bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Analysis on Dietary and Nutritional Status of Shandong Residents, China
Authors: Zhang Junli
Published: June 2021

To know the dietary and nutritional status of Shandong residents, we used data of the China National Nutrition Survey, 3284 participants (1433 in urban, l185 in rural) from 1285 households (545 in urban, 740 in rural), drawn in Shandong province by using a stratified cluster random sampling method. Dietary data were collected by a combination of weighing method and 3 consecutive 24‐h recalls. Compared to the survey in 1992, intake of cereals and starch tubers decreased while the intake of animal food has increased quickly in 2002. Intakes of milk, eggs, fish, shellfish, and lipids in Shandong residents are obviously higher than the national average. Intake of cereals is 68.6g per day in urban areas, less than in rural areas. Intake of animal foods is 97g per day in urban areas, much higher than in rural areas. Urban residents consumed less energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamin C and sodium than their rural peers did. The change of the dietary pattern of Shandong residents lies mainly on decrease in intake of cereals and starch tubers and increase in intake of animal food and high‐fat diet. Residents in urban areas experienced faster shift in diet toward high‐fat diet. The greater consumption of meat, poultry, eggs and milk bring increase in intake of high quality protein, but residents’ diet in Shandong is still unbalanced. More nutritional education should be done to guide reasonable dietary.
Closing the Energy Gap to Prevent Weight Gain in China
Authors: Zhai Fengying , Wang Huijun , Chen Chunming , Popkin Barry M
Published: June 2021

Research on weight dynamics among adults in China is utilized to understand the potential energy gap found in China. The China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) data from 1989 and 2000 for a cohort of 2288 adults (aged 20–45y in 1989) with weight data is used. The average weight of this study population increased from 55.4 to 59.1 kg between 1989 and 2000—a median increasing rate of 0.33 kg/y. During this period, the prevalence of overweight in the study population increased from 9.0 to 23.2%. Following techniques first proposed by Hill, we estimated that the median energy accumulation was 7.0 kcal/d and the 90th percentile was 22.5 kcal/d. Using the 50% efficiency for stored energy, we estimated the energy gap for the study population to be 45 kcal/d. This is the degree of positive energy balance causing weight gain in 90% of the study population. The energy gap difference between males and females was only 5.0 kcal/d and between urban and rural residents was 7.8 kcal/d. This energy gap estimates provides insights into the types of changes in diet and activity needed at the population level to prevent the acceleration of the obesity epidemic in China.
Expression of the Sodium‐neutral amino acid exchanger ASCT2 along the small intestinal crypt‐villus axis in the formula‐fed neonatal pig
Authors: Yang Chengbo , Fan Ming
Published: June 2021

The sodium‐neutral amino acid (AA) exchanger ASCT2 gene expressesATB0 protein responsible for the exchange of gut luminal neutral AAacross the apical membrane. The study was to quantify the ASCT2mRNA and protein expression along the jejunal crypt‐villus axis with six Yorkshiregilts at 14–16 d of age fed a milk‐based liquid formula. Threeepithelial cell fractions, representing cells from the uppervillus, the middle villus and the crypt regions, were sequentiallyisolated, with cell viability of 92–95% as assessed bytrypan blue exclusion, along the crypt‐villus axis from theentire jejunum by the distended sac method. Real time RT‐PCR analyses (SmartCycler using SYBRGreen‐I detection kit) revealed a linear decrease (P<0.05)in the ASCT2 mRNA level from the crypt cell to the upper villus cell with β‐actin as thehouse‐keeping control. No significant differences (P>0.05) were observed in ASCT2 protein abundance in cellular homogenate, soluble, and brush border membrane among the cell fractions. These results suggest that neonatal pig enterocytes express ATB0 in the small intestinal enterocyte during the entire process of the cell proliferation and differentiation and the expression of ATB0 is not only regulated at transcriptional level but also at the post transcriptional levels. Supported by NSERC Discovery Program.
Glutamine acts in a paracrine manner within adipose tissue
Authors: Huang Yi‐fang , Wang Yanxin , Watford Malcolm
Published: June 2021

Differentiation of 3T3 L1 cells into adipocytes is dependent on glutamine availability. To determine exactly where glutamine is required we cultured cells in the presence of glutamine and then removed glutamine availability (including inhibition of glutamine synthetase) at various times in the differentiation process. Lack of glutamine had no effect on MAPK/ERK signaling (2–4h) or on the down regulation of GADD153/CHOP10 (24h) but did result in decreased expression of CEBPbeta (48–72h). This resulted in lack of up‐regulation of expression of PPARgamma and CEBPalpha (72–96h). Once these transcription factors had been up‐regulated the removal of glutamine had no effect on the subsequent up‐regulation of expression of FABP, FAS or perilipin. Removal of glutamine from fully differentiated cells did however, result in lower rats of lipid accumulation. Differentiation was accompanied by a large increase in expression of glutamine synthetase that was detectable (western blot) by 24h and maximal by 72h. Given the very low rates of blood flow within adipose tissue, we propose that increased expression of glutamine synthetase in adipocytes is required to provide glutamine which acts in a paracrine manner within adipose tissue to maintain adipocyte differentiation and metabolism.
Low and high protein levels during pregnancy affect maternal body mass and composition as well as offspring birth weight in a porcine model
Authors: Lang Iris S , Goers Solvig , Junghans Peter , Hennig Ulf , Otten Winfried , Rehfeldt Charlotte , Metges Cornelia C
Published: June 2021

