bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Grasping Naturally Versus Grasping With a Reacher in People Without Disability: Motor Control and Muscle Activation Differences
Authors: Maitra Kinsuk K. , Philips Katherine , Rice Martin S.
Published: October 2011

OBJECTIVE. We investigated motor control and muscle activation when reaching for and grasping objects with a reacher compared with the unaided hand.

METHOD. In a repeated-measures counterbalanced design, 41 healthy participants with no previous experience using a reacher were randomly assigned to a sequence of four conditions. Movements of the wrist and fingers were recorded using a three-dimensional Qualisys camera system for assessing reach and grasp. Muscle activations from finger and arm flexors and extensors were recorded by surface electromyography.

RESULTS. Participants exhibited a smaller grasp aperture, longer reaching time, and more muscle activity when they used a reacher.

CONCLUSION. Efficient motor control, which requires both time and practice, is needed to successfully use a reacher. Clients presented with reachers without sufficient time to develop motor skills unique to reacher use may be more likely to abandon this assistive device and fail to benefit from its function.
An unheated permeation device for calibrating atmospheric VOC measurements
Authors: Brito J. , Zahn A.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. The development of an unpowered permeation device for continuous calibration of in-situ instruments measuring atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is described. Being lightweight and compact, and containing only negligible amounts of chemicals, the device is especially suited for field use such as on board aircraft. Its speciality is to maintain the permeation process in thermal equilibrium, so that the instantaneous permeation rate can be ascribed to a simple temperature measurement. This equilibrium state is maintained by a combination of three features: (i) a thin PTFE membrane as permeation medium which guarantees short stabilization times, (ii) a water bath as heat buffer, and (iii) a vacuum-panel based insulation, in which features (ii) and (iii) minimize temperature drifts to ~30 mK h−1 per Kelvin temperature difference to the environment. The respective uncertainty of the permeation rate due to thermal non-equilibrium is kept below 1%. An extensive theory part details the major permeation processes of gases through porous polymers, being Fick's diffusion, Knudsen flow, and viscous flow. Both the measured stabilization time and the measured temperature dependence of the permeation rate independently indicate that the permeation can be described by a viscous flow model, where diffusion of the gas molecules in large pores (having a diameter of >0.05 μm) dominates.
Smoke aerosol and its radiative effects during extreme fire event over Central Russia in summer 2010
Authors: Chubarova N. , Nezval' Y. , Sviridenkov M. , Smirnov A. , Slutsker I.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. Different microphysical, optical and radiative properties of aerosol were analyzed during the severe fires in summer 2010 over Central Russia using ground measurements at two AERONET sites in Moscow and Zvenigorod (Moscow suburb) and radiative measurements in Moscow. Volume aerosol size distribution in smoke conditions was shown to have a bimodal character with the significant prevalence of fine mode aerosol particles which effective radius shifted to higher values (reff-fine = 0.24 μm against approximately 0.15 μm in typical conditions). Imaginary part of refractive index in visible region was characterized by lower values compared with typical conditions (REFI = 0.006 against REFI = 0.01) and single scattering albedo (SSA) was significantly higher (SSAλ=675nm = 0.95 against SSAλ=675nm ~ 0.9). Extremely high daily average AOT's were observed on 6–8 August reaching the absolute maximum on 7 August up to AOT500 = 6.4 in Moscow and AOT500 = 5.9 at Zvenigorod. A dramatic attenuation of solar irradiance at ground in cloudless but smoky conditions was also observed. Maximum irradiance loss has reached 64% for global shortwave irradiance, 91% for UV radiation 300–380 nm and 97% for erythemally-weighted UV irradiance even at relatively high solar elevation due to extremely high AOT and smaller SSA values in UV (0.8–0.9) compared with SSA in visible region of spectrum. The assessments of radiative forcing effect (RFE) at the TOA indicated a significant cooling of the smoky atmosphere. Instant RFE reached −167 Wm−2 at AOT500 = 6.4 while climatological RFE calculated for monthly mean AOT in August 2010 was about −65 Wm−2 compared with −20 Wm−2 for typical aerosol conditions according to the 10 year period of measurements in Moscow.
Are ammonia emissions from field-applied slurry substantially over-estimated in European emission inventories?
Authors: Sintermann J. , Neftel A. , Ammann C. , Häni C. , Hensen A. , Loubet B. , Flechard C. R.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. The EMEP/EEA guidebook 2009 for agricultural emission inventories reports average ammonia (NH3) emission factors (EF) by volatilisation of 55% of the applied total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN) content for cattle slurry, and 35% losses for pig slurry, irrespective of the type of surface or slurry characteristics such as dry matter content and pH. In this review article, we compiled over 350 measurements of EFs published between 1991 and 2011. The standard slurry application technique during the early years of this period, when a large number of measurements were made, was spreading by splash plate, and as a result reference EFs given in many European inventories are predominantly based on this technique. However, slurry application practices have evolved since then, while there has also been a shift in measurement techniques and investigated plot sizes. We therefore classified the available measurements according to the flux measurement technique, measurement plot size, the year of measurement, and the year of publication. Medium size plots (usually circles between 20 to 50 m radius) generally yielded the highest EFs. The most commonly used measurement setups at this scale were based on the Integrated Horizontal Flux method (IHF or the ZINST method (a simplified IHF method)). Several empirical models were published in the years 1993 to 2003 predicting NH3 EFs as a function of meteorology and slurry characteristics (Menzi et al., 1998; Søgaard et al., 2002). More recent measurements that appeared subsequently show substantially lower EFs, and appear to indicate a need for a revision of the EF in emission inventories.
On the colour and spin of epistemic error (and what we might do about it)
Authors: Beven K. , Smith P. J. , Wood A.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. Disinformation as a result of epistemic error is an issue in hydrological modelling. In particular the way in which the colour in model residuals resulting from epistemic errors should be expected to be non-stationary means that it is difficult to justify the spin that the structure of residuals can be properly represented by statistical likelihood functions. To do so would be to greatly overestimate the information content in a set of calibration data and increase the possibility of both Type I and Type II errors. Some principles of trying to identify periods of disinformative data prior to evaluation of a model structure of interest, are discussed. An example demonstrates the effect on the estimated parameter values of a hydrological model.
Bounded Solutions to Nonlinear Parabolic Equations
Authors: Igbida Jaouad
Published: October 2011

