bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mark Twain's Apocrypha: Infant Jesus and Young Satan
Authors: Griffin Benjamin
Published: October 2016

In a striking passage in “The Chronicle of Young Satan,” the “angel” Satan forms animals and little people out of clay and gives them life, only to kill them. This article investigates the episode in relation to its literary source in The Apocryphal New Testament, as edited in 1820 by William Hone. Clemens's interest in Hone's New Testament apocrypha situates him in a web of atheist and rationalist reading. As an inventor of pseudo-biblical apocrypha, he (like his Enlightenment-era models) mobilizes common sense and observed reality against scriptural or parascriptural phenomena, turning “orthodox” morality against itself. The Infancy Gospel fascinates him with its recognition that the advent of a wonder-working child would, in reality, be a disaster. Among Clemens's “philosophical” writings, the “Chronicle” is uniquely involving because it not only propounds Mark Twain's philosophy but also acknowledges its devastating effect on the human being.
Language and Property in Connecticut Yankee, or What's the Use of Usufruct?
Authors: Howe Lawrence
Published: October 2016

This article investigates the convergence of literature and law in Connecticut Yankee as a reflection of Twain's interest in debates about property that have played out across American history. Unfolding in three stages, the argument first looks at the importance of the word “usufruct” in American politics and philosophy of property; second, it explores the ways in which usufruct is a concept implicit in much of Hank Morgan's Camelot improvement projects in Connecticut Yankee; and last, it delineates connections between this property concept and Twain's ongoing concern about maintaining his copyright control over his literary property. In short, Twain's use of “usufruct” is a gauge of his awareness that language gives structure to all aspects of society—especially economics—and that literature can reimagine that structure.
The Quixotic Dream of Mark Twain's Jim
Authors: MacBride Michael David
Published: October 2016

Many scholars have written about similarities between Huckleberry Finn and Don Quixote, but all have done so with the assumption that Tom Sawyer is Twain's Quixote, and Huck is his Sancho. This article argues that the comparisons between Tom and Quixote are misplaced and superficial, and that it is Twain's Jim who truly embodies Quixote's spirit and heart.
A Feminist Conversation About June King McFee’s Critical-Raising Foundation for Culturally Responsive Education
Authors: Keifer-Boyd Karen , Bailey Indira , Blandy Douglas , Congdon Kristin G. , Degge Rogena , Staples Jeanine
Published: October 2016

Performing feminist conversation in non-feminist contexts is activism that draws attention to how gender—intersected with race, class, sexuality, and ability—is constructed, represented, and treated in affordances of power and privilege. Feminist conversations are integral to feminist pedagogy in which participants recognize the conversations as teaching in a way that includes the vantage points of those who have been excluded from knowledge production, while revealing the perspectives of those in positions of power.

This essay represents a feminist conversation that developed during a critique of June King McFee’s work. The conversation took place as one of the 2016 Penn State colloquium sessions, a series of presentations about the landmark 1965 “Seminar in Art Education for Research and Curriculum Development” held at The Pennsylvania State University (Penn State). In 1965, only a few women and people of color were invited to the seminar table. June King McFee was the only woman, along with 15 men, invited to give a presentation (Mattil, 1966). In her speech, she challenged White middle-class art educators and scholars to be aware of their White privilege and bias as she asked them to embrace diversity.

Together, we have offered a personal yet very rich and powerful set of experiences concerning the impact of one person’s work on so many individuals, and how that has spiraled out and affected so many art programs and lives, both nationally and internationally. June King McFee’s impact within art education and beyond has been significant.
N/either Here n/or There: Culture, Location, Positionality, and Art Education
Authors: Knight Wanda B. , Deng Yang
Published: October 2016

Looking back, Eurocentric and male-dominated paradigms have pervaded research/er and curricular perspectives and profoundly influenced the study and practice of art education in the United States. Arguably, Eurocentric and patriarchal paradigms continue to dominate in contemporary times. In what follows, we focus on pluralistic notions and considerations for research and curriculum development that revolve around positionality and cultural locations—with an eye toward research and curriculum development in art education that recognizes and reflects the experiences and perspectives of those marginalized and rendered invisible (being n/either here n/or there) from the standpoint of the epistemically privileged. In order to be consistent with the subject of this article, it is important that we articulate our own cultural locations and positionalities as authors. Delineating our positionalities supports the notion that our positions may influence curriculum and research, such as what we incorporate into our lessons or what types of information we gather in our research, and how we interpret it.
The Impact of Cost, Customer Experience, Ease of Use, and Trust towards Adoption of Online Banking
Authors: Selvanathan Mahiswaran , Tan Pei Jun , Bow Tan Fei , Supramaniam Mahadevan
Published: October 2016

The purpose of this study is to examine the factors that influence the adoption of online banking in Malaysia, particularly trust, customers’ experience, cost, and ease of use. Questionnaire was distributed to 120 online banking users in Kota Damansara, Selangor, Malaysia. Results showed that customer trust and experience have significant relationship towards adoption of online banking. Nonetheless, cost and ease of use was found to be insignificant in this study. The results provide important information for bank providers in designing a mass-oriented or user-friendly internet banking that would attract people to adopt online banking.
Stability of Haskap Berry (Lonicera Caerulea L.) Anthocyanins at Different Storage and Processing Conditions
Authors: Khattab Rabie , Ghanem Amyl , Brooks Marianne Su-Ling
Published: October 2016

