bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BK polyomavirus in solid organ transplantation—Guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice
Authors: Hirsch Hans H. , Randhawa Parmjeet S. ,   AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice
Published: March 2019

The present AST‐IDCOP guidelines update information on BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) infection, replication, and disease, which impact kidney transplantation (KT), but rarely non‐kidney solid organ transplantation (SOT). As pretransplant risk factors in KT donors and recipients presently do not translate into clinically validated measures regarding organ allocation, antiviral prophylaxis, or screening, all KT recipients should be screened for BKPyV‐DNAemia monthly until month 9, and then every 3 months until 2 years posttransplant. Extended screening after 2 years may be considered in pediatric KT. Stepwise immunosuppression reduction is recommended for KT patients with plasma BKPyV‐DNAemia of >1000 copies/mL sustained for 3 weeks or increasing to >10 000 copies/mL reflecting probable and presumptive BKPyV‐associated nephropathy, respectively. Reducing immunosuppression is also the primary intervention for biopsy‐proven BKPyV‐associated nephropathy. Hence, allograft biopsy is not required for treating BKPyV‐DNAemic patients with baseline renal function. Despite virological rationales, proper randomized clinical trials are lacking to generally recommend treatment by switching from tacrolimus to cyclosporine‐A, from mycophenolate to mTOR inhibitors or leflunomide or by the adjunct use of intravenous immunoglobulins, leflunomide, or cidofovir. Fluoroquinolones are not recommended for prophylaxis or therapy. Retransplantation after allograft loss due to BKPyV nephropathy can be successful if BKPyV‐DNAemia is definitively cleared, independent of failed allograft nephrectomy.
Objective validity of the Japan Narrow‐Band Imaging Expert Team classification system for the differential diagnosis of colorectal polyps
Authors: Minoda Yosuke , Ogino Haruei , Chinen Takatoshi , Ihara Eikichi , Haraguchi Kazuhiro , Akiho Hirotada , Takizawa Nobuyoshi , Aso Akira , Tomita Yosuke , Esaki Mitsuru , Komori Keishi , Otsuka Yoshihiro , Iwasa Tsutomu , Ogawa Yoshihiro
Published: March 2019

Background and Aim

The Japan Narrow‐Band Imaging (NBI) Expert Team (JNET) classification is a recently proposed NBI magnifying endoscopy‐based classification system for colorectal tumors. Although the usefulness of this system has been reported by JNET experts, its objective validity remains unclear. We tested its validity and usefulness for the diagnosis of colorectal polyps by including colonoscopy experts and non‐experts as test participants.

Methods

Forty NBI images of polyps of various JNET types were shown to 22 doctors (11 experts and 11 non‐gastrointestinal [GI] trainees) who had not examined the patients. The doctors diagnosed the polyps based solely on the surface and vessel patterns in the magnified images and the JNET classification system. Concordance rates of their diagnoses with the pathological findings of the polyps were determined, and the results for experts and non‐GI trainees were compared.

Results

Both for colonoscopy experts and non‐GI trainees, the JNET classification system was particularly useful for classifying polyps as benign or malignant. Although the accuracy rates for classifying polyps into each JNET type varied among colonoscopy experts, those who were familiar with the JNET classification system were able to diagnose polyps with approximately 90% accuracy. Common mistakes were attributable to misunderstandings of the wording in the JNET classification chart and lack of proper training.

Conclusion

The JNET classification system is a practical approach for the diagnosis of colorectal polyps. Training is required even for experienced colonoscopists to adopt the system properly. Common pitfalls must be shared among colonoscopists to improve the accuracy of the diagnosis.
Inter‐kingdom signaling — symbiotic yeasts produce semiochemicals that attract their yellowjacket hosts
Authors: Babcock Tamara , Borden John H. , Gries Regine , Carroll Cassandra , Lafontaine Jean Pierre , Moore Margo , Gries Gerhard
Published: March 2019

In recent studies, the yeast speciesHanseniaspora uvarumandLachancea thermotoleranswere isolated from the digestive tract of four North American yellowjacket species (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), and attraction of yellowjackets to brewer's yeast,Saccharomyces cerevisiae(all Saccharomycetaceae), growing on fruit powder was demonstrated. We tested the hypothesis thatVespulaspp. are attracted to cultures ofH. uvarumandL. thermotoleransand their respective volatiles. In field experiments, we found thatH. uvarumandL. thermotoleransare attractive to three species of yellowjacket, but only when grown on grape juice‐infused yeast peptone dextrose (YPD) agar. Using gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry, we analyzed the headspace volatiles produced by these yeasts, and field tested an 18‐component yeast synthetic semiochemical blend. This synthetic blend attracted western yellowjackets,Vespula pensylvanica(Saussure), but no other yellowjacket species. Acetic acid or ethanol added to the synthetic blend at biologically relevant doses either had no effect or significantly lowered trap captures. Our results demonstrate that yeast symbionts isolated from the digestive tract of yellowjackets are attractive to their hosts. Further research is needed to identify the volatiles mediating attraction of species other thanV. pensylvanicato the yeast cultures.
Foraging behaviour and optimal microhabitat selection in Yukon River Basin nonanadromous Dolly Varden Charr (Salvelinus malma)
Authors: Bozeman Bryan , Grossman Gary
Published: March 2019

