bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design of a Postgraduate Course in Palliative Care
Authors: Adriaansen Marian J M , Frederiks Carla M A
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT

Background: Although palliative care is multidisciplinary in nature, nurses play an essential role in terminal care. Because new nurses frequently lack the specific skills for palliative nursing care as well as competence in interdisciplinary practice, there is a need for continuing education in palliative care. This article describes a postgraduate course in palliative care for nurses.

Method: A postgraduate course was developed based on the needs of palliative patients and the subjective and objective needs of nurses.

Findings: Four roles assumed by nurses in palliative care were identified: bureaucratic, biomedical, social-therapeutic, and informal. The actual results of the course were influenced by the contextual aspects, which were determined by the nursing environment. Assignments were formulated according to the needs of the nursing unit, and a number of peer review meetings were organized.

Conclusion: Successful implementation of a postgraduate course in palliative care increases nurses' expertise and offers an opportunity for nurses to exchange experiences and search for solutions to problems together.
The Impact of Education on the Use of Physical Restraints in the Acute Care Setting
Authors: Smith Nandel H , Timms Janet , Parker Veronica G , Reimels Elaine M , Hamlin Ann
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT

Background: Physical restraints have become an acceptable standard of practice for managing safety and behavior control in acute care settings. Although the primary intent for using physical restraints is for patient protection, there are many negative outcomes related to their use. Heightened awareness by recent Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations and the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services standards for restraint use has led health care administrators and nursing staff to explore methods of reducing or eliminating the use of restraints. An educational program was planned and implemented for nursing staff emphasizing the risks of physical restraints and the benefits of innovative optional measures including nonrestraint devices. The program was tested to determine whether increased awareness through education would reduce the use of restraints.

Method: After current practice patterns and restraint utilization were established, a comprehensive educational program was provided to all nursing personnel. Twenty-three formal classroom inservice offerings were provided with follow-up reinforcement of self-study modules. Education included nursing assessment strategies and practical restraint optional interventions for managing patients exhibiting disruptive behaviors.

Findings: After the educational program, the overall use of physical restraints decreased as well as the length of time patients were restrained.

Conclusion: Results of this study reinforce the need to increase staff awareness and knowledge of nonrestraint interventions to manage disruptive behaviors in the acute care setting.
Learning With Cases
Authors: Tomey Ann Marriner
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT

Background: The use of case studies as a teaching and learning method has been traced back to the Medical Society of New Haven in 1788. The use of case studies was introduced into Harvard Law School in 1871, and this method was used with the first class to graduate from Teachers College in 1930. Case studies are now widely used by other disciplines and are gaining popularity in nursing.

Method: A review of the literature on the use of case studies for learning was performed.

Findings: Education is being transformed from a teaching to a learning focus.

Conclusion: Case methods or studies provide a process of participatory learning that facilitates active and reflective learning and results in the development of critical thinking and effective problem-solving skills. This develops self-directed lifelong learners.
Comparison of Oncology Nurse and Physician Use of the Internet for Continuing Education
Authors: Cobb Susan C
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT

Background: In the past 10 years, there has been a dramatic increase in published literature on the topic of Internet use by Healthcare professionals. Learners and organizations providing grants to the continuing education (CE) division of a medical education and publishing company have expressed increasing interest in the area of Internet CE. To quantify and analyze this trend, the company began using surveys to evaluate this growing area of interest.

Method: Since 1998, annual surveys at the annual meetings of the Oncology Nursing Society and the American Society of Clinical Oncology were used to determine trends in educational use of the Internet for CE.

Findings: Internet use and frequency of use, including use of the Internet for CE among both nurses and physicians, have been increasing. When asked what would make these professionals more likely to use the Internet for CE, both indicated making the activities low cost or free and easier access.

Conclusions: Nurses and physicians are looking to the Internet for quick access to reliable information, thus challenging CE educators to develop ways to implement Internet CE activities quickly. Ongoing needs assessment of target authences and evaluation of the effectiveness of Internet CE is essential to optimizing the role of this educational format for healthcare professionals.
Educational Needs of Psychiatric Nurses for Continuing Competency
Authors: Ryan-Nicholls Kimberley D
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT

Background: Practice setting diversification has created an increased need for psychiatric nurses to assume more independent roles, while at the same time being able to demonstrate the corresponding degree of competency to practice. Psychiatric nurses were invited to share their perceptions concerning changes occurring in mental health care, proactive strategies for participating in these changes, and educational opportunities to ensure continuing competency to practice.

Method: Focus groups were conducted with psychiatric nurses located in various Regional Health Authorities in southern and central regions of Manitoba, Canada.

Results: Research findings suggest that psychiatric nurses are primarily concerned with balancing the requirement to demonstrate continuing competence to practice with the challenges associated with the evolving mental healthcare system.

