bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On saying ‘yes’ in early Anglo-Saxon England
Authors: Wallage Phillip , van der Wurff Wim
Published: December 2013

In this paper, we aim to reconstruct the form of affirmative replies in the English spoken in England in the period 500–800. Examination of the extant texts shows that the two forms of the Old English word for ‘yes’, i.e. gea and gyse, are distinguished functionally, in that the former is used to reply to positive utterances and the latter to negative utterances. It is not clear, however, where the word gyse comes from. It has no cognates in other Germanic languages and the two main existing proposals for its etymology are problematic in several respects, and also fail to explain its functional patterning in the texts. We suggest a new, more plausible, etymology for gyse and use it to reconstruct the positive response system of proto-Old English. Apart from solving the puzzle ofgyse's origins, our proposal has two wider implications. The first is methodological, in that we demonstrate the value in historical reconstructive work of paying close attention not only to grammatical, phonological and semantic factors but also to the pragmatics of the forms being postulated. Secondly, the attested Old English data show a correlation that has been observed more widely through cross-linguistic comparison, i.e. the existence of a designated response item to negative utterances coupled with the existence of ‘high’ clausal negation. Drawing on our reconstruction of the emergence of gyse in proto-Old English, we suggest that one possible source of cross-linguistic correlations of this kind is diachronic development, in this case grounded in properties of day-to-day interaction in discourse.
‘Æthelstan A’ and the rhetoric of rule
Authors: Woodman D. A.
Published: December 2013

In the years c. 928 to 935, sole responsibility for the production of Latin diplomas was entrusted to the royal draftsman known to modern scholarship as ‘Æthelstan A’. The documents he produced are entirely different from any previous example of the Anglo-Saxon diploma. Not only does he modify the very form of the diploma, but he writes in a Latin style that is marked by its sophistication, ostentation and learning, a kind of Latin that was a forerunner to the so-called ‘hermeneutic’ Latin that dominates Anglo-Latin literature of the mid-tenth century and beyond. Never before had the royal diploma's rhetorical properties been exploited to such a degree and it seems no coincidence that these documents appeared following King Æthelstan's momentous political conquest of the North in 927.
The Agnus Dei penny of King Æthelred II: a call to hope in the Lord (Isaiah XL)?
Authors: Woods David
Published: December 2013

It has traditionally been assumed that the so-called Agnus Dei penny of iEthelred the Unready (978–1016) depicts the dove of the Holy Spirit on the reverse. It is argued here that it may depict an eagle rather than a dove, so that the obverse alludes to the forgiveness of sins as described at Isaiah XL.1–2, while the reverse alludes to the effects of hope in the Lord subsequent to this forgiveness as described at Isaiah XL.29–31. Hence the coin may have been intended to proclaim the hope of Æthelred that, once the English have won the forgiveness of the Lord, they will ‘take wings as eagles’ and rout the Viking foe. If that was the case, however, the issue was quickly abandoned when it became clear that this would not in fact happen.
Robert of Jumièges, archbishop in exile (1052–5)
Authors: Licence Tom
Published: December 2013

Archbishop Robert of Jumieges interests historians of Anglo-Saxon England chiefly for his role in offering the crown to William of Normandy and in the conflict between King Edward and Earl Godwin in 1051–2. Before now, very little was known of his movements after his flight from England that September, but the discovery of an early source placing him in Paris casts new light on his activities. Part 1 examines the source and proposes a date for the event Robert attended. Part 2 challenges current perceptions of his career and offers a new interpretation of its significance in view of his movements in exile.
Corrective Justice and Property Rights
Authors: Coleman Jules L.
Published: December 2013

Suppose the prevailing distribution of property rights is unjust as determined by the relevant conception of distributive justice. You have far more than you should have under that theory and I have far less. Then I defraud you and in doing so reallocate resources so that our holdings ex post more closely approximate what distributive justice requires. Do I have a duty to return the property to you?

There are many good reasons for requiring me to return to you what I have taken. One is that while you may have no right in justice to all that you own, it does not follow that I do, or that I have a right to take it. Thus, requiring me to return the property to you is a way of recognizing that I had no right to take it from you in the first place.
Aboriginal Property and Western Theory: Recovering a Middle Ground
Authors: Tully James
Published: December 2013

During the last forty years, the Aboriginal peoples of the Americas, of the British Commonwealth, and of other countries colonized by Europeans over the last five hundred years have demanded that their forms of property and government be recognized in international law and in the constitutional law of their countries. This broad movement of 250 million Aboriginal people has involved court cases, parliamentary politics, constitutional amendments, the United Nations, the International Court of Justice, the development of an international law of Aboriginal peoples, and countless nonviolent and violent actions in defense of Aboriginal systems of property and cultures. The Aboriginal peoples of New Zealand, Canada, and the United States have been at the forefront of the movement, and it is in these countries that the greatest legal recognition has been achieved.
Property Rights, Innovation, and Constitutional Structure
Authors: Macey Jonathan R.
Published: December 2013

The Industrial Revolution caused an expansion of our ideas of property to include other forms of wealth, such as innovations and productive techniques. And the modern age has caused a further expansion of our ideas of property to include inchoate items, particularly information. The Framers of the U.S. Constitution presumed that government not only took an expansive view of the nature of property rights, they also believed that such rights should be protected. To James Madison and the other Framers, property was a “broad and majestic term” that “embraces everything which may have a value to which man may attach a right.”
COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF ANTI-VEGF AGENTS FOR DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA
Authors: Ollendorf Daniel A. , Colby Jennifer A. , Pearson Steven D.
Published: December 2013

Objectives:The aim of this study was to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy in the treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME).

