bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating The Use Of Group Interviews To Select Students Into Teacher-Education Programs
Authors: Byrnes Deborah A. , Kiger Gary , Shechtman Zipora
Published: April 2003

This study presents findings on the reliability and validity of a group-assessment interview procedure designed to evaluate the verbal, interpersonal, and leadership qualities of students applying to a teacher-education program. We examine whether (a) the group-assessment process predicts future student-teaching performance, (b) the group-assessment scores are reliable across raters, and (c) the group-assessment interview is a better predictor of student-teaching performance than academic criteria. After gathering data from 68 student-teachers who had previously participated in the group-assessment process, we found that the group-assessment overall rating predicts student-teaching performance and does so better than academic criteria. Finally, we found high interrater reliability on the group-assessment measures.
Asymmetric Labour Markets in a Converging Europe: Do Differences Matter?
Authors: Barrell Ray , Dury Karen
Published: April 2003

In this paper we investigate whether differences we observe in European labour market transmission mechanisms matter for monetary policy design. We are particularly concerned with the robustness of the choice of rule by the European Central Bank (ECB) but we also comment on the choice of rules in the UK. Three different models of labour markets are constructed, one where the relationships are estimated separately, one where the most statistically acceptable commonalities across countries are imposed and one where common relationships are imposed across all countries. Panel estimation techniques are used to test for commonalities. These models are embedded into the National Institute's Global Econometric Model, NiGEM, and stochastic simulations are run to evaluate different monetary policy rules.
Economic Policy Coordination in the European Union
Authors: Begg Iain , Hodson Dermot , Maher Imelda
Published: April 2003

There are differing views about the need for economic policy coordination in the EU and about the adequacy of the system that has evolved under EMU. This article examines the case for such policy coordination, then describes and assesses the current arrangements for both ‘hard’ coordination — epitomised by the much-maligned Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) — and the ‘soft’ forms of coordination that have evolved in the EU to complement formal rules. Although the system achieves more than is sometimes recognised, it is shown to have weaknesses. Options for reforming the SGP and other facets of the system are discussed.
Shock Privatization: The Effects of Rapid Large-Scale Privatization on Enterprise Restructuring
Authors: King Lawrence
Published: April 2003

The neoliberal-inspired “shock therapy” policies were designed to allow efficiency considerations to shape the new capitalist economies. Most experts theorized that these policies would enable postcommunist countries to close the gap with the West. After more than a decade, this prediction has been falsified. Fieldwork in 25 Russian firms demonstrates that the neoliberal prescription of mass privatization creates shocks that make successful enterprise restructuring almost impossible. Instead, most firms lower their technological level of production and retreat to nonmarket activity to survive. The result is a poorer economy with less growth potential and thus increased divergence with the West.
Divergent Constitution of Liberal Regimes: Comparison of the U.S. and German Automotive Supplier Markets
Authors: Kwon Hyeong-Ki
Published: April 2003

This article investigates, based on in-depth interviews and mail surveys, the different ways liberal market regimes are constituted by looking at two small market societies, the U.S. and German automotive parts markets. In a situation in which neoliberal paradigm is being challenged and prior norms about contracts and contractual relations do not work either, this article explores how different conceptions of fairness and divergent market regimes are constituted. This article claims that divergent market regimes result from different kinds of problem-solving practices in a novel context among reflexive agents—public deliberation versus isolated dyadic deliberation of conflicts.
Guanxi Civility: Processes, Potentials, and Contingencies
Authors: Lo Ming-Cheng M. , Otis Eileen M.
Published: April 2003

Building on research that analyzes how social relations and networks ( guanxi) shape the Chinese market, this article asks a less-studied question: How is the market changing guanxi? The authors trace the transformation of guanxi from communal, kin-based ties to a cultural metaphor with which diverse individuals build flexible social relationships in late-socialist China. As a “generalized particularism,” this cultural metaphor provides something analogous to the culture of civility in Western societies. The authors discuss the political potential of guanxi in terms of its dual tendency toward the “publicization” and “privatization” of power. The development of guanxi civility suggests the diverse cultural origins of civility and serves as a reminder of the particularistic roots in the universalistic assumption of Western civility.
The Perestroikan Challenge to Social Science
Authors: Laitin David D.
Published: April 2003

Political science faces a challenge from a “Mr. Perestroika,” who decries the hegemony of formal and statistical analysis in the discipline. Although not connected with this movement, Bent Flyvbjerg makes the best case for a renewed dominance for qualitative and case study work throughout the social sciences. This article challenges Flyvbjerg’s call for a phronetic as opposed to an epistemic discipline. It challenges as well the unqualified call for pluralism advocated by many in the perestroika movement. It offers instead an integrated tripartite method in which narrative, statistics, and formal modeling fill in a scientific frame.
Beyond the Arab Street: Iraq and the Arab Public Sphere
Authors: Lynch Marc
Published: April 2003

