bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear interferometer: Design, implementation, and phase-sensitive sum frequency measurement
Authors: Wang Jing , Bisson Patrick J. , Marmolejos Joam M. , Shultz Mary Jane
Published: August 2017

Sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy is a unique tool for probing the vibrational structure of numerous interfaces. Since SFG is a nonlinear spectroscopy, it has long been recognized that measuring only the intensity—the absolute square of the surface response—limits the potential of SFG for examining interfacial interactions and dynamics. The potential is unlocked by measuring the phase-sensitive or imaginary response. As with any phase, the phase-sensitive SFG response is measured relative to a reference; the spatial relationship between the phase reference and the sample modulates the observed interference intensity and impacts sensitivity and accuracy. We have designed and implemented a nonlinear interferometer to directly measure the phase-sensitive response. If the phase of the reference is known, then the interferometer produces an absolute phase of the surface. Compared to current configurations, phase accuracy and stability are greatly improved due to active stabilization of the sample-reference position. The design is versatile and thus can be used for any system that can be probed with SFG including buried interfaces and those with high vapor pressure. Feasibility and advantages of the interferometer are demonstrated using an octadecyltrichlorosilane film on fused silica.
Radio frequency source of a weakly expanding wedge-shaped xenon ion beam for contactless removal of large-sized space debris objects
Authors: Balashov Victor , Cherkasova Maria , Kruglov Kirill , Kudriavtsev Arseny , Masherov Pavel , Mogulkin Andrey , Obukhov Vladimir , Riaby Valentin , Svotina Victoria
Published: August 2017

A theoretical-experimental research has been carried out to determine the characteristics of a radio frequency (RF) ion source for the generation of a weakly expanding wedge-shaped xenon ion beam. Such ion beam geometry is of interest as a prototype of an on-board ion injector for contactless “ion shepherding” by service spacecraft to remove large space debris objects from geostationary orbits. The wedge shape of the ion beam increases its range. The device described herein comprises an inductive gas discharge chamber and a slit-type three-electrode ion extraction grid (IEG) unit. Calculations of accelerating cell geometries and ion trajectories determined the dependence of beam expansion half-angle on normalized perveance based on the measurements of the spatial distributions of the xenon plasma parameters at the IEG entrance for a xenon flow rate q ≈ 0.2 mg/s and an incident RF power Pin ≤ 250 W at a driving frequency f = 2 MHz. Experimental studies showed that the ion beam, circular at the IEG exit, accepted the elliptical form at the distance of 580 mm with half-angle of beam expansion across IEG slits about 2°–3° and close to 0° along them. Thus, the obtained result proved the possibility of creating a new-generation on-board ion injector that could be used in spacecrafts for removal of debris.
Magnetic anisotropy and microscopy studies in magnetostrictive Tb-(Fe,Co) thin films
Authors: Umadevi K. , Talapatra A. , Arout Chelvane J. , Palit Mithun , Mohanty J. , Jayalakshmi V.
Published: August 2017

This paper reports the effect of the film thickness on the magnetostrictive behavior of (Fe,Co) rich Tb-(Fe,Co) films grown on Si ⟨100⟩ by electron beam evaporation. Magnetostriction was found to decrease with an increase in film thicknesses. To understand the variation of magnetostriction with the film thickness, detailed structural, microstructural, magnetization, and magnetic microscopy studies were carried out. X-ray diffraction studies indicated the presence of two phases, viz., Tb2 (Fe, Co)17 and Fe-Co phases, for all the films. With the increase in the film thickness, the peak intensity of the Tb2 (Fe, Co)17 phase decreased and that of the Fe-Co phase increased. Magnetization studies showed the presence of strong in-plane anisotropy for all the films. In addition to this, the presence of the out-of-plane component of magnetization was also observed for the films grown with higher thicknesses. This anisotropic behavior was also validated through magnetic microscopy studies carried out along the in-plane and out-of-plane directions employing magneto-optic Kerr microscopy and magnetic force microscopy, respectively. The decrease in magnetostriction was explained on the basis of dual phase formation and complex interplay between the in-plane and out-of-plane magnetic anisotropies present in the film.
Carrier effects on ferromagnetism of MnxGe1−x quantum dots
Authors: Wang Liming , Liu Tao , Hu Xiaofeng , Wang Shuguang , Zhong Zhenyang , Jia Quanjie , Jiang Zuimin
Published: August 2017

Mn-doped Ge quantum dots (QDs) were grown on Si (001) substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. At the same time, modulation doping of boron (B) with different concentrations at 10 nm beneath the QD layers is utilized to modulate the concentration of holes in the QDs. For Mn uni-doped and B uni-modulation-doped Ge QD samples, no credible ferromagnetic signals in the hysteresis loop were observed, while a significant ferromagnetic signal was observed for the Mn-doped Ge QD samples with a high modulation doping of B. Both the magnetic moment and the Curie temperature of the Mn-doped Ge QD samples increase with the modulation doping concentration of B. The increase in the Curie temperature is believed to associate with the exotic holes in the QDs from B dopants, which enhanced coupling between the holes and the localized Mn dopants in the QDs. Those results show a way to enhance the ferromagnetic properties of Mn-doped Ge QDs and provide more evidence to the carrier-mediated ferromagnetism model.
Divergence in plant water-use strategies in semiarid woody species
Authors: Nolan Rachael H. , Fairweather Kendal A. , Tarin Tonantzin , Santini Nadia S. , Cleverly James , Faux Ralph , Eamus Derek
Published: August 2017