Conclusion: If the requirement for continuing competence is to be reasonable and achievable, it will be essential that the program generate insight into the necessity for such a program to be implemented and acquire support among the registered psychiatric nurse membership.
Faculty Development for Teaching Online: Educational and Technological Issues
Authors: Barker Anne
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this article is to describe the process of creating a faculty development program for online instruction. Both educational and technological issues are discussed. Factors that will facilitate and barriers that will impede the implementation of online courses are included. Many faculty concerns regarding online courses relate to the issues of quality and student learning. Faculty development activities are directed to ensure that courses are developed using sound educational theory and principles. Online courses are first about student learning; using the technology is second. Thus, faculty development programs must be two-pronged, involving instructional design and technology. It is an ongoing process that must be focused on continual training and development.
Very High-frequency Digital Ultrasound Measurement of the LASIK Flap Thickness Profile Using the IntraLase Femtosecond Laser and M2 and Carriazo-Pendular Microkeratomes
Authors: Alió Jorge L. , Piñero David P.
Published: January 2019

Purpose:

To evaluate the corneal aberrometric outcomes and corneal flap thickness profile after LASIK using three different devices for lamellar keratotomy: Moria M2 microkeratome, SCHWIND Carriazo-Pendular microkeratome, and IntraLase femtosecond laser.

Methods:

Sixty-six myopic eyes of 33 patients who underwent LASIK with the SCHWIND ESIRIS excimer laser were enrolled in this study. Lamellar keratotomy was performed using three different devices that were assigned randomly to each patient: the Moria M2 microkeratome, SCHWIND Carriazo-Pendular microkeratome, and IntraLase femtosecond laser. The intended flap depth was 110 µm in all cases. Flap thickness profile, corneal aberrations, contrast sensitivity, and refractive outcomes were evaluated.

Results:

Mean central flap thickness was 117.50±7.80, 118.08±8.34, and 115.95±6.22 µm for the M2, Carriazo-Pendular, and IntraLase systems, respectively. No significant differences were found among the groups. Nasal thicknesses were significantly larger for the M2 flaps compared to IntraLase (
P
<.05) and Carriazo-Pendular flaps (
P
=.046 only at 3-mm position). Temporal thicknesses were larger for the M2 flaps, although only differences between M2 and Carriazo-Pendular flaps reached statistical significance. Larger superior and inferior thicknesses were also observed for M2 flaps, although no statistically significant differences were found. Regarding corneal aberrometry, no statistically significant differences were observed in coma-like (
P
=.138) and spherical-like root-mean-square (
P
=.300).

Conclusions:

The M2, Carriazo-Pendular, and IntraLase systems create flaps of predictable thickness during lamellar keratotomy in LASIK. Additionally, the Carriazo-Pendular and IntraLase devices create flaps with a planar profile. [
J Refract Surg.
2008;24:12–23.]
Prospective Evaluation of Intraocular Lens Calculation After Myopic Refractive Surgery
Authors: Khalil Monica , Chokshi Amit , Latkany Robert , Speaker Mark G. , Yu Guopei
Published: January 2019

Purpose:

To evaluate outcome after refractive surgery in cataract patients for whom intraocular lens (IOL) selection was based on the use of a myopic regression formula.

Methods:

This prospective case series included 20 eyes of 14 patients who had previous uncomplicated myopic refractive surgery, followed by uncomplicated cataract extraction with IOL implantation. Calculation of IOL was based on flattest keratometry readings, spherical equivalent refraction before refractive surgery, and an adjustment factor derived from the regression formula: −(0.47
x
+ 0.85). Following cataract extraction, refractive error was compared against refractive aim. The power of IOL obtained by the regression formula (IOL
RF
) was compared to those obtained using the clinical history method at the spectacle plane (IOLHisKs) and the Double-K formula (IOL
DoubleK
). The results acquired with each technique were compared with those achieved using an IOL back-calculated for emmetropia (IOL
exact
).

Results:

Using the regression formula, IOL calculations produced postoperative cataract extraction refractions within 1.00 diopter (D) (range: −1.00 to 0.78 D) of the intended outcome. Mean spherical equivalent refraction after cataract extraction was −0.31±0.56 D. Twelve of 20 eyes had sufficient data to evaluate the statistical relationships among the three formulas compared with IOL
exact
. Paired
t
test results revealed IOL
RF
(
P
=.0932) and IOL
HisKs
(
P
=.9955) were not statistically different from IOL
exact
whereas IOL
DoubleK
was statistically different from IOL
exact
(
P
=.0008).

Conclusions:

The myopic regression formula is recommended for postoperative myopic LASIK IOL selection to provide a simple, accurate, and consistent method of predicting IOL calculation that is not statistically different from IOL
exact
. [
J Refract Surg
. 2008;24:33–38.]
Dynamics of Small-incision Clear Cornea Wounds After Phacoemulsification Surgery Using Optical Coherence Tomography in the Early Postoperative Period
Authors: Behrens Ashley , Stark Walter J. , Pratzer Kimberly A. , McDonnell Peter J.
Published: January 2019

Purpose:

To evaluate wound dynamics in the immediate postoperative period after phacoemulsification surgery using a small-incision clear cornea approach.

Methods:

Eight patients underwent standard postoperative evaluation 24 hours after uneventful phacoemulsification surgery performed through a temporal or nasal clear corneal incision. Additional screening was performed with non-contact optical coherence tomography (Visante Anterior Segment OCT) to examine the corneal wounds.

