bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of Slugs in No-Till Corn, 1987
Authors: Goh Kean S. , Gibson Roberta L. , Cox William , Gaffney Fred , van der Grinten Martin
Published: March 2022

No-till corn plots were located in a Unadilla silt-loam field of pH 5.6 and 1% organic matter in Big Flats, N.Y. The previous crop was no-till corn in which the corn stalk and leaf residues provided a dense mulch. On 23 Apr, the no-till field was prepared by applying paraquat at 0.5 lb (AI)/acre to kill various weed seedlings. The field was seeded on 30 Apr using a tractor drawn Buffalo No-Till Planter to seed 4 rows/pass at 30-inch row spacing. Seed drop was set at 27,800 kernels/acre and planted at 1.0-1.5 inches deep. Simultaneously, chlorpyrifos (Lorsban® 15G) was applied at 2 lb (AI)/acre, and fertilizer (10-20-20) was applied at 330 lb/acre. On the following day, Lasso and Aatrex 4L were applied at 2 lb (AI)/ acre each. Treatment plots were 20 × 20 ft containing 6 rows of corn, including an additional untreated buffer row between treatments. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 6 replicates. In each plot three sampling holes, 4 inches in diam × 6 inches deep, diagonally and evenly spaced, were excavated between rows with a golf-hole digger on 6 May. Each hole was covered with a 1-sq-ft asphalt shingle wrapped with aluminum foil. The reflective shelter kept the hole dark, cool, and moist; hence, it provided an ideal hiding place for slugs. Larvin bait was prepared according to label by coating cracked corn with the 3.2% flowable using a mixture of water, beer, and molasses as sticking agent; and the bait was applied at 20 lb bait/acre. Bait and spray treatments were applied on 2 Jun when the corn was at the 2- to 3-leaf stage and slug damage to the corn plants was evident. The molluscicidal baits were broadcast by hand evenly over the corn rows. Larvin 3.2F was applied with a mechanical backpack sprayer at 50 gal/acre of water. On 15 Jun, liquid fertilizer was side-dressed at 120 lb/acre of nitrogen. Slug counts were taken by inspecting the holes and areas covered by the shingles for live slugs just before treatment and at 3, 7, and 14 days posttreatment. Corn damage ratings were taken by inspecting 20 corn plants per plot at pre- and posttreatment. Plants were rated as no damage (0% slug feeding damage), slight damage (1-20%), moderate damage (21-60%) and severe damage (60-100%). Corn stand was evaluated at pre- and posttreatment on 2 and 16 Jun by taking two 1/1000-acre samples per plot (17.4 foot-row per sample); the final corn stand and yield were taken on 23 Sep from two 17.4-ft rows.
First-Generation European Corn Borer Control Via Ground, Chemigation, and Aerial Applications, 1986
Authors: Hein G. L. , Ingemansen J. A. , Walgenbach D. D.
Published: March 2022

Studies I, II, and III were established in cornfields near Armour and Redfleld, S. Dak. Study IV was established in 2 adjacent fields near Chamberlain. Treatments in studies I and II were randomized in a complete block design with 3 replications and all treatments were ground applied in one-row plots (0.97-m centers), 30 m long. Applications were made on 25 Jun at Armour and on 1 Jul at Redfleld. The granular materials (Study I) were applied from a highboy in a 20-cm band over the whorl with a pneumatic applicator powered by a 3.5-horsepower engine. Granules were metered by Noble metring units driven via chain Irive by a 12 V DC motor. Liquid materials (Study II) were applied with a CO2 backpack sprayer with a hand-held wand. One 1.5 LE nozzle/row delivered 19.5 gal/acre at 15 psi and 3.5 mph. The treatments in Study III were applied through center pivot systems on 26 Jun (Armour) and 4 Jul (Redfleld). A Zimmatic low-pressure irrigation system delivering 0.25 inches of water was used at Armour, and a Valley low-pressure system delivering 0.20 inches of water was used at Redfleld. Treatments (not replicated) consisted of different sized wedges (6-40 acres) of the pivot circle. The treatments in Study IV were applied aerially with a fixed-wing aircraft on 26 Jun. All treatments were applied in 2 adjacent fields and analyzed as 2 replicates of a single experiment. Granular treatments were at least 2 aerial swath widths wide (27 m), and liquid treatments were a single swath in width (15 m). All treatments covered the entire length of the field (minimum 3 acres). Liquid treatments were applied using 3 gal/acre of carrier. Plots from all studies were evaluated 1 month after treatment. Studies I and II were evaluated by splitting stalks from 10 plants showing leaf feeding in each plot and rep. These plants were examined for European corn borer (ECB) cavities (2.5 cm of tunneling equals one cavitiy). Studies III and IV were evaluated by splitting 10 leaf-damaged plants for ECB navities in each of 5 areas within each treatment area.
Early-Season Control of Chinch Bugs in Field Corn with Granular Insecticides, 1987
Authors: Negron Jose F. , Riley Thomas J.
Published: March 2022

‘Pioneer 3165’ field corn was planted on 7 Apr in loessial silt loam (Gigger-Gilbert complex) at the Macon Ridge branch of the LSU Northeast Research Station. Granular insecticides were applied at planting using a 2-row John Deere Model 71 Flexi-Planter, modified to carry 1-pt jars of insecticide. Jars were inverted above funnels connected by flexible delivery tubes to either a 7-inch band or an in-furrow applicator. The diameter of a single central hole in the lid of each jar, in combination with tractor speed, determined the rate of insecticide flow. Banded insecticides were applied in front of the press wheel and further incorporated by a drag cahin attached to the rear of the planter. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications was used, and each treatment consisted of two 40-ft rows spaced 36 inches apart. Treatments were evaluated 6 May by counting the number of chinch bugs/20 plants, the number of plants infested with nymphs, and stand counts/40 ft of row. After maturity the corn was harvested and data collected on lb of shelled corn per 40 ft of row.
Control of Heliothis Spp. Boll Weevil, Mites, and Aphids with Selected Regular Season Treatments, 1987
Authors: Burris Gene , Graves J. B. , Pavloff A. M. , Leonard B. R.
Published: March 2022

