bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TWEET SENTIMENT ANALYSISON GREENSPACES
Authors: Denaro Lino Garda , Sujana Yudianto , Fatihul Ilmy Hafsah
Published: February 2023

Twitter has become one of the most significant resources for text mining. Twitter can provide information    about human activities, mobility, and emotional patterns along with location data. Many types of text research can be made with these data, one of which is sentiment analysis. This study evaluates the potential of deriving emotional responses of individuals from tweets while they experience and interact with urban green space. A machine learning model using Support Vector Machine (SVM) and corpus from over 2000 movie reviews has been made. This model is used to classify incoming tweets into positive and negative sentiments. Then the web-based recommender system has been built to provide suggestions for green spaces based on users' preferred activities.
LAND VALUE PREDICTION MODEL IN THE URBAN FRINGE REGION USING MULTIPLE REGRESSION ALGORITHM
Authors: Dwi Kisworini Ita
Published: February 2023

The existence of land has become a dream. The value continues to soar over the years, making the land become something that various parties highly desire. This phenomenon causes the demand for land also to continue to increase. This study aims to predict land values based on actual land prices in the field in the form of transaction results and bid prices with a statistical approach for mass valuation in the urban fringe area, where this area is considered an alternative area to overcome the need for housing which is getting higher and higher. Land value is estimated using a data comparison approach market and added to the cost of building construction. Multiple regression is one of the methods to get the best estimation model from big data. The magnitude of the contribution of the influence of the variables making up the Land Value can be known through the coefficient of determination (R2), which is 82.5%. Many factors affect the Land Value, such as Bid Price, Physical Land Factors, Environmental Factors, and Legal Aspects.
IN-SITU EXPERIMENT OF CROSS-FLOW SAVONIUS HYDROKINETIC TURBINE WITH A DEFLECTOR
Authors: Satrio Dendy , Wiyanto Andreas Anthoni , M Mukhtasor
Published: February 2023

The crossflow type Savonius turbine is capable to rotate at low current velocity conditions. The drawback of this turbine lies on its efficiency. This study aims to test its performance before implementation in the field. The research method used is an in-situ experimental study in Umbulan, Pasuruan. Turbine model T1 AR 1.145 without deflector is used, when TSR reaches a value of 0.824, it gets a CQ value of 0.327 and a CP value of 0.269. In the same model with deflector, when TSR reaches a value of 1.1, the CQ value is 0.251, and the CP value is 0.276. It can be concluded that this turbine is suitable for area with low current velocity.
ANALYSIS OF THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE COST OF SHIP REPAIRS IN THE ISLAND OF JAVA AND KALIMANTAN
Authors: Arif Mohammad Sholikhan , Hutabarat Darryl Oliver Benedict , Pribadi Triwilaswandio Wuruk , Wahidi Sufian Imam , Supomo Heri , Pribadi Sri Rejeki Wahyu
Published: February 2023

The national shipbuilding industry is primarily responsible for maintaining and repairing ships at ship repair facilities to ensure their seaworthiness. Each shipyard offers variable pricing for ship repair, mainly if the work is performed on different islands, in Java and outside of Java. By understanding the differences in ship repair costs between shipyards in Java and those outside of Java and the factors that influence these discrepancies, a ship owner can choose a repair shipyard for docking his vessel. Ship repair data were collected from shipyards in Java and Kalimantan, with data collection and direct surveys conducted at three Industries which are located in the island of Java, and three industries in Kalimantan Island, it is processed to determine the difference between the average cost of ship repairs at shipyards in Java Island and Kalimantan Island, revealing that the cost of repairing ships at shipyards in Java Island is higher than the cost of repairs at shipyards on Kalimantan Island. However, there are also increased costs associated with ship maintenance activities in shipyards in the island of Kalimantan. After processing the difference data, the identification of the factors that cause the difference in repair costs forms, and the identification results indicate that the difference in ship repair costs at the shipyards in Java and Kalimantan is influenced by differences in service costs, productivity figures, geographical location of the shipyards, supply chains. materials, as well as the completeness, quality, and capacity of repair support facilities at the shipyards.
It’s Time to Turn Words into Action
Authors: Holliday Brian
Published: February 2023

The benefits of digitalisation for UK industry are numerous, but is the country ready to invest and position itself as a world-leader?
A Ground-Breaking Update for PPE
Authors: Hewitt Neil
Published: February 2023

What is the significance of the updated Personal Protective Equipment Directive and what does this mean for manufacturing?
Overseas Opportunities
Authors: Powell Richard
Published: February 2023

Never has there been a better time for businesses in the UK to start exporting
The Customer-Centric Digital Strategy
Authors: Masson Colin
Published: February 2023

The Fourth Industrial Revolution means realigning your entire manufacturing operations around the needs of your customers
Complex gendered agency in Mexico: how women negotiate hierarchies of fear to search for the disappeared
Authors: Zulver Julia Margaret
Published: February 2023

