bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TOPOGRAPHY-INDUCED FOCUSING OF RANDOM WAVES
Authors: Smit Pieter Bart , Janssen T. T. , Herbers T. H. C.
Published: December 2012

Refraction of narrow-band surface waves in coastal areas can result in wave-focal zones where due to interference, wave statistics vary rapidly and on similar length scales as those of individual waves. However such interference patterns, or wave coherence, are not accounted for in conventional stochastic wave models that are based on the energy balance equation or radiative transfer equation. In this work we present a quasi-coherent theory, which is an extension of the radiative transfer equation and quasi-homogeneous theory. We show that this new stochastic modelling approach can resolve rapid variations in wave statistics that occur in the vicinity of a wave caustic. The results compare favourably to those obtained from ensemble averages calculated with a deterministic phase resolving model (SWASH) and, in a focal zone, constitute a significant improvement over those obtained with a conventional stochastic wave model based on an energy balance equation (SWAN).
A METHOD TO CALCULATE PRESSURE PEAKS BASED ON FREE SURFACE SHAPE: PRELIMINARY RESULTS
Authors: Mokrani Cyril , Abadie Stephane
Published: December 2012

Impulsive loads are difficult to predict due to the extremely non linear response to incident wave conditions. This behavior is related to air dynamics and local wave shape. The present study focuses on the latter.We propose a new method to predict pressure peaks generated during breaking wave impacts. In this method, the plunging jet is assimilated to two equivalent triangular jets (wedge impact) with variable inclination in time. The basic case of wedge impact is first studied in the paper. Semi empirical laws relating pressure peak and incident angle are derived based on numerical results obtained with a Navier-Stokes model . The more general case of a breaking wave is then investigated. By making an analogy with the wedge impact case and inverting the relation obtained before, we computed the location where the equivalent angles have to be taken on the free surface. We show that these points correspond to the minimum curvature section on the free surface. In another simulation of a breaking wave, we finally show how the relation can be applied to give a first approximation of the pressure peak only based on the free surface local shape.
ON THE INFLUENCE OF BREAKING WAVE LOCAL GEOMETRY ON IMPULSIVE LOADS
Authors: Abadie Stephane Marc , Mokrani Cyril
Published: December 2012

In this paper, we study the wave impact process with a multi-fluid Navier-Stokes model (THETIS). Preliminary simulations have been conducted, first on a plunging wave generated by unstable Stokes initial condition, and second, involving a dam breaking bore impact. In both cases, a convergence study shows pressure peak results instability when using different meshes. This is due to the incapacity of the model to ensure, after a certain time of computation, the exact same surface profile at impact when simulating a specific case with different meshes. This instable numerical behavior is somehow similar to peak pressure instabilities observed in experiments. This similarity shows the critical role played by local free surface shape at impact on impulsive loads. When initializing the model with a specific interface right at impact, convergence is observed and the pressure peaks are correctly assessed by the code for moderate intensity impact. However, further improvements are still needed especially regarding the interface tracking technique to simulate the most violent impacts involving the weaker dead rise angles. The paper also encourages us to use numerical simulations preferably to study impact flow at local scale.
2DV RANS-VOF MODELLING OF DEPTHS AND VELOCITIES OF OVERTOPPING WAVES AT OVERWASHED DIKES
Authors: Raosa Andrea Natalia , Zanuttigh Barbara , Lopez Lara Javier , Hughes Steven
Published: December 2012

The purpose of this contribution is the representation of real wave overtopping over sea dikes with the Rans-Vof code (IH-2VOF) developed by the University of Cantabria. More specific objectives are: to identify the real capacity of the IH-2VOF model in the prediction of overflow and to determinate the accuracy of these predictions in order to provide designers with a generally applicable methodology to use the code. The model is validated against experimental tests conducted by Hughes at the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC). This analysis shows that the model tends to overestimate wave reflection and better results are obtained by introducing a porous layer around the structure as artificial way to reduce reflected wave energy.
EDDY VISCOSITY PROFILES FOR WAVE BOUNDARY LAYERS: VALIDATION AND CALIBRATION BY A k-Ï‰ MODEL
Authors: Absi Rafik , Tanaka Hitoshi , Kerlidou Loreline , André Alicia
Published: December 2012

Eddy viscosity in wave boundary layers is a key parameter in coastal engineering. Two analytical eddy viscosity profiles present a particular interest for practical applications: the parabolic-uniform profile (Myrhaug 1982, van Rijn 1993, Liu and Sato 2006) and the exponential-linear profile (Gelfenbaum and Smith 1986, Beach and Sternberg 1988, Hsu and Jan 1998, Absi 2010). The aim of our study is to assess and validate these two profiles by: (1) investigation of eddy viscosity in steady fully developed plane channel flow; (2) comparisons with numerical results of the two equation baseline (BSL) k-Ï‰ model (Menter 1994, Suntoyo and Tanaka 2009). Our study shows that these two profiles are able to describe the eddy viscosity distribution in the wave bottom boundary layer but for different wave conditions given by the parameter am/ks, where am is the wave orbital amplitude and ks the equivalent roughness. The exponential-linear profile is adequate for am/ks
THE INFLUENCE OF THE TURBULENCE CLOSURE MODEL ON WAVE-CURRENT INTERACTION MODELING AT A LOCAL SCALE AT A LOCAL SCALE
Authors: Teles Maria João , Pires-Silva António , Benoit Michel
Published: December 2012

