bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DISTRIBUIÇÃO DA BIOMASSA NO CERRADO E A SUA IMPORTÂNCIA NA ARMAZENAGEM DO CARBONO
Authors: Roquette José Guilherme
Published: October 2018

O Cerrado ocupa cerca de 24% do território brasileiro e é caracterizado pela presença de um estrato arbóreo e outro arbustivo, formados praticamente por árvores de porte médio e tortuosas, além de gramíneas. A quantidade de biomassa presente no bioma ainda é pouco conhecida, principalmente devido às suas diferenças fitofisionômicas. O interesse pela quantificação da biomassa vem crescendo junto com o interesse pelo aquecimento global, devido à armazenagem do carbono nas diferentes frações do vegetal. No Cerrado, estes estudos são particularmente importantes devido a 45,51% de seu território já ter sido convertido para outros usos do solo, principalmente agricultura e pecuária. Neste sentido, foram abordados os principais fatores relativos à produção da biomassa vegetal, as características das principais fitofisionomias e os estoques e padrões de distribuição da biomassa e carbono na vegetação, destacando, ainda, as estratégias que podem ser adotadas para sua conservação. Observou-se a carência de estudos dessa natureza, que podem ser associados com sensoriamento remoto e sistemas de informações geográficas para estimativas precisas de biomassa e armazenagem do carbono, com eficiência de custos e tempo. Além disso, políticas públicas devem ser incentivadas para maior conservação do bioma, tendo em vista o potencial econômico dos seus recursos naturais, com importância, principalmente, alimentar, medicinal e turística, sobretudo, para as populações tradicionais do Cerrado.
TRAJETÓRIA BIOECONÔMICA DOS REGIMES DE MANEJO EM POVOAMENTOS DE Pinus taeda L.
Authors: Schneider Paulo Sérgio Pigato , Finger Cesar Augusto Guimarães , Schneider Paulo Renato , Mendes Junior Oliveira
Published: October 2018

A relação entre o número de árvores por hectare e o diâmetro de Pinus taeda L. foi estudada com o objetivo de elaborar um diagrama de manejo da densidade para descrever a trajetória do diâmetro médio sob diferentes regimes de manejo com repercussão biológica e econômica. Os dados de densidade e diâmetro foram obtidos de árvores dispostas em diferentes espaçamentos, em parcelas permanentes, remedidas periodicamente até a idade de 18 anos. O modelo de autodesbaste de Tang foi utilizado para estimar a linha de máxima, usada para delimitar as zonas de concorrência, o que também permitiu determinar o diâmetro médio do povoamento sob diferentes densidades da população, bem como o regime de manejo ótimo para condução do povoamento para um determinado diâmetro objetivo. A análise econômica mostrou um valor presente líquido máximo de 15.587,60 R$ha-1 e 708,50 R$ha-1ano-1 no regime de manejo com três desbastes, executados aos 9, 13 e 18 anos e com corte final aos 22 anos. Equalizando os horizontes de planejamento em 28 anos esse regime de manejo também se mostrou o de maior eficiência econômica entre os demais, com valor anual equivalente de 1.253,40 R$ha-1ano-1 e uma taxa interna de retorno máxima de 14,83 % a.a.
COMPETIÇÃO VERSUS CRESCIMENTO DE ÁRVORES EM FLORESTA OMBRÓFILA DENSA NO ESTADO DO AMAPÁ - BRASIL
Authors: Vatraz Silvane , Silva José Natalino Macedo , Alder Denis
Published: October 2018

O objetivo deste trabalho é o de avaliar, comparativamente, diferentes índices de competição independentes da distância (IID) em três dimensões de parcelas, e identificar aqueles que mais se correlacionam com o incremento diamétrico (IPA DAP), indicando o que melhor explica a competição entre as árvores do estrato arbóreo em uma Floresta Ombrófila Densa. Este estudo foi conduzido com dados do Projeto Bom Manejo (Embrapa/CIFOR/ITTO) – Manejo sustentável de florestas de produção em escala comercial na Amazônia brasileira, desenvolvido pela Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, em área da Jari Florestal S.A., município de Vitória do Jari, Estado do Amapá. Foram empregadas três parcelas permanentes de um hectare cada uma (100 m x 100 m), nas quais foram medidos todos os indivíduos arbóreos com DAP ≥ 20 cm. Foram comparados os seguintes IID: G (área basal/ha), BAL (Basal Area of Larger Trees), Glover e Hool e Stage. Os índices de competição foram avaliados a partir de análise dos coeficientes de correlação lineares entre cada índice e a variável IPA DAP (cm ano-1). A significância dos coeficientes de correlação foi avaliada pelo p valor (α = 0,05). Todas as variações de índices testadas resultaram em correlações de até 20%, consideradas muito fracas. Isto indica que os IID conseguem representar apenas parcialmente a competição em florestas naturais tropicais. No entanto, entre os índices, o índice BAL é o IID que apresentou a maior correlação com o IPA DAP (r=-0,212 e p = 0,000) em parcelas de 50 m x 50 m e, portanto, mesmo apresentando uma correlação baixa, é o mais indicado para estudos de competição no crescimento diamétrico em florestas tropicais naturais. Foi detectada uma relação espacial dos IID, em que a correlação diminui com o aumento do tamanho da parcela. Recomendam-se pesquisas adicionais para avaliar os efeitos da competição sobre o crescimento das árvores, bem como o aumento do entendimento de competição intraespecífica e interespecífica, a fim de melhorar a compreensão da dinâmica da competição em florestas tropicais.
TÉCNICAS DE ANÁLISE DE IMAGEM PARA CARACTERIZAÇÃO DA QUALIDADE DE SEMENTES DE PARICARANA (Bowdichia virgilioides Kunth)
Authors: Lima Juliana Maria Espíndola , Smiderle Oscar José , Oliveira João Almir , Carvalho Maria Laene Moreira de
Published: October 2018

