bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of dosing interval on efficacy of maropitant for prevention of hydromorphone-induced vomiting and signs of nausea in dogs
Authors: Hay Kraus Bonnie L.
Published: October 2014

Objective—To evaluate the effect of dosing interval on the efficacy of maropitant for prevention of opioid-induced vomiting and signs of nausea in dogs.

Design—Randomized prospective clinical study.

Animals—50 client-owned dogs that underwent an elective surgical procedure.

Procedures—Dogs were randomly assigned to receive maropitant (1 mg/kg [0.45 mg/lb], SC), then hydromorphone (0.1 mg/kg [0.045 mg/lb], IM) at 0 (simultaneously; group 0; n = 10), 15 (group 15; 10), 30 (group 30; 10), 45 (group 45; 10), or 60 (group 60; 10) minutes later. Dogs were monitored for vomiting and signs of nausea for 30 minutes after hydromorphone administration. A historical control group of similar dogs (n = 9) that were administered hydromorphone (0.1 mg/kg, IM) but not maropitant served as the referent for comparison purposes.

Results—Vomiting was recorded for 6 dogs in group 0 and 2 dogs in group 15. Signs of nausea were recorded for 10 dogs in group 0, 9 dogs in group 15, 8 dogs in group 30, 6 dogs in group 45, and 1 dog in group 60. Compared with dogs in the historical control group, vomiting was significantly decreased and prevented when maropitant was administered 15 and 30 minutes, respectively, before hydromorphone; signs of nausea were significantly decreased only when maropitant was administered 60 minutes before hydromorphone.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that vomiting was significantly decreased and then prevented when maropitant was administered to dogs 15 and 30 minutes before hydromorphone. However, signs of nausea were significantly decreased only when the dosing interval was 60 minutes.
Automated Driving, Traffic Flow Efficiency, and Human Factors
Authors: Hoogendoorn Raymond , van Arerm Bart , Hoogendoom Serge
Published: October 2014

Automation may be assumed to have a beneficial impact on traffic flow efficiency. However, the relationship between automation and traffic flow efficiency is complex because behavior of road users influences this efficiency as well. This paper reviews what is known about the influence of automation on traffic flow efficiency and behavior of road users, formulates a theoretical framework, and identifies future research needs. It is concluded that automation can be assumed to have an influence on traffic flow efficiency and on the behavior of road users. The research has shortcomings, and in this context directions are formulated for future scientific research on automation in relation to traffic flow efficiency and human behavior.
A CR Spectrum Allocation Algorithm in Smart Grid Wireless Sensor Network
Authors: He Wei , Li Ke , Zhou Qiang , Li Songnong
Published: October 2014

Cognitive radio (CR) method was introduced in smart grid communication systems to resolve potential maladies such as the coexistence of heterogeneous networks, overloaded data flow, diversity in data structures, and unstable quality of service (QOS). In this paper, a cognitive spectrum allocation algorithm based on non-cooperative game theory is proposed. The CR spectrum allocation model was developed by modifying the traditional game model via the insertion of a time variable and a critical function. The computing simulation result shows that the improved spectrum allocation algorithm can achieve stable spectrum allocation strategies and avoid the appearance of multi-Nash equilibrium at the expense of certain sacrifices in the system utility. It is suitable for application in distributed cognitive networks in power grids, thus contributing to the improvement of the isomerism and data capacity of power communication systems.
Multi-Sensor Building Fire Alarm System with Information Fusion Technology Based on D-S Evidence Theory
Authors: Ding Qian , Peng Zhenghong , Liu Tianzhen , Tong Qiaohui
Published: October 2014

Multi-sensor and information fusion technology based on Dempster-Shafer evidence theory is applied in the system of a building fire alarm to realize early detecting and alarming. By using a multi-sensor to monitor the parameters of the fire process, such as light, smoke, temperature, gas and moisture, the range of fire monitoring in space and time is expanded compared with a single-sensor system. Then, the D-S evidence theory is applied to fuse the information from the multi-sensor with the specific fire model, and the fire alarm is more accurate and timely. The proposed method can avoid the failure of the monitoring data effectively, deal with the conflicting evidence from the multi-sensor robustly and improve the reliability of fire warning significantly.
Assessing Antioxidant Capacity in Brain Tissue: Methodologies and Limitations in Neuroprotective Strategies
Authors: Slemmer Jennifer , Weber John
Published: October 2014

The number of putative neuroprotective compounds with antioxidant activity described in the literature continues to grow. Although these compounds are validated using a variety of in vivo and in vitro techniques, they are often evaluated initially using in vitro cell culture techniques in order to establish toxicity and effective concentrations. Both in vivo and in vitro methodologies have their respective advantages and disadvantages, including, but not limited to, cost, time, use of resources and technical limitations. This review expands on the inherent benefits and drawbacks of in vitro and in vivo methods for assessing neuroprotection, especially in light of proper evaluation of compound efficacy and neural bioavailability. For example, in vivo studies can better evaluate the effects of protective compounds and/or its metabolites on various tissues, including the brain, in the whole animal, whereas in vitro studies can better discern the cellular and/or mechanistic effects of compounds. In particular, we aim to address the question of appropriate and accurate extrapolation of findings from in vitro experiment-where compounds are often directly applied to cellular extracts, potentially at higher concentrations than would ever cross the blood-brain barrier—to the more complex scenario of neuroprotection due to pharmacodynamics in vivo.
Transient Thunderstorm Downbursts and Their Effects on Wind Turbines
Authors: Nguyen Hieu , Manuel Lance
Published: October 2014

