bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association between information provision and supportive care needs among ovarian cancer survivors: A cross‐sectional study from the PROFILES registry
Authors: Rietveld Mark J.A. , Husson Olga , Vos M.C. (Caroline) , van de Poll‐Franse Lonneke V. , Ottevanger P.B. (Nelleke) , Ezendam Nicole P.M.
Published: April 2018

Objective

To examine the association between satisfaction with perceived information provision during diagnosis and treatment and supportive care needs in ovarian cancer survivors.

Methods

In 2012, women (n = 348) diagnosed with ovarian cancer, as registered between 2000 and 2010 in the Netherlands Cancer Registry, received a questionnaire including questions on the perceived level of, and satisfaction with, information received (EORTC QLQ‐INFO25) and supportive care needs (Cancer Survivors' Unmet Needs Measure).

Results

Of 348 women, 191 (55%) responded. Of all participants, 35% were not satisfied (n = 65) with the perceived amount of information received. Participants who were satisfied with the amount of information reported significantly higher levels of perceived information on disease, medical tests, treatment, and other services. Patients not satisfied with information provision had a higher total number of needs and a higher number of unmet needs than women satisfied with information provision. Multivariable linear regression analysis showed that satisfaction with information provision was negatively associated with the total number of unmet needs (β = −0.20, P = .03) after adjustment for potential confounding clinical and sociodemographic factors.

Conclusion

Ovarian cancer survivors satisfied with the information provision during treatment reported fewer unmet needs during survivorship. Optimization of information provision for ovarian cancer patients during initial diagnosis and treatment may contribute to a decrease in unmet needs during survivorship.
E‐cigarettes: making healthcare professionals myth busters
Authors: Greener Mark
Published: April 2018

Electronic cigarettes (e‐cigarettes) have an important role in helping many people to stop smoking, but widespread myths and misconceptions remain about their safety. Public Health England's recent evidence review aims to help healthcare professionals dispel some of these myths.
Guide to the management of gabapentinoid misuse
Authors: Parsons Graham
Published: April 2018

In light of the government's proposals to reclassify pregabalin and gabapentin as Class C controlled drugs due to the risk of misuse, this article examines the extent of the problem of gabapentinoid misuse and its effects, and provides practical advice to prescribers on reducing these harms.
Advanced BBr3 Diffusion With Second Deposition Step for Selective Emitter Formation by Laser Doping
Authors: Lohmüller (née Werner) Sabrina , Lohmüller Elmar
Published: April 2018

The concept of attaching a second deposition step at the end of boron tribromide (BBr3) diffusion is introduced, where second deposition describes an active ni­tro­gen flow through the BBr3 bubbler. This approach pro­vides a high­er boron dose in the borosilicate glass (BSG) which facilitates the formation of laser‐doped se­lec­tive emitters. It is found that the second deposition hardly impacts the as‐diffused charge carrier con­cen­tra­tion profile in comparison to BBr3 dif­fu­sion without second deposition. The emitter sheet re­sis­tance Rsh ≈ 110 Ω sq−1 and emitter dark saturation cur­rent den­si­ty j0e ≈ 25 fA cm−2 (alkaline textured, Al2O3/SiNX passi­va­tion) are similar for both processes. The BBr3 diffusion process forms a BSG/silicon dioxide (SiO2) stack layer on the silicon. The BBr3 diffusion with second deposition step results in an 8 nm thicker BSG/SiO2 stack layer (total thickness: 42 nm) with fac­tor two higher boron dose compared to the BBr3 diffusion without second deposition. After laser doping, the charge carrier concentration is higher for the BBr3 pro­cess with second deposition resulting in stronger local doping with about 10 Ω sq−1 lower Rsh. For laser‐doped and Al2O3/SiNX‐passivated areas, a promising process combination results in j0e = (250 ± 30) fA cm−2 at Rsh = (65 ± 1) Ω sq−1.
General build up of basis and matrix in the diagonalization approach. Determination of Kramers configuration state functions
Authors: Gall Marián , Bučinský Lukáš , Komorovsky Stanislav
Published: April 2018

Algorithms to build the
basis and
matrix representation to obtain the
Kramers configuration space functions (KCSFs) via diagonalization will be formally generalized to an arbitrary number of unpaired (open shell) fermions. Effective build up of the
matrix representation will be outlined (including threading and graphical processing unit parallelism) to subsequently obtain the KCSFs via calling external/numerical library routines for diagonalization. The effective build up of the
matrix representation relays on a binary tree search algorithm to allow evaluation the
action on a given
basis vector. The binary tree search avoids the treatment of zero
matrix elements which leads to an exponential acceleration. The implementation (
basis creation,
matrix representation, and
matrix diagonalization) will be done in an all in core and all at once manner, hence the available core memory sets the physical limits in practical applications. Memory limitations, sparsity of the
matrix, general case of n fermions in m spinors, and the application of KCSFs will be put into further perspective.
Stochastic model predictive control: Insights and performance comparisons for linear systems
Authors: Seron Maria M. , Goodwin Graham C. , Carrasco Diego S.
Published: April 2018

