bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early weaning and family characteristics are associated with greater sodium intake in children between 13 and 35 months: BRISA birth cohort
Authors: De Sousa Dinamara Rodrigues , França Ana Karina Teixeira da Cunha , Cavalcante Milady Cutrim Vieira , Pereira Natália Oliveira , Fonseca Poliana , Filho Fernando Lamy
Published: April 2022

Children are consuming less healthy foods, and this eating behaviour exposes the child to greater Na intake. The association between family, maternal and child characteristics with Na intake by children aged 13–35 months was evaluated. A study carried out with retrospective data on 1,185 children from the Brisa cohort. The children’s dietary Na intake was assessed by a 24-h diet recall survey. Values ≥ 1200 mg were considered excessive intake. The association between Na intake and independent variables was assessed by a three-level logistic hierarchical regression model. Variables with P-value < 0·05 were retained in the model. Most children were male (51·2 %), eutrophic (63·2 %) and not exclusively breast-feeding (EBF) for 6 months (58·4 %). The average Na intake was 925 mg (±410·4). The prevalence of excessive Na intake was 18·5 % and was associated with the variables children of younger mothers (< 20 years old OR = 4·04, 95 % CI 1·64, 9·99; ≥ 20 to < 35 years old OR = 2·48, 95 % CI 1·10, 5·63), having four or more children (OR = 2·51, 95 % CI 1·29, 4·89), lower family income (≥ 1 and < 3 minimum wages OR = 0·60, 95 % CI 0·39, 0·93; ≥ 3 minimum wages OR = 0·50, 95 % CI 0·30, 0·82) and not being EBF until 6 months (OR = 1·64, 95 % CI 1·14, 2·34). The average Na intake of children was higher than the recommendation for adequate intake, pointing to a high consumption of this micronutrient in the first years of life. Excessive Na intake seems to be linked to unfavourable socio-economic conditions. Avoiding early weaning is the only possible intervention in this scenario.
Left regular representations of Garside categories I. C*-algebras and groupoids
Authors: Li Xin
Published: April 2022

We initiate the study of C*-algebras and groupoids arising from left regular representations of Garside categories, a notion which originated from the study of Braid groups. Every higher rank graph is a Garside category in a natural way. We develop a general classification result for closed invariant subspaces of our groupoids as well as criteria for topological freeness and local contractiveness, properties which are relevant for the structure of the corresponding C*-algebras. Our results provide a conceptual explanation for previous results on gauge-invariant ideals of higher rank graph C*-algebras. As another application, we give a complete analysis of the ideal structures of C*-algebras generated by left regular representations of Artin–Tits monoids.
Plague, Crisis, and Scientific Authority during the London Caterpillar Outbreak of 1782
Authors: Lidwell-Durnin John
Published: April 2022

In the summer of 1780, anti-Catholic riots led by Lord George Gordon in London left hundreds dead and stretches of the city burnt and destroyed. Eighteen months later, during a tense period in the city's history, London was invaded by brown-tail moth caterpillars. The metropolis and surrounding countryside disappeared behind the tents and nests of the insects, prompting widespread fear of famine and plague. With the memory of the riots still fresh, philanthropists such as Jonas Hanway and entomologists like William Curtis sought to assuage the public's fear, insisting that the brown-tail moth outbreak was part of the normal operations of nature, that the infestation bore no danger to the public, and that efforts to alarm the public or describe them as dangerous were contemptuous. At the same time, the conjurer and philosopher Gustavus Katterfelto, performing in the city, sought to profit from the public agitation, developing spectacles and performances that promised the insects would soon deliver famine, plague, and ruin on the city. This article examines the intersection of scientific authority, public fear, and performance, showing that the outbreak placed tremendous stress on the relationship between scientific authority and security in the metropolis.
Notes on French Sources for African History in the Later Nineteenth Century
Authors: Hargreaves John D.
Published: April 2022

These notes are published at the request of the editor, but with great diffidence on the part of the author. In 1982, when I was completing a study of the European partition of West Africa — begun quarter of a century earlier, in what seems a different historiographical era — I agreed at short notice to offer some reflections on my French sources to a symposium of the African Studies Association (UK). This was in no sense a systematic survey. Manuscript sources in France are covered supremely well in the two volume Guide published in 1971 by the International Council on Archives, and any attempt to survey printed sources would have been a major bibliographical exercise. My own research was essentially a study of relations between European and African politics in the later nineteenth century, and what I offer here are essentially user's notes and comparisons with British sources.
Rhodesian Literature
Authors: Krog Walter
Published: April 2022

In the early 1950s it became apparent to the Rhodesia Government that the rapid increase in literacy amongst Africans, due to the increased tempo of education, would present its own problem. This problem can best be summed up in three words, “Literacy without Literature.” Many school leavers only reached primary level and, although literate, were only literate in their own vernaculars, Shona or Ndebele. Unless books in these languages were provided urgently the people would lose their newly attained skill through sheer lack of practice and in many cases revert to illiteracy. Literacy creates its own type of hunger, hunger for books which must be satisfied, or frustration will ensue.

