bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Impact Package Characterization
Authors: Klein Jake E. , Madsen Ronald R.
Published: December 2020

In semiconductor packaging, cracked die can result from any mechanical contact with the package during the manufacturing operation including final customer assembly. Depending on the extent of the damage to the device, even a subtle crack on the silicon die can diminish the operability, reliability or specifications of a semiconductor component. Historically, customer returns for cracked die have resulted in intense customer dissatisfaction and high penalties for semiconductor suppliers affecting both the automotive and commercial sectors. Over the years, attempts to model the effects of package impact have been unsuccessful due to the extreme complexity of internal package structures and die geometry. For example, “Probe Drop” studies have generated die cracks, but the technique does not accurately simulate the dynamic forces encountered in semiconductor manufacturing nor does it provide a measure of impact force. Other techniques such as Ball-on-Ring (BOR) and 3-Point-Bend testing are used for silicon strength evaluations. Additionally, a major misconception in the industry is that package damage is a good indicator of internal die damage. With the advent of a proper impacting device and use of a commercial load cell and high speed data converter, the concept of dynamic impact package characterization has conclusively proven to be a reliable technique to accurately measure the actual dynamic impact forces imposed to a packaged semiconductor device during manufacturing and customer assembly. The resulting characterization allows for better understanding of the package susceptibility towards failure as devices shrink in size or when assembly materials or techniques change.
3D Magnetic Field Imaging for Non-Destructive Fault Isolation
Authors: Orozco A. , Gaudestad J. , Gagliolo N.E. , Rowlett C. , Wong E. , Jeffers A. , Cheng B. , Wellstood F.C. , Cawthorne A.B. , Infante F.
Published: December 2020

While transistor gate lengths may continue to shrink for some time, the semiconductor industry faces increasing difficulties to satisfy Moore’s Law. One solution to satisfying Moore’s Law in the future is to stack transistors in a 3-dimensional (3D) formation. In addition, the need for expanding functionality, real-estate management and faster connections has pushed the industry to develop complex 3D package technology which includes System-in-Package (SiP), wafer-level packaging, through-silicon-vias (TSV), stacked-die and flex packages. These stacks of microchips, metal layers and transistors have caused major challenges for existing Fault Isolation (FI) techniques. We describe in this paper innovations in Magnetic Field Imaging for FI which have the potential to allow 3D characterization of currents for non-destructive fault isolation at every chip level in a 3D stack.
Sample Preparation for High Numerical Aperture Solid Immersion Lens Laser Imaging
Authors: Wei M.S. , Chong H.B. , Lim S.H. , Richardson C.
Published: December 2020

High resolution laser imaging, using high numerical aperture (NA) solid immersion lens (SIL) for backside fault isolation imposes stringent sample preparation requirements; as a result of the short focal length of SIL, a die must be thinned to a targeted thickness with less than a ±5 μm silicon thickness variation across the entire die. Flip chip packaged dice suffer from warpage due to various package sizes and substrate thicknesses. Such broad spectrums of part geometries pose a great challenge to meet such silicon planarity requirements. As relaxation of the packaged silicon during polishing causes the warpage profile to change dynamically and unpredictably throughout the thinning process, it has become an added challenge to meet the stringent sample preparation requirements. To overcome the stochastic nature of this problem, a two-step polishing recipe consisting of computer numerical control (CNC) mechanical milling and polishing processes has been developed to achieve sufficient silicon thickness uniformity to enable SIL imaging across an entire silicon chip as large as approximately 20 mm x 15 mm.
A Combination Continuous Wave and Pulse Laser Assisted Chemical Etching Processes through Encapsulated IC Packaging
Authors: Mulholland Matthew M. , Silverman Scott
Published: December 2020

Post silicon validation techniques specifically Focused Ion Beam (FIB) circuit editing and Failure Analysis (FA) require backside sample preparation on Integrated Circuits (IC). Although these preparation techniques are typically done globally across the encapsulated and silicon packaging materials, in some scenarios with tight boundary conditions, only a local approach can be attempted for the analysis. This local approach to access the underlying features, such as circuits, solder bumps, and electrical traces will typically use conventional Laser Chemical Etching (LCE) platforms. The focus of this analysis will be to investigate and conjoin previously published techniques to this local preparation by using a combination of laser sources. A Continuous Wave (CW) and Pulse laser will be used at various processing stages to de-process IC packaging materials silicon and mold compound encapsulation.
Fault Isolation and TEM Study in State-of-Art Thin-Film Transistors
Authors: Zhou Yongkai , Lee Shik Lin , Fu Chao , Hua Younan , Li Xiaomin
Published: December 2020

In this work, we discussed the fault isolation method for the Thin-Film Transistor (TFT). Many defects in the TFT can be directly observed by optical microscope; however, some defects are not visible in either optical microscope or SEM making the fault isolation effort very challenging. We demonstrated that OBIRCH can be used to find defect locations in TFT failures for leakage and shorts. The TFT is so fragile that the laser power and biasing voltage have to be very carefully controlled to avoid damaging the TFT. After identifying the defect location by OBIRCH hot spot detection, the defect was successfully captured with TEM analysis.
Nanoprobing Applications with Capacitance-Voltage and Pulsed Current-Voltage Measurements for Device Failure Analysis
Authors: Lai LiLung , Li Nan , Zhang Qi , Bao Tim , Newton Robert
Published: December 2020

