bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Les séniors et les jeunes évaluent-ils différemment les publicités ?
Authors: Malek Faten , Ben Dahmane Mouelhi Norchène , Droulers Olivier
Published: March 2015

Cet article a pour objectif d’analyser l’influence du contexte du programme télévisé, considéré comme source d’induction émotionnelle (neutre versus triste versus joyeux), en prenant en compte l’effet du vieillissement ou l’âge (adultes jeunes versus âgés) sur l’évaluation publicitaire. Une expérimentation a été réalisée auprès de 222 individus (séniors et jeunes) exposés à un programme télévisé et un écran publicitaire. Leurs réactions affectives ainsi que leurs attitudes envers les annonces insérées dans le programme ont été mesurées. Les résultats révèlent que les jeunes et les séniors réagissent différemment face à un stimulus émotionnel : l’appréciation du programme représente le pilier de l’évaluation publicitaire chez les personnes aînées alors que ce sont les réactions affectives qui occupent ce rôle chez les jeunes. Les auteurs recommandent aux médias-planneurs une approche différenciée selon la cible visée.
Blended near‐optimal alternative generation, visualization, and interaction for water resources decision making
Authors: Rosenberg David E.
Published: March 2015

State‐of‐the‐art systems analysis techniques focus on efficiently finding optimal solutions. Yet an optimal solution is optimal only for the modeled issues and managers often seek near‐optimal alternatives that address unmodeled objectives, preferences, limits, uncertainties, and other issues. Early on, Modeling to Generate Alternatives (MGA) formalized near‐optimal as performance within a tolerable deviation from the optimal objective function value and identified a few maximally different alternatives that addressed some unmodeled issues. This paper presents new stratified, Monte‐Carlo Markov Chain sampling and parallel coordinate plotting tools that generate and communicate the structure and extent of the near‐optimal region to an optimization problem. Interactive plot controls allow users to explore region features of most interest. Controls also streamline the process to elicit unmodeled issues and update the model formulation in response to elicited issues. Use for an example, single‐objective, linear water quality management problem at Echo Reservoir, Utah, identifies numerous and flexible practices to reduce the phosphorus load to the reservoir and maintain close‐to‐optimal performance. Flexibility is upheld by further interactive alternative generation, transforming the formulation into a multiobjective problem, and relaxing the tolerance parameter to expand the near‐optimal region. Compared to MGA, the new blended tools generate more numerous alternatives faster, more fully show the near‐optimal region, and help elicit a larger set of unmodeled issues.
Magnetic Alfvén‐cyclotron fluctuations of anisotropic nonthermal plasmas
Authors: Navarro Roberto E. , Muñoz Víctor , Araneda Jaime , Viñas Adolfo F.‐ , Moya Pablo S. , Valdivia Juan A.
Published: March 2015

Remote and in situ observations in the solar wind show that ion and electron velocity distributions persistently present deviations from thermal equilibrium. Ion anisotropies seem to be constrained by instability thresholds which are in agreement with linear kinetic theory. For plasma states below these instability thresholds, the quasi‐stable solar wind plasma sustains a small but detectable level of magnetic fluctuation power. These fluctuations may be related to spontaneous electromagnetic fluctuations arising from the discreteness and thermal motion of charged particles. Here we study magnetic Alfvén‐cyclotron fluctuations propagating along a background magnetic field in a plasma composed of thermal and suprathermal protons and electrons via the fluctuation‐dissipation theorem. The total fluctuating magnetic power is estimated in a proton temperature anisotropy‐beta diagram for three different families of proton distribution functions, which can be compared to a number of recent measurements in the solar wind.
Control of the topside Martian ionosphere by crustal magnetic fields
Authors: Andrews D. J. , Edberg N. J. T. , Eriksson A. I. , Gurnett D. A. , Morgan D. , Němec F. , Opgenoorth H. J.
Published: March 2015

We present observations from the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionospheric Sounding (MARSIS) instrument onboard Mars Express of the thermal electron plasma density of the Martian ionosphere and investigate the extent to which it is influenced by the presence of Mars's remnant crustal magnetic fields. We use locally measured electron densities, derived when MARSIS is operating in active ionospheric sounding (AIS) mode, covering an altitude range from ∼300 km to ∼1200 km. We compare these measured densities to an empirical model of the dayside ionospheric plasma density in this diffusive transport‐dominated regime. We show that small spatial‐scale departures from the averaged values are strongly correlated with the pattern of the crustal fields. Persistently elevated densities are seen in regions of relatively stronger crustal fields across the whole altitude range. Comparing these results with measurements of the (scalar) magnetic field also obtained by MARSIS/AIS, we characterize the dayside strength of the draped magnetic fields in the same regions. Finally, we provide a revised empirical model of the plasma density in the Martian ionosphere, including parameterizations for both the crustal field‐dominated and draping‐dominated regimes.
Discrimination between induced, triggered, and natural earthquakes close to hydrocarbon reservoirs: A probabilistic approach based on the modeling of depletion‐induced stress changes and seismological source parameters
Authors: Dahm Torsten , Cesca Simone , Hainzl Sebastian , Braun Thomas , Krüger Frank
Published: March 2015

