bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimization of Aqueous Two-Phase Systems for the Recovery of Soluble Proteins from Tannery Wastewater Using Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Raja Selvaraj , Murty Vytla Ramachandra
Published: March 2013

Aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) composed of polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000) and sodium citrate (SC) has been proposed to recover the valuable soluble proteins from tannery wastewater. A sequential optimization strategy which included fractional factorial design (fFD) and central composite design (CCD) was employed to enhance the recovery. From this strategy, a second-order polynomial model was obtained for the protein recovery and it was validated. The optimum recovery was found as 93.46% when pH, NaCl concentration, and temperature were kept at 7.5, 0.1 M, and 33°C, respectively, for a phase system composed of 20% (w/w) PEG 6000-15% (w/w) SC. Thus the proposed ATPS can serve as an alternative to the conventional precipitation method to recover the soluble proteins from tannery wastewater.
Chronic Nonhealing Wounds: Could Leg Ulcers Be Hereditary?
Authors: Nagy Nikoletta , Szabad Gábor , Szolnoky Győző , Kiss-László Zsuzsanna , Dósa-Rácz Éva , Bata-Csörgő Zsuzsanna , Kemény Lajos , Széll Márta
Published: March 2013

Background. A number of well-known acquired and putative inherited etiological factors contribute to the development of venous leg ulcer (VLU). Aim. In this study we set out to perform a meta-analysis of putative genetic and acquired factors predisposing to VLU development. Methods. VLU patients (n=157) were divided into three subgroups in accordance with their acquired etiological factors. The frequencies of four genetic factors were determined: the R506Q (Leiden) mutation of the F5 gene, the G20210A mutation of the F2 (prothrombin) gene, the 2451 A/G SNP of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) 3′ UTR, and the −308 G/A SNP of the tumor necrosis factor α (TNFA) promoter. Results. The −308 TNFA SNP exhibited a higher frequency among VLU patients without known acquired predisposing factor in their history, than among patients with thrombosis or soft tissue infection in their history (Fisher P=0.0173). Conclusions. This study has demonstrated that the group of VLU patients is heterogeneous in their genetic predisposing factors. Further large-scale studies are needed to delineate the associations among genetic and acquired etiological factors with regard to VLU development and to integrate the consequences of the already known genetic factors to the management of VLU.
New Insights into Mechanisms of Cardioprotection Mediated by Thyroid Hormones
Authors: Nicolini G. , Pitto L. , Kusmic C. , Balzan S. , Sabatino L. , Iervasi G. , Forini F.
Published: March 2013

Heart failure represents the final common outcome in cardiovascular diseases. Despite significant therapeutic advances, morbidity and mortality of heart failure remain unacceptably high. Heart failure is preceded and sustained by a process of structural remodeling of the entire cardiac tissue architecture. Prevention or limitation of cardiac remodeling in the early stages of the process is a crucial step in order to ameliorate patient prognosis. Acquisition of novel pathophysiological mechanisms of cardiac remodeling is therefore required to develop more efficacious therapeutic strategies. Among all neuroendocrine systems, thyroid hormone seems to play a major homeostatic role in cardiovascular system. In these years, accumulating evidence shows that the “low triiodothyronine” syndrome is a strong prognostic, independent predictor of death in patients affected by both acute and chronic heart disease. In experimental models of cardiac hypertrophy or myocardial infarction, alterations in the thyroid hormone signaling, concerning cardiac mitochondrion, cardiac interstitium, and vasculature, have been suggested to be related to heart dysfunction. The aim of this brief paper is to highlight new developments in understanding the cardioprotective role of thyroid hormone in reverting regulatory networks involved in adverse cardiac remodeling. Furthermore, new recent advances on the role of specific miRNAs in thyroid hormone regulation at mitochondrion and interstitial level are also discussed.
Central Configurations for NewtonianN+2p+1-Body Problems
Authors: Zhao Furong , Chen Jian
Published: March 2013

We show the existence of spatial central configurations for theN+2p+1-body problems. In theN+2p+1-body problems,Nbodies are at the vertices of a regularN-gonT;2pbodies are symmetric with respect to the center ofT, and located on the straight line which is perpendicular to the regularN-gonTand passes through the center ofT; theN+2p+1th is located at the the center ofT. The masses located on the vertices of the regularN-gon are assumed to be equal; the masses located on the same line and symmetric with respect to the center ofTare equal.
A Three-Stage Optimization Algorithm for the Stochastic Parallel Machine Scheduling Problem with Adjustable Production Rates
Authors: Zhang Rui
Published: March 2013

We consider a parallel machine scheduling problem with random processing/setup times and adjustable production rates. The objective functions to be minimized consist of two parts; the first part is related with the due date performance (i.e., the tardiness of the jobs), while the second part is related with the setting of machine speeds. Therefore, the decision variables include both the production schedule (sequences of jobs) and the production rate of each machine. The optimization process, however, is significantly complicated by the stochastic factors in the manufacturing system. To address the difficulty, a simulation-based three-stage optimization framework is presented in this paper for high-quality robust solutions to the integrated scheduling problem. The first stage (crude optimization) is featured by the ordinal optimization theory, the second stage (finer optimization) is implemented with a metaheuristic called differential evolution, and the third stage (fine-tuning) is characterized by a perturbation-based local search. Finally, computational experiments are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Sensitivity analysis and practical implications are also discussed.
Lifestyle and Dietary Factors Associated with the Evolution of Cardiometabolic Risk over Four Years in West-African Adults: The Benin Study
Authors: Sossa Charles , Delisle Hélène , Agueh Victoire , Sodjinou Roger , Ntandou Gervais , Makoutodé Michel
Published: March 2013

