bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“It Was Like the Salvation”
Authors: Carson Matter
Published: January 2022

In 1937 thousands of laundry workers gathered at the Rand School of Social Science, where they voted unanimously to abandon the AFL and join the newly organized CIO. After a few months of organizing under the banner of the CIO, the workers agreed to affiliate with the powerful men’s clothing union: the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America. The garment union provided the resources for the workers to conduct a citywide campaign that harnessed the workers’ growing solidarities and the expertise of worker leaders such as Charlotte Adelmond and Jessie Smith. It was under the ACWA that New York’s laundry workers founded the Laundry Workers Joint Board, which by 1940 had secured contracts covering all of the branches of the industry. This chapter argues that this dramatic union victory, more than thirty years in the making, was the result of numerous factors, including the Wagner Act, the support of allies such as the WTUL, the Negro Labor Committee and the League of Women Shoppers, communist organizing, and, most significantly, the militant industrial and interracial unionism of the workers themselves. Drawing on the scholarship of resource mobilization theorists and collective identity theorists, this chapter argues that the simultaneous presence of adequate union resources and internal activist solidarities enabled the workers to overcome their long-standing occupational and social divisions and build a movement powerful enough to bring the city’s antiunion employers to the bargaining table.
“Everybody’s Libber”
Authors: Carson Matter
Published: January 2022

The immediate postwar years saw significant turmoil in the Laundry Workers Joint Board, the result of competitive pressures in the industry, an employer offensive (evidence that in the laundries a postwar “social contract” did not exist), and internal conflict between the leadership and members of the democratic initiative. Chapter 10 demonstrates that the racial tensions that had animated the union since its birth exploded in the late 1940s as work contracted and as LWJB secretary treasurer Louis Simon consolidated his power over the union. Adelmond publicly confronted the leadership and employers for engaging in racist and sexist practices and organized through her own local, where the workers demanded racial justice at home and for people of color abroad fighting colonialism. This chapter reveals that Robinson supported and nurtured the workers’ civil rights unionism by creating educational initiatives; by building alliances with labor and civil rights activists, including the indomitable congressman Adam Clayton Powell Jr.; by mentoring workers of color; and by founding and supporting organizations committed to Black women’s empowerment. Adelmond’s and Robinson’s multifaceted postwar organizing illuminates the complex ways in which Black working-class women organized at the intersection of multiple positionalities, a reflection of the simultaneity of race, class, and gender discrimination in the lives, as well as their location within and commitment to diverse goals and movements, including civil rights, women’s rights, and organized labor.
“We’re Just Not Ready Yet”
Authors: Carson Matter
Published: January 2022

In 1949 the long-standing conflict between the democratic initiative and the ACWA culminated in an all-out battle that pitted Black trade unionists against the ACWA and LWJB secretary treasurer Louis Simon. The battle, described by the workers as a shop floor revolt against “dictatorial rule, shady practices, Negro discrimination and union-sanctioned intolerable working conditions,” was led by Charlotte Adelmond. Chapter 11 demonstrates that this insurgency was precipitated by events taking place in the union but was also inspired by the successes of the postwar civil rights struggle. In 1949 it seemed like the country was on the verge of taking a huge step forward in the battle to end racial discrimination, and Black laundry workers expected to see these gains reflected in their union. When they encountered familiar patterns of union racism and discrimination they launched their most militant challenge to date, a challenge that ended in the ousting of Adelmond from the union and the reassignment of Robinson. This final chapter argues that the deliberate suppression of Black workers’ activism and civil rights unionism highlights some of the limitations of the mid-twentieth-century labor movement for women and people of color and illuminates the tensions between union democracy and union bureaucracy that played out in some industrial unions in the postwar era.
Accompanying Bob Dylan
Authors: Starr Larry
Published: January 2022

In this chapter, Bob Dylan’s very conscious decisions about the instruments, playing styles, and players with which to accompany his singing voice and harmonica receive consideration. His own picking and strumming of an acoustic guitar, his choice of piano, beginning with “Black Crow Blues” (1964), and his historic switch to electric guitar and employment of a rock band on Bringing It All Back Home and Highway 61 Revisited (both 1965), are all examined in terms of their impact on the sound of his recorded work and their significance for the songs he played. Backing singers first appeared on Dylan albums in 1970, and remained important for some time. The chapter concludes by examining the unique role of Scarlet Rivera’s violin on the album Desire (1976).
Accelerating Success, 2003–2007
Authors: Kolenda Christopher D.
Published: January 2022

This chapter discusses the "Accelerating Success" program which devoted more resources to Afghanistan, but left major obstacles for a successful war outcome unaddressed. As the Afghan government turned into a predatory kleptocracy, with high levels of corruption, the strengthened insurgency initiated large-scale military offensives. American military and civilian officials, however, continued relying on in-silo assessments and examples of progress even as the security situation deteriorated.
The Good War Going Badly
Authors: Kolenda Christopher D.
Published: January 2022

As this chapter shows, the situation in Afghanistan barely changde as Obama took over the presidency. Having promised to end the war soon, Obama was ready to increase resources – as demanded by McChrystal’s assessment – based on the assumption that a short, targeted campaign could bring the war to a quick end. Systematic issues such as government corruption remained unaddressed, however, while U.S. mistrust in Karzai grew.
Reconciling Reconciliation
Authors: Kolenda Christopher D.
Published: January 2022

