bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perception of Causes of and Attitudes towards Cheating at School by Senegalese Secondary School Children
Authors: Vandewiele Michel
Published: September 2011

This paper examined the causes of and the attitudes towards cheating in class as they were perceived by 800 secondary school students in Senegal. The causes of cheating as seen by our subjects fell into the following categories: students' laziness (47%), too many demands from the family (29%), teachers' attitudes (14%), a school syllabus too large or uninteresting (10%). The reasons for which pupils refrain from cheating are moral (57.5%), or the fear of being caught as well as the ineffectiveness of cheating (42.5%). The attitudes and feeling our students have towards their colleagues cribbing from them can be described as negative (52%: moral objections, fear of the unfair accusations levelled at them in case of discovery), lenient (39%: solidarity, efficiency), and ambivalent (13%). Over one-third of the pupils in our sample hold cheating at school ought to be reported; those with farming fathers being more insistent upon the fact than those with richer fathers. Over half of the pupils believe that cheating at school will lead to cheating elsewhere later in life.
Nonrewarded Goal-Box Placements and Resistance to Extinction: Specificity of Conditioned Stimuli
Authors: Hovancik John R. , Lehr Robert
Published: September 2011

In two experiments, rats received repetitive sequences of nonrewarded goal-box placements and rewarded running trials. In Exp. I, a traditional extinction procedure was employed with subjects receiving daily series of nonrewarded running trials to the goal-box. In Exp. II, a nonrewarded goal-box placement preceded each nonrewarded run in extinction for half of the subjects. Enhanced extinction responding was observed only in this latter case. The data indicate that associative strength accrued to stimuli associated with nonrewarded goal-box placements are highly specific and generalize very little to stimuli associated with nonrewarded running trials.
Wishes of Senegalese Secondary School Students
Authors: Vandewiele Michel
Published: September 2011

To know the areas of dissatisfaction and various aspirations of the Senegalese secondary school students we have allowed 700 to express freely their desiderata should they win the jackpot of the national lottery. These wishes have a restriction which is not always the case with similar studies: the wishes expressed here can actually come true. Half of the answers show a clear desire to support their families and the poor, a desire far less frequently reported for subjects drawn from an industrial society.
Sex-Typing of Leisure Activities: A Current Appraisal
Authors: Gruber Kenneth J.
Published: September 2011

One of the effects of the recent trend to equalize the sexes has been a greater awareness and effort on the part of women to participate in and become associated with activities formerly engaged in predominantly by males. In the present study, 65 males and 62 females were asked to indicate their knowledge of, interest in, and the degree to which, each of 29 skill-activities were associated with one sex or the other. Seven of the skill-activities were reliably sex-typed as masculine and six were reliably sex-typed as feminine by both males and females. Correlations of interest and knowledge with the sex type of the activities indicated a bias against activities associated with the opposite sex.
Religious Correlates of Hogan's Survey of Ethical Attitudes
Authors: Sieracki Sally , Mellinger Jeanne
Published: September 2011

The scores of 102 undergraduates on Hogan's Survey of Ethical Attitudes were correlated with an author-devised measure of religious identification, religious upbringing, political attitudes, and socioeconomic background. Personality traits as assessed by the 16 PF were also measured. A factor analysis of questionnaire and personality variables produced factor scores which were then used in a multiple regression to predict survey scores. The best predictor of a moral positivist stance was a factor of current church affiliation combined with a conscientious personality. The second strong factor predicting moral positivism was a factor including a conservative political attitude combined with a well-to-do family background. Weaker predictors of moral positivism were an emotionally stable personality and an upbringing with less emphasis on religion.
Creativity and Cognitive Style in Learning Disabled and Nondisabled School Age Children
Authors: Sigg Jan Marie , Gargiulo Richard M.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the cognitive style and creative processes of 42 learning disabled and 44 nondisabled students. Subjects were randomly selected and administered the Matching Familiar Figures Test and the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking. A chi-squared analysis suggested a significant difference between the cognitive styles of the two groups of children. Multivariate analysis of variance indicated no significant differences in creativity between learning disabled and nondisabled students, or between reflective and impulsive individuals. Correlational analyses suggested that errors and latencies on the Matching Familiar Figures Test were not significantly related to the creative abilities of either learning disabled or nondisabled children. Theoretical and educational implications of results were discussed.
Vocational Interests of Criminal Offenders: A Typological and Demographic Investigation
Authors: Laufer William S.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the vocational interests and personality characteristics of criminals (N — 201), using the Vocational Preference Inventory. The effectiveness of three criminal typologies and demographic information in differentiating and predicting levels of vocational interest was investigated. A multivariate analysis of variance yielded significant main effects with respect to racial, educational, and typological classifications. A significant interaction between race and typology is also discussed. In predicting and explaining vocational interest, multiple regression analysis and Pearson correlation coefficients illustrated the value of race, certain personality typologies, number of prior arrests, and number of years spent in prison. The results suggest that criminals express moderate interest in traditional occupations and have a differentiated set of vocational interests.
Elimination of Chronic Self-Injurious Behavior by Withdrawal of Staff Attention
Authors: Rose Vincent , Sloop Wayne , Baker Phyllis
Published: September 2011

