bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estilos de vida en estudiantes de una universidad de Boyacá, Colombia
Authors: Suescún-Carrero Sandra Helena , Sandoval-Cuellar Carolina , Hernández-Piratova Fabian Hernán , Araque-Sepúlveda Ibeth Dayana , Fagua-Pacavita Luz Helena , Bernal-Orduz Fernando , Corredor-Gamba Sandra Patricia
Published: October 2017

Introducción. La organización mundial de la salud define el estilo de vida como una forma general de vivir, basada en la interacción entre las condiciones de vida y los patrones individuales de conducta.Objetivo. Identificar estilos de vida saludables en estudiantes universitarios.Materiales y métodos. Estudio en 109 estudiantes, donde se aplicó un instrumento sobre hábitos de vida saludables y medidas antropométricas, de las cuales se obtienen medidas de magnitud, tendencia central y asociación.Resultados. El 38.5% presentó estilo de vida saludable. Sus promedios fueron: edad de 20.75 años, talla de 1.59cm, peso de 56.34kg e índice de masa corporal (IMC) de 22.16 m/t2. Los comportamientos frente a la presencia o no de un estilo de vida saludable fueron estadísticamente significativos: p=0.019 para realizar 30 minutos de actividad física al menos tres veces por semana; p=0.050 si le gustaría realizar más o mejor actividad física regularmente; p=0.046 si ingiere frutas, verduras, granos y alimentos sin procesar; y p=0.008 al dormir entre 7 y 8 horas.Conclusión. Hubo un alto porcentaje de participantes sin estilos de vida saludables, según factores como abandono del domicilio familiar, interacción con personas de diferentes sitios de origen, cambio en hábitos nutricionales, actividades académicas y patrones de sueño y descanso, los cuales interfieren en el intento por mantener una vida saludable.
Terapia ocupacional en unidad de cuidados intensivos
Authors: Moreno-Chaparro Jaime , Cubillos-Mesa Cristian , Duarte-Torres Silvia Cristina
Published: October 2017

Introducción. Desde su inicio, la terapia ocupacional ha actuado en ambientes intrahospitalarios. En la actualidad, una de las metas para la consolidación de campos de conocimiento, atención y prospectiva es profundizar en la intervención que realiza el respectivo profesional en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI).Objetivo. Mostrar la evidencia científica de la intervención de terapia ocupacional en una UCI de adulto a través de una revisión bibliográfica entre el 2010 y 2015, durante la cual se analizaron las categorías de evaluación, modalidades de intervención y resultados.Materiales y métodos. Estudio de carácter investigativo mixto, el cual busca especificar las fuentes teóricas y prácticas que relacionan los términos de la investigación. Además, se realizó un proceso de análisis selectivo a partir de los intereses y la significancia.Resultados. La terapia ocupacional hace una caracterización de las actividades basándose en la movilización, cambios posicionales, actividades de la vida diaria, estimulación, ferulaje, tecnología de asistencia, entre otras; además trae beneficios como reducción de estancia, complicaciones y costos.Conclusión. Se evidencia la importancia del trabajo del terapeuta ocupacional en la UCI de adulto, pues beneficios como reducción de la estancia y mejora funcional de las personas, al momento del egreso, son claros en las investigaciones internacionales.
Relación de los mecanismos inmunológicos del asma y la contaminación ambiental
Authors: Falcón-Rodríguez Carlos Iván , Rosas-Pérez Irma , Segura-Medina Patricia
Published: October 2017

Introducción. Se calcula que más de 300 millones de personas alrededor del mundo padecen asma y se estima que para el año 2025 esta cifra se incremente a 400 millones debido a los contaminantes criterio. Sin embargo, dadas sus limitaciones, los estudios epidemiológicos son controversiales sobre la contaminación y el desarrollo de asma.Objetivos. Describir las diferencias y similitudes de la respuesta inmunológica de pacientes asmáticos y los modelos animales de asma alérgica después de la exposición a contaminantes criterio y elementos biológicos, para así identificar los factores inmunológicos relacionados con el desarrollo de asma.Materiales y método. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en las bases de datos sobre asma y los diferentes contaminantes criterio.Resultados. La respuesta Th2 es activada por la inhalación de ozono, dióxido de nitrógeno, azufre y la exposición aguda a material particulado, mientras que el contacto con ciertos tipos de pólenes y glucanos y la exposición crónica de partículas incrementa la respuesta Th1, la cual inhibe a la respuesta Th2 produciendo un “efecto protector”.Conclusiones. La respuesta Th1 podría causar baja o nula asociación entre la exposición a contaminación y el desarrollo de asma en las diferentes ciudades, adicionando de esta manera otra limitación a los estudios epidemiológicos.
Levels of empathy in dental students at Universidad San Sebastián in Concepción, Chile (Chile)
Authors: Torres-Martínez Pilar Alejandra , Barrios Penna Carolina Alejandra , Fonseca Molina Juan Fernando , Diaz-Narváez Víctor Patricio , González-Cruz Sebastián Alejandro
Published: October 2017

