bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of sizing materials for carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites
Authors: Yavuz Zelal , Öz Yahya , Ece Remzi Ecmel , Öztürk Fahrettin
Published: September 2024

For the manufacturing of mechanically strong and lightweight composite aerostructures reinforcement materials (e.g. carbon fibers, CFs) are the most convenient way. Therefore, sizing of carbon fibers is crucial for guiding them into service by protecting the CF’s surface. In this study, a novel sizing agent was developed and effects of this sizing on CFs’ physicochemical as well as surface properties were investigated. The impact on the fiber-matrix interphase behavior was analyzed. Results reveal that the surface free energy of CF was increased from 5.67 mJ/m2 to 13.13 mJ/m2 through sizing by enhancing the wettability property of CF. In addition, surface topography analyses indicate that the surface roughness Ra is 3.70 ± 2.59 nm for neat CF; 1.01 ± 0.65 nm for Polyetherimide (PEI) sized CF; and 1.71 ± 1.14 nm for PEI-Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) sized CF. Finally, it was concluded that an increment in the wettability can be related with chemical changes on the fiber’s surface.
Effect of stick and slip zones on fatigue life of a slewing ball bearing
Authors: Pathuvoth Dhanesh , Sekhar A.S.
Published: September 2024

Prediction of fatigue life of slewing ball bearings is challenging due to the influence of large deformations and adverse lubrication conditions. The present study presents an elegant simulation model that considers the flexibility of the supporting elements of the slewing bearing along with stick/slip zones at the raceway-ball contact interface. Using the stresses predicted by the simulation model, relative fatigue life using stick/slip condition versus no-friction condition is computed. A sensitivity study of the ball contact force, ball contact angle, coefficient of friction and raceway conformity is also performed. The present study also evaluates the results in comparison with full-sliding assumptions. The final results show that the stick/slip zone determination at the contact interface is beneficial for accurate determination of fatigue life of slewing bearings.
Thermoelastic damping in asymmetric vibrations of nonlocal circular plate resonators with Moore-Gibson-Thompson heat conduction
Authors: Kharnoob Majid M , Carbajal Nestor Cuba , Chenet Zuta Manuel Enrique , Ali Eyhab , Abdullaev Sherzod Shukhratovich , Radie Alawadi Ahmed Hussien , Zearah Sajad Ali , Alsalamy Ali , Saxena Archana
Published: September 2024

Precise estimation of the amount of thermoelastic damping (TED) in small-sized resonators is one of the crucial issues in their optimal design. According to several experimental, numerical and theoretical findings, the behavior of structures with such small dimensions in structural and thermal domains does not follow classical elasticity theory and the Fourier law of heat conduction. The objective of this work is to develop a nonclassical formulation for computing TED in asymmetric vibrations of circular nanoplates according to nonlocal theory (NT) and Moore-Gibson-Thompson (MGT) heat transfer model. To do so, first, the coupled equations of motion and heat are derived in the purview of NT and MGT model. Then, the real and imaginary parts of the system frequency are extracted from the frequency equation affected by thermoelastic coupling. Finally, by means of the existing definition for TED, a mathematical expression including nonlocal parameter of NT and nonclassical constants of MGT model is obtained to make an estimate of TED value. In the numerical examples section, to ensure the credibility of the provided formulation, the results obtained through this model are compared with those reported in the literature in the context of simpler models. Then, by presenting various graphical data, the type and extent of the role of different factors in TED changes are appraised. The obtained results indicate that employing NT and MGT model can substantially impact the amount of TED compared to the estimations of the classical formulation. Furthermore, the comparison of results reveals that the magnitude of TED in asymmetric vibration modes surpasses that in symmetric ones, and consequently incorporating asymmetric vibration modes is crucial for thorough analysis of TED in circular nanoplates. Thus, the formulation presented in this article can aid in achieving an optimal design for such plates, particularly in terms of minimizing energy loss.
Green Synthesis of Chitosan-coated Tin Dioxide Nanoparticles Using Moringa oleifera Flower Extract Against Breast Cancer via the Caspase-dependent Apoptotic Pathway
Authors: Alsulimani Ahmad , Abdullah Saleh M. , Jerah Ahmed Ali , Hendi Ali M. , Farasani Abdullah
Published: September 2024

Background and Purpose

In the present work, chitosan is furnished with tin dioxide (CsSnO2) nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized using the green route using Moringa oleifera ( M. oleifera) flower extract.

Materials and Methods

These preparation methods are low-cost, easily reproducible, nontoxic, and eco-friendly. X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and photoluminescence (PL) analysis were used to learn more about the CsSnO2 NPs. The antibacterial property of CsSnO2 NPs was assessed by the disc diffusion method against various pathogens. The MTT assay was done to assess the cytotoxicity of CsSnO2 NPs in MCF-7 cells. The expressions of the apoptotic proteins were examined using assay kits.