An advanced CFD solver based on the RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes) equations is used to evaluate wave-current interactions through numerical simulations of combined wave-current free surface turbulent flows. The repercussions of various schemes for modeling turbulence effects is addressed with a special attention to the exchanges and fluxes of momentum and energy between the mean flow components and the wave (oscillatory) component. Numerical simulations are compared with experimental data from Klopman (1994).
LARGE-WAVE SIMULATION OF TURBULENT FLOW INDUCED BY WAVE PROPAGATION AND BREAKING OVER CONSTANT SLOPE BED
Authors: Kolokythas Gerasimos , Dimakopoulos Aggelos , Dimas Athanassios
Published: December 2012

In the present study, the three-dimensional, incompressible, turbulent, free-surface flow, developing by the propagation of nonlinear breaking waves over a rigid bed of constant slope, is numerically simulated. The main objective is to investigate the process of spilling wave breaking and the characteristics of the developing undertow current employing the large-wave simulation (LWS) method. According to LWS methodology, large velocity and free-surface scales are fully resolved, and subgrid scales are treated by an eddy viscosity model, similar to large-eddy simulation (LES) methodology. The simulations are based on the numerical solution of the unsteady, three-dimensional, Navier-Stokes equations subject to the fully-nonlinear free-surface boundary conditions and the appropriate bottom, inflow and outflow boundary conditions. The case of incoming second-order Stokes waves, normal to the shore, with wavelength to inflow depth ratio Î»/dÎ™ = 6.6, wave steepness H/Î» = 0.025, bed slope tanÎ² = 1/35 and Reynolds number (based on inflow water depth) Red = 250,000 is investigated. The predictions of the LWS model for the incipient wave breaking parameters - breaking depth and height - are in very good agreement with published experimental measurements. Profiles of the time-averaged horizontal velocity in the surf zone are also in good agreement with the corresponding measured ones, verifying the ability of the model to capture adequately the undertow current.
MODELING SURGE-DEPENDENT VEGETATION EFFECTS ON HURRICANE-GENERATED WAVES
Authors: Chen Qin , Zhao Haihong , Liu Don
Published: December 2012

The study utilizes a coupled wave-surge-vegetation modeling system to quantify the effects of salt marsh vegetation on hurricane-generated waves. The wave model incorporates the energy dissipation model of Chen and Zhao (2012) for random waves over vegetation. The storm surge model incorporates the vegetal drag for both rigid and flexible types of vegetation. The surge and wave models with the vegetation effects are coupled, allowing the spatially and temporally varying vegetation heights, water levels and depth-averaged currents from the storm surge model to be fed into the wave model. Numerical experiments have revealed that vegetation can change the surge height and a storm surge can change the vegetation height. Both control the wave reduction rate in flooded wetlands. The impact of vegetation on hurricane-generated waves consists of indirect and direct effects. The former is caused by the changes in surge height due to vegetation. The latter comes from the direct interaction between vegetation and the oscillatory motion of surface waves. It has been found that flexible marsh vegetation deflects under the hydrodynamic force produced by a hurricane. The deflected height not only reduces the flow resistance in the surge model, but also decreases the energy dissipation caused by vegetation in the wave model. Consequently, neglecting plant flexibility may lead to overestimates of vegetation effects and exaggeration of wetland potential for flood risk reduction.
COUPLING OF A BOUSSINESQ WAVE MODEL WITH A MOORED SHIP BEHAVIOR MODEL
Authors: Pinheiro Liliana Vieira , Fortes Conceição , Santos João , Fernandes José Leonel
Published: December 2012

A set of procedures to evaluate the time series of the diffraction forces on a moored ship inside a harbor basin is presented. Nonlinear wave propagation is obtained using a Boussinesq finite element numerical model, BOUSS-WMH. Determination of hydrodynamic forces acting on the ship is achieved using a modified version of the WAMIT model. Finally, time series of the wave forces on the ship and of the inherent motions of the moored ship are obtained using BAS numerical model. The main focuses of this work are: the coupling of these three models and the modification of the method used in WAMIT to determine diffraction forces. Some simple and practical applications of this procedure are presented as well.
TOWARDS WAVE DISTURBANCE IN PORTS COMPUTED BY A DETERMINISTIC CONVOLUTION-TYPE MODEL
Authors: Schäffer Hemming Andreas
Published: December 2012

Among the wide range of potential applications of the convolution-type approach to deterministic wave modeling, this paper looks into the challenge of complex shaped domains. The canonical case of diffraction around a semiinfinite vertical barrier, the 'Sommerfeld diffraction' case, is first studied. Focusing on locally constant water depth, the convolution method is related to a boundary integral representation by which the impulse response function representing the convolution kernel is related to a Green's function for the Laplace equation. This provides a framework for determining the impulse response function by solving a local, three-dimensional Laplace problem prior to the time-stepping of the wave transformation problem. For the Sommerfeld case, numerical results for the impulse response function near the barrier are computed numerically and compared with an analytical solution. For complex-shaped domains, numerical determination of the impulse response functions is the only solution. A very preliminary example of application to wave disturbance in a real port is given.
COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES EXPOSED TO HURRICANE WAVES
Authors: Bozorgnia Mehrdad , Lee Jiin-Jen
Published: December 2012

