bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Maturation in Experiential Learning: Principles of Simulation and Gaming
Authors: Petranek Charles
Published: March 2007

Experiential learning was a major part of the author's life from the earliest days with models, pictures, and travel As a college professor, he discovered simulations and games; they changed his teaching style forever Initially the author tried one or two simulations per semester and advanced to an entire social psychology course taught only with simulations. A simulation was the starting point to great knowledge rather than an end in itself Because of the author's multifaceted approach to simulations, a renaissance approach to simulation and gaming was developed through the phases of awareness, emersion, journal writing, politics, and creativity. Seventeen principles evolved in the maturation process. One principle was, After reading all the instructions for a simulation, the playing of the simulation will not be totally understood, and it will take a leap of faith to start Another was, Designing a simulation is not simple, but the simpler ones often work better. Other principles revolved around the author's innovations and refinements, which included written journal debriefing, a social psychology course with only simulations, the six Es of debriefing, no deception in a simulation, and the written concept technique in debriefing.
What are We Talking about?
Authors: Jones Ken
Published: March 2007

A recurrent theme of my articles is category. Not only the main methodological categories of game, simulation, role play and exercise, but other terns-icebreaker, ethics, motivation, function. External definitions restricted to systems, rules, imitations, pay-offs and representations are inappropriate in the field of interactive events. They are definitions outside the action. The actions, skills, motives, thoughts and emotions are what matter in determining categories of human behaviour Because of external definitions and a free-floating terminology, there are no diagnostic tools available to deal with a clash of methodologies. Such a clash, perhaps between participants in a gaming mode and others in a simulation mode, is usually interpreted as a clash of personalities. The participants blame each other, and the teacher blames the participants. Feelings are hurt, friendships strained, and reputations damaged. Personal damage is a matter for very serious concern. It is absolutely essential for a well-run event that the participants should be aware of what methodology they are supposed to be in. Facilitators should clarify the concepts and terminology before walking into the classroom.
Beginnings and Other Starting Points
Authors: Jones Ken
Published: March 2007

The function of an icebreaker is to break ice. Ice can occur in many forms and is not restricted to the beginnings of courses or conferences. An icebreaker does not have to be a warm-up. If it breaks ice then it is, by function, an icebreaker Ice can be a severe hazard, and not all icebreakers should be consigned to the category of triviality.
Simulations and Young People: Developmental Issues and Game Development
Authors: Millians David
Published: March 2007

There is a long tradition of educators using simulation/games in their classrooms, bringing these powerful techniques to bear on the learning of people of all ages. This article first describes the age-related developmental issues that typically confront teachers and writers in developing and implementing educational simulation/games. Factors examined include those that are physical, personal and social, language, and cognitive. The paucity of flexible, meaningful published products leads many educators to attempt to develop their own or to modify those available to them. A range of suggestions for those designing and using these activities follows. The second part of this article examines the steps taken in creating a 16-week simulation for 10-and 11-year-olds. These stages of game development can be adapted easily by teachers with quite different needs. The article ends with a source list of excellent games and reference materials.
Why Do We Bother with Games and Simulations: An Organizational Learning Perspective
Authors: Wenzler Ivo , Chartier Don
Published: March 2007

The accelerating rate of change and the increasing uncertainty in the outcomes of change are evident across the whole business arena of today. This uncertainty is the result of the very complex and often inexplicable nature of our environment and the problems within it. Successful organizations are not trying to respond to this challenge by predicting the future, but are developing their ability to continuously learn and adapt to changes in their environment. This ability to adapt requires the organizational ability to learn. The process of developing and implementing games and simulations is one of the most effective approaches in enabling such organizational learning. Games and simulations help organizations develop symbolic thinking and gestalt understanding; help them create memories of the future; enable shared experiences and the building of shared intelligence; and, possibly most important, develop their members’motivation and confidence to act.
Simulation, Gaming, and the Simulative
Authors: Myers David
Published: March 2007

This article examines the dominance of media-effects studies in communications scholarship and compares the study of communications with the study of simulations and games. The author draws parallels between the two fields of study and discusses the future research agenda for the study of simulations and games.
Simulated Violent Conflict and War: Implications for Ethnic Conflict in Post–Cold War Europe
Authors: Sandole Dennis J. D.
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the author’s Genesis of War project, which includes use of the PRISONER’S DILEMMA SIMULATION (PDS) and one major finding generated by it; namely, that over time, conflict comes to be characterized, more and more, by self-stimulating/selfperpetuating processes. This finding has influenced the development of a generic theory of violent conflict and war, whose implications for the apparently self-stimulating/self-perpetuating ethnic warfare in former Yugoslavia are examined. The article concludes with a discussion of a possible role for simulation as an aid to policy makers concerned with the wars in former Yugoslavia and elsewhere.
A Checklist for the Examination of Cultural Competence in Social Service Agencies
Authors: Dana Richard H. , Behn Joan Dayger , Gonwa Terry
Published: March 2007

