bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON THE OVERWINTERING OF CERTAIN FUNGI PARASITIC AND SAPROPHYTIC ON FRUIT TREES
Authors: Koch L. W.
Published: April 2011

Evidence is submitted that some conidia of the black knot fungus, Dibotryon morbosum (Sch.) T. and S., are capable of overwintering in a viable condition on Prunus domestica. D. morbosum has also been isolated on numerous occasions during the winter from definite chlamydospores on buds and bark of P. domestica. Pure cultures of D. morbosum produced chlamydospores only when grown in close proximity to certain other organisms, or when certain chemicals were introduced into the Petri dishes. Chlamydospore formation was also induced on twigs of P. domestica when conidia of D. morbosum germinated in intimate association with a strain of bacteria originally isolated from the same host. Cladosporium carpophilum was isolated in several instances from chlamydospores on the bark of Prunus persica. This organism also produced chlamydospores both on culture media and on peach twigs. A histological study revealed the presence of two types of twig lesion. Early infections produced primary lesions during the summer, and secondary lesions during the following winter as a result of the migration of the mycelium beyond the barriers of periderm delimiting the primary lesions. Late infections, on the other hand, rarely induced periderm formation and did not produce secondary lesions during the winter. Taphrina deformans was isolated during the winter from the surface of buds on P. persica. Proof is submitted that spores of T. deformans can remain viable throughout the winter on twigs of the above-mentioned host. Other fungi, presumably saprophytes, representing the genera Coniothyrium, Cladosporium, Hormodendrum, Fumago and a fungus impossible to identify because it produced chlamydospores only, all developed from chlamydospores occurring on various hosts. The latter fungi all produced chlamydospores in culture. The evidence obtained indicates the probability that many more fungi over-winter as chlamydospores than have been reported to do so. Certain misapplications of the term chlamydospore in the various groups of fungi are dealt with. Owing to their unsatisfactory mycological status the importance of chlamydospores has hitherto been incompletely appreciated. The results of these investigations emphasize the importance of the application of a dormant spray on fruit trees.
LONGITUDINAL WAVES IN CYLINDERS OF LIQUID, IN HOLLOW TUBES AND IN SOLID RODS
Authors: Field Geo. S.
Published: April 2011

A consideration of recently published results on the transmission of longitudinal waves in cylinders of liquid, in hollow tubes and in solid rods shows that the first two cases give velocity-frequency curves which are quite similar to each other but different from that obtained with the third case. The reason for these results is discussed and is shown to be most probably the relative importance of shear forces in each case. The effect of viscosity on the phase velocity of longitudinal waves is considered, and it is shown that the classical method of introducing viscosity leads to erroneous results.
RAPID DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE IN GRAIN: I. COMPARISON OF 130 °C. AIR OVEN AND BROWN-DUVEL METHODS WITH VACUUM OVEN METHOD
Authors: Cook W. H. , Hopkins J. W. , Geddes W. F.
Published: April 2011

Some 300 samples of hard red spring wheat, 50 of amber durum wheat and 75 each of oats and barley, covering the entire moisture range of commercial importance, were employed in the comparisons. Provision was made for statistical estimation of sampling errors, errors of method and errors of observation. A two-stage drying procedure was employed for the vacuum oven determinations which were taken as the reference standard. Sampling errors, average difference between identical ovens and errors due to daily fluctuations were all larger than the standard deviation of duplicates ("experimental error"), the sampling error being the largest.A comparison of the Hobart and Wiley grinders shows the latter to be superior for preparing wheat for the 130 °C. air oven determination. The air oven consistently underestimates the moisture content of all the grains tested, as compared with the vacuum oven, the deficit increasing with the actual moisture content. This systematic bias may be eliminated by means of a linear correction equation. After allowing for the observed sampling errors and errors of the vacuum oven determination, the net standard error of prediction with the air oven using a Wiley mill is, with hard red spring wheat 0.24%, with amber durum wheat 0.12%, with barley 0.20% and with oats 0.20% moisture.The Brown-Duvel method also underestimates the moisture content, this deficit also increasing with the actual moisture content in the case of spring and amber durum wheat. After applying a correction equation to eliminate the systematic bias, the net standard error of prediction of moisture by this method was found to be: with hard red spring wheat 0.16%, with durum wheat 0.09%, with barley 0.12% and with oats 0.13%. The Brown-Duvel method, therefore, when carefully operated makes possible a more consistent estimate of the actual moisture content, as determined by the vacuum oven, than does the 130 °C. air oven method. As with the vacuum oven, both the 130 °C. air oven and the Brown-Duvel appear to be subject to slight variations affecting all the determinations made on any particular day.
ON THE INVASION OF ROOTS OF MEDICAGO AND MELILOTUS BY SCLEROTINIA SP. AND PLENODOMUS MELILOTI D. AND S.
Authors: Cormack M. W.
Published: April 2011

The invasion of roots of Medicago and Melilotus by Sclerotinia sp. and P. meliloti was studied, with particular reference to the effectiveness of wound cork in arresting the progress of these pathogens. Both pathogens are apparently capable of penetrating through the uninjured external cork covering of the roots and also through any subsequently formed wound cork layers. Killing of the root tissues and retardation of wound cork development in advance of hyphal invasion was caused by both pathogens. No explanation can at present be offered as to why the advance of P. meliloti is checked and that of Sclerotinia sp. is definitely slower after good growth begins in the spring.
ON THE ACOUSTIC RADIATION FIELD OF THE PIEZO-ELECTRIC OSCILLATOR AND THE EFFECT OF VISCOSITY ON TRANSMISSION: PART II
Authors: King L. V.
Published: April 2011

