bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Liebe Leserin, lieber Leser,
Authors: Zeller Daniel
Published: April 2024

„früher starben die Menschen mit 35. Heute schimpfen sie bis 95 auf die Chemie.“ Dieses
Zitat des Chemikers Carl H. Krauch ist mir neulich bei einem Elternabend begegnet, und
ich habe es gleich liebgewonnen, drückt es doch eine Wahrheit aus, die wir in der klinischen
Medizin regelmäßig erfahren: Mit der Quantität des Älterwerdens ist ganz selbstverständlich
auch die Frage seiner Qualität verbunden. Und so manches Mal, wenn Beschwerdefreiheit
bei gleichzeitiger „Chemiefreiheit“ gefordert wird, fühlt sich unser therapeutischer
Spielraum ganz schön eng an.
Besonderheiten und Fallstricke bei der Beschallung der
hirnversorgenden Gefäße – Teil 2
Authors: Böhme Frank
Published: April 2024

Die doppler-/duplexsonographische Untersuchung der hirnversorgenden Gefäße ist
neben den Methoden CT-/MRT-Angiographie eine qualitative hochwertige Diagnostik,
vor allem im Zusammenspiel mit den eben genannten bildgebenden Verfahren. Die
Aussagekraft und Qualität einer Ultraschall-Diagnostik hängt im Wesentlichen von
den technischen Voraussetzungen und persönlichen Fähigkeiten ab und vor allem
von der zur Verfügung stehenden Untersuchungszeit. In dieser Artikelserie werden
Ihnen Besonderheiten und Fallstricke erläutert und Lösungsansätze angeboten.
Herpes-Encephalitis-Rezidiv?
Authors: Heckelmann Jan , Dafotakis Manuel
Published: April 2024

Die notfallmäßige Vorstellung der Ende 60-jährigen Patientin erfolgte aufgrund einer
Wesensänderung. Sie war einige Tage zuvor aus einer Rehabilitationsklinik entlassen
worden, wo sie sich aufgrund einer in domo behandelten HSV-Enzephalitis befunden
hatte. Fremdanamnestisch war durch den Ehemann zu eruieren, dass bereits am Ende der
8-wöchigen Rehabilitationsphase vermehrt psychiatrische Symptome i.S. von
Beeinträchtigungserleben und gesteigertem Misstrauen aufgetreten seien. Dieses
Verhalten hätte sich zu Hause noch einmal verstärkt, so dass die Patientin wieder
bei uns vorstellig wurde.
Einfluss des Patientenalters auf Parameter der
Elektroneurographie
Authors: Kleinveld Vera , Eggers Christian , Löscher Wolfgang , Sick Cristina Cerinza
Published: April 2024

Hintergrund Normwerte dienen in der technisch-medizinischen Diagnostik zur
Unterscheidung zwischen krank und gesund. Physiologische Parameter unterliegen
jedoch auch im Falle eines gesunden Alterns Veränderungen. In der Neurographie
peripherer Nerven existieren Referenzwerte; diese aber wurden kaum an Menschen
im mittleren und hohen Erwachsenenalter erstellt und sind damit nicht
altersspezifisch.

Ziel: Darstellung und Spezifizierung der Altersabhängigkeit von
Funktionsparametern peripherer Nerven in gesunden Individuen durch
Literaturübersicht und anhand neurographischer Untersuchungen an einem eigenen
Kollektiv.

Methoden: Wir untersuchten motorisch die Nn. medianus, ulnaris, peronaeus
und tibialis; sensibel die Nn. medianus, ulnaris und suralis. Wir erhoben die
Parameter distal motorische Latenz (DML), Amplitude und Dauer des motorischen
bzw. sensiblen Aktionspotentials (CMAP bzw. SNAP), die Nervenleitgeschwindigkeit
(NLG) und die F-Latenz. "Gesundheit" in Bezug auf das periphere
Nervensystem wurde definiert als Beschwerdefreiheit und Abwesenheit solcher
Erkrankungen bzw. Expositionen, die zu Neuropathien disponieren. Die Probanden
waren bezüglich des peripheren Nervensystems im Alltag uneingeschränkt
funktionsfähig. Sie wurden in vier Altersklassen aufgeteilt: 18–39, 40–59, 60–79
und > 80 Jahre (bis 93 Jahre). Die Literaturübersicht erfolgte anhand von
Artikeln nach Suche in PubMed mit geeigneten Suchstrategien.

Ergebnisse: In jeder Altersklasse wurden etwa 20 Probanden untersucht. Mit
Abstand die stärkste Abhängigkeit vom Alter zeigten die motorischen und
sensiblen Amplituden, gefolgt von der NLG und den F-Latenzen. Ein nur geringer
Einfluss fand sich auf die DML und praktisch kein Einfluss auf die Dauer des
CMAP bzw. des SNAP. Die Veränderungen gingen sämtlich in die Richtung einer
teils deutlich schlechteren Funktion mit höherem Alter.

Schlussfolgerungen: Unsere Arbeit zur Altersabhängigkeit neurographischer
Parameter erbrachte in Übereinstimmung mit der Literatur ausgeprägte
altersassoziierte Veränderungen; dies in hohem Maße für die
Reizantwortamplituden und deutlich für die NLG und die F-Latenzen.

