bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physical Properties of Chick Interferon
Authors: Kreuz Leo E. , Levy Allan H.
Published: January 2020

Kreuz, Leo
E. (The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md.),
and Allan H. Levy
. Physical properties of chick interferon. J. Bacteriol.
89:
462–469. 1965.—The sedimentation coefficient, diffusion coefficient, and molecular weight of chick-embryo interferon were determined by zone centrifugation and equilibrium sedimentation in cesium chloride density gradients, and by chromatography on Sephadex G-100 columns. Purified interferon is not available in quantities sufficient to permit direct analysis by chemical or physical means; its relative concentrations were determined, therefore, by bioassay. I
125
-human serum albumin was used as an internal reference in all experiments. The sedimentation coefficient of chick-embryo interferon is 2.2 to 2.3
S
; the diffusion coefficient is 9.5 × 10
−7
cm
2
sec
−1
. A molecular weight of 26,000 was calculated from the sedimentation and diffusion coefficients, and a range of 25,000 to 34,000 daltons was obtained from equilibrium-sedimentation analyses.
Persistent Polioviral Infection of Intact Human Amniotic Membrane Without Apparent Cytopathic Effect
Authors: Gresser Ion , Chany Charles , Enders John F.
Published: January 2020

Gresser, Ion(Children's Hospital Medical Center, Boston, Mass.),Charles Chany, and John F. Enders. Persistent polioviral infection of intact human amniotic membrane without apparent cytopathic effect. J. Bacteriol.89:470–475. 1965.—Poliovirus type I multiplied in organ cultures of the intact amniotic membrane. The behavior of the virus in this system differed markedly from that observed in monolayer cultures of trypsinized amnion cells, since replication of new virus was demonstrable throughout a period as long as 3 months, extensive cellular destruction was not apparent, and only a small proportion of cells were found to be infected at a given time. It seems likely that the chronicity of infection is conditioned essentially by the persistent insusceptibility to polioviral infection of the large majority of cells (relative to monolayer cultures) rather than to interferon, which was present in the culture fluids. It was postulated that the greater suceptibility of cultured amnion cells to infection, as compared with cells of the intact membrane, is due in part to the enhancement of phagocytic activity attendant upon trypsinization and cultivation of the amnion cells in monolayers. Amniotic and chorionic membranes thoroughly washed free from blood contain and release in vitro antibody to poliovirus I and other viruses. Appreciation of this phenomen may be important in attempts to isolate viruses from infected tissues.
Enzymatic Action on the Capsular Material Produced by
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
of Cystic Fibrosis Origin
Authors: Doggett Robert G. , Harrison Gunyon M. , Stillwell Richard N. , Wallis Everett S.
Published: January 2020

Doggett, Robert
G. (Texas Institute for Rehabilitation and Research, Houston),
Gunyon M. Harrison, Richard N. Stillwell, and Everett S. Wallis
. Enzymatic action on the capsular material produced by
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
of cystic fibrosis origin. J. Bacteriol.
89:
476–480. 1965.—An enzymatic study of the action of α- and β-amylases on the slime envelope produced by
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
originating from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) has been reported. It has been shown that these two enzymes in combination prevent the formation of the abnormal ethanol-benzene insoluble mucoid present in the slime layer of the above organism of CF origin. Evidence is also given which suggests that this organism can serve as a tool for studies of chemical abnormalities in the mucous metabolism of CF individuals.
Relationship of Histoplasmin Agar-Gel Bands and Complement-Fixation Titers in Histoplasmosis
Authors: Wiggins Geraldine L. , Schubert Joseph H.
Published: January 2020

Wiggins, GeraldineL. (Communicable Disease Center, Atlanta, Ga.),and Joseph H. Schubert. Relationship of histoplasmin agar-gel bands and complement-fixation titers in histoplasmosis. J. Bacteriol.89:589–596. 1965.—Culture filtrates of various strains ofHistoplasma capsulatumwere studied with sera from patients with histoplasmosis, by use of the agar-gel and complement-fixation tests. It was found that the filtrates represented three types: those containing H and M components, those with H only, and those with neither H nor M. The same strain ofH. capsulatumoften produced culture filtrates of more than one type. Complement fixation showed that only the filtrates having both the H and M components were sufficiently sensitive as diagnostic antigens to detect the antibodies in histoplasmosis. H and M fractions prepared by ion-exchange chromatography were found to produce more than one band; therefore, it was concluded that the available fractions were not pure. The formation and identification of bands were affected by the concentration of the antigen and the arrangement of the wells containing the antigen and serum. The optimal concentration of the antigen varied, depending on the position of these reagents. The method found most practical for the identification of bands in unknown sera consisted of selecting the optimal concentration of the components with a box titration, by use of antigen having both the H and M components, placing known positive sera in wells adjacent to the unknown sera, and studying the sera for lines of identity. The M band was usually closest to the antigen well, and the H was nearest the serum well. These bands could be reversed by dilution, adjusting the H antibodies so that they equalled or exceeded the M antibodies. One human serum in which the bands were reversed showed the H bands at a higher serum dilution than that obtained with the M band. Patients with culturally proven histoplasmosis had the M band in their serum regardless of the stage of disease or length of duration; only 4 of 10 patients in the active stage of histoplasmosis also had the H band. The low prevalence of the H band would eliminate it as a diagnostic tool for detecting the active stage of the disease. Other bands obtained with histoplasmin antigen in the sera from proven cases were of no assistance in determining the clinical status of the patient.
Excretion and Degradation of Ribonucleic Acid by
Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Demain A. L. , Burg R. W. , Hendlin D.
Published: January 2020

