bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Precise 3D Lug Pose Detection Sensor for Automatic Robot Welding Using a Structured-Light Vision System
Authors: Park Jae  Byung , Lee Seung  Hun , Lee Il  Jae
Published: September 2009

In this study, we propose a precise 3D lug pose detection sensor for automatic robot welding of a lug to a huge steel plate used in shipbuilding, where the lug is a handle to carry the huge steel plate. The proposed sensor consists of a camera and four laser line diodes, and its design parameters are determined by analyzing its detectable range and resolution. For the lug pose acquisition, four laser lines are projected on both lug and plate, and the projected lines are detected by the camera. For robust detection of the projected lines against the illumination change, the vertical threshold, thinning, Hough transform and separated Hough transform algorithms are successively applied to the camera image. The lug pose acquisition is carried out by two stages: the top view alignment and the side view alignment. The top view alignment is to detect the coarse lug pose relatively far from the lug, and the side view alignment is to detect the fine lug pose close to the lug. After the top view alignment, the robot is controlled to move close to the side of the lug for the side view alignment. By this way, the precise 3D lug pose can be obtained. Finally, experiments with the sensor prototype are carried out to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed sensor.
Pd/C-Mediated synthesis of indoles in water
Authors: Layek Mohosin , Lakshmi Udaya , Kalita Dipak , Barange Deepak Kumar , Islam Aminul , Mukkanti K , Pal Manojit
Published: September 2009

We describe the utility of a Pd/C-Cu mediated method in the synthesis of 2,5-disubstituted indoles in water via a coupling-cyclization strategy. Further application of this methodology has been demonstrated in the preparation of a target indole derivative via a 7-step process the key step being the Pd/C-mediated coupling reaction.
THEORETICAL BASIS FOR AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF ROAD ACCIDENT LOSSES
Authors: Kapskij Denis , Samoilovich Tatyana
Published: September 2009

The article regards the theoretical basis for estimating life value for the purpose of calculating road accident losses. The paper presents a simple structure of accident costs that could be taken into account in order to calculate the total economic value of road accidents. The article also shows the basic methods of estimating life value in different countries for different purposes and describes the problems of estimating life value in the Republic of Belarus. The paper comprises practically used values of life and the costs of injuries in some countries. Losses and costs caused by a road accident are regarded as direct and indirect. Besides, losses occurring during a road accident are considered as economic and social. The temporary estimated values of the total economic value of road accidents are discussed at the end of the article.
THE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH AND LITHUANIAN TRANSPORT TERMS AND SOME METHODS OF DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE SCIENCE WRITING STRATEGIES BY NON‐NATIVE SPEAKERS OF ENGLISH
Authors: Marina Valerija , Marin Igor , Snuviškienė Genovaitė
Published: September 2009

The paper addresses the problem of developing more effective strategies and skills of writing scientific and technical texts by non‐native speakers of English. The causes of poor writing are identified and general guidelines for developing effective science writing strategies are outlined. The analysis of difficulties faced by non‐native speakers of English in writing research papers is made by examining transport terms and international words which are based on different nomination principles in English and Lithuanian. Case study of various names given to a small vehicle used for passenger transportation in many countries is provided, illustrating the alternative ways of naming the same object of reality in different languages. The analysis is based on the theory of linguistic relativity. Differences in the use of similar international terms in English and Lithuanian, which often cause errors and misunderstanding, are also demonstrated. The recommendations helping non‐native speakers of English to avoid errors and improve skills of writing scientific and technical texts are given.
A STUDY OF THE DEFLECTIONS OF METAL ROAD GUARDRAIL ELEMENTS
Authors: Prentkovskis Olegas , Beljatynskij Andrey , Prentkovskienė Rasa , Dyakov Ivan , Dabulevičienė Laima
Published: September 2009

Statistical data on traffic accidents in 2008 in Lithuania is presented. Referring to statistical data, grounding on an obstacle’ makes one‐tenth of all registered traffic accidents ‐ 9.4% (an obstacle may be a road guardrail, a lamp post, a tree, a bar, a gate, etc.). Road guardrails of various types are installed on the shoulders and dividing strips of urban and suburban roads. They are as follows: reinforced concrete guardrails, cable guardrails and metal guardrails. Metal guardrails, consisting of S‐shape metal posts and a protective W‐shape horizontal beam, are most popular. The authors of the present paper examine the deformation processes of the elements of the above mentioned guardrail. A mathematical model of metal road guardrail was developed. Metal road guardrail was modelled using one‐dimensional first‐order finite elements, taking into account only elastic deformations, as well as the effect of soil on the buried post section of the guardrail. Based on the developed mathematical model of metal road guardrail, the deflections of its elements caused by the impact of a vehicle moving at varying speed were determined. The obtained values of deflections of guardrail elements (a protective W‐shape horizontal beam and a S‐shape post) presented in paper do not exceed the admissible values (of beam deflections).
PERFORMANCE OF FHWA MODEL FOR PREDICTING TRAFFIC NOISE: A CASE STUDY OF METROPOLITAN CITY, LUCKNOW (INDIA)
Authors: Shukla Arvind Kumar , Jain Sukhvir Singh , Parida Manoranjan , Srivastava Jyoti Bhushan
Published: September 2009

