bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Computer-aided drug design: from discovery of novel pharmaceutical agents to systems pharmacology
Authors: Poroikov V.V.
Published: February 2020

New drug discovery is based on the analysis of public information about the mechanisms of the disease, molecular targets, and ligands, which interaction with the target could lead to the normalization of the pathological process. The available data on diseases, drugs, pharmacological effects, molecular targets, and drug-like substances, taking into account the combinatorics of the associative relations between them, correspond to the Big Data. To analyze such data, the application of computer-aided drug design methods is necessary. An overview of the studies in this area performed by the Laboratory for Structure-Function Based Drug Design of IBMC is presented. We have developed the approaches to identifying promising pharmacological targets, predicting several thousand types of biological activity based on the structural formula of the compound, analyzing protein-ligand interactions based on assessing local similarity of amino acid sequences, identifying likely molecular mechanisms of side effects of drugs, calculating the integral toxicity of drugs taking into account their metabolism, have been developed in the human body, predicting sustainable and sensitive options strains and evaluating the effectiveness of combinations of antiretroviral drugs in patients, taking into account the molecular genetic characteristics of the clinical isolates of HIV-1. Our computer programs are implemented as the web-services freely available on the Internet, which are used by thousands of researchers from many countries of the world to select the most promising substances for the synthesis and determine the priority areas for experimental testing of their biological activity.
Expression of ganglioside GD2 on colorectal adenocarcinoma cells
Authors: Lupatov A.Yu. , Gisina A.M. , Kim Y.S. , Bykasov S.A. , Volchenko N.N. , Sidorov D.V. , Yarygin K.N. , Kholodenko R.V.
Published: February 2020

Using flow cytometry GD2 ganglioside expression was evaluated both on colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines and on tumor tissue samples from colorectal cancer patients. The marker was found on EpCAM-positive tumor cells in 6 of 12 patients' samples but not on the HT29 and CaCo-2 cell lines. GD2 expression was not an exceptional feature of cancer stem cells, since its expression level was similar on CD133-positive and CD133-negative tumor cells. Thus, the presence of GD2 ganglioside was revealed on colorectal adenocarcinoma cells for the first time. This finding makes it possible to use targeted therapy to treat this disease.
Previsão dos modelos univariados e rede neural da demanda turística do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul
Authors: Porto Bruno Matos , Philippi Daniela Althoff , Leite Vanessa Aline Wagner
Published: February 2020

O objetivo deste artigo foi gerar previsões de curto, médio e longo prazos e comparar a precisão dos modelos em cada horizonte de previsão. Para atender o objetivo foram aplicados os modelos univariados e rede neural (NNAR) nos dados da demanda turística do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul (MS). A amostra foi coletada na ferramenta base de dados extrator do Instituto Brasileiro de Turismo (Embratur) referente as chegadas turísticas por todas as vias registradas no MS entre janeiro de 2007 a dezembro de 2017. As previsões dos modelos de previsão ARIMA, Holt-Winters (HW) versões aditiva e multiplicativa e NNAR foram projetadas, por meio da linguagem de programação R, com uso do software R Studio. O procedimento empírico de execução dos scripts de todos os modelos foi disponibilizado. As predições fora da amostra da procura do turismo abrangeram o intervalo de janeiro até dezembro de 2018, sendo então comparadas aos dados reais do mesmo período. As previsões dos modelos foram comparadas no curto, médio e longo prazo mediante os critérios Mea Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) e Mean Squared Error (MSD). A rede neural (NNAR) superou os modelos testados em diferentes horizontes de previsão e as medidas de erros mostraram que a NNAR é altamente precisa. Em segundo lugar no ranking de acuracidade destacou-se ARIMA. Os resultados mostraram que as previsões da rede neural auxiliam na tomada de decisão dos planejadores turísticos de MS. Para pesquisas futuras recomenda-se realizar previsões fora da amostra num amplo número de séries temporais.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTRUSIVE COGNITIONS AND DEFENSE MECHANISMS IN HEALTHY AND CLINICAL POPULATIONS
Authors: G. Abo Hamza Eid , Helal Ahmed , A. Moustafa Ahmed , M. Emam Mahmoud
Published: February 2020

Purpose: to examine the relationship between defense mechanisms and intrusive cognitions in normal healthy individuals and psychiatric patients. Methodology: The study sample consists of a healthy group (n=60; 30 males & 30 females), whereas the clinical group (n=66; 34 males, 32 females) includes patients with major depressive disorder (12 patients, 5 males, 7 females), schizophrenia (31 patients; 14 males, 17 females), obsessive-compulsive disorder (23 patients; 15 males, 8 females). We used several scales to measure the following variables: intrusive cognitions, intrusive memories, and defense mechanisms. Finding: The results show that there is a positive correlation between defense mechanisms and intrusive cognitions in healthy and clinical groups. Intrusive cognitions were more common in the patient than in a healthy group. Furthermore, there was no significant difference between males and females in measures of intrusive thoughts and memories in both groups. Implications: These findings have implications for behavioral treatment. Treatments used for managing posttraumatic stress disorder can also be used for the treatment of a major depressive disorder, OCD, and schizophrenia. Originality: This investigation the relationship between intrusive cognitions and defense mechanisms in healthy and clinical populations and its implication on the cue exposure therapy that can be the treatment of intrusive cognitions and thoughts in with major depressive disorder, OCD, and schizophrenia.
Questões sociocientíficas: origem, características, perspectivas e possibilidades de implementação no ensino de ciências a partir dos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental
Authors: Genovese Cinthia Leticia de Carvalho Roversi , Genovese Luiz Gonzaga Roversi , Carvalho Washington Luiz Pacheco de
Published: February 2020

