bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Partial cutting in old-growth boreal stands: An integrated experiment
Authors: Ruel Jean-Claude , Fortin Daniel , Pothier David
Published: February 2014

The uncut boreal forest of eastern Québec is largely composed of stands with an irregular structure. Traditionally, even-aged silvicultural systems have been used for these forests but a strong interest has developed in alternative approaches. In 2004, an integrated experiment was established to provide a general assessment of harvesting uneven-aged boreal forest stands with a wide variety of treatments. Here, we summarize the key results of this experiment, which involved four silvicultural treatments differing in the level of tree retention: a clearcut with advance growth protection, a severe partial cut protecting small vigorous merchantable stems (75%–90% basal area removed), and two patterns of selection cutting (35% basal area removed). We evaluated treatment effects on vegetation attributes and animal species assemblages. We also assessed whether or not selection cutting approaches could become broadly used on an operational basis by examining simple forms of application and assessing their economic profitability. We found that many attributes of old-growth forests can be maintained with selection cutting, even with simple approaches that do not invest in marking trees to cut. Unlike more severe cuts, silvicultural treatments with more than 55% tree retention largely maintain the animal assemblages associated with old forests. Financial analysis showed that selection cutting is profitable over the long time frame, but clearcutting remains more profitable. This greater profitability is related to the first entry, whereas future entries will be more profitable with selection cutting.
Effects of precommercial thinning on the forest value chain in northwestern New Brunswick: Part 6 – Estimating the economic benefits
Authors: Pitt Doug , Lanteigne Len , Hoepting Michael K. , Plamondon Jean , Duchesne Isabelle , Bicho Paul , Warren Gary
Published: February 2014

The Green River precommercial thinning (PCT) trials were established between 1959 and 1961 in naturally regenerating balsam fir (Abies balsamea [L.] Mill.)-dominated stands an average of eight years after overstory removal. Following clearcut harvest of three of the study's six replicates in the fall of 2008, the rotation-length effects of PCT and vegetation management (VM; deciduous tree and brush suppression) on the forest value chain were integrated into a spreadsheet-based model that estimates the net present value (NPV) of these silvicultural treatments. Assuming costs and prices near recent values, both PCT and VM were observed to support positive landowner NPVs through discount rates in excess of 6%. At a discount rate of 4% and an age where sawlog production was maximized, PCT and VM offered similar NPV (>$550/ha). Landowners that can attract buyers willing to pay a premium for wood from thinned stands (equal to the sum of reduced operational overhead charges, harvesting and sawmilling costs and increased pulping costs) could see the value of their stands double. Sensitivity analyses revealed that these results are dependent on site productivity, silvicultural costs and a strong premium on sawlog stumpage rates. Depending on economic circumstances, PCT and VM could be attractive investments on high quality sites that are situated in close proximity to wood processing infrastructure.
Spatial climate models for Canada’s forestry community
Authors: McKenney Daniel , Pedlar John , Hutchinson Michael , Papadopol Pia , Lawrence Kevin , Campbell Kathy , Milewska Ewa , Hopkinson Ron F. , Price David
Published: February 2014

We summarize ongoing efforts at the Canadian Forest Service to produce spatial climate models for Canada and the United States. Our models, which encompass a wide range of variables and spatiotemporal extents, typically employ thin plate smoothing splines to interpolate and extrapolate climate station values as a function of latitude, longitude and elevation. The resulting surfaces can be resolved as grids (i.e., maps) or as point estimates at locations of interest. Recent efforts, detailed here include: updated models for the most recent 30-year normal period (i.e., 1981–2010), moisture balance models, future climate projections using the latest round of general circulation model (GCM) outputs and emissions scenarios, lake ice freeze/thaw models, and growing season models. These models are available to the Canadian forest community and beyond via the internet ( http://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/projects/3 ) or by contacting the senior author.
Introducing a framework for good and adaptive governance: An application to fire management planning in Canada’s boreal forest
Authors: Almstedt Åsa , Reed Maureen G.
Published: February 2014

Planning for and managing disturbances in protected areas requires governance arrangements that are both adaptive to changing conditions and effective in dealing with multiple challenges. This paper presents a framework composed of principles and criteria of good and adaptive governance that pays attention to inclusiveness, responsibility, fairness, strategic vision, performance orientation, and adaptiveness. The framework was empirically tested on fire management planning in Prince Albert National Park, Saskatchewan, Canada, involving interactions between Parks Canada and Saskatchewan Environment. Our results suggest that while the principle of performance orientation was upheld, principles such as inclusiveness and adaptiveness were only partially supported. Additional testing beyond fire management planning can help determine the utility of the framework for other environmental management situations.
A case of extensive conifer needle browning in northwestern Ontario in 2012: Winter drying or freezing damage?
Authors: Man Rongzhou , Colombo Steve , Kayahara Gordon J. , Duckett Shelagh , Velasquez Ricardo , Dang Qing-Lai
Published: February 2014