The effect of freezing, frozen storage (–18 °C for 6 months), thawing, juice extraction, and hot-air drying on the anthocyanin profile of haskap berry (Lonicera caerulea L.) was investigated using RP-HPLC. Five anthocyanins (ANCs) were quantified: cyanidin 3,5-di-glucoside (4.27 % of the total ANCs), cyanidin 3-glucoside (89.39 %), cyanidin 3-rutinoside (2.07 %), pelargonidin 3-glucoside (0.83 %), and peonidin 3-O-glucoside (3.44 %). Freezing did not significantly affect the content of individual ANCs, while frozen storage resulted in significant reductions (16.00-24.50 %). Thawing the frozen berries in the microwave oven retained the highest content of different ANCs. The highest degradation, however, occurred while thawing at room temperature. Extracting juice from the berries significantly reduced the content of individual ANCs. Drying the berries to 25 % moisture content at 60, 100, and 140 ºC reduced the individual ANCs by 73.85-76.19, 78.46-80.95 and 90.77-95.40 %, respectively. The overall stability of the five ANCs during storage and processing is summarized by the following trend (from most to least stable): peonidin 3-O-glucoside > pelargonidin 3-glucoside > cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside > cyanidin 3-rutinoside > cyanidin 3-glucoside.
The first Cenozoic roproniid wasp from the Paleocene of Menat, France (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupoidea)
Authors: Garrouste Romain , Pouillon Jean-Marc , Nel André
Published: October 2016

Paleoropronia salamonei gen. et sp. nov., the first Cenozoic Roproniidae, is described from the Paleocene of Menat (Massif Central, France) on the basis of its fore wing venation. The Roproniidae range between the Mesozoic and the present time. P. salamonei gen. et sp. nov. was perhaps a parasitoid on tenthredinid sawfly larvae, as these insects were present in the wasp fauna from Menat outcrop.
Water Reuse: Recognizing a Smaller World
Authors: Mercer Kenneth L.
Published: October 2016

The fact that water reuse is becoming better understood and more widely accepted is reflected in the increased planning and implementation of potable and nonpotable reuse systems across the globe in areas with constrained water supplies.
Flint Is a Wake‐up Call
Authors: Rexhausen Jeff
Published: October 2016

The scenes have been reminiscent of a natural disaster or of an impoverished emerging nation. Despite appearances, the residents of Flint, Mich., have been suffering from a different type of crisis. They found themselves without household access to a basic necessity that, up until earlier this year, virtually everyone took for granted in the United States. But the situation in Flint needs to be, for all of us, a wake‐up call to the larger economic and political issues that led to the tragedy.
Comparative genomics ofPseudomonas syringaepathovartomatoreveals novel chemotaxis pathways associated with motility and plant pathogenicity
Authors: Clarke Christopher R. , Hayes Byron W. , Runde Brendan J. , Markel Eric , Swingle Bryan M. , Vinatzer Boris A.
Published: October 2016

The majority of bacterial foliar plant pathogens must invade the apoplast of host plants through points of ingress, such as stomata or wounds, to replicate to high population density and cause disease. How pathogens navigate plant surfaces to locate invasion sites remains poorly understood. Many bacteria use chemical-directed regulation of flagellar rotation, a process known as chemotaxis, to move towards favorable environmental conditions. Chemotactic sensing of the plant surface is a potential mechanism through which foliar plant pathogens home in on wounds or stomata, but chemotactic systems in foliar plant pathogens are not well characterized. Comparative genomics of the plant pathogenPseudomonas syringaepathovartomato(Pto) implicated annotated chemotaxis genes in the recent adaptations of one Pto lineage. We therefore characterized the chemosensory system of Pto. The Pto genome contains two primary chemotaxis gene clusters,che1andche2. Theche2cluster is flanked by flagellar biosynthesis genes and similar to the canonical chemotaxis gene clusters of other bacteria based on sequence and synteny. Disruption of the primary phosphorelay kinase gene of theche2cluster,cheA2, eliminated all swimming and surface motility at 21  °C but not 28  °C for Pto. Theche1cluster is located next to Type IV pili biosynthesis genes but disruption ofcheA1has no observable effect on twitching motility for Pto. Disruption ofcheA2also altersin plantafitness of the pathogen with strains lacking functionalcheA2being less fit in host plants but more fit in a non-host interaction.
An advanced retrieval algorithm for greenhouse gases using polarization information measured by GOSAT TANSO‐FTS SWIR I: Simulation study
Authors: Kikuchi N. , Yoshida Y. , Uchino O. , Morino I. , Yokota T.
Published: October 2016

We present an algorithm for retrieving column‐averaged dry air mole fraction of carbon dioxide (
) and methane (
) from reflected spectra in the shortwave infrared (SWIR) measured by the TANSO‐FTS (Thermal And Near infrared Sensor for carbon Observation Fourier Transform Spectrometer) sensor on board the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT). The algorithm uses the two linear polarizations observed by TANSO‐FTS to improve corrections to the interference effects of atmospheric aerosols, which degrade the accuracy in the retrieved greenhouse gas concentrations. To account for polarization by the land surface reflection in the forward model, we introduced a bidirectional reflection matrix model that has two parameters to be retrieved simultaneously with other state parameters. The accuracy in
and
values retrieved with the algorithm was evaluated by using simulated retrievals over both land and ocean, focusing on the capability of the algorithm to correct imperfect prior knowledge of aerosols. To do this, we first generated simulated TANSO‐FTS spectra using a global distribution of aerosols computed by the aerosol transport model SPRINTARS. Then the simulated spectra were submitted to the algorithms as measurements both with and without polarization information, adopting a priori profiles of aerosols that differ from the true profiles. We found that the accuracy of
and
, as well as profiles of aerosols, retrieved with polarization information was considerably improved over values retrieved without polarization information, for simulated observations over land with aerosol optical thickness greater than 0.1 at 1.6 μm.
Future nuisance flooding at Boston caused by astronomical tides alone
Authors: Ray Richard D. , Foster Grant
Published: October 2016

