bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Staatsverschuldung und Geldpolitik: Wege aus der Krise
Authors: Krause Michael , Lubik Thomas A.
Published: April 2021

We discuss the risks of high public debt in the aftermath of the Covid-induced economic downturn. Historically low interest rates can tempt governments to expand public debt to excessive levels, since the immediate budgetary consequences are small. But once interest rates rise again, governments may be forced to either conduct painful debt consolidation, default on at least part of their debt, or allow high inflation, at the potential cost of hyperinflation. Because financial market participants may doubt policy makers‘ commitment to servicing the public debt, a high level of debt carries the risk of self-fulfilling debt crises. We stress that new debt should always be associated with growth-enhancing policies that expand the government’s resources, thus reducing the need for painful consolidation and distributional conflict later on.
ANÁLISE COMPARATIVA DE DIFERENTES ESPÉCIES DE MADEIRA PARA COBERTURAS DE EDIFICAÇÕES
Authors: Dias Alan Davies , Leite Igor Charlles Siqueira
Published: April 2021

Os exploradores de madeira devem satisfazer os clientes cada vez mais conscientes a respeito dos desmatamentos, trabalhando com madeiras legais. Essas madeiras devem possuir um certificado que exige, dos fornecedores de madeira, obediência dos princípios e critérios geridos pelo Conselho de Manejo Florestal (FSC). Tal conselho determina a prática de 10 princípios que não só protegem as florestas, mas também cuida dos diretos dos povos indígenas, relações dos povos comunitários e do direito dos trabalhadores. Esta certificação impõe um compromisso a longo prazo, de respeito às florestas e crescimento econômico para as comunidades locais. Seguindo esta filosofia, este trabalho demostra a eficiência em projetos de estruturas treliçadas de madeira com estudo comparativo entre 4 espécies diferentes que são o Pinho do Paraná, Maçaranduba, Ipê, Jatobá, visando resultados econômicos e, sobretudo, a consciência quanto ao uso da madeira. Como ferramenta de cálculo, foi utilizada uma planilha de dimensionamento de madeira o qual agiliza todo o processo de cálculo e verificação das peças, permitindo uma análise mais ampla e sobretudo, confiável.
CONTROLADOR DE TEMPERATURA
Authors: Guerra Mauricio Vilela , Nobrega Marcelo De Jesus Rodrigues da , Freitas Armando Frassetto , Martins Ester Mesquita Teixeira
Published: April 2021

Visando uma maior conformação com a situação atual do país e efetivamente com relação a competitividade do mercado vigente, nosso artigo é na realidade um dimensionamento que busca uma adaptação a esta situação. Procuramos neste simplificar ao máximo etapas em que nós julgamos dispensáveis, visando com isto obter um projeto de baixo custo e de boa funcionabilidade, atendendo satisfatoriamente os seus requisitos básicos. Tivemos como prioridade neste trabalho a utilização de um amplificador operacional, que por ser um circuito integrado de elevado grau de confiabilidade e ter uma diversidade de aplicações lineares e não-lineares, nos motivou, a priori, sua utilização.  Um outro objetivo foi obter um circuito controlador analógico com maior precisão em função do uso do amplificador operacional, procurando com isso contribuir futuramente para um melhor desenvolvimento de outros projetos de mesma natureza, porém com maior profundidade e sob diferentes óticas. Procuramos detalhar passo-a-passo e numa ordem lógica todos os estágios do circuito em questão, assim possibilitando um melhor entendimento do nosso propósito.
RENATURALIZAÇÃO DO RIO DO “A” – CANAL DA AVENIDA MANOEL CALDEIRA DE ALVARENGA, CAMPO GRANDE – RJ
Authors: Leal Celso Richard da Costa , Barreto Lais Máximo , Coelho Frederico Menezes
Published: April 2021

Estudo para a elaboração do processo de renaturalização de rios e canais, visando o controle de enchentes, o tratamento dos esgotos domiciliares e a preservação das matas ciliares. Será empregado, para isso, a substituição dos atuais processos de canalização dos rios e canais, por um menos agressivo, que integre o meio ambiente e as comunidades adjacentes. O processo irá de forma gradual, reverter o curso do rio para seu estado anterior a canalização, sendo feito o tratamento das margens, com replantio de vegetação natural e também um tratamento efetivo dos efluentes provenientes dos domicílios que margeiam o curso do rio.
AMPA Receptors Exist in Tunable Mobile and Immobile Synaptic FractionsIn Vivo
Authors: Chen Haiwen , Roth Richard H. , Lopez-Ortega Elena , Tan Han L. , Huganir Richard L.
Published: April 2021

AMPA receptor (AMPAR) mobility within synapses has been extensively studiedin vitro. However, whether similar mobility properties apply to AMPARsin vivohas yet to be determined. Here, we use two-photon fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) to study AMPAR mobility within individual dendritic spines in live animals using an overexpression vector. We demonstrate the existence of mobile and immobile fractions of AMPARs across multiple cortical regions and layers. Additionally, we find that AMPAR mobility can be alteredin vivoin response to administration of corticosterone, a condition that mimics exposure to stress.
The Use of Repetition as Self-Repair of an Efl Learner
Authors: Haniah Amanda Ummu , Sasongko Febry Khunto , Fauziati Endang
Published: April 2021

