bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Layered rare-earth hydroxides: a new family of anion-exchangeable layered inorganic materials
Authors: Yapryntsev Alexey D. , Baranchikov Alexander E. , Ivanov Vladimir K.
Published: November 2019

The review summarizes the data on the chemical composition, crystal structure and functional properties of layered rare-earth hydroxides (LRHs), a new family of anion-exchangeable inorganic compounds. Comprehensive information is given on methods for the synthesis of LRHs including hydrothermal and hydrothermal-microwave treatment. Particular attention is paid to the methods of chemical design of hybrid functional materials based on LRHs. Prospects for fabrication of phosphors, heterogeneous catalysts and biomedical materials based on LRHs are analyzed.

The bibliography includes 295 references.
Potential impact of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide and climate change on Victorian wheat marketing grades and value
Authors: Korte Chris J. , Wilson Patrick , Kearns Brian , Fitzgerald Glenn J. , Panozzo Joe F. , Walker Cassandra K. , Christy Brendan , Nuttall James G. , Armstrong Roger D. , Tausz Michael , Leary Garry J. O'
Published: November 2019

The potential impact of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) and future climate predicted for 2050 on wheat marketing grades and grain value was evaluated for Victoria, Australia. This evaluation was based on measured grain yield and quality from the Australian Grains FACE program and commercial grain delivery data from Victoria for five seasons (2009–13). Extrapolation of relationships derived from field experimentation under elevated [CO2] to the Victorian wheat crop indicated that 34% of grain would be downgraded by one marketing grade (range 1–62% depending on season and region) because of reduced protein concentration; and that proportions of high-protein wheat grades would reduce and proportions of lower protein grades would increase, with the largest increase in the Australian Standard White (ASW1) grade. Simulation modelling with predicted 2050 [CO2] and future climate indicated reduced wheat yields compared with 2009–13 but higher and lower grain quality depending on region. The Mallee Region was most negatively affected by climate change, with a predicted 43% yield reduction and 43% of grain downgraded by one marketing grade. Using 2016 prices, the value of Victorian wheat grain was influenced mainly by production in the different scenarios, with quality changes in different scenarios having minimal impact on grain value.
Simulating general relativity and non-commutative geometry by non-paraxial quantum fluids
Authors: Marcucci Giulia , Conti Claudio
Published: November 2019

We show that quantum fluids enable experimental analogs of relativistic orbital precession in the presence of non-paraxial effects. The analysis is performed by the hydrodynamic limit of the Schrödinger equation. The non-commutating variables in the phase-space produce a precession and an acceleration of the orbital motion. The precession of the orbit is formally identical to the famous orbital precession of the perihelion of Mercury used by Einstein to validate the corrections of general relativity to Newton’s theory. In our case, the corrections are due to the modified uncertainty principle. The results may enable novel relativistic analogs in the laboratory, also including sub-Planckian phenomenology.
Developing students critical thinking ability through lesson study
Authors: Risnanosanti  , Susyla D , Syofiana M
Published: November 2019

there are many aspect that can make students literate in mathematics, one of the important is critical thinking ability. The ability of critical thinking is very important when students learn in mathematics. The mental processes like a categorize, attention, selection, and decide can make a students to think critically. The ability to think critically in providing assistance to students in thinking and working, besides that critical thinking skills are also students helping in determining the relationship between materials. When students are faced with a problem or task, critical thinking are needed to solve it. To develop students citical thinking can be done through the learning process in school. The aim of this is to identify the effects of mathematical learning process based on lesson study to critical thinking skills at junior high school students in Bengkulu. This study involved a total of 33 student grade 8 state junior high school (SMPN 11) in Bengkulu in academic year 2017-2018. The design of the study was descriptive qualitative method. The data in this study were analyzed descriptively. Based on the finding that there are effects of the use of lesson study activity to enhance the ability of critical thinking skills in mathematics students based on level of thinking skill in Taxonomy SOLO.
Teacher Behavior in Students’ Critical Thinking Ability Development
Authors: Saragih S , Zuhri D
Published: November 2019

This study aims to investigate math teacher learning activity that student’s critical thinking ability development-oriented. The subject is four junior high school math teachers who observed for three meeting each person. The research data is collected by the observation sheet and analyzed descriptively. The result shows that the learning process by the teachers has not been optimally oriented at student’s critical thinking ability development.
Comparison Performance of Naive Bayes Classifier and Support Vector Machine Algorithm for Twitter’s Classification of Tokopedia Services
Authors: Kusumawati R , D’arofah A , Pramana P A
Published: November 2019

