bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Revenue Forecasting Practices: Differences across Countries and Consequences for Forecasting Performance*
Authors: Buettner Thiess , Kauder Bjoern
Published: October 2010

This paper reviews the practice and performance of revenue forecasting in selected OECD countries. It turns out that the cross‐country differences in the performance of revenue forecasting are first of all associated with uncertainty about the macroeconomic fundamentals. To some extent, they are also driven by country characteristics such as the importance of corporate and (personal) income taxes. Also, differences in the timing of the forecasts prove important. However, controlling for these differences, we find that the independence of revenue forecasting from possible government manipulation exerts a robust, significantly positive effect on the accuracy of revenue forecasts.
Demographic Change and Pension Reform in Spain: An Assessment in a Two‐Earner, OLG Model*
Authors: Sánchez Martín Alfonso R. , SánchezMarcos Virginia
Published: October 2010

Recent pension reforms in Spain have been guided by two opposite goals: achieving financial stability and improving redistributive aspirations. In particular, reforms implemented in 1997/2001 entailed a mixture of both through: (i) changes in the pension formula; (ii) the extension of entitlement to early retirement to all cohorts; and (iii) increases in survival pensions. This paper builds an applied general equilibrium OLG model that captures the fundamental non‐stationarity of the Spanish reality (ageing population, education transition and increasing female attachment to the labour market) to assess the impact of those reforms. As a novel feature with respect to the literature, households in our model economy are made up of two potential earners who make saving and labour supply decisions. Our main conclusions from the analysis are at three different levels. First, the Spanish pension system is clearly unsustainable, with pension expenditure reaching a figure of about 18 per cent of GDP in 2050, and the reforms have clearly been
The Effect of Mandatory IFRS Adoption on Financial Analysts’ Information Environment
Authors: BYARD DONAL , LI YING , YU YONG
Published: October 2010

This paper examines the effect of the mandatory adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) by the European Union on financial analysts’ information environment. To control for the effect of confounding concurrent events, we use a control sample of firms that had already voluntarily adopted IFRS at least two years prior to the mandatory adoption date. We find that analysts’ absolute forecast errors and forecast dispersion decrease relative to this control sample only for those mandatory IFRS adopters domiciled in countries with both strong enforcement regimes and domestic accounting standards that differ significantly from IFRS. Furthermore, for mandatory adopters domiciled in countries with both weak enforcement regimes and domestic accounting standards that differ significantly from IFRS, we find that forecast errors and dispersion decrease more for firms with stronger incentives for transparent financial reporting. These results highlight the important roles of enforcement regimes and firm‐level reporting incentives in determining the impact of mandatory IFRS adoption.
Microalgae for “Healthy” Foods—Possibilities and Challenges
Authors: Chacón‐Lee T.L. , González‐Mariño G.E.
Published: October 2010

Abstract: Microalgae have the potential to become a novel source of bioactive molecules, especially for those who might wish to enhance the nutritional and functional quality of foods.Spirulina, one of the most popular microalgae, has been described by the World Health Organization as one of the greatest superfoods on earth serving as an example of the potential of microalgae. This review provides background on current and future uses of microalgae in the human diet, lists the most common species of microalgae used to this end, and describes some production methods used in research and industrial production and recovery. The review also discusses some of the difficulties so far encountered such as low productivities and recovery rates, as well as challenges in the production of compounds of interest. Many scientists and engineers in research centers around the globe are currently dedicated to solve these problems as the various capabilities of microalgae have caught the attention of the energy, environmental, and agricultural industries, we propose that the food industry should as well evaluate the potential of microalgae as a novel source of “health promoting” compounds.
A Novel Proof Test for Silicon Nitride Balls
Authors: O'Brien Michael J. , de la Cruz Aldrich R. , Nguyen Emile A.
Published: October 2010

A novel proof test has been developed for the silicon nitride balls used in hybrid bearings. The ball is compressed diametrally between two hemispherical conforming dies, which causes the ball's equator to bulge, thereby generating a tensile hoop stress that propagates naturally occurring flaws. The flaw propagation is detected by an acoustic emission transducer. In practice, the ball is repeatedly loaded to the desired proof stress, unloaded, rotated by a small angle, and reloaded until the entire ball has successively passed through the equator. The finite‐element technique is used to calculate the principal stresses in the ball under the applied load. For simplicity, the preexisting flaw is modeled as a half‐penny crack. The principal stresses are combined with the crack's stress intensity factor to calculate the proof test's threshold for flaw detection based on two accepted theories of mixed‐mode fracture. The tested balls had preexisting naturally occurring flaws in the range of 100–300 μm. It is also shown that an angular rotation as large as 30° worked well in practice.
Characterization of Aluminum‐Doped Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Suspensions in Ethylene Glycol for Transparent Conducting Coatings
Authors: Zhao Junhua , Tan Ruiqin , Zhang Yulong , Yang Ye , Guo Yanqun , Zhang Xianpeng , Wang Weiyan , Song Weijie
Published: October 2010