Demain
, A. L. (Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, N.J.), R. W.
Burg, and D. Hendlin
. Excretion and degradation of ribonucleic acid by
Bacillus subtilis
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
640–646. 1965.—
Bacillus subtilis
MB-1480 was found to produce several 5′-ribonucleotides in the extracellular medium, in addition to the previously found 5′-guanosine monophosphate and guanosine diphosphate. The nucleotides accumulated after excretion of high-molecular-weight ribonucleic acid (RNA) and subsequent extracellular breakdown. Excretion of RNA paralleled growth closely, and was accompanied by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and protein excretion. The process occurred in the absence of visible lysis. Whereas extracellular DNA was stable, the other macromolecules were degraded after excretion. With extracellular DNA as a measure of maximal lysis, it was calculated that the major part of the extracellular RNA must have been excreted by cells which had not undergone lysis.
Relationship of Carbon Dioxide to Aspartic Acid and Glutamic Acid in
Actinomyces naeslundii
Authors: Buchanan B. B. , Pine Leo
Published: January 2020

Buchanan
, B. B. (Duke University, Durham, N.C.),
and Leo Pine
. Relationship of carbon dioxide to aspartic acid and glutamic acid in
Actinomyces naeslundi
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
729–733. 1965.—CO
2
, which was essential for the fermentation of glucose to succinic acid by
Actinomyces naeslundii
, was also required for the synthesis of internal aspartic acid, for which the cells lack a permease.
Uptake and Incorporation of Thymine, Thymidine, Uracil, Uridine, and 5-Fluorouracil into the Nucleic Acids of
Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Bodmer Walter F. , Grether Susan
Published: January 2020

Bodmer, Walter
F. (Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Calif.),
and Susan Grether
. Uptake and incorporation of thymine, thymidine, uracil, uridine, and 5-fluorouracil into the nucleic acids of
Bacillus subtilis
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
1011–1014. 1965.—From 55 to 95% of uracil, uridine, or 5-fluorouracil (FU) added to the culture medium is incorporated into the acid-insoluble fraction of cells of
Bacillus subtilis
strains SB 19 (prototroph) and SB 503 (FU-resistant). Thymine is poorly incorporated (less than 1%); thus, the incorporation of thymidine is limited (less than 12%) by the rapid degradation of the nucleoside to thymine, probably by the enzyme thymidine phosphorylase. Uracil, uridine, and FU were not incorporated into the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of either strain, whereas all the incorporated thymidine was found in the DNA.
Mechanism of Action of Nalidixic Acid on
Escherichia coli
II. Inhibition of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis
Authors: Goss William A. , Deitz William H. , Cook Thomas M.
Published: January 2020

Goss, William
A. (Sterling-Winthrop Research Institute, Rensselaer, N.Y.),
William H. Deitz, and Thomas M. Cook
. Mechanism of action of nalidixic acid on
Escherichia coli
. II. Inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. J. Bacteriol.
89:
1068–1074. 1965.—Nalidixic acid was shown to inhibit specifically the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in
Escherichia coli
. Slight effects on protein and ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis were observed only at higher levels of drug or after prolonged incubation. The inhibition of DNA synthesis in
E. coli
15TAU, as measured by incorporation of C
14
-labeled thymine, was observed after exposure to nalidixic acid for 10 min. Inhibition of the incorporation of C
14
-labeled uracil into RNA and C
14
-labeled
l
-arginine into protein (21 and 28% inhibition, respectively) was observed only after 60 min of exposure. When cultures of
E. coli
15TAU were exposed to 3.0 μg/ml of nalidixic acid (slightly greater than the minimal growth inhibitory concentration), the incorporation of C
14
-labeled thymidine was inhibited 30 to 40% after 90 min. Nalidixic acid at 10 μg/ml, a lethal concentration, inhibited thymidine incorporation 72% during this period. Nalidixic acid at 1.0 μg/ml had no apparent effect on the incorporation of C
14
-labeled adenine or C
14
-labeled uracil into RNA of cultures of
E. coli
198, a wild-type strain. However, incorporation of both bases into DNA was strongly inhibited after 60 min of exposure (66 and 69%, respectively). Nalidixic acid inhibited DNA replication during a single round of synthesis. In contrast with “thymineless death,” nalidixic acid was not lethal to
E. coli
15TAU during restricted RNA and protein synthesis (i.e., in a medium containing thymine but lacking arginine and uracil). We have shown also that this chemotherapeutic agent has little effect on the synthesis of protein or RNA required to initiate DNA replication. After 75 min of inhibition, the capacity of
E. coli
15TAU to synthesize DNA in a medium containing thymine, arginine, and uracil may be restored by a simple filtration and washing process, indicating that the drug is not firmly bound. These studies leave little doubt that a primary action of nalidixic acid is the inhibition of the synthesis of DNA in
E. coli
.
Biochemical Effects of Novobiocin on
Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Wishnow Rodney M. , Strominger Jack L. , Birge Claire H. , Threnn Robert H.
Published: January 2020