Owing to the advancing progress of electrical measurements using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) or AFM (Atomic Force Microscope) based nanoprober systems on nanoscale devices in the modern semiconductor laboratory, we already have the capability to apply DC sweep for quasi-static I-V (Current-Voltage), high speed pulsing waveform for the dynamic I-V, and AC imposed for C-V (Capacitance-Voltage) analysis to the MOS devices. The available frequency is up to 100MHz at the current techniques. The specification of pulsed falling/rising time is around 10-1ns and the measurable capacitance can be available down to 50aF, for the nano-dimension down to 14nm. The mechanisms of dynamic applications are somewhat deeper than quasi-static current-voltage analysis. Regarding the operation, it is complicated for pulsing function but much easy for C-V. The effective FA (Failure Analysis) applications include the detection of resistive gate and analysis for abnormal channel doping issue.
FIB Enhancement of Mechanically Polished Cross-sections
Authors: Holdford Becky
Published: December 2020

On mechanically polished cross-sections, getting a surface adequate for high-resolution imaging is sometimes beyond the analyst’s ability, due to material smearing, chipping, polishing media chemical attack, etc.. A method has been developed to enable the focused ion beam (FIB) to re-face the section block and achieve a surface that can be imaged at high resolution in the scanning electron microscope (SEM).
Peran Pemerintah Dalam Pengawasan Hak Hak Tenaga Kerja Wanita Pada Perusahaan Di Kabupaten Bungo Provinsi Jambi
Authors: Sari Mela , Awaluddin M.
Published: December 2020

Pengawasan ketenagakerjaan merupakan unsur penting dalam perlindungan tenaga kerja, sekaligus upaya penegakan hukum ketenagakerjaan serta untuk menjamin terlaksananya peraturan perundang-undangan ketenagakerjaan tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui peran pemerintah dalam pengawasan hak-hak tenaga kerja wanita pada perusahaan, serta untuk mendeskripsikan faktor pendukung serta penghambat dalam pengawasan hak hak tenaga kerja wanita pada perusahaan di kabupaten Bungo. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif, dengan jumlah informan 16 orang diantaranya Koordinator wilayah IV Pengawasan Ketenagakerjaan Kabupaten Bungo-Tebo, Penyidik pegawai negeri sipil, 3 orang pengawas ketenagakerjaan koordinator wilayah IV Kabupaten Bungo-Tebo, dan 11 orang wanita yang bekerja pada perusahaan di Kabupaten Bungo. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pemerintah telah berperan agar terpenuhinya hak-hak tenaga kerja wanita berdasarkan peraturan perundang-undangan melalui beberapa tahap pengawasan yaitu Preventive Control, Repressive Control, pengawasan saat proses dilakukan, pengawasan berkala, pengawasan mendadak, dan pengawasan melekat. Faktor pendukung dalam pengawasan yaitu regulasi, metode dan kapasitas, sedangkan faktor yang menghambat yaitu fasilitas dan koordinasi.
Coffee and Green Tea Decoction Intake in the Tunisian Population According to Genetic Polymorphisms of Genes Involved in Habitual Caffeine Intake
Authors: Denden Sabri
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT The relationship between genetic variation and caffeinated beverages intake has been investigated in various human populations, but not among North Africans who have distinct caffeinated beverage dietary habits. Therefore, this study analysed the association between rs6968865 (AHR), rs382140 (NRCAM), rs9526558 (CAB39L), rs7754744 (PDSS2) and rs68157013 (TAS2R43) SNPs from previous GWASs on habitual caffeine consumption and caffeinated beverage intake in 568 healthy blood donors from the Tunisian population. The AHR caffeine metabolism gene SNP was associated with coffee intake but not with green tea decoction. However, the association of SNPs with caffeine metabolism (CAB39L and PDSS2), addiction to caffeine (NRCAM) and perceived caffeine bitterness (TAS2R43) genes was only observed or was stronger with the highest caffeine-containing beverage green tea decoction. The researchers further detected an opposite association of PDSS2 gene SNP with coffee and tea intake. The study provides additional data on caffeinated beverage intake genetics in a population with specific dietary habits
PEMODELAN PREDIKSI KUAT TEKAN BETON UMUR MUDA MENGGUNAKAN H2O'S DEEP LEARNING
Authors: Santosa Stefanus , Suroso Suroso , Utomo Marchus Budi , Martono Martono , Mawardi Mawardi
Published: December 2020

Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is a Machine Learning (ML) algorithm which learn by itself and organize its thinking to solve problems. Although the learning process involves many hidden layers (Deep Learning) this algorithm still has weaknesses when faced with high noise data. Concrete mixture design data has a high enough noise caused by many unidentified / measurable aspects such as planning, design, manufacture of test specimens, maintenance, testing, diversity of physical and chemical properties, mixed formulas, mixed design errors, environmental conditions, and testing process. Information needs about the compressive strength of early age concrete (under 28 days) are often needed while the construction process is still ongoing. ANN has been tried to predict the compressive strength of concrete, but the results are less than optimal. This study aims to improve the ANN prediction model using an H2O’s Deep Learning based on a multi-layer feedforward artificial neural network that is trained with stochastic gradient descent using backpropagation. The H2O’s Deep Learning best model is achieved by 2 hidden layers- 50 hidden neurons and ReLU activation function with a RMSE value of 6,801. This Machine Learning model can be used as an alternative/ substitute for conventional mix designs, which are environmentally friendly, economical, and accurate. Future work with regard to the concrete industry, this model can be applied to create an intelligent Batching and Mixing Plants.
STRATEGI WAJIB PAJAK DALAM MENHINDARI PAJAK & MANFAAT PAJAK PERSPEKTIF ISLAM
Authors: Hayati Nur , Ashlihah Ashlihah
Published: December 2020

