bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increased circulating follicular helper T cells and activated B cells correlate with disease severity in patients with psoriasis
Authors: Niu J. , Song Z. , Yang X. , Zhai Z. , Zhong H. , Hao F.
Published: February 2015

Background

Follicular Helper T (TFH) Cells are a population of recently discovered CD4+ T cells involved in autoimmune diseases. However, the contribution of TFH cells in patients with psoriasis remains unknown.

Objective

We aimed to investigate the levels of TFH cells, B cells and their clinical relevance in patients with psoriasis.

Methods

Using multi‐colour flow cytometry, we detected different subsets of TFH cells and B cells in the peripheral blood of 27 patients with psoriasis and 13 healthy donors. Serum IL‐21 levels were measured by ELISA. The relationship between the levels of TFH cells, IL‐21, B cells and disease severity were analysed.

Results

Compared with healthy donors, higher levels of circulating CD3+CD4+CXCR5+ cells, CD3+CD4+CXCR5+ICOS+, CD3+CD4+CXCR5+PD‐1+, CD3+CD4+CXCR5+ICOS+PD‐1+ TFH cells and CD19+IgD+CD27− naive B, CD19+CD86+ activated B, but lower levels of CD19+IgD+CD27+ preswitch and CD19+IgD‐CD27+ postswitch memory B cells, were observed in patients with psoriasis. In addition, serum IL‐21 levels in patients with psoriasis were significantly higher than those in healthy donors, and showed to be positively correlated with the levels of different subsets of TFH cells, and the level of CD19+CD86+ B cells was also correlated with TFH cells and IL‐21 levels. Furthermore, a significant correlation was found between the levels of CD3+CD4+CXCR5+ICOS+ TFH cells, CD3+CD4+CXCR5+ICOS+PD‐1+ TFH cells, CD19+CD86+ B cells and IL‐21 with Psoriasis Area and Severity Index scores.

Conclusion

The levels of TFH cells and activated B cells were increased in the peripheral blood of patients with psoriasis, and positively correlated with disease severity. These results suggest that TFH cells and activated B cells may play a role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.
Characterization of traumatic brain injury in human brains reveals distinct cellular and molecular changes in contusion and pericontusion
Authors: Harish Gangadharappa , Mahadevan Anita , Pruthi Nupur , Sreenivasamurthy Sreelakshmi K. , Puttamallesh Vinuth N. , Keshava Prasad Thottethodi Subrahmanya , Shankar Susarla Krishna , Srinivas Bharath Muchukunte Mukunda
Published: February 2015

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) contributes to fatalities and neurological disabilities worldwide. While primary injury causes immediate damage, secondary events contribute to long‐term neurological defects. Contusions (Ct) are primary injuries correlated with poor clinical prognosis, and can expand leading to delayed neurological deterioration. Pericontusion (PC) (penumbra), the region surrounding Ct, can also expand with edema, increased intracranial pressure, ischemia, and poor clinical outcome. Analysis of Ct and PC can therefore assist in understanding the pathobiology of TBI and its management. This study on human TBI brains noted extensive neuronal, astroglial and inflammatory changes, alterations in mitochondrial, synaptic and oxidative markers, and associated proteomic profile, with distinct differences in Ct and PC. While Ct displayed petechial hemorrhages, thrombosis, inflammation, neuronal pyknosis, and astrogliosis, PC revealed edema, vacuolation of neuropil, axonal loss, and dystrophic changes. Proteomic analysis demonstrated altered immune response, synaptic, and mitochondrial dysfunction, among others, in Ct, while PC displayed altered regulation of neurogenesis and cytoskeletal architecture, among others. TBI brains displayed oxidative damage, glutathione depletion, mitochondrial dysfunction, and loss of synaptic proteins, with these changes being more profound in Ct. We suggest that analysis of markers specific to Ct and PC may be valuable in the evaluation of TBI pathobiology and therapeutics.

image

We have characterized the primary injury in human traumatic brain injury (TBI). Contusions (Ct) – the injury core displayed hemorrhages, inflammation, and astrogliosis, while the surrounding pericontusion (PC) revealed edema, vacuolation, microglial activation, axonal loss, and dystrophy. Proteomic analysis demonstrated altered immune response, synaptic and mitochondrial dysfunction in Ct, and altered regulation of neurogenesis and cytoskeletal architecture in PC. Ct displayed more oxidative damage, mitochondrial, and synaptic dysfunction compared to PC.
Influence of histamine on the expression of CCL20 in human gingival fibroblasts
Authors: Dommisch H. , Chung W. O. , Plötz S. , Jepsen S.
Published: February 2015

Background and Objective

Histamine plays an important role during allergic and inflammatory reactions, and it has been suggested to influence periodontal inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of histamine on the expression of the antimicrobial peptide C‐C chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20) in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) when exposed to toll‐like receptor (TLR) agonists.

Material and Methods

Monolayers of HGFs from three different donors were exposed to histamine, alone, and in combination with Pam3CSK4 (a TLR2 agonist) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli (a TLR4 agonist), for 2, 4, 6 or 12 h. In another experimental group, cells were pretreated with a specific histamine‐1 receptor antagonist (H1R) antagonist, cetirizine. Real‐time PCR analysis was performed to detect expression of glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), CCL20 and interleukin‐8 (IL8) genes. The levels of CCL20 and IL‐8 protein were determined by ELISA.

