bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Overcoming the Challenges of Financing Offshore Wind Projects
Authors: Azevedo Pedro , Grosse Steffen
Published: April 2019

The objective of this paper is to help the various stakeholders involved in offshore wind projects identify and overcome the challenges of financing offshore wind projects. It will present key considerations for debt and equity financing during the development (i.e., early stage), construction, and operational project phases. Additionally, the paper will outline the benefits of adopting a joint go-to-market approach that combines equipment, services, and financing solutions into a single bundled package. Where applicable, the strategies/conclusions outlined in this paper will be validated using real-world case studies, which serve as a benchmark for how projects can be structured to secure high levels of funding.

Funding remains a key challenge for offshore wind projects due to the quantum of capital required and often complex contractual structures. This complexity stems from the large number of contracting parties involved, and the resulting "interface risk".

With utilities less willing to finance projects on balance sheet (i.e., via equity or corporate-level debt), and increasingly partnering alongside co-investors – such as equipment manufacturers and institutional investors—tailoring projects for the project finance market has become increasingly important.

Expert financiers can help bring confidence to lenders by acting as a peer within a bank syndicate. In the case of an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) or solution provider, providing financial support in the form of debt or equity capital to the project highlights how the company has so called "skin in the game", providing the necessary vote of confidence to enable the utilization of newer technologies and consequently reduce capital costs. As many real-world projects have demonstrated, doing so helps to reduce the overall risk profile of the project – ultimately increasing its bankability and improving the likelihood of securing the level of funding required for construction.
Large Deformation Finite Element Analysis of Riser-Soil Interactions with Strain-Softening Soils
Authors: Chen Jinbo , Newlin Jason A. , Zhang Heping , Hu Shuang , Luo Meng
Published: April 2019

Dynamic analyses of steel catenary risers (SCRs) suspended from a floating platform usually show that the vicinity of the zone where the riser touches down on the seabed is important to fatigue assessments, and can be critical in realizing an economical SCR design or in assessing SCR design life extension. The motivations of the paper are to advance the understanding of the complex mechanism of SCR-soil interactions in a comprehensive yet efficient way, to supplement the extensive model test-based SCR-soil interaction studies in the literature, and to offer a numerical tool to predict the SCR-soil interaction in different clay types. The objective is to investigate the fundamental mechanism of SCR-soil interactions using advanced finite element (FE) analyses. The FE analysis is conducted in Abaqus using the coupled Euler-Lagrangian (CEL) technique to capture the local large deformation surrounding a riser. A strain-softening soil model for deepwater soft clays subject to cyclic degradation is developed based on cyclic direct simple shear (DSS) tests to avoid cycle-by-cycle simulations. The stress-displacement relations are proposed in the FE analysis to avoid the size effect associated with strain-softening soils. The FE analysis results are compared to the test data from the independently conducted model tests and the established results from the literature. Good agreements among different studies are observed.
Applying Artificial Intelligence to Optimize Oil and Gas Production
Authors: Kandziora Christoph
Published: April 2019

The Internet of Things (IoT) — combined with advances in sensor technology, data analytics, and artificial intelligence (AI) — has paved the way for significant efficiency and productivity gains in the oil and gas industry. One application, in particular, has been proven to benefit from these technologies: electrical submersible pumps (ESPs). It's well understood across the E&P industry that nearly all wells must eventually incorporate some form of artificial lift to continue production, and ESPs drive about half of that. Although ESPs are designed to operate in harsh conditions, such as corrosive liquids, extreme temperatures, and under intense pressures, they can fail. Costs for repair or replacement are high but are usually dwarfed by the cost of lost production. In some cases, especially offshore, that cost can run into millions of dollars per day, including idle operational resources and output losses. This paper explores a unique AI-based application that enables operators to preempt costly ESP failures, while optimizing production at the same time. To illustrate, a use case will be shared. As a proof-of-concept and later a pilot project in an onshore oilfield, 30 ESPs driven by pumps ranging in power from as low as 200 kW to as high as 500 kW were deployed and monitored using an AI-supported predictive maintenance model. The positive results are applicable to offshore applications. In one case, the probability of an ESP failure was determined 12 days before an actual failure of the ESP occurred.
Innovative Digital Inspection Methods
Authors: Anderson Stephen , Barvik Sigve , Rabitoy Chad
Published: April 2019

While there is a lot of talk about Big Data Analytics, Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Real Time Monitoring (RTM), Digital Twin and other methodologies, all of them require, not only data, but accurate, reliable data. This paper describes a new and innovative inspection methodology that combines 3D laser scanning and precise 3D Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing (GD&T) metrology data with advanced Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) results. This data is then combined in digital 3D space to give an accurate representation of current equipment condition and mechanical integrity of critical offshore assets. Such inspection and testing can be conducted during manufacturing as a quality check, creating digital baseline records, or on deck during operations, saving significant downtime and costs.

