bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physics of Bubble‐Propelled Microrockets
Authors: Gallino Giacomo , Gallaire François , Lauga Eric , Michelin Sebastien
Published: May 2018

A popular method to induce synthetic propulsion at the microscale is to use the forces created by surface‐produced gas bubbles inside the asymmetric body of a catalytic swimmer (referred to in the literature as microrocket). Gas bubbles nucleate and grow within the swimmer and migrate toward one of its openings due to asymmetric geometric confinement, generating a net hydrodynamic force which propels the device. Here, numerical simulations are used to develop a joint chemical (diffusive) and hydrodynamic (Stokes) analysis of the bubble growth within a conical catalytic microrocket and of the associated bubble and microrocket motion. With this computational model, the bubble dynamics are solved for over one bubble cycle ranging from its nucleation to its exiting the conical rocket, and the propulsion characteristics are identified as a function of all design parameters (geometry and chemical activity of the motor, surface tension, physicochemical constants). The results suggest that hydrodynamics and chemistry partially decouple in the motion of the bubbles, with hydrodynamics determining the distance travelled by the microrocket over each cycle while chemistry sets the bubble ejection frequency. This numerical model allows for the identification of an optimal microrocket shape and size for which the distance travelled per cycle duration is maximized.
Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Shells as Enabling Material for Information‐Rich Design and Architecture
Authors: Schwartz Mathew , Lenzini Gabriele , Geng Yong , Rønne Peter B. , Ryan Peter Y. A. , Lagerwall Jan P. F.
Published: May 2018

The responsive and dynamic character of liquid crystals (LCs), arising from their ability to self‐organize into long‐range ordered structures while maintaining fluidity, has given them a role as key enabling materials in the information technology that surrounds us today. Ongoing research hints at future LC‐based technologies of entirely different types, for instance by taking advantage of the peculiar behavior of cholesteric liquid crystals (CLCs) subject to curvature. Spherical shells of CLC reflect light omnidirectionally with specific polarization and wavelength, tunable from the UV to the infrared (IR) range, with complex patterns arising when many of them are brought together. Here, these properties are analyzed and explained, and future application opportunities from an interdisciplinary standpoint are discussed. By incorporating arrangements of CLC shells in smart facades or vehicle coatings, or in objects of high value subject to counterfeiting, game‐changing future uses might arise in fields spanning information security, design, and architecture. The focus here is on the challenges of a digitized and information‐rich future society where humans increasingly rely on technology and share their space with autonomous vehicles, drones, and robots.
Cobalt‐Catalyzed C(sp3)−H Functionalization Reactions
Authors: Yoshino Tatsuhiko , Matsunaga Shigeki
Published: May 2018

C−H functionalization reactions hold great potential for the streamlined synthesis of complex molecules and are currently a “hot” topic in organic synthesis. Among the various transition metals that have been used, cobalt has recently attracted increased attention as a catalyst for C−H functionalization reactions, owing to its ready availability and high reactivity. Although a number of cobalt‐catalyzed C(sp2)−H functionalization reactions have been reported to date, C(sp3)−H functionalization reactions remain challenging. This Focus Review summarizes recent progress in cobalt‐catalyzed C(sp3)−H functionalization reactions that involve C−H activation to form organometallic intermediates.
A Copper‐ and Phosphine‐Free Nickel(II)‐Catalyzed Method for C−H Bond Alkynylation of Benzothiazoles and Related Azoles
Authors: Patel Ulhas N. , Punji Benudhar
Published: May 2018

A phosphine‐free nickel(II)‐catalyzed method for the C(2)−H bond alkynylation of (benzo)thiazoles, (benz)imidazoles, and oxazoles is described. Well‐defined and air‐stable (Phen)NiCl2 catalyst efficiently catalyzes the coupling of diverse azoles with alkynyl bromides without the use of a copper co‐catalyst, and the method tolerates synthetically important functional groups. Preliminary mechanistic studies on this NiII‐catalyzed alkynylation emphasize the homogeneous nature of the catalyst, and rule out a radical manifold for the reaction. The synthetic utility of this Ni‐catalyzed method is demonstrated by further functionalizing the alkynylated benzothiazoles to 3‐methyl‐2‐(alkynyl)benzo[d]thiazolium salts that are known DNA cleaving agents.
Stillbirth rates across three ape species in accredited American zoos
Authors: Saiyed Sana T. , Liubicich Rebecca C. , Fidino Mason , Ross Stephen R.
Published: May 2018

Stillbirths, or births of infants that died in the womb, represent a failure of the materno‐feto‐placental unit to maintain a suitable fetal environment. Typical studies of nonhuman primate (NHP) stillbirth patterns are primarily descriptive and focus on macaques (genus Macaca). Thus, less is known about other NHP species and rarer still are studies that examine possible biological factors that influence stillbirth rates across taxa. To examine possible contributors to stillbirths in great apes, we analyzed 36 years (1980–2016) of historical data documenting births of zoo‐housed chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes, N = 391), western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla, N = 491), and orangutans (Pongo spp, N = 307) in accredited zoological parks in the United States. The average number of births for each of the 446 mothers was 2.7, resulting in a total of 1,189 births with 143 stillbirths (12%). Stillbirths represented 12% of chimpanzee births, 13% of gorilla births, and 10% of orangutan births. We used generalized linear mixed‐effects models to assess possible relationships between stillbirth likelihood and mother origin (wild‐ versus captive‐born), age, and genus. Across taxa, older mothers were more likely to have a stillbirth (p = 0.004). While these results are likely influenced by both biological and management‐related factors (e.g., selective captive breeding), they may be useful to population managers in evaluating pregnancy risks for great apes. Captive settings and archival studbook data such as these may provide a unique opportunity to further explore this topic.
From Fission to Censorship: 18 Months on the Road to the Bomb
Authors: Reed B. Cameron
Published: May 2018

