bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Elevated Risk for Violence Against Cohabiting Women
Authors: Brownridge Douglas A.
Published: June 2008

This study examined cohabiting women's elevated risk for male partner violence. It was predicted that an increased rate of cohabitation would be accompanied by a reduction in the bias toward selection into cohabitation and that this would result in greater similarity between characteristics of cohabiting and marital relationships as well as in their respective rates of violence. The results were generally consistent with this prediction. Cohabitation increased in Canada between 1993 and 2004, which appeared to have been reflected in some reduction in differences in selection and relationship variables as well as in lower rates of violence for cohabiting relative to married women. Nevertheless, persons who cohabited remained a select group and several relationship differences persisted. These selection and relationship differences accounted for the persistence of cohabiting women's elevated odds of violence in each survey. Results suggested that rates of violence in cohabiting and marital unions should eventually converge.
``Circle the Wagons and Defend the Faith''
Authors: Bedeian Arthur G. , Van Fleet David D. , Hyman Hugh H.
Published: June 2008

Commentators expressed contrasting views on the authors' examination of scientific achievement and editorial board membership in the management discipline. In response, the authors address key points with which they disagree and hold fast to their admonitory conclusions, neither compromising nor retreating from the recounting of base facts. If the authors' conclusions have prompted a measure of cognitive dissonance, they hope that any associated discomfort will lead to action on the part of all of the discipline's journals and their sponsoring organizations.
A Family-Centered Positive Behavior Support Approach to the Amelioration of Food Refusal Behavior
Authors: Binnendyk Lauren , Lucyshyn Joseph M.
Published: June 2008

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a family-centered positive behavior support approach to the amelioration of food refusal behavior in a child with autism. The study was conducted with the child and his family in their home. It employed an empirical case study design with one meal routine: snack time. Following training and support with the child's mother, results show high levels of child food acceptance, successful child participation in observed snack routines, and high parental ratings of social validity and contextual fit. Improvements maintained up to 26 months postintervention. Implementation also was associated with generalization of the child's eating behavior to new foods and to his father's supporting him during snack time. Child behavioral improvements also were associated with parental reports of gains in family quality of life. Results are discussed in terms of implications for practitioners and researchers involved in behavioral feeding interventions.
Enhancing communication among data monitoring committees and institutional review boards
Authors: Taylor Holly A , Chaisson Lelia , Sugarman Jeremy
Published: June 2008

Data Monitoring Committees (DMC) and Institutional Review Boards (IRB) each can play important roles in protecting the rights and interests of research participants and ensuring the integrity of research. While both IRBs and DMCs have unique responsibilities, promoting a robust human research participant protection program requires integration of these efforts. Communication about DMC actions and considerations to IRBs is arguably an important component of integration. We sought to explore whether and how DMCs actions are currently communicated to IRBs as a basis for recommendations to improve such communications. Evidence of communication was sought in files related to research conducted by faculty, staff, and students affiliated with the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions and the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Overall, we found a lack of consistency in the way that DMC actions are communicated to IRBs. While national policy encourages that actions taken by DMCs be communicated to IRBs and there is not a clear consensus about either who should be responsible for disseminating the information to the IRB or what information ought to be considered standard. Such standards promise to enhance the quality of ethics oversight of research. Clinical Trials 2008; 5: 277—282. http://ctj.sagepub.com
Balancing science and community concerns in resource-limited settings: Project Accept in rural Zimbabwe
Authors: Chingono Alfred , Lane Tim , Chitumba Alexander , Kulich Michal , Morin Stephen
Published: June 2008

Background: The methods and purposes of randomization are often poorly understood by participants in clinical trials. Individual misunderstandings can be compounded in community-based intervention trials, especially in research-naïve communities. Randomizing entire communities to intervention or control status risks creating the perception that control communities are being denied desirable services, ultimately undermining trust in the research process.

Purpose: To develop a randomization scheme for an HIV prevention trial of a community-level intervention that would be credible to the communities involved while maintaining the scientific integrity of the intervention trial at a rural site in Zimbabwe.

Methods: Project staff developed strong partnerships with community stakeholders and embedded randomization into the trial's community preparedness processes. Local idioms were used to explain the concept, purpose, and mechanics of randomization. Actual allocation of communities to intervention or control status took place at a public lottery conducted by local chiefs.

Results: The Project obtained the endorsement of its randomization of eight rural communities by local political stakeholders and community members.

Limitations: This case study may not generalize to other settings.

