bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Model of infrastructure development of housing and utilities
Authors: Kustikova J O
Published: March 2020

Theoretical premises of sustainable development of the housing-and-municipal complex (HAMC) in a perspective of harmonious functioning of a triad of influence: economic-social-ecological (ESE) influencing factors are presented. The mechanism of implementation of technological innovations and creation of digital doubles, by object digitization of JKK with forming of a virtual system of vital maintenance is developed. The example of calculation with a different object combination of a system is presented to JKK showing complexity of obtaining adequate result without application of simulation models. It is proved that developing forecast model of the separate period of functioning it is necessary to represent risk scenario “a tree of events”, with simulation of result of adaptive adaptation to the changing conditions and assessment of coherence of elements of a triad of ESE.
Influence of removable anti-skid device on the soil density
Authors: Sakhapov R L , Makhmutov M M
Published: March 2020

The ways to improve the traction characteristics of the wheel MTA by the drive wheels loaders, the use of additional removable loads, the filling of the drive wheels chambers with liquid, the traction force of the tractor due to the increase in the coupling mass are studied. However, with the increase in the structural dimensions of the wheels and the use of dual tires improve the functional properties of the engines, however, significantly increase the cost of the engine, its dimensions, complicated handling of the machine. The use of removable anti-skid devices on the wheel drive increases the vertical load due to the weight of the anti-skid device. At the moment of interaction of the hook with the soil, the force required to introduce it into the soil, reduces the load on the wheel. A formula for determining the density of soils in the Wake of the mover is obtained. Depending on the magnitude of the force of introduction into the soil, two modes of interaction of the wheel with the soil are considered. To improve the traction properties of the engine, a new design of the device support was developed. After the introduction of the support to a dense layer of soil, it is opened, thereby increasing the contact area and sharply reducing the pressure of the wheel drive tires on the upper layers of the soil. Due to this process, the wheel (partially or completely) is not in contact with the topsoil. The equipment of propellers of wheeled vehicles with removable anti-skid devices, which allow to increase traction properties, reduce the compacting effect of the propulsor on the soil, seems to be a rational solution to the problem of increasing the traction characteristics of the driving wheels. The equipment of wheel machines movers with removable anti-skid devices allows to approximate the traction characteristics of wheel machines to the characteristics of crawler type movers due to the interaction of hooks with more compacted layers of the subsurface horizon soil.
Vehicle Counting at Road Intersections Using Video Data and Zone-Based Method with Additional Contour
Authors: Ibryaeva O , Zhulev A , Shepelev V , Burzev A
Published: March 2020

The problem of counting vehicles and determining the directions of their movement at an intersection is considered. A new zone-based method for counting vehicles which uses an additional inner contour is proposed. The presence of an additional inner contour helps to partially expands zones of interest and increases our chances of catching a vehicle in time. YOLO and CSRT tracker are used for detection and tracking of objects. Full flowchart of the working process including detection, tracking and counting, is given. The algorithm for inner contour constructing is proposed and it is shown that this contour presence reduces the error in counting vehicles.
Improving the efficiency and mobility of urban housing maintenance services
Authors: Burkeev D O , Romanova A I , Murafa A A , Maksimchuk O V , Voronin A V
Published: March 2020

Important areas of development in the field of housing construction are to energy efficiency, improvement of the system of operation and maintenance of buildings, transparency in the operational performance of buildings for owners and investors. To obtain such benefits, it is necessary to develop a strategy for implementation of intelligent technologies and smart engineering systems to improve energy efficiency, automate operational processes and create an ‘intelligent’ profile of a building. The article presents a study of energy efficiency of buildings and justifies smart management of real estate objects, in order to save resources and timely respond to the decline in their operational qualities. In the modern conditions of market economy, when most of the housing stock is privately owned, it is necessary to create a modern economic and organizational mechanism for overhauls, reconstruction and modernization of building with the use of BIM technologies. The result of the overhaul and reconstruction works is the restoration and improvement of the operational characteristics of buildings. An overhaul or a reconstruction is advisable if the technical condition of the building has been compromised and effective operation and maintenance are impossible.
The method of synthesis of new structural schemes of additional working equipment of the motor grader with the use of graphs and matrices
Authors: Mikhailovskaya V A
Published: March 2020

The article explores existing methods for the synthesis of structural schemes, but special attention is paid to a method based on the theory of graphs and matrices. The paper presents structural schemes of the additional working equipment of the motor grader and matrices of kinematic pairs, and graphs of fastening of elements of the structural scheme obtained by this method. The authors compare possible variants of these schemes and describe their advantages and disadvantages. The researchers suggest some test results conducted on a grader. The article calculates the stress-strain state, taking into account experimental data, and two design options for additional equipment of the grader.
Durability of bridge asphaltic concrete pavements under temperature loads
Authors: Grishyn I V , Ivanov G P , Kayumov R A
Published: March 2020

