bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emerging contradictions in the enforcement of bird hunting regulations in Malta
Authors: Ferns Bertie , Campbell Brian , Veríssimo Diogo
Published: February 2022

The archipelago state of Malta is renowned as a “blackspot” for illegal bird hunting. Since joining the European Union (EU), Maltese hunters have experienced restrictions on what and how much they can hunt. This article describes Malta's current enforcement efforts which, assisted by the Army and by volunteers from conservation groups, exceed EU standards, and have led to a reduction in crime. Drawing on interviews with key stakeholders in the hunting arena, however, this article also describes how current conservation policies—which rely on intense surveillance and punishment to deter poachers—are being counterproductive. They are fostering a culture of suspicion and distrust between hunters, environmental nongovernmental organizations, and the state, which, in turn, drives the further intensification of surveillance. This increase has encouraged some hunters to engage in other forms of crime or to embark on hunting expeditions abroad where environmental governance is weaker. This article reinforces the need for more holistic responses to natural resource management that go beyond a focus on increased enforcement, especially when taking into account the impacts of regulation across multiple jurisdictions.
The heart transplant allocation change attenuates but does not eliminate blood group O waitlist outcome disadvantage
Authors: Patel Jay N. , Abramov Dmitry , Fudim Marat , Okwuosa Ike S. , Rabkin David G. , Chung Joshua S.
Published: February 2022

Background

Patients with blood group O have historically been disadvantaged in the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) heart transplant allocation system. We sought to determine whether the new UNOS allocation system implemented in 2018 had an impact on waitlist and post‐transplant outcomes among blood groups.

Methods

Using the UNOS database we included all adult patients listed and transplanted with first‐time single‐organ heart transplant between 10/17/15 and 10/1/21. For post‐transplant outcomes, we separately evaluated all adult patients transplanted with the same time‐frame. We used exclusion criteria and censoring to limit biases from changing clinical practices around the allocation change (10/18/2018), and from unequal or inadequate follow‐up. We compared clinical characteristics and outcomes before and after the allocation change among each blood group. Fine‐Gray and Cox regression models were used to estimate the effect of the new allocation system on competing waitlist outcomes‐ transplantation, death‐or‐removal from waitlist‐ and post‐transplant survival, respectively.

Results

Of the 21,565 patients listed for transplantation 14,000 met criteria for waitlist analysis (7,035 in the old system vs. 6,965 in the new), and 7,657 met criteria for post‐transplant analysis (3,519 in the old system vs. 4,138 in the new). Among each blood group, new allocation change was associated with higher transplantation rates lower waitlist days and lower waitlist mortality (except Group AB). However, despite improvements, Group O was still associated with worse waitlist outcomes for each metric compared to non‐O Groups. The new allocation system did not have a significant impact on post‐transplant survival among any blood groups.

Conclusion

Changes in heart transplant allocation have attenuated but not eliminated blood group O disadvantage in access to donor hearts.
Newborns modulate their crawling in response to their native language but not another language
Authors: Hym Charlotte , Dumuids Marie‐Victorine , Anderson David I. , Forma Vincent , Provasi Joëlle , Brière‐Dollat Camille , Granjon Lionel , Gervain Judit , Nazzi Thierry , Barbu‐Roth Marianne
Published: February 2022

Human newborns can propel themselves to their mother's breast when positioned skin to skin on her abdomen just after birth. For decades, researchers have considered this primitive crawling behavior a spinal reflex, immune to supra spinal control. However, recent research suggests that neonatal crawling is already responsive to visual and olfactory stimuli processed at a supra spinal level. Here we report that a few hours post birth, French newborns can also modulate their crawling in response to their native language – a source of information that is processed supra‐spinally. The crawling patterns of 23 French‐born newborns were recorded on video and via an infrared motion capture system during two randomly ordered 2‐min trials. The newborns were secured on a mini skateboard to facilitate arm and leg movements during their crawling propulsion. They heard a repetitive sequence of the same sentences either in French, their native language, or in English, a rhythmically different and hence discriminable unfamiliar language, on each trial. In French, compared to English, crawling was enhanced, with significantly more arm and leg steps and significantly more and larger trunk rotations in the cephalo‐caudal axis. Moreover, newborns rotated their heads and trunk toward the appropriate loud speaker when hearing French but not English. These preliminary findings suggest that newborn crawling is not a simple stereotyped reflex under spinal control, but a complex pattern that can be modulated in response to higher‐order, supra‐spinally processed stimuli. The findings open fascinating questions about the range of stimuli to which newborn crawling is responsive.
Cerebral palsy diagnosis and the impact on hip surveillance enrollment
Authors: Coates Jaimy , Mulpuri Kishore , Farr Jennifer , Miller Stacey D.
Published: February 2022

Aim

To investigate the diagnosis at enrollment in the Child Health British Columbia Hip Surveillance Program for Children with Cerebral Palsy (CP) and review the etiologies of children enrolled without a CP diagnosis.

Method

Data from 959 children (543 males, 416 females; mean [SD] age at enrollment 6 years 8 months [4 years 2 months]) enrolled in the program between September 2015 and December 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Enrollment diagnosis, Gross Motor Function Classification System level, migration percentage, and age at enrollment were included. Chart reviews were completed to confirm diagnoses for all children. Etiologies were compared to a list of conditions that are included and excluded from CP registries.

