bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inhalation and Perfusion Lung Scans in Bronchial Asthma
Authors: Despas P. , Walker A. , McRae J. , Read John
Published: September 2017

Inhalation and perfusion lung scans were performed in 15 patients with bronchial asthma, during an exacerbation and during a relatively symptom‐free phase in each patient. The inhalation scans were obtained using an aerosol containing a Tc99m‐iron complex, the perfusion scans with intravenously injected I131 macro‐aggregated albumin.

The pulmonary distribution of both inhaled and injected material was uneven in all 15 patients during exacerbations of asthma. The distribution of both inhaled and injected material became more even as the patients recovered.

The limitations of an inhaled radio‐active aerosol as an indicator of uneven distribution of ventilation were explored. In particular, it was found that aerosol was selectively deposited on sputum lying proximally in the bronchial tree.

In five patients during an exacerbation of asthma, the distribution of isotope in the perfusion scan was very similar to the distribution of isotope in the inhalation scan. This indicates fairly good matching of blood flow distribution with abnormal ventilation distribution on a topographical basis in such patients.
Blood Fibrinolysis and Coagulation in New Guineans and Australians
Authors: Grace C. S. , Sinnett P. F. , Whyte H. M.
Published: September 2017

Studies were made in fasting and resting healthy New Guineans, 24 males and 24 females, and 71 young Australian males. New Guineans had shorter recalcification coagulation times (means, 250 v. 324 sec.) and shorter dilute blood clot lysis times (2.88 v. 3.92 hr) but not shorter euglobulin lysis times than Australians. The two measures of fibrinolysis correlated highly in both races (r >0.6, P <0.001). Measures of coagulability, including partial thromboplastin times in Australians, did not correlate significantly with any indices of body build. An inverse relationship between blood fibrinolytic activity and adiposity as measured by skinfolds was present but statistically insignificant in both racial groups. A more accurate estimate of body fat could be made only in Australians and gave a significant relationship (r ‐0.275, P <0.02). From consideration of the results and published reports it was suggested that there is a true relationship between fibrinolysis and adiposity which holds for different races and that differences in body fatness may account for much of the observed racial differences in fibrinolysis. There was no relation of fibrinolysis to muscularity. Blood fibrinolysis was positively related to coagulability (r >0.4, P <0.001) in both racial groups. Further work is needed on the interplay between the coagulative and fibrinolytic systems and its possible relevance to the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic and thrombotic diseases.
Fibrin Degradation Products in Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Authors: Fiddes P. J. , Penny R.
Published: September 2017

A 68‐year‐old man presented with the typical picture of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. The presence of fibrin degradation products in the patient's serum was demonstrated as the only abnormality of coagulation.

The patient is unusual in that the evidence for the presence of a consumption coagulopathy rested upon the presence of fibrin degradation products and thrombocytopenia. He has recovered following heparin therapy, and is being maintained asymptomatically, despite evidence of continued disease activity, by use of warfarin sodium.
Polycythaemia Vera and Chorea
Authors: Sangster J. F.
Published: September 2017

Polycythaemia vera is often associated with neurological syndromes, but it is rare for it to present as chorea. A 71‐year‐old woman presented totally incapacitated by her gross chorea and responded dramatically to treatment of her underlying polycythaemia vera. A haematological relapse was accompanied by a mild recurrence of symptoms, which again improved after further venesection. The possible pathogenesis is discussed.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Induced by Procaine Amide
Authors: Whittingham Senga , Mackay I. R.
Published: September 2017

A disease resembling spontaneous systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and lupus nephritis occurred in a 65‐year‐old man with cardiac arrhythmia given procaine amide. The features included arthralgia, fever, a rheumatoid nodule, glomerulonephritis with deposits of immune complexes in the kidney and high titres of antinuclear antibody. Prednisolone induced a remission but a subsequent pulmonary embolus was fatal.

It is not known how auto‐immune disease is induced by drugs, particularly procaine amide, nor why man is susceptible whereas laboratory animals are not. A better understanding of SLE induced by procaine amide and certain other drugs could clarify causal mechanisms of auto‐immune disease in general.
K2CaSi4O10: A novel phase in the ternary system K2O–CaO–SiO2 and member of the litidionite group of crystal structures
Authors: Schmidmair Daniela , Kahlenberg Volker , Grießer Anja
Published: September 2017