Aluminum‐doped zinc oxide nanoparticles were stably suspended in ethylene glycol (EG) without adding any stabilizing reagents. The Fourier transform infrared results showed that EG was chemically absorbed on the particle surface. The mechanism of particle stability of the suspension was proposed and analyzed. The operational pH (O.pH) and the zeta potential were observed to be dependent on the particle concentration. The O.pH increased linearly with the zeta potential as in aqueous suspensions and this relationship was independent of water concentration in EG. These empirical relationships are important in simplifying engineering approaches.
Chemical Compatibility Investigation of Thin‐Film Oxygen Transport Membranes on Metallic Substrates
Authors: Xing Ye , Baumann Stefan , Sebold Doris , Rüttinger Matthias , Venskutonis Andreas , Meulenberg Wilhelm A. , Stöver Detlev
Published: October 2010

Thin‐film La0.58Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3−δ (LSCF58428) exhibits high oxygen permeability due to its high ionic and electronic conductivity. In order to increase the oxygen flux, a thin‐film membrane on a structural substrate is beneficial. Different Ni‐based alloys were studied as potential substrate materials. The chemical compositions and thermal expansion coefficients of Ni‐based alloys were measured in this study. LSCF58428 layers were screen printed on Ni‐based alloys and cofired at a high temperature in air. Microstructural and elemental analyses of samples were conducted using a scanning electron microscope and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscope. X‐ray diffraction was used to investigate the phase compositions. The Ni‐based alloy, MCrAlY (with M=Ni, Co), with a high Al content showed better chemical compatibility with perovskite material at high temperatures than other Ni‐based alloys. A reaction occurred between Sr in the perovskite and the alumina‐based surface layer on MCrAlY. However, the reaction zone was found to be stable in mid‐term annealing at 800°C in air. Hence, it is expected that this reaction will not prevent application as an oxygen transport membrane. Three different cofiring atmospheres were investigated. Air was found to be the only possible cofiring atmosphere.
Reproductive divergence between growth forms of Lake Winnipeg walleye (Sander vitreus)
Authors: Moles M. D. , Johnston T. A. , Robinson B. W. , Bernard A. M. , Wilson C. C. , Wiegand M. D. , Leggett W. C.
Published: October 2010

Moles MD, Johnston TA, Robinson BW, Bernard AM, Wilson CC, Wiegand MD, Leggett WC. Reproductive divergence between growth forms of Lake Winnipeg walleye (Sander vitreus).  Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2011: 20: 52–66. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Abstract – Growth polymorphisms occur in many fish species, particularly in northern temperate freshwater lakes. The only known growth polymorphism in walleye (Sander vitreus) is in Lake Winnipeg, Canada, where slow‐growing (dwarf) and fast‐growing (normal) morphotypes co‐exist. We examined differences in reproductive traits between forms to determine whether divergence in growth rates was accompanied by divergence in reproductive strategies and also assessed the genetic composition of both forms using mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA to determine their origin and potential reproductive isolation. Both sexes of the dwarf form produced relatively larger gonads than the normal form. Female dwarfs also had a lower liver lipid concentration, a higher ovary lipid concentration, and produced relatively larger eggs compared to the normal form. There was also some indication that dwarf and normal females differed in the fatty acid profiles of their egg lipids. Population genetic analysis based on partial sequencing of the mitochondrial control region and genotyping nine microsatellite loci indicated a single interbreeding population and sympatric origin for both morphotypes. The dwarf form appears to make a relatively larger reproductive investment at a given body size, and the differences between the two forms may result from plastic developmental responses to subtle differences in niche use.
Analysis of treatment costs for complex scalp wounds
Authors: Inhoff Oliver , Faulhaber Jörg , Rothhaar Bärbel , Goerdt Sergij , Koenen Wolfgang
Published: October 2010

Background: Two stage reconstructions of deep scalp wounds with exposed calvarial bone require a vital granulation tissue. By evaluating different surgical approaches functional and cosmetic results as well as economic aspects have to be taken into account.

Patients and Methods: 52 patients undergoing three different surgical procedures for soft tissue reconstruction of complex scalp wounds with exposed bone were included into a retrospective study. All patients underwent a two stage procedure with 3D histologic control, soft tissue reconstruction and final split thickness skin grafting. Soft tissue reconstruction was carried out using allogenic fascia lata, an artificial skin substitute or a negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT). The costs for all used materials as well as personnel and infrastructure were calculated.

Results: Comparing the costs for the different treatments, the fascia lata group was least costly (4,475 €) followed by the artificial skin substitute group (4,557 €). The highest expenses occurred in the NPWT group (7,.521 €). The artificial skin substitute group had the fewest dressing changes and the shortest treatment time.

Conclusions: Although dermal regeneration templates are expensive, their use may be economic. NPWT causes high treatment costs due to high daily rental rates and frequent and time‐consuming dressing changes.
Refined solution structure and backbone dynamics of the archaeal MC1 protein
Authors: Paquet Françoise , Loth Karine , Meudal Hervé , Culard Françoise , Genest Daniel , Lancelot Gérard
Published: October 2010

