bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Flight Test Challenge: Aeroassist for Reuseable, Space-Based Transportation
Authors: Ried Robert
Published: November 2020

NASA and its predecessor, NACA, have relied on testing to address challenges ranging from early aeronautics to the lunar landing. This is a necessary ingredient to success. Current and future challenges, coupled with technology advances, dictate reliance on productive combinations of testing and analysis. An example of this is provided by the necessary combination of ground test, flight test and computational fluid dynamic analyses required to achieve an efficient, space-based aerobraking orbital transfer vehicle. As the Space Shuttle is key to the Space Station, the Space Station is key to transportation beyond low earth orbit. Now is the time to develop the level of understanding adequate for the next generation of space transportation systems.
Method 1018 Moisture Measurement: The Evolution of Analytical Correlation
Authors: Moore Benjamin
Published: November 2020

The development of moisture standards is traced from the original Method 1018 (Internal Water Vapor Content) analytical laboratory certification program to the present. The results of several correlation experiments are presented, and the effect of time-temperature stress upon the stability of past and present standards is discussed. The current correlation experiment is detailed with respect to types of standards, experimental objectives, and design rationale. Preliminary data suggests possible modifications to Method 1018.2. Current efforts in this area are summarized. Semiconductor product moisture analysis data not only supports previously determined laboratory correlations but also positively establishes the success of Method 1018.2 in reducing the potential inclusion of moisture reliability hazards in military systems.
Planning and Managing the Tailoring Process
Authors: Ben Swett Colonel
Published: November 2020

An overview of critical management issues associated with tailoring of environmental standards and engineering tasks in agreement with current Department of Defense acquisition policies. Issues discussed include tailoring applicability, time phasing of environmental tasks, and RFP requirements. Special attention is focused on problems associated with competitive bidding, source selection, warranties, and contract provisions. MIL-STD-810D is highlighted as a tailorable environmental engineering standard.
Formation and Accretion of Supercooled Water Droplets and Their Effect on Aircraft
Authors: Toliver Richard
Published: November 2020

MIL-STD-81D currently has no procedure to test equipment that will be exposed to supercooled fog and the resultant ice accretion. Supercooled fog icing is one of the most difficult conditions to simulate. Thus, when a piece of equipment must be subjected to this type of icing, the Program Manager or Test Engineer must design a custom icing test with no formal Military Standard guidance. These conditions can be especially hazardous to helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft that must fly through icing conditions. This paper discusses several technical aspects of the icing process, including such topics as the supercooling process, nucleation and freezing of water droplets, ice type definition, types of problems to be expected during flight through icing conditions, and what icing parameters are important for an icing simulation. This paper can be used as an introduction to the icing phenomenon and will equip the reader with enough basic information to begin a discussion on icing test requirements.
A Testing Program Using the Thermogenic Drug 2,4-Dinitrophenol to Save Lives in Freezing Environments
Authors: Bachynsky Nicholas
Published: November 2020

Modern science can reduce frostbite and prevent loss of life in cold-water and cold-air environments by utilizing 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), a drug capable of warming the body. This chemical is presently available to simulate thermogenesis, i.e., replicate physiologic processes by increasing body metabolism at the cellular level. With this substance, modern science can reduce the dangers of freezing encountered in hostile waters, on the winter battlefield, and on recreational snow slopes. The Institute of Specialized Medicine (ISM) has begun a three-phase testing program to determine the efficacy of the drug DNP for survival in emergency situations. Testing in the first stage comprises animal studies, utilizing rats in cold-air dry units and water-filled vats; the second stage will utilize dogs and primates; the third stage will study humans in cold-air and cold-water scenarios. Subjects will be tested in temperatures at 0°C (32°F), 10°C (50°F), and 20°C (68°F) with and without clothing. Data on metabolic thermogenesis, skin and rectal temperatures, heart and arterial functioning, and oxygen consumption will be monitored and recorded by computerized instrumentation.
Unique Test Capabilities of the Eglin AFB McKinley Climatic Laboratory
Authors: Klein Lorin
Published: November 2020

The 92,900m3 (3.28 million ft3) Main Chamber of the Climatic Laboratory (Figure 1) is the largest and most complex climatic environmental test chamber in the world. It employs an air makeup system to cool or heat air to the test temperatures and ingest this air into the chamber to allow the operation of jet engines during climatic tests.

