bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation on aisi 430 ferritic stainless steel weldment by Tig, Mig welding and continuous drive friction welding
Authors: Senthil Kumar G , Ramakrishnan R
Published: September 2020

This work describes the study conducted on the macrostructure, microstructure and Tensile strength characteristic of AISI 430 Ferritic stainless steel joints by TIG Welding, MIG Welding and Friction Welding. A detailed analysis was conducted on mechanical property by ANOVA for each of the weldment. The output of the investigations exhibits that the weldment made by MIG has the high tensile strength (580 MPa) than the weldment made by FW (536 MPa) and TIG (492 MPa). The influence of process parameters on mechanical characteristics of weldment by MIG, TIG and FW were individually discussed. The fracture surface analyzed using SEM and found that FW weldment free from defects like carbide precipitation, stress corrosion cracking, sigma phase formation, high heat affected zone, joint distortion were usually occurs in stainless steel weldment by TIG and MIG. The microstructure of the weldment by MIG and TIG is found to be heterogeneous and the same is found by schaeffler diagram.
Selective Breeding Model for Optimizing Multi Container Loading Problems with Practical Constraints
Authors: Rajesh Kanna S K , Lingaraj N , Sivasankar P , Rebekah J , Geetharani K , Akash C
Published: September 2020

Multi container loading problem have been considered in this research for optimization of its packing pattern to yield maximum utilization of the container volume by satisfying the practical constraints such as boundary crossing constraint, weight constraint, stability constraint and placement constraint using selective breading algorithm. To be useful in real time packing, developed model also checks the feasibility of packing pattern and also uses best fit tuning algorithm for forbid possible empty spaces inside the container with the available bins and thereby avoid cargo displacements at the travel. The boundary crossing constraint conforms that the pallets are completely packed inside the containers without any overlap between themselves and with container boundary. Weight constraints are to check the total weights of the bins to be packed are within the threshold limit. Stability constraint is to satisfy the centre of gravity of the cargo is in line with the container and also the load bearing capacity of the bins. Placement constraint is to build pallets by considering the ease in loading and unloading respectively. In order to validate the developed model, the computational study had performed with large number of instances from ORLIB and the obtained solutions were satisfactory in most cases.
Flow analysis of abrasive micro-blasting with glycerol and acrylamideas carrier medium using computational fluid dynamics
Authors: Ramanathan S. , Naveen E. , Vignesh R.M. , Sudharson S.K. , Charan B.
Published: September 2020

Continuous growth is observed in the fieldofNon-Traditional machining where the machiningof newly developing materials is the need of the current segment. Nowadays Abrasive Fluid Jet Machining has used to machine a wide range of elastic and plastic materials including aerospace, automobile, ordinance and combat as well as day to day lifeapplications which require high strength to weight ratios. In Abrasive fluid jet machining, the abrasives are mixed with a liquid to form a slurry. The cutting performance is degraded by the rapid wear of the nozzle by the flow of the Abrasive Fluid mixture through the nozzles that lead to the divergence of the Abrasive Fluid Jet. The Angle of impingement affects the machining responses such that total cutting time has its influence. The Wear characteristics of the Nozzle Material are critical for such machining. The Nozzle inlet pressure of the abrasive fluid jet has a magnanimous effect on the erosion characteristics inside the nozzle. An analysis was carried out with constant Nozzle Taper angle and with Glycerol & Acrylamide solution as a carrier medium. The aim of this work is to analyze the effect of inlet operating pressure on wall shear and exit kinetic energy with respect to glycerol and Acrylamide solution. The two-phase flow analysis was carried by using a computational fluid dynamics tool CFX. The availability of optimized process parameters of abrasive fluid jet machining is limited to water practically. The other Carrier Medium for Abrasive Fluid Jet Machining can be explored widely. In this case, computational fluid dynamics analysis might provide better results than the real-time experimental work.
Integrating the automated car manufacturing system based on RFID and analysis using modules
Authors: Rahul R. , Kumaraswamy A.
Published: September 2020

In this module the analysis of the automated car manufacturing system is done. RFID tag is used to read each section of automobile manufacturing. There is an IR sensor in each segment of work envelops to detect the job completion. The first segment is for engine front and rear suspension module of the car, the second one is to integrate the Chassis Marriage Module, the third for integrating the Trim line of a car, and the fourth for implementing the Final line and testing the Quality of the Car. Here the RFID tag reads and stores the information detected by IR sensor. The Arduino controller connected to the IR sensor sends the data wirelessly to the MATLAB software through ZigBee module. This makes the production work simpler and effective. Also the throughput can be checked and analysed. Thus the performance and efficiency of manufacturing process can be analysed. Also the failure performance at distinct levels can be calculated. This will certainly help in analysing the working condition of each work envelope at regular intervals.
Friction welding of dissimilar aluminium 6061and SS 430F steel and its characterizations
Authors: Periyasamy P , Raja  , Kamaraj M , Balachandar M. , Ramanan N
Published: September 2020

