnetron sputtering (DC-MS) under varying bias voltages. This study aimed to explore environmentally friendly, low-wear, and non-lubricating seal coatings to enhance the durability of rubber sealing products, which predominantly operate under dynamic sliding conditions. By reducing the coefficient of friction (CoF), the friction and wear on rubber products can be significantly minimized, extending their lifespan. This investigation thoroughly examined the microstructure, mechanical properties, and tribological behavior of the N-DLC films. Among the coatings, the one produced at a bias voltage of −50 V demonstrated superior hardness, elastic modulus, and the lowest CoF in comparison to those prepared with 0, −100, and −200 bias voltages. This optimal combination of properties resulted in an exceptionally low wear rate of 10−9 for the film deposited at −50 V, indicating its outstanding wear resistance.
Transferable G/Au Film for Constructing a Variety of SERS Substrates
Authors: Zhang Xinyu , Cai Xin , Yin Naiqiang , Wang Yingying , Jiao Yang , Liu Chundong
Published: March 2024

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), as one of the most powerful analytical methods, undertakes important inspection tasks in various fields. Generally, the performance of an SERS-active substrate relies heavily on its structure, which makes it difficult to integrate multiple-functional detectability on the same substrate. To address this problem, here we designed and constructed a film of graphene/Au nanoparticles (G/Au film) through a simple method, which can be conveniently transferred to different substrates to form various composite SERS substrates subsequently. By means of the combination of the electromagnetic enhancement mechanism (EM) and the chemical enhancement mechanism (CM) of this structure, the film realized good SERS performance experimentally, with the enhancement factor (EF) approaching ca. 1.40 × 105. In addition, the G/Au film had high mechanical strength and had large specific surface area and good biocompatibility that is beneficial for Raman detection. By further transferring the film to an Ag/Si composite substrate and PDMS flexible film, it showed enhanced sensitivity and in situ detectability, respectively, indicating high compatibility and promising prospect in Raman detection.
Herbal Medicines for the Treatment of Active Ulcerative Colitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Iyengar Preetha , Godoy-Brewer Gala , Maniyar Isha , White Jacob , Maas Laura , Parian Alyssa M. , Limketkai Berkeley
Published: March 2024

Herbal medicines are used by patients with IBD despite limited evidence. We present a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating treatment with herbal medicines in active ulcerative colitis (UC). A search query designed by a library informationist was used to identify potential articles for inclusion. Articles were screened and data were extracted by at least two investigators. Outcomes of interest included clinical response, clinical remission, endoscopic response, endoscopic remission, and safety. We identified 28 RCTs for 18 herbs. In pooled analyses, when compared with placebo, clinical response rates were significantly higher for Indigo naturalis (IN) (RR 3.70, 95% CI 1.97–6.95), but not for Curcuma longa (CL) (RR 1.60, 95% CI 0.99–2.58) or Andrographis paniculata (AP) (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.71–1.26). There was a significantly higher rate of clinical remission for CL (RR 2.58, 95% CI 1.18–5.63), but not for AP (RR 1.31, 95% CI 0.86–2.01). Higher rates of endoscopic response (RR 1.56, 95% CI 1.08–2.26) and remission (RR 19.37, 95% CI 2.71–138.42) were significant for CL. CL has evidence supporting its use as an adjuvant therapy in active UC. Research with larger scale and well-designed RCTs, manufacturing regulations, and education are needed.
Development and Validation of the Meiji Nutritional Profiling System (Meiji NPS) to Address Dietary Needs of Adults and Older Adults in Japan
Authors: Wakayama Ryota , Drewnowski Adam , Horimoto Tomohito , Saito Yoshie , Yu Tao , Suzuki Takao , Takasugi Satoshi
Published: March 2024

