bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Statelessness
Authors: Watts Sir Arthur
Published: November 2023

The International Law Commission’s work on State1cssness was all that survived from what began as a more ambitious project to tackle the broader topic of’Nationality, including StatelessnesS: one of the fourteen topics provisionally selected by the Commission in 1949 for codification,’ although not included in its priority list. The scope of the Commission’s work on this topic was increased in 1950, when the UN Economic and Social Council requested the Commission to draft a convention on the nationality of married women.
Arbitral Procedure
Authors: Kcmg,Qc Sir Arthur Watts
Published: November 2023

When, in 1949, the International Law Commission selected its original list of 14 topics which it considered to be ripe for codification, it not only included Arbitral procedure’as one of those topics but selected it as one of the three to which it decided to give priority.
The Quest for a Consistent Set of Rules Governing the Status of non-Community Nationals
Authors: Costa Blanca Vilá
Published: November 2023

I believe that, in order to prove to them our interest, it would suffice to abolish all those measures which, whilst providing no benefit to the State, appear to be marks of contempt …By extending to the metics eligibility for tenure of all the reputable offices …we will increase their goodwill whilst adding to the strength and eminence of our country. Moreover, as we have within our walls numerous unoccupied sites, the State should allow those of them who so request, and who are considered most worthy, to own the land on which they have built: I believe that, in such circumstances, a far greater number of estimable foreigners will be attracted to Athens as a place of residence …It seems probable that all stateless persons would wish to establish themselves in our city, and so increase its revenues.
New Instruments and Institutions for Enhancing the Protection of Human Rights in Europe?
Authors: Gaja Giorgio
Published: November 2023

There is a great variety of systems applying in Europe for the protection of human rights, operating at the universal, regional, and national levels. This variety largely reflects historical developments for reasons that at least in part no longer hold good. For instance, the Council of Europe was established as an organization comprising only States of(politically) Western Europe, while its membership—currently forty-one States—now approaches that of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the main distinction being the presence of the United States and Canada in the latter organization. Moreover, there is nowadays a much greater political homogeneity throughout Europe. The prospective enlargements of the European Union will gradually bring the composition of the Union into line with that of the Council of Europe. This may take some time and never become a complete process; for instance, Russia’s accession to the European Union seems at the moment a very remote possibility. However, one could say that all the major European organizations will substantially encompass the same members. The extant differences in membership would anyway hardly justify the existence of different European levels of protection of human rights.
Provisional and Protective Measures
Authors: Kennett W A
Published: November 2023

If the defendant has available assets a claimant needs to consider whether protective measures should be sought pending trial of the merits. In cases with a transnational dimension the question arises as to where the measures should be sought and how far it may be possible to co-ordinate action in relation to assets in different jurisdictions. The Tampere Milestones state that ‘the principle of mutual recognition should … apply to pre-trial orders, in particular to those which would enable competent authorities quickly to secure evidence and to seize assets which are easily movable’. This represents a considerable departure from the current position and while many would readily agree that it is a position that would be desirable in principle, the practical obstacles are very significant.
The Right of Self-Determination in International Law:Its Development and Future
Authors: Crawford James
Published: November 2023

The ‘right of self-determination of peoples’ is perhaps the most controversial and contested of the many controversial and contested terms in the vocabulary of international law. It was not of course invented by lawyers, or even by President Wilson; it goes back at least to the nationalist movements of the nineteenth century. But because it was gradually incorporated in texts, was given effect to in various institutional arrangements, was the core of key disputes over the future of territory and people (disputes which had legal dimensions or which were sought to be resolved through legal procedures), it entered the language of international law, and it seems to have done so irrevocably. And yet there remain central uncertainties about the notion, which I hope to address in this chapter.
Environmental Rights
Authors: Shelton Dinah
Published: November 2023

International law for the promotion and protection of human rights and international environmental law reflect two of the fundamental values and aims of modern international society. The primary objective of human rights law is to secure the self-actualization of every person, to protect each individual from abuse of power by state agents and to assure that basic needs can be met. States must also exercise due diligence to ensure that human rights are not violated by non-state actors. Environmental law, in turn, seeks to protect and preserve the basic living and non-living resources and ecological processes on which all life depends. It can thus be seen as an inherent part of the human rights agenda or as a broader and sometimes competing goal. In either case, unlike human rights law, international environmental law is primarily concerned with controlling the activities of non-state actors who are the predominant cause of environmental harm.
Peoples’ Rights: Their Rise and Fall
Authors: Alston Philip
Published: November 2023