By including metrology and phased array, the described inspection methodology can provide precise digital data and specialized 3D reports that will satisfy not only compliance and regulatory efforts in a more objective manner, but also assist original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), drilling contractors and operators by supplying conclusive and accurate data of equipment condition. This data, based on in-situ NDT and Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing measurement information, will support Digital Twin data and operational and maintenance decisions that will preserve the integrity, safety, and availability of the assets.

This innovative inspection solution can form part of a Condition-Based Maintenance (CBM) program where operators can move from time-based programs and use the digital data to determine future equipment performance, work scope, and schedules while maintaining a complete and updated digital condition record throughout the lifecycle of the equipment. The program may predict and prevent problems at early stages, provide strategies that will simplify maintenance activities, and potentially identify manufacturing flaws. More importantly, it can create historical digital data that will change the way the drilling industry operates and satisfy what regulatory agencies have been seeking since the implementation of the new well control rule.
Effects of Uniform and Mega Pitting Corrosion on Residual Strength of Degraded Offshore Mooring Chain
Authors: Farrow Gary H. , Potts Andrew E. , Dimopoulos Simon , Kilner Andrew A.
Published: April 2019

The first phase of the Chain FEARS (Finite Element Analysis of Residual Strength) Joint Industry Project (JIP) aimed to develop guidance for the determination of a rational discard criteria for mooring chains subject to severe pitting corrosion which, based on current code requirements, would otherwise require immediate removal and replacement.

Critical to the development of rational discard criteria is the ability to accurately estimate the residual strength of a corrosion and wear degraded chain, and to have as a benchmark for loss in strength, an accurate estimate of the chain in its as-new condition. A Finite Element Analyses (FEA) residual capacity assessment method was first developed and correlated against available break strength test data of corrosion degraded links [1], and the Predicted Break Load (PBL) of as-new links was established as a benchmark for loss of strength [2].

The validated FEA method for the determination of chain residual capacity was employed as a basis to establish an understanding of the effects of corroded chain and to determine the underlying relationship between loss of chain capacity and both uniform and mega pitting corrosion levels. The investigation sought through the conduct a series of FEA assessments employing a parametric model of idealized degraded chain links to derive the theoretical relationship beteen the residual capacity for varying levels of uniform corrosion, and the residual capacity for varying size, locations and shapes of mega pit corrosion degradation.

This paper presents the findings of the investigation into the effects of uniform and mega pitting corrosion on degraded chain residual capacity and the correlation of the relationship with physical break test data, the findings of which forms the basis for development of a rational guideline for chain discard criteria whereby degraded mooring chain can be assessed in respect of the need for replacement.
Machine Learning Models to Predict Gas Hydrate Plugging Risks Using Flowloop and Field Data
Authors: Qin Hao , Srivastava Vishal , Wang Hua , Zerpa Luis E. , Koh Carolyn A.
Published: April 2019

Recently the concept of "no external gas hydrate control measures" has been proposed, whereby gas hydrate formation can occur in oil and gas subsea pipelines during steady state and transient operations, with the operational window defined by predictive analytic tools. Flow assurance engineers routinely use computer programs, including transient multiphase flow simulators coupled to a gas hydrate kinetics model to simulate gas hydrate formation and transportability. Given the complexity in multiphase flow modeling, modern machine learning technologies, especially artificial intelligence, could be applied to solve high-level, non-linear problems, such as evaluating gas hydrate risk based on measurable process parameters.

In this work, several machine learning techniques, such as regression, classification, feature learning with an algorithm/framework like support vector machine (SVM) and neural networks (NN), are applied to analyze the data sets on: 1) hydrate tests conducted at pilot-scale flowloop facilities (4,500 data points), as well as 2) transient operation field data. The classification/regression model based on flowloop test data uses several independent input variables (features), such as water cut, gas-oil ratio, hydrate particle cohesive force, fluid velocity, oil viscosity, specific gravity, interfacial tension, and time in the hydrate stable zone, to output the hydrate fraction and probability of hydrate plugging in the pipeline. The semi-supervised learning model was applied based on the field data use as input, including water cut, shut-down time (where applicable), and gas-oil ratio to determine the level of hydrate resistance to flow during restart or dead oil displacement after production shut-down.

The flowloop based machine learning model exhibited good prediction accuracies in test and validation processes, and was used to assess the hydrate risks in an actual field. The field data based machine learning model demonstrated the ability to construct field risk maps.

