bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Expanded Approach to the Problem of Disappearing Species
Authors: Myers Norman
Published: October 2006

Assistance for disappearing species is at present too localized and dispersed to make much impact on the problem with its growing dimensions. Species are threatened primarily because of their status as common property. Institutional deficiencies, notably those of free markets and property rights, promote depletion of species. Conversely, present institutional mechanisms offer little scope for society to express its preferences for goods without price or to establish responsibility for common-heritage resources. The situation postulates corrective measures on the part of collective authority at the international level. These measures would require a joint commitment by the developed and developing worlds, on a scale to reflect the increasingly interdependent needs and opportunities of the community at large. Whether the community perceives itself as a community or not, it functions as such in many of its ecological relationships and economic interactions. The community will sooner or later be obliged to respond to the problem of vanishing species: either sooner, through protective measures of sufficient scope, or later, when it finds that the disappearance of large numbers of species represents a loss through which it is indivisibly impoverished.
Inositol Isomers: Occurrence in Marine Sediments
Authors: White Robert H. , Miller Stanley L.
Published: October 2006

A combined gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric technique was used to identify and quantitate the occurrence of
myo
-,
chiro
-, and
scyllo
-inositol in marine sediments. The most abundant isomer was
myo
-inositol. These inositols were found in all the organic-rich sediment samples examined, and the amount of inositol decreased steadily with the age of the sample. A small fraction of the inositols occurred as hexaphosphate esters.
Nitrogen Fixation in Grasses Inoculated with
Spirillum lipoferum
Authors: Smith Rex L. , Bouton J. H. , Schank S. C. , Quesenberry K. H. , Tyler M. E. , Milam J. R. , Gaskins M. H. , Littell R. C.
Published: October 2006

Field-grown pearl millet (
Pennisetum americanum
) and guinea grass (
Panicum maximum
), lightly fertilized and inoculated with
Spirillum lipoferum
, produced significantly higher yields of dry matter than did uninoculated controls. Up to 42 and 39 kilograms of nitrogen per hectare were replaced by inoculation for pearl millet and guinea grass, respectively. The data demonstrate that nitrogen fixation by these grass-
Spirillum
systems is efficient and is achieved at a reasonable energy cost to the plant.
Synapse Formation Between Two Clonal Cell Lines
Authors: Christian C. N. , Nelson P. G. , Peacock J. , Nirenberg M.
Published: October 2006

Clonal neuroblastoma × glioma hybrid cells frequently formed synapses with clonal mouse striated muscle cells. Clonal myotubes were similar to cultured mouse embryo myotubes with respect to acetylcholine sensitivity and other membrane properties examined. However, acetylcholine sensitivity measurements indicate that acetylcholine receptors of clonal myotubes are distributed more uniformly over the cell surface than the receptors of cultured mouse embryo myotubes.
Subtropical Convergence Fluctuations and Quaternary Climates in the Middle Latitudes of the Indian Ocean
Authors: Bé Allan W. H. , Duplessy Jean-Claude
Published: October 2006

Oxygen isotopic and microfaunal analyses and shell size variations of
Orbulina universa
in two Indian Ocean cores indicate that the position of the Subtropical Convergence has fluctuated between a northern limit north of 31°S during glacial stages and its present, maximum southern limit. The northward displacement of the Subtropical Convergence to a position off Durban, South Africa, reflects the general weakness of the Agulhas Current during glacial stages and parts of interglacial stages, representing about 65 percent of the past 540,000 years.
Sea Level Variations in the Northwest Mediterranean During Roman Times
Authors: Pirazzoli Paolo A.
Published: October 2006

Archeological remains indicate an average rise of sea level of 7.5 centimeters per 100 years from 300 B.C. to A.D. 150. At A.D. 0 mean sea level was about 0.5 meter below the present value. Eustatic fluctuations have not exceeded 0.15 meter.
Soil and Surface Temperatures at the Viking Landing Sites
Authors: Kieffer Hugh H.
Published: October 2006

The annual temperature range for the martian surface at the Viking lander sites is computed on the basis of thermal parameters derived from observations made with the infrared thermal mappers. The Viking lander 1 (VL1) site has small annual variations in temperature, whereas the Viking lander 2 (VL2) site has large annual changes. With the Viking lander images used to estimate the rock component of the thermal emission, the daily temperature behavior of the soil alone is computed over the range of depths accessible to the lander; when the VL1 and VL2 sites were sampled, the daily temperature ranges at the top of the soil were 183 to 263 K and 183 to 268 K, respectively. The diurnal variation decreases with depth with an exponential scale of about 5 centimeters. The maximum temperature of the soil sampled from beneath rocks at the VL2 site is calculated to be 230 K. These temperature calculations should provide a reference for study of the active chemistry reported for the martian soil.
Dopamine and Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate Responses of Single Mammalian Sympathetic Neurons
Authors: Dun Nae J. , Kaibara Kozue , Karczmar Alexander G.
Published: October 2006

Acetylcholine (ACh), dopamine, and dibutyryl-adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (dbcAMP) were applied iontophoretically to the rabbit superior cervical ganglion cells from triple-barreled micropipettes, and the response was recorded by intracellular techniques. All ganglion cells tested responded to the depolarizing action of ACh, whereas less than half of the cells that responded to ACh were hyperpolarized by dopamine. This effect was blocked by low concentrations of haloperidol. None of the cells examined responded to dbcAMP applied by iontophoresis. Hence, the present result is not consistent with the concept that a cyclic AMP mechanism underlies the hyperpolarizing effect of dopamine.
Conformations of Prostaglandin F
2α
and Recognition of Prostaglandins by Their Receptors
Authors: Langs David A. , Erman Mary , DeTitta George T.
Published: October 2006

