bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fructose leads to hepatic steatosis in zebrafish that is reversed by mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition
Authors: Sapp Valerie , Gaffney Leah , EauClaire Steven F. , Matthews Randolph P.
Published: July 2014

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the accumulation of lipid within hepatocytes, is increasing in prevalence. Increasing fructose consumption correlates with this increased prevalence, and rodent studies directly support fructose leading to NAFLD. The mechanisms of NAFLD and in particular fructose-induced lipid accumulation remain unclear, although there is evidence for a role for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and oxidative stress. We have evidence that NAFLD models demonstrate activation of the target of rapamycin complex 1 (Torc1) pathway. We set out to assess the contribution of ER stress, oxidative stress, and Torc1 up-regulation in the development of steatohepatitis in fructose-treated larval zebrafish. Zebrafish were treated with fructose or glucose as a calorie-matched control. We also treated larvae with rapamycin, tunicamycin (ER stress), or valinomycin (oxidative stress). Fish were stained with oil red O to assess hepatic lipid accumulation, and we also performed quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)and western blot analysis. We performed immunostaining on samples from patients with NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Treatment with fructose induced hepatic lipid accumulation, mitochondrial abnormalities, and ER defects. In addition, fructose-treated fish showed activation of inflammatory and lipogenic genes. Treatment with tunicamycin or valinomycin also induced hepatic lipid accumulation. Expression microarray studies of zebrafish NAFLD models showed an elevation of genes downstream of Torc1 signaling. Rapamycin treatment of fructose-treated fish prevented development of hepatic steatosis, as did treatment of tunicamycin- or valinomycin-treated fish. Examination of liver samples from patients with hepatic steatosis demonstrated activation of Torc1 signaling.

Conclusion

: Fructose treatment of larval zebrafish induces hepatic lipid accumulation, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Our results indicate that Torc1 activation is required for hepatic lipid accumulation across models of NAFLD, and in patients. (Hepatology 2014;60:1581–1592)
Effects of purified eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Results from the WELCOME* study
Authors: Scorletti Eleonora , Bhatia Lokpal , McCormick Keith G. , Clough Geraldine F. , Nash Kathryn , Hodson Leanne , Moyses Helen E. , Calder Philip C. , Byrne Christopher D. , Sheron Nick , Wright Mark , Curzen Nick , Rakhit Dhrubo , Peebles Charles , Darekar Angela , Fletcher Alison , Bateman Adrian , Williams Elizabeth , Aspinall Richard , Fowell Andrew , Richardson Tristan , Li Voon Chong J. S.W. , Al-Mrayat Maén
Published: July 2014

There is no licensed treatment for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a condition that increases risk of chronic liver disease, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. We tested whether 15–18 months of treatment with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) plus eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; Omacor/Lovaza, 4 g/day) decreased liver fat and improved two histologically validated liver fibrosis biomarker scores (primary outcomes). Patients with NAFLD were randomized in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (DHA+EPA, n = 51; placebo, n = 52). We quantified liver fat percentage by magnetic resonance spectroscopy in three liver zones. We measured liver fibrosis using two validated scores. We tested adherence to the intervention (Omacor group) and contamination (with DHA and EPA; placebo group) by measuring erythrocyte percentage DHA and EPA enrichment (gas chromatography). We undertook multivariable linear regression to test effects of (1) DHA+EPA treatment (intention-to-treat analyses) and (2) erythrocyte DHA and EPA enrichment (secondary analysis). Median (interquartile range) baseline and end-of-study liver fat percentage were 21.7 (19.3) and 19.7 (18.0) (placebo) and 23.0 (36.2) and 16.3 (22.0) (DHA+EPA). In the fully adjusted regression model, there was a trend toward improvement in liver fat percentage with DHA+EPA treatment (β = −3.64; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −8.0, 0.8; P = 0.1), but there was evidence of contamination in the placebo group and variable adherence to the intervention in the Omacor group. Further regression analysis showed that DHA enrichment was independently associated with a decrease in liver fat percentage (for each 1% enrichment: β = −1.70; 95% CI: −2.9, −0.5; P = 0.007). No improvement in fibrosis scores occurred. Conclusion: Erythrocyte DHA enrichment with DHA+EPA treatment is linearly associated with decreased liver fat percentage. Substantial decreases in liver fat percentage can be achieved with high-percentage erythrocyte DHA enrichment in NAFLD. (Hepatology 2014;60:1211–1221)
A comparison of streamflow, salt and water balances in adjacent farmland and forest catchments in south‐western Victoria, Australia
Authors: Adelana S. Michael , Dresel P. Evan , Hekmeijer Peter , Zydor Hanna , Webb John A. , Reynolds Michael , Ryan Matthew
Published: July 2014

