bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Output Regulation and Active Disturbance Rejection Control: Unified Formulation and Comparison
Authors: Chen Zhiyong , Xu Dabo
Published: December 2015

Output regulation theory aims to design a controller for achieving reference tracking and disturbance rejection while maintaining system stability. Different from the stabilization problem about an equilibrium point, the output regulation problem is capable of characterizing more complicated steady‐state trajectories induced by reference and/or disturbance. Many efforts have been made to reveal how a steady‐state trajectory can be characterized, estimated, and hence compensated by a controller such that output regulation can be asymptotically achieved. When the steady‐state trajectory is approximately treated as a constant “quantity”, the standard output regulation implies an approximate version within which output regulation is practically achieved. It is revealed in this paper that such an approximate version of output regulation includes the later developed active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) method as a special case.
Development of the infant intestinal microbiome: A bird's eye view of a complex process
Authors: Meropol Sharon B. , Edwards Amy
Published: December 2015

Infants undergo profound shifts in colonizing intestinal microorganisms during their first year, especially during and after birth and during weaning. Microbiota are passed to infants through the placenta, during the vaginal birth process, and from early diet and other environmental exposures. These microbiota play an active role in the development of healthy infant metabolic and immunologic systems; profound shifts in microbiotal populations can be persistent, are associated with immediate alterations in gene expression, metabolic, immunologic, and neurologic function, and with downstream metabolic and immunologic consequences such as obesity, allergies, asthma, autoimmune diseases, and potentially neurologic conditions. Many modern exposures, including Cesarean section, formula feeding, and antibiotics, have been associated with microbiome shifts, and also with downstream diseases; while many published studies considered exposures individually, a more comprehensive understanding of their interaction and impact will consider the entirety of the infant's environment. It is not possible, nor desirable, to return to a world without toilets, sewers, tap water, delivery room antisepsis, Cesarean sections, antibiotics, immunizations, and refrigerators; our other alternative is to better understand these complex changes in infant developmental and molecular physiology. Protecting and repairing the developmental processes of the healthy infant microbiome is the modern medical frontier. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 105:228–239, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Novel exposure units for at‐home personalized testing of electromagnetic sensibility
Authors: Huss Anke , Murbach Manuel , van Moorselaar Imke , Kuster Niels , van Strien Rob , Kromhout Hans , Vermeulen Roel , Slottje Pauline
Published: December 2015

Previous experimental studies on electromagnetic hypersensitivity have been criticized regarding inflexibility of choice of exposure and of study locations. We developed and tested novel portable exposure units that can generate different output levels of various extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF‐MF; 50 Hz field plus harmonics) and radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF‐EMF). Testing was done with a group of healthy volunteers (n = 25 for 5 ELF‐MF and n = 25 for 5 RF‐EMF signals) to assess if units were indeed able to produce double‐blind exposure conditions. Results substantiated that double‐blind conditions were met; on average participants scored 50.6% of conditions correct on the ELF‐MF, and 50.0% on the RF‐EMF unit, which corresponds to guessing probability. No cues as to exposure conditions were reported. We aim to use these units in a future experiment with subjects who wish to test their personal hypothesis of being able to sense or experience when being exposed to EMF. The new units allow for a high degree of flexibility regarding choice of applied electromagnetic signal, output power level and location (at home or another environment of subjects’ choosing). Bioelectromagnetics. 37:62–68, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Take proactive steps to provide mental health support for student‐athletes
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: December 2015

Mental health issues have become a growing problem among today's college student‐athletes.
Optimized Stirred Reactor for Enhanced Particle Dispersion
Authors: Wang Steven , Jiang Mo , Ibrahim Shaliza , Wu Jie , Feng Xin , Duan Xiaoxia , Yang Zhao , Yang Chao , Ohmura Naoto
Published: December 2015

Homogeneous dispersion of particles is crucial for many processes where the reaction rate is highly dependent on relative rates of mixing or degree of homogenization. These processes include crystallization, polymerization, and some mineral‐refining processes. Complete particle dispersion in high‐concentration slurries is researched experimentally and numerically. Computation fluid dynamics results suggest that cloud height is an excellent indicator for mixing homogeneity, and energy efficiency can be enhanced by removing baffles over a range of solids concentrations under the complete dispersion condition. The power required to maintain a high cloud height in a stirred tank can be predicted via a simple power number analysis. The proposed unbaffled design can be potentially beneficial to some industrial processes like crystallization.
An Efficient and General Method for Formylation of Aryl Bromides with CO2 and Poly(methylhydrosiloxane)
Authors: Yu Bo , Yang Zhenzhen , Zhao Yanfei , Hao Leiduan , Zhang Hongye , Gao Xiang , Han Buxing , Liu Zhimin
Published: December 2015

The formylation of aryl halides with CO2 to generate aryl aldehydes is challenging. Herein, we report a novel synthesis of aryl aldehydes by formylation of aryl bromides with CO2 and a waste silane, poly(methylhydrosiloxane) (PMHS). It has been discovered that a simple combination of 1,3‐bis(diphenyphosphino)propane (DPPP)‐chelated Pd catalyst, Pd(DPPP)Cl2, with 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene (DBU) is able to effectively catalyze the reaction, leading to aryl aldehydes in moderate to excellent yields, and without any by‐products in most cases. Moreover, this route could be extended to the formylation of aryl iodides with high efficiency. This approach is simple, less costly, and environmentally friendly, and also widens the applications of CO2 to form value‐added chemicals by the construction of new C−C bonds.
Numerical Study of Liquid Film Characteristics at Varying Operating Conditions in Prefilmer Airblast Atomizer
Authors: Volz Melanie , Nittel Lena , Habisreuther Peter , Zarzalis Nikolaos
Published: December 2015