Thus, in 1953, the Rhodesia Literature Bureau was created, (since 1963 it has been part of the Department of African Education) to make available a supply of literature to fulfil these special needs.
The David Livingstone Documentation Project
Authors: Simpson Donald
Published: April 2022

In May 1973 the Centre of African Studies of the University of Edinburgh celebrated the centenary of the death of David Livingstone by a lecture by Professor George Shepperson and a seminar on various aspects of Livingstone's life and work. The lecture and seminar proceedings have now been published by the Centre as David Livingstone and Africa, remarkable value at 50p.

The seminar emphasized the diversity of Livingstone's achievements and the complexity of his character, and again and again the point emerged that one needs to know as wide a range as possible of his writings to assemble adequate evidence to assess his life and work. He was a prolific writer of letters, diaries, memoranda and articles as well as his books, and though much has been published, extensive further material is coming to light from time to time, both in private and in institutional hands.
Sudan's National Documentation Centre
Authors: Weyers Richard M.
Published: April 2022

The National Documentation Centre in Khartoum was set up by the Sudanese Government in 1974 as part of the National Council for Research, which had been set up in 1973. The aims of the National Council for Research are to

encourage, organise and promote scientific research in its various aspects with a view to the realisation of economic and social development within the framework of the state policy.

Within the same Act there was provision for

establishing documentation centres, statistics bureaus (sic) scientific information centres, computer centres and other institutions which the Council deems necessary for the purpose of facilitating research.

Thus on the face of it, the National Documentation Centre exists solely to provide research information in order to facilitate government research. In practice, the Centre has taken on and is attempting to take on far broader responsibilites in the fields of librarianship and information science.
State versus documentation: access to anti-apartheid viewpoints from within South Africa
Authors: Merrett Christopher
Published: April 2022

The purpose of this article is to highlight the significance of publication of antiapartheid periodicals within South Africa; to describe some of the difficulties under which researchers, writers and publishers operate; to attempt a categorization of this type of material; and to explain why the documentalist and indexer plays an important role in the study and understanding of present, and future, South African society. Excluded from this survey are literary and creative publications which could also be classified as anti-apartheid.

There exists in South Africa a long and honourable tradition of antiapartheid periodical publishing. The response from those who hold the reins of power has been a vigorous campaign of censorship which, in the context of South Africa's political economy, may be seen as a logical necessity.
The rise, fall and rise again of the Royal Commonwealth Society Library
Authors: Barringer Terry A.
Published: April 2022

This article is an attempt to chart the chronology of a Library crisis and rescue, a crisis which attracted much attention from the national and professional press. It is very much a personal account. Others would tell it differently. It is an unashamedly partial account. Partial in both senses. There are some aspects of the story I do not know. I did not share in all the deliberations of the great and good and of the mercenary, muddled and misguided, which brought the Library to the brink of disaster and back and then to Cambridge. It is partial, because I find it difficult to be objective about this Library, which has always had the capacity to rouse strong emotions in its custodians and users - which is one of the reasons for its survival.
Colonial Archives in Cameroon
Authors: Orosz Kenneth J.
Published: April 2022

One of the biggest problems facing the new gèneration of scholars currently dealing with European imperialism is the lack of information in the West about the location and availability of archival sources in Africa. Although Gloria Westfall's recent survey has done much to rectify this situation for the former French possessions, more detailed work remains to be done on specific countries. This is particularly true of Cameroon, where much has changed in the twenty years since the last published description of the official archives appeared.

This paper summarizes the procedures necessary for entry into Cameroonian archives holding material relating to the colonial period, discusses the facilities available to researchers, and gives an overview of the physical condition and types of records held at each site. In particular, the holdings of the Buea and Yaoundè sections of the Archives Nationales, the archives of the Catholic church and those of the Presbyterian Church in Cameroon are discussed.
Libraries in research and scholarship in Ghana
Authors: Alemna A.A.
Published: April 2022

The paper examines the contributions that libraries in Ghana are making towards research and scholarship in the country. The libraries discussed are mainly academic and special libraries as it is the view of the writer that school and public libraries are so poorly developed as to provide any materials of value to scholarship and research. It is also the view of the writer that libraries in Ghana are not making adequate contributions to scholarship and research in large part because of inadequate funds and physical facilities.
Teaching African History in London Secondary Schools
Authors: Singh Jai
Published: April 2022

The majority of secondary schools in the inner London area still offer their pupils what may be described as a ‘traditional’ history course in the lower school. This course begins with cavemen and usually ends with the Hanoverians. Pupils are taught about the “Great Civilisations” of Egypt, Greece and Rome, about the various invaders who came to these Islands such as the Romans, Vikings and Normans. This course is still firmly entrenched in our schools and most history departments in the London area are reluctant to alter their syllabi.

