bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scoping review: Scope of practice of nurse‐led services and access to care for people experiencing homelessness
Authors: McWilliams Lucy , Paisi Martha , Middleton Sandy , Shawe Jill , Thornton Anna , Larkin Matthew , Taylor Joanne , Currie Jane
Published: July 2022

Aims

To investigate the scope of practice of nurse‐led services for people experiencing homelessness, and the influence on access to healthcare.

Design

A scoping review.

Data Sources

On 20 November 2020, the following databases were searched: CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, PubMed and Scopus.

Review Methods

Included studies focused on people experiencing homelessness aged 18 years and over, nurse‐led services in any setting and described the nursing scope of practice. Studies were peer‐reviewed primary research, published in English from the year 2000. Three authors performed quality appraisals using the mixed methods assessment tool. Results were synthesized and discussed narratively and reported according to the PRISMA‐ScR 2020 Statement.

Results

Nineteen studies were included from the United States (n = 9), Australia (n = 4), United Kingdom (n = 4) and Canada (n = 2). The total participant sample size wasn = 6303. Studies focused on registered nurses (n = 10), nurse practitioners (n = 5) or both (n = 4), in outpatient or community settings. The nursing scope of practice was broad and covered a range of skills, knowledge and attributes. Key skills identified include assessment and procedural skills, client support and health education. Key attributes were a trauma‐informed approach and building trust through communication. Important knowledge included understanding the impact of homelessness, knowledge of available services and the capacity to undertake holistic assessments. Findings suggest that nurse‐led care facilitated access to healthcare through building trust and supporting clients to access services.

Conclusion

Optimized nursing scope of practice can facilitate access to healthcare for people experiencing homelessness. Key factors in enabling this include autonomy in nursing practice, organizational support and education.

Impact

The broad range of skills, knowledge and attributes reported provide a foundation from which to design an educational framework to optimize the nursing scope of practice, thereby increasing access to healthcare for people experiencing homelessness.
I dream of socializing, sports, and serenity: Imagining a positive future‐vaccinated self is associated with better attitudes toward COVID‐19 vaccination
Authors: Brown Genavee , de Place Anne‐Laure
Published: July 2022

In the context of the COVID‐19 pandemic, governments are attempting to vaccinate a large proportion of their adult population against the virus. While many people hurried to receive the vaccine, vaccination rates then started stagnating and governments are searching for solutions to motivate remaining citizens to receive the vaccine. Previous studies show that imagining oneself in the future can motivate health prevention behaviors, but our study is the first to use a future selves paradigm to study vaccination motivators. In two mixed methods studies we examine the effects of imagining of a future‐vaccinated self (FVS) on vaccine attitudes, where participants were asked to think about what their life would be like once they had received the COVID‐19 vaccine. In Study 1 (n = 114), we coded the most important categories of FVS. Several FVS were identified and related to increased social and leisure activities, reduced negative emotion and societal constraints, possible side effects of the vaccine, and societal changes. In Study 2 (n = 113), we used a 2 × 2 design in which participants' reflections on their FVS were guided or open and visualized from a first‐ or third‐person perspective. The guided condition produced greater acceptance of the vaccine, and the first‐person perspective produced greater behavioral intentions to be vaccinated. We discuss the effectiveness of future selves interventions for promoting vaccination in different societal contexts.
Novel read‐through fusion transcript Bcl2l2‐Pabpn1 in glioblastoma cells
Authors: Zhang Lin , Wang Dan , Han Xiao , Guo Xiaoxiao , Cao Yuanyuan , Xia Ying , Gao Dianshuai
Published: July 2022

Read‐through fusion transcripts have recently been identified as chimeric RNAs and have since been linked to tumour growth in some cases. Many fusion genes generated by chromosomal rearrangements have been described in glioblastoma. However, read‐through fusion transcripts between neighbouring genes in glioblastoma remain unexplored. We performed paired‐end RNA‐seq of rat C6 glioma cells and normal cells and discovered a read‐through fusion transcript Bcl2l2‐Pabpn1 in which exon 3 of Bcl‐2‐like protein 2 (Bcl2l2) fused to exon 2 of Polyadenylate‐binding protein 1 (Pabpn1). This fusion transcript was found in both human glioblastoma and normal cells. Unlike other fusions reported in glioblastoma, Bcl2l2‐Pabpn1 appeared to result from RNA processing rather than genomic rearrangement. Bcl2l2‐Pabpn1 fusion transcript encoded a fusion protein with BH4, BCL and RRM domains. Functionally, Bcl2l2‐Pabpn1 knockdown by targeting its fusion junction decreased its expression, and suppressed cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro. Mechanistically, Bcl2l2‐Pabpn1 blocked Bax activity and activated PI3K/AKT pathway to promote glioblastoma progression. Together, our work characterized a glioblastoma‐associated Bcl2l2‐Pabpn1 fusion transcript shared by humans and rats.
Hippocampal semaphorin 3B improves depression‐like behaviours in mice by upregulating synaptic plasticity and inhibiting neuronal apoptosis
Authors: Du Yuru , Shi Yun , Wang Xi , Song Han , Wang Xinhao , Hao Ying , Zhao Ye , Guo Xiangfei , Shi Mengxu , Gong Miao , Song Li , Wang Sheng , Gao Yuan , Shi Haishui
Published: July 2022