The conformation of prostaglandin F
2α
(PGF
2α
) has been determined by x-ray diffraction techniques. Two independent conformers of PGF
2α
, studied as the tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine salt, are observed to adopt the familiar "hairpin" conformation with the α and ω chains aligned roughly parallel. The conformers differ in ring conformation and at the C(17)-C(18) bond, one adopting a C(9) envelope ring conformation and a
trans
geometry at the C(17)-C(18) bond, while the other adopts a C(8) envelope ring conformation and a novel
gauche
geometry about C(17)-C(18). Comparison of the conformation of PGF
2α
with that of prostaglandin E
2
suggests a recognition mechanism which would permit PGF
2α
and prostaglandin E receptors to distinguish between the two potent prostaglandins. The recognition model explains much of the binding data for the PGF
2α
receptor in the corpus luteum and predicts the existence of an interesting PGF
2α
analog.
Axial Bending in the Early Chick Embryo by a Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Source
Authors: Robertson Anthony , Gingle Alan R.
Published: October 2006

A microelectrode continuously releasing cyclic adenosine monophosphate can divert the axis of the early chick embryo and attract cells on its ventral surface. Cell movement in the intact embryo may be controlled by a cyclic adenosine monophosphate signal.
Quantum Statistics and Liquid Helium-3—Helium-4 Mixtures
Authors: Cohen E. G. D.
Published: October 2006

I have argued, following Einstein and London, that Bose-Einstein statistics is important for understanding the behavior of superfluid
4
He, while Fermi-Dirac statistics is important for understanding that of
3
He. In order to understand qualitatively the general behavior of
3
He-
4
He mixtures at constant pressure, the interaction between the helium atoms cannot be neglected. A very simple model of
3
He-
4
He mixtures is then a binary mixture of two kinds of hard spheres that follow Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac statistics, respectively. This model correctly predicts the most striking features of the phase diagrams of helium mixtures in the temperature-concentration plane. In particular, the Bose-Einstein statistics of
4
He is responsible for the occurrence of a phase separation of the mixture at low temperatures that starts at an unusual type of critical point, while the Fermi-Dirac statistics of
3
He leads to an incomplete phase separation near the absolute zero of temperature, which makes possible the successful operation of a powerful cooling device, the helium dilution refrigerator.
Netschaëvo: A New Class of Chondritic Meteorite
Authors: Bild Richard W. , Wasson John T.
Published: October 2006

The ratios of refractory elements to silicon and of zinc to silicon indicate that the silicate portion of the Netschaëvo meteorite is an ordinary chondrite. The scarcity of chondrules, the large dimensions (about 100 micrometers) of plagioclase grains, and the low indium content (0.09 nanogram per gram) indicate that Netschaëvo belongs to petrologic type 6. On a diagram of reduced iron versus oxidized iron, Netschaëvo lies along an extrapolation of the LL-L-H ordinary chondrite fractionation trend. The abundances of siderophile elements (nickel, germanium, iridium, and gold) are about 1.6 to 2.0 times greater than in H-group chondrites, and siderophile/nickel ratios are, with one exception, those expected from LL-L-H trends. This evidence indicates that Netschaëvo is an extremely iron-rich member of the ordinary chondrite sequence, and that plausible models to account for the ordinary chondrite sequence must produce materials having iron/silicon ratios 25 percent greater than those in CI carbonaceous chondrites. The existence of Netschaëvo emphasizes that the chondritic meteorites in terrestrial collections are a biased and incomplete selection of primitive solar system materials.
Transmutation Products May Influence Radiotracer Diffusion Rates in an Ionic Solid
Authors: Wei G. C. T. , Wuensch B. J.
Published: October 2006

An inherent aspect of radiotracer diffusion is that α, β
+
, or β
–
emission produces a daughter element of different ionization state. This process must either cause a change in the vacancy concentrations or create space charge, depending on the effectiveness of the internal sources or sinks. Four coupled equations established to model the kinetics, when solved by numerical methods, predict that the apparent tracer diffusion rate may easily be in error by a factor of 2 or 3 and, under certain conditions, by as much as an order of magnitude.
Pineal Vasotocin: Release into Cat Cerebrospinal Fluid by Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone Release-Inhibiting Factor
Authors: Pavel S. , Goldstein R. , Gheorghiu Carmen , Calb Maria
Published: October 2006

The intracarotid injection of both synthetic melanocyte-stimulating hormone release-inhibiting factor (MIF) and purified MIF prepared from bovine hypothalami induces arginine vasotocin release into cerebrospinal fluid of cats and significantly decreases the pineal arginine vasotocin content at 5 minutes after the injection. The present results demonstrate an extrapituitary endocrine effect of synthetic and purified bovine MIF.
An Economic Appraisal of President Carter's Energy Program
Authors: Mead Walter J.
Published: October 2006

