bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formation mechanisms of ringwoodite: clues from the Martian meteorite Northwest Africa 8705
Authors: Zhang Ting , Hu Sen , Wang Nian , Lin Yangting , Gu Lixin , Tang Xu , Zou Xinyu , Zhang Mingming
Published: August 2021

Ringwoodite and wadsleyite are the high-pressure polymorphs of olivine, which are common in shocked meteorites. They are the major constituent minerals in the terrestrial mantle. NWA 8705, an olivine-phyric shergottite, was heavily shocked, producing shock-induced melt veins and pockets associated with four occurrences of ringwoodite: (1) the lamellae intergrown with the host olivine adjacent to a shock-induced melt pocket; (2) polycrystalline assemblages preserving the shapes and compositions of the pre-existing olivine within a shock-induced melt vein (60 μm in width); (3) the rod-like grains coexisting with wadsleyite and clinopyroxene within a shock-induced melt vein; (4) the microlite clusters embedded in silicate glass within a very thin shock-induced melt vein (20 μm in width). The first two occurrences of ringwoodite likely formed via solid-state transformation from olivine, supported by their morphological features and homogeneous compositions (Mg# 64–62) similar to the host olivine (Mg# 66–64). The third occurrence of ringwoodite might fractionally crystallize from the shock-induced melt, based on its heterogeneous and more FeO-enriched compositions (Mg# 76–51) than those of the coexisting wadsleyite (Mg# 77–67) and the host olivine (Mg# 66–64) of this meteorite. The coexistence of ringwoodite, wadsleyite, and clinopyroxene suggests a post-shock pressure of 14–16 GPa and a temperature of 1650–1750 °C. The fourth occurrence of ringwoodite with compositional variation (Mg# 72–58) likely crystallized from melt at 16–18 GPa and 1750–1850 °C. The presence of the four occurrences of ringwoodite was probably due to their very fast cooling rates in and/or adjacent to the thin shock-induced melt veins and small pockets. In addition, the higher Fa-contents of the host olivine (Fa35–39) in NWA 8705 than those in ordinary chondrites (Fa16–32) makes the olivine–ringwoodite transformation prolong to a lower pressure.
Liquefaction in Palu: the cause of massive mudflows
Authors: Jalil Abdul , Fathani Teuku Faisal , Satyarno Iman , Wilopo Wahyu
Published: August 2021

The 7.5Mwtectonic earthquake that hit Palu City on 28 September 2018 was followed by tsunami and liquefaction, triggered massive mudflows in Balaroa, Petobo, and Jono Oge areas. This study focuses on the generating factors of liquefaction such as the condition of soil lithology, depth of water table, the distance to the focal mechanism, and the thickness of soft sediment. Microtremor data, including the Horizontal Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR), geological condition, and borehole data, were examined to conduct the liquefaction analysis. The analysis results based on the microtremor data showed that the distribution of ground shear strain values in Palu City ranged from 0.75 × 10–4to 2.56 × 10–4. The distribution of the locations of the liquefaction was correlated to the distribution of ground shear strain values. High ground shear strain values and a shallow groundwater level were discovered in Palu City valley, which indicates that liquefaction in Palu City will undoubtedly occur. The semi-empirical method confirmed that Balaroa, Petobo, and Jono Oge had undergone large-scale liquefaction at a maximum depth of 16 m below the ground level. The average peak of water runoff that generated the mudflow was estimated to be at 11.31 cm3/s. Since the soil has loose soil grain with high water content, the soil will turn into a massive amount of mud during the liquefaction.
Do Rates of Mental Health Symptoms in Currently Competing Elite Athletes in Paralympic Sports Differ from Non-Para-Athletes?
Authors: Olive Lisa S. , Rice Simon , Butterworth Matt , Clements Matti , Purcell Rosemary
Published: August 2021

Background

This study addresses the lack of comparative data on the mental health of athletes in Paralympic sports (‘para-athletes’) and non-para athletes by examining the prevalence and correlates of mental health symptoms in a national sample of elite athletes representative of the population from which it was drawn on age and para-status.

Methods

A cross-sectional, anonymous, online-survey was provided to all categorised (e.g. highest level) athletes, aged 17 years and older, registered with the Australian Institute of Sport (n = 1566). Measures included psychological distress, mental health caseness, risky alcohol consumption, body weight and shape dissatisfaction, self-esteem, life satisfaction, and problem gambling. Correlates of outcomes included individual (e.g. demographic and psychosocial) and sport-related variables.

Results

The participation rate was 51.7% (n = 810), with valid data available from 749 athletes. No significant differences were observed between athletes from para- and non-para-sports on most mental health symptoms, with the exception of alcohol consumption (p < .001) and self-esteem (p = .007), both lower in athletes from para-sports. A trend for an interaction was found for anxiety and insomnia (p = .018), whereby the difference between athletes from para- and non-para-sports was qualified by gender.

Conclusions

In a large sample of elite athletes, mental health and wellbeing symptoms are comparable between athletes from para- and non-para-sports, with the exception of para-athletes reporting lower alcohol consumption but also lower self-esteem. While overall mental health and wellbeing symptom profiles are largely similar, attention to areas of differences will help to better address the unmet and distinct mental health needs of athletes from para-sports.
The global molecular epidemiology of microsporidia infection in sheep and goats with focus on Enterocytozoon bieneusi: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Taghipour Ali , Bahadory Saeed , Javanmard Ehsan
Published: August 2021

Background

Microsporidia is a zoonotic pathogen with health consequences in immunocompromised patients. Small ruminants are a potential reservoir of microsporidia for humans in their vicinity. Hence, we aimed to evaluate the molecular prevalence of microsporidian infections with emphasis onEnterocytozoon bieneusigenotypes among sheep and goats at a global scale through systematic review and meta-analysis approach.