Introducción. La formación de los futuros odontólogos debe estar en sintonía con el desarrollo empático del alumno, por tanto, es necesario realizar un diagnóstico del comportamiento de la empatía.Objetivo. Medir los niveles de empatía en los estudiantes de Odontología de la Universidad San Sebastián, sede Concepción, Chile, según género y año académico.Materiales y métodos. Se aplicó la Escala de Empatía Médica de Jefferson (EEMJ) para estudiantes de medicina (versión en español), adaptada y validada para estudiantes de odontología en 2016. La muestra estuvo constituida por 462 estudiantes de primero a quinto año. Los datos fueron comparados mediante un análisis de varianza trifactorial (modelo III).Resultados. En el factor “años académicos” se observó que las medias en el segundo año son menores que en el primero, pero a partir de tercer año aumentan los niveles de empatía manteniéndose constantes en los restantes años académicos. En el factor “género”, el femenino tuvo valores medios de empatía superiores al masculino.Conclusión. Los factores estudiados (año académico y género) poco explican la variación existente en la empatía de los estudiantes analizados. Es probable que existan otros factores que influyen sobre los niveles de empatía y que permitirían explicar mejor el comportamiento de los valores estimados.
An unusual wooden foreign body in the face: a case report
Authors: Grade Gilberto Leal , De Almeida Roberta Dalmolin Bergoli , Reinhardt Leandro Calcagno , Torriani Marcos Antonio
Published: October 2017

Although injuries with the presence of foreign bodies in the maxillofacial region are relatively common in urgency and emergency services, they still pose a diagnostic challenge that is related to several factors, such as type of trauma, foreign body material, patient’s level of consciousness and anatomical site involved. A third of foreign bodies in the face are not detected upon initial examination and may remain in deep tissues until they are accidentally encountered by imaging tests for other purposes or until the patient shows symptoms such as pain or swelling. This article reports a case of a 9 cm piece of wood extracted from a patient’s middle third region of the left midface after 30 days of trauma occurrence, with associated infection suggesting a clinical picture of neoplasia.
Immunohistochemical expression of pericytes and myofibroblasts in the extracellular matrix of oral actinic cheilitis and squamous cell carcinoma: a comparative study
Authors: Wanderley Flávia Godinho , Nunes Carlla Silva , Ferreira Maira Sá , Gonzalez Ana Cristina , Reis Silvia Regina Almeida , Medrado Alena Ribeiro Alves Peixoto
Published: October 2017

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study is to conduct a comparative analysis of oral actinic cheilitis and squamous cell carcinomas by immunohistochemical analysis.METHODS: This cross-sectional study utilizes a convenience sample obtained from the archives of an oral pathology laboratory from a higher education institution. Tissue sections from patients diagnosed with actinic cheilitis and carcinoma were immunohistochemically analyzed using monoclonal antibodies specific for smooth muscle alpha actin (SMA) and neuron-glial antigen 2 (NG2). Individual cells that stained positive for these proteins were counted in specific fields by means of histomorphometry.RESULTS: Subsequent statistical analysis revealed a higher number of NG2-positive when compared with SMA-positive cells in both lesion types (p = 0.005) and these cells were located adjacent to blood vessels. The differences between normal oral mucosa, severe dysplasia, and carcinoma specimens were statistically significant (p = 0.009; p = 0.006).CONCLUSION: These data strongly suggest that increased expression of NG2- and SMA-positive cells is associated with formation of blood capillaries, highlighting the importance of angiogenesis in tumor progression.
Training study of undergraduate dentistry students in a public institution of Espírito Santo face to medical urgencies/emergencies
Authors: Mutz Viviane Santos Alves , Cançado Renata Pittella
Published: October 2017

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge and confidence of undergraduate dentistry students in clinical stage about emergency situations in a public higher education institution in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil.METHODS: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study in which a questionnaire with 12 multiple choice questions was used to evaluate the level of knowledge and confidence of dentistry students. In addition, a long answer question was used in order to describe any previous experience and treatment approaches.RESULTS: The results showed that almost all undergraduate students perform preliminary evaluation of the patient, including anamnesis (99.28%) and blood pressure assessment (94.28%), which are extremely important to avoid emergencies. Among participants, 50.71% claimed to feel confident on clinical care of patients with systemic conditions, 69.28% do not feel capable of diagnosing an urgency/emergency during clinical practice and 88.57% do not feel able to do an intervention if required. Only 20% of respondents have experienced any emergency situation.CONCLUSION: There is a clear need of better preparation of undergraduate dentistry students as well as a continuing learning on medical urgencies/emergencies, so that there is a greater knowledge and confidence to choose the correct intervention, whether during undergraduate course or in future as professional career.
Contaminação microbiológica de fios retratores: um estudo in vitro
Authors: Cumerlato Marina Lucia , Gerzson Darlene Ribeiro dos Santos , De Souza Filho Edison Maciel Nunes , Dos Santos Everton Ribeiro , Cumerlato Marina Lucia , Gerzson Alexandre Da Silveira
Published: October 2017