This study introduces the Meiji Nutritional Profiling System (Meiji NPS), which was specifically designed to respond to age-related shifts in nutrient requirements among Japanese adults (<65 years old) and older adults (≥65 years old). Japan has one of the most aged societies in the world. The health issues of interest are malnutrition and lifestyle-related diseases among adults and frailty among older adults. Two versions of the NPS were developed based on nutrients to encourage (protein, dietary fibers, calcium, iron, and vitamin D), food groups to encourage (fruits, vegetables, nuts, legumes, and dairy), and nutrients to limit (energy, saturated fatty acids, sugars, and salt equivalents). The Meiji NPS for older adults did not include iron or saturated fatty acids. The algorithms were based on the Nutrient-Rich Foods Index (NRF). The convergent validity between the Meiji NPS and the existing NPSs for the same foods was confirmed using Spearman’s correlation coefficients (NRF: r = 0.67 for adults and r = 0.60 for older adults; Health Star Rating: r = 0.64 for adults and r = 0.61 for older adults). The Meiji NPS may be useful for nutritional evaluation and reformulation of food products, tailored to adults and older adults to ameliorate health issues in Japan.
The Impact of Excessive Fructose Intake on Adipose Tissue and the Development of Childhood Obesity
Authors: Azevedo-Martins Anna Karenina , Santos Matheus Pedro , Abayomi Julie , Ferreira Natália Juliana Ramos , Evangelista Fabiana S.
Published: March 2024

Worldwide, childhood obesity cases continue to rise, and its prevalence is known to increase the risk of non-communicable diseases typically found in adults, such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thus, comprehending its multiple causes to build healthier approaches and revert this scenario is urgent. Obesity development is strongly associated with high fructose intake since the excessive consumption of this highly lipogenic sugar leads to white fat accumulation and causes white adipose tissue (WAT) inflammation, oxidative stress, and dysregulated adipokine release. Unfortunately, the global consumption of fructose has increased dramatically in recent years, which is associated with the fact that fructose is not always evident to consumers, as it is commonly added as a sweetener in food and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB). Therefore, here, we discuss the impact of excessive fructose intake on adipose tissue biology, its contribution to childhood obesity, and current strategies for reducing high fructose and/or free sugar intake. To achieve such reductions, we conclude that it is important that the population has access to reliable information about food ingredients via food labels. Consumers also need scientific education to understand potential health risks to themselves and their children.
The Human Gut and Dietary Salt: The Bacteroides/Prevotella Ratio as a Potential Marker of Sodium Intake and Beyond
Authors: Fagunwa Omololu , Davies Kirsty , Bradbury Jane
Published: March 2024

The gut microbiota is a dynamic ecosystem that plays a pivotal role in maintaining host health. The perturbation of these microbes has been linked to several health conditions. Hence, they have emerged as promising targets for understanding and promoting good health. Despite the growing body of research on the role of sodium in health, its effects on the human gut microbiome remain under-explored. Here, using nutrition and metagenomics methods, we investigate the influence of dietary sodium intake and alterations of the human gut microbiota. We found that a high-sodium diet (HSD) altered the gut microbiota composition with a significant reduction in Bacteroides and inverse increase in Prevotella compared to a low-sodium diet (LSD). However, there is no clear distinction in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio between the two diet types. Metabolic pathway reconstruction revealed the presence of sodium reabsorption genes in the HSD, but not LSD. Since it is currently difficult in microbiome studies to confidently associate the F/B ratio with what is considered healthy (e.g., low sodium) or unhealthy (e.g., high sodium), we suggest that the use of a genus-based ratio such as the Bacteroides/Prevotella (B/P) ratio may be more beneficial for the application of microbiome studies in health.
Changes in Hepatitis E Virus Contamination during the Production of Liver Sausage from Naturally Contaminated Pig Liver and the Potential of Individual Production Parameters to Reduce Hepatitis E Virus Contamination in the Processing Chain
Authors: Hinrichs Jan Bernd , Kreitlow Antonia , Siekmann Lisa , Plötz Madeleine , Kemper Nicole , Abdulmawjood Amir
Published: March 2024

