bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Taking Charge
Authors: Rush Smith Nicholas
Published: February 2019

Vigilantism is often understood as a substitute for state authority. If that is the case, why does the South African state encourage citizen crime-fighting, given risks that patrollers might resort to illegal violence? This chapter shows that the state promotes citizen crime-fighting to combat feelings of disempowerment produced by the fear of crime. It does so by examining two moments in a community policing program in Sebokeng. The first was a public spectacle relaunching the program where government ministers exhorted citizens to “take charge” of crime while suggesting citizens may need to occasionally violate legal procedures to do so. The second was a night of patrolling with a community policing group where initial fidelity to legal procedures gave way to targeting the homes of specific alleged criminals. The chapter shows how patrollers sometimes experience their strongest feelings of agency as they violated the state’s procedural protections for suspects.
The Racial Geographies of Criminal Panic
Authors: Rush Smith Nicholas
Published: February 2019

How are the politics of crime in South Africa’s predominantly white suburbs and predominantly black townships similar or different? Through an analysis of what organizers billed as the largest anti-crime protest in South Africa’s history—a virtually all-white affair at a Pretoria rugby club—the chapter shows similarities between the areas in the claims made about crime, and particularly about how the post-apartheid rights regime enables insecurity. However, the chapter reveals two important differences between the suburbs and townships. First, it shows the more directly racialized language through which fear of crime is expressed in the suburbs. Second, it shows how vigilante violence is differently practiced in the different areas, as it is aimed primarily at “outsiders” in South Africa’s suburbs rather than “insiders” in the country’s townships.
Against Vigilantism
Authors: Rush Smith Nicholas
Published: February 2019

How have opponents of vigilantism challenged it? To answer this question, the chapter examines a commission of inquiry that emerged out of a social movement combatting vigilantism in Khayelitsha, Cape Town, and conducts a discourse analysis of the commission’s final report. The chapter argues that the commission’s focus on police efficiency has the effect of expressing faith in the procedures of the state’s judicial institutions to reduce vigilantism. This faith, however, overlooks the contradictions between the ends and means of law, first highlighted by Walter Benjamin; that is, the justice that law seeks and the inherent irregularity of the violence used to achieve it. In other words, for the commission, state violence becomes the solution to citizen violence—an ironic desire in a country long familiar with the horrible unpredictability of state violence.
Lawmaking and State-Making as Vigilantism
Authors: Rush Smith Nicholas
Published: February 2019

As apartheid collapsed, South Africa set out on one of the most ambitious police reform projects the world had ever seen. However, in 2008, senior state officials began calling for restrictions on police violence to be lifted with the effect that high rates of police violence have become a primary crime control strategy. This chapter examines this shift in the context of the South African state’s failure to bring the country’s persistent vigilante violence under control. It does so in two ways. First, the chapter examines the contradictory ways in which South African state officials navigate the tensions between advocating for the post-apartheid rights regime while arguing that such rights may inhibit the state’s ability to fight crime. Second, it examines how young men in Durban’s underworld experience the state, showing how rumors of procedureless police violence creates an image for them of the state as a large-scale vigilante organization.
Borderlands
Authors: Idler Annette
Published: February 2019

Chapter 1 provides an overview of the book. It starts by arguing that borderlands magnify some of the most entrenched security challenges of the world. It then contextualizes the shared borderlands of Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela within the global security challenge of violent non-state group interactions. It explains how the author combines a bottom-up approach with a global outlook on security and presents the backdrop to the cases discussed in the book. It then provides summaries of the arguments made in each chapter and states the book’s transformative aspiration of depicting entry points for achieving positive change in settings of insecurity. Finally, the chapter outlines how this goal arises from critically examining violent non-state groups and security through a borderland lens “endowed” with ethnographic methods, bringing together three themes: borderlands and borders, interactions among violent non-state groups, and how these interactions matter for the security of local communities.
Social Entrepreneurship
Authors: Kruse Tina P.
Published: February 2019

This chapter provides a short history of social entrepreneurship in order to frame up a discussion of youth-centered social entrepreneurship. The chapter explores the basic concepts and foundational elements of social entrepreneurship as a whole before differentiating it with youth social entrepreneurship. It includes a description of early movements of social entrepreneurship and social enterprise. The reader who is new to the field of social entrepreneurship will find this chapter to be an appropriate introduction, while readers who are more experienced in this area will find it to be a review that shapes the explorations of youth social entrepreneurship to come.
The Asset-Focus of Youth Social Entrepreneurship
Authors: Kruse Tina P.
Published: February 2019

This chapter explores the “asset-based” frameworks in both positive youth development and community. This chapter also orients the reader to the link between youth social entrepreneurship’s grounding in the central theme of positive psychology: human flourishing. Instead of focusing on the incremental steps toward getting any job at all, the emphasis is on youth capacity for creating a positive career trajectory, supported by exposure to a breadth of opportunity instead of a narrow pipeline. To accomplish meaningful and authentic positivity, the cultural reality of each young person and each community must be included in the experience of development. Therefore, a review of culturally relevant pedagogies and the need for valuing cultural funds of knowledge is included. All together, the asset-focused, culturally relevant practices can foster youth leadership with social entrepreneurship that paves a road toward thriving.
Focal Case Examples
Authors: Kruse Tina P.
Published: February 2019