It is now increasingly recognized that exposure to an imbalanced nutrition both in utero and in early postnatal life are related to a higher propensity to become obese in later life. This phenomenon is known as the Hales and Barker's ‘thrifty phenotype’ hypothesis. Less is however known about the underlying alterations of maternal body mass (BM) development and metabolic conditions. We investigated effects of isoenergetic diets containing either low (LP, 6%; n=12), high (HP, 30%; n=12) or control protein (CP, 12%; n=12) levels in young German Landrace sows from insemination (age 8 mo, 148 kg BM) to parturition (term 115 d). Body fatness was assessed by backfat ultrasound (BFU) measurements. Plasma was collected at −5, +24, +66, +108 gestational d (GD). Sows fed LP gained 45.3 kg BM until 109 GD, which was less than in CP and HP (66.4, 62.6; P<0.05). During the same time period BFU increased by 3.18, 4.06, and 4.87 mm in HP, LP and CP, respectively (P<0.05). Mean piglet birth weight was lower in LP and HP than in CP (1.16, 1.21, 1.38 kg; P<0.05) with no difference in litter size. Maternal plasma urea increased in HP and decreased in LP (P<0.05). We conclude that the porcine model is suitable to study maternal diet effects. LP and HP diets during pregnancy are detrimental for fetal growth. The underlying mechanisms need to be determined.

Funded by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (ME 1420/8‐1), Bonn, Germany
Citrulline metabolism during pregnancy in wild type and spf‐ash carrier mice
Authors: Marini Juan C
Published: June 2021

A reduction in circulating levels of citrulline (CIT) has been reported in women towards the end of gestation which, in animal models, has been shown to be due to a reduced ability of mitochondria to synthesize CIT. To test the hypothesis that CIT and nitric oxide (NO) production were reduced during pregnancy, wild type and spf‐ash (ornithine transcarbamylase deficient) carrier female mice were studied at different stages during pregnancy. A primed‐continuous infusion of 15N2‐arginine and 13C D4 citrulline was conducted before conception, and on days 10 and 20 of gestation. Plasma CIT concentration was reduced (40.2, 20.6 and 11.8 μmol/L, d0, d10 and d10 respectively; P < 0.001) as pregnancy progressed; however, arginine concentration was only reduced in spf‐ash carriers on d20 (P < 0.04). A lower plasma CIT concentration was observed in spf‐ash carrier females (20.4 vs 28.5 μmol/L, P < 0.05). Other essential amino acids did not change (BCAA, P = 0.20) or decreased (phenylalanine, P <0.001) during pregnancy. There was a significant effect of gestation length (P < 0.001), phenotype (P < 0.001) and interaction (P < 0.03) on CIT entry rate. Arginine entry rate, however, increased (P < 0.001) during midgestation. The production of NO was only reduced in spf‐ash carrier female at the end of gestation (1.4 vs 4.8 μmol·kg−1·h−1). Despite reduced levels of CIT toward the end of gestation, WT mice were able to maintain NO production.
Effect of acute respiratory acidosis on translation signaling in skeletal muscle
Authors: Caso Giuseppe , Ballou Lisa M , Bunpo Piyawan , Anthony Tracy G , Garlick Peter J
Published: June 2021

We previously demonstrated that acute respiratory acidosis depresses protein synthesis by approximately 22% in skeletal muscle. However, the molecular mechanisms of the depressive effect of acidosis on muscle protein synthesis are not well known. In this study, we examined the effect of acidosis on the regulation of mRNA translation initiation and elongation by assessing the phosphorylation states of the translation repressor 4E‐BP1, eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2) and eukaryotic elongation factor‐2 (eEF‐2). Rats (n = 10) were made acidotic by increasing the CO2 content of inspired air to 12% for 1 h. Similar animals breathing normal air served as controls (n=10). Gastrocnemious muscles were harvested and the phosphorylation states of 4E‐BP1, eIF2 and eEF‐2 were assessed by immunoblot analysis. The results showed that 4E‐BP1 phosphorylation (γ‐form/total) was 28% lower in acidotic animals (P < 0.05), while no effect of acidosis could be detected on the phosphorylation status of eIF2 (p‐Ser51/total) and eEF‐2 (p‐Thr56/total) (P = NS). The results suggest that the depression of muscle protein synthesis by acute respiratory acidosis may be mediated in part by downregulation of the mRNA binding step in translation initiation.

Supported by NIH grants DK54991 and 5‐MO1‐RR‐10710
Household Food Security was Associated with Growth of Infants and Young Children in Rural Bangladesh
Authors: Saha Kuntal Kumar , Frongillo Edward A , Alam Dewan S , Arifeen Shams E , Persson Lars Åke , Rasmussen Kathleen M
Published: June 2021

The association between household food security (HHFS) and growth of infants and young children has not been adequately studied, particularly in developing countries. To investigate this, we followed 1343 children from birth to 24 mo of age who were born in the Maternal and Infant Nutrition Intervention in Matlab study in Bangladesh. A food‐security scale was created from the data collected on HHFS from the mothers during pregnancy. Data on weight and length were collected monthly in the first year and quarterly in the second year of life. Anthropometric indices were calculated relative to the 2006 WHO child growth standards. Growth trajectories were modeled using multilevel models for change. HHFS was associated (P < 0.05) with greater weight and length gain in this cohort. Attained weight, length, and anthropometric indices from birth to 24 mo were higher (P < 0.001) among those who were in food‐secure households. Proportions of underweight and stunting were significantly lower in food‐secure households. These results suggest that HHFS is a determinant of child growth in this population, and that it may be necessary to ensure household food security of these rural poor households to prevent highly prevalent undernutrition in this population. (Fogarty NIH Training Grant (5 D 43 TW).
Comparison of Quality of Life in Diabetics using Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion Therapy versus Insulin Injection Therapy
Authors: Mistry Anahita M , Reynolds Katie
Published: June 2021