Methods

The standard protocol of preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Eligible prevalence studies on small ruminant microsporidiosis, published from 1 January 2000 until 15 April 2021 were gathered using systematic literature search in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. The point estimates and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using a random-effects model. The variance between studies (heterogeneity) was quantified byI2index.

Results

In total, 25 articles (including 34 datasets) were included for final meta-analysis. The pooled molecular prevalence of microsporidia in sheep and goats was estimated to be 17.4% (95% CI: 11.8–25%) and 16% (95% CI: 11.2–22.4%), respectively. Likewise, the overall prevalence ofE. bieneusiwas estimated to be 17.4% (95% CI: 11.8–25%) for sheep and 16.3% (95% CI: 11.3–22.8%) for goats. According to internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene analysis,E. bieneusiwith genotypes BEB6 (15 studies) and COS-1 (nine studies) in sheep, and CHG3 (six studies) and BEB6 (five studies) in goats were the highest reported genotypes.

Conclusion

The present results highlight the role of sheep and goats as reservoir hosts for human-infecting microsporidia. Therefore, this global estimate could be beneficial on preventive and control measures.
Ebola and COVID-19 in Democratic Republic of Congo: grappling with two plagues at once
Authors: Khan Fatima Muhammad Asad , Hasan Mohammad Mehedi , Kazmi Zohra , dos Santos Costa Ana Carla , Aborode Abdullahi Tunde , Ahmad Shoaib , Essar Mohammad Yasir
Published: August 2021

In February 2021, a new Ebola virus disease outbreak was confirmed amid the COVID-19 pandemic in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Although the country has successfully contained the outbreak amid its fight against the COVID-19 pandemic, the epidemiological situation is still concerning, primarily due to the risk of an increase in the number of COVID-19 cases. The coexistence of both outbreaks increased the burden on the country’s health system mainly because Ebola response programs were redirected to the COVID-19 national response. Strategies adopted and lessons learned from previous Ebola outbreaks were crucial to developing the COVID-19 national response. To tackle the challenges of combating both the viruses, it is essential to adopt multidisciplinary measures such as prevention, education, and vaccination campaigns, promoting hygiene and social distancing practices, and improving diagnostic and management protocols. This paper discusses the efforts, challenges, and possible solutions to grapple with Ebola amid the COVID-19 crisis in DRC successfully.
Linsitinib (OSI-906) modulates brain energy metabolism and seizure activity in the lithium-pilocarpine rat model
Authors: Jiang Guohui , Wang Shenglin , Chen Mingyue , Ding Xiaomi , He Weiwei , Wang Li , Wang Shunxian , Yu Juming , Wang Xiaoming
Published: August 2021

Background

Epileptic seizure is a process of energy accumulation, bursting, and depletion accompanied by the production, spread, and termination of epileptic discharges. The energy required for a seizure is mainly provided through mitochondrial production of ATP. Mitochondrial diseases often lead to epileptic seizures, and energy depletion caused by seizures can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction. The energy metabolism has become a key target for treatment of epileptic diseases.

Method

The effect of OSI-906, an insulin receptor (IR)/ insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) inhibitor, on behaviors and electroencephalographic activity in the lithium-pilocarpine rats were tested. 18F-FDG positron emission tomography (PET)/ computed tomography (CT) was performed to detect the relative whole-brain glucose uptake values. Electron microscopy was performed to observe the ultrastructure of neuronal and mitochondrial damage. The changes in blood glucose at different time points before and after the intervention were tested and the effects of OSI-906 on IR/IGF-1R and downstream Akt signaling in the context of seizures were evaluated.

Results

The OSI-906 treatment applied 3 days before the pilocarpine-induced seizures significantly reduced the seizure severity, prolonged the seizure latency and decreased the EEG energy density. MicroPET/CT revealed that 50 mg/kg of OSI-906 inhibited the 18F-FDG glucose uptake after epileptic seizures, suggesting that OSI-906, through inhibiting IR/IGF-1R and the downstream AKT signaling, may regulate the excessive energy consumption of the epileptic brain. The OSI-906 treatment also reduced the mitochondrial damage caused by epileptic seizures.

Conclusion

The IR/IGF-1R inhibitor OSI-906 can significantly reduce the sensitivity and severity of pilocarpine-induced seizures by inhibiting the IR/IGF-1R and the downstream Akt signaling pathway.
Imaging subsurface orebodies with airborne electromagnetic data using a recurrent neural network
Authors: Bang Minkyu , Oh Seokmin , Noh Kyubo , Seol Soon Jee , Byun Joongmoo
Published: August 2021

