bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Linear gyrokinetic analysis of a DIII-D H-mode pedestal near the ideal ballooning threshold
Authors: Wang E. , Xu X. , Candy J. , Groebner R.J. , Snyder P.B. , Chen Y. , Parker S.E. , Wan W. , Lu Gaimin , Dong J.Q.
Published: September 2012

Recent advances in GYRO allow simulations to map out the linear stability of many eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the gyrokinetic equation (as opposed to only the most unstable) at low computational cost. In this work, GYRO's new linear capabilities are applied to a pressure scan about the pedestal region of DIII-D shot 131997. MHD calculations in the infinite-n limit of the ideal ballooning mode, used in the very successful EPED model to predict pedestal height and width, demonstrate clear onset of the instability at 70% of the experimental pressure. Presented GYRO results first demonstrate that the ion temperature gradient driven mode and microtearing mode are dominant at the top of the pedestal, while an unnamed group of drift waves are found to be most unstable in the peak gradient region of the pedestal. The peak gradient modes have very extended ballooning structure, peak near the inboard midplane and have drift frequencies at or near the electron diamagnetic drift direction, even for very low wavenumbers (k

θ

ρ
s ∼ 0.2). Connection is made to the MHD calculations by demonstrating the kinetic ballooning mode (KBM) is present but subdominant in the DIII-D pedestal, and the pressure required for onset of the KBM in the gyrokinetic limit is in near agreement with MHD predictions. Finally, comparisons and analysis of GYRO with two independent gyrokinetic codes, GEM (initial value) and HD7 (1D eigenvalue), are presented.
A Synchronized Multipoint Vision-Based System for Displacement Measurement of Civil Infrastructures
Authors: Ho Hoai-Nam , Lee Jong-Han , Park Young-Soo , Lee Jong-Jae
Published: September 2012

This study presents an advanced multipoint vision-based system for dynamic displacement measurement of civil infrastructures. The proposed system consists of commercial camcorders, frame grabbers, low-cost PCs, and a wireless LAN access point. The images of target panels attached to a structure are captured by camcorders and streamed into the PC via frame grabbers. Then the displacements of targets are calculated using image processing techniques with premeasured calibration parameters. This system can simultaneously support two camcorders at the subsystem level for dynamic real-time displacement measurement. The data of each subsystem including system time are wirelessly transferred from the subsystem PCs to master PC and vice versa. Furthermore, synchronization process is implemented to ensure the time synchronization between the master PC and subsystem PCs. Several shaking table tests were conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed system, and the results showed very good agreement with those from a conventional sensor with an error of less than 2%.
Diffuse Alveolar Damage of the Lungs in Forensic Autopsies: Assessment of Histopathological Stages and Causes of Death
Authors: Urer Halide Nur , Ersoy Gokhan , Yılmazbayhan Emine Dilek
Published: September 2012

Introduction. Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) is a morphological prototype of acute interstitial pneumonia. Hospital autopsies or open-lung biopsies are used to monitor common alveolar damage and hyaline membrane (HM) development histopathologically. The aim of this study was to detect histopathological profiles and frequency of DAD and HM in adult forensic autopsies.Materials and Methods. In total, 6813 reports with histopathological samples in 12,504 cases on which an autopsy was performed between 2006 and 2008 were investigated. Sixty-six individuals >18 years of age who were diagnosed with DAD were included. Hematoxylin- and eosin-stained lung preparations were reexamined in line with the 2002 American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society idiopathic interstitial pneumonia consensus criteria.Results. Histopathological examination revealed that 50 cases (75.7%) were in the exudative phase and 16 (24.2%) were in the proliferative phase. Only the rate of alveolar exudate/oedema in exudative phase cases (); those of alveolar histiocytic desquamation (), alveolar fibrosis (), chronic inflammation (), and alveolar fibrin () in proliferative cases were significantly higher. The presence of alveolar fibrin was the only independent variable in favour of proliferative cases ().Conclusion. The detection of all DAD morphological criteria with the same intensity is not always possible in each case. Forensic autopsies may provide a favourable means for expanding our knowledge about acute lung damage, DAD, and interstitial lung disease.
Does Spironolactone Have a Dose‐Dependent Effect on Left Ventricular Remodeling in Patients with Preserved Left Ventricular Function After an Acute Myocardial Infarction?
Authors: Vatankulu Mehmet Akif , Bacaksiz Ahmet , Sonmez Osman , Alihanoglu Yusuf , Koc Fatih , Demir Kenan , Gul Enes Elvin , Turfan Murat , Tasal Abdurrahman , Kayrak Mehmet , Yazici Mehmet , Ozdemir Kurtulus
Published: September 2012

Aims

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of spironolactone on left ventricular (LV) remodeling in patients with preserved LV function following acute myocardial infarction (AMI).