Patients with type 1 diabetes are increasingly being treated with insulin infusions via a pump. The goal of this study was to determine the effectiveness of insulin delivered by infusion via a pump or delivered by multiple injections, on the quality of life in adult insulin dependent diabetics. Four parameters, specifically hemoglobin A1C (3 month average blood sugar levels), self‐reported healthy eating habits demonstrated by consumption of 3 meals/3 snacks everyday, frequency of exercise of daily 30 min or longer duration and opinion of quality of life were evaluated in patients receiving either insulin infusions or injections.

Pump users reported enhanced eating and exercise behaviors and feeling in good health, compared with patients receiving conventional injections. In contrast, hemoglobin A1C concentrations were lower (6.9 ± 0.9 %) in patients receiving insulin injections compared with those receiving infusions (7.9 ± 0.6 %). Pump weareris perceived that they had a better quality of life but their glycemic control was not necessarily improved compared to those on insulin injections. Most likely, patients using the pump assumed that they had the flexibility to eat high glycemic foods without the problem of contending with insulin injections. Nutrition education and frequent blood glucose monitoring are required to improve glycemic control in type 1 diabetics using an insulin pump.
Bacterial populations in complementary foods and drinking water in households with children 10–15 months old in Pemba Island, Tanzania
Authors: Kung'u Jacqueline K , Boor Kathryn J , Ame Shaali M , Ali Nadra S , Jackson Anna E , Stoltzfus Rebecca J
Published: June 2021

Introduction of complementary foods in resource poor settings has been associated with diets that are microbiologically unsafe. Bacteria were therefore quantified in samples of drinking water and in two porridges prepared for infant feeding [fortified instant soy rice porridge (SRP) and cooked porridge (Lishe bora, LB)] in 54 households. Bacterial numbers were measured again after the porridges had been held at room temperature for 4 h (T4). Bacterial numbers in these porridges were benchmarked against those in traditional complementary foods sampled from 120 households. Total bacteria, coliform, and enterobacteriaceae were enumerated using Petrifilm™. Geometric mean log bacterial numbers were lowest for LB at T0 (2.24±0.84 CFU/g aerobic counts) and highest for SRP at T4 (4.63±0.56 CFU/g aerobic counts). Total bacteria were higher at T4 than T0 for both LB (p<0.001) and SRP (p=1.000). Although total bacteria in drinking‐water were significantly lower than in SRP4 (p=0.002) or in traditional complementary foods (p=0.001), they were not significantly different from SRP0 (p=0.543). We therefore recommend addressing food safety concerns in improving complementary foods.
Food adverts on children's programs on TV in South Africa
Authors: Temple Norman , Steyn Nelia , Nadomane Zibuyile
Published: June 2021

Research in the U.S.A. since the early 1990s has shown that adverts that appear on children's programs on TV are the antithesis of the recommended diet. They are mainly for fast foods and for foods rich in sugar and fat. There is almost no promotion of healthy food choices. Essentially all such previous research has been conducted in developed countries. In this study we examined food advertising on children's TV in South Africa. We recorded 2 sets of children's programs during weekdays: (1) 12 hours of programs (SABC2; 9 am–11 am); these are for children below school age, are mainly in English and Africaan, plus a small amount in Xhosa. Out of 47 ads none were for food. (2) 37.5 hours of programs were recorded on YoTV (SABC1; 3 pm–530 pm). This program is for children aged over approximately 7 years. It is mainly in English plus a small amount in Zulu. Out of 408 ads 69 (16.9%) were for food. Virtually all (97%) of the food ads fall into 2 groups: (1) 38 ads (55%) were for foods of generally poor nutritional value (fast food restaurants, highly refined breakfast cereals, candies, potato chips, and sugar‐rich cold drinks); (2) 29 ads (42%) were for foods of generally good nutritional value (yoghurt and peanut butter). These findings suggest that food ads on children's TV in South Africa is more evenly balance towards healthier foods than is the case in the U.S.A. Further investigation is required to form a clearer picture.
On Campus Living Increases Level of Physical Activity While Consuming More Calories
Authors: Lee Sukho , Park Kyung‐shin
Published: June 2021

Place of living for college students may be associated with different diet pattern and level of physical activity.

PURPOSE

To compare level of physical activity and diet pattern between students who live on campus and off campus.

METHODS

Forty‐three female college freshmen participated in this study and completed a lifestyle survey questionnaire and measurements of body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist and hip (W/H) ratio and % body fat. Level of physical activity was monitored using a pedometer and dietary pattern was analyzed using computer software (Diet Power, Danbury, CT).

RESULTS

There was no significant difference in body weight, BMI, W/H ration and % body fat. Total caloric consumption was significantly higher in students living on campus compared to those living off campus (1,846±122.4 (SE) vs. 1,459±92.2 cal/day, p<.05). Also, amount of sugar consumed was also significantly higher in students living on campus compared to those living off campus (17.4±3.58 vs. 6.4±1.41 g/day, p<.05) However, level of physical activity was significantly higher in students living on campus compared to those living off campus (90,000±19,000 steps/week vs. 42,000±5700, p<.05).