OBJECTIVE: Dental care has been particularly concerned with sterilization of instruments and materials. In this context, the methods used for infection control are essential to ensure patients’ safety. This in vitro study aimed to test gingival retraction cords taken from factory- sealed containers for the presence of contamination. Three commercial brands of retraction cords were analyzed: Retraflex®, Pró-Retract®, and Ultrapack®.METHODS: The sample consisted of 10 1-cm segments of retraction cords of each commercial brand (n = 30). For bacterial growth analysis, 30 test tubes containing sterile brain heart infusion (BHI) as the culture medium were used. Bacterial growth was considered positive in tubes in which the BHI broth became turbid.RESULTS: Of 30 test tubes with retraction cords, six showed turbidity  and were considered contaminated: three tubes with Retraflex®, one tube with Pro-Retract®, and two tubes with Ultrapack®, accounting for 20% of the total sample.CONCLUSIONS: The present findings showed that some retraction cords received from the manufacturers were contaminated with microorganisms. Thus, extra caution should be taken when using these materials, and further studies should be conducted.
Variaciones espaciales y ontogenéticas en la dieta de un plecóptero de amplia distribución Claudioperla tigrina Klapálek (Plecoptera: Gripopterygidae)
Authors: Reynaga María Celina , Dávalos Natalia , Molineri Carlos
Published: October 2017

Dietary information gives insight into several ecological processes acting in lotic ecosystems. This work aimed: 1) to identify the dietary habits of Claudioperla tigrina immature stages along a wide altitudinal as well as latitudinal gradient in North Argentina; 2) to define the functional feeding group (FFG) of C. tigrina; 3) to evaluate differences in diet in the studied sites. Studied nymphs were collected from localities widely scattered in Northwestern Argentina and they fell into different developmental stages (four size classes). The ingested material was extracted from the foregut and midgut by using thorax ventral dissection. Dietary profiles were analyzed through the estimation of parameters associated with a Dirichlet-multinomial distribution. ANOVA’s were performed for each food item using sites as factor. Multidimensional Scaling was used to identify sites with similar dietary profiles. An analysis of food-niche breadth was also performed to evaluate the degree of dietary diversification for the resources consumed in each site. Mouthparts are similar across the different size classes, excepting the increasing sclerotization recorded with age. Mouthparts retained most of the typical chewing groundplan, showing relatively short labial and maxillar palps, and strong, sclerotized and denticulated mandibles and maxillae. Our results pointed out that the nymphs of C. tigrina always ingest two or more food items (CPOM, FPOM, invertebrates and algae), suggesting thus a flexible diet. The diet changed in relation to body size, while finer particles were consumed in the early stages, larger particles were ingested in final stages. Coarse particulate organic matter was the dominant food item, with signals of shredding during ingestion. Differences between sites for FPOM, invertebrates, algae and sediment were detected, but not for MOPG. Correlations were obtained for the first two axis of the MDS analysis. Sites AP, LT, LI, C and M (Yungas Rainforest and Humid Grassland) were negatively correlated with the axis 1 which was associated with increased consumption of FPOM. On the positive side of the axis the site P (High Andes) is associated with a greater proportion of invertebrates and sediment. The sites IN (Humid Grassland) and LR (Argentine Northwest Monte and Thistle of the Prepuna) were located at the positive domain of axis 2 which is in turn associated with a greater count of algae in the dietary contents. We found significant differences in the quantity of secondary items, and this is likely related with the resources environmental availability. The FFG of Claudioperla tigrina is primarily shredder/collector-gatherer in Yungas Rainforest and Humid Grassland shredder/predator in High Andes. FFG classification of C. tigrina and the definition of their role for organic matter processing is an important step for future studies based on functional groups such as analysis of food webs.
Variaciones adaptativas en la talla de la megafauna bentónica de fondos blandos tropicales en función de parámetros bióticos y abióticos
Authors: Gómez Luis Alfonso , García Camilo Bernando
Published: October 2017

Understanding and predicting adaptations in body size of megabenthic invertebrates remains a major challenge in marine macroecology. This study was conducted in order to investigate size variations of benthic megafauna in the tropics and to identify the effect of biotic and abiotic factors that may produce changes to these organisms, testing unresolved hypothesis and paradigms of deep sea ecology from subtropical and temperate areas. The study area covered the continental shelf of the Colombian Caribbean. The samples were collected during 1998, 2001 and 2005, using semi-globe demersal net for a water depth of 10 to 500 m. The most common species were selected for further study: Eudolium crosseanum, Cosmioconcha nitens, Nuculana acuta (mollusks), Astropecten alligator, Brissopsis atlantica, B. elongata (equinoderms), Anasimus latus, Chasmocarcinus cylindricus and Achelous spinicarpus (crustaceans). Generalized Additive Models were used to detect significant changes in size and to infer the effects of biotic and environmental factors on organisms’ size. The dependent variable was size and the predicting model variables were depth, temperature, intraspecific density, interspecific density, richness, latitude, and longitude. A total of 7 000 individuals were measured. Six species showed an increase in body size towards deeper and colder sites. These species inhabit shallow and deep environments that exceed a variation in temperature of 10 °C. There was a remarkable size reduction in areas affected by the Magdalena River, possibly due to major physicochemical changes caused by the river. This region has the lowest planktonic primary productivity within the study area. An increase in sizes was observed north of the Magdalena River (long 74°W - 71°W & lat of 11°N - 13°N), which may be attributable to the coastal upwelling occurring in this part of Colombia. The relationship between the density of benthic organisms and size was not clear. However, five species showed an inverse relation with intraspecific density and three with interspecific density. Temperature and depth were the variables that best explained the variations in size. Most of the studied species showed an increase in body size when temperature dropped along the bathymetric range. The trend of increasing size in deeper zones is contrary to the prediction of the optimal size theoretical model (but consistent with recent studies), which indicates a reduction in organisms’ size in the deep sea, due to food limitation with increasing depth. It is possible that this increase in size is an adaptation to maximize energy, which is frequently observed in the coldest habitats of several species. Future studies in Caribbean should examine variations in size of benthic megafauna towards deeper zones (more than 500 m), were temperature is less variable and then other factors can play a more important role determining the size of these organisms.
Reproduction of Megapitaria squalida (Bivalvia: Veneridae) in the Southeast Gulf of California, Mexico
Authors: Álvarez-Dagnino Ernesto , Santamaría-Miranda Apolinar , García-Ulloa Manuel , Góngora-Gómez Andrés Martín
Published: October 2017

