bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comment devient-on Européen? Wittgenstein et Malinowski, ou la méthode de Ernest Gellner
Authors: Assayag Jackie
Published: October 2008

«Y contredire est un devoir»

René Char

Assurément, il est/ des savoirsqui ont force et maîtrise, et qui impressionnent par la liberté avec laquelle ils sont exposés. Les questions soulevées par ces travaux s’imposent d’emblée comme des évidences, surtout lorsqu’ils sont portés par un « style qui fait l’homme» et mis en œuvre par une personnalité auxcompétences multiples: philosophe, épistémologue, anthropologue, sociologue et historien, goûtant fort, de surcroît, la polémique. Tel est le cas de l’ultime livre de celui qui a été décrit comme « l’un des derniers grands intellectuels de l’Europe centrale », Ernest Gellner, plus exactement de l’un des deux ouvrages sur lesquels il travaillait avant sa mort soudaine, le 5 novembre 1995, à Prague.
Le millénarisme: idéologie de l’impérialisme eurasiatique?
Authors: Bethencourt Francisco
Published: October 2008

Dans son article« Du Tage au Gange auXVIesiècle: une conjoncture millénariste à l’échelle eurasiatique », Sanjay Subrahmanyam propose comme exemple d’histoire connectée le millénarisme, qu’il caractérise comme l’idéologie de l’expansion impériale en Europe et en Asie. C’est un outil précieux que le projet d’histoire connectée, à mener parallèlement à l’histoire comparée (que j’ai moi-même pratiquée sur trois chantiers de recherche: la magie, l’Inquisition et l’expansion européenne), pour briser le carcan des historiographies nationales et dépasser les limites de l’historiographie mondiale. L’histoire connectée mise sur un niveau intermédiaire d’analyse, flexible et pertinent, en reconstituant les échanges sociaux, culturels, politiques et économiques concrets, non seulement dans le cadre de régions de frontières mais aussi dans celui de larges espaces intercontinentaux. Pour autant, je suis en total désaccord avec la thèse présentée par l’auteur ainsi qu’avec sa démarche, que je considère expéditive et en rupture avec les méthodes les plus élémentaires des sciences sociales.
Ceci n’est pas un débat…
Authors: Subrahmanyam Sanjay
Published: October 2008

Il convient tout d’abordde rappeler au lecteur le contexte de la publication de mon essai: « Du Tage au Gange auXVIesiècle: une conjoncture millénariste à l’échelle eurasiatique ». Depuis quelques années, le problème du rapport épistémologique entre l’histoire européenne et l’histoire non européenne est au centre des débats en Europe. Nous nous trouvons confrontés à deux modèles dominants: le premier considère l’histoire non européenne comme purement exotique et autonome, sans importance pour le «vrai » champ historique – autrement dit l’histoire européenne; le deuxième conçoit le monde non européen comme un espace où les Européens agirent dans le cadre de leur « expansion » à l’époque moderne, mais qui ne contribuait en rien à l’histoire du centre. C’est ce deuxième modèle que l’on trouve le plus souvent dans les histoires traditionnelles étudiant les empires européens, telles qu’elles sont produites encore aujourd’hui en Angleterre ou au Portugal. Sur le plan institutionnel, confiner l’histoire non européenne dans le cadre des « aires culturelles » (en anglais:area studies) a paru hautement problématique à un certain nombre d’entre nous, ce qui m’a encouragé (en collaboration avec Serge Gruzinski) à proposer une série de réflexions autour de ce sujet. LesAnnalesont publié nos deux textes sous forme de dossier, ainsi que celui de R. Bin Wong, avec des commentaires de Maurice Aymard et Roger Chartier, tout en invitant ses lecteurs à un débat sur les « conditions de possibilités, aujourd’hui, d’une autre histoire globale ».
Temporalités en regard Le Vieil Ordre amish entreslowetfast time
Authors: Randaxhe Fabienne
Published: October 2008

Résumés

Affecté par la modernisation américaine, l’Old Order Amish, communauté traditionnelle héritière de l’anabaptisme européen, connaît une transformation de son rapport au temps. Le propos analyse ces changements de temporalité qui distinguent deux temps, l’un ditslow, l’autrefast.Ce manichéisme conceptuel articule les représentations que les amish se font de la tradition et de la modernité. Temps du monde moderne, lefast timegagne aussi l’univers communautaire amish et oblige les fidèles à des adaptations pratiques et sémantiques qui puissent rendre cette intrusion compatible avec l’univers de la tradition. L’utopie et l’exaltation d’un retour à la terre délaissée pour l’artisanat apparaissent alors comme une tentative de sortie de ce dualisme temporel.
LatechouvaNouvelle orthodoxie juive et conversion interne
Authors: Podselver Laurence
Published: October 2008

Résumés

Le judaïsme, plus que toute autre religion, a été affecté par un ample mouvement de sécularisation lié à son émancipation politique. Toutefois, depuis quelques années en France, on peut observer un mouvement de retour au judaïsme. Bien qu’il ne représente qu’une minorité des juifs revenus à la religion, le hassidisme Loubavitch a anticipé un mouvement plus large et hétérogène de re-conversion interne, après que les juifs eurent dans leur ensemble été acquis à la laïcité. C’est ce «retour» que nous considérons comme une véritable conversion puisqu’il opère, chez les nouveaux adeptes, des changements profonds concernant tout autant l’organisation de la vie au quotidien que le sentiment identitaire.
Entre histoire et mémoire L’Inquisition à l’époque moderne: dix ans d’historiographie
Authors: Dedieu Jean-Pierre , Carvacho René Millar
Published: October 2008

