bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developing techniques for monitoring forest tent caterpillar populations using synthetic pheromones
Authors: Schmidt B. Christian , Roland Jens
Published: April 2009

To effectively monitor forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hübner (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae), populations using sex pheromone baited traps, we field-tested pheromone dispenser (lure) type, lure age, and trap design using (Z,E)-5,7-dodecadienal:(Z,Z)-5,7-dodecadienal (100:1). Rubber septa lures, polyurethane lures, and two trap types [sticky-type pheromone traps (Wing Trap I) and bucket-type pheromone traps (Universal Moth trap)] were evaluated. Traps baited with polyurethane lures produced higher trap catches and lower zero-catch frequencies than did rubber septa traps. There was no detectable difference in trap catch among polyurethane lures aged 0–28 days. Wing traps reached a functional saturation point in outbreak M. disstria populations and caught fewer moths than Universal traps in nonoutbreak populations. A nonsaturating trap such as the Universal trap in conjunction with the polyurethane lure should be effective for monitoring M. disstria populations.
Response of blueberry maggot fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) to imidacloprid-treated spheres and selected insecticides
Authors: Liburd O.E. , Finn E.M. , Pettit K.L. , Wise J.C.
Published: April 2009

Imidacloprid-treated spheres and several classes of insecticides were evaluated in field and laboratory experiments to determine their effects on Rhagoletis mendax Curran adult behavioural activity and larval infestation in highbush blueberries, Vaccinium corymbosum L. (Ericaceae). In field tests, three treatments representing an attract-and-kill system (imidacloprid-treated spheres) and two classes of insecticides, including a naturalyte spinosad (SpinTor 2 SC) and organophosphates (Imidan®/Malathion), were evaluated against an untreated control. Significantly more blueberry maggot puparia were collected from untreated (control) plots than from other treatments evaluated. There were no significant differences in larval infestation of berries collected from plots treated with imidacloprid-treated spheres, SpinTor 2 SC, and Imidan®/Malathion. Less than 1% of the berries collected from imidacloprid-treated sphere plots and SpinTor 2 SC treated plots contained blueberry maggot larvae. In toxicity and fruit-injury studies, SpinTor 2 SC as well as additional compounds from various classes were evaluated, including a botanical [azadiractin (Ecozin 3%)], a particle film [kaolin clay (SurroundTM WP)], and three neonicotinoids [imidacloprid (Provado 1.6 F), thiocloprid (Calypso 480 SC), and thiamethoxam (PlatinumTM 2 SC and ActaraTM 25 WG)]. SpinTor 2 SC exhibited a time lag (18 h) in reducing R. mendax activity. Ecozin 3% and SurroundTM WP were ineffective in suppressing R. mendax adult activity, but numbers of larvae in SurroundTM WP treated fruit were significantly reduced. The effectiveness of neonicotinoid insecticides varied initially but resulted in equivalent levels of mortality after 48 h compared with our conventional organophosphate treatment of Guthion 50 WP. Oviposition scars on Provado 1.6 F treated plots were significantly more numerous than on plots treated with SpinTor 2 SC, Calypso 480 SC, Actara 25 WG, and Guthion 50 WP.
Larvae and pupae of species of the genusMacraspis(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini)
Authors: Morón Miguel Angel , Paucar-Cabrera Aura
Published: April 2009

Third-instar larvae and pupae ofMacraspis aterrimaWaterhouse,Macraspis rufonitidaBurmeister, andMacraspis chrysis(Linné) from Mexico andMacraspis festivaBurmeister andMacraspis pseudochrysisLandin from Brazil are described. All larvae and pupae were found in rotten logs or stumps of numerous tree species. Illustrations of diagnostic structures, brief comments on the biology of each species, and a key to the seven larvae of the genus are included.
Morphological discrimination of six species of the genusAnuraphis(Hemiptera: Aphididae), including description of a new species
Authors: Barbagallo Sebastiano , Cocuzza Giuseppe E.
Published: April 2009

The most relevant morphometric characteristics of six species of the genusAnuraphisDel Guercio were compared.Anuraphis shaposhnikovisp. nov.is described and its morphological differences from the closely related speciesAnuraphis subterraneaare presented. The new species was collected in Sicily and in the central area of the Italian peninsula onMagydaris pastinacea(Lam.) Paol. (Apiaceae) andOpopanax chironium(L.) Koch (Apiaceae), which are its secondary host plants. A key to the viviparous morphs (apterae and alatae) of the seven western Palaearctic species living on secondary hosts is provided. Discriminant functions have been derived to separate both apterae and alatae ofA. shaposhnikoviandA. subterranea.
Body size - realized fecundity relationship of whitemarked tussock moth
Authors: Thurston Graham S. , MacGregor James D.
Published: April 2009

Insect body size and fecundity are frequently reported to be correlated (e.g., Miller 1957; Dempster 1971; Beckwith 1976; Hough and Pimental 1978; Gilbert 1984; Carroll and Quiring 1993; Honek 1993; Spurgeon et al. 1995; Tammaru et al. 1996, 2002; Nylin and Gotthard 1998). The main body of evidence for this relationship stems from laboratory experiments where potential fecundity (or total egg production) is most often measured (Tammaru et al. 1996); very little evidence is available from field studies (Sopow and Quiring 1998). Realized fecundity (or total eggs laid) is affected by many extrinsic factors (e.g., Leather 1988; Carroll and Quiring 1993; Tammaru et al. 1996), suggesting that fecundity measures derived from laboratory experimentation may not be useful in nature where abiotic conditions may be highly variable (Carroll and Quiring 1993; Nylin and Gotthard 1998; Sopow and Quiring 1998).
Taxonomy of the genus Lepidocyrtus s.l. (Collembola: Entomobryidae) in East and Southeast Asia and Malaysia, with description of a new species from the People's Republic of China
Authors: Wang Fang , Chen Jian-Xiu , Christiansen Kenneth
Published: April 2009

