bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Complex Event Refinement by Statistical Augmentation Model
Authors: Pathak Ravi , Vaidehi V.
Published: August 2015

The uncertainty of decision making in event hierarchies of CEP can be due to unreliable data sources, lack of conformance that the event which is reported has actually occurred. Also the Complex Event models which are used to define complex events are inaccurate. When the uncertain event is used for deriving complex event, it propagates its uncertainty to a higher level of event hierarchy and causes uncertainty in reasoning. This paper proposes an event refinement model based on statistical approach to augment the events to minimize the error due to uncertainty for better decision making. The proposed augmented CEP (a-CEP) is found to perform better in terms of reduction in false alarm for continuous monitoring of patient in a remote health care application. The proposed model is implemented on Drools Fusion CEP Engine using Java and it is found that the proposed a-CEP gives better results in terms of accuracy.
Semi-Supervised Multimodal Fusion Model for Social Event Detection on Web Image Collections
Authors: Yang Zhenguo , Li Qing , Lu Zheng , Ma Yun , Gong Zhiguo , Pan Haiwei , Chen Yangbin
Published: August 2015

In this work, the authors aim to detect social events from Web images by devising a semi-supervised multimodal fusion model, denoted as SMF. With a multimodal feature fusion layer and a feature reinforcement layer, SMF learns feature histograms to represent the images, fusing multiple heterogeneous features seamlessly and efficiently. Particularly, a self-tuning approach is proposed to tune the parameters in the process of feature reinforcement automatically. Furthermore, to deal with missing values in raw features, prior knowledge is utilized to estimate the missing ones as a preprocessing step, and SMF will further extend an extra attribute to indicate if the values in the fused feature are missing. Based on the fused expression achieved by SMF, a series of algorithms are designed by adopting clustering and classification strategies separately. Extensive experiments conducted on the MediaEval social event detection challenge reveal that SMF-based approaches outperform the baselines.
DMMs-Based Multiple Features Fusion for Human Action Recognition
Authors: Bulbul Mohammad Farhad , Jiang Yunsheng , Ma Jinwen
Published: August 2015

The emerging cost-effective depth sensors have facilitated the action recognition task significantly. In this paper, the authors address the action recognition problem using depth video sequences combining three discriminative features. More specifically, the authors generate three Depth Motion Maps (DMMs) over the entire video sequence corresponding to the front, side, and top projection views. Contourlet-based Histogram of Oriented Gradients (CT-HOG), Local Binary Patterns (LBP), and Edge Oriented Histograms (EOH) are then computed from the DMMs. To merge these features, the authors consider decision-level fusion, where a soft decision-fusion rule, Logarithmic Opinion Pool (LOGP), is used to combine the classification outcomes from multiple classifiers each with an individual set of features. Experimental results on two datasets reveal that the fusion scheme achieves superior action recognition performance over the situations when using each feature individually.
Construct a Bipartite Signed Network in YouTube
Authors: Yu Tianyuan , Bai Liang , Guo Jinlin , Yang Zheng
Published: August 2015

Nowadays, the video-sharing websites are becoming more and more popular, which leads to latent social networks among videos and users. In this work, results are integrated with the data collected from YouTube, one of the largest user-driven online video repositories, and are supported by Chinese sentiment analysis which excels the state of art. Along with it, the authors construct two types of bipartite signed networks, video network (VN) and topic participant network (TPN), where nodes denote videos or users while weights of edges represent the correlation between the nodes. Several indices are defined to quantitatively evaluate the importance of the nodes in the networks. Experiments are conducted by using YouTube videos and corresponding metadata related to two specific events. Experimental results show that both the analysis of social networks and indices correspond very closely with the events' evolution and the roles that topic participants play in spreading Internet videos. Finally, the authors extend the networks to summarization of a video set related to an event.
Template Based Semantic Integration
Authors: Binding Ceri , Charno Michael , Jeffrey Stuart , May Keith , Tudhope Douglas
Published: August 2015

The online dissemination of datasets is becoming common practice within the archaeology domain. Since the legacy database schemas involved are often created on a per-site basis, cross searching or reusing this data remains difficult. Employing an integrating ontology, such as the CIDOC CRM, is one step towards resolving these issues. However, this has tended to require computing specialists with detailed knowledge of the ontologies involved. Results are presented from a collaborative project between computer scientists and archaeologists that created lightweight tools to make it easier for non-specialists to publish Linked Data. Archaeologists used the STELLAR project tools to publish major excavation datasets as Linked Data, conforming to the CIDOC CRM ontology. The template-based Extract Transform Load method is described. Reflections on the experience of using the template-based tools are discussed, together with practical issues including the need for terminology alignment and licensing considerations.
Improving Context Aware Recommendation Performance by Using Social Networks
Authors: Boroujeni Golshan Assadat Afzali , Golpayegani Seyed Alireza Hashemi
Published: August 2015

