bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Slow release pirimicarb granular formulations: Measurements of release rate under field conditions
Authors: Seaman D. , Warrington R. P.
Published: November 2006

Various granular formulations based on a non‐disintegrating granular carrier of the aphicide, pirimicarb, were tested for release rate under natural conditions by placing the granules in small bags made of a non‐woven fabric in various soils and analysing the contents at monthly periods. There was complete release from the control formulation within 1 month. The other formulations contained slow release additives. These slowed down the release rate but half of the active ingredient was still released in the first month from the formulation with the slowest release rate. It appears that if very slow rates of release are required than a different type of granule is needed.

Laboratory release rates bear some relationship to field results justifying the use of laboratory tests as a method for selecting a short list of formulations for testing in the field.
Endosulfan residues on alfalfa hay exposed to drying by sunlight, ultraviolet light and air
Authors: Archer T. B.
Published: November 2006

Endosulfan residues on alfalfa hay exposed to drying by sunlight, ultraviolet light and air under controlled conditions were investigated using g.l.c. and t.l.c. Maximum loss of total endosulfan and related residues calculated as endosulfan occurred approximately 7 days after application and exposure on Lot 1 (dark) and 5 days on Lot II (ultraviolet light) and 6 days on Lot III (sunlight). Maximum losses of residues on Lot I, Lot II and Lot HI were 48.3, 66.7 and 81.9%, respectively. No endosulfan lactone was detected in any of the samples exposed to the different light treatments. In all Lots the endosulfan sulphate percentage of the total residue increased but most dramatically in the dark drying experiment. The endosulfan a‐hydroxy ether residues increased in Lot III (sunlight) up to day 7.
Pesticide residues in soil and foodstuff I. Chlorinated pesticides in cattle feed and milk produced in orchard and non‐orchard areas
Authors: Muir D. C. G. , Baker B. E.
Published: November 2006

Milk, hay and silage produced in orchard and non‐orchard areas have been analysed for their content of chlorinated pesticides. The residue levels in milk produced in orchard areas were about double those in milk produced in non‐orchard areas. The levels in hay were much higher (30% up to sevenfold) in the hay produced in orchard areas and the levels in silage from the two areas showed small differences. Milk collected after cattle had been grazing in an orchard for 3 to 4 days contained 10% more pp′‐DDT and 2‐, 3‐, 7‐ and 15‐fold morepp′‐DDE, pp′‐TDE and heptachlor epoxide, gamma‐BHC and pp′‐TDE olefin [1‐chloro‐2,2‐bis(p‐chlorophenyl)ethylene], respectively, than did the samples collected one day before the cattle grazed in the orchard.
Resynthesis of multiple resistance to organophosphorus insecticides from strains with factors of resistance isolated from the SKA strain of house flies
Authors: Sawicki R. M.
Published: November 2006

Individual factors of resistance to insecticides attributable to chromosomes II, III and V of the SKA strain of houseflies (Musca domestica L) were combined in pairs to determine how their presence affects resistance. The re‐synthesised strains with resistance factors on chromosomes II and V, and on chromosomes III and V, were tested with several organophosphorus insecticides and DDT. The penetration delaying mechanism Pen on chromosome III, which alone gives little or no resistance, slightly increased the resistance of flies with the microsomal detoxifying factor Ses on chromosome V to diazinon and malaoxon‐ethyl (c. × 1.5), but was more effective in increasing resistance to DDT (× 6). There was no effect on the response to other insecticides tested. The combined effect of the mechanisms of resistance on chromosome II (glutathione S‐ethyl transferase and phosphatase) and on chromosome V (microsomal detoxication) approximated to the product of the resistance conferred by each of these mechanisms singly, suggesting that the mechanisms of resistance on the two chromosomes act independently. Therefore, most of the strong resistance to organophosphorus insecticides in the SKA strain results from the interaction between delayed penetration (chromosome III) and the factors of resistance on chromosome II, and the independent action of the resistance factors on chromosomes II and V.
Perfusion studies with bromoxynil octanoate in soil
Authors: Collins R. F.
Published: November 2006

The breakdown of bromoxynil octanoate in 5 different soil types has been studied in a soil perfusion apparatus using herbicide labelled with 14C either in the cyano group or in the aromatic ring. Even when applied at rates equivalent to 5 to 25 times those used commercially, the herbicide was fairly rapidly and extensively degraded at 15°. After 12 to 13 weeks, up to 80% of the radioactivity in the 14CN group and up to 63 % of the 14C in the ring were liberated as carbon dioxide. A small proportion (16 to 19%) of the radioactivity from ring‐labelled herbicide remained attached to the soil, probably not as the original herbicide, but in a form not readily leached. Only trace quantities of 3,5‐dibromo‐4‐hydroxy‐benzamide (0.5%) and 3,5‐dibromo‐4‐hydroxybenzoic acid (0.1%) were detectable during these soil perfusions.
Fungicidal activity and chemical constitution. XX. The activity of substituted 1,4‐naphthohydroquinone esters and substituted 1,4‐naphthoquinones against powdery mildews
Authors: Fieldgate Diana M. , Woodcock David
Published: November 2006

