bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gold nanoclusters for biomedical applications: toward in vivo studies
Authors: Porret Estelle , Le Guével Xavier , Coll Jean-Luc
Published: February 2020

In parallel with the rapidly growing and widespread use of nanomedicine in the clinic, we are also witnessing the development of so-called theranostic agents that combine diagnostic and therapeutic properties.
Peroxotungstate oxidation-mediated two-phase amplification system (POM-TPAS) for bisulfite-free quantification of locus-specific 5-hydroxymethylcytosine
Authors: Zhang Zhenhao , Yan Jingli , Li Zhengping
Published: February 2020

The peroxotungstate oxidation-mediated two-phase amplification system (POM-TPAS) is applied for sensitive detection of locus-specific 5hmC in DNA with low non-specific amplification.
Microfluidic-based linear-optics label-free imager
Authors: Wagner Omer , Edri Eitan , Hadikahani Pooria , Shpaisman Hagay , Zalevsky Zeev , Psaltis Demetri
Published: February 2020

Microfluidic channel flows and traps biological samples inside a water droplet along with suspended nanoparticles. Linear optics nanoscopy is then used to image the sample by decoding the scattered light from the nanoparticles in its vicinity.
The diquaternary ammonium surfactant-directed synthesis of single-unit-cell nanowires of ZSM-5 zeolite
Authors: Shen Yu , Li Hang , Zhang Xubin , Wang Xuqing , Lv Guojun
Published: February 2020

Single-unit-cell nanowires of ZSM-5 zeolite were synthesized by controlling the crystal growth directions through redesigning the hydrophobic groups in a bifunctional template.
Chemically modified nucleic acid biopolymers used in biosensing
Authors: Zhang Lei , Yang Yanbing , Tan Jie , Yuan Quan
Published: February 2020

This review describes the applications of chemically modified nucleic acid biopolymers in biosensing, and mainly introduces different assembly methods of chemically modified nucleic acid biopolymers.
Electrostatically-directed Pd-catalysis in combination with C–H activation: site-selective coupling of remote chlorides with fluoroarenes and fluoroheteroarenes
Authors: Golding William A. , Phipps Robert J.
Published: February 2020

Electrostatically-directed oxidative addition is compatible with a subsequent C–H activation step, enabling site-selective coupling of remote chlorides with fluoroarenes and fluoroheteroarenes.
Heavy-atom tunnelling in Cu(ii)N6 complexes: theoretical predictions and experimental manifestation
Authors: Sedgi Itzhak , Kozuch Sebastian
Published: February 2020

The degenerate rearrangement on Jahn–Teller distorted metal complexes is a promising reaction for the observation of significant heavy atom quantum mechanical tunnelling.
Hyaluronic acid functionalized gold nanorods combined with copper-based therapeutic agents for chemo-photothermal cancer therapy
Authors: Gao Lina , Zhang Lei , Zhu Xuyu , Chen Jing , Zhao Meng , Li Simin , Yu Chengli , Hu Lihong , Qiao Hongzhi , Guo Zijian
Published: February 2020

Hyaluronic acid functionalized gold nanorods with loading of copper complexes show a unique release manner and synergetic antitumor efficacy.
Cognitive architecture for natural language comprehension
Authors: Saini Sandeep , Sahula Vineet
Published: February 2020

Human interactions with computers in natural language have always been a challenging task. Numerous computational systems are being designed to bring this interaction as close to the natural language commands as possible. Cognitive architectures are worthy solutions to solve this problem. In the present work, the authors have developed a cognitive architecture, which is capable of learning using natural language input. It can learn with minimal input data and has been designed using neural networks. The system is inspired by conventional cognitive models for working memory. They have proposed the system with a central executive unit controlling the short‐term memory and long‐term memory to comprehend the text input given as a natural language command and generate the output in natural language. The system comprises a feedback system as well to improve the learning process. The model has been trained using 1000 English sentences taught to primary school students. The system is capable of comprehending the relations between words, verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and generates logical reasoning‐based answers.
Size optimisation of silver nanoparticles synthesised by gallic acid using the response surface methodology
Authors: Ahani Mina , Khatibzadeh Marziyeh
Published: February 2020

This work reports the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Ag nitrate (AgNO3) using the gallic acid (GA) as a green methodology without utilisation of hazardous chemicals. The effects of variables such as AgNO3 concentration, GA concentration, and pH on the average particle size of AgPs were optimised through response surface methodology based on the central composite design at three levels to obtain the desired response, i.e. minimum average particle size. The formation of AgNPs at each experiment was characterised by ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy and the average particle size was measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS). To evaluate the significance of factors on the response and their quantitative effects, analysis of variance was carried out. The results indicated that the pH was the most effective factor on the response. The AgNPs synthesised at optimised conditions (5.42 mM of AgNO3, 6.25 mM of GA, and pH = 9.02) were characterised by X‐ray diffraction, DLS, field‐emission scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive X‐ray, transmission electron microscopy, UV–vis spectroscopy, and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy. On the basis of the DLS, the average particle size of AgNPs obtained 8 nm, which was in satisfactory agreement with the predicted value (7.51 nm) by model.
Evolution of grain size distribution in galactic discs
Authors: Relaño M. , Lisenfeld U. , Hou K.-C. , De Looze I. , Vílchez J. M. , Kennicutt R. C.
Published: February 2020

Context. Dust is formed out of stellar material and it is constantly affected by different mechanisms occurring in the interstellar medium. Depending on their size, the behaviour of dust grains vary under these mechanisms and, therefore, the dust grain size distribution evolves as part of the dust evolution itself. Following how the grain size distribution evolves is a difficult computing task that has only recently become the subject of consideration. Smoothed particle hydrodynamic (SPH) simulations of a single galaxy, together with cosmological simulations, are producing the first predictions of the evolution of dust grain size distribution.

