bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RAPESEED MEAL IN RATIONS FOR BREEDER TURKEYS
Authors: Robblee A. R. , Clandinin D. R.
Published: March 2010

Two experiments were conducted in which the performance of breeder turkeys fed rations containing 10% of prepress-solvent rapeseed meal was compared with breeders fed an iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous control ration without rapeseed meal. The results obtained indicated that substitution of 10% of rapeseed meal for other protein supplements in a turkey breeding ration had no adverse effects on mortality, rate of egg production, fertility, hatchability, or market quality of breeders at the end of the breeding season. The use of rape-seed meal resulted in an increase in the amount of feed required to produce a dozen eggs in the first experiment, but had no effect on feed efficiency in the second experiment. Amino acid distribution in the ration containing rapeseed meal was similar to that in the control ration.
UTILIZATION OF RAPESEED MEAL AS A SOURCE OF PROTEIN FOR TURKEYS
Authors: Summers J. D. , Pepper W. F. , Moran Jr. E. T. , Bayley H. S.
Published: March 2010

Rations containing 10, 20 and 30% of rapeseed meal respectively were fed to Large White turkeys starting at 1 day of age. The results at 56 days showed a significant linear decrease in weight gain and feed utilization when compared with an isocaloric and isonitrogenous corn–soybean basal diet. Steam-pelleting the diets reduced the difference in weight depression observed between the control and rapeseed meal diets as compared with similar diets fed in the form of mash. At 113 days, the levels of rapeseed meal in the diets were reduced in order to maintain desired dietary protein levels. Weight gain and feed utilization were still significantly lower at market age for the rapeseed-fed birds as compared with those on the control diet. Analyzing the weight-gain and feed-utilization data from 57 days to the conclusion of the experiment suggested that most of the adverse effects of rapeseed meal were encountered with birds up to 56 days of age.
A SIMPLE RESPIRATION CHAMBER FOR CARBON-14 STUDIES WITH PIGS
Authors: Cunningham H. M.
Published: March 2010

not available
BRAHMAN-BRITISH BEEF CATTLE CROSSES IN CANADA: I. WEANED CALF PRODUCTION UNDER RANGE CONDITIONS
Authors: Peters H. F. , Slen S. B.
Published: March 2010

Three Brahman (B) bulls were mated with Hereford (H), Angus (A) and Shorthorn (S) cows and the F1 progenies were evaluated for beef production in comparison with grade Hereford cattle under range conditions in southeastern Alberta. The crossbred heifers were mated with Hereford bulls, as were their [Formula: see text]-Brahman female progenies. Calves were weaned on November 1 at 6 to 7 months of age.Each of the three Brahman-sire progeny groups, numbering 12, 6 and 146 calves born, averaged higher than contemporary Herefords in performance.B × A and B × S cows surpassed all other groups in weaned calf crop percentage. Hereford calves were lighter than F1 and heavier than [Formula: see text]-Brahman calves at birth. Breeding-group means and standard errors for weaning weight were (a) Generation 1: Hereford, 155 ± 2.2; B × H, 165 ± 2.4; B × A, 176 ± 2.9; and B × S, 175 ± 3.2 kg; (b) Generation 2: Hereford, 150 ± 2.7; H × (B × H), 184 ± 2.2; H × (B + A), 191 ± 2.4; and H × (B × S), 195 ± 2.6 kg; and (c) Generation 3: Hereford, 152 ± 3.8; H × [H × (B × H)], 170 ± 3.2; H × [H × (B × A)], 182 ± 4.1; and H × [H × (B × S)], 186 ± 4.0 kg.An extended study of B × H and Hereford cows showed the crossbreds to be superior in longevity and lifetime productivity.Further exploratory crossbreeding including the Brahman is in progress at the Lethbridge Research Station.
MOISTURE CONTENT AS A BASIS FOR ESTIMATING FATNESS OF BONELESS BEEF SAMPLES
Authors: Forrest R. J.
Published: March 2010

The fat-free moisture content of boneless beef from the rib, chuck, and round sections of Holstein-Friesian steer carcasses averaged 76.1 ± 0.6%. This value was practically constant in specific carcass cuts from animals ranging from 9 to 22 months of age and in samples ranging from 2 to 50% fat. Therefore, the fat content of boneless beef was estimated with a high degree of precision from the equation[Formula: see text]when only the moisture and the fat-free moisture content of the sample were known. When this equation was used to estimate the fat content of boneless rib, chuck, and round cuts from 72 carcasses, average fat values of 33.8 ± 1.0, 20.8 ± 0.9, and 8.1 ± 0.4 respectively were obtained. These values were 33.8 ± 1.0, 21.0 ± 0.9, and 8.1 ± 0.4 respectively when fat was determined by the Soxhlet ether extract method.
SUBSEQUENT PERFORMANCE OF BULL CALVES WINTERED ON TWO PLANES OF NUTRITION AND TWO FEEDING METHODS
Authors: Lawson J. E.
Published: March 2010

Bull calves fed a high-plane ration (two-thirds grain and one-third hay), for 168 days in a feedlot, compared with similar calves fed a low-plane ration (hay only), had average daily gains (ADG) that were appoximately 2.1 times greater when the rations were individually fed and 1.8 times greater when they were group-fed. ADG of calves grazing for 168 days after they had been fed the low-plane ration in a feedlot surpassed that of calves that had been fed the high-plane ration by 1.7 times when individually fed and 1.9 times when group-fed. Animals group-fed the low-plane ration, however, did not compensate fully for their lower feedlot gains; their ADG to 18 months (685 g) remained significantly less than that (735 g) of those group-fed the high-plane ration. In the feedlot, gains of group-fed calves were significantly greater than those of calves individually fed the high- (998 vs. 830 g) and low- (567 vs. 494 g) plane rations.Calves on the individually-fed, high-plane ration consumed about 75% as many kg total digestible nutrients (TDN) per kg gain as those on the individually-fed, low-plane ration. Angus calves consumed 11% more kg TDN per kg gain than the Herefords.
AN INTERACTION EFFECT OF NITROGEN STORAGE WITH SPECIFIC STRAINS IN THE HATCHABILITY OF TURKEY EGGS
Authors: Friars G. W. , Singh J.
Published: March 2010