Tokopedia is one of the online shopping centers in Indonesian that carries the business model marketplace. Positive and negative opinions in Twitter from Tokopedia users about company services are source of information for the management. Naive Bayes Classification (NBC) and Support Vectore Machine (SVM) are techniques in data mining used to classify data or users opinion. The algorithm of NBC is very simple since it only use text frequency to compute the posterior probability for each classes. While SVM algorithm is more complex than NBC. SVM develop hyperplane equation which separate data into classes perfectly. The researcher wants to compare the performance of the NBC and SVM algorithms and use them to classify user opinions on Tokopedia’s services, because these two algorithms have different approaches and difficulty levels. Classification included positive and negative class only. Accuracy, precision and recall value are used to compare the performance of both algorithms. Research evaluation shows that SVM linear kernel technique outperform NBC technique with the accuracy 83.34%.
Application of Analytic Approximation Method Using HAM for Solving The Democratic Elections Model
Authors: Yong B
Published: November 2019

This article presents the solutions of the democratic elections model by homotopy analysis method (HAM). We proposed a simple democratic elections model in the form non-linear differential equation in a closed voters population. Voters population divided into three sub-population, i.e neutral sub-population, supportive sub-population, and aphatetic sub-population. HAM is applied to compute the solutions of the model. HAM is an analytic approximation method in the form of power series to solve the non-linear differential equation. HAM contains the auxiliary parameter for controlling the convergent region of power series solutions. Numerical simulations on the model in the form graphical results are presented and discussed quantitatively to describe the dynamics of each sub-population. It is shown that HAM performs well in terms of efficiency which converge rapidly and results obtained require only a few iterations.
Modifying a discovery learning model with an aptitude-treatment interaction strategy for teaching senior high school mathematics
Authors: Inda A H , Widjajanti D B
Published: November 2019

This study aims to describe the presence or absence of the effect of the Aptitude-treatment Interaction (ATI) strategy in discovery learning models on the ability to understand mathematical concepts and self-confidence. Which one is superior to the ATI strategy in the discovery learning model and the discovery learning model in terms of the ability to understand mathematical concepts and students’ self-confidence. This type of research was a quasi-experimental research with non-equivalent pretest-posttest control group design. The population was all students of class X at a senior high school in East Sumba district. Two classes as samples were chosen randomly. Descriptive statistical data analysis was carried out, then it continued with testing hypotheses using the Manova test. The results showed that there was an effect of the ATI strategy in the discovery learning model on the ability to understand mathematical concepts and students’ self-confidence. Learning with the ATI strategy in the discovery learning model is superior to learning with the unmodified discovery learning models on the ability to understand mathematical concepts and students’ self-confidence.
The analysis of mutual funds performance model accuracy
Authors: Purwaningsih S S
Published: November 2019

This research is based on the result of the previous research which showed the regression performance model of the 22 mutual fund products. The correlation between inflation, interest rate and the Composite Stock Price Index (IHSG) to mutual fund performance was 98.67% based on data in 2007-2014.This study examines the accuracy of the performance model of mutual fund products by using the accuracy measurement. In addition, it alsoexamines the best regression model of mutual fund products based on the smallest value of the observed data difference (data in 2015-2016) with the predicted value based on the regression model. the results of this study can be applied for decision making in considering the selection of more profitable mutual fund investment type.Based on the results of this study in examining the accuracy of the model obtained from the previous research, the result of difference between the predicted data and the observed data or(Y - Ŷ)2of the 22 mutual fund products lies between 0.008 to 0.367 and the best product with the smallest value (Y - Ŷ)2is 0.008.
Analysis of mathematical literacy skills and mathematics self-efficacy of junior high school students
Authors: Kurniawati N D L , Mahmudi A
Published: November 2019

This study aims to describe mathematical literacy skills, mathematics self-efficacy and the relationship between mathematical literacy skills and mathematics self-efficacy of the grade IX students of the junior high school. The research subjects were 35 grade IX students from one of the junior high schools in Yogyakarta who had high math achievement. The results of the study are as follows, 35 students as the research subject have medium criteria in mathematics literacy skills. The result shows that the average skill of students in employing mathematical concepts, facts, and procedures has the highest average among other mathematical literacy indicators which was in the high category. The other indicators that are formulating situations mathematically, interpreting mathematical outcomes and making arguments base on mathematical information or mathematical outcomes were at medium criteria. The average of students’ self-efficacy was at high criteria. The relationship between mathematical literacy skills and self-efficacy of students was at medium criteria because of the R-value of 0,428.
The mathematics class using the tablet PCs: Why do not Japanese Teachers use them?
Authors: Ishii Tsutomu
Published: November 2019

In this paper, we will consider about the reason of using Tablet PCs. Japanese teachers do not use Tablet PCs so much. The reason is the research question. Japanese Government is supporting financially for teachers to use the projectors and computers in the classroom. Recently, teachers using Tablet PCs are increasing, but there are teachers who do not use Tablet PCs, too. In the 1st step, several studies were considered. And we checked its educational possibility and expectation of Tablet PCs. For example, in early childhood showed that teaching with Tablet PCs contributed significantly to the development of children’s mathematical ability. In the 2nd step, we analyzed the mathematics class using Tablet PCs about the percentage of the elementary school 5th grade in Japan. We analysed carefully about understandings of children and instructions of teacher. In the 3rd step, as the case study, we considered whether instruction by Tablet PCs was proper in detail and we argued the result based on several studies. In this paper, at the end, we pointed out 2 points. First, children’s understanding deepens by Tablet PCs. Next, there is little contribution to bring the flexibility and creativity up.
Students’ Mathematical Connection Ability in Solving Real-world Problems
Authors: Putri A G E , Wutsqa D U
Published: November 2019