We examined and keyed out the subgenera of the genus Lepidocyrtus mostly created by Yoshii. Although many of these subgenera of the genus Lepidocyrtus are difficult to apply in Europe, America, and Africa, they are easily applicable in East and Southeast Asia. The species of Southeast Asia are placed in these subgenera and a key to the subgenera is provided. A new species, Lepidocyrtus (Lanocyrtus) felpei from Xinjiang, People's Republic of China, is described and the species Lepidocyrtus (Lanocyrtus) fimetarius Gisin is redescribed. Although the Lepidocyrtus fauna of the whole of East Asia differs from the Holarctic fauna, the Central and Northeast Asian fauna are similar in subgeneric make up to the North American fauna, slightly less similar to the European fauna, and totally unlike the Southeast Asian fauna.
Effects of azadirachtin-based insecticides on the egg parasitoid Trichogramma minutum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)
Authors: Lyons D.B. , Helson B.V. , Bourchier R.S. , Jones G.C. , McFarlane J.W.
Published: April 2009

Effects of neem formulations on the reproduction and survival of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma minutum Riley were examined to assess the compatibility of the two control strategies in integrated pest management programs. A laboratory bioassay was developed for this purpose, which could be used as a model ecotoxicological system. Eggs of the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), which had been treated with an acetone solution containing an azadirachtin-based formulation, were presented to individual T. minutum females. These eggs were held until parasitoids completed development and emerged from the eggs. Survival of T. minutum females 1 day after treatment, number of Mediterranean flour moth eggs parasitized, proportion of parasitized eggs from which adults emerged, and sex ratios of emerging adult parasitoids were determined. Two formulations of neem-seed extracts containing azadirachtin and a purified azadirachtin standard were tested at an operational dose and at 10 times the operational dose. At 50 g azadirachtin/ha (operational dose), no significant effects were observed on survival of parasitoid females. At 500 g azadirachtin/ha, female survival after 1 day was significantly reduced by Azatin EC and Neem EC. No reduction was evident with the 100% azadirachtin treatment, suggesting that other components of the formulations were in part responsible for the toxicity to females. Likewise, at 500 g azadirachtin/ha, the number of eggs parasitized was greatly reduced by Azatin EC and slightly reduced by Neem EC but was not reduced by an azadirachtin standard. These reductions in egg parasitism were probably due to the observed effects on female survival. At 500 g azadirachtin/ha, parasitoid developmental success was reduced by all treatments including the azadirachtin standard. Neem EC and Azatin EC at the lower dose also had a small but significant effect on developmental success. Sex ratio of emerging adults was not affected. These results indicate that azadirachtin is compatible with T. minutum during egg parasitism at operational dosages.
New species of Xanthia (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from North America
Authors: Lafontaine J. Donald , Mikkola Kauri
Published: April 2009

The North American species previously treated as Xanthia togata (Esper) is shown to be a distinct species and described as new. Illustrations of adults and genitalia of X. togata and Xanthia tatago are provided.
Comparison of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) and spiders (Araneae) collected in pan and pitfall traps
Authors: Buddle Christopher M. , Hammond H.E. James
Published: April 2009

Pitfall trapping is a widely used sampling method for biodiversity-related research of ground-dwelling arthropods. The trap is a container, usually with a preservative, that is sunk into the ground to collect arthropods which happen upon the trap perimeter and fall in (Lemieux and Lindgren 1999; Worket al.2002). Two types receive the most use: deep circular pitfall traps and shallow rectangular pan traps (Marshallet al.2001). The preserving fluid can influence trap efficacy (Deville and Wheeler 1998). Our objectives were to compare the efficiency of pitfall and pan traps with and without detergent in the preserving fluid (Marshallet al.1994), using carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) and spiders (Araneae) as focal taxa.
New Early Eocene brown lacewings (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae) from western North America
Authors: Makarkin Vladimir N. , Archibald S. Bruce , Oswald John D.
Published: April 2009

Two Early Eocene hemerobiid species from the Okanagan Highland deposits of western North America are described:Wesmaelius mathewesisp. nov.(Quilchena, British Columbia, Canada) andCretomerobius wehrisp. nov.(Republic, Washington, United States of America.). A poorly preserved specimen, possibly Hemerobiidae (Driftwood Canyon, British Columbia, Canada) is discussed. The systematic position of the genusCretomerobiuswithin the Hemerobiidae is unclear, but it appears to belong within (or possibly as the sister group to) the poorly differentiated Drepanacrinae–Megalominae–Drepanepteryginae grade of subfamilies.Wesmaelius mathewesiis the first fossil species to be assigned, although with some uncertainty, to this otherwise speciose and widely distributed extant genus. It also represents the oldest known material of the subfamily Hemerobiinae.Meso hemerobius jeholensisPing is removed from the Hemerobiidae and treated as Neuropteraincertae sedis.
Two new feather mites (Acari: Astigmata) from the Turkey Vulture (Ciconiiformes: Cathartidae) in Canada
Authors: Mironov Sergei V. , Galloway Terry D.
Published: April 2009