Depression is a global health problem, and there is a pressing need for a better understanding of its pathogenesis. Semaphorin 3B (Sema 3B) is an important axon guidance molecule that is primarily expressed in neurons and contributes to synaptic plasticity. Our previous studies using a high‐throughput microarray assay suggested that Sema 3B expression was tremendously decreased during the development of depression, but the specific role and mechanisms of Sema 3B in depression are still unknown. Herein, we report that levels of Sema 3B protein are decreased in the hippocampus and serum of chronic mild stress (CMS)‐treated mice. Increasing the levels of Sema 3B, either by injecting AAV‐Sema 3B into the hippocampus or by injecting recombinant Sema 3B protein into the lateral ventricles, alleviated CMS‐induced depression‐like behaviours and enhanced the resistance to acute stress by increasing dendritic spine density in hippocampal neurons. In contrast, interfering with the function of Sema 3B by injecting anti‐Sema 3B antibody into the lateral ventricles decreased the resistance to acute stress. In vitro, corticosterone (CORT) treatment decreased the survival rate and protein levels of Sema 3B and synapse‐associated proteins in HT22 cells. Overexpression of Sema 3B improved the decreased survival rate caused by CORT by inhibiting apoptosis and increasing levels of synaptic‐associated proteins, and knockdown of Sema 3B reduces the cellular resistance to CORT and the levels of synapse‐associated proteins. These findings represent the first evidence for the neuroprotective mechanism of Sema 3B against stresses, suggesting that Sema 3B could be a promising novel target for the prevention and treatment of depression.

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Breast cancer‐related lymphoedema and resistance exercise: An evidence‐based review of guidelines, consensus statements and systematic reviews
Authors: Wang Ling , Shi Yue Xian , Wang Ting Ting , Chen Ke Xin , Shang Shao Mei
Published: July 2022

Aims and Objectives

Breast cancer‐related lymphoedema (BCRL) is a side effect of cancer treatment and can be alleviated by resistance exercise. This systematic, evidence‐based review examined the existing best evidence on resistance exercise for BCRL to accurately describe the current status of the field and offer recommendations for clinicians.

Methods

This review adheres to the PRISMA guidelines. Clinical practice guidelines, consensus documents, systematic reviews and other related evidence‐based resources about resistance exercise for BCRL were retrieved through the English databases and guideline websites. The publication data limit was set to December 2020. The following search terms were used: ‘breast cancer/breast neoplasm/breast carcinoma/breast tumor/breast malignancy, lymphedema/swelling/edema/lymphoedema, resistance/weight/strength training, best practice/clinical practice/guideline/consensus documents’. The quality of the included studies was evaluated by two authors independently using AGREE II and AMSTAR II tools. Evidence‐based recommendations on resistance exercise relevant for BCRL were synthesised and categorised.

Results

Twenty two articles (seven guidelines, four consensus documents and eleven systematic reviews) were included. The overall quality of the eleven eligible guidelines and consensus documents was moderate to high according to the AGREE II criteria. The quality of the eleven systematic reviews was critically low to high according to the AMSTAR criteria. Six clinical topics involving 43 recommendations were identified. Recommendations were categorised by safety of resistance training, effectiveness of resistance training, evaluation prior to resistance exercise, resistance exercise prescription, resistance training outcome index and points for attention.

Conclusions

This study summarises 43 recommendations for resistance training for BCRL and provides guidance for clinicians. Based on randomised trials and systematic reviews published in recent years, there is an urgent need to update the guidelines and consensus documents in terms of topics, for example effectiveness of resistance training and resistance training outcome index.
The safety and effectiveness of elective laparoscopic surgery for benign ovarian cysts during pregnancy—Comparison with emergency surgery
Authors: Samejima Kouki , Takai Yasushi , Matsunaga Shigetaka , Nagai Tomonori , Kikuchi Akihiko
Published: July 2022

Aim

Relatively small benign ovarian cysts are conservatively managed in early pregnancy. However, emergency surgery is required should acute abdomen occur. Our study aimed to examine and compare the outcomes of benign ovarian cysts treated with elective laparoscopic surgery or emergency surgery during pregnancy.

Methods

From 2004 to 2017, we treated 135 pregnant patients (110 elective and 25 emergencies) with benign ovarian cysts at our tertiary perinatal center and compared their surgical and perinatal outcomes.

Results

There was no significant difference in cyst diameter (7.6 ± 2.5 vs. 6.8 ± 2.1 cm), but cysts <6 cm were significantly more common in emergency (36%) than in elective (15%) cases. Mature teratomas were significantly more common in elective cases (89% vs. 52%) but corpus luteum cysts were more common in emergency cases (0% vs. 32%). The rates of laparoscopic surgery (98.2% vs. 52.0%) and ovarian conservation (99.1% vs. 80.0%) were significantly higher, and post‐surgical hospitalization (4.6 ± 1.3 vs. 9.8 ± 10.5 days) was significantly shorter in elective than in emergency cases. There was no significant difference in the gestational age for delivery (38.9 ± 1.9 vs. 38.4 ± 2.7 weeks), preterm birth rate (12% vs. 20%), or birth weight (2939 ± 469 vs. 3019 ± 510 g).

