bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of Question-Based Instructional Video (QBIV) for an Automotive Engineering Study Program
Authors: Dwi Widjanarko  , Muhammad Khumaedi  , Adhetya Kurniawan  , Tri Santosa
Published: February 2024

The advancement of information and communication technology allows for online learning through a variety of media platforms all over the world, one of which is video, which is available online. Video has become an important aspect of education and can be used to convey learning content in class, through blended learning, or through online programs. The goal of this study is to develop a QBIV and evaluate its effectiveness in learning. The learning QBIV was field tested on prospective vocational teachers. The effectiveness of QBIV was evaluated utilizing a posttest-only control group design on automotive vocational teacher candidates. The experimental group included 39 students, while the control group included 42 potential automotive engineering teacher students. The t-test was used to examine the significance of differences in student learning achievement between the experimental and control classes. The analytical results demonstrate that there is a significant difference in learning outcomes between the experimental and control classes. The experimental class outperformed the control class in terms of learning outcomes. As a result, using QBIV for learning is effective.
AUTOMATED DETECTION OF PARKINSON’S DISEASE BASED ON HYBRID CNN AND QUANTUM MACHINE LEARNING TECHNIQUES IN MRI IMAGES
Authors: Ahalya R. K. , Nkondo Gloria F. , Snekhalatha U.
Published: February 2024

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a long-term neurological condition that causes severe neuronal degeneration in the motor cortex. Because of the constraints of medical applications determining the severity of PD, forecasting its development can be difficult. Recently research has focused on artificial intelligence to automatically diagnose PD from MRI images. The proposed study aims (a) to incorporate automated method for augmentation of the MRI images using the deep convolutional generative adversarial networks (DCGAN), (b) to perform feature extraction and classification by employing the pre-trained models such as VGG16, Xception, and InceptionV3 models, (c) to develop a hybrid model by fusing the InceptionV3 features and classification using QSVM model. A total of 60 real-time MRIs of normal ([Formula: see text] = 30) and PD ([Formula: see text] = 30) patients were included in this study. To increase the dataset, the proposed study employed the DCGAN approach. Thus, the dataset for this study was increased to 1000 (normal and PD) images. Automatic feature extraction and classification were performed utilizing different pre-trained models such as VGG16, Xception, and InceptionV3. Among the pre-trained models InceptionV3 architecture provided high accuracy of 74% compared to other models. The proposed work developed a hybrid model by fusing InceptionV3 features and a quantum support vector machine (QSVM) for the detection of PD and healthy groups. The proposed model attained a prediction accuracy of 87.5% and high precision of 95%, respectively. Additionally, the hybrid architecture provided high recall and F1-measure of 84% and 89%, respectively. The hybrid model provided lowest false negative and false positive of 4 and 1, respectively. Therefore, the hybrid model could be an effective diagnostic tool for the automated prediction of PD.
Navigating Healthcare in a Crisis
Authors: Kumar Sunil , Patel Nishi , Reddy Paturi Jagadeeswar
Published: February 2024

This chapter examines the emerging trend of medical tourism in India, focusing on two specific cases: cardiovascular surgery in Kozhikode, Kerala, and a total hip replacement in New Delhi. Through a thematic analysis, the research elucidates the significant role of health literacy in guiding patients' decisions to seek medical interventions abroad. This chapter highlights several themes. One is balancing concerns about healthcare costs with the care quality in India. Another is how online research and patient stories affect decisions. Planning before the trip is detailed. After-treatment care is vital. The chapter also looks at how cultural experiences in medical trips can help patients. It emphasizes the need to understand and use health information, especially in medical tourism, examining how health knowledge influences patient choices.
In the Crosshairs
Authors: Marrero Alex
Published: February 2024

New leaders need to navigate political pressures with integrity and effectiveness. They need to be strategic, ethical, and adaptable. By grasping political complexities and fostering stakeholder ties, leaders advocate institutional interests while upholding values. Mentorship, self-care, and growth mindsets aid in thriving amidst pressures and advancing education. Strong stakeholder relations promote collaboration, trust, and empathy in political navigation. Ethical leaders uphold principles during turmoil, prioritizing policies reflecting values and cultivating integrity. Political acumen equips leaders to navigate power dynamics, securing support while staying true to purpose. Navigating constraints, and prioritizing well-being and inclusivity. To endure, leaders use support networks, self-reflection, and self-care. This chapter guides with ethics and educational dedication, weaving collaboration, values, negotiation, and resilience for lasting impact.
Dissolving Pulp from Sansevieria Trifasciata Fiber Processed with Water-Pre-Hydrolysis, Soda-Anthraquinone Cooking and Clorine Free Bleaching
Authors: Yusnimar Yusnimar , Khairat Khairat , Drastinawati Drastinawati , Chairul Chairul , Herman Syamsu , Ramadhana Suci
Published: February 2024