CONCLUSIONS

We concluded that students who live on campus may consume more total calories and sugar per day. However, they have a higher level of physical activity as opposed to students living off campus. It results in no differences in body weight and body composition between these groups.
Bismuth is low in the hair and blood of depressed subjects
Authors: Momcilovic Berislav , Morovic Jadran , Prejac Juraj , Ivicic Nikola , Lykken Glenn I.
Published: June 2021

The role of trace elements (TE) in human depression (D) is poorly understood. In this prospective double‐blind exploratory study we examined the bismuth in the hair and whole blood (WB) of D and healthy subjects (C). Forty‐eight D (15 men and 33 women) and 48 apparently healthy C (23 men and 25 women) subjects, 23–92 years old, were studied. Clinical depression was diagnosed according to the DSM‐IV clinical criteria by a board certified MD specialized in psychiatry. The study was conducted by strict adherence to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the IMI Ethical Committee. Hair and WB bismuth were analyzed by the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry at the Center for Biotic Medicine, Moscow, Russia. The median difference of ≥ 30% between C and D subjects was considered significant. The hair median values (mg/kg) were 0.040 vs. 0.022, and that for WB were 0.000603 vs. 0.000424 for C and D subjects, respectively. Thus, the bismuth levels are higher in both hair and WB of C than D subjects; about fifty times more bismuth got deposited into the hair than in WB. Women tend to have almost two times more bismuth in their hair than men, whereas bismuth was two times higher in the hair of the control vs. depressed subjects. In our study of multielement profile of depression only selenium has a similar pattern of response associated with depression.
Study on the Relationship between Sedentary Time and Overweight/Obesity and Hyperlipoidemia among Adults in Hubei Province, China
Authors: Yi Guoqin , Cheng Maowei , Song Yi , Li Jun
Published: June 2021

To investigate the relationship between time spent in sedentary activity and overweight/obesity and hyperlipoidemia among middle‐aged crowd, a random selected sample of 4613 adults aged 30‐59 were studied. The analysis of different levels of sedentary time and overweight/obesity and hyperlipoidemia were undertaken. Compared with people whose sedentary time was less than 1 hour/day, there was a significant increased relative risk of overweight/obesity and hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia (p<0.05). The risk of being obese, or hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia increased by 19%, 38%, and 92% respectively, with sedentary time ≥ 4 hrs/d, compared with that < 1 hr/d. There was a strong positive association of different levels of inactivity and overweight/obesity and hyperlipoidemia (P<0.05). Increased inactivity was more significantly linked with hyperlipoidemia than overweight/obesity.
Association of circulating adipokines with insulin resistance in obese children
Authors: Tso Tim K. , Chang Chen‐Kang , Huang Hui‐Yu
Published: June 2021

Inflammation and insulin resistance are linked in obesity, and this association may also exist in childhood obesity. The objective of this study was to identify the relationship between circulating levels of selected adipokines and insulin resistance in obese children. Adiponectin, resistin, interleukin 18 (IL‐18), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP‐1), high‐sensitive C‐reactive protein (hsCRP) along with body mass index (BMI), fasting glucose and insulin, homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA IR) were determined in a total of 50 Chinese obese children. 30 age‐matched lean children served as controls. All obese children were further classified into subgroups based on tertiles of BMI and HOMA IR. Obese children had significantly higher BMI, fasting insulin, HOMA IR, IL‐18, hsCRP and lower adiponectin than lean children. There were no significant differences in plasma levels of resistin and MCP‐1 between obese and lean children, but obese children with HOMA IR in the top tertile had significantly higher BMI, MCP‐1, and resistin than obese children with HOMA IR in the bottom tertile. Degree of obesity in obesity children was significantly associated with insulin resistance. In addition, both resistin and MCP‐1 in obese children were positively correlated with BMI and HOMA IR. Our findings suggest the elevation of selected adipokines in obese children corresponds with the degree of obesity based on BMI and this phenomenon is associated with insulin resistance.
Nutritional chronic diseases overlap with vitamin and mineral deficiencies in Mexican women with waist perimeter >88cm
Authors: Casanueva Esther , De‐Regil Luz Maria , Tolentino Mari Cruz , Morales Rosa Maria , Hernandez Maria Antonia
Published: June 2021

Recent studies – mostly in children – show that there is a risk of overlapping between overweight and anemia. But, there is no information about the coexistence of other nutritional chronic diseases with vitamins or minerals deficiencies, assessed by biochemical indicators, in childbearing age women. 250 women living in Mexico City (12–49 y, 20% teens) were randomly sampled. They were neither pregnant nor breastfeeding. Anthropometric and blood pressure measurements were performed in an intrahospital setting. Diabetes was diagnosed by a 2 h‐75 g glucose load test. Blood samples were taken for lipid profile, hemoglobin, ferritin, vitamins A, B12, C, E, and folate as well as serum iron, zinc and cupper analyses. Differences in nutritional indicators between women with waist perimeter >or <88 cm were evaluated by X2 or Fisher test. Participants belonged to mid‐low socioeconomic level. Women with waist perimeter > 88 cm had significant higher prevalence of glucose intolerance, diabetes, LDL >130 mg/dL, hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. Concomitantly they had higher risk of anemia and zinc deficiency. The prevalence of folate and vitamins B12, C and E deficiencies were 25, 14, 32 and 45%, respectively, and tended to be higher in obese women (p>0.05). Women with a waist perimeter >88cm should be screened not only for nutritional chronic diseases but nutritional deficiencies, especially of minerals.
Parathyroid Hormone Suppresses Insulin Signalling in Differentiated Adipocytes
Authors: Chang Eugene , Donkin Shawn S. , Teegarden Dorothy
Published: June 2021