This part of the book of the book introduces the text's two focal case examples which are examined after each section. Case 1 is about the SOUL Sisters Leadership Collective (SSLC). The primary purpose of SOUL Sisters is social change in the lives of their targeted community, which is system-involved girls and women of color. Case 2 is focused on Cookie Cart, which teaches youth social entrepreneurship. There is a short summary of each organization at the end of this first examination of the case examples.
Youth Cultures and Contexts
Authors: Kruse Tina P.
Published: February 2019

This chapter examines the most relevant youth contexts in the United States at this socio-historical point in time. To do so with any accuracy requires drawing on multiple fields of inquiry—youth contexts are not solely the study of developmental scientists. Thus, this chapter reviews prominent theories of cultural theorists, sociologists, educational researchers, and political scientists to establish a depiction of the contemporary American youth context. The aim is a macro-level view of the policies and practices influencing the individual youth micro-level, including the reader’s frame of reference. A brief examination of current cultural narratives about young people can inform analysis about limiting parameters: youth who lead social change are often portrayed as either “cute” or “dangerous,” with both views disparaging their efforts and undermining their credible power.
Youth Social Entrepreneurship Preparation, Education, and Advocacy
Authors: Kruse Tina P.
Published: February 2019

This chapter focuses on the need to prepare future researchers and practitioners to continue the growth of the youth social entrepreneurship model. More specifically, this chapter explores the contexts and constituents most ripe for integrating youth social entrepreneurship terminology, concepts, and practical components, as well as for growing the field through strategic and feasible scaffolding efforts. Current, promising examples illustrate the means to this goal, while more general principles are offered in order to transcend time and place. The aim is to communicate both singular and specific opportunities for advancing this work, as well as the broad interconnectedness of education, professional development, philanthropy, and policy that can be unified toward youth social entrepreneurship advocacy.
Introduction
Authors: Ravetto-Biagioli Kriss
Published: February 2019

The digital uncanny emerges when we confront massive empirical datasets that have the capacity to anticipate practices, responses, experiences, and expressions that previously have been used to distinguish the human from the nonhuman—thinking, empathy, and consciousness. The film Ex-Machina illustrates how the digital uncanny emerges from personalized targeting techniques, but it cannot account for the feelings we get when we interact with computational media. Narrative cinema treats its spectators as subjects that can recognize and identify with characters and situations. While film is immersive, it is not interactive, and cannot directly address the spectator nor install her in a feedback loop. With interactive media, however, spectators are not always addressed as subjects but they remain within the sensory, within the aesthetic element. Interactive artworks bypass a human-centered perspectival mode of viewing, but, at the same time, they do not simply assume machine vision takes over human perception. They simultaneously challenge the idea of a unified subject (whether inhuman, nonhuman or posthuman) as well as notions of singularity or renewed assertions of humanism.
Composite Subjectivity and Microsubjects
Authors: Roelofs Luke
Published: February 2019

This chapter is about how to combine the very simple subjects of experience posited by panpsychism, the theory that matter itself is inherently conscious. The combination problem has been most thoroughly discussed in relation to the combination of these microsubjects, and this chapter addresses head-on the two central strands of the combination problem: the subject-summing problem and the problem of the unity, and boundaries, of consciousness. Alternative solutions, including cosmopsychism (the world as a whole is conscious) and panprotopsychism (matter is not conscious, but contains some sort of germ of consciousness) are also discussed. The metaphysics of nature that results from addressing these challenges is both highly counterintuitive and theoretically elegant.
Composite Subjectivity in Organisms, Organs, and Organizations
Authors: Roelofs Luke
Published: February 2019

This chapter looks at four potential cases of mental combination, to examine what the theory sketched in the previous chapter might say about them. It starts with the “Nation-Brain” thought experiment, originally offered as a reductio ad absurdum of functionalism, where a few billion people agree to collectively simulate a single human mind. It then considers actual human social groups, the ways that they differ from this thought experiment, and the significance of these differences for questions of collective mentality. It next considers the split-brain phenomenon, where patients with a severed corpus callosum seem at times to exhibit two distinct consciousnesses in one head, and then finally comes back to the ordinary human brain, where two cerebral hemispheres, each capable of supporting consciousness without the other, are able to establish richly unified consciousness through their intact corpus callosum.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Roelofs Luke
Published: February 2019

This chapter draws together the previous chapters’ ideas and considers one remaining question: If mental combination is possible, why have so many people thought it impossible? Why does combining minds seem so strange and perplexing? The chapter argues that the idea is hard for us partly because of contingent facts about human (and more broadly vertebrate) anatomy, and partly because of the way that common conceptual confusions and uncertainties about consciousness and composition interact with each other. Because of these uncertainties, any answer to the major objections against mental combination will seem to miss something important, and only by developing more than one combinationist theory can combinationism be defended at all.
Introduction
Authors: Thompson John M.
Published: February 2019

