bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intracellular Ca
2+
and not the extracellular matrix determines surface dynamics of AMPA-type glutamate receptors on aspiny neurons
Authors: Klueva Julia , Gundelfinger Eckart D. , Frischknecht R. Renato , Heine Martin
Published: September 2014

The perisynaptic extracellular matrix (ECM) contributes to the control of the lateral mobility of AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) at spine synapses of principal hippocampal neurons. Here, we have studied the effect of the ECM on the lateral mobility of AMPARs at shaft synapses of aspiny interneurons. Single particle tracking experiments revealed that the removal of the hyaluronan-based ECM with hyaluronidase does not affect lateral receptor mobility on the timescale of seconds. Similarly, cross-linking with specific antibodies against the extracellular domain of the GluA1 receptor subunit, which affects lateral receptor mobility on spiny neurons, does not influence receptor mobility on aspiny neurons. AMPARs on aspiny interneurons are characterized by strong inward rectification indicating a significant fraction of Ca
2+
-permeable receptors. Therefore, we tested whether Ca
2+
controls AMPAR mobility in these neurons. Application of the membrane-permeable Ca
2+
chelator BAPTA-AM significantly increased the lateral mobility of GluA1-containing synaptic and extrasynaptic receptors. These data indicate that the perisynaptic ECM affects the lateral mobility differently on spiny and aspiny neurons. Although ECM structures on interneurons appear much more prominent, their influence on AMPAR mobility seems to be negligible at short timescales.
Astrocytes and extracellular matrix in extrasynaptic volume transmission
Authors: Vargová Lýdia , Syková Eva
Published: September 2014

Volume transmission is a form of intercellular communication that does not require synapses; it is based on the diffusion of neuroactive substances across the brain extracellular space (ECS) and their binding to extrasynaptic high-affinity receptors on neurons or glia. Extracellular diffusion is restricted by the limited volume of the ECS, which is described by the ECS volume fractionα, and the presence of diffusion barriers, reflected by tortuosityλ, that are created, for example, by fine astrocytic processes or extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules. Organized astrocytic processes, ECM scaffolds or myelin sheets channel the extracellular diffusion so that it is facilitated in a certain direction, i.e. anisotropic. The diffusion properties of the ECS are profoundly influenced by various processes such as the swelling and morphological rebuilding of astrocytes during either transient or persisting physiological or pathological states, or the remodelling of the ECM in tumorous or epileptogenic tissue, during Alzheimer's disease, after enzymatic treatment or in transgenic animals. The changing diffusion properties of the ECM influence neuron–glia interaction, learning abilities, the extent of neuronal damage and even cell migration. From a clinical point of view, diffusion parameter changes occurring during pathological states could be important for diagnosis, drug delivery and treatment.
Oncogenic mutations of the EGF-Receptor ectodomain reveal an unexpected mechanism for ligand-independent activation
Authors: ORELLANA LAURA , HOSPITAL ADAM , OROZCO MODESTO
Published: September 2014

Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) signalling is supposed to be triggered by a ligand-induced conformational change of the extracellular domain from a closed, self-inhibited tethered monomer, to an open untethered state with a free dimerization arm. The ectodomain also untethers spontaneously, but the molecular mechanism is still unknown. Experiments with the mAb806 antibody have suggested the existence of a third untethered state, still uncharacterised, appearing transiently during the tethered to untethered transition, and which exposes a cryptic epitope hidden in the known conformers. Here, simulations of two ectodomain mutants (R84K and G39R) targeting a domain I-II hinge reveal a new untethered but compact conformation, which originates from a back-rotation of domain I exposing the mAb806 epitope as the EGFRvIII deletion does. The present findings point to different molecular processes for ligand-dependent and spontaneous untethering, and suggest that point mutations and the EGFRvIII deletion may share a common activation mechanism related to domain I positioning.
Dual modes of CLOCK:BMAL1 inhibition mediated by Cryptochrome and Period proteins in the mammalian circadian clock
Authors: Ye Rui , Selby Cristopher P. , Chiou Yi-Ying , Ozkan-Dagliyan Irem , Gaddameedhi Shobhan , Sancar Aziz
Published: September 2014

The mammalian circadian clock is based on a transcription–translation feedback loop (TTFL) in which CLOCK and BMAL1 proteins act as transcriptional activators of Cryptochrome and Period genes, which encode proteins that repress CLOCK–BMAL1 with a periodicity of ∼24 h. In this model, the mechanistic roles of CRY and PER are unclear. Here, we used a controlled targeting system to introduce CRY1 or PER2 into the nuclei of mouse cells with defined circadian genotypes to characterize the functions of CRY and PER. Our data show that CRY is the primary repressor in the TTFL: It binds to CLOCK–BMAL1 at the promoter and inhibits CLOCK–BMAL1-dependent transcription without dissociating the complex (“blocking”-type repression). PER alone has no effect on CLOCK–BMAL1-activated transcription. However, in the presence of CRY, nuclear entry of PER inhibits transcription by displacing CLOCK–BMAL1 from the promoter (“displacement”-type repression). In light of these findings, we propose a new model for the mammalian circadian clock in which the negative arm of the TTFL proceeds by two different mechanisms during the circadian cycle.
Higher brain functions served by the lowly rodent primary visual cortex
Authors: Gavornik Jeffrey P. , Bear Mark F.
Published: September 2014