'DPL 41' cotton was planted 12 May on a commerce silt loam soil at the Northeast Research Station, St. Joseph, La. Plots were 8 rows (40 inches wide) × 65 ft and were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. All plots received an in-furrow treatment of Temik, 0.5 lb (AI)/acre, and Terraclor Super × fungicide, 0.25 + 1.0 lb (AI)/acre, at planting. Treatments were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a compressed-air system for spraying small plots, delivering 2.5 gal/acre with 2 X-3 hollow-cone nozzles/row. Applications were made on 15, 20, 27, and 31 Jul and 5 and 14 Aug. Treatment effects on Heliothis spp. and boll weevil were measured by sampling 50 squares/plot. Spider mite and aphid populations were estimated on 8 Aug by randomly collecting 10 leaves (third fully developed terminal leaf) per plot, washing the insects from the leaves onto 300-mesh screens, backwashing them onto lined filter paper (7 cm), and counting them with the aid of a binocular dissecting microscope. Yields were determined by picking the 4 center rows with a mechanical harvester on 21 Sep.
Small Plot Evaluation of UC-84572, Cymbush 3E, and Larvin 3.2F in a Alternation Management Scheme, 1987
Authors: Burris Gene , Graves J. B. , Pavloff A. M. , Leonard B. R.
Published: March 2022

Cotton was planted 12 May on a commerce silt loam soil at the Northeast Research Station, St, Joseph, La. Plots were 8 rows (40 inches wide) × 65 ft and were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. All plots received an in-furrow treatment of Temik, 0.5 lb (AI)/acre, and Terraclor Super × fungicide, 0.25 + 1.0 lb (AI)/acre, at planting. Treatments were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a compressed-air system for spraying small plots, delivering 2.5 gal/acre with 2 X-3 hollow-cone nozzles/row. Applications were made on 14, 17, 27, and 31 Jul and 4 and 14 Aug. Treatment effects on Heliothis spp. and boll weevil were measured by sampling 50 squares/plot. Spider mite and aphid populations were estimated on 4 Aug by randomly collecting 10 leaves (third fully developed terminal leaf) per plot, washing the insects from the leaves onto 300-mesh screens, backwashing them onto lined filter paper (7 cm), and counting them with the aid of a binocular dissecting microscope. Yields were determined by picking the 4 center rows with a mechanical harvester on 21 Sep.
Chemical Control of the Cotton Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm in Oklahoma, 1987
Authors: Doss Michael , Price Richard
Published: March 2022

Cotton was planted on 5 Tun at the South Central Research Station in Chickasha at 20 lb/acre of acid-delinted seed. Eight 200-ft row plots were arranged in a randomized block design with 3 replications. Spray applications were made with a John Deere Hi-Cycle 6000 sprayer traveling at a speed of 4.5 mph at 40 psi. Insecticide applications consisted of 5 gal total spray mixture/acre with 1 no. 8 (Spraying Systems) nozzle/row. Applications were made 6, 17, and 24 Aug and 3 Sep. Plots were irrigated on 7 and 25 Aug. Rainfall occurring during the test was as follows: 10 Aug, 0.42 inch; 14 Aug, 1.28 inch; 15 Aug, 0.05 inch; 24 Aug, 0.07 inch; 27 Aug, 1.60 inch; and 28 Aug, 0.02 inch for a total of 3.44 inches. Damage was estimated by collecting 100 fruit at random, prior to spraying from the upper one-third of plants in each plot.
Biological and Chemical Control of Heliothis Spp. in Cotton, 1987
Authors: Graham L. C. , Gaylor M. J. , Harpe J. D.
Published: March 2022

A field evaluation of insecticides for control of Heliothis spp. larvae on cotton was conducted at the Auburn University Plant Breeding Unit, Tallassee, Ala. Cotton was planted on 24 Apr in 40-inch rows. Eleven treatments were replicated 4 times in randomized complete block design. Plots were 9 rows × 75 ft with 30-ft alleys between blocks and 3 rows between treatments. Insecticides were applied with a high-clearance sprayer at the rate of 8.2 gal/acre (3.5 mph, 50 psi, 2 Teejet TX6 nozzles/row). Foliar applications were made on 19, 25, and 28 Aug. San 4141, San 4151, or San 4151 + Fundal treatments on 19 Aug were changed to Ammo, 0.04 lb (AI)/acre, on 25 and 28 Aug. Heliothis damage, egg numbers, and larval numbers were determined by examining 25 randomly selected plant terminals located in the middle 3 rows in each plot 2 to 3 days posttreatment. Yield data were taken by machine harvesting of 2 of the middle 3 rows of each plot.
Effect of Selected Insecticides on Tarnished Plant Bugs and Predaceous Insects in Cotton, 1986
Authors: Graham L. C. , Gaylor M. J.
Published: March 2022

A field evaluation of insecticides for tarnished plant bug control and effects on predator populations was conducted at the Auburn University Tennessee Valley Substation, Belle Mina, Ala. Cotton was planted in 40-inch rows. Seven treatments were replicated 4 times in randomized complete block design. Plots were 32 rows × 200 ft. Insecticides were applied with a high-clearance sprayer at the rate of 8 gal spray/acre (6 mph, 40 psi, 3 Teejet TX8 nozzles/row). Foliar applications were made on 25 Jun. Insect data were collected on 26 Jun and 2 Jul with a 3 × 3 ft drop cloth (3 samples/plot). Mean percent square set data were obtained by examining “pinhead” squares in the apical terminal growth and in the terminal growth of the first lateral branch.
Apple, Acaricide Evaluations, 1987
Authors: Riedl H. , Shearer P. W.
Published: March 2022