The introduction highlights the paradox that confronts modern US presidents, in that they enjoy considerable power in the realm of foreign policy but also face many potential constraints, such as partisanship and powerful lobby groups. It observes that though there are many books on the subject, there are few studies of how individual presidents have dealt with this aspect of statecraft. The introduction explains that Roosevelt presents an ideal case study for this subject and offers a preview of the book’s principal arguments. It also explains the book’s methodology, which entails a series of case studies, placing particular emphasis on public opinion and the role of the press, and describes original aspects of the book such as Roosevelt’s use of public diplomacy. The introduction also offers a preview of the book’s structure and the content of each chapter.
Panic-Struck Senators, Businessmen, and Everybody Else
Authors: Thompson John M.
Published: February 2019

Chapter 3 explores TR’s decision in late 1903 to encourage and support Panama’s secession from Colombia, in order to secure a site for the future Panama Canal, and the subsequent debate regarding the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty. It examines how he and his allies overcame substantial criticism to harness public support for the treaty, and the extent to which concerns about domestic political implications influenced his handling of relations with Bogotá. The intervention occurred against the backdrop of the upcoming 1904 election, with TR facing dissent from anti-imperialists, conservative Republicans, including the influential Ohio senator Mark Hanna, and Democrats who hoped that the controversy would damage the president’s political standing.
Behaving Righteously
Authors: Thompson John M.
Published: February 2019

Chapter 5 offers a fresh perspective on the Chinese boycott of US goods in 1905–1906. It argues that Roosevelt, who previously supported the exclusion of Chinese immigrants, came to view aspects of the exclusion regime as detrimental to US interests in China. The chapter documents the president’s attempts to convince Congress to implement reforms by harnessing support among the business community, missionaries, and educators. These groups, others who opposed reform, such as organized labor—led by Samuel Gompers—and Chinese-Americans sought to influence Roosevelt as well as public opinion. The chapter explains how TR’s concern that the boycott was transforming into an antiforeigner movement, and his belief that Beijing was unwilling to suppress it, led the president to begin planning for a military intervention. In the end this was unnecessary, as the boycott dwindled, but TR suffered a rare foreign policy setback when he failed to convince Congress to embrace reforms.
Foolish Offensiveness
Authors: Thompson John M.
Published: February 2019

Chapter 6 considers US-Japanese relations from 1905 to 1909. It examines several sources of tension, including an anti-Japanese movement that was particularly strong among organized labor in San Francisco, sensationalist newspapers in both countries, and concerns that Japan would attack the Philippines or Hawaii. The chapter argues that Roosevelt sought to strike a delicate balance in relations with Tokyo by protecting Japanese already in the United States, but also reducing the inflow of immigrants to mollify anti-Japanese sentiment. In an effort to upgrade US capabilities in the event of war, the president also convinced Congress to build additional battleships and sent the navy on a cruise around the world. TR also viewed the cruise as a way to increase public support for naval expansion.
Conclusion
Authors: Thompson John M.
Published: February 2019

The conclusion considers the argument that, due in large part to the nature of the US political system, TR’s foreign policy was unsuccessful. It acknowledges the numerous challenges Roosevelt faced. However it maintains that, rather than failing, he achieved most of his objectives and, in doing so, served as an example of how to conduct an effective foreign policy. The chapter highlights TR’s vision for the United States, his political skill, faith in the US system and its people, and the emphasis he placed on political leadership. The conclusion contends that a good way of encapsulating Roosevelt’s success is that he understood and took advantage of the ways in which the international and domestic aspects of foreign policy overlap in the US system.
The Gulf–South Asia Religious Connections
Authors: Jaffrelot Christophe , Louër Laurence
Published: February 2019

The pattern of Islamization of South Asia has resulted in the making of a specific civilization, characterized by a Sufi-based form of spirituality in conversation with Hindu mystics. It was long cut off from the original crucible of Islam in Arabia, which had lost its religious and political centrality after the reign of the fourth caliph. It was only in the 19th and 20th centuries that ties intensified with Arabia, in the context of the expansion of Wahhabism, the development of pan-Islamic reformist movements in India and the creation of Pakistan.
South Asian Muslims’ interactions with Arabian Islam until the 1990s
Authors: Jaffrelot Christophe
Published: February 2019