Higher vitamin D status is associated with reduced incidence of insulin resistance and diabetes, but the mechanism has not been clarified. Vitamin D status is inversely related to serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, and therefore PTH may modulate effects of vitamin D status on insulin sensitivity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of PTH treatment on the insulin signalling in fully differentiated murine 3T3‐L1 adipocytes. PTH treatment (24 hours, 10 nM) decreased insulinstimulated glucose uptake by 17% (P < 0.01) compared to vehicle, assessed with [3H]‐2‐deoxyglucose (100 μM) following 100 nM insulin treatment for 20 min. This inhibitory effect was dose‐dependent, with a significant reduction noted at 1 nM PTH. The mRNA expression of the insulin receptor (IR), IR substrate‐1 (IRS‐1), GLUT1, and GLUT4 were significantly decreased following 24 hr PTH treatment (10 nM, P < 0.05). There was a significant reduction in insulin‐stimulated AKT activity (12%) (phosphorylated/total expression). PTH treatment (24 hr, 10 nM) significantly reduced GLUT4 (14%), but not GLUT1 protein expression. Therefore, higher vitamin D status may lead to improved insulin sensitivity by suppressing serum PTH because PTH reduced insulin‐stimulated glucose uptake, potentially by reducing insulin signalling and decreasing the expression of GLUT4. Supported by NIH DK069965.
Adequate dietary calcium restores vertebral trabecular bone microarchitecture and strength and improves femur calcium concentration following calcium depletion in young female rats
Authors: Hunt Curtiss D , Stoecker Barbara J
Published: June 2021

To determine whether dietary calcium deficiency during adolescence permanently reduces lifetime potential to attain peak bone mass and strength, female Sprague‐Dawley rats were separated into groups (n=10) and fed an AIN‐93G‐based diet containing 20% (1000 mg Ca/kg) of the calcium requirement from weaning until 105 d of age (DEF); switched near sexual maturity (63 d of age) to 100% of the requirement (5000 mg Ca/kg) (RP); or pairfed (5000 mg Ca/kg) throughout to group RP (PF). At 105 d of age, Ca repletion restored L4 trabecular bone volume fraction (RP: 27.0 ± 1.1%; PF: 28.1 ± 1.2%; p = 0.46) and strength (estimated by force to compression with finite element analysis) (RP: 11.51 ± 0.87 N; PF: 11.9 ± 1.42 N; p =0.83). In femurs, Ca repletion increased (DEF: 176 ± 1; RP: 214 ± 3; p < 0.0001) but did not completely restore (RP: 214 ± 3; PF: 243 ± 8 mg Ca/g; p < 0.0001) femur calcium concentration. However, cortical thickness (measured at midshaft of femur diaphysis) was completely restored by Ca repletion (RP: 0.6; PF: 0.6 mm; p = NS). Findings from this animal model suggest that the deleterious effects of calcium deficiency during adolescence can be reversed with proper dietary Ca intakes.
Serum IGF‐1 and IGFBP‐3 differences between Hutterite and Non‐Hutterite populations
Authors: Beare Tianna , Donnelly Kevin , Clapper Joan , Wey Howard , Binkley Teresa , Specker Bonny
Published: June 2021

Hutterites, an Anabaptist religious group believing in isolated communal living and self‐sufficiency, are shorter yet have larger bone diameter for their height than non‐Hutterites. A polymorphism in the growth hormone receptor gene has been identified in Hutterites. The purpose of this study was to determine whether circulating levels of serum IGF‐1 differed between Hutterites and non‐Hutterites. Fasting serum IGF‐1 was measured in 217 Hutterites and 127 non‐Hutterites aged 20–66 years who were participants of the South Dakota Rural Bone Health Study. Hutterites had higher IGF‐1 than non‐Hutterites (170 ± 5 vs. 117 ± 6 ng/ml, p<0.001, respectively), yet IGFBP‐3 concentrations were similar (5078 ± 135 vs. 5332 ± 237, p=0.4). Differences remained significant controlling for sex, age, weight, height, activity levels, and protein intake (lsmeans 162 ± 4 vs. 133 ± 6 ng/ml, p<0.001, Hutterite vs. non‐Hutterite). There was an association between IGFBP‐3 and IGF‐1 among non‐Hutterites (r=0.83, p<0.001), but not among Hutterites. The reason for IGF‐1 differences among Hutterites and non‐Hutterites is not known, but may be associated with the bone differences that have been observed.