Fertile turkey eggs, totalling 592 from two small strains over three bi-weekly hatch-storage periods in trial 1 and 666 from three large strains over one biweekly hatch-storage period in trial 2, were subdivided into two approximately equal groups and each group was subjected to either refrigerated storage or refrigerated storage plus nitrogen gas in a closed environment. Results indicated that the hatchability of eggs of specific strains was enhanced by storage in nitrogen gas. The enhancement in hatchability did not appear to be consistently related to the level of hatchability in a specific strain. The effect of nitrogen treatment in preserving embryonic viability was better in the second than in the first week of storage in one trial only. The interaction of nitrogen treatment with hatches in trial 1 suggested that the effect of nitrogen treatment may be most pronounced when other environmental factors deter embryonic viability.
REARING OF DAIRY CALVES ON PASTURE WITH OR WITHOUT WHOLE OATS
Authors: Gorrill A. D. L.
Published: March 2010

Three groups of 10 Ayrshire bull calves born in May and June, 1963 were placed on pasture at 2 weeks of age, after weaning at 55 kg body weight, or at 15 weeks of age. Half the calves in each group also received whole oats while on pasture to a maximum of 1.4 kg/day. Prior to going on pasture, calves were fed a starter ration and timothy hay. The calves were removed from pasture at 21 weeks of age and fed hay and grain until 52 weeks of age. There were no differences between groups in rate of gain from 1 week of age to weaning, the average growth rate for all calves being 427 g/day. Calves put on pasture after weaning gained 223 g/day from weaning to 15 weeks of age, and calves put on pasture at 15 weeks of age gained only 177 g/day from 15 to 21 weeks of age. Weight gains during these same two periods for calves put on pasture at 2 weeks of age were 432 and 500 g/day, respectively. Feeding oats to calves on pasture did not increase growth rates to weaning or to 15 weeks of age. Average body weights at 52 weeks of age were 251, 228, and 242 kg, respectively for calves started on pasture at 2 weeks of age, after weaning, and at 15 weeks of age.
ENERGY METABOLISM AND BODY COMPOSITION OF WEANLING PIGS
Authors: Jenkinson G. M. , Young L. G. , Ashton G. C.
Published: March 2010

Level of feed intake, ranging from a maintenance level to ad libitum had no effect on digestible, metabolizable or net energy for production values when a practical diet was fed to weanling pigs in two feeding trials. The relationship between energy retention and energy intake was linear above maintenance. It was concluded that digestible energy is the best practical measure of dietary energy utilization, due to the low degree of variability and ease of determination.A negative linear relationship between crude carcass fat and carcass moisture content was observed. At energy equilibrium, the pigs in both trials gained 0.09 kg per day. Pigs required 166.83 Wkg0.75 kcal and 137.41 Wkg0.75 kcal of metabolizable energy per day to maintain energy equilibrium m the two trials.
SOME EFFECTS OF BACTERIAL INOCULATION ON SILAGE MAKING
Authors: Lesins K. , Schulz F. H.
Published: March 2010

Sedge and alfalfa were inoculated with two lactic acid bacteria, rods and cocci, and incubated at two temperatures, 30 and 43 °C, in small laboratory silos. One percent sucrose was added to alfalfa in one experiment. It was found that bacterial modulation spectacularly increased the acidification of sedge, bur had little effect on alfalfa. The addition of sucrose greatly aided acidification in alfalfa. At 43 °C only cocci survived, indicating their role in acidification of silage. The possibility of bacterial specialization for growth on particular silages and the value of isolates from such silages are pointed out.
COMPOSITION OF COLOSTRUM AND MILK FROM SOWS RECEIVING DIETARY RAPESEED MEAL OR SOYBEAN MEAL
Authors: Schuld F. W. , Bowland J. P.
Published: March 2010

The gross composition of colostrum and milk, and the fatty acid composition of colostral and milk fat were studied for 15 sows of four genetic backgrounds receiving diets containing either 0 or 8% rapeseed meal as an isonitrogenous replacement for soybean meal and wheat, during growth, reproduction or both. Dietary rapeseed meal for growth was associated with significantly higher fat levels in colostrum and an apparent increase in fat levels in milk. Total solids were higher in the colostrum of sows receiving dietary rapeseed meal during either growth or reproduction than for sows receiving soybean meal. There were no other differences in composition associated with dietary treatment or sow litter group.The gross composition of colostrum and milk as a percentage, ignoring dietary treatment was, respectively: total solids, 22.9, 19.4; solids-not-fat, 15.7, 12.2; fat, 7.3, 7.2; protein, 10.4, 5.4; lactose, 4.6, 6.0; and ash, 0.64, 0.75. The fatty acid composition of colostral and milk fat as a percent by weight was, respectively: C 10:0—0.0, 0.2; C 12:0—0.0, 0.3; C 14:0—1.5, 3.3; C 14:1—0.1, 0.2; C 16:0—23.0, 27.7; C 16:1—5.1, 8.7; C 18:0—5.1, 4.3; C 18:1—42.2, 41.2; C 18:2—20.8, 12.5; C 18:3 and C 20:0—1.7, 1.0; and C 20:4—0.5, 0.6.
DRIED BREWERS’ GRAINS IN RATIONS FOR MARKET HOGS
Authors: Young L. G. , Ingram R. H.
Published: March 2010