Christophe Jaffrelot’s chapter highlights the polyvocal exchanges between Arabia and South Asia contributing to the making of the Indian Muslim Civilization. Tracing a historical path starting from the 1857-59 mutiny in colonial India, the chapter draws out the effects of the fall of the Mughal empire and the repression of the Mutiny on the reinforcement of ties between Arabian centers of Islam and Indian Muslims. It insists upon the mutuality of influences between the two in the flourishing of the Muslim cosmopolis. The chapter goes on to present the visions of a new Islamic Republic harbored by the promoters of Pakistan and the failed effort to build a trend-setting model of an Islamic State for the Muslim world. The historical progression of the chapter ultimately moves to examine the Arabization of Islam in Pakistan under President Mohammed Zia ul-Haq through his Islamization Policy and the rapprochement with the Gulf monarchies following the Afghan jihad explaining thus, the ‘gulfization’ of South Asian Islam.
The Arab Gulf connections of the Taliban
Authors: Giustozzi Antonio
Published: February 2019

Antonio Giustozzi’s chapter charts out the reactionary policies of Gulf monarchies to the evolving regional politics in Afghanistan and to changing perceptions of American hegemony post 2003. It traces the post-9/11 funding of the Afghan Taliban sourcing from Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Qatar. The competition between Iran and these Sunni funders in buying hegemony in the region is explored as also the competitive dynamics amongst the Sunni funders themselves, particularly the Saudis and Qataris. The role of Pakistan in lobbying for the involvement of the Gulf powers in nurturing the Afghan Taliban while simultaneously pursuing the ‘peace process’ is equally scrutinized. Finally, the complications caused by Pakistan’s conciliatory approach towards the Iranian presence along with the Taliban and a subsequent fallout between the Gulf and Pakistani agendas are explained.
‘Seeking Knowledge from the cradle to the grave’
Authors: Gupta Radhika
Published: February 2019

The Twelver Shi‘a in South Asia have had long historical connections with centers of pilgrimage and learning in the Shi‘a heartlands of Iran and Iraq. In contemporary times, the payment of taxes incumbent upon Shi‘as and donations from Indian followers continue to be an important source of financial support and legitimacy for mujtahids in Iraq and Iran. Their importance as figures of emulation, guidance in religious matters, and superior knowledge has endured over time despite the development of Shi‘a centers of learning in India. Radhika Gupta analyses the competing influences from the Gulf among Shi‘as in India, looking how the divide between the South-Iraqi- and the Iranian-based religious authorities are reproduced by local scholars connected to either of these centers of learning.
The Global and the Local
Authors: Brandt Marieke
Published: February 2019

This chapters analyses the rise of al-Qaeda’s Yemen branch and underlines the importance of local narratives for the success of any movement in Yemen. In the beginning, the relationship between al-Qaeda and Yemen’s tribes used to be marked by mutual suspicion, because al-Qaeda mainly adhered to the mother organization’s global strategy and was little or not at all attuned to the local context in Yemen. Only since the late 2000s, after the merger of the Yemeni and Saudi branch of al-Qaeda into AQAP, al-Qaeda began to undergo an internal change that, together with the expansion of the Shia Ḥūthīs in Yemen’s Zaydi heartland, enormously contributed to al-Qaeda’s acceptance among the Sunni tribes of Yemen. By positioning itself as savior-defender against the Ḥūthī threat, al-Qaeda managed to successfully plug into local complaints and to develop certain “soft touches” by latching onto community problems such as conflict resolution, corruption, poverty and marginalization.
Raise the Debt
Authors: Bunte Jonas B.
Published: February 2019

Governments frequently borrow money. It is often assumed that it is creditors, and creditors alone, who determine what loans developing countries obtain. Yet this is only partially true: the data show that countries with the same credit rating, income levels, and degree of democracy exhibit a remarkable diversity in the types of creditors used. Some borrow from China, while others turn to the United States; some borrow from private investors, while others rely on multilateral institutions. Apparently, developing countries have some choice. Developing countries are not merely passive recipients gobbling up whatever loans they can get, but active agents. This book systematically explains how governments choose among competing loan offers. The argument focuses on societal interest groups in recipient countries and the distributional consequences of external loans. For example, China and the International Monetary Fund might both offer the same loan volume, but the strings attached to the loans differ. As a result, domestic interest groups would benefit from one loan but not the other. Governments then cater to whichever domestic interest group coalition dominates by borrowing from that coalition’s preferred creditor. Interviews with decision-makers in Ecuador, Peru, and Colombia provide strong evidence that domestic politics shape borrowing decisions. A Statistical analyses confirms that borrowing portfolios around the world reflect the relative strength of societal interest groups. Understanding why certain loans are chosen is critical for gaining insights into the effects these loans might have on growth and democracy.
Questioning Strategies
Authors: Bernard Cara Faith , Abramo Joseph Michael
Published: February 2019

This chapter examines questioning strategies and the ways music teachers can integrate requirements of evaluation systems to improve student participation, learning, and understanding. These improvements may be achieved while still preserving music making, skill building, and effective rehearsal strategies. First the chapter describes the connection between questioning and teacher evaluation. Then it discusses the importance of asking questions and addresses some concerns music teachers often have about asking questions. The chapter identifies the different types of questions teachers might ask and how to word them, then provides strategies to respond to students’ answers in the “third turn.” It concludes by offering strategies to implement and sequence questioning techniques in a lesson plan, including ways to “layer” questions. Sample lesson plans implementing effective questioning strategies are included in the second half of the chapter.
Assessment
Authors: Bernard Cara Faith , Abramo Joseph Michael
Published: February 2019