Wishnow, Rodney
M. (Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Mo.),
Jack L. Strominger, Claire H. Birge, and Robert H. Threnn
. Biochemical effects of novobiocin on
Staphylococcus aureus
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
1117–1123. 1965.—Novobiocin induced accumulation in
Staphylococcus aureus
of uridine nucleotide precursors of the cell-wall glycopeptide, of a cytidine nucleotide precursor of the teichoic acid in the cell wall, and of a large number of other ultraviolet-absorbing materials. These substances accumulated promptly on addition of the antibiotic at levels near the growth-inhibitory concentration. Isotopic experiments showed that, in addition to inhibiting cell-wall synthesis, novobiocin also inhibited both protein and nucleic acid synthesis. The lack of selectivity in the action of novobiocin is similar to that previously observed with gentian violet, and is quite different from the selective inhibition of cell-wall synthesis observed with penicillin or with
d
-cycloserine. Although inhibition of cell-wall synthesis is not excluded as one of the primary lethal effects of novobiocin, it is also possible that all of the observed phenomena are secondary to some other primary metabolic lesion.
Plasmolysis in
Bacillus megaterium
Authors: Weibull Claes
Published: January 2020

Weibull, Claes
(Central Bacteriological Laboratory of Stockholm City, Stockholm, Sweden). Plasmolysis in
Bacillus megaterium
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
1151–1154. 1965.—Sucrose solutions stronger than 1
m
caused plasmolysis in
Bacillus megaterium
strain M, whereas concentrated NaCl and KNO
3
solutions were ineffective. In plasmolyzed cells, mesosome bodies were found in pockets between the cytoplasmic membrane and the cell wall. After plasmolysis, the cytoplasmic membrane appeared as a triple-layered structure, a “unit membrane.” Plasmolysis did not markedly influence the viability of the cells.
β-Galactosidase of
Streptococcus lactis
Authors: Citti J. E. , Sandine W. E. , Elliker P. R.
Published: January 2020

Citti
, J. E. (Oregon State University, Corvallis),
W. E. Sandine, and P. R. Elliker
. β-Galactosidase of
Streptococcus lactis
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
937–942. 1965.—Synthesis of β-galactosidase by several strains of
Streptococcus lactis
was induced by lactose. The rate of hydrolysis of
o
-nitrophenyl-β-
d
-galactopyranoside was used to measure enzyme activity. The enzyme of all but one strain was unstable when whole cells were sonic-treated or treated with toluene; the enzyme of one strain of
S. lactis
was stable to these treatments, which resulted in at least a fivefold increase in activity over that found in whole cells. The optimal assay conditions for toluene-treated cells of this strain involved incubation at 37 C in
p
H 7.0 sodium phosphate buffer. Lactose was the most effective inducer of enzyme synthesis. Methyl-β-
d
-thiogalactopyranoside, isopropyl-β-
d
-thiogalactopyranoside, and galactose were also inducers of the enzyme, but were not as effective as lactose. Melibiose, maltose, and calcium lactobionate were poor inducers of enzyme synthesis. Exogenously supplied glucose repressed enzyme synthesis. The means of control of induced β-galactosidase synthesis in
S. lactis
was similar to that in
Escherichia coli
.
Spectrophotometric Characterization of Pigments Produced by
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Strains Isolated from Bovine Udders
Authors: Sandvik Olav , Brown Richard W.
Published: January 2020

Sandvik, Olav
(National Animal Disease Laboratory, Ames, Iowa),
and Richard W. Brown
. Spectrophotometric characterization of pigments produced by
Staphylococcus epidermidis
strains isolated from bovine udders. J. Bacteriol.
89:
1201–1208. 1965.—Spectrophotometric analysis of methanol-extracted pigments of 70 isolates, representing 48 strains of
Staphylococcus epidermidis
, exhibited absorption curves that were classified into seven types, designated I, II, III, IV, V, VI, and a
S. aureus
type. Two subtypes were included in types I and III. All nonpigmented cell extracts were classified as type I. One of the six numbered type absorption curves was obtained with the majority of isolates. Three isolates gave an absorption curve that was similar to the curve produced by extracts of five of seven
S. aureus
strains, thus the designation
S. aureus
type. The differences in pigment complexes indicated by the various absorption curves of methanol extracts were substantiated by column-chromatography studies. Generally, pigments of types II to VI, as produced by representative strains, were of a xanthophyllic nature, whereas, the
S. aureus
type pigment studied was carotenelike. Analyses of representative strains showed that the type of spectral absorption curves did not change whether the organisms were carried in vitro and tested through 3 months, or isolated repeatedly from infected udders for periods up to 8 months. The method of determining the spectral absorption curves of whole-cell methanol extracts provides an additional tool for differentiating strains of
S. epidermidis
that can be used in enzootiological studies of udder infections.
Normal Intestinal Flora of Cattle Fed High-Roughage Rations
Authors: Maki Leroy R. , Picard Kay
Published: January 2020

Maki, Leroy
R. (University of Wyoming, Laramie),
and Kay Picard
. Normal intestinal flora of cattle fed high-roughage rations. J. Bacteriol.
89:
1244–1249. 1965.—Intestinal bacteria were isolated from 15 cattle. Approximately 600 isolates were studied, and their presence and numbers in the duodenum, ileum, cecum, and colon were noted. Bacteria most frequently isolated from all parts of the intestinal tract included
Escherichia coli, Streptococcus bovis
, and species of
Bacillus
. Several groups of gram-positive rods could not be classified according to
Bergey's Manual
. Direct counts of intestinal contents indicated that 1 to 10% of the bacteria present were recovered.
Failure of Pretreatment with Glucocorticoids to Modify the Phagocytic and Bactericidal Capacity of Human Leukocytes for Encapsulated Type I Pneumococcus
Authors: Allison Fred , Adcock Martha H.
Published: January 2020