The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Standard 61400-1 for the design of wind turbines does not explicitly address site-specific conditions associated with anomalous atmospheric events or conditions. Examples of off-standard atmospheric conditions include thunderstorm downbursts, hurricanes, tornadoes, low-level jets, etc. The simulation of thunderstorm downbursts and associated loads on a utility-scale wind turbine is the focus of this study. Since the problem has not received sufficient attention, especially in terms of design, we thus focus in this paper on practical aspects. A wind field model that incorporates component non-turbulent and turbulent parts is described and employed in inflow simulations. The non-turbulent part is based on an available analytical model with some modifications, while the turbulent part is simulated as a stochastic process using standard turbulence power spectral density functions and coherence functions whose defining parameters are related to the downburst characteristics such as the storm translation velocity. Available information on recorded downbursts is used to define two storm scenarios that are studied. Rotor loads are generated using stochastic simulation of the aeroelastic response of a model of a utility-scale 5-MW turbine. An illustrative single storm simulation and the associated turbine response are used to discuss load characteristics and to highlight storm-related and environmental parameters of interest. Extensive simulations for two downbursts are then conducted while varying the storm’s location and track relative to the turbine. Results suggest that wind turbine yaw and pitch control systems clearly influence overall system response. Results also highlight the important effects of both the turbulence as well as the downburst mean wind profiles on turbine extreme loads.
Impact of Coastal Land Use Change on Shoreline Dynamics in Yunlin County, Taiwan
Authors: Lo Kwong , Gunasiri Chethika
Published: October 2014

Located in the west coast of Taiwan, Yunlin County is considered as one of the most industrialized counties. The impact of land use on the coastal zone is significantly high. The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of coastal land use changes in Yunlin County between 1996 and 2011 on shoreline dynamics. Two sets of satellite images (SPOT and FORMOSAT-2) are used as major data sources, and all analyses are performed using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques. Land use classification includes seven types. Their area changes and correlations with shoreline area changes are calculated. Results indicate that between 1996 and 2011, the Yunlin coastal zone has experienced substantial land use changes, with dramatic increase of industrial and residential area along with significant loss of sandy coast. For the last sixteen years, Yunlin shoreline has undergone both erosion and accretion position changes. However, accretion is more prominent and common in many places. The net shoreline change observed is an accretion area of 1.65 km2. Results also further reveal that area changes of agriculture, residential, abandoned and aquaculture lands have caused a negative impact on the shoreline, moving it landward. However, area changes of industrial land and the sandy coast have exerted a positive impact (shifting the shoreline towards the sea). This positive impact is mainly due to land reclamation projects and destruction of natural coasts. As such, this is not favorable for natural coastal environments. This study also clearly indicates that, human induced coastal land use changes do exist in Yunlin. These changes may have created long-term shoreline position shifts and significant impact on its coastal environment.
Effects of the Olive-Derived Polyphenol Oleuropein on Human Health
Authors: Barbaro Barbara , Toietta Gabriele , Maggio Roberta , Arciello Mario , Tarocchi Mirko , Galli Andrea , Balsano Clara
Published: October 2014

The use of the products derived from the olive tree on human health dates back centuries. In several civilizations, the olive tree had and still has a very strong cultural and religious symbolism. Notably, the official seal and emblem of the World Health Organization features the rod of Asclepius over a world map surrounded by olive tree branches, chosen as a symbol of peace and health. Recently, accumulating experimental, clinical and epidemiological data have provided support to the traditional beliefs of the beneficial effect provided by olive derivates. In particular, the polyphenols present in olive leaves, olives, virgin (unrefined) olive oil and olive mill waste are potent antioxidant and radical scavengers with anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory properties. Here, we review the positive impact on human health of oleuropein, the most prevalent polyphenol present in olives. In addition, we provide data collected in our laboratory on the role of oleuropein in counteracting lipid accumulation in a mouse model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
Synthetic Chalcones with Potent Antioxidant Ability on H2O2-Induced Apoptosis in PC12 Cells
Authors: Wu Jian-Zhang , Cheng Chan-Chan , Shen Lai-Lai , Wang Zhan-Kun , Wu Shou-Biao , Li Wu-Lan , Chen Su-Hua , Zhou Rong-Ping , Qiu Pei-Hong
Published: October 2014

Chalcone derivatives (E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl) prop-2-en-1-one and (E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl) prop-2-en-1-one (Compounds 1 and 2) have been demonstrated to be potent anti-inflammatory agents in our previous study. In light of the relationship of intracellular mechanisms between anti-inflammatories and antioxidants, we further designed and synthesized a series of chalcone derivatives based on 1 and 2, to explore their antioxidant efficacy. The majority of the derivatives exhibited strong protective effects on PC12 (PC12 rat pheochromocytoma) cells exposed to H2O2, and all compounds were nontoxic. A preliminary structure-activity relationship was proposed. Compounds 1 and 1d ((E)-2-methoxy-4-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl) phenyl acrylate) exerted the action in a good dose-dependent manner. Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot analysis showed that 1 and 1d significantly improve the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-dependent antioxidant genes g-Glutamylcysteine Ligase Catalytic Subunit (GCLC) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and their corresponding proteins (γ-glutamyl cysteine synthase (γ-GCS) and HO-1) in PC12 cells. Inhibition of GCLC and HO-1 by specific inhibitors, l-buthionine-S-sulfoximine (BSO) and zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP), respectively, partially reduce the protective effect of 1 and 1d. These data present a series of novel chalcone analogs, especially compounds 1 and 1d, as candidates for treating oxidative stress-related disease by activating the Nrf2-antioxidant responsive element (ARE) pathway.
Hysteresis in Lanthanide Aluminum Oxides Observed by Fast Pulse CV Measurement
Authors: Zhao Chun , Zhao Ce , Lu Qifeng , Yan Xiaoyi , Taylor Stephen , Chalker Paul
Published: October 2014