Earthquakes occurring close to hydrocarbon fields under production are often under critical view of being induced or triggered. However, clear and testable rules to discriminate the different events have rarely been developed and tested. The unresolved scientific problem may lead to lengthy public disputes with unpredictable impact on the local acceptance of the exploitation and field operations. We propose a quantitative approach to discriminate induced, triggered, and natural earthquakes, which is based on testable input parameters. Maxima of occurrence probabilities are compared for the cases under question, and a single probability of being triggered or induced is reported. The uncertainties of earthquake location and other input parameters are considered in terms of the integration over probability density functions. The probability that events have been human triggered/induced is derived from the modeling of Coulomb stress changes and a rate and state‐dependent seismicity model. In our case a 3‐D boundary element method has been adapted for the nuclei of strain approach to estimate the stress changes outside the reservoir, which are related to pore pressure changes in the field formation. The predicted rate of natural earthquakes is either derived from the background seismicity or, in case of rare events, from an estimate of the tectonic stress rate. Instrumentally derived seismological information on the event location, source mechanism, and the size of the rupture plane is of advantage for the method. If the rupture plane has been estimated, the discrimination between induced or only triggered events is theoretically possible if probability functions are convolved with a rupture fault filter. We apply the approach to three recent main shock events: (1) theMw4.3 Ekofisk 2001, North Sea, earthquake close to the Ekofisk oil field; (2) theMw4.4 Rotenburg 2004, Northern Germany, earthquake in the vicinity of the Söhlingen gas field; and (3) theMw6.1 Emilia 2012, Northern Italy, earthquake in the vicinity of a hydrocarbon reservoir. The three test cases cover the complete range of possible causes: clearly “human induced,” “not even human triggered,” and a third case in between both extremes.
Modification of the Local Cubic Law of fracture flow for weak inertia, tortuosity, and roughness
Authors: Wang Lichun , Cardenas M. Bayani , Slottke Donald T. , Ketcham Richard A. , Sharp John M.
Published: March 2015

The classical Local Cubic Law (LCL) generally overestimates flow through real fractures. We thus developed and tested a modified LCL (MLCL) which takes into account local tortuosity and roughness, and works across a low range of local Reynolds Numbers. The MLCL is based on (1) modifying the aperture field by orienting it with the flow direction and (2) correcting for local roughness changes associated with local flow expansion/contraction. In order to test the MLCL, we compared it with direct numerical simulations with the Navier‐Stokes equations using real and synthetic three‐dimensional rough‐walled fractures, previous corrected forms of the LCL, and experimental flow tests. The MLCL performed well and the effective errors (δ) in volumetric flow rate range from −6.7% to 13.4% with an arithmetic mean of |δ| (<|δ|>) equal to 3.7%. The MLCL is more accurate than previous modifications of the LCL. We also investigated the error associated with applying the Cubic Law (CL) while utilizing modified aperture field. The δ from the CL ranges from −14.2% to 11.2%, with a slightly higher <|δ|> = 6.1% than the MLCL. The CL with the modified aperture field considering local tortuosity and roughness may also be sufficient for predicting the hydraulic properties of rough fractures.
On the formation of multiple local peaks in breakthrough curves
Authors: Siirila‐Woodburn Erica R. , Sanchez‐Vila Xavier , Fernàndez‐Garcia Daniel
Published: March 2015

The analysis of breakthrough curves (BTCs) is of interest in hydrogeology as a way to parameterize and explain processes related to anomalous transport. Classical BTCs assume the presence of a single peak in the curve, where the location and size of the peak and the slope of the receding limb has been of particular interest. As more information is incorporated into BTCs (for example, with high‐frequency data collection, supercomputing efforts), it is likely that classical definitions of BTC shapes will no longer be adequate descriptors for contaminant transport problems. We contend that individual BTCs may display multiple local peaks depending on the hydrogeologic conditions and the solute travel distance. In such cases, classical definitions should be reconsidered. In this work, the presence of local peaks in BTCs is quantified from high‐resolution numerical simulations in synthetic fields with a particle tracking technique and a kernel density estimator to avoid either overly jagged or smoothed curves that could mask the results. Individual BTCs from three‐dimensional heterogeneous hydraulic conductivity fields with varying combinations of statistical anisotropy, heterogeneity models, and local dispersivity are assessed as a function of travel distance. The number of local peaks, their corresponding slopes, and a transport connectivity index are shown to strongly depend on statistical anisotropy and travel distance. Results show that the choice of heterogeneity model also affects the frequency of local peaks, but the slope is less sensitive to model selection. We also discuss how solute shearing and rerouting can be determined from local peak quantification.
An exact analytical solution for steady seepage from a perched Aquifer to a low‐permeable sublayer: Kirkham‐Brock's legacy revisited
Authors: Kacimov A. R. , Obnosov Yu. V.
Published: March 2015

An analytical solution is obtained for steady 2‐D potential seepage flow from a nonclogged and nonlined soil channel into a highly permeable porous layer, with phreatic surfaces tapering toward a horizontal interface with a subjacent low‐permeable formation. Along this boundary, a vertical component of the Darcian velocity vector equals the formation saturated hydraulic conductivity. The image of the physical flow domain in the hodograph plane is a circular polygon, a triangle or digon in a limiting case of a “phreatic jet” impinging on the low‐permeable substratum. The polygon is mapped onto an auxiliary half plane, where the complex physical coordinate and complex potential are reconstructed by the Polubarinova‐Kochina method, i.e., by solution of a Riemann BVP. The seepage flow rate from the channel, free surfaces, and a saturated (water‐logged) area are found for different thicknesses of the top layer, channel widths, and conductivity ratios of the two strata. In particular, the earlier results of Brock, Kirkham, and Youngs, which are based on a numerical solution, Dupuit‐Forchheimer (DF) approximation, and approximate potential model, are confirmed in the full 2‐D models. Sufficiently far from the channel, the phreatic surface and interface make a wedge. For a sufficiently deep substratum, three zones are analytically distinguished: an almost vertical 1‐D descending flow, an almost wedge‐configured 1‐D flow, and an essentially 2‐D zone in between, where neither a standard infiltration theory nor DF analysis are valid.
Occurrence of seawater intrusion overshoot
Authors: Morgan Leanne K. , Bakker Mark , Werner Adrian D.
Published: March 2015