Despite longstanding speculation concerning the harnessing of atomic energy, the prospect of doing so was not a foregone conclusion upon the discovery of fission in late 1938. Many aspects of the new phenomenon such as secondary neutrons, cross‐sections, and energetics had to be investigated before the feasibility of nuclear reactors or explosives could be established. Here, experimental and theoretical developments in the 18 months following the discovery of fission are summarized; these develeopments laid the groundwork for wartime nuclear programs.
Metal‐Catalyzed Remote Functionalization of ω‐Ene Unsaturated Ethers: Towards Functionalized Vinyl Species
Authors: Ho Guo‐Ming , Judkele Lina , Bruffaerts Jeffrey , Marek Ilan
Published: May 2018

The combined ruthenium‐catalyzed chain walking with the nickel‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reaction of ω‐alkenyl ethers provide a unique entry to functionalized vinyl species. This transformation illustrates the power and flexibility of remote functionalization by demonstrating the compatibility of two independent reactions involving unrelated sites.
Fatigue life prediction via the time‐dependent evolution of linear and nonlinear mechanical parameters determined via Fourier transform of the stress
Authors: Hirschberg Valerian , Wilhelm Manfred , Rodrigue Denis
Published: May 2018

This study proposes a new concept for the lifetime prediction of solid polymers under mechanical fatigue. The time evolution of linear and nonlinear mechanical parameters was studied using polystyrene (PS), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), and styrene‐acrylonitrile (SAN) samples in strain controlled (large amplitude) oscillatory shear (torsion). Higher harmonics of the stress were detected and quantified via Fourier transform (FT). Besides storage and loss modulus (G′, G″), the ratio of the third (I3) harmonic over the fundamental one, I1 (I3/1), was analyzed. After an initial transient period (regime I), the three parameters (G′, G″, and I3/1) linearly de/increase with the cycle number (N) (regime II) before failure onset (regime III) occurs. In regime II, the absolute values of the rates of change (derivative) of G′, G″, and I3/1 (dG′/dN, dG″/dN, and dI3/1/dN) were correlated with the lifetime (Nf). An inverse proportionality between the rate of change and lifetime was found allowing better prediction while testing. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46634.
Wasabi 6‐(methylsulfinyl)hexyl isothiocyanate induces apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells through p53‐independent mitochondrial dysfunction pathway
Authors: Yano Satoshi , Wu Shusong , Sakao Kozue , Hou De‐Xing
Published: May 2018

6‐(Methylsulfinyl)hexyl isothiocyanate (6‐MSITC), a major bioactive compound in Wasabi [Wasabia japonica (Miq.) Matsum.], has revealed the inhibitory effect on colon carcinogenesis in rat cancer model although the underlying mechanism is unclear. In this study, we used two types of human colorectal cancer cells (HCT116 p53+/+ and HCT116 p53–/–) to investigate the anticancer activity and molecular mechanisms of 6‐MSITC. Interestingly, 6‐MSITC inhibited the cell proliferation in both types of cells with similar IC50 value although a light increase in the phosphorylation and accumulation of P53 protein was observed in HCT116 p53+/+ cells at 24 h after treatment. In addition, 6‐MSITC increased the ratio of proapoptotic cells in both types of cells with the same fashion in a p53‐independent manner. The data from mitochondrial analysis revealed that 6‐MSITC enhanced the ratio of proapoptotic B‐cell lymphoma‐2‐associated X protein/antiapoptotic myeloid cell leukemia 1, and sequentially caused mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) loss, cytochrome c release, and caspase‐3 activation in both types of cells. Taken together, Wasabi 6‐MSITC induced apoptosis of human colorectal cancer cells in p53‐independent mitochondrial dysfunction pathway. These findings suggest that 6‐MSITC might be a potential agent for colon cancer chemoprevention although with p53 mutation. © 2018 BioFactors, 44(4):361–368, 2018
Cyclic Peptides for Efficient Detection of Collagen
Authors: Takita Koh K. , Fujii Kazunori K. , Kadonosono Tetsuya , Masuda Ryo , Koide Takaki
Published: May 2018

We report here a new class of collagen‐binding peptides, cyclic collagen‐mimetic peptides (cCMPs), that efficiently hybridize with the triple‐helix‐forming portions of collagen. cCMPs are composed of two parallel collagen‐like (Xaa‐Yaa‐Gly)n strands with both termini tethered by covalent linkages. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays and western blotting analysis showed that cCMPs exhibit more potent affinity toward collagen than reported collagen‐binding peptides and can specifically detect different collagen polypeptides in a mixture of proteins. Collagen secreted from cultured cells was detected by confocal microscopy with fluorescein‐labeled cCMP. The cCMP is also shown to detect sensitively folding intermediates in the endoplasmic reticulum, something that was difficult to visualize with conventional collagen detectors. Molecular‐dynamics simulations suggested that a cCMP forms a more stably hybridized product than its single‐chain counterpart; this could explain why cCMP has higher affinity toward denatured collagen. These results indicate the usefulness of cCMPs as tools for detecting denatured collagen.
Anodic Formation of Aryl Mesylates through Dehydrogenative Coupling Reaction
Authors: Möhle Sabine , Herold Sebastian , Hillerson Natalie D. , Waldvogel Siegfried R.
Published: May 2018