Being able to solve a variety of mathematical problems is one of the main factors and indicators that reflect the success of mathematics learning, including real-world problems. In solving real-world problems, students need a mathematical connection to be able to choose and use a mathematical concept that fits properly with conditions given in the problem. Therefore, it is important to observe students’ mathematical connection in order to improve their mathematical achievement. This study is qualitative descriptive which aimed to describe the ability of eighth-graders’ mathematical connections in solving real-world problems. The subjects of this study were 29 students of a Private Junior High School in Bantul Yogyakarta. Mathematical connection test was employed for collecting the data. Based on the analysis result, students’ mathematical connection falls in the low category. Students’ difficulties in solving real-world problems were restricted to understanding the problem and connecting the problem with relevant mathematical concepts.
Undergraduate students’ difficulties in proving mathematics
Authors: Maslahah F N , Abadi A M , Ibrahim
Published: November 2019

This study aimed to find out the difficulties of proof experienced by undergraduate students. The type of research used was descriptive case studies. This research was conducted on 12 junior undergraduate students of the Mathematics Education Department at one of the universities in Yogyakarta. Data in this study were obtained through diagnostic tests and interviews. The most dominant difficulty in proving was the difficulty of construction and understanding the proof difficulties in constructing and evaluating mathematical proof. Those happened because undergraduate students were considered not able to integrate the existing proof by proving that it is done as a complete proof of a case. This difficulty was caused by a lack of accuracy or even prior knowledge that was not sufficient. Lack of relevant knowledge both in the use of theorems and notations was another case of difficulty in proving.
The effectiveness of contextual learning in the cooperative learning of think pair share based on mathematics concept understanding of the 7th grade junior high school
Authors: Prastiwi Diana , Sugiman  , Listyani Endang
Published: November 2019

This research aims to describe the effectiveness of contextual learning in the cooperative learning of think pair share and scientific learning in the discussion setting based on mathematics concept understanding of the 7th grade JHS. This study was quasi-experiment. The subject of this study was all of student 7th grade JHS of Negeri 2 Kretek and the samples were Class VII B and Class VII D. The data were collected through mathematics concept understanding tests. The statistic tests were used one sample t-test and independent t-test.The results of the research show that: (1) contextual learning in the cooperative learning of think pair share and scientific learning in the discussion setting are effective based on mathematics concept understanding of the 7th grade JHS; (2) contextual learning in the cooperative learning of think pair share is more effective than scientific learning in the discussion setting based on mathematics concept understanding of the 7th grade JHS.
Undergraduate students’ motivation and self-regulated learning in learning statistics: female vs male
Authors: Saija L M
Published: November 2019

This research aim is to find out the male and female undergraduate student’s motivation and self-regulated learning. The instrument used is the standardized instrument named MSLQ (Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire) from Pintrich and DeGroot. The factors of motivation and self-regulated learning are: Self Efficacy, Intrinsic Factor, Test Anxiety, Cognitive Strategy Use, and Self Regulation. The respondents are 188 undergraduate students from statistics classes, in Universitas Advent Indonesia. The method used in this research is quantitative method with descriptive analysis and the difference between mean analysis. The result shows that averagely the female and male students in Universitas Advent Indonesia have high category in self-efficacy, Intrinsic Value, Cognitive Strategy Use, Self-regulation, and moderate category of Test Anxiety. Overall, the female and male motivation and self-regulated learning are high. Further, it is found that the difference between female and male undergraduate students’ test anxiety is statistically significant, but the other factors: self-efficacy, intrinsic value, cognitive strategy use, and self-regulation, the difference is not statistically significant. As a whole, the difference between female and male undergraduate students’ motivation and self-regulated learning is not statistically significant.
Experimental study on heat transfer characteristics of liquid nitrogen through coated transfer line
Authors: Bindu S S , Aromal  , Roy K E Reby
Published: November 2019

The effective and efficient utilisation of cryogen is made possible by optimised transfer lines which ensures reduction in chilldown time and cryogen usage. Cryogenic chill-down experiments were conducted on coated and regular copper tubes. Liquid nitrogen at different mass flux condition was used as the working fluid and Polyurethane coatings belonging to the family of Teflon was used as coating material. The performance of the regular and coated copper tubes at corresponding mass flux were compared. An increase in heat flux and heat transfer coefficient along with reduction in chilldown time was obtained by providing a low thermal conductive coating between the cryogen and wall material.
Effect of Orifice Geometry on Heat Transfer Characteristics of Jet Array
Authors: Leena R , Arunraj B , Prakash M. Jose
Published: November 2019

