bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bioavailability, safety, and pharmacodynamics of delayed-release dexlansoprazole administered as two 30 mg orally disintegrating tablets or one 60 mg capsule
Authors: Kukulka Michael , Nudurupati Sai , Perez Maria Claudia
Published: September 2016

Background:

Dual delayed-release dexlansoprazole is approved for use in adults as a 30 mg orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) or as 30 mg and 60 mg capsules. The pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety profile of two dexlansoprazole 30 mg ODTs were compared with one dexlansoprazole 60 mg capsule in this randomized, phase I, open-label, single-center, multiple-dose, two-period crossover study.

Methods:

Participants were randomized in one of two treatment sequences, each comprised two 5-day treatment periods during which two dexlansoprazole 30 mg ODTs or one 60 mg capsule was administered once daily. Pharmacokinetic parameters and the mean intragastric pH profile for the 24-hour period after dosing on days 1 and 5 were described. Adverse events were monitored during study duration and followed up with a phone call 5–10 days after the last dose of study drug.

Results:

On day 1, peak observed plasma concentration ( Cmax) values were similar between two 30 mg ODTs (1047 ng/ml) and one 60 mg capsule (1164 ng/ml). Systemic exposure, measured by the area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC), was approximately 25% lower after ODT administration. On day 5, mean pH after daily doses of two 30 mg ODT or one 60 mg capsule was 4.33 and 4.36, respectively; both regimens maintained intragastric pH above 4.0 for 60% of the 24-hour period. Headache was the most commonly reported adverse event (observed in 19.2% of participants); no adverse events leading to study withdrawal occurred.

Conclusions:

While systemic exposure (AUC) was 25% lower with ODT, peak concentrations ( Cmax) after administration of two dexlansoprazole 30 mg ODTs and one 60 mg capsule were similar. The 24-hour intragastric pH control after administration of two dexlansoprazole 30 mg ODTs was equivalent to one dexlansoprazole 60 mg capsule. Both ODT and capsule were well tolerated.
Conceptualizing Practitioner-Scholarship for Educational Leadership Research and Practice
Authors: Lochmiller Chad R. , Lester Jessica Nina
Published: September 2016

In this conceptual article, we draw upon recent literature to describe the theoretical, epistemological, and methodological anchors that can inform a working conception of practitioner-scholarship. We position practitioner-scholarship at the intersection of an individual’s work as a practitioner and researcher, wherein a practitioner focuses on understanding localized problems of practice through in-depth inquiry. Through our discussion, we highlight three implications for leadership programs. First, practitioner-scholarship demands that all program faculty take a learning orientation. Second, research experiences provided to students should be immersed in leadership practice and directly situated within schools and districts. Third, we advocate increased consistency, rigor, and theoretical depth in methods training for educational leadership students.
Self-Determination and the Enrollment in and Completion of Postsecondary Education for Students With Disabilities
Authors: Petcu Stefania D. , Van Horn M. Lee , Shogren Karrie A.
Published: September 2016

This study conducted a secondary analysis using data from the National Longitudinal Transition Study–2 (NLTS-2) to examine the degree to which three of the four essential characteristics of self-determination (autonomy, psychological empowerment, and self-realization) predict enrollment in, and completion of, postsecondary education programs for students with disabilities. Results suggest autonomy and psychological empowerment influence students’ enrollment in postsecondary education programs; higher levels of autonomy in females increase their odds of enrolling in a 4-year university; and students attending a rural school with higher levels of psychological empowerment are less likely to enroll in a 4-year university. Self-realization was the only characteristic that affected students’ completion of a postsecondary education program. Implications of the findings for research and practice are discussed.
Relative Efficiency of G8 Sovereign Credit Default Swaps and Bond Scrips: An Adaptive Market Hypothesis Perspective
Authors: Madhavan Vinodh , Arrawatia Rakesh
Published: September 2016

This article is aimed at examining the degree of efficiency exhibited by the sovereign credit default swaps (SCDS) and the sovereign bonds (SBs) pertaining to the G8 countries, namely, US, UK, Japan, Germany, Italy, France and Russia, from an Adaptive Market Hypothesis (AMH) perspective. At the outset, the authors employ rolling AR(1)–GARCH(1,1) filter so as to remove short-term dependency in the different time series considered for this study. The AR(1)–GARCH(1,1)-filtered rolling standardized residuals were then subjected to Mandelbrot’s classical R/S test so as to obtain rolling Hurst exponents. Subsequently, the evolving efficiencies of G8 SCDS and SB scrips as reflected by the scrip-wise rolling Hurst exponents are made available. In doing so, scrip-wise transient inefficiencies, as characterized by periods that exhibit strong evidence of long memory, were identified. The authors then offer a ranking of G8 SCDS and SB scrips, in the decreasing order of relative efficiency, based on proportion of scrip-wise rolling windows that exhibited strong evidence of long memory. The findings pertaining to this study are as follows. First, SBs pertaining to UK, Japan, US, France and Russia were found to be the most efficient, while SBs pertaining to Russia were found to be the least efficient. Second, when it comes to SCDS, Russian SCDS scrips were found to be relatively more efficient than the Russian SBs. Having said so, G8 SCDS scrips pertaining to the other countries were found to be inefficient vis-à-vis their respective SBs. Of all the G8 countries, US was the only country wherein no strong evidence of long memory was witnessed in SCDS and/or SB scrips. Finally, there is discernable difference in the degree of efficiency exhibited by G8 SCDS scrips vis-à-vis their underlying reference obligations (ROs).
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus schleiferi Subspecies coagulans Infection in a Patient With Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Swe Thein , Naing Akari Thein , Baqui AAMA , Khillan Ratesh
Published: September 2016

