bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chapter VI: David C. McClelland: The Need to Achieve
Authors: Gross Larry
Published: January 2023

A large portion of the professional research performed by David McClelland has dealt with the nature of human motivation, and the achievement motive in particular. Many of his numerous papers, and five of the six books he has written, edited, and collaborated on, are concerned with questions of the origins and expression of human needs and motives.

David McClelland is professor of psychology and chairman of the Department of Social Relations at Harvard University. His many research activities have been complemented by a willingness to participate in administrative and advisory capacities in such bodies as the Ford Foundation, the Fulbright Advisory Panel, the Social Science Research Council, and the National Institute of Mental Health. The extent of this participation, greater than for any of the other subjects, indicates a certain consciousness or acceptance of the social responsibilities of his theoretical life that is an important characteristic of his personality. I think it is clear that the motive is not, consciously, a desire for power. I think we will see that it is rather an outgrowth of certain personal, perhaps even religious traits. A more important example of this is the fact that during the current year (1963–64) he is attempting to apply his theory to the task of improving society, by attempting to actually stimulate the need for achievement in the populations of underdeveloped nations. Many of his numerous papers, and five of the six books he has written, edited, and collaborated on, are concerned with questions of the origins and expression of human needs and motives.

David McClelland is professor of psychology and chairman of the Department of Social Relations at Harvard University. His many research activities have been complemented by a willingness to participate in administrative and advisory capacities in such bodies as the Ford Foundation, the Fulbright Advisory Panel, the Social Science Research Council, and the National Institute of Mental Health. The extent of this participation, greater than for any of the other subjects, indicates a certain consciousness or acceptance of the social responsibilities of his theoretical life that is an important characteristic of his personality. I think it is clear that the motive is not, consciously, a desire for power. I think we will see that it is rather an outgrowth of certain personal, perhaps even religious traits. A more important example of this is the fact that during the current year (1963–64) he is attempting to apply his theory to the task of improving society, by attempting to actually stimulate the need for achievement in the populations of underdeveloped nations.
Validación de una metodología para la determinación de poliaminas en orina por cromatografía de líquidos de alta resolución (HPLC)
Authors:   Departamento de Salud Pública. Universidad de Guadalajara, México, Noa-Pérez Mario , Serrano-Gutiérrez Natalia , Reynoso-Orozco Ramón
Published: January 2023

The levels of polyamines (PAs) in urine are an important biomarker of physiological and pathological phenomena for humans.Due to its importance, the validation of a PAs determination methodology was validated for (Putrescine (Pu), Cadaverine(Cdv), Spermidine (Spd), Spermine (Spm), Epinephrine (Epf) and Histamine (Hst) in urine by Reversed-phase HighPerformance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) with pre- column derivatization using dansyl chloride and UV detection at254 nm. To this aim, selectivity, working range and linearity, detection /quantification limit were determined. The precision (asrepeatability and precision under intermediate conditions), accuracy (measured as recovery) and robustness were established.The methodology was adapted from the Chilean Standard for the detection of histamine and other biogenic amines in fish andshellfish ME-711.O4-070, 2014, so it was necessary to implement adjustments for its application in urine. The results showedthat amino acids (AAs) did not cause interference in the analysis of PAs, and allow determination of concentrations in thelinear range between 4 and 28 μg/mL. However, good recovery (accuracy) was not obtained in the experiment, possiblybecause the standards used were not acetylated (42.6% Pu and 69% Cdv). The present methodology allows determining thelevels of Pu, Cdv, Spd, Spm Hst and Efd in urine samples from humans and other mammalian species.
Effects on Consumer Purchase Intentions through Online Marketing Activities: Evidence from Australian Retail Sector Consumers
Authors: Hussain Syed Ibrar , Chimhundu Ranga
Published: January 2023

It is the goal of this study to investigate the most fundamental components of Internet marketing or digital marketing that have an impact on consumers' intentions to purchase in the retail sector of Australia. This study also analyses the aspects of online marketing that contribute to either an increase or a decrease in the level of consumer intention for a certain retail establishment's products or services. According to the findings of the study, many aspects of online marketing influence a consumer's choice to purchase a product from a store on the internet. These aspects include the consumer's perception of trust, communication, and the consumer's sense of the responsiveness of the online platform to their interactions with other consumers all of which play a role in a consumer's view of the quality of a brand. Nevertheless, trust and open communication are the most important variables.
Effects of Social Media Marketing on Consumer Purchase Intention in the Retail Sector of Australia
Authors: Hussain Syed Ibrar , Chimhundu Ranga
Published: January 2023