For a long time, rayon has been produced using dissolving pulp (DP). DP is typically made from wood or cotton, but it takes a long time to collect wood, and high-quality cotton must be imported from afar. Sansevieria trifasciata (ST) fiber, which contains more than 50% cellulose, offers potential as a raw material and a substitute for cotton and wood. It is simple to develop and grow. It can endure a wide range of light and temperature conditions. By using the water-pre-hydrolysis, soda-Anthraquinone cooking (soda-AQ), and elementary-chlorine-free (ECF) bleaching sequences, this work aims to convert ST into DP. Results, The DP was produced with a yield of 43.69%, a kappa value of 4.73, a viscosity of 9.3 cP, an alpha-cellulose content of 97.7% and a brightness of 90.7%, which was higher than the ISO brightness of 88%. The DP quality corresponds to the minimum DP level for rayon according to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). It is very promising for further development, such as being used for viscose fiber production.
The Effect of Fiber Layer Orientation on the Properties of Hybrid Kenaf/Fiberglass Polyester Matrix Composite
Authors: Adnan Nurul Fazlin , Salim Nurjannah , Bakar Nurul Huda Abu , Bin Roslan Rasidi , Sarmin Siti Noorbaini , Mohamad Kassim Mohamad Haafiz , Mohamad Amini Mohd Hazim
Published: February 2024

A hybrid composite is a combination of two or more reinforced in a matrix. Hybrid composite will give better properties as compared to individual fiber-reinforced polymer composites. This research aims to study the effect of different fiber layer orientations on the properties of hybrid kenaf/fiberglass polyester matrix composite. Two types of the composite were produced which are Sample 1, the fiber layer orientation is fiberglass, kenaf fiber, kenaf fiber and fiberglass (FG-K-K-FG), and Sample 2, the fiber layer orientation is fiberglass, kenaf fiber, fiberglass, and kenaf fiber (FG-K-FG-K). The composite is manufactured using the hand lay-up technique and hot pressed. 50 g of unsaturated polyester resin and 12 g of hardener, Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide (MEKP) were mixed and applied on top of every layer of fiber before being compressed at 100°C for 10 minutes. The properties of the hybrid composite were determined by completing five types of tests which are tensile test, impact test, water absorption test, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that Sample 2 (FG-K-FG-K) has higher tensile strength compared to Sample 1 (FG-K-K-FG) with the value of 30.97 MPa and 0.23 MPa respectively. For the water absorption test, Sample 1 (FG-K-K-FG) with a value of 239.21% has the highest water absorption properties compared to Sample 2 (FG-K-FG-K) with a value of 180.22%. Samples 1 and 2 have no obvious differences in terms of their thermal stability characteristics for the TGA test. For SEM, it is observed that both samples showed an attachment of adhesive between fiber layers and matrix. The overall conclusion is Sample 2 (FG-K-FG-K) has high mechanical properties but needs improvement for low water absorption.
Enhanced Magnetic Properties of Gd-Doped ZnO by Varying the Gd Concentration via Co-Sputtering Technique
Authors: Raship Nur Amaliyana , Tawil Siti Nooraya Mohd , Nayan Nafarizal
Published: February 2024

This study reports on the effect of Gd concentrations on the properties of Gd-doped ZnO films. The films were prepared using co-sputtering method at room temperature. Characterization tools such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) were used to analyze the properties of the prepared films. XRD results observed that all the films are well crystalline and designated to the hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO with no secondary phases, which confirmed the successful of doping the Gd into ZnO. Topography analysis from AFM discovered the increase of Gd concentrations of Gd-doped ZnO films leads to the increase in grain size and rougher surface of the films. The magnetization of the films effectively depends on the Gd concentrations, which the diamagnetic behavior changed to ferromagnetic behavior upon Gd doping. A film with higher Gd doping concentration is more effective than lower Gd doping in terms of saturation magnetization (Ms), coercivity (Hc) and remanent magnetization (Mr). These findings revealed that optimizing the Gd concentration is very crucial in enhancing the magnetic properties of Gd-doped ZnO films.
Vibroacoustic Technology for Real Time Leak Detection in Marine Terminals and Tank Farms
Authors: Gomes A. P. , Marino M. , Cesari S.
Published: February 2024

The objective of this paper is to explore and evaluate the effectiveness of Vibroacoustic Technology as a robust asset integrity monitoring system for marine terminals and interconnecting pipelines in tank farms. Through analysis of test campaigns data, this paper aims to provide insights into the capabilities and potential applications of Vibroacoustic Technology in enhancing the safety and integrity of Oil&Gas facilities.

Vibroacoustic Technology is a resilient detection system utilized in pipeline networks, onshore and offshore, to identify leakages, impacts, and other forms of third-party interferences (TPI). By employing specialized sensors strategically positioned along the pipeline at regular intervals, this technology is capable of detecting vibroacoustic waves generated by such activities as they travel along the pipeline shell and through the transported fluid. In addition to detection capabilities, the Vibroacoustic System is also equipped to accurately determine the location of the identified events in real time.