Species conservation requires understanding the mechanistic processes of habitat selection and their effects on fitness. Nonetheless, there are few fitness‐based habitat selection models for aquatic organisms. We examined multiple aspects of foraging behaviour of nonanadromous Dolly Varden Charr (Salvelinus malma) in Panguingue Creek, Alaska, USA and applied these data to test a fitness‐based microhabitat selection model. Velocity negatively affected prey capture success, positively affected holding velocity, and had no effect on reactive distance. Dominance was a better predictor of prey capture success than length difference between competitors, but there was no relationship between these variables and holding velocity or reactive distance. We used the velocity–prey capture success relationship to parameterise the microhabitat habitat selection model and compared the predicted optimal holding velocity to the 95% confidence interval (24.9–29.3 cm/s) of holding velocities occupied by Dolly Varden (N = 29) in Panguingue Creek. The prediction of 24.0 cm/s fell just slightly (0.9 cm/s) outside the lower limit of the confidence interval; the model barely failed to predict holding velocity for this species in Panguingue Creek. Although this discrepancy fell within measurement error, model failure also may have been due to influence of high turbulence on fish holding velocities in the creek, low sample sizes imposed by permitting limitations, or field logistical issues. The relationship between velocity and prey capture success is an important aspect of drift feeder habitat selection. Our optimal holding velocity prediction for Dolly Varden should aid in the management and conservation of this species.
Carabid beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) assemblages in the intermediate successional stage after Mt. Bandai eruption of 1888: Effects of environmental variables on carabid beetles in the Urabandai area
Authors: Okatsu Yutaro , Tsutsumi Tadaaki
Published: March 2019

We studied carabid beetle assemblage structure and species diversity in an intermediate successional stage (seral) forest established in areas affected by the 1888 eruption of Mt. Bandai and a climax forest that had not been affected by the eruption at the Urabandai area, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. In total, 2,131 carabid beetles representing 31 species were collected using pitfall traps without bait. A comparison of carabid beetle assemblages between the two forest types revealed that the number of species observed was comparable, but their abundance was greater in the seral forest. The assemblage structure clearly differed between the two forest types. In the seral forest, forest generalists, such as Synuchus arcuaticollis and Pterostichus prolongatus, along with forest specialists including Carabus vanvolxemi and Pterostichus asymmetricus, were collected. In the climax forest, forest generalists, such as Synuchus cycloderus and Carabus albrechti tsukubanus, were more abundant than forest specialists. This suggests that the current seral forest in the Urabandai area possesses environmental variables that enable the coexistence of both forest specialist and generalist beetle species. A redundancy analysis showed that six species from the genera Synuchus and Pterostichus were associated with high canopy openness and high understory vegetation cover, whereas species recorded only in the climax forest were associated with deep litter. Therefore, it seems likely that carabid beetles in the Urabandai area were affected by these three environmental variables.
Non‐random latitudinal gradients in range size and niche breadth predicted by spatial patterns of climate
Authors: Saupe Erin E. , Myers Corinne E. , Peterson A. Townsend , Soberón Jorge , Singarayer Joy , Valdes Paul , Qiao Huijie
Published: March 2019

Aim

Tropical species are thought to experience and be adapted to narrow ranges of abiotic conditions. This idea has been invoked to explain a broad array of biological phenomena, including the latitudinal diversity gradient and differential rates of speciation and extinction. However, debate continues regarding the broad‐scale applicability of this pattern and potential processes responsible. Here, we use a simulation approach to test two propositions: (a) strong geographical patterns in realized niche breadth variation can arise in the absence of variance in fundamental niche breadth size, and (b) realized niche breadths can show latitudinal patterns as a consequence of spatio‐temporal climate change, even when fundamental niche breadths are unrelated to latitude and dispersal abilities are held constant.

Location

Global.

Time period

Simulations were conducted using climate models from over the last 120 ka, with trait dynamics captured at 95 ka and in the Modern.

Major taxa studied

We used virtual species with traits based loosely on plants.

Methods

We simulated latitudinal trends of niche breadth and range size for virtual species using a cellular automaton algorithm that linked a gridded geographical domain with a three‐dimensional environmental landscape.

Results

In all simulations, strong spatial patterns in realized niches were obtained in the absence of niche evolution, and realized niches showed geographical patterns deriving only from realistic, spatio‐temporal variation in climate. We noted contrasting patterns of niche breadth in different environmental dimensions, with temperature breadth increasing with latitude, but precipitation breadth decreasing with latitude. Overall, simulation outcomes mimicked the real‐world pattern of latitudinal range extent co‐varying with amount of land area.