Sprays were applied by handgun operating at 200 psi to 9-yr-old apple trees. To encourage ERM buildup, twigs with overwintering ERM eggs from a heavily infested block were tied to branches in each tree. Treatments consisted of 4 single-tree replicates arranged in a completely randomized design. Thiodan 50 WP at 1 lb/100 gal was applied for control of ARM to reduce competition with ERM (applied 21 Apr), and Cyprex and Bayleton were applied for disease control to all trees in the test. Trees in the summer test were blocked according to population levels of ERM (mobiles and eggs combined) to make the initial TSSM density similar in each treatment. On each tree, leaves were sampled on 3 scaffold limbs from the center to the periphery of the canopy (25 leaves/tree; 100/treatment). Leaves were processed with a mite-brushing machine.
Pear, Late-Season Evaluation of Igrs for Pear Psylla Control, 1987
Authors: Riedl H. , Shearer P. W.
Published: March 2022

In this test 6 IGRs were compared at similar rates of AI/ acre (except Dimilin). Each treatment consisted of 4 single-tree replicates (2 trees of each variety) in a randomized block. Sprays were applied by handgun operating at 200 psi to 26-yr-old pear trees. Following a pretreatment count, trees were blocked according to PP population level. PP nymphs and eggs were counted on terminal leaves only. Samples consisted of 18 leaves/tree (1 bottom, middle, and top leaf from 6 terminals/tree). Leaves were scanned under a stereo microscope. Counts of adult PP were taken by beating tray (2 trays/tree).
Peach, All-Season Insecticide Test, 1987
Authors: Swift Fred C. , Herman Elizabeth J.
Published: March 2022

The test was carried out in a 5-yr-old block of ‘Crest Haven’ peaches. Treatments were applied with a hydraulic sprayer at 200 gal/acre (pink [P], 14 Apr; petal fall [PF], 7 May), or an FMC PT50 airblast sprayer at 225 gal/acre (shuck off [SO], 22 May; first cover [IC], 26 Jun; second cover [2C], 9 Jul). Single-tree plots were replicated 5 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. For disease control, the entire orchard was sprayed with Captan as needed. Sampling methods were as follows: ERM, motile stages per leaf as determined from a pooled sample of 15 leaves per tree; GPA, avg. no. GPA colonies/tree; OFM, avg. no. OFM-damaged terminals/tree; TPB, avg. no. TPB-catfaced fruit/100 fruit; tree. Data were transformed to × + 1 or arcsine × prior to analysis of variance and comparison of means. In the table, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at a = 0.05, DMRT.
Peach, Preliminary Assessment of Carzol for Insect Control, 1987
Authors: Yonce Carroll E. , Ralph Gentry C.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted in a block of ‘Harvester’ peaches (3rd leaf). A randomized complete experimental block design was used. Carzol 90 SP was applied at 0.5 and 1.0 lb (AI)/acre with varying numbers of applications to coincide with projected beginning and peak populations of the subject insects being assessed for fruit damage. Insecticide was applied with a portable John Bean handgun sprayer (300 psi) and wet to run-off. Standard fungicides were used to protect against diseases. All fruit from treated and untreated blocks was picked at harvest and evaluated for catfacing, plum curculio, thrips, and other obvious insect-feeding damage.
Bioassay Evaluation of Insecticides on Ripe Strawberries, 1987
Authors: Williams R. N. , Fickle D. S.
Published: March 2022

Ripe strawberries were collected from untreated test plots, submerged in insecticidal solutions for 2 s, and allowed to dry. When dry, 4 replicates, each consisting of 4 treated berries and 10 adults of each of the pest species, were placed in 400-ml plastic containers with ventilated lids. Treatments were held in the laboratory and temperature was maintained at 78�F � 3� for 24 h before mortality readings were made. Two tests were conducted, 1 included an evaluation of Japanese beetle mortality.
Acaricide Efficacy on Spider Mite and Spider Mite Predators on Almonds, 1986
Authors: Oi D. H. , Barnes M. M. , Laird E. F.
Published: March 2022

Trees were drip-irrigated, 6-yr-old ‘Nonpareil’ or ‘Carmel’ almond trees, and were located in a commercial orchard near Shatter, Calif. Treatments were assigned according to a randomized complete block design consisting of 8 single-tree replicates that were blocked by almond variety and location. Treatments were applied on 1 and 2 Jul as a dilute spray by high pressure handgun (ca 400 psi). Trees were sprayed until runoff, which resulted in an application rate of 650 gal/acre. Twenty leaves were sampled from the 4 cardinal point quadrants of each tree (5 leaves/quadrant) and examined under a dissecting microscope to obtain counts of spider mites and spider mite predators. Pretreatment spider mite predators consisted mainly of phytoseiid mites (50.3%), which included WPM, Metaseiulus mcgregori (Chant), and Euseius (Amblyseius) tularensis Congdon, and of sixspotted thrips (48.4%). Posttreatment samples consisted of 5.9% phytoseiid mites, 77.2% sixspotted thrips, 9.8% Chrysopa, 0.9% spider mite destroyer, Stethorus picipes, and 6.2% other predators (mainly cecidomyiid larvae, probably Feltiella sp.). Eggs were excluded from all spider mite and predator counts with the exception of Stethorus and Chrysopa eggs.
Rust Mite Control on Texas Citrus, 1987
Authors: French J. Victor , Villarreal J.
Published: March 2022

