bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sildenafil Improves Exercise Hemodynamics and Oxygen Uptake in Patients With Systolic Heart Failure
Authors: Lewis Gregory D. , Lachmann Justine , Camuso Janice , Lepore John J. , Shin Jordan , Martinovic Maryann E. , Systrom David M. , Bloch Kenneth D. , Semigran Marc J.
Published: December 2006

Background—

Heart failure (HF) is frequently associated with dysregulation of nitric oxide–mediated pulmonary vascular tone. Sildenafil, a type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitor, lowers pulmonary vascular resistance in pulmonary hypertension by augmenting intracellular levels of the nitric oxide second messenger, cyclic GMP. We tested the hypothesis that a single oral dose of sildenafil (50 mg) would improve exercise capacity and exercise hemodynamics in patients with chronic systolic HF through pulmonary vasodilation.

Methods and Results—

Thirteen patients with New York Heart Association class III HF underwent assessment of right heart hemodynamics, gas exchange, and first-pass radionuclide ventriculography at rest and with cycle ergometry before and 60 minutes after administration of 50 mg of oral sildenafil. Sildenafil reduced resting pulmonary arterial pressure, systemic vascular resistance, and pulmonary vascular resistance, and increased resting and exercise cardiac index (
P
<0.05 for all) without altering mean arterial pressure, heart rate, or pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. Sildenafil reduced exercise pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, and pulmonary vascular resistance/systemic vascular resistance ratio, which indicates a selective pulmonary vasodilator effect with exercise. Peak V̇
o
2
increased (15±9%) and ventilatory response to CO
2
output (V̇
e
/V̇
co
2
slope) decreased (16±5%) after sildenafil treatment. Improvements in right heart hemodynamics and exercise capacity were confined to patients with secondary pulmonary hypertension (rest pulmonary arterial pressure >25 mm Hg).

Conclusions—

The present study shows that in patients with systolic HF, type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibition with sildenafil improves peak V̇
o
2
, reduces V̇
e
/V̇
co
2
slope, and acts as a selective pulmonary vasodilator during rest and exercise in patients with HF and pulmonary hypertension.
Greater Fish, Fruit, and Vegetable Intakes Are Related to Lower Incidence of Venous Thromboembolism
Authors: Steffen Lyn M. , Folsom Aaron R. , Cushman Mary , Jacobs David R. , Rosamond Wayne D.
Published: December 2006

Background—

Little is known about the role of dietary intake in the development of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolus (venous thromboembolism [VTE]). Homocysteine, factor VIII, and von Willebrand factor levels, risk factors for VTE, are influenced by dietary intake. We tested the hypothesis that foods rich in B vitamins and ω-3 fatty acids are negatively associated and meat intake is positively associated with incidence of VTE.

Methods and Results—

In a prospective study over 12 years, 14 962 middle-aged adults participating in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study were followed up for incident VTE. All hospitalizations were identified, and 196 VTEs were validated by chart review. A food frequency questionnaire assessed dietary intake at baseline and year 6. In separate proportional hazards regression analyses, risk of developing VTE was computed across quintiles of selected nutrients, major food groups, and the Western diet pattern, with adjustment for demographic and lifestyle factors, body mass index, and diabetes. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of VTE incidence across quintiles of fruit and vegetable intake were 1.0 (reference), 0.73 (0.48 to 1.11), 0.57 (0.37 to 0.90), 0.47 (0.29 to 0.77), and 0.59 (0.36 to 0.99) (
P
trend
=0.03). Eating fish 1 or more times per week was associated with 30% to 45% lower incidence of VTE for quintiles 2 to 5 compared with quintile 1, suggestive of a threshold effect. Hazard ratios of VTE across quintiles of red and processed meat intake were 1.0, 1.24 (0.78 to 1.98), 1.21 (0.74 to 1.98), 1.09 (0.64 to 1.87), and 2.01 (1.15 to 3.53) (
P
trend
=0.02). Hazard ratios were attenuated only slightly after adjustment for factors VIIc and VIIIc and von Willebrand factor.

Conclusions—

A diet including more plant food and fish and less red and processed meat is associated with a lower incidence of VTE.
Localization and Quantification of Platelet-Rich Thrombi in Large Blood Vessels With Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging
Authors: Flaumenhaft Robert , Tanaka Eiichi , Graham Gwenda J. , De Grand Alec M. , Laurence Rita G. , Hoshino Kozo , Hajjar Roger J. , Frangioni John V.
Published: December 2006

Background—

Imaging of thrombus formation in vivo has been limited by the inability to directly visualize and measure thrombi in large blood vessels in real time. Near-infrared light, with its superior tissue penetration and reduced scatter, could potentially solve this problem.