After the installation of vibroacoustic sensors in two prominent refineries located in Italy, comprehensive test campaigns were carried out to simulate real events that could potentially jeopardize the integrity of the assets, e.g., spillage of different dimensions. The test campaign results allowed not only a performance assessment of the detection system but also its response time. Following the collection of data over a period of approximately one month, the system was calibrated and officially deployed. The pipeline networks at those two Italian facilities are currently monitored utilizing the Vibroacoustic Technology.

Since the release of the Vibroacoustic Technology, extensive research and testing have been conducted on its application worldwide, yielding outstanding outcomes. In this paper we present the results of the test campaigns conducted on pipeline networks of marine terminals/tank farm facilities, to determine the system’s capability to detect various activities that pose potential threats to pipeline integrity, such as excavation, impacts, landslides, and construction work.

Vibroacoustic Technology is a reliable detection system designed to meet the demands of complex pipeline operations. By strategically placing sensors along the pipeline, it can detect even small leakages caused by corrosion and other anomalies in real time. Real time monitoring of pipeline integrity helps prevent severe environmental contaminations associated with leakages, making the system indispensable in ensuring the safety and efficiency of pipeline networks.
Selection of Thru Tubing Screen for Sustained Sand Control Beyond a Year - Methodology and Optimization
Authors: Tyagi V. , Hilmy J. , Gutleber S.
Published: February 2024

Sand production can cause significant damage to well and facilities, such as erosion of flowlines, choke valves, filling up of downstream equipment causing loss of production. This poses a significant threat to the integrity of the surface flowlines and facilities and eventually can lead to Loss of Containment (LOC), which must be avoided. In Shell, sand prediction and management is a mandated Design Engineering Practice (DEP) that must be carried out as part of the life cycle well design [1].

The well that is subject of this study was designed with an internal cased hole gravel pack to avoid sand production to surface. However, the gravel pack system failed pre-maturely. Lessons learnt from the failure include review of the operating envelope to include the onset of the water production and increase in gas-oil ratio (GOR), improved open-up procedures and surveillance. Further, to safely recover production from the well with minimal risk of LOC, a thru-tubing screen solution was selected, which was designed according to specific well conditions to retain sand downhole.

The selected screen dimensions, number of screen joints, deployment methodology, operating envelope, etc., will be discussed in this paper. This paper provides a standard approach for remedial thru-tubing sand control.

The success and longevity of the thru-tubing screen solution depends on understanding the maximum allowable impact velocity, base pipe velocity etc. so that the right screen OD is selected. Open-up procedures and surveillance are the key to prevent sand related erosion. This will be further detailed in this paper.
Co2 Absorption Inside the Wellbore for Oil Wells
Authors: AlAklubi S. A.
Published: February 2024

The concepts and design precautions for a proposed in-situ electricity generation project including the main goal which is related to reducing the environmental pollution due to the combustion of fossil fuels and emitting carbon dioxide (CO2). This reduction will be attained through a smart gas well design and completion. The design is based on in-situ combustion for a gas flow in a downhole combustion chamber. Oxy-fuel combustion technique is the proposed combustion technique due to the ease of CO2 separation in this process as shown in figure 1. The proper well design will be analogous to the wells used for in-situ oil combustion to handle the high released temperature. Power generation design will combine the fundamentals of geothermal energy deployment for electricity generation. Finally, the produced CO2 from the combustion process will be reinjected downhole into an underground geological structure after being compressed and transferred to the supercritical phase. This process eliminates the CO2 production to the surface and hence reduce the environmental pollution.
Enabling Sand Detection Using Multiphase Flow Meters by a Cloud-Based Digital System
Authors: Pisarev G , Bridge C , Lupeau A
Published: February 2024

Detecting the onset and production of sand and solids from a well is considered of critical value for the safe and economically effective operation of any oil and gas field. Produced sand may cause disruption in the production and/or damage to equipment with severe negative consequences. A key element of production optimization is the ability to determine the maximum sand-free production rate with a high degree of confidence. The reliability of acoustic sand detectors is normally sensitive to various factors, including blind spots due to acoustic interference from, for example, nearby valve actuation, remotely operated vehicle activities, and low-velocity/transient flow regimes. Using a multiphase flowmeter to detect and measure sand and solids in the production stream has been studied for over 10 years. Our study advances the application of multiphase flowmeters to sand detection by adding cloud-based monitoring and quantification algorithms.

Examination of the radioactive source, which is the core of multiphase flowmeter technology, demonstrated that it is difficult to distinguish between sand and water at the expected range of process conditions with a reasonable confidence level in real time. To obtain sand measurements using a multiphase flowmeter, the water content of the fluid must be known and further processing steps developed to reprocess the data and identify sand.