Jet impingement is one of the best methods for achieving high heat transfer coefficient in a single phase and has been a topic of active research for several decades, involving both experiments and computations. Most of the research on multiple jets have been carried out for an array of jets in the high Reynolds number regime. Experimental and numerical investigations were carried out to study the effect of inline three jet array impinging on a flat plate with varying Reynolds Number. Air was considered as the cooling medium. This study investigates the fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of circular and square jet arrays impinging orthogonally on a flat-plate with inline arrangements. The number of jets is 3. The Reynolds number is varied from 3000 to 6000. The numerical methodology is validated using the experimental local Nusselt number distribution for inline three jet array with the same geometry and boundary conditions. In this work, circular and square of equal hydraulic diameters were selected for a comparative study. The results reveal that square jet array has better heat transfer characteristics compared to a circular array. The optimum value of jet to target plate distance is 6 times the jet diameter for both circular and square jet array. Also, the optimum value of pitch to diameter ratio is 2.
Simulation and Analysis of Solar Powered Induction Motor Drive with V/f Control for Electric Vehicle Applications
Authors: Mohammed Sheik , Muhammedali Shafeeque K , Muhammed Shanir P P , Shihabudheen K V
Published: November 2019

Induction Motor (IM) drive with V/f control for electric vehicle application is presented in this paper. The DC-AC converter of induction motor drive is supplied by a Solar PV system. The complete system model consists of solar PV array, DC/DC converter and three phase Inverter with V/f control is developed in MALTAB/Simulink. A 4 kW Induction motor is selected as drive. The simulation model developed in MATLAB is operated under different conditions, the results are obtained. The results are presented and discussed.
Risk Analysis in Implementation of Solar Energy Projects in Kerala
Authors: Mohamed Shahid P A , Firoz N , Sadhikh Mohammed , Dadu Mohith
Published: November 2019

India’s growth rate is slow in the deployment of solar power projects when compared to other developing and developed countries. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) have often criticized Kerala for their inability to meet target for solar power projects installation. The aim of this study is to explore the state of solar projects in Kerala, with an objective to create a knowledge base of multifarious risks and control procedures. This study enables to identify the main risk in implementing solar energy projects and develop a guideline which could serve to reduce the risks associated with investments in solar projects. In this study, survey was conducted amongst the different players of solar power project installation and operation to identify the various risk factors and sub factors. These factors were categorised and further quantified using the decision making tool, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Political risk, technical risk, financial risk and environmental risk are the prominent risk factors involved in solar projects installation. The impact of the sub factors are identified using AHP. Payback period and non-approval of on grid small scale projects from KSEB are the critical factors. The inattention in reduction of risks at organizational level, and project level, can substantially affect the solar projects at a catastrophic level. Overall, the need for future research is established in this study for investigating the capability of Project Management Offices in risk assessment and management.
Establishing a relationship between machining parameters and output responses for cutting stainless steel ICSS 1218 by Wire EDM
Authors: Rajeev N , Jishnu J
Published: November 2019

Stainless steel ICSS 1218 have large potential in the aerospace sector due to their inherent characteristic and advantageous properties like strength, ductility, weldability and corrosion resistance. The Wire Electric Discharge Machining (Wire EDM) is a thermal machining process capable of accurately machining parts with high hardness or complex shapes. One of the statistical softwares Minitab 17 was used for conducting the analysis and develop a mathematical model of the relation connecting the input parameters pulse on time, flushing discharge, and wire feed rate and output responses surface roughness and material removal rate. This model is found reasonably accurate. Experimentation was conducted in a series of tests called runs, in which changes are made in the input variables in order to identify the reasons for changes in the output response.
Effect of graphene, SiC and graphite addition on hardness, microstructure and electrical conductivity of microwave sintered copper MMCs fabricated by powder metallurgy route
Authors: Ayyappadas C , Shanu O S , Vijayan Abhilash , Mohammed Irfan A , Vishnu V , Shamnadh M
Published: November 2019

Copper MMCs reinforced with graphene, SiC and graphite flakes with varying mass fractions of 2.5, 5, and 7.5 wt% SiC, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 wt% graphite and 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8wt% graphene particles were fabricated through powder metallurgy route. The powder mixtures were blended and then compacted under a uniaxial pressure of 400MPa for both Cu-SiC and Cu-Gr composites and 600Mpa for Cu-Gn composites. Green compacts were sintered by microwave (MW) sintering process. MW sintering was performed at 950°C in open atmosphere with a heating rate of 25°C/min for all composites. Densification parameter (DP) was determined for all MMCs and a reduction in DP values were observed with an increase in weight percentage of reinforcement particles as a result of increase in porosity. Higher mass fractions of reinforcement particles in the Cu matrix tend to offer a diffusion barrier to copper atoms. Micro-structural analysis was performed using Optical and scanning electron microscope which revealed a homogeneous microstructure of all composites at low mass fractions of Sic, graphite and graphene. In order to detect the presence of any oxides of Cu and other elements, EDS analysis was carried out. Hardness data showed an increasing trend for Cu-SiC and Cu-Gn composites and a declining trend for Cu-Gr composites. Porosity has a significant effect on the electrical conductivity values of the composites.
Synthesis and Characterization of Ultrasonically Treated Al/Al2O3 Nanocomposites
Authors: Fahd Syed Muhammed , Krishnakumar T. S. , Aju kumar V. N. , Markose Agesh
Published: November 2019