Methods:Searches focused on reports concerning treatment of DME with aflibercept, bevacizumab, pegaptanib, or ranibizumab published between January 2000 and June 30, 2012, with comparisons to laser photocoagulation, sham injection, or other control (e.g., triamcinolone). Effectiveness was based on best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), in terms of letters gained. Direct meta-analyses were conducted on BCVA for each anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agent; indirect comparisons also were performed for each anti-VEGF pair.

Results:A total of fifteen randomized controlled trials (eleven fair- or good-quality) and eight observational studies were included. No direct comparative studies were identified. Improvement in visual acuity versus control was seen with all agents (range: 4–9 letters); outcomes were consistent across multiple timepoints. Meta-analyses showed no statistically significant and/or consistent differences between agents in BCVA changes or the percentage of patients gaining more than ten letters. No discernible differences in the potential harms of anti-VEGFs, including ocular events, MI, stroke, and other cardiovascular events, as well as death, were noted between aflibercept, pegaptanib, and ranibizumab. Data on harms for bevacizumab were underreported.

Conclusions:All anti-VEGF agents are effective in improving visual acuity in comparison to laser photocoagulation. Evidence is insufficient to distinguish the performance of any single anti-VEGF agent over others. The safety of bevacizumab remains the greatest element of uncertainty.
HTA AND VALUE - A COMMENTARY
Authors: Sansom Lloyd
Published: December 2013

There is an expectation that the value of a new technology will be considered by decision makers in determining whether to provide subsidy. What constitutes the elements of value and how these may be weighted is not transparent, however, and further work needs to be done to determine the circumstances and mechanisms of their application. In the end, judgment will still be needed even if greater formalization of the value construct is developed.
HTA AND INNOVATION OF VALUE: GETTING TO KNOW YOU
Authors: Goodman Clifford
Published: December 2013

Fostering innovation for societal gain has been a core attribute of technology assessment (TA) since its inception. Although many observers were concerned that TA would be a means by which government would impede the development and use of technology, this was not the intent of policy makers or the agencies that conducted the original TAs.
HTA AND VALUE - A COMMENTARY
Authors: Rawlins Michael D.
Published: December 2013

The notion of value, in the evaluation of the clinical and cost-effectiveness of therapeutic interventions, was the subject of discussion at the HTAi Policy Forum in February 2013. A summary of its discussions and conclusions is published in this issue of the journal. This commentary considers the implications of the proposal that health technology assessment (HTA) agencies should include, in the value proposition, wider societal costs and benefits as well as incorporating innovative promise.
Appropriate prescribing in older people
Authors: Penge Justin , Crome Peter
Published: December 2013

Prescribing for older people is often complex and challenging. With age, people almost invariably develop diseases leading to the prescription of drugs and the risk of multiple prescribing increases, especially if there is strict adherence to single disease guidelines. There remains a paucity of evidence from clinical trials as to the efficacy of many drugs in patients aged over 80 years due to the gross under-representation of older people in clinical trials. Older people are also at increased risk of adverse drug events, which are an important cause of morbidity and mortality. A significant percentage of these are both predictable and potentially avoidable.

In this updated review the concept of appropriate prescribing in older people is explored, including the importance of individualized care and shared decision-making. The available tools to enhance prescribing practice are examined, including those aimed at reducing inappropriate prescriptions and under prescribing. The limitations of existing tools are discussed and areas with particular promise and scope for advancement are highlighted, including the development of integrated IT systems and software engines to aid clinicians in appropriate prescribing.
International humanitarian law, ICRC and Israel's status in the Territories
Authors: Baker Alan
Published: December 2013

This article discusses contentions voiced by ICRC President Maurer in a speech on ‘Challenges to humanitarian action in contemporary conflicts: Israel, the Middle East and beyond’, developed in the form of the article in this issue of the International Review of the Red Cross.