Aim. To assess in adults from Benin changes in cardiometabolic risk (CMR) using both the Framingham risk score (FRS) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) and to examine the effects of diet, and lifestyles, controlling for location and socioeconomic status.Methods. Apparently healthy subjects (n=541) aged 25–60 years and randomly selected in the largest city, a small town, and rural areas were included in the four-year longitudinal study. Along with CMR factors, socioeconomic, diet and lifestyle data were collected in individual interviews. A food score based on consumption frequency of four “sentinel” food groups (meat and poultry, dairy, eggs, and vegetables) was developed. Lifestyle included physical activity, alcohol and tobacco use. Education and income (proxy) were the socioeconomic variables.Results. Among the subjects with four-year follow-up data (n=416), 13.5% were at risk at baseline, showing MetS or FRS ≥ 10%. The incidence of MetS and FRS ≥ 10% during follow-up was 8.2% and 5%, respectively. CMR deteriorated in 21% of subjects. Diet and lifestyle mediated location and income effects on CMR evolution. Low food scores and inactivity increased the likelihood of CMR deterioration.Conclusion. Combining MetS and FRS might be appropriate for surveillance purposes in order to better capture CMR and inform preventive measures.
Single Gaussian Chaotic Neuron: Numerical Study and Implementation in an Embedded System
Authors: Torres-Treviño Luis M. , Rodríguez-Liñán Angel , González-Estrada Luis , González-Sanmiguel Gustavo
Published: March 2013

Artificial Gaussian neurons are very common structures of artificial neural networks like radial basis function. These artificial neurons use a Gaussian activation function that includes two parameters called the center of mass (cm) and sensibility factor (λ). Changes on these parameters determine the behavior of the neuron. When the neuron has a feedback output, complex chaotic behavior is displayed. This paper presents a study and implementation of this particular neuron. Stability of fixed points, bifurcation diagrams, and Lyapunov exponents help to determine the dynamical nature of the neuron, and its implementation on embedded system illustrates preliminary results toward embedded chaos computation.
Disorder Analytic Model-Based CMT Algorithms in Vehicular Sensor Networks
Authors: Xu Changqiao , Xia Xiangzhou , Guan Jianfeng , Zhang Hongke , Muntean Gabriel-Miro
Published: March 2013

Recently, vehicular sensor networks (VSNs) have emerged as a new intelligent transport networking paradigm in the Internet of Things. By sensing, collecting, and delivering traffic-related information, VSNs can significantly improve both driving experience and traffic flow control, especially in constrained urban environments. Latest technological advances enable vehicular devices to be equipped with multiple wireless interfaces, which can support cooperative communications for concurrent multipath transfer (CMT) in VSNs. However, path heterogeneity and vehicle mobilitycauseCMT not to achieve the same high transport efficiency recorded in wired nonmobile network environments. This paper proposes a novel vehicular network-based CMT solution (VN-CMT) to address the above issues and improve data delivery efficiency. VN-CMT is based on a CMT disorder analytic model which can effectively and accurately evaluate the degree of out-of-order data. Based on this proposed model, a series of mechanisms are introduced as follows: (1) a packet disorder-reducing retransmission policy to reduce retransmission delay; (2) a path group selection algorithm to find the best path set for data multipath concurrent transfer; and (3) a data scheduling mechanism to distribute data according to each path's capacity. Simulation results show how VN-CMT improves data delivery efficiency in comparison with an existing state-of-the-art solution.
Common Fixed Point Theorems for Nonlinear Contractive Mappings in Dislocated Metric Spaces
Authors: Ren Yijie , Li Junlei , Yu Yanrong
Published: March 2013

In 1986, Matthews generalized Banach contraction mapping theorem in dislocated metric space that is a wider space than metric space. In this paper, we established common fixed point theorems for a class of contractive mappings. Our results extend the corresponding ones of other authors in dislocated metric spaces.
A New Online Random Particles Optimization Algorithm for Mobile Robot Path Planning in Dynamic Environments
Authors: Mohajer Behrang , Kiani Kourosh , Samiei Ehsan , Sharifi Mostafa
Published: March 2013

A new algorithm named random particle optimization algorithm (RPOA) for local path planning problem of mobile robots in dynamic and unknown environments is proposed. The new algorithm inspired from bacterial foraging technique is based on particles which are randomly distributed around a robot. These particles search the optimal path toward the target position while avoiding the moving obstacles by getting help from the robot’s sensors. The criterion of optimal path selection relies on the particles distance to target and Gaussian cost function assign to detected obstacles. Then, a high level decision making strategy will decide to select best mobile robot path among the proceeded particles, and finally a low level decision control provides a control signal for control of considered holonomic mobile robot. This process is implemented without requirement to tuning algorithm or complex calculation, and furthermore, it is independent from gradient base methods such as heuristic (artificial potential field) methods. Therefore, in this paper, the problem of local mobile path planning is free from getting stuck in local minima and is easy computed. To evaluate the proposed algorithm, some simulations in three various scenarios are performed and results are compared by the artificial potential field.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Anemia among Children 6–59 Months Old in Haiti
Authors: Ayoya Mohamed Ag , Ngnie-Teta Ismael , Séraphin Marie Nancy , Mamadoultaibou Aissa , Boldon Ellen , Saint-Fleur Jean Ernst , Koo Leslie , Bernard Samuel
Published: March 2013

