bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Building Large-Scale Quantitative Imaging Databases with Multi-Scale Deep Reinforcement Learning: Initial Experience with Whole-Body Organ Volumetric Analyses
Authors: Winkel David J. , Breit Hanns-Christian , Weikert Thomas J. , Stieltjes Bram
Published: January 2021

To explore the feasibility of a fully automated workflow for whole-body volumetric analyses based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL) and to investigate the influence of contrast-phase (CP) and slice thickness (ST) on the calculated organ volume. This retrospective study included 431 multiphasic CT datasets—including three CP and two ST reconstructions for abdominal organs—totaling 10,508 organ volumes (10,344 abdominal organ volumes: liver, spleen, and kidneys, 164 lung volumes). Whole-body organ volumes were determined using multi-scale DRL for 3D anatomical landmark detection and 3D organ segmentation. Total processing time for all volumes and mean calculation time per case were recorded. Repeated measures analyses of variance (ANOVA) were conducted to test for robustness considering CP and ST. The algorithm calculated organ volumes for the liver, spleen, and right and left kidney (mean volumes in milliliter (interquartile range), portal venous CP, 5 mm ST: 1868.6 (1426.9, 2157.8), 350.19 (45.46, 395.26), 186.30 (147.05, 214.99) and 181.91 (143.22, 210.35), respectively), and for the right and left lung (2363.1 (1746.3, 2851.3) and 1950.9 (1335.2, 2414.2)). We found no statistically significant effects of the variable contrast phase or the variable slice thickness on the organ volumes. Mean computational time per case was 10 seconds. The evaluated approach, using state-of-the art DRL, enables a fast processing of substantial amounts irrespective of CP and ST, allowing building up organ-specific volumetric databases. The thus derived volumes may serve as reference for quantitative imaging follow-up.
Organizational Virtues and Organizational Anthropomorphism
Authors: Martin Felix
Published: January 2021

Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human features to non-human subjects. Anthropomorphized organizations acquire in the minds of their members a unique identity, which becomes capable of guiding members’ motivations, with important managerial implications. Ashforth et al. (Acad Manage Revhttps://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2016.0496, 2018) offered a theoretical model of anthropomorphism in organizations, including “top-down” and “bottom-up” processes of organizational anthropomorphism as antecedents, and sensemaking and the sense of social connection of the organization as outcomes. Using SEM, this study operationalizes Ashforth et al.’s (Acad Manage Revhttps://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2016.0496, 2018) model using a two-trait scale of organizational virtue (Empathy and Courage) derived from Chun (J Bus Ethics 57:269–284, 2005), including measures of CSR and OCB as antecedents, and organizational justice and affective commitment as outcomes. The model is tested on survey data from seven UK managed service organizations in the hotels, logistics and legal sectors. As secondary contribution, moderation analysis is undertaken by industry, offering further insight into the evaluation of organizational anthropomorphism. Firstly, we note that high evaluations of Empathy influence evaluations of Courage through a halo effect. Secondly, we note that heuristic evaluation of the firm’s CSR practice also influences perceptions of Empathy and Courage. The paper also includes a discussion of the critique of organizational virtues by virtue ethicists in an effort to advance the dialogue between the two traditions.
Selective Mutism and Its Relations to Social Anxiety Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Muris Peter , Ollendick Thomas H.
Published: January 2021

In current classification systems, selective mutism (SM) is included in the broad anxiety disorders category. Indeed, there is abundant evidence showing that anxiety, and social anxiety in particular, is a prominent feature of SM. In this article, we point out that autism spectrum problems in addition to anxiety problems are sometimes also implicated in SM. To build our case, we summarize evidence showing that SM, social anxiety disorder (SAD), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are allied clinical conditions and share communalities in the realm of social difficulties. Following this, we address the role of a prototypical class of ASD symptoms, restricted and repetitive behaviors and interests (RRBIs), which are hypothesized to play a special role in the preservation and exacerbation of social difficulties. We then substantiate our point that SM is sometimes more than an anxiety disorder by addressing its special link with ASD in more detail. Finally, we close by noting that the possible involvement of ASD in SM has a number of consequences for clinical practice with regard to its classification, assessment, and treatment of children with SM and highlight a number of directions for future research.
Using advanced statistical tools to assess the impact of a small landfill site on the aquatic environment
Authors: Przydatek Grzegorz
Published: January 2021