The machine learning technique could be potentially applied in hydrate management to evaluate hydrate risks in subsea oil/gas pipelines. As a complement to more complex transient multiphase flow simulations, this machine learning approach can aid in the development of advanced hydrate management strategies.
Extreme Sub-surface Currents Observed in the Northern Brazil - Suriname Region
Authors: Schiller Rafael V , Smith Rosemary B
Published: April 2019

Offshore waters from Northern Brazil to Suriname are subject to extreme curents driven by the North Brazil Current (NBC) and NBC Rings which represent a significant metocean hazard for the O&G Industry. Although extreme surface currents are well known, there is still a gap in the understanding of extreme sub-surface currents in that region. The objective of this paper is to further elucidate the characteristics of significant sub-surface currents and provide metocean guidance to the O&G Industry based on three separate long-term mooring campaigns in the region. Our investigation demonstrates that extreme sub-surface current events exist offshore Northern Brazil, French Guyana and Suriname. The events were mainly characterized by northwestward peak currents from 0.82m/s to 1.22m/s within 150m-300m below the surface. They were more frequent offshore Northern Brazil and French Guyana where events were observed within 2-3 months of each other. Offshore Suriname, only one event was reported in 14 months. Sub-surface current events took place during times when the surface circulation was relatively weak and during times when surface currents were strong and affected by the NBC / NBC Ring circulation. Offshore Northern Brazil and French Guyana, it is suggested that significant sub-surface currents could take place around the time when a NBC Ring is sheeding and the surface circulation is unstable. Extreme sub-surface currents could be decoupled from the surface circulation and that poses an additional challenge in terms of predicting when extreme sub-surface currents could take place. The findings of our study provide a new regional picture of extreme sub-surface currents from Northern Brazil to Suriname and highlight that those events must be accounted for by offshore O&G developments in that region.
Deepwater Well Control: New Training Reflects Critical Challenges and Human Errors
Authors: Ferreira Ivaldo Mesquita , Ferreira Ig Oliveira , Lima Heitor Rodrigues , Santos Otto Alcantara
Published: April 2019

This paper presents how important IOGP recommendations for well-control training were implemented in the courses provided by a Brazilian well control school using its proprietary drilling simulator. The courses now shed more light upon the crew member/designer’s needs to be successful in maintaining the integrity of the safety barriers including non-technical skills.

The simulator incorporates features that improve the understanding of specific issues related to deepwater and ultradeepwater well control, such as the importance of early kick detection due to narrow drilling window, the advantages of performing dynamic leakoff tests and dynamic volumetric well control methods that reduce the maximum peak pressure and maximum gas flow rate at the choke, the importance of avoiding gas in the riser by properly removing the trapped gas below the BOP, among others.
Barrier Fluidless, Sealless Seawater Canned Motor Pumps
Authors: Stover David L. , Travaini Luca
Published: April 2019

The oil and gas industry continues to push toward subsea pumping technologies that minimize required support systems and increase system reliability. Canned motor technology has been applied successfully in other applications to achieve similar objectives including driving a subsea twin-screw pump. Applied subsea, canned motors eliminate the need for any barrier fluids within the motor, the myriad of systems and complexities necessary to store and replenish these fluids, and the mechanical shaft seals required to prevent the leaking and/or contamination of these fluids within the motors.

As a direct adaptation of proven applications, seeFigure 1, subsea water treatment is ideal for canned motor technology. Therefore, a development has been initiated and will be completed in 2020 to demonstrate the first truly barrier fluidless, sealless subsea pump solution.

This purpose of the paper is to identify the novel elements of this technology, review the system configuration, and describe the process and challenges of this ongoing design and qualification initiative.
Process Improvement Based on a Gap Assessment of NASA and O&G Risk Management Processes
Authors: Mayfield James Allen
Published: April 2019

What can the aerospace safety and systems engineering community teach the commercial Oil and Gas (O&G) industry about streamlining risk management processes when NASA is not known for its streamlined practices and how much improvement can be realized by the O&G industry, if any? Addressed in this paper are these basic questions. This assessment identifies improvements to risk management requirements for an O&G company. The methods of performing the assessment and developing recommendations for improvements are provided. These recommendations clearly show the benefit of incorporating these processes for O&G communities.

Through the mishap investigation reports due to lost Space Shuttles and other similar incidents, NASA has developed mature processes associated with risk management. In a similar manner, the O&G industry has had to develop its own processes through mishaps they likewise have encountered. A detailed and holistic examination was conducted of a major O&G company’s risk management procedure requirements, starting with risk planning, then risk assessment, risk response, monitoring and control of the risk, risk learnings and closure, and finally, risk governance. Upon completing the assessment, recommendations for improvement to the company’s risk management procedure requirements were made.

NASA’s risk management process and Systems Engineering handbook were used to examine the O&G company’s risk management procedure. Each requirement within the procedure was placed into a spreadsheet and examined for appropriateness, with roles and responsibilities mapped to each of the requirements. Areas of benefit were identified and examined for feasibility, with recommendations for improvement presented to the company’s risk management personnel.

The paper presents the findings of the assessment, and recommends improvements based on this assessment. Experts within both the O&G and aerospace industries, with extensive experience in mishap investigations, reviewed the results of the assessment and the recommended improvements. Feasibility of implementation was determined by examining the recommendations from a cost, resource and technical perspective.
SLWR Innovative Design Methodology Supporting Concept Engineering Through to Project Cost Optimisation
Authors: Diakonova Elena , Bonnet Gilles , Brouard Yann
Published: April 2019

Steel Lazy Wave Risers are one of the most efficient and compliant riser systems for deep-water projects.