Eleven 2‐n‐alkyl‐, ten 2‐n‐alkyl‐3‐hydroxy‐ and ten 2‐n‐alkyl‐2,3‐epoxy‐3‐hydro‐1,4‐naphthoquinones, together with eighteen 1,4‐naphthohydroquinone esters were tested as protectant fungicides against the apple and cucumber powdery mildews (caused by Podosphaera leucotricha and Sphaerotheca fuliginea respectively). In.general the former pathogen was more susceptible to compounds from all four series, the lowest 105ED50(M) being 0.7 for 2‐n‐octyl‐2,3‐epoxy‐3‐hydro‐1,4 naphthoquinone.
Field susceptibility of the cocoa mirid, Sahlbergella singularis haglund (heteroptera) to some new insecticides
Authors: Eguagie W. E.
Published: November 2006

Two groups of insecticides were screened against the cacao mirid, S. singularis in small‐scale field trials from September 1969 to January 1972. In first group 0.05% promecarb, 0.04% phosphamidon and 0.02% monocrotophos were equally effective and superior to 0.05% mecarbam in the three days after spraying but 0.05% promecarb was most toxic to bugs by the seventh day. In the 0.15 to 0.2% range, all four insecticides showed similar toxicity within 3 days of spraying but only 0.15% mecarbam and 0.2% promecarb maintained control to the seventh day. For mecarbam, phosphamidon and monocrotophos, control at 0.15% was better than at 0.05, 0.04 and 0.02% respectively 7 days after spray whilst 0.2% was superior to 0.05% promecarb 2 days after spray and not afterwards.

At either 0.21 or 0.33 lb/acre insecticides in the second group (pirimiphos methyl, HOE 2960, CA 6900 and dicrotophos) gave identical level of control of mirids and control at the latter dosage rate was not better than at the former. There was no significant difference between 3 and 4 oz a.i./10 gal water/200 trees in toxicity to mirids and the insecticides gave equally good control of the bugs at both dosage levels till 35th day after spray. On the basis of efficacy and safety of use, promecarb CA 6900 and pirimiphos methyl were deemed suitable for further (large scale) trials.
Zones of exudation along plant roots and spatial distribution of micro‐organisms in the rhizosphere
Authors: Rovira Albert D.
Published: November 2006

The use of 14C‐labelling of plants in short‐term studies has established that the major zone of release of carbon‐containing materials from roots is the zone of elongation. Much of this material is in an insoluble form, comprising sloughed‐off root cap cells and polysaccharide material, and remains in the immediate vicinity of the root.

Electron microscopy of ultra‐thin sections of the root‐soil interface of wheat plants has shown that colonisation by micro‐organisms of the rhizosphere is relatively sparse in the young parts of roots. In the older parts of roots, evidence was obtained that bacteria lyse the walls of the outer root cells and this is followed by dense colonisation of these moribund outer cells by bacteria.
The pyrethrins and related compounds. XVII. Preparation of the insecticide bioresmethrin (5‐benzyl‐3‐furylmethyl (+)‐trans‐chrysanthemate) and related compounds labelled with deuterium or tritium on the furan ring
Authors: Elliott Michael , Janes Norman F. , Spanner Jack A.
Published: November 2006

2‐2H‐5‐Benzyl‐3‐furylmethyl esters exclusively are obtained from an exchange reaction of the parent esters with deuterium oxide and a trace of acid (n.m.r. and mass spectrometric control). Similarly, with tritiated water, 6 insecticidal esters of 5‐benzyl‐3‐furylmethyl alcohol give the corresponding [2‐3H]esters, each with specific activity of approx. 500 mCi/mmol.
Radiochemical distribution and decline studies with bromoxynil octanoate in wheat
Authors: Buckland Jenny L. , Collins R. F. , Henderson Margaret A. , Pullin Eileen M.
Published: November 2006

Bromoxynil octanoate labelled with 14C in the ring or in the cyano‐group was applied to wheat seedlings at the two‐leaf or fully‐tillered stage and at rates equivalent to up to 16 oz a.i./acre. The plants were grown either in environmental chambers under controlled conditions for up to 28 days, or outdoors under field conditions for various periods up to harvest. Initially, elimination of radioactivity occurred more rapidly with bromoxynil‐cyano‐[14C]‐octanoate than with bromoxynil‐ring‐[14C]‐octanoate, indicating metabolic attack on the cyano group. Under outdoor conditions with ring‐[14C]‐herbicide applied at the two‐leaf stage, only 12% of the radioactivity was retained after 28 days, principally in the treated leaves. When application was made at fully‐tillered stage, about 33% of the 14C was retained after 56 days, almost entirely in the treated senescent leaves at the base of the plant. There was very little translocation of the herbicide or of any major metabolite.

The level of radioactivity in harvested grain and in straw more than 7.5 cm above the ground was very low, even after very late application of ring‐[14C]‐labelled herbicide. The amount of bromoxynil octanoate, together with any metabolite retaining part of the aromatic ring, did not collectively exceed the equivalent of approx. 0.01 parts/million bromoxynil octanoate.
Bioassay and transcuticular movement of systemic fungicides
Authors: Edgington Lloyd , Buchenauer Heinrich , Grossmann Friedrich
Published: November 2006

A sensitive bioassay method was developed using bidirectional diffusion of fungicides in agar bands instead of diffusion through 360°. This method permitted the measurement of fungicide movement through isolated cuticular disks into agar bands underneath. Oil dispersible formulations of oxycarboxin and pyracarbolid penetrated through cuticles of coffee much more efficiently than wettable powder formulations.
Studies on the performance of laying hens and broiler chickens fed low doses of tetrachlorvinphos
Authors: Phillips Joanne A. , Whitehead Colin C.
Published: November 2006