Pajak menjadi pemasukan terbesar di Indonesia. Sebagian besar masyarakat khususnya umat muslim mempertanyakan konsep Islam tentang pajak, karna terdapat perbedaan pendapat mengenai boleh tidaknya pemerintah memungut pajak dari rakyat. Sejak zaman rasul sudah ada pungutan pajak, hanya saja pajak pada saat itu hanya dibebankan pada kaum non muslim, Jurnal ini akan membahas “Strategi Wajib Pajak Dalam Menghindari Pajak & Manfaat Pajak Perspektif Islam”, yaitu Pajak Penghasilan (PPh) yang mengandung sejumlah kelemahan, yaitu subjek dan objek pajak tidak dibedakan antara Muslim dan nonMuslim serta sesuai syariat atau tidak, selain itu orang yang berpenghasilan tak sama dikenakan pajak yang sama
Fransız Seçmenin Üç Eksenli Siyasete Yönelmesi
Authors: Anarat Cemal Cem
Published: December 2020

Fransız siyasal sisteminin sağ-sol eksenli tarihi, neoliberalizmin egemenliğinin güçlendiği 1990’lı yıllardan sonra üçüncü bir önemli siyaset anlayışının eklemlenmesiyle mahiyetini değiştirmiştir. Ulusal Cephe ya da yeni adıyla Ulusal Birlik isimli siyasi parti, Fransa’da aşırı sağ anlayışının tek hatırı sayılır siyasi temsilcisidir. Sosyoekonomik ve küresel etkiler son yirmi yılda Fransa’nın siyasi ağırlık merkezini gözle görülür biçimde sağa kaydırmıştır. Sağ-sol eksenli siyasetin yerini, Fransız seçmenin bu son dönemde iyice yükselen Ulusal Birlik çizgisinin etkisiyle aşırı sağ, sağ ve sol eksenli siyasete bıraktığı görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Ulusal Birlik Partisi’nin Fransız siyasal hayatında üçüncü ve neredeyse sağ ve sol ile eşit bir unsur olarak ortaya çıktığına dair veriler aşırı sağın temsilcisi olan Ulusal Birlik Partisi’nin Fransız siyasal sistemindeki yerini artık kalıcı olarak edindiğine dair veriler ışığında ele alınacaktır.
Proposta de implementação de políticas motivacionais para contribuir com o nível de serviço prestado nas atividades cotidianas de um restaurante: Estudo de caso
Authors: Monteiro Elane Peixoto , Ribeiro Ingridy Samyra Kelle , Silva Rossinei Mariano da , Roberto José Carlos Alves
Published: December 2020

Diante das necessidades atuais com falta de suporte no desenvolvimento profissional dos colaboradores de contribuir com o crescimento e aprimoramento, a falta de motivação para criar um clima confortável para gestor e colaborador, aspectos importante que precisam ser aprimorados. O presente artigo tem o desígnio propor implementação de planos de capacitação e programas de políticas motivacionais para contribuir com a melhoria do nível de serviço prestado aos colaboradores do Restaurante Palhoça Ltda. Com base na pesquisa realizada na primeira etapa do diagnóstico organizacional, identificou-se que a área de recursos humanos é a mais crítica pela falta de capacitação e motivação dos colaboradores e ausência de planos de benefícios. A pesquisa teve como objetivo: Implementar políticas motivacionais para aumentar a harmonia e o nível de serviço prestado pelos colaboradores, nos objetivos específicos: Identificar por que os colaboradores estão desmotivados, analisar a influência da motivação como fator de mudança, analisar como pode melhorar o clima organizacional e os benefícios. A metodologia da pesquisa foi exploratória, explicativa e intervencionista, e quanto aos meios foi bibliográfica e pesquisa de campo. Foi utilizada a ferramenta 5W2H como proposta nas ações interventivas. O resultado é aumentar a produtividade, evitar a rotatividade, minimizar as possibilidades de desmotivação, sem deixar de considerar a sobrevivência da organização.
Profil Mikrobiologis dan Deteksi Mastitis dengan California Mastitis Test di Peternakan Sapi Perah Novisiat Claretian Benlutu
Authors: Tamur Yosef K.
Published: December 2020

Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Peternakan sapi perah Claretian Benlutu, Kecamatan Batu Putih, Kabupaten TTS dan laboratorium Penelitian ini terdiri dari 2 periode yaitu pengujian CMT dan dilanjutkan dengan analisis laboratorium. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui profil mikrobiologis dari susu yang terdeteksi penyakit mastitis dengan uji California Mastitis Test (CMT). Dalam penelitian ini digunakan 4 ekor ternak sapi perah yang sementara masa laktasi. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah uji deskriptif. Hasil penelitian berdasarka uji CMT dapat disimpulkan sapi perah yang dipelihara di biara Novisiat Claretian Benlutu mempunyai status mastitis subklinis, sehingga perlu pencegahan mastitis dalam tata laksana pemeliharaannya. Susu yang dihasilkan dari peternakan tersebut dalam keadaan yang baik, dilihat dari jumlah bakteri dan lama waktu reduktase yang sudah sesuai dengan standar SNI.
Percursos das transformações da teoria e da validação do conhecimento nas ciências humanas: do falsificacionismo de Popper à teoria de valor de Rickert
Authors: Miranda Marcelo Henrique Gonçalves de
Published: December 2020

