bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sex Differences—A Silent Message? A Comparison Study of Parents’ Assessment and Junior High School Student's Self-Assessment of Learning Strengths and Interests
Authors: Burns Frances D.
Published: November 2015

The relationship between the self-perceptions of twenty-three Junior High School gifted students from a middle- and upper-middle class socio-economic status community and their parents’ perceptions of learning strengths and interests on a forced-choice “Q-Sort” adapted by the author was examined to determine the effects of parents’ “self-fulfilling prophecies”. Special emphasis was given to correlations by sex of subjects and sex of parents, with particular focus on female subjects. Twenty-eight significant correlations (p = .05 or better) between mothers, fathers, and/or male/female subjects were determined. Results indicate that, despite efforts to avoid sexual stereotyping, parents generally favored “fundamentally male” characteristics for male subjects and “fundamentally female” characteristics for female subjects, while subjects themselves were less stereotypic than parents. A trend toward crossing traditional sex lines is indicated by subjects, leading to the conclusion that the way is open for gifted females to prophesy success for themselves and to reach self-fulfillment of these self-prophecies.
Comparison of the Performance of Gifted Children on the Mccarthy Scales of Children's Abilities and the Stanfordbinet Intelligence Scale
Authors: Bracken Bruce A.
Published: November 2015

The McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities and the Stanford Binet were compared as instruments for identifying and assessing intellectually gifted preschool and primary aged children. The McCarthy Scales consistently produced lower scores than the Binet, resulting in an overall 10 point GCI-IQ discrepancy. Low to moderate correlations existed between the two scales.
Don't Leave Them Alone: Effects of Probing on Gifted Children's Imaginative Explanations
Authors: Robinson Ann , Feldhusen John F.
Published: November 2015

Among educators of the gifted, there is concern that bright children perform less well than they might on challenging school tasks. The present study investigated the effects of probing, a form of questioning, on children's thinking. Nineteen gifted sixth grade students were randomly selected and assigned to one of two conditions (probed, nonprobed). Statistical analysis indicated that probing responses resulted in better performance on more challenging tasks. In fact, in the probed condition, gifted children made no low level responses. In a descriptive comparison with a heterogeneous group of children given the same tasks, nonprobed gifted children did less well than the probed heterogenous group. Without probing, gifted children's performance was similar to that of a cross-section of children of varying ability.
Effectiveness of a Preschool Program for the Gifted and Talented
Authors: Hanninen Gail E.
Published: November 2015

Recognizing and developing a gifted preschooler's ability is an initial step in the growth of a child. The discussion of basic principles and evidence of effectiveness here addresses two major areas of concern in gifted preschool program development: identification and the learning environment. The data discussed were collected on children ages 3-5 who participated in two rural preschool gifted and gifted-handicapped classrooms in Montana. The findings indicate the need for the use of several different types of instruments in the selection process, and an emphasis on enrichment and flexibility in designing the learning environment.
The Stability of Self Perceptions of Instrumental and Expressive Traits and Social Self Esteem among Gifted and Talented Female Adolescents
Authors: Hollinger Constance L.
Published: November 2015

Since Bem's (1974) formulation of androgyny, numerous research efforts have focused on the relationship between gender identity and self esteem. These efforts have tested the descriptive adequacy of the hypothesized relationship between gender identity and self esteem (Whitley, 1983). The present study examines the relationship between a circumscribed aspect of gender identity, self perceptions of socioaffective traits, as measured by the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ) and of social self esteem as measured by the Texas Social Behavioral Inventory (TSBI), over a 14-month period among a sample of gifted and talented female adolescents (n=260). The results of typological and regression analyses reveal that: 1) substantial variability in classification group membership occurs over time; 2) the relationship between classification group membership and social self esteem remains relatively stable; and 3) self perceptions of stereotypically masculine instrumentality consistently emerges as the central contributor to social self esteem. Implications for counseling gifted and talented female adolescents wrestling with issues of gender-relevant self-perceptions, achievement and social self esteem are discussed.
Effective Mnemonic Strategies for Gifted Learners
Authors: Scruggs Thomas E. , Mastropieri Margo A. , Jorgensen Cheri , Monson Jay
Published: November 2015

Ninety-six gifted and non-gifted fourth and fifth grade students were taught either Italian vocabulary or information about North American minerals via free study or mnemonic (memory strategy) instruction. They were then asked to transfer their learning strategy to a novel content area. Results indicated that both gifted and non-gifted students can benefit from mnemonic strategy instruction. Only the gifted students, however, were able to successfully transfer the strategy spontaneously to a new content area. Implications for mnemonic instruction of gifted learners are given.
The Influence of the Family Environment on the Development of Talent: A Literature Review
Authors: Olszewski Paula , Kulieke Marilynn , Buescher Thomas
Published: November 2015