Self-injurious behavior is frequently noted in institutionalized persons. Several treatment techniques have been attempted including medication, timeout, shock, aromatic ammonia, and adaptive clothing. Several authors have suggested extinction as an alternative technique. One problem with this technique is that self-injury may occur during the extinction period. The present study suggests that staff attention may maintain self-abusive behavior and withdrawal of this attention resulted in a rapid reduction of this behavior in a retarded individual.
Heart-Rate Responses and Hebb-Williams Maze Performance in Three Different Age Groups of Rats
Authors: Ivinskis A.
Published: September 2011

A study was carried out to examine heart-rate changes and changes in performance levels in Hebb-Williams maze in three different age groups of rats (21, 43, and 83 days old). Heart rate was recorded using a miniature FM radio transmitter. The rats were first exposed to 6 odd Hebb-Williams maze items and were retested 12 days later using 6 even test items. The main findings were: over-all the heart rate was significantly higher in the 21-day-old group and heart rate in this group decreased during the running of the maze while it increased in the other two groups. Heart-rate responses increased as a function of trials in all the groups and increased most sharply for the 21-day-old group. On retest a significant over-all decrease occurred in the heart-rate responses. The short-term reliability of heart rate was quite high for all the age groups. The 21-day-old group rats made significantly fewer errors in the Hebb-Williams maze when compared with the two older groups but the test-retest reliability of the Hebb-Williams maze scores was very low in the 21-day group relative to the other two. The results are discussed in terms of response inhibition and changes in drive level as a function of age. Questions are also raised concerning the validity of the Hebb-Williams maze test as a measure of problem-solving behavior.
The Blueberry Syndrome
Authors: Levinson Boris M.
Published: September 2011

Too-inclusive and too-rigid classifications of childhood emotional disorders have led diagnosticians to overlook conditions which do not fit under accepted labels. Recently this author has encountered a hitherto unnamed disorder which he calls the Blueberry syndrome, and which shares some features with autism, childhood psychosis and mental retardation, but also differs significantly from all of these. Its principal manifestations are lack of speech, low frustration tolerance, and aggressive response to invasion of personal space. Onset follows a normal pre- and perinatal period, with no evidence of brain damage or emotional disorder. There is mental retardation secondary to language deficits, but no social withdrawal, overwhelming anxiety, or obsessive need for sameness. The children come from the lower socioeconomic strata and from either intact or broken families. Etiology is unknown but may involve genetic mutations affecting development of the cerebral speech area. Treatment focuses on improving present satisfactions and functioning.
Narcissism and Creativity: Are They Related?
Authors: Raskin Robert N.
Published: September 2011

The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between narcissism and creativity. 71 subjects were asked to identify themselves as being highly creative or not highly creative. Subjects were then given the Barron Symbolic Equivalents Test to measure level of creativity and the Narcissistic Personality Inventory to measure their level of narcissism. Four groups were formed using the subjects' self-report and their Barron scores. Each group was then compared on the Narcissistic inventory scores. A significant difference in the narcissism scores was found between the high-creativity/high-self-report group and all other groups. The greatest difference was found between the high-creativity/high-self-report group and the low-creativity/low-self-report group. Upon further analysis a significant correlation of .25 was found between scores on Barron's test and the narcissism measure, which suggests that there is a small but positive and significant relationship between the personality variables of creativity and narcissism.
Essential Hypertension: Subjects' Estimation of Blood Pressure as an Aid to Response Generalization
Authors: Briggs Peter J. , Brown Margaret A. , Davis Lance , Mitchell Kenneth R.
Published: September 2011

9 persons (5 men and 4 women) with essential hypertension made 5 daily estimates of blood pressure over 8 wk. and after 12 wk. Estimations improved for systolic blood pressure. Reductions in levels occurred. No change appeared for controls.
Honesty Requiring a Self-Initiated Response
Authors: Hays Ron
Published: September 2011

33 patrons of the University of California, Riverside student union were given $1.05 in change for a dollar bill (three quarters, two dimes, and two nickels). Honesty was assessed by the criterion of self-initiating the return of the extra nickel, and behavior was examined as a function of sex, age, and manner of dress. Results indicate that the over-all honesty of patrons was low (45%), but no significant findings for the relationship between the subject variables and honesty were shown. The 45% rate of honesty indicates that subjects who believe there will not be any external knowledge of their dishonesty are likely to exhibit dishonest behavior.
Impact on Simulated Jurors of Testimony as a Function of Non-Evidential Characteristics of Witness and Defendant
Authors: Catano Victor M.
Published: September 2011