Other test chambers discussed are the 2,750 m3 (97,000 ft3) Engine and Equipment Test Facility and the 2,125 m3 (75,000 ft3) Sun, Wind, Rain, and Dust Facility.
R&M 2000 Environmental Stress Screening
Authors: Talbott Carlos
Published: November 2020

Air Force policy requires the implementation of Environmental Stress Screening (ESS) programs on electronic equipment procurements and the establishment of ESS for electronic inventory repair. The purpose of this policy is to move failures, due to weak parts and poor workmanship, out of the field and back into the factory. This procedure will improve field reliability and, thereby, increase combat capability. When properly applied, ESS quickly precipitates latent defects to failure without damaging equipment. Air Force ESS policy requires that electronic equipment manufacturing and repair processes begin with high-quality piece parts as measured by a defective rate of 100 parts/million or less. The policy calls for a minimum of thermal and random vibration screening during various stages of the manufacturing process according to a baseline ESS regimen. Alternative regimens are permissible provided they are as effective as the baseline regimen in reducing premature failures in the field. This paper discusses ESS theory as it relates to Air Force policy and also outlines a graphical technique for illustrating the effectiveness of ESS regimens based on field experience.
Acoustic and Thermal Test Facility Construction and Validation
Authors: Dimick Dennis
Published: November 2020

A requirement was developed to expose the upper stage of the Centaur in the final flight configuration to intense acoustic and thermal environments. To satisfy this requirement a large state-of-the-art acoustic and thermal test facility was constructed. The facility consists of a 1840.8 m3 (65,000 ft3) reverberation chamber and a 1316.9 m3 (46,500 ft3) thermal chamber housed in a single clean environment facility.

The acoustic chamber has an overall sound pressure capability of 154 dB with uniformity within -2 to +4 dB. The sound intensity is created by a four-horn matrix with a frequency range of 25 to 10,000 Hz. The thermal chamber has a temperature range capability of -35 to +185° F with a uniformity of ±5°. The thermal chamber air is humidity controlled and filtered to maintain cleanliness standards. Both chambers are supported by modern digital data acquisition and control systems located in a 175.2 m2 (1886 ft2) control room.

The facility has the capability to store and transfer cryogenic liquids into the Centaur vehicle. Problems encountered during the design and construction are discussed along with the test program that was performed to validate the facility. Suggestions are made to future builders of large acoustic or thermal test facilities.
Aircraft Gunfire Vibration: Standardization and Experience
Authors: Brevan J.
Published: November 2020

For much of the equipment mounted on a fighter aircraft, the vibration level during gunfire is high enough above vibration due to other situations, so that, in spite of its short duration, it dominates the vibration qualification specs. It is desirable to include a simple yet reliable gunfire vibration prediction technique in the appropriate environment standards, because the relevant measured data are seldom available in the early stages of development of a new aircraft. This article describes a study on gunfire vibration prediction performed during the buildup of the aeronautical application guide of the new French military environment standard, GAM EG 13B/Air 7306. The prediction technique of MIL-STD-810D (Method 519.3) is compared in detail with previous MIL-STD-810C (Method 519.2), and the underlying concepts are checked against various measured data. Comparisons are made with gunfire vibration measurements performed on a French fighter. The findings of this study were used to elaborate the GAM EG 13B/Air 7306 gunfire vibration prediction method presented here.
Sequential Sampling Statistics for Evaluating Low Concentrations
Authors: Cooper Douglas
Published: November 2020

The sampling of low concentrations of particles can be especially time consuming and thus expensive when one attempts to get enough particles for an acceptable statistical confidence interval. The "sequential analysis" technique originated in the 1940s by Wald was shown to minimize the number of samples needed, at the cost of increased data analysis. The technique can be extended from sampling items to sampling intervals, e.g., time, volume, area, etc. Sequential sampling analysis tests hypotheses about the probabilities of events, thus about concentrations. A brief description of the technique and an example are provided here. Upper and lower limits on counts versus sampling extent can be set to give a desired 1-α probability of accepting a specified low concentration and β probability of accepting a specified high concentration. At very low or very high probabilities of finding a particle compared with the levels hypothesized, sequential sampling can produce a decision with relatively very few samples. An approximation to sequential sampling, the taking of multiple samples with evaluation, after each sample, can produce a decision with almost as few samples. Such approaches deserve consideration for the next revision of Federal Standard 209 concerning cleanroom certification.
Save Money, Lose Effectiveness: Combine ESS with Reliability Growth Testing
Authors: Feinstein Jerold
Published: November 2020

On the surface, significant benefits to customer and manufacturer can be accrued if Environmental Stress Screening (ESS) and Reliability Growth Testing (RGT) can be combined entirely or, more realistically, in part. This article examines the purposes, fundamental program elements, methodologies, and ground rules of both reliability improvement tools for the purposes of evaluating the advisability and effects of combining RGT and ESS programs. This examination shows that although these programs have much in common, there are some key differences. Although some of these differences are not of practical importance, others make their combination counterproductive. In other words, these key differences show that ESS cannot contribute significantly to reliability growth.
The Navy and Reliability Growth: a Paradox at Best
Authors: Patterson Douglas
Published: November 2020

This article outlines the development of the U.S. Navy's test, analysis, and fix (TAAF) approach to reliability development testing. Incorporation of lessons learned into DoD 4245.7-M and NAVSO P-6071 are highlighted. Current policy emphasizes the application of worst-case environmental mission profiles to test articles of the latest design configuration, the assumption of log-log reliability growth in test planning, and the consequent devaluation of reliability demonstration and product reliability acceptance test. Examples are provided to show the results of proper TAAF application as well as its misapplication.
Evaluation of a Procedure for the Analysis of Nonstationary Vibroacoustic Data
Authors: Himelblau Harry , Piersol Allan
Published: November 2020

Much of the structural vibration and aeroacoustic noise of aerospace vehicles is nonstationary random. Methodology for nonstationary data analysis exists, but the procedure requires measurements from repeated flights, which is often impractical. An alternative parametric procedure can be applied to individual records under the assumption that the data have a specific type of nonstationarity. A type of parametric model, called the product model, and a special case, called the locally stationary model, are described and applied to space vehicle launch data. A nonstationary procedure is presented and evaluated using launch vibration data measured at a Shuttle Orbiter/payload interface.