Este ensaio tem como objetivo discutir a importância das questões sociocientíficas como uma possibilidade de implementar em sala de aula um ensino de ciências crítico, que contemple as diferentes opiniões dos estudantes e que amplie a compreensão das relações entre ciência e tecnologia, imersas em uma sociedade dominada por interesses econômicos. Para isso, retoma a origem dessa perspectiva de educação no movimento Ciência, Tecnologia e Sociedade (CTS), explica a natureza das questões sociocientíficas e sua presença na mídia, articuladas aos desafios encontrados pelos docentes que decidem trabalhar com temas científicos controversos em suas aulas. Por fim, argumenta que é promissor o estudo de questões sociocientíficas no ensino de ciências a partir dos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental.
Direitos humanos e a formação de professores que ensinam Ciências
Authors: Souza Ana Carla de , Barata Erllon Rodolfo Viegas , Freitas Nívia Magalhães da Silva , Freitas Nadia Magalhães da Silva
Published: February 2020

Temáticas como dignidade da pessoa humana, necessidades e direitos humanos, e também aquelas relacionadas a princípios e a valores como liberdade, respeito, igualdade, justiça e não discriminação, entre outras, precisam adentrar os espaços de formação de professores, com a perspectiva de reafirmar e de disseminar os princípios relativos aos direitos humanos. O trabalho de pesquisa, desenvolvido no contexto do tema “Relações entre Ciência, Sociedade e Cidadania II”, junto aos discentes do Curso de Licenciatura Integrada em Educação em Ciências, Matemática e Linguagens, da Universidade Federal do Pará, objetivou apreender em que termos uma experiência formativa, envolvendo “a afirmação dos direitos humanos”, contribui para a necessária problematização do seu oposto “a violação dos direitos humanos”. Para tal, utilizamos fotos reproduções que apresentavam situações degradantes com seres humanos. Trouxemos para este artigo, as ponderações de dois licenciandos, relativas ao trabalho infantil, para problematizar os desdobramentos vinculados à violação dos direitos humanos e à dignidade humana, as quais foram apreciadas a luz da análise interpretativa. Nesse processo, observamos que a cultura da relativização das situações que implicavam em violação dos direitos humanos foi, naquele momento, abandonada. A postura frente à experiência formativa voltou-se à sensibilidade para a condição humana.
Polisemia regular por metáfora
Authors: Berri Marina
Published: February 2020

El presente trabajo se propone analizar casos de posible polisemia regular nominal por metáfora. El análisis de estos casos conlleva una revisión de la definición clásica de polisemia regular propuesta por Apresjan y desarrollada fundamentalmente para extensiones metonímicas. A partir de la búsqueda avanzada en el Diccionario del español de América y España de posibles casos de polisemia regular que responden a los hiperónimos persona y sensación, se estudian las extensiones metafóricas y metonímicas y se analizan las dimensiones semánticas en las que los sentidos pueden divergir. Se sostiene la hipótesis de que para que exista polisemia regular por metáfora, los sentidos de un grupo de ítems léxicos deben diferir de manera paralela, lo que implica coincidir en tres variables: a) la direccionalidad de la polisemia, b) el significado no descriptivo y c) el aspecto en que se basa la similitud. Se concluye que existen clases de polisemia regular por metáfora, aunque también se detectan grupos que exhiben un estatuto intermedio.
Tendencias argumentativas en columnas de opinión en dos periódicos de alta circulación en Colombia
Authors: Caro Lopera Miguel Angel , García Zambrano Liliana Patricia
Published: February 2020

Teniendo en cuenta la importancia de los medios de comunicación para la sociedad y del rol de la academia en la formación de sujetos reflexivos y críticos, el presente artículo de reflexión, derivado de una tesis doctoral aún en construcción sobre la enseñanza de la comprensión de textos de tipología argumentativa, se propone identificar, desde un análisis histórico-hermenéutico y en un corpus de más de 543 columnas de opinión, cuya temática gira en torno a la educación superior en Colombia durante el período del posconflicto (2016-2018), las principales tendencias argumentativas que allí se destacan y a las que recurren varios de los autores de los dos más importantes periódicos de circulación masiva en Colombia (El Tiempo y El Espectador). Los resultados de la investigación muestran la predominancia de cierto tipo de argumentos (pragmático, causa-efecto, autoridad, ejemplo y por lo probable) que son analizados a luz de la retórica antigua y la neorretórica; gracias a ellos, los autores buscan ganar la adhesión de los miembros de las comunidades discursivas a los que se dirigen.
Higher-order symmetric duality in nondifferentiable multiobjective fractional programming problem over cone contraints
Authors: Dubey Ramu , Deepmala  , Narayan Mishra Vishnu
Published: February 2020