Aims. We compare, for the first time, the evolution of the dust grain size distribution as predicted by SPH simulations and results from observations. We are able to validate not only the predictions of the evolution of the small-to-large grain mass ratio (DS/DL) within a galaxy, but we also provide observational constraints for recent cosmological simulations that include the grain size distribution in the dust evolution framework.

Methods. We selected a sample of three spiral galaxies with different masses: M 101, NGC 628, and M 33. We fitted the dust spectral energy distribution across the disc of each object and derived the abundance of the different grain types included in the dust model. We analysed how the radial distribution of the relative abundance of the different grain size populations changes over the whole disc within each galaxy. The DS/DL ratio as a function of the galactocentric distance and metallicity is directly compared to what has been predicted by the SPH simulations.

Results. We find a good agreement between the observed radial distribution of DS/DL and what was obtained from the SPH simulations of a single galaxy. The comparison agrees with the expected evolutionary stage of each galaxy. We show that the central parts of NGC 628 at a high metallicity and with a high molecular gas fraction are mainly affected not only by accretion, but also by the coagulation of dust grains. The centre of M 33, having a lower metallicity and lower molecular gas fraction, presents an increase in the DS/DL ratio, demonstrating that shattering is very effective for creating a large fraction of small grains. Finally, the observational results provided by our galaxies confirm the general relations predicted by the cosmological simulations based on the two-grain size approximation. However, we also present evidence that the simulations could be overestimating the amount of large grains in high massive galaxies.
Anästhesie bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Behinderung
Authors: Laschat Michael , Kaufmann Jost , Wappler Frank
Published: February 2020

Die sichere anästhesiologische Versorgung von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit körperlichen oder geistigen Behinderungen ist zumeist zeitaufwendig und anspruchsvoll. In diesem Beitrag wollen wir auf Besonderheiten in der perioperativen Versorgung von behinderten Kindern und Jugendlichen hinweisen. Auf die Probleme bei der Anästhesie von Kindern mit Autismus-Spektrum-Störung, infantiler Zerebralparese und Trisomie 21 gehen wir im Anschluss näher ein.
Aktuelle Aspekte der perinatologischen Versorgung
Authors: Singer Dominique
Published: February 2020

Liebe Leserinnen und Leser,

in den soeben angebrochenen „20er Jahren“ des 21. Jahrhunderts werden Fragen der perinatologischen Versorgung vermutlich eine zunehmende Rolle spielen: nicht nur wegen der strukturellen und personellen Engpässe, mit denen sich Perinatalzentren hierzulande allerorten konfrontiert sehen; sondern auch wegen der sich mehrenden Erkenntnisse zu den „Developmental Origins of Adult Disease“ (DOAD), die – einmal im gesellschaftlichen Bewusstsein angekommen – diesem Lebensabschnitt hoffentlich mehr politisches Gewicht verleihen werden. In der vorliegenden Ausgabe der Zeitschrift für Geburtshilfe und Neonatologie (ZGN) stehen unter anderem Aspekte der perinatologischen Versorgung – sowohl seitens der Mütter als auch seitens der Neu- und Frühgeborenen – im Fokus.
Infekt-assoziierte Glomerulonephritiden
Authors: Kimmel Martin
Published: February 2020

Glomerulonephritis, secondary to bacterial, or, more rarely, viral or parasitic infections, is called infection-associated. The epidemiology of infection-associated glomerulonephritis has changed in recent decades. For a long time, the classic form has been acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APGN), but in developed countries its incidence has declined sharply. However, there is an increase in staphylococcal associated glomerulonephritis (SAGN). The clinical manifestations of APGN and SAGN are different: APGN typically presents with a glomerulonephritis after an infectious latency period (post-infectious), while SAGN typically shows an immune complex glomerulonephritis concomitant with infection (para-infectious). SAGN often presents with an occult infections in older patients with multiple comorbidities.
Glomerulonephritiden – nicht nur für den Nephrologen wichtig
Authors: Stahl Rolf A. K.
Published: February 2020

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an increasing health problem in all societies. The role of diabetes mellitus and hypertension in CKD is well established in the medical community. This is not necessarily the case for the various forms of glomerulonephitis (GN). The single entities of GN are rare diseases. In total, glomerulonephritis, however, is accountable for about 20 % of all patients which reach end stage renal disease (ESRD). GN therefore plays an important clinical role. Since many forms of GN have only sparse clinical symptoms at the beginning of the disease and the treatment is only effective in early stages, it is important for patients’ outcome to make an early diagnosis. In case of any – even small – changes in the urine of patients the diagnoses of GN should be considered. It is the purpose of this article to describe the clinical significance and the road to the diagnosis of the most frequent forms of GN to allow an early start of therapy in order to prevent the development of ESRD.
Interventionelle Echokardiografie
Authors: Sinning Jan-Malte , Sinning Christoph
Published: February 2020