It discusses challenges to international humanitarian law in situations where one party violates humanitarian norms, and questions some ICRC contentions and assumptions regarding the status of the West Bank territories, the status of Israel-Palestinian agreements, the status of the Gaza Strip, the concept of ‘occupation’, Israel's settlement policy, Israel's separation barrier, East Jerusalem, and concludes with a discussion of ICRC policies of confidentiality, as opposed to public engagement.
P-fimbriae in the presence of anti-PapA antibodies: new insight of antibodies action against pathogens
Authors: Mortezaei Narges , Singh Bhupender , Bullitt Esther , Uhlin Bernt Eric , Andersson Magnus
Published: December 2013

Uropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli establish urinary tract infections by attaching to host epithelial cells using adhesive organelles called fimbriae. Fimbriae are helix-like structures with a remarkable adaptability, offering safeguarding for bacteria exposed to changing fluid forces in the urinary tract. We challenged this property of P-fimbriae by cross-linking their subunits with shaft-specific antibodies and measuring the corresponding force response at a single organelle level. Our data show compromised extension and rewinding of P-fimbriae in the presence of antibodies and reduced fimbrial elasticity, which are important properties of fimbriae contributing to the ability of bacteria to cause urinary tract infections. The reduced elasticity found by cross-linking fimbrial subunits could thus be another assignment for antibodies; in addition to marking bacteria as foreign, antibodies physically compromise fimbrial function. We suggest that our assay and results will be a starting point for further investigations aimed at inhibiting sustained bacterial adhesion by antibodies.
Determination of sodium and calcium in powder milk using digital image-based flame emission spectrometry
Authors: da Silva Lyra Wellington , Almeida Luciano Farias de , da Silva Cunha Francisco Antônio , Gonçalves Dias Diniz Paulo Henrique , Martins Valdomiro Lacerda , Ugulino de Araujo Mario Cesar
Published: December 2013

This paper proposes combining MLR, FES and digital image analysis for the determination of sodium and calcium in powder milk samples from a single digital image.
Acyl protein thioesterase inhibitors as probes of dynamicS-palmitoylation
Authors: Davda Dahvid , Martin Brent R.
Published: December 2013

Acyl protein thioesterases catalyze the hydrolysis of protein S-palmitoylation, a hydrophobic cysteine post-translational modification. Several small molecule reversible and covalent inhibitors and activity-based screening methods are reviewed.
Switchable π-coordination and C–H metallation in small-cavity macrocyclic uranium and thorium complexes
Authors: Arnold Polly L. , Farnaby Joy H. , White Rebecca C. , Kaltsoyannis Nikolas , Gardiner Michael G. , Love Jason B.
Published: December 2013

Actinide complexes of a small-cavity, dipyrrolide macrocycle exhibit unusual bent metallocene-type binding, or bis(arene)-type binding, or both at once in a di-uranium adduct.
Discontinuity adaptive depth upsampling for 3D video acquisition
Authors: Lee S.B. , Kwon S. , Ho Y.S.
Published: December 2013

A new discontinuity adaptive depth upsampling method is proposed in order to obtain a high‐resolution depth map. The proposed method adaptively employs both the local minimum filter and the joint bilateral filter according to the variance of the depth map. Thus, it can reduce the over‐blurred depth regions along the depth discontinuities. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method.
Passivity of circuit components
Authors: Sommariva A.M.
Published: December 2013

In the framework of the behavioural approach, a new definition of the passive circuit component is proposed. It is based on the concept of a forwards concatenation set of an admissible trajectory. The so far elusive notion of the non‐dynamic circuit component is also clarified. As an example of application, the passivity and available energy of the N‐dimensional resistive, the Thévenin source, is thoroughly investigated.
Modeling and enhanced sampling of molecular systems with smooth and nonlinear data-driven collective variables
Authors: Hashemian Behrooz , Millán Daniel , Arroyo Marino
Published: December 2013

Collective variables (CVs) are low-dimensional representations of the state of a complex system, which help us rationalize molecular conformations and sample free energy landscapes with molecular dynamics simulations. Given their importance, there is need for systematic methods that effectively identify CVs for complex systems. In recent years, nonlinear manifold learning has shown its ability to automatically characterize molecular collective behavior. Unfortunately, these methods fail to provide a differentiable function mapping high-dimensional configurations to their low-dimensional representation, as required in enhanced sampling methods. We introduce a methodology that, starting from an ensemble representative of molecular flexibility, builds smooth and nonlinear data-driven collective variables (SandCV) from the output of nonlinear manifold learning algorithms. We demonstrate the method with a standard benchmark molecule, alanine dipeptide, and show how it can be non-intrusively combined with off-the-shelf enhanced sampling methods, here the adaptive biasing force method. We illustrate how enhanced sampling simulations with SandCV can explore regions that were poorly sampled in the original molecular ensemble. We further explore the transferability of SandCV from a simpler system, alanine dipeptide in vacuum, to a more complex system, alanine dipeptide in explicit water.
Microstructure and magnetic properties of magnetic fluids consisting of shifted dipole particles under the influence of an external magnetic field
Authors: Weeber Rudolf , Klinkigt Marco , Kantorovich Sofia , Holm Christian
Published: December 2013

We investigate the structure of a recently proposed magnetic fluid consisting of shifted dipolar (SD) particles in an externally applied magnetic field via computer simulations. For standard dipolar fluids the applied magnetic field usually enhances the dipole-dipole correlations and facilitates chain formation whereas in the present system the effect of an external field can result in a break-up of clusters. We thoroughly investigate the origin of this phenomenon through analyzing first the ground states of the SD-particle systems as a function of an applied field. In a second step we quantify the microstructure of these systems as functions of the shift parameter, the effective interaction parameter, and the applied magnetic field strength. We conclude the paper by showing that with the proper choice of parameters, it is possible to create a system of SD-particles with highly interacting magnetic particles, whose initial susceptibility is below the Langevin susceptibility, and which remains spatially isotropic even in a very strong external magnetic field.
Linear-scaling calculation of Hartree-Fock exchange energy with non-orthogonal generalised Wannier functions
Authors: Dziedzic J. , Hill Q. , Skylaris C.-K.
Published: December 2013