Two new feather mites are described from the Turkey Vulture, Cathartes aura (Linnaeus), in Canada: Ancyralges cathartinussp. nov. (Analgoidea: Analgidae) and Cathartacarus auraegen. nov., sp. nov. (Pterolichoidea: Gabuciniidae). Both species of feather mites have their closest relatives among ectoparasites of the Falconiformes. No species of feather mites related to those which have been found on Ciconiiformes are known to parasitize Cathartidae.
Pupation behaviour of western flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on potted chrysanthemum
Authors: Broadbent A. Bruce , Rhainds Marc , Shipp Les , Murphy Graeme , Wainman Lana
Published: April 2009

Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is a serious pest of greenhouse vegetable and ornamental crops across Canada (Broadbent et al. 1987). Upon completing larval development, F. occidentalis either pupates on their host plant or drops to the ground before pupation occurs (Lewis 1973). Because several soil-dwellers prey on or infect F. occidentalis pupae (Gillespie and Quiring 1990; Helyer et al. 1995), assessing the proportion of individuals that pupate on the ground is of critical importance for developing pest management strategies. The present study provides the first quantitative assessment of the pupation behaviour of F. occidentalis.
Sexual attraction among Lygus (Hemiptera: Miridae) species
Authors: Wardle A.R. , Borden J.H.
Published: April 2009

Lygus bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae), particularly the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), and Lygus hesperus Knight, are serious pests in North America (Hedlund and Graham 1987). Sex pheromones have been identified in some mirids (Smith et al. 1991; Millar et al. 1997; Millar and Rice 1998) but not in Lygus spp. (Ho and Millar 2002), despite evidence that lygus bug females produce sex pheromones (Scales 1968; Strong et al. 1970; Graham 1987; McLaughlin 1996; Scott and Snodgrass 2000). Graham (1987) found that L. lineolaris and Lygus elisus Van Duzee males were attracted to females of their own and the other species but not to L. hesperus females, whereas L. hesperus males were attracted only to conspecific females. In southwestern British Columbia, Lygus shulli Knight is a major pest in such diverse sites as conifer nurseries and greenhouses (Gillespie et al. 2000). Our objective was to determine whether sexual attraction occurs in L. shulli and whether L. shulli is cross-attracted to females of two other Lygus spp.
Verbenone interrupts attraction to host volatiles and reduces attack on Pinus tabuliformis (Pinaceae) by Dendroctonus valens (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in the People's Republic of China
Authors: Sun Jianghua , Gillette Nancy E. , Miao Zhengwan , Kang Le , Zhang Zhongning , Owen Donald R. , Stein John D.
Published: April 2009

The introduced red turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus valens LeConte, is one of the most economically important forest pests in the People's Republic of China, having killed more than 6 million pines in recent years. There is an urgent need to develop effective behavioral chemicals to monitor and control D. valens in the People's Republic of China, as well as in its native range in North America. We tested host kairomones as a 1:1:1 blend of α-pinene, β-pinene, and Δ-3-carene (releasing in the same proportions) for monitoring D. valens populations in the People's Republic of China. We also tested two release systems of verbenone for protection of Pinus tabuliformis Lawson from D. valens attack: (1) polyethylene bubblecaps (BCs) filled with 800 mg of nearly pure verbenone (releasing 18 mg/tree per day) and (2) a sprayable water suspension of microencapsulated (MEC) verbenone (releasing about 100 mg/tree per day). The host-volatile blend trapped substantial numbers of both sexes of adult beetles, up to 15 beetles per day, proving its potential for monitoring. Both of the verbenone release systems significantly reduced D. valens trap catch, and there was no difference between the BC treatment and the MEC treatment. Both release systems also reduced beetle attack on trees to the same level as unbaited controls, from a mean of 5.1 per tree to a mean of 0.7 per tree (for both release systems), suggesting that the treatments may also reduce tree mortality.
Influence of wing loading on Colorado potato beetle flight
Authors: MacQuarrie Chris J.K. , Boiteau Gilles , Quiring Dan
Published: April 2009

Flight of overwintered and summer population Colorado potato beetles,Leptinotarsa decemlineataSay (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), with a range of wing loadings was measured following exposure to different quality diets. Beetles fed a diet of insect-resistant foliage expressingBacillus thuringiensis tenebrioniztoxins, beetles that did not feed but consumed water, and those that were starved without access to water exhibited a lower range of wing loadings than those fed conventional foliage, but there was no corresponding increase in flight frequency. Exposing potato beetles to poor food or no food resulted in a wing-loading range of 50–140 mg/cm2compared with a range of 80–200 mg/cm2for beetles fed conventional foliage. No flight was observed when wing loadings were less than 80 mg/cm2of wing surface, presumably because of other physiological processes associated with poor nutrition and not because of wing loading per se. Overwintered and summer population beetles fed a diet of conventional potato foliage did not take off when wing loading exceeded 150 mg/cm2of supporting wing surface. Similar trade-offs between flight capacity and consumption of large meals may exist for other insects.
First Canadian records of Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Hunt David , Foottit Robert , Gagnier Dana , Baute Tracey
Published: April 2009