O presente artigo tem como finalidade, de forma geral, retratar alguns aspectos do debate epistemológico sobre as condições de validade na produção do conhecimento científico para as ciências humanas via questões que dizem respeito às ciências nomotéticas e sobre as ciências ideográficas. Busca-se a) mapear os percursos assumidos na construção desses dois campos de saber relacionando-os às implicações das tradições empirista e racionalista; b) problematizar a relação entre o sujeito e o objeto da pesquisa; e c) sublinhar-se-á os aspectos que a teoria do conhecimento assumiu dentro do falsificacionismo de Popper e da teoria do valor de Rickert na construção do campo de conhecimento das ciências humanas.Paths of the transformations of the theory and the validation of the knowledge in the human sciences: from the falsificationism of Popper to the theory of value of Rickert
Reflexión sobre la comunicación y las redes sociales en instituciones culturales
Authors: Haro Cáceres Carmen
Published: December 2020

Las redes sociales han revolucionado el mundo de la cultura. Los cambios que se han desarrollado con respecto a estas, así como el uso diario de plataformas que suponen un contacto social diferente con el mundo ha supuesto que la forma de comunicarnos entre nosotros cambie de manera repentina. Las instituciones culturales se han visto obligadas a sumarse al carro de esta revoluci´ón, transformando por completo sus estrategias comunicativas, así como el discurso, que actualmente se acerca más al espectador aficionado, no solamente a aquel entendido y experto. Por lo tanto, las diferentes formas en las que museos, galerías y otras instituciones se han comunicado han supuesto una democratización del conocimiento y la información que define, de manera total, la verdadera esencia de la cultura, un concepto que es universal.
ANALISA SENYAWA BIOAKTIF ANTIOKSIDAN DAN ZAT GIZI TERHADAP BUAH TERUNG POKAK (Solanum torvum) SEBAGAI BAHAN PANGAN FUNGSIONAL
Authors: Helilusiatiningsih Nunuk , Soenyoto Edy Soenyoto
Published: December 2020

Solanum torvum has potential as a functional food ingredient because it contains bioactive antioxidant compounds which are quite high and are proven as herbal medicines in China and are a popular food in Florida, Alabama, West India, Malaysia, Thailand, Mexico, Central America, South America, Brazil. The study aims to analyze the components of bioactive antioxidant compounds and nutrients in qualitative and quantitative methods and functional groups in fresh Solanum torvum. The research method used phytochemical screening, quantitative tests, chemical identification with LCMS, FTIR, AAS. The results of phytochemical screening studies, the Solanum torvum contains few alkaloids, while it contains a great number of saponins, steroids, glycosides. The quantitative test showed that the fruit contains 36.31 mg /g phenol, 0.62 mg/g tannin content, 2.76 mg/g flavonoid content and antioxidant activity (% DPPH inhibition) of 84.55%, 82.77% water content, 1.63% ash content, 2.73% fat content,  9.78% protein, 3.69% carbohydrates, 3.77% vitamin C, 0.97% phosphorus, 0.13% potassium, Ca 36.64 ppm, Mg 79.1 ppm, Fe 2.34 ppm. Chemical tests with LCMS contain 13 types of components namely (1) chlorogenic acid, (2) 4-O-caffeoylquinic, (3) 3-O-caffeoylquinic, (4) 4-O-caffeoylquinic, (5) 3-O-feruloylquinic acid, (6) 5-O-feruloylquinic acid, (7) 3-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, (8) 4-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, (9) 3-5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, (10) 3-O -feruloylquinic acid, (11) 5-O-feruloquinic acid, (12) putative dicaffeoylquiniacid, (13) putativedicaffeoylquinic acid. The functional groups of Solanum torvum have seven types namely phenol (OH), Alkane (C-H), Alkene (C = C), aromatic ring, Nitro (NO2), Amine and Amide (C-N), Alcohol (C-O). Thus, fresh Solanum torvum contains potential antioxidant compounds and nutrients that function for health and functional food.
O Serviço Social no âmbito hospitalar em tempos de pandemia da COVID-19
Authors: Silva Bruno Santos , Sousa Josineide da Costa , Araújo Alanda Layane Nascimento Leal , Feitosa Kellyne de Moura , Fernandes Meiryslane do Nascimento , Sousa Laelson Rochelle Milanês , Negreiros Ana Luiza Barbosa
Published: December 2020

O presente artigo tem como objetivo de analisar a atuação do assistente social no âmbito hospitalar no período da pandemia da COVID-19. O método utilizado foi a revisão da literatura. A procura na literatura foi realizada nas seguintes bases de dados: ScientificElectronic Library Online (SciELO) Web of Science e National Library of Medicine (PubMed/Medline), Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) e Google Acadêmico. Para a escolha dos artigos foram considerados os seguintes descritores em saúde (decs.bvs.br) combinados com operadores booleanos: COVID-19 AND Primary Health Care OR Health Education OR Prevention&Control OR Comprehensive Health Care. Após a busca, 27 artigos foram contados e 17 foram excluídos. Os resultados encontrados foram que o espaço do hospital é um dos âmbitos prioritário para a atuação e fazer profissional do assistente social. Por ser a porta de entrada do sistema de saúde e pela proposta do SUS, está de acordo com a ética política do serviço social e se baseia na refração das questões sociais, neste caso a refração é o processo de saúde. As conclusões apontam que o trabalho do assistente social seja pouco reconhecido nos hospitais, é um trabalho que exige responsabilidade e é insubstituível, sendo dever do estado garantir o mínimo dos direitos e reconhecimento à profissão.
A Biochemical Study of Food Dye Tartrazine,Its effects on Swiss Albino Mice
Authors: Meena Geeta , Meena Beena
Published: December 2020