Main conclusions

Tropical species can have narrower niche breadths for maximum and minimum temperature ranges compared with temperate species solely as the result of the spatial arrangement of environments. We therefore suggest that the complex spatio‐temporal distribution of global abiotic environments has strong potential for structuring observed latitudinal gradients of niche breadths.
Let the Data Speak? On the Importance of Theory-Based Instrumental Variable Estimations
Authors: Grossmann Volker , Osikominu Aderonke
Published: March 2019

In absence of randomized-controlled experiments, identification is often aimed via instrumental variable (IV) strategies, typically two-stage least squares estimations. According to Bayes’ rule, however, under a low ex ante probability that a hypothesis is true (e.g. that an excluded instrument is partially correlated with an endogenous regressor), the interpretation of the estimation results may be fundamentally flawed. This paper argues that rigorous theoretical reasoning is key to design credible identification strategies, the foremost, finding candidates for valid instruments. We discuss prominent IV analyses from the macro-development literature to illustrate the potential benefit of structurally derived IV approaches.
Comparison of characteristics of centers practicing incremental vs. conventional approaches to hemodialysis delivery – postdialysis recovery time and patient survival
Authors: Davenport Andrew , Guirguis Ayman , Almond Michael , Day Clara , Chilcot Joseph , Wellsted David , Farrington Ken
Published: March 2019

Introduction: Conventional haemodialysis (HD) involves treatment times of around 4 hours thrice weekly, taking no account of residual kidney function (RKF). In incremental HD the frequency and duration of dialysis sessions are individualized according to RKF. There are no studies comparing these approaches. We utilized data from a recent multicenter study to compare patient characteristics and outcomes between a center practicing incremental HD and others using a conventional approach.

Methods: Seven hundred and nine patients attending for routine outpatient HD in five UK centers were studied. One center practiced incremental dialysis (n = 254) and four conventional HD (n = 455). Data collected included demographics, comorbidity, dialysis parameters, routine biochemistry and hematology, recovery time postdialysis, and Beck Depression Inventory‐II score (BDI‐II). Patients were followed for a minimum of 12 months.

Findings: Pre‐ and postdialysis BP, serum calcium and phosphate were higher in the incremental center, whilst sessional Kt/Vurea was lower (all P < 0.001), as was the proportion of patients with a mean postdialysis BP <100 mmHg (P = 0.011). Patients recovered from their HD session more quickly in the incremental center, with significantly more patients reporting recovery within 1 and 4 hours Short‐term survival was significantly better in the incremental center both unadjusted and adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, dialysis vintage, anuria, history of cancer, heart disease, diabetes mellitus, body mass index, serum albumin, BDI‐II score, and sessional Kt/V.

Discussion: The association between incremental dialysis, shorter postdialysis recovery times and improved short‐term survival may be related to reduced haemodynamic stress as a consequence of less intensive ultrafiltration and reduced length of dialysis sessions. Prospective studies are required to test this hypothesis.
Hedgehog pathway proteins SMO and GLI expression as prognostic markers in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Richtig Georg , Aigelsreiter Alena M , Asslaber Martin , Weiland Thomas , Pichler Martin , Eberhard Katharina , Sygulla Stephan , Schauer Silvia , Hoefler Gerald , Aigelsreiter Ariane
Published: March 2019

Aims

Because the hedgehog signalling pathway plays a major role in many types of cancer and can nowadays be targeted by specific compounds, we aimed to investigate the role of this pathway in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

Methods and results

Ninety‐eight treatment‐naive head and neck cancer specimens were immunohistologically stained for SMO, GLI‐1, p53 and p16 expression and correlated with clinicopathological factors. Immunoreactivity for SMO and GLI‐1 was found in 20 (20.4%) and 52 (53.1%) cases of tumours, respectively. SMO expression correlated with GLI‐1 expression (ρ = 0.258, P = 0.010) in univariate and multivariate analysis (P = 0.007, t = 2.81). In univariate analysis, high SMO expression was associated with shorter overall survival (HR = 0.56; 95% CI = 0.32–0.98; P = 0.044) and disease‐free survival (HR = 0.53; 95% CI = 0.30–0.95; P = 0.034). In multivariate cox regression analysis SMO expression showed a trend towards an independent predictor for shorter overall survival (HR = 0.57; 95% CI = 0.30–1.05; P = 0.072) and disease‐free survival (HR = 0.53; 95% CI = 0.28–1.02; P = 0.056). In head and neck cancer patients with low tumour p16 expression, SMO expression was an independent factor for overall survival (HR = 0.49; 95% CI = 0.24–0.98; P = 0.043) and disease‐free survival (HR = 0.45; 95% CI = 0.22‐0.96; P = 0.037).

Conclusion

Although it needs to be confirmed in larger cohorts, our results suggest that targeting SMO might be a potentially therapeutic option in patients with head and neck cancer. In line, molecular pathological analyses including mutation analysis in the hedgehog pathway might point to additional therapeutic leads.
Purchasing environmentally sustainable apparel: The attitudes and intentions of female Kuwaiti consumers
Authors: Albloushy Hayat , Hiller Connell Kim Y.
Published: March 2019

The purpose of this study is to examine relationships among knowledge, environmental concern, attitudes about environmentally sustainable apparel (ESA) and ESA purchasing behaviours of Kuwaiti women. This was accomplished by surveying 236 participants using four preexisting scales, measuring knowledge about the impact of manufacturing apparel and textile products on the environment, levels of concern about environmental degradation, feelings about clothing that is environmentally sustainable and ESA purchase intentions. Data analysis determined several findings. First, female Kuwaiti nationals showed a low level of knowledge about the environmental impacts of the apparel and textile industry. The participants also held neutral attitudes of environmental concern and neutral attitudes towards ESA. Finally, despite their knowledge and attitudes, the participants did have positive intentions to purchase ESA in the future. To produce, market and sell ESA effectively in Kuwait, the conclusions from this study are important for manufacturers and retailers of ESA products. Kuwait provides a large market for apparel goods and this study is a contribution to a better understanding of consumers and ESA in that market.
Overcoming the psychological barriers to energy conservation behaviour: The influence of objective and subjective environmental knowledge
Authors: Dursun İnci , Tümer Kabadayı Ebru , Tuğer Ahmet Tuğrul
Published: March 2019