The main goal of this work was to verify whether a phase with composition K2CaSi4O10 exists in the ternary system K2O‐CaO‐SiO2. Therefore, a series of solid‐state reactions of stoichiometric mixtures of K2CO3, CaCO3 and SiO2 was performed at 800 and 900?C which, indeed, resulted in the formation of this previously unknown potassium calcium silicate. More detailed characterizations of this compound were based on single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction experiments. Basic crystallographic data are as follows: triclinic symmetry, space group P‐1, a = 7.0915(7) Å, b = 8.4211(9) Å, c = 10.2779(12) Å, α = 104.491(10)°, β = 100.570(9)°, γ = 113.738(9)°, V = 515.26(10) Å3, Z = 2. Structure solution was performed by direct methods. Subsequent refinement calculations using anisotropic displacement parameters for all atoms converged to a residual of R(|F|) = 0.0355 for 1889 independent reflections with I > 2σ(I). From a structural point of view K2CaSi4O10 belongs to the so‐called litidionite family of A′AMSi4O10 compounds for which several natural and synthetic representatives have been described in the literature. Actually, it is the first member where the A′‐ and A‐positions are exclusively occupied by K‐ions. Following the nomenclature for oxosilicates K2CaSi4O10 can be allocated to the group of the tubular chain silicates. Fundamental building units are loop‐branched dreier double chains (running parallel to [100]) which can be described using the following structural formula: {lB,}[3Si8O20]. Ca‐ions are coordinated by 5 nearest oxygen neighbors in form of distorted trigonal bipyramids. By sharing a common edge two adjacent bipyramids are linked into [Ca2O8]‐dimers providing linkage between consecutive tubes in the direction of the c‐axis. Charge compensation is achieved by the incorporation of the larger potassium ions into cavities of the heteropolyhedral network. Powder X‐ray diffraction patterns of the bulk material of the synthesis products revealed that, additionally to K2CaSi4O10, the 800°C ‐sample contained K8CaSi10O25 and at least one further, yet unknown crystalline phase. This unidentified so‐called 22‐Å compound was also present in the 900 °C‐specimen together with K2CaSi4O10 and K2Ca4Si8O21. Our proof of existence of K2CaSi4O10 is a further step towards a better understanding of the ternary system K2O‐CaO‐SiO2 and provides a basis for identification and quantification of this compound in phase analysis. It corrects earlier phase‐analytical studies on this system which is of relevance for applied and technical mineralogy including different types of residual materials such as slags or ashes from biomass combustion. The results of our investigation show that even comparatively simple ternary oxide systems are not as well understood as expected.
Effects of food limitation on the intensity of blue‐green and brown eggshell coloration: an experimental study with the canary
Authors: Hargitai Rita , Boross Nóra , Nyiri Zoltán , Eke Zsuzsanna
Published: September 2017

Variation in blue‐green and brown coloration of avian eggshells could be affected by several factors, including environmental nutritional constraints. Better availability of nutrients could influence the synthesis and deposition of pigments into the eggshell, so we may expect a link between the food availability during egg formation, the body condition of the female and intensity of eggshell coloration. This hypothesis has received mixed support so far: in some bird species a positive correlation between female body condition and eggshell blue‐green coloration could be demonstrated, but other studies failed to find a significant link. In this study, we experimentally limited the food availability for domestic canaries Serinus canaria prior to and during egg laying, and examined its effects on the biliverdin‐ and protoporphyrin‐based eggshell coloration. Treatment had no significant effect on eggshell blue‐green chroma and biliverdin concentration. However, we found a significant positive relationship between female body condition and eggshell background blue‐green chroma in the control group, but not in the food restricted group. Females possibly experiencing a decline in antioxidant capacity due to food limitation may not be able to produce a blue‐green eggshell colour intensity reliably indicating their body condition. Furthermore, food‐restricted canary females laid eggs with significantly higher eggshell brown chroma, spot intensity, and protoporphyrin concentration. Therefore, our results suggest that limitation in actual nutrient availability increases deposition of protoporphyrin into the eggshell, and it may also modify the association between female body condition and intensity of blue‐green eggshell coloration.
Effect of light‐level geolocators on apparent survival of two highly aerial swift species
Authors: Morganti Michelangelo , Rubolini Diego , Åkesson Susanne , Bermejo Ana , de la Puente Javier , Lardelli Roberto , Liechti Felix , Boano Giovanni , Tomassetto Erika , Ferri Mauro , Caffi Mario , Saino Nicola , Ambrosini Roberto
Published: September 2017

Light‐level geolocators are currently widely used to track the migration of small‐sized birds, but their potentially detrimental effects on survival of highly aerial species have been poorly investigated so far. We recorded capture–recapture histories of 283 common swiftsApus apusand 107 pallid swiftsApus pallidusbreeding in 14 colonies in Italy, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland that were equipped with 10 different types of geolocators (‘geolocator birds’), and compared their survival with that of, respectively, 215 common and 101 pallid swifts not equipped with geolocators (‘control birds’). Data were analysed using both GLMMs with return rate as a proxy for survival and mark–recapture models to estimate survival while accounting for recapture probability. In all the analyses, geolocator birds showed reduced apparent survival compared to controls. Geolocator weight was always lower than 3% of body mass, and did not affect survival per se. Geolocators with a light‐stalk, which is used in some geolocator models to reduce light sensor shading by feathers, decreased apparent survival more than models without light‐stalk. Apparent survival of geolocator birds significantly varied among sites, being much higher in northern Europe. Despite in our analyses we could only partly account for variable recapture probabilities among sites and for inter‐annual variability in survival, our results generally showed that equipping swifts with geolocators decreased their survival prospects, but also that the magnitude of this effect may depend on species‐specific traits. These conclusions are in line with those of other studies on aerial foragers. We suggest that future studies tracking the movements of aerial insectivorous birds should use devices designed to minimize drag.
Diet and body shape changes of pāroko Kelloggella disalvoi (Gobiidae) from intertidal pools of Easter Island
Authors: Vera‐Duarte J. , Bustos C. A. , Landaeta M. F.
Published: September 2017