A number of numerical modeling studies of transient sea level rise (SLR) and seawater intrusion (SI) in flux‐controlled aquifer systems have reported an overshoot phenomenon, whereby the freshwater‐saltwater interface temporarily extends further inland than the eventual steady state position. Recently, physical sand‐tank modeling has shown overshoot to be a physical process. In this paper, we have carried out numerical modeling of SLR‐SI to demonstrate that overshoot can occur at the field scale within unconfined aquifers. This result is contrary to previous conclusions drawn from a restricted number of cases. In addition, we show that SI overshoot is plausible under scenarios of gradual sea level rise that are consistent with conditions predicted by the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change. Overshoot was found to be largest in flux‐controlled unconfined aquifers characterized by low freshwater flux, high specific yield, and large inland extent. These conditions result in longer timeframes for the aquifer to reach new steady state conditions following SLR, and the extended period prior to reequilibration of the groundwater flow field produces more extensive overshoot.
Estimating hydraulic conductivity of fractured rocks from high‐pressure packer tests with an Izbash's law‐based empirical model
Authors: Chen Yi‐Feng , Hu Shao‐Hua , Hu Ran , Zhou Chuang‐Bing
Published: March 2015

High‐pressure packer test (HPPT) is an enhanced constant head packer test for characterizing the permeability of fractured rocks under high‐pressure groundwater flow conditions. The interpretation of the HPPT data, however, remains difficult due to the transition of flow conditions in the conducting structures and the hydraulic fracturing‐induced permeability enhancement in the tested rocks. In this study, a number of HPPTs were performed in the sedimentary and intrusive rocks located at 450 m depth in central Hainan Island. The obtained Q‐P curves were divided into a laminar flow phase (I), a non‐Darcy flow phase (II), and a hydraulic fracturing phase (III). The critical Reynolds number for the deviation of flow from linearity into phase II was 25−66. The flow of phase III occurred in sparsely to moderately fractured rocks, and was absent at the test intervals of perfect or poor intactness. The threshold fluid pressure between phases II and III was correlated with RQD and the confining stress. An Izbash's law‐based analytical model was employed to calculate the hydraulic conductivity of the tested rocks in different flow conditions. It was demonstrated that the estimated hydraulic conductivity values in phases I and II are basically the same, and are weakly dependent on the injection fluid pressure, but it becomes strongly pressure dependent as a result of hydraulic fracturing in phase III. The hydraulic conductivity at different test intervals of a borehole is remarkably enhanced at highly fractured zone or contact zone, but within a rock unit of weak heterogeneity, it decreases with the increase of depth.
Soil hydrology: Recent methodological advances, challenges, and perspectives
Authors: Vereecken H. , Huisman J. A. , Hendricks Franssen H. J. , Brüggemann N. , Bogena H. R. , Kollet S. , Javaux M. , van der Kruk J. , Vanderborght J.
Published: March 2015

Technological and methodological progress is essential to improve our understanding of fundamental processes in natural and engineering sciences. In this paper, we will address the potential of new technological and methodological advancements in soil hydrology to move forward our understanding of soil water related processes across a broad range of scales. We will focus on advancements made in quantifying root water uptake processes, subsurface lateral flow, and deep drainage at the field and catchment scale, respectively. We will elaborate on the value of establishing a science‐driven network of hydrological observatories to test fundamental hypotheses, to study organizational principles of soil hydrologic processes at catchment scale, and to provide data for the development and validation of models. Finally, we discuss recent developments in data assimilation methods, which provide new opportunities to better integrate observations and models and to improve predictions of the short‐term evolution of hydrological processes.
ESRof Organogermanium, Organotin and Organolead Radicals
Authors: Iley Jim
Published: March 2015

Introduction

The NeutralR3M•andR5M•Radicals (M = Ge,SnorPb)

The Radical CationsR4M+•andR3MMR3+•

The Radical AnionsR4M−•andR3MMR3−•

The RadicalsR3MCH2•andR3MCH2CH2•
Photoelectron Spectroscopy (PES) of Organometallic Compounds withCM(MGe,Sn,Pb) Bonds
Authors: Cauletti Carla , Stranges Stefano
Published: March 2015

Introduction

Tetrahedral Hydrides

Alkyl and Haloalkyl Derivatives

Unsaturated Carbon Derivatives

Compounds Containing Metal–Metal Bonds

Complex Compounds

Carbonyl Derivatives
Analytical Aspects of Organolead Compounds
Authors: Zabicky Jacob , Grinberg Sarina
Published: March 2015

Introduction

Elemental Analysis

Trace Analysis Allowing Speciation

Structural Analysis

Derivatization
Acidity, Complexing, Basicity andH‐Bonding of Organic Germanium, Tin and Lead Compounds: Experimental and Computational Results*In this chapter, full lines are used both for covalent chemical bonds as well as for partial bonds and for coordination.
Authors: Schulz Axel , Klapötke Thomas M.
Published: March 2015