The aim of the study was to assess the impact of a small municipal landfill on the aquatic environment over 9 years, using advanced statistical tools. The results of the study of surface, ground- and leachate waters from 2008 to 2016 were subjected to detailed statistical analysis based on 15 physicochemical indicators. Factor analysis accounted for the requirements of the WHO, the European Union and the nation of Poland using 8 statistical analytical methods. The analysis of leachate contamination from the landfill site with the use of advanced statistical tools revealed its interaction with groundwater. The assessment was based on increased and statistically significant values and correlations of temperature, Zn and N–NO3between leachate and groundwater, factors demonstrating the negative impact of the landfill. In the case of Zn, there was also a correlation between the tested waters below the landfill. The increased PAH values in the examined surface and ground waters were not a consequence of waste disposal. However, the deterioration of the chemical state of groundwater in the vicinity of the landfill could result from a certain dysfunction of the facility’s infrastructure after operating for more than 20 years.
Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction analyses of yield performance in rice genotypes for general and specific adaptation to salt stress in locations in India
Authors: Krishnamurthy S. L. , Sharma P. C. , Sharma D. K. , Singh Y. P. , Mishra V. K. , Burman D. , Maji B. , Mandal S. , Sarangi S. K. , Gautam R. K. , Singh P. K. , Manohara K. K. , Marandi B. C. , Chattopadhyay K. , Padmavathi G. , Vanve P. B. , Patil K. D. , Thirumeni S. , Verma O. P. , Khan A. H. , Tiwari S. , Geetha S. , Gill R. , Yadav V. K. , Roy B. , Prakash M. , Anandan A. , Bonifacio J. , Ismail A. M. , Singh R. K.
Published: January 2021

The aim of this study was to identify stable rice genotypes tolerant to a salt stress environment and to identify ideal mega-environments using AMMI (additive main effects and multiplicative interaction) stability model analysis. A total of 13 rice genotypes and three salt tolerance checks were evaluated across 13 salt stress locations (alkaline and saline) for the two kharif seasons of 2014 and 2015. Genotype CSR 36 (CHK3) was found to be the most ideal of those tested. Genotypes CHK2 (CST 27) and IR 87952-1-1-1-2-3-B (G05) were found to be the most stable, with above average yields. The check CSR 36 (CHK3) genotype was the best performer in the majority of the environments studied, followed by CSR 27 (CHK2) and IR 87952-1-1-1-2-3-B (G05) which were the best genotypes in the mega-environment consisting of 21 environments evaluated across stress locations and year combinations. Overall, the most promising genotype (IR 87952-1-1-1-2-3-B) had high mean yield and stability and could be used for commercial cultivation or used as donor for breeding programs across salt-affected soils. The genotypes GN13 (IR 87938-1-1-2-1-3-B) and GN11 (IR 87938-1-2-2-1-3-B) showed 60–80% yield advantage at specific salt stress locations, showing that these genotypes could be used for specific environments of salt-affected soils in India.
Pigou in the 21st Century: a tribute on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the publication of The Economics of Welfare
Authors: Edenhofer Ottmar , Franks Max , Kalkuhl Matthias
Published: January 2021

The year 2020 marks the centennial of the publication of Arthur Cecil Pigou’s magnum opusThe Economics of Welfare. Pigou’s pricing principles have had an enduring influence on the academic debate, with a widespread consensus having emerged among economists that Pigouvian taxes or subsidies are theoretically desirable, but politically infeasible. In this article, we revisit Pigou’s contribution and argue that this consensus is somewhat spurious, particularly in two ways: (1) Economists are too quick to ignore the theoretical problems and subtleties that Pigouvian pricing still faces; (2) The wholesale skepticism concerning the political viability of Pigouvian pricing is at odds with its recent practical achievements. These two points are made by, first, outlining the theoretical and political challenges that include uncertainty about the social cost of carbon, the unclear relationship between the cost–benefit and cost-effectiveness approaches, distributional concerns, fragmented ministerial responsibilities, an unstable tax base, commitment problems, lack of acceptance and trust between government and citizens as well as incomplete international cooperation. Secondly, we discuss the recent political success of Pigouvian pricing, as evidenced by the German government’s 2019 climate policy reform and the EU’s Green Deal. We conclude by presenting a research agenda for addressing the remaining barriers that need to be overcome to make Pigouvian pricing a common political practice.
Testing automatic methods to predict free binding energy of host–guest complexes in SAMPL7 challenge
Authors: Serillon Dylan , Bo Carles , Barril Xavier
Published: January 2021

The design of new host–guest complexes represents a fundamental challenge in supramolecular chemistry. At the same time, it opens new opportunities in material sciences or biotechnological applications. A computational tool capable of automatically predicting the binding free energy of any host–guest complex would be a great aid in the design of new host systems, or to identify new guest molecules for a given host. We aim to build such a platform and have used the SAMPL7 challenge to test several methods and design a specific computational pipeline. Predictions will be based on machine learning (when previous knowledge is available) or a physics-based method (otherwise). The formerly delivered predictions with an RMSE of 1.67 kcal/mol but will require further work to identify when a specific system is outside of the scope of the model. The latter is combines the semiempirical GFN2B functional, with docking, molecular mechanics, and molecular dynamics. Correct predictions (RMSE of 1.45 kcal/mol) are contingent on the identification of the correct binding mode, which can be very challenging for host–guest systems with a large number of degrees of freedom. Participation in the blind SAMPL7 challenge provided fundamental direction to the project. More advanced versions of the pipeline will be tested against future SAMPL challenges.
Human cardiomyocyte-derived exosomes induce cardiac gene expressions in mesenchymal stromal cells within 3D hyaluronic acid hydrogels and in dose-dependent manner
Authors: Derkus Burak
Published: January 2021