This study assesses seasonal variation in the morphology and diet of juveniles and adults of the Easter Island endemic goby Kelloggella disalvoi from intertidal pools during September–October 2015 (spring) and June–July 2016 (winter), utilizing geometric morphometric and gut‐content analyses. A set of 16 landmarks was digitized in 128 individuals. Shape changes related to size changes (i.e. allometry) were low (18·6%) and were seasonally similar. Body shape changes were mainly dorsoventral (44·2% of variance) and comprised posteroventral displacement of the premaxilla and bending of the body. The latter included vertical displacement of the anterior portion of the first and second dorsal fins and the entire base of the caudal fin. Diets mainly comprised developmental stages of harpacticoid copepods (from eggs to adults), ostracods, isopods, gastropods and bivalves. Also, trophic niche breadth remained constant throughout development and did not vary between seasons. Nonetheless, significant dietary differences were detected in specimens collected during spring (main prey items: harpacticoid copepods and copepod eggs) and winter (harpacticoid copepods and copepod nauplii). Finally, there was weak but significant covariation between diet and morphology: molluscivores were characterized by having an inferior mouth gape, whereas planktivores had an anteriorly directed premaxilla.
Transcriptome characterization of HPG axis from Chinese sea perch Lateolabrax maculatus
Authors: Wang Z. P. , Wang D. , Wang C. L. , Xie W. J. , Zhu Y. F. , Chen X. W.
Published: September 2017

Here the transcriptome and differential gene expression in the adult brain and gonads of the Chinese sea perch Lateolabrax maculatus were reported. A total of 78 256 909 clean reads were generated from the adult brain, ovary and testis by using the Illumina HiSeq2000 platform and assembled into 274 909 contigs. A total of 31 683 unigenes were annotated based on sequence similarity and 20 702 unigenes were found to exhibit 8237 gene ontology terms and 3888 signal pathways. Transcripts of 26 623 unigenes were present in all of the tissues, whereas pairwise comparisons revealed that 671/367, 496/315 and 1668/580 unigenes were up–down regulated by at least two‐fold between the brain and ovary, ovary and testis and brain and testis, respectively. Homology search led to the identification of reproduction‐associated genes of the brain‐gonad axis, including those involved in sex differentiation and maintenance. The data provided an integrated and comprehensive transcriptome resource for L. maculatus, which could be used for further research on hypothalamus‐pituitary‐gonad axis gene function, reproduction regulation and sex‐biased gene expression.
Are brown trout Salmo trutta fario and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss two of a kind? A comparative study of salmonids to temperature‐influenced Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae infection
Authors: Bailey C , Schmidt‐Posthaus H , Segner H , Wahli T , Strepparava N
Published: September 2017

Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) of salmonids caused by Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae causes high mortalities of wild brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) and farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at elevated water temperatures. Here the aim was to compare the temperature‐dependent modulation of T. bryosalmonae in the two salmonid host species, which display different temperature optima. We used a novel experimental set‐up in which we exposed brown trout and rainbow trout to an identical quantified low concentration of T. bryosalmonae for a short time period (1 hr). We followed the development of the parasite in the fish hosts for 70 days. PKD prevalence and parasite kinetics were assessed using qPCR. Exposures were performed at temperatures (12°C and 15°C) that reflect an environmental scenario that may occur in the natural habitat of salmonids. T. bryosalmonae infection was confirmed earliest in brown trout kept at 15°C (day 7 post‐exposure) while, in all other groups, T. bryosalmonae was not confirmed until day 15 post‐exposure. Moreover, significantly greater infection prevalence and a faster increase of parasite intensity were observed in brown trout kept at 15°C than in all other groups. These results indicate that PKD is differentially modulated by water temperature in related host species.
Nocturia is Associated with Poor Sleep Quality Among Older Women in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures
Authors: Fung Constance H. , Vaughan Camille P. , Markland Alayne D. , Huang Alison J. , Mitchell Michael N. , Bliwise Donald L. , Ancoli‐Israel Sonia , Redline Susan , Alessi Cathy A. , Stone Katie
Published: September 2017

Objectives

(1) To examine relationships between frequency of nocturia and self‐reported sleep quality and objective sleep measures in older women, and (2) to estimate the amount of variation in sleep measures that is specifically attributable to frequency of nocturia.

Design and setting

Secondary, cross sectional analysis of the multicenter prospective cohort Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF).

Participants

Community‐dwelling women aged ≥80 years.

Measurements

Frequency of nocturia in the previous 12 months, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index sleep quality subscale, and actigraphy‐measured wake after sleep onset (WASO) and total sleep time (TST).

Results

Of 1,520 participants, 25% (n = 392) reported their nocturia frequency was 3–4 times/night and an additional 60% (n = 917) reported their nocturia frequency was 1–2 times/night. More frequent nocturia was associated with poor sleep quality (3–4/night: 26.8% reported fairly bad or very bad sleep quality; 1–2/night: 14.7%; 0/night: 7.7%; P < .001) and longer WASO (3–4/night: 89.8 minutes; 1–2/night: 70.6; 0/night: 55.5; P < .001). In nested regression models, a nocturia frequency of 3–4/night quadrupled the odds of poor sleep quality (odds ratio: 4.26 [95% CI 1.65, 11.01]; P = .003) and was associated with a 37‐minute worsening in WASO (95% CI 26.0, 49.0; P < .001). Frequency of nocturia explained an additional 6% variation in WASO, above and beyond demographic, medical/psychiatric conditions, and medication factors (∆R2 = 0.06).