Results:

One patient showed partial spontaneous gaping in different areas of the incision, undetected at slit-lamp evaluation. This patient presented with a mild senile bilateral ptosis. Another patient showed localized gaping of the internal aspect of the corneal wound. Both patients had intraocular pressures of 10 mmHg, which were the lowest pressures recorded in the group. Four other incisions showed some degree of localized Descemet's membrane detachment in the vicinity of the wound, also undetected by slit-lamp evaluation.

Conclusions:

Small-incision clear cornea wounds may gape in the immediate postoperative period. If the gape occurs along the entire length of the wound, it may lead to inadvertent bacterial access into the anterior chamber. Optical coherence tomography also indicates that localized detachment of Descemet's membrane may be more common than observed with slit-lamp microscopy. [
J Refract Surg.
2008;24:46–49.]
Overview of Commercially Available Femtosecond Lasers in Refractive Surgery
Authors: Lubatschowski Holger
Published: January 2019

Purpose:

To report on four different commercially available femtosecond laser systems used in refractive surgery.

Methods:

Four systems were analyzed: Ziemer DaVinci system, Zeiss VisuMax, IntraLase FS laser, and 20/10 Perfect Vision FEMTEC.

Results:

The DaVinci system attracts attention with its concept of low laser pulse energy and flexible mirror arm as a beam delivery. The low pulse energy makes it compact and robust, because only an oscillator as a laser source is required. Another important feature of the low energy pulses is the reduced bubble formation during the cutting process. The smaller the bubbles, the more precise the cut can be positioned. However, the compact setup limits the system in its flexibility in cutting geometry. The VisuMax also uses the new generation of femtosecond technology, which should make it more immune to environmental and temperature changes. However, it is a bulky system, and the patient has to be moved to the excimer laser system after the flap is created. The IntraLase is the laser with the most clinical experience by far, which should be an important issue in terms of safety and technical support. On the other hand, it uses older femtosecond laser technology. This technology is sensitive to changes in temperature or humidity, which can be an important factor if the surgical environment is not air conditioned. The 20/10 Perfect Vision FEMTEC system is comparable with the IntraLase with respect to its technical parameters. However, no data are available about the amount of clinical experience.

Conclusions:

Although the systems are based on the same principle of photodisruption in corneal tissue, differences exist regarding the concept of these devices.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2008;24:S102–S107.]
Role of EWOM, Product Satisfaction, and Website Quality on Customer Repurchase Intention
Authors: Aakash Aakash , Aggarwal Anu G.
Published: January 2019

This chapter presents a structural model to determine the role played by website quality (WEQ), product satisfaction, and electronic word of mouth (EWOM) on e-commerce customer satisfaction and their repurchase intention. Online retail business model consists of unique characteristics that offer the service and products to the customer after understanding their requirements and feedback given by the fellow customers in the form of electronic word of mouth. The findings of this chapter suggest that WEQ can be conceptualized as a multi-item construct consisting of system quality (SQ), content quality (CQ), trust (TR), usage (US), customer support (CS), customer feedback (CF), and personalization (PR). This chapter confirms that WEQ, product satisfaction, and EWOM are positively related to e-commerce customer satisfaction (ECS) as well as to repurchase intention (RI). Though the product satisfaction has a significant direct effect on customer satisfaction and repurchase intention, the EWOM and WEQ have greater influence on customer satisfaction and also on repurchase intention.
The Position of Mexico in the World
Authors: Hidalgo Ruth Leticia , Hidalgo Amada , Ortiz Ruth , Polo Sergio Demetrio , Ávila Sofía Elizabeth
Published: January 2019

The world's current dilemmas are focused on three alarming situations: environment, poverty, and food security. International community agendas aim to find specific strategies to obtain better practices to reach an improvement for international societies. The United Nations are diligent involving every international actor to promote public policies restructuring in states to generate the necessary and pertinent changes, especially in the less developed countries. Thus, the mechanisms used by United Nations are multilateral meetings in which important agreements are achieved, for example the works of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), from which the authors spotlight the ones at the top of the list: poverty eradication and global primary education. Therefore, this analysis is carried out to contemplate the options to generate structural changes in public policies while observing the possibilities in educational and professional training toward human capital knowledge.
New Perspectives on Industrial Engineering Education
Authors: Turcu Corneliu Octavian , Turcu Cristina Elena
Published: January 2019

The widespread deployment of inexpensive sensors, processors, embedded systems, etc., as well as the latest advances in data storage, analytics, cloud, etc. triggered significant changes in industrial engineering. This chapter aims to examine the adoption of the internet of things (IoT) in industry and the challenges for higher education. In this respect, the authors tried to explain the relationship between major concepts: IoT and industrial internet of things (IIoT). At the same time, they focused on the presentation of some IIoT enablers that could be viewed as building blocks for IIoT higher education curricula. In order to ensure the required qualifications and to develop the necessary skills for current employees, management staff, and students, academic engineering programs must undergo important changes. Some of these changes are also discussed in this chapter. Nevertheless, since there are so many uncertainties that lie between today and the future, higher education programs need to keep up with the latest technological tendencies.
An Analysis of the Determinants of ITF R&D Projects Commercialization in Hong Kong's Logistics and Supply Chain Industry
Authors: Ho Siu Cheung , Chuah Kong Bieng
Published: January 2019