This article presents the major results obtained during the research of the effect of temperature factors on the formation of cracks in asphalt concrete pavements of bridges. The main problem was divided into a number of parts: determination of temperature field in pavement; creation of an engineering design model for determining the stress-strain state caused by temperature deformation; determination of asphaltic concrete rheological characteristics; introduction of criteria for assessing the durability of asphaltic concrete pavement.
Evaluation of the efficiency of roundabouts in modern cities
Authors: Gavaev A S
Published: March 2020

The article presents the results of studies that allow to reduce time delays by determining the optimal parameters of roundabouts based on the established dependencies of road characteristics on the geometric parameters of road intersections and traffic flows. In analytical studies, we identify the most effective types of configurations of the road intersection at the same level and establish the dependence of the average vehicle speed on the total traffic intensity for these configurations. Moreover, the paper establishes the dependence of the average speed on the intensity of traffic flow at different radii of the central guide island of the roundabout and the dependence of the average speed on the radius of the central guide island with different bandwidth of the carriageway on the approach to the roundabout.
Development of a finite-element model for bench testing of road fence rack
Authors: Demiyanushko I V , Karpov I A , Mikheev P S , Nadezhdin V S , Titov O V , Tavshadze B T , Awrejcewicz J
Published: March 2020

The article compares the results of mathematical modeling by the finite element method (FEM) with the results of bench tests of steel racks of a road fence. The object of the study was a road fence rack made of steel 3, with a cross section in the form of a channel (No. 12). As a result of mathematical modeling, we obtained the dependences of the force in the rack on the movement, as well as the energy absorption of the racks. The obtained parameters were compared with the empirical results of field tests.
The research of resistance to snow cutting and moving with an auger of a small-sized rotary-auger snowplow
Authors: Zakirov M F
Published: March 2020

Small-sized rotary-auger snowplows are being used to remove snow from pavements, areas near houses and in cramped conditions. To design and operate such snowplows, it is necessary to know the resistances that arise in the process of interaction of the working bodies with snow. The article describes the design of the laboratory stand “Ground channel” and the order of the experimental study to determine the resistance to snow cutting and moving with a screw of a small-sized snowplow. The paper presents the values of the total resistance on the screw feeder, depending on the frequency of rotation of the working body and the thickness of the cut snow layer.
Methods of the building of the dynamic models of the drive machines loads with the use of system monitoring data (on example of the acceleration of the drive of the drill tool)
Authors: Ashcheulov A V
Published: March 2020

The article considers the sequence of modern machines’ monitoring systems data processing. The aim is to build the mathematical models of the complex dynamic processes of the interaction between working bodies of the machines with external ambience. On the example of drilling machines on the starting and accelerating modes of the drilling tool, the authors obtained the dependencies of the torque on the output shaft of the rotation drive of the drill string depending on the frequency and rotation acceleration, and the depth of drilling related to the rock strength.
The influence of the ratio of the vibration device’s two stages’ imbalances’ static moments with asymmetric oscillations on the system amplification factor
Authors: Gerasimov M D , Vorobev N D , Ryazantsev V G , Kh Otakulov O
Published: March 2020

Vibration devices with asymmetric oscillations can consist of two or more stages of vibrators with directed vibrations. Component stages of a vibration device with asymmetric oscillations have multiple frequencies of rotation of the imbalanced shafts. The multiplicity of rotation frequencies of the imbalanced shafts of the vibrator’s stages with directed vibrators in a vibration device with asymmetric oscillations is imperative. In this case, the parameters of the total asymmetric oscillation depend entirely on the ratio of the static moments of the imbalances of the stages included in the vibratory device. The simplest vibration device with asymmetric oscillations is a device consisting of two stages of vibrators with directed vibrations. The article is devoted to the question of the influence of the ratio of the vibration device’s two stages’ imbalances’ static moments with asymmetric oscillations on the system amplification factor.
A method for constructing standard-size series of quick couplers
Authors: Duganova E V , Sevryugina N S , Kapyrin P D
Published: March 2020

The article analyzes the effectiveness of the use of multifunctional machines when performing work in the field of urban planning and environmental design. It has been established that unification ensures a reduction in the cost of equipment operation and allows to increase the rationality of using the working bodies according to their functional characteristics. The authors evaluated the typical nomenclature rows of quick couplers. It has been revealed that the variety of quick couplers offered by manufacturers does not allow to determine a common design feature, and to use it for unification for various classes of machines. In this regard, the authors take its weight to the mass of the base machine during the unification of standard-size series, as a main parameter. The paper develops a technique for unification of quick couplers. Then, the authors modify the mathematical model for estimating the cost of standard sizes of quick couplers according to the exponents and proportionality coefficients. They propose a parametric unification for 14 rows of the main parameter of the quick coupler. Finally, the paper develops a model for estimating the range of parametric applicability of various quick coupler constructions.
The network patterns characteristics research as one of the factors of traffic congestion
Authors: Saprykina O V , Akhmedova E A , Vinogradov K I
Published: March 2020