Outline

Introduction

H‐Bonding

Complexing, Acidity and Basicity

Relativistic Effects

Computational Chemistry

Acknowledgements
Substituent Effects of Germanium, Tin and Lead Groups
Authors: Charton Marvin
Published: March 2015

The Nature of Structural Effects

Electrical Effects

Steric Effects

Intermolecular Forces

Applications

The Validity of Estimated Substituent Constants

Appendix I. Glossary
Syntheses and Uses of Isotopically Labelled Organic Derivatives of
Ge
,
Sn
and
Pb
Authors: Westaway Kenneth C , Joly Helen
Published: March 2015

Synthesis and Uses of Isotopically Labelled Organometallic Derivatives of Germanium (
Ge
)

The Synthesis and Uses of Labelled Organometallic Derivatives of Tin

Synthesis and Uses of Labelled Organometallic Derivatives of Lead
The Environmental Methylation of Germanium, Tin and Lead
Authors: Craig P. J. , Van Elteren J. T.
Published: March 2015

The Methylation of Germanium Compounds Under Environmental or Model Environmental Conditions

The Methylation of Tin Compounds Under Environmental or Model Environmental Conditions

The Methylation of Lead Compounds Under Environmental or Model Environmental Conditions

General Conclusions

Reviews and Earlier Work
Toxicity of Organogermanium Compounds
Authors: Lukevics E. , Ignatovich L. M.
Published: March 2015

Introduction

Tetraorganogermanium Compounds

Compounds with
Ge

N
Bonds

Compounds with
Ge

O
Bonds

Compounds with
Ge

S
Bonds

Organohalogenogermanes
Biological Activity of Phosphonic and Phosphinic Acids
Authors: Kalir Asher , Kalir Henry H.
Published: March 2015

Introduction

Phosphonic Acids

Phosphinic Acids
The Chemistry of Organophosphorus Chemical Warfare Agents
Authors: Black R. M. , Harrison J. M.
Published: March 2015

Introduction

Historical Development

Synthesis

Chemical and Physical Properties

Decontamination

Spectroscopic Analysis

Chromatographic Analysis

Trace Analysis of Nerve Agents and their Degradation Products in Verification

Generic Detection of Nerve Agents

Mechanism of Action

Toxicodynamics

Therapy and Pretreatment

Structure—Toxicity Relationships

Control Under the Chemical Weapons Convention
Structural Chemistry
Authors: Sorriso Salvatore
Published: March 2015

Introduction

The Amino Group

The Nitroso Group

The Nitro Group

Conclusions

Acknowledgements
Chiroptical Properties of Amino Compounds
Authors: Smith Howard E.
Published: March 2015

Introduction

Asymmetric Synthesis

Estimation of Enantiomeric Excess

Electronic Circular Dichroism (ECD)

Vibrational Optical Activity (VOA)
Mass Spectrometry of Nitro and Nitroso Compounds
Authors: Egsgaard Helge , Carlsen Lars
Published: March 2015

Introduction

Mass Spectrometry (MS)

Ionization

Nitro Compounds

Nitroso compounds
NMRof Compounds Containing NH2, NO2and NOGroups
Authors: Randall Edward W. , Mitsopoulou Christiana A.
Published: March 2015

Introduction

Effect of Alkyl Groups on the Functional GroupsNH2andNO2andNO

Effect of Amino, Nitro and Nitroso Groups on theNMRSpectra of the Aromatic Ring

Effect of Aryl Groups on the Functional GroupsNH2,NO2andNO

NMRDeterminations of Structure in Solution

Imaging
Hydrogen Bonding and Complex Formation Involving Compounds with Amino, Nitroso and Nitro Groups
Authors: Forlani Luciano
Published: March 2015

Introduction

Amino Group

Nitroso Group

Nitro Group

Covalent Complexes Between Amines and Nitro Activated Aromatic Derivatives

Non‐Covalent Interactions between Amines and Nitro Aromatic Derivatives
Synthesis of Phenols
Authors: González Concepción , Castedo Luis
Published: March 2015

By Displacement of Other Functional Groups

By Oxidation

By Condensation

By Cycloaddition

By Rearrangement

Acknowledgement
Hydrogen‐Bonded Complexes of Phenols
Authors: Laurence C. , Berthelot M. , Graton J.
Published: March 2015

Introduction

Hydrogen‐Bond Basicity of Phenols

Hydrogen‐Bond Acidity of Phenols

Self‐Association of Phenols

Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonds

Properties of the Complexes

Construction of Hydrogen‐Bond Basicity Scalesfrom Phenols

Hydrogen Bonding and Protonation
Tautomeric Equilibria and Rearrangements Involving Phenols
Authors: Lukyanov Sergei M. , Koblik Alla V.
Published: March 2015

Introduction

Tautomerism in Phenols

Rearrangements of Phenols

Rearrangements ofO‐Substituted Phenol Derivatives

Rearrangements of Functionalized Arenes

Rearrangements of Non‐Aromatic Carbocycles

Rearrangements of Heterocyclic Compounds
Analytical Aspects of Phenolic Compounds
Authors: Zabicky Jacob
Published: March 2015

Introduction

Gas Chromatography

Liquid Chromatography

Electrophoresis

Biosensors

Electrochemical Methods

Ultraviolet‐Visible Detection Methods

Infrared and Raman Spectral Methods

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Mass Spectrometry

Miscellaneous Methods
Transient Phenoxyl Radicals: Formation and Properties in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Steenken S. , Neta P.
Published: March 2015

Introduction

Formation of Phenoxyl Radicals

Properties of Phenoxyl Radicals
Environmental Effects of Substituted Phenols
Authors: Glezer Victor
Published: March 2015