Industrial and transport activities are the two major sources of noise pollution in any metropolitan city. Lucknow city, the capital of the largest populated state Uttar Pradesh in India has an area of 310 sq. km and is rapidly growing as a commercial, industrial and trading centre of northern India. The population of Lucknow city as per census 2001 is 22.45 Lacs. It is expected that by the year 2021 it will make 45 Lacs. The total vehicle population in Lucknow city on 31 March 2008, was nearly 1 million with almost 80% two wheelers, 12% cars, 1.36% three wheelers, 0.45% buses etc. A study was carried out to assess the existing status of noise levels and its impacts on the environment with a possibility of further expansion of the city. Ambient noise levels were measured at different locations selected on the basis of land use such as silence, heavy traffic and residential and commercial zones. It was found that noise levels at all selected locations were much higher (75–90 dB) than the prescribed limits. The observed traffic volume and data on road geometry were used to predict noise levels using Federal Highway Administration Agency (FHWA) model and the calculated noise levels were compared with the observed levels for checking the suitability of this model for predicting the future levels. It was established that the results obtained by FHWA model were very close to the observed noise levels and that the model was suitable to be used for other similar metropolitan cities in India.
Implementing Dynamic Mathematics Resources with GeoGebra at the College Level
Authors: Dikovic Ljubica
Published: September 2009

The dynamic nature of linear and vector algebra, differential calculus or integration, could be in a conjunction with dynamic/interactive method of display. Although GeoGebra provides multiple representations of mathematical objects, it can help students to discover connections between mathematical objects and their graphical representation. Students take more responsibility for their own learning, and the dynamics of classroom activity shift to more discussion, interest, motivation to study and cooperative learning. The contribution of this paper is that new trends in technology and learning are shown. In technical sense, this paper presents Geogebra applet, which could be especially important for the future development of e-learning of College mathematics. In methodological sense, contribution of this paper is presentation of methodological frames on several specifics examples. The aim of this paper to show how concepts of dynamic geometry can be applied for topics in calculus with suggested GeoGebra software tools. In addition, author emphasizes the important role of free open-source software packages for mathematics teaching world-wide.
Implementation of an Assessment System Incorporating Web-based Parameterized Questions
Authors: Kapsalis Vassilis
Published: September 2009

This paper presents a web-based assessment system, which supports parameterized questions, incorporating remote web services/applications, in order to use them during the evaluation process. The proposed system introduces a dynamic technique for creating a new type of parameterized web-based questions which mix static and dynamic content and thus, it operates as an integration framework, incorporating these remote web services/applications as part of the evaluation process. The technique is based on question templates, which contain the details of the remote services/applications that provide the correct answer in each question. The incorporation of remote web-based services into a parameterized assessment system, as part of the evaluation process, constitutes an advanced feature that provides new capabilities, such as flexibility and extensibility to any assessment system.
Modification of Passive Layer on TiNbZrTa Alloy in Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) at Various pH
Authors: Ionita D. , Prodana Mariana , Caposi M.
Published: September 2009

The paper reports the behavior of TiNbZrTa in biological solution which simulates the body conditions (SBF-simulated body fluids) with different pH values. It has determinate the ion release quantities in time in SBF and the passive layer transformation on the implant surface. The used techniques were ICP-MS, FT-IR and contact angle measurement.
Biopolymer Thin Films for Photonics Applications
Authors: Popescu Roxana , Moldoveanu Mirela , Rău Ileana
Published: September 2009

In this paper we focused our studies on functionalization of DNA and of collagen with active molecules and thin film processing, their photostability in view of their further application in electronics and photonics as all optical switching elements, bioleds, optical memories, light amplifies, electro-optic modulators, etc. We have also addressed very important point for the practical application of these materials, not studied previously, which is the photo stability of these materials. If they have to work in photonic systems they have to exhibit an excellent stability in time and at the operation temperature range. The main interest for biopolymers arises from the fact that they are renewable, derived from waste of meat industry and they are biodegradable materials.
Spectral Investigations Concerning the Degradation Degree of Romanian Historical Leather
Authors: Giurginca Maria , Miu Lucretia
Published: September 2009

A comprehensive investigation has been made of a set of historical leather samples from the 17th – 20th centuries. For the investigation of the degradation degree spectral techniques in IR (MID and NIR) and UV-VIS have been used, and collateral Micro Hot Table (MHT) determination as well. Changes in the physical and chemical characteristics values of the leather issues due to the interaction with the environmental factors during a long period of time were used in order to identify the possible deterioration ways.
Synthesis and Characterization of Potentially Antimicrobial Complexes of Zn(II) and Cu(II) with Chlorhexidine as Ligand
Authors: Dumitru Florina , Giurginca Maria , Micu O. , Guran C. , Razvan Anca , Badea Nicoleta Maria
Published: September 2009