Supported by NIH R01 AR47852.
The effects of dietary protein on serum IGF‐1 levels in adult humans
Authors: Donnelly Kevin , Beare Tianna , Clapper Joan , Specker Bonny
Published: June 2021

Positive associations have been observed between serum IGF‐1 and dietary protein. IGF‐1 concentrations appear to be influenced by protein source in pre‐pubertal boys, and middle aged and elderly men. Our hypothesis was that IGF‐1 concentrations would be associated with total protein intake, and not be associated with the protein source. Data were obtained from 115 participants (58 females) aged 20–66 years in the South Dakota Rural Bone Health Study (SDRBH), a longitudinal study of lifestyle on bone density. Fasting blood samples were collected from subjects who completed a protein food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and at least 3 24‐hour quarterly dietary recalls within a 1‐year period. Pregnant, weaning, and lactating women were excluded. Contrary to our hypothesis there was no association between fasting serum IGF‐1 concentrations and total protein intake. However, fasting serum IGF‐1 concentrations were different in males between low and high poultry protein consumers (115 ± 27 vs. 143 ± 48 ng/mL, p=0.006, respectively).

Supported by NIH AR47852.
WNT signaling pathway is regulated by genistein in human colonic cancer cells
Authors: Wang Zuguang , Huang Min , Chen Hong
Published: June 2021

WNT signaling pathway plays a critical role in both normal epithelial regeneration and tumorigenesis in human colon. Epidemiological data has shown that genistein has its multifarious effects in colon cancer prevention. In this study, we hypothesized that genistein regulated specific genes in WNT signaling pathway. Colonic cancer cell lines DLD1, SW480 and SW1116 from different Duke stages were treated with 200μg/ml Novasoy70 or 75μM genistein for 4 days, and mRNA levels of several WNT signaling components were analyzed by Real‐Time qPCR. Methylation‐specific PCR and bisulfite sequencing were used to analyze methylation status in putative CpG islands. Both Novasoy70 and genistein treatments inhibited cell proliferation. WNT7a and NKD1 showed no significant responses to Novasoy70 or genistein in all three cell lines. WNT5a (in DLD1) and DKK1 (in SW480) mRNA had a time‐dependent induction to Novasoy70 and genistein. Overall WNT5a or DKK1 CpG island methylation level was not altered by Novasoy70 or genistein. In conclusion, genistein and NovaSoy70 affected expression levels of specific genes in WNT signaling pathway and these effects were not modulated at the analyzed CpG islands by DNA methylation.
The Legume Inflammation Feeding Experiment (LIFE): Effects of Serum Lipid Levels
Authors: Zhang Zhiying , Bagshaw Deborah , Rovine Michael , Kris‐Etherton Penny , Lanza Elaine , Hartman Terryl
Published: June 2021

The LIFE Study was a randomized controlled crossover feeding study designed to test the effects of a low‐glycemic index diet rich in legumes on biomarkers of inflammation and insulin resistance (IR). Sixty four male subjects (35–75 yrs), who had undergone a screening colonoscopy within the past 2 years, were recruited in Central Pennsylvania, representing 4 combinations: IR (Y or N) and history of adenomatous polyps (Y or N). All subjects consumed a 4‐wk legume diet (LG; 1 ½ cups of cooked dry beans) and a 4‐wk isocaloric average American diet (AA) separated by a 3‐wk washout period. At baseline, mean (±S.D.) levels of serum total, HDL and LDL cholesterol (TC, HDL‐C and LDL‐C), and triglycerides (TG) were 200.2 (37.4), 45.1 (11.1), 128.9 (32.5), and 135.2 (72.3) mg/dL. Preliminary results show that serum TC was significantly reduced on both LG and AA diet (9.4% and 3.5%, respectively), with a significant difference between diets (P=0.0002). HDL‐C levels were reduced by 6.1% on LG diet and 1.9% on AA diet, and LDL‐C declined by 9.4% on LG diet and 1.6% on AA diet. For both HDL‐C and LDL‐C the differences between diets were significant (P=0.0138 and 0.0008, respectively). Serum TG levels were reduced significantly on both diets (LG diet, 7.2%; AA diet, 7.4%); however, the difference between diets was not significant (P=0.9620). These results suggest that a legume‐rich diet may have favorable effects on serum lipids and lipoproteins.

Supported by the National Cancer Institute; partial support provided by the GCRC, PSU.
Solvent extract from white carrots decreases viability of prostate cancer cell lines
Authors: Hanlon Paul Robert , Barnes David
Published: June 2021

Many commercially available carrots derive their color from carotenoids, a class of hydrophobic pigments which have been indicated through numerous studies to have anti‐proliferative effects on cultured cancer cells. However, an increasing amount of evidence suggests that isolated/purified food constituents are often less effective than the parent food in supporting health. We examined the effects of a crude solvent extract from several varieties of colored carrot on the proliferation of prostate cancer cells, a cancer which has supportive evidence of carotenoid‐rich foods having a protective effect. We examined carrot varieties that were enriched in several different carotenoids including β‐carotene (orange), lutein (yellow), lycopene (red) as well as a carrot that was nearly devoid of all carotenoids (white). The solvent extracts from all of the colored carrot varieties were able to decrease cell viability and increase caspase activity in a dose‐dependent manner. However, the solvent extract from the unpigmented white carrot was the most effective extract. Further experiments demonstrated that the solvent extract from white carrot caused a dose‐dependent reduction of the percentage of prostate cancer cells in S‐phase, indicating an inhibition of proliferation. Therefore, while the carotenoids present in colored carrots may contribute towards the decrease in prostate cell viability, there are other non‐pigmented phytochemicals present in carrots which also decrease cell viability. The enhanced bioactivity of the crude white carrot extract must be due to these non‐pigmented phytochemicals. Work supported by Standard Process, Inc.
Effect of Red Bull energy drink on cardiovascular and renal function
Authors: Wilson Ted , Gronli Tyler D , Batool Syeda N , McMahon Erin C , Ryan Krista L , West Kristin D , Nalli Thomas W , Mannello Carla M , Sell Crystal J , McCann Pat J , Kastello Gary M , Ragsdale Frances R
Published: June 2021