From a design perspective, designers have to deal with parameters such as the configuration itself, interaction with the FPSO, environmental loads, installation vessel capabilities and commercial issues like installation and procurement costs.

This paper presents how to assess the need for Steel Lazy Wave Risers (as opposed to conventional Steel Catenary Risers) and how to develop a state of the art design by using an innovative methodology based on the efficiency of an optimisation through modern technology computation.

The objective of the optimisation is to propose a riser configuration that allows the best compromise between all parameters, while remaining fit for purpose and cost-efficient. A methodology was developed using a Python script as an interface between Orcaflex software and the user-defined parameters to best respect the project specific weighted criteria.

It will also highlight how the methodology can be applied for fast track conceptual studies, enabling the end user to account for optimised design at the start-up of a field development. All the constraints and objectives will be considered with possible challenges and solutions to be presented.

The final design of a lazy waver riser is a compromise between all constraints.

This paper provides comprehensive information relative to all the stages of steel lazy wave riser design, from the initial draft configuration to the most optimised and cost-efficient one. A few optimisation possibilities achieved thanks to this process will be developed and illustrated through examples. The concept can be applied to early stage engineering or during the course of a project.
Main Factors Impacting Oil Projects Return: A Sensitivity Analysis
Authors: Lucchesi Rodrigo Dambros
Published: April 2019

Performing robust economic valuation is critical to ensure success on oil development projects. In a dynamic market with ever changing variables, risks and uncertainties must be well analyzed and mitigated to prevent less than expected economic returns in mega-projects such as an offshore deep-water oil field development. This study aims to evaluate what are the most important factors that should be considered when assessing risks in a project economic valuation, using Brazil’s Production Sharing Contract (PSC) fiscal system as an example. A sensitivity analysis was performed in a standard offshore oil production project using the discounted cash flow method. First, a base scenario was calculated, and then, four key assumptions were chosen to be tested – oil prices, capital expenses (capex), operational expenses (opex) and recoverable reserves - and changes of + and - 20% in each, one at a time, were applied to the base scenario, and their impact on the internal rate of return and government take were measured. Findings indicate that, at least in the Brazilian PSC case, oil price is the most influential parameter in the project profitability, presenting an almost perfect positive correlation with the rate of return. Oil price is also the most difficult assumption to project and the one that is completely out of companies’ control, which poses them a significant challenge, to be able to keep its projects economical under volatile prices. Main investment decision gates happen years before first oil is produced, so the level of uncertainty on this parameter is very high. This study reinforces the concept that a good oil price forecast is paramount in projects valuation. Additionally, companies should always make investment decisions based on multiple oil price scenarios to determine the project’s financial risk.
The True Value of Integration
Authors: Mackay Alexander James , Rodriguez Nelson Jose , Stenhaug Morten , Samaan Johny
Published: April 2019

Field development is a complicated process involving a multitude of disciplines, technologies and workflows. The typical approach to field development is long, fragmented and costly. This is due to set process and work flows with limited flexibility, inefficient tools and transfer of information, uncertainty of required scope for each phase and the management of multiple contractors.

An example of this is a stage gate process, where regardless of the size of the prospect the same set work tasks and deliverables are required to pass to the next phase, generally no assurance is performed upfront to determine the actual requirements. Another example is field development tools, which are used in isolation from reservoir simulation to flow assurance/facilities design with limited integration, which leads to the inefficient transfer of data and a reduction in accuracy.

The above causes unnecessarily long schedules, repetition in scope and results in sub-optimal technical solution and project economics. The requirement to transfer and interpret information between multiple parties and stages (internal and external) creates unnecessary complexity and introduces additional risk to the final technical solution.

This paper will demonstrate the value of an Integrated Field Development approach for a large Deepwater gas condensate development offshore Australia, and how this approach can dramatically reduce duration, improve accuracy, lower contingency and maximize the economics of a project. It shows the clear advantages of facilities engineers working closely with subsurface, drilling and completions and will highlight some of the key features that make the Integrated Field Development approach a success.
Effects of surrounding objects on the thermal performance of passively ventilated greenhouses
Authors: Villagrán Edwin Andrés , Bojacá Carlos Ricardo
Published: April 2019

The growing expansion of protected horticulture in many regions is occurring around densely populated areas where land for agriculture is scarce, expensive or is used for other purposes. Inexpensive plastic passively ventilated greenhouses are the common choice for protected cultivation in these developing regions. The objective of this work was to analyse the effect of surrounding constructions and natural obstacles on the thermal performance of two naturally ventilated greenhouses. A saw tooth type greenhouse (TCG), typical for Colombian production, and an optimised greenhouse (OG) alternative with greater ventilation areas were analysed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with and without the surrounding objects of a real environment. The results showed that air exchange rate of a greenhouse with restricted ventilation areas are greatly reduced when neighbouring objects are high enough. This ventilation restriction is intensified under low wind speed conditions. The temperature gradients of the OG greenhouse were lower than those of the TCG scenarios due to the increased ventilation rates. The rooftop ventilation index for the OG greenhouse was increased by 65% with respect to the TCG greenhouse index, resulting in a direct effect on the ventilation rates. An improved air exchange with the outside can be reached by increasing the greenhouse ventilation areas, especially the roof vents, to overcome the airflow restrictions imposed by the surrounding environment. This simulation exercise was validated with field temperature data collected for a real OG prototype built in the Bogota plateau, with results showing a similar pattern for the internal temperature gradient as exhibited by the CFD model.
Fifty years of the Journal of Agricultural Engineering
Authors: Gandolfi Claudio , Scarascia-Mugnozza Giacomo
Published: April 2019