The 3D structure of methanogen chromosomal protein 1 (MC1), determined with heteronuclear NMR methods, agrees with its function in terms of the shape and nature of the binding surface, whereas the 3D structure determined with homonuclear NMR does not. The structure features five loops, which show a large distribution in the ensemble of 3D structures. Evidence for the fact that this distribution signifies internal mobility on the nanosecond time scale was provided by using 15N‐relaxation and molecular dynamics simulations. Structural variations of the arm (11 residues) induced large shape anisotropy variations on the nanosecond time scale that ruled out the use of the model‐free formalism to analyze the relaxation data. The backbone dynamics analysis of MC1 was achieved by comparison with 20 ns molecular dynamics trajectories. Two β‐bulges showed that hydrogen bond formation correlated with ϕ and ψ dihedral angle transitions. These jumps were observed on the nanosecond time scale, in agreement with a large decrease in 15N‐NOE for Gly17 and Ile89. One water molecule bridging NH(Glu87) and CO(Val57) through hydrogen bonding contributed to these dynamics. Nanosecond slow motions observed in loops LP3 (35–42) and LP5 (67–77) reflected the lack of stable hydrogen bonds, whereas the other loops, LP1 (10–14), LP2 (22–24), and LP4 (50–53), were stabilized by several hydrogen bonds. Dynamics are often directly related to function. Our data strongly suggest that residues belonging to the flexible regions of MC1 could be involved in the interaction with DNA.
Strong cytotoxic effect of the bradykinin antagonist BKM‐570 in ovarian cancer cells – analysis of the molecular mechanisms of its antiproliferative action
Authors: Jutras Stephanie , Bachvarova Magdalena , Keita Mamadou , Bascands Jean‐Loup , Mes‐Masson Anne‐Marie , Stewart John M. , Bachvarov Dimcho
Published: October 2010

The standard chemotherapy for epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) patients is currently a combination of taxane and platinum. However, most EOC patients still suffer relapses, and there is an immediate need for the development of novel and more effective therapeutic modalities against this deadly disease. Recently, the nonpeptide bradykinin (BK) antagonist 2,3,4,5,6‐pentafluorocinnamoyl‐(o‐2,6‐dichlorobenzyl)‐l‐tyrosine‐N‐(4‐amino‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐piperidyl) amide (BKM‐570) was shown to cause impressive growth inhibition of lung and prostate tumors, displaying superior in vivo inhibitory effects than convential chemotherapeutic drugs. Here, we investigated BKM‐570 cytotoxic effects in two EOC cell lines, derived from different EOC histopathologies: a clear cell carcinoma (TOV‐21), and an endometrioid carcinoma (TOV‐112). We showed that BKM‐570 effectively inhibited the growth of ovarian cancer cells, as its cytotoxic effects were comparable to those of cisplatin, and were independent of the functional status of BK receptors. Moreover, BKM‐570 synergized with cisplatin in inhibiting EOC cell growth. To better understand the molecular mechanisms of the antiproliferative action of this BK antagonist in EOC cells, we performed gene expression profiling in TOV‐21 and TOV‐112 cells following treatment with 10 μm BKM‐570 for 24 h. BKM‐570 displayed similar cytotoxic effects in the two cell lines analyzed, as genes with previously shown involvement in apoptosis/antiapoptosis and cell adhesion were proportionally upregulated and downregulated in both cell lines, whereas genes involved in basic cellular mechanisms, including cell growth and maintenance, metabolism, cell cycle control, inflammatory and immune response, signal transduction, protein biosynthesis, transcription regulation, and transport, were predominantly downregulated upon treatment. Our data are indicative of the therapeutic potential of BKM‐570 and related compounds in EOC management.
Biostability of Low‐Temperature Co‐Fired Ceramic Materials for Microfluidic and Biomedical Devices
Authors: Zhang Wenli , Eitel Richard E.
Published: October 2010

Integrated low‐temperature co‐fired ceramic (LTCC) modules are widely used in commercial wireless data and cellular communication devices. Recently, a number of researchers have demonstrated the use of LTCC materials and assembly processes to build integrated microelectromechanical and microfluidic devices, incorporating a variety of electrical, optical, electromechanical, and fluidic functions. However, the long‐term stability and biocompatibility of the LTCC materials for microfluidic and specifically biomedical devices have yet to be addressed. The biostability of LTCC materials has been examined in three different commercial LTCC materials using a bioleaching approach. The leaching rate has been obtained in several common biological fluids using weight loss and elemental analysis to quantify the leaching rate. Our results indicate significant dissolution of LTCC materials in simulated gastric fluid and highly basic solutions. However, only minimal leaching was demonstrated in both phosphate buffer saline and simulated body fluid solutions.
‘Smoke gets in your eyes …’: the criminalisation of smoking in enclosed public places, the harm principle and the limits of the criminal sanction
Authors: Ferguson Pamela R
Published: October 2010

Legislation has been enacted in both England/Wales and Scotland which criminalises smoking in certain places. This paper uses these prohibitions as a way of exploring two prominent theories of criminalisation which were employed in the parliamentary debates on the legislation, namely legal paternalism and the liberal ‘harm principle’. The paper argues that the creation of these offences cannot be justified by paternalism, and that the risk of harm to non-smokers from ‘passive smoking’is a preferable justification. This latter rationale could be used in support of more extensive smoking prohibitions in the future. The paper recognises the desire of many to limit the use of the criminal sanction and concludes by suggesting that unwarranted criminalisation can only be avoided if legislatures proposing new offences clearly articulate their reasons for believing that the criminal law is the best mechanism for reducing or deterring the conduct at issue, and demonstrate that the behaviour cannot adequately be deterred by non-criminal measures.
Isolation and functional characterization of pericytes derived from hamster skeletal muscle
Authors: Mogensen C. , Bergner B. , Wallner S. , Ritter A. , d’Avis S. , Ninichuk V. , Kameritsch P. , Gloe T. , Nagel W. , Pohl U.
Published: October 2010

Aim: At the interface of tissue and capillaries, pericytes (PC) may generate electrical signals to be conducted along the skeletal muscle vascular network, but they are functionally not well characterized. We aimed to isolate and cultivate muscle PC allowing to analyse functional properties considered important for signal generation and conduction.