In the spring of 2012, conifers in a large area in northwestern Ontario exhibited severe needle browning prior to budbreak, affecting more than 250 000 ha of forests north and west of Thunder Bay. Examination of weather data suggests that damage was caused by a combination of warm temperatures in March resulting in dehardening followed by freezing temperatures in April that were below a critical value. Damage was similar in nature to that observed in 2007 in northeastern Ontario, but in this case occurred earlier in the year and affected a larger area. Areas of northern Ontario where trees were affected were easily separated from those where no damage was observed using daily minimum temperature and cumulative growing degree day data. We suggest that a new term, winter freezing damage, be used to describe conifer needle and bud damage prior to budbreak when a period of warm temperatures in late winter/early spring followed by a period of sufficiently cold freezing temperatures causes damage to forest stands.
Porsild spruce in Canada – an update
Authors: Savidge Rodney Arthur
Published: February 2014

Several new developments are noted since publication of “Porsild spruce in Canada” in The Forestry Chronicle in January 2013. Firstly, Porsild spruce has been found in northeastern Quebec. Secondly, although researchers were unaware of the fact until now, the Porsild spruce phenotype has been found to be a common component in the New Brunswick tree improvement program’s second-generation seed orchard in support of reforestation. Thirdly, a wild tree discovered in New Brunswick displays morphological features of Engelmann spruce and, based on observed similarities between Yukon Beringia Porsild spruce phenotypes and the accepted Engelmann spruce phenotype, it is possible that the New Brunswick Engelmann spruce tree was derived from the local Porsild spruce population.
DEVELOPMENT OF SEXUAL AND VEGETATIVE ORGANS ON DETACHED FOREST TREE BRANCHES CULTURED IN THE GREENHOUSE
Authors: Johnson L. P. V.
Published: February 2014

Experiments on the relation of nutrient solutions to development of seeds on detached branches of Populus grandidentata showed distilled water to be superior to solutions of Hoagland's, sucrose, or Hoagland's combined with sucrose, or to a peat humus infusion.Greenhouse conditions simulating outdoor conditions in mid-May (temperature varying from 50 °F. at midnight to 70 °F. at noon, 15 hours of light, and about 60% relative humidity) proved highly favourable to the development of flowers and seeds on detached branches of Populus and other forest trees cultured in water.Data are presented indicating the time at which various species of forest trees pass from a state of true dormancy to one of imposed dormancy (imposed by the unfavourable winter environment). For most species it appeared that this transition occurred between the middle of November and the first of December.Greenhouse phenological records showed that, the time required for flower development decreases progressively from the onset of imposed dormancy.
WARTIME INFLUENCE ON FOREST FIRES IN CANADA
Authors: Beall H. W.
Published: February 2014

Canada's forest-fire protection forces were seriously handicapped during the war years by reduced or inexperienced staff, owing to enlistment in the armed services, and by difficulty of securing equipment and supplies. In partial compensation the weather was, on the average, no worse than normal, and the number of fires attributable to campers, settlers and incendiaries was considerably reduced. Railway fires unavoidably showed a marked increase.The total number of fires during the 5-year period 1940-44 was 10 per cent less than in the pre-war fire seasons of 1935-39, but the size of the average fire (which has been used as a measure of the effectiveness of fire control) was 7½ per cent higher.So far as the war period is concerned this represents a creditable achievement on the part of the forest protection services of the country. When considered over a longer period, however, the situation is far from reassuring. During the last ten years the average fire was 20 per cent larger than in the previous decade, and in the past five years the average fire size was 52 per cent greater than it was in the period 1930-34 in spite of the fact that there were 19 per cent fewer fires to control.A long and gratifying down-trend in the average size of forest fires in Canada ended in the mid-1930's. More intensive fire-control measures must be taken in the post-war period if the former favourable situation is to be restored.
HAIL DAMAGE IN FOREST STANDS
Authors: Riley C. G.
Published: February 2014

Hail occasionally causes severe damage in forest stands. Near Candle Lake, Saskatchewan, a severe bail storm damaged 70- to 80-year stands including mixed white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.); and pure jack pine. Characteristic symptoms seven years after the initial occurrence included: dead trees, particularly jack pine; dead tops; crowns partly dead and conspicuously thin on the side that faced the storm; open and healed wounds all on the same side of the trees, especially on the thin-barked upper parts, all traceable to the annual ring of the same year.
THE TREATMENT OF DECAYED WOOD FROM DEAD TREMBLING ASPEN TREES FOR GROWTH-RING ANALYSIS
Authors: Ghent Arthur W.
Published: February 2014

This paper elaborates certain procedures briefly outlined in an earlier article. Although dry wood from dead trembling aspen has been found best suited to growth-ring analysis, in its absence use has been made of water-saturated wood from the underside of fallen trunks. A technique of wax impregnation, adaptable to wood in both early and advanced stages of decay, is described. Rapid impregnation with near-boiling wax is sufficient to facilitate transverse sectioning of relatively sound wood; advanced decays require a slower impregnation with cooler paraffin. Hot xylol is used to remove the wax and flatten the section. Successive, overlapped sections provide an extended series of measurements to establish the orientation in time of mortality. Incomplete rings for the years just prior to death are checked by measurement of the outer growth at additional points.
PROGRESS OF DECAY IN DECADENT YELLOW BRICH TREES
Authors: Stillwell M. A.
Published: February 2014