The common view of the “Arab street” fails to capture essential dimensions of the role of public opinion and public discourse in the politics of Arab states. The rising importance of transnational Arab television and print media has created a public arena outside the control of states. Arguments about issues of shared concern in this Arabist public sphere have had important implications for political identity, beliefs, expectations, and behavior. Arab responses to the ongoing crisis in Iraq demonstrate the political significance of these debates.
Revisiting the Literature on Prisoners who are Older: Are we Wiser?
Authors: Lemieux Catherine M. , Dyeson Timothy B. , Castiglione Brandi
Published: April 2003

This article critically reviews the scholarly literature that describes older U.S. inmates and that examines correctional responses to this subpopulation of incarcerated offenders. This review indicates that the number of incarcerated men and women who are older is increasing. Older offenders are primarily incarcerated for violent offenses, and many report one or more chronic health conditions. Health care management is the most prevalent theme in the current literature, and there is tremendous variation in how jurisdictions accommodate older inmates. This review of the literature reveals major gaps in our scientific understanding of older inmates, and it concludes with recommendations for policy- and practice-relevant research.
Inmate Suicide in Prisons: An Analysis of Legal Liability under 42 USC Section 1983
Authors: Hanser Robert D.
Published: April 2003

Case law pertaining to prison suicide liability in Section 1983 civil lawsuits shows several trends in future liability considerations. Supreme Court decisions regarding deliberate indifference standards, as set forth in Estelle v. Gamble, are compared with present deliberate indifference standards produced by the Farmer v. Brennan ruling. Although some researchers have hailed the Farmer decision as a potential benefit to plaintiffs in prison suicide cases, such claims do not appear to hold merit. The effects of the Farmer decision on Section 1983 prison suicide litigation have created difficulties in proving suicide liability as a violation of constitutionally established civil rights.
Inmate Racial Integration: Achieving Racial Integration in the Texas Prison System
Authors: Trulson Chad R. , Marquart James W.
Published: April 2003

After nearly three decades, there has been a revival of interest in the racial integration of inmates in prisons. In light of what has been done, the literature still questions whether racial integration policies, either forced or voluntary, can be implemented at the practical level. This article examines the process of achieving racial integration in the Texas prison system. This review focuses on the court's role in forcing racial integration, the organizational response to integration, the unit-level process of integration, and the general impact of an integration policy in Texas prisons. Ultimately, this article concludes that racial integration can be realized at the practical level in the contemporary prison.
Wounded Knee Ii And The Indian Prison Reform Movement
Authors: French Laurence Armand
Published: April 2003

Native Americans have been subjected to some of the cruelest punishment doled out by the United States. They were subjected to ethnic cleansing and concentration camps. They were even subjected to mass executions. Indeed, 38 Santee Sioux were hanged on December 26, 1862, under the direction of President Lincoln. This article looks at the Native reaction to these judicial abuses, tracing the events from Wounded Knee II and the American Indian Movement (AIM) to the establishment of the Native American Rights Fund (NARF) and the efforts during the past quarter of a century for Indian-led reforms throughout the U.S. legal system.
Incarcerating Ourselves: Tribal Jails And Corrections
Authors: Luna-Firebaugh Eileen M.
Published: April 2003

The issue of incarceration is one that transcends all populations in the United States but is of particular import in communities of color. This is especially true for American Indians, whose rates of violent crime and incarceration are significantly higher than those of other races. The challenge of creating and maintaining prisons and jails is a significant one for any community, but for American Indian communities, which are already stretched financially and in terms of trained personnel, the challenge can seem overwhelming. Many Indian nations are creating and running jails regardless of the costs, because they have determined that they can provide custodial services near home communities and with cultural and traditional components that are not met by mainstream facilities. They have also determined that the provision of essential law enforcement and custodial services are opportunities to expand tribal sovereignty in important ways.
Alaska Native Inmates: The Demographic Relationship Between Upbringing And Crime
Authors: Blurton David M. , Copus Gary D.
Published: April 2003

The Alaska Native population, like many other minority populations, is disproportionately represented in the correctional system. Alaska Natives represent between 30% and 40% of the state’s inmate population at any given point in time. The disproportionate occurrence of social maladies, including criminal activity, in Native American populations has been partially attributed to cultural conflict that induces anomie, social disorganization, and personal disorganization. This article examines the existence of relationships between where inmates have been raised and the crimes they committed as adults and whether the effects and occurrence of cultural conflict varies according to the rural or urban nature of their upbringing. The results suggest that the effects of cultural conflict are most pronounced in rural Alaskan communities.
Knowledge in Trust: Sufi Women in Istanbul
Authors: RAUDVERE Catharina
Published: April 2003