Three trials were conducted involving a total of 44 barrows, individually self-fed pelleted corn-based diets in which dried brewers’ grains supplied 0, 25, 50, 75 or 100% of the supplemental protein. There were no differences (P > 0.05) between the average growth rate of pigs receiving a control diet based on corn and soybean meal and that of pigs receiving diets in which dried brewers’ grains supplied up to 50% of the supplemental protein. When dried brewers’ grains supplied more than 50% of the supplemental protein, growth rate and feed efficiency tended to decline.
RESPIRATION APPARATUS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE ENERGY EXPENDITURE OF LIVESTOCK IN COLD ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: Webster A. J. F. , Hicks A. M.
Published: March 2010

not available
COMPARISON OF SEVERAL METHODS OF ESTIMATING THE FAT AND LEAN COMPOSITION OF BOVINE RIB CUTS
Authors: Forrest R. J.
Published: March 2010

The relative merits of four physical methods of estimating chemical rib fat have been evaluated on the basis of regression analyses. The four methods in order of decreasing precision were physical separation (r = 0.988, Syx = 1.50), planimeter area (r = 0.961, Syx = 2.69), specific gravity (r = −0.954, Syx = 2.91), and millimeters of rib fat (r = 0.899, Syx = 4.26). It was also found that longissimus dorsi cross-sectional area was positively correlated with separable rib lean at constant carcass weight (r = 0.485, Syx = 3.23). When the range of carcass weights evaluated was extended, however, this correlation was negative (r = −0.553, Syx = 5.40). Scribing the carcass chine resulted in a decrease in total fat area and an increase in rib fat depth but the longissimus dorsi area was unaffected.
CARCASS WEIGHT AND BACKFAT IN RELATION TO COMMERCIAL GRADES OF PIGS IN CANADA
Authors: Fredeen H. T. , Bowman G. H.
Published: March 2010

Data for 61,138 pig carcasses from 19 commercial packing plants across Canada were analyzed. These represented almost the complete Canadian kill of commercial pigs for one week. Barrow carcasses were fatter than those of gilts by an average of 0.66 cm total backfat (sum of measurements at the shoulder and loin). This difference was consistent at all weights with an almost parallel regression of total backfat on carcass weight for each sex (regression of 0.089 and 0.086 cm/kg for barrows and gilts, respectively). The three commercial grades of A, B and C divided carcasses into groups which differed in total backfat (averages of 7.33, 8.44 and 10.17 cm respectively) but which showed considerable variation in backfat within grades (standard deviation of 0.861, 0.999 and 0.947 cm respectively). Regional differences existed in carcass grades which were associated with differences in carcass weights. There was little to suggest that regional differences in carcass merit per se existed. Carcass weight had a large influence on commercial grade. As carcass weight increased from 61.4 kg to 68.1 kg, the percentage of grade A carcasses decreased from 42.8 to 34.5%. At 68.5 kg, however, the percentage of A carcasses averaged 59.7. This percentage decreased with increasing weight and averaged 46.4% at 77.2 kg. Only 4.7% of all carcasses were downgraded for reasons other than fat. The implications of these results are discussed.
BACKFAT THICKNESS AND CARCASS WEIGHT AS PREDICTORS OF THE YIELD OF HAMS AND LOINS OF PIG CARCASSES
Authors: Fredeen H. T. , Bowman G. H.
Published: March 2010

Detailed cut-out data were obtained from 930 hog carcasses comprising a two-way sampling structure of nine fat categories and 11 weight categories. Fat categories covered a range of 38 to 127 mm in total backfat (sum of maximum shoulder and maximum loin fat) and weight categories covered the range of 57 to 82 kg in warm carcass weight. Carcass weight had virtually no effect on percent yield of ham and/or loin, whereas total backfat had a large and linear effect. The linear effect of fat was consistent for each weight class and for each level of trim. Yield, based on weight of boned-defatted loin and ham expressed as a percent of warm carcass weight, increased by 0.02% for each kg increase in carcass weight and decreased by 0.96% for each 1-cm increase in total backfat.Approximately 97% of the commercial hogs graded in Canada are likely to have a total backfat thickness within the range of 56 to 109 mm. The relationships between total backfat and percent yield documented in this cut-out study indicate that this variation in backfat would be associated with a range of approximately 5% in yield of boned-defatted ham and loin. This is approximately four times the yield differential observed between the averages of grades A and B. Implications in respect of commercial grade standards are discussed.
PERFORMANCE OF STEERS RECEIVING EQUAL AMOUNTS OF DIGESTIBLE ENERGY FROM RATIONS DIFFERING IN PROPORTIONS OF HAY AND BARLEY
Authors: Hironaka R. , Bailey C. B.
Published: March 2010

Four rations differing in the ratio of barley to hay were given to four groups of steers in amounts that supplied approximately equal digestible energy (DE) intakes at equal body weights. The rate of gain of the steers increased and the amounts of DE required per unit of gain decreased as the proportion of barley in the ration increased. It is suggested that differences in the nature of the products of digestion were mainly responsible for the differences in DE utilization.
EFFECT OF VARYING PLANES OF WINTER NUTRITION OF BEEF COWS ON CALF PERFORMANCE TO WEANING
Authors: Jordan W. A. , Lister E. E. , Rowlands G. J.
Published: March 2010