Accomplishing a reliable lineage-specific differentiation of stem cells is vital in tissue engineering applications, however, this need remained unmet. Extracellular nanovesicles (particularly exosomes) have previously been shown to have this potential owing to their rich biochemical content including proteins, nucleic acids and metabolites. In this work, the potential of human cardiomyocytes-derived exosomes to induce in vitro cardiac gene expressions in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) was evaluated. Cardiac exosomes (CExo) were integrated with hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel, which was functionalized with tyramine (HA-Tyr) to enable the development of 3D (three dimensional), robust and bioactive hybrid cell culture construct through oxidative coupling. In HA-Tyr/CExo 3D hybrid hydrogels, hMSCs exhibited good viability and proliferation behaviours. Real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) results demonstrated that cells incubated within HA-Tyr/CExo expressed early cardiac progenitor cell markers (GATA4, Nkx2.5 and Tbx5), but not cTnT, which is expressed in the late stages of cardiac differentiation and development. The expressions of cardiac genes were remarkably increased with increasing CExo concentration, signifying a dose-dependent induction of hMSCs. This report, to some extent, explains the potential of tissue-specific exosomes to induce lineage-specific differentiation. However, the strategy requires further mechanistic explanations so that it can be utilized in translational medicine.
A Posteriori Subcell Finite Volume Limiter for General $$P_NP_M$$ Schemes: Applications from Gasdynamics to Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamics
Authors: Gaburro Elena , Dumbser Michael
Published: January 2021

In this work, we consider the general family of the so called ADER$$P_NP_M$$PNPMschemes for the numerical solution of hyperbolic partial differential equations witharbitraryhigh order of accuracy in space and time. The family of one-step$$P_NP_M$$PNPMschemes was introduced in Dumbser (J Comput Phys 227:8209–8253, 2008) and represents a unified framework for classical high order Finite Volume (FV) schemes ($$N=0$$N=0), the usual Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods ($$N=M$$N=M), as well as a new class of intermediate hybrid schemes for which a reconstruction operator of degreeMis applied over piecewise polynomial data of degreeNwith$$M>N$$M>N. In all cases with$$M \ge N > 0 $$M≥N>0the$$P_NP_M$$PNPMschemes arelinearin the sense of Godunov (Math. USSR Sbornik 47:271–306, 1959), thus when considering phenomena characterized by discontinuities, spurious oscillations may appear and even destroy the simulation. Therefore, in this paper we present a new simple, robust and accurate a posteriori subcell finite volume limiting strategy that is valid for the entire class of$$P_NP_M$$PNPMschemes. The subcell FV limiter is activated only where it is needed, i.e. in the neighborhood of shocks or other discontinuities, and is able to maintain the resolution of the underlying high order$$P_NP_M$$PNPMschemes, due to the use of a rather fine subgrid of$$2N+1$$2N+1subcells per space dimension. The paper contains a wide set of test cases for different hyperbolic PDE systems, solved on adaptive Cartesian meshes that show the capabilities of the proposed method both on smooth and discontinuous problems, as well as the broad range of its applicability. The tests range from compressible gasdynamics over classical MHD to relativistic magnetohydrodynamics.
Correction to: Inducement grants, hiring announcements, and adverse selection for new CEOs
Authors: Cadman Brian , Carrizosa Richard , Peng Xiaoxia
Published: January 2021

A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11142-020-09577-2
Combining parenthood and work: transmission channels and heterogeneous returns to early public childcare
Authors: Schuss Eric , Azaouagh Mohammed
Published: January 2021

We exploit local and temporal variation in the availability of public childcare for children under the age of three that induces exogenous variation in childcare attendance. We find a weak, positive average treatment effect (ATE) on maternal labor supply. The estimation of the average treatment effect is interesting – however, possibly masking important effect heterogeneity. Examining selection behavior and estimating marginal treatment effects along the distribution of observables and unobservables that drive individual treatment decisions reveal transmission channels and uncover substantial heterogeneity in marginal returns from public childcare reforms. By estimating marginal returns, we detect reverse selection on gains at the intensive margin, whereas a substantial share (40 percent) of mothers with median desire to public childcare react with increased probability to work full time. Thus, if the supply of public childcare is expanded from a modest to a more generous level of coverage, those with average resistance towards early public childcare do gain. At the extensive margin, positive selection on gains is found; however, only a small fraction of mothers with the lowest distaste for early public childcare shift from non-employment to part-time jobs.
Ought-contextualism and reasoning
Authors: Bradley Darren
Published: January 2021

What does logic tells us how about we ought to reason? If P entails Q, and I believe P, should I believe Q? I will argue that we should embed the issue in an independently motivated contextualist semantics for ‘ought’, with parameters for a standard and set of propositions. With the contextualist machinery in hand, we can defend a strong principle expressing how agents ought to reason while accommodating conflicting intuitions. I then show how our judgments about blame and guidance can be handled by this machinery.
Impact of Training and Municipal Support on Primary Health Care–Based Measurement of Alcohol Consumption in Three Latin American Countries: 5-Month Outcome Results of the Quasi-experimental Randomized SCALA Trial
Authors: Anderson Peter , Manthey Jakob , Llopis Eva Jané , Rey Guillermina Natera , Bustamante Ines V. , Piazza Marina , Aguilar Perla Sonia Medina , Mejía-Trujillo Juliana , Pérez-Gómez Augusto , Rowlands Gill , Lopez-Pelayo Hugo , Mercken Liesbeth , Kokole Dasa , O’Donnell Amy , Solovei Adriana , Kaner Eileen , Schulte Bernd , de Vries Hein , Schmidt Christiane , Gual Antoni , Rehm Jürgen
Published: January 2021

Purpose

We aimed to test the effects of providing municipal support and training to primary health care providers compared to both training alone and to care as usual on the proportion of adult patients having their alcohol consumption measured.

