bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Malignant struma ovarii-A rare ovarian tumor
Authors: GG Jagdishwar , I Sathish Rao , B Vikas , S Sagar , K Arun
Published: December 2015

We describe a case of 48yr old woman with malignant struma ovarii involving one ovary. Total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oopherectomy was performed with histopatholgy revealing malignant struma ovary, follicular variant of papillary carcinoma. Keywords: malignant struma; ovarian tumor; abdominal hysterectomy
Neurenteric cyst of the craniovertebral junction: Report of 2 cases
Authors: RS Sathwik , M Panigrahi , Rao Satish
Published: December 2015

Neurenteric cysts at the craniovertebral junction are extremely rare, in that, most are located ventrally in the midline. We report two patients with neurenteric cysts in an unusual location – the lateral craniovertebral junction. The embryological basis, clinical features, imaging characteristics and management options in these patients have been discussed. Keywords: neurenteric cyst; enterogenous cyst; craniovertebral junction; cervico-medullary junction; far lateral approach
Syncope: A practical approach to diagnosis
Authors: B Hygriv Rao
Published: December 2015

Syncope is commonly encountered clinical problem by practicing clinicians. This is defined as a transient loss of consciousness resulting from decrease in cerebral perfusion. The importance of evaluation of this condition cannot be undermined as it has been said that syncope and death differ from each other in that in the former the patient wakes up while in the latter he does not. Occurrence of this event on one hand results in psychological duress to the patient and their relatives while on the other hand, it can be sometimes be a challenge to the treating physician to be able to confidently classify this as benign. Patient with syncope may present to different medical specialists - Physician, cardiologist, Neurologist, Emergency room physician or to a psychiatrist. Unless there is clarity in the mind of the clinician of the diagnostic plan, what will result is large number of expensive and non-contributory diagnostic tests, prolonged hospital stay leading to financial burden to the patient and frustration to the doctor. In the following paragraphs I will try to summarize the approach to the diagnosis of common conditions causing syncope. One should nevertheless be aware that in a significant number of cases, the cause of syncope cannot be exactly pinpointed. A physician should however be able to definitively exclude life threatening causes of syncope. This is a more achievable and important objective to achieve. Keywords: Syncope; pre-syncope
Sedation for OPD procedures- Recommendations
Authors: P Jayashree
Published: December 2015

Abstract is not available for this article
Robotic versus total laparoscopic radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy for the treatment of early cervical cancer
Authors: GG Jagdishwar , G Kiranmai , MB Vikas Kumar , Katari Arun , Shaw Kaveri
Published: December 2015

Background: The aim of this study is to compare the safety, morbidity, intra operative, pathologic and postoperative outcomes of Robotic radical hysterectomy (RRH) to total laparoscopic radical hysterectomy (TLRH) in patients with early stage cervical cancer. Materials and methods: All the women with newly diagnosed invasive cervical cancer (stage IA1 to IIA), who underwent TLRH or RRH with pelvic lymph node dissection at Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences from June 2010 to February 2013 were analyzed. Results: Twenty patients underwent TLRH with pelvic lymphadenectomy from June 2010 to September 2011.Sixteen patients underwent RRH with pelvic lymphadenectomy from October 2011 to February 2013. Age, tumor histology, stage, lymphovascular space involvement and nodal status are same for both the groups. No statistical differences were observed in operative time (174 vs. 158 min), estimated blood loss (160 vs. 110 ml), or hospital stay (3.1 vs. 2.8 days). Mean pelvic lymph node count was more in Robotic group. None of the robotic or laparoscopic procedures required conversion to laparotomy. All patients in both groups are alive and free of disease at the time of last follow up. Conclusions: According to our experience, robotic radical hysterectomy appears to be safe and effective therapeutic procedure for managing early-stage cervical cancer without significant differences when compared to TLRH, with respect to operative time, blood loss, hospital stay. Regarding the oncological outcome, Robotic radical hysterectomy is superior in terms of number of lymph nodes and parametrial bulk; although multicenter randomized clinical trials with longer follow-up are necessary to evaluate the overall oncologic outcome. We appreciate, the intuitive nature of the robotic approach, magnification, dexterity, and flexibility combined with significant reduction in surgeon's fatigue offered by the robotic system will allow more surgeons to use a minimally invasive approach to radical hysterectomy. Keywords: Laparoscopic; Hysterectomy; Pelvic lymphadenectomy; Cervical cancer
Endocrine emergencies
Authors: KS Shyam
Published: December 2015

Abstract is not available for this article
Sitting is equivalent to smoking: The perils of sedentary lifestyle
Authors: R Balaji
Published: December 2015

Abstract is not available for this article
Supra ventricular tachycardia (SVT)
Authors: B Hygriv Rao
Published: December 2015

Abstract is not available for this article
Musculoskeletal fluorosis – imaging spectrum
Authors: S Kakarla
Published: December 2015

Abstract is not available for this article
MOVE FROM REPRESSION TO PROTECTION OF DEBTOR, FROM PUNISHMENT TO REHABILITATION
Authors: Beshtoyev M. I.
Published: December 2015