Methods: Pericytes were enzymatically isolated from hamster thigh muscles and further selected during a 16–30 days’ cultivation period. PC markers were studied by fluorescence activated cell scanning (FACS) and immunocytochemistry. Electrical properties of the cultured PC were investigated by patch clamp technique as well as the membrane potential sensitive dye DiBAC4(3).

Results: The cultured cells showed typical PC morphology and were positive for NG2, alpha smooth muscle actin, PDGFR‐β and the gap junction protein Cx43. Expressions of at least one single or combinations of several markers were found in 80–90% of subpopulations. A subset of the patched cells expressed channel activities consistent with a Kv1.5 channel.In vivopresence of the channels was confirmed in sections of hamster thigh muscles. Interleukin‐8, a myokine known to be released from exercising muscle, increased the expression but not the activity of this channel. Pharmacologic stimulation of the channel activity by flufenamic acid induced hyperpolarization of PC alone but not of endothelial cells [human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC)] alone. However, hyperpolarization was observed in HUVEC adjacent to PC when kept in co‐culture.

Conclusion: We established a culture method for PC from skeletal muscle. A first functional characterization revealed properties which potentially enable these cells to generate hyperpolarizing signals and to communicate them to endothelial cells.
Expression of acid‐sensing ion channels in intestinal epithelial cells and their role in the regulation of duodenal mucosal bicarbonate secretion
Authors: Dong X. , Ko K. H. , Chow J. , Tuo B. , Barrett K. E. , Dong H.
Published: October 2010

Aims:  As little is currently known about acid‐sensing ion channels (ASICs) in intestinal epithelial cells, the aims of the present study were to investigate the expression and function of ASICs in intestinal epithelial cells, particularly their physiological role in the acid‐stimulated duodenal mucosal bicarbonate secretion (DMBS).

Methods:  RT‐PCR and digital Ca2+ imaging were used to determine the expression and function of ASICs in HT29 cells and SCBN cells, intestinal epithelial crypt cell lines. The acid‐stimulated DMBS was measured in C57 black mice in vivo to study the role of ASICs in this physiological process.

Results:  ASIC1a mRNA expression was detected in the duodenal mucosa stripped from mice and epithelial cell lines, in which cytoplasmic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]cyt) in response to extracellular acidosis was also increased. In Ca2+‐containing solutions, acidosis (pH 6.0‐5.0) raised [Ca2+]cyt in both HT29 cells and SCBN cells in a similar pH‐dependent manner. Acidosis‐induced increase in [Ca2+]cyt was markedly inhibited by amiloride (an ASICs blocker), SK&F96365 (a blocker for non‐selective cation channels), or in Ca2+‐free solutions; but was abolished by amiloride in Ca2+‐free solutions. However, acidosis‐induced increase in [Ca2+]cyt was slightly affected by U73122 (a PLC inhibitor), or nifedipine (a voltage‐gated Ca2+ channel blocker). After acidosis raised [Ca2+]cyt, stimulation of purinergic receptors with ATP further increased [Ca2+]cyt, but acidosis‐induced increase in [Ca2+]cyt was not altered by suramin. Moreover, acid‐stimulated murine DMBS was significantly attenuated by amiloride.

Conclusion:  Therefore, ASICs are functionally expressed in intestinal epithelial cells, and may play a role in acid‐stimulated DMBS through a Ca2+ signalling pathway.
Impaired aldosterone responsiveness in corticosteroid binding globulin deficient mice
Authors: Sorensen M. V. , Praetorius H. A. , Nykjaer A. , Willnow T. , Leipziger J.
Published: October 2010

Aim:  Corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG) is the high affinity plasma carrier protein for cortisol. It keeps the steroids inactive, prevents them from degradation and defines the amount of free hormone acting on target tissues. Previous findings have shown insufficient responsiveness of corticosterone in peripheral tissues in CBG−/− mice despite elevated free plasma corticosterone. In the large intestine, glucocorticoids synergistically enhance the pro‐absorptive effects of aldosterone. We therefore hypothesized that CBG−/− mice have reduced responsiveness to aldosterone.

Methods:  We used CBG−/− and CBG+/+ mice to investigate distal colonic electrogenic Na+ absorption. An Ussing chamber was used to quantify amiloride‐sensitive Na+ transport in distal colonic mucosa (ΔIsc(amil)) as a measure of the physiological effect of aldosterone.

Results:  No differences were observed in ΔIsc(amil) or aldosterone levels in animals on control diet. When Na+ restricted, CBG+/+ mice responded with a marked up‐regulation of ΔIsc(amil) (25‐fold). In CBG−/− mice this up‐regulation was greatly attenuated as seen in a markedly reduced amiloride‐sensitive short circuit current (reduced by ∼50%), a reduced ability to lower faecal Na+ excretion and a significantly attenuated up‐regulation of the ENaC channel γ‐subunit. Diet‐induced increases of total plasma aldosterone were similar in both genotypes, but CBG−/− mice had an increased free plasma aldosterone fraction.