We deal with existence results for nonlinear parabolic equations with general quadratic gradient terms and with absorption term which depend on the solution. We note that no boundedness is assumed on the data of the problem. We prove an existence result of distributional solution via test-function method. A priori estimates and compactness arguments are our main ingredient; the method of sub-supersolution does not apply her.
Abrasives
Authors: Babirad Stefan
Published: October 2011

The term “abrasives” applies to articles and processes that are involved in removal or refinement of a workpiece surface. Abrasive articles are used in a plethora of different processes including: metal de‐gating, grinding, shaping, cutting, deburring, finishing, sanding, cleaning, polishing and planarizing. Today abrasive articles are employed in some aspect in most manufactured goods sold. There are four major forms of abrasive articles. Bonded abrasives are three dimensional composite of abrasive grains dispersed in a bond system; one popular form is a grinding wheel. Coated abrasives are described as a plurality of abrasive grains bonded to a backing. Non‐woven abrasives comprise a plurality of abrasive grains bonded into and onto a porous non‐woven substrate. Loose abrasive slurries comprise a plurality of abrasive grains dispersed in a liquid medium (e.g. water) and are employed in polishing applications to achieve a very fine surface finish. These abrasive articles rely on a broad range of technologies including ceramics, inorganic chemistry, paper, textiles, organic chemistry, polymer science, surface chemistry and related process technologies. As these technologies have grown, so has the advancement of abrasive technologies to create abrasive articles with even higher efficiencies.
Calcium Sulfate
Authors: Lancia Amedeo , Musmarra Dino , Prisciandaro Marina
Published: October 2011

Calcium sulfate, CaSO4, has several forms, ie, calcium sulfate dihydrate (commercially known as gypsum), calcium sulfate anhydrous (anhydrite), and calcium sulfate hemihydrate, which is present in two different structures, α‐hemihydrate and β‐hemihydrate (commercial name of β‐form: stucco or plaster of Paris). It is found abundantly in many areas of the world, where it is extracted by mining or quarrying, and recently, it has been obtained as a by‐product by numerous industrial applications. In natural deposits, the main form is the dehydrate; some hemihydrate is also present in most areas, although to a lesser extent. Gypsum is also obtained as a by‐product of various chemical processes. The main sources are from processes involving scrubbing gases evolved in burning fuels that contain sulfur (flue gas desulfurization gypsum), and the chemical synthesis of chemicals, such as sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, titanium dioxide, citric acid, and organic polymers. The hemihydrate is normally produced by heat conversion of the dihydrate. Stucco is the primary constituent used to fabricate products and in formulated plasters used in job‐ or shop‐site applications. Approximately 20–25 million metric tons of calcium sulfate are consumed annually. About 20% of it, in the dihydrate form, is used in fabricated or formulated building materials, Portland cement set regulation, and agricultural soil conditioning, whereas about 80% is processed into the commercially usable hemihydrate. The dehydration of gypsum, commonly referred to as calcination in the gypsum industry, is used to prepare hemihydrate or anhydrite. In addition, calcium sulfate precipitation is relevant in scaling problems, where gypsum formation is an unwanted occurrence, such as in water desalination, industrial water recovery in cooling tower technology, water distillation, and phosphoric acid production.
Computer‐Aided Chemical Engineering
Authors: Johns William
Published: October 2011