Not available
Analysis of States' Barriers to and Progress Toward Implementation of Health and Safety Policies for Secondary School Athletics
Authors: Pike Alicia M , Adams William M. , Huggins Robert A. , Mazerolle Stephanie M. , Casa Douglas J.
Published: April 2019

Context

Implementation of health and safety best practices for the leading causes of sudden death and catastrophic injury has been shown to mitigate risk. However, to our knowledge, no authors have examined progress toward health and safety policy implementation at the state level.

Objective

To investigate the progress made by state secondary school leaders in developing and implementing health and safety policies (ie, exertional heat stroke, sudden cardiac arrest, concussion, emergency action plans) and to explore perceived barriers to and strategies for implementation.

Design

Mixed-methods study.

Setting

State high school athletics associations and sports medicine advisory committees.

Patients or Other Participants

Collaborative Solutions for Safety in Sport meeting attendees participated in this study. Thirty-five state leaders (current role experience = 8 ± 6 years) completed the survey. Ten of the 35 participated in follow-up interviews.

Data Collection and Analysis

A survey assessing progress on health and safety policy implementation was administered. Respondents indicated whether their state had implemented a policy, made progress without implementation, or made no progress. We conducted follow-up telephone interviews so they could expand on the survey responses. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the general inductive approach.

Results

A total of 89% of respondents reported their states made progress on or implemented health and safety policies during the 2015–2016 academic year. Barriers to policy implementation included cost, a lack of understanding regarding policies versus recommendations, the content and value of policy change, and a false sense of security. Strategies for implementation included varying approaches to change, education of all constituents, and collaborative relationships among key stakeholders.

Conclusions

Although a majority of respondents reported progress in implementing health and safety policies in their states, perceived barriers pointed to the need for the continued education of state leaders in charge of developing and implementing health and safety policies. Despite these barriers, collaboration among key stakeholders is crucial to successful implementation of best-practice policies in secondary school athletics.
Views from the borderline: Extracts from my life as a coloured child of Deaf adults, growing up in apartheid South Africa
Authors: Harrison Jane , Watermeyer Brian
Published: April 2019

Background: Over 90% of Deaf parents have hearing children, but there are very few, if any, studies that have explored the life worlds of hearing children of Deaf adults (CODAs) in South Africa. This article is an account of part of the life experiences of a female hearing child who was born and raised by her Deaf parents in apartheid South Africa in the 1980s.Objectives: This study used auto-ethnography to explore the socialisation of a female coloured CODA during the height of South Africa’s apartheid era, in order to shed light on intersectional influences on identity and selfhood. The study was intended to contribute to the limited knowledge available on the life circumstances of CODAs in Global South contexts.Methods: Evocative auto-ethnography under a qualitative research paradigm was used to explore the life world of a now adult female hearing child of Deaf parents. Her thoughts, observations, reflections and involvements are articulated in a first person written narrative that is presented in this article. A thematic analysis approach was used to analyse data, and the themes that emerged are: (1) CODAs as language brokers, (2) being bilingual and trilingual, (3) being bicultural, (4) role reversal and parentification and (5) issues of identity. A discussion of these themes is interwoven with the literature, in an effort to provide a rich and robust analysis that contributes to the body of knowledge.Results: Multiple identity markers that include disability, gender, race, age, nationality, culture and language intersect to frame the life world of a hearing child of Deaf parents who grew up in the apartheid era in South Africa. The result is both positive and negative life experiences, arising from being located simultaneously in both a hearing and Deaf world.Conclusion: This study suggests that, in part, the life world of a hearing child of Deaf parents is multi-layered, multidimensional and complex; hence, it cannot be presented with a single description. Recommendations that inform policy and practice are outlined in the concluding section of the article.
Effects of Perforation Shapes on Water Transport in PEMFC Gas Diffusion Layers
Authors: Yang Jiapei , Luo Kai H. , Ma Xiao , Li Yanfei , Shuai Shijin
Published: April 2019