About half of the living yellow birch (BETULA LUTEA Michx. f.) in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia contain dead limbs as a result of dieback. At present approximately one-third of these dead limbs contain decay. Thus far, the fungi isolated from these decays appear to be saprophytes. FOMES FOMENTARIUS (L. ex Fr.) Kickx has been isolated more frequently than any other of the fungi found in the limbs. The probability and possible consequence of certain of these fungi having the capacity of advancing downward in living trees is discussed.
VARIATIONS IN DEVELOPMENT OF YELLOW BIRCH ROOTS IN TWO SOIL TYPES
Authors: Redmond D. R.
Published: February 2014

Under the conditions of the experiment, yellow birch rootlets made their optimum development in loam. If a portion of a root system occupied loam and the remainder sand, that portion in the loam branched and elongated rapidly whereas that in the sand remained undeveloped. Higher nutrient content of the loam is considered the dominant factor in bringing about the more rapid development.
THE 1951 AERIAL BAITING AND SEEDING PROJECT, ASH RIVER TRACT, MacMILLAN AND BLOEDEL LIMITED
Authors: Allen G. S. , Barber I. K. , Mahood Ian
Published: February 2014

An area of 738 acres about 20 miles north and west of Port Alberni on Vancouver Island was seeded by helicopter to Douglas fir (1/2 pound per acre) and western hemlock (1/5 pound per acre) in November 1951. One week earlier this area and a surrounding buffer strip, totalling 1760 acres, had been baited by helicopter using wheat treated with thallous sulphate and "1080".Baiting was successful and the roden:trap ratio dropped from 1:4.6 to 1:94.3 as a result. By April the ratio had climbed again to 1:18.7. By the first week of June 1952, a total of about 1400 Douglas fir and 840 hemlock had germinated per acre. By November 1952, this had dropped to 1000 Douglas fir and 198 hemlock per acre. A final extensive survey in June 1954, showed a total of 730 Douglas fir and 57 hemlock of the 1952 crop per acre with a milacre stocking of 42.0 percent for Douglas fir and 43.9 percent for Douglas fir and hemlock. The 4-milacre stocking due to the 1952 Douglas fir seedlings was 78.3 percent. Practically all of the seedlings that germinated in 1952 are attributed to the seeding operation because of the relatively uniform distribution of seedlings and the lack of seedlings on the control area.The seeding operation in itself restocked 628 acres to B.C. Forest Service minimum standards (31 percent by 1-milacres). It restocked 708 acres to U.S. "medium" or "good" standards. With natural trees included, only 28 acres are below B.C. Forest Service standards, and 6 acres below U.S. "medium" stocking. Total stocking, including natural trees, is 59.3 percent by 1-milacres and 88.6 percent by 4-milacres.The baiting and seeding operation can be considered highly successful. The surviving Douglas firs are healthy and vigorous and show little deer or grouse damage to date. Distribution of the seedlings is good and most gaps that occurred are believed due to uneven local distribution of seed. Considering that this experiment was carried out on a rather steep south exposure and that the first summer following seeding was unusually hot and dry, the satisfactory results suggest that direct seeding following rodent control has a definite place in West Coast forestry practice. It may well take the place of more expensive and troublesome planting on many areas that are slow to restock.
CONSTRUCTION OF A TAPER TABLE FOR JACK PINE IN SASKATCHEWAN (Pinus Banksiana—Lamb.)
Authors: Kirby C. L.
Published: February 2014

A taper table has been developed for jack pine of average form in Saskatchewan. The table is strongly weighted for diameters up to 12 inches and heights up to 70 feet. Beyond these limits the reliability of the table is limited because of the lack of data.The average taper of jack pine in Saskatchewan has proven to be quite similar to that of the Lake States. Therefore, much of the volume table work done in the Lake States should be applicable in Saskatchewan.From the taper table developed for Saskatchewan, volume tables may be constructed on the basis of any desired standard: board foot or cubic foot; any specified top diameter limit; total height or merchantable height. Also, it is possible to determine how many bolts of different diameters, poles or ties can be utilized from each height-diameter class. The table represents average conditions where the average form class of the stand is approximately 65. No allowances for defect have been made.
TOXICITY OF EIGHT PESTICIDES TO SPRUCE AND CARAGANA SEED
Authors: Cram W. H. , Vaartaja O.
Published: February 2014

Pesticides were applied to seeds of Caragana arborescens Lam, and Picea pungeas Engelm, at the maximum adhering dosages. The toxicity was evaluated in terms of subsequent germination. Pesticides applied prior to stratification of the seed had little or no influence upon the germination of caragana and spruce seed, with the exception that Ceresan M reduced germination capacity and germination speed of caragana seed and germination speed of spruce seed. Some post-stratification treatments proved detrimental to the germination of seed of both species; Ceresan M, chinosol, and Manzate were essentially lethal; Stauffer N-244, thiram preparates, Spergon SL, and Orthocide 75 proved mildly toxic. Surface sterilization of seed before and after stratification with a 0.5% solution of mercuric chloride with a water rinse was harmless.
VIABILITY OF THE SEED OF LODGEPOLE PINE AFTER 20 YEARS IN ARTIFICIAL STORAGE
Authors: Crossley D. I.
Published: February 2014

