bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Niños (as) Económicamente Aventajados en el Espacio del Centro Comercial
Authors: Magendzo Salomón , Bahamondes Miguel
Published: December 2013

La investigación se basó en el supuesto que la transmisión cultural y social de losadultos y los centros comerciales repercutiría en los comportamientos y los ritualesque los niños(as) (que en el caso del presente estudio pertenecían a la clase alta ymedia alta), desplegarían en los espacios de consumo, en especial cuando éste es el centro comercial. Sin embargo, y en contradicción con lo anterior, también se postuló que, dada la etapa del desarrollo en que estos niños (as) se encuentran (9 a 11 años), se re–apropiarían del espacio en los términos de Certeaux (1996).La metodología fue de carácter descriptivo, exploratorio y cuantitativa, utilizandola técnica de la observación no participante.Los resultados dieron cuenta de diversos comportamientos de los niños (as) dentrodel centro comercial, cuyo análisis permitió sustentar lo postulado respecto a la transmisión cultural de los adultos y del espacio comercial, pero no así la hipótesis de la re–apropiación.
Contribuciones y retos de la Psicología de la Salud en el Abordaje de la Hipertensión Arterial Esencial
Authors: Molerio Pérez Osana , García Romagosa Georgina
Published: December 2013

Los trastornos hipertensivos tiene gran relevancia en nuestro medio no sólo por sualta incidencia sino por su papel como factor de riesgo de los trastornos cardio ycerebrovasculares. En el presente trabajo se presentan resultados de investigaciones en el campo de la Psicología de la Salud que perfilan el papel de los factores psicosociales en la génesis y evolución de Hipertensión arterial (HTA) que evidencian la necesidad de la consideración de los mismos por los equiposmultidisciplinarios encargados de la atención de los pacientes hipertensos. Finalmente se plantean algunas interrogantes que aún quedan planteadas a la Psicología de la Salud.
Funciones Integrativas Gnósticas del Sistema Neuroendocrino
Authors: Santibañez-H. Guy
Published: December 2013

Entendemos por conocimiento un fenómeno psicológico que resulta de la interacción entre un ser viviente y sus medios. El resultado de esta interacción consiste en el procesamiento de las informaciones que el medio entrega al ser viviente. Este procesamiento tiene lugar en el Sistema Neuroendocrino, el cual tiene a su cargo la regulación de los procesos de ajuste de los individuos de una especie al medio de pertenencia.Las funciones interactivas entre el individuo y un medio externo específico forman parte de la Actividad de Integración del Sistema Neuroendocrino, que origina tres funciones específicas: reactividad, plasticidad y subjetividad. Estas son las funciones genotípicas, automáticas–reflejas incondicionadas, las funciones fenotípicas aprendidas, propias de la experiencia individual y las funciones virtuales, también fenotípicas, pero pertenecientes al ámbito subjetivo de los individuos.Toda adquisición de hábitos de adaptación implica una porción de conocimientos. El más elemental aprendizaje, como un reflejo condicionado, está determinando la habilidad de los individuos para operar con conocimientos.La adquisición de cualquier conocimiento exige un aprendizaje que está determinado por un fenómeno psicobiológico básico.Este fenómeno incumbe a todos aquellos seres obligados a adaptarse a un medio externo para subsistir. El conocimiento es una condición que crea la habilidad de los individuos para reflejar virtualmente los acontecimientos que ocurren en el medio en general, y en especial aquellos que adquieren una significación importante en la actividad adaptativa.El conocimiento es un proceso psicológico, producto de las funciones de integración del Sistema Neuroendocrino, que sucesivamente permiten a un ser vivo reconocer a un fenómeno, suceso u objeto integrante de un medio(externo, interno, subjetivo); generar un reflejo subjetivo de este fenómeno, suceso u objeto; conservarlo en sus sistemas némicos; manipularlo, predecir un comportamiento tanto espontáneo como inducido; operar de una manera virtual sobre el objeto, es decir, planificar a futuro las manipulaciones que eventualmente puedan modificar intencionalmente al objeto, fenómeno o suceso; desarrollar habilidades para reproducirlo, y en su última fase, recrearlo.Todo proceso de interacción “individuo–medio” está basado en una condición básica: la existencia de una función individual que permite reproducir, reflejar determi-nados eventos que tienen lugar en este medio. En estas condiciones, puede tener lugar la adaptación. En otros términos, la adaptación implica conocimientos, y los conocimientos son producto del aprendizaje. Hay un trío de fenómenos psicológicos que trabajan interactivamente: Percepción, Conocimiento, Aprendizaje.
Geophilic dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi in the nests of wetland birds
Authors: Korniłłowicz-Kowalska Teresa , Kitowski Ignacy , Iglik Helena
Published: December 2013

The frequency and species diversity of keratinophilic fungi in 38 nests of nine species of wetland birds were examined. Nine species of geophilic dermatophytes and 13 Chrysosporium species were recorded. Ch. keratinophilum, which together with its teleomorph (Aphanoascus fulvescens) represented 53% of the keratinolytic mycobiota of the nests, was the most frequently observed species. Chrysosporium tropicum, Trichophyton terrestre and Microsporum gypseum populations were less widespread. The distribution of individual populations was not uniform and depended on physical and chemical properties of the nests (humidity, pH).
Taxonomic notes on the Polish Tulostoma species
Authors: Tomaszewska Agnieszka , Łuszczyński Janusz , Łuszczyńska Bożena , Jaworska Justyna
Published: December 2013

