bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Law, Honor, and Impunity in Spanish America: The Debate over Dueling, 1870–1920
Authors: Parker David S.
Published: April 2006

One day in late February 1873, thecomisarioof section 10 in Buenos Aires arrived at the home of Jacobo Varela to investigate reports that Varela had been involved in a duel with another young man, Julio Benites. Varela's brother met the policeman at the door and reported that, lamentably, Jacobo was ill and could not see him. When asked if he knew anything about a duel, the brother replied that he most certainly did not. Yes, Jacobo was bedridden because of a sword wound, but that was an accident: he had slipped while playing with the weapon and had fallen on top of it, the blade entering his right side below the shoulder and passing through his body. The additional wounds on his hands came when he attempted to pull the sword out.
“She Is Hostile to Our Ways”: First Nations Girls Sentenced to the Ontario Training School for Girls, 1933–1960
Authors: Sangster Joan
Published: April 2006

When industrial schools were initially proposed in late nineteenth-century Canada, they were perceived to be a common solution for the neglected and delinquent working-class boy of the urban slums and for the Aboriginal boy in need of similar education, discipline, and moral and vocational training. This undertaking briefly encapsulated the twinned aims of Canada's nation-building project: to civilize and acculturate both the poor and the colonized to middle-class, Western, white and Anglo norms. As John Comaroff and Jean Comaroff remark of nineteenth-century British imperialism, the taming of the “uncivilised and immoral” indigenous African and British slum dweller were overlapping projects, with the “primitive and the pauper” seen as “one in spirit. …the sacred task of the colonizing mission was to reconstruct the home lives of both” by inculcating in their daily lives the bourgeois values of “modern domesticity.”
The Two Percent Solution: Eugenic Jurisprudence and the Socialization of American Law, 1900–1930
Authors: Willrich Michael
Published: April 2006

In early twentieth-century America, the novel technology called “eugenics”—a potent hybrid of biological science, statistical method, and cultural assumptions—won a diverse following of academics, animal breeders, social workers, criminologists, psychiatrists, institutional superintendents, philanthropists, and activists spanning the political spectrum from socialists to white supremacists. Although heirs to the Enlightenment pursuits of science, reason, and a rationally organized state, eugenicists rejected the Enlightenment's egalitarian strain, insisting that hereditary endowment determined social structure. Fusing Darwin's theory of evolution and Mendel's discoveries in plant heredity, eugenicists claimed to find distinct genetic roots for the many problems of personality and society that alarmed their contemporaries: from “feeble-mindedness” and “psychopathy” to “delinquency” and “hypersexuality.” Within the bright lines of a eugenic worldview, the poverty and crime that pervaded an avowedly meritocratic urban-industrial democracy were comprehended as the offspring of hereditary “mental defects,” racial “mongrelization,” and sentimental charitable efforts that, in a vain attempt to reform deviant individuals, had only assured their survival and reproduction.
Locating Hurst
Authors: Pue W. Wesley
Published: April 2006

Three aspects of J. Willard Hurst's locatedness strike me as being noteworthy: his identification as a law teacher, in Wisconsin, in the mid-twentieth century United States of America. It mattered immensely, as Ernst shows in this issue, that his life of mind was significantly formed in the period between the world wars.

Hurst's work is colored by these environments at every turn. Even assuming that he ranks with the likes of Tocqueville, Bryce, or Weber as a “broad-gauged socio-legal thinker of the first order,” it is important to consider him, not as a disembodied, unsituated intellect, but rather as a scholar who lived, worked, and wrotein a context. Though in part “an important extension of and dialogue with several well-established traditions and intellectual frameworks” on both sides of the Atlantic and on both sides of the world's longest undefended border, his work was also the product of a mind embodied.
Biology and the Origins of the English Jury
Authors: Donahue Charles
Published: April 2006

