bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Magnetically recoverable 2‐(aminomethyl)phenols‐modified nanoparticles as a catalyst for Knoevenagel condensation and carrier for palladium to catalytic Suzuki coupling reactions
Authors: Wang Gongshu , Ding Zhiqiang , Meng Lingxin , Yan Guiyang , Chen Zhangpei , Hu Jianshe
Published: July 2020

A class of magnetic nanoparticles modified by 2‐(aminomethyl)phenols has been successfully designed and synthesized as a reusable catalyst for Knoevenagel reaction. What's more, such nanomaterial also proved as suitable carrier for immobilization of palladium nanoparticles and the obtained composite exerted potent catalytic activity in Suzuki coupling reactions. Both of the (aminomethyl)phenols‐modified nanoparticles and its related palladium nanocatalyst could be easily separated and reused for several consecutive runs by magnetic decantation without significant loss of their catalytic efficiency.
1,10‐Phenanthroline: A versatile ligand to promote copper‐catalyzed cascade reactions
Authors: Wu Fengtian , Xie Jianwei , Zhu Zhiqiang
Published: July 2020

Ligand‐promoted copper‐catalyzed cascade reactions have become a robust tool for the synthesis of cyclic compounds. Although numerous ligands have been developed, this review focuses on the introduction of commercially available 1,10‐phenanthroline‐promoted copper‐catalyzed cascade reactions in recent years. Moreover, based on original articles, this review highlights product yields in the presence and absence of the ligand, and the possible mechanistic role of the ‘copper/1,10‐phenanthroline’ catalytic system.
Coupling of abrasion attrition theory with mechanical characteristics for particle attrition in a fluidized bed reactor
Authors: Zheng Dan , Huang Ting‐Hong , Yan Jie , Yang Hu , Peng Chuanfeng , Fu Yuhang , Li Bo
Published: July 2020

The particle attrition could lead to the degradation of industrial product quality and results in a series of environmental problems. However, the influence of material properties on the attrition process of particles has long been ignored by researchers. In this article, the particle attrition characteristics of inorganic materials are investigated in a laboratory‐scale fluidized bed reactor (FBR). This research is focused on the attrition behavior of particle in FBR. On the other hand, the influence of attrition time, circulation flow rate, and attrition propensity on particle attrition is also studied by using the attrition kinetic model. The experiment results of particle size distribution indicate that the particle attrition in the FBR arises from surface abrasion. Meanwhile, it is found that the attrition rate decline slows and approaches a constant value with increasing attrition time. In addition, the attrition rate increases with circulation flow rate and attrition propensity. It can be seen that the attrition process of particle is strongly related to its material physical characteristics and fluidization conditions. However, the widely used Gwyn's model cannot accurately describe these characteristics. In the current study, a new model of abrasion attrition theory coupled with material mechanical characteristics of particle is implemented to describe the attrition process. The model parameters have definite meanings and are highly correlated with the material mechanical properties of particle, and the predictions of this new coupled model are also in better agreement with Gwyn's model.
Flexible and Wearable Power Sources for Next‐Generation Wearable Electronics
Authors: Fan Xiayue , Liu Bin , Ding Jia , Deng Yida , Han Xiaopeng , Hu Wenbin , Zhong Cheng
Published: July 2020

Personal electronic devices are moving toward an era in pursuit of wearability and versatility enabling a wide range of healthcare, entertainment and sports applications. Conventional power source with bulky and rigid structure becomes a bottleneck for the rapid advancements of wearable smart electronics. To meet the requirement of next‐generation wearable electronics, power supplies with high flexibility, bendability, and stretchability have received extensive attention. In this review, requirements of flexible and wearable power sources in terms of the flexible battery configuration design, flexible materials, energy density and other request are highlighted. Several promising power supplies (e. g., metal−sulfur batteries, metal−air batteries, energy storage and conversion integrated devices) for the application of wearables are discussed in detail. Furthermore, discussions are presented on the remaining challenges and some possible research directions to establish a perspective for practical applications of power sources for wearable electronics in the near future.
Sustainable Synthesis of N‐Doped Hollow Porous Carbon Spheres via a Spray‐Drying Method for Lithium‐Sulfur Storage with Ultralong Cycle Life
Authors: Liu Yijian , Guo Hao , Zhang Baohua , Wen Gongyu , Vajtai Robert , Wu Ling , Ajayan Pulickel M. , Wang Liang
Published: July 2020

Exploring high‐efficiency, long‐term cycling stability, and cost‐effective cathode materials for lithium‐sulfur (Li−S) batteries is hugely desirable and challenging. Herein, we have successfully developed a simple solution‐based spray‐drying method to fabricate nitrogen‐doped hollow porous carbon spheres (N‐HPCS) with biomass lignin as a carbon precursor and cyanuric acid as a N‐dopant and a porogen. The obtained N‐HPCS shows a specific surface area of 446.2 m2 g−1 and high‐level pyrrolic‐N doping of 64.13 %. The N‐HPCS/S cathode has a high initial discharge capacity of 1535.1 and 1104.0 mA h g−1 at 0.1 and 1 C, respectively. In addition, the N‐HPCS/S electrode exhibits outstanding cycle performance after 1000 cycles at 1 C, with a low capacity decay rate of only 0.041 % per cycle, which is superior to most of the recently reported carbon‐based S cathodes. N‐doping causes strong Li2Sx−N chemical adhesion in carbon spheres, effectively suppressing the dissolution and “shuttle effect” of the notorious polysulfide of Li−S batteries, in which pyrrolic‐N plays a leading role in the capture of polysulfides intermediates. This contribution is of great significance to the exploration of many other structure‐property design strategies for ultralong cycle life Li−S energy storage devices.
The role of research ethics committees: Friend or foe in educational research? An exploratory study
Authors: Brown Carol , Spiro Jane , Quinton Sarah
Published: July 2020