Results

XRD results demonstrated that the formulated CsSnO2 NPs exhibit a tetragonal structure. From the FT-IR spectra, the Sn–O stretching peak was observed at 579 cm–1. A FESEM image shows that the CsSnO2 NPs were formed into a spherical structure. Surface defects, such as tin and oxygen vacancies, are visible in the PL spectra, and the average particle size of CsSnO2 NPs is 32 nm. Thus, surface defects are essential parameters for biocidal properties. The antimicrobial property of CsSnO2 NPs and amoxicillin was investigated against bacteria and human fungal pathogens. CsSnO2 NPs exhibit similar antimicrobial properties as compared to amoxicillin. Also, the dosage of CsSnO2 NPs elevated their antimicrobial activity. The anticancer property of the green-synthesized CsSnO2 NPs against MCF-7 cells was further analyzed to study their ability to cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction, like caspase-3, -8, and -9 activation.

Conclusion

The study’s outcome revealed that the green synthesized CsSnO2 NPs are an outstanding candidate for cancer therapy.
Research on the Improvement of Endothelial Cell Function and Trophoblast Apoptosis in Rats with Preeclampsia by Tanshinone IIA
Authors: Dong Hui , Song Jie , Jia Yanju , Cui Hongyan , Chen Xu
Published: September 2024

Background

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and signs of damage to another organ system, often the kidneys. Recent studies suggest that endothelial dysfunction and trophoblast apoptosis are involved in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia.

Objectives

To investigate the effects of tanshinone IIA (TIIA) on clinical symptoms, vascular endothelial function, and placental trophoblast apoptosis in preeclampsia rats.

Materials and Methods

Twenty-four pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats, between 8 and 10 weeks old, were randomly divided and allocated into three groups: Control, model, and treatment, with each group consisting of 8 rats. The control group received normal saline injections via the tail vein; the model group received NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) to induce preeclampsia, followed by normal saline injections; and the treatment group received TIIA (10 mg/kg) via tail vein injection after preeclampsia induction with l-NAME. Various parameters were measured, including tail artery systolic pressure, 24-hour proteinuria, offspring and placental weight, levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), endothelin-1 (ET-1), placental growth factor (PLGF), and soluble FMS-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt-1) in serum, and expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2-related X protein (Bax) in placental trophoblasts.

Results

TIIA treatment led to decreased tail artery systolic pressure and 24-hour urine protein levels, increased body and placental weights of offspring, and favorable changes in serum levels of ET-1, sFlt-1, eNOS, and PLGF. Moreover, TIIA treatment resulted in decreased Bax levels and apoptosis in placental trophoblasts, along with increased Bcl-2 levels.

Conclusion

TIIA can improve the clinical symptoms of preeclampsia in rats induced by l-NAME, alleviate the apoptosis of placental trophoblast cells, and improve vascular endothelial function.
The uptake and utility of a reflective practice group for psychiatry registrars in a state-wide forensic service
Authors: Walker Graham , Sarkar Jaydip , Bhalla Ruchi
Published: September 2024

Objectives

It is essential that mental health clinicians have access to reflective processes where they may understand and make sense of emotional responses to patients, teams, and organisations. The authors share their experience of initiating and successfully running a reflective practice group, framed with Balint principles, for psychiatry registrars working in forensic settings across Victoria.

Method

We describe the process of setting up a Balint group for this professional population. Qualitative feedback was obtained from group members. The data was analysed thematically, regarding motivating factors for group attendance and feedback post pilot group.

Results

Overall, feedback on the pilot Balint group was positive, which led to the group being extended for recurring 6-month periods. We share an illustrative example of a complex case which could be formulated in a forensic psychiatry Balint group setting, alongside reflections of the facilitators of the group.

Conclusions

Reflection is paramount for safe, effective mental health treatment, particularly in the context of forensic psychiatry. Our pilot results highlight areas where the approach of setting up a fledgling Balint group has been successful. We hope to inspire others to engage and participate in routine reflective practice.
Barriers in Accessing Orthodontic Care for Patients with Orofacial Clefts: Insights from a Florida-Based Survey and National Database Analysis
Authors: MacIsaac Molly F. , Wright Joshua M. , Le Nicole K. , Pringle Aleshia J. , Schuster Lindsay A. , Brown Andrew B. , Kochenour William L. , Crisp Taryl O. , Halsey Jordan N. , Alex Rottgers S.
Published: September 2024

Objective

To assess the barriers to obtaining care for patients with orofacial clefts through a survey of Florida-based orthodontists and families and an analysis of the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) database.

Design

A cross-sectional study utilizing multiple-choice questionnaires completed by Florida orthodontists and caregivers of patients who attended a Florida-based cleft and craniofacial clinic. Additionally, data from the PHIS database were analyzed to investigate national factors affecting the age of alveolar bone grafting (ABG).

Setting

Craniofacial team in Florida

Patients/Participants

The survey included 39 orthodontists (7.1% response rate) and 48 caregivers (41% response rate) The PHIS study included 1182 patients.

Main Outcome Measures

Barrier to orthodontic care and age of ABG.