Partitioning of water resources amongst plant species within a single climate envelope is possible if the species differ in key hydraulic traits. We examined 11 bivariate trait relationships across nine woody species found in the Ti-Tree basin of central Australia. We found that species with limited access to soil moisture, evidenced by low pre-dawn leaf water potential, displayed anisohydric behaviour (e.g. large seasonal fluctuations in minimum leaf water potential), had greater sapwood density and lower osmotic potential at full turgor. Osmotic potential at full turgor was positively correlated with the leaf water potential at turgor loss, which was, in turn, positively correlated with the water potential at incipient stomatal closure. We also observed divergent behaviour in two species of Mulga, a complex of closely related Acacia species which range from tall shrubs to low trees and dominate large areas of arid and semiarid Australia. These Mulga species had much lower minimum leaf water potentials and lower specific leaf area compared with the other seven species. Finally, one species, Hakea macrocarpa A.Cunn ex.R.Br., had traits that may allow it to tolerate seasonal dryness (through possession of small specific leaf area and cavitation resistant xylem) despite exhibiting cellular water relations that were similar to groundwater-dependent species. We conclude that traits related to water transport and leaf water status differ across species that experience differences in soil water availability and that this enables a diversity of species to exist in this low rainfall environment.
Effect of Optimum and Suboptimum Dietary Protein on Hemolymph Physiology, Oxidative Physiology, Plasma Fatty Acids, and Histoarchitectural Modulations in Farmed Giant Freshwater Prawns Macrobrachium rosenbergii
Authors: Sagar Vidya M , Sahu Narottam P , Pal Asim K , Jain Kamal K , Salim Heba , El-Haroun Ehab R , Kumar Vikas A
Published: August 2017

We examined the effect of optimum (32%) and suboptimum (27%) levels of dietary protein on the hemolymph and oxidative physiology of giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii juveniles. Wild juveniles of different stocks were collected from the west coast (Gujarat [G-stock] and Maharashtra [M-stock]) and east coast (Andhra Pradesh [A-stock]) of India. Prawns were raised in 200-m2 culture ponds, with individual animals tracked by using stock-specific, colored elastomer tags. Hemolymph glucose, plasma total protein, albumin-to-globulin (A:G) ratio, plasma calcium, and activity of five key metabolic enzymes in plasma (plasma cholinesterase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, and amylase) were examined to compare the hemolymph physiology due to dietary protein variations fed to the different stocks. Plasma fatty acid profile was also monitored. Effect of feeding on oxidative physiology of prawns was analyzed by measuring the catalase and acetylcholinesterase activity in peripheral and brain tissues, respectively. Oxygen-dependent intrinsic defense ability was also measured by nitro blue tetrazolium-based respiratory burst activity. Physiology of prawns was correlated with the histological examinations of hepatopancreas and gills. Our results suggest that the hemolymph and oxidative physiology of giant freshwater prawns remained unaffected by the optimum and suboptimum dietary protein levels fed. Furthermore, stock-based differences in the response were evident: the G-stock and M-stock prawns exhibited healthier plasma and oxidative physiology than A-stock prawns. Our study provides a useful tool to select “good responder” stocks (genotypes) to obtain higher production levels in a given culture management scheme.
Effects of storage temperature on airway exosome integrity for diagnostic and functional analyses
Authors: Maroto Rosario , Zhao Yingxin , Jamaluddin Mohammad , Popov Vsevolod L. , Wang Hongwang , Kalubowilage Madumali , Zhang Yueqing , Luisi Jonathan , Sun Hong , Culbertson Christopher T. , Bossmann Stefan H. , Motamedi Massoud , Brasier Allan R.
Published: August 2017

Background: Extracellular vesicles contain biological molecules specified by cell‐type of origin and modified by microenvironmental changes. To conduct reproducible studies on exosome content and function, storage conditions need to have minimal impact on airway exosome integrity.

Aim: We compared surface properties and protein content of airway exosomes that had been freshly isolated vs. those that had been treated with cold storage or freezing.

Methods: Mouse bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) exosomes purified by differential ultracentrifugation were analysed immediately or stored at +4°C or −80°C. Exosomal structure was assessed by dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and charge density (zeta potential, ζ). Exosomal protein content, including leaking/dissociating proteins, were identified by label‐free LC‐MS/MS.