A cloud-based digital condition monitoring system enables real-time collection, storage, and processing of the data obtained from the field, which unlocks additional features that are not possible with a real-time in situ computer. Algorithms for evaluating and differentiating the effect of sand presence and water content fluctuations were developed and tested. Quantification algorithms were created and verified during flow loop testing.

The solution is currently implemented on multiple subsea projects where multiphase flowmeter units have been installed. The multiphase flowmeters are now being used to detect and measure the production of sand and solids in subsea oil and gas wells. Accuracy of the solution is demonstrated by comparing acoustic sand detection sand volumes received at the surface with the output from the cloud sand detection algorithms.

Use of multiphase flowmeter data with a cloud-based monitoring system for sand detection is a reliable solution that reuses available infrastructure without retrofitting additional equipment. This is a critical development in digital technology demonstrating how smart oil fields are becoming a reality and being used today.
Successful Installation Polymer Screen as Primary Sand Control in Onshore and First Stackable System in Offshore Field, East Kalimantan, Indonesia
Authors: Mahardhini A. , Muhammad F. A. , Warno _ , Yahya W. , Pratomo S. A. , Adinda P. , Atmanindar F. C. , Soeparmono M. R.
Published: February 2024

Oil and Gas development in East Kalimantan has been going more than 100 years on offshore and onshore. Most hydrocarbon bearing lies in Balikpapan Formation. Reservoirs penetrated in this area are predominantly deltaic sandstone spread from deep to shallow zone. As for the shallow zone, sand production become one of the big challenges, especially in Sepinggan and Mutiara Field. Sandstone is typically not well sorted and its grain size is heterogeneous. Those aspects resulting standard screen is not an ideal solution.

Standard through tubing stand-alone screen (SAS) will allow sand pass through perforation tunnel and create natural sand pack behind the screen in a well with limited rathole. SAS durability is also limited due to high erosion rate of the sand. In this particular case, screen material technology becomes another challenge. Sand criteria has to be homogeneous to create perfect natural sand pack. Resin based sand consolidation (chemical sand control) might become an option, as it works for heterogeneous sand, but limited to maximum 16 ft interval based on several field applications in East Kalimantan. Case in Offshore Sepinggan Field; with two open intervals, 3ft and 24ft length, which both produces massive sand that proved by 3,000 ft sand deposit at bottom tubing, required sand clean out prior sand control installation. Sand cleanout is challenging due to losses, therefore non-damaging loss circulation material is utilized to cure the losses. Plugged SAS case happened in Onshore Mutiara Field; it is 6 ft perforation interval with a 125-micron SAS installed across the zone. Choke management was done to manage the drawdown before the well was ceased flow due to sand pack behind the screen, which later is proven by well intervention operation.

OCMP (Open Cell Matrix Polymer) screen was chosen to solve sand production issue. Polymer material is designed to be able to expand in the wellbore and packed the sand behind the wellbore. OCMP is not only creating a very effective screen for heterogeneous sand grain but also by mimics proppant pack on gravel pack system and block the sand grain migration into the wellbore. Screen maximum length will be the challenge, as conveyance method and limitation of base pipe size to be considered. However, the screen could be stacked to cover longer perforation interval. Stackable system has never been applied before; this becomes the first successful installation in the world.

This OCMP screen application is successfully improve sand free production rate for both Sepinggan field with 1,253 blpd production and Mutiara Field with 256 blpd. These cases will lead into more installation in the future and became a game changer in sand control for non-homogeneous formation sand.
Isothermal Adsorption of CO2 in Shale as a Caprock at Different TOC
Authors: Izman Izzulsyahmi , Mohshim Dzeti Farhah
Published: February 2024

Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are a significant contributor to global carbon and the resulting greenhouse effect. Reducing CO2 emissions, and even achieving carbon neutrality, has become a primary goal of environmental conservation worldwide. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a potential solution for reducing CO2 emissions by injecting captured CO2 into formations, such as shale. While shale formations have excellent sealing characteristics, CO2 diffusion into shale can limit the retention and maintenance of injected CO2. Understanding the adsorption behavior of CO2 in shale at different levels of total organic content (TOC) is therefore crucial. This study used a gravimetric approach to quantify the adsorption isotherm of CO2 in Eagle Ford shale sample with TOC value of 2.70 wt% using Magnetic Suspension Balance (MSB) at pressure up to 1.5 MPa and temperature at 25°C with another samples from literature review which from Silurian Longmaxi shale and Ordovician Wufeng shale. The results showed that LMX 1, sample from Silurian Longmaxi shale, which had the highest TOC content (3.04 wt.%), had the highest adsorption capacity for CO2. The Freundlich model was found to be the most accurate in describing the adsorption behavior with an R2 of 0.99 and an ARE (%) of less than 2%. This study highlights the importance of modelling the TOC of shale with adsorption isotherms to determine adsorption properties, especially for predicting the adsorption capacity of organic matter.
Geological Controls on Distribution of CO2 Off the Coast of Sarawak, Offshore Malaysia: Understandings from Regional Study and Petroleum System Modeling
Authors: Masoudi Rahim , Nayak Satyabrata , Panting Alexander Tarang Patrick , Hoesni Jamaal , Tiranda Herwin , Samsuri Muhammad Nazam B , Diah M Amri B M
Published: February 2024