Summary:  This study defines the functional hyporesponsiveness and aldosterone resistance in distal colon of CBG−/− mice. This resistance occurs despite sufficient free corticosterone plasma level. Thus, steroid actions require an intrinsic but unknown function of CBG, which allows the sufficient supply of the hormone/s to the target tissue.
The Measurement and Analysis of Normal Incidence Solar UVB Radiation and Its Application to the Photoclimatherapy Protocol for Psoriasis at the Dead Sea, Israel
Authors: Kudish Avraham I. , Harari Marco , Evseev Efim G.
Published: October 2010

The broad‐band normal incidence UVB beam radiation has been measured at Neve Zohar, Dead Sea basin, using a prototype tracking instrument composed of a Model 501A UV‐Biometer mounted on an Eppley Solar Tracker Model St‐1. The diffuse and beam fraction of the solar global UVB radiation have been determined using the concurrently measured solar global UVB radiation. The diffuse fraction was observed to exceed 80% throughout the year. The application of the results of these measurements to the possible revision of the photoclimatherapy protocol for psoriasis patients at the Dead Sea medical spas is now under investigation. The suggested revision would enable the sun‐exposure treatment protocol to take advantage of the very high diffuse fraction by allowing the patient to receive the daily dose of UVB radiation without direct exposure to the sun, viz. receive the diffuse UVB radiation under a sunshade. This would require an increase in sun‐exposure time intervals, as the UVB radiation intensity beneath a sunshade is less than that on an exposed surface.
Engineering global regulator Hha ofEscherichia colito control biofilm dispersal
Authors: Hong Seok Hoon , Lee Jintae , Wood Thomas K.
Published: October 2010

The global transcriptional regulator Hha ofEscherichia colicontrols biofilm formation and virulence. Previously, we showed that Hha decreases initial biofilm formation; here, we engineered Hha for two goals: to increase biofilm dispersal and to reduce biofilm formation. Using random mutagenesis, Hha variant Hha13D6 (D22V, L40R, V42I and D48A) was obtained that causes nearly complete biofilm dispersal (96%) by increasing apoptosis without affecting initial biofilm formation. Hha13D6 caused cell death probably by the activation of proteases since Hha‐mediated dispersal was dependent on protease HslV. Hha variant Hha24E9 (K62X) was also obtained that decreased biofilm formation by inducinggadW,glpTandphnFbut that did not alter biofilm dispersal. Hence, Hha may be engineered to influence both biofilm dispersal and formation.
THE USE OF PREGABALIN IN THE TREATMENT OF URAEMIC PRURITUS IN HAEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS
Authors: Aperis Georgios , Paliouras Christos , Zervos Angelos , Arvanitis Antonios , Alivanis Polichronis
Published: October 2010

We evaluated the effect of pregabalin in the treatment of uraemic pruritus not due to secondary hyperparathyroidism. Sixteen haemodialysis patients suffering from uraemic pruritus resistant to conventional treatment started on pregabalin 25 mg/day orally. The parameters recorded were age, time on haemodialysis, haematocrit, Ca, PO4, Ca × PO4 product, PTH, spKt/V, eosinophil counts and IgE. The effectiveness of pregabalin on uraemic pruritus was evaluated by using visual analogue scale before and after one month of treatment. Visual analogue scale consisted of a 10‐cm horizontal line scored from 0 (no itch) to 10 (worst imaginable itch). Four patients discontinued treatment due to side effects and therefore were excluded from the study. The mean age of the remaining 12 patients was 61.2 ± 12.8 years, and the time on haemodialysis was 38 ± 39.1 months. The haematological and biochemical profile of the patients remained without significant change at the end of the observation period. There was a statistically significant difference between visual analogue scale values before and after the one month treatment period (7.44 ± 2.01 and 1.7 ± 1.31, respectively), p < 0.0003. Uraemic pruritus is a common and distressing symptom in patients undergoing haemodialysis. Pregabalin appears to be an effective alternative treatment.
FUNGAL PERITONITIS AMONG THE PERITONEAL DIALYSIS PATIENTS OF FOUR TURKISH CENTRES
Authors: Kazancioglu Rumeyza , Kirikci Gulbahar , Albaz Muserref , Dolgun Rukiye , Ekiz Serpil
Published: October 2010

This study evaluates the clinical findings and treatment of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients with fungal peritonitis in Istanbul from 2000 to 2010. The clinical records of 15 patients with fungal peritonitis among the total 795 patients were reviewed for the clinical and laboratory data. The mean duration of dialysis from the initiation of treatment until the development of fungal peritonitis was 41.14 months. Fungal peritonitis was the primary episode of infection in eight patients. In five other patients previous intensive antibiotherapy was documented. The isolated mircoboes were Candida albicans in six, non‐C. albicans in eight and Aspergillus fumigatus in one patient. Tenckoff catheters were removed in all cases and antifungal treatment was given for a minimum of three weeks. Two patients died in the hospital due to the fungal infection whereas others were transferred to haemodialysis.