The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsamura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a pest of soybeans in the People's Republic of China, Korea, Thailand, Japan, North Borneo, Malaya, and the Philippines (Blackman and Eastop 2000). It was first identified in North America in 2000 from soybean fields in 10 states in the north-central United States of America, although the route of entry and time of introduction are not known (North Central Regional Pest Alert 2001). Dai and Fan (1991) reported that yield losses caused by soybean aphids on soybeans in the People's Republic of China were greater when the crop was infested soon after planting, and the presence of large populations of the aphid throughout the growing season resulted in 20%–30% yield losses. The soybean aphid can also transmit several viruses that infect soybeans in North America, including alfalfa mosaic, soybean mosaic, bean yellow mosaic, peanut mottle, peanut stunt, and peanut stripe (Hartman et al. 2001). In North America, the soybean aphid is known to transmit soybean mosaic virus and alfalfa mosiac virus (Hill et al. 2001). A survey of Ontario soybean fields revealed the presence of tobacco ring spot virus, soybean mosiac virus, and bean pod mottle virus (Michelutti et al. 2001); all of which could potentially be spread by this newly introduced aphid.
Dispersal of adult western flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in greenhouse crops
Authors: Rhainds Marc , Shipp Les
Published: April 2009

This study characterized the spatial distribution of adult western flower thrips,Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), released at the centres of greenhouses stocked with either cucumber (Cucumis sativusL. (Cucurbitaceae)) or chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora(Tzelev) (Asteraceae)) plants. Experiments conducted using either adults marked with fluorescent powder or unmarked adults revealed that the density of females per plant decreased as an inverse function of the distance from the release point. Inverse regression models with steep decreases in density over small distances may commonly describe the dispersal behaviour of insects that have limited flight capacity and settle on the first plants that they encounter. Females were found on plants farther from the release point as time elapsed, dispersing throughout the greenhouse at an average rate of 0.18 to 0.29 m per day. Distinct sex ratios for adults captured on sticky cards or sampled on host plants suggested that males and females exhibit different dispersal behaviours. The spatial distribution ofF. occidentalisvaried across generations, with females exhibiting a lower level of aggregation around the release site than their nymphal progeny. The average rate of spread between consecutive generations fluctuated between 0.05 and 0.17 m per day. Considering the limited dispersal ofF. occidentalis, outbreaks may be effectively suppressed by applying insecticides or releasing natural enemies in relatively small concentric areas surrounding heavily infested plants, as well as near the edges of greenhouses.
Three new Nearctic species ofTelenomus(Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) attacking Tabanidae eggs
Authors: Iranpour Mahmood , Galloway Terry D.
Published: April 2009

Three new species of Tabanidae egg parasitoids are described:Telenomus hybomitraesp. nov.andTelenomus utilissp. nov., both reared from eggs ofHybomitra nitidifrons nuda(McDunnough) andHybomitra lasiophthalmaMacquart, andTelenomus chrysopsissp. nov., reared from eggs ofChrysops aestuansWulp,Chrysops excitansWalker, andChrysops mitisOsten Sacken. Specimens of these species were compared with type specimens of known New World species of scelionid parasitoids attacking tabanid eggs. Diagnostic characters and identification key to the Nearctic species are provided.
New genus of minute Berothidae (Neuroptera) from Early Eocene amber of British Columbia
Authors: Archibald S. Bruce , Makarkin Vladimir N.
Published: April 2009

Microberotha macculloughigen. nov.andsp. nov.from Early Eocene Okanagan Highlands amber of Hat Creek, British Columbia, Canada, is described. This new genus and species represents one of the smallest members of the family Berothidae and the first occurrence of the family in the New World Tertiary. The systematic position of the genusMicroberothawithin the family is rather unclear, but the structure of the male genitalia indicates a close association with the subfamily Cyrenoberothinae. Stratigraphy and palaeoenvironment of the Hat Creek locality are briefly discussed.
Notes on larval instars and adult antennae of Neodiprion abietis (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae)
Authors: Li S.Y.
Published: April 2009

The native balsam fir sawfly, Neodiprion abietis (Harris) (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae), occurs throughout Canada, Alaska, and the northern United States of America (Rose et al. 1994; Drooz 1985). This sawfly was originally described as Lophyrus abietis (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) (Harris 1841), then transferred to the genus Diprion (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) (MacGillivray 1916). Rohwer (1918) established the genus Neodiprion for Nearctic species of the genera Lophyrus and Diprion. Based on differences in size, color, and female genitalic characters between adults reared from the genera Abies, Picea, Pseudotsuga, and Tsuga (Pinaceae), Ross (1955) considered N. abietis as a complex. After a thorough morphological and physiological study, Knerer and Atwood (1972) concluded that there were five strains of N. abietis in North America: one western and four eastern.
Response of Dryocoetes confusus and D. autographus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to enantiospecific pheromone baits
Authors: Jeans Williams N.L. , Borden J.H.
Published: April 2009