Ethics committees have an important role to play in ensuring ethical standards (e.g. BERA, ESRC, RCUK recommendations) are met by educational researchers. Balancing obligations to participants, society, institutions and the researchers themselves is not, however, easy. Researchers often experience the ethics committee as unsympathetic to their research endeavour, whilst ethics committees find some research approaches do not make ethical implications sufficiently explicit. This potential for misunderstanding is evident in the literature, but studies investigating how participants perceive this relationship are missing. This research comprises a novel empirical study which explores researcher perceptions of research ethics committees. Fifty‐five participants in higher education departments of education responded to an online survey. Open and closed‐ended questions were used to collect data on roles, methodological stance, experiences of the research ethics committee, perceived tensions and examples of good practice. The results indicated that contemporary educational researchers regard research ethics committees as friends when researcher and reviewer are transparently engaged in a shared endeavour. When this shared endeavour breaks down, for a variety of reasons—including apparently unreasonable demands or mutual misunderstanding—the research ethics committees can become foes. The difference between foe and friend lies in the quality of communication, clear systems and a culture of respectful mutual learning. The contributions of this study have practical implications for the ways that education researchers and research ethics committees relate to one another within university settings, both to alleviate areas of tension and to arrive at a shared understanding which will enable best ethical research practice.
An “energy‐auxotroph” Escherichia coli provides an in vivo platform for assessing NADH regeneration systems
Authors: Wenk Sebastian , Schann Karin , He Hai , Rainaldi Vittorio , Kim Seohyoung , Lindner Steffen N. , Bar‐Even Arren
Published: July 2020

An efficient in vivo regeneration of the primary cellular resources NADH and ATP is vital for optimizing the production of value‐added chemicals and enabling the activity of synthetic pathways. Currently, such regeneration routes are tested and characterized mainly in vitro before being introduced into the cell. However, in vitro measurements could be misleading as they do not reflect enzyme activity under physiological conditions. Here, we construct an in vivo platform to test and compare NADH regeneration systems. By deleting dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase in Escherichia coli, we abolish the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase and 2‐ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. When cultivated on acetate, the resulting strain is auxotrophic to NADH and ATP: acetate can be assimilated via the glyoxylate shunt but cannot be oxidized to provide the cell with reducing power and energy. This strain can, therefore, serve to select for and test different NADH regeneration routes. We exemplify this by comparing several NAD‐dependent formate dehydrogenases and methanol dehydrogenases. We identify the most efficient enzyme variants under in vivo conditions and pinpoint optimal feedstock concentrations that maximize NADH biosynthesis while avoiding cellular toxicity. Our strain thus provides a useful platform for comparing and optimizing enzymatic systems for cofactor regeneration under physiological conditions.
Total colonic aganglionosis: multicentre study of surgical treatment and patient-reported outcomes up to adulthood
Authors: Stenström P , Kyrklund K , Bräutigam M , Engstrand Lilja H , Juul Stensrud K , Löf Granström A , Qvist N , Söndergaard Johansson L , Arnbjörnsson E , Borg H , Wester T , Björnland K , Pakarinen M P
Published: July 2020

Background

Surgery for total colonic aganglionosis (TCA) is designed to preserve continence and achieve satisfactory quality of life. This study evaluated a comprehensive group of clinical and social outcomes.

Methods

An international multicentre study from eight Nordic hospitals involving examination of case records and a patient-reported questionnaire survey of all patients born with TCA between 1987 and 2006 was undertaken.

Results

Of a total of 116 patients, five (4·3 per cent) had died and 102 were traced. Over a median follow-up of 12 (range 0·3–33) years, bowel continuity was established in 75 (73·5 per cent) at a median age of 11 (0·5–156) months. Mucosectomy with a short muscular cuff and straight ileoanal anastomosis (SIAA) (29 patients) or with a J pouch (JIAA) (26) were the most common reconstructions (55 of 72, 76 per cent). Major early postoperative complications requiring surgical intervention were observed in four (6 per cent) of the 72 patients. In 57 children aged over 4 years, long-term functional bowel symptoms after reconstruction included difficulties in holding back defaecation in 22 (39 per cent), more than one faecal accident per week in nine (16 per cent), increased frequency of defaecation in 51 (89 per cent), and social restrictions due to bowel symptoms in 35 (61 per cent). Enterocolitis occurred in 35 (47 per cent) of 72 patients. Supplementary enteral and/or parenteral nutrition was required by 51 (55 per cent) of 93 patients at any time during follow-up. Of 56 responders aged 2–20 years, true low BMI for age was found in 20 (36 per cent) and 13 (23 per cent) were short for age.