Methods and Results—

Platelets were labeled with the near-infrared fluorophore IR-786. Optimal total fluorescence yield occurred at 6 attomoles of IR-786 per platelet. IR-786–labeled platelets were tested for their ability to detect thrombus formation in large animal model systems relevant to common human vascular procedures. Invisible near-infrared light did not distort the surgical field in any way, and even after optimization of per-platelet fluorescent yield, platelets remained fully functional. Intravenous infusion of just 3.6×10
10
labeled platelets into a 35-kg Yorkshire pig permitted thrombus visualization, with a signal-to-background ratio ≥2, for at least 2 hours in coronary, carotid, and femoral vessels. Platelet-rich, actively growing clots were monitored in real time and quantified with respect to size and kinetics after injury to vessels, cutaneous incisions, intravascular stent insertion, or introduction of embolic coils. Similarly, formed clots were monitored in real time during thrombolysis with streptokinase and heparin. Vessel patency was assessed independently with a second near-infrared fluorescent blood pool agent.

Conclusions—

IR-786–labeled platelets provide sensitive, specific, and real-time visualization of thrombi in thick-walled blood vessels. In addition to immediate application in cardiac, transplant, and vascular surgery, the mechanisms that underlie thrombus formation in large blood vessels can now be investigated.
Statins and the Risk of Lung, Breast, and Colorectal Cancer in the Elderly
Authors: Setoguchi Soko , Glynn Robert J. , Avorn Jerry , Mogun Helen , Schneeweiss Sebastian
Published: December 2006

Background—

Although most randomized trials and meta-analyses suggest a slight or no increase in the risk of cancer in statin users, results from observational studies have been conflicting, and some have even suggested a large protective effect of statins on certain cancers. Long-term statin users tend to be healthier, less frail, and more adherent to therapy than nonusers, however. This could explain such apparent “protective” effects.

Methods and Results—

We conducted the present cohort study by linking data from a large state drug benefit program with cancer registry data and Medicare healthcare utilization data. We identified all initiators of statins; initiators of glaucoma medications, another preventive drug, served as a comparison group. Outcomes included all registry-identified cases of colorectal, lung, and breast cancer. Multivariable Cox proportional models were used to adjust for confounding. Patient characteristics were similar in both groups, but statin initiators (n=24 439) were slightly younger and used some services more frequently than glaucoma drug initiators (n=7284). The mean follow-up was 2.9 years, with the longest follow-up being 8.4 years. Incidence rates of colorectal, lung, and breast cancers in both groups were very similar to rates in the general population. Adjusted hazard ratios were 0.96 (95% CI, 0.70 to 1.31) for colorectal cancer, 1.11 (95% CI, 0.77 to 1.60) for lung cancer, and 0.99 (95% CI, 0.74 to 1.33) for breast cancer.

Conclusions—

These data from a large population of typical older patients who began using statins indicate that it is unlikely that statins confer a clinically important decrease or increase in the risk of colorectal, lung, or breast cancer over the durations studied.
Developmental Course(s) of Lifetime Cigarette Use and Panic Attack Comorbidity
Authors: Bernstein Amit , Zvolensky Michael J. , Schmidt Norman B. , Sachs-Ericcson Natalie
Published: December 2006

The present investigation examined the developmental course(s) of lifetime cigarette use and panic attack comorbidity. Participants included 4,409 adults, ages 15 to 54 years of age ( M Age = 33.1, SD = 10.7, N (females) = 2,221) from the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS). The primary objective of the present investigation was to better understand the developmental course(s) of lifetime cigarette use and panic attacks. A second objective of the investigation was to evaluate the developmental features of smokingpanic comorbidity in relation to other comorbid psychiatric and substance outcomes. Results demonstrated two distinct and novel operative developmental patterns of smoking-panic attack co-occurrence. The theoretical and clinical implications of delineating course-related factors underlying smokingpanic attack comorbidity are discussed.
A Critical Analysis of Approaches to Targeted PTSD Prevention
Authors: Feldner Matthew T. , Monson Candice M. , Friedman Matthew J.
Published: December 2006

Although efforts to prevent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have met with relatively limited success, theoretically driven preventive approaches with promising efficacy are emerging. The current article critically reviews investigations of PTSD prevention programs that target persons at risk for being exposed to a traumatic event or who have been exposed to a traumatic event. This review uniquely extends prior reviews in this area by using theories of PTSD to suggest future directions in the area of PTSD prevention. The authors first discuss the primary mechanisms of action believed to account for the failure for PTSD symptoms to remit among a substantial minority of traumatic event-exposed individuals. Second, empirical progress in PTSD prevention efforts is reviewed. Third, the authors consider how existing prevention programs target these mechanisms of action. Finally, the authors consider directions for future research in the area of targeted PTSD prevention.
Collegiate Sororities and Dating Violence
Authors: Anderson Kim M. , Danis Fran S.
Published: December 2006

Women in collegiate sororities are more at risk for violence within the context of dating relationships than is the general population of college women. Because assaulted women are more likely to turn to their peer networks for support, this study explores the formal and informal helping strategies available to sorority members within the context of their sororities. A total of 35 women representing 17 different sororities participated in 4 focus groups. Although the central finding uncovered how violence is largely omitted from the formal agendas of sororities, community and campus-based programs addressing the issue can build on their sincere interest in helping each other.
Creating Lasting Attitude and Behavior Change in Fraternity Members and Male Student Athletes
Authors: Foubert John D. , Perry Bradford C.
Published: December 2006