We present a method for the calculation of four-centre two-electron repulsion integrals in terms of localised non-orthogonal generalised Wannier functions (NGWFs). Our method has been implemented in the ONETEP program and is used to compute the Hartree-Fock exchange energy component of Hartree-Fock and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations with hybrid exchange-correlation functionals. As the NGWFs are optimised in situin terms of a systematically improvable basis set which is equivalent to plane waves, it is possible to achieve large basis set accuracy in routine calculations. The spatial localisation of the NGWFs allows us to exploit the exponential decay of the density matrix in systems with a band gap in order to compute the exchange energy with a computational effort that increases linearly with the number of atoms. We describe the implementation of this approach in the ONETEPprogram for linear-scaling first principles quantum mechanical calculations. We present extensive numerical validation of all the steps in our method. Furthermore, we find excellent agreement in energies and structures for a wide variety of molecules when comparing with other codes. We use our method to perform calculations with the B3LYP exchange-correlation functional for models of myoglobin systems bound with O2 and CO ligands and confirm that the same qualitative behaviour is obtained as when the same myoglobin models are studied with the DFT+U approach which is also available in ONETEP. Finally, we confirm the linear-scaling capability of our method by performing calculations on polyethylene and polyacetylene chains of increasing length.
Readout method from antiferromagnetically coupled perpendicular magnetic recording media using ferromagnetic resonance
Authors: Yang T. , Suto H. , Nagasawa T. , Kudo K. , Mizushima K. , Sato R.
Published: December 2013

We fabricate perpendicular magnetic recording media comprising two antiferromagnetically coupled Co/Pt multilayers and investigate its magnetic properties by ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) measurement. In such media, the magnetizations of the two perpendicular magnets are designed to compensate each other in the remanent state in order to reduce the dipolar field, which is a limiting factor in high-density magnetic recording devices. We measure FMR absorption spectra of the media and estimate the magnetic anisotropy and interlayer exchange coupling. We also demonstrate that FMR measurement can be employed to read out the magnetization direction. The principles behind this readout method are different from those behind the conventional method of detecting the stray field from the media by means of a magnetoresistive sensor; therefore, the proposed readout method is applicable to magnetic recording media having zero remanent magnetization. We expand this readout scheme to three-dimensional magnetic recording with several vertically stacked recording layers. By providing each recording layer with a different FMR frequency, we experimentally confirm that layer selective readout is possible.
In situ self-assembled organic interface layers for the controlled growth of oligothiophene thin films on ferroelectric Pb(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3
Authors: Milde P. , Schönfelder R. , Koitzsch A. , Haubner K. , Zerweck-Trogisch U. , Jaehne E. , Eng L. M.
Published: December 2013

We introduce an in situ vacuum procedure for the optimal preparation and analysis of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) as used in organic molecular electronics on ferroelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) substrates. Excellent ordering of oligothiophene semiconductor layers is heavily promoted through the presence of an interfacial bi-functional SAM layer that binds to both the oxidic PZT surface and the organic semiconductor molecules. The described method can be extended to other material combinations, featuring a variety of substrate materials and molecular functionalities.
Research Update: Doping ZnO and TiO2 for solar cells
Authors: Hoye Robert L. Z. , Musselman Kevin P. , MacManus-Driscoll Judith L.
Published: December 2013

ZnO and TiO2 are two of the most commonly used n-type metal oxide semiconductors in new generation solar cells due to their abundance, low-cost, and stability. ZnO and TiO2 can be used as active layers, photoanodes, buffer layers, transparent conducting oxides, hole-blocking layers, and intermediate layers. Doping is essential to tailor the materials properties for each application. The dopants used and their impact in solar cells are reviewed. In addition, the advantages, disadvantages, and commercial potential of the various fabrication methods of these oxides are presented.
Tuning nano electric field to affect restrictive membrane area on localized single cell nano-electroporation
Authors: Santra Tuhin Subhra , Wang Pen-Cheng , Chang Hwan-You , Tseng Fan-Gang
Published: December 2013

Interaction of electric field with biological cells is an important phenomenon for field induced drug delivery system. We demonstrate a selective and localized single cell nano-electroporation (LSCNEP) by applying an intense electric field on a submicron region of the single cell membrane, which can effectively allow high efficient molecular delivery but low cell damage. The delivery rate is controlled by adjusting transmembrane potential and manipulating membrane status. Thermal and ionic influences are deteriorated from the cell membrane by dielectric passivation. Either reversible or irreversible by LSCNEP can fully controlled with potential applications in medical diagnostics and biological studies.
Scanning AC nanocalorimetry study of Zr/B reactive multilayers
Authors: Lee Dongwoo , Sim Gi-Dong , Xiao Kechao , Seok Choi Yong , Vlassak Joost J.
Published: December 2013