For 4 consecutive years, calf production was compared for Shorthorn cows fed at four levels during winter pregnancy and barn-nursing: (I) ad libitum corn silage plus 1.0 kg mixed hay/100 kg initial body weight daily; (II), (III) and (IV) approximately 80, 60 and 40%, respectively, of level-I intake. Half of the cows on each level received 0.45 kg linseed oilmeal (LOM) per head, daily, and half of both the LOM and no-LOM cows received supplemental vitamin A (84,000 IU per head, weekly).Neither the 4-year average birth weight (32.8, 32.3, 34.8, 32.4 kg for levels I to IV, respectively) nor the 4-year average daily gain to weaning (0.85, 0.89, 0.89, 0.89 kg for levels I to IV, respectively) were significantly different (P > 0.05). The 4-year average wither height and body depth at birth were similarly not different for the four levels. Supplementing the dam’s ration with LOM and/or vitamin A had no significant (P > 0.05) effect on either weight and body measurements at birth or gain to weaning. It was only during year 3, when level-IV cows’ (non-LOM-supplemented) daily intake was 0.033 kg digestible protein and 0.36 kg total digestible nutrients per 100 kg initial weight, that protein supplementation significantly (P < 0.05) increased birth weight and body measurements of their calves. There was little difference in survival of calves from cows fed at different levels or fed LOM versus no LOM. Contrary to expectations, vitamin A-supplemented cows appeared to produce calves with poorer survival.
RAPESEED MEAL AS A REPLACEMENT FOR SOYBEAN MEAL IN DIETS OF PROGENY FROM SOWS FED EITHER PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT
Authors: Bowland J. P. , Schuld F. W.
Published: March 2010

First- and second-litter progeny from sows fed either 0 or 8% solvent-extracted rapeseed meal in replacement for isonitrogenous amounts of soybean meal and wheat was used to evaluate solvent-extracted rapeseed meal as a protein source. There was no influence of the dam’s diet on gain, efficiency of feed utilization, digestible (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) or digestible nitrogen (DN) and nitrogen retention in the progeny. In pigs from first litters, the feeding of 8% rapeseed meal, compared with 0% rapeseed meal, depressed feed intake and rate of gain in the finishing period from 55 to 90 kg liveweight, and resulted in reduced gain and poorer efficiency of feed utilization for the overall experiment from 6 kg initial weight. Carcasses from rapeseed meal-fed pigs were leaner. Gilt carcasses were leaner than barrow carcasses. With second-litter pigs, there were no significant differences associated with dietary treatment or sex. There were no significant differences in DE or ME or in DN and nitrogen retention between pigs receiving 0 or 8% rapeseed meal in either the starting diets at 6 weeks of age or the growing diets at 40 kg liveweight.
SIGNIFICANCE OF PROCESSING WHEAT-GERM MEAL FOR GROWING CHICKS
Authors: Cave N. A. G. , Slinger S. J. , Summers J. D.
Published: March 2010

The effect of steam processing on raw wheat-germ meal (WGM) was investigated with chicks; both autoclaving and steam pelleting enhanced the nutritive value of WGM.When a ration containing 33% autoclaved WGM was fed, weight gain and feed efficiency were higher than values for control groups fed raw WGM; metabolizable energy (ME) and fat digestibility were increased but nitrogen retention was unchanged.An experiment in which autoclaved WGM and methionine-supplemented soybean meal were compared at four dietary levels of protein showed that weight gains of chicks fed WGM were at least as great as those of chicks fed soybean meal.Steam-pelleted rations containing 50% WGM were compared with identical but unprocessed rations; weight gains and feed efficiency were significantly greater for chicks fed steam-pelleted rations. The metabolizable energy, fat digestibility and nitrogen retention were increased.
FACTORS INFLUENCING DRY MATTER INTAKE AND UTILIZATION OF CORN SILAGE BY LACTATING COWS
Authors: Fisher L. J. , Logan V. S. , Donovan L. S. , Carson R. B.
Published: March 2010

Moisture content, hay supplementation and energy content of corn silages were studied as factors affecting dry matter (DM) intake and utilization by lactating cows. In experiment I, a two-week delay in date of harvest resulted in an increase in DM content of silage for the two varieties of corn, but this was associated with significantly greater (P < 005) DM intake and fat-corrected milk production for only the earlier-maturing variety (Pride 5). Harvest date had no influence on solids-not-fat (SNF) content of the milk or body weight, but silage from Pride 5 corn resulted in a significantly (P < 0.05) higher SNF content and greater loss in body weight. In experiment II, feeding 4.7 kg of hay per day significantly reduced (P < 0.05) silage dry-matter intake and increased total ration dry-matter intake but did not change milk production or composition when compared with feeding 2.3 kg of hay per day. In experiment III, ear silage, stalk and leaf silage and hay were compared as a source of roughage for lactating cows. Total ration dry-matter intake was significantly greater (P < 0.05) for hay fed alone, but milk production was apparently higher when the ear silage was fed.
CONTINUOUS RECORDING OF THE IN VIVO RUMEN pH IN FISTULATED CATTLE
Authors: McArthur J. M. , Miltimore J. E.
Published: March 2010

not available
CRYPTORCHID CONDITION AND SELECTION FOR ITS INCIDENCE IN LACOMBE AND CANADIAN YORKSHIRE PIGS
Authors: Fredeen H. T. , Newman J. A.
Published: March 2010