Tulostoma genus Pers.: Pers. is represented in Poland by five species (Wojewoda 2003). Only two of those: Tulostoma brumale Pers.: Pers. and T. fimbriatum Fr. can be considered as a relatively common while others such as: Tulostoma kotlabae Pouzar, T. melanocyclum Bres. and T. squamosum (Gmelin in L.): Pers. are very rare. Observations of macrofungi of xerothermic habitats at the Nida Basin (Central Poland), demonstrated the existance of many varieties of particular taxa until now not listed in the Polish mycological literature, and also new sites of all so far described Tulostoma species. Recording of lower taxa such as: Tulostoma brumale Pers. var. longipes (Czern.) J. E. Wright, T. brumale Pers. var. pallidum (Lloyd) J. E. Wright, and T. fimbriatum Fr. var. campestre (Morgan) Moreno are identified at the study area.
Phyllosphere mycobiota on garden ponds plants
Authors: Kowalik Maria
Published: December 2013

Investigations were conducted on calamus, common cattail, soft rush, yellow iris and white water lily plants in twenty ponds in Malopolska and Podkarpacie Regions. Mycobiota existing in the phyllosphere caused discolouring and necroses of leaves and shoots. 88 species of mycobiota were identified and isolated from the diseased tissues. Dominant were Alternaria alternata, Epicoccum nigrum and Isaria farinosa. Fungi of genera: Aspergillus, Botrytis, Chaetomium, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Ilyonectria, Mortierella, Mucor, Penicillium, Phialophora, Phoma, Pleustomophora, Sordaria, Trichoderma and Umbelopsis were also numerous. The monophagous and the polyphagous were identified.
Fusaria and other fungi taxa associated with rhizosphere and rhizoplane of lentil and sesame at different growth stages
Authors: Abdel-Hafez Sobhy I. , Ismail Mady A. , Hussein Nemmat A. , Abdel-Hameed Nivien A.
Published: December 2013

Density and diversity of Fusarium species and other fungi associated with rhizosphere and rhizoplane of lentil and sesame plants at three different growth stages were investigated. Sixteen species of Fusarium were isolated from rhizosphere (13 species) and rhizoplane (11) of both plants studied. In lentil, 11 species were recorded from its rhizosphere (9 species) and rhizoplane (8). Fusarium species associated with lentil rhizoplane gave highest number of propagules at the first stage of plant growth while the ones of Fusarium associated with the rhizosphere produced the highest number at the second stage of growth. F. solani was the most common in the three growth stages. In addition, of two growth stages, F. culmorum and F. tricinctum were isolated from the rhizosphere while F. nygamai and F. verticillioides from the rhizoplane. The other species were recorded from only one growth stage of lentil plant. In sesame plants, rhizosphere yielded nine Fusarium species while rhizoplane gave only six from the three stages investigated. Stage I of sesame rhizosphere possessed the highest colony forming units of Fusarium. As the case for lentil, F. solani was the most common species in sesame rhizospere and rhizoplane. F. verticillioides and F. nygamai (in three different growth stages) followed by F. oxysporum and F. tricinctum (in two growth stages) were recorded using the dilution-plate and/or soil-plate methods from sesame rhizosphere soils. Rhizoplane Fusarium species of sesame plants were isolated at the three different growth stages with almost equal number of colony forming units. F. poae came after F. solani in its frequency since it was recovered from two growth stages. Several of the isolated species are well-known as pathogens to many cultivated plants. To the best of our knowledge, three species are recorded here for the first time in Egypt from the rhizosphere (F. acutatum), rhizoplane of sesame plants (F. longipes) and from rhizosphere of both lentil and sesame and rhizoplane of lentil (F. nygamai).
Chemical composition and cytotoxic activity of the polysaccharide fractions in Sarcodon imbricatus (Basidiomycota)
Authors: Sułkowska-Ziaja Katarzyna , Muszyńska Bożena , Ekiert Halina
Published: December 2013

The aim of the study was chemical analysis of polysaccharide fractions from sporocarps of Sarcodon imbricatus collected in natural sites and from the mycelium of in vitro cultures. Three polysaccharide fractions (FOI, FOII, FOIII) were isolated from sporocarps and two (FKI, FKII) from in vitro cultures. Qualitative analysis by HPLC method showed that they are composed of galactose and fucose (FOI, FKI) or glucose and fucose (FOII, FKII). FOIII fraction of the sporocarps consisted of glucose only. Molecular weights of isolated fractions ranged from 3.8 to 16.3 kDa for fractions from the sporocarps and from 5.8 to 14.7 kDa for that ones isolated from in vitro culture. The total percentage of sugar content for all fractions ranged from 97.8% to 99.1%. The percentage of uronic acids contents in acidic fractions was 2.6% and 2.7% for the FOI and FKI respectively. The work included also an assessment of cytotoxic activity of polysaccharide fractions in relation to tumor cell lines of human breast cancer MCV-7. FOI polysaccharide fraction of the sporocarps inhibited the growth of cancer cells in 50% compared to the control at a concentration of 0.0125%, while the polysaccharide fraction FKI from in vitro cultures inhibited cell growth in a concentration of 0.016%.
The role of pH in Tuber aestivum syn. uncinatum mycorrhiza development within commercial orchards
Authors: Thomas Paul W.
Published: December 2013