A study of the hydrologic effects of catchment change from pasture to plantation was carried out in Gatum, south‐western Victoria, Australia. This study describes the hydrologic characteristics of two adjacent catchments: one with 97% grassland and the other one with 62% Eucalyptus globulus plantations. Streamflow from both catchments was intermittent during the 20‐month study period. Monthly streamflow was always greater in the pasture‐dominated catchment compared with the plantation catchment because of lower evapotranspiration in the pasture‐based catchment. This difference in streamflow was also observed even during summer 2010/2011 when precipitation was 74% above average (1954–2012) summer rainfall. Streamflow peaks in the plantation‐based catchment were smaller than in the pasture‐dominated system. Flow duration curves show differences between the pasture and plantation‐dominated catchments and affect both high‐flow and low‐flow periods. Groundwater levels fell (up to 4.4 m) in the plantation catchment during the study period but rose (up to 3.2 m) in the pasture catchment. Higher evapotranspiration in the plantation catchment resulted in falling groundwater levels and greater disconnection of the groundwater system from the stream, resulting in lower baseflow contribution to streamflow. Salt export from each catchment increases with increasing flow and is higher at the pasture catchment, mainly because of the higher flow. Reduced salt loading to streams due to tree planting is generally considered environmentally beneficial in saline areas of south‐eastern Australia, but this benefit is offset by reduced total streamflow. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
12.4: Surface Exciton Properties of MgO in ZnO‐MgO Core‐Shell Quantum‐Dots
Authors: Kuang Wen‐Jian , Li Qing , Tolner Harm , Sun Shuai‐Shuai , Huang Yan , Tao Ye
Published: July 2014

MgO crystals have been exposed to vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation from a synchrotron, with energies up to 9 eV. It is concluded that bulk excitons, play an important role in the diffusion of energy inside MgO crystals, resulting in 5.77 eV (215 nm) surface exciton emission. We discuss the possible use in ZnO‐MgO core‐shell quantum‐dots (QDs), including energy band offset and charge carrier transfer.
53.1: Development of Oxide‐TFT OLED‐TV Technologies
Authors: Shih Tsung‐Hsiang , Ting Hung‐Che , Lin Pei‐Ling , Chen Chih‐Lei , Tsai Lun , Chen Chia‐Yu , Lin Li‐Fong , Liu Chun‐Hsin , Chen Chih‐Cheng , Lin Hong‐Shen , Chang Lee‐Hsun , Lin Yu‐Hsin , Hong Hong‐Jye
Published: July 2014

We reported amorphous Indium‐Gallium‐Zinc‐Oxide (a‐IGZO) TFT OLED TV panel development in AUO. The Generation 6 (G6) threshold voltage uniformity can be lower than 0.8V. The RGB side‐by‐side OLED patterning was realized by fine metal mask. By the application of a source follower connection pixel compensation circuit, the panels driven by AUO engine show excellent characteristics. For future product performance requirement, amorphous Indium‐Tin‐Zinc‐Oxide (a‐ITZO) TFT was developing, high mobility as 33.2 cm2/Vs was achieved. Metal‐organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) system was also used to improve the mobility of IGZO TFT. To improve manufacturing efficiency of OLED process, inkjet printing technology is also under development in AUO.
61.2: Reflective Multi‐view Screen and Mobile Projectors for Communication Displays
Authors: Date Munekazu , Kawakami Tohru , Sasai Mutsumi , Ozawa Shiro , Mieda Satohi , Takada Hideaki , Suzuki Yoshito , Uchida Tatsuo
Published: July 2014

A reflective multi‐view projection screen for portable video group communication is proposed. Its stack structure of Fresnel lens, mirror, and optical diffuser enables the directivity display that is important for video conferencing and its high optical efficiency enables the use of mobile projectors.
Preparation and characterization of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell‐derived extracellular matrix scaffolds
Authors: Xu Yan , Xu Guang‐yue , Tang Cheng , Wei Bo , Pei Xuan , Gui Jian‐chao , Min Byoung‐Hyun , Jin Cheng‐zhe , Wang Li‐ming
Published: July 2014

The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of creating extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds from mesenchymal stem cells. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC)‐derived ECM (BMSC‐dECM) scaffolds were fabricated by lyophilization after crosslinking, without using a decellularization process. Acellular porcine chondrocyte‐derived ECM (AC‐dECM) scaffolds were used as a control. The surface morphology, internal structure, water uptake ratio, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility of the scaffolds, as well as the in vitro behavior of cells grown on the scaffolds were examined and compared between the two scaffold types. For the BMSC‐dECM scaffolds, the average pore size was 304.4 ± 108.2 μm, average porosity was 93.3% ± 4.5%, average compressive modulus was 6.8 ± 1.5 kPa, and average water uptake ratio exceeded 20. The BMSC‐dECM scaffolds supported the in vitro attachment and proliferation of cells, with these aspects likely being comparable to those of the AC‐dECM scaffolds. The findings of this preliminary study highlight the potential utility of BMSC‐derived ECM scaffolds for future cartilage tissue‐engineering applications. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 103B: 670–678, 2015.
Lymphoma of the spermatic cord: Sonographic appearance
Authors: Bertolotto Michele , Borsato Antonio , Derchi Lorenzo E.
Published: July 2014

Primary lymphoma of the spermatic cord is a rare disease accounting for about 1.6% of primary spermatic cord tumors. We hereby present a new case in which color Doppler ultrasound (US), contrast‐enhanced US, and MRI suggested a specific diagnosis that was subsequently confirmed pathologically. Color Doppler US revealed mostly hypoechoic, slighly hypervascular tissue surrounding the normal spermatic vessels, which was markedly hypervascular at contrast‐enhanced US. MRI showed diffuse infiltration by homogeneously enhancing tissue surrounding the spermatic vessels hypointense to testis on T2‐weighted images, isointense on T1‐weighed images, lacking fat tissue, with relatively high signal intensity on diffusion‐weighted images. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 42:509–512, 2014
Consecutive cervical length measurements as a predictor of preterm cesarean section in complete placenta previa
Authors: Sekiguchi Atsuko , Nakai Akihito , Okuda Naotaka , Inde Yusuke , Takeshita Toshiyuki
Published: July 2014

Background

To evaluate whether consecutive cervical length measurements can predict preterm cesarean section in women with complete placenta previa.