In this paper, we define several instances of model predictive control (MPC) for linear systems, including both deterministic and stochastic formulations. We show by explicit computation of the associated control laws that, under certain conditions, different formulations lead to identical results. This paper provides insights into the performance of stochastic MPC. Amongst other things, it shows that stochastic MPC and traditional MPC can give identical results in special cases. In cases where the solutions are different, we show that the explicit formulation of the problem can give insight into the performance gap.
Tracing studies in cohorts with attrition: Selection models for efficient sampling
Authors: Moon Nathalie C. , Zeng Leilei , Cook Richard J.
Published: April 2018

Cohort studies of chronic diseases involve recruitment and longitudinal follow‐up of affected individuals with a view to studying the effect of risk factors on disease progression and death. When the time to withdrawal from the cohort is conditionally independent of the disease process the primary consequence is a loss of information on the parameters of interest. This loss can sometimes be mitigated through the conduct of tracing studies in which a subsample of those lost to follow up are contacted and some information is obtained on their disease and survival status. We describe the use of selection models to sample individuals for tracing who will yield more efficient estimators than those obtained by simple random sampling. Efficient sampling schemes featuring cost constraints are also developed and shown to perform well. An application to data from the University of Toronto Psoriatic Arthritis Cohort illustrates how to apply the method in a real setting.
Joint modeling of recurrent events and a terminal event adjusted for zero inflation and a matched design
Authors: Xu Cong , Chinchilli Vernon M. , Wang Ming
Published: April 2018

In longitudinal studies, matched designs are often employed to control the potential confounding effects in the field of biomedical research and public health. Because of clinical interest, recurrent time‐to‐event data are captured during the follow‐up. Meanwhile, the terminal event of death is always encountered, which should be taken into account for valid inference because of informative censoring. In some scenarios, a certain large portion of subjects may not have any recurrent events during the study period due to nonsusceptibility to events or censoring; thus, the zero‐inflated nature of data should be considered in analysis. In this paper, a joint frailty model with recurrent events and death is proposed to adjust for zero inflation and matched designs. We incorporate 2 frailties to measure the dependency between subjects within a matched pair and that among recurrent events within each individual. By sharing the random effects, 2 event processes of recurrent events and death are dependent with each other. The maximum likelihood based approach is applied for parameter estimation, where the Monte Carlo expectation‐maximization algorithm is adopted, and the corresponding R program is developed and available for public usage. In addition, alternative estimation methods such as Gaussian quadrature (PROC NLMIXED) and a Bayesian approach (PROC MCMC) are also considered for comparison to show our method's superiority. Extensive simulations are conducted, and a real data application on acute ischemic studies is provided in the end.
Examining burnout profiles in relation to health and well‐being in the Veterans Health Administration employee population
Authors: Schult Tamara M. , Mohr David C. , Osatuke Katerine
Published: April 2018

The goals of this paper were twofold: (a) To provide a population overview of burnout profiles by occupation in a large, health care sector employee population and (b) to investigate how burnout profiles relate to self‐reported health behaviours, chronic conditions, and absenteeism. Burnout profiles were considered by 5 main occupational groups (physicians, nurses, other clinical, administrative, and wage grade [trade, craft, and labor workers]) in survey respondents (n = 86,257 employees). Logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine how burnout profiles were associated with health controlling for gender, age, race, ethnicity, and occupational group. Employees in the “Frustrated/Burning Up” and “Withdrawing/Burned Out” profiles, respectively, had significantly increased odds of anxiety (OR = 2.17; 99% CI [2.04, 2.31];OR = 2.21; 99% CI [2.05, 2.38]), depression (OR = 2.06; 99% CI [1.93, 2.20];OR = 2.20; 99% CI [2.04, 2.38]), sleep disorders (OR = 1.98; 99% CI [1.85, 2.12];OR = 1.97; 99% CI [1.81, 2.13]), low back disease (OR = 1.60; 99% CI [1.50, 1.71];OR = 1.58; 99% CI [1.47, 1.70]), physical inactivity (OR = 1.49; 99% CI [1.38, 1.60];OR = 1.68; 99% CI [1.54, 1.83]), and 5 or more days away from work (OR = 1.74; 99% CI [1.65, 1.85];OR = 2.15; 99% CI [2.01, 2.30]). Burnout is related to the health of employees. Burnout profiles offer a way to assess patterns of burnout by occupational group and may help customize future interventions.
Electrophoretic Deposited Stable Chitosan@MoS2 Coating with Rapid In Situ Bacteria‐Killing Ability under Dual‐Light Irradiation
Authors: Feng Zizhou , Liu Xiangmei , Tan Lei , Cui Zhenduo , Yang Xianjin , Li Zhaoyang , Zheng Yufeng , Yeung Kelvin Wai Kwok , Wu Shuilin
Published: April 2018