Ecommerce systems employ recommender systems to enhance the customer loyalty and hence increasing the cross-selling of products. In collaborative filtering - as the most popular method in recommender systems - an implicit network is formed among all the people. In any network, there are some individuals who have some inspirational power over the others leading them to influence their decisions and behaviours. But it seems that these methods do not support context awareness in mobile commerce environments. Furthermore, they lack high accuracy and also require high volume of computations due to not distinguish between neighbours as a friend or a stranger. This paper proposes a new model for recommender systems which are based on mobile data. This model uses these data to extract current users' context and also to identify individuals with the highest influence. Then, the system uses the information of these identified impressive users in the current context existed in the social networks for making recommendations. Beside of achieving higher accuracy, the proposed model has resolved cold start problem in collaborative filtering systems.
WT1 expression in the human fetus during development
Authors: Ambu R. , Vinci L. , Gerosa C. , Fanni D. , Obinu E. , Faa A. , Fanos V.
Published: August 2015

Wilmsâ€™ Tumor 1 (WT1) is a transcription factor involved in the development of the urogenital system. The purpose of this study was to analyze the immunoreactivity for WT1 protein in different tissues and organs in human fetuses in early phases of gestation. To this end, samples from multiple organs were obtained from 4 human fetuses, ranging from 7 up to 12 weeks of gestation. Each sample was formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded and immunostained for WT1. Our data show that WT1 is involved in development of multiple human organs in a more vast series of cells types than previously reported. Immunostaining for WT1 was characterized by a predominant cytoplasmic reactivity in the vast majority of cell types. Mesenchimal progenitors in the fetal lung, ductal plate progenitors in fetal liver, cap mesenchimal cells in the developing kidney, fetal zone cells in adrenal glands, atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes in the fetal heart, radial glial cells in the fetal cerebral cortex and skeletal muscle cell precursors showed the highest levels of WT1 immunoreactivity. Future studies will be needed to detect differences in the expression of WT1 in various organs at different gestational ages, in order to better evaluate the role of WT1 in cell proliferation and differentiation during intrauterine human development.
Histochemical detection of acetogenins and storage molecules in the endosperm of Annona macroprophyllata Donn Sm. seeds
Authors: Laguna HernÃ¡ndez G. , BrechÃº-Franco A.E. , De la Cruz-ChacÃ³n I. , GonzÃ¡lez-Esquinca A.R.
Published: August 2015

Acetogenins (ACGs) are bioactive compounds with cytotoxic properties in different cell lines. They are antitumoural, antiparasitic, antimalarial, insecticidal, antimicrobial, antifungal and antibacterial. These secondary metabolites function in plant defence and are found in specific organelles and specific cells, thereby preventing toxicity to the plant itself and permitting site-specific defence. The aim of this work was to histochemically determine the in situ localisation of ACGs in the endosperm of Annona macroprophyllata seeds using Keddeâ€™s reagent. Additionally, the colocalisation of ACGs with other storage molecules was analysed. The seeds were analysed after 6 and 10 days of imbibition, when 1 or 2 cm of the radicle had emerged and metabolism was fully established. The seeds were then transversally cut in half at the midline and processed using different histological and histochemical techniques. Positive reactions with Keddeâ€™s reagent were only observed in fresh, unfixed sections that were preserved in water, and staining was found only in the large cells (the idioblasts) at the periphery of the endosperm. The ACGsâ€™ positive reaction with Sudan III corroborated their lipid nature. Paraffin sections stained with Naphthol Blue Black showed reactions in the endosperm parenchyma cells and stained the proteoplasts blue, indicating that they might correspond to storage sites for albumin-like proteins. Lugolâ€™s iodine, which is similar in chemical composition to Wagnerâ€™s reagent, caused a golden brown reaction product in the cytoplasm of the idioblasts, which may indicate the presence of alkaloids. Based on these results, we propose that Keddeâ€™s reagent is an appropriate histochemical stain for detecting ACGs in situ in idioblasts and that idioblasts store ACGs and probably alkaloids. ACGs that are located in idioblasts found in restricted, peripheral areas of the endosperm could serve as a barrier that protects the seeds against insects and pathogen attack.
Enhancement of immunohistochemical detection of Salmonella in tissues of experimentally infected pigs
Authors: Rieger J. , Janczyk P. , HÃ¼nigen H. , Plendl J.
Published: August 2015

Salmonella Typhimurium is one of the main pathogens compromising porcine and human health as well as food safety, because it is a prevailing source of foodborne infections due to contaminated pork. A prominent problem in the management of this bacteriosis is the number of subclinically infected carrier pigs. As very little is known concerning the mechanisms allowing Salmonella to persist in pigs, the objective of this study was to develop an immunohistochemical approach for the detection of salmonellae in tissue of pigs experimentally infected with Salmonella Typhimurium. Samples were obtained from a challenge trial in which piglets of the German Landrace were intragastrically infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 (1.4-2.1x1010 CFU). Piglets were sacrificed on days 2 and 28 post infection. Tissue samples of jejunum, ileum, colon, ileocecal mesenteric lymph nodes (Lnn. ileocolici), and tonsils (Tonsilla veli palatini) were fixed in Zamboniâ€™s fixative and paraffin-embedded. Different immunohistochemical staining protocols were evaluated. Salmonella was detected in varying amounts in the tissues. Brown iron-containing pigments in the lymph nodes interfered with the identification of Salmonella if DAB was used as a staining reagent. Detergents like Triton X-100 or Saponin enhanced the sensitivity. It seems advisable not to use a detection system with brown staining for bacteria in an experimental setup involving intestinal damage including haemorrhage. The use of detergents appears to result in a higher sensitivity in the immunohistochemical detection of salmonellae.
Testicular expression of NGF, TrkA and p75 during seasonal spermatogenesis of the wild ground squirrel (Citellus dauricus Brandt)
Authors: Zhang H. , Wang Y. , Zhang J. , Wang L. , Li Q. , Sheng X. , Han Y. , Yuan Z. , Weng Q.
Published: August 2015

