bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
¡Del dicho al hecho! Las luchas de las mujeres afrocolombianas en Medellín por la reivindicación de los derechos de las trabajadoras domésticas de Colombia
Authors: Muñoz Cañas Sandra Milena
Published: March 2020

El trabajo doméstico remunerado es una actividad que emplea a gran cantidad de mujeres afrocolombianas en la ciudad de Medellín, por asuntos históricos de esclavitud, migración, falta de oportunidades para estudiar, discriminación para acceder a otros empleos, entre otras situaciones. Esto ha permitido que otras personas, al tener quien cuide de sus hogares, hayan podido realizar sus proyectos de vida. Sin embargo, resulta paradójico que se pongan los seres más amados al cuidado de las personas que más se subvaloran. El artículo se estructura en cinco apartes. El primero ubica metodológicamente la investigación identificando el proceso investigativo. El segundo muestra un análisis de contexto del momento en que se realizó la investigación y menciona experiencias organizativas que existían en torno a las reivindicaciones del trabajo doméstico remunerado a nivel nacional e internacional. El tercero plantea un marco analítico de la discriminación racial y de género a las trabajadoras domésticas. El cuarto recoge los principales resultados respecto de las condiciones laborales y de seguridad social de las mujeres trabajadoras domésticas afrocolombianas de Medellín y, por último, se exponen las principales reivindicaciones, logros y retos en el marco de las luchas de la Unión de Trabajadoras Afrocolombianas del Servicio Doméstico - (UTRASD).
Agradecimientos
Authors: Revista La Manzana de la Discordia
Published: March 2020

Agradecimientos - Revista La Manzana de la Discordia
Artista Invitada
Authors: Mora Olarte Eugenia
Published: March 2020

Artista Invitada
Genealogia e crítica aos valores morais em Nietzsche
Authors: Santos Evania Paiva Alves dos
Published: March 2020

O presente trabalho expõe o contexto da crítica aos valores morais, elaborada por Nietzsche, ressaltando a importância do método genealógico e sua implicação com o “conceito” de Vida como Vontade de poder. Em Genealogia da Moral, o filósofo desenvolve uma investigação que visa não apenas compreender a gênese dos valores morais, ou seja, as condições que permitiram o surgimento de tais valores, mas tornar possível o questionamento a respeito do valor desses valores. A genealogia é condição fundamental, segundo Nietzsche, para que seja possível o advento de uma crítica ao modo moral de interpretação do mundo, elaborado pela tradição filosófica ocidental. Neste sentido, é imprescindível que identifiquemos a relação entre o método genealógico e o significado de Vontade de poder a partir do referido escrito de Nietzsche.
Contribuição à crítica do conceito Bildung e o ensino de filosofia em Nietzsche
Authors: Santos Wellington , Costa Marta Rios Nunes da
Published: March 2020

Este texto analisa a concepção pedagógica do professor-Nietzsche na obra o Futuro de nossos estabelecimentos de ensino (1872) conservando o retrato expositivo-dialógico do Romance de Formação (Bildungsroman) entre o “Filósofo e seus aprendizes”; buscando defender o que chamou-se o daimon-zaratustriano, isto é, os ensinamentos-metodológicos do Espirito-Zaratustra enquanto prática-genealógica para o professor de filosofia no Ensino Médio.  Propõe-se, a partir disso, uma leitura-crítica do Ensino de Filosofia sob a perspectiva do vir-a-ser Formação Cultural (Bildung) demonstrando o peso do capital moral para tal.

Palavras-chave: Romance de Formação; Prática-Genealógica; Formação Cultural
Heidegger e o problema do conhecimento técnico científico para o ensino de filosofia
Authors: SOARES DE SOUSA ALEXANDRE
Published: March 2020

O presente artigo objetiva identifica a filosofia nos moldes gregos se valendo do questionamento que se elaborava a partir de tudo que existe, ou seja, o ser. Este questionar fez com que esses primeiros homens se abrissem ao pensamento de tal maneira que os levassem a perceber algo diferente ou o que está por trás das coisas, sua essência. Heidegger guiado por essa tradição recoloca a filosofia no lugar de onde ela nunca deveria ter saído, a cotidianidade (praças públicas, mercados, padarias, etc.). Esta saída ou desenraizamento do filosofar da vida diária é que a conduziu ao que conhecemos por Metafísica ou a uma amnésia filosófica. Esquecida àquela forma de se filosofar originária iniciada pelos gregos, o que resta agora, para que ela permaneça viva e ativa nos dias hodiernos, é atribuir à filosofia funções que não lhe diz respeito, melhor dizendo, trata-la igualmente ao conhecimento técnico-científico. Deste jeito ela está garantindo a sua sobrevivência se transformando em algo útil. De acordo com Heidegger foi a metafísica responsável em conduzir a filosofia para uma cientificidade ou eficiência. Por essa razão não se chega a uma definição acerca da filosofia, porque é esta uma indeterminável.
O Papel do intelectual em cenários de risco à democracia
Authors: Souza C. Milena de
Published: March 2020