Multicultural services are being provided by social service agencies in the absence ofany clearly identified criteria for culturally competent practice. This article describes the development of a checklist of agency characteristics that are believed to represent cultural competence. The checklist content was derived by sampling articles from a compilation of relevant literature. This literature described existing services for minority groups and provided case examples of specific programs. Systematic procedures were used to select articles, abstract characteristics from these articles, and cluster these characteristics. A preliminary form of the checklist contains items related to agency practices, available services, relationship to ethnic community, training, and evaluation. Pilot applications in social service programs provided evidence for observer reliability and concurrent validity. A discussion suggested some needed revisions in this checklist and provided a context for the implied checklist definition of cultural competency.
Validation of a Clinical Measure of Self-Esteem
Authors: Nugent William R. , Thomas Janita W.
Published: March 2007

This article describes a validation study of a newly developed measure of self-esteem. Two studies were conducted, with the second intended as a replication of the first. The first involved 246 persons, and the second involved 107. Several specific predictions were made about the correlations between scores on the newly developed scale, another measure of self-esteem, a measure of depression, and a number of demographic variables. The results suggest that the newly developed scale does in fact measure level of self-esteem. Limitations in this study and the use of the scale in social work practice are discussed.
Promoting Women's Urologic Self-Care: Five Single-Case Replications
Authors: Levy Rona L. , Bavendam Tamara G.
Published: March 2007

With increasing demands for greater cost-effectiveness and the recognition of the importance of health self-care behaviors, social work interventions need to be developed that reach more individuals and reach medical treatment arenas where, previously, traditional medical care was the only option. This article describes an example of intervention research (codeveloped by a social worker) designed to improve urologic self-care for women presenting to a urology clinic with frequency-urgency syndrome. Five women kept daily diary data on their urinary frequency and then received a pamphlet of behavioral recommendations developedfrom the Health Belief Model, Self-Efficacy Theory, the Theory of Reasoned Action and other compliance-enhancement strategies. Three women showed improvement in their frequency of urination, one showed improvement in her unpleasant urges, and one showed no change in either self-care behaviors or clinical outcome. Implications for future research are discussed.
Methodological Orthodoxy in Qualitative Nursing Research: Analysis of the Issues
Authors: Thorne Sally E.
Published: March 2007

In this analysis, the applicability of orthodox qualitative research traditions to the questions of nursing science is considered from a critical perspective. The theoretical traditions of ethnography, phenomenology, and grounded theory are examined in light of their relationship to the larger projects of anthropology, philosophy, and sociology. From that perspective, the questions inherent to nursing science are distinguished, revealing major departures from the process, product, and even purpose of the original inquiries. This analysis provides a platform on which the possibilities for a uniquely nursing approach to qualitative inquiry can be envisioned. In this spirit, ideas about what that methodological perspective might entail are proposed.
The Hagersville Tire Fire: Interpreting Risk through a Qualitative Research Design
Authors: Baxter Jamie , Eyles John , Willms Dennis
Published: March 2007

This article outlines a research design used to study the effects of the Hagersville (Ontario, Canada) tire fire on the surrounding community. This was an "event driven" qualitative study that used open-ended interviews; given the nature of the fire and the surrounding community, this approach was deemed more appropriate than using a large-scale research instrument. Individuals and families in the community were anxious about their health due to the possibility of air, water, and soil contamination. Residents were forced to make life-style decisions based on perceptions of risk that were influenced by shared sociocultural conditions. The article describes a systematic approach for coming to terms with the way that individuals and families interpret and cope with risk. Preliminary findings are presented.
Women with Jagged Edges: Voices from a Culture of Substance Abuse
Authors: Woodhouse Lynn D.
Published: March 2007

To illuminate the lives of women who are substance abusers, a life history study was conducted on 26 women in treatment for substance abuse. Data collection for this research, including "life line" exercises, focus groups, interviews with women and treatment counselors, and written segment exercises, was therapeutic. Themes of violence (rape and incest), abuse, male dominance, dependence, motherhood issues, and depression emerged as typical in their lives. The experiential sharing of many aspects of their life stories enabled the participants to reflect on their own patterns of drug dependency and view similarities and contradictions in the lives of other women who had abused drugs. It enabled them to gain insight into their own vulnerability to substance abuse and understand that such vulnerability in women is a synergistic phenomenon.
A Theoretical Model for Caring for Women with Chronic Nonmalignant Pain
Authors: Howell Suzanne L.
Published: March 2007