In present paper, numerical code STAR CCM+ by CD-adapco which works based on compressible two-phase Navier Stokes equations is used to evaluate hydrodynamic forces exerted on prototype of I10 Bridge over Escambia Bay which was extensively damaged during Hurricane Ivan. Volume of Fluid (VOF) is used to capture dynamic free surface which is well suited for simulating complex discontinuous free surface associated with wave-deck interactions. 2D and 3D models were setup and properly configured. Simulations were conducted on High performance Computing and Communication Center (HPCC) at University of Southern California. Simulation results are compared to experimental data available from Hinsdale Wave Laboratory at Oregon State University. Comparison of experimental data to simulation results show the importance of proper mesh size and time step choice on accuracy of horizontal and vertical hydrodynamic force predictions applied to bridge superstructure.
WAVE MOTION NEAR A BREAKWATER ROUNDHEAD
Authors: Honda Takahide , Wellens Peter , Van Gent Marcel
Published: December 2012

COMFLOW is a general 3D free-surface flow solver. The numerical method is based on the Navier-Stokes equations in a porous medium, with additional force terms to represent the (turbulent) interaction of the flow with the medium. The free surface is displaced by means of the Volume-Of-Fluid method. The main objective in this paper is to validate the permeable flow model in 3D. Tailor-made physical model tests were performed for this purpose. In the experiment surface elevations are measured inside and around a permeable structure with 18 wave gauges in total. The measurements are represented well by the simulation results.
STUDYING THE EFFECT OF LINEAR REFRACTION ON LOW-FREQUENCY WAVE PROPAGATION (PHYSICAL AND NUMERICAL STUDY)
Authors: Eslami Arab Sepehr , Van Dongeren Ap , Wellens Peter
Published: December 2012

This paper describes a laboratorium data set of wave propagation over steep slopes with large angles of incidence, and the model-data comparison with linear and nonlinear wave models (SWAN and TRITON). The reason for this study is that the SWAN model showed an underestimation of the observed low frequency wave energy at nearshore sites in the Eastern Wadden Sea tidal inlet. Van Vledder (2010) showed that potential inaccuracies in modeling refraction over steep slopes of the tidal channel may result in observed discrepancies. The paper addresses the set up of the laboratory experiment, the novel measurement techniques and an analysis of the observed differences between models and data. The results show that there is not one single mechanism that explains the differences, but a combination of mechanisms, and perhaps other phenomena such as reflection play role.
Anthropocentrism
Authors: Norton Bryan G.
Published: December 2012

The idea that ethics has human relationships and interactions as its exclusive subject matter has been so central to the Western philosophical tradition that no term for this belief/assumption existed in general parlance, at least in English, until 1967.
Attitudes, Reactive
Authors: Mason Michelle
Published: December 2012

The term “reactive attitude” entered the philosophical lexicon with P. F. Strawson's seminal essay “Freedom and Resentment”.
Atonement
Authors: Radzik Linda
Published: December 2012

Atonement involves a response to wrong‐doing performed by, or at least with the participation of, a wrong‐doer with the aim of correcting the wrong and reconciling the wrong‐doer to the victim, the community, or God.
Mead, George Herbert
Authors: Cook Gary A.
Published: December 2012

George Herbert Mead (1863–1931) received his undergraduate philosophical education at Oberlin College, where his father taught theology, and at Harvard University, where he studied under Josiah Royce and served as a summer tutor for the young son of William James (seeJames, William; he then pursued several years of graduate study in philosophy and physiological psychology at the Universities of Leipzig and Berlin in Germany. He taught briefly at the University of Michigan (1891–4), but then spent the remainder of his long teaching career as a member of the Department of Philosophy at the University of Chicago. He is known primarily for his social psychological theories concerning the genesis of language, self‐consciousness, and reflective intelligence; it is these theories that establish his place in the history of American pragmatism and account for the considerable influence his ideas have exerted upon the school of symbolic interactionism in American sociology. But Mead also had a good deal to say about ethics, and it is with this dimension of his thought that we must be chiefly concerned here. There is, in fact, an important relationship between these two aspects of his thought: both are based upon an organic view of conduct first set forth by his colleague John Dewey (seeDewey, John) in the 1890s. The discussion that follows will begin by summarizing the main features of this model of conduct; it will then show how Mead further articulated this view so as to provide the basis for both his social psychological theorizing and his contributions to moral philosophy.
Leadership Ethics
Authors: Ciulla Joanne B.
Published: December 2012

Even though scholars have been writing about the ethics of leaders for thousands of years, leadership ethics is a relatively new area of applied ethics. It has a unique role to play in the context of literature on leadership and professional ethics because questions about leaders occur in all professions. Leadership ethics draws on the resources of moral philosophy and leadership studies to frame, organize, and understand the ethical problems that are distinctive to leaders and leadership.
Killing
Authors: Lippert‐Rasmussen Kasper
Published: December 2012

Roughly, one individual kills another if, and only if, she acts in a way that causes the death of this person provided the causal route from the act to the death does not run through the will of another agent and does not depend on a number of intervening coincidences. In a very wide range of cases, killing is impermissible. In the next section, however, I consider some cases in which it is generally thought to be permissible. The third section compares killing to other ways of countenancing someone's death, nonconscious existence, or nonexistence. The fourth section explores four accounts of what makes killing impermissible when it is. Ideally, such an account must allow for those of the exceptions to the general prohibition on killing mentioned in section two that are justifiable and explain why killing is worse than the cases listed in section three.
Alienation
Authors: Schacht Richard
Published: December 2012