Sea level rise necessarily triggers more occurrences of minor, or nuisance, flooding events along coastlines, a fact well documented in recent studies. At some locations nuisance flooding can be brought about merely by high spring tides, independent of storms, winds, or other atmospheric conditions. Analysis of observed water levels at Boston indicates that tidal flooding began to occur there in 2011 and will become more frequent in subsequent years. A compilation of all predicted nuisance‐flooding events, induced by astronomical tides alone, is presented through year 2050. The accuracy of the tide prediction is improved when several unusual properties of Gulf of Maine tides, including secular changes, are properly accounted for. Future mean sea‐level rise at Boston cannot be predicted with comparable confidence, so two very different climate scenarios are adopted; both predict a large increase in the frequency and the magnitude of tidal flooding events.
Efficient and Versatile Interconnection Layer by Solvent Treatment of PEDOT:PSS Interlayer for Air‐Processed Organic Tandem Solar Cells
Authors: Prosa Mario , Tessarolo Marta , Bolognesi Margherita , Cramer Tobias , Chen Zhihua , Facchetti Antonio , Fraboni Beatrice , Seri Mirko , Ruani Giampiero , Muccini Michele
Published: October 2016

A robust and efficient interconnection layer (ICL) based on low conductive poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)‐poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and ZnO nanoparticles is implemented in a solution‐air‐processed, blade coated inverted polymer tandem solar cell. The commercial PEDOT:PSS (Heraeus Clevios P VP Al 4083) is modified with a fluorosurfactant to allow its deposition onto any hydrophobic active layer surface. However, this method alters the electrical and energetic properties of the PEDOT:PSS thus affecting the interface with the ZnO layer, responsible for an inefficient ICL and poorly performing tandem devices. The ohmic contact at the PEDOT:PSS/ZnO interface is successfully optimized through a simple solvent treatment of the PEDOT:PSS film surface, leading to tandem devices with power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) improved by more than 50% compared to the untreated reference system. The reported method is an easy and versatile approach to optimize the functionality of the PEDOT:PSS/ZnO ICL of inverted multijunction devices, applicable onto any organic active layer and compatible with a roll‐to‐roll production line.
Unlocking the Potential of Leloir Glycosyltransferases for Applied Biocatalysis: Efficient Synthesis of Uridine 5′‐Diphosphate‐Glucose by Sucrose Synthase
Authors: Gutmann Alexander , Nidetzky Bernd
Published: October 2016

Despite the unsurpassed selectivity that enzymes usually offer, biocatalytic transformations repeatedly fall short of the robustness and process efficiency demanded for production‐scale chemical synthesis. Nucleotide sugar‐dependent “Leloir” glycosyltransferases (GTs) are fine catalysts of glycosylation but there is concern as to whether reactions from this enzyme class are fit for industrial process development. We demonstrate in this study of sucrose synthase (SuSy; EC 2.4.1.13) that, in order to unlock the synthetic potential of the GT reaction, it was vital to combine a focused, kinetic characteristics‐based enzyme selection with a reaction design properly aligned to thermodynamic constraints. The equilibrium constant (Keq) for the conversion of sucrose and uridine 5′‐diphosphate (UDP) into the target product UDP‐α‐d‐glucose and d‐fructose decreased with increasing pH due to deprotonation of the β‐phosphate group of UDP above the pKa of ∼6.0. Proton uptake coupled to the glucosyl transfer made it essential that the pH was carefully controlled throughout the reaction. Comparing two SuSys from Acidithiobacillus caldus and Glycine max (soybean), substrate inhibition by UDP superseded catalytic efficiency as the prior selection criterion, demanding choice of the bacterial GT for use at high UDP concentrations. Reaction at the operational pH optimum, determined as 5.0, gave 255 mM (144 g L−1) of UDP‐glucose in 85% yield from UDP. Using an enzyme concentration of only 0.1 g L−1, a space‐time yield of 25 g L−1 h−1 was obtained. The mass‐based turnover number (g product formed per g enzyme added) reached a value of 1440 from a single batch conversion. Therefore, these parameters of the UDP‐glucose synthesis show that the reaction of a GT can be pushed to a process efficiency typically required for implementation in fine chemicals production.

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Nanoporous Au Thin Films on Si Photoelectrodes for Selective and Efficient Photoelectrochemical CO2 Reduction
Authors: Song Jun Tae , Ryoo Hyewon , Cho Minhyung , Kim Jaehoon , Kim Jin‐Gyu , Chung Sung‐Yoon , Oh Jihun
Published: October 2016

An Si photoelectrode with a nanoporous Au thin film for highly selective and efficient photoelectrochemical (PEC) CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) is presented. The nanoporous Au thin film is formed by electrochemical reduction of an anodized Au thin film. The electrochemical treatments of the Au thin film critically improve CO2 reduction catalytic activity of Au catalysts and exhibit CO Faradaic efficiency of 96% at 480 mV of overpotential. To apply the electrochemical pretreatment of Au films for PEC CO2RR, a new Si photoelectrode design with mesh‐type co‐catalysts independently wired at the front and the back of the photoelectrode is demonstrated. Due to the superior CO2RR activity of the nanoporous Au mesh and high photovoltage from Si, the Si photoelectrode with the nanoporous Au thin film mesh shows conversion of CO2 to CO with 91% Faradaic efficiency at positive potential than the CO2/CO equilibrium potential.
Bimetallic Cobalt‐Based Phosphide Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework: CoPx Phase‐Dependent Electrical Conductivity and Hydrogen Atom Adsorption Energy for Efficient Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Song Junhua , Zhu Chengzhou , Xu Bo Z. , Fu Shaofang , Engelhard Mark H. , Ye Ranfeng , Du Dan , Beckman Scott P. , Lin Yuehe
Published: October 2016