Innovation and technology are determinants of sustainably the competitive advantage of the company in Hong Kong. In order to deliver the message from industry users to R&D technologist to improve the rate of adoption of R&D technology into the logistics and supply chain industry in Hong Kong, a quantitative survey to collect the industry user concern and expectation of R&D technology is necessary. This chapter aims to develop a novel project management model to have a good grasp of factors influencing R&D project commercialization through a multi-perspective methodology. Through the quantitative survey methodology to collect the data from the industry side, the comprehensive data analysis will be conducted. The main concerns are whether the developed technology applied to the company can create the value for the company to solve the problem and add value.
Kano-HOQ-GRA Hybrid Methodology for Customer-Driven Product Development
Authors: Prasad K. G. Durga , Sravani K. D. S. , Manasa B. L.
Published: January 2019

In order to attain the expectations of the customers and to win their hearts and minds, manufacturing firms are looking towards customer-focused design approach for developing their products. This chapter is devoted to present a hybrid methodology for developing products with customer focus. The methodology is developed by using house of quality (HOQ) with the aid of other techniques, namely, Kano, Swing weighting method (SWM), and Grey relational analysis (GRA). HOQ serves a tool for mapping customers' perception and designers' conception during product development. The Kano helps to understand and categorize the customer needs which is required to capture the voice of customers. The mapping of customer needs and design requirements in inter-relationship matrix of HOQ is carried by using SWM. There may be a scope for ambiguity while preparing inter-relationship matrix due to insufficient data with the design team. It affects ranking of design requirements. To address this issue, GRA is employed. An illustrative example is presented in this chapter to demonstrate the methodology.
Role of R&D Practices for Effective Product Development Process in NPD
Authors: Roy Sudeshna , Dan Pranab K. , Modak Nipu
Published: January 2019

The necessity of new product development (NPD) in the global competition is a well-established fact. Imperativeness of research and development (R&D) practices and product development process (PDP) in NPD are inevitable. In case of R&D practices, fuzzy-front-end (FFE) activities and improvisation are the two sub-factors which are not directly related to R&D but motivate it indirectly with their actions. For PDP, modular product development (MPD) and market analysis are recognized as the factors directly influencing the PDP of the firm for NPD success. This chapter considers product quality and technological developments as performance attributes for development of comprehensive framework by structural equation modeling (SEM) approach. Primary data from 263 experts of Indian manufacturing industries has been collected for analysis purpose. This empirical research portrays the role of R&D practices along with its indirectly related success factors for effectively controlling PDP along with its sub-factors for developing high quality products with technological developments.
Multi-Objective Territory Design for Sales Managers of a Direct Sales Company
Authors: Olivares-Benitez Elias , Ibarra Pilar Novo , Nucamendi-Guillén Samuel , Rojas Omar G.
Published: January 2019

This chapter presents a case study to organize the sales territories for a company with 11 sales managers to be assigned to 111 sales coverage units in Mexico. The assignment problem is modeled as a mathematical program with two objective functions. One objective minimizes the maximum distance traveled by the manager, and the other objective minimizes the variation of the sales growth goals with respect to the national average. To solve the bi-objective non-linear mixed-integer program, a weights method is selected. Some instances are solved using commercial software with long computational times. Also, a heuristic and a metaheuristic based on simulated annealing were developed. The design of the heuristic generates good solutions for the distance objective. The metaheuristic produces better results than the heuristic, with a better balance between the objectives. The heuristic and the metaheuristic are capable of providing good results with short computational times.
Rethinking MOOCs
Authors: Nemer David , O'Neill Jacki
Published: January 2019

Indian users are the second largest population enrolled in MOOCs; yet little is known about them. In this qualitative study of MOOC users in India, the authors aim to understand how and why they use MOOCs. The findings show how MOOCs fit into the Indian context, specifically how they compare to the interviewees' educational experiences and the trade-off between language and content. This article also examines a group of ex-users, that is, a group of previous users who have turned away from MOOCs despite having an educational need. Furthermore, it highlights how the findings contribute to the debate on MOOCs and the promise for better education. Proponents of MOOCs have claimed that they are an improving force for education because they provide free access for anyone with an internet connection to high-quality teachers and materials on a scale not possible before. The authors use the emergent themes from the data to challenge these claims.
IL-33 Augments Virus-Specific Memory T Cell Inflation and Potentiates the Efficacy of an Attenuated Cytomegalovirus-Based Vaccine
Authors: McLaren James E. , Clement Mathew , Marsden Morgan , Miners Kelly L. , Llewellyn-Lacey Sian , Grant Emma J. , Rubina Anzelika , Gimeno Brias Silvia , Gostick Emma , Stacey Maria A. , Orr Selinda J. , Stanton Richard J. , Ladell Kristin , Price David A. , Humphreys Ian R.
Published: January 2019