The author focuses on an informal Sufi group of women in Istanbul, with only peripheral connections to the traditional established orders. The women in the group studied instead have organized their activities in the form of a religious endowment offering regular prayer meetings and basic religious education and charity work to other women in their neighbourhood. The group is an example of the many independent religious non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that have emerged in Turkey since the early 1980s. By offering social space for networking, a ritually proper place for joint worship and access to theological knowledge, the group has given individual women access to religious authority otherwise restricted to men in this local environment.
Islamic Knowledge Through a Woman's Lens: Education, Power and Belief
Authors: JONKER Gerdien
Published: April 2003

The author maps out female production sites of Islamic knowledge in Germany. Such sites are shaped by religious pluralism. Though women experts may differ among themselves, they are still distinct as a group from male experts, who are the sole possessors of religious authority. However, the innovative inroads that these women experts are now developing have enabled them to take up a key position between Muslim communities and the majority society.
Polygamy on the Air: Reactions to the Egyptian TV Serial Al-hajj Mutwalli
Authors: ROALD Anne Sofie
Published: April 2003

In the Scandinavian countries, most immigrants have satellite dishes or they live in segregated areas where the cable company provides TV channels from the tenants' homelands. The author discusses a TV serial aired on various Arabic-language TV channels during Ramadan 2001. The TV serial deals with polygamy and it stirred emotions in many of the Muslim countries as well as in Arab communities in the Western world. On the basis of an investigation in Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, various views on the serial are presented, with emphasis on differences in viewpoints between men and women.
Les Rhétoriques De La Continuité: Les Femmes, L'islam et L'héritage Catholique En Irlande
Authors: SAKARANAHO Tuula
Published: April 2003

How does one interpret a case in which an Irish Muslim woman claims that the values imparted by her traditional Catholic upbringing were an ideal preparation for life as a Muslim, and that hence converting from one religious tradition to another, Christianity to Islam, was very easy indeed? The author aims to give some tentative answers to this question by looking at the Muslim way of life and the resemblance it has to Catholicism in the Republic of Ireland. From the theoretical point of view, this continuum between two different religious traditions will be conceptualized within the theoretical approach developed by the French sociologist of religion Danièle Hervieu-Léger. The key to her approach lies in the concept of “memory”: an awareness of a shared memory is an essential feature of both individual and social identity. Thus, the main emphasis here will be on theoretical discussion concerning a change of religious tradition with reference to Irish Muslim women as an illustrative example.
Discours Voilés Sur Les Musulmanes En Europe: Comment Les Musulmans Sont-ils Devenus Des Musulmanes?
Authors: AMIRAUX Valérie
Published: April 2003

Islam has for a long time been perceived as a purely male religion. This is no longer the case nowadays in Europe. Various elements have helped the “feminization” of Islam in Europe, in particular at the level of its public reception. The veil affairs are among these. Political and scientific discourses have played a role in explaining that wearing the veil could be interpreted differently as the symbol of anti-modernity and backwardness. At the centre of this public dimension of veil affairs, a young woman pops up. She was born in the European country of which she is also a citizen. She belongs to various circles of socialization, not exclusively Islamic ones. Her faith is chosen, assumed and claimed. In a way, she reminds us of some Islamic militancies in the “societies of origin”. Can we consider the two sides of this commitment to a religious activism in public in a comparative perspective? What could then be learned as far as the public perception of Muslim women in Europe is concerned?
(Still) Sacrificing for Salvation: Millenarian Motherhood Reconsidered
Authors: MARKOWITZ Fran
Published: April 2003

The author considers the inherent contradiction between sacrifice and salvation as articulated and practiced by female Saints in what the African Hebrew Israelite Community (AHIC)—or the Black Hebrews—refer to as their Kingdom of God. Toward the aim of understanding how and why these women reconcile daily sacrifices with the millenarian belief that they have found salvation, it presents Black Hebrew women's life stories as dialogic encounters with Old Testament personages and the grand redemption narrative of the Bible coupled with their reflections on what awaits women of African descent in white- and Christian-dominated America.
Apprendre À Formuler Des Intentions De Prières
Authors: REGINENSI Luc
Published: April 2003

In order to understand how, in the French Catholic catechism and in that of the French Reformed Church, students learn what to pray for, i.e. how to compose their prayers, we will not proceed to the analysis of the content of a collection of intentions. Since we consider the intention connected to a prayer as a technology, the object of our inquiry turns away from the content of these prayers, and toward forms of intervention by catechism instructors in the interaction which takes place with the children.
Towards a Sociology of Forced Migration and Social Transformation
Authors: Castles Stephen
Published: April 2003