Die interventionelle Echokardiografie (also Echokardiografie während der Herzkatheterintervention) hilft, Strukturen zu visualisieren, die in der Fluoroskopie nicht oder nur schlecht sichtbar sind und erlaubt die Überprüfung der Behandlungsergebnisse vor Abschluss der Prozedur am „schlagenden Herzen“. Am Beispiel der Edge-to-Edge-Rekonstruktion mittels MitraClip lässt sich gut zeigen, dass die Echokardiografie bereits bei der Erfassung der Morphologie bzw. Anatomie eine entscheidende Rolle für die Selektion von Patienten spielt. Während der Prozedur wird die Navigation der Schleusen und Katheter durch zwei- und dreidimensionale Darstellungen in der transösophagealen Echokardiografie erleichtert. Die modernen kathetergestützten Verfahren zur Behandlung struktureller Herzerkrankungen wären ohne die interventionelle Echokardiografie zur Steuerung der Prozedur und direkten Erfolgskontrolle nicht möglich.
Die Angst vor dem großen Geschäft – Funktionelle Obstipation bei Kindern
Authors: Jennrich Julia
Published: February 2020

Die sechsjährige Mia geht nicht gern aufs Klo. Sie hält ihren Stuhl oft tagelang zurück – mit unangenehmen und schmerzhaften Folgen. Mit viel Geduld und einer abwechslungsreichen Therapie gelingt es Physiotherapeutin Julia Jennrich, die Beckenbodenmuskulatur zu entspannen und dem Mädchen zu helfen.
Wirksamkeit der Montmorency-Sauerkirsche bei sportlicher Aktivität
Authors: Sigrun Chrubasik-Hausmann Sigrun
Published: February 2020

Ziel der Untersuchung war es, die Evidenz der Wirksamkeit von Zubereitungen aus Prunus cerasus unter Berücksichtigung der Studienqualität und des untersuchten Wirkstoffs zu updaten. Nach einer Literaturrecherche wurden 19 randomisierte Doppelblindstudien in die Auswertung eingeschlossen. Die Extraktion und Beurteilung der Wirksamkeits-Evidenz erfolgte wie zuvor beschrieben.

Wahrscheinlich wurden alle 19 Studien mit Montmorency-Sauerkirschprodukten durchgeführt, der Anthocyangehalt der Produkte variierte. Vier Studien mit konfirmatorischem Studiendesign hatten unterschiedliche Zielkriterien. Drei exploratorische Studien guter Qualität unterstützten nicht die positiven Ergebnisse von drei der konfirmatorischen Studien. Etwa zwei Drittel der Studien schlechter Qualität wiesen auf eine Überlegenheit der Montmorency-Produkte gegenüber Placebo hin. Die Evidenz der Wirksamkeit wird daher gegenwärtig als „mäßig” eingestuft.
Rechtsherzdiagnostik
Authors: Fehske Wolfgang , Du Quoc Bao , Pfeiffer Mareike
Published: February 2020

Die differenzierte Diagnostik von Rechtsherzerkrankungen (Rechtsherz: RH) ist von zunehmender Bedeutung, da die entsprechenden Patienten klinisch erst spät symptomatisch werden, aber häufig eine hochgradige Form der Trikuspidalklappeninsuffizienz (TR) zugrunde liegt, die mittels neuer, teils katheterinterventioneller Therapiemöglichkeiten behandelt werden kann. Die Echokardiografie hat eine herausragende Bedeutung zur Erfassung der systolischen Funktion des rechten Ventrikels (RV), der TR und der spezifischen Zeichen der RH-Stauung. Dabei sind die Ergebnisse der Strainanalyse der freien Wand des RV und der 3-D-Analyse mit einzubeziehen. Die Hämodynamik einschließlich der Drücke im RV, rechten Vorhof (RA) und der Pulmonalarterie können abgeschätzt werden, sind aber durch die Auswirkungen der TR nicht in Absolutwerten zu bestimmen. Vor therapeutischen Entscheidungen sind ergänzend ein RH-Katheter und ggf. eine Magnetresonanztomografie (MRT) durchzuführen. In einem modularen System der RH-Insuffizienz sollten zukünftig prognoserelevante Parameter vor einer interventionellen oder chirurgischen Therapie festgelegt werden können.
Update Klappenvitien
Authors: Hättasch Robert , Dorta Elena Romero , Knebel Fabian
Published: February 2020

Die Quantifizierung von Klappenvitien gehört zu den häufigsten Fragestellungen in einem Echokardiografielabor. Zwar sind die meisten Parameter, die zur Quantifizierung empfohlen werden, leicht zu messen. Jedoch ist die Integration von verschiedensten anatomischen, hämodynamischen und abgeleiteten Parametern oft schwer, und eine exakte Quantifizierung ist manchmal eine echte Herausforderung. Insbesondere in der modernen Kardiologie, mit zunehmenden differenzialtherapeutischen Optionen bei hochgradigen Klappenvitien, ist eine solide echokardiografische Diagnose und Graduierung von Klappenvitien essenziell.
Entwicklung der Kinder- und Jugendradiologie – Strategiepapier des Vorstands der Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Radiologie (GPR e. V.)
Authors: Mentzel Hans-Joachim , von Kalle Thekla , Antoch Gerald , Born Mark , Habernig Sandra , Hahn Gabriele , Klee Dirk , Koerber Friederike , Leenen Andreas , Riccabona Michael , Schaefer Jürgen F. , Staatz Gundula
Published: February 2020

Das Strategiepapier der GPR zeigt Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten der Kinder- und Jugendradiologie als Querschnittsfach zwischen der Radiologie und der konservativen und operativen Kinder- und Jugendmedizin auf.