Numerical data on the distance of transmission of sound in sea water from a 10-in. piezo-electric oscillator are discussed in the light of theoretical results obtained in a previous paper. It is shown how by the principle of similitude the chart for transmission at optimum wave-length calculated for a 50-watt, 60 cm. oscillator can be used for a transmitter of any given diameter and output. A comparison with some experiments of Boyle's points to the fact that at supersonic frequencies, in the neighborhood of 100,000 cycles, a considerably higher coefficient of viscosity than that obtained by flow methods must be used.
WATER TOLERANCE OF MIXTURES OF GASOLINE WITH ETHYL ALCOHOL, ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL AND BENZENE
Authors: Bayley Colin H. , Hopkins Clarence Yardley
Published: April 2011

The relation between water content and critical solution temperature of mixtures of gasoline with ethanol and isopropanol and with ethanol and benzene has been determined. Curves are presented which show the critical water contents of a wide range of mixtures at any temperature between + 20° and − 50 °C. Three gasolines were used, two being straight-run and one a cracked gasoline. The mixtures contained 60 to 90% of gasoline with varying proportions of the other two components. Isopropanol has been found to bring about a marked increase in the critical water content of gasoline-ethanol mixtures to which it is added. Benzene is shown to be of little value for this purpose within the range of mixtures studied.
VAPOR DENSITY OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE
Authors: Stewart W. W. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The technique developed in this laboratory for measuring gas densities has been made still more sensitive by using a 50-litre volume. The experimental results obtained showed that the apparent molecular weight-pressure isothermal for sulphur dioxide is not a straight line. This is in agreement with the equation of state for gases at low pressures, the study of which has been the main object of this investigation. From the data on sulphur dioxide its true molecular weight was found to be 64.075.
A SIMPLE METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE RELATIVE WEIGHT PER BUSHEL OF THE GRAIN FROM INDIVIDUAL WHEAT PLANTS
Authors: Aamodt O. S. , Torrie J. H.
Published: April 2011

The kernels from individual plants in studies on breeding for drought resistance varied so greatly in size that the usual measure of plumpness (weight per thousand kernels) was of little value. A method for determining the weight per measured bushel of small samples was developed and found to have a very high degree of association with an estimated degree of kernel plumpness. The weight in grams of a 4 cc. sample multiplied by 20, gave a close approximation to the test weight per bushel as determined by the usual apparatus. The correlation coefficient calculated from the weight per bushel of 184 samples of spring wheat by these two methods was + 0.947 ± 0.005 and for 59 samples of winter wheat + 0.834 ± 0.027.
THE ANALYSIS AND COMPOSITION OF THE FLESH OF THE DOMESTIC FOWL
Authors: Holcomb R. , Maw W. A.
Published: April 2011

Determinations have been made of the moisture, fat, ash, and protein content of 34 chickens. The samples consisted of the skin, fat and flesh of the entire carcass. The methods of analysis used were: moisture, drying in vacuo at 50 °C.; fat, hydrochloric acid digestion; ash, ignition at 700 °C.; nitrogen, Gunning modification of the Kjeldahl; protein, by difference. The percentage composition has been found to be:Moisture Fat Ash Protein NitrogenAverage of 32 65.33 13.99 0.89 19.79 3.298Standard deviation 4.10 4.99 0.05 1.59 0.507Maximum 71.81 28.92 0.98 22.33 3.528Minimum 54.23 6.35 0.77 16.08 2.981The fat content was found to be inversely proportional to the percentage of moisture, the correlation coefficient between the two being − 0.962. A comparison was made of the hydrochloric acid digestion method and the Soxhlet extraction of fat, the former being found to be much superior in reliability of results and in economy of time.
A PORTABLE GEIGER-MÜLLER TUBE COUNTER AS A DETECTOR FOR RADIOACTIVE ORES
Authors: Shrum G. M. , Smith Ronald
Published: April 2011

A portable Geiger-Müller tube counter constructed for use as a geophysical instrument for locating radium-bearing ore bodies is described. Its chief characteristics are stability and low operating voltage, combined with great sensitivity to gamma radiation. The weight, using standard batteries, is about 55 lb. It is self-contained and can be used in rough country and in wet weather. Other uses suggested are in connection with natural gas wells, radium springs, mining operations, and for the location of lost radium needles and preparations used in hospitals.
The Specific Heats and Densities of Some Hydrophobic Sols
Authors: Annetts May , Sims Hamilton
Published: April 2011

not available
THE EFFECT OF POTASSIUM SUPPLY ON THE COMPOSITION AND QUALITY OF WHEAT
Authors: McCalla A. G.
Published: April 2011

The amount of minerals absorbed by wheat plants and the time of absorption influenced the quality of the grain produced. The quality was adversely affected by restriction of potassium supply, and this effect could not be overcome by supplying sodium in place of potassium. The quality of the grain produced by plants which had a small supply of potassium from germination until heading was better than that of grain from plants which absorbed the same amount of potassium in the first month of growth, but none from then on.
FLOW FORMS IN A CHANNEL OF SMALL EXPONENTIAL DIVERGENCE
Authors: Patterson G. N.
Published: April 2011