Oxide materials with large dielectric constants (so-called high-k dielectrics) have attracted much attention due to their potential use as gate dielectrics in Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFETs). A novel characterization (pulse capacitance-voltage) method was proposed in detail. The pulse capacitance-voltage technique was employed to characterize oxide traps of high-k dielectrics based on the Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) capacitor structure. The variation of flat-band voltages of the MOS structure was observed and discussed accordingly. Some interesting trapping/detrapping results related to the lanthanide aluminum oxide traps were identified for possible application in Flash memory technology. After understanding the trapping/detrapping mechanism of the high-k oxides, a solid foundation was prepared for further exploration into charge-trapping non-volatile memory in the future.
LC-MS/MS Determination and Pharmacokinetic Study of Dehydrocorydaline in Rat Plasma after Oral Administration of Dehydrocorydaline and Corydalis yanhusuo Extract
Authors: Li Qiu-Yue , Li Kai-Tong , Sun Hong , Jin Wen , Shi Jia-Wen , Shi Yue
Published: October 2014

A rapid, sensitive and selective liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method (LC-MS/MS) was developed and validated for determination of dehydrocorydaline (DHC) in rat plasma using nitidine chloride as an internal standard. The analytes were solid-phase extracted and eluted on a C18 chromatography column using a mobile phase of acetonitrile and water (containing 0.8% formic acid and 10 mM ammonium acetate) (28:72, v/v). Detection was performed using positive ion electrospray ionization in multiple reaction monitoring modes. The assay was linear over the concentration range 0.625–250 ng/mL with a quantification limit of 0.625 ng/mL. The precision was <13.7%, the accuracy >93.1%, and extraction recovery ranged from 92.1% to 107%. The validated method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetics and excretion study of DHC in rat plasma after oral administration of pure DHC and an effective fraction of Corydalis yanhusuo (EFY). The pharmacokinetic parameters showed that DHC from EFY was absorbed more rapidly and eliminated more slowly than pure DHC. The result suggests that the differences might be due to the presence of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitors and that other alkaloids co-existing in the EFY may compete with DHC for transportation by P-gp, metabolization by P450, and binding to plasma proteins.
Structural Formation and Photocatalytic Activity of Magnetron Sputtered Titania and Doped-Titania Coatings
Authors: Kelly Peter , West Glen , Ratova Marina , Fisher Leanne , Ostovarpour Soheyla , Verran Joanna
Published: October 2014

Titania and doped-titania coatings can be deposited by a wide range of techniques; this paper will concentrate on magnetron sputtering techniques, including “conventional” reactive co-sputtering from multiple metal targets and the recently introduced high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS). The latter has been shown to deliver a relatively low thermal flux to the substrate, whilst still allowing the direct deposition of crystalline titania coatings and, therefore, offers the potential to deposit photocatalytically active titania coatings directly onto thermally sensitive substrates. The deposition of coatings via these techniques will be discussed, as will the characterisation of the coatings by XRD, SEM, EDX, optical spectroscopy, etc. The assessment of photocatalytic activity and photoactivity through the decomposition of an organic dye (methylene blue), the inactivation of E. coli microorganisms and the measurement of water contact angles will be described. The impact of different deposition technologies, doping and co-doping strategies on coating structure and activity will be also considered.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Biological Evaluation of a Series of Phloretin Derivatives
Authors: Wang Li , Li Zheng-Wei , Zhang Wei , Xu Rui , Gao Fei , Liu Yang-Feng , Li Ya-Jun
Published: October 2014

A one-step synthesis of phloretin derivatives 2–11 from phloretin in good to excellent yields is reported. Their structures were characterized by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and MS, and the structures of 8 and 11 were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. A mechanism for the formation of 9–11 is proposed. Compared with the anticancer drug docetaxel, phloretin, phloretin derivatives and phlorizin exhibited moderate cytotoxicity toward the MDA-MB-231, SPC-A1, A549, MCF-7 and EC109 cell lines. Among all of the tested compounds, 7 exhibited the strongest cytotoxicity toward the five cell lines and was more active than docetaxel in MDA-MB-231 cells. Our findings suggest that these derivatives hold great promise for further development as anticancer agents.
Modern Prodrug Design for Targeted Oral Drug Delivery
Authors: Dahan Arik , Zimmermann Ellen , Ben-Shabat Shimon
Published: October 2014

