Mobilise-D insights to estimate real-world walking speed in multiple conditions with a wearable device
Authors: Kirk Cameron , Küderle Arne , Micó-Amigo M. Encarna , Bonci Tecla , Paraschiv-Ionescu Anisoara , Ullrich Martin , Soltani Abolfazl , Gazit Eran , Salis Francesca , Alcock Lisa , Aminian Kamiar , Becker Clemens , Bertuletti Stefano , Brown Philip , Buckley Ellen , Cantu Alma , Carsin Anne-Elie , Caruso Marco , Caulfield Brian , Cereatti Andrea , Chiari Lorenzo , D’Ascanio Ilaria , Garcia-Aymerich Judith , Hansen Clint , Hausdorff Jeffrey M. , Hiden Hugo , Hume Emily , Keogh Alison , Kluge Felix , Koch Sarah , Maetzler Walter , Megaritis Dimitrios , Mueller Arne , Niessen Martijn , Palmerini Luca , Schwickert Lars , Scott Kirsty , Sharrack Basil , Sillén Henrik , Singleton David , Vereijken Beatrix , Vogiatzis Ioannis , Yarnall Alison J. , Rochester Lynn , Mazzà Claudia , Eskofier Bjoern M. , Del Din Silvia ,   Mobilise-D consortium,   Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Bottin Francesca , Chiari Lorenzo , Curreli Cristina , D’Ascanio Ilaria , Davico Giorgio , De Michele Roberta , Galimberti Giuliano , Palmerini Luca , Ranciati Saverio , Reggi Luca , Viceconti Marco ,   Amgen, D’Apote Lucia , Desmond Jules , Doyle Megan , Elliot-Davey Mary , Gnacadja Gilles , Kassner Anja , Knusel Beat , Pocrzepa Monika , Pourbaix Nicolas , Radcliffe Hoi-Shen , Shen Lening , Simon Jennifer ,   AstraZeneca AB, Havsol Jesper , Jarretta Diana , Jornten-karlsson Magnus , Mugnier Pierre , Rohou Solange Corriol , Saraiva Gabriela , Sillén Henrik ,   Bayer Aktiengesellschaft, Boettger Michael , Knezevic Igor , Kramer Frank , Piraino Paolo , Trübel Hubert ,   Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Ahachad Hajar , Blain Hubert , Broussous Sylvie , Canovas Francois , Cerret Florent , Dagneaux Louis , Driss Valerie , Galtier Florence , Kaan Charlote , Miot Stephanie , Murauer Eva , Vérissimo Anne-Sophie ,   Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Berg Daniela , Emmert Kirsten , Hansen Clint , Hildesheim Hanna , Kudelka Jennifer , Maetzler Walter , Maetzler Corina , Schlenstedt Christian ,   Clario, Arnera Valdo , Beckstrom Karin , Folaron Patrick , Gizdic Antonia , Horak Fay , Imeri Skender , Krieger Stefanie , Nica Narcis , Pletneva Natalia , Raymond Stephen , Reed Donna , Sekaram Ara , Sowalsky Kristen ,   Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Aminian Kamiar , Ionescu Anisoara , Soltani Abolfazl ,   Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg, Eskofier Bjoern , Kluge Felix , Küderle Arne , Ullrich Martin ,   Fundacion Privada Instituto De Salud Global, Serrano Victoria Alcaraz , de Basea Magda Bosch , Buekers Joren , Cardenas Gabriela , Carsin Anne-Elie , Cobo Ines , Llobet Anna Delgado , Ortiz Laura Delgado , Garcia Mariona Font , Aymerich Judith Garcia , Gimeno-Santos Elena , Jose Alicia , Koch Sarah ,   Gruenenthal GMBH, Ahmad Ashar , Froehlich Marcel ,   ICON Clinical Research Limited, Borlikova Gilyana , Edieux Marie-Sidonie , Fox Ronan , Holt Bill , Howard Kellee , Kelly Sean , Kelly Sheila , Lalor Ruth , Malouvier Alexandre , Ramanna Kusuma