bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fecal biomarkers in inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Lopez Robert N , Leach Steven T , Lemberg Daniel A , Duvoisin Gilles , Gearry Richard B , Day Andrew S
Published: October 2016

Over the last two decades, knowledge on fecal biomarkers has substantially increased. Nowadays, these non‐invasive markers of inflammation have significant clinical utility in the management of inflammatory bowel disease. Their use informs the decision to perform endoscopy before diagnosis is made right through to influencing therapeutic choices and the need for interval endoscopic assessment. In this review, the roles of two S100 proteins, calprotectin, and S100A12 are described along with that of lactoferrin, in the context of inflammatory bowel disease.
Quantitative and qualitative analysis of breakfast nutritional composition in French schoolchildren aged 9–11 years
Authors: Lepicard E. M. , Maillot M. , Vieux F. , Viltard M. , Bonnet F.
Published: October 2016

Background

The present study aimed to analyse the nutritional quality of childrens' breakfasts using data collected during a cross‐sectional observational study on the prevalence of urinary osmolality in 529 French children aged 9–11 years.

Methods

Total nutrient intake, mean adequacy ratio (MAR), energy density and solid energy density were calculated from breakfast food and fluid nutritional composition. To identify the main qualitative breakfast patterns, each breakfast item was categorised into 15 solid and liquid food categories and a principal component analysis followed by a cluster analysis was performed.

Results

Only 9.8% included skipped breakfast. Breakfast provided, on average, 22.9% of the recommended daily energy intake and 24.7% of the mean adequacy ratio of 23 key nutrients. Four breakfast patterns were identified: ‘Sweets breakfast’ (40.0% of children), ‘Traditional French breakfast’ (27.2%), ‘Ready‐to‐eat cereal (RTEC) + milk’ (18.1%) and ‘Dairy and juice breakfast’ (9.5%). Nutritionally, the ‘RTEC+ milk’ pattern was the most advantageous. Flavoured milk was the most frequently consumed food (50.5%) and the major component of the ‘Traditional French breakfast’.

Conclusions

Although breakfast provided a substantial contribution to a range of nutrients, opportunity for improvement, particularly to less nutrient breakfast patterns, should not be overlooked.
Trends in added sugar intake and food sources in a cohort of older Australians: 15 years of follow‐up from the Blue Mountains Eye Study
Authors: Moshtaghian H. , Louie J. C. Y. , Charlton K. E. , Probst Y. C. , Gopinath B. , Mitchell P. , Flood V. M.
Published: October 2016

Background

The trend of added sugar (AS) intake has not been investigated in the Australian population, including in older adults. The present study aimed to assess trends and food sources of AS intake among a cohort of older Australians during 15 years of follow‐up.

Methods

Dietary data from participants of the Blue Mountains Eye Study (1264 men and 1614 women), aged ≥49 years at baseline, were collected. Dietary intakes were assessed at 5‐yearly intervals (1992–94 to 2007–09) using a 145‐item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). AS content of FFQ food items was estimated using a stepwise systematic method. Trends for AS intake between baseline and the three follow‐up periods were assessed using linear mixed modelling.

Results

In men, the mean (SEM) percentage of energy provided by AS intake (EAS%) declined from 10.4% (0.1%) at baseline to 9.4% (0.2%) at 15‐year follow‐up (Ptrend = 0.028). Women's mean (SEM) EAS% intake at baseline and 15‐year follow‐up was 9.2% (0.1%) and 8.8% (0.2%), respectively (Ptrend = 0.550). EAS% intake of men was significantly higher than that of women for 10 years (P < 0.05). Sugar products (table sugar, syrup, jam and honey) were the major sources of AS at all‐time points and contributed to more than 40% and 35% of AS intake in men and women, respectively. Intake of sugar products decreased in men during follow‐up (Ptrend < 0.001).

Conclusions

An overall downward trend was observed in AS intake in both genders, however, was only significant for men during 15 years of follow‐up. Table sugar and sugar‐containing spreads represent the major source of AS in this cohort of older Australians.
A Framework for Accurately Informing Facilitated Regional Industrial Symbioses on Environmental Consequences
Authors: Dumoulin François , Wassenaar Tom , Avadí Angel , Paillat Jean‐Marie
Published: October 2016

Facilitated regional industrial symbiosis (FRIS) initiatives mainly aim at increasing regional resource‐use efficiency, but should also assess and anticipate other environmental consequences of the intended structural system changes. To successfully embed environmental criteria in an FRIS process, the environmental impacts resulting from induced system changes should comprehensively address all environmental aspects relevant to stakeholders. Normative environmental assessment frameworks used in FRIS, such as life cycle assessment, fail to address the ambiguity surrounding the concept of environment itself and its social foundations. The “environment” is a polysemous (i.e., has multiple meanings), relative and subjective construction and environmental consequences of FRIS initiative should be selected by means of environmental assessment frameworks that enable subjective identification of environmental phenomena of interest. We propose such an environmental assessment framework providing both (1) a logical basis accommodating all FRIS stakeholders’ perceptions of the environment and environmental consequences and (2) a method, embedding that logical basis, for the consideration of environmental consequences in FRIS. The logical basis is built by conceptually structuring independent key elements of the perception of “environment,” that is, the relation between environmental consequences and FRIS stakeholders (object‐subject relation). This generic environmental assessment framework contrasts with the direct use of normative frameworks under which both the phenomena of interest and their indicators are conflated and predefined. The proposed framework is partially illustrated by describing its application to a specific case: the identification of phenomena of interest within an FRIS process aiming to recycle organic residues in Réunion.
When Cultural and Natural Patrimony Collide: Sovereignty, State Power, and Political Strategy among the Picapedreros (Stonemasons) of San Pablo, Ecuador
Authors: Hill Michael D. , Fernández‐Salvador Consuelo
Published: October 2016