Forced migration - including refugee flows, asylum seekers, internal displacement and development-induced displacement - has increased considerably in volume and political significance since the end of the Cold War. It has become an integral part of North-South relationships and is closely linked to current processes of global social transformation. This makes it as important for sociologists to develop empirical research and analysis on forced migration as it is to include it in their theoretical understandings of contemporary society. The study of forced migration is linked to research on economic migration, but has its own specific research topics, methodological problems and conceptual issues. Forced migration needs to be analysed as a social process in which human agency and social networks play a major part. It gives rise to fears of loss of state control, especially in the context of recent concerns about migration and security. In this context, it is essential to question earlier sociological approaches, which have been based on the principle of relatively autonomous national societies. The sociology of forced migration must be a transnational and interdisciplinary undertaking.
Bosnian Refugees in Britain
Authors: Kelly Lynnette
Published: April 2003

The way in which migrants are incorporated into society varies according to which society is being examined. The British model is loosely based on notions of multiculturalism. Groups of migrants are considered to constitute a community and, through community leaders, the needs of the group can be conveyed to others. The same model has been used for the incorporation of refugees into society and informs current legislation and policy as well as the work of refugee support agencies. Furthermore, research on refugees often looks at one or more refugee `communities'. More recently, groups of refugees, including Bosnian refugees arriving in Britain as part of the UNHCR programme in December 1992, have been considered as transnational communities or as diasporas, that is, scattered communities. This article looks at the refugees themselves and the community associations that have been established and concludes that the associations exist largely as a result of the benefits that can be obtained through them and that there is no informal Bosnian community. Instead, there is a contingent community: a group of people who will, to some extent, conform to the expectations of the host society in order to gain the advantages of a formal community association, whilst the private face of the group remains unconstituted as a community.
Integration and How We Facilitate it
Authors: Korac Maja
Published: April 2003

The paper examines, in a comparative way, the situation of refugees settled in Italy and the Netherlands. It examines how refugees themselves perceive their social condition in the two contrasting `models' of integration in Italy and the Netherlands and how they define integration success and develop strategies to achieve their goals. The narratives of refugees explored in this paper documents that integration, as it is perceived and desired by the refugees themselves, is both about its functional aspects and about social participation in the wider community. These aspects of integration consist of sets of overlapping processes that take place differently in various spheres of the receiving society and have various outcomes. It is argued that policy should recognize this complexity and acknowledge refugees as social actors rather than turning them into policy objects in order to facilitate integration in each of these sub-sectors.
The Limits of `Choice'
Authors: Reay Diane , Lucey Helen
Published: April 2003

This paper attempts to retheorize school `choice'; to begin to unpack dominant contemporary misconceptions through an examination of the `choices' available to 454 inner city 10 and 11 year-olds engaging in the process of primary-secondary school transfer in England. The prevalent focus within educational theorizing on `choice' as a form of agency often masks the fact that `choice' is a marker of economic privilege. The more distant subjects are from economic necessity the more `choice' becomes a possibility. In contrast, the majority of children in our research study had no `choice' but to make a virtue out of necessity. They were forced to accept the least bad option. Particularly disadvantaged were the large numbers of refugees in the sample and those children, cutting across class and ethnicity, who chose `against the grain'. We conclude that school `choice' is an issue of power and constraint, of class and racial processes, although the possibilities of `choice' cannot in any straightforward way be seen as conterminous with class positioning, implicating, as it does, both ethnicity and fractions and differences within classes as well as between them.
Who Wants to be an Active Citizen?
Authors: Marinetto Michael
Published: April 2003

The notions of active citizenship and community involvement have become increasingly prominent in political discussions and policy practices within Britain in the past 15 years. This is a significant development as the modus operandi of modern liberal democracies has been a representative mode of government in which the wider citizenry has a passive role. This paper contextualizes active citizenship in terms of the interrelationship between civic society and the political realm. The Foucauldian-inspired literature on governmentality has made a concerted attempt to examine such issues. Governmentality regards government, not in the conventional sense as the provenance of centralized institutions, where interest groups and ideologies play their part, but as a complex and ever-changing process that forges ways of thinking about governing with a myriad of practices that proliferate throughout society. Whilst it is informative, it is questioned whether this analytic approach can fully explain and illuminate political developments like active citizenship, given its rejection of realist and critical approaches to government. The second half of the paper addresses such concerns. Here, community involvement is regarded as a contested notion and one where the central state has played a prominent role. To highlight these analytical points, the historical development and political configuration of community involvement over the past 20 years is traced. It is shown that central government, through policies influenced by contrasting ideological conceptions of citizenship and political expediency, has played a key role in shaping community involvement.
Building on Weber to Understand Governance
Authors: Woods Philip A.
Published: April 2003