The article presents the planning structures analysis method of urbanized areas base on the geometric indicators of graph theory. For research, we developed a software package written in the Python programming language. The methodology of the analysis consists of identifying areas with a planning structure of a certain type in urban area and evaluating the selected area according to several calculated indicators. According to the results of the study, hypotheses were made about the impact of the type of planning structure on the level of traffic load of the city’s road network.
Analysis of contact parameters of large tires with soil for earthmoving machinery
Authors: Zhulay V A , Tyunin V L , Volkov N M , Degtev D N
Published: March 2020

The article demonstrates the equations for finding the contact width parameters of a large tire with a deformable support surface, such as the radius and angle of the sidewall arc, the sidewall width in the contact area, the track width under the wheel center and at any point of contact. For some large-size tires, the paper discovers graphical dependences of the track width at any point of contact on the internal tire pressure, the vertical wheel load and the tire structure. The authors analyzed the results of these dependencies.
Synthesis of the six-part spatial mechanism
Authors: Mudrov A G , Sakhapov R L
Published: March 2020

The synthesis of flat and spatial mechanisms is of a great importance in the development of various devices, including robotics, automated lines, etc. These questions are set out in the works of Russian scientists (on the structure of the mechanisms, the synthesis) as well as in the foreign science. The purpose of this article is to synthesize a six-part spatial mechanism to reproduce the linear function of the slave link, which takes place at certain angles of rotation of the drive and slave links in devices with linear functions. The authors used the method of uniform best approximation of functions, graphical method, analytical theory of infinitesimal flat displacements of a rigid body, quadratic approximations, and analytical theory of a finite number of positions of a solid body.
Metal plating based on copper (II) complex compounds with hydroxyethylidene diphosphonic acid
Authors: Mukhametshina R M
Published: March 2020

The materials used in mechanical engineering must ensure proper work of the details and meet the requirements of the minimum complexity of its manufacture and efficiency. In this regard, the issues of improving the technological processes of obtaining metal coatings are of particular importance. This paper studies the possibility of using copper (II) complexes with hydroxyethylidene diphosphonic acid to obtain high-quality copper coatings by the method of electron paramagnetic resonance. The author are determines stability constants of the complexes and their regions of existence. Moreover, the article investigates the effect of stabilizing additives on the technological characteristics of solutions of chemical copper plating. Due to the obtained results, the author developed a highly stable solution of chemical copper plating based on copper (II) complex compounds with hydroxyethylidene diphosphonic acid.
Exploring the effect of thermoplastic composition on light emission
Authors: Sakhapov R L , Kashipov R F , Gatiyatullin M H
Published: March 2020

Currently, reflective coloring agents are used for road markings. To obtain the best result from the use of the light-reflecting effect of the marking, we propose to use luminophore (light-emitting powder), by adding it to the thermoplastic composition heated at about 200 ° C. It can ensure the best visibility in the dark, in the conditions of rain and snowfall. The effect of the use of this technology will be visible both in urban and rural areas, where it can surely be an excellent alternative in case of the absence of stationary lighting. This will give the driver a good view of the route, even with the lights off. By analyzing the available and relevant information and conducting the necessary research and experimentation, the main goal will be to obtain the best results and a rational proportion of components in the manufacture of experimental samples that provide the maximum light-emitting effect.
Use of program ANSYS in the analysis of interaction between a rigid foundation and reinforced soil
Authors: Antonov V M , Al-Naqdi I A
Published: March 2020

Work is devoted to model and process the results of interaction between a rigid metal plate and a reinforced sand base using the software “ANSYS”.

One of the effective ways to increase the strength is the inclusion of various materials (reinforcement) in the soil below the structure. It increases the resistance of the soil to stress and shear, limits lateral deformation. Organic, synthetic, metal and stone materials are used as reinforcing elements. The studies showed that the effectiveness of the reinforcement and the bearing capacity of the reinforced ground depend on the position, length, roughness and fixity condition of the reinforcement [27].
Development and research of the tower for hanging supports on hop-gardens
Authors: Smirnov P A , Makushev A E , Vasiliev A O , Andreev R V , Lozhkin A G , Medvedev V I
Published: March 2020