Introduction

Production and Use

Analysis of Phenols, their Concentration and Speciation in the Natural Environment

Toxicity and Health Effects

Detoxification and Degradation
Calixarenes
Authors: Böhmer Volker
Published: March 2015

Introduction and Definitions

Syntheses of Calixarenes

Conformational Properties

Reactions of the Hydroxy Groups in Calixphenols

Modification of Calixphenols on the Wide Rim

Further Reactions of Calixphenols

Chemical Modification of Calixresorcinols

Molecules Consisting of Several Calixarene Structures

Conclusions and Outlook

Acknowledgement
Lead Structures in Lithium Organic Chemistry
Authors: Stey Thomas , Stalke Dietmar
Published: March 2015

Introduction

Deltahedral [RLi]4Tetramers and [RLi]6Hexamers

Lithium Organics with Cyclic Carbanions

Alkyllithiums

Co‐Complexation of Basic Lithium Organics

Conclusion

Acknowledgment
Bio‐Inspired Leaf‐Mimicking Nanosheet/Nanotube Heterostructure as a Highly Efficient Oxygen Evolution Catalyst
Authors: Wang Yongcheng , Jiang Kun , Zhang Hui , Zhou Tong , Wang Jiwei , Wei Wei , Yang Zhongqin , Sun Xuhui , Cai Wen‐Bin , Zheng Gengfeng
Published: March 2015

Plant leaves represent a unique 2D/1D heterostructure for enhanced surface reaction and efficient mass transport. Inspired by plant leaves, a 2D/1D CoOx heterostructure is developed that is composed of ultrathin CoOx nanosheets further assembled into a nanotube structure. This bio‐inspired architecture allows a highly active Co2+ electronic structure for an efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at the atomic scale, ultrahigh surface area (371 m2 g−1) for interfacial electrochemical reaction at the nanoscale, and enhanced transport of charge and electrolyte over CoOx nanotube building blocks at the microscale. Consequently, this CoOx nanosheet/nanotube heterostructure demonstrates a record‐high OER performance based on cobalt compounds reported so far, with an onset potential of ≈1.46 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), a current density of 51.2 mA cm−2 at 1.65 V versus RHE, and a Tafel slope of 75 mV dec−1. Using the CoOx nanosheet/nanotube catalyst and a Pt‐mesh, a full water splitting cell with a 1.5‐V battery is also demonstrated.
Ultrathin YSZ Coating on Pt Cathode for High Thermal Stability and Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity
Authors: Chang Ikwhang , Ji Sanghoon , Park Joonho , Lee Min Hwan , Cha Suk Won
Published: March 2015

A simple, yet effective approach of stabilizing the nanostructure of porous metal‐based electrodes and thus, extending the life of microsolid oxide fuel cells is demonstrated. In an effort to avoid thermal agglomeration of metal electrodes, an ultrathin yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is coated on the porous metal (Pt) cathode by the atomic layer deposition, a scalable, and potentially high‐throughput deposition technique. A very thin YSZ coating is found to maintain the morphology of its underlying nanoporous Pt during high temperature operations (500 °C). More interestingly, the YSZ coating is also found to improve oxygen reduction reaction activity by ≈2.5 times. This improvement is attributed to an enhanced triple phase area, especially in the vicinity of the Pt–electrolyte interface; cross‐sectional electron microscopy images indicate that the initially uniform ultrathin YSZ layer becomes a partially agglomerated coating, a favorable structure for a maximized reaction area and fluent oxygen access to the Pt–electrolyte interface.
AuPd–MnOx/MOF–Graphene: An Efficient Catalyst for Hydrogen Production from Formic Acid at Room Temperature
Authors: Yan Jun‐Min , Wang Zhi‐Li , Gu Lin , Li Si‐Jia , Wang Hong‐Li , Zheng Wei‐Tao , Jiang Qing
Published: March 2015

The safe and efficient storage and release of hydrogen are widely recognized as the main challenges for the establishment of a fuel‐cell‐based hydrogen economy. Formic acid (FA) has great potential as a safe and convenient source of hydrogen for fuel cells. Despite tremendous efforts, the development of heterogeneous catalysts with high activity and relatively low cost remains a major challenge. The synthesis of AuPd–MnOx nanocomposite immobilized on ZIF‐8–reduced‐graphene‐oxide (ZIF‐8–rGO) bi‐support by a wet‐chemical method is reported here. Interestingly, the resultant AuPd–MnOx/ZIF‐8–rGO shows excellent catalytic activity for the generation of hydrogen from FA, and the initial turnover frequency (TOF) reaches a highest value of 382.1 mol H2 mol catalyst−1 h−1 without any additive at 298 K. This good performance of AuPd–MnOx/ZIF‐8–rGO results from the modified electronic structure of Pd in the AuPd–MnOx/ZIF‐8–rGO composite, the small size and high dispersion of the AuPd–MnOx nanocomposite, and also the strong metal‐support interaction between the AuPd–MnOx and ZIF‐8–rGO bi‐support.
Infantile onset Vanishing White Matter disease associated with a novel EIF2B5 variant, remarkably long life span, severe epilepsy, and hypopituitarism
Authors: Woody April L. , Hsieh David T. , McIver Harkirtin K. , Thomas Linda P. , Rohena Luis
Published: March 2015