Developing in situ disinfection methods in vivo to avoid drug‐resistant bacteria and tissue toxicity is an urgent need. Here, the photodynamic and photothermal properties of the chitosan‐assisted MoS2 (CS@MoS2) hybrid coating are simultaneously inspired to endow metallic Ti implants with excellent surface self‐antibacterial capabilities. This coating, irradiated by only 660 nm visible light (VL) for 10 min, exhibits an antibacterial efficacy of 91.58% and 92.52% against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), respectively. The corresponding value is 64.67% and 57.44%, respectively, after irradiation by a single 808 nm near infrared light for the same amount of time. However, the combined irradiation using both lights can significantly enhance the efficiency up to 99.84% and 99.65% against E. coli and S. aureus, respectively, which can be ascribed to the synergistic effects of photodynamic and photothermal actions. The former produces single oxygen species under 660 nm VL while the latter induces a rise in temperature of implants, which can inhibit the growth of both E. coli and S. aureus. The introduction of CS can also promote the biocompatibility of implants, which provides a facile, rapid, and safe in situ bacteria‐killing method in vivo without needing a second surgery.
Semiconducting Polymer Nanocavities: Porogenic Synthesis, Tunable Host–Guest Interactions, and Enhanced Drug/siRNA Delivery
Authors: Chen Haobin , Fang Xiaofeng , Jin Yue , Hu Xin , Yin Min , Men Xiaoju , Chen Nan , Fan Chunhai , Chiu Daniel T. , Wan Youzhong , Wu Changfeng
Published: April 2018

Nanocavities composed of lipids and block polymers have demonstrated great potential in biomedical applications such as sensors, nanoreactors, and delivery vectors. However, it remains a great challenge to produce nanocavities from fluorescent semiconducting polymers owing to their hydrophobic rigid polymer backbones. Here, we describe a facile, yet general strategy that combines photocrosslinking with nanophase separation to fabricate multicolor, water‐dispersible semiconducting polymer nanocavities (PNCs). A photocrosslinkable semiconducting polymer is blended with a porogen such as degradable macromolecule to form compact polymer dots (Pdots). After crosslinking the polymer and removing the porogen, this approach yields semiconducting polymer nanospheres with open cavities that are tunable in diameter. Both small molecules and macromolecules can be loaded in the nanocavities, where molecular size can be differentiated by the efficiency of the energy transfer from host polymer to guest molecules. An anticancer drug doxorubicin (Dox) is loaded into the nanocavities and the intracellular release is monitored in real time by the fluorescence signal. Finally, the efficient delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) to silence gene expression without affecting cell viability is demonstrated. The combined features of bright fluorescence, tunable cavity, and efficient drug/siRNA delivery makes these nanostructures promising for biomedical imaging and drug delivery.
Ultrahigh‐Energy Density Lithium‐Ion Cable Battery Based on the Carbon‐Nanotube Woven Macrofilms
Authors: Wu Ziping , Liu Kaixi , Lv Chao , Zhong Shengwen , Wang Qinghui , Liu Ting , Liu Xianbin , Yin Yanhong , Hu Yingyan , Wei Di , Liu Zhongfan
Published: April 2018

Moore's law predicts the performance of integrated circuit doubles every two years, lasting for more than five decades. However, the improvements of the performance of energy density in batteries lag far behind that. In addition, the poor flexibility, insufficient‐energy density, and complexity of incorporation into wearable electronics remain considerable challenges for current battery technology. Herein, a lithium‐ion cable battery is invented, which is insensitive to deformation due to its use of carbon nanotube (CNT) woven macrofilms as the charge collectors. An ultrahigh‐tap density of 10 mg cm−2 of the electrodes can be obtained, which leads to an extremely high‐energy density of 215 mWh cm−3. The value is approximately seven times than that of the highest performance reported previously. In addition, the battery displays very stable rate performance and lower internal resistance than conventional lithium‐ion batteries using metal charge collectors. Moreover, it demonstrates excellent convenience for connecting electronics as a new strategy is applied, in which both electrodes can be integrated into one end by a CNT macrorope. Such an ultrahigh‐energy density lithium‐ion cable battery provides a feasible way to power wearable electronics with commercial viability.
Supporting Elementary Students’ Reading of Difficult Texts
Authors: Strong John Z. , Amendum Steven J. , Conradi Smith Kristin
Published: April 2018

This article was inspired by the fact that teachers have been asked to increase the difficulty of texts that students encounter without clear guidance on how to support their students when reading difficult texts. First, findings are presented from a recent review that investigated the effects of increased text difficulty on elementary students’ fluency and comprehension. Then, the authors draw on additional literature that provided practical recommendations for determining text difficulty, selecting texts, and supporting students when reading difficult texts. A planning template for small‐group instruction is provided to help elementary teachers address vocabulary and knowledge demands associated with difficult texts before reading, provide fluency and comprehension scaffolds according to students’ instructional needs during repeated reading, and ask text‐dependent questions after reading that support and consolidate learning from difficult texts.
Aluminum(III) Halide Complexes based on a Bis‐(benzoxazol‐2‐yl)methane Ligand
Authors: Kretsch Johannes , Herbst‐Irmer Regine , Stalke Dietmar
Published: April 2018