This research aims to determine how social media marketing affects consumer purchase intent in Australia's retail industry. The study's main goal is to see if social media marketing impacts customer purchase intent and brand equity as a moderator between dependent and independent variables. The data comes from Austria's retail sector and is based on five cities: Sydney, Perth, Melbourne, Brisbane, and Adelaide. By utilizing social media channels in the implementation of the survey strategy, a survey questionnaire with a size of 385 valid responses is made available to a targeted audience of the retail industry in Australia. The mixed methodologies research with a cross-sectional time horizon and a deductive research strategy for this study is used. The study's findings show that social media positively correlates with consumer purchase intention, and brand equity moderates the relationship between the dependent and independent variables, as evidenced by correlation, regression, and exploratory factor analysis.
ANALISIS PENGARUH INFLASI DAN KURS TERHADAP FLUKTUASI NILAI SAHAM (STUDI KASUS PADA PERUSAHAAN TELEKOMUNIKASI YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA PERIODE 2019-2021)
Authors: Suyadi Suyadi , Hakim Lukman Nuzul , Febriyanto Febriyanto
Published: January 2023

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk memutuskan apakah ada dampak ekspansi dan tingkat perdagangan terhadap perubahan kualitas saham. Strategi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan prosedur dokumentasi, tepatnya dengan metodologi kuantitatif. Pemeriksaan ini ditujukan kepada organisasi komunikasi siaran yang tercatat di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) yang mencatatkan harga saham periode 2019-2021. Contoh yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian purposive, sehingga contoh dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari 6 organisasi. Pemeriksaan yang dilakukan dalam tinjauan ini adalah uji kecurigaan tradisional, yaitu uji biasa, uji multikolinearitas, uji heteroskedastisitas, dan uji autokorelasi. Untuk menguji spekulasi dalam ulasan ini menggunakan uji kekambuhan informasi papan dengan metode model dampak normal, model dampak tetap, dan model dampak arbitrer. Penentuan metode dilakukan dengan melakukan uji chow, uji hausman, dan uji lagrange multiplier. Mengingat efek samping dari tinjauan tersebut, menunjukkan bahwa 1) tidak ada dampak yang luar biasa antara ekspansi dan nilai saham. 2) Ada pengaruh kritis antara skala pertukaran dan nilai saham. 3) Ada pengaruh antara skala ekspansi dan swapping terhadap varians nilai saham
A Self-contained Stellar Vault Construction Method. The Vault of the Matthias Oratorio in the Inner City Parish Church of Budapest
Authors: Jobbik Eszter , Krähling János
Published: January 2023

In the present study, we analysed the laser-scanned point cloud of the stellar vault of the Inner City Parish Church of Budapest's Matthias oratorio. Our analysis concerned the global geometry of the rib network, as well as the webbing. During the study of the rib system, we reconstructed a probable construction method of the late 15th – early 16th-century vault, which seems to be a self-contained construction system in regard to the rib system's plan, the height of the junction points and the curvature of the individual ribs. We found, that to the latter the widely known "Prinzipalbogen" theory applies, however, the "theory of the longest route", which is often mentioned together with the former, most likely was not used. Mapping the webbing and the ribs allowed us to examine the building technique of the webs too.
Memorias del II Congreso Nacional de Geografía: Geografías interdisciplinarias Cuenca - Ecuador 2020
Authors:   Universidad del Azuay, Ballari Daniela
Published: January 2023

Hoy en día, es ya difícil encontrar un área del saber en la que la teoría, métodos y herramientas de la geografía no estén siendo aplicadas. Más aún, la emergencia y fortalecimiento de nuevas miradas, como son la geografía crítica, la neogeografía y la geomática, plantean la necesidad de hablar no de “geografía” sino de “geografías”, como un reconocimiento a la pluralidad de aproximaciones y saberes de un área de conocimiento integradora, diversa y en constante evolución. Esta necesidad se plasmó durante el XVII Encuentro de Geógrafos de América Latina, donde se propuso cambiar el nombre del evento a “Encuentro de Geografías de América Latina”. En este contexto, la Asociación Geográfica del Ecuador, la Universidad del Azuay y la Universidad de Cuenca, convocaron al 2do Congreso Nacional de Geografía, con el tema central “Geografías interdisciplinarias”, con la intención de integrar a investigadores, profesionales y estudiantes de diferentes áreas del conocimiento en un intercambio de académico de experiencias en la investigación, la práctica, la enseñanza-aprendizaje y la aplicación de los conceptos, métodos y herramientas de la geografía. 194 páginas ISBN 978-9942-847-34-8 e-ISBN 978-9942-847-22-5
Food Additives: Overview of Related Safety Concerns
Authors: Ukwo Sunday P , Udo Ifiok I , Ndaeyo Nyaudoh
Published: January 2023