Results

Orthodontic Survey: Among the surveyed orthodontists, 71% treated cleft/craniofacial patients, 37% accepted Medicaid, and 55% provided pro-bono care. Poor reimbursement was identified as the most common barrier (58%). Caregiver Survey: Most patients were insured by Medicaid (67%), with 55% incurring out-of-pocket expenses. PHIS Database: The average age of ABG was 10.3 years (SD = 3.2). Government funding was associated with a 6.0-month delay in ABG (p = 0.047) and residing in non-Medicaid expanded states was linked to a 6.0-month delay (p = 0.023). Post-Medicaid expansion status was also associated with a delay (p = 0.004)

Conclusions

Access to oral care is difficult for patients with OFC. Despite both federal and state mandates, many financial and non-financial barriers still exist in accessing orthodontic care and a majority of patients experience significant out-of-pocket expenses despite statutorily mandated insurance coverage.
Influence of hydrothermal fatigue on mechanical properties and damage mechanisms of hemp-reinforced biocomposites and comparison with glass-reinforced composites
Authors: Drouhet Quentin , Touchard Fabienne , Chocinski-Arnault Laurence
Published: September 2024

The aim of this work was to evaluate the tensile properties and the damage mechanisms of hemp and glass-reinforced composites when they were subjected to hydrothermal fatigue. Each wet/dry cycle consisted in immersing samples in water at 60°C during 12 days and drying them in an oven at 40°C during 2 days. Three different matrices (Epolam, Greenpoxy and Elium) were studied with two reinforcement orientations (±45° and 0°/90°). Gravimetric measurements were performed during 30 wet/dry cycles to determine the evolution of the parameters of the Fick diffusion model. Repeated progressive tensile loading tests instrumented with an acoustic emission setup were also carried out. Damage was investigated by means of SEM and micro-CT. Results showed that hydrothermal fatigue affects significantly the tensile properties of all the composites studied. Hemp/Greenpoxy appears to better resist to hydrothermal fatigue while the hemp/Elium behavior is more impacted. Moreover, contrary to what might be expected, glass/Epolam samples are not the least sensitive to hydrothermal fatigue.
How Observed Queue Length and Service Times Drive Reneging Behavior in Queues
Authors: Aksin Zeynep , Gencer Busra , Gunes Evrim Didem
Published: September 2024

Customers who renege from a queue signal dissatisfaction with the wait, possibly leading to lost business opportunities. Service organizations need to understand how queue features observed by waiting customers drive decisions to renege. Through a series of experiments run in the lab and online, this article demonstrates a relative progress effect in queues. This behavioral effect is created when a series of fast service times are observed early in a wait, followed by slower service times that make the total wait equal to that in a comparable queue progressing at a steady rate. The observer experiences a fast depletion of the queue and a lower proportion of the original queue length remaining. This generates a sense of relative progress for the observer which leads to a reduction in renege behavior. In one of the studies, a relative progress effect enables participants to wait for a longer queue or longer duration compared to a benchmark queue without this effect. A simulation analysis, where individuals in a queue are modeled as experiencing a similar behavioral effect, shows that the individual-level effects lead to systematic differences in the queue performance. Behavioral effects that increase individual patience for some are shown to reduce the overall renege rate in the queue. Our findings suggest that queue practices that modulate the perception of relative progress can reduce renege behavior.
Ethical Consumption as Fetishism: Unmasking Capitalist Ideologies, Social Distinctions, and the Educational Imperative
Authors: Han Nah Ray
Published: September 2024

This paper offers a critical examination of ethical consumption, exploring how it reinforces social identities within the capitalist framework. It argues for the crucial role of educational institutions in addressing ethical consumption within their curricula. While ethical consumption is often promoted for its moral virtues and its potential to address issues such as environmental sustainability and labor rights, the paper contends that it inadvertently perpetuates capitalist ideologies and exacerbates class divisions. Through this lens, the analysis critiques the ways in which ethical consumption practices sustain existing social structures, often cloaked in the guise of moral virtue. The paper suggests that educational institutions should integrate discussion on ethical consumption into their ethics courses in advertising and marketing programs to facilitate a more thorough examination of its consequences. This approach would equip students to critically navigate the complexities of ethical consumer choices, fostering a generation of informed, discerning, and socially responsible consumers.
Exploring psychosocial factors in the functional recovery of children with severe mental disorders: A qualitative content analysis
Authors: Ganie Aasim Ur Rehman , Thirumoorthy Ammapattian , Jangam Kavita V , John Vijay Sagar Kommu
Published: September 2024

Background

Severe mental disorders during childhood and adolescence can be chronic and disturbing, and may result in serious impairments in functioning. Research on the influence of such factors in the functional recovery of children diagnosed with severe mental illnesses is scant. This study aims to enhance understanding of the patterns and descriptions of social factors in the optimal functioning of children with severe mental illnesses.