The paper builds up a conceptual picture of two types of governance - network and organic. In this process it highlights the legitimacies of co-ordination (interior authority and democracy) that lie outside Weber's typology of domination and are relatively neglected in governance literature. The exploration of interior authority, through discussion of identity and substantive liberty, reflects a perspective on human agency that acknowledges the interconnection of the social and non-social and links sociological understanding of agency with political philosophy. It is suggested that this theoretical work gives some necessary content to Weber's concept of inner distance. In turn, this also has implications for our understanding of what is involved in democratizing governance.
How Can a `Nomad' be a `Refugee'?
Authors: Sigona Nando
Published: April 2003

Ethnic categories in Kosovo as well as in Italy have been shaped and reshaped according to public politics and local power relations. Focusing on the treatment of the Roma minority, this article examines the complexity of the relationship between labelling and policy in two different contexts: Kosovo and Italy. It highlights the impact that bureaucratic and institutional actors have on the process of identity building of the Roma/Gypsies community. Labels not only contribute actively to the definition of collective identities, but, as instruments of a political system, they express and summarize its structure. The article concludes by emphasizing that labels and policies not only play a role and, in some ways, create the objective of their action, but once they define a group of people as a community, through the allocation of resources, they actually create a community: from `nomads' to nomads.
The Effects Of Black And Hispanic 12th Graders Living In Intact Families And Being Religious On Their Academic Achievement
Authors: Jeynes William H.
Published: April 2003

Using the National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS) data set from the 1988 to 1992 period, this study assessed the effects of the combination of living in an intact family and student religious commitment on the academic achievement of Black and Hispanic 12th graders. The results indicate that Black and Hispanic children who lived in an intact family and showed a high level of religiosity scored as well as White students on most measures of academic achievement, even when controlling for socioeconomic status and gender. These same Black and Hispanic students also performed better than their Black and Hispanic counterparts who were not from intact families and/or were not high in religiosity. These results suggest that parental family structure and religiosity may play a larger role in explaining the academic gap between Black and Hispanic students, on one hand, and Whites, on the other hand, than was previously believed.
Urban African American Adolescents And School Identification
Authors: Honora Detris
Published: April 2003

The present study examined identification among African American adolescents through the voices of 16 low-income, urban high school students. Gender and ability group differences in school identification were examined through an assessment of students' perceptions of teacher feedback, teacher support and accessibility, and students' perceptions of the roles and purposes of school. Findings suggest patterns across gender and achievement groups regarding students' perceptions of teachers and of schools in general.
High School Reform And Black Male Students
Authors: Jordan Will J. , Cooper Robert
Published: April 2003

An infusion of federal funding and philanthropic support for high schools has sparked an unprecedented number of educational reforms. Still, few initiatives confront the unique conditions facing Black male students. Despite efforts to reform ineffective schools and foster academic achievement for all students, there continues to be a lingering gap between affluent and poor as well as White and Black subgroups. This article explores the complexities of these issues. The authors examine the negative effects of intractable social barriers such as poverty and ineffective schooling. They suggest that currents trends reflect responsible approaches to reform but that the potential role of Black teachers has not been fully explored.
Gender Differences In Adolescent Drug Use
Authors: Svensson Robert
Published: April 2003

This study investigates gender differences in adolescent drug use in terms of parental monitoring and peer deviance. Females are found to be more highly monitored than males, whereas males are more exposed to deviant peers than are females. There is a significant interaction between parental monitoring and peer deviance for the sample as a whole. The effect of this interaction is greater among females, indicating that exposure to deviant peers is more important for the drug use of females in families where parental monitoring is poor.
The Exposure Of Youth To Unwanted Sexual Material On The Internet
Authors: Mitchell Kimberly J. , Finkelhor David , Wolak Janis
Published: April 2003

This national survey of youth, ages 10 to 17, and their caretakers has several implications for the current debate about young people and Internet pornography. Twenty five percent of youth had unwanted exposure to sexual pictures on the Internet in the past year, challenging the prevalent assumption that the problem is primarily about young people motivated to actively seek out pornography. Most youth had no negative reactions to their unwanted exposure, but one quarter said they were very or extremely upset, suggesting a priority need for more research on and interventions directed toward such negative effects. The use of filtering and blocking software was associated with a modest reduction in unwanted exposure, suggesting that it may help but is far from foolproof. Various forms of parental supervision were not associated with any reduction in exposure. The authors urge that social scientific research be undertaken to inform this highly contentious public policy controversy.
Negotiating Ethnic Identity In Canada
Authors: Tsang A. Ka Tat , Irving Howard , Alaggia Ramona , Chau Shirley B. Y. , Benjamin Michael
Published: April 2003