Fraternity members and male student athletes responded to open-ended questions assessing the impact of an empathy-based rape prevention program. All participants reported either lasting attitude or behavior changes; most reported both. Participants reported increased understanding of how rape might feel and attributed this change to seeing a videotape describing a male-on-male rape situation. Participants refrained from telling jokes about rape and reported feeling more effective when helping survivors seeking assistance. These behavior changes were attributed to the videotape and to a section of the program encouraging participants to confront rape jokes and challenge sexist behaviors.
“It’s Not Easy to Know Who I Am”
Authors: Robinson Robin A.
Published: December 2006

This article explores meanings of subjective gender and cultural place of a biracial, bicultural, unmarried 15-year-old mother with a substantial trauma history and court involvement. The treatment, which took place in a church-run maternity home, addressed oppositional behavior and anger and evoked profound questions of gender and culture. These clinical data are discussed from a multidimensional model of gender, race, and ethnicity; cultural meanings; psychological trauma; and power. Remarkable for examples of ego strength and insight, material in the case study provides some understanding of a profoundly traumatized yet resilient girl who has struggled through her experiences—and in her treatment—to keep making sense of her life.
Gendered Justice
Authors: Mallicoat Stacy L.
Published: December 2006

Research on gender and presentencing investigative reports documents that significant differences regarding male and female offenders exist both in terms of criminal history and type of current offense and in the types of problems experienced by offenders and their motivations for engaging in criminal behaviors. Drawing from attribution theory to understand how probation officers make assessments on the culpability of youth on probation, this study addresses whether differences in probation officers’ descriptions of male and female offenders exist that cannot be explained by the seriousness of the crime or the criminal history of the offender. Results indicate areas of significant quantitative and qualitative differences by gender. Although the findings demonstrate that issues of sexuality, drug use, and family conflict continue to represent significant differential pathways for female offenders, it appears that probation officers are beginning to acknowledge the impact of these factors in explaining delinquent behaviors.
I.—Note upon a portion of Basalt from Mid-Atlantic
Authors: Hall Marshall
Published: December 2006

In the year 1874 the steamship Faraday whilst engaged in grappling for the broken telegraph cable, caught the strong claws of the grapple in a rock, which resisted with the strain of about 27.5 tons, to which any but a rope of marvellously perfect manufacture would have yielded. As it was, the rock gave way, and a lump of black basalt came up weighing 21 lbs. This mass shewed signs of having been torn off. The fragment, and the section made from it for the microscope which accompanies this memorandum, were submitted to Mr. J. Clifton Ward, who has kindly examined the specimen, and drawn up the report enclosed herewith.

I cannot find in any charts indications of the habitual voyage of icebergs so far eastwards in the same latitude as the spot in question, and I have consulted Dr. John Rae as to the question of the rock being from an ice-borne mass. He says in reply, that he is not aware of icebergs having been seen about that spot, but that such an occurrence is not impossible. He thinks it more likely that, as I had suggested, the fragment was wrenched off some submarine peak or summit or ridge.
II.—On the occurrence of Celestine in the Keuper marls, and its influence on the composition of plants
Authors: Stoddart W. W.
Published: December 2006

The origin of the large deposits of Celestine that abound in certain beds of Triassic age has long been a puzzle to Geologists. At Bristol, Celestine is found only on the lowest beds of the Keuper marls resting on the solid red sandstone rock, and may be collected by the ton.

It occurs in large masses, in veins and in geodes, accompanied by Selenite. In many of the concretions the crystals are long and acicular, radiating from the centre. In other places they seem to be a simple aggregation of crystals so loosely bound together that they may be easily rubbed asunder by the slightest pressure of the fingers. The most beautiful forms, however, are those in the interior of the geodes. They are very large tabular prisms with the angles, edges and planes clearly defined. Their colour is white with a delicate bluish tint, and tolerably transparent, having a diameter frequently as much as an inch.
III.—Notes on New Minerals and Mineral Localities in Cornwall and Devon
Authors: Le Neve Foster C.
Published: December 2006

In looking over some specimens of chalkosiderite in the possession of Capt. Simmonds, of Liskeard, I noticed a bluish green mineral which was different from the rest, and subsequently on calling the attention of Capt. Hosking of West Phoenix to the mineral I obtained several pieces from him.
IV.—Note on New Minerals from West Phœnix Mine, and from St. Agnes
Authors: Collins J. H.
Published: December 2006

The Mineral from West Phoenix occurs in globular masses of a Turquoise blue or bluish green color upon Limonite. The interior of each spherule is composed of Limonite within which is sometimes a minute quartz crystal; the exterior surface usually shews indistinct crystalline facets. Fragments examined with a hand-lens shew a conchoidal fracture, but a thin section exhibits faint indications of radiated and concentric structure.

The first specimen which came under my notice was given to me by Mr. Simmonds of Liskeard, in October 1875 as a variety of Chalcosiderite or Andrewsite. These minerals had recently been described by Professor N. S. Maskelyne and Dr. Flight, and as there is occasionally a certain resemblance between them and the new mineral, and they all occur together, it was supposed to be the same as one of them. As the specimen was small I placed it in my cabinet, being unwilling to destroy it by making an analysis.
VII.—Description of a new form of Blowpipe Lamp, especially suitable for travellers
Authors: Le Neve Foster C.
Published: December 2006

This Lamp is shewn half size in figs. 1 to 4. Fig. 1 is a section of the whole lamp ; fig. 2 a view from above ; fig. 3 shews the mode of folding the wick ; and fig. 4 the tinplate cover, which serves as a stand while the lamp is in use.