Low‐valent aluminum(I) heterocycles that are specified as metal carbenes can be applied as catalysts and in small molecule activation. Thus, the synthesis of new types of metal carbenes is a rewarding task we set out to contribute. The reactive aluminum compounds should be obtained by reduction of an aluminum(III) halide precursor coordinated to a suitable ligand. The bis(benzoxazol‐2‐yl)methanide ligand HCBOX2 (BOX = benzoxazol‐2‐yl) mimics the beneficial features of the omni‐present nacnac ligand. Two new aluminum halide complexes [(HCBOX2)AlX2] (X = Cl, I) were synthesized in a salt elimination reaction with the corresponding metal halide and the lithiated ligand [(HCBOX2)Li(Et2O)2], derived from H2CBOX2 [bis‐(benzoxazol‐2‐yl)methane]. The complexes [(HCBOX2)AlCl2] (1) and [(HCBOX2)AlI2] (2) were characterized by NMR spectroscopy from solution, mass spectrometry and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n and crystals of complex 2 were obtained in the triclinic crystal system with space group P1. Especially [(HCBOX2)AlI2] (2) is a promising precursor for the synthesis of new low‐valent aluminum(I) compounds because especially the Al–I bond is prone to reduction.
Vibration suspension of Euler‐Bernoulli‐von Kármán beam subjected to oppositely moving loads by optimizing the placements of visco‐elastic dampers
Authors: Khurshudyan Asatur Zh. , Ohanyan Sergey K.
Published: April 2018

Possibilities of control and suspension of bending vibrations of a geometrically nonlinear Euler‐Bernoulli beam subjected to two oppositely moving point loads in given finite time are considered. It is assumed that the beam undergoes large deformations and the nonlinear von Kármán strains are considered. The suspension is carried out by means of optimizing the placements of visco‐elastic dampers under the beam. By applying the modified Bubnov‐Galerkin procedure, it becomes possible to avoid linearization of the state equation. The validation of the theory is carried out on the example of a finite simply supported beam. It is observed that by optimizing the dampers placements, both the maximal absolute value of the beam transverse displacements and the vibration reduction time can be reduced.
Estimating hominid life history: the critical interbirth interval
Authors: Nakahashi Wataru , Horiuchi Shiro , Ihara Yasuo
Published: April 2018

Unlike any great apes, humans have expanded into a wide variety of habitats during the course of evolution, beginning with the transition by australopithecines from forest to savanna habitation. Novel environments are likely to have imposed hominids a demographic challenge due to such factors as higher predation risk and scarcer food resources. In fact, recent studies have found a paucity of older relative to younger adults in hominid fossil remains, indicating considerably high adult mortality in australopithecines, early Homo, and Neanderthals. It is not clear to date why only human ancestors among all hominoid species could survive in these harsh environments. In this paper, we explore the possibility that hominids had shorter interbirth intervals to enhance fertility than the extant apes. To infer interbirth intervals in fossil hominids, we introduce the notion of the critical interbirth interval, or the threshold length of birth spacing above which a population is expected to go to extinction. We develop a new method to obtain the critical interbirth intervals of hominids based on the observed ratios of older adults to all adults in fossil samples. Our analysis suggests that the critical interbirth intervals of australopithecines, early Homo, and Neanderthals are significantly shorter than the observed interbirth intervals of extant great apes. We also discuss possible factors that may have caused the evolutionary divergence of hominid life history traits from those of great apes.
Effects of catechin-enriched ion beverage intake on thermoregulatory function in a hot environment
Authors: Nishimura Rumiko , Nishimura Naoki , Iwase Satoshi , Takeshita Masao , Katashima Mitsuhiro , Katsuragi Yoshihisa , Sato Motohiko
Published: April 2018

We examined the effect of intake of a catechin-enriched ion beverage (Cat-I) on the thermoregulatory response in a hot environment. Eight healthy men were exposed to a hot environment for 90 min at an ambient temperature of 35 °C (relative humidity: 75%) combined with lower leg water immersion at 40 °C. At that time, either Cat-I, an ion beverage (Ion), or mineral water (Placebo) was consumed at three points: (1) at the start of lower leg immersion, (2) at 30 min after immersion, and (3) at 60 min after immersion. In all conditions, tympanic temperature (Tty) increased gradually during lower leg water immersion. However, the rate of increase of Tty tended to be suppressed after 30 min. The effect of drinking Cat-I had a limited detection period of approximately 60–70 min, and the rate of sweating was clearly increased with Cat-I compared with Ion and Placebo. Cat-I also tended to decrease the body temperature threshold at which sweating was induced compared with Ion or Placebo. These findings suggest that Cat-I efficiently suppressed the increase of body temperature in a hot environment.
Enriching the Interpretation of the Erectile Dysfunction Inventory of Treatment Satisfaction: Characterizing Success in Treatment Satisfaction
Authors: Cappelleri Joseph C. , Tseng Li-Jung , Stecher Vera , Goldstein Irwin
Published: April 2018

Background

Patient-reported outcomes, such as the Erectile Dysfunction Inventory of Treatment Satisfaction (EDITS) index, are essential for successful evaluation and treatment of patients with erectile dysfunction.

Aim

To enrich interpretation of the EDITS index score and to complement the existing 0 to 100 scoring.

Methods

This supplemental analysis evaluated EDITS questionnaire data (11 items; index score range = 0–100; higher scores indicate more treatment satisfaction) after completion of an 8-week double-blinded trial of 279 men 18 to 65 years old with erectile dysfunction randomized to sildenafil 100 mg, sildenafil 50 mg, or placebo. Response options for each EDITS item were grouped into “success” (the 2 most satisfied or favorable responses) and “no success” (the remaining 3 responses). The binary response (success or no success) for each item was expressed as a function of overall EDITS score in a simple logistic regression model with all treatments combined.