The nerve growth factor (NGF) not only has an essential effect on the nervous system, but also plays an important role in a variety of non-neuronal systems, such as the reproductive system. The aim of this study was to investigate the seasonal changes in expression of NGF and its receptors (TrkA and p75) in testes of the wild ground squirrel during the breeding and nonbreeding seasons. Immunolocalization for NGF was detected mainly in Leydig cells and Sertoli cells in testes of the breeding and nonbreeding seasons. The immunoreactivity of TrkA was highest in the elongated spermatids, whereas p75 in spermatogonia and spermatocytes in testes of the breeding season. In the nonbreeding season testes, TrkA showed positive immunostainings in Leydig cells, spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes, while p75 showed positive signals in spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes. Consistent with the immunohistochemical results, the mean mRNA and protein level of NGF and TrkA were higher in the testes of the breeding season, and then decreased to a relatively low level in the nonbreeding season. In addition, the concentration of plasma gonadotropins and testosterone were assayed by radioimmunoassay (RIA), and the results showed a significant seasonal change between the breeding and nonbreeding seasons. To conclude, these results of this study provide the first evidence on the potential involvement of NGF and its receptor, TrkA and p75 in the seasonal spermatogenesis and testicular function change of the wild ground squirrel.
Immunohistochemical demonstration of specific antigens in the human brain fixed in zinc-ethanol-formaldehyde
Authors: Korzhevskii D.E. , Sukhorukova E.G. , Kirik O.V. , Grigorev I.P.
Published: August 2015

Tissue fixation is critical for immunohistochemistry. Recently, we developed a zinc-ethanol-formalin fixative (ZEF), and the present study was aimed to assess the applicability of the ZEF for the human brain histology and immunohistochemistry and to evaluate the detectability of different antigens in the human brain fixed with ZEF. In total, 11 antigens were tested, including NeuN, neuron-specific enolase, GFAP, Iba-1, calbindin, calretinin, choline acetyltransferase, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65), tyrosine hydroxylase, synaptophysin, and Î±-tubulin. The obtained data show that: i) the ZEF has potential for use in general histological practice, where detailed characterization of human brain morphology is needed; ii) the antigens tested are well-preserved in the human brain specimens fixed in the ZEF.
Infrequent Expression of the Cancer-Testis Antigen, PASD1, in Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Khan Ghazala , Brooks Suzanne E. , Mills Ken I. , Guinn Barbara-Ann
Published: August 2015

Ovarian cancer is very treatable in the early stages of disease; however, it is usually detected in the later stages, at which time, treatment is no longer as effective. If discovered early (Stage I), there is a 90% chance of five-year survival. Therefore, it is imperative that early-stage biomarkers are identified to enhance the early detection of ovarian cancer. Cancer-testis antigens (CTAs), such as Per ARNT SIM (PAS) domain containing 1 (PASD1), are unique in that their expression is restricted to immunologically restricted sites, such as the testis and placenta, which do not express MHC class I, and cancer, making them ideally positioned to act as targets for immunotherapy as well as potential biomarkers for cancer detection where expressed. We examined the expression of PASD1a and b in a number of cell lines, as well as eight healthy ovary samples, eight normal adjacent ovarian tissues, and 191 ovarian cancer tissues, which were predominantly stage I ( n = 164) and stage II ( n = 14) disease. We found that despite the positive staining of skin cancer, only one stage Ic ovarian cancer patient tissue expressed PASD1a and b at detectable levels. This may reflect the predominantly stage I ovarian cancer samples examined. To examine the restriction of PASD1 expression, we examined endometrial tissue arrays and found no expression in 30 malignant tumor tissues, 23 cases of hyperplasia, or 16 normal endometrial tissues. Our study suggests that the search for a single cancer-testes antigen/biomarker that can detect early ovarian cancer must continue.
Role of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Indolent and Other Mature B-Cell Neoplasms
Authors: Kutsch Nadine , Marks Reinhard , Ratei Richard , Held Thomas K. , Schmidt-Hieber Martin
Published: August 2015