Self-repair is one of the language learning strategies of second language learners that are distinctly different from each other. This study aims to investigate the use of repetition as self-repair in academic speaking. The researcher tried to find the types of lexical elements which frequently repeated in the academic speaking and dig up the underlying reason behind the repetition as self-repair. A case study was conducted using human instruments and interviews to collect the data. Once the data filled, the researcher analyzed the data by implementing a data archive, trying to expand the codes, evaluating the data sets, and wrapping up the data. The findings from this study revealed that the participants in this study might have used English in speech situations in which they would have used recycling the mistake word. The result of the study found that the participant did indeed self-repair Type D, which consisted of repetition and replacement of one lexical item, and nouns became the most repeated lexical item in the academic speaking. This was a delay strategy as she waited to restart the speech as she needed to think about the next word so that the listeners didn't misinterpret her. Twisted tongue and slip of tongue as a result of the participant’s first language interference contributed to the repetition of certain lexical elements as self-repair.
Representations of Christmastide in Latin American Christmas Folk Songs: A Transitivity Analysis
Authors: Moncada Linares Sthephanny , Zhi-Ying Xin
Published: April 2021

Considered as the universal language, music has been historically a means of communication and personal expression about the inner and outer world of its creator, it is present in almost every social activity of human beings as in the habitual religious celebration of Christmas across the largely Catholic countries. Therefore, the present paper will provide a descriptive text analysis of ten traditional Latin American Christmas folk songs on the base of the transitivity system informed by the Hallidayan Systemic Functional Linguistics theory. To reach this goal, both a quantitative and qualitative research method approach was applied. Findings indicated that among the six analyzed transitivity process types, the material processes (32%) dominate the construal of the musical pieces, followed by the mental (23%), behavioral (18%), and relational realizations (13%) whereas the verbal and existential processes are relatively low all together representing an overall frequency of 14%. This reveals the singers’ attempt to represent the Christmas season as a nostalgic time leap, an immediate enjoyment, and a rewarding exchange.
An Analysis of Higher Order Thinking Skills Realization in Reading Comprehension Questions
Authors: Aryani Ervina Juli , Wahyuni Sri
Published: April 2021

The significance of Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) has led many educational stakeholders to include the skill in educational curriculum and more specifically in the subjects that students learn. In the context of learning English, HOTS should be instilled in four language skills, especially reading skill. This skill is vital since students are demanded to be critical of what they read. Therefore, this research aimed at investigating how the reading comprehension questions in English textbooks for three different grades (X, XI, and XII) published by the Ministry of Education and Culture facilitate HOTS. By employing cognitive level of Bloom’s revised taxonomy (2001) and critical thinking task type of Numrich’s sequence (Beaumont, 2010), the questions are analyzed qualitatively. The results reveal that HOTS are realized adequately in the textbook for grade XI. In the textbooks for grade X and XII, HOTS are found in small quantity. Besides, based on Numrich’s sequence, the majority of the questions focus on the text which means that critical thinking-based questions are found in small number. Thus, it is expected that this result assists teachers, textbook writers, and future researchers to engage more on the implementation of HOTS.
Students’ Problems in Pronouncing Non-Existing English Diphthongs in Indonesian Language
Authors: Anwar Yasinta , Kalisa Pasca
Published: April 2021

One of the difficulties in learning the English language faced by Indonesian students is how to pronounce English sounds correctly. For several Indonesian students, producing English diphthong sounds could be difficult especially English diphthong sounds which do not exist in Indonesian ([ɪə], [ʊə], [eɪ], [eə] and [oʊ]). This study investigated the Indonesian students’ problems English diphthong pronunciation. The objective of this study was to describe how well the English diphthong sounds are pronounced by the students and to find out the kind of errors that were mostly found in the pronunciation of students. The participants of this study were 35 students of the eleventh grade of SMK N 2 Salatiga. The instruments were the production test containing English diphthong sounds and interviews as additional data. In determining the achievement, the level of criterion by Tinambunan’s criterion was used. Based on the data analysis, the total average of the incorrect numbers of English diphthong sounds in pronunciation made by students was 69% which was categorized as fair. In addition to it, the kinds of errors mostly found in the students’ pronunciation English diphthong sounds were omission errors. According to the result of the interview, the causes of the errors were unfamiliarity of knowing English diphthong sounds, so the sounds of English appeared to pronounce with the closest Indonesian sounds.
Viewing Female Depiction in Frozen 2
Authors: Putri Tia Aprilianti
Published: April 2021

Disney is one of the biggest animation companies in the world. They have released many animations since then until now. One of the most popular animations is the princess series. Until 20202, Disney has released fourteen princesses fromÂ Snow White and the Seven DwarfsÂ toÂ Frozen 2. Gender role depictions of the female character(s) were examined with a focus on their behavioral characteristics in the films. The English subtitle ofÂ Frozen 2Â was used to find out the attitudinal expressions about the female characters. In order to make the research easier and more accurate, a concordance tool namedÂ AntconcÂ was used to collect the data and create a corpus. Results found that the most recent princess series entitledÂ Frozen 2Â showed the female characters depicted as a precious person who was willing to sacrifice herself for others, kind, heroic, fearless, and full-of-spirit. However, Disney also depicted the female characters as liar and trouble maker. In this case, Disney keeps showing that females cannot be seen using the traditional genderâ€™s perspective anymore. A Female is not only feminine, but she also can be masculine as a man.
Types of English Intensifiers on Social Media
Authors: Suryaningsih Yuli , Hardjanto Tofan Dwi
Published: April 2021