Chronic pain is a subjective, complex phenomenon of inseparable physical, mental, spiritual, and social processes. However, a gender-sensitive theory based on the understanding of the relationships among these processes has not been formulated. The sample for this study included 19 women, aged 21-76 years, living with a variety of chronic nonmalignant pain syndromes of 1-27 years duration. Data were generated from in-depth interviews, critical incident health diaries, and participant observation at support group meetings. The grounded theory method of constant comparative analysis resulted in the identification of women's healthy progression through their experiences of living with chronic pain as occurring in three phases. However, some women did not progress through these healthy phases and instead progressed toward illness. A woman's progression was influenced by patterns of validating. Validating occurred when her experience of pain was viewed as originating from her body and not as psychological need, secondary gain, or sin.
Seeking Validation: Hypothyroidism and the Chronic Illness Trajectory
Authors: Milliken P. Jane , Northcott Herbert C.
Published: March 2007

This study investigates the experience of women suffering from hypothyroidism. The course of hypothyroid disease is examined by applying and extending Anselm Strauss's theory of a chronic illness trajectory. Because the symptoms of hypothyroidism tend to be vague, subjectively experienced, insidious in onset, and cyclic in occurrence, many sufferers are required to engage in a process of "seeking validation"'for their illness in order to receive appropriate treatment. A grounded theory of seeking validation is described. Transcripts from semistructured interviews of 12 adult women were analyzed by the constant comparative method of grounded theory. This study will help hypothyroid sufferers to understand better the course of this disease and the nature of the validation process. Furthermore, this study will assist caregivers and families to achieve an empathic understanding of the illness from the sufferer's perspective.
"How can I Put this?" Exaggerated Self-Disparagement as Alignment Strategy during Problematic Disclosures by Patients to Doctors
Authors: du Pré Athena , Beck Christina S.
Published: March 2007

This article explores how patients engage in problematic disclosures to their physician. Dialogue from medical encounters suggests that patients sometimes use exaggerated self-disparagement to bid for a physician's forgiveness and reassurance. Grounded in work on conversational framing and alignment, this study documents the conversational mechanism of overclaiming. Overclaims function like disclaimers or accounts, but rather than disclaiming responsibility for an action with potentially negative consequences, the speaker seems to claim disproportionate responsibility for it. In the conversations studied, such bids pay off with emphatic compliments and reassurance. Overclaiming facilitates a shift from the primary frame of a medical encounter to a secondary frame that focuses on the nature of the overclaim rather than the nature of the violation. It is suggested that overclaims are used to elicit more-than-usual reassurance, to save face, and to preserve conversational alignment.
"Nobody's Asked Me for My View": Users' Empowerment by Multidisciplinary Health Teams
Authors: Opie Anne
Published: March 2007

Health policy in New Zealand, as elsewhere, has articulated the notion of partnership to be achieved through developing policies and practices aiming to empower users and their families. The involvement of users, family, and significant others in decisions about users' health care points to a realignment of traditional power relations through its de-centring of professionals in some domains of health care. It is suggested that family meetings to discuss users' progress and discharge plans could constitute an important mode of empowerment on the individual plane. Working within Michel Foucault's concept of discourse, this article discusses the practices of multidisciplinary teams to empower users on the structural and individual plane. Achieving significant changes in practice will likely require health professionals' attention to how their discourses position users, and the development of a reflexive and analytical response to their work points to the need for training in teamwork focusing on these dimensions. Such work requires organizational support.
Keeping up Appearances: The Basic Social Process of the Menopausal Transition
Authors: Kittell Linda A. , Mansfield Phyllis Kernoff , Voda Ann M.
Published: March 2007

Sixty-one perimenopausal women experiencing changes in menstrual bleeding were interviewed by phone and were asked about the changes they were experiencing, how they felt about the changes, and how the changes affected their lives. Women's responses indicated that they perceived certain changes (unpredictable or unexpectedly heavy bleeding, intense hot flashes, and sudden emotional outbursts) as potentially embarrassing or disruptive. Women's attempts to conceal and maintain control of changes led to the discovery of the core variable, keeping up appearances. The results of this study emphasize the need for a greater specificity in correlating women's feelings and behaviors with particular changes as well as the need for a better understanding of the ways in which social and cultural expectations influence women's feelings and behavior.
God, Faith, and Management Education
Authors: Marcic Dorothy
Published: March 2007