Methods and Results

Successfully revascularized patients (n = 186) with acute ST elevation MI (STEMI) were included in the study. Patients were randomly divided into three groups, each of which was administered a different dose of spironolactone (12.5, 25 mg, or none). Echocardiography was performed within the first 3 days and at 6 months after MI. Echocardiography control was performed on 160 patients at a 6‐month follow‐up. The median left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) increased significantly in all groups, but no significant difference was observed between groups (P = 0.13). At the end of the sixth month, the myocardial performance index (MPI) had improved in each of the three groups, but no significant difference was found between groups (F = 2.00, P = 0.15). The mean LV peak systolic velocities (Sm) increased only in the control group during the follow‐up period, but there is no significant difference between groups (F = 1.79, P = 0.18). The left ventricular end‐systolic volume index (LVESVI) and the left ventricular end‐diastolic volume index (LVEDVI) did not change significantly compared with the basal values between groups (F = 0.05, P = 0.81 and F = 1.03, P = 0.31, respectively).

Conclusion

In conclusion, spironolactone dosages of up to 25 mg do not augment optimal medical treatment for LV remodeling in patients with preserved cardiac functions after AMI.
Scalp hair loss after transsphenoidal adenomectomy in patients with acromegaly
Authors: Yamada Shozo , Fukuhara Noriaki , Nishioka Hiroshi , Yamaguchi‐Okada Mitsuo , Takeshita Akira , Takeuchi Yasuhiro
Published: September 2012

Objective

Scalp hair loss is often encountered in clinical practice in Japan after successful surgery for acromegaly. However, this intriguing issue has not been addressed in the literature. The aim of this study was to examine scalp hair loss after surgery for acromegaly.

Methods

Postoperative scalp hair loss was surveyed using a mail‐back questionnaire given to 511 patients undergoing primary surgery for acromegaly, 484 of whom constitute the patient pool in this study.

Results

Of the 484 patients, 263 (54%) patients noticed varying degrees of hair loss between 3 and 6 months after surgery [the degree of alopecia was minimal in 50 patients (10%), moderate in 117 patients (24%), and severe in 96 patients (20%)], although postoperative hair loss was noticed only in six (3·6%) of 167 patients with nonfunctioning adenomas. Postoperative hair loss was significantly more common in female patients, cured patients and patients with severe postoperative growth hormone deficiency. Among those 263 patients, full recovery was reported by 85 patients (32%), incomplete recovery by 88 patients (34%), and hardly any recovery by 90 patients (34%). A lack of hair recovery was significantly more common in male patients or in patients with severe hair loss after surgery.

Conclusions

This, the first large‐scale, single‐centre, clinical study to shed light on the issue of postoperative hair loss after surgery for acromegaly, shows that it is important to prospectively inform patients that varying degrees of hair loss occur in a large number of acromegalic patients, especially after successful surgery.
E‐selectin Deficiency Attenuates Brain Ischemia in Mice
Authors: Ma Xiu‐Juan , Cheng Jin‐Wei , Zhang Jing , Liu Ai‐Jun , Liu Wei , Guo Wei , Shen Fu‐Ming , Lu Guo‐Cai
Published: September 2012

Aims

To determine whether E‐selectin deficiency can attenuate brain ischemia in a mouse model of focal cerebral ischemia.

Methods

E‐selectin was determined in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and stroke‐prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR‐SPs). E‐selectin knockout (Es−/−) mice and wild‐type control (WT) mice underwent permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Behavioral analyses were performed followed by the measurement of infarct areas. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) protein was determined by Western blot. IL‐6, IL‐1β, and TNF‐α were detected by ELISA. In situ detection of apoptotic cells was performed by TUNEL staining.

Results

The brain and serum E‐selectin levels were higher in SHR‐SPs than in SHRs (P < 0.05) after salt intake. E‐selectin deficiency improved neurological function and reduced infarct area in cerebral ischemic mice. MPO and IL‐1β were lower in Es−/− mice than in WT mice. In addition, the number of apoptotic cells in Es−/− mice was significantly less than in WT mice after MCAO.

Conclusions

E‐selectin deficiency presents protective effect on cerebral ischemia. This protective effect is likely achieved by the inhibition of inflammation and apoptosis.
Na+‐K+‐ATPase, a potent neuroprotective modulator against Alzheimer disease
Authors: Zhang Li‐Nan , Sun Yong‐Jun , Pan Shuo , Li Jun‐Xia , Qu Yin‐E , Li Yao , Wang Yong‐Li , Gao Zi‐Bin
Published: September 2012

Alzheimer disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder clinically characterized by progressive cognitive and memory dysfunction, which is the most common form of dementia. Although the pathogenesis of neuronal injury in AD is not clear, recent evidences suggest that Na+‐K+‐ATPase plays an important role in AD, and may be a potent neuroprotective modulator against AD. This review aims to provide readers with an in‐depth understanding of Na+‐K+‐ATPase in AD through these modulations of some factors that are as follows, which leads to the change of learning and memory in the process of AD.

The deficiency in Na+, K+‐ATPase α1, α2 and α3 isoform genes induced learning and memory deficits, and α isoform was evidently changed in AD, revealing that Na+, K+‐ATPase α isoform genes may play an important role in AD.

Some factors, such as β‐amyloid, cholinergic and oxidative stress, can modulate learning and memory in AD through the mondulation of Na+‐K+‐ATPase activity.