The preceding chapters have provided extensive insights into the current situation in relation to most of the key peoples’ rights that continue to be an important part of international human rights discourse. In the present chapter an attempt is made to provide an overview both of the historical evolution of these rights and of their current status. The principal focus is on what are identified as the four phases which have characterized the treatment which international law has given to the concept of peoples and their rights since the 1940s. Some conclusions are then drawn as to the prospects for the future.
Banking, investment, and loans: the Community legislation
Authors: Usher J A
Published: November 2023

It was indicated in the previous Chapter that the basic Treaty rules on establishment and freedom to provide services do not necessarily mean that a financial service undertaking trading lawfully in one Member State will be able to operate in another Member State without complying with certain of the local rules.1 This is therefore an area where completion of the internal market has been dependent on the enactment of Community secondary legislation. It is suggested that the basic l973 Directive on the Freedom of Establishment and Freedom to Provide Services in relation to the activities of banks and other financial institutions2 in reality became redundant very shortly after it entered into force following the judgments of the European Court which held that the basic principles of freedom of establishment3 and freedom to provide services4 were in fact directly effective. However, in so far as a general comment could be made on the subsequent legislation which has particularly concentrated on what arc termed ‘credit institutions’, it is suggested that the common feature of this legislation was initially to ensure certain common standards of supervision of credit institutions and to ensure that certain accounting principles were followed by banks and credit institutions; hence, the emphasis appears to have been on control rather than freedom. The fundamental question is, of course, how far one can exist without the other.
Recovering Payments under Void Contracts in Scots Law
Authors: Rodger Alan
Published: November 2023

‘Goff and Jones’ are the Romulus and Remus of the English law of restitution: out of a few weak and scattered settlements they founded a powerful city whose hegemony now extends far and wide. Happily, however, not only has there been no outbreak of fratricide, but both have worked in harmony, in their different spheres, to develop the subject. In Robert Goff’s case, he has enriched us with a store of invaluable opinions. These remarkable events have encouraged the courts and writers in Scotland to look afresh at their own older, but somewhat disorganized, law of unjust enrichment. Perhaps an essay devoted to an aspect of that law may at least conjure up for Robert Goff pleasant recollections of Perthshire and of the Scottish reels which once he danced.
The Law Merchant as a Source of English Law
Authors: Baker John
Published: November 2023

The law merchant is said to be a part of the law of England, and this proposition is acknowledged in our statute law, though few if any modern commentators have thought its meaning worth exploration. Moreover, although less is heard of the law merchant nowadays than in the nineteenth century, the expression has occasionally surfaced in recent cases—Sor at any rate in what middle-aged lawyers think of as recent cases. Most of these recent references, when not simply quoting from nineteenth-century judgments, are effectively historical statements purporting to explain the source of some rule of common or statute law.
Introduction
Authors: Ali Pau
Published: November 2023

A creditor that holds a security interest over its debtor’s assets enjoys considerable ad- vantages over those creditors of the debtor that do not. Foremost amongst these advantages is the preferential status or ‘priority position’ conferred by the security interest on the creditor’s claim against the debtor. Thus, on the default or insolvency of the debtor, the secured creditor is entitled to have its claim met in full, out of the assets encompassed by the security interest, ahead of the debtor’s unsecured creditors.
Regulatory Co-Opetition
Authors: Esty Daniel c. , Geradin Damien
Published: November 2023

For the last two decades, academics have debated the merits of ‘regulatory competition’ versus the ‘harmonization’ of standards. This debate has now spilled over into policy circles in the United States, within Europe, and at the international level. Schematically, the discussion has become polarized around two camps. On one side stands a line of argument-especially popular in the 1970s and early 1980s-that calls for the harmonization of regulations so as to facilitate open markets, minimize non-tariff barriers between jurisdictions, and prevent competitive ness-driven, welfare-reducing underregulation (the so-called ‘race toward the bottom’) (Stewart 1977). This view served to justify a large expansion of federal legislation (and institutions) in the United States in the areas of environmental regulation, consumer protection, health and safety, and labour protection. Similar fears of trade distortions and races to the bottom led to the implementation of sweeping harmonization programmes and thus considerable expansion of centralized legislation in the European Union (Dashwood 1983).
Regulatory Competition and Regulatory Jurisdiction in International Securities Regulation
Authors: Trachtman Joel P
Published: November 2023