Food additives are the basis of the modern food industry, and play a significant role in improving the colour, aroma, and taste of food, altering its nutritional structure, perfecting its processing conditions, and extending its shelf life. The need of food additives in the food processing industries have sharply increased due to consumers’ preferences and commercial advantage they provide to the manufactured food because of longer shelf life, standardized composition and convenience in processing. Additives can be added to food directly and intentionally while indirectly, foods are exposed to them during processing, packaging, or storage Some additives are either natural or from synthetic sources and are classified into several groups, although there overlap exist between them. The use of food additives has been criticized for multiple health impacts such as cancer, asthma, allergies, and behavioral disorders in children. It is therefore important to balance the potential risks of an additive against its perceived benefits and allowing the consumer the choice of consuming or not consuming the food. The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) is charged with the responsibility of assessing the risks of food additives to human health and safety through the establishment of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) for additives and in any case, the decision of consuming food with a particular additive is left to consumers.
Anesthetized Guinea Pig as a Model for Drug Testing
Authors: BARTAKOVA A , NOVAKOVA M , STRACINA T
Published: January 2023

Based on the World Health Organization statistics, cardiovascular diseases represent the major cause of death worldwide. Although a wide range of treatment approaches and pharmaceuticals is available, the therapy is often not effective enough and therefore health risks for the patient persist. Thus, it is still essential to test new drug candidates for the treatment of various pathophysiological conditions related to cardiovascular system. In vivo models represent indispensable part of preclinical testing of such substances. Anesthetized guinea pig as a whole-body model allows to evaluate complex reactions of cardiovascular system to tested substance. Moreover, action potential of guinea pig cardiomyocyte is quite comparable to that of human. Hence, the results from this model are then quite well translatable to clinical medicine. Aim of this paper was to summarize the methodology of this model, including its advantages and/or limitations and risks, based on the effects of two substances with adrenergic activity on the ECG parameters. The model of anesthetized guinea pig proved to be valuable and suitable for testing of drugs with cardiovascular effects.
The British and the Ottoman Armenians
Authors: McCarthy Justin
Published: January 2023

The British uniformly supported the Ottoman Armenians, with little consideration of the actual situation in Anatolia. Roseberry, Salisbury, and other politicians planned the independence of an “Armenia,”: despite the fact that Armenian were a distinct minority, Muslims a majority there. British actions were driven by domestic public opinion, churches, the press, and pro-Armenian pressure groups, especially the Anglo-Armenian Association.
The Inspectorates
Authors: McCarthy Justin
Published: January 2023

Greatly weakened by the Balkan Wars, the Ottomans were forced to accept Russian and British demands to eliminate their rule over Eastern Anatolia. Civil order had greatly improved there, but the Europeans were not satisfied. Russia proposed to create one Authority the entire region under a European Inspector-General. Fearing European war and unable to intervene militarily in Anatolia, the Germans only weakly opposed Russian plans. Pressure from other Europeans was only able to bring about a division into two Inspectorates—North and South. Although three-fourths of the population was Muslim, administrative councils, assemblies, and newly-enrolled police would be half Muslim and half Christian. Inspectors were chosen with advice from Armenian groups. As the plan was being put in place, however, World War I began, allowing the Ottomans to abandon the project. With only some modification to the Russian plan, Grey supported the division of the Ottoman Empire throughout negotiations. He refused to accept all Ottoman plans for more lenient treatment. Grey was supported by his government and by domestic interests. A British Armenia Committee mobilized anti-Ottoman public and press opinions, but fervour for the Armenian Cause had weakened. Nevertheless, Grey went forward with his own plans for the Ottoman Empire.
John Locke’s Liberal Politics of Money
Authors: Ward Lee
Published: January 2023

This chapter connects Locke’s lesser-known economic tracts with the natural rights philosophy of his much more familiar political writings. It frames Locke’s liberal political economy in the context of the monetary crises that befell England in the 1690’s. Locke’s account of money, which draws upon key features of his epistemology and political theory, developed in the context of the public controversy over raising interest rates and the debate about re-coining clipped coins to their original weight, measure and value. Locke’s response to these controversies—advocating government non-intervention in the former case, and massive government intervention related to the latter—signifies both the complex natural rights foundation of Locke’s political economy, and the significant element of interest-based considerations of utility in Locke’s liberal statecraft.
Conclusion: Towards a Political Economy of Rights and Interests
Authors: Ward Lee
Published: January 2023

The conclusion offers some reflections upon why the lessons of classical liberal political economy are relevant today, particularly as certain inaccurate and naïve readings of the classical liberal tradition regarding free markets and individual autonomy continue to influence economic and political debate. Re-examining the historical and intellectual roots of classical liberal political economy may also shed light on the much observed problem of civic and political apathy in many advanced liberal democracies by rediscovering forgotten or neglected aspects of liberalism that can assist people today in our efforts to negotiate difficult moral conflicts and reconcile clashing economic interests. Recovering classical political liberal economy can help us avoid the extremes of both “neo-liberalism” and “illiberal democracy.”
The Origins and Early Development of Scottish Presbyterian Mission in South Africa, 1824–65
Authors: Duncan Graham A.
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the concepts od dependence and independence in mission. It focusses on the beginnings of mission in work in South Africa, mission stations and mission institutions. It also considers the early participation of black people in missionary activity.
Bantu/Reformed Presbyterian Church Women in Leadership in Ministry
Authors: Duncan Graham A.
Published: January 2023