Fear and agency are complex, interrelated and gendered phenomena for the madres buscadoras, the women searching for the disappeared in Mexico. These women operate in a context of unrelenting, multisided violence. At the same time, they choose to engage in activism that puts them at heightened risk of violence at the nexus of criminal organisations, state corruption and insecurity. This article investigates how the madres navigate contexts of gendered violence in Veracruz, Mexico, to engage in expressions of complex gendered agency. It makes the argument that we can understand why the fear of violence does not necessarily lead to demobilisation or inaction when we locate their activism within a hierarchy of fears. By recognising that the fear of never knowing about their missing loved ones outweighs the fears of violence that they are exposed to on a day-to-day basis, we gain insight into why they choose ‘fight’, rather than ‘flight’.
Intersectionality and food consumption: a roundtable
Authors: Wahlen Stefan , Plessz Marie , Dean Wesley , Ditlevsen Kia , Magkriotis Stergios , Ramos Vasco
Published: February 2023

Intersectionality is a concept that has received little attention in scholarship on consumption, despite its significant relevance. Marie Plessz and Stefan Wahlen organised a roundtable held at the European Sociological Association (ESA) Consumption research network (RN5) interim meeting, 2 September 2022, in Oslo. This is a summarised and edited transcript of this roundtable discussion. As such, it advances the conceptual lens of intersectionality applied to (food) consumption studies and critically assesses possible future avenues of research that build on existing approaches. It first discusses the role of social and political positions that might be considered intersectionally, to then outline central characteristics as well as empirical strategies when investigating food. This transcript also showcases a possible novel format that is welcomed in the journal Consumption and Society.
Bioética y Derechos Humanos en una mirada latinoamericana
Authors: Biscioni Diego Nicolás , Rocha da Cunha Thiago , Albuquerque Aline
Published: February 2023

Si bien parten del mismo contexto histórico y comparten preocupaciones centrales de fondo relacionadas con la protección de la persona humana, la interfaz entre Bioética y Derechos Humanos aún está experimentando un lento proceso de consolidación. Este artículo presenta un análisis histórico y conceptual de esta interfaz desde una perspectiva latinoamericana de la Bioética. Presenta dos temas que ejemplifican la complejidad - y el potencial - de este enfoque: la educación en bioética y la promoción de los Derechos de Pacientes. Sin desconocer las divergencias éticas y políticas que impregnan la discusión, el trabajo concluye en la necesidad de profundizar en este enfoque como vía para hacer efectivas las principales tareas que dieron origen a los dos campos: Bioética y Derechos Humanos, teniendo en cuenta el contexto histórico de la región.
Revisión sobre aspectos bioéticos en las decisiones de triaje en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos durante la pandemia por COVID-19
Authors: García León Grecia Alejandra , Lima Sanchez Dania Nimbe , Abascal Miguel Lucía
Published: February 2023

Introducción: La pandemia por COVID-19 provocó un aumento en los pacientes canalizados a las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI). La aplicación de algoritmos de triaje provocó dilemas éticos cuando se tenía que decidir sobre el manejo clínico y/o el tratamiento de los pacientes. Objetivos: Analizar los principales aspectos bioéticos involucrados en los algoritmos usados en la toma de decisiones de triaje en la UCI durante la pandemia por COVID-19 a partir de una revisión de la literatura publicada en el periodo comprendido desde julio del año 2020 hasta febrero del año 2021. Métodos:  Se realizó una búsqueda en Pubmed, SciELO, Ovid y Cochrane con los términos de búsqueda en inglés y español: “triage” (triaje), “Covid”, “SARS Cov-2”, “unidad de cuidados intensivo”, “ética”. Se excluyeron los artículos que no mencionaron algoritmos de intervención en la UCI, que no analizan la toma de decisiones, que no implican el entorno clínico, que no estuvieran indexados o artículos repetidos. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 45 artículos: los resúmenes fueron revisados de forma independiente por dos autores para eliminar sesgos, seleccionando 12 artículos que cumplían con los criterios de selección. Se encontró que los principales aspectos éticos que se tomaron en cuenta fueron: priorización inevitable, justicia y apoyo al rol del juicio clínico tomando en cuenta los derechos personales. Conclusiones: Es necesario realizar ajustes bioéticos para estandarizar la universalización de la toma de decisiones en momentos donde la capacidad de los servicios de salud se ve rebasada.
La regulación ética de aplicaciones digitales en salud frente a la pandemia por COVID-19
Authors: Lascano Maria de la Paz , Daly Timothy
Published: February 2023

Desde la pandemia por COVID-19, varios países han desarrollado aplicaciones digitales en salud para ayudar a las políticas de prevención y cuidado de la población. Pero utilizan datos personales y sensibles y pueden depender de una infraestructura inadecuada para el almacenamiento, el resguardo y la protección de los datos. Presentamos diez criterios que deben cumplir las aplicaciones digitales en salud para garantizar la protección del derecho a la intimidad, libertad, privacidad, igualdad y confidencialidad de todo ser humano. Deben establecerse formas adecuadas de gobernanza que impliquen a todas las partes interesadas en su uso para garantizar la transparencia y la responsabilidad en los procesos de generación y transferencia de conocimientos en el sector sanitario.
Telemedicina, ética e a Resolução n. 2.314/2022 do Conselho Federal de Medicina Brasileiro: parâmetros de aplicação, subsidiariedade, letramento e segurança informacional
Authors: Divino Sthéfano , Almeida Isabela
Published: February 2023