Results: Freshly isolated BALF exosomes exhibited a mean diameter of 95 nm and characteristic morphology. Storage had significant impact on BALF exosome size and content. Compared to fresh, exosomes stored at +4°C had a 10% increase in diameter, redistribution to polydisperse aggregates and reduced ζ. Storage at −80°C produced an even greater effect, resulting in a 25% increase in diameter, significantly reducing the ζ, resulting in multilamellar structure formation. In fresh exosomes, we identified 1140 high‐confidence proteins enriched in 19 genome ontology biological processes. After storage at room temperature, 848 proteins were identified. In preparations stored at +4°C, 224 proteins appeared in the supernatant fraction compared to the wash fractions from freshly prepared exosomes; these proteins represent exosome leakage or dissociation of loosely bound “peri‐exosomal” proteins. In preparations stored at −80°C, 194 proteins appeared in the supernatant fraction, suggesting that distinct protein groups leak from exosomes at different storage temperatures.

Conclusions: Storage destabilizes the surface characteristics, morphological features and protein content of BALF exosomes. For preservation of the exosome protein content and representative functional analysis, airway exosomes should be analysed immediately after isolation.
Nine unanswered questions about cytokinesis
Authors: Pollard Thomas D.
Published: August 2017

Experiments on model systems have revealed that cytokinesis in cells with contractile rings (amoebas, fungi, and animals) depends on shared molecular mechanisms in spite of some differences that emerged during a billion years of divergent evolution. Understanding these fundamental mechanisms depends on identifying the participating proteins and characterizing the mechanisms that position the furrow, assemble the contractile ring, anchor the ring to the plasma membrane, trigger ring constriction, produce force to form a furrow, disassemble the ring, expand the plasma membrane in the furrow, and separate the daughter cell membranes. This review reveals that fascinating questions remain about each step.
Molecular beam epitaxy growth and structure of self-assembled
Bi2Se3/Bi2MnSe4 multilayer
heterostructures
Authors: Hagmann Joseph A , Li Xiang , Chowdhury Sugata , Dong Si-Ning , Rouvimov Sergei , Pookpanratana Sujitra J , Man Yu Kin , Orlova Tatyana A , Bolin Trudy B , Segre Carlo U , Seiler David G , Richter Curt A , Liu Xinyu , Dobrowolska Margaret , Furdyna Jacek K
Published: August 2017

We demonstrate that the introduction of an elemental beam of Mn during the
molecular beam epitaxial growth of Bi2Se3 results in the
formation of layers of Bi2MnSe4 that intersperse between
layers of pure Bi2Se3. This study revises the assumption
held by many who study magnetic topological insulators (TIs) that Mn
incorporates randomly at Bi-substitutional sites during epitaxial growth of
Mn:Bi2Se3. Here, we report the formation of thin film
magnetic TI Bi2MnSe4 with stoichiometric composition that
grows in a self-assembled multilayer heterostructure with layers of
Bi2Se3, where the number of
Bi2Se3 layers separating the single
Bi2MnSe4 layers is approximately defined by the
relative arrival rate of Mn ions to Bi and Se ions during growth, and we present
its compositional, structural, and electronic properties. We support a model for
the epitaxial growth of Bi2MnSe4 in a near-periodic
self-assembled layered heterostructure with Bi2Se3 with
corresponding theoretical calculations of the energetics of this material and
those of similar compositions. Computationally derived electronic structure of
these heterostructures demonstrates the existence of topologically nontrivial
surface states at sufficient thickness.
Combined mode I stress intensity factors of slanted cracks
Authors: Ismail A.E , Abdul Rahman M.Q , Mohd Ghazali M.Z , Zulafif Rahim M. , Rasidi Ibrahim M. , Hassan Mohd Fahrul , Muhd Nor Nik Hisyamudin , Ariffin A.M.T , Yunos Muhamad Zaini
Published: August 2017

The solutions of stress intensity factors (SIFs) for slanted cracks in plain strain plate are hard to find in open literature. There are some previous solutions of SIFs available, however the studies are not completed except for the case of plain stress. The slanted cracks are modelled numerically using ANSYS finite element program. There are ten slanted angles and seven relative crack depths are used and the plate contains cracks which is assumed to fulfil the plain strain condition. The plate is then stressed under tension and bending loading and the SIFs are determined according to the displacement extrapolation method. Based on the numerical analysis, both slanted angles and relative crack length, a/L played an important role in determining the modes I and II SIFs. As expected the SIFs increased when a/L is increased. Under tension force, the introduction of slanted angles increased the SIFs. Further increment of angles reduced the SIFs however they are still higher than the SIFs obtained using normal cracks. Under bending moment, the present of slanted angles are significantly reduced the SIFs compared with the normal cracks. Under similar loading, mode II SIFs increased as function of a/L and slanted angles where increasing such parameters increasing the mode II SIFs.
Bio-removal of Nickel ions by Sporosarcina pasteurii and Bacillus megaterium, A Comparative Study
Authors: Gheethi AA , Efaq AN , Mohamed RM , Abdel-Monem MO , Abdullah Abd Halid , Amir Hashim M
Published: August 2017