To our knowledge and literature search, Staphylococcus schleiferi subspecies coagulans infection in human beings has rarely been described in the medical literature. Furthermore, we believe that this is a first detailed case report of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus schleiferi subspecies coagulans infection in a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma. Because of the possible association of Staphylococcus schleiferi infection and immunosuppression, any isolates of this bacterium in human beings should be presumed to be pathogenic, unless proven otherwise.
Effects of Rotator Cuff Pathology and Physical Therapy on In Vivo Shoulder Motion and Clinical Outcomes in Patients With a Symptomatic Full-Thickness Rotator Cuff Tear
Authors: Baumer Timothy G. , Chan Derek , Mende Veronica , Dischler Jack , Zauel Roger , van Holsbeeck Marnix , Siegal Daniel S. , Divine George , Moutzouros Vasilios , Bey Michael J.
Published: September 2016

Background:

Physical therapy (PT) is often prescribed for patients with rotator cuff tears. The extent to which PT influences strength, range of motion (ROM), and patient-reported outcomes has been studied extensively, but the effect of PT on in vivo joint kinematics is not well understood.

Purpose:

To assess the influence of symptomatic rotator cuff pathology and the effects of PT on shoulder motion, strength, and patient-reported outcomes.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

Twenty-five patients with a symptomatic rotator cuff tear and 25 age-matched asymptomatic control subjects were recruited. Shoulder motion was measured using a biplane radiography imaging system, strength was assessed with a Biodex dynamometer, and patient-reported outcomes were assessed using the Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index and visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores. Data were acquired from the patients before and after 8 weeks of physical therapy. Data were acquired at 1 time point for the control subjects.

Results:

Compared with the control subjects, patients with a symptomatic rotator cuff tear had significantly worse pain/function scores ( P < .01); less ROM ( P < .01); lower abduction (ABD), external rotation (ER), and internal rotation (IR) strength ( P < .01); less scapulothoracic posterior tilt ( P = .05); and lower glenohumeral joint elevation ( P < .01). Physical therapy resulted in improved pain/function scores ( P < .01), increased ROM ( P < .02), increased scapulothoracic posterior tilt ( P = .05), increased glenohumeral joint elevation ( P = .01), and decreased acromiohumeral distance (AHD) ( P = .02).

Conclusion:

Compared with age-matched controls, patients had worse pain/function scores, less ROM, and lower ABD, ER, and IR strength. Patients also had less scapulothoracic anteroposterior tilt, less glenohumeral joint elevation, and an altered glenohumeral joint contact path. PT resulted in improved pain/function scores, increased ROM, greater posterior scapulothoracic tilt, increased glenohumeral joint elevation, an increased range of superoinferior joint contact, and a lower mean AHD. Of these differences, PT only returned scapulothoracic tilt to control levels.

Clinical Relevance:

This study documents the effects of PT on shoulder motion and conventional clinical outcomes. It is expected that understanding how changes in joint motion are associated with conventional clinical outcomes will lead to improved nonoperative interventions for patients with rotator cuff tears.
Oral Health in Young Australian Aboriginal Children
Authors: Durey A. , McAullay D. , Gibson B. , Slack-Smith L.M.
Published: September 2016

Despite dedicated government funding, Aboriginal Australians, including children, experience more dental disease than other Australians, despite it being seen as mostly preventable. The ongoing legacy of colonization and discrimination against Aboriginal Australians persists, even in health services. Current neoliberal discourse often holds individuals responsible for the state of their health, rather than the structural factors beyond individual control. While presenting a balanced view of Aboriginal health is important and attests to Indigenous peoples’ resilience when faced with persistent adversity, calling to account those structural factors affecting the ability of Aboriginal people to make favorable oral health choices is also important. A decolonizing approach informed by Indigenous methodologies and whiteness studies guides this article to explore the perceptions and experiences of Aboriginal parents ( N = 52) of young children, mainly mothers, in Perth, Western Australia, as they relate to the oral health. Two researchers, 1 Aboriginal and 1 non-Aboriginal, conducted 9 focus group discussions with 51 Aboriginal participants, as well as 1 interview with the remaining individual, and independently analyzed responses to identify themes underpinning barriers and enablers to oral health. These were compared, discussed, and revised under key themes and interpreted for meanings attributed to participants’ perspectives. Findings indicated that oral health is important yet often compromised by structural factors, including policy and organizational practices that adversely preclude participants from making optimal oral health choices: limited education about prevention, prohibitive cost of services, intensive marketing of sugary products, and discrimination from health providers resulting in reluctance to attend services. Current government intentions center on Aboriginal–non-Aboriginal partnerships, access to flexible services, and health care that is free of racism and proactively seeks and welcomes Aboriginal people. The challenge is whether these good intentions are matched by policies and practices that translate into sustained improvements to oral health for Aboriginal Australians.