Three types of the cryptorchid condition are described, nullitesticular, unitesticular and the usual form with two testicles where one or both are retained in the coelom. The nullitesticular condition was observed in only one animal. The unitesticular condition was verified by autopsy in 26 of 122 cryptorchids studied. Twenty-one of the unitesticular boars had two normally descended testicles at birth but one had disappeared from the scrotum after 42 days of age. The remainder (five) were unitesticular at birth.Selection studies were conducted with two breeds to provide genetic information on the cryptorchid condition. In the Lacombe breed, five sires cryptorchid at birth produced 33 litters with an average incidence of 10.9% cryptorchids among their male progeny, whereas 21 cryptorchid sires which were normal at birth produced 129 litters with 3.8% cryptorchid males. In the Yorkshire breed, four boars cryptorchid at birth produced 25 litters with an average incidence of 31.4% cryptorchid male progeny. The practical significance of these findings is discussed.
NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY BY NEW-BORN CALVES FED MILK REPLACER
Authors: Radostits O. M. , Bell J. M.
Published: March 2010

The digestibilities of nutrients in milk replacer were determined with eight male Holstein-Friesian calves from 6 to 24 days of age. The milk replacer contained dried skim-milk supplemented with mixed animal–vegetable fat, fine oat meal, vitamins and minerals.The digestibilities of all nutrients were low at 6 days of age but improved throughout the experiment. Marked improvement (P < 0.05) occurred from 5 to 14 days of age. The digestibility of fat improved from 29 to 82% between 6 and 24 days of age and showed the greatest overall improvement. A temporary diarrhea characterized by soft feces with no detectable systemic effects was present in each calf for the first week.Over the test period, the digestibility of energy improved from 72 to 88%. The digestibility of "calculated" non-fat, non-protein energy increased from 54 to 77%. Oat meal energy was calculated to be totally indigestible at 6 days and improved to only 26% digestible at 24 days of age, confirming previous work that cereal starch was not well utilized by calves under 24 days of age.The digestibilities of the fatty acids capryllic, capric and lauric were all 90 to 100%; those of palmitoleic, oleic and linoleic were 89, 75 and 79%, and palmitic and stearic acids only 42 and 26% digestible, respectively.The digestibility coefficients of amino acids were generally high, averaging 70 to 86%, with some low values during the first week of life and with methionine averaging 11% digestible. In several periods during the first half of the experiment, methionine showed negative coefficients. Cystine was only moderately well digested.
GROWTH, CARCASS MEASUREMENTS AND SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT OF PARTIALLY AND COMPLETELY CASTRATED PIGS
Authors: Swierstra E. E. , Rahnefeld G. W.
Published: March 2010

Rate of gain, carcass measurements and sexual development of 19 males, partially castrated by Baiburtcjan’s method, were compared with those of 39 littermates castrated by the conventional method. The partial castrates reached slaughter weight of about 89 kg at 130 days of age and the complete castrates at 132 days of age. There was no significant difference between the two castration methods with respect to age-at-slaughter, dressing percentage, ham weight, loin-eye area, average backfat thickness and carcass length. The regenerated testes of the partial castrates averaged 34.5 g. Histological examination of these testes revealed that the fraction of the testis volume occupied by intertubular space was about twice that found in normal mature testes. All testes contained all stages of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium, indicating that sperm were being produced. This observation was substantiated by the presence of sperm in 28 of the 35 epididymides examined. In addition to tubules with normal germ cell populations, there were many tubules that lacked one or more generations of germ cells, or that lacked germ cells entirely. Accessory sex gland development was directly proportional to the weight of the paired testes. Forty-seven percent of the partial castrates were graded as ridglings (cryptorchids) and their average sale value was 19% less than that of the complete castrates.
BODY MEASUREMENTS OF PUREBRED AND CROSSBRED SHORTHORN BEEF CALVES FROM BIRTH TO ONE YEAR
Authors: Bernard C. , Hidiroglou M.
Published: March 2010

Body measurements were recorded at birth, weaning, and one year of age on Shorthorn calves and on crossbred calves out of Shorthorn cows and Angus, Hereford, or Charolais bulls. A total of 254 calves was studied. There were significant breed-of-sire effects in all traits measured. In wither height, body length, and head length, Charolais-sired calves ranked first, followed by calves out of Hereford bulls. Angus-sired calves did not differ from the Shorthorn ones. In heart girth, body depth, and head width, the Shorthorn calves were consistently inferior to the others, while no uniform difference appeared among the three other breeds of sire. Crossbreeding did not modify the relative body measurements, as evidenced by the highly positive between-breed-sire correlations among the traits.
PERFORMANCE OF BEEF STEER CALVES DURING WINTER AND ON PASTURE AS AFFECTED BY FEEDING A WINTERING RATION AT DIFFERENT LEVELS WITH AND WITHOUT ADDED FAT
Authors: Cameron C. D. T.
Published: March 2010

Gains by Hereford and Angus steer calves overwintered at a total digestible nutrient (TDN) level of intake 14% above the U.S. National Research Council standard were still greater at the end of a 100-day grazing period than those by comparable calves wintered on approximately 2, 8, 14, or 22% lower levels of intake. There was little difference in gains at the end of the grazing period between the calves fed at the two lower feeding levels. The TDN:gain ratio for the calves fed at the lowest level of intake (1.13 kg TDN daily/100 kg body weight) was significantly (P < 0.01) greater than those for the calves on higher levels of intake.Mean gains by the calves fed added fat were greater during the winter and the subsequent grazing period than those by calves on corresponding rations without added fat. Calves fed added fat were significantly (P < 0.01) more efficient in feed utilization than those that did not receive added fat in their diets.Within the relatively narrow intake ranges studied, apparent digestibility of ration components other than crude fiber were not affected by level of intake. Fiber digestion coefficients by the calves fed at the higher levels of intake were greater (P < 0.05) than those by the calves on the lowest feeding level.Winter and summer gains were greater (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively) and efficiency of feed conversion was higher (P < 0.01) for Hereford than for Angus calves.
SUPPLEMENTAL COPPER FOR SWINE: EFFECTS UPON HEMOGLOBIN, SERUM PROTEINS AND TISSUE COPPER LEVELS
Authors: Castell A. G. , Bowland J. P.
Published: March 2010