Chlorhexidine, 1,1'-hexamethylene-bis-[5-(p-chlorophenyl)-biguanide] is a clinically used antiseptic agent with a broad activity spectrum, effective against either Gram positive bacteria such as Mutans streptococcus or Gram negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It has eliminating effects on some mycobacteria. In order to prevent the loss of the biological activity caused by poor solubility of chlorhexidine and to limit the side effects of chlorhexidine when used as antiseptic, we synthesised Zn(II)- and Cu(II)- complexes of chlorhexidine, L1, as well as with chlorhexidine diacetate, L2, in 1:1 and 1:2 M:L molar ratios. Based on the elemental analysis data, IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy, and ESI-MS spectrometry we proposed the appropriate molecular formulae of the complexes.
One-Step Potentiostatic Electrodeposition of Polypyrrole Coatings on Zinc Coated Steel Surfaces
Authors: Pirvu Cristian , Mindroiu Mihaela , Demetrescu Ioana
Published: September 2009

In this paper the elaboration and characterization of polypyrrole coatings on active metallic surfaces were performed. The one-step electropolymerization of pyrrole on zinc-coated steel electrodes was investigated under several techniques (cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy) in aqueous medium. Adherent and homogeneous PPy coatings were obtained using tartrate counter-ions. The obtained results show that the PPy coatings increase the corrosion potential and reduce the corrosion current.
The Effect of the Magnetic Field’s Direction to Polishing in a Magnetic-Electrochemical Compound Polishing
Authors: Shi Li Min , Niu Yong Jiang , Liu Er Liang , Ma Yong Feng
Published: September 2009

Magnetic-electrochemical compound polishing is applied in difficult-to-process materials little by little. The influence of the magnetic field to electrochemical process is very complicated. In the paper, using Coulomb laws and Lorentz force, the two kinds of math model of the movement of the charged particles are established according to the different magnetic field whose direction is vertical or parallel to the electrical field. The velocity equations and loci equations of three typical particles are concluded in two kinds of magnetic field’s directions. To be compared and analyzed carefully, the influence of the magnetic field’s direction to polishing is concluded. This study can guide how to determine the magnetic field’s direction in magnetic-electrochemical compound polishing, and build the theoretical basis to study the mechanism of magnetic-electrochemical compound polishing.
Design of Ultrasonic Transformer Vibrated Radically with Double Supports in Gear Honing
Authors: Ma Lin , Wang Shi Ying , Lv Ming , Ya Gang
Published: September 2009

Ultrasonic vibration can reduce honing forces efficiently. As the honing wheel can be washed by ultrasonic cavitations of cooling liquid, its jams are decreased and the higher honing efficiency has obtained. Therefore, the combination of ultrasonic machining and gear honing is a method for gear fine machining with its wide application future. In the paper, to improve the rigidity, the ultrasonic vibration system adopted the structure of double supports as traditional honing machine, so the horn is symmetric. The machined gear was simplified into a circular thin plate with diameter of its reference circle and the horn was treated as its half as the symmetry; the frequency equations of the transformer were derived according to stress match under the condition that the half horn and plate of the transformer were considered at the same time; the frequency equations were derived based on the boundary conditions. Then the design parameters of the transformer were obtained as the frequency equation was solved computationally and expanded to the whole horn. The displacement, stress of the transformer was solved, too. Finally, the vibration mode of the transformer was analyzed by ANSYS. The results of theoretical and ANSYS analysis is consistent, which means the theoretical model and analysis method are correct.
Electroplating Nickel-Iron Alloy on the Diamond Surface
Authors: Tan Li Rong , Wang Yan Hui , Zang Jian Bing , Zhang Jin Hui
Published: September 2009

Ni-coated diamond grits are widely used in resin-bonding diamond tools for that nickel coating could not only increase the surface roughness, but also improve retention of the diamond in the bond. However coating nickel on diamond surface is too expensive for the high price of metal nickel. In order to obtain cost-effective coating, barrel-plating method was used to coat nickel-iron alloy on the diamond surface in this paper. Nickel-iron alloy coating with iron content of 13.62~17.25wt% has been obtained and the iron content in the alloy coating can be adjusted by the content of Fe2+ in the electrolyte. Compared with the uncoated-diamond, the compressive fracture strength (CFS) of coated diamond tested by single grit method has a distinct increase and it becomes higher as the iron content increases in the coating. The coating possesses ferromagnetism and the magnetic intensity of alloy coating with high iron content is larger than that with low iron content.
Research on the Mechanism and the Superficial Microstructure of the Nano-Composited Ceramics under Ultrasonic Polishing
Authors: Zhang Ming , Zhao Bo , Jiao Feng , Li Yu
Published: September 2009