Knowledge Transfer Statement: Slow progress in reducing persistent oral health disparities between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Australians calls for a new approach to this seemingly intractable problem. Findings from our qualitative research identified that structural factors—such as cost of services, little or no education on preventing oral disease, and discrimination by health providers—compromised Aboriginal people’s optimum oral health choices and access to services. The results from this study can be used to recommend changes to policies and practices that promote rather than undermine Aboriginal health and well-being and involve Aboriginal people in decisions about their health care.
Institution and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa (1986–2013)
Authors: Akinlo Taiwo
Published: September 2016

This study examined institutions and economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa from 1986 to 2013. Panel data were used for this analysis. Panel pooled ordinary least squares and dynamic generalized method of moment (GMM) models were employed in the estimation of the relationship between institutions and economic growth. This study found that institution has negative impact on economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa as it is positive and statistically significant in both pooled and dynamic GMM. This human capital and money supply also have positive impact on economic growth. Physical capital and interest rates, on the other hand, has negative impact on economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa.
Frequent NFKBIE deletions are associated with poor outcome in primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma
Authors: Mansouri Larry , Noerenberg Daniel , Young Emma , Mylonas Elena , Abdulla Maysaa , Frick Mareike , Asmar Fazila , Ljungström Viktor , Schneider Markus , Yoshida Kenichi , Skaftason Aron , Pandzic Tatjana , Gonzalez Blanca , Tasidou Anna , Waldhueter Nils , Rivas-Delgado Alfredo , Angelopoulou Maria , Ziepert Marita , Arends Christopher Maximilian , Couronné Lucile , Lenze Dido , Baldus Claudia D. , Bastard Christian , Okosun Jessica , Fitzgibbon Jude , Dörken Bernd , Drexler Hans G. , Roos-Weil Damien , Schmitt Clemens A. , Munch-Petersen Helga D. , Zenz Thorsten , Hansmann Martin-Leo , Strefford Jonathan C. , Enblad Gunilla , Bernard Olivier A. , Ralfkiaer Elisabeth , Erlanson Martin , Korkolopoulou Penelope , Hultdin Magnus , Papadaki Theodora , Grønbæk Kirsten , Lopez-Guillermo Armando , Ogawa Seishi , Küppers Ralf , Stamatopoulos Kostas , Stavroyianni Niki , Kanellis George , Rosenwald Andreas , Campo Elias , Amini Rose-Marie , Ott German , Vassilakopoulos Theodoros P. , Hummel Michael , Rosenquist Richard , Damm Frederik
Published: September 2016

We recently reported a truncating deletion in the NFKBIE gene, which encodes IκBε, a negative feedback regulator of NF-κB, in clinically aggressive chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Because preliminary data indicate enrichment of NFKBIE aberrations in other lymphoid malignancies, we screened a large patient cohort (n = 1460) diagnosed with different lymphoid neoplasms. While NFKBIE deletions were infrequent in follicular lymphoma, splenic marginal zone lymphoma, and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (<2%), slightly higher frequencies were seen in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, and primary central nervous system lymphoma (3% to 4%). In contrast, a remarkably high frequency of NFKBIE aberrations (46/203 cases [22.7%]) was observed in primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (PMBL) and Hodgkin lymphoma (3/11 cases [27.3%]). NFKBIE-deleted PMBL patients were more often therapy refractory (P = .022) and displayed inferior outcome compared with wild-type patients (5-year survival, 59% vs 78%; P = .034); however, they appeared to benefit from radiotherapy (P = .022) and rituximab-containing regimens (P = .074). NFKBIE aberrations remained an independent factor in multivariate analysis (P = .003) and when restricting the analysis to immunochemotherapy-treated patients (P = .008). Whole-exome sequencing and gene expression profiling verified the importance of NF-κB deregulation in PMBL. In summary, we identify NFKBIE aberrations as a common genetic event across B-cell malignancies and highlight NFKBIE deletions as a novel poor-prognostic marker in PMBL.
Airway inflammation: exhaled NO measurement in clinical practice
Authors: Horvath I.
Published: September 2016

Key points

Measurement of FeNO has been approved for clinical use to monitor anti-inflammatory treatment in asthma.

Increases in FeNO are suggestive of eosinophilic airway inflammation and are readily reduced by anti-inflammatory treatment.

Increases in FeNO predict loss of asthma control before the appearance of symptoms and changes in lung function tests.

Evaluation of EBC biomarkers for potential clinical applications are ongoing.

Educational aims

Long term: to improve management of asthma and other chronic inflammatory airway diseases.

Short term: to introduce the measurement of exhaled NO; to summarise the main points of current guidelines for exhaled NO measurement; to give information on the usefulness of exhaled NO measurement in asthma management; and to give basic information on exhaled breath condensate.