The reaction of Zr/B multilayers with a 50 nm modulation period has been studied using scanning AC nanocalorimetry at a heating rate of approximately 103 K/s. We describe a data reduction algorithm to determine the rate of heat released from the multilayer. Two different exothermic peaks are identified in the nanocalorimetry signal: a shallow peak at low temperature (200–650 °C) and a sharp peak at elevated temperature (650–800 °C). TEM observation shows that the first peak corresponds to heterogeneous inter-diffusion and amorphization of Zr and B while the second peak is due to the crystallization of the amorphous Zr/B alloy to form ZrB2.
The study towards high intensity high charge state laser ion sources
Authors: Zhao H. Y. , Jin Q. Y. , Sha S. , Zhang J. J. , Li Z. M. , Liu W. , Sun L. T. , Zhang X. Z. , Zhao H. W.
Published: December 2013

As one of the candidate ion sources for a planned project, the High Intensity heavy-ion Accelerator Facility, a laser ion source has been being intensively studied at the Institute of Modern Physics in the past two years. The charge state distributions of ions produced by irradiating a pulsed 3 J/8 ns Nd:YAG laser on solid targets of a wide range of elements (C, Al, Ti, Ni, Ag, Ta, and Pb) were measured with an electrostatic ion analyzer spectrometer, which indicates that highly charged ions could be generated from low-to-medium mass elements with the present laser system, while the charge state distributions for high mass elements were relatively low. The shot-to-shot stability of ion pulses was monitored with a Faraday cup for carbon target. The fluctuations within ±2.5% for the peak current and total charge and ±6% for pulse duration were demonstrated with the present setup of the laser ion source, the suppression of which is still possible.
Extended Lagrangian Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics in the limit of vanishing self-consistent field optimization
Authors: Souvatzis Petros , Niklasson Anders M. N.
Published: December 2013

We present an efficient general approach to first principles molecular dynamics simulations based on extended Lagrangian Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics [A. M. N. Niklasson, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 123004 (2008)] in the limit of vanishing self-consistent field optimization. The reduction of the optimization requirement reduces the computational cost to a minimum, but without causing any significant loss of accuracy or long-term energy drift. The optimization-free first principles molecular dynamics requires only one single diagonalization per time step, but is still able to provide trajectories at the same level of accuracy as “exact,” fully converged, Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations. The optimization-free limit of extended Lagrangian Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics therefore represents an ideal starting point for robust and efficient first principles quantum mechanical molecular dynamics simulations.
Tuning the oscillation of nested carbon nanotubes by insertion of an additional inner tube
Authors: Motevalli B. , Liu Jefferson Z.
Published: December 2013

Different mechanisms of nano-oscillators with telescopic oscillations have attracted lots of attention due to the possible generation of GHz frequencies. In particular, nested carbon nanotubes are of special interest for which different mechanisms have been examined. In this paper, we will show that insertion of an additional inner tube into a conventional double walled carbon nanotube (DWCNT) oscillator not only can increase the oscillatory frequency considerably but also provides a wide range of system parameters for tuning the oscillatory behavior as well as its frequency. The insertion of an additional tube results in a number of different vdW force profiles (which only depend on the length ratios of the three tubes). Being subject to these different vdW force profiles and trigged with different initial velocity, an oscillating tube can exhibit various types of motions. We use a phase division diagram to discriminate the system parameters according to the different types of motions. Accordingly, a comprehensive study of the oscillatory frequency is also carried out. To perceive an insight into the effectiveness of insertion, a comparison is also made with the counterpart DWCNT oscillator. It is observed that this new mechanism offers a number of new possibilities in designing and characterizing a carbon nanotube based oscillator.
Shape resonances in low-energy-electron collisions with halopyrimidines
Authors: Barbosa Alessandra Souza , Bettega Márcio H. F.
Published: December 2013

We report calculated cross sections for elastic collisions of low-energy electrons with halopyrimidines, namely, 2-chloro, 2-bromo, and 5-bromopyrimidine. We employed the Schwinger multichannel method with pseudopotentials to compute the cross sections in the static-exchange and static-exchange plus polarization levels of approximation for energies up to 10 eV. We found four shape resonances for each molecule: three of π* nature localized on the ring and one of σ* nature localized along the carbon–halogen bond. We compared the calculated positions of the resonances with the electron transmission spectroscopy data measured by Modelli et al. [J. Phys. Chem. A 115, 10775 (2011)]. In general the agreement between theory and experiment is good. In particular, our results show the existence of a π* temporary anion state of A2 symmetry for all three halopyrimidines, in agreement with the dissociative electron attachment spectra also reported by Modelli et al. [J. Phys. Chem. A 115, 10775 (2011)].
Secondary electron emission and the bifurcation of the heat flux to the targets in fusion plasmas
Authors: Lee Wonjae , Krasheninnikov Sergei I.
Published: December 2013