It has been more than 50 years since the first description of ocular dominance plasticity—the profound modification of primary visual cortex (V1) following temporary monocular deprivation. This discovery immediately attracted the intense interest of neurobiologists focused on the general question of how experience and deprivation modify the brain as a potential substrate for learning and memory. The pace of discovery has quickened considerably in recent years as mice have become the preferred species to study visual cortical plasticity, and new studies have overturned the dogma that primary sensory cortex is immutable after a developmental critical period. Recent work has shown that, in addition to ocular dominance plasticity, adult visual cortex exhibits several forms of response modification previously considered the exclusive province of higher cortical areas. These “higher brain functions” include neural reports of stimulus familiarity, reward-timing prediction, and spatiotemporal sequence learning. Primary visual cortex can no longer be viewed as a simple visual feature detector with static properties determined during early development. Rodent V1 is a rich and dynamic cortical area in which functions normally associated only with “higher” brain regions can be studied at the mechanistic level.
Crystal structure of bis(1,3-bis{[(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)methylidene]amino-κN}propan-2-olato-κO)manganese(III) nitrate methanol monosolvate
Authors: Ahn Seoung Hyun , Shin Jong Won , Moon Dohyun
Published: September 2014

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [Mn(C13H15N4O)2]NO3·CH3OH, contains two independent complex cations, in each of which the MnIIIion is located on an inversion centre. The MnIIIion is coordinated by four N and two O atoms from two 1,3-bis{[(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)methylidene]amino}propan-2-olate ligands, resulting in a distorted octahedral geometry. The average Mn—ligand bond lengths in the two complex molecules are 2.074 and 2.079 Å. In the crystal, intermolecular N—H...O hydrogen bonds between the pyrrole group of the ligand and the non-coordinating nitrate ion give rise to a chain structure along [10-1]. The methanol solvent molecule and the nitrate ion are connected by an O—H...O hydrogen bond.
Overexpression of miR‐200b inhibits the cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis of human hypertrophic scar fibroblastsin vitro
Authors: Li Ping , He Quan‐Yong , Luo Cheng‐Qun
Published: September 2014

Hypertrophic scarring leads to a deformed appearance and contracted neogenetic tissue, resulting in physiological and psychological problems for patients. Millions of people suffer these discomforts each year. Emerging evidence has reported that miRNAcontributed to hypertrophic scarring or keloid formation. In this study, nine hypertrophic scar samples and the matched normal skin tissues were used to perform a miRNAmicroarray. The results of miRNAarray showed that miR‐200b was downregulated by more than 2‐fold, validated by qPCRin hypertrophic scar tissues and human hypertrophic scar fibroblasts, suggesting that there was an important correlation between miR‐200b and hypertrophic scarring. We also found that miR‐200b affected hypertrophic scarring through regulating the cell proliferation and apoptosis of human hypertrophic scar fibroblasts by affecting the collagen I and III synthesis, fibronectin expression andTGF‐β1/α‐SMAsignaling. Thus, our study provides evidence to support that miR‐200b may be a useful target for hypertrophic scarring management.
Antifungal effect of TONS504‐photodynamic therapy on Malassezia furfur
Authors: Takahashi Hidetoshi , Nakajima Susumu , Sakata Isao , Iizuka Hajime
Published: September 2014

Numerous reports indicate therapeutic efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) against skin tumors, acne and for skin rejuvenation. However, few reports exist regarding its efficacy for fungal skin diseases. In order to determine the antifungal effect, PDT was applied on Malassezia furfur. M. furfur was cultured in the presence of a novel cationic photosensitizer, TONS504, and was irradiated with a 670‐nm diode laser. TONS504‐PDT showed a significant antifungal effect against M. furfur. The effect was irradiation dose‐ and TONS504 concentration‐dependent and the maximal effect was observed at 100 J/cm2 and 1 μg/mL, respectively. In conclusion, TONS504‐PDT showed antifungal effect against M. furfur in vitro, and may be a new therapeutic modality for M. furfur‐related skin disorders.
Late‐onset anaphylactic reactions following i.v. cyclophosphamide pulse in a patient with systemic sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus overlap syndrome
Authors: Taniguchi Takashi , Asano Yoshihide , Tamaki Zenshiro , Takahashi Takehiro , Ichimura Yohei , Toyama Tetsuo , Kagami Shinji , Mitsui Hiroshi , Sato Shinichi
Published: September 2014

Late‐onset anaphylactic reaction is a rare adverse effect of i.v. cyclophosphamide pulse (IVCY), which is caused by cyclophosphamide metabolites. We herein report a case of scleroderma and lupus overlap syndrome who developed anaphylactic reactions 3 h to 4 days after IVCY. Long time lapses between IVCY and appearance of symptoms are compatible with type I hypersensitivity to cyclophosphamide metabolites, appearing as late‐onset anaphylactic reaction. Albeit unusual, this is an important anaphylactic reaction to be aware of following IVCY.
An experimental study of solid matrix weakening in water‐saturated Savonnières limestone
Authors: Lebedev Maxim , Wilson Moyra E.J. , Mikhaltsevitch Vassily
Published: September 2014