The role of women in the BPCSA is discussed in the light of their significant contribution to the life of the denomination. Despite gender bias and cultural issues they overcame traditional prejudice.
Ambiguous Cinema
Authors: Fuery Kelli
Published: January 2023

Ambiguous Cinema explores and reimagines Simone de Beauvoir’s notion of ambiguity in relation to film experience, exploring both the legacies and limits of her existentialist ethics through a range of films by independent women filmmakers, including Joanna Hogg, Liliana Cavani, Debra Granik, Cheryl Dunye, Claire Denis, Lucrecia Martel, Lynne Ramsay and Céline Sciamma. Beauvoir’s idea of ambiguity became a cornerstone of her philosophy and influenced a radical rethinking of freedom well into the 21st century. This book explores how ambiguity works as an integral element of cinematic style and story, as well as being a key element within the film-going experience, paying particular attention to themes such as ethics, power, adolescence, love, trauma, and motherhood. In doing so, the book deftly demonstrates the currency and relevancy of Beauvoir’s ideas to contemporary debates in film-philosophy and feminist thought by examining various difficult emotional situations in selected films, so that it might be possible to realise an authentic, if indeterminate, freedom through cinematic experience.
Sensuous Co-Performance: Lynne Ramsay’s We Need to Talk About Kevin and Beauvoir’s Aesthetic Attitude
Authors: Fuery Kelli
Published: January 2023

This chapter outlines Beauvoir’s position on the aesthetic attitude and examines it via Lynne Ramsay’s film We Need to Talk about Kevin (2011). The aesthetic attitude is not specific to Beauvoirian phenomenology, rather it refers to the frame of interest that structures a relationship to and with reality. The aesthetic attitude, therefore, presents a paradoxical position, an ambiguous experience within which we are compelled to consciously determine our intention and attention. This chapter discusses how the characters in We Need to Talk About Kevin are disconnected with others, possessing morally ambiguous attitudes toward the people and world which surrounds them. At the same time, the film does not judge its characters or establish any moral position with regard to their actions. This is left up to the spectator to determine, or in Beauvorian terms, to disclose. We Need to Talk About Kevin explicates Beauvoir’s notion of ambiguity and relatedness, that human beings are equally dependent on each other as much as they are separate from them.
Lords’ Courts and Royal Justice
Authors: MacQueen Hector L.
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores the general relationship between lords’ courts and royal justice in medieval Scotland. The existence and operation of lords’ courts from the twelfth century on is considered, highlighting a Milsomian distinction between their ‘disciplinary’ and ‘proprietary’ jurisdictions. Then the development of royal justice in the same period is examined, stressing its regularisation and its assertion of ultimate control over justice in the lords’ courts without displacing them. Finally, the interaction of royal and lordship courts in the later middle ages is examined. While a theory of the former’s jurisdictional superiority prevailed, that still left a substantial role for private justice in lords’ courts (as well as for arbitration and other informal dispute-settlement mechanisms). But the royal justiciars remained powerful figures in the king’s justice. The systems interacted rather than competed for supremacy.
Pleadable Brieves and Free Holdings
Authors: MacQueen Hector L.
Published: January 2023

This chapter considers the rule, evident in Scottish legal sources from the mid-thirteenth century on, that no freeholder could be made to answer for his lands except by action begun by the king’s pleadable brieve. The possible origins of the rule are explored alongside the debate about the parallel rule in English law, while it is also shown that the rule was frequently applied in the later Middle Ages. The rule’s enactment in 1318 is linked to the contemporary problem of the lands of those dispossessed in the wars of independence who wished to return to the peace of King Robert I. The rule’s scope is tested in an analysis of the meaning of ‘free holding’ in Scots law and it is also argued that the rule did not inhibit a lord’s ‘disciplinary’ jurisdiction over his tenants. Finally the ‘pleadable’ brieves use of which the rule required were those of novel dissasine, mortancestry and right. A link of the general rule with the king’s peace and protection is proposed.
Council, Fee and Heritage
Authors: MacQueen Hector L.
Published: January 2023

This chapter builds on the arguments of Chapters 4-7 to suggest that an important reason for the exclusion of the supplementary jurisdiction of the later medieval king’s council (the origin of what became the Court of Session in the sixteenth century) from cases involving ‘fee and heritage’ was the ‘pleadable brieve rule’. Equally the decline of the brieves of novel dissasine, mortancestry and right is to be explained by the lords of council finding ways of overcoming the fee and heritage exclusion and so slowly rendering the brieve rule, along with its accompanying brieves, redundant. Eventually the Session would claim exclusive jurisdiction in heritage cases, possibly aided by its foundational legislation of 1532 giving it jurisdiction in all civil actions.
Marginalised Populations in the Ancient Greek World
Authors: Weaver Carrie
Published: January 2023