The motion of air through a channel of small exponential divergence has been investigated experimentally. A flow form derived by Blasius from theoretical considerations has been shown to exist in the range [Formula: see text] for the Reynolds number. The dependence of the general flow form on the initial velocity distribution where the divergence begins has been studied. It has been found that when this initial velocity distribution is parabolic, indicating a laminar motion in the throat of the channel, the flow form is symmetrical. Further investigations have shown that when the initial velocity distribution indicates that the motion near the walls in the throat of the channel lies in the transitional region between a laminar and a turbulent flow, then the flow form is unsymmetrical. Empirical equations have been obtained which give (1) the initial velocity distribution in the transitional region at R = 75.1, and (2) the motion near the walls where the divergence begins for Reynolds numbers lying in the range [Formula: see text].
A DISCHARGE TUBE LIGHT SOURCE WITH CONTROL CHARACTERISTICS SIMILAR TO THOSE OF A THYRATRON
Authors: Rose D. C.
Published: April 2011

Discharge tubes having electrical characteristics similar to those of thyratrons have been used as flashing light sources for recording purposes. The tubes differ from ordinary thyratrons in that the space between the control electrode and anode has been increased, so that the light given out by the intense discharge in this space is available. Two different tubes have been constructed. In the first the anode was placed in a side tube connected to the main tube by a capillary. The discharge through the capillary was used as the light source. An additional electrode was used in the main tube to start the discharge. In the second tube the space between the control electrode and the anode was enclosed by a cylindrical shield having a slit cut in its side through which the light from the discharge passed. These tubes were used successfully for recording the instant that beams of light were interrupted by rifle bullets in a new velocity-measuring apparatus. The tubes have the advantage over usual discharge tube light sources that they are as easily controlled as a thyratron. Other applications of such tubes as light sources are discussed.
ROOT ROT OF GINSENG IN ONTARIO CAUSED BY MEMBERS OF THE GENUS RAMULARIA
Authors: Hildebrand A. A.
Published: April 2011

Two destructive diseases of the root of ginseng, Panax quinquefolium L., have assumed economic importance in the ginseng-growing districts of Ontario. The more destructive of the two diseases, commonly known as the disappearing-rot, is characterized by the fact that affected roots may, in a relatively short time, either completely disappear in the soil or leave as evidence of their presence only a peridermal shell enclosing fragments of vascular tissue. The disease, which is non-systemic, is caused by at least three representatives of the genus Ramularia of the Fungi Imperfecti, one of which has been identified as Ramularia panacicola Zins., and the other two being new to science, are described as new species for which are proposed the binomials, Ramularia mors-panacis and Ramularia robusta. No sexual stage has been observed in connection with the three species. They appear to persist in the soil indefinitely either saprophytically or in a dormant condition.The name rust has been applied to the other serious but less destructive disease because of the occurrence on the surface of affected roots of superficial, rust-colored lesions. The cause of the rust disease has not been definitely established but the evidence thus far suggests that it is probably also caused by representatives of the genus Ramularia.Rotation and rigid sanitation are the only control measures suggested, resistant varieties not having been encountered.In the present work a large number of additional representatives of the genus, different from each other and from the isolants from ginseng, have been obtained from tissue isolations from similar lesions on various other hosts. Cross-inoculations indicate variations in pathogenicity among the isolants and specificity in host relations. This demonstration of the universal occurrence and parasitic capabilities of soil-inhabiting representatives of the genus Ramularia changes the concept of the genus and adds a most important member to the group of facultative parasites associated with root troubles of plants.
HYDROLYSIS OF GLUTEN INDUCED BY THE SOLVENT
Authors: Cook W. H. , Rose R. C.
Published: April 2011

Dilute sodium hydroxide and dilute acetic acid both hydrolyze gluten even at 0 °C., the reaction constant and temperature coefficient being greatest in dispersions in alkali. The reaction appears to be unimolecular in both reagents although it seems probable that neither of these can effect complete hydrolysis. No appreciable hydrolysis occurred in gluten dispersed in urea or sodium salicylate solutions, even after relatively drastic heat treatment.
MAGNETIC EFFECTS IN SUPERCONDUCTORS
Authors: Tarr F. G. A. , Wilhelm J. O.
Published: April 2011

This paper deals with magnetic effects in metals cooled from above the transition temperature to below the superconducting temperature, while in an applied magnetic field. Previous work of Meissner and Ochsenfeld indicates that at the superconducting temperature the effective permeability of the metal became zero. It is found, however, that the effective permeability is greatly influenced by the composition and geometrical shape of the specimen. There is also, in general, a reduction in flux on removing the magnetic field after the superconducting temperature has been reached, but on re-establishing the field the flux through the specimen remains unchanged.
On a Method of Viewing and Recording Induction Coil Transients with the Cathode-ray Oscillograph
Authors: Woonton G. A.
Published: April 2011

not available
THE MICROBIOLOGY OF BUTTER: II. THE GROWTH OF MOLDS IN AND UPON BUTTER
Authors: Thornton H. R. , Wood F. W.
Published: April 2011