This paper reviews the literature on the families of gifted and talented individuals for purposes of determining the importance of several broad areas in the talent development process. These are the structural or demographic characteristics of the family, family climate or family environment, values espoused by parents, and values enacted by parents. Family climate variables are found to distinguish between individuals who evidence creative achievement versus those who evidence academic achievement. While structural and demographic variables may mirror psychological processes within the family that influence the role of gifted children and interaction patterns with family members, success may be the result of numerous forces. Further research linking the values of parents with child-rearing practices and later child outcomes is clearly indicated.
Gifted Females: They've Come a Long Way—Or Have They?
Authors: Reis Sally M. , Callahan Carolyn M.
Published: November 2015

Current research and practice as well as media attention seem to indicate that opportunities for gifted females have increased while barriers to their achievement have decreased. However, before we become enthusiastic about these developments, a closer review of the implications and potential dangers of this attention must be conducted. This article will review recent research studies and analysis regarding gender and sex differences, point out promising research directions, and suggest future research needed to answer relevant questions. Sex bias in both programs and curriculum used in programs for the gifted will also be discussed.
Counseling Gifted Women: Becoming the Heroes of Our Own Stories
Authors: Noble Kathleen D.
Published: November 2015

The journey toward becoming one's best is a heroic quest which demands strength, courage, independence, and perseverance. This paper assists counselors and psychotherapists to understand and illuminate the issues, obstacles, and challenges confronting gifted women, and to empower their clients to claim and express their high potential. These issues are drawn from the author's interviews with clients and colleagues, a survey of participants at a 1986 conference for and about gifted women, and a comprehensive literature review. Gifted women are urged to recognize and externalize cultural and familial devaluation, refuse to be invisible or to “disappear,” resist the pull of the status quo, and envision new possibilities for personal fulfillment. Guidelines, strategies, and resources for enabling these goals are discussed.
Career Education for Able Students
Authors: Howley Craig B.
Published: November 2015

This paper examines the assumptions of career education for intellectually and academically gifted students from the perspective of new research about the characteristics of these students. It suggests that changes in career education in gifted programs are warranted. Discussion relates four initiatives for change to the issues of careerism and intellectualism.
Causal Attributions of Underachieving Gifted, Achieving Gifted, and Nongifted Students
Authors: Laffoon Kathy Seat , Jenkins-Friedman Reva , Tollefson Nona
Published: November 2015

Underachievement among students with high intellectual potential is of increasing concern to educators and psychologists working with and/or studying this population. Although research has demonstrated a link between perceived control and motivation to achieve among elementary students, very little research has employed this variable in attempts to identify criterial characteristics of underachieving gifted children and youth.

The study compared the mean locus of control and attribution scores of elementary students (75 males and 62 females) who were classified as underachieving gifted (21 males and 15 females), or nongifted (31 males, 31 females), or achieving gifted (23 males, 16 females).

Results indicate that mean attribution scores for underachieving gifted students were significantly higher for ability in success situations than for achieving gifted or nongifted students. In contrast, underachieving gifted and nongifted students' mean scores were significantly higher for externality and luck in failure situations than their achieving gifted peers.

Attribution retraining strategies, particularly those encouraging persistence and learning from failures, are recommended for underachieving-gifted students.
School Change through Gifted Education: Effects on Elementary Students' Attitudes toward Learning
Authors: Olenchak F. Richard
Published: November 2015

The Schoolwide Enrichment Model (SEM), a comprehensive system intended to nurture behavioral giftedness without total reliance on a priori gifted program identification procedures, has been proposed as a school change model. This study examined the effectiveness of SEM on student attitudes toward learning among 1,935 elementary school students in 6 middle-class schools. Both quantitative and qualitative data analyses indicated that students' attitudes toward learning were positively influenced by their schools' participation in the SEM treatment. These results provide some rationale for schools to employ SEM, often restricted to gifted programs, as a schoolwide means for improving attitudes toward learning among all students, and at the same time, programming appropriately for the most able students.
What Became of the Kids Who Participated in the 1981 Johnson Early College Summer Arts Program?
Authors: Confessore Gary J.
Published: November 2015

Results are reported of a follow-up study conducted nine years after a group of twenty-seven adolescents, judged talented in the visual and performing arts, participated in the Johnson State Early College Summer Arts Program. In this research, which utilized a questionnaire, the Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale, and telephone interviews, information was provided about members of this population, now young adults. It was revealed that: 1) art still plays an important role in their lives; 2) they possess the characteristics defined in the program selection criteria; 3) they are highly self-directed; 4) they believe participation in the Early College Program had a positive effect on their lives and their involvement in art; 5) several have overcome significant pre-existing emotional challenges since participating in the Early College Program. It was tentatively concluded: 1) four conative attributes ascribed to participants appear to combine in different ways to influence self-perception and artistic productivity according to gender and over time; 2) respondents believed the Early College Program helped them preserve their artistic inclination into adulthood, contributed to their long-term emotional well-being, and assisted them in college major and career choices; 3) as self-directed adults, they may benefit more from college and adult education programs that allow for a high degree of self-direction in learning situations than from narrowly structured programs. Advice they offered administrators and faculty of programs similar to the Early College Summer Arts Program is summarized and reported.
Talent Developed: Conversations with Masters of the Arts and Sciences
Authors: Subotnik Rena F.
Published: November 2015