Water management, particularly in the gas diffusion layers (GDL), plays an important role in the performance and reliability of the proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). In this study, a two-phase multiple-relaxation-time (MRT) lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is employed to simulate water transport in a reconstructed GDL and the effect of perforation shapes is investigated. The revised pseudopotential multiphase model is adopted to realize high-density ratio, good thermodynamic consistency, adjustable surface tension and high contact angle. The transport characteristics are analyzed in both vertical and horizontal transport directions. The LBM simulation provides detailed results in mesoscale and indicates that the surface tension dominates the process of water transport in the perforated GDL, which exhibits unexpectedly similarities in the vertical and horizontal transport. Besides, it is found that the cone-like perforations perform better than cylinder-like perforations as little water clusters together in the bottom of the perforation. Finally, the optimized perforation with defined parameters is derived and discussed, providing guidelines for improving the GDL performance in engineering applications.
Novel Glass Laminates for Improved Acoustic Performance
Authors: Ulizio Michael , Lampman DeWitt , Walawender Chester , Abhyankar Sanjay
Published: April 2019

Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) performance of vehicles is an all-encompassing study of hearing and feeling vibration as it relates to end user experience. The collection of glass in a vehicle can represent a large surface area, and can have a significant effect on NVH performance. Some of the most important glazing positions in relationship to the driver are the front doors, due to the proximity to the driver. Novel glass laminate constructions can provide acoustic improvement for these body positions over typically used standard glazings. The performance of these constructions will be discussed in terms of: acoustics, glass closing and door slam survivability, and solar performance.
Gestão estratégica em clínica de fisioterapia - relato de experiência extensionista
Authors: Dias Lisandra De Andrade , Lima Lana Dandara Silva
Published: April 2019

Este artigo relata a experiência extensionista de alunos voluntários do curso de design da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina – UFSC durante o período de 2015 e 2016. Visando reformular o direcionamento estratégico de uma pequena empresa local por meio da gestão do design, utilizou-se do método Design Thinking para estruturar o desenvolvimento deste projeto. Em sua conclusão, foram entregues: marca, plano de negócios e planejamento estratégico, documentos que embasaram o reposicionamento no mercado realizado durante esse período. Como fatores de sucesso, obteve-se uma maior prática dos conteúdos aprendidos dentro e fora da sala de aula, além da troca de conhecimentos entre equipe e cliente, fomentando o exercício da cocriação nas atividades de design.
A educação em saúde no ambiente hospitalar: relato de experiência sobre prevenção de lesões por pressão
Authors: Stamm Bruna , Messa Ponse Carlos Eduardo , Matos dos Santos Karine
Published: April 2019

O objetivo deste é compartilhar a experiência de discentes de enfermagem em atividade educativa sobre Lesões por Pressão com familiares/acompanhantes de pacientes hospitalizados. Trata-se de um relato de experiência, desenvolvido a partir de vivências dos discentes de graduação em enfermagem da Universidade Federal do Pampa, durante as atividades práticas na clínica médica de um hospital de grande porte de uma cidade da fronteira oeste do Rio Grande do Sul/ Brasil, desenvolvidas em 2016.  Para a atividade de educação em saúde sobre manejo e medidas preventivas de lesões de pressão, foram reunidas cinco acompanhantes/familiares das pacientes hospitalizadas, nas quais todas apresentavam Lesão por Pressão de graus variados. A roda de conversa teve duração de uma hora, e envolveu apresentação de cartazes com os temas: graus, localização e coberturas das lesões. A vivência proporcionou aprofundar conhecimentos no contexto de leões, permitiu uma melhor assistência aos pacientes e auxiliou familiares/cuidadores visando um melhor desfecho no cuidado as lesões por pressão.
Um Sistema de Identidade Visual para a identificação e diferenciação de produtos da agricultura familiar
Authors: Merino Giselle Schmidt Alves Díaz , Mitozo Adriana Toutonje , Alves Adriana Tomazi , Benevenutti Dione Nery Cavalcanti , Rett Henrique Tirolli , Merino Eugenio Andrés Díaz
Published: April 2019

A agricultura familiar é responsável pela maior parte da produção de alimentos em Santa Catarina e no Brasil. Em Joinville/SC a Associação Joinvillense de Agroindústrias Artesanais Rurais (AJAAR), um empreendimento composto por 49 associados, produz alimentos caseiros em diversos segmentos. Esta ação de extensão enfocou no segmento de panificados, no qual foram identificadas fragilidades, como a falta de identificação dos produtores, produtos de excelente qualidade em embalagens inadequadas e falta de padronização na aplicação da marca. Visando identificar, valorizar e diferenciar os produtos da AJAAR, esta ação desenvolveu um Sistema de Identidade Visual (SIV) e suas aplicações, incluindo as embalagens dos panificados. Para o desenvolvimento da ação utilizou-se o Guia de Orientação para Desenvolvimento de Projetos, resultando em refinamentos na marca, desenvolvimento de embalagens e demais aplicações, que já vem sendo implementados pela associação, permitindo concluir que atividades desta natureza são essenciais para oportunizar uma efetiva aproximação entre academia e sociedade.
Recente inzichten in het gebruik van alternatieve prestatiemaatstaven door beursgenoteerde ondernemingen
Authors: Veenman David
Published: April 2019