Conclusion

Reconstruction for TCA was associated with persistent bowel symptoms, and enterocolitis remained common. Multidisciplinary follow-up, including continuity of care in adulthood, might improve care standards in patients with TCA.
Being intentional with board diversity and inclusion limits risks and builds better organizations
Authors: Mervenne Anne M.
Published: July 2020

Anne M. Mervenne is CEO of Mervenne & Company, a boutique public affairs consultancy based in Michigan. She actively serves on numerous nonprofit boards, a corporate board, and a gubernatorial appointed board on community service. In this article, she explores the case for inclusive and diverse boards.
Villonodular synovitis of the lumbar spine: Case report of a rare pathology
Authors: Gader Ghassen , Belaïd Aymen , Zehani Alia , Daghfous Alifa , Zammel Ihsèn , Badri Mohamed
Published: July 2020

Lumbar pigmented villonodular synovitis is rarely localized on the lumbar spine. Awareness of pigmented villonodular synovitis is important despite its rarity because it may mimic several other lesions of this location.
Electrosynthesis 2.0 in 1,1,1,3,3,3‐Hexafluoroisopropanol/Amine Mixtures
Authors: Röckl Johannes L. , Dörr Maurice , Waldvogel Siegfried R.
Published: July 2020

The intention of this review is to highlight the innovative electrolyte combination of 1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) with tertiary nitrogen bases in electro‐organic synthesis. This easy applicable and promising mixture is not yet well established in electro‐organic synthesis, but expands the various possibilities in the latter. Combinations of fluorinated alcohols with nitrogen bases form highly conductive electrolyte systems, which can be evaporated completely. Consequently, no additional supporting electrolyte is required and work‐up procedures are tremendously simplified. With this electrolyte mixture carbon‐carbon homo‐ and cross‐coupling reactions of arenes and phenols have been established with substrates that have not been previously susceptible to the anodic dehydrogenative coupling reaction. The intermediate installation of highly fluorinated alkoxy moieties can be exploited for subsequent conversions as well as various benzylic functionalization, including asymmetric transformations. These transformations show unique selectivity and functional group tolerance making them highly applicable to the synthesis of sophisticated structural motifs, including natural products.
Multivariate curve resolution of multiway data using the multilinearity constraint
Authors: Tauler Romà
Published: July 2020

The extension of Multivariate Curve Resolution‐Alternating Least Squares (MCR‐ALS) to the analysis of multiway data using the multilinearity constraint is described in detail as one step forward of previous implementations of the trilinearity and quadrilinearity constraints for the analysis of three‐ and four‐way data sets, respectively. As in previous cases, the implementation of the multilinear model for multiway data sets is done algorithmically, within the frame of the alternating least squares (ALS) optimization in the MCR‐ALS method. This implementation is tested using multiway data sets of different complexity, and the obtained results have confirmed the adequacy of the proposed approach. Special advantages of the proposed methodology are that it allows for the implementation of the constraint separately for the different components in their different modes and that it also allows for the introduction of different levels of complexity of the multilinear model, including mixed multilinear models. These two features are especially relevant because they are not present in most of the most used multiway data analysis methods at present.
Design and Application of Indole‐Based Allylic Donors for Pd‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Allylation Reactions†
Authors: Hang Qing‐Qing , Liu Si‐Jia , Yu Lei , Sun Ting‐Ting , Zhang Yu‐Chen , Mei Guang‐Jian , Shi Feng
Published: July 2020

Summary of main observation and conclusion

A new class of indole‐based allylic donors have been designed and developed for palladium‐catalyzed decarboxylative allylations. In addition, the first application of these indole‐based allylic donors in palladium‐catalyzed decarboxylative [3+2] cycloaddition and allylic amination has been achieved by reacting with isocyanates and sulfonyl amines, respectively. This approach represents the first design of indole‐based allylic donors, which is helpful for settling the challenge of designing and developing new class of heterocycle‐based allylic donors for Pd‐catalyzed decarboxylative allylation reactions. Moreover, the application of this new class of allylic donors in cycloadditions and substitutions will add new contents to the research field of decarboxylative allylation.
Direct Construction of NOBINsvia Domino Arylation and Sigmatropic Rearrangement Reactions
Authors: Zhang Ji‐Wei , Qi Liang‐Wen , Li Shaoyu , Xiang Shao‐Hua , Tan Bin
Published: July 2020

Summary of main observation and conclusion

Privileged 2‐amino‐2’‐hydroxy‐1,1’‐binaphthyl (NOBIN) frameworks were constructed through a novel domino arylation of naphthylhydroxylamines with diarylhalonium salts and sigmatropic rearrangement in a transition metal‐free fashion. This protocol bears broad substrate generality and proceeds under mild reaction conditions, affording diversified NOBINs in high efficiency with absolute regiocontrol during the rearrangement process. Optically active product was accessible by chiral N‐heterocyclic carbene‐catalyzed kinetic resolution in one pot or diastereoselective [3,3]‐rearrangement guided by a removable chiral auxiliary. Remarkably, diarylchloronium and diarylbrominium salts have been employed as arylation reagents for the first time in assembling such representative biaryl frameworks.
Practical cardiovascular risk calculator for asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: PRECISE‐DM risk score
Authors: Choi Young , Yang Yeoree , Hwang Byung‐Hee , Lee Eun Young , Yoon Kun Ho , Chang Kiyuk , Jaffer Farouc A. , Cho Jae‐Hyoung
Published: July 2020

Background

Obstructive coronary artery disease (OCAD) is a significant predictor of adverse clinical events in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Hypothesis

We sought to develop an easy‐to‐use risk scoring system to predict OCAD and long‐term clinical outcome in asymptomatic patients with T2DM (PRECISE‐DM).