The procedure permits a longer sampling duration to be used for spectral analysis as compared with the traditional short-duration method, significantly reducing random errors. In this evaluation, only modest differences were observed between the two types of "raw" spectra. However, when random errors were taken into account (large for the traditional method and small for the nonstationary procedure), the short-duration spectra exceeded those for the nonstationary procedure by a significant amount. Thus unnecessarily high vibration spectra can be avoided using the nonstationary procedure.
Military Integrated Circuits Screening Report (Summary) ESSEH Parts Committee
Authors: Golshan Shahin
Published: November 2020

Electronic parts suppliers, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), and government agencies have reported divergent perceptions of military integrated circuit quality. In 1986 the Environmental Stress Screening of Electronic Hardware (ESSEH) Parts Committee was formed. This committee accepted the task of identifying the underlying problems related to these perceptions. This report presents the strategy and a pilot implementation, as well as development of a standard for exchange of quality data. It includes specific rescreening data and analysis of correlation issues.

The report shows that most components are defect free, and that supplier/OEM teams can systematically resolve correlation and quality issues.
Climatic Engineering
Authors: Coveney D.
Published: November 2020

Facilities at Canada's National Research Council for research into the effects of climate on engineering equipment are described. The Low Temperature Laboratory currently operates a large climatic test chamber, two smaller cold chambers, a cold chest for extremely cold temperatures, an icing tunnel, a helicopter icing facility, and a heat pump calorimeter.

The capabilities and limitations of the test chambers are illustrated through descriptions of a variety of tests. Growth of ice on objects and the development and calibration of icing detectors in the icing tunnel are described to illustrate the capabilities of the tunnel. A description is presented of the inflight evaluation of helicopter performance in a supercooled vapor cloud produced by the helicopter icing facility.
Acoustic Design of Large Reverberant Chambers
Authors: Slingerland Frank
Published: November 2020

Acoustic testing of space systems and components is essential to the assurance of launch viability. Large acoustic test chambers that permit system-level testing are rapidly becoming the norm. The initial cost of such installations is typically 5 percent of that of a single large satellite. Their cost-effectiveness is easily demonstrated. This article provides design information on calculation of noise input power requirement; sound field uniformity; acoustic fatigue of chamber; noise breakout and soil vibration; and future trends in design.
Background Rationale for Tailoring Airborne External Stores Vibration Tests in MIL-STD-810, Method 514 or Myths and Sacred Cows in the Environmental Sciences Revisited
Authors: Caruso Hank
Published: November 2020

This paper identifies background rationale currently missing from Method 514 (Vibration) of MIL-STD-810C/D/E for vibration testing of external stores and associated equipment carried on jet aircraft (Categories 7A and 7B). Information for this paper was taken from the original research study for this part of the test method. The original assumptions made in developing MIL-STD-810 are included so that users of the standard can decide whether the assumptions are relevant to their particular circumstances. Specific topics examined in this paper include:

• Misapplication of the response threshold in Category 7A as an input spectrum

• The level of conservatism factored into the test spectra published in this method

• Longitudinal axis vibration test levels compared with vertical and lateral axis test levels

• Appropriate values of dynamic pressure for specific aircraft/store combinations.
Optical Particle Monitors, Counters, and Spectrometers: Performance Characterization, Comparison, and Use
Authors: Knollenberg Robert , Veal Donald
Published: November 2020

The sensitivity, resolution, and sample rate of optical particle monitors, counters and spectrometers are described. Important differences in conceptual design of each instrument class are detailed. Optical particle counters and spectrometers require uniform sample volume illumination and have been used in monitoring aerosol microcontamination for many years. Spectrometers have the highest resolution and the greatest number of size channels. Counters may have high intrinsic resolution but it is lost because of the fewer number of size channels provided.

Monitors are a relatively new class of instrument which do not provide uniform sample volume illumination. They are becoming widely used in liquid monitoring. Monitors are simpler, less expensive devices and are characterized as having poor resolution but providing the highest sample flow rates and delivering the largest database. When used on fluids with normal populations having an exponential size distribution, monitors show little size distribution distortion. When modal populations or deviations from exponential size distributions are encountered, counters or spectrometers are required. Filter penetration tests generally demand the highest resolution offered only by spectrometers.