The first direct anodic mesylation of aromatic substrates was established. The installation of the oxygen‐carbon bond was achieved through a dehydrogenative coupling reaction, which works with naphthalene in preparative attractive yields, and this protocol can be applied to a range of other aromatic substrates. The electroconversion is conducted at carbon anodes in a divided cell. The constant current conditions allow electrolysis with a simple electronic periphery. The results are in full accordance with cyclic voltammetry studies, providing a consistent picture.
Loop Length Affects Syn–Anti Conformational Rearrangements in Parallel G‐Quadruplexes
Authors: Karg Beatrice , Weisz Klaus
Published: May 2018

A G‐quadruplex forming sequence from the MYC promoter region was modified with syn‐favoring 8‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyguanosine residues. Depending on the number and position of modifications in the intramolecular parallel G‐quadruplex, substitutions with the bromoguanosine analogue at the 5′‐tetrad induce conformational rearrangements with concerted all‐anti to all‐syn transitions for all residues of the modified G‐quartet. No unfavorable steric interactions of the C8‐substituents in the medium grooves are apparent in the high‐resolution structure as determined for a tetrasubstituted MYC quadruplex that exclusively forms the all‐syn isomer. In contrast, considerable steric clashes with 5′‐phosphate oxygen atoms for those analogues that follow a less flexible 1‐nucleotide loop in the native all‐anti conformation seem to constitute the major driving force for the tetrad inversion and allow for the rational design of appropriately substituted sequences. Correlations found between the population of species subjected to a tetrad flip and melting temperatures indicate that more effective conformational transitions are compromised by lower thermal stabilities of the modified parallel quadruplexes.
Highly Efficient and Diastereoselective Construction of Trifluoromethyl‐Containing Spiro[pyrrolidin‐3,2′‐oxindole] by a Catalyst‐free Mutually Activated [3+2] Cycloaddition Reaction
Authors: Gui Hou‐Ze , Gao Yu‐Ning , Wei Yin , Shi Min
Published: May 2018

A catalyst‐free self‐catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition reaction of isatin‐derived α‐(trifluoromethyl)imines with vinylpyridines is reported. The reaction offers a straightforward and atom‐economical procedure for the preparation of a series of 5′‐trifluoromethyl‐spiro[pyrrolidin‐3,2′‐oxindoles] in excellent yields and diastereoselectivities. The reaction mechanism has been investigated by control experiments, DFT calculation of pKa values and the kinetic profiles, revealing that this reaction featured the mutual activation between isatin‐derived α‐(trifluoromethyl)imines and vinylpyridine to generate the reactive species.
Expanding the SAR of Nontoxic Antiplasmodial Indolyl‐3‐ethanone Ethers and Thioethers
Authors: Lunga Mayibongwe J. , Chisango Ruramai L. , Weyers Carli , Isaacs Michelle , Taylor Dale , Edkins Adrienne L. , Khanye Setshaba D. , Hoppe Heinrich C. , Veale Clinton G. L.
Published: May 2018

Despite major strides in reducing Plasmodium falciparum infections, this parasite still accounts for roughly half a million annual deaths. This problem is compounded by the decreased efficacy of artemisinin combination therapies. Therefore, the development and optimisation of novel antimalarial chemotypes is critical. In this study, we describe our strategic approach to optimise a class of previously reported antimalarials, resulting in the discovery of 1‐(5‐chloro‐1H‐indol‐3‐yl)‐2‐[(4‐cyanophenyl)thio]ethanone (13) and 1‐(5‐chloro‐1H‐indol‐3‐yl)‐2‐[(4‐nitrophenyl)thio]ethanone (14), whose activity was equipotent to that of chloroquine against the P. falciparum 3D7 strain. Furthermore, these compounds were found to be nontoxic to HeLa cells as well as being non‐haemolytic to uninfected red blood cells. Intriguingly, several of our most promising compounds were found to be less active against the isogenic NF54 strain, highlighting possible issues with long‐term dependability of malarial strains. Finally compound 14 displayed similar activity against both the NF54 and K1 strains, suggesting that it inhibits a pathway that is uncompromised by K1 resistance.
The role of adjuvant treatment in early‐stage oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma: An international collaborative study
Authors: Fridman Eran , Na'ara Shorook , Agarwal Jaiprakash , Amit Moran , Bachar Gideon , Villaret Andrea Bolzoni , Brandao Jose , Cernea Claudio R. , Chaturvedi Pankaj , Clark Jonathan , Ebrahimi Ardalan , Fliss Dan M. , Jonnalagadda Sashikanth , Kohler Hugo F. , Kowalski Luiz P. , Kreppel Matthias , Liao Chun‐Ta , Patel Snehal G. , Patel Rajan S. , Robbins K. Thomas , Shah Jatin P. , Shpitzer Thomas , Yen Tzu‐Chen , Zöller Joachim E. , Gil Ziv ,   for the International Consortium for Outcome Research in Head and Neck Cancer
Published: May 2018

BACKGROUND

Up to half of patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) have stage I to II disease. When adequate resection is attained, no further treatment is needed; however, re‐resection or radiotherapy may be indicated for patients with positive or close margins. This multicenter study evaluated the outcomes and role of adjuvant treatment in patients with stage I to II OCSCC.