Results

Diagnosis at enrollment was CP for 612 (64%), possible CP for 120 (13%), and ‘other’ for 220 (23%). No diagnosis was provided for seven (<1%). CP was confirmed for 700 (73%), including 106 (11.1%) enrolled as ‘possible CP’ or ‘other’; 56 (5.8%) did not have CP due to progressive conditions. Migration percentage was similar across all groups at enrollment.

Interpretation

One in four children were enrolled in hip surveillance without a diagnosis of CP or possible CP. Encouraging participation in hip surveillance when children meet the clinical criteria for CP but do not have a confirmed CP diagnosis can improve access to care.
Metformin and the risk of neurodegenerative diseases in patients with diabetes: A meta‐analysis of population‐based cohort studies
Authors: Zhang Yunnan , Zhang Yi , Shi Xiujin , Han Jialun , Lin Baidi , Peng Wenxing , Mei Zubing , Lin Yang
Published: February 2022

Aims

The association between metformin use and neurodegenerative disease (ND) onset remains controversial. In this systematic review and meta‐analysis, we aimed to determine the relationship between metformin use and ND risk based on data from population‐based cohort studies.

Methods

Articles were systematically searched in PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases. Pooled relative risks (RRs) with 95% CIs were obtained using a random‐effects model. Subgroup analyses, sensitivity analyses and meta‐regression were performed to identify the sources of heterogeneity and strengthen the results.

Results

Twelve population‐based cohort studies involving 194,792 participants (94,462 metformin users and 100,330 metformin non‐users) were eligible for inclusion in this meta‐analysis. The pooled RR of NDs reached 0.77 (95% CI 0.67–0.88) when comparing metformin users with non‐users. The effects were more prominent in long‐term metformin users (≥4 years) (RR 0.29, 95% CI 0.13–0.44) and studies from Asian countries (RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.64–0.74). The effect estimates were stable when stratified by subtypes of NDs, study designs, and control definitions (p for interaction >0.05). Meta‐regression did not identify the coefficients as the sources of heterogeneity (all p > 0.05).

Conclusions

This systematic review and meta‐analysis found that metformin use, especially long‐term use, was associated with lower ND risk. However, because there was substantial heterogeneity among studies, high‐quality randomized controlled trials are still needed to confirm this finding.
Use of reperfusion therapy and time delay in patients with ischaemic stroke by immigration status: A register‐based cohort study in Denmark
Authors: Mkoma George F. , Norredam Marie , Iversen Helle K. , Andersen Grethe , Johnsen Søren P.
Published: February 2022

Background and purpose

Reperfusion therapy is the mainstay of treatment for acute ischaemic stroke (AIS); however, little is known about the use of reperfusion therapy and time delay amongst immigrants.

Methods

This is a Danish nationwide register‐based cohort study of patients with AIS aged ≥18 years (n = 49,817) recruited from 2009 to 2018. Use of reperfusion therapy (intravenous thrombolysis and/or mechanical thrombectomy) and time delay between immigrants and Danish‐born residents were compared using multivariable logistics and quantile regression.

Results

Overall, 10,649 (39.8%) Danish‐born residents and 452 (39.0%) immigrants with AIS were treated with reperfusion therapy in patients arriving <4.5 h following stroke onset. Compared with Danish‐born residents, immigrants had lower odds of receiving reperfusion therapy after adjustment for prehospital delay, age, sex, stroke severity, sociodemographic factors and comorbidities (adjusted odds ratio 0.67; 95% confidence interval 0.49‒0.92, p = 0.01). The lowest odds were observed amongst immigrants originating from Poland and non‐Western countries. Similarly, immigrants had a longer prehospital delay than Danish‐born residents in the fully adjusted model in patients arriving <4.5 h after stroke onset (15 min; 95% confidence interval 4‒26 min, p = 0.03). No evidence was found that system delay and clinical outcome differed between immigrants and Danish‐born residents in patients eligible for reperfusion therapy after adjustment for sociodemographic factors and comorbidities.

Conclusion

Immigration status was significantly associated with lower chances of receiving reperfusion therapy and there may be differences in patient delay between immigrants and Danish‐born residents in patients arriving to a stroke unit <4.5 h after stroke onset.
To stay or go: Relationship dissolution and repartnering after paternal incarceration
Authors: Dwyer Emory Allison
Published: February 2022

Objective

This study investigated how relationship dissolution and repartnering shape women's relationship quality after their partner's incarceration and evaluates whether incarceration is a unique context for relationship transitions.

Background

Millions of couples in the United States face incarceration each year, and many relationships do not survive the experience. Although these breakups are typically framed as negative events, it is unclear whether relationship dissolution harms or helps women navigating the incarceration of their partner or coparent.

Method

Using longitudinal data from the Fragile Families study, this article contrasts the experiences of women who stayed with their child's father through his incarceration, those who separated and remained single, and those who separated and repartnered. Three domains of relationship quality were considered: cooperativeness of parenting relationships, supportiveness of romantic relationships, and risk of domestic violence.