This chapter seeks to assess the limits of competition, and the need for regulation of competition, among jurisdictions in the context of international securities regulation. It looks to the theory of property law, as well as to the Tiebout model, to suggest answers. I argue that it is impossible to generalize about the benefits of competition in regulation, and that a number of factors must be considered (Bratton and McCahery 1997). First, the regulatory competition model, like all models, has particular parameters that must be met in order for it to apply. These parameters cannot be assumed, but must be evaluated in particular cases. Second, the parameters are never completely met, placing us in the realm of the theory of the second best. The theory of the second best suggests that, given that all of the conditions of the fundamental theorem of welfare economics are not satisfied, there can be no assurance that increasing the level of satisfaction of any other conditions-such as enhanced mobility of firms-will yield greater efficiency.
Rules Without Law: Media Regulation in China
Authors: Keller Perry
Published: November 2023

China is rapidly changing beyond recognition. The restrictions on public and private life imposed by MaoTse-tung and the other founders of the People’s Republic are giving way to an energetic, at times chaotic, consumer society. Just as China’s vast cities are being torn apart and rebuilt in a wave of new construction, Chinese society is being equally transformed. Nonetheless, the country’s new, emerging face is as distinctively Chinese as any of the past. Public attitudes remain essentially authoritarian rather than liberal democratic; the growing private sector is intimately connected to the myriad arms and entities of the Chinese state; and the new entrepreneurial class flourishes amidst complex networks of relatives, friends, and contacts. The country is also re-discovering its pre-Communist self. Chinese public life is shedding its deceptive uniformity as local dialects, clan associations, and cultural traditions re-emerge from the shadows.
A Jurisprudential Approach to Expert Systems in Law
Authors: Susskind Richard
Published: November 2023

The essay on which this chapter is based was one of the first formal outputs of my doctoral research at Oxford University. My main purpose then was to put down a marker—I was advocating the desirability, indeed the necessity, of tackling the field of expert systems in law through the application of the well-established techniques of jurisprudence (roughly, legal philosophy).
Unravelling the General Good Exception: The Case of Financial Services
Authors: Tison Michel
Published: November 2023

The ever-widening interpretation of the Treaty freedoms given by the European Court of Justice in its jurisprudence over the last decade raises new questions as to the scope and limits of these freedoms. As the case law at present seems to promulgate the prohibition of all restrictions to free movement, whether discriminatory or not, as a general principle of Community law common to all Treaty freedoms, the discussions shift to another level: on the one hand, questions arise as how to circumscribe the notion of ‘restriction’ to free movement. The step backwards taken by the Court in Keck illustrates the complexities of the issue, and the consequences of an uncontrolled extension of the Court’s scrutiny of national law in the past. On the other hand, the more national law is caught by the general ‘restriction-based’ prohibitions to free movement, the more interpretation problems will arise with respect to the possibilities for Member States to uphold restrictive rules under the heading of the ‘general good’.
Mixtures of Money
Authors: Fox David
Published: November 2023

The subject of this chapter is mixtures of money. More than any other topic in the book, the rules about property in monetary mixtures still show the signs of their historical development. Inevitably, the account which follows draws upon some of that history in order to make sense of the rules, and to provide the criteria for evaluating them. It emphasizes the strong relationship between questions of proof and the existence and enforceability of property rights in money. But the chapter also seeks to develop a larger general theme about the justification for maintaining separate rules of tracing at common law and in equity.
Object Use and Object Location: The Effect of Function on Spatial Relations
Authors: Carlson Laura A
Published: November 2023

Spatial relations indicate the location of one object by specifying its position relative to a second object. Most theories of spatial relations assume that the identities of the objects and their relationship are irrelevant to this process. This chapter suggests that an important characteristic of the objects-their function-plays a critical role in constraining the use of spatial relations. Research is reviewed that demonstrates an influence of function on the preferences for using reference frames to define spatial relations and on the designation of a region as the most acceptable use of the spatial relation. Such functional influence has implications for the interface between conceptual and spatial representations. One possibility is that functional properties represented within conceptual structure may generate a reference frame whose output is combined with the perceptually based reference frames that are represented in spatial representation, with such combination occurring within a spatial mental model.
Auxiliation : an enquiry into the nature of grammaticalization
Authors: Tania Kuteva
Published: November 2023

Most advanced countries use progressive income tax as an important element of their tax and welfare systems: for a long time it has been widely accepted as one of the central features of modern capitalism. The issue of whether progressive income tax is desirable has again in recent years become the subject of lively debate in many countries. Strong statements have been made about the-negative incentive effects of high marginal tax rates, and many tax reform proposals have been based on the premiss that marginal tax rates at upper income levels are too high. It is clear that every argument about changes in the income tax schedule is to some extent an argument about the principle of progression itself.
The Australian Linguistic Area
Authors: Dixon R M W
Published: November 2023

