bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of Cu3V2O7(OH)2·2H2O Nanoribbons and Cu3V2O7(OH)2·2H2O/PANI Nanocomposites Used in Supercapacitors
Authors: Huang Zhongjie , Ni Wenbin , Pang Huan , Lu Qingyi , Wang Dengchao , Zhao Jianwei
Published: February 2010

Cu3V2O7(OH)2·2H2O (CVO) nanoribbons are fabricated through a facile hydrothermal approach, showing a layered structure and multiwater framework proven by TEM, XRD, and FT-IR measurements. The CVO nanoribbon electrode exhibits a specific capacitance of 121 F g−1 at a current density of 500 mA g−1 in 1.0 M KNO3. While PANI materials are both coated on and intercalated into the CVO, the specific capacitance is greatly improved to 197 F g−1.
Lewis Acid-mediated Highly Regioselective Ring-expansion of Methyl 2-Phenyl-1-(arylhydroxymethyl)cyclopropanecarboxylates
Authors: Yoshida Eri , Nishida Kazufumi , Toriyabe Kei , Taguchi Ryouta , Motoyoshiya Jiro , Nishii Yoshinori
Published: February 2010

A novel ring-expansion of methyl (arylhydroxymethyl)cyclopropanecarboxylates 1 using Sc(OTf)3 or BF3·OEt2 afforded 1,2-dihydronaphthalene-3-carboxylic acid ester 2 in high to excellent yields. In the reaction, highly regioselective ring opening of cyclopropane and sequential cyclization occurred.
Transesterification of Triolein to Biodiesel Fuel over Mordenite-supported CaO Catalysts
Authors: Yamaguchi Syuhei , Asamoto Makiko , Inoue Syun , Kawahito Satomi , Mieno Yasuhiro , Ikushima Kenji , Yahiro Hidenori
Published: February 2010

CaO catalysts supported on several metal oxides and zeolites were investigated for transesterification of triolein with methanol. Zeolite-supported CaO catalysts showed high catalytic activity for transesterification compared to the metal oxide-supported CaO catalysts; among the zeolites tested in this work, mordenite exhibited the best support. The catalytic activity of mordenite-supported CaO catalyst depended on both the amount of CaO loading and the calcination temperature for catalyst precursor.
Facile Fabrication of Inorganic/Polymer Janus Microspheres by Miniemulsion Polymerization
Authors: Zhang Jianan , Wu Mingyuan , Wu Qingyun , Yang Jianjun , Liu Nannan , Jin Zhilai
Published: February 2010

Inorganic/polymer Janus microspheres were fabricated successfully in a one-step process by miniemulsion polymerization. Our method involved the in situ miniemulsion polymerization of styrene and the in situ hydrolysis–condensation of tetraethoxysilane under basic conditions. By taking full advantage of phase separation between the growing polystyrene particles and tetraethoxysilane, Janus microspheres were obtained with silica constituting one hemisphere by the hydrolysis–condensation and polystyrene the other hemisphere after the polymerization of monomers. The Janus microspheres showed amphiphilicity due to the different chemical composition of each hemisphere.
Laser Ablation of Micro-sized Organic Dye Particles in Solvents with Limited Solubility for the Dye: Formation of a Supersaturated Solution
Authors: Itaya Akira , Murakami Takumi , Yokoi Nao , Masuo Sadahiro , Machida Shinjiro
Published: February 2010

Solvents with limited solubility for N,N′-di(octyl)perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide (PTCDI-C8) were used for laser ablation in liquid. Laser irradiation of the suspension induced an absorption spectral change of the solution. The absorbance of free PTCDI-C8 molecules in the solution obtained by laser irradiation was unusually larger than that of the suspension before laser irradiation, suggesting that a supersaturated solution was formed by laser irradiation of PTCDI-C8 nanoparticles prepared by laser ablation.
Mineral homeostasis in young children consuming typical U.S. diets
Authors: Griffin Ian J. , Lynch M. Fran , Hawthorne Keli M. , Abrams Steven A.
Published: February 2010

Mineral requirements in young children are poorly understood, and current recommendations rely heavily on data collected in older children or adults. Our objectives were to assess the relationship between mineral (Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, and Cu) intake in young U.S. children, and mineral absorption, excretion, and retention; and to use these data to re-examine the most recent recommended intakes. Thirty children, 1–4 y old, were studied on their usual diet. After 7 d of home adaptation they were admitted for either a 2-d or 5-d metabolic study where multiple stable isotope or Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, and Cu were administered and mineral absorption (2-d study), or absorption and excretion (5-d study) were assessed. Fractional (%) absorption of some (Ca, Mg) but not all (Fe, Zn) minerals decreased as intake increased. Absolute (total) absorption and net retention of all the minerals increased as their intake increased. Mineral homeostasis was related to changes in fractional absorption (Ca and Mg), fecal excretion (Zn), or whole body mineral status (Fe). Our results support the current U.S. recommended intakes for 1–4-y-old children for Mg and Fe, but suggest that those for Ca and Zn are too low.
Nearly flag-transitive affine planes
Authors: Kantor William M. , Williams Michael E.
Published: February 2010

Spreads of orthogonal vector spaces are used to construct many translation planes of even order qm
, for odd m > 1, having a collineation with a (qm
– 1)-cycle on the line at infinity and on each of two affine lines.
Standardization in clinical enzymology: a challenge for the theory of metrological traceability
Authors: Infusino Ilenia , Schumann Gerhard , Ceriotti Ferruccio , Panteghini Mauro
Published: February 2010