Part of the explanation for this reluctance is resistance by classroom teachers to other areas of study. Mast of our teachers were themselves taught this traditional course and cannot honestly see any reason for changing what they teach. After all, if it was good enough for them why shouldn't it be good enough for their pupils?
University of Sokoto Library
Authors: Agidee D.O.
Published: April 2022

The University of Sokoto is one of the seven new Universities that the Federal Military Government established in September 1975. The other six new Universities that were established simultaneously with Sokoto are the Universities of Bayero, Calabar, Ilorin, Jos, Maiduguri and Port Harcourt. The Universities of Calabar, Jos and Ilorin had existed earlier as University Colleges of the older universities of Nigeria, Nsukka and Ibadan respectively. Bayero University had also existed as a Campus of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. By the time these four institutions were transformed into full-fledged Universities in September 1975, each one of them had been in existence for not less than three years. Of the remaining three new Universities, Maiduguri inherited the campus of the North-East College of Arts and Science but Port Harcourt and Sokoto started completely from scratch. They inherited nothing by way of building, the nucleus of a library or any other infrastructure.
African studies in the Netherlands: A brief survey
Authors: Abbink J.
Published: April 2022

In the Netherlands there is an active community of Africanist scholars, numbering about 200 to 250. They work mainly in universities and other research institutes, but also in increasing numbers for government ministries (notably of Foreign Affairs and Development Co-operation), NGOs, and other aid organisations. Fields in which Africanists are strong are history, anthropology and geography, and to a lesser extent development sociology, medical science, law, comparative politics and religious studies. The following survey is necessarily a selective one.

African Studies in the Netherlands can pride itself on a long history only if we include the many travellers, traders and missionaries active in African regions before the twentieth century. The scholarly study of the continent seriously started a few decades later than in other European countries: after the Second World War, when an Africa Institute was founded (in 1946, see below) and the first special professorial chair in African ethnology was instituted at Leiden University.
Historical official publications relating to Africa at the Public Record Office
Authors: Banton Mandy
Published: April 2022

This discussion of official publications relating to Africa in the Public Record Office (PRO) concentrates on those to be found among the records of the Colonial Office, although some other departments are touched upon. The Colonial Office required governors of British dependencies to send a variety of publications and returns to London. In 1817 they were instructed to forward annual details about civil and military offices in their territories, with names and salaries of office holders. Five years later they were asked to submit various types of statistical data entered into blank books with 22 printed headings supplied from London.
Written Conversations in a Global Nigeria: Nigeria and the Newsgroup
Authors: Moran Ben
Published: April 2022

This paper takes for its starting point research into a single Internet discussion group, soc.culture.nigeria. It aims to provide a broad overview of the group's characteristics for those readers unfamiliar with such groups, and to highlight some important issues surrounding this form of communication which could provide a basis for consideration of other online discussion groups in the context of African studies. In particular, as this essay originated with a conference on ‘African Readerships’, it addresses the changing nature of the reader/writer distinction, and the blurring of boundaries between such categories as ‘Nigerian’, ‘African’ and ‘international’. For instance, what is the relationship between these discussions, largely written in the US but read around the world, and Nigeria? How should we understand the term ‘Nigeria’, given the culturally and linguistically divided nature of the state, if not in terms of its geopolitical boundaries?
The Homer L. Shantz Collections, 1904 to 1958: A Botanist in Africa and the Americas
Authors: McConnell Kathleen
Published: April 2022

This large collection is important to the history of science. Homer L. Shantz was one of the pioneers of environmental studies of vegetation, soils and available moisture over large regions. He studied the effects of erosion, increased salinity and alkalinity of soils and the damage that could be caused by introduced vegetation. His work is at the foundation of the environmental ‘engineering’ efforts of the 1960s and later.

Homer L. Shantz was born in Michigan in 1876. He was educated at Colorado College and received a doctorate at the University of Nebraska in 1905 where he first began environmental surveys from the Botany Department. He was then employed by the Department of Agriculture, the Bureau of Plant Industry, during the first decades of the 1900's, where he worked for the Land Classification Board.
At the Margin - African Endangered Languages in the Context of Global Endangerment Discourses
Authors: Lüpke Friederike
Published: April 2022

According to estimates, Africa hosts about 2,000 of the approximately 6,000 languages of the world. This number makes the continent one of the hotspots of linguistic diversity. Essential description (i.e. grammars, dictionaries) and documentation (i.e. audio and video speech data and their annotations) is not even available for some of the largest among them. The overwhelming majority of African languages, irrespective of their endangerment status, have received only very little or no linguistic attention to date, despite the fact that many of them are spoken by millions as a first or second language. In addition, a large number of African languages are spoken by small-scale rural communities and can be classified as endangered on diverse grounds, ranging from displacement due to wars or climate change to rural exodus for socioeconomic reasons.
Amnesty International: information for human rights activism in Africa
Authors: Treacy Noel
Published: April 2022

Along with the enormous growth in information made available by digital technology, which has had such an impact on our profession in the last fifteen years, Amnesty International has also undergone major changes in its approach to protecting human rights. So, before examining information and activism, I will briefly describe Amnesty International and its work on human rights, then look at the changes that it has undergone and give an outline of the movement's structure before going on to discuss information flow and how this contributes to activism in Africa. I will conclude with the challenges to both our activism in Africa and to our information work to support this activism.