Conclusions

We cannot state that an emergency surgery during pregnancy is rarely required for small benign ovarian cysts. However, the surgical outcomes were significantly better for elective than for emergency surgery, with no difference in perinatal outcomes. If a benign ovarian cyst is found early in pregnancy, elective laparoscopic surgery may be considered with adequate informed consent.
The importance of physician speciality on the diagnosis of acute appendicitis and its effect on morbidity in children
Authors: Bostancı Süleyman A , Şenel Emrah
Published: July 2022

Aim

Most acute appendicitis (AA) patients present first to physicians who are not paediatric surgeons. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a relationship between the speciality of the first physician and delays in diagnosis and morbidity in AA.

Methods

The study was planned prospectively. Patients who were operated on between 15 June 2017 and 2018 due to abdominal pain were included. Demographic data of the patients, speciality of the doctors who examined them and postoperative complications were recorded. The patients were divided into three groups: those who were diagnosed at the first examination, those who were diagnosed at the second examination and those who were diagnosed after three or more examinations.

Results

A total of 414 patients were included in the study. There were 255 (61.6%) patients in group 1, 135 (32.6%) patients in group 2 and 24 (5.8%) patients in group 3. The mean age of the patients in group 3 was lower (P < 0.05). Postoperative complications and hospital stay were higher in group 3 (P < 0.05). While 91.8% of the patients in group 1 were examined by a paediatrician, this rate was significantly lower in the other groups (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

If children presenting with abdominal pain are evaluated primarily by paediatricians, consultation with paediatric surgeons is faster. The awareness of doctors of other specialities should be increased through regular periodic training.
Safety and efficacy of a novel iron chelator (HBED; (N,N′‐Di(2‐hydroxybenzyl)ethylenediamine‐N,N′‐diacetic acid)) in equine (Equus caballus) as a model for black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis)
Authors: Sullivan Kathleen E. , Lavin Shana R. , Livingston Shannon , Knutson Mitchell , Valdes Eduardo V. , Warren Lori K.
Published: July 2022

While iron overload disorder (IOD) and related disease states are not considered a common occurrence in domestic equids, these issues appear prevalent in black rhinoceroses under human care. In addressing IOD in black rhinos, altering dietary iron absorption and excretion may be the most globally practical approach. A main option for treatment used across other species such as humans, is chelation therapy using iron‐specific synthetic compounds. As horses may serve as an appropriate digestive model for the endangered rhinoceros, we evaluated the potential use of the oral iron chelatorN,N‐bis(2‐hydroxybenzyl)ethylenediamine‐N,N‐diacetic acid (HBED) in horses for safety and efficacy prior to testing in black rhinoceros. Health and iron digestibility and dynamics were assessed in horses (n = 6) before, and after treatment with HBED (50 mg/kg body weight) for 8 days using a crossover design with serum, faecal and urine collection. A preliminary pharmacokinetic trial was also performed but no trace of HBED was found in serially sampled plasma through 8 h post‐oral dosing. HBED increased urinary iron output in horses compared to control by 0.7% of total iron intake (p < 0.01), for an average of 27 mg urinary iron/day, similar to human chelation goals. Blood chemistry, blood cell counts and overall wellness were not affected by treatment. As healthy horses are able to regulate iron absorption, the lack of change in iron balance is unsurprising. Short‐term HBED administration appeared to be safely tolerated by horses, therefore it was anticipated it would also be safe to administer to black rhinos for the management of iron overload.
Microbial community dispersal from wheat grains to sourdoughs: A contribution of participatory research
Authors: von Gastrow Lucas , Michel Elisa , Legrand Judith , Amelot Rémy , Segond Diego , Guezenec Stéphane , Rué Olivier , Chable Véronique , Goldringer Isabelle , Dousset Xavier , Serpolay‐Bessoni Estelle , Taupier‐Letage Bruno , Vindras‐Fouillet Camille , Onno Bernard , Valence Florence , Sicard Delphine
Published: July 2022

Understanding microbial dispersal is critical to understand the dynamics and evolution of microbial communities. However, microbial dispersal is difficult to study because of uncertainty about their vectors of migration. This applies to both microbial communities in natural and human‐associated environments. Here, we studied microbial dispersal along the sourdoughs bread‐making chain using a participatory research approach. Sourdough is a naturally fermented mixture of flour and water. It hosts a community of bacteria and yeasts whose origins are only partially known. We analysed the potential of wheat grains and flour to serve as an inoculum for sourdough microbial communities using 16S rDNA and ITS1 metabarcoding. First, in an experiment involving farmers, a miller and bakers, we followed the microbiota from grains to newly initiated and propagated sourdoughs. Second, we compared the microbiota of 46 sourdough samples collected everywhere in France, and of the flour used for their back‐slopping. The core microbiota detected on the seeds, in the flour and in the sourdough was composed mainly of microbes known to be associated with plants and not living in sourdoughs. No sourdough yeast species were detected on grains and flours. Sourdough lactic acid bacteria were rarely found in flour. When they were, they did not have the same amplicon sequence variant (ASV) as found in the corresponding sourdough. However, the low sequencing depth for bacteria in flour did not allow us to draw definitive conclusion. Thus, our results showed that sourdough yeasts did not come from flour, and suggest that neither do sourdough LAB.
Prevalence of oral lichen planus in patients with diabetes mellitus: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Sun Yutong , Chen Dawei , Deng Xiaoting , Xu Yiming , Wang Ying , Qiu Xuemei , Yuan Peiyang , Zhang Zhenyu , Xu Hao , Jiang Lu
Published: July 2022

Objectives

Oral lichen planus, a chronic inflammatory immune disease, occurs in the oral mucosa. We aimed to assess the prevalence and possible influencing factors of oral lichen planus in patients with diabetes mellitus.

