bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Behavioural Activation Therapy: Philosophy, Concepts, and Techniques
Authors: Turner Jarrod S. , Leach David J.
Published: July 2012

Behavioural Activation (BA) therapy is a stand-alone evidence-based treatment for depression and also is being applied to anxiety with promising outcomes. Essentially, BA involves structured therapy aimed at increasing the amount of activity in a person's daily life, so that he or she comes into contact with sources of positive reinforcement for clinically healthy behaviours. Originally, contemporary BA was developed as a behaviour therapy treatment condition in a study that compared BA to Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT). Over time, many variants of BA have appeared in the published literature, which included techniques that might be viewed as being incompatible with the original intended treatment model and more similar to generic forms of CBT. The purpose of this article is to provide researchers and practitioners with a description of what we consider to be the distinctive and essential elements of BA therapy.
Client Contact in Self-Help Therapy for Anxiety and Depression: Necessary But Can Take a Variety of Forms Beside Therapist Contact
Authors: Talbot France
Published: July 2012

Self-administered therapies (SATs) have been promoted as a way to increase access to evidence-based mental health services. Recent meta-analyses and literature reviews suggest that SATs with clinical guidance are more effective than SATs with no contact for the treatment of anxiety and depression. However, little attention has been paid to the role of nonguidance contact, contact that does not involve the provision of assistance in the application of specific therapy techniques such as emails to encourage treatment adherence. The present article examines the impact of nonguidance contact on the outcomes of SATs for anxiety and depression. Electronic databases were searched to identify studies conducted over the past two decades by independent research teams that have tested cognitive-behavioural SATs over multiple trials. Findings suggest that the involvement or guidance of a therapist is not essential for SATs to produce significant benefits as long as nonguidance contact is provided. It is suggested that even very minimal levels of nonguidance contact increase SAT's outcomes by motivating treatment engagement and improving adherence. The benefit of SATs that can be accessed directly by large numbers of individuals and that do not require therapist involvement to ensure efficacy can potentially significantly increase the cost effectiveness and quality of mental health service delivery.
Computational study of the interaction of freely moving particles at intermediate Reynolds numbers
Authors: El Yacoubi Açmae , Xu Sheng , Jane Wang Z.
Published: July 2012

Motivated by our interest in understanding collective behaviour and self-organization resulting from hydrodynamic interactions, we investigate the two-dimensional dynamics of horizontal arrays of settling cylinders at intermediate Reynolds numbers. To simulate these dynamics, we develop a direct numerical simulation based on the immersed interface method. A novel aspect of our method is its ability to efficiently and accurately couple the dynamics of the freely moving objects with the fluid. We report the falling configuration and the wake pattern of the array, and investigate their dependence on the number of particles, $n$, as well as the initial inter-particle spacing, ${d}_{0} $. We find that, in the case of odd-numbered arrays, the middle cylinder is always leading, whereas in the case of even-numbered arrays, the steady-state shape is concave-down. In large arrays $n\geq 5$, the outer pairs tend to cluster. In addition, we analyse detailed kinematics, wakes and forces of three settling cylinders. We find that the middle one experiences a higher drag force in the presence of neighbouring cylinders, compared to an isolated settling cylinder, resulting in a decrease in its settling velocity. For a small initial spacing ${d}_{0} $, the middle cylinder experiences a strong sideway repulsive force, the magnitude of which increases with decreasing ${d}_{0} $. During the fall, the left and right cylinders rotate outwards and shed vortices in anti-phase.
Theory of homogeneous vapour condensation and surface deposition from boundary layers
Authors: Camejo M. D. , Bonilla L. L.
Published: July 2012

Homogeneous condensation of vapours mixed with a carrier gas in the stagnation point boundary layer flow near a cold wall is considered. There is a condensation region near the wall with supersaturated vapour. Assuming that the surface tension times the molecular area is much larger than the thermal energy far from the wall, droplets are nucleated exclusively in a narrow nucleation layer where the Zeldovich flux of clusters surpassing the critical nucleus size is at a maximum. The vapour condenses in the free molecular regime on the droplets, which are thermophoretically attracted to the wall. Unlike the narrow condensation region for heterogeneous condensation on solid particles, in the case of homogeneous condensation the condensation region is wide even when the rate of vapour scavenging by droplets is large. A singular perturbation theory of homogeneous vapour condensation in boundary layer flow approximates very well the vapour and droplet density profiles, the nucleation layer and the deposition rates at the wall for wide ranges of the wall temperature and the scavenging parameter $B$. A key point in the theory is to select a trial vapour number density profile among a one parameter family of profiles between an upper and a lower bound. The maximum of the Zeldovich flux for supercritical nuclei provides the approximate location of the nucleation layer and an approximate droplet density profile. Then the condensate number of molecules and the vapour density profile are calculated by matched asymptotic expansions that also yield the deposition rates. For sufficiently large wall temperatures, a more precise corrected asymptotic theory is given.
Low-fat yoghurt intake in pregnancy associated with increased child asthma and allergic rhinitis risk: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Maslova Ekaterina , Halldorsson Thorhallur I. , Strøm Marin , Olsen Sjurdur F.
Published: July 2012