The accepted advice when establishing a plantation of Tuber aestivum syn. uncinatum is that young inoculated trees should be planted on calcareous soils with a naturally high pH level. When a site is employed that has a naturally low pH level, lime is often applied to raise the pH to a considered ideal level of c.7.5. However, this may not be the correct approach. Here we present data from 33 data points taken from commercial truffle orchards in England, UK. Soil pH is correlated to Tuber aestivum syn. uncinatum mycorrhiza survivorship and development. The optimal observed pH was 7.51 but the actual optimal pH for cultivation may be higher. Sub optimal pH levels lead to a reduction of Tuber aestivum syn. uncinatum mycorrhiza. This reduction is not permanent and mycorrhization levels may be improved within a 12 month period by amending the soil pH. The importance of understanding the interaction of pH with other variables and the results in relation truffle cultivation are discussed.
Agonimia species and other rare lichens in Central Poland
Authors: Łubek Anna
Published: December 2013

Eight lichen species are presented. Four of them: Agonimia flabelliformis, A. opuntiella, A. tristicula and Micarea adnata are new to Central Poland. Caloplaca cerina var. chloroleuca, Micarea hedlundii and Porina leptalea are very rare in the Świętokrzyskie Mts and in Central Poland.
Aquém da biopolítica: a parte (sem parte) de Jacques Rancière
Authors: Pellejero Eduardo
Published: December 2013

Aquem da biopolitica têm pelo menos dois sentidos quando nos aproximamos da obra de Jacques Rancière. Refere, por um lado, o enclausuramento da política no domínio do que ele denomina de policia, por parte de certas formas da filosofia contemporânea, a conta de uma relação de uma copertença entre o poder e a vida que daria conta do funcionamento das sociedades modernas — nesse sentido, aquem significa uma insuficiência na colocação da questão, o fato de reduzir o problema da política à questão das relações de poder1. Mas aquem da politica refere, por outro lado, a postulação contra-intuitiva da política enquanto processo específico, aquém de toda a partilha policial do sensível, isto é, da política entendida enquanto administração efetiva do comum, seja sob suas figuras históricas hegemónicas, seja sob as suas formas menores emergentes — nesse sentido, aquem diz respeito a um espaço transcendental no qual é possível continuar a colocar a questão da emancipação universal além de qualquer superstição historicista, mas também além de qualquer tentativa de redução da política à ética. Explorar o alcance e os limites desses dois sentidos da reserva crítica de Rancière em relação à questão da biopolítica é o modesto objeto deste artigo.
Quem é o animal laborans de Hannah Arendt?
Authors: Correia Adriano
Published: December 2013

Pretendo examinar nesse texto uma questão central à reflexão arendtiana sobre a modernidade política: a vitória do animal laborans. Para tanto, realizarei uma análise das variações semânticas do uso arendtiano do termo, cuja compreensão é central à articulação operada por ela entre a condição humana, o surgimento da sociedade e a prevalência de uma mentalidade atrelada à vida via trabalho e consumo. Concluímos que há ao menos três sentidos principais do emprego da expressão animal laborans na obra de Hannah Arendt: como dimensão fundamental da existência condicionada pela vida; como produto da sociedade atomizada; e como mentalidade e “modo de vida” extraídos das condições do mero viver. Pensamos que tal empresa é um passo fundamental à compreensão da relação entre economia e política na era moderna.
Glacier velocities and dynamic ice discharge from the Queen Elizabeth Islands, Nunavut, Canada
Authors: Van Wychen Wesley , Burgess David O. , Gray Laurence , Copland Luke , Sharp Martin , Dowdeswell Julian A. , Benham Toby J.
Published: December 2013

Recent studies indicate an increase in glacier mass loss from the Canadian Arctic Archipelago as a result of warmer summer air temperatures. However, no complete assessment of dynamic ice discharge from this region exists. We present the first complete surface velocity mapping of all ice masses in the Queen Elizabeth Islands and show that these ice masses discharged ~2.6 ± 0.8 Gt a−1 of ice to the oceans in winter 2012. Approximately 50% of the dynamic discharge was channeled through non surge‐type Trinity and Wykeham Glaciers alone. Dynamic discharge of the surge‐type Mittie Glacier varied from 0.90 ± 0.09 Gt a−1 during its 2003 surge to 0.02 ± 0.02 Gt a−1 during quiescence in 2012, highlighting the importance of surge‐type glaciers for interannual variability in regional mass loss. Queen Elizabeth Islands glaciers currently account for ~7.5% of reported dynamic discharge from Arctic ice masses outside Greenland.
The dominant intraseasonal mode of intraseasonal South Asian summer monsoon
Authors: Shukla Ravi P.
Published: December 2013