Amnesty International is a membership organisation campaigning for the protection and promotion of human rights. It is largely funded by members’ activities and does not receive money from governments or political parties. There are about one million members worldwide and every two years an international meeting is held that decides the priorities of the movement.
A guide to the historical records of the Asante people of Ghana at the Manhyia archives
Authors: Adams Musah
Published: April 2022

The establishment of functional records management systems in Ghana to manage the records of some traditional authorities is a recent development. After independence some parastatals, financial institutions, corporations and private business firms began to recognize the importance of recorded information as a vital organizational resource. With this realization came the recognition that a system for managing this resource is essential. This awareness led to the establishment of what is usually referred to as special archives.

In the case of the traditional authorities the archives were set up with the aim of preserving the cultural and historical heritage of their traditional areas. As noted by Adams (2005) in a study on the management of chieftaincy records in Ghana, the chiefs perform administrative, judicial and advisory roles to government on traditional issues.
War and record keeping practices in Eritrea
Authors: Tewelde Kiflom Tesfamariam
Published: April 2022

Eritrea is a tropical country which stretches from 12 to 18 degrees north latitude and 36 to 43 degrees east longitude. It is located in North East Africa - sometimes called the Horn of Africa - west of the Red Sea. Eritrea, with an area of 124,320 square kilometres, has about 1000 kilometres of coastline and over 350 islands in the Red Sea. Its neighbours are Sudan in the west and north-west, Ethiopia in the south and Djibouti in the east. Yemen and Saudi Arabia, across the Red Sea in the east, are also its neighbours.

The population of Eritrea is about 4 million. There are nine nationalities, Afar, Baza, Bilen, Hidareb, Kunama, Rashaida, Saho, Tigre, and Tigrigna, each with its own language. According to their racial origin the people are divided into three main groups; Nilotic, Hemetic and Semitic.
The Early photographs of Edmond Fortier: documenting postcards from Senegal
Authors: Hickling Patricia
Published: April 2022

Francois Edmond Fortier (1862-1928) was undoubtedly the most prolific photographer working in French West Africa in the first decade of the 20th century. He produced well over 3300 photographs, almost all in postcard form. He was born in France and appears in Senegal around the year 1900. Unlike most of his predecessors who plied the photographic trade in the well established and well to do city of St. Louis, Fortier made his home in the new and expanding capital city of Dakar. He is best described as a “petit colon”, who succeeded in making a living as a professional postcard photographer/editor selling his work from a small Dakar shop and distributing postcards to the towns along the railway line. In later years local advertisements indicate that Fortier's shop catered to the military, bureaucratic, colonial population of the city, offering tobacco, stationary, Senegalese knick-knacks and postcards.
South African Sports History and the Archive
Authors: Allen Dean
Published: April 2022

The history of sport in South Africa is about more than mere games. Within the preface to his study ofThe Games Ethic and Imperialism,J.A. Mangan expressed the wish that he:

Would not like [the] study of cultural diffusion to be naively and erroneously catalogued under “Games”. It is concerned with much more: with ethnocentricity, hegemony and patronage, with ideals and idealism, with educational values and aspirations, with cultural assimilation and adaptation and, most fascinating of all, with the dissemination throughout the Empire of a hugely influential moralistic ideology.

Arguably, nowhere more than in South Africa have such processes been played out through sport. This makes the country an ideal case study for sports historians. Based on experiences from my Masters and PhD studies, this paper will provide a contemporary perspective of studying South African sports history as well as form part of the discussion at the June 2011 SCOLMA conference, ‘Sport in Africa: History, Politics and the Archive’.
Cricket and War in Early Rhodesia, 1890-99
Authors: Winch Jonty
Published: April 2022

The British South Africa Company was formed in the late 1880s to establish a new colony in the region between the Limpopo and Zambezi Rivers. The area the Company wished to occupy was known as Mashohaland: the planned northern expansion was directed by Cecil John Rhodes, soon to be prime minister of the Cape and a businessman with the resources for empirebuilding. The Trust Deed of De Beers Consolidated Mines gave him the power to “annex and govern territories, raise armies and fight wars”. His Company was also granted a Royal Charter by Queen Victoria which entitled it to exploit and extend administrative control over a vast area of southern and central Africa.
Selected Internet Sources for the Study of Africa
Authors: Kagan Al
Published: April 2022

The following comments, analysis, and guide grow out of publishing two editions of a reference book and teaching a course on the Bibliography of Africa for the past nineteen years at the University of Illinois, Urbana/Champaign. The course is required for all Masters students in African Studies.

Two major issues have emerged with compiling the following guide to the best online sources for the study of Africa. The first is the fast growth of digital sources, and the increasing need to have access to the Internet to do research on Africa. The second is the uneven mix between open access and fee-based access to these online resources, and therefore the growing gap between rich institutions and scholars and struggling organisations and individuals who are at a disadvantage in accessing knowledge.
Wikipedia for Africanists
Authors: Muller Hans , Damen Jos
Published: April 2022

How can Africanists and information specialists in African research and documentation get the most out of Wikipedia, and how can they contribute to Wikipedia? This article argues that Wikipedia is useful both as a universally accessible - albeit not specifically academic - free reference tool and as a channel for outreach to disseminate sourced academic and non-academic information. The ‘African Studies’ article on the English-language Wikipedia provides some slightly dubious definitions but also gives a useful hyperlinked list of notable Africanists, institutions and degree courses. But not all the socalled ‘notable’ Africanists and institutions mentioned are in truth very notable (or are they: John Frank Clarke and Antumi Toasijé?). One of the pitfalls of Wikipedia, namely its self-promotion, may be a factor here.
Accessing Material from the Genocide Archive of Rwanda
Authors: Williamson Caroline
Published: April 2022