Conventional interpretation of airborne electromagnetic data has been conducted by solving the inverse problem. However, with recent advances in machine learning (ML) techniques, a 1D deep neural network inversion that predicts a 1D resistivity model using multifrequency vertical magnetic fields and sensor height information at one location has been applied. Nevertheless, since the final interpretation of this 1D approach relies on connecting 1D resistivity models, 1D ML interpretation has low accuracy for the estimation of an isolated anomaly, as in conventional 1D inversion. Thus, we have developed a 2D interpretation technique that can overcome the limitations of 1D interpretation and consider spatial continuity by using a recurrent neural network (RNN). We generate various 2D resistivity models, calculate the ratio of primary and induced secondary magnetic fields of the vertical direction in ppm scale using a vertical magnetic dipole source, and then train the RNN using the resistivity models and the corresponding electromagnetic (EM) responses. To verify the validity of 2D RNN inversion, we apply the trained RNN to synthetic and field data. Through application of the field data, we demonstrate that the design of the training data set is crucial to improve prediction performance in a 2D RNN inversion. In addition, we investigate changes in the RNN inversion results of field data dependent on the data preprocessing. We demonstrate that using two types of data, logarithmic transformed data and linear-scale data, having different patterns of input information can enhance the prediction performance of the EM inversion results.
Vertical migration in theory and in practice
Authors: Rice Gary K.
Published: August 2021

We use the term vertical migration to describe the mechanism of mass transport that moves trace petroleum hydrocarbons from subsurface accumulations to the surface. Vertical migration is the heart of geochemical exploration for petroleum. Although our use of geochemical exploration for petroleum has been accelerating, our understanding of the mechanism that makes the process successful lagged behind. Early vertical migration models were based on a molecular process called diffusion. Diffusion remained the accepted mechanism during the early years of geochemical exploration even though the diffusion mechanism could not explain many observations, including migration that appeared to be predominately vertical. Approximately 30 years ago, buoyancy-driven migration mechanisms were modeled. The models predicted how gases below the water table could migrate vertically as a gas phase with buoyancy providing a mechanism for predominately vertical gas migration. Buoyancy models explained how surface expressions observed from vertical migration measurements related to petroleum reservoirs including small lateral offsets. Buoyancy models also explained the gradients and data contrasts observed in many surface geochemical features including what they mean and predicted fast vertical migration rates that have been verified by field observations. In addition, buoyancy models predicted how petroleum reservoirs could be mapped using gas data and how surface expressions of faults and fractures could be mapped using liquid data. Those data can be obtained from direct measurement of trace hydrocarbons in near-surface fluid samples. Because reservoir rock samples are not required, vertical migration provides a way to obtain information about a reservoir prior to exploratory drilling. The characteristics of these migrating fluids and their surface patterns are the foundation of modern geochemical exploration for petroleum.
Airborne and ground geophysical evaluation of potential mineralized zone in parts of Ilesha schist belt, southwestern Nigeria
Authors: Ogungbemi Oluwaseun S. , Amigun John O. , Olayanju Gbenga M. , Olabode Badmus Ganiyu
Published: August 2021

Integrated airborne and ground geophysical studies were conducted in parts of Ilesha schist belt, southwestern Nigeria. The goal was to provide a useful guide for mineral prospecting, with the hope of considerably narrowing down the future search for mineral deposits within the study area. Aeromagnetic and aeroradiometric data were analyzed for the reconnaissance study. In addition, the reduction-to-equator transform, analytic signal, tilt derivative, and Euler deconvolution filters were applied to the aeromagnetic data to enhance shallow and deep geologic features. The aeroradiometric data were used to determine spatial variations in the concentrations of uranium (U), thorium (Th), and potassium (K) in near-surface rocks and to map spatial lithologic changes. The 2D-magnetic sections, radiometric profiles, inverted resistivity, and induced polarization (IP) sections were generated from the integrated geophysical data. The electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) results reveal the subsurface heterogeneity (to a depth of approximately 197 m) and varied geoelectric layers (topsoil, lateritic-clay, weathered rock, and basement rock). The IP sections show varying degrees of chargeability and features that suggest the presence of disseminated mineralized bodies concealed in some areas. The overburden thickness varies between 4 and 85 m as determined from the 2D-magnetic and electric resistivity sections. Anomalous peaks on profiles of elemental ratios (eTh/K, eTh/eU, and K/eU) correlate with the results of IP and ERT. Data sets are well correlated and highlight areas with relevant structural and lithologic signatures favorable for mineral deposition. The methodology adopted in our research is well adapted, and the interpretation techniques provided insight into regional and local lithostructural settings. These anomalous areas are suggested as targets for future exploration works.
Individual and Combined Cardiometabolic Morbidities and the Subsequent Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Chinese Adults
Authors: Wang Jiao , Wang Zhimin , Guo Feng , Zhang Yinghui , Ji Hongfei , Chen Gang , Wan Qin , Yan Li , Wang Guixia , Qin Yingfen , Luo Zuojie , Tang Xulei , Huo Yanan , Hu Ruying , Ye Zhen , Shi Lixin , Gao Zhengnan , Su Qing , Mu Yiming , Zhao Jiajun , Chen Lulu , Zeng Tianshu , Yu Xuefeng , Li Qiang , Shen Feixia , Chen Li , Zhang Yinfei , Wang Youmin , Deng Huacong , Liu Chao , Wu Shengli , Yang Tao , Li Mian , Xu Yu , Xu Min , Zhao Zhiyun , Wang Tiange , Lu Jieli , Bi Yufang , Wang Weiqing , Ning Guang , Zhao Yanyan , Qin Guijun
Published: August 2021

Context

Diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia accelerates the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. However, data regarding the association between main cardiometabolic morbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia and the subsequent risk of CVD events in Chinese adults are still limited.