Cobalt‐based bimetallic phosphide encapsulated in carbonized zeolitic imadazolate frameworks has been successfully synthesized and showed excellent activities toward both hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Density functional theory calculation and electrochemical measurements reveal that the electrical conductivity and electrochemical activity are closely associated with the Co2P/CoP mixed phase behaviors upon Cu metal doping. This relationship is found to be the decisive factor for enhanced electrocatalytic performance. Moreover, the precise control of Cu content in Co‐host lattice effectively alters the Gibbs free energy for H* adsorption, which is favorable for facilitating reaction kinetics. Impressively, an optimized performance has been achieved with mild Cu doping in Cu0.3Co2.7P/nitrogen‐doped carbon (NC) which exhibits an ultralow overpotential of 0.19 V at 10 mA cm–2 and satisfying stability for OER. Cu0.3Co2.7P/NC also shows excellent HER activity, affording a current density of 10 mA cm–2 at a low overpotential of 0.22 V. In addition, a homemade electrolyzer with Cu0.3Co2.7P/NC paired electrodes shows 60% larger current density than Pt/RuO2 couple at 1.74 V, along with negligible catalytic deactivation after 50 h operation. The manipulation of electronic structure by controlled incorporation of second metal sheds light on understanding and synthesizing bimetallic transition metal phosphides for electrolysis‐based energy conversion.
Steady flow of gas and decomposing particles in a vertical feed tube for applications in biomass pyrolysis
Authors: Lin Yenhan , Mountziaris Triantafillos J. , Davis Jeffrey M.
Published: October 2016

Using the approach of interacting and interpenetrating continua, a one‐dimensional model is developed for the gravity‐driven flow of particles and gas through a vertical standpipe. The gas and particle phases exchange momentum through the drag force, and mass is exchanged between the phases as the particles decompose to gaseous products. On simultaneously integrating the differential equations expressing conservation of mass and momentum for each of the two phases, the theory yields the particle and gas flow rates, the pressure profile, and the particle size and void fraction distributions. Performance diagrams are constructed, and preferred operating conditions are identified that provide steady flow, generate no backpressure, or avoid a transition to moving bed flow or reversed gas flow. The admissible range of operating conditions is found to increase with the particle decomposition rate, and the results may guide the selection of operating conditions in practice. Applications are made to biomass pyrolysis in a catalytic reactor. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 2318–2334, 2017
Management of anemia in patients with congestive heart failure
Authors: Tim Goodnough Lawrence , Comin‐Colet Josep , Leal‐Noval Santiago , Ozawa Sherri , Takere Jacqueline , Henry David , Javidroozi Mazyar , Hohmuth Benjamin , Bisbe Elvira , Gross Irwin , Shander Aryeh
Published: October 2016

Anemia is an independent risk factor for adverse patient outcomes. There are no guidelines for management of anemia in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF), despite its high incidence. Four objectives were defined by the International Anemia Management and Clinical Outcomes Expert Panel (AMCO), a multinational group of interdisciplinary experts identified by the Society for the Advancement of Blood Management (SABM) to: determine the prevalence of anemia in outpatients; to determine the prevalence of hospital‐acquired anemia; to assess the impact of anemia management on clinical outcomes such as quality of life and functional status; and to provide recommendations for primary care physicians and specialists for the diagnosis, evaluation, and management of anemia in patients with CHF. Anemia and iron deficiency were confirmed to be highly prevalent in patients with CHF. Intravenous iron therapy improves anemia, cardiac function and exercise tolerance, leading to improvement in quality of life. Anemia management has been demonstrated to be cost‐effective. Clinical care pathways to manage anemia in patients with CHF are recommended as best practices in order to improve patient outcomes. Am. J. Hematol. 92:88–93, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effectiveness of OSHA Outreach Training on carpenters’ work‐related injury rates, Washington State 2000–2008
Authors: Schoenfisch Ashley L. , Lipscomb Hester , Sinyai Clayton , Adams Darrin
Published: October 2016

Introduction

Despite the size and breadth of OSHA's Outreach Training program for construction, information on its impact on work‐related injury rates is limited.

Methods

In a 9‐year dynamic cohort of 17,106 union carpenters in Washington State, the effectiveness of OSHA Outreach Training on workers’ compensation claims rate was explored. Injury rates were calculated by training status overall and by carpenters’ demographic and work characteristics using Poisson regression.

Results

OSHA Outreach Training resulted in a 13% non‐significant reduction in injury claims rates overall. The protective effect was more pronounced for carpenters in their apprenticeship years, drywall installers, and with increasing time since training.

Conclusions

In line with these observed effects and prior research, it is unrealistic to expect OSHA Outreach Training alone to have large effects on union construction workers’ injury rates. Standard construction industry practice should include hazard awareness and protection training, coupled with more efficient approaches to injury control. Am. J. Ind. Med. 60:45–57, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Investigating economic specialization on the central Peruvian coast: A reconstruction of Late Intermediate Period Ychsma diet using stable isotopes
Authors: Marsteller Sara J. , Zolotova Natalya , Knudson Kelly J.
Published: October 2016

Objectives

Hypothetical models of socioeconomic organization in pre‐Columbian societies generated from the rich ethnohistoric record in the New World require testing against the archaeological and bioarchaeological record. Here, we test ethnohistorian Maria Rostworowski's horizontality model of socioeconomic specialization for the Central Andean coast by reconstructing dietary practices in the Late Intermediate Period (c. AD 900‐1470) Ychsma polity to evaluate complexities in social behaviors prior to Inka imperial influence.