Candidate vaccines designed to generate T cell–based immunity are typically vectored by nonpersistent viruses, which largely fail to elicit durable effector memory T cell responses. This limitation can be overcome using recombinant strains of CMV. Proof-of-principle studies have demonstrated the potential benefits of this approach, most notably in the SIV model, but safety concerns require the development of nonreplicating alternatives with comparable immunogenicity. In this study, we show that IL-33 promotes the accumulation and recall kinetics of circulating and tissue-resident memory T cells in mice infected with murine CMV. Using a replication-deficient murine CMV vector, we further show that exogenous IL-33 boosts vaccine-induced memory T cell responses, which protect against subsequent heterologous viral challenge. These data suggest that IL-33 could serve as a useful adjuvant to improve the efficacy of vaccines based on attenuated derivatives of CMV.
Lack of Ikaros Deregulates Inflammatory Gene Programs in T Cells
Authors: Lyon de Ana Carolina , Arakcheeva Ksenia , Agnihotri Parul , Derosia Nicole , Winandy Susan
Published: January 2019

CD4 Th cells are organizers of the immune response, directing other immune cells to initiate and maintain effective humoral and cellular immunity. CD4 T cells differentiate into distinct Th effector or regulatory subsets in response to signals delivered to them during the course of infection. Ikaros is a transcription factor that is expressed in blood cells from the level of the hematopoietic stem cell. It is required for normal thymic T cell development and serves as a tumor suppressor, as lack of Ikaros in developing lymphoid cells results in leukemia. To study the role of Ikaros in CD4 T cell differentiation and function, an Ikaros conditional knockout mouse was developed such that Ikaros expression was deleted specifically in mature T cells, thus avoiding defects observed in germline Ikaros mutant mice. Using this model system, we have shown that in the absence of Ikaros, CD4 T cells are able to attain Th1, Th2, and Th17, but not inducible regulatory T, cell fates. However, they show enhanced expression of a cohort of proinflammatory cytokines, resulting in differentiation of Th17 cells with a phenotype that has been associated with autoimmunity and pathological inflammation. In addition, we define Ikaros as a repressor of the gene program associated with the response to type I IFNs, another key pathway whose deregulation is linked to autoimmunity. Taken together, these data definitively define Ikaros as a critical regulator at the center of the inflammatory response in T cells and highlight a potential role in suppressing autoimmunity.
Isolation, molecular identification and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Campylobacter species of dairy origin: first report from Bangladesh
Authors: Kabir S. M. Lutful , Lubna Most. Mostary , Islam Mehedul , Haque A.K.M. Ziaul , Neogi Sucharit Basu , Yamasaki Shinji
Published: January 2019

This study was aimed for isolation, identification and characterization of Campylobacter species from Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) dairy farm during the period of January to May, 2016. A total of 80 samples (faecal samples of calves, heifers and cows; milk samples of cows) were collected from Bangladesh Agricultural University dairy farm for isolation and identification of Campylobacter species by using cultural, biochemical and molecular methods. Moreover, the isolated Campylobacter species were subjected for antimicrobial susceptibility test. Campylobacter like organisms were presumptively identified in 20 samples. Isolates were biochemically positive to catalase and oxidase tests and in hippurate hydrolysis test some of the isolates (n=6) shown negative that indicated the isolates were C. coli and some of the test isolates (n=14) shown positive that indicated the isolates were C. jejuni. Campylobacter specific 16S rRNA genes were amplified from the isolates. Out of 20 isolated Campylobacter 14 (17.5%) were detected as C. jejuni and the rest 6 (7.5%) were detected as C. coli by cdtC gene based multiplex PCR assay. C. jejuni were resistant to amoxicillin, erythromycin, azithromycin and susceptible to gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and streptomycin. Furthermore, C. coli were resistant to amoxicillin and erythromycin and susceptible to gentamycin, ciproflaxacin. Out of 20 Campylobacter isolates, 57.14% C. jejuni and 33.33% C. coli were identified as multidrug resistant. To the best of our knowledge, this study has brought the first report on the occurrence of Campylobacter species with their antibiogram profiles in any dairy farm of Bangladesh.
Estimation of the economic values for the important traits of Zel Sheep in the intensive production system using a bio-economic model
Authors: Pahlevan Afshari Kian , Aboozari Mehran
Published: January 2019

To estimate economic values (EVs) of seven important traits including pregnancy rate (PR), litter size (LS), lamb weight at birth (BW0), three (weaning; BW3), six (BW6) and nine (BW9) months weight and survival rate until the age of 6 months (SR) in Zel sheep under an intensive production system in Mazandaran province of Iran, data from two farms were analysed using a bio-economic model. Variable costs accounted for about 99% of the total costs and the feed costs had the highest proportion with 72.54%. Among the income sources, the sale of surplus animals formed 81.4% of the total revenues. The EVs were estimated as the amount of change in the profit of the system after each trait mean increased by both 1% and one unit, while all other traits were constant at their mean values. The most important trait in this system was LS, followed by SR, PR, BW9, BW3, BW6 and BW0 respectively. The sensitivity of EVs was investigated by changing prices of feed and live weight of 9-month-old lambs by ±20%. Results showed that the EV of BW9 was the most constant and EV of BW0 was the most variable. As the prices of feed and live weight of 9-month-old lambs were simultaneously changed by ±20%, the variation in the EVs decreased and they showed more consistency. This study showed that the profitability in an intensive production system of Zel sheep could be increased by improving LS, SR, PR and BW9.
Optimal sweepouts of a Riemannian 2-sphere
Authors: Chambers Gregory R. , Liokumovich Yevgeny
Published: January 2019

Given a sweepout of a Riemannian 2-sphere which is composed of curves of length less than

L

, we construct a second sweepout composed of curves of length less than

L

which are either constant curves or simple curves.

