bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EXCHANGE COUPLING AND DECOUPLING IN A NANOCOMPOSITE SPIN SYSTEM
Authors: SHAO Y. Z. , ZHONG W. R. , LAN T. , LEE R. H.
Published: January 2006

We studied the exchange coupling and decoupling process in a nanocomposite spin system based on a 3D Heisenberg model by means of Monte Carlo numerical computation simulation. Different from the conventional micromagnetism approach in which finite elements method (FEM) is usually adopted to compute, in a top-down way, the magnetic property of micromagnetic ensemble in micron even nanometer scale our current paper presents a new approach in computing the magnetic property of above nanomagnetic ensemble. Our approach addressed a composite spin lattice structure consisting of both single spin and cluster spin built up from single spin in a bottom-up way. Two species of distinctive spins were taken into account further in order to imitate the magnetic behavior of heterogeneous ensemble. The simulation revealed the influence of exchange coupling constant Jab, the size of cluster spins d and system reduced temperature t upon the exchange coupling and decoupling between component spin phases, respectively. Smaller value of Jab, larger d and lower temperature t usually lead to the decoupling of originally exchange-coupled component phases and the occurrence of a characteristic two-stage shoulder with an inflexion on the demagnetization curve. The results reported here are, to some extent, of universality and applicable to other dual-phase magnetic systems since our simulation simply focus on a pure duplex spin system rather than a specific material, and all physical variables were treated in a reduced form.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUDIT TOOL FOR PRODUCT INNOVATION: THE INNOVATION COMPASS
Authors: RADNOR ZOE J. , NOKE HANNAH
Published: January 2006

This paper will present the development of an audit tool called the Innovation Compass. It will show how the tool was formulated through a research project, which was aiming to understand the innovation process within organisations. The creation of the Innovation Compass was driven by the research process and, as this paper will give an example of, validated through its application to case studies. The paper gives a greater understanding of the elements of the tool and, how it could be used and developed in other research projects considering innovation and New Product Development.
THE EFFECT OF INNOVATION ON INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL: AN EMPIRICAL EVALUATION IN THE BIOTECHNOLOGY AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRIES
Authors: MARQUÉS DANIEL PALACIOS , SIMÓN FERNANDO JOSÉ GARRIGÓS , CARAÑANA CARLOS DEVECE
Published: January 2006

This research studies how innovation competences affect the stock of intangibles and facilitate the development of intellectual capital (IC). We develop a theoretical model with these constructs, in which we distinguish two dimensions within innovation competences — Schumpeterian and continuous improvement competences; and three dimensions for IC — human capital, structural capital and relational capital. Theoretical relations are tested in an empirical study carried out in 222 Spanish firms from the Biotechnology and Telecommunications industries. We prove that innovation competences positively affect the stock of intangibles and facilitate the development of relational capital, structural capital and human capital.
Enhancement of Flux-Pinning in Epitaxial Sm1+xBa2-xCu3Oy Films by Introduction of Low-Tc Nanoparticles
Authors: Miura Masashi , Yoshida Yutaka , Ichino Yusuke , Takai Yoshiaki , Matsumoto Kaname , Ichinose Ataru , Horii Shigeru , Mukaida Masashi
Published: January 2006

Sm1+x
Ba2-x
Cu3O
y
(SmBCO) films prepared by the low-temperature growth (LTG) technique showed a critical current density (J
c) as high as 0.28 MA/cm2 (77 K, B∥c, B=5 T). However, J
c was lower than that of NbTi wire (4.2 K) above 5 T. In this study, we introduced nanoparticle superconductors with a low critical temperature (low-T
c) into LTG-SmBCO “LTG-SmBCO + nanoparticle” films to improve J
c under the high magnetic field, and obtained an extremely high J
c, 0.1 MA/cm2 (77 K, B∥c, B=8 T). Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) showed that the “LTG-SmBCO + nanoparticle” films had a nanosize low-T
c phase and a low-T
c network dispersed in the high-T
c matrix. We concluded that the “LTG-SmBCO + nanoparticle” films could have enhanced J
c by the introduction of pinning centers and the improvement of irreversibility field (B
irr).
Effect of Tungsten on Synthesis of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Using Cobalt as Catalyst
Authors: Ishikawa Yutaka , Jinbo Hironobu , Yamanaka Hiroshi
Published: January 2006

The effect of W and W2C on the synthesis of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by hot-filament-assisted chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) using Co particles as a catalyst was examined. W or W2C was vacuum-evaporated onto Co particles supported by zeolite and used as a catalyst in CNT synthesis. Methanol was used as a carbon source. Synthesis of CNTs was carried out at about 400°C. The density of the MWCNTs synthesized using only Co as a catalyst was the lowest, and was sequentially higher when using Co combined with W (Co + W) and Co combined with W2C (Co + W2C). The mechanism of the enhancement of CNT growth upon the addition of W or W2C was considered.
Exercise training decreases the concentration of malonyl-CoA and increases the expression and activity of malonyl-CoA decarboxylase in human muscle
Authors: Kuhl Jeanette E. , Ruderman Neil B. , Musi Nicolas , Goodyear Laurie J. , Patti Mary Elizabeth , Crunkhorn Sarah , Dronamraju Deepti , Thorell Anders , Nygren Jonas , Ljungkvist Olle , Degerblad Marie , Stahle Agneta , Brismar Torkel B. , Andersen Kirstine L. , Saha Asish K. , Efendic Suad , Bavenholm Peter N.
Published: January 2006