Allison, Fred, Jr. (University Medical Center, Jackson, Miss.),and Martha H. Adcock. Failure of pretreatment with glucocorticoids to modify the phagocytic and bactericidal capacity of human leukocytes for encapsulated type I pneumococcus. J. Bacteriol.89:1256–1261. 1965.—The influence of glucocorticoid administration for 4 days upon the bactericidal and phagocytic functions of leukocytes recovered from venous blood of healthy human beings was evaluated within an in vitro system that contained fully virulent, type I pneumococcus. Ingestion of pneumococcus by granulocytes spread upon a suitable surface, followed by thin slide cultures of the preparation, permitted precise quantitation of cellular phagocytic functions. It was found that granulocytes from healthy donors subjected to short-term glucocorticoid treatment ingested and killed pneumococcus as well as did cells obtained before therapy. Human leukocytes obtained after treatment with prednisolone functioned in a suspending medium of high ionic strength as well as did cells harvested before treatment, although the efficiency of both groups was significantly less than when manipulated in autologous serum.
Kinetics of Germination of
Bacillus
Spores
Authors: Vary J. C. , Halvorson H. O.
Published: January 2020

Vary
, J. C. (University of Wisconsin, Madison),
and H. O. Halvorson
. Kinetics or germination of
Bacillus
spores. J. Bacteriol.
89:
1340–1347. 1965.—The kinetics of germination of
Bacillus cereus
strain T spores was accurately described by McCormick. To study the mechanism of germination, it is necessary to correlate the characteristic changes in a population of germinating spores with the behavior of the individual spores in the same population. Two microscopic events are apparent during germination: microlag, the time interval between the addition of
l
-alanine to heat-activated spores and the beginning of loss in refractility, and microgermination time, the time for the actual change in refractility to occur. The frequency distributions of both events are skewed, and appear to be independent. The effects of
l
-alanine concentration, heat activation, and temperature of germination on three parameters, microlag, microgermination, and per cent germination, were microscopically studied. The data are discussed in relation to the mechanism of germination, and a correlation between microlag and microgermination times with the constants of McCormick's equation has been suggested.
Abortive Intestinal Infection With anEscherichia coli-Shigella flexneriHybrid Strain
Authors: Formal Samuel B. , LaBrec E. H. , Kent T. H. , Falkow S.
Published: January 2020

Formal, SamuelB., (Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C.), E. H.LaBrec, T. H. Kent, and S. Falkow. Abortive intestinal infection with anEscherichia coli-Shigella flexnerihybrid strain. J. Bacteriol.89:1374–1382. 1965.—The mechanism of the apparent loss of virulence of anEscherichia coli-Shigella flexnerihybrid strain was studied. The parentShigellastrain caused a fatal enteric infection when fed to starved guinea pigs, and signs of dysentery followed its oral administration to monkeys. The hybrid strain failed to produce any apparent symptoms when fed to either of these species. The parent strain was shown to invade the intestinal mucosa of starved guinea pigs. This caused a severe inflammatory reaction in the lamina propria, which progressed to ulceration of the intestinal epithelium and resulted in death of the animal. The hybrid strain also invaded the intestinal mucosa and produced an inflammatory reaction. In this case, the inflammatory reaction subsided, the intestine returned to normal within 4 days after challenge, and the animal survived. Both fluorescent-antibody techniques and in vivo growth studies have shown that the hybrid strain can not maintain itself in the intestinal mucosa. Preliminary studies have indicated that a similar situation also exists in the monkey. It is concluded that the virulence of dysentery bacilli rests not only in the capacity to reach the lamina propria, but also in the ability to multiply in this region.
Location of Chlorophyll in
Rhodospirillum rubrum
Authors: Holt Stanley C. , Marr Allen G.
Published: January 2020

Holt, Stanley
C. (University of California, Davis),
and Allen G. Marr
. Location of chlorophyll in
Rhodospirillum rubrum
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
1402–1412. 1965.—If cells of
Rhodospirillum rubrum
are broken by sonic and ballistic disruption, the chlorophyll is not found in discrete cytoplasmic structures, but is located in a more extensive structure of the cell, the intracytoplasmic membrane. Direct electron microscopy of sonically disrupted cells of
R. rubrum
and stereo-electron microscopy of osmotically shocked cells reveal the presence of a tubular network of internal membranes originating from the periphery of the cell.
Comparision of Soluble Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Oxidases from Cells and Spores ofClostridium botulinum
Authors: Green J. H. , Sadoff H. L.
Published: January 2020

Green, J. H. (Michigan State University, East Lansing),and H. L. Sadoff. Comparison of soluble reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidases from cells and spores ofClostridium botulinum. J. Bacteriol.89:1499–1505. 1965.—The properties of purified reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH2) oxidases from cells and spores ofClostridium botulinum62-A have been studied to determine whether they are the same or different proteins. The spore NADH2oxidase was very heat-stable, whereas the vegetative enzyme was readily denatured at 70 C. The spore oxidase exhibited less affinity for the substrate than did the vegetative protein, but possessed a tightly bound cofactor. Atabrine was a noncompetitive inhibitor for both enzymes, but was less inhibitory to the spore NADH2oxidase. The enzymes could be separated from each other by gel filtration or chromatography on a diethylaminoethyl-cellulose column. The molecular weight of the spore oxidase was estimated to be 200,000 or greater, whereas that of the vegetative enzyme was 100,000 or less. Neither NADH2oxidase would cross-react with its heterologous antibody in a precipitation reaction. The conclusion drawn from this investigation is that the two NADH2oxidases are distinctly different proteins.
Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Yeast Cell Walls I. Isolation of Wall-Decomposing Organisms and Separation and Purification of Lytic Enzymes
Authors: Tanaka Hirosato , Phaff Herman J.
Published: January 2020