The use of English intensifiers keeps changing and flowing. It also varies according to the speakerâ€™s background and style. Quirk, et.al (1992) divides intensifiers into emphasizers, amplifiers (maximizers, boosters), and downtoners (approximators, compromisers, diminishers, minimizers). This research aims to find out the types of English intensifiers on social media, specifically on Twitter. The most frequently used intensifiers are analyzed specifically to dig deeper into the social aspects in terms of the relation with previous studies. There are 8,975 tweets produced by 23 sample users. The data are clear data, which means that they only consist of English tweets, without replies and retweets. From the 8,975 tweets, there are 194,487 word-tokens and 22,877 word-types. In the data, 92 intensifiers are used 1,633 times. The occurrence of intensifiers consists of 153 emphasizers, 480 maximizers, 891 boosters, 11 approximators, 38 compromisers, 46 diminishers, and 14 minimizers. This study reveals that the most used intensifier on Twitter is so. The use of so is quite popular since Tagliamonte & Roberts (2005) also found in their study that the use of â€˜soâ€™ and â€˜veryâ€™ were the most frequently used. Besides, this study also corresponds to Setayesh and Vaez-Dalili (2018) that boosters are the most frequently used.
Unmasking of the President Joko Widodo Ideolgy Stances Realized in His Political Speech towards the People of Indonesia
Authors: Megah Suswanto Ismadi , Noor Siti Noor Mohd. , Latif Azmi Abdul
Published: April 2021

This paper aims to unmask President Joko Widodo (Jokowi, henceforth) ideology through his presidential speech. Using a combination of CDA and SFL as an analytical tool of appraisal system, particularly the subsystem of attitude to dismantle ideological stances behind the speech text toward the People of Indonesia. The data was obtained from the first state speech of Jokowi in 2015. Further, selecting the first state speech was the parameter of his leadership in ruling the nation. The results show that Jokowi employed all subtypes of attitude to the people of Indonesia. The subtype of Judgment mostly with positively-invoked capacity employed by Jokowi indicates that He has an ideological inclination to judge the people's character as the capable people who can overcome the worst condition. Therefore, Jokowi implicitly shows his ideological inclination toward the people that he inclination to prioritize the Indonesian people.
Different regulation of IRE1α and eIF2α pathways by oxygen and insulin in ACH-3P trophoblast model
Authors: Tandl Veronika , Hoch Denise , Bandres-Meriz Julia , Nikodijevic Sanela , Desoye Gernot , Majali-Martinez Alejandro
Published: April 2021

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress activates the unfolded protein response (UPR), which plays a (patho)physiological role in the placenta. Oxygen and hyperinsulinemia are major regulators of placental development. Thus, we hypothesized that oxygen, insulin and their interplay modulate ER-stress in early pregnancy. Using the human first-trimester trophoblast cell line ACH-3P, we quantified mRNA and protein of several members of UPR by RT-qPCR and Western blotting, respectively. ER-stress induction using tunicamycin and brefeldin A resulted in increased CHOP (4.6-fold change; P ≤ 0.001), XBP1 expression (1.7- and 1.3-fold change, respectively; P ≤ 0.001 and P < 0.05) and XBP1 splicing (7.9- and 12.8-fold change, respectively; P ≤ 0.001). We subsequently analyzed the effect of oxygen (6.5%, 2.5%), insulin (0.1–10 nM) and their interaction using ANCOVA adjusted for cell passage as co-variate. Although GRP78 protein remained unaffected, low oxygen (2.5% O2) increased IRE1α phosphorylation (+52%; P < 0.05) and XBP1 splicing (1.8-fold change; P ≤ 0.001) after 24 h, while eIF2α protein and CHOP expression were downregulated (−28%; P < 0.05 and −24%; P ≤ 0.001; respectively). eIF2α phosphorylation was also reduced after 48 h by low oxygen (−61%; P < 0.05) but increased in the presence of insulin (+46%; P ≤ 0.01). These changes were not PERK-mediated, since PERK phosphorylation and total protein were not altered. Overall, our results suggest that IRE1α and eIF2α UPR-pathways are differentially regulated by oxygen and insulin in early pregnancy.
Análisis de los modelos de integración de la información financiera y no financiera en los grupos cotizados del IBEX 35
Authors: Ibáñez Eva Mª
Published: April 2021

Desde 2018, la obligación de elaborar el estado de información no financiera (EINF) está revolucionando la forma en que las grandes compañías españolas estructuran toda su información corporativa. Nuestra investigación tiene como objetivo identificar los nuevos modelos de integración de la información financiera y no financiera en la praxis de los grupos cotizados del IBEX 35. Se han analizado los informes referidos al ejercicio 2018: financieros en sentido estricto, esto es, cuentas anuales consolidadas e informes de gestión –incluido el EINF– y no financieros, es decir, informes integrados y/o memorias de sostenibilidad. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian un alto nivel de dispersión informativa. Se han identificado tres modelos básicos y hasta siete subcategorías alternativas. Otros resultados muestran el auge del informe integrado en detrimento del informe de sostenibilidad, la transformación de estos informes no financieros o voluntarios en informes legales o parcialmente legales, o las limitaciones del alcance de la verificabilidad del EINF.
Bir Grup Hasta Popülasyonunda Görülen Stafne Kemik Kavitesinin Radyografik Özelliklerinin Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: EVİRGEN Şehrazat , YÜKSEL Halil Tolga , TÜRKMENOĞLU Ayşegül
Published: April 2021