Teaching a course on spiritual values in organizations was done through the use of sacred texts from the world’s major religions. Three models were used to help interpret those texts in light of organizational issues, such as productivity, turbulence, turnover, employee satisfaction, team development, and so forth. Marcic’s model of five dimensions, Hatcher’s spiritual-growth framework, and Fowler’s stages of spiritual development were all instrumental in helping students gain deeper understanding of the concepts and articles studied. In the end, students felt the course was worthwhile in helping them understand the connection between the world of work and the world of spirit.
The Little Inn at the Crossroads: A Spiritual Approach to the Design of a Leadership Course
Authors: Bento Regina F.
Published: March 2007

“Leading from within” cannot be taught, yet it must be learned. This is the story of how a metaphor was used to address this paradox in the design of a graduate course that explored the spiritual dimensions of leadership. The course was designed as a little inn at the crossroads where our life journeys would converge. Here you will get a glimpse of the inn’s virtual library (with our Web-based reading materials); the studio (where a variety of personal products were created each week); and most important, the seven workshops where each week the spirit of leadership was explored.
Just-In-Time Teaching: Balancing the Competing Demands of Corporate America and Academe in the Delivery of Management Education
Authors: Watson Carol , Temkin Sanford
Published: March 2007

Just-In-Time Teaching balances the competing demands of the corporate world for practical skill training with those of academe for theoretical rigor by combining rapid delivery and action-learning techniques in a project-based course. The projects, immediate problems faced by business clients, help determine which aspects of course content are taught. Students’ needs for training to solve the client’s problem also help determine what content is delivered and when. Professors maintain control by deciding on course content and selecting appropriate projects. Guidelines, descriptions, pros, and cons are presented. Implications for improving management education are drawn.
Introducing Students to “The Big Picture”
Authors: Roth Lawrence
Published: March 2007

An engaging and effective sophomore-level introduction to management course was developed using feature-length commercial movies. Lectures, readings, and interviews were used to provide students with the background necessary to understand and follow the complex phenomena portrayed in the movies. The course takes a big picture rather than traditional functional perspective by introducing students to a wide range of stakeholders and their interactions. Evaluation results showed that the course was successful for learning and student reaction goals, and suggest that a movie-based approach to introducing and integrating a variety of business-related topics can be very effective.
Dr. Deming Comes to Class
Authors: Gartner William B.
Published: March 2007

This article describes how some of the principles of the Deming management method were used to improve two courses: an MBA elective (Entrepreneurship) and an undergraduate requirement (Business Policy). Techniques based on the Deming management method enhanced student productivity in both the quality and quantity of work submitted. Students seemed to enjoy their work more as well. Yet the instructor was unable to convince colleagues and administrators that these productivity gains were worth changing fundamental perspectives about, and methods of, teaching and evaluation. Efforts to continue using the Deming management method were abandoned. Based on an analysis of this "success/failure" experience, suggestions are offered regarding the critical factors necessary to implement the Deming management method in the classroom.
People Skills as a Discipline, Pedagogy, and Set of Standard Practices
Authors: O'Connor Ellen Swanberg
Published: March 2007

The article develops a pedagogy of "people skills" that is consistent and coherent with traditional academic standards. It outlines (a) a practical definition of people skills that is grounded in linguistic and management theory and (b) suggestions for class-room applications that have been used in undergraduate, graduate, and executive programs.
Meet Dr. Clay and Dr. Glass: A Leadership Exercise
Authors: Cunningham Robert
Published: March 2007

Projective testing has traditionally served to explore intelligence or personality. In this projective test, participants work individually or in groups to ascertain the leadership qualities of two CEO candidates: Dr. Glass (a shiny, clean, empty wine bottle) and Dr. Clay (a ball of multicolored modeling clay). The Dr. Glass and Dr. Clay exercise pushes students into divergent thinking. Issues of perceptions, projections, and paradoxes in the leadership attribution and selection process emerge from the debriefing.
Clarify Communication to Enhance Learning: Establish the Dual-Focus Classroom
Authors: Ornstein Suzyn , Sankowsky Daniel
Published: March 2007

This article suggests that instructors can vastly improve the learning in their class-rooms by focusing not solely on content but also on the communication process itself. The advantage in so doing is to access productive means of dealing with disruptive and difficult comments such as groupist remarks, uninformed opinions, and random guesses. Establishing a dual-focus classroom-one that legitimizes both content and process-allows professors to focus directly on faulty communication patterns and to use this approach as yet another means to enhance student learning.
Opposites May Not Attract,But They Can Complement: Integrating Finance and Organizational Behavior in the MBA Curriculum
Authors: McLeod Poppy Lauretta , Cotter James F.
Published: March 2007