The effects of moderate to low doses of tetrachlorvinphos (TCVP) on egg production in hens and growth in broiler chickens have been studied. Dietary levels of 0, 50 and 500 mg TCVP/kg were fed to laying hens for 12 or 13 weeks. Adverse effects of the treatment on egg production, egg and yolk weight, egg hatchability, shell thickness, bird weight or food consumption were not observed. In an 8‐week study on broiler chickens fed dietary concentrations of 0,2,5,50,100 and 150 mg TCVP/kg growth and food conversion were not significantly affected.
The effect of nutrients on the decomposition of the herbicides atrazine and linuron incubated with soil
Authors: Hance R. J.
Published: November 2006

The rates of disappearance of atrazine and linuron when incubated at 22°C with soil or soil containing added nutrient materials were determined with 2 contrasting soils. Inorganic salts, straw or a combination of both increased atrazine degradation in both soils. None of the treatments influenced linuron breakdown greatly. It is concluded that in these soils the rate limiting step in atrazine degradation could be microbiological, not chemical.
Surface properties and natural defence in mammals
Authors: Macmillan W. G. , Hibbitt K. G.
Published: November 2006

One of the factors affecting the non‐specific resistance of mammals to microbial invasion is the antimicrobial activity of cationic proteins produced by the host animal. These proteins, which carry a positive charge at physiological pH values, bind on to the anionic binding sites of the cell walls and membranes of invading bacteria leading to their destruction. It has been shown that these proteins produce an increased permeability of the bacterial membranes and lead to a leakage of the protoplasmic contents. Electron microscopy studies have revealed marked morphological changes in the bacteria! fine structure, particularly in the cell wall and membrane regions. An attempt is made to show how the polycations produced by the invaded host bind to the charged anionic sites on the bacteria, interfering with their microenvironment.
The effect of benomyl and thiophanate‐methyl on earthworm populations in apple orchards
Authors: Stringer Austin , Lyons Clive H.
Published: November 2006

The use of the fungicides benomyl and thiophanate‐methyl on experimental orchard plots for 3 years and of benomyl on a commercial orchard for 1 year resulted in a drastic reduction of earthworm populations. The species of earthworms affected were Lumbricus terrestris, L. castaneus, L. festivus, L. rubellus, Allolobophora caliginosa, A. chlorotica, A., longa, A. rosea, A. tuberculata and Octolasium cyaneum. L. terrestris and A. chlorotica were more affected than the other species, both being virtually eliminated after 2 years' spraying. The depleted populations of species other than L. terrestris and A. chlorotica recovered to normal levels after a 2‐year rest period following a single year's treatment with benomyl (1.40 kg/ha). The role of the surface‐feeding L. terrestris is discussed in relation to the spray fall‐out on the sward and to grass management.
On the anti‐cholinesterase activity of benomyl
Authors: Krupka Richard M.
Published: November 2006

The fungicide benomyl, previously reported to be an anti‐cholinesterase and toxic to earthworms, has now been shown to have little or no effect on cholinesterase. However, it breaks down to form two products: butyl isocyanate. which is an irreversible inhibitor of the enzyme of comparable potency to organophosphates; and methyl benzimidazol‐2‐ylcarbamate (MBC, carbendazim), which does not inhibit at all. The reported inhibitory power of benomyl is therefore likely to be due to formation of small quantities of the former. It is also concluded that toxicity of benomyl and MBC to earthworms cannot be due to inactivation of cholinesterase.
A method for the estimation of 1,2‐dibromoethane in vegetables
Authors: Hargreaves Phillip A. , Wainwright David H. , Hamilton Denis J.
Published: November 2006

Residues of 1,2‐dibromoethane (EDB) were readily estimated in treated vegetables down to levels of 0.2 mg/kg. Clean‐up was effected by steam distillation into a toluene trap. This was followed by X‐ray fluorescence determination of the collected EDB in the toluene. Good recoveries of added EDB were obtained at 0.5, 2, 5 and 20 mg/kg in cucumbers, pumpkins and zucchinis.
Comparison of solvents and methods of extracting methylbenzimidazol‐2‐yicarbamate (MBC) from tobacco
Authors: Fernandes Desirée L. , Cole James S.
Published: November 2006

The bioautographic method of Homans and Fuchs for detecting MBC on thin layer plates, was tested quantitatively. The sum of the vertical and horizontal diameters of the zones of inhibition of Penicillium expansum, and the square root of the mass of an equal area of paper, were directly proportional to the logarithm of the concentration of MBC. Methanol and ethanol extracted significantly more MBC from tobacco tissue than acetone and chloroform. Soxhlet extraction was more effective than cold (22 °C) treatment, but the latter, in which 100 mg aliquots of dried tissue were used, was the least variable, very much quicker and could be used to detect the fungicide in small amounts of individual plant tissues.
Persistence of bromoxynil in three soil types
Authors: Ingram Gordon H. , Pullin Eileen M.
Published: November 2006

The persistence of bromoxynil octanoate has been studied in clay loam, fen peat and sand soils. Application of the herbicide at 1.12 kg/ha (16 oz/acre) active ingredient, as the octanoate, produced mean initial residues of 0.91,0.53 and 0.35 mg/ litre in the clay, peat and sand respectively, but declined to below the level of detection, 0.11, 0.09 and 0.14 mg/litre in the clay, peat and sand after 28, 44 and 14 days respectively. The rate of decline was inversely related to the sum of the organic matter and clay components of the soils.
A compartmental computer model of foliar uptake of pesticides
Authors: Bridges Raymond C. , Farrington John A.
Published: November 2006

The uptake and movement of a chemical into a wheat leaf has been simulated in a 5‐compartment model. The compound is considered to be applied to the leaf as discrete droplets of solution, from which water evaporates at a uniform rate. Solute diffuses from the droplets through the plant cuticle into the epidermal cell wall, and from there either into and out of the cytoplasm and vacuole of the mesophyll cells or along cell walls to the xylem. Once in the xylem it is carried in the transpiration stream towards the tip of the leaf.