Dit artikel bespreekt recente inzichten uit onderzoek naar het gebruik van alternatieve prestatiemaatstaven. Recente studies tonen aan dat ondernemingen vooral gebruik maken van alternatieve (“non-GAAP”) winstbegrippen om te kunnen voldoen aan de vraag naar waarderelevante informatie, in plaats van om gebruikers te misleiden. Dit impliceert dat voor sommige ondernemingen de huidige prestatiemetingen niet voldoen aan de vraag van externe gebruikers. Een andere conclusie is dat de bestaande literatuur zich vooral focust op de presentatie van alternatieve winstbegrippen in plaats van maatstaven zoals (Adjusted) EBITDA en Free Cash Flow. Tevens focust de literatuur zich vooral op de VS, terwijl de verslaggeving, enforcement, en toegang tot informatie substantieel anders zijn binnen Europa. Dit biedt voldoende aanknopingspunten voor toekomstig onderzoek.
Een relationele benadering van beheersing en vertrouwen binnen samenwerkingsrelaties
Authors: Minnaar Reinald , van Veen-Dirks Paula
Published: April 2019

De studie die in dit artikel wordt beschreven, onderzoekt de relatie tussen contracten, beheersing en vertrouwen vanuit een relationeel perspectief. Dit relationele perspectief wordt inzichtelijk gemaakt met behulp van een casestudie van een specifieke uitbestedingsrelatie tussen een groot internationaal bedrijf (Semorg) en een aanbieder van facilitaire diensten (Fasorg). De casestudie laat niet alleen zien dat de contracten en de beheersingsstructuren doelbewust zijn ontworpen en opgesteld door topmanagers vanuit een functioneel perspectief, maar ook dat ze zelf zaken in gang kunnen zetten die vervolgens weer onverwachte gevolgen kunnen hebben (relationeel perspectief). In de casestudie bleek de oorspronkelijke contractuele oplossing, zoals die door onderhandeling door het topmanagement tot stand was gekomen, problematisch te zijn; het daaruit voortvloeiende contract en de in het contract opgenomen beheersingsstructuren veroorzaakten een proces van hercontractering dat uiteindelijk leidde tot veranderingen in de beheersing van en het vertrouwen binnen de relatie.
Mixed-phase orographic cloud microphysics during StormVEx and IFRACS
Authors: Lowenthal Douglas H. , Hallar A. Gannet , David Robert O. , McCubbin Ian B. , Borys Randolph D. , Mace Gerald G.
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Wintertime mixed-phase orographic cloud (MPC) measurements were
conducted at the Storm Peak Laboratory (SPL) during the Storm Peak Lab Cloud
Property Validation Experiment (StormVEx) and Isotopic Fractionation in
Snow (IFRACS) programs in 2011 and 2014, respectively. The data include 92 h
of simultaneous measurements of supercooled liquid cloud droplet and
ice particle size distributions (PSDs). Average cloud droplet number
concentration (CDNC), droplet size (NMD), and liquid water content (LWC) were
similar in both years, while ice particle concentration (Ni) and ice water
content (IWC) were higher during IFRACS. The consistency of the liquid cloud
suggests that SPL is essentially a cloud chamber that produces a consistent
cloud under moist, westerly flow during the winter. A variable cloud
condensation nuclei (CCN)-related inverse relationship between CDNC and NMD
strengthened when the data were stratified by LWC. Some of this variation is
due to changes in cloud base height below SPL. While there was a weak
inverse correlation between LWC and IWC in the data as a whole, a stronger
relationship was demonstrated for a case study on 9 February 2014 during
IFRACS. A minimum LWC of 0.05 g m−3 showed that the cloud was not
completely glaciated on this day. Erosion of the droplet distribution at
high IWC was attributed to the Wegener–Bergeron–Findeisen process as the
high IWC was accompanied by a 10-fold increase in Ni. A relationship between
large cloud droplet concentration (25–35 µm) and small ice particles
(75–200 µm) under cold (<-8 ∘C) but not warm
(>-8 ∘C) conditions during IFRACS suggests primary
ice particle production by contact or immersion freezing. The effect of
blowing snow was evaluated from the relationship between wind speed and Ni
and by comparing the relative (percent) ice particle PSDs at high and low
wind speeds. These were similar, contrary to expectation for blowing snow.
However, the correlation between wind speed and ice crystal concentration
may support this explanation for high crystal concentrations at the surface.
Secondary processes could have contributed to high crystal concentrations
but there was no direct evidence to support this. Further experimental work
is needed to resolve these issues.
Reconstruction of track and simulation of storm surge associated with the
calamitous typhoon affecting the Pearl River Estuary in September 1874
Authors: Mok Hing Yim , Lui Wing Hong , Lau Dick Shum , Woo Wang Chun
Published: April 2019