In this study, changes in hepatitis E virus (HEV) contamination in the production of liver sausage from naturally contaminated pork liver were investigated. Furthermore, the potential effectiveness of individual production parameters in reducing viral loads was measured. When processing moderately contaminated liver (initial Cq-value 29), HEV RNA persisted in the finished sausages, even after heating for 90 min at 75 °C. A matrix-specific standard curve was created using a spiking experiment to accurately quantify HEV RNA in a particularly challenging matrix like liver sausage. Variations in product-specific production parameters, including mincing and heating times, showed some reduction in contamination levels, but even prolonged heating did not render all finished products HEV negative. The persistence of HEV contamination underscores the importance of ongoing monitoring in the pig population and raw materials to enhance food safety measures and reduce the likelihood of transmission through pork consumption. The detection of HEV RNA within all processing stages of pork liver in the production of liver sausage suggests that further research into the risk of infection posed by this detection and vigilance in managing HEV risks in the food chain, particularly in pork products, are required to protect public health.
Inactivated Flagellin-Containing Vaccine Efficacy against Ovine Enzootic Abortion
Authors: Kruglova Maria , Nikitin Nikolai , Evtushenko Ekaterina , Matveeva Irina , Mazurov Aleksandr , Pavlenko Igor , Popova Vera , Bogomolova Olesya , Vasilyev Stepan , Markova Evgeniya , Fedorov Yuri
Published: March 2024

Chlamydia abortus is the etiological agent of abortion and fetal loss in sheep, goats and bovine cattle in many countries. Even though commercially available vaccines can reduce the incidence in sheep, the development of new, safe, and effective vaccines remains high on the agenda. In this study, an evaluation was made of the efficacy of a vaccine candidate, an inactivated antigen based on the extract of outer membrane proteins of a C. abortus strain known as Chlamydia VNITIBP-21, in combination with recombinant flagellin as an adjuvant. Pregnant sheep (n = 43) were divided into three groups: an experimental vaccinated group, a control infected group and a control non-infected group. The sheep were vaccinated twice, with an interval of 3 weeks, then infected with the homologous virulent strain of Chlamydia abortus on pregnancy day 75. The vaccine candidate reduced C. abortus shedding in vaginal swabs considerably, in comparison with the control group. In addition, ewes in the experimental group experienced no abortions, while those in the control group experienced instances of abortion, as well as births of weak and nonviable lambs. The findings show that the vaccine candidate proved itself to be promising in combatting the agent of ovine abortion and fetal loss.
Brain Organoids: A Game-Changer for Drug Testing
Authors: Giorgi Chiara , Lombardozzi Giorgia , Ammannito Fabrizio , Scenna Marta Sofia , Maceroni Eleonora , Quintiliani Massimiliano , d’Angelo Michele , Cimini Annamaria , Castelli Vanessa
Published: March 2024

Neurological disorders are the second cause of death and the leading cause of disability worldwide. Unfortunately, no cure exists for these disorders, but the actual therapies are only able to ameliorate people’s quality of life. Thus, there is an urgent need to test potential therapeutic approaches. Brain organoids are a possible valuable tool in the study of the brain, due to their ability to reproduce different brain regions and maturation stages; they can be used also as a tool for disease modelling and target identification of neurological disorders. Recently, brain organoids have been used in drug-screening processes, even if there are several limitations to overcome. This review focuses on the description of brain organoid development and drug-screening processes, discussing the advantages, challenges, and limitations of the use of organoids in modeling neurological diseases. We also highlighted the potential of testing novel therapeutic approaches. Finally, we examine the challenges and future directions to improve the drug-screening process.
Overview of Ethnobotanical–Pharmacological Studies Carried Out on Medicinal Plants from the Serra da Estrela Natural Park: Focus on Their Antidiabetic Potential
Authors: Lahlou Radhia Aitfella , Carvalho Filomena , Pereira Maria João , Lopes João , Silva Luís R.
Published: March 2024