Results

In HGFs, histamine induced expression of CCL20 and IL8 genes in a time‐dependent manner (p < 0.05). Combined stimulation with histamine and Pam3CSK4 or LPS led to a significant amplification in expression of CCL20 and IL‐8 when compared with treatment with each stimulant alone (p < 0.05), and this effect was mediated via pathways involving the H1R (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

The results of this study suggest a sensitizing effect of histamine on early innate immune responses of HGFs when simultaneously exposed to bacterial virulence factors.
The role of transcriptome resilience in resistance of corals to bleaching
Authors: Seneca Francois O. , Palumbi Stephen R.
Published: February 2015

Wild populations increasingly experience extreme conditions as climate change amplifies environmental variability. How individuals respond to environmental extremes determines the impact of climate change overall. The variability of response from individual to individual can represent the opportunity for natural selection to occur as a result of extreme conditions. Here, we experimentally replicated the natural exposure to extreme temperatures of the reef lagoon at Ofu Island (American Samoa), where corals can experience severe heat stress during midday low tide. We investigated the bleaching and transcriptome response of 20 Acropora hyacinthus colonies 5 and 20 h after exposure to control (29 °C) or heated (35 °C) conditions. We found a highly dynamic transcriptome response: 27% of the coral transcriptome was significantly regulated 1 h postheat exposure. Yet 15 h later, when heat‐induced coral bleaching became apparent, only 12% of the transcriptome was differentially regulated. A large proportion of responsive genes at the first time point returned to control levels, others remained differentially expressed over time, while an entirely different subset of genes was successively regulated at the second time point. However, a noteworthy variability in gene expression was observed among individual coral colonies. Among the genes of which expression lingered over time, fast return to normal levels was associated with low bleaching. Colonies that maintained higher expression levels of these genes bleached severely. Return to normal levels of gene expression after stress has been termed transcriptome resilience, and in the case of some specific genes may signal the physiological health and response ability of individuals to environmental stress.
Th2‐M2 immunity in lesions of muscular sarcoidosis and macrophagic myofasciitis
Authors: Preusse Corinna , Goebel Hans‐H. , Pehl Debora , Rinnenthal Jan L. , Kley Rudolf A. , Allenbach Yves , Heppner Frank L. , Vorgerd Matthias , Authier François Jerôme , Gherardi Romain , Stenzel Werner
Published: February 2015

Objective

To analyse the paradox of a lack of giant cell formation and fibrosis in chronic lesions of macrophagic myofasciitis (MMF) in comparison with muscular sarcoidosis (MuS).

Methods

Inflammatory lesions and contiguous muscle regions from biopsy samples of 10 patients with MuS and 10 patients with MMF were cut out by laser microdissection. Mediators of the T helper cell (Th)1 inducing classical macrophage activation (e.g. STAT1, IFNγ and CXCR3), and Th2 inducing alternative activation of macrophages (e.g. CD206/MRC1, STAT6, SOCS1), molecules involved in development of fibrosis (e.g. TGFβ) and giant cells (e.g. TYROBP), were assessed by immunohistochemistry and real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Results

STAT6‐induced Th2 immunity was associated with up‐regulated gene expression of MRC1, SOCS1 and TGFB in inflammatory foci, in comparison with adjacent tissue. TYROBP and TREM2, genes regulating giant cell formation, were more strongly expressed in lesions of MuS patients than in those of MMF. TGFβ co‐localized with CD206+ macrophages in MuS but not in MMF. Conversely, Th1 immunity was illustrated by STAT1 staining both in macrophages and myofibres in MuS, but not in MMF. Also, STAT1‐induced IFNG and CXCR3 expression in lesions and the surrounding tissue was elevated compared with normal controls, but without statistically significant differences.

Conclusion

Giant cell and typical granuloma formations, including fibrogenesis, is dependent on two main mechanisms, both involving specific macrophage activation: a strong Th2‐M2 polarization and a significant expression of TYROBP and TGFβ in macrophages. The low‐grade alternative activation of macrophages in MMF lesions and poor TYROBP and TGFβco‐expression are obviously insufficient to produce giant cells.
Monitoring patient complications and concerns following oral surgery procedures
Authors: Cullingham P. , Harrison C. , Patel N.
Published: February 2015

Aim

The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of patients contacting the Oral Surgery Department at Manchester Dental Hospital with post‐operative concerns. This will facilitate local improvements within the department for the effective management of patients re‐presenting with complications.

Materials and methods

Between August 2013 and October 2013, the records for 31 patients re‐attending the Oral Surgery Department at Manchester Dental Hospital after a surgical procedure were analysed retrospectively. All data collected were stored on a secure university hard drive and analysed using Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet.

Results

Ninety‐three per cent of patients who re‐attended the department required only one unplanned episode for treatment. Surgical procedures that resulted in re‐attendance included removal of third molars (57%), extraction of non‐third molar teeth (25%), implant placement (10%), apical root end surgery (3.5%) and excision of a ranula (3.5%). It was noted 36% of patients included in the audit were diagnosed with post‐operative pain or normal healing.