O presente texto pretende fomentar uma reflexão acerca do papel do intelectual em cenários de riscos à democracia, tanto em contexto geral, como em específico no que se refere a atual cena político-econômica e educacional brasileira, partindo do entendimento de conceitos chaves a essa discussão, que nos permitam um maior aclaramento do que esses cenários realmente representam, sua origem e desdobramentos dentro de um contexto que ultrapassa os espaços nacionais. Desse modo, partiremos da discussão dos conceitos de liberalismo, conservadorismo e socialismo, que ademais representam as três ideologias que estruturam a vida política mundial desde meados do século XIX e alcança nossos dias.... conforme analisados pelo filósofo-sociólogo Immanuel Wallerstein, que utilizaremos aqui como referencial teórico, para o tratamento dessa questão, o qual faz um acompanhamento dos referidos conceitos a partir de sua trajetória ao longo da história. No intuito de enriquecer nossa reflexão lançaremos mão de outros pensadores que tratam da referida questão, tais como Istivàn Mészaros, Edward Said e Paulo Freire.
Variability in the size of the retroperitoneal oblique corridor: A magnetic resonance imaging-based analysis
Authors: Boghani Zain , Steele William III , Barber Sean M. , Lee Jonathan J. , Sokunbi Olumide , Blacklock J. Bob , Trask Todd , Holman Paul
Published: March 2020

Background:

A minimally invasive approach to the L2-S1 disc spaces through a single, left-sided, retroperitoneal oblique corridor has been previously described. However, the size of this corridor varies, limiting access to the disc space in certain patients. Here, the authors retrospectively reviewed lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 300 patients to better define the size and variability of the retroperitoneal oblique corridor.

Methods:

Lumbar spine MRI from 300 patients was reviewed. The size of the retroperitoneal oblique corridor from L2-S1 was measured. It was defined as the (1) distance between the medial aspect of the aorta and the lateral aspect of the psoas muscle from L2-L5 and (2) the distance between the midpoint of the L5-S1 disc and the medial aspect of the nearest major vessel on the left at L5-S1. In addition, the rostral-caudal location of the iliac bifurcation was measured.

Results:

The size of the retroperitoneal oblique corridor at L2/3, L3/4, L4/5, and L5/S1 was, respectively, 17.3 ± 6.4 mm, 16.2 ± 6.3 mm, 14.8 ± 7.8 cm, and 13.0 ± 8.3 mm. The incidence of corridor size <1 cm at L2/3, L3/4, L4/5, and L5/S1 was 10.3%, 16.0%, 30.0%, and 39.3%, respectively. The iliac bifurcation was most commonly found behind the L4 vertebral body (n = 158, 52.67%) followed by the L4/5 disc space (n = 74, 24.67%).

Conclusion:

The size of the retroperitoneal oblique corridor diminishes in a rostral-caudal direction, often limiting access to the L4/5 and L5/S1 disc spaces.
Treatment of unusually located traumatic intracranial aneurysms and severe vasospasm following a gunshot wound to the head: A case report
Authors: Akbik Omar Saleh , Voronovich Zoya A. , Carlson Andrew P.
Published: March 2020

Background:

Traumatic intracranial aneurysms (TICAs) represent up to 1% of all intracranial aneurysms. They can be the result of non-penetrating and penetrating brain injury (PBI). Approximately 20% of TICA are caused by PBI. Endovascular treatments as well as surgical clipping are reported in the literature. Other vascular complications of PBI include vasospasm although the literature is lacking on this topic.

Case Description:

The authors present a unique case of multiple TICAs after a PBI in a 15-year-old patient who sustained a gunshot wound to the head. The patient sustained injury through the middle cranial fossa and was taken emergently for a right-sided decompressive hemicraniectomy. Diagnostic cerebral angiogram (DCA) identified multiple TICAs along the right internal carotid artery (ICA) terminus and right middle cerebral artery as well as severe vasospasm. The patient was taken for clipping of those aneurysms and intraoperative treatment of vasospasm. Intraoperative blood flow measurements were taken before and after administration of intracisternal papaverine and arterial soft tissue dissection showing a significant increase in blood flow and improvement of vasospasm.

Conclusion:

While the literature has shifted towards endovascular treatment for TICAs, surgery still offers a safe and efficacious treatment strategy especially when TICAs present at large vessel bifurcation points where parent vessel sacrifice and stent assisted coiling are less favorable strategies. Severe flow limiting vasospasm can be seen in post-traumatic setting specifically PBI. Vasospasm can be treated during open surgery with intracisternal papaverine and arterial soft dissection as confirmed in this case report with intraoperative micro-flow probe measurements.
Precision of preoperative diagnosis in patients with brain tumor – A prospective study based on “top three list” of differential diagnosis for 1061 patients
Authors: Arita Kazunori , Miwa Makiko , Bohara Manoj , Moinuddin FM , Kamimura Kiyohisa , Yoshimoto Koji
Published: March 2020

Background:

Accurate diagnosis of brain tumor is crucial for adequate surgical strategy. Our institution follows a comprehensive preoperative evaluation based on clinical and imaging information.

Methods:

To assess the precision of preoperative diagnosis, we compared the “top three list” of differential diagnosis (the first, second, and third diagnoses according to the WHO 2007 classification including grading) of 1061 brain tumors, prospectively and consecutively registered in preoperative case conferences from 2010 to the end of 2017, with postoperative pathology reports.