Aluminium-Alumina (Al/Al2O3) nanocomposites are synthesized for different amounts of reinforcement through liquid route. Ultrasonic treatment (UST) is carried out during the solidification of the melt. It is expected that the addition of nanoparticles to the melt and UST provides grain refinement for the specimens due to increased number of nucleation sites and cavitation effects respectively. The effects of UST on these nanocomposites are studied using the results obtained from optical microscopy, hardness and XRD. Reduction of porosity and grain refinement is observed in the synthesized nanocomposites.
Enhancing the thermophysical properties of PAG lubricant using graphene nano-sheets.
Authors: Sanukrishna S S , Raju Ajin V , Krishnan Anantha , Harikrishnan G H , Amal A , Kumar T S Krishna , Prakash M Jose
Published: November 2019

One of the most attractive methods to improve the thermo physical and heat transfer properties of conventional coolants and lubricants is the use of nanoparticles in it. Nanofluids are stable colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles and base fluids. The nanofluids exhibit superior thermal performance compared to conventional heat transfer fluids and this leads to the best hope for lubricants based nanofluids as well. Nanolubricant is a new class of lubricant produced by dispersing nano-sized particles of metals, metal oxides, carbon and its allotropes into conventional lubricating oils. In the present study, experiments were conducted to measure the thermophysical and rheological properties of polyalkyleneglycol (PAG) refrigerant compressor oil suspended with graphene nano-sheets. The effect of particle concentration and temperature on thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanolubricant were elucidated. The volume fraction is varied from 0.05 to 0.8% and the temperature range is from 15°C to 85°C. The rheological properties have been investigated at various shear rates, particle concentrations, and temperatures. Furthermore, a correlation is proposed to predict the thermal conductivity of Graphene-PAG nanolubricant. The results revealed that the thermal conductivity and viscosity of the nanolubricant is strongly depends on the volume fraction and temperature. The nanolubricant exhibits higher thermal conductivity and viscosity compared to the PAG oil. Unlike in the case of pure lubricant, the shear rate has a crucial impact on the behavior of nanolubricant. Interestingly, the pure lubricant, which is a Newtonian fluid, is transformed into non-Newtonian when nanoparticles are appended with it. From the studies, it was observed that the nanolubricant having graphene particle concentration of 0.05% is optimum for refrigeration application.
The complex concept of quantity in the past and (possibly) the future of the International Vocabulary of Metrology
Authors: Mari L , Chunovkina A , Ehrlich C
Published: November 2019

The International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM) is a foundational document of measurement science, with the ambition of providing a system of “basic and general concepts and associated terms” of metrology. Such a system has evolved with the evolution of measurement science, and this is particularly manifest in the case of the cluster of concepts around ‘quantity’. The present paper presents some aspects of this development, by first remarking on the importance of terminology for measurement science and then introducing the basic problem what is a quantity? as a way to provide a well-grounded explanation to the usual claims that two quantities can be equal, or two values of quantities can be equal, or a quantity of an object can be equal to a value of a quantity. The analysis develops along three questions: (1) what is the relation between general properties and individual properties? (2) what is the relation between properties and quantities? (3) what is the relation between quantities of objects and values of quantities?
Exemplifying natural science measurement in the social sciences with Rasch measurement theory
Authors: Andrich David
Published: November 2019

This paper presents a social science example of measurement in which the integer count from a convenient origin is shown to be in equal units. This feature is identical to direct measurement in the natural sciences. The example rests on applying the probabilistic Rasch measurement model to two assessments of the same persons which (i) realises measurement as a real valued comparison between persons invariant with respect to instruments; (ii) characterises random variation of replicated measurements by the Gaussian distribution; (iii) shows that the variance of the replications is the inverse of the size of the unit.
Density measurements of viscoelastic samples with oscillation-type density meters
Authors: Furtado A , Gavina J , Napoleão A , Pereira J , Cidade M T , Sousa J
Published: November 2019