Conclusions

Nocturia is common among octogenarian and nonagenarian women and is independently associated with poor sleep quality and longer wake time at night. Interventions that improve nocturia may be useful in improving sleep quality and wake time at night.
Scaling Back and Finding Flexibility: Gender Differences in Parents' Strategies to Manage Work–Family Conflict
Authors: Young Marisa , Schieman Scott
Published: September 2017

Studies show that fathers report work–family conflict levels comparable to mothers. The authors examine gender differences in work‐related strategies used to ease such conflicts. The authors also test whether the presence of young children at home shapes parents' use of different strategies. They address these focal questions using panel data from the Canadian Work, Stress, and Health study (N = 306 fathers, 474 mothers). The authors find that mothers with young children are more likely to scale back on work demands when compared with fathers with young children, but mothers and fathers with older children are equally likely to pursue these strategies. Furthermore, women with young children and men with older children are more likely to seek increased schedule control as a result of work–family conflict when compared with their parent counterparts. The authors situate these findings in the vast literature on the consequences of work–family conflict.
Interactions between erythromycin, flunixin meglumine, levamisole and plant secondary metabolites towards bovine gastrointestinal motility—in vitro study
Authors: Mendel M. , Chłopecka M. , Dziekan N. , Karlik W.
Published: September 2017

Continued ingestion of plant secondary metabolites by ruminants can provoke pharmacological interactions with pharmaceutical agents used in animals. As some drugs and phytocompounds affect smooth muscle activity, the aim of this study was to verify the possible interaction between selected pharmaceutical agents and plant secondary metabolites towards bovine gastrointestinal motility. The interactions between phytocompounds—apigenin, quercetin, hederagenin, medicagenic acid—and medicines—erythromycin, flunixin meglumine and levamisole—were evaluated on bovine isolated abomasal and duodenal specimens obtained from routinely slaughtered cows. The obtained results confirmed the contractile effect of all three drugs used solely. Hederagenin and medicagenic acid (0.001 μM) enhanced the contractile effect of levamisole. Hederagenin additionally increased the impact of erythromycin. Both saponins (100 μM) showed synergistic effects with all tested pharmaceuticals. Apigenin and quercetin (0.001 μM) intensified the contractile response induced by erythromycin and levamisole. Moreover, both flavonoids (100 μM) showed an antagonistic interaction with all tested drugs which in that situation were devoid of the prokinetic effect. To conclude, plant metabolic metabolites such as saponins and flavonoids are potent modifiers of the effect of drugs towards gut motility. The synergy observed between phytocompounds and selected medicines can be beneficial in the treatment of cows with hypomotility disorders.
“Corpses … Coast to Coast!” Trauma, gender, and race in 1950s horror comics
Authors: Smith Philip , Goodrum Michael
Published: September 2017

During the 1950s, a moral panic around youth culture and delinquency dominated the contemporary imagination. Rock n' roll and the new wave of youth‐focused films seemed to critics to posit an alternative culture antagonistic to that of older generations. One cultural form sparked particular censorious intent: the horror comic book. Many critics of the 1940s and 1950s dwelt obsessively on the impact of horror comics on youthful readers. The culmination of this movement was the 1954 Senate Subcommittee Hearings on Juvenile Delinquency, which resulted in the implementation of a harsh new self‐regulatory comics code and the end of the horror and crime genres. In this study, we argue that rather than (or perhaps as well as) promoting juvenile delinquency, horror comics served an important social function in that they presented a challenge to the dominant culture in cold war America. They corroborated the veteran experience; questioned faith in science and industry; recognised women as victims of war; and embodied, on occasion, many of the themes of the early Civil Rights movement. It was because of these countercultural impulses that the horror genre in comics was, ultimately, brought to an untimely end.
Healthcare professionals’ perceptions of neglect of older people in Mexico: A qualitative secondary analysis
Authors: Caceres Billy A. , Bub Linda , Negrete Maria Isabel , Giraldo Rodríguez Liliana , Squires Allison P.
Published: September 2017

Aims and objectives

To describe healthcare professionals’ perceptions of neglect of older people in Mexico.

Background

Mistreatment of older people, particularly neglect, has emerged as a significant public health concern worldwide. However, few studies have been conducted to examine neglect of older people in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Most research has focused on estimating the prevalence of neglect in older populations with little emphasis on the perceptions of healthcare professionals and their role in addressing neglect of older people.

Design

Qualitative secondary analysis.

Methods

The parent study consisted of nine focus groups conducted with healthcare professionals at five public hospitals in Mexico. The purpose of the parent study was to perform a needs assessment to determine the feasibility of adapting the Nurses Improving Care for Healthsystem Elders programme to Mexico. A qualitative secondary analysis with directed content analysis approach was used to extract data related to neglect of older people.