Friction welding is a process to weld similar and dissimilar metals and it finds widespread applications in mass production method for joining the parts in various industries. In the present work, the joining of two dissimilar materials such as Aluminium 6061 and SS 430F steel using friction welding was investigated. Aluminium 6061 and SS 430F steel bars were cut into pieces having the dimension of 75 mm x 20 mm as length and diameter. Process variables such as upset force, friction force and burn off length were considered for this friction welding process. The welded region was analysed to investigate the mechanical testing like hardness test, impact test, bend test and pull load test. The XRD studies indicated the presence of Al, Fe and intermetallic phases in the welded region. The hardness studies were conducted at different zones of the samples indicating highest hardness at the weld interface. Toughness and bending strength increased and pulling strength decreased with an increase in friction force and burn off length for low upset force as well as high upset force. The SEM image of fracture surface of pull load test specimen showed the ductile failure of friction welded joint. This solid-state structure of dissimilar materials can be used in the structural applications of aircraft, marine and automobile engineering with an aim to meet weight reduction.
A study on the combined effect of aging and severe plastic deformation on the mechanical properties of AA6061 alloy
Authors: Muralidharan S , Arun Kumar S , Mohammed Iqbal U
Published: September 2020

Severe plastic deformation (SPD) process is used to attain ultra fine grains in the material. Twist channel angular pressing (TCAP) is an effective SPD technique that is used to achieve more grain refinement in less number of passes. This work explores the combined effect of aging and TCAP on the mechanical properties of aluminium-6061 alloy. Finite element analysis (FEA) was performed to predict the load for two coefficients of friction (µ=0.2&0.5). Based on the strain to load ratio, µ=0.2 was used to perform the experiments. The samples were aged at 150°C for 9 hours and extruded by twist channel angular pressing process. The hardness and tensile strength of the aged and un-aged samples before and after twist channel angular pressing was measured. Hardness and the tensile strength was measured. Compared to the un-aged sample the tensile strength and hardness is increased by 34% and 23% respectively for the aged specimen after the twist channel angular pressing process.
Optimization of process parameters in friction welding of super duplex stainless steel
Authors: Manoj Samson R , Deepan Bharathi Kannan T , Aravind R , Varun Vinayak A B
Published: September 2020

Super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) of grade UNS 32750 is a material with high corrosive resistance and strength. Due to these properties SDSS finds application in chemical, and oil industries. Welding plays a crucial role in the above industries for fabricating crucial components. Among the various welding processes, friction welding is least explored in joining SDSS. In this work, Friction welding was used to join SDSS in order to get properties required for oil industries. Welding trials were done based on L9 Taguchi array carried out with friction load (kg), friction time (s), forge load (kg) and forge time (s) as input parameters. The weld quality was assessed by measuring tensile strength and hardness. Grey Relational Analysis was used to identify the optimised parameter combinations. From GRA, it is understood that the optimised parameter combination lies outside L9 welding trials. Confirmation test was done based on the GRA predicted optimised parameters and the experimental results were found to be in good agreement with the predicted values. The metallurgical aspects of the weld are also discussed with the help of microstructures taken through optical microscope.
Optimization of Cutting Parameters Based on Surface Roughness and Cutting Force During End Milling of Nimonic C-263 Alloy
Authors: Giridhar Reddy P , Gowthaman S , Jagadeesha T
Published: September 2020

The surface integrity of machined surfaces greatly influences the functional properties of the components such as fatigue life, etc. Nickel-based superalloy such as Nimonic C-263 is termed as difficult to machine material due to its unique properties as well as high strength at elevated temperatures. This study intends to optimize the cutting parameters (cutting speed, feed, depth of cut) during the end milling of Nimonic C-263 and the machining has been carried out using solid tungsten carbide tool coated with TiAlN and Vertical Machining Center. Experimentation is carried out using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array technique and based on signal to noise ratio data, optimum machining parameters were achieved for preferred observable characteristics such as cutting force and surface roughness. Additionally, Multi-purpose optimization (Grey analysis) of the observable characteristics was conducted to predict the optimum machining parameters combination which offers better producible surface finish and lowest cutting force requirement. Further, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) reveals that the feed rate is the farthest influencing factor followed by the depth of cut, cutting speed, and the variations in cutting force and surface roughness are confirmed through chip morphology using Scanning electron microscopy.
2d finite element analysis of inconel 718 under turning processes
Authors: Chandra Mouli G , Prakash Marimuthu K , Jagadeesha T
Published: September 2020