Results

Data reveal that most relationships end, creating an opportunity for mothers to form stronger relationships with more advantaged new partners. Incarceration also provides a distinct context for repartnering, amplifying both the advantages and disadvantages of dissolution.

Conclusion

Most couples experiencing paternal incarceration will also navigate relationship dissolution, and many will integrate a new partner into the family. For many women, particularly those whose relationships have become violent, these transitions may be sources of resilience rather than hardship.

Implications

Rather than a proscriptive focus on preserving families, these findings highlight the need to support families simultaneously navigating incarceration and changing family roles.
Mitochondrial and metabolic remodelling in human skin fibroblasts in response to glucose availability
Authors: Pinho Sónia A. , Costa Cláudio F. , Deus Cláudia M. , Pinho Sonia L. C. , Miranda‐Santos Inês , Afonso Gonçalo , Bagshaw Olivia , Stuart Jeffrey A. , Oliveira Paulo J. , Cunha‐Oliveira Teresa
Published: February 2022

Cell culture conditions highly influence cell metabolism in vitro. This is relevant for preclinical assays, for which fibroblasts are an interesting cell model, with applications in regenerative medicine, diagnostics and therapeutic development for personalized medicine, and the validation of ingredients for cosmetics. Given these cells’ short lifespan in culture, we aimed to identify the best cell culture conditions and promising markers to study mitochondrial health and stress in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF). We tested the effect of reducing glucose concentration in the cell medium from high glucose (HGm) to a more physiological level [low glucose medium (LGm)], or its complete removal and replacement by galactose [medium that forces oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOSm)], always in the presence of glutamine and pyruvate. We have demonstrated that only with OXPHOSm was it possible to observe the selective inhibition of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. This reliance on mitochondrial ATP was accompanied by changes in oxygen consumption rate and extracellular acidification rate, oxidation of citric acid cycle substrates, fatty acids, lactate, and other substrates, increased mitochondrial network extension and polarization, the increased protein content of voltage‐dependent anion channel (VDAC) and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma coactivator 1‐alpha and changes in several key transcripts related to energy metabolism. LGm did not promote significant metabolic changes in NHDF, although mitochondrial network extension and VDAC protein content were increased compared to HGm‐cultured cells. Our results indicate that short‐term adaptation to OXPHOSm is ideal for studying mitochondrial health and stress in NHDF.
Planar‐biaxial low‐cycle fatigue behavior of the nickel‐base alloy Inconel 718 at elevated temperatures under selected loading conditions
Authors: Böcker Marco , Babu Harish Ramesh , Henkel Sebastian , Raddatz Mario , Gampe Uwe , Biermann Horst
Published: February 2022

The isothermal planar‐biaxial fatigue behavior was studied for two different disk batches of nickel‐base superalloy Inconel 718 using cruciform specimens at 400°C and 630°C under equi‐biaxial and shear loading. Additionally, non‐proportional tests were performed. The planar‐biaxial test results were compared with uniaxial reference tests using the von Mises equivalent strain hypothesis, a shear strain parameter of the critical plane, and a modified crack‐opening‐displacement strain range approach. Additionally, the crack initiation mechanism was analyzed. Using a modified crack‐opening‐displacement strain range approach, the low‐cycle fatigue lifetimes of the proportional planar‐biaxial tests (i.e., lifetimes up to 40,000 cycles) were described within a scatter band of two. Thus, it was better than using the equivalent strain of von Mises or a shear strain parameter. The fatigue crack initiation took place at oxidized primary carbides at the surface. The crack paths were presented.
Seasoned equity issuers’ prospectus filings: How informative is their tone?
Authors: Huang Rongbing , Qian Hong , Ramalingegowda Santhosh
Published: February 2022

Seasoned equity issuers file Forms S and 424B with the Securities and Exchange Commission. We find that 424B filings’ weak‐modal tone is positively related to offer price discounts and negatively related to offer‐day stock returns. Increases in cautionary (weak‐modal, uncertain, and negative) tone from the initial to final filing are followed by lower abnormal stock returns. Preliminary evidence indicates that cautionary tone relates positively to litigation risk and increased after the passage of the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act. Our findings suggest that the cautionary tone of seasoned equity issuers’ prospectuses has negative information content, which is gradually incorporated into the stock prices.
Arctic marine forest distribution models showcase potentially severe habitat losses for cryophilic species under climate change
Authors: Bringloe Trevor T. , Wilkinson David P. , Goldsmit Jesica , Savoie Amanda M. , Filbee‐Dexter Karen , Macgregor Kathleen A. , Howland Kimberly L. , McKindsey Christopher W. , Verbruggen Heroen
Published: February 2022