This is the second of this series, presented as we further explore the process of talent development through conversations with outstanding “Talents.”
Gifted Secondary Students' Preferred Learning Style: Cooperative, Competitive, or Individualistic?
Authors: Li Anita K. F. , Adamson Georgina
Published: November 2015

The purpose of the paper is to consider the issue of cooperative learning for the gifted from the perspective of the gifted student's preferred learning style. The sample consisted of 169 intellectually bright/gifted senior high school students, 94 girls and 75 boys in Calgary. Their preferred learning style in respect to science, mathematics, and English was measured using the Learning Preference Scale-Students. Overall, the cooperative style was not significantly more preferred for any subject matter by boys or girls. In mathematics, boys preferred both the individualistic and the competitive styles to the cooperative style while girls preferred the individualistic style to both the cooperative and competitive styles. The cooperative style was not found to be positively significantly related to higher achievement outcome of any subject matter. Implications for cooperative learning for the gifted are discussed.
The Classroom Practices Observation Study
Authors: Westberg Karen L. , Archambault Francis X. , Dobyns Sally M. , Salvin Thomas J.
Published: November 2015

The Classroom Practices Observational Study conducted by The National Research Center on the Gifted and Talented (NRC/GT) examined the instructional and curricular practices used with gifted and talented students in regular elementary classrooms throughout the United States. This article describes the procedures used in this study and the results obtained from systematic observations in 46 third or fourth grade classrooms. The observations were designed to determine if and how classroom teachers meet the needs of gifted and talented students in the regular classroom. Two students, one gifted and talented and one average ability student, were selected as target students for each observation day. The Classroom Practices Record (CPR) was developed to document the types and frequencies of differentiated instruction that gifted students receive through modifications in curricular activities, materials, and teacher-student verbal interactions. Descriptive statistics and chi-square procedures were used to analyze the CPR data. The results indicated little differentiation in the instructional and curricular practices, grouping arrangements, and verbal interactions for gifted and talented students in the regular classroom. Across five subject areas and 92 observation days, the observed gifted and talented students experienced no instructional or curricular differentiation in 84% of their instructional activities.
Support for the Achievement Ideology and Determinants of Underachievement as Perceived by Gifted, Above-Average, and Average Black Students
Authors: Ford Donna Y.
Published: November 2015

Social, psychological, and cultural determinants of underachievement, as perceived by fifth and sixth grade Black students in three academic programs (gifted, above-average, and average), were explored to understand more fully the dynamics of underachievement among Black males and females. Also analyzed were students' support for the American achievement ideology, the level of importance they place on school, and their level of effort in school. Differences in the responses of males and females in the three academic programs were examined.

Findings suggest that gifted, above-average, and average students responded similarly to the social, cultural, and psychological factors. However, gifted students, regardless of gender, were most supportive of the achievement ideology and average students were least supportive. Findings also point to a paradox of underachievement in which the students hold positive beliefs about the relationship between schooling, hard work, and effort to upward mobility and success in life, yet they do not exert high levels of effort in school.
Gifted Asian-American Students: Identification, Curricular, and Counseling Concerns
Authors: Plucker Jonathan A.
Published: November 2015

Asian Americans constitute the fastest growing ethnic group in the United States population, and an incredible diversity exists among Asian-American groups with respect to language, values and beliefs, socioeconomic status, acculturation, and ethnic identity. Yet research involving gifted Asian Americans is limited. Suggestions for teaching and counseling are rare, and most literature addresses only identification concerns. This article calls attention to the deficits in the current literature; analyzes the numerous factors that influence the intellectual, social, and emotional development of gifted Asian Americans; summarizes recommended curricular and counseling practices; and suggests future directions for research and interventions.
A Developmental Model of Artistic Giftedness in Middle Childhood
Authors: Porath Marion
Published: November 2015

Artistic giftedness in 4-, 6-, 8-, and 10-year-olds was investigated from a neo-Piagetian perspective, which articulates the increasingly complex structures for representing spatial relations in drawing during middle childhood. Composition, color use, and competence in human-figure drawing also were studied. Gifted young artists structured the spatial relations in their drawings, composed their drawings, and used color in a fashion similar to average children. However, they often used these variables in a flexible way, resulting in distinctive drawings. Their drawings were distinguished by graphic competence and the degree of elaboration in their human figures, skills that appear to be less constrained by developmental factors. Artistic giftedness may be demonstrated by the flexible and elaborate way in which gifted young artists use their structural capabilities and by their advanced mastery of specific artistic skills.
Open-Ended Activities and Their Role in Maintaining Challenge
Authors: Hertzog Nancy B.
Published: November 2015