Dairy products are important sources of micronutrients, fatty acids and probiotics which could modify the risk of child asthma and allergy development. To examine the association of dairy product intake during pregnancy with child asthma and allergic rhinitis at 18 months and 7 years in the Danish National Birth Cohort, data on milk and yoghurt consumption were collected in mid-pregnancy (25th week of gestation) using a validated FFQ (n61 909). At 18 months, we evaluated asthma and wheeze using interview data. We assessed asthma and allergic rhinitis using a questionnaire at the age of 7 years and through registry linkages. Current asthma was defined as self-reported ever asthma diagnosis and wheeze in the past 12 months. All associations were evaluated using multivariate logistic regression. At 18 months whole milk was inversely associated with child asthma (≥5·5 times/weekv. none: 0·85, 95 % CI 0·75, 0·97); the reverse was true for semi-skimmed milk (≥5·5 times/weekv. none: 1·08, 95 % CI 1·02, 1·15). For yoghurt, children of women who ate low-fat yoghurt >1 serving/d had 1·21 (95 % CI 1·02, 1·42) greater odds of a medication-related ever asthma diagnosis compared with children of women reporting no intake. They were also more likely to have a registry-based ever diagnosis and report allergic rhinitis. Low-fat yoghurt intake was directly related to increased risk of both child asthma and allergic rhinitis, while whole milk appeared protective for early-life outcomes only. Nutrient components or additives specific to low-fat yoghurt may be mediating the increase in risk.
Lipoteichoic acid fromLactobacillus rhamnosus GGas an oral photoprotective agent against UV-induced carcinogenesis
Authors: Weill Federico S. , Cela Eliana M. , Paz Mariela L. , Ferrari Alejandro , Leoni Juliana , Maglio Daniel H. González
Published: July 2012

Probiotics are live micro-organisms that when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host. Cell surface molecules of these micro-organisms are being studied in relation to their ability to interact with the host. The cell wall of lactobacilli possesses lipoteichoic acids (LTA) which are molecules with immunomodulatory properties. UV radiation (UVR) has been proposed as the main cause of skin cancer because of its mutagenic and immunosuppressive effects. Photoprotection with some nutrition interventions including probiotics has recently been shown. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the oral administration of purified LTA fromLactobacillus rhamnosus GGcan modulate the immune-suppressive effect of UVR and skin tumour development in female Crl:SKH-1-hrBR mice. For this purpose, two irradiation models were studied: (1) a chronic irradiation scheme consisting of daily irradiations during twenty consecutive days and (2) a long-term irradiation schedule, irradiating the animals three times per week, during 34 weeks for tumour development. The results showed that T-cells in the inguinal lymph node of LTA-treated mice produced higher levels of (1) interferon-γ and (2) a number of total, helper and cytotoxic T-cells compared with non-treated mice. Moreover, a significant delay in tumour appearance was found in LTA-treated mice. An increased IgA+cell number was found in the small intestine together with a higher number of activated dendritic cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes. The latter results might be indicative of a direct effect of LTA in the gut, affecting the cutaneous immune system and restoring homeostasis through the gut–skin axis.
Dispersion properties of electromagnetic waves in a degenerate electron–ion magnetoplasma
Authors: MAMUN A. A. , ROY N. , SHUKLA P.K.
Published: July 2012

A theoretical investigation has been made of the linear propagation of different electromagnetic modes in a dense electron–ion magnetoplasma containing degenerate electrons and ions. The fluid model and the normal mode analysis have been employed. It has been found that the dispersion properties of the electromagnetic waves propagating in such a degenerate plasma are different (in view of both spatial and temporal scales) from those propagating in the usual electron–ion plasma because of the effects of degenerate plasma pressure, enthalpy, etc. The importance of this work has been discussed also.
Evolution of FMS and Alfven waves produced by the initial disturbance in the FMS waveguide
Authors: DMITRIENKO I. S.
Published: July 2012

A description of the evolution of the initial disturbance in the fast magnetosonic (FMS) waveguide in transversely inhomogeneous plasma, given a weak coupling between FMS and Alfven modes, is made. It is shown that the Fourier transform of the FMS waveguide disturbance with respect to the coordinates along which plasma is homogeneous can be presented as a superposition of collective modes of the leading approximation with respect to the weak FMS–Alfven wave coupling from the initial instant of time. Frequencies of such collective modes and dependence of their structures on the coordinate along the inhomogeneity are found without taking the FMS–Alfven resonance into consideration, and the mode decrements are calculated using the perturbation technique. On the basis of such a representation of the FMS waveguide disturbance, the evolution of Alfven waves generating with waveguide mode packets produced by the initial disturbance of an arbitrary longitudinal structure is described. It is shown that the longitudinal structure of the Alfven disturbance generated by the collective mode packet is determined by the ratio between longitudinal scales of the initial disturbance and scales specified by resonance conditions (the resonance longitudinal wave number and the width of the range of the resonance longitudinal wave numbers). The structures of Alfven disturbances for the cases of such different ratios are described.
Linear wave theory in magnetized quantum plasmas
Authors: IQBAL MUBASHAR
Published: July 2012

