bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mineral Formation in Joints Caused by Complete or Joint-Specific Loss of ANK Function
Authors: Gurley Kyle A , Chen Hao , Guenther Catherine , Nguyen Elizabeth T , Rountree Ryan B , Schoor Michael , Kingsley David M
Published: July 2006

To reveal the ANK complete loss of function phenotype in mice, we generated conditional and null alleles. Mice homozygous for the null allele exhibited widespread joint mineralization, similar in severity to animals harboring the original ank allele. A delayed yet similar phenotype was observed in mice with joint-specific loss of ANK function.

Introduction: The ANK pyrophosphate regulator was originally identified and proposed to play a key role in articular cartilage maintenance based on a single spontaneous mouse mutation (ank) that causes severe generalized arthritis. A number of human mutations have subsequently been reported in the human ortholog (ANKH), some of which produce skull and long bone defects with no apparent defects in joints or articular cartilage. None of the currently known mouse or human mutations clearly eliminate the function of the endogenous gene.

Materials and Methods: Two new Ank alleles were generated using homologous recombination in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. Joint range of motion assays and μCT studies were used to quantitatively assess phenotypic severity in wildtype, heterozygous, and homozygous mice carrying either the null (Anknull) or original (Ankank) allele. A Gdf5-Cre expressing line was crossed to mice harboring the conditional (Ankfloxp) allele to eliminate ANK function specifically in the joints. Histological stains and β-galactosidase (LACZ) activity were used to determine the correlation between local loss of ANK function and defective joint phenotypes.

Results: Ank null /Anknull mice develop severe ectopic postnatal crystal deposition in almost every joint of the body, leading to eventual joint fusion and loss of mobility. The severity of phenotype in these mice is indistinguishable from that of Ankank/Ankank mice. In addition, despite the widespread expression of Ank in many tissues, the specific deletion of Ank in joints also produces joint mineralization and ankylosis.

Conclusions: These studies show that ANK function is required locally in joints to inhibit mineral formation and that the Ank gene plays a key role in postnatal maintenance of joint mobility and function.
Control of Fast-Reaching Movements by Muscle Synergy Combinations
Authors: d'Avella Andrea , Portone Alessandro , Fernandez Laure , Lacquaniti Francesco
Published: July 2006

How the CNS selects the appropriate muscle patterns to achieve a behavioral goal is an open question. To gain insight into this process, we characterized the spatiotemporal organization of the muscle patterns for fast-reaching movements. We recorded electromyographic activity from up to 19 shoulder and arm muscles during point-to-point movements between a central location and 8 peripheral targets in each of 2 vertical planes. We used an optimization algorithm to identify a set of time-varying muscle synergies, i.e., the coordinated activations of groups of muscles with specific time-varying profiles. For each one of nine subjects, we extracted four or five synergies whose combinations, after scaling in amplitude and shifting in time each synergy independently for each movement condition, explained 73–82% of the data variation. We then tested whether these synergies could reconstruct the muscle patterns for point-to-point movements with different loads or forearm postures and for reversal and via-point movements. We found that reconstruction accuracy remained high, indicating generalization across these conditions. Finally, the synergy amplitude coefficients were directionally tuned according to a cosine function with a preferred direction that showed a smaller variability with changes of load, posture, and endpoint than the preferred direction of individual muscles. Thus the complex spatiotemporal characteristics of the muscles patterns for reaching were captured by the combinations of a small number of components, suggesting that the mechanisms involved in the generation of the muscle patterns exploit this low dimensionality to simplify control.
Mitochondrial Translocation of p53 Mediates Release of Cytochromecand Hippocampal CA1 Neuronal Death after Transient Global Cerebral Ischemia in Rats
Authors: Endo Hidenori , Kamada Hiroshi , Nito Chikako , Nishi Tatsuro , Chan Pak H.
Published: July 2006

Although p53 is a key modulator of cellular stress responses, the mechanism of p53-mediated apoptosis is ambiguous. p53 can mediate apoptosis in response to death stimuli by transcriptional activation of proapoptotic genes and transcriptional-independent mechanisms. Recent studies have shown that the p53 protein can directly induce permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane by forming a inhibitory complex with a protective Bcl-2 family protein, resulting in cytochromecrelease. However, how the mitochondrial p53 pathway mediates neuronal apoptosis after cerebral ischemia remains unclear. We examined the interaction between the mitochondrial p53 pathway and vulnerable hippocampal CA1 neurons in rats using a transient global cerebral ischemia (tGCI) model. Western blot analysis and immunofluorescent staining revealed mitochondrial p53 translocation after tGCI in the hippocampal CA1 neurons. Coimmunoprecipitation revealed that translocated p53 bound to Bcl-XLin the mitochondrial fraction. To examine the effect of a specific p53 inhibitor on the mitochondrial p53 pathway and apoptotic cell death after tGCI, we intravenously administered pifithrin-α (PFT). Mitochondrial p53 translocation and interaction between p53 and Bcl-XLwere prevented by treatment with PFT. Moreover, cytochromecrelease from mitochondria and subsequent apoptotic CA1 neuronal death were decreased with PFT treatment. These results suggest that the mitochondrial p53 pathway is one of the novel mechanisms mediating delayed death of vulnerable hippocampal CA1 neurons after tGCI.
Origin of Oligodendrocytes in the Subventricular Zone of the Adult Brain
Authors: Menn Bénédicte , Garcia-Verdugo Jose Manuel , Yaschine Cynthia , Gonzalez-Perez Oscar , Rowitch David , Alvarez-Buylla Arturo
Published: July 2006

Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes (type B cells) in the subventricular zone (SVZ) generate large numbers of new neurons in the adult brain. SVZ stem cells can also generate oligodendrocytesin vitro, but it is not known whether these adult primary progenitors generate oligodendrocytesin vivo. Myelin repair and oligodendrocyte formation in the adult brain is instead associated with glial-restricted progenitors cells, known as oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). Here we show that type B cells also generate a small number of nonmyelinating NG2-positive OPCs and mature myelinating oligodendrocytes. Some type B cells and a small subpopulation of actively dividing type C (transit-amplifying) cells expressed oligodendrocyte lineage transcription factor 2 (Olig2), suggesting that oligodendrocyte differentiation in the SVZ begins early in the lineage. Olig2-positive, polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule-positive, PDGF receptor α-positive, and β-tubulin-negative cells originating in the SVZ migrated into corpus callosum, striatum, and fimbria fornix to differentiate into the NG2-positive nonmyelinating and mature myelinating oligodendrocytes. Furthermore, primary clonal cultures of type B cells gave rise to oligodendrocytes alone or oligodendrocytes and neurons. Importantly, the number of oligodendrocytes derived from type B cellsin vivoincreased fourfold after a demyelinating lesion in corpus callosum, indicating that SVZ astrocytes participate in myelin repair in the adult brain. Our work identifies SVZ type B cells as progenitors of oligodendrocytes in normal and injured adult brain.
Robust Integration of Motion Information in the Fly Visual System Revealed by Single Cell Photoablation
Authors: Kalb Julia , Egelhaaf Martin , Kurtz Rafael
Published: July 2006

In the brain, sensory information needs often to be read out from the ensemble activity of presynaptic neurons. In the most basic case, this may be accomplished by an individual postsynaptic neuron. In the visual system of the blowfly, an identified motion-sensitive spiking neuron is known to be postsynaptic to an ensemble of graded-potential presynaptic input elements. Both the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons were shown previously to be capable of representing the velocity of preferred-direction motion reliably and linearly over a large frequency range of velocity fluctuations. Accordingly, the synaptic transfer properties of the connecting excitatory synapses between individual input elements and the postsynaptic neuron were shown to be linear over a similar range of presynaptic membrane potential fluctuations. It was not known, however, how the postsynaptic neuron integrates and reads out the presynaptic ensemble activity. We were able to compare the response properties of the integrating cell before and after eliminating individual presynaptic elements by a laser ablation technique. For most of the input elements, we found that their elimination strongly affected the activity of the postsynaptic neuron but did not degrade its performance to encode motion with constant and time-varying velocity. Our results suggest that the integration of individual synaptic inputs within the neural circuit operates with some redundancy. This feature might help the postsynaptic neuron to encode in a highly robust way the direction and the velocity of self-motion of the animal.
Repeated Cocaine Self-Administration Alters Processing of Cocaine-Related Information in Rat Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: Sun WenLin , Rebec George V.
Published: July 2006

One of the core symptoms of cocaine addiction is compulsive drug-seeking behavior. Although the precise neural substrates are unknown, it has been hypothesized that this behavior involves cocaine-induced hypofunction of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) or “hypofrontality.” To test this hypothesis, PFC neuronal activity was monitored in rats during ∼3 weeks of cocaine self-administration (SA). Rats were trained to press a lever to self-administer cocaine in daily 2 h sessions. Responding was reinforced contingent on a modified fixed-ratio 5 schedule of reinforcement. In the first SA session, the overall firing rate and burst rate were significantly decreased after cocaine infusions relative to the period immediately before the session. These effects disappeared after ≥10 d of drug SA and were replaced by a significant increase in burst duration and firing rate within a burst. Notably, however, the level of basal activity before the first drug infusion of each SA session decreased significantly after multiple weeks of cocaine exposure. Collectively, these data support the view that although repeated sessions of cocaine SA decrease basal PFC activity, increased burst-related firing in response to cocaine infusions suggests that processing of cocaine-related information is enhanced and may contribute to increased control by cocaine over cocaine-seeking behavior.
Probing the Regulation of M (Kv7) Potassium Channels in Intact Neurons with Membrane-Targeted Peptides
Authors: Robbins Jon , Marsh Stephen J. , Brown David A.
Published: July 2006