Accurate values for the parameters required by the model have not yet been measured, but the model simulates in a qualitative manner the movement pattern observed for 1‐methyl‐2‐pyridone. The results presented focus attention on the possible importance of membrane permeability in determining the phytotoxicity of xylem mobile pesticides.
Conversion of metham‐sodium to methyl isothiocyanate and basic data on the behaviour of methyl isothiocyanate in soil
Authors: Smelt Johan H. , Leistra Minze
Published: November 2006

Data were collected that are needed to simulate soil fumigation with metham‐sodium with computation models. The rate of conversion of metham‐sodium into methyl isothiocyanate was dependent on temperature and soil type, and conversion was usually completed within a few hours. In comparison with dichloropropene, there was a higher water/gas distribution ratio and thus a slower vapour diffusion. Adsorption from the water phase onto the solid phase was weaker. The first‐order rate equation described the decomposition of methyl isothiocyanate and the half‐lives varied from a few days to a few weeks according to temperature and soil type.
Effects of phorate placement on carrot fly control, seedling density and terminal residues in the crop
Authors: Maskell Frank E. , Gair Robert , Williams John H. , Cooper Beverley J.
Published: November 2006

The application of granules containing 10 % phorate at 1.12,2.24 or 4.48 kg a.i./ha in a narrow slit together with carrot seed significantly reduced seedling emergence in both a mineral and peat soil. When the granules were applied at 2.24 or 4.48 kg a.i./ha in a narrow slit 2.5 cm below the seed, seedling emergence was adversely affected only at the higher rate in the mineral soil. Phorate granules applied with the seed in the peat soil gave a significantly lower plant density than when applied below the seed, but subsequent carrot yields were unaffected because much larger roots were produced. All phorate treatments gave effective reduction of carrot fly larval damage to the roots.

On the peat soil, there were significant increases in total phorate residues present in mature carrots with increasing rate of phorate granules placed with the seed. Placement of the granules 2.5 cm below the seed resulted in a 50% reduction in total residues of phorate in whole carrots compared with placing the granules with the seed. Residues resulting from 1.12 kg a.i./ha with the seed or 2.24 kg a.i./ha 2.5 cm below the seed were not significantly greater than residues in untreated carrots.
Studies in phytotoxicity III. Changes in the levels of some keto‐acids in plants treated with a phytotoxic pesticide
Authors: Milward Anthony F. , Skerrett E. John
Published: November 2006

In attempts to develop more rapid tests for phytotoxicity before the appearance of visual symptoms, the levels of pyruvic and a‐oxo‐glutaric acids were determined in leaves of dwarf bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) before and after treatment with a toxicant (lime sulphur). Efforts were also directed towards demonstrating the recovery of the initial photosynthetic processes by exposing plants to radio‐active labelled carbon dioxide at various intervals after treatment and then measuring the quantities of radioactivity incorporated into the two acids.
The toxicity of dieldrin (HEOD) to domestic fowl
Authors: Brown Vernon K. H. , Robinson John , Thorpe Ernest , Barrett John W.
Published: November 2006

Domestic fowl were fed control diet or diets containing 10 or 20 μg/g HEOD. Eggs and samples of blood were collected at intervals and the concentration of HEOD was determined. The concentrations of HEOD in body tissues were also determined after 7 and 13 months. Some of the birds died, but the health of the remainder appeared to be unaffected. The hens of the 20 parts/million group showed an increased egg production, but chick mortality in this group was higher than in the other two groups. The dynamics of HEOD in domestic fowl were qualitatively similar to that in other vertebrates and was consistent with the mamillary type compartmental model.
The influence of some biologically active compounds on microbial activity and on the availability of plant nutrients in soils. I. simazine, ioxynil and 2,3,6‐tba
Authors: Smith Margaret S. , Weeraratna C. Stanley
Published: November 2006

The effect of the herbicides simazine (2)‐chloro‐4,6‐bis (ethylamino)‐s‐triazine, ioxynil (4‐hydroxy‐3,5‐diiodobenzonitrile) and 2,3,6‐TBA(2, 3,6‐trichlorobenzoic acid) on microbial activity and available plant nutrient content of an acid and an alkaline soil during an incubation period of six weeks under aerobic conditions has been studied in comparison with untreated soils. The herbicides were incorporated with the soils at normal application rates. At intervals determinations were made of carbon dioxide liberated, the content of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen and of available mineral plant nutrient elements. These quantities were not significantly influenced by the presence of 2,3,6‐TBA :simazine stimulated microbial activity and ioxynil did so after an initial period of suppression. Both simazine and ioxynil retarded nitrification in the alkaline soil but increased it in the acid soil, attributed in part to stimulation of heterotrophic organisms. Biological oxidation of manganese was retarded by ioxynil but stimulated by simazine. Changes in the availability of some other plant nutrient elements were also found.
Degradation of triphenyltin chloride on sugar beet plants and in rats
Authors: Freitag Klaus‐Dieter , Bock Rudolf
Published: November 2006