The atomization of liquid fuel in gas turbines is one of the key factors that affect the combustion performance. After the adaptation of the k‐ϵ‐turbulence model for two‐phase flows and the definition of the film thickness, this work investigates and reports the influence of different parameters on the behavior of the liquid film on the prefilmer of airblast atomizers. A correlation that can be used to predict the mean film thickness has been developed and is proposed in the present study. This correlation can be used in order to optimize the design of airblast atomizers.
CURVELET‐BASED 3D RECONSTRUCTION OF DIGITAL CORES USING THE POCS METHOD
Authors: Ben‐Feng WANG , Jing‐Ye LI , Xiao‐Hong CHEN , Jing‐Jie CAO
Published: December 2015

With the development of shale‐gas exploration and exploitation, exploitation is necessary to study the 3D spatial distribution of shale fractures for research on shale rock physics. Because of the limitation of instruments, accurate shale slice is discontinuous in depth, and the minimum interval between adjacent slices is inconsistent with horizontal resolution of digital cores. Those are the main factors which can prevent accuracy improvement of fracture characterization and physical modeling for digital cores. In order to study the 3D spatial distribution of fractures, this paper achieves reconstruction of 3D digital cores using the curvelet transform and Project Onto Convex Sets (POCS) method. Firstly, sample one per two slices in depth regularly for 3D dataset of sandstone obtained by X ray scanner, then reconstruct the 3D dataset using the proposed method. The reconstructed result is consistent with the original one and superior over the current method (spgl1), which approves the validity and superiority of the proposed method. Secondly, double the accurate 2D shale slices in depth that are obtained using focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB‐SEM). It generates the 3D digital cores in which the minimum interval between adjacent slices in depth is basically consistent with the horizontal resolution, weakens the discontinuity of shale slices in depth caused by the instrument limitations and makes the fracture distribution more clear. Tests on sandstone and accurate shale rocks demonstrate the validity and superiority of the proposed method.
STATISTICAL STUDY OF IPDP EVENTS OBSERVED BY THE CARISMA NETWORK OF MAGNETOMETERS
Authors: Ming‐Xia ZHOU , Zhi‐Gang YUAN , Hai‐Meng LI , De‐Dong WANG , Xiong‐Dong YU , Zhen‐Zhen WANG , Zheng QIAO
Published: December 2015

During substorms energetic ions injected from the magnetotail plasma sheet could excite electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves in the inner magnetosphere. As a signature of EMIC waves, ground‐based magnetometers observed the Intervals of Pulsations of Diminishing Periods (IPDP). With the observations of the GOES satellite and CARISMA network of magnetometers in Canada, we analyzed the relationship between the IPDP events and substorm injection events. With the observations of magnetometers at MCMU and MSTK stations of CARISMA network between April 2005 and May 2014, we statistically analyzed the IPDP events during substorms and obtained the occurrence rate distribution in seasons and magnetic local time (MLT). A total of 128 IPDP events have been simultaneously observed by both MCMU and MSTK stations. The IPDP events have the least occurrence rate in winter (13.28%), and the highest occurrence rate in spring (32.81%). The results show that the occurrence rate of IPDP events is affected by the ionospheric conductivity and the occurrence rate of substorms. The maximum occurrence rate of the events is between 15 MLT and 18 MLT. Our result suggests that IPDP events are mainly generated by energetic anisotropic protons, which can be injected into the inner magnetosphere during substorms and drift westward and encounter the plasmaspheric plume.
PRESENT‐DAY CRUSTAL STRAIN RATE FIELD IN THE TAIWAN ACTIVE COLLISION ZONE AND ITS GEODYNAMIC MECHANISMS: INSIGHT FROM FEM SIMULATIONS
Authors: Xiao‐Gang LONG , Shou‐Biao ZHU
Published: December 2015

The Taiwan Island is the product of convergence and collision between the Eurasian and the Philippine Sea plates, where the geological structure is complex, seismicity is high and deformation strong. In order to quantitatively study characteristics of crustal deformation and to understand its geodynamic mechanisms of this area, we calculated the strain rate field in and around Taiwan by using the finite element method (FEM), utilizing GPS data from 1995 to 2005 as boundary constraints in simulation. The results show that contractions are predominant in central Taiwan, while extension exists in northeast and south, respectively. The largest deformation appears on the Coast Range and the adjacent waters in eastern Taiwan. The calculated slip rates on the Longitudinal Valley Fault (LVF) are 13.81∼23.48 mm/yr, meaning part of the convergence is absorbed by LVF, thus deformation to the west of LVF decays rapidly westwards and northwestwards. Moreover, the results show that the calculated velocities and GPS vectors are in good agreement, and calculated orientations of principal stresses are consistent with in‐situ stress measurements and focal mechanism solutions, demonstrating the finite element model established in this paper is reasonable. In addition, the calculated results imply that the general framework of present‐day deformation in Taiwan results from interactions by many factors such as plate collision between the Eurasian and the Philippine Sea plates, geometry of plate boundaries, faulting and rifting, opening of the Okinawa trough and retreat of the Ryukyu trench.
ELASTIC WAVE MODELING AND PRE‐STACK REVERSE TIME MIGRATION OF IRREGULAR FREE‐SURFACE BASED ON LAYERED MAPPING METHOD
Authors: Ying‐Ming QU , Jian‐Ping HUANG , Zhen‐Chun LI , Qing‐Yang LI , Jin‐Liang ZHAO , Xiu‐Zhi LI
Published: December 2015