The two hundred and fifty or so languages of Australia make up a large linguistic area of considerable time depth.1 We can recognize a number of low-level genetic groups (here called subgroups2 each due to recent expansion and split but on a small local scale. There is no dear evidence for higher-level genetic grouping.
The psychology of autism and Asperger syndrome
Authors: Baron-Cohen Simon
Published: November 2023

The five major psychological theories of autism and Asperger syndrome are: Executive dysfunction theory, Weak central coherence theory, Mindblindness theory, Empathizing–systemizing theory [and by extension, the extreme male brain theory], Magnocellular theory, Psychological theories need to explain all autistic traits in all individuals on the spectrum, not just some of them. They ultimately also need to integrate with neurobiological theories.
The biology of autism and Asperger syndrome
Authors: Baron-Cohen Simon
Published: November 2023

There is no longer any doubt that autism spectrum conditions are biological in orgin. The strongest evidence supports the genetic theory. Heritability of autism and Asperger syndrome is not 100 per cent. This means there must be some environmental component too, in all likelihood interacting with the risk genes. We do not yet know what the environmental factors are. There is not yet a biological marker with which to diagnose autism spectrum conditions, but research into the biomedical aspects is being accelerated. Evidence points to atypical brain development pre- and postnatally, particularly affecting processing of social information.
The impact of parental mental disorder on children
Authors: Hill Peter
Published: November 2023

In the last decade or so the increasing emphasis on mental health care in the community has meant that a number of adults with psychiatric disorder or substance misuse problems are treated while they continue to live with their families. At least a quarter of the adults who are so treated will be parents of children of school-age or below. In Nottingham, 25% of women seen by mental health services had a child under the age of 5 years (Oates 1997). It is also the case that about one-fifth of admissions to psychiatric hospital are for women of child-bearing age (Dover et al. 1994).
Child and adolescent mental health services in Australia and New Zealand: policy and development
Authors: Hazell Philip
Published: November 2023

The populations of Australia (19 million) and New Zealand (3.8 million) are spread across a distance equivalent to a trip from London to Kazakhstan. While both modern societies were shaped by colonization from the United Kingdom and Ireland from the early nineteenth century onward, Australia is presently most influenced by migration from Central Europe, the Middle East, and South East Asia, while New Zealand is a major Polynesian centre. One in five Australians has a non-Anglo-Irish background, while one in five New Zealanders has Maori or Pacific Island heritage.
Demand for and use of public sector child and adolescent mental health services
Authors: Williams Richard , Rawlinson Sarah , Davies, Owen , Barber Wendy
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores the rising demand on specialist child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) that has been reported recurrently over the last two decades in the UK and elsewhere. Many agencies have endeavoured to cope with the imbalance between supply and demand by directing variable amounts of additional resource to them or by altering how services respond within the same resource envelope. Inevitably, policymakers, strategic and operational managers, and practitioners discover that there is a substantial time-lag built into resolving many workforce challenges as an answer to increasing demand.
Creative practice and innovation in child and adolescent mental health services
Authors: Kurtz Zarrina , James Cathy
Published: November 2023

Although what is known about the efficacy of treatments for child and adolescent mental health problems is not inconsiderable (Fonagy et al. 2002), the effectiveness of child and adolescent mental health services has been much less studied, even in the US and particularly so in the UK. Outcomes achieved in research-based studies of the efficacy of particular treatments show a good deal of discrepancy with the observed effectiveness of these treatments in naturalistic settings such as community clinics, health centres, or homes (Weisz et al. 1992; Weisz and Weiss 1993).
Cancer in Context
Authors: Brennan James , Moynihan Clare
Published: November 2023

This book offers healthcare professionals, academics and anyone affected by cancer a fresh and original approach to the supportive care of people with cancer. It looks at the underlying reasons why cancer so often leads to high levels of distress and, more importantly, it suggests many practical ways distress can be minimised and prevented. The actual experiences of cancer patients, as recorded in their personal diaries, are combined with theory, research and practical clinical advice. In each of its seven chapters Cancer in Context takes a different perspective towards supportive care in cancer. It begins by considering how people in general manage and adjust to massive changes in their lives and, in particular, how they react to the threat of cancer. It goes on to examine the "lived experience" of people with cancer as they negotiate the many changes and challenges that follow their diagnosis. Of course cancer doesn't only affect the person who has the disease, it also impacts on families, partners and carers. One chapter explores these and other issues, such as sexual difficulties, the needs of older people, single people, and gay and lesbian couples. Chapter 4 shows that the social and cultural context of a person's life is critical to understanding their resources, the way the are treated, and the responses the make to serious illness. However, it is in the clinical context that professionals have an opportunity to minimise disruption to their patients' quality of life as they endure the notorious demands of oncology treatments. The book offers practical clinical advice on psychosocial aspects of conventional cancer treatments, common treatment difficulties, cancer rehabilitation and palliative care. Chapter 6 provides a summary of the burgeoning area of information and communication skills within healthcare and, finally, the book ends by considering how doctors, nurses, radiographers and other healthcare professionals can maintain their supportive care in light of such high levels of stress and burnout among these staff groups.
Communication
Authors: Brennan James , Moynihan Clare
Published: November 2023