The presence of secondary electron emission (SEE) from plasma facing components in fusion devices can result in a strong localization of the heat flux from plasma to the wall and subsequent wall erosion. Usually, the impact of the SEE is considered assuming the Maxwellian distribution of the electrons coming to the surface. As a result, the SEE coefficient only depends on the temperature of primary electrons. However, the tail of primary electron distribution function in the scrape off layer (SOL) of fusion devices can be far from Maxwellian due to preferential loss of fast electrons. Consequently, it is shown that the SEE coefficient will depend on the wall potential and multiple solutions can be possible corresponding to different regimes of plasma flow to the wall: with and without SEE effects. This effect can cause two-slope electron temperature profiles in the SOL, which are often seen in experiments.
Radiation pressure efficiency measurements of nanoparticle coated microspheres
Authors: Kim Soo Y. , Taylor Joseph D. , Ladouceur Harold D. , Hart Sean J. , Terray Alex
Published: December 2013

Experimental measurements of the radiation pressure efficiency (Qpr) for several microparticles have been compared to theoretical calculations extrapolated from the Bohren-Huffman code for Mie scattering of coated particles. An increased shift of the Qpr parameter was observed for 2 μm SiO2 core particles coated with nanoparticles of higher refractive indices. Coatings of 14 nm melamine particles were found to increase the Qpr parameter 135 times over similar coatings using SiO2 particles of the same size. While a coating of 100 nm polystyrene particles also showed a significant increase, they did not agree well with theoretical values. It is hypothesized that other factors such as increased scatter, drag, and finite coating coverage are no longer negligible for coatings using nanoparticles in this size regime.
Electric-field-coupled resonators as metamaterial loadings for waveguide miniaturization
Authors: Odabasi H. , Teixeira F. L.
Published: December 2013

We show that a rectangular metallic waveguide loaded with metamaterial elements consisting of electric-field-coupled (ELC) resonators placed at the sidewalls can operate well below the cutoff frequency of the respective unloaded waveguide. For the example considered of a waveguide with square cross-section and original TE-mode cut-off frequency at 16.67 GHz (under no loading), a TE-mode passband is obtained around 8.6 GHz once the waveguide is loaded with ELC resonators. Similarly, for TM-mode excitation with original cut-off at 23.57 GHZ, TM-mode passbands are obtained around 8.5 GHz and 11.3 GHz, for two different orientations of ELC resonators. The dispersion diagrams indicate that propagating modes in ELC-loaded waveguides are of forward-type for both TE and TM modes. We also study the dispersion diagram and transmission characteristics of rectangular metallic waveguides simultaneously loaded with both ELCs and split ring resonators. Such “doubly”-loaded waveguides can support both forward wave and backward waves and provide independent control of the propagation characteristics for the respective modes.
Phase noise and jitter reduction by optical feedback on passively mode-locked quantum-dot lasers
Authors: Arsenijević D. , Kleinert M. , Bimberg D.
Published: December 2013

The noise properties of the pulse trains of passively mode-locked 40 GHz quantum-dot lasers subject to optical feedback are investigated in detail. Five different feedback regimes are discovered and the clearly identified regime of resonant optical feedback is further examined. The feedback parameters yielding minimum phase noise are determined. Here, the radio-frequency (RF)-line-width is reduced from its original value by 99% to 1.9 kHz. The corresponding pulse-to pulse jitter of 23 fs is a record low value for passively mode-locked 40 GHz quantum-dot lasers.
Magnetic ordering in nickel-zinc nanoferrite thin film formed by Langmuir Blodgett technique
Authors: Thakur Sangeeta , Pandit Pallavi , Sharma S. K. , Katyal S. C. , Singh Mahavir , Gupta Ajay
Published: December 2013

Nickel-zinc nanoferrite thin films, which reveal application for magnetic materials, were prepared by Langmuir-Blodgett technique. X-ray reflectivity fitting was done using three layer model. Thickness of a monolayer of nanoparticles is obtained as 23.5 Å. Surface roughness increases as the thickness of the film increases. Fourier transform infrared spectra confirmed that the structure remains cubic spinel after thin film formation. We have measured zero-field cooled and field cooled magnetization and discussed the behavior in three parts: the ferromagnetic part, transition region, and the superparamagnetic part.
Metal-polymer nanocomposites with high percolation threshold and high dielectric constant
Authors: Zhang Lin , Wang Wei , Wang Xiaogang , Bass Patrick , Cheng Z.-Y.
Published: December 2013

By combining a solution cast and a hot-press process, a process to prepare uniform metal-polymer nanocomposites is introduced. It is confirmed using two composite systems: nanosized Ni particles embedded into P(VDF-TrFE) 70/30 mol. % and P(VDF-CTFE) 88/12 mol. % copolymer, respectively. Composites with 0 vol. %–60 vol. % of Ni nanoparticles are studied. The dielectric property of each composite is characterized over a frequency range from 100 Hz to 1 MHz. The results show that two nanocomposite systems show very similar percolation behavior with a high percolation threshold (>55 vol. %) and exhibit a high dielectric constant (∼1000 at 100 Hz).
Evolution of the conductivity type in germania by varying the stoichiometry
Authors: Islamov D. R. , Gritsenko V. A. , Cheng C. H. , Chin A.
Published: December 2013