The goal of standardization for measurement of the catalytic concentration of enzymes is to achieve comparable results in human samples, independent of the reagent kits, instruments, and laboratory where the assay is performed. To pursue this objective, the IFCC has established reference systems for the most important clinical enzymes. These systems are based on the following requirements: a) reference methods, well described and evaluated extensively; b) suitable reference materials; and c) reference laboratories operating in a highly controlled manner. When these reference systems are used appropriately, the diagnostic industry can assign traceable values to commercial calibrators. Clinical laboratories that use procedures with validated calibrators to measure human specimens can now obtain values that are traceable to higher-order reference procedures. These reference systems constitute the structure of the traceability chain to which the routine methods can be linked via an appropriate calibration process, provided that they have a comparable specificity (i.e., they are measuring the same catalytic quantity).

Clin Chem Lab Med 2010;48:301–7.
Development and validation of a high performance liquid chromatography method to determine linezolid concentrations in pig pulmonary tissue
Authors: Guerrero Laura , Martínez-Olondris Pilar , Rigol Montserrat , Esperatti Mariano , Esquinas Cristina , Luque Néstor , Piñer Raquel , Torres Antoni , Soy Dolors
Published: February 2010

Background: Linezolid is the first synthetic compound of a new group of antimicrobials, the oxazolidinones, which inhibit protein synthesis. It shows a broad spectrum of activity against Gram positive organisms. With respect to its pharmacokinetics, linezolid shows a relatively high volume of distribution and good penetration into inflammatory fluids, bone, fat and muscle.

Methods: A reversed-phase isocratic high-performance liquid chromatographic method for linezolid analysis in piglet pulmonary tissue is described. Tissue samples and controls were prepared in 1×TBE (1 M Tris, 0.9 M boric acid, 0.01 M EDTA). The mobile phase consisted of 20% ultrafiltered water and 80% of (A) 15 mM potassium monohydrogen phosphate buffer (pH=5) with (B) acetonitrile (80%/20%; v/v). Samples were homogenized and precipitated with HClO4 3% (1/1, v/v). The injection volume was 100 μL. Ofloxacin was used as an internal standard.

Results: The assay was linear over a linezolid concentration range: 1.6–100 μg/mL. The method provided good validation data (n=15): inaccuracy (3.6%), intra and inter-day variability (4.2% and 5.2%, respectively), recovery (91.8%), limit of detection (0.8 μg/mL) and quantitation (1.6 μg/mL) and acceptable stability within 24 h in the auto-sampler.

Conclusions: The method offers a fast and simple approach to determine linezolid in pulmonary tissue which could be of use in pharmacokinetic studies.

Clin Chem Lab Med 2010;48:391–8.
Composition of kidney stone fragments obtained after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
Authors: Ribeiro da Silva Silvia Fernandes , Leite da Silva Sônia , De Francesco Daher Elizabeth , de Holanda Campos Henry , Bruno da Silva Carlos Antônio
Published: February 2010

Background: The objective of this study was to determine the composition of kidney stone fragments obtained after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL).

Methods: Kidney stone fragments from 25 patients with urolithiasis treated with ESWL were submitted for morphological analysis. The composition was determined for all the recovered fragments.

Results: Thirteen patients (52%) had pure stones. The most common type of pure stone was calcium oxalate (61.6%), of which half was the monohydrate type (COM) and half was the dihydrate type (COD). The other pure stones consisted of either uric acid (30.8%) or struvite (7.6%). For mixed stones, the most frequently observed component was COM or COD (50%), followed by a mixture of COD and carbapatite (25.1%).

Conclusions: Our findings indicate that the composition of kidney stone fragments recovered after ESWL can be determined. Knowledge of stone composition is fundamental to understand the etiology of lithogenesis.

Clin Chem Lab Med 2010;48:403–4.
Matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) polymorphism is a risk factor for endometrial cancer susceptibility
Authors: Yi Yu-Chiao , Chou Pai-Ta , Chen Ling-Yun , Kuo Wu-Hsien , Shih-Chu Ho Esther , Han Chih-Ping , Yang Shun-Fa
Published: February 2010

Background: The goal of our study was to evaluate the influence of genetic polymorphisms of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2, MMP-3 and MMP-7 on susceptibility to endometrial cancer.

Methods: In the present study, we enrolled a total of 118 patients with endometrial cancer confirmed by histopathology, and 229 unrelated healthy individuals. Polymorphism for the MMP-2 (rs2285053), MMP-3 (rs3025058) and MMP-7 (rs11568818) genes was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction enzyme length polymorphism.

Results: The frequencies of MMP-7 −181 G/G and A/G genotypes were found to be significantly higher in cancer patients compared with healthy controls (p=0.017). Stratification showed that individuals with MMP-7 −181 G allele were at increased risk for endometrial cancer when >50 years of age [odds ratios (OR)=2.03; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.21–3.39], endometrioid (OR=1.80; 95% CI 1.11–2.92), low (stage I–II) (OR=1.73; 95% CI 1.05–2.83) or high stage (stage III–IV) (OR=2.69; 95% CI 1.16–6.24). Compared with the A/A genotype, the A/G+G/G genotype modified the risk of developing endometrial carcinoma and significance was detected in patients over 50 years old, and those with endometrioid type and high stage endometrial cancer. However, no significant difference in MMP-2 (-735 C/T) and MMP-3 (6A/5A) genotypes was observed between endometrial carcinoma cases and controls.