Pigs, from an experiment in which 0 and 0.10% supplemental CuSO4∙5H2O in diets were compared, were used to obtain information on the effects of supplementary copper on certain tissues. Blood hemoglobin values from weaning to market weight were not affected by the addition of supplemental copper. Serum copper levels were elevated in pigs receiving the copper-supplemented diet. This effect was most noticeable during the initial growth period up to 17 kg liveweight. Total serum protein and serum protein fractions were not consistently affected by dietary copper supplementation. Tissue copper levels in the liver, kidneys, heart, spleen, muscle and hair were obtained at different stages of growth. Comparative copper levels between pigs were variable, particularly for those pigs receiving the copper-supplemented ration, but distribution of copper between the tissues was relatively constant. The liver and kidneys were tissues which accumulated high levels of copper. Hair copper was increased when the dietary copper level was increased, but the heart, spleen and muscle had similar levels of copper in pigs fed either diet. The data suggest that during the early stages of growth there may be a metabolic requirement for copper above that normally available from the diet.
PERFORMANCE OF STEERS FED RATIONS CONTAINING UREA AND CHLORTETRACYCLINE ALONE AND IN COMBINATION
Authors: Sutherland L. June , Burgess T. D.
Published: March 2010

Two trials were conducted to investigate interactions in the effects of urea and chlortetracycline on the growth of steers. Rate and efficiency of live-weight gain were the response criteria used. Trial I consisted of an 84-day trial in which steers were individually fed. Trial II consisted of a 102-day trial in which cattle were group fed. In neither trial was any interaction found between the effects of urea and chlortetracycline on rate of gain. In both trials, replacing soybean meal with urea as a source of supplemental protein reduced gains. The inclusion of the chlortetracycline in the ration did not produce any significant effect on rate or efficiency of gain. In trial II, a significant interaction (P < 0.10) was found between urea and chlortetracycline for feed required per pound of gain. Since only 12 observations are involved in this comparison, the significant interaction requires confirmation.
EFFECT OF SUGAR ON SALT CONSUMPTION BY RUMINANTS
Authors: Hironaka R. , Bailey C. B.
Published: March 2010

not available
FLAVOR ASSOCIATED WITH FISH MEAL IN DIETS FED TO BROILER CHICKENS
Authors: Dean Paul , Lamoreux W. F. , Proudfoot F. G. , Aitken J. R.
Published: March 2010

Diets containing varying levels of fish meal (3–19%) were fed to broiler chickens representing male and female birds of four different genotypes. After slaughter and processing, sample birds were roasted without seasoning, and portions of skin, breast meat and thigh meat were submitted to a taste panel of nine judges. Each portion was tested by asking one of the judges to identify it when it was presented along with two comparable portions taken from a control bird. There were 720 such triangle tests, comprised of six replicate tests within each of the 120 subclasses denned by genotype, sex, nutritional treatment and type of tissue.Flavor differences between birds fed 3% and 9% fish meal were detected with a frequency which was highly significant in skin and breast meat, but in thigh meat there was no significant effect on flavor until the level of fish meal reached 14%. Neither sex nor genotype had any influence on the detection of flavor differences. The practical significance of these findings is discussed.
MALE AND FEMALE COMPONENTS OF REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE IN TURKEYS
Authors: Friars G. W. , Mukherjee T. K. , Raktoe B. L.
Published: March 2010

Data from hierarchal matings of 68 males and 352 females of Large White and Auburn strains of turkeys, using artificial insemination with undiluted semen, was statistically analyzed to determine the magnitudes of male: female variance component ratios for fertility, embryonic viability and hatchability. The male: female ratios were generally higher for fertility and late embryonic viability than for hatchability. However, males contributed more variance to fertility than did females in only one of the two years observed.No evidence of male-by-female incompatibility was apparent from an examination of the random distribution of infertile females among males.
EFFECTS ON BODY WEIGHT AND FEED CONVERSION OF BROILER CHICKENS FROM THREE COMMERCIAL CROSSES REARED WITH THE SEXES SEPARATED OR INTERMINGLED
Authors: Lamoreux W. F. , Proudfoot F. G.
Published: March 2010

Two tests, each including 1,728 sexed broiler chicks, were conducted with the sexes both intermingled and separated. The chicks, progeny of three commercial meat-type strains of hens mated to a single strain of males, were hatched in the same incubators on the same day and reared in 48 pens in a windowless house.Results to nine weeks of age revealed no significant effects of rearing the sexes separately or intermingled, on body weight, feed conversion or uniformity of body weights.
APPLICATION OF MULTIPLE PAIRED COMPARISONS IN STUDYING THE EFFECT OF AGING AND FINISH ON BEEF TENDERNESS
Authors: Larmond Elizabeth , Petrasovits A. , Hill Pamela
Published: March 2010