The aim of this work was to study the potential of Sporosarcina pasteurii 586S and Bacillus megaterium 1295S isolated from sewage treatment plants (STPs) in removing of nickel ions from the aqueous solution. The bacterial cells were used as living and dead cell biomass. The efficiency of bio-removal process was investigated as a response for nickel and biomass concentrations, time, pH and temperature. The bio-removal capacity (Qmax) of both strains were compared. The highest bio-removal percentage was recorded by dead cells in comparison to living cells. Dead cell biomass of B. megaterium 1295S exhibited higher efficiency for bio-removing of Ni2+ than S. pasteurii 586S at196.4 and 200.2 mg Ni2+ g-1, respectively. It can be concluded that both bacterial strains have high potential to be applied in the biotechnology for removing of Ni2+ ions, however, dead cells of B. megaterium 1295S is the most potent.
Performance evaluation of coherent Ising machines against classical neural networks
Authors: Haribara Yoshitaka , Ishikawa Hitoshi , Utsunomiya Shoko , Aihara Kazuyuki , Yamamoto Yoshihisa
Published: August 2017

The coherent Ising machine is expected to find a near-optimal solution in various combinatorial optimization problems, which has been experimentally confirmed with optical parametric oscillators and a field programmable gate array circuit. The similar mathematical models were proposed three decades ago by Hopfield et al in the context of classical neural networks. In this article, we compare the computational performance of both models.
Dependent generalized Dirichlet process priors for the analysis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Barcella William , De Iorio Maria , Favaro Stefano , Rosner Gary L
Published: August 2017

We propose a novel Bayesian nonparametric process prior for modeling a collection of random discrete distributions. This process is defined by including a suitable Beta regression framework within a generalized Dirichlet process to induce dependence among the discrete random distributions. This strategy allows for covariate dependent clustering of the observations. Some advantages of the proposed approach include wide applicability, ease of interpretation, and availability of efficient MCMC algorithms. The motivation for this work is the study of the impact of asparginage metabolism on lipid levels in a group of pediatric patients treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Electoral Systems and Electoral Integrity
Authors: Norris Pippa
Published: August 2017

Do formal electoral systems determine how far contests meet international standards of electoral integrity? This question touches on some classic debates in the literature seeking to understand the reasons underlying electoral reforms and the effects of these changes. To examine these issues, the first part of this chapter develops the conceptual framework to unpack the meaning of electoral integrity. The second part builds upon this understanding and sets out several alternative theoretical arguments of why list proportional representation (PR) electoral systems are generally believed to strengthen of electoral integrity more effectively than majoritarian rules. The third part explains the evidence and data, including how electoral integrity is measured worldwide through the rolling expert survey on Perceptions of Electoral Integrity. The fourth part presents the results of the analysis. The conclusion considers the findings and implications for strengthening electoral integrity and democracy around the globe.
Electoral Systems in Context
Authors: Herron Erik S.
Published: August 2017

For electoral systems to exert expected effects on voters, candidates, and parties, institutions should be durable and consistent. If political actors believe that the rules are likely to change, they may pursue strategies and tactics that seem to be at odds with the electoral system’s underlying incentive structure. This chapter evaluates how changing electoral rules in a transitional, post-Soviet society has affected political outcomes. Ukraine serves as an important case for scholars of electoral systems to illustrate consequences of institutional instability. The specific rules that Ukraine has used, coupled with a tendency to alter electoral systems after one or two elections, has promoted an inchoate and volatile party system and short-term strategic planning by politicians.
Electoral Systems and Redistricting
Authors: Handley Lisa
Published: August 2017

Redistricting—also known as redistribution and delimitation—refers to the redrawing of the boundaries of geographically based districts for electing representatives to legislative office. A majority of countries rely to some degree on electoral districts that must be delimited, but the impact that redistricting has depends on the electoral system in place, as well as the authority assigned the task of redistricting, the role that parliament and the courts play in the process, and the rules that govern the redistricting process. This chapter discusses the redistricting practices countries have adopted and considers their potential impact on the election process and its outcome.
Election Administration
Authors: Hall Thad E.
Published: August 2017

The administration of elections is a complex, multistage process involving registration, structuring the voting process (which may include both in-person and remote voting), and then tabulating and auditing the results. Failures during this process can result in maladministration or claims of electoral mismanagement and fraud. Although such problems are typically associated with authoritarian states, experiences in established democracies illustrate that election administration failures can result in claims of voting fraud. Understanding the failure points in election administration is critical, given the role that elections play in the democratic process and the loss of public confidence in elections that can occur when elections are not implemented successfully. Although the general public may not understand the specific international standards for a “free and fair” election, they do know what constitutes an unfair or corrupt election. Through effective election management, administrators can maintain public confidence in democracy.
The Enduring Power of the Sports Broadcasting Act
Authors: Grow Nathaniel
Published: August 2017