This result, and the methods used to prove it, have several consequences; we answer a question of M. Freedman concerning the existence of min-max embedded geodesics, we partially answer a question due to N. Hingston and H.-B. Rademacher, and we also extend the results of [CL] concerning converting homotopies to isotopies in an effective way.
Combating hysteresis with output targeting
Authors: Michl Thomas R. , Oliver Kayla M.
Published: January 2019

Hysteresis, path dependence, and multiple equilibria are characteristic features of post-Keynesian economics. This paper constructs an otherwise conventional three-equation model that includes a hysteresis-generating mechanism and an invariant output target. We use it to explore the implications for monetary policy of an output-targeting policy framework that seeks to reverse the damage caused by hysteresis. We restrict ourselves to negative aggregate demand shocks and positive inflation shocks that in most instances require a disinflationary response from the central bank. One important finding is that as long as inflation expectations are to some degree anchored, the central bank can achieve its output target after an aggregate demand shock by overshooting its inflation target temporarily and running a ‘high-pressure labor market.’ If expectations are unanchored, an aggregate demand shock will not have long-run hysteresis effects because the central bank is obliged to reflate aggressively, replacing on a cumulative basis all the demand that was lost through the shock. However, with unanchored expectations a pure inflation shock will create hysteresis effects since the central bank will need to disinflate and it does not have the option of running a high-pressure labor market. Anchoring gives the central bank this option, making inflation shocks manageable.
Jean-Paul Sartre's theatre after communism: Perpetuating the past through non-retranslation?
Authors: Bollaert Charlotte
Published: January 2019

O presente artigo lida com o fenômeno da não-retradução na Rússia pós-URSS, e com a prática relacionada de se reimprimir hoje em dia traduções soviéticas manipuladas. Ilustraremos este fenômeno com a tradução do teatro de Jean-Paul Sartre na Rússia. Os interesses e os mecanismos por trás da reimpressão de traduções soviéticas de Sartre na era pós-URSS serão explorados através do quadro da teoria da retradução. Também refletiremos sobre o possível impacto da reimpressão nos dias de hoje das traduções soviéticas do teatro de Sartre. Tomando a reimpressão como uma forma de não-retradução, o presente artigo prestará mais atenção à prática da reimpressão e em como se relaciona à retradução. As razões para a não-retradução serão, em parte, atribuídas à presença de uma dupla normatividade na Rússia, caracterizada, por um lado, por uma norma econômica dominante conduzindo o campo da literatura após 1991, e, por outro, por uma norma ideológica continuada (o comunismo). Isso nos mostra como, um quarto de século após sua abolição, a censura comunista continua a informar a leitura dos leitores russos contemporâneos, e assim coloca em questão o pressuposto de que a censura comunista desapareceu juntamente com a URSS.
Controle de legalidade do ato jurídico-administrativo praticado na atividade de inteligência: o caso do Estado Democrático de Direito brasileiro
Authors: Nascimento Durbens Martins , Miranda Wando Dias , Reis Neto Roberto Magno
Published: January 2019

Considerando a importância estratégica inerente à atividade de inteligência num contexto mundial e nacional, bem como, levando em conta o “temor” historicamente imputado a esta função, com vistas a propiciar uma aplicação do debate político-jurídico do tema, assim como, o aperfeiçoamento de seus elementos, o presente estudo se debruçou sobre o objetivo de enquadramento jurídico dos atos praticados no exercício da atividade em apreço, elencando os elementos legais caracterizadores de sua validade. Para tanto, num primeiro capítulo, tergiversamos sobre a ideia de democracia e da função da atividade de inteligência neste contexto. E, por conseguinte, restringindo-nos à inteligência de Segurança Pública, buscamos o enquadramento jurídico dos atos praticados pelos agentes e analistas desta área. Por fim, após as etapas anteriores, nos detivemos sobre uma análise crítica dos elementos de validade dos atos jurídico-administrativos praticados na atividade de inteligência em segurança pública, enunciado lacunas e perspectivas de controle dos referidos atos, obviamente, em busca de sua legitimação dentro de nosso regime democrático.
Considerações iniciais sobre inteligência artificial, ética e autonomia pessoal
Authors: Cesar Maganhoto Doneda Danilo , Schertel Mendes Laura , Affonso Pereira de Souza Carlos , Nuno Martin Becerra Gomes de An Norberto
Published: January 2019