The improbability of the initiation of mold growth in the incorporated moisture of salted and unsalted butter and in the free moisture of salted butter is discussed. An attempt is made to relate the initiation of mold growth to condensation moisture on the various surfaces of butter. Experiments showing the comparative effect on the initiation of mold growth of four methods of parchment treatment are described. Cladosporium sp. was isolated from a butter showing the interior type of molding.
WEATHER AND WHEAT YIELD IN WESTERN CANADA: I. INFLUENCE OF RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE DURING THE GROWING SEASON ON PLOT YIELDS
Authors: Hopkins J. W.
Published: April 2011

A statistical study of plot yields recorded at a number of agricultural experiment stations in central and southern Saskatchewan and Alberta has demonstrated a significant correlation between yield and the amount and distribution of seasonal rainfall. On the whole, above-average rainfall is associated with higher yield, but the result of a given increment of rain at different times is partly dependent on soil conditions. On fertile soil, rainfall prior to harvesting results in a reduction of yield, probably owing to lodging. The maximum influence of precipitation upon yield appears to be exerted during the month of June. The average summer rainfall sequence is very similar in each of the above four districts. There is a moderate degree of correlation between the amounts of rain recorded in different districts during the same season, but the simultaneous occurrence of extremely wet or dry seasons over the whole area seems infrequent.Temperature conditions during the growing season seem to be secondary to rainfall in influencing yield. Above-average temperatures are beneficial at the time of sowing, detrimental during mid-summer and again beneficial prior to ripening, but as in the case of rainfall, the effect produced is influenced by soil conditions. No consistent relation is evident between either rainfall or temperature and the relative yield of early and late maturing varieties.It is apparent that the yields secured are influenced by factors other than those considered, and the precipitation during the autumn, winter and spring months prior to sowing is being studied in this connection.
DENSITY AND ADSORPTION STUDIES IN THE REGION OF THE CRITICAL TEMPERATURE: SYSTEM DIMETHYL-ETHER–ALUMINA
Authors: Edwards J. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

An apparatus and an experimental procedure for simultaneously determining the density and adsorption of liquids, vapors and gases in the region of the critical temperature are described. Measurements of adsorption and density of dimethyl ether through the temperature range 124–135 °C. are given for the liquid, vapor and gas. Adsorption of the liquid does not occur below 124 °C. but beginning at this temperature, it rapidly increases to a maximum, beyond which the adsorption curve resembles a normal isobar. It is shown that the apparent adsorption cannot be ascribed to a lag in the critical temperature of liquid held in the pores, and further that an absurd value for the density of such liquid must exist to account for the total adsorption observed. Hysteresis effects of a complex nature are noticed, and these are discussed from the point of view of the hypothesis that: "there is an essential difference, other than concentration, between a liquid and a highly compressed gas."
THE TRANSMISSION OF SOUND BY A SERIES OF EQUIDISTANT PARTITIONS
Authors: Hurst Donald G.
Published: April 2011

The transmission of normally incident sound waves through a series of similar, equally spaced partitions has been calculated for the cases of infinite partitions and of circular partitions. The transmission characteristics depend on the solution of simultaneous linear difference equations for the velocity potentials. The array of partitions possesses interesting properties as a filter, and to illustrate these the change in intensity levels due to glass partitions is calculated numerically for 1, 2, 5, and 10 partitions.
Note on the β- and γ-Rays of Radium D
Authors: Gray J. A.
Published: April 2011

not available
POST EMBRYOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF EPHEMEROPTERA (MAYFLIES). EXTERNAL CHARACTERS ONLY
Authors: Ide F. P.
Published: April 2011

The development of external structures is followed from hatching to maturity. The life histories of two species Stenonema canadense Wlk. and Ephemera simulans Wlk. are described in detail and less complete accounts given of nine others.Each moult results in a change in the number of segments in the caudal filaments and on this basis it has been possible to determine the number of instars. In Stenonema canadense the number was found to be between 40 and 45, and in Ephemera simulans about 30. Segments are added to the caudal filaments of the former at each moult in the following way: one in each of the first two moults, two in each of the next three, three in the next and four at each subsequent nymphal moult. In the change from nymph to subimago distal segments are dropped in Ephemera and probably in Stenonema also.Mouth parts are very different in the newly hatched than in the full grown nymph as described for Stenonema canadense.A definite case of a hypermetamorphosis of the tarsus and its claws appears in the life history of Epeorus humeralis and Iron pleuralis.Gills are absent in the first instar in all the species studied. In some species they appear simultaneously on all the gill bearing segments at the first moult. In others they appear on segments five and six only at this moult, those of the other segments appearing only after several moults. The internal or secondary ramus of the gills appears much later in the nymphal life. The ultimate shape of the gill is influenced in some cases by the fact that the gills of segments five and six are segmented or unsegmented.In S. canadense the wing pads make their appearance in about the fifteenth from the last instar and the claspers and external genitalia of the male are apparent in about the eighth from the last instar.At each moult there is some structural change in the nymph adapting it to the environment. The environmental relation is being constantly changed by increase in size of the organism, thus necessitating these adaptations to preserve an equilibrium.
CYTOLOGY OF THE BLOOD OF NORMAL MINK AND RACCOON: II. THE NUMBERS OF THE BLOOD ELEMENTS IN NORMAL MINK
Authors: Kennedy Arnold H.
Published: April 2011