Objective

To investigate the associations between individual and combined cardiometabolic morbidities and incident cardiovascular events in Chinese adults.

Methods

Baseline data were obtained from a prospective, nationwide, and population-based cohort study in China during 2011–2012. A total of 133 572 participants aged ≥40 years were included in the study. The main outcome measures were CVD events.

Results

Compared with participants without diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia, participants with only diabetes (hazard ratio [HR], 1.58; 95% CI, 1.32-1.90) or only hypertension (2.04; 1.82-2.28) exhibited significantly higher risk for CVD events, while participants with only dyslipidemia (0.97; 0.84-1.12) exhibited no significantly higher risk for CVD events. When analyzed collectively, participants with diabetes plus hypertension (HR, 2.67; 95% CI, 2.33-3.06), diabetes plus dyslipidemia (1.57; 1.32-1.87), and hypertension plus dyslipidemia (2.12; 1.88-2.39) exhibited significantly higher risk for CVD. Moreover, participants with the combination of diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia exhibited the highest risk for CVD events (HR, 3.06; 95% CI, 2.71-3.46). Multivariable-adjusted HRs (95% CIs) for CVD associated with diabetes based on fasting glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L, oral glucose tolerance test 2-hour glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L, and hemoglobin A1c ≥6.5% were 1.64 (1.51-1.78), 1.57 (1.45-1.69), and 1.54 (1.42-1.66), respectively; associated with hypertension based on systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg were 1.89 (1.76-2.03) and 1.74 (1.60-1.88), respectively; associated with dyslipidemia based on total cholesterol ≥6.22 mmol/L, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥4.14 mmol/L, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol <1.04 mmol/L, and triglycerides ≥2.26 mmol/L were 1.18 (1.08-1.30), 1.30 (1.17-1.44), 1.00 (0.92-1.09), and 1.10 (1.01-1.20), respectively.

Conclusion

Diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia showed additive associations with the risk of CVD events in middle-aged and elderly Chinese adults.
Changes in Circulating Kisspeptin Levels During Each Trimester in Women With Antenatal Complications
Authors: Abbara Ali , Al-Memar Maya , Phylactou Maria , Daniels Elisabeth , Patel Bijal , Eng Pei C , Nadir Rans , Izzi-Engbeaya Chioma , Clarke Sophie A , Mills Edouard G , Hunjan Tia , Pacuszka Ewa , Yang Lisa , Bech Paul , Tan Tricia , Comninos Alexander N , Kelsey Tom W , Kyriacou Christopher , Fourie Hanine , Bourne Tom , Dhillo Waljit S
Published: August 2021

Context

Antenatal complications such as hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), fetal growth restriction (FGR), gestational diabetes (GDM), and preterm birth (PTB) are associated with placental dysfunction. Kisspeptin has emerged as a putative marker of placental function, but limited data exist describing circulating kisspeptin levels across all 3 trimesters in women with antenatal complications.

Objective

We aimed to assess whether kisspeptin levels are altered in women with antenatal complications.

Methods

Women with antenatal complications (n = 105) and those with uncomplicated pregnancies (n = 265) underwent serial ultrasound scans and blood sampling at the Early Pregnancy Assessment Unit at Hammersmith Hospital, UK, at least once during each trimester (March 2014 to March 2017). The women with antenatal complications (HDP [n = 32], FGR [n = 17], GDM [n = 35], PTB [n = 11], and multiple complications [n=10]) provided 373 blood samples and the controls provided 930 samples. Differences in circulating kisspeptin levels were assessed.

Results

Third-trimester kisspeptin levels were higher than controls in HDP but lower in FGR. The odds of HDP adjusted for gestational age, maternal age, ethnicity, BMI, smoking, and parity were increased by 30% (95% CI, 16%-47%; P < 0.0001), and of FGR were reduced by 28% (95% CI, 4-46%; P = 0.025), for every 1 nmol/L increase in plasma kisspeptin. Multiple of gestation-specific median values of kisspeptin were higher in pregnancies affected by PTB (P = 0.014) and lower in those with GDM (P = 0.020), but not significantly on multivariable analysis.

Conclusion

We delineate changes in circulating kisspeptin levels at different trimesters and evaluate the potential of kisspeptin as a biomarker for antenatal complications.
Population Numbers and Reproductive Health
Authors: Suvorov Alexander
Published: August 2021

A recent study published in The Lancet predicts a remarkable drop in population numbers following a peak that will be reached by 2064. A unique feature of the upcoming population drop is that it will be almost exclusively caused by decreased reproduction, rather than factors that increase rates of mortality. The reasons for decreased reproduction are also unique, as, unlike previous centuries, limited reproduction today is hardly due to a shortage in resources. In other words, the predicted population drop is almost exclusively due to changes in reproductive behavior and reproductive physiology. Today, global changes in reproductive behavior are mostly explained by social sciences in a framework of demographic transition hypotheses, while changes in reproductive physiology are usually attributed to effects of endocrine-disrupting pollutants. This review outlines a complementary/alternative hypothesis, which connects reproductive trends with population densities. Numerous wildlife and experimental studies of a broad range of animal species have demonstrated that reproductive behavior and reproductive physiology are negatively controlled via endocrine and neural signaling in response to increasing population densities. The causal chain of this control system, although not fully understood, includes suppression of every level of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal cascade by hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, activated in response to increasing stress of social interactions. This paper discusses evidence in support of a hypothesis that current trends in reproductive physiology and behavior may be partly explained by increasing population densities. Better understanding of the causal chain involved in reproduction suppression by population density–related factors may help in developing interventions to treat infertility and other reproductive conditions.
Effect of 3 NR3C1 Mutations in the Pathogenesis of Pituitary ACTH Adenoma
Authors: Miao Hui , Liu Yang , Lu Lin , Gong Fengying , Wang Linjie , Duan Lian , Yao Yong , Wang Renzhi , Chen Shi , Mao Xinxin , Zhang Dongyun , Heaney Anthony P , Zhu Huijuan
Published: August 2021

Context

Glucocorticoids act through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) encoded by the nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1 (NR3C1) gene.