An analysis of 11 major federal energy policies of the last half-century indicated a record of conflicting and counterproductive government policies. These policies contributed heavily to the energy crisis. The essence of the President's energy plan is more government interference and less reliance on the price system. Crude oil price controls are to become permanent, and natural gas price controls are to be extended. This requires that government decide who gets the low-priced energy, who pays high prices, and who increasingly goes without. Government energy policies have historically reflected dominant organized pressures.
Possible Surface Reactions on Mars: Implications for Viking Biology Results
Authors: Ponnamperuma Cyril , Shimoyama Akira , Yamada Masaaki , Hobo Toshiyuki , Pal Ramsay
Published: October 2006

The results of two of the three biology experiments carried out on the Viking Mars landers have been simulated. The mixture of organic compounds labeled with carbon-14 used on Mars released carbon dioxide containing carbon-14 when reacted with a simulated martian surface and atmosphere exposed to ultraviolet light (labeled release experiment). Oxygen was released when metal peroxides or superoxides were treated with water (gas exchange experiment). The simulations suggest that the results of these two Viking experiments can be explained on the basis of reactions of the martian surface and atmosphere.
Refractoriness in Female Lizard Reproduction: A Probable Circannual Clock
Authors: Cuellar Hector S. , Cuellar Orlando
Published: October 2006

Postreproductive
Cnemidophorus uniparens
maintained under free-running conditions of constant darkness for 7 months became reproductive at the same time as controls exposed to a long photoperiod. This lizard exhibits a pause in reproductive activity (refractory period) commencing in late summer in nature and terminating in mid-December in captivity. Both groups terminated refractoriness and started reproducing simultaneously in December despite maintenance of the experimental group in darkness since September. These results confirm the hypothesis that the refractory period in this lizard is under endogenous control.
Secondary Sewage Treatment Versus Ocean Outfalls: An Assessment
Authors: Officer Charles B. , Ryther John H.
Published: October 2006

Simplified models have been developed to obtain order of magnitude estimates of the oxygen demand of municipal and industrial wastes and of their potential eutrophication effects in the marine environment. The models have been applied to assess two major corrective actions that might be considered for such pollution problems—secondary sewage treatment and ocean outfalls. It is concluded that the arguments for secondary sewage treatment as the proper corrective action are not compelling and that the problem should be reexamined with appropriate scientific and engineering evaluations. One goal of such scientific evaluations should be a more thorough understanding of the life histories of possible trace contaminants and pathogens which may have long biological, chemical, or geological retention times in the marine environment.
A Bacterial Enhancer Functions to Tether a Transcriptional Activator Near a Promoter
Authors: Wedel Andrew , Weiss David S. , Popham David , Dröge Peter , Kustu Sydney
Published: October 2006

The nitrogen regulatory protein NtrC of enteric bacteria activates transcription of the
glnA
gene by catalyzing isomerization of closed complexes between RNA polymerase and the
glnA
promoter to open complexes. NtrC binds to sites upstream of
glnA
that have properties of eukaryotic transcriptional enhancers. NtrC-binding sites were found to facilitate open complex formation when these sites and the
glnA
promoter were located on different rings of a singly linked catenane, but not when the two rings were decatenated. The results provide evidence that NtrC contacts RNA polymerase-promoter complexes in a process mediated by formation of a DNA loop. NtrC-binding sites serve to tether NtrC near the
glnA
promoter, thereby increasing the frequency of collisions between NtrC and polymerase-promoter complexes.
Autoradiographic Imaging of Phosphoinositide Turnover in the Brain
Authors: Hwang Paul M. , Bredt David S. , Snyder Solomon H.
Published: October 2006

With [
3
H]cytidine as a precursor, phosphoinositide turnover can be localized in brain slices by selective autoradiography of the product [
3
H]cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol, which is membrane-bound. In the cerebellum, glutamatergic stimulation elicits an increase of phosphoinositide turnover only in Purkinje cells and the molecular layer. In the hippocampus, both glutamatergic and muscarinic cholinergic stimulation increase phosphoinositide turnover, but with distinct localizations. Cholinergic stimulation affects CA1, CA3, CA4, and subiculum, whereas glutamatergic effects are restricted to the subiculum and CA3. Imaging phosphoinositide turnover in brain slices, which are amenable to electrophysiologic studies, will permit a dynamic localized analysis of regulation of this second messenger in response to synaptic stimulation of specific neuronal pathways.
Low Light Level Detectors for Astronomy
Authors: Boyce Peter B.
Published: October 2006

There is an almost bewildering variety of detectors being used for ground-based astronomical observations. Many of the detectors have advantages for particular projects. One-dimensional detectors are simple, yet suitable for spectroscopy. Other detectors offer high photometric precision and dimensional stability. Some are designed for observing only faint objects and some for bright ones. Sometimes the necessity of having a high quantum efficiency at a particular wavelength dictates the choice of detector.

In reality the situation is even more chaotic. This review has not covered some of the exotic detectors that have been developed for x-ray and far-ultraviolet imaging from spacecraft. These detectors use devices such as resistive plates, multianode or crossed-wire microchannel plates, and so on. These devices have not yet seen extensive use in ground-based applications, and their future as visible light detectors remains uncertain.

The reasons for the development of such a wide variety of detectors are clear. Commercially available devices are simply not capable of meeting the low light level and photometric performance capabilities needed for astronomical observations. The driving forces are the commercial and military applications for detectors, and with few exceptions there has not been sufficient funding available to mount a detector development program for astronomy. Therefore, astronomers have sought to adapt existing commercial devices to the particular problem at hand. The large number of individual efforts summarized in this review is the result.