METHODS

Overall survival (OS), disease‐specific survival, local‐free survival, and disease‐free survival rates were calculated with Kaplan‐Meier analysis.

RESULTS

Of 1257 patients with T1‐2N0M0 disease, 33 (2.6%) had positive margins, and 205 (16.3%) had close margins. The 5‐year OS rate was 80% for patients with clear margins, 52% for patients with close margins, and 63% for patients with positive margins (P < .0001). In a multivariate analysis, age, depth of invasion, and margins were independent predictors of outcome. Close margins were associated with a >2‐fold increase in the risk of recurrence (P < .0001). The multivariate analysis revealed that adjuvant treatment significantly improved the outcomes of patients with close/positive margins (P = .002 to .03).

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with stage I to II OCSCC and positive/close margins have poor long‐term outcomes. For this population, adjuvant treatment may be associated with improved survival. Cancer 2018;124:2948‐55. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
Individual meaning‐centered psychotherapy for the treatment of psychological and existential distress: A randomized controlled trial in patients with advanced cancer
Authors: Breitbart William , Pessin Hayley , Rosenfeld Barry , Applebaum Allison J. , Lichtenthal Wendy G. , Li Yuelin , Saracino Rebecca M. , Marziliano Allison M. , Masterson Melissa , Tobias Kristen , Fenn Natalie
Published: May 2018

BACKGROUND

Patients with advanced cancer have high rates of psychological distress, including depression, anxiety, and spiritual despair. This study examined the effectiveness of individual meaning‐centered psychotherapy (IMCP) in comparison with supportive psychotherapy (SP) and enhanced usual care (EUC) in improving spiritual well‐being and quality of life and reducing psychological distress in patients with advanced cancer.

METHODS

Patients (n = 321) were randomly assigned to IMCP (n = 109), SP (n = 108), or EUC (n = 104). Assessments were conducted at 4 time points: before intervention, midtreatment (4 weeks), 8 weeks after treatment, and 16 weeks after treatment.

RESULTS

Significant treatment effects (small to medium in magnitude) were observed for IMCP, in comparison with EUC, for 5 of 7 outcome variables (quality of life, sense of meaning, spiritual well‐being, anxiety, and desire for hastened death), with Cohen'sdranging from 0.1 to 0.34; no significant improvement was observed for patients receiving SP (d < 0.15 andP > .05 for all variables). The effect of IMCP was significantly greater than the effect of SP for quality of life and sense of meaning (d = 0.19) but not for the remaining study variables.

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides further support for the efficacy of IMCP as a treatment for psychological and existential/spiritual distress in patients with advanced cancer. Significant treatment effects (small to moderate effect sizes) were observed in comparison with usual care, and somewhat more modest differences in improvement (small effect sizes) were observed in comparison with SP. Thus, the benefits of meaning‐centered psychotherapy appear to be unique to the intervention and highlight the importance of addressing existential issues with patients approaching the end of life.Cancer2018.©2018 American Cancer Society.
A 20‐year and 46,000‐specimen journey to Paris reveals the influence of reporting systems and passive peer feedback on pathologist practice patterns
Authors: VandenBussche Christopher J. , Allison Derek B. , Gupta Mohit , Ali Syed Z. , Rosenthal Dorothy L.
Published: May 2018

BACKGROUND

An important goal of The Paris System for Reporting Urinary Cytology (TPS) is to reduce unnecessary atypical diagnoses given to urinary tract cytology (UTC) specimens. Since implementation of TPS at the study institution in 2016, the institutional atypical rate has declined only slightly. The authors speculated that TPS might not have had an immediate impact because several faculty members were involved in TPS committees and because TPS contains elements that already had been integrated into institutional practice. To identify factors contributing to alterations in the institutional atypical rate, the authors examined their practice over the last 22 years.

METHODS

UTC specimens submitted to the study laboratory between August 11, 1995, and August 10, 2017, were identified. Specimens were linked to the responsible pathologist, specimen diagnosis and type, association with high‐grade urothelial carcinoma, and relevant cytomorphologic features.

RESULTS

An increase in the institutional atypical rate occurred between 2002 and 2005. The atypical rate among individual pathologists also peaked during this same time. The increase coincided with an increase in the use of UTC and the arrival of a pathologist with a higher rate of atypical diagnoses. A substantial decrease in the institutional atypical rate occurred between 2005 and 2010 and coincided with the creation of the Johns Hopkins Hospital Template, the authors' first standardized reporting system for UTC specimens.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of reporting systems (Johns Hopkins Hospital Template and TPS) has coincided with decreases in the institutional atypical rate at the study institution. An individual pathologist may influence the practice patterns of his or her colleagues, resulting in fluctuations in the institutional rate of atypia over time. Cancer Cytopathol 2018;126:381‐9. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
A tale of atypia: What can we learn from this?
Authors: Barkan Güliz A. , Wojcik Eva M. , Pambuccian Stefan E.
Published: May 2018

The use of the equivocal and elusive diagnosis of “atypia” in our daily practice cannot be completely eliminated as it continues to be a useful category for filling the gap between what is recognizable as normal (or at least a version of normal) and what is recognizable as unequivocally abnormal/malignant. However, this diagnosis should be used sparingly, as the overuse of the “atypia” diagnoses can lead to the erosion of clinicians' confidence, their misunderstanding of pathology reports, and can bear negative consequences for the patients' well‐being.