M-type (Kv7) potassium channels are closed by Gq/11 G-protein-coupled receptors. Several membrane- or channel-associated molecules have been suggested to contribute to this effect, including depletion of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and activation of Ca2+/calmodulin and protein kinase C. To facilitate further study of these pathways in intact neurons, we have devised novel membrane-targeted probes that can be applied from the outside of the neuron, by attaching a palmitoyl group to site-directed peptides (“palpeptides”) (cf. Covic et al., 2002a,b). A palpeptide incorporating the 10-residue C terminus of Gαq/11 reduced Gq/11-mediated M-current inhibition in sympathetic neurons by the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) agonist oxotremorine-M but not Go-mediated inhibition of the N-type Ca2+current by norepinephrine. Instead, the latter was inhibited by the corresponding Go palpeptide. A PIP2palpeptide, based on the putative PIP2binding domain of the Kv7.2 channel, inhibited M current (IC50= ∼1.5 μm) and enhanced inhibition by oxotremorine-M. Inhibition could not be attributed to activation of mAChRs, calcium influx, or block of M channels but was antagonized by intracellular diC8-PIP2(dioctanoyl-phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate), suggesting that it disrupted PIP2–M channel gating. A fluorescently tagged PIP2palpeptide was highly targeted to the plasma membrane but did not accumulate in the cytoplasm. We suggest that these palpeptides are anchored in the plasma membrane via the palmitoyl group, such that the peptide moiety can interact with target molecules on the inner face of the membrane. The G-protein-replicating palpeptides were sequence specific and probably compete with the receptor for the cognate G-protein. The PIP2palpeptide was not sequence specific so probably interacts electrostatically with anionic PIP2head groups.
Sodium Channel β2 Subunits Regulate Tetrodotoxin-Sensitive Sodium Channels in Small Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons and Modulate the Response to Pain
Authors: Lopez-Santiago Luis F. , Pertin Marie , Morisod Xavier , Chen Chunling , Hong Shuangsong , Wiley John , Decosterd Isabelle , Isom Lori L.
Published: July 2006

Voltage-gated sodium channel (Nav1) β2 subunits modulate channel gating, assembly, and cell-surface expression in CNS neuronsin vitroandin vivo. β2 expression increases in sensory neurons after nerve injury, and development of mechanical allodynia in the spared nerve injury model is attenuated in β2-null mice. Thus, we hypothesized that β2 modulates electrical excitability in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuronsin vivo. We compared sodium currents (INa) in small DRG neurons from β2+/+and β2−/−mice to determine the effects of β2 on tetrodotoxin-sensitive (TTX-S) and tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) Nav1in vivo. Small-fast DRG neurons acutely isolated from β2−/−mice showed significant decreases in TTX-SINacompared with β2+/+neurons. This decrease included a 51% reduction in maximal sodium conductance with no detectable changes in the voltage dependence of activation or inactivation. TTX-S, but not TTX-R, INaactivation and inactivation kinetics in these cells were slower in β2−/−mice compared with controls. The selective regulation of TTX-SINawas supported by reductions in transcript and protein levels of TTX-S Nav1s, particularly Nav1.7. Low-threshold mechanical sensitivity was preserved in β2−/−mice, but they were more sensitive to noxious thermal stimuli than wild type whereas their response during the late phase of the formalin test was attenuated. Our results suggest that β2 modulates TTX-S Nav1 mRNA and protein expression resulting in increased TTX-S INaand increases the rates of TTX-S Nav1 activation and inactivation in small-fast DRG neuronsin vivo. TTX-R INawere not significantly modulated by β2.
Neural-Specific Inactivation of ShcA Results in Increased Embryonic Neural Progenitor Apoptosis and Microencephaly
Authors: McFarland Karen N. , Wilkes Steven R. , Koss Sarah E. , Ravichandran Kodi S. , Mandell James W.
Published: July 2006

Brain size is precisely regulated during development and involves coordination of neural progenitor cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. The adapter protein ShcA transmits signals from receptor tyrosine kinases via MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase)/ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) and PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase)/Akt signaling pathways. In the CNS, ShcA expression is high during embryonic development but diminishes as cells differentiate and switches to ShcB/Sck/Sli and ShcC/N-Shc/Rai. To directly test ShcA function in brain development, we used Cre/lox technology to express a dominant-negative form of ShcA (ShcFFF) in nestin-expressing neural progenitors. ShcFFF-expressing mice display microencephaly with brain weights reduced to 50% of littermate controls throughout postnatal and adult life. The cerebrum appeared most severely affected, but the gross architecture of the brain is normal. Body weight was mildly affected with a delay in reaching mature weight. At a mechanistic level, the ShcFFF microencephaly phenotype appears to be primarily attributable to elevated apoptosis levels throughout the brain from embryonic day 10.5 (E10.5) to E12, which declined by E14.5. Apoptosis remained at normal basal levels throughout postnatal development. Proliferation indices were not significantly altered in the embryonic neuroepithelium or within the postnatal subventricular zone. In another approach with the samenestin-Cre transgene, conditional deletion of ShcA in mice with a homozygous floxedshc1locus also showed a similar microencephaly phenotype. Together, these data suggest a critical role for ShcA in neural progenitor survival signaling and in regulating brain size.
Migration, Transnationalism, and Belonging: Movements in the Nation‐State
Authors: GULLETTE GREGORY S.
Published: July 2006

Sovereign Bodies: Citizens, Migrants, and States in the Postcolonial World. Thomas Blom Hansen and Finn Stepputat, eds. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005. 366 pp.

When Women Come First: Gender and Class in Transnational Migration. Sheba Mariam George. Berkley: University of California Press, 2005. 259 pp.

In a New Land: A Comparative View of Immigration. Nancy Foner. New York: New York University Press, 2005. 327 pp.
Crossing, Creolization, and the African Roots of American Culture
Authors: OTTENHEIMER HARRIET JOSEPH
Published: July 2006

Group Harmony: The Black Urban Roots of Rhythm and Blues. Stuart L. Goosman. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005. 291 pp.

Right to Rock: The Black Rock Coalition and the Cultural Politics of Race. Maureen Mahon. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2004. 317 pp.

Crossovers: Essays on Race, Music, and American Culture. John Szwed. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005. 283 pp.
Anthropologies of Violence and Resistance
Authors: SANFORD VICTORIA D. L.
Published: July 2006

Encounters with Violence in Latin America: Urban Poor Perceptions from Colombia and Guatemala. Caroline O. N. Moser and Cathy McIlwaine. New York: Routledge, 2004. 272 pp.