The impact on jurors' decision making of the non-evidential characteristics of witnesses' and defendant's attractiveness and the agreement of their testimony was explored in a 2 × 2 × 2 between-subjects factorial design. 48 undergraduates read a summary of a courtroom trial in which an eyewitness, who was either a professional (High Attractive) or laborer (Low Attractive), either agreed or disagreed with the testimony of a defendant whose character had been assessed positively (High Attractive) or negatively (Low Attractive). Dependent variables were subjects' verdicts and confidence in the witnesses' and defendant's testimony. Conflict in testimony between the witness and defendant led to higher ratings of guilt but lowered the subject's confidence in the testimony of both. A significant interaction of witness × defendant × testimony showed that ratings of guilt decreased when a witness testified against a defendant who was dissimilar in attractiveness; an unattractive witness supporting an attractive defendant also reduced assessment of guilt but an attractive witness who testified for an unattractive defendant increased findings of guilt. Results were discussed in the context of relevant research involving simulated jurors.
Sex Differences in Response to Absurd, Aggressive, Pro-Feminist, Sexual, Sexist, and Racial Jokes
Authors: Ingrando D. P.
Published: September 2011

50 male and 50 female students attending a small Catholic college in a suburban area were given a questionnaire of 30 jokes and 20 biographical questions. The subjects rated the jokes on scale of 1 (not at all funny) through 5 (very funny). The jokes had been previously categorized by 5 male and 5 female judges independently into absurd, aggressive, profeminist, sexual, sexist, and racial. No significant difference was found between the sexes on feminist attitude and use of humor. Correlations between categories of jokes and total joke responses were significant. Results were not consistent with previous studies. Reasons for the differences were examined.
“Psychological Momentum”: A Phenomenon and an Empirical (Unobtrusive) Validation of its Influence in a Competitive Sport Tournament
Authors: Iso-Ahola Seppo E. , Mobily Ken
Published: September 2011

This field study reports the first attempt to define theoretically a phenomenon called “psychological momentum” and empirically to demonstrate its influence. Psychological momentum was defined as an added or gained psychological power which changes interpersonal perceptions and influences an individual's mental and physical performance. Based upon this theoretical premise, it was hypothesized that, when two persons compete against each other, the competitor who has psychological momentum is more likely to win. On the other hand, if neither competitor has psychological momentum the probability of winning is equal for both. Archival data used in testing this hypothesis were obtained from a competitive sports tournament. The results strongly supported the hypothesis. It was also found that the over-all positive effect of psychological momentum was greater for male than female competitors. This effect, however, seemed to be mediated by the amount of competitors' experience. That is, the influence decreased as men's competitive experience increased and as women's experience decreased. The results were briefly discussed and suggestions for further research were offered.
Relationship among Locus of Control, Heart Rate and Ratings of Stress
Authors: Harrell Jules P.
Published: September 2011

Internal locus of control was associated with more rapid heart rates in 38 subjects who listened to signaled stressful tones. The reductions in heart-rate responses to the tones that were achieved by the half of the sample that was given progressive relaxation training were not related to locus of control. But in these subjects, larger reductions in the ratings of the aversiveness of the tones were associated with scoring in the direction of internal control. The findings point to a complex relationship among the context in which stress occurs, locus of control, and the physiological and subjective indices of stress reactions.
Effects of Intervention on Teenagers' Physical and Psychological Identity
Authors: Harris Rachel , Nolte Dorothy , Nolte Claude
Published: September 2011

A study of therapeutic intervention using body experience and imagery showed that 19 high school students receiving such treatment for 1 mo. changed in the expected direction in terms of self-actualization on immediate retest.
Death Anxiety before and after Death Education: Negative Results
Authors: McClam Tricia
Published: September 2011

A death education program did not lower death anxiety in 76 females and 15 males (aged 19 to 66 yr.) in health-care and helping professions over a 2-day workshop or 4 wk. later. Perhaps the program was not sufficiently experiential.
Comparison and Cross-Validation of the Irrational Belief Test and the Rational Behavior Inventory
Authors: Ray Joseph B. , Bak Joseph S.
Published: September 2011

The Irrational Belief Test and the Rational Behavior Inventory were given to 27 male and 33 female undergraduate students. The tests were significantly and negatively correlated, indicating that subjects who demonstrated many of the irrational beliefs on the one test also exhibited little rational behavior on the other. The results of this cross-validation study supported the notion that the degree of rationality and irrationality evidenced by college students in the standardization studies is still evidenced by today's youth.
Facial Attractiveness and Behavior of Patients with Cleft Lip and/Or Palate
Authors: Starr Philip
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationship between facial attractiveness and behavior of patients with cleft lip and/or palate. The subjects were the 49 patients for whom behavioral data were routinely collected when they were 10 yr. old or older and full face photographs were taken at the same time. There were no statistically significant differences between the attractive and less attractive groups of patients on the six behavioral scores of the Missouri Children's Behavioral Checklist, their ratings of self-esteem and attitude toward clefting. A possible explanation for the discrepancy of our findings from those previously reported in the literature may be the fact that our patients have had good lip repair.
Relationship of Apprehension about Writing to Performance as Measured by Grades in a College Course on Composition
Authors: Fowler Bill , Kroll Barry M.
Published: September 2011