Petrophysical properties of carbonate reservoirs are less predictable than that of siliciclastic reservoirs. One of the main reasons for this is the physical and chemical interactions of carbonate rocks with pore fluids. Such interactions can significantly change the elastic properties of the rock matrix and grains, making the applicability of Gassmann's fluid substitution procedure debatable. This study is an attempt to understand the mechanisms of fluid‐rock interactions and the influence of these interactions on elastic parameters of carbonates. We performed precise indentation tests on Savonnières limestone at a microscale level under dry, distilled water, and n‐Decane saturated conditions. Our experiments display softening of the rock matrix after water saturation. We have found that mainly the ooid cortices, peloid nuclei and prismatic intergranular cement are affected by water flooding. We also observed a shear modulus reduction in Savonnières limestone in an experiment performed at ultrasonic frequencies. One of the most important results obtained in our experimental study is that the Gassmann fluid substitution theory might not always be applicable to predict the elastic moduli of fluid‐saturated limestones.
Regional bone change in intramuscular haemangioma mimicking primary bone tumour
Authors: Shikhare Sumer , Chacko Julio K , Chuah Khoon L
Published: September 2014

Intramuscular haemangiomas are benign soft‐tissue tumours, commonly located in the extremities. We present a right‐leg intramuscular haemangioma with florid periosteal reaction in adjacent tibia, mimicking a primary bone tumour. Plain radiograph and magnetic resonance imaging features are illustrated with the surgical and histopathological findings. Radiologists need to be familiar with reactive bone changes secondary to deep‐seated intramuscular haemangiomas to avoid potential misdiagnosis.
Touching Like a State
Authors: Woodward Keith , Bruzzone Mario
Published: September 2014

This paper offers a theorization of how the state touches. Through an analysis of the extensive 2011 protests over Wisconsin Senate Bill 11, we interrogate the relatively non‐violent interactions between police and protesters during the 17‐day occupation of the Wisconsin State Capitol building. On display there were diverse police deployments of “soft” force and haptic touching, technologies that enabled officers to subtly affect the movements and relations of protester crowds without resorting to familiar coercion‐ and consent‐based politics. We offer a pair of concepts, cathexis and l'esprit de l'escalier, to diagram how statist touches were mobilized to catch individuals unawares and momentarily co‐opt their bodily affects. These modes of control suggest much greater savvy regarding touch, force, and affect than is often granted in representations of the state apparatus. In light of this, we close with a reflection on the changing tactical grounds for struggle.
The effect of a natural feed additive (Macleaya cordata), containing sanguinarine, on the performance and health status of weaning pigs
Authors: Kantas Dimitrios , Papatsiros Vasileios G. , Tassis Panagiotis D. , Athanasiou Labrini V. , Tzika Eleni D.
Published: September 2014

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of Sangrovit®, a plant‐derived feed additive, given throughout the nursery stage via feed at 15 ppm and 50 ppm, on the health status and performance of weaners against negative controls. In a 900‐sow farrow‐to‐finish farm, a total of 864 piglets were divided into three groups: (i) negative controls (NC); (ii) Sang 15: same feed as NCs, plus 15 g Sangrovit® /t of feed; (iii) Sang 50: same feed as NCs plus 50 g Sangrovit® /t of feed. The results indicated that administration of 50 ppm‐Sangrovit® had the most beneficial effects on growth performance in weaning pigs. Specifically there was increase of body weight and average daily gain, as well as reduction of feed conversion ratio. Blood analysis from the Sang groups and especially the Sang 50 group revealed low values of haptoglobin and serum amyloid A.
Effect of Mediterranean saltbush (Atriplex halimus) ensilaging with two developed enzyme cocktails on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation in sheep
Authors: Alsersy Haidy , Salem Abdelfattah Z. M. , Borhami Borhami E. , Olivares Jaime , Gado Hany M. , Mariezcurrena Maria D. , Yacuot Mohamed H. , Kholif Ahmed E. , El‐Adawy Mounir , Hernandez Saul R.
Published: September 2014

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of feeding Atriplex halimus (AH) silage treated with two developed enzyme cocktails to sheep on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation. The AH silage was treated without or with 2 L of ZAD1® or ZAD2®/1000 kg with 5% molasses and ensiled for 30 days. Barley grain (300 g/head/day) was fed as an energy supplement once daily at 10.00 hours and AH silage with or without enzyme treatment was offered ad libitum to animals twice daily at 09.00 and 16.00 hours. Sheep were fed on four experimental forage diets comprised of AH silage and barley (D1), AH silage treated with ZAD1® and barley (D2), AH silage treated with ZAD2® and barley (D3) and AH silage treated with a combination of ZAD1® and ZAD2® (1:1) and barley (D4). Ensiling AH with enzymes reduced its contents of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber. The dry matter intake of AH of D2, D3 and D4 decreased (P < 0.001) as compared to D1. However, enzyme‐treated diets had greater total digestible nutrients intake (P < 0.001) as compared to D1. The nutrients digestibility for D2, D3 and D4 were higher than those for D1 (P < 0.001), and were higher for D3 as compared to both D2 and D4. Sheep fed on D3 had highest (P < 0.001) ruminal total volatile fatty acids concentration, ammonia nitrogen concentration and microbial protein yield. It could be concluded that AH silage treated with ZAD1® or ZAD2® improved digestibility and rumen fermentation in sheep.
Estimation of genetic parameters for heat stress, including dominance gene effects, on milk yield in Thai Holstein dairy cattle
Authors: Boonkum Wuttigrai , Duangjinda Monchai
Published: September 2014