Significantly higher concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) have been systematically documented within multiple hydrocarbon fields situated offshore Sarawak, Malaysia. Several hydrocarbon findings in the highly prolific Sarawak offshore region are rendered economically unviable due to elevated levels of carbon dioxide (CO2). Numerous wells and fields within the Central Luconia and west Luconia province have registered substantial concentrations of CO2, exceeding 40% at maximum. Characterizing the distribution of CO2 in this region has been always challenging. To address this, an integrated investigation incorporating geological, geophysical, and geochemical datasets was conducted to elucidate the factors influencing the spatiotemporal variations in CO2 distribution within the region. Various geological factors controlling the genesis and spatial dispersion of CO2 in the investigated locale have been identified and deliberated.

Additionally, a comprehensive three-dimensional basin modeling analysis was carried out, concentrating on the processes of hydrocarbon and CO2 generation, migration, and accumulation. The primary aim of this study was to enhance our comprehension of the origins of CO2 and its prediction which will help in de risking prospects and monetizing stranded high contaminants fields. This novel method employing an integrated Geology and Geophysics (G&G) coupled with a model-based approach has been utilized to produce CO2 concentration and risk maps for the Sarawak Basin. This innovative model enables the inclusion of subsurface geological processes pivotal in the CO2 accumulation within traps. This approach presents a notable advantage compared to the conventional method of extrapolating observed data for generating CO2 concentration and risk maps, especially when predicting beyond the established control points.
The Nautilus Robotic Solution: A Single Robot that Integrates Inspection + Maintenance + Repair Capabilities for Subsea Pipelines and Tubulars
Authors: Carlsen C. , Nagadhana T.
Published: February 2024

The Pipeline Inspection, Maintenance and Repair robot, "Nautilus", can deliver full pipeline Inspection, Maintenance and Repair (IMR) service with less time, less resources, and less risk. Delivering all tasks in a single robot represents a major achievement, and a significant reduction in CO2 emissions since all the IMR activities are performed in a single trip of a vessel and with a single crew. By performing all repairs in a closed habitat, all debris from the repair is brought back to the surface for disposal.

In the Oil and Gas industry, subsea pipelines are the vital part of installed subsea infrastructures. As these pipelines age, they are subjected to different forms of degradation, including internal corrosion. In the worst cases, this degradation eventually leads to through-wall defects, leaks and production shutdown. Currently, underwater pipeline repairs are conducted by saturation divers to stop or prevent product leakage.

Nautilus is an integrated robot that can deliver full pipeline services for spot repair including Inspection, Repair and Maintenance. Subsea interventions can be performed with less time, resources and risks. Combining all the pipeline repair tasks into a single robot represents a major achievement for the industry. The Nautilus technology is capable to repair all pipeline diameters. The current robot covers all sizes from 8" – 20" in.
AI Driven Carbon Storage Well Connectivity - A Kemper CO2 Storage Analysis
Authors: Katterbauer Klemens , Qasim Abdulaziz , Al Shehri Abdallah , Yousef Ali
Published: February 2024

Carbon dioxide (CO2) from industrial process emissions is collected before it is discharged into the atmosphere and then stored in subterranean geologic formations in order to support sustainability goals. Carbon capture storage and utilization represents an important part of reducing carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere and maximize value generation. Carbon capture, utilization and storage is a useful instrument for combating CO2 reduction in the environment since it enables business to function while producing less greenhouse gases. But storage needs to be useful, economical, and safe. Both onshore and offshore regions may have storage formations, and each kind of geologic formation has advantages and disadvantages of its own. The placing of CO2 underground for safe long-term storage and encompasses the evaluation of a variety of factors to ensure the gas is effectively trapped. In general, a range of factors are to be taken into consideration in order to determine the favorable formations, such as saline formations, oil and natural gas reservoirs, impenetrable coal seams, organic-rich shales, and basalt formations. The Kemper CO2 storage Project, which is being built in Kemper County, Mississippi, is crucial to understand and acquire experience in how to effectively sequester CO2 and gaining expertise with managing carbon storage projects. It was first built by Mississippi Power, a division of Southern Company, and is alternatively referred to as Plant Ratcliffe or the Kemper County Energy Plant. The project’s objective was to incorporate CO2 sequestration to lower the volume of carbon emissions it generated. Kemper County was chosen as the plant’s location in order to use the region’s undeveloped brown coal potential and offer regional variety, which would assist to balance the state’s energy demand and produce energy. The paper describes a novel directed well connectivity method that makes use of similarity learning to determine well connection for carbon storage. When comparing the connectivity between the injectors and producers, similarity learning can help with connectivity determination for CCUS through categorization and grouping as well as by incorporating different to non-Euclidean metrics in order to assess similarity. In order to foresee prospective CO2 sequestration issues or take corrective action, similarity learning may also be used to detect abnormalities. The association between rising CO2 injection volumes and subsequently observed CO2 quantities in the characterization wells was confirmed by the results, which showed a high correlation between the injector and producer wells. For CCUS well location and sequestration optimization, the approach could serve as a valuable toolkit.
Intelligent Optimization of Overall Layout for Ultra-Deepwater Subsea Dynamic Umbilicals
Authors: Zhu Hong , Yang Jin , Xue Rui , Xu Dongsheng , Zhao Yuhang , Zhang Xun , Dai Shenghui , Zhan Shibo , Yan Xinye , Li Gengchen
Published: February 2024

