bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bodi Mobil dengan Komposit Matriks Fiber Carbon-Honeycome dan Penguat Resin Lycal
Authors: Respati Sri Mulyo Bondan , Katsir Ibnu , Dzulfikar Muhammad
Published: February 2021

Body mobil KMHE yang dilombakan oleh kemendikbud tahunan, kebanyakan menggunakan rangka aluminium. Penelitian ini mengajukan bahan carbon fiber-honeycomb sebagai pengganti rangka aluminium.   Dalam penelitian metode yang digunakan adalah melapisi honeycomb dengan lapisan carbon fiber-resin. Cara pelapisan bagian dari 1 sampai 3 lapisan pembuatan material menggunakan hand lay-up. Standar specimen yang digunakan adalah ASTM D 638-02 dan ASTM D 790 – 02. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa berturut-turut kekuatan tarik dan bending tertinggi di dapat pada 3 lapisan atas komposit karbon fiber-honeycomb 3449,49 kg/mm2 dan untuk pengunjian bending 203,65 kg/mm2. Jika dibandingkan dengan aluminium maka bahan ini dapat digunakan sebagai body mobil KMHE
Perancangan Reaction Wheel Inverted Pendulum Sebagai Alat Peraga Sistem Kontrol Berbasis Sistem Kontrol PID
Authors: Alimin Roche , Tandio Joshua , Khoswanto Handry
Published: February 2021

A control system will be easier to understand if demo devices are available that can be used as learning media. Reaction wheel inverted pendulum is an under-actuation device so that the existence of a controller is absolutely necessary. This will be very interesting if used as a teaching aid of a control system. One application of this reaction wheel inverted pendulum is for the humanoid robot balance system. In this research project the physical design of the teaching aids and the design of the controller are carried out. The design starts from designing mechanical part first, starting from the dimensions and shape of the tool to the needs of the motor. Furthermore, a controller is designed that can balance the device automatically. The controller used is based on Arduino. The test results show that the reaction wheel inverted pendulum demo device can work quite well even though there is some drawback.
Irradiation‐induced polyploid giant cancer cells are involved in tumor cell repopulation via neosis
Authors: Zhang Zhengxiang , Feng Xiao , Deng Zheng , Cheng Jin , Wang Yiwei , Zhao Minghui , Zhao Yucui , He Sijia , Huang Qian
Published: February 2021

Tumor repopulation occurs when residual tumor cells surviving therapies tenaciously proliferate and re‐establish the tumor. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain poorly understood. In this study, we propose that polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs) are involved in tumor repopulation via neosis following radiotherapy. We found that although the majority of PGCCs induced by irradiation underwent cell death, some PGCCs exhibited proliferative capacity. Utilizing time‐lapse microscopy and single‐cell cloning assays, we observed that proliferating PGCCs underwent neosis, thereby contributing to tumor cell repopulation after irradiation. Notably, HMGB1 released from dying tumor cells rather than intracellular HMGB1 could promote neosis‐based tumor repopulation, and the latter could be suppressed by the use of HMGB1 inhibitors. Taken together, our results indicate that PGCC can initiate tumor repopulation via neosis following radiation therapy.
Pauson‐Khand Reactions with Concomitant C−O Bond Cleavage for the Preparation of 5,5‐ 5,6‐ and 5,7‐Bicyclic Ring Systems
Authors: Ma Ding , Hu Naifeng , Ao Junli , Zang Shaoli , Yu Guo , Liang Guangxin
Published: February 2021

Pauson‐Khand reactions (PKR) with concomitant C−O bond cleavage have been developed for construction of 5,5‐ 5,6‐ and 5,7‐bicyclic ring systems bearing complex stereochemistry. The chemistry generates intermolecular PKR‐type products in an absolute regio‐ and stereochemical control which is hardly achievable through real intermolecular Pauson‐Khand reactions. A mechanism for this Pauson‐Khand reaction has been proposed based on deuterium labelling experiments.

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Multigram‐Scale Kinetic Resolution of 4‐Acetyl[2.2]Paracyclophane via Ru‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Hydrogenation: Accessing [2.2]Paracyclophanes with Planar and Central Chirality
Authors: Zippel Christoph , Hassan Zahid , Parsa Ahmad Qais , Hohmann Jens , Bräse Stefan
Published: February 2021

[2.2]Paracyclophane (PCP) derivatives have been promising platforms to study the element of planar chirality and through‐space electronic communications in π‐stacked molecular systems. To access enantiomerically pure derivatives thereof, a kinetic resolution of 4‐acetyl[2.2]‐PCP employing a ruthenium‐catalyzed enantioselective hydrogenation process was developed. This method can be performed on a multigram‐scale and gives access to enantiomerically pure derivatives with planar and central chirality of (Rp)‐4‐acetyl‐PCP (≥97% ee, 43%) and (Sp,S)‐PCP derivatives (≥97% ee, 46%), which are useful intermediates for the synthesis of sterically demanding PCP‐based ligand/catalyst systems and chiral synthons for engineering cyclophane‐based chiroptical materials.