Anemia has serious consequences on child growth, development, and survival. This study was conducted in Fond des Blancs and Villa, Haiti, to assess the prevalence of childhood anemia and its risk factors in order to inform program design. Children 6–59 months old (n=557) were selected using a cross-sectional multistage sampling methodology. Hemoglobin was measured using the HemoCue technique. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were performed to determine prevalence and factors associated with anemia. The prevalence of childhood anemia was 38.8% (23.9% mild, 14.7% moderate, and 0.2% severe). Mean hemoglobin was11.2±1.2 g/dL. Variables associated with child anemia were age less than 24 months (OR=2.6;P=0.000), stunting (OR=2.2;P=0.005), and mother’s low hemoglobin level (OR=1.8;P=0.011). Anemia among young children in Fond des Blancs and Villa is a public health problem. Predictors of child anemia in this region include child’s age, stunting, and mother’s anemia. Interventions and strategies aimed at addressing effectively anemia in this population must therefore target mothers and children under two years of age.
A Laboratory Evaluation of Medicinal Herbs Used in China for the Treatment of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease
Authors: Chen Xiaoqing , Wang Chunyang , Xu Lanfang , Chen Xiaoshuang , Wang Wei , Yang Guang , Tan Ren Xiang , Li Erguang , Jin Yu
Published: March 2013

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) are the causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). During recent epidemics of HFMD in China, medicinal herbals and preparations containing herbal extracts have demonstrated therapeutic efficacy with relative safety profiles. There have been no microbiological studies to validate their usefulness for HFMD. We selected 12 commonly used herbs for HFMD from government recommended guidelines as well as published reports and tested for their antiviral activity and anti-inflammatory activity. A water extract ofHouttuynia cordataThunb. (HCT) inhibited EV71 infection significantly and was marginally active against CVA16 infection. The IC50(concentration to have 50% inhibitory effect) values of HCT against a Fuyang strain and a BrCr strain of EV71 were determined at 8.9 μg/mL and 20.6 μg/mL, respectively.Mentha haplocalyxBriq. (MHB) water extract was active against CVA16, with an IC50value of 70.3 μg/mL. The extract did not exhibit activity against EV71 infection. Although the majority of the extracts showed no activity against viral infection, several extracts demonstrated activity in blocking proinflammatory response by viral infection. This study therefore validates the effectiveness of Chinese herbs for HFMD since some formulations containing the correct combination of the herbs can block viral replication as well as proinflammatory response of HFMD.
Electroacupuncture and Acupuncture Promote the Rat’s Transected Median Nerve Regeneration
Authors: Ho C. Y. , Yao C. H. , Chen W. C. , Shen W. C. , Bau D. T.
Published: March 2013

Background. Acupuncture and electroacupuncture treatments of damaged nerves may aid nerve regeneration related to hindlimb function, but the effects on the forelimb-related median nerve were not known.Methods. A gap was made in the median nerve of each rat by suturing the stumps into silicone rubber tubes. The influences of acupuncture and electroacupuncture treatments on transected median nerve regeneration were evaluated from morphological, electrophysiological, and functional angles.Results. Morphologically, the group receiving acupuncture and electroacupuncture treatments had larger total nerve area and blood vessel number compared with the controls. Electrophysiologically, the group receiving electroacupuncture had significantly larger amplitude and larger area of the evoked muscle action potentials compared with the controls. Functionally, the acupuncture and electroacupuncture treatments enhanced the injured paw’s ability to regain its grasping power and resulted in a faster efficiency to a new bilateral balance.Conclusion. Our findings provide multiapproach evidence of the efficacy of acupuncture and electroacupuncture treatments to the regeneration of median nerve. Indeed, acupuncture and electroacupuncture appear to have positive effects on the regeneration processes. This platform is beneficial to further study the clinical application of acupuncture and electroacupuncture alternative treatments on nerve-injured patients.
Modal Analysis of 27 mm Piezo Electric Plate for Small-Scale Underwater Sonar-Based Navigation
Authors: Afolayan M. O. , Yawas D. S. , Folayan C. O. , Aku S. Y.
Published: March 2013

This work presents progress towards the development of a small-scale, purely sonar-based navigation device for a robotic fish (~394 mm long). Aperture overloading of small (5 mm diameter) ultrasonic transmitters does not allow them to be used effectively inside water. A test on a 27 mm diameter buzzer piezo plate shows promising performance under water at frequencies from 4.5 kHz to 80 kHz. ANSYS-based simulation was therefore used to find modal frequencies at higher frequencies so as to optimize this encouraging result. The simulation process also discovered several antiresonant frequencies such as 38.5 kHz, 54 kHz, and 57.5 kHz. All frequencies above the 8th harmonic (10,589.02 Hz) are out of phase with the input load except a resonance frequency of 42.5 kHz and an antiresonance frequency of 56.5 kHz. Also, the first harmonic (1,648.73 Hz) is the only frequency that gave a nodal deformation.
Elevated Serum Gamma-Glutamyltransferase Is a Strong Marker of Insulin Resistance in Obese Children
Authors: Lee Seon Yeong , Sung Eunju , Chang Yoosoo
Published: March 2013