Lodgepole pine bears its seed crop in cones that remain unopened on the tree for many years. Viability apparently remains unimpaired for a long period under these natural yet specific conditions. This paper reports similar high viability of extracted seed stored for 20 years under very haphazard artificial conditions, and compares it with the results obtained from similarly stored white spruce seed.
BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF AERIAL FOREST SPRAYING AGAINST THE SPRUCE BUDWORM IN NEW BRUNSWICK: 1. TIMING OF OPERATIONS 1952-54
Authors: Webb F. E.
Published: February 2014

The aerial spraying operations in New Brunswick against the spruce budworm have involved large areas in which tree mortality was imminent. In working out practical methods of timing applications, consideration has been given to the protection of foliage as well as to the immediate reduction of budworm populations. Modifications in operational techniques to lower spraying costs and increase area coverage have necessitated earlier spraying and lighter dosages. Factors considered in the timing include severity of infestation and defoliation, probable amount of spraying weather available, phenological differences between areas, the feeding habits of the budworm, and the tendency of spray to drift. The assessment of development was accomplished mainly by ground studies at representative locations and extended to the area at large by aerial surveys of balsam fir shoot growth.An analysis is made of spraying effectiveness in relation to timing from field data collected for studying the immediate results. From this, estimates are given of the average number of days during which various levels of rated effectiveness are attainable.
HEART ROTS IN RELATION TO THE MANAGEMENT OF SPRUCE IN ALBERTA
Authors: Nordin V. J.
Published: February 2014

Some of the factors influencing the progress of decay and the estimation and prevention of decay in living trees are considered in relation to the forest management of spruce in Alberta.
THE VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF LEAF-BUNDLE CUTTINGS OF RED PINE
Authors: Jeckalejs Herberts J.
Published: February 2014

The subject of vegetative propagation of coniferous species of forest trees is reviewed, and preliminary results obtained in rooting of leaf-bundle cuttings of red pine are presented.
SPIRAL GRAIN IN RED ALDER
Authors: Kennedy R. W. , Elliott G. K.
Published: February 2014

The occurrence and severity of spiral grain in red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) on two sites, one poor and the other high-medium, was investigated. The changing spiral from pith to bark was measured at breast height and at 10-foot intervals above the ground. No straight-grained tree was found on either site. Individual trees varied greatly in both the pattern and intensity of their spirality.
FURTHER INBREEDING STUDIES WITH DOUGLAS FIR
Authors: Orr-Ewing A. L.
Published: February 2014

The results from inbreeding studies with the Douglas fir have conclusively shown that the effects of self-pollination vary widely in different trees as the yield of viable seed was sharply reduced in some trees and not in others. The inbred progeny was usually weaker and less vigorous than that resulting from the controlled cross-pollination of the same parent tree. The progeny from wind-pollination, where the pollen parent was not known, varied greatly and some of the seedlings showed all the characteristics of inbreeding. The value of inbreeding to future tree improvement programs and the practical applications of self-pollination to current forestry practice are discussed.
PREVENTION OF INJURY TO TREE SEEDLINGS DURING CELLAR STORAGE
Authors: Wilner J. , Vaartaja O.
Published: February 2014

Survival of tree planting stock following cellar storage by various methods was consistently good when the storage method included packing the roots in damp peat. Manitoba maple and American elm needed such protection more than caragana and green ash. Prestorage treatments with various fungicides increased survival only slightly, or were injurious. It was demonstrated that injurious desiccation of stored plants may be determined by electrolytic methods.
THE EFFECT OF TWO PLANTING METHODS ON THE SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF WHITE SPRUCE (Picea glauca (MOENCH) VOSS) IN EASTERN ONTARIO
Authors: Armson K. A.
Published: February 2014

White spruce trees were planted in the Larose County Forest, Ontario, on a sandy soil which has a permanent water table 6-24 inches below the surface. In one method of planting the trees were placed in the bottom of the furrow, and in a second method they were planted in the upturned furrow slice. Eight years after planting there was found to be no difference in the survival rates of trees planted by either method, but the height of those trees planted in the upturned furrow slice was significantly greater than that of trees planted in the bottom of the furrow. The difference in height appeared to be related to the fact that those trees planted in the furrow bottoms had their roots placed in a zone of the soil which is seasonally saturated with water.
THE USE OF FARMYARD MANURE IN FOREST TREE NURSERIES
Authors: Armson K. A.
Published: February 2014

Evidence is presented substantiating three reasons for not using farmyard manure in forest tree nurseries. The data have been obtained from southern Ontario nurseries of the Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Manures sampled had high pH's and high calcium contents, both of which are generally considered unsuitable for growing conifer stock. Applications of manure compared with certain inorganic fertilizers are shown to be a most uneconomical method of adding nitrogen to the soil.
BUILD-UP OF PULLULARIA PULLULANS (deBary) BERKHOUT WITHIN A SEVERE SPRUCE BUDWORM INFESTATION AT BABINE LAKE, BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Molnar A. C. , Silver G. T.
Published: February 2014

A report of bud necrosis of white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, within spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), infested stands was investigated. No significant differences in bud mortality could be determined between infested and non-infested stands, but a nine-fold higher incidence of Pullularia pullulans (deBary) Berkhout was measured in infested stands. This later finding suggested a marked build-up of the fungus as a result of conditions created by the budworm infestation.
QUALITY APPRAISAL OF WHITE SPRUCE AND WHITE PINE SEEDLING STOCK IN NURSERIES
Authors: Dickson Alexander , Leaf Albert L. , Hosner John F.
Published: February 2014