Objective

This study aimed to examine the function of NR3C1 variants and their possible pathogenic role in Cushing disease (CD).

Methods

Next-generation sequencing was conducted in 49 CD patients. Corticotroph tumor GR protein expression was examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Constructs harboring the 3 NR3C1-mutant and wild-type (WT) GR were transfected into the murine corticotropic adenoma cell line (AtT-20), and GR protein expression was quantified by Western blot. Translocation activity was assessed by immunofluorescence and effects of the GR mutants on corticotroph tumor proliferation, pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) transcription, and ACTH secretion were tested.

Results

Clinical features were similar in patients harboring the NR3C1 mutations and WT GR. Recurrent adenomas showed higher GR IHC scores than nonrecurrent tumors. In vitro studies demonstrated that the p.R469X mutant generated a truncated GR protein, and the p.D590G and p.Y693D GR mutants resulted in lower GR expression. Dexamethasone (DEX) treatment of AtT-20 cells demonstrated decreased DEX-induced nuclear translocation, increased cell proliferation, and attenuated suppression of POMC transcription of 3 GR mutants. Interestingly, the p.R469X GR mutant resulted in increased murine corticotroph tumor ACTH secretion compared to WT GR.

Conclusion

Our findings identify 3/49 (6.1%) consecutive human corticotroph tumors harboring GR mutations. Further findings demonstrate the role NR3C1 plays in CD pathogenesis and offer insights into a novel treatment approach in this patient subset.
Development of Upper Extremity Complex Regional Pain Syndrome After Prolonged Surgery in Lithotomy Position: A Case Report
Authors: Chen Alexander V. , Evazyan Talin
Published: August 2021

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic condition commonly consisting of allodynia, paresthesias, skin and temperature changes, and motor dysfunction. CRPS is relatively rare and classically develops in a limb after sustaining a traumatic or surgical insult. To date, CRPS developing in a previously uninjured limb after prolonged immobilization has not yet been reported. We describe a 45-year-old man with no known preexisting injury or neuropathy to his upper extremities who developed CRPS of his right wrist and hand after prolonged colorectal surgery.
Molecular “Hozo”: Thermally Stable Yet Conformationally Flexible Self-Assemblies Driven by Tight Molecular Meshing
Authors: Zhan Yi-Yang , Hiraoka Shuichi
Published: August 2021

Various noncovalent molecular interactions have been employed as driving forces to construct well-defined discrete self-assemblies. Among them, coordination and hydrogen bonds are widely used due to their high directionality and appropriate bond strength. However, the utilization of nondirectional, week molecular interactions for this purpose still presents a key challenge in supramolecular self-assembly. To tackle this critical issue, we presented a novel design concept, molecular “Hozo”, that the components with large, indented complementary hydrophobic surfaces tightly mesh with each other driven by the hydrophobic effect in water. Based on this concept, we developed a series of water-soluble cube-shaped molecular assemblies, i.e., nanocubes, composed of six molecules of identical gear-shaped amphiphiles (GSAs) with the aid of van der Waals (vdW) and cation-π interactions as well as the hydrophobic effect. The nanocubes exhibit unique properties derived from molecular meshing of the building blocks, such as high thermal stability yet as high conformational flexibility as biological molecules and emission whose intensity is affected by the structural change of the nanocube.
Chlorpyrifos and other pesticide exposure and suspected developmental delay in children aged under 5 years: a case-control study in Phitsanulok, Thailand
Authors: Juntarawijit Yuwayong , Chaichanawirote Uraiwan , Rakmeesri Paphada , Chairattanasakda Punaphop , Pumyim Varintorn , Juntarawijit Chudchawal
Published: August 2021

Background: Developmental delay among children under 5 years of age is a serious global public health problem and much research has been carried out to find potential causes. Pesticides - especially organophosphates - are suspected to be one of the main causes of the problem.  This study aimed to investigate the association between pesticide use by the mother during pregnancy and preschool children development using a case-control study.

Methods: Data on prenatal and postnatal pesticide exposure of 442 children with suspected developmental delay, and 413 controls with normal development were included for analysis. The children were matched for gender, age, and residency. Data on pesticide exposure were collected via interview with the mother, and data on pregnancy outcomes abstracted from hospital records.  

Results: Chlorpyrifos exposure significantly increased the risk of developmental delay with an odds ratio (OR) of 3.71 (95% CI 1.03-13.36) for ever use of the pesticide, and an OR of 5.92 (95% CI 1.01-34.68) for postnatal exposure (p <0.05). Some other pesticides also had a positive association with developmental delay but none were statistically significant (p <0.05). Those pesticides were insecticide, fungicide, herbicide, and molluscicide. Individual pesticides with a positive association were glyphosate, paraquat, butachlor, methyl parathion (pholidon), savin, methomyl, endosulfan, carbosulfan, methamidophos, monochrotofos, mancozeb, and bordeaumixture.