Les études sur l’Inquisition, cette institution spécifiquement établie par l’Èglise catholique pour la répression judiciaire de l’hérésie, ont la vertu d’intéresser le grand public. Le flot des publications, abondant depuis le début duXIXesiècle, ne s’est jamais tari. Les raisons de ce succès ne sont pas seulement scientifiques. La plupart des auteurs – même parmi les plus estimables et les plus solides – comme des lecteurs règlent par ce biais des comptes avec l’Èglise catholique, symbole d’une culture dominante perçue comme étouffante, et posent en fait des revendications identitaires. D’autres, au contraire – il y a généralement moins à glaner dans leurs travaux –, se placent dans une perspective apologétique. Bref, nous touchons, avec l’Inquisition, un domaine où le discours de l’historien est directement en prise avec la conscience de ses contemporains.
Two Cases of Acrometastasis to the Hands and Review of the Literature
Authors: Flynn C. J. , Danjoux C. , Wong J. , Christakis M. , Rubenstein J. , Yee A. , Yip D. , Chow E.
Published: October 2008

This paper reports two cases of acrometastasis to the hands. The first case involved a 78-year-old woman with a permeative osteolytic lesion in her proximal second metacarpal. A biopsy of this lesion suggested a diagnosis of non-small-cell lung carcinoma with secondary osseous metastasis. This was the first presentation of the woman’s primary diagnosis. A single 8-Gy fraction of palliative radiotherapy was delivered to the patient’s left hand. The treatment proved successful: the woman soon experienced pain relief and regained the use of her hand. The second case involved a 69- year-old woman with extensive lytic destruction involving the proximal two thirds of her third metacarpal. This patient had been diagnosed with carcinoma of the breast in 1990. She also received a single 8-Gy fraction of radiation, which improved both her pain and her hand mobility. An extensive review of the literature uncovered 257 previously reported cases of acrometastasis. Articles were analyzed based on age and sex of the patient, site of the primary carcinoma, metastatic locations within the hand and affected appendage or appendages, the treatment given, and the patient’s length of survival. Men were almost twice as likely to experience acrometastasis as women, and the median age of the patients overall was 58 years (range: 18 months–91 years). Lung, kidney, and breast carcinoma were the three most prevalent primary diagnoses reported in the literature. Cancers of the colon, stomach, liver, prostate, and rectum affected the remainder of the population. Overall, the right hand was more often host to the metastatic lesions. In addition, almost 10% of the patients experienced lesions in both hands. The third finger was the digit most affected by osseous metastases reported in the literature. Lesions of the thumb, fourth finger, second finger, and fifth finger were less commonly reported. The region of the digit most often affected within the patient population was the distal phalanx. The metacarpal bones, proximal phalanges, and middle phalanges comprised the remainder of the four most frequent acrometastatic sites. In the literature, single lesions were more prevalent than multiple bony lesions. Based on the reported cases, amputation appeared to be the preferred method of treatment. Radiation, excision, and systemic therapy were the next most frequently used treatments. Patient survival was not well documented within the literature. However, the median survival of patients in the reported cases was 6 months. Thus, our review suggested that a diagnosis of hand metastasis is an indication of poor prognosis. This report serves to emphasize the importance of properly diagnosing acrometastases. Identifying and effectively treating these metastases in a timely manner can lead to a dramatic improvement in a patient’s quality of life.
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors as Novel Anticancer Therapeutics
Authors: Walkinshaw D. R. , Yang X. J.
Published: October 2008

Histone deacetylase inhibitors represent a promising new class of compounds for the treatment of cancer. Inhibitors of this kind currently under clinical evaluation mainly target the classical (Rpd3/Hda1) family of histone deacetylases. Of particular note, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recently approved the first histone deacetylase inhibitor (Zolinza: Merck and Co., Whitehouse Station, NJ, U.S.A.) for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Dozens of such inhibitors are now in phase II–III clinical trials, sometimes in combination with other chemotherapy drugs, for diverse cancer types, including both hematologic and solid tumours. In this mini-review, we provide an overview of the histone deacetylase superfamily, highlight the positive results of deacetylase inhibitors in cancer clinical trials, and comment on the prospects for the next generation of such inhibitors.
The association between physical activity and hot flash severity, frequency, and duration in mid‐life women
Authors: Romani William A. , Gallicchio Lisa , Flaws Jodi A.
Published: October 2008

The value of physical activity to reduce vasomotor symptoms has yet to be determined conclusively. As a result, we used a cross‐sectional population‐based design to examine the association between self reported physical activity level and hot flash symptoms in 45–54‐year‐old women. Participants (n = 603) completed a detailed survey to report physical activity level at work, home, and leisure as well as a detailed history of the frequency and severity of hot flash symptoms. Results showed that higher levels of physical activity were significantly associated with increasing odds of moderate or severe hot flashes (P for trend = 0.02). These findings suggest that there is a positive relation between physical activity and moderate or severe hot flash symptoms but no relation between physical activity and the reporting of any hot flashes, daily hot flashes, or hot flashes experienced for greater than 1 year. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Age at menarche and the evidence for a positive secular trend in urban South Africa
Authors: Jones Laura L. , Griffiths Paula L. , Norris Shane A. , Pettifor John M. , Cameron Noël
Published: October 2008