Amaç: Stafne’nin
kemik kavitesi(SKK) ilk kez Edward C. Stafne tarafından 1942 yılında posterior
mandibulada asemptomatik unilateral radyolusent boşluğu tarif etmek için
kullanılmıştır. Tipik olarak mandibuler corpusun  distal parçasında, mandibuler sinirin altında
lokalizedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı Uşak Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesine
başvuran hastalarda  SKK’nın görülme
sıklığını ve olası karakteristik özelliklerini 
belirlemek, sonuçları 
literatürdeki son çalışmalarla karşılaştırmaktırGereç ve Yöntemler:Toplam
33708 panoramik radyografi retrospektif olarak incelendi. SKK'nın radyolojik ve
klinik verileri yaş, cinsiyet, medikal anamnez, insidans, lokasyon ve şekline
göre değerlendirildi. Bulgular:İncelenen
33708 radyolojik tetkik sonucunda toplam 39 hastada SKK tespit edildi (% 0.11).
Ortalama yaş 50, yaş aralığı ise 22-75 idi. Erkek/kadın oranı 33/6 dır. Tüm SKK
unilateraldi ve 36 bireyde posterior mandibulada, 3 bireyde anterior
mandibulada tespit edildi. 22 hastanın sağ tarafında lokalize iken, 17 hastanın
sol tarafında lokalize ve 21 yuvarlak,17 oval, 1 irregüler şekilli idi. 22
hastanın sistemik herhangi bir hastalığı bulunmadı.Sonuçlar:Bu
çalışma 30.000'in üzerinde panoramik radyografinin değerlendirildiği geniş
çaplı retrospektif bir çalışmadır. Sonuçlarımıza göre, SKK nadir görülen bir
anomalidir. Panoramik radyografiler SKK tanısı için genellikle yeterlidir.
Şüpheli durumlarda, teşhisi doğrulamak için çok kesitli bilgisayarlı tomografi
ve konik ışınlı bilgisayarlı tomografi veya cerrahi prosedürler gerekebilir. Anahtar Kelimeler:Panoramik Radyografi, Prevalans, Stafne kemik
kavitesi
El mensaje de los mitos: Héroes fundadores y origen de los alimentos en la memoria de los pueblos andinos
Authors: Robles Mendoza Román
Published: April 2021

En este trabajo se reunen y reinterpretan los discursos míticos más representativos de la región centro-andino del Perú, recogidos por los curas encomendados de ejecutar la política eclesiástica de “extirpación de idolatrías” del siglo XVII, como consecuencia del fracaso de más de un siglo de conversión de indios al catolicismo. Francisco de Ávila, Bernardo de Novoa y otros extirpadores de idolatrías confirman la tenaz resistencia ideológica de los indígenas de Huánuco, Cajatambo, Huarochirí, Végueta, que continuaban practicando sus ideas y creencias, ceremonias y ritos a sus deidades, al mismo tiempo que simulaban haberse convertido en creyentes de la religión europea. A partir de la reproducción de las versiones ya publicadas de mitos sobre el origen de los dioses, de los grupos étnicos, de los alimentos y de los manantiales, se analizan y reinterpretan en sus significados y mensajes.
Los fundamentos del folklore y su vínculo con la educación
Authors: Sara Lafosse Mercedes Giesecke
Published: April 2021

El presente artículo habla sobre las políticas culturales subyacentes a las políticas educativas desarrolladas entre 1945 y 1948. Quienes lideraron este enfoque fueron dos etnólogos sanmarquinos Luis Eduardo Valcárcel, padre de la disciplina etnológica en el Perú y José María Arguedas, intérprete y comunicador entre dos mundos. El enfoque desarrollado tuvo mucha fecundidad, entre sus logros más importantes fue la apuesta por los Núcleo Escolares Campesinos (NEC), que permitió democratizar la educación, creando un proceso inconclusoj de inclusión de una ciudadanía diferenciada.
Experiencias campo en las comunidades campesinas de Ocros y Chilcas (Ancash)
Authors: Daudin Mickaël
Published: April 2021

El presente trabajo tiene por finalidad dar a conocer los resultados preliminares del viaje de investigación realizado en los pueblos de Ocros y Santiago de Chilcas, Ancash, llevado a cabo del 17 al 23 de noviembre de 2007. El objetivo central de dicho viaje fue realizar un trabajo de campo para investigar in situ todo lo referente a estos dos pueblos ancashinos. El trabajo de investigación estuvo basado en la realización de varias entrevistas (formales e informales), las cuales nos sirvieron para conocer mejor las estructuras organizativas de cada pueblo. Las entrevistas formales fueron las que hicimos a las principales autoridades: Alcalde, Presidente de la comunidad campesina, Presidente del Comité de Regante, Gobernador, Directora del Colegio, etc. En cuanto a las entrevistas informales, éstas simplemente se llevaron a cabo en la calle, en las fiestas y en el campo, al momento mismo de interactuar con los pobladores. Se trató de entrevistas improvisadas o simples conversaciones de las cuales igualmente pudimos recoger una gran fuente de información. Finalmente, me queda decir que este trabajo está dividido en dos partes. En la primera parte el contenido es netamente informativo, en el sentido de que se trata de datos objetivos. En la segunda parte expongo mis propias opiniones y mis reflexiones sobre cómo percibe un estudiante francés acerca de la realidad del Perú rural de hoy.
Claude Lévi-Strauss, fundador del pos-estructuralismo
Authors: Viveiros de Castro Eduardo
Published: April 2021