Energy conservation is a crucial aspect of responsible consumption which is the reflection of individual efforts for sustainability. However, especially young consumers are reluctant to reduce their energy consumption despite their pro‐environmental attitudes. Resistance to behavioural change can be attributed to various psychological barriers that help consumer to avoid engaging in pro‐environmental actions. In this context, the first aim of the study is to extend the theoretical and empirical evidence regarding impeding effects of psychological barriers on individual energy conservation behaviour. Secondly, the study investigates the alleviating role of environmental knowledge on those barriers that limit energy conservation. Proposed impeding effects of objective and subjective environmental knowledge on various denial mechanisms, which are in turn expected to hinder energy conservation, were tested using the survey data collected from young Turkish consumers. Results suggest that denial mechanisms hinder young consumers’ energy conservation behaviour indirectly through diminishing feelings of moral obligations. Moreover, it was found that objective environmental knowledge's effect can be used to break down the psychological barriers and to facilitate the change towards more sustainable energy consumption patterns. Implications of the findings and directions for future research are discussed.
Evaluation of an automated algorithm for interpretation of lupus anticoagulant testing
Authors: Florin Lisa , Desloovere Maxime , Devreese Katrien M. J.
Published: March 2019

Introduction

Lupus anticoagulant (LAC) testing is a multistep procedure including screening, mixing, and confirmation tests. STA Coag Expert is a software module for STA R Max and STA Compact Max analyzers which includes an on‐demand LAC algorithm, based on ISTH guidelines, for automatic interpretation, calculation, and launch of assays in LAC interpretation (“Stago coag algorithm”).

Materials and methods

One hundred ninety four patient samples were analyzed in parallel and interpreted manually and automatically by LAC algorithms. LAC algorithms use identical flowcharts and cutoff values as in daily practice. Differently, it only uses index of circulating anticoagulant (ICA), whereas in routine also normalized ratios were assessed for interpretation of mixing tests. Interpretation of dRVVT and aPTT pathways and final conclusions were compared between both approaches.

Results

Compared to routine interpretation, LAC algorithm showed a sensitivity of 94% and a specificity of 100% for LAC detection, when discrepancies due to measured clotting times between both analyzers were excluded. Three false negatives were due to different interpretation of dRVVT mixing test. Discrepancies in interpretation of the aPTT mixing test (n = 11) did not result in discrepant final LAC result, all having negative confirmation tests. No false positives were observed. With LAC algorithm, hands‐on time reduced from 200 to 80 minutes.

Conclusion

The LAC algorithm of the STA Coag Expert shows good comparability to the manual interpretation of LAC and may be used to assist laboratories in automatic launching of additional tests and in interpretation of LAC according to ISTH guidelines. This way the STA Coag Expert LAC algorithm may improve interlaboratory and STA comparability of LAC results.
Morphology, shape variation and movement of skeletal elements in starfish (Asterias rubens)
Authors: Schwertmann Lena , Focke Oliver , Dirks Jan‐Henning
Published: March 2019

Starfish (order: Asteroidea) possess a complex endoskeleton composed of thousands of calcareous ossicles. These ossicles are embedded in a body wall mostly consisting of a complex collagen fiber array. The combination of soft and hard tissue provides a challenge for detailed morphological and histological studies. As a consequence, very little is known about the general biomechanics of echinoderm endoskeletons and the possible role of ossicle shape in enabling or limiting skeletal movements. In this study, we used high‐resolution X‐ray microscopy to investigate individual ossicle shape in unprecedented detail. Our results show the variation of ossicle shape within ossicles of marginal, reticular and carinal type. Based on these results we propose an additional classification to categorize ossicles not only by shape but also by function into ‘connecting’ and ‘node’ ossicles. We also used soft tissue staining with phosphotungstic acid successfully and were able to visualize the ossicle ultrastructure at 2‐μm resolution. We also identified two new joint types in the aboral skeleton (groove‐on‐groove joint) and between adambulacral ossicles (ball‐and‐socket joint). To demonstrate the possibilities of micro‐computed tomographic methods in analyzing the biomechanics of echinoderm skeletons we exemplarily quantified changes in ossicle orientation for a bent ray for ambulacral ossicles. This study provides a first step for future biomechanical studies focusing on the interaction of ossicles and soft tissues during ray movements.
Comparison of indirect peroxidase and avidin‐biotin‐peroxidase complex (ABC) immunohistochemical staining procedures for c‐fos in rat brain
Authors: Butler Jae L. , Barham Beverly J. , Heidenreich Byron A.
Published: March 2019