Heat stress in tropical regions is a major cause that strongly negatively affects to milk production in dairy cattle. Genetic selection for dairy heat tolerance is powerful technique to improve genetic performance. Therefore, the current study aimed to estimate genetic parameters and investigate the threshold point of heat stress for milk yield. Data included 52 701 test‐day milk yield records for the first parity from 6247 Thai Holstein dairy cattle, covering the period 1990 to 2007. The random regression test day model with EM‐REML was used to estimate variance components, genetic parameters and milk production loss. A decline in milk production was found when temperature and humidity index (THI) exceeded a threshold of 74, also it was associated with the high percentage of Holstein genetics. All variance component estimates increased with THI. The estimate of heritability of test‐day milk yield was 0.231. Dominance variance as a proportion to additive variance (0.035) indicated that non‐additive effects might not be of concern for milk genetics studies in Thai Holstein cattle. Correlations between genetic and permanent environmental effects, for regular conditions and due to heat stress, were − 0.223 and − 0.521, respectively. The heritability and genetic correlations from this study show that simultaneous selection for milk production and heat tolerance is possible.
Intake ofStJohn's wort improves the glucose tolerance in healthy subjects who ingest metformin compared with metformin alone
Authors: Stage Tore Bjerregaard , Pedersen Rasmus Steen , Damkier Per , Christensen Mette Marie Hougaard , Feddersen Søren , Larsen John Teilmann , Højlund Kurt , Brøsen Kim
Published: September 2014

Aims

Our objective was to investigate the steady‐state pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction between the antidepressive herbal medicineStJohn's wort and the antidiabetic drug metformin.

Methods

We performed an open cross‐over study in 20 healthy male subjects, who received 1 g of metformin twice daily for 1 week with and without 21 days of preceding and concomitant treatment withStJohn's wort. The pharmacokinetics of metformin was determined, and a 2 h oral glucose tolerance test was performed.

Results

StJohn's wort decreased the renal clearance of metformin but did not affect any other metformin pharmacokinetic parameter. The addition ofStJohn's wort decreased the area under the glucose concentration–time curve [702 (95% confidence interval, 643–761)vs. 629 min*mmol/L (95% confidence interval, 568–690),P= 0.003], and this effect was caused by a statistically significant increase in the acute insulin response.

Conclusions

StJohn's wort improves glucose tolerance by enhancing insulin secretion independently of insulin sensitivity in healthy male subjects taking metformin.
Learning General Phonological Rules From Distributional Information: A Computational Model
Authors: Calamaro Shira , Jarosz Gaja
Published: September 2014

Phonological rules create alternations in the phonetic realizations of related words. These rules must be learned by infants in order to identify the phonological inventory, the morphological structure, and the lexicon of a language. Recent work proposes a computational model for the learning of one kind of phonological alternation, allophony (Peperkamp, Le Calvez, Nadal, & Dupoux, 2006). This paper extends the model to account for learning of a broader set of phonological alternations and the formalization of these alternations as general rules. In Experiment 1, we apply the original model to new data in Dutch and demonstrate its limitations in learning nonallophonic rules. In Experiment 2, we extend the model to allow it to learn general rules for alternations that apply to a class of segments. In Experiment 3, the model is further extended to allow for generalization by context; we argue that this generalization must be constrained by linguistic principles.
Impact of 5‐Hz rTMS over the primary sensory cortex is related to white matter volume in individuals with chronic stroke
Authors: Brodie Sonia M. , Borich Michael R. , Boyd Lara A.
Published: September 2014

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non‐invasive brain stimulation technique that may facilitate mechanisms of motor learning. In a recent single‐blind, pseudo‐randomized study, we showed that 5‐Hz rTMS over ipsilesional primary somatosensory cortex followed by practice of a skilled motor task enhanced motor learning compared with sham rTMS + practice in individuals with chronic stroke. However, the beneficial effect of stimulation was inconsistent. The current study examined how differences in sensorimotor cortex morphology might predict rTMS‐related improvements in motor learning in these individuals. High‐resolution T1‐weighted magnetic resonance images were acquired and processed in FreeSurfer using a newly developed automated, whole brain parcellation technique. Gray matter and white matter volumes of the ipsilesional primary somatosensory and motor cortices were extracted. A significant positive association was observed between the volume of white matter in the primary somatosensory cortex and motor learning‐related change, exclusively in the group that received active 5‐Hz rTMS. A regression model with age, gray matter and white matter volumes as predictors was significant for predicting motor learning‐related change in individuals who received active TMS. White matter volume predicted the greatest amount of variance (47.6%). The same model was non‐significant when volumes of the primary motor cortex were considered. We conclude that white matter volume in the cortex underlying the TMS coil may be a novel predictor for behavioral response to 5‐Hz rTMS over the ipsilesional primary somatosensory followed by motor practice.
Performance evaluation of a dynamic telepathology system (Panoptiq™) in the morphologic assessment of peripheral blood film abnormalities
Authors: Goswami R. , Pi D. , Pal J. , Cheng K. , Hudoba De Badyn M.
Published: September 2014

Introduction

The study evaluated the performance of a dynamic imaging telepathology system (Panoptiq™) as a diagnostic aid to the identification of peripheral blood film (PBF) abnormalities.