See also pages 381‐9.
Retinal specializations and visual ecology in an animal with an extremely elaborate pupil shape: the little skateLeucoraja (Raja) erinaceaMitchell, 1825
Authors: Jinson S. Terrell , Liebich Jan , Senft Stephen L. , Mäthger Lydia M.
Published: May 2018

Investigating retinal specializations offers insights into eye functionality. Using retinal wholemount techniques, we investigated the distribution of retinal ganglion cells in the Little skateLeucoraja erinaceaby (a) dye‐backfilling into the optic nerve prior to retinal wholemounting; (b) Nissl‐staining of retinal wholemounts. Retinas were examined for regional specializations (higher numbers) of ganglion cells that would indicate higher visual acuity in those areas. Total ganglion cell number were low compared to other elasmobranchs (backfilled: average 49,713 total ganglion cells, average peak cell density 1,315 ganglion cells mm−2; Nissl‐stained: average 47,791 total ganglion cells, average peak cell density 1,319 ganglion cells mm−2). Ganglion cells fit into three size categories: small (5–20 µm); medium (20–30 µm); large: (≥ 30 µm), and they were not homogeneously distributed across the retina. There was a dorsally located horizontal visual streak with increased ganglion cell density; additionally, there were approximately three local maxima in ganglion cell distribution (potentialareae centrales) within this streak in which densities were highest. Using computerized tomography (CT) and micro‐CT, geometrical dimensions of the eye were obtained. Combined with ganglion cell distributions, spatial resolving power was determined to be between 1.21 and 1.37 cycles per degree. Additionally, photoreceptor sizes across different retinal areas varied; photoreceptors were longest within the horizontal visual streak. Variations in the locations of retinal specializations appear to be related to the animal's anatomy: shape of the head and eyes, position of eyes, location of tapetum, and shape of pupil, as well as the visual demands associated with lifestyle and habitat type.
Evolution of a rapid onsite evaluation (ROSE) service for endobronchial ultrasound guided (EBUS) fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology in a UK Hospital: A 7 year audit
Authors: Stevenson Tracey , Powari Manish , Bowles Christopher
Published: May 2018

Objective

Endobronchial ultrasound fine needle aspiration (EBUS FNA) is a well‐established procedure for the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer. We review our provision of this service at the Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust and the role of rapid onsite evaluation (ROSE) with the increasing demand for molecular markers in this era of personalized medicine.

Methods

A review of the changes in the Endoscopy clinic over the 7 years from the introduction of EBUS at the end of 2010 until 2017 was carried out. This included the availability of material obtained for diagnosis, accurate subtyping, and molecular testing. We also assessed the success of molecular genetics DNA techniques from EBUS material versus formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue (FFPE).

Results

A total of 1218 EBUS cases with ROSE were reported between 2011 and 2017 Percentage diagnostic rates were calculated as 83, 82, 84, 92, 93, 94, and 92 for 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017, respectively. Availability of material for immunocytochemistry ranged from 86 to 100% over the 7 years. Molecular testing was successfully performed for EGFR in 89‐100% of requested cases and ALK testing in 87‐100% of requested cases. EBUS sourced material gave on average twice the amount of DNA and fewer amplicon repeats per patient compared to FFPE material.

Conclusion

ROSE at EBUS FNA provides access to suitable material for molecular testing with increased yields in the form of needle washings for EGFR with FFPE materials for ALK and PDL1 testing
Important considerations for the utilisation of methanolysis in steroid analysis
Authors: Viljanto Marjaana , Pita Catarina Horro , Scarth James , Walker Christopher J. , Kicman Andrew T. , Parkin Mark C.
Published: May 2018

The effective analysis of anabolic‐androgenic steroids in urine usually requires a suitable deconjugation method for the analysis of phase II metabolites such as sulphates and glucuronides. Acid hydrolysis using methanolysis is one adopted method of deconjugation that efficiently and rapidly cleaves both sulphates and glucuronides contemporaneously. The formation of artefactual by‐products is a known disadvantage of this harsh method. However, the possible promotion of deuterium‐hydrogen exchange of isotopically labelled internal standards has received little attention in the literature. This report demonstrates a complete deuterium‐hydrogen exchange from deuterium labelled D9‐progesterone to progesterone driven by the acidic conditions of the methanolysis. The likely mechanisms of this exchange reaction are postulated, and the results compared to other deuterated steroids. This finding highlights the importance for careful consideration when selecting labelled internal standards in a conjunction with methanolysis.
Ecohydrological implications of aeolian sediment trapping by sparse vegetation in drylands
Authors: Gonzales Howell B. , Ravi Sujith , Li Junran , Sankey Joel B.
Published: May 2018