Satellite children are children of ethnically Chinese immigrants to North America who have returned to their country of origin after immigration. Based on interview transcripts of 68 adolescent satellite children, an analysis on the negotiation of ethnic identity was performed using the NUD*IST software. The analysis showed multiple ways of ethnic identity negotiation, ranging from an essentialist approach to differentiation and to confusion. Existing approaches to theoretical conceptualization are critically examined, drawing implications for practice.
A General Theory of Tourism Consumption Systems: A Conceptual Framework and an Empirical Exploration
Authors: Woodside Arch G. , Dubelaar Chris
Published: April 2003

A tourism consumption system (TCS) is defined as the set of related travel thoughts, decisions, and behaviors by a discretionary traveler prior to, during, and following a trip. The central proposition of a theory of TCS is that the thoughts, decisions, and behaviors regarding one activity influence the thoughts, decisions, and behaviors for a number of other activities. Using exit interview travel data and quick clustering analysis, this article empirically examines seven basic TCS propositions pertaining to decisions made once the destination has been selected. The findings support and extend the basic propositions specifically indicating clear patterns in the behaviors of visitors to Prince Edward Island, Canada. The authors conclude by recommending that this approach is useful for tourism marketers and practitioners in general. Suggestions are provided for analyzing TCS to increase the effectiveness of tourism marketing strategies.
The Influence of Selected Behavioral and Economic Variables on Perceptions of Admission Price Levels
Authors: Kim Seong-Seop , Crompton John L.
Published: April 2003

It has been suggested that there is a need to include variables other than traditional economic variables in models designed to assess visitors’ reactions to admission prices. This study explored the influence of selected behavioral and nontraditional economic factors in influencing visitors’ reactions. Analyses were undertaken on responses from five data sets that addressed pricing issues in the Texas state park system. Generally, the economic factors were more useful predictors than the behavioral factors. Especially useful were perceptions of value for the admission price and importance of admission price to a day visit. Ownership of an annual pass and level of loyalty were also useful predictors of price perceptions.
Assessing Community Support and Sustainability for Ecotourism Development
Authors: Vincent Vern C. , Thompson William
Published: April 2003

This article develops a psychometrically reliable and valid measurement instrument of community assessment and support for the development of an ecotourism project. Based on an application of this instrument, recommendations are made regarding the type and importance of activities and promotions needed to sustain an ecotourism project from the perceptions of the local residents who are willing to pay a fee to attend associated events and activities. Specifically, ecotourism sustainability is more likely to occur when (1) the community is actively involved in the design and development of an ecotourism project and consequently becomes more environmentally conscious, (2) the community leaders develop and support programs for families and children to learn more about environmental conservation and preservation, and (3) community tourism decision makers recognize the importance of promoting and publicizing the potential economic benefits as a result of a community’s ecotourism development.
New Zealand Holiday Travel to Samoa: A Distribution Channels Approach
Authors: Pearce Douglas G.
Published: April 2003

This article presents a distribution channels approach to preparing a national market report and illustrates its application and implications with reference to New Zealand holiday travel to Samoa. The approach involves a systematic examination of the structure of the distribution channels that link markets and destinations, as well as an analysis of the attitudes and needs of different channel members (tourists, suppliers, and intermediaries) and the interrelationships between them. The results from the Samoa study highlight differences between tourists, carriers, wholesalers, and travel agents; testify to the inherent interdependency in distribution channels; and call for a more integrated approach to marketing holiday travel to this South Pacific destination.
Entrepreneurship in Rural Tourism? Australian Landcare Programs as a Destination Marketing Tool
Authors: Beeton Sue
Published: April 2003

Landcare is an innovative, bottom-up community approach to solving environmental problems and ensuring the future of Australia’s natural resources on both private and public land. Many of the Landcare projects provide rich educational opportunities for tourists through organized field days and tours that have been initially developed for agriculturists, farmers, and school groups. This article explores the potential links between tourism and Landcare, examining two cases in which attempts have been made to attract tourists to certain projects. Findings confirm the hypothesis that understanding the mechanics of the tourism industry by many rural enterprises is ineffectual, resulting in lost opportunities.
Economic Benefits of Sport Fishing and Angler Wildlife Watching in Pennsylvania: A Comment
Authors: Coupal Roger H. , Bastian Chris T. , Taylor David T.
Published: April 2003