Elevated levels of serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) levels have been found to predict the development of type 2 diabetes in adults. The role of GGT in insulin resistance (IR) among children is largely unknown. We investigated whether GGT among hepatic enzymes is independently associated with IR in obese Korean children. A total of 1308 overweight (above the 85th BMI percentile of Korean reference) boys (n=822) and girls (n=486), aged 9–15 years, were studied. Measures acquired included weight, height, percent body fat (BF%), waist circumference, blood pressure, blood glucose and insulin, C-reactive protein, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-Cholesterol, GGT, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). IR was calculated using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR). Serum GGT and ALT, but not AST, were positively correlated with HOMA-IR in boys (r=0.222for GGT;P<0.05,r=0.188for ALT;P<0.05) and girls (r=0.292for GGT;P<0.05,r=0.258for ALT;P<0.05). In multiple regression analysis for HOMA-IR as dependent variable, GGT (β=0.068;P=0.053in boys,β=0.145;P=0.002in girls) and ALT (β=0.074;P=0.034in boys,β=0.130;P=0.005in girls) emerged as determinants of HOMA-IR after adjusting age, BMI, tanner stage, and triglycerides. Serum GGT level is a strong marker of IR in obese Korean children.
The Effect of Tribomechanical Micronization and Activation on Rheological, Thermophysical, and Some Physical Properties of Tapioca Starch
Authors: Herceg Zoran , Batur Verica , Režek Jambrak Anet , Vukušić Tomislava , Gmajnički Ines , Špoljarić Igor
Published: March 2013

The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of tribomechanical treatments on rheological, thermophysical, and some physical properties of tapioca starch. Samples of tapioca starch were treated using laboratory equipment for tribomechanical micronization and activation (TMA equipment). Before and after the TMA treatment, analysis of the particle size and particle size distribution was carried out, in addition to scanning electron micrography in tapioca starch. Scanning electron micrography showed that tribomechanical processing of tapioca starch resulted in breaking accumulations of starch granules in the form of granules. Pasting parameters have shown that maximal viscosities of model starch suspension have been decreasing after tribomechanical treatment. On the basis of gelatinization curves, it can be concluded that there are changes in the gelatinization point after treatment, and there is decrease in enthalpy of gelatinization for model suspension. After tribomechanical treatment, changes in physical properties of starch suspensions were determined, as well as specific swelling capacity, solubility index, and turbidity of tapioca starch suspensions.
Disconnected Forbidden Subgraphs, Toughness and Hamilton Cycles
Authors: Nikoghosyan Zh. G.
Published: March 2013

In 1974, Goodman and Hedetniemi proved that every 2-connected -free graph is hamiltonian. This result gave rise many other conditions for Hamilton cycles concerning various pairs and triples of forbidden connected subgraphs under additional connectivity conditions. In this paper we investigate analogous problems when forbidden subgraphs are disconnected which affects more global structures in graphs such as tough structures instead of traditional connectivity structures. In 1997, it was proved that a single forbidden connected subgraph in 2-connected graphs can create only a trivial class of hamiltonian graphs (complete graphs) with . In this paper we prove that a single forbidden subgraph can create a non trivial class of hamiltonian graphs if is disconnected: every -free graph either is hamiltonian or belongs to a well defined class of non hamiltonian graphs; every 1-tough -free graph is hamiltonian. We conjecture that every 1-tough -free graph is hamiltonian and every 1-tough -free graph is hamiltonian.
Conservation, Divergence, and Genome-Wide Distribution ofPALandPOX AGene Families in Plants
Authors: Rawal H. C. , Singh N. K. , Sharma T. R.
Published: March 2013

Genome-wide identification and phylogenetic and syntenic comparison were performed for the genes responsible for phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and peroxidase A (POX A) enzymes in nine plant species representing very diverse groups like legumes (Glycine maxandMedicago truncatula), fruits (Vitis vinifera), cereals (Sorghum bicolor,Zea mays, andOryza sativa), trees (Populus trichocarpa), and model dicot (Arabidopsis thaliana) and monocot (Brachypodium distachyon) species. A total of 87 and 1045 genes in PAL and POX A gene families, respectively, have been identified in these species. The phylogenetic and syntenic comparison along with motif distributions shows a high degree of conservation of PAL genes, suggesting that these genes may predate monocot/eudicot divergence. The POX A family genes, present in clusters at the subtelomeric regions of chromosomes, might be evolving and expanding with higher rate than the PAL gene family. Our analysis showed that during the expansion of POX A gene family, many groups and subgroups have evolved, resulting in a high level of functional divergence among monocots and dicots. These results will act as a first step toward the understanding of monocot/eudicot evolution and functional characterization of these gene families in the future.
Jensen's Inequality for Generalized Peng's -Expectations and Its Applications
Authors: Zong Zhaojun
Published: March 2013

We study Jensen's inequality for generalized Peng's -expectations and give four equivalent conditions on Jensen's inequality for generalized Peng's -expectations without the assumption that the generator is continuous with respect to . This result includes and extends some existing results. Furthermore, we give some applications of Jensen's inequality for generalized Peng's -expectations.
Epithelioid Angiomyolipoma of Liver with an Inflammatory Component: A Case Report
Authors: C. R. Jyothi , Menon Dhanya P. , Augustine Joy , Abdul Siyad A. K.
Published: March 2013