Methods

We undertook a quasi-experimental study reporting on a 5-month implementation period in 58 primary health care centres from municipal areas within Bogotá (Colombia), Mexico City (Mexico), and Lima (Peru). Within the municipal areas, units were randomized to four arms: (1) care as usual (control); (2) training alone; (3) training and municipal support, designed specifically for the study, using a less intensive clinical and training package; and (4) training and municipal support, designed specifically for the study, using a more intense clinical and training package. The primary outcome was the cumulative proportion of consulting adult patients out of the population registered within the centre whose alcohol consumption was measured (coverage).

Results

The combination of municipal support and training did not result in higher coverage than training alone (incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.0, 95% CI = 0.6 to 0.8). Training alone resulted in higher coverage than no training (IRR = 9.8, 95% CI = 4.1 to 24.7). Coverage did not differ by intensity of the clinical and training package (coefficient = 0.8, 95% CI 0.4 to 1.5).

Conclusions

Training of providers is key to increasing coverage of alcohol measurement amongst primary health care patients. Although municipal support provided no added value, it is too early to conclude this finding, since full implementation was shortened due to COVID-19 restrictions.

Trial Registration

Clinical Trials.gov ID: NCT03524599; Registered 15 May 2018; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03524599
Executive functional deficits during electrical stimulation of the right frontal aslant tract
Authors: Rutten Geert-Jan M. , Landers Maud J. F. , De Baene Wouter , Meijerink Tessa , van der Hek Stephanie , Verheul Jeroen H. B.
Published: January 2021

Direct electrical stimulation mapping was used to map executive functions during awake surgery of a patient with a right frontal low-grade glioma. We specifically targeted the frontal aslant tract, as this pathway had been infiltrated by the tumor. The right frontal aslant tract has been implicated in executive functions in the neuroscientific literature, but is yet of unknown relevance for clinical practice. Guided by tractography, electrical stimulation of the frontal aslant tract disrupted working memory and inhibitory functions. In this report we illustrate the dilemmas that neurosurgeons face when balancing maximal tumor resection against optimal cognitive performance. In particular, we emphasize that intraoperative tasks that target cognitive functions should be carefully introduced in clinical practice to prevent clinically irrelevant responses and too early termination of the resection.
Bioavailability of microcystin-LR in two different soil types to the legume Alfalfa Medicago sativa L.
Authors: Esterhuizen M. , Schmitner N. , Pflugmacher S.
Published: January 2021

The adverse effects of exposure to microcystins in terrestrial crops have been well documented. However, the retention and bioavailability of microcystin-LR, one of the most prevalent cyanotoxins, from soil to plants, is poorly understood. In the present study, the amount of free microcystin-LR from two soil types, a silty sand and clayey loam, with exposure to three toxin concentrations and time was investigated. Using the two soil types, the effects on Medicago sativa (Alfalfa) growth after microcystin-LR exposure via irrigation with spiked water and pre-spiked soil was investigated and the amount of microcystin-LR taken up by the plant quantified. After 3 weeks of growth, the amount of free microcystin-LR remaining in the two soil types with each treatment was quantified. The results indicated that in clayey loam more microcystin-LR is bound to the soil. However, the growth of Alfalfa was only affected in the clayey loam with microcystin/LR exposure via irrigation. Nevertheless, microcystin-LR was detected in Alfalfa grown in both soil types exposed by both irrigation and via pre-spiked soil. Interestingly, more microcystin-LR remained in the silty sand after 3 weeks; yet, more microcystin-LR was taken up by the Alfalfa grown in the silty sand, with a larger concentration in the roots compared to the shoots. The results indicate that the soil type substantially influences the bioavailability and uptake of microcystin-LR and present some insight into the ecological risk posed by microcystin-LR.
Sharing the Power of White Privilege to Catalyze Positive Change in Academic Medicine
Authors: Rodríguez José E. , Tumin Dmitry , Campbell Kendall M.
Published: January 2021

White privilege can be often overlooked and poorly understood in academic medicine, by those who wield it, and by those who suffer from its deleterious effects. Dr. Peggy McIntosh, a leader in research on equity and diversity in education, described white privilege as a set of unearned benefits that white people have based on being born white in a culture that favors the white race. White people have privilege because it was given to them by other white people, and it was taken by claiming superiority over people of color, starting before the European colonizations of Africa, Asia, and the Americas, and continuing through the present day. Many white people come from impoverished communities, suffer from socioeconomic disadvantage, and struggle with unemployment. They may also suffer from inadequate housing and limited education. Because they are white, they still benefit from privilege and positive stereotypes associated with light skin color. As our nation reckons with the murders of unarmed Black people by police, recognizing that  many white people have been allies and agents of change forBlack and other minority people, discussing how the power of white privilege can be shared is needed. The authors discuss the power of white privilege and how that power can be shared to promote change in academic medicine.
Trust issues? The need to secure contactless biometric payment cards
Authors: Nilsson Henrik
Published: January 2021