The degradation of triphenyltin chloride on the leaves of sugar beet proceeds via di‐ and mono‐phenyltin compounds to inorganic tin(IV). This degradation scheme has also been observed in rats, as the same metabolites were found in urine and faeces of these animals. After a single application of triphenyltin chloride, more than 90% of the tin given is excreted within one week (approx. 88% with the faeces and approx. 3% with the urine). The experiments were performed with radioactive (C6H5)3113SnCl.
Residues in carrots treated with linuron
Authors: Løkke Hans
Published: November 2006

Investigations have been carried out on residues of linuron and its breakdown products in carrots sprayed with Jinuron at 1, 2, or 4 kg a.i./ha, 0, 19, 28, 36 or 60 days after sowing (up to 57 days before harvesting). The extracted residues were separated into three fractions by liquid‐liquid partitioning: (a) linuron, (b) 3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyi)‐l‐methoxyurea, 3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐l‐methylurea, 3,4‐di‐chlorophenylurea and (c) 3,4‐dichloroaniline. The compounds in each fraction were hydrolysed and the iodine derivative 1,2‐dichloro‐4‐iodobenzene was formed by a Sandmeyer reaction between 3,4‐dichloroaniline and iodide ion, followed by gas chromatography with electron capture detector. Only 5‐13% of the extract‐able residues were breakdown products. Most of the detectable residue (87‐95%) was identified as linuron. The relative proportions of linuron and breakdown products in carrots at the time of harvest were not affected by the time of spraying or the interval between treatment and harvest.
Pesticide residues in the total diet in Canada. IV. 1972 and 1973
Authors: Smith Dorothy C. , Leduc Raymonde , Tremblay Louise
Published: November 2006

Foods, representing an average Canadian diet, were prepared for eating, made into homogenised composites, each containing one type of produce, and analysed for pesticide residues and arsenic. The amounts found were at a consistently low level which could contribute approximately 20 μg total pesticide residues and 35 μg arsenic/person/day.
Chloroanisole residues in broiler tissues
Authors: Harper David B. , Balnave Derick
Published: November 2006

The relative tissue concentrations and total bird levels of chloroanisoles in commercial broilers reared on litter are reported. The levels observed at either 4 or 8 weeks of age are well below those quoted as inducing taint development in cooked birds. Although the highest concentrations of chloroanisoles occurred in bone and adipose fat the greatest contribution of chloroanisoles to “whole bird” levels was found in edible tissue. However, this was predominantly pentachloroanisole which is unlikely to cause a taint problem since it has a much higher taint threshold than tetrachloroanisole.
Fungicidal activity of some naturally occurring naphthaquinones
Authors: Sankaram Akella V. B. , Srinivasan Trichinapally N. , Indulkar Anil S.
Published: November 2006

The fungicidal activity of some naturally occurring 1,4‐naphthaquinones and related compounds has been determined. The activity is associated with the presence of a vacant quinonoid position or a halogen atom in the quinone ring of the naphthaquinone moiety as postulated earlier. Perimethoxy 1,4‐naphthaquinones showed diminished activity as compared to their parent compounds.
Importance of storage stability studies in the development of pesticide formulations
Authors: Niessen Heinz J.
Published: November 2006

Manufacturers of pesticides must know the shelf life of their products for the most varied storage conditions. Accelerated storage tests at elevated temperatures can never completely substitute long‐term tests under practical conditions. Nevertheless, a mathematical evaluation of analysis results can considerably raise the meaningfulness of such accelerated tests since predictions of the anticipated active ingredient decomposition under the many different temperature/time conditions are possible. An example is given to demonstrate that for this purpose only a small number of analytical data are needed. Without the degradation reaction order being determined, a sufficiently accurate estimate of the degradation rate can be made. This is demonstrated by a comparison of calculated and found levels of active ingredient content in a long‐term storage test.
Principles and problems of pesticides legislation
Authors: van Tiel N.
Published: November 2006

The present paper deals with a number of aspects concerning principles and problems of pesticides legislation. Consideration is first given to the definition of the term pesticide, both in the context of legislation, which requires a precise description, and for the purpose of international organisations, such as for example the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission. A general outline is given of the pesticide situation, summarising the benefits derived from the use of pesticides, and the risks involved concerning man, environment and food. The necessity of regulations in this field is stipulated, though it is emphasised that such regulations should not jeopardise justified plant health requirements. Consideration is further given to the criteria, which are relevant in any approval scheme, mandatory or voluntary, for pesticides. The main criteria should refer to efficacy and risk of undesirable side‐effects on the basis of toxicological and environmental data. Reference is given to some principles of the present Netherlands Pesticides Act and of the proposed amendments. A survey is given of the present position within the European Economic Community with respect to harmonisation of tolerances, and of the difficulties encountered in the FAO/WHO Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues in agreeing on international tolerances. A certain degree of uncoupling of tolerance regulations from national use pattern regulations would be desirable. The question is raised whether it is theoretically possible to cover all requirements in one single tolerance figure, applicable world‐wide, and thought might be given to a dual value system.
Pesticide Legislation and Industry
Authors: Waitt Arthur W.
Published: November 2006