Methods

Seventy‐one women with complete placenta previa were retrospectively categorized into women who delivered preterm due to massive hemorrhage (the preterm cesarean section group, n = 28) and those delivered at term (the control group, n = 43). Maternal characteristics, delivery outcomes, and cervical lengths serially measured at least every 2 weeks from 24 weeks' gestation until delivery were compared. The relationship between cervical length and preterm cesarean section was analyzed.

Results

Cervical length gradually decreased with advancing gestational age. After 26 weeks' gestation, this decrease was significantly more rapid in the preterm cesarean section group. Cervical length before cesarean section in the preterm cesarean section group was significantly shorter than that in the control group. Just before cesarean section, 71.4% of the preterm cesarean section group presented with cervical lengths of ≤35 mm, whereas only 34.9% of the control group had cervical lengths of ≤35 mm (odds ratio 4.67, 95% confidence interval 1.66–13.10, p = 0.006).

Conclusions

In women with complete placenta previa, decrease in cervical length to ≤35 mm was associated with increased risk of preterm cesarean section due to massive hemorrhage. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 43:17–22, 2015
Pigeons' delay discounting functions established using a concurrent‐chains procedure
Authors: Oliveira Luís , Green Leonard , Myerson Joel
Published: July 2014

Several studies have examined discounting by pigeons and rats using concurrent‐chains procedures, but the results have been inconsistent. None of these studies, however, has established that discounting functions derived from estimates of indifference points can be obtained with a concurrent‐chains procedure, so their validity remains in doubt. The present study used a concurrent‐chains procedure within sessions combined with an adjusting‐amount procedure across sessions to determine the present, subjective values of food reinforcers to be obtained after a delay. Discounting was well described by the hyperbolic discounting function, suggesting that the concurrent‐chains procedure and the more typical adjusting‐amount procedure are measuring the same process. Consistent with previous studies with rats and pigeons using adjusting‐amount procedures, no significant effect of the amount of the delayed reinforcer on the degree of discounting was observed, suggesting that the amount effect may be unique to humans although consistent with the view that animals' choices are controlled by the relative, rather than the absolute, value of reinforcers.
Direct observation of liquid crystals using cryo‐TEM: Specimen preparation and low‐dose imaging
Authors: Gao Min , Kim Young‐Ki , Zhang Cuiyu , Borshch Volodymyr , Zhou Shuang , Park Heung‐Shik , Jákli Antal , Lavrentovich Oleg D. , Tamba Maria‐Gabriela , Kohlmeier Alexandra , Mehl Georg H. , Weissflog Wolfgang , Studer Daniel , Zuber Benoît , Gnägi Helmut , Lin Fang
Published: July 2014

Liquid crystals (LCs) represent a challenging group of materials for direct transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies due to the complications in specimen preparation and the severe radiation damage. In this paper, we summarize a series of specimen preparation methods, including thin film and cryo‐sectioning approaches, as a comprehensive toolset enabling high‐resolution direct cryo‐TEM observation of a broad range of LCs. We also present comparative analysis using cryo‐TEM and replica freeze‐fracture TEM on both thermotropic and lyotropic LCs. In addition to the revisits of previous practices, some new concepts are introduced, e.g., suspended thermotropic LC thin films, combined high‐pressure freezing and cryo‐sectioning of lyotropic LCs, and the complementary applications of direct TEM and indirect replica TEM techniques. The significance of subnanometer resolution cryo‐TEM observation is demonstrated in a few important issues in LC studies, including providing direct evidences for the existence of nanoscale smectic domains in nematic bent‐core thermotropic LCs, comprehensive understanding of the twist‐bend nematic phase, and probing the packing of columnar aggregates in lyotropic chromonic LCs. Direct TEM observation opens ways to a variety of TEM techniques, suggesting that TEM (replica, cryo, and in situ techniques), in general, may be a promising part of the solution to the lack of effective structural probe at the molecular scale in LC studies. Microsc. Res. Tech. 77:754–772, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biomass production of Lolio‐Cynosuretum grassland is not increased by plant‐species richness
Authors: Seither Melanie , Wrage‐Mönnig Nicole , Isselstein Johannes
Published: July 2014

In experimental grasslands, a positive relationship between biomass production and plant diversity has often been found. Here, we compared a moderately species‐rich old sward with its grass‐dominated counterpart (12 vs. 8 species per 2.5 m2, or 8.3 vs. 0.7% yield proportion of dicots at the start of the experiment) established by herbicide application. We hypothesized an increased N, P and K uptake in the diverse sward related to a higher colonization rate with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), the presence of legumes, and complementary nutrient use of plant species. Phosphorus or N fertilizer application (according to contributions of AMF or legumes) were expected to balance the assumed smaller biomass production of the grass compared to the diverse sward. In two experimental years, N, P and K uptake, biomass production, N2 fixation, and intra‐ and extraradical AMF colonization were investigated in an untreated control and plots that were fertilized with P and N in a low (P1: 20 kg P ha−1; N1: 50 kg N ha−1) or a high dose (P2: 100 kg P ha−1; N2: 500 kg N ha−1) in both swards. Biomass production was larger in the grass compared to the diverse sward. The N, P and K uptake, accumulated over three harvests (or 1.5 years), was also larger in the grass sward. The biomass production ranged from 5.3 to 10.0 t ha−1 and accumulated nutrient uptake from 82 to191 kg N ha−1, 19 to 31 kg P ha−1 and 112 to 221 kg K ha−1. Small legume proportions resulted in an accumulated N2 fixation between 0 and 3 kg ha−1. In the second year, the root length colonized with AMF structures was larger in the diverse compared to the grass sward, and the root length colonized with arbuscules and coils was larger in the N2 treatment compared to the control in the diverse sward. There were hints to higher AMF abundance under conditions of limited P availability (low soil P content, high N:P ratio in plant biomass). We conclude that in semi‐natural grassland of moderate species richness several factors may affect the relationship between plant diversity and productivity, i.e., management, plant species identity, and the number of the plant species of the low‐diversity level.
Genetic variations are associated with lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer patients
Authors: Lan Yuan‐Tzu , Yang Shung‐Haur , Lin Jen‐Kou , Lin Chun‐Chi , Wang Huann‐Sheng , Chen Wei‐Shone , Lin Tzu‐Chen , Jiang Jeng‐Kai , Chang Shih‐Ching
Published: July 2014