The study was designed to evaluate whether changes in malonyl-CoA and the enzymes that govern its concentration occur in human muscle as a result of physical training. Healthy, middle-aged subjects were studied before and after a 12-wk training program that significantly increased V̇o2 maxby 13% and decreased intra-abdominal fat by 17%. Significant decreases (25–30%) in the concentration of malonyl-CoA were observed after training, 24–36 h after the last bout of exercise. They were accompanied by increases in both the activity (88%) and mRNA (51%) of malonyl-CoA decarboxylase (MCD) in muscle but no changes in the phosphorylation of AMP kinase (AMPK, Thr172) or of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. The abundance of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), a regulator of transcription that has been linked to the mediation of MCD expression by PPARα, was also increased (3-fold). In studies also conducted 24–36 h after the last bout of exercise, no evidence of increased whole body insulin sensitivity or fatty acid oxidation was observed during an euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp. In conclusion, the concentration of malonyl-CoA is diminished in muscle after physical training, most likely because of PGC-1α-mediated increases in MCD expression and activity. These changes persist after the increases in AMPK activity and whole body insulin sensitivity and fatty acid oxidation, typically caused by an acute bout of exercise in healthy individuals, have dissipated.
Inhibition of mammalian translation initiation by volatile anesthetics
Authors: Palmer Laura K. , Rannels Sharon L. , Kimball Scot R. , Jefferson Leonard S. , Keil Ralph L.
Published: January 2006

Volatile anesthetics are essential for modern medical practice, but sites and mechanisms of action for any of their numerous cellular effects remain largely unknown. Previous studies with yeast showed that volatile anesthetics induce nutrient-dependent inhibition of growth through mechanisms involving inhibition of mRNA translation. Studies herein show that the volatile anesthetic halothane inhibits protein synthesis in perfused rat liver at doses ranging from 2 to 6%. A marked disaggregation of polysomes occurs, indicating that inhibition of translation initiation plays a key role. Dose- and time-dependent alterations that decrease the function of a variety of translation initiation processes are observed. At 6% halothane, a rapid and persistent increase in phosphorylation of the α-subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF)2 occurs. This is accompanied by inhibition of activity of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor eIF2B that is responsible for GDP-GTP exchange on eIF2. At lower doses, neither eIF2α phosphorylation nor eIF2B activity is altered. After extended exposure to 6% halothane, alterations in two separate responses regulated by the target of rapamycin pathway occur: 1) redistribution of eIF4E from its translation-stimulatory association with eIF4G to its translation-inactive complex with eIF4E-binding protein-1; and 2) decreased phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6) with a corresponding decrease in active forms of a kinase that phosphorylates rpS6 (p70S6K1). Changes in the association of eIF4E and eIF4G are observed only after extended exposure to low anesthetic doses. Thus dose- and time-dependent alterations in multiple processes permit liver cells to adapt translation to variable degrees and duration of stress imposed by anesthetic exposure.
Colocalization of MCT1, CD147, and LDH in mitochondrial inner membrane of L6 muscle cells: evidence of a mitochondrial lactate oxidation complex
Authors: Hashimoto Takeshi , Hussien Rajaa , Brooks George A.
Published: January 2006

Results of previous studies suggested a role of mitochondria in intracellular and cell-cell lactate shuttles. Therefore, by using a rat-derived L6 skeletal muscle cell line and confocal laser-scanning microscopy (CLSM), we examined the cellular locations of mitochondria, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), the lactate-pyruvate transporter MCT1, and CD147, a purported chaperone protein for MCT1. CLSM showed that LDH, MCT1, and CD147 are colocalized with the mitochondrial reticulum. Western blots showed that cytochrome oxidase (COX), NADH dehydrogenase, LDH, MCT1, and CD147 are abundant in mitochondrial fractions of L6 cells. Interactions among COX, MCT1, and CD147 in mitochondria were confirmed by immunoblotting after immunoprecipitation. These findings support the presence of a mitochondrial lactate oxidation complex associated with the COX end of the electron transport chain that might explain the oxidative catabolism of lactate and, hence, mechanism of the intracellular lactate shuttle.
The morphosyntax of mood in early grammar with special reference to Swahili
Authors: Deen Kamil Ud , Hyams Nina
Published: January 2006