Conclusions: This is the first report on the association of MMP-2, MMP-3 and MMP-7 gene polymorphisms in endometrial cancer. Our results suggest that individuals with the MMP-7 −181 G/G and A/G genotype may have an increased risk of developing endometrial cancer.

Clin Chem Lab Med 2010;48:337–44.
How virtuous is humor? Evidence from everyday behavior
Authors: Beermann Ursula , Ruch Willibald
Published: February 2010

Historical as well as contemporary writers across many disciplines have referred to humor as a virtue. However, in psychological research it is not clear in which ways humor can serve (as) a virtue, and for which virtues this holds. The current study addresses this issue from the perspective of lay people's everyday lives. The aims of the study are to investigate (1) how often people achieved each of six core virtues identified by Dahlsgaard et al. (Review of General Psychology 9: 203–213, 2005) by means of humor, also in relation to how important the respective virtue was for the participants, (2) to collect reports of situations where participants actually used humor to achieve any of the six virtues, and (3) to study the use of eight comic styles (Schmidt-Hidding, Europäische Schlüsselwörter. Band I: Humor und Witz, Huber, 1963) within the reported situations. Whereas justice and humanity were the virtues considered most important, the virtues most compatible with humor seemed to be humanity and wisdom. However, it was possible to report situations for each of the virtues. More benevolent comic styles were used more frequently to achieve virtue than more malevolent styles. But whenever malevolent styles, like sarcasm or cynicism, were used, this was disproportionally often the case in order to exert justice.
Gifted children's humor preferences, sense of humor, and Comprehension of riddles
Authors: Bergen Doris
Published: February 2010

This study explored gifted children's humor media preferences, explanations of humor funniness, evaluation of their sense of humor, and ability to produce, understand, and figure out riddle “punch lines.” Seventy-four gifted-identified children (40 male; 34 female) ages 7–12 were interviewed. Most media humor exhibited conceptual incongruity or word play with multiple meanings. Children rated themselves high on sense of humor (% = 3.9 of 5). Younger and older children and boys and girls differed only on girls' rating themselves more likely to notice and laugh at funny situations (the spectator role!), F(1, 72) = 6.319, p < .01, and younger children's rating themselves as more often in a bad mood, F(1, 72) = 5.541, p < .05. Most children produced a correctly told joke or riddle and gave accurate explanations of funniness. Boys' funny media examples had more hostile qualities (TV, (χ
Mammals of the Macaronesian islands (the Azores, Madeira, the Canary and Cape Verde islands): redefinition of the ecological equilibrium
Authors: Masseti Marco
Published: February 2010

The fossil and subfossil mammal scenario of the oceanic islands of Macaronesia – the Azores, Madeira, and the Savage Islands (Portugal), the Canary Islands (Spain) and Cape Verde – is disconcertingly scant, consisting almost exclusively of the same taxonomic groups characterised by a homogeneous composition of species. The very few endemites can be referred essentially to three species of chiroptera in addition to three murids, which became extinct on the Canaries in historical times, and one representative of the taxonomic group of the Soricomorpha, the Canarian shrew,Crocidura canariensisHutterer, Lopez-Hurado and Vogle 1987. It is the sole non-volant mammal still dispersed on the Canary Islands, where its occurrence is reported from Fuerteventura, La Graciosa, Lanzarote, and possibly from the two islets of Lobos and Montaña Clara. Owing to its vicinity to continental Africa, the Canary archipelago is the only one in the Eastern Atlantic islands to have been characterised by a non-volant mammalian fauna, whereas such elements do not appear to have been diffused in either the Azores or Cape Verde throughout the entire recent Quaternary. The current mammalian composition of these islands is characterised by the presence of species of almost entirely continental and anthropochorous origin. Evidence shows that the extant occurrence of non-volant mammals appears to be almost exclusively a result of human introduction during the late Holocene. The timing of such processes and the biological success of certain introductions (i.e., naturalisation) raise questions about the proper use of terms such as “natural” or “artificial” when dealing with expansions of anthropochorous range.
The first fossil record of Lophiomys in Egypt
Authors: Linseele Veerle , Van Neer Wim , De Cupere Bea
Published: February 2010

No abstract available
Syntheses, structures, and IR spectroscopic characterization of new uranyl sulfate/selenate 1D-chain, 2D-sheet and 3D-framework
Authors: Ling Jie , Sigmon Ginger E. , Ward Matthew , Roback Nancy , Carman Burns Peter
Published: February 2010