Estimados colegas,

Debo comenzar diciendo que estoy muy emocionado por el honor que se me hace aquí, al invitarme a abrir con esta alocución el Coloquio Lévi-Strauss: un siglo de reflexión. No consigo explicarme que me hayan escogido, entre tantos colegas aquí reunidos –todos con mejores credenciales que yo para esa distinción–, salvo por la contingencia de ser un etnólogo nacido en Brasil, y que estudia pueblos indígenas brasileños. Así, veo en esta invitación una especie de homenaje indirecto a mi país, donde Lévi-Strauss hizo sus primeras armas como etnólogo, pero sobre todo a los pueblos indígenas brasileños, pueblos cuyo pensamiento, al contribuir de modo decisivo a formar el del propio Lévi-Strauss, llegó por fin a irrigar la tradición filosófica de Occidente después de cinco siglos de olvido o desprecio, en el preciso momento en que esa tradición necesita como nunca toda la ayuda externa que pueda conseguir. Pues finalmente, el Occidente empieza a comprender que no pasó de ser un accidente, un gigantesco accidente antropológico que podrá concluir cerrar la carrera de la especie sobre la Tierra.
Formas de organización y matrimonio dravídico entre los Awajún: los doce matrimonios de diez hermanos
Authors: Regan Jaime , Paz Suikai Isaac
Published: April 2021

Se examinan los doce matrimonios de una familia awajún donde se descubre su carácter dravídico, un principio que también opera en la conformación de su clan.
Ciudad y ciudadanía: dos ideas en debate
Authors: Golte Jürgen
Published: April 2021

El primero y más grave de los problemas es el concepto mismo de “ciudad”. Sabemos muy bien que la palabra hoy en día se refiere a cualquier aglomeración de personas que no trabajan primariamente en la producción directa de alimentos.
Parte III. Valoración femenina y el sentido de identidad étnica de Qasiri
Authors: Cortez Farfán Leonardo , Delgado Chávez Nathaly , Delgado López Natali , Lazo Meneghini Ivanna , Quisapicondor Salazar Milagros , Vela Soto Giovanna
Published: April 2021

1. Pueblo de Qasire y su significado

Qasiri, deriva del quechua Qasiriy que significa abstenerse, tranquilizarse, calmarse, es decir abstente, tranquilízate, cálmate. Pertenece al distrito de Pauza en Ayacucho, a 3000 msnm, dicho distrito está formado por 7 anexos: Qasire, Huancara, Marán, Mirmaca, Pirca, Rauripa, Toncio y 8 barrios: Acola, Atapillo, Ayraranca, Huampo, Hanan Huayllas, Huánuco, Otococha, Urin Huayllas.
Changes in the Trophic Structure of the Vertebrate Predator Community in the Cold Season in Belarussian Paazerje (Northern Belarus) in Relation with Emphasis on Depopulation of the Wild Boar, Sus scrofa (Artiodactyla, Suida)
Authors: Ivanovskij V.  V. , Sidorovich A.  A. , Solovej I.  A.
Published: April 2021

Anthropogenic disturbances often alter patterns of community functioning. Along that, how interacting species respond to these changes remains poorly understood. In 1972–2019, we studied the trophic structure of the vertebrate predator community in coniferous-small-leaved forests of Belarussian Paazerje (Northern Belarus). Since 2013, large scale depopulation of wild boars Sus scrofa has been started in Belarus as a measure to reduce a circulation of the African swine fever (ASF). It was found that the community consisted of four trophic guilds including small rodent consumers, bird consumers, scavengers, and ungulate consumers. The pronounced shifts in dietary compositions of three scavengers (the raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides, golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos and white-tailed eagle Haliaeetus albicilla) after a decrease in an abundance of wild boar carrion was revealed. Along that, the average value of the dietary similarity between investigated species stayed the same.
Prospect of Direct Benefit in Pediatric Trials: Practical Challenges and Potential Solutions
Authors: Bhatnagar Melanie , Sheehan Sarah , Sharma Isha , Baer Gerri , Green Dionna , McCune Susan , Joffe Steven , Snyder Donna
Published: April 2021

Clinical research in pediatric patients is necessary to develop safe and effective medicines for children. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) human subject protection regulations (21 Code of Federal Regulations 50, subpart D) require that, with limited exceptions, research in children that exceeds a defined level of risk must offer a prospect of direct benefit to the individual child that is sufficient to justify those risks. Growing attention to the merits of initiating pediatric clinical trials earlier in the drug and biological product development process has led the FDA to look more closely at the meaning of the regulatory term prospect of direct benefit. In collaboration with the FDA, the Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy convened a workshop with leading experts in the fields of biomedical ethics, pediatric clinical research, and pediatric product development, as well as patient representatives, to discuss the FDA’s approach to characterizing prospect of direct benefit in the context of scientific advances in product development. Workshop topics included the extrapolation of adult efficacy data to children, use of nonclinical models of disease, use of modeling and simulation to support pediatric dosing, and reliance on biomarkers and surrogate end points in clinical research. Discussion from the workshop is provided herein to communicate the challenges that investigators, industry sponsors, regulators, and institutional review boards face when evaluating pediatric research and to outline several approaches to maximize prospect of direct benefit, minimize unnecessary risks and burden, and facilitate timely access to safe and effective medicines for children.
Genetic structure of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Salmoniformes, Salmonidae) from aquaculture by DNA-markers
Authors: Bielikova О. Y. , Mariutsa A. E. , Mruk A. I. , Tarasjuk S. I. , Romanenko V. M.
Published: April 2021