Violence: Theory and Ethnography. Pamela J. Stewart and Andrew Strathern. New York: Continuum, 2002. 196 pp.

Shadows of War: Violence, Power, and International Profiteering in the Twenty‐First Century. Carolyn Nordstrom. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004. 293 pp.
Cross‐Cultural Approaches to Adoption; Cultures of Transnational Adoption
Authors: SELIGMANN LINDA J.
Published: July 2006

Cross‐Cultural Approaches to Adoption. Fiona Bowie, ed. New York: Routledge, 2005. 279 pp.

Cultures of Transnational Adoption. Toby Alice Volkman, ed. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005. 232 pp.
Sex in Development: Science, Sexuality, and Morality in Global Perspective
Authors: PHILEN ROBERT C.
Published: July 2006

Sex in Development: Science, Sexuality, and Morality in Global Perspective. Vincanne Adams and Stacy Leigh Pigg, eds. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005. 342 pp.
Yoga in Modern India: The Body between Science and Philosophy
Authors: SMITH FREDERICK M.
Published: July 2006

Yoga in Modern India: The Body between Science and Philosophy. Joseph S. Alter. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004. xxiii + 326 pp.
Asian Medicine and Globalization
Authors: PYLYPA JEN
Published: July 2006

Asian Medicine and Globalization. Joseph S. Alter, ed. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005. 187 pp.
The Logic of Environmentalism: Anthropology, Ecology and Postcoloniality
Authors: LAMPMAN AARON M.
Published: July 2006

The Logic of Environmentalism: Anthropology, Ecology and Postcoloniality. Vassos Argyrou. New York: Berghahn Books, 2005. 195 pp.
Toward an Integrative Medicine: Merging Alternative Therapies with Biomedicine
Authors: CAMERON MARY M.
Published: July 2006

Toward an Integrative Medicine: Merging Alternative Therapies with Biomedicine. Hans Baer. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press, 2005. 203 pp.
One Discipline, Four Ways: British, German, French, and American Anthropology
Authors: HANDLER RICHARD
Published: July 2006

One Discipline, Four Ways: British, German, French, and American Anthropology. Fredrik Barth, Andre Gingrich, Robert Parkin, and Sydel Silverman. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005. 406 pp.
The Archaeology of Childhood: Children, Gender, and Material Culture
Authors: ARDREN TRACI
Published: July 2006

The Archaeology of Childhood: Children, Gender, and Material Culture. Jane Eva Baxter. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, 2005. 142 pp.
In the Way of Development: Indigenous Peoples, Life Projects, and Globalization
Authors: GOODALE MARK
Published: July 2006

In the Way of Development: Indigenous Peoples, Life Projects, and Globalization. Mario Blaser, Harvey A. Feit, and Glenn McRae, eds. New York: Zed Books, 2004. 362 pp.
Equality and Economy: The Global Challenge
Authors: COHEN JEFFREY H.
Published: July 2006

Equality and Economy: The Global Challenge. Michael Blim. New York: AltaMira Press, 2005. 243 pp.
Equality and Economy: The Global Challenge
Authors: LEWIS DAVID
Published: July 2006

Equality and Economy: The Global Challenge. Michael Blim. New York: AltaMira Press, 2005. 241 pp.
The Word on the Street: Homeless Men in Las Vegas
Authors: ARNOLD KATHLEEN
Published: July 2006

The Word on the Street: Homeless Men in Las Vegas. Kurt Borchard. Las Vegas: University of Nevada Press, 2005. 232 pp.
Alliance and Conflict: The World System of the Iñupiaq Eskimos
Authors: DAWSON PETER C.
Published: July 2006

Alliance and Conflict: The World System of the Iñupiaq Eskimos. Ernest S. Burch Jr. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2005.
Natives Making Nation: Gender, Indigeneity, and the State in the Andes
Authors: GARCÍA MARÍA ELENA
Published: July 2006

Natives Making Nation: Gender, Indigeneity, and the State in the Andes. Andrew Canessa, ed. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2005. 201 pp.
A Companion to Psychological Anthropology
Authors: SEYMOUR SUSAN
Published: July 2006

A Companion to Psychological Anthropology. Conerly Casey and Robert B. Edgerton, eds. Williston, VT: Blackwell Publishers, 2005. 523 pp.
Taiwanese American Transnational Families: Women and Kin Work
Authors: BAO JIEMIN
Published: July 2006

Taiwanese American Transnational Families: Women and Kin Work. Maria W. L. Chee. New York: Routledge, 2005. 272 pp.
Cash, Color, and Colonialism: The Politics of Tribal Acknowledgement
Authors: CASTILE GEORGE PIERRE
Published: July 2006

Cash, Color, and Colonialism: The Politics of Tribal Acknowledgement. Reneé Ann Cramer. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2005. 234 pp.
Unlocking the Past: Celebrating Historical Archaeology in North America
Authors: CLARK BONNIE J.
Published: July 2006

Unlocking the Past: Celebrating Historical Archaeology in North America. Lu Ann De Cunzo and John H. JamesonJr., eds. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2005. 255 pp.
The Politics of the Past in an Argentine Working‐Class Neighbourhood
Authors: LAPEGNA PABLO
Published: July 2006