In this paper, we introduce the definition of higher-order K-(C, α, ρ, d)-convexity/pseudoconvexity over cone and discuss a nontrivial numerical examples for existing such type of functions. The purpose of the paper is to study higher order fractional symmetric duality over arbitrary cones for nondifferentiable Mond-Weir type programs under higher- order K-(C, α, ρ, d)-convexity/pseudoconvexity assumptions. Next, we prove appropriate duality relations under aforesaid assumptions.
An itertive algorithm with error terms for solving a system of implicit n-variational inclusions
Authors: Khan Zubair , Irfan Syed Shakaib , Firdosh Khan M. , Shukla P.
Published: February 2020

A new system of implicit n-variational inclusions is considered. We propose a new algorithm with error terms for computing the approximate solutions of our system. The convergence of the iterative sequences generated by the iterative algorithm is also discussed. Some special cases are also discussed.
A Robust Statistical method to Estimate the Intervention Effect with Longitudinal Data
Authors: Islam Mohammad M , Heiny Erik L
Published: February 2020

Segmented regression is a standard statistical procedure used to estimate the effect of a policy intervention on time series outcomes. This statistical method assumes the normality of the outcome variable, a large sample size, no autocorrelation in the observations, and a linear trend over time. Also, segmented regression is very sensitive to outliers. In a small sample study, if the outcome variable does not follow a Gaussian distribution, then using segmented regression to estimate the intervention effect leads to incorrect inferences. To address the small sample problem and non-normality in the outcome variable, including outliers, we describe and develop a robust statistical method to estimate the policy intervention effect in a series of longitudinal data. A simulation study is conducted to demonstrate the effect of outliers and non-normality in the outcomes by calculating the power of the test statistics with the segmented regression and the proposed robust statistical methods. Moreover, since finding the sampling distribution of the proposed robust statistic is analytically difficult, we use a nonparametric bootstrap technique to study the properties of the sampling distribution and make statistical inferences. Simulation studies show that the proposed method has more power than the standard t-test used in segmented regression analysis under the non-normality error distribution. Finally, we use the developed technique to estimate the intervention effect of the Istanbul Declaration on illegal organ activities. The robust method detected more significant effects compared to the standard method and provided shorter confidence intervals.
ANALYSIS OF DUST EVENT IN TURKMENISTAN AND ITS SOURCE REGIONS
Authors: OĞUZ Kahraman
Published: February 2020

Dust transports cause significant
increases in atmospheric concentration and surface PM10 particulate matter. In
recent years, Asian countries have experienced dust transport frequently. Dust
transport has a significant negative impact on human health, the economy and
the environment. This study includes the analysis of source regions and dust
transport dated in 27-29 May 2018 over Turkmenistan. In the study, a general
dust situation of Turkmenistan region has been studied by using MODIS AOD data.
Then, the meteorological conditions and the pathway of this dust transport
event on were examined. The preliminary analysis using synoptic analyzes and
satellite data showed that the dust transport is coming through Uzbekistan and
Kazakhstan. The transport took place on the south direction and affected most
of Turkmenistan on 27 May 2018. Observed AOD data in the region increased
significantly and took its maximum on 27 May 2018. The effect of this movement
in Turkmenistan lasted until 30 May 2018. The global CAMS dust model has
generally estimated dust transport event even some overestimations. MSG/RGB
satellite products were examined detailly in order to analyze the source
regions of this dust transport. The analyzes showed the main source region of
this dust transport as Aral lake.
Direito à memória
Authors: Zanetti Valéria Regina , Dallago Henrique Palaver , Gomes Cilene
Published: February 2020

Muitos são os dispositivos que tratam da preservação do patrimônio arqueológico, mas são poucas as ações que, de fato, atendem a esses dispositivos, sobretudo àquelas que envolvem o planejamento urbano e os setores dinâmicos da sociedade em municípios com forte crescimento urbano. Esse artigo, exploratório e reflexivo, baseado em análise qualitativa, fundamentado em evidências arqueológicas e documentos históricos, visa problematizar a forma como se tem efetivado o princípio da extroversão arqueológica, que consiste na expansão, comunicação, socialização, divulgação e publicização dos bens arqueológicos no município de São José dos Campos.
THE EVALUATION OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF NATIONAL EDUCATION STANDARDS ON ANTECEDENT COMPONENTS IN SPECIAL OF VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Authors: Noviah Ema , Rahayu Wardani
Published: February 2020

The children's Special Correctional Institution (LPKA) on Tangerang City is one of the institutions that organizes the form of coaching Vocational High School (SMK). Implementation of education in Vocational High School must meet the minimum criteria in accordance with national education standards. Learning planning, educator qualifications and infrastructure is one of the components that exist in the national standard of education. This research aims to evaluate the quality of Lesson Plan (RPP) and assessment, educator qualifications, and infrastructure in the antecedent component of the Concatenate stake model in Special of Vocation High School. This research is an evaluative research with a qualitative approach. The method of data collection used in the form of interviews, documentation studies, and observations with the validity technique of data research results using the credibility by prologue engagement, persistent observation, and member checking. The results showed that educators first did not prioritize Learning Program Planning and its assessment, both lacking facilities of learning infrastructure, and all three educators who did not have a certificate of educators.