We study the spin and ion effects in quantum plasma, where the two-fluid model of electrons is being used which treats the spin-up and -down populations relative to the magnetic field as different species. We find the susceptibility of electrons and ions where the ions are classical, but strongly coupled. The general dispersion relation is derived for wave propagation in homogeneous magnetized plasmas for arbitrary direction of propagation. We discuss the applicability of our results.
Nearer My True Self to Thee: Rousseau's New Spirituality—and Ours
Authors: Cooper Laurence D.
Published: July 2012

This article presents a reading of the Confessions as a spiritual drama. Rousseau tells the story of a man (himself) who, like the rest of civilized humanity, fell away from natural goodness as he was socialized. Yet unlike the rest of us, Rousseau managed to make at least a partial return to nature. In fact, the Confessions gives us two stories of return: one by the man whose life is recounted and one by the narrator who is doing the recounting. (These are of course the same man, presented in two aspects.) Yet the two stories share a common core: in each case the return occurs by means of a journey by the self to the self. This teaching regarding the sufficiency of the self has resonated with many, particularly in our own time: with Rousseau began the vindication of man as godlike not in his power but in his being.
The Music of Reason in Rousseau's Essay on the Origin of Languages
Authors: Davis Michael
Published: July 2012

The argument of Rousseau's Essay on the Origin of Languages is intimately connected with that of his Discourse on the Origin and the Foundations of Inequality among Men. The origin of political society is inseparable from the origin of language, which, in turn, is inseparable from the origin of reason. That so much of the Essay is concerned with music leads us to wonder what music has to do with reason, politics, and language. These two books share what is a regular feature of Rousseau's manner of writing—presenting what seem to be logical foundations as temporal origins. In emphasizing the priority of melody to harmony in music, the Essay on the Origin of Languages articulates the necessarily melodic, and hence temporal, character of thinking, which proves to be the key to understanding both why Rousseau must write as he does and what it means for language to be musical.
Do You See What I See? The Education of the Reader in Rousseau'sEmile
Authors: Scott John T.
Published: July 2012

Rousseau first glimpsed the principle of the natural goodness of man in the so-called “Illumination of Vincennes,” and he made it his mission as an author to persuade his readers of the truth of that vision. Rousseau must persuade his readers that they are deceived by what they see before their own eyes and that they must learn to see anew—through his eyes. In order to educate his reader, Rousseau consistently uses rhetorical and literary techniques that are meant to change the reader's perspective. His use of these techniques is particularly pervasive inEmile. The present analysis examines Rousseau's education of the reader of his pedagogical treatise, especially through comparisons he draws between his imaginary pupil, Emile, and actual children that are meant to persuade the reader of the truth of what first appears to be imaginary and the falsity of what the reader previously believed was real.
A NONPARAMETRIC GOODNESS-OF-FIT-BASED TEST FOR CONDITIONAL HETEROSKEDASTICITY
Authors: Su Liangjun , Ullah Aman
Published: July 2012

In this paper we propose a new nonparametric test for conditional heteroskedasticity based on a measure of nonparametric goodness-of-fit (R2) that is obtained from the local polynomial regression of the residuals from a parametric regression on some covariates. We show that after being appropriately standardized, the nonparametric R2 is asymptotically normally distributed under the null hypothesis and a sequence of Pitman local alternatives. We also prove the consistency of the test and propose a bootstrap method to obtain the bootstrap p-values. We conduct a small set of simulations and compare our test with some popular parametric and nonparametric tests in the literature.
ANOTHER LOOK AT THE IDENTIFICATION AT INFINITY OF SAMPLE SELECTION MODELS
Authors: D’Haultfoeuille Xavier , Maurel Arnaud
Published: July 2012

It is often believed that without instruments, endogenous sample selection models are identified only if a covariate with a large support is available (see, e.g., Chamberlain, 1986, Journal of Econometrics 32, 189–218; Lewbel, 2007, Journal of Econometrics141, 777–806) . We propose a new identification strategy mainly based on the condition that the selection variable becomes independent of the covariates for large values of the outcome. No large support on the covariates is required. Moreover, we prove that this condition is testable. We finally show that our strategy can be applied to the identification of generalized Roy models.
A review of toxoplasmosis in humans and animals in Ethiopia
Authors: DUBEY J. P. , TIAO N. , GEBREYES W. A. , JONES J. L.
Published: July 2012

Toxoplasmosis caused by the protozoan parasite,Toxoplasma gondii, is a worldwide zoonosis. In this paper published information on toxoplasmosis in humans and other animals in Ethiopia is reviewed. Limited data indicate that the prevalence ofT. gondiiin humans in Ethiopia is very high, up to 41% of children aged 1–5 years were reported to be seropositive. There is little information on seroprevalence data in pregnant women and no data on congenital toxoplasmosis in children. About 1 million adults in Ethiopia are considered to be infected with HIV with less than one-third likely receive highly active antiviral therapy. Based on a conservativeT. gondiiseroprevalence of 50%, thousands might die of concurrent opportunistic infections, including toxoplasmosis. However, exact figures are not available, and most serological surveys are not current. Serological surveys indicate up to 79% of goats and sheep haveT. gondiiantibodies. However, there is no information on losses due to toxoplasmosis in livestock or the presence of viableT. gondiiin any host in Ethiopia.
Effectiveness of Association Splitting in Reducing Unwanted Intrusive Thoughts in a Nonclinical Sample
Authors: Rodríguez-Martín Boris C. , Moritz Steffen , Molerio-Pérez Osana , Gil-Pérez Patricia
Published: July 2012