Twenty-four Canada Choice beef carcasses were used to study the effect of aging period (2, 9, and 16 days) and finish (high and low) on cooked beef tenderness. Tenderness of the longissimus dorsi (LD) and the semimembranosus (SM) muscles was evaluated by means of paired comparisons by a trained taste panel and a Warner-Bratzler shearing device.According to the sensory analyses, the 2-day samples were tougher than the 9-day samples in both the LD and SM. The 16-day samples were not more tender than the 9-day samples. There was interaction between finish and aging. The shear tests showed that the SM aged for 2 days was tougher than that aged for 9 or 16 days. There were indications that the rate of tenderness development during aging was affected by the degree of finish and by the muscle involved. Both the panel and the shear results showed that after aging for 9 or 16 days, there was no appreciable difference in tenderness between high and low finish. Tenderness was not associated with the level of intramuscular fat as estimated from sampling the cooked roasts.
BLOAT INVESTIGATIONS. THE pH OF RUMEN CONTENTS AND ITS ROLE IN LEGUME BLOAT
Authors: McArthur J. M. , Miltimore J. E.
Published: March 2010

Severe bloat occurred only when the pH of the rumen contents (rumen pH) of four fistulated cows was in the range 5.2 to 6.0. The bloat-producing legumes, alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and Ladino clover (Trifolium repens ’Ladino’), produced lower rumen pH than orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) which does not produce bloat. When rumen pH was depressed to the range obtained with the legumes by adding grain to the orchardgrass ration, there was no bloat.Although the change in rumen pH was the same in both years of the experiment, the pH was lower in the first year. The bloat frequency in a milking herd on similar feed was also greater in the first year. In both years, clover produced lower pH and more bloat than alfalfa.The duration of bloat symptoms tended to increase with severity, but there was no relationship between either the length of the feeding period or the rumen pH and severity. Cattle might recover while the pH was still in the optimum bloat-producing range because the supply of foaming agent had been depleted.It was concluded that four important conditions were necessary to produce bloat: vigorous gas production, to produce the foam gas phase and rumen pressure, adequate 18S protein to produce and maintain the foam, sufficient acid to lower the rumen pH below 6, and cations to bind the protein molecules in the surface film.
CONCENTRATION OF CERTAIN BLOOD METABOLITES IN OBESE PREGNANT AND NON-PREGNANT EWES
Authors: Ross J. P. , Kitts W. D.
Published: March 2010

A total of 14 obese pregnant and non-pregnant ewes were compared for blood glucose, ketone bodies, lactic acid and total volatile fatty acid concentrations. A method of blood sampling which successfully eliminated the effect of excitement on the metabolites studied was devised. The mean values and standard errors for the metabolites of pregnant and non-pregnant ewes, respectively, were glucose 57 ± 4.2 mg/100 ml and 63 ± 4.2 mg/100 ml, ketone bodies 3.2 ± 0.75 mg/100 ml and 2.3 ± 0.75 mg/100 ml, lactic acid 18 ± 2.9 mg/100 ml and 19 ± 2.9 mg/100 ml, and total volatile fatty acid 1.96 ± 0.28 meq/liter and 1.58 ± 028 meq/liter. The mean blood glucose concentration was lower (P < 0.10) for the pregnant ewes than for the non-pregnant ewes, but there were no significant differences between pregnant and non-pregnant ewes for blood concentrations of ketone bodies, lactic acid and total volatile fatty acid. The mean blood glucose values for both the pregnant and non-pregnant ewes were higher than earlier values reported in the literature.
NITROGEN DIGESTIBILITY OF VARIOUS SELECTED WHEAT FRACTIONS
Authors: Summers J. D. , Moran Jr. E. T. , Pepper W. F.
Published: March 2010

Nitrogen digestibility values were determined with rats for wheat bran, shorts, red dog and germ from nine different wheat samples. Red dog and germ resulted in similar and the highest values obtained, followed by shorts and then bran. By and large, most samples within a particular by-product series gave similar nitrogen digestibility values and where differences were noted, these in many cases paralleled the results of the other wheat fractions. A good correlation (r = 0.90) was obtained between fecal nitrogen excretion and fecal dry matter excretion when all treatments were compared. A similar comparison between feed intake and fecal nitrogen excretion resulted in a poor correlation (r = 0.33), suggesting that with protein supplements of different composition, feed intake is not a good measure of metabolic fecal nitrogen. The merits of using nitrogen digestibility values as a measure of the nutritional worth of a protein as compared with net protein utilization and protein efficiency ratio values are discussed.
A NEW NON-PROTEIN NITROGEN SOURCE FOR RUMINANTS
Authors: Milligan L. P. , Robblee A. R. , Wood J. C. , Kay W. C. , Chakrabartty S. K.
Published: March 2010

The preparation of a polymer of urea and furfural containing 23.2% nitrogen is described. This product was converted by rumen microorganisms in vitro to ammonia at a rate approximately one-seventh that of conversion of urea to ammonia. Use of the polymer as a dietary supplement in a feeding trial with lambs improved nitrogen retention over that of unsupplemented controls by 3.45 g of nitrogen retained per day, while an isonitrogenous quantity of supplemental urea improved nitrogen retention by 0.51 g of nitrogen retained per day. The blood urea pattern, throughout the day, of lambs adapted to control, urea-supplemented and urea–furfural polymer-supplemented rations indicated a slow, prolonged production of ammonia from the latter supplement and very rapid, short-term degradation of urea in vivo.
GENOTYPE × SEASON × METHOD INTERACTION IN EVALUATING DAIRY SIRES FROM PROGENY RECORDS
Authors: Hickman C. G. , Lee A. J. , Gravir K.
Published: March 2010