Results:

The correct diagnosis rate (sensitivity) of the first diagnosis was 75.8% in total. The sensitivity of the first diagnosis was high (84–94%) in hypothalamic-pituitary and extra-axial tumors, 67–75% in intra-axial tumors, and relatively low (29–42%) in intraventricular and pineal region tumors. Among major three intra-axial tumors, the sensitivity was highest in brain metastasis: 83.8% followed by malignant lymphoma: 81.4% and glioblastoma multiforme: 73.1%. Sensitivity was generally low (≦60%) in other gliomas. These sensitivities generally improved when the second and third diagnoses were included; 86.3% in total. Positive predictive value (PPV) was 76.9% in total. All the three preoperative diagnoses were incorrect in 3.4% (36/1061) of cases even when broader brain tumor classification was applied.

Conclusion:

Our institutional experience on precision of preoperative diagnosis appeared around 75% of sensitivity and PPV for brain tumor. Sensitivity improved by 10% when the second and third diagnoses were included. Neurosurgeons should be aware of these features of precision in preoperative differential diagnosis of a brain tumor for better surgical strategy and to adequately inform the patients.
Review of Toyoda K, et al. Dual antiplatelet therapy using cilostazol for secondary prevention in patients with high-risk ischemic stroke in Japan. Lancet Neurol. 2019 Jun;18(6):539-548
Authors: Lo Benjamin W. Y. , Miyawaki Satoru , Fukuda Hitoshi , Koyanagi Masaomi
Published: March 2020

Background:

Prior meta-analyses showed that treatment with cilostazol, with or without aspirin, significantly reduced the incidence of recurrent ischemic stroke, occurrence of hemorrhagic stroke, and frequency of other serious vascular adverse events.

Methods:

This review highlights the value of the randomized controlled trial (RCT) by Toyoda et al. entitled, “Dual antiplatelet therapy using cilostazol for secondary prevention in patients with high-risk ischemic stroke in Japan: a multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled trial.” Here, dual therapy consisting of cilostazol and another antiplatelet agent was used to prevent secondary ischemic stroke in high-risk Japanese patients.

Results:

Patients on dual therapy consisting of cilostazol/aspirin or cilostazol/clopidogrel had significantly lower frequencies of recurrent stroke. However, there were significant differences in the incidence of attendant hemorrhagic complications utilizing mono or dual therapy.

Conclusion:

This RCT demonstrated the safety of dual therapy, consisting of cilostazol/aspirin or cilostazol/ clopidogrel, in preventing secondary ischemic stroke in a high-risk Japanese population. Further studies are required to generalize these findings to other patient populations worldwide.
Nervous Conditions on the Limpopo: Gendered Insecurities, Livelihoods, and Zimbabwean Migrants in Northern South Africa
Authors: Rutherford Blair
Published: March 2020

This paper examines some of the gendered insecurities informing some of the livelihood practices of Zimbabwean migrants in northern South Africa from 2004-2011, the period in which I carried out almost annual ethnographic research in this region. Situating these practices within wider policy shifts and changing migration patterns at the national and local scales, this paper shows the importance of attending to gendered dependencies and insecurities when analysing migrant livelihoods in southern Africa. These include those found within humanitarian organizations targeting Zimbabwean migrants in their programs and policies in the border area. These gendered insecurities, which are woven into the fabric of travel, work and accommodation for these migrant Zimbabwean women in northern South Africa, should be examined in struggles for social justice. By drawing on the lens of social critique to engender a wider sense of the social justice needs for Zimbabwean women migrants in South Africa, this essay aims to broaden the focus of activism on women migrants to also attend to gendered insecurities in their everyday economic and shelter-seeking activities.
Unequal Interdependency: Chinese Petty Entrepreneurs and Zimbabwean Migrant Labourers
Authors: Liu Ying-Ying Tiffany
Published: March 2020

Exploring the cultural politics of diasporic entrepreneurs and migrant labourers through an examination of Chinese restaurants in Johannesburg, this article presents what I call the “intra-migrant economy” amid everyday racialized insecurities in urban South Africa. I use the term “intra-migrant economy” to refer to the employment of one group of migrants (Zimbabwean migrant workers) by another group of migrants (Chinese petty capitalists) as an economic strategy outside the mainstream labour market. These two groups of migrants work in the same industry, live in the same city, and have established a sort of unequal employment relation that can be hierarchical and interdependentat once. Chinese migrants are socially marginalized but not economically underprivileged, which stands in contrast to Zimbabwean migrants, who remain economically underprivileged even though they speak local languages. Their different socioeconomic positions in South Africa are profoundly influenced by their nationality and racialization. Thisanalysis of their interdependency focuses on the economic and political structures that shaped the underlying conditions that brought Chinese and Zimbabwean migrants to work together in South Africa.
The Invisible Women: Migrant and Immigrant Sex Workers and Law Reform in Canada
Authors: Liew Jamie Chai Yun
Published: March 2020

This article examines how migrant and immigrant sex workers have been rendered invisible before the courts and parliament in the reform of laws regarding sex work in Canada. A discourse analysis of the expansive legal record in the Bedford case and the transcripts of Parliamentary debates and testimony before Standing Committees confirm the lack of nuanced discussion on how criminal law reform could impact migrant and immigrant sex workers. As such, while the case of Bedford and the resulting change in the law made by Parliament have been celebrated as a win for some sex workers as an acknowledgment, recognition and judicial validation of experiences by legal institutions of sex workers, a sub-group of women – migrant and immigrant sex workers – remain in the shadows. This article examines how law excludes migrant and immigrant sex workers; it is a starting point for research on how migrant and immigrant sex workers may participate in future legal reform.
We the People... (Creative Intervention)
Authors: Mestizo Arts & Activism Collective
Published: March 2020