Em 5 de maio de 2022 o Conselho Federal de Medicina Brasileiro definiu e regulamentou a Telemedicina por meio da Resolução n. 2.314/2022. A partir deste marco teórico, propõe-se como problema de pesquisa o seguinte questionamento: o normativo brasileiro é capaz de lidar com as questões éticas de maior incidência na telemedicina? Objetiva-se identificar e definir padrões e princípios pelos quais o médico deve adotar durante a Telemedicina, ressaltando-se a relação centrada no paciente. Posteriormente, detalha-se criticamente a Resolução n. 2.314/2022 do Conselho Federal de Medicina Brasileiro sob a ótica de três preceitos. Como resultado, verifica-se a inexistência de regulamentação expressiva para o uso de tecnologias para finalidades médicas, fato que reflete em desafios éticos a serem enfrentados. Conclui-se que a normatização deficiente sobre telessáude ocasiona transtornos jurídicos e bioéticos, convergindo valores e princípios que pressupõem constância e integração na relação médico-paciente. O método utilizado é o de pesquisa integrada mediante técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica.
Telemedicina e tecnologia assistiva
Authors: Schaefer Rivabem Fernanda , Leal de Meirelles Jussara Maria
Published: February 2023

Busca-se analisar os desafios da aproximação entre médico e paciente numa relação intermediada pela telemedicina e como a tecnologia assistiva pode (e deve) contribuir para um atendimento satisfatório, com respeito a todas as dimensões do paciente, sua individualidade e autodeterminação. Considera-se verdadeiro retrocesso aos ideais paternalistas o ato de delegar o destino do paciente à tecnologia, sem a devida atenção e respeito às suas limitações e características individuais. E entende-se que a tecnologia assistiva pode ser uma possível solução aos problemas derivados do uso de tecnologias de informação e comunicação. Conclui-se que a integralidade dos serviços de saúde somente é atingida se houver atenção à realidade social dos pacientes e às suas características individuais, para o alcance da igualdade e da equidade; e que o uso puro e simples dos meios tecnológicos não é suficiente para que a integralidade dos serviços de saúde seja alcançada. Foi utilizada a metodologia exploratória, levantamento de dados e informações doutrinárias sobre o objeto de estudo, seguindo-se a respectiva sistematização em caráter triplo (coleta, organização e conservação de documentos), para a sua fundamentação.
Responsabilidad civil médica en telemedicina: una propuesta de principios para una lex artis telemédica
Authors: Lecaros Urzúa Juan Alberto , López Gaete Gonzalo Eugenio
Published: February 2023

El presente artículo analiza la responsabilidad civil médica atribuible a los profesionales de la salud que intervienen en el proceso de atención a distancia. Con este objeto, se propone un conjunto de principios de los cuales se derivan deberes de cuidado en la telemedicina exigibles a los profesionales de salud y a los prestadores. A partir de los principios de analogía con y complementariedad de la atención presencial, se desarrollan tres categorías de principios especiales para la atención a distancia: principios habilitantes, principios operativos y principios de protección al paciente. Bajo este esquema de principios se especifican deberes de cuidado, distinguiendo aquellos que responden a los riesgos causados por la distancia física de aquellos que surgen de los cambios organizacionales necesarios para este tipo de atención.  La aplicación de estos deberes se analiza en tres escenarios de telemedicina: la teleconsulta, la teleinterconsulta y la teleconsultoría. Esta estructura de principios y deberes en la prestación de salud a distancia permite delimitar los alcances de la lex artis para cada escenario específico y, al mismo tiempo, elaborar estrategias regulatorias considerando criterios de necesidad, racionalidad y suficiencia, según los contenidos específicos que caracterizan cada escenario de atención de salud a distancia.
Thanks to the derogatory development during the COVID-19, telemedicine in France is better legally regulated and more accessible
Authors: Duguet Anne Marie
Published: February 2023

Telemedicine has existed since the 1980s and puts a patient in contact with a doctor or health professional at a distance who exchanges digital data using computer tools. The Ordre des Médecins considers that new technologies facilitate access to care and specialised expertise, even if it goes against fundamental ethical principles. It is a substitute for the traditional medical act, and one must question its relevance and whether the conditions of implementation bring a benefit to the patient.During the Covid-19 epidemic, the conditions for telemedicine were relaxed and the health insurance system facilitated its reimbursement in a derogatory manner. Healthcare professionals, healthcare institutions and patients were able to appreciate the new possibilities offered by telemedicine and recognize its limitations. However, safety is not the main concern of patients, who make extensive use of IT tools to surf the Internet and consider remote medicine as an easily accessible exercise without knowing its limits. They do not distinguish between medically supervised clinical telemedicine and e-health services offered over the Internet, which are commercial wellness offerings. In this presentation, we will first describe the evolution of telemedicine, which has long been implemented in France in various forms, and then the spectacular development of teleconsultations during the COVID-19 epidemic, the beneficial consequences of which allow better accessibility and reimbursement by social security.
Patients présentant une pathologie chronique et soins palliatifs en oncologie: Une mise en relation trop tardive. Télémédecine pour les soins palliatifs en oncologie
Authors: Couderc Bettina , Mauries Saffon Valerie , Faya-Robles Alfonsina
Published: February 2023