This article considers features of bankruptcy regime of Russia, whether it is pro-debtor or pro-creditor. It also considers common factors that have an impact on implementation of Russian legislation in the field of insolvency (bankruptcy). The article explores possible ways of reform of the legislation to provide more complete balance of interests in the bankruptcy cases and prevent the liquidation of potentially solvent debtors that are suffering temporary financial distress.
Improving Remote Method Invocation via Method Authorization and Elimination of Registry: An Exploration of Java and Haxe
Authors: Adeyeye Oshin Michael , Ojewale Matthew Olusegun , Kabiawu Oluyomi Olufemi , Challans Romana , Mufeti Kauna
Published: December 2015

Service availability in Java RMI (Remote Method Invocation) implementations can easily be compromised in a number of ways. One of the ways is when an attacker controls a directory service and mounts an attack on a RMI client and data. Stubs in a registry can be de- registered or overwritten by the attacker. In addition, he could register his own stubs as proxies to a server implementation. This project focuses on the security pitfalls of using default RMI implementation, namely the lack of access control mechanism to manage server methods (and objects) and limitations of RMI registry. The RMI registry is a weak point that could be exploited. This work addresses this concern by investigating RMI implementation and customizing the behavior to support client/method authorization, authentication and elimination of the need for an RMI registry. The contribution of this work is that it removes inherent vulnerability in RMI, which is due to weak security in RMI registry implementation. In addition, an emerging toolkit, Haxe, for platform-agnostic application development was introduced and its realization of RMI was briefly demonstrated. Haxe exhibits virtually all the features in Java and could be exploited like it. It however presents more promising features for the next generation of applications and services.
DEMOKRASI DI INDONESIA Antara Pembatasan dan Kebebasan Beragama
Authors: Hafsin Abu
Published: December 2015

Democracy has been understood differently. Law no.1/PNPS/1965 which
is previously recognized as protection of religious followers is recognized as
limitation that denied principle of democracy recently. The polemic of religious
freedom ended with proposal of judicial review on law no.1/PNPS/1965 proposed

by some group of societies. This proposal, finally, is rejected by prime
court. This rejection can be corrected since UUD 1945 follows an expressive
relativism on religious freedom. Because of the existence of ambiguous words
in such law, revision is really needed so that there will be a clear explanation
related to who has the authority to determine whether certain religious teaching
is wrong or not. It is important to solve the problematic matters faced by government and certain religious groups.

Keywords : demokrasi, relativisme
Makna Ritual Dalam Risalah Tarekat Qodiriyah Naqysabandiyah
Authors: Hidayat R Aris
Published: December 2015

Philological study to religious manuscripts is quite interesting because it
is considered as a way to maintain a very highly-valued cultural heritage. And
this research is a kind of such effort. This study examines the Risalah Qadiriyah
Naqsyabandiyah, an Islamic Javanese manuscript, which is preserved in the
National Library of Republic of Indonesia. Using philological and historical
methods, this research is to edit the manuscript and to analyze its messages.
In additions, this study is aimed to give significant contributions not only to
the Ministry of Religious Affairs of Republic Indonesia but also to public in
general.
The result of the study says that according to the Risalah Qadiriyyah
Naqsyabandiyyah in the midst of the nineteenth century, there was a group
of people practicing the teachings of the Tarekat Qadiriyah Naqsyabandiyah.
Their wirid, however, was different from either the Tarekat Qadiriyyah or the
Tarekat Naqsyabandiyah. The fact obviously shows that Islam in Java, according
to the manuscript had  a nuance of mysticism and syncretism.
Mystical Experience from Religious Community of Qadiriyah wa Naqsyabandiyah Dawe Kudus
Authors: Adlina Atika Ulfia
Published: December 2015

The research aimed to know: 1. Ahwal (mystical experience) experienced by followers of Tarekat Qadiriyah wa Naqsyabandiyah in Piji, Dawe, Kudus; 2. The correlation between suluk and their kinds of ahwal; and 3. The different intensity of ahwal for the followers in each stage of the tarekat. This was a field reserch which used purpo- sive sampling tehnique. The data were then analysed qualitatively and phenomeno- logically. The findings of the research showed that there were some factors motivated people to join the Tarekat: the intention to be close to God, preparing themselves for death, charismatic figure, etc. Secondly, the classification of the mystical experi- ences was adjusted with the lataif dzikir stages, they were laţîfah al-qalb, laţîfah ar- rûh, laţîfah as-sirr, laţîfah khafiy, laţîfah akhfa, laţîfah an-nafsi dan laţîfah al-qâlib. There were same ahwal experienced by the followers in some stages. Therefore, it was concluded that there was a relationship between suluk and ahwal experienced by the followers of the tarekat in Piji Dawe Kudus.
Evangelization and Causes of Religion Conversion from Hindu to Christian at Badung District Bali
Authors: Surpi Ni Kadek
Published: December 2015