The polishing experiment of the ZrO2 toughed Al2O3 nano-ceramics is carried on by the ultrasonic installment manufactured according to the local resonance theory. Using the white light interferometer, SEM and so on to observe the superficial microstructure of nano-ceramics after polishing under the same parameter and component condition, the surface layer occurred mainly in material powdering and crystal grain fragmentation. The subsurface layer deformed also plastically operated by crystal lattice distortion and the crystal boundary slipping. The microscopic distortion is operated by the coordinated mechanism, including intragranular dislocation in crystal strengthened structures. The nano-particles along the grain boundaries reduce expanding of cracks, which led the materials favorable finished surface.
Influence of Diamond Abrasive Processing Path to Brittle-Hard Material Surface Generation
Authors: Hu Shan Shan , Wang Cheng Yong , Chen Cheng Gang , Hu Ying Ning , Qin Pei Xing
Published: September 2009

For defects of low-plastic, brittle damage and micro-crack, brittle-hard materials are often collapsed and ruptured, and processing surface was made by complicated micro grooves after repeated processing. In order to know the complex rules of surface generation, series tests of diamond abrasives scratching glass with different processing paths and depth of cut were done. Cutting force and acoustic emission signal were collected. Crack generation, path interference, dynamic characteristic of glass processing were observed.
Analyzing the Familiar Failures and its Elimination of Hydraulic System which Affect the Processing Precision Grinding Machine
Authors: Tian Yong , Cao Xian Zhou
Published: September 2009

Analyze the familiar failures and its elimination of hydraulic system which affect the processing precision of grinding machine. Find out mostly problems of the hydraulic system. Movable platform ‘crawl’; the velocity disaccord of the movable platform moving out and home; the rapidity falls short of theory value when the movable platform moves speediness; when the movable platform is being start-up or stop, it may rush ahead suddenly; the positions’ precision of the movable platform is affected by the three-position directional control valve. The temperature of oil is too high when the machine is working etc. Bring forward the method how to eliminate these failures. These can offer some reference for grinding machine on its design, use, maintenance etc.
Drilling Force of SiC Particle Reinforced Aluminum-Matrix Composites with Ultrasonic Vibration
Authors: Xu Xing Xin , Mo Ya Lin , Liu Chuan Shao , Zhao Bo
Published: September 2009

In recent years, particle reinforced metal matrix composites (PRMMCs）has been widely applied because of its excellent mechanical performances. But the machining is very difficult due to the rigidity of reinforced phase in it, thus the popularization of PRMMCs is restricted much. Here, a method of ultrasonic vibration drilling is presented to the hole-making of Aluminum-matrix composites based on cutting force analysis between common and vibration machining. In virtue of the self-developed ultrasonic drilling equipment, experiments of common and ultrasonic vibration drilling are performed on SiC particle reinforced Aluminum-matrix composites with different content of SiC by using two types of tungsten carbide twist drill. Since the tool life can be represented directly by drilling force, especially the torque, the study of drilling force is very important for the surface roughness, the design and life of drill. Drilling force and its variation in the machining process are analyzed by comparison of common and vibration drilling. It shows that the eviction of drilling chips can be meliorated to some extent, and the drilling torque can be reduced about 30% during the ultrasonic vibration drilling process.
Temperature Field during CMP GaAs Wafer Using an AID
Authors: Lu Wen Zhuang , Zuo Dun Wen , Sun Yu Li , Zhao Yu Fei , Xu Feng , Chen Rong Fa
Published: September 2009

The abrasive ice disc chemical mechanical polishing (AID-CMP) is a potential polishing process in the semiconductor industry to realize superior surface finish and planarity for semiconductor wafers. In this paper we investigated the temperature field during GaAs wafer AID-CMP process for a better understanding of AID-CMP. The results show that the AID outer temperature is higher than the inner, and the highest temperature in AID is at the wafer/AID contact zone. The increases of Pc, v, eh and tp will generate more energy and cause more local melting during GaAs wafer AID-CMP process. The AID temperature and the area of highest temperature zone increase with increasing Pc, v, and eh. The nodes temperature increase in every conditions adopted as tp increases. The area of melted zone and thickness of melted ice increase with increasing Pc, v, eh and tp.
Experimental Research on Laser Brazing of Diamond Grits with a Ni-Based Filler Alloy
Authors: Yang Zhi Bo , Liu Ai Ju , Xu Jiu Hua
Published: September 2009

Brazing diamond grits onto steel substrate using a Ni-based filler alloy was carried out via laser beam in an argon atmosphere. The microstructure of the interfacial region among the Diamond grits and the filler layer were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopes (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Meanwhile, the formation mechanism of carbide layers was discussed. All the results indicated that the active element chromium in the Ni-based alloy concentrated preferentially to the surface of the grits to form a chromium-rich layer, and the hard joint between the alloy and the steel substrate is established through a cross-diffusion of iron and Ni-based alloy through parameters optimization.
Experimental Study on High Efficiency Grinding Technology for Irregular Surface of Q.L. Red Granite
Authors: Zhang Zheng Mei , Zhang Jin Sheng , Wang Zhi , Zheng Chun Ying
Published: September 2009