N/A
Elimi(Nation): Canada’s “Post-Settler” Embrace of Disposable Migrant Labour
Authors: Stasiulis Daiva
Published: March 2020

This article utilizes the lens of disposability to explore recent conditions of low-wage temporary migrant labour, whose numbers and economic sectors have expanded in the 21stcentury. A central argument is that disposability is a discursive and material relation of power that creates and reproduces invidious distinctions between the value of “legitimate” Canadian settler-citizens (and candidates for citizenship) and the lack of worth of undesirable migrant populations working in Canada, often for protracted periods of time. The analytical lens of migrant disposability draws upon theorizing within Marxian, critical modernity studies, and decolonizing settler colonial frameworks. This article explores the technologies of disposability that lay waste to low wage workers in sites such as immigration law and provincial/territorial employment legislation, the workplace, transport, living conditions, access to health care and the practice of medical repatriation of injured and ill migrant workers. The mounting evidence that disposability is immanent within low-wage migrant labour schemes in Canada has implications for migrant social justice. The failure to protect migrant workers from a vast array of harms reflects the historical foundations of Canada’s contemporary migrant worker schemes in an “inherited background field [of settler colonialism] within which market, racist, patriarchal and state relations converge” (Coulthard, 2014, p. 14). Incremental liberal reform has made little headway insofar as the administration and in some cases reversal of more progressive reforms such as guaranteed pathways to citizenship prioritize employers’ labour interests and the lives and health of primarily white, middle class Canadian citizens at the expense of a shunned and racialized but growing population of migrants from the global South. Transformational change and social justice for migrant workers can only occur by reversing the disposability and hyper-commodification intrinsic to low-wage migrant programs and granting full permanent legal status to migrant workers.
The effect of soil deepening on soybean yield by using various sowing machines
Authors: Epifantsev V. V. , Panasyuk A. N. , Osipov Ya. A. , Vaytekhovich Yu. A.
Published: March 2020

The inﬂuence of agricultural methods and soil and climatic conditions on soybean cultivation in the southern regions of the Amur Region was researched. Schemes of two-factor experiments to study the effectiveness of deepening the arable layer of soil during crop cultivation in 2014–2016 included the following options. Factor A – tillage: autumn – disk plowing or cultivation; spring disk plowing or cultivation; summer – inter-row cultivation with or without para-plowing. The options were combined in different ways, whereby the option of soil tillage with a disc harrow in autumn and spring was taken as control. Factor B: sowing with seeders SZ-5.4 and SP-3.6 L with row spacing (options – 15, 45 and 60 cm) with various tillage systems. In 2017–2018 experiments were carried out according to the following schemes. Factor A – tillage: in autumn tillage depth at 0.12 m with a disc harrower PM-8; in spring, before sowing – at 0.10 m (cultivator Case Tiger Mate 225 – control); autumn – tillage depth at 0.28 m (cultivator Lemken Karat 9/400); spring, before sowing – at 0.10 m (Case Tiger Mate 225). Factor B – seeding units included Amazon DMC 9000 (control); Amazon DMC 1200, Case Pro Disk 500 AFS, John Deer 1890, Lemken Solitair 12, Horsch Pronto 9 DC, Tom’ 12, SP-3.6 L. Deep autumn cultivation, in contrast with disk plowing, ensures a more favorable waterair regime for plants and an increase in soybean yield. Seeding units Case Pro Disk 500 AFS, John Deer 1890, Amazon DMC 9000 and SP-3.6 L used in combination with Lemken Karat 9/400 + Case Tiger Mate 255 machines for deepening the arable layer provided an increase in soybean yield by 25.0–38.3% compared to soil tillage with discs. It is recommended to use wide-span seeding units for soybean cultivation in large and medium-sized farms in ﬁelds with subdued relief in accordance with high-intensity technology. It is advisable to use SP-3.6 L seeder with a seed shoe for organic crop production in small-scale agricultural enterprises.
Evaluation of ecological stability of common hop varieties
Authors: Osipova Yu. S. , Ivanova I. Yu. , Leontieva V. V.
Published: March 2020

The results of the research into the yield of common hop varieties (Humulus lupulus L.) in the conditions of the southern part of VolgaVyatka region are presented. The study of adaptive potential and yield variation coefficient (V) was carried out on 250 hop samples from various regions of Russia and 17 foreign countries. The experiment was carried out in three layouts in 1989, 2004, 2018 (third year of life) and in 1990, 2005, 2019 (fourth year of life) in a collection nursery in Chuvash Republic. The plantations of the hop variety collection were located on the dark-grey forest heavy loamy soil with an average level of fertility. The soil of the nursery was weakly acidic, the feeding area was 2.5 × 1.2 m. The collection of hop varieties consists only of female plants and is kept in the live form. Weather conditions in the vegetation season of the growth and development of hop plants during the research period varied from year to year. The most favorable meteorological data for crop cultivation was recorded in 2019. The hop cultivation technology recommended in the region was used in the collection nursery. The study of varieties by ripeness groups was carried out as compared with the standard variety Podvyazny (Russia). Among the hop samples studied in three layouts, it was found that the mid-ripening variety Kruglyak-Seryak (Ukraine) (1.76) has the maximum adaptability, and Serebryanka Kalistovskaya (Russia) in the fourth year of life (V = 1.70%) has the best stability. These samples are recommended for breeding of environmentally sustainable varieties of hops.
Estimation of efﬁciency and phytotoxicity of Adengo herbicide in corn crops
Authors: Kostyuk A. V. , Lukacheva N. G.
Published: March 2020