Bivalves reproductive cycle varies according to the particular environmental conditions where they are found, and these reproductive details represent basic information for their capture, management and conservation strategies. With this objective, the reproductive cycle of the clam Megapitaria squalida, inhabiting the Southeast of the Gulf of California (Altata Bay, Sinaloa, Mexico), was studied using histology and changes in the number and size of oocytes, from June 2013 to June 2014. Histological analysis of the gonads showed spawning activity throughout the year, with two peaks. The first was registered in October and it was accompanied by the highest decrease of weight; the second was in February with the highest percentage of spawning population; besides, a resting period was observed in December. The sex-ratio (female:male) of the clam population was 1.08:1 (χ2 = 5.72, d.f. = 1, P < 0.05). Mean oocyte size and number were different (P < 0.05) among all sampling months and fluctuated from 34.6 ± 5.8 µm in June 2014, to 41.9 ± 6.8 µm in February 2014, and from 443.8 ± 424.5 in February 2014, to 1 214.4 ± 267.6 counted in April, respectively. With these results we suggest a protection season from October to November, when the most intense release of gametes occur in this population.
Morphological and molecular characterization of the toxic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata (Dinophyta) from Brazil (South Atlantic Ocean)
Authors: Gómez Fernando , Qiu Dajun , Lopes Rubens M. , Lin Senjie
Published: October 2017

Ostreopsis cf. ovata is a toxic epiphytic dinoflagellate widely distributed in warm waters that often co-occur with species of the genera Coolia, Fukuyoa, Gambierdiscus and Prorocentrum. We investigated a strain isolated from the coast of Ubatuba, Brazil (South-West Atlantic Ocean) by light and epifluorescence microscopies; we also report molecular data based on the LSU rDNA and ITS markers. Cells were 35-65 µm in the dorso-ventral diameter and 20-40 µm wide. We obtained the sequence of a ~1900 base pair region of the rRNA gene cistron. In the LSU rDNA phylogeny, the sequences under the names O. ovata and O. cf. ovata branched into three clades. The ITS marker showed greater resolving power and the sequences of O. ovata/O. cf. ovata split into five clades. Our ITS sequence branched in a clade with sequences of strains from the Mediterranean Sea, European Atlantic coasts, subtropical NE Atlantic, other sequences from Brazil at Rio de Janeiro, and a few sequences from Japan. The cell dimensions and thecal plate arrangement were under the variability range reported in other ocean regions. Our observations confirm O. cf. ovata as the most commonly recorded species of Ostreopsis in the SW Atlantic Ocean. Ostreopsis cf. ovata co-occurred with Coolia malayensis in Brazil and Asia, but it has been commonly reported from the Mediterranean Sea, where C. malayensis has not yet been recorded; while Coolia malayensis has been reported from the Caribbean Sea, but not O. ovata. With the current knowledge, it is difficult to understand the factors that determine the biogeography of the tropical epiphytic dinoflagellates.
Microcystins production and antibacterial activity of cyanobacterial strains of Synechocystis, Synechococcus and Romeria isolated from water and coral reef organisms of Brazilian coast
Authors: Barboza Giuseppe , Gorlach-Lira Krystyna , Sassi Cristiane , Sassi Roberto
Published: October 2017

Cyanobacteria are widely distributed in terrestrial, freshwater and marine environments, and over the past decades have been recognized as a powerful source of bioactive compounds. In this study, some cyanobacterial strains were isolated from samples of seawater, brackish water and tissue of reef benthic invertebrates (zoanthid Protopalythoa variabilis, the sponges Cynachrella sp. and Haliclona sp., the coral Siderastrea stellata, and ascidians), collected at the states of Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte (Northeast of Brazil), during the period between July 2010 and February 2014. After standard isolation methods, the cultivation of the strains was carried out in acclimatized culture chamber (25 °C) under constant aeration, for 15 days at 12-hour photoperiod, using Conway and BG11 media made with filtered seawater. After ethanolic and methanolic extracts, the strains were analysed for the microcystin production by the ELISA technique and for the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by the agar well diffusion method. The detection of the mcyB gene, one of the genes related to the microcystin synthesis, was done by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique. The majority of the eighteen cyanobacterial strains belonged to Synechococcaceae Family. The genera of Synechocystis, Synechococcus and Romeria were represented by ten, six and two strains, respectively. The production of microcystins was observed in five strains belonging to the genus Synechocystis. The presence of mcyB gene was detected in 12 strains of cyanobacteria: Synechocystis (three strains), Synechococcus (six strains) and Romeria (two strains). Only one strain (Synechocystis aquatilis) showed both the microcystin production and the mcyB gene presence. The antibacterial activity was observed for one strain of Romeria gracilis, one strain of Synechocystis aquatilis and two strains of Synechococcus sp. The ethanolic extracts of R. gracilis strain and two Synechococcus spp. strains inhibited the growth of P. aeruginosa. Among methanolic extracts of cyanobacteria, only one strain of S. aquatilis showed activity against S. aureus, and one R. gracilis strain against P. aeruginosa. Some cyanobacterial strains studied were positive for the microcystin production and antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria S. aureus and P. aeuruginosa, and may be further explored for additional biotechnological applications.
Diversidad de Vanilla spp. (Orchidaceae) y sus perfiles bioclimáticos en México
Authors: Flores Jiménez Álvaro , Reyes Lopez Delfino , Jiménez García Daniel , Romero Arenas Omar , Rivera Tapia José Antonio , Huerta Lara Manuel , Pérez Silva Araceli
Published: October 2017