Tartrazine a colorant is being used most commonly as food colorant in confectioneries, drugs and cosmetics. The present study was designed and performed to evaluate the toxic effect of Tartrazine, a widely used azo dye on Swiss Albino Mice. Experimental animals were treated with tested dye at dose levels 100mg/kg/b.w. and 200mg/kg/b.w. alongwith normal diet. Present study revealed a highly noticeable increase in body weight gain of mice at both dose levels (11.18 -16.14%) as compared to control group. A significant variation in the average weight of kidney, liver, and testes were decrease in both doses as compared to control group of mice. Organ weight and Acid Phosphatase, Alkaline Phosphatase, SGOT, SGPT, were significantly increased in both Tartrazine consumed experimental groups. From the present study it is concluded that Tartrazine
adversely alters biochemical parameters in Tartrazine fed mice. The outcome of study will help us to make a decision in using Tartrazine as food dye.
Inhibition of the Deep and Intermediate Layers of the Superior Colliculus Disrupts Sensorimotor Gating in Monkeys
Authors: Waguespack Hannah F. , Aguilar Brittany L. , Malkova Ludise , Forcelli Patrick A.
Published: December 2020

The deep and intermediate layers of the superior colliculus (DLSC) respond to visual, auditory, and tactile inputs and act as a multimodal sensory association area. In turn, activity in the DLSC can drive orienting and avoidance responses—such as saccades and head and body movements—across species, including in rats, cats, and non-human primates. As shown in rodents, DLSC also plays a role in regulating pre-pulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response (ASR), a form of sensorimotor gating. DLSC lesions attenuate PPI and electrical stimulation of DLSC inhibits the startle response. While the circuitry mediating PPI is well-characterized in rodents, less is known about PPI regulation in primates. Two recent studies from our labs reported a species difference in the effects of pharmacological inhibition of the basolateral amygdala and substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr) on PPI between rats and macaques: in rats, inhibition of these structures decreased PPI, while in macaques, it increased PPI. Given that the SNpr sends direct inhibitory projections to DLSC, we next sought to determine if this species difference was similarly evident at the level of DLSC. Here, we transiently inactivated DLSC in four rhesus macaques by focal microinfusion of the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol. Similar to findings reported in rodents, we observed that bilateral inhibition of the DLSC in macaques significantly disrupted PPI. The impairment was specific to the PPI as the ASR itself was not affected. These results indicate that our previously reported species divergence at the level of the SNpr is not due to downstream differences at the level of the DLSC. Species differences at the level of the SNpr and basolateral amygdala emphasize the importance of studying the underlying circuitry in non-human primates, as impairment in PPI has been reported in several disorders in humans, including schizophrenia, autism, and PTSD.
Voluntary and Involuntary Attention in Bistable Visual Perception: A MEG Study
Authors: Chholak Parth , Maksimenko Vladimir A. , Hramov Alexander E. , Pisarchik Alexander N.
Published: December 2020

In this study, voluntary and involuntary visual attention focused on different interpretations of a bistable image, were investigated using magnetoencephalography (MEG). A Necker cube with sinusoidally modulated pixels' intensity in the front and rear faces with frequencies 6.67 Hz (60/9) and 8.57 Hz (60/7), respectively, was presented to 12 healthy volunteers, who interpreted the cube as either left- or right-oriented. The tags of these frequencies and their second harmonics were identified in the average Fourier spectra of the MEG data recorded from the visual cortex. In the first part of the experiment, the subjects were asked to voluntarily control their attention by interpreting the cube orientation as either being on the left or right. Accordingly, we observed the dominance of the corresponding spectral component, and voluntary attention performance was measured. In the second part of the experiment, the subjects were asked to focus their gaze on a red marker at the center of the cube image without putting forth effort in its interpretation. The alternation of the dominant spectral energies at the second harmonics of the stimulation frequencies was treated as changes in the cube orientation. Based on the results of the first experimental stage and using a wavelet analysis, we developed a method which allowed us to identify the currently perceived cube orientation. Finally, we characterized involuntary attention using the distribution of dominance times when focusing attention on one of the cube orientations, which was related to voluntary attention performance and brain noise. In particular, we confirmed our hypothesis that higher attention performance is associated with stronger brain noise.
A Review of Intelligent Fault Diagnosis for High-Speed Trains: Qualitative Approaches
Authors: Cheng Chao , Wang Jiuhe , Chen Hongtian , Chen Zhiwen , Luo Hao , Xie Pu
Published: December 2020