The quality of healthcare is intimately tied to the quality of communication between professionals and their patients and families. Communication is not simply information flow between people, but also involves messages of support and concern. It is often these ‘non-specifics’ of healthcare that make all the difference. Patients and profession- also have valuable information that the other person can helpfully use, so this chapter is about what needs to be communicated and how people can best communicate with one another. As if it were not obvious, there is growing evidence that healthcare staff can help prevent physical, psychological, and social suffering by providing a supportive environment in which patients’ wider concerns are acknowledged and addressed.
Replacement of body function by mechanical means
Authors: Cameron J Stewart
Published: November 2023

Replacement of body parts is not a new idea, and the ‘artificial kidney’ or haemodialyser can be seen today as part of a spectrum of objects, which only recently have developed into biomechanical devices (Fig. 2.1). In parallel with ideas of transplantation of fresh body parts from other human beings or animals to replace diseased ones

[1] has run the idea of mechanical substitution. Externally applied examples of prostheses designed to replace lost parts must have started with the earliest crutch to substitute for a lost leg, whose origins are not recorded; but prosthetic noses and toes [2,3] have been found in Egyptian mummies to replace those destroyed by disease, lost in accident or battle, or cut off as punishment. There seems little doubt that at least the toe was worn during life, and was not merely substituted after death so that the mummified corpse would be complete in the after-life [3]. The existence of ancient Egyptian dentures is controversial [2], but they were certainly present in the classical world, and over the centuries and throughout the world were successively made of wood (Fig. 2.1c), ivory, metal, porcelain and—more recently—rubber and plastic polymers [4].
The first practical haemodialysis machines: Kolff, Murray and Alwall
Authors: Cameron J Stewart
Published: November 2023

However primed by the availability of suitable materials, the introduction of machines and successful peritoneal dialysis to treat clinical renal failure required men of great imagination, foresight and above all unusual toughness, given the powerful forces arrayed against them in the medical establishment of the day. Pioneers of dialysis were regarded as mavericks—perhaps even dangerous men—by their colleagues for more than two decades. The first of these unusual men was a tenacious and talented Dutchman, Willem Johan Kolff.
The 1970s and 1980s: new technical advances and some new problems
Authors: Cameron J Stewart
Published: November 2023

The haemodialysis procedure itself turned out to have its own immediate complications as well as those of the now prolonged uraemia. At the beginning of the 1960s, much attention was paid to dialysis disequilibrium [1,2] in which the brain swelled as the concentration of solutes, mainly urea in the blood plasma fell below that within the brain, which exchanged its fluids only slowly. With smaller dialysers, slower dialysis and better understanding of solute transfer this ceased to be a problem by the 1970s.
Assertive Outreach in Mental Health
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike
Published: November 2023

Assertive Outreach is the treatment of choice for the severely mentally ill in the community. It involves taking services to the patients rather than requiring them to attend hospitals and clinics. The model is one of a high staff-to-patient ratio offering comprehensive health and social care. Assertive Outreach is a targeted and refined application of the existing practice of community mental health teams - an evolution of community policy rather than a revolutionary change. Research evidence and outcome data suggests it results in reduced hospitalizations, promotes effective engagement with difficult patients and improves patient wellbeing. As a policy, it has been implemented successfully in Australia, the USA and Europe, and it is now being adopted nationally in the UK. This book will equip all members of the multidisplinary Assertive Outreach team with a clear understanding of the essential processes and interventions involved. Tom Burns and Mike Firn are pioneers in this field and have been running an Assertive Outreach team for seven years. They have been awarded Beacon status by the UK Department of Health to reflect their excellence, and are heavily involved in teaching others setting out on the same path.
Ingredients and standards (model fidelity)
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike
Published: November 2023