Tanaka, Hirosato
(University of California, Davis),
and Herman J. Phaff
. Enzymatic hydrolysis of yeast cell walls. I. Isolation of wall-decomposing organisms and separation and purification of lytic enzymes. J. Bacteriol.
89:
1570–1580. 1965.—A number of microorganisms, able to decompose and grow on yeast cell walls, were isolated from soil. These isolates demonstrated various types of attack on yeast walls. A bacterium, identified as
Bacillus circulans
, and a species of
Streptomyces
produced clear, lysed zones when grown on an agar medium containing baker's yeast cell walls. The streptomycete formed glucanase, mannanase, and protease, but
B. circulans
produced only glucanases. Purified mannan could be prepared from the culture fluid of
B. circulans
grown on baker's yeast cell walls. In a liquid, mineral medium, extracellular lytic enzyme production by
B. circulans
was optimal after 3 days of aerobic growth at 30 C with 0.5% baker's yeast cell walls as the carbon source. Twelve other carbon sources were ineffective as inducers. Among a number of polysaccharides tested, the crude enzymes of
B. circulans
hydrolyzed only β-1→3 glucan (laminarin) and β-1→6 glucan (pustulan), both by a random mechanism, to a mixture of dimer and glucose. The β-1→3 and β-1→6 glucanases were separated from each other by diethylaminoethyl cellulose column chromatography. Water-soluble oat glucan, which contains in the linear chain both β-1→3 and β-1→4 bonds, was also hydrolyzed by the bacterial β-1→3 glucanase. The products of this reaction indicated that this enzyme hydrolyzes β-1→3 or β-1→4 glucosidic linkages, provided the β-glucopyranosyl units composing these bonds are substituted in the 3 position by another glucose unit.
Mycoside G, a Specific Glycolipid in
Mycobacterium marinum
(Balnei)
Authors: Navalkar R. G. , Wiegeshaus E. , Kondo E. , Kim H. K. , Smith D. W.
Published: January 2020

Navalkar
, R. G. (University of Wisconsin, Madison), E.
Wiegeshaus, E. Kondo, H. K. Kim, and D. W. Smith
. Mycoside G, a specific glycolipid in
Mycobacterium marinum
(Balnei). J. Bacteriol.
90:
262–265. 1965.—A new specific glycolipid in extracts prepared from strains designated
Mycobacterium marinum
and
M. balnei
has been demonstrated by use of the techniques of column chromatography and infrared spectroscopy. Since there is now agreement among many workers that
M. marinum
and
M. balnei
are identical, the demonstration of the same specific glycolipid in both species is not surprising. This substance, which we have designated mycoside G, is chemically similar to mycosides A and B, and apparently differs only in the sugar moiety. In addition, the lipids extracted from these cultures contain phthiocerol dimycocerosate, a wax component found also in
M. tuberculosis
and
M. bovis
.
Immunity in Experimental Syphilis III. Attenuation of Virulent
Treponema pallidum
by γ-Irradiation
Authors: Miller James N.
Published: January 2020

Miller, James N.
(University of California School of Medicine, Los Angeles). Immunity in experimental syphilis. III. Attenuation of virulent
Treponema pallidum
by γ-irradiation. J. Bacteriol.
90:
297–301. 1965.—Virulent, freshly isolated cells of
Treponema pallidum
strain Nichols suspended in a 50% rabbit serum-saline solution and exposed to a γ-irradiation dosage of 652,800 r were rendered noninfectious without apparent loss of motility or change in observable morphological and staining characteristics. Although 5 × 10
7
γ-irradiated organisms failed to elicit an immobilizing antibody response in rabbits, the same organisms retained their capacity to react with classical
T. pallidum
-immobilizing antibody.
Genetic Mapping of Vi and Somatic Antigenic Determinants inSalmonella
Authors: Johnson E. M. , Krauskopf Barbara , Baron L. S.
Published: January 2020

Johnson, E. M.(Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C.),Barbara Krauskopf, and L. S. Baron. Genetic mapping of Vi and somatic antigenic determinants inSalmonella. J. Bacteriol.90:302–308. 1965.—The Vi antigen and somatic antigen 9 were transferred toSalmonella typhimuriumrecipients by mating withS. typhosaHfr TD-7, and the genetic determinants of these antigens were located. A gene responsible for Vi antigen expression,ViBwas found to be associated with theinlpurA-pyrBlinkage group, and the orderViB-inl-purA-pyrBwas established. The determinant of somatic antigen 9 was found closely linked to thehisgene, and cotransduction of these determinants was accomplished with phage PLT-22. Moreover, all conjugation and transduction hybrids which received the somatic antigen 9 determinant concurrently lost somatic antigen 4. Similarly,S. typhosahybrids produced by transfer ofhisand the gene for somatic antigen 4 fromS. typhimuriumHfr B2, or by cotransduction of these genes with PLT-22, also lost somatic antigen 9. These results indicated that the genetic determinants of the somatic antigen 9 and 4 are probably allelic. A second Vi antigen determinant,ViA, located nearhis, was discovered in matings ofS. typhimuriumHfr B2 with a Vi-negativeS. typhosarecipient. Vi-positiveS. typhosahybrids were obtained from this cross in which neither parent expressed the Vi antigen, indicating that this Vi determinant ofS. typhosais present also inS. typhimurium.
Purification of a Salt-Requiring Enzyme from an Obligately Halophilic Bacterium
Authors: Holmes P. K. , Halvorson H. O.
Published: January 2020