This paper addresses the growing global demand for energy, specifically focusing on the ultra-deepwater regions of the South China Sea, a rich source of oil and gas. In this context, the study of ultra-deepwater umbilical cable systems, a critical component in offshore oil and gas field development, becomes increasingly significant. The paper analyzes the composition, design challenges, and performance under extreme conditions of ultra-deepwater umbilical cable systems. Utilizing recent data collected from umbilical cable systems that are tied-back to six floating platforms in the South China Sea and dynamic analysis data from the OrcaFlex software, the study employs an enhanced Backpropagation (BP) neural network and Bayesian Optimization method for multi-objective iterative optimization under specific target functions, achieving an optimal overall design for the ultra-deepwater dynamic umbilical cables in the region.

The results indicate that the predictive accuracy and generalization ability of the BP neural network model are significantly enhanced through the method combining the Bayesian Optimization algorithm with the improved BP neural network. The refined BP neural network achieves a mean squared error (MSE) of 0.011 and an R2 score of 0.98, demonstrating high predictive accuracy and generalization capability. This optimization reduces the BP neural network's training time by over 60%, meeting the precision requirements for umbilical cable design optimization. After more than 5000 iterations using the improved BP neural network combined with the Bayesian Optimization algorithm, the study identifies an optimal set of design parameters for umbilical cables that are tied-back to floating platforms in the South China Sea. This optimization reduces the maximum effective tension and overall axial tension in the umbilical cable system by over 15%, decreases cable curvature by more than 25%, and lessens the impact of vortex-induced vibrations by over 30%. Furthermore, the BP neural network-based optimization method employed in this study is successfully applied to the design of umbilical cables for floating platforms in the South China Sea, providing scientific and technical support for the design and optimization of ultra-deepwater umbilical cables. This research has significant implications for the exploitation and utilization of China's deepwater marine resources.
Optimizing Underwater Inspection for Freespan Threat via Predictive Analytic Approach
Authors: Karim Khairol Hazman A , Juzilman Raizil Aisyaizni , Abdullah Nur Asiah Maryam , Hambali Siti Hawa , Ahmad M Nazri , Ali Napiah M Nazmi M
Published: February 2024

In the dynamic landscape of pipeline management, PrAnSpan emerges as a game-changing predictive analytics tool, redefining how we approach freespan inspection scheduling by intelligently forecasting freespan behaviour and conditions, prolong inspection intervals thus optimizing resource allocation, minimizing disruptions and reducing GHG due to vessel movement.

Predictive Analytics for Freespan, or ‘PrAnSpan,’ introduces a novel approach in handling dynamic freespan in pipelines. The methodology involves leveraging machine learning techniques and integrating both asset-specific and historical data made available by offshore pipeline operators. The primary objective of conducting PrAnSpan is to enhance the efficiency in managing pipeline freespan by optimizing the cost associated with underwater inspections and facilitating more informed decision-making especially for costly immediate span rectification.

The implementation of this approach includes the development of a web-based predictive analytic algorithm and a corresponding dashboard. These tools are designed to predict the formation and behaviors of freespan along the pipeline for specific years by combining machine learning capabilities and historical data which aims to provide a proactive and cost-effective strategy for addressing and managing pipeline freespan issues. The predictive analytics algorithm becomes a valuable tool for anticipating freespan concerns, ultimately contributing to more efficient and informed decision-making processes in the realm of pipeline maintenance and inspection.
Reusing Existing Oil and Gas Wells for CO2 Storage with Machine Learning Algorithm
Authors: Islam Raka , Sohel Rayhana , Redzuan Farah Rosmaniza , Hasan Faruque
Published: February 2024