Conclusions: By developing strong community partnerships, and communicating randomization through local idioms, community based intervention trials conducted in resource-poor environments can successfully mitigate risks inherent in randomizing communities to control status. Clinical Trials 2008; 5: 273—276. http://ctj.sagepub.com
Imputation methods for missing outcome data in meta-analysis of clinical trials
Authors: Higgins Julian PT , White Ian R , Wood Angela M
Published: June 2008

Background: Missing outcome data from randomized trials lead to greater uncertainty and possible bias in estimating the effect of an experimental treatment. An intention-to-treat analysis should take account of all randomized participants even if they have missing observations.

Purpose: To review and develop imputation methods for missing outcome data in meta-analysis of clinical trials with binary outcomes.

Methods: We review some common strategies, such as simple imputation of positive or negative outcomes, and develop a general approach involving `informative missingness odds ratios' (IMORs). We describe several choices for weighting studies in the meta-analysis, and illustrate methods using a meta-analysis of trials of haloperidol for schizophrenia.

Results: IMORs describe the relationship between the unknown risk among missing participants and the known risk among observed participants. They are allowed to differ between treatment groups and across trials. Application of IMORs and other methods to the haloperidol trials reveals the overall conclusion to be robust to different assumptions about the missing data.

Limitations: The methods are based on summary data from each trial (number of observed positive outcomes, number of observed negative outcomes and number of missing outcomes) for each intervention group. This limits the options for analysis, and greater flexibility would be available with individual participant data.

Conclusions: We propose that available reasons for missingness be used to determine appropriate IMORs. We also recommend a strategy for undertaking sensitivity analyses, in which the IMORs are varied over plausible ranges. Clinical Trials 2008; 5: 225—239. http://ctj.sagepub.com
Alternative methods to evaluate trial level surrogacy
Authors: Abrahantes Josè Cortiñas , Shkedy Ziv , Molenberghs Geert
Published: June 2008

Background: The evaluation and validation of surrogate endpoints have been extensively studied in the last decade. Prentice [1] and Freedman, Graubard and Schatzkin [2] laid the foundations for the evaluation of surrogate endpoints in randomized clinical trials. Later, Buyse et al. [5] proposed a meta-analytic methodology, producing different methods for different settings, which was further studied by Alonso and Molenberghs [9], in their unifying approach based on information theory.

Purpose: In this article, we focus our attention on the trial-level surrogacy and propose alternative procedures to evaluate such surrogacy measure, which do not pre-specify the type of association. A promising correction based on cross-validation is investigated. As well as the construction of confidence intervals for this measure.

Methods: In order to avoid making assumption about the type of relationship between the treatment effects and its distribution, a collection of alternative methods, based on regression trees, bagging, random forests, and support vector machines, combined with bootstrap-based confidence interval and, should one wish, in conjunction with a cross-validation based correction, will be proposed and applied. We apply the various strategies to data from three clinical studies: in opthalmology, in advanced colorectal cancer, and in schizophrenia.

Results: The results obtained for the three case studies are compared; they indicate that using random forest or bagging models produces larger estimated values for the surrogacy measure, which are in general stabler and the confidence interval narrower than linear regression and support vector regression. For the advanced colorectal cancer studies, we even found the trial-level surrogacy is considerably different from what has been reported.

Limitations: In general the alternative methods are more computationally demanding, and specially the calculation of the confidence intervals, require more computational time that the delta-method counterpart.

Conclusions: First, more flexible modeling techniques can be used, allowing for other type of association. Second, when no cross-validation-based correction is applied, overly optimistic trial-level surrogacy estimates will be found, thus cross-validation is highly recommendable. Third, the use of the delta method to calculate confidence intervals is not recommendable since it makes assumptions valid only in very large samples. It may also produce range-violating limits. We therefore recommend alternatives: bootstrap methods in general. Also, the information-theoretic approach produces comparable results with the bagging and random forest approaches, when cross-validation correction is applied. It is also important to observe that, even for the case in which the linear model might be a good option too, bagging methods perform well too, and their confidence intervals were more narrow. Clinical Trials 2008; 5: 194—208. http://ctj.sagepub.com
Precipitation in maraging and martensitic chromium steels — what can we learn using 3-DAP and EFTEM
Authors: Stiller K. , Andrén H. O. , Andersson M.
Published: June 2008

Two complementary techniques for the characterisation of the fine scale microstructure of materials are briefly described: three-dimensional atom probe (3-DAP) analysis and energy filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM). The 3-DAP is especially suited for the characterisation of clustering and of the chemistry and size of very small precipitates, in particular when several phases are present. Energy filtered transmission electron microscopy is useful for determining size, volume fraction and number density of precipitates in the approximate size range 20–200 nm, also when several phases are present. As examples of the usefulness of a combination of these techniques, results from two types of complex martensitic steels are reviewed: the sequence of precipitation in a high strength maraging steel, Nanoflex, and the microstructure of creep resistant 9–12%Cr steels.
Energy filtering TEM analysis of nanoelectronic device structures: Fast and efficient way to assess chemical microstructures
Authors: Weirich T. E. , Reinholdt A. , Kreibig U. , Mayer J.
Published: June 2008