A questionnaire on the measurement of apprehension about writing was given to 1,257 students enrolled in their first college course in composition. Scores on the questionnaire did not correlate well with a measure of performance, grades in the composition course. A general measure of verbal facility and skills, Composite American College Test scores, correlated well with grades. These findings raise questions about what is measured by the questionnaire and suggest that achievement in writing depends more heavily on verbal skills than on apprehension about writing.
Expectations about Effectiveness of Telephone Crisis Intervention
Authors: McGowen Ramsey , King Glen D.
Published: September 2011

50 male and 50 female college students who had heard of but never actually used a crisis center were asked about their expectations for the quality of help received and its impact on their lives. Expectations were generally very positive and were compared to experiences of actual callers to a crisis center.
Children's Belief in Santa Claus, Easter Bunny and Tooth Fairy
Authors: Blair John R. , McKee Judy S. , Jernigan Louise F.
Published: September 2011

147 4- to 10-yr.-old children were identified at the preoperational, transitional, and concrete operation stages of cognitive development and were interviewed as to their beliefs in Santa Claus, the Easter Bunny, and the Tooth Fairy. Both age and stage were significantly related to belief in these fantasy figures, but when age was controlled, the correlations were nonsignificant for stage and belief. The age at which disbelief occurred was about 8 yr. for both boys and girls.
Use and Evaluation of the Famous Sayings: Partial Summary through December, 1979
Authors: Ammons R. B. , Ammons C. H.
Published: September 2011

33 substantial references to research with and evaluation of the Famous Sayings test are listed. These originated from a search of the literature and replies to letters sent to 711 users of record.
Correlations between Beck Depression Scores and Physical Complaints
Authors: Armstrong Hubert E. , Goldenberg Edward , Stewart Donald
Published: September 2011

The relationship between physical complaint and depression is explored for 29 male and 27 female students, normal subjects, from a middle to upper-middle socioeconomic class. Results bear out the clinically reported and theoretically hypothesized relationship between these two variables.
Students' and Teachers' Perceptions of Classroom Environment and Self- and Others-Concepts
Authors: Galluzzi Edward G. , Kirby Edward A. , Zucker Karl B.
Published: September 2011

The relationships among self-concept, others-concept (a person's perceptions and expectancies about other people), and students' and teachers' perceptions of classroom environment were explored. Subjects were 441 fifth grade children and their 25 teachers. All children were administered group tests which measured self-concept, others-concept, and perceptions on five classroom environment scales (Involvement, Affiliation, Teacher Support, Friction, and Satisfaction). Teachers completed the classroom environment measure only. Correlations indicated that children's self- and others-concepts were statistically related to their perceptions of classroom environment, but the correlations were low. When the children were assigned to high, middle, and low self- and others-concept groups, analyses of group membership indicated significant differences in perceptions on the five classroom environment scales between the groups low and high in self- and others-concepts. Significantly more children with low self- and others-concepts differed from their teachers' perceptions of classroom environment than did children with high self- and others-concepts. The findings underscore a significant relationship between perception of classroom environment and several personal variables.
Awareness, the Origin of Thought, and the Role of Conscious Self-Deception in Resistance and Repression
Authors: Joseph Rhawn
Published: September 2011

Non-conscious processes involved in the formulation, organization, and expression of thought and consciousness are examined. It is argued that non-organized impulses and imageless non-linguistic knowledge exist prior to and result in the organization recognized as consciousness and thought. Hence consciousness is viewed as the developmental endpoint of a unitary process originating as non-activated sensations and knowledge, i.e., awareness. Because one can be aware of and have knowledge of “things” prior to being conscious of them, it is possible to know, yet not know, or rather not think about certain objectionable feelings or tacit ideas. These imageless, non-linguistic forms of knowledge are not unconscious; rather they are non-labeled and non-descriptive. Within this framework the Freudian conception of unconscious processes is examined and shown to support a model of self-deception, defined as a conscious refusal to attend to unstructured tacit knowledge of which one is simultaneously aware.
Development of Sucrose Preferences under Two Levels of Water Deprivation
Authors: Cohen Jerome S. , Hachey Gregory J.
Published: September 2011

Although both highly (23.5 hr.) and moderately (18 hr.) water deprived rats preferred sucrose solutions to water at fixed locations, less thirsty animals developed higher preferences more rapidly. Amount of experience with each incentive but not concentration of sucrose solution affected the development of such preferences in the more thirsty rats.
Negative Effects of Psychotherapy: A Missing Piece
Authors: Kirchner John H.
Published: September 2011