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Characterization of a Molecule Partially Confined at the Pore Mouth of a Zeotype
Authors: Grosso‐Giordano Nicolás A. , Schroeder Christian , Xu Le , Solovyov Andrew , Small David W. , Koller Hubert , Zones Stacey I. , Katz Alexander
Published: February 2021

We investigate the interaction between a molecule and a pore mouth—a critical step in adsorption processes—by characterizing the conformation of a macrocyclic calix[4]arene‐TiIV complex, which is grafted on the external surface of a zeotype (*‐SVY). X‐ray absorption and 13C{1H} CPMAS NMR spectroscopies independently detect a unique conformation of this complex when it is grafted at crystallographically equivalent locations that lie at the interface of 7 Å hemispherical microporous cavities and the external surface. Electronic structure calculations support the presence of this unique conformation, and suggest that it is brought about by a specific orientation of the macrocycle that maximizes non‐covalent interactions between calix[4]arene upper‐rim tert‐butyl substituents and the microporous‐cavity walls. Our comparative study provides a rare “snapshot” of a molecule partially confined at a pore mouth, an essential intermediate for adsorption into micropores, and demonstrates how surrounding environment controls this confinement in a sensitive fashion.
Understanding the Coffee ring Effect on Self‐discharge Behavior of Printed micro‐Supercapacitors
Authors: Hu Jingzhi , Xu Zhaohua , Yuan Kai , Shen Chao , Xie Keyu , Wei Bingqing
Published: February 2021

Printed micro‐supercapacitor exhibits its flexibility in geometry design and integration, showing unprecedented potential in powering the internet of things and portable devices. However, the printing process brings undesired processing defects (e.g., coffee ring effect), resulting in severe self‐discharge of the printed micro‐supercapacitors. The impact of such problems on device performance is poorly understood, limiting further development of micro‐supercapacitors. Herein, by analyzing the self‐discharge behavior of fully printed micro‐supercapacitors, the severe self‐discharge problem is accelerated by the ohmic leakage caused by the coffee ring effect on an ultrathin polymer electrolyte. Based on this understanding, the coffee ring effect was successfully eradicated by introducing graphene oxide in the polymer electrolyte, achieving a decline of 99% in the self‐discharge rate. Moreover, the micro‐supercapacitors with uniformly printed polymer electrolyte present 7.64 F cm‐3 volumetric capacitance (14.37 mF cm‐2 areal capacitance), exhibiting about 50% increase compared to the one without graphene oxide addition. This work provides a new insight to understand the relationship between processing defects and device performance, which will help improve the performance and promote the application of printed micro‐supercapacitors.
The evolution of macrosystems biology
Authors: LaRue Elizabeth A , Rohr Jason , Knott Jonathan , Dodds Walter K , Dahlin Kyla M , Thorp James H , Johnson Jeremy S , Rodríguez González Mayra I , Hardiman Brady S , Keller Michael , Fahey Robert T , Atkins Jeff W , Tromboni Flavia , SanClements Michael D , Parker Geoffrey , Liu Jianguo , Fei Songlin
Published: February 2021

In an era of unprecedented human impacts on the planet, macrosystems biology (MSB) was developed to understand ecological patterns and processes within and across spatial and temporal scales. We used machine‐learning and qualitative literature review approaches to evaluate the thematic composition of MSB from articles published since the 2010 creation of the US National Science Foundation’s MSB Program. The machine‐learning analyses revealed that MSB articles studied scale and human components similarly to six ecology subdisciplines, indicating that MSB has deep ecological roots. A comparison with 84,841 ecological studies demonstrated that MSB has extended the knowledge space of ecology by examining large‐scale patterns and processes alongside anthropogenic factors, which was also confirmed by the qualitative literature review approach. Our analyses indicated that MSB emphasizes large scales, has deep roots in ecological disciplines, and may emerge as a new research frontier, but this last point has yet to be proven.
Macrosystems as metacoupled human and natural systems
Authors: Tromboni Flavia , Liu Jianguo , Ziaco Emanuele , Breshears David D , Thompson Kimberly L , Dodds Walter K , Dahlin Kyla M , LaRue Elizabeth A , Thorp James H , Viña Andrés , Laguë Marysa M , Maasri Alain , Yang Hongbo , Chandra Sudeep , Fei Songlin
Published: February 2021

Macrosystems are integrated human–natural systems, in recognition of the fact that virtually every natural system on Earth influences and is influenced by human activities, even over long distances. It is therefore crucial to incorporate inherent properties of broad‐scale systems, such as human–nature connectivity and feedbacks at multi‐scales, into macrosystems biology studies. Here, we propose the “metacoupling” framework as a macrosystems biology approach. This framework incorporates the study of ecological and socioeconomic dimensions and their interactions within, between, and among adjacent and distant locations. We present examples highlighting that (1) human activities are increasing multi‐scale interactions; (2) the increase in frequency and intensity of distant interactions reduces the importance of proximity as a dominant factor connecting systems; and (3) metacoupling generates both ecological and socioeconomic feedbacks, with profound impacts. The metacoupling framework discussed here can advance macrosystems biology, create opportunities for innovative scientific discoveries, and address global challenges.
Multi‐scale biodiversity drives temporal variability in macrosystems
Authors: Patrick Christopher J , McCluney Kevin E , Ruhi Albert , Gregory Andrew , Sabo John , Thorp James H
Published: February 2021