Computer applications in chemical engineering range from methods that estimate chemical and physical properties through tools to develop and simulate efficient designs to methods of assessing the safety and environmental impact of the resulting processes. This article outlines the range of tools available before going on to describe the responsibilities of engineers who use these tools. There is guidance on the availability of tools to analyze and enhance the operation of existing processes, together with practical guidance on writing correct maintainable computer programs. The longevity of process engineering software is emphasized with the resulting importance of documentation and storage of source code. The differing priorities in writing off‐line and on‐line code are clarified.

Throughout this article, it is emphasized that computer methods are available and used at every step of the process engineering cycle, including conception of product and process, optimization of design (including considerations of uncertainty), as well as startup and shutdown. For the operating plant, on‐line programs are used for both regulation and optimizing control.

The material of this article is presented under three headings:

The computer‐aids that are available

How to use the tools effectively

How to write reliable software to cover those cases when ready‐made tools are not available

It is emphasized that computer tools are required at every step in meeting the challenge to develop and operate cleaner, more efficient processes.
Ceramics, Structural
Authors: Morrell Roger
Published: October 2011

Structural ceramics have been developed over the past 50 years with a number of specific drivers to take advantage of potential engineering possibilities, in particular wear resistance, corrosion resistance, high‐temperature mechancal performance, and oxidation and thermal shock resistance. A major driver was for heat engine applications, but cost and robustness limitations have not allowed markets to develop as once predicted. Nevertheless there is now a huge range of applications from orthopedics, seals, and valves to metal melting that are now almost completely reliant on these materials. This article describes compositional, manufacturing and property information on the principal material types, including alumina, silicon nitride, silicon carbide and zirconia based materials.
Preparation and characterization of polyimide/silane coupling agent modified multiwall carbon nanotubes composites
Authors: Cheng Yao‐Yi , Chou Shang‐Chih , Huang Jhih‐Hong
Published: October 2011

Polymer/carbon nanotube (CNT) nanocomposites have received much attention recently. In this study, we attempt to enhance the electrical conductivity of polyimide (PI) by variously modifying multiwall carbon nanotube (MWNT). We report the successful synthesis of PI/MWNT composite films using a blending process, and examine their properties and morphology. We modified MWNT by three different methods: thermal purification (U‐CNT), oxidation with HNO3 (N‐CNT) and modification with a silane coupling agent (G‐CNT). We confirmed the successful preparation of the modified MWNTs by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The low amorphous surface characteristics of N‐CNT produced low surface resistance in the range of 105–106 Ω/cm2 for the PI/N‐CNT composites, which dispersed the buildup of electrostatic charge and improved dispersion. On the other hand, the better miscibility and interaction between G‐CNT and PI, for the PI/G‐CNT composites present superior thermal stability and mechanical properties. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Analytical approach of creep behavior of carpet yarn
Authors: Gao Xiaoping , Sun Yize , Meng Zhuo , Sun Zhijun
Published: October 2011

Based on mechanical models, the creep behavior of carpet yarns after dynamic loading was investigated. For prediction the creep elongation, the frequently used mechanical models reported in the literature were analyzed. The mechanical models which were used in this article were: standard linear model, four‐element model, two‐component Kelvin's model, and Eyring's model. The obtained creep formulas were fitted to experimental creep data, and the parameters of the model can be obtained using the Marquardt algorithm for nonlinear regression. When comparing the experimental creep curve with the fitted curve from the mechanical model, it is clear that the four‐element model explain the experimental creep curve better. During tufting machine stops, the carpet yarns were undergone constant load. The confirmed viscoelastic model will be used to calculate total creep elongation during carpet machine stoppage. Thus, the start‐up marks which occurred at carpet machine restarts can be exactly eliminated by adjusting the feeding length according to the creep elongation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Synthesis of a soluble polythiophene copolymer with thiophene–vinylene conjugated side chain and its applications in photovoltaic devices
Authors: Qu Bo , Jiang Zhongliang , Chen Zhijian , Xiao Lixin , Tian Di , Gao Chao , Wei Wei , Gong Qihuang
Published: October 2011