As the Taliban signaled readiness to talk, the U.S. administration began to embrace the idea of reconciliation, embedded in a ‘fight and talk’ approach. As this chapter shows, however, at least four different ideas of reconciliation could be identified within the Obama administration, each suggesting different ways forward and different measures for success.
Exploratory Talks
Authors: Kolenda Christopher D.
Published: January 2022

This chapter discusses U.S. efforts of reconciliation with the Taliban. Starting in late 2010, U.S. government officials regularly met with Taliban representatives to facilitate confidence-building measures such as detainee exchanges and the opening of a Taliban office in Doha office. Meanwhile, tensions grew between the U.S. government and Karzai, who rejected and felt blind-sided by these talks.
Fallout
Authors: Kolenda Christopher D.
Published: January 2022

The final chapter on the Afghanistan case study argues that the Obama administration agreed to withdraw from Afghanistan when the country’s situation was highly unsatisfactory, and U.S. leverage was at a low point. The Taliban remained resilient, and the Afghan government plagued with problems of corruption and predation.
Blondes
Authors: Rice Christina
Published: January 2022

This chapter takes a deep dive into the making of Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, directed by Howard Hawks and co-starring Marilyn Monroe. Discussed are the differences in Russell and Monroe’s personalities, their rapport both onscreen and off, and the enduring appeal of the film. Issues relating to the PCA, Travilla’s costumes, and Monroe’s personality quirks are also discussed.
Měkkýši Dolanského rybníka (severní Čechy) – příspěvek k poznání měkkýšů CHKO Kokořínsko – Máchův kraj [Molluscs of the Dolanský rybník Pond (Northern Bohemia) – a contribution to the knowledge of molluscs of the Kokořínsko – Máchův kraj PLA]
Authors: Beran Luboš
Published: January 2022

This study presents the results of a malacological survey of the Dolanský rybník Pond in the Kokořínsko – Máchův kraj Protected Landscape Area (Northern Bohemia, Czech Republic). Altogether 48 species of molluscs (14 freshwater and 27 terrestrial gastropods, 7 bivalves) were found at 8 sites. The most interesting result of this research was a discovery of a rare and endangered gastropod Pupilla alpicola. It is the first record of this relic species from Northern Bohemia. Vertigo moulinsiana, a relic from the Middle Holocene, was recorded at five studied sites in sedge marshes and reeds. This finding extended our knowledge about its distribution in the Kokořínsko – Máchův kraj PLA and this part of the Czech Republic.
Fighting Time in Ireland: Temporality, Time Reform and the Irish Present
Authors: Morrison Eve
Published: January 2022

The clash of temporal cultures implicit in modern imperial relationships is further evident in the next chapter, in which Eve Morrison asks how far ‘Irish time’ was irreplaceably lost through the processes of modernisation, war and revolution. In Ireland, the modern standard was often seen as a characteristic of English superiority. By turning attention to the expression of day-to-day existence in the Irish revolutionary movement, this chapter makes a fundamental connection between these high debates about the organisation of modern society and the experience of time in a period of violent upheaval. The clash between that lived existence and the increasing attempts of the British state to control daily life through time-measures such as the curfew was written into the politics of nationalist revolution. The quotidian experience of revolution gave Irish nationalism a sense of a living, albeit violently jarred, human present. Ironically, in the end, the independent state found Greenwich Time convenient and attempts to revive ‘Irish time’ tended to get nowhere – at least in Irish national political debate. The experience of the present was thus politicised; but the ordinary experience of time could also be mundanely local, in spite of those high debates in parliament and the early Dáils.
Irregular Rhythm: Empire and Ideas of the Present in Interwar France
Authors: Paulin-Booth Alexandra
Published: January 2022

Ideas of the French present were challenged and reframed through colonial discourse. This posed challenging new questions about whose present was being promoted by French political culture; where that present was located; and who should be governed by it. Drawing in part on Johannes Fabian’s critique of anthropology, this essay sees imperialism as a classic test for scholars concerned with understanding how different temporalities may coexist and even clash. Because, for older generations of anthropologists, the observer was naturally assumed to inhabit a different time, there exists a question at the heart of any discussion about the clashing of temporalities within imperial relationships that points to the plurality of time and the constant clash of perspective through different experiences of the present. Colonial administrators often remarked on the differing role of history in the present-times of different parts of the French Empire. France’s civilising mission was upset, on a daily basis, by the difference in present experience as it was reflected in social patterns and working habits. Administrators found that in practice, the path to the European present was full of detours. Ultimately, for leading politicians and colonial administrators, the French Empire remained a symbol of the future destiny of modern French progress; yet across the central swathe of political opinion from which these politicians came, there remained a belief in understanding and administering the colonial present, closer to home and closer to the ‘humanity’ which they believed the Empire to be promoting.
O PERFIL DAS DISCIPLINAS DE HANDEBOL DAS INSTITUIÇÕES DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
Authors: Reis Heloisa Helena Baldy , Castellani Rafael Moreno
Published: January 2022