The Serra da Estrela Natural Park (NPSE) in Portugal stands out as a well-preserved region abundant in medicinal plants, particularly known for their pharmaceutical applications in diabetes prevention and treatment. This comprehensive review explores these plants’ botanical diversity, traditional uses, pharmacological applications, and chemical composition. The NPSE boast a rich diversity with 138 medicinal plants across 55 families identified as traditionally and pharmacologically used against diabetes globally. Notably, the Asteraceae and Lamiaceae families are prevalent in antidiabetic applications. In vitro studies have revealed their significant inhibition of carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes, and certain plant co-products regulate genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and insulin secretion. In vivo trials have demonstrated antidiabetic effects, including glycaemia regulation, insulin secretion, antioxidant activity, and lipid profile modulation. Medicinal plants in NPSE exhibit various activities beyond antidiabetic, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-cancer, and more. Chemical analyses have identified over fifty compounds like phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and polysaccharides responsible for their efficacy against diabetes. These findings underscore the potential of NPSE medicinal plants as antidiabetic candidates, urging further research to develop effective plant-based antidiabetic drugs, beverages, and supplements.
Genome-Wide Analysis of the GLK Gene Family and Its Expression at Different Leaf Ages in the Citrus Cultivar Kanpei
Authors: Xiong Bo , Chen Hongzhen , Ma Qingqing , Yao Junfei , Wang Jialu , Wu Wenjia , Liao Ling , Wang Xun , Zhang Mingfei , He Siya , He Jiaxian , Sun Guochao , Wang Zhihui
Published: March 2024

The GLK gene family plays a crucial role in the regulation of chloroplast development and participates in chlorophyll synthesis. However, the precise mechanism by which GLK contributes to citrus’s chlorophyll synthesis remains elusive. The GLK gene family causes variations in the photosynthetic capacity and chlorophyll synthesis of different citrus varieties. In this study, we identified tissue-specific members and the key CcGLKs involved in chlorophyll synthesis. A total of thirty CcGLK transcription factors (TFs) were discovered in the citrus genome, distributed across all nine chromosomes. The low occurrence of gene tandem duplication events and intronic variability suggests that intronic variation may be the primary mode of evolution for CcGLK TFs. Tissue-specific expression patterns were observed for various GLK family members; for instance, CcGLK12 and CcGLK15 were specifically expressed in the skin, while CcGLK30 was specific to the ovary, and CcGLK10, CcGLK6, CcGLK21, CcGLK2, CcGLK18, CcGLK9, CcGLK28, and CcGLK8 were specifically expressed in the leaves. CcGLK4, CcGLK5, CcGLK11, CcGLK23, CcGLKl7, CcGLK26, and CcGLK20 may participate in the regulation of the ALA, prochlorophylate, protoporphyrin IX, Mg-protoporphyrin IX, Chl b, T-Chl, MG-ProtoIX ME, and POR contents in citrus.
Transcriptomic Profiling of Two Rice Thermo-Sensitive Genic Male Sterile Lines with Contrasting Seed Storability after Artificial Accelerated Aging Treatment
Authors: Li Fan , Ye Hongbing , Wang Yingfeng , Zhou Jieqiang , Zhang Guilian , Liu Xiong , Lu Xuedan , Wang Feng , Chen Qiuhong , Chen Guihua , Xiao Yunhua , Tang Wenbang , Deng Huabing
Published: March 2024

Seed storability has a significant impact on seed vitality and is a crucial genetic factor in maintaining seed value during storage. In this study, RNA sequencing was used to analyze the seed transcriptomes of two rice thermo-sensitive genic male sterile (TGMS) lines, S1146S (storage-tolerant) and SD26S (storage-susceptible), with 0 and 7 days of artificial accelerated aging treatment. In total, 2658 and 1523 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in S1146S and SD26S, respectively. Among these DEGs, 729 (G1) exhibited similar regulation patterns in both lines, while 1924 DEGs (G2) were specific to S1146S, 789 DEGs (G3) were specific to SD26S, and 5 DEGs (G4) were specific to contrary differential expression levels. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that “translation”, “ribosome”, “oxidative phosphorylation”, “ATP-dependent activity”, “intracellular protein transport”, and “regulation of DNA-templated transcription” were significantly enriched during seed aging. Several genes, like Os01g0971400, Os01g0937200, Os03g0276500, Os05g0328632, and Os07g0214300, associated with seed storability were identified in G4. Core genes Os03g0100100 (OsPMEI12), Os03g0320900 (V2), Os02g0494000, Os02g0152800, and Os03g0710500 (OsBiP2) were identified in protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks. Seed vitality genes, MKKK62 (Os01g0699600), OsFbx352 (Os10g0127900), FSE6 (Os05g0540000), and RAmy3E (Os08g0473600), related to seed storability were identified. Overall, these results provide novel perspectives for studying the molecular response and related genes of different-storability rice TGMS lines under artificial aging conditions. They also provide new ideas for studying the storability of hybrid rice.
Simultaneous Formation of Polyhydroxyurethanes and Multicomponent Semi-IPN Hydrogels
Authors: Carbajo-Gordillo Ana I. , Benito Elena , Galbis Elsa , Grosso Roberto , Iglesias Nieves , Valencia Concepción , Lucas Ricardo , García-Martín M.-Gracia , de-Paz M.-Violante
Published: March 2024