Holmes, P. K.
(University of Illinois, Urbana),
and H. O. Halvorson
. Purification of a salt-requiring enzyme from an obligately halophilic bacterium. J. Bacteriol.
90:
312–315. 1965.—The discovery that some halophilic enzymes may be reactivated from the salt-free and inactive state has facilitated the purification of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-linked malic acid dehydrogenase from crude extracts of
Halobacterium salinarium
. In the absence of large amounts of salt, the enzyme was totally inactive; yet, in this salt-free state, it could be purified by conventional techniques. The highly purified halophilic enzyme was shown to require a high concentration of salt for activity.
Suppression of Rous Sarcoma Virus Growth in Tissue Cultures byMycoplasma orale
Authors: Somerson Norman L. , Cook M. K.
Published: January 2020

Somerson, NormanL. (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md.),and M. K. Cook. Suppression of Rous sarcoma virus growth in tissue cultures byMycoplasma orale. J. Bacteriol.90:534–540. 1965.—An agent which produced cell destruction in human diploid and chick-embryo fibroblasts was isolated from WI-26 strain of human diploid fibroblasts and shown to be a mycoplasma. The multiplication of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) and Rous associated virus (RAV) was inhibited in WI-26, WI-38, and chick-embryo fibroblasts infected with this mycoplasma. The mycoplasma isolate, designated strain 941, reacted strongly in the complement-fixation test with antiserum toMycoplasma oraleCH19299, an isolate obtained from the human oral cavity. The cytopathic effect of mycoplasma strain 941 could be eliminated by growing the mycoplasma on an artificial agar medium before inoculation into chick-embryo fibroblasts. Serial passage in chick-embryo fibroblasts restored the cytopathogenicity of the agar-grown mycoplasma. However, growth of RSV and RAV was inhibited by both the tissue culture-grown and the agar-grown 941 strain, and also by the CH19299 strain which did not produce any cytopathic effect.
Replacement of Lysine by Hydroxylysine and Its Effects on Cell Lysis in
Streptococcus faecalis
Authors: Shockman Gerald D. , Thompson J. Stuart , Conover Margaret J.
Published: January 2020

Shockman, Gerald
D. (Temple University, Philadelphia, Pa.),
J. Stuart Thompson, and Margaret J. Conover
. Replacement of lysine by hydroxylysine and its effects on cell lysis in
Streptococcus faecalis
. J. Bacteriol.
90:
575–588. 1965.—Hydroxylysine was not significantly incorporated by
Streptococcus faecalis
ATCC 9790 or 8043 until exponential growth ceased as a result of lysine exhaustion. Uptake was then rapid and virtually complete within 1 hr. Lysine absence, rather than physiological age, seemed to be the governing factor. Hydroxylysine uptake rapidly reached a peak in the acid-soluble fraction, suggesting a precursor role for substances in this fraction. Substitution of hydroxylysine for lysine was much more efficient in mucopeptide synthesis than in protein synthesis. In wall medium, less than 1% of the incorporated hydroxylysine was found in the protein fraction. Addition of lysine to both growth and wall media inhibited both further hydroxylysine uptake and transfer of hydroxylysine from acid-soluble to mucopeptide or protein fractions. Hydroxylysine resulted in decreased penicillin susceptibility only after it was postexponentially incorporated. This effect was physiologically similar to that seen after threonine deprivation or chloramphenicol treatment. Hydroxylysine incorporation increased resistance to autolysis, but failed to decrease lysozyme susceptibility when measured after heat inactivation of autolysis. Electron microscopy of negatively stained cells showed increased thickness of cell walls containing hydroxylysine. Thus, most of the effects of replacement of lysine by hydroxylysine resemble those seen after deprivation of a nonwall amino acid (e.g., threonine or valine) or after chloramphenicol treatment. Each of these conditions results in inhibition of protein synthesis while permitting cell-wall synthesis to continue, resulting in autolysis-resistant, thick-walled cells.
Mutants of
Escherichia coli
with High Minimal Temperatures of Growth
Authors: O'Donovan Gerard A. , Kearney Catherine L. , Ingraham John L.
Published: January 2020

O'Donovan, Gerard A.
(University of California, Davis),
Catherine L. Kearney, and John L. Ingraham
. Mutants of
Escherichia coli
with high minimal temperatures of growth. J. Bacteriol.
90:
611–616. 1965.—Three general classes of mutants showing increased minimal temperatures of growth have been isolated from
Escherichia coli
. These mutants do not grow at temperatures below 20 C, although their parents can grow at temperatures as low as 8 C. The first class of mutants (K-I) cannot grow below 20 C in either complex or minimal medium, but grows at nearly normal rates at 37 C on both types of media. Normal growth rate at 20 C can be conferred on these mutants by infection at a low multiplicity with a transducing phage grown on the parent. The second class of mutants (K-II) fails to grow only in minimal medium at 20 C. These mutants are characterized by their singular response to specific nutrients in minimal medium at 20 C. The third class of mutants (K-III) grows normally in minimal medium at all temperatures with either glucose or glycerol as the carbon source, but does not grow at 20 C with lactose as the carbon source.
Mode of Action of the Antiviral Activity of Amantadine in Tissue Culture
Authors: Hoffmann C. E. , Neumayer E. M. , Haff R. F. , Goldsby R. A.
Published: January 2020