O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar uma pesquisa sobre o perfil das disciplinas de handebol oferecidas pelas Instituições de Ensino Superior brasileiras a partir da visão de seus professores. Foi aplicado um questionário contendo 10 perguntas. As mesmas continham elementos que permitiam caracterizar os traços gerais do perfil dos professores(as) e das disciplinas de handebol. Os resultados apontaram que a maioria dos 43 professores já foram handebolistas, possuem formação de especialistas ou mestres e lecionam nos cursos de licenciatura. Os perfis dos cursos diferem entre si numa série de aspectos: número de disciplinas, carga horária, alunos matriculados, conteúdos ensinados e métodos de ensino. A pesquisa ratifica a importância e necessidade de cursos de atualização para esse público.
MELHORIA DA PRODUTIVIDADE DE TRABALHO MENTAL DOS ESTUDANTES DE SÉRIES INICIAIS UTILIZANDO OS MEIOS DA EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA
Authors: Kalinine Iouri
Published: January 2022

Este estudo faz parte de um trabalho maior que busca investigar a manutenção e a recuperação das capacidades físicas e mentais com auxílio da Educação Física. Assim, procuramos investigar na Escola Estadual de Io Grau Rui Barbosa de Ijuí - RS., o melhor nível de funcionamento mental dos estudantes de séries iniciais, utilizando os recursos da Educação Física. Nas cinco etapas investigadas utilizamos como instrumento metodológico básico a Prova Corrigida Simples.Nas deduções finais observamos que o recreio deve ter novas orientações. O tempo de concentração da criança é muito pouco. As atividades físicas são um meio para melhorar o funcionamento mental da criança. Entre as inúmeras alternativas metodológicas devemos buscar a mais adequada ao nível da criança.
CONSTRUÇÃO DE NORMAS PARA PADRONIZAÇÃO DOS INDICADORES DOS NÍVEIS DE ANSIEDADE-TRAÇO COMPETITIVA EM MENINAS VOLIBOLISTAS E SUA RELAÇÃO COM A PERFORMANCE
Authors: Saldanha Ânderson José
Published: January 2022

Este trabalho objetivou o desenvolvimento de normas que padronizassem os níveis de ansiedade-traço competitiva apresentados por meninas volibolistas de 13 e 14 anos, de escolas públicas e particulares de Santa Maria - RS e a determinação da relação existente entre estas normas e o rendimento das atletas. Foi aplicado o questionário SCAT-C, proposto por Martens et al. (1990) em 120 sujeitos para determinarmos os níveis de ansiedade-traço competitiva e um scout em 40 sujeitos componentes deste grupo, para determinarmos suas performances. Analisados os dados, concluiu-se que: a) não há uma diferença significativa entre os níveis de ansiedade-traço competitiva apresentado por meninas volibolistas de 13 anos, quando comparadas com os níveis das meninas volibolistas de 14 anos; b) não há uma diferença significativa entre os níveis de ansiedade- traço competitiva apresentado por meninas volibolistas de escolas particulares, quando comparadas com os níveis das meninas volibolistas de escolas públicas; c) o nível de ansiedade-traço competitiva do grupo foi considerado como “média ansiedade”; d) não existe correlação significativa entre o desempenho técnico e os níveis de ansiedade-traço competitiva; e) a média dos valores para desempenho das atletas avaliadas mediante scout determinou que ocorreram mais erros do que acertos quando da execução dos gestos técnicos.
A DANÇA ENQUANTO CONTEXTO DE DESENVOLVIMENTO DE MENINAS ADOLESCENTES
Authors: Garcia Ângela Bessa
Published: January 2022

O propósito deste estudo foi investigar as aulas de dança como contexto de desenvolvimento para meninas adolescentes, escolares do Centro de Atenção Integral à Criança e ao Adolescente (CAIC), Santa Maria. RS, Brasil, participantes do Projeto Dançar: uma Opção de Expressão na Escola, parceria firmada entre Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Pró-Reitoria de Extensão, Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Humano e CAIC, a partir da análise da auto-estima, das relações interpessoais e das expectativas de vida das meninas participantes do Projeto. As propriedades da pessoa em uma perspectiva ecológica da Teoria da Ecologia do Desenvolvimento Humano de Urie Bronfenbrenner (ênfase no microssistema), algumas correntes contemporâneas sobre a fase da adolescência e sobre a arte da dança serviram como fundamentação teórica desta investigação. Esta pesquisa do tipo descritiva caracterizou-se como um estudo de caso predominantemente qualitativo. Os métodos e os instrumentos de coleta de dados utilizados neste estudo são os usados, normalmente, na pesquisa social: entrevista semi-estruturada. depoimentos, observações direta e indireta. Através da interpretação dos dados, concluiu-se que as aulas de dança investigadas parecem ter servido de contexto efetivo de desenvolvimento para as meninas adolescentes, participantes do Projeto Dançar: uma Opção de Expressão na Escola, pois há evidências que parecem demonstrar que as aulas de dança ministradas no decorrer do Projeto foram atividades potencializadoras para aumentar a auto-estima de meninas adolescentes, oriundas de contextos empobrecidos, e para qualificar as suas relações interpessoais consigo mesmas, com os outros e com o mundo e as expectativas de vida orientadas para valores mais positivos.
Produção de Conhecimento em Praxiologia Motriz no Centro de Educação Física e Desportos da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria
Authors: Fagundes Felipe Menezes , Friedrich Eduardo Ivan , Da Rosa Anco Márcio Urach , Dias Otávio Figueiró , Damian-Silva Sabrine , Zanini Uriel Tolfo , Follmann Natiele
Published: January 2022