c‐Fos is the product of a gene expressed within neurons in the brain that serves as an anatomical marker of cellular activation. Immunohistochemical staining for c‐fos allows a characterization of the effects of many different types of experimental manipulations on neuronal activity, making it a powerful technique for understanding brain, drug and behavior relationships. This study compared visualization of an anti‐c‐fos primary antibody in 40‐μm‐thick cryostat sections of formaldehyde‐fixed rat brainstem using either a peroxidase enzyme‐conjugated secondary antibody (indirect peroxidase) or the peroxidase‐conjugated avidin‐biotin complex (ABC) method. All sections were treated with H2O2 to quench endogenous peroxidase enzyme and sodium borohydride to enhance permeability of the tissue and improve staining quality. Every other section was used to examine either the indirect peroxidase or the ABC method. Sections for the indirect peroxidase method were treated with Triton X‐100 detergent to increase tissue permeability, goat serum to reduce non‐specific binding of the secondary antibody and, in some cases, bovine serum albumin (BSA) to reduce non‐specific binding of the primary antibody. Sections for the ABC method were treated with dilute normal serum, and avidin and biotin solutions and, in some cases BSA. Alternate sections were incubated for 72 h in either rabbit anti‐c‐fos primary antibody (1 : 20 000) or its vehicle (negative control). For the indirect peroxidase protocol, tissues were treated with peroxidase‐conjugated goat anti‐rabbit secondary antibody. For the ABC protocol, tissues were treated with biotinylated goat anti‐rabbit secondary antibody and ABC peroxidase complex. All sections were reacted with 3,3′‐diaminobenzadine (DAB) and H2O2, mounted and coverslipped. Both methods produced specific staining of c‐fos‐containing neurons, relative to the negative control sections. The indirect peroxidase protocol produced clear staining of c‐fos‐containing neurons, with very little background in the negative control sections. Staining for c‐fos was enhanced using the ABC method in that c‐fos stained neurons were darker and more clearly visible after shorter treatment with DAB. However, negative control sections showed a greater amount of non‐specific staining with the ABC method. Thus, the ABC method was more sensitive but showed reduced specificity, with BSA treatment slightly reducing the level of non‐specific staining. Overall, the ABC method produced better visualization and contrast of c‐fos‐containing neurons against the background color of the tissue.
A leaf‐level biochemical model simulating the introduction of C2 and C4 photosynthesis in C3 rice: gains, losses and metabolite fluxes
Authors: Bellasio Chandra , Farquhar Graham D.
Published: March 2019

This work aims at developing an adequate theoretical basis for comparing assimilation of the ancestral C3 pathway with CO2 concentrating mechanisms (CCM) that have evolved to reduce photorespiratory yield losses.

We present a novel model for C3, C2, C2 + C4 and C4 photosynthesis simulating assimilatory metabolism, energetics and metabolite traffic at the leaf level. It integrates a mechanistic description of light reactions to simulate ATP and NADPH production, and a variable engagement of cyclic electron flow. The analytical solutions are compact and thus suitable for larger scale simulations. Inputs were derived with a comprehensive gas‐exchange experiment.

We show trade‐offs in the operation of C4 that are in line with ecophysiological data. C4 has the potential to increase assimilation over C3 at high temperatures and light intensities, but this benefit is reversed under low temperatures and light.

We apply the model to simulate the introduction of progressively complex levels of CCM into C3 rice, which feeds > 3.5 billion people. Increasing assimilation will require considerable modifications such as expressing the NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase‐like complex and upregulating cyclic electron flow, enlarging the bundle sheath, and expressing suitable transporters to allow adequate metabolite traffic. The simpler C2 rice may be a desirable alternative.
Predicting serious bacterial infection in febrile young infants utilizing body temperature
Authors: Nomura Osamu , Ihara Takateru , Sakakibara Hiroshi , Hirokoshi Yuho , Inoue Nobuaki
Published: March 2019

Background

Febrile young infants have a high risk of serious infection. Although measuring vital sign parameters can serve as a rapid and effective assessment in these patients, their predictive value for serious bacterial infection (SBI) has not been fully investigated.

Methods

This retrospective observational study enrolled febrile (>38.0°C) infants aged <90 days at the time of presentation. Data from the emergency room triage database at Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center for the period 1 November 2011–30 November 2013, were reviewed. Variables included patient age, gender, and vital sign data, including body temperature, pulse rate, oxygen saturation, definitive diagnosis, and disposition.

Results

Two hundred and sixty‐nine patients were included, with a mean age of 55 days, and 158 (58.7%) were male. Of the total, 43 patients had an SBI. On logistic regression, body temperature ≥38.5°C (OR, 2.80; 95%CI: 1.37–5.74) was a significant predictor of SBI.

Conclusion

High‐grade fever was found to be a significant predictor of SBI in febrile young infants.
Improved detection and identification of the sudden oak death pathogenPhytophthora ramorumand the Port Orford cedar root pathogenPhytophthora lateralis
Authors: Feau N. , Ojeda D. I. , Beauseigle S. , Bilodeau G. J. , Brar A. , Cervantes‐Arango S. , Dale A. L. , Dhillon B. , Hammett C. , Herath P. , Shamoun S. F. , Tsui C. K. M. , Tanguay P. , Hamelin R. C.
Published: March 2019