This research focuses on the effort of evangelization and religious conversion factors from Hinduism to Christianity in Badung, Bali. Bali as a unique island and famous all over the world has long been used as a target of missionary. In the early stages, the process of spreading Christianity is very slow. Even, Dutch East Indies government closed the door to evangelization and prohibited its activities in Bali. This study uses a cross field of knowledge and find that there are many causes behind the religion conversion in the area of study. Findings of this research shows that the reason for religious conversion is the social upheavals because of dissatisfaction on system and religion, individual crises, eco- nomic and socio-cultural factors, the influence of mysticism, spiritual thirst and the promise of salvation, family breakdown and urbanization, wedding and birth order in the family, education and professional evangelistic activity and lack understand- ing of Hinduism.
Problems of Under Age Marriage
Authors: Mawardi Marmiati
Published: December 2015

The industrial development in Wonoayu district contributes to economic growth in society. On the other hand, there is a shift of norms because of open information access that affects sexual intercourse among teenagers.    This results in an early marriage because the girls have already been pregnant. This research uses a qualitative approach in order to investigate the influential factors, causes, motives and impact of the early marriage, and how society’s view on early  marriage in Wonoayu district. The contributing factors of early marriages are sexual intercourse and pre-marital pregnancy. The motives of early marriage are; religiously legal marriage, reducing economic burden of parent, and preserving social reputation of their parents. Meanwhile the impact of legally formal marriage is to avoid sin and to protect the children’s status legally. Economically, the family in general is not ready to get married, and psychologically they are not mature yet, because they still have strong ego and are not independent.
Moral Value in Lyrics of Dangdut Compesed by Rhoma Irama
Authors: Mustolehudin Mustolehudin
Published: December 2015

Moral values undoubtedly play a significant role in human life. These values are not only in religious texts (such as Qur’an, Hadits, Old Testament, Bible, Book of Psalms) but also in literatures. One of the examples is lyrics of Rhoma Irama’s song from 1970s to 1980s. This is a library research using a content analysis approach. Meanwhile, this research utilizes semiotic and hermeneutic methods. The findings show that the lyrics of Rhoma Irama’s song during 1970-1980 contained some moral values which could be implemented in personal life, family, society and religious life. The important values contained in such songs are amanah (trustful), as-siddiq (truth, honesty), al-‘adl (justice), al-rahmah (love), al-ukhuwah (brotherhood) and tasamuh (tolerance). The aforementioned values refer to  two Islamic primary sources that are relevant to all times, in the past, present and future.
The Study Of The Second Conflict In Sampang
Authors: Rachmadhani Arnis
Published: December 2015

This research was basically based on qualitative study. It was the second conflict in Sampang, the rampage which exploded between some people who trying to block the Tajul Muluk’s followers and preventing them from going back to the Pondok Pesantren (Islamic Boarding House) of YAPPI in Bangil, Pasuruan. The data in this study was collected using three sorts of data collection techniques: interview, document analysis, and observation. It was done by using the conflict analysis method, from which the writer found out that this second incident appeared in Sampang is manifestation of latent conflict accumulation which is actually personal conflict complicated by some religious issues. The conflict is to be resolved by using both bureaucracy and cultural approaches.
Women Behind Terrorists (Religiousity, Self Adaptation and Husband-Wife Relationship within Suspected Terrorists Family in Pekalongan)
Authors: Maghfur Maghfur , Muniroh Siti Mumun
Published: December 2015

Women and their religiosity are questioned along with the proliferation of conflict, violence, and religion-based riots which allegedly involving ‘husband’  suspected  terrorists. This article discusses the religiosity of the wives, the adjustment of wives of suspected terrorists against psychological and social burden, and the patterns of marital relations of terrorist suspects in Pekalongan-Central Java. The result of this phenomenological study revealed that the religiosity of terrorist-suspects’ wives are more dominant is exclusive patterned- if it is compared to moderate or inclusive ones. In terms of adjustment, the wives are just accept the fate and tend to be indifferent to the activities of their husbands. The wives also nullifying the public’s negative perception and judgment, but some are closed to the social interaction. While the pattern of relationships that were frequently built tent to be more owner property and head-complement in characteristics. Wives are positioned as husband’s complement for all activities in the fields of social, religious and political.
Introduction and performance study of Pashmina goats in Kargil District (Non Traditional Area) of Jammu & Kashmir, India
Authors: Sheikh F. D. , Malik Tanweer H. , Sofi A. H. , Wani S. A. , Ganai TAS
Published: December 2015

Pashmina goats, normally reared by changpa, a nomadic tribe in Changthang region of Leh Ladakh have been introduced in Kargil District of J&K state under the NAIP Pashmina Project with the objective of expansion of pashmina goat rearing area and enhancing the livelihood security of the farmers in these areas. Fifty one (51) mini farm units of goats, each comprising of 9 does and 1 buck were established in Kargil district (Suru, Bodhkharbu, Drass, Shakar, Chiktan and Khangriyal). The intervention in the form of shelter, feeding and health cover was provided to all the farm units. After two years of rearing, the average survivability and mortality was reported as 84.07± 0.49 (%) and 15.93± 0.49 (%) respectively. The overall kidding percentage was reported as 79.62± 0.77 with kid mortality as 24.92± 0.71(%). The pashmina yield/head was 161.6± 0.31 (gms) with fibre diameter and fibre length of 14.07±0.11 (μ) and 55.99± 0.19 (mm) respectively. The average body weight (kg) of kids, hoggets and adults was reported as 2.63± 0.09, 20.72±0.19 and 28.87± 0.12 respectively. The study revealed that the adaptability and production performance of pashmina goats in some of the areas of Kargil (Non Traditional Belt) which is having similar ecological niche as that of Changthang region (Traditional Belt) is very good in terms of survivability, kidding percentage, pashmina yield etc. Further, by adoption of pashmina goat rearing in these areas, there is an enhancement of livelihood security through sale of pashmina and increase in strength of livestock which is expected to reach worth Rs 250000 after 5 years and an increase in total production area of Pashmina from Ladakh.
Kit Ligand Expression in granulosa cells during follicular culture and associated maturation rate of oocytes in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Authors: Mahajan Atul , Kumar Parveen , Atole Sachin , Brahmkshtri B P , Tajane K. R. , De Sachinandan , Datta Tirtha Kumar , Goswami S. L.
Published: December 2015