Vanishing White Matter disease (VWM) is an inherited progressive leukoencephalopathy caused by mutations in the genes EIF2B1–5, which encode for the 5 subunits of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2B (eIF2B), a regulator of protein synthesis. VWM typically presents with acute neurological decline following febrile infections or minor head trauma, and subsequent progressive neurological and cognitive regression. There is a varied clinical spectrum of VWM, with earlier onset associated with more severe phenotypes. Brain magnetic resonance imaging is usually diagnostic with diffusely abnormal white matter, progressing over time to cystic degeneration. We are reporting on a patient with infantile onset VWM associated with three heterozygous missense variants in EIF2B5, including a novel missense variant on exon 6 of EIF2B5 (D262N), as well as an interstitial duplication at 7q21.12. In addition, our case is unusual because of a severe epilepsy course, a novel clinical finding of hypopituitarism manifested by hypothyroidism and adrenal insufficiency, and a prolonged life span with current age of survival of 4 years and 11 months. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fetal brain disruption sequence versus fetal brain arrest: A distinct autosomal recessive developmental brain malformation phenotype
Authors: Abdel‐Salam Ghada M.H. , Abdel‐Hamid Mohamed S. , El‐Khayat Hamed A. , Eid Ola M. , Saba Soliman , Farag Mona K. , Saleem Sahar N. , Gaber Khaled R.
Published: March 2015

The term fetal brain disruption sequence (FBDS) was coined to describe a number of sporadic conditions caused by numerous external disruptive events presenting with variable imaging findings. However, rare familial occurrences have been reported. We describe five patients (two sib pairs and one sporadic) with congenital severe microcephaly, seizures, and profound intellectual disability. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed unique and uniform picture of underdeveloped cerebral hemispheres with increased extraxial CSF, abnormal gyral pattern (polymicrogyria‐like lesions in two sibs and lissencephaly in the others), loss of white matter, dysplastic ventricles, hypogenesis of corpus callosum, and hypoplasia of the brainstem, but hypoplastic cerebellum in one. Fetal magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) of two patients showed the same developmental brain malformations in utero. These imaging findings are in accordance with arrested brain development rather than disruption. Molecular analysis excluded mutations in potentially related genes such as NDE1, MKL2, OCLN, and JAM3. These unique clinical and imaging findings were described before among familial reports with FBDS. However, our patients represent a recognizable phenotype of developmental brain malformations, that is, apparently distinguishable from either familial microhydranencephaly or microlissencephaly that were collectively termed FBDS. Thus, the use of the umbrella term FBDS is no longer helpful. Accordingly, we propose the term fetal brain arrest to distinguish them from other familial patients diagnosed as FBDS. The presence of five affected patients from three unrelated consanguineous families suggests an autosomal‐recessive mode of inheritance. The spectrum of fetal brain disruption sequence is reviewed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transsphenoidal surgery for malignant pituitary lesions: an analysis of inpatient complications
Authors: Svider Peter F. , Pines Morgan J. , Raikundalia Milap D. , Folbe Adam J. , Baredes Soly , Liu James K. , Eloy Jean Anderson
Published: March 2015

Background

Fewer than 4% of pituitary tumors are malignant lesions. These tumors predominantly represent metastatic disease from elsewhere. This study evaluates inpatient complications, demographics, and hospitalization characteristics of patients who underwent transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) for malignant pituitary lesions.

Methods

The Nationwide Inpatient Sample was evaluated for TSS patients from 1998 to 2010. Demographics, hospitalization characteristics, and complications were evaluated among patients with malignant lesions and compared to those with benign tumors.

Results

There were 17,425 inpatient records, 1.0% of which involved malignant pituitary tumors. There was no difference in age between these cohorts (p = 0.378). Patients with malignant tumors had greater length of stay (6.7 days vs 4.5 days, p = 0.003) and higher trending charges ($55,371 vs $40,550 p = 0.091). The most common postoperative complications among patients with malignant lesions included diabetes insipidus (DI) (17.9%), fluid/electrolyte abnormalities (14.0%), neurological complications (5.6%), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea (2.2%), and iatrogenic pituitary disorders (2.2%). Patients with malignant lesions had a significantly greater rates of postoperative DI and fluid/electrolyte abnormalities (odds ratio = 2.0 and 1.7, respectively), whereas no statistical difference was noted in the rates of CSF rhinorrhea (p = 0.372).

Conclusion

In this analysis of inpatient hospitalizations for TSS patients, malignant pituitary disease was associated with a greater rate of postoperative DI and fluid/electrolyte abnormalities, but no differences in the rates of postoperative CSF rhinorrhea and other complications were found. Patients with malignant pituitary lesions undergoing TSS had significantly longer hospitalizations and higher trending charges than those with benign lesions. This analysis is, however, subject to the limitations of the database.
Intradermal testing after negative skin prick testing for patients with high suspicion of allergy
Authors: Larrabee Yuna C. , Reisacher William
Published: March 2015

Background

Skin testing is a widely accepted method for identifying inhalant allergies. Intradermal (ID) testing is often performed after negative skin prick testing (SPT) when a practitioner has a high level of clinical suspicion for a particular allergen.

Methods

A retrospective chart review study was performed over a 5‐year period in patients with negative SPT for airborne allergens who also underwent ID testing based on a high level of suspicion for clinical allergy.

Results

Eighty‐seven patients had negative SPT and went on to receive an average of 7 ID tests per patient. A total of 592 ID tests were performed after negative SPT. Of these, 20.8% (123/592) had a positive ID result with negative SPT. The allergens with the greatest percentage of positive ID results with negative SPTs were dog, cat, D. farinae, and D. pteronyssinus (33.3%, 34.3%, 39.4%, and 39.6%, respectively). The allergens least likely to test positive on ID testing after negative SPT were red maple, Cladosporium, and Alternaria (0%, 6.3%, and 6.5%, respectively).