CME-13411 alone and tank mixed with NR 440 oil were compared with experimental DPXEY059 and the standard acaricide, Vendex. Acaricide treatments were randomly assigned to 5-tree plots and replicated 3 times in a 26-yr-old grapefruit orchard on 16 ft × 25 ft spacing. Treatments were applied initially on 20 May and reapplied 14 Jul, using a FMC 1229 FTM air blast sprayer with speed, nozzling and pressure adjusted for a spray volume of 250 gal/acre. Citrus rust mite were counted in 2, 1-cm2 lens fields at 10 × on each of 25 fruit per replicate randomly selected at arms length inside the tree canopy. At harvest, 75 fruit per replicate were evaluated for rust mite damage and expressed as percent russet, i.e. fruit surface damage severe enough to be downgraded to US #2 fresh or process fruit.
Citrus Thrips Control Trial in California, 1987
Authors: Immaraju J. A. , Morse J. G. , Brawner O. L. , Smith D.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were evaluated for control of citrus thrips populations on 17-yr old Atwood Navel oranges located at the University of California’s Lindcove Field Station near Exeter, Calif. Pesticides were applied prebloom, petal fall (30 Apr), and/ or various dates after petal fall with a handgun set at 500 psi, outside coverage, and 200 gpa. The field was subdivided into 3 blocks with 1 replicate of each treatment within each block allocated randomly; each replicate consisted of 4 trees. The untreated control was replicated 10 times. Ten fruit per tree from knee to eye level were picked and sampled for citrus thrips infestation at weekly intervals for the critical 6 wk after petal fall during which citrus thrips fruit scarring occurs. Probably due to higher than normal temperatures in Apr, fruit set was very low (all 4 trees of 1 replicate in treatment 1 had only a few fruit and therefore were not sampled on +26 and +37 days so that sufficient fruit would remain for scarring counts). Citrus thrips fruit scarring counts were taken 1 month prior to harvest (on 13 Oct) on all fruit on the exterior of the tree from knee to eye level. Scarring was rated as: (a) none, (b) slight (any citrus thrips scarring), or (c) severe (complete ring scar or extensive surface scarring at a level that would cause downgrading of fruit in a commercial operation). Economic scarring levels in a normal year are approximately 5% severe scars.
Seed Maggot Control, 1987
Authors: Webb D. R. , Minns K. S. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

A hand-pushed V-belt seeder was used to plant 100 seeds, with a 2- to 4-inch band of mean and bone meal placed over the row to increase seed maggot (SM) oviposition. Each plot consisted of single row treatments 15 ft long, 3 ft apart in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Seeds were treated 16-17 Jun and plots were planted 25 Jun. Damage counts were made 6 Jul. Emerged seedlings in each row of the snap bean and soybean plots were counted, with an average percentage calculated on the number of damaged plants observed. In the corn and pea plots, an average percent damage was calculated by recording the injury in 25 seed pieces/row after they were dug and washed. All plots received moderate-to-heavy damage from SM larvae.
Insect Control on Broccoli, 1987
Authors: Bishop B. , Grafius E. , Hayden J. , Stehr J. , Davis A.
Published: March 2022

Broccoli was transplanted at the MSU Entomology Research Farm on 3 Jun. Plots were 3 rows wide (36-inch row spacing with 18 inches between plants) and 30 ft long. Starter fertilizer (20-20-20 soluble fertilizer) was added at transplanting. A Lorsban drench (3.3 oz/1000 row ft) was applied on 9 Jun to control cabbage maggot. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with 4 replications per treatment. Treatments were applied with a hand-held CO2 sprayer at 30 gpa and 40 psi on 26 Jun and 2, 10, and 17 Jul. Insect counts were made of 3 randomly selected plants from the center row of each plot on 29 Jun, 7 and 20 Jul. On 20 Jul, 5 broccoli heads were harvested from the center row of each plot and examined for caterpillar infestation. Data were analyzed by a one-way analysis of variance. A Bartlett’s test was used to check for homogeneity of variance. Where significant results were obtained, a SNK test was used to separate means.
Control of Insect Pests on Fall Broccoli, 1987
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Mullins C. A.
Published: March 2022

Seven insecticides were evaluated at the Plateau Experiment Station, Crossville. ‘Packman’ broccoli seedlings were transplanted into a Lily sandy loam field on 14 Aug. Plots were 3 rows × 15 ft replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Blocks were separated by 5-ft alleys and row spacing was 36 inches with 15 plants/row. Insecticide treatments were applied on 26 Aug, 9 Sep, and 8 Oct using 2.5-gal compressed C02 hand sprayers at 30 gal/acre and 40 psi. Flea beetle, aphid, and cabbage looper counts were based on number of insects/15 plants. Yield was measured from the center row of each plot (equal plant population) on 3 Nov. Plots treated with both rates of San 415 were also sprayed with Sevin 80S (1.5 lb [AI]/acre) for flea beetle control on 9 Sep.
Thrips Control, 1988:
Authors: Magaro J. J. , Edelson J. V.
Published: March 2022