Devices in nano-electronics frequently consist of complex two- or three-dimensional structures with complex chemistries. A detailed characterisation thus requires not only a thorough structural characterisation, but also a highly resolved characterisation of elemental distributions. Energy filtering transmission electron microscopy is a very valuable tool for such investigations, as will be demonstrated on the basis of three different examples: a novel design of a nanoscale field effect transistor, a model design for a magnetic random access memory cell and magnetic core shell nanoparticles suitable for future nanoscale memory.
Absence of SKP2 expression attenuates BCR-ABL–induced myeloproliferative disease
Authors: Agarwal Anupriya , Bumm Thomas G. P. , Corbin Amie S. , O'Hare Thomas , Loriaux Marc , VanDyke Jonathan , Willis Stephanie G. , Deininger Jutta , Nakayama Keiichi I. , Druker Brian J. , Deininger Michael W.
Published: June 2008

BCR-ABL is proposed to impair cell-cycle control by disabling p27, a tumor suppressor that inhibits cyclin-dependent kinases. We show that in cell lines p27 expression is inversely correlated with expression of SKP2, the F-box protein of SCFSKP2 (SKP1/Cul1/F-box), the E3 ubiquitin ligase that promotes proteasomal degradation of p27. Inhibition of BCR-ABL kinase causes G1 arrest, down-regulation of SKP2, and accumulation of p27. Ectopic expression of wild-type SKP2, but not a mutant unable to recognize p27, partially rescues cell-cycle progression. A similar regulation pattern is seen in cell lines transformed by FLT3-ITD, JAK2V617F, and TEL-PDGFRβ, suggesting that the SKP2/p27 conduit may be a universal target for leukemogenic tyrosine kinases. Mice that received transplants of BCR-ABL–infected SKP2−/− marrow developed a myeloproliferative syndrome but survival was significantly prolonged compared with recipients of BCR-ABL-expressing SKP2+/+ marrow. SKP2−/− leukemic cells demonstrated higher levels of nuclear p27 than SKP2+/+ counterparts, suggesting that the attenuation of leukemogenesis depends on increased p27 expression. Our data identify SKP2 as a crucial mediator of BCR-ABL–induced leukemogenesis and provide the first in vivo evidence that SKP2 promotes oncogenesis. Hence, stabilization of p27 by inhibiting its recognition by SCFSKP2 may be therapeutically useful.
Clinical and in vitro resistance to bexarotene in adult T-cell leukemia: loss of RXR-α receptor
Authors: Lin Julie H. , Kim Ellen J. , Bansal Anand , Seykora John , Richardson Stephen K. , Cha Xian-Yuan , Zafar Sarosh , Nasta Sunita , Wysocka Maria , Benoit Bernice , Rook Alain H. , Fakharzadeh Steven S.
Published: June 2008

The oral rexinoid bexarotene (Targretin) is widely used for treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL). We recently reported the first case of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) that responded rapidly to combination therapy of bexarotene and interferon (IFN)-α2b with complete clinical response. We demonstrated that bexarotene induced apoptosis of the patient's malignant peripheral blood T-cells in vitro. However, our patient developed skin and nodal relapse 180 days after starting treatment. We now demonstrate that his peripheral blood malignant T cells became resistant to bexarotene-induced apoptosis. We investigated potential mechanisms that may cause aberrations in the retinoid X receptor (RXR) subunits, RXR-α and RXR-β, to account for these findings. Sequence analysis did not reveal acquisition of mutations in the genes encoding RXR-α and RXR-β by resistant cells. We assessed RXR-α and RXR-β expression by Western blot analysis and found that resistant cells had significantly decreased RXR-α expression compared with pretherapy bexarotene-sensitive cells. Our findings indicate that reduced expression of the RXR-α receptor subunit may represent a mechanism for resistance to bexarotene in T-cell malignancies.
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms and cardiovascular damage in hypertensive subjects: an Italian case-control study
Authors: Colomba Daniela , Duro Giovanni , Corrao Salvatore , Argano Christiano , Di Chiara Tiziana , Nuzzo Domenico , Pizzo Federica , Parrinello Gaspare , Scaglione Rosario , Licata Giuseppe
Published: June 2008

Background

Nitric oxide (NO) synthesized by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) plays an important role in regulation of endothelial function and in the control of blood pressure. However, the results from some studies on the association between three clinically relevant eNOS gene polymorphisms (G894T, T786C and intron 4b/a) and essential hypertension are unclear. We designed a case-control study to evaluate the influence of eNOS polymorphisms on target organ damage in 127 hypertensives and 67 normotensives. Clinical evaluation, biochemical parameters, Urinary Albumin Excretion (UAE) and echocardiogram were performed to characterize target organ damage. eNOS polymorphism were recognized by PCR method.