Targeting tyrosine kinases represents a highly specific treatment approach for different malignancies. This also includes non-Hodgkin lymphoma since it is well known that these enzymes are frequently involved in the lymphomagenesis. Hereby, tyrosine kinases might either be dysregulated intrinsically or be activated within signal transduction pathways leading to tumor survival and growth. Among others, Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) is of particular interest as a potential therapeutic target. Btk is stimulated by B-cell receptor signaling and activates different transcription factors such as nuclear factorKB. The Btk inhibitor ibrutinib has been approved for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and mantle-cell lymphoma recently. Numerous clinical trials evaluating this agent in different combinations (eg, with rituximab or classical chemotherapeutic agents) as a treatment option for aggressive and indolent lymphoma are under way. Here, we summarize the role of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the treatment of indolent and other non-Hodgkin lymphomas (eg, mantle-cell lymphoma).
Centre-valued Index for Toeplitz Operators with Noncommuting Symbols
Authors: Phillips John , Raeburn Iain
Published: August 2015

We formulate and prove a “winding number” index theorem for certain “Toeplitz” operators in the same spirit as Gohberg–Krein, Lesch and others. The “number” is replaced by a self-adjoint operator in a subalgebraZ⊆Z(A) of a unital C*-algebra,A. We assume a faithfulZ-valued traceτonAleft invariant under an actionα:R → Aut(A) leavingZpointwise fixed. Ifδis the infinitesimal generator ofαanduis invertible in dom(δ), then the “winding operator” ofuis. By a careful choice of representations we extend (A, Z, τ, α) to a von Neumann settingwhereand. Then, the von Neumann crossed product, and there is a faithful, dual-trace on. IfPis the projection incorresponding to the non-negative spectrum of the generator ofRinsideandis the embedding, then we defineand show it is Fredholm in an appropriate sense and the-valued index ofTuis the negative of the winding operator. In outline the proof follows that of the scalar case done previously by the authors. The main difficulty is making sense of the constructions with the scalars replaced byin the von Neumann setting. The construction of the dual-trace onrequires the nontrivial development of a-Hilbert algebra theory. We show that certain of these Fredholm operators fiber as a “section” of Fredholm operators with scalar-valued index and the centre-valued index fibers as a section of the scalar-valued indices.
Global Financial Crisis and Philanthropy: Malaysian Case
Authors: Nga Janice Lay Hui
Published: August 2015

This paper investigates the issue of the global financial crisis and its impacts on philanthropy and civil society organisations (CSOs) in Malaysia. CSOs are popularly known as non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in Malaysia. Financial crisis has caused NGOs in many countries to receive less funding. This situation may threaten and discourage voluntary works. Undoubtedly, these beneficial contributions from the NGOs are needful services to the society. This paper examines the impact of financial crisis through the lens of NGOs and philanthropy activities in Malaysia. It utilises primary and secondary data, employs a mixed method approach, and uses quantitative and qualitative data. While there are many influencing factors in this development, this paper presents several significant aspects in the Malaysian context, including the style and nature of giving, culture, religion, and political pressure. This study attempts to seek potential solutions, pathways and possible approaches beneficial to NGOs and philanthropy activities for their sustainability in facing the financial crisis and its consequences. Experiences and lessons learnt in Malaysia may well be useful and applicable to some extent in other countries.
An individual difference in betrayal aversion: Prosociality predicts more risky choices in social but not natural domains
Authors: Komiya Asuka , Mifune Nobuhiro
Published: August 2015