This chapter explores how music teachers may assess students in ways unique to music education while remaining open to using the components of teacher evaluation to improve their assessment practices. First, the chapter reviews how assessment is commonly part of teacher evaluation. Second, it briefly covers some critiques of the assessment aspects of teacher evaluation. Third, the chapter defines some common vocabulary and tenets used in assessment. These include assessment, evaluation, measurement, validity, triangulation, data, and formative and summative assessments. This vocabulary may help music teachers work through these critiques of assessment. Finally, the chapter provides specific ways music teachers might apply assessment vocabulary and tenets to the assessment components of teacher evaluation. This includes when teachers are required to create the assessments alone or in a group and when assessments are chosen or mandated by the district or state. Sample assessments are included in the chapter.
Talking to Evaluators
Authors: Bernard Cara Faith , Abramo Joseph Michael
Published: February 2019

This chapter provides strategies for music educators to foster effective dialogue with evaluators and administrators in the teacher evaluation process. First, it describes the key components of teacher evaluation discussions, including the feedback, the rules and procedures required of teacher evaluation systems, and the evaluator’s and music teacher’s expectations and pressures. Second, the chapter provides advice for preparing for meetings, including the types of questions to anticipate and how to tailor answers to those questions depending on different evaluators. Next, it provides a framework for listening to and responding to feedback effectively and constructively during meetings. The chapter concludes with a description of the steps music teachers can take after meetings to spark professional growth and maintain communication with evaluators. These include immediately implementing feedback, reporting the results, and continuing dialogue to further professional growth.
Postlude
Authors: Bernard Cara Faith , Abramo Joseph Michael
Published: February 2019

This postlude orients readers toward the larger aim of teacher evaluation most useful to music teachers: the improvement of teacher practice. Rather than providing a high score, teacher evaluation might be used as a process to reflect on music teaching with the aim of improving teaching practice. The postlude reminds the reader of some mindsets described throughout the book that will help music teachers focus on this important aim of positively using teacher evaluation as a process to “support and develop” rather than as a tool to “sort and measure” music educators. These mindsets can help music teachers reflect on their teaching and participate in teacher evaluation for professional growth, yielding a constructive experience.
Introduction
Authors: Wehrey Frederic
Published: February 2019

Analysis of the modern Middle East using a sectarian lens is widespread, in academia, the media and in policy circles. A common approach is primordialism, which ascribes conflict in the region to “age-old” tensions within Islam, specifically between Sunnis and Shias. At the other end of the spectrum are the so-called “instrumentalists” who see religious identity as essentially malleable and driven by elite agency and geopolitics. This volume aims for a middle ground: acknowledging the salience of faith and belief while also emphasizing how religious tensions are inflamed through wordly factors like government policies, state collapse, geopolitics, media, and identity entrepreneurs. Furthermore, it situates the ebb and flow of sectarianism within several periods or waves: the aftermath of the 1979 Iranian revolution; the Iraq War of 2003 to 2010 and the period following the 2011 Arab uprisings to the present.
The Sectarianism of the Islamic State
Authors: Hassan Hassan
Published: February 2019

The Islamic State’s ideology is multifaceted and cannot be traced to one individual, movement, or period. The Islamic State presents itself as the representative of authentic Islam as practiced by the early generations of Muslims—Salafism—and it draws on an especially strict brand of Salafism in particular, Wahhabism. The group is adept at cultivating and exploiting preexisting sectarian fissures in the Middle East. The Islamic State taps into communal hatred and religious concepts to recruit and justify its acts, or to foster sympathy and neutralize forces that actively reject it. It has proven particularly powerful in outbidding al-Qaeda for recruits.
The Unraveling of Taif
Authors: Bahout Joseph
Published: February 2019

The Lebanese political system is based on a sectarian division of constitutional powers and administrative positions, guaranteeing the representation of certain groups while also contributing to decisionmaking paralysis. The flaws of the sect-based governance system in part led Lebanon into civil war. The 1989 Taif Agreement, which put an end to the war, reshuffled the system. Syria was made the postwar power broker and given guardianship over Lebanon. After Taif, a divisive tension arose between Lebanon’s two main Muslim communities, the Sunnis and Shia. Syria managed the divisions while also exacerbating them. Sunni-Shia frictions sharpened after the assassination of Lebanon’s prime minister and Syria’s 2005 withdrawal from the country. They further intensified with the 2011 outbreak of the Syrian civil war. Today, the Lebanese state is deadlocked. Lebanon has no president, and parliament has been paralyzed since 2013. Many Lebanese seem to believe their system is the least bad option compared with neighbors, but the state’s dysfunction raises doubts about implementing the Lebanese model elsewhere. Time and historical experience have largely rendered sectarianism commonplace in Lebanon, and it is now deeply entrenched in the collective ethos and national behavior. Other Arab countries lack this characteristic. Models of centralized states that rely on a unifying definition of national identity for state building are the rule across the region, and the idea of pan-Arabism has traditionally been more attractive than that of states constructed around subnational identities.
Twitter Wars
Authors: Siegel Alexandra
Published: February 2019