Conclusion

The management of patients attending with unplanned episodes of treatment places an additional strain on the service delivery of clinics and inconvenience to patients. The study highlights the range of post‐operative complications that patients present with. Service delivery research and review enable improvements within the department to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of patient management. This study will allow specific training to facilitate improvements in delivery of care within the dental team.
The oldest notostracan (Upper Devonian Strud locality, Belgium)
Authors: Lagebro Linda , Gueriau Pierre , Hegna Thomas A. , Rabet Nicolas , Butler Aodhán D. , Budd Graham E.
Published: February 2015

A new notostracan crustacean, Strudops goldenbergi gen. et sp. nov., is described from the well‐preserved terrestrial arthropod fauna of the Upper Devonian of Strud, Belgium. The fossil notostracan bears a close resemblance to modern notostracans in possessing a large, simple head shield covering almost half of the whole body, a set of phyllopodous thoracic appendages and a legless posterior abdomen with a telson bearing a caudal furca. The differentiation and relative size of mouthparts and limbs suggest that these specimens are all adults. The notostracans described herein are the earliest clear members of the total group Notostraca.
Exploitation of wild annual Cicer species for widening the gene pool of chickpea cultivars
Authors: Singh Mohar , Kumar Krishna , Bisht Ishwari S. , Dutta Manoranjan , Rana Mukesh K. , Rana Jai C. , Bansal Kailash C. , Sarker Ashutosh
Published: February 2015

Introgression of unadapted genes from the wild Cicer species could contribute to the widening of genetic base of important traits such as yield, yield attributes and resistance to major biotic and abiotic stresses. An attempt was made successfully to intercross two wild annual Cicer species with three cultivated chickpea cultivars. Four interspecific cross‐combinations were made, and their true hybridity was ascertained through morphological and molecular markers. These cross‐combinations were also studied for some important quantitative traits under real field conditions. The range, mean and coefficient of variation of agro‐morphological traits were assessed in the parental lines, their F1 and F2 generations to determine the extent of variability generated in cultivated chickpea varieties. A high level of heterosis was recorded for number of pods/plant and seed yield/plant in F1 generation. Three cross‐combinations of ‘Pusa 1103’ × ILWC 46, ‘Pusa 256’ × ILWC 46 and ‘Pusa 256’ × ILWC 239 exhibited substantially higher variability for important yield‐related traits. The present research findings indicate that these wild annual Cicer species can be easily exploited to broaden the genetic base of cultivated gene pool for improving seed yield as well as adaptation.
Cochlear implantation in children with sickle cell disease
Authors: Ashfield Thomas , Pai Irumee , Wilson Katherine , Britz Anzel , Connor Steve , Fitzgerald‐O'Connor Alec , Jiang Dan
Published: February 2015

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is associated with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Although the hearing loss is usually mild, some develop severe‐to‐profound hearing loss, in whom cochlear implants (CI) may be an option. We present the cases of two children with SCD who developed bilateral severe‐to‐profound SNHL and underwent cochlear implantation. One patient became profoundly deaf after an acute episode of dizziness. Imaging indicated bilateral cochlear ossification, making subsequent cochlear implant surgery challenging. The second patient developed bilateral severe‐to‐profound SNHL following acute vaso‐occlusive crises. She went on to have uncomplicated cochlear implant surgery. These cases illustrate the variable manner in which children with SCD may develop SNHL, and the difficulties associated with managing such cases. We recommend that children with SCD should undergo regular audiological assessment. Furthermore, clinicians should be aware of the risk of cochlear fibrosis and ossification and ensure prompt assessment following an acute vaso‐occlusive crisis or unexplained vestibulocochlear event.
Severe primary pulmonary lymphangiectasis in a premature infant: Management and follow up to early childhood
Authors: Reiterer Friedrich , Grossauer Karin , Pfleger Andreas , Häusler Martin , Resch Bernhard , Eber Ernst , Popper Helmut , Urlesberger Berndt
Published: February 2015

Primary pulmonary lymphangiectasis (PPL) is a rare congenital developmental abnormality of the lung with a generally poor prognosis. Only a limited number of patients with neonatal‐onset PPL have been reported to survive. We present the case of a male preterm infant (gestational age 34 weeks 6 days) with histologically confirmed PPL, complicated by hydrops fetalis, bilateral hydrothorax (treated in utero with pleuro‐amniotic shunts), and immediate respiratory distress at birth. He survived after extensive neonatal intensive care therapy and was discharged home at the age of 7 months. At last follow up he was 3 years 7 months old, still requiring assisted ventilation via tracheostomy, having recurrent episodes of wheezing and had mild global developmental delay. This case demonstrates that survival beyond the neonatal period is possible even with severe PPL but long‐term morbidity may be relevant, and multidisciplinary management and close follow up are essential.
Early intervention for late‐onset ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency
Authors: Fujisawa Daisuke , Mitsubuchi Hiroshi , Matsumoto Shirou , Iwai Masanori , Nakamura Kimitoshi , Hoshide Ryuji , Harada Nawomi , Yoshino Makoto , Endo Fumio
Published: February 2015