The study was conducted in the Primorsky Territory in 2017-2018 in the corn crops of the hybrid population P 8521 for grain. The soil of the experimental plots was meadow-brown podzolized, containing 3.5% humus in the arable horizon. Agricultural technology used was based on non-moldboard soil tillage system. The predecessor was soya. Adengo herbicide was used before seedling, in phases of 2-3 and 5-6 leaves in corn. The experiment was carried out in two plots: the ﬁrst grown with weeds, at a consumption rate of 0.5 l/ha, the second – clean from weeds with regular manual weeding, at a consumption rate of 0.5 and 1.0 l/ha (twice the recommended rate). The infestation of the ﬁrst plot averaged 272–626 plants per 1 m 2 with a total above-ground mass of 4181–4305 g/m2 . About 80% of weeds were annual grasses and common ragweed. Adengo herbicide, applied after sowing and before seedlings of corn and weeds, prevented the germination of St. Paul’s wort, velvet leaf, lamb’s quarters and smartweed. Common ragweed, Asian copperleaf and annual grasses sprouted 96, 65 and 78%, respectively, less than in the control. When applying treatment in the phase of 2–3 leaves in corn, the herbicidal activity of the preparation increased compared to its preemergence application from 46 to 71%. When applied during these periods, Adengo did not affect perennial dicotyledonous weeds. The main advantage of the studied preparation, applied in the 5–6 leaf phase, was herbicidal activity against perennial dicotyledonous weeds – the creeping thistle and ﬁeld sowthistle. When using Adengo in phases 2–3 and 5–6 leaves, 5.34 and 5.46 tons of grain/ha were saved, respectively, which was more than when it was applied before germination at 4.76 t/ha (in the control 0.76 t/ha). In the second weed-free experiment, the phytotoxic effect of the herbicide on corn plants, regardless of the timing of application during the growing season, reduced grain yield. In all variants with the use of the preparation, 0.08–0.78 t/ha less grain was received than in the control (without herbicides – 8.64 t/ ha). When Adengo was applied in the phase of 5–6 leaves at a consumption rate of 1.0 l/ha (twice the recommended value), corn plants signiﬁcantly lagged in growth and development; the obtained yield was by 0.78 t/ha lower than the control variant. In practically all variants of the experiment, the weight, length of the ear and the number of grains from it, and the mass of 1000 grains were recorded signiﬁcantly less than in the control.
Conceptual model of land agroecological properties
Authors: Kalichkin V. K. , Koryakin R. A. , Maksimovich K. Yu. , Sigitov A. A. , Galimov R. R.
Published: March 2020

In order to solve the problem of the land agroecological estimation (natural resources potential) automation and artificial information system development, it is necessary to make the domain knowledge (DK) conceptualization, or conceptual modelling. The unified modelling language (UML) was chosen as a descriptive system. Three abstract objects (class, attribute and relationship) were selected to describe 33 concepts for land plot basic natural characteristics and 13 significant nature process aspects regulating changes of those characteristics. For 6 DK concepts abstract object “class” was chosen, for 27 DK concepts – “attribute”, for 13 nature process aspects – “relationship”. Class “land plot” is a central one interacting with the other 5 classes: “relief”, “agrometeorological resource”, “soil”, “erosion”, “vegetation”. All classes and attributes interdependencies are described by relationship classification of 3 types. The first type is dependency relationship showing on UML diagrams a directed connection between two classes towards the main class, which means that changing the main class properties implies changing the dependant class properties; the second type is association relationship, which is any relationship showing connection characterized by almost any verb of the Russian language; the third type is composition relationship showing connection between composite and its part and is always directed to the composite, where deletion of the composite class implies deletion of all parts. Optimization of the DK conceptual model described by means of UML diagram is a permanent process, thus new classes and concepts can be added to the model throughout the time.
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND POVERTY ASSESSMENT IN INDONESIA
Authors: Kartiasih Fitri , Pribadi Wanda
Published: March 2020

Poverty is both a cause and a victim of deteriorating environmental quality. The poor are regarded as very dependent on the environment and natural resources in sustaining their lives so that the environment and natural resources are exploited regardless of their sustainability. On the other hand, environmental degradation causes the poor to get out of poverty. This study aims to (1) analyze the general picture of environmental quality and poverty, (2) analyze the effect of poverty on the environment, (3) analyze the effect of environmental quality on poverty along with other supporting factors in Indonesia 2012-2014. The analytical method used is simultaneous equation with EC2SLS method. The results show that poverty can affect environmental degradation but not vice versa. Exogenous variables that significantly affect the quality of the environment are the growth of the number of poor, economic growth, population density, and literacy rate. Exogenous variables that have significant effect on poverty are economic growth, wage, population density, and literacy rate.
Lyric, Rhythm, and Non-alignment in the Second Verse of Kendrick Lamar’s “Momma”
Authors: Ohriner Mitchell M.
Published: March 2020