Studies of the ancient Greek world have typically focused on the life histories of elite males as the group that has made the most distinct mark on ancient Greek literature, art and material culture. As a result, the voices of foreigners, the physically impaired, the impoverished and the generally disenfranchised have been silent, which has substantially complicated the creation of a historical narrative of these marginalised groups. To address this lacuna, previous research has turned to the limited evidence found in literature and material culture to reconstruct societal attitudes toward disenfranchised peoples. This book departs from that approach by primarily considering the skeletal remains and burial contexts of the individuals themselves. Drawing upon literary, artistic, material and biological evidence, it sheds new light on groups of individuals who were typically relegated to the periphery of Greek society in the Late Archaic and Classical periods.Offering the first comprehensive treatment of the biological evidence for marginality in the ancient Greek world, this book argues that intersectionality was the driving factor behind social marginalisation in the Late Archaic and Classical Greek world.
Disability
Authors: Weaver Carrie L.
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores the bioarchaeological evidence of physical difference in the Late Archaic/Classical Greek world (ca. sixth to fifth/fourth centuries BCE). Although material from the Greek mainland is the primary focus of this investigation, case studies from earlier and later periods of Greek history, as well as Greek colonial contexts, are incorporated to illustrate patterns of continuity and/or change. The chapter begins with a description of theoretical models of disability employed within the field of disability studies. Since literary accounts suggest that some individuals born with conspicuous congenital conditions were rejected shortly after birth, the next section examines the practice of infant exposure. The discussion that follows focuses on physical differences that are detectable on human skeletal remains, namely those associated with
the limbs, stature, the cranium and non-binary sex and gender. The bioarchaeological evidence of these conditions is surveyed and examined in the context of contemporary literary and visual sources. The chapter concludes with a consideration of intersectionality and the ways in which the coalescence of multiple marginalising factors (e.g. a person who has a curved spine and is enslaved) can negatively impact social integration.
Forgotten Histories of Female Religious Authority in Islam
Authors: Künkler Mirjam
Published: January 2023

The chapter presents a survey of various instances in which Muslim women, both Sunni and Shiʿi, have become learned in the Islamic religious sciences and wielded religious authority, concentrating on women hadith experts and women jurists. The chapter proposes that the frequent near complete neglect of women as religious authorities throughout the Islamic world during the various historical periods is belied by an objective consideration of the evidence on the ground, whether historical or contemporary. Rather than a general absence of the phenomenon, there is great diversity across time and space regarding the question of whether women were regarded as religious authorities, and if so, in what function precisely and to what effect.
Umm Salama: A Female Authority Legitimating the Authorities
Authors: Amin Yasmin
Published: January 2023

The chapter examines the figure of Umm Salama, one of the Prophet’s wives who is lauded in the Shiʿi tradition for her devotion to the ahl al-bayt, the Prophet’s descendants. Umm Salama plays a key role in establishing the legitimate succession of ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib to the position of leadership of the Muslim community, as well as subsequent successions. Her case is one of many instances in which the women associated with the ahl al-bayt play a vital part in preserving the naṣṣ or explicit designation of a successor that guaranteed the proper unfolding of the historical Imamate.
The Lives of Two Mujtahidāt : Female Religious Authority in Twentieth-century Iran
Authors: Künkler Mirjam , Fazaeli Roja
Published: January 2023

The chapter introduces two Iranian female mujtahidāt, Nuṣrat Amīn (1886-1983) and Zuhrah Ṣifātī (1948-), two outstanding female religious authorities of 20th century Iran. Nuṣrat Amīn is one of the most influential Shī‘a female religious authorities of modern times, who in her own right granted men ijāzāt of ijtihād and riwāya. Zuhrah Ṣifātī is the most prominent female religious authority of the Islamic Republic and a long-time member of the Women’s Socio-Cultural Council, where she heads the committee on fiqh and law. Both women’s work was strongly influenced by the socio-political environment in and against which they defined themselves. While Amīn underwent her formative period as an Islamic scholar at a time when madrasahs were slowly replaced by secular public schools and religious courts by the apparatus of a modern state judiciary, Ṣifātī experienced the reversal of some of these reforms when the 1979 Revolution sought to Islamicize the entire legal system and enhanced the status of religious learning. A comparison of the two women’s lives and works shows the extent to which political circumstances have shaped the opportunities for women to aspire to and acquire religious authority.
The ‘ Ālimāt of Sayyida Zaynab: Female Shi‘i Religious Authority in a Syrian Seminary
Authors: Szanto Edith
Published: January 2023