O Centro de Educação Física e Desportos da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (CEFD/UFSM) ao longo de sua história tem sido palco de relevante debate científico no Cenário Nacional. O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em avaliar a produção científica em Praxiologia Motriz (PM) realizada junto ao Grupo de Estudos Praxiológicos –GEP Brasil, produzidos em dissertações defendidas no Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação Física do CEFD/UFSM no período de 2014 – 2019, totalizando 10 dissertações.  Os resultados foram apresentados nos seguintes tópicos: a inserção nacional/internacional da produção; as características metodológicas das dissertações; conceitos da PM tratados nos estudos; e teorias e temas que têm sido articulados com a PM, bem como as principais contribuições. Os resultados evidenciam que as pesquisas se caracterizam por análises teóricas, com ênfase em análise praxiológica de práticas corporais. Constata-se a necessidade do Grupo aprofundar em estudos de intervenções pedagógicas bem como, articular este conhecimento com os princípios teóricos de teorias pedagógicas.
0 MODERNO MITO DA ATIVIDADE ACADÊMICA
Authors: Rubin Cecy Funck
Published: January 2022

A INTERPRETAÇÃO DOS MITOS SERVE PARA POSSIBILITAR A COM­PREENSÃO DAS SOCIEDADES DE ONDE ESSES MITOS PROVÉM. TODAS AS ÉPOCAS HISTÓRICAS FABRICARAM O SEU CORRESPONDENTE UNIVERSO MITOLÓGICO. A NOSSA, FABRICOU O MITO DA CIÊNCIA E DA SUA NEUTRAL IDADE. E A SUA EFICÁCIA ENRAIZOU-SE EM TODOS OS SETORES - ATÉ NA INSTITUIÇÃO UNI­VERSITÁRIA SOB O NOME DE PESQUISA. CONTRARIANDO ESTE POSICIONAMEN­TO, ESTE TRABALHO PRETENDE QUESTIONAR A MITIFICAÇÃO DA PESQUISA EN­QUANTO FUNÇÃO ISOLADA DAS ATIVIDADES ACADÊMICAS. O QUE É PESQUISA? QUEM É PESQUISADOR? QUAL O COMPROMISSO DA PESQUISA COM O COTIDIANO ACADÊMICO? EXISTE PESQUISA PELO SIMPLES PRAZER DE PESQUISAR? OU A PESQUISA DEVE ESTAR, PELO MENOS, VINCULADA AO ENSINO E Ã EXTENSÃO? AS RESPOSTAS INDICAM QUE A PESQUISA NÃO PODE SER TOMADA COMO UM ATO NEUTRO, DESVINCULADO DA PROBLEMÁTICA ACADÊMICA E, EM ÚLTIMA INSTÂN­CIA, DESVINCULADO DA PROBLEMÁTICA SOCIAL. DENTRO DESSA PERSPECTIVA, A PESQUISA DEVE SER VISTA E INCENTIVADA COMO UM ATO INTRÍNSECO AO PROCESSO ENSINO-APRENDIZAGEM, NÃO COMO UMA ATIVIDADE ELITIZADA TAL COMO É VEICULADA PELOS MITOS ACADÊMICOS.
PRINCÍPIOS PARA 0 DESENVOLVIMENTO DE PROGRAMAS PARA A DISCIPLINA DE EDUCAÇÃO FlSICA, A PARTIR DA ABORDAGEM DE ALGUMAS POSIÇÕES FUNDAMENTAIS DA TEORIA DOS PROGRAMAS DE ENSINO
Authors: Bento José Olímpio
Published: January 2022

A teoria da planificação de processos de ensino e aprendizagem é parte integrante da teoria do ensino, isto é, da didáctica geral. Assim, apoia-se nos mesmos princípios teóricos e é determinada pe­los mesmos objectivos e exigencias. Questões técnicas, ligadas ao planejamento do ensino e aprendizagem, assim como ao emprego de mei_ os de ensino programado, estão para aquela teoria e seu desenvolvi­mento na proporção do particular para o geral. Nesta conformidade refiramos alguns pressupostos que valem co­mo pontos de referencia pessoal para a conceptualização desta abor­dagem:
Práticas avaliativas para a aprendizagem de professores numa unidade municipal de educação infantil
Authors: Barcelos Marciel , Vieira Aline Oliveira , Santos Wagner dos
Published: January 2022