The numbers of lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophiles, eosinophiles and basophiles in the blood of normal mink of various age groups are listed. Data are given showing the maximum, minimum and average numbers of these types of cells. Similar data are supplied for white and red blood corpuscles and for the amounts of haemoglobin in the blood. Color indices are also given. Basophils were absent in some males and females of all age groups. Eosinophiles were not distinguished in a number of males and females under two months of age.
STUDIES ON THE USE OF FLAME SPECTRA IN CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Lohse H. W.
Published: April 2011

Easily constructed accessory equipment for obtaining quantitative flame spectra has been designed, and is discussed. The causes of the variations in the results obtained by the flame spectrum method have been investigated and analyzed. Variations due to manipulation seem to be of little significance except perhaps as regards control of the acetylene pressure. Plate variations are significant and are the chief limiting factor in the accuracy of the method. A comparison of chemical and spectrographic analyses shows that the differences between the results obtained by these two methods are of the same order of magnitude as the differences obtained from plate to plate when the spectrographic method alone is used. Typical analytical data obtained by chemical methods and by the spectrographic method as well are presented.
MICROSCOPIC FEATURES OF THE PHALEN SEAM, SYDNEY COAL FIELD, N.S.
Authors: Newman W. R.
Published: April 2011

The microscopic and chemical nature of the anthraxylon, attritus and fusain of the Phalen coal were studied. The attritus is composed of humain (humic degradation matter), opaque matter, resins, waxes, cuticles and spores. Pyrite and other mineral matter also were detected. The microstructural features of the coals of the Phalen seam are so distinctive that they can be divided into three groups. Coal of Group 1 is characterized by a high spore, low resin, and low pyrite content, and was formed under open-water conditions which existed in the central part of the swamp. Group 3 coal has a low spore, high resin, and high pyrite content, and originated under conditions which prevailed near the shore line of the original swamp. Group 2 is a transition stage between Groups 1 and 3. The microstructure of the coal indicates that future mining possibilities are most favorable in the vicinity of the Bridgeport anticline.The sulphur in the Phalen seam is due mainly to pyrite and is irregularly distributed throughout the seam. The pyrite was probably formed from iron- and sulphur-bearing solutions which entered the swamp in the vicinity of Cape Percy. The iron and sulphur were precipitated by the organic products of decay, producing a disseminated pyrite in the coal.Nine types of megaspores and eleven types of microspores were determined on the basis of their morphological appearance. Correlation by means of these spores was not possible, however, owing to the variability in the spore content and the lack of any persistent distinctive spore.
MEASUREMENT OF THE HEATS OF WETTING OF CELLULOSE AND WOOD PULP
Authors: Argue G. H. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The heats of wetting of dry cellulose and wood pulp have been measured for the first time. The influence of the initial water content of the cellulose on the heat of wetting has been determined. It is shown that when the water is left as a result of partial desorption a higher value is obtained. The heats of wetting of wood meal and different wood pulps have been determined. The heats of adsorption were calculated, and all the data are discussed from the point of view of the physical structure of cellulose. A few preliminary measurements of the heat of adsorption of sodium hydroxide were made. The experimental technique of using a rotating adiabatic calorimeter is shown to be admirably adapted for measurements of this kind.
BLOOD PARASITES OF RUFFED GROUSE (BONASA UMBELLUS) AND SPRUCE GROUSE (CANACHITES CANADENSIS), WITH DESCRIPTION OF LEUCOCYTOZOON BONASAE N. SP.
Authors: Clarke C. H. D.
Published: April 2011

A list of blood parasites found in ruffed and spruce grouse, including Leuco-cytozoon bonasae n. sp., Trypanosoma gallinarum Bruce et al., 1911, and Microfilariae, is given. Members of the genus Leucocytozoon being known to be pathogenic, the possibility of a connection between Leucocytozoon bonasae and the problem of grouse periodicity is suggested.
VARIATION IN WEIGHT OF SOME INTERNAL ORGANS OF THE DOMESTIC FOWL (GALLUS GALLUS)
Authors: Hopkins J. W. , Biely J.
Published: April 2011

One hundred apparently normal yearling single-comb White Leghorn hens were subjected to post mortem examination, including weighing of the liver, kidneys and spleen. The average weight of these organs (excluding two individuals possessing only one kidney) constituted 1.89, 0.64 and 0.12% of the average total live weight. Single organs, particularly the spleen, were relatively more variable than total body weight.The weight of the organs from individuals of similar total live weight varied markedly, but, on the whole, the larger birds had somewhat larger organs. As the size of bird increased, however, the average percentage of the total weight due to liver, kidneys or spleen decreased.There was a moderate but significant correlation (r = + 0.41) between the weights of liver and kidneys from birds of a specified total weight, but no evidence of association between weight of kidneys and spleen weight.
MEASUREMENT OF THE VELOCITY OF SOUND IN LOW TEMPERATURE LIQUIDS AT ULTRASONIC FREQUENCIES
Authors: Pitt Arnold , Jackson W. J.
Published: April 2011

An ultrasonic interferometer apparatus has been developed for the measurement of the velocity of sound in low temperature liquids. The method follows in general the conventional manner of producing sound waves in a liquid, i.e., by the vibrations of a piezoelectric quartz plate driven at a high frequency. The velocity of sound in liquid oxygen and hydrogen at an ultrasonic frequency of 427 kilocycles per sec. was found to be:—oxygen, 912 metres per sec. (temp., − 182.9 °C); hydrogen, 1127 metres per sec. (temp., − 252.7 °C).
HEAT CAPACITY MEASUREMENTS ON GELATIN GELS. III.
Authors: Horn W. R. , Mennie J. H.
Published: April 2011