Between 2007 and 2010, the hawza of the Syrian shrine-town of Sayyida Zaynab, located south of Damascus, consisted of twenty-one individual seminaries, eleven of which ran women’s sections. The largest of these was the Zaynabiyya founded by Sayyid Hassan al-Shirazi (d. 1980). The chapter analyses the teaching in Zaynabiyya seminary, in particular the ways in which different female teachers constructed their religious authority through pious activities and various invocations of Sayyida Zaynab’s precedents. It also discusses the examples of ritual mourning gathering leaders or mullayāt, who also commanded religious authority in Sayyida Zaynab. The chapter examines the kinds of authority and influence that were available to women of differing backgrounds, as well as the diachronic conditions that enabled women to claim authority in the shrine-town of Sayyida Zaynab.
ReFocus: The Films of William Friedkin
Authors: Choe Steve
Published: January 2023

This book is the first scholarly study of the films of William Friedkin. Friedkin is the director of genre-defining works such as The French Connection (1971) and The Exorcist (1973), controversial productions like Cruising (1980) and Killer Joe (2011), as well as understudied films including The Birthday Party (1968), Sorcerer (1977) and The Hunted (2003). It brings a comprehensive understanding to his creative oeuvre, closely analyzing this director’s films and television productions in relation to key theoretical issues around melodrama, the ideological boundaries between good and evil, the formations of modern institutions, problems of sovereignty, transgression, and the phenomenology of his obsessive imagery. Placing his work in the historical contexts of the Vietnam War and Nixon’s presidency, it also examines Friedkin’s representations of sex, violence, and crime after the dismantling of the Production Code and in light of the rise and fall of New Hollywood cinema. While considering the trajectory of Friedkin’s work both historically and theoretically, it refocuses this important American director’s output by considering all of his films as a body of work.
Spaces of Melodrama
Authors: Choe Steve
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on The Night They Raided Minsky’s, The Birthday Party, and The Boys in the Band, three of Friedkin’s earliest films, but also one of his most well-known, The French Connection. On the one hand, it discusses the analytical virtues of thinking New Hollywood cinema against the backdrop of what Linda Williams calls the “melodramatic mode.” On the other hand, Friedkin’s early films take place in enclosed interior spaces, implicitly delineating inside from outside, and bring us quickly into the experience of these spaces as claustrophobic. Claustrophobic spaces affect characters by both heightening the sense of desperation for the individuals within the diegesis and by inducing anxiety for the spectator sitting in the enclosed space of the cinema theater.
Speculative Grammatology
Authors: Goldgaber Deborah
Published: January 2023

Speculative Grammatology argues that key technical innovations from Jacques Derrida’s early deconstructionism apply outside of the interpretation of texts. The book makes the case not only for a fundamental rethinking of Derrida’s contribution to contemporary philosophical debates around materialism and realism, but also to a rethinking of the natural world. Derrida’s critiques of traditional views of language and meaning radically open up the question of what linguistic texts are and how they function. These critiques motivate radically revisionary accounts about what we are doing when we speak and read, write and think. However, as this book demonstrates, these sorts of revisionary projects also require us to reject the traditional division between text and world. This does not mean that the world is somehow an invention of human consciousness, as many of Derrida’s readers and critics have supposed. Such anti-realist views only follow, according to Goldgaber, if we import a non-Derridean concept of textuality and writing to what is left after deconstructing the opposition between text and world. A different approach, the one Goldgaber spearheads in Speculative Grammatology, is to understand the world in terms of the same categories (trace, différance, gramme) that allowed Derrida to make sense of texts (the approach Derrida adopts in Of Grammatology). Speculative Grammatology offers novel interactions with some of today’s most significant contemporary philosophers, including Karan Barad, Martin Hägglund, Catherine Malabou, and Quentin Meillassoux.
Materialism and Realism in Contemporary Continental Philosophy
Authors: Goldgaber Deborah
Published: January 2023

In Chapter 1, I consider how deconstruction has been interpreted by contemporary realists and materialists. I offer an account of the reasons why the anti- realist and - materialist readings of grammatology have seemed so intuitively obvious, particularly to the speculative realists who have typically taken grammatology as the sort of correlationist philosophical programme to be overcome. In resisting these anti- realist readings of Derrida and deconstruction, I am equally following and extending the work of important theorists working today on novel forms of philosophical materialism who do not necessarily identify as speculative realists. Like speculative realists, new materialists such as Catherine Malabou, Karen Barad and Vicki Kirby critique correlationism with the aim of bringing the body, its substance and matter, powers and relations back into view. Working with the various materialisms inherited from the continental tradition, new materialists radicalise the ‘critique of Representationalism’ undertaken by twentieth- century continental and feminist philosophy. This proposed ‘radicalisation’ would show that the sort of entanglement between representation and reality to which theorists of ‘discursive construction’ have attested is ontologically original and foundational. I suggest that grammatology offers an account of generalised entanglement in the figure of arche- writing that new materialists seek.
Childhood in the Peasant Militia Registers and the Age Boundaries of Adolescence
Authors: Telci Cahit
Published: January 2023