The objectives of the study to associate the expression of Kit Ligand gene under different gonadotropins and growth factors supplementation with the maturation rate of oocytes in buffalo ovarian follicular cells during whole follicular culture at subsequent intervals of 24 hours. Intact ovarian follicles were dissected out of buffalo ovaries and cultured in Tissue Culture Media-199 supplemented with gonadotropins and growth factors for 24 hours. A semi-quantitative RT-PCR amplification was obtained in granulose cells of buffalo ovarian follicles and its expression was found to be restricted during initial stage of follicle culture. KL expression persistency in granulosa cells beyond 4 hours during follicular culture was found to be negatively correlated with maturation rate of oocytes. It was concluded that expression of Kit Ligand gene in granulose cells could be predictive role for assessing oocytes maturation rate and possibly the oocytes competence in buffalo.
Comparative economics of seed production vis - à - vis grain production of pigeonpea in Karnataka, India
Authors: Pal Govind , Radhika C. , Singh R. K. , Bhaskar K. Udaya , Ram H. , Prasad S. Rajendra
Published: December 2015

The present study was based on primary data collected for 100 farmers from Gulbarga district of Karnataka during the agricultural year 2013-14. Tabular and discriminant function analysis was used in the present study. The analysis of data shows that the total cost of cultivation in pigeonpea seed production was around 23 per cent higher than grain production. The variable cost was comparatively higher in seed production (26936 per ha) over grain production (20698 per ha). The gross return was about 32 per cent higher in seed production than grain production and net return from seed production of pigeonpea was 44 per cent higher than grain production. The discriminant analysis indicated that gross return with 55.88 per cent followed by seed (18.52 per cent), human labour (8.35 per cent), manures and fertilizers (7.01per cent), bullock and machine labour (5.99 per cent), plant protection chemicals (4.26 per cent) contributed to discriminate between the seed and grain production of pigeonpea. The net return from pigeonpea seed production was encouraging, therefore the area under seed production may be increased for higher profitability and timely supply of quality seed to the farmers.
Estimating where and how animals travel: an optimal framework for path reconstruction from autocorrelated tracking data
Authors: Fleming C. H. , Fagan W. F. , Mueller T. , Olson K. A. , Leimgruber P. , Calabrese J. M.
Published: December 2015

An animal's trajectory is a fundamental object of interest in movement ecology, as it directly informs a range of topics from resource selection to energy expenditure and behavioral states. Optimally inferring the mostly unobserved movement path and its dynamics from a limited sample of telemetry observations is a key unsolved problem, however. The field of geostatistics has focused significant attention on a mathematically analogous problem that has a statistically optimal solution coined after its inventor,Krige. Kriging revolutionized geostatistics and is now the gold standard for interpolating between a limited number of autocorrelated spatial point observations. Here we translate Kriging for use with animal movement data. Our Kriging formalism encompasses previous methods to estimate animal's trajectories—the Brownian bridge and continuous‐time correlated random walk library—as special cases, informs users as to when these previous methods are appropriate, and provides a more general method when they are not. We demonstrate the capabilities of Kriging on a case study with Mongolian gazelles where, compared to the Brownian bridge, Kriging with a more optimal model was 10% more precise in interpolating locations and 500% more precise in estimating occurrence areas.
Functional diversity and trait composition of butterfly and bird communities in farmlands of central romania
Authors: Hanspach Jan , Loos Jacqueline , Dorresteijn Ine , Von wehrden Henrik , Moga Cosmin Ioan , David Alin
Published: December 2015