La population française comprendra 23,4 % de personnes de plus de 65 ans en 2030. La plupart d’entre elles présentera des pathologies chroniques (cancers) nécessitant une prise en charge globale par les équipes de soins palliatifs. Toutefois le nombre restreint de lits d’hospitalisation et de médecins suggère que l’on aura rapidement besoin de developper la télémédecine pour le suivi des patients en soins palliatifs  Nous avons proposé à 30 patients un suivi mensuel par téléconsultation après une première évaluation en Hospitalisation De Jour de soins palliatifs afin d’évaluer la faisabilité matérielle des consultations par télémédecine (patients altérés dans le cadre de leur parcours avancé dans la maladie cancéreuse, souvent âgés) et l’adhésion des patients dans cette pratique. Nous avons recueilli le vécu et ressenti des patients par rapport à ces téléconsultations 3 mois post inclusion. Nous avons montré la faisabilité de la téléconsultation pour les patients suivis en soins palliatifs. Les patients sont favorables à ce type de suivi. Ils n’ont aucune difficulté à se connecter indépendamment de leur âge. Tous en tirent bénéfice. Une relation de confiance s’établit facilement avec leur médecin, malgré leur méconnaissance antérieure à la téléconsultation. En revanche, notre étude met en évidence que 65% des patients à qui nous avons proposé un suivi par télémédecine sont décédés avant les 3 mois post inclusion traduisant un accès beaucoup trop tardif des patients aux soins palliatifs. Il est donc particulièrement important de promouvoir non seulement la télémédecine mais également un accès précoce aux soins palliatifs des patients.
Diffractive Optical Elements in the Real World
Authors: Clark Peter , Londono Carmina , Plummer William
Published: February 2023

This paper is a review of surface-relief diffractive optical elements. We cover applications in hybrid diffractive/bulk systems, including achromatizing, athermalizing and field flattening.
Practical Considerations for Optical Design Using Diffractive Optics
Authors: Heydenburg T. , Zweig D.A.
Published: February 2023

This paper examines a number of issues which are taken for granted with conventional optics but which must be more carefully considered when utilizing diffractive optics.
Optical Design Issues for Soft-X-Ray Projection Lithography
Authors: Sweatt W.C. , Tichenor D.A. , Kubiak G.D. , Chow W.W. , Rockett P.D. , Olson R.E. , Jewell T.E. , Wood O.R. , Windt D.L. , Bjorkholm J.E. , Himel M.D. , MacDowell A.A.
Published: February 2023

A projection lithography tool is being developed to make 100-nm features using 14-nm radiation. Multilayer coatings allow near-normal reflections in this large-field, diffraction-limited system.
Design and Characterization of a Novel Fiber Optic Coupling Device for Data Communication Applications
Authors: Heiney A. J. , Jiang C.-L. , Reysen W. H.
Published: February 2023

Many of the functions necessary for fiber optic coupling in data link
applications have been incorporated into one opto-mechanical device
called a lens/receptacle. The lens enables assembly of data links with
reduced parts count, simplified assembly, lower cost, and streamlined
testing with many performance advantages. The packaging consistent
with this lens can accommodate data rates up to 600 Mb/s. This
paper outlines the design of the lens/receptacle while highlighting
the performance benefits of the package as a whole. Performance
results presented are on pre-production prototypes operating at 125
Mb/s in the long wavelength region centered around 1330 nm.
Optical Digital Data Storage Technologies with Semiconductor Laser Head
Authors: Tsunoda Yoshito , Horigome Shinkichi , Tsutsumi Zenji
Published: February 2023

Optical disk file memories for real time digital data recording have been actively developed these few years in several places. Recently, we have developed optical disk file memory labo-model for coded data and document data storage. The basic configuration of the developed optical disk memory is shown in Fig.1. Air-sandwitched pre-grooved disks with 1.6μm track pitch are used. A recording layer consisting of Te-Se alloy is evaporated on the pre-grooved substrate 300mm in diameter. Each track is divided into 64 sectors beginning with a heading section in which track address, sector address, and other information are pre-recorded. A single diode laser is used as the light source for writing and reading data. The optical head with the diode laser is mounted on a tandem shuttle(linear actuator). Storage capacity of one disk is 2GB for two surfaces. Data transfer rate is about 300KB/s and the average seek time is less than 150ms.
Slidestore™ - A Progress Report
Authors: Price Ron , Huntley Wright
Published: February 2023

The SlideStore concept has been described earlier by Elphant1 and Burns2. This paper reviews the results of development during the past year in which the concepts were reduced to practice in several functioning machines. An archival optical memory with a total capacity of 800 Gigabytes based on a library of 2048 5"x5" slides is described. SlideStore uses a rectangular format and linear motions to write and read data. The velocity for high data rates is obtained through deflection of an argon laser beam with an AO deflector.
Use of a Digital Optical Storage System
Authors: Collins M. W.
Published: February 2023