Early detection provides the best way to prevent introduction and establishment of alien plant pathogens. Amplification ofDNAbyPCRhas revolutionized the detection and monitoring of plant pathogens. Most of those assays rely on the amplification of a fraction of the genome of the targeted species. With the availability of whole genomes for a growing number of fungi and oomycetes it is becoming possible to compare genomes and discover regions that are unique to a target organism. This study has applied this pipeline to develop a set of hierarchical TaqMan real‐timePCRdetection assays targetingDNAof all fourPhytophthora ramorumlineages, and a closely related species,P. lateralis. Nine assays were generated: three targetingDNAof allP. ramorumlineages, one for each lineage ofP. ramorum, one forP. lateralisand one targetingDNAofP. ramorumandP. lateralis. These assays were very accurate and sensitive, ranging from 98.7% to 100% detection accuracy of 2–10 gene copies of the targeted taxa from pure cultures or inoculated tissues. This level of sensitivity is within the lowest theoretical limit of detection ofDNA. It is expected that these assays will be useful because of their high level of specificity and the ease with which they can be multiplexed because of the inherent flexibility in primer and probe design afforded by their lack of conservation in non‐target species.
Regional variations in exporters’ productivity premium: Theory and evidence
Authors: Okubo Toshihiro , Tomiura Eiichi
Published: March 2019

The international trade literature confirms that the average productivity of exporters is higher than that of nonexporters, while economic geography studies establish that urban firms tend to be more productive than rural ones. By introducing region‐specific transportation costs in a Melitz‐type heterogeneous‐firm trade model, the theory predicts that the minimum threshold productivity level for export is higher but that for survival by serving the local market is lower in the periphery region than in the core. Using Japanese plant‐level panel data, we find evidence supporting the theoretical prediction that exporters in the peripheral regions, especially those distant from the core, have large productivity premiums.
Assessing the efficacy and impact of management of an invasive species in a protected area: Poa annua on sub‐Antarctic Macquarie Island
Authors: Williams L K , Sindel B M , Kristiansen P , Wilson S C , Shaw J D
Published: March 2019

Plant eradication is difficult, particularly in remote, protected areas. The Southern Ocean Islands are very isolated and highly protected, but the flora contains many alien plants. Small restricted populations have been eradicated, but eradication of established species has proven difficult. A better understanding of the efficacy of control methods at sub‐Antarctic temperatures and their off‐target impacts may increase eradication success. With interest in controlling non‐native Poa annua in the region, we aimed to determine if physical and chemical methods can control P. annua (the sub‐Antarctic biotype) in sub‐Antarctic conditions and examined their impact on native plants. We quantified the effectiveness of physical control methods on P. annua in situ on sub‐Antarctic Macquarie Island through field‐based experiments and assessed their selectivity on P. annua compared with native grasses. We also quantified the effectiveness of several herbicides on P. annua at sub‐Antarctic temperatures and assessed their selectivity on native grasses. Of the four physical disturbance methods tested, none effectively reduced P. annua cover as one‐off treatments. Of the herbicide treatments, glyphosate and trifloxysulfuron sodium were effective and were less damaging to native grass species, indicating potential selectivity. Physical control was of limited effectiveness, but did not affect native species richness. An integrated weed management programme utilising the strategic use of selective herbicides with follow‐up chemical and physical intervention may balance control and biodiversity outcomes. This research highlights the importance of site‐specific testing of control methods and understanding off‐target impacts of control when managing alien plant species in protected areas.
Risk factors for bacterial zoonotic pathogens in acutely febrile patients in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa
Authors: Berrian Amanda M. , Martínez‐López Beatriz , Quan Vanessa , Conrad Patricia A. , van Rooyen Jacques , Simpson Gregory J. G. , Frean John , Weyer Jacqueline , Rossouw Jennifer , Knobel Darryn , Blumberg Lucille
Published: March 2019

Endemic zoonoses, such as Q fever and spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiosis, are prevalent in South Africa, yet often undiagnosed. In this study, we reviewed the demographics and animal exposure history of patients presenting with acute febrile illness to community health clinics in Mpumalanga Province to identify trends and risk factors associated with exposure to Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever, and infection by SFG Rickettsia spp. Clinical and serological data and questionnaires elucidating exposure to animals and their products were obtained from 141 acutely febrile patients between 2012 and 2016. Exposure or infection status to C. burnetii and SFG Rickettsia spp. was determined by presence of IgG or IgM antibodies. Logistic regression models were built for risk factor analysis. Clinical presentation of patients infected by SFG rickettsiosis was described. There were 37/139 (27%) patients with a positive C. burnetii serology, indicative of Q fever exposure. Patients who had reported attending cattle inspection facilities (“dip tanks”) were 9.39 times more likely to be exposed to Q fever (95% CI: 2.9–30.4). Exposure risk also increased with age (OR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.002–1.06). Twenty‐one per cent of febrile patients (24/118) had evidence of acute infection by SFG Rickettsia spp. Similarly, attending cattle inspection facilities was the most significant risk factor (OR: 8.48, 95% CI: 1.58–45.60). Seropositivity of females showed a significant OR of 8.0 when compared to males (95% CI: 1.49–43.0), and consumption of livestock was associated with a decreased risk (OR: 0.02, 95% CI: 0.001–0.54). A trend between domestic cat contact and SFG rickettsiosis was also noted, albeit borderline non‐significant. In this endemic region of South Africa, an understanding of risk factors for zoonotic pathogens, including exposure to domestic animals, can help clinic staff with diagnosis and appropriate therapeutic management of acutely febrile patients as well as identify target areas for education and prevention strategies.
Macaronesian islands as promoters of diversification in amphipods: The remarkable case of the family Hyalidae (Crustacea, Amphipoda)
Authors: Desiderato Andrea , Costa Filipe O. , Serejo Cristiana S. , Abbiati Marco , Queiroga Henrique , Vieira Pedro E.
Published: March 2019