Based on orthogonal experiment design the study about the irregular surface of Qilu Red granite was performed, the tend charts of technologic parameters were established. The relations of factor primary and secondary between cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut on two performance measures, machining efficiency and wear of cutter were investigated by range analysis, and the optimal cutting parameters for each performance measure were obtained too. Mathematic models of machining efficiency and wear of cutter were deduced by analysis of regression about experimental results. The theoretic foundation was offered to reasonably select technologic parameters of grinding for irregular surface of granite.
Study of Finishing Mechanism for Internal Surface Using Magnetic Force Generated by Rotating Magnetic Field
Authors: Yao Xin Gai , Ding Yan Hong , Ya Gang , Liu Wei Wei , Zhang Yuan
Published: September 2009

In the paper, a new method of using rotating magnetic field generated by a stator of alternative electromotor to finish the inner surface of tube-type workpiece is proposed. Force and movements of magnetic abrasive are analyzed. The finishing mechanism is analyzed and the sliding, friction and scratching between magnetic abrasives and the workpiece inner surface may be main factors of material removal as the non-mechanical relative motion is produced.
The Development of Large High Efficient CNC Gantry Grinder for Vessel Head in Nuclear Power
Authors: Huang Yun , Huang Zhi , Zhang Wei Wen , Wang Li Ping
Published: September 2009

This paper describes the current processing problem of China's nuclear power vessel head, bring forward a method which can process groove and welding seam, eliminate welding root and polish surface with high efficiency deep grinding wheel and heavy duty abrasive belt grinding technology by CNC in a grinder, expatiates this new large gantry grinding machine structure design and CNC key techniques, finally summarizes this new grinding techniques and machine.
An Investigation into the Effecting Mechanism of Alloying Additives on the Bronze Matrix and Diamond Composites
Authors: Dai Qiu Lian , Luo Can Bin , Lv Yu Rong
Published: September 2009

Effects of some alloying additives such as Cr, Co, Ni, Mn, Al on the microstructures, resulting fracture surfaces of bronze base bonds and diamond composites as well as the bonding between the metal bonds and diamond grits were studied. Experimental results revealed that under the hot pressing conditions sufficient alloying couldn’t develop as it does in the cast bronze. The degree of segregation varied with the melting point of the alloying elements. The metal with higher melting point led to a more serious segregation. Addition of strong carbide formation elements like Cr, Co could improve the bonding between the metal bonds and diamond grits and the retension of metal bond for diamond was enhanced in a way. However the addition of Al, Mn and Ni did not bring much improvement on the bonding between the metal bonds and the diamond grits.
Research and Development of Ultrasonic Honing Vibration CAE System on UG
Authors: Zhu X.J. , Lu Zhi Meng , Chen Quan , Wang Jian Qing
Published: September 2009

With a more application of ultrasonic technology, power-ultrasonic applied in the filed of processing about rare earth alloy and magnesium-aluminum alloy, which become more and more widespread. A steady and efficient ultrasonic vibration system is crucial, so it’s important and superior to research on the parameterization and modularization about the ultrasonic vibration system. The paper, based on the UG platform, researched and developed the modular power supersonic resonance CAE system with the using of the UG re-development tool and VC++. Finally it indicated the design method is reasonable through the confirmation of ultrasonic vibration experiment, which has a bright prospect in application.
Experimental Study on the Influence of the Grinding Wheel Topography on Grinding Chatter and Grinding Surface Waveness
Authors: Weng Ze Yu , Lu Bo , You Hong Wu , Ding Hong Gang , Cai Yong , Xu Guang Chen , Zhang Nan Nan
Published: September 2009

This paper describes the experimental results of the relationship between grinding wheel topography and grinding chatter and surface waveness on the precise surface grinding machine. The inner relationship between the grinding chatter and grinding surface waveness has been analyzed. The experimental research results show that the grinding depth is a main factor which affects grinding chatter and grinding surface waveness on the grinding surface. Thus a further exploration has been made in the formative mechanism of grinding chatter and grinding surface waveness.
Study on Grinding Performance of Soft Abrasive Wheel for Silicon Wafer
Authors: Kang Ren Ke , Gao Shang , Jin Zhu Ji , Guo Dong Ming
Published: September 2009

With the development of IC manufacturing technology, the machining precision and surface quality of silicon wafer are proposed much higher, but now the planarization techniques of silicon wafer using free abrasive and bonded abrasive have the disadvantage of poor profile accuracy, environmental pollution, deep damage layer, etc. A soft abrasive wheel combining chemical and medical effect was developed in this paper, it could get super smooth, low damage wafer surface by utilizing mechanical friction of abrasives and chemical reaction among abrasives, additives, silicon. A comparison experiment between #3000 soft abrasive wheel and #3000 diamond abrasive wheel was given to study on the grinding performance of soft abrasive wheel. The results showed that: wafer surface roughness ground by soft abrasive wheel was sub-nanometer and its sub-surface damage was only 0.01µm amorphous layer, which were much better than silicon wafer ground by diamond abrasive wheel, but material removal rate and grinding ratio of soft abrasive wheel were lower than diamond wheel. The wafer surface ground by soft abrasive wheel included Ce4+, Ce3+, Si4+, Ca2+ and Si, which indicated that the chemical reaction really occurred during grinding process.
NC Polishing of a Press Roll with an Arc Surface of an Ultra-Large Radius
Authors: Yu Ying Liang , Yang De Qing
Published: September 2009