The history of institutions is plagued by the biological analogy. We speak so frequently of the life and death, the birth, growth, maturity, and decline, of institutions that we forget that these words are being used metaphorically. Of course, the human beings who create and use the institutions have a birth and a death, but human institutions have only a start and a stop (frequently a far less precise one than those words might imply), and there is no reason why the periods between the start and stop need parallel those of living organisms.
The Chlorination of the [Al13]‐ Cluster and the Stepwise Formation of Its Intermediate Products, [Al11]‐, [Al9]‐, and [Al7]‐: A Model Reaction for the Oxidation of Metals?
Authors: Burgert Ralf , Schnoeckel Hansgeorg , Olzmann Matthias , Bowen Kit H. Jr.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Hydrogenation of β,β‐Disubstituted α‐Acetamido Acrylates Using Cheap Monodentate P‐Ligands.
Authors: Reetz Manfred T. , Li Xiaoguang
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Synthesis of Novel 4‐(Aminomethyl)oxazoline Ligands.
Authors: Griffith Jeraime A. , Rowlands Gareth J.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Aerobic Oxidative Cyclization under Pd(II) Catalysis: A Regioselective Approach to Heterocycles.
Authors: Yip Kai‐Tai , Li Jin‐Heng , Lee On‐Yi , Yang Dan
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Sequential Reduction and Dehydration of Phenacyl‐(E)‐styryl Sulfones to Unsymmetrical (E,E)‐Bis(styryl) Sulfones.
Authors: Mallireddigari Muralidhar Reddy , Pallela Venkat R. , Reddy E. Premkumar , Reddy M. V. Ramana
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Lewis Acid Mediated Reactions of Aldehydes with Styrene Derivatives: Synthesis of 1,3‐Dihalo‐1,3‐diarylpropanes and 3‐Chloro‐1,3‐diarylpropanols.
Authors: Kabalka George W. , Wu Zhongzhi , Ju Yuhong , Yao Min‐Liang
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of a Soluble Fullerene—Rotaxane Incorporating a Furamide Template.
Authors: Mateo‐Alonso Aurelio , Prato Maurizio
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Water‐Soluble 2‐Alkylcyclodextrin—C60 Conjugates and Their Inclusion Complexation in Aqueous Solution.
Authors: Chen Yong , Wang Yali , Rassat Andre , Sinay Pierre , Zhao Yu , Zhang Yongmin
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Dendritic Liquid‐Crystalline Fullerene—Ferrocene Dyads.
Authors: Campidelli Stephane , Perez Laura , Rodriguez‐Lopez Julian , Barbera Joaquin , Langa Fernando , Deschenaux Robert
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Telluronium Salts Mediated Aziridination of Chiral N‐tert‐Butylsulfinylimines: Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of Optically Active Vinylaziridines.
Authors: Zheng Jun‐Cheng , Liao Wei‐Wei , Sun Xiao‐Xia , Sun Xiu‐Li , Tang Yong , Dai Li‐Xin , Deng Jin‐Geng
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Oxidative Cyclizations in a Nonpolar Solvent Using Molecular Oxygen and Studies on the Stereochemistry of Oxypalladation.
Authors: Trend Raissa M. , Ramtohul Yeeman K. , Stoltz Brian M.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Facile and Efficient Deoxygenation of Amine‐N‐Oxides with Mo(CO)6.
Authors: Yoo Byung Woo , Choi Jin Woo , Yoon Cheol Min
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Sulfamoyl‐4‐oxoquinoline‐3‐carboxamides: Novel Potentiators of Defective ΔF508‐Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Chloride Channel Gating.
Authors: Suen Yat Fan , Robins Lori , Yang Baoxue , Verkman A. S. , Nantz Michael H. , Kurth Mark J.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Antimalarial Activity of 4‐(5‐Trifluoromethyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐1‐yl)chloroquine Analogues.
Authors: Cunico Wilson , Cechinel Cleber A. , Bonacorso Helio G. , Martins Marcos A. P. , Zanatta Nilo , de Souza Marcus V. N. , Freitas Isabela O. , Soares Rodrigo P. P. , Krettli Antoniana U.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Potential Antibacterials: A Synthetic Route to N‐Aryloxazolidinone/3‐Aryltetrahydroisoquinoline Hybrids.
Authors: Griera Rosa , Cantos‐Llopart Carme , Amat Mercedes , Bosch Joan , del Castillo Juan‐C. , Huguet Joan
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Substituted Pyrano[3,2‐c]pyridines via Diels—Alder Reaction of 3‐Methylenepyridin‐4‐one.
Authors: Tchabenenko Kirill , Taylor Marcus G. O. , Adlington Robert M. , Baldwin Jack E.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Stereoselective Preparation of Trifluoromethyl‐Containing 1,4‐Oxathiolane Derivatives Through Ring Expansion Reaction of 1,3‐Oxathiolanes.
Authors: Zhu Shifa , Xing Chunhui , Zhu Shizheng