In the future, I expect the variety to diminish as one or two really good detectors become capable of performing well under the wide variety of observational conditions encountered in astronomy. Many people have proclaimed the ultimate detector to be just around the corner. This is yet to happen. However, I venture to speculate that low-noise, high-performance CCD detectors with a format of 500 by 500 or larger will emerge as the preferred astronomical detector within the next few years. I also expect photographic plates will continue to be used for the many applications requiring wide fields up to 10,000 pixels on a side. Finally, as the detectors approach the ultimate quantum limit, attention will shift away from them and toward development of the system necessary to manipulate, display, and extract the information from the 250,000 numbers that make up a 500 by 500 digital image.
Fluid Inclusion Assemblages of the Stratiform Broken Hill Ore Deposit, New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Wilkins Ronald W. T.
Published: October 2006

Minerals of the Broken Hill lode in New South Wales, Australia, have a rich assemblage of fluid inclusions. Most typically they contain a high-salinity aqueous liquid and a high-density carbon dioxide and methane gas. Northerly trending shear zones in the area are characterized by a distinct assemblage of inclusions. The inclusions provide a record of the sequence of metamorphic fluids since the period of high-grade metamorphism. Inclusions from the period of ore formation have been eliminated by repeated deformation and recrystallization.
Salt-Marsh Plant Geratology
Authors: Hardisky Michael A. , Reimold Robert J.
Published: October 2006

Measurement of individual culms of several salt-marsh plants demonstrates seasonal community change in terms of height increments and live and dead leaves. Tissue production and its ultimate transition from live to dead components and culm mortality all suggest a continuum of geratologic processes contributing to the estuarine ecosystem.
Meteorite Impact Ejecta: Dependence of Mass and Energy Lost on Planetary Escape Velocity
Authors: O'Keefe John D. , Ahrens Thomas J.
Published: October 2006

The calculated energy efficiency of mass ejection for iron and anorthosite objects striking an anorthosite planet at speeds of 5 to 45 kilometers per second decreases with increasing impact velocity at low escape velocities. At escape velocities of >10
5
and >2 × 10
4
centimeters per second, respectively, the slower impactors produce relatively less ejecta for a given impact energy. The impact velocities at which ejecta losses equal meteorite mass gains are found to be approximately 20, 35, and 45 kilometers per second for anorthosite objects and approximately 25, 35, and 40 kilometers per second for iron objects striking anorthosite surfaces for the gravity fields of the moon, Mercury, and Mars.
Episodes of Aleutian Ridge Explosive Volcanism
Authors: Hein James R. , Scholl David W. , Miller Jacqueline
Published: October 2006

Earlier workers have overlooked deep-sea bentonite beds when unraveling the Cenozoic volcanic history of an area. In the North Pacific, identification of Miocene and older volcanic episodes is possible only if both altered (bentonite) and unaltered ash beds are recognized. Our study, which includes bentonite beds, shows that volcanism on the Aleutian Ridge and Kamchatka Peninsula has been cyclic. Volcanic activity seems to have increased every 2.5 × 10
6
years for the past 10 × 10
6
years and every 5.0 × 10
6
years for the time span from 10 to 20 × 10
6
years ago. The middle and late Miocene and the Quaternary were times of greatly increased volcanic activity in the North Pacific and elsewhere around the Pacific Basin. The apparent absence of a volcanic record before the late Miocene at Deep Sea Drilling Project site 192 is the result not of plate motion, as suggested by Stewart and by Ninkovich and Donn, but rather of the diagenesis of ash layers.

Major, apparently global volcanic episodes occurred at least twice in the last 20 × 10
6
years. Yet, only one major glacial epoch (the Pleistocene) has occurred. Therefore, even though glaciation coincided with an increase in Quaternary volcanism, the increased volcanism itself may not have been the primary cause of global cooling.
Large Protein-Induced Dipoles for a Symmetric Carotenoid in a Photosynthetic Antenna Complex
Authors: Gottfried David S. , Steffen Martin A. , Boxer Steven G.
Published: October 2006

Unusually large electric field effects have been measured for the absorption spectra of carotenoids (spheroidene) in the B800-850 light-harvesting complex from the photosynthetic bacterium
Rhodobacter sphaeroides
. Quantitative analysis shows that the difference in the permanent dipole moment between the ground state and excited states in this protein complex is substantially larger than for pure spheroidene extracted from the protein. The results demonstrate the presence of a large perturbation on the electronic structure of this nearly symmetric carotenoid due to the organized environment in the protein. This work also provides an explanation for the seemingly anomalous dependence of carotenoid band shifts on transmembrane potential and a generally useful approach for calibrating electric field-sensitive dyes that are widely used to probe potentials in biological systems.
A Fish from the Upper Cambrian of North America
Authors: Repetski John E.
Published: October 2006

Phosphatic dermal fragments of
Anatolepis
, interpreted as a heterostracan fish (class Agnatha), have been discovered in the Deadwood Formation of Late Cambrian age in northeastern Wyoming. This discovery extends back the age of the earliest known vertebrate fossils by approximately 40 million years. Other occurrences of
Anatolepis
in North America, Greenland, and Spitzbergen show that these fish had a widespread geographic distribution in Late Cambrian and Early Ordovician marine environments.
The Oldest Bryozoans: New Evidence from the Early Ordovician
Authors: McLeod John D.
Published: October 2006