In recent years, in the conditions of economic sanctions and food embargo in Russia, the issue of import substitution has become acute. These phenomena are directly related to agricultural products and, in particular, to the production of hops. Currently, about 90% of commercial hops are imported to the Russian market from abroad. Current trends in the improvement of modern hop-growing technology require the introduction of high-tech innovations into the cultivation process. Its productivity and product quality depend on timely and proper technological operations in the production of hops. Given the increasing prices of energy, it is necessary to introduce improved low-cost technologies in the production of hops. The most important aspect at the present stage is the mechanization of such a process as hanging supports using mobile towers. The use of these towers can increase productivity in this operation in 5-6 times compared to manual labor. The tower must contain a horizontal frame with a trailed device, a working platform, hydraulic cylinders for its lifting, a system of guide rings for support beams. A small ladder should be provided for lifting workers to the site. As a result of the design, the optimal parameters of the scissor-type perspective tower were determined, providing the required stability, both static and dynamic.
Vibroprotective mechanism with the quasizero stiffness for seats of operators of construction and road machines
Authors: Tomleeva S V , Saveliev A G , Moiseev G D , Kolesnikov P G
Published: March 2020

The paper considers vibration isolation device with a quasi-zero stiffness, which nonlinear element is made in the form of a closed elastic rod, an elastic line described by the circle. The authors list the features of stiffness and strength characteristics of the device, and select the parameters that ensure the full protection on a portion of the suspension.
Study of the influence of the driver’s reaction time on the road traffic situation at a controlled intersection using simulation modeling
Authors: Zagidullin R R
Published: March 2020

The role of the human factor in ensuring safe intensification of road traffic is great. This can be achieved with good traffic management and a sharp reduction in motor vehicles collisions (MVC). Nowadays, in countries with a high level of motorization, MVCs lead to great amount of deaths and material losses. This happens because, no matter how reliable the vehicles, roads, and traffic rules, the outcome of the MVC in the vast majority of cases depends on the actions of the driver. The continuing rapid growth of the fleet leads to an increase in the intensity of traffic flows, which imposes ever-increasing demands on drivers. Therefore, improving the reliability of drivers becomes an urgent task, without the resolution of which it is impossible to achieve a significant reduction in MVC and improve traffic safety. The information obtained in the process of studying the patterns of perception by a driver of a road stop will help to solve this problem; therefore, this work is devoted to the urgent topic of the analysis of the influence of the driver’s reaction time on traffic safety and traffic capacity of the road network and is performed using the simulation method.
Intersections at different levels - an alternative solution to the development of the road network
Authors: Loginova O A , Nikolaeva R V
Published: March 2020

Modern road network should provide conditions for safe and comfortable movement, both for drivers and for pedestrians. Transport industry development specialists face such transport problem as the low capacity of the road network. Low capacity causes congestion in the road network, disruptions in the organization of normal traffic flow, traffic jams, an increase in the number of traffic accidents. One way to solve this transportation problem is to use alternative solutions when designing. These solutions include constructing the intersections at different levels. The aim of the study is to compile data on alternative diamond-shaped intersections at different levels with a change in the side of movement. The main results of the study are that at the moment there are three schemes of a diamond-shaped intersection with a change in the side of the movement. These types of intersections have a smaller number of conflict points, compared with the intersection of the diamond type. The experience in the operation of road sections with diamond intersections showed a decrease in accident rates. Cyclists and pedestrians can use the junctions as well. The results of the study give an idea of the level of design of alternative types of intersections abroad. Considered interchanges can be used not only when at crossings of high-category roads, but also in cities, in the conditions of the existing development.
The role of the transport infrastructure of the Republic of Tatarstan in the development of regional entrepreneurship
Authors: Absalyamova S , Absalyamov T , Mukhametgalieva C
Published: March 2020

The article considers the impact of transport infrastructure on the development of regional entrepreneurship. On the example of hosting sport mega-events and the increased interest in the cultural heritage, the article shows mutual influence of tourism in the region and the development of the transport infrastructure of the republic. The authors study the main components of the transport and communication framework, which allow to increase the tourist flow, passenger traffic and cargo flow.
Road safety as a factor in the socio-economic development of the country
Authors: Nikolaeva R V
Published: March 2020

In the conditions of modern society, the prospective development of the country’s economy cannot be considered without a well-established transport system. The discrepancy between the level of development of the transport network and the level of demand for road transport leads to inefficient and huge costs. The main costs are associated with the elimination of the consequences of road accidents. The article considers road safety as a particularly significant socio-economic problem of the country. The relationship between economic development and the level of road safety was studied using the example of the Republic of Tatarstan (a subject of the Russian Federation). As main indicators we selected population, level of motorization, length of transport networks, gross regional product, accident rates and damage as a result of deadly accidents. Studies have shown that there is an interdependence of road safety and the economy of the republic. Moreover, it is important to assess the direct and indirect socio-economic costs of the consequences of road accidents. This allows us to measure the burden that a traffic accident causes to society, and emphasizes the return on investment in road safety.
Development of transport infrastructure in smart cities
Authors: Makarova I , Boyko A , Giniyatullin I , Ahmadeeva A
Published: March 2020