This paper examines the use of open-ended activities as a strategy for providing differentiated instruction and challenge for identified gifted students. In a qualitative study of open-ended activities in one third-grade and one fourth-grade classroom, findings revealed that the use of open-ended activities perpetuated patterns of consistency and comfort in learning of students who were gifted and talented. Teachers implemented differentiation according to their own ideas. The responses of five children are presented to demonstrate the patterns of consistency found in the pursuit of open-ended activities. The instructional implications for designing open-ended activities that maximize opportunities to challenge students are then presented.
Gifted African American Women
Authors: Kitano Margie K.
Published: November 2015

This article describes factors affecting the life-span achievement of IS highly accomplished African American women from a national retrospective study of gifted women from diverse ethnic backgrounds. Participants were nominated as gifted by national professional organizations in their respective fields. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews of the women and telephone questionnaires administered to “parent” informants. Participants perceived that civil-rights and affirmative-action policies opened doors if they were already qualified. Interpreted within a cultural-ecological framework, findings suggested that cultural strengths plus their high ability enabled simultaneous acknowledgment of the effects of racism, sexism, and other hardships and application of positive coping strategies that are derived from these strengths.
Programs for the Gifted: To Be or Not to Be
Authors: Tannenbaum Abraham J.
Published: November 2015

A. Harry Passow was intensely devoted to encouraging and enhancing differentiated education for the gifted. But he was never an ideologue who refused to listen to critics or even to those who would shut down such programs. The spreading influence of attacks on special services to able children has, therefore, led me to prepare this paper as a memorial tribute to Harry's steadfastness in defending the rights of the gifted as well as his open-mindedness toward contrary views on the subject. Presented here is an attempt to encapsulate the opposition's major objections, along with the responses that I shared with Harry over more than 40 years of our working together and developing what, for me, was the closest, most precious friendship I have had outside of my immediate family.

The critics' strongest charges are against (a) fostering elitism in schools by singling out the gifted for quality education, (b) the naïve and prejudicial ways of testing for giftedness, (c) the inequity and inadequacy of ability grouping, (d) the fallacy of current practices that allows out-of-context mind training exercises to serve as curriculum enrichment, and (e) the failure of programs for the gifted to influence programs for the nongifted.

Compared with the campaign to delegitimize special education for the gifted, there are social and cultural realities that may pose an even greater threat to the nurture of excellence as we know it now. These trends include (a) the growing desensitization to high culture among youth, who are distracted by an unrelenting assault on their visual, auditory, and cognitive receptors, as communicated through the popular media and world of entertainment; (b) deconstruction in the fine arts, music, and literature that places the subjective responses of the viewer, listener, and reader above the quality of these works and the genius of their creators; (c) doubts about the traditional assumption that scientific exploration and discovery are self-evident virtues even when their side effects may prove dangerous to the well-being of humanity; and (d) the movement towards dividing society into a rainbow of subcultures, each with its own identity and traditions, its creative idioms, its cultural tastes, and its consequent unique standards of excellence.

Recognizing how fragmentary, faddish, and vulnerable to extinction enrichment programs could be, Harry Passow spent the better part of his career supporting quality programs for the gifted, which might otherwise collapse under the weight of criticism and the pressures of modern cultural and social life. He did it for the sake of these extraordinary children and for the world they will, we hope, serve with distinction some day.
Social and Academic Self-Concepts of Gifted Adolescents
Authors: Dixon Felicia A.
Published: November 2015

Self-concept is a construct that is greatly challenged during adolescence. Gifted students undergo the same developmental processes as their less able peers, but the way they handle these transformations may be quite different. Although self-concept seems to be a multifaceted, hierarchical construct, too often educators force it into a unidimensional definition that they apply in the same way to all students. A review of the literature on the academic and the social self-concepts of gifted adolescents reveals the importance of considering the unique talents of the individual rather than considering gifted students as a homogeneous group.
Implications of Postmodern Curriculum Theory for the Education of the Talented
Authors: Piirto Jane
Published: November 2015

Postmodern curriculum theory provides a framework for educators of the gifted and talented to critique the assumptions of the field from within the field. Five overarching themes derived from postmodern literature are discussed. These are presence, origin, unity, denial of transcendence, and constitutive otherness. Five issues are subsumed beneath the themes. These are issues of discourse, the body, the canon, gender, and power and class.
Childhood Traits and Conditions of Eminent African American Women
Authors: Freeman Karen A. , Walberg Herbert J.
Published: November 2015