Fingerprint authentication is a mature and trusted technology, refined through a decade of mass adoption across the mobile world. With biometrics now in over 80% of smartphones, it is also a preferred technology that has rapidly overtaken PIN authentication as the means to secure access to devices, make payments and secure applications.
Editorial
Authors: Mansfield-Devine Steve
Published: January 2021

The true impact of the Solar-Winds breach is yet to be reckoned. The story is still unfolding, although it will surely rank as one of the most significant hacks of all time – so far. It should also act as final proof, for those who are still in denial, that major nations are fully engaged in a cyber cold war, and one that is being fought on many fronts.
Simplifying security: how to navigate the integration challenge
Authors: Lloyd Mike
Published: January 2021

We deploy a lot of security technology, but breaches continue. Either we’re bad at this or the game is stacked against us.

It turns out it's the latter – there are structural reasons why security remains so elusive. We’re short staffed, up against a heavily automated group of adversaries, and our IT infrastructure is fragmenting. Mike Lloyd at RedSeal suggests that we need to find a better way to target investments in security to where they are most needed, and then integrate a single view of our ever-widening attack surface.

When it comes to cyber security, the home team is losing. We spend a lot of money and deploy a lot of technology, but failures and breaches continue. It seems that either we’re pretty bad at this, or the game must be stacked against us.
English Law Under Two Elizabeths
Authors: Baker Sir John
Published: January 2021

Comparative legal history is generally understood to involve the comparison of legal systems in different countries. This is an experiment in a different kind of comparison. The legal world of the first Elizabethans is separated from that of today by nearly half a millennium. But the past is not a wholly different country. The common law is still, in an organic sense, the same common law as it was in Tudor times and Parliament is legally the same Parliament. The concerns of Tudor lawyers turn out to resonate with those of the present and this book concentrates on three of them: access to justice, in terms of both cost and public awareness; the respective roles of common law and legislation; and the means of protecting the rule of law through the courts. Central to the story is the development of judicial review in the time of Elizabeth I.
China with a Cut
Authors: de Kloet Jeroen
Published: January 2021

In the wake of intense globalisation and commercialisation in the 1990s, China saw the emergence of a vibrant popular culture. Drawing on sixteen years of research, Jeroen de Kloet explores the popular music industry in Beijing, Hong Kong and Shanghai, providing a fascinating history of its emergence and extensive audience analysis, while also exploring the effect of censorship on the music scene in China. China with a Cut pays particular attention to the dakou culture: so named after a cut nicked into the edge to render them unsellable, these illegally imported Western CDs still play most of the tracks. They also played a crucial role in the emergence of the new music and youth culture. De Kloet's impressive study demonstrates how the young Chinese cope with the rapid economic and social changes in a period of intense globalisation, and offers a unique insight into the socio-cultural and political transformations of a rising global power.
Marketing Love: Romance Publishers Mills & Boon and Harlequin Enterprises, 1930–1990
Authors: SUTTON DENISE HARDESTY
Published: January 2021

When Harlequin Enterprises acquired British publisher Mills & Boon in 1972, the merged firm became the world’s dominant publisher of popular romance novels. Little is known, however, about the role that innovative marketing strategies played in the growth of these two romance publishing companies, especially their use of product sampling, direct mail, product standardization, and what was known at Mills & Boon as the “personal touch.” Through research in the Mills & Boon company archive at the University of Reading, the Grescoe Archive at the University of Calgary, as well as an analysis of company histories, trade publications, interviews, and marketing techniques, this study reveals how Harlequin and Mills & Boon took a different approach to product promotion than traditional publishers. Their innovation was to incorporate consumer goods marketing strategies, familiar to other industries, that disrupted and redefined standard practices of book publishers.
Constitutional Origins and Liberal Democracy: A Global Analysis, 1900–2015
Authors: NEGRETTO GABRIEL L. , SÁNCHEZ-TALANQUER MARIANO
Published: January 2021

A strong tradition in democratic theory claims that only constitutions made with direct popular involvement can establish or deepen democracy. Against this view, we argue that new constitutions are likely to enhance liberal democracy when they emerge through a plural agreement among political elites with distinct bases of social support. Power dispersion during constitution writing induces the adoption of institutions that protect opposition forces from the arbitrary use of executive power without unduly impairing majority rule. However, since incumbents may renege on the bargain, the democratizing effect of politically plural constitutional agreements is likely to be larger in the short term, when the identity of negotiating political forces and the balance of power between them tend to remain stable. We find support for these arguments using an original global dataset on the origins of constitutions between 1900 and 2015 and a difference-in-differences design.
Better Kept in the Dark? Portfolio Disclosure and Agency Problems in Mutual Funds
Authors: Dyakov Teodor , Harford Jarrad , Qiu Buhui
Published: January 2021