The north‐east Atlantic (NEA) is an important and complex biogeographic region with a very rich marine fauna. However, little is known about the role of the Macaronesian islands in the evolutionary history and diversification of marine invertebrates in the NEA. Among the amphipods, the members of the family Hyalidae are particularly common and abundant in intertidal rocky shores of NEA. In this study, we aimed to investigate the genetic structure and diversity of seven hyalid species inhabiting the Macaronesian, European and Moroccan Atlantic coasts, with a focus on the genetic differentiation between island and Continental populations. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences of the cytochrome oxidase I gene, unravelled a very high level of hidden diversity, consisting of 26–32 molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs), the majority of them recorded in Macaronesian populations. Except for Apohyale stebbingi, all remaining MOTUs were in general allopatrically distributed, with a trend for segregation between islands and Continental populations on one side, but also for the occurrence of private MOTUs among islands. Results indicate distinct evolutionary and diversification patterns among Hyalidae species, but a strong separation between Continental and islands’ lineages appears to be a common feature to all of them. Apparently, the complex geomorphological history of the Macaronesian archipelagos served as an important promoter of extensive diversification of marine invertebrates in NEA, a phenomenon which only now starts to be fully appreciated through the use of molecular data.
Efficient Single Stage Photovoltaic Pumping System Using BLDC Motor With Grid Power Export
Authors: Sridhar R. , Vishnuram Pradeep , Sattianadan D.
Published: March 2019

This paper proposes an efficient single-stage photovoltaic (PV) fed permanent magnet brushless DC (PMBLDC) motor water pumping system with grid power interface. The power conditioning system used in the conventional two-stage system is eliminated, and the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) scheme is incorporated within the inverter used for the electronic commutation of the BLDC motor. The BLDC motor pumping is advantageous than the conventional induction motor-aided water pumps. The proposed system is the first of its kind to employ a grid power export scheme utilizing the same inverter drive which in turn reduces the complexity of adding new inverter circuitry and thereby making the system economically viable. The BLDC pump and grid power export scheme is realized in both simulation and hardware environment for a power rating of 1 kW. The results reveal that the proposed system is highly viable.
Supplement Use and Behaviors of Athletes Affiliated With an Australian State-Based Sports Institute
Authors: Waller Martin C. , Kerr Deborah A. , Binnie Martyn J. , Eaton Emily , Wood Clare , Stenvers Terreen , Gucciardi Daniel F. , Goodman Carmel , Ducker Kagan J.
Published: March 2019

The authors aimed to update knowledge of the use of supplements among Australian athletes at a state-based sports institute. The authors conducted a cross-sectional survey using an online questionnaire to assess the influence of age, sports category, and scholarship category on supplement use. Of 94 completed questionnaires, 82 (87%) indicated supplements in the previous 12 months (mean = 4.9 ± 3.3). No significant difference in supplement usage rate was identified when considering age, scholarship category, or sport category. The most frequently used supplements were sports drinks (70%), caffeine (48%), protein powder (42%), and sports bars (42%). Recovery (63%), health maintenance (59%), and improved energy (50%) were the most frequently reported rationale to use supplements. Allied health professionals and credible online resources were the predominant sources of influence regarding use. However, athletes from lower scholarship categories were more likely to have social media, parents, and siblings influence usage, and age was inversely related to increased influence from parents, social media, physicians not associated with the institute, the Internet, and siblings. Older athletes and those on higher scholarships were more likely to source supplements from training facilities and sports nutrition staff outside of the institute or direct from a supplier, whereas those on lower scholarships tended to rely more on family and friends for their supplements. Findings from this study show a high prevalence of supplement use and are the first to show an influence of social media, particularly in younger athletes. Opportunities exist to optimize how athletes are informed regarding supplement use and organizational and supplement policy.
High Prevalence and Magnitude of Rapid Weight Loss in Mixed Martial Arts Athletes
Authors: Hillier Mathew , Sutton Louise , James Lewis , Mojtahedi Dara , Keay Nicola , Hind Karen
Published: March 2019

The practice of rapid weight loss (RWL) in mixed martial arts (MMA) is an increasing concern but data remain scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence, magnitude, methods, and influencers of RWL in professional and amateur MMA athletes. MMA athletes (N = 314; 287 men and 27 women) across nine weight categories (strawweight to heavyweight), completed a validated questionnaire adapted for this sport. Sex-specific data were analyzed, and subgroup comparisons were made between athletes competing at professional and amateur levels. Most athletes purposefully reduced body weight for competition (men: 97.2%; women: 100%). The magnitude of RWL in 1 week prior to weigh-in was significantly greater for professional athletes compared with those competing at amateur level (men: 5.9% vs. 4.2%; women: 5.0% vs. 2.1% of body weight; p < .05). In the 24 hr preceding weigh-in, the magnitude of RWL was greater at professional than amateur level in men (3.7% vs. 2.5% of body weight; p < .05). Most athletes “always” or “sometimes” used water loading (72.9%), restricting fluid intake (71.3%), and sweat suits (55.4%) for RWL. Coaches were cited as the primary source of influence on RWL practices (men: 29.3%; women: 48.1%). There is a high reported prevalence of RWL in MMA, at professional and amateur levels. Our findings, constituting the largest inquiry to date, call for urgent action from MMA organizations to safeguard the health and well-being of athletes competing in this sport.
The Quantification of Hop Landing Balance Using Trunk-Mounted Accelerometry
Authors: Williams Jonathan M. , Gara Michael , Clark Carol
Published: March 2019