The genus Vanilla comprises around 110 species distributed throughout Earth's tropical regions, with the largest number of reported species growing in the American continent. Vanilla farming is associated with many Mexican cultures such as the Totonac, Mayan, Chinantec, and Mazatec, among others. Currently, this crop is threatened by technical, social, ecological, and climatic conditioning factors, limiting its production and the preservation of wild and cultivated species. It is therefore necessary to ascertain the current diversity status of each of these species, as well as some of their main bioclimatic profile indicators, in order to help decision-making, aimed at preserving and genetically improve these species. During 2008, we gathered data from IPN, MEXU, and XAL herbaria, as well as from CONABIO’s World Information Network on Biodiversity (REMIB), the Global Biodiversity and Information Facility (GBIF), and we also used data from live access to BUAP’s vanilla germplasm bank, obtained between 2008 and 2014. Distribution maps were generated using a geographical information system. Bioclimatic profiles for each species were obtained considering 19 WorldClim variables and altitude at a spatial resolution of approximately 1 Km2. Variance, Mean, and standard deviation for each of the 19 variables were calculated at each of the registered points. Extreme environmental condition intervals (minimum, average, and maximum) were also obtained. In order to determine the most important distribution variables of the species, we performed a principal component analysis and carried out Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests on the variables identified as significant. Results indicated records for V. planifolia, V. pompona, V. insignis, V. inodora V. odorata, V. cribbiana, and V. sprucei in Mexico, distributed throughout nine states in the country. V. planifolia presented wide intervals of temperature and rain precipitation, while V. pompona, V. odorata, V. insignis and V. inodora presented intermediate intervals. The amplitudes of extreme data for each species can be considered in locating areas where ex situ regional preservation strategies could be put in place, as well as in establishing areas for cultivation. The bioclimatic profile we found, allows for an indirect inference of each species’ genetic condition, which could be used in genetic improvement programs; for instance, V. odorata grows at high altitudes and tolerates low temperatures, while V. inodora tolerates high temperatures, and V. odorata, V. pompona and V. planifolia tolerate low rain precipitation.
Ecología trófica y reproductiva de Hemibrycon sierraensis (Characiformes: Characidae) pez endémico del río Gaira, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia
Authors: Ibarra-Trujillo Eduardo J. , García-Alzate Carlos A.
Published: October 2017

The study of feeding habits in fishes can give important information about their role in the fish community, their functional role in the ecosystem, and their relationships with all available resources. We studied H. sierraensis from Gaira River and performed eight bi-monthly samples between May 2014 and November 2015. We analyzed fish stomach contents by the numerical (% N), volume (% V) and frequency of occurrence (% FO) methods; we also calculated the index of food importance (IA), coefficient of emptiness (CV), trophic niche breadth (used H ') and condition factor (K). Additionally, we determined the sex ratio, gonadosomatic index (RGS), fecundity, minimum and average size at sexual maturity, and oocyte diameter by standard methods. The Gaira River has irregular meanders with clear waters, and high current velocity through its drainage; it is generally oligotrophic, with a tendency to eutrophic condition in some places. Observed dissolved oxygen values were high (5.4 mg/L), electrical conductivity was 68.63 µS/cm, and pH was found neutral. We analyzed stomach contents of 477 specimens, and found a 1.59 % coefficient of vacuity. The species was found euryphagic in its feeding habits (H'= 0.69), omnivorous tending to insectivorous; its diet consisted mainly of Trichoptera larvae (Atanatolica sp.), followed in importance by snails (Gastropoda Pomacea sp.) and dipteran larvae such as Simulium sp. Significant differences in both frequency of occurrence and the volume consumed were observed for the different size classes, as well as between different seasons of the year. The condition factor indicated that the species was well fed. Sex was determined for 424 fish, of which 241 were male and 181 female, given a ratio of 1.3: 1 (male-female) which resulted significantly different (Chi 2: 16.14; P= 0.02). The gonadosomatic index indicated that reproduction occurs during the high water river phase, fecundity was high, and oocyte diameter was relatively small. Males reached sexual maturity at an average size of 67.08 mm SL, and females at 70.68 mm SL. Their life history strategy is seasonal r. Management and conservation plans for this species are required due to human intervention in their habitat, originated by the growing tourist activity in the area.
Éxito de anidación de Turdus grayi (Passeriformes: Turdidae) en el Centro Ecológico Recreativo “El Zapotal”, Chiapas, México.
Authors: Chanona Pérez Ana Karen , Castellanos Albores Jorge , González Jaramillo Mónica , Rangel Salazar Jose Luis
Published: October 2017