Cultural landscapes all over the world harbor species communities that are taxonomically and functionally diverse. In Eastern Europe, but also in many other regions of the world, the conservation of this farmland biodiversity is threatened by land use intensification and abandonment. In order to counteract the negative effects of land use change in such landscapes, a thorough understanding of the functional relationships between species and their environment is crucial. In this study, we investigated the relationship of functional traits of butterfly and bird communities and environmental conditions in 120 sites in traditional farmlands of southern Transylvania, Romania. First, we compared taxonomic diversity (i.e., Shannon diversity) with functional diversity (i.e., functional dispersion), and second, we linked species traits to environmental variables by performing RLQ analyses. Functional traits indicating reproduction, movement, and feeding behavior related with environmental variables describing heterogeneity, amount of woody vegetation, and topography at three different spatial scales. We found positive relationships between taxonomic and functional diversity, as well as strong linkages between species traits and environmental conditions for both groups. Specifically, butterfly composition was most strongly influenced by land use type and life‐history strategies. Bird composition was most strongly related to the amount of woody vegetation and nesting and foraging strategies. We conclude that maintaining the typical features of traditional farming landscapes, especially a small‐scale heterogeneity in arable land and gradients of woody vegetation cover, would be desirable in order to sustain a high functional diversity in southern Transylvania in the future.
To Compare the Effects of Terminalia Arjuna with Rosuvastatin on Total Cholesterol and Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
Authors: Prakash Ved , Sehgal Vijay kumar , Bajaj Vijay Kumar , Singh Harcharan
Published: December 2015

Background:In India, CVD is a leading cause of death. Among the modifiable risk factors, hyperlipidemia is one of the important factors. Therefore lowering cholesterol level is a key factor in controlling this disease.
Objectives: To compare the effect of Terminalia arjuna, an indigenous drug with Rosuvastatin on serum total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, in patients of either sex with dyslipidemia.

Material and Methods: An open prospective randomized controlled study was conducted in on 60 patients for the duration of 12 weeks. Patients were distributed into two groups of 30 patients each. Group I was given Rosuvastatin 10 mg daily and group II was given capsules containing bark powder of T.arjuna 500 mg twice daily. Patients TC and LDL-C levels were performed at baseline and then repeated at 4 weeks, 8 weeks and 12 weeks. The results of both the therapies were then compared and statistically analyzed.

Results: T.arjuna leads to greater reduction in mean TC level than Rosuvastatin (-14.06±8.07% vs -10.10±5.39%), (- 24.73±10.69% vs -19.42±9.98%) and (-27.89±9.25% vs - 24.74±10.02%) at 4, 8 and 12 weeks respectively. The difference between both the groups was statistically non-significant (p>0.05) at 4, 8 and 12 weeks. The reduction in mean LDL-C level was also greater with T.arjuna as compared to Rosuvastatin.

Conclusion: Both Rosuvastatin and T.arjuna were effective in causing significant decrease in serum TC and LDLC levels, but T.arjuna had a slight edge over Rosuvastatin as it showed greater reduction in TC and LDL-C levels as compare to Rosuvastatin. And was found to be safe and well tolerated.
Handwriting Change as a Psychiatric Symptom
Authors: Singh Gaurav Harvir , Mehta Radha Jaiprakash , Shah Nilima Deepak , Mehta Ritambhara Yashwant
Published: December 2015

Graphology is the study and analysis of handwriting especially in relation to human psychology. Many neurological disorders like apraxia and chorea can affect handwriting. Many psychiatric disorders like Depression, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, schizophrenia are also linked with handwriting change. A unique presentation of major depressive disorder manifesting as chief complain of handwriting change was observed in a girl who had nice handwriting before depression. In spite of constant efforts she was not able to revert back to her original handwriting. Her new handwritings were different from old one in form of width and height of letters, organization and overall presentation. She was prescribed antidepressants. Depressive symptoms were relieved and her handwriting started gradually improving considerably though previous level had not been achieved.
Analysis of handwriting as a tool to understand the emotional state of person can be implicated during psychiatric assessment. The written off science of graphology needs to be made specific and sensitive so that it could provide more accurate results. Further research in this area is warranted.
Miracle Baby: very Rare Case of Heterotopic Pregnancy with Cervical Ectopic in Elderly Primigravida with very Poor Ovarian Reserve with Oligoastheno-Terato-Zoospermia Conceived with IVF
Authors: Saraogi Rajendra M. , Yadav Pramila , Poddar Pabashi , Chavan Komal
Published: December 2015

A 42 year old with primary infertility over 2 years with poor ovarian reserve (AMH 0.02) with an Oligoastheno-terato-zoospermia had 3 attempts of embryo transfer with her own egg. USG showed a heterotopic pregnancy with fundal 5-6 weeks intrauterine gestational sac with a cervical ectopic with small subchorionic collection along with posterior uterine wall. Despite embryo reduction, it still showed a persistent heterotopic pregnancy with an increasing subchorionic collection in the cervical canal. There was PROM at 27 weeks and under adequate antibiotic and steroid cover, classical caesarean section was done. Due to an adherent cervical pregnancy remnant, bilateral internal iliac artery ligation with an obstetric hysterectomy was done. As few cases exist in literature, there are no specific and no universally accepted treatment modality for heterotopic cervical pregnancy and treatment depends on experience, equipment of medical team and maternal conditions.
Osteoma – A Report of Two Cases
Authors: Bhaskar Y. Hemavathy , Shaminey S. Aruleena , Gopika Manoharan G. V. Murali
Published: December 2015

Osteomas are benign, slow-growing osteogenic tumors commonly occurring in the craniofacial bones. Osteomas are characterized by the proliferation of compact and/or cancellous bone. It can be of a central, peripheral, or extraskeletal type. The peripheral type arises from the periosteum and is rarely seen in the mandible. We deal with the report of two cases of osteoma with no history of any trauma and emphasis on radiological findings.
Noncoronary Collateral Myocardial Blood Flow: The Human Heart’s Forgotten Blood Supply
Authors: Picichè Marco
Published: December 2015