“Alienation” was one of the buzzwords of the 1960s, coming into fashion with the “counterculture” and the neo‐Marxist philosophy that was loosely associated with it. It became so overused that it suffered the subsequent fate of most intellectual fads, fading from popular discourse as the
Zeitgeist
moved on while also largely losing its brief and limited appeal in the scholarly community. It is arguable, however, that it deserved neither fate, and that it may turn out to have an intellectually respectable future, along any of several lines picking up on strands of its many uses.
Agape
Authors: Pope Stephen J.
Published: December 2012

Agape is the Greek New Testament word translated in English as “love,” particularly as it pertains to love of one's “neighbor”
Aesthetics and Ethics
Authors: Carroll Noël
Published: December 2012

The relation between art, aesthetics, and ethics is intimate and longstanding.
Anscombe, G. E. M.
Authors: Vogler Candace
Published: December 2012

G. E. M. Anscombe (1919–2001) was a formidable thinker. Her brilliant translation of some of Ludwig Wittgenstein's mature work (Wittgenstein 1953) brought him to widespread attention in the English‐speaking world.
A Priori Ethical Knowledge
Authors: McPherson Tristram
Published: December 2012

Beliefs about ethical knowledge play a profound role in our lives.
Aristotle
Authors: Lear Gabriel Richardson
Published: December 2012

Aristotle's (384–322) ethical theory is found primarily in hisEudemian Ethics(EE) andNicomachean Ethics(NE).
Applied Ethics
Authors: Archard and David , Lippert‐Rasmussen Kasper
Published: December 2012

It is common to distinguish between three separate subdisciplines within moral philosophy: metaethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics (but see Darwall 1998: 12; Kagan 1998: 5).
Amoralist
Authors: Merli David
Published: December 2012

The amoralist is a character of philosophical fiction, and perhaps of the actual world, who appears to make genuine moral judgments without having any corresponding motivation to act as morality demands.
Positive invariant set estimation of adaptive controller in the presence of input saturation
Authors: Li Dapeng , Hovakimyan Naira , Cao Chengyu
Published: December 2012

For a class of linear dynamical systems with constant unknown parameters, an adaptive control scheme is developed that provides stable adaptation in the presence of input magnitude constraints. Whereas for open‐loop stable systems the results are global, for open‐loop unstable systems, the problem of nonconservative estimation of the nonempty positive invariant set is cast into an LMI framework, which can be efficiently solved numerically via convex optimization. To achieve this, a standard result toward invariant set characterization is appropriately extended to accommodate bounded disturbance and model uncertainties. In addition to closed‐loop stability, performance bounds of the  adaptive closed‐loop system are analyzed, and the degradation due to the possible control deficiency is quantified. Simulation examples of aerospace applications are included to illustrate the proposed method. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermostable Transketolase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus: Characterization and Catalytic Properties
Authors: Abdoul‐Zabar Juliane , Sorel Isabelle , Hélaine Virgil , Charmantray Franck , Devamani Titu , Yi Dong , de Berardinis Véronique , Louis Dominique , Marlière Philippe , Fessner Wolf‐Dieter , Hecquet Laurence
Published: December 2012

Here we have characterized the first transketolase (TK) from a thermophilic microorganism, Geobacillus stearothermophilus, which was expressed from a synthetic gene in Escherichia coli. The G. stearothermophilus TK (mTKgst) retained 100% activity for one week at 50 °C and for 3 days at 65 °C, and has an optimum temperature range around 60–70 °C, which will be useful for preparative applications and for future biocatalyst development. The thermostability of the mTKgst allowed us to carry out an easy, one‐step purification by heat shock treatment of crude cell extracts at 65 °C for 45 min, directly yielding 132 mg of pure mTKgst from 1 L of culture. The reaction rate of mTKgst with glycolaldehyde was 14 times higher at 70 °C than at 20 °C, and 4 times higher at 50 °C when compared to E. coli TK under identical conditions. When tested at 50 °C with other aldehydes as acceptors, mTKgst activity was approximately 3 times higher than those obtained at 20 °C. Applications of this new TK in biocatalysis were performed with hydroxypyruvate as donor and three different aldehydes as acceptors – glycolaldehyde, D‐glyceraldehyde and butyraldehyde – from which the corresponding products L‐erythrulose 1, D‐xylulose 2 and 1,3‐dihydroxyhexan‐2‐one 3 were obtained, respectively. The optical rotations for products 1 and 2 indicate that the stereospecificity of mTKgst is identical to that of other TK sources, leading to a (3S) configuration. With the non‐hydroxylated substrate, butanal, the ee value was 85% (3S), showing higher enantioselectivity than the E. coli TK (75% ee, 3S). Processes at elevated temperatures could offer opportunities to extend the applications of TK biocatalysis, by favoring hydrophobic aldehyde acceptor substrate solubility and tolerance towards non‐conventional media.
Burkitt lymphoma risk in U.S. solid organ transplant recipients
Authors: Mbulaiteye Sam M. , Clarke Christina A. , Morton Lindsay M. , Gibson Todd M. , Pawlish Karen , Weisenburger Dennis D. , Lynch Charles F. , Goodman Marc T. , Engels Eric A.
Published: December 2012