The heat required to warm a gelatin gel from 0° to 25 °C. is greater than the sum of the heat capacities of the water and the gelatin present by an amount which varies with the concentration of the gel, and which equals 6.7 cal. per gram of dry gelatin for gels of concentration below about 52%. It is inferred that there is less bound water, or the water is less firmly bound, at 25° than it is at 0° C. If the heat capacity measurements are plotted against gel concentration there is a sharp discontinuity at 0. 52 gm. water per gram of dry gelatin which is interpreted as meaning that this is the amount of water which is closely bound at 0° C.
THE CATALYTIC DEHYDRATION OF ETHYL ALCOHOL BY ALUMINA: I. THE EFFECT OF THE WATER CONTENT OF THE CATALYST
Authors: Munro L. A. , Horn W. R.
Published: April 2011

The dehydration of ethyl alcohol has been studied at 250 °C. using alumina catalysts differing in water content. There is an optimum water content for the greatest activity of the catalyst. The apparent poisoning is greatest for those catalysts having greatest activity. There is no apparent poisoning for a catalyst having zero water content. In no case was the course of the reaction changed.
NITROUS OXIDE AS AN OXIDIZING AGENT IN THE GASEOUS STATE
Authors: Steacie E. W. R. , McDonald R. D.
Published: April 2011

The kinetics of a number of gaseous oxidation reactions have been investigated, using nitrous oxide as the oxidizing agent in place of oxygen. It is found that, in general, nitrous oxide is much less efficient as an oxidizing agent than is molecular oxygen. Nitrous oxide in most cases acts merely as a reservoir of atomic oxygen at temperatures where its rate of decomposition is appreciable.
STUDIES OF WOOD: III. ON THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE TREE, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ASCENT OF SAP AND THE MOVEMENT OF WATER BEFORE AND AFTER DEATH
Authors: Gibbs R. Darnley
Published: April 2011

The various theories of the ascent of sap are discussed and it is concluded that the tension hypothesis best meets the observed facts. Seasonal and diurnal variations in water and gas content and the changes in tension that are demonstrable are all in accordance with the demands of the tension hypothesis. The two greatest problems are probably the maintenance in conducting channels of continuous water columns under high tensions without entry of air, and the refilling with water of such channels as do become gas-filled during the summer (for the insulation of gas and water channels one from the other is apparently not perfectly maintained). These problems are not entirely settled, though the hypotheses of Munch and/or Lund may account for the refilling of vessels in deciduous trees during the non-leafy season.The observed differences in the behavior of maple, birch and poplar during the period of sap flow have received attention. These peculiarities cannot be accounted for by differences in the root systems. The earlier cessation of bleeding and the development of tensions in poplar are correlated with a higher rate of evaporation from the twigs of the former, and this evaporation probably is largely through lenticels.The problem of sinkage, in the light of this work, is briefly reviewed.
A MACHINE FOR TESTING THE RESISTANCE OF PLANTS TO INJURY BY ATMOSPHERIC DROUGHT
Authors: Aamodt O. S.
Published: April 2011

This machine consists of a glass chamber with a capacity of 40–50 six inch pots through which is forced air which has been heated by thermostatically controlled electric heaters. Dampers and baffles are provided to control the flow of air and to reduce eddies. After exposure for 8–15 hr. at 110° F 14% relative humidity, and an air velocity of six miles per hour, wheat varieties known to be drought resistant in the field showed less injury from drought than varieties known to be non drought-resistant.
SENSITIVITY AND OUTPUT OF VARIOUS TYPES OF PHOTOCELLS
Authors: Ruedy R.
Published: April 2011

When the current sensitivity of a short-circuited photo-emissive cell is defined in the same manner as the grid-plate conductance of a vacuum tube, the ratio microamperes to lumens in modern photo-tubes is of the same order as the ratio milliamperes to volts in vacuum tubes, but a change of one lumen corresponds to virtually the entire range, 1 ft.-candle to 1000 ft.-candles, concerned in problems of illumination. Taking into account the detector action and the retarding voltage across the load used with a barrier film cell, the resistance giving the highest output of power is nearly equal to [Formula: see text], provided that l be less than 1000 ft.-candles and that the film rectifies according to a square law, Gv2. It is advisable to develop cells possessing relatively small values of G and an exponent of v not larger than two.
MEASUREMENT OF SMALL CAPACITIES IN TERMS OF MUTUAL INDUCTANCE AND RESISTANCE
Authors: Watson W. H.
Published: April 2011

Campbell's a-c. bridge for the measurement of self-inductance in terms of mutual inductance can be modified so as to measure small capacities (1–1000 μμf.). The arrangement described is sensitive to within 0.01 μμf. Small condensers can be measured to within 1% with ease. Residual errors are discussed.
A NEW METHOD FOR THE APPLICATION OF LUMINESCENT SCREENS TO GLASS SURFACES
Authors: Kohl W. H.
Published: April 2011