Total seedling weight, shoot weight and root weight in grams on an oven dry basis, root collar diameter in millimeters, and height in centimeters were used to develop an integrated index of seedling quality.
A RECENT SPRUCE BUDWORM OUTBREAK IN THE LOWER ST. LAWRENCE AND GASPE PENINSULA WITH REFERENCE TO AERIAL SPRAYING OPERATIONS
Authors: Blais J. R. , Martineau R.
Published: February 2014

The main topics discussed in this paper are: the progress of the spruce budworm outbreak in the Lower St. Lawrence - Gaspé regions from 1949 to 1956; the areas sprayed between 1954 and 1958; timing of spray application in relation to insect abundance and development; effects of treatment on spruce budworm populations and on defoliation of balsam fir; results of aerial defoliation surveys and egg surveys; estimated amounts of wood destroyed by the insect, and losses averted through spraying; the various natural control factors associated with the decline and the eventual collapse of the outbreak.
THE PLACE OF FORESTRY IN THE ECONOMY OF NEWFOUNDLAND
Authors: Copes Parzival
Published: February 2014

The forest industry is of major importance in the economy of Newfoundland. However, its contribution in absolute terms has declined slightly, and in relative terms considerably, since 1951.A major problem of the industry is low productivity in woodswork and in sawmill operations, in which annual earnings are very meagre. Increased mechanization is called for, as well as rationalization of the pattern of forest holdings and the procedures of sawlog procurement. The establishment of a full-time logger force will also be beneficial.A future expansion of the forest industry of Newfoundland may be foreseen. This could involve both an expansion of production at the existing pulp and paper mills and the establishment of one or two additional mills.
THE RELATIVE EFFICIENCY OF THREE HARE-REPELLENTS IN PROTECTING DOUGLAS-FIR SEEDLINGS
Authors: Walters J. , Soos J.
Published: February 2014

Damage to plantations by animals is often serious. In the Douglas-fir region, damage by hares is particularly severe. Following extensive damage to Douglas-fir plantations on the University of British Columbia Research Forest, Haney, B.C., by varying hares, three repellents were tested. This paper describes the nature of the damage and assesses the relative efficiency of repellents tested in terms of the protection afforded to treated seedlings.
THE EFFECT OF PHOTOPERIOD ON WHITE PINE SEEDLING GROWTH
Authors: Fowler D. P.
Published: February 2014

White pine seedlings from freshly germinated seed were subjected to different photoperiods and light intensities for a period of nine months. The photoperiods consisted of normal, normal plus eight hours, and continuous day length while the supplementary light intensities were 25-50 foot candles and 200-400 foot candles. Three levels of soil fertility obtained from mixtures of acid sand and white pine humus were also tested.Observations were recorded over the nine month period and at the termination of this time data from the following measurements were obtained: hypocotyl length, top length, root length, stem diameter, and oven-dry weight.Hypocotyl length was found to be independent of soil fertility, whereas both continuous light and light of high intensity caused seedlings to have short hypocotyls.Top length and root length were found to be dependent upon soil fertility as well as upon photoperiod but were independent of light intensity. Continuous light caused the greatest root length whereas eight hours additional light caused the greatest crown length.Stem diameter was found to be dependent upon soil fertility, photoperiod and light intensity. No significant differences in this respect were found between photoperiods consisting of eight hours additional light and continuous light. The greatest stem diameter resulted from high light intensity.Oven-dry weight was found to depend upon soil fertility, photoperiod, and light intensity. The richer the soil, the longer the photoperiod, and the greater the light intensity, the greater was the weight of the seedlings produced.
ARMILLARIA ROOT ROT IN ONTARIO
Authors: Huntly J. H. , Cafley J. D. , Jorgensen E.
Published: February 2014

The occurrence and importance of Armillaria root rot in plantations is discussed. It is concluded that this fungus may become of greater economic importance in Ontario as reforestation makes increasing use of cut-over land. Experiments have been established to investigate the possibilities of control through girdling of trees in preparation of the planting site, as suggested by the findings of Leach (1937). It is recommended that practicing foresters follow the development of Armillaria root rot in areas where silviculture is practiced. Information collected in this way may be of use in the evaluation of the biological impact of silvicultural practices as well as in the development of Armillaria root rot control methods.
GROWTH REDUCTION IN LODGEPOLE PINE DEFOLIATED BY THE NEEDLE MINER, EVAGORA (RECURVARIA) STARKI FREEMAN
Authors: Cook J. A.
Published: February 2014

An outbreak of the needle miner, Evagora starki (Free.) occurred in the Canadian Rocky Mountain National Parks between 1938 and 1952. Defoliation reached 70 per cent in one area at the peak of the outbreak. Growth reduction was detected only when defoliation exceeded 40 per cent. Volume loss varied from 2 to 10 cu. ft. per acre per year over periods of 3 to 14 years depending on the stand character. There was good agreement between the length of time defoliation exceeded 40 per cent and the per cent loss of increment. The average increment loss for all infested stands was 43.2 per cent, ranging from 21.2 to 74.7 per cent. Infestation records were not accurate enough to relate the intensity of defoliation with growth reduction. High levels of infestation did not persist long enough to cause any significant tree mortality.
LONGITUDINAL VARIATION IN THE THICKNESS OF THE ANNUAL RING
Authors: Farrar J. L.
Published: February 2014