Materials and methods

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of archaeological human bone collagen and apatite (δ13Ccol[VPDB], δ15Ncol[AIR], δ13Cap[VPDB]) and locally available foods is used to reconstruct the diets of individuals from Armatambo (n = 67), associated ethnohistorically with fishing, and Rinconada Alta (n = 46), associated ethnohistorically with agriculture.

Results

Overall, mean δ15Ncol[AIR] is significantly greater at Armatambo, while mean δ13Ccol[VPDB] and mean δ13Cap[VPDB] are not significantly different between the two sites. Within large‐scale trends, adult mean δ13Cap[VPDB] is significantly greater at Armatambo. In addition, nearly one‐third of Armatambo adults and adolescents show divergent δ15Ncol[AIR] values.

Discussion

These results indicate greater reliance on marine resources at Armatambo versus Rinconada Alta, supporting the ethnohistoric model of socioeconomic specialization for the Central Andean coast. Deviations from large‐scale dietary trends suggest complexities not accounted for by the ethnohistoric model, including intra‐community subsistence specialization and/or variation in resource access.
Sustained myrmecophagy in Nigerian chimpanzees: Preferred or fallback food?
Authors: Sommer Volker , Buba Umaru , Jesus Gonçalo , Pascual‐Garrido Alejandra
Published: October 2016

Objective

At some sites across Africa, chimpanzees consume army ants, often aided by plant tools, although consumption frequencies vary greatly. Other populations do not eat these insects at all, despite apparent abundance. The relative importance of this type of myrmecophagy for chimpanzee diet therefore remains unclear. We investigate if army ants constitute a preferred food or a fallback resource for chimpanzees at Gashaka, Nigeria, where army ants are consumed much more frequently than elsewhere.

Methods

Long‐term records on temporal variation of climate and availability of fruit as the chimpanzees' preferred food are compared with rates of recovered army ant dipping wands and army ant remains in feces.

Results

Despite strict seasonality of rainfall and fruit abundance, myrmecophagy does not negatively correlate with fruit availability. Instead, army ant eating is sustained year round at high levels, with 44% of feces containing remains.

Conclusions

Results contradict the fallback hypothesis and support the hypothesis that ants are a preferred food. Nevertheless, compared with fruit, ant‐meals can normally provide only negligible amounts of nutrients. At Gashaka, however, nutritional yield may be significant, given that ant‐dipping sessions provide on average 13 mg of dry weight to a chimpanzee. The species exclusively eaten here, Dorylus rubellus, might be particularly aggressive, thus resulting in greater harvesting success than elsewhere. Army ants may hence serve as a diet supplement or complement in terms of macro‐ or micronutrients.
Anionic Chains of Parent Pnictogenylboranes
Authors: Marquardt Christian , Kahoun Tobias , Stauber Andreas , Balázs Gábor , Bodensteiner Michael , Timoshkin Alexey Y. , Scheer Manfred
Published: October 2016

We report on the synthesis and structural characterization of unprecedented anionic parent compounds of mixed Group 13/15 elements. The reactions of the pnictogenylboranes H2E‐BH2⋅NMe3 (1 a=P, 1 b=As) with phosphorus and arsenic centered nucleophiles of the type [EH2]− (E=P, As) lead to the formation of compounds of the type [H2E‐BH2‐E′H2]− (2: E=E′=P; 3: E=E′=As; 4: E=P, E′=As) containing anionic pnictogen–boron chain‐like units. Furthermore, a longer 5‐membered chain species [H2As‐BH2‐PH2‐BH2‐AsH2]− (5) and a cyclic compound [NHCdipp‐H2B‐PH2‐BH2‐NHCdipp]+[P5B5H19]− (6) containing a n‐butylcyclohexane‐like anion were obtained. All the compounds have been characterized by X‐ray structure analysis, multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. DFT calculations elucidate their high thermodynamic stability, the charge distribution, and give insight into the reaction pathway.
Mystacial Whisker Layout and Musculature in the Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus): A Social, Diurnal Mammal
Authors: Grant Robyn A. , Delaunay Mariane G. , Haidarliu Sebastian
Published: October 2016

All mammals (apart from apes and humans) have whiskers that make use of a similar muscle arrangement. Whisker specialists, such as rats and mice, tend to be nocturnal and arboreal, relying on their whisker sense of touch to guide exploration around tree canopies at night. As such, nocturnal arboreal rodents have many whiskers that are organised into a grid‐like pattern, and moved using a complex array of muscles. Indeed, most arboreal, nocturnal mammals tend to have specialised whiskers that are longer and arranged in a dense, regular grid, compared with terrestrial, diurnal mammals. The guinea pig diverged early from murid rodents (around 75 million years ago), and are ground‐dwelling, diurnal animals. It would be predicted that, as a terrestrial mammal, they may have less whiskers and a reduced muscle architecture compared to arboreal, nocturnal rodents. We examined the mystacial whisker layout, musculature and movement capacity of Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) whiskers and found that they did indeed have a disorganized whisker layout, with a fortification around the eye area. In addition, there was a reduction in musculature, especially in the intrinsic muscles. Despite guinea pigs not cyclically moving their whiskers, the mystacial musculature was still very similar to that of murid rodents. We suggest that the conserved presence of whisker layout and musculature, even in visual mammals such as primates and guinea pigs, may indicate that whiskers still play an important role in these animals, including protecting the eyes and being involved in tactile social behaviors. Anat Rec, 300:527–536, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Potential value of routine contralateral patent processus vaginalis repair in children with unilateral inguinal hernia
Authors: Zhao J , Chen Y , Lin J , Jin Y , Yang H , Wang F , Zhong H , Zhu J
Published: October 2016

Background

The development of laparoscopy as a means of evaluation and treatment of inguinal hernia in children has raised the question of whether simultaneous closure of a contralateral patent processus vaginalis (CPPV) is justified. The present study aimed to determine the rate of metachronous inguinal hernia (MIH) in children with CPPV.