The present study investigated the relationship between betrayal aversion, i.e., the tendency to avoid specifically social risks (and not non-social, or “natural” risks), and social value orientation using economic games. Participants engaged in the Faith Game, which requires social trust, and a standard gambling game. Individuals denoted as “proself” were less likely to choose the risky option during the Faith Game as compared to individuals noted as “prosocial”; there was no difference between the groups during the gambling game. We discuss these results in terms of individual differences in betrayal aversion.
Aqueous-phase oligomerization of methyl vinyl ketone through photooxidation – Part 2: Development of the chemical mechanism and atmospheric implications
Authors: Ervens B. , Renard P. , Tlili S. , Ravier S. , Clément J.-L. , Monod A.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Laboratory experiments of efficient oligomerization from methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) in the bulk aqueous phase were simulated in a box model. Kinetic data are applied (if known) or fitted to the observed MVK decay and oligomer mass increase. Upon model sensitivity studies, in which unconstrained rate constants were varied over several orders of magnitude, a set of reaction parameters was found that could reproduce laboratory data over a wide range of experimental conditions. This mechanism is the first that comprehensively describes such radical-initiated oligomer formation. This mechanism was implemented into a multiphase box model that simulates secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from isoprene, as a precursor of MVK and methacrolein (MACR) in the aqueous and gas phases. While in laboratory experiments oxygen limitation might occur and lead to accelerated oligomer formation, such conditions are likely not met in the atmosphere. The comparison of predicted oligomer formation shows that MVK and MACR likely do negligibly contribute to total SOA as their solubilities are low and even reduced in aerosol water due to ionic strength effects (Setchenov coefficients). Significant contribution by oligomers to total SOA might only occur if a substantial fraction of particulate carbon acts as oligomer precursors and/or if oxygen solubility in aerosol water is strongly reduced due to salting-out effects.
Soil carbon and nitrogen erosion in forested catchments: implications for erosion-induced terrestrial carbon sequestration
Authors: Stacy E. M. , Hart S. C. , Hunsaker C. T. , Johnson D. W. , Berhe A. A.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Lateral movement of organic matter (OM) due to erosion is now considered an important flux term in terrestrial carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) budgets, yet most published studies on the role of erosion focus on agricultural or grassland ecosystems. To date, little information is available on the rate and nature of OM eroded from forest ecosystems. We present annual sediment composition and yield, for water years 2005–2011, from eight catchments in the southern part of the Sierra Nevada, California. Sediment was compared to soil at three different landform positions from the source slopes to determine if there is selective transport of organic matter or different mineral particle size classes. Sediment export varied from 0.4 to 177 kg ha−1, while export of C in sediment was between 0.025 and 4.2 kg C ha−1 and export of N in sediment was between 0.001 and 0.04 kg N ha−1. Sediment yield and composition showed high interannual variation. In our study catchments, erosion laterally mobilized OM-rich litter material and topsoil, some of which enters streams owing to the catchment topography where steep slopes border stream channels. Annual lateral sediment export was positively and strongly correlated with stream discharge, while C and N concentrations were both negatively correlated with stream discharge; hence, C : N ratios were not strongly correlated to sediment yield. Our results suggest that stream discharge, more than sediment source, is a primary factor controlling the magnitude of C and N export from upland forest catchments. The OM-rich nature of eroded sediment raises important questions about the fate of the eroded OM. If a large fraction of the soil organic matter (SOM) eroded from forest ecosystems is lost during transport or after deposition, the contribution of forest ecosystems to the erosion-induced C sink is likely to be small (compared to croplands and grasslands).
Ash leachates from some recent eruptions of Mount Etna (Italy) and Popocatépetl (Mexico) volcanoes and their impact on amphibian living freshwater organisms
Authors: D'Addabbo M. , Sulpizio R. , Guidi M. , Capitani G. , Mantecca P. , Zanchetta G.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Leaching experiments were carried out on fresh ash samples from Popocatépetl 2012, Etna 2011 and 2012 eruptions, in order to investigate the release of compounds in both double-deionised and lake (Ohrid lake, FYR of Macedonia) waters. The experiments were carried out using different grain sizes and variable time of stirring (from 30 min to 7 days). Results were discussed in the light of changing pH and release of compounds for the different leachates. In particular, Etna samples induced alkalinisation and Popocatépetl samples induced acidification of the corresponding leachates. The release of different elements does not show correlation with time of stirring, with the measured maximum concentrations reached in the first hours of washing. General inverse correlation with grain size was observed only for Na+, K+, Cl−, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42−, and Mn2+, while the other analysed elements show complex, scattering relationship with grain size. Geochemical modelling highlights leachates saturation only for F and Si, with Popocatépetl samples sometimes showing saturation in Fe. The analysed leachates are classified as undrinkable for humans on the basis of Italian laws, due to excess in F−, Mn2+, Fe, and SO42− (the latter only for Popocatépetl samples). Finally, the Etna 2012 and Popocatépetl leachates were used for toxicity experiments on living biota (Xenopus laevis). They are mild toxic, and no significant differences exist between the toxic profiles of the two leachates. In particular, no significant embryo mortality was observed, while even at high dilutions the leachates produced more than 20 % of malformed larvae.
Climate change increases riverine carbon outgassing while export to the ocean remains uncertain
Authors: Langerwisch F. , Walz A. , Rammig A. , Tietjen B. , Thonicke K. , Cramer W.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Carbon fluxes in the Amazon Basin are considerably influenced by annual flooding during which terrigenous organic material is imported to the river. This regular interaction affects carbon pools within the riverine system, terrestrial carbon, and carbon exported to the ocean and released to the atmosphere. The processes of generation, conversion, and transport of organic carbon in this coupled terrigenous–riverine system strongly interact and are climate-sensitive, yet their response to climate change is still largely unknown. To quantify climate change effects on carbon pools and on carbon fluxes within the river and to the ocean and the atmosphere, we developed the riverine carbon model RivCM, which is directly coupled to the well-established dynamic vegetation and hydrology model LPJmL. We show here that RivCM successfully reproduces observed values in exported carbon and riverine carbon concentration. We evaluate future changes in riverine carbon by applying RivCM for climate forcing from five climate models and three CO2 emission scenarios (SRES). We find that climate change causes a doubling of riverine organic carbon in the Southern and Western basin while reducing it by 20 % in the eastern and northern parts. In contrast, the amount of riverine inorganic carbon shows a 2- to 3-fold increase in the entire basin, independent of the SRES scenario. The export of carbon to the atmosphere increases as well with an average of about 30 %. In contrast, changes in future export of organic carbon to the Atlantic Ocean depend on the SRES scenario and are projected to either decrease by about 8.9 % (SRES A1B) or increase by about 9.1 % (SRES A2). Such changes in the terrigenous–riverine system could have local and regional impacts on the carbon budget of the whole Amazon Basin and parts of the Atlantic Ocean. Changes in the riverine carbon could lead to a shift in the riverine nutrient supply and pH, while changes in the exported carbon to the ocean leads to changes in the supply of organic material that acts as food source in the Atlantic. On the larger scale the increased outgassing of CO2 could turn the Amazon Basin from a sink of carbon to a considerable source. Therefore we propose that the coupling of terrestrial and riverine carbon budget should be included in subsequent analysis of the future regional carbon budget.
A wing pod-based millimeter wavelength airborne cloud radar
Authors: Vivekanandan J. , Ellis S. , Tsai P. , Loew E. , Lee W.-C. , Emmett J. , Dixon M. , Burghart C. , Rauenbuehler S.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. This paper describes a novel, airborne pod-based millimeter (mm) wavelength radar. Its frequency of operation is 94 GHz (3 mm wavelength). The radar has been designed to fly on the NCAR Gulfstream V HIAPER aircraft; however, it could be deployed on other similarly equipped aircraft. The pod-based configuration occupies minimum cabin space and maximizes scan coverage. The radar system is capable of collecting observations in a staring mode between zenith and nadir or in a scanning mode. Standard pulse-pair estimates of moments and raw time series of backscattered signals are recorded. The radar system design and characteristics as well as techniques for calibrating reflectivity and correcting Doppler velocity for aircraft attitude and motion are described. The radar can alternatively be deployed in a ground-based configuration, housed in the 20 ft shipping container it shares with the High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL). The radar was tested both on the ground and in flight. Preliminary measurements of Doppler and polarization measurements were collected and examples are presented.
A new high-precision and low-power GNSS receiver for long-term installations in remote areas