High temporal variability in environmental conditions, populations, and ecological communities can result in species extinctions and outbreaks of agricultural pests and disease vectors, as well as impact industries dependent on reliable provisioning of ecosystem services. Yet few empirical studies have focused on testing hypotheses about the drivers of ecological temporal variability at large spatial and temporal scales. Using decadal datasets that span aquatic and terrestrial macrosystems and structural equation modeling, we show that local temporal variability and spatial synchrony increase temporal variability for entire macrosystems. These mechanisms are influenced by environmental heterogeneity, habitat‐level species diversity, spatial scale, and the size of the regional species pool. This analysis is among the first to provide a quantitative argument for the value of regional species diversity. Moreover, our conceptual model is generalizable and may help guide management efforts to reduce temporal variability for conservation or service provisioning in other macrosystems.
Third‐degree atrioventricular block and pacemaker implantation in a man with severe hemophilia A: A case report
Authors: Camelo Ricardo Mesquita , Duarte Bruna Pontes , Nascimento Antônio Macedo do , Vanderlei Ana Maria
Published: February 2021

Hemophilia A (HA) is a rare bleeding disorder characterized by reduced factor VIII (FVIII) activity and consequently spontaneous bleeding. Since the introduction of prophylaxis with safer FVIII concentrates, people with HA are ageing. Interestingly, they are developing cardiovascular diseases as their non‐hemophilia counterparts. We describe a 48‐year‐old patient with severe HA who presented a third‐degree atrioventricular block. A DDDR pacemaker was implanted under supervision of the Hematology Clinics. There were no adverse events during the procedure. The procedure was safe, and it should be performed under the supervision of a hemophilia expert.
Toward Sustainable and Strong ABA‐Type Thermoplastic Elastomers with Poly(ε‐Caprolactone‐co‐4‐Methyl‐ε‐Caprolactone) Soft Midblock and Polystyrene Hard End Blocks
Authors: Yang Qi , Wang Xiaohua , Wang Beibei , Liu Yingjun , Sun Yu , Na Lihua , Wang Feng , Zhang Chunyu , Liu Heng , Zhang Xuequan
Published: February 2021

An array of ABA‐type thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs), that is, poly(styrene‐b‐(ε‐caprolactone‐co‐4‐methyl‐ε‐caprolactone)‐b‐styrene) (SCSs), with controlled molecular weights and narrow distributions, are synthesized by ring opening copolymerization of 4‐methyl‐ε‐caprolactone and ε‐caprolactone and subsequent atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene. Thermal and mechanical analyses indicate that the molecular weights of middle and end blocks have significant effect on both the thermal and mechanical performances. It is worth noting that the target polymer SCS(155, 0.33) shows tensile strength of up to ≈42 MPa and impressive ultimate elongations of up to 1100% which is much higher than common styrenic TPEs. Additionally, SCS(155, 0.33) also displays an elastic recovery value of 91.5% after 19 stress‐strain cycles, suggesting that a good elastic recovery property therein.
Orange‐Red‐emitting Ca9Gd(PO4)7:Eu3+ Phosphors: Judd‐Ofelt Analysis and Investigation on the Thermal Stability, Quantum Efficiency for WLED
Authors: Ha Thu Luu Thi , Tu Nguyen , Duc Anh Dao , Trung Do Quang , Trung Tran Manh , Quynh Nhu Tran Thi , Thi Huyen Nguyen , Van Quang Nguyen , Duy Hung Nguyen , Xuan Viet Dao , Trung Kien Nguyen Duc , Thanh Huy Pham
Published: February 2021

Orange‐red‐emitting Eu3+‐doped Ca9Gd(PO4)7 phosphors have been obtained by a sol‐gel technique. These phosphors, excited by UV (270 nm) and near UV light (394 nm), emit orange‐red light in the range of 580–710 nm. The Ca9Gd(PO4)7:7 mol% Eu3+ phosphor annealed at 1100 °C shows the highest PL intensity. Judd‐Ofelt analysis reveals that the neighbor surroundings of Eu3+ ions are asymmetric, and the lowest asymmetry value is found at the dopant ratio of 7 mol%. The optimal phosphor excited by the wavelength of 394 nm displays an excellent thermal stability (∼76.4 % at 160 °C) with an activation energy of 0.163 eV. The corresponding CIE chromaticity coordinates (x; y) and color purity are calculated to be (0.5849; 0.3635) and 84.6 %, respectively. The quantum efficiency values of the Ca9Gd(PO4)7:Eu3+ phosphors coated on UV and near‐UV chips are 87.4 % and 5.1 %, respectively. It is the first time that the QE values of Ca9Gd(PO4)7:Eu3+‐based red and blue‐emitting LEDs are reported.
Convergence rate for nonparametric quantile regression with a total variation penalty
Authors: Liu Jiamin , Xu Wangli , Lian Heng
Published: February 2021

Quantile regression with a total variation penalty was previously proposed due to its computational expediency as well as its local adaptiveness. However, the convergence rate of the method in this setting has been not rigorously established. In this short communication, we establish the convergence rate of Op(n−1/3) for the penalized estimator which is the same as in penalized least squares regression. Different from penalized least squares regression, in order to deal with the quantile loss function, we heavily rely on the Rademacher complexity of the class of functions of bounded variation.
Wigner functions and quantum kinetic theory of polarized photons
Authors: Hattori Koichi , Hidaka Yoshimasa , Yamamoto Naoki , Yang Di-Lun
Published: February 2021