In this paper we explore the development of the morphosyntax-semantics interface by comparing development in 4 typologically diverse languages: Dutch (a Germanic V2 language), Greek, Italian (a Romance pro-drop language) and Swahili (a Bantu language), with particular emphasis on Swahili, a relatively understudied language whose morphosyntactic structure is particularly relevant to the questions we address. We show that children acquiring these different languages all adhere to a morphosyntax-semantics mapping principle that forces a complementarity between the expression of mood and the expression of tense ñ the Semantic Opposition Hypothesis (SOH), following Hyams (2002). Our findings support the hypothesis that linguistic development is guided by universal principles which lie at the interface of semantico-conceptual structure and morphosyntax.
Does reflexivity separate the human sciences from the natural sciences?
Authors: Smith Roger
Published: January 2006

A number of writers have picked out the way knowledge in the human sciences reflexively alters the human subject as what separates these sciences from the natural sciences. Furthermore, they take this reflexivity to be a condition of moral existence. The article sympathetically examines this emphasis on reflexive processes, but it rejects the particular conclusion that the reflexive phenomenon enables us to demarcate the human sciences. The first sections analyse the different meanings that references to reflexivity have in the psychological and social sciences, in philosophy and in material life, and they link these meanings to the post-positivist philosophy of the social sciences. The discussion considers the problems raised (most influentially in the human sciences by Foucault) by being reflexive about reflexivity itself. They put a large question mark against hopes for a revived philosophical anthropology. Whatever the philosophical arguments, however, there is clearly a reflexive practice in the humanities and human sciences which there is not in the natural sciences. This leads to the argument that there are different forms of knowledge for different purposes and that it may therefore be divergence of purpose, not reflexivity itself, that creates differences among the sciences. It is the fact and purpose of human self-reflection that marks out the human sciences. If this is so, then it explains why an apparently circumscribed question about the classification of knowledge turns out to be inseparable from ontological and moral questions about human identity.
The reflexive project: reconstructing the moral agent
Authors: Tauber Alfred I.
Published: January 2006

In the 17th century, ‘reflexivity’ was coined as a new term for introspection and self-awareness. It thus was poised to serve the instrumental function of combating skepticism by asserting a knowing self. In this Cartesian paradigm, introspection ends in an entity of self-identity. An alternate interpretation recognized how an infinite regress of reflexivity would render ‘the self’ elusive, if not unknowable. Reflexivity in this latter mode was rediscovered by post-Kantian philosophers, most notably Hegel, who defined the self in its self-reflective encounter with an other, and whose full articulation would occur at the final culmination of Reason's evolution. In the rising tide of 19th-century individualism, Emerson and Kierkegaard formulated constructions both in debt to, and in opposition against, Hegelian metaphysics. For each, although employing distinct strategies of self-consciousness, ‘the self’ reached its apogee through divine encounter. Characterized by personal responsibility and individual choice, their philosophies would later be subsumed by secular existentialists committed to defining moral individualism and asserting the possibilities for human freedom and selfauthentication.
Reflexive historical sociology: consciousness, experience and the author
Authors: McMylor Peter
Published: January 2006

This article examines the recent work of the sociologist Arpad Szakolczai as he attempts to conceptualize the programme of ‘reflexive historical sociology’ in the ‘life-works’ of Max Weber, Eric Voegelin and Michel Foucault as well as Norbert Elias, Lewis Mumford and Franz Borkenau. Particular attention is paid to the innovative manner in which the work of the anthropologist Victor Turner is used to explore the biographies of these social theorists as in effect performative life-works in which crucial liminal periods and experiences are seen as facilitating new understandings. It is suggested that the life-work approach to social theory adds an important reflexive dimension to the analysis of social thought.
Working towards the informationist
Authors: Oliver Kathleen B. , Roderer Nancy K.
Published: January 2006

Current information is a critical component of good healthcare. In this article we offer a definition of a new health professional, the ‘informationist’, whose function it is to ensure evidence-based health practice. We describe the literature and discussions that led to the proposal of this new role, and offer a description of the steps being taken to further elaborate this career. In particular, we describe efforts at Johns Hopkins to train informationists and informaticists and to offer services that lead to the integration of these and other information professionals into clinical care, public health and research.
An examination of the levels of confidence that consultants have in routinely collected clinical information
Authors: Brook Caroline E. , Bath Peter A.
Published: January 2006

Anecdotal evidence suggests that consultants have a low level of confidence in routinely collected clinical data. The aims of this study were to assess the actual levels of confidence in clinical information experienced by consultants and to understand the factors affecting confidence. A questionnaire was devised incorporating a scale to measure levels of confidence. This was disseminated to 506 consultants and achieved a 57 per cent response rate. The confidence scale showed good internal reliability and the influential factors were modelled using multilinear regression. Consultant specialty, increased involvement in clinical coding, and participation in service planning/monitoring all had a significant effect. A small number of semi-structured interviews further examined these factors. Whilst the findings confirm there is scope to increase levels of confidence, the mean score indicated neither a high nor a low level of confidence. The results demonstrate that improving consultants’ confidence in information is complex and requires a partnership approach.
Using geographical information systems and spatial microsimulation for the analysis of health inequalities
Authors: Ballas Dimitris , Clarke Graham , Dorling Danny , Rigby Jan , Wheeler Ben
Published: January 2006