Subjects and Methods

This cross‐sectional study involved 525 patients with diabetes mellitus and 525 controls. We collected information on blood glucose level, duration of diabetes, diabetic complications, treatment methods, other systemic diseases and medication history.

Results

Oral lichen planus was significantly more prevalent in the diabetes mellitus/type 2 diabetes mellitus group than in the controls (2.3%/2.2% vs. 0.6%, p = 0.019/0.022). There was no significant association between patients with diabetes mellitus with and those without oral lichen planus in age (p = 0.195), sex (p = 0.390), blood glucose level (p = 1), duration of diabetes (p = 0.638), diabetic complications (p = 1), treatment methods (p = 0.962), other systemic diseases (p = 0.891) and medication history (p = 0.848).

Conclusions

Diabetes mellitus was associated with oral lichen planus; there was a higher prevalence of oral lichen planus in patients with diabetes mellitus/type 2 diabetes mellitus than in those without diabetes. Oral lichen planus development in patients with diabetes mellitus was not significantly associated with age, sex, blood glucose level, duration of diabetes, diabetic complications, treatment methods, other systemic diseases and medication history.
Effects of forward and backward span trainings on working memory: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Li Yang , Fu Wenjin , Zhang Qiumei , Chen Xiongying , Li Xiaohong , Du Boqi , Deng Xiaoxiang , Ji Feng , Dong Qi , Jaeggi Susanne M. , Chen Chuansheng , Li Jun
Published: July 2022

Both forward and backward working memory span tasks have been used in cognitive training, but no study has been conducted to test whether the two types of trainings are equally effective. Based on data from a randomized controlled trial, this study (N = 60 healthy college students) tested the effects of backward span training, forward span training, and no intervention. Event‐related potential (ERP) signals were recorded at the pre‐, mid‐, and post‐tests while the subjects were performing a distractor version of the change detection task, which included three conditions (2 targets and 0 distractor [2T0D]; 4 targets and 0 distractor [4T0D]; and 2 targets and 2 distractors [2T2D]). Behavioral data were collected from two additional tasks: a multi‐object version of the change detection task, and a suppress task. Compared to no intervention, both forward and backward span trainings led to significantly greater improvement in working memory maintenance, based on indices from both behavioral (Kmax) and ERP data (CDA_2T0D and CDA_4T0D). Backward span training also improved interference control based on the ERP data (CDA_filtering efficiency) to a greater extent than did forward span training and no intervention, but the three groups did not differ in terms of behavioral indices of interference control. These results have potential implications for optimizing the current cognitive training on working memory.
An Application of High Pressure in Geophysics: Experimental Rock Deformation
Authors: Handin John
Published: July 2022

For proved laboratory methods through which to study phenomena within the earth’s crust the geophysicist often turns to the engineer and physicist who have largely developed the high-pressure art. The paper reports on the geophysical problem of rock deformation in which there is an application of high pressure and with which the reader may not be familiar. Of the four important environmental factors involved in natural rock deformation, namely, pressure, temperature, time, and the presence of solutions, only pressure and time have received much attention in the laboratory. Descriptions of current research by Griggs and his collaborators at the Institute of Geophysics, University of California, and by the Shell Research Laboratory show what is being done to determine the combined effects of these factors in an effort to simulate geological conditions more realistically.
Studies of Submergence Requirements of High-Specific-Speed Pumps
Authors: Iversen H. W.
Published: July 2022

Submergence requirements of high-specific-speed pumps that take suction from open sumps depend upon vortex formation in the sump and resulting air entrainment in the pumped liquid. Two interrelated requirements must be met in sump design. The sump must be of minimum size without affecting adversely the pump performance with respect to efficiency and head. Laboratory studies have been made on the effect of side-wall and bottom clearances, relative to the suction bell, on the pump efficiency, and also upon the submergence requirements to avoid vortex formation with air entrainment. Results show that side-wall and end-wall clearance of one quarter to one half the suction-bell diameter, and bottom clearances of one half the suction-bell diameter will not affect the normal pump performance adversely. Minimum stable depths of sump liquid also were obtained with these spacings. Model tests according to Froude’s modulus do not yield quantitative results since frictional effects apparently influence the results. However, qualitative studies may be made with models to determine optimum sump configurations to avoid vortex formation.
Effect of Stress Amplitude on Statistical Variability in Fatigue Life of 75S-T6 Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Sinclair G. M. , Dolan T. J.
Published: July 2022