Traditional MBA curricula have been criticized for lacking integration across functional courses. Some schools have responded with expensive wholesale curriculum overhauls. Lower cost approaches may also be effective. The article describes an integrated case assignment between core Finance and Organizational Behavior (OB) classes, involving a merger and acquisition. The OB class assigned student teams to role-play the negotiations of the acquisition deal, whereas the Finance class assigned them to prepare the necessary financial analyses. The assignments were jointly evaluated by professors from both courses. The schedule of the exercise is described, and student reactions and faculty insights are presented.
Screen to Screen Versus Face to Face: Experiencing the Differences in Management Education
Authors: Meisel Steve , Marx Bob
Published: March 2007

Access to the Internet has become a powerful tool for linking classrooms, business, and the larger learning community. Management educators have explored the techniques of the paperless class, online international case discussions, and ethnographic studies of user-group messages in response to particular issues. This article proposes to discuss and demonstrate the use of connective technology in the classroom to prepare students for computer-mediated interaction in the workplace. Use of a modified, classic management experiential exercise as a network event is combined with suggestions for debriefing. In addition, some considerations will be advanced as to the role that the field of organizational behavior can play in making sense of the technology-mediated impact on human interaction.
Improving Elders' Continence State
Authors: Pearson Betty D. , Larson Janice
Published: March 2007

A 6-month study was conducted to assess the effects that noninvasive self-managed interventions on 12 remediable risk factors had on elder's urinary continence status. Each remediable risk factor was linked with a criterion meeting normal and (f not normal, one or more interventions. Continence history assessments were conducted monthly on 31 elders (M age = 67.65 years). After the first assessment elders were identified as continent, incontinent or at risk for loss of continence. At the end of the 6 months, 9 of the 11 continent elders moved to the at-risk group and the other 2 remained incontinent, and 12 of the 20 at-risk elders became continent Both the elders who were initially at risk and those who were incontinent had a statistically significant reduction in the number of remediable risk factors reported at the end of the study periods The assessments and interventions are useful.
Nursing Personnel's Perceptions of Physical Restraint Use in Long-Term Care
Authors: Schirm Victoria , Gray Marjorie , Peoples Marlene
Published: March 2007

The use of physical restraints as an accepted clinical intervention was dramatically changed by enactment of legislation in the United States. As a result, nursing personnel's notions of restraints as a therapeutic intervention were challenged. This study was initiated to obtain a better understanding of the underlying motivations for restraint use as a clinical intervention and to provide data helpful to nursing staff as they make the transition to restraint-free care. In the study, 124 long-term-care nursing personnel were surveyed regarding their perceptions of restraint use, and were asked whether or not they would recommend using restraints in selected clinical situations. Results of stepwise regression showed that 40% of the variation in the recommendation to use restraints can be explained by the type of nursing personnel (licensed nurse vs. nursing assistant), liability and treatment concerns related to restraint use, age of the nursing staff, and a belief that reducing restraints increases the need for psychoactive medications.
Perception of Surgical Pain by Nurses and Patients
Authors: Bowman Josie M.
Published: March 2007

A descriptive study of postoperative patients was conducted to determine if there were any differences in the pain ratings of nurses and patients using a 10-centimeter graphic rating scale (GRS). The sample consisted of 16 patients: 3 males and 13 females. There were 13 nurses: 54% R.N.s and 46% L.P.N.s. When patients requested pain medication, both the patient and nurse were asked independently to indicate their perception of the patient's pain on the scale. The mean patient score on the GRS was 7.59; the mean for nurses was 4.59. A t test revealed a significant difference between the nurses' and patients' pain ratings (t = 4.22, p = .0002). Based on this study, there is further need to examine assessment of the patient and the perceptions of the nurse and patient.
Boomerang Pillows and Respiratory Capacity
Authors: Roberts Kathryn L. , Brittin Maureen , Cook Margaret-Ann , DeClifford June
Published: March 2007

An experimental study was done to determine whether subjects placed on boomerang pillows would have lower vital capacities than subjects placed on straight pillows after 30 minutes. A sample of 42 subjects took part in the study in a nursing laboratory. A crossover design was used in which subjects were measured in both conditions. The findings indicated that there was no significant difference in the vital capacities of subjects in the two conditions. An associated finding was that the vital capacities were significantly lower in a semi-Fowler's position than in a straight chain It was concluded that boomerang pillows are safe to use for persons without respiratory problems. Further research is needed into the effect of boomerang pillows on persons with respiratory deficits.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Authors: Meadows Lynn M. , Lackner Sharron , Belic Mila
Published: March 2007