The paper discusses the NC polishing and NC repairing of the arc surface with an ultra-large radius of the paper machine’s press roll. It is very difficult to polish and repair press rolls whose radius is up to several thousands of meters because it is quite beyond the range which a NC system permits. The special NC reconstruction of a machine tool and its principle and method were elaborated. In an example the accuracy of parameters conversion was calculated and related formulas were derived, and also the methods of eliminating errors and the measures to compensate errors were discussed. In view of the abrasion of the grinding (or polishing) wheel, the measure for instantaneous automatic compensation was discussed.
Research on Preparation and Properties of Magnetic Abrasive by Conventional Solid-State Method
Authors: Zhao Zeng Dian , Huang Yu Hong , Zhao Yu Gang , Yu Xian Jin
Published: September 2009

The silicon-coated iron powder was evenly mixed with corundum powder and high temperature binder. After tabletting and sintering, followed by crushing and screening, the magnetic abrasive with a certain size was obtained. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were respectively used to characterize the morphology, elemental composition and the crystalloid structures of magnetic abrasive. The ferromagnetic phase and abrasive phase were combined firmly. The magnetic abrasive prepared showed a good grinding ability, whose durable time was up to 24 min. Irregular particles was obtained by smashing the magnetic abrasive, mainly composed of Al2O3, Fe2O3, α-Fe, AlFeO3, (Al, Fe)7BO3(SiO4)3O3.
On the Evaluation of Lapping Uniformity for Precision Balls
Authors: Wang Zhi Wei , Lv Bing Hai , Yuan Ju Long , Yang Fan
Published: September 2009

The precision and efficiency of lapping for balls are determined by the lapping uniformity. One method of evaluating the ball lapping uniformity for different lapping mode is proposed, which is based on kinematics analysis under the assumption of pure rolling. Lapping experiments of V-groove lapping mode, dual rotating plates (DRP) lapping mode, and dual-rotating eccentric V-groove (DREVG) lapping mode are carried out on steel balls, and the lapping traces are observed. The prediction of the evaluating method is in accordance with the experimental results.
The Establishment of Orthogonal Cutting Finite Element Model and its Key Technologies
Authors: Zheng You Yi , Gao Ai Hua
Published: September 2009

Based on several assumptions, this paper established the finite element model of the heat coupling of the orthogonal metal cutting, and analyzes the key technology that involved in the Orthogonal cutting finite element simulation.
Study on the Phase Transition Characteristics in Ultrasonic High Efficiency Lapped Surface of Engineering Ceramics
Authors: Jiao Feng , Zhao Bo , Zhao Yong , Li Tai Ping
Published: September 2009

Surface phase structure has an important effect on the surface machining quality. The surface phase transition characteristics of ZrO2 and ZTA ceramics under different machining methods were tested by X-ray diffraction in the paper. Through the qualitative and quantitative phase analyses, the influences of several different precision machining methods on the phase transitions in the machined surface were studied. Research results show that there are more transitions from tetragonal phase ZrO2 to monoclinic phase ZrO2 in the high speed grinding surface; because of the high-frequency vibration of lapping tool in ultrasonic lapping, the stress condition in the grinding area can be improved and the stable tetragonal phase ZrO2 in the ultrasonic lapped surface is easy to get. The research conclusions have important significance on analyzing the surface residual stress and improving the surface machining quality of engineering ceramics.
Research on Chip Formation Mechanisms of Nano-Composite Ceramics in Two-Dimensional Ultrasonic Grinding
Authors: Tong Jing Lin , Zhao Bo , Yan Yan Yan
Published: September 2009

Experimental research on grinding characteristics of nano-composites ceramics were carried out using diamond wheel in two-dimensional ultrasonic vibration grinding (TDUVG) and the topography of the scratched grooves were observed with Transmission Electron Microscope. The surface crack, plastic deformation and brittle-ductile transition during chip formation were analyzed. Subsequently, the grinding model of nano-composites ceramics machining in TDUVG was established based on fracture theory of micro-indentation in fracture region and plastic information mechanism of hard-brittle materials. The metamorphic layer can be divided into three regions: brittle-fracture, non-elastic deformation and residual damage region. Ultrasonic grinding process can be divided into three phase: elastic friction and extrusion, crack growth and crack propagation and chip formation.
Biochemistry Department, University of Oxford
Authors: Watson Howard
Published: September 2009

Howard Watson describes how Hawkins\Brown's new Biochemistry Department for the University of Oxford represents an innovative new model for scientific research institutes. Spatially, its interior not only positively embraces and encourages social interaction and the fertilisation of ideas, but also brings art, architecture and science together under a single roof. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computational Building Performance Modelling and Ecodesign
Authors: Lam Khee Poh , Yeang Ken
Published: September 2009