As part of a quarter-century investigation of eminent men and women, the childhood psychological traits and conditions of eminent African American women were contrasted with those of other eminent women in a variety of fields. African American women's eminence appears fostered by psychological traits and conditions generally similar to those that benefit other eminent men and women. African American women, however, appeared significantly more often advantaged with respect to several psychological traits, including independence, perseverance, single-mindedness, and alertness to novelty. Given the discrimination and limited opportunities for African Americans and women during the first half of this century, eminence among the women in the sample probably required outstanding force of character.
What is This Thing Called Giftedness, and How Do We Develop It? A Twenty-Five Year Perspective
Authors: Renzulli Joseph S.
Published: November 2015

This author provides reflections on the last 25 years of his work, focusing on the evolutions of models designed to help identify and meet the needs of gifted and talented students. The cited models include the Three Ring Conception of Giftedness, the Enrichment Triad Model, and the Schoolwide Enrichment Model. Summaries focus on the rationale supporting each model, including practical applications of the model in various school situations and underlying research. Also included are insights related to potential modifications and future developments of the models.
Gender Differences in Outcome of an Attempt to Stop Smoking Among Smokers Attending a Smoking Cessation Clinic in Taiwan
Authors: Wu Pin-Chieh , Hsueh Kuang-Chieh , Mar Guang-Yuan , Hsueh Shu-Chun , Tu Ming-Shium , McRobbie Hayden , Hajek Peter
Published: November 2015

Studies that have examined gender differences in smoking cessation have produced mixed results. The purpose of the study was to examine whether there are gender differences in long-term smoking abstinence rates in smokers treated with nicotine patches at a smoking cessation clinic in Taiwan, where 39% of men and 5% of women smoke. This study included 1,065 smokers, comprising of 940 men and 125 women. Smokers were invited to attend the clinic every 1–2 weeks for a maximum of eight visits over 90 days, where they received prescriptions for nicotine patches, counseling, and educational materials. Participants were contacted by telephone at 1 and 3 years after the first visit and were asked whether they had smoked at all over the past 7 days. The results showed that women were significantly less likely than men to be abstinent at 1 year (adjusted odds ratio [a OR] = 0.64; 95% CI [confidence interval] = [0.41, 0.99]; p = .044) and 3 years (a OR = 0.44; 95% CI = [0.27, 0.74]; p = .02). More effective ways are needed to help female smokers quit in societies where smoking in women is rare and may be associated with social stigma.
Unit Length as the Denominator for Quantitation of Cell Proliferation in Nasal Epithelia
Authors: Monticello Thomas M. , Morgan Kevin T. , Hurtt Mark E.
Published: November 2015

Cell proliferation data, generally based on a labeling index (LI), provide a valuable endpoint for assessment of toxic and potentially carcinogenic responses in laboratory animals. Measurement of the LI is time consuming because of the large number of cells that need to be counted to determine the denominator. In respiratory mucosa, the total cell count of the surface epithelia may be altered in response to treatment, either through cell loss or increases in cell number (e.g., hyperplasia). As an alternative to the more conventional LI, the present studies were carried out to assess the value of expressing cell proliferation in nasal epithelia as a unit length labeling index (ULLI), defined as labeled cells per mm of basement membrane. Rats were exposed by inhalation to formaldehyde or methyl bromide, and changes in cell proliferation were determined in the respiratory and olfactory epithelia, respectively, using both total cell count and basement membrane length as denominators. Total cell counts were clearly influenced by treatment, while basement membrane length was not. Both methods revealed similar treatment-induced effects on cell proliferation, and in fact were highly correlated (R ≥ 0.92, p < 0.001). It was concluded that the ULLI method provides an effective alternative to total cell counts and the LI method. This approach is not influenced by alterations in the total cell population, and has the benefit of being less labor intensive than LI determinations.
Effects of Sensitization to Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) on Clinical Pathology Parameters and Mitogen-Mediated Blastogenesis in Cynomolgus Monkeys (Macaca, fascicularis)
Authors: Bugelski Peter J. , Thiem Patricia A. , Solleveld Henk A. , Morgan D. Gwyn
Published: November 2015