Case reports of Burkitt lymphoma (BL) in transplant recipients suggest that the risk is markedly elevated. Therefore, we investigated the incidence of BL in 203,557 solid organ recipients in the U.S. Transplant Cancer Match Study (1987–2009) and compared it with the general population using standardized incidence ratios. We also assessed associations with demographic and clinical characteristics, and treatments used to induce therapeutic immunosuppression. BL incidence was 10.8 per 100,000 person‐years, representing 23‐fold (95% confidence interval (CI) 19–28) greater risk than in the general population, and it peaked 3–8 years after the time of transplantation. In adjusted analyses, BL incidence was higher in recipients transplanted when <18 vs. ≥35 years (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 3.49, 95% CI 2.08–5.68) and in those transplanted with a liver (IRR 2.91, 95% CI 1.68–5.09) or heart (IRR 2.39, 95% CI 1.30–4.31) compared with kidney. BL incidence was lower in females than males (IRR 0.45, 95% CI 0.28–0.71), in blacks than whites (IRR 0.33, 95% CI 0.12–0.74), in those with a baseline Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV)‐seropositive versus EBV‐seronegative status (IRR 0.34, 95% CI 0.13–0.93), and in those treated with azathioprine (IRR 0.56, 95% CI 0.34–0.89) or corticosteroids (IRR 0.48, 95% CI 0.29–0.82). Tumors were EBV‐positive in 69% of 32 cases with results. EBV positivity was 90% in those aged <18 years and 59% in those aged 18+ years. In conclusion, BL risk is markedly elevated in transplant recipients, and it is associated with certain demographic and clinical features. EBV was positive in most but not all BL cases with results. Am. J. Hematol. 88:245–250, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multidimensional high‐temperature liquid chromatography: A new technique to characterize the chemical heterogeneity of Ziegler‐Natta‐based bimodal HDPE
Authors: Ginzburg Anton , Macko Tibor , Dolle Volker , Brüll Robert
Published: December 2012

High temperature two‐dimensional liquid chromatography (HT 2D‐LC) was recently introduced as a new technique to analyze the heterogeneities with regard to composition and molar mass present in model blends of polyolefins and various olefin copolymers. The method uses graphite as stationary phase and solvent gradients of 1‐decanol → 1,2,4‐trichlorobenzene as mobile phase for the compositional separation. With the aim to maximize the chromatographic resolution, the influence of the separation's temperature in the first dimension was evaluated: approaching the θ‐temperature of polyethylene (PE) in 1‐decanol selectively enhances the retention of higher molar mass PE standards while that of the lower molar mass ones is hardly affected. A bimodal ethylene/1‐butene copolymer and its temperature rising elution fraction (TREF) fractions were separated by HT 2D‐LC. For the first time, both axes of the contour plot were calibrated with regard to chemical composition and molar mass, respectively. Prefractionation of the bulk sample by TREF enhances the detectability of separated components of the 2D separation. The influence of the separation temperature, that is, working around the θ‐temperature of PE in 1‐decanol, can be used to enhance the chromatographic resolution of the 2D chromatography. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Circulating Citrullinated Vimentin Fragments Reflect Disease Burden in Ankylosing Spondylitis and Have Prognostic Capacity for Radiographic Progression
Authors: Bay‐Jensen Anne C. , Karsdal Morten A. , Vassiliadis Efstathios , Wichuk Stephanie , Marcher‐Mikkelsen Kathrine , Lories Rik , Christiansen Claus , Maksymowych Walter P.
Published: December 2012

Objective

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) has been considered a seronegative rheumatic disease based on absent or low levels of antibodies against citrullinated proteins. The present study was undertaken to evaluate whether a citrullinated and matrix metalloproteinase–degraded fragment of vimentin (VICM) could be a prognostic biomarker in AS.

Methods

VICM was measured in serum samples from healthy controls (n = 35), control patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (n = 47), and patients with AS (n = 201). The optimal cutoff for diagnostic sensitivity and specificity was determined by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Baseline and 2‐year spine radiographs were available from 118 AS patients, and were scored using the modified Stoke AS Spine Score (mSASSS). We assessed correlations with patient demographic characteristics (age, disease duration), disease activity (Bath AS Disease Activity Index [BASDAI], C‐reactive protein level), and disease severity (mSASSS) using Spearman's rho. The independent association of VICM with 2‐year radiographic progression, defined as a change of >0 in the mSASSS or the development of a new syndesmophyte, was analyzed by multivariate regression.

Results

Levels of degraded VICM were significantly higher in both RA patients and AS patients than in healthy controls (both P < 0.001). AS patients with the highest levels of VICM had the largest burden of disease (P < 0.01), i.e., highest mSASSS score and BASDAI. VICM levels were significantly and independently associated with radiographic progression after 2 years (β = 0.69, P = 0.0005). Patients with both a high VICM level and a high baseline mSASSS had the highest risk of radiographic progression (odds ratio 13 for mSASSS change, 32 for new syndesmophytes), with progression occurring in 67% of these patients.