An abundant, previously problematic fossil from the Lower Ordovician (Canadian) Black Rock limestone of the Ozark Uplift area is an undescribed dianulitid bryozoan. It is believed to be the oldest unquestionable bryozoan known. The growth morphology varies widely and is believed to be environmentally influenced.
The Moon in Heiligenschein
Authors: Wildey Robert L.
Published: October 2006

An analysis of 25 photometric digital images of the moon has been carried out to obtain a single image in a new mapping parameter, the Heiligenschein exponent. The data necessarily represent a range of lunar phases, but all are within 10 hours of full moon. The new parameter characterizes the rate at which lunar features brighten as their local phase angles approach zero. Although considerable contrast is present in this parameter, there is only a small correlation with normal albedo. In particular, the large albedo difference between maria and highlands is not simply reflected in Heiligenschein differences, which are larger within each category of terrain than the difference between the Heiligenschein averages of each. A correlation with age may be present in both the maria and the highlands, but its determination will require separation into distinct geochemical provinces.
Mating Behavior and Related Morphological Specialization in the Uropodine Mite,
Caminella peraphora
Authors: Compton G. L. , Krantz G. W.
Published: October 2006

Sperm transfer in
Caminella peraphora
is closely associated with secretion and construction of a female-associated structure, the signet ring. The ventral portion of the ring serves as an external spermatheca early in mating. Although sperm assimilation occurs prior to development of the dorsal ring elements, male participation is instrumental in successful ring completion.
Regional Differences in the Phase Velocity and the Quality Factor Q of Mantle Rayleigh Waves
Authors: Nakanishi Ichiro
Published: October 2006

The phase velocity and the quality factor
(Q)
of mantle Rayleigh waves from the great Kurile Islands earthquake of 1963 have a close azimuthal correlation with each other and differ considerably among different paths. Serious error may be introduced in the interpretation of observed regionality in phase velocity if regional differences in
Q
are ignored
.
Is Venus Concentrating Interplanetary Dust Toward Its Orbital Plane?
Authors: Misconi N. Y. , Weinberg J. L.
Published: October 2006

By use of observations of zodiacal light, the symmetry plane or plane of maximum density of interplanetary dust at elongations of 32° to 50° from the sun has been found to be closer to the orbital plane of Venus than to the invariable plane. This suggests that the plane of maximum density in this region is being gravitationally perturbed closer to the orbital plane of Venus.
Exchange of Conduction Pathways Between Two Related K
+
Channels
Authors: Hartmann Hali A. , Kirsch Glenn E. , Drewe John A. , Taglialatela Mauruzio , Joho Rolf H. , Brown Arthur M.
Published: October 2006

The structure of the ion conduction pathway or pore of voltage-gated ion channels is unknown, although the linker between the membrane spanning segments S5 and S6 has been suggested to form part of the pore in potassium channels. To test whether this region controls potassium channel conduction, a 21-amino acid segment of the S5-S6 linker was transplanted from the voltage-activated potassium channel NGK2 to another potassium channel DRK1, which has very different pore properties. In the resulting chimeric channel, the single channel conductance and blockade by external and internal tetraethylammonium (TEA) ion were characteristic of the donor NGK2 channel. Thus, this 21-amino acid segment controls the essential biophysical properties of the pore and may form the conduction pathway of these potassium channels.
Isolation of Sequences that Span the Fragile X and Identification of a Fragile X-Related CpG Island
Authors: Heitz D. , Rousseau F. , Devys D. , Saccone S. , Abderrahim H. , Le Paslier D. , Cohen D. , Vincent A. , Toniolo D. , Della Valle G. , Johnson S. , Schlessinger D. , Oberlé I. , Mandel J. L.
Published: October 2006

Yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) were obtained from a 550-kilobase region that contains three probes previously mapped as very close to the locus of the fragile X syndrome. These YACs spanned the fragile site in Xq27.3 as shown by fluorescent in situ hybridization. An internal 200-kilobase segment contained four chromosomal breakpoints generated by induction of fragile X expression. A single CpG island was identified in the cloned region between markers DXS463 and DXS465 that appears methylated in mentally retarded fragile X males, but not in nonexpressing male carriers of the mutation nor in normal males. This CpG island may indicate the presence of a gene involved in the clinical phenotype of the syndrome.
An Unusual Lightning Flash at Kennedy Space Center
Authors: Uman Martin A. , Beasley William H. , Tiller James A. , Lin Yung-Tao , Krider E. Philip , Weidmann Charles D. , Krehbiel Paul R. , Brook Marx , Few Arthur A. , Bohannon Jerry L. , Lennon Carl L. , Poehler Horst A. , Jafferis William , Gulick Jesse R. , Nicholson James R.
Published: October 2006

A lightning flash that struck the 150-meter weather tower at Kennedy Space Center was studied by several research groups using various techniques. The flash had unusually large peak currents and a stepped leader of relatively short duration. The charged regions neutralized by the three return strokes were located within a horizontal layer between heights of about 6 and 8 kilometers, where environmental temperatures were about –10° to –20°C. The charge source for the first return stroke coincided with a vertical shaft of precipitation inferred to have been graupel or hail. Charge sources for subsequent strokes were near the edge of the detectable precipitation echo. The overall channel length was about 10 kilometers. A vertically oriented intracloud discharge occurred after the three return strokes.
L
III
-Edge Anomalous X-ray Scattering by Cesium Measured with Synchrotron Radiation
Authors: Phillips James C. , Templeton David H. , Templeton Lieselotte K. , Hodgson Keith O.
Published: October 2006