Authors: Jones D. H. , Robinson C. , Gudmundsson G. H.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. We have developed a new high-precision GNSS receiver specifically designed for long-term unattended deployments in remote areas. The receiver reports its status, and can be reprogrammed remotely, through an integrated satellite data link. It uses less power than commercially available alternatives while being equally, if not more, accurate. Data is saved locally on dual SD card slots for increased reliability. Deployments of a number those receivers in several different locations on the Antarctic Ice Sheet have shown them to robust and able to operate flawlessly at low temperatures down to −40 °C.
Stochastic approach to analyzing the uncertainties and possible changes in the availability of water in the future based on scenarios of climate change
Authors: Oliveira G. G. , Pedrollo O. C. , Castro N. M. R.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. The objective of this study was to analyze the changes and uncertainties related to water availability in the future (for the purposes of this study, the period between 2011 and 2040 was adopted), using a stochastic approach, taking as reference a climate projection from climate model Eta CPTEC/HadCM3. The study was applied to the Ijuí River basin in the south of Brazil. The set of methods adopted involved, among others, correcting the climatic variables projected for the future, hydrological simulation using artificial neural networks (ANNs) to define a number of monthly flows and stochastic modeling to generate 1000 hydrological series with equal probability of occurrence. A multiplicative type stochastic model was developed in which monthly flow is the result of the product of four components: (i) long-term trend component; (ii) cyclic or seasonal component; (iii) time-dependency component; and (iv) random component. In general, the results showed a trend to increased flows. The mean flow for a long period, for instance, presented an alteration from 141.6 m3 s−1 (1961–1990) to 200.3 m3 s−1 (2011–2040). An increment in mean flow and in the monthly standard deviation was also observed between the months of January and October. Between the months of February and June, the percentage of mean monthly flow increase was more marked, surpassing the 100 % index. Considering the confidence intervals in the flow estimates for the future, it can be concluded that there is a tendency to increase the hydrological variability during the period between 2011 and 2040, which indicates the possibility of occurrence of time series with more marked periods of droughts and floods.
The impact of near-surface soil moisture assimilation at subseasonal, seasonal, and inter-annual time scales
Authors: Draper C. , Reichle R.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Nine years of Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer – Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) soil moisture retrievals are assimilated into the Catchment land surface model at four locations in the US. The assimilation is evaluated using the unbiased Mean Square Error (ubMSE) relative to watershed-scale in situ observations, with the ubMSE separated into contributions from the subseasonal (SMshort), mean seasonal (SMseas) and inter-annual (SMlong) soil moisture dynamics. For near-surface soil moisture, the average ubMSE for Catchment without assimilation was (1.8 × 10−3 m3 m−3)2, of which 19 % was in SMlong, 26 % in SMseas, and 55 % in SMshort. The AMSR-E assimilation significantly reduced the total ubMSE at every site, with an average reduction of 33 %. Of this ubMSE reduction, 37 % occurred in SMlong, 24 % in SMseas, and 38 % in SMshort. For root-zone soil moisture, in situ observations were available at one site only, and the near-surface and root-zone results were very similar at this site. These results suggest that, in addition to the well-reported improvements in SMshort, assimilating a sufficiently long soil moisture data record can also improve the model representation of important long term events, such as droughts. The improved agreement between the modeled and in situ SMseas is harder to interpret, given that mean seasonal cycle errors are systematic, and systematic errors are not typically targeted by (bias-blind) data assimilation. Finally, the use of one year subsets of the AMSR-E and Catchment soil moisture for estimating the observation-bias correction (rescaling) parameters is investigated. It is concluded that when only one year of data is available, the associated uncertainty in the rescaling parameters should not greatly reduce the average benefit gained from data assimilation, but locally and in extreme years there is a risk of increased errors.
A rainfall design method for spatial flood risk assessment: considering multiple flood sources
Authors: Jiang X. , Tatano H.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Information about the spatial distribution of flood risk is important for integrated urban flood risk management. Focusing on urban areas, spatial flood risk assessment must reflect all risk information derived from multiple flood sources: rivers, drainage, coastal flooding etc. that may affect the area. However, conventional flood risk assessment deals with each flood source independently, which leads to an underestimation of flood risk in the floodplain. Even in floodplains that have no risk from coastal flooding, flooding from river channels and inundation caused by insufficient drainage capacity should be considered simultaneously. For integrated flood risk management, it is necessary to establish a methodology to estimate flood risk distribution across a floodplain. In this paper, a rainfall design method for spatial flood risk assessment, which considers the joint effects of multiple flood sources, is proposed. The concept of critical rainfall duration determined by the concentration time of flooding is introduced to connect response characteristics of different flood sources with rainfall. A copula method is then adopted to capture the correlation of rainfall amount with different critical rainfall durations. Rainfall events are designed taking advantage of the copula structure of correlation and marginal distribution of rainfall amounts within different critical rainfall durations. A case study in the Otsu River Basin, Osaka prefecture, Japan was conducted to demonstrate this methodology.
Ammonia storage studies on H-ZSM-5 zeolites by microwave cavity perturbation: correlation of dielectric properties with ammonia storage
Authors: Dietrich M. , Rauch D. , Simon U. , Porch A. , Moos R.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. To meet today's emission standards, the ammonia-based selective catalytic reduction (SCR) has become the major NOx control strategy for light and heavy diesel engines. Before NOx reduction can proceed, adsorption of ammonia on the acidic sites of the catalyst is necessary. For improvements in efficiency and control of the exhaust gas aftertreatment, a better understanding of the ammonia storage on the acidic sites of zeolite-based SCR catalysts is needed. Thereby, the correlation of dielectric properties of the catalyst material itself with the ammonia storage is a promising approach. Recently, a laboratory setup using microwave cavity perturbation to measure the dielectric properties of catalyst material has been described. This study shows the first experimental data on zeolite-based SCR materials in their H-form. The SCR powder samples are monitored by microwave cavity perturbation while storing and depleting ammonia, both with and without admixed NOx at different temperatures. Its complex dielectric permittivity is found to correlate closely with the stored mass of ammonia. The influence of the temperature and the Si / Al ratio of the zeolite to the ammonia storage behavior are also examined. These measurements disclose different temperature dependencies and differing sensitivities to ammonia storage for both real and imaginary parts of the complex permittivity. The apparent constant sensitivity of the real part can be related to the polarity of the adsorbed ammonia molecules, whereas the imaginary part depends on the Si / Al ratio and is related to the conductivity mechanisms of the zeolite material by proton hopping. It provides information about the zeolite structure and the number of (and the distance between) acidic storage sites, in addition to the stored ammonia mass.
Folding pattern in the Fars province, Zagros folded belt: case study on the Karbasi and Khaftar anticlines, interior Fars, Iran
Authors: Maleki Z. , Arian M. , Solgi A.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. The anticlines in Fars region, which are located in Zagros fold-thrust belt, are valuable because they possess several hydrocarbons and this area is easily recognized by the NW–SE trending parallel anticlines that verge to the SW. According to the geological classification, the study area is located in Interior Fars region. Due to increasing complication of structural geometry in Fars region and necessity to explore activities for deeper horizons especially the Paleozoic ones, the analysis of fold style elements, which is known as one of the main parts in structural studies, seems necessary. The Karbasi and Khaftar anticlines are case study anticlines in the interior Fars sub-basin (Fassa area). These anticlines have an asymmetric structure and some faults with large strike separation are observed in these structures. Due to increasing complication of structural geometry in Fars region and necessity to explore activities for deeper horizons especially the Paleozoic ones, the analysis of fold style elements, which is known as one of the main parts in structural studies, seems necessary. Description of fold geometry is important because it allows comparisons within and between folds and also allows us to recognize patterns in the occurrence and distribution of fold systems. The main aim of this paper is to determine fold style elements and folding pattern in the study area. This paper presents a part of the results of a regional study of Fars province in the Zagros Simply folded belt, based on satellite images, geological maps, and well data. In the Interior Fars area, it seems that folding pattern is controlled by structural elements such as the Nezamabad basement fault and Dashtak formation. In fact, as a middle detachment unit, Dashtak formation plays an important role regarding folding geometry and fold in style in the study area.
MOLECULAR TREATMENT OF RUBBER-LIKE ELASTICITY FOR ACTIVE FILLER–LOADED NETWORKS
Authors: Hoei Yoshio
Published: August 2015