Conclusions: This case-control study found that chlorpyrifos and some other pesticides exposure during pregnancy were positively associated with developmental delay in children aged under 5 years. Further research should be conducted to better understand this potential effects of pesticides on child neurodevelopment, and the public - especially those who plan to have families - should be informed.
Competitive Advertising on Brand Search: Traffic Stealing and Click Quality
Authors: Simonov Andrey , Hill Shawndra
Published: August 2021

Competitive advertising on brand keywords of rivals in sponsored search is effective in generating traffic, if rivals do not defend their traffic.
Knowledge Accumulation, Privacy, and Growth in a Data Economy
Authors: Cong Lin William , Xie Danxia , Zhang Longtian
Published: August 2021

We build an endogenous growth model with consumer-generated data as a new key factor for knowledge accumulation. Consumers balance between providing data for profit and potential privacy infringement. Intermediate good producers use data to innovate and contribute to the final good production, which fuels economic growth. Data are dynamically nonrival with flexible ownership while their production is endogenous and policy-dependent. Although a decentralized economy can grow at the same rate (but are at different levels) as the social optimum on the Balanced Growth Path, the R&D sector underemploys labor and overuses data—an inefficiency mitigated by subsidizing innovators instead of direct data regulation. As a data economy emerges and matures, consumers’ data provision endogenously declines after a transitional acceleration, allaying long-run privacy concerns but portending initial growth traps that call for interventions.

This paper was accepted by Kay Giesecke, finance.
Stochastic Graphon Games: I. The Static Case
Authors: Carmona René , Cooney Daniel B. , Graves Christy V. , Laurière Mathieu
Published: August 2021

We consider static finite-player network games and their continuum analogs graphon games. Existence and uniqueness results are provided as well as convergence of the finite-player network game optimal strategy profiles to their analogs for the graphon games. We also show that equilibrium strategy profiles of a graphon game provide approximate Nash equilibria for the finite-player games. Connections with mean field games are discussed. A motivating application of Cournot competition is presented, and explicit computation of its Nash equilibrium is provided.
Manajemen Program Adiwiyata Dalam Membentuk Karakter Peduli Lingkungan Siswa Di SMP Pangudiluhur Sedayu
Authors: Haryadi Didit
Published: August 2021

Program adiwiyata memiliki empat komponen (1) Kebijakan berwawasan lingkungan (2) pelaksanaan kurikulum berbasis lingkungan (3) Kegiatan Lingkungan Berbasis Partisipatif, (4) Pengelolaan Sarana Pendukung Ramah Lingkungan, Keempat Komponen tersebut diharapkan mampu menciptakan karakter siswa peduli lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan memberikan gambaran terkait dengan pelaksanaan Manajemen Program adiwiyata yang dilihat dari Pelaksanaan keempat komponen dan karakter peduli lingkungan siswa di SMP Pangudiluhur Sedayu.Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian deksriptif kuantitatif. Tempat penelitian ini di SMP Pangudiluhur Sedayu. Subjek penelitian adalah Kepala Sekolah, Wakil kepala sekolah bidang kurikulum, Koordinator Adiwiyata dan guru peserta didik yang dipilih secara acak. Objek penelitian adalah dokumen kurikulum adiwiyata. Teknik Pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner, observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Validasi instrument menggunakan validasi menggunakan validasi Isi. Teknis analisis data menggunakan deskriptif kuantitatif, dengan menggunakan analisis deskriptif.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan Manajeman Program adiwiyata dilihat dari pemenuhan empat komponen adiwiyata dan karakter siswa peduli lingkungan di SMP Pangudiluhur menunjukan 1) Perencanaan program adiwiyata sudah dilaksanakan dengan sangat baik 2) Kebijakan berwawasan lingkungan 92%; 3) pelaksanaan kurikulum berbasis lingkungan 88%; 4) Kegiatan Lingkungan Berbasis Partisipatif 94%; 5) Pengelolaan Sarana Pendukung Ramah Lingkungan 90% 6) karakter siswa peduli lingkungan 74 % dan 7) Evaluasi sudah dilaksanakan dengan baik. Secara umum Manajemen Program adiwiyata di SMP Pangudiluhur memenuhi jika dilihat dari keterpenuhan empat komponen adiwiyata memiliki kriteria sangat baik, meskipun demikian tidak berarti karakter peduli lingkungan siswa secara otomatis baik.
Influence of motor impairment on exercise capacity and quality of life in patients with Parkinson disease
Authors: Kanegusuku Hélcio , Ritti-Dias Raphael M. , Igarasi Barbosa Pâmela Yuki , Neves Guelfi Erica Tardelli das , Okamoto Erika , Miranda Camila Souza , Paula Oliveira Tatiana de , Pimentel Piemonte Maria Elisa
Published: August 2021