The “noncoronary collateral circulation” (NCCC) or “noncoronary collateral myocardial blood flow” (NCCMBF), reaches the heart through a micro-vascular network arising from the bronchial, esophageal, pericardial, diaphragmatic, and aortic arteries. The left and right internal thoracic arteries (ITAs) along with their collateral branches also serve as a source of NCCMBF-a feature seen in other mammals. Under certain circumstances the ITAs have a high potential for developing collateral branches. In the case of severe Leriche syndrome or with chronic obstruction of the abdominal aorta, the ITAs can serve as the main or even sole source of blood supply to the lower limbs. It is also possible for the ITAs to develop angiographically visible branches that directly connect with the coronary arteries. In ischemic conditions there is a functional, ischemia-reducing extracardiac coronary artery supply via natural ipsilateral ITA anastomosis. To date we know little about NCCMBF and its potential benefits in clinical applications, which makes this a challenging and intriguing field of research. This paper reviews all available data on noncoronary collateral blood supply to the human heart.
Stent Thrombosis after Rescue Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in
Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Thani Khalid Bin , Al-Moosa Fajer , Murad Eman , Al-Moosa Aisha , Alalawi Mohamed E. , Al-Sindi Hind
Published: December 2015

Main Problem:

To determine the incidence of coronary stent thrombosis (ST) in patients with acute ST
segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) after rescue percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Methods:

An observational study looking at the incidence of ST in a middle-eastern population. A total of 510
consecutive patients presented with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) were enrolled and underwent
thrombolytic therapy with a total follow-up period of 2 years. Study outcomes were ST, death, re-infarction or acute
coronary syndrome requiring coronary angiography and PCI.

Results:

A total of 510 patients enrolled, all diagnosed with STEMI and underwent thrombolytic therapy. Only 100
subjects underwent rescue PCI with intra-coronary stenting, including 54 patients with drug-eluting stent (DES) and 46
patients with bare metal stent (BMS). During the study period and follow-up, the overall rate of ST was 13.7%, definite
ST occurred in 6 patients (5.5%), probable ST in 8 patients (7.3%), and possible ST in one patient (0.9%), including 0.9%
acute ST, 0.9% sub-acute ST, 2.8% late ST and 8.3% very late ST. Patients with ST were likely to have prior PCI
(p=0.001), prior coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) (p=0.002) and history of heart failure (p=0.04).

Conclusion:

ST is infrequent event with major consequences in patients presenting with STEMI in the first 2 years after
stent implantation.
Longitudinal Protein Changes in Blood Plasma Associated with the Rate of Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Sattlecker Martina ,   on behalf of the AddNeuroMed Consortium, Khondoker Mizanur , Proitsi Petroula , Williams Stephen , Soininen Hilkka , Kłoszewska Iwona , Mecocci Patrizia , Tsolaki Magda , Vellas Bruno , Lovestone Simon , Dobson Richard JB
Published: December 2015

Biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) progression are needed to support the development of urgently needed disease modifying drugs. We employed a SOMAscan assay for quantifying 1,001 proteins in blood samples from 90 AD subjects, 37 stable mild cognitive impaired (MCI) subjects, 39 MCI subjects converting to AD within a year and 69 controls at baseline and one year follow up. We used linear mixed effects models to identify proteins changing significantly over one year with the rate of cognitive decline, which was quantified as the reduction in Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores. Additionally, we investigated proteins changing differently across disease groups and during the conversion from MCI to AD. We found that levels of proteins belonging to the complement cascade increase significantly in fast declining AD patients. Longitudinal changes in the complement cascade might be a surrogate biomarker for disease progression. We also found that members of the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway change during AD when compared to healthy aging subjects.
Progression of Extrapyramidal Signs in Alzheimer’s Disease: Clinical and Neuropathological Correlates
Authors: Tosto Giuseppe , Monsell Sarah E. , Hawes Stephen E. , Bruno Giuseppe , Mayeux Richard
Published: December 2015

Background: Extrapyramidal signs (EPS) are frequent in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and core manifestation of related diseases, i.e., dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson’s disease; furthermore, Lewy bodies and AD-type pathology occur in all three conditions. Objective: To identify clusters of EPS progression over time and their clinical and neuropathological correlates. Methods: 3,502 AD patients with longitudinal assessment from the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center database were included; 394 provided neuropathological data. k-means algorithm was employed to identify clusters of EPS progression and those were compared in terms of cognitive profile, neuropsychiatric features and neuropathological findings. Results: Three clusters of EPS progression were identified: no/low (n = 1,583), medium (n = 1,259), and high (n = 660) EPS burden. Compared to those with no/low and medium EPS, those with high EPS had greater cognitive and neuropsychiatric impairment, specifically hallucinations. Despite similar AD-pathology across the three clusters, the high EPS cluster had a significantly number of subjects diagnosed with dementia with Lewy bodies. Conclusions: Cluster analysis of EPS progression over time identified different subgroups of AD patients with distinct clinical and neuropathological features.
Upregulation of Connexin 43 Expression Via C-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Signaling in Prion Disease
Authors: Lee Geon-Hwi , Jang Byungki , Choi Hong-Seok , Kim Hee-Jun , Park Jeong-Ho , Jeon Yong-Chul , Carp Richard I. , Kim Yong-Sun , Choi Eun-Kyoung
Published: December 2015