The molecular information that became available over the past two decades significantly influenced the field of drug design and delivery at large, and the prodrug approach in particular. While the traditional prodrug approach was aimed at altering various physiochemical parameters, e.g., lipophilicity and charge state, the modern approach to prodrug design considers molecular/cellular factors, e.g., membrane influx/efflux transporters and cellular protein expression and distribution. This novel targeted-prodrug approach is aimed to exploit carrier-mediated transport for enhanced intestinal permeability, as well as specific enzymes to promote activation of the prodrug and liberation of the free parent drug. The purpose of this article is to provide a concise overview of this modern prodrug approach, with useful successful examples for its utilization. In the past the prodrug approach used to be viewed as a last option strategy, after all other possible solutions were exhausted; nowadays this is no longer the case, and in fact, the prodrug approach should be considered already in the very earliest development stages. Indeed, the prodrug approach becomes more and more popular and successful. A mechanistic prodrug design that aims to allow intestinal permeability by specific transporters, as well as activation by specific enzymes, may greatly improve the prodrug efficiency, and allow for novel oral treatment options.
Playing with Opening and Closing of Heterocycles: Using the Cusmano-Ruccia Reaction to Develop a Novel Class of Oxadiazolothiazinones, Active as Calcium Channel Modulators and P-Glycoprotein Inhibitors
Authors: Spinelli Domenico , Budriesi Roberta , Cosimelli Barbara , Severi Elda , Micucci Matteo , Baroni Massimo , Fusi Fabio , Ioan Pierfranco , Cross Simon , Frosini Maria , Saponara Simona , Matucci Rosanna , Rosano Camillo , Viale Maurizio , Chiarini Alberto , Carosati Emanuele
Published: October 2014

As a result of the ring-into-ring conversion of nitrosoimidazole derivatives, we obtained a molecular scaffold that, when properly decorated, is able to decrease inotropy by blocking L-type calcium channels. Previously, we used this scaffold to develop a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model, and we used the most potent oxadiazolothiazinone as a template for ligand-based virtual screening. Here, we enlarge the diversity of chemical decorations, present the synthesis and in vitro data for 11 new derivatives, and develop a new 3D-QSAR model with recent in silico techniques. We observed a key role played by the oxadiazolone moiety: given the presence of positively charged calcium ions in the transmembrane channel protein, we hypothesize the formation of a ternary complex between the oxadiazolothiazinone, the Ca2+ ion and the protein. We have supported this hypothesis by means of pharmacophore generation and through the docking of the pharmacophore into a homology model of the protein. We also studied with docking experiments the interaction with a homology model of P-glycoprotein, which is inhibited by this series of molecules, and provided further evidence toward the relevance of this scaffold in biological interactions.
Diurnal Dynamics of Wheat Evapotranspiration Derived from Ground-Based Thermal Imagery
Authors: Ahrends Hella , Haseneder-Lind Rainer , Schween Jan , Crewell Susanne , Stadler Anja , Rascher Uwe
Published: October 2014

The latent heat flux, one of the key components of the surface energy balance, can be inferred from remotely sensed thermal infrared data. However, discrepancies between modeled and observed evapotranspiration are large. Thermal cameras might provide a suitable tool for model evaluation under variable atmospheric conditions. Here, we evaluate the results from the Penman-Monteith, surface energy balance and Bowen ratio approaches, which estimate the diurnal course of latent heat fluxes at a ripe winter wheat stand using measured and modeled temperatures. Under overcast conditions, the models perform similarly, and radiometric image temperatures are linearly correlated with the inverted aerodynamic temperature. During clear sky conditions, the temperature of the wheat ear layer could be used to predict daytime turbulent fluxes (root mean squared error and mean absolute error: 20–35 W∙m−2, r2: 0.76–0.88), whereas spatially-averaged temperatures caused underestimation of pre-noon and overestimation of afternoon fluxes. Errors are dependent on the models’ ability to simulate diurnal hysteresis effects and are largest during intermittent clouds, due to the discrepancy between the timing of image capture and the time needed for the leaf-air-temperature gradient to adapt to changes in solar radiation. During such periods, we suggest using modeled surface temperatures for temporal upscaling and the validation of image data.
Estimation of Alpine Skier Posture Using Machine Learning Techniques
Authors: Nemec Bojan , Petrič Tadej , Babič Jan , Supej Matej
Published: October 2014

High precision Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurements are becoming more and more popular in alpine skiing due to the relatively undemanding setup and excellent performance. However, GNSS provides only single-point measurements that are defined with the antenna placed typically behind the skier’s neck. A key issue is how to estimate other more relevant parameters of the skier’s body, like the center of mass (COM) and ski trajectories. Previously, these parameters were estimated by modeling the skier’s body with an inverted-pendulum model that oversimplified the skier’s body. In this study, we propose two machine learning methods that overcome this shortcoming and estimate COM and skis trajectories based on a more faithful approximation of the skier’s body with nine degrees-of-freedom. The first method utilizes a well-established approach of artificial neural networks, while the second method is based on a state-of-the-art statistical generalization method. Both methods were evaluated using the reference measurements obtained on a typical giant slalom course and compared with the inverted-pendulum method. Our results outperform the results of commonly used inverted-pendulum methods and demonstrate the applicability of machine learning techniques in biomechanical measurements of alpine skiing.
Monitoring Key Parameters in Bioprocesses Using Near-Infrared Technology
Authors: Tamburini Elena , Marchetti Maria , Pedrini Paola
Published: October 2014