We study the agency implications of increased disclosure using a regulatory change in the mutual fund industry as an experimental setting. This quasi-natural experiment mandated more frequent portfolio disclosure, which we show imposes managerial skill-reassessment risks from investors on funds with high relative performance volatility. In turn, this risk translates into greater agency costs to investors. We show that high-volatility funds, relative to low-volatility funds, responded to the increased skill-reassessment risk after regulation with an increase in management fees and a decrease in risk taking. These actions get transmitted to fund investors in the form of inferior net performance.
Modelling operative and routine learning curves in manoeuvres in locks and in transit in the expanded Panama Canal
Authors: Carral Luis , Tarrío-Saavedra Javier , Sáenz Adán Vega , Bogle Johnny , Alemán Gabriel , Naya Salvador
Published: January 2021

Piloting in the Panama Canal is exceptional as, due to its importance, the functions of the captains of vessels are taken over by pilots. Hence, prior to inauguration of the expanded canal, a limited number of pilots experienced on the existing canal were certified for the transit of Neopanamax vessels by means of planned and innovative individual learning. After this organisational training through operative training, with the implementation of the expanded canal in June 2016, the routine training started. Hence the learning curve in the performance of these manoeuvres will represent the growing skill acquired by both the pilots and the organisation. Given that the learning effect is measurable, this paper has the dual objective of determining two curve models: the organisation operative learning curve model and the routine learning curve model for pilots performing transit manoeuvres in the expanded Panama Canal waterways and the Cocolí and Agua Clara locks. Manoeuvre times in locks and transit in the whole of the canal were followed up continuously in the first 42 months of operation.
Status of endemic reed-warblers of the Mariana Islands, with emphasis on conservation strategies for the endangered Nightingale Reed-warbler
Authors: MARSHALL ANN P. , AMIDON FRED A. , CAMP RICHARD J. , GORRESEN P. MARCOS , RADLEY PAUL M.
Published: January 2021

Insular species, particularly birds, experience high levels of speciation and endemism. Similarly, island birds experience extreme levels of extinction. Based on a 2012 taxonomic assessment, historically there were four reed-warbler species in the Mariana Islands, the Guam Reed-warblerAcrocephalus luscinia(Guam), the Nightingale Reed-warblerAcrocephalus hiwae(Saipan and Alamagan), the Aguijuan Reed-warblerA. nijoi(Aguiguan or Aguijuan), and the Pagan Reed-warblerA. yamashinae(Pagan). Between 2008 and 2010 we surveyed for three of these species on Alamagan, Aguiguan, and Pagan. Our results indicate that reed-warblers are extinct on Aguiguan, likely extinct on Pagan, and only the Nightingale Reed-warbler on Alamagan and Saipan remains. We estimated the global population at between 1,019 and 6,356 birds (95% CI; mean estimate 3,688), which has declined by more than 1,000 birds since the first quantitative surveys were conducted in 1982, i.e. a 24% decline in 28 years. Campet al. (2009) describe the status of the Nightingale Reed-warbler on Saipan, which has also declined. We estimated the Alamagan population to be between 428 and 1,762 birds in 2010 (mean estimate 946). Thus, the Alamagan population is ~25 % of the global population, and it has declined slightly since 2000. This decline was not significant but is concerning, especially given a similar decline on Saipan. Restoration and protection of tall-stature native and secondary forest could benefit the Alamagan population, as would similar conservation on Saipan that includes wetland habitat. After suitable restoration of forest and wetland habitats on Aguiguan, Guam and Pagan, individuals from Alamagan and Saipan could serve as founder populations. Careful consideration of the extent and habitat preference of individuals translocated to Tinian, where an unknown reed-warbler species previously occurred, is warranted.
“My Teachers Rode with Jesse James,” or Teaching Is Hard: A Political Scientist's Reflections on Good Teaching
Authors: Genovese Michael A.
Published: January 2021

This article examines the chief characteristics that make for good or great teaching. A combination of professional, disciplinary, and key interpersonal factors is required to advance from good to great. The alchemic process of learning—especially “how” we learn—also is explored.
Brief, Performance-Based Cognitive Screening in Youth Aged 12–25: A Systematic Review
Authors: Bryce Shayden D. , Bowden Stephen C. , Wood Stephen J. , Allott Kelly
Published: January 2021

Objective:

Cognitive screening is an efficient method of detecting cognitive impairment in adults and may signal need for comprehensive assessment. Cognitive screening is not, however, routinely used in youth aged 12–25, limiting clinical recommendations. The aims of this review were to describe performance-based cognitive screening tools used in people aged 12–25 and the contexts of use, review screening accuracy in detecting cognitive impairment relative to an objective reference standard, and evaluate the risk of bias of included studies.

Method:

Electronic databases (Scopus, Medline, PsychINFO, and ERIC) were searched for relevant studies according to pre-determined criteria. Risk of bias was rated using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2. Dual screening, extraction, and quality ratings occurred at each review phase.