Outcomes

Odds ratios and success probabilities (using Wald χ2 tests) were calculated for specified point differences and total EDITS index scores, respectively.

Results

EDITS index score increases corresponded with significant increases in odds of success in different EDITS aspects (P < .0001 for all comparisons). For instance, a 10-point EDITS index score difference was associated with odds ratios of 11.3, 42.0, 17.7, and 6.8 for overall treatment satisfaction, treatment meeting expectations, satisfaction with treatment quickness, and satisfaction with how long treatment lasts, respectively. For a given EDITS index score, likelihood of success was determined for different aspects of treatment satisfaction. For example, a mean EDITS index score of 78 (sildenafil 100 mg; SD = 18) corresponded to 96%, 88%, 94%, and 88% chances of success for the 4 EDITS items referenced earlier, respectively. Corresponding probabilities for a mean EDITS index score of 50 (placebo; SD = 18) were 3%, less than 0.1%, 1%, and 4%, respectively.

Clinical Implications

Interpretation of the EDITS index score can be augmented using key aspects of treatment satisfaction as reported by the patient.

Strengths and Limitations

This analysis used a well-established anchor-based approach to interpret EDITS index scores. The methodology used and corresponding results are appropriate for clinical practice and clinical trial settings. Limitations include data evaluation only for the Patient EDITS and not the complementary Partner EDITS and use of data from a clinical trial enrolling a well-defined patient population only in stable relationships.

Conclusion

These results enable a meaningful interpretation of EDITS index scores, facilitating decision making by stakeholders for better-informed health care choices.
Pre-Service Early Childhood Teachers’ Preparedness to Teach Education for Sustainability
Authors: Croft Anita
Published: April 2018

The benefits of beginning Education for Sustainability (EfS) in early childhood are now widely documented. With the support of their teachers, young children have shown that through engagement in sustainability practices they are capable of becoming active citizens in their communities (Duhn, Bachmann, & Harris, 2010; Kelly & White, 2012; Ritchie, 2010; Vaealiki & Mackey, 2008). Engagement with EfS has not been widespread across the early childhood sector in Aotearoa New Zealand (Duhn et al., 2010; Vaealiki & Mackey, 2008) until recently. One way of addressing EfS in early childhood education is through teacher education institutions preparing students to teach EfS when they graduate.
Observed winter salinity fields in the surface layer of the Arctic Ocean and statistical approaches to predicting large-scale anomalies and patterns
Authors: Cherniavskaia Ekaterina A. , Sudakov Ivan , Golden Kenneth M. , Strong Courtenay , Timokhov Leonid A.
Published: April 2018

Significant salinity anomalies have been observed in the Arctic Ocean surface layer during the last decade. Our study is based on an extensive gridded dataset of winter salinity in the upper 50 m layer of the Arctic Ocean for the periods 1950–1993 and 2007–2012, obtained from ~20 000 profiles. We investigate the interannual variability of the salinity fields, identify predominant patterns of anomalous behavior and leading modes of variability, and develop a statistical model for the prediction of surface-layer salinity. The statistical model is based on linear regression equations linking the principal components of surface-layer salinity obtained through empirical orthogonal function decomposition with environmental factors, such as atmospheric circulation, river runoff, ice processes and water exchange with neighboring oceans. Using this model, we obtain prognostic fields of the surface-layer salinity for the winter period 2013–2014. The prognostic fields generated by the model show tendencies of surface-layer salinification, which were also observed in previous years. Although the used data are proprietary and have gaps, they provide the most spatiotemporally detailed observational resource for studying multidecadal variations in basin-wide Arctic salinity. Thus, there is community value in the identification, dissemination and modeling of the principal modes of variability in this salinity record.
A content analysis of Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) strategies for communicating about clinical research participation online
Authors: Flood-Grady Elizabeth , Paige Samantha R. , Karimipour Nicki , Harris Paul A. , Cottler Linda B. , Krieger Janice L.
Published: April 2018

Introduction

There is a dearth of literature providing guidance on how to effectively communicate about clinical research (CR).

Methods

Using the transactional model of communication, a content analysis of the investigator (n=62) and participant (n=18) Web sites of institutions funded through the National Institutes of Health Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) was conducted to identify their strategies (e.g., messages) for communicating about CR participation.

Results

CTSAs targeted investigators with CR participation content across the main Web sites, although most CTSAs (n=55; 88.7%) also included CR participation content for participants. In total, 18 CTSAs (29%) hosted participant Web sites. Participant sites included 13 message types about CR participation (e.g., registry enrollment) and 5 additional channels (e.g., email, phone number) to communicate about CR. However, many CTSA participant Web sites excluded information explaining the CR process and offered CR content exclusively in English.