Nesting success has been a surrogate to assess environmental changes that affect the reproductive success of birds, and to analyze changes that influence natality. We analyzed the nesting success of Turdus grayi at "El Zapotal" Recreational Ecological Preserve, Central Chiapas. During the 2015 breeding season, we intensively searched for active nests and evaluated habitat characteristics. We located a total of 56 nests of which 27 (48.2 %) were successful and 29 (51.7 %) were unsuccessful. Most unsuccessful nests (19) were depredated, while 8 (27.6 %) were abandoned and 2 (6.9 %) parasitized. Nesting success was 46 %. Depredation was the main mechanism of nest failure, mostly during incubation. We identified operating variables at site and patch scales. Through analysis of binary logistic regression models for each scale, we predicted which variables increased the probability of nesting success. We also performed a multivariate logistic regression analysis to rule out possible interactions among variables. At nest scale we found that nest height, ranging 4.2 - 5.1 m had increased nesting success, while at patch scale, the probability of nest success was greater at sites with a tree density ≥ 12. Our results indicated that the probability of nesting success did not show a relationship between scales. We suggest a decoupling between scales and mechanism. Thus, habitat changes occurring at local scale did not seem to interfere with the patch scale. Also, our results showed that variation in characteristics at nest scale could also influence depredation, when depredation had been presented at random, since nests with medium and high probability of being successful, failed also for this reason. Thus, in order to understand the factors, mechanisms and life history characteristics influencing nesting success, we suggest that in addition to the environmental variables, future studies should also consider the bird nesting behaviour.
Phytoplankton functional groups in a tropical reservoir in the Brazilian semiarid region
Authors: Lins Ruceline Paiva Melo , Ovruski de Ceballos Beatriz Susana , Serramo Lopez Luiz Carlos , Gomes Barbosa Luciana
Published: October 2017

Phytoplankton functional groups structure and species abundance vary according to environmental conditions. The present study investigated the natural and anthropogenic stressors that affect phytoplankton functional group biomass in a Brazilian semiarid region reservoir (Argemiro de Figueiredo reservoir). Sampling occurred between August 2007 and July 2009 on a bi-monthly basis for the first year, and in a monthly basis for the last two years. There were three collection points (PC: river confluence; PNC: near the cages; PD: dam site). The water environment analysis of abiotic variables included: temperature, transparency, coefficient of vertical light attenuation, dissolved oxygen, pH, electrical conductivity, alkalinity, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, and reactive soluble phosphorus. Phytoplankton samples were collected into a Van Dorn bottle, and were then preserved in acetic lugol and were quantified using an inverted microscope to determine phytoplankton density and biomass; the identified species were assembled in functional groups. The data were explored by canonical correspondence analysis. Individual analyses were made to test the temporal and spatial variability of the data and the factors that interfered most with the biotic and abiotic variables. Functional groups S1, SN, and K, consisting of filamentous Planktothrix agardhii (Gomont) Anagnostidis & Komárek, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Seenaya & Subba Raju, and the coccoid Aphanocapsa incerta (Lemmermann) Cronberg & Komárek, respectively, dominated the dry months when the water was warm, turbid, and alkaline. The overflow reservoir served as a natural disturbance reducing the phytoplankton biomass to less than 50 % and the dominance of cyanobacteria, promoting the domain of functional groups F, M, MP, Lo, and X2. The nutrient inputs from intensive fish farming, associated with a low local depth (Zmax = 7.7 m) close to the cages (PNC), resulted in a significant human disturbance that increased the prevalence of functional groups S1, SN, and K, which are composed primarily of cyanobacteria. We concluded that, in reservoirs, overflow events are natural disturbances that have the ability to reduce phytoplankton biomass and alter the structure of local communities, and that intensive fish farming is an anthropogenic disturbance that increases the availability of nutrients and stimulates an increase in biomass of the functional groups that include cyanobacteria. Furthermore, the functional groups of phytoplankton were reliable control of environmental conditions in the reservoirs of tropical semiarid regions.
Comparación de dos métodos de liberación del berrendo, Antilocapra americana (Artiodactyla: Antilocapridae) en Coahuila, México
Authors: Sotelo Gallardo Hugo , Contreras Balderas Armando J. , Espinosa Treviño Alejandro
Published: October 2017

The reintroduction of missing mammal species in former habitats has recently been of high interest. In Mexico, there have been several attempts to reintroduce Antilocapra since 1967, but until now none of the trials has been successful. Nowadays, different releasing methods have been practiced for mammal species, including soft and hard release ones. The aim of this study was to provide new information, and to evaluate the success of a recent release. The study was based on the monitoring of 100 individuals (70 females, 30 males) captured in New Mexico, USA, to be released in Maderas del Carmen, Coahuila, Mexico, in two different groups. The first group (fast release) of 45 specimens (20 females, 25 males) was released in the valley at the beginning of March 2009. The second one (soft release), with 55 individuals (50 female, 5 male), was released in March 2010. For both groups, we compared the mortality rate between dispersal and soft-release vs. hard-release methods. Our results showed that the release with adaptation gave highly significant results (χ2= 2, α= 0.05, p= 0.0001)). The comparison of mortality and dispersion among both methods was highly contrasting: with soft-release we obtained 4 % and 13 % of success, against 23 % and 46 %, respectively. Considering these results, we recommend the soft-release method to be used in future reintroduction attempts of Antilocapra, since more than 50 % of specimens from hard-releases died because of capture stress, or were dispersed, and thus reduced the reintroduction success chances.
Biología reproductiva de Brycon henni (Teleostei: Bryconidae) y estrategias de conservación para los ríos Nare y Guatapé, cuenca del río Magdalena, Colombia
Authors: Mancera-Rodríguez Néstor Javier
Published: October 2017