The Politics of the Past in an Argentine Working‐Class Neighbourhood. Lindsay DuBois. Toronto: Toronto Press, 2005. 283 pp.
Class Acts: An Anthropology of Service Workers and Their Union
Authors: SAVAGE LYDIA
Published: July 2006

Class Acts: An Anthropology of Service Workers and Their Union. E. Paul Durrenberger and Suzan Erem. Boulder: Paradigm Publishers, 2005. 216 pp.
Tired of Weeping: Mother Love, Child Death, and Poverty in Guinea‐Bissau
Authors: WILLS DOROTHY D.
Published: July 2006

Tired of Weeping: Mother Love, Child Death, and Poverty in Guinea‐Bissau. Jónina Einarsdóttir. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2005. 236 pp.
Beyond Territory and Scarcity: Exploring Conflicts over Natural Resource Management
Authors: SHERIDAN MICHAEL J.
Published: July 2006

Beyond Territory and Scarcity: Exploring Conflicts over Natural Resource Management. Quentin Gausset, Michael A. Whyte, and Torben Birch‐Thomsen, eds. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 2005. 218 pp.
Marked in Your Flesh: Circumcision from Ancient Judea to Modern America
Authors: LYONS HARRIET D.
Published: July 2006

Marked in Your Flesh: Circumcision from Ancient Judea to Modern America. Leonard B. Glick. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. 370 pp.
Andean Diaspora: The Tiwanaku Colonies and the Origins of South American Empire
Authors: URTON GARY
Published: July 2006

Andean Diaspora: The Tiwanaku Colonies and the Origins of South American Empire. Paul S. Goldstein. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2005. 403 pp.
Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology
Authors: AYA ROD
Published: July 2006

Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology. David Graeber. Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press, 2004. 105 pp.
More than Black: Afro‐Cubans in Tampa
Authors: MINDERHOUT DAVID J.
Published: July 2006

More than Black: Afro‐Cubans in Tampa. Susan D. Greenbaum. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002. 383 pp.
Art and Writing in the Maya Cities, A.D. 600–800: A Poetics of Line
Authors: O'NEIL MEGAN
Published: July 2006

Art and Writing in the Maya Cities, A.D. 600–800: A Poetics of Line. Adam Herring. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. 316 pp.
Traces of Ancestry: Studies in Honour of Colin Renfrew
Authors: SCHEPARTZ LYNNE A.
Published: July 2006

Traces of Ancestry: Studies in Honour of Colin Renfrew. Martin Jones, ed. Oakville: David Brown Book Company, 2004. 161 pp.
Ecological‐Evolutionary Theory: Principles and Applications
Authors: ANDERSON CONNIE
Published: July 2006

Ecological‐Evolutionary Theory: Principles and Applications. Gerhard Lenski. Boulder: Paradigm Publishers, 2005. 251 pp.
Politics of Piety: The Islamic Revival and the Feminist Subject
Authors: ISMAIL SALWA
Published: July 2006

Politics of Piety: The Islamic Revival and the Feminist Subject. Saba Mahmood. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005. 233 pages.
Placing Animals in the Neolithic: Social Zooarchaeology of Prehistoric Farming Communities
Authors: ZIMMERMANN‐HOLT JULIE
Published: July 2006

Placing Animals in the Neolithic: Social Zooarchaeology of Prehistoric Farming Communities. Arkadiusz Marciniak. Portland: Cavendish Publishing, 2005. 279 pp.
African Connections: Archaeological Perspectives on Africa and the Wider World
Authors: LaViolette Adria
Published: July 2006

African Connections: Archaeological Perspectives on Africa and the Wider World. Peter Mitchell. New York: AltaMira Press, 2005. 307 pp.
Political Ecology across Spaces, Scales, and Social Groups
Authors: PUTSCHE LAURA
Published: July 2006

Political Ecology across Spaces, Scales, and Social Groups. Susan Paulson and Lisa Gezon, eds. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2005. 289 pp.
The American South in a Global World
Authors: ETHRIDGE ROBBIE
Published: July 2006

The American South in a Global World. James L. Peacock, Harry L. Watson, and Carrie R. Matthews, eds. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005. 299 pp.
Reflections of Our Past: How Human History Is Revealed in Our Genes
Authors: SMITH SHELLEY L.
Published: July 2006

Reflections of Our Past: How Human History Is Revealed in Our Genes. John H. Relethford. Boulder: Westview Press, 2004. 257 pp.
Marketing Heritage: Archaeology and the Consumption of the Past
Authors: ERNSTEIN JULIE H.
Published: July 2006

Marketing Heritage: Archaeology and the Consumption of the Past. Yorke Rowan and Uzi Baram, eds. Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press, 2004. 315 pp.
The Irawq of Tanzania: Negotiating Rural Development
Authors: MAACK PAMELA A.
Published: July 2006

The Irawq of Tanzania: Negotiating Rural Development. Katherine A. Snyder. Cambridge, MA: Westview Press, 2005. 196 pp.
Chicken: The Dangerous Transformation of America's Favorite Food
Authors: BROADWAY MICHAEL
Published: July 2006

Chicken: The Dangerous Transformation of America's Favorite Food. Steve Striffler. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005. 195 pp.
The New Immigration: An Interdisciplinary Reader
Authors: BENSON JANET
Published: July 2006

The New Immigration: An Interdisciplinary Reader. Marcelo M. Suarez‐Orozco, Carola Suarez‐Orozco, and Desiree Baolian Quin, eds. New York: Routledge, 2005. 366 pp.
Chechnya: Life in a War‐Torn Society
Authors: WOLFE THOMAS C.
Published: July 2006