Traditional FD method has some difficulties in treating irregular surface, while mapping method can overcome the disadvantage by transform the irregular surface to horizontal surface. But at the same time, the interface below the surface is transformed to more complex interface, resulting in the inaccurate of wave propagation and imaging. In this paper, a layered mapping method is proposed and it is applied to elastic wave RTM. This method not only can overcome the effects of irregular surface but also underground structure can not be destroyed. Wave field forward continuation, reverse time continuation and separation are completed in auxiliary system coordinate while imaging in Cartesian. Numerical examples of simple topography model and Zhongyuan topography model show the correctness of the method proposed in the paper. Meanwhile after testing two extreme cases of inaccurate interface elevation we can see that the imaging results of layered mapping RTM is much better than that of traditional mapping RTM.
AN IMPROVED PROJECTION ONTO CONVEX SETS METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS INTERPOLATION AND DENOISING
Authors: Jing‐Jie CAO , Ben‐Feng WANG
Published: December 2015

Sparsity‐promoted seismic interpolation is an important interpolation strategy; however, most existing interpolation methods merely focused on high signal‐to‐noise ratio data. Actually, noise is always contained in sampled data; the existence of noise will deteriorate interpolation results and makes interpolation challenging. Projection onto convex sets (POCS) method is an efficient method; however, it cannot get acceptable results for noisy data interpolation. A strategy for simultaneous interpolation and denoising is the weighted POCS method which uses an additional weighting factor to achieve denoising. In this paper, we demonstrate that the weighted projection onto convex sets (POCS) method is a method for unconstrained optimization model, and it can be deduced from the iterative thresholding method. In addition, an improved POCS method is proposed for interpolation and denoising without extra computation effort. Numerical examples on synthetic and field data demonstrate that the improved POCS method can get reliable results for noiseless and noisy data interpolation. First interpolation and then denoising examples proved that simultaneous interpolation and denoising is robust when the least thresholds are properly chosen.
Influence of Temperature on the Removal of Extremely High Concentration p‐Nitrophenol Simulated Wastewater by Fe/Cu/H2O Systems
Authors: Lai Bo , Yuan Dong‐Hai , Chen Zhao‐Yu , Yuan Yue , Yang Ping
Published: December 2015

In this study, the effect of the operating temperature on the removal of high p‐nitrophenol (PNP) concentrations by Fe/Cu/H2O systems has been investigated thoroughly. The results suggest that only a higher operating temperature (>40°C) could significantly improve the removal efficiency of high PNP concentrations (e.g. 10 000 mg/L) by Fe/Cu/H2O systems. Meanwhile, a lower PNP concentration (e.g. 500 mg/L) could be completely removed by Fe/Cu/H2O systems only at 40°C. Furthermore, the interaction between the operating temperature (10–85°C) and other key operating parameters including theoretical Cu mass loading (0–0.89 g Cu/g Fe), Fe/Cu dosage (5–35 g), stirring speed (0–400 rpm), electrolyte (0–50 mmol/L NaCl or Na2SO4), and initial pH (3.–12) was investigated, respectively. In particular, the elevating temperature could decrease theoretical Cu mass loading, Fe/Cu dosage, stirring speed and electrolyte, and abroad the range of initial pH, which could reduce the operating cost of Fe/Cu/H2O systems if the waste‐heating vapor could be used to elevate the operating temperature. According to the results of UV‐Vis spectra, for total organic carbon and chemical oxygen demand, it is clear that the elevating temperature could facilitate mineralization of PNP in an aqueous solution by Fe/Cu/H2O systems. As a result, the operating temperature was a main factor for the removal of pollutants by Fe/Cu/H2O systems.
The +TIP coordinating protein EB1 is highly dynamic and diffusive on microtubules, sensitive to GTP analog, ionic strength, and EB1 concentration
Authors: Lopez Benjamin J. , Valentine Megan T.
Published: December 2015

