Abstract 3909: HDAC inhibition in combination with MEK or BCL-2 inhibition as novel therapeutic strategies in multiple myeloma
Authors: Miller Kevin C. , Haug Jessica , Kimlinger Teresa , Kumar Sanjay , Gonsalves Wilson , Rajkumar S. Vincent , Kumar Shaji K. , Ramakrishnan Vijay 
Published: August 2018

Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable malignancy of plasma cells. It is the second most common hematologic cancer, affecting nearly 30,000 people in the United States annually. Substantial progress has been made in the past fifteen years in the treatment of MM due to the approval of several new classes of drugs. However, patients inevitably relapse and become refractory to existing therapies. Hence, there is an immediate unmet need to develop novel therapies for MM based on a better understanding of the disease biology. Mutations in RAS have been found to occur in about 40% of newly diagnosed MM patients, with the frequency increasing to around 70% in relapsed/refractory patients. Such mutations are absent in patients with the premalignant conditions monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM). Clearly, RAS mutations contribute to both disease progression and relapse. However, targeting the MEK/ERK pathway has been unsuccessful in MM patients to date. Given the high frequency of RAS mutations in MM, we hypothesized that targeting this pathway could still be a promising strategy when combined with existing agents that have multifaceted mechanisms to promote tumor cell death, such as the recently approved histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor LBH589 (panobinostat). Our results clearly demonstrate that low doses of LBH589 in combination with the MEK inhibitor AZD6244 induce BIM-dependent synergistic cell death in several MM cell lines and patient cells. Our studies also suggest that mutations in RAS/RAF could serve as a predictive biomarker for sensitivity to AZD6244/LBH589. RAS/RAF mutations appear to confer Mcl-1 dependence in MM cells, in part by driving up the phosphorylation of Mcl-1. The AZD6244/LBH589 combination is able to decrease the phosphorylation of Mcl-1 at several sites, which dissociates BIM-Mcl-1 complexes, ultimately leading to activation of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Additionally, we identified that wild-type RAS/RAF cells have relatively lower levels of phospho-Mcl-1, as well as higher levels of Bcl-2 and phospho-Bcl-2 when compared to mutated RAS/RAF cells. This seems to confer functional Bcl-2 dependence. Consequently, we found that wild-type RAS/RAF cells are sensitive to the BH3-mimetic ABT199 (venetoclax) when combined with LBH589. Through ongoing experiments, we hope to further confirm the mechanism of action of both these combinations, identify the particular HDAC that is required to be inhibited for the observed synergy, and validate RAS/RAF mutational status as a biomarker for predicting sensitivity to either combination. Our findings have broad therapeutic potential given the prevalence of RAS mutations in MM. Moreover, the ABT199/LBH589 combination could emerge as a targeted therapy for wild-type RAS patients, perhaps broadening the scope and capacity of Bcl-2 inhibition in MM.

Citation Format: Kevin C. Miller, Jessica Haug, Teresa Kimlinger, Sanjay Kumar, Wilson Gonsalves, S. Vincent Rajkumar, Shaji K. Kumar, Vijay Ramakrishnan. HDAC inhibition in combination with MEK or BCL-2 inhibition as novel therapeutic strategies in multiple myeloma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3909.