The paper presents a spatial microsimulation approach to the analysis of health inequalities. A dynamic spatial microsimulation model of Britain, under development at the Universities of Leeds and Sheffield, uses data from the censuses of 1971, 1981 and 1991 and the British Household Panel Survey to simulate urban and regional populations in Britain. Geographical information systems and spatial microsimulation are used for the analysis of health inequalities in British regions in a 30 year simulation. The interdependencies between socio-economic characteristics and health variables such as limiting long-term illness are discussed. One of the innovative features of the model is the estimation of variables such as household income at the small area level, which can then be used to classify individuals. The health situation of different simulated individuals in different areas is investigated and the role of socio-economic characteristics in determining health is evaluated.
Implications of NRAS mutations in AML: a study of 2502 patients
Authors: Bacher Ulrike , Haferlach Torsten , Schoch Claudia , Kern Wolfgang , Schnittger Susanne
Published: January 2006

We analyzed 2502 patients with acute myeloid leukemia at diagnosis for NRAS mutations around the hot spots at codons 12, 13, and 61 and correlated the results to cytomorphology, cytogenetics, other molecular markers, and prognostic relevance of these mutations. Two hundred fifty-seven (10.3%) of 2502 patients had NRAS mutations (NRASmut). Most mutations (112 of 257; 43.6%) were found at codon 12, mostly resulting in changes from glycine to asparagine. The history of AML did not differ significantly in association with NRAS mutations. The subgroups with inv(16)/t(16;16) and inv(3)/t(3;3) showed a significantly higher frequency of NRASmut (50 of 133, 37.6% [P < .001], and 11 of 41, 26.8% [P = .004], respectively) than the total cohort. In addition, in these 2 subgroups, mutations of codon 61 were significantly overrepresented (both P < .001). In contrast, NRAS mutations were significantly underrepresented in t(15;17) (2 of 102; 2%; P = .005) in the subgroup with MLL/11q23 rearrangements (3 of 77; 3.9%; P = .061) and in the complex aberrant karyotype (4 of 258; 1.6%; P < .001). Overall, we did not find a significant prognostic impact of NRASmut for overall survival, event-free survival, and disease-free survival. However, there was a trend to better survival in most subgroups, especially when other molecular markers (FLT3-LM, MLL-PTD, and NPM) were taken into account.
Regulation of mitochondria distribution by RhoA and formins
Authors: Minin Alexander A. , Kulik Alexander V. , Gyoeva Fatima K. , Li Ying , Goshima Gohta , Gelfand Vladimir I.
Published: January 2006

The distribution of mitochondria is strictly controlled by the cell because of their vital role in energy supply, regulation of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration and apoptosis. We employed cultured mammalian CV-1 cells and Drosophila BG2-C2 neuronal cells with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-tagged mitochondria to investigate the regulation of their movement and anchorage. We show here that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) inhibits fast mitochondrial movements in CV-1 cells acting through the small GTPase RhoA. The action of RhoA is mediated by its downstream effectors: formin-homology family members mDia1 in mammalian cells and diaphanous in Drosophila. Overexpression of constitutively active mutant forms of formins leads to dramatic loss of mitochondrial motility and to their anchorage to actin microfilaments. Conversely, depletion of endogenous diaphanous protein in BG2-C2 cells by RNA interference (RNAi) stimulates the mitochondrial movement. These effects are not simply explained by increased cytoplasm viscosity resulting from an increased F-actin concentration since stimulators of Arp2/3-dependent actin polymerization and jasplakinolide do not cause inhibition. The observed effects are highly specific to mitochondria since perturbations of diaphanous or mDia1 have no effect on movement of other membrane organelles. Thus, mitochondrial movement is controlled by the small GTPase RhoA and this control is mediated by formins.
Role of Buprenorphine in the Management of Heroin Addiction
Authors: Sung Soojin , Conry John M
Published: January 2006

Objective:

To review buprenorphine and explore its role in the treatment of heroin dependence.

Data Sources:

Articles were identified through a search of MEDLINE (1966–February 2005) using the key terms buprenorphine, heroin, opioid, addiction, and methadone.

Data Synthesis:

Buprenorphine appears to provide potential advantages over methadone. Two Cochrane meta-analyses were evaluated on the use of buprenorphine in opioid dependence—one in the management of opioid dependence and the other in the management of opioid withdrawal.

Conclusions:

Buprenorphine offers several advantages for the treatment of heroin addiction. As maintenance treatment, buprenorphine is effective, but not more effective than methadone. In the management of opioid withdrawal, buprenorphine may be better tolerated than clonidine or methadone.
Long-Term Depression of NMDA Receptor-Mediated Synaptic Transmission Is Dependent on Activation of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors and Is Altered to Long-Term Potentiation by Low Intracellular Calcium Buffering
Authors: Harney Sarah C. , Rowan Michael , Anwyl Roger
Published: January 2006