The Common File System (CFS) is a file management and mass storage system for the Los Alamos National Laboratory's computer network. The network has a core of worker machines that currently includes four Cray-1S supercomputers, four CDC 7600s, and one CDC 6000 with a combined capability of over 200 million floating point operations per second. Smaller machines, such as the DEC VAX 11-780 and the CDC Cyber 73s, are used as special-purpose worker computers. Each worker machine runs one of the five different operating systems used in the network. They are front-ended by a communication network of over 2500 terminals that service 3500 users and are back-ended by a file transport network that includes the CFS file storage system, the Print and Graphics Express Station (PAGES) output system, and the Extended Network Access System (XNET) that connects many distributed processors to the network.
User Requirements: Results of a Mass Storage Survey
Authors: Kerr Ann U.
Published: February 2023

The purpose of this symposium is to create a forum to state requirements, provide insight into future needs and hopefully derive the future direction of Mass Storage technologies, software and user requirements. One of the problems in the area of user requirements for Mass Storage is the lack of clear definitions on: 1) the nature of user requirements, 2) desired hardware and software characteristics of future Mass Storage systems, 3) how future systems can be integrated into computing environments and, of special interest to vendors, 4) the size of the potential market for Mass Storage. A Mass Storage survey was prepared and distributed to collect information from potential users of mass storage for presentation to system designers. The results of the survey contained in this paper survey indicate some general trends in requirements and desired characteristics of new mass storage devices.
Optical Storage Media Guidelines
Authors: Olson T.
Published: February 2023

Mechanical, Optical, Read/Write and Environmental guidelines for Optical Storage Media will be presented.

The guidelines were created by a group of optical storage media and drive company representatives. The purpose of these guidelines is to assist others in optical media and/or drive design development and provide definitions and test methods for those interested in optical media storage.
New Optical Recording Material for DRAW Discs
Authors: Watanabe Kenjirou , Oyama Tomoya , Aoki Yoshio , Sato Noboru , Miyaoka Senri
Published: February 2023

Two new recording materials made of vapour-deposited films of Sb2Se3 and Sb2Te3 for video or digital signal recording are reported here. The recording on these films, which take place differently from recording on conventional ablative discs, is achieved by changing the optical characteristics of the film. The transmissivity and reflectivity of these films are greatly changed by irradiation or thermal treatment below 200°C. Since no holes are made on the disc, the size of the recording dot is easy to control, and the noise caused by the edge of the hole is eliminated. These new materials are found to be sensitive enough to permit the use of a diode laser in a DRAW (Direct Read After Write) system.
Signal-to-Noise Measurements on Textured Optical Storage Media
Authors: Suh S. Y. , Snyder D. , Anderson D. , Craighead H. G.
Published: February 2023

Textured surfaces have been studied for application to optical storage as an alternative mechanism to the conventional ablative hole-forming process. Writing process in the textured media has been shown to be inherently sensitive, because the surface energy stored on the textured column is calculated to be sufficient to accomplish the melting limited writing. This represents a significant sensitivity improvement and a great deal of simplification in the material selection.
The Effect of Incubation on the Performance of Laminated-Disk Assemblies
Authors: Altland Henry W. , Wrobel Joseph J. , Boettcher John W. , Kay David B.
Published: February 2023

The effect of incubation on optical disk assemblies consisting of an infrared-sensitive organic recording layer spin-coated onto a smoothed and metallized glass substrate was discussed at the SPIE meeting in Arlington, Virginia. Excellent recorded information stability and recordability were reported for these disks after eight weeks at various incubation conditions. The configuration of the laminated disk assembly (LDA) was also discussed at that meeting; it consists of a coated plastic recording sheet laminated with an adhesive to a rigid aluminum substrate. In this summary, the effects of sixteen weeks of incubation at various temperature/humidity conditions on the performance characteristics of LDA's are discussed. Thirty-two week performance data will be presented at the April 1984 Topical Meeting on Optical Data Storage. The incubation conditions are listed in Table I.
Mechanical, Environmental and Accelerated Ageing Tests on OML Disks
Authors: Markvoort J. , Ramaker J. , Spruijt A. , Verhoeven J.
Published: February 2023

The 12" OML DOR disk is a promising medium for permanent non-erasable data storage. It is characterized by: a disk capacity of 109 user bytes per surface, raw initial bit error rate of better than 10−5, sensitivity for hole formation of better than 0.8 nJ for 60 nsec pulses at 8 Hz rotation, and long storage and user life: 5 years for recording and 10 years for reading. These characteristics open a wide range of applications especially for mass storage systems: for which the storage and user life times are very important characteristics.
Optical Disk Digital Memory System
Authors: Ichiyama Y. , Imamura A. , Koi T. , Kishinoue I.
Published: February 2023

An optical disk has many attractive features. A mass filing capacity, low bit cost memory capability, and data archivability has now become realized in a nonerasable coded data file.
Performance of an Optical Disk Jukebox
Authors: Ammon G. J. , Siryj Bohdan W.
Published: February 2023

It has been projected that, during the next decade, data processing centers will be overrun with archive data, have a severe backlog of data to process, and be out of floor space for data storage equipment. It is further projected that stores of 1013 data bits will be required on-line and that 1015 data bits need be off-line and available. Furthermore, data throughput must be improved, most likely by using data transfer rates far exceeding 20 Mbps.
Error Correction Coding for Digital Data
Authors: Rhody Harvey E.
Published: February 2023