A Bowdichia virgilioides Kunth., conhecida popularmente como paricarana, é uma espécie com potencial econômico paisagístico, madeireiro e para a recuperação de áreas degradadas. Objetivou-se com este trabalho a caracterização física de sementes de paricarana com diferentes cores do tegumento provenientes de 12 matrizes, utilizando técnicas de análise de imagem, além de verificar a eficiência do tratamento de superação de dormência aplicado às sementes para determinar a qualidade fisiológica. As sementes de 12 matrizes de paricarana foram classificadas em cor laranja e vermelha manualmente e com auxílio do aparelho e software Groundeye®. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 12 x 2 (matrizes x cores) com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas a morfometria das sementes e plântulas, raios-x, germinação, velocidade de sementes embebidas, velocidade de germinação e microscopia eletrônica de varredura das sementes. Para o teste de germinação realizou-se o tratamento de superação de dormência das sementes com água a 100°C por 10 segundos, e para controle de patógenos, hipoclorito de sódio a 2% por cinco minutos. As técnicas utilizadas para caracterização física das sementes de cor laranja e vermelha das 12 matrizes de paricarana são eficientes. As sementes de paricarana de cor laranja apresentam melhor qualidade física e fisiológica. O tratamento com água a 100°C por 10 segundos mais cinco minutos de imersão em hipoclorito a 2% é eficiente na superação de dormência, e controle de patógenos das sementes de cor laranja e vermelha das 12 matrizes de paricarana.
QUALIDADE DE MUDAS DE Tabebuia aurea (Manso) Benth. & Hook. EM DOIS AMBIENTES E DIFERENTES NÍVEIS DE FERTIRRIGAÇÃO
Authors: Dantas Renata de Paiva , Oliveira Francisco de Assis de , Cavalcante Antonio Lucieudo Gonçalves , Pereira Kleane Targino Oliveira , Oliveira Mychelle Karla Teixeira de , Medeiros José Francismar de
Published: October 2018

A qualidade de mudas de espécies arbóreas é de fundamental importância para se obter êxito em projeto de reflorestamento ou de exploração comercial. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar a influência de dois ambientes (AMB-1, casa de vegetação; AMB-2, câmara plástica instalada dentro da casa de vegetação) e concentrações de nutrientes aplicados via fertirrigação (0, 50, 100 e 150% de uma solução nutritiva padrão) na produção de mudas de Tabebuia aurea, utilizando delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas as seguintes características: altura (H), diâmetro do coleto (DC), número de folhas (NF), área foliar (AF), massa seca da parte aérea (MSPA), massa seca de raiz (MSR) e massa seca total (MST), relação H/DC, área foliar específica (AFE), razão de área foliar (ARF) e índice de qualidade de Dickson (IQD). A análise dos dados revelou que houve interação significativa entre os fatores para a maioria das variáveis. O uso da câmara plástica (AMB-2) proporcionou maior crescimento das mudas de Tabebuia aurea. Soluções de fertirrigação com concentração de nutrientes variando de 80 a 100% da solução padrão proporcionam mudas de Tabebuia aurea de melhor qualidade.
SUPERAÇÃO DA DORMÊNCIA DE SEMENTES DE Sapindus saponaria L.
Authors: Silva Rosemere dos Santos , Alves Edna Ursulino , Bruno Riselane de Lucena Alcântara , Santos-Moura Sueli da Silva , Cruz Flávio Ricardo da Silva , Ursulino Marina Matias
Published: October 2018

Sapindus saponaria L. (Sapindaceae) é uma espécie nativa do Brasil utilizada na recuperação de áreas degradadas e detém propriedades medicinais, mas a dormência das suas sementes dificulta a germinação e a obtenção de plântulas de forma rápida. O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a eficiência de diferentes métodos na superação da dormência de sementes de Sapindus saponaria. Os tratamentos para a superação da dormência das sementes foram: testemunha - sementes intactas; imersão em ácido sulfúrico concentrado (H2SO4 96% P.A) por 60, 70, 80 e 90 minutos; imersão em ácido sulfúrico concentrado por 60, 70, 80 e 90 minutos seguido de embebição em água destilada à temperatura ambiente por 12, 24 e 36 horas; imersão em água a 70°C por 10 e 15 minutos seguida de exposição em geladeira (6°C) por 30 minutos; imersão em água a 70°C por 10 e 15 minutos seguida de exposição em freezer (-18°C) por 30 minutos; choque térmico mediante a exposição das sementes em estufa de circulação forçada de ar regulada a 70°C por 5, 10 e 15 minutos seguida de transferência para geladeira e freezer durante 30 minutos.  Para fins de comparação entre os tratamentos foram avaliados a porcentagem de emergência, velocidade e primeira contagem de emergência, comprimento de parte aérea e raiz primária, massa seca de parte aérea e raízes. A imersão das sementes em ácido sulfúrico por 80 minutos seguida de embebição em água por 24 horas é eficiente para superar a dormência, acelerar e promover a emergência e crescimento das plântulas de Sapindus saponaria.
ANÁLISE DO PERFIL DOS INCÊNDIOS FLORESTAIS NO PARQUE ESTADUAL DA SERRA DO BRIGADEIRO E ENTORNO (MG)
Authors: Torres Fillipe Tamiozzo Pereira , Torres Carlos Moreira Miquelino Eleto , Lima Gumercindo Souza , Martins Sebastião Venâncio , Mendes Ana Eurica de Oliveira , Padovani Michele Tidisco , Siqueira Rafael Gomes , Moreira Gilberto Fialho , Valverde Sebastião Renato
Published: October 2018