Zur Vermeidung einer die Patienten und das Gesundheitssystem unnötig belastenden
Pathologisierung empfehlen wir die Anwendung altersspezifischer Referenzwerte in
der Elektroneurographie.
Einfluss des Patientenalters auf die Befunde im Nerven- und
Muskelultraschall
Authors: Fisse Anna Lena , Michail Michalis , Schäfer Emelie , Pitarokoili Kalliopi , Krogias Christos
Published: April 2024

Die Ultraschall-Bildgebung hat sich als wichtige Ergänzung zu
elektrophysiologischen Verfahren bei Beurteilung neuromuskulärer Erkrankungen
etabliert. Im Kindes- und Jugendalter kann mittels Ultraschalls das Wachstum von
Nerven und Muskeln dargestellt werden, während altersbedingte Veränderungen der
Nervenstruktur und Muskelechogenität minimal sind. Ab dem Erwachsenenalter sind
die altersabhängigen Veränderungen der Nervengröße und Nervenstruktur gering.
Der altersbedingte Verlust an Muskelmasse wird als Sarkopenie bezeichnet und
kann als Abnahme der Muskeldicke im Ultraschall dargestellt werden, während die
Muskelechogenität im höheren Alter zunimmt und Faszikulationen zunehmen. Das
Lebensalter sollte daher bei der Interpretation von Nerven- und
Muskelultraschallbefunden im klinischen Kontext unbedingt berücksichtigt
werden.
Alter und Neurodegeneration in der Bildgebung
Authors: Bischof Gérard , Hoenig Merle
Published: April 2024

Das Wort „Altern“ nutzen wir in unserem alltäglichen Leben als einfachen Begriff
zur Beschreibung von Veränderungen, die mit der Zeit auftreten. Das Wort stammt
von den germanischen Ableitungen „ala“ - „wachsen, nähren“ und *aldra -
„Lebensalter“. Somit umfasst der Begriff des Alterns einen multifaktoriellen
Prozess, der im frühen und mittleren Lebensalter durch das „Wachsen und Nährens“
des Gehirns geprägt ist, und im späteren Lebensalter durch degenerative
Prozesse, welche wiederrum durch die Ansammlung von altersbedingten Proteinen
und dem Absterben von Neuronen bedingt sind. Zwar unterliegt jeder Mensch
solchen Alterungsprozessen, jedoch resultieren sie dennoch in einer hohen
interindividuellen Varianz des Gehirnalterns und der kognitiven Fähigkeiten.
Eine extreme Abweichung vom normalen Gehirnalterungsprozess stellt dabei das
pathologische Altern dar, wie zum Beispiel bei der Alzheimer Erkrankung. Im
Gegenzug gibt es Individuen, bei denen der Gehirnalterungsprozess scheinbar
verlangsamt ist und welche trotz eines sehr hohen Alters weiterhin die
kognitiven Fähigkeiten von jüngeren Personen aufweisen, sogenannte „Super-Ager“.
Im Folgenden werden wir dieses Kontinuum des Gehirnalterungsprozesses
beschreiben sowie die Bildgebungsmethoden, die bereits verwendet werden, um die
zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen zu untersuchen.
Typische neuropsychologische Veränderungen des Alterns. Was ist
physiologisch, was ist pathologisch und welche Einflussmöglichkeiten haben
wir?
Authors: Merkel Nina Barbara , Conradi Nadine
Published: April 2024

Mit zunehmender Lebenserwartung steigt auch der der Anteil älterer Menschen in
der Bevölkerung. Damit wird auch die Frage nach der Veränderung von Kognition im
Alter, sowie Möglichkeiten der Einflussnahme auf eine Abnahme kognitiver
Fähigkeiten wichtiger. In diesem Artikel werden die neuropsychologischen
Fähigkeiten, die unterschieden werden können sowie Möglichkeiten, diese zu
quantifizieren (mit neuropsychologischen Methoden) beschrieben. Dabei wird
besonders auf die Trennung zwischen „normaler Veränderung“ und „krankhafter
Veränderung“ eingegangen. Desweiteren werden relevante physiologischen
Mechanismen, die hinter den Alterungsprozessen stehen beschrieben, sowie auf die
Heterogenität und Möglicheiten der individuellen Einflussnahme eingegangen.
Sichere und passende Pharmakotherapie in der Kinderanästhesie
Authors: Kaufmann Jost , Schindler Ehrenfried
Published: April 2024

Sichere und passende Pharmakotherapie bei Kindern erfordert die Kenntnis von altersgruppenspezifischen Besonderheiten bezüglich der Pharmakologie und der Dosierung von Medikamenten. Zusätzlich müssen Aspekte der Medikamentensicherheit beachtet werden. Diese Übersicht zeigt Grundprinzipien auf und bespricht die wichtigsten Fakten, weitere Recherchen in pädiatrischen Datenbanken werden empfohlen (www.kinderformularium.de).
Einmünden im Beruf – Absolventen der generalistischen Ausbildung im pädiatrischen Setting
Authors: Schlieben Stefanie , Rudolph Corinna , Krautz Bernhard
Published: April 2024

Die ersten Absolventen der generalistischen Pflegeausbildung nehmen seit 2023 in unterschiedlichen Berufsfeldern der Pflege ihre Tätigkeit auf. Aufgrund des neuen Berufsprofils sind sowohl aufseiten der Absolventen als auch der Praxis Fragen und teilweise Skepsis vorhanden. Die Vereinigung der Pflegenden in Bayern griff den Bedarf nach der Frage der Einarbeitung im pädiatrischen Setting auf und veröffentlichte im November 2023 dazu eine Handreichung.
Die Macht von Pflegenden am Beispiel der NICU
Authors: Huber Manuela
Published: April 2024

Wenn Frühgeborene aus unterschiedlichen Gründen erst einmal auf der Intensivstation versorgt werden müssen, ist diese Situation für die Eltern sehr belastend und emotional herausfordernd. Die Betreuung ihres Kindes liegt meist ganz in den Händen der Pflegenden, und es gibt wenig Möglichkeiten der Einflussnahme. Damit diese empfundene Machtlosigkeit nicht überhandnimmt und sich negativ auf die Eltern-Kind-Beziehung auswirkt, sind Pflegende aufgerufen, frühzeitig gegenzusteuern – durch umfassende Einbindung und Anleitung der Eltern in die Pflege ihres Kindes.
Wundversorgung bei einem Säugling im ambulanten Setting
Authors: Janzen Susanne
Published: April 2024