Background:Association Splitting (AS) is a novel cognitive technique, which has shown some promise for the reduction of obsessive thoughts in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Its effect on unwanted intrusive thoughts (UITs) in the general population is yet unknown.Method:Our experimental study tested the effect of AS in 49 participants who reported UITs as a regular problem. Participants were randomly allocated either to an AS versus waitlist control (WL) condition. The White Bear Suppression Inventory (WBSI) was used for measuring changes over time.Results:Significant group differences were found across time. Relative to WL, AS exerted a positive effect on the reduction of UITs yielding a large effect size. According to self-report AS exerted a positive effect 6 days after the participants had initiated the exercises. All subjects in the AS condition judged the technique as effectiveConclusion:Results suggest that AS could be a suitable intervention to help people with a potential vulnerability to a clinical problem to control their UITs.
Priming of code-switches in sentences: The role of lexical repetition, cognates, and language proficiency – CORRIGENDUM
Authors: KOOTSTRA GERRIT JAN , VAN HELL JANET G. , DIJKSTRA TON
Published: July 2012

An error was made in the preparation of Figure 3 in the article by Kootstra et al., published online on January 4, 2012. The figure should not have presented odds ratios, but odds. The correct version of Figure 3 is given below. This new figure leads to the same interpretation as in the original article, so our conclusions remain the same.
Food standards and exports: evidence for China
Authors: MANGELSDORF AXEL , PORTUGAL-PEREZ ALBERTO , WILSON JOHN S.
Published: July 2012

Using a new database on standards in China, we estimate the impact of voluntary and mandatory standards – either harmonized to international norms or purely domestic – on Chinese food exports. The dataset covers seven Chinese products over the period 1992–2008. We find that standards have a positive effect on China's export performance, as the benefits to standardization in terms of reducing potential information asymmetry and signaling enhance food safety, and quality in foreign markets seem to surpass compliance costs. Our estimation results show that the positive effect of Chinese standards is larger when they are harmonized to international measures. The results suggest that there are clear benefits to China's steps to base their domestic standards and regulations on international measures.
Private food standards and the World Trade Organization: some legal considerations
Authors: WOUTERS JAN , GERAETS DYLAN
Published: July 2012

Private standards have increasingly become a contentious issue in the multilateral trading system. The ever increasing number of sector-specific standards developed by businesses, in particular in the food market, may have significant implications for developing countries in terms of market access. Some countries see private food standards as a particular form of non-tariff barriers. The World Trade Organization (WTO) deals with non-tariff barriers in the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement) and in the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement). This paper examines to what extent these agreements cover private standards, as they were originally intended to regulate standard-setting by public authorities. We find that there is an important difference between the SPS Agreement and the TBT Agreement in that the drafters of the latter realized the importance of the private sector in standard-setting. Finally, we discuss whether a ‘Code of Good Practice for the Preparation, Adoption and Application of Standards’, similar to that under the TBT Agreement, could be adopted under the SPS Agreement.
A second look at the pesticides initiative program: evidence from Senegal
Authors: JAUD MELISE , CADOT OLIVIER
Published: July 2012

This paper investigates whether the Pesticides Initiative Program has significantly affected the export performance of Senegal's horticulture industry. We apply two main microeconometric techniques, difference-in-differences and matching difference-in-differences, to identify the effect of the Pesticides Initiative Program on exports of fresh fruits and vegetables. We use a unique firm-level dataset containing data on sales, employment, and exports by product and destination markets, as well as firm enrolment year, over 2000–2008. The results suggest that while the program had no significant effect on exports pooled over all products and destinations, it had a positive effect when considering fresh fruits and vegetables exports to the European Union.
Identifying non-tariff barriers: evolution of multilateral instruments and evidence from the disputes (1948−2011)
Authors: SANTANA ROY , JACKSON LEE ANN
Published: July 2012

The multilateral trading system has continuously evolved to take account of the changing nature of non-tariff barriers (NTBs). This paper contrasts GATT terminology with the definitions frequently found in the literature and describes the multilateral tools that were used in the past to identify NTBs. The latter includes an overview of inventories based on ‘reverse’ notifications and, more recently, the ‘specific trade concerns’ raised in WTO Committees. The paper also looks at the provisions cited by complainants in more than 60 years of multilateral disputes as a proxy for identifying the most relevant NTBs affecting trade in goods, as well as the manner in which they have evolved over time. It concludes that agricultural and non-agricultural products face very different NTBs, and observes that while disputes involving agricultural products are increasingly about ‘behind-the-border’ NTBs, those involving non-agricultural or mixed products are not. Finally, the paper proposes the establishment of a new multilateral instrument to collect and classify information on NTBs based on specific trade concerns raised in the context of the ordinary WTO bodies.
Exposure to environmental enrichment prior to a cerebral cortex stab wound attenuates the postlesional astroglia response in rats
Authors: Lanosa Ximena A. , Santacroce Ignacio , Colombo Jorge A.
Published: July 2012