Onions were direct seeded in single-row beds with 40-inch centers in a Willacy line sandy loam soil at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Weslaco, Tex. Plots measured 10 ft by 2 beds and were bordered by rows of grain sorghum. Ten-foot alleys divided replications. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plants were treated when thrips levels were greater than 15/plant. Two applications were made at 4-d intervals with a tractor-mounted CO2-powered sprayer, calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 3 mph and 60 psi. Surveys of thrips populations were made at 3 and 7 d after the second application. Prior to application a survey was conducted to determine species of thrips present. Data were summarized and subjected to ANOVA and DMRT for mean separation, in which a log10(x + 1) transformation was used.
Pest Control on Citrus, 1988
Authors: McCoy C. W. , Fojtik J. , Lye B. H.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted with a completely randomized block design of 2 trees/plot, replicated 4 times. For the control of Fuller rose beetle, all treatments were applied to run-off on 9 Jun with a high-pressure truck-mounted sprayer operating at 400-450 psi. Treatments for the control of citrus root weevil were applied to runoff on 19 Aug with John Bean sprayer operating at 300 psi. Wild adult Fuller rose beetles and citrus root weevils were collected in adjacent citrus plantings as test organisms in testing the residual activity of the various treatments. Five adults of the same species were placed in screen limb bags, which were attached to treated leaf terminals and secured to prevent escape. For each treatment, 2 limb bags were attached to each tree. Adult mortality (residual control) was recorded, and a new cohort was placed in each bag at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 wk after treatment.
Early Season Ecb Control, 1989
Authors: Bowman James S. , Barry Donald W.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted at the University of New Hampshire Kingman Farm, Madbury, NH. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 6 insecticide treatments applied at 3 different growth stages of the corn (total of 18 treatments) and a control replicated 4 times. ‘Honeymoon’ sweet corn was hand-planted 16 May in rows on 36 inch centers. Each plot consisted of a single 30-ft row of corn. Each insecticide treatment was applied 2 times at a 5-d interval, starting at each of the following 3 plant growth stages: whorl (15-20 inches tall with no tassel growth visible from above); pretassel (most of the plants with tassel growth visibly emerging from the whorls); green-tassel (tassels fully exposed but not shedding pollen). The spray treatments were applied using a R & D CO2-pressurized (40 psi) single-nozzle hand-held sprayer. A single pass (over the row) was used for the whorl and pretassel sprays resulting in a delivery rate of 14.4 gal/acre, while a double pass (both sides of the row) was used for the green-tassel sprays resulting in a delivery rate of 28.8 gal/acre. Evaluation of the percentage of plants showing leaf feeding injury prior to the first whorl treatment was made on 29 Jun. The percentage of injured stalks and ears was determined at harvest time (28 July) by examining all the plants in each treatment.
Silk Sprays to Control Corn Earworms, Dusky Sap Heetle and European Corn Borers in Sweet Corn, 1989
Authors: Linduska James J.
Published: March 2022

NK-199’ sweet corn was planted in 3-row plots 50 ft in length on 5 Jun. An untreated guard row separated each plot. Distance between rows was 3 ft. Distance between plants within the row was 8 inches. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Silk sprays were applied with a International Harvester 770 Hi-Clear sprayer. The spray boom was adjusted to spray the silk area with each row being covered by 4 nozzles. The sprayer was equipped to treat 2 rows. All treatment were mixed in 10 gal of water and applied at the rate of 25 gal/acre with 50 psi. Spray treatments were applied at 50% silk (24 Jul), 27 Jul, 1 and 3 Aug. At harvest (7 Aug) 25 ears from the center 2 rows of each plot were husked and evaluated for damage as “fresh-market” (clean ears, no damage evident), “processing” (evidence of tip feeding, but less than 3.6 cm tip damage) and “culls” (tip damage beyond 3.6 cm to the side or bottom). All worms found within the husk or ear were identified, counted and recorded; all ears were then weighted and total weights recorded. The soil type was a Galestown sandy loam.
Control of the Corn Lepidoptera By A Full-Season Program of Aerial Applications of Pyrethroids, 1989
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T.
Published: March 2022

Four commercial fields, located near Batavia, NY, were used for this test. Each field was divided into 3 sections, each section receiving the same number of applications of a different insecticide. From 3 to 4 applications/field, beginning at the early green tassel stage, were applied on a weekly basis. Insecticides were applied with a Cessna Ag Truck delivering 3 gal/acre at 35-40 psi and 115-120 mph air speed, and D8-46 nozzles. At crop maturity for each field, 2 fields in mid-Aug and 2 in early Sep, we sampled 100 ears/section of each field and evaluated them for insect injury.
Control of the Corn Lepidoptera By Liquid Insecticides, 1989
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T.
Published: March 2022

Corn was planted on 12 Jun at the Vegetable Crops Research Farm near Geneva, NY. The planting consisted of a RCB design with 4 replicates of 6 treatments and one control. Plots consisted of 6 30-ft rows of sweet corn on 3 ft centers with 9 inch plant spacing. Blocks were separated by 20 ft. Treatments consisted of 3 applications of each insecticide for naturally occurring Lepidoptera. Foliar sprays were applied by a John Blue Highboy delivering 51 gal/acre at 50 psi and 2 mph, with 5 nozzles/row (2 on each side, one from the top) using flat fan nozzles with 110015 tips. Insecticides were applied on 31 Jul, 15 and 25 Aug. On 5 Sep, 25 ears from the 4 middle rows of each plot were evaluated for ear injury.
Control on Whorl Stage Corn, 1989
Authors: Whalen J. , Spellman M.
Published: March 2022

Sweet corn was planted on 3 Jul near Georgetown, DE. Three row plots, 20 ft long on 30-inch centers were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Granular treatments were applied with a hand shaker in a 7-inch band over the whorls on 15 Aug. Liquid treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized wheel barrow sprayer delivering 38 gal/acre at 40 psi on 15 Aug. All plant whorls were removed from each plot, unrolled and the number of infested plants counted on 23 Aug.
Evaluation of Insecticide Mixtures for Onion Thrips Control in South Texas, 1989
Authors: Edelson J. V.
Published: March 2022