This paper aims to guide decision-makers, particularly in the United States, through the transformation of oil and gas wells into geologic carbon storage sites, with a focus on regulatory nuances. The primary objective of this study is to facilitate informed decision-making for a sustainable energy landscape. The paper presents a simple decision tree algorithm with a dataset consisting of few injection wells from Denver unit of the Wasson Field, West Texas. Data was collected from publicly available sources and the step=by-step approach of collecting data from Texas Railroad commission sources is also provided. The decision tree algorithm assess class II wells’ eligibility for class VI permits. Class II wells are injection wells, typically used for EOR. Class VI permits are for injecting carbon dioxide into deep rock formations for long term storage (geologic sequestration). These permits are governed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the Underground Injection Control (UIC) program. EPA has outlined some rules for transforming class II wells into class VI wells. The decision tree algorithm categorizes wells for class VI permits into distinct classes: those suitable for conversion with minor modifications, those requiring additional information, those needing significant modifications, and those deemed unsuitable for this purpose. This approach provides a user-friendly and simplified initial step for decision-making, particularly beneficial for operators without a background in machine learning. The transformation of existing oil and gas wells into geologic carbon storage sites, as outlined in this paper, not only aligns with environmental sustainability goals but also presents a financially advantageous prospect for operators. Repurposing these wells for geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide offers a dual benefit—contributing to the global effort in mitigating climate change while potentially qualifying operators for the 45Q tax credit in the United States. The 45Q tax credit serves as a powerful economic incentive, providing operators with financial rewards for successfully implementing CCS technologies, thereby fostering a more sustainable and economically viable energy landscape.
Pre-Installed Cable Protectors Can Reduce RIH Time for Completions
Authors: Bibby J
Published: February 2024

This paper will demonstrate the rig time savings and the associated cost reductions available by using pre-installed cable protectors during run-in-hole operations for completions when downhole cables and control lines are being deployed. Pre-installed cable protectors can also greatly reduce the number of personnel operating in the ‘red zone’ thereby improving safety.
Analyzing and Controlling Factors Impacting Offshore Condensate Optimization with Digital Tools
Authors: Kongkiatpaiboon Suradech , Prangsawan Kanchana , Trithepapirak Sakka , Soponpalarom Apipol , Charungrattanapong Worasak
Published: February 2024

Condensate production is an essential aspect for typical offshore field development and facility optimization. This work intends to analyze the primary impact factors that relate with condensate optimization and how they are controlled using digital technology, resulting in more effective hydrocarbon monetization, reliable operation, and better outcomes. The project focuses on heat exchanger design and optimization, Reid vapor pressure (RVP) prediction and optimization, middle chain hydrocarbon allocation, and digital tools for operation and troubleshooting.

Process simulation runs have been completed and the results are compared with anticipated operating windows. The investigation reveals some areas of improvement: 1) heat exchangers design improvement to help with frequent fouling, 2) more reliable data model to supplement RVP online analyzer data, 3) better optimization of intermediate chain hydrocarbon (C4 – C5), and 4) the implementation of real time optimization tools. Several alternatives were investigated in depth for each difficulty, and digital tools are developed to overcome these problems. These include data science model deployment, heat exchanger performance monitoring, and real-time optimization dashboards.

It is anticipated that the solution provides offshore operation with monetary benefits and ease of operation when utilizing the tool. These include 1) heat exchanger redesign from parallel to series operation to reduce fouling effects, 2) fancy tube installation on tube bundle to improve its efficiency, 3) dashboard to track heat exchanger performance, monitor it in real-time, and forecast the next cleaning cycle, 4) data science model evaluation and deployment for the RVP model, 5) an alert mechanism if the model's accuracy is unacceptable and requires retraining, 6) a dashboard to monitor the allocation of middle-chain hydrocarbons, and 7) a central dashboard covering all key impacts to advise operation engineers on how to best capture the hydrocarbon values with condensate production. After implementation, numerous benefits are observed. These include increased operational efficiency, enhanced RVP prediction and control, reduced burden from manual investigation, and increased condensate yield as a result of optimization efforts.

Condensate optimization issues have a long history in offshore operations, but the affecting factors are generally unknown or have not been thoroughly investigated. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of digital tools for troubleshooting and optimization. The expanding demand for empowered digital tools, as well as the offshore operation team's positive experience with the technology, demonstrate the practicality, value, and potential of modern digital tools for continuous monitoring of platform assets and processes.
Sanding Onset and Volumetric Sand Production in Gas Hydrate-Bearing Sediment
Authors: Wang Yarlong
Published: February 2024

Sanding onset and sand production under non-isothermal conditions are of interest both for thermally related Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) in conventional reservoirs and fluid production in gas hydrate bearing formations (GHBF) for sand control and optimized production purposes. The thermal-hydraulic-mechanical coupling with hydrate decomposition (THMD) process must be considered once a supercritical condition is surpassed during wellbore depressurization, heating and a combined process during drilling, injection and production. In this paper, the mechanical responses considering the THMD effect is calculated by a poro-elastplastic model in which a linear Mohr-Coulomb yielding criterion is incorporated. The formation cohesion is assumed to be hydrate saturation-dependent. Sand production onset and the volumetric sand production is determined by an effective plastic strain (EPS) and postulated proportional to the sanding radius, respectively. The sand rates both from conventional and GHBS of experimental testing data are simulated and validated by the proposed model.
Coupled Geochemistry CCS Modelling: How Much Simplification is Required?
Authors: MousaviMirkalaei Seyed Mousa , Edmondson Mark Douglas
Published: February 2024