Conclusion

Approximately 20% of all negative results on SPT will have a positive ID test, more likely for indoor allergens. If a high suspicion for allergy exists in a patient with a negative SPT result, it may be useful to proceed with ID testing. However, the clinical significance of a positive ID test after negative SPT still needs to be elucidated.
Stereoselective Nickel‐Catalyzed [2+2] Cycloadditions of Ene‐Allenes
Authors: Noucti Njamkou N. , Alexanian Erik J.
Published: March 2015

A stereoselective nickel‐catalyzed [2+2] cycloaddition of ene‐allenes is reported. This transformation encompasses a broad range of ene‐allene substrates, thus providing efficient access to fused cyclobutanes from easily accessed π‐components. A simple and inexpensive first‐row catalytic system comprised of [Ni(cod)2] and dppf was used in this process, thus constituting an attractive approach to synthetically challenging cyclobutane frameworks under mild reaction conditions.
Dependence of Distance Distributions Derived from Double Electron–Electron Resonance Pulsed EPR Spectroscopy on Pulse‐Sequence Time
Authors: Baber James L. , Louis John M. , Clore G. Marius
Published: March 2015

Pulsed double electron–electron resonance (DEER) provides pairwise P(r) distance distributions in doubly spin labeled proteins. We report that in protonated proteins, P(r) is dependent on the length of the second echo period T owing to local environmental effects on the spin‐label phase memory relaxation time Tm. For the protein ABD, this effect results in a 1.4 Å increase in the P(r) maximum from T=6 to 20 μs. Protein A has a bimodal P(r) distribution, and the relative height of the shorter distance peak at T=10 μs, the shortest value required to obtain a reliable P(r), is reduced by 40 % relative to that found by extrapolation to T=0. Our results indicate that data at a series of T values are essential for quantitative interpretation of DEER to determine the extent of the T dependence and to extrapolate the results to T=0. Complete deuteration (99 %) of the protein was accompanied by a significant increase in Tm and effectively abolished the P(r) dependence on T.
Recovery and characterization of lignin from alkaline straw pulping black liquor: As feedstock for bio‐oil research
Authors: Tian Zhengbin , Zong Lei , Niu Rujie , Wang Xiao , Li Yan , Ai Shiyun
Published: March 2015

Conversion of lignin derived from lignocellulosic biomass to bio‐oil has the promising potential to significantly reduce petroleum dependence. For that purpose, it is necessary to search for a low‐cost lignin source. In this study, lignin sample was separated from straw pulping black liquor by HCl‐precipitation, followed by extraction with a mixture of dioxane and water. The content of lignin in the total black liquor solid reached up to 34.8%, determined by UV spectroscopy, and the yield could account for 74.4% of the total lignin composition. The structure of lignin was investigated by various spectroscopic techniques such as FTIR, 1H‐NMR, XRD, and XPS. The structural analysis revealed that recovered lignin preserved basic lignin structure, but had relatively lower amount of β‐O‐4 linkages. The molecular weights were studied through THF‐eluted GPC showing that separated lignin had the low Mn, which was favorable for the full degradation process during conversion of lignin to bio‐oil. Therefore, a feasible solution for effective utilization of lignin in straw pulping black liquor as feedstock for bio‐oil was proposed in the study. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42057.
Tensile mechanical properties and constitutive model for HTPB propellant at low temperature and high strain rate
Authors: Wang Zhejun , Qiang Hongfu , Wang Guang , Huang Quanzhang
Published: March 2015

To investigate the mechanical properties and fracture mechanisms of hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) propellant at low temperature and high strain rate, uniaxial tensile tests were conducted over the range of temperatures 233 to 298 K and strain rates 0.4 to 14.14 s−1 using an INSTRON testing machine, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) was employed to observe the tensile fracture surfaces. The experimental results indicate that the deformation properties of HTPB propellant are remarkably influenced by temperature and strain rate. The characteristics of stress–strain curves at low temperatures are different from that at room temperature, and the effects of temperature and strain rate on the mechanical properties are closely related to the changes of properties and the fracture mechanisms of HTPB propellant. The dominating fracture mechanism depends much on the temperature and changes from the dewetting and matrix tearing at room temperature to the particle brittle fracture at low temperature, and the effect of strain rate only alters the mechanism in a quantitative manner. Finally, a nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive model incorporating the damage evolution and the effects of temperature and strain rate was developed to describe the stress responses of this propellant under the test conditions. During this process, the Schapery‐type constitutive theories were applied and one damage variable was considered to establish the damage evolution function. The overlap between experimental results and predicted results are generally good, which confirms that the developed constitutive model is valid, however, further researches should be done due to some drawbacks in describing the deformation behaviors at very large strain. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42104.
Stellar populations of the bulges of four spiral galaxies
Authors: Morelli L. , Pizzella A. , Corsini E. M. , Bontà E. Dalla , Coccato L. , Méndez‐Abreu J. , Parmiggiani M.
Published: March 2015