Menarcheal age was estimated for 287 (188 Black; 99 White) urban South African girls born in Soweto‐Johannesburg in 1990. The median menarcheal age for Blacks was 12.4 years (95% confidence interval (CI) 12.2, 12.6) and 12.5 years (95% CI 11.7, 13.3) for Whites. Data from six studies of menarcheal age, including the current study, were analyzed to examine the evidence for a secular trend between 1956 and 2004 in urban South African girls. There was evidence of a statistically significant secular trend for Blacks, but not Whites. Average menarcheal age for Blacks decreased from 14.9 years (95% CI 14.8, 15.0) in 1956 to 12.4 years (95% CI 12.2, 12.6) in the current study, an average decline of 0.50 years per decade. Fewer data were available for Whites, but average menarcheal age decreased from 13.1 years (95% CI 13.0, 13.2) in 1977 to 12.5 years (95% CI 11.7, 13.3) in the current study, an average decline of 0.22 years per decade. The diminishing age at menarche and the current lack of difference between Blacks and Whites is probably reflective of the continuing nutritional and socio‐economic transition occurring within South Africa. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Near miss and minor occupational injury: Does it share a common causal pathway with major injury?
Authors: Alamgir Hasanat , Yu Shicheng , Gorman Erin , Ngan Karen , Guzman Jaime
Published: October 2008

Background

An essential assumption of injury prevention programs is the common cause hypothesis that the causal pathways of near misses and minor injuries are similar to those of major injuries.

Methods

The rates of near miss, minor injury and major injury of all reported incidents and musculoskeletal incidents (MSIs) were calculated for three health regions using information from a surveillance database and productive hours from payroll data. The relative distribution of individual causes and activities involved in near miss, minor injury and major injury were then compared.

Results

For all reported incidents, there were significant differences in the relative distribution of causes for near miss, minor, and major injury. However, the relative distribution of causes and activities involved in minor and major MSIs were similar. The top causes and activities involved were the same across near miss, minor, and major injury.

Conclusions

Finding from this study support the use of near miss and minor injury data as potential outcome measures for injury prevention programs. Am. J. Ind. Med. 52:69–75, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence of organizational injustice in poultry processing plants: Possible effects on occupational health and safety among latino workers in North Carolina
Authors: Marín Antonio J. , Grzywacz Joseph G. , Arcury Thomas A. , Carrillo Lourdes , Coates Michael L. , Quandt Sara A.
Published: October 2008

Background

Over 250,000 workers are employed in poultry processing, one of the most dangerous industries in the US. These jobs are increasingly held by immigrant workers who are frequently undocumented, lack knowledge of workers' rights to workplace safety, and who are reluctant to pursue their rights. This situation creates the potential for organizational injustice, made visible through abusive supervisory practices, and leads to situations in which occupational illnesses and injuries are likely to occur.

Methods

This paper draws on data collected during the research phases of a community‐based participatory research and social justice project. Two hundred survey interviews and 26 in‐depth interviews were collected in representative, community‐based samples in western North Carolina. Analyses describe associations between one aspect of organizational injustice, abusive supervision, and worker injuries.

Results

Workers' reports of abusive supervision are associated with a variety of specific and summary health indicators. The associations are stronger for women than for men. These suggest that the use of relative power within the plant may be the basis for injuries and illnesses. Three types of power relations are described that form the basis for these abusive interactions in the plant: ethnicity (American vs. Latino), immigration status (“good papers” vs. undocumented), and rank (supervisor vs. worker). Two factors modify these relations: kinship (preferences and privileges for family members) and gender.

Conclusions

Among Latino immigrants working in poultry plants, power differences reflecting organizational injustice in the form of abusive supervision may promote occupational illnesses and injuries, particularly for women. Am. J. Ind. Med. 52:37–48, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Psychosocial factors and shoulder symptom development among workers
Authors: Smith Caroline K. , Silverstein Barbara A. , Fan Z. Joyce , Bao Stephen , Johnson Peter W.
Published: October 2008

Background

Shoulder injuries are a common cause of pain and discomfort. Many work‐related factors have been associated with the onset of shoulder symptoms. The psychosocial concepts in the demand–control model have been studied in association with musculoskeletal symptoms but with heterogeneous findings. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between the psychosocial concepts of the demand–control model and the incidence of shoulder symptoms in a working population.

Methods

After following 424 subjects for approximately 1 year, 85 incident cases were identified from self‐reported data. Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to assess the associations between shoulder symptoms and demand–control model quadrants.

Results

Cases were more likely to be female and report other upper extremity symptoms at baseline (P < 0.05). From the hazard models, being in either a passive or high strain job quadrant was associated with the incidence of shoulder symptoms. Hazard ratios were 2.17, 95% CI 1.02–4.66 and 2.19, 95% CI 1.08–4.42, respectively.