Carbon sequestration is the process of capturing and storage of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The objective of any carbon sequestration project is to store CO2 safely for hundreds or thousands of years with a goal of mitigating global climate change. Based on literature, coupled geochemistry with fluid flow is essential for modelling of CCS mechanisms such as multiphase flow, solute transport, mineral dissolution, and precipitation. Geochemical modelling has an important role in understanding these processes, in the short term there will be some dissolution due to CO2 injection to the reservoir and in the long-term, mineralization of CO2 could potentially occur. This mineralization may then subsequently have a large effect on the storage volume and storage development plan.

In numerical dynamic modelling there are always simplifications made to reduce the simulation runtime, however, for coupled geochemistry, oversimplification may cause incorrect results. The question which this paper is going to answer is how much simplification is required in the coupled geochemistry dynamic flow modelling of CCS.

To answer the question, a sector model from an aquifer with one CO2 injection well is extracted and coupled geochemistry with compositional simulation modelling is performed. The model included CO2 solubility and geochemistry with three minerals (‘Anorthite’, ‘Calcite’ and ‘Kaolinite’) and their respective geochemical reactions. Then the same model is simplified by decreasing the number of minerals and reactions to only ‘Calcite’ and one reaction. In the model with three minerals ‘Anorthite’ is dissolved whereas ‘Kaolinite’ is precipitated throughout the simulation and ‘Calcite’ initially is dissolved and then precipitated. In the model with one mineral there is a very small amount of ‘Calcite’ dissolution. The results showed that the amount of mineralization in the model with three reactions is about 10% of the injected CO2 after 1,000 years from the start of injection while in the simplified one-mineral model is almost zero.

The results of this study prove that oversimplifying the geochemistry potentially can cause the model to miss some of the active geochemistry processes, leading to erroneous results in the simulation. The simplification should be based on the lab mineralogy data (the amount of each mineral in the core) and the static ageing experiments. However, it is proposed at least 3-5 minerals to be considered in the model even though the small amount of each mineral could have a large secondary affect on the reactions from another mineral.
Hydrogen and Natural Gas Blending in Gas Network – A Case Study of Kalgoorlie-Kambalda-Esperance Gas Pipelines in Western Australia
Authors: Sofian Mohammed , Haq Bashirul , Alshehri Dhafer , Mizanur Rahman Mohammed , Zaman Ehsan
Published: February 2024

Hydrogen (H2) blending in natural gas (NG) pipelines is one of the pragmatic solutions to reduce the carbon footprint from natural gas usage. This work evaluates the potential of H2-NG blending in the Kalgoorlie-Kambalda-Esperance (KKE) – a part of the Western Australia (WA) transmission network. This work reports the effect of varying gas compositions such as H2, H2O, CO2, and CH4 on corrosion, erosion, and pressure profiles in the KKE.

The Kalgoorlie-Kambalda-Esperance pipeline is owned by APA Group and Esperance Pipeline Company in WA, and it is a 394-kilometre transmission pipeline that extends from Kalgoorlie to Esperance in WA. A simulation model of the KKE was developed using PIPESIM-Net software and a GIS map to replicate the steady-state flow of gaseous streams accurately. Appropriate boundary conditions were applied at the network's nodes, including the source and sinks, to ensure the model's reliability. All necessary input data for the model were taken from the APA website, published reports, and literature. Initially, the model was validated using historical data from the APA group. Then, sensitivity analysis was conducted with varying concentrations of H2and CH4, CO2, and H2O to evaluate the impact of gradually increasing hydrogen concentration within the flowing stream on the network's overall performance.

This analysis provides valuable insights into the impact of hydrogen concentration on the system, offering a comprehensive assessment of potential risks and opportunities of H2-NG blending in transmission networks. The developed model highlights distinct pressure profile fluctuations as the H2 fraction increases from 0% to 100%. Notably, a consistent pressure increase is observed within the 0-20% H2 concentration range. Furthermore, the study indicates a slight reduction in corrosion rate, even at maximum allowable concentrations of corrosive components such as water and carbon dioxide. On the other hand, the erosional velocity ratio (EVR) exhibits a negligible increase with rising H2%. Both corrosion rate and EVR remain well within industry-accepted limits, further affirming the overall viability and safety of the system.

The main novelty of this work is that no similar report is available in the literature where the KKE is simulated to explore the pressure, corrosion, and erosion effects of H2-NG blending.