O fogo é um dos principais problemas do bioma Mata Atlântica, mesmo em áreas protegidas, como as Unidades de Conservação (UCs). Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer o perfil dos incêndios florestais no Parque Estadual da Serra do Brigadeiro (PESB) e entorno, bem como suas respostas frente às variações ambientais. Para isto, foram analisadas as informações dos Registros de Ocorrências de Incêndios (ROIs) e suas inter-relações com os sistemas ambientais do PESB, por meio das análises dos planos espaciais (uso e cobertura do solo e relevo) e temporais (elementos climatológicos). De acordo com os resultados, 38% dos registros apresentaram as causas dos incêndios, destas, 77% foram identificadas como antrópicas. Analisando-se a área queimada, observou-se o maior número de ocorrências dentro da classe III (4,1 - 40,0 ha). A vegetação herbácea, por conta de suas características favoráveis, foi a mais atingida. O relevo também influenciou as ocorrências, a declividade, exposição das vertentes e altitude participaram significativamente do regime de incêndios no parque. A atividade antrópica mostrou sua influência com o aumento do tamanho da área queimada nas proximidades de vias de acesso (trilhas e estradas). Já o clima controlou a disposição temporal das ocorrências, no qual períodos de menor umidade relativa do ar tornaram os meses de agosto e setembro como os pertencentes à estação normal de perigo de incêndios e a precipitação acumulada determinou os anos mais problemáticos. Os resultados aqui apresentados fornecerão informações para subsidiar a tomada de decisões de forma mais segura e confiável na prevenção das ocorrências de incêndios florestais no PESB e entorno, visto que contribuem com um melhor entendimento dos fatores que controlam as ocorrências de incêndios na região.
PRODUÇÃO DE MUDAS DE Schinopsis brasiliensis Engler SOB PRÉVIA LAVAGEM DO PÓ DE COCO E SUBMETIDAS A DOSES CRESCENTES DE FERTILIZANTE DE LIBERAÇÃO CONTROLADA
Authors: Brito Leonardo Pereira da Silva , Bezerra Thatiany Teixeira , Nunes Elaine Maiara Bonfim , Cavalcante Márkilla Zunete Beckmann , Siqueira Filho José Alves de
Published: October 2018

O manejo do substrato e da adubação é imprescindível para garantir a formação de mudas de espécies florestais com qualidade e que tenham êxito no estabelecimento em campo, seja para fins de arborização urbana, recuperação de áreas degradadas, projetos de reflorestamento ou para fins madeireiros. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da lavagem do pó de coco e a aplicação de doses crescentes de fertilizante de liberação controlada na produção de mudas de baraúna (Schinopsis brasiliensis Engler). O experimento foi conduzido no período de 30 de janeiro de 2015 a 04 de abril de 2015, em viveiro (50% de sombreamento) no Setor de Produção de Mudas do Centro de Referência para Recuperação de Áreas Degradadas da Caatinga (CRAD), Petrolina-PE. O delineamento experimental adotado foi inteiramente casualizado, com os tratamentos distribuídos em esquema fatorial 5 x 2, referentes a cinco doses do adubo Osmocote® (0,0; 4,5; 9,0; 13,5 e 18,0 kg m-3) e substrato lavado ou não lavado, com quatro repetições e 54 tubetes por parcela. Durante o experimento foram registrados a porcentagem de emergência (PE%) e o índice de velocidade de emergência (IVE). Ao final do experimento, foram determinados: altura de planta; número de folhas; diâmetro do caule; comprimento médio da maior raiz; área foliar; clorofila foliar; e massa seca da parte aérea e raiz. A alta salinidade no substrato pó de coco compromete o desenvolvimento inicial de mudas de baraúna, indicando-se a necessidade da lavagem do substrato para se realizar a produção de mudas. A lavagem do pó de coco em associação com fertilizante de liberação controlada proporciona mudas de melhor qualidade. As doses de adubo de liberação controlada influenciam positivamente o crescimento inicial das mudas de baraúna, incrementando todas as variáveis em estudo. O fertilizante de liberação controlada pode ser recomendado para a formação de mudas de baraúna, na dose de até 12,75 kg m-3.
ACTIVATED CARBON FROM BAMBOO (Bambusa vulgaris) FOR METHYLENE BLUE REMOVAL: PREDICTION TO THE ENVIRONMENT APPLICATIONS
Authors: Santana Gregório Mateus , Lelis Roberto Carlos Costa , Paes Juarez Benigno , Morais Rayssa de Medeiros , Lopes Cláudio Rocha , Lima Carlos Roberto de
Published: October 2018

The bamboo was used as a raw material for producing activated carbon (AC) through simultaneous direct physical-chemical activation by using phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and water steam (H2O) as activating agents at 500ºC for 1 hour. Adsorption kinetic and equilibrium studies at batch system were realized at room temperature to evaluate the adsorption influence of the methylene blue dye (MB) over the AC and the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms systems were selected for understanding the adsorption process. The produced AC showed a relatively high value of surface area equal to 1193.65 m² g-1. The required contact time for the MB to reach equilibrium was 12 hours. The adsorption performance was better delineated by the Langmuir isotherm, which maximum adsorption capacity was of 374.75 mg g-1. In addition, the RL dimensionless factor reveled the favorable nature of the adsorption process in the used conditions. Thereby, the high quality and low cost AC production was validated in this work and the results herein obtained suggests the use of the H3PO4/H2O AC for MB dye removal in water. Finally, complementary researches must be conducted to improve, even more, the quality of the produced AC.
Metamorfismo termal dos mármores de Caçapava do Sul, RS
Authors: Bortolotto Olavo José
Published: October 2018

The Caçapava do Sul region, State of Rio Grande do Sul, is characterized by the occurrence of a granitic batholith (Caçapava Granite) that is surrounded by a belt of metamorphites belonging to the Porongos Group, assigned to Upper Precanbrian by RIBEIRO et alii (1966). Among the metamorphites occur a carbonatic rock body, lens shaped, with clear contacts, interpenetrated by granitic apophises and with an outcrop of about 17 km2. The study of the metamorphism showed that these rocks were affected termically by the Caçapava Granite and its apophises, as become evident by the metamorphic zoneation in rocks belonging to a Piroxene Hornfels Facies, near the contact, and Albita-Epidoto Hornfels Facies, placed farther away. The structure generaly isotropic, the preservation of the polimorphous orthoclase, the contemporariness of the granitic body and its wall rocks (Brazilian Cicle) and having in view hat the wall rocks belong to a Green Schists Facies (BITENCOURT, 1983), make evident the shallow emplacement of the Caçapava Granite and allow to estimate the highest metamorphic temperatures at about 560°C. The total pressure and the pressure of fluid phase were estimated at 1.000 bars, which also conforms to the shallow emplacement (3 - 4 km) of the granitic body. The analyses of the metamorphism of these rocks, based on T – XCO2 diagrams for the CaO-MgO-SiO2-CO2-H2O system, maked evidente equilibrium and disequilibrium paragenesis which conforms to the Caçapava granitic magma that didn't favour an homogeneous termic distribution and of long duration.
Reforço didático sobre trigonometria, usando microcomputador
Authors: Antoniazzi Amélia Quites , Abreu Maria Do Carmo Argemi , Mezzomo Maria Friguetto
Published: October 2018