Using single‐molecule fluorescence microscopy, we investigated the dynamics of dye‐labeled EB1, a +TIP microtubule binding protein. To promote EB1 binding along the entire microtubule length, we formed microtubules using the nonhydrolyzable GTP analogs GMPCPP and GTPγS. Through precise tracking of the motions of individual dye‐labeled proteins, we found EB1 to be highly dynamic and continuously diffusive while bound to a microtubule, with a diffusion coefficient and characteristic binding lifetime that were sensitive to both the choice of GTP analog and the buffer ionic strength. Using fluorescence‐based equilibrium binding measurements, we found EB1 binding to be cooperative and also sensitive to GTP analog and ionic strength. By tracking the motion of a small number of individually‐labeled EB1 proteins within a bath of unlabeled EB1 proteins, we determined the effects of increasing the total EB1 concentration on binding and dynamics. We found that the diffusion coefficient decreased with increasing EB1 concentration, which may be due at least in part, to the cooperativity of EB1 binding. Our results may have important consequences for the assembly and organization of the growing microtubule plus‐end. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of myosin II regulatory light chain isoforms in HeLa cells
Authors: Kondo Tomo , Okada Morihiro , Kunihiro Kayo , Takahashi Masayuki , Yaoita Yoshio , Hosoya Hiroshi , Hamao Kozue
Published: December 2015

Myosin II regulatory light chain (MRLC) is canonically known as a subunit of conventional myosin (myosin II), which tunes cytoplasmic contractility in cells. Recent studies have also revealed the noncanonical functions of MRLC, such as engagement with other proteins including unconventional myosins. Three MRLC isoforms (MRLC1, MRLC2, and MRLC3) are known in humans. The characteristics of MRLC2 are well known, but those of MRLC1 and MRLC3 are unclear; therefore, the properties of the three MRLC isoforms were investigated. The MRLCs were all phosphorylated at Thr18/Ser19, which is required for myosin II stimulation. MRLC mRNAs were expressed at the same level throughout the cell cycle in HeLa cells. The MRLCs colocalized with each other and their turnover rate was similar to that of myosin II heavy chain. Depletion of all the MRLCs perturbed cell spreading. The overproduction of MRLC2 or MRLC3, but not MRLC1, could effectively compensate for this defect, suggesting that MRLC2 and MRLC3 play dominant roles in cell spreading. Finally, computer simulations of the three‐dimensional protein structures indicated that the location of the N‐terminus of MRLC1 differs from that of MRLC2 or MRLC3, depending on its sequence. Thus, these MRLC isoforms have overlapping but distinct functions have been proposed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
What does Medicaid expansion mean for cancer screening and prevention? Results from a randomized trial on the impacts of acquiring Medicaid coverage
Authors: Wright Bill J. , Conlin Alison K. , Allen Heidi L. , Tsui Jennifer , Carlson Matthew J. , Li Hsin Fang
Published: December 2015

BACKGROUND

The Oregon Medicaid lottery provided a unique opportunity to assess the causal impacts of health insurance on cancer screening rates within the framework of a randomized controlled trial. Prior studies regarding the impacts of health insurance have almost always been limited to observational evidence, which cannot be used to make causal inferences.

METHODS

The authors prospectively followed a representative panel of 16,204 individuals from the Oregon Medicaid lottery reservation list, collecting data before and after the Medicaid lottery drawings. The study panel was divided into 2 groups: a treatment group of individuals who were selected in the Medicaid lottery (6254 individuals) and a control group who were not (9950 individuals). The authors also created an elevated risk subpanel based on family cancer histories. One year after the lottery drawings, differences in cancer screening rates, preventive behaviors, and health status were compared between the study groups.

RESULTS

Medicaid coverage resulted in significantly higher rates of several common cancer screenings, especially among women, as well as better primary care connections and self‐reported health outcomes. There was little evidence found that acquiring Medicaid increased the adoption of preventive health behaviors that might reduce cancer risk.

CONCLUSIONS

Medicaid coverage did not appear to directly impact lifestyle choices that might reduce cancer risk, but it did provide access to important care and screenings that could help to detect cancers earlier. These findings could have long‐term population health implications for states considering or pursuing Medicaid expansion. Cancer 2016;122:791–797. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Effect of ceramic veneer thickness and cement shade on the CIELAB system after bonding—an in vitro study
Authors: Montero Javier , Gómez‐Polo Cristina , Santos Juan Antonio
Published: December 2015

In restoration dentistry clinicians need to control the effect of the ceramic thickness and cement shade to achieve successful colorimetric results when all‐ceramic veneers are bonded. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effects of cement color and the thickness of the final shade on porcelain discs. The study sample comprised 120 e.max Press HT A‐2 ceramic discs of two thicknesses (60 of 1 mm thick and 60 of 0.5 mm thick). Three different lightnesses of Variolink Veneer cement were used (−3, 0, and +3) for the cementation process. An Easyshade spectrophotometer was used to measure color coordinates (L*, C*, h, a*, and b*) on the discs both before and after cementation. To a large extent, color changes (ΔE
) after the cementation process were found to depend on cement thickness, ceramic thickness, and cement lightness. This model predicted 52% of the observed variability. The most marked change in color appeared on discs 0.5 mm thick and a cement lightness of −3 (ΔE
 = 12.0 units). By contrast, color was more stable (minor changes) on discs with a cement lightness of +3 (ΔE
 = 2.3 units).