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is known to be a rapid and non-destructive technique for process monitoring. Bioprocesses are usually complex, from both the chemical (ill-defined medium composition) and physical (multiphase matrix) aspects, which poses an additional challenge to the development of robust calibrations. We investigated the use of NIRS for on-line and in-line monitoring of cell, substrate and product concentrations, during aerobic and anaerobic bacterial fermentations, in different fermentation strategies. Calibration models were built up, then validated and used for the automated control of fermentation processes. The capability of NIR in-line to discriminate among differently shaped bacteria was tested.
Chemoresistive Gas Sensors for the Detection of Colorectal Cancer Biomarkers
Authors: Malagù Cesare , Fabbri Barbara , Gherardi Sandro , Giberti Alessio , Guidi Vincenzo , Landini Nicolò , Zonta Giulia
Published: October 2014

Numerous medical studies show that tumor growth is accompanied by protein changes that may lead to the peroxidation of the cell membrane with consequent emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by breath or intestinal gases that should be seen as biomarkers for colorectal cancer (CRC). The analysis of VOCs represents a non-invasive and potentially inexpensive preliminary screening technique. An array of chemoresistive gas sensors based on screen-printed metal oxide semiconducting films has been selected to discriminate gases of oncological interest, e.g., 1-iodononane and benzene, widely assumed to be biomarkers of colorectal cancer, from those of interference in the gut, such as methane and nitric oxide.
Hybrid Optimal Design of the Eco-Hydrological Wireless Sensor Network in the Middle Reach of the Heihe River Basin, China
Authors: Kang Jian , Li Xin , Jin Rui , Ge Yong , Wang Jinfeng , Wang Jianghao
Published: October 2014

The eco-hydrological wireless sensor network (EHWSN) in the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin in China is designed to capture the spatial and temporal variability and to estimate the ground truth for validating the remote sensing productions. However, there is no available prior information about a target variable. To meet both requirements, a hybrid model-based sampling method without any spatial autocorrelation assumptions is developed to optimize the distribution of EHWSN nodes based on geostatistics. This hybrid model incorporates two sub-criteria: one for the variogram modeling to represent the variability, another for improving the spatial prediction to evaluate remote sensing productions. The reasonability of the optimized EHWSN is validated from representativeness, the variogram modeling and the spatial accuracy through using 15 types of simulation fields generated with the unconditional geostatistical stochastic simulation. The sampling design shows good representativeness; variograms estimated by samples have less than 3% mean error relative to true variograms. Then, fields at multiple scales are predicted. As the scale increases, estimated fields have higher similarities to simulation fields at block sizes exceeding 240 m. The validations prove that this hybrid sampling method is effective for both objectives when we do not know the characteristics of an optimized variables.
The Use of Modified Annandale’s Method in the Estimation of the Sediment Distribution in Small Reservoirs—A Case Study
Authors: Michalec Bogusław
Published: October 2014

In the current study, the applicability of the Annandale method was verified based on the results of silting and sediment distribution measurements carried out in eight small reservoirs, with a capacity that does not exceed 5 million m3. It was found that the application of this method is possible only in the case of small reservoirs, in which the sediment load is deposited in the near-dam zone. The results of studies conducted on small reservoirs allowed the construction of a graph presenting the relationship of a sum of dimensionless sediment load volume as a function of relative distance from the dam, which became the modification of the graph in Annandale’s method. The proposed modification of Annandale’s method considers reservoirs with a length less than 1000 m and capacity-inflow ratio ranging from a few per mille to a percent.
Optimal Irrigation Water Allocation Using a Genetic Algorithm under Various Weather Conditions
Authors: Sadati Somayeh , Speelman Stijn , Sabouhi Mahmood , Gitizadeh Mohsen , Ghahraman Bijan
Published: October 2014

Growing water scarcity, due to growing populations and varying natural conditions, puts pressure on irrigation systems, which often are the main consumptive water users. Therefore, water resources management to improve the allocation of limited water supplies is essential. In this study, a non-linear programming optimization model with an integrated soil/water balance is developed to determine the optimal reservoir release policies and the optimal cropping pattern around Doroudzan Dam in the South-West of Iran. The proposed model was solved using a genetic algorithm (GA). Four weather conditions were identified by combining the probability levels of rainfall, evapotranspiration and inflow. Moreover, two irrigation strategies, full irrigation and deficit irrigation were modeled under each weather condition. The results indicate that for all weather conditions the total farm income and the total cropped area under deficit irrigation were larger than those under full irrigation. In addition, our results show that when the weather conditions and the availability of water changes the optimal area under corn and sugar beet decreases sharply. In contrast, the change in area cropped with wheat is small. It is concluded that the optimization approach has been successfully applied to Doroudzan Dam region. Thus, decision makers and water authorities can use it as an effective tool for such large and complex irrigation planning problems.
Au seuil du monde divin : reflets et passages du dieu d'Ālantuṟai à Puḷḷamaṅkai
Authors: Schmid Charlotte
Published: October 2014

Charlotte Schmid

Au seuil du monde divin : reflets et passages du dieu d'Ālantuṟai à Puḷḷamaṅkai

Cet article présente le temple de Puḷḷamaṅkai, temple cōḻa de la fin du IXe ou du début du Xe siècle. L'analyse de l'architecture, du programme iconographique et du corpus épigraphique du temple fait apparaître celui-ci comme un espace de rencontres entre plusieurs mondes, où, à travers des formules iconographiques et littéraires tant shivaïtes que vishnouites bien identifiées, se manifeste une divinité particulière. Ce dieu est le Mahādeva d'Ālantuṟai, ainsi nommé dans les inscriptions du temple et dans l'hymne que le Tēvāram consacre au site, en une correspondance remarquable. L'étude ici présentée analyse en particulier la relation entre les divinités du temple et les dieux pan-indiens ; elle tente aussi de rendre compte de l'unité du projet iconographique et rituel dont ce temple nous paraît être le résultat. Les frises narratives du soubassement sont disposées de façon à souligner la puissance de Śiva, qui s'avère être ici à l'origine d'un cycle consacré au Rāmāyana. Viṣṇu, la déesse à qui on offre la tête du buffle et les différentes formes de Siva qui animent les murs du temple ne seraient-elles pas, en définitive, les différentes formes prises par le dieu d'Ālantuṟai attaché à cet espace où se dresse le temple ?