Nickel-based alloys like INCONEL 718 are extensively used in manufacturing aero-engine components due to their excellent mechanical and chemical properties at high elevated operating temperatures. The machining of these alloys often poses a challenge due to its rapid changes in machining parameters such as microstructure of the material, hardness and surface behavior due to high plastic deformation during machining. Also, thermal properties such as low thermal conductivity contribute to high temperatures in the cutting zone. This paper aims to create a numerical model to examine the cutting forces induced by orthogonal machining. The FE method was used to simulate and analyze the cutting tool temperature and cutting forces. In this work, the Finite element model has been developed using ABAQUS to model 2D-orthogonal cutting of the INCONEL 718 using the WC tool coated with TiN. The cutting forces and tool temperatures were predicted using Johnson-Cook formulation under different conditions like dry and cryogenic conditions. For the cryogenic model, all types of heat transfer coefficients were considered. A dynamic explicit time integration technique with arbitrary lagrangian eulerian (ALE) adaptive meshing technique was employed to simulate the model. The simulations are conducted at speeds 1000 mm/sec, 1250 mm/sec, 1500 mm/sec, it feeds 0.08 mm/rev, 0.1 mm/rev, 0.15 mm/rev, and depth of cut of 0.5 mm, 0.75 mm, 1 mm. For the given tool–work combination it is found that at speed 1250 mm/sec, feed rate 0.08 mm/rev, depth of cut 0.75 mm the cutting force results are good.
Structural design of zoomorphic robot
Authors: Durga Prasad D , Vasanth Kumar CH
Published: September 2020

In recent years many Zoomorphic robots have come into usage and these robots have an Animal based structure and they are known as social robots. The mechanical legs base gives the robot have amazing manoeuvrability so, the flexibility that decides the commands can be executed. Naturally, where these flexible components in ligaments largely add to the amazing headway abilities, the zoomorphic robot is assembly. This novel work deals with the design and development of a zoomorphic robot structure. The Kinematics Solutions are determined for the created structure utilizing a specially designed 3D printing robot. An Arduino application has used, to control the robot for its locomotion and positioning of the legs.
Multiple oriented robots for search and rescue operations
Authors: Ahamed Ali Firthous M , Kumar R
Published: September 2020

Search and rescue (SAR) operations in a tragedy affected area is challenging. The rescue robots helps in the exploration of unknown, confined and cluttered environments. Multiple robots are developed will to explore the disaster affected region and will be able to detect any people or living beings present there. The robots have living beings as their targets in tragedy affected area. The multiple robots deployed in the field, traverse through the tragedy affected area. A novel algorithm has been developed which helps in finding the target. The rescue robots are programmed to find the shortest and less obstacle path to reach the target. Due to the tragedy affected environment, the robots decides the moving direction based on the information gathered by sensors such that the optimal path between start and goal positions can be found. The path to target by the robots are shared among them and best path is chosen among them. The robots explore and searches the region avoiding the obstacles and whenever it comes into contact with a living being it shares the information among other robots. The CO2 level of the particular region is also checked to know whether the person is in breathing state. The algorithm will be developed in order to increase the pace of the search and to locate the living being. The SAR robots have application over tragedy affected areas like earthquake, avalanche, etc.
IoT based dual-axis solar tracking system
Authors: Vinodhkumar R , John Stalin
Published: September 2020

This paper discusses the implementation of IoT (Internet of Things) for maneuvering and remote monitoring the orientation of the solar panel from anywhere. Solar energy is clean, abundant, eco-friendly and it is a renewable type of energy. In order to maximize the efficiency of the solar panel, it should be perpendicular to the solar rays emitted from the sun. It can be achieved by rotating the solar tracker along with the sun throughout the day. Sun’s position is determined by its Azimuth and Elevation angles. Nowadays the world is moving towards a new era called the Internet of Things and everything can be found on the internet. These angle data can be also found on the Internet, which makes this solar tracker precise, cheap, and accurate for tracking. It also makes monitoring the solar tracker position from anywhere at any time.
Automated quality monitoring system for Ceramic Tiles
Authors: Murugesan R , Ragul T , Edison Jibin , Vinoth T
Published: September 2020

In the trending decade of automation in manufacturing, quality is keenly regarded as a driving force among the industries and consumers. Though sampling techniques were introduced after automation to increase productivity and to support mass production, they fail to match up the quality of 100 percent inspection of the components. From the observation at a ceramic tile manufacturing industry, it was found that among various problems faced, the diagonals of the finished tiles were measured manually using vernier callipers. The paper proposes an automation system using proximity sensors for efficient online measurement of diagonal dimensions of the ceramic tiles by sensing the proximity of the tiles moving on the conveyor system. The microcontroller checks if the diagonals are within the required tolerance limits and displays the lengths of the diagonals and also gives a signal if they are out of limits, leading to rejection of the particular tile. The system improves the speed, along with accuracy of quality monitoring system and reduces the intensive labour work required from the inspectors.
Optimization of FSW Parameters to Improve the Mechanical and Metallurgical Properties of Aluminium Alloy AA 5083 Joints
Authors: Saravana Kumar R , Rajasekaran T , Singh Sahil Deep , Kumar Sameer , Mishra Prakar , Shrivastav Priyanshu , Ravishankar Shashank
Published: September 2020

Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is carried out on armour grade AA5083 aluminium alloy having the dimensions of 100X75X6.35 mm. The FSW process and tool parameters play a major role in deciding the joint strength. Many processing conditions and material properties affect the microstructure evolution and mechanical behaviours of the produced joints. Various parameters such as welding speed, tilt angle, spindle speed and various tool profile are used. Analyzing the mechanical behaviours of joints welded like tensile strength and hardness were investigated. The tool rotation and welding direction same side are similar is called Advancing side (AS) and opposite on the other known as retreating side (RS). The input process parameters which influence the strength of the joints. Main consideration is to select the best parameter to produce the defect free joints. Experiment is designed to determine the major factors affecting the hardness and tensile strength of the joints. Effect of rotational speed, welding speed and tilt angle on tensile strength and hardness are studied. The contribution of each factor is determined from ANOVA analysis “Tensile strength and hardness increased with increasing the rotational speed 1000 rpm to 1400 rpm, traverse speed from 30 mm/min to 40mm/min”. This investigation mainly deals with Taguchi and ANOVA were performed to improve the effective characteristics of welding inputs.
Prediction of Optimum Welding parameters for Friction stir welding of Aluminium Alloy AA5083 Using Response Surface Method
Authors: Saravana Kumar R , Rajasekaran T , Prasad Varun G
Published: September 2020

Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is carried out on armour grade aluminium alloy AA 5083 with dimensions of 100X50X6.35 mm. The process parameters like tool profile play a significant role to enhance the welding. Many processing conditions influence the microstructure progression and mechanical behaviour of the produced joints. The main parameters involved in the welding process is discussed under this work. Various parameters such as welding speed, tilt angle, spindle speed and various tool profile are used. Analysing the mechanical behaviours of joints welded like tensile strength and hardness is investigated. In this work tool profiles are designed according to the specific dimensions and the tool material chosen is H13. The tool profiles which are chosen are Cylindrical, Tapered and Hexagonal. So, for this profile, the welds are made accordingly. The Study involves the process which is going to take place are Tensile strength, Impact strength, Hardness, and Microstructure. After the finished AA5083 welded aluminium alloy, it is cut in using the EDM machine according to the ASTM standard. The experiment is designed to determine the major factors affecting the hardness and tensile strength of the joints. For the speed of the tool, tool profile and forward movement of the tool tensile strength and hardness are studied. The contribution of each factor is determined from RSM; For the nine samples, the different factors which are used in this process are compared and investigated. These sample values are compared and analysed by using ANOVA. Based on the values obtained from the test the graph is plotted and based upon the speed of the tool from 1000 to 1500 rpm and forward motion of the tool from 18 to 24 mm/min values is investigated.
Characteristic Study of Friction Stir Welding of Aluminium Alloy AA7075 Using H13 Surface Hardened Tool Steel with Variable Tool Pin Design
Authors: Saravana Kumar R , Rajasekaran T , Sivasubramanian S , Garg Dhruv , Gouda Debasis , Tiwari Ritwik , Singh Akashendra
Published: September 2020

Friction Stir Welding is a solid-state process where a tool which is not consumable rotates between two metals or alloy. In FSW process heat is generated because of the friction that is developed between the tool and the work piece below the melting point of the material. Compared to conventional welding this FSW process can be used for welding alloys such as aluminium, copper, etc. In this process, we can even weld two different types of alloy together which is not possible in conventional welding. Aluminium alloy AA7075 (Al-Zn-Mg-Cu) is a type of alloy which shows high strength and corrosive resistant because of the zinc content in the alloy. This zinc act as a sacrificial anode for the alloy which forms a outer covering on the surface of the alloy which is the one which gets corroded first and then followed by the alloy. In this FSW the parameters play the significant role that determines the weld characteristics. Here, aluminium alloy of series AA7075 of thickness 6mm is welded by Friction Stir Welding Process. This alloy contains zinc with a minimum amount of 5.8%. This zinc acts as a sacrificial-anode in sub-marines application, where this zinc forms like an outer covering layer on the surface of the submarine. So, this zinc gets corroded first keeping the sub-marine safe for a long period. After the Friction Stir Welding Process is completed, different tests are performed in the welded portion of the alloy. The test starts with the Ultimate Tensile Test followed by the Impact hardness test and the microstructure of the welded portion is studied. The welding parameter such as rotational speed, transverse speed is optimized in this process by using the Taguchi analysis. Taguchi method greatly improves the design and engineering productivity. This method is very effective on regard of its simple experimental design and systematic approach to produce better quality at lower costs. The optimum results can be obtained by providing the input functions and can easily produce better results. By this effect of input variables the results can be formed by S/N ratio and response means. The Larger is better criteria is employed to our problems.
Optimization of welding parameters in CMT welding of Al 5083 alloys using VIKOR optimization method
Authors: Aravind A P , Suryaprakash S , Vishal S , Sethuraman M , Deepan Bharathi Kannan T , Umar M , Rajak Sonu
Published: September 2020