In 1994 around 800,000 Rwandan people were killed in a hundred days of genocide. The Aegis Trust, a genocide education charity, began collecting testimonies from survivors in 2004 and, in partnership with Kigali City Council, established a national memorial site and archive, known as the Genocide Archive of Rwanda. In addition to the testimonies, this Archive now houses a wide range of materials such as footage of Gacaca court proceedings and annual remembrance ceremonies, maps, historical photographs, colonial documents, propaganda literature, identification cards and other official documents. To increase the accessibility of these archival materials, on 10 December 2010, the Genocide Archive of Rwanda launched its own website (http://www.genocidearchiverwanda.org.rw). providing members of the international community with an opportunity to explore the digital database. As yet, the digital archive contains only a small number of the testimonies that have been recorded.
Communications from the Field: Missionary Postcards from Africa
Authors: Smalley Martha Lund
Published: April 2022

Over the past five years, the Yale University Divinity School Library has been acquiring a significant collection of postcards that document missionary work in Africa and Asia. The majority of these postcards have been made available by one vendor who has scoured flea markets and used books stores through Europe. The collection of more than 4,000 postcards complements other holdings in the Yale Divinity Library's Day Missions Collection. The Day Missions Collection makes up approximately one third of the Divinity Library's 500,000 volumes, and constitutes the bulk of its manuscript and archival collection. Since its foundation in 1892, the collection's scope has enlarged from a fairly narrow focus on training missionaries to become one of the preeminent collections documenting the thought, history, and practice of world Christianity.
New Light on the Pan-African Association: Part II
Authors: Colenso Gwilym , Saunders Christopher
Published: April 2022

In the first part of this article we showed that evidence from the Colenso papers, held at the Bodleian Library of Commonwealth and African Studies at Rhodes House in Oxford, together with other sources, throws new light on the role of Frank Colenso, the second son of Bishop Colenso, in the African Association, the Pan-African Conference of 1900 and the Pan-African Association (PAA) that grew out of the conference. We now consider the part played by Frank Colenso in the dissolution of the PAA in 1901 while its secretary, Henry Sylvester Williams [see fig 1], was in the Caribbean. We are able to throw new light on the attempt by Williams to revive the organisation and offer an alternative interpretation to that provided in the contemporary record of the dissolution that most historians have relied on.
The Forgotten Front: Experiences of Essex Men Fighting in East Africa
Authors: Lewis Allyson
Published: April 2022

Essex Record Office (ERO) holds many collections containing stories of men and women who served during the First World War. The vast majority refer to men who were posted to the Western Front. However, a recently-deposited family collection included a diary and photographs, which revealed the experiences in an overlooked theatre of war of a motor cyclist with 26th Squadron of the Royal Flying Corps serving in British East Africa. This article is a case study based on the type of papers which can be found in local Record Offices.

The diary was written by Harry Joseph Edward Ripper who was born on 18 September 1897, the second son of Harry Tucker Ripper and Edith Sarah Ripper.
The Collections of F. J. Bieber and the Kafa Culture: Connecting Anthropological and Archival Research
Authors: Yoshida Sayuri
Published: April 2022

Archives have significant value as primary sources for a broad range of academic disciplines. In areas where published texts are lacking, such as Ethiopia, archives elucidate the history and culture of the society and clarify the current situation of that society. However, the meaning and influence such archives provide for the people in the society must be discussed.

This paper aims to discuss new perspectives by combining archival research and anthropology. It focuses on the Kafa culture, the collections of Friedrich Julius Bieber (subsequently referred to as F. J. Bieber), recognised as the foremost authority on ethnological research dealing with Kafa in southwestern Ethiopia, and the significance of establishing archives from collections.

The paper first discusses Kafa and its history. After examining previous Kafa research, it concludes that the Kafa people refer to foreign researchers’ work when explaining their own history and culture.
“Our Foreign Field”: records of the Salvation Army in Africa
Authors: Spencer Steven
Published: April 2022

In the autumn and winter of 1954 Commissioner John Allan, the second-incommand of the Salvation Army, visited Africa and travelled through those countries where The Salvation Army was then established: Kenya, Rhodesia, South Africa, Nigeria, the Gold Coast, French Equatorial Africa and the Belgian Congo. During his visit he met tribal and national leaders including, on 11 November 1954 in the Gold Coast, Kwame Nkrumah in his Presidential Office, where Commissioner Allan “asked God to guide Nkrumah as he controls the destiny of his people”.