An outline is given of the various methods for the application of luminescent screens, and their relative merits. Most widespread in use are methods that utilize a liquid binder that enters into a chemical reaction with the glass surface. In other cases, the powder is partially imbedded in the glass surface by a sintering process. The physical characteristics of the luminescent screen are adversely affected by both of these methods. A process based on the activation of the glass surface by a deposit of sulphur is described. The sulphur coating picks up the luminescent powder in a uniform layer when it is brought into contact with the powder. After being removed by means of a moderate heat treatment, it leaves the screen firmly adhering to the glass surface. Possible mechanisms for the process are briefly discussed.
THE SORPTION OF WATER VAPOR ON CELLULOSIC MATERIALS
Authors: Filby Edgar , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

A direct method used for measuring the adsorption of water vapor on cellulosic materials and in which a number of improvements have been made is described. It is ensured that no vapors other than water are present no matter how long a time is required for the establishment of equilibrium. The adsorption and desorption isotherms of standard cellulose, spruce wood, surgical cotton, Kodak rag cellulose and bleached sulphite have been measured, and the data which indicate the time required for the establishment of true equilibrium have been given. The data of Urquhart and Williams (6, 7) for standard cellulose determined by an indirect method in 1926 have been shown to be correct.
STUDIES ON LIGNIN AND RELATED COMPOUNDS: XII. METHANOL LIGNIN
Authors: Brauns Fritz , Hibbert Harold
Published: April 2011

Methanol lignin was prepared by extracting spruce wood meal with absolute methyl alcohol, using hydrochloric acid as catalyst. In five small, bomb-tube experiments, methanol lignin preparations having the same methoxyl content (about 21.6%) were obtained, the product in each case being apparently homogeneous. The methanol lignin was acetylated, partially methylated by treatment with diazomethane, and fully methylated with dimethyl sulphate and sodium hydroxide. From the elementary analyses and the ratio of methoxyl in the original methanol lignin to that in the diazomethane-methylated compound a formula for the smallest building unit of the methanol lignin and for the native lignin can be derived. The latter is represented by the empirical formula C47H52O16, or, expanded, C42H32O6(OCH3)5(OH)5.
STUDIES ON LIGNIN AND RELATED COMPOUNDS: XV. PHENOL GLYCOL LIGNIN
Authors: Brauns Fritz , Hibbert Harold
Published: April 2011

Phenol condensation products of glycol lignin, of a premethylated and a fully methylated glycol lignin have been prepared. In each case it has been found that, on the basis of the five methoxyl groups present in the original glycol lignin, three molecules of phenol react with one lignin unit by nuclear condensation, and when the product is worked up immediately no loss of methoxyl groups occurs. With the fully methylated glycol lignin in one experiment, some of the methoxyl groups were removed but the hydroxyl groups thus formed could not be remethylated with diazomethane, thus indicating their probable aliphatic character. Quercetin does not give a phenol condensation product under the same conditions.
STUDIES ON LIGNIN AND RELATED COMPOUNDS: XVII. METHYLATION OF WILLSTÄTTER AND FREUDENBERG LIGNINS
Authors: Brauns Fritz , Hibbert Harold
Published: April 2011

Both Willstätter and Freudenberg lignins when treated with diazomethane give methylated products containing one additional methoxyl group, calculated on the basis of a molecular weight of about 850 for native lignin. When heated with phenol in the presence of a small amount of hydrogen chloride, both diazomethane-methylated lignin derivatives are converted into soluble phenol lignin derivatives containing one more methoxyl group than the corresponding phenol derivatives prepared from original, untreated Willstätter and Freudenberg lignins. This higher methoxyl value is also shown by the former phenol lignins on acetylation. The diazomethane-methylated phenol lignin derivatives prepared from diazomethane-methylated Willstätter and Freudenberg lignins correspond with the diazomethane-methylated phenol lignin derivatives prepared from original Willstätter and Freudenberg lignins. Also the fully methylated derivatives prepared from the phenol diazomethane-methylated Willstätter and Freudenberg lignins correspond with those described previously (2). The difference in methoxyl value between the phenol derivatives obtained from Willstätter lignin and the corresponding derivatives from Freudenberg lignin of 0.8–2.1% may be due possibly to the presence in the Freudenberg lignin of a methylene oxide ring which is removed in the isolation of Willstätter lignin, thus giving rise to the higher methoxyl content in the methylated derivatives of the latter. The action of methyl alcohol on original, on diazomethane-premethylated, and on fully methylated Willstätter and Freudenberg lignins was also investigated.
THE ELECTROLYTIC PREPARATION OF ANTHRANILIC ACID
Authors: Shipley J. W. , Calhoun J. M.
Published: April 2011

The electrolytic reduction of o-nitrobenzoic acid in alcoholic sulphuric acid at a lead cathode was investigated. The effect of various experimental conditions was studied and a maximum yield of 92% of amine obtained under favorable conditions. No evidence of the reduction of the carboxyl group was observed.
THE DISCONTINUITY IN THE DIELECTRIC CONSTANT OF LIQUIDS AND THEIR SATURATED VAPORS AT THE CRITICAL TEMPERATURE
Authors: Marsden J. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

A dielectric cell, which is specially adapted to a study of the dielectric constants of liquid and gas over a large temperature range, including the critical temperature region, is described. The dielectric constants of methyl ether (liquid and saturated vapor) and propylene (liquid and saturated vapor), from room temperature to eight degrees above the critical temperatures, are given. The measurements show that the dielectric constants of liquid and gas are not identical at the critical temperature. These results are in agreement with previous work carried out in this laboratory on the discontinuity in properties of the medium above and below the point of disappearance of the meniscus.
HYDROGENATIONS IN A TETRALIN MEDIUM: III. DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION OF CELLULOSE AND WOOD
Authors: Boomer E. H. , Argue G. H. , Edwards J.
Published: April 2011