All color coordinates were significantly modified after bonding, both on thin and thick discs and in all three cement color groups (−3, 0, and +3). However the difference in color (ΔE
) is significantly greater in discs 0.5 mm thick as compared with ceramic discs 1 mm thick. The most prominent change after bonding was found in the h (hue) coordinate. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 41, 642–648, 2016
Single dose, CYP2D6 genotype‐stratified pharmacokinetic study of atomoxetine in children with ADHD
Authors: Brown JT , Abdel‐Rahman SM , van Haandel L , Gaedigk A , Lin YS , Leeder JS
Published: December 2015

The effect of CYP2D6 genotype on the dose‐exposure relationship for atomoxetine has not been well characterized in children. Children 6–17 years of age diagnosed with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were stratified by CYP2D6 genotype into groups with 0 (poor metabolizers [PMs], n = 4), 0.5 (intermediate metabolizers [IMs], n = 3), one (extensive metabolizer [EM]1, n = 8) or two (EM2, n = 8) functional alleles and administered a single 0.5 mg/kg oral dose of atomoxetine (ATX). Plasma and urine samples were collected for 24 (IM, EM1, and EM2) or 72 hours (PMs). Dose‐corrected ATX systemic exposure (area under the curve [AUC]0‐∞) varied 29.6‐fold across the study cohort, ranging from 4.4 ± 2.7 μM*h in EM2s to 5.8 ± 1.7 μM*h, 16.3 ± 2.9 μM*h, and 50.2 ± 7.3 μM*h in EM1s, IMs, and PMs, respectively (P < 0.0001). Simulated steady state profiles at the maximum US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‐recommended dose suggest that most patients are unlikely to attain adequate ATX exposures. These data support the need for individualized dosing strategies for more effective use of the medication.
Analytical challenges of extracellular vesicle detection: A comparison of different techniques
Authors: Erdbrügger Uta , Lannigan Joanne
Published: December 2015

The interest in extracellular vesicles (EVs) has grown exponentially over the last decade. Evolving evidence is demonstrating that these EVs are playing an important role in health and disease. They are involved in intercellular communication and have been shown to transfer proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. This review focuses on the most commonly used techniques for detection of EVs, to include microparticles, 100–1,000 nm in size, and exosomes, 50–100 nm in size. Conventional flow cytometry is the most prevalent technique, but nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and resistive pulse sensing have also been used to detect EVs. The accurate measurement of these vesicles is challenged by size heterogeneity, low refractive index, and the lack of dynamic measurement range for most of the available technologies. Sample handling during the preanalytical phase can also affect the accuracy of measurements. Currently, there is not one single method which allows phenotyping, sizing, and enumerating the whole range of EVs and, therefore, providing all the necessary information to truly understand the biology of these particles. A combination of methods is probably needed which might also include electron and atomic force microscopy and full RNA, lipid, and protein profiling. © 2015 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Increased depth to the water table during river drying decreases the resilience of Gammarus pulex and alters ecosystem function
Authors: Vander Vorste Ross , Mermillod‐Blondin F. , Hervant F. , Mons R. , Forcellini M. , Datry T.
Published: December 2015

River drying has drastic immediate effects on benthic invertebrates, but their high resilience reduces long‐term effects on biodiversity and ecosystem functions (e.g. leaf litter decomposition). The hyporheic zone (saturated sediments below the riverbed) can be a refuge for invertebrates in dry rivers and a primary source of colonists supporting population resilience following flow resumption. However, factors such as the depth to the water table below the riverbed, which could determine the quality of the hyporheic refuge, are not well understood. We explored how depth to the water table (control, −5 cm, −30 cm and completely dry) during a 1‐week drying event affected the survival and return to the substrate surface (%RTS) of Gammarus pulex (Crustacea : Amphipoda) using laboratory mesocosms. We measured litter decomposition and Gammarus energy stores to examine effects on ecosystem function and energetic costs for organisms crawling deeper into the hyporheic zone. Two populations, collected from intermittent and perennial rivers, were used to evaluate inter‐population variability in response to drying. Survival and %RTS were reduced by ≤39% and 52%, respectively, in the −30 cm and dry treatments, and this had consequences for decomposition (≤46% reduction). Differences between populations in %RTS were high across treatments but did not generally affect survival and decomposition. Our results suggest that increases in depth to the water table during river drying, which often result from longer drying duration and water abstraction, could reduce invertebrate resilience and litter decomposition by diminishing the role of the hyporheic zone as a source of colonists. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonenzymatic Electrochemical Biosensor Based on Novel Hydrophilic Ferrocene‐terminated Hyperbranched Polymer and its Application in Glucose Detection
Authors: Li Hongling , Zhao Fengmei , Yue Lin , Li Song , Xiao Fengjuan
Published: December 2015

We designed a novel water soluble topological structure polymer‐ferrocene‐ terminated hyperbranched polyurethane (HPU‐Fc) with good water solubility. The redox behaviors and the electrochemical kinetics parameters of HPU‐Fcs were explored by cyclic voltammetry (CV) according to electrochemical principle. The topological structure polymer was applied for the design and engineering of non‐enzymatic glucose sensor. The designed sensor showed good response to glucose concentration with good stability, favorable accuracy and high selectivity. The electrode was also used to detect glucose in blood samples, and the glucose contents detected by the electrode were in good agreement with those from the hospital where a common automatic biochemical analyzer (HF240–300) was used. This finding makes HPU‐Fc a promising biosensor for directly sensing glucose.
Surface runoff and soil erosion under eucalyptus and oak canopy
Authors: Thompson Arnold , Davis Jerry D. , Oliphant Andrew J.
Published: December 2015