The oscillation frequencies produced by oscillation-type density meters during the density measurements suffer damping due to the viscosity of newtonian liquids. The effect of viscoelastic behaviour of non-newtonian liquids in the damping of these oscillations is still not known. So, 5 viscoelastic liquids were rheologically characterized, resorting to a rotational rheometer, and their density measured in order to provide a deeper insight into the damping effects produced by these types of fluids. To do so, oscillatory data was related with the obtained density deviations. The results of this study are one of the first insights for the knowledge of the measuring behaviour of these density meters when measuring viscoelastic fluids, one of the scopes of the EMPIR Project 17RPT02-rhoLiq.
Towards patient-centred cognition metrics
Authors: Melin J , Pendrill L R , Cano S J
Published: November 2019

Metrological quality assurance is essential if reliable decisions about diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation are to be made consistently throughout the healthcare system. However, many observations in healthcare are considered to lie ‘off the scale’ of quantitative measurement. We have previously argued that a fundamental reappraisal of metrology is needed if such ordinal or nominal properties are to be included in an extended quantity calculus on which the SI could be based. As just one example, metrological quality assurance in person-centred care now seems possible in a novel way for partners in care; physician ability (e.g., to diagnose cognitive impairment correctly) and patient ability (e.g., cognitive performance of patients with Alzheimer’s disease) using novel formulations of causal Rasch models articulated through construct specification equations (CSEs). Here, as part of our research in the EMPIR NeuroMET 15HLT04 project, we illustrate how construct specification equations and new metrological references for task difficulty for block tests, such as the Knox Cube Test, can be established in terms of entropy, reversals and average distance.
Abbe error compensation for a micro/nano CMM with a coplanar stage
Authors: He Y X , Li R J , Fan K C , Huang Q X , Hu P H , Wang Y H , Liu W W , Hu Y
Published: November 2019

A micro/nano Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) with a stroke of 20 mm × 20 mm × 10 mm has been developed by our group. The “Pagoda structure” with Chinese style is adopted, which has fine mechanical stability. The base of the micro/nano CMM is made of granite to achieve high thermal stability. The stages are driven by piezoelectric motors with a resolution of 1 nm in three directions. The displacements of the stages in horizontal directions are detected by homemade Michelson interferometers. The optical axes of the two interferometers are consistent with their slide way of the coplanar stages respectively, which can reduce the Abbe errors in X and Y axes as much as possible. Semiconductor laser diodes are used as the light source of the interferometers due to low-cost and small size. A linear diffraction grating interferometer (LDGI) has also been developed to detect the displacement in Z direction. After subdivision, the measuring resolution can reach nanometer scale. The micro/nano CMM is compatible with different types of probes. A model of Abbe error and its compensation method are proposed in this paper. Experimental results show that the positioning errors were reduced from 435 nm to 91 nm and from 426 nm to 151 nm via Abbe error compensation method. The flatness of a 0-grade gauge block was tested by the micro/nano CMM, the repeatability of 44 nm (K=2) was achieved.
The BEAR Assessment System Software as a platform for developing and applying UN SDG metrics
Authors: Fisher W , Wilson M
Published: November 2019

There are avoidable obstacles delaying realization of the United Nations’ Sustainability Development Goals (https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/) which have been introduced by the methods used in measuring sustainability impacts and in monitoring progress toward the UN goals. Scientific measurement offers practical advantages based in rigorously defined and meaningful quantitative units that facilitate close management, trust, and efficient communication. Were improved metrics to be incorporated in systems of metrological traceability, legally binding conformity assessments could eventually provide a basis for new sustainability accounting standards, economic models, and the means for tracking returns on investments in sustainability impacts. Toward these ends, there is a need for making access to improved measurement principles, methods, and results much more widely available. That purpose could be served by the BEAR Assessment System Software (BASS), which provides an online environment offering practical tools for instrument development, administration, calibration, and quality improvement; data analysis and measurement; and reporting. Each variety of sustainability stakeholder could make use of the system for their diverse purposes, advancing their unique self-interests further by cooperatively competing with other stakeholder groups than they could working alone.
New tendencies in teaching measurement science in the higher education
Authors: Maiurova A , Konopelko L , Kustikov Y , Kustikova M , Bykovskaia E , Tyurikova E
Published: November 2019

This article dwells upon the organization of the educational process at ITMO University for specialization 27.04.01 Standardization and Metrology for masters according to the individual educational standard 3++ of ITMO University. The main professional standards and areas of activity for the implementation of this specialization and the process of creating competencies based on professional standards and areas of activity are described.
Analysis of the effect of lens components on the optical properties of polarization radiation in experimental studies of biomarkers
Authors: Tyurikova E , Kustikova M , Stupnikov A , Maiurova A
Published: November 2019

This article dwells upon the investigation of the radiation polarization structure in analysing biological tissues. The systematic investigation of the polarization parameters of lens systems with non-planar media boundaries was performed to increase the accuracy parameters of polarization instruments used to analyse biological tissues. A review of existing solutions, developed mathematical model and experimental setup were given, and series of experiments are described.
Actual measuring technologies of Industry 4.0 and analysis of their realization experience
Authors: Taymanov R , Pronin A , Sapozhnikova K , Baksheyeva Iu , Danilova I
Published: November 2019