Results

A total of 89 participants representing healthcare professionals from several disciplines were interviewed. Three themes emerged: (i) The main point is not here; (ii) We feel hopeless; and (iii) We need preparation. Participants reported distress and hopelessness related to neglect of older people. Lack of community‐based resources was noted as contributing to neglect. Increased education regarding care of older people for both caregivers and healthcare professionals and greater interdisciplinary collaboration were identified as potential solutions to combat neglect.

Conclusions

Community‐based services and resource allocation need to be re‐evaluated to improve the care of older Mexicans. Interdisciplinary models of care should be developed to address concerns related to neglect of older people.

Implications for practice

Neglect negatively impacts healthcare professionals’ ability to adequately care for older patients. There is a need to invest in community‐based services and models of care to address these concerns.
Illness Perceptions Explain the Variance in Functional Disability, but Not Habitual Physical Activity, in Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Leysen Marijke , Nijs Jo , Van Wilgen C. Paul , Struyf Filip , Meeus Mira , Fransen Erik , Demoulin Christophe , Smeets Rob J.E.M. , Roussel Nathalie A.
Published: September 2017

Introduction

Although the importance of psychosocial factors has been highlighted in many studies in patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP), there is a lack of research examining the role of illness perceptions in explaining functional disability and physical activity in patients with CLBP.

Aim

The aim of the study was to explore the value of illness perceptions in explaining functional disability and physical activity in patients with CLBP.

Methods

Eighty‐four participants with CLBP (of > 3 months' duration) completed a battery of questionnaires investigating psychosocial factors (Pain Catastrophizing Scale [PCS], Illness Perceptions Questionnaire Revised [IPQ‐R], and 36‐Item Short Form mental health scale [SF‐36_MH]) and perceived pain intensity (visual analog scale [VAS]), as well as the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Baecke questionnaire. The latter 2 were entered separately as dependent variables in a regression analysis.

Results

The combined variables (VAS, PCS, SF‐36_MH, IPQ‐R) accounted for 62% of the variance in functional disability (ODI). Adding the results of the IPQ‐R to the scores of the other 3 variables (VAS, PCS, SF‐36_MH) significantly increased the explained variance of ODI scores in CLBP patients, yielding 18% additional information (P < 0.01). Only 5% of the variance in the Baecke questionnaire was explained by combining the 4 variables. None of the single variables alone made a significant contribution to R².

Conclusions

Illness perceptions are an important factor for explaining functional disability, but not for explaining habitual physical activity in CLBP patients.
Overeducation: Concept, theories, and empirical evidence
Authors: Capsada‐Munsech Queralt
Published: September 2017

The educational expansion experienced in most advanced economies in the past few decades has triggered a thriving debate on overeducation. Research on overeducation has traditionally been addressed from an economic perspective, mainly focusing on wage returns to extra years of education. More recently, the sociological literature has contributed to overeducation research by identifying individual characteristics that help us to differentiate overeducated from non‐overeducated workers. Moreover, the sociological perspective has explored more in depth the role of educational and labour market institutions in assessing overeducation incidence and duration across countries. These contributions have eased the path to frame overeducation as a form of social stratification, rather than as an inefficient educational investment in economic terms. The present article reviews the economic literature on overeducation and incorporates the sociological perspective, understanding overeducation as a disadvantageous form of employment.
A Case Study of State‐Level Policymakers’ Discursive Co‐Constructions of Welfare Drug Testing Policy and Gender, Race, and Class
Authors: Amundson Kalynn , Zajicek Anna
Published: September 2017

Welfare provision is distributed based on determinations of recipient worthiness, commonly assessed by racial‐ and gender‐specific characterizations of the poor as constructed through policy discourse. Social constructions of the poor contribute to the construction of welfare policy discourse and subsequently welfare policy. Welfare drug testing policy raises questions of the co‐constructions of race, class, and gender and welfare drug testing discourses. This case study of state legislators’ discourse on welfare drug testing explores these ideas. Using an intersectional perspective, we examine how categories of race, class, and gender give meanings to policy discourses concerning drug testing of welfare recipients, and conversely, how policy discourses concerning welfare drug testing give meanings to categories of race, class, and gender. We find a move away from explicit racialized and gendered discourse, and toward implicit constructions of race and gender, with a predominant explicit focus on constructions of social class in the characterization of an unworthy, suspect, and deviant poor population. The constructions of race, gender, and particularly social class effectively co‐construct welfare drug testing discourse, which justifies welfare drug testing policy in order to manage the derelict poor.
The Electoral Geography of the Left in Western Europe Since 1945: Permanencies and Changes
Authors: Van Hamme Gilles , Vandermotten Christian , Lockhart Pablo Medina
Published: September 2017

This paper interrogates the stability of relative geographical patterns of electoral results in Europe since World War II in a context of the dramatic socio‐economic changes and the deep transformations of the European geography. To do so, we propose a theoretical model in which regional political orientations along the Left vs. Right cleavage dates back to the end of the nineteenth century or even before, related to the land tenure, the familial structure, the time of the industrial take off or the impact of religion. Specifically, we show that the current electoral map is still partly related to such old structures, long after they vanish. To explain this hysteresis, we refer to the role of social networks and institutions embedded in places, allowing the transmission of electoral behaviour from one generation to the other. However, the West European electoral map has not been frozen, and, in the last part of the paper, we explain how major political and socio‐economic changes alter political behaviour of places.
Multiplate and TEG platelet mapping in a population of severely injured trauma patients
Authors: George M. J. , Burchfield J. , MacFarlane B. , Wang Y.‐W. W. , Cardenas J. C. , White N. J. , Gill B. S. , Wade C. E.
Published: September 2017

Objectives

The objectives of this study were to compare thromboelastography platelet mapping (TEG PM) with impedance aggregometry (Multiplate, MP) in a single trauma population and relate their results clinically.