Conclusion

The present findings show that serum VICM may be of prognostic value in AS. The data also suggest that citrullination may be relevant in AS pathogenesis.
Development of A Behavior‐Based Cooperative Search Strategy for Distributed Autonomous Mobile Robots Using Zigbee Wireless Sensor Network
Authors: Shih Tzu‐Chiang , Yeh Syh‐Shiuh , Hsu Pau‐Lo
Published: December 2012

To achieve efficient and objective search tasks in an unknown environment, a cooperative search strategy for distributed autonomous mobile robots is developed using a behavior‐based control framework with individual and group behaviors. The sensing information of each mobile robot activates the individual behaviors to facilitate autonomous search tasks to avoid obstacles. An 802.15.4 ZigBee wireless sensor network then activates the group behaviors that enable cooperative search among the mobile robots. An unknown environment is dynamically divided into several sub‐areas according to the locations and sensing data of the autonomous mobile robots. The group behaviors then enable the distributed autonomous mobile robots to scatter and move in the search environment. The developed cooperative search strategy successfully reduces the search time within the test environments by 22.67% (simulation results) and 31.15% (experimental results).
Biofilm model calibration and microbial diversity study using Monte Carlo simulations
Authors: Brockmann D. , Caylet A. , Escudié R. , Steyer J.‐P. , Bernet N.
Published: December 2012

Mathematical models are useful tools for studying and exploring biological conversion processes as well as microbial competition in biological treatment processes. A single‐species biofilm model was used to describe biofilm reactor operation at three different hydraulic retention times (HRT). The single‐species biofilm model was calibrated with sparse experimental data using the Monte Carlo filtering method. This calibrated single‐species biofilm model was then extended to a multi‐species model considering 10 different heterotrophic bacteria. The aim was to study microbial diversity in bulk phase biomass and biofilm, as well as the competition between suspended and attached biomass. At steady state and independently of the HRT, Monte Carlo simulations resulted only in one unique dominating bacterial species for suspended and attached biomass. The dominating bacterial species was determined by the highest specific substrate affinity (ratio of µ/KS). At a short HRT of 20 min, the structure of the microbial community in the bulk liquid was determined by biomass detached from the biofilm. At a long HRT of 8 h, both biofilm detachment and microbial growth in the bulk liquid influenced the microbial community distribution. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 1323–1332. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Oxygen transfer characteristics of miniaturized bioreactor systems
Authors: Kirk Timothy V. , Szita Nicolas
Published: December 2012

Since their introduction in 2001 miniaturized bioreactor systems have made great advances in function and performance. In this article the dissolved oxygen (DO) transfer performance of submilliliter microbioreactors, and 1–10 mL minibioreactors was examined. Microbioreactors have reached kLa values of 460 h−1, and are offering instrumentation and some functionality comparable to production systems, but at high throughput screening volumes. Minibioreactors, aside from one 1,440 h−1 kLa system, have not offered as high rates of DO transfer, but have demonstrated superior integration with automated fluid handling systems. Microbioreactors have been typically limited to studies with E. coli, while minibioreactors have offered greater versatility in this regard. Further, mathematical relationships confirming the applicability of kLa measurements across all scales have been derived, and alternatives to fluorescence lifetime DO sensors have been evaluated. Finally, the influence on reactor performance of oxygen uptake rate (OUR), and the possibility of its real‐time measurement have been explored. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 1005–1019. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intravenous injection of neural progenitor cells facilitates angiogenesis after cerebral ischemia
Authors: Moriyama Yoshiyuki , Takagi Norio , Hashimura Kanae , Itokawa Chisa , Tanonaka Kouichi
Published: December 2012

Earlier we demonstrated that the injection of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) has therapeutic potential for the improvement of learning dysfunction after cerebral ischemia. However, it remained to be clarified how transplantation of NPCs can improve ischemia‐induced dysfunction. In this study, we examined whether intravenous injection of NPCs after cerebral ischemia could enhance angiogenesis by affecting the expression of angiogenic factors. The injection of NPCs on day 7 after cerebral ischemia enhanced angiogenesis on day 28. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor VEGFR2 were increased in expression by the NPC injection. The level of angiopoietin‐1 (Ang‐1), an angiogenic factor, but not that of Ang‐2, which acts as an antagonist for the Ang‐1 receptor, was also increased on day 28. In addition, the expression of Ang‐1 receptor Tie2 was enhanced in brain capillaries. Furthermore, the amounts of tight junctional proteins, which are in the blood–brain barrier and whose expression occurs downstream of Ang‐1/Tie2 signaling, were increased by the NPC injection. These results suggest that the NPC injection promoted angiogenesis through Ang‐1/Tie2 and/or VEGF/VEGFR2 signaling in brain capillaries after cerebral ischemia. Such signaling might have the potential for causing vascular stabilization and maturation for a long period after cerebral ischemia.
Salen‐Based Coordination Polymers of Manganese and the Rare‐Earth Elements: Synthesis and Catalytic Aerobic Epoxidation of Olefins
Authors: Bhunia Asamanjoy , Gotthardt Meike A. , Yadav Munendra , Gamer Michael T. , Eichhöfer Andreas , Kleist Wolfgang , Roesky Peter W.
Published: December 2012

Treatment of N,N′‐bis(4carboxysalicylidene)ethylenediamine (H4L), with MnCl2⋅(H2O)4, and Ln(NO3)3⋅(H2O)m (Ln=Nd, Eu, Gd, Dy, Tb), in the presence of N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF)/pyridine at elevated temperature resulted (after work up) in the formation of 1D coordination polymers {[Ln2(MnLCl)2(NO3)2(dmf)5]⋅4 DMF}n (1–5). In these coordination polymers the rare earth ions are connected through carboxylate groups from Mn–salen units in a 1D chain structure. Thus, the Mn–salen complex acts as a “metalloligand” with open coordination sites. All compounds were used as catalysts in the liquid‐phase epoxidation of trans‐stilbene with molecular oxygen, which resulted in the formation of stilbene oxide. Since the choice of the lanthanide had virtually no influence on the performance of the catalyst, only the manganese–gadolinium was studied in detail. The influence of solvent, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature, oxidant, and oxidant flow rate on conversion, yield, and selectivity was analyzed. A conversion of up to 70 %, the formation of 61 % stilbene oxide (88 % selectivity), and a TON of 84 were observed after 24 h. A hot filtration test confirmed that the reaction is mainly catalyzed through a heterogeneous pathway, although a minor contribution of homogeneous species could not be completely excluded. The catalyst could be reused without significant loss of activity.
Reactivity of AllylSmBr/HMPA: Facile Synthesis of 3‐Aryl‐1,2,4‐benzotriazines
Authors: Yin Ruifeng , Zhou Liejin , Liu Huili , Mao Hui , Lü Xin , Wang Xiaoxia
Published: December 2012