The objective of this work is to provide the high school student attending second grade, a reinforcement of the content of trigonometry. This program includes a study about trigonometry reason in a any triangle trigonometry in the circunference, and trigonometric cicle. In the development of the program, is was used on IBM-PC microcomputer.
Dlk1-Dio3 locus-derived lncRNAs perpetuate postmitotic motor neuron cell fate and subtype identity
Authors: Yen Ya-Ping , Hsieh Wen-Fu , Tsai Ya-Yin , Lu Ya-Lin , Liau Ee Shan , Hsu Ho-Chiang , Chen Yen-Chung , Liu Ting-Chun , Chang Mien , Li Joye , Lin Shau-Ping , Hung Jui-Hung , Chen Jun-An
Published: October 2018

The mammalian imprinted Dlk1-Dio3 locus produces multiple long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) from the maternally inherited allele, including Meg3 (i.e., Gtl2) in the mammalian genome. Although this locus has well-characterized functions in stem cell and tumor contexts, its role during neural development is unknown. By profiling cell types at each stage of embryonic stem cell-derived motor neurons (ESC~MNs) that recapitulate spinal cord development, we uncovered that lncRNAs expressed from the Dlk1-Dio3 locus are predominantly and gradually enriched in rostral motor neurons (MNs). Mechanistically, Meg3 and other Dlk1-Dio3 locus-derived lncRNAs facilitate Ezh2/Jarid2 interactions. Loss of these lncRNAs compromises the H3K27me3 landscape, leading to aberrant expression of progenitor and caudal Hox genes in postmitotic MNs. Our data thus illustrate that these lncRNAs in the Dlk1-Dio3 locus, particularly Meg3, play a critical role in maintaining postmitotic MN cell fate by repressing progenitor genes and they shape MN subtype identity by regulating Hox genes.
How we see the forest and the trees
Authors: Diamond Jeffrey S
Published: October 2018

Signaling pathways in the retina help us see spatial detail in our visual world.
Editorial. Drawing in Artistic Research – Whence and Wherefore?
Authors: Barth Theodor
Published: October 2018

The topic of this special issue of FormAkademisk is drawing. While the issue is hosted by the Oslo National Academy of the Arts (KHiO), the contributors have come in from different urban locations in Norway, including Volda, Trondheim, Bergen and Oslo. We would like to use this occasion to extend our thanks to the external peer-reviewers. They have helped in bringing the issue to its present level of quality
Locus‐specific concordance of genomic alterations between tissue and plasma circulating tumorDNAin metastatic melanoma
Authors: Calapre Leslie , Giardina Tindaro , Robinson Cleo , Reid Anna L. , Al‐Ogaili Zeyad , Pereira Michelle R. , McEvoy Ashleigh C. , Warburton Lydia , Hayward Nicholas K. , Khattak Muhammad A. , Meniawy Tarek M. , Millward Michael , Amanuel Benhur , Ziman Melanie , Gray Elin S.
Published: October 2018

Circulating tumorDNA(ctDNA) may serve as a surrogate to tissue biopsy for noninvasive identification of mutations across multiple genetic loci and for disease monitoring in melanoma. In this study, we compared the mutation profiles of tumor biopsies and plasma ctDNAfrom metastatic melanoma patients using custom sequencing panels targeting 30 melanoma‐associated genes. Somatic mutations were identified in 20 of 24 melanoma biopsies, and 16 of 20 (70%) matched‐patient plasmas had detectable ctDNA. In a subgroup of seven patients for whom matching tumor tissue and plasma were sequenced, 80% of the mutations found in tumor tissue were also detected in ctDNA. However,TERTpromoter mutations were only detected by ddPCR, and promoter mutations were consistently found at lower concentrations than other driver mutations in longitudinal samples.In vitroexperiments revealed that mutations in promoter regions ofTERTandDPH3are underrepresented in ctDNA. While the results underscore the utility of using ctDNAas an alternative to tissue biopsy for genetic profiling and surveillance of the disease, our study highlights the underrepresentation of promoter mutations in ctDNAand its potential impact on quantitative liquid biopsy applications.
Organic Three‐Component Single Crystals with Pseudo‐Isomorphic Cocrystallization for Nonlinear Optics and THz Photonics
Authors: Shin Myeong‐Hoon , Lee Seung‐Heon , Kang Bong Joo , Jazbinšek Mojca , Yoon Woojin , Yun Hoseop , Rotermund Fabian , Kwon O‐Pil
Published: October 2018

A new organic three‐component single crystals are developed using the so‐called “pseudo‐isomorphic cocrystallization” for nonlinear optical and terahertz (THz) photonic applications. The pseudo‐isomorphic cocrystallization is based on two homocrystals exhibiting similar molecular ordering feature in the crystalline state, but different crystallographic space groups. Such new organic cocrystals consist of three components, highly nonlinear optical 2‐(4‐hydroxystyryl)‐1‐methylquinolinium (OHQ) cation, and two different counter anions. Compared to homocrystals having two components (OHQ cation and a single anion type), OHQ‐based cocrystals by isomorphic cocrystallization from isomorphic homocrystals exhibit an isomorphic crystal structure with very similar physical properties. In contrast, OHQ‐based cocrystals by pseudo‐isomorphic cocrystallization provide a different molecular ordering with a different crystallographic space group, resulting in remarkably distinguishable crystal characteristics and physical properties, while maintaining large macroscopic optical nonlinearity with excellent optical quality and morphology suitable for diverse optical experiments. To show a potential for nonlinear optical applications, THz wave generation is demonstrated by optical rectification pumped at fundamental wavelength of 1300 nm. A 0.92 mm thick OHQ‐based cocrystal by pseudo‐isomorphic cocrystallization delivers efficient optical‐to‐THz conversion with one order of magnitude higher peak‐to‐peak THz electric field than the 1.0 mm thick inorganic standard ZnTe crystal and presents a broad spectral bandwidth of up to 8 THz.
The Atomic Circus: Small Electron Beams Spotlight Advanced Materials Down to the Atomic Scale
Authors: Wu Haijun , Zhao Xiaoxu , Guan Cao , Zhao Li‐Dong , Wu Jiagang , Song Dongsheng , Li Changjian , Wang John , Loh Kian Ping , Venkatesan Thirumalai V. , Pennycook Stephen J.
Published: October 2018