Although research into the etiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is extensive, this is not true for the patient experience of IBS. International population studies indicate that 15-20% of persons suffer from BS. IBS is one of the eight most common somatic symptom complexes that account for 23% of visits to primary care physicians. This article details the journey of IBS sufferers in their attempt to understand and manage their illness through documenting patient perceptions of the origin of the illness, their search for treatment, their present management strategies, and their need for information and control. A grounded theory approach is used Clinical practice protocols reflect the state of knowledge surrounding IBS: The variables are many and diagnosis and outcomes are uncertain. Farther, our data suggest there is a desperate need for support groups and opportunities for patients, physicians, and supportive others to share experiences and concerns.
Still Servants of Power
Authors: Brief Arthur P.
Published: March 2007

Baritz’s historical analysis demonstrated that in the first half of the 20th century, groups of social scientists in the service of management emerged, with their offerings being received warmly in general. The author’s reactions to an initial reading of Baritz’s story in the 1970s and a recent reading in the 1990s are presented. The principal intent of doing so is to stimulate other management researchers to question who they should serve.
Reviewer 198, the Hedgehog, and the Fox
Authors: Rond Mark De
Published: March 2007

Troubled by what appears to be a tendency in strategy research toward prescription, informed by a monist and inevitably reductionist but rarely questioned dogma-the belief that there is a single harmony of truths into which everything, if genuine, must fit-the author proposes that future research is best served not by the extant theoretical heterogeneity or by a dominant paradigm but by being grounded in theories of heterogeneity. Using a typical peer review as a point of departure, the author proceeds to articulate this trend, disentangle its deep-seated assumptions, and consider its consequences for progress in our discipline.
Organization Structure as Ideology
Authors: Ansari Shahid L. , Bell Jan , Lundblad Heidemarie
Published: March 2007

This article uses an institutional framework to study how state socialist ideology influenced organization structure, governance modes, and administrative practices in the former German Democratic Republic (GDR). An in-depth analysis of one organization, the Staatliche Porzellan Manufaktur Meissen (Meissen) was undertaken, employing qualitative field research methods. Our study shows how state socialism, as a complete institutional environment, imposes structures and practices on organizations. The methods that Meissen employed to buffer its technical core against the demands of the institutional environment are explored. Administrative practices' role in rationalizing and legitimating state ideology are highlighted; we further show that those structures and practices most influenced by state ideology were the first ones to be discarded when the regime was overthrown.
Research Advisory Boards to Facilitate Organizational Research
Authors: Aldag Ramon J. , Fuller Sally Riggs
Published: March 2007

The authors argue that the currently dominant paradigm for the design, conduct, and evaluation of organizational research is limited. Those limitations hamper the generation and accumulation of significant research and may result in a variety of other dysfunctional consequences. Collaborative approaches to the research process are presented and one, termed the research advisory board (RAB), is discussed in detail. The RAB, a group of scholars who provide guidance with a research project from its early stages, is seen as a mechanism to counter some limitations of the current process. As such, it would complement current procedures to yield a new, more constructive paradigm. We believe RABs would generally improve the quality of research, sharply increase the number of problems that are identified at research stages where they are correctable, lead to early recognition of fatal flaws, potentially increase research creativity, and provide a more level playing field for organizational researchers who do not have other access to collaborative mechanisms.
Did You Hear?
Authors: Adler Nancy J.
Published: March 2007

Forty-one women have become president or prime minister of their country in the past four decades, more than 60% of whom have come to office in the last 8 years. What are these women bringing to the word's most influential roles of both political and business leadership? In which ways do their paths to power and styles of leadership bode well for the 21st century? In which ways do the women simply replicate the patterns of 20th century leadership most frequently exhibited by men? This article, told through the experience of Charity Ngilu, the first woman to run for the presidency of Kenya, highlights some of the emerging trends in global leadership as women increasingly assume the most senior positions in the leadership of countries and companies
Some Ideological Foundations of Organizational Downsizing
Authors: Mckinley William , Mone Mark A. , Barker Vincent L.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the ideological foundations of organizational downsizing in the 1990s and focuses on the ideology of employee self-reliance and the ideology of debureaucratization. We document these two managerial ideologies by examining business press articles and popular management literature in which they are being promulgated. Based on past organizational research that has traced the effects of ideologies on organizations, we argue that these two ideologies increase the likelihood of downsizing. This theoretical framework is developed, and its implications for future research, management practice, and government policy are discussed.
Change Metaphor
Authors: Illes Louise Moser , Ritchie J. B.
Published: March 2007