Modulation of astroglial components involved in reactive postlesional responses in the rat cerebral cortex was analyzed following exposure to environmental enrichment (EE) condition prior to injury. For this purpose, changes in % immunoreactive (IR) area of GFAP, vimentin, EAAT1 and ezrin were evaluated in the perilesional zone after placing a cortical stab wound in the visual cerebral cortex of adult rats. GFAP-IR postlesional reactive astrocytosis in the perilesional cortex was significantly lower in the animal group exposed to EE during postnatal development. This GFAP-IR reaction seems to be associated with existing astroglia, because neither BrdU- nor endogenous Ki-67-labeled nuclei were found in the perilesional cortex analyzed. Increased ezrin-IR area in the visual cortex of rats exposed to EE condition suggests the formation of new synapses or the enhancement of astroglial involvement in the existing ones. No effects of EE were found on either EAAT1- or vimentin-IR area. Results suggest that exposure to EE conditions prior to injury attenuates the postlesional astroglia GFAP-response in the perilesional cortex of rats. Whether this attenuated postlesional astroglia GFAP-response promotes or not protective effects on the cortical neuropil remains to be explored in futures studies.
Evidence of microglial activation in autism and its possible role in brain underconnectivity
Authors: Rodriguez Juan I. , Kern Janet K.
Published: July 2012

Evidence indicates that children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) suffer from an ongoing neuroinflammatory process in different regions of the brain involving microglial activation. When microglia remain activated for an extended period, the production of mediators is sustained longer than usual and this increase in mediators contributes to loss of synaptic connections and neuronal cell death. Microglial activation can then result in a loss of connections or underconnectivity. Underconnectivity is reported in many studies in autism. One way to control neuroinflammation is to reduce or inhibit microglial activation. It is plausible that by reducing brain inflammation and microglial activation, the neurodestructive effects of chronic inflammation could be reduced and allow for improved developmental outcomes. Future studies that examine treatments that may reduce microglial activation and neuroinflammation, and ultimately help to mitigate symptoms in ASD, are warranted.
Zur Vereinbarkeit von Promotion und Psychotherapieausbildung für Psychologinnen und Psychologen
Authors: Sonntag Astrid , Spangenberg Lena , Brähler Elmar , Strauß Bernhard , Glaesmer Heide
Published: July 2012

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Psychologen haben aufgrund wenig planbarer Berufsverläufe vielfältige Qualifizierungswünsche, so zum Teil auch den Wunsch Promotion und Psychotherapieausbildung parallel zu absolvieren. Fragestellung: Unterscheiden sich Promovierende von den Nichtpromovierenden in der Wahl des Ausbildungsablaufes und welche soziodemographischen Faktoren zeichnen Promovierende in Psychotherapieausbildung aus? Methode: Im Rahmen des „Forschungsgutachtens zur Ausbildung von Psychologischen PsychotherapeutInnen und Kinder- und JugendlichenpsychotherapeutInnen” wurden 2.501 Psychologen mit Diplom- oder Masterabschluss, die sich in einer Psychotherapieausbildung befinden, befragt. Ergebnisse: Ergebnisse logistischer Regressionsanalysen zeigen, dass Männer und Ausbildungsteilnehmer, die ohne Kinder im Haushalt leben, eine höhere Chance haben in der Gruppe der Promovierenden zu sein. Schlussfolgerung: Die Ergebnisse legen nahe Promovenden in Psychotherapieausbildung zu unterstützen oder aber den parallelen Qualifikationsweg zu überdenken.
Differential Gender and Ethnic Differences in Math Performance
Authors: Keller Johannes
Published: July 2012

The present research investigates the role of self-regulatory mechanisms in the context of gender and ethnic differences (between African Americans and Caucasians) in math test performance. Building on two basic notions proposed in regulatory focus theory, it is argued that gender and ethnic differences in math performance are particularly pronounced under conditions where prevention-focused self-regulation is activated (by emphasizing point deductions for mistakes). This assumption refers to a specific mechanism documented in previous research on regulatory focus theory: The differential-sensitivity mechanism according to which a prevention focus renders individuals particularly sensitive with regard to negative information (such as negative performance expectancies). Results of an archival data analysis document a substantial differential gender and ethnic gap in math performance as a function of test instruction (involving point deductions for mistakes or not) supporting the proposed differential gender and ethnic-gap hypothesis. The gap between women and men as well as the gap between African-American and Caucasian test takers is substantially larger in the Scholastic Aptitude Test for math (which involves point deductions for mistakes) than in the corresponding American College Test.
The Proactive Control of Stereotype Activation
Authors: Moskowitz Gordon B. , Stone Jeff
Published: July 2012