Three uranyl sulfates, (C6H20N4)[(UO2)2(SO4)4 · (H2O)2](H2O)6 (TETAUS), (C15H14N3)[(UO2)(SO4)2](NO3) · (H2O)2 (TPUS), and K2[(UO2)(SO4)2(H2O)] · H2O (KUS), and two uranyl selenates, K(H3O)[(UO2)2(SeO4)3 · (H2O)](H2O)6 (KUSe) and (H3O)2[(UO2)2(SeO4)3 · (H2O)] (USe), were synthesized by slow evaporation of aqueous solutions at room temperature. TETAUS crystallizes in space group P-1, a = 6.7186(5) Å, b = 9.2625(7) Å, c = 13.1078(9) Å, α = 72.337(2)°, β = 89.198(2)°, γ = 70.037(1)°, V = 726.89(9) Å3, Z = 1. TPUS is triclinic, P-1, a = 6.9732(7) Å, b = 13.569(1) Å, c = 13.641(1) Å, α = 111.809(2)°, β = 102.386(2)°, γ = 93.833(2)°, V = 1150.0(2) Å3, Z = 2. KUS is orthorhombic, Cmca, a = 12.171(2) Å, b = 16.689(3) Å, c = 10.997(2) Å, V = 2233.8(6) Å3, Z = 8. These uranyl sulfates are built from infinite one-dimensional uranyl sulfate chains with different topologies. KUSe is monoclinic, P21/n, a = 14.715(1) Å, b = 10.1557(7) Å, c = 15.833(1) Å, β = 114.415(1)°, V = 2154.5(3) Å3, Z = 4. Its structure is based on a two-dimensional uranyl selenate sheet. USe crystallizes in space group P21/c, a = 10.6124(2) Å, b = 14.7717(3) Å, c = 13.7139(3) Å, β = 96.989(1)°, V = 2133.86(8) Å3, Z = 4, with a complex three-dimensional uranyl selenate framework containing channels extending in three directions.
Fast charge transport of titania nanotube arrays in dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Li Kang-Le , Xie Zhi-Bin , Adams Stefan
Published: February 2010

Vertically oriented nanotubular titania arrays with a length of ca. 12 μm were fabricated by anodisation of titanium foils. Rietveld refinements of grazing incidence and wide angle XRD patterns for the annealed nanotube titania array showed that they consist of anatase crystals with a pronounced size anisotropy and a moderate preferred orientation. The energy conversion efficiency of dye sensitized solar cells based on the annealed nanotubular anatase array exceeds 6% under standard AM1.5 100 mW/cm2 irradiance and thus outperforms solar cells based on anatase nanoparticles when comparing analogous back illumination cell designs. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was employed to clarify the origin of the improved short circuit current and conversion efficiency. It was found that the effective diffusion length in the nanotube cells reaches >100 μm and no longer limits the onversion efficiency. The faster electron transport can be traced back to the larger crystallite size and the reduced intergrain orientation mismatch in the titania nanotubes.
From magnesium based intermetallics to metal hydrides: structures, properties and reaction pathways
Authors: Kohlmann Holger
Published: February 2010

Magnesium based intermetallics may be hydrogenated to the corresponding hydrides, which show a huge variety of compositions, crystal structures, chemical bonding and physical properties. With the late transition metals (groups 7–10) hydridometallate complexes are formed, such as the hydrogen storage material Mg2NiH4. Salt-like hydrides are found for ternary compounds of magnesium with the alkaline, alkaline earth and rare earth metals. Some of these can be synthesized by hydrogenating the analogous intermetallic compounds, involving a metal to semiconductor transition. In contrast to such electron precise compounds, palladium rich intermetallics of magnesium form interstitial hydrides with considerable homogeneity ranges with respect to hydrogen. In MgPd3and related compounds hydrogen induces a rearrangement of the intermetallic structure from one (ZrAl3type) to another (AuCu3type) superstructure of a cubic closest packing of metal atoms.
Participatory Discrepancies and the Perception of Beats in Jazz
Authors: Butterfield Matthew
Published: February 2010

A POPULAR THEORY HOLDS THAT "SWING" STEMS specifically from asynchronous timing between bass and drums in their shared articulation of the beat, a phenomenon Charles Keil has dubbed "participatory discrepancies" (PDs; Keil, 1987). The "push and pull" between these instruments purportedly generates a "productive tension" thought to drive the groove with energy. This paper presents the results of two experiments on the perception of PDs. Experiment 1 employed synthetic recordings of a conventional swing groove in which the onset asynchronies between bass and drums were varied. Participants used three listening strategies to perceive the asynchrony and its purported effects. Experiment 2 employed recordings of professional jazz musicians and tested for the effects of learning in the perception of PDs. Little evidence emerged from either experiment in support of the PD framework. An alternative proposal drawn from metric entrainment theory explains the effects of PDs as more limited and local than previously thought.
Intensity of Emotions Conveyed and Elicited by Familiar and Unfamiliar Music
Authors: Ali S. Omar , Peynircioǧlu Zehra F.
Published: February 2010

WE REPLICATED PREVIOUS FINDINGS AND DEMONSTRATED that familiarity with musical stimuli increased 'liking' or 'preference' for the stimuli. We also demonstrated that familiarity increased the intensity of emotional responses to music, but only when the stimuli were made highly familiar through en masse repetitions (Experiment 3) rather than through interspersed repetitions (Experiment 1). In addition, intensity ratings were higher when participants were asked to judge the emotion conveyed by the music than when they were asked to judge the emotion elicited by the same music (Experiments 2 and 3). Finally, positive emotions (i.e., happy and calm) were rated higher compared with negative emotions (i.e., sad and angry) for both types of ratings (i.e., conveyed or elicited). The findings suggest that familiarity plays a role in modulating a listener's emotional response to music.
Chord Discrimination by Pigeons
Authors: Brooks Daniel I. , Cook Robert G.
Published: February 2010