Conclusion

CTSAs should identify their target audience and design strategies (e.g., messages, channels) accordingly.
Bayesian Versus Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Treatment Effects in Bivariate Probit Instrumental Variable Models
Authors: Hollenbach Florian M. , Montgomery Jacob M. , Crespo-Tenorio Adriana
Published: April 2018

Bivariate probit models are a common choice for scholars wishing to estimate causal effects in instrumental variable models where both the treatment and outcome are binary. However, standard maximum likelihood approaches for estimating bivariate probit models are problematic. Numerical routines in popular software suites frequently generate inaccurate parameter estimates and even estimated correctly, maximum likelihood routines provide no straightforward way to produce estimates of uncertainty for causal quantities of interest. In this note, we show that adopting a Bayesian approach provides more accurate estimates of key parameters and facilitates the direct calculation of causal quantities along with their attendant measures of uncertainty.
Mean-field theory of differential rotation in density stratified turbulent convection
Authors: Rogachevskii I. , Kleeorin N.
Published: April 2018

A mean-field theory of differential rotation in a density stratified turbulent convection has been developed. This theory is based on the combined effects of the turbulent heat flux and anisotropy of turbulent convection on the Reynolds stress. A coupled system of dynamical budget equations consisting in the equations for the Reynolds stress, the entropy fluctuations and the turbulent heat flux has been solved. To close the system of these equations, the spectral$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}$approach, which is valid for large Reynolds and Péclet numbers, has been applied. The adopted model of the background turbulent convection takes into account an increase of the turbulence anisotropy and a decrease of the turbulent correlation time with the rotation rate. This theory yields the radial profile of the differential rotation which is in agreement with that for the solar differential rotation.
Optimisation of confinement in a fusion reactor using a nonlinear turbulence model
Authors: Highcock E. G. , Mandell N. R. , Barnes M. , Dorland W.
Published: April 2018

The confinement of heat in the core of a magnetic fusion reactor is optimised using a multidimensional optimisation algorithm. For the first time in such a study, the loss of heat due to turbulence is modelled at every stage using first-principles nonlinear simulations which accurately capture the turbulent cascade and large-scale zonal flows. The simulations utilise a novel approach, with gyrofluid treatment of the small-scale drift waves and gyrokinetic treatment of the large-scale zonal flows. A simple near-circular equilibrium with standard parameters is chosen as the initial condition. The figure of merit, fusion power per unit volume, is calculated, and then two control parameters, the elongation and triangularity of the outer flux surface, are varied, with the algorithm seeking to optimise the chosen figure of merit. A twofold increase in the plasma power per unit volume is achieved by moving to higher elongation and strongly negative triangularity.
Endemic infection of the common mynahAcridotheres tristiswithTrichomonas gallinaethe agent of avian trichomonosis
Authors: Farooq Hassan Ali , Khan Hammad Ahmad , Alrefaei Abdulwahed Fahad , Tyler Kevin Morris
Published: April 2018

Avian trichomonosis is an architypal disease of wild columbids and those birds that predate them. Increasingly though, it has been reported in passerines; a recent and ongoing epidemic in the chaffinches and greenfinches of Europe and outbreaks amongst house finches, American goldfinches and purple finches in North America. The parasite,Trichomonas gallinae, causes lesions in the upper respiratory tract which can cause mortality associated with dehydration and emaciation. This paper reports for the first time, the widespread, endemic and often asymptomatic infection of common mynah (Acridotheres tristis) around the Faisalabad District, Pakistan. Parasite typing was used to investigate the potential for transmission among the frequently sympatric species. Type C parasites were found in mynah, and while this is analagous to the pandemic finch strain which is Type A, it is the first known example of passerine infections of this parasite genotype. Subtype analysis showed the strain to be C4 a subtype which has a widespread distribution in columbids.
Vulnerability of megapodes (Megapodiidae, Aves) to climate change and related threats
Authors: RADLEY PAUL M. , DAVIS ROBERT A. , DEKKER RENÉ W.R.J. , MOLLOY SHAUN W. , BLAKE DAVID , HEINSOHN ROBERT
Published: April 2018

Aspects of species life histories may increase their susceptibility to climate change. Owing to their exclusive reliance on environmental sources of heat for incubation, megapodes may be especially vulnerable. We employed a trait-based vulnerability assessment to weigh their exposure to projected climate variables of increasing temperatures, fluctuating rainfall and sea level rise and their biological sensitivity and capacity to adapt. While all 21 species were predicted to experience at least a 2 °C increase in mean annual temperature, 12 to experience a moderate or greater fluctuation in rainfall and 16 to experience rising seas, the most vulnerable megapodes are intrinsically rare and range restricted. Species that employ microbial decomposition for incubation may have an adaptive advantage over those that do not and may be more resilient to climate change. The moderate microclimate necessary for mound incubation, however, may in some areas be threatened by anthropogenic habitat loss exacerbated by warmer and seasonally drier conditions. As with many avian species, little is known about the capacity of megapodes to adapt to a changing climate. We therefore recommend that future research efforts investigate megapode fecundity, gene flow and genetic connectivity at the population level to better determine their adaptive capacity.
From image to language and back again
Authors: BELZ A. , BERG T.L. , YU L.
Published: April 2018

Work in computer vision and natural language processing involving images and text has been experiencing explosive growth over the past decade, with a particular boost coming from the neural network revolution. The present volume brings together five research articles from several different corners of the area: multilingual multimodal image description (Franket al.), multimodal machine translation (Madhyasthaet al., Franket al.), image caption generation (Madhyasthaet al., Tantiet al.), visual scene understanding (Silbereret al.), and multimodal learning of high-level attributes (Sorodocet al.). In this article, we touch upon all of these topics as we review work involving images and text under the three main headings of image description (Section 2), visually grounded referring expression generation (REG) and comprehension (Section 3), and visual question answering (VQA) (Section 4).
Food choices and distress in reservation-based American Indians and Alaska Natives with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Teufel-Shone Nicolette I , Jiang Luohua , Rockell Jennifer , Chang Jennifer , Beals Janette , Bullock Ann , Manson Spero M
Published: April 2018

Objective

To examine the association between food choice and distress in a large national sample of American Indians/Alaska Natives (AI/AN) with type 2 diabetes.