Hoffmann, C. E. (E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, Del.), E. M.Neumayer, R. F. Haff, and R. A. Goldsby. Mode of action of the antiviral activity of amantadine in tissue culture. J. Bacteriol.90:623–628. 1965.—Amantadine hydrochloride has shown antiviral activity in tissue culture, in ovo, and in vivo. Experiments with it during the course of virus proliferation indicate that its antiviral activity is due to inhibition of virus penetration into the host cell. These studies indicate that amantadine hydrochloride is not virucidal at concentrations active in tissue culture. It does not block virus adsorption to host cells, nor does it affect the virus enzyme neuraminidase. In the presence of amantadine hydrochloride, virus adsorbed to susceptible cells remains at the cell surface in an infective state. An attempt to demonstrate high development of resistance to the antiviral action of amantadine hydrochloride in tissue culture has been unsuccessful.
Nature and Development of Membrane Systems in Food Vacuoles of Cellular Slime Molds Predatory upon Bacteria
Authors: Hohl Hans R.
Published: January 2020

Hohl, Hans
R. (University of Hawaii, Honolulu). Nature and development of membrane systems in food vacuoles of cellular slime molds predatory upon bacteria. J. Bacteriol.
90:
755–765. 1965.—During the digestion of bacteria by the myxamoebae of cellular slime molds, systems of concentric lamellae begin to appear within the food vacuoles. Each constituent lamella is a unit membrane of 75 to 85 A thickness. A study of these lamellae in
Dictyostelium discoideum
and
Polysphondylium pallidum
reveals that most of them do not represent original membranes of the ingested bacteria but are formed mainly in two ways. (i) After swelling and partial digestion of the bacteria, the first membranes appear adjacent to pre-existing membranes, e.g., the membrane lining the food vacuole and the cytoplasmic membrane surrounding the bacterium. Progressive addition of lamellae leads to the formation of the systems of concentric lamellae. (ii) After digestion of the bacteria has proceeded to a high degree, the concentric lamellae are formed spontaneously from clouds of amorphous material through condensation and orientation of precursor material. The study shows that, in biological systems, unit membranes may be formed from amorphous material through template action of pre-existing membranes, and does not necessarily involve fusion of membrane-bound vesicles.
Analysis of the Mechanism of Gram Differentiation by Use of a Filter-Paper Chromatographic Technique
Authors: Bartholomew J. W. , Cromwell Thomas , Gan Richard
Published: January 2020

Bartholomew
, J. W. (University of Southern California, Los Angeles),
Thomas Cromwell, and Richard Gan
. Analysis of the mechanism of Gram differentiation by use of a filter-paper chromatographic technique. J. Bacteriol.
90:
766–777. 1965.—Data are presented which demonstrate that the mechanism of gram-positivity could not be due solely to factors such as a single, specific gram-positive substrate, specific affinities of crystal violet for certain cellular components, a specific crystal violet-iodine-substrate complex, or to any specific characteristic of the dye, iodine, or solvent molecules. Ruptured cells of gram-positive organisms stain gram-negatively when subjected to a standard Gram-stain procedure. However, when stained fragments of broken cells were deposited in thick layers on the surface of filter-paper strips and exposed to decolorizers, the rate of dye release correlated with the Gram characteristic of the intact cell. Therefore, the intact cell in itself is not an absolute requirement for Gram differentiation. The data are interpreted as indicating that the mechanism of Gram differentiation primarily involves the rate of permeation of molecules (dye, iodine, solvent) through the interstitial spaces of cell-wall material.
Effect of 2-Deoxyglucose on
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: Megnet Roland
Published: January 2020

Megnet, Roland
(Institut für Allgemeine Mikrobiologie der Universität, Bern, Switzerland). Effect of 2-deoxyglucose on
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
. J. Bacteriol.
90:
1032–1035. 1965.—Cultivation of
Schizosaccaromyces pombe
in a medium containing 2-deoxyglucose (100 μg/ml) results in the death of the cells after an initial period of apparently normal growth. At higher deoxyglucose concentration (400 μg/ml), the cells die immediately after inoculation. Only growing cells are killed, and microscopic inspection of the cultures reveals cell-wall fragments of lysed cells. A mutant resistant to 2-deoxyglucose, which cannot use glucose as a carbon source, was found to be partially deficient in hexokinase. The data constitute evidence for the inhibition of some reaction(s) in the synthesis of cell-wall polysaccharides by metabolites of 2-deoxyglucose in this organism.
Numerical Taxonomy of Some Bacteria Isolated from Antarctic and Tropical Seawaters
Authors: Pfister Robert M. , Burkholder Paul R.
Published: January 2020

Pfister, Robert
M. (Lamont Geological Observatory, Palisades, N.Y.),
and Paul R. Burkholder
. Numerical taxonomy of some bacteria isolated from Antarctic and tropical seawaters. J. Bacteriol.
90:
863–872. 1965.—Microorganisms from Antarctic seas and from tropical waters near Puerto Rico were examined with a series of morphological, physiological, and biochemical tests. The results of these analyses were coded on punch cards, and similarity matrices were computed with a program for an IBM 1620 computer. When the matrix was reordered by use of the single-linkage technique, and the results were plotted with four symbols for different per cent similarity ranges, nine groups of microorganisms were revealed. The data suggest that organisms occurring in different areas of the open ocean may be profitably studied with standardized computer techniques.
Numerical Taxonomy of Certain Coryneform Bacteria
Authors: da Silva G. A. Nigel , Holt John G.
Published: January 2020