Results:

Twenty studies met the review inclusion criteria. A diverse range of screening tools (length, format) were used in youth aged 12–25 with or without health conditions. Six studies investigating cognitive screening were conducted as primary accuracy studies and reported some relevant psychometric parameters (e.g., sensitivity and specificity). Fourteen studies presented correlational data to investigate the cognitive measure utility. Studies generally presented limited data on classification accuracy, which impacted full screening tool appraisal. Risk of bias was high (or unclear) in most studies with poor adherence to the Standards for Reporting Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (STARD) criteria.

Conclusions:

Few, high quality studies have investigated the utility of cognitive screening in youth aged 12–25, with no screening measure emerging as superior at detecting cognitive impairment in this age group.
Time‐Domain Modeling of Three‐Dimensional Earth's and Planetary Electromagnetic Induction Effect in Ground and Satellite Observations
Authors: Grayver Alexander V. , Kuvshinov Alexey , Werthmüller Dieter
Published: January 2021

Electric currents induced in conductive planetary interiors by time‐varying magnetospheric and ionospheric current systems have a significant effect on electromagnetic (EM) field observations. Complete characterization of EM induction effects is difficult owing to nonlinear interactions between the three‐dimensional electrical structure of a planet and spatial complexity of inducing current systems. We present, a general framework for time‐domain modeling of three‐dimensional EM induction effects in heterogeneous conducting planets. Our approach does not assume that the magnetic field is potential, allows for an arbitrary distribution of electrical conductivity within a planet, and can deal with spatially complex time‐varying current systems. The method is applicable to both data measured at stationary observation sites and satellite platforms, and enables the calculation of three‐dimensional EM induction effects in near real‐time settings.
The Peculiar Trajectory of Global Warming
Authors: Fueglistaler S. , Silvers L.G.
Published: January 2021

General Circulation Model (GCM) simulations with prescribed observed sea surface temperature (SST) over the historical period show systematic global shortwave cloud radiative effect (SWCRE) variations uncorrelated with global surface temperature (known as “pattern effect”). Here, we show that a single parameter that quantifies the difference in SSTs between regions of tropical deep convection and the tropical or global average (Δconv) captures the time‐varying “pattern effect” in the simulations using the PCMDI/AMIPII SST recommended for CMIP6. In particular, a large positive trend in the 1980s–1990s in Δconv explains the change of sign to a strongly negative SWCRE feedback since the late 1970s. In these decades, the regions of deep convection warm about +50% more than the tropical average. Such an amplification is rarely observed in forced coupled atmosphere‐ocean GCM simulations, where the amplified warming is typically about +10%. During the post 2000 global warming hiatus Δconv shows little change, and the more recent period of resumed global warming is too short to robustly detect trends. In the prescribed SST simulations, Δconv is forced by the SST difference between warmer and colder regions. An index thereof (SST#) evaluated for six SST reconstructions shows similar trends for the satellite era, but the difference between the pre‐ and the satellite era is substantially larger in the PCMDI/AMIPII SSTs than in the other reconstructions. Quantification of the cloud feedback depends critically on small changes in the shape of the SST probability density distribution. These sensitivities underscore how essential highly accurate, persistent, and stable global climate records are to determine the cloud feedback.
Ecosystem Scale Implication of Soil CO2 Concentration Dynamics During Soil Freezing in Alaskan Arctic Tundra Ecosystems
Authors: Wilkman Eric , Zona Donatella , Arndt Kyle , Gioli Beniamino , Nakamoto Kyoko , Lipson David A. , Oechel Walter C.
Published: January 2021

The rates, processes, and controls on Arctic cold period soil carbon loss are still poorly understood. To understand one component of winter CO2 loss in the atmosphere, continuous measurements of soil (CO2) were made and compared to ecosystem scale CO2 fluxes. Measurements of soil (CO2) were made near Utqiaġvik, Alaska from the beginning of soil thaw in summer 2005 to spring 2007. In the summer, soil (CO2) rose with increased soil temperature, reaching value orders of magnitude higher than the atmospheric (CO2). Soil (CO2) initially decreased at the end of summer and beginning of fall but then increased subsequent to soil freezing. Due to complex changes in biological activity, storage, and transport processes, soil (CO2) was then approximately doubled than that was observed in the summer. After reaching peak concentrations in November, soil (CO2) steeply decreased over a couple of weeks, suggesting a substantial release of CO2 into the atmosphere and movement within the soil column. Eddy covariance (EC) measurements showed variable but continued emissions of CO2 to the atmosphere during freezeup. The disconnect between soil (CO2) and landscape level fluxes may be attributed to the spatiotemporal heterogeneity in release of high concentrations of soil (CO2) to the atmosphere during the fall; and when integrated over the area of the EC tower footprint, do not frequently result in detectable emission events. Continued monitoring of fall and winter soil (CO2) and ecosystem fluxes will be vital for further understanding the variability of interannual Arctic CO2 emissions.
New Insights into the Lateral‐Strength Variations and Depth to the Brittle‐Ductile Transition Zone in NW Iberia
Authors: Fernández‐Lozano J. , Martín‐González F. , De Vicente G.
Published: January 2021