Because of concerns regarding the cardiovascular safety of energy drinks, products such as Red Bull (RB) have been banned in some countries; however deleterious cardiovascular effects have not been well documented. Fasting human subjects (aged 19.8 ± 1.6 years; 47 = female; 21 = male) were randomly selected to receive a single 250 ml serving of RB (110 Cal; 110RB), Sugar Free RB (10 Cal; 10RB), 110 Cal placebo (110CP) or 10 Cal placebo (10CP). Blood pressure, EKG, blood glucose, urine formation rate, and saliva caffeine content were evaluated prior to beverage administration, then 60 and 120 minutes postprandially. Saliva caffeine content was significantly increased only following 110RB and 10RB. RB did not significantly affect urine specific gravity or formation rate, nor did it affect plasma glucose, heart rate or blood pressure. A 30 second EKG was evaluated for arrhythmias, QT‐interval, and RR‐interval, but RB was found to have no effect. Administration of a single serving of RB did not cause any observed deleterious effects. Further studies may need to characterize the physiological effect of larger doses of RB or interactions with other dietary materials such as alcohol.
Diferuloylquinide is converted to diferuloylquinic acid and other phenolic compounds during digestion and/or metabolism in rats.
Authors: Farah Adriana , Shearer Jane , De Paulis Tomas
Published: June 2021

Chlorogenic acids are esters of hydroxycinnamic acids with quinic acid. Coffee is one of the main food sources of chlorogenic acids and during the roasting of the beans, part of these compounds is transformed into lactones or quinides, through the loss of a water molecule and formation of an intramolecular ester bond. Diferuloylquinide (DIFEQ), a representative compound of this class, has previously exhibited hypoglicemic activity in rats, among other biological activities. In the present preliminary study, DIFEQ was diluted in saline and administered to 3 male Sprague Dawley rats through a gastric catheter. Blood draws were taken 20, 40 and 60 min. after DIFEQ administration and plasma samples were analyzed by HPLC‐UV. The main DIFEQ metabolite observed in plasma in all time points was its corresponding chlorogenic acid, diferuloylquinic acid. A series of other metabolites including ferulic acid, isoferulic acid and 3‐feruloylquic acid were also identified, in addition to small amounts of DIFEQ. Whether DIFEQ breakdown occurs prior, during or after absorption is still under investigation. These results suggest that the major compounds responsible for the hypoglycemic and other biological activities of quinides observed in vivo are their corresponding chlorogenic acid compounds and metabolites. Financial support: Institute for Coffee Studies‐VU (USA), CBP&Dcafé (Brazil).
Organochlorine Compounds are Absorbed via Lymph and Portal Circulation
Authors: Jandacek Ronald J. , Tso Patrick
Published: June 2021

The metabolism and toxicity of organochlorine compounds (OCs) have been studied extensively. Their persistence in the biosphere and their threat to health continue to be the focus of policy and scientific investigation. In spite of efforts to limit their use, OCs continue to enter into human tissues from the diet. Little is known about the absorption of these materials from the intestine. The route of absorption can determine whether or not peripheral tissues are exposed to parent compound or to metabolites from the liver. Lipophilic compounds are principally incorporated into chylomicrons and transported in lymph, and hydrophilic compounds are principally absorbed by the portal vein. We have developed an animal model which allows the simultaneous determination of the absorption of OCs by each route. The portal vein of a rat is catheterized to allow both normal flow and periodic sampling of dietary substances. A second catheter in the mesenteric lymph duct to divert intestinal lymph, allows measurement of dietary compounds in chylomicrons. We used this model to study hexachlorobenzene and DDT. The data are consistent with absorption of DDT and hexachlorobenzene by both routes. Both compounds appear in the lymph at a slower rate than triolein. There is significant absorption of both compounds by the portal vein, as shown by analysis of portal plasma and tissue analyses of the animals.

Funded by ES014464‐A1(NIH/ESO)
A Randomized, Double‐blind, Placebo‐controlled, Clinical Study of the General Effects of Himalayan Goji® Juice/Lycium barbarum
Authors: Amagase Harunobu , Nance Dwight
Published: June 2021

This first randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial has examined the general effects of orally consumed goji berry, Lycium barbarum. The goji or a placebo was provided as a beverage (Himalayan Goji® Juice, HGJ) to healthy adults for 14 days of consuming 120 ml of HGJ/day or placebo. Subjective questionnaire ratings (0–5) was used for general feelings of well‐being, neurological/psychological traits, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal and cardiovascular complaints, and any adverse effects. Questionnaire data were analyzed between day 1 and day 15 with the nonparametric Wilcoxon matched pairs tests. Significant differences (p<0.05) were found in the HGJ group (N = 16) and consisted of increased ratings for energy level, athletic performance, quality of sleep, ease of waking up, ability to focus on activities, mental acuity, calmness, and feelings of health, contentment and happiness. HGJ also significantly reduced feelings of fatigue and stress, and improved gastrointestinal regularity. In contrast, the placebo group (N = 18) showed only two significant changes (heartburn and happiness). No significant changes in musculoskeletal or cardiovascular complaints were observed in either group. All parametric data, such as body weight, BMI, blood pressure, etc. were not significantly different. These results clearly indicate that daily consumption of HGJ increases subjective feelings of general well‐being, neurological/psychological traits and gastrointestinal regularity. This study was supported financially by FreeLife International.
Integration of embryology and gross anatomy
Authors: Dalley Arthur F.
Published: June 2021