From June through September, the intraseasonal variability of the Asian summer monsoon is dominated by the so‐called “monsoon intraseasonal oscillation (MISO).” This paper provides a comprehensive description of the MISO based on outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data. The MISO is characterized by alternating active periods, in which the primary rain area of the Asian summer monsoon that stretches from the northern Arabian Sea east southeastward almost all the way to the northwest Pacific Intertropical Convergence Zone is relatively intense, and break periods, in which the heaviest rainfall shifts from south Asia to the central and eastern equatorial Indian Ocean. The MISO is attended by well‐defined but weak sea surface temperature (SST) perturbations whose phase is indicative of a negative feedback upon the atmospheric perturbations. Meridional profile of variables on the various regression maps shown in this paper averaged along a set of tilted axes parallel to the west‐northwest to east‐southeast (WNW‐ESE) sloping lines in empirical orthogonal function 1 of OLR have been made, and it is found that the strongest westerly 850 hPa wind anomalies are located two grid points (5° of latitude) to the south of the reference latitude. At the 150 hPa level, the meridional profile of divergence is closely aligned with the OLR profile. SST profile is lowest at approximately 2.5° of latitude to the south of the minimum OLR and 2.5° to the north of the strongest westerly 850 hPa wind anomalies. The sea level pressure profiles and the midlower tropospheric geopotential height profiles are almost in phase. It is observed that in most years, there are two–three bands of intensified and suppressed rainfall that cross the reference line from south to north (northward propagating) at the interval of 30–60 days over South Asia. The degree of correspondence between the MISO and active and break spells of the Indian summer monsoon rainfall is also documented.
HiRISE observations of new impact craters exposing Martian ground ice
Authors: Dundas Colin M. , Byrne Shane , McEwen Alfred S. , Mellon Michael T. , Kennedy Megan R. , Daubar Ingrid J. , Saper Lee
Published: December 2013

Twenty small new impact craters or clusters have been observed to excavate bright material inferred to be ice at mid‐latitudes and high latitudes on Mars. In the northern hemisphere, the craters are widely distributed geographically and occur at latitudes as low as 39°N. Stability modeling suggests that this ice distribution requires a long‐term average atmospheric water vapor content around 25 precipitable micrometers, more than double the present value, which is consistent with the expected effect of recent orbital variations. Alternatively, near‐surface humidity could be higher than expected for current column abundances if water vapor is not well mixed with atmospheric CO2, or the vapor pressure at the ice table could be lower due to salts. Ice in and around the craters remains visibly bright for months to years, indicating that it is clean ice rather than ice‐cemented regolith. Although some clean ice may be produced by the impact process, it is likely that the original ground ice was excess ice (exceeding dry soil pore space) in many cases. Observations of the craters suggest small‐scale heterogeneities in this excess ice. The origin of such ice is uncertain. Ice lens formation by migration of thin films of liquid is most consistent with local heterogeneity in ice content and common surface boulders, but in some cases, nearby thermokarst landforms suggest large amounts of excess ice that may be best explained by a degraded ice sheet.
Leadership in neurology: A social network analysis
Authors: Dhand Amar , Harp Jordan , Borgatti Stephen P.
Published: December 2013

Editor's Note

Traditionally, most career development articles, such as those in the NeuroGenesis feature in this journal, are aimed at junior faculty members who are just starting out in the field. Of course, career development is not a process that stops once one has been promoted beyond the junior ranks, but is rather a continual effort to refine the characteristics of one's academic position until it approximates more and more closely one's ideal job description, even at the most senior levels. This research article by Amar Dhand and colleagues analyzes the origins of occupants of two positions that represent in their own distinct ways the pinnacle of American neurology – the presidencies of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Neurological Association – and should be of interest to readers at all stages of their careers. – NeuroGenesis Editor.

Objective

Two important leadership posts in American neurology are the presidents of the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) and the American Neurological Association (ANA). In this article, we use social network analysis, based on graph theory, to map the professional ties of presidents of the AAN and ANA since 1948. We examined whether institution ranking was related to being president of either organization, and whether there were core groups of presidents, institutions of employment during presidency, or training programs (residency and fellowship) in the combined and separate AAN and ANA networks.

Methods

Using archival data, we constructed a series of relational tables of the presidents and their affiliations. We used a chi‐square analysis to test the relation between institution ranking and organization affiliation. For network data, we used a 2‐mode analysis with measures of node, dyad, and network characteristics.

Results

ANA presidents were more likely to be employed at ranked institutions compared to AAN presidents. Ten presidents bridged both organizations, and therefore had the highest centrality in the combined network. Presidents trained in a core group of similar residency and fellowship programs that included Harvard, Columbia, Cornell, and Mayo Clinic for AAN presidents, and Harvard, Columbia, Yale, and University College London for ANA presidents. In contrast, during their presidency, AAN and ANA presidents worked at a diffuse set of institutions without a core group.

Interpretation

Training programs are leadership hubs, and should be targeted to develop future presidents and influence trends in the neurology leadership network. Ann Neurol 2014;75:342–350
Proposal to modify the International Union Against Cancer staging system for perihilar cholangiocarcinomas
Authors: Ebata T , Kosuge T , Hirano S , Unno M , Yamamoto M , Miyazaki M , Kokudo N , Miyagawa S , Takada T , Nagino M
Published: December 2013

Background

The International Union Against Cancer (UICC) staging system for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma changed in 2009. The aim of this study was to validate and optimize the UICC system for these tumours.

Methods

This retrospective study was conducted in eight Japanese hospitals between 2001 and 2010. Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma was defined as a cholangiocarcinoma that involves the hilar bile duct, independent of the presence or absence of a liver mass component. The stratification ability of the UICC tumour node metastasis (TNM) system was compared with that of a modified system.