After twenty years of published analyses on rap lyrics and flow, a divide between music-oriented and literature-oriented writing remains. It is only slightly hyperbolic to suggest that the former analyzes rap music as music without text while the latter analyzes it as text without music. This article begins bridging that divide by relating details of Kendrick Lamar’s rhythmic delivery to the meaning of his lyrics, focusing on the second verse of “Momma” fromTo Pimp a Butterfly(2015). In particular, I present methods for measuring and visualizing the alignment of syllable onsets (i.e., the flow) with events in the accompanying instrumental streams (i.e., the beat). Subsequently, in examining three lines of the verse, I document an analogy between flow-beat alignment and topics of vitality, moral rightness, and knowledge in the lyrics. In demonstrating one way in which rhythmic delivery can affirm the expressive meaning of lyrics, I hope to provide tools that enable hip hop scholars interested in rhythm, rhyme, and meaning to sometimes talk to each other rather than past each other.
This Flow Ain’t Free: Generative Elements in Kendrick Lamar’s To Pimp a Butterfly
Authors: Mattessich John J
Published: March 2020

This article presents analyses of three songs from To Pimp a Butterfly with respect to the relationship between Lamar’s flow and the instrumental track in each song. A spectrum of flow is proposed, which consists of flow that is at one extreme derivative (metrically and hypermetrically aligned with the instrumental track) and at the other generative (flow and instrumental track are discontinuous). This framework is then considered with respect to normative stylistic considerations and used as a means of interpretation in tandem with the lyrics.
“I got a bone to pick”
Authors: Bungert James
Published: March 2020

Despite the profusion of rap analyses in the past decade or so, what is still missing is an explicit music-theoretical acknowledgement of the social message of the lyrics, of the essence of what most rap listeners immersed in the lyrics might glean from the music. This essay represents a call to engage rap music from an analytical standpoint that understands its inner workings from a music-theoretical perspective while also incorporating its social message into the analysis. This analysis of Kendrick Lamar’s “King Kunta,” from his landmark albumTo Pimp a Butterfly(2015), provides an illustrative case study. It first outlines an issue in the song’s formal structure, an ambivalence between a verse-chorus and a chorus-verse interpretation. It then contextualizes the song’s musical characteristics, including its flow, in terms of its West Coast influences, situates the song within the lyrical content of the album, and discusses in some detail Lamar’s use of “Signifyin(g),” an African American linguistic/literary practice. The essay concludes by considering the formal ambivalence and lyrical themes of “King Kunta,” along with Lamar’s position as a performer suspended between the rap game and American capitalism in light of DuBoisian “double consciousness” (1903). Incorporating rap’s social import into analyses not only bestows a social currency lacking in most other music theory scholarship, but more importantly it allows us to use music theory as a tool with which to understand current social issues.
Middleground Structure in the Cadenza to Boulez’s Éclat
Authors: Losada C. Catherine
Published: March 2020

Through a transformational analysis of Boulez’s Éclat, this article extends previous understanding of Boulez’s compositional techniques by addressing issues of middleground structure and perception. Presenting a new perspective on this pivotal work, it also sheds light on the development of Boulez’s compositional style.
Extreme Hardcore Punk and the Analytical Challenges of Rhythm, Riffs, and Timbre in Punk Music
Authors: Pearson David M.
Published: March 2020

Scholars often assume that there is little more to say about punk music other than it is fast, loud, abrasive, and any amateur can perform it. Yet within the punk scene, there is a robust discourse on punk musical style and the changes it has undergone throughout its now forty-year history, seemingly endless subgenre distinctions, and critical commentary on the musical merits of individual bands. This article combines transcription and analysis with a look at the punk scene’s own discourse on musical style to understand the rhythms, riffs, and timbres of extreme hardcore punk, a subgenre prominent in the 1990s. The 800-BPM blast beats, screamed or growled vocals, and dissonant riffs of extreme hardcore necessitate the development of theoretical concepts for explaining the function of meter, timbre, and melodic material in punk. Furthermore, an understanding of changes in and new subgenres of punk style is necessary to avoid reducing punk to a music devoid of nuance or ongoing historical development.
Comprehensibility and Ben Johnston’s String Quartet No. 9
Authors: Willis Laurence Sinclair
Published: March 2020

Ben Johnston’s just-intonation music is of startling aural variety and presents novel solutions to age-old tuning problems. In this paper, I describe the way that Johnston reoriented his compositional practice in the 1980s as evidenced in his musical procedures. Johnston became aware of the disconnect between Western art music composers and their audiences. He therefore set about composing more accessible music that listeners could easily comprehend. His String Quartet No. 9 gives an instructive example of the negotiation between just intonation and comprehensibility. By integrating unusual triadic sonorities with background tonal relationships, Johnston reveals an evolution of just-intonation pitch structures across the work. This paper provides an example of an analytical method for exploring Johnston’s works in a way that moves beyond simply describing the structure of his system and into more musically tangible questions of form and process.
Introduction to the Symposium on Kendrick Lamar’sTo Pimp a Butterfly
Authors: Ewell Philip A.
Published: March 2020

In this introduction to the symposium on Kendrick Lamar and his albumTo Pimp a Butterfly, I give a brief overview of each of the five articles of the symposium while highlighting certain aspects of the work that I find particularly important. I also suggest, along the way, parts that may prove useful to rap studies specifically and music theory generally.
Music Theory as Social Justice: Pedagogical Applications of Kendrick Lamar’sTo Pimp A Butterfly
Authors: Attas Robin
Published: March 2020