We report the case of a family with late‐onset ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTCD). Several family members had died from OTCD, and the c.221G>A, p.Lys221Lys mutation was detected at the 3′ end of exon 6 of OTC in the X‐chromosome of some members. We provided genetic counseling on pregnancy, delivery, and neonate management to a 4th‐generation female carrier and decided on metabolic management of her child from birth. Two male patients were diagnosed with late‐onset OTCD on the basis of blood amino acid and genetic analysis, and they received arginine supplementation from the asymptomatic, early neonatal period. These children grew and developed normally, without decompensation. Patients with late‐onset OTCD can and should be diagnosed and treated in the early neonatal period, especially those from families already diagnosed with late‐onset OTCD, and family members must be provided with genetic counseling.
Simulation analysis of three intubating supraglottic devices during infant chest compression
Authors: Kohama Hanako , Komasawa Nobuyasu , Ueki Ryusuke , Kaminoh Yoshiroh , Nishi Shin‐ichi
Published: February 2015

Current guidelines for pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation suggest that supraglottic devices are alternatives for tracheal intubation with minimal interruption of chest compression. We examined the utility of three intubating supraglottic devices, air‐Q® (air‐Q), Ambu® aura‐i (aura‐i), and i‐gel® (i‐gel), utilizing manikin simulation. Twenty‐two novice physicians performed securing of airway on an infant manikin with the three devices. We measured the rate of success on ventilation and the insertion time with or without chest compression. Successful ventilation rate did not significantly decrease with chest compression in the three devices (without chest compression: air‐Q, 21/22; aura‐i, 20/22; i‐gel, 20/22, during chest compression: air‐Q, 20/22; aura‐i, 20/22; i‐gel, 18/22). The insertion time with air‐Q and aura‐i did not extend significantly for chest compression. In contrast, the insertion time with i‐gel was significantly extended in chest compression (P < 0.05). Air‐Q and aura‐i are more useful for airway management during chest compression than i‐gel.
Expiratory CO2 as the first sign of successful ventilation during neonatal resuscitation
Authors: Mizumoto Hiroshi , Iki Yoichi , Yamashita Sumie , Hata Daisuke
Published: February 2015

Three‐lead electrocardiography and expired CO2 monitoring were used during positive pressure ventilation of seven non‐intubated newborns (gestational age, 31–37 weeks; birthweight, 1503–2885 g). In all cases, adequate CO2 (>15 mmHg) was detected prior to the achievement of stable heart rate (>100 beats/min). The delay between detection of adequate CO2 and improvement of bradycardia ranged from 8 to 73 s (median, 15 s). Inadequate expired CO2 during positive pressure ventilation indicates airway obstruction or poor aeration of the newborn lungs. Thus, positive expiratory CO2 can be the first recognizable sign of successful ventilation during neonatal resuscitation.
Hepatic angiosarcoma mimicking congenital cytomegalovirus infection in an infant with thrombocytopenia
Authors: Yoon Hoi Soo , Choi Yong‐Sung , Im Ho Joon
Published: February 2015

Hepatic angiosarcomas are uncommon, highly aggressive tumors, rarely seen in children. A 3‐month‐old female infant was admitted to hospital for evaluation of multiple petechiae on her body. She had hepatosplenomegaly and scattered petechiae over her entire body. Laboratory tests indicated thrombocytopenia and positive cytomegalovirus (CMV) polymerase chain reaction. Ganciclovir was started, and the platelet count increased. After 4 months the patient was readmitted to hospital for drowsy mental status and eventually died from severe bleeding. Needle biopsy of the liver was performed after receiving written consent from the parents. Pathological findings of the liver lesion included features consistent with hepatic angiosarcoma. There have been no previous reports of hepatic angiosarcoma in Korean infants. Here, we report an infant with hepatosplenomegaly and thrombocytopenia who was diagnosed with hepatic angiosarcoma mimicking congenital CMV infection.
Neonatal necrotizing fasciitis of the scrotum caused by Streptococcus agalactiae
Authors: Kuroda Junpei , Inoue Nobuaki , Satoh Hiroyuki , Fukuzawa Ryuji , Terakawa Toshiro , Hasegawa Yukihiro
Published: February 2015

We herein describe the case of a 27‐day‐old male infant who was brought to the emergency room for intermittent crying, and swelling of the left scrotum. Based on the clinical findings, necrotizing fasciitis was suspected, and surgical intervention was successfully completed within a few hours of admission. Streptococcus agalactiae type Ia was cultured from the drained abscess, and was considered the causative pathogen. To our knowledge, this is the first report of neonatal necrotizing fasciitis caused by S. agalactiae. Prompt diagnosis and immediate surgical debridement are crucial in the initial management of this disease.
Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation in children
Authors: Dokumcu Zafer , Ozcan Coskun , Alper Hudaver , Erdener Ata
Published: February 2015

Although pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVM) are relatively rare in children, they are important in the differential diagnosis of common pulmonary problems, such as hypoxemia, hemoptysis and dyspnea on exertion. We report the cases of two PAVM patients with different presentations and describe the treatment strategies.
Drug treatment for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in Japan: Questionnaire survey
Authors: Ogawa Ryo , Mori Rintaro , Sako Mayumi , Kageyama Misao , Tamura Masanori , Namba Fumihiko
Published: February 2015