Context: Balance is important for injury prediction, prevention, and rehabilitation. Clinical measurement of higher level balance function such as hop landing is necessary. Currently, no method exists to quantify balance performance following hopping in the clinic. Objective: To quantify the sacral acceleration profile and test–retest reliability during hop landing. Participants: A total of 17 university undergraduates (age 27.6 [5.7] y, height 1.73 [0.11] m, weight 74.1 [13.9] kg). Main Outcome Measure: A trunk-mounted accelerometer captured the acceleration profile following landing from hopping forward, medially, and laterally. The path length of the acceleration traces were computed to quantify balance following landing. Results: Moderate to excellent reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient .67–.93) for hop landing was established with low to moderate SEM (4%–16%) and minimal detectable change values (13%–44%) for each of the hop directions. Significant differences were determined in balance following hop landing from the different directions. Conclusion: The results suggest that hop landing balance can be quantified by trunk-mounted accelerometry.
The Effectiveness of Kinesio Taping in Recovering From Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness: A Crossover Study
Authors: Kirmizigil Berkiye , Chauchat Jeffry Roy , Yalciner Omer , Iyigun Gozde , Angin Ender , Baltaci Gul
Published: March 2019

Context:Kinesio taping (KT) is a popular taping technique used in the recovery process; however, in the relevant literature, there is no real consensus on its efficacy.Objective:To investigate whether rectus femoris KT application after delayed onset muscle soreness enhances recovery of muscle soreness, edema, and physical performance.Participants:A total of 22 healthy amateur male athletes participated in this study.Design:Randomized, crossover study.Setting:Human performance laboratory of the university.Interventions:Participants performed an exercise protocol inducing delayed onset muscle soreness. They accomplished 2 distinct trials, with or without KT. The washout period between trials was 6 weeks. For the KT condition, KT inhibition technique was used and applied immediately after exercise bilaterally on rectus femoris.Main Outcome Measures:Range of motion, muscle soreness, and edema were measured at baseline, 30 minutes, 24, 48, and 72 hours postexercise. Dynamic balance, sprint, and horizontal jump were evaluated at similar time frame except for 30-minute postexercise.Results:The findings showed that there were no significant differences between the KT group (KTG) and control group for all outcome variables (P > .05). Muscle soreness returned to baseline values 72 hours postexercise only within the KTG (P > .05). Although the horizontal jump performance decreased substantially from baseline to 24 and 48 hours postexercise only within the control group (P < .05), the performance increased significantly from 24 to 72 hours postexercise within the KTG (P < .05). Balance increased significantly from baseline to 48 hours postexercise (P < .05) in both groups. Balance also increased significantly from baseline to 72 hours postexercise only within the KTG (P < .05). The effect size of soreness which is our primary outcome was large in both groups (r > .5).Conclusions:KT is favorable in the recovery of muscle soreness after delayed onset muscle soreness. KT has beneficial effects on horizontal jump performance and dynamic balance.
Interplay among IncA and
bla
KPC
-Carrying Plasmids in
Citrobacter freundii
Authors: Bitar Ibrahim , Caltagirone Mariasofia , Villa Laura , Mattioni Marchetti Vittoria , Nucleo Elisabetta , Sarti Mario , Migliavacca Roberta , Carattoli Alessandra
Published: March 2019

We report two KPC-producing
Citrobacter freundii
isolates from unrelated patients. In one case,
bla
KPC-2
was harbored on a novel variant of a Tn
4401
transposon of an IncN plasmid conjugated together with a coresident IncA plasmid, whereas in the other one,
bla
KPC-3
was on a Tn
4401a
transposon located on an IncX3-IncA self-conjugative plasmid fusion.
Cell Shape and Population Migration Are Distinct Steps of
Proteus mirabilis
Swarming That Are Decoupled on High-Percentage Agar
Authors: Little Kristin , Austerman Jacob , Zheng Jenny , Gibbs Karine A.
Published: March 2019

How surfaces influence cell size, cell-cell interactions, and population migration for robust swarmers like
P. mirabilis
is not fully understood. Here, we have elucidated how cells change length along a spectrum of sizes that positively correlates with increases in agar concentration, regardless of population migration. Single-cell phenotypes can be decoupled from collective population migration simply by increasing agar concentration. A cell’s lipopolysaccharides function to broaden the range of agar conditions under which cell elongation and single-cell motility remain coupled with population migration. In eukaryotes, the physical environment, such as a surface matrix, can impact cell development, shape, and migration. These findings support the idea that rigid surfaces similarly act on swarming bacteria to impact cell shape, single-cell motility, and collective population migration.