To assess potential differences in stormwater runoff and sediment yield between plots of blue gum eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) and coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia), we measured runoff, sediment yield, water repellency and soil moisture at eight paired sites. Eucalyptus has been associated in many studies worldwide with elevated soil water repellency and increased runoff, a likely contributor to soil erosion. To better understand these connections and their relationship to land cover, there is a need for studies employing either rainfall simulators or natural rainfall. Our research employs the latter, and was subject to contrasting hydrologic conditions in the two years of the study. Fieldwork was conducted from October 2006 to February 2008 in the San Francisco Bay Area of central California. During the 2006–2007 winter wet season, runoff was significantly higher under eucalypts than at paired oak sites, and in the early phases of the season was connected with elevated water repellency. However, sediment yield at all sites during the 2006–2007 hydrologic year was below the detection limit of the Gerlach sediment collection traps, possibly due to a limited wet season, and only appeared as suspended sediment captured in overflow buckets. Intensive rainfall events in January 2008 however created substantial runoff of sediment and litter with significantly greater yield at oak sites compared to paired eucalyptus sites. Water repellency likely had little effect on runoff during these events, and the primary cause of greater erosion under oaks is the thinner cover of leaf litter in comparison to eucalyptus. Our study is limited to undisturbed sites with intact litter cover that have not experienced recent wildfires; if disturbed, we would expect a different picture given the propensity for crown fires of eucalypts, enhancement of rainsplash erosion, and the likely greater potential for stream‐connected sediment yield from post‐disturbance soil erosion events.
Paleotopographic controls on loess deposition in the Loess Plateau of China
Authors: Xiong Li‐Yang , Tang Guo‐An , Strobl Josef , Zhu A‐Xing
Published: December 2015

The underlying pre‐existing paleotopography directly influences the loess deposition process and shapes the morphology of current loess landforms. An understanding of the controlling effects of the underlying paleotopography on loess deposition is critical to revealing the mechanism of loess‐landform formation. However, these controlling effects exhibit spatial variation as well as uncertainty, depending on a study's data sources, methodologies and particular research scope. In this study, the geological history of a study area in the Loess Plateau of China that is subject to severe soil erosion is investigated using detailed geological information and digital elevation models (DEMs), and an underlying paleotopographic model of the area is constructed. Based on the models of modern terrain and paleotopography, we introduce a watershed hierarchy method to investigate the spatial variation of the loess‐landform inheritance relationship and reveal the loess deposition process over different scales of drainage. The landform inheritance relationships were characterized using a terrain‐relief change index (TRCI) and a bedrock terrain controllability index (BTCI). The results show that the TRCI appears to have an inverse relationship with increasing research scope, indicating that, compared with the paleotopography of the region, modern terrain has lower topographic relief over the entire area, while it has higher topographic relief in the smaller, local areas. The BTCI strengthens with increasing drainage area, which demonstrates a strong controlling effect over the entire study area, but a weak effect in the smaller, local areas because of the effect of paleotopography on modern terrain. The results provide for an understanding of the spatial variation of loess deposition in relation to paleotopography and contribute to the development of a process‐based loess‐landform evolution model. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recurrent somatic loss of TNFRSF14 in classical Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Salipante Stephen J. , Adey Andrew , Thomas Anju , Lee Choli , Liu Yajuan J. , Kumar Akash , Lewis Alexandra P. , Wu David , Fromm Jonathan R. , Shendure Jay
Published: December 2015

Investigation of the genetic lesions underlying classical Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) has been challenging due to the rarity of Hodgkin and Reed‐Sternberg (HRS) cells, the pathognomonic neoplastic cells of CHL. In an effort to catalog more comprehensively recurrent copy number alterations occurring during oncogenesis, we investigated somatic alterations involved in CHL using whole‐genome sequencing‐mediated copy number analysis of purified HRS cells. We performed low‐coverage sequencing of small numbers of intact HRS cells and paired non‐neoplastic B lymphocytes isolated by flow cytometric cell sorting from 19 primary cases, as well as two commonly used HRS‐derived cell lines (KM‐H2 and L1236). We found that HRS cells contain strikingly fewer copy number abnormalities than CHL cell lines. A subset of cases displayed nonintegral chromosomal copy number states, suggesting internal heterogeneity within the HRS cell population. Recurrent somatic copy number alterations involving known factors in CHL pathogenesis were identified (REL, the PD‐1 pathway, and TNFAIP3). In eight cases (42%) we observed recurrent copy number loss of chr1:2,352,236‐4,574,271, a region containing the candidate tumor suppressor TNFRSF14. Using flow cytometry, we demonstrated reduced TNFRSF14 expression in HRS cells from 5 of 22 additional cases (23%) and in two of three CHL cell lines. These studies suggest that TNFRSF14 dysregulation may contribute to the pathobiology of CHL in a subset of cases. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Production of IL‐27 in multiple sclerosis lesions by astrocytes and myeloid cells: Modulation of local immune responses
Authors: Sénécal Vincent , Deblois Gabrielle , Beauseigle Diane , Schneider Raphael , Brandenburg Jonas , Newcombe Jia , Moore Craig S. , Prat Alexandre , Antel Jack , Arbour Nathalie
Published: December 2015