When an account of the tour was written up for publication in 1955, the article began as follows:

Nowadays Africa is a continent where something dramatic is always happening. One part or another is constantly in the public eye. Here and there a new order is in course of being established and, as one competent authority has stated, tomorrow's headlines are certain to come out of the Dark Continent.
THE “PLACE OF THE PHILLIPS CURVE” IN MACROECONOMETRIC MODELS: THE CASE OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE BOARD’S MODEL (1966–1980s)
Authors: Rancan Antonella
Published: April 2022

In the article I examine how model builders from the academia and from the Federal Reserve Board confronted the Phillips curve in the construction and subsequent modifications of the Federal Reserve, MIT, and University of Pennsylvania macroeconometric model. It is argued that academic debates on Milton Friedman’s and Edmund Phelps’s accelerationist hypothesis, and the evolution of the macroeconomics discipline, did not affect the model-building agenda at the Division of Research and Statistics at the Board over the 1970s and 1980s.
Alcohol use and cognitive aging in middle-aged men: The Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging
Authors: Garduno Alexis C. , Laughlin Gail A. , Bergstrom Jaclyn , Tu Xin M. , Cummins Kevin M. , Franz Carol E. , Elman Jeremy A. , Lyons Michael J. , Reynolds Chandra A. , Neale Michael C. , Gillespie Nathan A. , Xian Hong , McKenzie Ruth E. , Toomey Rosemary , Kremen William S. , Panizzon Matthew S. , McEvoy Linda K.
Published: April 2022

Objective:

To determine associations of alcohol use with cognitive aging among middle-aged men.

Method:

1,608 male twins (mean 57 years at baseline) participated in up to three visits over 12 years, from 2003–2007 to 2016–2019. Participants were classified into six groups based on current and past self-reported alcohol use: lifetime abstainers, former drinkers, very light (1–4 drinks in past 14 days), light (5–14 drinks), moderate (15–28 drinks), and at-risk drinkers (>28 drinks in past 14 days). Linear mixed-effects regressions modeled cognitive trajectories by alcohol group, with time-based models evaluating rate of decline as a function of baseline alcohol use, and age-based models evaluating age-related differences in performance by current alcohol use. Analyses used standardized cognitive domain factor scores and adjusted for sociodemographic and health-related factors.

Results:

Performance decreased over time in all domains. Relative to very light drinkers, former drinkers showed worse verbal fluency performance, by –0.21 SD (95% CI –0.35, –0.07), and at-risk drinkers showed faster working memory decline, by 0.14 SD (95% CI 0.02, –0.20) per decade. There was no evidence of protective associations of light/moderate drinking on rate of decline. In age-based models, light drinkers displayed better memory performance at advanced ages than very light drinkers (+0.14 SD; 95% CI 0.02, 0.20 per 10-years older age); likely attributable to residual confounding or reverse association.

Conclusions:

Alcohol consumption showed minimal associations with cognitive aging among middle-aged men. Stronger associations of alcohol with cognitive aging may become apparent at older ages, when cognitive abilities decline more rapidly.
Are processed fruits and vegetables able to reduce diet costs and address micronutrient deficiencies? Evidence from rural Tanzania
Authors: Sarfo Jacob , Pawelzik Elke , Keding Gudrun B
Published: April 2022

Objective:

To assess the impact of integrating processed fruits and vegetables (FV) into diets in terms of diet cost reduction and ensuring nutritional adequacy year-round.

Design:

Market surveys were conducted to record foods. Focus group discussions (FGD) and 24-h dietary assessments – from children and women – were carried out to determine culturally accepted dietary habits. Six processed FV were considered for addition to diets. Using the Cost of Diet linear programming tool, standards diets were first modelled, and subsequently, the processed FV were included to analyse their impact.

Setting:

Rural Tanzania: Mtwara and Morogoro.

Participants:

Market survey: 50 traders; FGD: 40 women; 24-h recalls: 36 infants aged 6–23 months, 52 children aged 6–13 years and 292 women.

Results:

The standard diet costs between TZS 232 and 2368 (USD 0·3–3) daily for infants. For children aged 6–13 years, it costs between TZS 1711 and 7199 (USD 2·2–9·1) daily and the cost for the women was between TZS 2793 and 10 449 (USD 3·5–13·2). Addition of the processed FV reduced diet costs by up to 61 %, 48 % and 49 % for children aged 12–23 months, children aged 6–13 years and women, respectively. However, for infants aged 6–11 months, costs rose by up to 127 %. The processed FV addressed all micronutrient gaps in the diets except for infants aged 6–11 months, where some micronutrient intakes were unfulfilled.

Conclusions:

Processed FV could provide a feasible option to ensure availability of nutritious but cheap diets year-round. Hence, interventions to process FV into nutritious and affordable products should extensively be pursued.
Disease and Dissent: Progressives, Congress, and the WWI Army Training Camp Crisis
Authors: Setzekorn Eric
Published: April 2022

In January 1918, Congress began public hearings on the American war effort in World War I due to widespread reports of gross inefficiency and incompetence within the War Department. In particular, unhealthy conditions and the outbreak of disease at hastily constructed training camps led to the deaths of thousands of newly drafted soldiers and prompted a public outcry. The criticism was led by Democratic Senator George Chamberlain, and the adversarial response of Secretary of War Newton Baker and President Wilson established a cleavage between the legislative and the executive branches during the last year of World War I that carried over into the postwar period. Furthermore, it highlights tensions within the progressive movement, as the use of expanded federal authority led some progressive Democrats to emphasize loyalty to the Wilson administration, while others continued to emphasize reform and governmental transparency.
Manuelle Triggerpunkt-Therapie und Dry Needling bei chronischen Schmerzen
Authors: Dejung Beat
Published: April 2022

Chronische Schmerzen - ein weltweit ungelöstes Problem. Wie wir unsere Schmerzmedizin verbessern können.