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is one of the most common complications in premature infants. Although several different drugs have been developed for BPD, there is a wide variation in the choice of drug used among facilities. The aim of this study was to carry out a survey of the current drugs used to treat BPD in Japan. Questionnaires regarding the current use of drugs for BPD were sent to tertiary neonatal units. The response rate was 80% (77/96). Most units used antenatal steroids and oral diuretics for the prevention and treatment of BPD, respectively. Only 4% used caffeine for prevention, whereas 88% used systemic corticosteroids for treatment. Few units used inhaled anticholinergics and i.v. vitamins for the prevention and treatment of BPD, respectively. It was found that the drugs used to treat BPD vary greatly among institutions. Further research is required to develop evidence‐based clinical guidelines for BPD in premature infants.
Tolvaptan in a pediatric patient with diuretic‐resistant heart and kidney failure
Authors: Hirano Daishi , Kakegawa Daisuke , Yamada Akifumi , Ito Akira , Miwa Saori , Ida Hiroyuki
Published: February 2015

Despite conventional diuretic therapy, volume overload persists in many patients with decompensated heart failure. Adverse effects of diuretics are common, including worsening kidney function and electrolyte disturbance. Furthermore, decreased kidney function also affects the response to diuretics and is associated with an increased risk of mortality. A 10‐year‐old boy with congestive heart failure (CHF) complicated by advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) presented with oliguria and generalized edema. He was being treated with furosemide and spironolactone, and these doses were increased to 3 mg/kg/day after admission. Although edema decreased temporarily, the symptoms worsened and furosemide resistance developed 2 months later. Tolvaptan (0.1 mg/kg/day) was started, resulting in a gradual increase in the plasma sodium level and adequate decongestion of the volume overload state. Cardiac function also improved. The use of tolvaptan should be considered in pediatric cases of conventional diuretic‐resistant CHF, even when complicated by advanced CKD.
Geach, Aristotle and Predicate Logics
Authors: Orenstein Alex
Published: February 2015

Geach's account of the Aristotelian logic of categorical sentences supplemented the views shared by Frege, Russell, Quine and others. I argue that this particular predicate logic approach and Geach's points apply to only one variety of natural language categorical sentences. For example, it takes the universal categorical as a universal conditional “If anything is a man, then it is mortal”. A different natural language form can and should be invoked: “Every man is a mortal.” Employing special restricted quantifiers in a version of predicate logic, we justify a full square of opposition and the rules of quality and quantity that Geach rejected.
Peter Geach and “The Frege Point”
Authors: White Roger M.
Published: February 2015

Peter Geach frequently showed the relevance of some of Frege's insights to contemporary philosophical debates, such as that which Geach called “the Frege Point” – “a proposition may occur in discourse now asserted, now unasserted, and yet be recognizably the same proposition”. Geach argued against a variety of “expressivist” accounts of certain propositions that their proponents could not explain the significance of such propositions in subordinate clauses. The paper extends Geach's argument to show that “the Frege Point” presents a powerful challenge to any attempt, such as those influenced by the later Wittgenstein, to equate meaning with use.
Differential serodiagnostics of Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati – is it possible?
Authors: Poulsen C. S. , Skov S. , Yoshida A. , Skallerup P. , Maruyama H. , Thamsborg S. M. , Nejsum P.
Published: February 2015

One of the most common zoonotic helminth infections is caused by species in the genus Toxocara, particularly Toxocara canis and T. cati (Syn. T. mystax). However, their relative contribution to toxocarosis in humans remains largely unknown because causative larvae are seldom recovered and uncertainties regarding the validity of existing serological assays. In this study, we used sera from a pig model experimentally infected with T. canis and T. cati to evaluate whether a Western blot could discriminate between the two species. No proteins were observed that could be used as a diagnostic tool. In addition, a heterogenic protein pattern between individual hosts was found, which was most pronounced in the T. cati‐infected pigs. There is therefore an urgent need to optimize and validate current methods or develop new species‐specific serological methods in order to implement appropriate control measures.
Deficiency of decorin induces expression of Foxp3 in CD4+CD25+T cells in a murine model of allergic asthma
Authors: Borges Marcos C. , Narayanan Venkatesan , Iozzo Renato V. , Ludwig Mara S.
Published: February 2015

Background and objective

Decorin (Dcn), an extracellular matrix proteoglycan, has several important biological functions, and its deposition is altered in the airway wall of humans with asthma and animal models of asthma. Due to its high affinity for transforming growth factor beta (TGF)‐β, Dcn can function as part of a negative feedback mechanism, resulting in the regulation of this factor's bioavailability. Dcn deficient (Dcn−/−) mice develop reduced airway inflammation, hyperresponsiveness and remodeling in response to repeated allergen challenge; we investigated whether regulatory T cells play a role in the diminished airway response of Dcn−/− mice.

Methods

Dcn−/− and Dcn+/+ mice (C57Bl/6) were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) and challenged intra‐nasally 3 days/week × 3 weeks. After allergen challenge, bronchoalveolar lavage was collected to quantify total and differential cell counts and cytokine levels. Inflammatory cell number and cytokine messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) production were assessed in lung tissues. Cells from lung and spleen were extracted to evaluate regulatory T cells.

Results

Tissue inflammation and interleukin (IL)‐13 mRNA expression were significantly increased in OVA‐challenged Dcn+/+ mice, only. The increased expression of Foxp3 in CD4+CD25+ T cells found in lung of OVA‐challenged Dcn−/− mice was accompanied by an increase in IL‐10 mRNA.