Synaptic plasticity of NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-mediated transmission was investigated in the rat dentate gyrusin vitro. Isolated NMDAR EPSCs were recorded from granule cells of the dentate gyrus in response to stimulation of the medial perforant path. Long-term potentiation (LTP) or long-term depression (LTD) of NMDAR EPSCs was observed in response to brief high-frequency stimulation (HFS), with the direction and extent of plasticity dependent on the concentration and type (EGTA vs BAPTA) of the intracellular Ca2+buffer. LTD was induced in higher concentrations of EGTA and BAPTA than LTP, and BAPTA was ∼100-fold more potent than EGTA. Although LTD was induced in a high concentration of EGTA (10 mm), a high concentration of BAPTA (10 mm) blocked both LTP and LTD. LTP of AMPA receptor (AMPAR)-EPSCs exhibited a lower dependency on Ca2+buffering than LTP of NMDAR EPSCs, because LTP of AMPAR EPSCs was induced by HFS in high EGTA (10 mm). We also identified a role for metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) in NMDAR plasticity. HFS LTD was blocked by the group I/II mGluR antagonistLY341495((2S)-2-amino-2-[(1S, 2S)-2-carboxycycloprop-1-yl]-3(xanth-9-yl)propanoic acid) and by the mGluR5-selective antagonist 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine hydrochloride (MPEP). Similarly, low-frequency stimulation-induced LTD of NMDAR EPSCs was also blocked by MPEP. These findings suggest that the direction of plasticity of NMDARs is determined by the intracellular free Ca2+concentration and is dependent on activation of mGluR5.
CCL2/Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Mediates Enhanced Transmigration of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Infected Leukocytes across the Blood–Brain Barrier: A Potential Mechanism of HIV–CNS Invasion and NeuroAIDS
Authors: Eugenin Eliseo A. , Osiecki Kristin , Lopez Lillie , Goldstein Harris , Calderon Tina M. , Berman Joan W.
Published: January 2006

Encephalitis and dementia associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are characterized by leukocyte infiltration into the CNS, microglia activation, aberrant chemokine expression, blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption, and eventual loss of neurons. Little is known about whether human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection of leukocytes affects their ability to transmigrate in response to chemokines and to alter BBB integrity. We now demonstrate that HIV infection of human leukocytes results in their increased transmigration across our tissue culture model of the human BBB in response to the chemokine CCL2, as well as in disruption of the BBB, as evidenced by enhanced permeability, reduction of tight junction proteins, and expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and MMP-9. HIV-infected cells added to our model did not transmigrate in the absence of CCL2, nor did this condition alter BBB integrity. The chemokines CXCL10/interferon-gamma-inducible protein of 10 kDa, CCL3/macrophage inflammatory protein-1α, or CCL5/RANTES (regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted) did not enhance HIV-infected leukocyte transmigration or BBB permeability. The increased capacity of HIV-infected leukocytes to transmigrate in response to CCL2 correlated with their increased expression of CCR2, the chemokine receptor for CCL2. These data suggest that CCL2, but not other chemokines, plays a key role in infiltration of HIV-infected leukocytes into the CNS and the subsequent pathology characteristic of NeuroAIDS.
Long-Lasting Memories of Obstacles Guide Leg Movements in the Walking Cat
Authors: McVea D. A. , Pearson K. G.
Published: January 2006

We examined the ways in which memories of previously seen obstacles can alter the stepping of walking cats. Cats were paused after the forelegs, but not the hindlegs, had stepped over an obstacle. Near the beginning of a variable delay period, the obstacle was lowered. On the subsequent step, the path of the hindlegs allowed us to make inferences about whether the memory of the obstacle was influencing leg movements. We present two main findings. First, the memory of the obstacle persisted for the duration that the animal straddled the original location of the obstacle. In one instance, this interval was 10 min. Second, this memory includes information regarding the size and position of the obstacle relative to the animal. This information is used to plan foot placement and to redirect the step in mid-swing to avoid the previous position of the obstacle.
Effect of sulphate on the shear strength of lime-treated kaolinitic soil
Authors: Sivapullaiah P. V. , Sridharan A. , Ramesh H. N.
Published: January 2006

Lime has been extensively used to improve the strength of fine-grained soils. It has recently been reported that the presence of sulphate in soils causes abnormal volume changes in lime stabilised soil. This paper presents the strength behaviour of lime-treated kaolinitic natural red earth in the presence of varying sulphate contents, up to 3%, after curing for periods of up to 365 days. Alteration of soil–lime reactions in the presence of sulphate leads to the formation of ettringite after curing for longer periods. The formation of these compounds affects strength development by cementation. However, after curing for short periods, the strength of lime-treated soil is improved in the presence of sulphate. It is only after curing for longer periods that the strength is decreased. Consequently the stress–strain behaviour and effective stress paths of treated soil cured for long periods show the behaviour of a normally consolidated soil rather than of cemented soils. The reduction in strength is due primarily to a reduction in the effective cohesion intercept. The effective friction angle has not been affected significantly.