Die Schmerzmedizin hat in den letzten 50 Jahren wenig Fortschritte gemacht. 16 % unserer Bevölkerung geben an, unter chronischen Schmerzen zu leiden, für die sie trotz jahrelanger Behandlung bei unterschiedlichen Ärzten keine nachhaltige Hilfe finden konnten.
Triggerpunkt-Therapie-Experten haben das haben das myofasziale Konzept in den letzten Jahrzehnten in ihrem therapeutischen Alltag integriert und damit auch bei komplexen chronischen Problemen gute Resultate erzielt. Instruktoren der "Interessengemeinschaft für Myofasziale Triggerpunkt-Therapie" IMTT Schweiz stellen in diesem Buch 33 komplexe Fälle von chronischen Schmerzpatienten vor, die sie mit manueller Triggerpunkt-Therapie und mit Dry Needling nachhaltig von ihren Schmerzen befreien konnten.
Anhand dieser Fallbeispiele werden auf didaktisch einheitlich gestalteten Doppelseiten die Diagnostik, Pathophysiologie und Chronifizierung myofaszialer Schmerz-Syndrome nachvollziehbar dargestellt und als Fazit ermutigende und überraschende Erfolge bei bisheriger Therapieresistenz beschrieben.
Global Agricultural Water Scarcity Assessment Incorporating Blue and Green Water Availability Under Future Climate Change
Authors: Liu Xingcai , Liu Wenfeng , Tang Qiuhong , Liu Bo , Wada Yoshihide , Yang Hong
Published: April 2022

Climate change was projected to have negative effects on water availability and consequently a serious constraint to food production in many areas of the world. However, such effects have not been well understood, particularly over rainfed croplands, partly because of the poor representation of green water in associated assessments. In this study, we develop an integrated agricultural water scarcity index (WSIag) that incorporates blue and green water components to examine the agricultural water scarcity in the baseline (1981–2005) and future (2026–2050) periods under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP)2.6 and RCP6.0 scenarios. Results show that ∼3.8 million km2 (∼39% of total) croplands experienced water scarcity in the baseline period and it would expand by more than 3% in the future. Under the two scenarios, WSIag projections are similar overall and are higher than that under the baseline in 83%–84% of global total croplands. Differences are found between the scenarios in Amazonia, Southern Africa, and South Asia. The increases in future WSIag are dominated by the decreased water availability in ∼60% of total croplands and ∼24% of which is dominated by the increased crop water requirement. Changes in green water availability have a significant contribution to changes in WSIag in 16% of global croplands, mostly in arid/semiarid regions (e.g., the South edge of the Sahel, Southern Africa, Northeast China, and Central America). This implies the important role of green water management for agriculture in these regions. The integrated assessment can help develop effective strategies for agricultural water management under climate change.
A 3D Physics‐Based Particle Model of the Venus Oxygen Corona: Variations With Solar Activity
Authors: Tenishev Valeriy , Combi Michael R. , Shou Yinsi , Bougher Stephen , Ma Yingjuan
Published: April 2022

Due to Venus not having a substantial planetary magnetic field the fast‐flowing solar wind plasma can propagate to regions close to the planet. Therefore, thermal atomic oxygen in the thermosphere, hot oxygen in the corona, and the resulting pickup oxygen ions are essential for determining the overall interaction of the planet with plasma of the ambient solar wind. To investigate this complex system, we have initiated a project where a combination of Venus Thermosphere General Circulation Model (VTGCM) and Adaptive Mesh Particle Simulator (AMPS) codes are used to determine the variability of the ”hot” O corona depending on the solar conditions. Here we present the results of modeling Venus' oxygen corona using the VTGCM ionosphere/thermosphere and AMPS kinetic particle models. VTGCM produces a self‐consistent calculation of the thermosphere/ionosphere, providing the spatial distributions of the dominant species. That is further used in AMPS’ modeling of Venus' exosphere (a) to specify the source of the newly created hot O atoms produced by dissociative recombination of ions and (b) to account for thermalization of these energetic oxygen atoms as they propagate in the upper thermosphere. The altitude distribution of hot O calculated for the solar maximum conditions agree well with Pioneer Venus Orbiter observations of the oxygen corona. The modeling that we have performed for the solar minimum conditions indicates a decrease of the oxygen density in the corona by almost a factor of six compared to that at solar maximum. That is consistent with the non‐detection of the oxygen corona from Venus Express. As expected, the solar moderate case is between the solar maximum and minimum cases.
Inotuzumab ozogamicin as single agent in pediatric patients with relapsed and refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results from a phase II trial
Authors: Pennesi Edoardo , Michels Naomi , Brivio Erica , van der Velden Vincent H. J. , Jiang Yilin , Thano Adriana , Ammerlaan Anneke J. C. , Boer Judith M. , Beverloo H. Berna , Sleight Barbara , Chen Ying , Vormoor-Bürger Britta , Rives Susana , Bielorai Bella , Rössig Claudia , Petit Arnaud , Rizzari Carmelo , Engstler Gernot , Starý Jan , Bautista Sirvent Francisco J. , Chen-Santel Christiane , Bruno Benedicte , Bertrand Yves , Rialland Fanny , Plat Geneviève , Reinhardt Dirk , Vinti Luciana , Von Stackelberg Arend , Locatelli Franco , Zwaan Christian M.
Published: April 2022