Aeolian processes are important drivers of ecosystem dynamics in drylands, and important feedbacks exist among aeolian—hydrological processes and vegetation. The trapping of wind‐borne sediments by vegetation canopies may result in changes in soil properties beneath the vegetation, which, in turn, can alter hydrological and biogeochemical processes. Despite the relevance of aeolian transport to ecosystem dynamics, the interactions between aeolian transport and vegetation in shaping dryland landscapes where sediment distribution is altered by relatively rapid changes in vegetation composition such as shrub encroachment, are not well understood. Here, we used a computational fluid dynamics modelling framework to investigate the sediment trapping efficiencies of vegetation canopies commonly found in a shrub‐grass ecotone in the Chihuahuan Desert (New Mexico, USA) and related the results to spatial heterogeneity in soil texture and infiltration measured in the field. The vegetation structures were created using a computer‐aided design software, with inherent canopy porosities, which were derived using Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) measurements of plant canopies. Results show that considerable heterogeneity in infiltration and soil grain size distribution exist between the microsites, with higher infiltration and coarser soil texture under shrubs. Numerical simulations further indicate that the differential trapping of canopies might contribute to the observed heterogeneity in soil texture. In the early stages of encroachment, the shrub canopies, by trapping coarser particles more efficiently, might maintain higher infiltration rates leading to faster development of the microsites with enhanced ecological productivity, which might provide positive feedbacks to shrub encroachment.
Sensitivity of native and alien freshwater bivalve species in Europe to climate‐related environmental factors
Authors: Collas Frank P. L. , Buijse Anthonie D. , Hendriks A. Jan , van der Velde Gerard , Leuven Rob S. E. W.
Published: May 2018

While native freshwater bivalve species are declining, several alien bivalve species have become invasive, thereby impacting ecosystem functioning and services. These biodiversity changes can be attributed to deteriorated water quality, hydro‐morphological alterations, and the overarching effect of global change. Therefore, a systematic assessment of the sensitivity of freshwater bivalve species nowadays occurring in European inland waters to environmental factors is urgent. The present study reviewed 493 relevant papers, resulting in 8405 data entries on presence–absence of bivalve species in relation to environmental factors that are affected by global change (i.e., water temperature, water depth, oxygen availability, and flow velocity). From these worldwide field data, minimum and maximum values measured in their habitat and water bodies were selected. In addition, data on laboratory‐derived tolerance ranges were collected. Subsequently, novel species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) were derived for each environmental factor using field‐based occurrence data and laboratory‐derived tolerance ranges, respectively. Species sensitivity distributions for maximum habitat temperature significantly differed between native and alien species. The latter occurred in habitats with higher maximum water temperatures than native species. The increase in water temperatures by global warming will affect a higher percentage of native species than alien species. The ranking of species based on their sensitivity for various environmental factors shows that vulnerable and endangered species have a higher overall sensitivity and are likely to be more affected by climate change. Invasive alien species were found to have a lower overall sensitivity and are thus less affected by climate change further aiding to their invasive nature. The available SSDs allow the ranking of freshwater bivalve species sensitivity to environmental stressors, the prediction of their potential occurrence in freshwater habitats, and the evaluation of management measures to optimize their biodiversity and ecosystem services.
Clinical determinants of successful weaning from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in patients with fulminant myocarditis
Authors: Matsumoto Manabu , Asaumi Yasuhide , Nakamura Yuichi , Nakatani Takeshi , Nagai Toshiyuki , Kanaya Tomoaki , Kawakami Shoji , Honda Satoshi , Kataoka Yu , Nakajima Seiko , Seguchi Osamu , Yanase Masanobu , Nishimura Kunihiro , Miyamoto Yoshihiro , Kusano Kengo , Anzai Toshihisa , Noguchi Teruo , Fujita Tomoyuki , Kobayashi Junjiro , Ishibashi‐Ueda Hatsue , Shimokawa Hiroaki , Yasuda Satoshi
Published: May 2018

Aims

Patients with fulminant myocarditis (FM) often present with cardiogenic shock and require mechanical circulatory support, including extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and ventricular assist device (VAD) implantation. This study sought to clarify the determinants of successful weaning from ECMO in FM patients.

Methods and results

We studied 37 consecutive FM patients supported by ECMO as the initial form of mechanical circulatory support between January 1995 and December 2014 in our hospital. Twenty‐two (59%) patients were successfully weaned from ECMO, while 15 (41%) were not. There were significant differences in levels of peak creatine kinase and those of its MB isoform (CK‐MB), left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPWT), and prevalence of cardiac rhythm disturbances. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that a peak CK‐MB level of 185 IU/L and LVPWT of 11 mm were the optimal cut‐off values for predicting successful weaning from ECMO (areas under the curve, 0.89 and 0.85, respectively). During the follow‐up [median 48 (interquartile range 8–147) months], 83% of FM patients who were weaned from ECMO survived, with preserved fractional shortening based on echocardiography. Of the 15 FM patients who were not weaned from ECMO, nine bridged to VAD, and only two were successfully weaned from VAD and survived.