Optical recording systems are communication systems in the sense that they can be used to send information from "now" to "then," rather than from "here" to "there." The usual communication system model has an information source, a transmission channel and an information destination. Information is transmitted through the channel by generating signals which are matched to the physical characteristics of the channel medium. The information is recovered by a receiver which has the job of associating a message with the received signal.
New Focusing Method for DRAW-Type Optical Head
Authors: Arai S. , Hamada K. , Ogawa K.
Published: February 2023

This paper describes the principle and performance of a new focusing method which has high potential use for a small optical head for the DRAW-type optical disk. We named it the wax-wane method because of changes in the brightness profile of a laser on a detector.
Characterization of a Dyed-Polymer Optical Storage Medium
Authors: Kuder James E. , Nikles David E.
Published: February 2023

Organic based optical storage media, dye-only or dyed-polymer, offer a number of advantages over thin metal films used in write-once, phase change, or magneto-optic media1. Organic materials have much lower melting points and thermal conductivities than metals. This can result in higher sensitivity and resolution for laser marking. Organic materials can be cast by spin coating, which leads to lower fabrication costs for discs as compared to the vapor coating techniques required for thin metal films. They are less subject to degradation caused by air and moisture. Furthermore, the chemical and physical properties of organic materials can be controled by manipulating the molecular structure to achieve the required performance.
DIGI-PHOTO Integrating Write-Once Optical Disk as an Active Component in Mapping from Digitized Photographs
Authors: Maartmann-Moe Erling , Jorgensen Jens Bech
Published: February 2023

Most cartographic mapping is done photogrammetrically with the use of photographs taken from an airplane. Remote sensing images will gain in importance for cartographic mapping with the coming satellites, such as SPOT.
The Kodak Optical Storage System
Authors: Graham Robert C.
Published: February 2023

The world's requirements for the storage of digitized information is increasing at a compound annual growth rate of 30 to 35% per year. Optical storage systems offer a logical alternative for many current and future applications in the scientific and business environments. A write-once optical recording system has been developed that offers both high capacity (6.8 gigabytes per disk) and high user data rate (maximum of 1.0 megabyte per second at the disk). The media is based on an organic dye/binder recording layer, coated on a 14-inch aluminum substrate and protected with a thin off-spaced cover sheet. The optical disk recorder is coupled with an intelligent controller that supports SCSI and IPI-3 interfaces. An overview of Eastman Kodak Company's approach to large optical recording systems will be discussed.
Measured Performance of Modulation Strategies for Digital Optical Recording Media
Authors: van Uijen C.M.J.
Published: February 2023

The performance of channel codes with different constraints such as fixed-disparity and d constraints has been measured using an optical recorder with software encoding and decoding.
Finite Element Modelling of Laser-Induced Hole Formation in Optical Storage Media
Authors: Evans K.E. , Burgess A.N. , Abbott S.J.
Published: February 2023

Video discs and compact discs are examples of modern optical storage techniques that use lasers to read from permanently recorded storage media, capable of storing large quantities (gigabytes) of digitised information. Current research is involved in the development of archival media ('Write-Once-Read-Many' times systems) and erasable optical media. Here locallised laser heating is used to create small pits (for WORM systems) or a locallised reversible change in the medium (in erasable systems) to form the basic 'bit' of information. The aim is to determine the optimum combination of materials for this process to produce the highest data density, minimum error rate, and maximum read and write rates. This will be achieved by accurately controlling pit size, increasing the sensitivity of the film to pit formation and providing a sharp threshold response to the laser.

Due to the extreme difficulties in observing the process of pit formation, which involves a micron-sized laser beam creating temperatures of over 1000°C in a time of less than 100 nsecs, finite element methods are required to model the process (a) to try and detect the process of pit formation (b) to optimise the combination of materials used. Currently, practical systems use either a tellurium alloy or an organic dye on a polycarbonate or PMMA substrate. Various complex layer structures have been tried to maximise energy absorption in the storage medium.

A finite element model will be described which has been used to solve the transient thermal conduction equation, with a time dependent heat source, to accurately model the temperature variation in a number of different storage media. The resultant temperatures are then used to determine stress distributions in the storage medium. The variation of temperature and stress is required to determine the mechanism of pit formation in the medium. It will be shown how a better understanding of the processes involved can lead to a significant change in the materials used by a close examination of the most important physical parameters.
Bit Shift Characteristics in High Density Magneto Optical Recording
Authors: Yamamoto Manabu , Nakanishi Hiroshi , Watabe Akinori , Hara Shigeji
Published: February 2023

A crucial factor in high density digital recording in magnetooptical disks is to reduce bit errors caused by bit shifting. Factors affecting bit shift include imperfections in the recorded pit and noise caused by residual signals after erasing, as well as intrinsic media noise and noise inherent in the detection process. Imperfections occur when write power varies or when reflectivity or magnetization fluctuates or varies randomly. Noise caused by residual signals after erasing occurs when the erase power or erase magnetic field is insufficient. This paper investigates the relationship between bit shift and write/erase laser power or erase magnetic field in an attempt to realize high density digital recording.
Subsystem Integration of Write-Once Optical Storage Products
Authors: Williams David P. , Burnside Mark R.
Published: February 2023