Background and Objectives

Regional lymph nodes (LNs) are believed to be a first‐line barrier against tumor metastasis. However, it remains unclear whether underlying genetic factors exist and affect LN metastasis risk. We therefore evaluated inherited risk variants using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in pathological T3 colorectal cancer patients in the absence or presence of LN metastasis.

Methods

The study population comprised 629 retrospectively collected colorectal cancer samples between 2000 and 2009 in a single hospital, including 273 patients with LN metastasis and 355 control subjects without LN metastasis. We analyzed 87 SNPs in genes that are associated with susceptibility to carcinogenesis or metastasis in colorectal or other cancers.

Results

Only 11 SNPs were found to have significant genotype distribution differences between the cases and controls. The average number of risk alleles carried by patients with LN metastasis was 7 (6.6 ± 1.4; range 2–10), which was significantly higher than the 6 risk alleles that were carried on average by patients without LN metastasis (6.0 ± 1.6; range 0–10; P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Certain SNPs can increase genetic susceptibility to LN metastasis. As the number of risk alleles increases, the risk of LN metastasis also increases, although the difference is subtle. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 110:307–312. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of maximal cytoreductive surgery plus regional heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) on outcome of patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis of gastric origin: Results of the GYMSSA trial
Authors: Rudloff Udo , Langan Russell C. , Mullinax John E. , Beane Joal D. , Steinberg Seth M. , Beresnev Tatiana , Webb Carole C. , Walker Melissa , Toomey Mary Ann , Schrump David , Pandalai Prakash , Stojadinovic Alexander , Avital Itzhak
Published: July 2014

Background

A prospective randomized trial was conducted to compare the impact of systemic chemotherapy versus multi‐modality therapy (complete cytoreductive surgery (CRS), hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC), and systemic chemotherapy) on overall survival (OS) in patients with gastric carcinomatosis.

Methods

Patients with measurable metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma involving the peritoneum, and resectable to “no evidence of disease” were randomized to gastrectomy, metastasectomy, HIPEC, and systemic FOLFOXIRI (GYMS arm) or FOLFOXIRI alone (SA arm).

Results

Seventeen patients were enrolled (16 evaluable); 7 of 9 patients in the multi‐modality GYMS arm achieved complete cytoreduction (CCR0). Median OS was 11.3 months in the GYMS arm and 4.3 months in the SA arm. Four patients in the GYMS arm survived >12 months, 2 patients close to 2 years at last follow‐up, and 1 patient more than 4 years, with 2 of these patients still alive. No patient in the SA arm lived beyond 11 months. All patients surviving beyond 12 months in the surgery arm achieved complete cytoreduction and had an initial Peritoneal Cancer Index (PCI) of ≤15.

Conclusion

Maximal cytoreductive surgery combined with regional (HIPEC) and systemic chemotherapy in selected patients with gastric carcinomatosis and limited disease burden can achieve prolonged survival. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 110:275–284. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genomic medicine and targeted therapy for solid tumors
Authors: Stevens Emily A. , Rodriguez Cristina P.
Published: July 2014

A marked paradigm shift in cancer therapy has occurred over the past 20 years. Systemic treatment has evolved from nonspecific cytotoxic chemotherapy to targeting cancer‐associated pathways, profoundly changing treatment approaches in the metastatic and adjuvant settings. This review will highlight some of the major clinical advances in targeted cancer therapy in select epithelial malignancies made possible by the understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving tumor growth through genomic methods. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:38–42. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Protein adsorption behavior and immunoglobulin separation with a mixed‐mode resin based on p‐aminohippuric acid
Authors: Yan Jun , Zhang Qi‐Lei , Lin Dong‐Qiang , Yao Shan‐Jing
Published: July 2014

p‐Aminohippuric acid is a newly developed ligand for mixed‐mode chromatography with a commercial resin name of Nuvia cPrime. In this study, bovine immunoglobulin G and bovine serum albumin were used as two model proteins, and the adsorption isotherms with Nuvia cPrime were investigated under different pH and salt concentrations. The results showed that pH had a strong but different influence on the adsorption of these two proteins. The adsorption capacity for bovine immunoglobulin G and BSA was 170.4 and 28.1 mg/g at pH 6.0, respectively. Different salts also showed varying effects on the protein adsorption. Moreover, the adsorption and elution behaviors of the two proteins in a column were determined under varying pH and salt concentrations. An optimized process showed that feedstock loaded under pH 6.0 with 0.8 M (NH4)2SO4 and eluted under pH 8.0 with 1.0 M NaCl could effectively purify bovine immunoglobulin G from feedstock containing BSA. The purity of bovine immunoglobulin G could reach 99.8% and the recovery was 92.7%. The results demonstrated that the control of pH and salt addition during the loading and elution processes were two key factors in improving separation efficiency with Nuvia cPrime resin.
Hepatic Artery and Biliary Complications in Liver Transplant Recipients Undergoing Pretransplant Transarterial Chemoembolization
Authors: Goel Aparna , Mehta Neil , Guy Jennifer , Fidelman Nicholas , Yao Francis , Roberts John , Terrault Norah
Published: July 2014