This chapter examines a little known, but vitally important, statutory antitrust exemption for the U.S. professional sports industry: the Sports Broadcasting Act of 1961 (SBA). Under the SBA, league-wide television agreements between one of the four major U.S. sports leagues and an over-the-air broadcast network are immune from challenge under federal antitrust law. As a result, the SBA has played a significant role in shaping the way in which sports are broadcast in the United States today. At the same time, because sports leagues value the protection afforded by the SBA, the threat of repealing the statute has also intermittently given Congress the leverage needed to challenge various league activities that were viewed as harmful to the public interest. Thus, the SBA continues to play an important role in helping to shape professional-sports-related public policy in the United States today.
Memory, Materiality, and Place in Ojibway Rock Art Performances
Authors: Ruuska Alex K.
Published: August 2017

In this chapter, the author investigates how distinctive pictograph and petroglyph traditions promote emplacement, a sense of the cultural past, and ancestral memory of seminal events and foundational epistemological and ontological understandings. In doing so, the author examines the integrated emplaced materiality of memory performances at Agawa, an Ojibway rock art site in the Canadian Shield on the northern shore of Lake Superior, through narratives, representations, objects, ritual behaviours, places, and placelings. Following Latour (2005), the author suggests that places are actants within broader actor-networks involved in creative dialogic memory-making processes. This interpretation can potentially inform broader anthropological concerns, including the dichotomous thinking underlying materialism and idealism.
Introduction
Authors: Agras W. Stewart , Robinson Athena
Published: August 2017

This chapter provides a brief introduction to and overview of the contents of the Handbook. Several issues are highlighted, including changes since the previous edition of this volume, namely, the revised Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5); the research domain criteria (RDoC), and recent technological innovations such as Internet treatment and the use of virtual reality related to eating disorders. Chapters on selective eating, bariatric surgery, and cognitive remediation have also been added. Themes carried forward from the previous edition of the Handbook are presented in updated chapters reviewing etiological, maintenance, assessment, comorbidity, medical complications, and pharmacotherapy, as well as evidence-based prevention and treatment considerations.
Appetitive Regulation in Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa
Authors: Kaye Walter , Ely Alice V.
Published: August 2017

Anorexia and bulimia nervosa are complex disorders with dysregulated appetitive behaviors. The underlying causes of disturbed patterns of eating are unknown, but a growing body of research suggests that aberrant functioning of brain or peripheral systems may be responsible. Neuroimaging technologies, such as positron emission tomography (PET) and functional MRI (fMRI), can be used to explore whether there are perturbations of the monoamine systems, the neurocircuitry of gustatory processing in eating disorders, and their relationship to metabolic homeostatic states. Together, PET and fMRI data suggest that individuals with eating disorders have disturbance of taste- and reward-processing regions of the brain, which may contribute to eating disorder symptoms.
Rethinking Empire
Authors: Young Louise
Published: August 2017

During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the world’s territory was carved into a handful of colonial empires. With few exceptions, the so-called ‘new imperialism’ of these years incorporated states into the world system either as colonizers or colonized. Japan’s case was unusual: the country started out as a victim of imperialism in the nineteenth century, but became an aggressor in the twentieth. Accounts of Japan’s empire have often fixated on the peculiarities of a non-Western, late-developing imperial power—what one of the architects of the field of Japanese colonial studies called ‘an anomaly of modern history’. The inter-connections between Japanese imperialism in mainland East Asia, the conclusion of the Chinese civil war, and heightened Cold War friction in the immediate post-Second World War period are re-examined here as distinct regional dynamics for the end of one empire and the rise of others in the 1940s and beyond.
Capitalism and Socialism
Authors: Lockley Philip
Published: August 2017

This chapter identifies capitalism as a system for human relating which came to predominance in several Christian societies during the nineteenth century. Socialism emerged in the same regions—part Romantic desire to restore social relationships weakened by capitalism, part product of secular Enlightenment hopes to reorganize human society by the moral light of reason. The chapter reviews Christian responses to both phenomena. Paternalist theologies were frequently revived in new industrial circumstances. Evangelical Protestants saw the free market as a sphere of God’s providence and human agency to do good. Christian responses to socialism often agonized over anti-Christian tendencies, but many recognized cooperation as more Christian than selfish competition. By 1900, Catholic social teaching mediated between free market capitalism and secular socialism, and Protestant Christian socialisms abounded. To conclude, the chapter explores why the idea of the Kingdom of God was so frequently evoked in nineteenth-century reflections on capitalism and socialism.
Other Religions
Authors: Maier Bernhard
Published: August 2017

The chapter gives an overview of the ways in which nineteenth-century Christian thinkers approached ‘other’, non-Christian religions. On the one hand, it establishes characteristics that distinguish the period between the flowering of Romanticism and the outbreak of the First World War from the periods immediately preceding and following it. On the other hand, it shows the wide range of approaches during the period under consideration, focusing on the struggle with finding suitable technical terms for hitherto unknown religious phenomena and on the scholarly attempts to arrange and classify new pieces of information, in order to integrate them into a unified picture. Special attention is paid to the ways in which nineteenth-century Christian (and secular) debates shaped and were shaped by the study of non-Christian religions. In conclusion, it is asked to what extent nineteenth-century ideas, presuppositions, and preoccupations are continuing to shape our present views on ‘religion’ and ‘world religions’.
Virtue and Character
Authors: Martens Paul
Published: August 2017