Les inscriptions forment le second volet de l'étude. Elles sont la marque des fidèles dans l'espace du temple, où ils rendent hommage au dieu en lui donnant des terres qui permettent à la fois à la divinité d'être adorée (grâce au revenu du capital accumulé) et de se constituer en ce monde mortel un territoire spécifique sur lequel régner. La relation entretenue avec le pouvoir central, c'est-à-dire le roi, qu'elle soit artistique, administrative ou financière se révèle changeante au cours des deux siècles où les inscriptions font revivre le temple. Elle confirme ainsi qu'on n'a pas affaire à une fondation royale, hypothèse antérieure qui expliquait le raffinement de la sculpture du temple et l'importance donnée dans l'iconographie à Rāma. La présentation du corpus épigraphique complet du temple que fait le Dr G. Vijayavenugopal nous donne en effet accès à une information précieuse, car nouvelle et très détaillée. Venue du cœur du sanctuaire contenant un liṅga qui se manifeste aussi sur la face ouest du temple, l'incarnation du dieu s'achève dans ces écrits personnels et datés : ici habite le dieu d'Ālantuṟai.
Urbanisation et innovations religieuses en Inde ancienne
Authors: Couture André
Published: October 2014

André Couture

Urbanisation and religious innovations in Ancient India

Often dismissed as an unwarranted assertion, the Weberian hypothesis that Jainism and Buddhism appeared at the same time as cities and urban kingdoms developed, has once again begun to stir scholarly interest. This paper presents a survey of recent work on the subject, at the same time that it attempts to move the discussion forward. Following brief remarks on "The Socio-Religious Context of Ancient India" and "The Second Urbanization in Northern India", the third section of the paper, entitled "The Urban Context and the Religious Innovations at the End of Vedism", relies largely on the work of R. Thapar and P. Olivelle, as it summarizes the transformations of Brahmanism which may have been linked to urbanization. The fourth part returns briefly to the question of the birth of Buddhism in an urban setting, citing the works of H. Härtel, G. Erdösy, D. D. Kosambi, T. Ling, G. Bailey and I. Mabbett. The final section of the paper, "New Adjustments of Hinduism to a Context of Thriving Cities", makes the most of data contained in the Harivamsha, a supplement to the Mahabharata (a text tentatively dated from the 2nd or 3rd c. A.D.), by suggesting that the proliferation of cities may also help to contextualize certain aspects of Krishna's enigmatic character.
Études sur les fortifications de l'Inde, V. La forteresse de Daulatabad au Maharashtra
Authors: Deloche Jean
Published: October 2014

Jean Deloche

Études sur les fortifications de l'Inde V. La forteresse de Daulatabad au Maharashtra

À cause de son extraordinaire citadelle naturelle taillée dans le roc, de ses puissantes enceintes, la forteresse de Daulatabad a fasciné les hommes, depuis Ibn Battutah jusqu'à Shajahan et aux voyageurs des XVIIIe et XIXe siècles.

Dans la présente étude, on a tenté d'établir la typologie des ouvrages fortifiés, d'identifier les ouvrages de défense et ainsi de préciser l'évolution des techniques militaires avant et après l'introduction des armes à feu.

On a montré l'œuvre des rois hindous yadavas, en particulier leurs travaux gigantesques ; puis les réalisations de la dynastie musulmane des Bahmanis (1347- 1510) qui ont construit la première enceinte, renforcé les ouvrages de la citadelle et élevé le rempart principal de la deuxième enceinte ; enfin, après l'introduction des armes à feu et l'essor de l'artillerie, les innovations des Adil Shahis d'Ahmadnagar (1510-1636) qui ont coiffé les tours flanquantes de cavaliers, construit une fausse-braie en avant de la seconde enceinte et entouré la base de la citadelle d'une troisième enceinte, suivant un système de défense très élaboré.
Histoire architecturale du Baphuon. Éléments pour une nouvelle chronologie de la construction du temple
Authors: Royère Pascal
Published: October 2014

Pascal Royère

Histoire architecturale du Baphuon. Éléments pour une nouvelle chronologie de la construction du temple

Le présent article consiste à mettre en évidence les récentes découvertes concernant l'histoire architecturale du temple du Baphuon à Angkor (Cambodge). Avec le soutien d'une analyse archéologique rigoureuse des abords du temple et des méthodes de construction des maîtres d'œuvres du XIe siècle, l'ensemble des vestiges est passé en revue et permet d'envisager une remise en perspective des différentes séquences de construction du temple. Parmi les résultats importants, on notera une inversion des chronologies jusque-là admises, grâce à la mise en évidence des vestiges d'un temple antérieur à la construction de la pyramide, ouvrage remanié pour permettre l'implantation du temple-montagne tel qu'il apparaît de nos jours. Enfin, loin d'être considérés comme des résultats figés, ces nouveaux enseignements relatifs à l'emprise du temple ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives pour la compréhension des différentes étapes de formation de l'espace central d'Angkor Thom.
De brique et de grès : précisions sur les tours de Prah Kô
Authors: Pottier Christophe , Luján-Lunsford Lunsford Rodolfo
Published: October 2014