Results

Of 1352 patients, 35·9, 44·8 and 12·6 per cent had Bismuth type IV tumours, nodal metastasis (N1) and distant metastasis (M1) respectively. T4 tumours (43·2 per cent) and stage IVA (T4 Nany M0; 36·3 per cent) disease were most common. Survival was not significantly different between patients with T3versus T4 tumours (P = 0·284). Survival for patients with stage IVA disease was comparable to that for patients with stage IIIB tumours (T1–3 N1 M0) (P = 0·426). Vascular invasion, pancreatic invasion, positive margin, N1 and M1 status were identified as independent predictors of survival. When Bismuth type IV tumours were removed from the T4 determinants and N1 tumours grouped together, the modified grouping had a higher linear trend χ2 and likelihood ratio χ2 compared with the original system (245·6 versus 170·3 respectively and 255·8 versus 209·3 respectively).

Conclusion

The present data suggest that minimal modification with removal of Bismuth type IV tumours from the T4 determinants and bundling of N1 disease may enhance the prognostic ability of the UICC system. However, this requires validation on an independent data set.
Integrating standard operating procedures and industry notebook standards to evaluate students in laboratory courses
Authors: Wallert Mark A. , Provost Joseph J.
Published: December 2013

To enhance the preparedness of graduates from the Biochemistry and Biotechnology (BCBT) Major at Minnesota State University Moorhead for employment in the bioscience industry we have developed a new Industry certificate program. The BCBT Industry Certificate was developed to address specific skill sets that local, regional, and national industry experts identified as lacking in new B.S. and B.A. biochemistry graduates. The industry certificate addresses concerns related to working in a regulated industry such as Good Laboratory Practices, Good Manufacturing Practices, and working in a Quality System. In this article we specifically describe how we developed a validation course that uses Standard Operating Procedures to describe grading policy and laboratory notebook requirements in an effort to better prepare students to transition into industry careers. © 2013 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 42(1):41–49, 2014.
Construction of Long‐Time Series of Solar Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation with F10.7 and Mg II
Authors: Fu‐Xiang HUANG , Yue JIANG , Guang‐Dong HUANG , Xiao‐Xin ZHANG
Published: December 2013

This paper compares and evaluates the representation of F10.7 and Mg II as the proxies of EUV (Extreme Ultraviolet) using the observations of solar EUV from 1996 to 2008 by SOHO (Solar and Helospheric Observatory)/SEM (Solar EUV Monitor), and the results show that the conclusion put forward by Viereck et al., i.e., Mg II is a better proxy than F10.7, cannot be supported. We have established the two‐factor MLE (Maximum Likelihood Estimate) method to construct EUV calculation model through comparing the multiple regression calculation results of the two parameters, and the comparison between the calculated results using the model and the observations using SEM shows that this model could be used to reconstruct EUV data series. We have constructed the solar EUV radiation data set from November 1978 using this mode.
Precise and Rapid Recovery of the Earth's Gravitational Field by the Next‐Generation Four‐Satellite Cartwheel Formation System
Authors: Wei ZHENG , Hou‐Tse HSU , Min ZHONG , Cheng‐Shu LIU , Mei‐Juan YUN
Published: December 2013

Firstly, the orbital stability design of the next‐generation gravity satellite formation is very important for precisely developing the Earth gravity field model with high spatial resolution. Therefore, for the sake of guaranteeing the stability of the next‐generation Four‐Satellite Cartwheel Formation (FSCF), the optimal design of the orbital elements is proposed as follows: (1) the semimajor axis a, orbital eccentricity e, orbital inclination i and longitude of ascending node Ω keep invariant; (2) the argument of perigee ω and mean anomaly M need to have a discrepancy of 180°, respectively; (3) the initial argument of perigee ω should be set at the equator, and the initial mean anomaly must be designed at the poles; (4) the ratio between semimajor and semiminor axes from the elliptical orbit of the satellite formation system is 2:1. Secondly, the Earth's gravitational field from the next‐generation FSCF complete up to degree and order 120 is accurately and rapid recovered based on the intersatellite range‐rate interpolation method using the correlation coefficients (0.85 in intersatellite range‐rate of the interferometric laser ranging system, 0.95 in orbital position and velocity of the GPS receiver, and 0.90 in non‐conservative force of the accelerometer), an observation time of 30 days and a sampling interval of 10 s, and cumulative geoid height error is 1.162×10−4 m at degree 120, which is at least one order of magnitude higher than the accuracy of the Earth's gravitational field from GRACE. Finally, the advantages of the next‐generation FSCF are the lower orbital altitude, the higher observation accuracy, the full‐tensor observations, the weak aliasing effects, and the strong time‐varying signals.
A New Algorithm of Full‐Time‐Domain of Inverse Transformation from the Transient Electromagnetic Diffuse Field into the Fictitious Seismic Wave Field
Authors: Zhi‐Peng QI , Xiu LI , Qiong WU , Huai‐Feng SUN , Zeng‐Lin YANG
Published: December 2013

To realize 3D transient electromagnetic (TEM) inversion, we can transform the diffuse equations of TEM into wave equations, and then make pseudo wave imaging of TEM using seismic imaging methods. For such a transformation, we adopt the preconditioned regularization conjugate gradient method to solve inverse transformation of the wave field. First, we compare several ways of discretization, and use the one with least condition number to make discretization of the equations. Then, we choose the optimal regularization parameters to make the wave field from inverse transform stable and reliable, and use the super‐relaxation pre‐conditioned method to process the coefficient matrix to reduce its condition number. Finally, we employ the conjugate gradient method (RCG) to conduct iterative solving with a fast convergence. The comparison of inverse transformation results with known fictitious wave field functions shows that the algorithm is stable and convincing. Comparison with previous studies and application to real data indicate that the method suggested in this paper is correct and effective. Combined with the algorithm of inverse transformation, we also analyze the models with varied parameters and summarize the propagation rules of the fictitious seismic wave field in dispersion media.
Comparison of Pine Bark, Biochar and Zeolite as Sorbents for NH4+‐N Removal from Water
Authors: Hina Kiran , Hedley Mike , Camps‐Arbestain Marta , Hanly James
Published: December 2013