Chechnya: Life in a War‐Torn Society. Valery Tishkov. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004. 284 pp.
Values and Valuables: From the Sacred to the Symbolic
Authors: MALLIOS SETH
Published: July 2006

Values and Valuables: From the Sacred to the Symbolic. Cynthia Werner and Duran Bell, eds. New York: AltaMira Press, 2004. 326 pp.
Cultural Politics in Colonial Tehuantepec: Community and State among the Isthmus Zapotec, 1500–1750
Authors: TAVÁREZ DAVID
Published: July 2006

Cultural Politics in Colonial Tehuantepec: Community and State among the Isthmus Zapotec, 1500–1750. Judith Francis Zeitlin. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2005. 323 pp.
From French Revolution to English Reform: Hannah More, Harriet Martineau, and the "Little Book"
Authors: PETERSON LINDA H.
Published: July 2006

During the 1820s Harriet Martineau undertook the writing of tracts and "little books"for the Shropshire publisher Houlston and Son, a firm specializing in religious and didactic literature. This apprenticeship allowed Martineau to master the generic features and literary style of the didactic tract and turn those techniques to new uses in her industrial tales, The Rioters (1827) and The Turn-Out (1829). Later, Martineau transformed the politics of the "little book" in her Illustrations of Political Economy (1832-1834), a series exemplifying the economic theories of Adam Smith, James Mill, David Ricardo, and Thomas Malthus but intending to further the political goals of the Unitarian radicals. This essay argues that Martineau's "little books" were meant as the radical counterpart to Hannah More's Cheap Repository Tracts (1795-1798), a series of moral tales and didactic poems written during the 1790s in order to stifle the revolutionary impulses of the working classes and divert them into religious channels. By using the format and rhetorical features of the "little book," Martineau signals her desire to attract a popular audience and her intention, in the era of the First Reform Bill, to redirect knowledge from a conservative social and religious framework to a progressive,theory-based economics, politics, and literature.
Whitman's Occasional Nationalism: "A Broadway Pageant" and the Space of Public Poetry
Authors: WHITLEY EDWARD
Published: July 2006

Despite the attention given to New York City as a source of the poetic imagery and democratic energy in Walt Whitman's poetry, the space of mid-century New York has never fully been explicated as a site of convergence for Whitman's conflicting allegiances to a local working-class urban subculture, the global community, and the United States itself. The reason for this critical lacuna stems in part from a tendency to focus on Whitman's private lyrics rather than on the type of poetry that is necessarily connected with a specific geographic space-namely, public occasional verse. In "A Broadway Pageant" (1860), the only occasional poem that Whitman wrote after publishing the first edition of Leaves of Grass in 1855 and before the outbreak of the Civil War, New York City is presented as a site where city workers and international merchants converge during a moment of national celebration. Originally published in the New York Times to commemorate a parade held for the Meiji Japanese ambassadors who had come to Manhattan in 1860 to ratify a trade agreement with the United States,"A Broadway Pageant" demonstrates how the requirements of occasional poetry allow Whitman to articulate the local and global framework within which his otherwise nationalist poetics operates.
Mission Intolerable: Harrison Salisbury's Trip to Hanoi and the Limits of Dissent against the Vietnam War
Authors: LAWRENCE MARK ATWOOD
Published: July 2006

Recent scholarship has shown that U.S. policymakers went to war in Vietnam despite full knowledge of problems they would find there. Why then did policymakers set aside their worries and head down a highly uncertain road? This article proposes examining why institutions that criticized U.S. policymaking did not do so as forcefully as they might have. Specifically, it explores constraints that operated within the news media by investigating the controversy that swirled around a series of stories written by Harrison Salisbury and published by the New York Times in 1966 and 1967. These stories, written during and after Salisbury's extraordinary trip to North Vietnam,directly challenged several of the Johnson administration's claims about the war. Predictably, administration officials criticized the series. More surprisingly, Salisbury encountered condemnation from other publications and even his own paper. The article describes these critiques and discusses constraints on independent, critical reporting within the media.
The Alaska Pipeline as an Internal Improvement, 1969-1973
Authors: ASHENMILLER JOSHUA
Published: July 2006