A new soluble polythiophene copolymer with thiophene‐vinylene conjugated side chain poly[3‐(5′‐octylthienylenevinyl) thiophene]‐thiophene (POTVTh‐Th) was successfully synthesized and characterized using NMR, UV‐visible spectroscopy, etc. To study the photovoltaic property of the copolymer, photovoltaic device of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/POTVTh‐Th:[6,6]‐phenyl C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) (weight ratio being 1 : 1)/LiF/Al was fabricated, in which POTVTh‐Th acted as the electron donor in the active layer. Under 100 mW/cm2 AM 1.5G simulated solar emission, the open‐circuit voltage and the short‐circuit current density of the device were 0.58 V and 2.50 mA/cm2, respectively. The power conversion efficiency and the fill factor of the photovoltaic device were evaluated to be 0.42% and 0.30. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of injection molded poly(lactic acid)/SEBS‐g‐MAH/organo‐montmorillonite nanocomposites
Authors: Leu Y. Y. , Mohd Ishak Z. A. , Chow W. S.
Published: October 2011

Poly(lactic acid)/organo‐montmorillonite (PLA/OMMT) nanocomposites toughened with maleated styrene‐ethylene/butylene‐styrene (SEBS‐g‐MAH) were prepared by melt‐compounding using co‐rotating twin‐screw extruder followed by injection molding. The dispersibility and intercalation/exfoliation of OMMT in PLA was characterized using X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The mechanical properties of the PLA nanocomposites was investigated by tensile and Izod impact tests. Thermogravimetric analyzer and differential scanning calorimeter were used to study the thermal behaviors of the nanocomposite. The homogenous dispersion of the OMMT silicate layers and SEBS‐g‐MAH encapsulated OMMT layered silicate can be observed from TEM. Impact strength and elongation at break of the PLA nanocomposites was enhanced significantly by the addition of SEBS‐g‐MAH. Thermal stability of the PLA/OMMT nanocomposites was improved in the presence of SEBS‐g‐MAH. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Thermosensitive properties of amphiphilic N,N‐dimethylacrylamide gel grafted with thermosensitive oligo(N‐isopropylacrylamide)
Authors: Takahashi Atsushi , Sakohara Shuji
Published: October 2011

In this study, thermosensitive oligo(N‐isopropylacrylamide) [oligo(NIPAM)] chains were grafted to amphiphilic N,N‐dimethylacrylamide (DMAA) gel networks to form DMAA‐graft‐oligo(NIPAM) gels. The gels were prepared by copolymerizing oligo(NIPAM) macromonomers with DMAA. On heating, the gel caused structural changes in the gel network without causing a large volume change. The effects of the molecular weights and copolymerization ratios of oligo(NIPAM) on the temperature dependence of the swelling properties of the gel were investigated. Furthermore, to confirm the structural changes in the gel network, the temperature dependence of the diffusivity of rhodamine B through the gel membrane was investigated. Oligo(NIPAM) monomers with different molecular weights (Mn) of 2300, 7000, and 13,000 were prepared. The transition from hydrophilic to hydrophobic for oligo(NIPAM) of Mn 7000 and 13,000 was observed at about 32°C, while that of Mn 2300 was observed between 32 and 45°C. The gels grafted with oligo(NIPAM)s of Mn 7000 and 13,000 shrank above 32°C; in other words, thermosensitivity was clearly observed. On the other hand, the swelling behavior of the gel grafted with oligo(NIPAM) of Mn 2300 was similar to that of the DMAA gel; that is, negligible shrinkage of the gel was observed on heating. The diffusivity of rhodamine B through the gel membrane grafted with oligo(NIPAM) of Mn 2300 increased stepwise between 40 and 45°C. These results suggest that by selecting the molecular weights and copolymerization ratios of oligo(NIPAM), structural changes in the gel network occur without an overall volume change. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Changes in structural characteristics of LLDPE functionalized with DEM using gamma‐irradiation
Authors: Perera R. , Albano C. , Sánchez Y. , Karam A. , Silva P. , Pastor J. M.
Published: October 2011

This work studies the structural changes produced by gamma‐radiation as a source of free radicals for functionalizing linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) with diethyl maleate (DEM). The grafting of the DEM onto the LLDPE was carried out in solution using gamma‐rays from a 60Co source in air at room temperature, at a dose rate of 4.8 kGy/h and absorbed doses ranging from 15 to 400 kGy. The increase in the dose produced a higher concentration of free radicals and hence a higher grafting degree. The effects of DEM concentration are only perceptible at absorbed doses higher than 50 kGy. For a concentration of 30% DEM, the functionalization degrees ranged from 0.04 to 0.44 mol%. The use of gamma radiation modifies the structural and physical characteristics of the functionalized polyethylene with respect to the unmodified one, because, depending on the dose, the effects of gamma‐rays can lead to crosslinking of materials with decreased flowability. The effects of gamma‐radiation onto the molecular structure and molecular weight distribution of LLDPE are mitigated by the presence of DEM, due to the competition with the chain scission, branching and crosslinking reactions, for the consumption of the free radicals. The results provided by applying the successive self‐nucleation and annealing technique allow reaching an unequivocal conclusion: that the free radicals formed by gamma radiation for the DEM insertion and main chain modifications are preferentially generated in the secondary carbons of the more regular CH2 sequences. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Excited‐State Dynamics of CS2 Studied by Photoelectron Imaging with a Time Resolution of 22 fs
Authors: Fuji Takao , Suzuki Yoshi‐Ichi , Horio Takuya , Suzuki Toshinori
Published: October 2011