This chapter aims not only to problematise the ages of unmarried males within the Ottoman concept of childhood, but also to contextualise the constructed notions of childhood, as well as adulthood, in the early modern Ottoman official parlance. It contends that rather than formalising the already existing vague perceptions of childhood, the Ottoman state apparatus systematized a relatively well-defined category of adolescence to characterise the period of young people’s transition from childhood to adulthood. Although in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, the identification of children was mainly influenced by the personal interpretations of clerks and social perceptions, it came to be systematised throughout the sixteenth century by designating specific lower and upper age limits for categories such as children, adolescents and adults. In this respect, the chapter argues that the notion of childhood in the early modern era did not simply emerge out of the existing social repertoire, as the state formation process, to a large extent, set the contours of childhood and adulthood according to the needs of the centralising state apparatus to finance its armies.
Beating Is Heaven-Sent: Corporal Punishment Of Children In The Late Ottoman And Early Republican Era
Authors: Çiçek Nazan
Published: January 2023

The term and the practice that underpins it as well as the legal regulations on both international and national levels have undergone significant transformation throughout the last centuries yet corporal punishment as a common tool of discipline in child-raising and educating processes that cuts across countries, cultures and times proved to be a highly durable commodity of human life repertoire. This chapter, focusing on the Muslim-Turkish society of the late Ottoman and early Republican eras, shall try to capture and narrate the story of corporal punishment as it was perceived and experienced by children, be at the hands of their parents or teachers, through an in-depth analysis of memoirs, biographies, autobiographies, private letters, newspaper columns, magazine articles as well as child-rearing manuals and news reports.
Women As Educators Towards The End Of The NAHDA period: labiba hashim and children’s upbringing
Authors: Zachs Fruma
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses how during the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century, when processes of modernisation, pre-national aspirations and gender transformations took place, there was growing awareness of the importance of children’s education in the regions of Greater Syria and Egypt among male educators, but more importantly among women educators, such as Labiba Hashim (1882–1952). The chapter argues that whereas men educators were in favour of children’s education because it benefitted the family, society and the nation, women educators challenged and broadened the scope of children’s education in general and girls’ education in particular to turn them (and themselves) not only into educated mothers, but also into educated women. Via children’s education, women transformed attitudes toward themselves and redefined their place and their children’s place in the patriarchal family and society.
The‘Pre-History’ of Floating Charges in Scots Law
Authors: MacPherson Alisdair D J
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the position(s) on floating security under Scots law prior to the introduction of the statutory floating charge; what may be referred to as the ‘pre-history’ of floating charges. After briefly considering the Roman law position, the chapter spans a period from early Scots law up to the mid-twentieth century. It explores the rejection of general express hypothecs, including floating security, at common law in Scotland as well as the emergence of the English floating charge and Scottish reactions to that development.
The Floating Charge and Insolvency Law
Authors: Skene Donna McKenzie
Published: January 2023

This chapter deals with the crucial relationship between floating charges and insolvency law. It offers a detailed examination of the enforcement of floating charges in the context of insolvency and discusses how various processes affect them. It shows that floating charges have had a considerable impact on the development of corporate insolvency laws in the UK.
First Debates in Russian Political Philosophy – ‘What Is to be Done?’
Authors: van der Zweerde Evert
Published: January 2023

What to do in an autocratic state that bans philosophy and offers no space for political participation? Accompanying Russia’s rise as a European power, attempts were made to replace absolutist tsarist autocracy by a constitutional monarchy. Cautious attempts by the tsars themselves as well as more daring attempts such as the Decembrist uprising failed. At the same time, the Russian intellectual milieu, partly within, but largely outside university and academic circles, underwent the strong influence of West European philosophy, especially German idealism. This gave rise to heated debates about Russia’s identity, its relation to (the rest of) Europe and its possible role in world history. Heated debates between so-called Westernizers and Slavophiles marked the birth of a self-aware tradition of political-philosophical thought, increasingly in opposition to the tsarist regime and culminating in the 1881 assassination of tsar Aleksandr II.
Russian Liberalism Revisited – Between a Rock and a Hard Place
Authors: van der Zweerde Evert
Published: January 2023

Reform or revolution? An autocratic state that invests in the development of capitalism is a natural ally of liberalism, but in terms of civil and political rights and liberties, it is its natural enemy. Russian liberals were almost inevitably in opposition to a tsarist regime that they wanted to transform in a constitutional one, but they also cherished economic reforms and the rapid development of the zemstvo, a form of limited local self-government that included people from rising professions such an engineers and doctors. Russia’s political form increasingly lagged behind its societal and economic development, which forced liberals to either bet on a strong state that could break feudal resistance, or opt for a bourgeois revolution that would lead to a constitutional monarchy or republic. The half-hearted reforms after the 1905 revolution only exacerbated the tension. Within liberalism as a global current, Russian philosophers offer an interesting variant: liberals who bet on a powerful state rather than seeking protection from it.
Conclusion – Mediation Beyond Duality and Immediacy
Authors: van der Zweerde Evert
Published: January 2023