Methods

A total of 2799 asymptomatic patients with T2DM and no prior coronary disease were consecutively enrolled. OCAD was defined as ≥50% coronary artery stenosis on coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA). A new risk scoring system was developed in 933 patients undergoing CCTA (derivation cohort) and its performance to predict OCAD and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular event (MACCE) was compared with other risk estimates. The scoring system was externally validated in 1899 patients not undergoing CCTA (validation cohort).

Results

The PRECISE‐DM scoring system was created using seven variables that were associated with increased risk of OCAD, with scores ranging from 0 to 9. The scoring system predicted presence of OCAD with a C‐statistic of 0.680 and risk of MACCE with a C‐statistic of 0.708. The UKPDS risk engine and the Framingham risk score showed unreliable performance in prediction of OCAD (C‐statistics 0.531 and 0.577, respectively). Calcium score was highly predictive for OCAD (C‐statistic 0.825) but showed only modest accuracy in predicting MACCE (C‐statistic 0.675). In the external validation cohort, the PRECISE‐DM score showed acceptable discrimination for prediction of MACCE (C‐statistic 0.707).

Conclusions

The PRECISE‐DM scoring system accurately predicted presence of OCAD and risk of MACCE in asymptomatic patients with T2DM.
Complication rate, functional outcomes, and risk factors associated with carbon ion radiotherapy for patients with unresectable pelvic bone sarcoma
Authors: Takenaka Satoshi , Araki Nobuhito , Outani Hidetatsu , Hamada Ken‐ichiro , Yoshikawa Hideki , Kamada Tadashi , Imai Reiko
Published: July 2020

Background

To the authors' knowledge, carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT) is one of the few curative treatments for unresectable pelvic bone sarcoma. The current study investigated the complications, functional outcomes, and risk factors of CIRT.

Methods

Of 112 patients who were treated with CIRT for unresectable pelvic bone sarcoma, the authors enrolled 29 patients who were without local disease recurrence or distant metastasis. The mean follow‐up was 93 months. Complications, functional outcomes, and quality of life scores were assessed. Risk factors were analyzed, including the dose‐volume histogram of the femoral head.

Results

Femoral head necrosis occurred in approximately 37% of patients, pelvic fractures were reported in 48% of patients, and neurological deficits were noted in 52% of patients. Femoral head necrosis was found to be significantly more prevalent among patients with periacetabular tumors (P = .018). The dose‐volume histogram of the femoral head indicated tolerable volume percentages of the femoral head to be <33% for 40 grays (relative biological effectiveness) and 16% for 60 grays ( relative biological effectiveness). The mean Musculoskeletal Tumor Society score and Toronto Extremity Salvage Score were 53% and 64%, respectively, and the mean EuroQol 5 dimensions questionnaire index was 0.587. Patients aged >50 years and those with periacetabular tumors were found to have significantly lower Toronto Extremity Salvage Scores.

Conclusions

Femoral head necrosis, pelvic fracture, and nerve damage are common complications with the use of CIRT for pelvic bone sarcoma. To prevent femoral head necrosis, the radiation dose to the femoral head should be kept below the estimated tolerance curve presented in the current study. The functional outcome is nearly equivalent to that of surgery. CIRT may be a promising alternative to surgery for patients with unresectable pelvic bone sarcoma.
Microchiropterans have a diminutive cerebral cortex, not an enlarged cerebellum, compared to megachiropterans and other mammals
Authors: Herculano‐Houzel Suzana , da Cunha Felipe Barros , Reed Jamie L. , Kaswera‐Kyamakya Consolate , Gillissen Emmanuel , Manger Paul R.
Published: July 2020

Small echolocating bats are set apart from most other mammals by their relatively large cerebellum, a feature that has been associated to echolocation, as it is presumed to indicate a relatively enlarged number of neurons in the cerebellum in comparison to other brain structures. Here we quantify the neuronal composition of the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and remaining brain structures of seven species of large Pteropodid bats (formerly classified as megachiropterans), one of which echolocates, and six species of small bats (formerly classified as microchiropterans), all of which echolocate. This chiropteran data is compared to 60 mammalian species in our dataset to determine whether the relatively large cerebellum of the small echolocating bats, and possibly that of the echolocating Pteropodid, contains a relatively enlarged number of neurons. We find no evidence that the distribution of neurons differs between microchiropterans and megachiropterans, but our data indicate that microchiropterans, like the smallest shrew in our dataset, have diminutive cerebral cortices, which makes the cerebellum appear relatively large. We propose that, in agreement with the diminutive brain size of the earliest fossil mammals, this is a plesiomorphic, not a derived, feature of microchiropteran brains. The results of this study also reveal important neural characteristics related to the phylogenetic affinities and relationships of the chiropterans.
Principal components analysis of the Hesitation Scale: More than just social support seeking
Authors: Gontkovsky Samuel T. , Kreiner David S. , Ryan Joseph J.
Published: July 2020

