bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimalisasi untuk Menghasilkan Efisiensi Ideal Turbin Uap Pembangkit Listrik TenagaBiomassa Kapasitas 20 MW
Authors: Santoso Habibi
Published: February 2019

The energy crisis is one of the problems facing by Indonesia. One solution to overcome this problem is turning waste into electricity, leading to a solution to the long-standing waste problems in many areas in Indonesia. This research is part of the initial design of PLTU with Biomassa (Waste) energy sources. This research covers the initial design of the rankine cycle that includes determining the type of turbine to be used, whether the reaction turbine or impulse turbine and the number of turbine shaft and determining a simple, regenerative cycle or another modified cycle. The step taken is comparing thermodinamically the advantages and disadvantages of the simple rankine cycle with the regenerative cycle. The parameters used as the standard of comparison are thermal efficiency, net work and work ratio. From the calculation results, it is determined to use a steam turbine with the type of one-shaft impulse turbine using a regenerative cycle with 3 feedwater heaters because it can increase efficiency up to 50% when compared to a simple regenerative cycle with efficiency of 37%.
The Role of Community College Attendance in Shaping Baccalaureate Recipients’ Access to Graduate and Professional Education
Authors: Wang Xueli , Lee Yen , Wickersham Kelly
Published: February 2019

Using data from the Baccalaureate and Beyond Longitudinal Study and propensity score matching techniques, this study examined the impact of having attended a community college on baccalaureate recipients’ access to graduate and professional schools in general and how previous community college attendance influenced student enrollment in different professional and graduate programs. Our findings revealed that there was no significant negative or positive effect of community college attendance on access to graduate or professional school or on program enrollment choices. These results imply that community college attendance does not limit access to graduate and professional education and holds the promise to complement the route to graduate and professional school.
The Strenght of Socio-Affective Strategy With Skype Video Call in the Teaching Speaking
Authors: Virdaus Varia Virdania
Published: February 2019

To speak English for most Indonesian  students is not an easy matter. Many of them feel shy and lack of confidence. That is why the teachers should use an appropriate strategy to help them improve their speaking ability. This study was a quasi- experiment applying non- randomized control group pre-test  post-test design and the subjects of which were the students of Management Class of STIE Perbanas  Surabaya.  The researcher took two classes of the first semester.  They were Class O.2 having 25 students as a control group, and class B.1 having 26 students as an Experimental group. The  study has proved that  socio affective strategy  with Skype is more effective than conventional strategy when used in the teaching speaking and the students who were taught using socio affective strategy with Skype could be more interested to communicate  with English language
Peran Guru dalam Pencegahan Bullying di PAUD
Authors: Arumsari Andini Dwi , Setyawan Dedi
Published: February 2019

Bullying is social behaviour that commonly happened in educational environment. Bullying involves student as the actor, victim, and bystander. This behaviour stimulates various negative impacts not only for victim but also the actor. When bullying happens in early childhood education, educator plays essential role to recognise, identify, and prevent it. The present study aims to elaborate the important of educator role in preventing bullying that may occur in early childhood education. The present study uses literature review in order to gain information that are related to bullying in early childhood education. moreover, the present study also conducts interview with various educators to gain valid data regarding this behaviour. The present study shows that educators recognise violent acts that are conducted by their student but unfortunately they are not able to identify whether those actions can be determined as bullying toward early childhood children. Moreover, this violent action is a stimulus which can lead a children in conducting juvenile delinquency in the near future for the actor. Therefore, early childhood educator holds essential role in preventing bullying acts for early childhood children in order to prevent this behaviour becomes a habit.
Oxygenic photosynthesis: Critiquing the standing explanations and proposing explorative solutions based in murburn concept
Authors: Manoj Kelath Murali
Published: February 2019

The available explanations for oxygenic photosynthesis for the light reaction of photolysis and photophosphorylation (Pl-Pp) are critically analyzed. Based on the structure cum distribution of protagonist molecules and the new mechanistic explanations in redox biochemistry, the interactive dynamics of key reactants are re-assessed for viability. The Z-scheme for electron transfer and Kok-Joliot cycle for water-lysis are found to be physiologically non-viable. Further, mechanistic explorations based on murburn concept are advocated for Pl-Pp.
Word-object and action-object association learning across early development
Authors: Eiteljoerge Sarah F V , Adam Maurits , Elsner Birgit , Mani Nivedita
Published: February 2019

Successful communication often involves comprehension of both spoken language and observed actions with and without objects. Even very young infants can learn associations between actions and objects as well as between words and objects. However, in daily life, children are usually confronted with both kinds of input simultaneously. Choosing the critical information to attend to in such situations might help children structure the input, and thereby, allow for successful learning. In the current study, we therefore, investigated the developmental time course of children’s and adults’ word and action learning when given the opportunity to learn both word-object and action-object associations for the same object. All participants went through a learning phase and a test phase. In the learning phase, they were presented with two novel objects which were associated with a distinct novel label and a distinct novel action. In the test phase, participants were presented with both objects on screen in a baseline phase, then either heard one of the two labels or saw one of the two actions in a prime phase, and then saw the two objects again on screen in a recognition phase. Throughout the trial, participants’ target looking was recorded to investigate whether participants looked at the target object upon hearing its label or seeing its action, and thus, would show learning of the word-object and action-object associations. Growth curve analyses revealed that 12-month-olds learned action-object associations, 24-month-olds learned word-object associations, and 36-month-olds learned word-object and action-object associations, similar to adults.These results highlight how children attend to the different modalities through which communication is addressed to them. Over time, with increased exposure to systematic word-object mappings, children attend less to action-object mappings, with the latter potentially being mediated by word-object learning even in adulthood. Thus, choosing between different kinds of input that may be more relevant in their rich environment encompassing different modalities might help learning at different points in development.
Allard & Marie (forthcoming). Explaining Historical Change in Terms of LHT: Promising, But A More Pluralistic Causal Framework Is Needed.
Authors: Allard Aurélien , Marie Antoine
Published: February 2019