Methods

We performed content analysis on 69 medical files of children taking treatment from Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (from 2018 to 2020). We analyzed the medical files using the summative approach by identifying and quantifying certain words and phrases. The Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) and data abstraction form were used to record the functioning profile and quantitative data. Socio-demographic and clinical variables were analyzed using descriptive statistics.

Results

A total of three major and ten sub-categories were identified from the data. The most striking categories in psychosocial environments were intrapersonal challenges, adverse living and relationship spaces, and outer structures and systems. Moderate to severe functional impairments were retrospectively observed among children.

Conclusion

Children diagnosed with severe mental illnesses and with poor functioning are the most affected group of population and hence, require proper attention.
Government short-termism and the management of global challenges
Authors: Improta Marco , Mannoni Elisabetta
Published: September 2024

Crises and global challenges are pervasive in contemporary politics and societies worldwide. Climate change, economic recessions, humanitarian crises, health emergencies, wars and international conflicts put tremendous pressure on the functioning of democratic political systems and other government models. This study is located in the special issue for the 25th anniversary of the British Journal of Politics and International Relations. Leveraging an original longitudinal dataset covering more than 700 governments and 400 elections in 21 democracies dating back to the 1940s, we show that completing the constitutionally mandated term is increasingly difficult for ruling parties in Western Europe. Short-termism raises serious questions about democratic governments’ ability to manage global challenges effectively. Considering the potentially detrimental consequences of short-termism, we contribute to the scientific examination of the politics of global challenges, shedding light on effective and ineffective management strategies.
Non-destructive testing for thickness measurement of the adhesive layer and defect detection in ceramic-metal bonded structures using THz waves
Authors: Jang Hye-Lim , Lee Se-Hwan , Kang Lae-Hyong
Published: September 2024

Ceramics, owing to their superior thermal barrier properties, are employed by bonding them to primary structures exposed to elevated temperatures, such as the external components of aircraft and spacecraft. However, when these bonded structures are subjected to thermal impact resulting from high-temperature environments or rapid temperature variations, issues such as debonding, crack formation, and degradation may ensue. These issues can significantly undermine the reliability of the structures, necessitating nondestructive testing (NDT) to monitor the condition of the adhesive layer before and after thermal impact. In this article, we evaluated the integrity of adhesive structures before and after thermal impact using Terahertz (THz) waves, which offer exceptional penetration and resolution for NDT of nonmetallic materials without causing damage to the structure. To achieve this, ceramic-metal bonded structures were mounted on a robotic arm, and scanning was performed over a 70 mm area at 1 mm intervals and 0.5° increments. The peak-to-peak time of the THz signal through the adhesive layer was calculated to determine the thickness distribution. Based on experimental results, the average thickness of the ceramic layer before thermal shock was measured at 9.48 mm (standard deviation: 0.03) and the average thickness of the adhesive layer was 0.234 mm (standard deviation: 0.03). Additionally, four suspected defect areas within the adhesive layer were identified. After thermal shock, the ceramic layer’s thickness decreased by an average of 0.02 mm (0.17%), resulting in an average thickness of 9.46 mm, and the adhesive layer’s thickness decreased by an average of 0.002 mm (0.99%), resulting in an average thickness of 0.232 mm. The four suspected defect areas were confirmed to be in the same locations before thermal impact. To validate the NDT method using THz wave, the ceramic-metal bonded structure was cut to identify debonding defects in the suspected areas. The difference between the thickness distribution obtained using the THz wave-based NDT and that measured using optical microscopy after cutting was 4.4%, confirming the accuracy of the THz wave-based method for defect detection and thickness measurement.
Hemodynamics of the Frontopolar and Dorsolateral Pre-Frontal Cortex in People with Multiple Sclerosis During Walking, Cognitive Subtraction, and Cognitive-Motor Dual-Task
Authors: Santinelli Felipe Balistieri , Veldkamp Renee , Vitório Rodrigo , Kos Daphne , Vos Maxine , Nijssen Ruth , DeLuca John , Ramari Cintia , Feys Peter
Published: September 2024

Introduction

Higher cortical activity has been observed in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) during walking and dual-tasking. However, further studies in overground walking and considering pre-frontal cortex (PFC) sub-areas are necessary.

Objectives

To investigate PFC activity during a cognitive-motor dual-task (DT) and its single component tasks, in combination with behavioral outcomes in pwMS.

Methods

Fifteen pwMS (EDSS 3.5 [2-5.5], 42 ± 11 years) and 16 healthy controls (HC, 45.2 ± 13.2 years) performed 3 conditions: single motor-walking (SWT), single cognitive – subtracting sevens (SCT), and a DT. Meters walked and the number of correct answers were obtained from which, respectively, the motor (mDTC) and cognitive (cDTC) DT costs were calculated. A functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy covering the frontopolar and dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC) areas was used to concentration of relative oxyhemoglobin (ΔHbO2) and deoxyhemoglobin (ΔHHb) in the PFC. A repeated 2-way ANOVA (group × conditions) was used to compare ΔHbO2/ΔHHb and behavioral outcomes.