Defects in crystalline materials have a tremendous impact on their functional behavior. Controlling and tuning of these imperfections can lead to marked improvements in their physical, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties. Thanks to the development of aberration‐corrected (scanning) transmission electron microscopy (STEM/TEM), direct visualization of defects at multiple length scales has now become possible, including those critically important defects at the atomic scale. Thorough understanding of the nature and dynamics of these defects is the key to unraveling the fundamental origins of structure–property relationships. Such insight can therefore allow the creation of new materials with desired properties through appropriate defect engineering. Herein, several examples of new insights obtained from representative functional materials are shown, including piezoelectrics/ferroelectrics, oxide interfaces, thermoelectrics, electrocatalysts, and 2D materials.
Full‐Parameter Omnidirectional Thermal Metadevices of Anisotropic Geometry
Authors: Han Tiancheng , Yang Peng , Li Ying , Lei Dangyuan , Li Baowen , Hippalgaonkar Kedar , Qiu Cheng‐Wei
Published: October 2018

Since the advent of transformation optics and scattering cancelling technology, a plethora of unprecedented metamaterials, especially invisibility cloaks, have been successfully demonstrated in various communities, e.g., optics, acoustics, elastic mechanics, dc electric field, dc magnetic field, and thermotics. A long‐held captivation is that transformation‐optic metamaterials of anisotropic or noncentrosymmetric geometry (e.g., ellipsoids) commonly come along with parameter approximation/simplification or directional functions. Here, a synthetic paradigm with strictly full parameters and omnidirectionality is reported simultaneously to address this long‐held issue for molding heat flow and experimentally demonstrate a series of noncentrosymmetric thermal metadevices. It changes the usual perception that transformation thermotic/dc/acoustic metamaterials are just a direct and simplified derivatives of the transformation‐optic counterpart. Instead, the proposed methodology solves an intriguingly important and challenging problem that is not possibly achievable for transformation‐optic metamaterials. The approach is rigorous, exact, robust, and yet elegantly facile, which may open a new avenue to manipulating the Laplacian and wave‐dynamic fields in ways previously inconceivable.
Advancing in vitro–in vivo toxicity correlations via high‐throughput three‐dimensional primary hepatocyte culture
Authors: Bruckner Dylan M. , Connerney Jeannette J. , Dordick Jonathan S.
Published: October 2018

Predicting drug‐induced hepatotoxicity remains a critical, yet elusive, goal in drug safety studies and pharmaceutical development. This difficulty is, in part, a result of the often‐weak relationship between in vitro and animal toxicity models. To address this weakness, we have employed a high‐throughput, three‐dimensional (3D) cell culture platform containing two cell types to screen a library of 26 small molecule drugs of various mechanisms of action and modes of toxicity. Correlations of in vitro toxicity to in vivo murine toxicity are substantially improved with primary human hepatocytes vs. a human hepatocyte cell line, HepG2. At a murine LD50 (lethal dose for 50% of population) cutoff of 300 mg/kg, the calculated predictivity for primary human hepatocytes is 76%, as compared to a calculated predictivity for HepG2 cells of 54%. These results demonstrate that primary human hepatocytes may be highly predictive of in vivo outcomes, and the use of the 3D chip platform enables substantial reduction in the number of hepatocytes required for in vitro toxicology studies. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 4331–4340, 2018
Biobehavioral composite of social aspects of anxiety in young adults with fragile X syndrome contrasted to autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Roberts Jane E. , Ezell Jordan E. , Fairchild Amanda J. , Klusek Jessica , Thurman Angela J. , McDuffie Andrea , Abbeduto Leonard
Published: October 2018

Social anxiety is a common disorder that has negative impacts across multiple domains of function. Several clinical groups are at elevated risk for social anxiety, including those with fragile X syndrome and those with autism spectrum disorder. Measuring social anxiety in these clinical subgroups is fraught with challenge, however, given the complexity of social anxiety and measurement limitations that are particularly acute in persons with neurodevelopmental disorders. The over‐arching aim of this study was to contribute to our understanding of the nature of social anxiety in fragile X syndrome and its association with autism spectrum disorder. To address this aim, we created a multi‐faceted composite representing behavioral and biological aspects of social anxiety and examined differences in two adolescent and young adult‐aged groups: 59 males with fragile X syndrome and 18 males with autism spectrum disorder. Results indicated a lower score on the multivariate composite for the males with fragile X syndrome relative to autism spectrum disorder but with evidence that traits of autism and social anxiety overlap. We conclude that measuring anxiety and autism traits in fragile X syndrome and autism spectrum disorder is complex with features that overlap and interact in a dynamic manner.
Highly Efficient Synthesis and Assay of Protein‐Imprinted Nanogels by Using Magnetic Templates
Authors: Mahajan Rashmi , Rouhi Mona , Shinde Sudhirkumar , Bedwell Thomas , Incel Anil , Mavliutova Liliia , Piletsky Sergey , Nicholls Ian A. , Sellergren Börje
Published: October 2018