Fish can modify features of their life histories through evolutionary mechanisms to ensure the maintenance of their populations in response to environmental changes and/or fishing pressure. The reproductive biology of characid fish B. henni, in the Nare and Guatapé Rivers, Magdalena River Basin, Colombia was studied, and suggestions for conservation are presented. Ten field samplings were carried out between October 2007 and February 2012, in periods of rain, dry, transition from rain to dry and transition from dry to rain. A total of 848 specimens were collected, 360 of which were females, 441 males and 47 indeterminate. Males predominated in the catches, and the sex ratio of 1.00: 0.82 deviated significantly from the theoretical distribution 1:1. The average size captured for the total number of individuals studied was 121.5 mm SL (38.5-304.0 mm), with 133.1 mm SL for females (53.5-304.0), and 116.9 mm SL (38.5-232.5) for males. Based on the monthly variation of the gonadosomatic index (GSI) and the proportion of mature specimens, the spawning season occurs during periods of highest water levels in the rainy season. The lower values of hepatosomatic index HSI that coincide with the maximum values of the GSI, suggest that liver substances are transferred during the maturation of the ovary. The mean size at sexual maturity (L50) of B. henni was 171.5 mm SL in females, and 132.6 mm SL in males. The fecundity varied from 655 to 8 213 oocytes/female (mean= 2 072, SD= 1 648) and relative fecundity was 16.1 oocytes / g of total weight (SD= 5.9). The diameter of the oocytes was 1.24 mm (SD= 0.23). A similar development was observed in all oocytes, suggesting massive spawning activity concentrated in short periods of time. The protection of creeks and riparian habitats is a conservation priority, and protected areas such as fluvial nature reserves should be created to guarantee the survival of this species. Environmental education activities, along with water decontamination should be developed. For natural populations of B. henni is recommended to establish a minimum catch size of 270 mm SL (300 mm TL) combined with closed fishing seasons during periods of reproduction.
Młodzi na wsi i w mieście – jakość zatrudnienia jako wymiar zróżnicowania szans zawodowych osób młodych
Authors: Jelonek Magdalena
Published: October 2017

The article examines the differences in the quality of employment available to young people living in rural areas and cities. It argues that the latter are more likely to not only have a job, but also one of high quality. In the article, job quality is characterised using the OECD’s three dimensions: the level of remuneration, employment stability and the quality of the work environment. The survey data collected as part of Human Capital in Poland (BKL) was used to verify the assumptions. The study makes two main contributions to the literature. First, it shows that the greatest differences between urban and rural residents are associated with the superior opportunity urban dwellers have for economic advancement. Second, it identifies two key factors that moderate the relationship between place of residence and quality of employment: 1) the region (strong or weak urban centers) and 2) the level of education (higher or lower levels).
Opening Editorial: Accessing Medical Education
Authors: Sharma Neel
Published: October 2017

This article was migrated. The article was not marked as recommended. Accessing medical education.
Design and Intelligent Machines
Authors: Regli William C.
Published: October 2017

Many are interested in the design of intelligent machines.  I am interested in design and how intelligent machines can transform this human endeavor in positive ways.  I would like us to renew our consideration of some of the fundamental questions from the field of artificial intelligence, questions about human creativity and agency, in the context of design.
Solving Mathematical Puzzles: A Challenging Competition for AI
Authors: Chesani Federico , Mello Paola , Milano Michela
Published: October 2017

Recently, a number of noteworthy results have been achieved in various fields of artificial intelligence, and many aspects of the problem‐solving process have received significant attention by the scientific community. In this context, the extraction of comprehensive knowledge suitable for problem solving and reasoning, from textual and pictorial problem descriptions, has been less investigated, but recognized as essential for autonomous thinking in artificial intelligence. In this work we present a challenge where methods and tools for deep understanding are strongly needed for enabling problem solving: we propose to solve mathematical puzzles by means of computers, starting from text and diagrams describing them, without any human intervention. We are aware that the proposed challenge is hard and difficult to solve nowadays (and in the foreseeable future), but even studying and solving only single parts of the proposed challenge would represent an important step forward for artificial intelligence.
Artificial Intelligence Research in Singapore: Assisting the Development of a Smart Nation
Authors: Varakantham Pradeep , An Bo , Low Bryan , Zhang Jie
Published: October 2017

In this column we summarize Singapore's major research efforts involving AI, which are mostly funded by government agencies and mainly conducted at the National University of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Management University, Singapore University of Technology and Design, and the Agency for Science, Technology, and Research. Our focus in this column is primarily limited to the efforts of Singapore to become a smart nation. The key areas of AI research summarized here include mobility, security, manufacturing, and health care.
Improvement of repair mortars using multi-walled carbon nanotubes
Authors: de Medeiros Marcelo Henrique Farias , Dranka Francielle , Souza Diego Jesus , Medeiros-Junior Ronaldo A.
Published: October 2017