Methods

The study assumed a laboratory personnel working in a clinical laboratory were operating the telepathology system to seek diagnostic opinion from an external consulting hematopathologist. The study examined 100 blood films, encompassing 23 different hematological diseases, reactive or normal cases.

Results

The study revealed that with real‐time image transmission in live scanning mode of operation, the telepathology system was able to aid reviewers in achieving excellent accuracy, that is correct interpretation of morphologic abnormalities obtained in 83/84 of the hematologic diseases and 12/12 of the reactive/normal conditions (Sensitivity: 0.99; Specificity: 1.00). In contrast, when only saved static images in digital capture mode of operation were reviewed remotely, interpretative omissions occurred in 8/84 of the hematologic diseases and 0/12 of the reactive/normal conditions (Sensitivity: 0.91; Specificity: 1.00). It is hypothesized that real‐time operator‐reviewer communication during live scanning played an important role in the identification of key morphologic abnormalities for review.

Conclusion

Our study showed the Panoptiq system can be adopted reliably as a dynamic telepathology tool in aiding community laboratories in the triage of PBF cases for external diagnostic consultation.
How do hosts react to endosymbionts? A new insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the Wolbachia–host association
Authors: Zhang Y.‐K. , Ding X.‐L. , Rong X. , Hong X.‐Y.
Published: September 2014

Wolbachia is an intracellular bacterium that has aroused intense interest because of its ability to alter the biology of its host in diverse ways. In the two‐spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, Wolbachia can induce complex cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) phenotypes and fitness changes, although little is known about the mechanisms. In the present study, we selected a strain of T. urticae, in which Wolbachia infection was associated with strong CI and enhanced female fecundity, to investigate changes in the transcriptome of T. urticae in Wolbachia‐infected vs. uninfected lines. The responses were found to be sex‐specific, with the transcription of 251 genes being affected in females and 171 genes being affected in males. Some of the more profoundly affected genes in both sexes were lipocalin genes and genes involved in oxidation reduction, digestion and detoxification. Several of the differentially expressed genes have potential roles in reproduction. Interestingly, unlike certain Wolbachia transinfections in novel hosts, the Wolbachia–host association in the present study showed no clear evidence of host immune priming by Wolbachia, although a few potential immune genes were affected.
20‐hydroxyecdysone transcriptionally regulates humoral immunity in the fat body ofHelicoverpa armigera
Authors: Wang J‐L. , Chen L. , Tang L. , Zhao H‐B. , Liu X‐S. , Wang Y‐F.
Published: September 2014

20‐hydroxyecdysone (20E) increases its titre level during the wandering stage and influences innate immunity in many holometabolous insects. However, the function of20Eas an immune‐activator or ‐suppressor needs to be determined. Here, the transcriptome of the peptidoglycan‐challenged fat body of the cotton bollworm,Helicoverpa armigera, was analysed usingIllumina sequencing technology. Overall, 32 073 unigenes were assembled with a mean length of 643 nucleotides. Gene expression dynamics in the fat body during the wandering stage and of peptidoglycan‐challenged individuals were investigated by the digital gene expression system. Pattern recognition receptors [such aspeptidoglycan recognition protein B(PGRP B),PGRP S2 precursor,C‐type lectin 5,hemolinandβ‐1,3‐glucan recognition protein 2a] and antimicrobial peptides (namelyattacin,gloverin,gloverin precursor,gloverin‐like,cecropin 2,cecropinD,cecropin D‐likeandi‐type lysozyme) significantly increased theirmRNAlevels during the wandering stage.20Etreatment significantly induced the expression of these genes. Antibacterial activities were also enhanced during the wandering stage and after20Einjections.Bacillus subtilispeptidoglycan induced the expression ofPGRPD,PGRP B,PGRP S2 precursor,gloverin,gloverin precursor,gloverin‐like,cecropin 2,cecropinDandlebocin‐likegenes. These results demonstrate that20Eacts by enhancing humoral immunity inH. armigera.
Wound healing activity of methanolic stem extract of Musa paradisiaca Linn. (Banana) in Wistar albino rats
Authors: Amutha Kuppusamy , Selvakumari Ulagesan
Published: September 2014

This study is designed to explore the phytochemical, antibacterial and wound healing activity of methanolic stem extract of Musa paradisiaca Linn. (Banana). The phytochemical analysis was performed for the methanolic stem extract of Musa paradisiaca Linn. Results indicates that the Musa paradisiaca Linn. was rich in glucosides, tannins and alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids and phenols were present in moderate quantities. The extract shows antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus with the zone of inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 21 mm and Staphylococcus aureus was 19 mm at concentration of 500 µg/disc. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was also evaluated for the extract. Wistar albino rats were selected for wound healing activity. The burn wound was created by using red hot steel rod from above the hind limb region. The methanolic extract was applied on the wound and the progressive changes were monitored every day. The wound contraction rate was absorbed based on the histopathological examination. It was concluded that the methanolic extract of Musa paradisiaca Linn. showed greater healing activity compared to control in Wistar albino rats.
Evaluation of Autism‐Related Health Information on the Web
Authors: Grant Nicole , Rodger Sylvia , Hoffmann Tammy
Published: September 2014

Background

The Internet is a frequently accessed source of information for parents of a child with autism. To help parents make informed decisions about treatment options, websites should contain accurate information. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of information in a sample of autism‐relevant websites.