Baumard suggests that the advent, through phenotypic plasticity mechanisms, of future-oriented preferences and creative mindsets in 18th century Great-Britain explains the wave of innovations that drove the British Industrial Revolution. We argue that, while this approach is promising, Baumard’s model would benefit from being supplemented by demographic, economic and sociological explanations independent from LHT.
The Andersen likelihood ratio test with a random split criterion lacks power
Authors: Krammer Georg
Published: February 2019

The Andersen LRT uses sample characteristics as split criteria to evaluate Rasch model fit, or theory driven hypothesis testing for a test. This simulation study is the first to evaluate power and Type I error of a random split criterion. Results consistently show that a random split criterion lacks power.
Are All Jobs Created Equal? A Cross-National Analysis of Women’s Employment and Child Malnutrition in Developing Countries
Authors: Burroway Rebekah
Published: February 2019

Using multi-level models, the analysis examines female employment and child stunting across 49 developing countries. At the country level, female labor force participation is not associated with malnutrition after controlling for economic development. At the individual level, a binary measure of employment is not significantly associated with malnutrition. However, a more nuanced measure of seven occupational categories shows that certain types of employment improve malnutrition. Professional, clerical, sales, and domestic jobs are associated with reduced stunting. These effects are only partially mediated by wealth, perhaps suggesting that some jobs may bring benefits to the household beyond the sheer acquisition of tangible resources. Agricultural jobs are associated with increased malnutrition. Manual labor and service work do not have an effect on malnutrition, compared to unemployment. Thus, women’s employment is not necessarily a mechanism for empowerment and wellbeing. Not all jobs are created equal, and many of them do not confer the benefits that are typically associated with working outside the home.
Novel Hyperelastic Models for Large Volumetric Deformations
Authors: Moerman Kevin Mattheus , Fereidoonnezhad Behrooz , McGarry Patrick
Published: February 2019

Materials such as elastomeric foams, lattices, and cellular solids are capable of undergoing large elastic volume changes. Although many hyperelastic constitutive formulations have been proposed for deviatoric (shape changing) behaviour, few variations exist for large deformation volumetric behaviour. The first section of this paper presents a critical analysis of current volumetric hyperelastic models and highlights their limitations for large volumetric strains. In the second section of the paper we propose three novel volumetric strain energy density functions, which: 1) are valid for large volumetric deformations, 2) offer separate control of the volumetric strain stiffening behaviour during shrinkage (volume reduction) and expansion (volume increase), and 3) provide precise control of non-monotonic volumetric strain stiffening. To illustrate the ability of the novel formulations to capture complex volumetric material behaviour they are fitted and compared to a range of published experimental data.
Teknik Mind Mapping dalam Pengajaran Bahasa di Sekolah Dasar Muhammadiyah 18 Medan
Authors: Hasibuan Nashran Azizah , Lubis Tasnim
Published: February 2019

Pengajaran Bahasa Indonesia di Sekolah Dasar mencakup keahlian dalam berbicara, mendengar, membaca dan menulis. Kemampuan berbicara dan menulis sangat terkait dengan kemampuan mendengar dan membaca. Penelitian ini fokus kepada kemampuan berbicara dalam pelajaran Bahasa Indonesia. Proses membaca yang dilanjutkan dengan Teknik Mind Mapping untuk membantu siswa dalam memahami isi teks dan mampu menceritakan kembali isi teks secara sistematis merupakan tujuan yang ingin dicapai dalam pengajaran. Teknik Mind Mapping adalah sebuah strategi yang bisa digunakan untuk mengeksplorasi banyak hal atau lebih mendalam dari suatu hal (Buzan, 1994). Mind Mapping merupakan strategi dalam pengajaran yang berusaha mengaktifkan otak kanan dan otak kiri bekerja secara seimbang. Dalam Mind Mapping terdapat gambar, warna, garis, dan kata-kata yang bisa menolong untuk lebih baik dalam mengingat, menuangkan ide, menghemat, dan memanfaatkan waktu. Keunggulan dari Teknik Mind Mapping bagi pelajar dalam kegiatan pengajaran antara lain: (1) pelajar akan bersemangat dalam belajar karena ada komunikasi yang baik dengan guru, pencatatan lebih kreatif, fleksibel dan menarik; (2) pelajar dengan mudah mengingat pelajaran karena hanya memuat kata-kata kunci sehingga pembelajaran akan optimal; (3) subjek yang dipelajari semakin dalam dan luas cakupannya; dan (4) mempersingkat waktu belajar karena memuat kata-kata kunci saja. Penggunaan visual seperti warna, tulisan yang kreatif, sistematis dapat membantu siswa dalam memahami teks dan membantu mereka dalam menceritakan kembali baik dalam bentuk lisan maupun tulisan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan kemampuan membaca dan menceritakan kembali dalam pengajaran Bahasa Indonesia oleh siswa Sekolah Dasar. Penelitian juga bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang menghambat siswa dalam pengajaran Bahasa Indonesia. Penelitian ini dilakukan Sekolah Dasar Muhammadiyah 18 Medan tahun ajaran 2016/2017. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi, wawancara dan pretest-postest design. Observasi dilakukan untuk mendapatkan informasi mengenai perkembangan berbicara selama menggunakan Teknik Mind Mapping. Wawancara dilakukan untuk mengetahui pendapat para siswa mengenai pengajaran Bahasa Indonesia dengan menggunakan Teknik Mind Mapping. Tes dilakukan sebanyak dua kali diawal dan diakhir (pretest-postest design) untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan Teknik Mind Mapping dalam pembelaaran Bahasa Indonesia. Prosedur penelitian dilakukan berdasarkan Teknik Mind Mapping yang ditemukan oleh Tony Buzan. Data akan dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode kuantitatif dan metode kualitatif. Metode kuantitatif dilakukan untuk menganalisis data yang didapat dari tes untuk melihat pengaruh Teknik Mind Mapping terhadap pengajaran Bahasa Indonesia. Kemudian data yang didapat dari observasi akan dianalisis secara deskriptif kualitatif.
BUMN, KEWIRAUSAHAAN dan USAHA MIKRO. Peran CSR dan PKBL dalam Sektor Perdagangan
Authors: Madi Riski Amalia
Published: February 2019