The ultrafast dynamics of CS2 in the 1B2(1Σu+) state was studied by photoelectron imaging with a time resolution of 22 fs. The photoelectron signal intensity exhibited clear vibrational quantum beats due to wave packet motion. The signal intensity decayed with a lifetime of about 400 fs. This decay was preceded by a lag of around 30 fs, which was considered to correspond to the time for a vibrational wave packet to propagate from the Franck–Condon region to the region where predissociation occurred. The photoelectron angular distribution remained constant when the pump–probe delay time was varied. Consequently, variation of the electronic character caused by the vibrational wave packet motion was not identified within the accuracy of our measurements.
Degradation of Target Oligosaccharides by Anthraquinone–Lectin Hybrids with Light Switching
Authors: Imai Yukari , Hirono Shingo , Matsuba Haruka , Suzuki Tomohiro , Kobayashi Yuka , Kawagishi Hirokazu , Takahashi Daisuke , Toshima Kazunobu
Published: October 2011

Anthraquinone–lectin hybrids were effectively synthesized using water‐soluble anthraquinone derivative 11 with concanavalin A (ConA) and hygrophorus russula lectin (HRL) to give anthraquinone–ConA (16) and anthraquinone–HRL (17) hybrids, respectively. These anthraquinone–lectin hybrids effectively and selectively degraded oligosaccharides containing a mannose residue as a non‐reducing terminal sugar, which has affinity for ConA and HRL, under photo‐irradiation with long‐wavelength UV light without additives and under neutral conditions. In addition, anthraquinone–HRL (17) selectively photo‐degraded only Man(α1,6)Man, which has a high affinity for HRL, among several mannosides by recognition of both the type and glycosidic linkage profile of the sugar in an oligosaccharide.
Evaluation of a Fluorescent Derivative of AMD3100 and its Interaction with the CXCR4 Chemokine Receptor
Authors: Knight James C. , Hallett Andrew J. , Brancale Andrea , Paisey Stephen J. , Clarkson Richard W. E. , Edwards Peter G.
Published: October 2011

AMD3100 is a potent and selective antagonist of the CXCR4 receptor; it has been shown to block the route of entry of HIV into host T‐cells. This compound and its analogues have since been found to act as haematopoietic stem cell mobilisation agents and, more recently, as anti‐cancer agents. Here, we have examined a fluorescent derivative of AMD3100, L1, which offered the potential to assess the behaviour of AMD3100 at the cell surface by using optical imaging modalities. The binuclear ZnII, CuII and NiII complexes of L1 have also been investigated as these metals have been previously shown to enhance the binding properties of AMD3100. Furthermore, ZnII and CuII are known to enhance and quench, respectively, the fluorescence of similar anthracenyl‐based ligands. Whilst L1 demonstrates an ability to inhibit the binding of the anti‐CXCR4 monoclonal antibody 12G5 (IC50=0.25–0.9 μM), the incorporation of an anthracenyl moiety resulted in a significantly reduced affinity for CXCR4 compared to AMD3100 (IC50=10 nM). We observed no significant increase in fluorescence intensity following incubation with murine pre‐B cells overexpressing CXCR4 compared to a control cell line. This limits the usefulness of L1 as a fluorescent imaging probe. Interestingly, the ZnII complex, which carries an overall +4 charge, revealed marginally higher specificity and reduced toxicity in vitro compared to the free ligand, albeit with reduced affinity for CXCR4 (IC50=1.8‐5 μM). We suggest that the incorporation of an anthracenyl group contributes to the lipophilic character of the free ligand, thereby resulting in transport across the plasma membrane. This effect is seemingly diminished when the ligand is complexed to charged metal ions.
ChemInform Abstract: CsTe2O6‐x: Novel Mixed‐Valence Tellurium Oxides with Framework‐Deficient Pyrochlore‐Related Structure.
Authors: Siritanon Theeranun , Li Jun , Stalick Judith K. , Macaluso Robin T. , Sleight Arthur W. , Subramanian M. A.
Published: October 2011