In this paper, an effort is made to examine the cold metal transfer (CMT) welding of Al 5083 sheets having a thickness of 3 mm. The CMT welding was performed based on the L9 Taguchi orthogonal array with welding current (A), welding speed (mm/min) and welding frequency (Hz) as input parameters. The quality of weld was studied by measuring the reinforcement, bead width (BW), depth of penetration (DOP) and heat affected zone width (HAZW). The optimized parameters were found by the VIKOR multi-objective optimization method. The eighth experiment was identified as the optimized parameter from the VIKOR method.
Performance analysis of process variables on laser beam machining of inconel-718 alloy
Authors: Manoj Samson R , Ranjith R , Nirmal R , Geethapriyan T
Published: September 2020

Carbon-dioxide laser beam machining (LBM) is used for machining intricate shapes and hard materials which are inconceivable with conventional machining methods. Inconel 718 finds its prime applications in manufacturing high pressure turbine components and structural components of aerospace industry. Inconel 718 alloy exhibits superior physical and mechanical properties at elevated temperature, Strength-to-density ratio and higher corrosion resistance. The objective of the current work is to determine the optimal setting of the process parameters like laser power, cutting speed, gas pressure while machining Inconel-718 material using oxygen gas. The experiment was conducted using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array. A square washer with four holes of diameter 8 mm and one hole of diameter 64 mm was machined using laser beam machining and the best combination of process parameters to acquire better response parameters is computed. The optimized value of surface roughness was found to be 3.5µm and similarly material removal rate to be 45.56 m3/min when operated at 2.1m/min cutting speed, cut of type rough, 1mm of focal point and 4000bar gas pressure, The effect of input variables on various response parameters namely surface roughness (Ra), Heat affected zone thickness (HAZ), material removal rate (MRR), Taper, Circularity, hardness were studied. Morphology of the machined surface was investigated using SEM analysis.
Experimental investigation of milling operation on GFRP composites
Authors: Infanta Mary Priya I , Singhal Anshul
Published: September 2020

This work attempts to investigate the aspects of machining performance and its optimization during milling operation of glass fibre reinforced composites. Using Taguchi’s design approach, experiments are conducted as per the orthogonal array. The three input parameters considered for the milling operation are the number of flutes, feed rate and cutting speed. The various responses studied during this milling operation are machining force, cutting torque, surface roughness and delamination factor. Also optimization of the machining parameters (ie) number of flutes, feed rate and cutting speed are carried out on milling in order to minimize the surface delamination, machining force, cutting torque and delamination factor. The optimized results obtained after the study are found to be as feed rate of 0.05mm/rev, number of flutes as 4 and cutting speed as 1500 rpm and under these conditions the milling operation performed yielded better surface characteristics.
Effect of Process Variables on Electrochemical Micromachining of Titanium Alloy (Ti-3Al-2.5V)
Authors: Geethapiriyan T , Kumarasamy Gowtham , Lakshmanan T , Manoj Samson R , Silkson John J
Published: September 2020

Electro-chemical Machining (ECM) is mainly used for shaping, deburring, milling and finishing operations in various precision industries and its use in micron level machining is called Electro-Chemical Micro Machining (EMM). EMM and ECM are receiving considerable attention from high-tech industries. It is because it allows to manufacture structures of complex shapes, it has high precision and accuracy, it is simpler and eco-friendly manufacturing technique and it can be used for different conducting materials. Different industry working with water which is saline, needs heat exchanger for the process. Titanium Alloy (Ti-3Al-2.5V) due to its high corrosion resistance under saline conditions is preferred by these industries. This present work is mainly concentrated on identifying the Material Removal rate (MRR) of Titanium Alloy (Ti-3Al-2.5V) workpiece by varying the process parameters like voltage, electrolyte concentration and duty cycle on electro-chemical micro machining.
Direct ink writing of ceramics for bio medical applications – A Review
Authors: Golcha Utsav , Praveen A S , Belgin Paul D L
Published: September 2020

The 3D Printing technique has been globally used in bone tissue engineering as well as biomedical applications owing to its advantage of the quick, precise and controllable freeform fabrication process. In this printing technique, anatomical information of defected parts is gathered and converted into a CAD model, which is translated into Printer language. Among different additive manufacturing methods, direct ink writing (DIW) has gained attention among the academic and industrial communities due to its ability to build up the structure on any surface without any masking or tooling as well as no powder bed and the expensive laser source is required for printing. Bio-ceramics are utilized in biomedical fields because of the properties like high stiffness, bioactive, biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, therefore helping for bone regeneration and growing in vivo and in vitro environment. This paper reviews the current status and case studies involved in DIW of Bio-ceramic/composite for different biomedical applications.
Friction welding of dissimilar metals (aluminium AL 6061 T6 and stainless steel AISI 304)
Authors: Senkathir S , Siddharth V B
Published: September 2020