Conclusions

Our data demonstrated that a diminished lung inflammation in OVA challenged Dcn−/− mice was accompanied by a higher expression of regulatory T cells and IL‐10 mRNA levels. These results reinforce the importance of Dcn in biological processes, particularly in an allergic model of asthma.
Improved Plasmids for Fluorescent Protein Tagging of Microtubules in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Markus Steven M. , Omer Safia , Baranowski Kaitlyn , Lee Wei‐Lih
Published: February 2015

The ability to fluorescently label microtubules in live cells has enabled numerous studies of motile and mitotic processes. Such studies are particularly useful in budding yeast owing to the ease with which they can be genetically manipulated and imaged by live cell fluorescence microscopy. Because of problems associated with fusing genes encoding fluorescent proteins (FPs) to the native α‐tubulin (TUB1) gene, the FP‐Tub1 fusion is generally integrated into the genome such that the endogenous TUB1 locus is left intact. Although such modifications have no apparent consequences on cell viability, it is unknown if these genome‐integrated FP‐tubulin fusions negatively affect microtubule functions. Thus, a simple, economical and highly sensitive assay of microtubule function is required. Furthermore, the current plasmids available for generation of FP‐Tub1 fusions have not kept pace with the development of improved FPs. Here, we have developed a simple and sensitive assay of microtubule function that is sufficient to identify microtubule defects that were not apparent by fluorescence microscopy or cell growth assays. Using results obtained from this assay, we have engineered a new family of 30 FP‐Tub1 plasmids that use various improved FPs and numerous selectable markers that upon genome integration have no apparent defect on microtubule function.
Thermal Transport Mechanisms in Carbon Nanotube-Nanofluids Identified From Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Lee Jonathan W. , Meade Andrew J. , Barrera Enrique V. , Templeton Jeremy A.
Published: February 2015

Atomistic simulations of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in a liquid environment are performed to better understand thermal transport in CNT-based nanofluids. Thermal conductivity is studied using nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (MD) methods to understand the effective conductivity of a solvated CNT combined with a novel application of Hamilton–Crosser (HC) theory to estimate the conductivity of a fluid suspension of CNTs. Simulation results show how the presence of the fluid affects the CNTs ability to transport heat by disrupting the low-frequency acoustic phonons of the CNT. A spatially dependent use of the Irving–Kirkwood relations reveals the localized heat flux, illuminating the heat transfer pathways in the composite material. Model results can be consistently incorporated into HC theory by considering ensembles of CNTs and their surrounding fluid as being present in the liquid. The simulation-informed theory is shown to be consistent with existing experimental results.
Misfire Detection of Spark Ignition Engines Using a New Technique Based on Mean Output Power
Authors: Boudaghi M. , Shahbakhti M. , Jazayeri S. A.
Published: February 2015

Control and detection of misfire are an essential part of on-board diagnosis (OBD) of modern spark ignition (SI) engines. This study proposes a novel model-based technique for misfire detection for a multicylinder SI engine. The new technique uses a dynamic engine model to determine mean output power, which is then used to calculate a new parameter for misfire detection. The new parameter directly relates to combustion period and is sensitive to engine speed fluctuations caused by misfire. The new technique requires only measured engine speed data and is computationally viable for use in a typical engine control unit (ECU). The new technique is evaluated experimentally on a four-cylinder 1.6-l SI engine. Three types of misfire are studied including single, continuous, and multiple-event. The steady-state and transient experiments were done for a wide range of engine speeds and engine loads, using a vehicle chassis dynamometer and on-road vehicle testing. The validation results show that the new technique is able to detect all three types of misfire with up to 94% accuracy during steady-state conditions. The new technique is augmented with a compensation factor to improve the accuracy of the technique for transient operations. The resulting technique is shown to be capable of detecting misfire during both transient and steady-state engine conditions.
Electric Drives on the LV100 Gas Turbine Engine
Authors: Jones William D. , Fletcher Albion R.
Published: February 2015

The LV100 gas turbine engine is being developed for U.S. Army ground vehicle use. A unique approach for controls and accessories is being used whereby the engine has no accessory gearbox. Instead a high speed starter/generator is mounted directly on the compressor shaft and powers all engine accessories as well as supplies the basic electrical power needs of the vehicle. This paper discusses the evolution of the electrically driven LV100 accessory system starting with the Advanced Integrated Propulsion System (AIPS) demonstrator program, through the current system to future possibilities with electrical vehicle propulsion. Issues in electrical vehicle propulsion are discussed including machine type, electrical power type, and operation with a gas turbine.
Nondestructive Eddy Current Evaluation of Anisotropic Conductivities of Silicon Carbide Reinforced Aluminum Metal-Matrix Composite Extrusions
Authors: Liaw P. K. , Pitchumani R. , Yao S. C. , Hsu D. K. , Jeong H.
Published: February 2015

Nondestructive eddy current methods were used to evaluate the electrical conductivity behavior of silicon-carbide particulate (SiCp) reinforced aluminum (Al) metal-matrix composite extrusions. The composites investigated included 2124, 6061 and 7091 Al base alloys reinforced by SiCp. The composite extrusions exhibited anisotropic conductivities with the maximum conductivity occurring along the extrusion plane. Microstructural characterization showed that the observed anisotropic conductivities could result from the preferred orientation distribution of SiCp. A theoretical model was formulated to quantify the influence of composite constituents (SiCp, intermetallics and Al base alloy) on the anisotropic conductivities of the composites. The theoretical predictions of conductivities were found to be in good agreement with the experimental results.
Monitoring of Aerodynamic Load and Detection of Stall in Multi Stage Axial Compressors
Authors: Hönen H. , Gallus H. E.
Published: February 2015

The unsteady flow in a single stage axial flow compressor at different operating conditions has been investigated with hot wire and hot film probes to find out the influence of the aerodynamic compressor load onto the periodic fluctuations. These results are compared with measurements in the last stages of a multi stage high pressure compressor of a gas turbine for normal operation and under stall conditions.