Este artículo analiza el caso de los picapedreros de San Pablo, Ecuador, y su batalla político‐legal con el fin de obtener el estatus de minería patrimonial para continuar con la extracción de la piedra andesita blanca de un área ubicada en la Reserva Faunística del Chimborazo, y así continuar con la fabricación de objetos decorativos para la venta y mantener su trabajo artesanal de escultura en piedra. En el contexto del boom extractivista en Ecuador post‐neoliberal y del establecimiento de políticas que garantizan tanto los derechos de la naturaleza como del bienestar humano, el sumak kawsay, el caso de San Pablo muestra tanto el poder como las limitaciones de la soberanía del estado sobre el patrimonio natural y cultural. También visibiliza las tensiones entre las definiciones esencialistas y estructurales del patrimonio, los usos políticos estratégicos del patrimonio por parte del estado y de los ciudadanos, las contradicciones en los discursos y políticas estatales sobre el sumak kawsay, y la falta de claridad alrededor de la diversidad de niveles de soberanía, sea ésta nacional, regional y local, dado el poder definitivo del estado que le permite intervenir o no tanto en favor del patrimonio cultura y/o natural.
Polymetamorphism in garnet micaschists of the Saualpe Eclogite Unit (Eastern Alps, Austria), resolved by automated SEM methods and EMP–Th–U–Pb monazite dating
Authors: Schulz B.
Published: October 2016

Polymetamorphic garnet micaschists from the Austroalpine Saualpe Eclogite Unit (Kärnten, Austria, Eastern Alps) display complex microstructural and mineral–chemical relationships. Automated scanning electron microscopy routines with energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectral mapping were applied for monazite detection and garnet mineral–chemical characterization. When the Fe, Mg, Mn and Ca element wt% compositions are used as generic labels for garnet EDX spectra, complex zonations and porphyroblast generations can be resolved in complete thin sections for selective electron‐microprobe analyses. Two garnet porphyroblast generations and diverse monazite age populations have been revealed in low‐Ca and high‐Al‐metapelites. Garnet 1 has decreasing Mn, constant Ca and significantly increasing Mg from cores to rims. Geothermobarometry of garnet 1 assemblages signals a crystallization along a M1 prograde metamorphism at ~650 °C/6–8 kbar. Sporadic monazite 1 crystallization started at c. 320 Ma. Subsequent pervasive 300–250 Ma high‐Y and high‐Gd monazite 1 formation during decompression coincided with the intrusion of Permian and Early Triassic pegmatites. Monazite 1 crystallized along the margin of garnet 1. Coronas of apatite and allanite around the large 320–250 Ma monazite signal a retrogressive stage. These microstructures suggest a Carboniferous‐to‐Early‐Permian age for the prograde M1 event with garnet 1. Such a M1 event at an intermediate‐P/T gradient has not yet been described from the Saualpe, and preceded a Permo‐Triassic low‐P stage. The M2 event with garnet 2 postdates the corona formation around Permian monazite. Garnet 2 displays first increasing XCa at decreasing XMg, then increasing XCa and XMg, and finally decreasing XCa with increasing XMg, always at high Ca and Mg, and low Mn. This records a P–T evolution which passed through eclogite facies conditions and reached maximum temperatures at ~750 °C/14 kbar during decompression‐heating. A monazite 2 population (94–86 Ma) with lower Y and Gd contents crystallized at decreasing pressure during the Cretaceous (Eo‐Alpine) metamorphism M2 at a high‐P/T gradient. The Saualpe Eclogite Unit underwent two distinct clockwise metamorphic cycles at different P–T conditions, related to continental collisions under different thermal regimes. This led to a characteristic distribution pattern of monazite ages in this unit which is different from other Austroalpine basement areas.
Quantifying the structural integrity of nanorod arrays
Authors: THÖLE FLORIAN , XUE LONGJIAN , HEß CLAUDIA , HILLEBRAND REINALD , GORB STANISLAV N. , STEINHART MARTIN
Published: October 2016

Arrays of aligned nanorods oriented perpendicular to a support, which are accessible by top‐down lithography or by means of shape‐defining hard templates, have received increasing interest as sensor components, components for nanophotonics and nanoelectronics, substrates for tissue engineering, surfaces having specific adhesive or antiadhesive properties and as surfaces with customized wettability. Agglomeration of the nanorods deteriorates the performance of components based on nanorod arrays. A comprehensive body of literature deals with mechanical failure mechanisms of nanorods and design criteria for mechanically stable nanorod arrays. However, the structural integrity of nanorod arrays is commonly evaluated only visually and qualitatively. We use real‐space analysis of microscopic images to quantify the fraction of condensed nanorods in nanorod arrays. We suggest the number of array elements apparent in the micrographs divided by the number of array elements a defect‐free array would contain in the same area, referred to as integrity fraction, as a measure of structural array integrity. Reproducible procedures to determine the imaged number of array elements are introduced. Thus, quantitative comparisons of different nanorod arrays, or of one nanorod array at different stages of its use, are possible. Structural integrities of identical nanorod arrays differing only in the length of the nanorods are exemplarily analysed.
Survival of motor neurone protein is required for normal postnatal development of the spleen
Authors: Thomson Alison K. , Somers Eilidh , Powis Rachael A. , Shorrock Hannah K. , Murphy Kelley , Swoboda Kathryn J. , Gillingwater Thomas H. , Parson Simon H.
Published: October 2016

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), traditionally described as a predominantly childhood form of motor neurone disease, is the leading genetic cause of infant mortality. Although motor neurones are undoubtedly the primary affected cell type, the severe infantile form of SMA (Type I SMA) is now widely recognised to represent a multisystem disorder where a variety of organs and systems in the body are also affected. Here, we report that the spleen is disproportionately small in the ‘Taiwanese’ murine model of severe SMA (Smn−/−;SMN2tg/0), correlated to low levels of cell proliferation and increased cell death. Spleen lacks its distinctive red appearance and presents with a degenerated capsule and a disorganised fibrotic architecture. Histologically distinct white pulp failed to form and this was reflected in an almost complete absence of B lymphocytes necessary for normal immune function. In addition, megakaryoctyes persisted in the red pulp. However, the vascular density remained unchanged in SMA spleen. Assessment of the spleen in SMA patients with the infantile form of the disease indicated a range of pathologies. We conclude that development of the spleen fails to occur normally in SMA mouse models and human patients. Thus, further analysis of immune function is likely to be required to fully understand the full extent of systemic disease pathology in SMA.
Two new mini‐slings compared with transobturator tension‐free vaginal tape for treatment of stress urinary incontinence: A 1‐year follow‐up randomized controlled trial
Authors: Gaber Mohamed E. , Borg Tamer , Samour Hazem , Nawara Mai , Reda Ahmed
Published: October 2016

Aim

The aim of this study was to compare the outcome of two single‐incision mini‐slings (the Contasure‐Needleless [C‐NDL] and the endopelvic free anchorage) with the standard midurethral transobturator tension‐free vaginal tape (TVT‐O) procedure.

Methods

A double blind randomized controlled study was conducted at Ain Shams University Maternity Hospital from August 2014 until July 2015. A total of 209 patients were randomized into three groups. The first group underwent the TVT‐O procedure, the second group underwent the endopelvic free anchorage procedure and the third group underwent the C‐NDL procedure. Patients were followed up for 12 months in terms of subjective cure, objective cure, and complications rate.

Results

After 12 months of follow‐up, there were no differences among the three groups in terms of objective cure rate, subjective cure rate, patient satisfaction, or incidence of complications (de novo urge, hemorrhage, infection, and mesh erosion). The C‐NDL was associated with a shorter operative time (P < 0.001) and less blood loss (P = 0.021) than the standard TVT‐O.

Conclusion

The new single‐incision mini‐slings showed similar efficacy and patient acceptance to that of the standard TVT‐O for up to 12 months postoperatively with no difference in the complications rate. The C‐NDL is associated with shorter operative time and less blood loss.
Multiple rare genetic variants co‐segregating with familial IgA nephropathy all act within a single immune‐related network
Authors: Cox S. N. , Pesce F. , El‐Sayed Moustafa J.S. , Sallustio F. , Serino G. , Kkoufou C. , Giampetruzzi A. , Ancona N. , Falchi M. , Schena F. P. ,   the European IgAN Consortium
Published: October 2016

Background

IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is a common complex disease with a strong genetic involvement. We aimed to identify novel, rare, highly penetrant risk variants combining family‐based linkage analysis with whole‐exome sequencing (WES).

Methods

Linkage analysis of 16 kindreds of South Italian ancestry was performed using an ‘affected‐only’ strategy. Eight most informative trios composed of two familial cases and an intrafamilial control were selected for WES. High‐priority variants in linked regions were identified and validated using Sanger sequencing. Custom TaqMan assays were designed and carried out in the 16 kindreds and an independent cohort of 240 IgAN patients and 113 control subjects.

Results

We found suggestive linkage signals in 12 loci. After sequential filtering and validation of WES data, we identified 24 private or extremely rare (MAF <0.0003) linked variants segregating with IgAN status. These were present within coding or regulatory regions of 23 genes that merged into a common functional network. The genes were interconnected by AKT, CTNNB1, NFKB, MYC and UBC, key modulators of WNT/β‐catenin and PI3K/Akt pathways, which are implicated in IgAN pathogenesis. Overlaying publicly available expression data, genes/proteins with expression notably altered in IgAN were included in this immune‐related network. In particular, the network included the glucocorticoid receptor gene, NR3C1, which is the target of corticosteroid therapy routinely used in the treatment of IgAN.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that disease susceptibility could be influenced by multiple rare variants acting in a common network that could provide the starting point for the identification of potential drug targets for personalized therapy.
Tyrosine kinase inhibitorTKI‐258 inhibits cell motility in oral squamous cell carcinomain vitro
Authors: Carneiro Anna Cecília Dias Maciel , Silveira Isadora Caixeta da , Rezende Arthur Silva , Silva Bruna Raphaela Oliveira , Crema Virgínia Oliveira
Published: October 2016

Background

Oral squamous cell carcinoma is extremely invasive, and this behavior is regulated by binding of extracellular molecules to the cell membrane receptors. TheTKI‐258 inhibits phosphorylation ofFGFRsVEGFRs andPDGFRs. Our aim was to analyze the effect ofTKI‐258 treatment in cell movement usingSCC‐4 cell line from human oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Methods

F‐actin was stained with rhodamine phalloidin, and confocal analysis was performed. The migration and invasion (membrane covered with Matrigel™) three‐dimensional assays were performed, and control and cells treated withTKI‐258 that migrated through the membrane were counted after 24 h.

Results

Control cells presented abundant cytoplasm with F‐actin wide distributed and evident cell cortex; however, treated (1, 5 and 10 μMTKI‐258) cells showed round morphology, scanty cytoplasm, F‐actin disorganized and preserved cell cortex.TKI‐258 (1, 5, and 10 μM) treatment inhibits migrating cells (ANOVA, F = 97.749, d.f. = 3, 10;P< 0.0001), and it was concentration dependent. Invading cell treated with 5 μMTKI‐258 was significantly lower (t= 6.708, d.f. = 5,P< 0.001).

Conclusions

These results suggest that the tyrosine kinase inhibitorTKI‐258 has an inhibitory effect on cell motility, affecting F‐actin, cell migration, and cell invasion, and probably, these processes are regulated by signaling pathwaysFGFRs and/orPDGFRs and/orVEGFRs.
Life Events and Personality Trait Change
Authors: Bleidorn Wiebke , Hopwood Christopher J. , Lucas Richard E.
Published: October 2016

Objective

Theory and research have emphasized the impact of life events on personality trait change. In this article, we review prospective research on personality trait change in response to nine major life events in the broader domains of love and work.

Method

We expected to find that life events lead to personality trait change to the extent that they have a lasting influence on individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behavior. Moreover, we predicted that love‐related life events such as marriage or parenthood would be more strongly related to changes in traits that emphasize affective content, whereas work‐related life events would be more likely to lead to change in traits that reflect behavioral or cognitive content.

Results

The current state of research provided some evidence that life events can lead to changes in personality traits and that different life events may be differently related to specific trait domains.

Conclusions

A more general conclusion emerging from this review is that the evidence for the nature, shape, and timing of personality trait change in response to life events is still preliminary. We discuss the implications of the results for theory and research and provide directions for future studies on life events and personality trait change.
Clinical significance of liver histology on outcomes in biliary atresia
Authors: Webb Nicholas L , Jiwane Ashish , Ooi Chee Y , Nightinghale Scott , Adams Susan E , Krishnan Usha
Published: October 2016

Aim

Biliary atresia (BA) literature has focussed on the relationship between age at Kasai procedure (KP) and post‐KP outcomes. This study primarily examines post‐KP outcomes including, 6‐month normalisation of bilirubin, 5‐year native liver survival (NLS), development of portal hypertension (PHT) and incidence of ascending cholangitis at a single tertiary paediatric centre in Australia. The study also evaluated prognostic factors which may influence these aforementioned outcomes.

Methods

Retrospective chart review of all BA cases between 1999 and 2014. Age at KP, liver biopsy results, use of ursodeoxycholic acid or prophylactic antibiotics and occurrence of PHT and ascending cholangitis post‐KP were recorded and related to the primary post‐KP outcome measures.

Results

BA was diagnosed in 29 patients. Twenty‐four of 29 patients underwent KP. Median age at KP was 68 days (29–104). Fourteen of 24 (58.3%) had bridging fibrosis and 5 of 24 (20.8%) had cirrhosis at time of KP. Median follow‐up was 8.4 years (2.08–15.58 years). Bilirubin normalisation within 6 months occurred in 7 of 24 (29.2%) patients and 5‐year NLS was 45.8% (11/24). Fourteen of 24 (58.3%) had PHT and 18 of 24 (75%) patients had ascending cholangitis post‐KP. Absence of bridging fibrosis in liver histology at KP was the only factor to be significantly associated with improved 5‐year NLS. None of the other variables examined had a significant association with either 5‐year NLS or bilirubin normalisation by 6 months.

Conclusion

Five‐year NLS in this series was 45.8%. Absence of bridging fibrosis at time of KP was the only factor significantly associated with improved 5‐year NLS.
Consistency in a marine algal‐grazer interaction over multiple scales
Authors: Johnson Ladd E. , Paine Robert T.
Published: October 2016

Coralline algae are conspicuous members of many marine assemblages, especially those characterized by intense grazing pressure. We explored whether articulated species, especially Corallina vancouveriensis, depend on grazing invertebrates to both establish and flourish in an exposed rocky intertidal setting, and whether this plant–grazer relationship varied over more than three orders of magnitude (≈100–>300,000 μm). Three experimental manipulations, supplemented by observations on recruitment, demonstrated that (i) C. vancouveriensis failed to recover rapidly from disturbed areas when grazers were experimentally excluded; (ii) recruitment occurred in the presence of grazers; (iii) increasing surface texture of molded surfaces enhanced coralline recruitment more when grazers were present; and (iv) settlement occurred predominately in microtopographical low areas of a molded surface, whereas a competitively superior fleshy red alga tended to recruit to high areas. These results confirm that coralline algal establishment and persistence are enhanced by grazers and reveal that this relationship is consistent over a range of biologically relevant scales.
Coalescing red algae exhibit noninvasive, reversible chimerism
Authors: Santelices Bernabé , González Alejandra V. , Beltrán Jessica , Flores Verónica
Published: October 2016

Chimerism is produced by the somatic fusion of two or more genetically distinct conspecific individuals. In animals, the main cost of fusion is competition between genetically different cell lineages and the probability of original cell line replacement by more competitive invasive lines, which limits its natural frequency (3%–5%). In red and brown seaweeds, chimerism is widespread (27%–53%), seemingly without the negative outcomes described for animals. The rigidity of cell walls in macroalgae prevents cell motility and invasions. In addition, in moving waters, most somatic fusions involve the holdfast. Histological observations in laboratory‐built bicolor macroalgal chimeras indicated that upright axes emerge from the base of plants by proliferation and vertical growth of discrete cell groups that include one or just a few of the cell lineages occurring in the holdfasts. Laboratory experiments showed growth competition between cell lineages, thus explaining lineage segregation during growth along originally chimeric erect axes. Genotyping of the axes showed more heterogeneous tissues basally, but apically more homogeneous ones, generating a vertical gradient of allele abundance and diversity. The few chimeric primary branches produced, eventually became homogenous after repeated branching. Therefore, coalescing macroagae exhibit a unique pattern of post‐fusion growth, with the capacity to reverse chimerism. This pattern is significantly different from those in animals and land plants, suggesting chimerism is a biologically heterogeneous concept.
Species concept and nomenclatural changes within the genera Elliptochloris and Pseudochlorella (Trebouxiophyceae) based on an integrative approach
Authors: Darienko Tatyana , Gustavs Lydia , Pröschold Thomas
Published: October 2016

The genera Elliptochloris and Pseudochlorella were erected for Chlorella‐like green algae producing two types of autospores and cell packages, respectively. Both genera are widely distributed in different soil habitats, either as free living or as photobionts of lichens. The species of these genera are often difficult to identify because of the high phenotypic plasticity and occasional lack of characteristic features. The taxonomic and nomenclatural status of these species, therefore, remains unclear. In this study, 34 strains were investigated using an integrative approach. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that the isolates belong to two independent lineages of the Trebouxiophyceae (Elliptochloris and Prasiola clades) and confirmed that the genera are not closely related. The comparison of morphology, molecular phylogeny, and analyses of secondary structures of SSU and ITS rDNA sequences revealed that all of the strains belong to three genera: Elliptochloris, Pseudochlorella, and Edaphochlorella. As a consequence of the taxonomic revisions, we propose two new combinations (Elliptochloris antarctica and Pseudochlorella signiensis) and validate Elliptochloris reniformis, which is invalidly described according to the International Code for Nomenclature (ICN), by designating a holotype. To reflect the high phenotypic plasticity of P. signiensis, two new varieties were described: P. signiensis var. magna and P. signiensis var. communis. Chlorella mirabilis was not closely related to any of these genera and was, therefore, transferred to the new genus Edaphochlorella. All of the taxonomic changes were highly supported by all phylogenetic analyses and were confirmed by the ITS‐2 Barcodes using the ITS‐2/CBC approach.
Impact of Travel Distance and Urban‐Rural Status on the Multidisciplinary Management of Rectal Cancer
Authors: Loree Jonathan M. , Javaheri Khodadad R. , Lefresne Shilo V. , Speers Caroline H. , Ruan Jenny Y. , Chang Jennifer T. , Brown Carl J. , Kennecke Hagen F. , Olson Robert A. , Cheung Winson Y.
Published: October 2016

Objectives

Optimal treatment of rectal cancer (RC) requires multidisciplinary care. We examined whether distance to treatment center or community size impacts access to multimodality care and population‐based outcomes in RC.

Methods

Patients diagnosed with stage II/III RC from 1999 to 2009 and treated at 1 of 6 regional cancer centers in British Columbia were reviewed. Distance to treatment center was determined for each patient. Communities were classified as rural, small, medium, and large population centers. Logistic and Cox regression models assessed associations of distance and community size with treatment received as well as cancer‐specific (CSS) and overall survival (OS).

Results

Of 3,158 patients, 93.6% underwent surgery, 86.3% received radiotherapy, and 51.3% were treated with adjuvant chemotherapy (AC). Median time from diagnosis to oncologic consultation was longer for those >100 km from a treatment center or residing in medium/rural communities. Logistic regression demonstrated no correlation between distance or community size and receipt of treatment modality. Univariate analysis showed similar CSS (P = .18, .88) and OS (P = .36, .47) based on community size and distance, respectively. In multivariate analysis, distance >100 km had inferior CSS (Hazard Ratio [HR] 1.39, 95% CI: 1.03‐1.88; P = .031). There was no consistent trend between decreasing community size and outcomes; however, living in a small center was associated with improved OS (HR 0.58, 95% CI: 0.38‐0.88; P = .011) and CSS (HR 0.42, 95% CI: 0.25‐0.70; P = .001).

Conclusions

In this population‐based study, there were no urban‐rural differences in access to multidisciplinary care, but increased distance may be associated with worse cancer‐specific outcomes.
Application of xenogeneic anti‐canine distemper virus antibodies in treatment of canine distemper puppies
Authors: Liu P. C. , Chen C. A. , Chen C. M. , Yen C. H. , Lee M. H. , Chuang C. K. , Tu C. F. , Su B. L.
Published: October 2016

Objective

The clinical feasibility of passive immunotherapy has not been demonstrated in dogs naturally infected with canine distemper. In this study, porcine anti‐canine distemper virus IgG and F(ab′)2 antibody fragments were used to treat infected puppies.

Methods

A total of 41 naturally infected puppies (age Äsix months) exhibiting severe respiratory signs, but lacking neurological signs, were enrolled in the study. Twenty‐five puppies were treated with a combination of IgG or F(ab′)2 antibody fragments (Group 1) and supportive therapy and 16 puppies received routine supportive care only (Group 2).

Results

The survival rate of dogs in Group 1 (19/25; 76%) was significantly higher than that in Group 2 (5/16; 31·3%) (P<0·05). During the therapy, 8 of the 25 dogs (32%) in Group 1 developed neurological signs versus 12 of the 16 dogs (75%) in Group 2 (P<0·05). Adverse reactions were limited to elevated body temperature in dogs that received IgG antibodies.

Clinical Significance

Porcine anti‐canine distemper virus antibodies improved survival in puppies affected with canine distemper with minimal adverse effects. Therefore, this therapy could be considered for treatment of endangered animal species infected with canine distemper virus.
A New Recursive Estimation Method for Single Input Single Output Models
Authors: Ouakasse Abdelhamid , Mélard Guy
Published: October 2016

This article is devoted to a new recursive estimation method for dynamic time series models, more precisely for single input single output models. In that method, the recurrence for updating the Hessian is avoided, but the recurrence for updating the estimator makes use of the Fisher information matrix. The asymptotic properties, consistency and asymptotic normality, of the new estimator are obtained under weak assumptions. Monte Carlo experiments and examples indicate that the estimates converge well, comparatively with alternative methods.
Evaluation of Basal Serum or Plasma Cortisol Concentrations for the Diagnosis of Hypoadrenocorticism in Dogs
Authors: Gold A.J. , Langlois D.K. , Refsal K.R.
Published: October 2016

Background

Previous studies that included limited numbers of affected dogs have suggested basal cortisol concentrations ≤55 nmol/L (2 μg/dL) are sensitive, but nonspecific, for a diagnosis of hypoadrenocorticism. A detailed assessment of the diagnostic utility of basal cortisol concentrations is warranted.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To evaluate the utility of basal cortisol concentrations for the diagnosis of hypoadrenocorticism in a large number of dogs, including those with and without serum electrolyte abnormalities.

Animals

Five hundred and twenty‐two dogs, including 163 dogs with hypoadrenocorticism, 351 dogs with nonadrenal gland illness, and 8 dogs with equivocal results.

Methods

Retrospective study. Basal and post‐ACTH cortisol concentrations and sodium and potassium concentrations were collected from medical records. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed for basal cortisol concentrations by standard methodologies. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values were determined for various cut‐points.

Results

The area under the ROC curve was 0.988 and was similarly excellent regardless of serum electrolyte concentrations. At the most discriminatory cut‐point of 22 nmol/L (0.8 μg/dL), sensitivity and specificity were 96.9 and 95.7%, respectively. A basal cortisol concentration of ≤55 nmol/L (2 μg/dL) resulted in a sensitivity of 99.4%. Conversely, a basal cortisol concentration of ≤5.5 nmol/L (0.19 μg/dL) resulted in a specificity of 99.1%.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Similar to findings in previous studies, basal cortisol concentrations >55 nmol/L (2 μg/dL) are useful in excluding a diagnosis of hypoadrenocorticism. Interestingly, excellent specificities and positive predictive values were observed at lower cut‐point cortisol concentrations.
Stored Canine Whole Blood Units: What is the Real Risk of Bacterial Contamination?
Authors: Miglio A. , Stefanetti V. , Antognoni M.T. , Cappelli K. , Capomaccio S. , Coletti M. , Passamonti F.
Published: October 2016

Background

Bacterial contamination of whole blood (WB) units can result in transfusion‐transmitted infection, but the extent of the risk has not been established and may be underestimated in veterinary medicine.

Objectives

To detect, quantify, and identify bacterial microorganisms in 49 canineWBunits during their shelf life.

Animals

Forty‐nine healthy adult dogs.

Methods

Forty‐nineWBunits were included in the study. Immediately after collection, 8 sterile samples from the tube segment line of each unit were aseptically collected and tested for bacterial contamination on days 0, 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 of storage. A qPCR assay was performed on days 0, 21, and 35 to identify and quantify any bacterial DNA.

Results

On bacterial culture, 47/49 blood units were negative at all time points tested, 1 unit was positive forEnterococcusspp. on days 0 and 1, and 1 was positive forEscherichia colion day 35. On qPCR assay, 26 of 49 blood units were positive on at least 1 time point and the bacterial loads of the sequences detected (Propionobacteriumspp.,Corynebacteriumspp.,Caulobacterspp.,Pseudomonasspp.,Enterococcusspp.,Serratiaspp., andLeucobacterspp.) were <80 genome equivalents (GE)/μL.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Most of the organisms detected were common bacteria, not usually implicated in septic transfusion reactions. The very low number of GE detected constitutes an acceptable risk of bacterial contamination, indicating thatWBunits have a good sanitary shelf life during commercial storage.
The Formation of Cabinet Coalitions in Presidential Systems
Authors: Freudenreich Johannes
Published: October 2016

Cabinet coalitions are central to the functioning of Latin American presidential systems. However, the reasons for their formation remain unclear. While recent studies suggest that presidents invite parties to the cabinet to facilitate governability and lawmaking, this study argues that the composition of cabinet coalitions is largely predetermined by commitments made before presidential elections. To analyze this argument, the study introduces the conditional logit model as a new empirical strategy for modeling cabinet choice under this type of regime. Based on a new dataset of 107 cabinets in 13 Latin American democracies, the study shows that pre-electoral commitments strongly affect cabinet formation and thereby also confound the relationship between cabinet formation and governability.
Potential use of metabolic breath tests to assess liver disease and prognosis: has the time arrived for routine use in the clinic?
Authors: Stravitz R. Todd , Ilan Yaron
Published: October 2016

The progression of liver disease may be unique among organ system diseases in that progressive fibrosis compromises not only the sufficiency of hepatocyte mass but also impairs blood flow to the liver, resulting in porto‐systemic shunting. Although liver biopsy as an assessment of fibrosis has become the key biomarker of and target for new therapies, it is invasive and subject to sampling error, and cannot quantify metabolic function or porto‐systemic shunting. Measurement of the hepatic venous pressure gradient accommodates some of the deficiencies of biopsy but requires expertise not widely available and misses minor changes in hepatocellular mass and thereby information about metabolic function. Thus, an unmet need in clinical hepatology remains unfulfilled: a noninvasive biomarker which quantitates both the hepatocellular insufficiency and porto‐systemic shunting inherent in progressive hepatic fibrosis. Ideally, such a biomarker should correlate with clinical endpoints including liver‐related survival and cirrhotic complications, be performed at the point‐of‐care, and be affordable and easy to use. This review, an expert opinion, summarizes background and recent data suggesting that metabolic breath tests may now meet these requirements and have a valid place in clinical hepatology to supplant the time‐honoured assessment of hepatic fibrosis.
On the possible origin of troilite‐metal nodules in the Katol chondrite (L6‐7)
Authors: Ray Dwijesh , Ghosh S. , Murty S.V.S.
Published: October 2016

Microtextural study of a single troilite‐metal nodule (TMN) from the Katol L6‐7 chondrite, a recent fall (May, 2012) in India suggests that the TMN is primarily an aggregate of submicron‐scale intergrowth of troilite and kamacite (mean Ni: 6.18 wt%) juxtaposed with intensely fractured silicates, mainly olivine (Fa: 25 mole%), low‐Ca pyroxene (Fs: 21.2 mole%), and a large volume of maskelynite. Evidence of shock textures in the TMN indicates a high degree of shock metamorphism that involves plagioclase‐maskelynite and olivine‐wadsleyite/ringwoodite transformations and formation of quenched metal‐sulfide melt textures due to localized shear‐induced frictional melting. It is inferred that the TMN formation is an independent, localized event by a high energy impact and its subsequent incorporation in the ejected chondritic fragment of the parent body. Katol chondrite has been calibrated with a peak shock pressure of S5 (~45 GPa) after Stöffler et al. (1991), whereas peak shock pressure within the TMN exceeds the shock facies S6 (>45 GPa) following Bennett and McSween (1996) and Stöffler et al. (1991). Overall, the shock‐thermal history of the Katol TMN is dissimilar as compared to the host chondrite.
Differences in the emotional and practical experiences of exclusively breastfeeding and combination feeding mothers
Authors: Komninou Sophia , Fallon Victoria , Halford Jason Christian Grovenor , Harrold Joanne Alison
Published: October 2016

The majority of research examining the barriers to breastfeeding focuses on the physical challenges faced by mothers rather than the risks of encountering negative emotional and practical feeding experiences. We aimed to quantify the emotional and practical experiences of the overall sample of breastfeeding mothers and identify the differences in the emotional and practical experiences of exclusively breastfeeding mothers and combination feeding mothers, by feeding type and intention. Eight hundred forty‐five mothers with infants up to 26 weeks of age and who had initiated breastfeeding were recruited through relevant social media via advertisements providing a link to an online survey. Predictors of emotional experiences included guilt, stigma, satisfaction with feeding method, and the need to defend themselves due to infant feeding choices. Practical predictors included perceived support from health professionals, main sources of infant feeding information, and respect from their everyday environment, workplace, and when breastfeeding in public. Current feeding type and prenatal feeding intention. In the overall sample, 15% of the mothers reported feeling guilty, 38% stigmatized, and 55% felt the need to defend their feeding choice. Binary logit models revealed that guilt and dissatisfaction were directly associated with feeding type, being higher when supplementing with formula. No associations with feeding intention were identified. This study demonstrates a link between current breastfeeding promotion strategies and the emotional state of breastfeeding mothers who supplement with formula to any extent. To minimize the negative impact on maternal well‐being, it is important that future recommendations recognize the challenges that exclusive breastfeeding brings and provide a more balanced and realistic target for mothers.
Prenatal anemia control and anemia in children aged 6–23 months in sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Wilunda Calistus , Tanaka Shiro , Esamai Fabian , Kawakami Koji
Published: October 2016