Amid mounting death tolls in Iraq, Syria, and Yemen, sectarian discourse is on the rise across the Arab world—particularly in the online sphere, where extremist voices are amplified and violent imagery and rhetoric spreads rapidly. Despite this, social media also provides a space for cross-sectarian discourse and activism. Analysis of over 7 million Arabic tweets from February to August 2015 suggests that violent events and social network structures play key roles in the transmission of this sectarian and countersectarian rhetoric on Twitter. The vast majority of tweets containing anti-Shia, anti-Sunni, or countersectarian rhetoric were sent from the Gulf and were especially concentrated in Saudi Arabia, mirroring Twitter’s demographic distribution across the Arab world, as well as rising tensions and regime crackdowns on the Saudi Shia population. Anti-Shia rhetoric is much more common online than anti-Sunni or countersectarian rhetoric, reflecting the minority status of Shia throughout the region and the manner in which anti-Shia rhetoric is amplified by influential Twitter users with millions of followers. While social media has facilitated Sunni-Shia interaction online, including the coordination of joint political protest movements, today countersectarian rhetoric is often dismissed or decried as pro-Shia propaganda.
The Kingdom and the Caliphate
Authors: Bunzel Cole
Published: February 2019

Since late 2014 the Islamic State has declared war on Saudi Arabia and launched a series of terrorist attacks on Saudi soil intended to start an uprising. In a further attack on the Saudi kingdom, the self-declared caliphate has claimed to be the true representative of the severe form of Islam indigenous to Saudi Arabia, Wahhabism. These two very different versions of an Islamic state are at war over a shared religious heritage and territory. The Islamic State, which draws on the teachings of the Wahhabi school of Islam, finds inspiration in the example of the first Saudi-Wahhabi state (1744–1818), which engaged in expansionary jihad and cultivated a sectarian animus toward the Shia. The Islamic State’s rise has reignited a debate in Saudi Arabia over the intolerant and aggressive nature of Wahhabism. Liberals have called for a revisionist movement, as they describe it, to expunge certain doctrines from Wahhabism.In some ways the Islamic State’s claim to the Wahhabi heritage is not unfounded. The early Wahhabis advanced an exclusivist version of Sunni Islam that was universally seen as a heresy, founded a state that waged expansionary jihad against fellow Sunni Muslims, and killed Shia Muslims because they were seen as hopeless idolaters. The Islamic State has done the same on all three counts.
The Estuary
Authors: Kingsbury Benjamin
Published: February 2019

A history of environmental, economic, and social change in the Meghna estuary from the late eighteenth century to the 1870s. A new frontier of alluvial land was being created along the edge of the Bay of Bengal, presenting opportunities for profit as well as great risks. The settlement of this frontier was not simply a natural outcome of the availability of new land: it was also encouraged by imperial policy. And just as British rule was not a product of nature, neither were the divisions within Bengali society that helped to determine who would be exposed to disaster.
Epilogue
Authors: Kingsbury Benjamin
Published: February 2019

The young woman, a prostitute, is crying: there is nothing left, the storm has swept everything away. She lifts her voice to Narayana, the preserver, ‘the one who rests on water’, who in the great flood that covered heaven, earth, and hell, took the form of a child and floated to safety on a banyan leaf....
The Conceptual Foundations of ‘Hybrid Warfare’
Authors: Fridman Ofer
Published: February 2019

In the literature produced in the West, the concept of hybrid warfare is most often associated with US military theorist Frank Hoffman, who attempted to bridge the gap between the linear characterization of (regular or irregular) warfare in the context of the twenty-first century operational environment. This chapter explores the conceptual foundations of hybrid warfare and how it was originally conceptualized and understood in the West. Since the concept is the product of US military thought, it examines the context in which it was developed, in addition to the way it has been used by US scholars and members of the military. This chapter introduces four main sources that influenced the idea of hybrid warfare: namely the concepts of unrestricted warfare, fourth generation warfare (4GW), compound warfare and the ideas outlined in the 2005 US National Defense Strategy.
Introduction
Authors: Ulrichsen Kristian Coates
Published: February 2019

This introductory chapter explores the changing complexion of security agendas in the Persian Gulf in the turbulent aftermath of the Arab Spring in 2011 and the twin shocks of the oil price collapse and sudden rise of ISIS in 2014. Kristian Coates Ulrichsen argues that new sources of insecurity emerged at the national, regional, and international levels after 2011 for the countries of the Persian Gulf. Domestic developments in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Iran’s partial rapprochement with world powers interfered with the balance of power and threat perception in the Gulf and contributed to the internationalization of the Yemen war in 2015 and greater volatility in decision-making. A muscular new approach to policymaking at the regional level emerged just as officials grappled with new challenges domestically as oil prices fell and greater unpredictability internationally with the election of Donald Trump in 2016.
A Regional Great Game?
Authors: Entessar Nader
Published: February 2019