Manavalli , Mc Carthy Marie , Quinn Gerard , Chavez Isaac Rodriguez , Schueler Peter , Skackov Michal , Skerrit Barbara ,   Imperial College London, Buttery Sara , Hopkinson Nicholas , Perkins Alexis , Philip Keir , Polkey Mike , Williams Parris ,   Ixscient Ltd, Jackson Michael , Wenn David ,   Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Breuls Sofie , Demeyer Heleen , Ghosh Nitesh , Ginis Pieter , Glorie Lies , Haerens Valerie , Hulst Lova , Hulzinga Femke , Janssenns Wim , Nieuwboer Alice , Troosters Thierry , Vanhoutte Tim , Witvrouw Myriam , Wuyts Marieke ,   McRoberts B.V., Cornelisse Luca , Evers Jordi , Frouws Siete , Mouthaan Neall , Niessen Martijn , Siepman Laura ,   Merck KGaA, Aydemir Aida , Hyvert Yann ,   Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet, Berge Martin Aursand , Diaconu Mara , Engdal Monika , Grønvik Karoline Blix , Helbostad Jorunn , Johnsen Lars Gunnar , Marcuzzi Anna , Midtsand Ingalill , Odden Mari , Saltvedt Ingvild , Skaslien Erika , Taraldsen Kristin , Vereijken Beatrix ,   Novartis Pharma AG, Bunte Ola , Dartee Wim , Erdemli Gul , Grenet Olivier , Hache Tilo , Hariry Sam , Penna Sabina Hernandez , Kluge Felix , Lukawy Jacek , Maahs Suzanne , Miller Ram , Mueller Arne , Praestgaard Jens , Roubenoff Ronenn , Schluechter Sandra , van Steenbergen Leen ,   Pfizer Limited, Cai Xuemei , Demanuele Charmaine , Demanuele Charmaine , Gameiro Mariana , Junrui Di , Karahanoglu Isik , Mather Joe , Psaltos Dimitrios , Stokes Emma , Tarachandani Anil , Zhang Hao ,   Pneumologisches Forschungsinstitut an der LungenClinic Grosshansdorf GmbH, Kirsten Anne-Marie , Paash Kirsten , Russ Martina , Watz Henrik , Zimmermann Ines ,   Robert Bosch Gesellschaft Fur Medizinische Forschung MBH, Becker Clemens , Brenner Niki , Endress Christoph , Gierka Martha , Huber Clarissa , Jaeger Simon , Jansen Carl-Philipp , Kinner Bernd , Klenk Jochen , Litz Elena , Litz Elena , Mikolaizak Stefanie , Rapp Kilian , Schwab Matthias , Schwickert Lars , Uysal Erkin , Wohlrab Martin , Zoller Vanessa ,   Sanofi Aventis Recherche et Developpement, Ammour Nadir , Bascle Stephanie , Bonche Fabrice , Cariou Manon , Jouannin Matthieu ,   Takeda, Chambers Mike , Ciucchiuini Antonella , Dowling Ariel , Merlo-Pich Emilio , Tolkoff Max ,   Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Fry Lucy , Gordon Mark , Loupe Pippa , Melamed Michal , Reich Michael , Shnider Sara ,   The Foundation For Medical Research Infrastructural Development And Health Services, Brozgol Marina , Buzaglo David , Thumm Pablo Cornejo , Gazit Eran , Giladi Nir , Hausdorff Jeff , Herman Talia , Hillel Inbar , Mirelman Anat , Saban Ayala , Yehezkyahu Shahar ,   Thorax Foundation, Chynkiamis Nikolaos ,   Università degli Studi di Sassari, Bertuletti Stefano , Caruso Marco , AndreaCereatti  , Manca Andrea , Salis Francesca ,   Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Bonanno Valeria , Brichetto Giampaolo , Costa Gloria Dalla , Giancarlo Comi , Leocani Letizia , Mahajneh Allia , Martinis Matteo , Rodegher Mariaemma , Tacchino Andrea , Zaffaroni Mauro , Zaffaroni Mauro ,   Universitat Zurich, Buesching Gilbert , Frei Anja , Hackl Katharina , Keller Melanie , Maggi-Beba Marion , Polhemus Ashley , Puhan Milo , Riegler Thomas , Sigrist Thomas , Spielmanns Sabine , Spielmanns Marc , Zumbrunnen Valerie ,   Universitatsklinikum Erlangen, Dettmer Stafanie , Gassner Heiko , Greinwalder Teresa , Huhn Konstantin , Jukic Jelena , Klucken Jochen , Marxreiter Franz , Nickel Florian , Regensburger Martin , Rothhammer Veit , Seifferth Sarah , Stallforth Sabine , Stirnweiß Tanja , Weitzenfelder Andrea , Winkler Juergen ,   University College Dublin, Bevilaqua Antonio , Caulfield Brian , Goulding Cathy , Ifrim Georgiana , Kechadi Tahar , Keogh Alison , Mac Namee Brian , Philip Milu , Singleton David ,   University of Newcastle, Alcock Lisa , Armitage Graham , Bacardit Jaume , Bailey Harry , Brown Phil , Cantu Alma , Cordova-Rivera Laura , Del Din Silvia , Galna Brook , Gibson Ann , Hart Ashley , Hiden Hugo , Hinchliffe Chloe , Fernstad Sara Johansson , Kirk Cameron , Lirani-Silva Ellen , Amigo Encarna Micó , Neatrour Isabel , Packer Emma , Pantall Annette , Shi Jian Qing , Rochester Lynn ,   University Of Northumbria, Hume Emily , Megaritis Dimitrios , Vogiatzis Ioannis ,   University of Sheffield, Birchall Sarah , Bonci Tecla , Brittain Gavin , Buckley Ellen , Ciravegna Fabio , Han Sooji , Haslam Liam , Ireson Neil , Ishmail Azza , Islam Mahjabin , Lanfranchi Vita , Long Michael , Mazzà Claudia , McNeil Jessica , Misraq Shagun , Moll Sarah , Mubarak-Mohamed Ahmed , Nair Siva , Paling David , Patel Shivani , Pattanaik Dibya , Priest Daisy , Radford Alex , Scott Kirsty , Sharrack Basil , Vaci Lubos , Van Gelder Linda 
Published: January 2024

This study aimed to validate a wearable device’s walking speed estimation pipeline, considering complexity, speed, and walking bout duration. The goal was to provide recommendations on the use of wearable devices for real-world mobility analysis. Participants with Parkinson’s Disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Proximal Femoral Fracture, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Congestive Heart Failure, and healthy older adults (n = 97) were monitored in the laboratory and the real-world (2.5 h), using a lower back wearable device. Two walking speed estimation pipelines were validated across 4408/1298 (2.5 h/laboratory) detected walking bouts, compared to 4620/1365 bouts detected by a multi-sensor reference system. In the laboratory, the mean absolute error (MAE) and mean relative error (MRE) for walking speed estimation ranged from 0.06 to 0.12 m/s and − 2.1 to 14.4%, with ICCs (Intraclass correlation coefficients) between good (0.79) and excellent (0.91). Real-world MAE ranged from 0.09 to 0.13, MARE from 1.3 to 22.7%, with ICCs indicating moderate (0.57) to good (0.88) agreement. Lower errors were observed for cohorts without major gait impairments, less complex tasks, and longer walking bouts. The analytical pipelines demonstrated moderate to good accuracy in estimating walking speed. Accuracy depended on confounding factors, emphasizing the need for robust technical validation before clinical application.

Trial registration: ISRCTN – 12246987.