Conclusions

These results indicate that myocardial injury, as evidenced by CK‐MB and LVPWT, and prolonged presence of cardiac rhythm disturbances are important clinical determinants of successful weaning from ECMO.
Electronic Support Effects of Tunable Mixed Metal Oxides on Immobilized Palladium N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes
Authors: Finn Matthew T. , Donahue Courtney M. , Blake Anastasia V. , An Nan , Daly Scott R. , Voutchkova‐Kostal Adelina M.
Published: May 2018

Electronic effects of supports on site‐isolated organometallic complexes are poorly understood, despite indication that such effects impact stability and reactivity of immobilized complexes. Here we report X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X‐ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy studies of surface‐immobilized PdII N‐heterocyclic carbene complexes on Mg‐Al mixed metal oxides (MMOs) using silane‐modified ligands. XPS revealed a ca. 1 eV increase in Pd binding energy as a result of immobilization on MMOs, suggesting that the PdII complex becomes more electropositive when appended to the surface. For MMOs doped with Fe, Ni, Co and Zn, analysis of Cl K‐edge and Pd L2‐ and L3‐edge showed increasing pre‐edge energies that followed the order Fe = Ni < Zn = Cr < undoped Mg‐Al MMO. The Pd L3 pre‐edge energies correlated to the calculated oxygen partial charge of the MMO, as estimated using the Sanderson electronegativity model. Transmission electron microscope images collected on the immobilized Pd complexes revealed nanoparticles on three of the five MMOs, whose presence can be related to the Pd XPS and XANES energies. These findings suggest that electronic differences associated with the MMO supports impact the stability of appended PdII complexes with respect to reduction to Pd0.
Impact of suggestion on the human experimental model of cold hyperalgesia after topical application of high‐concentration menthol [40%]
Authors: Helfert S. , Reimer M. , Barnscheid L. , Hüllemann P. , Rengelshausen J. , Keller T. , Baron R. , Binder A.
Published: May 2018

Background

Human experimental pain models in healthy subjects offer unique possibilities to study mechanisms of pain within a defined setting of expected pain symptoms, signs and mechanisms. Previous trials in healthy subjects demonstrated that topical application of 40% menthol is suitable to induce cold hyperalgesia. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of suggestion on this experimental human pain model.

Methods

The study was performed within a single‐centre, randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, two‐period crossover trial in a cohort of 16 healthy subjects. Subjects were tested twice after topical menthol application (40% dissolved in ethanol) and twice after ethanol (as placebo) application. In the style of a balanced placebo trial design, the subjects received during half of the testing the correct information about the applied substance (topical menthol or ethanol) and during half of the testing the incorrect information, leading to four tested conditions (treatment conditions: menthol‐told‐menthol and menthol‐told‐ethanol; placebo conditions: ethanol‐told‐menthol and ethanol‐told‐ethanol).

Results

Cold but not mechanical hyperalgesia was reliably induced by the model. The cold pain threshold decreased in both treatment conditions regardless whether true or false information was given. Minor suggestion effects were found in subjects with prior ethanol application.

Conclusions

The menthol model is a reliable, nonsuggestible model to induce cold hyperalgesia. Mechanical hyperalgesia is not as reliable to induce.

Significance

Cold hyperalgesia may be investigated under unbiased and suggestion‐free conditions using the menthol model of pain.
A novel affective–motivational‐based Overground System for detecting spinal cord injury‐associated thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity in rats
Authors: Dugan E.A. , Sagen J.
Published: May 2018

Background

Preclinical research for neuropathic pain has depended primarily on the use of behavioural nociceptive testing that is sensory–discriminatory‐based and reflexive in nature. This can be particularly problematic in spinal cord injury (SCI)‐associated neuropathic pain research where hyperreflexia may develop thus confounding interpretation of reflexive responses as pain symptoms. To address this, we have designed an affective–motivational‐based Overground System that has interchangeable floors to allow examination of nociceptive behaviours in response to mechanical and cold stimuli prior to and following spinal cord injury.

Methods

The animals were pretrained for 3–4 weeks to cross three Overground System surfaces (cold, rough and neutral) at a consistent pace in order to obtain a food reward (Froot Loops™).

Results

Following SCI, crossing times were significantly decreased due to more rapid crossing over the cold surface despite forgoing of the food reward, in contrast with the sham control animals. This was correlated with the development of cold hypersensitivity as assessed by standard acetone droplet testing. In response to the rough surface, slower paced crossings (increased time to cross) were observed post‐SCI (also resulting in forgoing of the food reward), compared to pre‐SCI times and sham control animals. This was correlated with the development of mechanical hypersensitivity as assessed by standard von Frey testing.

Conclusions

Different responses in crossing behaviour for the cold and rough surfaces suggest a precise adaptive change in decision‐making behaviour depending on the stimulus presented; thus, outcome measures may be easily tailored for different types of hypersensitivity symptoms.