Conclusions

Using self‐reporting to determine demand–control quadrants was successful in identifying subjects at risk of developing work‐related shoulder symptoms. Research is needed to determine if this relationship holds with clinically diagnosed shoulder and other upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders. This may be part of a simple tool for assessing risk of developing these UEMSDs. Am. J. Ind. Med. 52:57–68, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thermogravimetric analysis and morphological behavior of melamine‐formaldehyde filled polyvinyl acetate—Polyester nonwoven fabric composites
Authors: Kumar M. N. Satheesh , Siddaramaiah
Published: October 2008

The objective of the present research work is to study the effect of different amounts of melamine‐formaldehyde (MF) viz., 0–20 parts by dry weight on the thermal stability of polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) latex impregnated polyester nonwoven fabric composites. From the thermogravimetric analysis, the improvement in thermal stability of the composites was noticed with increase in the MF content. Composites fabricated with five parts MF‐incorporated PVAc showed a drastic increase in the onset degradation temperature when compared with unfilled composites. It was found that the degradation of MF‐loaded PVAc‐polyester nonwoven fabric composites takes place in two steps. Degradation kinetic parameters were calculated for the composites using Broido and Horowitz‐Metzger methods. The tensile fractured composite specimens were analyzed using scanning electron microscope to know the morphological behavior. The increased percentage ash content also supports for the increased thermal stability of the composites with increasing the MF content in the system. The adhesion between the fiber and matrix can be seen from scanning electron microphotographs. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
In‐situ polymerized phenolic resin for reinforcement of chloroprene and ethylene–propylene rubber vulcanizates
Authors: Ye Linzhong , Zhang Yongheng
Published: October 2008

Phenolic resin (PF) was incorporated into rubbers by in situ polymerization at the vulcanization conditions of rubbers. The PF with a localized three‐dimensional network structure was formed in chloroprene rubber (CR), whereas the fabric PF was formed in ethylene–propylene rubber (EPDM). The study results showed that the PF phase was effective on reinforcing these rubbers. Depending on the morphologies of the formed PF phases, various rubber properties could be significantly enhanced. In the case of CR rubber, the tensile strength, tear strength, and modulus could be considerably enhanced, but the elongation and resilience properties were limitedly affected by PF addition. For EPDM rubber, all mechanical properties were improved, particularly the elongation, about 26% increase. The substantial improvements of mechanical properties of CR and EPDM rubbers were attributed to their morphology, high flexibility, moderate stiffness, and excellent bonding with rubber matrix. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Preparation and characterization of thermostable chiral extended polyamides bearing N‐phthaloyl‐L‐leucine pendent architectures in green media
Authors: Mallakpour Shadpour , Meratian Shahrzad
Published: October 2008

Ionic liquids (ILs) are often well‐known benign solvents capable of replacing conventional organic solvents, and they have become attractive solvents for many chemical reactions. Aromatic polyamides (PAs) have received particular interest in past years because of their high thermal and chemical resistance and their potential as high‐performance materials for different applications. In this investigation, the preparation of extended PAs derived from 5‐aminoisophthalic acid containing chiral pendent linkage (N‐phthaloyl‐L‐leucine) with various aromatic diamines was studied. The bulky monomer 5‐(4‐methyl‐2‐phthalimidylpentanoylamino)isophthalic acid was prepared in three steps. Direct polyamidation of this monomer with several commercially available diamines in the presence of IL (1,3‐dipropylimidazolium bromide) and triphenyl phosphite gave novel PAs in good yields and inherent viscosities in the range of 0.38–0.55 dL g−1. Because of the existence of amino acid in this architect, the resulting polymers are optically active. All of these PAs showed good solubility and readily dissolved in many organic solvents. Characterization of all the products was performed by FTIR, specific rotation, and representative ones by 1H NMR, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). TGA exhibited that two elite polymers were stable, with 10% weight loss recorded above 410 and 430°C in the nitrogen atmosphere. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
In situ synthesis of polyamide 6/MWNTs nanocomposites by anionic ring opening polymerization
Authors: Yan Dongguang , Xie Tingxiu , Yang Guisheng
Published: October 2008

In situ anionic ring opening polymerization is used to prepare monomer casting polyamide 6 (MCPA6)/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) nanocomposites, whereby water is used as auxiliary dispersing agent of hydroxyl functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs‐OH) and ε‐caprolactam (CL) monomer. The MWNTs‐OH were dispersed homogenously in MCPA6 matrix when being observed through transmission electron microcopy. The well dispersed MWNTs‐OH existed at the center of many radial texture phases in MCPA6 matrix. Polarizing microscope analysis showed that these radial texture phases were MCPA6 spherulitic crystallities. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis revealed that the crystallization temperature of the MCPA6/MWNTs‐OH nanocomposites had been improved by adding only 0.2 wt % MWNTs‐OH when compared with pure MCPA6. The influence of MWNTs‐OH on the thermal stability of MCPA6 under nitrogen and air environments was also investigated by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Preparation, characterization, and adsorption properties of cellulose acetate‐polyaniline membranes
Authors: Rodríguez F. , Castillo‐Ortega M. M. , Encinas J. C. , Grijalva H. , Brown F. , Sánchez‐Corrales V. M. , Castaño V. M.
Published: October 2008