Asthma is defined as an inflammatory disorder of the airways. Therefore, it is reasonable to add an “inflammometer” to the available methods of disease monitoring. In this respect, several biomarkers have been tested from different samples, including blood, urine and exhaled breath. Breath tests for the determination of exhaled biomarkers offer great opportunities for disease monitoring, as they are simple, completely non-invasive, can be performed in children and also in severe patients, and can be repeated even at short intervals. This article will focus on the use of exhaled biomarkers to monitor airway inflammation. The central aim is to introduce the measurement of exhaled NO as a prototype for the application of biomarkers in the management of asthma. The field of EBC is also mentioned to give some background information on the sampling of non-volatile biomarkers in exhaled breath.
Hospital-acquired pneumonia
Authors: Tarsia P. , Aliberti S. , Cosentini R. , Blasi F.
Published: September 2016

Key points

Hospital-acquired pneumonia has a major impact in terms of mortality and morbidity.

Empirical treatment approach is still the best course of action.

Prevention is of critical importance.

Educational aims

To improve knowledge of HAP management.

To better understand the epidemiological basis for the correct empirical therapy of HAP

HAP still has a major impact in terms of mortality and morbidity among hospitalised patients. Early appropriate antibiotic therapy is associated with a reduction in mortality and improved outcome. Although, in most cases, an empirical approach is still the rule, taking into account the risk factors, the severity of illness and length of stay before the pneumonia onset can better target antibiotic therapy. The patient's follow-up course, in terms of microbiological, clinical and radiological monitoring, is important. Prevention strategies are of critical importance and are based on the understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of HAP. Routine efforts for the prevention of HAP should be directed towards obtaining effective surveillance and infection-control programmes, including staff education, use of proper isolation techniques and infection-control practices. This review aims to increase understanding of these points to allow improved knowledge and treatment of HAP.
Periodic limb movement disorder and restless legs syndrome
Authors: De Volder I.
Published: September 2016

The clinical definitions for RLS were only established in 1995, when research on this disorder began. RLS was defined and described as the following: 1) a desire to move the limbs, which is often associated with paraesthesiae and dysaesthesiae; 2) having symptoms that are worse or present only during rest and are partially or temporarily relieved by activity; 3) having motor restlessness; and 4) experiencing nocturnal worsening of symptoms. In 2004, the definitions of RLS were updated. Subsequently, RLS was defined as an urge to move the legs, accompanied by unpleasant or uncomfortable sensations in the legs, which begin or worsen during periods of rest or inactivity, such as lying or sitting down, and are worse during the evening or night than during the day or only occur during the night (figure 1). These sensations are partially or totally removed by movements such as walking or stretching.
Physiotherapy in respiratory disease
Authors: Gosselink R.
Published: September 2016

Key points

Physiotherapy enhances airway clearance in respiratory diseases associated with hypersecretion.

Forced expiratory techniques are the most important treatment modalities to improve short-term airway clearance.

Respiratory muscle training enhances strength, endurance and symptoms in various conditions associated with respiratory muscle weakness.

Exercise training and peripheral muscle training are effective components in the rehabilitation of patients with respiratory disease.

Educational aims

To motivate the interest of chest physicians in physiotherapy.

To provide a conceptual framework of physiotherapy in a variety of respiratory conditions.

To provide details about efficacy of physiotherapy in respiratory conditions.

Physiotherapy is relevant to the treatment of patients with acute and chronic lung disease, but it is also effective in patients with advanced neuromuscular disorders, in patients admitted for major surgery and patients with critical illness in the intensive care unit (ICU). Physiotherapy contributes to the assessment and treatment of various aspects of respiratory disorders, such as airflow obstruction, atelectasis, mucus retention, respiratory and peripheral muscle weakness, impaired exercise performance, dyspnoea, and quality of life. This overview discusses the contribution of physiotherapy in three conditions related to respiratory disease: deconditioning; dyspnoea and respiratory pump dysfunction; and impaired airway clearance and lung inflation.
Viruses and asthma exacerbations
Authors: Bossios A. , Papadopoulos N.G.
Published: September 2016

Key points

Respiratory viral infections are the most common triggers of asthma attacks in both children and adults.

Rhinoviruses are most frequently involved.

Mechanisms include direct effects at the airway epithelium, as well as systemic responses.

Currently available treatments are not very effective against virus-induced exacerbations.

Educational aims

To emphasise that respiratory viruses are major triggers of acute asthma exacerbations in both children and adults.

To describe the current understanding of underlying mechanisms.

To discuss possibilities for intervention.

Acute exacerbations of asthma are the major cause of morbidity and mortality of the disease, and one of the most difficult outcomes to prevent and treat. Respiratory viral infections cause >80% of asthma exacerbations in children and >50% in adults. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have investigated the mechanisms underlying asthma exacerbations; however, our understanding is still incomplete. Promising new data suggest the possibility for novel prevention and/or therapeutic strategies. This review aims to increase understanding of the epidemiology, mechanisms and potential treatments for virus-induced asthma exacerbations.
ERS School Course: Tobacco control in central and eastern Europe
Authors: Górecka D.
Published: September 2016

Key points

The current epidemiological situation in central and eastern Europe reflects the historical, political and economic diversity of the transition from Communism.