Materials and Methods

Autism‐related keywords were entered into three widely used search engines in April 2013 and the 20 most frequently appearing sites identified. Website quality was rated, by two independent raters, using the DISCERN tool. Websites were also coded according to the type of references/sources provided to support the intervention content presented.

Results

The mean DISCERN score was 46.5 (range 23–67.5), of a possible 80. Information about treatment risks and no treatment as an option was rarely described. Only six (30%) websites provided research references when describing intervention options.

Conclusions

Many websites did not meet criteria for quality health information and failed to cite evidence supporting described interventions. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Liver steatosis is associated with insulin resistance in skeletal muscle rather than in the liver in Japanese patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Kato Ken‐ichiro , Takeshita Yumie , Misu Hirofumi , Zen Yoh , Kaneko Shuichi , Takamura Toshinari
Published: September 2014

Aims/Introduction

To examine the association between liver histological features and organ‐specific insulin resistance indices calculated from 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test data in patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Materials and Methods

Liver biopsy specimens were obtained from 72 patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease, and were scored for steatosis, grade and stage. Hepatic and skeletal muscle insulin resistance indices (hepatic insulin resistance index and Matsuda index, respectively) were calculated from 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test data, and metabolic clearance rate was measured using the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp method.

Results

The degree of hepatic steatosis, and grade and stage of non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis were significantly correlated with Matsuda index (steatosis r = −0.45, P < 0.001; grade r = −0.54, P < 0.001; stage r = −0.37, P < 0.01), but not with hepatic insulin resistance index. Multiple regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, body mass index and each histological score showed that the degree of hepatic steatosis (coefficient = −0.22, P < 0.05) and grade (coefficient = −0.40, P < 0.01) were associated with Matsuda index, whereas the association between stage and Matsuda index (coefficient = −0.07, P = 0.593) was no longer significant. A similar trend was observed for the association between steatosis and metabolic clearance rate (coefficient = −0.62, P = 0.059).

Conclusions

Liver steatosis is associated with insulin resistance in skeletal muscle rather than in the liver in patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease, suggesting a central role of fatty liver in the development of peripheral insulin resistance and the existence of a network between the liver and skeletal muscle.
Condenser‐free contrast methods for transmitted‐light microscopy
Authors: WEBB K. F.
Published: September 2014

Phase contrast microscopy allows the study of highly transparent yet detail‐rich specimens by producing intensity contrast from phase objects within the sample. Presented here is a generalized phase contrast illumination schema in which condenser optics are entirely abrogated, yielding a condenser‐free yet highly effective method of obtaining phase contrast in transmitted‐light microscopy. A ring of light emitting diodes (LEDs) is positioned within the light‐path such that observation of the objective back focal plane places the illuminating ring in appropriate conjunction with the phase ring. It is demonstrated that true Zernike phase contrast is obtained, whose geometry can be flexibly manipulated to provide an arbitrary working distance between illuminator and sample. Condenser‐free phase contrast is demonstrated across a range of magnifications (4–100×), numerical apertures (0.13–1.65NA) and conventional phase positions. Also demonstrated is condenser‐free darkfield microscopy as well as combinatorial contrast including Rheinberg illumination and simultaneous, colour‐contrasted, brightfield, darkfield and Zernike phase contrast. By providing enhanced and arbitrary working space above the preparation, a range of concurrent imaging and electrophysiological techniques will be technically facilitated. Condenser‐free phase contrast is demonstrated in conjunction with scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM), using a notched ring to admit the scanned probe. The compact, versatile LED illumination schema will further lend itself to novel next‐generation transmitted‐light microscopy designs. The condenser‐free illumination method, using rings of independent or radially‐scanned emitters, may be exploited in future in other electromagnetic wavebands, including X‐rays or the infrared.
Do Some People Need Autonomy More Than Others? Implicit Dispositions Toward Autonomy Moderate the Effects of Felt Autonomy on Well‐Being
Authors: Schüler Julia , Sheldon Kennon M. , Prentice Mike , Halusic Marc
Published: September 2014

The present studies examined whether implicit or explicit autonomy dispositions moderate the relationship between felt autonomy and well‐being. Study 1 (N = 187 undergraduate students) presents an initial test of the moderator hypothesis by predicting flow experience from the interaction of autonomy need satisfaction and autonomy dispositions. Study 2 (N = 127 physically inactive persons) used vignettes involving an autonomy (un)supportive coach to test a moderated mediation model in which perceived coach autonomy support leads to well‐being through basic need satisfaction. Again, the effects of need satisfaction on well‐being were hypothesized to be moderated by an implicit autonomy disposition. Study 1 showed that individuals with a strong implicit autonomy (but not power or achievement) motive disposition derived more flow experience from felt autonomy than individuals with a weak implicit autonomy disposition. Study 2 revealed that perceived autonomy support from sports coaches, which we experimentally induced with a vignette method, leads to autonomy satisfaction, leading in turn to positive effects on well‐being. This indirect effect held at high and average but not low implicit autonomy disposition. The results indicate that the degree to which people benefit from autonomy need satisfaction depends on their implicit disposition toward autonomy.
On the adaptive value of cytoplasmic genomes in plants
Authors: Bock Dan G. , Andrew Rose L. , Rieseberg Loren H.
Published: September 2014