Data are presented from field visits to 17 semiconductor plants having deionized (D.I.) water processing facilities where monitors and spectrometers were used simultaneously to characterize watcr quality. The data set provides an interesting comparison within the industry as well as an opportunity to compare the low-resolution monitors with high-resolution spectrometers under field conditions.
Derivation of Environment Descriptions and Test Severities from Measured Road Transportation Data
Authors: Charles Darrel
Published: November 2020

This paper discusses the vibration and shock environments perceived by equipment when it is transported by wheeled vehicles. Methodologies are presented for deriving environment descriptions and test severities from measured road transportation dynamic response data. Measured responses from a data-gathering trial are used to illustrate a number of useful signal-processing techniques and the compilation of environment descriptions that quantify the severity and character of measured data. The environment description is used as the basis for the compilation of a test severity definition in terms of a random vibration spectrum and duration.
Three-Dimensional Computer Simulation of Gas Flow and Particle Transport in a Horizontal Diffusion Furnace
Authors: Busnaina A. , Zheng X. , Zhu X.
Published: November 2020

Numerical simulation of gas flow, heat transfer, and particle transport in a horizontal diffusion is presented. The wafers are cooled by inlet cold gas convectively but heated by furnace wall radiatively. Gas velocity between the wafers appears to be small compared with the bulk gas flow. A significant cooling of the first wafer in the batch is observed. Trajectories of aerosol particles in the furnace are predicted by solving the corresponding Lagrangian equation of motion that includes effects of temperature, drag, lift, gravity, and Brownian motion. Particle transport and deposition on the wafers are evaluated using three-dimensional particle trajectories.
Reliable Application of Surface Mount Technology in a High-Performance Military Jet Aircraft Environment
Authors: Crawford Gray
Published: November 2020

Surface mount technology (SMT) has become a dominant force in modern aerospace electronics. Unfortunately, many avionics manufactures have" jumped on the SMT bandwagon" without fully understanding all the complex design and manufacturing issues. This paper attempts to address the most critical issues.
Implementation of Acoustic Blankets in Energy Analysis Methods with Application to the Atlas Payload Fairing
Authors: Weissman Karen , McNelis Mark , Pordan William
Published: November 2020

Energy analysis methods are commonly used to predict the vibroacoustic response of a spacecraft inside a launch vehicle payload fairing during liftoff. The payload fairing wall is often lined with acoustic blankets which can be difficult to model. This paper shows the development of a practical working method for accurately representing acoustic blankets in a VAPEPS statistical energy analysis model. A clear scaling relationship between the acoustic absorption coefficient and the blanket thickness is established. The scaling procedure is demonstrated using two sets of data for different absorption materials. The absorption data are implemented in VAPEPS by converting them to frequency-dependent damping loss factors. A post-processing procedure is derived to account for the increase in transmission loss due to the addition of the blanket layer. The entire process is used to predict the noise reduction in a VAPEPS model of the Atlas 14-ft-diameter payload fairing. Comparisons to ground-test and flight data for the blanketed fairing are presented to validate the procedure.
Evaluation of Shock Mitigating Materials in a V-Band Pyroshock Environment Simulated With a Resonant Fixture
Authors: Bateman Vesta , Brown Fred
Published: November 2020

An explosively activated V-band joint is used on a multistage rocket payload to release components at prescribed times in the rocket's flight and crates a pyroshock environment that the other payload components must survive. Accelerometer response data were measured close to an actual V-band pyroshock. With the shock spectra calculated from these data, a resonant fixture was designed to simulate a V-band pyroshock event. The characteristics of the data and the design process are described. Laboratory tests were conducted to determine that the desired shock spectra with an unusually high knee at about 8,000 Hz was produced with the resonant fixture. The fixture was then mounted on a 29-in.-diameter, 2-in.-thick plate simulation of a payload plate. Simulated electronic components were also mounted on the plate. The pyroshock environment simulation was created by the resonant fixture response to a projectile impact. The component response to the environment was measured at the electronic component. The component responses to the pyroshock were measured with five different shock mitigating materials inserted between the resonant fixture and the payload plate simulation, and the peak response values were tabulated.
Permeation of Moisture and Oxygen Through Polymeric O-Rings
Authors: Ma Ce , Shero Eric , Verma Nishith , Gilbert Stephen , Shadman Farhang
Published: November 2020

The permeation coefficients of H2O and O2 through polymeric O-rings were obtained in this study. Increases of trace level impurities in an ultra-high purity nitrogen purge gas due to the permeation processes were measured using an atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometer (APIMS). In this paper, the experimental results of nine different O-ring samples (Kalrez, Chemraz, Teflon, Vespel, Viton) are reported. The Kalrez "wet" O-ring showed the lowest moisture permeation coefficient of 1.5×-1010 [cm3 gas(STP). cm polymer]/[cm2 polymer · sec · torr] and Vespel displayed the lowest oxygen permeation coefficient of 0.01×-1010 [cm3 gas(STP) · cm polymer]/[cm2 polymer · sec · torr] and room temperature. In addition, permeation coefficients at 50°C and 75°C are presented. The activation energies varied from about 18 to 51 kJ/mole/°K for both H2O and O2.
Effect of Instrument Flow Rate, Sensitivity, and Background Noise on Cleanroom Particle Count Statistics
Authors: Knollenberg Robert , Haley Brett , Steidtmann David
Published: November 2020