Aplicações concretas de Inteligência Artificial tornam-se cada vez mais frequentes e, com elas, a discussão sobre seu impacto para a personalidade e autonomia pessoal. A utilização intensa de dados pessoais em processos e algoritmos capazes de tomar decisões proporcionam avanços, ao mesmo tempo em que podem discriminar e causar danos em situações concretas que demandam atenção do direito e da comunidade científica. A sofisticação de tais modelos decisionais chega ao ponto de que se vislumbrem mesmo alterações em características subjetivas das relações jurídicas, como demonstra o debate sobre a personalidade jurídica de robôs. O recurso a elementos de ética de dados (data ethics), ao cabo, vislumbra-se como uma possibilidade concreta tanto de amortizar alguns dos riscos concretos na implementação de sistemas de Inteligência Artificial preservando os benefícios destes sistemas e ao mesmo tempo resguardando direitos e garantias, bem como servir como parâmetro regulatório.
The formation of nitro-aromatic compounds under high NOx-anthropogenic VOCs dominated atmosphere in summer in Beijing, China
Authors: Wang Yujue , Hu Min , Wang Yuchen , Zheng Jing , Shang Dongjie , Yang Yudong , Liu Ying , Li Xiao , Tang Rongzhi , Zhu Wenfei , Du Zhuofei , Wu Yusheng , Guo Song , Wu Zhijun , Lou Shengrong , Hallquist Mattias , Yu Jianzhen
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Nitro-aromatic compounds (NACs), as important contributors to ultraviolet light absorption by brown carbon, have been widely observed in various ambient atmospheres, however, few field studies has been focused on their formation in urban atmospheres. In this work, NACs in Beijing were comprehensively quantified and characterized in summer, along with major components in fine particulate matter and selected volatile organic compounds. Field observations in this high NOx-anthropogenic VOCs dominated urban atmosphere were analyzed to investigate the NAC formation and influence factors. The total concentration of quantified NACs was 6.63 ng/m3, higher than other summertime studies (0.14–6.44 ng/m3). 4-Nitrophenol (4NP, 32.4 %) and 4-nitrocatechol (4NC, 28.5 %) were the most abundant ones among all the quantified NAC species, followed by methyl-nitrocatechol (MNC), methyl-nitrophenol (MNP) and dimethyl-nitrophenol (DMNP). The oxidation of toluene and benzene in the presence of NOx were found to be more dominant sources of NACs than biomass burning emissions. The NO2 level was an important factor influencing the secondary formation of NACs. A transition from low- to high-NOx regimes coincided with a shift from organic- to inorganic-dominated oxidation products. The transition thresholds were NO2∼20 ppb for daytime and NO2∼25 ppb for nighttime conditions. Under low-NOx conditions, NACs increased with NO2, while the NO3− concentrations and (NO3−)/NACs ratios were lower, implying organic-dominated products. Above the NOx regime transition values, NO2 was excess for the oxidation of ambient VOCs. Under this condition, NAC concentrations did not further increase obviously with NO2, while the NO3− concentrations and (NO3−)/NACs ratios showed significant increasing trends, when shifting from organic- to inorganic-dominated products. Obvious nighttime enhancements of 3M4NC and 4M5NC, daytime enhancements of 4NP, 2M4NP and DMNP indicated their different formation pathways. The aqueous-phase oxidation was the major formation pathways of 4M5NC and 3M5NC, and photo-oxidation of toluene and benzene in the presence of NO2 could be more important for the formation of nitrophenol and its derivatives. Thus, the (3M4NC + 4M5NC)/4NP ratios was employed to indicate the relative contribution of aqueous-phase and gas-phase oxidation to NAC formation. The relative contribution of aqueous-phase pathways was observed to increase at elevated ambient RH and remain constant at RH > 30 %. In addition, the concentrations of VOC precursors (e.g. toluene and benzene) and aerosol surface area were also important factors promoting NAC formation, and photolysis was an important loss pathway of NACs.
Comparing the spatial patterns of climate change in the 9th and 5th millennia BP from TRACE-21 model simulations
Authors: Ning Liang , Liu Jian , Bradley Raymond S. , Yan Mi
Published: January 2019

Abstract. The spatial patterns of global temperature and precipitation changes, as well
as corresponding large-scale circulation patterns during the latter part of
the 9th and 5th millennia BP (4800–4500 versus 4500–4000 BP and
9200–8800 versus 8800–8000 BP) are compared through a group of transient
simulations using the Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3). Both
periods are characterized by significant sea surface temperature (SST)
decreases over the North Atlantic, south of Iceland. Temperatures were also
colder across the Northern Hemisphere but warmer in the Southern Hemisphere.
Significant precipitation decreases are seen over most of the Northern
Hemisphere, especially over Eurasia and the Asian monsoon regions, indicating
a weaker summer monsoon. Large precipitation anomalies over northern South
America and adjacent ocean regions are related to a southward displacement of
the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in that region. Climate changes in
the late 9th millennium BP (the “8.2 ka event”) are widely considered to have been caused by a large freshwater
discharge into the northern Atlantic, which is confirmed in a meltwater
forcing sensitivity experiment, but this was not the cause of changes
occurring between the early and latter halves of the 5th millennium BP.
Model simulations suggest that a combination of factors, led by long-term
changes in insolation, drove a steady decline in SSTs across the North
Atlantic and a reduction in the North Atlantic Meridional Overturning
Circulation (AMOC), over the past 4500 years, with associated teleconnections
across the globe, leading to drought in some areas. Multi-century-scale
fluctuations in SSTs and AMOC strength were superimposed on this decline.
This helps explain the onset of neoglaciation around 5000–4500 BP, followed
by a series of neoglacial advances and retreats during recent millennia. The
“4.2 ka BP Event” appears to have been one of several late Holocene
multi-century fluctuations that were embedded in the long-term, low-frequency
change in climate that occurred after ∼4.8 ka. Whether these
multi-century fluctuations were a response to internal centennial-scale
ocean–atmosphere variability or external forcing (such as explosive volcanic
eruptions and associated feedbacks) or a combination of such conditions is
not known and requires further study.
Recognition of Foreign Judgments in China: The Liu Case and the “Belt and Road” Initiative
Authors: Brand Ronald A.
Published: January 2019