Through the case history method this study examines one neglected phenomenon of negative effects—the negative effect which relapses or is actually positive. The relationship of this type of negative effect to the evaluation, of therapy and to the therapeutic process is explored.
Rorschach Experience Balance, Introversion, and Sex
Authors: Tamkin Arthur S.
Published: September 2011

Three specific hypotheses concerning Rorschach experience balance of 81 psychiatric patients were tested: (1) Subjects showing M > sum C (introversives) would be higher on Si of the MMPI than subjects showing M < sum C (extratensives). (2) Subjects showing M > sum C would be higher on Si of the MMPI than subjects showing M < sum C. (3) Males and females would show different experience balance types. In Study 1, 16 introversives were compared with 16 extratensives for their scores on Si and Sc, but the results showed no significant differences. Sex differences, also, were not significant. Study 2 replicated Study 1 with 21 introversives and 28 extratensives but indicated no significant differences on Si, Sc, or for sex. Since these negative findings corroborated other reported findings for the same variables, it was concluded that the meaning of Rorschach experience balance should be reconsidered since it is not synonymous with the concept of introversion-extraversion derived from objective personality measurements.
Change in Attitude of Party Switchers before and after an Election
Authors: Zippel Bert
Published: September 2011

Previous research has demonstrated that party switchers, individuals intending to vote for a candidate of other than the party with which they identify, exhibit greater authoritarianism and dogmatism than do non-switchers. The present study determined that switchers exhibited a smaller difference in attitude between candidates than did non-switchers. In addition, the initial attitude toward the importance of the election was intensified as a function of voting behavior. The results imply that switching may produce cognitive tension after the decision is made and that this tension may be dissipated following an oven act, such as voting, consistent with the decision.
Creativity and Locus of Control among Mexican College Students
Authors: Richmond Bert O. , De La Serna Marcelo
Published: September 2011

Most earlier studies of college students in the U.S. suggest that internal locus of control is positively related to creativity. The current study on college students in Mexico supports one recent study in the Southeastern U.S. indicating that external college students are more creative. Creative college students in Mexico may be more similar to creative students in the rural Southeast; however, the similarity of findings in these two recent studies may also suggest a changing trend among college students. Perhaps creative students of the late 1970's have a more external orientation than college students of a decade ago.
Season of Birth and Degree of Mental Retardation: Failure to Confirm a Relationship
Authors: Roszkowski Michael J.
Published: September 2011

No support was found for an association between season of birth and the incidence or degree of mental deficiency among the 419 clients of a residential facility for the mentally retarded.
Can Follow-up Response Rates to a Mail Survey Be Increased by Including Another Copy of the Questionnaire?
Authors: Swan John E. , Epley Donald E. , Burns William L.
Published: September 2011

In a mail survey of business respondents, this experiment tested the hypothesis that return rates from follow-ups which included another copy of the questionnaire would be more effective than letter-only follow-ups. Sending another copy of the questionnaire in the follow-up could increase returns for a number of reasons, such as providing another questionnaire for respondents who had discarded the original. The two methods were equally effective in the first follow-up, however, in the second follow-up returns from the letter-plus-questionnaire were almost twice that of the letter-only group. The results suggest that in planning a mail survey, it may be appropriate to consider a letter-only first follow-up and a letter-plus-questionnaire second follow-up.
Cross-Validation of the Wright-Tedeschi Factors of the Interpersonal Trust Scale
Authors: Tedeschi Richard G. , Wright Thomas L.
Published: September 2011

Separate factor analyses of high school student (106 males and 108 females) and adult (295 males and 334 females) samples of respondents to Rotter's Interpersonal Trust Scale demonstrated cross-validation of the three Wright-Tedeschi factors derived from samples of college students. Clearest support was found for the factor, Trust of Strangers. Similarities and differences among various factor structures of the Interpersonal Trust Scale are discussed.
Animism: Conceptual And/Or Psychometrically Based Confusion
Authors: Manaster Guy J.
Published: September 2011

Piaget's developmental sequence of “animism” is further questioned in this study of 10- and 14-yr.-olds using a new instrument, and analyzing responses which are “animism's” opposite.
Relation of Two Cultural Identities of Armenian-Americans
Authors: Der-Karabetian Aghop
Published: September 2011

The gap between the two cultural identities of 37 female and 43 male Armenian-American teen-agers attending Armenian schools was studied. The effects of ethnic involvement and residency status (native-born and recent immigrant) were examined. The absolute difference between the Armenian and American identity scores defined the gap between the two cultural identities. It was hypothesized that more ethnic involvement and recent immigrant status would show greater gap. A 2 × 2 analysis of variance of ethnic involvement and residency status produced significant main effects in the expected directions and no interaction. The ethnically more involved and the recent immigrants showed greater gap in their American and Armenian identities than the ethnically less involved and the native-born, respectively. Some phenomenological explanations for the observed effects were considered.
Subject's Selective Learning: An Insight into the Depth-of-Processing Framework
Authors: Piedmont Ralph L.
Published: September 2011