Detailed particle microcontamination measurements were made in Class 100 and Class 10 [unidirectional flow, or vertical laminar flow (VLF)] environments used as final assembly and electro-optical assembly areas, respectively, at Particle Measuring systems, Inc. (PMS). Two groups of measuring instruments monitoring the two areas included four laser particle counters (LPCs) and three condensation nucleus counters (CNCs). The utility of both types of measurements in these environments is discussed relative to sensitivity, flow rate, and background noise. These data indicate that the statistical advantage of CNC's over 1 cu ft/min LPCs can only be achieved at flow rates > .050 cu ft/min. The most prevalent range of particle sizes is limited to those near the most penetrating particle size. The higher count rate of lower flow rate CNC and LPC instruments was also found to be a factor in quantifying episodic events and transient populations. Outside ambient air was shown to be the major contributor to in-room particle counts under the conditions studied here.
Prediction of Dynamic Environments for Airborne External Stores During Aircraft Straight and Level Flight
Authors: Heaton Paul , Czuchna Jeffrey
Published: November 2020

The MERIT program, funded by the USAF Wright Laboratory, addresses the need for improved early definition of equipment environmental life cycle profiles. A computer system has been developed as a stool to aid engineers in defining all activities during an equipment item's life and the environments which the equipment will experience during those activities. The system will predict environments using embedded engineering algorithms (i.e., models). The current focus of MERIT is external stores (missiles, pods, bombs) carried by fighter/attack aircraft. This paper describes predictive models for captive flight acoustic noise and vibration environments during aircraft straight and level flight. Results of predictions provide a more detailed representation of measured flight data than that possible in MIL-STD-810E.
N2 Tunnel Wafer Transport System
Authors: Toda Masayuki , Ohmi Tadahiro , Nitta Takahisa , Saito Yoshio , Kanno Yoh-ichi , Umeda Masaru , Yagai Michio , Kidokoro Hajime
Published: November 2020

A wafer transport system has been developed for application to the next generation of ULSI manufacturing processes. In this system, various kinds of wafers ranging from 8 to 12 in. are floated on a gas film to be transported through an ultraclean N2 gas environment with no solid contact. A sensor controls the movement of the transported wafer on the control unit precisely and rapidly (i.e., a sensor instantly detects and recognizes the configuration of the wafer and lets the wafer stop, facing tin the right direction. In this ultraclean N2 gas environment, the wafer surface is free from particle contamination and growth of native oxide. Furthermore, moving the electrostatic clamping device on the track, and the jet flow of ultraclean N2 gas against the track, allows self-cleaning of the wafer transport track.
Investigation of Nutritional Content, Antioxidant Anticancer and Antimicrobial Activities of Pleurotus eryngii (DC. Ex Fr.) Quel, Extract Obtained by Different Solvents
Authors: ACAY Hilal , DÜNDAR Abdurrahman , KAÇAR Semra , BARAN Mehmet Fırat , KESKİN Cumali
Published: November 2020

The present study related the nutritional contents, fatty acid compositions, in vitro antioxidant, anticancer and antimicrobial activities of different solvents extracts of Pleurotus eryngii. The nutritional contents of the P. eryngii were investigated in detail. Crude protein (g 100 kg-1), carbohydrate (g 100 kg-1), lipid (g 100 kg-1), ash (g 100 kg-1), dietary fiber (g 100 kg-1) and energy value (cal 100 g-1) of fruiting bodies were analysed. Fatty acid compositions of total lipid, phospholipid and triacylglycerol fractions of Pleurotus eryngii were investigated by Gas chromatography. Totally 13 different fatty acids constituents were identified. Antioxidant properties including total antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging activity, reducing power activity, metal chelating activity, and superoxide anion radical scavenging activity were evaluated using different tests. The highest total antioxidant, DPPH scavenging, metal chelating, and superoxide anion radical scavenging activities were determined in ethyl acetate extracts. The potential of cytotoxic activity on PC-3 (prostate cancer) cell lines was found to depend on the concentration and the type of the tested extracts fractions. It was determined that hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts of Pleurotus eryngii have inhibition effect on the growth of tested microorganisms. The present results suggested that used as a daily nutrient, the Pleurotus eryngii could be a novel source for new drug developments and promising in some cancer treatment.
ERK5 promotes TLR2-dependent up-regulation of inflammatory mediator expression induces by global myocardial ischemia
Authors: G. Frame Richard , Henderson Gray
Published: November 2020