Abstract

We derive the Wigner functions of polarized photons in the Coulomb gauge with the ħ expansion applied to quantum field theory, and identify side-jump effects for massless photons. We also discuss the photonic chiral vortical effect for the Chern-Simons current and zilch vortical effect for the zilch current in local thermal equilibrium as a consistency check for our formalism. The results are found to be in agreement with those obtained from different approaches. Moreover, using the real-time formalism, we construct the quantum kinetic theory (QKT) for polarized photons. By further adopting a specific power counting scheme for the distribution functions, we provide a more succinct form of an effective QKT. This photonic QKT involves quantum corrections associated with self-energy gradients in the collision term, which are analogous to the side-jump corrections pertinent to spin-orbit interactions in the chiral kinetic theory for massless fermions. The same theoretical framework can also be directly applied to weakly coupled gluons in the absence of background color fields.
Coulomb and Higgs branches from canonical singularities. Part 0
Authors: Closset Cyril , Schäfer-Nameki Sakura , Wang Yi-Nan
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Five- and four-dimensional superconformal field theories with eight supercharges arise from canonical threefold singularities in M-theory and Type IIB string theory, respectively. We study their Coulomb and Higgs branches using crepant resolutions and deformations of the singularities. We propose a relation between the resulting moduli spaces, by compactifying the theories to 3d, followed by 3d $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 mirror symmetry and an S-type gauging of an abelian flavor symmetry. In particular, we use this correspondence to determine the Higgs branch of some 5d SCFTs and their magnetic quivers from the geometry. As an application of the general framework, we observe that singularities that engineer Argyres-Douglas theories in Type IIB also give rise to rank-0 5d SCFTs in M-theory. We also compute the higher-form symmetries of the 4d and 5d SCFTs, including the one-form symmetries of generalized Argyres-Douglas theories of type (G, G′).
The influence of selected mining and natural factors on the sinkhole creation hazard based on the case study
Authors: Strzałkowski Piotr
Published: February 2021

The formation of sinkholes, especially in developed areas, constitutes a considerable hazard to the public safety. Due to the above, the subject of the paper is a significant and current issue. The paper includes a case study of sinkholes forming over shallow mine galleries. Calculations of the workings’ stability and the impact of the underground mining exploitation have been conducted. The probability of sinkhole formation has been determined as well. The time of sinkholes formation did not correspond with the time in which the mining exploitation affected the gallery workings and the moment in time for which the rock mass deformations caused by the exploitation were at the highest level. The performed exploitation caused occurrence of cracks in the rock mass over the working. This allowed the transportation of the loose overburden by rainwater to workings and as a result sinkholes were created—suffosion occurred. The Quaternary overburden built of sands and sandy loams was probably washed out by rainwater, which led to the formation of sinkholes. In all locations, where shallow voids exist at a depth up to 100 m and the overburden consists of loose rocks, one should consider the probability of sinkholes formation.
Pipe Cleaners as a Low-Cost and Versatile Educational Tool for Teaching Vascular Anatomy
Authors: Franchi Thomas
Published: February 2021

Teaching and learning vascular anatomy can be challenging for both educators and students. Cadaveric vasculature is difficult to visualise whilst models are costly and fixed in position. This paper proposes the use of pipe cleaners as a low-cost and versatile educational tool for use by both anatomy educators and students.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis facilitates apricot seedling (Prunus sibirica L.) growth and photosynthesis in northwest China
Authors: Bi Yinli , Xie Linlin , Wang Zhigang , Wang Kun , Liu Wenwen , Xie Wenwu
Published: February 2021

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can successfully enhance photosynthesis (Pn) and plants growth in agricultural or grassland ecosystems. However, how the symbionts affect species restoration in sunlight-intensive areas remains largely unexplored. Therefore, this study’s objective was to assess the effect of AM fungi on apricot seedling physiology, within a specific time period, in northwest China. In 2010, an experimental field was established in Shaanxi Province, northwest China. The experimental treatments included two AM fungi inoculation levels (0 or 100 g of AM fungal inoculum per seedling), three shade levels (1900, 1100, and 550 µmol m−2 s−1), and three ages (1, 3, and 5 years) of transplantation. We examined growth, Pn, and morphological indicators of apricot (Prunus sibirica L.) seedling performances in 2011, 2013, and 2015. The colonization rate in mycorrhizal seedlings with similar amounts of shade is higher than the corresponding controls. The mycorrhizal seedling biomass is significantly higher than the corresponding non-mycorrhizal seedling biomass. Generally, Pn, stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), and water use efficiency are also significantly higher in the mycorrhizal seedlings. Moreover, mycorrhizal seedlings with light shade (LS) have the highest Pn. WUE is increased in non-mycorrhizal seedlings because of the reduction in Tr, while Tr is increased in mycorrhizal seedlings with shade. There is a significant increase in the N, P, and K fractions detected in roots compared with shoots. This means that LS had apparent benefits for mycorrhizal seedlings. Our results also indicate that AM fungi, combined with LS, exert a positive effect on apricot behavior.
Production and characterisation of adsorbents synthesised by hydrothermal carbonisation of biomass wastes
Authors: Danso-Boateng E. , Mohammed A. S. , Sander G. , Wheatley A. D. , Nyktari E. , Usen I. C.
Published: February 2021