Christophe Pottier et Rodolfo Luján-Lunsford Lunsford

De brique et de grès : précisions sur les tours de Prah Kô

L'article présente un examen approfondi des détails constructifs du temple de Prah Kô à Roluos (aux environs d'Angkor). Depuis plusieurs décennies, ce type d'analyse a été utilisé avec succès sur plusieurs monuments angkoriens en grès : il est ici appliqué à des structures appareillées en brique. Dans le cas de Prah Kô, l'observation et l'intégration des détails de mise en œuvre révèlent l'existence de divers états du monument, de changements de partis architecturaux et de travaux de « rénovation » anciens qui mettent en évidence le caractère fortement composite de ce temple. Cette réelle complexité architecturale et historique soulève de sérieux problèmes pour ce temple en apparence si bien daté et qui, jusqu'alors, était considéré comme tellement homogène qu'il donna son nom au premier style de la période angkorienne. L'article réexamine alors l'histoire de ce monument en fonction des données architecturales, stylistiques et épigraphiques disponibles, tout en soulignant les limites de cette analyse classique.
L'empire du Vent, ou le statut du chasseur entre littérature épique et ethnographie
Authors: Rousseleau Raphaël
Published: October 2014

Raphaël Rousseleau

L'empire du Vent, ou le statut du chasseur entre littérature épique et ethnographie

Divers ouvrages ont été consacrés à l'identification de noms de peuples cités dans la littérature sanskrite ancienne avec ceux de « tribus » de l'Inde (Scheduled Tribes) contemporaines, considérées comme jadis extérieures à la société hindoue des castes. Cet article se place dans une perspective plus structurale, dans la mesure où il envisage les noms niṣāda et śabara (ainsi que secondairement kirāta et bhilla), désignant les « chasseurs » ou « forestiers », comme des catégories de pensée appartenant à l'univers de représentation hindou. Cherchant à nous inspirer des analyses de Charles Malamoud sur la complémentarité du village et de la forêt dans l'Inde brahmanique, nous dégagerons les contours d'un « devoir statutaire » (dharma) du chasseur forestier, tels que les tracent plusieurs œuvres sanskrites connues (Lois de Manu, Rāmāyaṇa, Mahābhārata, Kathāsaritsāgara). Cette étude n'a cependant aucune prétention philologique ; elle vise à confronter les données ethnographiques recueillies par l'auteur en Orissa à un échantillon de textes anciens, afin d'éclairer le présent à la lumière du passé et vice versa. Au-delà des références à l'impureté de ces groupes relativement aux valeurs brahmaniques, l'examen de ces textes montrera que la figure du chasseur forestier indien trouve son statut plus largement défini par rapport à celui du roi. Cette perspective permettra d'éclairer enfin plusieurs mythes d'origine de ces populations, évoqués tant dans les textes sanskrits que dans la littérature orale, faisant intervenir des personnages aussi inattendus (dans ce contexte) que Bhīma ou Vāyu.
« Vīrabrahmam prophète » récit de burrakatha. La légende d'un guru divinisé dans la culture Andhra
Authors: Negers Daniel
Published: October 2014

Daniel Negers

« Vīrabrahmam prophète » récit de burrakatha. La légende d'un guru divinisé dans la culture Andhra

Le burrakatha (« Récit au Burra ») est un genre narratif théâtralisé qui s'est constitué en Andhra Pradesh dans la deuxième moitié du XXe siècle à des fins de propagande politique, d'abord communiste. Son répertoire en a été grandement influencé, bien qu'il se soit progressivement enrichi de sujets tirés de la culture religieuse ambiante. Recueilli par l'auteur auprès d'un poète-interprète du genre, le « Récit au Burra de Vīrabrahmam » illustre parfaitement ce type d'évolution. Il éclaire aussi des aspects méconnus de la culture populaire associée à des déterminations marquées à la fois par l'appartenance de caste et par des caractéristiques sectaires. On y voit les rapports ambigus, contradictoires et mêlés, entretenus par le modèle brahmanique dominant et les discours réactifs d'un courant particulier de bhakti qui s'organise dans le cadre original de ses rapports avec une caste spécifique, dans des relations subtiles entre les figures divines de Viṣṇu et de Śiva, et autour d'un « prophète-millénariste » hindou, dont le disciple principal est la réincarnation d'un roi de Bénarès en musulman de basse caste.

Le thème de ce burrakatha paraît déjà passionnant en lui-même. Les motifs qui le composent justifieront, je l'espère, ce parti-pris aux yeux du lecteur. L'article consacré à « la légende d'un guru divinisé dans la culture āndhra » se propose donc de présenter la substance textuelle d'un mythe de caste à dimension sectaire en fournissant aussi des clefs de compréhension qui le resituent dans son contexte régional, dans ses dimensions sociales mais aussi dans les formes mal connues, sinon souterraines, de particularités idéologiques religieuses issues de courants radicaux et assimilées à des fins complexes par des castes à forte identité individuelle.

Cette étude du « Récit de Vīrabrahmam burrakatha » présente donc les personnages du prophète-forgeron Vīrabrahmam et de son disciple Siddhayya dans le contexte historico-légendaire de la culture populaire ambiante et par référence aux nombreuses sources textuelles, ainsi que les dimensions cultuelles, plus ethnographiques, des célébrations religieuses que consacre le groupe associé des cinq castes d'« Artisans Viśvabrahmanes » au gourou divinisé issu de leur caste, avant de fournir le « résumé analytique détaillé » d'un texte particulier de burrakatha tiré de la tradition et élaboré par un auteur lui-même « Forgeron-Menuisier » de caste. La dernière partie de l'étude offre une analyse de la légende à partir du texte de burrakatha. Elle s'efforce de restituer les fondements idéologiques, religieux, sociaux ou politiques qui semblent devoir être pris en compte pour obtenir une mise en perspective pertinente du texte à des fins de compréhension plus générales.
Une divinité de circonstance. Le culte de Hoàng Công Chất à Điện-Biên-Phủ
Authors: Le Failler Philippe
Published: October 2014

Philippe Le Failler

Une divinité de circonstance. Le culte de Hoàng Công Chất à Điện-Biên-Phủ

Au XIIIe siècle, un vaste mouvement de révoltes paysannes secoua le nord du Vietnam. Afin d'échapper aux troupes des seigneurs Trịnh, Hoàng Công Chất, l'un des meneurs, se réfugia à Mường Thanh (Điện-Biên-Phủ), aux confins du royaume, s'y fortifia et entrepris d'y établir son pouvoir quinze ans durant. Chaque année, au mois de février, dans un temple reconstruit, un culte lui est dédié localement. Les différences notables entre le récit d'époque et le mythe recréé par les autorités mettent en évidence des enjeux très contemporains. Désormais, dans les zones frontalières du Vietnam, l'État se livre à une réinterprétation des événements historiques afin de favoriser la propagation de l'idée nationale et l'émergence d'une cohésion interethnique. Ce faisant, il s'inscrit dans une pratique plus ancienne où la promotion du culte des grands personnages historiques s'exerce jusque dans les villages et contribue ainsi à la diffusion d'une conception centralisée de l'ordre social.
Les relations entre la Chine et le monde iranien dans l'Antiquité historiquement revisitées à la lumière des découvertes archéologiques du dernier quart de siècle
Authors: Tsung-I Jao , Vandermeersch Léon
Published: October 2014

Jao Tsung-I et Léon Vandermeersch

Les relations entre la Chine et le monde iranien dans l'Antiquité historiquement revisitées à la lumière des découvertes archéologiques du dernier quart de siècle

Le présent article revient sur l'histoire des relations entre la Chine et le monde irano-persan à la lumière des découvertes archéologiques chinoises des époques des Han et des Six Dynasties, en reprenant l'analyse des sources historiques et même mythiques relatives à une antiquité bien plus haute. Ce qui conduit à faire remonter les contacts entre ces deux mondes à l'époque Zhou, à envisager une possible influence de l'empire achéménide sur la création de l'empire chinois par Qin Shihuangdi, et à réaccréditer les relations historiographiques, traitées comme controuvées, d'une première introduction du bouddhisme en Chine sous cet empereur. Quant aux époques des Han et des Six Dynasties, les trouvailles archéologiques confirment les textes portant trace de routes marchandes allant d'Asie centrale au Yunnan et au Vietnam d'aujourd'hui, puis de là au pays de Wu du temps des Trois Royaumes, et, par mer, jusqu'à l'ancienne Qingzhou, dans la baie de Qiaozhou (Shandong), qui fut aussi port de départ vers l'Inde de pèlerins chinois.
Weaving cultural identities on trans-Asiatic networks: Upper Thai-Malay Peninsula – an early socio-political landscape
Authors: Bellina-Pryce Bérénice , Silapanth Praon
Published: October 2014

Bérénice Bellina-Pryce et Praon Silapanth

Weaving cultural identities on trans-Asiatic networks: Upper Thai-Malay Peninsula – an early socio-political landscape

Le programme archéologique franco-thaï en péninsule thai-malaise septentrionale provient du désir de reconstituer les premières phases du processus des échanges techniques, économiques et culturels qui ont contribué à façonner les identités culturelles tant sud que sud-est asiatiques. À cet effet, il vise à définir la séquence de développements socio-culturels d'une région tenue pour centrale dans les échanges trans-asiatiques, en s'attachant aux interactions entre les productions des sociétés complexes qui s'y sont trouvées engagées ; on entend précisément ici par « productions » les paysages anthropiques et les systèmes socio-techniques. La recherche pluri-disciplinaire que nous menons combine l'étude du site d'habitat et de production de Khao Sam Kaeo et de son paléo-environnement avec l'étude de ses systèmes artisanaux (céramiques, verres, roches dures et métaux). Cette approche a pour objet d'évaluer dans quelle mesure les échanges trans-asiatiques ont affecté les paysages politiques, économiques et sociaux de la péninsule, et inversement, de préciser quel rôle de la région péninsulaire a tenu dans ces échanges.

Trois saisons de recherches à Khao Sam Kaeo fournissent des indices d'urbanisation et de possible centralisation, processus qui sont à mettre en relation avec l'engagement du site dans les réseaux d'échanges et dont on peut concevoir pour certains qu'ils portent déjà l'empreinte de l'indianisation. L'isthme de Kra apparaît donc avoir joué un rôle central dans l'émergence des réseaux d'échanges économiques et culturels du milieu du Ier millénaire précédant notre ère.