This study highlights the importance of removing the catheter and initiating antifungal therapy as soon as possible in cases of fungal peritonitis because it is responsible for high morbidity and mortality.
JOB SATISFACTION, STRESS AND BURNOUT ASSOCIATED WITH HAEMODIALYSIS NURSING: A REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Authors: Hayes Bronwyn , Bonner Ann
Published: October 2010

Job dissatisfaction, stress and burnout are linked to high rates of nurses leaving the profession, poor morale and poor patient outcomes. Haemodialysis (HD) nursing is uniquely characterised by the intense‐prolonged interaction with patients who require complex technological care. A review of nine papers found that factors affecting job satisfaction were aspects of nursing care, organisational factors and length of time that a nurse has been working in nephrology nursing. Factors affecting job stress and burnout were due to interpersonal relationships with physicians, patient care activities, violence and abuse from patients, organisational factors and a lack of access to ongoing education.
UPPER EXTREMITY COMPLICATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE RECEIVING HAEMODIALYSIS
Authors: Hurton Scott , Embil John M. , Reda Andrew , Smallwood Susan , Wall Cathy , Thomson Lily , Zacharias James , Dascal Mario , Trepman Elly , Koulack Joshua
Published: October 2010

Limited data are available about disability associated with upper extremity complications in patients who receive haemodialysis for end‐stage renal disease. In this study of 123 patients receiving haemodialysis, the mean Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score was 31 ± 22 points, indicating markedly greater disability than in a normal population. Dupuytren's contracture was the most frequent deformity. Brachial, radial and ulnar pulses were present in most upper limbs, but 14 (14%) of 102 patients had poor arterial perfusion pressures. Diabetic patients had residual or complete loss of protective sensation more frequently than nondiabetic patients. Motor testing with the index finger abduction and fifth finger flexion tests showed a significantly greater frequency of weakness in diabetic than nondiabetic patients. In summary, upper extremity disability was noted in haemodialysis patients, including loss of protective sensation and motor strength, both in diabetic and nondiabetic subjects.
RAPID DEVELOPMENT OF RENAL FAILURE SECONDARY TO AA‐TYPE AMYLOIDOSIS IN A PATIENT WITH POLYMYALGIA RHEUMATICA
Authors: Javaid Muhammad Masoom , Kamalanathan Manivarma , Kon Sui Phin
Published: October 2010

Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is a common chronic inflammatory disorder affecting patients over the age of 50. Renal involvement in PMR is extremely rare and very few cases of AA amyloidosis secondary to PMR have been described in literature. We present a case of a patient with history PMR who developed nephrotic range proteinuria and rapidly deteriorating renal function secondary to AA amyloidosis within 18 months of the onset of symptoms of PMR. This case reinforces the association of PMR with secondary AA amyloidosis and highlights the importance of monitoring renal function in patients with PMR.
Community of Practice in the Kuwaiti Medical Sector: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Marouf Laila , Al‐Attabi Fatma
Published: October 2010

Community of Practice (CoP) is a relatively new concept in the Middle East and North Africa. The concept has been used for a number of years in the business sector; however, the use of CoPs in the health sector has not been as widespread. The aim of this study is to provide insights into the status of CoPs in the health sector and the knowledge sharing practices that take place among members of such CoPs in Kuwait. Ninety‐eight questionnaires were distributed among medical practitioners. Results showed that the majority of members perceived the CoP as a source of increasing professional knowledge. Respondents focused mainly on the COPs fostering social interactions at the workplace or during task‐oriented activities. They mostly discussed specific problems and immediate concerns. The desire to learn and the desire to help others were the main motivators for doctors to share their knowledge. Lack of time and lack of technology and knowledge transfer mechanisms were reported as the primary obstacles to sharing knowledge. Nearly 65 percent of the CoP members responding to the survey stated that they did not receive any financial support from their management.

In recent years the role of communities in learning and knowledge sharing has attracted much attention among those interested in knowledge as a situated practice. The concept of Communities of Practice (CoP) was originally developed by Lave and Wenger (1991), who suggested that learning took place in social relationships rather than the simple acquisition of knowledge. Lave and Wenger's observations have formed the basis of the “situated learning theory,” which describes that learning takes place in a setting functionally identical to a space where the knowledge is applied (Lave & Wenger, 1991). The CoP concept has been used in the business sector for over 20 years, but the use of CoPs in the health sector has been recent (Li et al., 2009). In addition, results of two studies, conducted by Traboulsi (2002) and Johnson and Kalidi (2005), revealed that the CoP is a relatively new phenomenon in the Middle East and North Africa. This article aims to provide insights into the status of CoPs in the health sector and their knowledge‐sharing practices in Kuwait.
Ulnar osteotomy for treatment of cubital subluxation, following locking compression plate osteosynthesis of a radius fracture in a foal
Authors: Klopfenstein Bregger M. D. , Jackson M. A. , Kummer M. , Kircher P. R. , Auer J. A. , Fürst A. E.
Published: October 2010

A closed mid‐diaphyseal fracture in a one‐day‐old foal was treated using a 3.5 mm locking compression plate on the cranial aspect of the radius. The foal showed good fracture healing, but a radio‐ulnar synostosis developed despite the absence of transfixation by any implant into the ulna. Four months after surgery the radiographs revealed a cubital subluxation, which was managed by an osteotomy of the ulna at the time of plate removal, allowing the ulna to adjust into a normal position. One year after surgery the foal was clinically sound; the radiographs showed good healing of the osteotomy gap as well as good remodelling of the radius; however, a slight elbow subluxation was present.
Autoserum preparation in the treatment of equine summer eczema: Findings over 12 years
Authors: Hallamaa R. E.
Published: October 2010