This chapter explores the turbulent relationship between Iran and Saudi Arabia since the pivotal year of 1979 – the year of both the Iranian revolution and significant domestic turmoil in Saudi Arabia. Nader Entessar examines how the very different foreign policy objectives by the two regional powers in the Persian Gulf have evolved since 1979. Entessar provides a wide-ranging overview of the national interests and motivations, levels of threat perception and military balance, and changing domestic and foreign policy context that feed into the regional roles of Saudi Arabia and Iran and underscores the point that the projection, and degree, of influence projected by each is not static but fluctuates as domestic, regional, and global political and strategic circumstances themselves shift. Entessar argues that a “diplomacy deficit” has exacerbated volatility in the Persian Gulf and contributed to a zero-sum approach to regional security.
The Politics of Succession in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Kéchichian Joseph A.
Published: February 2019

This chapter explores the succession dynamics that came to prominence in Saudi Arabia after the accession of King Salman to the throne in January 2015 and the acceleration of the generational handover of eventual power to the grandsons of Abdul-Aziz Al Saud. Joseph Kéchichian examines the politics of Saudi succession and offers an in-depth perspective on the new actors who will reshape Saudi leadership in the years and decades ahead. Kéchichian analyzes the momentous changes in the Saudi policy landscape unveiled during the early months of King Salman’s reign and assesses the unprecedented replacement of the Crown Prince in April 2015 in the context of the (seemingly) decisive resolution of the generational transition question that had become a parlor game for analysts and commentators alike.
Julius Evola and Tradition
Authors: Hakl H. Thomas , Godwin Joscelyn
Published: February 2019

This chapter discusses the life and work of the Italian philosopher Julius Evola, who started his career in Futurism and Dadaism. Philosophic studies followed. After serving in the First World War he turned to mountaineering, experimented with ether, and nearly committed suicide. Far Eastern religions and esoteric currents became his next interest. He was introduced to René Guénon’s idea of tradition, which became the source of his political and racial ideas. He met Mussolini and members of the SS, who remained skeptical. After the Second World War, Evola wrote and translated. His elitist, antidemocratic political tracts based on transcendent ideas at first brought him only a few followers, some of whom turned to terrorist acts. He died lonely and frustrated in Rome. His revival started only in the 1980s; since then he has become one of the most widely read thinkers of the radical Right.
Paul Gottfried and Paleoconservatism
Authors: Bartee Seth
Published: February 2019

This chapter discusses the life and work of Paul Gottfried, who is known as the founder of Paleoconservatism, a reformulation of the Right that advocated aspects of the conservatism of Edmund Burke, southern agrarian writers, and the National Review as it was before neoconservatism. His criticism of neoconservatives focused on their belief in the universal imperative of categories and ideas that led them to therefore disparage any kind of historicism. Gottfried maintained both Platonic and biblical categories in his conceptions of truth, beauty, justice, and revelation. He became the foremost critic of the Republican Party and neoconservatism. From 1999 until 2005 he expanded his criticisms of political ideology in the US and Europe. Since 2008 Gottfried has adopted the label of right-wing pluralist and allows most conservative dissidents into his organization, the H. L. Mencken Club, which became associated with the Alt Right during the 2016 presidential election.
Alexander Dugin and Eurasianism
Authors: Laruelle Marlene
Published: February 2019

This chapter discusses the life and work of Alexander Dugin who, since the mid-1990s, has been the best marketed of all Russian ideologists, both in Russia and in the West. Well-read in mainstream philosophy and the humanities, Dugin is an impressive aggregator of radical Right ideologies. He brings together doctrines from diverse origins: völkisch occultism, Traditionalism, Conservative Revolution, European New Right, Eurasianism, and the like. He is the main intellectual figure in Russia to have selected European radical Right doctrinal traditions as his ideological marketing product, and his success at home has been limited. His efforts to influence Russia’s broader geopolitical narrative have prospered, but his work to introduce doctrinal content inspired by the European völkisch tradition has not. Nevertheless, thanks to his well-developed outreach strategies; his ability to speak various European languages, to translate and to be translated; and his networks in several European countries, Dugin has become Russia’s best-known New Right thinker.
A Comprehensive Legal Translation Brief
Authors: Scott Juliette R.
Published: February 2019

The potential benefits of voicing performance constraints and addressing risk by means of a comprehensive legal translation brief are the subject of Chapter 4. A review of academic work in this area and of briefing in comparable sectors of the market prepares the ground for a discussion of interactional and relational dysfunctions. This emphasizes the importance of the translator assuming a central role as an expert partner in a collaborative service provision process. Having reported some existing market initiatives, the author sets out the components for a legal translation brief to be used as a template by practitioners to optimize the delivery of these expert professional services.
‘Truth is not European’
Authors: Stevens John A.
Published: February 2019