Design

Participants completed a sociodemographic survey, an FFQ and the Kessler-6 Distress Scale. Foods were identified as ‘healthy’ or ‘unhealthy’ using a classification grounded in the health education provided by the programme case managers; healthy and unhealthy food scores were calculated using reported intake frequencies. Pearson’s correlation coefficients for distress and food scores were calculated for all participants and by gender. Multiple linear regression models stratified by gender assessed the association between distress and food scores, controlling for sociodemographics and duration of type 2 diabetes.

Setting

Rural AI reservations and AN villages.

Subjects

AI/AN (n 2484) with type 2 diabetes.

Results

Both males (34·9 %) and females (65·1 %) had higher healthy food scores than unhealthy scores. In bivariate analysis, distress level had a significant negative correlation with healthy food scores among female participants, but the association was not significant among males. Significant positive correlations between distress and unhealthy food scores were found in both genders. In the final multivariate models, healthy food scores were not significantly related to distress; however, unhealthy food scores showed significant positive relationships with distress for both genders (females: β=0·078, P=0·0007; males: β=0·139, P<0·0001).

Conclusions

Health professionals working with AI/AN diagnosed with type 2 diabetes should offer food choice strategies during difficult times and recognize that males may be more likely than females to select unhealthy foods when distressed.
United States – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Measures on Certain Coated Paper from Indonesia (US–Coated Paper (Indonesia)), DS491
Authors: Kugler Kholofelo
Published: April 2018

Indonesia challenged two measures of the United States' (US): first, the imposition of anti-dumping and countervailing duties (CVDs) on certain coated paper from Indonesia. In particular, Indonesia challenged certain aspects of the US States Department of Commerce (USDOC) final determination ‘as applied’ in its CVD investigation on certain coated paper from Indonesia, and the US International Trade Commission's (USCIT) final threat of injury determination regarding subsidized and dumped imports from Indonesia and China. Second, Indonesia challenged ‘as such’ Section 711(11)(B) of the US Tariff Act. In particular, Indonesia challenged the use of this provision in affirmative threat of injury determinations.
The Making of an Artist as National Hero: The Great Karl Briullov and His Critical Fortunes
Authors: Dianina Katia
Published: April 2018

This article examines the uneven reception of the famous Russian artist Karl Briullov and problematizes the canonization of the classics in imperial society. Drawing on contemporary literary and artistic sources, broadly available at the time but largely forgotten in the years since, I argue that Briullov's status as a cultural icon grew out of the wide-ranging controversy that followed the artist throughout the decades. Now feted as the national genius, now dismissed as a fraud, Briullov became part of the popular imagination as a complicated character of sundry written texts, a literary figment more than a historical person. The discursive aspect of this cultural scenario was crucial in fashioning the image of the artist as national hero: Briullov's canonization was propelled by the written word more than pictorial imagery. Moreover, in a peculiar Russian twist, it was Briullov's association with the great poet Aleksandr Pushkin that advanced the artist's reputation decisively.
Geochemical Discrimination and Characteristics of Magmatic Tectonic Settings: A Machine‐Learning‐Based Approach
Authors: Ueki Kenta , Hino Hideitsu , Kuwatani Tatsu
Published: April 2018

Geochemically discriminating between magmatism in different tectonic settings remains a fundamental part of understanding the processes of magma generation within the Earth's mantle. Here we present an approach where machine learning (ML) methods are used for quantitative tectonic discrimination and feature selection using global geochemical data sets containing data for volcanic rocks generated in eight different tectonic settings. This study uses support vector machine, random forest, and sparse multinomial regression (SMR) approaches. All these ML methods with data for 24 elements and five isotopic ratios allowed the successful geochemical discrimination between igneous rocks formed in eight different tectonic settings with a discriminant ratio better than 83% for all settings barring oceanic plateaus and back‐arc basins. SMR is a particularly powerful and interpretable ML method because it quantitatively identifies geochemical signatures that characterize the tectonic settings of interest and the characteristics of each sample as a probability of the membership of the sample for each setting. We also present the most representative basalt composition for each tectonic setting. The new data provide reference points for future geochemical discussions. Our results indicate that at least 17 elements and isotopic ratios are required to characterize each tectonic setting, suggesting that geochemical tectonic discrimination cannot be achieved using only a small number of elemental compositions and/or isotopic ratios. The results show that volcanic rocks formed in different tectonic settings have unique geochemical signatures, indicating that both volcanic rock geochemistry and magma generation processes are closely connected to the tectonic setting.
How Choice of Depth Horizon Influences the Estimated Spatial Patterns and Global Magnitude of Ocean Carbon Export Flux
Authors: Palevsky Hilary I. , Doney Scott C.
Published: April 2018