The northwest of Iberia experiences important tectonic activity that has led to several episodes of seismic swarms. Despite substantial knowledge of the surface structures that could be responsible for this activity, their distribution at depth remains unclear. Geophysical research and rheological data display important discrepancies concerning the deep structure of the area. In order to shed light on the processes that control deep seismicity and their relationship with surface structures, we combine the analysis of seismic activity in northwest Iberia with the interpretation of sandbox experiments simulating tectonic structures similar to those observed. The structural interpretation of the modeling results was conducted by analyzing the surface particle image velocimetry field. Additionally, yield strength and brittle‐ductile transition zone (BDTZ) maps were constructed from model sections. The modeling results show a direct relationship between the main active structures developed along pre‐existing weak zones and the observed variations in crustal thickness. Moreover, these thickened zones correspond to the sectors where the BDTZ in the crust deepens. Therefore, the anomalous thickness and lateral variations of the seismogenic zone cannot be solely explained by rheological or structural changes but result from a combination of factors such as fluid pressure and the location of fractures at depth, which controls the fluid migration responsible for the failure of crustal faults. These factors can trigger seismic activity at depth and may control the observed thickness variations in the BDTZ.
Crustal Deformation and Fault Strength of the Sulawesi Subduction Zone
Authors: Greenfield T. , Copley A. C. , Caplan C. , Supendi P. , Widiyantoro S. , Rawlinson N.
Published: January 2021

This paper investigates the seismicity and rheology of the North‐Sulawesi subduction zone. Body‐wave modeling is used to estimate focal mechanisms and centroid depths of moderate magnitude (M5–M6.5) earthquakes on the North Sulawesi megathrust and surrounding region. The slip vectors of megathrust earthquakes radiate outward from Sulawesi, indicating motion that is incompatible with the relative motion of two rigid plates. Instead, the observed deformation implies lateral spreading of high topography, controlled by gravitational potential energy contrasts. This finding suggests that the observed deformation of Sulawesi results from stresses transmitted through the lithosphere, rather than basal tractions due to circulation in the mantle. Our modeling of the force balance on the megathrust shows that the subduction megathrust is weak, with an average shear stress of ∼13 MPa and an effective coefficient of friction of 0.03. Elsewhere in Sulawesi, slip vectors of other earthquakes suggest similar potential‐energy‐driven deformation is present, but at significantly slower rates. Our results show the importance of lateral rheology contrasts in determining deformation rate, and hence seismic hazard, in response to a given driving force.
A novel hypoxic long noncoding RNA KB-1980E6.3 maintains breast cancer stem cell stemness via interacting with IGF2BP1 to facilitate c-Myc mRNA stability
Authors: Zhu Pengpeng , He Fang , Hou Yixuan , Tu Gang , Li Qiao , Jin Ting , Zeng Huan , Qin Yilu , Wan Xueying , Qiao Yina , Qiu Yuxiang , Teng Yong , Liu Manran
Published: January 2021

The hostile hypoxic microenvironment takes primary responsibility for the rapid expansion of breast cancer tumors. However, the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Here, using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis, we identified a hypoxia-induced long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) KB-1980E6.3, which is aberrantly upregulated in clinical breast cancer tissues and closely correlated with poor prognosis of breast cancer patients. The enhanced lncRNA KB-1980E6.3 facilitates breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) self-renewal and tumorigenesis under hypoxic microenvironment both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, lncRNA KB-1980E6.3 recruited insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 1 (IGF2BP1) to form a lncRNA KB-1980E6.3/IGF2BP1/c-Myc signaling axis that retained the stability of c-Myc mRNA through increasing binding of IGF2BP1 with m6A-modified c-Myc coding region instability determinant (CRD) mRNA. In conclusion, we confirm that lncRNA KB-1980E6.3 maintains the stemness of BCSCs through lncRNA KB-1980E6.3/IGF2BP1/c-Myc axis and suggest that disrupting this axis might provide a new therapeutic target for refractory hypoxic tumors.
A genomic view of the microbiome of coral reef demosponges
Authors: Robbins S J , Song W , Engelberts J P , Glasl B , Slaby B M , Boyd J , Marangon E , Botté E S , Laffy P , Thomas T , Webster N S
Published: January 2021

Sponges underpin the productivity of coral reefs, yet few of their microbial symbionts have been functionally characterised. Here we present an analysis of ~1200 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) spanning seven sponge species and 25 microbial phyla. Compared to MAGs derived from reef seawater, sponge-associated MAGs were enriched in glycosyl hydrolases targeting components of sponge tissue, coral mucus and macroalgae, revealing a critical role for sponge symbionts in cycling reef organic matter. Further, visualisation of the distribution of these genes amongst symbiont taxa uncovered functional guilds for reef organic matter degradation. Genes for the utilisation of sialic acids and glycosaminoglycans present in sponge tissue were found in specific microbial lineages that also encoded genes for attachment to sponge-derived fibronectins and cadherins, suggesting these lineages can utilise specific structural elements of sponge tissue. Further, genes encoding CRISPR and restriction-modification systems used in defence against mobile genetic elements were enriched in sponge symbionts, along with eukaryote-like gene motifs thought to be involved in maintaining host association. Finally, we provide evidence that many of these sponge-enriched genes are laterally transferred between microbial taxa, suggesting they confer a selective advantage within the sponge niche and therefore play a critical role in host ecology and evolution.