Results

PwMS walked shorter distances ( P < .002) and answered fewer correct numbers ( P < .03) than HC in all conditions, while cDTC and mDTC were similar between groups. PwMS presented higher ΔHbO2 in the frontopolar area than HC in the SWT ( P < .001). HC increased ΔHbO2 in frontopolar during the SCT ( P < .029) and DT ( P < .037) compared with the SWT.

Conclusion

Higher frontopolar activity in pwMS compared to HC in the SWT suggests reduced gait automaticity. Furthermore, it seems that only HC increased neural activity in the frontopolar in the SCT and DT, which might suggest a limit of cognitive resources to respond to DT in pwMS.
Survivorship and Functional Outcomes After Complex Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty With Contemporary Rotating-Hinge Implants
Authors: Puri Simarjeet , Bornes Troy D. , Neitzke Colin C. , Jones Agnes D. , Hamilton Amber A. , Premkumar Ajay , Sculco Peter K. , Chalmers Brian P.
Published: September 2024

Background: Initial fixed-bearing hinge designs for primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) had high rates of aseptic loosening. There are limited data on contemporary rotating-hinge implants. Purpose: We sought to determine survivorship and functional outcomes of contemporary rotating-hinge implants used in primary TKA. Methods: Retrospective review identified 54 primary rotating-hinge TKAs implanted in 49 patients from 2014 to 2018 at a single institution. Patients identified were 76% women, the mean body mass index was 29 kg/m2, the mean age was 65 years, and the mean follow-up was 3 years. The primary diagnosis for TKA in all cases was severe instability and ligamentous compromise. Secondary diagnoses included post-traumatic osteoarthritis (11, 20%), neurologic disease (10, 19%), inflammatory arthritis (10, 19%), connective tissue disease (3, 6%), valgus deformity (16, 30%), varus deformity (2, 4%), and recurvatum (2, 4%). Preoperative, postoperative (within 6 weeks), and most recent radiographs were reviewed. In this study, we collected preoperative, 1-year, and 2-year patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) for patients with primary rotating-hinge TKA. Patient-reported outcome measures were prospectively collected, including the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Survey for Joint Replacement (KOOS JR) scores and the Mental (MCS) and Physical Component Scores (PCS) of the Veterans RAND 12-Item Health Survey (VR-12). Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to determine implant survivorship. Results: Reoperation was required in 6% (3/54); indications included periprosthetic joint infection (1), peripatellar fibrosis (1), and periprosthetic femur fracture (1). At both 2 and 5 years, survivorship free from all-cause reoperation was 95% and from revision for aseptic loosening was 100%. Mean KOOS JR scores increased from 47 preoperatively to 65 at 2 years postoperatively. On radiographic review, there were no progressive radiolucent lines consistent with aseptic loosening at final follow-up. Conclusion: The findings of this single-center, multi-surgeon retrospective case series on the use of rotating-hinge implants for primary TKA suggest excellent 2-year survivorship free from reoperation and no revisions for aseptic loosening. We report modest improvement in a variety of PROMs at 1-year and 2-year follow-up. Despite improvement, clinical outcomes were poor for a primary implant. Longer-term follow-up is required to monitor the durability of primary hinges.
Neural Adaptation of the Reward System in Primary Dysmenorrhea
Authors: Hsu Pei-Shan , Liu Ching-Hsiung , Yang Ching-Ju , Lee Lin-Chien , Li Wei-Chi , Chao Hsiang-Tai , Chen Li-Fen , Hsieh Jen-Chuen
Published: September 2024

Introduction
The brain's reward system (RS) reacts differently to pain and its alleviation. This study examined the correlation between RS activity and behavior during both painful and pain-free periods in individuals with primary dysmenorrhea (PDM) to elucidate their adaptive and maladaptive responses throughout the menstrual cycle.

Methods
Ninety-two individuals with PDM and 90 control participants underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) scans during their menstrual and peri-ovulatory phases. Regional homogeneity (ReHo) and amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) analyses were used to evaluate RS responses. Psychological evaluations were conducted using the McGill Pain Questionnaire and the Pain Catastrophizing Scale.

Results
ReHo analysis showed higher values in the left putamen and right amygdala of the PDM group during the peri-ovulatory phase compared to the menstrual phase. ALFF analysis revealed lower values in the putamen of the PDM group compared to controls, regardless of phase. ReHo and ALFF values in the putamen, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens were positively correlated with pain scales during menstruation, while ALFF values in the ventral tegmental area inversely correlated with pain intensity. Those with severe PDM (pain intensity ≥ 7) displayed distinct amygdala ALFF patterns between pain and pain-free phases. PDM participants also had lower ReHo values in the left insula during menstruation, with no direct correlation to pain compared to controls.