Zitierweise
Breast Milk and Saliva Lactoferrin Levels and Postnatal Cytomegalovirus Infection
Authors: Weimer Kristin E. D. , Roark Hunter , Fisher Kimberley , Cotten C. Michael , Kaufman David A. , Bidegain Margarita , Permar Sallie R.
Published: February 2020

Objective Very low birth weight preterm infants are at risk for life-threatening infections in the NICU. Breast milk protects against infections but carries the risk of infection by cytomegalovirus (CMV) shed in mother's milk. Lactoferrin is a breast milk and saliva protein with potent neutralizing activity against CMV.

Study Design VLBW, maternal breast milk fed infants in the NICU and their lactating mothers were enrolled and followed for 3 months/discharge. Breast milk and infant saliva samples were collected biweekly. Maternal CMV status was determined on breast milk. CMV was measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and lactoferrin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results In an in vitro neutralization assay, the IC90 of purified human lactoferrin against CMV was 2.08 ng/mL. Bovine lactoferrins were more potent, IC90s > 10-fold higher. Lactoferrin was detected in all breast milk (median: 3.3 × 106 ng/mL) and saliva (median: 84.4 ng/swab) samples. Median CMV load in breast milk was 893 copies/mL. There was no correlation between breast milk lactoferrin concentration and CMV load. Five infants acquired postnatal CMV. There was no difference in saliva or breast milk lactoferrin concentration for mother–infant pairs and postnatal CMV acquisition.

Conclusion Lactoferrin neutralizes CMV in vitro, but concentrations in breast milk and saliva are likely too low for effective neutralization in vivo.
When Right Is on the Left (and Vice Versa): A Case Series of Glioma Patients with Reversed Lateralization of Cognitive Functions
Authors: Mandonnet Emmanuel , Mellerio Charles , Barberis Marion , Poisson Isabelle , Jansma Johan Martijn , Rutten Geert-Jan
Published: February 2020

We report a case series of four patients operated on for a glioma in awake conditions and in whom task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) demonstrated right-dominant activity during a language production task. Language functional sites were identified intraoperatively by electrical stimulations only in the patient with a right-sided lesion. Furthermore, the pre- or postoperative cognitive evaluations in the three patients operated on for a left-sided glioma revealed right spatial neglect and dysexecutive syndrome, hence demonstrating that, in patients with right-dominant activity on language fMRI, the left hemisphere is implicated in spatial consciousness and cognitive control. This study supports the interest of presurgical task-based language fMRI to identify patients with a reversed lateralization of cognitive functions and to make an adequate selection of the battery of intraoperative cognitive tasks to be monitored in those rare outliers.
Revisão das principais deficiências de micronutrientes no pós-operatório do Bypass Gástrico em Y de Roux
Authors: Torezan Erika Franco Gaeti
Published: February 2020

Introdução: A obesidade é uma doença crônica que está aumentando em todo mundo. Até o presente momento, a cirurgia bariátrica é o único tratamento eficaz para obesidade mórbida que promove e mantém uma perda de peso sustentada, diminuindo a incidência de comorbidades relacionadas ao excesso de peso e melhorando a sobrevida e qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Os Estados Unidos são os campeões no número de cirurgias realizadas, seguidos pelo Brasil. O bypass gástrico em Y de Roux (BPGYR) é o tipo de cirúrgica bariátrica mais seguro e efetivo, correspondendo a cerca de 70 a 75% dos procedimentos bariátricos realizados em todo mundo. Objetivos: Abordar as principais deficiências nutricionais presentes na população submetida ao BPGYR e suas consequências clínicas. Materiais e métodos: Revisão de literatura de artigos publicados nos últimos dez anos relacionados às principais deficiências nutricionais observadas no pós-operatório do BPGYR. Resultados: Aproximadamente 30% dos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica desenvolvem deficiências de macro e/ou micronutrientes. No caso do BPGYR, as principais complicações nutricionais de micronutrientes incluem deficiência de ferro, cálcio, ácido fólico e vitamina B12. Nos casos em que há presença de uma alça muito longa, pode haver um risco aumentado de deficiência de vitaminas lipossolúveis (A, D, E, K), ácidos graxos essenciais, cobre e zinco. Conclusão: Todos os pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica devem fazer suplementação de vitaminas e minerais diariamente. Ainda não existe consenso em relação às doses necessárias para evitar tais deficiências. Algumas complicações de micronutrientes surgem meses após o pós-operatório, enquanto outras podem surgir até anos após a realização da cirurgia bariátrica. Por isso, há necessidade de acompanhamento clínico e nutricional dos pacientes e monitorização de possíveis deficiências nutricionais por toda a vida.
Copper deficiency anemia after bariatric surgery
Authors: Pereira ZA , Marchini JS , Silva EA , Carneiro G , Zach P , Zanella MT
Published: February 2020