Angiomyolipomas (AMLs) are benign mesenchymal tumors seen in kidneys in association with tuberous sclerosis. They are uncommon in liver. Angiomyolipomas of liver show great histological diversity and various types and patterns are described. Among them, epithelioid and inflammatory angiomyolipomas are rare. We report a case of epithelioid angiomyolipoma of Liver with an inflammatory component.
Patellar Osteoid Osteoma as a Cause of Anterior Knee Pain in Adolescents: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Chillemi Claudio , Franceschini Vincenzo , D’Erme Massimiliano , Ippolito Giorgio , Farsetti Pasquale
Published: March 2013

Anterior Knee Pain (AKP) is an important cause of complaint in adolescents which can suggest many possible diseases. Scientific literature concerning this complex symptom is wide and diversified. We report a rare case of patellar osteoid osteoma which affected a thirteen-year-old female who had suffered from anterior left knee pain for almost six months. The diagnosis was suspected from an accurate anamnesis, a careful clinical examination, and confirmed by imaging. Several minimally invasive techniques can be employed to treat osteoid osteoma. However, we consider CT-guided percutaneous drilling the safest and most effective procedure in case of patellar location. Despite its rarity, patellar osteoid osteoma ranges in the differential diagnosis for all patients suffering from AKP.
A Systematic Approach for Calculating the Symbol Error Rate for the Entire Range of above and below the Threshold Point for the CE-OFDM System
Authors: Pinchas Monika , Pinhasi Yosef
Published: March 2013

Recently, the performance of the constant envelope OFDM (CE-OFDM) was analyzed in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) with the help of a closed-form approximated expression for the symbol error rate (SER). This expression was obtained with the assumption of having a high carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) which, in effect, linearized the phase demodulator (the phase demodulator was implemented with an arctangent calculator) and simplified the analysis. Thus, this expression is not accurate for the lower range of CNR. As a matter of fact, it was already observed that there is a threshold point from which the simulated SER result vanishes from the theoretically obtained expression. In this paper, we present a systematic approach for calculating the SER without assuming having the high CNR case or using linearization techniques. In other words, we derive the SER for the nonlinear case. As a byproduct, we obtain a new closed-form approximated expression for the SER based on the Laplace integral method and the Edgeworth expansion. Simulation results indicate that the simulated results and those obtained from the new derived expression are very close for the entire range of bit energy-to-noise density ratio () above and below the threshold point.
An Alternative for All-Electric Ships Applications: The Synchronous Reluctance Motor
Authors: Proimadis Ioannis Ch. , Spyropoulos Dionysios V. , Mitronikas Epaminondas D.
Published: March 2013

The three-phase synchronous reluctance motor (SynRM) is presented as a possible alternative in all-electric ship applications. The basic features of this motor with regard to the other types of motors are shown. The structure of the motor and specifically the structure of its rotor are analyzed, while the basic operating principles are presented and references on commonly used control strategies are made. In this paper, a demonstration of a reluctance motor fed by a voltage source inverter (VSI) takes place. To demonstrate the operation of the motor fed by a VSI, an example using a scalar control method is implemented, where harmonic injection PWM (HIPWM) is used to drive the VSI. Experimental results on a commercially available motor are shown, focusing on the harmonic content of the current.
A Mechanistic, Stochastic Model Helps Understand Multiple Sclerosis Course and Pathogenesis
Authors: Bordi Isabella , Umeton Renato , Ricigliano Vito A. G. , Annibali Viviana , Mechelli Rosella , Ristori Giovanni , Grassi Francesca , Salvetti Marco , Sutera Alfonso
Published: March 2013

Heritable and nonheritable factors play a role in multiple sclerosis, but their effect size appears too small, explaining relatively little about disease etiology. Assuming that the factors that trigger the onset of the disease are, to some extent, also those that generate its remissions and relapses, we attempted to model the erratic behaviour of the disease course as observed on a dataset containing the time series of relapses and remissions of 70 patients free of disease-modifying therapies. We show that relapses and remissions follow exponential decaying distributions, excluding periodic recurrences and confirming that relapses manifest randomly in time. It is found that a mechanistic model with a random forcing describes in a satisfactory manner the occurrence of relapses and remissions, and the differences in the length of time spent in each one of the two states. This model may describe how interactions between “soft” etiologic factors occasionally reach the disease threshold thanks to comparably small external random perturbations. The model offers a new context to rethink key problems such as “missing heritability” and “hidden environmental structure” in the etiology of complex traits.
Efficacy, Safety, and Long-Term Follow-Up Results of EUS-Guided Transmural Drainage for Pancreatic Pseudocyst
Authors: Kato Shin , Katanuma Akio , Maguchi Hiroyuki , Takahashi Kuniyuki , Osanai Manabu , Yane Kei , Kim Toshifumi , Kaneko Maki , Takaki Ryo , Matsumoto Kazuyuki , Matsumori Tomoaki , Gon Katsushige , Tomonari Akiko
Published: March 2013