The Arctic is among the fastest‐warming areas of the globe. Understanding the impact of climate change on foundational Arctic marine species is needed to provide insight on ecological resilience at high latitudes. Marine forests, the underwater seascapes formed by seaweeds, are predicted to expand their ranges further north in the Arctic in a warmer climate. Here, we investigated whether northern habitat gains will compensate for losses at the southern range edge by modelling marine forest distributions according to three distribution categories: cryophilic (species restricted to the Arctic environment), cryotolerant (species with broad environmental preferences inclusive but not limited to the Arctic environment), and cryophobic (species restricted to temperate conditions) marine forests. Using stacked MaxEnt models, we predicted the current extent of suitable habitat for contemporary and future marine forests under Representative Concentration Pathway Scenarios of increasing emissions (2.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5). Our analyses indicate that cryophilic marine forests are already ubiquitous in the north, and thus cannot expand their range under climate change, resulting in an overall loss of habitat due to severe southern range contractions. The extent of marine forests within the Arctic basin, however, is predicted to remain largely stable under climate change with notable exceptions in some areas, particularly in the Canadian Archipelago. Succession may occur where cryophilic and cryotolerant species are extirpated at their southern range edge, resulting in ecosystem shifts towards temperate regimes at mid to high latitudes, though many aspects of these shifts, such as total biomass and depth range, remain to be field validated. Our results provide the first global synthesis of predicted changes to pan‐Arctic coastal marine forest ecosystems under climate change and suggest ecosystem transitions are unavoidable now for some areas.
Association betweenHelicobacter pyloriantibodies determined by multiplex serology and gastric cancer risk: A meta‐analysis
Authors: El Hafa Fadoua , Wang Tianpei , Ndifor Valerie Mbuhnwi , Jin Guangfu
Published: February 2022

Background and aims

Previous studies have reported the association between limited number ofHelicobacterpylori(H.pylori) antigens and gastric cancer (GC) risk. The present study evaluated the association between serum antibodies against 15 differentH. pyloriproteins measured by using multiplex serology assay and GC risk.

Methods

We searched PubMed databases, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library for relevant articles. A meta‐analysis was used to pool studies and to estimate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) of differentH. pyloriantigens associated with GC risk. Heterogeneity was investigated using Cochran'sQtest andI‐squared statistic.

Results

Nine studies were identified, with a total of 3209 GC cases and 6964 controls. FiveH. pylorivirulence factors were significantly associated with non‐cardia GC risk atp‐value <0.0033 including: CagA (OR = 3.22, 95%CI: 2.10–4.94), HP0305 (OR = 1.72, 95%CI: 1.32–2.25), HyuA (OR = 1.42, 95%CI: 1.13–1.79), Omp (OR = 1.83, 95%CI: 1.30–2.58), and VacA (OR = 2.05, 95%CI: 1.67–2.52). However, none of the 15 antigens was associated with cardia GC risk. In subgroup analysis by ethnicity, we identified 7 antigens associated with the risk of non‐cardia GC among East Asian while only two antigens were identified in European population. Nevertheless, CagA and GroEL showed a stronger association in Caucasian (CagA OR = 5.83, 95%CI: 3.31–10.26; GroEL OR = 3.66, 95%CI: 1.58–8.50) compared with East Asian (CagA OR = 2.20, 95% CI: 1.85–2.61; GroEL OR = 1.47, 95%CI: 1.29–1.68).

Conclusions

This study determined thatH. pyloriinfection increases the risk of non‐cardia GC with differential effects by its virulence factors and with different patterns among East Asian and European populations. These results advance the understanding of the effect ofH. pylorion GC.
Façade creation as a mediator of the influence of psychological contract breach on employee behaviors
Authors: Liang Huai‐Liang
Published: February 2022

Building on social exchange theory, this study considers an explanation—social exchange—as to why employees' experience of psychological contract breach (PCB) results in harmful employee behaviors via a false behavior. Using 672 employees (547 males, 125 females; average age 44.65 years) from two different industries, including manufacturing and public organizations located in Taiwan. The findings of this study found significant relationships between PCB and its outcomes (i.e., deviant behavior and voice behavior). This study further found that façade creation significantly mediates these relationships. A time‐lag design of three time periods was utilized to diminish common method variables in this study. Implications and directions for future study are discussed.
Global patterns of seasonal influenza activity, duration of activity and virus (sub)type circulation from 2010 to 2020
Authors: Zanobini Patrizio , Bonaccorsi Guglielmo , Lorini Chiara , Haag Mendel , McGovern Ian , Paget John , Caini Saverio
Published: February 2022

Background

Seasonal influenza viruses undergo unpredictable changes, which may lead to antigenic mismatch between circulating and vaccine strains and to a reduced vaccine effectiveness. A continuously updated knowledge of influenza strain circulation and seasonality is essential to optimize the effectiveness of influenza vaccination campaigns. We described the global epidemiology of influenza between the 2009 A(H1N1)p and the 2020 COVID‐19 pandemic.

Methods

Influenza virological surveillance data were obtained from the WHO‐FluNet database. We determined the median proportion of influenza cases caused by the different influenza virus types, subtypes, and lineages; the typical timing of the epidemic peak; and the median duration of influenza epidemics (applying the annual average percentage method with a 75% threshold).

Results

We included over 4.6 million influenza cases from 149 countries. The median proportion of influenza cases caused by type A viruses was 75.5%, highest in the Southern hemisphere (81.6%) and lowest in the intertropical belt (73.0%), and ranged across seasons between 60.9% in 2017 and 88.7% in 2018. Epidemic peaks typically occurred during winter months in Northern and Southern hemisphere countries, while much more variability emerged in tropical countries. Influenza epidemics lasted a median of 25 weeks (range 8–42) in countries lying between 30°N and 26°S, and a median of 9 weeks (range 5–25) in countries outside this latitude range.