Penyusunan buku monograf ini dapat terselesaikan atas bantuan dan dukungan dari berbagai pihak khususnya bantuan dari BUMN, Dinas Koperasi dan UMKM Kota Kendari dan para pelaku usaha khususnya di sektor perdagangan. Dorongan utama dari penulis untuk menuliskan buku monograf yang berjudul BUMN, KEWIRAUSAHAAN, DAN USAHA MIKRO adalah untuk melihat dampak bantuan BUMN terhadap kinerja perkembangan usaha sektor perdagangan melalui jiwa kewirausahaan para pelaku usaha khususnya di Kota Kendari.Kemampuan kewirausahaan yang dimiliki oleh pengusaha mikro yang mendapat bantuan BUMN akan berpengaruh terhadap keberhasilan usaha. Keberhasilan atau kinerja usaha dapat dilihat dari keuntungan (profit) dan tingkat pertumbuhan penjualan.Kontribusi BUMN bagi daerah tidak hanya diukur dari berapa besar Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan (PBB) yang dibayarkan. Melainkan juga dari seberapa kuat komitmen BUMN dalam pengembangan komu- nitas daerah (corporate social responsibility). Bagaimanapun, Pemda dan masyarakat merupakan stakeholder BUMN. BUMN perlu melibatkan diri dalam penguatan ekonomi daerah, melalui pengembangan UMKM dan koperasi, dalam bentuk UMKM binaan maupun modal bergulir. Sejak beberapa tahun lalu, hampir semua BUMN mempunyai pola kemitraan dengan UMKM. Namun, “niat baik” BUMN ini tak jarang berbalik menjadi tudingan negatif, bahwa program kemitraan tersebut lebih banyak tujuan politisnya daripada meningkatkan pengusaha kecil. Benarkah demikian kenyataannya? Banyak pihak, termasuk dari BUMN menganggap program kemitraan ini sebagai hambatan, karena itu belum terlihat pelaksanaan secara optimal. Akan tetapi meski ada berbagai kendala, BUMN bertanggung jawab membantu usaha mikro meningkatkan kinerjanya. Kontribusi BUMN bagi daerah tidak hanya diukur dari berapa besar Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan (PBB) yang dibayarkan. Melainkan juga dari seberapa kuat komitmen BUMN dalam pengembangan komunitas daerah (corporate social responsibility). Bagaimanapun, Pemda dan masyarakat merupakan stakeholder BUMN. BUMN perlu melibatkan diri dalam penguatan ekonomi daerah, melalui pengembangan UMKM dan koperasi, dalam bentuk UMKM binaan maupun modal bergulir. Jika BUMN di daerah bisa berkembang maju, daerah akan memperoleh manfaat lain.
BUMN, KEWIRAUSAHAAN dan USAHA MIKRO. Peran CSR dan PKBL dalam Sektor Perdagangan
Authors: Madi Riski Amalia
Published: February 2019