The themes of virtue and character—often encapsulated by the term ‘virtue ethics’ or ‘virtue theory’—are frequently considered peripheral to or non-existent within Christian thought in the nineteenth century. The purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate that this is a misunderstanding. To make this case, the argument begins by reiterating the basic narrative that explains the alleged disappearance of virtue. Turning to the constructive argument, the chapter then examines the differing roles of virtue, first, among representative post-Kantian Protestant and Catholic thinkers in Europe (Schleiermacher, Hegel, Kierkegaard, and Newman) and, second, amidst the reforming movements of temperance, abolition, and suffrage in America. In conclusion, the chapter highlights the shared convictions and confidence of Rauschenbusch and Ritschl concerning the role of virtue in building the Kingdom of God at the end of the nineteenth century.
Roman Catholicism
Authors: Menozzi Daniele
Published: August 2017

The Catholic Church faced a number of issues during the development of modern society from the French Revolution to the beginning of the First World War. After examining the Catholic response to secularization of society, the chapter analyses three currents which played an active role in the first half of the century: supporters of the ancien régime, intransigents, and liberal Catholics. As a consequence of the European revolutions the papacy condemned the modern world and promoted hierocratic medievalism. Pope Leo XIII encouraged a distinction between thesis and hypothesis as entryway to modernity: Catholics could enter the modern world, almost in order to use all it possessed to combat its results. But his successor, Pius X, thought that the modernization of the Church had degenerated into the illegitimate inclusion in it of the pernicious principle of modernity. Modernism became for more than half a century the main enemy of Roman Catholicism.
Christ
Authors: Morgan Robert
Published: August 2017

Most nineteenth-century Christians continued to take the divinity of Christ for granted, but, following the Enlightenment challenge to biblical and ecclesiastical authority and the rise of historical consciousness, the focus of theologians shifted to his humanity. Schleiermacher shared the rationalist rejection of supernaturalism and was critical of Chalcedon’s ‘two natures’ conceptuality but defended the divinity of Christ in terms of his perfect humanity. His presentation depended on the substantial historicity of the Fourth Gospel which was undermined by subsequent historical criticism. Strauss separated belief in divine immanence from the historical figure. Others built their historical sense into incarnational theologies, but following Renan (1863) lives of Jesus could scarcely acknowledge his divinity. The erosion of scriptural authority was widely contested and orthodox reactions reaffirmed the dogma. That pointed ahead to more recent attempts to integrate tradition and modernity rather than choosing between them.
God
Authors: Roberts Richard H.
Published: August 2017

Kant’s critique of the limits of the knowable and the status of the self in relation to God ceded a marginal role lying outside scientific knowledge. The Christian doctrine of God as Trinity was both conserved and marginalized. Schleiermacher and Ritschl subjected the doctrine of God to major reinterpretation. Hegel’s account of the doctrine of the Trinity is part of a diachronic ontology and epistemology patterned by, but radically at variance with, the synchronic Kantian critique and an ambiguous achievement. The dialectical fragmentation of Hegel’s thought following his death in 1831 informed the nineteenth century, and flows through the twentieth into the twenty-first century. eResponses to Christian thought on God include Schelling, Marx, Feuerbach, Kierkegaard and Nietzsche, historians of dogma and theologians from Harnack and Troeltsch to Barth and Andresen, an array of twentieth-century thinkers and theologians, besides second- and third-wave feminism and post-colonial critique.
Political Transformations
Authors: Chapman Mark
Published: August 2017

Beginning with the French Revolution and the Enlightenment and their effects on the political life and systems of Europe, this chapter discusses the broader impact of the collapse of the political systems in Germany, the modernization of the regimes, as well as the attempts at restoration after the defeat of Napoleon. The author examines conservative and neo-confessional movements, as well as the increasing secularization of societies in Western Europe. Following the increasing success of nationalism in the Austrian, Russian, and Turkish Empires and in the Italian peninsula, the chapter traces its impact on the development of ultramontanism. Responses by Christian thinkers to political transformations are grouped under the three headings of accommodation, reaction, and escape. The chapter concludes by suggesting that the growing autonomy of both the political and ecclesial systems provided the background for the increasing irrelevance of the churches in the twentieth century.
State and Church
Authors: Tregenza Ian
Published: August 2017

Much nineteenth-century political theory was preoccupied with relations between state and Church. This chapter examines some of the leading European theories of Church and state many of which influenced and reflected broader public debates and institutional developments. In response to the French Revolution and to a series of liberal and democratic reforms various attempts were made to renew the Church by emphasizing its role as the spiritual embodiment of the nation. While in some contexts such as France this would provoke a secular reaction and ultimately a separation of Church and state, elsewhere increasing religious pluralization would generate pluralist state forms and corresponding theories of the plural state. The central themes covered include: ultramontanism to liberal Catholicism in France; the Hegelian theory of the state; liberal Anglicanism and the Broad Church movement; and theories of the plural state from the 1890s to the First World War.
Church
Authors: Tseng Shao Kai
Published: August 2017