Keyword: Antecedent component, evaluation, the children's Special Correctional Institution (LPKA)
Strategi Pembentukan Karakter Keagamaan Peserta Didik di SMA Kota Tenggarong
Authors: Alim Nur
Published: February 2020

This study departs from the low religious character of learners is one of the problems that occur in schools. This is due to two factors, namely, internal and external. To overcome these obstacles required a strategy in the formation of a systematic religious character that can be ”ammunition” in shaping the religious character of learners so that it can make learners become our human beings. The purpose of this study wanted to know about the strategy of character formation, the implementation of character formation and inhibiting factors and solutions in the formation of religious character of learners in high school Tenggarong. Research method in this research use field research type (field work research) with qualitative approach. The data collection is observation, semi-structured interviews and documentation. While the technique of data analysis using data reduction, data presentation and conclusion. The result of research strategy of religious character formation of learners in Tenggarong High School is 1) Self-development which is not programmed include routine activity, spontaneous activity and exemplary already compatible with document of Ministry of National Education about character design of character education. 2) Implementation of religious character formation in routine activity shows significant similarity that is, class picket, worship, pray before and after learning in class and social service. As for spontaneous activity, that is, visiting the sick, throwing the garbage in its place, engulfing the argument. While the exemplary activities that is, by speaking polite, obey the order, dressed neatly and clean, and behave courteously. Although the spontaneous and exemplary activities have been implemented but not yet optimal. Due to the unavailability of all indicators on spontaneous and exemplary activities. 3) Factors inhibiting the formation of religious character that is, coming from the educators and education, the people who live around the school environment and the control of the competent. The solution in overcoming obstacles in the implementation of the formation of religious character is, by improving the quality of principals, educators and education, improvement of facilities and infrastructure, study appeal and cooperate with the competent.
Penguatan Nilai-Nilai Agama dan Moral Anak Usia Dini
Authors: Zurqoni Zurqoni , Musarofah Musarofah
Published: February 2020

The strengthening of religious and moral values in early childhood is not limited to intellectual aspects, but rather their habituation in daily behavior in school is important. The strengthening of religious and moral values of early childhood requires exemplary people around them, especially teachers. Strengthening religious and moral values in early childhood is done through coaching and learning strategies in a holistic and integrative way to support their optimal growth and development. This study aimed to describe efforts to cultivate the religious and moral values of Early Childhood in Kindergarten ‘Aisyiyah Busthanul Athfal of Samarinda. This research was qualitative by using a phenomenology approach. Sources of data are teachers, student advisers, and students. Data collection technique are participant observation and in-depth interview. While the data analysis technique uses an interactive analysis model of Milles & Huberman, through the process of presenting data, data reduction, and verification/conclusion. The findings showed that the strengthening of religious and moral values of early childhood at Bustanul Athfal Kindergarten in Samarinda were carried out by combining the curriculum of the Ministry of National Education and Al-Islam 'Aisyiyah Bustanul Athfal Early Childhood Education curriculum through program solutions, integrated programs, and programs special. The strengthening strategies of religious and moral values of early childhood at Bustanul Athfal Kindergarten were carried out through the example of the teacher in the school, habituation in behaving according to the child's development. Repetition in attitudes and good behavior is done intensively. The establishment of cooperation between schools and parents and the availability of facilities adequately become supporting factors in the strengthening of religious and moral values of early childhood. While the inhibiting factors include limited infrastructure for the process of overhauling religious and moral values.
Implementasi Pembelajaran Fikih Berbasis Multimedia Interaktif Macro-Enabled untuk Meningkatkan Keaktifan Siswa
Authors: Zarkasi Zarkasi , Taufik Ahmad
Published: February 2020