In friction welding, welding takes place due to exterior pressure applied on the cylindrical rods. Both the specimen to be welded are having a linear motion or a rotary motion. The main benefit of friction welding, is that it produces low distortion. The other advantage is absence of defects and comparatively high weld strength. It can also be employed to weld materials that are considered difficult to weld by older welding methods. Friction welded specimen do not require any external auxiliary such as tools or filler rods and thus helps to save cost. Also, this method requires relatively lesser welding times as compared to other welding processes. Using this technology, we can achieve welding of a large number of materials which have distinct mechanical properties and chemical composition. Friction Welding also helps to reduce the costs of process by a significant amount. This also has shown prominent reduction in overall weight of the component. This study encapsulates the work done in friction welding, presents the summary of the testing done in this field till date in brief. The identification of proper welding parameters such as Friction Load, Friction Time and Forge Load is an important task. The problem of obtaining good weldability as well as high weld strength is tackled and dealt with hereby. Friction welding could be a discovery in production technology, a leap which will profit a large variety of industries, as well as the aviation, naval industries. It also has use in manufacturing drilling tools.
Robot Nano Spray Painting - A Review
Authors: Sai Kiran J R V , Prabhu S
Published: September 2020

Since 1970s, robotic painting has been widely adopted to manufacturing and automobile industry, because of its many advantages over manual painting in its high efficiency, economy and keeping workers away from hazardous chemicals. During the automated painting process, the spray gun, the end-effector of the painting robot, is guided to paint the targeted surface along the planned trajectories. Nano-sized additives are placed in the latex paint to enhance the quality of paint. The purpose of this study is twofold: examine the trajectory planning of robot and discuss the most influential parameters to increase the quality and lifetime of paint. Multiple databases were searched for literature and limiting to last ten years. The keywords selected for the search were a combination of the Paint thickness, Robot Spray Painting, Trajectory planning, Simulation, Nano Paint, Characteristics of paint, State of the art technologies. From the literature survey, few works were carried out using the robot paint and no work was conducted using the CNT based Nano paints and analysing the environmental characteristics, surface characteristics are very limited. This study will identify the factors that enhance the paint characteristics and will be useful for coating and paint industry. The factors like distance, pressure and speed are considered and the parameters like surface roughness, thickness and film adhesion is considered. To optimize the control parameters to improve the quality of Robot Nano spray paint coating by Robot Trajectory planning. Examine the control parameters to increase life time of painting and shining characteristic in current scenario of industry.
Investigations on the machinability of titanium alloy using low frequency vibration assisted turning under minimum quantity lubrication
Authors: Umasekar V G , Gopal M , Shravan Kumar C
Published: September 2020

Titanium alloy found major applications in aerospace, automobile and chemical factories due to its large strength at elevated temperature, good corrosion resistance, low thermal conductivity and light weight. Because of its superior qualities, this alloy found difficult to machine. The machinability of titanium alloy can be improved by adding low frequency vibrations (less than 1000 cycles per second) to the cutting tool. An enhancement in the machining performance can be attained by applying minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) in the cutting zone. In this study an attempt has been made to enhance the machinability of Ti6Al4V alloy by using MQL technique during low frequency vibration assisted turning (LFVAT). Experiments were conducted and the influence of low frequency vibrations plus MQL on the turning process was estimated by measuring the average surface roughness, main cutting force and tool wear. The performance of LFVAT, LFVAT + MQL, conventional turning (CT) and CT+MQL compared in terms of the aforesaid output parameters.
Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials and its Application as a Reverse Osmosis Membrane: An Overview
Authors: Thirugnanam M , Rajasekaran G
Published: September 2020

With increased rate of global population and energy needs the clean water crisis aggravating all over the world continuously. Membranes based Reverse osmosis (RO) desalination technology is a promising solution to the shortage of safe drinking water as it has a high water recovery with low energy consumption compared to other separation techniques at minimum cost. Two dimensional (2D) nanoscale materials such as graphene with sub-nanopores have potential to excel as a RO membrane. Recent developments in 2D nanomaterials addressed the capability of RO membrane in terms of both mechanical strength and desalination performance. Developing the 2D materials with controlled pore (vacancy defect) sizes, pore chemistry and applied pressure is attracted vast interest in synthesizing such type of materials as a RO membrane. In this article, authors reviewed various 2D nanomaterials and its performance as a membrane in RO process.
Taguchi based Optimization of Coated and Uncoated Tool Insert for Turning Ti6Al4V using Grey Relation Analysis
Authors: Ambigai R , Prabhu S , Gandhi Raj
Published: September 2020