Key information to understand the formation and evolution of disk galaxies are imprinted in the stellar populations of their bulges. This paper has the purpose to make available new measurements of the stellar population properties of the bulges of four spiral galaxies. Both the central values and radial profiles of the line strength of some of the most common Lick indices are measured along the major‐ and minor‐ axis of the bulge‐dominated region of the sample galaxies. The corresponding age, metallicity, and α /Fe ratio are derived by using the simple stellar population synthesis model predictions. The central values and the gradients of the stellar population properties of ESO‐LV 1890070, ESO‐LV 4460170, and ESO‐LV 5140100 are consistent with previous findings for bulges of spiral galaxies. On the contrary, the bulge of ESO‐LV 4500200 shows peculiar chemical properties possibly due to the presence of a central kinematically‐decoupled component. The negative metallicity gradient found in our bulges sample indicates a relevant role for the dissipative collapse in bulge formation. However, the shallow gradients found for the age and α /Fe ratio suggests that merging can not be completely ruled out for the sample bulges. This is confirmed by the properties of ESO‐LV 4500200 which can hardly be explained without invoking the capture of external material. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nachhaltigkeitsbewertung von Infrastrukturbauwerken am Beispiel der Helgoländer Südkaje
Authors: Jäppelt Ulrich , Schadow Thomas
Published: March 2015

Am Beispiel der Helgoländer Südkaje wird der ökologische Aspekt einer Nachhaltigkeitsbewertung von Infrastrukturbauwerken an unterschiedlichen Vorplanungsvarianten einer Ufereinfassung dargestellt.

Evaluation of Sustainable Infrastructure Using the Southern Quay of Helgoland as an Example

Drawing on the planning of the Southern Quay of Heligoland, this article shows an opportunity to evaluate sustainable infrastructure. The analysis of different planning variants allows to rate the ecological aspect of sustainability.
Integration – Partizipation – Diversifikation: Städtische Mobilität und Infrastrukturen der Zukunft
Authors: Hertzsch Eckhart , Vobruba Martha
Published: March 2015

Die städtische Mobilität der Zukunft ist Nachhaltigkeitszielen verpflichtet; dies im Sinne der Reduktion von Treibhausgasemissionen, Schmutz, Hitze‐ und Lärmbelastung und der Schaffung bzw. Wiederbelebung lebenswerter Stadträume. Dieses Ziel interagiert mit der vorhandenen Infrastruktur insofern als Stadtraum und Verkehr einander bedingen. Auch innovative Mobilitätskonzepte stehen in enger Wechselwirkung mit dem Stadtraum. Es bedarf mutiger Entscheidungen und intelligenter Ansätze, um die Stadt und ihre Wegenetzte, Verkehrskonzepte und Gebäude‐ sowie Energieinfrastrukturen an die Erfordernisse der Zukunft anzupassen. Städtebauliche Entwicklungen fördern insbesondere die Verkehrslenkung und ‐reduktion – Prämissen, der sich urbane Zentren vermehrt stellen müssen. Die Vernetzung von Gebäude‐, Energie‐ und Verkehrsinfrastruktur bietet große Potenziale, alternative Antriebsformen in der Stadt ubiquitär verfügbar zu machen. Hier sind Stadtverwaltungen und ‐planer sowie Forschungseinrichtungen verschiedener Disziplinen dazu angehalten, gemeinsam und unter Einbezug der Stadtbewohnerinnen und ‐bewohner als gleichberechtigte Partner, Lösungen zu generieren. Indem den Anforderungen der Energiewende und des Klimawandels Rechnung getragen wird, ist ein wesentlicher Beitrag zur Schonung der Umwelt geleistet. Dabei ist das System Stadt als ganzheitlicher Handlungsansatz zu begreifen, wodurch entsprechende Maßnahmen planerisch und wissenschaftlich sektorübergreifenden Charakter besitzen müssen.

Integration – Participation – Diversification: Urban mobility and infrastructures of the future

Urban mobility of the future commits itself to sustainability goals; this, in the sense of reducing CO2 emissions, dirt, heat and noise as well as protecting, creating and rejuvenating liveable urban spaces. These objectives interact with the existing infrastructure, in so far as urban space and transportation are entwined with each other. Also innovative mobility concepts interconnect with the city space. Courageous decisions and intelligent approaches are needed, to adapt the cities' road and path networks, transportation concepts as well as building and energy infrastructures to future needs. Urban developments are pushing towards traffic control and reduction. Linking building, energy and traffic infrastructure is offering a high potential to provide alternative forms of drive mechanisms in the entire urban space. Municipalities, city planners and research institutions of various disciplines are admonished to develop solutions together with the citizens as equal partners. By allowing the requirements for energy transformation and climate change, a significant contribution towards protection of our environment is fulfilled. The city system needs to be understood holistically, causing planning and research activities to be dealt with in a transdisciplinary and cross‐sectoral manner.
Maximization and Search for Alternatives in Decision Situations With and Without Loss of Options
Authors: Patalano Andrea L. , Weizenbaum Emma L. , Lolli Sydney L. , Anderson Alexandra
Published: March 2015

Maximizing tendency has been associated with greater accumulation of choice alternatives prior to selection of a preference. It is not known whether this search behavior extends to situations in which accumulation of new choice alternatives comes with the potential loss of existing ones. In Study 1, we replicate the original finding of greater accumulation of choice alternatives, using a computer‐based laboratory task. We then provide evidence, in Studies 2 and 3, that when potential loss of existing options is incorporated into the task, maximization is associated with less rather than more search for additional options. Maximization components of decision difficulty and alternative search, but not high standards or satisficing, explain this behavior. Other task measures are also collected, but few maximization‐related differences are observed. The findings support an interpretation of maximizers as decision makers who are as concerned with the potential loss of existing options as with the loss of undiscovered future ones. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.