Tobacco control measures have been adopted with success in some countries thanks to strong leadership, participation in international programmes, wide collaboration with leading tobacco control organisations and the introduction of comprehensive legislation.

Educational aims

To present the current epidemiological situation in central and eastern Europe.

To describe smoking prevalence and disease burden in central and eastern Europe.

To detail the tobacco-control strategies applied.

The problems caused by high smoking rates in the countries of central and eastern Europe were compounded following the fall of Communism. Centralised health services deteriorated, and populations new to consumerism were faced with aggressive tobacco marketing. Now, thanks to domestic and international initiatives, these nations are beginning to make progress in combating the tobacco pandemic.
Predicting protein-protein interactions via multivariate mutual information of protein sequences
Authors: Ding Yijie , Tang Jijun , Guo Fei
Published: September 2016

Background

Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are central to a lot of biological processes. Many algorithms and methods have been developed to predict PPIs and protein interaction networks. However, the application of most existing methods is limited since they are difficult to compute and rely on a large number of homologous proteins and interaction marks of protein partners. In this paper, we propose a novel sequence-based approach with multivariate mutual information (MMI) of protein feature representation, for predicting PPIs via Random Forest (RF).

Methods

Our method constructs a 638-dimentional vector to represent each pair of proteins. First, we cluster twenty standard amino acids into seven function groups and transform protein sequences into encoding sequences. Then, we use a novel multivariate mutual information feature representation scheme, combined with normalized Moreau-Broto Autocorrelation, to extract features from protein sequence information. Finally, we feed the feature vectors into a Random Forest model to distinguish interaction pairs from non-interaction pairs.

Results

To evaluate the performance of our new method, we conduct several comprehensive tests for predicting PPIs. Experiments show that our method achieves better results than other outstanding methods for sequence-based PPIs prediction. Our method is applied to the S.cerevisiae PPIs dataset, and achieves 95.01 % accuracy and 92.67 % sensitivity repectively. For the H.pylori PPIs dataset, our method achieves 87.59 % accuracy and 86.81 % sensitivity respectively. In addition, we test our method on other three important PPIs networks: the one-core network, the multiple-core network, and the crossover network.

Conclusions

Compared to the Conjoint Triad method, accuracies of our method are increased by 6.25,2.06 and 18.75 %, respectively. Our proposed method is a useful tool for future proteomics studies.
Serum levels of S100A6 are unaltered in patients with resectable cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Loosen Sven H. , Benz Fabian , Niedeggen Jennifer , Schmeding Maximilian , Schüller Florian , Koch Alexander , Vucur Mihael , Tacke Frank , Trautwein Christian , Roderburg Christoph , Neumann Ulf P. , Luedde Tom
Published: September 2016

Background

Elevated expression levels of S100A6, a calcium‐binding low‐molecular‐weight protein, were demonstrated in various malignancies. Moreover, increased serum levels of S100A6 were suggested as a novel biomarker for various inflammatory and malignant diseases including lung and gastric cancer. However, up to now, serum concentrations of S100A6 have not been analyzed in patients with cholangiocarcinoma (CCA).

Methods

S100A6 mRNA expression levels were analyzed in human and murine CCA tumor samples, using semi‐quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR. S100A6 serum concentrations were measured using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay in 112 patients with CCA referred to surgery for curative resection and were compared to those of 42 healthy controls. Results were correlated with clinical data.

Results

S100A6 mRNA expression levels were significantly up‐regulated in tumor samples of CCA patients and in tumor tissue of a CCA mouse model. In contrast, serum levels of S100A6 were not significantly altered in patients with CCA compared to healthy controls. Whereas no differences became apparent within the different clinical subgroups of CCA, patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC)‐based CCA displayed higher levels of S100A6 compared to the other patients. Nevertheless, patients with higher S100A6 serum concentrations showed a trend towards an impaired prognosis compared to patients with lower levels. Finally, within our cohort of patients both the diagnostic and prognostic potentials of S100A6 were similar to those of the clinically established biomarkers CEA and CA19‐9.

Conclusion

Although S100A6 was expressed at significantly higher levels in human and murine CCA tumor samples, S100A6 serum levels were not regulated in patients with CCA and are thus not suitable for diagnosis of CCA. However, CCA‐patients with elevated S100A6 displayed a trend toward an impaired prognosis compared to patients with lower S100A6 levels, supporting its further evaluation as a prognostic biomarker in CCA.
Narrative Review of Statistical Reporting Checklists, Mandatory Statistical Editing, and Rectifying Common Problems in the Reporting of Scientific Articles
Authors: Dexter Franklin , Shafer Steven L.
Published: September 2016

Considerable attention has been drawn to poor reproducibility in the biomedical literature. One explanation is inadequate reporting of statistical methods by authors and inadequate assessment of statistical reporting and methods during peer review. In this narrative review, we examine scientific studies of several well-publicized efforts to improve statistical reporting. We also review several retrospective assessments of the impact of these efforts. These studies show that instructions to authors and statistical checklists are not sufficient; no findings suggested that either improves the quality of statistical methods and reporting. Second, even basic statistics, such as power analyses, are frequently missing or incorrectly performed. Third, statistical review is needed for all papers that involve data analysis. A consistent finding in the studies was that nonstatistical reviewers (eg, “scientific reviewers”) and journal editors generally poorly assess statistical quality. We finish by discussing our experience with statistical review at Anesthesia & Analgesia from 2006 to 2016.
The changing view of eukaryogenesis – fossils, cells, lineages and how they all come together
Authors: Dacks Joel B. , Field Mark C. , Buick Roger , Eme Laura , Gribaldo Simonetta , Roger Andrew J. , Brochier-Armanet Céline , Devos Damien P.
Published: September 2016

Eukaryogenesis – the emergence of eukaryotic cells – represents a pivotal evolutionary event. With a fundamentally more complex cellular plan compared to prokaryotes, eukaryotes are major contributors to most aspects of life on Earth. For decades, we have understood that eukaryotic origins lie within both the Archaea domain and α-Proteobacteria. However, it is much less clear when, and from which precise ancestors, eukaryotes originated, or the order of emergence of distinctive eukaryotic cellular features. Many competing models for eukaryogenesis have been proposed, but until recently, the absence of discriminatory data meant that a consensus was elusive. Recent advances in paleogeology, phylogenetics, cell biology and microbial diversity, particularly the discovery of the ‘Candidatus Lokiarcheaota’ phylum, are now providing new insights into these aspects of eukaryogenesis. The new data have allowed the time frame during which eukaryogenesis occurred to be finessed, a more precise identification of the contributing lineages and the biological features of the contributors to be clarified. Considerable advances have now been used to pinpoint the prokaryotic origins of key eukaryotic cellular processes, such as intracellular compartmentalisation, with major implications for models of eukaryogenesis.
HMGB2 regulates satellite-cell-mediated skeletal muscle regeneration through IGF2BP2
Authors: Zhou Xingyu , Li Mingsen , Huang Huaxing , Chen Keren , Yuan Zhuning , Zhang Ying , Nie Yaping , Chen, Hu , Zhang Xumeng , Chen Luxi , Chen Yaosheng , Mo Delin
Published: September 2016

Although the mechanism underlying modulation of transcription factors in myogenesis has been well elucidated, the function of the transcription cofactors involved in this process remains poorly understood. Here, we identified HMGB2 as an essential nuclear transcriptional co-regulator in myogenesis. HMGB2 was highly expressed in undifferentiated myoblasts and regenerating muscle. Knockdown of HMGB2 inhibited myoblast proliferation and stimulated its differentiation. HMGB2 depletion downregulated Myf5 and cyclin A2 at the protein but not mRNA level. In contrast, overexpression of HMGB2 promoted Myf5 and cyclin A2 protein upregulation. Furthermore, we found that the RNA-binding protein IGF2BP2 is a downstream target of HMGB2, as previously shown for HMGA2. IGF2BP2 binds to mRNAs of Myf5 or cyclin A2, resulting in translation enhancement or mRNA stabilization, respectively. Notably, overexpression of IGF2BP2 could partially rescue protein levels of Myf5 and cyclin A2, in response to HMGB2 decrease. Moreover, depletion of HMGB2 in vivo severely attenuated muscle repair; this was due to a decrease in satellite cells. Taken together, these results highlight the previously undiscovered and crucial role of the HMGB2–IGF2BP2 axis in myogenesis and muscle regeneration.
Mechanism of three-component collision to produce ultrastable pRNA three-way junction of Phi29 DNA-packaging motor by kinetic assessment
Authors: Binzel Daniel W. , Khisamutdinov Emil , Vieweger Mario , Ortega Janice , Li Jingyuan , Guo Peixuan
Published: September 2016

RNA nanotechnology is rapidly emerging. Due to advantageous pharmacokinetics and favorable in vivo biodistribution, RNA nanoparticles have shown promise in targeted delivery of therapeutics. RNA nanotechnology applies bottom-up assembly, thus elucidation of the mechanism of interaction between multiple components is of fundamental importance. The tendency of diminishing concern about RNA instability has accelerated by the finding of the novel thermostable three-way junction (3WJ) motif of the phi29 DNA-packaging motor. The kinetics of these three components, each averaging 18 nucleotides (nt), was investigated to elucidate the mechanism for producing the stable 3WJ. The three fragments coassembled into the 3WJ with extraordinary speed and affinity via a two-step reaction mechanism, 3WJb + 3WJc ↔ 3WJbc + 3WJa ↔ 3WJabc. The first step of reaction between 3WJb and 3WJc is highly dynamic since these two fragments only contain 8 nt for complementation. In the second step, the 3WJa, which contains 17 nt complementary to the 3WJbc complex, locks the unstable 3WJbc complex into a highly stable 3WJ. The resulting pRNA-3WJ is more stable than any of the dimer species as shown in the much more rapid association rates and slowest dissociation rate constant. The second step occurs at a very high association rate that is difficult to quantify, resulting in a rapid formation of a stable 3WJ. Elucidation of the mechanism of three-component collision in producing the ultrastable 3WJ proves a promising platform for bottom-up assembly of RNA nanoparticles as a new class of anion polymers for material science, electronic elements, or therapeutic reagents.
To the Question About the Main Directions of Development of Pedagogical Education in Russia
Authors: Шишов  , Shishov Cergey , Кальней  , Kalney Valentina
Published: September 2016