Civilization development requires a multifold increase in the volume of measuring information. Such an increase, to a significant extent, is caused by the necessity to solve qualitatively new measuring tasks. To meet this need is possible by the transition to new measuring technologies. The experience of the D.I. Mendeleyev Institute for Metrology in developing actual technologies, in particular, metrological self-check and virtual tests, proves their efficiency and discloses realization features.
Radiometric extension of a measurement arrangement in accordance with the EMVA 1288 standard for camera characterization in UV to NIR wavelength range
Authors: Rebhan David , Dittrich Paul-Gerald , Rosenberger Maik , Notni Gunther
Published: November 2019

For the objective comparison of different cameras or image sensors, it is necessary to describe their image acquisition channel by suitable parameters. The EMVA 1288 standard, developed by camera manufacturers and research institutes, distinguishes itself from other standards by considering the camera as a linear model. The camera is treated as a black box of which only pixel size and exposure time must be known. The recording of standardized test images is also omitted, allowing the camera to be described without optics. The only input variable of the linear camera model of the EMVA 1288 standard is the number of photons that hit a pixel of the image sensor during the exposure time. Therefore, the correct determination of the photon count is essential to calculate important camera parameters from the linear camera model, such as quantum efficiency or signal-to-noise ratio. To determine the number of photons, the irradiance of the radiation incident on the image sensor must be measured. This is usually done using a radiometer instead of the camera or image sensor. The number of photons per pixel during the exposure time can then be calculated from the irradiance, considering constants like the wavelength of the incident radiation, the area of the pixel and the exposure time of the camera. Calibrated radiometers were procured which are sensitive in the UV-A, VISNIR and NIR wavelength ranges in order to be able to perform camera or image sensor characterizations according to the EMVA 1288 standard in these wavelength ranges in the future.
Measuring the oscillometric method contribution to the measurement uncertainty of automated sphygmomanometers using a patient simulator
Authors: Rodrigues Filho B A , Farias R F , dos Anjos W E
Published: November 2019

The sphygmomanometer is a widely used device for non-invasive blood pressure measurement. Systematic measurement errors and uncertainties can affect measurements, consequently, impacting diagnosis or medication. In order to maintain the conformity of the instruments, sphygmomanometers are usually under control of legal metrology demanding periodical verifications. Automated sphygmomanometers are based on the oscillometric method, measuring small changes of arterial blood pressure occurring in the cuff. Once pressure working standards are unable to generate the oscillometric pulses, verifications are performed on the sphygmomanometer on its manometer mode, disregarding the contribution of the oscillometric mode to the uncertainties. The present study investigates the contribution of the oscillometric method to the expanded measurement uncertainty. We used a patient simulator in four sphygmomanometers available in the market for consumers. The results show that the contribution of the oscillometric mode to the expanded uncertainty can be significant, varying from 0.16 to 1.56 mmHg and from 0.12 to 1.55 mmHg, for 100 and 150 mmHg, respectively. We also observed different contributions to the uncertainty for systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
Synergy and completeness of simple A/D conversion and simple signal processing
Authors: Sovilj P , Zupunski L , Vujicic B , Radonjic A , Vujicic V , Kovacevic D
Published: November 2019

This paper strictly defines a simple A/D conversion and simple signal processing within the stochastic digital measurement method (SDMM). It is shown that their synergy and completeness optimizes the measurement instrument or a measurement system as a whole. As a result, the instrument or system then has: 1) extremely simple, robust and reliable hardware, 2) extreme accuracy, 3) extreme wide frequency range, 4) the ability to perform extremely simple parallel measurements and processing.
Design and implementation of a digital mixer with digital logic
Authors: Niyonkuru Leonidas , Vandersteen Gerd , Van Biesen Leo
Published: November 2019

A mixer is a device whose output frequency is a sum or a difference of input frequencies. With f1 and f2 as input frequencies, the output frequency is f1+f2 or |f1-f2|. The mixer is generally an analogue device. In this work, we suggest a digital mixer, designed and implanted using digital logic. A phase locked loop is added at the output of the mixer acting as a pass band filter. The input and output digital nature implies that there is no conversion loss and the isolation between output port and input ports was no less than 45 dB. The mixer can be used for downconversion of the signal to be measured in spectrum analyzer.
Measurement procedure: from detailed description to technology
Authors: Nezhikhovskiy G R
Published: November 2019

The tendency to the development of measurement procedures adapted by the user to the equipment, materials, software is considered. The necessity of estimating the measurement uncertainty with regard to the limits established in the procedure is shown.
Dynamic light scattering characterization of hard–soft gel phase transition in micellar crystal and comparison with rheological data
Authors: Kostko A F , Pinchuk O A
Published: November 2019