PIGEONS WERE TRAINED IN A GO/NO-GO TASK TO discriminate a major triad from four other chord triads. These latter chords were constructed by altering the third or fifth of the triad by one semitone, creating minor, suspended fourth, augmented, or flat five chords. Experiment 1 used a C root to test these chords. Experiment 2 examined the discrimination of these chords using the D root. Pigeons could discriminate these harmonically complex triads, with manipulations of the fifth supporting better discrimination than manipulations of the third. The augmented chord was perceived as the most dissimilar from the major chord and the suspended fourth chord as the most similar. A combination of attention to sensory consonance and absolute properties of the chords is suggested to account for the results. Comparable human results suggested some overlap in their perception of harmonic elements, but a considerable difference in their flexibility to use this information across different contexts.
Nonperformance, as Well as Performance, Based Music Engagement Predicts Verbal Recall
Authors: Chin TanChyuan , Rickard Nikki S.
Published: February 2010

MUSICIANS HAVE BEEN REPORTED TO DEMONSTRATE significantly better verbal memory abilities than do nonmusicians. In this study, we examined whether forms of music engagement other than formal music training might also predict verbal memory performance. Gender, socioeconomic status, and music performance variables were controlled in the main study; IQ was also assessed for a subset of participants. While performance musicianship remained a stronger predictor of verbal learning and memory, convincing evidence is presented that nonperformance music engagement (listening activity) also predicted verbal memory measures. The role of music engagement was independent of control factors both in the main study results and in the subset. The findings highlight the need for a more extensive conceptualization of musicianship in research that examines the impact of music on cognitive performance.
Exploring Perceptual and Acoustical Correlates of Polyphonic Timbre
Authors: Alluri Vinoo , Toiviainen Petri
Published: February 2010

POLYPHONIC TIMBRE HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED TO BE an important element for computational categorization according to genre, style, mood, and emotions, but its perceptual constituents have received less attention. The work presented here comprises two experiments, Experiment 1, to devise a framework of subjective rating scales for quantifying the perceptual qualities of polyphonic timbre and Experiment 2, to rate short excerpts of Indian popular music and correlate them with computationally extracted acoustic features. A factor analysis of the ratings suggested three perceptual dimensions: Activity, Brightness, and Fullness. The present findings imply that there may be regularities and patterns in the way people perceive polyphonic timbre. Furthermore, the perceptual dimensions can be predicted relatively well by the regression models. Spectrotemporal modulations were found to be most relevant, while the well known polyphonic timbre descriptors, the Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients, did not contribute significantly to any of the perceptual dimensions.
Negotiating Sustainability: Climate Change Framing in the Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union
Authors: Daub Shannon J.
Published: February 2010

Environmental problems are often reduced to a catch‐22 that portrays sustainability‐oriented policies as disastrous for resource sector workers. Despite efforts by many industry leaders to frame climate change in “jobs versus environment” terms, the Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada (CEP) has supported ambitious greenhouse gas reduction policies. Using interviews with union members and staff, this study examines CEP's climate change framing. It finds that CEP extended the environmental justice master frame to define its response to climate change, neutralize anti‐Kyoto rhetoric, and work with the environmental movement. CEP's framing was accomplished through negotiation processes that continue to unfold as members work out the union's positions relative to their own values, experiences, and interpretations of what is possible. These findings suggest sustainability can be understood as an emergent, localized, and contested social order, and point to “self‐negotiation” in longer‐term social change struggles as a potential area of further study.
Identity Management of the Dead: Contests in the Construction of Murdered Children
Authors: Martin Daniel D.
Published: February 2010

Presenting data gathered from fieldwork and ethnographic interviews with families of homicide victims, this study explores “postmortem identity‐contests” faced by families who have experienced the homicide of a child or other family member. Interview data from families on their interaction with police, funeral home directors, and other institutional officials suggest that the construction of postmortem identities is commonly a process of contestation filled with competing identity‐claims. The findings reveal that as families resist “oppressive othering” by the state and other institutional actors, they develop various accounts and strategies in “selfing” and sanctifying the identity of the dead.
Jeopardy: A Grandmother's Story
Authors: Richardson Laurel
Published: February 2010

This article is written in the genre of creative nonfiction. It brings the reader into the dreaming, peridreaming, and waking mind of a grandmother whose normative expectations for her son's marriage and family disintegrate. It is neither an autoethnography nor a memoir. Its intents are (1) to unpack some of the consequences of an alternative child‐raising ideology on three generations and (2) to widen the scope of symbolic interactionist writing and theory by embodying the tenets of SI rather than talking about them.
Running the Gauntlet: Women's Use of Emotion Management Techniques in the Abortion Experience
Authors: Keys Jennifer
Published: February 2010

Women who have abortions are caught in the crossfire of a heated ideological battle. The prochoice contention is that most women feel relieved after terminating an unwanted pregnancy. The antiabortion camp asserts killing an unborn child psychologically scars the mother. Drawing on in‐depth interviews with forty women who have terminated a pregnancy, this study examines how the clashing emotion culture of abortion politics shapes women's feelings about abortion. Findings indicate that women use behavioral and cognitive techniques in an attempt to transform unpleasant physiological reactions, inappropriate expressive gestures, and problematic emotional labels. As they run the gauntlet, women also strategically dodge or deliberately approach hazardous situational cues (e.g., abortion debate rhetoric and demonstrators, pictures of fetal development and the ultrasound, and babies and pregnant women) to achieve a feeling state that is consistent with their ideology.
Face, Accounts, and Schemes in the Context of Relationship Breakups
Authors: Doering Jan
Published: February 2010