Some substances, such as Zn, s‐Ethyl cysteine, s‐propyl cysteine, citicoline, rivastigmine, Vit E, memantine, tea polyphenol, curcumin, caffeine, Alpinia galanga (L.) fractions, and Bacopa monnieri could play a role in improving memory performance and exert protective effects against AD by increasing expression or activity of Na+, K+‐ATPase.
Sitagliptin added to previously taken antidiabetic agents on insulin resistance and lipid profile: a 2‐year study evaluation
Authors: Derosa Giuseppe , Ragonesi Pietro Dario , Fogari Elena , Cicero Arrigo Francesco Giuseppe , Bianchi Lucio , Bonaventura Aldo , Romano Davide , Maffioli Pamela
Published: September 2012

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the positive effects of sitagliptin on glycemic control and insulin resistance were maintained also after 2 years of therapy and whether sitagliptin could be effective also in improving lipid profile. In this randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial, 205 patients with type 2 diabetes in therapy with different antidiabetic drugs were randomized to add sitagliptin 100 mg once a day or placebo to their current therapy. We evaluated at the baseline and after 6, 12, 18, and 24 months the following parameters: body mass index, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), postprandial plasma glucose (PPG), fasting plasma insulin (FPI), homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA‐IR), total cholesterol (TC), high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C), triglycerides (Tg). Sitagliptin, added to previously taken antidiabetic agents, proved to be effective in improving glycemic profile, reducing HbA1c by −17.5%, FPG by −12.7%, PPG by −20.5%. Regarding insulin resistance, sitagliptin decreased FPI by −8.3% and HOMA‐IR by −20.0%, confirming that what have been already reported in short‐term studies can be applied also after 2 years of treatment. Sitagliptin also reduced body weight by −4.3%. Our study also showed the positive effect of sitagliptin on lipid profile; in particular, sitagliptin decreased TC by −13.3%, LDL‐C by −20.4%, and Tg by −32.3%, and also increased HDL‐C by + 13.6%. Sitagliptin proved to be effective on glycemic profile and insulin resistance even after 2 years of therapy and to be effective in improving body weight and lipid profile.
Inter‐individual variation in movement: is there a mobility syndrome in the large white butterflyPieris brassicae?
Authors: DUCATEZ SIMON , LEGRAND DELPHINE , CHAPUT‐BARDY AUDREY , STEVENS VIRGINIE M. , FRÉVILLE HELENE , BAGUETTE MICHEL
Published: September 2012

1. One of the main drivers of the genesis and maintenance of biodiversity is mobility, i.e. the net result of the interaction between physiological performances (movement capacity) and behavioural decisions (movement decisions). Although several previous studies have found personality traits related to mobility, it is not yet clear whether mobility involves a real syndrome, i.e. whether individuals showing good movement capacity are also more likely to decide to move, and whether these inter‐individual differences are consistent across time.

2. The aim of the present study was therefore to disentangle the mechanisms underlying the maintenance of inter‐individual variation in mobility by measuring three traits related to mobility under experimental conditions in a butterfly species, and to test the existence of correlations between these traits. These measures implied movement capacity and movement decision.

3. It was shown that mobility‐related traits were (i) consistent across time, (ii) inter‐correlated, and (iii) dependent upon sex and morphology.

4. These results therefore suggest the existence of a mobility syndrome in a butterfly. Such findings highlight the necessity to accurately integrate inter‐individual variation (behavioural syndrome) in our comprehension of the evolution of movement strategies.
Floral visitors and ant scent marks: noticed but not used?
Authors: BALLANTYNE GAVIN , WILLMER PAT
Published: September 2012

1. Bee behaviour when visiting flowers is mediated by diverse chemical cues and signals, from the flower itself and from previous visitors to the flower. Flowers recently visited by bees and hoverflies may be rejected for a period of time by subsequent bee visitors.

2. Nectar‐thieving ants also commonly visit flowers and could potentially influence the foraging decisions of bees, through the detection of ant trail pheromones or footprint hydrocarbons.

3. Here we demonstrate that, while naÏve bumblebees in laboratory trials are not inherently repelled by ant scent marks, they can learn to use them as informative signals while foraging on artificial flowers.

4. To test for similar activity in the wild, visitor behaviours at the flowers of Digitalis purpurea Linnaeus, Bupleurum fruticosum Linnaeus, and Brassica juncea (Linnaeus) Czernajew were compared between flowers that had been in contact with ants and those that had not. No differences were found between the two treatments.

5. The use of chemical foraging cues by bees would appear to be strongly dependent on previous experience and in the context of these plant species bees did not associate ant scent mark cues with foraging costs.
The effect of music‐movement therapy on physical and psychological states of stroke patients
Authors: Jun Eun‐Mi , Roh Young Hwa , Kim Mi Ja
Published: September 2012

Aims and objectives.  This study evaluated the effects of combined music‐movement therapy on physical and psychological functioning of hospitalised stroke patients.

Background.  Few studies have focused on music‐movement therapy’s effects on physical and psychological functioning of stroke patients.

Design.  A quasi‐experimental design with pre‐ and post‐tests was used.