The titanium alloy Ti6Al4V has been widely used due to its high strength to weight ratio. The titanium machinability is very troublesome because of its hardness, low elastic modulus at elevated temperature and thermal conductivity, and has high chemical affinity. In this paper we have studied surface roughness, material removal rate for CNC Turning of Ti6Al4Vby comparing it with two inserts, one is tungsten carbide coated having a coating of TiAlN and the other is the uncoated tungsten carbide inserts by varying the input parameters such as cutting Speed, feed rate, depth of cut (DOC). These experiments were based on Taguchi’s orthogonal array for three factor and three levels and experiments has been conducted based on L27 orthogonal array for turning operation on computer numerical control machine. Further optimization is done based on multi response optimization-Grey Relational Approach (GRA) to get the optimized parameter for the maximum Material Removal Rate (MRR) and minimum Surface Roughness (Ra). However the surface roughness of the coated insert was found to minimal than the uncoated insert in which the coating just improves the life of the cutting tool.
Acoustic Emission Analysis for Damage Mechanism in Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite under Torsional Behaviour
Authors: Hemanth Raj G. , Prakash M. , Kumar Abburi Lakshman
Published: September 2020

In this study the torsional behaviour of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite rods of different matrix materials like PEEK, Aqua bond, Epoxy are studied and different types of failures are observed. The FRP composite rods are fabricated by using Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Moulding (VARTM) method as per the standards. FRP composite rods are tested in the digital torsion testing machine (MTS100NM). The Acoustic Emission (AE) sensors are used to analyse the nature of the cracks. The defects in FRP composite rods are identified, like surface micro cracks, matrix failure and reinforcement failure. After getting AE signals based on different AE Parameters like Time, Frequency, AE hits and AE energy from the obtained results the failure initiation and crack propagation are identified, Hence the AE method is best suitable technique for identify the micro failures.
Experimental study on end milling parameters of Ti6Al4V Titanium superalloy in different cutting environment
Authors: Vignesh S , Mohammed Iqbal U
Published: September 2020

Machining of super alloys becomes highly demanded in aerospace industries. Titanium alloys tend to fall under the above category due to its density ratio and high strength. Machining under dry conditions and conventional coolants were performing better under normal conditions. Also, disposal of contaminant coolants created a necessity to find an alternate to it. Cryogenic coolant is a recent sustainable green machining process which is considered as one of the efficient process to replace conventional coolants. In the study, Liquid nitrogen (cryogenic coolant) was utilized a cryogenic coolant to endmill the Ti6Al4V titanium superalloy at varying investigative parameters depth of cut, feed rate and speed of spindle. This study was also focused on comparing cryogenic coolant with dry machining by measuring its surface integrity. Cryogenic milling has given beneficial results when compared to dry milling. Taguchi L9 technique was utilized for experiment design and corresponding ANOVA was done to find the most influencing parameter and optimized values. At higher speeds and feed rate (i.e.,5000 rpm and 0.6 mm/min) around 15% improvement was found in cryogenic milling when compared to dry milling. In environment and health of worker or machinist point of view, cryogenic machining leads to clean and green manufacturing without compromising the quality of output.
Path Planning of Serial Two Link Planar Manipulator for Avoidance of Steam Generator Plugged Tube
Authors: Perumalsamy G , Kumar Deepak , Visweswaran P , Joseph Winston S , Murugan S
Published: September 2020

Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) has 8 Steam Generators (SGs). Inspection of SGs requires a remote tooling to reach each of the 547 tubes. In PFBR SG, Sodium flows through the shell side and water/steam through the tube side. Degradation of the SG tubes are caused by corrosion, pitting, wear due to flow induced vibration; so it is necessary that degraded SG tube must be plugged at both ends in order to increase the availability of plant. So the plugged tubes will have some protrusion above tube sheet. As robotic device for inspection is two-axis Selective Compliant Assembly Robotic Arm (SCARA), so during movement from one tube to another tube, plugged tube has to be avoided for safe operation. In this paper path planning technique using vector algebra has been used to find out via point in the Cartesian space. The via point is selected such that robot can avoid plugged tube& ensures healthy operation of device.
Experimental studies on magnesium metal matrix composites processed by Twist Extrusion
Authors: Mohammed Iqbal U. , Muralidharan S. , Abhishek PV
Published: September 2020

Recently magnesium alloys and magnesium composite were widely used due to their good strength to weight ratio. These materials find its applications in the bio-medical and in aviation industries. The aim of this study is to twist extrude the hybrid magnesium composite. The magnesium AZ91 alloy is used matrix medium and it was reinforced with 2%SiC and 1.5% B4C. The twist extrusion was carried out in a split die with a slope angle of 54°. The composite is prepared by the bottom pouring method. The number of passes is limited to one, as adding the reinforcement increases the brittleness of the composites. The twist extrusion of the composite resulted in a porosity free sample. Hardness was measured by Macro-Vickers tester and ASTM A370 standard was used for the tensile test. Results indicate an increase 26.6% in strength and 38.5% hardness of the twist extruded composite.
Comparison on machining characteristics of AISI 304 steel during micro and nano powder mixed electrical discharge machining process
Authors: Rajesh J V , Singh Kushpreet , Giridharan Abimannan
Published: September 2020