Recently, debate has arisen over Craik and Lockhart's (1972) depth-of-processing framework. Attention has centered on the existence of a progressive linear hierarchy which is hypothesized to be the locus of the learning process. The term ‘subject's selective learning’ is used to bring a new perspective to this theory. This term asserts that what a subject is required to do in a particular learning situation will determine the durability of the memory trace as well as the type of trace. Changes in the situational requirements will bring changes in the trace ‘depth.’
Sex-Role Typing: A Methodological Note
Authors: Penick Elizabeth C. , Powell Barbara J. , Read Marsha R. , Mahoney David
Published: September 2011

Contemporary measures of sex-role affiliation, which emphasize the relative independence of masculine and feminine attributes, typically rely upon a median-split procedure to generate a four-fold typology, e.g., masculine, feminine, indeterminant, and androgynous types. Methodological problems created by this classification technique are illustrated for one combined male/female sample and three male samples given the PRF ANDRO. The number in each standardization sample was Combined, 772; Males, 386; Alcoholics, 123; Veterans of Foreign Wars, 73. Sex-role typing was markedly influenced by the sample from which median cutting scores were derived.
Factors Contributing to Large-Scale Instructional Development
Authors: Langer Philip , Duncan Eric , Rassen Rachel L.
Published: September 2011

Stepwise multiple regression analysis data from a previous study of organizational variables contributing to large-scale development of instructional procedures indicates that, with innovation as the dependent variable, communication and job satisfaction contribute significantly. Innovation appears to be a function of an open organizational structure and high staff morale. University and military sites were compared with respect to these attributes.
Distinctions between Psychopathic, Sociopathic and Anti-Social Personality Disorders
Authors: Schlesinger Louis B.
Published: September 2011

Relevant distinctions between the concepts of psychopathic, sociopathic and anti-social personalities are discussed in this paper. The focus is briefly on the dynamics, purpose, and meaning of the criminal act itself rather than on subjective impressions such as empathy or egocentricity. Other relevant factors that differentiate the three groups are type of crime, motive, length of prison term, presence of psychiatric symptoms, and social environment. Case material is presented to illustrate the points.
Distribution of Self-Reported Alcohol Consumption in New Zealand, 1978–1979
Authors: Gregson Robert A. M. , Stacey Barrie G.
Published: September 2011

The problem of estimating how much alcohol individuals actually drink is discussed with particular reference to the log-normal frequency distribution of alcohol consumption. It is then presented as being a problem of inference from the recent history of a time series. Following directly from this presentation, data obtained in a national survey of 10,000 New Zealand residents are analyzed (a) to yield the frequency distribution of estimated drinking rates; (b) to test whether this distribution is log-normal in form; and (c) to provide further information about the distribution of alcohol consumption. This analysis enabled us to account for almost the whole of the actual total alcohol consumption in New Zealand. The results are different from those expected on the basis of the uncorrected log-normal description of consumption.
Street Attire vs Nurses' Uniforms: A Brief Questionnaire
Authors: Sterling F. E. , Dinning W. David
Published: September 2011

A 12-item instrument was designed to quantify the views of 62 nurses on how the wearing of nurses' uniforms vs street attire might affect their performance of routine nursing duties, effectiveness of their therapeutic efforts, their role concepts, and interpersonal involvement with patients. Factor analysis indicated that the instrument had high internal reliability and unifactor content. Suggestions were offered for the instrument's utility as a research tool and as an aid in selection of nursing personnel in applied settings where attire worn is considered an important environmental factor or where the attitudes of nursing staff may have bearing on treatment and response to treatment of selected populations.
Effect of Relaxation Training on Students' Persistence and Academic Performance
Authors: Stout Chester C. , Thornton Billy , Russell Harold L.
Published: September 2011

Considering anxiety to be a major debilitative factor among high-risk students, an attempt was made to evaluate the effectiveness of relaxation training on students' persistence and academic performance. Although 15 EMG-biofeedback subjects showed greater persistence (contact hours) than the 14 subjects given progressive relaxation, both techniques had beneficial effects on academic performance compared to 12 no-treatment controls.
Children's Friendship Concepts and the Perceived Cohesiveness of Same-Sex Friendship Dyads
Authors: Hindy Carl G.
Published: September 2011