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Pyrrolopyridazine MEK Inhibitors.
Authors: Chen Zhong , et al. et al.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
8‐(1‐Naphthalen‐2‐yl‐vinyl)‐6,7,10‐trioxaspiro [4.5] Decane, a New 1,2,4‐Trioxane Effective Against Rodent and Simian Malaria.
Authors: Singh Chandan , Kanchan Rani , Srivastava Divya , Puri Sunil K.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Platinum Oxide Catalyzed Hydrosilylation of Unsymmetrical Internal Aryl Alkynes under ortho‐Substituent Regiocontrol.
Authors: Hamze Abdallah , Provot Olivier , Alami Mouad , Brion Jean‐Daniel
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Ring Opening of Isoprene Monoxide with Nitrogen Nucleophiles — Asymmetric Synthesis of Branched Amino Sugars.
Authors: Trost Barry M. , Jiang Chunhui , Hammer Kristin
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Thio‐ and Selenoglycosides by Cleavage of Dichalconides in the Presence of Zinc/Zinc Chloride and Reaction with Glycosyl Bromides.
Authors: Mukherjee Chinmoy , Tiwari Pallavi , Misra Anup Kumar
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of gem‐Diamine 1‐N‐Iminosugars Related to L‐Iduronic Acid as Inhibitors of Heparan Sulfate 2‐O‐Sulfotransferase.
Authors: Brown Jillian R. , Nishimura Yoshio , Esko Jeffrey D.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Thebaine Adducts with Maleimides. Synthesis and Transformations.
Authors: Shults E. E. , Shakirov M. M. , Tolstikov G. A. , Kalinin V. N. , Schmidhammer G.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Asymmetric Synthesis of (+)‐Erysotramidine.
Authors: Blake Alexander J. , Gill Christopher , Greenhalgh Daniel A. , Simpkins Nigel S. , Zhang Fengzhi
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Cytotoxic Activity of Acronycine Analogues in the Benzo[c]pyrano[3,2‐h]acridin‐7‐one and Naphtho[1,2‐b][1,7] and ‐[1,10]‐phenanthrolin‐7(14H)‐one Series.
Authors: Bongui Jean‐Bernard , Elomri Abdelhakim , Cahard Dominique , Tillequin Francois , Pfeiffer Bruno , Pierre Alain , Seguin Elisabeth
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Synthesis of 4′‐epi‐Trachycladines A and B.
Authors: Enders Dieter , Breuer Irene , Drosdow Eugen
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Sitophilate Using Carboxylic Acid Dianion Methodology — A Stereoselectivity Study.
Authors: Gil Salvador , Parra Margarita , Rodriguez Pablo , Sotoca Enrique
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Fluorescence of Ce3+ in Fluorides and Long‐lasting Phosphorescence of Ce3+ in Oxides
Authors: Yamaga Mitsuo , Kodama Nobuhiro
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Computational Magnetochemistry: Complementary Quantum Mechanical Tools
Authors: Eifert Thomas , Handrick Klaus , Huening Felix , Neuhausen Ulrich , Schilder Helmut , Lueken Heiko
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Advances in Organic Synthesis Using Polymer‐Supported Reagents and Scavengers under Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Bhattacharyya Sukanta
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Bonding and Organic and Inorganic Reactivity of Metal‐Coordinated Phosphinoenolates and Related Functional Phosphine‐Derived Anions
Authors: Braunstein Pierre
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Broensted Acid Catalyzed Addition and Cyclization Reaction with Imine: From Aqueous Reaction to Enantioselective Reactions
Authors: Akiyama Takahiko , Fuchibe Kohei , Itoh Junji
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chiral Anisotropic Reagents for Determining the Absolute Configuration of Secondary Alcohols and Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Kusumi Takenori , Yabuuchi Tetsuya , Takahashi Haruko , Ooi Takashi
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Half‐Sandwich Rare Earth Metal Catalysts for Olefin Polymerization and Copolymerization
Authors: Hou Zhaomin
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Use of Solid Catalysts in Promoting Water Treatment and Remediation Technologies
Authors: Centi Gabriele , Perathoner Siglinda
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Insights for Light‐Driven Molecular Devices from ab initio Multiple Spawning Excited‐State Dynamics of Organic and Biological Chromophores
Authors: Martinez Todd J.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Mechanisms of Anion Recognition: From Halides to Nucleotides
Authors: Schneider Hans‐Joerg
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Mechanical behaviour of hazelnuts used for table consumption under compression loading
Authors: Valentini Nadia , Rolle Luca , Stévigny Caroline , Zeppa Giuseppe
Published: April 2006