We report an approach integrating the synthesis of protein‐imprinted nanogels (“plastic antibodies”) with a highly sensitive assay employing templates attached to magnetic carriers. The enzymes trypsin and pepsin were immobilized on amino‐functionalized solgel‐coated magnetic nanoparticles (magNPs). Lightly crosslinked fluorescently doped polyacrylamide nanogels were subsequently produced by high‐dilution polymerization of monomers in the presence of the magNPs. The nanogels were characterised by a novel competitive fluorescence assay employing identical protein‐conjugated nanoparticles as ligands to reversibly immobilize the corresponding nanogels. Both nanogels exhibited Kd<10 pM for their respective target protein and low cross‐reactivity with five reference proteins. This agrees with affinities reported for solid‐phase‐synthesized nanogels prepared using low‐surface‐area glass‐bead supports. This approach simplifies the development and production of plastic antibodies and offers direct access to a practical bioassay.
Cationic Amphiphiles Induce Macromolecule Denaturation and Organelle Decomposition in Pathogenic Yeast
Authors: Jaber Qais Z. , Benhamou Raphael I. , Herzog Ido M. , Ben Baruch Bar , Fridman Micha
Published: October 2018

Cationic amphiphiles are a large and diverse class of antimicrobial agents. Although their mode of action is not fully resolved, it is generally accepted that these antimicrobials perturb the structural integrity of the plasma membrane leading to the microbial cell disruption. Here we report on the development of inherently fluorescent antifungal cationic amphiphiles and on the study of their effects on cells of Candida, one of the most common fungal pathogens in humans. Fluorescent images of Candida yeast cells that express a fluorescent reporter protein revealed that the cationic amphiphiles rapidly accumulated in the cytosol and led to structural changes in proteins and DNA. Using fluorescent organelle‐specific dyes, we showed that these antifungal agents also caused organelle disassembly in Candida cells. The results of this study indicate that, in designing antifungal cationic amphiphiles for clinical use, the intracellular activities of these molecules must be addressed to avoid undesired side effects to mammalian cells.
Die Thermodynamik von insertionselektrochemischen Elektroden – ein Mannschaftsspiel über zwei separate Grenzflächen
Authors: Scholz Fritz , Doménech‐Carbó Antonio
Published: October 2018

Insertionselektrochemische Elektroden zeichnen sich durch einen simultanen Übergang von Elektronen und Ionen aus, wobei beide Übergänge durch getrennte Grenzflächen erfolgen. Hier wird die Thermodynamik der Gesamtreaktion mit Rücksicht auf die Thermodynamik beider Übertragungsgleichgewichte diskutiert. Die Übersicht umfasst Systeme, bei denen die Redoxzentren in einer festen Phase sind und Ionen zwischen dieser Phase und der Lösung ausgetauscht werden, und auch Systeme, bei denen die Redoxzentren in einer flüssigen Phase gelöst sind und die Ionen zwischen dieser und einer zweiten, mit der ersten nicht mischbaren flüssigen Phase ausgetauscht werden. Dieser Kurzaufsatz verfolgt auch das Ziel, analoge Untersuchungen an Batteriematerialien zu initiieren, um deren Eigenschaften zu verbessern.
Homo‐ and Heteroligand Poly‐NHC Metal Assemblies: Synthesis by Narcissistic and Social Self‐Sorting
Authors: Wang Yi‐Shou , Feng Ting , Wang Yao‐Yu , Hahn F. Ekkehardt , Han Ying‐Feng
Published: October 2018

Homoleptic and heteroleptic cylinder‐shaped poly‐NHC metallosupramolecular assemblies [Ag3(L)2](BF4)3 have been prepared by control of the shape, size, and electronic properties of disk‐shaped trisimidazolium salts of type H3‐L(BF4)3. Both imidazolium salts with an electron‐deficient triazine backbone H3‐A(BF4)3 or an electron‐rich benzene backbone H3‐D(BF4)3 have been employed. Reaction of H3‐A(BF4)3 or H3‐D(BF4)3 with Ag2O yield trinuclear homoligand complexes [Ag3(L)2](BF4)3 (L=A, D). However, equimolar mixtures of H3‐A(BF4)3 and H3‐D(BF4)3 react with Ag2O under social self‐sorting to give the heteroligand assembly [Ag3(A)(D)](BF4)3. The same heteroligand assembly was obtained by transmetallation from mixtures of complexes [Ag3(A)2](BF4)3 and [Ag3(D)2](BF4)3. The transmetallation from [Ag3(A)(D)](BF4)3 to [Au3(A)(D)](BF4)3 is also demonstrated. The study expands to concepts of narcissistic and social self‐sorting from classical Werner‐type ligands to organometallic NHC chemistry thereby opening new routes for the construction of poly‐NHC metal assemblies with increasing complexity.
Gold(III)‐Catalyzed Site‐Selective and Divergent Synthesis of 2‐Aminopyrroles and Quinoline‐Based Polyazaheterocycles
Authors: Zeng Zhongyi , Jin Hongming , Rudolph Matthias , Rominger Frank , Hashmi A. Stephen K.
Published: October 2018

A facile, site‐selective, and divergent approach to construct 2‐aminopyrroles and quinoline‐fused polyazaheterocycles enabled by a simple gold(III) catalyst from ynamides and anthranils under mild reaction conditions is described. This one‐pot strategy uses readily available starting materials, proceeds in a highly step‐ and atom‐economical manner, with broad substrate scope and scale‐up potential. The key element for success in this tandem reaction is a catalyst‐directed preferred quenching of the in situ generated gold carbene intermediates by a nucleophilic benzyl/2‐furylmethyl moiety on the ynamides as an alternative to the known C−H annulation leading to indoles.
Enantiodivergent Desymmetrization in the Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Annulation of Sulfoximines with Diazo Compounds
Authors: Shen Bingxue , Wan Boshun , Li Xingwei
Published: October 2018

RhIII‐ and IrIII‐catalyzed asymmetric C−H functionalization reactions of arenes have relied on the employment of chiral RhIII/IrIII cyclopentadienyl catalysts, the introduction of chiral carboxylic acids to achiral Cp*RhX2 catalysts, and the integration of both strategies. Despite considerable progress, each reaction only provided a specific configuration of the enantioenriched product when using a particular chiral catalyst. Reported in this work is the enantiodivergent coupling of sulfoximines with various diazo compounds by RhIII‐catalyzed desymmetrizing annulation. The enantiodivergence was enabled by a judicious choice of achiral carboxylic acids, and the enantioselectivity correlates with the steric bias of the carboxylic acid and the sulfoximine.
Enzyme Encapsulation in Mesoporous Metal–Organic Frameworks for Selective Biodegradation of Harmful Dye Molecules
Authors: Gkaniatsou Effrosyni , Sicard Clémence , Ricoux Rémy , Benahmed Linda , Bourdreux Flavien , Zhang Qi , Serre Christian , Mahy Jean‐Pierre , Steunou Nathalie
Published: October 2018