This article investigates account strategies that individuals employ to neutralize identity threats caused by breakups from romantic relationships. I distinguish three narrative frames for such accounts: dumper, dumpee, and consensus narratives. Individuals who employ a consensus narrative frame provide accounts by default: they deny that any harm was done to anyone. Dumpers dismissed the breakup's conflictuality, used externalization strategies, and depicted themselves as empathetic. Dumpees used externalization strategies and denials of injury, emphasized their agency, and pointed out valuable changes of self. I then analyze the results from a phenomenological perspective to identify connections between accounting practices and the structure of the self. I argue that accounting for traumatic breakups is important for the development of schemes that guide perception, action, and the interpretation of biography.
From Collective Memory to Collective Imagination: Time, Place, and Urban Redevelopment
Authors: Borer Michael Ian
Published: February 2010

This article is about a place that does not exist, yet. It is about residents' perceptions of redevelopment plans involving the reconstruction of a defunct neighborhood firehouse. Interviews revealed the residents' “collective imagination” as they actively envisioned potential future outcomes for a firehouse‐turned–community center. When asked about the needs of the community, interviewees discussed the current conditions of their neighborhood (the present), its history (the past), and how they would like to see it change (the future). This corresponds well with George Herbert Mead's ideas about temporality. I argue that connecting the identity of a place to a sociological understanding of time (especially Mead's) is a necessary step for gaining a better understanding of the subjective side of urbanization and ultimately creating a better vernacular knowledge base for urban redevelopment plans.
Neonatal Informatics—Dream of a Paperless NICU: Part Three: Complex Crashes
Authors: Drummond Willa H.
Published: February 2010

Tracking changes over time is key for clinical decision-making in intensive care units (ICUs). Critical caregivers need fast data from the laboratory and monitoring and treatment machines as well as time-stamped drug and fluids information. Workflow interactions with temporal urgencies complicated by multiple handovers and delays in return of laboratory results and delivery of care products are common in all ICUs. Temporally and physiologically integrating critical clinical information, spotting deteriorating trends, and conveying the information asynchronously to the health-care team in ICUs historically was accomplished by redundant, overlapping human workflow systems. Current computerized information systems for “charting” and “ordering” have fragmented capabilities for recording and managing date/time elements, falling far behind fast-moving events because they require time-consuming typed data entry. These facts contribute to slow recognition of subtly deteriorating patient conditions.

Root cause analysis of problem situations often leads to discovery of the reason(s) for a poor outcome. Problem situations develop progressively from delays in generating and moving information. There is no predictable lull in the action in most critical care units; perinatal emergencies cannot wait for computers.

Human workarounds continue to support ongoing clinical processes, including family visits, despite the information flow chaos that emerges when emergencies occur at change of shift. Expert neonatal clinicians cope by using teamwork-based, multilayered methods. Existing clinical computer systems rarely are capable of supporting multitasking clinicians effectively.

Decision support could assist caregivers in critical care situations with a computer system that “watches” for expected laboratory results via an institutional protocol that differs by care unit, then notifies the correct covering person when the time limit is exceeded. Adequate critical care decision support requires highly robust HISs; fail-over servers; fault-tolerant software architecture designs; and modular, maintainable, standards-based, integrated utility systems (eg, laboratory, pharmacy, radiology, blood bank) that communicate time-stamped information in real-time using “standardized” health-care messaging. An engineering solution is needed, with attention to human factors engineering. The United States health-care computerization effort needs a parallel project to define and develop political and business management systems solutions to ascertain adequate funding for developing, disseminating, implementing, and maintaining airplane quality, real-time hospital information management systems for neonates and other critical patients.
Erythropoietin as a Neonatal Neuroprotective Agent
Authors: Juul Sandra
Published: February 2010

Brain injury is common in critically ill preterm and term infants. To date, no proven therapies are available for preterm infants who experience intracranial hemorrhage or white matter injury. Hypothermia appears to improve the outcome of term or near-term infants who have perinatal asphyxia, but only among those who have mild-to-moderate injury. This article provides an overview of a novel approach to neuroprotection: high-dose recombinant erythropoietin (rEpo). This treatment has potential for stand-alone use or as an adjunct to hypothermia. Experimental and clinical data supporting the use of erythropoietin (Epo) as a neuroprotective agent for neonates who have brain injury are discussed.
Neonatal Encephalopathy: Treatment With Hypothermia
Authors: Shankaran Seetha
Published: February 2010

This article evaluates the pathophysiology of brain injury from hypoxia-ischemia in preclinical models and the role of hypothermia as neuroprotection following this injury. The diagnosis of encephalopathy due to hypoxia and ischemia in term and near-term infants following acute perinatal asphyxia is clarified. The neuroprotective effect of hypothermia when initiated before 6 hours of age for 72 hours to a depth of 33.0°C to 34.0°C in reducing death and disability is reviewed. Therapeutic hypothermia is safe and effective when applied according to published clinical trial protocols, although gaps in knowledge still remain.
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Predicts Outcomes for Children With Nonaccidental Trauma
Authors: Aaen Gregory S. , Holshouser Barbara A. , Sheridan Clare , Colbert Cherie , McKenney Melinda , Kido Daniel , Ashwal Stephen
Published: February 2010

OBJECTIVE:

We evaluated proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) findings for children with traumatic brain injury attributable to nonaccidental trauma (NAT) early after injury, to determine whether brain metabolite changes predicted outcomes.