Neste texto apresentam-se resultados de pesquisa pela qual objetivou-se compreender os sentidos atribuídos por docentes de uma instituição de educação infantil sobre as práticas avaliativas para aprendizagem mobilizadas no cotidiano escolar. A pesquisa teve caráter qualitativo e utilizou-se como método o estudo de caso etnográfico. Os participantes da pesquisa foram 24 professores que atuam numa instituição de educação infantil na cidade de Vila Velha/ES. Como documentos utilizou-se narrativas, diário de campo e registros imagéticos. A análise dos dados sinalizou para o compartilhamento de uma concepção avaliativa formativa reguladora centralizada no docente, de maneira que o sentido produzido por meio das práticas avaliativas está associado ao caráter informativo daquilo que se passa no cotidiano escolar.
Structural Causes of the “Gender Gap” in Nuclear Security: An Overview
Authors: Udum Şebnem
Published: January 2022

This article elaborates on the discussion from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) International Conference on Nuclear Security (ICONS) 2020 conference and discusses the reasons for the gender gap between professionals working in nuclear security. It puts forward the structural causes for women's choice of field and the formation of gender biases from the perspective of Political Science. It emphasizes the importance of having role-models for women working in the field and provides recommendations to increase the number of women working in nuclear security.
Gender Inclusive Nuclear Regulatory Body of Pakistan
Authors: Iftakhar Noreen , Fayyaz Shazia
Published: January 2022

A gender-inclusive workplace considers, recognizes, and promotes the skills and potential of both men and women, irrespective of their gender, race, ethnicity, ability, and age. In Pakistan, women in the workforce are increasing day by day and women are achieving higher positions at a corporate level. Nevertheless, the nuclear field is still generally considered a male oriented field. This paper aims to break the misconception and analyze gender inclusion in the nuclear regulatory body of Pakistan. The paper explores contours of gender inclusion in the Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority (PNRA) by shedding light on female's representation in different management positions as well as in working level technical and non-technical committees. The paper study also highlights the steps PNRA management has taken, over the years, to ensure a conducive environment for the female workforce and provisions for an equal learning opportunity to enhance their competence.
Automated annotation of birdsong with a neural network that segments spectrograms
Authors: Cohen Yarden , Nicholson David Aaron , Sanchioni Alexa , Mallaber Emily K , Skidanova Viktoriya , Gardner Timothy J
Published: January 2022

Songbirds provide a powerful model system for studying sensory-motor learning. However, many analyses of birdsong require time-consuming, manual annotation of its elements, called syllables. Automated methods for annotation have been proposed, but these methods assume that audio can be cleanly segmented into syllables, or they require carefully tuning multiple statistical models. Here, we present TweetyNet: a single neural network model that learns how to segment spectrograms of birdsong into annotated syllables. We show that TweetyNet mitigates limitations of methods that rely on segmented audio. We also show that TweetyNet performs well across multiple individuals from two species of songbirds, Bengalese finches and canaries. Lastly, we demonstrate that using TweetyNet we can accurately annotate very large datasets containing multiple days of song, and that these predicted annotations replicate key findings from behavioral studies. In addition, we provide open-source software to assist other researchers, and a large dataset of annotated canary song that can serve as a benchmark. We conclude that TweetyNet makes it possible to address a wide range of new questions about birdsong.
Synergistic phase separation of two pathways promotes integrin clustering and nascent adhesion formation
Authors: Case Lindsay B , De Pasquale Milagros , Henry Lisa , Rosen Michael K
Published: January 2022

Integrin adhesion complexes (IACs) are integrin-based plasma-membrane-associated compartments where cells sense environmental cues. The physical mechanisms and molecular interactions that mediate initial IAC formation are unclear. We found that both p130Cas (‘Cas’) and Focal adhesion kinase (‘FAK’) undergo liquid-liquid phase separation in vitro under physiologic conditions. Cas- and FAK- driven phase separation is sufficient to reconstitute kindlin-dependent integrin clustering in vitro with recombinant mammalian proteins. In vitro condensates and IACs in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) exhibit similar sensitivities to environmental perturbations including changes in temperature and pH. Furthermore, mutations that inhibit or enhance phase separation in vitro reduce or increase the number of IACs in MEFs, respectively. Finally, we find that the Cas and FAK pathways act synergistically to promote phase separation, integrin clustering, IAC formation and partitioning of key components in vitro and in cells. We propose that Cas- and FAK-driven phase separation provides an intracellular trigger for integrin clustering and nascent IAC formation.
Xbp1 and Brachyury establish an evolutionarily conserved subcircuit of the notochord gene regulatory network
Authors: Wu Yushi , Devotta Arun , José-Edwards Diana S , Kugler Jamie E , Negrón-Piñeiro Lenny J , Braslavskaya Karina , Addy Jermyn , Saint-Jeannet Jean-Pierre , Di Gregorio Anna
Published: January 2022

Gene regulatory networks coordinate the formation of organs and structures that compose the evolving body plans of different organisms. We are using a simple chordate model, the Ciona embryo, to investigate the essential gene regulatory network that orchestrates morphogenesis of the notochord, a structure necessary for the proper development of all chordate embryos. Although numerous transcription factors expressed in the notochord have been identified in different chordates, several of them remain to be positioned within a regulatory framework. Here, we focus on Xbp1, a transcription factor expressed during notochord formation in Ciona and other chordates. Through the identification of Xbp1-downstream notochord genes in Ciona, we found evidence of the early co-option of genes involved in the unfolded protein response to the notochord developmental program. We report the regulatory interplay between Xbp1 and Brachyury, and by extending these results to Xenopus, we show that Brachyury and Xbp1 form a cross-regulatory subcircuit of the notochord gene regulatory network that has been consolidated during chordate evolution.
Introduction
Authors: Weikart Lynne A.
Published: January 2022