Prion infection leads to neuronal cell death, glial cell activation, and the accumulation of misfolded prion proteins. However, the altered cellular environments in animals with prion diseases are poorly understood. In the central nervous system, cells connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells via connexin (Cx)-assembled gap junction channels to allow the direct exchange of small molecules, including ions, neurotransmitters, and signaling molecules, which regulate the activities of the connected cells. Here, we investigate the role of Cx43 in the pathogenesis of prion diseases. Upregulated Cx43 expression, which was dependent on c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase (JNK)/c-Jun signaling cascades, was found in prion-affected brain tissues and hippocampal neuronal cells. Scrapie infection-induced Cx43 formed aggregated plaques within the cytoplasmic compartments at the cell-cell interfaces. The ethidium bromide (EtBr) uptake assay and scrape-loading dye transfer assay demonstrated that increased Cx43 has functional consequences for the activity of Cx43 hemichannels. Interestingly, blockade of PrPSc accumulation reduced Cx43 expression through the inhibition of JNK signaling, indicating that PrPSc accumulation may be directly involved in JNK activation-mediated Cx43 upregulation. Overall, our findings describe a scrapie infection-mediated novel regulatory signaling pathway of Cx43 expression and may suggest a role for Cx43 in the pathogenesis of prion diseases.
Cycloheximide Treatment Causes a ZVAD-Sensitive Protease-Dependent Cleavage of Human Tau in Drosophila Cells
Authors: Geng Junhua , Xia Lu , Li Wanjie , Zhao Changqi , Dou Fei
Published: December 2015

Neurofibrillary tangles are the main pathological feature of Alzheimer’s disease. Insoluble tau protein is the major component of neurofibrillary tangles. Defects in the tau protein degradation pathway in neurons can lead to the accumulation of tau and its subsequent aggregation. Currently, contradictory results on the tau degradation pathway have been reported by different groups. This discrepancy is most likely due to different cell lines and methods used in those studies. In this study, we found that cycloheximide treatment induced mild activation of a ZVAD-sensitive protease in Drosophila Kc cells, resulting in cleavage of tau at its C-terminus; this cleavage could generate misleading tau protein degradation pattern results depending on the antibodies used in the assay. Because cycloheximide is a broadly used chemical reagent for the study of protein degradation, the unexpected artificial effect we observed here indicates that cycloheximide is not suitable for the study of tau degradation. Other methods, such as inducible expression systems and pulse-chase assays, may be more appropriate for studying tau degradation under physiological conditions.
Protein Kinase Activity Decreases with Higher Braak Stages of Alzheimer’s Disease Pathology
Authors: Rosenberger Andrea F.N. , Hilhorst Riet , Coart Elisabeth , García Barrado Leandro , Naji Faris , Rozemuller Annemieke J.M. , van der Flier Wiesje M. , Scheltens Philip , Hoozemans Jeroen J.M. , van der Vies Saskia M.
Published: December 2015

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by a long pre-clinical phase (20–30 years), during which significant brain pathology manifests itself. Disease mechanisms associated with pathological hallmarks remain elusive. Most processes associated with AD pathogenesis, such as inflammation, synaptic dysfunction, and hyper-phosphorylation of tau are dependent on protein kinase activity. The objective of this study was to determine the involvement of protein kinases in AD pathogenesis. Protein kinase activity was determined in postmortem hippocampal brain tissue of 60 patients at various stages of AD and 40 non-demented controls (Braak stages 0-VI) using a peptide-based microarray platform. We observed an overall decrease of protein kinase activity that correlated with disease progression. The phosphorylation of 96.7% of the serine/threonine peptides and 37.5% of the tyrosine peptides on the microarray decreased significantly with increased Braak stage (p-value <0.01). Decreased activity was evident at pre-clinical stages of AD pathology (Braak I-II). Increased phosphorylation was not observed for any peptide. STRING analysis in combination with pathway analysis and identification of kinases responsible for peptide phosphorylation showed the interactions between well-known proteins in AD pathology, including the Ephrin-receptor A1 (EphA1), a risk gene for AD, and sarcoma tyrosine kinase (Src), which is involved in memory formation. Additionally, kinases that have not previously been associated with AD were identified, e.g., protein tyrosine kinase 6 (PTK6/BRK), feline sarcoma oncogene kinase (FES), and fyn-associated tyrosine kinase (FRK). The identified protein kinases are new biomarkers and potential drug targets for early (pre-clinical) intervention.
Anemia and Mild Cognitive Impairment in the German General Population
Authors: Dlugaj Martha ,   on behalf of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study Investigative Group, Winkler Angela , Weimar Christian , Dürig Jan , Broecker-Preuss Martina , Dragano Nico , Moebus Susanne , Jöckel Karl-Heinz , Erbel Raimund , Eisele Lewin
Published: December 2015