Foresters have often concentrated their attention on characteristics of trees which had an immediate practical application and have neglected fundamental features. Diameter growth is a good example. Usually it has been measured at one position on the bole at 5- or 10-year intervals. Such a procedure ignores the biological unit of growth which is the annual layer of xylem laid down on every part of the stem. Some characteristics of that growth layer are described in this paper.
REGENERATION FOLLOWING VARIOUS METHODS OF CUTTING IN BLACK SPRUCE STANDS IN MANITOBA
Authors: Jarvis J. M. , Cayford J. H.
Published: February 2014

Two experiments were carried out in black spruce in Manitoba to study the effects of various cutting methods on regeneration. Five-year results indicated that stand manipulation was ineffective for inducing regeneration of black spruce. Regeneration was associated with the occurrence of favourable seedbeds which were related to habitat rather than method of cutting.
A TEST OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AIR PHOTO STRATIFICATION
Authors: Kendall R. H. , Sayn-Wittgenstein L.
Published: February 2014

A test of the efficiency of different systems of air photo stratification was conducted for an area near the Petawawa Forest Experiment Station. While stratification, particularly by cover type, height and canopy density, increased the precision of the estimated total volume and mean annual increment, this increase was not as large as had been hoped for. The main value of air photo stratification may lie in providing a forest type map for management purposes.There is no intention to generalize from the results obtained. They are valid only for the particular forest where the test was carried out.
EVERYTHING BUT THE SQUEAL
Authors: Morley P. M.
Published: February 2014

Foresters are now in a better position than at any time in the past to get the maximum use out of our forest resources. Since World War II, the forest industries in Canada have tended more and more towards multiple product operations. The problem of transportation is being solved either by more primary processing in the woods, by better use of "residues" at the mill, or by the formation of mill aggregates. In the future, we may look for more attention being paid towards the better utilization of logging residue.
SIGNIFICANT TRENDS AND PROBLEMS IN TIMBER HARVESTING IN EASTERN CANADA
Authors: Seheult L. R.
Published: February 2014

Mechanization of logging production is progressing on two planes. At the lower, more active level many machines have been developed and are being used successfully. Productivity gains over the last decade average about 40% but there are indications that a plateau has been reached. It is thought that substantial future gains can be achieved by some of the newer machines now being developed experimentally on the higher plane. These machines, "combines" of one sort or another, attempt to do a number of operations previously requiring several different machines. The outlook for these is promising.There is a need for a better definition or classification of terrain conditions to guide designers in the development of such machines and potential uses in their choice. Increased productivity is a critical issue and the exigencies of the machine will tend to dominate forestry activities in the future.
MANAGEMENT PLANS—THE PATH TO THE FUTURE
Authors: Morison Murray B.
Published: February 2014

The Department of Lands and Forests of the Province of Ontario, has completed one cycle in forest management planning and inventory compilation which was initiated in 1946.As a result of the experience gained since 1946 by the forestry staff, a nucleus of which has been working continually since the beginning of the original program, the Department now has what is believed to be a satisfactory revision which will obtain realistic management plans. These plans will have guiding objectives in line with good forestry practice and will also recognize the limitations imposed by social and economic conditions.In 1958, the Department commenced the re-inventory and is applying the new procedures to new photography, ground sampling and compilation. The revision of management plans is also proceeding as an integral part of the total program.This paper describes some of the factors involved in making decisions for management plans, it refers to the new inventory procedures, and highlights as an example, the plan for the Englehart Management Unit. Other Management units are briefly described to indicate some of the variations necessary in the application of plans to meet local conditions.
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT BY THE EASTERN ROCKIES FOREST CONSERVATION BOARD
Authors: Tunstell G.
Published: February 2014

The Eastern Rockies Forest Conservation Board was established in 1947 through the joint action of the Legislature of the province of Alberta and the Parliament of Canada. It was given jurisdiction over the Rocky Mountains Forest Reserve, an area of approximately 9,000 square miles. This Reserve, together with Banff, Waterton and a small portion of Jasper National Parks in Alberta, plus a portion of Glacier Park in Montana, comprise the headwater area of the Saskatchewan River.The importance of this river to the Canadian Prairies is evident from the fact that it supplies water to 85% of the population in the province of Alberta and 42% of that in the province of Saskatchewan.The Eastern Rockies Forest Conservation Board, in developing plans for the area under its jurisdiction, believes in the multiple-forest-use concept and, although water yields are the first consideration, other resources of timber, grazing, minerals, recreation, etc. are not neglected. The problem is to coordinate all land uses, giving priority to water yields.
CLIMAT ESTIVAL ET DEPERISSEMENT DU BOULEAU A PAPIER
Authors: Lortie Marcel , Pomerleau Rene , Michaud Gerard
Published: February 2014