This study evaluated the impact of motor impairment (MI) on exercise capacity and quality of life in patients with Parkinson disease (PD). One hundred ninety-two patients (≥50 years old) were divided according to the Hoehn and Yahr stages in: mild (stage I), mild to moderate (stage II), moderate (stage III), and advanced MI (stage IV). Exercise capacity (6-min walk test [6MWT]) and quality of life (Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire [PDQ-39]) were obtained. In this context, 6MWT was progressively worse with increasing the severity of MI (P<0.01). Patients with advanced MI achieved 39% of predicted 6MWT of healthy subject, while subjects with mild MI achieved 83% of healthy subject (P<0.01). In addition, patients with advanced MI presented higher (i.e., worse) PDQ-39 scores in summary index, cognition, mobility and activities of daily live domains compared to other groups (P<0.01). Patients with moderate MI also presented worse scores in PDQ-39 summary index, mobility and activities of daily live domains in comparison with mild MI patients (P<0.01). Higher MI was correlated with worse exercise capacity (6MWT: r=-0.46, P<0.01), with worse PDQ-39 summary index and the mobility and activities of daily live domains scores (r=0.38, r=0.46, and r=0.43, P<0.01). In conclusion, MI is related to lower exercise capacity and quality of life (i.e., PDQ-39 summary index and mobility and activities of daily live domains) in patients with PD.
Effect of vibration foam rolling on the range of motion in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Park Se-Ju , Lee So-In , Jeong Ho-Jin , Kim Byeong-Geun
Published: August 2021

Professionals use foam rollers to improve range of motion (ROM). Recently, a vibrating foam roller (VFR) that combines the vibration function with a foam roller (FR) has been used. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the effects of a VFR on the improvement of ROM in healthy individuals. A systematic literature search was carried out in five international databases: PubMed, Embase, PEDro, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. Eight clinical studies, composed of six randomized controlled trials and two randomized crossover trials that involved 230 healthy participants were selected for analysis. Methodological quality was identified using the PEDro scale. The mean scores, 4.75±0.71, of the eight included studies, were classified as fair. The results demonstrated that the VFR achieved better gains than the FR in improving ROM (standardized mean difference [SMD], 0.53; 95% confidence intervals [CIs], 0.29–0.77; I2=55%). The VFR was more effective in improving the ROM than the FR in the hip and knee joints (hip: SMD, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.28–0.85; I2=0%; knee: SMD, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.42–1.30; I2=79%). The VFR may be an additional option to improve the ROM in healthy adults and athletes.
Development of visual-motor integration scale for the Korean old people
Authors: Park Mi-Sook , Park Yong-Kyung , Kim Eunhwi , Kim Hong
Published: August 2021

Effective methods to detect old people cognitive decline in early stages are needed in Korea, which is the fastest aging country in the world. This study aimed to develop a brief cognitive function measurement, Visual-Motor Integration Scale for the Korean elderly (VMIS-KE). In this methodological research, 16 preliminary items on visual-motor integration for the old people were chosen after literature review and expert validation. One hundred eighty participants aged 20-79 years were recruited to verify the validity and reliability of this measurement from community sources in Daegu city. The collected data were analyzed by exploratory factor analysis and confirmative factor analysis using SPSS and AMOS 18.0 program. The three factors (figure cognition, memory, and spatial cognition) with 12 items were finally extracted. Goodness of the fit was confirmed through confirmatory factor analysis. The Cronbach α was 0.867. The scores of overall VMIS-KE and every subcategory significantly decreased with age, especially in the 70s. VMIS-KE is the first valid and reliable measurement to assess cognitive decline of the Korean old people through visual motor integration, and can easily and quickly detect high-risk groups of dementia regardless of their educational level.
Effectiveness of a 3-month antifalling program in the mobility, balance confidence, and muscle performance of older adults
Authors: Nor Rahim , Justine Maria , Joanny Angelbeth , Zolkafli Azrul Anuar
Published: August 2021

This study determined the effectiveness of a 3-month group-based multicomponent exercise program in the mobility, balance confidence, and muscle performance of older adults. A total of 40 participants (mean age=70.60±6.25 years completed pre- and posttest clinical intervention measures of mobility using the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, balance confidence using the Activities-specific Balance Confidence scale, upper limb strength (handgrip dynamometer), and lower limb function (30-sec chair rise test). Data were analyzed using paired t-test and based on TUG criteria for risk of fall (low- and high-risk groups). Significant improvements were found in all measures (All P<0.05) following the 3-month program. Measures according to the risk of fall categories were also significantly improved (P<0.01), except the left handgrip strength (P>0.05). The low-risk group showed a higher improvement in mobility (14.87% vs. 11.74%), balance confidence (34.21% vs. 26.08%), and lower limb function (96.87% vs. 21.20%) but was not significantly different from the high-risk group (P>0.05). A group-based multicomponent exercise program benefited the physical functions of older adults at low- or high risk of falls.
Effect of aqua walking exercise on knee joint angles, muscular strength, and visual analogue scale for patients with limited range of motion of the knee
Authors: Yang Soon-Sil , Seo Tae-Beom , Kim Young-Pyo
Published: August 2021