Diffraction of monochromatized synchrotron radiation by crystals of cesium hydrogen tartrate has been used to measure the magnitude and phase of x-ray scattering for cesium near the
L
III
absorption edge. In this wavelength region the scattering amplitude of cesium is reduced by as much as 25 electrons per atom, compared to scattering of copper
K
α x-rays. This change, which varies as a function of wavelength, affects the diffraction intensities in a manner similar to isomorphous substitution, and it is large enough to have promise for phase determination in the study of macromolecular structures. This experiment also demonstrates that accurate diffractometer measurements are possible with synchrotron radiation produced by an electron storage ring.
Flowering Induced on Young Loblolly Pine Grafts by Out-of-Phase Dormancy
Authors: Greenwood Michael S.
Published: October 2006

Loblolly pine trees 3 to 7 years old grown in a heated greenhouse under a 20-hour photoperiod had quiescent buds induced by lowering the temperature and shortening the photoperiod. This treatment resulted in the formation of both male and female strobili. Overall, 38 percent of the ramets produced females, and 68 percent produced males. There was no significant difference in the frequency of flowering among 3-, 5-, and 7-year-old scions.
Interstellar Cloud Material: Contribution to Planetary Atmospheres
Authors: Butler Dixon M. , Newman Michael J. , Talbot Raymond J.
Published: October 2006

A statistical analysis of the properties of dense interstellar clouds indicates that the solar system has encountered at least a dozen clouds of sufficient density to cause planets to accumulate nonnegligible amounts of some isotopes. The effect is most pronounced for neon. This mechanism could be responsible for much of the neon in Earth's atmosphere. For Mars, the predicted amount of neon added by cloud encounters greatly exceeds the present abundance.
Deimos Encounter by Viking: Preliminary Imaging Results
Authors: Duxbury T. C. , Veverka J.
Published: October 2006

Recent close flybys of Deimos by Viking revealed a smooth-appearing surface void of grooves. Higher-resolution pictures showed that the surface was actually covered with craters but that a regolith filled the smaller craters, giving the smooth appearance. The surface was also covered with boulders and bright streak-like markings analogous to base-surge or ejecta cloud deposits.
Gulf Stream Deflection by a Bottom Feature off Charleston, South Carolina
Authors: Brooks David A. , Bane John M.
Published: October 2006

A topographic feature on the continental slope off Charleston at 32°N persistently deflects the Gulf Stream seaward, with the inshore surface thermal front deflected east or south of east in 27 of the 39 cases examined. Meanders often form downstream of the deflection, suggesting that the "Charleston bump" induces Gulf Stream fluctuations.
Group I Intron Self-Splicing with Adenosine: Evidence for a Single Nucleoside-Binding Site
Authors: Been Michael D. , Perrotta Anne T.
Published: October 2006

For self-splicing of
Tetrahymena
ribosomal RNA precursor, guanosine binding is required for 5′ splice-site cleavage and exon ligation. Whether these two reactions use the same or different guanosine-binding sites has been debated. A double mutation in a previously identified guanosine-binding site within the intron resulted in preference for adenosine (or adenosine triphosphate) as the substrate for cleavage at the 5′ splice site. However, splicing was blocked in the exon ligation step. Blockage was reversed by a change from guanine to adenine at the 3′ splice site. These results indicate that a single determinant specifies nucleoside binding for both steps of splicing. Furthermore, it suggests that RNA could form an active site specific for adenosine triphosphate.
Economics of Wind Energy Use for Irrigation in India
Authors: Tewari Sharat K.
Published: October 2006

The production of energy from windmills designed specifically to operate in the low wind velocities that usually prevail in India during the main irrigation season is estimated to be reasonably economical for irrigating small farms from open wells. The economics would improve if irrigation was practiced all year round, even in the hot summer season. The calculations made here are expected to be valid for the windier 10 percent of the locations identified from available wind speed records. Other, windier locations are expected to be identified when more wind speed data are collected in the future. Governmental policies along lines similar to those for rural electrification may be needed to support research and development efforts to optimize the designs of windmills and to promote their use in rural areas.
Manganese Oxide Tunnel Structures and Their Intergrowths
Authors: Turner Shirley , Buseck Peter R.
Published: October 2006

Natural hollandite and romanechite are widespread barium-containing manganese minerals. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy indicates that intergrowths of the two minerals occur in a coherent manner on the unit-cell level with no apparent ordering of the hollandite and romanechite. Other structures have been imaged that are based on the hollandite and romanechite structures. Electron microscopy holds a key to unraveling the myriad structural complexities of the manganese oxides.
Ionosphere of Venus: First Observations of the Effects of Dynamics on the Dayside Ion Composition
Authors: Taylor Harry A. , Brinton Henry C. , Bauer Siegfried J. , Hartle Richard E. , Cloutier Paul A. , Michel F. Curtis , Daniell Robert E. , Donahue Thomas M. , Maehl Ronald C.
Published: October 2006