We report the dynamic light scattering study of polymer dynamics in the broad vicinity of the hard-soft gel phase transition in micellar crystal. Inside the region of micellar crystal phase with increasing temperature the ratio of the magnitudes of two dynamic modes (slow and fast) monotonously decreases below 54 °C in the hard gel. Above 54 °C in the soft gel it is almost independent of temperature, remaining at a minimum. The method provides phenomenon details inaccessible with conventional rheological method, where simple detection of sharp phase transition is available. We show that the diffusion dynamic mode, which is common for a liquid phase, is also present in a micellar crystal despite the obvious difference in the rheological properties of micellar liquid and micellar crystal. This study demonstrates the advantages of the dynamic light scattering method at micro-scale level.
Mathematical Modeling of the Cooling First Wall of the Tokamak Reactor
Authors: Sychugov D Yu , Zhilkin A S
Published: November 2019

In the course of designing the post-ITER fusion facilities, a number of new technical and scientific problems occurred that were unknown before and necessarily have to be solved. Among these problems, one of the most important is the design of the reactor first wall, which could withstand the continuous heat fluxes coming from the fusion plasma. In this article, the mathematical model of the cooling first wall of the reactor is constructed and the numerical analysis is performed of the currently accepted first wall design of the future DEMO-FNS reactor (Fusion Neutron Source).
Longitudinal electric fields in the OH and ECRH heating modes of the L-2M stellarator
Authors: Meshcheryakov A I , Grishina I A , Vafin I Yu
Published: November 2019

The soft X-ray spectra were measured at the L-2M stellarator in the OH and ECRH modes, which occurred to be considerably non-Maxwellian. In the OH mode, the SXR spectra considerably deviate not only from the Maxwellian spectrum, but also from the model bremsstrahlung spectrum of plasma in the longitudinal electric field. This can be due to the fact that, under ohmic heating conditions, plasma waves can be excited and absorbed by plasma electrons. In the OH mode, the radial distribution of the longitudinal electric field was determined, which turned to be almost uniform over the radius. It was hypothesized that, in the ECRH experiments, the deviations of the measured SXR spectra from the Maxwellian spectrum are also caused by the presence of the longitudinal electric fields in plasma. These fields are the longitudinal vortex electric fields generated in plasma during the current drive.
2D full-wave simulations of different scenarios of ECR plasma heating at the L-2M stellarator
Authors: Sakharov A S
Published: November 2019

Different scenarios of electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma heating under the conditions typical of L-2M experiments (ηe
(0) = 1.75 × 1013 cm−3, Te
(0) = 1 keV, λ
0 = 0.4 cm) are simulated using a 2D full-wave model with allowance for the nonlocal (differential) thermal correction to the plasma dielectric tensor. It is shown that, under central ECR heating, due to the specific shape of the resonance surface ω
0 = 2ωce
, a significant fraction of the input microwave power is deflected downward and escapes onto the chamber wall. During off-axis heating at the midradius of the plasma column, about one-half of the microwave power is reflected upward from the resonance surface. Optimal conditions for the deposition of the microwave power in plasma are achieved under ECR heating at the vacuum magnetic axis, when the microwave beam is incident normally onto the resonance surface. In this case, the microwave power is almost completely (≈99.5%) absorbed by the plasma, while the coefficient of microwave reflection into the aperture of the incident microwave beam amounts to ∼0.1%, which agrees with results of 1D full-wave simulations.
The PLM-2 plasma device for full-scale tests of fusion reactor materials with stationary plasma loads: design parameters
Authors: Budaev V P , Dedov A V , Komov A T , Fedorovich S D , Zakletskii Z A
Published: November 2019

The PLM-2 linear magnetic plasma device is designed for the steady-state hours- long plasma confinement. It is the upgraded PLM plasma device. Its parameters will provide the relevant fusion reactor plasma loads on materials. The machine is designed both for fundamental studies of plasma-surface interactions under conditions of high heat and particle fluxes, and for the tests of plasma-facing components under realistic plasma conditions in the high-heat-flux facility. The PLM-2 facility is an advanced linear plasma device uniquely capable of producing plasma conditions similar to those expected in the divertors of the fusion reactors such as ITER, fusion neutron source FNS and DEMO under conditions of steady-state operation. In this article, we describe the PLM-2 design parameters. The PLM-2 device has no analogues in Russia; its parameters are similar to those of the most high-power devices in the world, such as the MAGNUM-PSI, and it is going to be built in Moscow at National Research University “MPEI”.
Production of chemically active water using pulsed radiation of spark discharge plasma
Authors: Piskarev I M
Published: November 2019

The possibility of producing chemically active water using the spark discharge plasma radiation is considered. This process is more efficient as compared to the production of active water using cold plasma processing. Long-lived products forming in the discharge region and diffusing to the liquid surface also contribute to the total process. The distinctive features of the process kinetics are established. The yield of oxidative and reductive equivalents, ORP, pH and conductivity of the processed water were determined.