Assertive outreach is one of the most argued about forms of mental health practice. This is because there is a highly prescriptive model of how one form of it (ACT) should be practiced (Allness and Knoedler 1998; McGrew et al. 1994; McGrew and Bond 1995; McHugo et al. 1999; Teague et al. 1998). People do not argue about whether or not a day hospital is a ‘real’ day hospital or not, but they do argue fiercely about whether or not an ACT team is ‘a real assertive outreach team’.ACT, as first implemented by Stein and Test (1980), has been taken as gospel. Because it was so successful it has been assumed that all aspects of their innovative approach are ‘essential’. This belief has been strengthened by the often-quoted study by McHugo and colleagues (1999) in New Hampshire, which showed that ‘high-fidelity’ assertive outreach teams achieved better outcomes than ‘low-fidelity’ teams.
Training
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike
Published: November 2023

Professional training and education has not kept up with the development of assertive outreach as a specialism. Unless exposed to assertive outreach on a placement during training, staff are unlikely to have had any theoretical or practical exposure to this way of working. The comprehensive and generalist approach to the care of the severely mentally ill enshrined in the model means that it utilizes wide-ranging skills and knowledge. This chapter sets out the competencies that inform the scope of training from induction and conceptual model, practical skills and knowledge, through to sophisticated assessment and treatments. Much applies equally to unqualified support workers.
Research and development
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike
Published: November 2023

This is a handbook primarily for practitioners and not for academics or researchers. However, assertive outreach has been promoted and introduced as one of the models, par excellence, of evidence-based practice (Chapters 1 and 4). Its practice has been healthily associated with an enhanced concern with a more critical approach to mental health care—not doing things in a set way simply ‘because they have always been done that way’. As the range of possible interventions has increased within finite resources, we must make sure we use our time in the most effective way. This is an ethical as much as an economic issue—we owe it to our patients to ensure that they get the best out of what is available. These concerns are heightened in assertive outreach as many teams are established with time-limited funding, with continuation often dependent on ‘an evaluation’.
Of Blackstone’s Tower: Metaphors of Distance and Histories of the English Law School
Authors: Goodrich* Peter
Published: November 2023

TO the extent that they are not repressed, my memories of law school as a student are of a world of progressive disappointment. My unexceptional emotional trajectory from aspiration to estrangement and from optimism to fear reflected in part the privilege of my background and in part the intellectual paucity of ‘school law’ in England. Law school stole my hopes of change and robbed me of any surviving sense of the relevance of my inner world, of poetry, desire or dream, to the life of the institution. My experience of law school was of the denial of the relevance of my experience of law school. The irony of that paradox, of the experience of repression as a mode of knowing, of the embodiment of denial as a mode of being, is the secret of the school’s success as a rite of reproduction: an institutionally managed trauma gives birth to a conforming or believing soul.
The Emperor’s New Skills: The Academy, The Profession And The Idea Of Legal Education
Authors: Toddington Stuart
Published: November 2023

THERE is much current enthusiasm for skills provision in all aspects of education and training, and particularly in law, and in this essay I want to explore the question of what role the academy-the university-should play in this regard. The most direct route into the problem is to ask what a comprehensive and vocationally relevant law degree curriculum should look like. A popular answer has been that it should be something like it always was, but with more attention to ‘legal skills’. In one sense, there is much to commend this response, providing that we are not expected to accept that what is meant by ‘legal skills’ is selfevident. For the understanding of the enterprise of law we bring to the discussion of appropriate skills is a crucial determinant of our thinking about educational policy, and thus it falls to us to explain precisely what we mean by these central references to law, the legal and legal skills.
An Organizational Psychology Meta-Model of Occupational Stress
Authors: Beehr Terry
Published: November 2023

There are many approaches to occupational stress. They involve somewhat different types of causal and affected variables, and they also use different labels for them. The language used in describing stress-related variables can be confusing because of both inconsistent usage by professionals working in the area and the use of stress terms by the public at large (Jex et al., 1992). Therefore, to make clear and consistent the way key terms are used in this chapter, the following definitions are offered: stressors are stress-producing events or conditions (also called SPEC’s; Beehr and McGrath, 1992; 1996; McGrath and Beehr, 1990) in the work environment; strains are the individuals’ responses to such stressor stimuli that are deemed harmful to themselves (i.e. poor mental or physical health or well-being); and stress is a more general term describing situations in which stressors and strains are present.
Job Characteristics in a Theoretical and Practical Health Context
Authors: Theorell Töres
Published: November 2023