The mechanisms whereby human glial cells modulate local immune responses are not fully understood. Interleukin‐27 (IL‐27), a pleiotropic cytokine, has been shown to dampen the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, but it is still unresolved whether IL‐27 plays a role in the human disease multiple sclerosis (MS). IL‐27 contribution to local modulation of immune responses in the brain of MS patients was investigated. The expression of IL‐27 subunits (EBI3 and p28) and its cognate receptor IL‐27R (the gp130 and TCCR chains) was elevated within post‐mortem MS brain lesions compared with normal control brains. Moreover, astrocytes (GFAP+ cells) as well as microglia and macrophages (Iba1+ cells) were important sources of IL‐27. Brain‐infiltrating CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes expressed the IL‐27R specific chain (TCCR) implying that these cells could respond to local IL‐27 sources. In primary cultures of human astrocytes inflammatory cytokines increased IL‐27 production, whereas myeloid cell inflammatory M1 polarization and inflammatory cytokines enhanced IL‐27 expression in microglia and macrophages. Astrocytes in postmortem tissues and in vitro expressed IL‐27R. Moreover, IL‐27 triggered the phosphorylation of the transcription regulator STAT1, but not STAT3 in human astrocytes; indeed IL‐27 up‐regulated MHC class I expression on astrocytes in a STAT1‐dependent manner. These findings demonstrated that IL‐27 and its receptor were elevated in MS lesions and that local IL‐27 can modulate immune properties of astrocytes and infiltrating immune cells. Thus, therapeutic strategies targeting IL‐27 may influence not only peripheral but also local inflammatory responses within the brain of MS patients. GLIA 2016;64:553–569
Differences in structural covariance brain networks between behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Hafkemeijer Anne , Möller Christiane , Dopper Elise G. P. , Jiskoot Lize C. , van den Berg‐Huysmans Annette A. , van Swieten John C. , van der Flier Wiesje M. , Vrenken Hugo , Pijnenburg Yolande A. L. , Barkhof Frederik , Scheltens Philip , van der Grond Jeroen , Rombouts Serge A. R. B.
Published: December 2015

Disease‐specific patterns of gray matter atrophy in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) overlap with distinct structural covariance networks (SCNs) in cognitively healthy controls. This suggests that both types of dementia target specific structural networks. Here, we study SCNs in AD and bvFTD. We used structural magnetic resonance imaging data of 31 AD patients, 24 bvFTD patients, and 30 controls from two centers specialized in dementia. Ten SCNs were defined based on structural covariance of gray matter density using independent component analysis. We studied group differences in SCNs using F‐tests, with Bonferroni corrected t‐tests, adjusted for age, gender, and study center. Associations with cognitive performance were studied using linear regression analyses. Cross‐sectional group differences were found in three SCNs (all P < 0.0025). In bvFTD, we observed decreased anterior cingulate network integrity compared with AD and controls. Patients with AD showed decreased precuneal network integrity compared with bvFTD and controls, and decreased hippocampal network and anterior cingulate network integrity compared with controls. In AD, we found an association between precuneal network integrity and global cognitive performance (P = 0.0043). Our findings show that AD and bvFTD target different SCNs. The comparison of both types of dementia showed decreased precuneal (i.e., default mode) network integrity in AD and decreased anterior cingulate (i.e., salience) network integrity in bvFTD. This confirms the hypothesis that AD and bvFTD have distinct anatomical networks of degeneration and shows that structural covariance gives valuable insights in the understanding of network pathology in dementia. Hum Brain Mapp 37:978–988, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Noninvasive fatty liver markers predict liver disease mortality in the U.S. population
Authors: Unalp‐Arida Aynur , Ruhl Constance E.
Published: December 2015

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) contributes to premature death along with obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). We examined whether hepatic steatosis (HS) on ultrasound and liver enzyme activities were associated with increased liver disease mortality in the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 1988‐1994, with up to 23 years of linked‐mortality data. Survey‐linked National Death Index records were analyzed among 14,527 adult participants who were negative for viral hepatitis B and C and iron overload. HS on ultrasound was categorized as normal, mild, moderate, or severe. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and gamma‐glutamyltransferase (GGT) elevation was defined as the highest sex‐specific decile. Cumulative mortality was 36.2% from all causes, including 16.3% from CVD, 10.8% from cancer, 5.4% from diabetes, and 1.1% from liver disease. Severe HS was associated with increased liver disease mortality in both age‐adjusted (hazard ratio [HR]: 3.92; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.49‐10.27; P for trend: 0.011) and multivariate‐adjusted analyses (HR, 2.68; 95% CI: 1.02‐7.03; P for trend: 0.072). HS was not independently associated with mortality from all causes, CVD, cancer, or diabetes. Higher liver disease mortality was found with elevated ALT (HR, 4.08; 95% CI: 1.99‐8.33), AST (HR, 4.33; 95% CI: 2.18‐8.59), and GGT (HR, 7.91; 95% CI: 3.06‐20.46). GGT elevation was associated with increased overall mortality (HR, 1.45; 95% CI: 1.21‐1.74). Liver enzymes were otherwise unrelated to overall or cause‐specific mortality. Conclusions: In the U.S. population, severe hepatic steatosis on ultrasound and liver enzyme elevation were associated with increased liver disease mortality, but were not independently associated with mortality from all causes (except for GGT), CVD, cancer, or diabetes. (Hepatology 2016;63:1170–1183)
High‐Performance Work Systems in Professional Service Firms: Examining the Practices‐Resources‐Uses‐Performance Linkage
Authors: Fu Na , Flood Patrick C. , Bosak Janine , Rousseau Denise M. , Morris Tim , O'Regan Philip
Published: December 2015