Surface structure and chemical properties of adsorbents are important factors required to understand the mechanism of adsorption. The purpose of this study was to produce hydrochars from biomass using hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC) and to analyse their sorption capacities. The biomass used in this study were coco-peat (CP), coconut shell (CS), eggshell (ES), rice husk (RH) and lemon peel (LP). The operating conditions for HTC were 200 °C and 20 h residence time. The characterisation methods consisted of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier Transform Infrared Ray (FTIR) Spectroscopy, and Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET). The results showed that HTC improved the sorption capacities of the biomass wastes. It was found that hydrochars were crispy and flaky with more micro- and meso-porous structures, indicating that lignin and other components were denatured due to carbonisation. This led to the creation of more active sites for sorption and pollutant binding. The hydrochars showed a percentage increase in carbon content and a decrease in oxygen content with traces of other elements, compared to their corresponding raw biomass. The major functional groups identified were –OH and –COOH. The surface area of the hydrochars which include CP (2.14 m2/g), CS (14.04 m2/g), ES (0.50 m2/g), RH (15.74 m2/g), and LP (6.89 m2/g) were significantly improved compared with those of the raw biomass. The study showed that the hydrochars produced from the biomass wastes have the potential to be used as adsorbents.
The Combination of High-Fat Diet and Oral Marijuana Promotes the Development of Fibrosis in the Mouse Corpora Cavernosa
Authors: Nguyen Sabine , Mangubat Michael , Eleswarapu Sriram , Wilson Julian B. , Molina Jocelyn , Abraham Andrea , Artaza Jorge N. , Friedman Theodore C. , Ferrini Monica G.
Published: February 2021

Introduction

The link between cannabis use and erectile dysfunction remains unclear. Moreover, the effect of cannabis in tandem with current Western dietary habits is an area in male sexual health that has yet to be explored. This study seeks to investigate the impact of diet and cannabis on penile health in an animal model.

Aim

To determine the effects of diet and oral cannabis extract on fibrosis and oxidative stress within the corpora cavernosa of mice.

Methods

This is a pilot animal study in which groups of 2-month old C57BL/6J male mice were fed a normal chow diet (NCD) or high-fat diet (HFD) daily and treated with or without either MJ or THC extract for 2 months. After euthanization, mouse penises were isolated and processed for immunohistochemical studies to determine: (i) smooth muscle cell to collagen content, (ii) myofibroblast proliferation, and (iii) anti-oxidative activity.

Main Outcome Measures

Quantitative assessment of immunohistochemical markers of fibrosis and oxidative stress within the corpora cavernosa of mice fed a high-fat diet in combination with either oral marijuana (MJ) or Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol extract (THC).

Results

The combination of HFD with MJ resulted in: (i) a decrease in the smooth/collagen ratio in the corpora cavernosa, (ii) an increase in alpha-smooth muscle actin expression in the tunica albuginea compatible with myofibroblast proliferation, and (iii) a decrease in heme oxygenase 1 expression indicating an increase in oxidative stress. Significant histological changes were not observed in the HFD + THC group.

Conclusions

HFD combined with oral MJ extract led to structural alterations in erectile tissue that are associated with accelerated corporal fibrosis. However, the addition of THC to the diet did not exacerbate histological changes within the corpora. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the discrepant effects between MJ and THC in order to optimize the therapeutic potential of cannabis and minimize its adverse effects on penile health.
The Evil Inclination in Early Judaism and Christianity
Authors: Rosen-Zvi Ishay
Published: February 2021

One of the central concepts in rabbinic Judaism is the notion of the Evil Inclination, which appears to be related to similar concepts in ancient Christianity and the wider late antique world. The precise origins and understanding of the idea, however, are unknown. This volume traces the development of this concept historically in Judaism and assesses its impact on emerging Christian thought concerning the origins of sin. The chapters, which cover a wide range of sources including the Bible, the Ancient Versions, Qumran, Pseudepigrapha and Apocrypha, the Targums, and rabbinic and patristic literature, advance our understanding of the intellectual exchange between Jews and Christians in classical Antiquity, as well as the intercultural exchange between these communities and the societies in which they were situated.
Reconstructing Precambrian pCO2 and pO2 Using Paleosols
Authors: Sheldon Nathan D. , Mitchell Ria L. , Dzombak Rebecca M.
Published: February 2021

Paleosols formed in direct contact with the Earth's atmosphere, so they can record the composition of the atmosphere through weathering processes and products. Herein we critically review a variety of different approaches for reconstructing atmospheric O2 and CO2 over the past three billion years. Paleosols indicate relatively low CO2 over that time, requiring additional greenhouse forcing to overcome the 'faint young Sun' paradox in the Archean and Mesoproterozoic, as well as low O2 levels until the Neoproterozoic. Emerging techniques will revise the history of Earth's atmosphere further and may provide a window into atmospheric evolution on other planets.
Vortices over Riemann surfaces and dominated splittings
Authors: METTLER THOMAS , PATERNAIN GABRIEL P.
Published: February 2021

We associate a flow$\phi $with a solution of the vortex equations on a closed oriented Riemannian 2-manifold$(M,g)$of negative Euler characteristic and investigate its properties. We show that$\phi $always admits a dominated splitting and identify special cases in which$\phi $is Anosov. In particular, starting from holomorphic differentials of fractional degree, we produce novel examples of Anosov flows on suitable roots of the unit tangent bundle of$(M,g)$.
THE LONG-TERM IMPACT OF SOCIAL MOVEMENTS AND REPRESSION ON DEMOCRATIC ATTITUDES
Authors: Desposato Scott , Wang Gang
Published: February 2021