Penyusunan buku monograf ini dapat terselesaikan atas bantuan dan dukungan dari berbagai pihak khususnya bantuan dari BUMN, Dinas Koperasi dan UMKM Kota Kendari dan para pelaku usaha khususnya di sektor perdagangan. Dorongan utama dari penulis untuk menuliskan buku monograf yang berjudul BUMN, KEWIRAUSAHAAN, DAN USAHA MIKRO adalah untuk melihat dampak bantuan BUMN terhadap kinerja perkembangan usaha sektor perdagangan melalui jiwa kewirausahaan para pelaku usaha khususnya di Kota Kendari.Kemampuan kewirausahaan yang dimiliki oleh pengusaha mikro yang mendapat bantuan BUMN akan berpengaruh terhadap keberhasilan usaha. Keberhasilan atau kinerja usaha dapat dilihat dari keuntungan (profit) dan tingkat pertumbuhan penjualan.Kontribusi BUMN bagi daerah tidak hanya diukur dari berapa besar Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan (PBB) yang dibayarkan. Melainkan juga dari seberapa kuat komitmen BUMN dalam pengembangan komu- nitas daerah (corporate social responsibility). Bagaimanapun, Pemda dan masyarakat merupakan stakeholder BUMN. BUMN perlu melibatkan diri dalam penguatan ekonomi daerah, melalui pengembangan UMKM dan koperasi, dalam bentuk UMKM binaan maupun modal bergulir.Sejak beberapa tahun lalu, hampir semua BUMN mempunyai pola kemitraan dengan UMKM. Namun, “niat baik” BUMN ini tak jarang berbalik menjadi tudingan negatif, bahwa program kemitraan tersebut lebih banyak tujuan politisnya daripada meningkatkan pengusaha kecil. Benarkah demikian kenyataannya? Banyak pihak, termasuk dari BUMN menganggap program kemitraan ini sebagai hambatan, karena itu belum terlihat pelaksanaan secara optimal. Akan tetapi meski ada berbagai kendala, BUMN bertanggung jawab membantu usaha mikro meningkatkan kinerjanya. Kontribusi BUMN bagi daerah tidak hanya diukur dari berapa besar Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan (PBB) yang dibayarkan. Melainkan juga dari seberapa kuat komitmen BUMN dalam pengembangan komunitas daerah (corporate social responsibility). Bagaimanapun, Pemda dan masyarakat merupakan stakeholder BUMN. BUMN perlu melibatkan diri dalam penguatan ekonomi daerah, melalui pengembangan UMKM dan koperasi, dalam bentuk UMKM binaan maupun modal bergulir. Jika BUMN di daerah bisa berkembang maju, daerah akan memperoleh manfaat lain.
Immediate Effects of the Mindful Body Scan Practice on Risk-Taking Behavior
Authors: Upton Shelley , Renshaw Tyler L
Published: February 2019

Training in mindfulness has been shown to improve a variety of psychological disorders as well as physical conditions. Additionally, mindfulness training has been shown to reduce risk-taking behaviors following several weeks of training. Reducing risk-taking behaviors is of particular importance in regard to specific mental health problems, such as substance use and eating disorders. Many studies that examine the effects of mindfulness utilize training programs that are several weeks in duration. However, some evidence indicates that brief, single-use mindfulness practices can have substantial effects on changing emotion and cognition in laboratory settings. The present study examined the immediate effects of a brief, single-use mindful body scan practice on risk-taking behavior in a laboratory setting. Participants included 153 undergraduate students at a major university in the southern United States. The experimental design was a randomized trial using an active control group, which engaged in a mind-wandering exercise. Results indicated that there was no significant interaction of condition by time on scores from the state mindfulness measure or the risk-taking task, yet main effects of time were observed for both variables. Findings suggest that the brief mindful body scan practice did not differentially effect mindfulness or risk-taking compared to the mind-wandering control exercise. However, there was a small, significant correlation observed between change in state mindfulness and change in risk-taking for the full sample, suggesting a relationship between the variables of interest, albeit in the opposite direction as expected. Implications and limitations of the present study are discussed.
Co-prescription network reveals social dynamics of opioid doctor shopping
Authors: Perry Brea Louise , Yang Kai-Cheng , Kaminski Patrick , Park Jaehyuk , Martel Michelle M , Oser Carrie , Freeman Patricia , Ahn Yong Yeol , Talbert Jeffery
Published: February 2019

This paper examines network prominence in a co-prescription network as an indicator of doctor shopping (i.e., fraudulent solicitation of prescriptions from multiple healthcare providers) for opioids. Using longitudinal data from a large commercially insured population, we construct a network where a tie between patients was weighted by the number of shared opioid prescribers. Given prior research suggesting that doctor shopping may be a social process, we hypothesize that active doctor shoppers will occupy central structural positions in this network. We show that network prominence, operationalized using PageRank, was associated with more opioid prescriptions, higher predicted risk for dangerous morphine dosage, opioid overdose, and opioid use disorder, controlling for number of prescribers and other variables. Moreover, as a patient’s own prominence increased over time, so did their risk for these outcomes, compared to their own average level of risk. These findings point to structural properties of co-prescription networks as a promising indicator of social or strategic drug-seeking behavior and overdose risk.
History of agriculture and intensity of warfare shaped the evolution of large-scale human societies in Afro-Eurasia
Authors: Currie Thomas E. , Turchin Peter , Gavrilets Sergey
Published: February 2019

Understanding why large, complex human societies have emerged and persisted more readily in certain regions of the world than others is an issue of long-standing debate. Here we systematically test a range of hypotheses involving the socio-ecological factors that may ultimately promote or inhibit the formation of large, complex human societies. We employ spatially explicit statistical analyses using data on the geographical and temporal distribution of the largest human groups over a 3000 year period of history. The results support the predictions of two complementary hypotheses indicating that large-scale societies developed more commonly in regions where i) agriculture has been practiced for longer (thus providing more time for the norms & institutions that facilitate large-scale organization to emerge), and ii) warfare was more intense (thus creating a stronger selection pressure for societies to scale up). We found no support for the influential idea that large-scale societies were more common in those regions naturally endowed with a higher potential for productive agriculture. Our study highlights how modern cultural evolutionary theory can be used to organize and synthesize alternative hypotheses and shed light on the ways ecological and social processes have interacted to shape the complex social world we live in today.
The Gender Gap in Orgasms: Survey Data from a Mid-sized Canadian City
Authors: Andrejek Nicole , Fetner Tina
Published: February 2019