Methods

Children with unilateral inguinal hernia from two hospitals underwent either open or laparoscopic repair, and were followed up for MIH. The presence of CPPV was evaluated during laparoscopy and, if detected, the CPPV was closed. The relationship between CPPV and subsequent MIH was studied.

Results

The study included children who had complete follow-up (90·0 per cent of those having open repair and 92·2 per cent of those undergoing laparoscopic repair). Of 2538 children who had open hernia repair, 62 (2·4 per cent) developed MIH (30 on the right side and 32 on the left; P = 0·015). Among 2855 children who underwent laparoscopic repair, a CPPV was identified and closed in 1469 (51·5 per cent). The rate of MIH after negative laparoscopic evaluation for CPPV was three of 2855 (0·1 per cent). There were no significant differences in the rate of CPPV between sexes and either the right or left side (P = 0·072 and P = 0·099 respectively). Ipsilateral recurrence was less frequent after laparoscopic repair: seven (0·2 per cent) versus 26 (1·0 per cent) for open repair (P < 0·001).

Conclusion

Laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair was associated with a lower recurrence rate than open repair. Routine repair of CPPV reduced the rate of subsequent MIH, but 21 CPPVs needed to be closed to prevent one MIH.
Synthesis of Silica Nanoparticles for the Manufacture of Porous Carbon Membrane and Particle Size Analysis by Sedimentation Field‐Flow Fractionation
Authors: Lee Seungho , Eum Chul Hun , Choi Seongho , Kim Woonjung
Published: October 2016

Silica nanoparticles were synthesized by emulsion polymerization by mixing ethanol, ammonium hydroxide, water, and tetraethyl orthosilicate. An apparatus was designed and assembled for a large‐scale synthesis of silica nanospheres, which was aimed for uniform mixing of the reactants. Then sedimentation field‐flow fractionation (SdFFF) was used to determin the size distribution of the silica nanoparticles. SdFFF provided mass‐based separation where the retention time increased with the particle size, thus the size distribution of silica nanoparticles obtained from SdFFF appeared more accurate than that from dynamic light scattering, particularly for those having broad and multimodal size distributions. A disk‐shaped porous carbon membrane (PCM) was manufactured for application as an adsorbent by pressurizing the silica particles, followed by calcination. Results showed that PCM manufactured in this study has relatively high surface area and temperature stability. The PCM surface was modified by attaching a carboxyl group (PCM‐COOH) and then by incorporating silver (PCM‐COOH‐Ag). The amount of COOH group on PCM was measured electrochemically by cyclic voltammetry, and the surface area, pore size, pore volume of PCM‐COOH‐Ag by Brunauer–Emmet–Teller measurement. The surface area was 40.65 and reduced to 13.02 after loading a COOH group then increased up to 30.37 after incorporating Ag.
Reduced Graphene Oxide/Disodium Terephthalate Composites via Ultrasonic‐assisted Co‐Precipitation for Sodium Ion Battery Anodes
Authors: Han Sucheol , Kim Yusin , Pyo Myoungho
Published: October 2016

A reduced graphene oxide/disodium terephthalate (RGO/DST) composite was prepared via ultrasonic‐assisted co‐precipitation. The ultrasonication of an azeotropic H2O/acetonitrile solution at elevated temperature induced simultaneous precipitations of RGO and DST with solvent evaporation. RGO/DST, collected before complete evaporation, showed that the DST was in a well‐dispersed state between the graphene layers of the RGO, giving the RGO/DST a more densely stacked microstructure. When applied as an anode for sodium ion batteries (SIBs), the RGO/DST revealed an enhancement in Na+‐storage capability, relative to composites prepared via simple evaporation (E‐RGO/DST) and mechanical mixing (M‐RGO/DST). The RGO/DST delivered a reversible capacity of 422 mAh/g at a charge/discharge (C/D) rate of 50 mA/g, in contrast to 368 and 303 mAh/g for E‐RGO/DST and M‐RGO/DST, respectively. The superiority of the RGO/DST was maintained during repeated cycles. With an increase in the current densities, however, the reversible capability of the RGO/DST was decreased more substantially than that of the M‐RGO/DST. Since Na+ diffusivity was greater in the RGO/DST than in the M‐RGO/DST, this glitch in the high‐rate performance of RGO/DST was considered because of a high level of charge‐transfer impedance, in which a dense microstructure hampered the structural change of DST during reduction and oxidation.
Lipopolysaccharide increases IL‐6 secretion via activation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway to up‐regulate RANKL gene expression in MLO‐Y4 cells
Authors: Yu Ke , Ma Yuanyuan , Li Xianxian , Wu Xiangnan , Liu Wenjia , Li Xiaoyu , Shen Jiefei , Wang Hang
Published: October 2016