In past field studies, the greatest response of western balsam bark beetles, Dryocoetes confusus Swaine, to traps was obtained with blends of (+)-exo-brevicomin and (+)- or (±)-endo-brevicomin, which imitate the natural male-produced aggregation pheromone. We conducted a trapping experiment comparing low-release enanti ospecific blends (9:1 (+)-exo-brevicomin:(+)-endo-brevicomin or 9:2 (+)-exo-brevicomin:(±)-endo-brevicomin released at 0.3, 0.1, or 0.03 mg per day) with the standard commercial (±)-exo-brevicomin bait released at 1.2 mg per day. Multiple-funnel traps baited with the experimental blends caught more D. confusus than the unbaited traps, but only traps with the 9:2 (+):(±) blend released at 0.3 and 0.03 mg per day caught significantly more male and female beetles than those baited with the standard bait. Thus, trap sensitivity can be improved with the addition of (±)-endo-brevicomin. The sympatric bark beetle D. autographus Ratzeburg was captured in significant numbers in traps baited with (±)-exo-brevicomin. A subsequent trapping experiment showed that D. autographus responded to (+)- or (±)-exo-brevicomin, but not to (−)-exo-brevicomin, suggesting that (+)-exo-brevicomin is the principal aggregation pheromone component in this species.
Responses of apple maggot (Diptera: Tephritidae) to ammonium hydroxide lures
Authors: Yee Wee L. , Landolt Peter J.
Published: April 2009

Ammonia has long been known to be an attractant for the apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae) (Hodson 1943, 1948). The responses of apple maggot to ammonia release rates, however, have not been adequately determined. Ammonia release rates determined from mass losses of ammonium carbonate, ammonium acetate, and casein hydrolysate lures (e.g., Jones 1988; Reynolds and Prokopy 1997) do not take into account decomposition and release of compounds such as carbon dioxide or volatiles that may be moderately repellent (Bateman and Morton 1981; Mazor et al. 1987) or attractive to some Tephritidae flies (Mazor et al. 1987). In this study, the objectives were to determine the responses of apple maggot females and males in western Washington to ammonium hydroxide lures designed to release a wide range of ammonia. An emphasis was placed on identifying the ammonia release rates that elicit maximum fly responses.
Larval morphology and development ofAphidius rhopalosiphi(Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae)
Authors: Muratori Frédéric , Le Lannic Jo , Nénon Jean-Pierre , Hance Thierry
Published: April 2009

The aphid parasitoidAphidius rhopalosiphiis the most abundant species of Aphidiinae in cereal fields in northern Europe. Although the larval morphology of other Aphidiinae has been described, the morphology and immature development ofA. rhopalosiphiremain unknown. Our goal is to relate growth and larval developmental stages to morphological changes during parasitoid development, using light and scanning electron microscopy.Aphidius rhopalosiphidevelops through three larval stages with clear differences in the morphology of the mouthparts, tegument sculpturing, and respiratory features that can be related to the different constraints that the larvae have to face. In the first instar, adaptations to physical combat with competitors take the form of strong mandibles, active caudae, and dorsal spines that allow crawling motion. In the third instar, the larva is adapted to tear tissues with short hooked mandibles and to face aerial respiration. All instars possess sensory structures. The "three instars" hypothesis is supported here by the observation of larvae in exuviation. No differences were found between our observations and descriptions of otherAphidiusspecies, supporting the idea that species of this genus cannot be distinguished by larval morphology but only by morphometric analysis. Some new features of the genus are presented for the first and second instars.
Plant resistance to the Russian wheat aphid: effects on a nontarget aphid and the role of induction
Authors: Messina Frank J. , Bloxham Ashley J.
Published: April 2009

Several resistant lines of wheat, Triticum aestivum (L.) (Poaceae), have been developed to control populations of the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). We examined the potential effects of D. noxia resistant lines on another aphid, the bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)), which commonly co-occurs with D. noxia. Because one type of resistance (mediated by the Dn1 gene) is purported to be induced rather than constitutive, we also determined the degree to which the suitability of resistant and susceptible plants is modified by previous infestation. Although resistant lines were derived from five different sources, we did not detect any differences in the population growth of R. padi on resistant and near-isogenic susceptible plants. The performance of D. noxia was reduced as expected on resistant plants but was unaffected by whether or not plants had been previously infested. In contrast, the performance of R. padi was reduced on plants that had been previously infested but was unaffected by whether plants were resistant or susceptible to D. noxia. Because neither species' performance was especially low on previously infested, resistant plants, there was no evidence that prior aphid feeding induces a higher level of resistance.
Undersowing rutabaga with white clover: impact on Delia radicum (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) and its natural enemies
Authors: Dixon Peggy L. , Coady Juanita R. , Larson David J. , Spaner Dean
Published: April 2009

The cabbage maggot, Delia radicum (L.), is a serious pest of cruciferous crops in temperate regions of North America and Europe. The effects of undersowing rutabaga, Brassica napus L. subsp. rapifera Metzg. (Brassicaceae), with white clover, Trifolium repens L. (Leguminosae), on second-generation cabbage maggot and its natural enemies were studied in Newfoundland in 1997 and 1998. In 1997, totals of 1311 and 724 eggs were recovered from bare and undersown plots, respectively. More eggs were present in bare plots than undersown plots on various specific dates. In 1997, rutabagas from bare plots weighed more than those from undersown plots, although damage ratings were similar, suggesting that competition, not cabbage maggot feeding, caused the yield differences. In 1998, there were few cabbage maggots present and little damage or yield reduction in either treatment. Similar numbers of cabbage maggot pupae were extracted and reared from each treatment in each year. In 1997, of the pupae reared from undersown plots, 48% produced cabbage maggot flies, 14% produced parasitic Hymenoptera, and 8% produced Aleochara bilineata Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae); 19% of the pupae from bare plots produced cabbage maggot flies, 8% produced parasitic Hymenoptera, and 36% produced A. bilineata. More A. bilineata were captured in pitfall traps in bare plots than in undersown plots. The effect of clover on carabid beetles was species specific. There were more Bembidion lampros (Herbst) and Amara bifrons (Gyllenhal) in bare plots in 1997, and more Pterostichus melanarius (Illiger) in undersown plots in both years. Despite consistently lower egg numbers in undersown plots than in bare plots, the numbers of pupae in the two treatments were similar at the end of the season. We speculate that this may be due to differential, density-dependent mortality of immature stages of cabbage maggot caused by predators and parasitoids.
Potential distribution and relative abundance of an invasive cereal crop pest, Oulema melanopus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), in Canada
Authors: Olfert O. , Weiss R.M. , Woods S. , Philip H. , Dosdall L.
Published: April 2009

Cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus L., is an invasive pest insect of small grain cereal crops, particularly oat, wheat, and barley. The first report of cereal leaf beetle populations in North America came from Michigan in 1962. Surveys indicate that populations have become established throughout eastern North America from Ontario to Alabama and in northwestern North America from Utah to southern British Columbia. The establishment of O. melanopus in western North America has raised concern that its presence is a potential risk to the Canadian cereal industry, especially in the prairie ecozone of western Canada, where up to 10 million hectares of cereal crops are grown annually. Field surveys to date have indicated that O. melanopus has not yet become established in this region. A CLIMEX™ model for O. melanopus in North America was developed, based on climate and ecological parameters, and validated with actual distribution records. The actual distribution of O. melanopus in eastern North America matched the predicted distribution well. The model predicts that, once introduced, O. melanopus would readily survive in the cereal-growing areas of western Canada and present a significant risk to cereal production. The potential for establishment of O. melanopus in the prairie ecozone of western Canada substantiates the efforts by regulatory agencies to prevent accidental introduction of this pest species.
Review of the genus Pandeleteius (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) of northern South America and the Lesser Antilles
Authors: Howden Anne T.
Published: April 2009

Fauna of the genus Pandeleteius Schoenherr of Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, and the Lesser Antilles are revised in part. Six new species of Pandeleteius are described: P. trinidadensissp. nov. (P. angustirostris species group); P. sabanaensissp. nov. and P. bolivarisp. nov. (P. campestris species group, new concept); P. guriensissp. nov. and P. ductilissp. nov. (P. candidus species group, new concept); and P. clarkisp. nov. (P. modestus species group). The P. kirschi species group (new concept) is redefined based on male and female genitalia, and P. testaceipes Hustache is added to the species group. The other sex is described for three species formerly known from only one sex: the male of P. candidus Howden, male of P. arcanus Howden, and female of P. liberalis Howden. New findings on the post-pupal growth and morphology of the male and female genitalia are applied to the group- and species-level taxonomy. The key to the Pandeleteius species of Venezuela and Colombia is revised to include all the original species groups and subsequent changes, as well as all new taxa.
DNA fingerprinting of tabanids (Diptera: Tabanidae) and their respective egg masses using PCR – restriction fragment profiling
Authors: Iranpour M. , Schurko A.M. , Klassen G.R. , Galloway T.D.
Published: April 2009

Polymerase chain reaction and subsequent restriction fragment profiling analysis were used to associate collected tabanid egg masses with their respective species of adult horse flies and deer flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) in Manitoba, Canada. The ribosomal DNA (rDNA) intergenic spacer between the 28S and 18S ribosomal RNA genes was used successfully to differentiate 34 species of adult tabanids representing five genera: Atylotus (1 sp.), Chrysops (10 spp.), Haematopota (1 sp.), Hybomitra (17 spp.), and Tabanus (5 spp.). rDNA was a suitable molecular target for identifying tabanid species because of the high level of interspecific variation when comparing fragment profiles among different species, and the corresponding minimal intraspecific variation among individuals of the same species. Restriction fragment profiles from 56 field-collected tabanid egg masses were compared with those previously obtained from adults of known species. Egg masses of five species were identified: Hybomitra lasiophthalma (Macquart), Hybomitra nitidifrons nuda (McDunnough), Chrysops aestuans van der Wulp, Chrysops excitans Walker, and Chrysops mitis Osten Sacken. We also provide physical descriptions of these tabanid egg masses along with pictures.
Combination of protein-rich pea flour and pea extract with insecticides and enzyme inhibitors for control of stored-product beetles
Authors: Hou Xingwei , Fields Paul , Taylor Wes
Published: April 2009

Protein-rich pea flour and its extract are toxic to stored-product beetles and, at a concentration of 0.1%, can control these insects in a granary. To reduce the concentration of protein-rich pea flour needed to control stored-product beetles, natural products or currently used grain protectants (diatomaceous earth, neem, Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner), malathion, and pyrethrum) were mixed with protein-rich pea flour in wheat. Mixtures were tested against the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), and the rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Cucujidae). Neem and protein-rich pea flour acted synergistically against T. castaneum. Malathion and protein-rich pea flour acted synergistically against S. oryzae. Protein-rich pea flour combined with diatomaceous earth or pyrethrum acted additively against S. oryzae. All other combinations acted antagonistically. An extract from protein-rich pea flour reduced feeding of S. oryzae, and three enzyme inhibitors, piperonyl butoxide, profenofos, and diethyl maleate, were tested for their possible synergistic effects on feeding deterrence and mortality. Piperonyl butoxide and pea extract had additive effects, and diethyl maleate had no effect on the feeding and mortality of insects. Profenofos alone killed all insects in 3 days. The flour consumption of S. oryzae was positively correlated with LT50 (time to 50% mortality) in flour disks treated with pea extract.
Larvae of theGonioctenasubgenusSpartoxena: description of mature larvae ofG. leprieuriandG. aegrota(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Chrysomelinae)
Authors: Baselga Andrés , Novoa Francisco
Published: April 2009