Methods.  A convenience sample was used: patients hospitalised for stroke and within two weeks of the onset of stroke were randomised to either an experimental group (received music‐movement therapy in their wheelchairs for 60 minutes three times per week for 8 weeks) or control group (received only routine treatment). The effect of music‐movement therapy was assessed in terms of physical outcomes (range of motion, muscle strength and activities of daily living) and psychological outcomes (mood states, depression), measured in both groups pre‐ and post‐test.

Results.  The experimental group had significantly increased shoulder flexion and elbow joint flexion in physical function and improved mood state in psychological function, compared with the control group.

Conclusions.  Early rehabilitation of hospitalised stroke patients within two weeks of the onset of stroke was effective by using music‐movement therapy. It improved their mood state and increased shoulder flexion and elbow joint flexion.

Relevance to clinical practice.  The findings of this study suggest that rehabilitation for stroke patients should begin as early as possible, even during their hospitalisation. Nursing practice should incorporate the concept of combining music and movements to improve stroke patients’ physical and psychological states starting from the acute phase.
A Novel Reproductive Peptide, Phoenixin
Authors: Yosten G. L. C. , Lyu R.‐M. , Hsueh A. J. W. , Avsian‐Kretchmer O. , Chang J.‐K. , Tullock C. W. , Dun S. L. , Dun N. , Samson W. K.
Published: September 2012

Normal anterior pituitary function is essential for fertility. Release from the gland of the reproductive hormones luteinising hormone and follicle‐stimulating hormone is regulated primarily by hypothalamically‐derived gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH), although other releasing factors (RF) have been postulated to exist. Using a bioinformatic approach, we have identified a novel peptide, phoenixin, that regulates pituitary gonadotrophin secretion by modulating the expression of the GnRH receptor, an action with physiologically relevant consequences. Compromise of phoenixin in vivo using small interfering RNA resulted in the delayed appearance of oestrus and a reduction in GnRH receptor expression in the pituitary. Phoenixin may represent a new class of hypothalamically‐derived pituitary priming factors that sensitise the pituitary to the action of other RFs, rather than directly stimulating the fusion of secretary vesicles to pituitary membranes.
Evaluation of two patch spraying systems in winter wheat and maize
Authors: GUTJAHR C , SÖKEFELD M , GERHARDS R
Published: September 2012

Gutjahr C, Sökefeld M & Gerhards R (2012). Evaluation of two patch spraying systems in winter wheat and maize. Weed Research52, 510–519.

Fifteen field experiments were conducted in winter wheat and maize to analyse the spatial distribution of weed species and to evaluate two systems of site‐specific weed control. Fields were divided into cells and weed densities for all weed species were counted in each cell. Weed species were then grouped into annual broad‐leaved species, grass weeds and Galium aparine in winter wheat and annual broad‐leaved species, grass weeds and perennials in maize. Weed control thresholds were set for each group of weed species and different herbicides were sprayed in cells where the weed control threshold was exceeded. All three weed species groups were distributed heterogeneously within and between the fields, with densities ranging from 0 to more than 2000 plants m−2. Site‐specific weed control was realised with a GPS‐controlled multiple‐tank sprayer, containing three separate spray lines for each of the three application maps. In winter wheat, site‐specific weed control using a multiple‐tank sprayer resulted in 70% untreated area compared with uniform applications across the whole field. Simulated site‐specific weed control using a conventional sprayer with a tank mixture only resulted in 37% untreated area. In maize, 47% of the area remained untreated using the multiple‐tank sprayer and 6% using a conventional sprayer and tank mixtures. Efficacy of site‐specific weed control was good in all fields. The results demonstrate the need for combining weed mapping and new application technologies for patch spraying.
New insights into childhood Vernal keratoconjunctivitis‐associated factors
Authors: Tesse Riccardina , Spadavecchia Laura , Fanelli Pietro , Paglialunga Claudia , Capozza Manuela , Favoino Biagio , Armenio Lucio , Cavallo Luciano
Published: September 2012

The purpose of this study was to test for detectable serum levels of antibodies usually associated with immune‐related diseases in children with Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) and seek for their family history of allergies and autoimmune disorders. The association of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) with VKC was also investigated. We enrolled 181 VKC children and assessed total and specific IgE, antithyroglobulin (AbTG), antithyroidperoxidase (AbTPO), antitransglutaminase (tTG), and antinuclear antibodies (ANA) by standard procedures. Class I and II HLA typing was also carried out following standard protocols, and it was compared with that of healthy subjects. Patients were positive for AbTG (22%), AbTPO (14.6%), and ANA (15.8%), and AbTG positivity was associated with VKC severity (mean ocular score ± SD positive vs. negative: 6.56 ± 2.1 vs. 4.82 ± 2.1; p = 0.03). We found that 12.2% of VKC cases had a positive family history for psoriasis, 6.4% for other cases of VKC, and 5.2% for thyroiditis, while 50.2% of them were atopic. The expression of HLA class I B37 was significantly higher in VKC patients than in controls (7.1% vs. 2.1%, p = 0.04), although not confirmed after multiple antigens testing analysis. Our study suggests a role of common components associated with immune‐based diseases in the clinical expression of VKC.
Differential investment in pre‐ vs. post‐copulatory sexual selection reinforces a cross‐continental reversal of sexual size dimorphism in Sepsis punctum (Diptera: Sepsidae)
Authors: Puniamoorthy N. , Blanckenhorn W. U. , Schäfer M. A.
Published: September 2012