This chapter provides a background on facts that illuminate and delineate the power struggle every New York City mayor faces, as they are blamed for things like the horrible condition of the subways. It introduces Mayor Michael Bloomberg, a government official who created a close relationship with Governor George Pataki to achieve his goals and organized other New York State mayors to achieve statewide goals when possible. It also examines the effect federal and state policies had on Bloomberg's decision making in his major policies within a political context of power constraints imposed by higher authorities. The chapter details how Bloomberg developed strategies for improvement and established a superior record in stabilizing the finances of the city. It explores issues and explains urban decision making by accounting for the constraints on municipal power and Bloomberg's leadership limits.
The Age of Obscenity
Authors: Samalin Zachary
Published: January 2022

This chapter investigates the intersection of the aesthetic prohibition of the disgusting with the development of modern obscenity law and the regulation of sexuality. It turns to the passage of the Obscene Publications Act in order to scrutinize the historical moment when the domain of the law came into contact with and absorbed certain aspects of the aesthetics of disgust. What, the chapter asks, did the law take from the aesthetic domain, and specifically from the aesthetics of disgust, in codifying the obscene as a statutory offense? It also examines how are we to understand the transfer of aesthetic conceptions of judgment and of the relationship of feeling to discourse into what would seem to be an incompatible juridical framework. Ultimately, the chapter analyses how the pollution model of obscenity arose in the context of Henry Vizetelly's trial for the translation and publication of Zola in 1888, as well as in Hardy's writings on iconoclasm in Jude the Obscure.
Deposition and Coronation
Authors: Morrison James Ashley
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines Montagu Norman's return to England in January of 1925. John Bradbury was sufficiently uncomfortable with Norman's ever-growing proposed US loan that he reconvened the Chamberlain-Bradbury Committee so as to interview Norman formally. With the fourth draft of its report in hand, Bradbury invited Norman to testify on January 28th. Norman's colleagues at the Bank of England were similarly chary, and so they sent Sir Charles Addis along with Norman to the interview. But resistance to Norman's conquest proved futile. The Keynes critique had undermined the prewar orthodoxy too deeply. Even the Chamberlain-Bradbury Committee was no longer willing to defend it. Thus, the incumbent sovereign had fled, and Norman's march on that vacant throne proved unstoppable. The likes of Bradbury, Addis, and Otto Niemeyer could only hope to shape his reign following his glorious revolution.
Judgment
Authors: Morrison James Ashley
Published: January 2022

This chapter details how, with his intuition beholden to John Maynard Keynes's cogent analysis and still unsatisfied with the Cunliffe Committee dogma, Winston Churchill welcomed all of Montagu Norman's innovations. So far from being driven by nostalgia, Churchill “returned” to a reformed, modernized gold standard. He was determined to defeat the UK's persistent postwar unemployment. As such, Churchill might have gone even further in the direction of reform. However, Keynes's approach proved underdeveloped. Indeed, Keynes's theory was still rooted in monetarism, and he could not yet explain unemployment in equilibrium. In the event, the return to gold was the wrong choice, as Keynes mercilessly showed in the months that followed. But at the time, it was the best choice given the theory and the evidence available.
Faith in History
Authors: Morrison James Ashley
Published: January 2022

This chapter assesses how the gold standard faith was central to every discussion of economic policy, and it even permeated many (seemingly) unrelated questions in politics, diplomacy, and security. There was a myth, crafted during the war and propagated vigorously in the interwar period, that there was such a thing as a monolithic, canonical prewar gold standard, a system to which the UK conceivably could return. This myth bore little resemblance to the actual workings of the monetary systems across the British Isles. Yet the Cunliffe Committee turned a blind eye to these realities. The widespread faith in the orthodoxy combined with the extensive mythology surrounding gold and British imperial ascent to exalt the restoration of the prewar gold standard in the 1920s. Ultimately, England's return to gold in 1925 proved to be one of the worst political-economic decisions in modern history. The chapter then considers the lessons which can be learned from the history of the gold standard. Most concretely and practically, the forces that have powered the Brexit movement come more sharply into focus when viewed through the lens of the UK's gold standard.
Gold
Authors: Osokina Elena
Published: January 2022

This chapter details how the fate of the first communist state depended not on world revolution but gold. With the beginning of industrialization, the country's leadership went through a gold panic, which reached its apogee in 1931–1932. The country had to create the nation's gold reserves from scratch. To do that, the government took whatever it could lay its hands on, without disdain for anything. Torgsin became one of many episodes in the gold panic caused by industrialization and the state's hard-currency bankruptcy. Gold played a major role in Torgsin's story, providing the lion's share of its revenues. Torgsin accepted gold in all forms: scrap, jewelry, art and household objects, coins, bullion, sand, nuggets, and even gold containing waste. The revolution and the nationalization that followed struck a death blow to private wealth, and Torgsin carried on this destruction.
Silver
Authors: Osokina Elena
Published: January 2022