Am Fallbeispiel eines frühgeborenen, intensivpflichtigen Säuglings wird Schritt für Schritt erklärt und dokumentarisch mit Fotos belegt, wie durch einen ungünstig positionierten Ableitungsschlauch zuerst Gewebe am Hinterkopf verletzt wurde und wie eine konsequente Wundtherapie schließlich dazu führte, dass die Wunde ausheilen konnte.
Empfindlich wie ein Schmetterlingsflügel
Authors: Huber Manuela
Published: April 2024

Epidermolysis bullosa ist eine seltene, genetisch bedingte Erkrankung der Haut, die durch eine erhöhte Blasenbildung und Wundheilungsstörungen gekennzeichnet ist. Die Erkrankung betrifft in erster Linie Kinder und kann physische und auch psychische Auswirkungen auf die betroffenen Familien haben. Trotz intensiver Forschung bleibt die Therapie von Epidermolysis bullosa schwierig und anspruchsvoll.
Centralized Multipatient Dashboards' Impact on Intensive Care Unit Clinician Performance and Satisfaction: A Systematic Review
Authors: Strechen Inna , Herasevich Svetlana , Barwise Amelia , Garcia-Mendez Juan , Rovati Lucrezia , Pickering Brian , Diedrich Daniel , Herasevich Vitaly
Published: April 2024

Background Intensive care unit (ICU) clinicians encounter frequent challenges with managing vast amounts of fragmented data while caring for multiple critically ill patients simultaneously. This may lead to increased provider cognitive load that may jeopardize patient safety.

Objectives This systematic review assesses the impact of centralized multipatient dashboards on ICU clinician performance, perceptions regarding the use of these tools, and patient outcomes.

Methods A literature search was conducted on February 9, 2023, using the EBSCO CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, IEEE Xplore, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collection databases. Eligible studies that included ICU clinicians as participants and tested the effect of dashboards designed for use by multiple users to manage multiple patients on user performance and/or satisfaction compared with the standard practice. We narratively synthesized eligible studies following the SWiM (Synthesis Without Meta-analysis) guidelines. Studies were grouped based on dashboard type and outcomes assessed.

Results The search yielded a total of 2,407 studies. Five studies met inclusion criteria and were included. Among these, three studies evaluated interactive displays in the ICU, one study assessed two dashboards in the pediatric ICU (PICU), and one study examined centralized monitor in the PICU. Most studies reported several positive outcomes, including reductions in data gathering time before rounds, a decrease in misrepresentations during multidisciplinary rounds, improved daily documentation compliance, faster decision-making, and user satisfaction. One study did not report any significant association.

Conclusion The multipatient dashboards were associated with improved ICU clinician performance and were positively perceived in most of the included studies. The risk of bias was high, and the certainty of evidence was very low, due to inconsistencies, imprecision, indirectness in the outcome measure, and methodological limitations. Designing and evaluating multipatient tools using robust research methodologies is an important focus for future research.
The Value of SINO Robot and Angio Render Technology for Stereoelectroencephalography Electrode Implantation in Drug-Resistant Epilepsy
Authors: Dai Yihai , Jiang Rifeng , Zhang Jingyi , Qian Zhe , Chen Zhen , Shi Songsheng , Song Shiwei
Published: April 2024

Background Stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) electrodes are implanted using a variety of stereotactic technologies to treat refractory epilepsy. The value of the SINO robot for SEEG electrode implantation is not yet defined. The aim of the current study was to assess the value of the SINO robot in conjunction with Angio Render technology for SEEG electrode implantation and to assess its efficacy.

Methods Between June 2018 and October 2020, 58 patients underwent SEEG electrode implantation to resect or ablate their epileptogenic zone (EZ). The SINO robot and the Angio Render technology was used to guide the electrodes and visualize the individual vasculature in a three-dimensional (3D) fashion. The 3D view functionality was used to increase the safety and accuracy of the electrode implantation, and for reducing the risk of hemorrhage by avoiding blood vessels.

Results In this study, 634 SEEG electrodes were implanted in 58 patients, with a mean of 10.92 (range: 5–18) leads per patient. The mean entry point localization error (EPLE) was 0.94 ± 0.23 mm (range: 0.39–1.63 mm), and the mean target point localization error (TPLE) was 1.49 ± 0.37 mm (range: 0.80–2.78 mm). The mean operating time per lead (MOTPL) was 6. 18 ± 1.80 minutes (range: 3.02–14.61 minutes). The mean depth of electrodes was 56.96 ± 3.62 mm (range: 27.23–124.85 mm). At a follow-up of at least 1 year, in total, 81.57% (47/58) patients achieved an Engel class I seizure freedom. There were two patients with asymptomatic intracerebral hematomas following SEEG electrode placement, with no late complications or mortality in this cohort.

Conclusions The SINO robot in conjunction with Angio Render technology-in SEEG electrode implantation is safe and accurate in mitigating the risk of intracranial hemorrhage in patients suffering from drug-resistant epilepsy.
Qualitätskontrolle in der Hornhautbank mit künstlicher Intelligenz: Vergleich eines neuen Deep-Learning-basierten Ansatzes mit der konventionellen Endothelzelldichtenbestimmung durch das „Rhine-Tec Endothelial Analysis System“
Authors: Dreesbach Michelle , Böhringer Daniel , Betancor Paola Kammrath , Glegola Mateusz , Maier Philip Christian , Reinhard Thomas , Heinzelmann Sonja
Published: April 2024

Die Endothelzelldichte ist ein objektiver Parameter für die Freigabe von Hornhauttransplantaten zur Operation. In der Lions Hornhautbank Baden-Württemberg wird für diese Quantifizierung das „Rhine-Tec Endothelial Analysis System“ verwendet, das auf der Methode des festen Zählrahmens basiert und nur eine kleine Stichprobe von 15 bis 40 Endothelzellen berücksichtigt. Das Messergebnis hängt daher von der Platzierung des Zählrahmens und der manuellen Nachkorrektur der im Zählrahmen gewerteten Zellen ab. Um den Stichprobenumfang zu erhöhen und eine höhere Objektivität zu schaffen, haben wir auf Grundlage von „Deep Learning“ eine neue Methode entwickelt, die alle sichtbaren Endothelzellen im Bild vollautomatisch erkennt. Ziel dieser Studie ist der Vergleich dieser neuen Methode mit dem konventionellen Rhine-Tec-System. 9375 archivierte phasenkontrastmikroskopische Bildaufnahmen von konsekutiven Transplantaten aus der Lions Hornhautbank wurden mit der Deep-Learning-Methode
evaluiert und mit den korrespondierenden archivierten Analysen des Rhine-Tec-Systems verglichen. Zum Vergleich der Mittelwerte wurden Bland-Altman- und Korrelationsanalysen durchgeführt. Es ergaben sich vergleichbare Ergebnisse beider Methoden. Die mittlere Differenz zwischen Rhine-Tec-System und der Deep-Learning-Methode betrug lediglich − 23 Zellen/mm2 (95%-Konfidenzintervall: − 29 – − 17). Es zeigte sich eine statistisch signifikant positive Korrelation zwischen den beiden Methoden mit 0,748. Auffällig in der Bland-Altman-Analyse waren gehäufte Abweichungen im Zelldichtenbereich zwischen 2000 und 2500 Zellen/mm2 mit höheren Werten beim Rhine-Tec-System. Die vergleichbaren Ergebnisse bez. der Zelldichtenmesswerte unterstreichen die Wertigkeit des Deep-Learning-basierten Verfahrens. Die Abweichungen im Bereich der formalen Schwelle für eine Transplantatfreigabe von 2000 Zellen/mm2 sind sehr wahrscheinlich durch die höhere Objektivität der
Deep-Learning-Methode erklärbar und der Tatsache geschuldet, dass Messrahmen und manuelle Nachkorrektur unter Berücksichtigung des Gesamtbildes aus der Endothelbewertung jeweils gezielt ausgewählt worden waren. Diese vollständige Sichtung des Transplantatendothels und Qualitätsbeurteilung kann aktuell noch nicht durch das Deep-Learning-System ersetzt werden und ist somit weiterhin die wichtigste Grundlage der Transplantatfreigabe zur Keratoplastik.
Starting from Scratch: Experiences from Developing the First Vascular Anastomotic Training Program in North Macedonia Using the Porcine Thigh as a Simulation Model
Authors: Dimovska Eleonora O.F. , Georgieva Gordana , Srbov Blagoja , Dzonov Boro , Stevanovski Goran , Pejkova Sofija
Published: April 2024

Microsurgical reconstruction constitutes a fundamental part of plastic and reconstructive surgery. It demands high dexterity and intricate technical skills. Its steep learning curve benefits from thorough training throughout residency, where using realistic simulation models in the appropriate sequence of complexity progression is essential in ensuring patient safety prior to progressing to a clinical setting. Commencing training on microvascular-like small diameter vessels could prove unsuitable and ineffective for inexperienced surgeons, however, the larger diameter neurovascular structures in the porcine thigh can provide excellent anastomotic training without compromising the animal tissue training sought after by residents. We present the results from implementing the first vascular anastomotic course in our country, where reconstructive theory was combined with simulated anastomotic training on the porcine thigh. Junior plastic surgery residents described acquiring comprehensive knowledge of reconstructive techniques and could successfully complete anastomoses, despite none to minimal previous experience. Using the porcine thigh should be encouraged as a start-up vascular anastomotic training tool as it provides realistic conditions and tissue handling training, and could improve quality of further training on microvascular structures.
Nutrition in Pediatric Burns
Authors: Mrazek Amy A. , Simpson Preston , Lee Jong O.
Published: April 2024

Nutrition and modulation of the hypermetabolic response to acute burns are reviewed in this article. Methods to determine caloric requirements are evaluated, including indirect calorimetry and predictive equations. Individual nutritional components of carbohydrates, fat, protein, vitamins, and trace elements are discussed specifically in relation to acute burn care. Selection of formula and route of administration are outlined, with an enteral high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet being preferable. Awareness and recognition of the signs and symptoms of malnutrition is critical in the management of variable caloric needs throughout hospitalization. Lastly, the catabolic state of acute burns is addressed through early excision and grafting and implementation of various pharmacologic agents, including growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3, insulin, propranolol, and oxandrolone. Through a multipronged approach to nutrition, pediatric burn patients are provided the substrates for successful recovery and rehabilitation.
Benefits and Process of Providing Peer Support for Pediatric Burn Survivors and Caregivers during Inpatient and Outpatient Phases of Recovery
Authors: Rosenberg Marta , Rodriguez Robert , Grant Staci , Miguel Alicia San , Lee Jong O. , Rosenberg Laura
Published: April 2024

The World Health Organization reveals that pediatric burns represent a large portion of burns globally (61). Increases in survival rates have guided clinical and research focus on physical, psychological, and social outcomes. Research on other childhood illnesses has shown the efficacy of social support throughout recovery. In the pediatric burn literature, studies have shown the efficacy of burn camps for promoting positive interactions among survivors, learning coping skills, and facilitating socialization and reintegration. However, few studies have focused on the benefits of peer support for pediatric burn survivors and their caregivers in the inpatient and outpatient phases of recovery. This descriptive paper identifies options for building resilience for pediatric burn survivors through peer support in the inpatient and outpatient phases of recovery. The authors discuss options for providing peer support during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on the pediatric intensive care unit, general pediatric floor, and outpatient setting.
Wound Management of Pediatric Burns
Authors: Greenhalgh David G.
Published: April 2024

The goal for treating pediatric burns is to allow the patient to heal with as little scarring as possible. Compared to older children and adults, very small children have anatomic differences that alter their treatment. They have thinner skin that leads to a higher risk for full-thickness burns. Children also tend to freeze when touching a hot item, so that the prolonged contact also leads to deeper burns. Two healing strategies are needed to treat these wounds. One must optimize reepithelialization in superficial burns to reduce scarring. Deeper burns require skin grafting, but there are techniques, such as the use of “sheet” autograft skin that lead to excellent outcomes. Strategies to treat the massive pediatric burn will also be covered. Finally, there are instances where different strategies are needed to cover exposed bone or tendon. The ultimate goal is to return the skin to as normal a state as possible.
Global Surgery: Burn Outreach by Shriners Children's Texas
Authors: Zapata-Sirvent Ramon L. , Branski Ludwik K. , Lee Jong O.
Published: April 2024

Global surgery describes a rapidly developing field that seeks to improve surgical treatment internationally, specifically in those specialized treatments that are not readily accessible, considered complex and expensive. Burns cause 300,000 deaths annually, 90% of which occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).

Burns are a public health problem since they can cause disability and death. Shriners Children's Texas is a unique model of global surgery for an important number of countries in Central and South Americas and Mexico, providing specialized acute burn care with low mortality for burned children.

Survivors of severe burns may face devastating sequelae due to burn scar contractures and hypertrophic burn scars that may limit the social reintegration. Burn reconstruction is not easily accessible to patients in LMICs. After discharge from acute burn treatment at our hospital, patients may return every 6 months for in-person follow-up to assess any surgical, psychological, or rehabilitative needs. Telemedicine allows for monitoring of postoperative results and evaluation for new surgical procedures. Follow-up clinic visits called outreach clinics held in international hospitals or international Shriners Temples allow for evaluation of follow-up patients and new patients with reconstructive needs that may benefit from a treatment in Shriners Children's Texas in Galveston, Texas.
Yet another turn? priotising the needs of diplomacy over the capabilities of generative AI
Authors: Sevin Efe , Eken M. Evren
Published: April 2024

In this forum piece, we argue that the widespread heraldry regarding artificial intelligence (AI) as a panacea in diplomacy and articulating research agendas on the changes it might bring are potentially clouding the future hardships of diplomacy. With all its subfields, International Relations (IR) has gone through numerous “turns”, especially during the last two decades which made encounters poised to change the nature of foreign policy—such as new actors, ideas, or technologies—a familiar experience. While these discussions enriched the discipline of IR, hardly any of these turns lived up to their promises. Certainly, we have an increasingly challenging and complex multipolar world ahead of us. This manifests that a broader network of actors, interests, and technologies needs to be considered. AI, indeed, has the potential capacity to assist and disrupt the ways diplomacy works. Yet heralding an anticipatory practice and study of diplomacy based on AI’s socio-technical imaginaries and calculations rather than as a participatory process centered on immediate human interaction, resources, intelligence, and rapport bears the potential of obscuring the analytical clarity needed. In short, we argue that the rise of AI should not be discussed as yet another new turn poised to cure diplomacy and international relations. We conclude our piece by reminding scholars to bring analytical focus on what lies at the heart of diplomacy.
Compromised values: a comparative response during the COVID-19 crisis by ethical vegans and vegetarians
Authors: Díaz Estela M. , Almiron Núria , Aranceta-Reboredo Olatz
Published: April 2024

Animal advocacy is a complex phenomenon. As a social movement encompassing diverse moral stances and lifestyle choices, veganism and vegetarianism (veg*) are at its core, and animal testing raises as a notably contentious issue within its members. This paper addresses this critical topic. Employing data from an international quantitative survey conducted between June and July 2021, our research explores how ethical vegans and vegetarians responded during the COVID-19 crisis. By comparing the experiences and choices between the two groups, we aimed to understand the variances in attitudes and behaviors in the face of an ethical dilemma, highlighting the interplay between personal beliefs and social pressures in times of a health crisis. Our findings reveal stark contrasts in how vegans and vegetarians navigated the pandemic; vegans displayed less conformity yet experienced a significant compromise of their ethical values, particularly in their overwhelming acceptance of vaccination. This study enhances the field of veg* research and social movement studies by exploring how a social crisis shapes members’ behaviors and perspectives. Our findings also contribute to a better understanding of the challenges and prejudices that a minority group such as vegans may face and how they cope with the pressure to go against the mainstream at a time when society is polarized by a single discourse that goes against their moral values.
Observation of the colliding process of plasma jets in the double-cone ignition scheme using an x-ray streak camera
Authors: Liu Zhengdong , Wu Fuyuan , Zhang Yapeng , Yuan Xiaohui , Zhang Zhe , Xu Xiangyan , Xue Yanhua , Tian Jinshou , Zhong Jiayong , Zhang Jie
Published: April 2024

The double-cone ignition scheme is a novel approach with the potential to achieve a high gain fusion with a relatively smaller drive laser energy. To optimize the colliding process of the plasma jets formed by the CHCl/CD shells embedded in the gold cones, an x-ray streak camera was used to capture the spontaneous x-ray emission from the CHCl and CD plasma jets. High-density plasma jets with a velocity of 220 ± 25 km/s are observed to collide and stagnate, forming an isochoric plasma with sharp ends. During the head-on colliding process, the self-emission intensity nonlinearly increases because of the rapid increase in the density and temperature of the plasma jets. The CD colliding plasma exhibited stronger self-emission due to its faster implosion process. These experimental findings effectively agree with the two-dimensional fluid simulations.
Enhanced interlayer Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction and field-free switching in magnetic trilayers with orthogonal magnetization
Authors: Zhao Xupeng , Sun Hongli , Han Rongkun , Qin Hongrui , Wen Lianjun , Wang Hailong , Wei Dahai , Zhao Jianhua
Published: April 2024

The indirect interlayer exchange coupling (IEC) between two magnetic layers holds significant importance in the field of spintronics and has been widely used in the construction of synthetic antiferromagnets. Recently, the interlayer Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction (DMI), antisymmetric counterpart of IEC, has been discovered in magnetic trilayers with a heavy-metal spacer. In this study, we present an investigation on antisymmetric and symmetric counterparts of IEC in D022-Mn3Ga/Pt/Co trilayers with orthogonal magnetization. Due to the strong interlayer DMI across the entire multilayer, the symmetry of magnetic reversal process was broken, leading to an enhanced chiral exchange-bias field of 42.7 Oe in the Co layer. In addition, field-free spin–orbit torque (SOT) switching of D022-Mn3Ga layer has been realized in Hall bar devices. In-plane field dependence analysis of the SOT switching behavior reveals that the symmetric counterpart of IEC exhibits antiferromagnetic characteristics within the spacer thickness range of 2 nm ≤ tPt ≤5 nm. Moreover, the magnitude of both antisymmetric and symmetric counterparts of IEC exhibits an exponential decreasing trend with increasing tPt. These findings hold significant implications for the design and manipulation of three-dimensional chiral spin textures in the future spintronic devices.
Effect of coating of waste toner powder weight concentration on absorber plate of solar still
Authors: Boka Pradeep , Panchal Hitesh , Haque Siddiqui Md Irfanul , Shah Mohd Asif
Published: April 2024

A solar still is a device that uses sun energy to convert brackish or salted water into drinkable water and its distillate output is lower. In addition, it is the primary issue with the solar still; thus, researchers are looking for fresh ideas to raise the distillate output. The primary goal of this study is to examine the effects of mixing different weight concentrations (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) of toner waste powder (TWP) nanoparticles with black paint on distillate output and energy–exergy efficiency analysis. Two solar stills of similar dimensions have been used in the current study from February to March 2023 at Palanpur, Gujarat, India. Basin water, inner glass surface temperature, distillate output, and intensity of solar radiation are all monitored hourly for solar stills. This research indicates that the application of TWP coating to absorber plates increased the distillate output, and the highest distillate output of 955 ml was achieved at 10 wt. % concentration of nanoparticles, which is 40.03% higher than a conventional solar still (CSS) and 33.38%, 10.40%, and 30.64% higher than 5, 15, and 20 wt. % concentrations of nanoparticles at the same water depth, respectively. In addition, it was discovered that adding TWP to the solar still enhanced energy and exergy efficiency. Based on this research, it can be concluded that TWP is a suitable, inexpensive resource to boost energy and exergy efficiency and distillate output of solar still.
Ferromagnetic materials for Josephsonπjunctions
Authors: Birge Norman O. , Satchell Nathan
Published: April 2024

The past two decades have seen an explosion of work on Josephson junctions containing ferromagnetic materials. Such junctions are under consideration for applications in digital superconducting logic and memory. In the presence of the exchange field, spin–singlet Cooper pairs from conventional superconductors undergo rapid phase oscillations as they propagate through a ferromagnetic material. As a result, the ground-state phase difference across a ferromagnetic Josephson junction oscillates between 0 and π as a function of the thickness of the ferromagnetic material. π-junctions have been proposed as circuit elements in superconducting digital logic and in certain qubit designs for quantum computing. If a junction contains two or more ferromagnetic layers whose relative magnetization directions can be controlled by a small applied magnetic field, then the junction can serve as the foundation for a memory cell. Success in all of those applications requires careful choices of ferromagnetic materials. Often, materials that optimize magnetic properties do not optimize supercurrent propagation, and vice versa. In this review, we discuss the significant progress that has been made in identifying and testing a wide range of ferromagnetic materials in Josephson junctions over the past two decades. The review concentrates on ferromagnetic metals, partly because eventual industrial applications of ferromagnetic Josephson junctions will most likely start with metallic ferromagnets (either in all metal junctions or junctions containing an insulating layer). We will briefly mention work on non-metallic barriers, including ferromagnetic insulators, and some of the exciting work on spin–triplet supercurrent in junctions containing non-collinear magnetic inhomogeneity.
Advancing infrared display technology with carbon nanotube-embedded spandex fibers
Authors: Yang Jonguk , Jeong Sang-Mi , Seo Hee Sung , Seo Keumyoung , Ju Sanghyun , Lim Taekyung
Published: April 2024