Background

Platelet function as measured by thromboelastography and impedance aggregometry demonstrates significant reductions that persist for days following traumatic injury. However, no study compares these devices and the correlation between them is not known.

Methods

In level 1 trauma patients, TEG PM and MP were conducted at their initial presentation to the emergency department. Within‐device repeatability and between‐device association were determined using correlation analyses. Demographic variables, Injury Severity Score, blood product transfusion, laboratory test results and mortality rate were recorded.

Results

Ninety‐two patients were enrolled. Within‐device repeatability was high for TEG PM and MP for arachidonic acid (AA) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) activation pathways. When comparing TEG PM with MP, results correlated poorly in the ADP pathway (Spearman's rho = 0·11, P = 0·44) and moderately in the AA pathway (Spearman's rho = 0·56, P < 0·0001). TEG PM was predictive of blood product transfusion and correlated with increased base deficit, whereas MP was only predictive of mortality.

Conclusions

Intra‐device variability was low for TEG PM and MP, but the two point‐of‐care devices measuring platelet function correlate poorly with each other in injured trauma patients. Each device also had different clinical associations.
Sketching Biological Phenomena and Mechanisms
Authors: Sheredos Benjamin , Bechtel William
Published: September 2017

In many fields of biology, both the phenomena to be explained and the mechanisms proposed to explain them are commonly presented in diagrams. Our interest is in how scientists construct such diagrams. Researchers begin with evidence, typically developed experimentally and presented in data graphs. To arrive at a robust diagram of the phenomenon or the mechanism, they must integrate a variety of data to construct a single, coherent representation. This process often begins as the researchers create a first sketch, and it continues over an extended period as they revise the sketch until they arrive at a diagram they find acceptable. We illustrate this process by examining the sketches developed in the course of two research projects directed at understanding the generation of circadian rhythms in cyanobacteria. One identified a new aspect of the phenomenon itself, whereas the other aimed to develop a new mechanistic account. In both cases, the research resulted in a paper in which the conclusion was presented in a diagram that the authors deemed adequate to convey it. These diagrams violate some of the normative “cognitive design principles” advanced by cognitive scientists as constraints on successful visual communication. We suggest that scientists’ sketching is instead governed by norms of success that are broadly explanatory: conveying the phenomenon or mechanism.
Korea's growth‐driven trade policies: Inclusive or exclusive?
Authors: Kang Moonsung , Park Innwon , Rhee Dong‐Eun
Published: September 2017

We attempted to find whether the Korea's growth‐driven trade policies during the period of its industrialisation has contributed to output growth together with income distribution by qualitatively analysing the performance of trade policies interacting with the multilateral trading system over time. In addition, we conducted a regression analysis to investigate the effect of Korea's trade growth on inclusive growth during its industrialisation period covering the period of 1976–2011. We found that the recent reform policies reported in the WTO's Trade policy review for Korea in 2016 have attempted to achieve more balanced distribution of gains from trade but not enough to lead the Korean economy to a well‐balanced welfare state. More specifically, we found the positive effects of international trade on inclusive growth driven by strong output growth effect, not by the effect on income distribution. Even though income distribution measured by Gini indices has been worsened after the East Asian financial crisis, we could not find significant evidence that Korea's rapid international trade growth has been responsible for the deteriorating income inequality.
A novel non‐azole topical treatment reducesMalassezianumbers and associated dermatitis: a short term prospective, randomized, blinded and placebo‐controlled trial in naturally infected dogs
Authors: Sjöström Ylva , Mellor Paul , Bergvall Kerstin
Published: September 2017

Background

Malasseziayeast overgrowth on the skin is a common and often recurrent cause of dermatitis in dogs; it can be an exacerbating factor of atopic dermatitis. Anti‐fungal drugs have been a standard treatment, but there is some concern that resistance may be evolving in a spectrum ofMalasseziaspecies. Safe, efficient and easy‐to‐use alternatives are needed.

Objectives

To assess if a commercially available topical non‐azole solution applied to paws affected byMalassezia‐associated dermatitis (MAD), could ameliorateMalassezianumbers and associated signs over a short term (14 day) trial.

Animals

Eighteen dogs withMADaffecting at least two paws.

Methods

The study design was prospective, randomized, blinded and placebo‐controlled, using a split‐body protocol. Dogs were treated once daily with the test solution on one paw and placebo on the other. Dogs were examined at days 0 and 14 ± 3. The primary end‐point wasMalassezianumbers assessed cytologically. Secondary end‐points were clinical scores for lesion severity and pruritus as assessed by a pruritus Visual Analog Scale (PVAS). Owner compliance and adverse effects were assessed.

Results

There was a statistically significant reduction inMalassezianumbers and clinical scores for paws treated with the test solution versus placebo. No statistical difference inPVASwas found.