Global myocardial ischemia and reperfusion [I/R] injury is predominantly associated with heart transplant and coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2) is a pivotal pathogen recognition receptor that has a key role in inflammation and injury. The proinflammatory role for ERK5 downstream of TLR2 in global myocardial I/R has not been reported previously. The aim of this study was to investigate to what extent inflammatory stimuli modify the expression by ERK5 of TLR2. Global myocardial I/R was induced in male TLR2+/+ and TLR2−/− mice using heterotopic abdominal heart transplantation model that allows to subject donor hearts to global hypothermic ischemia and blood reperfusion, which very closely stimulates I/R conditions associated with cardiac surgical operations. The results show that inhibition or siRNA knockdown of ERK5 reduces the TLR2-dependent activation of expression of cytokines, attenuated myocardial injury, less oxidative stress and decreased NF-κB activation and indicating that ERK5 promotes cytokine expression downstream of TLR2. We have identified novel aspects of TLR2 signaling in cold myocardial I/R, including that ERK5 activity is required for TLR2 activation.
Interleukin-10 inhibits ovarian cancer cells growth via down regulation of inflammatory cytokine production
Authors: Wang Xi , Yang Shuhe
Published: November 2020

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal type of gynecologic cancer in the Western world. The high case fatality rate is due in part because most ovarian cancer patients present with advanced stage disease which is essentially incurable. Unfortunately, only a quarter of ovarian cancer patients are diagnosed as stage I. For this reason, considerable efforts have been devoted to the search of novel ovarian cancer markers. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a broadly acting immune inhibitory cytokine that is generally thought to support tumor growth. Here, we investigated the regulation of IL-10 expression in normal and cancer ovarian surface epithelial cells. A total of 1 × 293 ovarian cancer cells were inoculated subcutaneously into the left flank of IL-10−/−, IL-10+/+ C57BL/6 background mice. Ovarian cancer cells had accelerated growth in IL-10−/− mice as compared with IL-10+/+ mice as shown by tumor volume measurement. Further, the percentages of intratumoral Treg cells during the course of tumor development were higher in IL-10−/− mice as compared with their wild-type counterparts beginning on day 12. In addition, presenting data showed that myeloid cells from tumor-free mice expressed higher levels of IL-1α and IL-1β in IL-10−/− than IL-10+/+ mice. While the roles of IL-10 in ovarian malignant transformation remain unclear, we propose that IL-10 may represent alternative targets for diagnosis and therapy and of this deadly disease.
Comparative study of negative pressure wound therapy with moist gauze dressings in the treatment of leg ulcer wounds
Authors: J. Sridhar , Varsha Arla Sai , S. Karthick , P. Ravishankar , . Shailesh
Published: November 2020

Background: Leg ulcers are one of the most commonly encountered cases in any surgical out-patient department. Causes of leg ulcers vary from traumatic, diabetic, chronic venous insufficiency, trophic, hypertensive, and so on. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety and clinical efficacy of negative pressure wound therapy compared with moist gauze dressings to treat foot ulcer wounds.Methods: Patients presenting with leg ulcers to the department of general surgery, VMKVC hospital. 50 randomly selected patients will be assigned to the study group based on their willingness for undergoing topical negative pressure dressing and 50 patients to the moist gauze dressing, control group.Results: Most of the ulcer (45.4%) got healed by secondary intention through VAC. dressing. treating DFU with VAC therapy results in a better graft take rate (p=0.05) when compared to standard wound care. There is a statistically significant association found between interventions and the area of the ulcer on day 28.Conclusions: While moist gauze dressing can be applied to any wound surfaces, vacuum dressing is limited to certain surfaces and certain wounds exposing tendon sheath, blood vessels, bones, aponeurosis cannot be treated by vacuum dressing. The frequency of dressing is lower with continuous vacuum suction dressing, while moist gauze has to be changed twice a day to obtain favorable results.
Evaluación de residuos de cáscaras de papa como sustrato para la producción de amilasas a partir de Bacillus amyloliquefaciens A16
Authors: Sánchez-Castelblanco Etna Milena , Heredia-Martín Juan Pablo
Published: November 2020

Los residuos agroindustriales de bajo costo, fácil acceso y contenido considerable de almidón pueden aprovecharse como sustratos para la producción de amilasas. En el presente estudio se evaluó la producción de amilasas con la cepa Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (aislamiento A16) en medios de cultivo ajustados a diferentes pH y preparados a partir de cáscaras de papa con 1,30 % de partes por volumen (p/v) de almidón. Los medios fueron incubados durante 36 horas a 37 °C y se tomaron muestras cada 12 horas para cuantificar mediante espectrofotometría el almidón residual  revelándolo con solución de Lugol para obtener extractos enzimáticos crudos en los que se determinó la actividad amilolítica. La actividad de las amilasas producidas en sustratos preparados con cáscaras de papa se compararon con las actividades amilolíticas producidas en caldo de almidón al 1 %, sustrato que sirvió de control positivo. La mayor actividad de las amilasas producidas en medios con cáscaras de papa fue de 44,2 U/mL a las 36 horas de fermentación a un pH de 5,0, en tanto que la actividad enzimática en caldo de almidón al 1 % fue de 64,8 U/mL.
On the general circulation of the atmosphere around Colombia
Authors: Mesa-Sánchez Oscar José , Rojo-Hernández Julián David
Published: November 2020