The experimental analysis on the influence of duty factor and powder particle size on discharge energy, material removal rate and surface integrity is made during powder mixed electrical discharge machining process. Molybdenum-di-sulfide (MoS2) powder particles of two different size viz. 40μm (micro) and 90 nm (nano) are used. During experimentation duty factor is varied as 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12. A comparative evaluation on the effect of using two size of molybdenum-di-sulfide powder particle in dielectric medium is studied. For all duty factors, micro powder offered high discharge energy and better surface finish compared to that of nano powder. Nano powder offered high material removal rate compared to that of micro powder. The occurrence of series discharge during powder mixed electrical discharge machining is observed using pulse train generated in gap and using scanning electron microscope image of machined surface. The e energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis of machined surface reveals the deposition of molybdenum-di-sulphide from dielectric medium for both micro and nano powder mixed electrical discharge machining process.
Optimization approaches of industrial serial manipulators to improve energy efficiency: A review
Authors: Lakshmi Srinivas G , Javed Arshad
Published: September 2020

The objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of existing approaches and techniques developed in the field of industrial robotics to make it energy efficient. The usage of industrial manipulators is increasing globally due to its repeatability and superiority. The considerable energy demand is also predicted because of the increased application of robots in industries, this can be overcome by making energy-efficient manipulators. Different approaches are already established in this field to make robots energy efficient such as; elimination of needless densities by topology optimization, selection of optimal path using trajectory optimization, usage of light-weight components, analysing speed, and providing energy storage devices, etc. Among different available approaches, major three methodologies are reviewed in this paper. The first group comprises the topology optimization method that optimizes the design space by eliminating needless densities based on given boundary conditions and constraints. Further, the topology optimization method sub-classified into two types based on loading conditions such as static analysis and dynamic analysis. The second group comprises trajectory optimization of robots; this is achieved by selecting the optimal path of the work-cycle, or minimization of torque. Again trajectory optimization classified into point-to-point and multi-point optimization. The third group includes the application of light-weight structural components in the field of industrial robotics and its challenges. Presented work will be useful to analyze different approaches to make the robot as energy efficient.
Selection of optimal capacity for reconfigurable machines during lean manufacturing
Authors: Pattanaik L N , Munda Pooja , Jyoti  , Kumar Amit
Published: September 2020

Presently manufacturing industries are facing the challenge of increased market volatility and unpredictability. Capacity control is an effective measure to address this problem by utilizing the flexibility in the plant capacity. This research paper proposes a genetic algorithm (GA) based methodology to optimally select levels of capacity for machines which are reconfigurable in nature. The objective function for the optimization problem is minimization of an error with takt time. Takt as a key feature of lean manufacturing is considered in the model to manufacture the products in a fixed rate as decided by their respective demands and available production time. A hypothetical numerical problem is illustrated to describe the selection methodology, GA computation steps and the solution procedure.
Effect of hot corrosion demeanour on aerospace-grade Hastelloy X made by pulsed and constant current arc welding in molten salts at 820 °C
Authors: Sathishkumar M , Subramani P , Natesh M , Venkateshkannan M , Arivazhagan N , Manikandan M
Published: September 2020

The effect of hot corrosion tendency of Hastelloy X weldment made by pulsed current tungsten inert gas (PCTIG) and constant current tungsten inert gas (CCTIG) welding has been studied. The welding has been done using ERNiCrCoMo-1 (Mo-1) filler. The hot corrosion demeanour of the Hastelloy X has studied in two different molten salt circumstance such as MS-1 (molten salt-1) (75Na2SO4 + 20V2O5 + 5NaCl) and MS-2 (molten salt-2) (75Na2SO4 + 25V2O5) for 25 cycles (one hour in each cycle) at 820 °C. The MS-1 substrate shows the maximum weight gain compared to MS-2. Also, the largest parabolic constant (Kp) is observed for PCTIG MS-1. The existence of NaCl in MS-1 has improved the corrosion rate by generating more spallation and exfoliation on the surface. The trends of hot corrosion resistance are following the order of, CCTIG Mo-1 MS-1 <Base Metal MS-1 <PCTIG Mo-1 MS-1 <Base Metal Mo-1 MS-2 <CCTIG MS-2 < PCTIG Mo-1 MS-2. The smaller grain size and higher protective oxides (NiO, NiFe2O4, NiCr2O4, and Cr2O3) developed in PCTIG MS-1 and MS-2 improves the corrosion resistance compared to coarser gains and fewer protective oxides in CCTIG MS-1 and MS-2, respectively. The non-protective oxides (Fe2O3 and MoO3) improved the corrosion rate of the substrate. From this investigation, it is clear that PCTIG weldment in the MS-2 environment is providing better protection to corrosion at 820 °C.