Today's buyer of 5-1/4 inch Write-Once optical storage products is presented with greater choice and variety of product than ever before. The technology now offers capacities from 200 megabytes to 1.2 gigabytes, with various access times and data transfer rates. Additional issues such as external or internal mount, form factor conformance, capability of software/firmware supplied with the unit, and operating system support make the choice difficult at best. In all cases, low cost-per-megabyte figures, high capacity, and removable media are the attributes that make optical drives ideal for data intensive applications.
Write noise from optical heads with non-achromatic beam expansion prisms
Authors: Kay D. B. , Chase S. B. , Gage E. C. , Silverstein B. D.
Published: February 2023

The purposes for achromatizing the optics in an optical recording head are: (a) to reduce focal shifts of the spot at the disk1 and in the focus sensing system when the laser wavelength shifts and (b) to eliminate lateral shifts of the spot at the disk. Reference 1 discusses the use of a very low dispersion glass in the fabrication of molded singlet lenses for use in optical data storage. This paper discusses an effect of a lateral shift2 of the focal spot that occurs due to the dispersion in the beam expansion prism when the laser mode hops.
The Effects of Focus Misregistration on Optical Disk Performance
Authors: Finkelstein B. I. , Childers E. R.
Published: February 2023

Optical-spot size is one of the key parameters for optical-disk storage devices. With larger spot size, more power is required to write a mark, the tracking error signal is smaller, the adjacent track interference is higher, and the resolution and signal amplitude are lower. In addition, based on experimental results, defocus was found to greatly increase peak shift. All things considered, spot size has a major role in determining raw error rates.
High Density Optical MUSE Disc
Authors: Tsuchiya Y. , Terasaki H. , Ota O.
Published: February 2023

The bandwidth of high definition television signal is too wide to record the signal on the disc for a long time. Adopting the MUSE (Multiple Sub-Nyquist Sampling Encording) signal, which is band-width compressed to about 8 MHz, to solve the ploblem, we had developed an HDTV videodisc of 30 minutes per side and player for the profesional use. However, in order to introduce MUSE videodisc to consumer market in the future, the playback time per side is required to be at least 60 min. To realize a playback time of 60 minutes, the authors have developed disc recording system and playback system which handle the high density videodisc.
Digital Videodisk Recorder Department
Authors: Shin Dong-Ho
Published: February 2023

Summary not available.
Characterization of Birefringence of Optical Disk Substrates Using a Novel Ellipsometric Approach
Authors: Fu Hong , Sugaya S. , Erwin J.K. , Mansuripur M.
Published: February 2023

The birefringence of polycarbonate optical disk substrates is of great concern because of its negative effects on the performance of optical data storage systems. In this presentation we describe our results in characterization of birefringence using ellipsometry.
Pulse Laser Irradiated Magnetic Field Modulation Method for 3.5 " High Density MO Drive
Authors: Yonezawa Seiji
Published: February 2023

Key Technologies for High Density Recording.
Optical Data Storage and CD-R Applications from a User’s Perspective
Authors: Wehrenberg Paul
Published: February 2023

The ‘user’ perspective presented here is that of a system developer / integrator, i.e. a company, like Apple, which develops computing / storage systems for end users who must find the system adequate, affordable, financially safe, and even exciting. Key issues considered are: application demands, competing storage alternatives, storage environment, OEM costs, performance and capacity, and growth paths.
Digital Optical Data Disk Standardization—Myth and Realty
Authors: Deese W. Mike
Published: February 2023

This paper discusses the history of optical disk standards development and takes a critical look at the current development status of optical disk standards with some interesting observations concerning just what is the chronological relationship (and what should it be) between the development of de-jure standards and the corresponding development of commercial products to be supported by those standards.
SNR Dependence on Leaky Coating Reflectivity
Authors: Prikryl Ivan
Published: February 2023

The standard magneto-optic head design, employing differential signal detection, uses a nonabsorbing leaky coating beam splitter. This beam splitter transmits the carrier polarization of the forward propagating beam, which illuminates the disk, and reflects the beam returning from the disk to the differential readout channel. The selection of the beam splitter reflectivities RS and RC of two mutually orthogonal polarizations of the signal and carrier, respectively, effects the magnitude of the differential signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
MO signal detection by grating couplers in a double-layer waveguide
Authors: Kando H. , Kainuma M. , Muranishi M. , Kimura K. , Saegusa S.
Published: February 2023

Developing a small optical pickup is a key point in making a high-performance optical disk memory system. To do this, it is important to develop a single-chip multifunctional photo detector that can detect servo signals and the read-out signal simultaneously. One of the best ways to make such a smart detector, or an Integrated Optical Pickup (IOP)1), is to use waveguide components.
Optical Storage Architectures from an Actuator Point of View
Authors: Grassens Leo J.
Published: February 2023

As the data density, data transfer rate and access time requirements increase, the actuators that provide access to the data, have to meet the increase in requirements.
High Density Land/Groove Recording Using PRML Technology
Authors: Honma H. , Iwanaga T. , Kayanuma K. , Nakada M. , Katayama R. , Kobayashi K. , Itoi S. , Inada H.
Published: February 2023