Prior comparison of experimental observations and model predictions for natural rubber/styrene–butadiene rubber carbon black–filled systems has indicated a need for further development of tubelike constraint-based entropy models. In particular, systems incorporating active fillers introduce constraints whose effects should be considered. This contribution extends the finite-extension single-chain model proposed originally by Teramoto, via consideration of the bound rubber layer surrounding a filler particle as well as filler-cluster breakup and strain-amplification effects. The resulting model includes descriptors of the entropy state of the polymer matrix, the affine and phantomlike chain deformation, and tube diameter. The model produced a more accurate prediction of the shape of observed stress–strain curves, particularly at moderate and high strains.
The Influence of Transformational School Leadership on Teacher Efficacy in Malaysian Secondary School Teachers
Authors: Ling Teh Pei , Pihie Zaidatol Akmaliah Lope , Asimirin Soaib , Fooi Foo Say
Published: August 2015

This study provides an insight of the relationship between principals’ transformational school leadership practices and teacher efficacy among Malaysian secondary school teachers. Data was gathered from teachers of secondary schools in the central region of Peninsular Malaysia. The self-administered questionnaires, totalling 160 copies were distributed to the respondents. Valid samples stood at 137 teachers, resulting in a response rate of 85.6 percent. The data was analysed using descriptive, correlation and multiple regression analyses to evaluate the relationship between transformational leadership practices and teacher efficacy. The analysis revealed a significant relationship between the dimensions in transformational school leadership and teacher efficacy. The findings concur with the studies done by Leithwood (1994) that there is a significant relationship between the dimensions of transformational school leadership practices and teacher efficacy. These findings are also in line with past research (Kristine & Hipp, 1997; Peagler, 2004; Ross, J. A, Gray, 2006) that the said transformational leadership contributes toward teachers’ self-efficacy. Therefore, this study strengthens the findings by engaging in similar relationship.
MEDINDO ASSUNTOS SOCIALMENTE SENSÍVEIS: O USO DO EXPERIMENTO DE LISTA E POLÍTICAS DE AÇÃO AFIRMATIVA
Authors: Vidigal Robert Lee Borges de Paula
Published: August 2015