Recent studies indicate that most of the “scatter” observed in finite fatigue-life-testing of metals is an inherent characteristic of the material and does not necessarily indicate poorly adjusted machines or improper testing techniques. In the present study, groups of 17 to 57 specimens of 75S-T6 aluminum alloy were tested in rotating bending at six different stress levels. The smallest stress used was 30,000 psi and the greatest was 62,500 psi. A statistical analysis was made of fatigue-life data obtained at each of the six stresses. The distribution of the fatigue lifetimes, for each stress, was found to be approximately logarithmic-normal. The standard deviation (which is a measure of scatter in the fatigue life) was related to the stress amplitude and could be represented within the stress range investigated, by a simple exponential function. Constants of an S-N relation recently proposed by W. Weibull were evaluated for a probability of failure P = 0.50. Results of the study are summarized in two equations and in a composite S-N diagram showing lines of equal probability of failure.
Field Inspection of Boiler Tubes With Ultrasonic Reflectoscope
Authors: Tash J. A.
Published: July 2022

Details are given of the ultrasonic reflectoscope and its use in detecting defective small-diameter tubing. By means of the ultrasonic shear-wave method and the reflectoscope, 90 sections of defective tubing, representing over 1500 ft, were detected and replaced in the convection-superheater outlet section of two boilers.
An Experimental Investigation of Convective Heat Transfer to Air From a Flat Plate With a Stepwise Discontinuous Surface Temperature
Authors: Scesa Steve , Sauer F. M.
Published: July 2022

The objective of the investigation described in this paper was to obtain turbulent forced convective heat-transfer data for air flowing parallel to a flat plate with a stepwise discontinuous surface temperature. Heat was supplied by fifteen transverse nichrome ribbons on the upper and lower surfaces of a bakelite plate. The electrical input to each ribbon was controlled separately so that the surface-temperature distribution could be maintained constant or stepwise. Local heat-transfer coefficients were obtained from the measured ribbon temperature and the electrical heat input to each ribbon. The experimental results were correlated with the Colburn equation within ±6 per cent for a range of local Reynolds modulus from 60,000 to 800,000 by use of the starting-length correction of Rubesin (1). The starting length is defined as the position where the step occurs in the surface temperature.
Investigation of Steam Separation in Boiler Drums Through Studies on a Model
Authors: Farber E. A.
Published: July 2022

This investigation shows a method by which the performance of steam-boiler drum internals can be compared. The method is based on tests carried out with a model filled with Freon 12 liquid and vapor and gives the same density ratio between liquid and vapor which exists in the boiler. When the velocity of the liquid-vapor mixture in the model drum is adjusted to the proper value, then the separation forces in the model and boiler are the same. Freon 12 was selected after tests with water and air had been made but proved to be insufficient. The experiments were performed at different loads, pressures, and liquid levels in the drum. Several different drum internal arrangements were tested, and results and conclusions based on these tests are reported in this paper.
Control of Marine Fouling in Sea-Water Conduits Including Exploratory Tests on Killing Shelled Mussels
Authors: White H. E.
Published: July 2022

Hundreds of tons of mussels may accumulate in the circulating-water tunnels of a large seaboard power station in a single season. Explicit practical procedures have been determined for meeting this problem by complete extermination of fully shelled mussels by chemical treatment, moderate temperature elevation, or combination of both. General results have broad application. Exploratory tests have demonstrated great practical influence of very moderate changes in temperature of the sea water in extermination of mussels. Any elevation of temperature reduces the required consumption of chlorine, which has been the usual killing agent. For plants with suitable arrangements and load conditions, it appears practical to achieve positive control of marine fouling in tunnels without chlorine or other chemicals by periodic increase of seawater temperature to not more than 95 F for northeast coastal plants. Numerical results of various treatments as observed in the exploratory tests are summarized by charts.
Effect of Pressure on the Combustion of Pulverized Coal
Authors: Omori T. T. , Orning A. A.
Published: July 2022

A theoretical study of heat transfer to a sphere suspended in cold air and suddenly exposed to radiation from a high-temperature source indicated an effect of air pressure which had not been disclosed by previous theoretical studies relating to the ignition of pulverized coal in air suspension. Experimental investigation, in the absence of an extended flame so that the source of radiant heat could be independently controlled, showed an adverse effect of elevated pressures upon completeness of combustion which was much larger than a beneficial effect of increased partial pressures of oxygen. It appeared that increased pressure, through a lower initial heating rate, produced less reactive combustion residues which lost ignition before combustion was complete. Complete combustion could be obtained only by increasing the radiant intensity responsible for ignition.
New Measurements of the Heat Conductivity of Steam and Nitrogen
Authors: Keyes F. G. , Sandell D. J.
Published: July 2022

The heat conductivity of steam has been measured by Timroth and Vargaftig (1940) from approximately 100 to 550 C and to pressures of 250 atm, using the hot-wire type of conductivity cell, wherein the wire of pure platinum serves as thermal emitter, and its electrical-resistance change provides the temperature indication. The new measurements in the present paper were obtained using a concentric cylinder type of conductivity cell in which the heater and thermometric parts were isolated from contact with the material whose conductivity was being measured. Vargaftig had published (1937) measurements of the heat conductivity of nitrogen in substantially the same cell used for steam. The new measurements on nitrogen are in tolerable agreement with the Vargaftig measurements, but in the case of steam the new measurements are considerably lower in magnitude. A comparison of the two sets of steam data indicates some peculiarities of temperature trend in the Timroth and Vargaftig data which find no correspondence in the data of any other substance, and also differs from the trend relative to the new data. A formulation of the steam and nitrogen data is given in terms of pressure and temperature as independent variables.
Heat Transfer From an Air Jet to a Plane Plate With Entrainment of Water Vapor From the Environment
Authors: Jakob Max , Rose R. L. , Spielman Maurice
Published: July 2022