Theory predicts that males have a limited amount of resources to invest in reproduction, suggesting a trade‐off between traits that enhance mate acquisition and those that enhance fertilization success. Here, we investigate the relationship between pre‐ and post‐copulatory investment by comparing the mating behaviour and reproductive morphology of four European and five North American populations of the dung fly Sepsis punctum (Diptera) that display a reversal of sexual size dimorphism (SSD). We show that the geographic reversal in SSD between the continents (male biased in Europe, female biased in North America) is accompanied by differential investment in pre‐ vs. post‐copulatory traits. We find higher remating rates in European populations, where larger males acquire more matings and consequently have evolved relatively larger testes and steeper hyper‐allometry with body size. American populations, in sharp contrast, display much reduced, if any, effect of body size on those traits. Instead, North American males demonstrate an increased investment in mate acquisition prior to copulation, with more mounting attempts and a distinctive abdominal courtship display that is completely absent in Europe. When controlling for body size, relative female spermathecal size is similar on both continents, so we find no direct evidence for the co‐evolution of male and female internal reproductive morphology. By comparing allopatric populations of the same species that apparently have evolved different mating systems and consequently SSD, we thus indirectly demonstrate differential investment in pre‐ vs. post‐copulatory mechanisms increasing reproductive success.
Evaluation of reflectance confocal microscopy in dermatophytosis
Authors: Hui Dai , Xue‐cheng Sun , Ai‐e Xu
Published: September 2012

Traditional diagnostic testing for dermatophyte infection currently requires skin scraping for light microscopy and/or fungal culture or skin biopsy. Immunofluorescent microscopy can also be used with calcofluor stain. All of these tests can be time‐consuming to perform, require a waiting period for results and are invasive. This study aimed to define the in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) features of superficial cutaneous fungal infections and to analyse concordance with microscopic examination. Totally, 45 patients, who were diagnosed with superficial cutaneous fungal infections according to the positive result of microscopic examination, were enrolled in this study. We selected three typical lesions examined by RCM, and then recorded the results. In the patients with the tinea manus and pedis, mycelium in stratum corneum was found by the RCM in 14 of 22 patients (14/22; 63.64%). In the patients with the tinea cruris, mycelium in stratum corneum was found by the RCM in 19 of 23 patients (19/23; 82.61%). RCM seems to be useful for microscopic evaluation of mycelium features and may have a scientific value in study of superficial cutaneous fungal infections.
A biphasic tumor consisting of pilocytic astrocytoma with an anaplastic solitary fibrous tumor component in the pineal region: A case report and literature review
Authors: Jang Seon Jung , Kim Jinna , Cho Jin Mo , Noh SongMi , Park Sung‐Hye , Kim Se Hoon
Published: September 2012

Here we report a case of a biphasic tumor consisting of pilocytic astrocytoma with anaplastic solitary fibrous tumor component in the pineal region. The majority of the tumor showed typical histologic features of pilocytic astrocytoma. A minor part of the tumor showed marked proliferation of short spindle cells around vessels. These spindle cells showed CD34 and CD99 immunoreactivity. From a review of the literature, we found that only one similar case has been reported. Contrary to the reported case, our case showed anaplastic features of solitary fibrous tumor histology.
Single cell analysis of gene expression patterns during carbon starvation in Bacillus subtilis reveals large phenotypic variation
Authors: de Jong Imke G. , Veening Jan‐Willem , Kuipers Oscar P.
Published: September 2012

How cells dynamically respond to fluctuating environmental conditions depends on the architecture and noise of the underlying genetic circuits. Most work characterizing stress pathways in the model bacterium Bacillus subtilis has been performed on bulk cultures using ensemble assays. However, investigating the single cell response to stress is important since noise might generate significant phenotypic heterogeneity. Here, we study the stress response to carbon source starvation and compare both population and single cell data. Using a top‐down approach, we investigate the transcriptional dynamics of various stress‐related genes of B. subtilis in response to carbon source starvation and to increased cell density. Our data reveal that most of the tested gene‐regulatory networks respond highly heterogeneously to starvation and cells show a large degree of variation in gene expression. The level of highly dynamic diversification within B. subtilis populations under changing environments reflects the necessity to study cells at the single cell level.
Comprehensive preoperative evaluation and repair of inguinal hernias at the time of open radical retropubic prostatectomy decreases risk of developing post‐prostatectomy hernia
Authors: Marien Tracy , Taouli Bachir , Telegrafi Shpetim , Babb James S. , Lepor Herbert
Published: September 2012

Study Type – Therapy (case series)

Level of Evidence 4

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Some studies have evaluated preoperative and intraoperative examination for inguinal hernias and their repair, noting a decrease in the rate of post‐prostatectomy hernias. However, this did not eradicate post‐prostatectomy hernias, indicating that this method probably missed subclinical hernias. Other studies looked at prophylactic procedures to prevent the formation of inguinal hernias at the time of prostatectomy and showed a decrease in the rate of postoperative hernias.

To our knowledge this is the only series evaluating a multi‐modal approach with magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography and examination to identify all clinical and subclinical hernias and repair them at the time of prostatectomy. This approach only subjects those patients at risk for symptomatic hernias to an additional procedure and decreases the post‐prostatectomy hernia rate to <1%.

OBJECTIVE

To assess if a comprehensive evaluation to diagnose clinical and subclinical hernias and repair of these hernias at the time of open radical retropubic prostatectomy (ORRP) decreases the incidence of clinical inguinal hernias (IHs) after ORRP.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Between 1 July 2007 and 31 July 2010, 281 consecutive men underwent ORRP by a single surgeon.

Of these men, 207 (74%) underwent comprehensive preoperative screening for IH, which included physical examination, upstanding ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging.

Between 12 and 24 months after ORRP, 178 (86%) of these men completed a questionnaire designed to capture development of clinical IHs.

RESULTS

Of the 178 evaluable patients, 92 (52%) were diagnosed preoperatively with IH by at least one diagnostic modality.

Forty‐one and 51 of the men had bilateral or unilateral IHs, respectively for a total of 133 IHs.

No preoperative factor was significantly associated with the presence of an IH before prostatectomy.

No groin subjected to IH repair (IHR) at the time of ORRP developed a clinical IH compared with four of the 21 patients with postoperative IHs who did not undergo repair of their preoperatively diagnosed IH at the time of ORRP (P= 0.024).

Only one (0.4%) clinical IH developed in a groin that had no evidence of IH by physical examination, upstanding ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging before prostatectomy.

CONCLUSIONS

Our comprehensive evaluation increases the detection of IHs before ORRP.

Repair of these IHs at the time of ORRP significantly decreases the risk of developing post‐prostatectomy clinical IHs.
Needle and syringe distribution trends in Western Australia, 1990 to 2009
Authors: Lilley Georgiana , Mak Donna B , Fredericks Trinity
Published: September 2012

Introduction and Aims

To describe needle and syringe distribution trends of needle and syringe programs (NSP) between 1990 and 2009 in Western Australia, and explore contributing factors within the national and state strategic and legislative environment.

Design and Methods

The number of needles and syringes distributed by each of the four NSP types [needle and syringe exchange program (NSEP); health service; pharmacy; vending machine] between 1990 and 2009 were stratified by time period and geographic location using Microsoft Excel.

Results

Total needle and syringe distribution over the 20‐year period increased by eight‐fold. Regional areas experienced the highest growth: 20‐fold increase compared with seven‐fold increase in metropolitan areas. The proportion of needles and syringes distributed through NSEPs increased from 33% to 62% between 1990 and 2009, and through health services increased from 3% to 8% between 1994 and 2009. The proportion distributed through pharmacies decreased from 67% to 28% between 1990 and 2009, and through vending machines from 7% to 1.3% between 1992 and 2009. National and state HIV and hepatitis C strategies guided NSP provision at an early stage, and expedited legislative amendments to allow for the operation of approved NSPs.

Discussion and Conclusions

The majority of growth occurred through the NSEPs and health service NSPs, which are publicly funded NSPs and provide injecting equipment either on ‘exchange’ or free‐of‐charge respectively. The Health Department of Western Australia recognises the increasing reliance on publicly funded NSPs and the need to continue this cost‐effective public health program.
How Offshore Professionals' Job Dissatisfaction Can Promote Further Offshoring: Organizational Outcomes of Job Crafting
Authors: Mattarelli Elisa , Tagliaventi Maria Rita
Published: September 2012

This paper investigates the process that leads from job dissatisfaction to new business opportunities in organizations that offshore R&D activities to emerging countries. Specifically, we investigate a major source of job dissatisfaction for offshore professionals: the misalignment between the work that they perform and their professional identity. Our findings indicate that offshore professionals react against the perception of a threat to work‐identity integrity through individual and collective job crafting. A significant outcome of job crafting is the introduction of new markets, industries, and services, which in turn may change a professional's job design. The perceptions of the compatibility of organizational identity with professional identity and with new idea recognition on the one hand, and of distant and local social support on the other, act as intervening conditions in the process. We discuss theoretical contributions to the evolution of offshoring, job crafting, and the interplay between organizational and professional identity, together with managerial implications.
Alexithymia is associated with an augmenter profile, but not only: Evidence for anticipation to arousing music
Authors: GRYNBERG DELPHINE , DAVYDOV DMITRY M. , VERMEULEN NICOLAS , LUMINET OLIVIER
Published: September 2012

Grynberg, D., Davydov, D. M., Vermeulen, N. & Luminet, O. (2012). Alexithymia is associated with an augmenter profile, but not only: Evidence for anticipation to arousing music. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 53, 375–381.

It has been suggested that high alexithymia scorers have an ‘augmenter’ profile which amplifies their physiological and subjective responses to highly arousing stimuli. The aim of this study was to test this theory using several physiological measures. Participants listened to musical excerpts either in a ‘weak‐to‐strong’ or a ‘strong‐to‐weak’ order of arousing levels of stimuli. The results show that alexithymia was associated with an augmenter profile for subjective reports for the most arousing stimulus and with stronger skin conductance level responses in the ‘strong‐to‐weak’ order. These results partially support the augmenter profile and reveal that alexithymia may be associated with higher anticipation for the most arousing excerpt.
Does State Ownership Drive M&A Performance? Evidence from China
Authors: Zhou Bilei , Guo Jie (Michael) , Hua Jun , Doukas Angelos J.
Published: September 2012

This paper examines the role of state ownership in mergers and acquisitions by analysing the short‐ and long‐term performance of Chinese state‐owned enterprise (SOE) acquirers relative to privately owned enterprise (POE) peers from 1994 to 2008. The empirical results show that SOE acquirers outperform POE acquirers in terms of long‐run stock performance and operating performance. In addition, consistent with previous literature, our results suggest that the gains from government intervention outweigh the inefficiency of state ownership in Chinese mergers and acquisitions.
Therapeutic implications of adding the psychotropic drug escitalopram in the treatment of patients suffering from moderate–severe psoriasis and psychiatric comorbidity: a retrospective study
Authors: D’Erme A.M. , Zanieri F. , Campolmi E. , Santosuosso U. , Betti S. , Agnoletti A.F. , Cossidente A. , Lotti T.
Published: September 2012

Background  It is known that stress and/or psychiatric diseases can play an important role in determining psoriasis, including the well‐known negative somato–psychiatric rebound that comes with the disease.

Methods  Samples of 38 subjects suffering from both moderate–severe psoriasis treated with anti‐TNFα, and depressive and/or anxious mood disorders were studied. Part of them were additionally treated with escitalopram, whereas the other group only consulted to a dermatological and psychiatric follow‐up.

The aim of this study was to determine if an improvement in the dermatological manifestation as well as an improvement in the anxious–depressive disorder can be observed.

Results  The study revealed that patients treated with escitalopram had a reduction of psycho‐diagnostic test scores that measure depression and anxiety levels as well as the values of pruritus.

Conclusion  Our study suggests that psychological interventions and antidepressant medications may improve perceived symptom severity, quality of life and major compliance to the treatment in selected patients (suffering from psoriasis and mood disturbance), without a clinician necessarily being able to see an impact on psoriasis severity.
Nitrogen isotopes link mycorrhizal fungi and plants to nitrogen dynamics
Authors: Hobbie Erik A. , Högberg Peter
Published: September 2012

In this review, we synthesize field and culture studies of the 15N/14N (expressed as δ15N) of autotrophic plants, mycoheterotrophic plants, parasitic plants, soil, and mycorrhizal fungi to assess the major controls of isotopic patterns. One major control for plants and fungi is the partitioning of nitrogen (N) into either 15N‐depleted chitin, ammonia, or transfer compounds or 15N‐enriched proteinaceous N. For example, parasitic plants and autotrophic hosts are similar in δ15N (with no partitioning between chitin and protein), mycoheterotrophic plants are higher in δ15N than their fungal hosts, presumably with preferential assimilation of fungal protein, and autotrophic, mycorrhizal plants are lower in 15N than their fungal symbionts, with saprotrophic fungi intermediate, because mycorrhizal fungi transfer 15N‐depleted ammonia or amino acids to plants. Similarly, nodules of N2‐fixing bacteria transferring ammonia are often higher in δ15N than their plant hosts. N losses via denitrification greatly influence bulk soil δ15N, whereas δ15N patterns within soil profiles are influenced both by vertical patterns of N losses and by N transfers within the soil–plant system. Climate correlates poorly with soil δ15N; climate may primarily influence δ15N patterns in soils and plants by determining the primary loss mechanisms and which types of mycorrhizal fungi and associated vegetation dominate across climatic gradients.

Contents

Summary
367

I.
Introduction
367

II.
Background on isotopes
368

III.
Patterns of soil δ15N
370

IV.
Patterns of fungal δ15N
372

V.
Biochemical basis for the influence of fungi on δ15N patterns in plant–soil systems
373

VI.
Patterns of δ15N in plant and fungal culture studies
374

VII.
Mycoheterotrophic and parasitic plants
375

VIII.
Patterns of foliar δ15N in autotrophic plants
376

IX.
Controls over plant δ15N
377

X.
Conclusions and research needs
378

Acknowledgements
379

References
379
Potential Effects of Ongoing and Proposed Hydropower Development on Terrestrial Biological Diversity in the Indian Himalaya
Authors: Pandit Maharaj K. , Grumbine R. Edward
Published: September 2012

Indian Himalayan basins are earmarked for widespread dam building, but aggregate effects of these dams on terrestrial ecosystems are unknown. We mapped distribution of 292 dams (under construction and proposed) and projected effects of these dams on terrestrial ecosystems under different scenarios of land‐cover loss. We analyzed land‐cover data of the Himalayan valleys, where dams are located. We estimated dam density on fifth‐ through seventh‐order rivers and compared these estimates with current global figures. We used a species–area relation model (SAR) to predict short‐ and long‐term species extinctions driven by deforestation. We used scatter plots and correlation studies to analyze distribution patterns of species and dams and to reveal potential overlap between species‐rich areas and dam sites. We investigated effects of disturbance on community structure of undisturbed forests. Nearly 90% of Indian Himalayan valleys would be affected by dam building and 27% of these dams would affect dense forests. Our model projected that 54,117 ha of forests would be submerged and 114,361 ha would be damaged by dam‐related activities. A dam density of 0.3247/1000 km2 would be nearly 62 times greater than current average global figures; the average of 1 dam for every 32 km of river channel would be 1.5 times higher than figures reported for U.S. rivers. Our results show that most dams would be located in species‐rich areas of the Himalaya. The SAR model projected that by 2025, deforestation due to dam building would likely result in extinction of 22 angiosperm and 7 vertebrate taxa. Disturbance due to dam building would likely reduce tree species richness by 35%, tree density by 42%, and tree basal cover by 30% in dense forests. These results, combined with relatively weak national environmental impact assessment and implementation, point toward significant loss of species if all proposed dams in the Indian Himalaya are constructed.