La chaux est largement utilisée pour améliorer la résistance des sols à grains fins. On a noté récemment que la présence de sulfate dans les sols cause des changements de volume anormaux dans les sols stabilisés à la chaux. Cet exposé montre le comportement de résistance d'une terre kaolinique naturelle traitée à la chaux en présence de diverses teneurs en sulfate, allant jusqu'à 3%, et après cuisson pendant des périodes allant jusqu'à 365 jours. Le changement de la réaction sol-chaux en présence de sulfate conduit à la formation d'ettringite après les périodes de cuisson les plus longues. La formation de ces composés affecte le développement de la résistance par cimentation. Cependant, après cuissons plus courtes, la résistance du sol traité à la chaux est améliorée par la présence de sulfate. Ce n'est qu'après la cuisson pendant des périodes plus longues que la résistance diminue. En conséquence, le comportement contrainte-déformation et les chemins de contrainte effective du sol traité et cuit pendant de longues périodes reflètent le comportement d'un sol consolidé de manière normale plutôt que celui de sols cimentés. La baisse de résistance est due principalement à une réduc-tion de l'interception de cohésion effective. L'ange de friction effectif n'est pas affecté de manière significative.
Lime treatment to control alkali induced heave in soils
Authors: Sivapullaiah P. V. , Manju
Published: January 2006

The paper brings out the use of lime to control the high volume change induced by caustic soda solution in a non-swelling soil. Soil–alkali interactions, which produce mineralogical changes such as the formation of zeolite, can cause swelling in non-swelling kaolinite. The effect of the changes is reflected either in compression during the loading cycle or in swelling during rebound in one-dimensional consolidation tests, depending on the rate of formation of these minerals, which in turn depends on the concentration of alkali solution. Lime slurry solution can be used to control the induced volume changes by treating the contaminated soil by incorporating it in the soil that is likely to be contaminated and/or adding after contamination. The effectiveness of lime depends on the amount of lime, on the concentration of alkali, and on whether the lime is added before or after contamination. The higher the alkali contamination, the higher is the lime content required. The effectiveness of lime to control the volume change behaviour of alkali-contaminated soil is by inhibiting the formation of zeolite minerals and the formation of cementitious compounds. X-ray diffraction data support the proposed hypothesis.

Cet exposé étudie l'utilisation de chaux pour contrôler les forts changements de volume causés par une solution de soude caustique dans un sol non gonflant. Les interactions sol-alcali, qui produisent des changements minéralogiques comme une formation de zéolite, peuvent causer un gonflement dans une kaolinite non gonflante. L'effet de ces changements est reflété soit par une compression pendant le cycle de chargement, soit par un gonflement pendant le rebond dans les essais de consolidation uni-dimensionnels, selon le taux de formation de ces minér-aux, taux qui lui-même dépend de la concentration de la solution alcaline. Une solution de boue de chaux peut être utilisée pour contrôler les changements de volume en l'incorporant dans le sol susceptible d'être contaminé et/ou en l'ajoutant après contamination. L'efficacité du traite-ment dépend de la quantité de chaux, de la concentration de l'alcali et du fait que la chaux a été ajoutée avant ou après contamination. Plus la contamination alcaline est élevée, plus la quantité de chaux sera importante. La chaux contrôle les changements de volume d'un sol contaminé aux alcalis en inhibant la formation de minéraux zéolites et la formation de composés cimenteux. Des données de diffraction aux rayons X soutiennent l'hypothèse proposée.
Quantitative Trait Loci underlying Resistance to Three Soybean Cyst Nematode Populations in Soybean PI 404198A
Authors: Guo B. , Sleper D. A. , Nguyen H. T. , Arelli P. R. , Shannon J. G.
Published: January 2006

Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) is a major pest of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in the USA. Soybean plant introduction (PI) 404198A is one of the newly identified sources that can provide a broad spectrum of resistance to SCN. The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with resistance to SCN races 1, 2, and 5 in PI 404198A. Linkage groups (LGs) G and A2 were found to be associated with resistance to race 1. QTL on LG G was located on the Satt309‐Satt688 region, and it explained a larger proportion of the total variation (20.2%). QTL on LG A2 was located at the Satt424‐Satt632‐Sat_406 region, and it accounted for a smaller proportion (9%). LGs G and B1 were shown to be associated with resistance to race 2. QTL on LG G was located on the Satt688‐Satt309‐Satt163 region, and it explained 12.5% of the total variation. Molecular marker Satt453 on LG B1 was found to be associated with resistance to race 2, and it explained 11% of the total variation. LGs G, B1, and N were found to be associated with resistance to race 5. QTL on LG G was located on the Satt688‐Satt309‐Satt163 region, and it explained 6.3% of the total variation. Molecular marker Satt453 on LG B1 was found to be associated with resistance to race 5, and it explained a larger proportion of the total variation (13%). QTL on LG N was mapped on the Satt584‐Sat_280‐Satt549, and it explained 9.5% of the total variation. In conclusion, soybean PI 404198A may carry rhg1 on LG G, Rhg4 on LG A2, and a QTL on LG B1. Further studies are needed to lend credibility for QTL on LG N.
Allelopathic Potential of Winter Cereals and Their Cover Crop Mulch Effect on Grass Weed Suppression and Corn Development
Authors: Dhima K. V. , Vasilakoglou I. B. , Eleftherohorinos I. G. , Lithourgidis A. S.
Published: January 2006