Liver transplantation (LT) is the treatment of choice for patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) not amenable to resection. Locoregional therapies for HCC are often used to reduce tumor burden, bridge patients to LT, and down-stage HCC so that patients are eligible for LT. We hypothesized that prior endovascular antitumor therapy may increase the risk of hepatic artery (HA) and biliary complications after LT. The aim of this study was to compare HA and biliary complications in LT recipients with HCC who received transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) before LT with complications in LT recipients with HCC who did not receive TACE before LT. This was a retrospective cohort study of HCC patients at two transplant centers. The prevalence of HA complications (HA thrombosis, stenosis, or pseudoaneurysm) and biliary complications (nonanastomotic stricture, bile leak, and diffuse injury) were compared between patients treated with or without TACE. There were 456 HCC patients with a median age of 61 years (77% were male, and 63% had hepatitis C virus), and 328 (72%) received TACE before LT. The overall prevalence of HA complications was 4.7% in the no-TACE group and 7.9% in the TACE group (P = 0.22). All HA stenosis complications (n = 14) occurred in the TACE group (P = 0.018 versus the no-TACE group). An older donor age and a lower albumin level significantly increased the odds of HA complications. There was a nonstatistically significant increased odds of HA complications in the TACE group versus the no-TACE group according to an adjusted analysis (odds ratio = 2.02, 95% confidence interval = 0.79-5.16, P = 0.14). The overall prevalence of biliary complications was 16.4% in the no-TACE group and 19.8% in the TACE group (P = 0.40). In conclusion, a lower pre-LT albumin level and an older donor age were significantly associated with higher odds of HA complications after LT. TACE was not associated with higher odds of overall HA complications but was associated with a higher prevalence of HA stenosis. Further studies are warranted to confirm the HA stenosis findings and elucidate the pathogenesis. Liver Transpl 20:1221-1228, 2014. © 2014 AASLD.
Acute and chronic postsurgical pain after living liver donation: Incidence and predictors
Authors: Holtzman Susan , Clarke Hance A. , McCluskey Stuart A. , Turcotte Kara , Grant David , Katz Joel
Published: July 2014

Despite its prominence as a concern among potential surgical candidates, there is little information in the literature regarding the short- and long-term pain experience after living liver donation. We undertook a prospective study to examine (1) the nature and incidence of acute and chronic pain after living donor hepatectomy and (2) the factors associated with an increased or decreased risk of adverse pain outcomes. Before donation, a comprehensive assessment of potential predictors of acute and chronic pain outcomes was conducted; this included donors' pain expectations, psychosocial factors, medical histories, and demographic factors. Detailed data regarding pain outcomes were collected postoperatively (days 1 and 2) and again during 6- and 12-month follow-up telephone interviews. Sixty-five adults (32 females and 33 males) scheduled for donor hepatectomy participated. Substantial proportions of the donors reported a moderate-to-severe level of pain intensity (≥4 on a 0-10 scale) at rest and after movement on day 1 (42% and 74%, respectively) and day 2 (33% and 32%, respectively). Persistent postsurgical pain was reported by 31% of the donors at the 6-month follow-up and by 27% of the donors at the 12-month follow-up. Generally, this pain was mild, and pain-related life interference was minimal. Female sex, a younger age, and several predonation measures of pain-related anxiety were associated with a significantly greater risk of developing persistent postsurgical pain. In conclusion, this study has identified a subset of patients who experience persistent pain after living liver donation. Additional prospective research using larger samples of liver donors is needed to replicate this work, to obtain a more detailed account of the acute and long-term pain experience, and to determine whether targeted interventions can minimize the frequency and severity of chronic pain. Liver Transpl 20:1336–1346, 2014. © 2014 AASLD.
High early cardiovascular mortality after liver transplantation
Authors: VanWagner Lisa B. , Lapin Brittany , Levitsky Josh , Wilkins John T. , Abecassis Michael M. , Skaro Anton I. , Lloyd-Jones Donald M.
Published: July 2014