Nuts of four hazelnut varieties and five new selections used for table consumption were compressed at the moisture content of 6% wet basis to measure shell resistance to breakage. Rupture force, rupture energy and nut specific deformation were measured under three compression loading positions. Physical parameters of nuts were also evaluated to relate them to the data obtained by compression test measurements. Rupture force and nut specific deformation are the most discriminant parameters that can be used to describe the behaviour under compression, while rupture energy values show fewer differences among the considered varieties. The values of force required to break nut shell ranged from 322.2 to 769.3 N. The lowest values of force were generally obtained along the y‐axis, the transverse axis containing the major dimension at right angles to the longitudinal axis. Nut specific deformation ranged from 3.35 to 11.76%. Correlations between physical and texture parameters showed that values of force, energy and deformation were dependent on different parameters that varied in the three considered axis. The most used varieties, Ennis and Barcelona, showed high mean values of force rupture to break shell and low deformability, while Tonda Giffoni and Tonda Bianca were easy to break. Among the new selections, L35 and B6, with mean values of force rupture less than 428 N and values of nut specific deformation higher than 8%, were suitable for table consumption. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Project placements for undergraduate occupational therapy students: design, implementation and evaluation
Authors: Prigg Alison , Mackenzie Lynette
Published: April 2006

This study aimed to document the process undertaken to incorporate project placements as an effective fieldwork option for second‐ and third‐year occupational therapy students, by evaluating the experience of both students and supervisors and identifying areas for improvement. Project placements are full‐ or part‐time placements where a project is completed by a student under the supervision of an occupational therapist. The study is primarily descriptive, and includes a pre‐post design using qualitative and quantitative data. The results indicate that the objectives of the study were achieved. Both supervisors and students expressed positive views about the placements. Students also identified changes that could improve the placements. Second‐ and third‐year students gave similar ratings about aspects of the learning experiences during the project placements. The small cohort of third‐year students and the low response rate from supervisors limited results. These project placements have shown an applicable model for students in earlier years of the course instead of the usual practice of non‐traditional fieldwork being focused on final‐year students. The project placements described are presented as one more potential fieldwork model in the range currently offered by curricula worldwide. Future research needs to concentrate on the longitudinal impact of these placements on the developing practice and attitudes of occupational therapy students. Copyright © 2002 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Model for Prediction of Anti‐HIV Activity of 2‐Pyridinone Derivatives Using Novel Topological Descriptor
Authors: Bajaj Sanjay , Sambi S. S. , Gupta S. , Madan A. K.
Published: April 2006

A novel highly discriminating adjacency‐cum‐distance based topological descriptor, termed as augmented eccentric connectivity index, has been conceptualized and it's discriminating power investigated with regard to anti‐HIV activity of 2‐pyridinone derivatives. The discriminating power of the augmented eccentric connectivity index was found to be far superior when compared to that of the distance based Wiener‘s index and adjacency based molecular connectivity index. This index did not exhibit any degeneracy amongst all possible structures with three, four and five vertices. The values of augmented eccentric connectivity index, Wiener's index and first‐order molecular connectivity index of each of the 72 3‐aminopyridin‐2(1H)‐one analogues comprising the dataset were computed using in‐house computer program. The resulting data was analyzed and suitable models were developed after identification of the active ranges. Subsequently, a biological activity was assigned to each of the compounds involved in the dataset using these models which was then compared with the reported anti‐HIV activity. High degree of prediction ranging from 81% to 89% was observed using models based upon these topological descriptors. Exceptionally high discriminating power amalgamated with decreased degeneracy of the proposed index, offers a vast potential for structure‐activity/property studies.
Longitudinal variable selection by cross‐validation in the case of many covariates
Authors: Cantoni E. , Field C. , Mills Flemming J. , Ronchetti E.
Published: April 2006

Longitudinal models are commonly used for studying data collected on individuals repeatedly through time. While there are now a variety of such models available (marginal models, mixed effects models, etc.), far fewer options exist for the closely related issue of variable selection. In addition, longitudinal data typically derive from medical or other large‐scale studies where often large numbers of potential explanatory variables and hence even larger numbers of candidate models must be considered. Cross‐validation is a popular method for variable selection based on the predictive ability of the model. Here, we propose a cross‐validation Markov chain Monte Carlo procedure as a general variable selection tool which avoids the need to visit all candidate models. Inclusion of a ‘one‐standard error’ rule provides users with a collection of good models as is often desired. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our procedure both in a simulation setting and in a real application. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Negative Imaging Studies for Primary Hyperparathyroidism Are Unavoidable: Correlation of Sestamibi and High‐Resolution Ultrasound Scanning with Histological Analysis in 150 Patients
Authors: Mihai Radu , Gleeson Fergus , Buley Ian D. , Roskell Derek E. , Sadler Gregory P.
Published: April 2006

Background

Preoperative localization studies with Tc99m‐sestamibi have become an integral step in the preoperative assessment of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). This enables scan‐directed minimally invasive parathyroidectomy (MIP) to be the preferred treatment for PHPT in many units. This study aimed to identify factors that lead to negative imaging studies in patients with PHPT.

Methods

Over a 3‐year period consecutive unselected patients with PHPT underwent Tc99m‐sestamibi scanning and high‐resolution ultrasound (US) scanning by the same radiologist. When localization studies were concordant, patients underwent MIP. Those patients with negative imaging studies underwent bilateral neck exploration. Histology slides were independently reviewed and the proportion of chief cells and oxyphil cells within each adenoma was estimated.

Results

One hundred and fifty‐eight patients underwent localization studies (38 men and120 women, aged 61.8 ± 15.2 years). Sestamibi scans were negative in 52 (32%) and positive in 106 (68%) patients. There was a higher incidence of hyperplasia in the group of patients with negative sestamibi scans (4 out of 52 vs. 4 out of 103, P < 0.05, χ2 test). In patients with negative sestamibi scans the majority of adenomas were formed predominantly from chief cells (26 out of 36) while the majority of patients with adenomas composed predominantly of oxyphil cells had positive scans (21 out of 23) (P < 0.05, χ2 test). The weight of parathyroid adenomas was higher when sestamibi scans were positive (median: 1,180 vs. 517 mg, P < 0.05, Student’s t‐test).

Conclusion

Successful preoperative localization of parathyroid adenomas using Tc99m‐sestamibi scanning is influenced by the cytological predominance of individual tumors. Negative scans might therefore be unavoidable in a subgroup of patients.
THE CONTINUING EVOLUTION OF SHAREHOLDER GOVERNANCE
Authors: Nolan R.C.
Published: April 2006

THE law which governs decision-making by the shareholders (or, strictly speaking, members) of a company is an area in which there is a great emphasis on regulation. This emphasis has tended to obscure the basic principles of law around which that regulation has developed. It has also distracted attention away from an appreciation of how those principles are applied and developed in practice.
On solutions of the boundary-layer equations with algebraic decay
Authors: Merkin J. H.
Published: April 2006

The boundary-layer equations are solved numerically for mainstreams\[ U(x) = x(1-x^2)^{-\alpha}\quad {\rm and}\quad U(x) = (1-x)^{-\alpha}, \]which are both O((1 − x)−α) near x = 1. Series expansions are derived near x = 1. For α > 1, where, for the similarity solution at x = 1, the outer boundary condition is approached through exponentially small terms, a straightforward expansion in powers of 1 − x is possible. For 0 < α < 1, where the decay is only algebraic (Brown & Stewartson 1965), the outer boundary condition cannot be satisfied even with algebraic decay by the higher-order terms in the series and this must be regarded as only an inner expansion. An outer expansion is required which matches with this inner expansion and which approaches the outer boundary condition with exponential decay. For α = 1, the decay is exponential, but not of the same form as for α > 1, and again the outer boundary condition cannot be attained by the higher-order terms in the series. An outer expansion for this case is also derived.
Asymptotic solutions of the Erdogan-Chatwin equation
Authors: Smith Ronald
Published: April 2006

Erdogan & Chatwin (1967) derived a nonlinear diffusion equation\[ \partial_tc = \partial_z([D_0+(\partial_zc)^2D_2]\partial_zc) \]which models the effect of buoyancy upon the longitudinal dispersion of a solute in pipe flow. The same equation arises more widely as a limiting form in which only the first buoyancy correction is retained. In this paper long-term asymptotic solutions are obtained both for the smearing-out of a concentration jump and for the approach to normality of a finite discharge. A variant of the method provides an approximate solution to the initial-value problem, and a comparison is made with Prych's (1970) experimental results.
Unsteady flow in straight alluvial streams: modification of individual dunes
Authors: Fredsøe Jørgen
Published: April 2006

Changes in dune properties due to a sudden change in the water discharge are analysed. The transport of sediment is assumed to occur mainly as bed load and the square of the Froude number must be much smaller than unity. The theory is based on similarity in the bed-shear distribution close to the dune top just before and just after the change in the water discharge. The model is found to agree with laboratory experiments. Further, by use of this model, flow in a river where the water discharge oscillates weakly around a constant mean value has been treated. Hereby the variation in the phase differences between sediment transport, water depth and water discharge with the period of the oscillation is calculated. The results agree qualitatively with observations.
Ionizing argon boundary layers. Part 2. Shock-tube side-wall boundary-layer flows
Authors: Liu W. S. , Glass I. I.
Published: April 2006

A combined experimental and theoretical investigation was conducted on the shock-tube side-wall ionizing boundary-layer induced by a shock wave moving into argon. The dual-wavelength interferometric boundary-layer data were obtained by using a 23 cm diameter Mach—Zehnder interferometer with the 10 × 18 cm Hypervelocity Shock Tube at initial shock Mach numbers of 13 and 16, an initial pressure of 5 torr and a temperature of 300° K. The plasma density and electron number density in the boundary layer were measured and compared with numerical profiles obtained by using an implicit finite-difference scheme for a two-temperature, chemical non-equilibrium, laminar boundary-layer flow in ionizing argon. The analysis included the variations of transport properties based on elastic-scattering cross-sections, effects of chemical reactions, radiation-energy losses and electron-sheath wall boundary conditions. Considering the difficulties involved in such complex plasma flows, satisfactory agreement was obtained between the analyses and experiments. A comparison was made with the flat-plate case and despite the very different velocity boundary conditions at the wall for the two flows the experimental data appear to be quite similar. The experimental bump in the profile of electron number density which was found in the flat-plate case was not found in the side-wall case. Comparisons and discussions of the results for the different types of boundary layer are presented, including a comparison between experimentally derived and analytical plasma-temperature profiles.
Instability and convection in fluid layers: A report on Euromech 106
Authors: Hopfinger E. J. , Atten P. , Busse F. H.
Published: April 2006

The 106th Euromech Colloquium on instability and convection driven by body forces in fluid layers was held in Grenoble from 11 to 14 September 1978 with the first two authors acting as chairmen. There were sixty-five participants coming from fifteen different countries and having widely different backgrounds. Fifty-seven papers were presented during the four full days of the meeting and are discussed in this report with the purpose of giving an up-to-date view of current research in convection.
The pressure waves produced by the convection of temperature disturbances in high subsonic nozzle flows
Authors: Bloy A. W.
Published: April 2006

The method of characteristics is used to calculate the unsteady one-dimensional flow produced by the convection of a temperature disturbance, contained between two contact surfaces, in high subsonic flow through a nozzle. The results show the development of the pressure disturbances which are associated with the force perturbation needed to accelerate the temperature disturbance at the same rate as the surrounding gas and propagate in both the upstream and downstream directions. Using a simple flow model, expressions for the mean pressure disturbances are derived and shown to be in good agreement with numerical solutions. Other numerical solutions which show the effect of changing the various flow parameters and the nozzle shape are presented. In all of the cases considered, the pressure disturbances caused by a 10 % change in the inlet temperature are significantly large and may be an important part of ‘excess’ noise.
Coriolis-force attenuation of blocking in a stratified flow
Authors: Foster M. R.
Published: April 2006

Even very small Coriolis forces are shown to alter significantly the nature of the upstream wake of an object in slow (small Froude number) translation through a non-diffusive stratified fluid. If the Ekman number is of order one, the far upstream extent of the wake is reduced. If the fluid rotation is sufficient to make the Ekman number small, the contraction of the wake is much greater. We study a particular case in detail; the Ekman number is small enough to make horizontal boundary layers Ekman layers. In this case, the wake is confined to the vicinity of the object, the upstream flow arising from a combination of Ekman pumping and baroclinic vorticity generation. The upstream flow is described by an eigenfunction whose amplitude is dependent on object geometry. If the object is a semi-infinite rectangular parallelepiped, that amplitude is determined by detailed examination of the shear layer at the face of the parallelepiped and its interaction with the Ekman layer on the top surface of the object
The effects of terrain shape on nonlinear hydrostatic mountain waves
Authors: Lilly D. K. , Klemp J. B.
Published: April 2006

Solutions to Long's equation for a stably stratified incompressible fluid traversing a mountain range are obtained for various terrain shapes and amplitudes when the horizontal scale is large compared to the vertical wavelength. Nonlinear lower and upper (radiative) boundary conditions are utilized and found to have a strong influence on the wave structure at large amplitudes. The results for symmetric and asymmetric mountain profiles reveal that the wave amplitude and wave drag are significantly enhanced for mountains with gentle windward and steep leeward slopes. These results confirm and explain those obtained by Raymond (1972) using a different solution method. Several results obtained by Smith (1977) from perturbation analysis are also confirmed and extended to large amplitudes. The methods are also applied to investigate the nonlinear nature of the singularity predicted by linear theory for flow over a step.
Double boundary layers on an electrically conducting plane surface in a rotating environment
Authors: Chawla S. S.
Published: April 2006