Objective: Previous research has established a gap in orgasm frequency between men and women. This study investigates explanations for the gender gap in orgasm. Methods: Crosstab analysis and logistic regression are used to examine the gender gap in orgasms from one Canadian city: Hamilton, Ontario (N = 194). Results: We find a strong association between women’s orgasms and the type of sexual behavior in which partners engage. Women who receive oral sex are more likely to reach orgasm. Conclusion: Sexual practices focused on clitoral stimulation are important to reducing the gender gap in orgasms.
Local level socio-economic impacts and responses to the earthquakes-2015: A case of Kirtipur Municipality
Authors: Maharjan Shree Kumar , Maharjan Keshav Lall , Dangol Dharma Raj
Published: February 2019

The series of earthquakes and aftershocks affect Nepal in 2015. However, very few studies were carried out to assess and analyze the local-level impacts and responses. The present study focuses on impacts and responses to earthquakes in the Kirtipur Municipality based on secondary data and primary information generated from the open-ended questions to the purposively selected samples. Higher number of human casualties was observed among the elderly and children, but no such difference in terms of gender. The wards in core areas, particularly in Panga and Chovar, were affected the most because of century old houses without any disaster resistant technologies. The social bonding and cohesion were strongly observed during rescue and relief phases. The separated families united during the first two phases whereas the united families separated to nuclear families in recovery and reconstruction phases. The major reasons were main political transition, lack of financial resources and social factors.
Current Perspectives on Leishmaniasis
Authors: Reddy KR
Published: February 2019

No abstract available.
An Overview of Fingerprint Patterns among Students of Gandaki Medical College, Pokhara, Nepal
Authors: Hirachan N , Shrestha R , Koju S , Limbu D
Published: February 2019

Introduction: Fingerprint system of positive identification is based on the principle that the arrangement and distribution of fingerprint re­mains constant and persists throughout life and that the patterns of no two hands resemble each other.

Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out among 250 students (125 male and 125 female students), aged 17 - 40 years of age, of Gan­daki Medical College, Pokhara, Nepal from 15 March to 13 April, 2017 A.D. The fingertip patterns of both hands were collected and identified with the aid of a magnifying glass and documented as: Loops, Whorls, Arches and Composite type. The data were enrolled in SPSS version 16 and analyzed accordingly.

Results: There was a preponderance of loop pattern (52.6%) followed by whorls (39.4%), arches (7.3%) and composite (0.6%). Whorls (41.7%) were more common in males compared to females (37.1%) and females had more arches (9.6%) compared to that of the male counter­parts (5.04%). There was no significant difference in fingerprint pat­terns among male and female students.

Conclusion: The predominance of loops amongst other fingerprint patterns along with no significant gender differences in fingerprint pat­terns can be considered as a valuable research finding in the field of forensic science.
Fetal Outcome in Pregnancies Complicated with Polyhydraminos: Study Done in Pokhara, Nepal
Authors: Gurung SD , Shrestha J , Shrestha A , Subedi A , Gyawali M , Nagila A
Published: February 2019

Introduction: Amniotic fluid plays an important role in the development of fetus. Any abnormality in the production amniotic fluid may have adverse effect on the fetus and the mother. Polyhydraminos is one of the common complications occurring during pregnancy and complicates around 0.2 - 2% of pregnancies.

Methods: It is a prospective study conducted in Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal from January 2013 to December 2015. All the pregnant ladies irrespective of gestational age with amniotic fluid index (AFI) 25 cm or more were enrolled for the study. According to the AFI, polyhydraminos was classified as mild (25 – 30 cm), moderate (30.1 - 35 cm) and severe (>35 cm). Fetal outcome, mode of delivery, presence of congenital anomalies, NICU admission and maternal glucose intolerance were recorded.

Results: Out of 8232 deliveries, 24 were diagnosed and admitted with the diagnosis of polyhydraminos. Mild polyhydraminos, 50% (n=12) occurred after 37 weeks of gestation and 12.5% (n=3) had severe polyhydraminos. All pregnant ladies 50% (n=12), beyond 37 weeks gestation had cesarean section, whereas 25% (n=6) had vaginal deliveries. 33.3% (n=8) had preterm labor, 12.5% (n=3) had premature rupture of membrane, 25% (n=6) had congenital anomalies, one IUFD, one case of Rh isoimmunisation and one case of twin pregnancy. NICU admission needed in 20.5% (n=5). Pregnant ladies with impaired glucose intolerance were 8.3% (n=2).

Conclusions: Polyhydraminos is associated with increased incidence of cesarean section, preterm labor, fetal malformation and NICU admission.
Association of the Level of Knowledge Regarding Effects of Alcoholism with Selected Demographic Variables of Rural Adults
Authors: Sah I
Published: February 2019

Background: Alcoholism is the most severe form of alcohol abuse and involves the inability to manage drinking habits. It is also commonly referred to as alcohol use disorder. Alcohol use disorder is organized into three categories: mild, moderate and severe. Each category has various symptoms and can cause harmful side effects. If left untreated, any type of alcohol abuse can spiral out of control.