The aim is to decide which theoretical models should be used in the exploration of the work environment. On one extreme there is the individual employee who consults a psychologist or an occupational physician for symptoms of ill-health. In this case, the consulting practitioner needs a theoretical model which guides the consultation. It has to include all individual level factors that could be of relevance both to the explanation of the symptoms and to therapeutic interventions. On the other extreme there is the management group which is worried about the high prevalence of ill-health in the company. In this case, organizational factors that could have a collective importance to the health of the employees are relevant. Three important determining dimensions in the choice of theoretical model are individual/ organizational, overview/ detailed and theoretical/ practical. In this general context, the model that I am going to present is a two-stage model going from the organizational to the individual context. Its degree of complexity is relatively low. It does not pretend to cover all variation. Accordingly, it should be characterized as an overview model. It has been used mainly in theory building but it could also be used as a framework for practical implication, although it has to be supplemented with practically oriented ‘local’ pieces of information.
Disorders of the vasculature
Authors: Path Rona M
Published: November 2023

A 62-year-old obese female consults you because of a small leg ulcer on her right ankle. She has been treating it herself with a wide range of over the counter remedies. The skin around the ulcer is very red and inflamed. What is your investigation and management plan?
Blistering diseases
Authors: Path Rona M
Published: November 2023

You are doing a 6-month obstetrics post prior to entering general practice. One Saturday night a young woman is admitted to the labour ward and delivers a female child who is otherwise healthy, but who has small blisters on both feet and one hand.
Skin tumours—benign and malignant
Authors: Path Rona M
Published: November 2023

An elderly male consults you about a solitary, scaling, crusting lesion over his left scapula. He has no idea how long it has been present. He is also receiving treatment for prostate cancer.
Withdrawal and detoxification
Authors: Gossop Michael
Published: November 2023

One intermediate treatment goal, and a preliminary phase of those treatments that are aimed at abstinence involves withdrawal from drugs or ‘detoxification’.1
Psychological treatments
Authors: Gossop Michael
Published: November 2023

A range of treatments based upon the assumptions, theories, and research traditions of psychology has been developed within the general ambit of behaviour therapy or behaviour modification.
Patient Referral
Authors: Mossey Peter
Published: November 2023

Among the aims of undergraduate dental education both the General Dental Council and the Quality Assurance Agency recognize that referral of patients to colleagues in the dental profession is an integral part of clinical practice. This is likely to become more commonplace with increasing emphasis on specialism, increased public awareness of what services and alternatives are available and increasingly specialized equipment and expertise are required. Referral is also a quality of care issue, and appropriate referral requires a range of professional, knowledge and attitudinal skills.
Orthodontics
Authors: Mossey Peter , Stirrups David
Published: November 2023

Orthodontics is often perceived to be a post-graduate specialty. General dental practitioners will, however, have patients who present with problems in the developing occlusion, and others who are undergoing orthodontic treatment, whether or not this has been carried out in their own practise. It is therefore essential that the dental graduate has attained core skills in orthodontics. In paragraph 82 of The First Five Years(GDC 2002) the General Dental Council describes the relevant study of orthodontics: Paragraph 82 Orthodontics is concerned with the development and growth of the face and occlusion, the extent of normal variation in the form and function of both the hard and soft tissues of the mouth and face, and particularly the ways in which such variation produces differences in occlusion. The study of these factors should emphasize their interrelationship with the general and psychosocial development of the individual. Changing patterns of orthodontic care have been influenced by changes in the perception of simple orthodontic treatment by both patients and practitioners. Most orthodontic treatment is now delivered by specialists. Students should be able to:
Evaluating Multi-Item Scales
Authors: Hays Ron D , Fayers Peter
Published: November 2023

Assessing the extent to which items in multi-item scales represent hypothesized concepts is a fundamental component of the development and evaluation of QoL measures. Multitrait scaling analysis and confirmatory factor analysis are two methods of assessment that are commonly used to determine the extent to which data confirm a priori expectations about survey items. In contrast, exploratory factor analysis is a technique that can be used to help identify clusters of items not necessarily hypothesized in advance. This chapter provides an overview of the use of each of these techniques in the evaluation of multi-item scales.
Applying Item Response Theory Modelling For Evaluating Questionnaire Item And Scale Properties
Authors: Reeve Bryce B , Fayers Peter
Published: November 2023

Developing a health-related quality of life (HRQoL) questionnaire that is psychometrically sound and captures the full burden of disease or treatment upon a person, requires a thorough questionnaire development process that integrates survey development tools from the qualitative sciences, cognitive aspects of survey methodology, and the field of psychometrics. This chapter describes the role of item response theory (IRT) models in questionnaire evaluation and development. For multi-item scales, IRT models provide a clear picture of the performance of each item (question) in the scale and how the scale functions overall for measuring the construct of interest in the study population. IRT methods can lead to short reliable questionnaires that are tailored to the population of interest.
Generic Adult Health Status Measures
Authors: Coons Stephen Joel , Shaw James W
Published: November 2023