Pesticides are an essential part of modern agricultural technology required to provide high quality and high yields of food, feed and fibres. The pesticide industry faces widespread environmental concern, rising costs for research and development and increasingly stringent regulations. These pressures demand a highly critical appraisal of all stages of product evaluation, product development and of capital investment. The safe use of pesticides is the joint responsibility of government and industry; their effective cooperation can only be assured by ready dialogue combined with willingness to compromise on legislation and registration procedures, nationally and internationally, for the benefit of improved technology.
Role of insect haemolymph in translocation of insecticides
Authors: Gerolt Philip
Published: November 2006

A ligature round the “waist” of the housefly was shown to block effectively the flow of haemolymph between the abdomen and the rest of the body, but it did not prevent the toxic action of certain contact insecticides. These included representatives of four major chemical types. The ligature appeared to have little effect on the speed of action of these compounds, suggesting that the haemolymph is not important in their transport to the site of action.
Organophosphorus poisoning: A comparative study of the toxicity of carbophenothion to the Canada goose, the pigeon and the Japanese quail
Authors: Jennings Derek M. , Bunyan Peter J. , Brown Peter M. , Stanley Peter I. , Jones Frank J. S.
Published: November 2006

The acute single dose oral toxicity of carbophenothion (S‐4‐chlorophenylthiomethyl OO‐diethyl phosphorodithioate) has been determined in Canada geese (Branta canadensis), pigeons (Columba livia) and Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). At post mortem examination gross pathological changes were observed in Canada geese and pigeons and esterase levels were determined by conventional and electrophoretic methods on extracts of liver and brain from these two species. Carbophenothion residue levels were determined in liver, brain and gizzard contents from the geese and pigeons. The overall pattern of results suggests that esterase inhibition may not be the dominant factor in carbophenothion poisoning in geese. It is suggested that a brain carbophenothion residue level of 1 part/106 is indicative of death by poisoning in geese.
Systematic approach to the wild oat problem
Authors: Hughes Robert G.
Published: November 2006

A five‐year study in consecutive cereal cropping under commercial conditions has indicated that a dense population of wild oat, Avena fatua, can be reduced to a practical roguing level by annual efficient use of the currently available herbicides, barban or tri‐allate, over a four‐year period. Alternative year application of these herbicides was also studied. Problems arising during the conduct of a National Wild Oat Advisory Programme are also spotlighted.
Structure‐activity relationships in fungitoxicants related to triforine and chloraniformethan. I. Synthesis and fungitoxicity to Erysiphe graminis on barley
Authors: Brown David , Woodcock David
Published: November 2006

Seventy analogues of chloraniformethan and triforine were prepared and tested for activity against barley powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe graminis. Structural variations, including replacement of the trichloromethyl, formamido, 3,4‐dichloroanilino or piperazin‐1,4‐diyl groups, yielded information concerning the structural characteristics required for activity in leaf‐spray or root‐drench tests, and it appears that the XCHNHCO grouping (where X=substituted nitrogen, oxygen or sulphur) is a prerequisite for activity.
Persistence and degradation of chlorfenvinphos, chlormephos, disulfoton, phorate and pirimiphos‐ethyl following spring and late‐summer soil application
Authors: Suett David L.
Published: November 2006

Granular formulations of chlorfenvinphos, chlormephos, disulfoton, phorate and pirimiphos‐ethyl were broadcast at 2 kg a.i./ha and incorporated to 100 mm into a sandy‐loam soil either in May or in September 1971. The relative persistence of their residues, including insecticidally active oxidation products, after both application dates was disulfoton > chlorfenvinphos > phorate > pirimiphos‐ethyl > chlormephos. When applied in September all the insecticides persisted for longer than when applied in May. Degradation was slower during the winter while the mean soil temperature at 100 mm depth remained below 6 to 7°C. Rising soil temperature in the following spring rapidly increased the rates of degradation of chlorfenvinphos, chlormephos and pirimiphos‐ethyl residues but not of disulfoton‐ and phorate‐derived residues, predominantly the parent sulphones, which had been leached deeper. Ten months after the September application, half the total residues derived from disulfoton and phorate were found below the initial incorporation depth, whereas the other insecticides showed relatively little downward movement. It was concluded that late summer/early autumn applications for carrot fly control would leave appreciable residues of some insecticides in the soil at the beginning of the next growing season which may contribute to the terminal residues in crops. These would be minimised if moderately persistent compounds were used or if doses of persistent ones were substantially reduced.
A study of 1,2‐dibromoethane residues in wheat and milled products
Authors: Sidhu Jiwan S. , Muthu M. , Bains Gurcharan S.
Published: November 2006

A method is described for determining residues of 1,2‐dibromoethane (EDB) in milled wheat products. The residues are first extracted with benzene, then recovered azeotropically for reaction with alkali and subsequent determination of liberated bromide ion by a Volhard titration. Freshly milled flours from wheat fumigated with 65.0 and 325 mg EDB/litre at 37°C were found to contain 10.6 to 39.4 mg EDB/kg and the bran contained from 51.4 to 153 mg EDB/kg.
Persistence of benfluralin in soil and its uptake by carrots
Authors: Businelli Mario , Tafuri Francesco , Scarponi Luciano , Marucchini Cesare
Published: November 2006