Kendrick Lamar’sTo Pimp A Butterflyoffers core music theory instructors many opportunities: to engage with popular music in a curriculum traditionally focused on art music, to discuss theoretical topics not usually considered in the music theory core (including flow, groove, meter and rhythm), and to diversify the range of composer identities included in classroom repertoire. The album’s focus on African-American experiences of race and racism in the contemporary United States also allows instructors to integrate social justice topics with music-theoretical ones. This article discusses three possible models for such integration. In the “plug-and-play” model, examples from the album are embedded within lesson plans focused on traditional music theory topics. In the “concept” model, the undergraduate core curriculum is reorganized to focus on musical concepts rather than on analytical approaches to a particular repertoire, and musical examples from the album are used to explore analytical strategies for each concept. Finally, in the “social justice” model, the album is used as a springboard for classroom discussions and assignments about race, racism, poverty, and more, while still maintaining focus on analytical methods. For all three types, the author includes sample teaching materials including lesson plans, curricular design strategies, and teaching techniques. With this work, the author encourages instructors of all backgrounds, abilities, and institutional settings to consider ways of incorporating social justice into their own classrooms to change the world for the better.
We Gon’ Be Alright? The Ambiguities of Kendrick Lamar’s Protest Anthem
Authors: Manabe Noriko
Published: March 2020

The best-known track on Kendrick Lamar’sTo Pimp a Butterfly, “Alright” has come to be regarded as a protest anthem, fueled by Lamar’s charged performances of the song at the BET Awards and the Grammys, and by accolades from the press that cite its political importance. This article argues that the actual musical track is ambiguous and open to several interpretations. To support this idea, I first explore the process through which the track came into being and how this process may have contributed to the song’s ambiguity. I then examine the message of “Alright,” contextualizing its place in the concept album and in the music video. I closely examine the musical track, analyzing its accent patterns using the metrical preference rules of Lerdahl and Jackendoff (".fn_cite_year($lerdahl_1983).") and David Temperley (".fn_cite_year($temperley_2001)."). This analysis of the track implies a 3+5 or 3+2+3 beat reading of the meter in addition to a straight ".fn_meter(4,4).". Using the linguistic tool Praat, I analyze the ways in which rappers Fabolous (who originally recorded on the track) and Lamar respond to this meter in their stresses, rhythms, and rhymes. I examine the well-known hook, which Pharrell Williams raps with a striking rise in pitch. This rise lends itself to several possible interpretations, due to differences in intonation between African American English and standard American English, coupled with Williams’s fluency in both. Finally, I analyze the ways that protesters have performed and interpreted the hook differently from the recording, as an illustration of the multivalent nature of the work.
“Together Again,” but We Keep On Crying
Authors: Burns Chelsea
Published: March 2020

Buck Owens and the Buckaroos’ 1964 hit “Together Again” tells, in ambivalent terms, of a couple’s reunion. The song is best known for Tom Brumley’s pedal steel guitar solo, a quintessential example of the trademark “crying” sound of the instrument. Brumley’s steel stylings emphasize a negative interpretation of the text, and some of the most poignant elements of his remarkable solo were guided by the mechanics of the instrument. I explore the relationship between the limits and special capabilities of the pedal steel guitar, and I discuss how Brumley highlights both of these aspects in this brief yet famous solo, illustrating relationships between text and technics in this iconic recording.
Chord Proximity, Parsimony, and Analysis with Filtered Point-Symmetry
Authors: Plotkin Richard
Published: March 2020

Filtered Point-Symmetry (FiPS) is a tool for modeling relationships between iterated maximally even sets. Common musical relationships can be studied by using FiPS to model chords contained within a specific scalar context (such as C major or the 01-octatonic collection), and by capturing those relationships in a FiPS configuration space. In this work, many FiPS configuration spaces are presented; some are isomorphic to commonly referenced voice-leading spaces like the neo-RiemannianTonnetz, and others show tonal networks that have not previously been explored. A displacement operation is introduced to codify the traversal of a configuration space, and a short music analysis is provided to demonstrate some benefits of the approach.
Guide-Tone Space
Authors: Smither Sean R.
Published: March 2020

This article develops a transformational space based on the concept of guide tones. In jazz pedagogy, guide tones are the chordal third and seventh and are often used to connect consecutive chords through efficient voice leading. Transformational representations of guide-tone syntax illustrate how guide tones provide a pathway for listeners and improvisers to seamlessly traverse the tonally complex harmonic progressions often found in jazz compositions.
Uniform Information Density in Music
Authors: Temperley David
Published: March 2020

The theory of Uniform Information Density states that communication is optimal when information is presented at a moderate and uniform rate. Three predictions follow for music: (1) low-probability events should be longer in duration than high-probability events; (2) low-probability events should be juxtaposed with high-probability events; (3) an event that is low in probability in one dimension should be high in probability in other dimensions. I present evidence supporting all three of these predictions from three diverse areas of musical practice: Renaissance counterpoint, expressive performance, and common-practice themes.
Performing Cultural Hybridity in Isang Yun’sGlissées pour violoncelle seul(1970)
Authors: Turner John W.
Published: March 2020