Based on the identified global challenges of the XXI century, the authors attempted to define the main directions of development of pedagogical education in Russia. The article provides the author´s view on the possible directions of development of pedagogical education in Russia. Among them: the international harmonization of structures and content of teacher education related to an objective necessity of formation of a common, interdependent Eurasian educational space; humanization, humanitarization of professional education of future teachers related to the humanistic orientation of public consciousness at the international level; vocational selection of future teachers as the basis for the formation of high-quality professionals with a high level of readiness; practice-oriented character of teacher education associated with the consideration of not only the specialty, but also the nature of the institutions; the relationship and interdependence of cultural, historical, psychological-pedagogical, national and organizational basis for the design and construction of higher pedagogical education; selection to educational institutions on grounds of professional suitability; operation and development of the existing system of continuous postgraduate) teacher education as a condition of permanent increase of level of professionalism of teachers.
The Relevance of the Concept of "Russian Language" in Russian Media Discourse (for example, "the Russian Newspaper" for the 2014–2015)
Authors: Эльмесова  , Elmesova L.
Published: September 2016

In contemporary Russian media discourse and the actual

frequency is the phrase "Russian language". Unlike dictionary

meanings, interpreting the phrase "Russian language" as the language

of the Russian nation, in the discourse of this concept is conceptualized.

Contextual use of the phrase in modern media discourse adds their

dictionary meanings and expands its conceptual field. Therefore,

we can speak about the formation and functioning of the modern

media concept of "Russian language", which also becomes the part

of the political world of modern Russia.
Motivation As a Form of Determinacy Educational Activity: Social and Philosophical Analysis
Authors: Зимонин  , Zimonin Igor
Published: September 2016

This article is devoted to results of philosophical research about a substance and content of the motivation in the realization of educational activity. It represents an evolution of comprehension to content of the motivation into foreign and Russian scientific literature. This article considers various approaches to a substance of the motivation into psychological and philosophical sciences. The author´s view of the motivation as a form of determination of activities based on the provisions of system-dialectical methodology and presentation of determinism as a dialectical unity of its classical forms and indeterminacy is given. At the same time, as a form of motivation multivariate determination of activity has the characteristics of a system of nonlinear process is manifested as a law-tendency.
Institutions: Definition, Attributes and Research Areas
Authors: Клейнер  , Klyeynyer Gyeorgiy
Published: September 2016

The author explores the essence and content of the concept of «institute» in terms of the different

approaches of contemporary institutional theory. The author shows the relationship of institutions with

cultural, social, legal norms, norms of behavior, routines, and habits. The author offers his own original

picture of the institutional architecture of the socio-economic system and proves subsequent research areas

of institutional economics.
State Corporations and Structural Changes in the Economy
Authors: Дементьев  , Dyemyentyev Viktor
Published: September 2016

The article focuses attention on a possible contribution of the state corporations to long-term results of

economic development. It is shown that such corporations can make the significant contribution to ensuring

dynamic efficiency of economy, to implementation of structural shifts in production. The role of the state

corporations in formation of the infrastructure necessary for wide use of essentially new technologies is

analyzed. This work has been financially supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grants №

14-06-00164).
Innovative Modernization Management of High-Tech and Knowledge-Intensive Industries of Russian Economy
Authors: Джамай  , Dzhamay E. , Демин  , Demin S. , Путятина  , Putyatina L.
Published: September 2016

In the article a new economic category “innovative modernization” reflecting system technical and technological and organizational and economic updating of high-tech and knowledge-intensive industries of economy of Russia is offered and proved. Authors opened the essence and the content of the concept “innovative modernization”, various versions of long-term forecasts of development of economy of Russia in relation to high-tech and knowledge-intensive industries are analyzed: the scenario of the catchingup development, the scenario of the opened national innovative system, the scenario of creation of the innovative environment, the scenario of local technological leadership. By results of the analysis the need of replacement of model of the catching-up development by model of the innovative modernization capable to provide competitive advantages and innovative break in the conditions of globalization is proved from the theoretical point of view. On this basis the methodical principles of implementation of innovative modernization, such as selectivity are formulated (as limitation of a range of coverage by innovative modernization of branches of economy); independence (as ability to rely in innovative modernization on the national forces and opportunities); complexity (interrelation of technical and technological and organizational and economic aspects of innovative modernization). The crucial role of high-tech and knowledge-intensive industries in innovative updating of all other branches of the domestic industry and implementation of strategy of innovative break in Russia is defined and proved. The interrelation and interconditionality of branches of the high-tech services and branches making the knowledge-intensive production which is for branches of services not only a material basis, but also the animator of growth of economy in general are shown on the example of branch of the aviation industry and branch of air transportation. In the conclusion of work methodological bases of management of innovative modernization of high-tech and knowledgeintensive industries of economy of Russia in their interrelation and interconditionality providing sequence and interrelation of scenario forecasting of development of the Russian social and economic system, strategic priorities, strategic and program and target planning, reproduction of resources, competitiveness of innovative production, technical and technological and institutional providing, and also an efficiency assessment are created. Within this methodology expediency of application of the scenario of local technological leadership is proved and the most acceptable option of strategic planning for realization of strategy of innovative modernization is defined.
Growth Model of the Russian Economy on the Basis of Productivity of Aggregate Labor: a Cognitive Approach
Authors: Орехова  , Orekhova T. , Орехов  , Orekhov V.
Published: September 2016