Four lots of cellulose acetate (CA) membranes, modified with polyacrylic acid, using various plasticizers, and coated with polyaniline (PANI) were prepared. The morphology of the membranes was evaluated by using scanning electron microscopy, and the membranes showed larger pore size when the plasticizers were used. The electrical conductivity of the modified membranes and coated with PANI increased by two orders of magnitude when the plasticizer triphenyl phosphate was used. The strain at break improved by an order of magnitude and the glass transition temperature (Tg) showed an average decrease of 36°C when the membranes were plasticized. Finally, these membranes were tested as ion‐exchange materials of a gold‐iodide complex. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Viscoplastic constitutive modeling of polymers—Flow rules and the plane strain response
Authors: Sweeney J. , Naz S. , Coates P. D.
Published: October 2008

Plane strain compression tests, measuring both axial and transverse forces, are performed on ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene up to true axial strains of −0.4. As the deformation proceeds, the transverse stress becomes an increasing proportion of the axial stress, with the proportion growing from its initial value of 0.5 up to a value of 0.8. A constitutive model is applied that combines Ogden models and Eyring processes. It is found that when a Levy‐Mises flow rule is used in conjunction with the Eyring model, the predicted ratio of transverse to axial stress remains much smaller than that observed, and is not greatly affected by changes in the Ogden exponent. However, when the flow rule is replaced by one that incorporates strain‐induced anisotropy, realistic predictions are possible. For each Ogden model, we associate a flow rule for which the transverse strains in both the Ogden and Eyring models are individually zero. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Highly processable ternary systems based on benzoxazine, epoxy, and phenolic resins for carbon fiber composite processing
Authors: Rimdusit Sarawut , Jongvisuttisun Passarin , Jubsilp Chanchira , Tanthapanichakoon Wiwut
Published: October 2008

Effects of resin compositions in ternary systems of benzoxazine, epoxy, and phenolic novolac resins on processability, and thermomechanical properties of their carbon fiber‐reinforced composites are investigated. At suitable range of resin mass ratios, the ternary mixtures can provide a relatively wide processing window ranging from 50 to 200°C by maintaining their low A‐stage viscosity for a relatively long time which is crucial in the fiber preimpregnating process. Furthermore, relatively long shelf‐life of the ternary mixtures stored at room temperature (∼ 30°C) up to 270 days is obtained with minimal effect on their processability. The optimum mass ratio of B : E : P was determined to be 3 : 6 : 2, i.e., BEP362 resin. Finally, the carbon fiber composite based on BEP362 was found to exhibit substantial enhancement in its mechanical properties. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Preparation and physical properties of LLDPE grafted with novel nonionic surfactants
Authors: Li Lili , Yin Jinghua , Costa Giovanna , Stagnaro Paola
Published: October 2008

Copolymers of linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) grafted with two novel nonionic surfactants, acrylic glycerol monostearate ester (AGMS) and acrylic polyoxyethylenesorbitan monooleate ester (ATWEEN80), containing hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups and 1‐olefin double bond were prepared by using a plasticorder at 190°C. To evaluate the grafting degree, two different approaches based on 1H‐NMR data were proposed, and FTIR calibration was showed to validate these methods. The rheological response of the molten polymers, determined under dynamic shear flow at small‐amplitude oscillations, indicated that crosslinking formation of the chains could be decreased with increasing the monomer concentration. Their thermal behavior was studied by DSC and polarization microscope (PLM): The crystallization temperature (TC) of grafted LLDPE shifted to higher temperature compared with neat LLDPE because the grafted chains acted as nucleating agents. Water and glycerol were used to calculate the surface free energy of grafted LLDPE films. The results indicated that the novel polyoxyethylene surfactant ATWEEN80 could greatly improve the hydrophilicity of LLDPE and the surface free energy varied from 33 mN/m of neat LLDPE to 106 mN/m of the grafted LLDPE film. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
A study on swelling behavior of poly(p‐chloro styrene) networks in some aromatic hydrocarbons and linear poly(p‐chloro styrene) solutions
Authors: Celik Onur , Sakar Dolunay , Cakar Fatih , Cankurtaran Ozlem , Karaman Ferdane
Published: October 2008

Crosslinked networks (NPPCS) and linear polymers (LPPCS) of poly (p‐chloro styrene) were synthesized by free‐radical polymerization of p‐chloro styrene. NPPCS networks were swollen in four different molecular weights of LPPCS solutions in toluene at three different concentrations. The equilibrium swelling results were evaluated by means of Flory‐Rehner theory to obtain network–linear polymer interaction parameter, χ′23 between NPPCS and LPPCS. It was concluded that the parameter χ′23 decreased with molecular weight but increased with concentration of LPPCS in outer solution. The solvent independent interaction parameter between NPPCS and PPCS was estimated as 0.7 by extrapolation of the values of χ′23 to zero value of the fraction ratio of solvent to linear polymer, ν1/ν3 inside the network. As well as, the binary interaction parameters, χ12 of NPPCS with benzene, ethyl benzene, n‐propyl benzene and isopropyl benzene were obtained by means of Flory‐Rehner theory at temperatures between 25 and 55°C. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Noncovalent probes for the investigation of structure and dynamics of protein‐nucleic acid assemblies: The case of NC‐mediated dimerization of genomic RNA in HIV‐1
Authors: Turner Kevin B. , Kohlway Andrew S. , Hagan Nathan A. , Fabris Daniele
Published: October 2008