Field experiments were conducted to study the effect of three rye (Secale cereale L.) populations, six triticale (×Triticosecale Wittm.) cultivars, and two barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars, used as cover crops, on the emergence and growth of barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus‐galli (L.) P. Beauv.], bristly foxtail [Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv.], and corn (Zea mays L.). Moreover, bioassay studies were conducted to assess allelopathic potential of the winter cereal extracts on both weed species and corn. All winter cereal extracts reduced barnyardgrass and bristly foxtail seed germination and growth, but none of them had any effect on corn. Bristly foxtail was affected more by all extracts than barnyardgrass, and growth of both weed species was reduced more by the extract of barley cultivar Athinaida. In field, 4 wk after corn planting, barnyardgrass and bristly foxtail emergence was reduced by 27 to 80% and 0 to 67%, respectively, in winter cereal mulched plots compared with that in winter cereal mulch‐free plots. On the contrary, corn emergence was not affected by any cover crop mulch. At harvest, corn grain yield increased by 45% in no herbicide treated barley cultivar Athinaida mulched subplots as compared with that in respective mulch‐free subplots. This corn yield in no herbicide treated Athinaida mulched subplots was similar with that obtained in respective herbicide‐treated subplots. The results of this study suggest that some winter cereals such as barley cultivar Athinaida could be used as cover crop for annual grass weed suppression in corn and consequently to minimize herbicide applications.
Use of Sister‐Lines and the Performance of Modified Single‐Cross Maize Hybrids
Authors: Lee E. A. , Singh A. , Ash M. J. , Good B.
Published: January 2006

In hybrid maize (Zea mays L.) seed production, yield of the female parent is a major factor affecting production costs. As an alternative to using an inbred line as the female parent, sister‐lines (SLs), the F1 between two highly related inbred lines (A×A*), have been used in seed corn production. Hybrids produced using SLs are referred to as modified single‐cross (MSC) hybrids. This study examined (i) yield changes associated with MSC hybrids compared with their respective single‐cross (SC) hybrid counterparts and (ii) differences in grain yield of inbred lines and SLs. Three families of six inbred lines each were used to produce three diallel groups of 15 SLs. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) primer pairs were used to establish the degree of relatedness between inbred lines. The SLs and the inbred lines were mated to four unrelated inbred lines to form MSC and SC hybrids. The SC and MSC hybrids were evaluated for grain yield, grain moisture, test weight, and broken stalks in six environments. The six inbred lines and 15 SLs from each family were grown in five environments and evaluated for grain yield, grain moisture, test weight, and broken stalks. Most of the MSC hybrids (72–83%, depending on inbred line family) were not significantly different than the “best” SC counterpart. However, a low frequency of the MSC hybrids, 11 out of 180 (6.1%), had grain yields that were significantly lower than both SC hybrid counterparts. And surprisingly, three out of 180 (1.7%) of the MSC hybrids had grain yields that were significantly greater than both SC hybrid counterparts. The SLs used in this study exhibited an average grain yield that was two‐fold greater and more stable or predictable than the inbred lines. These results suggest that there are definite advantages in utilizing SLs in hybrid seed production and that, in general, the performance of the resulting MSC hybrids is expected to be similar to the “best” SC hybrid counterpart.
Effects of Forage Length and Bale Chamber Pressure on Pearl Millet Silage
Authors: Han K. J. , Collins M. , Newman M. C. , Dougherty C. T.
Published: January 2006

Pearl millet [Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke] is an annual warm season (C4) grass that has a high yield potential during summers when cool season species are heat‐stressed and unproductive. In two field trials, 650 kg round bales were made from long (>100 cm) or short (chopped) (≈15 cm) forage and at bale chamber pressures of 421 or 842 × 103 Pa. After 24 h of wilting, forage moisture concentrations at Trial 1 and Trial 2 were 771 and 583 g kg−1, respectively. The higher baling pressure increased both mass and density of bales (P < 0.05). Length of cut had no effect on bale weight or density. Core temperatures were lower in higher density bales when the concentration of forage moisture was lower. Water‐soluble carbohydrate concentrations were lower in silages made from the shorter forages (P = 0.013). Nutritive value of silage decreased during 8 mo of storage regardless of treatment. Baling chamber pressure and forage chopping treatments did not affect neutral detergent fiber (NDF) or in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of post‐storage silage. Acidity of silage ranged from pH 4.13 to 5.31. Lactic acid concentrations were lowest in silage in Trial 1 made from the wetter forage (771 g kg−1) when chopped to 100 cm. Listeria was present in bales made from the wetter forage. Clostridium botulinum was detected in silage made from chopped forage when baled at low chamber pressure.
Periodic electroencephalogram complexes in a patient with variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
Authors: Binelli Simona , Agazzi Pamela , Giaccone Giorgio , Will Robert G. , Bugiani Orso , Franceschetti Silvana , Tagliavini Fabrizio
Published: January 2006

Objective

Based on the current criteria, the diagnosis of “possible” or “probable” variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD) implies the absence of periodic sharp wave complexes (PSWCs) in the electroencephalogram (EEG). To verify this point, we investigated the development of the EEG changes along the course of the disease in a pateint with vCJD.