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) contributes to excessive long-term mortality after liver transplantation (LT); however, little is known about early postoperative CVD mortality in the current era. In addition, there is no model for predicting early postoperative CVD mortality across centers. We analyzed adult recipients of primary LT in the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) database between February 2002 and December 2012 to assess the prevalence and predictors of early (30-day) CVD mortality, which was defined as death from arrhythmia, heart failure, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, thromboembolism, and/or stroke. We performed logistic regression with stepwise selection to develop a predictive model of early CVD mortality. Sex and center volume were forced into the final model, which was validated with bootstrapping techniques. Among 54,697 LT recipients, there were 1576 deaths (2.9%) within 30 days. CVD death was the leading cause of 30-day mortality (40.2%), and it was followed by infection (27.9%) and graft failure (12.2%). In a multivariate analysis, 9 significant covariates (6 recipient covariates, 2 donor covariates, and 1 operative covariate) were identified: age, preoperative hospitalization, intensive care unit status, ventilator status, calculated Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score, portal vein thrombosis, national organ sharing, donor body mass index, and cold ischemia time. The model showed moderate discrimination (C statistic = 0.66, 95% confidence interval = 0.63-0.68). In conclusion, we provide the first multicenter prognostic model for the prediction of early post-LT CVD death, the most common cause of early post-LT mortality in the current transplant era. However, evaluations of additional CVD-related variables not collected by the OPTN are needed in order to improve the model's accuracy and potential clinical utility. Liver Transpl 20:1306–1316, 2014. © 2014 AASLD.
Weight Gain After Orthotopic Liver Transplantation: Is Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Cirrhosis a Risk Factor for Greater Weight Gain?
Authors: Kouz Jasmine , Vincent Catherine , Leong Aaron , Dorais Marc , Räkel Agnès
Published: July 2014

Posttransplant weight gain is common after orthotopic liver transplantation. We sought to determine the extent of weight gain at 5 years after transplantation in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) cirrhosis versus patients with other types of cirrhosis (non-NAFLD). We studied 126 liver transplants performed between 2005 and 2007 at Saint Luc Hospital, University of Montreal. Seventeen of the 126 patients (13.5%) had NAFLD cirrhosis. Ascites volume was difficult to assess, so we used the body mass index (BMI) at 3 months as the reference BMI. All patients gained weight after transplantation, but BMI increased significantly more and earlier among the NAFLD patients [4.8 versus 1.5 kg/m2 at 1 year (P = 0.001), 5.0 versus 2.3 kg/m2 at 2 years (P = 0.01), and 5.6 versus 2.6 kg/m2 at 5 years (P = 0.009)] in comparison with non-NAFLD patients in unadjusted analyses. The greatest BMI increase over time was investigated with univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. The BMI increase was divided into tertiles for each period of time observed. The greatest BMI increase over time was defined as the top tertile of BMI increase. After adjustments for potential confounders (ie, total cholesterol, diabetes, and length of hospital stay), NAFLD was no longer associated with a risk of a greater BMI increase [odds ratio (OR) = 3.73 at 1 year (P = 0.11), OR = 2.15 at 2 years (P = 0.34), and OR = 2.87 at 5 years (P = 0.30)]. These findings suggest the need for multidisciplinary, early, and close weight monitoring for all patients. All patients could benefit from pretransplant counseling regarding weight gain and its consequences. Liver Transpl 20:1266-1274, 2014. © 2014 AASLD.
Thiophene Derivatives with Donor–π–Acceptor Structures for Enhanced Light‐Absorption Properties and Efficient Cationic Polymerization upon Green‐Light Irradiation
Authors: Telitel Sofia , Ouhib Farid , Fouassier Jean‐Pierre , Jerome Christine , Detrembleur Christophe , Lalevée Jacques
Published: July 2014

New thiophene derivatives (THs) are prepared and proposed here as new photoinitiators in combination with an iodonium salt for the cationic polymerization of vinylethers. They contain electron donor and electron acceptor (D–A) moieties and exhibit red‐shifted absorption spectra. They allow the use of a long‐wavelength excitation at 532 nm using a laser diode. Irradiation from a green light‐emitting diode (LED) at 514 nm can also be used. The high reactivity upon irradiation from the low‐intensity green LED highlights the high reactivity of the proposed structures. Interesting polymerization profiles (with conversions up to 70%) are obtained. The initiation step mechanisms are analyzed by electron spin resonance (ESR), fluorescence measurements, steady‐state photolysis, and laser flash photolysis experiments.

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Preparation of Polyesteramides in a Reactive Extrusion Process
Authors: Gupta Manisha , Siegmund Felixine , Haberstroh Edmund , Rosenthal Martin , Ivanov Dimitri A. , Fijten Martin W. M. , Zhu Xiaomin , Möller Martin
Published: July 2014

The synthesis of poly(ϵ‐caprolactone‐co‐ϵ‐caprolactam) copolymers using reactive extrusion is reported. The copolymers are prepared by anionic ring‐opening polymerization of ϵ‐caprolactam in polycaprolactone melt in a twin‐screw microcompounder using masterbatches of sodium caprolactamate and hexamethylene‐1,6‐dicarbamoylcaprolactam in ϵ‐caprolactam as initiator and activator, respectively. The monomer conversion is found to be almost quantitative. The extrudates possess polyester backbones with integrated short polyamide fragments, forming co‐existing polyamide and polyester crystals. The polyester crystallinity index is quite low and rather constant, whereas the content of the polyamide α‐ and γ‐phases varies with the copolymer composition and initiator/activator concentration.
The clinical spectrum of isolated peripheral motor dysfunction
Authors: Sanderson Alan B. , Arnold W. David , Elsheikh Bakri , Kissel John T.
Published: July 2014