The nature of specific RNA‐RNA and protein‐RNA interactions involved in the process of genome dimerization and isomerization in HIV‐1, which is mediated in vitro by stemloop 1 (SL1) of the packaging signal and by the nucleocapsid (NC) domain of the viral Gag polyprotein, was investigated by using archetypical nucleic acid ligands as noncovalent probes. Small‐molecule ligands make contact with their target substrates through complex combinations of H‐bonds, salt bridges, and hydrophobic interactions. Therefore, their binding patterns assessed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry can provide valuable insights into the factors determining specific recognition between species involved in biopolymer assemblies. In the case of SL1, dimerization and isomerization create unique structural features capable of sustaining stable interactions with classic nucleic acid ligands. The binding modes exhibited by intercalators and minor groove binders were adversely affected by the significant distortion of the duplex formed by palindrome annealing in the kissing‐loop (KL) dimer, whereas the modes observed for the corresponding extended duplex (ED) confirmed a more regular helical structure. Consistent with the ability to establish electrostatic interactions with highly negative pockets typical of helix anomalies, polycationic aminoglycosides bound to the stem‐bulge motif conserved in all SL1 conformers, to the unpaired nucleotides located at the hinge between kissing hairpins in KL, and to the exposed bases flanking the palindrome duplex in ED. The patterns afforded by intercalators and minor groove binders did not display detectable variations when the corresponding NC‐SL1 complexes were submitted to probing. In contrast, aminoglycosides displayed the ability to compete with the protein for overlapping sites, producing opposite effects on the isomerization process. Indeed, displacing NC from the stem‐bulges of the KL dimer induced inhibition of stem melting and decreased the efficiency of isomerization. Competition for the hinge region, instead, eliminated the NC stabilization of a grip motif formed by nucleobases of opposite strands, thus facilitating the strand‐exchange required for isomerization. These noncovalent probes provided further evidence that the structural context of the actual binding sites has significant influence on the chaperone activities of NC, which should be taken in account when developing potential drug candidates aimed at disrupting genome dimerization and isomerization in HIV‐1. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 91: 283–296, 2009.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Beyond eco‐efficiency: a resilience perspective
Authors: Korhonen Jouni , Seager Thomas P.
Published: October 2008

Business strategy with regard to sustainability is currently dominated by an eco‐efficiency approach that seeks to simultaneously reduce costs and environmental impacts using tactics such as waste minimization or reuse, pollution prevention or technological improvement. However, in practice, eco‐efficiency optimization rarely results in improved diversity or adaptability and consequently may have perverse consequences to sustainability by eroding the resilience of production systems. This editorial article contrasts a resilience approach with an eco‐efficiency approach as they relate to strategic sustainable development. In some cases, the system attributes that are critically important to resilience – such as spare capacity, reserve resource stocks and redundancy – are in opposition to eco‐efficiency. Our most important insight is the realization that investments in what may seem counter to eco‐efficiency can nonetheless be important for sustainability. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Glucose metabolism by lymphocytes, macrophages, and tumor cells from Walker 256 tumor‐bearing rats supplemented with fish oil for one generation
Authors: Aikawa Júlia , Moretto Karla D. , Denes Francilene , Yamazaki Ricardo K. , Freitas Fábio A. P. , Hirabara Sandro M. , Tchaikovski Osvaldo , Kaelher Marcos de A. , Brito Gleysson A. P. , Curi Rui , Fernandes Luiz C.
Published: October 2008

Here we investigated the effect of lifelong supplementation of the diet with coconut fat (CO, rich in saturated fatty acids) or fish oil (FO, rich in n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) on tumor growth and lactate production from glucose in Walker 256 tumor cells, peritoneal macrophages, spleen, and gut‐associated lymphocytes. Female Wistar rats were supplemented with CO or FO prior to mating and then throughout pregnancy and gestation and then the male offspring were supplemented from weaning until 90 days of age. Then they were inoculated subcutaneously with Walker 256 tumor cells. Tumor weight at 14 days in control rats (those fed standard chow) and CO supplemented was approximately 30 g. Supplementation of the diet with FO significantly reduced tumor growth by 76%. Lactate production (nmol h−1 mg−1 protein) from glucose by Walker 256 cells in the group fed regular chow (W) was 381.8 ± 14.9. Supplementation with coconut fat (WCO) caused a significant reduction in lactate production by 1.6‐fold and with fish oil (WFO) by 3.8‐fold. Spleen lymphocytes obtained from W and WCO groups had markedly increased lactate production (553 ± 70 and 635 ± 150) when compared to non‐tumor‐bearing rats (∼260 ± 30). FO supplementation reduced significantly the lactate production (297 ± 50). Gut‐associated lymphocytes obtained from W and WCO groups increased lactate production markedly (280 ± 31 and 276 ± 25) when compared to non‐tumor‐bearing rats (∼90 ± 18). FO supplementation reduced significantly the lactate production (168 ± 14). Lactate production by peritoneal macrophages was increased by tumor burden but there was no difference between the groups fed the various diets. Lifelong consumption of FO protects against tumor growth and modifies glucose metabolism in Walker tumor cells and lymphocytes but not in macrophages. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient DNA Binding and Nuclear Uptake by Distamycin Derivatives Conjugated to Octa‐arginine Sequences
Authors: Vázquez Olalla , Blanco‐Canosa Juan B. , Vázquez M. Eugenio , Martínez‐Costas Jose , Castedo Luis , Mascareñas José L.
Published: October 2008