During a six-year study of the microclimate in relation to the dieback of white birch, periods of high temperature and drought were recorded in 1955 and in 1959. At no time did the soil temperature reach a dangerous point but soil moisture fell to a critical level for short periods. However, no noxious effect that could be traced to temporary soil dryness was noted on the 550 trees under observation.
ACTI-DIONE AND NATURAL BARK EXTRACTS IN THE CONTROL OF HYPOXYLON CANKER OF POPLAR
Authors: Bier John E.
Published: February 2014

Canker attack by Hypoxylon pruinatum (Klotzsch) Cke. did not occur when inoculations were made on dormant cuttings of Populus trichocarpa Torrey and Gray that had been dipped in a 1/10,000 aqueous solution of Acti-dione concentrate, and provided with a continuous water supply. However, the antibiotic was not successful in disease control when water was withheld temporarily from the dipped and inoculated cuttings. Canker spread was arrested when water was supplied to these partially dried cuttings, although it was evident that the antibiotic had caused injury to the developing shoots and roots. The results demonstrated that successful control by Acti-dione was dependent on the maintenance of normal water relations in the experimental trees.The Acti-dione tests are discussed in relation to the excellent control obtained in earlier experiments by the application of extracts of bark saprophytes to susceptible host material.
THE GROWTH OF WHITE SPRUCE SEEDLINGS IN RELATION TO TEMPERATURE SUMMATION INDICES
Authors: Armson K. A.
Published: February 2014

The growth (dry weight basis) of white spruce seedlings during their first and second growing seasons was measured. The relationships between seedling growth and time expressed chronologically and in terms of degree days were determined. When degree days were used the relationships were exponential and a zero reference temperature of 36° F. seemed preferable, although temperatures of 34, 38 and 42° F. might be used. The possible advantages of using such a relationship rather than the more conventional one of growth per calendar day are discussed with reference to nursery practices.
SOME MOR HUMUS, REGENERATION AND NUTRITION PROBLEMS AND PRACTICES IN NORTH SWEDEN
Authors: Weetman Gordon F. , Nykvist Nils B.
Published: February 2014

The forests of North Sweden and Canada's Boreal Forest are very similar in climate, composition and soils. This paper summarizes briefly some of the current ideas and findings relating to mor humus and soils in North Sweden, how they are used as a basis for silvicultural practice and what are some of their implications for Canadian forest practice. Emphasis has been placed on the problems of releasing organic nitrogen reserves in inactive mor humus layers of old spruce and pine forests. The reasons behind this and the problems associated with the use of clear-cutting, controlled burning, scarification and fertilization are outlined.Since similar responses and problems can be expected in Canada, it is concluded that in using these techniques in the solution of mor humus and associated regeneration problems, careful note should be taken of management experience in North Sweden.
SAMPLING THE EGG STAGES OF THE TWO-YEAR-CYCLE SPRUCE BUDWORM NEAR BABINE LAKE, BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Harris J. W. E.
Published: February 2014

Methods of sampling the immature stages of the two-year-cycle spruce bud-worm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), were studied at Babine hake in west-central British Columbia; this paper deals with the egg stage. At high population levels there was no difference in the number of egg masses per square foot of foliage surface between hosts, study areas, direction or sample size. Significant differences existed between crown levels and trees. Samples from understory trees were not representative of the egg populations from overstory trees. An acceptable estimate of egg numbers may be obtained by sampling one 18-inch branch tip from the mid-crown portion of as many trees as possible. Significant differences between sample areas at low population levels indicate that more localities would have to be sampled to obtain a representative estimate of egg numbers when fewer insects are present.
INFLUENCES OF MICROCLIMATES ON MORTALITY AND GROWTH OF PLANTED WHITE SPRUCE, JACK PINE AND WHITE PINE
Authors: MacHattie L. B. , Horton K. W.
Published: February 2014

Relationships between some microclimatic factors and mortality and growth of planted conifers were studied on the north and south aspects of a ridge in Eastern Ontario. It is shown that interactions between meteorological and physiographic factors complicate the classification of local climate for plantation purposes. Correlations between mortality of jack pine and white spruce and maximum temperature, and between height growth of white pine and mean temperature of the previous summer are suggestive rather than conclusive.
REGENERATION TRIALS WITH JACK PINE ON CLAY SOILS IN WESTERN MANITOBA
Authors: Cayford J. H. , Waldron R. M.
Published: February 2014

Results from three small-scale experiments to study methods of regenerating jack pine stands growing on clay soils in western Manitoba have been generally unsatisfactory. Methods tested were site preparation by scalping or disking, scattering of cone-bearing slash, and planting. Failure to obtain satisfactory results was largely attributed to seedling mortality caused by elk browsing and by vegetative competition.
VIABILITY OF WHITE SPRUCE SEED FROM SQUIRREL-CUT CONES
Authors: Wagg J. W. Bruce
Published: February 2014