Introduction: Isolated peripheral motor dysfunction due to lower motor neuron or peripheral nerve disorders presents an interesting challenge to clinicians because of the diverse differential diagnosis with a broad range of prognoses. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed clinical data of adults who presented over 12 years with muscle weakness, atrophy, or fasciculations, but without hyperreflexia or sensory involvement. Results: In 119 patients, 52% had a motor neuron disease (MND), 13% had immune neuropathies, 11% had genetic neuronopathies, 10% had residual or post‐polio syndrome, 5% had benign fasciculation, 1% had an infectious etiology, and 8% were not given a final diagnosis. Only MND patients had cognitive dysfunction or frontal release signs. Bulbar and respiratory symptoms virtually excluded consideration of immune neuropathy. Conclusions: Only half of the patients were diagnosed with MND. A significant minority have treatable conditions. Cognitive involvement, frontal release signs, and bulbar or respiratory symptoms are strongly suggestive of MND. Muscle Nerve 51: 358–362, 2015
Pain in hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy: An association with fibromyalgia syndrome?
Authors: Yilmaz Ugur , Bird Thomas T. , Carter Gregory T. , Wang Leo H. , Weiss Michael D.
Published: July 2014

Introduction: This study characterizes the nature of pain in hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy (HNPP). Methods: This retrospective study was performed to assess duration, nature, location, and intensity of pain on initial presentation of subjects with HNPP, including the degree and type of analgesic medication use and electrodiagnostic characteristics. Subjects who met the American College of Rheumatology criteria for fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) were also identified. Results: Of 32 HNPP subjects, 24 (75%) had symptoms of pain, and 4 (12%) had pain as an initial symptom. Of subjects who described pain, 9 (28%) reported only musculoskeletal pain, 10 (31%) only neuropathic pain, and 5 (16%) both musculoskeletal and neuropathic pain. All 9 subjects with only musculoskeletal pain met criteria for FMS. Conclusions: Neuropathic and musculoskeletal pain occur commonly in HNPP and may be a presenting symptom. Additionally, HNPP with predominantly musculoskeletal pain may meet criteria for FMS and potentially delay the diagnosis. Muscle Nerve 51: 385–390, 2015
Ataluren treatment of patients with nonsense mutation dystrophinopathy
Authors: Bushby Katharine , Finkel Richard , Wong Brenda , Barohn Richard , Campbell Craig , Comi Giacomo P. , Connolly Anne M. , Day John W. , Flanigan Kevin M. , Goemans Nathalie , Jones Kristi J. , Mercuri Eugenio , Quinlivan Ros , Renfroe James B. , Russman Barry , Ryan Monique M. , Tulinius Mar , Voit Thomas , Moore Steven A. , Lee Sweeney H. , Abresch Richard T. , Coleman Kim L. , Eagle Michelle , Florence Julaine , Gappmaier Eduard , Glanzman Allan M. , Henricson Erik , Barth Jay , Elfring Gary L. , Reha Allen , Spiegel Robert J. , O'donnell Michael W. , Peltz Stuart W. , Mcdonald Craig M. ,   FOR THE PTC124‐GD‐007‐DMD STUDY GROUP
Published: July 2014

Introduction: Dystrophinopathy is a rare, severe muscle disorder, and nonsense mutations are found in 13% of cases. Ataluren was developed to enable ribosomal readthrough of premature stop codons in nonsense mutation (nm) genetic disorders. Methods: Randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study; males ≥5 years with nm‐dystrophinopathy received study drug orally 3 times daily, ataluren 10, 10, 20 mg/kg (N = 57); ataluren 20, 20, 40 mg/kg (N = 60); or placebo (N = 57) for 48 weeks. The primary endpoint was change in 6‐Minute Walk Distance (6MWD) at Week 48. Results: Ataluren was generally well tolerated. The primary endpoint favored ataluren 10, 10, 20 mg/kg versus placebo; the week 48 6MWD Δ = 31.3 meters, post hoc P = 0.056. Secondary endpoints (timed function tests) showed meaningful differences between ataluren 10, 10, 20 mg/kg, and placebo. Conclusions: As the first investigational new drug targeting the underlying cause of nm‐dystrophinopathy, ataluren offers promise as a treatment for this orphan genetic disorder with high unmet medical need. Muscle Nerve 50: 477–487, 2014
Green composites based on high‐density polyethylene and Saccharum spontaneum: Effect of filler content on morphology, thermal, and mechanical properties
Authors: Barman Ansuman , Shrivastava Nilesh Kumar , Khatua Bhanu Bhusan , Ray Bidhan Chandra
Published: July 2014

Here we report the preparation and characterization of a green composite based on high‐density polyethylene and Kaans grass (Saccharum spontaneum). The composites were prepared by conventional melt‐mixing method, using maximum loading of Kaans grass in powder form (KG‐filler) to achieve acceptable range of required properties. Maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene was used as compatibilizer to achieve effective interaction for improved surface adhesion which was confirmed by FT‐IR spectroscopy. Morphological studies revealed good interaction between the base polymer matrices and the KG‐fillers that improved the mechanical and thermal properties of the composites up to certain (10 phr) KG‐filler loading. Study on water absorption property revealed moderate increase in weight at higher KG‐filler loadings. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and melt flow index (MFI) studies indicated retention of thermal stability and flow property of the HDPE/KG‐filler composite at lower filler loadings. POLYM. COMPOS., 36:2157–2166, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effect of several solid lubricants on the mechanical and tribological properties of phenolic resin‐based composites
Authors: Cai Peng , Wang Tingmei , Wang Qihua
Published: July 2014