Results

The distribution of eNOS genotypes was similar in hypertensives and normotensives but 4aa was present in the 2.5% of hypertensives and completely absent in normotensives. Subjects with 4bb, G894T, and T786C genotypes showed an increased prevalence of target organ damage. Moreover prevalence of G894T and introne 4 variants was significantly higher in hypertensives than in normotensives both with cardiovascular damage. Logistic regression analysis didn't show any association between eNOS polymorphisms, Body Mass Index (BMI), hypertension, gender and cardiovascular damage. Only the age (OR 1.11; IC 95% 1.06–1.18) was predictive of cardiovascular damage in our population.

Conclusion

Our results seem to indicate a lack of association with eNOS variants and cardiovascular damage onset.
Theoretical Approaches to the Evolution of Development and Genetic Architecture
Authors: Rice Sean H.
Published: June 2008

Developmental evolutionary biology has, in the past decade, started to move beyond simply adapting traditional population and quantitative genetics models and has begun to develop mathematical approaches that are designed specifically to study the evolution of complex, nonadditive systems. This article first reviews some of these methods, discussing their strengths and shortcomings. The article then considers some of the principal questions to which these theoretical methods have been applied, including the evolution of canalization, modularity, and developmental associations between traits. I briefly discuss the kinds of data that could be used to test and apply the theories, as well as some consequences for other approaches to phenotypic evolution of discoveries from theoretical studies of developmental evolution.
Interplay between Ecological Communities and Evolution
Authors: Haloin Jon R. , Strauss Sharon Y.
Published: June 2008

There is growing interest in the interplay between ecological interactions among community members and evolutionary processes. At all scales, from genetic variation within populations, through variation across populations, species, and clades, we find feedbacks between ecological and evolutionary dynamics. Ecological interactions are a source of selection that can drive local adaptation and speciation; conversely, how populations evolve in response to such selection can feed back to modify species interactions, communities, and ecological dynamics. We review ecoevolutionary linkages in theoretical and empirical studies in several areas including the following: (1) how intraspecific genetic variation affects communities, (2) multispecies interactions that cause diffuse selection and geographic mosaics of selection, (3) how rapid evolution can generate ecoevolutionary feedback, (4) interpretation of phylogenetic signal in community assembly, and (5) the macroevolutionary consequences of multispecies interactions. We highlight new approaches that may contribute to advances in each of these areas. We also discuss ways of linking these different disciplines, specifically by documenting feedbacks between evolution and ecological communities across multiple scales.
Erythropoietin and Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor Treatment Associated With Improved Survival in Myelodysplastic Syndrome
Authors: Jädersten Martin , Malcovati Luca , Dybedal Ingunn , Giovanni Della Porta Matteo , Invernizzi Rosangela , Montgomery Scott M. , Pascutto Cristiana , Porwit Anna , Cazzola Mario , Hellström-Lindberg Eva
Published: June 2008

Purpose

To assess the effect of erythropoietin (EPO) plus granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) treatment on survival and leukemic transformation in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS).

Patients and Methods

We compared the long-term outcome of patients with MDS treated with EPO plus G-CSF (n = 121) with untreated patients (n = 237) with MDS using multivariate Cox regression with delayed entry, for the first time adjusting for all major prognostic variables (WHO classification, karyotype, cytopenias, level of transfusion-need, age, and sex).

Results

The erythroid response rate to EPO plus G-CSF was 39%, and the median response duration 23 months (range, 3 to 116+). In the multivariate analysis, treatment was associated with improved overall survival (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.83; P = .002). Interestingly, this positive association was primarily observed in patients requiring fewer than 2 units of RBCs per month. Treatment was not linked to the rate of acute myeloid leukemia in any defined subgroup, including patients with an increase of marrow blasts or an unfavorable karyotype.

Conclusion

The inherent risk of leukemic evolution in MDS makes the current investigation highly relevant, in light of the recent reports of potential negative effects of EPO treatment on outcome in patients with cancer. We conclude that treatment of anemia in MDS with EPO plus G-CSF may have a positive impact on outcome in patients with no or low transfusion need, while not affecting the risk of leukemic transformation.
Impact of Rituximab and/or High-Dose Therapy With Autotransplant at Time of Relapse in Patients With Follicular Lymphoma: A GELA Study
Authors: Sebban Catherine , Brice Pauline , Delarue Richard , Haioun Corinne , Souleau Bertrand , Mounier Nicolas , Brousse Nicole , Feugier Pierre , Tilly Hervé , Solal-Céligny Philippe , Coiffier Bertrand
Published: June 2008

Purpose

The treatment of patients with follicular lymphoma has changed with the introduction of high-dose therapy (HDT) with autologous stem-cell transplant then with rituximab. The effect of these two strategies on the outcome of relapsing patients with follicular lymphoma has never been compared.