It is unclear whether routine prenatal anemia control interventions can reduce anemia risk in young children. This study examines the associations between prenatal iron supplementation and/or deworming and anemia in children aged 6–23 months in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). We analyzed data from Demographic and Health Surveys conducted between 2003 and 2014 in 25 SSA countries. The surveys collected data on prenatal iron supplementation and deworming and determined children's hemoglobin levels through blood testing. We assessed the associations between prenatal iron supplementation and/or deworming and anemia using multinomial logistic regression. The study included 31,815 mother–child pairs: 25.0%, 41.4%, and 4.8% of children had mild, moderate, and severe anemia, respectively. Compared with children whose mothers did not take iron and deworming drugs prenatally, the risk of moderate/severe anemia was reduced among children whose mothers took only iron supplements for ≥6 months (odds ratio [OR]: 0.58; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.45–0.76); only deworming drugs (OR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.56–0.93); deworming drugs plus iron for <6 months (OR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.67–0.93); and deworming drugs plus iron for ≥6 months (OR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.59–0.99). Prenatal use of only iron for <6 months was not associated with moderate/severe anemia. Prenatal iron and/or deworming drugs had no effect on mild anemia. Prenatal anemia control interventions are associated with reduced risk of moderate/severe anemia but not with mild anemia in young children in SSA. Iron supplements should be taken for ≥6 months or with deworming drugs prenatally to reduce moderate/severe anemia risk in children.
Utilization of glycerophosphodiesters by Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Jorge Ana Maria , Schneider Jonathan , Unsleber Sandra , Göhring Nadine , Mayer Christoph , Peschel Andreas
Published: October 2016

The facultative pathogen Staphylococcus aureus colonizes the human anterior nares and causes infections of various organ systems. Which carbon, energy, and phosphate sources can be utilized by S. aureus in nutrient‐poor habitats has remained largely unknown. We describe that S. aureus secretes a glycerophosphodiesterase (glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase, EC 3.1.4.46), GlpQ, degrading the glycerophosphodiester (GPD) head groups of phospholipids such as human phosphatidylcholine (GroPC). Deletion of glpQ completely abolished the GroPC‐degrading activity in S. aureus culture supernatants. GroPC has been detected in human tissues and body fluids probably as a result of phospholipid remodelling and degradation. Notably, GroPC promoted S. aureus growth under carbon‐ and phosphate‐limiting conditions in a GlpQ‐dependent manner indicating that GlpQ permits S. aureus to utilize GPD‐derived glycerol‐3‐phosphate as a carbon and phosphate sources. Thus, S. aureus can use a broader spectrum of nutrients than previously thought which underscores its capacity to adapt to the highly variable and nutrient‐poor surroundings.
The recombinant protein rSP03B is a valid antigen for screening dog exposure to Phlebotomus perniciosus across foci of canine leishmaniasis
Authors: KOSTALOVA T. , LESTINOVA T. , MAIA C. , SUMOVA P. , VLKOVA M. , WILLEN L. , POLANSKA N. , FIORENTINO E. , SCALONE A. , OLIVA G. , VERONESI F. , CRISTÓVÃO J. M. , COURTENAY O. , CAMPINO L. , GRADONI L. , GRAMICCIA M. , VOLF P.
Published: October 2016

The frequency of sandfly–host contacts can be measured by host antibody levels against sandfly salivary proteins. Recombinant salivary proteins are suggested to represent a valid replacement for salivary gland homogenate (SGH); however, it is necessary to prove that such antigens are recognized by antibodies against various populations of the same species. Phlebotomus perniciosus (Diptera: Psychodidae) is the main vector of Leishmania infantum (Trypanosomatida: Trypanosomatidae) in southwest Europe and is widespread from Portugal to Italy. In this study, sera were sampled from naturally exposed dogs from distant regions, including Campania (southern Italy), Umbria (central Italy) and the metropolitan Lisbon region (Portugal), where P. perniciosus is the unique or principal vector species. Sera were screened for anti‐P. perniciosus antibodies using SGH and 43‐kDa yellow‐related recombinant protein (rSP03B). A robust correlation between antibodies recognizing SGH and rSP03B was detected in all regions, suggesting substantial antigenic cross‐reactivity among different P. perniciosus populations. No significant differences in this relationship were detected between regions. Moreover, rSP03B and the native yellow‐related protein were shown to share similar antigenic epitopes, as canine immunoglobulin G (IgG) binding to the native protein was inhibited by pre‐incubation with the recombinant form. These findings suggest that rSP03B should be regarded as a universal marker of sandfly exposure throughout the geographical distribution of P. perniciosus.
The digital generation and nursing robotics: A netnographic study about nursing care robots posted on social media
Authors: Eriksson Henrik , Salzmann‐Erikson Martin
Published: October 2016

The aim of this study was to present the functionality and design of nursing care robots as depicted in pictures posted on social media. A netnographic study was conducted using social media postings over a period of 3 years. One hundred and Seventy‐two images were analyzed using netnographic methodology. The findings show that nursing care robots exist in various designs and functionalities, all with a common denominator of supporting the care of one's own and others’ health and/or well‐being as a main function. The results also show that functionality and design are influenced by recent popular sci‐fi/cartoon contexts as portrayed in blockbuster movies, for example. Robots'designs seem more influenced by popular sci‐fi/cartoon culture than professional nursing culture. We therefore stress that it is relevant for nursing researchers to critically reflect upon the development of nursing care robots as a thoughtful discussion about embracing technology also might generate a range of epistemological possibilities when entering a postmodern era of science and practice.