Texas Grano 1025Y’ onions were direct seeded to plots on 10 Nov ‘88 at the Texas Agri. Res. and Ext. Cnt., Weslaco. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 blocks and 11 treatments. Plots were 2 beds (2 rows/bed) by 20 ft long with 10 ft alleys and 6 ft breaks between plots. Treatments were initiated when numbers of thrips were greater than 15/plant based on a 30 plant survey. Treatments were applied twice, with a 4 d interval, using a tractor-mounted, CO2 powered sprayer operated at 40 psi with a total output of 20 gal/acre. Plots were surveyed at 3 and 7 d after the second treatment by counting all thrips alive on 3 plants/plot.
Growth Regulators for Colorado Potato Beetle Control on Potato, 1989
Authors: Lagnaoui Abdelaziz , Radcliffe Edward B. , Terlemezian Grant
Published: March 2022

Certified B-size potatoes were planted 18 May, at the University of Minnesota Experimental Station, Rosemount, MN. Experimental plots were 25 ft long with 40-inch row spacing. Treatments were randomized in complete blocks with 4 replications. Insecticide sprays were applied once with a CO2-powered hand-sprayer delivering 100 gal of water/acre. Plots were sprayed 11 and 19 Jul; 3, 11 and 18 Aug and counted 48 h later. Evaluations consisted of counts of small and large Colorado potato beetle larvae on 10 plants randomly selected from each plot. Plots were sampled for potato leafhopper and green peach aphid by counting 35 mid-plant leaves. Defoliation ratings were made on each sampling date. The insecticides were also evaluated for efficacy against potato leafhopper and green peach aphid.
Wireworm Control in Potato, 1988
Authors: Noetzel David
Published: March 2022

Plots were established in a sandy loam site which was the second year out of pasture. B size seed was planted at 12 inch spacings in a 50 ft row. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 6 times. All insecticides, except Thimet layby, were applied with the seed in the open furrow. Both seed and insecticide were covered with 4 to 6 inches of loose, dry soil. Three applications of foliar insecticides plus fungicide were applied during the growing season. Plots were hand dug and readings taken on all tubers. Percent damage was calculated within each replicate, the means were transformed using ARCSINE and compared.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control, Johnston County, 1988
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A.
Published: March 2022

'Atlantic' potatoes were planted 14 Apr, near Benson, NC. Single row plots, 10 ft long on 42 inch centers were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Alleys of 5 ft separated replicates. Treatments were applied using a CO2 pressurized sprayer with a single hollow cone nozzle (18 × ) operating at 60 psi to apply 80 gal/acre. Treatments were applied 24 May (all treatments), 31 May (Trident, Trident + Nufilm, and M-One, 2 rates), 8 Jun (Trident, Trident + Nufilm, M-One, 2 rates, and Rotenox), 1 Jul (all), and 6 Jul (Trident, Trident + Nufilm, and M-One, 2 rates). Visual estimates of foliar damage and/or insects counts were made 30 May, 6, 13, 20, 27 Jun, 5, 11, and 25 Jul. Adults were counted by walking the length of the plot and counting all visible adults. Egg masses and larvae were counted on 3 hills/plot. Small larvae were estimated to be 1st and 2nd instars, and large 3rd and 4th. Potatoes were harvested and yields recorded on 25 Jul.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control, Pasquotank County, 1988
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A.
Published: March 2022

'Atlantic' potatoes were planted 9 Mar, near Weeksville, NC. Single row plots, 10 ft long on 42 inch centers were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Alleys of 5 ft separated replicates. Treatments were applied using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow cone nozzle (18 × ) operating at 60 psi to apply 80 gal/acre. Treatments were applied 17 and 27 May. Visual estimates of foliar damage and/or insects counts were made 27 May and 9 Jun. Adults were counted by walking the length of the plot and counting all visible adults. Egg masses and larvae were counted on 3 hills/plot. Small larvae were estimated to be 1st and 2nd instars, and large 3rd and 4th. Potatoes were harvested and yields recorded on 9 Jun.
Foliar Sprays for Colorado Potato Beetle Control on Potatoes, 1989
Authors: Zehnder Geoffrey , Speese John
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted on 20 Apr at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a single 25-ft row bordered on one side by 2 untreated rows and on the other side by bare ground. Potatoes were planted with 10-inch plant and 36-inch row spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with a propane compressed-gas backpack sprayer using 3 hollow-cone nozzles/row and delivering 70 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Applications were made weekly from 26 May through 23 Jun. Evaluation criteria consisted of visual counts of CPB small (L1 and L2) larvae, large (L3 and L4) larvae, and adults on 10 randomly chosen stems/treatment plot. Percent defoliation for each treatment was estimated on 20 Jun, and harvest data was taken from the entire treatment row in each treatment plot.
Insect Control on Staked Tomatoes, 1989
Authors: Walgenbach J. F. , Palmer C. R.
Published: March 2022

Six-week-old transplants were set on 3 Jul, at the Mountain Horticultural Crops Research Station, Fletcher, NC. Plants were set 2 ft apart within rows, and rows were on 10 ft centers. Single row plots (10 plants) were separated by cultivated alleyway, and treatments were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Insecticide treatments were applied on 8, 15, 22 and 29 Aug, and 5, 12 and 19 Sep, with a CO2 backpack sprayer operating at 60 psi and delivering 75-125 gal/acre (volume increased as plants grew) through 3 hollow-cone nozzles spaced 12 inches apart on the spray wand. Material was applied to both sides of rows so that each row was effectively treated with 6 nozzles/row. Potato aphid populations were monitored weekly from 14 Aug to 18 Sep, by recording the percent infested terminals (20 terminals/treatment). Mature fruit were harvested weekly from 13 Sep to 11 Oct, and the total number of fruit harvested and fruit damaged by lepidopterous pests (tomato fruitworm and cabbage looper) and SB (green and brown stink bug) was recorded.
Alfalfa Weevil Control on Alfalfa, North Carolina, 1989
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Hertl P. T.
Published: March 2022