Immunotoxicologic testing of drug candidates and environmental contaminants is of growing importance. Cutaneous delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) is a convenient way of testing immune function in vivo. However, DTH testing must not interfere with interpretation of other relevant parameters. We have evaluated the effects of sensitization and challenge with dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) on clinical parameters routinely evaluated in toxicity testing and on lectin-mediated blastogenesis. Female cynomolgus monkeys were sensitized to DNCB with 4 daily applications of DNCB in acetone to the skin of the axilla. Fifteen days later, the monkeys were challenged for DTH by applying DNCB to the antecubital skin. Skin fold thickness was measured and the macroscopic appearance of the challenge site was scored 24 and 48 hr after challenge. All 5 monkeys were successfully sensitized to DNCB. There was a significant increase in the mean skin fold thickness (compared to pre-challenge thickness) of 2 mm at 24 hr and 1 mm at 48 hr ( p < 0.001). The clinical score of the challenge site was also increased. Histologic examination of the sensitization and challenge sites from a second group of monkeys exposed to DNCB in an identical manner showed the perivascular inflammatory cell infiltrate typical of DTH. Evaluation of hematologic parameters at days 7, 14, and 21 revealed no change in the erythron at any interval and a mild decrease in total WBC, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts on day 7 in 4/5 monkeys. The WBC parameters remained within the normal range and returned to pre-sensitization values at the later intervals. Clinical biochemical parameters related to liver and kidney function were evaluated at the same intervals and no changes were found. The blastogenic response of peripheral blood leukocytes to concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen was mildly but not significantly decreased at day 7 but not on day 14 or 21. This study has shown that sensitization to DNCB in cynomolgus monkeys is a reliable means of evoking a DTH response which is quantifiable. It has also shown that sensitization and challenge with DNCB can be incorporated into toxicity studies without confounding interpretation of other toxicity data.
Quantitative Bacteriology in Adenoid Tissue
Authors: Pillsbury Harold C. , Kveton John F. , Sasaki Clarence T. , Frazier William
Published: November 2015

Over the past several years the indications for adenoidectomy have become increasingly controversial. Attempts to justify the operation in recurrent otitis media by correlating cultures of the nasopharynx with cultures of middle ear fluid have been inconclusive. Using quantitative bacteriologic techniques, we have studied the levels of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria per gram of tissue in adenoids removed from 48 patients. In seven patients, adenoidectomy was performed for nasal obstruction alone, in 17 patients for chronic serous otitis media, and in 24 patients for recurrent suppurative and serous otitis media. Using the criterion that greater than 105 organisms/gm of tissue constitutes infection, we found that 83% (20) of patients in the third group had infected adenoids, as opposed to only 15% (4) in the first and second group combined. Adenoid size measured radiographically did not correlate with the presence of infection. When recurrent suppurative and serous otitis media are unresponsive to medical therapy including antibiotics and decongestants, adenoidectomy should be considered in addition to myringotomy and ventilation tubes.
Hypotension‐Induced Neuropraxia in the Cat Facial Nerve
Authors: Tzadik Avraham , Babin Richard W. , Ryu Jai H.
Published: November 2015

Pressure short of producing neuropraxia was applied to the facial nerve in 12 cats. In over half, a neuropraxia promptly developed when the animals were rendered hypotensive with nitroprusside. In six other animals, pressure was applied to the nerve following circulatory collapse. No added effect of the pressure on nerve conduction decay could be demonstrated. Pressure‐induced neuropraxia appears to be dependent to some extent on ischemia.
Cartilaginous Tumors of the Larynx: A Series of 33 Patients
Authors: Neel H. Bryan , Unni Krishnan K.
Published: November 2015

From 1910 to 1979, 33 patients were seen for treatment of cartilaginous tumors of the larynx. Most of the patients had hoarseness and dyspnea, several had impaired vocal cord mobility, and one third had a lump low in the neck. A diagnosis of grade 1 chondrosarcoma was made in 21 patients, grade 2 chondrosarcoma in 10 patients, and benign chondroma in 2 patients. Most of the tumors were removed by way of laryngofissure (thyrotomy) and some by total laryngectomy. This paper describes the outcome, including retreatment for recurrence.
Small Cell Carcinoma of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
Authors: Rejowski James E. , Campanella Ruth S. , Block Leslie J.
Published: November 2015

Primary small cell carcinoma of the nose and paranasal sinuses is rare. This tumor appears to behave differently from the pulmonary small cell tumor, with propensity for local recurrence rather than early distant spread. Two new cases will be presented.
Dental and Allergic Aspects of Sinusitis and Nasal Polyposis: A Review
Authors: Fairbanks David N.F.
Published: November 2015

The proximity of the maxillary sinus floor to the first, second, and third molar teeth predisposes it to contiguous dental disease. Infections of dental origin are usually mixed bacterial growth with anaerobic species predominating; extended‐spectrum penicillins or cephalosporins are recommended. The patient with atopic allergy is susceptible to bacterial infection; combined therapy with antimicrobials, corticosteroids, and antihistamines is advised. The large solitary antrochoanal polyp is successfully managed with maxillary sinus surgery alone. Multiple ethmoidal polyps in children suggest cystic fibrosis, and in adults, the asthma triad syndrome. Thorough surgical management of the sinuses combined with antimicrobial and topical corticosteroid therapy is recommended.
Pituitary Carcinoma Occurring as Middle Ear Tumor
Authors: Wilson David F.
Published: November 2015

Pituitary gland tumors are most commonly adenomas of the glandular tissue. They are benign, slow‐growing tumors confined to the pituitary fossa region. Pituitary tumors that become aggressive, involving contiguous bony structures and brain, as well as metastasizing out of the confines of the skull, are referred to as pituitary carcinomas. This case of pituitary carcinoma is the first reported in the literature occurring as a middle ear tumor. The literature documents many cases of pituitary carcinoma. The history and medical treatment of this case are presented.
The Radiographic Evaluation of Infants with Stridor
Authors: Jasin Michael E. , Osguthorpe J.D.
Published: November 2015