As discussed in Chapter 1.1, health status measures can be generic or disease-targeted. Generic health status measures are intended to be applicable across all diseases or conditions, across different medical interventions, and across a wide range of populations (Patrick and Deyo 1989). In clinical trials, a targeted measure may provide more detailed outcome information regarding changes in the particular patient population. In addition, targeted measures may be perceived as being more relevant to patients, clinicians, and researchers (Guyatt et al. 1993). However, use of both targeted and generic measures may be optimal in most clinical trials. By using only a targeted measure, the general or overall impact on functioning and well-being may be missed.
Family Assessment
Authors: Stokes Julie
Published: November 2023

‘The family’ is often a key context for determining the development and well-being of children who grow up within a family. As such, the family is a crucial component of any assessment of a bereaved child or young person who may be in need of a bereavement service. The assessment also needs to extend to other key relationships and contexts, for example, school, peers, and so on. Each family is different. Everyone will experience their grief differently: this will be shaped by their individual, family, cultural, social, and religious beliefs, and means that no two deaths are ever mourned in exactly the same way. During the early weeks and months after a death, the family unit is inevitably fragile, vulnerable, and seemingly frozen in time.
The family perspective in bereavement
Authors: Hemmings Peta
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, the nature of a therapeutic social work service for families living with serious illness and bereavement has been outlined. Following on from this, two case studies are presented, one is a brief intervention with a family and the second is an intervention with a child and his brother several years after their mother’s death. For many families the death of a family member is the first collective crisis. The extent of the impact and the intensity of the experience may, for the first time, lead them to seek professional help. The combination of these two factors have a tendency to make the parents, who are usually the active agents at this stage, feel less rather than more competent and less in control of the family’s situation.
Therapeutic Interventions
Authors: Way Patsy , Bremner Isobel
Published: November 2023

We are members of the Candle project team at St Christopher’s Hospice, described elsewhere (Chapter 8, The extended warranty by Frances Kraus). We are involved in individual, group, and family work but will give less emphasis to group work here as this is more fully described in Chapter 6 (One-off or once a term: brief interventions in groupwork by Frances Kraus). Isobel comes from a psychodynamic background and Patsy works from a systemic family therapy tradition.
One-off or Once a Term: Brief Interventions in Group Work
Authors: Kraus Frances
Published: November 2023

A group experience has significant value for bereaved children. Many children find bereavement very isolating, as they may not know of another bereaved child in their school or community, and may believe that their situation is unique. Children who are at school spend much of their time in groups, and are familiar with engaging in activities and discussions in that setting. There are increased opportunities for peer support and social learning available in a group setting, and the wider psychotherapeutic value of group experiences is well evidenced (Yalom 1975).
Shrinking the space between people
Authors: Stubbs Di
Published: November 2023

The cornerstone of child bereavement work will always lie in the face-to-face and person-to-person connection that is made between practitioner and child or young person. Even though bereavement services for children and young people and their families have grown rapidly in the last ten years, we are a long way from the desired situation of every bereaved family having a truly local, open access service on their doorstep. And even if we do, one day, reach that Eden, there will always be families for whom individual or group work is not possible or appropriate.
Assertive outreach teamsOrigins of assertive outreach
Authors: Burns Tom
Published: November 2023

Assertive outreach teams are the most established of the specialist teams in UK, US, and Australia. Their history starts with the development of case management in the US in response to deinstitutionalization (Intagliata 1982) and took off with the landmark study of PACT by Stein and Test in Madison, Wisconsin (Stein and Test 1980). This study compared the outcome of allocating half of patients destined for admission with relapse of their severe mental illness to an experimental team of case managers and letting the other half follow the standard care that was offered at that time
Crisis resolution and home treatment teamsCrisis intervention theory and the history of crisis teams
Authors: Burns Tom
Published: November 2023

Crisis is a concept applied widely in human discourse. It implies that a system under stress has reached the limits of its flexibility, and if the stress continues then either it will break down or have to change radically. It is regularly applied in economic and political contexts where crises are often seen as the catalysts of major (often revolutionary) change. Crisis is a dynamic concept and not necessarily a negative one - the Chinese Ideogram for Crisis is famously made up of the symbols for both ‘threat’ and ‘opportunity ’. In the emotional lives of individuals it has this connotation of a crossroads - a phase in personal development which is dramatic in intensity and whose outcome is uncertain.