Patients and Methods

We analyzed two cohorts of patients treated in two successive randomized studies with the same treatment, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, teniposide, and prednisolone plus interferon, to evaluate the role of rituximab and HDT in salvage therapy after first disease progression or relapse.

Results

Of the 364 patients included in these two studies, 254 progressed or relapsed and constitute the population of this analysis. Among them, 98 had been treated with HDT, including 33 of them after rituximab-containing salvage regimen, and 69 with rituximab alone or combined with chemotherapy but without HDT. Patients’ characteristics at diagnosis were similar in all subgroups. If event-free survival was identical for patients treated within Groupe d'Etude des Lymphomes Folliculaires (GELF) -86 or GELF-94 studies, overall survival was longer in GELF-94 study. HDT was associated with a statistically significant benefit in terms of event-free survival from relapse and survival after relapse (SAR). Rituximab was associated with a greater benefit than HDT for these two end points. When both treatments were combined, patients treated with rituximab-containing salvage regimen followed by HDT had 5-year SAR more than 90%.

Conclusion

In follicular lymphoma, for patients treated with first-line chemotherapy the combination of a salvage regimen containing rituximab with or without HDT leads to a dramatic improvement of long-term outcome.
Notes of an Escapologist
Authors: Schilling Árpád
Published: June 2008

In this manifesto, Hungarian independent director Árpád Schilling, artistic director of the renowned ensemble Krétakör, articulates his ideas on directing, acting, and Hungary's theatrical tradition and producing structures. He gives examples of theatrical exercises used by Krétakör and outlines his vision for the future of Hungarian theater.
Synthesis of Hierarchically Meso-/Macroporous Titanium Tetraphosphonate Materials with Large Adsorption Capacity of Heavy Metal Ions
Authors: Zhang Xue-Jun , Ma Tian-Yi , Yuan Zhong-Yong
Published: June 2008

Macroporous titanium tetraphosphonate materials with intraframework ethylenediamine groups and hierarchical mesostructure in the walls were synthesized by a simple surfactant-free process with the use of sodium salt of ethylenediamine-N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(methylenephosphonic acid), possessing large capacity for heavy metal ion adsorption with a preference sequence of Cd2+ < Cu2+ < Pb2+.
Preparation of Superhydrophilic Mesoporous Silica Thin Films Containing Single-site Photocatalyst (Ti, V, Cr, Mo, and W oxide moieties)
Authors: Horiuchi Yu , Mori Kohsuke , Nishiyama Norikazu , Yamashita Hiromi
Published: June 2008

Using a sol–gel/spin-coating method, transparent mesoporous silica thin films containing single-site photocatalyst (Ti, V, Cr, Mo, and W oxide moieties) (Me-MSTFs) could be prepared on quartz plates. All Me-MSTFs have exhibited strong hydrophilic surface properties even before UV-light irradiation and showed photoinduced superhydrophilic properties after UV-light irradiation. Among examined samples, the W-MSTF showed the highest hydrophilicity.
The Linguistic Milieu of Norwegian Children with Hearing Loss
Authors: Arnesen Knut , Enerstvedt Regi T. , Engen Elizabeth A. , Engen Trygg , Høie Grete , Vonen Arnfinn M.
Published: June 2008

The article is based on a national survey in Norway of the linguistic situation of deaf children. Parents, teachers, and children were asked to make judgments on topics related to the children's language milieu at home and at school by means of detailed questions using two response methods: a language inventory and rating scales. The inventory is more detailed than those in other studies and required all three groups to consider not only the use of the two native languages, Norwegian and Norwegian Sign Language, but other forms combining sign and speech. The data revealed that languages used with the children included both native languages as well as various mixtures depending on context, situation, and the nature and purpose of the communication. The results are considered from the perspective of the amount and quality of language input and intake necessary for language acquisition and literacy.
The Status of Sign Language Instruction in Institutions of Higher Education: 1994-2004
Authors: Cooper Sheryl B. , Reisman Joel I. , Watson Douglas
Published: June 2008