Estimated rates and efficiency of ocean carbon export flux are sensitive to differences in the depth horizons used to define export, which often vary across methodological approaches. We evaluate sinking particulate organic carbon (POC) flux rates and efficiency (e‐ratios) in a global earth system model, using a range of commonly used depth horizons: the seasonal mixed layer depth, the particle compensation depth, the base of the euphotic zone, a fixed depth horizon of 100 m, and the maximum annual mixed layer depth. Within this single dynamically consistent model framework, global POC flux rates vary by 30% and global e‐ratios by 21% across different depth horizon choices. Zonal variability in POC flux and e‐ratio also depends on the export depth horizon due to pronounced influence of deep winter mixing in subpolar regions. Efforts to reconcile conflicting estimates of export need to account for these systematic discrepancies created by differing depth horizon choices.
First Dual‐Frequency Radar Observations of 150‐km Echoes From Gadanki and Implications
Authors: Patra A. K. , Pavan Chaitanya P. , Durga Rao M. , Kamaraj P.
Published: April 2018

We present the first dual‐frequency overlapping volume radar observations of daytime 150‐km echoes made at 30 and 53 MHz from Gadanki, India. We show remarkably different responses of the 150‐km echoing layers including the spectral characteristics of the echoes at 30 and 53 MHz. Results show that while the echoes in general are remarkably stronger with narrower spectral width at 30 MHz than that of 53 MHz the relationship between radar cross sections at the two frequencies varies depending on the echoing layer. We also show distinctly different spectral broadening in different echoing regions observed by the 53‐MHz radar, which is missing in the 30‐MHz radar observations. These new observations indicate involvement of naturally enhanced incoherent scattering as well as scattering from enhanced electron density fluctuations of plasma instability origin and hence are of utmost importance in understanding the origin of the puzzling 150‐km echoing phenomenon.
Comparison of SST Diurnal Variation Models Over the Tropical Warm Pool Region
Authors: Zhang Haifeng , Beggs Helen , Merchant Christopher J. , Wang Xiao Hua , Majewski Leon , Kiss Andrew E. , Rodríguez José , Thorpe Livia , Gentemann Chelle , Brunke Michael
Published: April 2018

Four sea surface temperature (SST) diurnal variation (DV) models have been compared against Multifunctional Transport Satellite‐1R (MTSAT‐1R) SST measurements over the Tropical Warm Pool (TWP) region (90°E–170°E, 25°S–15°N) for 4 months from January to April 2010. The four models include one empirical model formulated by Chelle Gentemann (hereafter CG03), one physical model proposed by Zeng and Beljaars in 2005 (ZB05) and its updated version (ZB + T), and one air‐sea coupled model (the Met Office Unified Model Global Coupled configuration 2, GC2) with ZB05 warm layer scheme added on top of the standard configuration. The sensitivity of the v3 MTSAT‐1R data to the “true” changes in SST is first investigated using drifting buoys and is estimated to be 0.60 ± 0.05. This being significantly different from 1, the models are validated against MTSAT‐1R data and the same data scaled by the inverse of the sensitivity (representing an estimate of the true variability). Results indicate that all models are able to capture the general DV patterns but with differing accuracies and features. Specifically, CG03 and ZB + T underestimate strong (>2 K) DV events' amplitudes especially if we assume that sensitivity‐scaled MTSAT‐1R variability is most realistic. ZB05 can effectively capture the DV cycles under most DV and wind conditions, as well as the DV spatial distribution. GC2 tends to overestimate small‐moderate (< 2 K) DV events but can reasonably predict large DV events. One to three hour lags in warming start and peak times are found in GC2.
Evidence of Rural and Suburban Sources of Urban Haze Formation in China: A Case Study From the Pearl River Delta Region
Authors: Liu Junwen , Ding Ping , Zong Zheng , Li Jun , Tian Chongguo , Chen Weihua , Chang Ming , Salazar Gary , Shen Chengde , Cheng Zhineng , Chen Yingjun , Wang Xuemei , Szidat Sönke , Zhang Gan
Published: April 2018

Although particulate matter (PM)‐driven haze is a common phenomenon in many Chinese cities, studies on the sources of its key components, such as organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), are poorly constrained. In this study, PM with aerodynamic diameters less than 10 (PM10), 2.5 (PM2.5), and 1 μm (PM1) were collected at an urban site in the core city of the Pearl River Delta region in summer 2013. The average PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 mass concentrations were 109 ± 28.4, 57.7 ± 15.0, and 50.9 ± 13.2 μg/m3, respectively. A PM‐driven haze bloom‐decay process was observed from 9 to 14 July and studied based on radiocarbon (14C) and stable nitrogen isotope (15N). The 14C results revealed that 87% of EC and 53% of OC in PM2.5 were derived from fossil sources on a typical summer day (9 July), while these values fell to 79% and 40% on 12 July and 76% and 29% on 13 July, respectively, due to the invasion of nonfossil‐enriched air masses from rural/suburban areas. In addition, a 15N‐derived model showed that nonfossil sources contributed 5% of NH3 on 9 July, which increased to about 80% on 12 and 13 July. However, the 15N‐NO3− values were relatively stable, probably because of the large area of overlap in 15N‐NOx from biomass burning and traffic exhaust. To our knowledge, this work is the first study to report both daily 14C and 15N signals in China and identify nonfossil sources from rural/suburban areas as triggers of summer haze.