Efficient targeting of DNA by designed molecules requires not only careful fine‐tuning of their DNA‐recognition properties, but also appropriate cell internalization of the compounds so that they can reach the cell nucleus in a short period of time. Previous observations in our group on the relatively high affinity displayed by conjugates between distamycin derivatives and bZIP basic regions for A‐rich DNA sites, led us to investigate whether the covalent attachment of a positively charged cell‐penetrating peptide to a distamycin‐like tripyrrole might yield high affinity DNA binders with improved cell internalization properties. Our work has led to the discovery of synthetic tripyrrole–octa‐arginine conjugates that are capable of targeting specific DNA sites that contain A‐rich tracts with low nanomolar affinity; they simultaneously exhibit excellent membrane and nuclear translocation properties in living HeLa cells.
A Theoretical Evaluation of the pKHBand Δ$H{{{\,\ominus}\hfill \atop {\rm HB}\hfill}}}$ Hydrogen‐Bond Scales of Nitrogen Bases
Authors: Besseau François , Graton Jérôme , Berthelot Michel
Published: October 2008

The experimental pKHBhydrogen‐bond (HB) basicity scale and the corresponding Δ${H{{{\ominus}\hfill \atop {\rm HB}\hfill}}}$enthalpic scale of nitrogen compounds are extended and analysed in light of simple theoretical descriptors using the B3LYP density functional method and a medium‐size basis set (6‐31+G(d,p)). The selected training set includes 59 monofunctional unhindered nitrogen bases for which homogeneous and accurate experimental pKHBand Δ${H{{{\ominus}\hfill \atop {\rm HB}\hfill}}}$data have been determined by means of the association equilibrium of the bases with a reference hydrogen‐bond acid, 4‐fluorophenol, in CCl4. The three hybridisation states encountered in the nitrogen atom, sp, sp2and sp3, are equally represented in this data set. A proper estimation of their experimental enthalpy (Δ${H{{{\ominus}\hfill \atop {\rm HB}\hfill}}}$) is directly attainable from the theoretical enthalpy of the complexation reaction with hydrogen fluoride (ΔH⊖(HF)). However, a second parameter is required to calculate with good accuracy the experimental free energy of association represented by pKHB. About 99 % of the variance of the pKHBscale is described by a bilinear equation using the minimum electrostatic potential (Vs,min) of the monomer in addition to the interaction energy (${D{{({\rm HF})\hfill \atop 0\hfill}}}$). The equations are tested for an external set of 99 additional compounds including very different nitrogen bases such asortho‐substituted pyridines, polyazines and azoles. Theoretical calculations give a reliable estimation of hydrogen‐bond basicity provided that the populations of the different isomers of the bases are taken into account by using the Boltzmann law, and that a specific halogen‐bond interaction with the solvent CCl4is considered for polybasic molecules. The pKHBscale can thus be extended to important classes of species experimentally inaccessible in CCl4, to polynitrogen compounds and to molecules of biological significance.
“Chemical Ligation”: A Versatile Method for Nucleoside Modification with Boron Clusters
Authors: Wojtczak Błazej A. , Andrysiak Agnieszka , Grüner Bohumír , Lesnikowski Zbigniew J.
Published: October 2008

A general approach to the synthesis of nucleoside conjugates containing carborane and metallocarborane complexes, based on Huisgen 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition (“chemical ligation”), is described. Boron‐cluster‐donors bearing terminal azide or ethynyl groups were prepared in the ring‐opening reaction of dioxane‐boron‐cluster adducts and an azide anion or suitable alkynol‐derived alcoholate nucleophile. Analogous derivatives bearing terminal sulfhydryl groups were also prepared. Nucleosides with various spacers containing terminal azide or ethynyl groups, located within nucleobases or sugar residues, were used as boron‐cluster acceptors. The proposed methodology provides a convenient way to synthesize libraries of boron‐cluster‐modified nucleosides for various applications.
Development of a Library of N‐Substituted Maleimides for the Local Functionalization of Linear Polymer Chains
Authors: Pfeifer Sebastian , Lutz Jean‐François
Published: October 2008

A novel kinetic process was investigated for functionalizing “on‐demand” local regions of well‐defined linear polystyrene chains. This concept relies on the atom transfer radical copolymerization (ATRP) of functional N‐substituted maleimides with styrene. This copolymerization is a controlled radical process, which combines two unique kinetic features: i) all the polymers chains are growing simultaneously and ii) the cross‐propagation of the comonomers is highly‐favored as compared to homopolymerization. Thus, discrete amounts of N‐substituted maleimides (e.g., 1 equiv as compared to initiator) are consumed extremely fast in the copolymerization process and are therefore locally incorporated in narrow regions of the growing polystyrene chains. MALDI‐TOF analysis of model copolymers indicated that this kinetic concept is efficient. Although a sequence distribution is observed, well‐defined polymer chains having only one or two functional maleimide units per chain were found to be the most abundant species. Furthermore, the position of the functional groups in the polystyrene chains can be kinetically‐controlled by adding the N‐substituted maleimides at desired times during the course of the polymerization. This method is very versatile and can be applied to a wide variety of N‐substituted maleimides. Herein, a library of 20 different maleimides bearing various functional groups (e.g., aromatic moieties, fluorinated groups, hydroxy functions, protected esters, protected amines, light‐responsive moieties, fluorophores and biorelevant functions such as short poly(ethylene glycol) segments or biotin moieties) was investigated. In most cases, the functional N‐substituted maleimides could be efficiently incorporated in the polystyrene chains.
Living Radical Polymerization of Acrylates Mediated by 1,3‐Bis(2‐pyridylimino)isoindolatocobalt(II) Complexes: Monitoring the Chain Growth at the Metal
Authors: Langlotz Björn K. , Lloret Fillol Julio , Gross Jürgen H. , Wadepohl Hubert , Gade Lutz H.
Published: October 2008