The seeking of support from others during times of need is a critical strategy for overcoming challenging life events and ameliorating associated stress. The larger percentage of research examining help‐seeking behaviour has been conducted with nonclinical samples, and conclusions remain somewhat unclear due to several limitations, including methodological inconsistencies across studies. The Hesitation Scale (HS) was developed to measure social support seeking in patients with traumatic brain injury but has not undergone thorough psychometric evaluation. The goal of this study primarily was to provide a clearer understanding of the specific aspects of support‐seeking behaviour assessed by the HS, which is fundamental to the identification of factors that can be modified through targeted clinical interventions. A principal components analysis of the HS in an outpatient sample of 89 patients with spinal cord injury revealed that although the HS may provide an overall indication of respondents' attitudes and beliefs regarding social support seeking, the six significant extracted components of the scale appear to assess distinct aspects of support seeking behaviour. Results also suggested that the HS may have clinical utility in evaluating social support seeking in individuals with spinal cord injury.
Combined detection of aneuploid circulating tumor‐derived endothelial cells and circulating tumor cells may improve diagnosis of early stage non‐small‐cell lung cancer
Authors: Lei Yuanyuan , Sun Nan , Zhang Guochao , Liu Chengming , Lu Zhiliang , Huang Jianbing , Zhang Chaoqi , Zang Ruochuan , Che Yun , Mao Shuangshuang , Fang Lingling , Wang Xinfeng , Zheng Sufei , He Jie
Published: July 2020

Background

Many tumor‐derived endothelial cells (TECs) are shed into the blood and turn into circulating TECs (CTECs). Rare circulating non‐hematologic aneuploid cells contain CTCs and CTECs, which are biologically and functionally different from each other. CD31 is one of the most representative endothelial cell (EC) markers, yet CD31 alone is not sufficient to detect malignant CTECs due to the existence of abundant normal ECs in circulation. Aneuploidy of chromosome 8 (CEP8) is an important criterion for the identification of malignant cells. Combined in situ phenotypic and karyotypic characterization, which includes an examination of both protein expression and aneuploid chromosomes, has demonstrated its unique advantage for both effective distinguishing and comprehensive detection of CTCs and CTECs.

Methods

A total of 98 subjects were recruited in the current study, including healthy donors and patients with benign disease and early‐stage non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC). SE‐iFISH was performed to quantitatively analyze diverse subtypes of aneuploid CD31+ CTECs and CD31− CTCs classified upon the ploidy of chromosome 8 and tumor marker expression in the specimens collected from the recruited subjects.

Results

CD31− CTCs primarily consist of triploid CTCs with a small cell size (≤5 µm) and large hyperploid CTCs (≥ pentaploid), whereas CD31+ CTECs are mainly comprised of large hyperploid cells. Enumeration of the total numbers of both CTCs and CTECs might help identify malignant nodules with a high sensitivity, whereas quantification of tetraploid CTCs and CTECs specifically exhibited a high specificity for the identification of malignant nodules.

Conclusions

Combined detection of the specific subtypes of aneuploid CD31+ CTECs and CD31− CTCs may help to effectively identify malignant nodules with a higher sensitivity and specificity in early stage NSCLC patients.
A comprehensive diagnosis of a desmoplastic small round cell tumor of unusual location based on fine‐needle aspiration cytology: Report of a case arising in the parotid gland and review of the literature
Authors: Lozano María D. , Landa Ana , Tobar Laura G. , De Andrea Carlos , Larrache Javier , Echeveste Jose I. , Paricio Jose J. , Sánchez Beatriz , Medina Andrea , Paisan Ana
Published: July 2020

Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is rare and a highly aggressive neoplasm that typically involves the soft tissues of the abdomen or pelvis in children or young adults, showing a male predilection. Although it can occurs over a wide age range, the peak incidence is in the third decade of life. DSRCT usually shows widespread abdominal serosal involvement, and overall patient survival is poor. On the other hand, extra‐abdominal DSRCT is very rare. DSRCT in major salivary glands has been reported, but it is extremely rare. In the majority of reported series diagnosis is made by the histological analysis of FFPE tissues together with immunohistochemistry (IHC) and molecular analysis, particularly the demonstration of chromosomal translocation involving EWSR1. Very few cases have been diagnosed so far by Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) cytology. Moreover ancillary studies have been performed in all reported cases in FFPE samples. There is still controversy and lack of consensus regarding the suitability of cytological samples especially smears for immunocytochemical (ICC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), what makes its standardization difficult. We report a case of a primary DSRCT of parotid gland in a 17‐year‐old male diagnosed by FNA cytology. The cytomorphological diagnosis was coupled with ICC and FISH analysis performed on stained smears. We emphasize the feasibility and reliability of cytological smears for the application of immunocytochemical and molecular techniques.
Mask requirements in the face of uncertain disability rights law
Authors: Masinter Michael R.
Published: July 2020

As schools resume on‐campus instruction, many may require students, faculty, and staff to wear masks or face coverings in public areas, classrooms, and residence halls to help limit the spread of COVID‐19. Inevitably, some students will object to wearing a mask on disability‐related grounds, whether because of respiratory impairments or other physical or psychological impairments. Other students with hearing impairments who rely on lip reading or interpreters may object to instructors and interpreters wearing masks that conceal their faces. Schools must decide how to respond and, as of press time, will have to do so without specific guidance from the Department of Justice or the Office for Civil Rights. Should schools exempt students with disabilities from mask requirements? Should schools obtain clear masks for instructors regardless of cost or availability? Can schools remove students who refuse to wear masks? Without clear guidance, what legal issues are likely to arise?
Development of the anterior lateral line system through local tissue‐tissue interactions in the zebrafish head
Authors: Iwasaki Miki , Yokoi Hayato , Suzuki Tohru , Kawakami Koichi , Wada Hironori
Published: July 2020

Background

The distribution of sensory organs is important for detecting environmental signals efficiently. The mechanosensory receptors of the lateral line system, neuromasts, are stereotypically distributed over the head and body surface of fish, although how neuromasts arise in these predetermined positions during development remains unclear.