Surveys of sign language programs in institutions of higher education in the United States, conducted in 1994 and 2004, are compared to reveal changes over time. Data are presented concerning the institutional environment of programs, program administrators, and instructors. Institutions examined in 2004 were on average 5 years older than those examined in 1994. More institutions accepted sign language for general education and foreign language requirements. Program administrators in 2004 were more likely to have primary duties as teachers rather than administrators, and to have greater understanding of the subject matter. Faculty in 2004 had more education and teaching experience. Full-time faculty showed increases in the proportion who were Deaf and the proportion who were in tenure-track positions. Program staff size increased. Overall, evidence indicates that sign language has become more accepted as an academic discipline and that programs are more entrenched at their institutions.
Lessons Learned From More Than Two Decades of HIV/AIDs Prevention Efforts: Implications for People Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing
Authors: Winningham April , Gore-Felton Cheryl , Galletly Carol , Seal David , Thornton Melanie
Published: June 2008

In Contrast with the nearly 30 years of HIV/AIDS research with the hearing community, data on HIV infection among persons who are deaf and hard of hearing is primarily anecdotal. Although the few available estimates suggest that deaf and hard of hearing persons are disproportionately affected by HIV infection, no surveillance systems are in place to identify either frequency or mode of HIV infection within this population. Moreover, to date, all empirically validated HIV prevention interventions have relied on communication strategies developed for persons who hear. Therefore, understanding and developing effective prevention methods is crucial for persons who are deaf or hard of hearing. The authors explore (a) factors among this population that may contribute to HIV-related behaviors, (b) four key concepts consistently included in successful interventions, and (c) practical ways in which to use this information to tailor effective intervention strategies for this population.
Identification and Placement for Deaf Students With Multiple Disabilities: Choosing the Path Less Followed
Authors: Guardino Caroline A.
Published: June 2008

Students with a hearing loss often have an additional disability. Although the number of deaf students with multiple disabilities is growing, research on this population has significantly decreased over the past quarter-century. The article reviews the literature on identification and placement of deaf students with multiple disabilities, specifically deaf students with one of the following disabilities: autism, emotional/behavior disorders, attention deficit disorders, or mental retardation. Degree of incidence is also reported, and is compared with statistics from the annual report of the Gallaudet Research Institute
(2005). Included in the review are suggestions for future research and
implications for professionals in the field of deafness.
A Summary of the Reading Comprehension Research Undertaken With Students Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing
Authors: Luckner John L. , Handley C. Michele
Published: June 2008

The American Federation of Teachers (1999) has stated that "the most fundamental responsibility of schools is teaching students to read" (p. 7). The central purpose of reading is comprehension—constructing meaning from text. The purpose of the present study was to identify, review, and summarize the research published in professional peer-reviewed journals related to reading comprehension and school-age students who are deaf or hard of hearing between 1963 and 2005. Fifty-two studies were identified and reviewed. The results were summarized in a table and reported descriptively. The most frequently researched reading comprehension teaching strategies were identified and discussed. The need for more research in this critical area was noted.
Computer-Mediated Communication and the Gallaudet University Community: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Hogg Nanette M. , Lomicky Carol S. , Weiner Stephen F.
Published: June 2008

The study examined the use of computer-mediated communication (CMC) among individuals involved in a conflict sparked by the appointment of an administrator as president-designate of Gallaudet University in 2006. CMC was defined as forms of communication used for transmitting (sharing) information through networks with digital devices. There were 662 survey respondents. Respondents reported overwhelmingly (98%) that they used CMC to communicate. Students and alumni reported CMC use in larger proportions than any other group. The favorite devices among all respondents were Sidekicks, stationary computers, and laptops. Half of all respondents also reported using some form of video device. Nearly all reported using e-mail; respondents also identified Web surfing, text messaging, and blogging as popular CMC activities. The authors plan another article reporting on computer and electronic technology use as a mechanism connecting collective identity to social movements.
Learning English From Signed English: An Impossible Task?
Authors: Power Des , Hyde Merv , Leigh Greg
Published: June 2008

A sample of elementary school– and high school–age deaf students in special education programs in the Australian state of Queensland using Australasian Signed English (ASE) took the Test of Syntactic Abilities (Quigley, Steinkamp, Power, & Jones, 1978) and wrote a story in response to a wordless picture sequence. Several analyses of the students' test scores and of the written language of their stories were undertaken. It was found that classroom use of ASE was of benefit to these students in developing English and telling a story in writing, but that there were complex aspects of syntax that required special teaching. The implications for the use of Signed English systems and the teaching of English to deaf students who use Signed English communication are examined.
Minna Bernays as "Mrs. Freud": What Sort of Relationship Did Sigmund Freud Have with His Sister-in-Law?
Authors: Maciejewski Franz
Published: June 2008