A class of nonlinear boundary layers in a hydromagnetic flow under differential rotation is analysed. The function of these layers is to provide smooth transition from the conditions within the electrically conducting container to those in the region far away from the boundary through the flow regime. The structure of the double-decker boundary layer depends on the diffusivity of the fluid, the conductance of the rigid boundary and the relative strength of the applied magnetic field. The method of multiple scales is used to obtain uniformly valid solutions with the conductance of the container varying from zero to infinity. It is found that even a small differential rotation (ε → 0) can induce perturbations of order ε½ or of order unity in the field functions.
Analysis of a strongly sheared, nearly homogeneous turbulent shear flow
Authors: Leslie D. C.
Published: April 2006

Harris, Graham & Corrsin (1977) have measured the properties of the quasi-homo-geneous turbulence field induced by a large mean shear, and in analysing their measurements they neglect the diagonal components of the mean-field contribution to the pressure–strain correlation. Their measurements are re-analysed using the recommendations of Gibson & Launder (1978) for modelling this correlation, the imbalance between production and dissipation being allowed for by the algebraic modelling technique of Rodi (1976): the experimental data give strong support to Rodi's basic assumption.

The data suggest that the only substantial defect in the Gibson–Launder model is its failure to predict the anisotropy measured in the 23 plane normal to the mean flow. The longitudinal predictions are good, and those for the shear (12) component are much improved when measured values of the anisotropy are substituted into the calculation. This analysis does not suggest any clear need for a nonlinear representation of the pressure–strain correlation. However, the most general linear representation of the mean-field term is even more complex than the analysis of Launder, Reece & Rodi (1975) would suggest: their model is disproved by an example.

Attempts to deduce the dissipation directly from the experiments, rather than by energy balance, are not very successful.
Stability of the conduction regime of natural convection in a tall vertical annulus
Authors: Choi Inn G. , Korpela Seppo A.
Published: April 2006

The stability of natural convection in a vertical annular enclosure has been studied by the linear theory. It was found that for all Prandtl numbers the instability sets in as a wave travelling upward. For low Prandtl numbers, the larger the curvature the more stable the flow; the reverse is true for high Prandtl numbers. The theoretical predictions of the mode of instability were verified for air. A multicellular flow pattern was observed to drift upward with the predicted wave speed. The measured wavelength of the cells is in good agreement with the linear analysis.
Rotational compressible inviscid flow with rolled vortex sheets. An analytical algorithm for the computation of the core
Authors: Guiraud J. P. , Zeytounian R. Kh.
Published: April 2006

Previous work on irrotational incompressible inviscid flow (Guiraud & Zeytounian 1977) is extended to rotational and compressible flow. A formal proof is given that, within the core, one may avoid computing with the sheet by defining an equivalent continuous flow. One shows how the vorticity and the entropy gradient between the turns of the sheet are transported along trajectories of the equivalent continuous flow.
Vortex shedding from a circular cylinder in moderate-Reynolds-number shear flow
Authors: Kiya Masaru , Tamura Hisataka , Arie Mikio
Published: April 2006

The frequency of vortex shedding from a circular cylinder in a uniform shear flow and the flow patterns around it were experimentally investigated. The Reynolds numberRe, which was defined in terms of the cylinder diameter and the approaching velocity at its centre, ranged from 35 to 1500. The shear parameter, which is the transverse velocity gradient of the shear flow non-dimensionalized by the above two quantities, was varied from 0 to 0·25. The critical Reynolds number beyond which vortex shedding from the cylinder occurred was found to be higher than that for a uniform stream and increased approximately linearly with increasing shear parameter when it was larger than about 0·06. In the Reynolds-number range 43 <Re< 220, the vortex shedding disappeared for sufficiently large shear parameters. Moreover, in the Reynolds-number range 100 <Re< 1000, the Strouhal number increased as the shear parameter increased beyond about 0·1.
Wave reflexion from beaches
Authors: Mahony J. J. , Pritchard W. G.
Published: April 2006

The usual way of posing the problem for the reflexion of wave trains from beaches seems inevitably to imply perfect reflexion. Energy considerations show that wave absorption must be associated with the degradation of mechanical energy either through wave breaking or viscous effects. Some experiments reported here showed substantial wave absorption in the absence of any breaking.