A 4 yr old stand of alfalfa located at the Unit 2 Research Farm (N.C. State University) just south of Raleigh was used as a test site. Twenty × 20 ft plots were arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replicates for each treatment. The early season infestation was so severe that it appeared the weevil larvae might feed on the growing tips and severely stunt the alfalfa, thus precluding a good efficacy trial. Therefore, an application of malathion 57 EC was made at the rate of 1.0 qt/acre to reduce the initial infestation. Treatments were applied 29 Mar using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer delivering 30 gal/acre at 40 psi using 8002 flat-fan nozzles on a hand-held boom. Conditions at the time of application were sunny and 86°F. Pretreatment counts were taken on 20 Mar and averaged 14.75 weevil larvae/30 alfalfa stems. Treatments were evaluated on 3, 10, 20, and 26 Apr by randomly collecting 30 stems/plot and processing them through modified Tulgren funnels. Yield and quality samples were also taken on 28 Apr. No unusual weather conditions occurred during the duration of the test, but above normal rainfall did occur. All data were transformed X + 0.5 prior to analysis. Actual means are presented. Quality parameters are all presented as percentages.
Residual Control Using Reduced Insecticide Rates for Melanoplus Spp. in Alfalfa, 1989
Authors: Fuller R. W. , Roetel M. A. , Landsman T. M. , Walgenbach D. D.
Published: March 2022

Plots (63.7 by 63.7 m; 0.4 ha) were established (16 Aug) with an untreated check, Asana and 3 rates of XLR Sevin arranged in checkerboard fashion, which allowed grasshopper immigration into treated plots from all 4 directions. Applications were made with a Broyhill sprayer delivering 10 gal/acre at 40 psi using Teejet 8002 nozzles. A randomized complete block design was used with 4 replications. Forty rings (0.1 m2) were placed in 4 parallel rows in the central portion of each plot. Grasshopper counts (0, 5, 12, 16 and 30 d postapplication) were subjected to Abbott's formula which weights the percent reduction accounting for decreases in grasshopper counts exhibited in untreated plots.
Cabbage Seedpod Weevil Control, 1989
Authors: Johnson D. W. , Herbek J. H. , Murdock L. W.
Published: March 2022

Two insecticides and 2 application timings were tested for control. Plots were located on the Research and Education Center in Princeton, KY. Plots were 6 by 15 ft, consisting of 5, 10 inch rows, arranged in a completely randomized design, and planted using standard agricultural practices. Yields were collected from the central 52 inches by 12 ft area of each plot. Foliar insecticides were applied using a CO2 powered plot sprayer at the equivalent of 29 gal finished spray/acre. Insect populations were sampled by taking 5 sweeps/plot with a standard sweep net. Percent reduction was computed using the following formula; prespray-postspray/prespray × 100. Counts on days 1 and 7 were compared to day 0, while day 8 was compared to day 7. Pod damage was determined by randomly collecting and examining for exit holes, 100 pods/plot/wk for 5 wk after preliminary sampling had indicated that CSPW emergence had begun. The greatest percent damage/plot was used in the analyses.
Comparative Efficacy of Grasshopper Bran Baits in Corn and Ditch Borders, 1989
Authors: Boetel M. A. , Fuller B. W. , Bergland D. R. , Walgenbach D. D.
Published: March 2022

Two studies using bran bait were conducted at White, SD. Study 1 investigated the use of bran in roadside ditches to suppress early season grasshopper outbreaks. Roadside plots were 60.9 m long by 14.6 m wide. Bran was applied on 9 Jun with a Brie-mar Model 60 bran bait applicator. Ditch foliage was mixed grasses and ranged 20 to 75 cm in height. Pre- and postapplication grasshopper counts were made using a standard sweep net with 8 sweeps constituting a 1.0 m2 sample. A completely random design with 4 subsamples were collected pre- and 3 d postapplication. The twostriped grasshopper, Melanoplus bivittatus (Say), was the predominant species. In study 2 Lorsban bait was used at different rates and formulations. Corn plots 60.9 by 58.4 m were marked off on 27 May and treatments arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. First and 2nd instar M. bivittatus nymphs were feeding on 8.0 cm seedling corn. The field was essentially free of weeds, which left corn as the only available grasshopper food source. Pre- and postapplication grasshopper counts were made using ten 0.1 m2 rings arranged in a circular pattern in the center of each plot. Data from both studies were subjected to Abbott’s formula which adjusted for natural mortality occurring in untreated plots.
Corn Rootworm Insecticide Trials, 1989
Authors: McCartney D. A. , Reed J. P. , Stinner B. R.
Published: March 2022

Two research plots were established at the OARDC-OSU, Wooster, OH. Both plots had been planted to corn after 1 Jun 1988. The first plot had conventional tillage practices performed while the second was no-tilled. Neither plot received any insecticide treatments in 1988. Both plots were planted by an Allis Chalmers no-till planter on which Gandy metering units were mounted to apply soil insecticides. Applications of granular soil insecticides were made over the row with 7 inch bands or in-furrow. Brace 4 E was applied as 7 inch band liquid treatment at 10 GPA and 10 psi with a pressurized Co2, 2 nozzle (8002E) research sprayer. Both plots were planted to corn on 18 May. Corn was planted at a rate of 26,000 seeds/acre. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times over both tillages. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and means were separated using the least significant difference method. Two roots/plot were dug, washed and rated according to the Iowa 1-6 root rating scale on 18 Jul. Root lodging was determined on 28 Aug by examining stalks lodged greater than 30 degrees from the vertical at the plant base.
Early Season Rosy Apple Aphid Control, 1989
Authors: Hull L. A. , Barrett B. A.
Published: March 2022