Objectives: To assess the demographic variables of rural adults, to associate the level of knowledge regarding effects of alcoholism with selected demographic variables of rural adults.

Methods: A Quasi experimental one group pre-test post-test research design was used. The structured interview schedule was developed to collect data. The study was conducted at Challaghatta Village, Bangalore, Karnataka, India and the data collected was analyzed and interpreted based on descriptive and inferential statistics.

Results: The associated pre-test level of knowledge regarding the effects of alcoholism among rural adults with their demographic variables in the study is non significant with the demographic variables at p> 0.05 level.

Conclusion: The present study found that there is no significant association between the demographic variables and level of knowledge among rural adults regarding effects of alcoholism.
Epidemiology and Clinical Outcome of Snakebite in Western Nepal: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Karki D , Sharma B , Koirala R , Nagila A
Published: February 2019

Introduction: Snakebite is an environmental hazard associated with significant morbidity and mortality. It is an important medical emergency and cause of significant numbers of hospital admissions in many parts of the Asian region. In this study, we assess the epidemiology and clinical outcome of snake bite.

Methods: This was a retrospective study of all patients with snake bites admitted to the Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, kaski, Nepal. A total numbers of 265 snake bite cases in the period of 2013 to 2016 were enrolled in this study. Snake bite cases by person, place and time along with month of snake bite and time of bite, were analyzed. We also identified the types of snake and site of the bite. Sign and symptoms were clinically observed and the management of the snake bite cases was clinically done. Prothrombin time (PT) test along with INR value was performed by Medical Technologist at the Department of Laboratory, Manipal Teaching Hospital. Data was entered in to the Microsoft excel and analyzed by SPPS version 21.0. Percentages were applied to find the results.

Results: Total numbers of snake bite cases were 265. More than half, 60.4% of the snake bite cases were females. Regarding the age group, nearly half, 47.9% were in the age group of 20 - 40 years and 9.8% cases were in the age group of 60 years and above. In this study, 50.6% bite cases were held at the day time and most of the bites were reported/ observed in the limb, 53.6% in lower limb, and 43.4% in the upper limb. Very few bites were in the head, neck and trunk. Our result shows 49.1% were green snake and 30.9% snake were unidentified. When we observed the sign and symptoms, 153 (57.7%) cases showed local swelling, 83 (31.3%) showed fang mark. Hematological manifestation were 144 (54.3%) cases and complication observed in 145 (54.7%) cases. Snake bite cases were managed after PT/INR test, INR. Antibiotic were prescribed in 154 cases and in 135 (50.9%) cases blood was transfused. There were no fetal cases noticed among hospital admitted snake bite cases.

Conclusion: There is gross disparity in the management and outcomes of snake bite in different hospitals. Snake bite cases should manage in tertiary care hospital as early as possible.
Teaching How to Teach: Microteaching (A Way to Build up Teaching Skills)
Authors: Reddy KR
Published: February 2019

Microteaching is one of the most recent innovations in teacher training program which is used as a professional developmental tool in pre-service or in-service teacher training programs. Microteaching helps teachers to better understand the processes of teaching and learning and provides the opportunity to learn teaching skills, to study their own teaching, and to study the teaching of others.

Microteaching is an organized, scaled-down teacher training program where a trainee teacher plans a short lesson, teaches it to a reduced group of students (Three to ten) in a 5 to 20 minute lesson, and then reflects on their teaching afterwards. The lesson is video recorded for either individual or peer review. The trainee teacher’s micro-lesson is reviewed, discussed, analyzed, and evaluated to give a feedback. Based on this feedback, the trainee teacher re-teaches the micro-lesson, incorporating those points raised during the discussion and analysis.

The main objective of this article is to address and emphasize that microteaching has the potential to improve the teachers’ pedagogic skills, competencies, self-confidence, beliefs, and attitudes with minimum available facilities and to provide students with valuable teaching experiences and make them aware of the benefits and relationships between theory and practice.
Bacteraemia and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of isolates from patients visiting a private hospital of Kathmandu
Authors: Jaishi Nandalal , Pathak Pramila , Shah Pradeep Kumar , Dahal Puspa Raj
Published: February 2019

Background: Bacteraemia can develop a broad array of complications that may be difficult to recognize initially and can increase morbidity. The study was thus conducted to identify the causative agents of bacteraemia and to assess antibiogram of the isolates among the patients suspected of blood stream infection visiting Everest hospital, New Baneshwor Kathmandu.

Methods: Altogether 400 blood cultures were processed during March, 2015 to August, 2015. Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) was followed during the processing of the specimens. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of bacterial isolates was done by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method with Muller-Hinton agar using the guidelines and interpretive criteria of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI 2013).