A three-stage model of children's friendship concept development was delineated and tested. Derived from previous interview studies, the three stages were: (1) the Unilateral Physicalistic, (2) the Reciprocal Physicalistic, and (3) the Reciprocal Emotional. Cartoon simulations of stressful interactions between same-sex pairs of children described alternately as best friends or as acquaintances were presented to 149 girls and 129 boys in Grades 1 through 8. Three sets of cartoons were employed, each modeled on behaviors expected to pose threats of termination of friendship at one of the three stages. In two tasks, the children judged the relative cohesiveness or survival probability of the three simulated relationships. Since children at each of three age ranges judged the friendship whose “threats” were hypothesized to be germane to their own friendship concerns as least cohesive, the three-stage model was supported. Girls perceived greater cohesiveness in “best friendships” than did boys; all three age groups distinguished between “best friends” and the less intense form of peer relationship, judging the former to be more cohesive.
Test of the Role in Retention of Illustrations in Text
Authors: Duchastel Philippe C.
Published: September 2011

Illustrations in a text were hypothesized to enhance long-term memory of the text. The experiment varied the availability of illustrations (an illustrated prose passage versus a non-illustrated passage) and delay of retention (immediate posttests versus posttests given 2 wk. later). The passage was a short text on energy and the participants were high-school students. Illustrations did not enhance retention, which suggests the theory upon which the hypothesis was based needs to be refined. The functionally oriented theoretical framework was shown to be amenable to empirical test.
Attitudes of Senegalese Secondary School Students towards Traditional African Way of Life and Western Way of Life
Authors: D'Hondt Walter , Vandewiele Michel
Published: September 2011

With the help of an open-ended questionnaire addressed to some 882 Senegalese collegians, we inquired about the opinions of school-going adolescents upon traditional and Western ways of life, including two major problems, polygamy and the bride-price. Nearly half of the Senegalese adolescents (45%) wish to preserve, before everything else, certain traditional virtues such as solidarity, sharing with others, hospitality, respect paid to parents and elders, politeness, honour. Half of the students wanted to get rid of traditional marriage (imposed marriages, bride-price, polygamous marriage, need for maidenhood, prestige ceremonies). One-third of students praised the Europeans' discretion, freedom of mind, know-how, hardworking qualities, modesty. Marriages in the European fashion seemed to appeal to them (11%), but they most envied the better educational opportunities European children had (26%). What they did not like most was the Europeans' racism (26%), then their individualism (21%). The majority of our subjects were against polygamy (79%) and the bride-price (60%).
Microdiagnosis and Misuse of Scores and Standards
Authors: Hutt Max L.
Published: September 2011

Scores and standards derived from scores are based on several critical assumptions which are invalid in the evaluation of exceptional individuals, whether their deviancy is positive or negative. The nature of scores based on performance is examined and their inapplicability is illustrated in a variety of cases and dass situations. Improper utilization of scores may result in rigidification of evaluation procedures and dehumanization in the application of standards. Microdiagnosis is a method for the evaluation of exceptional cases which permits examination of the relevant parameters in the given case and an exploration of factors which contribute in an idiosyncratic manner to the attribute being evaluated. This method is based on an experimental-clinical model rather than on standardized procedures.
Prediction of Wais Scores from Quick Test Scores for White and Black Patients at a Mental Health Center
Authors: Peteroy Edward T.
Published: September 2011

Responses of 32 white and 20 black adults (inpatients and outpatients) were subjected to regression analyses to discover which form(s) of the Quick Test best predicted WAIS Full Scale IQs for each race and for pooled data. Differences between scores of white and black patients on the Quick Test and WAIS Full Scale IQ also were assessed. Quick Test Form 1 best predicted WAIS Full Scale IQs for the white, black, and the combined data. The use of two-variable regressions was not warranted. No significant differences in IQs were found between groups of white and black patients on the three forms of the Quick Test and WAIS Full Scale IQs. Collecting local predictive norms when using the Quick Test was recommended, as was further research on differences in predicting WAIS IQs from Quick Test scores for white and black subjects.
Use of Contingent-Interrupted Music in the Treatment of Disruptive Behavior While Riding a Bus
Authors: Barmann Barry C. , Croyle-Barmann Carol
Published: September 2011

Control of disruptive crying and head-banging by a severely retarded child during a bus ride was obtained in 28 days using contingent-interrupted music.
Relationship between Aggression and Managerial Effectiveness
Authors: Brenner O. C. , Tomkiewicz Joseph
Published: September 2011

The relationship between aggression and managerial effectiveness was investigated using a sample of 86 middle managers. Aggression was measured using the Personality Research Form, and superiors were asked to rate 86 middle-managers' effectiveness on five dimensions. Aggression of middle managers was positively correlated with group task accomplishment and managers' over-all effectiveness and negatively correlated with their potential for advancement to a top management position. The latter might indicate that superiors perceive a greater need for aggression at the middle-management level than at the executive level. Ability to lead and motivate subordinates was not related to aggression.
Attitudinal, Demographic, and Outcome Correlates of Clients' Satisfaction
Authors: Distefano M. K. , Pryer Margaret W. , Garrison Jesse L.
Published: September 2011