Democracy movements in authoritarian regimes usually fail and are repressed, but they may still affect attitudes and norms of participants and bystanders. We exploit several features of a student movement to test for enduring effects of social movements on democratic attitudes. College students were the core of the movement and had wide exposure to the ideas and activities of the movement, as well as the suppression of the movement. College-bound high school students had limited exposure to the movement and its activities. Time of college entry could in theory be manipulated and endogenous, so we also use birthdate as an exogenous instrument for enrollment year. Applying a fuzzy regression discontinuity, we test for the impact of exposure to the movement on long-term attitudes. We find significant attitudinal differences between those in college during the movement, and those who started college post-movement. These results are strongest for alumni of the four universities that were most connected to the movement.
Maternal and child fatty acid desaturase genotype as determinants of cord blood long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA) concentrations in the Seychelles Child Development Study
Authors: Conway Marie C. , McSorley Emeir M. , Mulhern Maria S. , Spence Toni , Weslowska Maria , Strain J. J. , van Wijngaarden Edwin , Davidson Phil W. , Myers Gary J. , Wahlberg Karin E. , Shamlaye Conrad F. , Cobice Diego F. , Hyland Barry W. , Pineda Daniela , Broberg Karin , Yeates Alison J.
Published: February 2021

Optimal maternal long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA) status is essential for the developing fetus. The fatty acid desaturase (FADS) genes are involved in the endogenous synthesis of LCPUFA. The minor allele of various FADS SNP have been associated with increased maternal concentrations of the precursors linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA), and lower concentrations of arachidonic acid (AA) and DHA. There is limited research on the influence of FADS genotype on cord PUFA status. The current study investigated the influence of maternal and child genetic variation in FADS genotype on cord blood PUFA status in a high fish-eating cohort. Cord blood samples (n 1088) collected from the Seychelles Child Development Study (SCDS) Nutrition Cohort 2 (NC2) were analysed for total serum PUFA. Of those with cord PUFA data available, maternal (n 1062) and child (n 916), FADS1 (rs174537 and rs174561), FADS2 (rs174575), and FADS1-FADS2 (rs3834458) were determined. Regression analysis determined that maternal minor allele homozygosity was associated with lower cord blood concentrations of DHA and the sum of EPA + DHA. Lower cord blood AA concentrations were observed in children who were minor allele homozygous for rs3834458 (β = 0·075; P = 0·037). Children who were minor allele carriers for rs174537, rs174561, rs174575 and rs3834458 had a lower cord blood AA:LA ratio (P < 0·05 for all). Both maternal and child FADS genotype were associated with cord LCPUFA concentrations, and therefore, the influence of FADS genotype was observed despite the high intake of preformed dietary LCPUFA from fish in this population.
Age-related differences in valence and arousal of emotion concepts
Authors: Trnka Radek , Mana Josef , Kuška Martin
Published: February 2021

Emotion concepts are representations that enable people to make sense of their own and others’ emotions. The present study, theoretically driven by the conceptual act theory, explores the overall spectrum of emotion concepts in older adults and compares them with the emotion concepts of younger adults. Data from 178 older adults (⩾55 years) and 176 younger adults (20–30 years) were collected using the Semantic Emotion Space Assessment task. The arousal and valence of 16 discrete emotions – anger, fear, sadness, happiness, disgust, hope, love, hate, contempt, guilt, compassion, shame, gratefulness, envy, disappointment, and jealousy – were rated by the participants on a graphic scale bar. The results show that (a) older and younger adults did not differ in the mean valence ratings of emotion concepts, which indicates that older adults do not differ from younger adults in the way they conceptualise how pleasant or unpleasant emotions are. Furthermore, (b) older men rated emotion concepts as more arousing than younger men, (c) older adults rated sadness, disgust, contempt, guilt, and compassion as more arousing and (d) jealousy as less arousing than younger adults. The results of the present study indicate that age-related differentiation of conceptual knowledge seems to proceed more in the way that individuals understand how arousing their subjective representations of emotions are rather than how pleasant they are.
In Memoriam: Paul Morris Weinberg, MD
Authors: Cohen Meryl S. , Jacobs Jeffrey P.
Published: February 2021

On 15 October, 2020, Dr. Paul M. Weinberg, a true giant in the field of paediatric cardiology, succumbed to a prolonged illness. Dr. Weinberg had a 43-year career and was described as a pillar of The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and the spirit of the Division of Cardiology, a cherished and beloved teacher, and an outstanding clinician. His impact on the field and on the careers of his students will be remembered for generations to come.

In 2019, Dr. Weinberg wrote for Jefferson Medical School’s 50th year reunion memory book: “In the true spirit of Hippocrates, I seek to mentor the next generation as I was mentored by the last, without expectation of reward. I am forever indebted to these educators for all the knowledge they imparted to me and for the wisdom that I acquired under their tutelage.” These words are a true reflection of his unassuming dedication to teaching the next generation of paediatric cardiologists. His legacy will continue to live on through these trainees and impact the field for generations to come.
The Value of Detecting Pathological Changes During Clot Formation in Early Disease Treatment-Naïve Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Goncalves Julien Paul Nunes , de Waal Greta Marie , Page Martin Justin , Venter Chantelle , Roberts Timothy , Holst Felix , Pretorius Etheresia , Bester Janette
Published: February 2021