There is increasing evidence that anemia is associated with cognitive impairment. Therefore, the aim of the study was to examine the cross-sectional association of anemia as well as the persistence of anemia over the last five years with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and MCI subtypes (amnestic/non-amnestic MCI (aMCI/naMCI)). Out of 4,157 participants (50% men, 50–80 years) of the second examination (t1) of a cohort study (baseline (t0) 2000–2003), we included 4,033 participants with available hemoglobin information and complete cognitive assessment. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin <13 g/dl in men (n = 84) and <12 g/dl in women (n = 79). Group comparisons were used to compare the cognitive subtests. To determine the association of MCI with anemia at t1, with anemia five years prior to the cognitive assessment (t0) and anemia at both time points, we used logistic regression models and included 579 participants with MCI and 1,438 cognitively normal participants out of the total cohort. Anemic participants showed lower performances in verbal memory and executive functions. The fully adjusted odds ratios (OR) for MCI, aMCI, and naMCI in anemic versus non-anemic participants were 1.92 (95% -CI, 1.09–3.39), 1.96 (1.00–3.87), and 1.88 (0.91–3.87). Anemia at both times points showed a non-significant association with naMCI (OR 3.74, 0.94–14.81, fully adjusted). Our results suggest that anemia is associated with an increased risk of MCI independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors. The association of anemia and MCI has important clinical relevance, because many causes of anemia can be treated effectively.
Subjective Memory Complaints in APOE ɛ4 Carriers are Associated with High Amyloid-β Burden
Authors: Zwan Marissa D. ,   for the AIBL study, Villemagne Victor L. , Doré Vincent , Buckley Rachel , Bourgeat Pierrick , Veljanoski Robyn , Salvado Olivier , Williams Rob , Margison Laura , Rembach Alan , Macaulay S. Lance , Martins Ralph , Ames David , van der Flier Wiesje M. , Ellis Kathryn A. , Scheltens Philip , Masters Colin L. , Rowe Christopher C.
Published: December 2015

Background: APOE ɛ4 genotype and aging have been identified as risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In addition, subjective memory complaints (SMC) might be a first clinical expression of the effect of AD pathology on cognitive functioning. Objective: To assess whether APOE ɛ4 genotype, age, SMC, and episodic memory are risk factors for high amyloid-β (Aβ) burden in cognitively normal elderly. Methods: 307 cognitively normal participants (72.7 ± 6.8 years, 53% female, 55% SMC) from the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle (AIBL) study underwent amyloid PET and APOE genotyping. Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the association of APOE ɛ4 genotype, age, SMC, and episodic memory with Aβ pathology. Results: Odds of high Aβ burden were greater at an older age (OR = 3.21; 95% CI = 1.68–6.14), when SMC were present (OR = 1.90; 95% CI = 1.03–3.48), and for APOE ɛ4 carriers (OR = 7.49; 95% CI = 3.96–14.15), while episodic memory was not associated with odds of high Aβ burden. Stratified analyses showed that odds of SMC for high Aβ burden were increased in specifically APOE ɛ4 carriers (OR = 4.58, 95% CI = 1.83–11.49) and younger participants (OR = 3.73, 95% CI = 1.39–10.01). Conclusion: Aging, APOE ɛ4 genotype, and SMC were associated with high Aβ burden. SMC were especially indicative of high Aβ burden in younger participants and in APOE ɛ4 carriers. These findings suggest that selection based on the presence of SMC, APOE ɛ4 genotype and age may help identify healthy elderly participants with high Aβ burden eligible for secondary prevention trials.
Accurate Prediction of Conversion to Alzheimer’s Disease using Imaging, Genetic, and Neuropsychological Biomarkers
Authors: Dukart Juergen ,   for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, Sambataro Fabio , Bertolino Alessandro
Published: December 2015

A variety of imaging, neuropsychological, and genetic biomarkers have been suggested as potential biomarkers for the identification of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in patients who later develop Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here, we systematically evaluated the most promising combinations of these biomarkers regarding discrimination between stable and converter MCI and reflection of disease staging. Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative data of AD (n = 144), controls (n = 112), stable (n = 265) and converter (n = 177) MCI, for which apolipoprotein E status, neuropsychological evaluation, and structural, glucose, and amyloid imaging were available, were included in this study. Naïve Bayes classifiers were built on AD and controls data for all possible combinations of these biomarkers, with and without stratification by amyloid status. All classifiers were then applied to the MCI cohorts. We obtained an accuracy of 76% for discrimination between converter and stable MCI with glucose positron emission tomography as a single biomarker. This accuracy increased to about 87% when including further imaging modalities and genetic information. We also identified several biomarker combinations as strong predictors of time to conversion. Use of amyloid validated training data resulted in increased sensitivities and decreased specificities for differentiation between stable and converter MCI when amyloid was included as a biomarker but not for other classifier combinations. Our results indicate that fully independent classifiers built only on AD and controls data and combining imaging, genetic, and/or neuropsychological biomarkers can more reliably discriminate between stable and converter MCI than single modality classifiers. Several biomarker combinations are identified as strongly predictive for the time to conversion to AD.