Discussion
Our study highlights the pivotal role of the RS in dysmenorrhea management, exhibiting varied responses between menstrual discomfort and non-painful periods among individuals with PDM. During menstruation, the RS triggers mechanisms for pain avoidance and cognitive coping strategies, while it transitions to processing rewards during the peri-ovulatory phase. This demonstrates the flexibility of the RS in adapting to the recurring pain experienced by those with PDM.
Pure-tone audiometry and dichotic listening in primary progressive aphasia and Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Jiang Jessica , Johnson Jeremy , Levett Benjamin A , Core Lucy B , Volkmer Anna , Koohi Nehzat , Bamiou Doris-Eva , Marshall Charles R , Warren Jason D , Hardy Chris JD
Published: September 2024

Hearing is multifaceted, and the relative contributions of peripheral and central hearing loss are rarely considered together in the context of dementia. Here, we assessed peripheral (as measured with pure-tone audiometry) and central (as measured with dichotic listening) hearing in 19 patients with typical amnestic Alzheimer’s disease (tAD), 10 patients with logopenic variant primary progressive aphasia (lvPPA), 11 patients with nonfluent/agrammatic variant PPA (nfvPPA), 15 patients with semantic variant PPA (svPPA), and 28 healthy age-matched individuals. Participants also underwent neuropsychological assessment and magnetic resonance image scanning, allowing us to use voxel-based morphometry to assess associations between hearing scores and grey matter volume. Dichotic listening was impaired in all patient groups relative to healthy controls. In the combined patient (but not healthy control) cohort, dichotic listening scores were significantly correlated with measures of global cognitive functioning and speech-based neuropsychological tasks. Pure-tone audiometry scores were not significantly elevated in any patient group relative to the healthy control group, and no significant correlations were observed between peripheral hearing and neuropsychological task performance in either the combined patient or healthy control cohorts. Neuroanatomically, dichotic listening performance was associated with grey matter volume in a bilateral fronto-temporoparietal network over the combined patient cohort, but no correlates were identified for pure-tone audiometry. Our findings highlight the importance of speech parsing mechanisms beyond elementary sound detection in driving cognitive test performance, underline the importance of assessing central hearing alongside peripheral hearing in people with dementia, and further delineate the complex auditory profiles of neurodegenerative dementias.
A principled approach to skill acquisition in competitive surfing: Embracing representative learning design
Authors: Dann Rick , Duhig Steven , Roberts Llion , Kelly Vincent , Renshaw Ian , Headrick Jonathon
Published: September 2024

The recent rise in professionalisation and institutionalisation of competitive surfing has resulted in a dramatic increase in the use of alternative training modalities. These are often employed in an attempt to increase exposure to surf-like activities when appropriate ocean conditions are not available. It is commonly accepted that practice sessions should be grounded in theory, with training content informed by a clear scientific rationale. Despite this, research is yet to offer surfing coaches and surfers effective strategies to assist in implementing appropriate ‘off water’ training modalities. It is widely accepted that integrating a representative learning design is crucial towards the transfer of performance to competition environments. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to promote representative learning design (RLD) as a contemporary, principled framework that can underpin the creation of surfing training design and performance. Examples of constraints relevant to surfing are considered, and the efficacy and rationale of popular training methods are challenged. Finally, practical implications and coaching tools to underpin the implementation of representative learning design in surf training are provided.
Familial chylomicronaemia syndrome in pregnancy – report of two cases managed with plasma exchange
Authors: Dos Santos Francois , Walji Shahenaz , Cegla Jaimini , Jarvis Sheba , Nelson-Piercy Catherine
Published: September 2024

Familial chylomicronaemia syndrome (FCS) is a rare genetic disorder characterised by significantly elevated triglyceride levels which increases the risk of acute pancreatitis. Due to the changes in lipid metabolism during pregnancy, triglyceride levels may rise further, particularly in the third trimester, and cause challenges in the management of these patients. Apart from strict dietary restriction of all fats, there is limited evidence on the efficacy of pharmacological treatment with omega-3 fatty acids and fibrates in maintaining triglyceride levels below the desired threshold of 10 mmol/L. Familial chylomicronaemia syndromes are particularly resistant to treatment and escalation of treatment to more invasive procedures such as plasma exchange may be required in pregnancy. We present two cases of FCS in pregnancy which posed different challenges and both required management with plasma exchange but led to the safe delivery near term without adverse consequences to the mother or fetus.
In-plane density gradation of shoe midsoles for optimal energy absorption performance
Authors: Uddin Kazi Zahir , Nguyen Hai Anh , Nguyen Thanh T , Trkov Mitja , Youssef George , Koohbor Behrad
Published: September 2024