Dogmatic truth claims historically played a decisive role in shaping the identities of the various branches and denominations of Christianity. The demise of traditional metaphysics through the rise of modern epistemologies during the Enlightenment led to reformulations of ecclesiology in the nineteenth century. This chapter offers a selective survey of these reformulations. Under Kant’s shadow, Schleiermacher and Hegel defended the right-of-residence of the Church in this world while concurring that doctrinal truth claims could no longer be considered the ground and purpose of the Church. Another reactionary strand of nineteenth-century ecclesiology, evident in the Oxford Movement and Vatican I, responded to the onslaught of modern incredulities towards ecclesial dogmas by attempting to restore the primacy of theological ontology over epistemology.
Architecture
Authors: Whyte William Hadden
Published: August 2017

The nineteenth century was an age of church building—and not just of church building. Over the period, more places of worship, schools, hospitals, religious charities, and religious communities were built or restored than ever before. Not surprisingly, the form this epidemic of religious architecture took was deeply contested. Battles raged between and within denominations about the appropriate style, plan, or liturgical arrangement of their churches. Architecture was the focus of serious—and deeply theological—debates. Drawing on examples taken from across the nineteenth-century world, this chapter argues that these buildings were intended to be embodiments of theology. In that sense, examining the architecture of nineteenth-century Christianity enables us to approach the subject of this Handbook in rather different ways, exploring theology as it was practised by ordinary people as well as debated by intellectuals.
The Historical Turn
Authors: Zachhuber Johannes
Published: August 2017

This chapter considers historicization as a major paradigm of Christian thought in the nineteenth century. Early historicism saw history and religion as mutually related, and history as having a religious dimension. F. C. Baur created a monumental work of theological historicism. Yet tensions were visible in Baur’s oeuvre: between idealist and positivist interpretation of history; between historical criticism and religious faith; between history of process and the historical appreciation of individuals. These tensions increased among his students for whom historicism had become the master discourse whose rules were binding for ‘scientific’ theology as well. In this situation, a reconfiguration of theological historicism occurred in the work of Albrecht Ritschl and theology continued to work within the historicist paradigm. Only the more fundamental criticism directed by Franz Overbeck and Friedrich Nietzsche against the principles of historicism and its use in theology led the eventual abandonment of historicist theology.
Recreation and Leisure
Authors: Heintzman Paul
Published: August 2017

This chapter addresses attitudes towards recreation and leisure in nineteenth-century Christian thought using examples from the United Kingdom, North America, Australia, and Africa. Christianity influenced recreation through phenomena related to the animal welfare, temperance, Sabbatarian, Sunday school, Band of Hope, muscular Christianity, Young Men’s Christian Association, Christian resort, Church recreation, Saturday half-holiday, and open space movements. While Christian approaches to recreation were diverse, they may be categorized into four responses on a continuum from most negative to most positive: opposition, alternative recreation, societal change initiatives, and accommodation. Although these categories may overlap and are not always mutually exclusive they do provide a helpful framework. In general, over the course of the century, approaches to recreation tended to move towards the more positive or accommodation end of the continuum.
Anglicanism
Authors: Knight Frances
Published: August 2017

This chapter analyses the ways nineteenth-century Anglicanism has been studied by scholars. Three different traditions of historiography are identified and explored. The first approach is interested in internal ecclesiastical debates, in relations between Church and state, and in wider social change. A brief discussion of the historiography of the Oxford Movement illustrates how academic approaches to this topic have developed since the 1840s. The second approach is scholarly immersion in nineteenth-century Anglican theology, which remained influential for most of the twentieth century. However, it fell out of favour from the 1980s, as new styles of theology became more fashionable. The third approach is the study of Anglicanism outside the British Isles. This developed from a focus on mission history and the development of the Anglican Communion, to more recent appreciation of global Anglicanism, seeking to do justice to the experience of Anglicans, wherever they live in the world.
Antipassive
Authors: Polinsky Maria
Published: August 2017

This chapter presents typical properties of the antipassive, addresses its cross-linguistic distribution, and discusses main existing analyses. “Antipassives” are constructions in which the logical object of a transitive (two-place) predicate is not realized as a direct object, but instead appears as a non-core argument or left unexpressed (but presupposed). The morphological realization of the antipassive is more varied than is usually assumed; in particular, pseudo noun incorporation, true noun incorporation, and bi-absolutive constructions can instantiate the antipassive. The antipassive and the passive are not mutually exclusive; a number of examples in this chapter provide empirical evidence in support of antipassive/passive compatibility. The antipassive is not limited to ergative languages, although it may be more noticeable under ergative configuration.
Ergativity in Tibeto-Burman
Authors: Chelliah Shobhana
Published: August 2017