We describe some theoretical and experimental work aimed at assessing the role played by friction at the bottom in determining the reflexion coefficient of a beach. The results suggest that, if the parameter (νω3)½½gα2 is not too small, bottom friction can be a significant factor in the absorption process for waves on beaches. Here ν represents the kinematic viscosity (or perhaps an ‘eddy’ viscosity) of the fluid, ω is the frequency of the motions, α is the slope of the beach and g is the acceleration due to gravity.
Eventifying Identity: Festivals in South Africa and the Search for Cultural Identity
Authors: Hauptfleisch Temple
Published: April 2006

Festivals have become a prominent feature of theatre in South Africa today. More than forty such annual events not only provide employment, but constitute a socio-cultural polysystem that serves to ‘eventify’ the output of theatre practitioners and turn everyday life patterns into a significant cultural occasion. Important for the present argument is the role of the festivals as events that foreground relevant social issues. This is well illustrated by the many linked Afrikaans-language festivals which arose after 1994, and which have become a major factor not only in creating, displaying, and eventifying Afrikaans writing and performance, but also in communicating a particular vision of the Afrikaans-speaking and ‘Afrikaner’ cultural context. Using the Klein Karoo Nasionale Kunstefees in Oudtshoorn as a case study, in this article Temple Hauptfleisch discusses the nature, content, and impact of this particular festival as a theatrical event, and goes on to explore the polysystemic nature of the festival phenomenon in general. Temple Hauptfleisch is a former head of the Centre for South African Theatre Research (CESAT) and Chair of the University of Stellenbosch Drama Department. He is currently the director of the Centre for Theatre and Performance Studies at Stellenbosch and editor of the South African Theatre Journal. His recent publications include Theatre and Society in South Africa: Reflections in a Fractured Mirror (1997), a chapter in Theatrical Events: Borders, Dynamics, Frames (2003), and one on South African theatre in Kreatives Afrika: Schriftstellerlnnen über Literatur, Theater und Gesellschaft (2005).
Spin injection light-emitting diode with vertically magnetized ferromagnetic metal contacts
Authors: Gerhardt N. C. , Hövel S. , Brenner C. , Hofmann M. R. , Lo F.-Y. , Reuter D. , Wieck A. D. , Schuster E. , Keune W. , Halm S. , Bacher G. , Westerholt K.
Published: April 2006

We analyze the electrical injection of spin-polarized electrons into a (GaIn)As∕GaAs light-emitting diode. Using an Fe∕Tb multilayer structure with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and a reverse-biased Schottky contact, we demonstrate spin injection even in remanence between 90 and 260K. The maximum degree of circular polarization of the emitted light is 0.75% at 90K.
Nonlinear charge transport in III-N semiconductors: Mobility, diffusion, and a generalized Einstein relation
Authors: Rodrigues Clóves G. , Vasconcellos Áurea R. , Luzzi Roberto
Published: April 2006

A theoretical study of nonlinear charge transport in polar semiconductors is presented. It is based on a nonequilibrium statistical ensemble formalism which provides a generalized Boltzmann-style nonlinear quantum kinetic theory. The mobility and the diffusion coefficients are obtained and, relating both, a Nernst-Townsend-Einstein relation is derived extended to the nonlinear regime (i.e., outside the Ohmic domain). Numerical calculations are performed considering the particular case of the strongly polar III nitrides, which have application in blue-emitting diodes.
The properties and deposition process of GaN films grown by reactive sputtering at low temperatures
Authors: Knox-Davies E. C. , Shannon J. M. , Silva S. R. P.
Published: April 2006

Polycrystalline gallium nitride films, 100nmto1μm thick, were deposited under a range of conditions. Substrate electrode temperatures during sputtering were varied from room temperature to 450°C, the pressure from 0.15to6.0Pa, the nitrogen fraction of the deposition atmosphere from 10% to 100% and the target bias from −400to−1800V. The deposition rates as functions of these conditions are in the range 0.5–25nm∕min. The growth rate is considered to be controlled respectively by the thermally activated desorption from the substrate, changes in the mean free path and concentration of gas particles, differences between the sputter yields of Ga and GaN in Ar and N2, and changes in the ion current and sputter yields. The films are generally columnar, with the grain size increasing with film thickness. The most crystalline films were grown at mid range temperatures, low N2 concentrations, and low target biases, and the most disordered were grown at low pressures. The latter two cases suggest that decreasing the energy of particles incident on the film during deposition results in a more ordered film. The biaxial stress is compressive and shows an increasing trend with the target bias and N2 concentration, reaching 4.7GPa at 75% N2. Oxygen contamination of 3–30at.% has a major effect on the optical properties of the films, increasing the band gap values from 3.02to>4.0eV and the Urbach tail energies from around 150to840meV and decreasing the refractive index from 2.46 to 2.03. At a 40% N2 deposition fraction, the N:Ga ratio is more or less constant at 1:1. Since the absolute oxygen incorporation rate changes very little, it is the relative film deposition rate which determines the final oxygen concentration. Excess Ga at low N2 concentrations causes a decrease in the band gap and an increase in the Urbach tail energy.