Analytical methods are described for the determination of residues of benfluralin in soil and carrots. All plots treated with 1.3 or 1.9 kg benfluralin/ha produced average carrot yields significantly higher than untreated plots. Degradation of benfluralin in soil was very slow during the winter. As the temperature rose, the rate of benfluralin decline was accelerated; 324 days after incorporation, benfluralin residues were reduced to about 11 and 14% of the applied dose. The average total residues of benfluralin found in whole carrots were 210 ± 18 and 240 ± 47 ng/g following doses of 1.3 and 1.9 kg a.i./ha respectively. The peel of carrots contained 92% of the total residue, and there seemed to be little translocation of the compound through the plant tissues.
An improved method for the analysis of trifenmorph in water
Authors: Beynon Kenneth I. , Wright A. Neill
Published: November 2006

The colorimetric method for the analysis of the molluscicide trifenmorph (N‐tritylmorpholine) in water has been extended to allow analysis of trifenmorph alone under field conditions. A simple chromatographic stage has been used to reject the hydrolysis product triphenylmethanol. The modified procedure has been useful in the field during recent applications of trifenmorph.
Spray deposit cover and fungicide distribution obtained on intensive apple trees by overhead mobile spraying methods
Authors: Cooke Barry K. , Herrington Pamela J. , Jones Kenneth G. , Morgan Norman G.
Published: November 2006

Spray deposit assessments were made on the leaf surfaces in the top, middle and base zones of intensively grown apple trees sprayed by the conventional largevolume automatic method applying 2250 litres/ha and by fast overhead methods with nozzle booms applying 1125 litres/ha and with mist‐blowing equipment applying 562 litres/ha. Qualitative assessment of spray cover, using a 0.05% suspension of Saturn Yellow fluorescent tracer showed that whereas the conventional method gave heavy cover on upper and lower surfaces in all zones, the two overhead methods gave heavier cover on the upper surfaces than on the lower and that an appreciable proportion of the lower surfaces especially in the base zone on trees sprayed by the overhead mist‐blower had no fluorescent deposit. Quantitative assessments of copper spray deposits by colorimetric estimations separately on upper and lower surfaces agreed in general with the fluorescent tracer indications, especially the much greater deposits on the upper surfaces on the trees sprayed from overhead. Monitoring of captan spray deposits before and after each successive fungicide application through the season showed that in the three zones the residual and cumulative deposits from the conventional automatic applications were heavier and more uniform than those from the overhead methods which gave lighter deposits on the middle and base zones. In the intervals during which rain fell, most of the captan deposit levels from all methods of spraying were reduced by >70%, whereas during a rainless interval the reduction was 0–45%. The reduction of captan deposit levels during the rainy intervals was significantly greater on the trees sprayed from overhead than on the conventionally sprayed ones. There was a correlation between the percentage loss of captan and the rainfall in the intervals.
Effects of some fungicides on Rhizobium trifolii and its symbiotic relationship with white clover
Authors: Fisher David J.
Published: November 2006

A comparison has been made of the effects of some protective and systemic fungicides, and an eradicant fungicide, on the growth, metabolic activity and nitrogen‐fixing capacity of Rhizobium trifolii. Effects on the bacterium grown in vitro with a combined nitrogen source were not necessarily reflected in the nitrogen‐fixing capacity of excised nodulated roots of white clover. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation was affected by thiram, oxycarboxin and “Ethylan CP”, but was unchanged by benomyl, captan, carbendazim, carboxin, dodine, dimethirimol, ethirimol, tridemorph, triforine or thiophanate‐methyl. None of the fungicides tested altered the leghaemoglobin content of the root nodules.
Photodegradation of atrazine, atraton and ametryne in aqueous solution with acetone as a photosensitiser
Authors: Burkhard Niklaus , Guth Johann A.
Published: November 2006

The use of acetone as a photosensitiser on the rate of photodegradation of atrazine, atraton and ametryne in diluted aqueous solutions increased degradation 3‐ to 11‐fold. The mechanism of the sensitised photoreaction was studied. The photochemical stability increased in the order methylthio‐<chloro‐.<methoxy‐l,3,5‐triazines. Sensitised photolysis of atrazine, ametryne and atraton yielded the analogous two de‐N‐alkyl‐ and the de‐NN′‐dialkyl‐ products as well as the corresponding hydroxy‐triazines; irradiation of ametryne also resulted in the formation of de(methylthio)‐1,3,5‐triazines. With the exception of de(methylthio)triazine formation, sensitised photodecomposition of these triazine herbicides yields no other breakdown products than those obtained by enzymatic and chemical reactions.
Pesticide resistance in glasshouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum west
Authors: Wardlow Leslie R. , Ludlam Anthony B. , Bradley Lynne F.
Published: November 2006

A survey in SE England showed that seven out of 17 populations of glasshouse whitefly were resistant to DDT. Resistance to malathion occurred in 15 populations and to resmethrin in eight. Mecarbam and methiocarb gave good kills in screening tests but some insect growth regulators gave variable results. The synthetic pyrethroid permethrin was slightly more effective against a population of whitefly resistant to both DDT and malathion than against a susceptible population. Parthenogenetic females from a population susceptible to DDT and malathion produced almost entirely male progeny. An unsuccessful attempt was made to lower the resistance level of a DDT/malathion resistant strain by introducing these males to resistant females.
Adsorption of glyphosate by soils
Authors: Hance Raymond J.
Published: November 2006