Information regarding the conductivity type of Si/GeOx/Ni structures with various stoichiometry has been obtained using experiments on injection of minority carriers from n- and p-type silicon. Results show that non-stoichiometric GeOx films exhibit bipolar conductivity, that is, holes as well as electrons contribute to the charge transport. Stoichiometric GeO2 films exhibit unipolar electron conductivity.
Recovery of oscillatory magneto-resistance in phase separated La0.3Pr0.4Ca0.3MnO3 epitaxial thin films
Authors: Alagoz H. S. , Jeon J. , Mahmud S. T. , Saber M. M. , Prasad B. , Egilmez M. , Chow K. H. , Jung J.
Published: December 2013

In-plane angular dependent magneto-resistance has been studied in La0.3Pr0.4Ca0.3MnO3 (LPCMO) manganite thin films deposited on the (100) oriented NdGaO3, and (001) oriented SrTiO3 and LaAlO3 substrates. At temperatures where the electronic phase separation is the strongest, a metastable irreversible state exists in the films whose resistivity ρ attains a large time dependent value. The ρ decreases sharply with an increasing angle θ between the magnetic field and the current, and does not display an expected oscillatory cos2θ/sin2θ dependence for all films. The regular oscillations are recovered during repetitive sweeping of θ between 0° and 180°. We discuss possible factors that could produce these unusual changes in the resistivity.
Metabolic and endocrine profiles of primiparous beef cows grazing native grassland. 2. Effects of body condition score at calving, type of suckling restriction and flushing on plasmatic and productive parameters
Authors: Soca P. , Carriquiry M. , Claramunt M. , Ruprechter G. , Meikle A.
Published: December 2013

The objective of the present experiment was to analyse the effect of body condition score (BCS) at calving, type of suckling restriction and flushing on metabolic and endocrine profiles, and productive and reproductive responses of primiparous beef cows grazing native grassland. Primiparous beef (n = 56) cows in anestrus classified by BCS at calving (low ≤3.5 and moderate ≥4; 1–8 visual scale) were assigned randomly to four treatments in a two by two factorial arrangement of type of suckling restriction and flushing. Type of suckling restriction started at 55 ± 10 days postpartum (DPP ± s.e.m.; Day 0 = initiation of the treatment) and consisted of applying nose plates to calves for 12 days (i.e. TS treatment) or 5 days of isolation of the cow–calf pair, followed by applying nose plates to calves for 7 days as calves were reunited with their mothers (i.e. IS treatment). Immediately after the suckling restriction treatments were finished, the breeding season started, and each cow received (flushing group) or not (control group) 2 kg/day (fresh basis) of whole-rice middling for 22 days. The BCS was superior in moderate-BCS cows through the experiment. The type of suckling restriction did not affect any plasma parameter, but insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) concentrations increased in all cows during suckling restriction. Cholesterol concentration was affected by flushing × day interaction (P < 0.05), while insulin and IGF-I concentrations were affected by the interaction among BCS at calving, flushing and days (P < 0.03). Flushing increased cholesterol concentration in both BCS groups at calving, while insulin and IGF-I concentrations increased during flushing only in moderate-BCS cows. Suckling restriction, flushing, and BCS at calving did not affect calf weight or milk production. Moderate BCS cows had a shorter postpartum anestrous interval (PPI) (98 vs 123 DPP; P < 0.01). Isolated type of suckling reduced postpartum anestrous interval when compared with TS treatment (97 vs 115 DPP, P < 0.05). Early pregnancy rate was greater in flushed than in control cows (0.8 vs 0.55, P < 0.01) and in moderate-BCS cows than in low-BCS cows (0.84 vs 0.46, P < 0.01). Total pregnancy rate was also greater in flushed and moderate cows and tended to be affected by the interaction between flushing and BCS at calving (P = 0.06; flushed cows: moderate = 1 vs low = 0.5, P < 0.08; and control cows: moderate = 0.8 vs low = 0.4, P < 0.09). These results confirmed the great value of suckling restriction and flushing during post-calving and relevance of BCS at calving as a link between energetic nutrition and metabolic and reproductive processes in primiparous beef cows grazing native grassland.
To be or not to be: dilemma of Africa’s economic engagement with China and other emerging economies
Authors: Geda Alemayehu , Mosisa Solomon , Assefa Matias
Published: December 2013

In this study an attempt to examine the China−Africa trade potential and the implications of exploiting that potential is made. The potential is examined using the Trade Complementarity Index and the stochastic frontier gravity model of trade. The results suggest that there is considerable potential to expand China−Africa trade. Apart from reforming trade policies, removing other behind-the-border socio-political-institutional constraints and improving trade facilitation would contribute to realization of this potential. However, the realization of this potential may entail locking African countries in primary commodity sectors (and hence deindustrialization). A non-parametric test using the ‘Galtonian regression method’ as well as a multi-country version of the Heckscher−Ohlin−Vanek trade model is employed to test this pattern. The results suggest that African countries are characterized by re-deepening specialization in the primary commodity exports sector owing to China’s commodity demand surge. We also found that the indirect impacts of this demand surge are more significant. This calls for strategic policy engagement with China, India and other emerging economies such as Brazil with the aim of balancing between the temporary resource windfall gain and the future industrialization and development of the continent.
A Mathematical Model to Evaluate the Routine Use of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation to Prevent Incident and Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection
Authors: Lofgren Eric T. , Moehring Rebekah W. , Anderson Deverick J. , Weber David J. , Fefferman Nina H.
Published: December 2013

Objective.