Bennett radio-frequency ion mass spectrometers have returned the first in situ measurements of the Venus dayside ion composition, including evidence of pronounced structural variability resulting from a dynamic interaction with the solar wind. The ionospheric envelope, dominated above 200 kilometers by O
+
, responds dramatically to variations in the solar wind pressure, which is observed to compress the thermal ion distributions from heights as great as 1800 kilometers inward to 280 kilometers. At the thermal ion boundary, or ionopause, the ambient ions are swept away by the solar wind, such that a zone of accelerated suprathermal plasma is encountered. At higher altitudes, extending outward on some orbits for thousands of kilometers to the bow shock, energetic ion currents are detected, apparently originating from the shocked solar wind plasma. Within the ionosphere, observations of pass-to-pass differences in the ion scale heights are indicative of the effects of ion convection stimulated by the solar wind interaction.
Geologic Migration Potentials of Technetium-99 and Neptunium-237
Authors: Bondietti E. A. , Francis C. W.
Published: October 2006

Relatively mobile TcO
4
–
and NpO
2
+
can be chemically reduced to less soluble oxidation states in the presence of igneous rocks, as predicted by oxidation-reduction measurements. Current risk assessments, which consider technetium and neptunium as potentially capable of migrating from high-level radioactive waste repositories, may be overestimating their potential hazard to the public since the Fe(II) content of many subsurface waters may maintain these elements in less soluble oxidation states.
Platelet Factor 4: An Inhibitor of Collagenase
Authors: Hiti-Harper Judith , Wohl Herbert , Harper Elvin
Published: October 2006

Human platelet factor 4 (PF4) is known to bind to heparin and inhibit its anticoagulant effect. This factor also inhibits the enzyme collagenase derived from cultured human skin and collagenase extracted from human granulocytes. The addition of heparin to the PF4-collagenase assay system has no effect on the observed inhibition of collagenase. Thus PF4 inhibits collagenase, in addition to neutralizing heparin.
Interplanetary Magnetic Field Polarity and the Size of Low-Pressure Troughs Near 180°W Longitude
Authors: Wilcox J. M. , Duffy P. B. , Schatten K. H. , Svalgaard L. , Scherrer P. H. , Roberts W. O. , Olson R. H.
Published: October 2006

When the interplanetary magnetic field is directed away from the sun, the area of wintertime low-pressure (300-millibar) troughs near 180°W longitude is significantly larger than when the field is toward the sun. This relation persists during most of the winters of 1951 to 1973.
Head-to-Head Linked Isoprenoid Hydrocarbons in Petroleum
Authors: Moldowan J. Michael , Seifert Wolfgang K.
Published: October 2006

A series of petroleum isoprenoid hydrocarbons possessing an unusual head-to-head linkage is present as an important component in petroleum. The entire series appears to be produced by diagenesis or catagenesis from precursors containing 40 carbon atoms. A suitable precursor compound has been reported in one type of living organism, thermoacidophile bacteria.
A Theory of Diversity Equilibrium and Morphological Evolution
Authors: Levinton Jeffrey S.
Published: October 2006

If the world can only support a finite amount of biomass, species might be added over time, with a decrease in population size of an average species. Population sizes of species will decrease to the extent that stochastic events eliminate species as fast as others appear, yielding an equilibrium. A resource diversity control of niche subdivision is therefore not needed to generate an equilibrium number of species. Morphological evolution may decelerate over time for similar reasons.
Laser Annealing of Ion-Implanted Semiconductors
Authors: White C. W. , Narayan J. , Young R. T.
Published: October 2006

The physical and electrical properties of ion-implanted silicon annealed with high-powered laser radiation are described. Particular emphasis is placed on the comparison of materials properties that can be achieved with laser annealing to those which can be achieved by conventional thermal annealing. Applications of these techniques to the fabrication of high-efficiency solar cells, and potential applications of this new technique to other materials areas are discussed.
Abnormal P-Wave Delays in The Geysers—Clear Lake Geothermal Area, California
Authors: Iyer H. M. , Oppenheimer D. H. , Hitchcock T.
Published: October 2006

Large teleseismic delays, exceeding 1 second, are found near Mount Hannah in the Clear Lake volcanic field and in the steam-production area at The Geysers. The delays are superimposed on a general delay field of about 0.5 second extending over the volcanic rocks and the steam reservoir. It is postulated that a magma chamber under the surface volcanic rocks with a core of severely molten rock beneath Mount Hannah and a highly fractured steam reservoir probably underlain by partially molten rock at The Geysers are responsible for the observed delays. Both zones extend to depths of 20 kilometers or more.
Galápagos Hydrothermal Mounds: Stratigraphy and Chemistry Revealed by Deep-Sea Drilling
Authors: Natland James H. , Rosendahl Bruce , Hekinian Roger , Dmitriev Yuri , Fodor Ronald V. , Goll Robert M. , Hoffert Michel , Humphris Susan E. , Mattey David P. , Petersen Nikolai , Roggenthen William , Schrader Edward L. , Srivastava Ramesh K. , Warren Nick
Published: October 2006

The Galápagos mounds sea-floor hydrothermal system is at least 300,000 years old and once produced manganese-poor sediments, which nearly blanketed the area of the present mounds field. Present-day mound deposits are limited manganese-rich exposures, suggesting that the system has changed from rock- to water-dominated and has diminished in intensity with time.
Magnetic Field Studies at Jupiter by Voyager 1: Preliminary Results
Authors: Ness Norman F. , Acuña Mario H. , Lepping Ronald P. , Burlaga Leonard F. , Behannon Kenneth W. , Neubauer Fritz M.
Published: October 2006