Copper is a trace mineral essential to hematopoiesis and to the structure and function of the nervous system. Copper acts as a ligand to ferroxidase II, which oxidizes iron, allowing it to be mobilized and transported from the hepatic stores to the bone marrow to be used in erythropoiesis..Copper deficiency is a rare cause of anemia, leukopenia, and myeloneuropathy. In this report we describe a case of a 49 year-old overweight Caucasian woman who was referred June 2008 to the Obesity Outpatient Clinic at UNIFESP for evaluation of muscular pain and weakness in both legs, fatigue and chronic anemia. The past medical history included Scopinaro Surgery for severe obesity in November 2004 when her weight was approximately 180 Kg (BMI 68.6 kg/m2). She lost considerable weight after surgery, with her weight being stable around 80 kg (BMI 30). Because of clinical manifestations of sub nutrition, protein and vitamin deficiencies and severe anemia, which lead to several hospital admissions, in February 2008 she was submitted to another surgery from conversion of the gastrointestinal surgical Scopinaro procedure to that performed by Capella. She also had a history of hypothyroidism, hyperuricemia and panic syndrome, requiring specific medications, beyond parenteral iron and B12 vitamin therapies for anemia. Physical examination revealed a bilateral edema and no other abnormality. Laboratory tests revealed hypoalbuminemia and hypochromic megaloblastic anemia with normal serum levels of B12 vitamin, iron and ferritin. Due to the persistence of the neurologic symptoms and anemia in spite of adequate iron and B12 vitamin therapies, the hypothesis of copper deficiency was considered and a low serum level of 40μg/dl was found. An oral supplementation with high doses of copper resulted in evident clinical and laboratorial improvements after eight weeks of therapy. The diagnosis of copper deficiency has to be part of the differential diagnosis in patients with unexplained neurologic symptoms, anemia, and leukopenia, especially in those who underwent to previous gastrointestinal surgery.
Review of literature: carotenoids, chemical composition and dietary reference intake of buriti fruits
Authors: Taipina Magda S. , Lamardo Leda C. A. , Camilo Campos Norberto , Tavares Mário , Gonzalez Eduardo , Ferreira Jorge Luzia Ilza , Aued-Pimentel Sabria
Published: February 2020

Although fruits and vegetables, sources of carotenoids, are widely available in Brazil, hypovitaminosis A constitutes a serious public health problem. There is lack of information available to the population about the dietary sources of carotenoids and factors affecting their bioavailability.

The carotenoids also known as bioactive compounds have been associated with the reduction of the risk for degenerative diseases, such as cancer (modulators of immunological responses), cardiovascular diseases, macular degeneration and cataract.

In Brazil the utilization of buriti fruit is not widespread; it is consumed only by the local population of some parts of the North and Central regions. Among those foods, out the foods of buritizeiro, the buriti has the highest content of β-carotene among the numerous foods already analyzed, as well as a source of oleic fatty acid, similar to olive oil.

The buriti fruit provides the needs of DRI.s (Dietary Reference Intake) of vitamin A for adult, being a good source of nutrition, knowing the variety of foods that composes a balanced diet. Also, the buriti fruit is a natural source of β-carotene (provitamin A). Also, it has antioxidant power by having carotenoids, polyphenols, vitamin C compared to other vegetables, can be considered a functional food.
Presentation of Cancer Reversal Nutrition Physical Program (CRNPP)
Authors: Silveira Teresinha Madureira de Faria , Federmann Sidney
Published: February 2020

This study aimed to review the national and international literature on the benefits of sprouted wheat as an alternative source of vitamin B12. Since it is an inexpensive food and easily accessible worldwide, this could be better used in nutritional therapies in conjunction with conventional treatment to optimize its effects and shorten the rehabilitation of the patient’s immune system during chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Given the general deficiency of food in the world, especially those with good quality protein, it is interesting to research procedures that could improve the nutritional value of2 foods available. The sprouted wheat is a food that could be better used in therapeutic diets, because besides being an affordable and low cost food, is great source of B vitamins, especially vitamin B12, containing 4.8 micrograms of B12 per gram of germinated wheat (19). (The sprouted wheat still have significant concentrations apigenin and flavonoids, substances also found in fruits and vegetables, and which have an important role in inhibiting cancer cells). We will also present a program of nutrition and physical activity to support the reversal and remission of cancer.
Tunable bandgaps and defect states in 3D phononic hollow structures
Authors: Konstantopoulou A. , Aravantinos-Zafiris N. , Sigalas M. M.
Published: February 2020

The tunable bandgaps of three-dimensional phononic structures with hollow spheres and rods were numerically examined. The Yablonovite Structure with the addition of spheres in Face Center Cubic arrangement was examined first. In addition, three-dimensional structures that have Simple Cubic and Base Centered Cubic symmetries have been examined with similar tunability behavior as the Yablonovite Structure. The calculations were performed by using the Finite Difference Time Domain method. The effect in the tunability of the bandgaps from different materials of the structure or fluids penetrating the structure and the effect of the geometrical parameters of the structures were also examined. The results showed that tunable phononic bandgaps could be achieved depending on the properties of the fluid that penetrates the hollow part of the structure. The performance of the Yablonovite Structure with spheres when placing defects was the last part of this research. The results of this work indicate that the practical design of tunable acoustic devices such as waveguides, sensors, and filters can be made through changing the properties of the constitutive materials and via fluid–solid interaction.
Design of target irradiation and diagnostic chamber to study ps-laser generated plasma as a source of singly charged ions for external injection into an electron beam ion source
Authors: Kondrashev S. , Beebe E. , Kanesue T. , Okamura M. , Ritter J. , Scott R.
Published: February 2020

High repetition-rate (∼10 kHz) ps-lasers are becoming available on the market with reasonable cost and may offer several advantages compared to ns-lasers by generating nearly continuous beams of singly charged ions appropriate for the “slow” injection mode into the Electron Beam Ion Source (EBIS). To evaluate these advantages, we will perform studies of a ps-laser generated plasma using a laser with a pulse duration of 8 ps and energy up to 5 mJ per pulse. A vacuum chamber equipped with a 3D target positioner, a focusing lens, and a Faraday Cup has been designed and built for this study. Lens-to-target distance variations have been measured using a laser tracker over the whole range of horizontal and vertical translation for all five targets we will use. The variations were found to be within ±150 µm. This degree of “target flatness” should be acceptable for our experimental conditions. Ion currents and ion pulse durations of various elements (from Al to Ta) will be measured for different target irradiation conditions (focal spot size and laser pulse energy). The results obtained will allow us to specify all parameters and geometry of a laser ion source based on a ps-laser to provide external ion injection into the relativistic heavy ion collider EBIS.
Hyperbolic metamaterials: From dispersion manipulation to applications
Authors: Guo Zhiwei , Jiang Haitao , Chen Hong
Published: February 2020