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been suggested as a new treatment to manage Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). With use of a mathematical model of C. difficile within an intensive care unit (ICU), we examined the potential impact of routine FMT.

Design, Setting, and Patients.

A mathematical model of C. difficile transmission, supplemented with prospective cohort, surveillance, and billing data from hospitals in the southeastern United States.

Methods.

Cohort, surveillance, and billing data as well as data from the literature were used to construct a compartmental model of CDI within an ICU. Patients were defined as being in 1 of 6 potential health states: uncolonized and at low risk; uncolonized and at high risk; colonized and at low risk; colonized and at high risk; having CDI; or treated with FMT.

Results.

The use of FMT to treat patients after CDI was associated with a statistically significant reduction in recurrence but not with a reduction in incident cases. Treatment after administration of high-risk medications, such as antibiotics, did not result in a decrease in recurrence but did result in a statistically significant difference in incident cases across treatment groups, although whether this difference was clinically relevant was questionable.

Conclusions.

Our study is a novel mathematical model that examines the effect of FMT on the prevention of recurrent and incident CDI. The routine use of FMT represents a promising approach to reduce complex recurrent cases, but a reduction in CDI incidence will require the use of other methods to prevent transmission.
Mediator links transcription and DNA repair by facilitating Rad2/XPG recruitment
Authors: Eyboulet Fanny , Cibot Camille , Eychenne Thomas , Neil Helen , Alibert Olivier , Werner Michel , Soutourina Julie
Published: December 2013

Mediator is a large multiprotein complex conserved in all eukaryotes. The crucial function of Mediator in transcription is now largely established. However, we found that this complex also plays an important role by connecting transcription with DNA repair. We identified a functional contact between the Med17 Mediator subunit and Rad2/XPG, the 3′ endonuclease involved in nucleotide excision DNA repair. Genome-wide location analyses revealed that Rad2 is associated with RNA polymerase II (Pol II)- and Pol III-transcribed genes and telomeric regions in the absence of exogenous genotoxic stress. Rad2 occupancy of Pol II-transcribed genes is transcription-dependent. Genome-wide Rad2 occupancy of class II gene promoters is well correlated with that of Mediator. Furthermore, UV sensitivity of med17 mutants is correlated with reduced Rad2 occupancy of class II genes and concomitant decrease of Mediator interaction with Rad2 protein. Our results suggest that Mediator is involved in DNA repair by facilitating Rad2 recruitment to transcribed genes.
VHL-mediated disruption of Sox9 activity compromises β-cell identity and results in diabetes mellitus
Authors: Puri Sapna , Akiyama Haruhiko , Hebrok Matthias
Published: December 2013

Precise functioning of the pancreatic β cell is paramount to whole-body glucose homeostasis, and β-cell dysfunction contributes significantly to diabetes mellitus. Using transgenic mouse models, we demonstrate that deletion of the von Hippel-Lindau (Vhlh) gene (encoding an E3 ubiquitin ligase implicated in, among other functions, oxygen sensing in pancreatic β cells) is deleterious to canonical β-cell gene expression. This triggers erroneous expression of factors normally active in progenitor cells, including effectors of the Notch, Wnt, and Hedgehog signaling cascades. Significantly, an up-regulation of the transcription factor Sox9, normally excluded from functional β cells, occurs upon deletion of Vhlh. Sox9 plays important roles during pancreas development but does not have a described role in the adult β cell. β-Cell-specific ectopic expression of Sox9 results in diabetes mellitus from similar perturbations in β-cell identity. These findings reveal that assaults on the β cell that impact the differentiation state of the cell have clear implications toward our understanding of diabetes mellitus.
Chromothripsis and beyond: rapid genome evolution from complex chromosomal rearrangements
Authors: Zhang Cheng-Zhong , Leibowitz Mitchell L. , Pellman David
Published: December 2013

Recent genome sequencing studies have identified several classes of complex genomic rearrangements that appear to be derived from a single catastrophic event. These discoveries identify ways that genomes can be altered in single large jumps rather than by many incremental steps. Here we compare and contrast these phenomena and examine the evidence that they arise “all at once.” We consider the impact of massive chromosomal change for the development of diseases such as cancer and for evolution more generally. Finally, we summarize current models for underlying mechanisms and discuss strategies for testing these models.
Preparing Size Markers for Gel Electrophoresis
Authors: Nilsen Timothy W.
Published: December 2013

Here we present two simple methods for preparing radiolabeled size markers for gel electrophoresis. The first procedure describes the generation of an RNA marker ladder by the alkaline hydrolysis of 32P 5′- or 3′-end-labeled RNA. The second procedure describes the labeling of DNA fragments produced by digestion of pBR322 with the restriction enzyme MspI.