Methods

Long‐lasting EEG‐polygraphic recordings were performed once a month during the last year of illness.

Results

We found the occurrence of a typical EEG periodic pattern in the late clinical stage of the vCJD patient.

Interpretation

In the light of our finding, the diagnostic criteria for vCJD should be amended to include the possibility of a typical periodic EEG in advanced stages of disease in cases with long survival. Ann Neurol 2006;59:423–427
Hydrogen Storage in Magnesium Clusters: Quantum Chemical Study.
Authors: Wagemans Rudy W. P. , van Lenthe Joop H. , de Jongh Petra E. , van Dillen A. Jos , de Jong Krijn P.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Sphalerite—Chalcopyrite Polymorphism in Semimetallic ZnSnSb2.
Authors: Tengaa Andreas , Garcia‐Garcia F. Javier , Mikhaylushkin Arkady S. , Espinosa‐Arronte Beatriz , Andersson Magnus , Haeussermann Ulrich
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ce29Al14I28: A Composite of Intermetallic Phase and Metal Clusters.
Authors: Oeckler Oliver , Mattausch Hansjuergen , Simon Arndt
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Crystal Structures and Magnetic Properties of Mixed Iridium—Ruthenium Triple Perovskites. Part 1. Ba3MRuIrO9 (M: Lanthanide, Y).
Authors: Lufaso Michael W. , zur Loye Hans‐Conrad
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Mechanism of Film Growth of Tellurium by Electrochemical Deposition in the Presence and Absence of Cadmium Ions.
Authors: Ku Jie‐Ren , Vidu Ruxandra , Stroeve Pieter
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
In situ Preparation of Oxide‐Based Supported Catalysts by Solution Combustion Synthesis.
Authors: Dinka Peter , Mukasyan Alexander S.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Small Peptides as Modular Catalysts for the Direct Asymmetric Aldol Reaction: Ancient Peptides with Aldolase Enzyme Activity.
Authors: Zou Weibiao , Ibrahem Ismail , Dziedzic Pawel , Sunden Henrik , Cordova Armando
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Cyanosilylation of Aldehydes Catalyzed by Novel Organocatalysts.
Authors: Wen Yuehong , Huang Xiao , Huang Jinglun , Xiong Yan , Qin Bo , Feng Xiaoming
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Design and Synthesis of a Chiral N‐Tethered Bis(imidazoline) Ligand.
Authors: Arai Takayoshi , Mizukami Tomoe , Yokoyama Naota , Nakazato Daisuke , Yanagisawa Akira
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Facile Aerobic Photooxidation of Alcohols in the Presence of Catalytic Lithium Bromide.
Authors: Itoh Akichika , Hashimoto Shouei , Masaki Yukio
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Bidentate Cationic and Zwitterionic Relatives of Crabtree′s Hydrogenation Catalyst.
Authors: Cipot Judy , McDonald Robert , Stradiotto Mark
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Simple and Green Procedure for the Conjugate Addition of Thiols to Conjugated Alkenes Employing Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) as an Efficient Recyclable Medium.
Authors: Kamal Ahmed , Reddy D. Rajasekhar , Rajendar Rajendar
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 1,3‐Bis(acetylacetonyloxy)‐ and 1,3‐Bis(benzoylacetonyloxy)benzene and Their Complexation with Lanthanide Ions.
Authors: Podyachev S. N. , Litvinov I. A. , Mustafina A. R. , Shagidullin R. R. , Habicher W. D. , Konovalov A. I.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Preparation of 1,4‐Hydrobenzoquinones by the PCC/SiO2‐Promoted Double Oxidation of 3‐Cyclohexene‐1,2‐diols.
Authors: Kim Hee Jin , Koo Sangho
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Vanadium‐Catalyzed Pinacol Coupling Reaction in Water
Authors: Xu Xiaoliang , Hirao Toshikazu
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Dihydronaphthalenes via Aryne Diels—Alder Reactions: Scope and Diastereoselectivity.
Authors: Dockendorff Chris , Sahli Stefan , Olsen Madeline , Milhau Ludovic , Lautens Mark
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Preparation of [5,6]‐ and [6,6]‐Oxahomofullerene Derivatives and Their Interconversion by Lewis Acid Assisted Reactions of Fullerene Mixed Peroxides.
Authors: Zhang Shiwei , et al. et al.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Convenient Procedure for the Catalytic Asymmetric 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides and Alkenes.
Authors: Alemparte Carlos , Blay Gonzalo , Joergensen Karl Anker
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hafnium Trifluoromethanesulfonate [Hf(OTf)4]‐Catalyzed Conjugate Addition of Indoles to α,β‐Enones.
Authors: Kawatsura Motoi , Aburatani Sachiko , Uenishi Junichi
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.