It is provided with a “bayonet” slot, which works over the little pin shewn in fig. 1, so as to keep the cover in place when it is put on over the lamp.

The body of the lamp is made from a piece of iron or lead gas pipe, 1 1/2in. internal diameter, to one side of which the wick holder is soldered. I find that “night light” grease suits admirably—ordinary composite candies do very well.
VIII.—Historical Notes on the Occurrence of Gold in the South of Scotland
Authors: Dudgeon Patrick
Published: December 2006

From a very early period gold has been found and worked for in Scotland. We have records dating as far back as the time of James I., in which grants were made to different parties to search and mine for this metal; and no doubt it was obtained at a much earlier period. The gold ornaments found in Scotland, with other relies of pre-historie times, were doubtless manufactured from native gold. Several localities are mentioned in these old grants where gold was to be searched for; but by far the most important district is that generally mentioned as Crawford Moor, which appears to include the range of hills at Wanloekhead and Leadhills, and the streams which fall into the Clyde on the one side, and those which reach the Nith and Annan on the other. The head water of the Tweed, where gold has been found to a limited extent, appears to have been included in this district.
I.—Address on “The how and the where to collect minerals in Scotland”
Authors: Forster Heddle M.
Published: December 2006

Professor Heddle remarked, that this title would sound strangely, to southern ears; as in England and probably also in Ireland, the putting money enough in the pocket, and proceeding to the shop of a dealer, was the ordinary, and indeed the all sufficient method; though some enthusiastic collectors might go so far as to visit the openings of mines; while some adventurous ones might even explore them. In Scotland no such method of procedure could be adopted; there were absolutely no mineral dealers now in Scotland; there were almost no mines, and of these none now yielded minerals of special interest.
VII.—Note on the occurrence of Achroite at Rock Hill, in the parish of St. Austell, Cornwall, and on the black tourmaline of the same locality
Authors: Collins J. H.
Published: December 2006

As black tourmaline or “schorl” is one of the most abundant and widely distributed of the minerals of the West of England, it is perhaps somewhat remarkable that the variously colored and colorless varieties are extremely rare both in Cornwa]l and Devon. Among recorded localities, I am not aware that the green or brownish green Zeuxite has occurred, except at Huel Unity, Carn Marth, and Great Work Mine, in Cornwall, and near Okehampton in Devon, while the colorless variety Achroite has only been observed at Roscommon Cliffs, in St. Just; and the red, blue, and yellow varieties are so far quite unknown in the two western counties. I have lately been examining a number of specimens obtained in a large open tin working at Rock Hill, in the parish of St. Austell, Cornwall, in 1871 and 1872, and among them I have found several specimens of Achroite. When I first obtained them I thought they were quartz, and, indeed, I referred to them as such in a paper which I read to the Miners’ Association of Cornwall and Devon, in 1872, but I am now satisfied that they are colorless tourmaline or kchroite.
I—On a simple method for determining the index of refraction of small portions of Transparent Minerals
Authors: Sorby H. C.
Published: December 2006

The author exhibited and described the small additions that need be made to an ordinary microscope, in order to make it available for the above-named purpose, and also gave a few illustrations of its application to particular minerals. So far, however, the instrument has been used only sufficiently to prove that the method gives excellent results. The author thinks it desirable to defer a complete decription of the construction and use of the instrument until he has been able to examine a sufficient number of minerals to publish a table of their indices of refraction for practical use. It may, however, be well to say that the addition to the microscope consists only in a small graduated scale attached to the body of the instrument, and vernier to read off to th of an inch. This enables us to measure the extent to which the focal length of the object glass is increased by looking through a more or less transparent miueral, and also its thickness in the part thus examined.
VII.—Note on Certain Black Quartz Crystals from Boscaswell Downs, Cornwall
Authors: Collins J. H.
Published: December 2006

In the autumn of 1871 I found in a large cavity or “vugh” in the schorlaceous granite of Boscaswell Downs, in the parish of St. Just, Cornwall, a number of black and opaque hexagonal prisms, having ragged terminations, which I at first took to be pseudomorpbs of black tourmaline (schorl), after quartz. They were set aside for further examination and forgotten until the beginning of the present year, when I undertook their examination.

I found that, although they were very compact, the sp. gr. was only 2.747, which at once negatived the idea of schorl, the sp. gr. of which ranges from 3.0 to 3.3. I then cut a number of sections for microscopic examination, and these at once shewed that the prisms were composed of clear and eolourless quartz, containing an immense number of tourmaline crystals, mostly very thin and arranged in feathery groups as in Plate III, figs. 1 to 4.
X.—Note on a peculiar form of Quarts Crystals from Australia
Authors: Mello J. M.
Published: December 2006

This quartz, the precise locality of which is unknown, is different to any that I remember having previously seen. It is apparently from a mineral vein, and consists of an assemblage of quartz pyramids, which differ from the usual form in having each angle apparently supplemented by a small prism, giving to the centre block a curious stellate appearance, fig. 8, Pl. V.