A study was made of the viability of white spruce, Picea glauca, seed obtained from seven cone caches of red squirrels, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus. Habits of the red squirrel, relation of seed viability to cone-caching activities and the relation of viability of seed obtained from the cached cones to the cones on the trees are described.Viability of see from cached cones does not vary between the time squirrels began to cache cones in quantity and the time the last cones are cached. Seed from the cached cones showed a higher percentage of viability than seed of cones collected from trees, because some of the mature seed had fallen from the partially open cones on the trees resulting in an increase in the percentage of undeveloped seed in progressive cone collections.
SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING FOR IMPROVING CONE COLLECTION AND STUDYING DAMAGE BY CONE AND SEED INSECTS IN DOUGLAS FIR
Authors: Kozak A.
Published: February 2014

The use of sequential sampling for ascertaining the production of filled seed and the damage by cone and seed insects is described for individual trees and stands of Douglas fir. Charts and tables are given for carrying out the sampling on individual trees. Recommendations are made for sampling of stands where the high tree-to-tree variation makes the use of sequential sampling of individual trees impractical.
THE AUSTRIAN CAMERAL VALUATION METHOD
Authors: Judeich Freidrich , Dwight T. W. , Jaciw P.
Published: February 2014

A complete translation of the decree of the Austrian Government in 1788 establishing the Cameral Valuation Method is given. The Valuation Method antedated by 29 years the first publication of the Austrian method of regulation of cut. Both methods were worked out by the same group of men. Introductory and concluding remarks are given by Judeich who published the German text in 1869 and by the translators.
MORT EN CIME DU BOULEAU JAUNE CAUSEE PAR LE CHAMPIGNON NECTRIA GALLIGENA BRES.
Authors: Lortie Marcel
Published: February 2014

The inciting agent for typical cankers on the stem and main branches of hardwood trees, the fungus Nectria galligena Bres., may be responsible also for a crown dying of yellow birch owing to the development of numerous small cankers on branches and lesions without calluses which girdle twigs. From the ground, trees that are so affected may show a dying up to 30 or 40 percent of the crown and they look much like trees suffering from dieback.
HEIGHT SAMPLING IN RED PINE AND WHITE SPRUCE PLANTATIONS
Authors: Stiell W. M.
Published: February 2014

Greater height variability in plantations of white spruce necessitates taking more observations for mean height estimates than are required for red pine. Height/diameter curves can provide reliable estimates of mean or dominant height. A parabolic expression of the height/diameter curve has advantages over a free-hand curve for volume estimates in demanding only objective preparation and requiring fewer height observations, but is less accurate for dominant height estimates.
ECO-GEOGRAPHIC CRITERIA FOR MAPPING FOREST HABITATS IN SOUTHEASTERN MANITOBA
Authors: Mueller-Dombois D.
Published: February 2014

Eco-geographic criteria for forest habitat mapping in southeastern Manitoba are presented in form of (a) an air-photo orientation key that is intended for making preliminary type lines on standard (1:15,840) air photographs and (b) a field key that can be used for checking the type lines and for independent field mapping. The ecological relations of the habitat types are summarized by tabulation (Table 1) and by a profile diagram showing the habitat types as generalized ecological series (Fig. 1).
A METHOD OF PREPARING AN EDGE-PUNCHED CARD LITERATURE REFERENCE FILE
Authors: Chester G. S.
Published: February 2014

A method was developed using edge-punched Hollerith (IBM) cards to establish and maintain a literature reference file. Low cost, ease of cross-referencing, and speed of information retrieval are offered as justifications for the use of the system. Coding methods and the design of card layout are discussed and a jig to aid in the marking of the cards and master cards to aid the sorting of the card deck are described.
A MACHINE TO PREPARE CONIFEROUS FOLIAGE SAMPLES FOR ANALYSIS
Authors: Kemp J. G. , Ives W. G. H. , Hergert G.
Published: February 2014

A machine designed to remove debris from samples of tamarack foliage is described. The operation of the machine was tested and found to be satisfactory. It is faster than hand cleaning and leaves only a small amount of debris in the cleaned samples.
PREVENTION OF INSECT-CAUSED SEED LOSS IN DOUGLAS-FIR WITH SYSTEMIC INSECTICIDES
Authors: Hedlin A. F.
Published: February 2014

Cone-bearing Douglas-fir trees in three localities on Vancouver Island were sprayed with the systemic insecticides Bidrin (0.35 and 0.75%), dimethoate, Sumithion, Meta-Systox-R, and SD 9129 (1.0 and 2.0%) when cones had reached the pendent stage of development. With the exception of Sumithion, all materials gave varying degrees of control over important insect pests of cones in this area, i.e. the gall midge, Contarinia oregonensis Foote, the cone moth, Barbara colfaxiana (Kft.), the seed chalcid, Megastigmus spermotrophus Wachtl, and the scale midge, C. washingtonensis Johnson.
THE GROWTH AND ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS BY FERTILIZED AND UNFERTILIZED WHITE SPRUCE SEEDLINGS
Authors: Armson K. A.
Published: February 2014

A study was made of the effects of fertilizer additions on the growth and development of white spruce seedlings during their second growing season. In terms of dry weight increment, unfertilized trees grew for only two-thirds of the total growing season available as compared with fertilized trees. The relative growth rate curve for the fertilized trees was smooth with none of the abrupt changes which marked the curve for the unfertilized trees. The pattern of height growth was changed for seedlings which were fertilized. Nutrient uptake rates particularly for phosphorus were different under the two treatments and it is suggested that these differences were related to different patterns of height growth development and root extension.