The famous Soviet saying that nothing was less predictable than the past can be replaced by the statement that Russia’s future is completely open while the past is again being rewritten. While indeterminacy of the future fits many current political-philosophical positions, it fits much less the dominant teleological and / or eschatological trends in Russian political philosophy. The conclusion highlights red threads that run through the book, such as the tradition of iurodstvo, the tendency to do away with mediating institutions, the trend to either bet on, or warn against a top-down benefactor, the notion of sobornost’ and the republican undercurrent rooted in veche and zemstvo. In line with these fils rouges, four important lessons are drawn from the adventures of political philosophy in Russia: that suppressed political protest always finds alternative modes of expression; that political philosophy has to look not only at theory and praxis (including action), but also at poièsis, the making and maintenance of mediating institutions; that an actively maintained distance between political philosophy and real-life politics is quintessential for the first, and beneficial for the second; finally, that it is a mistake to think that misguided philosophies generate oppressive regimes – it rather is the opposite.
New Frontiers in Art Direction: João Guerra da Mata’s Contribution to Portuguese Cinema as a Case Study
Authors: Cucinotta Caterina
Published: January 2023

João Rui Guerra da Mata stands out as a unique case as far as Portuguese cinema is concerned. He made his debut as a costume and set designer in the mid-1990s, working closely with João Pedro Rodrigues as the latter’s film career progressed. This partnership motivated Guerra da Mata to start developing his own body of work as a screenwriter, director, and editor, and he is also responsible for introducing the term “art direction” into Portuguese cinema. Taking this into account, the purpose of this chapter is to introduce Guerra da Mata’s work by way of analysis of the shots and scenes that most clearly display his art direction in action.
Cultural Relations? Kinship Terminology in Three Islands in the Northern Pacific
Authors: Peters Pam , Burridge Kate
Published: January 2023

Sara Lynch, Eva Kuske and Dominique B. Hess present comparative data on the use of English family terminology on the Micronesian Islands of Kosrae, Saipan and Guam. The islands are unique in their cultural histories and social values, relatively more traditional in Kosrae in the west and more westernised in Guam on the eastern side. The authors made use of a database of around 930,000 words of extended sociolinguistic interviews to put the spotlight on kinship and familial relationships, based on the relative frequencies of a set of 15 terms for family members. They also examined the use of collectivist terms such as community, give, help, which showed graded frequencies from older to younger islanders. The data suggests that a generational shift towards a more individualistic culture may be underway. They found references to grandparents and grandchildren in Guam surprisingly high (in comparison with those from Saipan and Kosrae) – given its greater westernisation. By contrast, references to adoption were far more frequent in Kosrae than either Guam or Saipan, perhaps because it is the least urbanised of the three islands: children are shared because of the tendency for adults to go overseas to find work.
Somewhere between Australia and Malaysia and ‘I’ and ‘we’: Verbalising Culture on the Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Authors: Hedegard Hannah
Published: January 2023

Hannah Hedegard’s research on the English in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands is a sociolinguistic study on the cultural dimension of collectivism in the indigenous community of the Cocos Islands situated between Australia and Malaysia. Hedegard created a corpus of sociolinguistic interviews (55 hours = c. 320,000 words) of speech from 60 Cocos Malay speakers, including individuals from three generations and equal numbers of males and females. She focuses on their use of I and we along with other kinship and collectivist terms, comparing her data with ICE data from other World Englishes, The Cocos islanders make far more use of kinship terms such as uncle, aunt, brother, cousin than notionally collectivist cultures such as India. But the ratio of I to we was strongly stratified, with the oldest islanders making far more use of we than I. The results for the use of collectivist terms were similarly graded from older to younger islanders. The data suggests that a generational shift toward a more individualistic culture may be underway.
Modality, Rhetoric and Regionality in English Editorials in the Sinosphere
Authors: Peters Pam , Bernaisch Tobias , Ahrens Kathleen
Published: January 2023

Pam Peters, Tobias Bernaisch and Kathleen Ahrens examine the range of modal verbs in a corpus of newspaper editorials from 2016, published in Hong Kong, Beijing and Taipei. The paper uses inferential statistics to analyse the distributions of canonical modals and semi-modals, especially those with differing predictive force (will, would, going to). The study compares their frequency of use by writers in each city, and how they position themselves as they discuss future sociopolitical plans and prospects. The data show significantly different distributions for the predictive verbs in the three regions, with disproportionate use of will in the Beijing editorials and more equal use of would alongside it in Hong Kong and Taiwan editorials. Their combination of will and would provides flexibility in discussing future planning, and more nuanced expression of authority than in the Beijing editorials. The distribution of the predictive modals in the three Chinese states seems to reflect their different political and cultural contexts.