Manipulating the properties of the isofrequency contours (IFCs) of materials provides a powerful means of controlling the interaction between light and matter. Hyperbolic metamaterials (HMMs), an important class of artificial anisotropic materials with hyperbolic IFCs, have been intensively investigated. Because of their open dispersion curves, HMMs support propagating high-k modes and possess an enhanced photonic density of states. As a result, HMMs can be utilized to realize hyperlenses breaking the diffraction limit, metacavity lasers with subwavelength scale, high-sensitivity sensors, long-range energy transfer, and so on. Aimed at those who are about to enter this burgeoning and rapidly developing research field, this tutorial article not only introduces the basic physical properties of HMMs but also discusses dispersion manipulation in HMMs and HMM-based structures such as hypercrystals. Both theoretical methods and experimental platforms are detailed. Finally, some potential applications associated with hyperbolic dispersion are introduced.
Abnormal field-dependence of magnetocaloric effect in ErB4 and TmB4
Authors: Song M. S. , Cho K. K. , Lee J. W. , Cho B. K.
Published: February 2020

The coupled system of multi-degrees of freedom, such as charge, spin, orbital and lattice, has recently received much attention due to its potential to improve the magnetocaloric effect (MCE). The exotic inverse MCE was observed in rare-earth tetraborides of Ho1-xDyxB4 (x = 0.0, 0.5, and 1.0), associated with a strong coupling between magnetic dipoles and orbital quadrupoles in the strong spin-orbit coupling and geometric frustration. Here, the magnetism and magnetocaloric effects of ErB4 and TmB4 are investigated. It shows the maximum entropy changes of 11.4 J/kgK, and 12.6 J/kgK with the field of ΔH ≈ 40 kOe (H∥c) in ErB4 and TmB4, respectively. The field- and temperature-dependence of the entropy change is found to be quite different from those of the conventional MCE. And the entropy change is also found to have strong correlation with the field induced meta-magnetic transition. Because the field induced transition is due to magnetic moment reorientation, which is strongly coupled with quadrupole moment, the abnormal MCE of ErB4 and TmB4 is attributed to the dipole-quadrupole interaction and magnetic frustration. Thus, it supports the fact that the strong coupling between quadrupole and magnetic dipole moments plays important role in the exotic inverse MCE in rare-earth tetraboride system.
Thermal hysteresis and its impact on the efficiency of first-order caloric materials
Authors: Hess T. , Maier L. M. , Bachmann N. , Corhan P. , Schäfer-Welsen O. , Wöllenstein J. , Bartholomé K.
Published: February 2020

Cooling with caloric materials could be an option to replace compressor-based cooling systems in the future. In addition to the advantage of avoiding dangerous liquid coolants, one often cites a possible higher efficiency of the calorific cooling systems compared to compressor-based systems. But is that true? The aim of this work is to assess the efficiency potential of caloric cooling systems on a very basic material level. We placed our focus on materials with a first-order phase change since they generally show a large caloric response. We derive a relation between thermal hysteresis and the dissipative losses due to hysteresis. To predict the efficiency, this relation is integrated in a Carnot-like cycle. This approach was chosen to get access to the efficiency reduction due to hysteresis without any further losses due to other nonidealities of the thermodynamic cycle. As a main finding, we present a direct relation between thermal hysteresis and the expected maximum exergy or second-law efficiency of a caloric cooling device. These results indicate that, for many caloric materials, the thermal hysteresis needs to be further reduced to be able to compete with the efficiency of compressor-based systems.
A composite phase change material thermal buffer based on porous metal foam and low-melting-temperature metal alloy
Authors: Yang Tianyu , Kang Jin Gu , Weisensee Patricia B. , Kwon Beomjin , Braun Paul V. , Miljkovic Nenad , King William P.
Published: February 2020

Composite phase change materials consisting of a high-latent-heat phase change material (PCM) embedded in a high-thermal-conductivity matrix are desirable for thermally buffering pulsed heat loads via rapid absorption and release of thermal energy at a constant temperature. This paper reports a composite PCM thermal buffer consisting of a Field's metal PCM having high volumetric latent heat (315 MJ/m3) embedded in a copper (Cu) matrix having high intrinsic thermal conductivity [384 W/(m·K)]. We demonstrate thermal buffer samples fabricated with Cu volume fractions from 0.05 to 0.2 and sample thicknesses ranging between 1 mm and 4 mm. Experiments coupled with finite element method simulations were used to determine the figures of merit (FOMs), cooling capacity ηeff, energy density Eeff, effective thermal conductivity keff, and the buffering time constant τ. The cooling capacity was measured to be as high as ηeff = 72 ± 4 kJ/(m2·K1/2·s1/2) for the 1.45 mm thick thermal buffer sample having a Cu volume fraction of 0.13, significantly higher than theoretical values for aluminum–paraffin composites [45 kJ/(m2·K1/2·s1/2)] or pure paraffin wax [8 kJ/(m2·K1/2·s1/2)]. Our work develops design guidelines for high-FOM thermal buffer devices for pulsed heat load thermal management.
Effects of favorable pressure gradient on turbulence structures and statistics of a flat-plate supersonic turbulent boundary layer
Authors: Wang Xu , Wang Zhenguo , Sun Mingbo , Wang Qiancheng , Hu Zhiwei
Published: February 2020