This paper presents some experimental results, obtained by discharging hot air from a continuous slot parallel to a plane surface. A method for predicting the distribution of surface temperature, relations for the temperature and vapor pressure in the jet, a common correlation relating heat transfer and mass transfer, considering also the entrainment of environment air by the jet, and a numerical example are given.
Dislocation Dipole in a Strained Nanostructured Layer Buried in an Infinite-Size Matrix
Authors: Colin Jérôme
Published: July 2022

The equilibrium positions of a dipole of edge dislocations embedded in a nanostructure composed of a strained two-dimensional layer buried in an infinite-size matrix with a rectangular nanowire located at the upper layer–matrix interface have been determined from a Peach–Koëhler force calculation. The location of the unstable and stable equilibrium positions of the dislocations of the dipole gliding in the horizontal plane has been specified in the nanostructure versus the misfit strain and nanowire aspect ratio. The critical misfit below which the dipole has no equilibrium position has been finally determined versus the size of the nanowire.
Nonrandom sister chromatid segregation mediates rDNA copy number maintenance in
Drosophila
Authors: Watase George J. , Nelson Jonathan O. , Yamashita Yukiko M.
Published: July 2022

Although considered to be exact copies of each other, sister chromatids can segregate nonrandomly in some cases. For example, sister chromatids of the X and Y chromosomes segregate nonrandomly during asymmetric division of male germline stem cells (GSCs) in
Drosophila melanogaster
. Here, we demonstrate that the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) loci, which are located on the X and Y chromosomes, and an rDNA binding protein Indra are required for nonrandom sister chromatid segregation (NRSS). We provide the evidence that NRSS, following unequal sister chromatid exchange, is a mechanism by which GSCs recover rDNA copy number, counteracting the spontaneous copy number loss that occurs during aging. Our study reveals an unexpected role for NRSS in maintaining germline immortality through maintenance of a vulnerable genomic element, rDNA.
Highly efficient and nearly roll-off–free electrofluorescent devices via multiple sensitizations
Authors: Yin Chen , Zhang Yuewei , Huang Tianyu , Liu Ziyang , Duan Lian , Zhang Dongdong
Published: July 2022

The efficiency roll-off at high luminance has hindered the wide application of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) for decades. To circumvent this issue, both high exciton utilization and short exciton residence should be satisfied, which, however, faces formidable challenges. Here, we propose an advanced approach of phosphor-assisted thermally activated delayed fluorophor (TADF)–sensitized fluorescence, abbreviated as TPSF. It is proved to be a rational strategy that can realize high quantum efficiency and elaborately accelerated radiative exciton consumption simultaneously by breaking singlet-triplet spin-flip cycles on a TADF host via multiple sensitizations. On the basis of a TADF molecule exhibiting anti–accumulation-caused quenching character, a proof-of-concept device exhibits a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE
max
) of 24.2% with an ultrahigh
L
90%
(the luminance at which EQE drops to 90% of its maximum value) of 190,500 cd m
−2
and a greatly improved operational stability, unlocking the full potential of OLEDs for ultrahigh-luminance applications.
Genetic Relationships of
Puccinia striiformis
f. sp.
tritici
in Southwestern and Northwestern China
Authors: Jiang Bingbing , Wang Cuicui , Guo Cunwu , Lv Xuan , Gong Wenfeng , Chang Jie , He Hongpan , Feng Jing , Chen Xianming , Ma Zhanhong
Published: July 2022

Understanding the epidemiology and population genetics of plant pathogens is crucial to formulate efficient predictions of disease outbreaks and achieve sustainable integrated disease management, especially for pathogens with migratory capability. Here, this study covers the genetic homogeneity and heterogeneity of different geographical
Pst
populations on broad to fine spatial scales from the key epidemic regions of the two agroecosystems in China, where wheat stripe rust occurs annually.
Nanometer-scale pore structure and the Monterey Formation: A new tool to investigate silica diagenesis
Authors: Ross Cynthia M. , Kovscek Anthony R.
Published: July 2022

The Monterey Formation and related formations in California have long been the subject of field and laboratory studies on silica diagenesis. Biogenic or amorphous silica (opal-A) alters to a more-ordered opal-CT and eventually to the crystalline end member, quartz, with increasing burial depth and temperature. Low-pressure nitrogen sorption serves as an indicator of silica alteration by detecting the nanometer-scale pore structures associated with opal-CT while excluding contributions from larger pores. To apply this method, calibrations with known compositions are not required, sample preparation and measurements are straightforward, hazardous waste is not generated (as with mercury porosimetry), and subtle changes in silica phase are readily detected.