Efectos Potenciales del Desarrollo Hidroeléctrico Actual y Propuesto sobre la Diversidad Biológica Terrestre en el Himalaya Hindú
Steady Flow Analysis of Mechanical Cavopulmonary Assistance in MRI‐Derived Patient‐Specific Fontan Configurations
Authors: Downs Emily A. , Moskowitz William B. , Throckmorton Amy L.
Published: September 2012

This numerical study examined the performance of an intravascular axial flow blood pump for mechanical hemodynamic support of patients in the setting of Fontan failure, which presently has few treatment options. Three anatomically accurate geometries of the total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC) were generated using patients' magnetic resonance imaging data. These patient‐specific geometries, as well as an idealized version with cylindrical vessels, were computationally analyzed with and without a pump in the inferior vena cava. Pressure flow characteristics, energy gain calculations, and blood damage analyses were performed for each model. The pump produced pressures of 1–14 mm Hg for 1500–4000 revolutions per minute, flow rates of 1–4 L/min, and pulmonary artery pressures of 8–24 mm Hg. Comparison of pump performance among the four models showed minimal intermodel differences (<5% deviation) in the pressure rise generated by the pump, the IVC pressure, and the energy imparted to the system by the pump. Blood damage analysis showed maximum fluid scalar stress values of 372 Pa or less, and the blood damage index was less than 2% in all of the models. These results suggest that this axial flow blood pump performs consistently in a variety of TCPC vessel geometries with low risk of blood trauma.
Physiological Controller of an Intra‐Aorta Pump Based on Baroreflex Sensitivity
Authors: Gao Bin , Chang Yu , Gu Kaiyun , Zeng Yi , Liu Youjun
Published: September 2012

Left ventricular assist devices are increasingly used for long‐term support in heart failure patients. It is important to find an optimum operating point for the pump that is appropriate for the existing function of the heart and the state of the circulatory system. Therefore, baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), as an indicator of heart function, is chosen as the control variable. In order to find an optimum point automatically, an extremum search algorithm (ESA) is designed to find an optimal mean arterial pressure (MAP), for which the BRS is maximum. Then, a MAP controller based on model‐free adaptive control is designed to ensure that the measured MAP tracks the desired one. In order to test the feasibility of the control strategy, numerical simulations and simplified in vitro experiments were conducted. A mathematic model of the cardiovascular system simulating left ventricular failure, physical activity, and recovery of cardiac function is used in the simulation. The numerical simulations show that the maximum value of BRS can be found automatically by using ESA. The rotational speed of the pump is automatically increased (from 6500 rpm to 7000 rpm), and peripheral resistance is decreased to simulate slight physical activity. When Emax is increased from 0.6 mm Hg/mL to 1.8 mm Hg/mL to mimic heart recovery, the speed is decreased from 7000 rpm to 6300 rpm in response. The optimum operating point for the pump can be detected by the proposed control strategy without the need to set a reference value for the control variable by operators.
Association Between Timed Up‐and‐Go and Memory, Executive Function, and Processing Speed
Authors: Donoghue Orna A. , Horgan N. Frances , Savva George M. , Cronin Hilary , O'Regan Claire , Kenny Rose Anne
Published: September 2012

Objectives

To determine which cognitive tests are independently associated with performance on the Timed Up‐and‐Go Test (TUG).

Design

Data were obtained from Wave 1 of The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), a population‐based study assessing health, economic, and social aspects of aging.

Setting

Community‐dwelling adults completed a home based interview and a health center–based assessment.

Participants

TILDA participants aged 50 and older with a Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) score of 10 or greater (N = 4,998).

Measurements

Participants completed a battery of cognitive assessments including the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Color Trails Test, word and letter fluency, choice reaction time, sustained attention, prospective memory, word recall, and picture memory. Linear regression was used to determine univariate and multivariate associations between TUG and each cognitive test.

Results

Slower TUG time was associated with poorer performance on all cognitive tests in univariate analysis (P < .05). In multivariate analysis, poorer performance on the MoCA, letter fluency, Color Trail 1, cognitive reaction time, mean sustained attention response time, and prospective memory were independently associated with slower TUG time (P < .05).

Conclusion

Slower TUG time is independently associated with poorer performance on global cognition, executive function, and memory tests and slower processing speed. This highlights that TUG is more than just a simple mobility task and suggests that a comprehensive cognitive assessment is important for individuals with mobility difficulties.