The average annual precipitation in the Pacific coast of Colombia ranges from 8,000 to 13,000 mm. The annual average (1960-2018) in Puerto López (Cauca) rain gauge (77°14’56.3”W, 2°50’43.0”N) is 13.159 mm making it, probably, the rainiest place on the Earth. Such a large amount of precipitation also means a sizeable diabatic heating source over western Colombia, which is responsible for driving the circulation in northern South America and Mesoamerica from mid-March to the end of November. We applied a simple conceptual model to study the heat-induced circulation. Our results indicated that the heating source over western Colombia produces a steady, low-level westerly inflow as a result of a half planetary wave propagating over Mesoamerica and the far eastern Pacific that generates two cyclonical flows. On the east side of the heating source, a Kelvin wave generates a low-level easterly flow from the tropical Atlantic Ocean and the Northern Amazon and Orinoco basins in a Walker-type circulation. This Rossby and Kelvin patterns create information pathways, which, in their turn, dominate the low- and upper-level wind fields. Documented observations about the atmosphere’s general circulation over northern South America and Mesoamérica are consistent enough to support the assertion that a set of waves trapped in the tropics induced by a heating source explains the circulation over Colombia and its surroundings.
On the Development Status and Optimization Suggestions of Architecture and Design Teaching in China
Authors: Ji Deyu
Published: November 2020

Related surveys show that at present, with the continuous improvement and optimization of urban development level, the number and scale of construction projects in China are gradually increasing. Based on this, all sectors of society pay more and more attention to architecture and design, which effectively promotes the development and exploration of architecture and design education in colleges and universities. The researchers pointed out that at present, there are still some deficiencies in the teaching process of architecture and design major in colleges and universities in China. Based on this, educators should actively make changes and adjustments in teaching concepts, and then formulate and improve targeted optimization strategies in combination with teaching practice, so as to lay a solid foundation and guarantee for the cultivation of architecture and design platform in China. This study analyzes the teaching situation of architecture and design specialty in China at present, and puts forward corresponding optimization suggestions, aiming at further realizing the reasonable training of architectural design talents in China.
GENERATIONS OF DNA SEQUENCING METHODS (REVIEW)
Authors:   Institute for Analytical Instrumentation of RAS,  Saint Petersburg, Russia, Borodinov A. G. , Manoilov V. V. , Zarutsky I. V. , Petrov A. I. , Kurochkin V. E.
Published: November 2020

Several decades have passed since the development of the revolutionary DNA sequencing method by Frederick Sanger and his colleagues. After the Human Genome Project, the time interval between sequencing technologies began to shrink, while the volume of scientific knowledge continued to grow exponentially. Following Sanger sequencing, considered as the first generation, new generations of DNA sequencing were consistently introduced into practice. Advances in next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have contributed significantly to this trend by reducing costs and generating massive sequencing data. To date, there are three generations of sequencing technologies. Second generation se-quencing, which is currently the most commonly used NGS technology, consists of library preparation, amplification and sequencing steps, while in third generation sequencing, individual nucleic acids are sequenced directly to avoid bias and have higher throughput. The development of new generations of sequencing has made it possible to overcome the limitations of traditional DNA sequencing methods and has found application in a wide range of projects in molecular biology. On the other hand, with the development of next generation technologies, many technical problems arise that need to be deeply analyzed and solved. Each generation and sequencing platform, due to its methodological approach, has specific advantages and disadvantages that determine suitability for certain applications. Thus, the assessment of these characteristics, limitations and potential applications helps to shape the directions for further research on sequencing technologies.
EXPRESS DIAGNOSTICS OF DISEASES BASED ON A QUADRUPOLE MASS SPECTROMETER ANALYSIS OF EXHALED AIR
Authors:   Institute for Analytical Instrumentation of RAS,  Saint Petersburg, Russia, Novikov L. V. , Manoilov V. V. ,   Institute for Analytical Instrumentation of RAS,  Saint Petersburg, Russia, Kuzmin A. G. ,   Institute for Analytical Instrumentation of RAS,  Saint Petersburg, Russia, Titov Yu. A. ,   Institute for Analytical Instrumentation of RAS,  Saint Petersburg, Russia, Zarutsky I. V. ,   Institute for Analytical Instrumentation of RAS,  Saint Petersburg, Russia, Nefedov A. O. ,   St. Petersburg Clinical Scientific and Practical Center for Specialized Types of Medical Care (Oncological), Russia, Nefedova A. V. ,   St. Petersburg Clinical Scientific and Practical Center for Specialized Types of Medical Care (Oncological), Russia, Arseniev A. I. ,   Scientific Research Center of Oncology named after N.N. Petrov of  Ministry of Health of Russia,  Saint Petersburg
Published: November 2020