In the elective evaluation of infant stridor, inspiratory plain radiographs of the neck and chest are routinely obtained with fluoroscopy and a barium swallow when indicated. Several factors, including patient positioning, roentgenographic technique, and the phase of respiration, may significantly alter the appearance of the airway, reducing the diagnostic accuracy of this modality and leading to misinterpretation of the pathologic changes.
Histoplasmosis of the Larynx
Authors: Reibel James F. , Jahrsdoerfer Robert A. , Johns Michael M.E. , Cantrell Robert W.
Published: November 2015

Histoplasmosis commonly infects the lower respiratory tract, causing either a subclinical or a nonspecific pulmonary illness. It may also affect the larynx from widespread dissemination or in a localized form that mimics carcinoma. Hoarseness, dysphagia, and pain on swallowing are symptoms common to many diseases of the laryngopharynx, including histoplasmosis. It is therefore important to consider this fungus in the differential diagnosis. Since culture techniques alone may not establish the diagnosis, special stains of tissue preparations and serologic tests for histoplasmosis are important adjuncts. We have recently seen and treated two cases of laryngeal histoplasmosis. Amphotericin B remains the preferred drug.
Vestibular Findings in the Deaf and Hard of Hearing
Authors: Brookhouser Patrick E. , Cyr David G. , Beauchaine Kathryn A.
Published: November 2015

One hundred sixty‐six youngsters (3 to 19 years of age) with severe‐to‐profound hearing impairments underwent vestibular evaluations with electronystagmography as part of a comprehensive medical and psychoeducational test battery. Twenty‐two percent of the children had unilateral or bilateral labyrinthine weakness in response to caloric stimulation, and 21% demonstrated spontaneous or positional nystagmus. The tandem Romberg test was most predictive of those patients with caloric labyrinthine weakness. The performance of mental alerting tasks (using sign language when appropriate) by the patients during testing proved essential in overcoming a marked tendency toward central suppression of nystagmus.
Auditory Brain Stem Responses in Rhesus Monkey with Otitis Media with Effusion
Authors: Fria Thomas J. , Saad Mohamed M. , Doyle William J. , Cantekin Erdem I.
Published: November 2015

Auditory brain stem response (ABR) tests were conducted on 17 anesthetized juvenile rhesus monkeys. Recordings were obtained for 13 control ears without otitis media with effusion (OME) and seven experimental ears with OME. The results demonstrated an increase in response latencies for the experimental ears with OME at each of four stimulus presentation levels (80, 60, 40, and 20 dB hearing level). Interwave latencies were the same for both groups of ears. The results suggest an average 25‐dB peripheral loss of predominantly middle ear origin associated with OME. The ABR appeared to be a viable technique for documenting auditory impairment associated with OME in this nonhuman primate model.
Membranous ruptures in Meniere's disease: Existence, location, and incidence
Authors: Koskas Herve J. , Linthicum Fred H. , House William F.
Published: November 2015

Whether or not attacks of Meniere's disease are related to ruptures in the membranous labyrinth is still a point of contention. To help clarify this point, we used light microscopy to study the membranous labyrinth in 14 temporal bones with hydrops from patients with Meniere's disease, four bones with hydrops from patients without Meniere's disease, and 11 normal bones. Findings suggest that ruptures are specific to bones with hydrops from patients with Meniere's disease and that they occur more frequently in Reissner's membrane than in the vestibular membranes.
Vascular mechanisms in Meniere's disease
Authors: Gussen Ruth
Published: November 2015

Normal venous drainage of the vestibular organs through the vein of the paravestibular canaliculus (PVC) may be crucial to inner ear fluid mechanics. It is proposed that increased venous pressure, with resultant venous insufficiency of the vestibular organs, may result in endolymphatic hydrops unless collateral venous circulation develops. Certain variations in pattern of venous drainage where the vestibular organs drain predominantly through the PVC vein may be a predisposing factor. In patients with Meniere's disease, different mechanisms can cause venous insufficiency. One suggested mechanism is morphologic change in the microcirculation of the intermediate portion of the endolymphatic sac. Microcirculation changes may be associated with fibrosis of the perisac tissues or shortening of the intermediate sac region or might be physiologically determined. Venous insufficiency may also result from anomalies of the PVC vein.
Vestibular plasticity
Authors: Jones Geoffrey Melvill
Published: November 2015

REVIEWERS COMMENTS: The last four paragraphs of this article contain original and perceptive ideas, the sort of research one hopes for (and rarely gets) from a laboratory neurophysiologist. Those who are keen can work their way through it, think about the material, and fight their way through to the important conclusion … that the brain responds by adaptive changes within the vestibular system both to lesions and to alteration of the external environment.