In the context of the current debate about the implications of the overnight stay of Freud and Minna Bernays in Maloja in 1898, the present article looks closely at the entire story of their relationship. Almost from the beginning in 1882, Freud felt attracted to his sister-in-law and wrote her tender letters—the prelude of a constantly renewed ambivalent offer of a relationship. Freud's behavior is to be understood only in the light of the basic trauma of his early childhood: the loss of the breast and the love of his mother Amalie after the birth of his brother Julius, which opened the way for the engagement of a nurse. Thus, the "two-mothers constellation" of the Freiberg period should be considered the deep structure of the later "two-wives complex," with the Bernays sisters as revenants. The interpretation of two dreams from summer 1898 confirms that the emotional attitude of an incestuous connection to Minna dominates the period prior to the Engadine trip. It is suggested that the so-called "Minna affair" does not run counter to the direction taken by Freud's psychosexual development but fits the patterns he learned in his childhood.
Nineteen Patients in Analysis with Freud (1910–1920)
Authors: May Ulrike
Published: June 2008

A new source is introduced in this paper: the calendars, covering the period from 1910–1920, in which Freud noted which analysands he had seen each day. From these, the analyses of nineteen patients whose existence was previously known have been selected; the investigation describes their course and focuses on their duration and weekly frequency. The historical change in analytic practice both in terms of duration and frequency is pointed out. Most analyses were surprisingly short; a small minority were very long. The frequency with which Freud worked with his patients was high, sometimes very high (up to eighteen hours a week), but in several cases it changed numerous times during the analysis. These data are seen as a compromise between what Freud considered desirable and what was practicable. Freud's analyses of psychotic patients is described, possibly altering our view of his attitude to the treatment of psychosis. The author contends that commandments and interdictions concerning this and other aspects of analytic practice are erroneously considered to be based on Freud. They do not, however, follow from Freud's work but were developed by those who came after him.
Freud's Death: Historical Truth and Biographical Fictions
Authors: Lacoursiere Roy B.
Published: June 2008

In spite of the claims of Ernest Jones to have been "truthful" and of Max Schur to have achieved the "necessary objectivity" in their respective biographies of Freud, they notably failed to do so in their accounts of Freud's death. The existence of serious distortions is evidenced by the discrepancies between their statements about the time of Freud's death. Currently available portions of the Freud Archives at the Library of Congress make it possible to present a more accurate picture. On the basis of further new documentation, this paper shows that Max Schur was not present at Freud's death, as had been previously believed, and that the final injection that hastened Freud's death was administered by Josephine Stross, a longtime friend of Anna Freud's, whose presence at Freud's deathbed has heretofore been overlooked.
An "Invisible Man"?: Little Hans Updated
Authors: Borgogno Franco
Published: June 2008

This paper reexamines the analysis of "Little Hans" one hundred years after its first publication. In the light of what we now know about the patient's family environment and his subsequent life and career, a broadened viewpoint is offered from which to observe his childhood analysis and the nature of his psychic suffering. The case of Little Hans represents a turning point in the early days of psychoanalysis as regards both Freud's greater ability to identify with the particular needs of the patient and his achieving at the same time a more mature function of "listening to listening" as an analyst. However, in narrating the case history, Freud overlooks the important role played by the specific family environment in the pathogenesis of Hans's phobia and his psychic growth as an adult. In this connection, the possible reasons that caused Freud to conceal the facts available to him about the psychological characteristics of Hans's family, and especially the atmosphere of "fights inside the parental couple" that marked Hans's early development, are also considered.
Counterinsurgency and Torture
Authors: Bass Thomas A.
Published: June 2008

After a lapse of thirty years, counterinsurgency is back as a topic of military study. Counterinsurgency is the work of empire. It involves a dominant power forcing its will on a subject people. The modalities involved in this process range from the distribution of food, medical supplies, and other social benefits to outright bribery and on from there into the dark arts of psychological warfare, political assassination, sabotage, and torture. The United States Army has long been involved in the work of counterinsurgency, and methods developed during the Vietnam war are now being redeployed in Iraq and Afghanistan. These include torture, whose use in counterinsurgency is widely debated. The argument about torture pits two schools of thought against each other. Those who believe in its efficacy cite the “ticking time bomb” hypothesis. You torture your opponent to get out of him the tactical information that allows you to diffuse a time bomb before it blows up in your face. Torture is a dark art which you use because it works. The other side argues that this position is wrong. The strong when tortured confess to nothing, and the weak confess to everything. Torture produces an avalanche of disinformation. Haunted by competing ideologies, the U.S. military is anxiously confronting the use of torture in counterinsurgency.
The Clearly Obscene and the Queerly Obscene: Heteronormativity and Obscenity in Cold War Los Angeles
Authors: Strub Whitney
Published: June 2008