This article reports on the authors' studies of change, illustrating the power and effect of metaphorical usage. Both authors have been involved infacilitating change in a higher education institution and in a public lands wilderness dispute. One of the authors was instrumental in the process of managing the closing of a large semiconductor plant, and the other author has been involved in the Middle East peace process. The authors' primary thesis is that metaphor has tremendous power to both define and shape the dynamics of change in organizations-destructively and transformationally. A construct for understanding how metaphor can influence change is used to analyze each case, with the basic assumption that those metaphors that evoke higher order feelings of mutual understanding and community within organizational constituents will lead more directly to organizational transformation.
Creep Rupture Modelling of Polymers
Authors: Teoh S.H. , Cherry B.W. , Kausch H.H.
Published: March 2007

Damage by creep related fracture process is of primary importance in en gineering polymers and their composites. Modelling of creep rupture is useful for engi neering design especially in obtaining design stresses. Previously, the creep rupture times of polyethylene and polypropylene have been described successfully using a three element model with a critical elastic stored energy criterion. The modelling is aided by the use of computational nonlinear regression analysis. The model predicts well the lower stress limit (no fracture) and the upper stress limit (immediate fracture) both of which are depen dent only on the elastic constants and the resilience of the material. Present results show that this model also describes accurately the rupture times of more than fifteen polymers ranging from polysulphone, polycarbonate, polyacetal to reinforced polyamide. High values of the lower stress limit are obtained if the local anisotropy (elastic ratio in the model) is small. This limit is a function of the cohesive energy density. The large number of different polymers analysed allow a basis for a physical interpretation on the anelastic (time dependent) and elastic moduli of the model. A generalized local domain segment concept having an arrangement independent of the principal directions of loading could be used to describe the creep rupture model.
Modeling Elastic-Plastic Behavior of Metal-Matrix Composites with Reaction Zones Under Longitudinal Tension
Authors: Craddock James N. , Savvides Ioannis G.
Published: March 2007

Micromechanical models for the prediction of the longitudinal strength of metal-matrix composites are often based on one constituent reaching its elastic limit. This procedure can grossly underestimate the useful or effective strength of the composite. At elevated temperatures, the yield strength of the matrix material can become very low relative to the strength of the fiber (in extreme cases as low as 5-10 % of the fiber value). Even though the matrix has yielded, further load can be carried by the fibers. The problem can be further complicated by the formation of a third phase or a reaction zone between the matrix and the fiber. The fact that this reaction zone has distinct material properties must be accounted for in any analysis. To get a valid picture of the composite's true load carrying ability the complete elastic-plastic stress-strain behavior must be studied. This paper presents results of such analyses for a system with a monotonically increasing load up to failure of the first constituent. The three constituents are modeled as strain-hardening materials. Results are first obtained for a simple bilinear model of the stress-strain be havior in each material. A more detailed study was also conducted in which the three materials were modeled with curvilinear post-yield behavior. Results are presented for some representative constituent material properties. These results indicate the methods of analyses outlined in this paper are valid and easy to use. The results also clearly show that the entire elastic-plastic stress-strain behavior of the metal-matrix composite is more im portant than simply determining the initial yielding of one component. Strength predic tions based on the first component yielding are seen to be often far too conservative.
Modeling of Delamination Damage Evolution in Laminated Composites Subjected to Low Velocity Impact
Authors: Lo David C. , Allen David H.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the delamination evolution, under quasi-static condi tions, of laminated polymeric composites with mechanically nonlinear resin rich inter faces. The constitutive behavior of the interface is represented by two models developed by Needleman [1] and Tvergaard [2]. These models assumed that the interfacial tractions, a function of only the interfacial displacement, will behave similarly to the interatomic forces generated during the interatomic separation. The interface material's parameters control the load at which the delamination growth initiates and the final delamination size. A wide range of damage accumulation responses have been obtained by varying the model parameters. These results show that Tvergaard's model has been found to be better suited of the two models in predicting damage evolution for the configurations examined.
Exploring the Concept of Acceptability as a Criterion for Evaluating Performance Measures
Authors: Hedge Jerry W. , Teachout Mark S.
Published: March 2007

Although the value of an appraisal system traditionally has been judged according to reliability and validity indexes, more recent discussion suggests that user acceptance may be critical to a system’s successful implementation and continued use. This study examined the notion of using acceptability as a criterion for evaluating performance appraisal techniques. Data analyses indicated that motivation to rate, trust in others, and situational constraints were predictive of acceptability for both supervisors and job incumbents. In addition, differences in acceptability were found across rating sources and rating forms, with supervisors’perceptions more favorable than job incumbents’ and a global rating form significantly less acceptable to all raters. Results are discussed in terms of usefulness of an acceptability criterion in applied research.
Self-Other Agreement on Charismatic Leadership
Authors: Sosik John J.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine whether self-awareness of managers (defined as agreement between self and other leadership ratings) would influence work attitudes (i. e., trust and organizational commitment) of managers and their subordinates and relationships between charismatic leadership behavior and managerial performance. Multisource data were collected from 83 managers (who responded about their trust, organizational commitment, charismatic leadership, and socially desirable responding), 249 subordinates (who rated their manager’s charismatic leadership and responded about their trust and organizational commitment), and 83 superiorsof focal managers (who rated managerial performance). Results indicated that levels of work attitudes and correlations between work attitudes, charismatic leadership, and performance varied as a function of self-awareness of managers. The practical and research implications of these findings are discussed.
Observations on the Invalid Scoring Algorithm of "NASA" and Similar Consensus Tasks
Authors: Slevin Dennis P.
Published: March 2007