The adsorption of glyphosate in a slurry system by 9 soils was correlated with an arbitrary single point inorganic phosphate sorption index which gave a measure of unoccupied phosphate sorption capacity, but not with total phosphate sorption capacity at pH 2.6, the level of iron and aluminium soluble in Tamm's acid oxalate or with clay content, organic matter content or pH. It is concluded that inorganic phosphate excludes glyphosate from sorption sites. The extent of adsorption was higher than, though of the same order as, that of diuron though the two are not related. From consideration of the results of previous experiments with plants grown in culture solution it is suggested that the low phytotoxicity of glyphosate applied to the soil is not due simply to high adsorption. Rather it is the result of a combination of moderate adsorption and the low intrinsic activity of this compound when made available to the root system.
A review of the selectivity of fungicides in agriculture and horticulture
Authors: Byrde Robert J. W. , Richmond Donald V.
Published: November 2006

Protectant fungicides rely for their selectivity on physical barriers (e.g. the leaf cuticle) between their deposits and the protoplasts of the host plant. Systemic fungicides, by contrast, come into direct contact with host cells and need to be more selective. Nevertheless, important side‐effects can occur, involving higher plants, animals and other microorganisms; examples of these are cited. Sometimes mycelium and spores of the target fungus show differing susceptibility; also, activity of a fungicide in vitro does not always reflect its effectiveness in vivo. An extreme form of selectivity is the undesirable emergence of insensitive strains from an otherwise sensitive fungal species.
Use of linear free energy related and other parameters in the study of fungicidal selectivity
Authors: Verloop Arie , Tipker Jacobus
Published: November 2006

The modulation of fungicidal activity in a congeneric series of compounds is dependent on several processes taking place in the biological object which may be influenced by the different hydrophobic, electronic and steric properties of the members of the series. These possible influences can be studied in a quantitative way with multiple regression analysis using substituent constants for the properties mentioned. The comparative study of the resulting regression equations for the activity on different fungi or on a fungus and another biological subject may contribute to an understanding of fungicidal selectivity. This is illustrated in studies on the fungitoxicity of isophthalonitriles, 2‐chlorobenzonitriles, arylsulphonyl‐ and arylsulphinyl‐alkylthio‐cyanates, acetylenic sulphones, methyl benzimidazol‐2‐ylcarbamates and phosphorus compounds derived from 3‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole. In these studies new steric parameters were used, which have been introduced recently.
Control of wild rice in rice
Authors: Parker Christopher , Dean Martyn L.
Published: November 2006

The four main wild rice species are: Oryza rufipogon Griff, embracing a wide range of “red rice” types closely related to O. sativa L.; O. longistaminata Chev. & Roehr, a rhizomatous perennial; O. barthii Chev. the annual wild rice of West Africa; and O. punctata Kotschy ex Steud, a small seeded annual. The distribution and importance of these species are discussed in relation to the different systems of rice growing. Annual wild rice problems are favoured by dry sowing followed by flooding. For cultural control, soil puddling and direct sowing into water are recommended. In a series of pot experiments with O. punctata and rice, 18 herbicides were shown to be at least partially selective, including: alachlor, butachlor, S‐4‐chlorobenzyl diethyldithiocarbamate (B‐3015), 4‐(2,6‐dichlorobenzyloxymethyl)‐4‐ethyl‐2,2‐dimethyl‐1,3‐dioxolan (WL 29226), 3‐(α α‐dimethylbenzyl)‐1‐methyl‐1‐phenylurea (K 1441), isoproturon, metamitron, molinate and perfluidone. B‐3015 was the most selective of these but the selectivity of alachlor and molinate could be greatly increased and became comparable to B‐3015 when the crop seed was dressed with the protectant 1,8‐naphthalic anhydride (NA). Other herbicides for which NA provided a protective effect were: butachlor, metolachlor (CGA 24705), epronaz, ethofumesate, perfluidone and 4,4,4‐trichloro‐2‐phenylbut‐1‐ene (Dowco 221).
Control of the bindweeds Convolvulus arvensis and Calystegia sepium in fruit crops
Authors: Davison John G.
Published: November 2006

Convolvulus arvensis is the most important species of bindweed in Britain. Established plants spread by means of lateral roots: establishment from seed and fragments of the underground growth is not important. The hormone weedkillers like 2,4‐D and MCPA give good control in the year of treatment. With the correct dose and timing there is also good control in the year after treatment. Adding paraquat to 2,4‐D reduces the effect in the year after treatment. Repeated annual treatment with high doses of chlorthiamid that prevent shoot growth for the entire season are no more effective against the underground growth than the standard dose of 2,4‐D. Calystegia sepium spreads rapidly by rhizomes and stolons. It is more susceptible than C. arvensis to MCPB.
Movement of phorate and metabolites from treated leaflets to aphid colonies on broad bean plants
Authors: Foerster Luis A. , Galley D. John
Published: November 2006

Aphid colonies were established on one second‐node leaflet of young broad bean plants and sublethal treatments of 14C‐labelled phorate were applied to the adjacent leaflets. After 3 days, the amounts of toxic and non‐toxic 14C‐labelled compounds in the aphids, their honeydew and the untreated foliage were determined. There were no significant differences between the amounts in leaves at the same level on the plant when infested and aphid‐free plants were compared, but the aphids and their honey‐dew contained two and 23 times as much of the toxic and non‐toxic 14C‐compounds, respectively, found in the host leaflets. Following translocation to aphids on leaves above or below treated leaflets, the aphid colonies again contained more labelled compounds than the host‐plant leaves. The movement of non‐toxic compounds into the roots was reduced when the aphid colonies were situated on foliage between the site of treatment and the roots. More of the toxic and the non‐toxic fractions were translocated downwards from the third to the second leaf than in the reverse direction.