The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 4 insecticide treatments and a control replicated 5 times. Plots consisted of 3 trees, one each of the cultivars Yorking, Golden Delicious, and Rome Beauty. The trees were planted at a spacing of 10 × 20 ft. and were 16-yr-old. Experimental sprays were applied with a Myers Mity Mist airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 50 gal/acre. Calculation of pesticide rates/acre (except Sun 6 E Oil) was based on tree row volume measurements (377,665 ft3/acre). Spray dates corresponded to the following phenological stages (cv Golden Delicious); half-inch green- 7 Apr and pink-25 Apr. A regular fungicide schedule (Dithane M-45 and Nova 40 WP) was maintained throughout the season. Post-bloom insecticides (Guthion, Lannate) were applied at 1- and 2-wk intervals beginning in mid-Jun. Effectiveness of the sprays for rosy apple aphid was evaluated by counting the number of RAA injured clusters/10 min observation/tree and total number of damaged apples per tree (cvs Rome Beauty arid Yorking). Pest pressure was very heavy.
Field Corn, First Generation European Corpmborer Control, 1989
Authors: Witkowski J. F.
Published: March 2022

Foliar treatments of registered and non-registered insec-ticides for first brood corn borer control were applied to irrigated corn plots in Dixon County, NE on 30 Jun. Granular insecticides were applied with a specially modified Hahan Hiboy. Liquid insecticides were applied in 16 gal of water/acre at 30 psi with a back-pack sprayer. Each single row plot was 70 ft in length. Twenty four hours prior to insecticide application 6 black headed ECB egg masses were infested in marked plants for later evaluation. Experimental and, which was heavily weed-infested for a year prior to planting corn in 1989, may have allowed for greater population build-up and survival of cutworms during the months prior to planting corn in 1989. Granular insecticides provided excellent contrpl of lighter infestations of cutworms (i.e., test with corn history), and less control of heavier infestations of cutworms (i.e., test with fallow history). In Trial 1, both Counter formulations were the only treatments with significantly fewer chinch bugs than the untreated check. In Trial 2, there was only a numerical trend for insecticide-treated corn to have fewer chinch bugs than untreated corn
Control of Wireworms on Field Corn, 1989
Authors: Youngman R. R. , Midgarden D. G.
Published: March 2022

An experiment was conducted on 20 May in Northumberland County, VA to determine the effects of several commercially-available granular insecticides and a seed treatment for controlling wireworms on germinating corn seeds. The cropping history for this field included no-till soybeans planted in the spring of 1987 with no subsequent fall planting of a cover crop. In 1988, field corn was planted followed by a fall planting of crimson clover. Soil type for this field is characterized as a Suffolk fine sandy loam. A pretreatment sample of corn seeds (var. Pioneer 3184) from 30 separate, 3.3-ft row sections was made on 12 May to determine the level of wireworm feeding damage in the recently-planted field. Of the 146 seeds that were found, 71 (48.6%) exhibited feeding damage. Because of the severity of the damage the grower was forced to replant; however, in a portion of the field that was not replanted we conducted a randomized complete block experiment with 5 replicates and 7 treatments. Each plot consisted of a single, 15-ft row in which furrows were hand dug to a uniform depth of approximately 1.5 inches. Seeds were spaced 6 inches apart within the furrows providing about 30 seeds/plot, or 150 seeds/treatment overall. Each block was separated from adjacent blocks by a distance of 6.3 ft. All granular insecticides were applied in-furrow using pint canning jars (Mason) with lids in which a single opening had been drilled. Lid openings were laboratory-calibrated to deliver accurately the labeled rate for each insecticide while walking at 3 mph. The possibility of mixing one or more insecticides was avoided by using a separate jar and lid for each treatment. For the treatments involving Agrox D-L Plus, the labeled rate of 2 oz product/bushel of corn seed was used. On 4 Jun entire-plot stand counts were made, and on 5 Jun, the roots and attached seed for each corn seedling, as well as seeds which had not germinated, were removed from the soil and inspected for evidence of feeding damage.
Aliette-Rovral Disease/Compatibility Test with Temik 15 G, 1989
Authors: Burris Gene , Graves J. B. , Leonard B. R.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted at the Northeast Research Station, St. Joseph, LA. Terraclor Super-X (TSX) 10 lb (FORM.)/acre and Ridomil PC 8 lb (FORM.)/acre were used as standard fungicides. Aliette-Rovral combinations were applied in granular and wettable powder formulations. Plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and were 4 rows wide (40-inch spacing) × 65 ft long. ‘Stoneville 453’ cotton was planted on 8 May, on a commerce silt loam soil which was cover cropped with vetch and fertilized preplant with 50 lb N/acre. Treatments were applied ihfurrow with a John Deere 7300 series planter which was equipped with granular applicator split boxes. Infurrow spray treatments were applied with a compressed air power sprayer system attached to the infurrow nozzles on the planter. Major pest and/or secondary pest control was initiated in late Jun and continued on an “as needed” basis through Aug. Stand data were recorded by counting all plants on the third row on 30 May. Plant height data (in) were recorded on 13 Jun. Plant disease ratings were made on 14 Jun. Twenty plants/plot were harvested and the root lesion size was measured and assigned a rating value. Yield was estimated by harvesting the 2 center rows of each plot with a mechanical harvester on 19 Oct. The seeding rate on the John Deere 7300 planter was set to deliver 84,500 seeds/acre. Cool/wet conditions followed planting. May rainfall was 5.29 inches occurring from the 5th to the 19th and Jun rainfall was 10.06 inches. Plant populations in the treatments ranged from 49,181 to 62,551 plants per acre after emergence. The cool/wet environment caused slightly higher than normal seedling loss which ranged from 26-42%.