This paper explores cultural hybridity in Isang Yun’sGlissées pour violoncelle seul(1970) using a framework based on ideas from the philosophy of Deleuze and Guattari. The discussion centers on five principal oppositions in the work: Taoist-inspired coalescence/dissolution and the Austro-German sonata cycle;Haupttonand twelve-tone techniques; the evocation of traditional Korean ornamentation and the concept of fixed pitch; the evocation of traditional Korean instruments and the cello timbre; andchangdanrhythmic cycles and twelve-tone prose rhythms. Conclusions drawn from the consideration of each opposition then serve as the basis for comments regarding effective performance, using a framework based on ideas from conductor Markand Thakar.
Writing Wrong Notes
Authors: Conklin Andrew
Published: March 2020

This article analyzes the pitch language of Tune-Yards. Like many of its peers, Tune-Yards uses chromaticism to differentiate itself from the mainstream. Unlike its fellow post-millennial experimental pop bands, however, Tune-Yards primarily favors loop-derived compositional techniques that generate chromatic clashes between two or more musical layers. Tune-Yards is also noteworthy for the pervasiveness and variety of chromatic clashes throughout its recorded catalog. This essay presents three of Tune-Yards’ layer-based compositional techniques —Caught in the Looper,Chromatically Inflected Melody, andAccompaniment-Derived Chromaticism— and examines the ways in which they interact with intonation, timbre, lyrics, and form.
Making “Anti-Music”: Divergent Interactional Strategies in the Miles Davis Quintet’sThe Complete Live at the Plugged Nickel 1965
Authors: Michaelsen Garrett
Published: March 2020

This article examines three improvisations by the Miles Davis Quintet from their recordingThe Complete Live at the Plugged Nickel 1965through the lens of a new theory of musical interaction. It shows how the quintet favored divergent over convergent interactional strategies in the interpersonal, referent, role, and style domains in its quest to create what one band member called “anti-music.”
History for Theorists
Authors: Martin Nathan John
Published: March 2020

This essay represents a short reflection on the diverse attitudes that music theorists have taken to their past, illustrated with examples from the current literature using a scheme borrowed from Ian Hacking’s (2002) essay “Two Kinds of ‘New Historicism’ for Philosophers” as its conceptual frame.
Plateau Loops and Hybrid Tonics in Recent Pop Music
Authors: Duinker Ben
Published: March 2020

This paper investigates harmonic progressions built around two major chords and one minor chord, all related by step. In many pop/rock songs, these chords can be analyzed as Aeolian progressions—VI, VII, and i—(Moore 1992; Biamonte 2010; Richards 2017a). Recent songs by Bon Iver, The Chainsmokers, and others, however, use chord loops where the harmonies can be interpreted as IV, V, and vi, which I call theplateau loopfor its plateau-like activity: a constant hovering above Roman numeral I or i tonic chords, while retaining an overall consistent pitch-based topography. I interrogate the tonality of these songs, advancing the notion of ahybrid tonic. Hybrid tonics occur when a song or song section lacks a salient Ionian or (less often) Aeolian tonic on which both the harmony and melody concur. Instead, IV or (less often) VI or vi chords can function rhetorically as tonic, especially when the chords sound simultaneously with a melodic ".fn_scaledegree(1)." and occur in a metrically strong position, or initiate a plateau loop.

The paper defines plateau loops and hybrid tonics, and explains the theoretical framework that supports them, consulting work by Harrison (1994), Nobile (2016), and Doll (2017) that decouples scale degree from harmonic function. Song examples by The Chainsmokers, Bon Iver, Jónsi, Astrid S., and M83 show how hybrid tonicity operates in varying degrees of prominence in popular music, and can also be contextualized with Spicer’s (2017) theory of fragile, emergent, and absent tonics. By building on prior scholarship, this paper aims to stimulate further inquiry into how tonal structures of recent popular music subtly differentiate themselves from conventions of common-practice tonality.
On the Russian Concept of Lād, 1830–1945
Authors: Ewell Philip
Published: March 2020

Universally translated into English as “mode,” the Russian termлад(“lād”) first appeared in 1830 as a translation from GermanTonart, which is usually translated into English as “tonality.” To Tchaikovsky a lād was, in fact, a tonality, but by century’s end lād had come to signify its pre-tonal cousin, mode. Boleslav Yavorsky’s work on the subject in the early twentieth century gave lād new post-modal and post-tonal meaning with respect to quasi-tonal and post-tonal music. In this article, I delve deeply into the history of this uniquely Russian concept, from its inception to its highly modified mid-twentieth century form. Rather than trying to find an English equivalent, I leave “lād” in its transliterated form, which disentangles it from inaccurate translations. I examine a 1945 Chopin analysis by Yavorsky’s student, Sergei Protopopov, which outlines new interpretations for Russian lād. Sketches for this analysis, from theRussian National Museum of Music, provide a backdrop for a reexamination of basic tonal constructs such as cadence, phrase, form, harmonic function, and melodic diminution. I then look at a famous 1930 conference on Yavorsky’s theories as an example of the high stakes involved in creating a Marxist musical science, in which lād played a primary role. I also briefly discuss Yavorsky’s theories as a counterweight to Hugo Riemann’s encroaching functionality, which was brought to Russia by Gregori Catoire in the early twentieth century. It is my hope that this work on lād will fill in many gaps for the English-language reader, and possibly spur further studies on this uniquely Russian concept.