Di beberapa sekolah negeri dan swasta di Kabupaten Demak, terdapat beberapa permasalahan dalam pembelajaran pendidikan agama Islam diantaranya adalah pengajaran yang masih dominan klasikal (ceramah), di beberapa madrasah dan sekolah rata-rata didominasi oleh guru yang usianya sudah tidak tergolong muda, siswa sering merasa bosan dan bahkan mengantuk ketika pembelajaran PAI, keaktifan siswa serta hasil belajar yang cenderung rendah. Penelitian ini bertujuan: mendeskripsikan bagaimana implementasi pembelajaran fikih kelas X materi zakat berbasis multimedia pembelajaran interaktif – power point (macro-enabled) untuk meningkatkan keaktifan siswa MAS Miftahussalam Wonosalam Kabupaten Demak. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Sumber data penelitian ini adalah guru dan siswa, teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan menggunakan wawancara, dokumentasi, dan observasi. Hasil penelitian ini adalah ketika pembelajaran fikih pada materi zakat dilaksanakan di laboratorium komputer dengan menggunakan multimedia pembelajaran interaktif – power point (macro-enabled), terlihat semua siswa kelas X IPA tampak semangat sekali dan juga sangat antusias untuk mengikuti proses pembelajaran. Namun karena jumlah komputer yang ada di laboratorium komputer hanya 23 buah sedangkan jumlah siswa kelas X IPA sebanyak 40 orang, maka siswa dibagi menjadi 20 kelompok dimana setiap kelompok terdiri dari 2 orang siswa untuk menggunakan1 komputer. Setelah melihat indikator keaktifan belajar siswa, multimedia pembelajaran interaktif ini terbukti mampu meningkatkan keaktifan belajar siswa.
Tracking methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones in a hospital in Southern Mexico
Authors: Ortíz-Gil Miguel Ángel , Velazquez-Meza Maria Elena , Echániz-Aviles Gabriela , Mora-Domínguez Javier Paul , Carnalla-Barajas María Noemi , Mendiola del Moral Elsa Lilia
Published: February 2020

Objective. This study describes the clinical and molecular characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains that were collected in the Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Veracruz (HRV). Material and Methods. A total of 107 MRSA strains from individual patients were examined in the present study. The strains examined were collected between September 2009 and September 2010. The clinical and demographic characteristics of patients were analyzed; molecular typing by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec (SCCmec) typing and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) were used to characterize the isolates. Results. Two PFGE patterns (NY/J and IB) were identified with 4 and 3 subtypes respectively. The isolates analyzed showed two SCCmec types (I and II) and two sequence types (ST), ST247 and ST5 related with the Iberian and New York/Japan clones respectively. Conclusion. This study establishes the presence of two very important clonal lineages of MRSA: New York/Japan and Iberian clone in hospital environment.
Covid-19: la nueva enfermedad causada por un coronavirus
Authors: Ramos Celso
Published: February 2020

En esta comunicación especial de la revista Salud Pública de México se hace una breve descripción de la situación de la nueva patología causada por el nuevo coronavirus a la que la OMS ha denominado Covid-19. Se hace mención de los casos ocurridos en China continental y en el resto del mundo. Del mismo modo, se enfatiza el arduo trabajo que el gobierno de China y otros países están realizando para contener la epidemia. También se hace mención del papel que están des­empeñando la OMS y otras organizaciones internacionales en las acciones de prevención y control de la enfermedad.
Infecciones emergentes el gran reto de la salud global: Covid-19
Authors: Alpuche-Aranda Celia M
Published: February 2020

[No disponible]
Spectral Gamma-Ray Logging
Authors: Brannon H.R. , Osoba J.S.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Vol. 207, 1956, pages 30–35.

The introduction of the scintillation counter into field use for gamma-ray well logging has provided a new tool with special utility for the determination of natural radioactivity of sediments. Previous subsurface gamma-ray measurements have indicated only the total amount of radioactivity of the sediments. With the scintillation counter, the relative amounts of the elements which emit gamma radiation can be determined. Sediments logged included 35 zones in wells located in the Texas Gulf Coast, East Texas, and West Texas.

Although the data obtained from measurements made to date are not sufficient to evaluate the possibilities of spectral logging, it appears likely that spectral measurements will yield information of geologic value.

Introduction

Although variations in the natural radioactivity of sediments were recognized as early as 1909, the application of such variations to borehole logging was not made until almost 30 years later. A group of Russian workers in the early 1930's were successful in making crude measurements of natural gamma activity in an oil well borehole. The first practical gamma-ray logging system was developed by Howell and Frosch in 1939. Induced radioactivity, or neutron, logging appeared soon after the introduction of gamma-ray logging. After early work had demonstrated the potentialities of radioactivity logging, development of sensitive and stable logging equipment for field use followed, so that neutron and natural gamma logs are now run routinely and have proved to be extremely valuable in characterizing subsurface formations.
Lost Circulation Information With a New Tool for Detecting Zones of Loss
Authors: Bardeen T. , Teplitz A.J.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, Volume 207, 1956, pages 36–41.

In the course of an investigation of lost circulation, a new tool has been developed which gives a qualitative measure of the relative velocity between the fluid column in the borehole and the tool. The position of a diaphragm in the side wall of the instrument depends on the flow through the device. This position is established by using the conductive borehole fluid in a potentiometric circuit. The instrument has high sensitivity and can detect changes in velocity as low m 5 ft/min. Lost circulation mud additives do not interfere with the satisfactory performance of the tool.

In a number of circulation losses of the pressure induced type, the instrument has shown that the losses were confined to extremely narrow zones (less than 1 ft), indicating that such ruptures occur in a more or less horizontal rather than vertical plane as has often been assumed.