Background and Aim. EUS-guided transmural drainage (EUS-GTD) is now considered a minimally invasive and effective alternative to surgery for drainage of symptomatic pancreatic pseudocysts. However, the technique is rather difficult, and sometimes serious complications occur to patients undergoing this procedure. We retrospectively evaluated efficacy, safety, and long-term follow-up results of EUS-GTD for pancreatic pseudocyst. Methods. Sixty-seven patients with pancreatic pseudocyst who underwent EUS-GTD from April 2000 to March 2011 were enrolled. We retrospectively evaluated (1) technical success, (2) clinical success, (3) adverse event of procedure, and (4) long-term follow-up results. Results. Total technical success rate was 88%. Ninety-one percent of external drainage, 79% of internal drainage, and 66% of puncture and aspiration only achieved clinical success. There was only one case with an adverse event, perforation (1.5%). The case required emergency operation. Total recurrence rate was 23.9%. Median follow-up period was 33.9 months. The recurrence rates in the cases of stent remaining, spontaneously dislodged, removed on schedule, external tube removal, and aspiration only were 10.0%, 12.5%, 42.9%, 50%, and 0%, respectively. Conclusion. EUS-GTD is a relatively safe and effective therapeutic method. However, further analysis should be done by larger series to determine the method of EUS-GTD for pancreatic pseudocyst.
Terminal Sliding Mode Control Using Adaptive Fuzzy-Neural Observer
Authors: Xu Dezhi , Jiang Bin , Qian Moshu , Zhao Jing
Published: March 2013

We propose a terminal sliding mode control (SMC) law based on adaptive fuzzy-neural observer for nonaffine nonlinear uncertain system. First, a novel nonaffine nonlinear approximation algorithm is proposed for observer and controller design. Then, an adaptive fuzzy-neural observer is introduced to identify the simplified model and resolve the problem of the unavailability of the state variables. Moreover, based on the information of the adaptive observer, the terminal SMC law is designed. The Lyapunov synthesis approach is used to guarantee a global uniform ultimate boundedness property of the state estimation error and the asymptotic output tracking of the closed-loop control systems in spite of unknown uncertainties/disturbances, as well as all the other signals in the closed-loop system. Finally, using the designed terminal sliding mode controller, the simulation results on the dynamic model demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed new control techniques.
On Connected m-HPK(n1,n2,n3,n4)[Kt]-Residual Graphs
Authors: Duan Huiming , Li Yonghong
Published: March 2013

We define m-HPK(n1,n2,n3,n4)[Kt]-residual graphs in which HPK is a hyperplane complete graph. We extend P. Erdös, F. Harary, and M. Klawe's definition of plane complete residual graph to hyperplane and obtain the hyperplane complete residual graph. Further, we obtain the minimum order of HPK(n1,n2,n3,n4)[Kt]-residual graphs and m-HPK(n1,n2,n3,n4)[Kt]-residual graphs. In addition, we obtain a unique minimal HPK(n1,n2,n3,n4)[Kt]-residual graphs and a unique minimal m-HPK(n1,n2,n3,n4)[Kt]-residual graphs.
Novel Therapeutic Strategy to Prevent Chemotherapy-Induced Persistent Sensory Neuropathy By TRPA1 Blockade
Authors: Trevisan Gabriela , Materazzi Serena , Fusi Camilla , Altomare Alessandra , Aldini Giancarlo , Lodovici Maura , Patacchini Riccardo , Geppetti Pierangelo , Nassini Romina
Published: March 2013

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a severe and painful adverse reaction of cancer treatment in patients that is little understood or treated. Cytotoxic drugs that cause CIPN exert their effects by increasing oxidative stress, which activates the ion channel TRPA1 expressed by nociceptors. In this study, we evaluated whether TRPA1 acted as a critical mediator of CIPN by bortezomib or oxaliplatin in a mouse model system. Bortezomib evoked a prolonged mechanical, cold, and selective chemical hypersensitivity (the latter against the TRPA1 agonist allyl isothiocyanate). This CIPN hypersensitivity phenotype that was stably established by bortezomib could be transiently reverted by systemic or local treatment with the TRPA1 antagonist HC-030031. A similar effect was produced by the oxidative stress scavenger α-lipoic acid. Notably, the CIPN phenotype was abolished completely in mice that were genetically deficient in TRPA1, highlighting its essential role. Administration of bortezomib or oxaliplatin, which also elicits TRPA1-dependent hypersensitivity, produced a rapid, transient increase in plasma of carboxy-methyl-lysine, a by-product of oxidative stress. Short-term systemic treatment with either HC-030031 or α-lipoic acid could completely prevent hypersensitivity if administered before the cytotoxic drug. Our findings highlight a key role for early activation/sensitization of TRPA1 by oxidative stress by-products in producing CIPN. Furthermore, they suggest prevention strategies for CIPN in patients through the use of early, short-term treatments with TRPA1 antagonists. Cancer Res; 73(10); 3120–31. ©2013 AACR.
Kidney Dislocation in a Monstrous Inguinal Intestinal Hernia with Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction and Acute on Chronic Renal Failure
Authors: Wendler J.J. , Baumunk D. , Liehr U.-B. , Schostak M.
Published: March 2013

Introduction: Inguinal hernias are the most common hernias in adult males. Abnormalities should be taken into account for therapeutic procedures. This is the first report of a dislocation of a primary orthotopic kidney in a monstrous inguinal intestinal hernia. Case Presentation: This paper reports an incidental finding of a dislocation of a primary orthotopic kidney in a monstrous inguinal intestinal hernia of an 82-year-old patient with intracranial injury and acute kidney failure. Post-renal kidney failure could be excluded by ultrasound and CT examination. The acute renal decompensation resulted from rhabdomyolysis associated with a falling down trauma with crush syndrome and pneumonic septicaemia based on chronic renal failure associated with nephrosclerosis and ureteropelvic junction obstruction conditioned atrophic right kidney. Conclusion: Previous reports in the literature include inguinal-scrotal hernias containing ureter and bladder with post-renal failure or containing ectopic congenital pelvic or transplanted iliac kidney. Our patient is very unusual in that he presented with inguinal herniated, orthotopic, atrophic hydronephrosis with suspicion of congenital ureteropelvic junction obstruction as well as an asymptomatic large intestinal hernia. Reasons for pre-renal acute on chronic renal failure can make it difficult to arrive at a decision of a urological therapy.
Inhibitory Activity of Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) Extract on Some Clinically Isolated Cariogenic and Periodontopathic Bacteria
Authors: Araghizadeh Abdolmehdi , Kohanteb Jamshid , Fani Mohammad Mehdi
Published: March 2013