This chapter explores the arguments Keshab Chandra Sen presented to British audiences during his visit to Britain in 1870. It argues that Keshab articulated a distinctive version of liberalism, and was able to attain a high degree of visibility in the British public sphere. Keshab’s ideas concerning British rule in India and his observations of Britons in London are considered in detail. The chapter analyses Keshab’s views of global history and his ideas concerning gender, reform and civilization. The chapter goes on to discuss Keshab’s personal experiences of imperial Britain and considers the extent to which he felt ‘at home’ in the imperial metropole.
Conclusion
Authors: Stevens John A.
Published: February 2019

This chapter begins by discussing representations of Keshab Chandra Sen at the time of his death in 1884. It argues that Keshab became symbolic, for British audiences, of the limits imposed by racial and religious difference on the ability of imperialism to bring civilization to colonial subjects. It explores the ways in which Keshab’s colonial subjectivity was limited fundamentally by structures of power immanent in imperialism. It argues that Keshab’s influence in Bengali intellectual history has been underestimated, and explores his connections to figures including Swami Vivekananda, Brahmobandhab Upadhyay and Rabindranath Tagore. The chapter concludes that the universalism Keshab propounded was impossible to realize in an imperial world.
Introduction
Authors: Cook David
Published: February 2019

Since its emergence in approximately 2002, the Boko Haram insurgency has morphed from being a local quietist Salafi group (2002–8), to a local Salafi-jihadi movement (in 2009–10), to a group capable of striking at will across northern and central Nigeria (2011–13), to an established Islamic state (2014), and finally to a declared affiliate and branch of the Islamic State (IS, also known as ISIL and ISIS) as its “West African Province” (7 March 2015)...
Exegesis Concerning Sūrat Hūd (Qur’Ān 11:84–90)
Authors: Yusuf Muhammad
Published: February 2019

(c. FALL 2006/FALL 2007)

[Kanuri trans. team and Atta Barkindo]

Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mxrt07Gl6G0

This is one of several exegeses of the Qur’ān by Muhammad Yusuf, delivered in Kanuri. Although the content is basic, and is little more than a homily, it is easy to see Yusuf’s ability to relate the Qur’ānic story of Hūd to the realities of contemporary Nigeria. The translators tentatively date it to October 2006 or 2007 (during Ramadan, mentioned in the text), when Yusuf was concerned with the morality of Nigerian society. It was probably delivered at the Ibn Taymiyya Center, Maiduguri...
Exegesis of Sūrat Al-Tawba (Qur’Ān 9:9–16)
Authors: Yusuf Muhammad
Published: February 2019

(c. SPRING 2008)

[Trans.: Abdulbasit Kassim]

This exegetical sermon is undated, but as it references the Danish cartoons, most likely it should be associated with the assassination plots against the cartoonist Kurt Westergaard in February 2008, and the subsequent reprinting of the cartoons. It can probably be dated to spring or summer 2008. Yusuf uses this material to prove that non-Muslims are irredeemably hostile to Muslims. The beginning is a bit rough...
Admonition
Authors: Yusuf Muhammad
Published: February 2019

(c. JANUARY 2009)

[Trans.: Abdulbasit Kassim]

Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kHG6f5cWjKs

In this lecture, Yusuf stressed the takfīr of the Nigerian soldiers by demonstrating how their paraphernalia constitutes symbols of unbelief. This lecture explains the group’s strong antipathy towards the Nigerian army even before the 2009 conflict. Yusuf touched upon the theme of...
Grouping of Sermons of the Imam Abu Yusuf Muhammad Bin Yusuf Jamā’At Ahl Al-Sunna Li-L-Da’Wa Wa-L-Jihād
Authors: Cook David
Published: February 2019

(Released 3 March 2015)

[Trans.: Abdulbasit Kassim]

Available at: http://jihadology.net/2015/03/03/al-urwah-al-wuthqa-foundation-presents-a-new-release-from-jamaat-ahl-al-Sunna-li-l-dawah-wa-l-jihad-boko-%E1%B8%A5aram-grouping-of-sermons-of-the-imam-abu-yusuf-mu/

This trio of written sermons in Arabic was released by Boko Haram six years after the murder of Yusuf. They are a thematic group, concerning the Muslim personality, a call to jihād, and covering colonialism. Most likely they were delivered separately as the tone of the first sermon differs markedly from the hysterical tone of the last two. It is of course possible that the first sermon was delivered together with the others, but as there are no internal indications as to its date, it has been placed separately. The final two sermons are placed chronologically prior to the Declaration of War (text 19). Most probably the release of these sermons on 3 March 2015, as the Nigerian army was defeating Boko Haram and just four days before the amalgamation of Boko Haram with the Islamic State, was designed as a rebuke to Shekau from disaffected elements of the group who wanted to stress the legacy and leadership of Muhammad Yusuf...