Professional service firms (PSFs) play an important role in the knowledge‐based economy. Their success is highly dependent on their people, the knowledge resources they possess, and how they use these resources. However, how to systematically manage human resources to attain high performance is not fully understood. This study addresses this issue by investigating the linkage mechanisms through which high‐performance work systems (HPWS) influence the performance of PSFs. We integrate resource‐based and dynamic capability theories in order to identify and investigate two intervening mechanisms that link HR practices to firm performance. The first mechanism is the intellectual capitalresourcescomprising the human, social, and organizational capital that HPWS create. The second mechanism is theusesto which both HPWS and resources can be applied, operationalized as organizational ambidexterity, the simultaneous exploitation of existing knowledge and exploration of new knowledge. These mechanisms are hypothesized to link HPWS to firm performance in the form of a practices‐resources‐uses‐performance linkage model. Results from a longitudinal study of 93 accounting firms support this linkage model. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Antioxidative response to abiotic and biotic stresses in mangrove plants: A review
Authors: Das Swagat Kumar , Patra Jayanta Kumar , Thatoi Hrudayanath
Published: December 2015

The natural environment for mangrove plants is composed of a complex set of abiotic and biotic stress factors that include salinity, heavy metal, low oxygen, flooding, UV‐B, water logging, and biotic interferences of various magnitude. Salinity stress exerts adverse effects on plants by disrupting the ionic and osmotic equilibrium of the cells leading to decrease in plant growth and development. Similarly, presence of heavy metals in environment induces a disturbance of the cellular redox balance, thereby affecting growth and productivity of mangrove plants. Anaerobic environment in mangroves manifested by anoxic or hypoxic condition exhibit various metabolic changes in plants to overcome the stress condition. Besides, the mangrove plants are also permanently exposed to various biotic stress factors that include microbial pathogens (viruses, bacteria and fungi), nematodes, insects etc. More often, these stress factors result in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within different cellular compartments of the plant cell that are detrimental to the survival of the plants. However, the mangrove plants can withstand these stress conditions through morphological and physiological adaptations and development of an efficient antioxidative defence system composed of non‐enzymatic and enzymatic systems. The antioxidant system works in concert to control the cascades of uncontrolled oxidation and protect plant cells from oxidative damage by scavenging of ROS produced owing to different abiotic and biotic stresses. The present review highlights various abiotic and biotic stress conditions that are prevalent in mangrove environment and the manner in which mangrove plants overcome these stress situations through metabolic changes and induction of antioxidant defence system.
A simple method to establish calcite:aragonite ratios in archaeological mollusc shells
Authors: Loftus Emma , Rogers Keith , Lee‐Thorp Julia
Published: December 2015

Oxygen isotope thermometry from archaeological mollusc shells relies on preservation of the original crystal structure; in particular that metastable aragonite has not undergone recrystallization to calcite. Conventional methods for detecting recrystallization, however, require large sample sizes and extensive calibration, so that they cannot address variable shifts across sampling surfaces and in practice are rarely fully applied. Here we show that attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR‐ATR) can be applied to rapidly quantify biogenic aragonite and recrystallized calcite contents in mollusc shells at a sufficient level of accuracy. We established a series of calibration curves based on artificial mixtures of calcite and aragonite for comparison with archaeological samples. This method offers an improvement over existing tools. Most importantly, spectra can be determined from small samples that can be recovered for subsequent isotope analysis, thus allowing assessments of crystal structure at high spatial resolution across the shell surface and within an entire assemblage.
Contrasting confocal with defocusing microscale spatially offset Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Conti C. , Realini M. , Colombo C. , Botteon A. , Matousek P.
Published: December 2015

The study compares and contrasts conventional confocal Raman microscopy/spectroscopy (CRM) with a recently developed micrometer scale defocusing spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (micro‐SORS), a method providing a new analytical capability for investigating non‐destructively the chemical composition of subsurface, micrometer‐scale‐thick diffusely scattering layers at depths beyond the reach of CRM. Because of close similarities between the two techniques and comparable embodiment of the instrumentations, but radically different interpretations of data, it is crucially important to recognise which type of method is pertinent to a specific measurement. The distinction comes principally from the nature of sample, whether turbid (micro‐SORS measurement) or transparent (CRM measurement) on the spatial scale of the axial (z‐)scan of the measurement. Which type of sample one deals with may not always be easily recognisable with micro‐scale thick layers, and the study therefore also presents a simple method for suggesting whether CRM or micro‐SORS methodology applies. This test relies on an axial (z‐)scan performed through the sample in both the positive and negative directions from the normal, imaged sample surface position using conventional CRM instrument. The absence or presence of symmetry or asymmetry of the intensity profiles of measured Raman signals around the imaged sample surface position as a function of sample axial displacement then suggests which interpretation could apply. The study paves a way for the development of micro‐SORS as a widely applicable analytical tool deployable on conventional Raman microscopes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.