Results

We investigated the development of the anterior lateral line (ALL) system in zebrafish head. The ALL neuromasts formed in the predetermined positions through proliferation and differentiation of (a) nonmigratory lateral line primordia, (b) migratory primordia, (c) interneuromast cells connecting preexisting neuromasts, and (d) budding primordia. We demonstrated that R‐spondin2 (Rspo2), an activator of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling, is required for the development of a particular set of neuromasts associated with hyomandibular cartilage. Further genetic analyses suggested that Rspo2, which emanates from the hyoid mesenchyme, acts on the adjacent neuromast progenitor cells to stimulate their proliferation through activating Wnt/β‐catenin signaling.

Conclusion

This study has revealed novel mechanisms for neuromast positioning through local tissue‐tissue interactions, providing insights into the development and evolution of the vertebrate head.
DNA degradation in fish: Practical solutions and guidelines to improve DNA preservation for genomic research
Authors: Oosting Tom , Hilario Elena , Wellenreuther Maren , Ritchie Peter A.
Published: July 2020

The more demanding requirements of DNA preservation for genomic research can be difficult to meet when field conditions limit the methodological approaches that can be used or cause samples to be stored in suboptimal conditions. Such limitations may increase rates of DNA degradation, potentially rendering samples unusable for applications such as genome‐wide sequencing. Nonetheless, little is known about the impact of suboptimal sampling conditions. We evaluated the performance of two widely used preservation solutions (1. DESS: 20% DMSO, 0.25 M EDTA, NaCl saturated solution, and 2. Ethanol >99.5%) under a range of storage conditions over a three‐month period (sampling at 1 day, 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, and 3 months) to provide practical guidelines for DNA preservation. DNA degradation was quantified as the reduction in average DNA fragment size over time (DNA fragmentation) because the size distribution of DNA segments plays a key role in generating genomic datasets. Tissues were collected from a marine teleost species, the Australasian snapper, Chrysophrys auratus. We found that the storage solution has a strong effect on DNA preservation. In DESS, DNA was only moderately degraded after three months of storage while DNA stored in ethanol showed high levels of DNA degradation already within 24 hr, making samples unsuitable for next‐generation sequencing. Here, we conclude that DESS was the most promising solution when storing samples for genomic applications. We recognize that the best preservation protocol is highly dependent on the organism, tissue type, and study design. We highly recommend performing similar experiments before beginning a study. This study highlights the importance of testing sample preservation protocols and provides both practical and economical advice to improve DNA preservation when sampling for genome‐wide applications.
Comparing environmental metabarcoding and trawling survey of demersal fish communities in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada
Authors: Afzali Seyedeh Fatemeh , Bourdages Hugo , Laporte Martin , Mérot Claire , Normandeau Eric , Audet Céline , Bernatchez Louis
Published: July 2020

Biodiversity assessment is an important part of conservation management that ideally can be accomplished with noninvasive methods without influencing the structure and functioning of ecosystems. Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding has provided a promising tool to enable fast and comprehensive monitoring of entire ecosystems, but widespread adoption of this technique requires performance evaluations that compare it with conventional surveys. We compared eDNA metabarcoding and trawling data to evaluate their efficiency to characterize demersal fish communities in the Estuary and Gulf of Saint‐Lawrence, Canada. Seawater and bottom trawling samples were collected in parallel at 84 stations. For a subset of 30 of these stations, water was also collected at three different depths (15, 50, and 250 m) across the water column. An eDNA metabarcoding assay based on the 12S mitochondrial gene using the MiFish‐U primers was applied to detect fish eDNA. We detected a total of 88 fish species with both methods combined, with 72 species being detected by eDNA, 64 species detected by trawl, and 47 species (53%) overlapped between both methods. eDNA was more efficient for quantifying species richness, mainly because it detected species known to be less vulnerable to trawling gear. Our results indicated that the relative abundance estimated by eDNA and trawl is significantly correlated for species detected by both methods, while the relationship was also influenced by environmental variables (temperature, depth, salinity, and oxygen). Integrating eDNA metabarcoding to bottom trawling surveys could provide additional information on vertical fish distribution in the water column. Environmental DNA metabarcoding thus appears to be a reliable and complementary approach to trawling surveys for documenting fish biodiversity, including for obtaining relative quantitative estimates in the marine environment.
Increased Photocatalytic Activity of Post Synthetically Modified Coordination Polymer Derived from Bis‐pyridyldiamide
Authors: Das Moyna , Khullar Sadhika , Sarkar Madhushree
Published: July 2020

A one‐dimensional looped chain coordination polymer (CP1) is synthesized by the reaction of CoII with N1,N3‐di(pyridine‐4‐yl)isophthalamide. Transmetalation reaction of CP1 with CuII showed single‐crystal‐to‐single‐crystal (SC‐SC) transformation to form CP2, which is also a 1D looped chain. Both CP1 and CP2 showed the presence of DMF as guest molecules near the loops of the 1D chains. CP1 and CP2 were found to have bandgap of 2.41 eV and 1.30 eV, respectively, which were calculated by Tauc plot. The difference observed in the optical bandgap of CP1 and CP2 is reflected in photocatalytic dye degradation studies. It was observed that CP2 showed much greater efficiency in degrading the dyes (Methylene blue, Methyl orange and Rhodamine B) as compared to that of CP1. The polar nature of the loops of the chains in CP1 and CP2 due to the presence of DMF was exploited to study the adsorption and desorption of I2. Adsorption of I2 in CP1 and CP2 was found to follow first order kinetics with a rate constant of 8.32  ×  10–5 s–1 for CP1 and 9.71  ×  10–5 s–1 for CP2. Guest inclusion reaction was performed to incorporate benzotriazole in the CP1. Impedance measurements showed a higher conductivity in the benzotriazole incorporated CP1.
Towards additively manufacturing excavating tools for future robotic space exploration
Authors: Hofmann Douglas C. , Bordeenithikasem Punnathat , Tosi L. Phillipe , Hendry Morgan , Yahnker Christopher , Sunday Cecily , Pate Andre , Firdosy Samad , Iten Jeremy J. , Nuechterlein Jacob , Stolpe Moritz
Published: July 2020