As an enforcing agent of heteronormativity, obscenity law has often been used to stigmatize and suppress queer texts. This article examines the mechanics of such deployments in mid-twentiethcentury Los Angeles, where the national domestic politics of the cold war found shape and expression at the local level. While a study of obscenity case law alone might suggest more victories than losses for queer texts, this article emphasizes the cultural work accomplished by the incessant deployment of such charges, regardless of outcome, as they served to reify mainstream assumptions about the perversity and prurience of dissident sexualities. This policing served a variety of interlocking ends: the literal erasure of homosexual visibility, the cultural conflation of the queer with the obscene, and the targeting of queer community formations for destruction. From male physique magazines to avant-garde Kenneth Anger films, authorities deemed queer texts inherently obscene, regardless of their levels of graphic depictions of sexuality, as a sustained antigay moral panic engulfed cold war Los Angeles. Even public space defined as queer proved vulnerable to such efforts, as the marginalization of queer communities that pushed them into proximity with disreputable straight films and publications also allowed the heightened policing of those straight texts as cover for the actual combating of queer community formations. While this conflation of queerness and obscenity seemingly faded in the liberal 1970s, its legacy was to set the framework for the antigay agenda of the New Right, which continues to exploit such tropes into the present day.
Charting Progress: Francis Amasa Walker's Statistical Atlas of the United States and Narratives of Western Expansion
Authors: Kinnahan Thomas P.
Published: June 2008

In the years following the Civil War, federal scientific exploration of the American west intensified rapidly, and so too did the flow of texts that sought to fix the region within the framework of scientific discourse. Among the most authoritative of these texts was Francis Amasa Walker’s innovative Statistical Atlas of the United States . Published in 1874, this oversized compendium of maps, graphs, statistical tables, and essays by scientists, economists, and federal officials was the first comprehensive thematic atlas produced by any nation, and it was hailed both at home and abroad for its innovative use of graphic elements to distill and display complex data. The text drew upon the latest printing technologies and institutional structures to visually and rhetorically stabilize a dynamic social field during a period of rapid change, while also extending the nation’s view across the interior west, which to that point had been only vaguely defined. Drawing upon the culturally privileged language of quantification, objectivity, and empiricism, and stamped with the increasingly prestigious imprimatur of institutional science, Walker’s atlas offered an ostensibly unmediated reflection of the American social and geographic landscape, and it revealed the nation to itself in new and sometimes unexpected ways, especially with regard to the west, a region emblematic of the nation’s future. This article argues that despite the atlas’s aura of distanced objectivity, its presentation of hard facts and “exact knowledge” is framed by a textual and visual image of the United States consonant with expansionist practices and policies, as well as the values and desires of the emergent industrial order. The text’s expansionist orientation is most acutely apparent in its representation of Native Americans and their place, both literally and figuratively, in the nation’s “imperial sweep” across the continent and in its reconfiguration of the west as a resource frontier to be exploited through largescale capital investment rather than independent agrarian settlement in the Jeffersonian mold.
Cold War Re-Visions: Representation and Resistance in the Unseen Salt of the Earth
Authors: Balthaser Benjamin
Published: June 2008

Salt of the Earth is often considered one of the primary counter-narratives of the cold war. Banned in the U.S., the film was written and directed by blacklisted artists, chronicling a Mexican-American union -- also blacklisted from the CIO -- and their fight to end racism in the New Mexico mines, and sexism within their union. Yet for all the effort of federal, local and state government, Hollywood, and conservative labor unions to crush the film for its subversive content, it nonetheless underwent dramatic revision from its pre-production draft to its final filming that actually removed some of the more overtly political material. Looking at the unreleased pre-production draft, the article argues that the changes reveal a new film, one in which a powerful critique of anti-communism, imperialism, and the Korean War figure as central points of the original narrative. Bringing the excised scenes to light, the article complicates the narrative offered by the filmmakers and later critics, that worker-artist collaboration was merely an act of correction on the part of the mineworkers to correct unflattering stereotypes of Mexican-Americans. Rather, the story of Salt of the Earth is a complex negotiation between the needs and desires of two disempowered groups – the blacklisted Hollywood left and a Mexican-American union with a long history of fighting for equality. The final decision to remove critiques of anti-communism, references to the Korean War, and the larger frame of the cold war leaves a film that focuses more tightly on anti-racism, but loses the connection between racism in the U.S. and imperialism abroad. While both the mineworkers' union and the filmmakers were part of 1930s and 40's "popular front" culture and shared many of the same political concerns, the cold war and its subsequent state repression had different effects and were part of different histories for the two communities. The greater threat of violence and persecution faced by the mineworkers, as well as the need to control their representation on the national stage, likely informed their decision to limit the nature of the critique made by film. Examining the original script and the changes can thus tell us much about how different communities within the field of the "old left" responded to the cold war and chose to represent their struggle on film, as well as the way in resistance is always situated within the multiply intersecting meanings of race and power.