This pinpointing of the zone of loss is important in remedial procedures since it allows the treatment to be applied directly to the point of loss rather than to the entire open hole.

The device can also be employed for indicating points of entry of water in producing wells.

Introduction

The need for an improved means of locating the positions of lost returns zones became evident during an investigation of lost circulation difficulties in the Gulf Coast area. With instrumentation available at the time, it had been learned that, contrary to common belief, the position of the thief zone responsible for a given loss seldom coincided with the point of bit penetration at the time the loss was encountered. In the majority of cases, the losses were found to be occurring at some distance removed from the bottom of the hole - sometimes as much as a few thousand feet.
The Network Model of Porous Media
Authors: Fatt I.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 207, 1956, pages 144–181.Capillary Pressure CharacteristicsDynamic Properties of a Single Size Tube NetworkDynamic Properties of Networks With Tube Radius Distribution

This paper proposes the network of tubes as a model more closely representing real porous media than does the bundle of tubes. Capillary pressure curves are derived from network models and pore size distributions are calculated from these curves. In this way is shown the difference between the true and calculated pore size distributions when the capillary pressure curve is used to obtain pore size distribution for porous media.

Introduction

Despite the technological importance of the laws governing flow through porous media, many of these laws have not yet been clearly formulated. This is especially true of the laws governing multiphase flow. The static properties, such as the capillary pressure curve, are also not at present interpretable correctly in terms of the pore size distribution and other structural properties of porous media. In the absence of any well founded theoretical description of fluid flow through porous media, many empirical descriptions have been proposed. In addition to the strictly empirical flow equations, some equations have been developed rigorously from simple geometrical models of the pore spaces. These equations are only as valid as is the model used in their development. The two models used in the past, the sphere pack and the bundle of tubes, have been too simple, and as a result, the equations derived from them have failed to predict the observed properties. Agreement between theory and observation has been achieved for these models by inserting parameters of doubtful physical significance.
Gravity Drainage Performance of Depletion-Type Reservoirs in the Stripper Stage
Authors: Matthews C.S. , Lefkovits H.C.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 207, 1956, pages 265–274.

The performance of depletion-type reservoirs at the stage in which the gas is at such low pressure that gravity is essentially the sole driving force has been investigated both theoretically and by use of scaled models. A simple theory is developed which completely explains the scaled model experiments. It also agrees with some field data.

Introduction

This investigation was undertaken to determine a method for prediction of performance of reservoirs where gravity is the sole driving agent. Depletion-type reservoirs fall into this category after the pressure has fallen to some low value. Some examples of this type are found at Healdton (Oklahoma), Oklahoma City (Oklahoma), Midway-Sunset (California), and East Coalinga (California). Generally the production rate per unit thickness is quite low in such reservoirs, with the consequence that this stage is sometimes called the stripper stage. However, per well production rates may be of the order of 50 B/D because of the considerable sand thickness open in some of the reservoirs.

In the past, predictions of behavior of such reservoirs have been based on empirical extrapolation of the rate of production to the economic limit. Difficulties arise when new wells are drilled in the field or when production is artificially curtailed, since in such cases the decline rate of individual wells or leases changes and no clear trend can be detected. It was hoped that the present study would lead to improved methods for evaluation of such reservoirs.

The study was initiated by building a scaled model for a particular field and by running a number of experiments on this model. Later a simple theory was developed which explained the laboratory results completely. The theory led, as shown below, to a hyperbolic-type decline equation which had been used previously in a completely empirical manner.
Practical Solution of Gas-Flow Equations for Wells and Pipelines with Large Temperature Gradients
Authors: Cullender M.H. , Smith R.V.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Vol. 207, 1956, pages 281–287.

Rigorous equations for calculating subsurface pressures in flowing and static gas wells, and pressures along horizontal pipelines are presented in this paper. These general equations, based on the mechanical energy balance, contain no assumptions regarding temperature and can be used with either straight-line or curved temperature gradients. The friction factors recommended in this report are based on an absolute roughness of 0.0006 in. Flow is always considered to be turbulent.

Although these general flow equations are solved by numerical means, the methods are as convenient as many of those used today to calculate pressures in gas wells and pipelines. These numerical methods are illustrated for flowing and static columns of gas in wells and for flow in pipelines. The authors believe that the use of these methods will result in more accurately calculated pressures in gas wells and pipelines and that the methods are more flexible than any in use at the present time. Also, the methods are easily adaptable to automatic computers.

Introduction

The problem of calculating subsurface pressures in gas wells and along flowing pipelines has been studied by many investigators with the results that two widely used methods have been presented in technical literature. One approximates conditions in a gas well or pipeline by assuming that temperature and compressibility are constants for the entire gas column.
The Reservoir Mechanism of Sulfur Recovery
Authors: Rayne John R. , Craft B.C. , Hawkins Murray F.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 207, 1956, pages 246–251.