To assist the adoption of biochar production as a greenhouse gas mitigation technology, evidence is required that biochar can provide additional economic benefits covering its current cost of manufacture. Biochar has the potential to be used as sorbent for NH4+‐N removal from wastewaters. Two batch studies were conducted to compare (i) sorption of NH4+‐N on pine biochars with different particle sizes and (ii) sorption of NH4+‐N on pine biochar in comparison to alternative sorbents, zeolite (clinoptilolite) and pine bark. Decreasing the particle size of the feedstock (pine chip), or the biochar by crushing after pyrolysis, did not affect its NH4+‐N sorption properties. Sorption of NH4+‐N on comparative sorbents, when added at a dose of 39 mg NH4+‐N L−1, followed the order zeolite > biochar > bark. Zeolite proved to be the most efficient sorbent for NH4+‐N g−1 removal followed by biochar and bark. Biochar has the potential to be used as a cost effective commercial sorbent for removing NH4+‐N from waste streams.
Low‐Dose Aspirin Ameliorated Hyperlipidemia, Adhesion Molecule, and Chemokine Production Induced by High‐Fat Diet in Sprague‐Dawley Rats
Authors: Lin Hui‐Li , Yen Hsueh‐Wei , Hsieh Su‐Ling , An Li‐Mei , Shen Kuo‐Ping
Published: December 2013

Preclinical Research

In this study the effects of low‐dose aspirin (5 mg/kg) on adhesion molecule and chemokine expression in a hyperlipidemic rat model. Six‐week‐old Sprague‐Dawley (SD) rats were assigned to two control groups receiving either a regular diet or high‐fat diet (HFD) and a treatment group fed HFD with 5 mg/kg aspirin for a 10‐week period. Compared with the regular diet control group, the HFD control group had higher body weight, lower levels of high‐density lipoprotein, higher concentrations of insulin, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low‐density lipoprotein, but no differences in blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin. The prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) were clearly shortened in the HFD group. That group also had increased expression of intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1), ICAM‐2, ICAM‐3, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM), platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM) and P‐selectin in platelets and vascular adhesion protein‐1 in lymphocyte and in aorta increased expressions of ICAM‐1, ICAM‐2, ICAM‐3, VCAM, PECAM, E‐selectin, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) and CCR2. The HFD rats also had increased PKCα, IκB kinase α (IKKα), p65, mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) (p38, c‐Jun N‐terminal kinases 1, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2), and their phosphorylated forms. Low‐dose aspirin improved HFD‐induced hyperinsulinemia and hyperlipidemia, recovered PT and aPTT, inhibited upregulation of adhesion molecules and chemokines and reduced expression of PKCα, IKKα, p65, and MAPKs. Low‐dose aspirin ameliorates HFD‐induced hyperlipidemia and hyperinsulinemia, and prevents HFD‐induced expression of adhesion molecules and chemokine formation.
Use of phytochemomics to evaluate the bioavailability and bioactivity of antioxidant peptides of soybean β‐conglycinin
Authors: Amigo‐Benavent Miryam , Clemente Alfonso , Caira Simonetta , Stiuso Paola , Ferranti Pasquale , del Castillo M. Dolores
Published: December 2013

This research investigates how in vitro digestion contributes to the release of antioxidant peptides crypted in soybean β‐conglycinin (7S) and its deglycosylated form (D7S). It also investigates the uptake of the bioactive peptides by human intestinal Caco‐2 cells using a bicameral system, and their effect on the antioxidant cell defense. Phytochemomics is used as a tool for achieving this goal. The peptides are obtained by mimicking human physiological gastrointestinal digestion conditions. The antioxidant capacity of the peptides is tested by ABTS•+ radical cation decolorization (2,2′‐azinobis (3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS)) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity assays. The antioxidant power of the peptides recovered from the basolateral chamber is also evaluated by an analysis of biomarkers of cellular oxidative stress such as cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase, and secretion of nitric oxide, lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase and catalase. Peptides from D7S were more active than those of 7S in the modulation of the cell proliferation, oxidative status and differentiation of Caco‐2 cells treated with H2O2. Differences in the bioactivity of the peptides of both proteins can be explained by analysis of the structural data obtained by mass spectrophotometry. Our findings support the bioavailability of antioxidant peptides of 7S. The antioxidant properties of 7S soy protein were influenced by events such as glycosylation, digestion, and absorption. Deglycosylation seems to be an innovative strategy for improving the properties of 7S. Deglycosylation might enhance 7S antioxidant power and reduce its immunoreactivity. The combined use of advanced analytical techniques and biochemical analyses (phytochemomics) has been a key part of this study.
Diagnostic role of core needle biopsy in cervical lymphadenopathy
Authors: Ryu Yoon‐Jong , Cha Wonjae , Jeong Woo‐Jin , Choi Sang Il , Ahn Soon‐Hyun
Published: December 2013

Background

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the value of core needle biopsy (CNB) compared to fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in cervical lymphadenopathy.