Multiple metal alloys, that is, Ti‐6Al‐4 V, 316 L stainless steel, MS1 maraging steel, A2 tool steel, Inconel 625 with TiC and TiB2 reinforcement, and AMZ4 bulk metallic glass, were additively manufactured through laser powder bed fusion and tested as potential excavating tools for future robotic spacecraft landing on icy planetary bodies. Mechanical specific energy as a function of blade hardness was measured for each excavating tool as it trenched through soft and hard salt, where the salt is a regolith simulant for extraterrestrial ice. A2 tool steel, MS1 maraging steel, and bulk metallic glass cutting tools were shown to perform well in the experiments. A method for using the cutting tool as a sensor was also demonstrated.
Dynamic flood topographies in the Terai region of Nepal
Authors: Dingle E.H. , Creed M.J. , Sinclair H.D. , Gautam D. , Gourmelen N. , Borthwick A.G.L. , Attal M.
Published: July 2020

Flood hazard maps used to inform and build resilience in remote communities in the Terai region of southern Nepal are based on outdated and static digital elevation models (DEMs), which do not reflect dynamic river configuration or hydrology. Episodic changes in river course, sediment dynamics, and the distribution of flow down large bifurcation nodes can modify the extent of flooding in this region, but these processes are rarely considered in flood hazard assessment. Here, we develop a 2D hydrodynamic flood model of the Karnali River in the Terai region of west Nepal. A number of scenarios are tested examining different DEMs, variable bed elevations to simulate bed aggradation and incision, and updating bed elevations at a large bifurcation node to reflect field observations. By changing the age of the DEM used in the model, a 9.5% increase in inundation extent was observed for a 20‐year flood discharge. Reducing horizontal DEM resolution alone resulted in a <1% change. Uniformly varying the bed elevation led to a 36% change in inundation extent. Finally, changes in bed elevation at the main bifurcation to reflect observed conditions resulted in the diversion of the majority of flow into the west branch, consistent with measured discharge ratios between the two branches, and a 32% change in inundation extent. Although the total flood inundation area was reduced (−4%), there was increased inundation along the west bank. Our results suggest that regular field measurements of bed elevation and updated DEMs following large sediment‐generating events, and at topographically sensitive areas such as large river bifurcations, could help improve model inputs in future flood prediction models. This is particularly important following flood events carrying large sediment loads out of mountainous regions that could promote bed aggradation and channel switching across densely populated alluvial river systems and floodplains further downstream. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Effect of titania‐silver nanocomposite particle concentration and thermal cycling on characteristics of sodium dodecyl sulfate added paraffin wax thermal energy storage material
Authors: Bose Prabhu , Amirtham Valan Arasu
Published: July 2020

The present work focuses on analyzing the thermal properties of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 wt% of titania‐silver nanocomposite particles dispersed paraffin wax (NCDPW) PCM without and with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant for both non‐cycled and thermal cycled samples. NCDPW without and with SDS was prepared using electromagnetic stirring and ultrasonication process. 1 wt% titania‐silver NCDPW with SDS in the mass ratio of 1:0.25 (NCP:SDS) is identified as optimum with an enhancement in thermal conductivity of 66.59%, better thermal decomposition stability upto 372°C, good physical interaction between nanocomposite particles (NCP) and paraffin wax (PW). Also, an enhancement in thermal storage efficiency (97.15%), reduction in onset melting time (35.50%) and onset freezing time (29.23%) compared to PW even after several thermal cycling process is achieved. Further, it showed a reduction in melting onset temperature to 59.2°C, an enhancement in melting heat capacity potential by 7.2% and freezing heat capacity potential by 7.7% after thermal cycling process. On the whole, the thermal properties of the base PW are increased due to the addition of titania‐silver NCP with SDS proving it, a promising energy storage medium for thermal energy storage.
Identification and characterization of design fires and particle emissions to be used in performance‐based fire design of nuclear facilities
Authors: Perović Darko , Van Hees Patrick , Madsen Dan , Malmborg Vilhelm , Gren Louise , Pagels Joakim , Rios Oriol , La Mendola Saverio
Published: July 2020