For ensuring the safety and reliability of high-speed trains, fault diagnosis (FD) technique plays an important role. Benefiting from the rapid developments of artificial intelligence, intelligent FD (IFD) strategies have obtained much attention in the field of academics and applications, where the qualitative approach is an important branch. Therefore, this survey will present a comprehensive review of these qualitative approaches from both theoretical and practical aspects. The primary task of this paper is to review the current development of these qualitative IFD techniques and then to present some of the latest results. Another major focus of our research is to introduce the background of high-speed trains, like the composition of the core subsystems, system structure, etc., based on which it becomes convenient for researchers to extract the diagnostic knowledge of high-speed trains, where the purpose is to understand how to use these types of knowledge. By reasonable utilization of the knowledge, it is hopeful to address various challenges caused by the coupling among subsystems of high-speed trains. Furthermore, future research trends for qualitative IFD approaches are also presented.
Gasoline Demand Elasticities at the Backdrop of Lower Oil Prices: Fuel-Subsidizing Country Case
Authors: Mikayilov Jeyhun I. , Mukhtarov Shahriyar , Mammadov Jeyhun
Published: December 2020

This study investigates the income and price elasticities of gasoline demand for a fuel subsidizing country case, applying three different time-varying coefficient approaches to the data spanning the period from January 2002 to June 2018. The empirical estimations concluded a cointegration relationship between gasoline demand, income, and gasoline price. The income elasticity found ranges from 0.10 to 0.29, while the price elasticity remains constant over time, being −0.15. Income elasticity increases over time, slightly decreasing close to the end of the period, which is specific for a developing country. In the short run, gasoline demand does not respond to the changes in income and price. The policy implications are discussed based on the findings of the study. Research results show that since the income elasticity of demand is not constant, the use of constant elasticities obtained in previous studies might be misleading for policymaking purposes. An increase in income elasticity might be the cause of the inefficiency of the existing vehicles. The small price elasticity allows to say that if policy makers plan to reduce gasoline consumption then increasing its price would not substantially reduce the consumption. The current situation can be utilized to increase energy efficiency and implement eco-friendly technologies. For this purpose, the quality of existing transport modes can be improved. Meanwhile, to meet households’ needs, policies such as providing soft auto loans need to be formed to balance the recent drop in car sales.
Numerical Investigation and Multi-Objective Optimization of Internal EGR and Post-Injection Strategies on the Combustion, Emission and Performance of a Single Cylinder, Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine
Authors: Akgül Volkan , Özener Orkun , Büyük Cihan , Özkan Muammer
Published: December 2020

This work presents a numerical study that investigates the optimum post-injection strategy and internal exhaust gas recirculation (iEGR) application with intake valve re-opening (2IVO) aiming to optimize the brake specific nitric oxide (bsNO) and brake specific soot (bsSoot) trade-off with reasonable brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) via 1D engine cycle simulation. For model validation, single and post-injection test results obtained from a heavy-duty single cylinder diesel research engine were used. Then, the model was modified for 2IVO application. Following the simulations performed based on Latin hypercube DoE; BSFC, bsNO and bsSoot response surfaces trained by feedforward neural network were generated as a function of the injection (start of main injection, post-injection quantity, post-injection dwell time) and iEGR (2IVO dwell) parameters. After examining the effect of each parameter on pollutant emission and engine performance, multi-objective pareto optimization was performed to obtain pareto optimum solutions in the BSFC-bsNO-bsSoot space for 8.47 bar brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) load and 1500 rpm speed condition. The results show that iEGR and post-injection can significantly reduce NO and soot emissions, respectively. The soot oxidation capability of post-injection comes out only if it is not too close to the main injection and its efficiency and effective timing are substantially affected by iEGR rate and main injection timing. It could also be inferred that by the combination of iEGR and post-injection, NO and soot could be reduced simultaneously with a reasonable increase in BSFC if start of main injection is phased properly.
Mitochondrial Protein Network: From Biogenesis to Bioenergetics in Health and Disease
Authors: Ferramosca Alessandra
Published: December 2020

Mitochondria are double membrane-bound organelles which are essential for the viability of eukaryotic cells, because they play a crucial role in bioenergetics, metabolism and signaling [...]
The Role of Estradiol in Traumatic Brain Injury: Mechanism and Treatment Potential
Authors: Kövesdi Erzsébet , Szabó-Meleg Edina , Abrahám István M.
Published: December 2020

Patients surviving traumatic brain injury (TBI) face numerous neurological and neuropsychological problems significantly affecting their quality of life. Extensive studies over the past decades have investigated pharmacological treatment options in different animal models, targeting various pathological consequences of TBI. Sex and gender are known to influence the outcome of TBI in animal models and in patients, respectively. Apart from its well-known effects on reproduction, 17β-estradiol (E2) has a neuroprotective role in brain injury. Hence, in this review, we focus on the effect of E2 in TBI in humans and animals. First, we discuss the clinical classification and pathomechanism of TBI, the research in animal models, and the neuroprotective role of E2. Based on the results of animal studies and clinical trials, we discuss possible E2 targets from early to late events in the pathomechanism of TBI, including neuroinflammation and possible disturbances of the endocrine system. Finally, the potential relevance of selective estrogenic compounds in the treatment of TBI will be discussed.
An IoT and Fog Computing-Based Monitoring System for Cardiovascular Patients with Automatic ECG Classification Using Deep Neural Networks
Authors: Rincon Jaime A. , Guerra-Ojeda Solanye , Carrascosa Carlos , Julian Vicente
Published: December 2020