In June, 2017, the Wuhan Intermediate People’s Court became the first Chinese court to recognize a U.S. judgment in the case of Liu Li v. Tao Li & Tong Wu. The Liu case is a significant development in Chinese private international law, but represents more than a single decision in a single case. It is one piece of a developing puzzle in which the law on the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments in China is a part of a larger set of developments. These developments are inextricably tied to the “One Belt and One Road,” or “Belt and Road” Initiative first announced by Chinese President Xi Jinping on a visit to Kazakhstan in 2013. This article traces the development of the Liu case, from the first judgment in California to the decision to recognize and enforce that judgment in Wuhan, China. It then provides the context within which the decision on recognition and enforcement was made, and the way the decision fits within President Xi’s “Belt and Road” Initiative and the pronouncements of the Chinese People’s Supreme Court which have encouraged the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments as part of that Initiative.
Affordable Housing Crisis or Shortage?: Reconciling Legal Scholarship with Free Market Solutions Over the Use of Eminent Domain for Economic Development
Authors: Cosgrove Anthony W.
Published: January 2019

Throughout the United States, low-income families are having an increasingly difficult time finding an affordable place to live.[1] Due to high rents, static incomes, and a shortage of housing, local communities, particularly in urban areas, are struggling to fight off this wave of decline and displacement.[2] Currently in the U.S., an estimated 12 million families are now spending more than half of their income on rent.[3] According to Federal Guidelines, “[f]amilies who pay more than 30 percent of their income for housing are considered cost burdened and may have difficulty affording necessities such as food, clothing, transportation, and medical care.”[4]A large reason for this overspending by low-income families is that the supply of affordable housing is shrinking.[5] Landlords and tenants both are adding to the affordable housing problem as “all sides are being squeezed.”[6] Today, most new construction on rental housing is for the high-end market, “not for low and middle-income families.”[7] So while the problem is clear, the cause of the problem is anything but.This note seeks a better understanding of the current housing problems plaguing local communities around the United States. Whether it is attributable to a crisis of societal construction or a shortage in the supply of affordable housing, this note attempts to reconcile current legal scholarship on local government initiatives, and
The Spectrum of the Divine Order: Goodness, Beauty, and Harmony
Authors: Bai Junxiao
Published: January 2019

This article argues that based on the Pythagorean numerical-musical cosmology, Augustine holds that order, as the immanent power of God, determines the eternal spectrum of beauty, goodness, and harmony in both the physical and metaphysical realms. The principle of harmonic motions of the universe, the principle of knowing the truth, and the principle of right living constitute the divine order of nature, logic, and ethics. In the three realms, nothing can be irrelevant to the inviolate numerical order, which is the essence of all creatures.
El paisaje en el espacio público como medio de integración entre la ciudad y el agua: el caso de la región La Plata, Argentina
Authors: Birche Mariana , Jensen Karina
Published: January 2019

El presente artículo sostiene que la forma del crecimiento urbano actual junto con un entorno urbano fragmentado y la falta de propuestas sobre los espacios públicos significaría una pérdida en los valores de integración paisajística, fundamentalmente en los espacios públicos adyacentes a los cursos de agua. Se releva el área de estudio, con el caso de la región de La Plata, Argentina en pos de constatar la desvinculación existente entre los cursos de agua y área urbana residencial y, por ende, de uno de sus paisajes característicos. Para esto, se hace foco particularmente en aquellos espacios abiertos urbanos adyacentes a los cursos de agua, concebidos como elementos clave y potenciales disparadores para la mejora del hábitat. En este contexto, en el cual la ciudad tiende a la dispersión, cabe preguntarse cómo intervenir en estos espacios de manera que otorguen cualidad y calidad al ambiente construido. La metodología propone identificar las características fundamentales de la expansión urbana para comprender las lógicas de expansión y las principales formas y elementos que configuran el paisaje. A partir de esto, se asignan niveles de integración a los cursos de agua en todo su recorrido y finalmente desde la noción de paisaje, se propondrán estrategias para la creación de una red de agua y espacios verdes que respondan a las nuevas demandas de la población.