Methods

This consecutive case series enrolled 208 patients with cervical lymphadenopathy. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were evaluated and the necessity of an additional open biopsy was compared.

Results

The sensitivity and NPV for critical disease (lymphoma, carcinoma, and tuberculosis) were significantly higher with CNB (p = .006, p = .001, respectively) than with FNAC. In the analysis based on specific disease, the sensitivity of CNB was statistically significantly higher (p = .009) for the diagnosis of lymphoma. The rate of open biopsy for confirmative diagnosis was significantly lower with CNB (p = .014).

Conclusion

CNB is beneficial for initial examination in cervical lymphadenopathy and showed higher sensitivity and NPV than FNAC. It is especially useful for screening for lymphoma. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 229‐233, 2015
Qualitative tissue differentiation by analysing the intensity ratios of atomic emission lines using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS): prospects for a feedback mechanism for surgical laser systems
Authors: Kanawade Rajesh , Mahari Fanuel , Klämpfl Florian , Rohde Maximilian , Knipfer Christian , Tangermann‐Gerk Katja , Adler Werner , Schmidt Michael , Stelzle Florian
Published: December 2013

The research work presented in this paper focuses on qualitative tissue differentiation by monitoring the intensity ratios of atomic emissions using ‘Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy’ (LIBS) on the plasma plume created during laser tissue ablation. The background of this study is to establish a real time feedback control mechanism for clinical laser surgery systems during the laser ablation process. Ex‐vivo domestic pig tissue samples (muscle, fat, nerve and skin) were used in this experiment. Atomic emission intensity ratios were analyzed to find a characteristic spectral line for each tissue. The results showed characteristic elemental emission intensity ratios for the respective tissues. The spectral lines and intensity ratios of these specific elements varied among the different tissue types. The main goal of this study is to qualitatively and precisely identify different tissue types for tissue specific laser surgery. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
MicroRNA‐149 Negatively Regulates TLR‐Triggered Inflammatory Response in Macrophages by Targeting MyD88
Authors: Xu Guangxian , Zhang Zhaobo , Xing Yiwen , Wei Jun , Ge Zhaohui , Liu Xiaoming , Zhang Ying , Huang Xuelan
Published: December 2013

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to be important regulators of TLR signaling pathway at the post‐transcriptional level. In this study, the potential role of miR‐149 was explored in murine alveolar macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Our results demonstrated a dynamic change of the expressions of miR‐149 expression and MyD88 in macrophage RAW264.7 upon Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette‐Guerlin (BCG) infection or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. The presence of BCG or LPS dynamically reduced the miR‐149 expression, along with a substantially striking increase of MyD88 expression in these cells. More importantly, overexpression of miR‐149 in RAW264.7 cells was associated with a significant decrease of MyD88 protein expression, as well as a reduced production of inflammatory mediator NF‐κB 1, TNF‐α and IL‐6 in response to BCG infection or LPS stimulation. Further studies using immunoblotting assay against anti‐MyD88 antibody and microRNA targeting luciferase reporter assay revealed that miR‐149 was able to directly target the 3′‐UTR of MyD88 mRNA and post‐transcriptionally regulated MyD88 protein expression. These data suggested that miR‐149 might be a key player of immune modulator for TLR/MyD88 signaling pathway in macrophages, which may through a mechanism of negatively regulating MyD88‐dependent Toll‐like receptors signaling pathway. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 919–927, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Do People Use Their Implicit Theories of Creativity as General Theories?
Authors: Lee Hong , Kim Jungsik , Ryu Yeonjae , Song Seokjong
Published: December 2013

This study examines whether people use the general implicit theories of creativity or not when applying them to themselves and others. On the basis of the actor–observer asymmetry theory, the authors propose that conception of creativity would be differently constructed depending on the targets of attention: general, self, and other. Three studies attempted to examine this hypothesis. In the preliminary study, a measure was developed to assess the characteristics that describe general creativity. In Study 1, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses found the conceptual factors of general creativity. In Study 2, the common and specific factors of general, self, and others’ creativity concepts were compared through invariance tests. As a result, it was revealed that the invariance test failed, which means that the general conception of creativity may not be applicable to monitor self and others’ creativity in a consistent way. Implications and limitations of this study are discussed at the end of the study.
Dysfunctions of decision‐making and cognitive control as transdiagnostic mechanisms of mental disorders: advances, gaps, and needs in current research
Authors: Goschke Thomas
Published: December 2013