Stereotypes are typically conceived of as controlled through conscious willing. We propose that goals can lead to stereotype control even when the goals are not consciously noted. This is called proactive control since goal pursuit occurs not as a reaction to a stereotype having been activated and having exerted influence, but as an act of goal shielding that inhibits stereotypes instead of activating them. In two experiments proactive control over stereotypes toward African Americans was illustrated using a lexical decision task. In Experiment 1, participants with egalitarian goals showed slower responses to stereotypic words when following an African American male face (relative to following a White face). Experiment 2 illustrated African American faces facilitated responses to stimuli relevant to egalitarian goals; White faces did not. Together, these studies indicate that, without consciously trying, participants with egalitarian goals’ implicit reaction to African Americans included triggering fairness goals and inhibiting stereotypes.
Surface heat flux estimation with the ensemble Kalman smoother: Joint estimation of state and parameters
Authors: Bateni S. M. , Entekhabi D.
Published: July 2012

The estimation of surface heat fluxes based on the assimilation of land surface temperature (LST) has been achieved within a variational data assimilation (VDA) framework. Variational approaches require the development of an adjoint model, which is difficult to derive and code in the presence of thresholds and discontinuities. Also, it is computationally expensive to obtain the background error covariance for the variational approaches. Moreover, the variational schemes cannot directly provide statistical information on the accuracy of their estimates. To overcome these shortcomings, we develop an alternative data assimilation (DA) procedure based on ensemble Kalman smoother (EnKS) with the state augmentation method. The unknowns of the assimilation scheme are neutral turbulent heat transfer coefficient (that scales the sum of turbulent heat fluxes) and evaporative fraction, EF (that represents partitioning among the turbulent fluxes). The new methodology is illustrated with an application to the First International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project Field Experiment (FIFE) that includes areal average hydrometeorological forcings and flux observations. The results indicate that the EnKS model not only provides reasonably accurate estimates of EF and turbulent heat fluxes but also enables us to determine the uncertainty of estimations under various land surface hydrological conditions. The results of the EnKS model are also compared with those of an optimal smoother (a dynamic variational model). It is found that the EnKS model estimates are less than optimal. However, the degree of suboptimality is small, and its outcomes are roughly comparable to those of an optimal smoother. Overall, the results from this test indicate that EnKS is an efficient and flexible data assimilation procedure that is able to extract useful information on the partitioning of available surface energy from LST measurements and eventually provides reliable estimates of turbulent heat fluxes.
Multiple layers of seismic anisotropy and a low‐velocity region in the mantle wedge beneath Japan: Evidence from teleseismic receiver functions
Authors: Wirth Erin A. , Long Maureen D.
Published: July 2012

A complete characterization of seismic anisotropy can yield powerful constraints on mantle flow and deformation. This is particularly important for the mantle wedge above subducting slabs, where the geometry of mantle flow remains poorly understood. We seek to better characterize the geometry and strength of anisotropy in the mantle wedge beneath northeast Honshu and Hokkaido, both of which overlie the subducting Pacific plate. Previous studies indicate that upper mantle anisotropy in the Japan subduction zone is highly complex and exhibits dramatic spatial variations. To provide complementary constraints on the along strike variations in anisotropy, we analyze teleseismic receiver functions from stations of the broadband F‐net array using the multitaper correlation receiver function estimator. Backazimuthal variations in P‐to‐SH converted energy provide clear evidence for complicated anisotropic structure in the mantle wedge beneath northeast Honshu and Hokkaido. In northeast Honshu, forward modeling of receiver functions using synthetic seismograms suggests the presence of an anisotropic layer in the forearc mantle wedge above the subducting slab and a second anisotropic layer beneath the crust of the overriding plate. We also see evidence for a region of low (isotropic) velocity in the central part of the wedge beneath NE Honshu. Comparisons between transverse component receiver functions at stations located in NE Honshu and Hokkaido reveal striking differences, providing further evidence for along strike variation in anisotropic structure in the mantle wedge beneath Japan.
A dipole pattern of the sea surface height anomaly in the North Atlantic: 1990s–2000s
Authors: Li Feili , Jo Young‐Heon , Liu W. Timothy , Yan Xiao‐Hai
Published: July 2012

Despite a long‐term trend of sea level rise continuing into the 2000s in the subpolar North Atlantic, variations in the sea surface height have behaved differently in both spatial and temporal domains. A dipole pattern, centered between the Northern Atlantic subpolar region and the region near the Gulf Stream, was observed in the linear trends of the sea surface height anomaly (SSHA). By applying the Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD), we found that this dipole pattern is mainly associated with the interannual to decadal SSHA oscillations of the two regions, which are 180° out of phase with each other over the time span of this study. The low‐frequency variations of the SSHA in the subpolar region are strongly inversely correlated with the cumulative North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index (r = −0.84), in contrast with the Gulf Stream region, which is positively correlated (r = 0.22). This therefore reveals an asymmetric response of the regional SSHA to the cumulative NAO‐forcing, in which the subpolar variability leads that of the Gulf Stream region by 29 months. Moreover, there is a remarkable reversal of the SSHA trends from the 1990s to the 2000s, which is unexpected given a weak and fluctuating NAO behavior since mid‐1990s. Such SSHA variations in the 2000s might be related to the lagged variations of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC).
Spectra of water dimer from a new ab initio potential with flexible monomers
Authors: Leforestier Claude , Szalewicz Krzysztof , van der Avoird Ad
Published: July 2012