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plays an important role in bone resorption, which involves numerous cytokines through various signaling pathways. RANKL and interleukin (IL)‐6 are two important cytokines that are involved in bone remodeling. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of LPS on RANKL and IL‐6 gene expression, the relationship of RANKL and IL‐6, and the role of extracellular signal‐regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) on IL‐6 secretion induced by LPS in MLO‐Y4 cells. The cells were stimulated by LPS at different concentrations (1, 10, 100, 500, and 1000 ng/mL) for different durations (0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 h and 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 4 h), and the mRNA expressions of RANKL and IL‐6 were determined by PCR. In the presence of 100 ng/mL LPS at different time points (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 4 h), IL‐6 secretion and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the cells were determined by ELISA and western blotting, respectively. STAT3 phosphorylation in cells simulated by 100 ng/mL LPS at different time points (0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 h) was assessed by western blotting. We found that LPS significantly up‐regulated RANKL expression and activated the ERK1/2 pathway to induce IL‐6 mRNA expression and protein synthesis in MLO‐Y4 cells. However, the increased IL‐6 was blocked by pre‐treatment of MLO‐Y4 cells with the ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 (10 µM), and the enhanced RANKL was blocked by the STAT3 inhibitor S3I‐201 (100 µM). Our results indicate that LPS up‐regulates osteocyte expression of RANKL and IL‐6, and the increased RANKL is associated with the up‐regulation of IL‐6, which involves the ERK1/2 pathway.
Rational Design of Morphological Characteristics to Determine the Optimal Hierarchical Nanostructures in Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Halhouli Mohammad , Kieninger Jochen , Yurchenko Olena , Urban Gerald
Published: October 2016

This work draws attention to the optimal hierarchical nanostructure morphology and the morphological characteristics that lead to a rational design of heterogeneous nanocatalysts, especially for reactions that exhibit sluggish kinetics. A simplified methanol oxidation on two types of hierarchical nanostructures, external and internal, is reported. A complex system of asymmetric geometries was simplified by mapping 3 D geometries into 2 D models by using a mass transport approach. The macropore size was the most comprehensive characteristic to evaluate the specific activity and current density of hierarchical nanostructures. The optimal current densities for both types of nanostructures were achieved in macropore size ranges of 3.2–4.5 and 1.9–3.2 μm, respectively. The optimal mass activity of the internal nanostructures was achieved in the porosity range of 40–50 %, whereas that of the external hierarchical nanostructures was achieved at high porosity values. In comparison to internal hierarchical nanostructures, external hierarchical nanostructures tend to be cost‐effective catalysts that have a high catalytic activity.
Effect of Ion Exchange Resin Functionality on Catalytic Activity and Leaching of Palladium Nanoparticles in Suzuki Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Van Vaerenbergh Beau , Lauwaert Jeroen , Bert Wim , Thybaut Joris W. , De Clercq Jeriffa , Vermeir Pieter
Published: October 2016

Macroporous ion exchange resin supported palladium nanoparticle (Pd‐NP) catalysts are prepared by an intermatrix synthesis. For the first time, the effect of resin functionality (weak acid, strong acid, strong base) on the NP size, their catalytic activity, and leaching is investigated in the Suzuki cross‐coupling of iodobenzene and phenylboronic acid. Whereas the smallest NPs (1.34 nm) are found in the thiol Ambersep GT74 resin, the sulfonic acid Lewatit K2629 and quaternary amine Lewatit MP500 OH resins resulted in NPs of a similar size (2.42 and 2.59 nm, respectively). Despite their smaller size, the NPs on Ambersep GT74 exhibited the lowest conversion (21.6 %), which is attributed to a too strong coordination of the NPs by the thiol groups. The conversions obtained by using Lewatit K2629 (76.8 %) and Lewatit MP500 OH (94.2 %) were considerably higher, the excellent performance of the latter catalyst being ascribed to the promoting effect of the hydroxyl groups on the transmetallation and reductive elimination steps in Suzuki cross‐coupling. No Pd leaching was observed when using Ambersep GT74 as the support, compared with Pd leaching amounting to 1.1 % and 4.8 % when using Lewatit MP500 OH and Lewatit K2629, respectively. Such low values indicate that ion exchange resins are ideal supports to stabilize the NPs. Particularly, the combination of high conversion and limited leaching on Lewatit MP500 OH opens up new perspectives for catalyzing Suzuki cross‐coupling with a heterogeneous catalyst.
Controlling the BET Surface Area of Porous Carbon by Using the Cd/C Ratio of a Cd–MOF Precursor and Enhancing the Capacitance by Activation with KOH
Authors: Li Zuo‐Xi , Zhang Xue , Liu Yi‐Chen , Zou Kang‐Yu , Yue Man‐Li
Published: October 2016