Embryology has had difficulty finding a stable niche in the medical curriculum. Integration with gross anatomy is appropriate due to compatibility with organogenesis. Study of the developmental stages of an organ or system enables a fuller appreciation of the adult structure. It provides insight regarding variation observed during dissection and developmental anomalies encountered in lecture, problem‐based activities, or in the clinics. Teaching developmental anatomy in conjunction with adult anatomy makes knowledge of both easier to comprehend and more likely to be retained. Gross anatomy is not an ideal fit, however. Early development (to the trilaminar stage) coordinates less well. Awareness of early development is prerequisite to organogenesis, but is sufficiently complex that even simplified presentation requires one or more dedicated lectures. Too often students’ initial perceptions of embryology are that it is too difficult and irrelevant. This apparent disconnect combined with challenging spatial concepts presented early in training often taints attitudes toward embryology. Subsequent attempts to integrate organogenesis can be received with bias. Efforts to overcome this often leads to minimization of the initial information which, rather than solving the problem, diminishes its coherence and compounds the problem. Possible solutions include broader curricular integration.
Integration of embryology and neuroanatomy
Authors: Haines Duane E.
Published: June 2021

The method of integrating embryology and neuroanatomy within a medical curriculum is diverse and reflects the educational environment/style at any given school. It may range from the cellular‐molecular approach, which is covered by other speakers, to a more regional and systems approach, which is the method used at UMMC. The integration of embryology into our Medical Neurobiology course utilizes the following general approaches. First, we have excellent cooperation from our clinical colleagues when it comes to participation in our course; we test on all these sessions. Second, we use the development of the brain when describing: 1) the transition from neural tube to three and then to five brain vesicles, 2) the development of a complex ventricular system from the rostral portion of a simple neurocele, 3) the development of the choroids plexus, and 4) the development of the meninges. Within the context of these topics many correlations are made between developmental sequences and the corresponding defects that may appear in the newborn. Third, the topography of the alar and basal laminae in the developing spinal cord is used as the basis for understanding the structure, relationships, and function the spinal cord grey matter. The same embryological structures are especially useful in understanding the organization, and particularly the function, of cranial nerve nuclei within the brainstem. In fact, it is difficult to consider cranial nerves, central or peripheral, without reference to the alar and basal laminae. Fourth, MRIs of developmental defects are used to illustrate how normal brain structure may be altered and how this may correlate with deficits experienced by the patient. These approaches will be discussed and illustrated with images used in our course.
Electron paramagnetic resonance analyses of the effect of dietary restriction on salmonella infection in different tissues
Authors: Rosales Martha C , Ramirez Daniel , Zamorano Rafael , Trujillo Jose G , Lara Eleazar
Published: June 2021

Caloric restriction (CR) involves a reduction in caloric intake while maintaining adequate nutrition and preserves the activities of antioxidant enzymes. The aim of the present contribution was study the formation of free radicals in different tissues of mice at 2, 6 and 12 months of age which were fed either with CR or ad libitum, produced by infection with S. Typhimurium determined through electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR).

All samples of heart and brain collected depicted the same EPR spectra with a single signal at g=1.99, which corresponds to a free radical. The EPR spectra obtained from liver showed two signals, one of them at g=2.031 which corresponds to the the nitrosyl‐iron complex, this signal show higher intensity in mice fed with RC. Therefore, the production of nitric oxide could be important in the liver when the mice are treated with S. Typhimurium. The signal at g =1.99 correspond to free radical it was observed in muscle samples as well. In the 12 month old mice age different signals were observed, which has been assigned to peroxinitrite (ONOO‐) a molecule that is of great importance during the infection with salmonella.
Estimating dietary caffeine exposure and CYP1A2, NAT2 and XO enzyme function by urinary caffeine metabolite biomonitoring: a pilot study.
Authors: Rybak Michael E , Douglas Teresa , Sjodin Andreas , Pfeiffer Christine M
Published: June 2021

Epidemiologic studies almost exclusively use food frequency reporting for assessing caffeine consumption. Major dietary caffeine sources, such as coffee and tea, are difficult to standardize for caffeine content due to their inherent heterogeneity. In this pilot study the determination of urinary caffeine and 15 metabolites was explored as a means of assessing caffeine exposure. Measurements were also used to investigate the identification of CYP1A2, NAT2 and XO activity phenotypes using uncontrolled caffeine exposure. Multiple spot urine samples were collected from volunteers over a period of one week during which food diaries were maintained. Urinary caffeine and metabolites were quantified by normal‐phase HPLC with UV‐visible absorbance detection. Using this approach, 13 of 15 metabolites were chromatographically resolved. Significant (p ≥ 0.05) associations between caffeine consumption estimated from food diaries and urinary caffeine and 1,7‐dimethyluric acid levels were observed. Using metabolite ratios proposed in the scientific literature, CYP1A2, NAT2 and XO enzyme activity phenotypes could be determined for all subjects. Though intra‐week variation in these ratios was observed in all subjects, in most cases the values remained within a given phenotype category. These results are promising for the future development of caffeine exposure and enzyme activity biomonitoring protocols.