Objective: To determine the in vitro inhibitory activity of green tea extract on some clinically isolated cariogenic and periodontopathic bacteria. Materials and Methods: Twenty strains of each of Streptococcusmutans, Aggregatibacteractinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonasgingivalis, and Prevotellaintermedia were isolated from carious teeth and periodontal pockets of patients with dental caries and periodontal diseases. Green tea extract was prepared by aqueous extraction method and diluted from 50 to 1.56 mg/ml. Standard techniques of agar disk diffusion and broth microdilution assays were applied for qualitative and quantitative determinations of antibacterial activity of green tea extract on each isolates. Results: All clinical isolates of S. mutans (100%) were sensitive to green tea extract at concentrations 6.25, 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/ml producing inhibition zones ranging from 10 to 38 mm. All periodontopathic isolates (A. actinomycetemcomitans, n = 20, P. intermedia, n = 20, and P. gingivalis, n = 20) (100%) tested were sensitive to 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/ml of this extract. The minimal inhibitory concentration of green tea extract for S. mutans was 3.28 ± 0.7 mg/ml and for A. actinomycetemcomitans 6.25, for P. gingivalis and P. intermedia 12.5 mg/ml. Conclusions: Our findings showed that green tea extract exhibited strong antibacterial activity on S. mutans,A. actinomycetemcomitans,P. gingivalis and P. intermedia and therefore may be used in mouthwashes or dentifrices for prevention of dental caries and periodontal diseases.
Altered Expression of RNA Splicing Proteins in Alzheimer's Disease Patients: Evidence from Two Microarray Studies
Authors: Wong Jenny
Published: March 2013

Background/Aims: Dysregulation of pre-mRNA splicing from an altered expression of RNA splice-regulatory proteins may act as the convergence point underlying aberrant gene expression changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods: Two microarray datasets from a control/AD postmortem brain cohort of 31 subjects - 9 controls and 22 AD subjects (National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database) - were used. Results: Between the two microarray studies, the expression of six splice-regulatory protein genes showed concordant changes in AD. These genes were then correlated with gene expression changes of transcripts reported to be altered in AD. Amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein and tropomyosin receptor kinase B transcripts were found to correlate significantly with the same splice-regulatory proteins in the two studies. Conclusion: This study highlights a susceptibility network that can potentially link a number of susceptibility genes.
Temporal Trends in Treatment and Outcomes for Advanced Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction From 1993–2010
Authors: Loh John C. , Creaser Julie , Rourke Darlene A. , Livingston Nancy , Harrison Tamara K. , Vandenbogaart Elizabeth , Moriguchi Jaime , Hamilton Michele A. , Tseng Chi-Hong , Fonarow Gregg C. , Horwich Tamara B.
Published: March 2013

Background—

Randomized trials have demonstrated the efficacy of several new therapies for heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction over the preceding 2 decades. This study investigates whether these therapeutic advances have translated into improvement in outcomes for patients with advanced HF referred to a heart transplant center.

Methods and Results—

Patients with HF (n=2507) referred to a single university center were analyzed in three 6-year eras during which medical and device therapies were evolving: 1993 to 1998 (era 1), 1999 to 2004 (era 2), and 2005 to 2010 (era 3). Impaired hemodynamics and comorbidities were more frequent at time of referral in later eras, whereas other HF severity parameters where similar or improved. Successive eras had greater usage of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers, β-blockers, aldosterone antagonists, implantable cardioverter defibrillators, and cardiac resynchronization therapy, consistent with evolving evidence and guideline recommendations over the study period. All-cause mortality and sudden death were significantly lower in era 2 and 3 compared with era 1. After multivariable risk adjustment, era 3 had significantly decreased 2- and 3-year all-cause mortality risk and significantly decreased 1- and 3-year sudden death risk compared with era 1. However, progressive HF death and the combined outcome of mortality/urgent transplant/ventricular assist device were modestly increased in the latter eras.

Conclusions—

Over the past 2 decades, patients with advanced HF referred to and managed at a tertiary university referral center have benefited from advances in HF medications and devices, as evidenced by improvements in overall survival and sudden death risk.
Skeletal Muscle Signaling and the Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Response to Exercise
Authors: Mortensen Stefan P. , Svendsen Jesper H. , Ersbøll Mads , Hellsten Ylva , Secher Niels H. , Saltin Bengt
Published: March 2013