Disadvantageous decision‐making and impaired volitional control over actions, thoughts, and emotions are characteristics of a wide range of mental disorders such as addiction, eating disorders, depression, and anxiety disorders and may reflect transdiagnostic core mechanisms and possibly vulnerability factors. Elucidating the underlying neurocognitive mechanisms is a precondition for moving from symptom‐based to mechanism‐based disorder classifications and ultimately mechanism‐targeted interventions. However, despite substantial advances in basic research on decision‐making and cognitive control, there are still profound gaps in our current understanding of dysfunctions of these processes in mental disorders. Central unresolved questions are: (i) to which degree such dysfunctions reflect transdiagnostic mechanisms or disorder‐specific patterns of impairment; (ii) how phenotypical features of mental disorders relate to dysfunctional control parameter settings and aberrant interactions between large‐scale brain systems involved in habit and reward‐based learning, performance monitoring, emotion regulation, and cognitive control; (iii) whether cognitive control impairments are consequences or antecedent vulnerability factors of mental disorders; (iv) whether they reflect generalized competence impairments or context‐specific performance failures; (v) whether not only impaired but also chronic over‐control contributes to mental disorders. In the light of these gaps, needs for future research are: (i) an increased focus on basic cognitive‐affective mechanisms underlying decision and control dysfunctions across disorders; (ii) longitudinal‐prospective studies systematically incorporating theory‐driven behavioural tasks and neuroimaging protocols to assess decision‐making and control dysfunctions and aberrant interactions between underlying large‐scale brain systems; (iii) use of latent‐variable models of cognitive control rather than single tasks; (iv) increased focus on the interplay of implicit and explicit cognitive‐affective processes; (v) stronger focus on computational models specifying neurocognitive mechanisms underlying phenotypical expressions of mental disorders.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implicit and explicit weight bias in a national sample of 4,732 medical students: The medical student CHANGES study
Authors: Phelan Sean M. , Dovidio John F. , Puhl Rebecca M. , Burgess Diana J. , Nelson David B. , Yeazel Mark W. , Hardeman Rachel , Perry Sylvia , van Ryn Michelle
Published: December 2013

Objective

To examine the magnitude of explicit and implicit weight biases compared to biases against other groups; and identify student factors predicting bias in a large national sample of medical students.

Methods

A web‐based survey was completed by 4,732 1st year medical students from 49 medical schools as part of a longitudinal study of medical education. The survey included a validated measure of implicit weight bias, the implicit association test, and 2 measures of explicit bias: a feeling thermometer and the anti‐fat attitudes test.

Results

A majority of students exhibited implicit (74%) and explicit (67%) weight bias. Implicit weight bias scores were comparable to reported bias against racial minorities. Explicit attitudes were more negative toward obese people than toward racial minorities, gays, lesbians, and poor people. In multivariate regression models, implicit and explicit weight bias was predicted by lower BMI, male sex, and non‐Black race. Either implicit or explicit bias was also predicted by age, SES, country of birth, and specialty choice.

Conclusions

Implicit and explicit weight bias is common among 1st year medical students, and varies across student factors. Future research should assess implications of biases and test interventions to reduce their impact.
Neuroblastoma in monozygotic twins with distinct presentation pathology and outcome: Is it familial or in utero metastasis
Authors: Abu‐Arja Rolla , Hashem Hasan , El‐Sheikh Ayman , Abusin Ghada
Published: December 2013

To date ten sets of monozygotic twins with neuroblastoma have been reported in the literature. Twin‐to‐twin in utero metastasis have been proposed as the mechanism of tumor development in the second twin; based on similar pathology, presence of metastatic disease, absence of a primary tumor, and/or later presentation in the second twin. Hereditary neuroblastoma has not been described in this context. We propose that primary neuroblastoma can occur in monozygotic twins without twin–twin transmission; due to the different ages of presentation, histology, ploidy, and tumor behavior. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:1124–1125. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Environmentally Responsive Graphene Systems
Authors: Zhang Jing , Song Long , Zhang Zhipan , Chen Nan , Qu Liangti
Published: December 2013

Graphene materials have been attracting significant research interest in the past few years, with the recent focuses on graphene‐based electronic devices and smart stimulus‐responsive systems that have a certain degree of automatism. Owing to its huge specific surface area, large room‐temperature electron mobility, excellent mechanical flexibility, exceptionally high thermal conductivity and environmental stability, graphene is identified as a beneficial additive or an effective responding component by itself to improve the conductivity, flexibility, mechanical strength and/or the overall responsive performance of smart systems. In this review article, we aim to present the recent advances in graphene systems that are of spontaneous responses to external stimulations, such as environmental variation in pH, temperature, electric current, light, moisture and even gas ambient. These smart stimulus‐responsive graphene systems are believed to have great theoretical and practical interests to a wide range of device applications including actuators, switches, robots, sensors, drug/gene deliveries, etc.
Parallel and convergent processing in grid cell, head‐direction cell, boundary cell, and place cell networks
Authors: Brandon Mark P. , Koenig Julie , Leutgeb Stefan
Published: December 2013

The brain is able to construct internal representations that correspond to external spatial coordinates. Such brain maps of the external spatial topography may support a number of cognitive functions, including navigation and memory. The neuronal building block of brain maps are place cells, which are found throughout the hippocampus of rodents and, in a lower proportion, primates. Place cells typically fire in one or few restricted areas of space, and each area where a cell fires can range, along the dorsoventral axis of the hippocampus, from 30 cm to at least several meters. The sensory processing streams that give rise to hippocampal place cells are not fully understood, but substantial progress has been made in characterizing the entorhinal cortex, which is the gateway between neocortical areas and the hippocampus. Entorhinal neurons have diverse spatial firing characteristics, and the different entorhinal cell types converge in the hippocampus to give rise to a single, spatially modulated cell type—the place cell. We therefore suggest that parallel information processing in different classes of cells—as is typically observed at lower levels of sensory processing—continues up into higher level association cortices, including those that provide the inputs to hippocampus. WIREs Cogn Sci 2014, 5:207–219. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1272

This article is categorized under:

Neuroscience > Physiology