Microperoxidase‐8, a small, peroxidase‐type enzyme was immobilized into nanoparticles of the mesoporous and ultra‐stable metal–organic framework (MOF) MIL‐101(Cr). The immobilized enzyme fully retained its catalytic activity and exhibited enhanced resistance to acidic conditions. The biocatalyst was reusable and showed a long‐term stability. By exploiting the properties of the MOF′s framework, we demonstrated, for the first time, that the MOF matrix could act in synergy with the enzyme (Microperoxidase‐8) and enhance selectivity the oxidation reaction of dyes. The oxidation rate of the harmful negatively charged dye (methyl orange) was significantly increased after enzyme immobilization, probably as a result of the pre‐concentration of the methyl orange reactant owing to a charge matching between this dye and the MOF.
Context dependency in the effect of Ulva‐induced loss of seagrass cover on estuarine macrobenthic abundance and biodiversity
Authors: Barnes Richard S.K.
Published: October 2018

An extensive area of seagrass covering the shore of part of the South African estuary ranked highest in overall national conservation and biodiversity importance (the Knysna estuarine bay) was killed by a series of seasonal green‐tidal blankets of Ulva starting in the late austral summer of 2015, leaving bare muddy sediment. An earlier (2011) survey of then seagrass macrobenthic assemblages at 27 stations along over 1 km of that shore was exactly repeated in 2018 after this event.

After loss of seagrass, intertidal macrofauna became significantly less speciose (1:0.61), spatially and systematically more uniform (1:1.30 and 1:1.63), but more (not the usual less) abundant (0.62:1). Assemblage composition also changed, with polychaete numbers (small nereidids, spionids, fabriciids and an endemic paraonid) increasing from <50% of total macrofaunal individuals to >90% (although cirratulids decreased), whereas small malacostracan crustaceans (except the amphipod Grandidierella sp.) and microgastropods diminished to insignificant levels—microgastropods for reasons possibly unconnected with the green tide.

Comparison with areas not vegetated in 2014, however, indicated that although macrofaunal abundance was greater in the 2018 Ulva‐induced bare areas, levels of per unit area biodiversity (number of species, species and taxonomic diversity per station) were comparable. This suggests that the effect of local loss of seagrass cover is context dependent, particularly with regard to pre‐existing local seagrass versus adjacent bare‐sediment differentials, and does not necessarily lead to any “degraded” state.

Decreased local importance of small malacostracans may severely impact the region's usage by the adult and juvenile fish for which it is an important nursery and feeding ground.
Curcumin Ameliorates Memory Deficits by Enhancing Lactate Content and MCT2 Expression in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Lu Wei‐Tian , Sun Shan‐Quan , Li Yu , Xu Shi‐Ye , Gan Sheng‐Wei , Xu Jin , Qiu Guo‐Ping , Zhuo Fei , Huang Si‐Qin , Jiang Xu‐Li , Huang Juan
Published: October 2018

Curcumin is a natural product with several anti‐Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuroprotective properties. This study aimed to investigate the effects of curcumin on memory deficits, lactate content, and monocarboxylate transporter 2 (MCT2) in APP/PS1 mouse model of AD. APP/PS1 transgenic mice and wild‐type (WT) C57BL/6J mice were used in the present study. Spatial learning and memory of the mice was detected using Morris water‐maze test. Cerebral cortex and hippocampus lactate contents were detected using lactate assay. MCT2 expression in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus was examined by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Results showed that spatial learning and memory deficits were improved in curcumin‐treated APP/PS1 mouse group compared with those in APP/PS1 mice group. Brain lactate content and MCT2 protein level were increased in curcumin‐treated APP/PS1 mice than in APP/PS1 mice. In summary, our findings indicate that curcumin could ameliorate memory impairments in APP/PS1 mouse model of AD. This phenomenon may be at least partially due to its improving effect on the lactate content and MCT2 protein expression in the brain. Anat Rec, 302:332–338, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
RETRACTED: Physcion 8‐O‐β‐Glucopyranoside Exerts Anti‐Tumor Activity Against Non‐Small Cell Lung Cancer by Targeting PPARγ
Authors: Du Youyi , Lv Zhuqing , Sun Debin , Li Yuan , Sun Lei , Zhou Jiafeng
Published: October 2018

Lung cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer related mortality. The present study is designed to investigate whether a naturally occurring anthraquinone compound, physcion 8‐O‐β‐glucopyranoside (PG) could exert anti‐cancer activity against non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Cell viability was determined by Cell Counting Kit‐8 (CCK‐8) assay. Cell cycle distribution and cell apoptosis were determined by flow cytometry. Expressions of marker proteins were assessed by western blot analysis. To examine the role of PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ) in PG‐induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, PPARγ was knockdown using siRNA. In addition, a xenograft model was established to investigate the effect of PG in vivo. The results showed that PG markedly induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human NSCLC cell lines A549 and H358. The anti‐tumor effect of PG in NSCLC cells was mediated by upregulation of PPARγ. Besides, in NSCLC cell lines, the anti‐cancer activity of PG was also examined in the xenograft mice model, which showed that PG could significantly reduce tumor burden and activate apoptotic signaling. Our results demonstrated that PG can be regarded as a candidate chemotherapeutic agent for lung cancer. Anat Rec, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 302:785–793, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reinigbare und chemisch beständige Schallabsorber
Authors: Bay Karlheinz , Schmohl Andreas , Brandstätt Peter
Published: October 2018