This chapter addresses the delayed acceptance of silver and other non-gold valuables in Torgsin. Apparently, the country's leadership wanted, first of all, to make people give up their gold. There was reason to fear that Torgsin's acceptance of other valuables, especially less precious and more common silver, would result in a drop in the flow of gold. The argument that the delay in accepting any valuables but gold was deliberate gains support from the fact that the politburo, while allowing Torgsin to accept silver in November of 1932, recommended that it postpone doing so in areas with a significant amount of gold. The acceptance of valuables other than gold by Torgsin did not start across the board but began as an experiment in the largest cities first, to see how it would affect the procurement of gold. In addition, Torgsin's regional offices did not give permission to accept silver to all their stores at once but selected first those where gold deliveries were in sharp decline. In explaining the delayed acceptance of silver and other non-gold valuables, one also has to take into account bureaucratic red tape and financial difficulties.
Diamonds and Platinum
Authors: Osokina Elena
Published: January 2022

This chapter describes how Narkomvneshtorg only started to discuss Torgsin's acceptance of diamonds in April of 1933, while the permission to begin operations came much later, in August, when the famine of 1932–1933 was already over. At first, the government only allowed the purchase of diamonds in three cities — Moscow, then Leningrad and Khar'kov. The initial results were encouraging. As soon as diamond operations began in the elite cities, the requests from other Torgsin offices to be allowed to purchase diamonds became insistent. In October of 1934, the government allowed Torgsin to procure other precious stones as well. Eventually, the decision to buy diamonds raised the question of platinum, because diamonds were often framed in this metal. The platinum purchasing operation started in Torgsin only in 1934.
The Patrons
Authors: Osokina Elena
Published: January 2022

This chapter illustrates the experiences of the patrons in Torgsin. Even in Torgsin's best stores in the capital, as inspections attested, the glossy facade often concealed Soviet trade's habitual lack of culture, neglect of customers, inefficiency, and mismanagement. The further one went from Moscow, the worse the situation became: small dirty shops with fights in long queues, widespread rudeness, and boorishness; low-quality goods and unsanitary conditions. As an embodiment of Soviet trade, Torgsin was full of contradictions: the pretentious mirrored doors and dirt were only one of them. An acute shortage of goods did not prevent overstocking, and not just because hungry people had little interest in expensive luxuries and delicacies. The state-planned distribution did not take into account seasons, specific demands, and ethnic peculiarities. Acute shortages coexisted in Torgsin with enormous waste. Supply breakdowns — the scourge of Soviet trade — affected Torgsin as well, as numerous regional complaints show.
Instead of a Conclusion
Authors: Osokina Elena
Published: January 2022

This concluding chapter addresses the paradoxes of Torgsin. Torgsin's entrepreneurial — capitalist, from a Marxist political economy point of view — methods served the victory of socialism. For the sake of gold, Torgsin sacrificed one of the fundamental Marxist principles — the class approach. Indeed, it was not the proletariat that benefited from Torgsin but the socially alien — those who had wealth. Not only were Torgsin's capitalist methods and socialist goals in ideological contradiction, but paradoxes also existed in perceptions of Torgsin among the country's leadership and ordinary contemporaries. Government documents of the time strongly emphasized Torgsin's economic as well as political importance. Its success was the key to industrialization and, therefore, to the final victory of the revolution. However, in the Soviet official political language of the 1930s, the name “Torgsin” became synonymous not with heroism but rather with philistinism, petit-bourgeoisness, soppiness, acquisitiveness, and greed. Torgsin was viewed as the antithesis of revolution.
Rehearsal
Authors: Fujii Lee Ann
Published: January 2022

This chapter begins developing the theory of violent display by examining the process of political takeover at the national, regional, and local levels. It argues that establishing a new political order is, in large part, an embodied process. It requires people to abandon their old habits of relating to one another and to adopt new habits that signify the rupture of former friendships and other social ties. Focusing on how people act out the new order helps to explain how embodied actions, large and small, are vital to bringing about and constituting the new order. This action also moves the analytic lens away from outcomes toward processes. In all three sites, the enactment processes shared similar elements even though their contours and contexts differed. While enactment does not guarantee a particular outcome or ensure the durability or legitimacy of a particular order, it does show everyone what the new order looks like.
Main Attraction
Authors: Fujii Lee Ann
Published: January 2022

This chapter focuses on the main show in each episode. Here the lynching case from Maryland takes center stage, mainly because the rich detail that the source materials provide enables one to see people moving in and out of different roles in a given moment and over time. To put this display in comparative perspective, the chapter also discusses violent displays in Rwanda and Bosnia. Both pale in comparison to the lynching in terms of their brutality and extralethality. And yet, these less-spectacular displays, the chapter argues, still express notions of power and belonging. Here, the chapter develops and applies a theory of casting. This theory is less about individual nobodies becoming somebodies and more about the diversity of people who help to constitute a violent display as such, including those who happen on the scene unwittingly or unwillingly. The casting process does not guarantee anyone a particular role; some might try but fail to grab a starring role, for example. What it ensures is that everyone becomes part of the show, whether they want to be or not.
Fictions
Authors: Fujii Lee Ann
Published: January 2022