The interspaces arc filled up with minute pyramidal crystals of quartz, as well as others of chalybite and pyrites.

The fractured under surface fig. 7 shows an infinity of concentric lines of growth, the interior being composed of transparent quartz, while the outer layers are milky and opaque.
Remarks on the distribution of Minerals in North Devon
Authors: Hall Townshend M.
Published: December 2006

The district to which the following notes refer is contained in sheets 26 and 27 of the one inch Ordnance Survey Maps, and embraces an area of about 985 square miles, the northern boundary being formed by the Bristol channel, and that on the south by a line drawn through the town of Okehampton. The rocks composing this district belong to the Devonian and Carboniferous systems, with the exception of a small portion of new red sandstone and a patch of Greensand, occupying a few acres. The two older systems present a regular sequence of beds from north to south, which, interrupted by the granite of Dartmoor, are represented to a greater or less extent by a similar series in the southern portion of the county.
V.—Notes on some Norwegian Minerals
Authors: Readwin T. A.
Published: December 2006

The Silver-mines, near Kongsberg, in Norway, are said to have been worked unceasingly for the last 200 years or more.

On June 6th, last, I was fortunate in being allowed to visit these celebrated mines, and also the silver-works at Kongsberg. More fortunate still, in obtaining the present beautiful specimens of native silver and Argentitc. They had very recently been taken from the mines, and I was told that my visit was opportune, because such specimens were not of every day occurrence. Be this, as it may, they are of especial interest just now, as illustrating the theory of “metal-growth,” and the more particularly so, as two of them have most obligingly, since they came into my possession, thrown out sundry hints of bodily activity. In fact, have “grown”; and, as they have a direct bearing upon a previous paper, I propose to describe them as well as I can.
VI.—Note on Uranocircite
Authors: Church A. H.
Published: December 2006

When investigating the constitution of antunite or lime-uranite, I secured an extremely fine specimen (of what was then supposed to be this mineral) from the mine at Falkenstein in the Saxon Voigtlaud. I was puzzled by the low percentage of water and other anomalous results which my analysis of the specimen in question gave. While at work upon the solution of this difficulty, Weisbach's note upon uranocircite or baryta-uranite appeared, Winkler's analysis of the Falkenstein mineral clearly proves that we have in it a pure baryta-uranite—a new species of the uran-mica group. I did not, however, abandon my own researches into the nature of this mineral, for the mode in which the water was held by this mineral remained unknown. If isomorphous with autunite, it might be expected to contain 10 aq. in the molecule, 2 of which would probably be retained at 100° C.
VII—A Test of Specific Gravity
Authors: Church A. H.
Published: December 2006

It often happens in mineralogical inquiries that from scarcity of materials, lack of time, or other causes, the important datum of specific gravity is not secured. Now, however, that Sonstadt has shown us how to prepare a nearly colourless and perfectly transparent liquid with a density three times as great as that of water, there will generally be no difficulty in ascertaining the specific gravity of very many rare minerals as to which our knowledge remains imperfect. More than this, two minerals if of different specific gravities (provided one is less than S.G. 3.0), may often be easily separated from one another if they are in fragments of appreciable size. Thus, pieces of quartz with a S.G. of 2.655 float, while fragments of beryl (S.G. 2.691) sink in a solution having S.G.=2.67. A very simple apparatus is required for the purpose. (See fig. 7, Plate. VIII.)
VIII.—Note on “Romeite” from Borneo
Authors: Church A. H.
Published: December 2006

Under the name of Romeite a mineral from Borneo has found its way into many collections. There is, however, little in common between the true romeite of St. Marcel in Piedmont and the so-called romeite of Borneo. Both are hyacinth or honey-yellow with darker portions verging towards clove-brown; both contain antimony ; here all resemblance ends. The easy solubility in acids, and the low specific gravity (under 2.0) of the Borneo mineral at once separate it from romeite; it is, in fact, nothing but a variety of allophane containing a little antimonious oxide. The following analysis may not be without interest; the mineral was selected and purified by mechanical means as far as possible, but still contained a small quantity of gangue, chiefly insoluble silica.
IX.—On a Curious Blast Furnace Slag
Authors: Hannay J. B.
Published: December 2006

One of the blast furnaces at the the Eglinton Iron Works, Kilwinning, having been blown out, it was noticed that on the hearth there was a curious deposit of a bluish black semi-metallic colour, which by its brittleness seemed to be a slag. Mr. Smith having forwarded to my friend Mr. John Young, F.G.S, a sample of the substance, it was submitted to me for analysis and examination. On a cursory examination it was seen that it was not homogeneous but consisted of different substances mixed, the most conspicuous being the bluish substance with a plumbago lustre before referred to. On powdering it the substance was round to contain pieces of metallic iron in irregular masses inbedded in the matrix.
X.—Memoir on Crystallogenesis
Authors: von Hauer Karl Ritter
Published: December 2006

A tendency to assume crystalline forms is a property of all crystalloids ; its full or imperfect development depends on external circumstances.

Crystals produced in laboratories are generally inferior to natural crystals of the same substances, prohaby because of their too rapid formation. The faculty of crystallization is modified by specific dispositions inherent to the substances. There are many distinct types of crystallization, connected with each other by intermediate types, and even with a transition from amorphous to crystallizable substances.

The degree of distinctness of crystals constitutes a fundamental difference. The crystals of many substances are distinct, while below a certain limit of size ; but when this is exceeded, the surfaces are interrupted by re-entering angles, or by irregular drusy cavities or excrescences constantly re-appearing when cleft away, so as, at last, to completely destroy their individuality and regularity.
XI.—Contributions to the Mineralogy of Nova Scotia
Authors: How Henry
Published: December 2006

In 1861, I described (Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, and American Journal of Science) a borate, found with glauber salt in gypsum at this place, as a new mineral, by the name of Cryptomorphite, on account of its amorphous appearance to the naked eye being resolved into one most distinctly crystalline, under the microscope.

The first criticism on the mineral was made by Prof. Geo. J. Brush (Tenth supplement to Dana's Mineralogy), who said, in effect, that it could not be accepted and named as a new and distinct hydrated borate of soda and lime, because there were already too many names in use for minerals, not clearly made out to be distinct, having more or less closely similar composition.
II.—On some New Minerals from the Collection in the University of Glasgow
Authors: Hannay J. B.
Published: December 2006

Through the kindness of Prof. and Mr. John Young, F.G.S., I have been enabled to examine a number of unclassed minerals belonging to the Hunterian Collection in the Museum of the University of Glasgow. Among them I have found some whose composition differs from anything already described, and it is with the hope that mineralogists may be enabled to identify them elsewhere, that I now publish a detailed account of them. I am sorry that it is impossible for me to state the localities of some of the minerals, owing to the fact that they were unnumbered and unknown specimens, which were found in olcl drawers of the museum when the collection was being removed to the new buildings, but as the minerals with which they are associated are characteristic, we may obtain some clue to the deposits in which they originally lay. I shall describe the minerals in the order of their complexity, giving the least complex the first place.
XIV. Contributions to the Mineralogy of Nova Scotia
Authors: How Henry
Published: December 2006

My original account of the mineral which I called Mordenite, from having first obtained it in the trap of the bay of Fundy, at Morden, King's Co., N.S., is to be found in the Journal of the Chemical Society, t864. A quotation is made from this to show the peculiarity of the deposit I am about to describe, and a few additions are given respecting opinions expressed on the species, and on its supposed occurrence elsewhere, before taking up the account of the recent observations to which I desire to draw attention.
XV. The Geognosy and Mineralogy of Scotland
Authors: Heddle
Published: December 2006

Anyone who contemplates on a map the great size of this island in geographic extension, and its extraordinarily irregular outline, would conclude that it must be composed of various formations, and that the connections and dispositions of these must be intricate in the extreme.

The latter conclusion will, however, upon a more careful observation, be found to apply only to the western portion of the island. However deeply trenched by the sea iu its lower grounds, however persistently thrusting its cliffs oceanward in its higher, the ridged and furrowed outlines of the eastern, disposed in almost rectilinear sequence, indicate but one formation,—various as the members of that formation may in mere lithological features appear.
XVIII. Notes on some Silicates of Copper, with remarks on the Chrysocolla Group
Authors: Semmons W.
Published: December 2006

The vast commerce of Liverpool enables those resident in it to observe some very interesting mineralogical facts, though its position among the gently undulating hills of the New Red Sandstone deprives them of the opportunity of collecting indigenous minerals.

Having in the course of the past few years specially studied some of the chrysocolla ores imported there, I have been very much struck with the vast differences to be detected in most of their physical characters. These differences in fact are of such importance, as will be seen in the sequel, that I have thought it advisable to mention them to some of our ablest English mineralogists and at their request I have been tempted to insert a record of them in the pages of the Mineralogical Magazine.
I. On the determination of the minerals in thin sections of rocks by means of their indices of refraction
Authors: Sorby H. C.
Published: December 2006

In my address at the Annual Meeting of the Mineralogical Society last year, in Plymouth, I gave an account of a new method of studying the optical properties of minerals, and of determining their indices of refraction. I then showed that an approximate knowledge of these characters would, in many cases, enable us to identify minerals with great confidence, and also would sometimes furnish us with valuable hints as to their general chemical composition. My remarks had reference exclusively to detached specimens of more or less considerable thickness, and I scarcely thought that it would ever be possible to apply this method successfully with comparatively high powers in the case of thin sections of rocks. I feared that certain errors, which appeared to be unavoidable, would then become so great in proportion to the difference in the indices of many of the commoner minerals, that it would be impossible to distinguish them with confidence.
III. The County Geognosy and Mineralogy of Scotland
Authors: Heddle
Published: December 2006

The chapters of this work purport to be chronicles of the present state of our knowledge of the mineralogy of the northern portion of the kingdom. The geognosy and lithology are treated of to such an extent only as, in the first place, to explain the position of the minerals ; and, in the second, to aid future investigators in their explorations.

In these chapters, in order to do full justice to the work of others, the authority for, and the original discoverer of every locality mentioned, will be quoted, wherever known.

The author, having attempted to visit every known mineral locality to the north of the Forth and Clyde, and having succeeded in this attempt with less than half-a-dozen exceptions, is able in most cases to authenticate, or the opposite, as the case may be, the statements of previous observers.
V. On Cotterite, a new variety of Quartz
Authors: Harkness
Published: December 2006

Rather more than twelve months ago Sir D. Jephson Norreys, Bart., of Mallow Castle, county Cork, directed my attention to a beautiful mineral which had been obtained by a friend and neighbour of his, Miss Cotter, of Rockforest. Through his kindness I was enabled to see the circumstances under which the mineral occurred ; and also to obtain from Rockforest some fine specimens thereof.

The mineral itself is specially characterised by the peculiarity of its lustre, which it possesses in a high degree, producing an aspect of a very unique character. Concerning the kind of lustre, this is somewhat difficult to define.
VIII. Note on the Artificial Formation of Pyrolusite
Authors: Hannay J. B.
Published: December 2006

In a paper read before the Chemical Society I gave a detailed account of a curious reaction of Manganese salts, and showed that Manganese dioxide resembling pyrolusite could be obtained by the reaction. I have since made many samples, and have obtained nodules so like the natural mineral, that I thought that an account of the method might have some interest for mineralogists. When manganous nitrate is dissolved in strong nitric acid and warmed, and a few chips of potassic chlorate added, there is precipitated in the liquid black oxide of manganese in the form of flat plates which, when very thin, are of a beautiful purple, but when thicker are of a red colour. The whole of the manganese is precipitated in this form, but when the strength of the acid and the temperature are made to vary, the distribution of the plates may be changed.
IX. Preliminary Note on Penwithite, a New Cornish Mineral
Authors: Collins J. H.
Published: December 2006

This is a highly vitreous transparent reddish brown mineral, which occurs with quartz and rhodocrosite. Its H. is 3.5, and sp. gr. only 2.49.

When heated in a tube closed at one end it gives off water, but is otherwise unchanged. More strongly heated in platinum forceps it loses colour and very slightly fuses on the edges.

It is brittle, and has a highly conchoidal fracture. When digested with hydrochloric acid, oxide of manganese is dissolved out, and the silica which remains is perfectly colourless.
XXII.–A Brief Description of the Map of Shetland, issued with Vol. II of the Mineralogical Magazine
Authors: Heddle
Published: December 2006

The accompanying map is the outcome of a survey of Shetland, conducted during part of several summers.

Almost the whole of the junctions laid down were visited by myself ; for the few that were not, and also for certain of the lines continued inland—which from an almost unbroken covering of peat and turf, are more or less conjectural—I am indebted to Dr. Hibbert's narrative.

To Professor Geikie's map of Scotland I am indebted for the southern limit of the isolated mass of sandstone of the Lerwick district.
XXIII.–Supplementary Notes on the Val d'Anniviers
Authors: Hall Marshall
Published: December 2006

Referring to my notes in number 3 of the Mineralogical Magazine for 1877, I observe one or two little matters which I hoped the march of time would improve. One desideratum, a good hotel, the Hotel d'Anniviers, has been established at Vissoie, and M. Monnet, the landlord, is a man of intelligence, and, without pretending to scientific lore, has much information concerning the mining, geology, botany and history of the neigbbouring valleys. Jean Martin, my guide in many a tough scramble, has married, and established a small restaurant with a couple of bedrooms at Vissoie, which place may now fairly be said to have become a centre for many interesting excursions ; as, to the Bella Tola, whence the panorama is very grand,—to the Cols leading from the Grimenz Thal to the Val de l' Arolla and Evolena, and also to the Turtman Thal, and so across to St. Niklaus in the Zermatt valley.
XXIV.–Additional Note on Iron Crystals, and on some Distorted Quartz Crystals
Authors: Collins J. H.
Published: December 2006

The Iron Crystals described by Mr. Beardsley in the present volume of the Mineralogical Magazine (p. 223) exhibit the remarkable structure illustrated in figs. 1 to 5, plate VII. Fig. 1 represents the crystals drawn natural size, and fig. 2 is a section of one of them in a plane parallel to a face of the cube—shewing the structure developed by etching. Figs 3 and 4 illustrate other modificatious of structure which have been observed in iron crystals, and for which I am indebted to Dr. C. O. Trechmann of Hartlepool, and fig 5 may perhaps indicate the ultimate molecular structure.
VIII. On Haughtonite; a new Mica
Authors: Heddle
Published: December 2006

Dr. Haughton, by his numerous analyses of the black mica of the Irish granites, may be said to have established the specific individuality of the lepidomelane of Hausmann.

That mineral his analyses showed to differ from Biotite in its great excess of ferric oxide and its comparative deficiency of ferrous oxide and magnesia.
IV. Additionl Note on Penwithite
Authors: Collins J. H.
Published: December 2006

Since my former communication to the Mineralogical Society I have been endeavouring to obtain a sufficient quantity of the pure mineral therein described to complete my analyses. Plenty of what certain dealers have been selling as Penwithite is obtainable from the rubbish heaps at Wheal Owles, but this is mostly dark-brown—nearly or quite opaque, pitch—like in appearance, and of very variable composition-the silica alone varying from 22 up to 57 p. c., and the sp. gr. often being as high as 3.4.