We report the definition and testing of a new ab initio 12-dimensional potential for the water dimer with flexible monomers. Using our recent accurate CCpol-8s rigid water pair potential [W. Cencek, K. Szalewicz, C. Leforestier, R. van Harrevelt, and A. van der Avoird, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 10, 4716 (2008)10.1039/b809435g] as a reference for the undistorted monomers’ geometries, a distortion correction has been added, which was taken from a former flexible-monomer ab initio potential. This correction allows us to retrieve the correct binding energy $D_e = 21.0\;\rm {kJ\,mol}^{-1}$De=21.0 kJ mol −1, and leads to an equilibrium geometry in close agreement with the one obtained from benchmark calculations. The kinetic energy operator describing the flexible-monomer water dimer has been expressed in terms of Radau coordinates for each monomer and a recent general cluster polyspherical formulation describing their relative motions. Within this formulation, an adiabatic scheme has been invoked in order to decouple fast (intramolecular) modes and slow (intermolecular) ones. Different levels of approximation were tested, which differ in the way in which the residual potential coupling between the intramolecular modes located on different monomers and the dependence of the monomer rotational constants on the dimer geometry are handled. Accurate calculations of the vibration-rotation-tunneling levels of (H2O)2 and (D2O)2 were performed, which show the best agreement with experiments achieved so far for any water potential. Intramolecular excitations of the two monomers were calculated within two limiting cases, to account for the lack of non-adiabatic coupling between intramolecular modes due to the intermolecular motion. In the first model, the excitation was assumed to stay either on the donor or the acceptor molecule, and to hop between the two moieties upon donor-acceptor interchange. In the second model, the excitation remains on the same molecule whatever is the dimer geometry. Marginal frequency differences, less than $2\,\rm {cm}^{-1}$2 cm −1, were obtained for all modes, and the resulting infrared shifts are in good agreement with experiments.
Multi-shot analysis of the gamma reaction history diagnostic
Authors: Sayre D. B. , Bernstein L. A. , Church J. A. , Herrmann H. W. , Stoeffl W.
Published: July 2012

The gamma reaction history diagnostic at the National Ignition Facility has the capability to determine a number of important performance metrics for cryogenic deuterium-tritium implosions: the fusion burn width, bang time and yield, as well as the areal density of the compressed ablator. Extracting those values from the measured γ rays of an implosion, requires accounting for a γ-ray background in addition to the impulse response function of the instrument. To address these complications, we have constructed a model of the γ-ray signal, and are developing a simultaneous multi-shot fitting routine to constrain its parameter space.
A shear-bending mode high temperature piezoelectric actuator
Authors: Chen Jianguo , Li Xiaotian , Liu Guoxi , Chen Zhijiang , Dong Shuxiang
Published: July 2012

A single ring-shape ceramic plate piezoelectric actuator operated in shear-bending mode was proposed for high-temperature operation. The actuator was formed from BiScO3-PbTiO3 ceramic and polarized in the radial direction. A large bending displacement at the center of the actuator was piezoelectrically generated under an applied voltage in the thickness direction due to axial-symmetric shear strain of the ring-shape configuration. The displacement obtained at 200 °C was about 20 μm, 11–14 times that of a normal piezoelectric plate of identical size.
O2(a1Δg) + Mg, Fe, and Ca: Experimental kinetics and formulation of a weak collision, multiwell master equation with spin-hopping
Authors: Plane J. M. C. , Whalley C. L. , Frances-Soriano L. , Goddard A. , Harvey J. N. , Glowacki D. R. , Viggiano A. A.
Published: July 2012