Is DNA variation maintained in organelle genomes selectively neutral? The answer to this question has important implications for many aspects of ecology and evolution. While traditionally the answer has been ‘yes’, recent studies in animals have shown that, on the contrary, mitochondrial DNA polymorphism is frequently adaptive. In plants, however, the neutrality assumption has not been strongly challenged. Here, we begin with a critical evaluation of arguments in favour of this long‐held view. We then discuss the latest empirical evidence for the opposing prediction that sequence variation in plant cytoplasmic genomes is frequently adaptive. While outstanding research progress is being made towards understanding this fundamental topic, we highlight the need for studies that combine information ranging from field experiments to physiology to molecular evolutionary biology. Such an interdisciplinary approach provides a means for determining the frequency, drivers and evolutionary significance of adaptive organelle DNA variation.
Characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa LpxT reveals dual positional lipid A kinase activity and co‐ordinated control of outer membrane modification
Authors: Nowicki Emily M. , O'Brien John P. , Brodbelt Jennifer S. , Trent M. Stephen
Published: September 2014

Gram‐negative bacteria have evolved modification machinery to promote a dynamic outer membrane in response to a continually fluctuating environment. The kinase LpxT, for example, adds a phosphate group to the lipid A moiety of some Gram‐negatives including Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica. LpxT activity is inhibited under conditions that compromise membrane integrity, resulting instead in the addition of positively charged groups to lipid A that increase membrane stability and provide resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides. We have now identified a functional lpxT orthologue in P. aeruginosa. LpxTPa has unique enzymatic characteristics, as it is able to phosphorylate P. aeruginosa lipid A at two sites of the molecule. Surprisingly, a previously uncharacterized lipid A 4′‐dephospho‐1‐triphosphate species was detected. LpxTPa activity is inhibited by magnesium independently of lpxTPa transcription. Modulation of LpxTPa activity is influenced by transcription of the lipid A aminoarabinose transferase ArnT, known to be activated in response to limiting magnesium. These results demonstrate a divergent activity of LpxTPa, and suggest the existence of a co‐ordinated regulatory mechanism that permits adaptation to a changing environment.
Discrimination of Thoracic Vein Potentials Facilitated by Atrial Pacing during the Isolation
Authors: MASUDA RYO , MIYAZAKI SHINSUKE , KUSA SHIGEKI , KOMATSU YUKI , HACHIYA HITOSHI , IESAKA YOSHITO
Published: September 2014

Background

Although electrical thoracic vein (TV) isolation is an established strategy during atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation, discriminating TV potentials from far‐field signals is critical for the achievement.

Methods and Results

One hundred consecutive drug‐refractory symptomatic paroxysmal AF patients who underwent AF catheter ablation were included. All patients underwent circumferential pulmonary vein (PV) isolation during distal coronary sinus (CS) pacing with a cycle length of 600 ms. A superior vena cava (SVC) isolation was added during high right atrial (HRA) pacing with the same cycle length in 79 patients in whom SVC potentials were identified. The interval between the near‐field PV potentials and far‐field atrial signals significantly prolonged more during distal CS pacing than sinus rhythm (SR) in the left superior (26.0 [18.5–32.8] ms to 36.0 [24.3–55.5] ms, P < 0.01) and left inferior PVs (21.0 [14.0–30.0] ms to 40.0 [23.0–56.0] ms, P < 0.01), but not in the right superior (34.0 [20.0–40.0] ms to 23.0 [18.0–36.0] ms, P = 0.13) and right inferior PVs (22.0 [16.0–28.0] ms to 25.0 [18.0–38.0] ms, P = 0.05). The interval between the SVC potentials and far‐field atrial signals significantly prolonged more during HRA pacing than SR (20.0 [0–32.0] ms to 34.0 [24.0–46.0] ms, P < 0.01). Electrical isolation was successfully achieved in all TVs without any complications except for transient right phrenic nerve palsy in two patients.

Conclusions

Discrimination of ipsilateral left PVs and SVC potentials is facilitated by pacing from the distal CS and HRA, respectively. Better recognition of TV potentials would help to achieve electrical isolation.
Hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 in Turkey: Twenty year single‐center experience
Authors: Aktuglu Zeybek A Cigdem , Kiykim Ertugrul , Soyucen Erdogan , Cansever Serif , Altay Suheyla , Zubarioglu Tanyel , Erkan Tulay , Aydin Ahmet
Published: September 2014

Background

Hereditary tyrosinemia type 1(HT1) is a chronic disorder leading to severe hepatic, renal and peripheral nerve damage if left untreated. Despite nitisinone treatment HT1 still carries the risks of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and neuropsychological outcome.

Methods

A retrospective single center study was carried out based on the phenotype, therapy and outcome in 38 Turkish patients with HT1 diagnosed during the last 20 years.

Results

None of the patients was diagnosed on newborn screening. The patients were grouped according to acute, subacute and chronic forms of the disorder. The main clinical manifestations were hepatosplenomegaly, liver and renal tubular dysfunction. Thirty‐six patients were treated with nitisinone. The mean duration of nitisinone treatment was 64 months and the mean dosage was 1.2 mg/kg/day. Dietary compliance problems were frequent. Eleven patients had cognitive evaluation (mean total IQ, 84 points). Six patients had living donor liver transplantation despite nitisinone treatment: three due to suspected HCC, two for non‐compliance to diet, and one for both, at a median age of 90 months.