Midsoles are important components in footwear as they provide shock absorption and stability, thereby improving comfort and effectively preventing certain foot injuries. A strategically engineered midsole designed to mitigate plantar pressure can enhance athletic performance and comfort levels. Despite the importance of midsole design, the potential of using in-plane density gradation (deliberate variation of material density across the horizontal plane) in midsoles has been rarely explored. The present work investigated the effectiveness of in-plane density gradation in shoe midsoles using novel polyurea foams as the material candidate. Different polyurea foam densities, ranging from 95 to 350 kg/m2 were examined and tested to construct density-dependent correlative mathematical relations required for optimizing the midsole design for enhanced cushioning and reduced weight. This study combined mechanical testing and plantar pressure measurements to validate the efficacy of density-graded midsoles. The methodology introduced here is relevant to realistic walking conditions, ensured by biomechanical tests supplemented by digital image correlation analyses. An optimization framework was then created to allocate foam densities at certain plantar zones based on the required cushioning performance constrained by the local pressure. The optimization algorithm was specifically tailored to accommodate varying local pressures experienced by different areas of the foot. The optimization strategy in this study aimed at reducing the overall weight of the midsole while ensuring there were no compromises in cushioning efficacy or distribution of plantar pressure. The approach presented herein has the potential to be applied to a wide range of gait speeds and user-specific plantar pressure patterns.
Deep and unbiased proteomics, pathway enrichment analysis, and protein–protein interaction of biomarker signatures in migraine
Authors: Woldeamanuel Yohannes W. , Sanjanwala Bharati M. , Cowan Robert P.
Published: September 2024

Background:

Currently, there are no biomarkers for migraine.

Objectives:

We aimed to identify proteomic biomarker signatures for diagnosing, subclassifying, and predicting treatment response in migraine.

Design:

This is a cross-sectional and longitudinal study of untargeted serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteomics in episodic migraine (EM; n = 26), chronic migraine (CM; n = 26), and healthy controls (HC; n = 26).

Methods:

We developed classification models for biomarker identification and natural clusters through unsupervised classification using agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC). Pathway analysis of differentially expressed proteins was performed.

Results:

Of 405 CSF proteins, the top five proteins that discriminated between migraine patients and HC were angiotensinogen, cell adhesion molecule 3, immunoglobulin heavy variable (IGHV) V-III region JON, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 6 (IGFBP-6), and IGFBP-7. The top-performing classifier demonstrated 100% sensitivity and 75% specificity in differentiating the two groups. Of 229 serum proteins, the top five proteins in classifying patients with migraine were immunoglobulin heavy variable 3-74 (IGHV 3-74), proteoglycan 4, immunoglobulin kappa variable 3D-15, zinc finger protein (ZFP)-814, and mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 12. The best-performing classifier exhibited 94% sensitivity and 92% specificity. AHC separated EM, CM, and HC into distinct clusters with 90% success. Migraine patients exhibited increased ZFP-814 and calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha 1F (CACNA1F) levels, while IGHV 3-74 levels decreased in both cross-sectional and longitudinal serum analyses. ZFP-814 remained upregulated during the CM-to-EM reversion but was suppressed when CM persisted. CACNA1F was pronounced in CM persistence. Pathway analysis revealed immune, coagulation, glucose metabolism, erythrocyte oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, and insulin-like growth factor regulation pathways.

Conclusion:

Our data-driven study provides evidence for identifying novel proteomic biomarker signatures to diagnose, subclassify, and predict treatment responses for migraine. The dysregulated biomolecules affect multiple pathways, leading to cortical spreading depression, trigeminal nociceptor sensitization, oxidative stress, blood–brain barrier disruption, immune response, and coagulation cascades.

Trial registration:

NCT03231241, ClincialTrials.gov.
Artistic interventions: Art, community, and media in China and beyond
Authors: Li Danzhou , Xiao Jian
Published: September 2024

Artistic interventions in communities have become increasingly prevalent in the context of quality-led urbanization and rural revitalization in China over the past decade. These art practices reflect a narrative of resistance toward the institutionalization, professionalization, and marketization of contemporary art through direct interventions in social reality. Community is the most common site from which public aesthetic action and social activism emerge to increase public awareness and promote community engagement. With the rise of new media technologies, multi-media have gradually been combined in socially engaged art projects, which has blurred the boundaries between concrete materials and virtual media as well as that between physical places and the online community. This article first outlines a literature review on the changing avant-garde spirit in both global and Chinese art history to better understand the concepts of artistic interventions. Second, as a major intervention in this field, the focus on community reflects the interflow of the theoretical search for communicative ethics and community reconstruction movements worldwide. Third, the role of the media in socially engaged art and its future implications are discussed. In the conclusion section, a variety of specific contexts in China and beyond and the various intervention aims and methods of five selected articles are introduced.
A COVID-19 Paradox of Communication, Ignorance, and Vaccination Intention
Authors: Kim Narae , Kim Jeong-Nam
Published: September 2024