Conclusions

This work will establish an important baseline to better understand factors that influence seasonal influenza dynamics and how COVID‐19 may have affected seasonal activity and influenza virus types, subtypes, and lineages circulation patterns.
Spatiotemporal modelling of abundance from multiple data sources in an integrated spatial distribution model
Authors: Strebel Nicolas , Kéry Marc , Guélat Jérôme , Sattler Thomas
Published: February 2022

Aim

In biodiversity monitoring, observational data are often collected in multiple, disparate schemes with greatly varying degrees of standardization and possibly at different spatial and temporal scales. Technical advances also change the type of data over time. The resulting heterogeneous datasets are often deemed to be incompatible. Consequently, many available datasets may be ignored in practical analyses. Here, we propose a more efficient use of disparate biodiversity data to assess species distributions and population trends.

Location

Switzerland (Europe).

Taxon

Birds.

Methods

We developed an integrated, hierarchical species distribution model with a joint likelihood for all datasets using a shared state process (e.g. latent species abundance or occurrence), but distinct observation process for each dataset. We show how the abundance submodel of a binomial N‐mixture model can fuse four different data types (count, detection/non‐detection, presence‐only and absence‐only data) and enable improved inferences about spatiotemporal patterns in abundance. As case studies, we use data from multiple avian biodiversity monitoring schemes. In the first, the goal is estimating abundance‐based species distribution maps. In the second, we infer trends in population abundance across time.

Results

Accuracy and precision of abundance estimates increased when combining data from different sources compared to using a single data source alone. This is particularly valuable when data from each single data source are too sparse for reliable parameter estimation.

Main conclusions

We show that exploiting the complementary nature of ‘cheap’, but abundant, citizen‐science data and less abundant, but more information‐rich, data from structured monitoring programmes might be ideal to estimate distribution and population trends more accurately, especially for rare species. Joint likelihoods allow to include a wide variety of different datasets to (1) combine all the available information and to (2) mitigate weaknesses of one by the strength of another.
Radiofrequency ablation for treatment of atrial fibrillation with the use of intracardiac echocardiography versus without intracardiac echocardiography: A meta‐analysis of observational and randomized studies
Authors: Xu Jingmiao , Gao Ying , Liu Chunhui , Wang Yaping
Published: February 2022

Introduction

Intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) provides superior quality images and can monitor catheter location within the heart continuously. Given the limited evidence, we conducted the meta‐analysis to evaluate outcomes with ICE in radiofrequency (RF) ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF).

Methods and Results

PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane were searched for studies reporting RF ablation for treatment of AF with the use of ICE versus without ICE and 12 studies were included. Sensitivity analyses limiting studies to ablation with the use of contact force (CF) catheters were conducted and subgroup analyses were performed according to the published year. In main analyses, RF ablation with ICE for treatment of AF was associated with significant reduction in total X‐ray time (mean difference [MD], −9.80; 95% confidence interval [CI], −15.57 to −4.04; I2 = 99%; p < .01), total procedure time (MD, −17.65; 95% CI, −30.22 to −5.09; I2 = 89%; p < .01), and complications (relative risk [RR], 0.90; 95% CI, 0.87–0.92; I2 = 20%; p < .01) versus without ICE. The ICE‐guided group tended to decrease total absorbed X‐ray dose (standardized mean difference, −0.91; 95% CI, −1.86 to 0.04; I2 = 96%; p = .06). Freedom from arrhythmia (RR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.98–1.14; I2 = 0%; p = .13) was comparable between the two groups.

Conclusion

In patients with AF, ICE‐guided RF ablation is correlated with significant reductions in total X‐ray time, total procedure time, and complications versus ablation without ICE. Total absorbed X‐ray dose tends to reduce in the ICE group and freedom from arrhythmia is comparable between the two groups.
Brachial‐ankle pulse wave velocity as a measurement for increased carotid intima‐media thickness: A comparison with carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity in a Chinese community‐based cohort
Authors: He Danmei , Gao Lan , Yang Ying , Jia Jia , Jiang Yimeng , Sun Pengfei , Liu Bo , Li Jianping , Fan Fangfang , Zhang Yan , Huo Yong
Published: February 2022

Carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) and brachial‐ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) act as two most frequently applied indicators to evaluate arterial stiffness. Limited studies have systematically compared the relationships between cfPWV/baPWV and increased carotid intima‐media thickness (cIMT). This study aimed to investigate the associations of the two PWV indices with cIMT in a Chinese community‐based population. A total of 6026 Chinese participants from an atherosclerosis cohort were included in our analysis. Increased cIMT was defined as the maximum of cIMT > 0.9 mm in end‐systolic period of carotid artery. Mean (SD) cfPWV and baPWV were 8.55±1.83  and 16.79±3.35 m/s, respectively. The prevalence of increased cIMT was 59.58%. In multivariable logistic regression, both PWVs were independently associated with increased cIMT after adjustment for various confounders (for 1 m/s increase of cfPWV: OR = 1.07, 95% CI: 1.02‐1.11; for 1 m/s increase of baPWV: OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.00‐1.05). The highest cfPWV and baPWV quartile groups had higher prevalence of increased cIMT when compared with the lowest quartile groups (for cfPWV: OR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.06‐1.55; for baPWV: OR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.00‐1.50). However, when both PWVs were added into multivariable model simultaneously, only cfPWV was associated with odds of increased cIMT. Subgroup analyses further showed cfPWV was more strongly associated with increased cIMT than baPWV in males, participants aged ≥65 years, and those with other cardiovascular risk factors. In conclusion, both cfPWV and baPWV are associated with increased cIMT in a Chinese community‐based population. Furthermore, cfPWV is more strongly correlated with increased cIMT compared to baPWV.
Comparative proteomics profiling revealed the involvement of GRB2‐ROCK2 axis in Lyme neuroborreliosis caused by Borrelia Burgdorferi
Authors: Bi Yunfeng , Liu Jianjun , Ma Mingbiao , Tao Lvyan , Peng Yun , Dai Xiting , Ji Zhenhua , Bai Ruolan , Jian Miaomiao , Chen Taigui , Luo Lisha , Wang Feng , Ding Zhe , Liu Aihua , Bao Fukai
Published: February 2022

The zoonotic Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB) disease is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, with wide distribution, rapid dissemination and high disability rate. However, the molecular mechanism underlying B. burgdorferi mediated neuroborreliosis remains largely unknown. Here, the frontal cortex from rhesus brains was incubated with B. burgdorferi, and proteomics profiling was evaluated by isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation. Proteins were identified and quantified, and differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were isolated by comparing co‐cultured samples and control samples. A total of 43, 164 and 368 DEPs were significantly altered after 6, 12 and 24 h treatment with B. burgdorferi respectively. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway analyses revealed that chemokine biological process was significantly enriched. Two genes in chemokine pathway including GRB2 and ROCK2 were significantly up‐regulated after B. burgdorferi co‐culturing. By in vitro assay, we confirmed that the expression of GRB2 and ROCK2 was increased after B. burgdorferi infection. In conclusion, our study revealed the involvement of chemokine pathway in the pathogenesis of LNB. GRB2 and ROCK2 may be novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for LNB.
Phillips Correlation and Price‐Change Distributions under Declining Trend Inflation
Authors: Kaihatsu Sohei , Katagiri Mitsuru , Shiraki Noriyuki
Published: February 2022

The relationship between inflation dynamics and micro‐level pricing behavior is an underexplored research area. In this article, we first document that deflationary periods in Japan were associated with (i) variations in the distribution of price changes at the micro level, and (ii) a weakening in the Phillips correlation at the macro level. We construct a multisector general equilibrium model with sector‐specific menu costs, a feature that is supported by our estimation using sectoral data, and show that declining trend inflation and an increasing share of services in private consumption together can quantitatively explain the above two observations.
Intralesional purified protein derivative versus zinc sulfate 2% in the treatment of pediatric warts: Clinical and dermoscopic evaluation
Authors: Awad Amany , Ismael Ahmed Fawzi , Sallam Manar , Abdelgaber Soheir
Published: February 2022

Background

Warts are common in children and can be difficult to treat. Many treatments for warts are destructive and painful in contrast to intralesional immunotherapy using different types of antigens.

Aim

To evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of intralesional purified protein derivative (PPD) versus intralesional zinc sulfate 2% in the treatment of pediatric warts.

Methods

This randomized clinical trial included 120 children with multiple warts divided into two equal groups. Group Ⅰ received intralesional 10 IU (0.1 ml) of PPD, group Ⅱ received intralesional zinc sulfate 2% in the largest wart every 2 weeks till improvement or for a maximum five treatment sessions. The follow‐up period was 6 months after the last treatment session.

Results

The overall response was equal in both groups (81.7%), but the response of the injected wart was higher in the zinc sulfate group (93.4%) versus PPD group (83.3%) with no significant difference. The highest cure rates were after the 5th session in the PPD group and the 1st session in the zinc sulfate group with slightly lower numbers of sessions needed for cure in the zinc sulfate group (3 sessions) versus the PPD group (4 sessions). The zinc sulfate group showed statistically significant higher rates of complications (pain, inflammation, necrosis, and scar) than PPD group. The zinc sulfate group showed non‐significant higher rates of recurrence during the follow‐up period.

Conclusion

Both intralesional PPD and zinc sulfate 2% are effective in pediatric warts with higher safety profile of PPD.
Role of body weight and sex in the olfactory and gustatory pleasantness, intensity, and familiarity of a lipid‐rich food
Authors: Rosa Antonella , Pinna Ilenia , Masala Carla
Published: February 2022

In this study, the role of sex and body weight in the olfactory and gustatory dimensions (pleasantness, intensity, and familiarity) of mullet cured roes, a marine rich‐fat food with peculiar sensory attributes, was evaluated. One hundred seventy‐seven participants were enrolled. Positive correlations were observed between all food taste and odor dimensions. Women reported a significantly higher odor and taste intensity ratings than men. Multivariate linear regression analyses evidenced that body weight in women was negatively correlated to the food odor and taste pleasantness and positively correlated to odor intensity. These negative correlations were due to different women gustatory performance in relation to body weight. A significantly lower perception of salty and bitter taste was observed in women with a body weight >60 kg compared to those with a body weight ≤60 kg. Our results underline the important role of sex and body weight in the food products sensory evaluation.