The flake graphite, polytetrafluoroethylene, and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) filled phenolic resin‐based composites were prepared by hot press molding. The thermal, mechanical, and tribological properties of composites were studied systematically. The morphologies of the worn surfaces and the change of chemical compositions during the sliding process of the composites were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, respectively. It was found that the heat‐resisting performance and the hardness of the composites are less affected by solid lubricants, while the solid lubricants did harm to the flexural strength of the composites. The friction and wear behaviors of composites highly depended on the volume fractions of solid lubricants and the sliding conditions. The wear resistance increases and the coefficient of friction decreases when the filler load increases. In addition, the appropriate content of solid lubricants is beneficial to reducing the sensitivities of the composites to load and sliding speed. POLYM. COMPOS., 36:2203–2211, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Preparation and characterization of cellulose/Ag nanocomposites
Authors: Xu Yongjian , Zuo Leigang , Lin Tao , Wang Jiayong , Yue Xiaopeng
Published: July 2014

A simple, green, and efficient microwave‐assisted heating method was developed to synthesize the cellulose/Ag nanocomposites by reducing silver nitrate in aqueous solution. The structure of nanocomposites was analyzed with X‐ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared, the results showed that nanosilver particles were synthesized successfully on the surface of cellulose and did not change the structure of cellulose obviously. The shape and average size of silver nanoparticles and its distribution on cellulose fiber surface were observed by scanning electron microscopy, and the results demonstrated that the silver nanoparticles had a good distribution on the surface of cellulose fiber and high dosage of polyvinyl pyrrolidone decreased the size of nanosilver particles. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to measure the silver content in the composites, it was found that the silver content was higher in composites obtained by microwave heating compared with oil bath heating. The effect of silver nanoparticles on the thermal stability of cellulose fiber was studied by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry, and it revealed that the silver nanoparticles had no obvious influence on the thermal stability of cellulose. The excellent antimicrobial activity against both Escherichia coli (gram‐negative bacteria) and Staphylococcus aureus (gram‐positive bacteria) showed a potential application in medical and health care field. POLYM. COMPOS., 36:2220–2229, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Studies on synergistic effect of CNT and CB nanoparticles on PVDF
Authors: Li Li , Zhang Mingqiu , Ruan Wenhong
Published: July 2014

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) nanocomposites with different loading of carbon nanotubes (CNT) and carbon black (CB) were prepared by melt blending method. The conductivity and mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were investigated. The results showed that percolation threshold of CNT/CB/PVDF nanocomposites appeared at a lower concentration (1.25 vol% CNT) than that of CNT/PVDF (>2.08 vol% CNT). The tensile strength of CNT/CB/PVDF nanocomposites was also improved, with 32.1% increase compared to PVDF and 18.0% increase compared to CNT/PVDF at loading of 1.25 vol% CNT/0.96 vol% CB. To explore the synergistic effect of CNT and CB, nonisothermal crystallization and isothermal crystallization behaviors of PVDF and its nanocomposites were studied by differential scanning calorimetry, and the crystallization morphology of them was observed under the three dimensional digital microscope with the polarized model. The crystallization rate of PVDF was speeded up markedly because of heterogeneous nucleation effect of nanoparticles, and CNT and CB nanoparticles had a synergistic effect on nucleation. Polarized microscope observation confirmed that spherulite size of PVDF became smaller owing to the accelerating of crystallization, which influenced the distribution of nanoparticles. The dispersion of nanofillers in matrix was observed by scanning electron microscope. It was revealed that CB could make CNT disperse more evenly in the PVDF matrix. The synergies network of CNT and CB is suggested to build in matrix, which improved conductivity and mechanical properties of PVDF nanocomposites. POLYM. COMPOS., 36:2248–2254, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Experimental investigation of the influence of the compounding process and the composite composition on the mechanical properties of a short flax fiber–reinforced polypropylene composite
Authors: Puch Florian , Hopmann Christian
Published: July 2014

Polypropylene (PP) composites containing 20 wt% short flax fibers are prepared, and the process parameters such as throughput, rotational speed, and screw configuration are varied during melt compounding with a corotating intermeshing twin‐screw extruder. The investigations reveal that low rotational speeds, high throughputs, and moderate shear energy inputs by the screw configuration led to an optimum set of mechanical properties. To investigate the influence of different composite compositions on the mechanical properties, composites with fiber contents between 0 and 40 wt% and maleic anhydride‐grafted PP (PP‐g‐MA) contents between 0 and 7 wt% are prepared. Increasing fiber contents enhance the Young's modulus and decrease the elongation at break and the notched impact strength. The tensile strength is barely affected. The addition of PP‐g‐MA increases the tensile strength as well as the elongation at break, whereas the Young's modulus is not influenced. Thus, PP‐g‐MA enhances the adhesion between PP and flax fibers significantly. POLYM. COMPOS., 36:2282–2290, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Bending properties of the multilayer‐connected biaxial weft knitted fabrics‐reinforced composites made with carbon fibers
Authors: Qi Yexiong , Li Jialu , Liu Liangsen
Published: July 2014

This article presents an experimental study of bending properties of multilayer‐connected biaxial weft knitted (MBWK) fabrics‐reinforced composites made with carbon fibers. Three types of composites are used in bending test, which are three‐layer‐connected biaxial weft knitted fabric‐reinforced composite, four‐layer‐connected biaxial weft knitted fabric‐reinforced composite and five‐layer‐connected biaxial weft knitted fabric‐reinforced composite. Two‐way ANOVA analyzing method was used to deal with whether the carbon fiber volume fraction and the cutting direction have significant effect on the bending strength of the MBWK fabrics‐reinforced composites. Failure analysis is also available by means of samples debris examination to identify the failure mode. POLYM. COMPOS., 36:2291–2302, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers