bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wildlife feeding activities induce papillae proliferation in the rumen of fallow deer
Authors: McLaughlin Deirdre , Griffin Laura L. , Ciuti Simone , Stewart Gavin
Published: August 2022

Wildlife feeding activities are growing as a trend in recent years, with wild ruminants (e.g. deer in urban parks) receiving an increasingly unnatural diet as a result of public attention. The effects of diet on the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants have been established in the context of animal agriculture, with highly modified diets driving morphological changes in the rumen papillae. However, these dietary effects have not been widely explored in wild ruminants that are exposed to recreational feeding. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of human-wildlife feeding interactions on the rumen papillae of a wild population of fallow deer in Phoenix Park, Dublin. The length, width, and density of the ventral rumen papillae were compared across a variety of feeding behaviours, ranging from deer that consistently accept food from humans to deer that rarely, if ever, accept food from humans. The surface enlargement factor (SEF) was also calculated as a measure of overall absorptive surface in the rumen and was similarly compared. Statistical analysis revealed that consistent acceptors of food had significantly higher papillae density than those that do not accept food. Increased papillae density in deer receiving high amounts of human food suggests a shift in the internal rumen environment. A lack of significant change in the SEF suggests that a cellular change may be occurring. This artificial rumen state requires further attention to elucidate the full extent of these feeding impacts on the gastrointestinal integrity of these wild deer. Moreover, this is a call for research into other human-wildlife feeding interactions that occur in human-dominated landscapes, beyond the deer of Phoenix Park.
Enhanced Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm for Parameter Estimation of PID Controller
Authors: Issa Mohamed
Published: August 2022

The Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller is a key component in most engineering applications. The main disadvantage of PID is the selection of the best values for its parameters using traditional methods that do not achieve the best response. In this work, the recently released empirical identification algorithm that is the Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm (AOA) was used to determine the best values of the PID parameters. AOA was selected due to its effective exploration ability. Unfortunately, AOA cannot achieve the best parameter values due to its poor exploitation of search space. Hence, the performance of the AOA exploit is improved by combining it with the Harris Hawk Optimization (HHO) algorithm which has an efficient exploit mechanism. In addition, avoidance of trapping in the local lower bounds of AOA–HHO is enhanced by the inclusion of perturbation and mutation factors. The proposed AOA–HHO algorithm is tested when choosing the best values for PID parameters to control two engineering applications namely DC motor regulation and three fluid level sequential tank systems. AOA–HHO has superiority over AOA and comparative algorithms.
The mechanisms and applications of friction energy dissipation
Authors: Liu Huan , Yang Boming , Wang Chong , Han Yishu , Liu Dameng
Published: August 2022

About 30% of the world’s primary energy consumption is in friction. The economic losses caused by friction energy dissipation and wear account for about 2%–7% of its gross domestic product (GDP) for different countries every year. The key to reducing energy consumption is to control the way of energy dissipation in the friction process. However, due to many various factors affecting friction and the lack of efficient detection methods, the energy dissipation mechanism in friction is still a challenging problem. Here, we firstly introduce the classical microscopic mechanism of friction energy dissipation, including phonon dissipation, electron dissipation, and non-contact friction energy dissipation. Then, we attempt to summarize the ultrafast friction energy dissipation and introduce the high-resolution friction energy dissipation detection system, since the origin of friction energy dissipation is essentially related to the ultrafast dynamics of excited electrons and phonons. Finally, the application of friction energy dissipation in representative high-end equipment is discussed, and the potential economic saving is predicted.
Lipschitz geometry of pairs of normally embedded Hölder triangles
Authors: Birbrair Lev , Gabrielov Andrei
Published: August 2022

We consider a special case of the outer bi-Lipschitz classification of real semialgebraic (or, more general, definable in a polynomially bounded o-minimal structure) surface germs, obtained as a union of two normally embedded Hölder triangles. We define a combinatorial invariant of an equivalence class of such surface germs, called $$\sigma \tau $$

σ
τ

-pizza, and conjecture that, in this special case, it is a complete combinatorial invariant of outer bi-Lipschitz equivalence.
Stability assessment of long gateroad pillar in ultra-thick coal seam: an extensive field and numerical study
Authors: Zhu Zhijie , Li Danqi
Published: August 2022

Sustainability of an underground longwall operation is highly dependent on stability of the pillars during the panels extractions to ensure the continuous serviceability of gateroads. In Chinese underground longwall mining, the gateroads are typically driven as a single roadway with a “long gateroad pillar” which is different to a common practice where a gateroad consists of a number of pillars known as chain pillars. Such a unique practice has been proven to be more economical with maximum recovery while the safety remains at its highest level. In this study, based on the data obtained from Tongxin coal mine in China, the mechanical stability of the driven long gateroad pillar was investigated. The focus was on two nearby longwall top coal caving panels and their impacts on the mechanical behaviour of long gateroad pillar during the longwall retreat. To do so, initially an area of the gateroad was selected for the field instrumentation and data collection. These included vertical stress measurement and depth of damage assessment within the gateroad pillar and the longwall panel. Hence, the convergence level of gateroad was quantified to be used for the numerical modelling and assessing the performance of the designed long gateroad pillar based on the finite difference modelling technique using FLAC3D. Double-yield and strain-softening ubiquitous-joint constitutive models were used to simulate goaf material and strata, respectively. Finally, an extensive sensitivity analysis was conducted to compare the mechanical behaviour of a range of wide and narrow long gateroad pillars. It was concluded that the 50 m wide pillar is an ideal dimension for the future panels of Tongxin coal mine to achieve the maximum productivity and safety.