Many research efforts in high density optical recording have been carried out. In high linear density recording, the digital video disk system1) has already been produced using the PRML (Partial Response Maximum Likelihood) technology. In high track density recording, the authors have proposed the land/groove recording technology, using a 3 beam optical head and a crosstalk canceller2),3).
Historical Perspectives of Optical Data Storage in the Last Twenty-five Years
Authors: Chen Di
Published: February 2023

Advances, missteps, breakthroughs and tribulations in the field of Optical Data Storage in the past quarter century will be reviewed. Valuable experience learned from this long development process leading to today's success will be highlighted.
Next Generation DVD-RAM Technology
Authors: Sugaya Toshihiro
Published: February 2023

High capacity technologies to realize SD (Standard Definition) class rewritable DVD such as second generation DVD-RAM and others are discussed. HD (High Definition) class technologies are also discussed.
Deep-Groove and Low-Noise-Mastering
Authors: Morita Seiji , Nishiyama Madoka
Published: February 2023

The low capacity in the recordable optical disks can be a damper on international market acceptance of the optical disk memories. Fortunately, some technologies have already been reported to achieve the higher bit density on the rewritable optical disks1,2). However, few technologies can support the higher track density which means narrowing a track pitch of an optical disk through suppressing both thermal and optical cross-talk from adjacent tracks in addition to decreasing the groove noise. Unfortunately, (reactive ion etching) there is no attractive contribution based on the mastering and the disk substrate technologies to improve the noise performance of the optical disks though the high signal to noise ratio must be achieved in the high density recording. We have already proposed the high stamper density recordable optical disk with a deep groove substrate reproduced from a stamper manufactured using the low noise mastering3,4,5).
Phase change recording: Options for 10-20 GB (dual layer, high NA, and blue)
Authors: Wierenga H.A
Published: February 2023

Optical phase change media with a (single-sided) capacity of 10-20 GByte would be highly desirable in future products, as they would allow for example storage of more than four hours of DVD quality video on a single disk. Several options might lead the way to such a medium: e.g. dual layer, blue wavelength, and high numerical aperture.
Loading mechanism of DVD-RAM drive
Authors: Kurotsuka Akira , Maeda Shinichi , Ezawa Kohzoh , Hanakawa Eiichi
Published: February 2023

DVD-RAM and PD are standardized as cased disk due to reliability of data recording. However, CD. CD-ROM, CD-R, DVD-ROM, and also DVD-RAM are used without cases. DVD-RAM drive supports reproducing these bare disks, and requires a loading mechanism which accepts both of a cartridge and a bare disk.
Stressed Mirror Polishing: A Technique for Making Non Axisymmetric Mirrors
Authors: Nelson Jerry
Published: February 2023

We describe a new technique for the fabrication of non axisymmetric mirrors and an experimental demonstration of the technique. The technique takes advantage of the ease of polishing spheres by applying appropriate external stresses to elastically deform the desired mirror shape into a sphere. The sphere is polished into the blank, and upon release of the external forces, the mirror springs back to the desired shape. We have tested this method by making an off axis paraboloid requiring 10pm deflections. The final mirror was paraboloidal to 0.03μm.
Demonstration - Cleaning Optics
Authors: Gourley Helen , Aiello Theresa , Brown Norman , Chupp Vern , Giove Joseph , Gourley Darrell , Handy Tom
Published: February 2023

This demonstration session brought together a group of optical cleaning problems. They were:

1. Cleaning a Brewster's angle polarizer before and after coating.

2. Cleaning a Master Optic before replication.

3. Cleaning a laser amplifier disc immediately before assembly.

4. Cleaning a lens in its metal holder.

Participants demonstrated their techniques, special tools and materials.
Cleaning a Replica Master Optic by Caulking
Authors: Gourley D. , Abu-Shamez A.
Published: February 2023

Summary not available.
High-Volume Glass-Lens Manufacture
Authors: Carter T.
Published: February 2023

Summary not available.
Analysis of the Generation of Concave Parabolic Surface with Simple Optical Fabrication Techniques
Authors: Babu N. J. , Mohanan K. P. , Hamsaveni
Published: February 2023

Summary not available.
Forging An Aspheric Optical Element
Authors: Andersen R. H. , Schmit F. M. , Leung K. M.
Published: February 2023

A meniscus lens of KRS-5 with an aspheric convex surface is being isostatically forged using a two step process. Single crystal KRS-5 of (111) orientation is deformed 60% at 250°C in the first forging operation. This pressing is then reshaped by conventional machining and reforged in a closed die assembly at 210°C. Both forging operations are typically done in helium at 4000 psi. No optical polishing is required for the optical surfaces. The convex aspheric surface is replicated from a diamond turned aspheric die. The spherical concave surface is replicated from a pyrex die figured by conventional techniques. Shaping of the circumference of the lens for mounting and centering is conveniently done by a simple machining operation. At this time, the Modulation Transfer Function performance of this asphere has reached .72 in a Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR) imager. The minimum acceptable value is 0.74. The surface figures of the KRS-5 asphere for the diamond turned aspheric lens are compared.
Aspheric Generator Using Laser Interferometer/CNC Technology
Authors: Brehm P. Donald
Published: February 2023

Fabrication of aspheric optical elements by the precision machining process requires specialized machine tools and techniques. In this paper, we present the design philosophy resulting in a standard aspheric generating system able to precision machine a wide variety of optical elements in either prototype or production quantities.