Results obtained by the Goddard Space Flight Center magnetometers on Voyager 1 are described. These results concern the large-scale configuration of the Jovian bow shock and magnetopause, and the magnetic field in both the inner and outer magnetosphere. There is evidence that a magnetic tail extending away from the planet on the nightside is formed by the solar wind-Jovian field interaction. This is much like Earth's magnetosphere but is a new configuration for Jupiter's magnetosphere not previously considered from earlier Pioneer data. We report on the analysis and interpretation of magnetic field perturbations associated with intense electrical currents (approximately 5 x 10
6
amperes) flowing near or in the magnetic flux tube linking Jupiter with the satellite Io and induced by the relative motion between Io and the corotating Jovian magnetosphere. These currents may be an important source of heating the ionosphere and interior of Io through Joule dissipation.
Plasma Observations Near Jupiter: Initial Results from Voyager 1
Authors: Bridge H. S. , Belcher J. W. , Lazarus A. J. , Sullivan J. D. , McNutt R. L. , Bagenal F. , Scudder J. D. , Sittler E. C. , Siscoe G. L. , Vasyliunas V. M. , Goertz C. K. , Yeates C. M.
Published: October 2006

Extensive measurements of low-energy positive ions and electrons were made throughout the Jupiter encounter of Voyager 1. The bow shock and magnetopause were crossed several times at distances consistent with variations in the upstream solar wind pressure measured on Voyager 2. During the inbound pass, the number density increased by six orders of magnitude between the innermost magnetopause crossing at ∼47 Jupiter radii and near closest approach at ∼5 Jupiter radii; the plasma flow during this period was predominately in the direction of corotation. Marked increases in number density were observed twice per planetary rotation, near the magnetic equator. Jupiterward of the Io plasma torus, a cold, corotating plasma was observed and the energy/charge spectra show well-resolved, heavy-ion peaks at mass-to-charge ratios
A/Z*
= 8, 16, 32, and 64.
Rings of Uranus: Invisible and Impossible?
Authors: Van Flandern Thomas C.
Published: October 2006

Neither the dynamical nor the optical properties of the rings of Uranus are easily understood, unless it is assumed that they are not rings in the ordinary sense but simply volatile material in the orbits of several individual small satellites. It is possible that other natural satellites may also leave such rings in their wakes.
Application of Carbon Isotope Stratigraphy to Late Miocene Shallow Marine Sediments, New Zealand
Authors: Loutit Tom S. , Kennett James P.
Published: October 2006

A distinct (0.5 per mil) carbon-13/carbon-12 isotopic shift in the light direction has been identified in a shallow marine sedimentary sequence of Late Miocene age at Blind River, New Zealand, and correlated with a similar shift in Late Miocene Deep Sea Drilling Project sequences throughout the Indo-Pacific. A dated piston core provides an age for the shift of 6.2
±
0.1 million years. Correlations based on the carbon isotopic change require a revision of the previously established magnetostratigraphy at Blind River. The carbon shift at Blind River occurs between 6.2 and 6.3
±
0.1 million years before present. A new chronology provides an age for the evolutionary first appearance datum of
Globorotalia conomiozea
at 6.1
±
0.1 million years, the beginning of a distinct latest Miocene cooling event associated with the Kapitean stage at 6.2
±
0.1 million years, and the beginning of a distinct shallowing of water depths at 6.1
±
0.1 million years. The Miocene-Pliocene boundary as recognized in New Zealand is now dated at 5.3
±
0.1 million years. Extension of carbon isotope stratigraphy to other shallow Late Miocene sequences should provide an important datum for international correlation of Late Miocene shallow and deep marine sequences.
Comparison of Calculated and Measured Ion Densities on the Dayside of Venus
Authors: Nagy A. F. , Cravens T. E. , Chen R. H. , Taylor H. A. , Brace L. H. , Brinton H. C.
Published: October 2006

Data from the Pioneer Venus ion mass spectrometers are compared with model calculations of the ion density distributions appropriate for daytime conditions. The model assumes diffusive equilibrium upper boundary conditions for the major ions (O
2
+
, O
+
, CO
2
+
, He
+
, and H
+
); the agreement between the calculated and measured gross behavior of these ions is reasonably good except for H
+
, which may be influenced strongly by convective transport processes. The distributions of five minor ions (C
+
, N
+
, NO
+
, CO
+
, and N
2
+
) are also calculated for the chemically controlled region (≲ 200 kilometers); the agreements are, in general, poor, an indication that our present understanding of the Venus minor ion chemistry is still incomplete.
Algal Fossils from a Late Precambrian, Hypersaline Lagoon
Authors: Oehler Dorothy Z. , Oehler John H. , Stewart Alastair J.
Published: October 2006

Organically preserved algal microfossils from the Ringwood evaporite deposit in the Gillen Member of the Bitter Springs Formation (late Precambrian of central Australia) are of small size, low diversity, and probable prokaryotic affinities. These rather primitive characteristics appear to reflect the stressful conditions that prevailed in a periodically stagnant, hypersaline lagoon. This assemblage (especially in comparison with the much more diverse assemblages preserved in the Loves Creek Member of the same formation) illustrates the potential utility of Proterozoic microbiotas for basin analysis and local stratigraphic correlation and demonstrates the need to base evolutionary considerations and Precambrian intercontinental biostratigraphy on biotas that inhabited less restricted environments.