The method is proposed for express diagnostics of diseases according to the data of mass spectrometric analysis of exhaled air. An algorithm for calculating the probability of diseases has been developed and tested. The results of data processing of patients treated in two oncological clinics are presented. The calculation of the probability of disease according to the data of mass spectrometric analysis of exhaled air is based on attributing the mass spectrum of the tested patient to the mass-spectra of the corresponding control group. Each control group is formed by collecting an array of spectra from at least ten patients with the same disease. Diagnostics is performed by transforming the matrix of spectra of the control group and the spectrum of a patient being tested into the space of the principal components. The probability of a disease is determined by the Euclidean distance of the patient's coordinates from the centroid of the control group in the multidimensional space of these principal components.
Comparative Evaluation of Methods in Monitoring Soil in Volleyers of Rostov-on-Don Zoo
Authors: Gobarova A.A. , Zhadobin A.V. , Kazeev K.Sh. , Fedorenko A.N. , Kolesnikov S.I.
Published: November 2020

As a result of three years of research, differences in the ecological and biological state of soils of different functional zones of the Rostov-on-Don Zoo have been established. In 2017-2020 investigated 12 sites, including aviaries with birds, various ungulates, a recreational area and a park zone of the zoo. The soil cover in various enclosures is significantly affected by animals. It depends on the size and number of animals, their size, as well as the area of the enclosures. A significant effect of ungulates on the violation of the soil and vegetation cover, the structure and density of soil composition in the enclosures was revealed. When diagnosing and monitoring the soils of the zoo, several dozen parameters were tested, reflecting different aspects of the ecological state of the soils. As a result, a set of several indicators was established with high sensitivity and information content to the effects of animals in aviaries. From physical indicators, it is recommended to determine the density of soil addition and structurally-aggregate composition, from the indicators of biological activity, urease and phosphatase enzymes showed themselves well. Cor-relation analysis data indicate the dependence of the ecological state of soils on the load of animals in the enclosures.
Turkish-Dagestan Relations in the Light of the Russian Policy of Deterring the Population of the Dagestan Region from Resettling in Turkey (II Half of the 19th - Early 20th Century)
Authors: Dzhabaeva T.Ch.
Published: November 2020

The article analyzes Turkish-Dagestani relations in the light of the policy of the Russian administration in the province. The reasons for the growth of Pro-Turkish orientation among the population of Dagestan in the second half of the 19th century, the policy of the Porte in this matter, and its decline by the beginning of the 20th century are noted. The author examines the complex of actions of the Tsarist administration to restrain the Dagestani population from resettling in Turkey-from conducting explanatory conversations with those who wanted to relocate and monitoring the relocation “through their fingers”, to direct prohibitions. The features of the migration movement of representatives of the peoples of Dagestan that distinguished it from the migration movement among other peoples of the North Caucasus are revealed.
Hidden Incomes of Russian Households: Who Do They Have?
Authors: Nivorozhkina L.I.
Published: November 2020

The article presents quantitative characteristics of the prevalence and volumes of hidden household incomes. An econometric estimate of the prevalence of hidden incomes was carried out on the panel data of the “Russian Monitoring of the Economic Situation and Health of the Population of the Higher School of Economics” (periods from 2000 to 2017), the size of the hidden income component was obtained on the basis of the Pissarides-Weber model. Estimates of the share of hidden income households and an estimate of the share of hidden incomes revealed two different trends: their predominant distribution among residents of villages and urban-type settlements and the larger size of these incomes among households of regional centers.
Za drzwiami oddziału. Badania etnograficzne w szpitalu
Authors: Byczkowska-Owczarek Dominika , Kubczak Anna , Pawłowska Beata
Published: November 2020

Książka jest rezultatem kilkumiesięcznych badań etnograficznych prowadzonych w trzech oddziałach szpitalnych. Omówiono w niej realia pracy i trudności, z jakimi mierzą się pracownicy szpitala, a które często są niezauważalne dla pacjentów i ich rodzin. Ukazano zakulisowy świat placówki medycznej, gdzie następuje wzajemne uzgadnianie znaczeń i kontekstów wykonywanej pracy, a także przybliżono organizacyjną codzienność widzianą oczami przedstawicieli personelu medycznego.
Z perspektywy etnografii organizacji, oddając głos swoim badanym, autorki przeanalizowały specyfikę oddziału jako organizacji, społecznie konstruowaną przestrzeń, style kierowania, proces komunikowania pomiędzy przedstawicielami personelu medycznego oraz niepewność i emocje, jakich doświadczają reprezentanci zawodów medycznych. Publikacja jest jednym z nielicznych polskich etnograficznych opracowań uwarunkowań i kontekstów pracy w oddziałach szpitalnych. Polecana jest przede wszystkim menedżerom zarządzającym placówkami ochrony zdrowia, ale również praktykom zajmującym się komunikowaniem w medycynie, wspierającym i szkolącym pracowników ochrony zdrowia w zakresie pracy z emocjami oraz zarządzania zespołem medycznym.
Lessons Learned from a Virtual Summer Undergraduate Research Program
Authors:   Elon University, Yokley Karen , Luke Nicholas ,   NC A&T State University
Published: November 2020

In summer 2020, North Carolina A&T State University and Elon University were poised to debut their Research Experiences for Undergraduates program in mathematical biology funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF). The directors decided to hold the program virtually so that students would have the opportunity. Although the directors did not have experience running a virtual program, they learned from the experience and have recommendations for program directors in similar situations.