Conclusion

Daily topical application of the test solution was effective in reducing theMalasseziaburden, as well as improving clinical scores in dogs withMADof the paws. No adverse effects were reported and owners described the product as either “easy” or “very easy” to use.
Longevity, dormancy and germination of Cyanus segetum
Authors: Guillemin J‐P , Bellanger S , Reibeil C , Darmency H
Published: September 2017

Cyanus segetum is an iconic, colourful weed in arable fields that provides ecological and societal services. To understand better both the infestation dynamics of C. segetum as an abundant, harmful weed and maintain sustainable populations where it provides beneficial services, we compared information on seed dormancy, seed longevity and germination conditions in two populations. Persistence of seeds buried in the soil was low, with <10% viable after 3 years. Periodic dormancy cycling was observed over the 4 years in the soil, with a maximum of dormant seeds in the spring and a minimum in the autumn; however, 20% of the seeds were non‐dormant all the time. Seeds of C. segetum were positive photosensitive, but light requirement varied among populations. Base water potential for germination was −1 MPa. Base temperature ranged from 1 to 2°C. Optimum temperature for germination was about 10 to 15°C, but the mean thermal time varied greatly between populations, from 80 to 134 day °C. Photoperiod and temperature combinations had no effect on germination percentage, but both reduced the germination rate. Burial deeper than 2 cm greatly reduced germination and seedling emergence strongly decreased at depths >0.5 cm. No seeds buried deeper than 8 cm emerged. Low seed longevity and a wide range of germination conditions could partly explain the rapid disappearance of C. segetum populations after herbicide application began in western Europe. However, yearly sowing in restoration areas does not seem to be essential.
Heat Transfer Performance of a Transonic Turbine Blade Passage in the Presence of Leakage Flow Through Upstream Slot and Mateface Gap With Endwall Contouring
Authors: Roy Arnab , Jain Sakshi , Ekkad Srinath V. , Ng Wing , Lohaus Andrew S. , Crawford Michael E. , Abraham Santosh
Published: September 2017

Comparison of heat transfer performance of a nonaxisymmetric contoured endwall to a planar baseline endwall in the presence of leakage flow through stator–rotor rim seal interface and mateface gap is reported in this paper. Heat transfer experiments were performed on a high turning turbine airfoil passage at Virginia Tech's transonic blow down cascade facility under design conditions for two leakage flow configurations—(1) mateface blowing only, (2) simultaneous coolant injection from the upstream slot and mateface gap. Coolant to mainstream mass flow ratios (MFRs) were 0.35% for mateface blowing only, whereas for combination blowing, a 1.0% MFR was chosen from upstream slot and 0.35% MFR from mateface. A common source of coolant supply to the upstream slot and mateface plenum made sure the coolant temperatures were identical at both upstream slot and mateface gap at the injection location. The contoured endwall geometry was generated to minimize secondary aerodynamic losses. Transient infrared thermography technique was used to measure endwall surface temperature and a linear regression method was developed for simultaneous calculation of heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and adiabatic cooling effectiveness, assuming a one-dimensional (1D) semi-infinite transient conduction. Results indicate reduction in local hot spot regions near suction side as well as area averaged HTC using the contoured endwall compared to baseline endwall for all coolant blowing cases. Contoured geometry also shows better coolant coverage further along the passage. Detailed interpretation of the heat transfer results along with near endwall flow physics has also been discussed.
Influence of Fouling on Compressor Dynamics: Experimental and Modeling Approach
Authors: Jombo Gbanaibolou , Pecinka Jiri , Sampath Suresh , Mba David
Published: September 2017

The effect of compressor fouling on the performance of a gas turbine has been the subject of several papers; however, the goal of this paper is to address a more fundamental question of the effect of fouling, which is the onset of unstable operation of the compressor. Compressor fouling experiments have been carried out on a test rig refitted with TJ100 small jet engine with centrifugal compressor. Fouling on the compressor blade was simulated with texturized paint with average roughness value of 6 μm. Compressor characteristic was measured for both the clean (baseline) and fouled compressor blades at several rotational speeds by throttling the engine with variable exhaust nozzle. A Greitzer-type compression system model has been applied based on the geometric and performance parameters of the TJ100 small jet engine test rig. Frequency of plenum pressure fluctuation, the mean disturbance flow coefficient, and pressure-rise coefficient at the onset of plenum flow field disturbance predicted by the model was compared with the measurement for both the baseline and fouled engine. Model prediction of the flow field parameters at inception of unstable operation in the compressor showed good agreement with the experimental data. The results proved that used simple Greitzer model is suitable for prediction of the engine compressor unstable behavior and prediction of the mild surge inception point for both the clean and the fouled compressor.
Draft Genome Sequence of
Epilithonimonas
sp. FP211-J200, Isolated from an Outbreak Episode on a Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Farm
Authors: Ayala Manuel , Segovia Cristopher , Rojas Rodrigo , Miranda Claudio , Santander Javier
Published: September 2017