Correlations between transmitting-ability estimates made from records on daughters of the same sires in different seasons are presented. The estimates were made from specifications for different contemporary comparison and herd mate methods applied to the same total amount of data. The lowest correlations were those with the contemporary comparison procedure and no age correction. Age correction did not significantly increase the correlations when only first lactations were used. The standard herd mate comparison was superior to the contemporary comparison, but the use of all herd mates only slightly improved the correlation over those obtained using only second- and third-lactation herd mates. A new herd mate procedure, based on predicting first lactation performance from herd production and age, gave the largest correlations and thus minimized the genotype × season-of-freshening interaction.
INFLUENCE OF SELENIUM ON THE ABSORPTION, EXCRETION AND PLASMA LEVEL OF TRITIUM-LABELLED VITAMIN E IN THE RAT
Authors: Cheeke P. R. , Oldfield J. E.
Published: March 2010

In two experiments the influence of selenium supplementation of a basal diet low in both selenium and vitamin E on the absorption, excretion, and blood distribution of a single dose of tritium-labelled α-tocopherol in rats was examined. Urinary and fecal excretion of radioactivity was determined at 24-hour intervals over a three-day period. In experiment 1, supplementation with 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 ppm selenium had no significant effect on the absorption or urinary excretion of the radioactivity. In the second experiment, supplementation with 2.0 ppm selenium again had no significant effect on absorption or excretion of the labelled tocopherol. A group receiving dietary supplementation of 500 IU vitamin E per kg diet excreted significantly more of the dose in the urine (P < 0.01) and in the feces (P < 0.05) than did the basal group. The plasma level of radioactivity was significantly lower (P < 0.01) in the selenium-supplemented group than in the basal animals. Chemical determination of the plasma α-tocopherol level similarly indicated lower values in the selenium-supplemented animals. These results suggested a possible role for selenium in promoting the withdrawal of vitamin E from the blood by the tissues. Levels of radioactivity were higher in the heart and liver tissue of the selenium-supplemented animals, but the differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). In the rat, selenium does not appear to influence the absorption or retention of vitamin E, but does affect the plasma vitamin E level and may modify its distribution in the tissues.
STARTER RATIONS FOR BEEF CATTLE IN FEEDLOTS
Authors: Hironaka R.
Published: March 2010

Three experiments were conducted with yearling steers to investigate the effects of starter rations and feeding techniques in promoting the rapid, safe implementation of full feeding programs (finishing rations ad libitum). Starters were formulated to include beet pulp, dried brewer’s grain and ground hay to control the digestible energy content of the total ration.A gradual decrease in the ratio of starters to finishing rations (fed in combination ad libitum) during a 10-day period enabled cattle to be brought to full feed without the occurrence of digestive disorders. This method was as effective as the more customary practice of gradually increasing the intake of concentrate by hand feeding. It is proposed that the use of starters will materially reduce both the labor and feeding space required to bring feedlot cattle to a full feeding regime.
GROWTH-DEPENDENT CHANGES IN BLOOD UREA NITROGEN LEVELS IN LINCOLN AND SOUTHDOWN LAMBS
Authors: Mukhoty H. , Combs W. , Groves T. D. D.
Published: March 2010

The concentration of blood plasma urea nitrogen (BUN) was measured at bi-weekly intervals in four groups of growing Lincoln and Southdown lambs which received the same ration throughout their growth period. BUN increased with age and weight in each group. Although all groups showed similar changes in BUN with age, BUN concentration increased at 0.73 × 10−2, 0.88 × 10−2, 0.91 × 10−2, and 1.23 × 10−2 mg per kg of body weight gained in the case of Lincoln males, Lincoln females, Southdown males, and Southdown females, respectively. The average rates of gain for these groups were 0.33, 0.28, 0.26 and 0.20 kg per day, respectively. It appeared from these studies that at any given weight, the more mature animals at that weight tended to have higher BUN concentrations and a higher rate of increase of BUN with weight.
ERRORS ASSOCIATED WITH AN EGGSHELL STRENGTH TESTER
Authors: Voisey Peter W. , Robertson G. D.
Published: March 2010

not available
AN INSTRUMENT FOR MEASURING BACKFAT IN HOG CARCASSES
Authors: Voisey Peter W. , Jennings W. R.
Published: March 2010

not available
DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW BREED OF PIGS: THE LACOMBE: I. FOUNDATION AND DEVELOPMENTAL PROCEDURES
Authors: Fredeen H. T. , Stothart J. G.
Published: March 2010

The Lacombe breed of pigs, released to the public in 1958, culminated a 12-year developmental research program conducted at the Canada Department of Agriculture Research Station, Lacombe, Alberta. This report describes and summarizes details of the foundation stock, mating plan and selection program used.
DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW BREED OF PIGS: THE LACOMBE: II. EVALUATION
Authors: Fredeen H. T. , Stothart J. G.
Published: March 2010

Development of the Lacombe breed involved the production and evaluation of 2342 litters. Of these, 716 were from the hybrid foundation, 392 were control Yorkshires, 887 were crossbreds produced under controlled and field conditions and 247 were color test litters to identify animals heterozygous for the recessive black gene contributed by the Berkshire.Lacombes and Lacombe-Yorkshire crosses were significantly heavier at birth (0.3 kg) and weaning (2.49 kg) and reached 90 kg liveweight 14 to 16 days earlier than Yorkshires. Differences in carcass merit were small. In crossing trials, Lacombes produced pigs averaging 8 to 22% higher in commercial grade. In 1958, the year of public release, the breed averaged approximately 6.36 generations removed from foundation animals, with genetic contributions from foundation of 56.6% Landrace, 20.8% Chester White and 22.6% Berkshire. It had an average inbreeding of approximately 12.5%. The 1958 population was descended from seven (all) of the foundation boars and six of the foundation females.