Herein, four new cadmium metal–organic frameworks (Cd–MOFs), [Cd(bib)(bdc)]∞ (1), [Cd(bbib)(bdc)(H2O)]∞ (2), [Cd(bibp)(bdc)]∞ (3), and [Cd2(bbibp)2(bdc)2(H2O)]∞ (4), have been constructed from the reaction of Cd(NO3)2⋅4 H2O with 1,4‐benzenedicarboxylate (H2bdc) and structure‐related bis(imidazole) ligands (1,4‐bis(imidazol‐1‐yl)benzene (bib), 1,4‐bis(benzoimidazol‐1‐yl)benzene (bbib), 4,4′‐bis(imidazol‐1‐yl)biphenyl (bibp), and 4,4′‐bis(benzoimidazol‐1‐yl)biphenyl (bbibp)) under solvothermal conditions. Cd–MOF 1 shows a 2D (4,4) lattice with parallel interpenetration, whereas 2 displays an interesting 3D interpenetrating dia network, 3 exhibits an unusual 3D interpenetrating dmp network, and 4 presents a 3D self‐catenated pillar‐layered framework with a Schäfli symbol of [43⋅63]2⋅[46⋅616⋅86]. The structural diversity indicates that the backbone of the bis(imidazole) ligand (including the terminal group and spacer) plays a crucial role in the assembly of mixed‐ligand frameworks. By using the pore‐forming effect of cadmium vapor, for the first time we have utilized these Cd–MOFs as precursors to further prepare porous carbon materials (PCs) in a calcination–thermolysis procedure. These PCs show different porous features that correspond to the topological structures of Cd–MOFs. Significantly, it was found that the specific surface area and capacitance of PCs are tuned by the Cd/C ratio of the MOF. Furthermore, the as‐synthesized PCs were processed with KOH to obtain activated porous carbon materials (APCs) with higher specific surface area and porosity, which greatly promoted the energy‐storage capacity. After full characterization, we found that APC‐bib displays the largest specific surface area (1290 m2 g−1) and total pore volume (1.37 cm3 g−1) of this series of carbon materials. Consequently, APC‐bib demonstrates the highest specific capacitance of 164 F g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1, and also excellent retention of capacitance (≈89.4 % after 5000 cycles at 1 A g−1). Therefore, APC‐bib has great potential as the electrode material in a supercapacitor.
Incarceration of Higher‐Order Fullerenes within Cyclotriveratrylene‐Based Hemicarcerands Allows Selective Isolation of C76, C78, and C84 from a Commercial Fullerene Mixture
Authors: Liu Kuang‐Shun , Li Ming‐Jhe , Lai Chien‐Chen , Chiu Sheng‐Hsien
Published: October 2016

Size‐complementary cyclotriveratrylene (CTV)‐based hosts can incarcerate C76, C78, and C84, thus allowing the selective isolation of these higher‐order fullerenes from a commercially available mixture of fullerenes. The hemicarceplexes, formed after the encapsulation of the size‐complementary fullerenes within the hosts, are isolated by column chromatography and released at elevated temperature, thereby leading to the isolation of C76/C78 and C84 in good purities (up to 95 and 88 %, respectively).
Azulene‐Based Macrocyclic Receptors for Recognition and Sensing of Phosphate Anions
Authors: Lichosyt Dawid , Dydio Paweł , Jurczak Janusz
Published: October 2016

Herein we report the synthesis and detailed studies of the anion‐binding properties of two 20‐membered macrocyclic tetramide receptors: one symmetrical, containing two identical azulene‐based bisamide units, the other a hybrid, containing a dipicolinic bisamide unit and an azulene‐based bisamide unit. Analysis of the crystal structures of the macrocyclic receptors revealed their preference for adopting similar well‐preorganized bent‐sheet conformations, both as free receptors and in their complexes with anions. Studies of the optical properties of both receptors revealed abilities to selectively sense phosphate anions (H2PO4−, HP2O73−), allowing for naked‐eye detection of the presence of these guests in DMSO. Binding studies in solution confirmed that the receptors bind strongly to a series of anions even in highly demanding media, such as mixtures of DMSO with water or with methanol. Comparison of the anion affinity of linear analogues with that of the macrocyclic receptors evidenced the importance of macrocyclic topology. Quantitative analysis revealed that the macrocyclic receptors are selective for H2PO4− over other anions. The affinity to H2PO4− seen for the symmetrical receptor, containing two azulene‐based subunits, is much higher than for the hybrid macrocycle containing both the azulene‐based and pyridine‐derived subunits. This highlights that the azulene‐based building block serves efficiently as both a binding site and a structure‐preorganizing motif.
Enhanced π‐Back‐Donation as a Way to Higher Coordination Numbers in d10 [M(NHC)n] Complexes: A DFT Study
Authors: Nitsch Jörn , Wolters Lando P. , Fonseca Guerra Célia , Bickelhaupt F. Matthias , Steffen Andreas
Published: October 2016

We aim to understand the electronic factors determining the stability and coordination number of d10 transition‐metal complexes bearing N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands, with a particular emphasis on higher coordinated species. In this DFT study on the formation and bonding of Group 9–12 d10 [M(NHC)n] (n=1–4) complexes, we found that all metals form very stable [M(NHC)2] complexes, but further coordination depends on the specific interplay of 1) the interaction energy (ΔEint) between the [M(NHC)n−1] (n=2–4) fragment and the incoming NHC ligand, and 2) the strain energy (ΔEstrain) associated with bending of the linear NHC‐M‐NHC arrangement. The key observation is that ΔEstrain, which is an antagonist for higher coordination numbers, can significantly be lowered by M→NHC π*‐back‐donation. This leads to favorable thermodynamics for n=3–4 for highly electrophilic metals in our study, and thus presents a general design motif to achieve coordination numbers beyond two. The scope of our findings extends beyond the NHC model systems and has wider implications for the synthesis of d10 [MLn] complexes and their catalytic activity.
N‐Methylanilines as Simple and Efficient Promoters for Radical‐Type Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Aryl Iodides
Authors: Yang Huan , Zhang Li , Jiao Lei
Published: October 2016

Activation of the carbon–halogen bonds in aryl halides is a key step in transition‐metal‐free cross‐coupling reactions. In this paper, a new and efficient radical initiation system for the activation of iodoarenes to produce aryl radicals was discovered, which employs the combination of N‐methylanilines and tBuOK. This radical initiation system is robust and versatile, enabling various types of aryl‐radical‐related reactions.