ResumoA opinião pública sobre as ações afirmativas não é consensual, especialmente entre os brancos. Em um desenho experimental de pesquisa, as cotas raciais são estudadas na Universidade de Brasília (UnB) e na Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). A técnica utilizada é conhecida como experimento de lista, a qual consiste essencialmente de um experimento embutido em um survey convencional. O delineamento experimental garante a privacidade necessária para os respondentes se sentirem livres para darem respostas honestas, evitando o efeito chamado de desejabilidade social. Os resultados mostram que a teoria do autointeresse não tem efeitos sobre as atitudes raciais, e o efeito de desejabilidade social é muito forte entre os estudantes brancos. Palavras-chave: Experimentos; Experimento de lista; Opinião Pública; Metodologia de Pesquisa. ResumenLa opinión pública sobre las acciones afirmativas no es consensual, especialmente entre los blancos. Aquí, en un diseño experimental, las cuotas raciales son estudiadas en la Universidad de Brasilia (UnB) y en la Universidad Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). La técnica empleada es conocida como experimento de lista que es esencialmente un experimento dentro de un estudio convencional. El diseño experimental garantiza la privacidad de los encuestados que se sienten libres para dar respuestas honestas, evitando el efecto de deseabilidad social. Los resultados muestran que la teoría de la auto-interés no tiene efectos sobre las actitudes raciales, y el efecto de deseabilidad social es muy fuerte entre los estudiantes blancos. Palabras clave: Experimentos; Experimento de lista; Opinión Pública; Metodología de la Investigación. AbstractPublic opinion on affirmative actions is not consensual, especially among whites. Here in an experimental design the racial quotas are studied at the University of Brasilia (UnB) and University of Minas Gerais (UFMG). The technique employed is known as the list-experiment, which consists essentially of an experiment embedded in a conventional survey. The experimental design ensures privacy for respondents to feel free to give honest answers, avoiding the social desirability effect. The results show that the self-interest theory has no effects on the racial attitudes, and the social desirability effect is very strong among the white students.Keywords: Experiments; List-experiment; Public Opinion; Research Methodology.
EM BUSCA DO PARTIDARISMO: UM ESTUDO SOBRE O HGPE PARA DEPUTADO FEDERAL NAS ELEIÇÕES DE 2010
Authors: Da Cunha Ferreira Geison
Published: August 2015

O objetivo central do artigo é analisar o papel dos partidos políticos no Horário Gratuito de Propaganda Eleitoral (HGPE) para a Câmara dos Deputados (CD), no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, quinto maior colégio eleitoral do Brasil, na eleição de 2010. Nossa análise empírica tem como ponto de partida os estudos de Schmitt et al. (1999), Albuquerque et al. (2008) e Dias (2009). O diagnóstico baseia-se, assim, na construção da imagem partidária durante a campanha eleitoral pela televisão e na distribuição do tempo de TV pelos partidos entre os candidatos. O método utilizado na pesquisa foi o quantitativo, com base na propaganda eleitoral de 11 (onze) partidos, todos com representação na CD durante a legislatura de 2007 a 2011.  Os resultados finais indicam a forte presença de referências partidárias nas campanhas de PT e PTB e a distribuição homogênea do tempo de televisão na maioria dos partidos, com exceção de partidos menores como PSB, PCdoB e PSOL.