Smart Mobility is one of the main directions of development of the transport system in intelligent cities. In this case, along with management intellectualization, the issue of transition to “green”, safe and sustainable modes of transport, such as bicycles, should be resolved. Democracy and availability, cheapness and environmental friendliness, promotion of a healthy lifestyle are the reason for the growing popularity of this type of transport throughout the world. This document proposes one of the possible ways to develop bicycle transport in a smart city, which allows you to expand the number of users by reducing the physical requirements for cyclists. The proposed development is the concept of Smart Bike, which controls the condition of the cyclist and the environment and turns on the electric motor in critical situations. This reduces the cyclist’s physical activity, as well as the consumption of the battery, which has a positive effect on the ecology of Smart Cities.
Organizational capacity of cdio syllabus in actualization of the objectives of engineering education from regional perspective
Authors: Bukalova G V , Dorofeev A N , Novikov A N
Published: March 2020

Engineering and technical progress is transforming the automotive industry rapidly. Conformance of professional competencies of college graduates to the requirements of the regional industry is seen as the main competitive advantage at the regional labor market. Both the business and engineering academic communities recognize the importance and stand ready for continual actualization of educational objectives. An important (from both theoretical and practical standpoints) question is the form of presentation of training results declared by a higher education institution for the purpose of assessing its relevance by the business community. Using the CDIO Syllabus architecture as the basis of a structured system for polling representatives of the industry and the academic community of the region, i.e. the two main stakeholders, certain information was obtained for updating educational objectives of automotive engineering undergraduate programs. The study conducted made it possible to distinguish and detail value and target-based opinions of respondents, as well as to evaluate, in absolute and relative terms, the level of relevancy of a graduate’s competencies declared by a college.
New Way To Determine The Technical Condition Of Ball Joints
Authors: Novikov A N , Eremin S V , Shevtsova A G
Published: March 2020

Among the multitude of vehicle suspension assemblies, the ball joint is one of the most important bearing assemblies, the operability of which directly depends on the operating conditions. Ball joints are used to connect the suspension and steering components and are kinematic interfaces that have three angular degrees of freedom when moving the working elements (levers). The reliability of the hinges has a significant impact on the safety of the car. In most cases, the ball joint is an indiscriminate node, which makes it difficult to determine the technical condition in a car service center. One of the methods of diagnosing are laboratory bench examinations of ball joints. To obtain reliable information about the wear of ball joints and the development of a technique for determining their technical condition in the conditions of an auto service company, a laboratory bench research area is needed. The completed research aimed at developing methods, tools and algorithms for determining the technical state of ball joints in the conditions of an auto service company. As a result of the research, the author’s team developed a vibration method for determining the technical state of ball joints and a mathematical model for changing the technical condition of the ball joint of the front suspension of the MacPherson type of a car, in bench tests.
Using experience of the dynamic models of piston internal combustion engines
Authors: Agureev I E , Elagin M Y , Khmelev R N , Platonov K Y , Pyshnyi V A
Published: March 2020

This article describes using experience of the hierarchical system of dynamic models for researching the operation and calculation of piston engines. The results of practical using and the possibilities of dynamic models developed by the authors are shown.
Assessment of sustainability of improving road safety process in the volga federal district
Authors: Petrov A I , Petrova D A
Published: March 2020

The article examines the issues of assessing the sustainability of traffic safety improvement process in the cities of the Volga Federal District of the Russian Federation. In 2015…2018 a sharp decrease in the overall level of road traffic accidents in the Russian Federation was recorded. However, in different regions and cities of the country this positive process runs extremely heterogeneously, with various speeds and different levels of qualitative changes in the field of road safety. The T-Wilcoxon criterion is an instrument, used in analyzing accident rate statistics, which can help in the argumentation of the opinion on the stability of this process or, vice versa, on the chaotic state and weak expression. On the example of accident rate statistics in subjects of the Volga Federal District of Russia, the article proves that improvement of road safety can be characterized as sustainable.
Imitation and analytical approaches to assessment of condition and modeling of city transport system nodes
Authors: Mamaev E A , Kovaleva N A , Khashev A I , Mulenko O V
Published: March 2020

The issues of the city transport system and transport nodes assessment concerning the possibilities of express assessment by analytic methods and accurate forecast of its development by transport (imitation) models are discussed. Localization of the assessments for the transport services consumers and transport companies enables to implement the functions of the city transport regulation by the municipality. The social and economic factors of the city transport development for increasing the transport quality and public access are considered.
Enhancing cell packing in buckyballs by acoustofluidic activation
Authors: Ren Tanchen , Steiger Wolfgang , Chen Pu , Ovsianikov Aleksandr , Demirci Utkan
Published: March 2020