Khee Poh Lam and Ken Yeang call for architects to play a more proactive role in building performance modelling. They look at how this is all made possible with the emergence of accessible, cost‐effective web‐based systems for practices and the way that this can further be enhanced by integrated performance‐based design approaches. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Carbamoyl Azides Directly from Primary Alcohols and Oxidation of Secondary Alcohols to Ketones Using Iodobenzene Dichloride in Combination with Sodium Azide
Authors: Li Xiao‐Qiang , Wang Wei‐Kun , Zhang Chi
Published: September 2009

An effective synthesis of carbamoyl azides directly from primary alcohols using iodobenzene dichloride in combination with sodium azide has been developed. Moreover, the same regent combination was also efficient for the oxidation of secondary alcohols to the corresponding ketones.
Poly(2‐oxazoline)s: A Polymer Class with Numerous Potential Applications
Authors: Hoogenboom Richard
Published: September 2009

The living cationic ring‐opening polymerization of 2‐oxazolines has been studied in great detail since its discovery in 1966. The versatility of this living polymerization method allows copolymerization of a variety of 2‐oxazoline monomers to give a range of tunable polymer properties that enable, for example, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, fluorophilic, as well as hard and soft materials to be obtained. However, this class of polymers was almost forgotten in the 1980s and 1990s because of their long reaction times and limited application possibilities. In the new millennium, a revival of poly(2‐oxazoline)s has arisen because of their potential use as biomaterials and thermoresponsive materials, as well as the easy access to defined amphiphilic structures for (hierarchical) self‐assembly. Recent developments that illustrate the potential of poly(2‐oxazoline)s are discussed in this Review. In addition, the promising combination of poly(2‐oxazoline)s and click chemistry is illustrated.
Fluorescence spectroscopy of H‐ras transfected murine fibroblasts: A comparison with Monte Carlo simulations
Authors: Mark Shlomo , Salman Ahmad , Grossman Nili , Gopas Jacob , Sahu Ranjit Kumar , Mordechai Shaul
Published: September 2009

Autofluorescence properties of tissues have been widely used to diagnose various types of malignancies. In this study, we measured the autofluorescence properties of H‐ras transfected murine fibroblasts and the counterpart control cells. The pair of cells is genetically identical except for the transfected H‐ras gene. We applied Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate the relative contributions of Rayleigh and Mie scattering effects towards fluorescence in an in vitro model system of normal and H‐ras transfected fibroblasts. The experimental results showed that fluorescence emission intensity was higher for normal cells than the malignant counterpart cells by about 30%. In normal cells, linearity in emission intensity was observed for cell densities of up to 1.0 × 106 cells/ml whereas for transformed cells it was up to 1.4 × 106 cells/ml. Nuclear volume changes give good account for the differences in the intrinsic fluorescence between normal and malignant cells. The Monte Carlo (MC) code, newly developed for this study, explains both predominant experimental features: the large fluorescence intensity differences between the transfected and the corresponding control cells as well as the phenomena of the red shift in the excitation spectra as a function of cell density. The contribution of Rayleigh scattering was found to be predominant compared to Mie scattering. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 93: 132–140, 2010.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
An unbiased sensitivity analysis reveals important parameters controlling periodicity of circadian clock
Authors: Xie Zhi , Kulasiri Don , Samarasinghe Sandhya , Qian Jiang
Published: September 2009

To assess the importance of model parameters in kinetic models, sensitivity analysis is generally employed to provide key measures. However, it is quite often that no information is available for a significant number of parameters in biochemical models. Therefore, the results of sensitivity analysis that heavily rely on the accuracy of parameters are largely ambiguous. In this study, we propose a computational approach to determine the relative importance of parameters controlling the performance of the circadian clock inDrosophila. While previous attempts to sensitivity analysis largely depend on the knowledge of model parameters which are generally unknown, our study depicts a consistent picture of sensitivity assessment for a large number of parameters, even when the values of these parameters are not available in vivo. The resulting parametric sensitivity analysis suggests that PER/TIM negative loop is critical to maintain the stable periodicity of the circadian clock, which is consistent to the previously experimental and computational findings. Furthermore, our analysis generates a rich hypothesis of important parameters in the circadian clock that can be further tested experimentally. This approach can also be extended to assess the sensitivity of parameters in any biochemical system where a large number of parameters have unknown values. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010; 105: 250–259. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Treatment of simulated arsenic contaminated groundwater using GAC‐Cu in batch reactor: Optimization of process parameters
Authors: Mondal P. , Mohanty B. , Majumder C. B.
Published: September 2009

This article deals with the experimental investigation related to the removal of arsenic from a simulated contaminated groundwater by the adsorption onto Cu2+ impregnated granular activated carbon (GAC‐Cu) in presence of impurities like Fe and Mn. The effects of adsorbent concentration, pH, and temperature on the percentage removal of total arsenic (As(T)), As(III), and As(V) have been discussed. Under the experimental conditions, the optimum adsorbent concentration for GAC‐Cu has been found to be 6 g/L with an agitation time of 24 h, which reduces the As(T) concentration from 188 to 8.5 µg/L. Maximum removal of As(V) and As(III) has been observed in the pH range of 7–9 and 9–11, respectively. Removal of all the above said arsenic species decreases slightly with increase in temperature. Presence of Fe and Mn increases the adsorption of arsenic species. Under the experimental conditions, at 30°C, maximum % removals of As(T), As(III), As(V), Fe, and Mn are found to be 95.5%, 93%, 98%, 100%, and 40%, respectively. It has also been observed that maximum regeneration (∼94%) of spent GAC‐Cu is exhibited by a 5NH2SO4 solution.
Epsilon‐stable quasi‐static brittle fracture evolution
Authors: Larsen Christopher J.
Published: September 2009