Practical applications

This study evidenced higher intensity ratings in women than men for the evaluation of olfactory and gustatory dimensions (pleasantness, intensity, and familiarity) of the salted and dried mullet roes, a lipid‐rich food, and the role of body weight in women sensory perception. Therefore, our data highlight the importance of taking into consideration sex and body weight when consumers panels are selected and constituted for the evaluation of sensory properties and acceptance of lipid‐rich foods, but also applicable to other types of foods.
Poly(lactic acid/caprolactone) bilayer membrane blocks bacterial penetration
Authors: L. Abe Gabriela , Tsuboi Ririko , Kitagawa Haruaki , Sasaki Jun‐Ichi , Li Aonan , Kohno Tomoki , Imazato Satoshi
Published: February 2022

Background and Objective

The clinical outcomes of guided tissue regeneration (GTR) or guided bone regeneration (GBR) procedures can be impaired if a bacterial infection develops at the surgical site. Membrane exposure is one of the causes of the onset of bacterial infection. Previously, we have fabricated a poly(lactic acid/caprolactone) (PLCL) bilayer membrane composed of a porous layer and a compact layer. The compact layer acts as a barrier against connective tissue and epithelial cells, and we hypothesized that it could also be an effective barrier against bacterial cells. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of the PLCL bilayer membrane to block bacterial cell penetration, which would be useful for preventing postoperative infections.

Methods

Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus mutans, and multispecies bacteria collected from human saliva were used in this study. Bacteria were seeded directly on the compact layer of a PLCL bilayer membrane, and bacterial adhesion to the membrane, as well as penetration into the membrane's structure, were assessed. Bacterial adhesion was evaluated by the number of colonies formed at 6, 24, and 72 h, and penetration was observed using a scanning electron microscope at 24 and 72 h. Commercially available membranes, composed of poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) or type I collagen, were used as controls.

Results

P. gingivalis, S. mutans, and the multispecies bacteria obtained from human saliva adhered onto all the membranes after only 6 h of incubation. However, fewer adherent cells were observed for the PLCL bilayer membrane compared with the controls for all experimental periods. The PLCL membrane was capable of blocking bacterial penetration, and no bacterial cells were observed in the structure. In contrast, bacteria penetrated both the control membranes and were observed at depths of up to 80 µm after 72 h of incubation.

Conclusion

Membrane characteristics may influence how bacterial colonization occurs. The PLCL membrane had reduced bacterial adhesion and blocked bacterial penetration, and these characteristics could contribute to a favorable outcome for regenerative treatments. In the event of membrane exposure at GTR/GBR surgical sites, membranes with an efficient barrier function, such as the PLCL bilayer membrane, could simplify the management of GTR/GBR complications.
The elimination effects of lavender essential oil on Listeria monocytogenes biofilms developed at different temperatures and the induction of VBNC state
Authors: Han X. , Chen Q. , Zhang X. , Peng J. , Zhang M. , Zhong Q.
Published: February 2022

Listeria monocytogenes is a typical foodborne pathogen that causes hard-to-treat bacterial infections, mainly due to its ability to form biofilm and enter into a viable but non-culturable state (VBNC). In this study, we investigated the removal effects of four antimicrobial agents on L. monocytogenes biofilms formed at 32°C and 10°C, analysed the resistances of the mature biofilms to antimicrobial agents, and explored the VBNC state of cells in mature biofilms induced by lavender essential oil (LEO). The results showed that the growth of L. monocytogenes was completely inhibited when 1·6% (v/v) of the LEO was added. Meanwhile, the results of the crystal violet staining and XTT reduction method indicated that different concentrations of LEO significantly reduced L. monocytogenes biofilms biomass and metabolic activities, followed by sodium hypochlorite, lactic acid, and hydrogen peroxide. Moreover, the confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images confirmed that the treated biofilms became thinner, the structure was sparse, and the appearance was blurry. More interestingly, L. monocytogenes biofilms developed at 10°C were less susceptible to the sanitizers than those formed at 32°C. In addition, LEO presented a more significant dispersing effect on the biofilm cells, and 1/2 MIC to 4 MIC of LEO could induce fewer VBNC state cells in biofilm and plankton compared with sodium hypochlorite. This study indicated that the LEO could be considered as an ideal antibiofilm agent for controlling L. monocytogenes. But we should pay attention to the resistance of the biofilms developed at low temperatures.
Epidemiology, clinical presentation and management of COVID‐19 associated mucormycosis: A single centre experience from Pune, Western India
Authors: Dravid Ameet , Kashiva Reema , Khan Zafer , Bande Balasaheb , Memon Danish , Kodre Aparna , Mane Milind , Pawar Vishal , Patil Dattatraya , Kalyani Suraj , Raut Prathamesh , Bapte Madhura , Saldanha Charlotte , Chandak Dinesh , Patil Teerthagouda , Reddy Sateesh , Bhayani Krushnadas , Suresh Laxmi , Dillibabu Vishnu , Srivastava Shipra , Khandelwal Shubham , More Sailee , Shakeel Atif , Pawar Mohit , Nande Pranava , Harshe Amol , Kadam Sagar , Hallikar Sudhir , Kamal Nudrat , Andrabi Danish , Bodhale Sachin , Raut Akshay , Chandrashekhar Sangeeta , Raman Chandrashekhar , Mahajan Uma , Joshi Gaurav , Mane Dilip
Published: February 2022

Background

The second COVID‐19 wave in India has been associated with an unprecedented increase in cases of COVID‐19 associated mucormycosis (CAM), mainly Rhino‐orbito‐cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM).