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most prevalent forms of cancer in women worldwide. Clinical research indicates that BC patients are at an increased risk for thrombotic events, drastically decreasing their quality-of-life and treatment outcomes. There is ample evidence of this in the literature, but it is mainly focused on metastatic BC. Therefore, coagulopathies of nonmetastatic BC are understudied and require in-depth investigation. In this study, clot kinetics and ultrastructure were used to investigate treatment-naïve, nonmetastatic BC patients using scanning electron microscopy, Thromboelastography®, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. It was demonstrated that nonmetastatic BC patients exhibit minimal ultrastructural alterations of the clot components and no changes in the clot kinetics. However, BC patients presented changes to fibrinogen protein structure, compared to matched controls, using an amyloid-selective stain. Together, these findings suggest that coagulation dysfunction(s) in BC patients with early disease manifest at the microlevel, rather than the macrolevel. This study presents novel insights to a method that are more sensitive to coagulation changes in this specific patient group, emphasizing that the coagulation system may react in different forms to the disease, depending on the progression of the disease itself.
m6A-induced LINC00958 promotes breast cancer tumorigenesis via the miR-378a-3p/YY1 axis
Authors: Rong Dongwen , Dong Qian , Qu Huajun , Deng Xinna , Gao Fei , Li Qingxia , Sun Ping
Published: February 2021

Increasing evidence demonstrates that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical roles in human breast cancer (BC) tumorigenesis. However, the mechanisms by which lncRNA and N6-methyladenosine (m6A) regulate BC tumorigenesis are still unclear. In the present research, LINC00958 was markedly overexpressed in BC tissue and cells, and LINC00958 upregulation promoted the tumor progression of BC cells. Mechanistically, m6A methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) gave rise to the upregulation of LINC00958 by promoting its RNA transcript stability. Moreover, LINC00958 acted as a competitive endogenous RNA for miR-378a-3p to promote YY1. Overall, these data provide novel insight into how m6A-mediated LINC00958 regulates BC tumorigenesis.
Cross-species single-cell transcriptomic analysis reveals pre-gastrulation developmental differences among pigs, monkeys, and humans
Authors: Liu Tianbin , Li Jie , Yu Leqian , Sun Hai-Xi , Li Jing , Dong Guoyi , Hu Yingying , Li Yong , Shen Yue , Wu Jun , Gu Ying
Published: February 2021

Interspecies blastocyst complementation enables organ-specific enrichment of xenogeneic pluripotent stem cell (PSC) derivatives, which raises an intriguing possibility to generate functional human tissues/organs in an animal host. However, differences in embryo development between human and host species may constitute the barrier for efficient chimera formation. Here, to understand these differences we constructed a complete single-cell landscape of early embryonic development of pig, which is considered one of the best host species for human organ generation, and systematically compared its epiblast development with that of human and monkey. Our results identified a developmental coordinate of pluripotency spectrum among pigs, humans and monkeys, and revealed species-specific differences in: (1) pluripotency progression; (2) metabolic transition; (3) epigenetic and transcriptional regulations of pluripotency; (4) cell surface proteins; and (5) trophectoderm development. These differences may prevent proper recognition and communication between donor human cells and host pig embryos, resulting in low integration and survival of human cells. These results offer new insights into evolutionary conserved and divergent processes during mammalian development and may be helpful for developing effective strategies to overcome low human–pig chimerism, thereby enabling the generation of functional human organs in pigs in the future.
NDNF variants are rare in patients with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
Authors: Tamaoka Satoshi , Suzuki Erina , Hattori Atsushi , Ogata Tsutomu , Fukami Maki , Katoh-Fukui Yuko
Published: February 2021

Although NDNF was recently reported as a novel causative gene for congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH), this conclusion has yet to be validated. In this study, we sequenced NDNF in 61 Japanese CHH patients. No variants, except for nine synonymous substitutions that appear to have no effect on splice-site recognition, were identified in NDNF coding exons or flanking intronic sequences. These results indicate the rarity of NDNF variants in CHH patients and highlight the genetic heterogeneity of CHH.
Phytoplankton morpho-functional trait dataset from French water-bodies
Authors: Laplace-Treyture Christophe , Derot Jonathan , Prévost Emilie , Le Mat Anne , Jamoneau Aurélien
Published: February 2021

In lake ecosystems, phytoplankton communities can be studied by adopting taxonomic-based approaches. However, these approaches suffer from identification issues and are sometimes of limited ecosystem ecological value. The recent development of functional approaches may allow an evaluation of other aspects of ecosystem quality, functions and interactions with abiotic parameters or other communities. Here, our aim was to create a phytoplankton trait database at the French scale. This database will be relevant for the analysis of phytoplankton communities that will lead to a better understanding of phytoplankton functional ecology in lakes of France and other European countries possessing similar biological communities. We used a French national database of phytoplankton occurrences sampled from 384 lakes over the entire French metropolitan territory. A final list of 636 taxa was used to compile 53 morpho-functional traits associated with taxonomic information. The traits encompassed variables such as shape, biovolume, motility, toxin production and Reynolds groups. With this new database, we aim to provide data for morpho-functional analyses of phytoplankton assemblages from local to European scale.
Significantly enhancement of sunlight photocatalytic performance of ZnO by doping with transition metal oxides
Authors: Ramírez Alfonso E. , Montero-Muñoz Marly , López Lizbeth L. , Ramos-Ibarra J. E. , Coaquira Jose A. H. , Heinrichs Benoît , Páez Carlos A.
Published: February 2021