A Mach 2.9 flat-plate supersonic turbulent boundary layer subject to a moderate favorable pressure gradient (FPG) induced by external expansion waves is investigated through direct numerical simulation and compared with a zero pressure gradient (ZPG) boundary layer. It is found that under FPG, the logarithmic region in the van Driest transformed velocity profile is lifted above the log law, while the wake region deviates below its ZPG counterpart. The near-wall streaks are elongated in the streamwise direction with wider spanwise spacing, which leads to an attenuated meandering effect compared to the ZPG case. Although small-scale motions in the outer layer are evidently suppressed, they survive mostly in the inner layer. On the other hand, large-scale motions tend to correlate further with the lifted fluid from upstream due to bulk dilatation. However, their relative locations within the boundary layer remain unchanged. Different responses of turbulence structures in the inner and the outer layer to FPG show that this two-layer feature within the boundary layer is mainly associated with the bulk dilatation rather than the wall curvatures. The profiles of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and turbulent Mach number also show a two-layer behavior, where the reduction in turbulence in the outer layer is more prominent than in the inner. Positive convection occurs from the buffer to the outer layer according to the TKE budget analysis, which compensates the production and resists the decrease in the turbulence level.
Transition regime in the ultrafast laser heating of solids
Authors: Shayduk R. , Gaal P.
Published: February 2020

Based on the phenomenological theory of heat diffusion, we show that the generated peak temperature Tmax after absorption of a laser pulse strongly depends on the pulse duration. We identify three different heat conduction regimes that can be identified via a simple parameter that depends only on the pulse duration and on material constants. The phenomenological approach is supported by numerical simulations of heat diffusion and measurements of the thermal surface expansion after transient grating excitation with 1 ps and 10 ns optical pulses.
Global airborne sampling reveals a previously unobserved dimethyl sulfide oxidation mechanism in the marine atmosphere
Authors: Veres Patrick R. , Neuman J. Andrew , Bertram Timothy H. , Assaf Emmanuel , Wolfe Glenn M. , Williamson Christina J. , Weinzierl Bernadett , Tilmes Simone , Thompson Chelsea R. , Thames Alexander B. , Schroder Jason C. , Saiz-Lopez Alfonso , Rollins Andrew W. , Roberts James M. , Price Derek , Peischl Jeff , Nault Benjamin A. , Møller Kristian H. , Miller David O. , Meinardi Simone , Li Qinyi , Lamarque Jean-François , Kupc Agnieszka , Kjaergaard Henrik G. , Kinnison Douglas , Jimenez Jose L. , Jernigan Christopher M. , Hornbrook Rebecca S. , Hills Alan , Dollner Maximilian , Day Douglas A. , Cuevas Carlos A. , Campuzano-Jost Pedro , Burkholder James , Bui T. Paul , Brune William H. , Brown Steven S. , Brock Charles A. , Bourgeois Ilann , Blake Donald R. , Apel Eric C. , Ryerson Thomas B.
Published: February 2020

Dimethyl sulfide (DMS), emitted from the oceans, is the most abundant biological source of sulfur to the marine atmosphere. Atmospheric DMS is oxidized to condensable products that form secondary aerosols that affect Earth’s radiative balance by scattering solar radiation and serving as cloud condensation nuclei. We report the atmospheric discovery of a previously unquantified DMS oxidation product, hydroperoxymethyl thioformate (HPMTF, HOOCH2SCHO), identified through global-scale airborne observations that demonstrate it to be a major reservoir of marine sulfur. Observationally constrained model results show that more than 30% of oceanic DMS emitted to the atmosphere forms HPMTF. Coincident particle measurements suggest a strong link between HPMTF concentration and new particle formation and growth. Analyses of these observations show that HPMTF chemistry must be included in atmospheric models to improve representation of key linkages between the biogeochemistry of the ocean, marine aerosol formation and growth, and their combined effects on climate.
Emotions through texts and images
Authors: Bouko Catherine
Published: February 2020

We analyzed in multimodal Flickr posts how citizens express emotion in response to the outcome of the EU
Referendum that led to the Brexit vote. We conceived a model that articulates three levels of analysis, in a bid to understand how
meaning operates, namely how inscribed, signalled and/or supported emotion is expressed in narrative and/or conceptual
representations, in image and in text, through logico-semantic relations of expansion, projection and/or decoration. We tested
this model empirically on a corpus of 173 posts. Our results reveal that emotion is very often supported through images and that
narrative representations are particularly prevalent in the text.
Efficient scheme for remote preparation of arbitrary n-qubit equatorial states
Authors: Zha Xin-Wei , Wang Min-Rui , Jiang Ruo-Xu
Published: February 2020

Recently, a scheme for deterministic remote preparation of arbitrary multi-qubit equatorial states was proposed by Wei et al. [Quantum Inf. Process.
17 70 (2018)]. It is worth mentioning that the construction of mutual orthogonal measurement basis plays a key role in quantum remote state preparation. In this paper, a simple and feasible remote preparation of arbitrary n-qubit equatorial states scheme is proposed. In our scheme, the success probability will reach unit. Moreover, there are no coefficient constraint and auxiliary qubits in this scheme. It means that the success probabilities are independent of the coefficients of the entangled channel. The advantage of our scheme is that the mutual orthogonal measurement basis is devised. To accomplish the quantum remote state preparation (RSP) schemes, some new sets of mutually orthogonal measurement basis are introduced.
Moisture-sensitive torsional cotton artificial muscle and textile*
Authors: Li Yuanyuan , Leng Xueqi , Sun Jinkun , Zhou Xiang , Wu Wei , Chen Hong , Liu Zunfeng
Published: February 2020