The purpose of this study is to identify the effects of aqua walking exercise on the joint range of motion (ROM), muscular strength, and pain in patients who have limited knee ROM from surgery or joint fixation. Ten subjects were participated in this study and divided into two groups: continuous passive motion (CPM) therapy+walking exercise on dryland (CWD) and CPM+aqua walking exercise (CAW) groups. The repeated measures analysis of variance was used to verify the difference between the groups and the duration of the program. A paired t-test was used to verify the significance of the observed difference within the groups, and an independent t-test was used to verify the significance of the observed difference between different groups. In this study, ROM in the knee flexion showed interaction effect between the two groups. CAW had a significant increase of knee flexion angle compared to those in CWD. Also, strength on the knee flexors showed interaction effect between the two groups. CAW had a significant increase of knee flexion angle compared to those in CWD, while strength on the knee extensors showed no significant interaction effect between groups. Visual analogue scale (VAS) score showed interaction between the two groups. CAW had a significant increase of the VAS scores compared to those in CWD. Given these findings reported in present study, aqua walking exercise for patients with osteoarthritis is a very safe and effective therapeutic strategies that can move the joint in the optimal ROM.
A Technology-Enabled Adaptation of Face-to-Face Caregiver-Mediated JASPER Intervention: Preliminary Examination of Video Conferenced Caregiver Coaching
Authors: Shire Stephanie Y. , Worthman Lisa Baker , Arbuckle Stacy
Published: August 2021

Family-centered practices that involve direct participation of caregivers as part of intervention is critical to effective early intervention. However, regularly scheduled, in person service delivery is not always possible in remote communities, prompting a need for adaptations to the delivery of services, such as the use of live video conferencing to coach caregivers in strategies to promote their children's development. In this study, caregivers and their children ages 2–9 with autism who were living in rural and remote Canadian communities were included. A concurrent multiple baseline design across participants was applied to examine the effects of live video conference caregiver coaching on children's time jointly engaged with caregivers and caregivers' intervention strategy implementation. Results indicated that all children demonstrated greater time jointly engaged and caregivers demonstrated greater use of strategies in comparison to baseline. The results of this study offer preliminary evidence of the effectiveness of real time video conference coaching for caregivers engaging their children with ASD in play.
Localized polariton states in a photonic crystal intercalated by a transition metal dichalcogenide monolayer
Authors: Bludov Yu. V. , Fernandes C. , Peres N. M. R. , Vasilevskiy M. I.
Published: August 2021

Beyond the extensively studied microcavity polaritons, which are coupled modes of semiconductor excitons and microcavity photons, nearly 2D semiconductors placed in a suitable environment can support spatially localized exciton–polariton modes. We demonstrate theoretically that two distinct types of such modes can exist in a photonic crystal with an embedded transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) monolayer and derive an equation that determines their dispersion relations. The localized modes of two types occur in the zeroth- and first-order stop bands of the crystal and have substantially different properties. The latter type of localized modes, which appear inside the light cone, can be described as a result of coupling of the TMD exciton and an optical Tamm state of the TMD-intercalated photonic crystal. We suggest an experiment for detecting these modes and simulate it numerically.
GRINCU lens with conicoid iso-indicial surfaces: application for modeling the crystalline lens
Authors: Navarro Rafael , Baquedano Sergio , Sánchez-Cano Ana I.
Published: August 2021

We introduce a new type of lens with two gradients of refractive index (GRIN) and of curvature (GRCU) of iso-indicial surfaces, i.e., GRINCU. The inner structure of the lens resembles that of an onion. Each layer is a meniscus lens with infinitesimal thickness, which coincides with an iso-indicial surface characterized by a conicoid shape and a constant refractive index. The internal distribution automatically adapts to the external geometry. Here, we consider the simplest case of a constant gradient of the curvature radius –G, which indicates a linear decrease as we move along the optical axis. The formulation of this type of lens is presented, including its generalization to nonrotationally symmetric conicoid surfaces. The formulation is then applied to model the crystalline lens; the code corresponding to the numerical computation of the 3D refractive index distribution as well as its gradient is provided as a supplementary file. Finally, we confirmed a refractive power increase of nearly 14% when G changes from 0 to 3.
Improved performance of InGaN-based red light-emitting diodes by micro-hole arrays
Authors: Zhuang Zhe , Iida Daisuke , Kirilenko Pavel , Ohkawa Kazuhiro
Published: August 2021

This study demonstrates the performance improvements of InGaN-based red light-emitting diodes (LEDs) by fabricating micro-holes in the planar mesa. The peak wavelengths of the micro-hole LEDs (MHLEDs) exhibited a blue-shift of around 3 nm compared to the planar LEDs (PLEDs) at the same current density. The lowest full width at half maximum of MHLEDs was 59 nm, which is slightly less than that of the PLEDs. The light output power and external quantum efficiency of the MHLED with a wavelength of 634 nm at 20 mA were 0.6 mW and 1.5%, which are 8.5% higher than those of the PLED.
Electron angular correlation in nonsequential double ionization of molecules by counter-rotating two-color circularly polarized fields
Authors: Chen Zhenhao , Su Jie , Zeng Xue , Huang Xuefei , Li Yingbin , Huang Cheng
Published: August 2021

Electron correlation in nonsequential double ionization (NSDI) of molecules by counter-rotating two-color circularly polarized (TCCP) fields is investigated with a three-dimensional classical ensemble model. Numerical results indicate that the two electrons from NSDI of molecules in counter-rotating TCCP fields show strong angular correlation and the angular correlation behavior sensitively depends on the internuclear distance. With the internuclear distance increasing, the dominant behavior of electron pairs evolves from correlation to anti-correlation. It leaves a clear imprint on the ion momentum distributions, which exhibit an inverted Y-shape distribution at a small internuclear distance and a triangle-shape distribution at a large internuclear distance. Back analysis indicates that the asymmetric electron energy sharing by soft recollision and longer time delay of double ionization are responsible for more anti-correlated emissions at large internuclear distances.