In this study we report, the synthesis of ZnO and its doping with Transition Metal Oxides -TMO-, such as Cr2O3, MnO2, FeO, CoO, NiO, Cu2O and CuO. Various characterization techniques were employed to investigate the structural properties. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) data and Rietveld refinement confirmed the presence of TMO phases and that the ZnO structure was not affected by the doping with TMO which was corroborated using transmission Electron microscopy (TEM). Surface areas were low due to blockage of adsorption sites by particle aggregation. TMO doping concentration in the range of 3.7–5.1% was important to calculate the catalytic activity. The UV–Visible spectra showed the variation in the band gap of TMO/ZnO ranging from 3.45 to 2.46 eV. The surface catalyzed decomposition of H2O2 was used as the model reaction to examine the photocatalytic activity following the oxygen production and the systems were compared to bulk ZnO and commercial TiO2-degussa (Aeroxyde-P25). The results indicate that the introduction of TMO species increase significantly the photocatalytic activity. The sunlight photocatalytic performance in ZnO-doped was greater than bulk-ZnO and in the case of MnO2, CoO, Cu2O and CuO surpasses TiO2 (P25-Degussa). This report opens up a new pathway to the design of high-performance materials used in photocatalytic degradation under visible light irradiation.
Hydro-climatic changes of wetlandscapes across the world
Authors: Åhlén I. , Vigouroux G. , Destouni G. , Pietroń J. , Ghajarnia N. , Anaya J. , Blanco J. , Borja S. , Chalov S. , Chun K. P. , Clerici N. , Desormeaux A. , Girard P. , Gorelits O. , Hansen A. , Jaramillo F. , Kalantari Z. , Labbaci A. , Licero-Villanueva L. , Livsey J. , Maneas G. , Pisarello K. L. McCurley , Pahani D. Moshir , Palomino-Ángel S. , Price R. , Ricaurte-Villota C. , Fernanda Ricaurte L. , Rivera-Monroy V. H. , Rodriguez A. , Rodriguez E. , Salgado J. , Sannel B. , Seifollahi-Aghmiuni S. , Simard M. , Sjöberg Y. , Terskii P. , Thorslund J. , Zamora D. A. , Jarsjö J.
Published: February 2021

Assessments of ecosystem service and function losses of wetlandscapes (i.e., wetlands and their hydrological catchments) suffer from knowledge gaps regarding impacts of ongoing hydro-climatic change. This study investigates hydro-climatic changes during 1976–2015 in 25 wetlandscapes distributed across the world’s tropical, arid, temperate and cold climate zones. Results show that the wetlandscapes were subject to precipitation (P) and temperature (T) changes consistent with mean changes over the world’s land area. However, arid and cold wetlandscapes experienced higher T increases than their respective climate zone. Also, average P decreased in arid and cold wetlandscapes, contrarily to P of arid and cold climate zones, suggesting that these wetlandscapes are located in regions of elevated climate pressures. For most wetlandscapes with available runoff (R) data, the decreases were larger in R than in P, which was attributed to aggravation of climate change impacts by enhanced evapotranspiration losses, e.g. caused by land-use changes.
Author Correction: Test-time augmentation for deep learning-based cell segmentation on microscopy images
Authors: Moshkov Nikita , Mathe Botond , Kertesz-Farkas Attila , Hollandi Reka , Horvath Peter
Published: February 2021

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Anti-CfaE nanobodies provide broad cross-protection against major pathogenic enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains, with implications for vaccine design
Authors: Amcheslavsky Alla , Wallace Aaron L. , Ejemel Monir , Li Qi , McMahon Conor T. , Stoppato Matteo , Giuntini Serena , Schiller Zachary A. , Pondish Jessica R. , Toomey Jacqueline R. , Schneider Ryan M. , Meisinger Jordan , Heukers Raimond , Kruse Andrew C. , Barry Eileen M. , Pierce Brian G. , Klempner Mark S. , Cavacini Lisa A. , Wang Yang
Published: February 2021

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is estimated to cause approximately 380,000 deaths annually during sporadic or epidemic outbreaks worldwide. Development of vaccines against ETEC is very challenging due to the vast heterogeneity of the ETEC strains. An effective vaccines would have to be multicomponent to provide coverage of over ten ETEC strains with genetic variabilities. There is currently no vaccine licensed to prevent ETEC. Nanobodies are successful new biologics in treating mucosal infectious disease as they recognize conserved epitopes on hypervariable pathogens. Cocktails consisting of multiple nanobodies could provide even broader epitope coverage at a lower cost compared to monoclonal antibodies. Identification of conserved epitopes by nanobodies can also assist reverse engineering of an effective vaccine against ETEC. By screening nanobodies from immunized llamas and a naïve yeast display library against adhesins of colonization factors, we identified single nanobodies that show cross-protective potency against eleven major pathogenic ETEC strains in vitro. Oral administration of nanobodies led to a significant reduction of bacterial colonization in animals. Moreover, nanobody-IgA fusion showed extended inhibitory activity in mouse colonization compared to commercial hyperimmune bovine colostrum product used for prevention of ETEC-induced diarrhea. Structural analysis revealed that nanobodies recognized a highly-conserved epitope within the putative receptor binding region of ETEC adhesins. Our findings support further rational design of a pan-ETEC vaccine to elicit robust immune responses targeting this conserved epitope.