Upneja et al. (2001) stated correctly that benefit estimates beyond those generated by economic impact analyses are appropriate kinds of information for policymakers and resource managers. The authors’ concern is that Upneja et al.’s article could potentially encourage other travel professionals to estimate travel cost models that provide inaccurate or flawed economic benefit estimates. Problems include using price as the only variable in the demand equation, out-of-pocket travel expenses as a proxy for price, and linear regression instead of a count data process.
Tourism and Social Change: The Case of Israeli Ecotourists Visiting Jordan
Authors: Pizam Abraham , Fleischer Aliza , Mansfeld Yoel
Published: April 2003

This study evaluated the role of tourism as an agent of change between two countries that have been traditionally hostile to each other—Israel and Jordan. Fifty Jewish Israeli ecotourists who traveled to Jordan for the first time were asked to complete a structured questionnaire that measured attitudes toward Jordanian people, their political beliefs, and their institutions. Each tourist was asked to complete the questionnaire before leaving for Jordan and after returning home. A control group of Israeli ecotourists who did not go to Jordan was also asked to complete the questionnaire twice. The results showed that the tourist experience that the Israeli ecotourists encountered significantly altered their opinions and attitudes toward the Jordanian people and their institutions, in the positive direction. Overall, of 33 attitudinal statements, 15 (45.4%) show a positive change as a result of the tourist experience, while none of the attitudes changed in the negative direction.
Market Segmentation and the Prediction of Tourist Behavior: The Case of Bornholm, Denmark
Authors: Johns Nick , Gyimóthy Szilvia
Published: April 2003

Data from a visitor survey on the Danish Island of Bornholm were analyzed using multivariate techniques. Factor analysis of visitors’ preferences and behavior patterns indicated three main goals: relaxation, nature, and local culture. Two distinct clusters, “active” and “inactive” vacationers, were derived from the data. Actives tended to be Germans, to plan their vacation carefully to exercise autonomy in their booking of transport and accommodation, and to value the provision of amenities on the island. Inactives were mostly Scandinavians, and though they made fewer plans, they were more likely to visit the island’s most popular attractions. On the basis of logistic regression analysis, it is suggested that the most important differentiating factors between clusters were (1) the importance accorded to amenity provision, (2) nationality, (3) age, (4) activity participation, (5) planning behavior, (6) attraction visiting behavior, (7) autonomy, and (8) gender.
Destination Price Competitiveness: Exchange Rate Changes versus Domestic Inflation
Authors: Dwyer Larry , Forsyth Peter , Rao Prasada
Published: April 2003

The price competitiveness of tourism is an important determinant of inbound visitor numbers. Price competitiveness indices can be used to explore questions of how a destination changes in this respect over time and the causes of any changes. A method of constructing tourism price competitiveness indices is outlined here. The method allows the various determinants of tourism price competitiveness, such as exchange rate and price changes, to be highlighted and their influence on the indices to be identified. The method also allows for comparison of a destination’s tourism price competitiveness relative to domestic tourism in origin markets and for its overall price competitiveness relative to major competitors. Results are presented for 19 tourism destinations during the period from 1985 to 1998 using Australia as a base case.
Knowledge Discovery in Database for Tourist Destinations
Authors: Pyo Sungsoo , Uysal Muzaffer , Chang Hyesook
Published: April 2003

The knowledge discovery in database (KDD) with data mining is a useful tool for the destination management, and more hospitality enterprises and tourist destinations will adopt it in the future. Destination knowledge management requires a multidisciplinary approach and an understanding of tourism. Research and information technology together are imperative to be successful in KDD and data mining. Since useful knowledge management systems must be timely, the destination knowledge discovery system can be a perpetual prototype requiring frequent updating with emphasis on speed in responses and updating. This article discusses various aspects of KDD including operational issues, applications, and data mining. In addition, a hypothetical example of the KDD is provided using Cheju Island in South Korea.
Developing and Supporting European Tour Operator Distribution Channels for Canadian Aboriginal Tourism Development
Authors: Williams Peter W. , Richter Christine
Published: April 2003

Because of the often remote and fledgling character of Canada’s aboriginal tourism attractions, developing alliances with knowledgeable and culturally sensitive distribution channel operators are especially important. The distribution channels developed can affect the patterns of destination use, target markets attracted, and economic impact created for aboriginal communities. This research describes the structure and perspectives of the European tour operator industry as it relates to the distribution of North American aboriginal tourism experiences to European travelers. The findings suggest strategies for working with tour operators in configuring, positioning, promoting, and delivering aboriginal tourism.
Testing a Constraints Model within the Context of Nature-Based Tourism
Authors: Pennington-Gray Lori A. , Kerstetter Deborah L.
Published: April 2003