This chapter returns to the theoretical contributions of the book. It argues that despite perpetrators' best efforts, violent projects — including violent displays — failed to harden or shore up group boundaries, even when terror tactics diminished people's room for maneuver. Even under the most threatening circumstances, people in each locale continued to violate the precepts of the nationalist, ethnic, or color line, laying bare the fragility of race- or ethnicity-based claims and racial and ethnic categories to order and direct people to act in specific ways. The dividing line (whether it be race or ethnicity), in a word, resists attempts at fixing its content and meaning, including violence put on display. Despite the best efforts of extremists, nationalists, and supremacists, some people will not go along with the categorization of bodies established by and through violent displays.
Ethics of History Making
Authors: Sachedina Amal
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores the underlying reasoning behind the sheer ubiquity of heritage imagery and the social reality it creates. It interrogates the ways in which Omani state officials attempt to naturalize the productive possibilities of a living connection with heritage imagery through their mode of rationalizing the connection between past, present, and future, and how this temporal logic becomes the ground upon which ethical values, dispositions, and practices forge the basis of the idealized relationship between the Omani citizen and heritage imagery. Thanks to state initiatives, the pragmatics of daily activities among the citizenry are now enshrined as heritage, creating a sense of self-consciously repeating the habits and traditions of forbears. These activities slice through modern distinctions of public and private, state and society, acquiring a new significance as the basis for forging the “Omani personality.” These include daily household chores, such as serving coffee, sprinkling rose water over guests on leave taking, weekly burning of incense throughout the home, wearing the disdasha to the office, or making traditional bread for breakfast.
A systematic literature review on spam content detection and classification
Authors: Kaddoura Sanaa , Chandrasekaran Ganesh , Elena Popescu Daniela , Duraisamy Jude Hemanth
Published: January 2022

The presence of spam content in social media is tremendously increasing, and therefore the detection of spam has become vital. The spam contents increase as people extensively use social media,i.e., Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and E-mail. The time spent by people using social media is overgrowing, especially in the time of the pandemic. Users get a lot of text messages through social media, and they cannot recognize the spam content in these messages. Spam messages contain malicious links, apps, fake accounts, fake news, reviews, rumors, etc. To improve social media security, the detection and control of spam text are essential. This paper presents a detailed survey on the latest developments in spam text detection and classification in social media. The various techniques involved in spam detection and classification involving Machine Learning, Deep Learning, and text-based approaches are discussed in this paper. We also present the challenges encountered in the identification of spam with its control mechanisms and datasets used in existing works involving spam detection.
A Tesztüzemi Információs Rendszer eredményei 2018
Authors: Keszthelyi Szilárd , Kis Csatári Eszter
Published: January 2022

Az elemzéshez a Tesztüzemi Információs Rendszer 2018. évi adatait használtuk fel. Az adatgyűjtés összesen 2146 mintaüzemet fog át. A tesztüzemi minta segítségével reprezentált és vizsgált 116 ezer gazdaság az összes regisztrált gazdaság által használt földterület 95,3 százalékát művelte, illetve az összes standard termelési érték 94,4 százalékát állította elő. A tesztüzemi rendszer minta adatait a 2016-os Gazdaságszerkezeti Összeírás adataival súlyoztuk. Az egy hektárra jutó árbevétel nem változott, míg az üzemi költségek 8 százalékkal növekedtek, ugyanakkor az egy hektárra jutó közvetlen támogatások mértéke 5 százalékkal nőtt. Így a mezőgazdaság jövedelmezősége az egy hektárra jutó nettó hozzáadott érték alapján vizsgálva a tavalyi rekord eredménnyel megegyező mértékű 2018-ban.
Influence of Urban Growth on Landuse/Cover in Umuahia, Abia State Nigeria
Authors: Mashi Sani Abubakar , Chup Clement Didi , Agoha Solomon Chinaedum
Published: January 2022

Understanding land use/landcover change (LULC) dynamics is very important in sustainable land resource management. This is especially so for developing countries of the world where majority of the people depend heavily upon natural resources for survival. In this study, moderate spatial resolution Landsat images were freely downloaded from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) archives for 4 decadal dates of 1991, 2001, 2001 and 2021 for Umuahia town, which became capital of Abia state of Nigeria in 1991. The images were analyzed in ERDAS Imagine 14 and ArcGIS 10.2 software environments to generate LULC statistics for the 4 dates. Post classification comparison algorithm was used to generate LULC change trends from 1991 to 2021. Key informants interviews and direct field observations were used to identify the main drivers of LULC change in the area. The results show that, the town has undergone significant LULC changes since its designation as Abia state capital in 1991. The extent changes for the various LULCs over the 30 year period (1991 to 2021) have been Built-up (+233%), Bareland (-34%), Woodland (45%), Uncultivated Farmland (-62%), Burnt Woodland (630%) and Agricultural land (-25%). Water Body did not undergo change over the period. It was concluded that though urban growth has promoted some degradation trends in the town, it has promoted increases in urban woodland areas which could go a long way in promoting climate change mitigation, as well as human health and comfort in the town. It was recommended that there is the need to promote deliberate reforestation efforts boost development in urban woodlands.