A new type of mediator for cobalt(II)‐mediated radical polymerization is reported which is based on 1,3‐bis(2‐pyridylimino)isoindolate (bpi) as ancillary ligand. The modular synthesis of the bis(pyridylimino)isoindoles (bpiH) employed in this work is based on the condensation of 2‐aminopyridines with phthalodinitriles. Reaction of the bpiH protio‐ligands with a twofold excess of cobalt(II) acetate or cobalt(II) acetylacetonate in methanol gave [Co(bpi)(OAc)], which crystallize as coordination polymers, and a series of [Co(acac)(bpi)(MeOH)], which are mononuclear octahedral complexes. Upon heating the [Co(acac)(bpi)(MeOH)] compounds to 100 °C under high vacuum, the coordinated methanol was removed to give the five‐coordinate complexes [Co(acac)(bpi)]. The polymerization of methyl acrylate at 60 °C was investigated by using one molar equivalent of the relatively short‐lived radical source 2,2′‐azobis(4‐methoxy‐2,4‐dimethylvaleronitrile) (V‐70) as initiator (monomer/catalyst/V‐70: 600:1:1). The low solubility of the acetato complexes inhibits their significant activity as mediators in this reaction, whereas the acetylacetonate complexes control the radical polymerization of methyl acrylate more effectively. The radical polymerizations of the hexacoordinate complexes did not show a linear increase in number‐average molecular weight (Mn) with conversion; however, the polydispersities were relatively low (PDI=1.12–1.40). By using the pentacoordinate complexes [Co(acac)(bpi)] as mediators, a linear increase in Mn values with conversion, which were very close to the theoretical values for living systems, and very low polydispersities (PDI<1.13) were obtained. This was also achieved in the block copolymerization of methyl acrylate and n‐butyl acrylate. The intermediates with the growing acrylate polymer radical (.PA) were identified by liquid injection field desorption/ionization mass spectrometry as following the general formula [Co(acac)(4‐methoxy‐bpi)‐(MA)n‐R] (MA: methyl acrylate; R: C(CH3)(CH2C(CH3)2OCH3)CN), a notion also confirmed by NMR end‐group analysis.
Hemoglobin on Phosphonic Acid Terminated Self‐Assembled Monolayers at a Gold Electrode: Immobilization, Direct Electrochemistry, and Electrocatalysis
Authors: Chen Yu , Jin Bo , Guo Li‐Rong , Yang Xiao‐Jing , Chen Wei , Gu Gang , Zheng Li‐Min , Xia Xing‐Hua
Published: October 2008

Phosphonic acid (PO3H2) terminated self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) on a gold surface were used as a functional interface to immobilize hemoglobin (Hb). In situ surface‐enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (SEIRAS) measurements show that Hb immobilization is a sluggish process due to formation of multilayer Hb structures on the PO3H2‐terminated SAMs, as revealed by ellipsometry, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and cyclic voltammetry (CV). In the multilayered Hb film, the innermost Hb molecules can directly exchange electrons with the electrode, whereas Hb beyond this layer communicates electronically with the electrode via protein–protein electron exchange. In addition, electrochemical measurements indicate that immobilization of Hb on the PO3H2‐terminated SAMs is not driven by the electrostatic interaction, but likely by hydrogen‐bonding interaction. The immobilized Hb molecules show excellent bioelectrocatalytic activity towards hydrogen peroxide, that is, the PO3H2‐terminated SAMs are promising for construction of third‐generation biosensors.
Photovoltaic activity of Ti/MCM‐41
Authors: Atienzar Pedro , Navarro Maite , Corma Avelino , Garcia Hermenegildo
Published: October 2008

Ti/MCM‐41 is a well‐known heterogeneous catalyst for alkene epoxidation with organic peroxides. This titanosilicate contains isolated titanium atoms forming part of a framework of mesoporous silica whose structure is formed by parallel hexagonal channels 3.2 nm in diameter. The surface area and porosity of Ti/MCM‐41 are about 880 m2 g−1 and 0.70 cm3 g−1, respectively. These values are among the highest for any material. Herein, we show that Ti/MCM‐41 exhibits photovoltaic activity. Dye‐sensitized solar cells using mesoporous Ti/MCM‐41 (2.8–5.7 % Ti content) as active layer, black dye N3 as photosensitizer and I3−/I− in methoxyacetonitrile as electrolyte exhibit a VOC, JSC and FF of 0.44 V, 0.045 mA cm−2 and 0.33, respectively. These values compare well against 0.75 V, 4.1 mA cm−2 and 0.64, respectively, measured for analogous solar cells using conventional P‐25 TiO2. However, the specific current density (JSC/Ti atom) for the Ti/MCM‐41 is very similar to that of P25 TiO2.