A number of Tibeto-Burman languages exhibit morphological ergative alignment, while others clearly do not. In these languages, matters of information structure determine core argument marking. Specifically, both A and S marking may be used to indicate topic, contrastive topic, broad focus, and/or contrastive focus. It is most often A or S, not P, that is assigned such status and between A and S, it is most often A that takes marking. Preference for topic or focus marking on A creates the impression of ergative alignment, but an ergative alignment analysis is untenable as S may be marked under the same conditions and with the same morpheme as A. Considerations of discourse-level clause interpretation in Tibetan, Meitei, and Burmese show that information structure not transitivity determines A and S marking. The presence or absence of marking based on information structure is characterized as “unique differential marking”, distinguishing it from the differential marking observed in ergative and accusative alignment systems.
On Inherent and Dependent Theories of Ergative Case
Authors: Baker Mark C. , Bobalijk Jonathan
Published: August 2017

This chapter compares the view that ergative case is an inherent case assigned by v to an NP that it theta-marks (the ICT) to the view that ergative case is a dependent case assigned to a higher NP when there is a lower NP in the same local domain (the DCT). First we present instances in which a nonagent receives ergative case when there is another NP nearby, in applicative constructions in Shipibo, Kalaallisut (West Greenlandic), and Chukchi. Conversely, we present instances in which an agent fails to receive ergative, either because the second NP has been rendered invisible, or because the clause is subsumed within a larger case domain (ECM, causatives). Both data sets support the DCT over the ICT. Finally, we argue that no known language displays a straightforwardly active case pattern—a fact that can be explained by the DCT but not the ICT.
The Locus of Ergative Case
Authors: Legate Julie Anne
Published: August 2017

This chapter demonstrates that for a diverse range of languages the assignment of ergative case is determined by a cluster of factors, which vary between the languages. While ergative assignment thus resists a simple, uniform analysis, the relevant factors are consistently based low in the clausal structure, centered around vP. The low factors identified include the theta-position and theta-role of the subject, the presence of a complement, the presence of a DP object, the case of the object, the presence of object agreement, and the Aspect selecting vP. Illustrative languages examined are Tsova-Tush (East Caucasian), Nez Perce (Sahaptin), Warlpiri (South-West Pama-Nyungan), Tshangla (Tibeto-Burman), and Hindi/Urdu (Indo-Aryan). Kurmanji Kurdish (Iranian) and Yukulta (Tangic) are also considered: here, the governing factors of ergative case assignment are prima facie high in the clause, based in TP/CP. These languages are revealed to instead fall under the low ergative pattern.
Materializing Light, Making Worlds
Authors: Watson Aaron , Scott Ronnie
Published: August 2017

The distinctive architecture of Neolithic passage tombs reproduces the fundamental format of a camera obscura. Could Neolithic people have projected animated images of the outside world into the chambers of these monuments? Fieldwork in Wales and Scotland reveals that the methods required to generate optical projections inside passage tombs are straightforward and do not require a lens. At those sites that feature a solar alignment it is possible to project an enlarged disc of the sun into the chamber, while the landscape is visible within others. Some of the most distinctive effects featured projections of people; spectral human figures that moved through the monument, or even appeared to emerge from the walls. These phenomena are striking to witnesses in the present day. In the Neolithic, such intense multisensory events might have transformed passage tombs into places where people engaged with spectacular and otherworldly experiences.
The Chacoan World
Authors: Van Dyke Ruth M.
Published: August 2017

In the southwest United States, high altitudes, open vistas, and cloudless skies create a visual atmosphere where the light is legendary. I focus on the role of light for the people of Chaco Canyon—a 1,000-year-old pilgrimage centre in the San Juan Basin of northwest New Mexico. Here, worldviews and cosmologies involved the dualistic juxtaposition of light and dark, visible and invisible, sun and moon. The movements of celestial bodies in a clear sky, and the presence of open sightlines with distinctive peaks, contributed to the creation of a complex cosmography. Sun and moon, visibility and invisibility, light and darkness opposed one another and revolved around Chaco Canyon—the centre of the ancient Chacoan world.
Introduction
Authors: Hassan Waïl S.
Published: August 2017

This book offers a comprehensive survey of Arab novelistic traditions. It consists of forty-two chapters that explore the historical, geographical, and linguistic dimensions of the Arabic novel. It looks at the genesis of the Arabic novel from a fresh perspective, highlighting its deep and diverse roots (Arabic, Persian, Indian, and European sources), as well as its multiple and multilingual traditions. Those traditions of the novel are mapped out historically and geopolitically, in their distinct national contexts, both as an art form and as one of numerous indices of Arab modernity. The book traces the premodern, or precolonial, roots of the Arabic novel, which stretch back centuries within the Arabic literary tradition, and describes its spread outward, geographically and linguistically, to almost every Arab country and in Arab immigrant destinations around the world. It has three parts that focus on continuities with the Arabic and other literary traditions, the Arabic novel in the Arab world and in sub-Saharan Africa, and the development of the Arab Diasporic novel in each country where such a phenomenon exists.