Nitrogen desorption isotherms, collected on mini cores (~0.8 cm diameter × 1 cm) after outgassing at 50 °C and processed using the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda method, provide nanometer-scale pore throat size distributions (nPSD), pore volumes (nPV), and surface areas (nSA). A scatter plot of nPV and nSA reveals two distinct trends. Samples with more nSA per unit volume contain opal-CT, either in transition from opal-A or completely converted. The other nSA trend consists of opal-A and quartz samples in the small nSA and nPV range, whereas samples with small nSA and large nPV also contain opal-CT and are in transition to quartz. These distinct trends are also apparent in the nPSD. Samples with more nSA exhibit a peak between 4 and 10 nm, whereas samples with less nSA have a broad peak between 10 and 100 nm if they contain opal-CT. Images collected via scanning electron microscopy reveal that opal-CT morphologies account for these differences.
New constraints on the source of loess from U/Th-Pb geochronology of detrital multi-minerals
Authors: Zhou Guangyan , Li Long , Xiao Guoqiao , Yan Luo , Pearson D. Graham , Hao Qingzhen , Wu Yuanbao
Published: July 2022

The origin and provenance of eolian sediments such as loess can potentially reveal paleo-air circulation directions that drive temporal changes in climate. The provenance of these deposits has been mostly assessed by detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology and remains debated. Recent studies reveal that constraining sediment provenance using only detrital zircon yields a restricted view of the overall sediment sources, because zircon commonly records high-temperature tectonothermal events and thus only represents a portion of provenance lithologies. We applied a new strategy for constraining the provenance of eolian sediments from the Chinese Loess Plateau—Earth's most extensive loess deposit—by using a multi-proxy (i.e., zircon, monazite and rutile) U/Th-Pb geochronology approach. We show that while zircon U-Pb-Lu-Hf isotopic data cannot conclusively discriminate the potential sources, monazite and rutile grains display dominant U/Th-Pb age peaks in the early Paleozoic, early Mesozoic, and late Cenozoic, mirroring the orogenic episodes of the northeast Tibetan Plateau. Monazite and rutile records also reveal spatial variability in sediment provenance between the western and central parts of the Chinese Loess Plateau, which is potentially affected by dust transport from westerly/northwesterly winds. Our integrated data set provides diagnostic constraints on the dust source, provenance variability, and transportation trajectory of the Chinese Loess Plateau, and highlights the importance of this new approach to provenance study of eolian deposits worldwide.
Supplemental Material: The Ediacaran–Cambrian transition in the southern Great Basin, United States
Authors: Smith Emily , al. et
Published: July 2022

Carbon and oxygen isotopic data and descriptions of and GPS coordinates for key localities.
Supplemental Material: Biosiliceous, organic-rich, and phosphatic facies of Triassic strata of northwest Alaska: Transect across a high-latitude, low-angle continental margin
Authors: Dumoulin Julie , al. et
Published: July 2022

Table S1: TOC and Tmax data, Table S2: ICP-OES-MS data, Table S3: XRD data, and Table S4: Detrital zircon data 
Vitamin A supplementation among 9-59 month old children in India: geospatial perspectives and implications for targeted coverage
Authors: Bora Kaustubh
Published: July 2022

Introduction

Vitamin A supplementation (VAS) is yet to reach all Indian children aged 9-59 months, despite guidelines for universal coverage. This study mapped geospatial patterns underlying VAS coverage across two policy-relevant administrative unit levels (states and districts) in India. The relationship between spatial distribution of VAS coverage and vitamin A deficiency (VAD) prevalence was also investigated.

Methods

The study draws on nationally representative cross-sectional data collected during National Family and Health Survey 4 (NFHS-4) and Comprehensive National Nutritional Survey (CNNS). VAS coverage was estimated using information obtained during NFHS-4 from mothers about whether their children (n=204 645) had received VAS within 6 months of the survey. VAD prevalence estimates were based on serum retinol measurements during CNNS in under-five children (n=9563). State-level and district-level choropleth maps of VAS coverage were constructed. Spatial patterns were probed using Moran’s statistics, scatter plots and local indicators of spatial association (LISA). Relationship between VAS coverage (as an explanatory variable) and VAD prevalence was explored using spatial autoregressive models.

Results

VAS coverage in India (overall 60.5%) ranged from 29.5% (Nagaland) to 89.5% (Goa) across the various states/union territories. Among districts, it ranged from 12.8% (Longleng district, Nagaland) to 94.5% (Kolar district, Karnataka). The coverage exhibited positive spatial autocorrelation, more prominently at the district-level (univariate Moran’s I=0.638, z-value=25.614, pseudo p value=0.001). LISA maps identified spatial clusters of high coverage and low coverage districts. No significant spatial association was observed between VAS coverage and VAD prevalence in the states during spatial error (R2=0.07,λ=0.30, p value=0.14) and spatial lag (R2=0.05, ρ=0.25, p value=0.23) regression.