Telemedicine and all types of monitoring systems have proven to be a useful and low-cost tool with a high level of applicability in cardiology. The objective of this work is to present an IoT-based monitoring system for cardiovascular patients. The system sends the ECG signal to a Fog layer service by using the LoRa communication protocol. Also, it includes an AI algorithm based on deep learning for the detection of Atrial Fibrillation and other heart rhythms. The automatic detection of arrhythmias can be complementary to the diagnosis made by the physician, achieving a better clinical vision that improves therapeutic decision making. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated on a dataset of 8.528 short single-lead ECG records using two merge MobileNet networks that classify data with an accuracy of 90% for atrial fibrillation.
GPs’ use of gut feelings when assessing cancer risk: a qualitative study in UK primary care
Authors: Smith Claire Friedemann , Kristensen Benedikte Møller , Andersen Rikke Sand , Hobbs FD Richard , Ziebland Sue , Nicholson Brian D
Published: December 2020

Background

The use of gut feelings to guide clinical decision making in primary care has been frequently described but is not considered a legitimate reason for cancer referral.

Aim

To explore the role that gut feeling plays in clinical decision making in primary care.

Design and setting

Qualitative interview study with 19 GPs in Oxfordshire, UK.

Method

GPs who had referred patients to a cancer pathway based on a gut feeling as a referral criterion were invited to participate. Interviews were conducted between November 2019 and January 2020, and transcripts were analysed using the one sheet of paper method.

Results

Gut feeling was seen as an essential part of decision making that facilitated appropriate and timely care. GPs distanced their gut feelings from descriptions that could be seen as unscientific, describing successful use as reliant on experience and clinical knowledge. This was especially true for patients who fell within a ‘grey area’ where clinical guidelines did not match the GP’s assessment of cancer risk, either because the guidance inadequately represented or did not include the patient’s presentation. GPs sought to legitimise their gut feelings by gathering objective clinical evidence, careful examination of referral procedures, and consultation with colleagues.

Conclusion

GPs described their gut feelings as important to decision making in primary care and a necessary addition to clinical guidance. The steps taken to legitimise their gut feelings matched that expected in good clinical practice.
Impact of changes to national guidelines on hypertension-related workload: an interrupted time series analysis in English primary care
Authors: Lay-Flurrie Sarah L , Sheppard James P , Stevens Richard J , Mallen Christian , Heneghan Carl , Hobbs FD Richard , Williams Bryan , Mant Jonathan , McManus Richard J
Published: December 2020

Background

In 2011, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines recommended the routine use of out-of-office blood pressure (BP) monitoring for the diagnosis of hypertension. These changes were predicted to reduce unnecessary treatment costs and workload associated with misdiagnosis.

Aim

To assess the impact of guideline change on rates of hypertension-related consultation in general practice.

Design and setting

A retrospective open cohort study in adults registered with English general practices contributing to the Clinical Practice Research Datalink between 1 April 2006 and 31 March 2017.

Method

The primary outcome was the rate of face-to-face, telephone, and home visit consultations related to hypertension with a GP or nurse. Age- and sex-standardised rates were analysed using interrupted time-series analysis.

Results

In 3 937 191 adults (median follow-up 4.2 years) there were 12 253 836 hypertension-related consultations. The rate of hypertension-related consultation was 71.0 per 100 person–years (95% confidence interval [CI] = 67.8 to 74.2) in April 2006, which remained flat before 2011. The introduction of the NICE hypertension guideline in 2011 was associated with a change in yearly trend (change in trend −3.60 per 100 person–years, 95% CI = −5.12 to −2.09). The rate of consultation subsequently decreased to 59.2 per 100 person–years (95% CI = 56.5 to 61.8) in March 2017. These changes occurred around the time of diagnosis, and persisted when accounting for wider trends in all consultations.

Conclusion

Hypertension-related workload has declined in the last decade, in association with guideline changes. This is due to changes in workload at the time of diagnosis, rather than reductions in misdiagnosis.
Il senso delle occorrenze del termine παρρησία nel Lachete
Authors: Marino SIlvio
Published: December 2020

Il presente articolo vuole analizzare il senso del termine παρρησία e del verbo derivato παρρησιάζεσθαι nel Lachete di Platone. Lo scopo dell’indagine è quello di considerare il termine e il verbo nella loro relazione semantica con gli altri termini e gli altri concetti che a essi si affiancano nel testo e di mostrare il senso che, nella particolare situazione dialogica di questo testo, questo concetto assume. Al fine di procedere con l’indagine, abbiamo metodologicamente analizzato la semantica di altri termini, come γελοῖον e ἀνακοινόω-ἀνακοινοῦσθαι, che, individuati in altri contesti platonici, sono stati discussi per individuare il senso precipuo della παρρησία nel Lachete. L’analisi dei testi e dei contesti che abbiamo condotto ha mostrato che la παρρησία, perlomeno nel Lachete, individua lo spazio del dialogo come spazio di una comunità dialogica. La παρρησία all’opera in questo dialogo mostra la necessità, per gli interlocutori che vogliano “veramente” discutere, di armonizzare i discorsi alla vita, nel pieno spirito della sentenza socratica dell’Apologia, per cui una vita non esaminata non vale la pena d’esser vissuta.
A IMPORTÂNCIA DO ESPAÇO LÚDICO NO AMBIENTE HOSPITALAR
Authors: Borges Gabriele Da Silva , Oliveira Rafaela Bramatti
Published: December 2020