3‐Aryl‐1,2,4‐benzotriazines were conveniently prepared in moderate to good yields from 1,l‐bis(benzotriazol‐1‐yl)methylarenes with allylsamarium bromide/hexamethylphosphramide (allylSmBr/HMPA). Preliminary results indicate that HMPA may enhance the reducing ability as well as prohibit the nucleophicility of allylSmBr, thus making allylSmBr/HMPA as a promising single‐electron transfer (SET) reagent.
A Concise Total Synthesis of Amphidinin B
Authors: Wu Dongdong , Wu Jinlong , Dai Wei‐min
Published: December 2012

A concise total synthesis of amphidinin B, a cytotoxic linear dicarboxylic acid associated with amphidinolide T marine macrolides, has been accomplished from the 19‐membered cycloalkene intermediates designed for diverted total synthesis of amphidinolide T1 and T3–T5. The 1H and 13C NMR spectra of the synthesized amphidinin B in C6D6 and CDCl3 were compared with those for the natural and synthetic forms reported in the literature, showing solvent‐dependence of the 1H and 13C NMR signals of amphidinin B in C6D6 and CDCl3.
Design and Synthesis of Polymeric Chiral Bicyclo[3.3.0] Diene as Reusable Ligand for Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric 1,4‐Addition
Authors: Yang Hongyu , Xu Minghua
Published: December 2012

A series of A‐B type sterically regular bicyclio[3.3.0] diene‐based polymers were designed and synthesized as immobilized chiral diene ligands for asymmetric catalysis. With polymeric diene 6b, good to excellent enantioselectivities can be achieved in Rh‐catalyzed asymmetric 1,4‐addition of arylboronic acids to α,β‐unsaturated ketones.
Microbial Transformation of Pregnane‐3β,16β,20‐triol by Cunninghamella echinulata
Authors: Yang Chenru , Fan Huafang , Yuan Yuan , Gao Jinming
Published: December 2012

Microbial transformation of pregnane‐3β,16β,20‐triol (1) by Cunninghamella echinulata afforded four previously unreported polyhydroxylated steroids, namely pregnane‐3β,14α,16β,20‐tetrol (2), pregnane‐3‐oxo‐14α, 16β,20‐triol (3), pregnane‐3‐oxo‐7β,16β,20‐triol (4), and pregnane‐3β,7β,16β,20‐tetrol (5). The structures of these metabolites were established by means of spectroscopic analysis (1D and 2D NMR as well as HRESIMS analysis).
Monitoring of Microbiological Attributes of Soil and Groundwater Exposed to Metal Industrial Effluents
Authors: Rawat Monica , Rai Jaiprakash N.
Published: December 2012

The present paper evaluates the temporal and spatial impact of heavy metal containing (Cr, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd and Fe) effluents of brass, electroplating and tannery industries on chemical and microbiological characteristics of affected soil and groundwater. Therefore, samples were drawn from three sites, S1, S2 and S3, with a longitudinally distant from effluent drain of 20, 200 and 700 m, respectively. In general, the metals concentration exceeded the standard limits not only in the discharged effluents but also in the soil and groundwater. The significant reduction of microbial biomass C and N, soil respiration and microbial coefficient with increasing metal content from S3 to S1 was recorded, the effect being more pronounced in summer. However, the Cmic/Nmic ratio decreased whilst the metabolic quotient ($q_{{\rm CO}_{{\rm 2}} } $) increased with increasing metal concentration in soil. The content of Zn (11.5 mg/L) and Bacillus sp. was at maximum in groundwater of brass and electroplating industry site, whereas that of tannery site contained maximum Cr (2.34 mg/L) and Enterobacter sp. The toxic metals adversely polluted the groundwater which made it to harbours Escherichia coli beyond the prescribed limit. To check the soil and groundwater pollution, eco‐friendly measures involving improved effluent treatment technology and site‐specific application of treated effluent are recommended.
Hydrosoluble Benzo[e]pyridoindolones as Potent Inhibitors of Aurora Kinases
Authors: Le Ly‐Thuy‐Tram , Vu Hong‐Lien , Naud‐Martin Delphine , Bombled Marianne , Nguyen Chi‐Hung , Molla Annie
Published: December 2012