Developing moisture-sensitive artificial muscles from industrialized natural fibers with large abundance is highly desired for smart textiles that can respond to humidity or temperature change. However, currently most of fiber artificial muscles are based on non-common industrial textile materials or of a small portion of global textile fiber market. In this paper, we developed moisture-sensitive torsional artificial muscles and textiles based on cotton yarns. It was prepared by twisting the cotton yarn followed by folding in the middle point to form a self-balanced structure. The cotton yarn muscle showed a torsional stroke of 42.55 °/mm and a rotational speed of 720 rpm upon exposure to water moisture. Good reversibility and retention of stroke during cyclic exposure and removal of water moisture were obtained. A moisture-sensitive smart window that can close when it rains was demonstrated based on the torsional cotton yarn muscles. This twist-based technique combining natural textile fibers provides a new insight for construction of smart textile materials.
Erratum: Measurements of visible bremsstrahlung and automatic
Bayesian inference of the effective plasma charge
Zeff at W7-X
Authors: A. Pavone  , U. Hergenhahn  , M. Krychowiak  , U. Hoefel  , S. Kwak  , J. Svensson  , P. Kornejew  , V. Winters  , R. Koenig  , M. Hirsch  , K.-J. Brunner  , E. Pasch  , J. Knauer  , G. Fuchert  , E.R. Scott  , M. Beurskens  , F. Effenberg  , D. Zhang  , O. Ford  , L. Vanó  , R.C. Wolf
Published: February 2020

Please see the PDF file for details.
Laser diodes with modulated optical injection: towards a simple signal processing unit?
Authors: Desmet Remco , Virte Martin
Published: February 2020

The idea of using the dynamical behaviour of a semiconductor laser to perform a certain processing operation of an input signal has been around for quite a long time. While the unidirectional optical injection scheme seems well suited to such a target—with the injection serving as an optical carrier for the input signal—the impact of a modulation of the injection beam still requires thorough investigation. Here, we study the case of an optically injected laser with a simple single-tone modulation term added to the injection signal. We analyse the impact of amplitude modulation on the laser dynamics, and particularly focus on the evolution within the injection locking range. We highlight clear passband behaviour corresponding to the laser resonance at its relaxation oscillation frequency, and characterize its features for various parameter changes. Next, we report dramatic differences between amplitude and phase modulation as the latter quickly leads to a loss of the injection locking and to the emergence of chaotic dynamics in place from the passband response identified in the case of amplitude modulation. At last, we discuss the suitability of using laser diodes for signal filtering, as was recently proposed by others, and identify the main remaining issues that need to be overcome.
Camus, from reporter to editorialist
Authors: Gloag Oliver
Published: February 2020

Camus became a journalist during the tumultuous 1930s. Hitler was in power in Germany. The Spanish Civil War had been raging for two years and would end in 1939 with the victory of the military dictatorship led by Franco. Meanwhile, in France, a new movement, the Popular Front, had taken over. ‘Camus, from reporter to editorialist’ explains how, in this context, Camus continued his own kind of commitment to social justice as a journalist on Pascal Pia’s Alger républicain. Early editorials capture Camus’s ambiguous political position: he wanted justice for all, but within the confines of an unjust colonial society. Camus’s pacifism and his role as a public spokesperson for the resistance are also described.
2. Investigating crime
Authors: Fraser Jim
Published: February 2020

‘Investigating crime’ explains how the police investigate criminal activity, setting out some of the principles and procedures involved and how forensic science provides them with answers. Radical changes in English law and forensic science practices resulted in the introduction of formal quality assurance systems to standardize laboratory practices and the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (1984), which specifies how police deal with accused persons, go about their investigations, and are accountable for their actions. The ‘trace, interview, eliminate’ (TIE) method of systematic elimination of individuals from an investigation is described, as well as the role of digital forensics to extract and interpret data from a wide range of devices.
7. Trace evidence
Authors: Fraser Jim
Published: February 2020

Fibres, hairs, paint, glass, and explosives traces are examined by forensic scientists in a wide range of crimes from burglary to terrorism. The distinctive characteristics of trace evidence are its microscopic size or minute amount, its ability to transfer readily from one item to another, and that it is subsequently lost from the item following that transfer. Many of the difficulties that arise in the examination, analysis, and interpretation of trace evidence are consequences of these characteristics. ‘Trace evidence’ considers the principles that underlie trace evidence examination, some of the scientific techniques used, how the significance of the evidence is assessed, and the importance of trace evidence in police investigations.
4. Polar marine biology
Authors: Mladenov Philip V.
Published: February 2020

Flourishing marine biological systems are present in the extreme environments of the Arctic and Antarctic polar regions of the planet. Both these regions are characterized by constantly cold sea temperatures, ice-covered oceans, and extreme seasonal fluctuations in light levels, but ‘Polar marine biology’ explains how they have evolved strikingly different and unique marine ecosystems. The Arctic Ocean is largely landlocked while the Southern Ocean surrounds the Antarctic continental land mass and is in open contact with the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans. The impact of human-induced climate change is also discussed, which will affect the Arctic and Antarctic food webs in profound ways.