Endurance training lowers heart rate and blood pressure responses to exercise, but the mechanisms and consequences remain unclear. To determine the role of skeletal muscle for the cardioventilatory response to exercise, 8 healthy young men were studied before and after 5 weeks of 1-legged knee-extensor training and 2 weeks of deconditioning of the other leg (leg cast). Hemodynamics and muscle interstitial nucleotides were determined during exercise with the (1) deconditioned leg, (2) trained leg, and (3) trained leg with atrial pacing to the heart rate obtained with the deconditioned leg. Heart rate was ≈15 bpm lower during exercise with the trained leg (
P
<0.05), but stroke volume was higher (
P
<0.05) and cardiac output was similar. Arterial and central venous pressures, rate-pressure product, and ventilation were lower during exercise with the trained leg (
P
<0.05), whereas pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was similar. When heart rate was controlled by atrial pacing, stroke volume decreased (
P
<0.05), but cardiac output, peripheral blood flow, arterial pressures, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure remained unchanged. Circulating [norepinephrine], [lactate] and [K
+
] were lower and interstitial [ATP] and pH were higher in the trained leg (
P
<0.05). The lower cardioventilatory response to exercise with the trained leg is partly coupled to a reduced signaling from skeletal muscle likely mediated by K
+
, lactate, or pH, whereas the lower cardiac afterload increases stroke volume. These results demonstrate that skeletal muscle training reduces the cardioventilatory response to exercise without compromising O
2
delivery, and it can therefore be used to reduce the load on the heart during physical activity.
Left-Ventricular Structure in the Southall And Brent REvisited (SABRE) Study
Authors: Park Chloe M. , March Katherine , Ghosh Arjun K. , Jones Siana , Coady Emma , Tuson Claire , Francis Darrel , Mayet Jamil , Tillin Therese , Chaturvedi Nish , Hughes Alun D.
Published: March 2013

Cardiometabolic risk is elevated in South Asians and African Caribbeans compared with Europeans, yet whether this is associated with ethnic differences in left-ventricular structure is unclear. Conventional M-mode or 2-dimensional echocardiography may be misleading, because they calculate left-ventricular mass and remodeling using geometric assumptions. Left-ventricular structure was compared in a triethnic population-based cohort using conventional and 3-dimensional echocardiography on 895 individuals (aged 55–85 years; 427 European, 325 South Asian, 143 African Caribbean). Left-ventricular mass was indexed, and left-ventricle remodeling index and relative wall thickness were calculated. Anthropometry, blood pressure, and fasting bloods were measured. Three-dimensional left-ventricular mass index did not differ between Europeans (mean±SE, 29.8±0.3 g/m
2.7
) and African Caribbeans (29.9±0.5 g/m
2.7
;
P
=0.9), but it was significantly lower in South Asians (28.1±0.4 g/m
2.7
;
P
<0.0001) compared with Europeans. These findings persisted on multivariate adjustment. In contrast, conventional left-ventricle mass index was significantly higher in African Caribbeans (46.4±0.9 g/m
2.7
) than in Europeans (41.9±0.5 g/m
2.7
;
P
<0.0001). Left-ventricle remodeling index was the highest in African Caribbeans and the lowest in South Asians. Relative wall thickness was also higher in African Caribbeans, but no different in South Asians, compared with Europeans. Differences in left-ventricle remodeling index were attenuated by adjustment for cardiometabolic factors between African Caribbeans and Europeans only. In conclusion, left-ventricular mass is lower in South Asians and equivalent in African Caribbeans compared with Europeans, even when cardiometabolic risk factors are accounted for. Left-ventricular remodeling rather than hypertrophy may explain the increased risk of heart failure in people of African Caribbean origin.
A Novel Mechanism for Vascular Insulin Resistance in Normotensive Young SHRs
Authors: Xing Wenjuan , Yan Wenjun , Liu Peilin , Ji Lele , Li Youyou , Sun Lu , Tao Ling , Zhang Haifeng , Gao Feng
Published: March 2013

Vascular insulin resistance contributes to elevated peripheral vascular resistance and subsequent hypertension. Clinical observation showed that lower plasma adiponectin concentration is significantly associated with hypertension. This study was aimed to determine whether hypoadiponectinemia induces vascular insulin resistance before systemic hypertension and the underlying mechanisms. Four-week-old young spontaneously hypertensive rats (ySHRs, normotensive) and adiponectin knockout (KO; APN
-/-
) mice were used to evaluate the role of hypoadiponectinemia in insulin-induced vasodilation of resistance vessels. ySHRs showed significant vascular insulin resistance as evidenced by the blunted vasorelaxation response to insulin in mesenteric arterioles compared with that of age-matched Wistar-Kyoto controls. Serum adiponectin and mesenteric arteriolar APPL1 (an adaptor protein that mediates adiponectin signaling) expression of ySHRs were significantly reduced. In addition, Akt and endothelial NO synthase phosphorylation and NO production in arterioles were markedly reduced, whereas extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation and endothelin-1 secretion were augmented in ySHRs. APN
-/-
mice showed significantly decreased APPL1 expression and vasodilation evoked by insulin. More importantly, treatment of ySHRs in vivo with the globular domain of adiponectin for 1 week increased APPL1 expression and insulin-induced vasodilation, and restored the balance between insulin-stimulated endothelial vasodilator NO and vasoconstrictor endothelin-1. In cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells, globular domain of adiponectin upregulated APPL1 expression. Suppression of APPL1 expression with small interfering RNA markedly blunted the globular domain of adiponectin-induced insulin sensitization as evidenced by reduced Akt/endothelial NO synthase and potentiated ERK1/2 phosphorylations. In conclusion, hypoadiponectinemia induces APPL1 downregulation in the resistance vessels, contributing to the development of vascular insulin resistance by differentially modulating the Akt/endothelial NO synthase/NO and ERK1/2/endothelin-1 pathways in vascular endothelium in normotensive ySHRs.