O período de internação pode tornar-se traumático na vida da criança, pois geralmente a mesma está em um ambiente diferente do habitual. A Lei n°11.104 de 2005 tornou obrigatória a implementação de brinquedotecas nos hospitais. No entanto, nem todos os hospitais têm suporte para tal função. Objetivo: demonstrar a importância do espaço lúdico para crianças hospitalizadas. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de campo com abordagem qualitativa, com parecer do Comitê de Ética nº 3.337.363, fazendo parte de uma Pesquisa PIBIC. Foram realizadas entrevistas com acompanhantes de crianças de dois hospitais do município de Cascavel, sendo ao todo 20 entrevistas com acompanhantes de pacientes pediátricos, 10 no hospital onde há espaço lúdico (Hospital A) e 10 no hospital onde não há espaço lúdico (Hospital B). Os resultados obtidos vêm, de acordo com a literatura, demonstrando positivamente o aproveitamento do espaço lúdico e ao contrário dos que não possuem espaço lúdico. Além disso, foi possível averiguar a relação do uso de tecnologias no ambiente hospitalar. Evidencia-se que há aproveitamento do Espaço Lúdico para a criança em condição hospitalar de modo a colaborar com o bem-estar do cliente pediátrico.
FREQUENCY OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS WITH REFERENCE TO RISK FACTORS IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN SOUTH WESTERN MAHARASHTRA
Authors: Desai Satish , Mahendrakar Priyanka A.
Published: December 2020

AIM: To estimate the frequency of Diabetic Retinopathy and the possible risk factors associated with Diabetic Retinopathy.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients of diagnosed type 2 Diabetes Mellitus attending Ophthalmology Outpatient Department in Government Medical College and Hospital, Miraj during the study period were included. History was taken and a complete ophthalmic examination was done. Diabetic Retinopathy was graded according to ETDRS classification. Data was analyzed using SPSS 22 version software.
RESULT: A total of 275 patients with diagnosed Diabetes Mellitus were examined. Frequency of diabetic retinopathy in the study was 30.91%. Significant association was found with male gender (p=0.008), duration of Diabetes Mellitus more than 10 years (p<0.001), positive family history (p<0.001), use of insulin (p<0.001), raised systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p<0.001), fasting and post prandial blood sugar levels (p<0.001). Age, smoking status and body mass index were not found to be significant risk factors for the development of diabetic retinopathy.
A STUDY OF BODY CAVITY EFFUSIONS AND ITS DIAGNOSTIC UTILITY OF CELL BLOCK AS AN ADJUNCT TO CONVENTIONAL CYTOLOGICAL SMEARS
Authors: Nandi Ankan , Jana Debarshi
Published: December 2020

Background: The cell block technique is one of the oldest method for evaluation of body cavity fluids and it increases the sensitivity of the diagnosis in comparison to conventional smear study. The main advantage of cell block technique is preservation of tissue architecture and obtaining multiple sections for special stains.
Aim: To assess the utility of cell block method in increasing the sensitivity of cytological diagnosis of body cavity effusions as an adjunct to conventional smear method.
Material and methods: It was institution based cross sectional observational study. All patients presenting with effusion and those who was give consent for participating in the study was included in this study. The study was conducted in Dept. Of Pathology, Nandigram Superspeciality Hospital. 100 cases fulfilling the predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria was taken during the study period.
Result: Association of Cellularity vs cell block was statistically significant (p<0.0001). Association of Architectural Pattern vs cell block was not statistically significant (p=0.7883). Association of cytological smears vs cell block was statistically significant (p=<0.0001).
Conclusion: Cell block technique is superior to conventional smear technique, especially for malignant effusions.
Le elezioni del 23 ottobre 2011 in Tunisia: il laboratorio politico della Primavera Araba
Authors: Sebastiani Chiara
Published: December 2020

On the 23rd October 2011 Tunisia held what are commonly deemed the first democratic elections of the country. The process is highly interesting not only because it concerns the country where the so-called Arab spring started, but also because it managed a successful transition from a charismatic revolutionary provisional regime (led by the High Commission for the Attainment of the Goals of Revolution) to a legal-rational institution (the National Constituent Assembly). The instruments for this transition had to be built up from scratch: the main ones being the Independent Electoral Authority, the new Electoral Law and bye-laws concerning the activities of political parties, ongs, the press. A complex process of institutional learning followed: inexperience in democratic processes led to a highly fragmented structure in political parties, a high dispersion of vote and a participation involving only about half the body politic. On the other hand the process, followed by official observers form the EU as well as by international accredited ongs was pronounced to have been on the whole fair, honest, transparent and equal. The overwhelming success of the islamic party Ennahdha was not unexpected. Surprises rather came from the success of the outsider party Al Aridha and from the scores, worse than expected, of the parties identifying themselves as “secular”. A deeper analysis, based on Rokkan’s theory of cleavages, might thus appropriately be called for.
La ciudad y el origen de la civilización en los Andes. Sobre el imperativo y los límites de la comparación en la prehistoria.
Authors: Makowski Krzysztof
Published: December 2020

Abstract/short description by Editorial Team:

This article discusses the presence of urbanism in the Andean region. The author revisits numerous models of development of complex societies that have been proposed and are still in use. Much of them relates to the concepts of city and urbanism and such manifestations of complex society are often regarded as a universal and important element of societal evolution. Makowski's article stresses that Mediterranean urbanism includes a number of very characteristic ideas that do not find any equivalent in the Andean region. He suggests that Andean settlements may not be comparable to Old World cities.