How to pack materials into well-defined volumes efficiently has been a longstanding question of interest to physicists, material scientists, and mathematicians as these materials have broad applications ranging from shipping goods in commerce to seeds in agriculture and to spheroids in tissue engineering. How many marbles or gumball candies can you pack into a jar? Although these seem to be idle questions they have been studied for centuries and have recently become of greater interest with their broadening applications in science and medicine. Here, we study a similar problem where we try to pack cells into a spherical porous buckyball structure. The experimental limitations are short of the theoretical maximum packing density due to the microscale of the structures that the cells are being packed into. We show that we can pack more cells into a confined micro-structure (buckyball cage) by employing acoustofluidic activation and their hydrodynamic effect at the bottom of a liquid‐carrier chamber compared to randomly dropping cells onto these buckyballs by gravity. Although, in essence, cells would be expected to achieve a higher maximum volume fraction than marbles in a jar, given that they can squeeze and reshape and reorient their structure, the packing density of cells into the spherical buckyball cages are far from this theoretical limit. This is mainly dictated by the experimental limitations of cells washing away as well as being loaded into the chamber.
Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing
Authors: Chambers Brooke B. , Savelsberg Joachim J.
Published: March 2020

Genocide and ethnic cleansing are among the most deadly human-made catastrophes. Together with other forms of government violence, such as war crimes and crimes against humanity, the death toll they caused during the 20th century alone approximates 200 million. This is an estimated ten times higher than the number of deaths resulting from all violence committed in civil society during the same period. Yet the definition of genocide, its perception as a social problem, and the designation of responsible actors as criminals are all relatively recent. Globalization, international organizations, nongovernmental organizations, and cultural shifts are interrelated contributors to this process of redefinition.

While genocide and ethnic cleansing often appear to be unpredictable and chaotic, they nonetheless underlie a socio-logic across time and space. As the field of study evolved, scholars debated the role of authority and ideology in enabling violence. Today, consensus has shifted away from deterministic explanations about intrinsic hatred engrained in particular groups to sociological factors. They include the role of political regimes, war, organization, and narratives of ethnic hatred, each of which can play a role in facilitating violence.

Recent developments also include the creation of new institutional mechanisms that seek to punish perpetrators and prevent the occurrence of genocide and ethnic cleansing. Among them are criminal justice responses that work potentially through deterrence, but also—more fundamentally—through the initiation of cultural change. Prosecutions, as well as supplemental mechanisms such as truth commissions, may indeed lead to a radical shift in the perception of mass violence and those responsible for it, thereby delegitimizing genocidal and ethnic cleansing campaigns.
Language Needs of Population Served
Authors: David Samuel S. , Gibson Priscilla , Togo Malm Patience
Published: March 2020

Language mediates every aspect of social work, and the ability to communicate effectively with and about clients is a paramount responsibility that rests with the social worker. This responsibility extends to clients who do not speak, understand, read, or write fluently in the dominant language, either because they speak other languages or because of communication-related disabilities. This category may include individuals with learning disabilities, speech disorders, aphasia, autism spectrum disorders, specific language impairment, and physical impairments that impact language production, among other conditions. Primary concerns include disparities in access to services; the need for training on working with interdisciplinary teams; minimizing bias, micro-aggressions, and stereotyping; and issues related to translation, interpretation, and intercultural communication. In addition to these concerns, linguistically diverse populations are often excluded from research, resulting in gaps in knowledge about their needs. Service accommodations for language minorities tend to focus on translation and interpretation; however, research suggests that social workers also need to understand and guard against unconscious bias, and learn to use affirmative language to support the well-being of clients rather than pathologizing them. Clients with communication disabilities, on the other hand, may have distinct or overlapping needs, and service organizations rarely address the language support needs of these two populations within one unified framework. Service providers may waste precious time and effort navigating multiple, overlapping policy directives. Information on the policy context in the United States and the European Union related to language rights and language access provides a background for this topic.
The Mnemiopsis Genome Project Portal: integrating new gene expression resources and improving data visualization
Authors: Moreland R Travis , Nguyen Anh-Dao , Ryan Joseph F , Baxevanis Andreas D
Published: March 2020

Following the completion of the genome sequencing and gene prediction of Mnemiopsis leidyi, a lobate ctenophore that is native to the coastal waters of the western Atlantic Ocean, we developed and implemented the Mnemiopsis Genome Project Portal (MGP Portal), a comprehensive Web-based data portal for navigating the genome sequence and gene annotations. In the years following the first release of the MGP Portal, it has become evident that the inclusion of data from significant published studies on Mnemiopsis has been critical to its adoption as the centralized resource for this emerging model organism. With this most recent update, the Portal has significantly expanded to include in situ images, temporal developmental expression profiles and single-cell expression data. Recent enhancements also include implementations of an updated BLAST interface, new graphical visualization tools and updates to gene pages that integrate all new data types.

Database URL: https://research.nhgri.nih.gov/mnemiopsis/
Five-year outcomes following complex reconstructive surgery for infective endocarditis involving the intervalvular fibrous body
Authors: Davierwala Piroze M , Marin-Cuartas Mateo , Misfeld Martin , Deo Salil V , Lehmann Sven , Garbade Jens , Holzhey David M , Borger Michael A , Bakhtiary Farhad
Published: March 2020

OBJECTIVES

Destruction of the intervalvular fibrous body (IFB) due to infective endocarditis (IE) warrants a complex operation involving radical debridement of all infected tissue, followed by double valve replacement (aortic and mitral valve replacement) with patch reconstruction of the IFB. This study assesses the 5-year outcomes in patients undergoing this complex procedure for treatment of double valve IE with IFB involvement.

METHODS

A total of 127 consecutive patients underwent double valve replacement with reconstruction of the IFB for active complex IE between January 1999 and December 2018. Primary outcomes were 3-year and 5-year survival, as well as 5-year freedom from reoperation.

RESULTS

Patients’ mean age was 65.3 ± 12.9 years. Preoperative cardiogenic shock and sepsis were present in 17.3% and 18.9%, respectively. The majority of patients (81.3%) had undergone previous cardiac surgery. Overall, 30-day and 90-day mortality rates were 28.3% and 37.0%, respectively. The 3- and 5-year survival rates for all patients were 45.3 ± 5.1% and 41.8 ± 5.8%, and for those who survived the first 90 postoperative days 75.8 ± 6.1% and 70.0 ± 8.0%, respectively. The overall 5-year freedom from reoperation was 85.1 ± 5.7%. Preoperative predictors for 30-day mortality were Staphylococcus aureus [odds ratio (OR) 1.65; P = 0.04] and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <35% (OR 12.06; P = 0.03), for 90-day mortality acute kidney injury requiring dialysis (OR 6.2; P = 0.02) and LVEF <35% (OR 9.66; P = 0.03) and for long-term mortality cardiogenic shock (hazard ratio 2.46; P = 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

Double valve replacement with reconstruction of the IFB in patients with complex IE is a challenging operation associated with high morbidity and mortality, particularly in the first 90 days after surgery. Survival and freedom from reoperation rates are acceptable thereafter, particularly considering the severity of disease and complex surgery.
European survey and evaluation of sampling methods recommended by the standard EN ISO 18593 for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes and Pseudomonas fluorescens on industrial surfaces
Authors: Brauge Thomas , Barre Lena , Leleu Guylaine , André Stéphane , Denis Catherine , Hanin Aurélie , Frémaux Bastien , Guilbaud Morgan , Herry Jean-Marie , Oulahal Nadia , Anger Béatrice , Soumet Christophe , Midelet Graziella
Published: March 2020

The ready-to-eat products can be contaminated during processing by pathogen or spoilage bacteria, which persist in the industrial environment. Some bacterial species are able to form biofilms which protect them from environmental conditions. To check the bacterial contamination of the surfaces in the food industries, the professionals must regularly use surface sampling methods to detect the pathogen such as Listeria monocytogenes or the spoilage such as Pseudomonas fluorescens. In 2010, we designed and carried out a European survey to collect surface sampling information to detect or enumerate L. monocytogenes in food processing plants. A total of 137 questionnaires from 14 European Union Member States were returned. The outcome of this survey showed that the professionals preferred friction sampling methods with gauze pad, swab and sponges versus contact sampling methods. After this survey, we compared the effectiveness of these three friction sampling methods and the contact plates, as recommended in the standard EN ISO 18593 that was revised in 2018, on the recovery of L. monocytogenes and of P. fluorescens in mono-specie biofilms. This study showed no significant difference between the effectiveness of the four sampling methods to detach the viable and culturable bacterial population of theses mono-specie biofilms.
Physical Activity Trajectories and Associated Changes in Physical Performance in Older Men: The MrOS Study
Authors: Laddu Deepika R , Parimi Neeta , Stone Katie L , Lapidus Jodi , Hoffman Andrew R , Stefanick Marcia L , Langsetmo Lisa
Published: March 2020

Background

Physical activity (PA) is important to maintaining functional independence. It is not clear how patterns of change in late-life PA are associated with contemporaneous changes in physical performance measures.

Methods

Self-reported PA, gait speed, grip strength, timed chair stand, and leg power were assessed in 3,865 men aged ≥ 65 years at baseline (2000–2002) and Year 7 (2007–2009). Group-based trajectory modeling, using up to four PA measures over this period, identified PA trajectories. Multivariate linear regression models (adjusted least square mean [95% confidence interval {CI}]) described associations between-PA trajectories and concurrent changes in performance.