In modernen energieeffizienten Heizungsanlagen mit geringer Abgastemperatur kondensiert der beim Verbrennungsvorgang entstandene Wasserdampf im Abgasstrang und bildet in Verbindung mit den Abgasen korrosives Kondensat. Das Absorbermaterial für Abgasschalldämpfer muss somit akustische Eigenschaften mit chemischer Beständigkeit verbinden. Gemeinsam mit einem Hersteller von Abgasschalldämpfern und einem Hersteller von PTFE‐Produkten wurde ein Schallabsorber entwickelt, der über die integralen Eigenschaften Kondensatbeständigkeit, Schallabsorption mittlerer und hoher Frequenzen, Reinigbarkeit und Wiederverwendbarkeit verfügt. Dieser Beitrag stellt die Ergebnisse des hierzu durchgeführten Forschungsvorhabens [1, 2] vor. Ausgehend von der Materialauswahl wird der Ansatz für eine nachhaltige Lösung des akustischen, ökologischen und letztlich auch ökonomischen Problems dargestellt. Im Labormaßstab wurden Muster von Absorbern erstellt und chemische sowie akustische Eigenschaften ermittelt. Anhand eines Materialmodells werden die Eingangsdaten für ein Absorbermodell abgeleitet. Modellrechnungen werden Messungen gegenübergestellt und diskutiert. Möglichkeiten zur Reinigbarkeit und Wiederverwertung des Schallabsorbers zeigt das Beispiel eines Schalldämpfers für Heizungsanlagen. Über den dargestellten Projektansatz hinaus weisen reinigbare und chemisch beständige Schallabsorber ein erhebliches Transferpotential in andere Marktbereiche wie der Medizintechnik und Lebensmittelindustrie auf.
Ökobilanz – Integration in den Entwurfsprozess
Authors: Gantner Johannes , von Both Petra , Rexroth Karsten , Ebertshäuser Sebastian , Horn Rafael , Jorgji Olivia , Schmid Christian , Fischer Matthias
Published: October 2018

Die Methode der Ökobilanzierung bildet seit mehreren Jahren die Grundlage in Nachhaltigkeitsbewertungssystemen wie DGNB und BNB zur Bewertung der Umweltwirkungen von Gebäuden. Bisher werden Gebäudeökobilanzen lediglich als Nachweisinstrument verwendet und nicht planungsbegleitend als Optimierungstool zur Entscheidungsunterstützung. Dies liegt vor allem an dem hohen zeitlichen Aufwand der Erstellung einer Ökobilanz –‐ speziell die Erarbeitung der hierzu notwendigen Datengrundlage. Um diesen zu verringern und so den planungsbegleitenden Einsatz von Gebäudeökobilanzen zu vereinfachen, wurde ein Konzept erarbeitet, das Ökobilanzergebnisse bereits in frühen Planungsphasen auf Basis von LCA Benchmarks und mit unterschiedlichem Detaillierungsgrad ermöglicht. Hierzu wurden der Informationsstand und die jeweilige Fragestellung je Planungsphase auf Basis des Konzeptes der integralen Planung abgeleitet, eine Datenermittlung mittels Building Information Modeling (BIM) angedacht und umgesetzt. Insgesamt wurden somit vier verschiedene Detailebenen entwickelt, die ähnlich der Kostenschätzung von Gebäuden, eine Abschätzung der Umweltwirkungen in unterschiedlichen Konkretisierungsstufen ermöglichen.
Realisierte Potenziale der Energieerzeugungsanlagen in Wohngebäuden im Effizienzhaus Plus Standard
Authors: Bergmann Antje , Erhorn Hans
Published: October 2018

Die Umsetzung eines nahezu klimaneutralen Gebäudebestands in Deutschland wird nur möglich sein, wenn konsequent Schritt für Schritt die Energieeffizienz bei der Errichtung und speziell beim Betrieb der Gebäude und der Anteil erneuerbarer Energien am Energieverbrauch gestärkt werden. Die neue Gebäudegeneration „Effizienzhaus Plus” bietet dafür einen innovativen Ansatz. Sie unterstützt den konsequenten Wandel vom Energie verbrauchenden zum Energie gewinnenden Gebäude. Das Effizienzhaus Plus ist nicht an eine bestimmte Technologie gebunden, sondern es kann in einem technologieoffenen Ansatz auf vielfältige Weise durch eine intelligente Kombination von energieeffizienten Bautechnologien und erneuerbaren Energiegewinnsystemen realisiert werden. Im Beitrag werden die realisierten Potenziale des gebäudenah photovoltaisch erzeugten Stroms in den Demonstrationsgebäuden der Forschungsinitiative Effizienzhaus Plus des Bundes analysiert. Sie können als Benchmarks für den frühen Gebäudeentwurf dienen.
Digitalisierung und Lehre der Bauphysik
Authors: Mehra Schew‐Ram
Published: October 2018

Digitale Technologien durchdringen zunehmend den Alltag der Menschen. Sie bringen Vorteile mit sich, stellen aber gleichzeitig Benutzer vor neue Herausforderungen. Diese neuen Techniken sind auch zu einem wichtigeren Bestandteil der Hochschulausbildung geworden und bieten Möglichkeiten und Chancen, durch die das Lehren und Lernen andere Dimensionen und innovative Formen annehmen. Die akademische Lehre wird dadurch flexibilisiert, zeit‐ und ortsunabhängig und qualitativ verbessert – vorausgesetzt, die digitalen Medien werden methodisch, didaktisch und technisch richtig eingesetzt.

Gerade in der Bauphysik sind diese Lehrmethoden sehr gut umsetzbar. Aufgrund zunehmender Nutzeransprüche und steigender funktionaler, umweltbezogener und administrativer Anforderungen an Bauten sowie zunehmende Bauschäden und Fachkräftemangel ist idealerweise eine ganzheitliche bauphysikalische Aus‐ und Weiterbildung erforderlich. Der Lehrstuhl für Bauphysik (heute Institut für Akustik und Bauphysik) der Universität Stuttgart hat bereits seit fast zwanzig Jahren in der Lehre eine Vielzahl von digitalen Entwicklungen durchgeführt, erprobt und umgesetzt. Die Lücke zur Weiterbildung von praktizierenden Ingenieuren und Architekten schließen. „Master Online Bauphysik”, Master Online Akustik und „Klima‐ und Kulturgerechtes Bauen”. Das entwickelte virtuelle Labor stellt einen wichtigen Schritt zu Modernisierung der beruflichen Fort‐ und Weiterbildung dar.