Over four years after oil companies first applied for a permit, Congress authorized the Alaska Oil Pipeline in November 1973. Running from the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific,the pipeline crossed 600 miles of federal land, which made it a "major action significantly affecting the environment," thus triggering an environmental impact statement under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA). Standard accounts tell of revolutionary environmental laws running into the economic reality of the 1970s. What has been lost in the telling is that the pipeline approval offered Congress an opportunity to investigate the wisdom of a proposed internal improvement. The pipeline controversy was not just the first battle of the environmental decade. It also continued nearly two centuries of debate over internal improvements, public financing of private investments, federal incorporation, monopoly charters, and national security. The pipeline approval was as much a decision about political economy as it was an environmental policy decision.
Exhumation and Ethnic Conflict: From St. Erkenwald to Spenser in Ireland
Authors: SCHWYZER PHILIP
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT This essay explores a range of medieval and early modern English texts, including the alliterative poem St. Erkenwald and Edmund Spenser's Faerie Queene and View of the Present State of Ireland, inwhich the remains of subjugated peoples are exhumed and subsequently made to disappear. These texts, it is argued, participate in a tradition of colonial archaeology in which the cleansing of the earth is a step toward the creation of an English homeland.
Tomorrow's News Today: Astrology, Fate, and the Way Out
Authors: LEHOUX DARYN
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT By looking in detail at the philosophical and technical intricacies of a set of ancient astrological theories and their treatment of issues of determinism and free will, I show that there are good reasons to question the grounds for a distinction between science and pseudoscience, modern and premodern.
Goethe's Metamorphosis: Changing Forms in Nature, the Life Sciences, and Authorship
Authors: VON MÜCKE DOROTHEA
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT This article explores both Goethe's description of changing forms in nature and his deployment of different textual and generic forms in his scientific writings. The form and format in which he collected and published his morphological writings are analyzed as a reflection on scientific and literary authorship and originality.
Doing Justice in Aesthetics
Authors: CANUEL MARK
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT This essay argues that recent attempts to celebrate the aesthetics of beauty because of its privileged connection to equitable or just social relations are misguided; such accounts—by Elaine Scarry, Wendy Steiner, and Peter de Bolla—continue to be conditioned by the normative inclusions and exclusions that have characterized writing on beauty at least since the eighteenth century. The essay also argues for a reconsideration of Kant's sublime in order to arrive at a more convincing connection between aesthetics and social justice.
Genotoxicity in wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) along a pollution gradient: Exposure-, age-, and gender-related effects
Authors: Scheirs Jan , de Coen An , Covaci Adrian , Beernaert Joke , Kayawe Valentine Mubiana , Caturla Mercè , de Wolf Hans , Baert Philippe , Van Oostveldt Patrick , Verhagen Ron , Blust Ronny , de Coen Wim
Published: July 2006

We investigated the effects of environmental pollution on genetic damage in wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) by means of the comet assay, with special attention to the role of age and gender as potential confounding variables. The present study was carried out at four sites along a pollution gradient in the vicinity of Antwerp (Belgium), with a nonferrous smelter as the main pollution source. We measured the concentration of heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn) in mouse liver and kidney and the concentration of organochlorine compounds (polychlorinated biphenyls and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene) in mouse muscle tissue to assess individual exposure. Cadmium exposure was very high at the sites closest to the smelter, and exposure to this metal decreased with increasing distance from the smelter. Exposure to the other pollutants was low to moderate at the different sites. Genetic damage was higher in mice from populations in the vicinity of the nonferrous smelter compared with that in the control populations. A significant increase in genetic damage with age was observed at the most polluted sites, but not at the control sites. Genetic damage was higher in male mice than in female mice at the most polluted site, but not at the other areas. Yet, no obvious relationship was found between individual pollutant levels and individual genetic damage levels. We conclude that the comet assay can be used to compare genotoxicity at the population level if the confounding variables of gender and age are taken into account. However, its use for individual health risk assessment remains questionable.
Detection of androgenic activity in emissions from diesel fuel and biomass combustion
Authors: Owens Clyde V. , Lambright Christy , Cardon Mary , Gray L. Earl , Gullett Brian K. , Wilson Vickie S.
Published: July 2006

The present study evaluated both diesel fuel exhaust and biomass (wood) burn extracts for androgen receptor–mediated activity using MDA-kb2 cells, which contain an androgen-responsive promoter-luciferase reporter gene construct. This assay and analytical fractionization of the samples were used as tools to separate active from inactive fractions, with the goal of identifying the specific compounds responsible for the activity. A significant androgenic response was detected from the diesel emission. High-performance liquid chromatographic fractionation of the sample indicated that significant androgenic activity was retained in three fractions. 4-Hydroxybiphenyl was identified from the most active fraction using gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. This purified compound was then tested at doses from 1 nM to 100 μM. 4-Hydroxybiphenol exhibited antagonist activity at low concentrations and agonist activity at high concentrations. A competitive-binding assay confirmed binding to the androgen receptor, with a median inhibitory concentration for radioligand binding of approximately 370 nM. Significant androgenic activity also was detected in the wood burn samples, but we were unable to identify the specific chemicals responsible for this endocrine activity. The present study demonstrates that in vitro bioassays can serve as sensitive bioanalytical tools to aid in characterization of complex environmental mixtures.
Combined effects of a herbicide (atrazine) and predation on the life history of a pond snail, Physa gyrina
Authors: Sandland Gregory J. , Carmosini Nadia
Published: July 2006

We investigated the combined effects of chronic pesticide exposure and predation on the life-history traits of Physa gyrina. Results show that atrazine and predation can impact snail immune function, reproduction, and survival. This work emphasizes the need to assess sublethal life-history responses to multiple stressors over biologically relevant timescales.
Evaluation of the methoxytriazine herbicide prometon using a short-term fathead minnow reproduction test and a suite of in vitro bioassays
Authors: Villeneuve Daniel L. , Murphy Margaret B. , Kahl Michael D. , Jensen Kathleen M. , Butterworth Brian C. , Makynen Elizabeth A. , Durhan Elizabeth J. , Linnum Ann , Leino Richard L. , Curtis Lawrence R. , Giesy John P. , Ankley Gerald T.
Published: July 2006