Mature larvae ofGonioctena leprieuri(Pic) andGonioctena aegrota(Fabricius) are described and illustrated for the first time, based on specimens collected onGenistaspp. (Fabaceae) in Spain. A key to known larvae of subgenusSpartoxenaMotschulsky is provided. Diagnostic characters for the identification of species within this subgenus are shape of labrum, arrangement of microtrichia of epipharynx, shape of tarsal claws, and numbers of tubercles on abdominal segments. Notes on distributions and host plants are provided.
Redescription of the genusCreochara(Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae: Aleocharini) and its systematic position
Authors: Maruyama Munetoshi
Published: April 2009

The genusCreocharaCameron is redescribed, and one species,C. brevipennis(Bernhauer), is recognized in the genus. The systematic position of the genus is discussed, and it is placed in theTetrastictagenus group in the tribe Aleocharini. The genus group is characterized by the presence of a sternopleural suture and its monophyly is supported by the elongate antennomere I, the development of the metasternal process, and the wide separation of the mesocoxal cavities.Tetrasticta bicolor(Cameron)comb. nov.andTetrasticta bryanti(Cameron)comb. nov.are excluded from the genusCreocharaand redescribed.
Distributions of leafmining sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) on birch and alder in northwestern Canada
Authors: Digweed Scott C. , Langor David W.
Published: April 2009

Exotic leafmining sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) on birch (Betula spp., Betulaceae) have become widely distributed in Canada since their introduction to eastern North America in the last century (Digweed et al. 1997). However, their distributions north of the 60th parallel are poorly known (Digweed et al. 2003). No birch leafmining sawflies were detected at Hay River and Louise Falls, Northwest Territories (NT), in 1993, but the ambermarked birch leafminer, Profenusa thomsoni (Konow), was reported from Yellowknife, NT, in 1994 (Digweed et al. 1997). Since that time, P. thomsoni populations have reached epidemic levels on urban birches in Yellowknife and Hay River, NT (unpublished data). While examining infested birches in Hay River in 2003, the authors also found the European alder leafminer, Fenusa dohrnii (Tischbein), attacking alder (Alnus spp., Betulaceae).
Mancozeb resistance patterns amongKampimodromus aberransandTyphlodromus pyri(Acari: Phytoseiidae) strains from French vineyards
Authors: Auger Philippe , Bonafos Romain , Kreiter Serge
Published: April 2009

Laboratory bioassays were carried out on two species of phytoseiid mites to investigate their resistance to the fungicide mancozeb. Susceptible and suspected resistant strains ofKampimodromus aberrans(Oudemans) andTyphlodromus pyriScheuten were tested. Mancozeb resistance factors were low to moderate: they reached 6.3 and 11.7 forK. aberransandT. pyri, respectively. Intrinsic toxicity of mancozeb was approximately 5–10-fold more pronounced in females ofK. aberransthan in females ofT. pyri. The female susceptibility pattern of the most resistant strain ofK. aberranswas quite close to that of the most susceptible strain ofT. pyri. The LC50values for the most resistant strains ofK. aberransandT. pyriwere 4.6 and 43 times higher, respectively, than the maximum field application rate of mancozeb recommended for control of downy mildew in vineyards. Using a diagnostic concentration, a limited survey in vine plots indicated that most of theK. aberransstrains we tested were susceptible to mancozeb, but a few consisted of both resistant and susceptible individuals. All strains ofT. pyricollected in Burgundy were susceptible. Half of theT. pyristrains from Bordeaux were susceptible and the other half were mixed populations of resistant and susceptible individuals.
Twig beetles,Pityophthorusspp. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), as vectors of the pitch canker pathogen in California
Authors: Storer Andrew J. , Wood David L. , Gordon Thomas R.
Published: April 2009

Twig beetles in the genusPityophthorusEichhoff are known to be associated with the pitch canker pathogen,Fusarium circinatum, in California. Phoresy of the pathogen on these species has been reported to occur when insects emerge from diseased branches and when they infest disease-free, cut branch tips. To demonstrate that twig beetles can vector the pathogen, studies of phoresy and transmission were conducted in a native Monterey pine,Pinus radiataD. Don (Pinaceae), forest. Phoresy was confirmed for bothPityophthorus setosusBlackman andPityophthorus carmeliSwaine, andP. setosuswas shown to vector the pitch canker pathogen when contaminated with fungal spores and caged onto Monterey pine branches. When attractive baits were used to increase visitation to Monterey pines byP. setosus, baited trees were more likely to develop pitch canker than unbaited trees even though the beetles did not tunnel into the host to develop egg galleries. Therefore, twig beetles are competent as vectors of the pitch canker pathogen, and their vectoring activity, though requiring a wound, does not require that they establish egg galleries in the host.
Molecular identification of the swede midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
Authors: Frey Juerg E. , Frey Beatrice , Baur Robert
Published: April 2009