This study focused on pleasure travelers’ perceived constraints to nature-based tourism. Eleven constraint statements were identified through a literature review and were chosen a priori to represent three types of constraint as outlined by Crawford, Jackson, and Godbey. The purpose of the study was to determine whether the three types of constraints (intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural) existed in the context of nature-based tourism. A confirmatory factor analysis using the EQS program was used to “confirm” that the data fit the three-constraint model. MANOVA was then employed to identify whether respondents differed in their perception of constraints based on demographic variables. The findings indicated that differences existed with regards to age and family life cycle stage.
Research through Participant Observation in Tourism: A Creative Solution to the Measurement of Consumer Satisfaction/Dissatisfaction (CS/D) among Tourists
Authors: Bowen David
Published: April 2003

This study analyzes the rationale that led to the choice of participant observation as a practical research tool within a case study of tourist satisfaction and dissatisfaction on a small-group, soft-adventure, long-haul inclusive tour from the United Kingdom to Malaysia and Singapore. In particular, the advantages of participant observation are favorably contrasted with customer service questionnaires. The author also outlines some of the key problems and issues that were confronted through the technique and its special usefulness for tourism research. Although the focus of the research in this instance was tourist satisfaction/dissatisfaction, it is possible to envisage research into other tourist behavior and management questions. Consequently, it is hoped that other researchers and commercial organizations will attempt to more fully use the technique.
Nonhost Community Resident Reactions to the 2002 Winter Olympics: The Spillover Impacts
Authors: Deccio Cary , Baloglu Seyhmus
Published: April 2003

In the context of social exchange theory, this study examines nonhost community residents’ perceptions of the spillover effects of the 2002 Winter Olympic Games, the antecedents of these perceived impacts, and consequent support for the Olympics. Results show that although some residents perceive that the Olympics will bring opportunities, most do not anticipate any local impact from the event. Findings indicate that environmentally conscious residents do not support the Olympics. Those who are economically dependent on tourism and those who participate in outdoor activities generally support the Olympics. On the other hand, community attachment of residents did not influence perceived Olympic opportunities or support for the Olympics. Most residents overall indicated that they do not support or oppose the event but do encourage promotion of the area during the Olympics and would be willing to support their rural community activities during the mega event. Implications and future research issues are discussed.
Regional Flows of Recreational Boater Expenditures on Trips in Michigan
Authors: Lee Hee-Chan
Published: April 2003

This study estimated the regional flows of boater spending on trips by four boat storage categories to provide information useful to regional marketing and planning efforts for boating agencies and industries. Data were collected through sample surveys of 1998 Michigan registered boat owners. The questionnaire was designed for boaters to specify their spending between origin and destination to avoid potentially erroneous assumptions on the allocation of spending among regions. Owners of 652,000 registered boats logged 18.4 million days of boating and spent $635 million on trips within Michigan in 1998. All northern regions were net gainers from boater trip spending and earned a net gain of $120 million in 1998. The south inland region showed the biggest net loss of boater dollars, as resident boaters in this region spent $78 million more outside the region than the region received. Out-of-state boaters spent $35 million in Michigan, mostly involving use of seasonal homes in the state.
Tradition and Cognitive Science
Authors: Turner Stephen
Published: April 2003

In this discussion, the author asks the question if Oakeshott's famous depiction of a practice might be understood in relation to contemporary cognitive science, in particular connectionism (the contemporary cognitive science approach concerned with the problem of skills and skilled knowing) and in terms of the now conventional view of “normativity” in Anglo-American philosophy. The author suggests that Oakeshott meant to contrast practices to an alternative “Kantian” model of a shared tacit mental frame or set of rules. If cognitive science, in its connectionist forms, allows us to give a naturalistic though nonreductive sense to his words, Oakeshott, like other philosophers who have employed the concept of tradition, expanded his discussion into a broader reconsideration of the nature of theorizing, a metaphilosophy. And this extension can be understood in relation to such recent thinkers as McDowell and, in particular, to the problem of the acquisition of the normative.
The Individualism-Holism Debate on Intertheoretic Reduction and the Argument from Multiple Realization
Authors: Zahle Julie
Published: April 2003

The argument from multiple realization is currently considered the argument against intertheoretic reduction. Both Little and Kincaid have applied the argument to the individualism-holism debate in support of the antireductionist holist position. The author shows that the tenability of the argument, as applied to the individualism-holism debate, hinges on the descriptive constraints imposed on the individualist position. On a plausible formulation of the individualist position, the argument does not establish that the intertheoretic reduction of social theories is highly unlikely. Nonetheless, the reductive project may run into other potential obstacles. For this reason, it is concluded that the prospect of intertheoretic reduction is uncertain rather than unlikely.