Inotuzumab Ozogamicin is a CD22-directed antibody conjugated to calicheamicin, approved in adults with relapsed or refractory (R/R) B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL). Patients aged 1–18 years, with R/R CD22 + BCP-ALL were treated at the RP2D of 1.8 mg/m2. Using a single-stage design, with an overall response rate (ORR) ≤ 30% defined as not promissing and ORR > 55% as expected, 25 patients needed to be recruited to achieve 80% power at 0.05 significance level. Thirty-two patients were enrolled, 28 were treated, 27 were evaluable for response. The estimated ORR was 81.5% (95%CI: 61.9–93.7%), and 81.8% (18/22) of the responding subjects were minimal residual disease (MRD) negative. The study met its primary endpoint. Median follow up of survivors was 16 months (IQR: 14.49–20.07). One year Event Free Survival was 36.7% (95% CI: 22.2–60.4%), and Overall Survival was 55.1% (95% CI: 39.1−77.7%). Eighteen patients received consolidation (with HSCT and/or CAR T-cells therapy). Sinusoidal obstructive syndrome (SOS) occurred in seven patients. MRD negativity seemed correlated to calicheamicin sensitivity in vitro, but not to CD22 surface expression, saturation, or internalization. InO was effective in this population. The most relevant risk was the occurrence of SOS, particularly when InO treatment was followed by HSCT.
New “HOPE” laser for photoacoustic imaging of water
Authors: Cheng Ji-Xin
Published: April 2022

A hybrid optical parametrically-oscillating laser at 1930 nm enables photoacoustic mapping of water content in deep tissue with good sensitivity and high spatial resolution.
Pro-angiognetic and pro-osteogenic effects of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomal miR-21-5p in osteonecrosis of the femoral head
Authors: Fang Shanhong , Liu Zhaoliang , Wu Songye , Chen Xinjie , You Mengqiang , Li Yongfeng , Yang Fuhui , Zhang Shuhuan , Lai Yiqun , Liu Peiyao , Jiang Weijiawen , Chen Peng
Published: April 2022

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes (Exos) enhanced new bone formation, coupled with positive effects on osteogenesis and angiogenesis. This study aims to define the role of microRNA (miR)-21-5p delivered by human umbilical MSC-derived Exos (hucMSC-Exos) in the osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). We first validated that miR-21-5p expression was downregulated in the cartilage tissues of ONFH patients. Besides, hucMSCs delivered miR-21-5p to hFOB1.19 cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) through the secreted Exos. Loss- and gain-of-function approaches were performed to clarify the effects of Exo-miR-21-5p, SOX5, and EZH2 on HUVEC angiogenesis and hFOB1.19 cell osteogenesis. It was established that Exo-miR-21-5p augments HUVEC angiogenesis and hFOB1.19 cell osteogenesis in vitro, as reflected by elevated alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and calcium deposition, and increased the expression of osteogenesis-related markers OCN, Runx2 and Collagen I. Mechanistically, miR-21-5p targeted SOX5 and negatively regulated its expression, while SOX5 subsequently promoted the transcription of EZH2. Ectopically expressed SOX5 or EZH2 could counterweigh the effect of Exo-miR-21-5p. Further, hucMSC-Exos containing miR-21-5p repressed the expression of SOX5 and EZH2 and augmented angiogenesis and osteogenesis in vivo. Altogether, our study uncovered the role of miR-21-5p shuttled by hucMSC-Exos, in promoting angiogenesis and osteogenesis, which may be a potential therapeutic target for ONFH.
A bio-inspired and self-powered triboelectric tactile sensor for underwater vehicle perception
Authors: Xu Peng , Liu Jianhua , Liu Xiangyu , Wang Xinyu , Zheng Jiaxi , Wang Siyuan , Chen Tianyu , Wang Hao , Wang Chuan , Fu Xianping , Xie Guangming , Tao Jin , Xu Minyi
Published: April 2022

Marine mammals relying on tactile perception for hunting are able to achieve a remarkably high prey capture rate without visual or acoustic perception. Here, a self-powered triboelectric palm-like tactile sensor (TPTS) is designed to build a tactile perceptual system for underwater vehicles. It is enabled by a three-dimensional structure that mimics the leathery, granular texture in the palms of sea otters, whose inner neural architecture provides additional clues indicating the importance of tactile information. With the assistance of palm structure and triboelectric nanogenerator technology, the proposed TPTS has the ability to detect and distinguish normal and shear external load in real-time and approximate the external stimulation area, especially not affected by the touch frequency, that is, it can maintain stable performance under high-frequency contact. The results show that the TPTS is a promising tool for integration into grippers mounted on underwater vehicles to complete numerous underwater tasks.