A reservoir mechanism of sulfur recovery by the Frasch process is presented. Improving the economics of recovery appears to be largely a well, rather than a reservoir problem. A most important factor is the limitation of the lateral extraction of sulfur about the wells due to the almost vertical flow of the injected hot water. Model studies are described which confirm the mechanism of sulfur recovery by presently used methods. Studies on a five-spot system indicate improved economics regarding recovery, recovery rate, thermal efficiency, and well spacing.

Introduction

Sulfur mining by the Frasch process is one of the most important methods of sulfur production. Developed by Herman Frasch in 1894, it enjoyed a rapid growth and presently supplies 40 per cent of the world's sulfur and about 80 per cent of the U. S. sulfur. The Frasch process of mining the underground native sulfur deposits involves melting the sulfur in place by introducing super-heated water into the sulfur bearing formations, and producing the sulfur as a liquid. Many problems are encountered in mining these native sulfur deposits, and sulfur production depends chiefly upon the nature of the sulfur deposit and the underground thermal efficiency of the heat transfer system.

The Recovery Mechanism

Sulfur is typically found in salt dome cap rock as crystal aggregates occurring within the cavities, seams, and pores of limestone and gypsum formations. Sulfur-bearing limestone is typically cavernous, vugular, and fractured. Porosity averages about 20 per cent and sulfur saturation averages approximately 25 per cent by weight. The sulfur bearing formations are very heterogeneous in nature and physical characteristics vary widely within small distances. Total cap rock thickness may vary from 50 to more than 1,000 ft, and net productive thicknesses from a few feet to a few hundred feet. In most cases the upper portion of the limestone formation is barren of sulfur, varying from 5 to 2,000 ft in thickness. The immediately overlying sediments and the underlying dense anhydrite formation provide permeability barriers to the flow of water from the cap rock section.
Darcy's Law and the Field Equations of the Flow of Underground Fluids
Authors: Hubbert M. King
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Vol. 207, 1956, pages 222–239. Paper prepared for presentation before Darcy Centennial Hydrology Symposium of the International Association of Hydrology held in Dijon, France. Sept. 20–26, 1956, and for dual publication as part of the Dijon Symposium and in the Darcy Centennial Issue of Journal of Petroleum Technology.

In 1856 Henry Darcy described in an appendix to his book, Les Fontaines Publiques de la Ville de Dijon, a series of experiments on the downward flow of water through filter sands, whereby it was established that the rate of flow is given by the equation:

q = − K (h2 − h1) /l.

in which q is the volume of water crossing unit area in unit time. l is the thickness of the sand, h1 and h2 the heights above a reference level of the water in manometers terminated above and below the sand, respectively, and K a factor of proportionality.

This relationship, appropriately, soon became known as Darcy's law. Subsequently many separate attempts have been made to give Darcy's empirical expression a more general physical formulation, with the result that so many mutually inconsistent expressions of what is purported to be Darcy's law have appeared in published literature that sight has often been lost of Darcy's own work and of its significance.

In the present paper, therefore. it shall be our purpose to reinform ourselves upon what Darcy himself did, and then to determine the meaning of his results when expressed explicitly in terms of the pertinent physical variables involved. This will be done first by the empirical method used by Darcy himself, and then by direct derivation from the Navier-Stokes equation of motion of viscous fluids.
The Validity and Reliability of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 in Screening for Post-Stroke Depression
Authors: Dajpratham Piyapat , Pukrittayakamee Panate , Atsariyasing Wanlop , Wannarit Kamonporn , Boonhong Jariya , Pongpirul Krit
Published: February 2020

Background: Depression affects about 30% of stroke survivors within five years. Timely diagnosis and management of post-stroke depression facilitate motor recovery and improve independence. The original version of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) is recognized as a good screening tool for post-stroke depression. However, no validation studies have been undertaken for the use of the Thai PHQ-9 in screening for depression among Thai stroke patients.
Methods: The objectives were to determine the criterion validity and reliability of the Thai PHQ-9 in screening for post-stroke depression by comparing its results with those of a psychiatric interview as the gold standard. First-ever stroke patients aged ≥ 45 years with a stroke duration 2 weeks–2 years were administered the Thai PHQ-9. The gold standard was a psychiatric interview leading to a DSM-5 diagnosis of depressive disorder. The summed-scored-based diagnosis of depressive disorder with the PHQ-9 was obtained. Validity and reliability analyses, and a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, were performed.
Results: In all, 115 stroke patients with a mean age of 64 years (SD: 10 years) were enrolled. The mean PHQ-9 score was 5.2 (SD: 4.8). Using the DSM-5 criteria, 23 patients (20%) were diagnosed with depressive disorder. The Thai PHQ-9 had satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.78). The algorithm-based diagnosis of the Thai PHQ-9 had low sensitivity (0.52) but very high specificity (0.94) and positive likelihood ratio (9.6). Used as a summed-scored-based diagnosis, an optimal cut-off score of six revealed a sensitivity of 0.87, specificity of 0.75, positive predictive value of 0.46, negative predictive value of 0.95, and positive likelihood ratio of 3.5. The area under the curve was 0.87 (95% CI: 0.78–0.96).
Conclusions: The Thai PHQ-9 has acceptable psychometric properties for screening for post-stroke depression, with a recommended cut-off score of ≥ 6 for a Thai population.
Evaluation of Integrated Modular Teaching in Chinese Ophthalmology Trainee Courses
Authors: Xin Wei , Zou Yuxian , Ao Yong , Cai Yu , Huang Zheqian , Li Miaoling , Xu Chaochao , Jia Yu , Yang Ying , Yang Yangfan , Lin Haotian
Published: February 2020