The NASA ranking task and similar ranking activities used to demonstrate the superiority of group thinking are examined both analytically and by means of a computer simulation for fairness of the scoring algorithm. It is argued that the current scores cannot be used to prove the superiority of group-consensus decision making in either training or research settings. Recommendations are given for an improved modified scoring format and a discussion is presented concerning situations in which group consensus may not be desirable, based on the individual resources of the group members.
Health, Stress, and the Manager's Life Style
Authors: Adams John D.
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses an approach to health for preventing illness rather than trying to repair the body after it breaks down. Considerations of stress and health habits (life styles) are integrated with an understanding of how stress operates in modern organizations and what it can do to organizational members. Two impact studies are described that suggest that training in stress and life-style management has a positive outcome in a significant number of cases. Finally, a protective health-management paradigm is suggested.
An Empirical Analysis of Team-Building Research
Authors: De Meuse Kenneth P. , Liebowitz S. Jay
Published: March 2007

Thirty-six published studies of an organization development strategy, team building, were reviewed with a focus on (1) research designs, (2) sample sizes, (3) dependent variables, and (4) the length of time the intervention was investigated. Team building appears to be an intervention with great potential for improving employee attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors as well as organi zational effectiveness. However, a lack of rigor in the research methods used to evaluate it precludes any firm conclusions about which improvements were functions of team building and which were due to uncontrolled variables. Experimental rigor is unlikely to increase because of problems inherent in organization development research. Future researchers should coordinate their efforts to reach a better understanding of the effectiveness of team building.
Variations in Group Process Due to Valence, Response Mode, and Directness of Feedback
Authors: Rotheram Mary , La Cour Jean , Jacobs Alfred
Published: March 2007

Differences in group cohesion, trust, attraction, and perceptions of feedback were evaluated due to interpersonal feedback which varied in valence, response mode, and directness. Seventy-two undergraduates were randomly assigned to groups of eight subjects each to meet once for a two-hour session. Groups com pleted exercises designed to build intimacy for one hour, and then groups were randomly assigned to exchange interpersonal feedback which varied in the following ways: (1) positive valence, verbal feedback; (2) positive valence, fantas ized or nonverbal feedback; (3) negative valence, verbal feedback; or (4) negative feedback, nonverbal feedback. In addition, feedback varied within each group as to whether it was advice, interpretive, behavioral, or emotional in response mode with two subjects in each group delivering each type of feedback. Results indi cated that while response mode did not effect feedback ratings or cohesion ratings, the valence of the feedback effected each measure. In addition, fantasiz ing feedback can heighten effects of the feedback on trust, leading to greater trust for positive feedback and less trust with fantasizing negative feedback.
Women Entering Management: Differences in Perceptions of Factors Influencing Integration
Authors: Ezell Hazel F. , Odewahn Charles A. , Sherman J. Daniel
Published: March 2007

Responses of male and female managers in state public welfare organizations are analyzed to determine perceptions and differences in perceptions con cerning the impact of certain variables which may positively or negatively affect the initial movement of women into managerial positions and the promotion of women in the management hierarchy in these organizations.
Small Group Process: Comparison of Memory Ratings with Observational Scoring
Authors: Witmer Neil T. , Pond Samuel B. , Love Craig T.
Published: March 2007

Observational scoring and memory-based ratings were compared as measures of small group process. Measurement methods were derived from SYMLOG (System for the Multiple Level Observation of Groups) and were used by four raters to score or rate the behavior of group participants. Four groups were studied during marital counseling in a correctional environment. Each group consisted of an incarcerated husband, his wife, and a psychiatrist. Product- moment correlations and perceptual mapping were used as indi cators of convergence between scored and rated behavior. Some convergence was indicated by correlations, which ranged from. 62 to .86. This convergence varied within different groups and different aggregations of data. Various reasons for lack of complete conver gence between scoring and rating are discussed. It is argued that perceptual mapping can be a useful method of making comparisons among data.