Result: The positivity of blood culture was found to be 48 (12%). Gram negative bacterial were found to be more predominant 27(56.2%) than gram positive bacteria 21(43.7%) in causing bacteraemia. The most prevalent isolate was Staphylococcus aureus 15 (31.2%) followed by Salmonella Paratyphi A 10 (20.8%) and Salmonella Typhi 8 (16.6%), E. coli & CoNS 4 (8.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3 (6.2%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae & Streptococcus pneumoniae 2 (4.1%) respectively. All gram-positive isolates were found to be sensitive to Cefoxitin, Ceftriaxone and Vancomycin followed by Ampicillin (90.42%), Erythromycin (85.71%), Ciprofloxacin (83.33%), Doxycycline (75%) and Cephalexin (70.58%) whereas gram negative isolates were sensitive to Ceftriaxone followed by Chloramphenicol (92%), Gentamicin (88.8%), Cefixime (85.71%), Ofloxacin (83.3%) and Amoxycillin and Ciprofloxacin (71.3%)

Conclusion: The isolation of etiological agents of blood stream infection should be assessed by proper microbiological analysis and it would be helpful for controlling of the outbreaks of resistance strains through effective empirical therapy.
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase and Metallo Beta Lactamase producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa at Tertiary care Hospital of Nepal
Authors: Shrestha Pallavi , Sharma Saroj , Maharjan Roshani
Published: February 2019

Objective: To assess the prevalence of Extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) and Metallo beta lactamase (MBL) producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa from pus samples.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Kanti Children’s Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal during which 316 pus samples were collected and tested using standard microbiological procedures. Antibiotic Susceptibility Test (AST) was done by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and the detection of ESBL and MBL production were done using Ceftazidime/clavulanic acid combined disk test and Imipenem- Ethylenenediaminetetraacetic acid combined disk test respectively as per CLSI guideline 2014.

Results: The prevalence rate of P. aeruginosa was found to be 7.9% in pus samples. Out of 25 P. aeruginosa isolates 9(36%) were ESBL producers and 2(8%) were MBL producers. ESBL producers were predominant in the age group 2-3 years (33.3%) and in male patient (55.6%). Out of 2 MBL producing P. aeruginosa, 1(50%)was isolated from the age group below 2 years and male patient and 1(50%) from the age group 8-9 years and female patient. 96% of isolates showed sensitive to Polymyxin B.

Conclusion: The study showed increasing trend of ESBL and MBL production in P. aeruginosa so constant survey of prevalence of ESBL and MBL producing isolates is essential to control and manage spread of these isolates in different units of health institutions.
In-Vitro Biofilm Detection among Uropathogens and their Antibiogram Profile
Authors: Shrestha Bijayata , Shrestha Basudha , Poudel Asia , Lekhak Binod , Upreti Milan Kumar
Published: February 2019

Objectives: The study was carried out in Kathmandu Model Hospital, Kathmandu with the aim of in- vitro biofilm detection among uropathogens and its correlation with antibiotic resistance.

Methods: Uropathogens (n=234) were isolated, and identified with standard microbiological techniques and further subjected to Modified Congo Red Agar Method for the biofilm detection in-vitro; antimicrobial susceptibility testing (10 antibiotics) was performed by Modified Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. The MIC and MBEC values of Levofloxacin were determined by agar dilution for planktonic forms and by microdilution method for biofilm phase respectively.

Results: Among 234 urine isolates, 134(57%) were positive for in-vitro biofilm production and 88(37.6%) were multidrug resistant (MDR). E. coli was the predominant biofilm forming uropathogens. The incidence of biofilm producers was found to be independent of age-wise, gender wise and indoor-outdoor distribution of patients. The association between biofilm production and multidrug resistance among uropathogens was found statistically non-significant (p-value>0.05). The MBEC values of biofilm phase of growth were found to be greater than the MIC values for their planktonic counterparts. The MBEC values ranged from 4 to more than1024 μg/ml whereas the MIC values ranged from 0.003-16 μg/ml.

Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that biofilm detection is a critical step to fight against biofilm-involved infections. However, further studies are needed for the development of effective preventive and treatment strategies of biofilm associated UTIs to avoid recurrence and persistence.
Qualitative analysis of milk available in local market of Janakpurdham, Nepal
Authors: Yadav N.P. , Yadav R.K. , Pokhrel B.
Published: February 2019

Objective: To determine the microbial quality of milk available in market of Janakpurdham, Nepal.

Methods: Total 20 samples of milk were collected aseptically from the market and processed for MBRT test as per standard protocol given in a monograph. Reduction time test for each sample of the milk was recorded in a specified format and analysed statistically.

Result: Out of 20 samples, 2 (10%) samples were found excellent quality, 3 (15%) were of good quality, 6 (30%) were of fair quality and 9 (45%) were of poor quality. Among these 20 samples, 6 samples were of processed milk, 5 samples were of unprocessed/raw milk and 9 samples were of DDC milk. Unprocessed milk was found to be highly contaminated in comparison to the processed milk.

Conclusion: Unprocessed milk was found to be highly contaminated and not fi t for the human consumption.
El formalismo 3+1 en relatividad general y la descomposición tensorial completa
Authors: Miramontes T. , Sudarsky D.
Published: February 2019

A brief review of 3 + 1 formalism in General Relativity is presented, introducing innovative conventions and notation elements which make it easier to deal with all of the tensorial projections involved in this formalism. Also, useful 3 + 1 expressions for manipulation of indexes (contraction, symmetrization, anti-symmetrization), tensorial producs and the covariant derivative of arbitrary tensors are obtained.
Modos electromagnéticos en esferas metálicas; plasmones en micro y nanopartículas
Authors: Rodríguez-Mijangos R. , García-Llamas R.
Published: February 2019