48 hospitalized psychiatric patients were given a client satisfaction scale, the Future Outlook Inventory, the Opinions About Mental Illness Scale, and the Client Attitude Questionnaire. Clients' satisfaction correlated .39 with future outlook and —.34 with mental hygiene ideology on the OMI Scale. Satisfaction was not significantly correlated with the other mental health attitudes measured by the two scales. Satisfaction also was not related to the clients' characteristics of sex, race, education, diagnosis, time in hospital, or previous history of hospitalization. Clients' satisfaction was not a significant predictor of subsequent program completion or of working status at follow-up, suggesting that clients' satisfaction may be relatively independent of other outcome measures.
Trait Anxiety in Mothers: Differences Associated with Employment Status, Family Size and Age of Children
Authors: Walker Lilly J. Schubert , Walker James L.
Published: September 2011

The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was administered to 345 adult women to determine if anxiety was related to employment status, number of children, and age of children. Respondents were categorized as not employed, employed part-time, or employed full-time and also in terms of number and ages of children. The results indicated that women not employed outside their homes have slightly higher levels of anxiety than the employed women. A significant relationship between ages of children and anxiety was also obtained with Trait-anxiety being highest in women with all children between 2 and 5 yr. of age and lowest in women whose children were all older than 5. The importance of the ages of children and the impact of employment status in contributing to maternal stress are discussed.
Self-Punishment and Depression
Authors: Roth David , Rehm Lynn P. , Rozensky Ronald H.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between depression and the behavior of self-administered reward and punishment was examined among college students. Students scoring high and low on the Beck Depression Inventory were compared on a memory task on which they were to self-reward or self-punish their responses. There were no differences in actual accuracy of memory or in frequency of self-reward, but depressed subjects gave themselves more self-punishment. The results were discussed in light of previous research on self-control behavior of depressed persons.
Validity of Problem-Oriented Record System for Evaluating Treatment Outcome
Authors: Allen Richard H. , Webb Linda J. , Gold Robert S.
Published: September 2011

This paper describes a study of the concurrent validity of therapists' assessments of patients' change as recorded in a problem-oriented record system. A sample of 30 consenting clients was followed over a 3-mo. period. The criterion measures were the Denver Community Mental Health Questionnaire and the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale. The results indicate that the system gives a valid measure for assessing patients' status over time on those dimensions measured by the criterion indices.
Dogmatism and Attained Educational Levels of Managers in an Agri-Product Industry: A Field Study
Authors: Close M. John , Bergmann Thomas J.
Published: September 2011

Items, means, and standard deviations for a short dogmatism scale are reported.
Multiculture-Multiresponse Matrices of Correlations as a Measure of Construct Validity of a Premarital and Sexual Attitude Inventory Given to Iranian and British Subjects
Authors: Hojat Mohammadreza , Shapurian Reza
Published: September 2011

Based on the assumption that for a valid culture-bound instrument, one can expect that groups from similar culture will show greater similarities in the patterns of their responses to the instrument than groups of different culture, a method was proposed to judge the construct validity of the instrument. To apply the method on actual data, a 50-item attitude inventory toward sex and marriage was given to 392 Iranian college students (199 males, 193 females). Percentages of endorsement of different responses to the items were converted to rank-ordered numbers for Iranian subjects and for a British sample of 1541 (780 males, 761 females). Rank-order correlations of different responses across the items for different samples were shown in a table that we called a “multiculture-multiresponse” matrix. With respect to this table, relationships among correlations provided evidence for the construct validity of the instrument.
Use of the Lithium Response Scale with an Outpatient Psychiatric Sample
Authors: Burdick Bruce M. , Holmes Cooper B.
Published: September 2011

Two potentially useful MMPI Lithium Response Scales showed low ability to predict antidepressant responses to lithium therapy in an outpatient sample of 20.
Attitudinal Correlates of Employees' Deviance: Theft, Alcohol Use, and Nonprescribed Drug Use
Authors: Jones John W.
Published: September 2011

Employees' on-the-job theft, alcohol use, and nonprescribed drug use cost businesses billions of dollars yearly due to shrinkage, lowered productivity, absenteeism, law suits related to accidents, etc. Sampling 39 employees from three different workplaces, statistically significant relationships between attitudes toward socially unacceptable deviant behavior, as measured by the Personnel Security Inventory, and employee on-the-job behavior in the areas of theft, alcohol use, and illicit drug use were found. Practical implications of these findings in relation to the pre-employment screening of job applicants and the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 are discussed.
Depression in One- and Two-Job Families
Authors: Keith Pat M. , Schafer Robert B.
Published: September 2011

Sex differences in depression in one- and two-job families were examined among 261 men and 363 women. Women were more depressed than men, but there was no difference in the depression of men in one- and two-job families. Full-time homemakers and employed women did not differ in levels of depression.