Prometon is one of the most consistently detected herbicides in the U.S. environment. However, no previous assessment of the potential for prometon or related methoxytriazine herbicides to act as endocrine-disrupting chemicals has been conducted. This study used an array of in vitro bioassays to assess whether prometon, atraton, terbumeton, or secbumeton might act as potent (ant)agonists of the aryl hydrocarbon, estrogen, androgen, or glucocorticoid receptors or as aromatase inhibitors or inducers in vitro. Potential effects of prometon were also evaluated using a 21-d fathead minnow reproduction assay. Concentrations of methoxytriazines, as great as 1 mg/L (4.4 μM), did not induce significant dioxin-like responses in H4IIE-luc cells, estrogenic responses in MVLN cells, or androgen or glucocorticoid receptor–mediated responses in MDA-kb2 cells, nor did the methoxytriazines significantly affect aromatase activity in vitro. In the fathead minnow assay, exposure to 20, 200, or 1,000 μg prometon/L significantly reduced the weight of the male fat pad (an androgen-responsive tissue) relative to body weight. Exposure to 20 μg prometon/L significantly increased female plasma testosterone concentrations, but the effect was not observed at greater concentrations. Overall, prometon did not significantly reduce fecundity over the 21-d exposure, nor were other endpoints, including plasma vitellogenin and estradiol concentrations, brain and ovary aromatase activity, and male tubercle index, significantly affected. Evidence from our work suggests that prometon may cause subtle endocrine and/or reproductive effects in fathead minnows, but no clear mechanism of action was observed. The relevance of these effects to hazard assessment for the pesticide is uncertain.
Wheat Cultivar Performance on Certified Organic Fields in Minnesota and North Dakota
Authors: Carr Patrick M. , Kandel Herman J. , Porter Paul M. , Horsley Richard D. , Zwinger Steve F.
Published: July 2006

Synthetic agrichemicals are used to minimize nutrient deficiencies and pests when developing and selecting modern small‐grain cultivars. Some farmers believe that modern cultivars are not adapted to environments without these inputs, and old cultivars should be grown. Our objective was to determine the adaptability of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars for production in certified organic environments. A single seed lot for 15 cultivars and two seed lots each for two others were used to establish 19 treatments evaluated for grain yield, protein content, kernel and volume weight, along with phenotypical growth traits on four certified organic fields in Minnesota and North Dakota in 2003 and 2004. The cultivars represented different development eras, but 11 were released since 1995. Interactions between environments and cultivars existed for the four grain parameters (P < 0.05), but some modern cultivars ranked high consistently for yield, protein content, and volume weight. For example, the modern cultivar Walworth produced an average of 500 kg ha−1 more grain than the highest yielding cultivar developed before 1970. Seedling vigor and other phenotypical growth traits did not explain consistent yield differences between cultivars. These results suggest that modern spring wheat cultivars are adapted to certified organic environments. The phenotypical growth traits considered in this study are not suited as primary selection criterion for cultivars in certified organic environments.
Commerce and Industry in Nineteenth Century Paraguay: The Example ofYerba Mate
Authors: Reber Vera Blinn
Published: July 2006

Yerba mate, a primitive forest industry, demonstrates the interaction of private and state enterprise in nineteenth century Paraguay. A low capital investment industry based upon utilizing seasonal and unskilled labor,yerba matewas financed, collected, and sold by the private entrepreneur and the state. Demand for yerba in both internal and external markets assured satisfactory profits for businessmen, above average wages for laborers, and necessary revenues for government. As a major export of Paraguay from the end of the seventeenth century until the War of the Triple Alliance, The Great War of 1864-1870, yerba mate provides insight into government regulations, taxation, price controls, and foreign trade policies. Because of the significance of yerba mate for the Paraguayan economy, the state was involved in both production and trade, although government interest primarily assured revenues rather than state control. A description of the organization of the yerba mate industry and an analysis of government policies supports revisionist studies that the governments of José Gaspar de Francia, 1811-1840, Carlos Antonio López, 1844-1862, and Francisco Solano López, 1862-1870 were pragmatic and rational rather than dictatorial and monopolistic.
Oidores Letrados and the Idea of Justice, 1480-1570
Authors: Vigil Ralph H.
Published: July 2006

This article attempts to compare the qualifications ascribed to law graduates who received appointments as oidores (royal judges) with their character and conduct as royal agents charged with the administration of the king's wishes, laws, edicts, and provisions. Because my conclusions are based on the conduct of royal judges serving in the appellate courts of Granada, Española, New Granada, Guatemala, and Mexico in the sixteenth century, this is not a definitive study. More than a thousand judges served in the New World audiencias (high courts) up to 1700. Moreover, judicial reviews (residencias), letters to the Crown, and related materials tend to stress sins of commission or omission rather than the good deeds of the royal magistrates. Sources also reflect differences between royal agents, conflict between royal agents and provincial officials, and the clash between the interests of the Crown, the church, and the colonists. Granted these limitations, enough documentation exists to observe the dichotomy between the administration of justice by magistrates, who were men of flesh and bone, and the idea of the wise and clement judge discharging the royal conscience by making it conform to natural and divine law.
The Cuban Autonomist Movement's Perception of Canada, 1865-1898: Its Implication
Authors: Ogelsby J.C.M.
Published: July 2006

The history of Cuba from the 1860s to 1898 has been written largely from the revolutionary,independentistaperspective. It is a perspective that has been appealing to U.S. and Cuban historians alike, but it may well be a perspective that has distorted the Cuban political experience and made it more difficult to understand the Cuban reality. That this perspective is alive and well can be seen in recent publications which give short shrift to the Cuban Autonomist movement, a movement that was essentially Cuban and whose leadership came from the largely urban, professional elite that rejected both annexation and independence.