da Silva, G. A. Nigel
(Iowa State University, Ames),
and John G. Holt
. Numerical taxonomy of certain coryneform bacteria. J. Bacteriol.
90:
921–927. 1965—An electronic computer was used to sort 32 strains of coryneforms into groups with the tree-sort program. The similarity values obtained in this procedure were then used to construct a dendrogram depicting the phenetic resemblance among the taxa. The results indicated that all the phytopathogens studied were sufficiently distinct from the type species,
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
, to be excluded from the genus
Corynebacterium
. The grouping of some of the phytopathogens with
Microbacterium lacticum
is discussed.
C. fascians
appeared so distinct from the other strains studied that it should probably be excluded from the Corynebacteriaceae. The phenetic resemblance of
Brevibacterium linens
and
Arthrobacter globiformis
was emphasized, and the new combination,
Arthrobacter linens
, was proposed. In addition, because of distinct dissimilarity from the type species, it would seem desirable to exclude
Arthrobacter tumescens
from the genus
Arthrobacter
. The justification for classifying
Kurthia zopfii
in a family separate from the Corynebacteriaceae would appear to be open to serious question. It was concluded that the present taxonomic positions of
Listeria monocytogenes, Cellulomonas biazotea
, and
Cellulomonas fimi
are satisfactory.
Evidence for a Streptomycin Permease
Authors: Hurwitz Charles , Rosano Carmen L.
Published: January 2020

Hurwitz, Charles
(Veterans Administration Hospital, Albany, N.Y.),
and Carmen L. Rosano
. Evidence for a streptomycin permease. J. Bacteriol.
90:
1233–1237. 1965.—The hypothesis that an induced streptomycin permease is required for entry of the antibiotic into cells is further supported by the finding that proflavine and borate, which inhibit transcription, also block the lethal action of streptomycin. Furthermore, if ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis is permitted to proceed in the presence of streptomycin and chloramphenicol, and chloramphenicol is then replaced with either proflavine or borate, these inhibitors of transcription no longer block the lethal action of streptomycin. This finding is interpreted to mean that, if induced messenger RNA for streptomycin-permease is formed before transcription is blocked, inhibitors of transcription no longer block the lethal action of streptomycin by preventing formation of the permease.
Metabolism of Poly-β-Hydroxybutyrate and Acetoin in
Bacillus cereus
Authors: Kominek Leo A. , Halvorson H. Orin
Published: January 2020

Kominek, Leo
A. (University of Illinois, Urbana),
and H. Orin
Halvorson. Metabolism of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoin in
Bacillus cereus
. J. Bacteriol.
90:
1251–1259. 1965.—The synthesis of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) in
Bacillus cereus
strain T begins after the cessation of logarithmic growth. Its accumulation is preceded by the formation of acetoacetyl coenzyme A reductase, an enzyme used for its biosynthesis. Exogenous acetic acid present in the medium owing to incomplete glucose oxidation serves as the carbon source for polymer formation during the initial stages of its synthesis. Pyruvic acid is converted to acetoin by an enzyme system that is formed during vegetative growth. The formation of this enzyme system is dependent on a low
p
H in the medium. As the cells enter the sporulating stage, they lose the ability to form acetoin. The acetoin that accumulates is utilized via the 2,3-butanediol cycle which begins to function late in the sporulation stage. This cycle generates acetic acid which is used for PHB synthesis and is also oxidized to carbon dioxide. PHB accumulation reaches a maximum just prior to the formation of spores, and it is degraded during the process of sporulation. The effect of sporulation inhibitors and
p
H on PHB and acetoin metabolism are discussed.
Numerical Survey of Some Bacterial Taxa
Authors: Focht D. D. , Lockhart W. R.
Published: January 2020

Focht
, D. D. (Iowa State University, Ames),
and W. R. Lockhart
. Numerical survey of some bacterial taxa. J. Bacteriol.
90:
1314–1319. 1965.—A numerical analysis was made of 77 properties of each of 43 bacterial strains, representing 25 genera from 8 families in the orders Eubacteriales and Pseudomonadales. Four major groups were found, related to one another at approximately the same level of similarity: (1) a large cluster containing the subgroups (1a) Athiorhodaceae-Spirillaceae, (1b)
Xanthomonas
, and (1c) “inactive” Micrococcaceae-Achromobacteraceae; (2) a cluster containing the “active” Micrococcaceae and Lactobacillaceae; (3) the enterobacteria; and (4)
Aeromonas
. There was a sharp distinction between the branches of groups 1a, 1c, and 2. The composition of groups was essentially the same whether or not fermentation of carbohydrates (28 characters) was included in the analysis. Several individual strains, notably,
Bacillus subtilis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
, and
Erwinia amylovora
, were related to none of the groups, and others (two species of
Proteus, Flavobacterium devorans
, and
Lactobacillus casei
) showed only minimal quantitative relationships with their groups. These results suggest that there may be significant variation in levels of similarity within microbial groups presently accorded equivalent taxonomic rank, and that some present distinctions among taxa, particularly at the generic level, cannot be confirmed on the basis of overall similarity.
Comparison of the Bactericidal Activity of Different Vertebrate Sera
Authors: Schwab G. E. , Reeves P. R.
Published: January 2020

Schwab, G. E. (University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia),and P. R. Reeves. Comparison of the bactericidal activity of different vertebrate sera. J. Bacteriol.91:106–112. 1966.—The bactericidal activity for gram-negative bacteria of normal sera from eight species of vertebrates was investigated to compare complement-mediated killing in sera from animals representing various classes of vertebrates. Although all the sera were bactericidal, there was considerable variation in the range of bacterial species killed and in the bactericidal titers. The temperature dependence of the bactericidal and hemolytic complement activities was also studied. The curves relating activity to temperature were similar in shape for sera from a homeotherm and poikilotherms, but those for the homeotherm reached their maximum at temperatures of 5 to 10 C higher than the poikilotherms. The role of lysozyme and complement in killing rough gram-negative bacteria was examined, and the results suggest that, as for smooth organisms, killing is due to antibody plus complement. These natural antibodies, like those for smooth strains, were shown to be specific.