Article highlights

The validated numerical model was used to study on stability of “long gateroad pillar”.

Premature yielding of the 38 m pillar would lead to severe geotechnical issues.

Deep roof blasting of goaf edge or 50 m pillar can improve pillar conditions
Generation of ring-shaped human iPSC-derived functional heart microtissues in a Möbius strip configuration
Authors: Xu Yan , Qi Jingqi , Zhou Wenyan , Liu Xing , Zhang Longbo , Yao Xudong , Wu Hongwei
Published: August 2022

Although human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) have been used for disease modeling and drug discovery, clinically relevant three-dimensional (3D) functional myocardial microtissues are lacking. Here, we developed a novel ring-shaped cardiac microtissue comprised of chamber-specific tissues to achieve a geometrically non-orientable ventricular myocardial band, similar to a Möbius loop. The ring-shaped cardiac tissue was constructed of hiPSC-CMs and human cardiac fibroblasts (hCFs) through a facile cellular self-assembly approach. It exhibited basic anatomical structure, positive cardiac troponin T (cTnT) immunostaining, regular calcium transients, and cardiac-like mechanical strength. The cardiac rings can be self-assembled and scaled up into various sizes with outstanding stability, suggesting their potential for precise therapy, pathophysiological investigation, and large-scale drug screening.

Graphic abstract
Oviposition deterrence and repellent activities of selected essential oils against Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): laboratory and greenhouse investigations
Authors: Lo Pinto Mirella , Vella Leandro , Agrò Alfonso
Published: August 2022

Tuta absoluta, an invasive pinworm characterized by high reproductive potential and adaptation to different agroecological conditions, cause serious damage to tomato crops. Chemical control with synthetic insecticides is widely used to control this pest, although pesticides exhibit side effects on non-target organisms and negatively impact the environment, with the occurrence of resistance to some active substances in the target pest. The use of essential oils (EOs) from aromatic or officinal plants could represent an environmentally safe control method, alternative to synthetic insecticide application. In this work we investigated the effect of EOs from Spanish oregano, laurel, basil, garlic, peppermint, cypress, and eucalyptus EOs on T. absoluta oviposition deterrence and larval repellency. Results showed a remarkable oviposition deterrence using laurel, Spanish oregano, basil, and garlic EOs in both laboratory and greenhouse experiments. In no-choice repellence tests carried 1, 2, 6, and 22 h after treatment application, peppermint and Spanish oregano EOs showed the most lasting effects while cypress and eucalyptus EOs were not effective after 6 and 22 h, respectively. In choice tests, at either 5 or 22 h after treatment application, low preference for the test over control by larvae was observed in all treatments, except for basil EO. The most promising effects were observed in Spanish oregano and laurel treatments where no larvae were detected. Repellent effectiveness of EOs does not seem to be influenced when larvae did not get a chance to do a choice between treated and untreated leaves. This study highlights the effectiveness of EOs of aromatic or officinal plants as an alternative to synthetic insecticides for the control of T. absoluta.
International Nuclear Medicine Consensus on the Clinical Use of Amyloid Positron Emission Tomography in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Tian Mei , Zuo Chuantao , Civelek Ali Cahid , Carrio Ignasi , Watanabe Yasuyoshi , Kang Keon Wook , Murakami Koji , Garibotto Valentina , Prior John O. , Barthel Henryk , Guan Yihui , Lu Jiaying , Zhou Rui , Jin Chentao , Wu Shuang , Zhang Xiaohui , Zhong Yan , Zhang Hong ,   Molecular Imaging-Based Precision Medicine Task Group of A3 (China-Japan-Korea) Foresight Program
Published: August 2022

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the main cause of dementia, with its diagnosis and management remaining challenging. Amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) has become increasingly important in medical practice for patients with AD. To integrate and update previous guidelines in the field, a task group of experts of several disciplines from multiple countries was assembled, and they revised and approved the content related to the application of amyloid PET in the medical settings of cognitively impaired individuals, focusing on clinical scenarios, patient preparation, administered activities, as well as image acquisition, processing, interpretation and reporting. In addition, expert opinions, practices, and protocols of prominent research institutions performing research on amyloid PET of dementia are integrated. With the increasing availability of amyloid PET imaging, a complete and standard pipeline for the entire examination process is essential for clinical practice. This international consensus and practice guideline will help to promote proper clinical use of amyloid PET imaging in patients with AD.
Clinical Utility of the Sivelestat for the Treatment of ALI/ARDS: Moving on in the Controversy?
Authors: Ding Qiongli , Wang Yi , Yang Chunbo , Li Xiang , Yu Xiangyou
Published: August 2022

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a serious condition that can arise following direct or indirect acute lung injury (ALI). It is heterogeneous and has a high mortality rate. Supportive care is the mainstay of treatment and there is no definitive pharmacological treatment as yet. In nonclinical studies, neutrophil elastase inhibitor sivelestat appears to show benefit in ARDS without inhibiting the host immune defense in cases of infection. In clinical studies, the efficacy of sivelestat in the treatment of ARDS remains controversial. The currently available evidence suggests that sivelestat may show some benefit in the treatment of ARDS, although large, randomized controlled trials are needed in specific pathophysiological conditions to explore these potential benefits.
Clinical diagnosis and treatment of “atypical” HELLP syndrome
Authors: He Ying-dong , Yang Hui-xia
Published: August 2022

HELLP syndrome is regarded as one of the most serious manifestations of preeclampsia, but approximately 15% of patients with HELLP syndrome have no clinical manifestations of preeclampsia; furthermore, although most cases of HELLP syndrome occur after 34 weeks, some cases occur at a much earlier gestational stage, even before 20 weeks of gestation, the underlying pathogenesis of “atypical” HELLP syndrome with very early onset or the basis of non-preeclampsia manifestations should be more actively explored. Obstetricians should carefully identify the potential etiology of “atypical” HELLP syndrome in order to provide a reasonable treatment and improve maternal and fetal prognosis.
Outcomes Following Gender Affirming Phalloplasty: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Wang Annie M.Q. , Tsang Vivian , Mankowski Peter , Demsey Daniel , Kavanagh Alex , Genoway Krista
Published: August 2022

Introduction

Phalloplasty is one of the genital genders affirming surgeries sought by transmasculine transgender patients during transition. Despite current advances in surgical techniques, the lack of consistency in outcomes evaluation for phalloplasty leads to significant challenges in guiding patients in clinical decision making.

Aims

This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to assess outcomes for different phalloplasty surgical techniques.

Methods

The literature was searched using Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE; PubMed), Excerpta Medica database, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. All English-language randomized control trials, prospective and retrospective cohort studies, case series, and case reports of at least 4 patients were included. The primary outcome was postoperative complications, and the secondary outcomes were functional and aesthetic results. Proportional meta-analysis was used to pool complication rates using a random-effects model.

Results

Database searching generated 39 final articles, with 19 case series, 3 cross-sectional studies, and 17 retrospective cohort studies. A total of 1731 patients underwent phalloplasty, with the most common type of reconstruction performed being the radial forearm free flap (75.1%). Overall complication rate was high at 76.5%, of which urethral complications were high in all reconstructive subgroups (urethral fistula rate of 34.1% and urethral stricture rate of 25.4%). Postoperative functional outcomes were reported in 57.6% of patients, finding that most had tactile sensation (93.9%) and can void while standing (92.2%). Aesthetic outcomes were only reported in 6.3% of patients, with mean length achieved being 12.26 cm (SD = 0.81 cm) and mean circumference being 10.18 cm (SD = 3.69 cm).

Conclusion

In the transmasculine transgender population, current evidence of the various phalloplasty surgical techniques and their expected postoperative outcomes is weak. Future research may consider developing a standardized core outcome set to improve clinical decision making.
Understanding Fertility
Authors: Kovacs Gab
Published: August 2022

Infertility can have devastating physical, emotional and financial effects on people affected. It is a common problem, but can be hard to talk about, and hard to understand. In this concise book, Dr Kovacs, a reproductive gynaecologist who has spent the past 40 years working with patients facing fertility problems, focuses on and unpicks key misconceptions. In his clear explanations, he covers the basic physiology of conceiving, and describes the areas that have to be explored for those who have not yet been able to conceive. Specific chapters cover the three major problem areas: lack of releasing eggs, sperm problems, and abnormalities of the female passages. Treatment options are discussed for each of these areas, including technical details and a brief readable overview of their history. The many ways of parenting which are now available are also detailed. This is a recommended read for couples wanting to conceive, their friends and families, and anyone who wants to understand fertility.
Japan as a Global Military Power
Authors: Hughes Christopher W.
Published: August 2022

Japan is emerging as a more prominent global and regional military power, defying traditional categorisations of a minimalist contribution to the US-Japan alliance, maintaining anti-militarism, seeking an internationalist role, or carving out more strategic autonomy. Instead, this Element argues that Japan has fundamentally shifted its military posture over the last three decades and traversed into a new categorisation of a more capable military power and integrated US ally. This results from Japan's recognition of its fundamentally changing strategic environment that requires a new grand strategy and military doctrines. The shift is traced across the national security strategy components of Japan Self-Defence Forces' capabilities, US-Japan alliance integration, and international security cooperation. The Element argues that all these components are subordinated inevitably to the objectives of homeland security and re-strengthening the US-Japan alliance, and thus Japan's development as international security partner outside the ambit of the bilateral alliance remains stunted. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Domestic Implementation of Crimes against Humanity in Central Asia
Authors: Atadjanov Rustam
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Crimes against humanity constitute mass crimes against civilian populations and represent the so-called ‘core crimes’ of international criminal law. Central Asian states have so far abstained from incorporating thecorpus delictiof crimes against humanity in their criminal legislation. After a short overview of the current status of crimes against humanity under international law, this article analyses the domestic legislation of five Central Asian countries: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. It looks at current Criminal Codes to suggest how those could be strengthened by the inclusion of properly formulated crimes against humanity dispositions, taking into account the peculiarities of these national legal systems. The article also offers a brief review of possible factors which might have precluded the states in question from proper implementation. It argues in favour of such implementation, delineating its legal benefits and potential advantages for both State Parties and non-State Parties to the Rome Statute in Central Asia.
Erythrocyte oxidative stress and thrombosis
Authors: Bettiol Alessandra , Galora Silvia , Argento Flavia Rita , Fini Eleonora , Emmi Giacomo , Mattioli Irene , Bagni Giacomo , Fiorillo Claudia , Becatti Matteo
Published: August 2022

Thrombosis is a common disorder with a relevant burden of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly among elderly patients. Growing evidence demonstrated a direct role of oxidative stress in thrombosis, with various cell types contributing to this process. Among them, erythrocytes produce high quantities of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) by NADPH oxidase activation and haemoglobin autoxidation. Concomitantly, extracellular ROS released by other cells in the blood flow can be uptaken and accumulate within erythrocytes. This oxidative milieu can alter erythrocyte membrane structure, leading to an impaired erythrocyte function, and promoting erythrocytes lysis, binding to endothelial cells, activation of platelet and of coagulation factors, phosphatidylserine exposure and release of microvesicles. Moreover, these abnormal erythrocytes are able to adhere to the vessel wall, contributing to thrombin generation within the thrombus. This process results in accelerated haemolysis and in a hypercoagulable state, in which structurally impaired erythrocytes contribute to increase thrombus size, to reduce its permeability and susceptibility to lysis. However, the wide plethora of mechanisms by which oxidised erythrocytes contribute to thrombosis is not completely elucidated. This review discusses the main biochemical aspects linking erythrocytes, oxidative stress and thrombosis, addressing their potential implication for clinical and therapeutic management.
Ideas, Coalition Magnets and Policy Change: Comparing Variation in Early Childhood Education and Care Policy Expansion across Four Latecomer Countries
Authors: Mohun Himmelweit Samuel , Lee Sung-Hee
Published: August 2022

This article examines variation in early childhood education and care (ECEC) expansion in four ‘latecomer’ reformers: Germany, England, South Korea and Japan. Taking a comparative approach through an analysis of policy documents, it focuses on the role of ideas as coalition magnets in explaining the more extensive and sustained policy shifts in Germany and Korea, in contrast to the more limited and fragmented reforms in England and Japan. As the comparative literature struggles to explain variation in ECEC expansion, this focus on ideas provides a significant contribution, highlighting why ECEC reform became supported by a broad cross-class coalition in Germany and Korea but not in England or Japan. The theoretical contribution argues that coalition magnets are formed when the polysemic potential of a policy is drawn out by key actors strategically linking it to several problem definitions, which can appeal to diverse political actors and forge lasting consensus for reform.
The prevalence and nutritional status of adolescent Saudi girls with disordered eating
Authors: El Shikieri Ahlam Badreldin
Published: August 2022

This study on adolescents was intended to assess the prevalence of disordered eating attitudes and the nutritional status of adolescent girls in Saudi Arabia. Disordered eating attitudes and behaviour were assessed using the EAT-26. The type of eating disorder (ED) was determined using Diagnostic statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition. The nutritional status of the adolescent girls was determined by measuring their weight and height twice using standard protocols. The BMI-for-age and height-for-age were defined using WHO growth charts. Comparisons between adolescent girls with and without EDs were conducted using SPSS version 26. Eating disorders (EDs) were prevalent among 10⋅2 % of these girls. Other specified feeding or EDs were the most prevalent ED (7⋅6 %), followed by unspecified feeding or eating disorder (2⋅4 %). Anorexia nervosa was common among 0⋅3 % of the girls. The eating disordered adolescents were either overweight (7⋅7 %), obese (10⋅3 %), stunted (7⋅7 %) or severely stunted (2⋅6 %). ANOVA revealed that the BMI-for-age was influenced by age (P = 0⋅028), the type of ED (P = 0⋅019) and the EAT-26 (P < 0⋅0001). Pearson's correlation showed that the EAT-26 score increased significantly with the BMI (r 0⋅22, P = 0⋅0001), height (r 0⋅12, P = 0⋅019) and weight (r 0⋅22, P = 0⋅0001). The early detection of EDs among adolescents is highly recommended to reduce the risk associated with future impaired health status. Nutrition professionals must target adolescents, teachers and parents and provide nutritional education about the early signs and symptoms of ED and the benefits of following a healthy dietary pattern.
Biomarkers in the Atacama Desert along the moisture gradient and the depth in the hyperarid zone: Phosphatase activity as trace of microbial activity
Authors: Kobayashi Kensei , Nauny Philippe , Takano Yoshinori , Honma Chiho , Kurizuka Taihei , Ishikawa Yuto , Yogosawa Shusuke , Obayashi Yumiko , Kaneko Takeo , Kebukawa Yoko , Mita Hajime , Ogawa Mari , Enya Keigo , Yoshimura Yoshitaka , McKay Christopher P.
Published: August 2022

Microbiological activities can be detected in various extreme environments on Earth, which suggest that extraterrestrial environments, such as on Mars, could host life. There have been proposed a number of biomarkers to detect extant life mostly based on specific molecules. Because terrestrial organisms have catalytic proteins (enzymes), enzymatic activity may also be a good indicator to evaluate biological activities in extreme environments. Phosphatases are essential for all terrestrial organisms because phosphate esters are ubiquitously used in genetic molecules (DNA/RNA) and membranes. In this study, we evaluated microbial activity in soils of the Atacama Desert, Chile, by analysing several biomarkers, including phosphatase activity. Phosphatases extracted with Tris buffer were assayed fluorometrically using 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate as a substrate. The horizontal distribution of phosphatase activity and other parameters in soils from the Atacama Desert showed that phosphatase activity was positively correlated with amino acid concentration and colony-forming units and negatively correlated with precipitation amount. We found consistent that biochemical indicators including phosphatase significantly decreased in the extreme hyper-arid zone where rainfall of <25 mm year−1. The results were compared with phosphatase activities detected in extreme environments, such as submarine hydrothermal systems and Antarctic soils, as well as soils from ordinary environments. Overall, our results suggested that phosphatase activity could be a good indicator for evaluating biological activities in extreme environments.
The dynamic efficiency of gifting
Authors: Gill Anthony , Thomas Michael D.
Published: August 2022

In his Scroogenomics, Joel Waldfogel argues that gifting creates enormous deadweight loss, as individuals give one another gifts that they do not want or cannot use. He views efficiency as static, calculating the gains from trade (or gifting) at the moment of transaction. A puzzle arises, however, when one realizes that gifting has been a nearly ubiquitous institution throughout history. If gifting wastes valuable resources, why does it persist? We argue that gift giving is dynamically efficient despite the possibility of generating short-term deadweight loss. A well-functioning market economy requires expanded social networks and trustworthiness among anonymous and quasi-anonymous exchange partners. Gifting allows individuals to signal trustworthiness by offering ‘burnt sacrifices’. Gifting practices that include a willingness to sacrifice via reciprocity norms, public visibility and ritual will tend to promote generalized trust. We consider these four elements – sacrifice, reciprocity, publicness, and ritual – to be critical institutional design principles for fostering dynamic efficiency. Our essay contributes to the literature on institutional economics by prompting scholars to think about the long-term (dynamic) efficiencies generated by cultural practices that appear inexplicably inefficient.
Are Banks Responsible for Animal Welfare and Climate Disruption? A Critical Review of Australian Banks’ Due Diligence Policies for Agribusiness Lending
Authors: Parker Christine , Sheedy-Reinhard Lucinda
Published: August 2022

This article argues that banks should adopt animal welfare policies in the light of the growing acceptance of the need for ‘responsible banking’, which incorporates environmental, social, and governance analysis into credit risk and due diligence processes. The responsibility of banks for animal welfare is underscored by the drive towards greater investment in animal agribusiness, and the vicious cycle through which animal agribusiness can both contribute to, and be impacted by, climate disruption. The article evaluates, through a desktop review, how leading Australian retail banks and agribusiness lenders are addressing animal welfare and climate disruption in animal agribusiness lending. We find that although most banks have made a commitment to animal welfare and climate policies, these often amount to little more than greenwashing. We call for an ecosystem of industry, regulatory, and civil society action to address this danger.
Relative Importance of Large‐Scale Environmental Variables to the World‐Wide Variability of Thunderstorms
Authors: Liu Nana , Liu Chuntao , Tissot Philippe E.
Published: August 2022

This study uses a 16‐yr Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Convective Features (CFs) and ERA‐Interim reanalysis data to investigate the relative importance of four large‐scale environmental variables to thunderstorms with random forest models. These four variables include Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE), Convective Inhibition (CIN), low‐level wind shear, and warm cloud depth (WCD). First, these selected four environmental variables show a distinguished difference between CFs with and without lightning flashes. Specifically, CFs with at least one flash have higher CAPE, CIN, and lower WCD than those without lightning. Then, using these four variables, the geographical distribution of thunderstorms, especially the land‐ocean contrast in the occurrence of thunderstorms, is closely reproduced with a global random forest model. Such results suggest that a random forest model with key large‐scale environmental variables can be a useful tool to estimate the occurrence of global lightning thunderstorms. The study also investigates the relative importance of the selected variables to the occurrence of thunderstorms regionally. Relatively higher skill scores in the regional random forest model than the global one indicate the variation of roles of large scale environment variables over different regions. Though the data‐driven models can be utilized to estimate the occurrence of global thunderstorms, how to link the regional relative importance of these variable to the physical processes of thunderstorms needs further investigation.
Magnesium and Calcium Isotopic Geochemistry of Silica‐Undersaturated Alkaline Basalts: Applications for Tracing Recycled Carbon
Authors: Qi Yue , Wang Qiang , Wei Gang‐Jian , Li Jie , Wyman Derek A.
Published: August 2022

Carbon plays important roles in the evolution of the atmosphere and biosphere, and geochemical differentiation in Earth's interior. Most subducted C is recycled to the deep mantle and returns to the surface by degassing from erupted basalts and associated fluids. The Mg–Ca isotopic systems have been widely used in tracing recycled C. However, the idea that these geochemical proxies truly reflect the deep C cycle has been challenged. Here we present whole‐rock geochemical and Mg–Ca isotopic compositions of Miocene silica‐undersaturated alkaline basalts of the Western Qinling orogen, China. These alkaline basalts are associated with carbonatites and are characterized by low SiO2 (39.0–43.2 wt.%) and Al2O3 (6.98–9.15 wt.%) contents, high CaO/Al2O3 ratios (1.4–1.8), and positive Nb–Ta and negative Pb–Zr–Hf–Ti anomalies, suggesting they were derived by partial melting of carbonatite‐metasomatized asthenospheric mantle. The studied samples have δ26Mg values of −0.24‰ to −0.44‰, ranging from mantle‐like values (δ26Mg = −0.25‰ ± 0.07‰) to lower values. This implies that carbonatite metasomatism does not always produce low‐δ26Mg anomalies. The samples have δ44/40Ca values (0.59‰–0.77‰; relative to the standard SRM915a) that are lower than Bulk Silicate Earth (0.94‰ ± 0.05‰), which are attributed to the involvement of low δ44/40Ca recycled carbonate in the mantle source. We suggest that the shift in mantle δ26Mg values during carbonatite metasomatism is controlled by the type and amount of carbonatite involved, while Ca isotope variations depend largely on the δ44/40Ca values of subducted carbonates. Mg or Ca isotopes alone, however, may not be sufficient to track the deep carbon cycle.
Cryogeomorphic Characterization of Shadowed Regions in the Artemis Exploration Zone
Authors: Bickel V. T. , Moseley B. , Hauber E. , Shirley M. , Williams J.‐P. , Kring D. A.
Published: August 2022

The Artemis program will send crew to explore the south polar region of the Moon, preceded by and integrated with robotic missions. One of the main scientific goals of future exploration is the characterization of polar volatiles, which are concentrated in and near regions of permanent shadow. The meter‐scale cryogeomorphology of shadowed regions remains unknown, posing a potential risk to missions that plan to traverse or land in them. Here, we deploy a physics‐based, deep learning‐driven post‐processing tool to produce high‐signal and high‐resolution Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Narrow Angle Camera images of 44 shadowed regions larger than ∼40 m across in the Artemis exploration zone around potential landing sites 001 and 004. We use these images to map previously unknown, shadowed meter‐scale (cryo)geomorphic features, assign relative shadowed region ages, and recommend promising sites for future exploration. We freely release our data and a detailed catalog of all shadowed regions studied.
Spacecraft Potential Changes Associated With EMIC Waves in the Inner Magnetosphere
Authors: Kim Khan‐Hyuk , Lee Junhyun , Kwon Jong‐Woo , Lee Ensang , Kim Hee‐Eun , Jin Ho , Kwon Hyuck‐Jin , Baek Seul‐Min , Wygant John , Mozer Forrest S.
Published: August 2022

Although electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves are commonly observed in the magnetosphere and are believed to energize background cold ions, it is not clear whether EMIC waves play a significant role in determining spacecraft potential change. In this paper, we present two strong He‐band EMIC wave events observed by the Van Allen Probe‐B spacecraft inside the plasmasphere. One event occurred on 11 March 2016 when the spacecraft was on the dayside, and the other occurred on 9 October 2016 when the spacecraft was in the postmidnight sector. When a strong He‐band EMIC wave activity was detected, low‐energy ion flux enhancements occurred nearly simultaneously with the EMIC wave power enhancements. Both events presented in this study are clearly unique in that He‐band wave power and enhanced proton flux are extremely high. During the wave activity interval, we found that the spacecraft charged more positively without a significant change in the ambient electron density. We discuss whether low‐energy ions energized by EMIC waves can contribute to the spacecraft potential change.
Upper‐Ocean Turbulence Structure and Ocean‐Ice Drag Coefficient Estimates Using an Ascending Microstructure Profiler During the MOSAiC Drift
Authors: Fer Ilker , Baumann Till M. , Koenig Zoé , Muilwijk Morven , Tippenhauer Sandra
Published: August 2022

Sea ice mediates the transfer of momentum, heat, and gas between the atmosphere and the ocean. However, the under‐ice boundary layer is not sufficiently constrained by observations. During the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of the Arctic Climate (MOSAiC), we collected profiles in the upper 50–80 m using a new ascending vertical microstructure profiler, resolving the turbulent structure within 1 m to the ice. We analyzed 167 dissipation rate profiles collected between February and mid‐September 2020, from 89°N to 79°30′N through the Amundsen Basin, Nansen Basin, Yermak Plateau, and Fram Strait. Measurements covered a broad range of forcing (0–15 m s−1 wind and 0–0.4 m s−1 drift speeds) and sea ice conditions (pack ice, thin ice, and leads). Dissipation rates varied by over 4 orders of magnitude from 10−9 W kg−1 below 40 m to above 10−5 W kg−1 at 1 m. Following wind events, layers with dissipation  W kg−1 extended down to 20 m depth under pack ice. In leads in the central Arctic, turbulence was enhanced 2–10 times relative to thin ice profiles. Under‐ice dissipation profiles allowed us to estimate the boundary layer thickness (4 ± 2 m), and the friction velocity (1–15 mm s−1, 4.7 mm s−1 on average). A representative range of drag coefficient for the MOSAiC sampling site was estimated to (4–6) × 10−3, which is a typical value for Arctic floe observations. The average ratio of drift speed to wind speed was close to the free‐drift ratio of 2% with no clear seasonal or regional variability.
A novel bio-inspired strategy to prevent amyloidogenesis and synaptic damage in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Catania Marcella , Colombo Laura , Sorrentino Stefano , Cagnotto Alfredo , Lucchetti Jacopo , Barbagallo Maria Chiara , Vannetiello Ilaria , Vecchi Elena Rita , Favagrossa Monica , Costanza Massimo , Giaccone Giorgio , Salmona Mario , Tagliavini Fabrizio , Di Fede Giuseppe
Published: August 2022

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an irreversible neurodegenerative disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. AD pathogenesis is intricate. It primarily involves two main molecular players—amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau—which actually have an intrinsic trend to generate molecular assemblies that are toxic to neurons. Incomplete knowledge of the molecular mechanisms inducing the onset and sustaining the progression of the disease, as well as the lack of valid models to fully recapitulate the pathogenesis of human disease, have until now hampered the development of a successful therapy for AD. The overall experience with clinical trials with a number of potential drugs—including the recent outcomes of studies with monoclonal antibodies against Aβ—seems to indicate that Aβ-targeting is not effective if it is not accompanied by an efficient challenge of Aβ neurotoxic properties. We took advantage from the discovery of a naturally-occurring variant of Aβ (AβA2V) that has anti-amyloidogenic properties, and designed a novelbio-inspiredstrategy for AD based on the intranasal delivery of a six-mer peptide (Aβ1-6A2V) retaining the anti-amyloidogenic abilities of the full-length AβA2Vvariant. This approach turned out to be effective in preventing the aggregation of wild type Aβ and averting the synaptic damage associated with amyloidogenesis in a mouse model of AD. The results of our preclinical studies inspired by a protective model already existing in nature, that is the human heterozygous AβA2Vcarriers which seem to be protected from AD, open the way to an unprecedented and promising approach for the prevention of the disease in humans.
The environmental impact of community caries prevention - part 1: fluoride varnish application
Authors: Lyne Alexandra , Ashley Paul , Johnstone Mark , Duane Brett
Published: August 2022

Background Healthcare is a significant contributor to climate change and planetary health. Prevention of oral disease, such as caries, is an important part of any mechanism to improve sustainability. Caries prevention includes community schemes such as water fluoridation, toothbrushing, or fluoride varnish (FV) application. The aim of this study was to quantify the environmental impact of FV application.

Materials and methods A comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted to quantify the environmental impact of a five-year-old child receiving two FV applications in a one-year period in schools and in dental practice.

Results FV application in dental practice during an existing appointment had the lowest environmental impact in all 16 categories, followed by FV application in schools. FV application at a separate dental practice appointment had the highest impact in all categories, with a majority of the impact resulting from the patient travel into dental practice.

Discussion FV application while a child is already attending dental practice (for example, at routine recall) is the most sustainable way to deliver FV. School FV programmes are an alternative, equitable way to reach all children who may not access routine care in dental practice.
The environmental impact of community caries prevention - part 2: toothbrushing programmes
Authors: Ashley Paul , Duane Brett , Johnstone Mark , Lyne Alexandra
Published: August 2022

Introduction Community-level caries prevention programmes includes supervised toothbrushing in schools and the provision of toothbrushes and toothpaste. The environmental impact of these interventions is an important factor to consider when commissioning these services.

Materials and methods A comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted to quantify the environmental impact of a five-year-old child receiving one of two toothbrushing programmes over a one-year period; supervised toothbrushing in school, or the provision of toothbrushes and toothpaste.

Results Supervised toothbrushing had a lower environmental impact than provision of toothbrushes and toothpaste in all 16 impact categories measured. The water use needed for children to brush their teeth was the greatest contributing factor to the provision of toothbrushes and toothpaste, accounting for an average of 48.65% of the impact results.

Discussion All community-level caries prevention programmes have an associated environmental cost. LCA is one way to quantify the environmental impact of healthcare services and can be used along with cost and clinical effectives data to inform public healthcare policy. Organisations responsible for these programmes could use the results of this study to consider ways to reduce the environmental impact of their services.
Single-cell immune repertoire sequencing of B and T cells in murine models of infection and autoimmunity
Authors: Shlesinger Danielle , Hong Kai-Lin , Shammas Ghazal , Page Nicolas , Sandu Ioana , Agrafiotis Andreas , Kreiner Victor , Fonta Nicolas , Vincenti Ilena , Wagner Ingrid , Piccinno Margot , Mariotte Alexandre , Klimek Bogna , Dizerens Raphael , Manero-Carranza Marcos , Kuhn Raphael , Ehling Roy , Frei Lester , Khodaverdi Keywan , Panetti Camilla , Joller Nicole , Oxenius Annette , Merkler Doron , Reddy Sai T. , Yermanos Alexander
Published: August 2022

Adaptive immune repertoires are composed by the ensemble of B and T-cell receptors within an individual, reflecting both past and current immune responses. Recent advances in single-cell sequencing enable recovery of the complete adaptive immune receptor sequences in addition to transcriptional information. Here, we recovered transcriptome and immune repertoire information for polyclonal T follicular helper cells following lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection, CD8+ T cells with binding specificity restricted to two distinct LCMV peptides, and B and T cells isolated from the nervous system in the context of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. We could relate clonal expansion, germline gene usage, and clonal convergence to cell phenotypes spanning activation, memory, naive, antibody secretion, T-cell inflation, and regulation. Together, this dataset provides a resource for immunologists that can be integrated with future single-cell immune repertoire and transcriptome sequencing datasets.
Decomposing virulence to understand bacterial clearance in persistent infections
Authors: Hidalgo Beatriz Acuña , Silva Luís M. , Franz Mathias , Regoes Roland R. , Armitage Sophie A. O.
Published: August 2022

Following an infection, hosts cannot always clear the pathogen, instead either dying or surviving with a persistent infection. Such variation is ecologically and evolutionarily important because it can affect infection prevalence and transmission, and virulence evolution. However, the factors causing variation in infection outcomes, and the relationship between clearance and virulence are not well understood. Here we show that sustained persistent infection and clearance are both possible outcomes across bacterial species showing a range of virulence inDrosophila melanogaster. Variation in virulence arises because of differences in the two components of virulence: bacterial infection intensity inside the host (exploitation), and the amount of damage caused per bacterium (per parasite pathogenicity). As early-phase exploitation increased, clearance rates later in the infection decreased, whereas there was no apparent effect of per parasite pathogenicity on clearance rates. Variation in infection outcomes is thereby determined by how virulence – and its components – relate to the rate of pathogen clearance. Taken together we demonstrate that the virulence decomposition framework is broadly applicable and can provide valuable insights into host-pathogen interactions.
Balancing national economic policy outcomes for sustainable development
Authors: Basheer Mohammed , Nechifor Victor , Calzadilla Alvaro , Ringler Claudia , Hulme David , Harou Julien J.
Published: August 2022

The 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim at jointly improving economic, social, and environmental outcomes for human prosperity and planetary health. However, designing national economic policies that support advancement across multiple Sustainable Development Goals is hindered by the complexities of multi-sector economies and often conflicting policies. To address this, we introduce a national-scale design framework that can enable policymakers to sift through complex, non-linear, multi-sector policy spaces to identify efficient policy portfolios that balance economic, social, and environmental goals. The framework combines economy-wide sustainability simulation and artificial intelligence-driven multiobjective, multi-SDG policy search and machine learning. The framework can support multi-sector, multi-actor policy deliberation to screen efficient policy portfolios. We demonstrate the utility of the framework for a case study of Egypt by identifying policy portfolios that achieve efficient mixes of poverty and inequality reduction, economic growth, and climate change mitigation. The results show that integrated policy strategies can help achieve sustainable development while balancing adverse economic, social, and political impacts of reforms.
Water-organizing motif continuity is critical for potent ice nucleation protein activity
Authors: Forbes Jordan , Bissoyi Akalabya , Eickhoff Lukas , Reicher Naama , Hansen Thomas , Bon Christopher G. , Walker Virginia K. , Koop Thomas , Rudich Yinon , Braslavsky Ido , Davies Peter L.
Published: August 2022

Bacterial ice nucleation proteins (INPs) can cause frost damage to plants by nucleating ice formation at high sub-zero temperatures. Modeling of Pseudomonas borealis INP by AlphaFold suggests that the central domain of 65 tandem sixteen-residue repeats forms a beta-solenoid with arrays of outward-pointing threonines and tyrosines, which may organize water molecules into an ice-like pattern. Here we report that mutating some of these residues in a central segment of P. borealis INP, expressed in Escherichia coli, decreases ice nucleation activity more than the section’s deletion. Insertion of a bulky domain has the same effect, indicating that the continuity of the water-organizing repeats is critical for optimal activity. The ~10 C-terminal coils differ from the other 55 coils in being more basic and lacking water-organizing motifs; deletion of this region eliminates INP activity. We show through sequence modifications how arrays of conserved motifs form the large ice-nucleating surface required for potency.