Conclusion

Two out of every five eligible Indian children were not supplemented with vitamin A. The coverage was geographically heterogeneous with discernible spatial patterns. Their consequences on vitamin A status and associated health effects in the community deserve close monitoring.
Evidence for a functional repeat polymorphism in the promoter of the human NRAMP1 gene that correlates with autoimmune versus infectious disease susceptibility
Authors: Searle Susan , Blackwell Jenefer M
Published: July 2022

A polymorphism in the promoter of human NRAMP1 encodes a Z-DNA forming dinucleotide repeat with four alleles: (1) t(gt)5ac(gt)5ac(gt)11g; (2) t(gt)5ac(gt)5 ac(gt)10g; (3) t(gt)5ac(gt)5ac(gt)9g; and (4) t(gt)5ac(gt)9g. Alleles 1 and 4 are rare (gene frequencies ∼0.001); alleles 2 and 3 occur at gene frequencies ∼0.20−0.25 and ∼0.75− 0.80, respectively. Here, luciferase reporter gene constructs are used to show that the four alleles differ in their ability to drive gene expression. In the absence of exogenous stimuli, alleles 1, 2, and 4 are poor promoters; allele 3 drives high expression, indicating that the repeat itself has endogenous enhancer activity. All four alleles show a similar percentage enhancement of reporter gene expression in the presence of interferon-γ, consistent with the multiple interferon-γ response elements both 5′ and 3′ of the Z-DNA forming repeat. However, while the addition of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has no effect on alleles 1 and 4, it causes significant reduction in expression driven by allele 2 and enhances expression driven by allele 3, suggesting that the juxtaposition of LPS related response elements (NFκB, AP-1, NF-IL6) may be differentially affected by the two commonly occurring alleles. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that chronic hyperactivation of macrophages associated with allele 3 is functionally linked to autoimmune disease susceptibility, while the poor level of NRAMP1 expression promoted by allele 2 contributes to infectious disease susceptibility. Conversely, allele 3 protects against infectious disease and allele 2 against autoimmune disease. Hence, alleles that are detrimental in relation to autoimmune disease susceptibility may be maintained in the population because they improve survival to reproductive age following infectious disease challenge.
Laboratory studies on ochre formation and removal from geotextile filters
Authors: Correia L.G.C.S. , Ehrlich M. , Mendonca M.B. , Keim C.N.
Published: July 2022

The clogging of drainage systems due to the formation of ochre is considered a major threat to the performance of filters and drainage systems. Aiming to understand the factors leading to clogging, column tests were conducted using geotextile filters under three different filter submersion conditions and ferric citrate percolation to stimulate ochre production. After 76 days, in half of the column tests, the ferric citrate was changed to d-glucose in the percolation fluid to remove the ochre by the reductive dissolution of iron. The concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO), Fe(II), Fe(III), and pH were monitored as a function of time. Ochre-clogged geotextile filters and the effects of reductive dissolution were observed by scanning electron microscopy coupled to energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The results indicated that ochre formation decreased substantially in the submerged filters due to the lower availability of oxygen for microbial aerobic activities. Percolation with d-glucose led to low DO content, reduced pH in the percolation fluid, and stimulation of a pre-existing population of iron-reducing bacteria, which reduced the Fe(III) to soluble Fe(II), reversing clogging in geotextile filters. This fundamental research may indicate a path for a new procedure for mitigation and removal of ochre of drainage systems.
Scalar curvature in discrete gravity
Authors: Chamseddine Ali H. , Malaeb Ola , Najem Sara
Published: July 2022

We focus on studying, numerically, the scalar curvature tensor in a two-dimensional discrete space. The continuous metric of a two-sphere is transformed into that of a lattice using two possible slicings. In the first, we use two integers, while in the second we consider the case where one of the coordinates is ignorable. The numerical results of both cases are then compared with the expected values in the continuous limit as the number of cells of the lattice becomes very large.
Thermodynamic phase transitions and compressibility of rotating Bardeen(–AdS) black holes with quintessence
Authors: Hossain Ali M. , Moinuddin A. S. M.
Published: July 2022

We derive thermodynamic quantities such as the Hawking temperature, mass, entropy, heat capacity and study the thermodynamic phase transitions of rotating Bardeen black holes surrounded by quintessence-like matter. Interpreting the cosmological parameter as thermodynamic pressure and its conjugate variable as volume, the first law of black hole thermodynamics has been modified in the Anti-de Sitter (AdS) space. It then has been used to investigate the thermodynamics of the rotating Bardeen–AdS black hole with quintessence matter. Properties of the thermodynamic volume have also been analyzed through the study of compressibility and sound speed of the black hole. The black hole sound speed is associated with the adiabatic compressibility, and it equals the light speed for nonrotating black holes and decreases with increasing angular momentum. The nonrotating black holes are adiabatically incompressible, and as the angular momentum attains a maximum value in the extremal case, the compressibility grows maximum. We further derive the equation of state in the extended phase space and explore the critical behaviors of the black hole in the canonical ensemble. Graphs of phase transitions and critical behaviors show an accentuated influence of quintessence matter on the thermodynamic phase transitions and stability of the black holes and support the van der Waals-like phase transition behavior.
Tunneling analysis of null aether black hole theory in the background of Newman–Janis algorithm
Authors: Ali Riasat , Babar Rimsha , Asgher Muhammad , Mustafa G.
Published: July 2022

We present a new asymptotically flat black hole solution in Null Aether Theory (NAT) by applying Newman–Janis process. For this purpose, we study the asymptotically flat NAT black hole solution in Newman–Janis algorithm and then compute the tunneling radiation for NAT black hole. The Hawking temperature for NAT black hole depends upon the rotation parameter and charge of the black hole. The Hawking temperature describes a black hole with extremal event horizon. Furthermore, we analyze the graphical interpretation of Hawking temperature with respect to event horizon and check the stability of black hole under the influence of different parameters associated with black hole temperature.