From the patterns of the frequency spectra of the measuring signals a parameter for the detection of the approach to the stability line of a compressor is derived. A method for the on line monitoring of the aerodynamic load is presented. Based on these results a monitoring system has been developed. First experiences with this system, applied to two multi stage compressors are reported.
Effects of Free-Stream Turbulence Intensity on a Boundary Layer Recovering From Concave Curvature Effects
Authors: Kestoras Michael D. , Simon Terrence W.
Published: February 2015

Experiments are conducted on a flat recovery wall downstream of sustained concave curvature in the presence of high free-stream turbulence (TI∼8%). This flow simulates some of the features of the flow on the latter parts of the pressure surface of a gas turbine airfoil. The combined effects of concave curvature and TI, both present in the flow over a turbine airfoil, have so far little been studied. Computation of such flows with standard turbulence closure models has not been particularly successful. This experiment attempts to characterize the turbulence characteristics of this flow. In the present study, a turbulent boundary layer grows from the leading edge of a concave wall then passes onto a downstream flat wall. Results show that turbulence intensities increase profoundly in the outer region of the boundary layer over the recovery wall. Near-wall turbulent eddies appear to lift off the recovery wall and a “stabilized” region forms near the wall. In contrast to a low-free-stream turbulence intensity flow, turbulent eddies penetrate the outer parts of the “stabilized” region where sharp velocity and temperature gradients exist. These eddies can more readily transfer momentum and heat. As a result, skin friction coefficients and Stanton numbers on the recovery wall are 20% and 10%, respectively, above their values in the low-free-stream turbulence intensity case. Stanton numbers do not undershoot flat-wall expectations at the same ReΔ2 values as seen in the low-TI case. Remarkably, the velocity distribution in the core of the flow over the recovery wall exhibits a negative gradient normal to the wall under high free-stream turbulence intensity conditions. This velocity distribution appears to be the result of two effects: 1) cross transport of kinetic energy by boundary work in the upstream curved flow and 2) readjustment of static pressure profiles in response to the removal of concave curvature.
Rotor Dynamic Synchronous Response: A More Thorough Treatment
Authors: Headifen R. N.
Published: February 2015

Synchronous response can be a very valuable tool for rotor dynamic analysis. It allows the user to determine rotor displacements over a wide speed range without having to perform a transient analysis at every speed increment. The method is typically used to calculate steady state displacements caused by a rotating imbalance force and the location of critical speeds. While the algorithm presented to perform linear synchronous response is straight forward, there are several modifications that can be made to provide the analyst more useful information.
Hermetically Sealed Thermocouples
Authors: Petrie Charles , Beattie Harold
Published: February 2015

This paper presents the results of a certification test to incorporate hermetic glass seals into thermocouple sensors utilized for Power Turbine Inlet Temperature sensing in a gas turbine engine in commuter aircraft service. Failure modes found in field service returns are characterized and the general procedure for installing a glass compression seal are outlined.
Implicit Euler Method for Three-Dimensional Turbomachinery Flow Calculation
Authors: Chen Shih H. , Eastland Anthony H.
Published: February 2015

A compressible three-dimensional implicit Euler solution method for turbomachinery flows has been developed. The goal of the present study is to develop an efficient and reliable method that can be used to replace the semi-empirical, semi-analytical quasi-three-dimensional turbomachinery flow prediction method currently being used for multi-stage turbomachinery design at early design stages. Currently, a methodology has been developed based on an inviscid flow model (Euler solver) and tested on single blade rows for validation. The method presented here is derived from the Beam and Warming implicit approximate factorization (AF) finite difference algorithm. To avoid high frequency numerical instabilities associated with the use of central differencing schemes to obtain a spatial second order accuracy, a combined explicit and implicit artificial dissipation model is adopted. This model consists of a second order implicit dissipation and mixed second/fourth order explicit dissipation terms. A Cartesian coordinate H-grid generated by a three-dimensional interactive grid generator developed by Beach is used. Results for SSME High Pressure Fuel Turbine are presented and the comparison with experimental data is discussed. The use of the present implicit Euler method and the three-dimensional turbomachinery interactive grid generator shows that turnaround time could be as short as one day using a workstation. This allows the designers to explore optimal design configurations at minimum cost.
The Use of Orthogonal Grids in Turbine CFD Computations
Authors: Turner Mark G. , Liang Te , Beauchamp Phillip P. , Jennions Ian K.
Published: February 2015