Results

Three discrete PA patterns were identified, all with declining PA. Linear declines in each performance measure (baseline to Year 7) were observed across all three PA groups, but there was some variability in the rate of decline. Multivariate models assessing the graded response by PA trajectory showed a trend where the high-activity group had the smallest declines in performance while the low-activity group had the largest (p-for trend < .03). Changes in the high-activity group were the following: gait speed (−0.10 m/s [−0.12, −0.08]), grip strength (−3.79 kg [−4.35, −3.23]), and chair stands (−0.38 [−0.50, −0.25]), whereas changes in the low-activity group were the following: gait speed (−0.16 [−0.17, −0.14]), grip strength (−4.83 kg [−5.10, −4.55]), and chair stands (−0.53 [−0.59, −0.46]). Between-group differences in leg power trajectories across PA patterns were not significant.

Conclusions

Declines in functional performance were higher among those with lower PA trajectories, providing further evidence for the interrelationship between changes in PA and performance during old age.
eIF-Three to Tango: emerging functions of translation initiation factor eIF3 in protein synthesis and disease
Authors: Wolf Dieter A , Lin Yingying , Duan Haoran , Cheng Yabin
Published: March 2020

Studies over the past three years have substantially expanded the involvements of eukaryotic initiation factor 3 (eIF3) in messenger RNA (mRNA) translation. It now appears that this multi-subunit complex is involved in every possible form of mRNA translation, controlling every step of protein synthesis from initiation to elongation, termination, and quality control in positive as well as negative fashion. Through the study of eIF3, we are beginning to appreciate protein synthesis as a highly integrated process coordinating protein production with protein folding, subcellular targeting, and degradation. At the same time, eIF3 subunits appear to have specific functions that probably vary between different tissues and individual cells. Considering the broad functions of eIF3 in protein homeostasis, it comes as little surprise that eIF3 is increasingly implicated in major human diseases and first attempts at therapeutically targeting eIF3 have been undertaken. Much remains to be learned, however, about subunit- and tissue-specific functions of eIF3 in protein synthesis and disease and their regulation by environmental conditions and post-translational modifications.
PHi-C: deciphering Hi-C data into polymer dynamics
Authors: Shinkai Soya , Nakagawa Masaki , Sugawara Takeshi , Togashi Yuichi , Ochiai Hiroshi , Nakato Ryuichiro , Taniguchi Yuichi , Onami Shuichi
Published: March 2020

Genomes are spatiotemporally organized within the cell nucleus. Genome-wide chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) technologies have uncovered the 3D genome organization. Furthermore, live-cell imaging experiments have revealed that genomes are functional in 4D. Although computational modeling methods can convert 2D Hi-C data into population-averaged static 3D genome models, exploring 4D genome nature based on 2D Hi-C data remains lacking. Here, we describe a 4D simulation method, PHi-C (polymer dynamics deciphered from Hi-C data), that depicts 4D genome features from 2D Hi-C data by polymer modeling. PHi-C allows users to interpret 2D Hi-C data as physical interaction parameters within single chromosomes. The physical interaction parameters can then be used in the simulations and analyses to demonstrate dynamic characteristics of genomic loci and chromosomes as observed in live-cell imaging experiments. PHi-C is available at https://github.com/soyashinkai/PHi-C.
HIPPIE2: a method for fine-scale identification of physically interacting chromatin regions
Authors: Kuksa Pavel P , Amlie-Wolf Alexandre , Hwang Yih-Chii , Valladares Otto , Gregory Brian D , Wang Li-San
Published: March 2020

Most regulatory chromatin interactions are mediated by various transcription factors (TFs) and involve physically interacting elements such as enhancers, insulators or promoters. To map these elements and interactions at a fine scale, we developed HIPPIE2 that analyzes raw reads from high-throughput chromosome conformation (Hi-C) experiments to identify precise loci of DNA physically interacting regions (PIRs). Unlike standard genome binning approaches (e.g. 10-kb to 1-Mb bins), HIPPIE2 dynamically infers the physical locations of PIRs using the distribution of restriction sites to increase analysis precision and resolution. We applied HIPPIE2 to in situ Hi-C datasets across six human cell lines (GM12878, IMR90, K562, HMEC, HUVEC, NHEK) with matched ENCODE/Roadmap functional genomic data. HIPPIE2 detected 1042 738 distinct PIRs, with high resolution (average PIR length of 1006 bp) and high reproducibility (92.3% in GM12878). PIRs are enriched for epigenetic marks (H3K27ac, H3K4me1) and open chromatin, suggesting active regulatory roles. HIPPIE2 identified 2.8 million significant PIR–PIR interactions, 27.2% of which were enriched for TF binding sites. 50 608 interactions were enhancer–promoter interactions and were enriched for 33 TFs, including known DNA looping/long-range mediators. These findings demonstrate that the novel dynamic approach of HIPPIE2 (https://bitbucket.com/wanglab-upenn/HIPPIE2) enables the characterization of chromatin and regulatory interactions with high resolution and reproducibility.