Equine summer eczema, the most common allergic skin disease of the horse, is notoriously difficult to treat with available methods. In the present study, 343 horses were treated with an autogenous serum preparation made from their highly diluted sera. This work was a continuation of the earlier, randomised and placebo controlled study on the autoserum therapy that showed a significant, positive clinical effect and was carried out on a series of horses in 1997–98. The main aim of the present study was to collect long‐term information from the owners on this therapy. In the period from 1997–2008, 70% of the horses benefited from the treatment and 16% did not, while 14% of owners could give no clear opinion. After a 5 year follow‐up, horses treated with autoserum had significantly milder clinical signs of summer eczema than before this treatment. No harmful side effects were found. An autoserum preparation was shown to be a feasible alternative in the treatment of equine summer eczema.
Low damage fully self-aligned replacement gate process for fabricating deep sub-100 nm gate length GaAs metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors
Authors: Li X. , Bentley S. , McLelland H. , Holland M. C. , Zhou H. , Thoms S. , Macintyre D. S. , Thayne I. G.
Published: October 2010

This article describes a process flow which has enabled the first demonstration of functional, fully self-aligned, 40 nm gate length replacement gate enhancement mode GaAs metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) with GaxGdyOz as high-κ dielectric, Pt/Au metal gate stack, and SiN sidewall spacers. The flow uses blanket metal and dielectric deposition and low damage dry etch modules. As a consequence, no critical dimension lift-off processes are required. As a gate replacement approach has been developed, the process is suitable for easily incorporating different gate metals, opening the way to work function engineering to control threshold voltage and so is a significant step forward to the demonstration of high performance “siliconlike” III-V MOSFETs.
Structural and optical properties of yttrium oxide thin films for planar waveguiding applications
Authors: Pearce Stuart J. , Parker Greg J. , Charlton Martin D. B. , Wilkinson James S.
Published: October 2010

Thin films of yttrium oxide, Y2O3, were deposited by reactive sputtering and reactive evaporation to determine their suitability as a host for a rare earth doped planar waveguide upconversion laser. The optical properties, structure, and crystalline phase of the films were found to be dependent on the deposition method and process parameters. X-ray diffraction analysis on the “as-deposited” thin films revealed that the films vary from amorphous to highly crystalline with a small broad peak at 29° corresponding to the ⟨222⟩ reflections of Y2O3. The samples with the polycrystalline structure had a stoichiometry close to bulk cubic Y2O3. Scanning electron microscopy imaging revealed a regular column structure confirming their crystalline nature. The thin film layers which allowed guiding in both visible and infrared regions had lower refractive indices, higher oxygen content, and a more amorphous structure. Higher oxygen pressures during the deposition lead to a more amorphous layer.
Kinetic Scaffolding Mediated by a Phospholipase C–β and G
q
Signaling Complex
Authors: Waldo Gary L. , Ricks Tiffany K. , Hicks Stephanie N. , Cheever Matthew L. , Kawano Takeharu , Tsuboi Kazuhito , Wang Xiaoyue , Montell Craig , Kozasa Tohru , Sondek John , Harden T. Kendall
Published: October 2010

Reciprocal Regulation

An essential step in many signaling cascades is inositol lipid hydrolysis catalyzed by phospholipase C–β. The latter is activated by the α subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein Gq, and it in turn inactivates Gαq, thus sharpening the signal.

Waldo
et al.

(p.
974
, published online 21 October) report structural and biochemical data that explain the basis of this reciprocal regulation. One domain of phospholipase C–β binds to activated Gαq. Though the phospholipase C–β active site remains occluded in the structure, the plug is probably removed upon G protein–dependent orientation of the lipase at the membrane. A second domain of phospholipase C–β accelerates guanosine triphosphate hydrolysis by Gαq causing the signaling complex to dissociate.
Fate Mapping Analysis Reveals That Adult Microglia Derive from Primitive Macrophages
Authors: Ginhoux Florent , Greter Melanie , Leboeuf Marylene , Nandi Sayan , See Peter , Gokhan Solen , Mehler Mark F. , Conway Simon J. , Ng Lai Guan , Stanley E. Richard , Samokhvalov Igor M. , Merad Miriam
Published: October 2010

Primitive Origins for Microglia

Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system and are associated with neurodegeneration and brain inflammatory diseases. Although the developmental origins of other tissue macrophage populations are well established, the origins of microglia remain controversial.

Ginhoux
et al.

(p.
841
, published online 21 October) used in vivo lineage tracing studies to show that microglia arise early in mouse development and derive from primitive macrophages in the yolk sac. This is in contrast to other cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system, which arise later in development from a distinct progenitor population.
Examining Sport Concussion Assessment Tool ratings for male and female youth hockey players with and without a history of concussion
Authors: Schneider Kathryn J , Emery Carolyn A , Kang Jian , Schneider Geoff M , Meeuwisse Willem H
Published: October 2010

Background

Concussion is one of the most commonly occurring injuries in sport today. The Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT) is a commonly used paper neurocognitive tool. To date, little is known about SCAT baseline normative values in youth athletes.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to determine normative values on the SCAT for male and female youth hockey players.

Methods

This is a secondary data analysis of pooled data from three prospective cohort studies examining the risk of injury in paediatric ice hockey players aged 9–17 years. A preseason baseline demographic and injury history questionnaire was completed by each player.