The title phases with x = 0.25—1.15 are synthesized from appropriate amounts of CsTe2O6 (prepared by heating a stoichiometric mixture of CsNO3 and TeO2 in air at 600 °C for 12 h) and CsTe2O4.5 (obtained from Cs2CO3 and TeO2 at 500 °C for 12 h under Ar) at 500 °C for 12 h.
ChemInform Abstract: Neutron and X‐Ray Diffraction Study of Pyrophosphate‐Based Li2‐xMP2O7 (M: Fe, Co) for Lithium Rechargeable Battery Electrodes.
Authors: Kim Hyungsub , Lee Seongsu , Park Young‐Uk , Kim Haegyeom , Kim Jongsoon , Jeon Seokwoo , Kang Kisuk
Published: October 2011

The title compounds are structurally characterized by neutron and X‐ray diffraction to elucidate structural information and structural changes during electrochemical reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Semimagnetic Compound: Cd1‐xFexIn2S4 Single Crystal Grown by CVT.
Authors: Attolini G. , Frigeri C. , Sagredo V. , Solzi M. , Delgado G.
Published: October 2011

Single crystals of the title compounds with x = 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 are prepared from the elements by the chemical vapor transport method using iodine as transporting agent (850→800 °C).
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Mechanism of Water Oxidation with Single‐Site Ruthenium—Heteropolytungstate Complexes.
Authors: Murakami Masato , Hong Dachao , Suenobu Tomoyoshi , Yamaguchi Satoru , Ogura Takashi , Fukuzumi Shunichi
Published: October 2011

Cs5[Ru(H2O)SiW11O39] (I) and Cs5[Ru(H2O)GeW11O39] (II) are robust catalysts for water oxidation to generate oxygen with (NH4)2[Ce(NO3)6] (III) as a one‐electron oxidant in water.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Cleavage of the Carbon—Carbon σ‐Bond Using Reusable Copper on Iron.
Authors: Song Ren‐Jie , Liu Yu , Hu Rui‐Xiang , Liu Yan‐Yun , Wu Ji‐Cheng , Yang Xu‐Heng , Li Jin‐Heng
Published: October 2011

The new catalyst displays high activity (maximal TON of up to 51.000) and allows a large‐scale reaction (2.25 g substrate).
ChemInform Abstract: Biomimetic Cationic Polyannulation Reaction Catalyzed by Bi(OTf)3: Cyclization of 1,6‐Dienes, 1,6,10‐Trienes, and Aryl Polyenes.
Authors: Godeau Julien , Olivero Sandra , Antoniotti Sylvain , Dunach Elisabet
Published: October 2011

The reaction opens a route to construct bi‐ to tetracyclic compounds in one‐pot manner from readily available polyunsaturated precursors.
ChemInform Abstract: Cobalt‐Catalyzed Benzylic C—H Amination via Dehydrogenative‐Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Ye Yang‐Hong , Zhang Ji , Wang Gao , Chen Shan‐Yong , Yu Xiao‐Qi
Published: October 2011

In the presence of the inexpensive catalyst/oxidant system, benzylic compounds are aminated smoothly by sulfonamides, carboxamides and carbamates.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Carbethoxylation and Carbamoylation of Ketones.
Authors: Pazdera Pavel , Simbera Jan
Published: October 2011

A phase‐transfer‐catalyzed (PTC) sonochemical reaction is utilized.
ChemInform Abstract: Protolytic Defluorination of Trifluoromethyl‐Substituted Arenes.
Authors: Kethe Anila , Tracy Adam F. , Klumpp Douglas A.
Published: October 2011

In the presence of benzene, a mixture of benzophenones and triarylmethanol derivatives is formed in most cases.
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Hydrovinylation of N‐Acetylenamines Leading to Amines with a Quaternary Carbon Center.
Authors: Wang Qiu‐Shi , Xie Jian‐Hua , Li Wei , Zhu Shou‐Fei , Wang Li‐Xin , Zhou Qi‐Lin
Published: October 2011

Conjugate hydrovinylation takes place if the enamine substrate has a vinyl group at the α‐position [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Knoevenagel Condensation Catalyzed by a Tertiary‐Amine Functionalized Polyacrylonitrile Fiber.
Authors: Li Guowei , Xiao Jia , Zhang Wenqin
Published: October 2011

The catalyst is prepared by aminating polyacrylonitrile fiber with N,N‐dimethyl‐1,3‐propanediamine.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Free Synthesis of Aryl Esters from Carboxylic Acids and Diaryliodonium Salts.
Authors: Petersen Tue B. , Khan Rehan , Olofsson Berit
Published: October 2011