This study introduces an efficient strategy for synthesizing polyhydroxyurethane-based multicomponent hydrogels with enhanced rheological properties. In a single-step process, 3D materials composed of Polymer 1 (PHU) and Polymer 2 (PVA or gelatin) were produced. Polymer 1, a crosslinked polyhydroxyurethane (PHU), grew within a colloidal solution of Polymer 2, forming an interconnected network. The synthesis of Polymer 1 utilized a Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane (NIPU) methodology based on the aminolysis of bis(cyclic carbonate) (bisCC) monomers derived from 1-thioglycerol and 1,2-dithioglycerol (monomers A and E, respectively). This method, applied for the first time in Semi-Interpenetrating Network (SIPN) formation, demonstrated exceptional orthogonality since the functional groups in Polymer 2 do not interfere with Polymer 1 formation. Optimizing PHU formation involved a 20-trial methodology, identifying influential variables such as polymer concentration, temperature, solvent (an aprotic and a protic solvent), and the organo-catalyst used [a thiourea derivative (TU) and 1,8-diazabicyclo [5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU)]. The highest molecular weights were achieved under near-bulk polymerization conditions using TU-protic and DBU-aprotic as catalyst–solvent combinations. Monomer E-based PHU exhibited higher Mw¯ than monomer A-based PHU (34.1 kDa and 16.4 kDa, respectively). Applying the enhanced methodology to prepare 10 multicomponent hydrogels using PVA or gelatin as the polymer scaffold revealed superior rheological properties in PVA-based hydrogels, exhibiting solid-like gel behavior. Incorporating monomer E enhanced mechanical properties and elasticity (with loss tangent values of 0.09 and 0.14). SEM images unveiled distinct microstructures, including a sponge-like pattern in certain PVA-based hydrogels when monomer A was chosen, indicating the formation of highly superporous interpenetrated materials. In summary, this innovative approach presents a versatile methodology for obtaining advanced hydrogel-based systems with potential applications in various biomedical fields.
Structure–Property Relationships for Fluorinated and Fluorine-Free Superhydrophobic Crack-Free Coatings
Authors: Turkoglu Sevil , Zhang Jinde , Dodiuk Hanna , Kenig Samuel , Ratto Ross Jo Ann , Karande Saurabh Ankush , Wang Yujie , Diaz Armas Nathalia , Auerbach Margaret , Mead Joey
Published: March 2024

In this study, particle loading, polyfluorinated alkyl silanes (PFAS or FAS) content, superhydrophobicity, and crack formation for nanocomposite coatings created by the spray coating process were investigated. The formulations comprised hydrophobic silica, epoxy resin, and fluorine-free or FAS constituents. The effect of FAS content and FAS-free compositions on the silica and epoxy coatings’ chemistry, topography, and wetting properties was also studied. All higher particle loadings (~30 wt.%) showed superhydrophobicity, while lower particle loading formulations did not show superhydrophobic behavior until 13% wt. FAS content. The improved water repellency of coatings with increased FAS (low particle loadings) was attributed to a combination of chemistry and topography as described by the Cassie state. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra showed fluorine enrichment on the coating surface, which increases the intrinsic contact angle. However, increasing the wt.% of FAS in the final coating resulted in severe crack formation for higher particle loadings (~30 wt.%). The results show that fluorine-free and crack-free coatings exhibiting superhydrophobicity can be created.