The rational use of valuable fish species from aquaculture is difficult to implement without knowledge of the state of the genetic structure of local stocks. Different types of DNA markers can be used to achieve the goals of selection and breeding work. The genetic structure of a local stock of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792) (Salmoniformes, Salmonidae) farmed in Ukraine was studied using DNA-markers: microsatellite (SSR-markers – simple-sequence repeats-markers) and intermicrosatellite (ISSR – inter-simple sequence repeat). Five fragments of trinucleotide microsatellite motifs with a single anchor nucleotide at the 3'-end were used as a primer for analysis by the ISSR-PCR method. Totally, 85 amplicons were obtained across the five loci, of which 92.9% were polymorphic. The total number of alleles ranged from 10 (marker (ACC)₆G) to 23 (marker (AGC)₆G). The following monomorphic amplicons were determined for the studied local stock of rainbow trout: according to marker (CTC)₆C – 770 and 520 bp bands, for the marker (GAG)₆C – 345, 295 and 260 bp, and for the marker (AGC)₆C – 350 bp. The average number of polymorphic bands per locus was 15.8. The selected ISSR primers had a level of polymorphic information content above the average. The most effective markers for molecular-genetic analysis of rainbow trout were (AGC)₆G and (AGC)₆C according to the percentage of polymorphic bands, marker index, effective multiplex ratio and resolving power. The selected ISSR loci allow the genetic structure of the studied local stock to be characterized using the total and the effective number of alleles per locus (Na and Ne were 1.9 and 1.4, respectively), the Shannon index (average value I was 0.4) and the unbiased expected heterozygosity (mean uHe = 0.3). Microsatellite-based analysis showed features of the genetic structure of the local stock of rainbow trout at six microsatellite loci (OMM 1032, OMM 1077, OMM 1088, Str 15, Str 60, Str 73). Allelic diversity was established and alleles with the highest frequency and most typical for the given stock were identified. The Shannon index and unbiased expected heterozygosity were determined using SSR-markers and were 1.42 and 0.79, respectively. This depicts the complexity of the population structure, a high level of genetic diversity and indicates a high level of heterozygosity of local stock. The “gene pool profile” established as a result of ISSR-PCR in the future will help to differentiate local stocks of rainbow trout in aquaculture of Ukraine. Microsatellite markers provide the ability to determine individual features of genetic variation of local populations and to conduct the management of genetic resources on fish farms.
New data about the distribution of nickel, lead and chromium in the coal seams of the DonetskMakiivka geological and industrial district of the Donbas
Authors: Kozar Mykola A. , Ishkov Valerii V. , Kozii Yevhen S. , Pashchenko Pavlo S.
Published: April 2021

A modern and scientifically based indicators forecast of toxic and potentially toxic element concentrations allows us to develop and plan organizational and technicaltechnological measures aimed at reducing the negative impact of the coal industry and heating enterprises on the ecological state of the environment. For this purpose it is necessary to have data about concentration, character and features of the distribution of toxic and potentially toxic elements, including nickel, lead and chromium in coal and the rocks that contain it. Toxic elements are one of the main sources of environmental pollution thatnegatively affects human health. Research in this direction is conducted to reduce the degree of negative effects and additional pollution of the environment. Increasing requirements for environmental protection in the coal-mining industry sector of Ukraine stipulates the need for new scientifically grounded methods for forecasting the content of toxic and potentially toxic elements in the rock mass which is extracted by mines, the waste of coal extraction and coal enrichment and also the influence of the coal-heating enterprises on the environment. In the article, the results of investigations of toxic elements in coal seams of the Donetsk-Makiivka geological and industrial area of the Donbas are considered. The research covered the whole territory of one of the most studied geological and industrial districts of the Donbas – Donetsk-Makiivka. As a result of the study, correlation coefficients were calculated that allow us to predict the concentration of nickel, lead and chromium in the products and wastes of coal enrichment and correct the technological schemes of coal enrichment taking into account their content. We also calculated the regression equation between these elements and the ash content of the coal, which will allow us to predict their concentration in the main working coal seams of the DonetskMakiivka geological and industrial districts relative to the values of coal ash content. The character of the distribution is established and the weighted average concentrations and basic descriptive statistics for nickel, lead, and chromium in the coal seams and suites are calculated. The composition and character of their typomorphic geochemical associations, as well as the features and regularities of their accumulation in the coal seams of the Donetsk-Makiivka geological and industrial districts are revealed.
Problems of technical exploitation and ecological safety of hydrotechnical facilities of irrigation systems
Authors: Rudakov Leonid M. , Hapich Hennadii V. , Orlinska Olga V. , Pikarenia Dmytro S. , Kovalenko Volodymyr V. , Chushkina Iryna V. , Zaporozhchenko Viktoriia Y.
Published: April 2021