The article discusses the performance category of cumulative work on the basis of modern models of economic growth of Russia. The key problem of economic policy in conditions of crisis is determined. The advantages of introducing system of management of artificial intelligence and the balanced scorecard are given. The proposed by authors graphical interpretation of the three stages models of economic growth, with emphasis on the cognitive component of the study of economic growth is presented. The author’s brief description of the elements of modern growth model of the Russian economy through increased productivity is given.
HEAT TREATMENT EFFECT ON THE CREEP OF INDUSTRIAL COPPER WIRE
Authors: Gareh Salim , Boumerzoug Zakaria
Published: September 2016

Creep behavior of copper wire, produced by a wire drawing process, has been investigated by creep tests at 340°C under the stress 98,108 and 118 MPa. In this investigation, three samples have been tested: copper drawn wire non heat treated, and heat treated at 600°C and 700°C. Microstructure after the creep test was observed by optical microscopy to understand the rupture mechanism. We have found that the sample heat treated at 600 °C had a longer creep life. We have also deduced that the dislocation creep was the creep deformation mechanism of the drawn copper. SEM observations of fractured surfaces after creep tests of drawn copper wire non heat treated and treated 10 min at 600 °C under stress of 118 MPa.
A Tauberian Theorem for Nonexpansive Operators and Applications to Zero-Sum Stochastic Games
Authors: Ziliotto Bruno
Published: September 2016

We prove a Tauberian theorem for nonexpansive operators and apply it to the model of zero-sum stochastic game. Under mild assumptions, we prove that the value of the λ-discounted game converges uniformly when λ goes to zero if and only if the value of the n-stage game converges uniformly when n goes to infinity. This generalizes the Tauberian theorem of Lehrer and Sorin [Lehrer E, Sorin S (1992) A uniform Tauberian theorem in dynamic programming. Math. Oper. Res. 17(2):303–307] to the two-player zero-sum case. We also provide the first example of a stochastic game with public signals on the state and perfect observation of actions, with finite state space, signal sets, and action sets, in which for some initial state known by both players, the value of the λ-discounted game and the value of the n-stage game starting at that initial state converge to distinct limits.
Social Business Hybrids: Demand Externalities, Competitive Advantage, and Growth Through Diversification
Authors: Fosfuri Andrea , Giarratana Marco S. , Roca Esther
Published: September 2016

Organization scholars have recently studied the internal challenges and opportunities faced by companies that combine business and social logics (i.e., social business hybrids). By adopting a demand-side perspective, this paper addresses the implications of hybridity for strategic choices with products and businesses by focusing on the role of social business hybrids’ customers. In the conceptual framework, social identity theory explains how hybridity generates both positive and negative demand-side externalities. Thus, hybridity can be a source of competitive advantage in the marketplace, but also create hurdles to firms’ ability to scale up their business. Diversification represents a potential choice that simultaneously generates growth, preserves hybridity, and avoids negative demand-side externalities. This paper analyzes the optimal type, timing, and scope of such diversification.
Continuing Professional Development: Challenges of managing paediatric pain
Authors: Brooke Mike
Published: September 2016

Overview

Pain is the most common presenting symptom in patients in the emergency setting, and, as such, the management of pain has been described as potentially one of the most important outcome measures for many prehospital conditions. However, paediatric pain management is a complicated issue, and various barriers exist which prevent paediatric patients receiving optimal prehospital analgesia. These could be described as barriers attributable to the provider, the system, and the patient. This module will investigate each of the three hurdles which act to prevent optimal prehospital paediatric pain management by examining current scholarly evidence, and conclude by suggesting solutions to begin overcoming the challenge of managing children in pain in the prehospital setting.

Learning Outcomes

After completing this module you will be able to: ▪ Understand the concept of the ‘hierarchy of evidence’, and describe its importance in healthcare research. ▪ Outline how to undertake a literature search ▪ Describe the three main barriers in the adequate provision of analgesia to children in the prehospital arena. ▪ Understand the implications of poor pain management in children. ▪ Identify the analgesics currently recommended for paramedic use in the management of pain. ▪ Reflect on the ways in which you could alter your practice to achieve better prehospital pain management for the children you treat.