We introduce a new definition of stability, ε‐stability, that implies local minimality and is robust enough for passing from discrete‐time to continuous‐time quasi‐static evolutions, even with very irregular energies. We use this to give the first existence result for quasi‐static crack evolutions that both predicts crack paths and produces states that are local minimizers at every time, but not necessarily global minimizers. The key ingredient in our model is the physically reasonable property, absent in global minimization models, that whenever there is a jump in time from one state to another, there must be a continuous path from the earlier state to the later along which the energy is almost decreasing. It follows that these evolutions are much closer to satisfying Griffith's criterion for crack growth than are solutions based on global minimization, and initiation is more physical than in global minimization models. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Application of Filippov method for the analysis of subharmonic instability in dc–dc converters
Authors: Giaouris Damian , Maity Somnath , Banerjee Soumitro , Pickert Volker , Zahawi Bashar
Published: September 2009

We propose a method of estimating the fast‐scale stability margin of dc–dc converters based on Filippov's theory—originally developed for mechanical systems with impacts and stick‐slip motion. In this method one calculates the state transition matrix over a complete clock cycle, and the eigenvalues of this matrix indicate the stability margin. Important components of this matrix are the state transition matrices across the switching events, called saltation matrices. We applied this method to estimate the stability margins of a few commonly used converter and control schemes. Finally, we show that the form of the saltation matrix suggests new control strategies to increase the stability margin, which we experimentally demonstrate using a voltage‐mode‐controlled buck converter. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recognition of grouping patterns in trademarks based on the Gestalt psychology
Authors: Iguchi Hiromasa , Abe Koji , Misawa Tadanobu , Kimura Haruhiko , Daido Yoshimasa
Published: September 2009

Based on Gestalt principles, in this paper we model features for measuring the degree of similarity between combinations of image components, and grouping areas in trademark images are recognized. This investigation can be used for content‐based image retrieval from the perspective of mirroring human perception of images. The features of proximity, shape similarity, closure, and good continuation are extracted from every combination of two components in an image. After that, based on the decision results, a grouping pattern for the query is fixed. Besides changing combinations of features, the proposed method can output multiple grouping patterns. In the experiments, we evaluated the proposed method on 74 test images, comparing outputs produced by the proposed method and grouping patterns for the test images obtained from questionnaires filled out by 104 participants. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 92(10): 49–60, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10007
Practical image measurement of crack width for real concrete structure
Authors: Tomoyuki Yamaguchi  , Hashimoto Shuji
Published: September 2009

Crack width is an important data item in inspection and diagnosis for the safety management of concrete structures. Usually the crack width measurement is performed manually by specialists using a crack scale. However, it takes a long time and lacks the objectivity needed for quantitative analysis. Therefore, the importance of image processing for visual inspection has been increasing in civil and construction engineering. Recently, many methods for crack width measurement have been proposed. We have already tried to measure crack width utilizing image processing. However, these methods have concentrated only on the application to test specimens. In this paper, we propose an improved image measurement method for crack width determination, intended for application to real concrete structures. In our method, a crack scale is applied to the concrete surface for image acquisition. The crack width is measured by the brightness of the crack scale areas on the image with sub‐pixel order accuracy. In the real world, the lighting conditions differ in various environments. To deal with such differences, this paper clarifies the conditions of effectiveness of our method for practical use. The validity of the proposed technique is investigated by experiments with images of a real concrete surface. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 92(10): 1–12, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10151
Hybrid Materials from Carbon Nanotubes, Nickel Tetrasulfonated Phthalocyanine and Thin Polymer Layers for the Selective Electrochemical Activation of Nitric Oxide in Solution
Authors: Porras Gutierrez Ana , Griveau Sophie , Richard Cyrille , Pailleret Alain , Gutierrez Granados Silvia , Bedioui Fethi
Published: September 2009

The elaboration of hybrid materials from single‐wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and tetrasulfonated nickel phthalocyanine (NiTSPc) was electrochemically performed to obtain chemically modified electrodes with improved electrocatalytic activity towards the electrooxidation of nitric oxide (NO). The characterization of these hybrid electrodes was achieved by cyclic voltammetry and AFM. The electrochemical performances of the electrodes towards the oxidation of NO were then analyzed by chronoamperometry and the obtained results show that the presence of SWCNT greatly enhances the electrocatalytic performances in terms of current intensity. Additional coatings were then electrodeposited over the hybrid electrodes to act as selective membranes against four major interfering analytes: nitrite, ascorbate, hydrogen peroxide andL‐arginine. Several polymer coatings were tested to achieve the best balance between sensitivity to NO and selectivity against interferents.