In this work, we analyzed and studied the Ukrainian typical hydrotechnical structures of the ameliorative complex on soil materials. On the examples of such objects in Dnipropetrovsk oblast, we carried out research and determined the technical condition of the transporting (main irrigation canals) and regulating (retention ponds) hydrotechnical structures (HTS). The main factors and the reasons for the negative engineering-geological processes occurring in those structures and affecting the ecological balance of adjacent territories were determined. The study revealed that the long period of exploitation and absence of corresponding technical care have led to significant losses of irrigation water from the canals and retention ponds. Due to the systemic absence and low use of monitoring researchers, we have proposed the use of prompt and low-cost methods and means of technical diagnostics. The article presents the possibility of using a complex of geophysical methods of natural impulse magnetic field of the Earth and vertical electrical sounding for the purposes of technical diagnostics. The possibility of recording plots and parameters of zones of seepage deformations in the body and at the base of the structures was visually determined and instrumentally proven. This allows identifying the amounts of technical and material resources, stages and order of implementation of repair-restoration works. It was determined that share of the damaged zones accounts for 20 to 35% of the total length of the hydrotechnical structures dependingon their type and parameters of the constructions. In such conditions, the estimated losses of water equal 17-22% of the total amount of the delivery. The surveys showed that further operation of HC poses an ecological threat because of significant worsening of quality of water resources. The article presents disturbing dynamics of change in the irrigated areas involving the danger of secondary salinization, sodification, alkalinization, and toxification as a result of watering. We indicated threatening changes in the structures of the areas irrigated with low-quality water, which, according to various indicators of danger, increased by 1.4 times regarding threat of secondary salinization and by 2 times regarding threat of sodification. We proposed and substantiated approaches to improving the general technical and technological level of functioning of ameliorative structures in the context of maintaining ecological balance and economic practicability of their further use, based on the principles of systemic optimization of complex technical-natural ecosystems.
Agroecological assessment of fluorine in soils and agricultural plants of steppe landscapes of Odessa region
Authors: Trigub Valentіna I. , Yavorska Victoriia V. , Hevko Ihor V. , Kyrylchuk Andriy A.
Published: April 2021

The materials of long-term research of the features of the content and distribution of fluorine in southern chernozems are highlighted. The purpose of this work is to investigate the effects of irrigation and chemical meliorants on the fluorine accumulation in soils and crops. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set: to determine the content of fluorine in soils and plants in conditions of irrigation and application of phosphorus fertilizers (phosphogypsum); to carry out ecological assessment of southern chernozems in terms of accumulation and migration of fluorine in soil, plant resistance to fluorine accumulationand translocation. The research was conducted within the irrigation areas of Odessa region. Bulk and movable forms of fluorine were determined by the potentiometric method in the southern chernozems of different reclamation state (non-irrigated, irrigated and irrigated reclaimed). The content of movable fluorine in agricultural plants was determined by the author’s method. It was established that the contest of bulk fluorine is the highest in the non-irrigated chernozems, but does not exceed the MPC. In irrigation, the number of bulk forms of fluorine decreases due to their dissolution and migration from the top layer to the depth of the soil profile. The content of soluble forms of fluorine increases significantly in all components of agrolandscape under the influence of irrigation and especially the introduction of phosphogypsum. It was determined that the combined application of phosphorous fertilizers and manure leads toa decrease of the fluorine content in soils, lysimetric waters and agricultural plants. The degree of mobility of fluorine compounds in the studied chernozems during irrigation and especially the introduction of phosphogypsum increases. The level of fluorine content in lysimetric waters and the coefficient of water migration correlate with its content in soils. A positive correlation was found between the fluorine content in the roots of maize, oats, wheat ear and soil while its absence between the content of fluorine in the stems and leaves. The introduction of mineral and organic fertilizers together enhances the ability of plants to absorb fluorine from chernozem soils. The active contamination rate for all tested plants is higher than one, which can cause their inhibition. When resuming irrigation of chernozem soils, there will be a need for increased doses of mineral, including phosphorus fertilizers. Despite the low solubility of fluorine compounds, conducted research has shown that irrigation and application of phosphogypsum significantly increases the soluble forms of fluorine, which can adversely affect the pollution of agrolandscapes and public health.
Prospectiva de las profesiones en Ciencias de la Salud: el rol de las competencias interprofesionales
Authors: Marín-Zuluaga Dairo Javier
Published: April 2021

La pandemia ocasionada por el SARS-Cov-2 ha generado un escenario de alto grado de incertidumbre, en medio del cual la profesión odontológica se ha visto obligada a repensar no solo todo lo relacionado con el ejercicio profesional, sino además, lo relacionado con los procesos de formación al interior de las instituciones universitarias.

Recientemente, como resultado de un encuentro de organizaciones latinoamericanas, que reúnen a diversas profesiones de la ingeniería, se produjo el documento Reflexiones de académicos latinoamericanos en pandemia (1). En este se plantea que “es necesario profundizar el modelo educativo centrado en el desarrollo de las competencias de los estudiantes, en manejar lo impredecible, en el cambio climático, en la inequidad social”. Asimismo, se plantea la necesidad de, “aumentar sustancialmente el número de jóvenes y adultos que tengan las competencias necesarias, en particular técnicas y profesionales, para acceder al empleo, el trabajo decente y el emprendimiento”, y que a su vez cuenten con  “los principios, los valores, la ética, el respeto por la dignidad humana y la prioridad del bien común sobre cualquier otra”. Sin duda, estos son planteamientos aplicables no solo en la ingeniería, sino a cualquier profesión. Sin embargo, al hablar de las profesiones del área de la salud, en particular pero no exclusivamente, habría que ampliar este marco de acción, incluyendo la colaboración con otras disciplinas a la formación y ejercicio profesional.