METHODS:

Proton MRSI (1.5 T) was performed (mean: 5 days after injury [range: 1–30 days]) through the level of the corpus callosum for 90 children with confirmed NAT. Regional N-acetylaspartate/total creatine, N-acetylaspartate/total choline, and choline/creatine ratios and the presence of lactate were measured. Data on long-term outcomes defined at ≥6 months were collected for 44 of 90 infants. We grouped patients into good (normal, mild disability, or moderate disability; n = 32) and poor (severe disability, vegetative state, or dead; n = 12) outcome groups.

RESULTS:

We found that N-acetylaspartate/creatine and N-acetylaspartate/choline ratios (mean total, corpus callosum, and frontal white matter) were significantly decreased in patients with poor outcomes (P < .001). A logistic regression model using age, initial Glasgow Coma Scale score, presence of retinal hemorrhage, lactate on MRSI scans, and mean total N-acetylaspartate/creatine ratio predicted outcomes accurately in 100% of cases.

CONCLUSIONS:

Reduced N-acetylaspartate levels (ie, neuronal loss/dysfunction) and elevated lactate levels (altered energy metabolism) correlated with poor neurologic outcomes for infants with NAT. Elevated lactate levels may reflect primary or secondary hypoxic-ischemic injury, which may occur with NAT. Our data suggest that MRSI performed early after injury can be used for long-term prognosis.
Approaching language as a social practice: reflections on some implications for the analysis of language
Authors: Hambye Philippe , Siroux Jean-Louis
Published: February 2010

In this introduction to the special issue of Sociolinguistic Studies untitled Analysing language as a way to understand social phenomena, we follow Coupland (2001) in his call for a more ‘outward-looking sociolinguistics’ and we reflect on the implications of the much recognised need to engage with social theory. We start our introduction by sketching the major questions addressed by previous works on these issues. Then we argue that these questions emerged from ongoing concerns about the orientations we need to take if we want to face the challenges flowing from a comprehensive analysis of language in social life. We go on to explain what these orientations are and how we can try to follow them. We end by showing how these objectives are aimed by each of the volume’s five papers, and also by the composition of the volume itself.
The Political Economy of Texts: A Case Study in the Structuration of Tourism
Authors: Heller Monica , Pujolar Joan
Published: February 2010

The field of tourism, particularly in linguistic minority contexts, shows how texts are situated within struggles over the legitimization of symbolic and material resources. In order to understand this field, we distance ourselves from some of the prevailing assumptions in discourse analysis, which presents texts and contexts as separate entities for which a certain autonomy can be assumed. We offer instead a view of texts as some among many artifacts produced in communicative practice (and hence in social processes), and which therefore require apprehension as processual, and not as objects. We argue that an ethnographic approach to text production and circulation is central to such forms of analysis.
We analyze a sample of texts as embedded in their production by linguistic minority stakeholders in historically situated institutions. We interpret these texts as evidence of discursive and social changes brought about by globalization. We argue that behind texts that formally recall modernizing discourses of language and identity, what we encounter are processes of adjustment towards new economic and political conditions that lead minorities to commodify identity within global markets.
Mots, fréquence et réseaux dans le discours politique. Analyse lexicométrique, méthode et illustration dans deux corpus de textes européens [Words, frequency and networks in political discourse: lexicometric analysis in two corpora of European texts]
Authors: Gobin Corinne , Deroubaix Jean-Claude
Published: February 2010

Although the lexicometry bases itself on a classic way of scientific reasoning (contextualisation of the data, round trips between data, outcome and hypotheses), it is again little used in political sciences in the analysis of the political discourses. To assure better its dissemination, this article returns on its main tools and the scientific predicates of this method. It illustrates then its heuristic strength by showing through examples of analysis of two corpuses of texts produced by the European Union the interest of a reading forced by the focus on the lexicon seen as ‘networks of words’. Specifically when texts seem to be ‘neutral’.
Ultra‐fast‐switching flexoelectric liquid‐crystal display with high contrast
Authors: Castles Flynn , Morris Stephen M. , Gardiner Damian J. , Malik Qasim M. , Coles Harry J.
Published: February 2010

Abstract— The flexoelectro‐optic effect provides a fast‐switching mechanism (0.01–0.1 msec), suitable for use in field‐sequential‐color full‐motion‐video displays. An in‐plane electric field is applied to a short‐pitch chiral nematic liquid crystal aligned in the uniform standing helix (or Grandjean) texture. The switching mechanism is experimentally demonstrated in a single‐pixel test cell, and the display performance is investigated as a function of device parameters. A contrast ratio of 2000:1 is predicted.
Mechanism of image sticking after long‐term AC field driving of IPS mode
Authors: Momoi Yuichi , Tamai Kazuhiko , Furuta Kaoru , Lee Tae‐Rim , Kim Kyeong‐Jin , Oh Chang‐Ho , Koda Tomonori
Published: February 2010