Abstract. A typhoon struck the Pearl River Estuary in September 1874 (the Typhoon 1874), causing extensive damages and claiming thousands of lives in the region during its passage. Like many other historical typhoons, the deadliest impact of the typhoon was its associated storm surge. In this paper, a possible track of the typhoon was reconstructed by analysis of the historical qualitative and quantitative weather observations in the Philippines, the northern part of the South China Sea, Hong Kong, Macao and Guangdong recorded in various historical documents. The magnitudes of the associated storm surges and storm tides in Hong Kong and Macao were also quantitatively estimated using storm surge model and analogue astronomical tides based on the reconstructed track. The results indicated that the typhoon could have crossed the Luzon Strait from the western North Pacific and moved across the northeastern part of the South China Sea to strike the Pearl River Estuary more or less as a super typhoon in the early morning on 23 September 1874. The typhoon passed about 60 km south-southwest of Hong Kong and made landfall in Macao, bringing maximum storm tides of around 4.9 m above the Hong Kong Chart Datum at the Victoria Harbour in Hong Kong and around 5.4 m above the Macao Chart Datum at Porto Interior (inner harbour) in Macao. Both the maximum storm tide (4.88 m above Hong Kong Chart Datum) and maximum storm surge (2.83 m) brought by Typhoon 1874 at the Victoria Harbour estimated in this study are higher than all the existing records since the establishment of the Hong Kong Observatory in 1883, including the recent records set by super typhoon Mangkhut on 16 September 2018.
Bispectra of climate cycles show how ice ages are fuelled
Authors: Liebrand Diederik , de Bakker Anouk T. M.
Published: April 2019

Abstract. The increasingly nonlinear response of the climate-cryosphere system to insolation forcing during the Pliocene and Pleistocene, as recorded in benthic foraminiferal stable oxygen isotope ratios (δ18O), is marked by a distinct evolution in ice-age cycle frequency, amplitude, phase, and geometry. To date, very few studies have thoroughly investigated the nonsinusoidal shape of these climate cycles, leaving precious information unused to further unravel the complex dynamics of the Earth's system. Here, we present higher-order spectral analyses of the LR04 δ18O stack that describe coupling and energy exchanges among astronomically-paced climate cycles during the Pliocene and Pleistocene. These advanced bispectral computations show how energy is passed from precession-paced to obliquity-paced climate cycles during the Early Pleistocene (~ 2,500–~ 750 ka), and ultimately to eccentricity-paced climate cycles during the Middle and Late Pleistocene (from ~ 750 ka onward). They also show how energy is transferred among many cycles that have no primary astronomical origin. We hypothesize that the change of obliquity-paced climate cycles during the mid-Pleistocene transition (~ 1,200–~ 600 ka), from being a net sink into a net source of energy, is indicative of the passing of a land-ice mass-loading threshold in the Northern Hemisphere (NH), after which cycles of crustal depression and rebound started to resonate with the ~ 110-kyr eccentricity modulation of precession. However, precession-paced climate cycles remain persistent energy providers throughout the Late Pliocene and entire Pleistocene, which is supportive of a dominant and continuous fuelling of the NH ice ages by insolation in the (sub-) tropical zones, and the control it exerts on meridional heat and moisture transport through atmospheric and oceanic circulation.
The Global Fire Atlas of individual fire size, duration, speed and direction
Authors: Andela Niels , Morton Douglas C. , Giglio Louis , Paugam Ronan , Chen Yang , Hantson Stijn , van der Werf Guido R. , Randerson James T.
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Natural and human-ignited fires affect all major
biomes, altering ecosystem structure, biogeochemical cycles and atmospheric
composition. Satellite observations provide global data on spatiotemporal
patterns of biomass burning and evidence for the rapid changes in global fire
activity in response to land management and climate. Satellite imagery also
provides detailed information on the daily or sub-daily position of fires
that can be used to understand the dynamics of individual fires. The Global
Fire Atlas is a new global dataset that tracks the dynamics of individual
fires to determine the timing and location of ignitions, fire size and
duration, and daily expansion, fire line length, speed, and direction of spread.
Here, we present the underlying methodology and Global Fire Atlas results for
2003–2016 derived from daily moderate-resolution (500 m) Collection 6
MCD64A1 burned-area data. The algorithm identified 13.3 million individual
fires over the study period, and estimated fire perimeters were in good
agreement with independent data for the continental United States. A small
number of large fires dominated sparsely populated arid and boreal
ecosystems, while burned area in agricultural and other human-dominated
landscapes was driven by high ignition densities that resulted in numerous
smaller fires. Long-duration fires in boreal regions and natural
landscapes in the humid tropics suggest that fire season length exerts a
strong control on fire size and total burned area in these areas. In arid
ecosystems with low fuel densities, high fire spread rates resulted in
large, short-duration fires that quickly consumed available fuels.
Importantly, multiday fires contributed the majority of burned area in all
biomass burning regions. A first analysis of the largest, longest and
fastest fires that occurred around the world revealed coherent regional
patterns of extreme fires driven by large-scale climate forcing. Global Fire
Atlas data are publicly available through http://www.globalfiredata.org (last access: 9 August 2018) and https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1642, and
individual fire information and summary data products provide new
information for benchmarking fire models within ecosystem and Earth system
models, understanding vegetation–fire feedbacks, improving global emissions
estimates, and characterizing the changing role of fire in the Earth system.