Methods

This retrospective cohort study was conducted at Noble hospital and Research Centre (NHRC), Pune, India, between 1 April, 2020, and 1 August, 2021, to identify CAM patients and assess their management outcomes. The primary endpoint was incidence of all‐cause mortality due to CAM.

Results

59 patients were diagnosed with CAM. Median duration from the first positive COVID‐19 RT PCR test to diagnosis of CAM was 17 (IQR: 12,22) days. 90% patients were diabetic with 89% having uncontrolled sugar level (HbA1c >7%). All patients were prescribed steroids during treatment for COVID‐19. 56% patients were prescribed steroids for non‐hypoxemic, mild COVID‐19 (irrational steroid therapy), while in 9%, steroids were prescribed in inappropriately high dose. Patients were treated with a combination of surgical debridement (94%), intravenous liposomal Amphotericin B (91%) and concomitant oral Posaconazole (95.4%). 74.6% patients were discharged after clinical and radiologic recovery while 25.4% died. On relative risk analysis, COVID‐19 CT severity index ≥18 (p = .017), presence of orbital symptoms (p = .002), presence of diabetic ketoacidosis (p = .011) and cerebral involvement (p = .0004) were associated with increased risk of death.

Conclusions

CAM is a rapidly progressive, angio‐invasive, opportunistic fungal infection, which is fatal if left untreated. Combination of surgical debridement and antifungal therapy leads to clinical and radiologic improvement in majority of cases.
Technology and Integral Ecology
Authors: Russell Cathriona
Published: February 2022

This paper begins with two preliminary forays, the first into creation theology and its deployment in environmental ethics, and the second sketches some implications for ‘integral ecology’ of reading theological ethics through the lens of human freedom and autonomy. The third and main focus of the paper is an exploration of aspects of the philosophy of technology, thinking in terms of the ‘technocratic paradigm’ and human ‘agency in context’. This analysis points to the potential for reimaging technologies for a sustainable planet and presents two examples: one new, the management of drone technologies and bird habitat; and one old, rethinking city transport though reinterpreting cycling as development at all income levels. This article is also intended as a contribution to the ongoing development of the concept of ‘integral ecology’ and its application: a concept that has now been added to related key principles of the common good in the Catholic social tradition: solidarity, subsidiarity, participation.
Identification of new marker genes from plant single‐cell RNA‐seq data using interpretable machine learning methods
Authors: Yan Haidong , Lee Jiyoung , Song Qi , Li Qi , Schiefelbein John , Zhao Bingyu , Li Song
Published: February 2022

An essential step in the analysis of single‐cell RNA sequencing data is to classify cells into specific cell types using marker genes. In this study, we have developed a machine learning pipeline called single‐cell predictive marker (SPmarker) to identify novel cell‐type marker genes in the Arabidopsis root.

Unlike traditional approaches, our method uses interpretable machine learning models to select marker genes. We have demonstrated that our method can: assign cell types based on cells that were labelled using published methods; project cell types identified by trajectory analysis from one data set to other data sets; and assign cell types based on internal GFP markers.

Using SPmarker, we have identified hundreds of new marker genes that were not identified before. As compared to known marker genes, the new marker genes have more orthologous genes identifiable in the corresponding rice single‐cell clusters. The new root hair marker genes also include 172 genes with orthologs expressed in root hair cells in five non‐Arabidopsis species, which expands the number of marker genes for this cell type by 35–154%.

Our results represent a new approach to identifying cell‐type marker genes from scRNA‐seq data and pave the way for cross‐species mapping of scRNA‐seq data in plants.
The regulatory state in developing countries: Redistribution and regulatory failure in Brazil
Authors: Donadelli Flavia , van der Heijden Jeroen
Published: February 2022

Following the traditional doctrine of the “regulatory state”, regulatory agencies should be given very focused mandates and stay away from the politicized realm of distributive policies and decisions. An opposing perspective would state that if regulatory agencies can contribute to economic redistribution, positive results such as network expansion, economies of scale, and fiscal efficiency will ultimately lead to lower levels of regulatory failure. This article tests whether, in countries of high socio‐economic inequality, such as Brazil, the active incorporation of distributive considerations by regulatory agencies leads to lower levels of failure. Through the analysis of the activities of seven Brazilian network regulatory agencies, the article develops theory‐driven expectations and tests these expectations using crisp set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (csQCA). It concludes that not prioritizing redistribution is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for regulatory agencies' failure. In most types of failure, a lack of priority to redistribution leads to failure when combined with low regulatory capacity and low levels of competence.