For structured grid codes, the H type grid has become a standard, with deviations being used for exceptional circumstances. Among these circumstances are boundary layer or wake capturing, leading and trailing edge resolution and high grid shear. The latter of these is especially troublesome as some codes may converge with highly sheared grids to solutions which are inaccurate. In the case explored here, the trailing edge shock system of a high pressure nozzle guide vane is smeared over many grid cells using a conventional H grid, although better resolution can be obtained by careful attention to the grid. The paper demonstrates this on a very simple case and proposes the use of a grid that is nearly orthogonal to the flow to overcome the problem. The grid generation and treatment of periodic boundary conditions including a novel flux balance boundary condition across the mis-matched grids are discussed. Both two-dimensional and three-dimensional results are presented against test data to show the efficacy of this technique.
Status of the Automotive Ceramic Gas Turbine Development Program: Year 2 Progress
Authors: Itoh Takane , Kimura Hidetomo
Published: February 2015

A seven-year program, designated “Research & Development of Automotive Ceramic Gas Turbine Engine (CGT Program)”, was started in June 1990 with the object of demonstrating the advantageous potentials of ceramic gas turbines for automotive use. This CGT-Program is conducted by PEC with the support of MITI.

The basic engine is a 100-kW, single-shaft engine having a turbine inlet temperature of a 1350°C and a rotor speed of 110,000 rpm. During the second year of the program, experimental evaluation of the various components was started, including a centrifugal compressor, a radial turbine rotor, a high speed rotor system and initial ceramic hot parts. Cold and hot spin testing of ceramic rotors from three different ceramic suppliers was also initiated.
Multivariable Adaptive Control for Turbojet Engines
Authors: Huang Jin-Quan , Sun Jian-Guo
Published: February 2015

Integrated flight and propulsion control systems will require propulsion systems to reduce in time to accelerate engine and to improve transient performance for a full flight envelope operation. A multivariate model reference adaptive control (MRAC) scheme is proposed in this paper. Acceleration time is reduced by uptrimming engine pressure ratio in some operating conditions and in parts of the flight envelope where excess stall margin and turbine temperature margin exist. The MRAC scheme is obtained by using Liapunov direct method. Simulation studies are performed for a two-spool turbojet engine. The satisfactory transient responses are obtained at different operating points from idle to maximum dry power in flight envelope which shows good robustness for unmodelled dynamics of nonlinear engine. Simulation results also show the good effectiveness of reducing interaction in multivariable system with significant coupling. Using the Multivariable MRAC controller, the engine acceleration time is reduced about 16 percent in comparison with the conventional engine controller.
A Study on New Identification Technique With Application to Squeeze Film Bearing System
Authors: Shiau Ting Nung , Kuo Chun Pao , Sheu G. J. , Kuo P. L.
Published: February 2015

Two identification techniques, which are the Method of Feasible Directions (MFD) based on optimization concept and the Hybrid Method (HM) combining the merits of the State Variable Filter method (SVF) and MFD, are proposed for the parameters identification of rotor system with squeeze-film damper (SFD). The parameters of SFD, including hydrodynamic inertia, damping and stiffness, are identified and the results obtained by using MFD and HM are compared to those using SVF. The accuracy and efficiency of using these techniques are demonstrated by the experimental simulation with various noise levels and different initial values. The results indicate that the choice of initial values is of no significant effect on SVF method and the accuracy of SVF depends on the level of noise. However, for MFD method, it is almost independent of noise effect but significantly affected by the choice of initial values. The Hybrid Method (HM) is proposed to overcome these handicaps and found of better accuracy and efficiency than SVF and MFD. Then, it is highly recommended for the parameters identification of system with noise effect.
Development of Ceramic Gas Turbine Components for CGT301 in Moonlight Project
Authors: Hattori Mitsuru , Masuda Masaaki , Ozawa Tadao
Published: February 2015

Development of ceramic components for a 300kW recuperative single-shaft ceramic gas turbine, a program in the Moonlight Projects, is being conducted by the New Energy and Industrial Organization (NEDO). Along with its program, NGK has made technical efforts in cooperation with Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co., Ltd. (IHI) since 1988.

In this paper, the strength of the NGK silicon nitride turbine blade is discussed. Bending strength was checked with specimens cut from the turbine blades, and specifically, cold spin tests were conducted with ceramic turbine blades having three configurations.

The silicon nitride was found promising for ceramic gas turbine applications, however, there are some issues to be solved prior to prototype engine tests.
Performance and Economic Enhancement of Cogeneration Gas Turbines Through Compressor Inlet Air Cooling
Authors: De Lucia Maurizio , Bronconi Rinaldo , Carnevale Ennio
Published: February 2015

Gas turbine air cooling systems serve to raise performance to peak power levels during the hot months when high atmospheric temperatures cause reductions in net power output. This work describes the technical and economic advantages of providing a compressor inlet air cooling system to increase the gas turbine’s power rating and reduce its heat rate. The pros and cons of state-of-the-art cooling technologies, i.e., absorption and compression refrigeration, with and without thermal energy storage, were examined in order to select the most suitable cooling solution. Heavy-duty gas turbine cogeneration systems with and without absorption units were modeled, as well as various industrial sectors, i.e., paper and pulp, pharmaceuticals, food processing, textiles, tanning, and building materials. The ambient temperature variations were modeled so the effects of climate could be accounted for in the simulation. The results validated the advantages of gas turbine cogeneration with absorption air cooling as compared to other systems without air cooling.