Functional groups and steric hindrance are well tolerated in both reaction partners.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium(II)‐N‐heterocyclic Carbene Complex Derived from Proline Towards Suzuki—Miyaura Coupling Reaction in Water at Room Temperature.
Authors: Tang Yi‐Qiang , Lv Huan , Lu Jian‐Mei , Shao Li‐Xiong
Published: October 2011

The reaction is applied to aromatic bromides and iodides and arylboronic acids.
ChemInform Abstract: Green Synthesis of Fluorinated Biaryl Derivatives via Thermoregulated Ligand/Palladium‐Catalyzed Suzuki Reaction.
Authors: Liu Ning , Liu Chun , Jin Zilin
Published: October 2011

A variety of target compounds including fluorinated liquid crystals (III) is prepared using a thermoregulated ligand/palladium catalyst and water as a sole medium.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Step Entry to P,O‐ and P,N‐Type Heterocyclic Tertiary Phosphine Ligands and Application in Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Ullah Ehsan , McNulty James , Kennedy Christine , Robertson Al
Published: October 2011

Furanylphosphine ligand FPL is efficiently used for the coupling of various aryl iodides and bromides with phenylboronic acid (II), low yields are observed for aryl chlorides.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Styrenyl Epoxides with Boronic Acids.
Authors: Nielsen Daniel K. , Doyle Abigail G.
Published: October 2011

The title reaction allows an access to secondary alcohols from readily available and inexpensive terminal epoxides.
ChemInform Abstract: Selenoether Ligand Assisted Heck Catalysis.
Authors: Chakraborty Tapash , Srivastava Kriti , Singh Harkesh B. , Butcher Ray J.
Published: October 2011

The reaction of aryl bromides with butyl acrylate or styrene is catalyzed effectively by the catalyst, generated in situ from (I) and PdCl2, or by the pre‐made catalysts (II) or (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Application of Dimeric Cyclopalladated Complex of Tribenzylamine as an Efficient Catalyst in the Heck Cross‐Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Hajipour Abdol R. , Rafiee Fatemeh
Published: October 2011

The reaction is applied to a variety of aryl bromides, iodides, chlorides and arenesulfonyl chlorides.
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Direct C—H Bond Arylations of Heteroarenes.
Authors: Ackermann Lutz , Lygin Alexander V.
Published: October 2011

A wide range of 2‐arylated indole derivatives is prepared using aryl bromides and chlorides.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Regio‐ and Diastereoselective Construction of Spirocyclopenteneoxindoles Through Phosphine‐Catalyzed [3 + 2] Annulation of Morita—Baylis—Hillman Carbonates with Isatylidene Malononitriles.
Authors: Deng Hong‐Ping , Wei Yin , Shi Min
Published: October 2011

The reaction proceeds with good to excellent diastereoselectivity according to A) or slight variations [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel(0)‐Catalyzed Cyclization of N‐Benzoylaminals for Isoindolinone Synthesis.
Authors: Shacklady‐McAtee Danielle M. , Dasgupta Srimoyee , Watson Mary P.
Published: October 2011

A variety of target compounds is prepared in the presence of MgBr2·Et2O or AlMe3.
ChemInform Abstract: 3‐Substituted Indoles: One‐Pot Synthesis and Evaluation of Anticancer and Src Kinase Inhibitory Activities.
Authors: Rao V. Kameshwara , Chhikara Bhupender S. , Shirazi Amir Nasrolahi , Tiwari Rakesh , Parang Keykavous , Kumar Anil
Published: October 2011

An ecofriendly and economical method for the synthesis of 3‐substituted indoles (IV) (18 examples) via one‐pot three‐component coupling reaction of various benzaldehydes, N‐methylaniline, and indoles using Yb(OTf)3‐SiO2 as catalyst is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Tungsten and Molybdenum Catalyst Mediated Cyclization of N‐Propargyl Amides.
Authors: Meng Xiangjian , Kim Sunggak
Published: October 2011

W(CO)6 is used as an efficient catalyst in the cyclization of N‐propargylic amides (I) giving exclusively oxazolines (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Divergent Reactivity of α‐Oximino Carbenoids: Facile Access to 2‐Isoxazolines and 2H‐Azirines.
Authors: Qi Xinxin , Jiang Yaojia , Park Cheol‐Min
Published: October 2011

α‐Oximino diazo compounds such as (I), (IV) and (VII) can serve as carbenoid precursors furnishing access to 2‐isoxazolines and 2H‐azirines under rhodium catalysis.
ChemInform Abstract: Insights into Supported Copper(II) Catalyzed Azide‐Alkyne Cycloaddition in Water.
Authors: Wang Yan , Liu Jianhua , Xia Chungu
Published: October 2011