The first excited electronic state of molecular oxygen, O2(a1Δg), is formed in the upper atmosphere by the photolysis of O3. Its lifetime is over 70 min above 75 km, so that during the day its concentration is about 30 times greater than that of O3. In order to explore its potential reactivity with atmospheric constituents produced by meteoric ablation, the reactions of Mg, Fe, and Ca with O2(a) were studied in a fast flow tube, where the metal atoms were produced either by thermal evaporation (Ca and Mg) or by pulsed laser ablation of a metal target (Fe), and detected by laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy. O2(a) was produced by bubbling a flow of Cl2 through chilled alkaline H2O2, and its absolute concentration determined from its optical emission at 1270 nm (O2(a1Δg – X3Σg−). The following results were obtained at 296 K: k(Mg + O2(a) + N2 → MgO2 + N2) = (1.8 ± 0.2) × 10−30 cm6 molecule−2 s−1; k(Fe + O2(a) → FeO + O) = (1.1 ± 0.1) × 10−13 cm3 molecule−1 s–1; k(Ca + O2(a) + N2 → CaO2 + N2) = (2.9 ± 0.2) × 10−28 cm6 molecule−2 s−1; and k(Ca + O2(a) → CaO + O) = (2.7 ± 1.0) × 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s–1. The total uncertainty in these rate coefficients, which mostly arises from the systematic uncertainty in the O2(a) concentration, is estimated to be ±40%. Mg + O2(a) occurs exclusively by association on the singlet surface, producing MgO2(1A1), with a pressure dependent rate coefficient. Fe + O2(a), on the other hand, shows pressure independent kinetics. FeO + O is produced with a probability of only ∼0.1%. There is no evidence for an association complex, suggesting that this reaction proceeds mostly by near-resonant electronic energy transfer to Fe(a5F) + O2(X). The reaction of Ca + O2(a) occurs in an intermediate regime with two competing pressure dependent channels: (1) a recombination to produce CaO2(1A1), and (2) a singlet/triplet non-adiabatic hopping channel leading to CaO + O(3P). In order to interpret the Ca + O2(a) results, we utilized density functional theory along with multireference and explicitly correlated CCSD(T)-F12 electronic structure calculations to examine the lowest lying singlet and triplet surfaces. In addition to mapping stationary points, we used a genetic algorithm to locate minimum energy crossing points between the two surfaces. Simulations of the Ca + O2(a) kinetics were then carried out using a combination of both standard and non-adiabatic Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus (RRKM) theory implemented within a weak collision, multiwell master equation model. In terms of atmospheric significance, only in the case of Ca does reaction with O2(a) compete with O3 during the daytime between 85 and 110 km.
A comparison of two-component and four-component approaches for calculations of spin-spin coupling constants and NMR shielding constants of transition metal cyanides
Authors: Wodyński Artur , Repiský Michal , Pecul Magdalena
Published: July 2012

Relativistic density functional theory (DFT) calculations of nuclear spin-spin coupling constants and shielding constants have been performed for selected transition metal (11th and 12th group of periodic table) and thallium cyanides. The calculations have been carried out using zeroth-order regular approximation (ZORA) Hamiltonian and four-component Dirac-Kohn-Sham (DKS) theory with different nonrelativistic exchange-correlation functionals. Two recent approaches for representing the magnetic balance (MB) between the large and small components of four-component spinors, namely, mDKS-RMB and sMB, have been employed for shielding tensor calculations and their results have been compared. Relativistic effects have also been analysed in terms of scalar and spin-orbit contributions at the two-component level of theory, including discussion of heavy-atom-on-light-atom effects for 1JCN, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\sigma_\text{C}$\end{document}σC, and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\sigma_\text{N}$\end{document}σN. The results for molecules containing metals from 4th row of periodic table show that relativistic effects for them are small (especially for spin-spin coupling constants). The biggest effects are observed for the 6th row where nonrelativistic theory reproduces only about 50%–70% of the two-component ZORA results for 1JMeC and about 75% for heavy metal shielding constants. It is important to employ a full Dirac picture for calculations of heavy metal shielding constants, since ZORA reproduces only 75%–90% of the DKS results. Smaller discrepancies between ZORA-DFT and DKS are observed for nuclear spin-spin coupling constants. No significant differences are observed between the results obtained using mDKS-RMB and sMB approaches for magnetic balance in four-component calculations of the shielding constants.
Measurement of fast-changing low velocities by photonic Doppler velocimetry
Authors: Song Hongwei , Wu Xianqian , Huang Chenguang , Wei Yangpeng , Wang Xi
Published: July 2012

Despite the increasing popularity of photonic Doppler velocimetry (PDV) in shock wave experiments, its capability of capturing low particle velocities while changing rapidly is still questionable. The paper discusses the performance of short time Fourier transform (STFT) and continuous wavelet transform (CWT) in processing fringe signals of fast-changing low velocities measured by PDV. Two typical experiments are carried out to evaluate the performance. In the laser shock peening test, the CWT gives a better interpretation to the free surface velocity history, where the elastic precursor, main plastic wave, and elastic release wave can be clearly identified. The velocities of stress waves, Hugoniot elastic limit, and the amplitude of shock pressure induced by laser can be obtained from the measurement. In the Kolsky-bar based tests, both methods show validity of processing the longitudinal velocity signal of incident bar, whereas CWT improperly interprets the radial velocity of the shocked sample at the beginning period, indicating the sensitiveness of the CWT to the background noise. STFT is relatively robust in extracting waveforms of low signal-to-noise ratio. Data processing method greatly affects the temporal resolution and velocity resolution of a given fringe signal, usually CWT demonstrates a better local temporal resolution and velocity resolution, due to its adaptability to the local frequency, also due to the finer time-frequency product according to the uncertainty principle.
Mathematical analysis of scattering problems for partially coated obstacles and cracks
Authors: Yan Guozheng , Ye Jianguo , Guo Jun
Published: July 2012

We consider the scattering problem of time-harmonic electromagnetic waves from an infinite cylinder having an open arc and a bounded domain in R2 as cross section. To this end, we solve a mixed scattering problem for the Helmholtz equation in R2 where the scattering object is a combination of an open arc Γ and a bounded obstacle D. The well-posedness of the solution to the direct scattering problem is established by using the boundary integral equation method and the Fredholm theory.