Significance

We have designed an Overground System that is easy to establish and addresses a major concern in preclinical pain research by providing a cognitive‐ and motivational‐based system for hypersensitivity detection. The affective–motivational‐based Overground System allows examination of pain‐like behaviours in response to cold (thermal) and rough (mechanical) stimulation prior to and following spinal cord injury. This system provides a more holistic and comprehensive assessment of nociceptive responses following SCI and helps overcome concerns of hyperreflexia confounding‐evoked behavioural outcome measures in SCI models. Further, the incorporation of cognitive and motivational components brings preclinical research closer to replicating the clinical experience of a patient's motivation to participate in rewarding lifestyle activities in relation to their pain.
Comparison and Scaling Effects of Rotational Micro‐Generators using Electromagnetic and Piezoelectric Transduction
Authors: Fu Hailing , Yeatman Eric M.
Published: May 2018

Rotational energy is widely distributed or easily acquirable from other energy sources (fluid flow, machine operation or human motion) in many industrial and domestic scenarios. At small scales, power generation from such rotational ambient sources can enable many autonomous and self‐reliant sensing applications. In this paper, three typical types of micro‐generators (energy harvesters), namely electromagnetic (EMREHs), piezoelectric resonant (PRREHs) and piezoelectric non‐resonant rotational energy harvesters (PNRREHs) are discussed and compared in terms of device dimensions and operation frequencies. Theoretical models are established for each type to calculate maximum achievable output power as a function of device dimension and operating frequency. Using these theoretical models, scaling laws are established for each type to estimate the achievable output. The EMREHs have a strong scaling effect both on device dimension (as L5) and on operating frequency (as ω2), whereas the PNRREHs are less so (L2.5ω0.5). PRREHs have a narrow band‐width as resonant harvesters, and are ideal for cases where the excitation frequency is constant. This study provides a guideline for selection and design of rotational energy harvesters (REH) when the device dimension and operating frequency are defined. The proposed scaling laws offer a convenient method to estimate the harvester performance for different dimensions and operating frequencies.
Origins of the Inverse Electrocaloric Effect
Authors: Grünebohm Anna , Ma Yang‐Bin , Marathe Madhura , Xu Bai‐Xiang , Albe Karsten , Kalcher Constanze , Meyer Kai‐Christian , Shvartsman Vladimir V. , Lupascu Doru C. , Ederer Claude
Published: May 2018

The occurrence of the inverse (or negative) electrocaloric effect, where the isothermal application of an electric field leads to an increase in entropy and the removal of the field decreases the entropy of the system under consideration, is discussed and analyzed. Inverse electrocaloric effects have been reported to occur in several cases, for example, at transitions between ferroelectric phases with different polarization directions, in materials with certain polar defect configurations, and in antiferroelectrics. This counterintuitive relationship between entropy and applied field is intriguing and thus of general scientific interest. The combined application of normal and inverse effects has also been suggested as a means to achieve larger temperature differences between hot and cold reservoirs in future cooling devices. A good general understanding and the possibility to engineer inverse caloric effects in terms of temperature spans, required fields, and operating temperatures are thus of fundamental as well as technological importance. Here, the known cases of inverse electrocaloric effects are reviewed, their physical origins are discussed, and the different cases are compared to identify common aspects as well as potential differences. In all cases the inverse electrocaloric effect is related to the presence of competing phases or states that are close in energy and can easily be transformed with the applied field.
Efficient rhodamine B degradation using electro‐fenton process with PbO2‐coated titanium as the anode
Authors: Tian Jiangnan , Yang Maohua , Mu Tingzhen , Sharshar Moustafa Mohamed , Ayobami Matthew Olajuyin , Xing Jianmin
Published: May 2018

To replace the high cost Pt anode, Ti based PbO2 electrode (PbO2‐Ti) and Ti based SnO2 doped with Sb electrode (SnO2/Sb‐Ti) were fabricated and compared for treating 0.1 mM Rhodamine B (RhB) in Electro‐Fenton (EF) process. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray, X‐ray diffraction spectrometry were carried out to study the surface morphology, element composition, and substance composition of the anodes (PbO2‐Ti and SnO2/Sb‐Ti). Linear Sweep Voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry, Tafel, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were conducted to examine the electrochemical properties of the anodes (Pt, PbO2‐Ti, SnO2/Sb‐Ti, and Ti). These assessments showed that PbO2‐Ti had the best performance. Then, the influence of varied parameters (pH, types of anodes, current density, and electrolyte) were explored. Almost complete decolorization (99.01%) was reached at pH 3, current density 50 A/m2, 0.05 M Na2SO4 using PbO2‐Ti as the anode after 20 min electrolysis. Under these conditions, 90.48% of total organic carbon was removed after 180 min. Finally, the durability of PbO2‐Ti was evaluated via accelerated service life test and exhibited long service lifetime (∼4000 h). © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38: 189–197, 2019
Why Reinvent Academic Retirement?
Authors: Baldwin Roger G. , Belin Angie A. , Say Brett H.
Published: May 2018

Academic retirement no longer follows a consistent, predictable pattern. This trend demonstrates a need to rethink the nature of retirement in colleges and universities to better serve both individual professionals and their institutions.
Bringing Academic Retirement Out of the Closet
Authors: Strage Amy A.
Published: May 2018

This chapter offers guidance for making retirement an open topic for discussion, poses important questions prospective retirees should consider, and suggests a range of actions institutions can take to help academics make a successful transition into a fulfilling retirement.
Winning Support for New Visions of Academic Retirement
Authors: Bugge John , Goldberg Carole E. , Say Brett H.
Published: May 2018

Implementing retirement innovations requires careful attention to the organizational change process.
Who Will Reinvent Academic Retirement? It Takes a Team
Authors: Baldwin Roger G.
Published: May 2018

This concluding chapter reviews salient points raised in the volume. It considers what stakeholders should play a role in reinventing academic retirement. The chapter also identifies a number of issues each individual retiree must address in order to achieve a successful transition from work life to retirement.