The research reported in this paper focused on the improvement of repair mortars using multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Compressive strength, squeeze flow and flow-table tests were performed to assess the effects of incorporation of nanotubes on the rheological and strength properties of mortars. A reference mortar and five mortars with nanotubes were made, with nanotubes sourced from two different manufacturers. It was found that the cementitious composites were stiffer with higher nanotube content and that no more than 0·3% should be used to ensure mortar fluidity. Regarding the compressive strength, the results indicated that 0·3 and 0·4% of nanotubes increased the strength by 22 and 27%, respectively. However, 0·5% made the mortar difficult to mix and did not result in increased strength.
A Shadow Rate Model of Intermediate-Term Policy Rate Expectations
Authors: Priebsch Marcel A.
Published: October 2017

This note introduces a shadow rate term structure model based on OIS rates and surveys to quantify federal funds rate expectations and term premiums over horizons ranging from one month to five years. The model implies that term premiums vary over time and can be substantial in magnitude, even at relatively short horizons.
Measuring Inflation Anchoring and Uncertainty: A US and Euro Area Comparison
Authors: Grishchenko Olesya , Mouabbi Sarah , Renne Jean-Paul
Published: October 2017

We use several US and euro-area surveys of professional forecasters to estimate a dynamic factor model of inflation featuring time-varying uncertainty. We obtain survey-consistent distributions of future inflation at any horizon, both in the US and the euro area. Equipped with this model, we propose a novel measure of the anchoring of inflation expectations that accounts for inflation uncertainty. Our results suggest that following the Great Recession, inflation anchoring improved in the US, while mild de-anchoring occurred in the euro-area. As of our sample end, both areas appear to be equally anchored.
AVALIAÇÃO DE COR DE DIFERENTES MARCAS E SISTEMAS DE RESINA COMPOSTA POR ESPECTROFOTOMETRIA
Authors: Migot Indiara , Marques Ana Bárbara , Rocha Isadora , Cavalcanti Andrea , Argolo Saryta
Published: October 2017

Objetivo: avaliar a cor de três resinas compostas de cor A2 e A3 de diferentes marcas comerciais, através da análise por espectrofotômetro VITA Easyshade® Compact. Método: Para a análise de cor, foram confeccionados 36 corpos de prova (n=6), em formato de disco, a partir de uma matriz de aço. Para cada espécime, foi realizado 5 aferições e os valores de L*, a*, b* e L*, C*, h* anotados. Resultados: Verificou-se que a cor A2 diferiu estatisticamente da fornecida pela escala vita (p<0,0001), e diferenças estatísticas entre as resinas compostas não foram observadas (p=0,56). As resinas compostas Opallis e Fill Magic de cor A3 diferiram estatisticamente da fornecida pela escala vita (p<0,0001), porém o mesmo não foi observado com a resina composta Filtek Z250 e diferenças entre as resinas compostas foram observadas (p=0,56), sendo a resina composta Opallis e Fill Magic semelhantes entre si e estatisticamente diferentes da Filtek Z250. Conclusão: Conclui-se que a maioria das resinas compostas estudadas não  apresentou correspondência de cor positiva com a escala de referência VITA Easyshade® Compact, o que dificulta a execução do profissional durante procedimentos restauradores estéticos.
CUSTO DE PRODUTOS INFANTO-JUVENIS PARA HIGIENIZAÇÃO BUCAL EM SALVADOR (BA)
Authors: Costa Renato Magalhães , Figueiredo Fellipe Moraes Pereira , Souza Humberto Lucas Bastos de , Silva Juliana Cristina Bastos , Corrêa Antônio Pitta , Nunes Ana Carla Robatto
Published: October 2017

O novo paradigma de saúde adotado pela Odontologia nas últimas décadas vem priorizando a prevenção de doenças bucais. A desorganização mecânica do biofilme dentário é o padrão ouro para o estabelecimento e manutenção de um ambiente bucal saudável. Baseado nos dados recentes sobre a redução da cárie dentária no público infanto-juvenil, o presente estudo tem como objetivo estimar e analisar o custo financeiro mensal necessário para a realização da higienização bucal diária de crianças e jovens na cidade de Salvador (BA). Estudo prospectivo, transversal e de abordagem quantitativa. Em maio e junho de 2014, por meio de um formulário, foram coletadas informações básicas sobre todos os produtos infantis (escova dental, dentifrício, fio/fita dental e antisséptico bucal) encontrados em 16 supermercados de Salvador, totalizando 261 produtos. O custo médio mensal em relação à escova dental foi R$1,78, para fio/fita dental foi R$6,30, para dentifrício foi R$4,32 e para o antisséptico bucal foi R$36,00. Quando associados, escova dental, dentifrício e fio/fita dental totalizaram um gasto médio mensal de R$12,40 - valor correspondente a 1,71% do salário mínimo nacional vigente no momento da coleta de dados. Quando acrescido o antisséptico bucal aos outros três produtos, o valor mensal ascendeu para R$48,40 (6,68% do salário mínimo vigente). Os produtos de higiene infanto-juvenis apresentam custos superiores aos produtos para adultos relatados na literatura. A utilização dos quatro produtos investigados impõe um peso significativo sobre a renda familiar, principalmente devido ao antisséptico bucal. É importante que os cirurgiões dentistas personalizem suas indicações de produtos considerando as necessidades de cada paciente e também suas condições financeiras.