The excitation of surface plasmons in metallic spheres is studied theoretically. The metallic sphere is supposed to be of the Drude type. The modes excitations for metallic spheres, like the dielectric spheres are observed as peaks in the total scattering cross section. Under excitation condition, the modes are behaved as waves that propagates along the circumference, but in the sphere, its intensity is highly confined to the surface. The number of modes observed depends on the radius of the sphere.
Clifford’s attempt to test his gravitation hypothesis
Authors: Galindo S. , Cervantes-Cota Jorge L.
Published: February 2019

Almost half a century before Einstein expounded his general theory of relativity, the English mathematicianWilliam Kingdon Clifford argued that space might not be Euclidean and proposed that matter is nothing but a small distortion in that spatial curvature. He further proposed that matter in motion is not more than the simple variation in space of this distortion. In this work, we conjecture that Clifford went further than his aforementioned proposals, as he tried to show that matter effectively curves space. For this purpose he made an unsuccessful observation on the change of the plane of polarization of the skylight during the solar eclipse of December 22, 1870 in Sicily.
Cómo las radiaciones alteran los objetos
Authors: Rickards J.
Published: February 2019

An outline of topics that constitute a graduate course on interaction of radiation with matter is presented. The list covers the physical events that produce structural changes in materials, and some of the techniques used to study them. Starting with the initial binary event, a sequence of typical processes that take place as radiation passes through matter is described, with emphasis on atomic displacements and the evolution of cascades. Procedures that involve large numbers of events and use statistical methods, like Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics, are sketched, leading to the description of macroscopic effects, and eventually continuum theories.
Limites de las dimensiones extras considerando las leyes termodinámicas de la radiación de cuerpo negro
Authors: Pedraza O. , Criollo A. , López L.A. , Ceron V.E.
Published: February 2019

In this paper we will analyze the problem of blackbody radiation in an effective 4D scenario that arises from the 5D free gauge field, where the fifth dimension is compactified to a circle. The starting point is the Kaluza-Klein decomposition of the 5D gauge field action into two sectors in four dimensions: the first sector contains a massless gauge field, while the second sector yields an infinite set of massive gauge fields. Both sectors contribute to Stefan-Boltzmann’s law. By contrasting the experimental data with those obtained theoretically, a bound is obtained for the parameter associated with the scenario.
Revisiting viscosity from macroscopic to nanoscale regimes
Authors: Hamilton G. , Disharoon Z. , Sanabria H.
Published: February 2019

The response of a fluid to deformation by shear stress is known as shear viscosity. This concept arises from a macroscopic view and was first introduced by Sir Isaac Newton. Nonetheless, a fluid is a series of moving molecules that are constrained by the shape of the container. Such a view begs the treatment of viscosity from a microscopic or molecular view, a task undertaken by both Einstein and Smoluchowski independently. Here we revisit the concept of viscosity and experimentally verify that the viscosity at a molecular level, which describes the drag force, is the same as the macroscopic shear viscosity; hence, bridging different length- and time-scales. For capturing the shear stress response of a fluid, we use classical rheometry; at a molecular level we use probe diffusion to determine the local viscosity fromthe translational and rotational motions. In these cases, we use Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy and Time Resolved Fluorescence, respectively. By increasing the osmolyte (Glucose-D) concentration, we change the viscosity and find that these methods provide a unified view of viscosity, bridging the gap between the macroscopic and nanoscale regimes. Moreover, Glucose’s viscosity follows a scaling factormore commonly associated to solutions of branched polymer because the probe dimensions are comparable to the dimensions of the osmolyte that exerts the drag.
A didactic prototype to estimate the electric power produced by an angular motion
Authors: Castillo Meraz R. , Martínez Montejano R.C. , Campos-Cantón I. , Martínez Montejano M.F.
Published: February 2019

This paper describes the design and implementation of an experimental system that estimates the electric power that can be produced by the angular motion showing the fundamental principles of mechanical-into-electrical energy conversion, which are the operation main basis of electromechanical devices such as wind turbines. Some theoretical concepts related with curricular subjects such as Electric mchenary, Physics, Renewable Energies, Power Electronics and Microcontrollers, were verified by Science students that participated in this project achievement. The main aim of this work is to show a simplified system development for didactic applications that can be mounted at indoor conditions and can be constructed from a set of basic and cheap electrical components.
Some remarks on the Bel-Robinson tensor and gravitational radiation
Authors: Hacyan Shahen
Published: February 2019

The asymptotic form of the Bel-Robinson tensor in the gravitational radiation-zone is obtained in terms of the mass quadrupole of the source.A comparison is made with the standard formula for the gravitational power emission. The problem of a fully covariant description of gravitational radiation in terms of this tensor is briefly discussed.
The one-dimensional harmonic oscillator damped with Caldirola-Kanai Hamiltonian
Authors: Segovia-Chaves Francis
Published: February 2019

In this paper, the solution to the Hamilton-Jacobi equation for the one-dimensional harmonic oscillator damped with the Caldirola-Kanai model is presented. Making use of a canonical transformation, we calculate the Hamilton characteristic function. It was found that the position of the oscillator shows an exponential decay similar to that of the oscillator with damping where the decay is more pronounced when increasing the damping constant γ. It is shown that when γ = 0, the behavior is of an oscillator with simple harmonic motion. However, unlike the damped harmonic oscillator where the linear momentum decays with time, in the case of the oscillator with the Caldirola-KanaiHamiltonian, the momentum increases as time increases due to an exponential growth of the mass m(t) = meγt.