Aurora kinases play an essential role in mitotic progression and are potentially druggable targets in cancer therapy. We identified benzo[e]pyridoindoles (BePI) as powerful aurora kinase inhibitors. Their efficiency was demonstrated both in enzymatic inhibition studies and in cell culture assays. New BePI molecules were synthesized, and a structure–activity relationship study was conducted with the aim of improving the activity and solubility of the lead compound. Tetracyclic BePI derivatives are characterized by a particular curved shape, and the presence of an oxo group on the pyridine ring was found to be required for aurora kinase B inhibition. New hydrosoluble benzo[e]pyridoindolones were subsequently designed, and their efficacy was tested by a combination of cell‐cycle analysis and time‐lapse experiments in live cells. The most active BePI derivative, 13 b, inhibited the cell cycle, drove cells to polyploidy, and eventually induced apoptosis. It exhibited high antiproliferative activity in HeLa cells with an IC50 value of 63 nM. Relative to compounds tested in clinical trials, this antiproliferative potency places 13 b among the top 10 aurora kinase inhibitors. Our results justify further in vivo evaluation in preclinical animal models of cancer.
Human brain activity and emotional responses to plant color stimuli
Authors: Jang Hye Sook , Kim Jongyun , Kim Ki Seong , Pak Chun Ho
Published: December 2012

This study investigated how color stimuli that consisted of green foliage plants (Epipremnum aureum) with same sized area of Kalanchoe spp. plants with four different flower colors (white, yellow, pink, and red; Kalanchoe spp.) on a dark green background influenced the brain waves and emotions of 30 undergraduate students. Electroencephalography tests were performed in order to monitor the brain‐wave responses in the prefrontal, frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes in response to the different plant color stimuli. Fourteen pairs of adjectives on the semantic differential scale were used to measure emotional changes. A statistical analysis showed that all of the color stimuli correlated with some emotional keywords and physiological responses. Green plants (E.aureum) produced more positive attitudes, and brain functions were more active compared to those observed after the participants were exposed to white, yellow, pink, or red flowers on a green background. In addition, when participants looked at the green plants, the relative fast alpha power spectrum increased, indicating the involvement of improved concentration, creativity, and attention. However, optical stimuli from the yellow flowers had a positive effect on the parietal and occipital lobes, producing a high relative theta power spectrum and indicating that concentration was improved and that the subjects were happier. The choice of adjectives and the EEG patterns were weakly but significantly correlated. These results may have practical applications because green plants can be used in places where comfort and high concentration are required, plants with white and yellow flowers can be used to make a place more pleasant, and red flowering plants can be used to create a luxurious environment. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 39, 307–316, 2014; Published online 28 December 2012 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/col.21788.
Synthesis of Stable Phosphomide Ligands and their Use in Ru‐Catalyzed Hydrogenations of Bicarbonate and Related Substrates
Authors: Gowrisankar Saravanan , Federsel Christopher , Neumann Helfried , Ziebart Carolin , Jackstell Ralf , Spannenberg Anke , Beller Matthias
Published: December 2012

New benzoyl‐ and naphthoyl‐substituted phosphines have been synthesized, which are stable to air and moisture. Testing these so‐called phosphomide ligands in the presence of different ruthenium precursors, the hydrogenation of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) to sodium formate (NaHCO2) proceeded with good catalyst turnover numbers in the range of 1300–1600 at 80 °C and a total pressure of hydrogen of 60 bar in the absence of amines or other additives. Similarly, catalytic hydrogenations of carbon dioxide, cinnam‐, and benzaldehyde were possible with these new ruthenium complexes. As an intermediate of the catalytic cycle the defined ruthenium complex [(η6‐C6H6)‐RuCl2(Cy2P(1‐naphthoyl)] (Cy=cyclohexyl) was prepared and characterized by X‐ray crystallography.
Synthesis of 4‐(Carbonyloxyphenyl)‐1,4‐Dihydropyridines as Potential Antihypertensive Agents
Authors: Bansal Ranju , Narang Gaurav , Calle Carmen , Carron Rosalia , Pemberton Karen , Harvey Alan L.
Published: December 2012

Preclinical Research

A series of novel symmetric and asymmetric 4‐(carbonyloxyphenyl)‐1,4‐dihydropyridines (DHPs) was synthesized and evaluated for calcium channel blocking, vasodilatory and antihypertensive properties. Some of these new DHPs displayed potent calcium channel blocking and good vasodilatory activities. Heart rate remained relatively constant in comparison with blood pressure changes in the case of these newly synthesized compounds, thereby decreasing the probability of reflex tachycardia, a major side effect of nifedipine. The most potent compound, ethyl methyl 4‐(3‐isopropylcarbonyloxyphenyl)‐2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐dihydropyridine‐3,5‐dicarboxylate (14c) exhibited antihypertensive activity comparable with the standard drug—nifedipine.
Should we change the target blood pressure in diabetic patients?
Authors: Shlomai Gadi , Grossman Ehud
Published: December 2012

Hypertension is a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. Guidelines recommend lowering blood pressure (BP) to less than 130/80 mmHg in diabetic patients. These recommendations are based on several studies in diabetic patients that showed the benefit of intensive BP control. However in all the studies the achieved BP was higher than 130/80 mmHg. Re‐evaluation of earlier studies, as well as more recently accumulated data suggest that intensive BP control is associated with a significant reduction in all‐cause mortality and stroke rate, but with no benefit for other microvascular or macrovascular (cardiac, renal and retinal) outcomes. Intensive BP control is associated with an increased risk of serious adverse effects, particularly for systolic BPs levels lower than 130 mmHg. When determining the target BP in diabetic patients one should balance the potential cerebrovascular protection against the increased risk of serious side effects, and the absence of benefit for other circulatory system. It seems therefore, that lowering BP to levels close to 130/80 mmHg should be the main goal of treatment in diabetic patients.