We report on developing a wearable infrared (IR) display based on stretchable conductive fibers fabricated through an expansion–contraction process. The expansion process creates a gap between the strands of spandex fibers. This is achieved by immersing the fibers in a solvent where carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are dispersed, thereby embedding the CNTs. Contraction is achieved through a drying process, which removes the gap between the strands of the spandex fibers. This ensures that the CNTs remain embedded, even after repeated stretching. The CNT-embedded spandex fibers are arranged into a 5 × 7 pixel array. The intensity of the IR rays emitted from the fibers can be controlled by adjusting their temperature, which is achieved by varying the driving voltage. Full-color IR images and displays of letters and numbers are realized through precise control of the IR light intensity. The wearable IR display developed in this study opens up exciting possibilities for integration into advanced systems such as military identification, artificial intelligence robots, autonomous driving, and aerospace industry applications.
Effect of inclined Lorentzian force on radiated nanoflow Williamson model under asymmetric energy source/sink: Keller box method
Authors: B VinothKumar , T Poornima , P Sreenivasulu , A Subba Rao
Published: April 2024

An asymmetric energy source/sink can be designed to efficiently convert ambient energy into usable forms; this could have applications in micro-/nanoscale power generation, i.e., energy harvesting. The asymmetric energy source/sink and inclined Lorentzian force could be used to control the flow of fluids within these devices. This study numerically investigates the model of a Williamson nanofluid influenced by an angled magnetic force and an asymmetric energy input/output on a stretching surface with a convective wall boundary condition. The partial differential equations connected to the momentum, energy, and concentration equations are transformed into nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by applying relevant similar variables. The obtained ODEs are handled by the Thomas algorithm and a finite difference in the Keller box method. A thorough examination of a change in velocity, temperature, and concentration is done for all the relevant parameters. A higher buoyancy ratio parameter lowers the streamline density. As far as the numerical method is concerned, the Keller box method gives the highest convergence value when compared to other methods, so we use this method to investigate the sleeping behavior of the Williamson nanofluid. The energy source decreases the non-Newtonian passing surface friction. The concentration gradient increases for an increasing value of the chemical reaction parameter. A decreased diffusion rate is seen for increasing Brownian number, while the opposite behavior is noticed for the thermophoretic parameter. The wall friction coefficient increases for augmenting We but decreases for the angled Lorentzian force. Except for radiation, energy transfer is high in all other flows, affecting parameters such as A, B, Nb, Nt, and Pr. By controlling the magnetic field, MHD heat exchangers can manipulate heat transfer rates for various industrial applications. In fusion reactors, strong magnetic fields confine hot plasma, and understanding the interaction between the field and heat sources is crucial for efficient energy generation.
Comparative study on the equation of state of detonation products
Authors: Miao Feichao , Yao Junpeng , Li Dandan
Published: April 2024

The equation of state (EOS) for detonation products can predict explosive performance with basic information about density, enthalpy of formation, and elemental composition. However, to achieve higher prediction accuracy, it is necessary to select an appropriate EOS for the specific detonation parameters being calculated. To study the applicability of different equations of states for explosive products, five EOSs, Becker–Kistiakowsky–Wilson, Kihara–Hikita–Tanaka, Virial-Wu (VLW), Lennard-Jones–Devonshire (LJD), and Jacobs–Cowperthwaite–Zwisler (JCZ), were used to calculate the Hugoniot curve of nitrogen and the detonation performance of typical explosives. The calculation results show that all five EOSs can provide reasonably accurate predictions of the Hugoniot curve of nitrogen on the relative volume-pressure plane. Moreover, the EOSs can accurately predict the detonation velocity and pressure of explosives within a wide range of initial densities. When it comes to temperature calculations, LJD and JCZ demonstrate higher prediction accuracy. Additionally, the results indicate that VLW may not be suitable for calculating the overdriven detonation of explosives, particularly at higher pressures.
Genetic variation in growth, ionic accumulation and salt tolerance indices under long-term salt stress in halophytic Tunisian sea barley (Hordeum marinum ssp. marinum)
Authors: Saoudi W. , Taamalli W. , Badri M. , Talbi O. Z. , Abdelly C.
Published: April 2024

Context Identification of salt-tolerant genetic resources is of high importance due to the constant increase in salt-affected areas. Aims This study was conducted to assess genetic variation in salt response among and within Tunisian sea barley populations and to identify useful genotypes for future breeding programmes directed towards improving salinity tolerance. Methods The salinity response of 141 lines from 10 natural populations of Hordeum marinum ssp. marinum was characterised at a morphophysiological level, following exposure to 200 mM sodium chloride for 90 days. Key results ANOVA revealed significant differences in growth and ion accumulation between and within populations in response to salinity. The Sebkhet Ferjouna population was less affected than Sidi Othman and Tabarka; however, it accumulated relatively higher sodium and lower potassium and potassium/sodium ratio. Stress Tolerance Index (STI) and Salt Tolerance (ST) values varied significantly among populations and lines. STI was positively correlated with potassium and negatively correlated with sodium content in roots and leaves, whereas no evidence of a relationship between both cations and ST was observed. Conclusions SO7, SO28, LB5, LB25, TB1, MT3 and BK12 with high values of STI were identified as high yielding lines in control and salt stress conditions, whereas MT3, BK12, MT17, BF10, SL8, SL16 and SF32, with the highest values of ST, were characterised by a small yield loss and low sensitivity when exposed to salinity. Implications These lines constitute a genetic resource with desirable adaptation characteristics for breeding programmes towards salinity tolerance in cultivated cereals.
Aflatoxin B1 and Epstein–Barr virus-induced CCL22 expression stimulates B cell infection
Authors: Maroui Mohamed Ali , Odongo Grace Akinyi , Mundo Lucia , Manara Francesca , Mure Fabrice , Fusil Floriane , Jay Antonin , Gheit Tarik , Michailidis Thanos M. , Ferrara Domenico , Leoncini Lorenzo , Murray Paul , Manet Evelyne , Ohlmann Théophile , De Boevre Marthe , De Saeger Sarah , Cosset François-Loïc , Lazzi Stefano , Accardi Rosita , Herceg Zdenko , Gruffat Henri , Khoueiry Rita
Published: April 2024

Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) infects more than 90% of the adult population worldwide. EBV infection is associated with Burkitt lymphoma (BL) though alone is not sufficient to induce carcinogenesis implying the involvement of co-factors. BL is endemic in African regions faced with mycotoxins exposure. Exposure to mycotoxins and oncogenic viruses has been shown to increase cancer risks partly through the deregulation of the immune response. A recent transcriptome profiling of B cells exposed to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) revealed an upregulation of the Chemokine ligand 22 (CCL22) expression although the underlying mechanisms were not investigated. Here, we tested whether mycotoxins and EBV exposure may together contribute to endemic BL (eBL) carcinogenesis via immunomodulatory mechanisms involving CCL22. Our results revealed that B cells exposure to AFB1 and EBV synergistically stimulated CCL22 secretion via the activation of Nuclear Factor-kappa B pathway. By expressing EBV latent genes in B cells, we revealed that elevated levels of CCL22 result not only from the expression of the latent membrane protein LMP1 as previously reported but also from the expression of other viral latent genes. Importantly, CCL22 overexpression resulting from AFB1-exposure in vitro increased EBV infection through the activation of phosphoinositide-3-kinase pathway. Moreover, inhibiting CCL22 in vitro and in humanized mice in vivo limited EBV infection and decreased viral genes expression, supporting the notion that CCL22 overexpression plays an important role in B cell infection. These findings unravel new mechanisms that may underpin eBL development and identify novel pathways that can be targeted in drug development.
Corrigendum: A new look at orbits (2024 Phys. Educ. 59 023002)
Authors: Hughes Stephen
Published: April 2024

The orbital data for the Moon was inadvertently omitted from table 1. A supplementary Excel file has also been added which shows the original data in table 1 and how the equivalent 26 inch bike wheel tolerances were calculated.
Preparation of PLCL/ECM nerve conduits by electrostatic spinning technique and evaluation in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Ma Yizhan , Zhang Runze , Mao Xiaoyan , Li Xiaoming , Li Ting , Liang Fang , He Jing , Wen Lili , Wang Weizuo , Li Xiao , Zhang Yanhui , Yu Honghao , Lu Binhan , Yu Tianhao , Ao Qiang
Published: April 2024

Objective. Artificial nerve scaffolds composed of polymers have attracted great attention as an alternative for autologous nerve grafts recently. Due to their poor bioactivity, satisfactory nerve repair could not be achieved. To solve this problem, we introduced extracellular matrix (ECM) to optimize the materials. Approach. In this study, the ECM extracted from porcine nerves was mixed with Poly(L-Lactide-co-ϵ-caprolactone) (PLCL), and the innovative PLCL/ECM nerve repair conduits were prepared by electrostatic spinning technology. The novel conduits were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), tensile properties, and suture retention strength test for micromorphology and mechanical strength. The biosafety and biocompatibility of PLCL/ECM nerve conduits were evaluated by cytotoxicity assay with Mouse fibroblast cells and cell adhesion assay with RSC 96 cells, and the effects of PLCL/ECM nerve conduits on the gene expression in Schwann cells was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Moreover, a 10 mm rat (Male Wistar rat) sciatic defect was bridged with a PLCL/ECM nerve conduit, and nerve regeneration was evaluated by walking track, mid-shank circumference, electrophysiology, and histomorphology analyses. Main results. The results showed that PLCL/ECM conduits have similar microstructure and mechanical strength compared with PLCL conduits. The cytotoxicity assay demonstrates better biosafety and biocompatibility of PLCL/ECM nerve conduits. And the cell adhesion assay further verifies that the addition of ECM is more beneficial to cell adhesion and proliferation. RT-PCR showed that the PLCL/ECM nerve conduit was more favorable to the gene expression of functional proteins of Schwann cells. The in vivo results indicated that PLCL/ECM nerve conduits possess excellent biocompatibility and exhibit a superior capacity to promote peripheral nerve repair. Significance. The addition of ECM significantly improved the biocompatibility and bioactivity of PLCL, while the PLCL/ECM nerve conduit gained the appropriate mechanical strength from PLCL, which has great potential for clinical repair of peripheral nerve injuries.
Evaluating Japan’s revised heat-health warning system in the face of recent escalating heat stress
Authors: Guo Qiang , Yuan Lei , Ng Chris Fook Sheng , Hashizume Masahiro
Published: April 2024

In 2021, the Japanese government changed the exposure indicator of the national heat-health warning system (HHWS) from air temperature (T
air) to Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (T
WBG), reflecting the growing concerns about the escalating humid heat stress. However, a clear validation of the advantages of using heat stress indicators (HSIs) that combine T
air and humidity in heat alerts and heat-health applications are still being explored. Here, by using the latest epidemiological data (2015–2019) before the COVID-19 pandemic, we examined the rationality of the revised HHWS for 47 prefectures in Japan. Specifically, we investigated the predictive power of different HSIs in modeling mortality and morbidity caused by different diseases (e.g. all causes, circulatory, respiratory, and heatstroke) and age groups. Our findings revealed substantial differences among the HSIs in identifying periods of intense heat stress, potentially leading to differences in the activation dates of the HHWS if various indicators were employed. While HSIs exhibited comparable performances in modeling daily mortality, our analysis demonstrates distinct advantages in using T
WBG for daily morbidity predictions, and the quasi-Akaike Information Criterion of T
WBG is much lower than the previously used T
air. The merits of T
WBG are consistent in modeling all causes, non-external, as well as heatstroke-related morbidity. Overall, this study underscores the practicality of incorporating HSIs in heat stress early warnings and provides critical insights for refining the HHWS to mitigate health impacts from heat stress under future climate change.