The true mineral is sometimes attached to masses of such material—it is highly vitreous and transparent, from dark amber to reddish-brown in colour, H. 3.5 and sp. gr. only 2.49—a remarkable circumstance considering the large amount of manganous oxide present.
X. List of Japanese Minerals, with Notes on Species, which are believed to be New
Authors: Milne John
Published: December 2006

During the last three years I have been engaged in collecting and cataloguing the minerals of Japan. The following is a list of the species with which I am acquainted. The arrangement is according to the classification given by Dana in his System of Mineralogy.
XII.–On the cause of the production of different secondary forms of crystals
Authors: Sorby H. C.
Published: December 2006

It has often struck me that much more might be learned from the study of the secondary forms of crystalline minerals than we now know respecting the circumstances under which they were produced. Some years ago being chiefly acquainted with calcite as it occurs in Derbyshire, where the crystals are usually of the so-called dog-tooth shape, my attention was much attracted by the difference in the form of the crystals in Devonshire and Cornwall, where we so often meet with six-sided prisms. On reflecting on this difference I could not give any more satisfactory explanation than that the conditions under which they were formed must have been very different in some important particular. Various experiments, made both before and afterwards, sufficed to indicate at all events some of the possible causes of such a difference in the form of this mineral, but at the same time showed clearly that much special research would be required before we could draw such definite conclusions as could be desired.
XV.–Note on the Minerals of the Island of Cyprus
Authors: Collins J. H.
Published: December 2006

I have lately had the opportunity of conversing with one of our members, Mr. Jos. Jewell, who has been making an inspection of some parts of the island of Cyprus for mining purposes, and having been called upon by other parties to report on a number of mineral specimens brought from that island, I have thought that a short note on the subject might be of some interest to the members generally.

So much has been said of the mineral riches of the island, that I was astonished at the comparative poverty of the specimens brought home, and also at the very small number of mineral species which the island has so far yielded.
XVI.–Notes on some Minerals of the Mawddach Valley
Authors: Readwin T. A.
Published: December 2006

The late eminent palæontologist, Mr. Salter, F.G.S., characterized the portion of the lovely valley of the Mawddach, at, and near the Falls of the Cain and Mawddach Rivers, "a perfect geological puzzle."

Certain it is, that touching Tyddyngwladus, the survey maps are greatly at fault; and, that the rocks, thereabouts, most of them, are of precambrian age.

Dr. Hicks, F.G.S., has hit upon the truth, approximately, I think, in what he calls Dimetian at St. David's, (as applied to the lowest beds of this district.)

After more than a year's unceasing investigation of these puzzling rocks and their associated minerals (chiefly with reference to the modes of occurrence of the "precious metals").
XX.–Note on Abriachanite
Authors: Heddle
Published: December 2006

In my preliminary notice of this substance, I stated, upon the authority of Dr. Aitkin, that it had been supposed that it very possibly had at one time been used as a pigment in Inverness; a eolourist there manufacturing a paint the nature of which he kept secret.

In re-arranging lately, a number of chemicals which had been made over to me in 1856 by my predecessor, Mr. Connell, I found a bottle with a powder of the same tint, but somewhat darker than the washed Abriachanite. The label of this bottle bore on it "Ultramarine made in 1841, by Murdock Paterson, dyer in Inverness."

I have not yet had an opportunity of analysing this powder, which may be merely abriaehanite darkened by simple treatment with an acid.
XXI.–The Geognosy and Mineralogy of Scotland
Authors: Heddle
Published: December 2006

The localities of geognostic interest in this large island have been referred to in the general description of the islands, and its mineralogy alone now remains to be considered.

It has been remarked above, that the muddy silts which, impregnated with the putrescent pitch of fermenting organisms, form the great mass of the flags of the “Old Red,” are exceptionally barren in minerals of interest. The cauce of this is not far to seek :—the components of such silts are not themselves those which go to the formation of many mineral bodies ;—nor have they been subjected to the metamorphic stimulus which excites to a chemical union of ingredients and elements which lie merely in the contact of granular apposition.
I. On some Cornish Tin-stones and Tin-capels
Authors: Collins J. H.
Published: December 2006

The tin ores (“cassiterite”) for which Cornwall has so long been famous occur under the following conditions:—

1. As pebbles , rolled masses, or grains, in stanniferous gravels and sands (stream-tin.)

The detrital tin-ore of Cornwall may be grouped under the following heads:—

a. The tin pebbles and grains of the most ancient elevated quartz gravels, such as those of “Blue Pool,” in Crowan, referred to by Mr. Tyack, and of St Agnes Beacon, mentioned by Messrs. Kitto and Davies.

b. The pebbles and grains of the “Head” of angular debris—the “over-burden” of the china-clay districts. This is often found at elevations not only considerable in themselves, but relatively, as compared with the surrounding country. It differs as a whole from the quartz gravels just referred to, not only in being much less waterworn, but also in being generally much coarser, some of the fragments being very large. It occurs covering killas as well as granite. Grains of tin-ore are often found widely distributed through the subsoil in the neighbourhood of tin veins, even where there is no “head” properly so-called. This may or may not be of the same age.