Hugh O. Barber, MD

President, American Neurotology Society
Patterns of Nutritional Deficiency in Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Bassett Mark R. , Dobie Robert A.
Published: November 2015

A nutritional assessment battery consisting of anthropometric measurements, skin tests, laboratory assessment of visceral and somatic proteins, and a questionnaire was used to characterize the nutritional status of 50 consecutive new head and neck tumor patients. Forty percent of our patients had good nutrition, 20% fair, and 40% poor, with elements of both protein‐calorie and protein malnutrition. There was, as expected, a positive relationship between tumor stage and nutritional impairment, but this fell short of statistical significance. There was a just significant tendency for patients with pharyngeal tumors to exhibit poorer scores than did those with oral or laryngeal tumors. Age, sex, smoking history, admitted alcohol consumption, and type of hospital (university, private multispecialty, or Veterans Administration) were not correlated with nutritional status. The best predictor of impaired nutritional status was the patient's description of his recent diet: a normal diet predicted a good score (0–2), and a soft or liquid diet predicted a fair or poor score (3–5), with an overall accuracy of 72%.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Base of the Tongue
Authors: Riley Robert W. , Fee Willard E. , Goffinet Donald , Cox Richard , Goode Richard L.
Published: November 2015

The squamous cell carcinomas of 119 patients treated between 1958 and 1980 were retrospectively reclassified according to the 1977 American Joint Committee for Cancer Staging‐End Results Reporting guidelines. Analysis of the information was performed with an interactive computer program that allows the analysis of a large number of medical factors with numerous variables. The following factors show the statistically significant improved survival rates: well‐differentiated histopathologic findings, small T‐stage lesions, and clinically negative neck disease. Although the survival curve was similar in the planned combined therapy and radiation therapy groups, local control was statistically superior in the combined therapy group. A similar trend is seen in those patients who receive interstitial implants in addition to external beam therapy. A randomized prospective study is needed to determine the optimum mode of therapy.
Placebo Effect in Surgery for Meniere's Disease: Three‐Year Follow‐up
Authors: Thomsen Jens , Bretlau Poul , Tos Mirko , Johnsen Niels Jon
Published: November 2015

In 1981 we published the results of a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study in which the efficacy of a regular endolymphatic sac mastoid shunt was compared with a purely placebo operation (mastoidectomy) in controlling the symptoms of 30 patients with typical Meniere's disease. Minor differences could be demonstrated between the shunt and the sham operation, but the greatest difference was between the preoperative and postoperative scores, and both groups improved significantly. It was concluded that the impact of the various endolymphatic sac shunts on the symptoms of patients with Meniere's disease is nonspecific, and that the 70% improvement in both groups was most likely caused by a placebo effect. At the time of the presentation, the results were based on a 1‐year follow‐up of all patients. As of January 1982 the patients had been followed for a minimum of 3 years. The 3‐year results are the same as our results from the first year: no significant difference could be found between the two groups.
Localization of Prostaglandin‐Forming Cyclooxygenase in Middle Ear and External Canal Tissue
Authors: Jung Timothy T.K. , Juhn S.K. , Michael Alfred F.
Published: November 2015

Prostaglandins were found in the middle ear effusion and may play an important role in inflammation and bone resorption occurring in otitis media. With the use of an immunohistochemical technique, prostaglandin cyclooxygenase was localized in epithelial cells of human skin, endothelial cells of arterioles, mononuclear leukocytes and fibroblasts of human middle ear mucosa and granulation tissue, epithelial cells of chinchilla middle ear mucosa, and the external auditory canal skin.
Intact‐Bridge Tympanomastoidectomy
Authors: Paparella Michael M. , Jung Timothy T.K.
Published: November 2015

In recent years closed‐cavity (intact wall) tympanomastoidectomy has been described and recommended by many. The pendulum now is swinging back to open‐cavity tympanomastoidectomy. The literature in this regard is reviewed. In all patients with chronic otitis media and mastoiditis with intractable tissue pathology, the primary objective is total eradication of disease with a dry, safe ear; a concomitant but secondary objective is hearing retention and restoration with tympanoplasty techniques. Over a 3‐year period we have used a one‐stage procedure called intact‐bridge tympanomastoidectomy (IBM) that fulfills the desirable objectives of both open‐and closed‐cavity tympanomastoidectomy. The salient features include (1) good exposure as in open‐cavity tympanomastoidectomy, (2) maintenance and widening of the middle ear space by bony bridge retention and facial buttress sculpturing to enhance grafting and ossiculoplasty such as TORP or PORP as in canal‐up tympanomastoidectomy, and (3) enhancement of mastoid obliteration for large cavities by blocking the aditus with bone paté or cartilage and by providing a separation between middle ear and mastoid. Specific methods, techniques, and results will be presented and discussed.