Abstract— An AC electric field to drive the IPS mode of a liquid‐crystal display (LCD) causes a reduction in the contrast after a long period of display operation. This phenomenon is refered to as the AC image‐sticking problem caused by long‐term driving. Thus far, there is no useful method of quantitatively evaluating AC image sticking. LCD panel products that use the IPS mode have been evaluated for a decade. In this paper, a new evaluation parameter (Δθ), which was recently proposed by Suzuki et al., is introduced. It was calculated from the slight difference in the deviation angle of LC molecules from the rubbing direction. Results from several conditions of test samples are presented in this paper as a phenomena that reflect the interaction between the surface of the PI alignment and the LC molecules. The results and discussions describe reasons for azimuthal gliding after long display operation for weak AC voltage driving. It is explained by suitably adopting the Kelvin‐Voigt model which is used to discuss the rheology of viscoelastic material. It is concluded that the surface rheology of PI alignment is one of the most important factors for the contrast reduction of the AC image‐sticking problem.
LED backlight driving system with local dimming and scanning driver IC
Authors: Lee Ki‐Chan , Choi Kyoung‐Uk , Lee Sang‐Gil , Park Yun‐Jae , Ko Hyun‐Seok , Moon Seung‐Hwan , Berkeley Brian H.
Published: February 2010

Abstract— Novel LED backlight driving technology with a fully embedded LED driver IC is presented. This driving system and IC feature a high speed reduced swing differential signaling (RSDS) interface, an independent PWM controller with high‐resolution programming, and embedded scan logic. To attain high efficiency from the boost converter, highly advanced dynamic headroom control technology has been implemented onto the IC. The embedded current boosting function showed almost no brightness reduction when operated in scanning mode. The scanning function of the system improved motion blur values 26–44% compared to that of a non‐scanning LCD panel.
A reduced‐voltage differential signaling (RVDS) interface for chip‐on‐glass TFT‐LCD applications
Authors: Lim Jung‐Pil , Baek Donghoon , Lee Jae‐Youl , Choi Yoon‐Kyung , Lee Myunghee
Published: February 2010

Abstract— Reduced‐voltage differential signaling (RVDS) is a novel interface for TFT‐LCD panels with a chip‐on‐glass (COG) structure, which has a point‐to‐point topology and a voltage mode differential signaling scheme. The voltage‐driving interface scheme has advantages in high‐speed operation owing to its relatively small time constant for the resistive channel condition. And reduced‐voltage signaling can reduce the power consumption of a transmitter. The display source driver IC with an RVDS interface, which is fabricated by using a 0.25‐μm CMOS process with a 2.5‐V logic supply voltage, offers a high data rate up to 500 Mbps, low‐current consumption of 2.2 mA, and good EMI characteristics. Also, an RVDS interface has programmable options that control the bandwidth, system power, and EMI performance. Therefore, the RVDS interface is a competitive solution for low‐power, low‐cost, and slim notebook applications.
A high‐contrast front‐projection display system optimizing the projected light‐angle range
Authors: Katagiri Baku , Ooike Masanobu , Uchida Tatsuo
Published: February 2010

Abstract— The problem with front‐projection displays is that the screen contrast ratio decreases under bright‐ambient conditions. To overcome this problem, the design of a special screen, composed of the diffuser whose diffusing property shows top‐hat characteristics and a sawtooth reflector, is proposed. The screen diffuses the incident image light arriving at a projection‐angle range that is a lower‐angle range than the viewing‐angle range, and reflects the ambient light out of the viewing‐angle range. In this paper, the projection‐angle range and the viewing‐angle range was optimized to improve the contrast ratio of a front‐projection display. As a result, a special screen with the above‐mentioned diffusing property was realized, and a high‐quality front‐projection display with a high contrast ratio, even in a bright room, was achieved.
Display motion blur: Comparison of measurement methods
Authors: Watson Andrew B.
Published: February 2010

Abstract— Motion blur is a significant display property for which accurate, valid, and robust measurement methods are needed. Recent motion‐blur measurements of a set of eight displays by a set of six measurement devices provided an opportunity to evaluate techniques of measurement and analysis. Both the raw data waveforms collected by each device and the metrics derived from those waveforms were examined. Significant discrepancies between instruments and variability within instruments were found. A new motion‐blur metric (GET) that exhibits increased robustness and reduced variability relative to existing metrics is proposed.
PROBABILITY DISCOUNTING OF GAINS AND LOSSES: IMPLICATIONS FOR RISK ATTITUDES AND IMPULSIVITY
Authors: Shead N. Will , Hodgins David C.
Published: February 2010

Sixty college students performed three discounting tasks: probability discounting of gains, probability discounting of losses, and delay discounting of gains. Each task used an adjusting‐amount procedure, and participants' choices affected the amount and timing of their remuneration for participating. Both group and individual discounting functions from all three procedures were well fitted by hyperboloid discounting functions. A negative correlation between the probability discounting of gains and losses was observed, consistent with the idea that individuals' choices on probability discounting tasks reflect their general attitude towards risk, regardless of whether the outcomes are gains or losses. This finding further suggests that risk attitudes reflect the weighting an individual gives to the lowest‐valued outcome (e.g., getting nothing when the probabilistic outcome is a gain or actually losing when the probabilistic outcome is a loss). According to this view, risk‐aversion indicates a tendency to overweight the lowest‐valued outcome, whereas risk‐seeking indicates a tendency to underweight it. Neither probability discounting of gains nor probability discounting of losses were reliably correlated with discounting of delayed gains, a result that is inconsistent with the idea that probability discounting and delay discounting both reflect a general tendency towards impulsivity.