Background: Before attending ophthalmology trainee courses in Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre, the medical students from Sun Yat-sen University had finished two-year premedical education after the six-year medical courses including basic medical courses, clinical medical courses, clerkship, and research training in medical college. Integrated modular teaching using different problem-based teaching methods in ophthalmology was designed by the teaching steering committee of Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and satisfaction scales of the integrated modular teaching among the trainee students. Methods: A total of 100 medical students attending ophthalmology trainee courses in Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre were enrolled and randomly allocated into 4 groups according to the teaching arrangement. The trainee courses consisted of several sessions delivered in multiple methods, such as "flipped classroom" session and team-based learning session. The pre- and post-class tests were delivered to evaluate the effectiveness of the integrated modular teaching. The satisfaction survey questionnaire was collected from all participants to investigate the degree of satisfaction. Results: Compared with the first-day-test score, the total last-day-test score was significantly improved (t=3.288, P=0.001) by a paired t-test. Nineteen students obtain a significant improvement in ranking increased by more than 10 in the last-day-test, whereas failed to obtain a higher average score for daily performance than other students (t=0.469, P=0.654). According to the participant satisfaction questionnaires, these innovative teaching methods were considered as effective and satisfactory. Conclusions: Integrated modular teaching in ophthalmology trainee courses is effective and widely recognized by the medical college students.
Genomic heterogeneity of Dichelobacter nodosus within and between UK sheep flocks and between age groups within a flock
Authors: DAVIES PEERS , Blanchard Adam , Staley Ceri , Bollard Nikki , Coffey Tracey , Tötemeyer Sabine
Published: February 2020

Footrot and interdigital dermatitis are endemic infectious diseases in all sheep farming regions, impairing welfare and production. The development of efficacious vaccines against the primary causative pathogen has been hampered by the extensive antigenic diversity of Dichelobacter nodosus . Understanding the heterogeneity of the pathogen within and between farms is essential if the feasibility of bespoke vaccine production is to be assessed for use in the U.K. In this study 56 ewe and lamb isolates from 9 farms were compared by D. nodosus serogroup and Multi Locus Sequence Type which provides significantly enhanced discriminatory power for molecular epidemiology. Within farm genomic heterogeneity was significantly lower than between farms. Serogroup heterogeneity between flocks ranged from two to five unique serogroups per flock. Three flocks contained isolates of two serogroups, two flocks contained isolates of three serogroups and one flock included isolates of five serogroups. Analysis of 25 isolates from one flock with high prevalence of lameness, identified that serogroup and sequence type was significantly correlated with age. Significantly higher proportion of lambs were infected with serogroup B (principally ST85) as opposed to serogroup H (principally ST86), which predominated amongst adult sheep. This indicates that host-pathogen dynamics and susceptibility to particular D. nodosus strains may be age dependent.
Rno-microRNA-30c-5p promotes myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in rats through activating NF-κB pathway and targeting SIRT1
Authors: Chen Jianfeng , Zhang Mingming , Zhang Shouyan , Wu Junlong , Xue Shufeng
Published: February 2020

Background: This study aimed to investigate the regulatory effect of rno-microRNA-30c-5p (rno-miR-30c-5p) on myocardial ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury in rats and the underlying molecular mechanisms.
Methods: A rat model of myocardial IR injury was established. The infarct size was detected by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. The pathologic changes of myocardial tissues were detected by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The apoptosis of myocardial cells was measured by TUNEL staining and flow cytometry. The mRNA expression of rno-miR-30c-5p and Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) was detected by quantitative real-time PCR. The levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The protein expression of Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3, p-IκBα, IκBα, p-NF-κB p65, NF-κB p65 and SIRT1 was detected by Western blot. The interaction between rno-miR-30c-5p and SIRT1 was predicted by TargetScan, and further identified by dual luciferase reporter gene and RNA immunoprecipitation assay.
Results: The myocardial IR injury model was successfully established in rats. IR induced the myocardial injury in rats and increased the expression of rno-miR-30c-5p. Overexpression of rno-miR-30c-5p enhanced the inflammation, promoted the apoptosis, and activated NF-κB pathway in IR myocardial cells. SIRT1 was the target gene of rno-miR-30c-5p. Silencing of SIRT1 reversed the effects of rno-miR-30c-5p inhibitor on the apoptosis and NF-κB pathway in IR myocardial cells.
Conclusions: Rno-miR-30c-5p promoted the myocardial IR injury in rats through activating NF-κB pathway and down-regulating SIRT1.