Here, we report the draft genome sequence of
Epilithonimonas
sp. FP211-J200, isolated from rainbow trout head kidney cells. The size of the genome is 4,110,772 bp, with a G+C content of 37.1%. The
Epilithonimonas
sp. FP211-J200 genome has genes related to tetracycline and β-lactam resistance. This is the first reported
Epilithonimonas
species genome isolated from a fish host.
Complete Genome Sequence of Mycobacterium chimaera SJ42, a Nonoutbreak Strain from an Immunocompromised Patient with Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Hasan Nabeeh A. , Warren René L. , Epperson L. Elaine , Malecha Allyson , Alexander David C. , Turenne Christine Y. , MacMillan Daniel , Birol Inanc , Pleasance Stephen , Coope Robin , Jones Steven J. M. , Romney Marc G. , Ng Monica , Chan Tracy , Rodrigues Mabel , Tang Patrick , Gardy Jennifer L. , Strong Michael
Published: September 2017

Mycobacterium chimaera
, a nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) belonging to the
Mycobacterium avium
complex (MAC), is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause respiratory and disseminated disease. We report the complete genome sequence of a strain, SJ42, isolated from an immunocompromised male presenting with MAC pneumonia, assembled from Illumina and Oxford Nanopore data.
Permanent Draft Genome Sequence of Photorhabdus temperata Strain Hm, an Entomopathogenic Bacterium Isolated from Nematodes
Authors: Ghazal Shimaa , Swanson Erik , Simpson Stephen , Morris Krystalynne , Abebe-Akele Feseha , Thomas W. Kelley , Khalil Kamal M. , Tisa Louis S.
Published: September 2017

Photorhabdus temperata
strain Hm is an entomopathogenic bacterium that forms a symbiotic association with
Heterorhabditis
nematodes. Here, we report a 5.0-Mbp draft genome sequence for
P. temperata
strain Hm with a G+C content of 44.1% and containing 4,226 candidate protein-encoding genes.
Whole-Genome Sequence of the First Sequence Type 27 Brucella ceti Strain Isolated from European Waters
Authors: Duvnjak Sanja , Špičić Silvio , Kušar Darja , Papić Bojan , Reil Irena , Zdelar-Tuk Maja , Pavlinec Željko , Đuras Martina , Gomerčić Tomislav , Hendriksen Rene S. , Cvetnić Željko
Published: September 2017

Brucella
spp. that cause marine brucellosis are becoming more important, as the disease appears to be more widespread than originally thought. Here, we report a whole and annotated genome sequence of
Brucella ceti
CRO350, a sequence type 27 strain isolated from a bottlenose dolphin carcass found in the Croatian part of the northern Adriatic Sea.
Complete Genome Sequences of Two Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Isolates Collected in Mexico
Authors: Velazquez-Salinas Lauro , Isa Pavel , Pauszek Steven J. , Rodriguez Luis L.
Published: September 2017

We report two full-genome sequences of vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSNJV) obtained by Illumina next-generation sequencing of RNA isolated from epithelial suspensions of cattle naturally infected in Mexico. These genomes represent the first full-genome sequences of vesicular stomatitis New Jersey viruses circulating in Mexico deposited in the GenBank database.
High versus low energy administration in the early phase of acute pancreatitis (GOULASH trial): protocol of a multicentre randomised double-blind clinical trial
Authors: Márta Katalin , Szabó Anikó N , Pécsi Dániel , Varjú Péter , Bajor Judit , Gódi Szilárd , Sarlós Patrícia , Mikó Alexandra , Szemes Kata , Papp Mária , Tornai Tamás , Vincze Áron , Márton Zsolt , Vincze Patrícia A , Lankó Erzsébet , Szentesi Andrea , Molnár Tímea , Hágendorn Roland , Faluhelyi Nándor , Battyáni István , Kelemen Dezső , Papp Róbert , Miseta Attila , Verzár Zsófia , Lerch Markus M , Neoptolemos John P , Sahin-Tóth Miklós , Petersen Ole H , Hegyi Péter
Published: September 2017

Introduction

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disease with no specific treatment. Mitochondrial injury followed by ATP depletion in both acinar and ductal cells is a recently discovered early event in its pathogenesis. Importantly, preclinical research has shown that intracellular ATP delivery restores the physiological function of the cells and protects from cell injury, suggesting that restoration of energy levels in the pancreas is therapeutically beneficial. Despite several high quality experimental observations in this area, no randomised trials have been conducted to date to address the requirements for energy intake in the early phase of AP.

Methods/design

This is a randomised controlled two-arm double-blind multicentre trial. Patients with AP will be randomly assigned to groups A (30 kcal/kg/day energy administration starting within 24 hours of hospital admission) or B (low energy administration during the first 72 hours of hospital admission). Energy will be delivered by nasoenteric tube feeding with additional intravenous glucose supplementation or total parenteral nutrition if necessary. A combination of multiorgan failure for more than 48 hours and mortality is defined as the primary endpoint, whereas several secondary endpoints such as length of hospitalisation or pain will be determined to elucidate more detailed differences between the groups. The general feasibility, safety and quality checks required for high quality evidence will be adhered to.

Ethics and dissemination

The study has been approved by the relevant organisation, the Scientific and Research Ethics Committee of the Hungarian Medical Research Council (55961-2/2016/EKU). This study will provide evidence as to whether early high energy nutritional support is beneficial in the clinical management of AP. The results of this trial will be published in an open access way and disseminated among medical doctors.

Trial registration

The trial has been registered at the ISRCTN (ISRTCN 63827758).