Early detection of pest infestation is a prerequisite for sustainable crop protection. However, many pest species are difficult to detect and thus infestation is diagnosed from damage observed on the respective crop. This diagnosis is often made too late for implementation of crop protection measures, and serious crop losses may result. The swede midge,Contarinia nasturtiiKieffer, is a major pest ofBrassicaL. (Brassicaceae) vegetables in Europe that has recently invaded North America. With its small size and short adult life-span, and the cryptic lifestyle of the larvae feeding at the growing points of its host plants, it is usually detected only after damage has already occurred. Furthermore, because field-trapped specimens are rarely fully intact, it is extremely difficult to identify. Therefore, we developed a species-specific molecular diagnostic method that enables reliable identification of swede midge from various sources such as alcohol or sticky glue traps. The method enables large-scale screening of field-trapped specimens and is used to evaluate the attractiveness and specificity of pheromone traps that are currently under development.
The New World fauna of the genus Pseudonapomyza (Diptera: Agromyzidae)
Authors: Boucher Stéphanie
Published: April 2009

The New World species of Pseudonapomyza Hendel are reviewed. Only two species of the genus were previously known to occur in the Nearctic region: P. atra (Meigen) and P. lacteipennis (Malloch). Pseudonapomyza europaea Spencer and P. asiatica Spencer are here recorded for the first time in the Nearctic region and P. asiatica is recorded for the first time in Costa Rica and Venezuela. A key is provided to identify the four known New World species of Pseudonapomyza.
Causes of variation in body size and consequences for the life history of Sitodiplosis mosellana
Authors: Smith M.A.H. , Lamb R.J.
Published: April 2009

The body sizes of mature larvae and adults from field and laboratory populations of the wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), were measured to determine possible causes of variation in size and consequences of such variation through the life history. Mature larvae varied eightfold in mass. Female larvae were 80% heavier than males, on average. Variation in mass was associated with both the position of larvae on a wheat spike and the number feeding together on a developing seed. Larvae were 9% smaller when they developed on smaller, later developing seeds and 15%–18% smaller when they competed with five other larvae on an average-sized seed. Fewer small larvae survived winter. Larval density per infested seed increased with number of larvae per spike, suggesting that larval size may have density-dependent population effects. Small larvae produced few adults of Macroglenes penetrans (Kirby) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), an egg parasitoid that overwinters as a larva in the third larval instar of S. mosellana. These effects were probably due to size, but sex may also have been a factor. The size of adults, measured by wing and abdomen length, was also variable, although less so than the size of larvae. Adult size was not associated with time of emergence and both large and small females dispersed, but female fecundity (4–105 mature eggs per individual) increased with body size.
Rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) in red spruce stands, eastern Canada: diversity, abundance, and descriptions of new species
Authors: Klimaszewski Jan , Sweeney Jon , Price Jessica , Pelletier Georges
Published: April 2009

Rove beetle species and their pitfall trap abundance were studied in red spruce (Picea rubensSarg.; Pinaceae) stands in the Acadia Research Forest, New Brunswick, Canada, in 1999. The study yielded over 5000 specimens representing 134 species in 11 subfamilies of Staphylinidae. Of these, 58 species represent new distribution records for New Brunswick (NPR), including 15 new distribution records for Canada (NCR), 6 new species, and 4 synonyms, as follows: Omaliinae, 3 species; Proteininae,Proteinus pseudothomasiKlimaszewskisp. nov.(NCR, NPR) andP. acadiensisKlimaszewskisp. nov.(NCR, NPR); Tachyporinae, 3 species; Trichophyinae, 1 species; Aleocharinae, 33 species, includingAtheta capsularisKlimaszewskisp. nov.,A. brunswickensisKlimaszewskisp. nov.,A. pseudocrenuliventrisKlimaszewskisp. nov.,Oxypoda lacustrisCasey (NPR) [=O. bradorensisLohsesyn. nov.,O. egestosaCaseysyn. nov.,O. lassulaCaseysyn. nov., andO. optivaCaseysyn. nov.], andPella gesneriKlimaszewskisp. nov.; Oxytelinae, 3 species; Paederinae, 3 species; and Staphylininae, 10 species. The new species or known species representing new records for Canada are presented here with a short diagnosis, habitus images, and genital illustrations to help with identification. The habitus images and most genital illustrations are presented here for the first time for these species.
Rapid differentiation of the sexes of adult Mecinus janthinus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) based on external leg morphology
Authors: Carney V.A. , Rau J. , Little S.M. , De Clerck-Floate R.A.
Published: April 2009

The stem-boring weevil, Mecinus janthinus Germar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), was introduced from Europe to Canada in 1991 to control the noxious weeds Dalmatian toadflax, Linaria dalmatica (L.) P. Mill., and yellow toadflax, Linaria vulgaris P. Mill. (Scrophulariaceae) (De Clerck-Floate and Harris 2002; McClay and De Clerck-Floate 2002). Since its release, M. janthinus has established well on Dalmatian toadflax in British Columbia (BC) and, to a lesser extent, southern Alberta (De Clerck-Floate and Miller 2002), and it is beginning to show promise as a successful control agent against this weed (De Clerck-Floate and Harris 2002). However, it appears that M. janthinus has not thrived on yellow toadflax in Alberta (McClay and De Clerck-Floate 2002).