Conclusion

Nitisinone treatment is effective and improves both short‐ and long‐term prognosis of HT1. Early diagnosis on newborn screening is needed because delay in treatment increases the risk of the persistence of hepatic disease and HCC. Interruption of the drug can lead to re‐occurrence of hepatocellular damage and neurological crisis. Increased α‐fetoprotein and new hypoechoic nodule formation are the warning signs for HCC.
Surgical consultation and intervention during pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Madenci Arin L. , Lehmann Leslie E. , Weldon Christopher B.
Published: September 2014

Children undergoing HSCT are at risk for complications due to immune system impairment, toxicity from prior therapies and conditioning regimens, and long‐term use of indwelling catheters. These problems may require assessment by the surgical team. We sought to characterize the role of surgical consultation during primary hospital stay for HSCT. We retrospectively reviewed the records of consecutive patients undergoing HSCT between September 2010 and September 2012. One hundred and seventy‐three patients underwent 189 HSCTs. General surgery consultations occurred during 33% (n = 62) of primary hospitalizations for HSCT, with a total of 85 consults. Sixty‐three (73%) consults resulted in an intervention in the operating room or at the bedside. The majority of consults were for CVL issues (59%, n = 50), followed by abdominal complaints (16%, n = 14). Patients requiring surgical consultation had significantly higher in‐hospital mortality (16% vs. 2%, p < 0.01) and 100‐day TRM (10% vs. 2%, p < 0.01), compared with those not requiring consultation. Patients undergoing HSCT often require surgical consultation, most commonly for line‐related issues. Surgical consultation heralded an increased risk of in‐hospital and 100‐day TRM. Issues among this high‐risk cohort of children who have undergone HSCT must be familiar to the general surgeon and oncologist alike.
Body Size and Risk of Spontaneous Abortion among Danish Pregnancy Planners
Authors: Hahn Kristen A. , Hatch Elizabeth E. , Rothman Kenneth J. , Mikkelsen Ellen M. , Brogly Susan B. , Sørensen Henrik T. , Riis Anders H. , Wise Lauren A.
Published: September 2014

Background

Several studies indicate that female obesity increases the risk of spontaneous abortion (SAB). Central adiposity, height, and location of typical weight gain have not been examined as risk factors for SAB.

Methods

We examined the associations between selected anthropometric factors and risk of SAB among 5132 women enrolled in a Danish Internet‐based prospective cohort study of pregnancy planners. We used Cox proportional hazards regression models, with gestational weeks as the time scale, to compute hazard ratios (HRs) of SAB and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

After adjustment for potential confounders, the HRs for SAB among underweight (body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) <20), overweight (BMI: 25–29) and obese (BMI ≥30) women were 1.00 [95% CI: 0.81, 1.24], 0.90 [95% CI: 0.73, 1.09] and 1.23 [95% CI: 0.98, 1.54], respectively, compared with normal weight women (BMI 20–24). The association between obesity and SAB was stronger for early SAB (<8 weeks gestation); HR: 1.34 95% CI: 1.01, 1.77. The HR for height ≥174 cm vs. <166 cm was 0.81 [95% CI: 0.66, 1.00]. Increased waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR) was inversely associated with risk of SAB (HR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.63, 1.05). Waist circumference and location of typical weight gain were not appreciably associated with SAB risk.

Conclusions

This study confirms previous studies that have shown a small positive association between obesity and SAB risk. Our results suggest that obesity is a stronger risk factor for early pregnancy losses, and that small stature and low WHR are associated with an increased risk of SAB.
Anaemia of Pregnancy, Perinatal Outcomes and Children's Developmental Vulnerability: a Whole‐of‐Population Study
Authors: Smithers Lisa G. , Gialamas Angela , Scheil Wendy , Brinkman Sally , Lynch John W.
Published: September 2014

Background

There is limited longitudinal data from high‐income countries on the sequelae of anaemia during pregnancy. The aim of this study is to examine whether anaemia of pregnancy is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes and with children's developmental vulnerability.

Methods

We conducted a population‐based study to link routinely collected government administrative data that involved all live births in the state of South Australia 1999–2005 (n = 124 061) and a subset for whom developmental data were collected during a national census of children attending their first year of school in 2009 (n = 13 654). Perinatal outcomes were recorded by midwives using a validated, standardised form. Development was recorded by schoolteachers using the Australian Early Development Index (AEDI). Children in the lowest 10% of AEDI scores are indicative of developmental vulnerability.

Results

There were 8764/124 061 (7.1%) cases of anaemia. After adjustment for a range of potentially confounding factors, anaemia of pregnancy was associated with a higher risk of fetal distress [incident rate ratio (IRR) 1.20 [95% CI 1.13, 1.27]] and preterm birth <37 weeks gestation (IRR 1.23 [1.15, 1.31]), slightly higher birthweight [14 g (2, 26)] and newborns were less likely to require resuscitation (IRR 0.94 [0.91, 0.097]). Anaemia of pregnancy was not associated with children's developmental vulnerability after adjustment for maternal, obstetric and sociodemographic covariables, either in complete case analyses (n = 11 949) or after imputation for missing data (n = 13 654).

Conclusions

Anaemia of pregnancy is associated with perinatal complications but not with children's developmental vulnerability at school entry.