This study focused on the role of Americans’ communication about COVID-19 vaccines, and its potential associations with two significant vaccine determinants. Two studies informed by the Situational Theory of Problem Solving (STOPS) were conducted. In the first, the researchers incorporated the intention to receive vaccination against the COVID-19 pandemic and vaccine-specific knowledge into STOPS to examine the associations among these three key variables. The second study introduced a new variable, trust in science/scientists, as a potential conceptual variable that functions together with vaccine knowledge to explain why Americans’ intentions to receive COVID-19 vaccines increased despite their imperfect knowledge about them. Two online surveys were distributed using Amazon Mechanical Turk (Study 1) and Qualtrics (Study 2). The first was administered from December 18 through 22 of 2020, and the second from December 18 through 29 of 2020. An enhanced level of communicative action with respect to COVID-19 vaccines decreased the accuracy of knowledge about the vaccines, which increased the intention to receive these vaccines (Study 1). A significant interaction was also found between COVID-19 vaccine knowledge and participants’ levels of trust in science/scientists on study participants’ future intention to receive COVID-19 vaccines (Study 2). Contrary to previous findings, Americans’ increased activeness in COVID-19 vaccine-specific communication was associated negatively with vaccine knowledge, which in turn, increased COVID-19 vaccination intentions. This negative association reflects the complex and unique nature of information environments with respect to COVID-19 vaccines. Trust in science/scientists served as a significant missing conceptual variable that shed light on the paradoxical finding.
Pattern of eye trauma among pediatric ophthalmic patients in upper and lower Egypt: A prospective two-center medicolegal study
Authors: Farag Amina A , Amer Ahmed Ali Ahmed , Bayomy Hanaa E , Youssef Gehad H , Hassan Nader HF , Ismail Nesma S , Anwer Omnia M , Elroby Fadwa A
Published: September 2024

Background:

Ocular trauma is the leading cause of monocular blindness in children. This study aimed to identify and compare pediatric ocular injuries at two national university hospitals: Benha University Hospital (BUH) and South Valley University Hospital (SVUH) while evaluating the predictive utility of the Ocular Trauma Score (OTS) for post-traumatic permanent visual infirmity.

Design and methods:

This multicenter observational study enrolled children under 18 years at BUH and SVUH Ophthalmology Departments from May 31 to December 31, 2022. Comprehensive medical histories and detailed data on eye trauma were obtained, with each undergoing thorough eye examinations at the initial presentation and during the 6-month follow-up period. The final visual outcome was permanent visual infirmity that was defined as the Best Corrected Visual Acuity in the better eye worse than 3/60 or near vision worse than N6 according to the International Classification of Diseases 11.

Results:

The study included 120 cases evenly distributed between the two hospitals, with a mean age of 10.03 (±3.30) years, 74.17% male and 51.67% urban residents. Blunt, sharp, and foreign objects were the most common causes (39.17%, 33.33%, and 11.67%, respectively). Closed-globe injuries prevailed at BUH (83.33%) than SVUH (40.0%). Most injuries were accidental and outdoors, with an average interval of 9.93 (±23.57) hours to seek medical care. Lack of education, open-globe injuries, poor initial visual acuity, longer intervals from admission to intervention, and lower OTS were associated with visual impairment.
Predictors of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears in Adolescents and Young Adults
Authors: Etzel Christine M. , Meghani Ozair , Owens Brett D. , Kocher Mininder S. , Field Alison E.
Published: September 2024

Background:

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in youth can lead to expensive treatment, lengthy rehabilitation, and long-term impairment. Injuries to the ACL are more common in adolescents who participate in organized sports.

Purpose:

To examine whether there is an association between age, physical activity patterns, pubertal timing (Tanner stage), or body mass index (obesity/overweight status) and the risk of developing an ACL injury in youth.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.

Methods:

Data from the Growing Up Today Study (GUTS), a prospective cohort study of youth throughout the United States, were used in this study. From 1996 to 2003, questionnaires were sent to GUTS participants every 12 to 18 months to assess a variety of self-reported factors; in a related 2004 questionnaire, ACL tears and other diagnoses among the participants were reported. Cox proportional hazard models were run to determine the sex-specific association of activity patterns and pubertal timing with risk of developing an ACL tear.

Results:

A total of 4519 boys and 5622 girls (age: 9-15 years) were included, with 2.4% and 2.0% sustaining an ACL injury, respectively. Age was found to be a significant risk factor for ACL injury in both sexes (male: hazard ratio [HR] = 1.30 [95% CI, 1.14-1.48]; female: HR = 1.23 [95% CI, 1.10-1.38]). Mean hours per week engaged in vigorous activity was also predictive of a higher risk of ACL injury (male: HR = 1.04 [95% CI, 1.01-1.08]; female: HR = 1.10 [95% CI, 1.07-1.14]). The sports that were the most predictive of injury were running, basketball, soccer, and cheerleading/gymnastics in girls and running, football, and karate/martial arts in boys. Additionally, in boys, overweight/obese status was found to be a significant predictor of ACL injury (HR = 2.61 [95% CI, 1.60-4.26]). Furthermore, among 9- to 13-year-old girls, advanced Tanner stage was a strong predictor of injury risk (HR = 2.43 [95% CI, 1.10-5.36]).

Conclusion:

Age, time engaged in vigorous activity, overweight/obese status, and advanced Tanner stage were associated with an increased risk of ACL injury in young adults and adolescents. Further research with follow-up data will help complement this study and continue to highlight the risk factors associated with ACL reconstruction in adolescents and young adults.