CERN operates one of the most complex particle accelerator facilities in the world. Several different hazards, including fires, are present and need to be investigated and reduced to a tolerable level. Toward this goal, CERN aims at developing a catalog containing detailed fire dynamics descriptions of combustible items present in its facilities. This paper contributes to this catalog in two ways. First, through the development of a design fire calculator for electrical cabinets that allows the determination of potential design fire curves for any number of electrical cabinets/racks. The second contribution was to experimentally characterize the smoke production rates and smoke particle properties of the most common cables and insulating oils used at CERN by coupling a fast particle mobility analyzer to a cone calorimeter. The two particle size modes (accumulation and nucleation mode) could be linked to the fire properties and heat release rate. Accumulation mode particles (~200 nm) were associated with high heat release rates and high soot emissions from the flame. This study identifies a necessity to consider ultrafine particle emissions with low mass emissions but high number emissions in relation to risk assessments pertaining to nuclear facilities and dispersion of radioactive aerosols to the surrounding environment.
Spannungszustände in Abraumförderbrückenkippen
Authors: Rosenzweig Tino , Szczyrba Sebastian , Kudla Wolfram
Published: July 2020

Im Lausitzer Braunkohlerevier sind infolge des Braunkohlentagebaus ausgedehnte Innenkippenflächen entstanden, in denen unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen eine Gefährdung durch Bodenverflüssigung besteht. Eine spontane Bodenverflüssigung kann eintreten, wenn der ursprünglich herrschende Gleichgewichtszustand durch ein Initial gestört wird. Die nötige Initialenergie ist dabei direkt vom Spannungszustand abhängig. Durch die Verkippungstechnologie mit schrägen Schüttscheiben kann sich der Spannungszustand in Innenkippen vom Spannungszustand natürlich abgelagerter Böden unterscheiden. In einem aktiven Tagebau wurde daher ein umfangreiches Messprogramm umgesetzt, um den Spannungszustand in Innenkippen beim Überschütten und Fortschreiten des Tagebaus zu erfassen. Hierfür wurden 16 Spannungsmessstationen in vier Geberlagen und vier Messquerschnitten installiert und von einer F60‐Abraumförderbrücke (AFB) überschüttet. Dabei wurde an jeder Spannungsmessstation die Horizontalspannung in Strossenrichtung σxx und senkrecht zur Strossenrichtung σyy sowie die Vertikalspannung σzz gemessen. Die Messergebnisse wurden mit numerischen Berechnungen nachvollzogen. Die Messergebnisse und die Ergebnisse der numerischen Berechnungen zeigen, dass in Innenkippen kein homogener Spannungszustand vorherrscht, der allein über einen Erdruhedruckbeiwert beschrieben werden kann.
Neuartiger Nachweis für die Gebrauchstauglichkeit von Asphaltinnendichtungen in Staudämmen
Authors: Tynior Roger , Meier Thomas , von Wolffersdorff Peter‐Andreas
Published: July 2020

Für Staudämme sind Sicherheitsnachweise nach DIN 19700‐11 zu führen. Dazu gehört auch der Gebrauchstauglichkeitsnachweis für Asphaltinnendichtungen (AID). Danach dürfen nur begrenzte Verformungen auftreten, sodass es zu keinen Rissbildungen im Asphaltmaterial kommen kann. Für diese Dichtungsart liegt bisher kein allgemein verbindliches und in breiter Anwendung praktiziertes Berechnungsverfahren vor. Aufbauend auf dem Materialverhalten des Asphaltbetons wird als hinreichendes Hauptkriterium die Einhaltung definierter Grenzhauptspannungsverhältnisse formuliert, die nicht unterschritten werden dürfen. Als Zusatzkriterium sind definierte Grenzverformungen der Volumenänderung einzuhalten. Unter Verwendung eines vereinfachten Stoffmodells für den Asphaltbeton wird anhand eines adäquaten Finite‐Elemente‐(FE)‐Modells für einen Damm mit AID dieser Nachweis für die AID bei den maßgeblichen Belastungsfällen geführt.
The role of magma sources, oxygen fugacity, and fractionation in determining the Jiudingshan porphyry‐skarn Cu–Mo deposit in Western Yunnan, China
Authors: Guo Hu , Lai Yong , Zhou Yitao , Lv Xin
Published: July 2020

The Jiudingshan Cu–Mo deposit is spatially and temporally associated with potassic granitic intrusions (monzogranitic porphyry and porphyritic‐like granite) in a post‐collisional intracontinental setting in Western Yangtze Craton, Western Yunnan, China. Zircon U–Pb dating for granitoids yields the crystallization age of 34.2–35.1 Ma, and that of lamprophyre and diabase is ca. 35 Ma as well. Whole‐rock geochemical data suggest that the granitoids belong to high‐K calc‐alkaline or shoshonite series, and are characterized by enrichment of K, Rb, U, and Th, and depletion ofSr, Ba, Nb, Ta, Ti, and P. The lamprophyre is characterized by high‐K (K2O/Na2O = 3–5), belonging to shoshonite series, and the diabase contains lower K (K2O/Na2O < 0.5), belonging to calc‐alkaline series. A few mafic rock samples have significantly higher REE contents than the granite counterparts. Geochemistry results indicate that the mafic intrusions are not the source of granitic intrusions. Combined with published isotope data, we conclude that the granitic intrusions were most likely originated from partial melting of a Neoproterozoic intra‐crustal amphibolitic source, but mixed with a mantle‐derived component; while the mafic intrusions were originated from partial melting of an EM II mantle source. Felsic magmas from dual sources of crust and mantle could provide Mo and Cu for mineralization, respectively. Trace element analysis of zircons shows that the initial magmas had high oxygen fugacity, which is favourable for the migration of Cu and Mo. Moreover, it can be recognized from the whole‐rock major and trace element data that a relatively weak fractionation occurred during magmatic evolution, which made Mo enriched to a certain extent and at the same time, part of Cu remained in the melt, eventually forming the Jiudingshan Cu–Mo system.