Para tal efecto, la formación y el ejercicio profesional colaborativo o interprofesional requieren un alto grado de flexibilidad de las instituciones educativas, de las instituciones empleadoras y de los mismos profesionales. Implica, por parte de las primeras, hacer ejercicios interactivos de formación en los que se involucren estudiantes de varios programas; mientras que, de los empleadores y profesionales demanda el entendimiento de que el ejercicio interprofesional aporta al desarrollo de las competencias profesionales, al manejo integral y recuperación de la salud de los pacientes y a la mejora en el funcionamiento de los sistemas de salud, y con ello a la salud de las poblaciones (2).

En términos generales, el ejercicio interprofesional conlleva para el conjunto de actores, el estudio, discusión y construcción de acuerdos sobre el grado, temas y áreas de solapamiento o entrecruzamiento en los dominios de competencias entre las profesiones, especialidades y subespecialidades de la salud. Ello deberá ser revisado de manera periódica, dado el alto dinamismo que la generación e incorporación de nuevo conocimiento y los avances en innovación y desarrollo tecnológico imprimen al espectro ocupacional de las profesiones. Es importante decir que esta dinámica incluso, promueve permanentemente la creación, combinación o eliminación de programas (3).
Apreciación respecto a la producción de artículos científicos de los estudiantes del área de la salud
Authors: Camargo Coronell Kenny Joan , Almanza Moreno Dayanna Sofia , Díaz Caballero Antonio José
Published: April 2021

La universidad es la ventana al conocimiento, pasar por ahí significa enfrentar diversos obstáculos y generar aprendizajes que quedan para toda la vida. Dentro del campus hay muchas oportunidades van surgiendo según el camino que toma cada estudiante, para así poder tener un punto de vista diferente. En ese sentido, la investigación es eso, ver más allá de lo que rodea a la malla académica, es el aumento de la responsabilidad y una decisión que puede cambiar la vida. Para los estudiantes del área de la salud puede resultar difícil el manejo de tal combinación, ya que se requiere de entrega, al igual que en las asignaturas y las prácticas. Por ello, es necesario encontrar estrategias que permitan el aumento de la participación de los estudiantes para promover la investigación y de esta manera contribuir a la producción de literatura científica.
Experiencia del programa de educación en salud bucal dirigido a personas mayores. Universidad CES, Medellín - Colombia 2019
Authors: Giraldo-Zuluaga María Cristina , Mejía Pérez Paula Natalia
Published: April 2021

Objetivo: describir la experiencia de educación en promoción y prevención en salud bucal desarrollada con un grupo de adultos mayores que participan en el programa “Vecinos Saludables”, del Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe de la ciudad de Medellín. Métodos: se implementaron tres etapas, la primera para definir los temas, la segunda para la ejecución y la última, para evaluar la percepción de los participantes. Resultados: 30 adultos mayores asistieron a 6 talleres participativos en salud bucal. El 40% del grupo usaba, al menos, una prótesis total y el 65% algún tipo de prótesis parcial. El 77% había sentido alguno de los síntomas que podrían asociarse con disminución de cantidad de saliva en la boca y el 56,6% mencionó que con frecuencia tenía dificultades para masticar o al tragar. La percepción del programa realizado por parte de los adultos mayores fue muy positiva; en términos generales, comprendieron que el envejecimiento no implicaba desinterés en el cuidado del cuerpo y la boca. Conclusiones: la implementación de actividades lúdicas educativas con adultos mayores favorece su empoderamiento con la salud bucal y el interés por mantenerse sanos, lo cual repercute de forma positiva en su calidad de vida.
Riesgo de caries en pacientes con necesidades especiales, Cuenca –Ecuador
Authors: Vélez-Astudillo Rómulo Andrés , Alvear Cordova Maria Cristina , Villavicencio-Caparó Ebingen , Martinez Palacios Christian Jose
Published: April 2021

Objetivo: determinar el riesgo de caries en pacientes de 6 a 12 años de edad, pertenecientes a las instituciones educativas para niños con necesidades especiales de la ciudad de Cuenca-Ecuador, 2016. Método: se realizó un estudio con diseño descriptivo, transversal, mediante la recolección de los datos de seis centros educativos para niños con necesidades especiales. La población del estudio estuvo constituida por 148 niños con discapacidad intelectual, múltiple, sensorial y motriz, distribuida en 61 pacientes del sexo femenino y 87 del sexo masculino. Para la recolección de los datos se emplearon dos instrumentos: el primero de ellos fue la ficha de evaluación de riesgo de caries dental (CAT), dirigido a niños mayores de 6 años, según la Asociación Americana de Odontología Pediátrica. El segundo fue la Encuesta de Estratificación de Nivel Socioeconómico del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INEC).  En las tablas de una sola variable se valoró la frecuencia de porcentaje, mientras que en la asociación de variables se utilizó la prueba estadística Chi Cuadrado. Resultados: los niños que presentaron discapacidad múltiple evidenciaron el valor más relevante de riesgo de caries con un porcentaje del 71%; el grupo de pacientes con discapacidad motriz evidenció el menor valor de riesgo de caries con un porcentaje de 57%. Conclusión: el nivel de riesgo de caries es alto en pacientes con necesidades especiales, entre ellas sobresale la discapacidad múltiple. Se recomienda que la atención a estos pacientes sea temprana (prevención), oportuna, efectiva (profesional calificado) y con un seguimiento adecuado.