Results

A total of 4193 players completed SCATs at baseline and were included in the analysis. 781 players (18.6%) reported a previous history of concussion. Fatigue and low energy followed by headache were the most commonly reported symptoms in all players. The majority of youth players could recite all five words immediately but only three words when delayed. A smaller proportion of the males were able to report the months of the year in reverse order compared with females of a similar age. The median number of digits recited in reverse order was 4.

Conclusions

Youth ratings varied between age groups, gender and from previously reported ratings of varsity athletes, possibly reflecting developmental and gender differences. An understanding of these differences in youth athletes is important to ensure appropriate performance expectations on the SCAT and when making clinical decisions following a concussion.
Smoking prevalence in the European Union: a comparison of national and transnational prevalence survey methods and results
Authors: Bogdanovica Ilze , Godfrey Fiona , McNeill Ann , Britton John
Published: October 2010

Objectives

To determine whether the European Commission Eurobarometer survey of 27 European Union (EU) member states produces reliable smoking prevalence estimates when compared to national prevalence survey data, and to identify approaches to standardising the measurement of smoking prevalence in the EU.

Methods

This was a direct comparison of questions, sampling methods and smoking prevalence estimates, between the 2006 Eurobarometer study and contemporaneous national surveys. All 27 EU member states were included. Participants were people surveyed in the 2006 Eurobarometer study and in various national surveys in the closest year to 2006 for which data were available. The main outcome measures were the mean and range of differences in prevalence estimates between the Eurobarometer and national surveys.

Results

Most national surveys used similar multistage sampling methods and involved sample sizes of 3000 or more, but the phrasing of the questions used to define smoking, the inclusion or exclusion of occasional smokers, the age ranges of participants and the frequency of national surveys varied substantially between countries. The Eurobarometer study used the same questions in all countries but in sample sizes of 1000, or in 3 countries, 500. Eurobarometer 2006 smoking prevalence estimates were on average 0.37 percentage points higher than those in national surveys, but with a 95% range from −10.49 to +11.23 percentage points. At the extremes, the equivalent national prevalence estimate for Slovakia was 13.0% higher and for the UK 10.0% lower than the Eurobarometer figure.

Conclusions

Measurements of the prevalence of smoking, the biggest avoidable public health threat in the European Union, are highly discrepant within countries between national and European Commission survey estimates. Monitoring national smoking prevalence on a regular basis, using standardised methods in representative population samples, is an urgent priority for the EU.
Efficacy, safety and palatability of a new broad‐spectrum anthelmintic formulation in dogs
Authors: Schmid K. , Rohdich N. , Zschiesche E. , Kok D. J. , Allan M. J.
Published: October 2010

The efficacy, safety and palatability of a new flavoured chewable anthelmintic tablet were investigated in dogs. The efficacy, based on worm counts, of a single recommended therapeutic dose (RTD) of 5 mg pyrantel + 20 mg oxantel + 5 mg praziquantel/kg bodyweight was assessed in experimental infections (EI) and natural infections (NI) withTrichuris vulpis,Echinococcus granulosusandToxocara canis. ForT vulpis, the efficacy of the treatment was 99.3 per cent in EI (comparing groups of six treated and six control dogs) and 100 per cent in NI (nine treated and nine control dogs). ForE granulosus, the efficacy was more than 99.9 per cent in EI (11 treated and 11 control dogs). ForT canis, the efficacy was 94.3 per cent in EI (10 treated and 10 control dogs) and 100 per cent in NI (12 treated and 13 control dogs). In a field study,Ancylostoma caninum(11 dogs) andT canis(11 dogs) faecal egg counts were reduced by more than 99 per cent, and in eight dogs withDipylidium caninumproglotides in the faeces the efficacy was 100 per cent. The tablets were readily consumed by 56 of 64 (87.5 per cent) privately owned dogs. Safety was assessed in groups of six dogs treated either once with twice the RTD, once with six times the RTD, with twice the RTD on three consecutive days, or untreated. There were no significant differences in blood parameters between the groups, and no abnormal clinical findings. Two dogs treated with six times the RTD vomited, but no vomiting was observed when administration was repeated two days later.
Isosporoid coccidiosis in translocated cirl buntings (Emberiza cirlus)
Authors: McGill I. , Feltrer Y. , Jeffs C. , Sayers G. , Marshall R. N. , Peirce M. A. , Stidworthy M. F. , Pocknell A. , Sainsbury A. W.
Published: October 2010

Four of 17 cirl buntings (Emberiza cirlus) involved in a trial translocation in 2004 for conservation purposes died and were examined postmortem. Two of the cirl buntings showed intestinal and hepatic lesions, including necrotising enteritis, consistent with isosporoid coccidiosis, and a third had an intestinal infestation of isosporoid coccidia. Sporulated oocysts from faecal samples from the birds were identified as Isospora normanlevinei, a parasite previously detected in cirl bunting populations in continental Europe. In a subsequent translocation of 75 cirl buntings from Devon to Cornwall in 2006, each brood of birds was placed in strict quarantine at low stocking density, with improved hygienic precautions and detailed health surveillance, and each bird was treated prophylactically with toltrazuril in an attempt to control the disease but not eliminate the I normanlevinei parasites. Seventy‐two of the 75 birds were successfully reared and released, and there were no apparent clinical or pathological signs of isosporoid coccidiosis in any bird. I normanlevinei was detected in the released population, an indication that it had been successfully conserved.