The destructive hydrogenation of cotton wool cellulose and fir wood sawdust in a tetralin medium was investigated. When it is present in sufficient excess, tetralin promotes the complete conversion of cellulose and wood to liquids and gases in the absence of a catalyst. The tetralin acts as a hydrogen carrier in fulfilling the function of a catalyst.
STUDIES IN THE SYSTEM CALCIUM-OXIDE–SULPHUR-DIOXIDE–WATER: III. PRECIPITATION TEMPERATURES
Authors: Gishler P. E. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

A technique is described for measuring the precipitation temperatures of the system calcium-oxide–sulphur-dioxide–water, and the results over a considerable concentration range are tabulated. It is shown that the presence of colloidal matter brings about a condition of supersaturation. The hydrogen ion and bisulphite ion concentrations for the solutions at the precipitation temperature have been calculated. It is suggested that the hydrogen ion concentration plays an important role in precipitation, and the copious nature of the precipitation with rising temperature above the precipitation temperature is explained.A table containing bisulphite ion concentrations over a large range of calcium oxide and sulphur dioxide concentrations, and over the temperature range 50–90 °C., is given. It is pointed out that the system calcium-oxide–sulphur-dioxide–water acts as a buffer solution so far as bisulphite ions are concerned.
THE SORPTION OF LIME BY CELLULOSE AND WOOD
Authors: Larocque G. L. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The adsorption of lime on cellulose and wood has been measured. On the basis of molecular proportions, the magnitude of the adsorption is shown to be much greater than that of sodium hydroxide. It is found that considerable time is required for saturation adsorption to take place. The adsorption on similar wood species is shown to be the same and much greater than on cotton cellulose.
EFFECT OF FROST ON WHEAT AT PROGRESSIVE STAGES OF MATURITY: II. COMPOSITION AND BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF GRAIN AND FLOUR
Authors: McCalla A. G. , Newton R.
Published: April 2011

The increase in dry weight of wheat kernels after flowering accelerated slightly for 14 days, was steady for 10 days, then fell off gradually to zero in about 14 days more, when the kernels weighed 32 gm. per 1,000. At this stage they contained 58 to 60% dry matter, a critical point marking the practically complete cessation of chemical changes.The weight of nitrogen increased steadily to about 1 gm. per 1,000 kernels at the critical stage. Respiration losses of carbon, before and after harvest, appear to account largely for the changes in the percentage nitrogen in the kernels. The ratio of nitrogenous to non-nitrogenous material moved into the endosperm seems to have been nearly constant throughout the main developmental period.Ammonia nitrogen first increased to a maximum of 4.8 mg. per 1,000 kernels, then decreased to negligible proportions at the critical stage Salt-soluble nitrogen in fresh kernels decreased from an initial value of 75% of the total nitrogen to 22% at the critical stage, when a little more than one-third of it was non-protein. Drying the kernels before analysis changed the percentage composition, owing to respiration and synthesis, by an amount varying with rate and conditions of drying.Frost had no effect on the ash content of the kernels. Four degrees of frost (28° F.) had no effect on the per cent total, salt-soluble or non-protein nitrogen, but 8, 10 and 14 degrees, in cuttings before the critical stage, in both the gram and the flour milled from it reduced the per cent total nitrogen an effect ascribed to slowing up of respiration, and increased the per cent of the fractions, ascribed to checking of synthesisYields of washed gluten from the control samples were about the same at all stages, but physical properties did not attain maximum quality before the critical stage. Four degrees of frost did not affect yield, but reduced quality in cuttings before the critical stage. More severe frost reduced both yield and quality in immature samples, the effect of the heaviest frost on quality persisting to full maturityBoth reducing and invert sugar percentages declined m early stages of development. Frost did not affect invert sugar content, but 8, 10 and 14 degrees increased reducing sugars in flours from grain cut before the critical stage. This is ascribed partly to increased enzyme activity, as indicated by greater maltose production, and partly to slowing of respiration by frost injury. Gain in kernel weight by translocation after cutting took place in immature check samples but not in heavily frozen samples. Respiration losses in the stook were calculated to be about twice as great from the checks as from the heavily frozen samples.
MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF APPALACHIAN UPLAND PODSOL SOILS: I. EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL TREATMENTS
Authors: Gray P. H. H. , Atkinson H. J.
Published: April 2011

A study has been made of the effects of fertilizers and limestone, of fallowing, and of deep ploughing, upon certain aspects of microbial activity in representative Appalachian podsol soils at three farms in the Eastern Townships region of Quebec Province. The results show that the evolution of carbon dioxide and numbers of bacteria and actinomyces were not altered by any simple fertilizer applied annually for two years. Limestone, at the rate of six tons per acre, increased the numbers of micro-organisms during the two years of the experiment. Deep ploughing reduced both carbon dioxide and bacterial numbers in soils ordinarily ploughed to a normal depth.Studies have also been made to determine the effects of some other chemical treatments upon the soil microflora. Carbon dioxide, bacterial numbers and nitrification of soil nitrogen were increased in field plots after treatment with calcium oxide, sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide, alone or in combination; the effects lasted through two seasons.