Immobilized copper catalysts are prepared and tested in the one‐pot synthesis of triazoles.
ChemInform Abstract: ReCl(CO)5‐Catalyzed Cyclocondensation of Phenols with 2‐Methyl‐3‐butyn‐2‐ol to Afford 2,2‐Dimethyl‐2H‐chromenes.
Authors: Zeng Hanxiang , Ju Jia , Hua Ruimao
Published: October 2011

The reaction of various phenol substrates under mild conditions in the presence of the recoverable rhenium catalyst with title alcohol (II) and analogues (X) allows a direct preparation of substituted chromene structures as important substructures.
ChemInform Abstract: Solvent‐Free One‐Pot Synthesis, Characterization, Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Novel Spiropiperidinyl‐1,2,4‐triazolidine‐3‐thiones.
Authors: Kanagarajan V. , Thanusu J. , Ezhilarasi M. R. , Gopalakrishnan M.
Published: October 2011

All the synthesized compounds exhibit strong antifungal activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Cycloaddition Reactions of Sulfur‐Substituted Quinolizidine Dienes.
Authors: Chou Shang‐Shing P. , Huang Chien‐Wen , Chang Chih‐Chun
Published: October 2011

The title compounds are obtained via ring‐closing metathesis of the corresponding enynes.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 5‐Alkynyl‐2,2,6‐trimethyl‐1,3‐dioxin‐4‐ones and 1,4‐Disubstituted‐1,2,3‐triazoles.
Authors: Stefani Helio A. , Vieira Adriano S. , Amaral Monica F. Z. J. , Cooper Leora
Published: October 2011

Optimized conditions are applied to the Suzuki—Miyaura cross‐coupling of potassium alkynyl trifluoroborates with the iodinated 1,3‐dioxin‐4‐one (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Pharmacological Activities of Some Dibenzopyrazolocinnolines and Dibenzopyridazinoquinoxalines.
Authors: Amer A. M. , El‐Farargy A. F. , Yousif N. M. , Fayed A. A.
Published: October 2011

A variety of new polycyclic N‐heterocycles are synthesized from aminopyrazolocinnoline derivative (I) or pyridazine (XIV) and evaluated for their antiparkinsonian activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Multicomponent Reaction in Water Leading to Highly Regioselective Formation of Benzo[f]azulen‐1‐ones.
Authors: Wang Shu‐Liang , Cheng Chuang , Wu Fei‐Yue , Jiang Bo , Shi Feng , Tu Shu‐Jiang , Rajale Trideep , Li Guigen
Published: October 2011

A total of 38 examples is synthesized by the new green three‐component method.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemoselective Suzuki Coupling of Diborylmethane for Facile Synthesis of Benzylboronates.
Authors: Endo Kohei , Ohkubo Takahiro , Shibata Takanori
Published: October 2011

The key is the use of an equimolar amount of KOH and diborylmethane (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Manganese(III)‐Mediated Phosphinoyl Radical Reactions for Stereoselective Synthesis of Phosphinoylated Tetrahydronaphthalenes.
Authors: Pan Xiang‐Qiang , Wang Lu , Zou Jian‐Ping , Zhang Wei
Published: October 2011

2‐Phosphino‐tetrahydronaphthalenes are obtained via a trans‐selective phosphinoyl radical addition and cascade cyclization of aryl pentenoates and arylethylene styrenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Iridium‐Catalyzed Condensation of Alcohols and Amines as a Method for Aminosugar Synthesis.
Authors: Cumpstey Ian , Agrawal Santosh , Borbas K. Eszter , Martin‐Matute Belen
Published: October 2011

Primary carbohydrate amines are alkylated by primary alcohols in the presence of an iridium catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid from Ligularia lankongensis.
Authors: Tan Aimin , Zhang Mian , Wang Zhengtao , Zhang Hua
Published: October 2011

The new compound (I), named lankongensisine, is isolated from the title plant, which is used in traditional Chinese medicine.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal Anions in Metal‐Rich Compounds and Polar Intermetallics
Authors: Whangbo Myung‐Hwan , Lee Changhoon , Koehler Juergen
Published: October 2011

Review: 43 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Higher Oxidation States of Americium: Preparation, Characterization and Use for Separations
Authors: Runde Wolfgang H. , Mincher Bruce J.
Published: October 2011

Review: 194 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrophilic Fluorination of Group 10 Organometallic Complexes: Chemistry Beyond Oxidative Addition
Authors: Vigalok Arkadi
Published: October 2011

Review: 54 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Propargylic Substitutions: Scope and Synthetic Developments
Authors: Debleds Olivier , Gayon Eric , Vrancken Emmanuel , Campagne Jean‐Marc
Published: October 2011

Review: 88 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Selenocyanates: Synthesis, Characterization and Use in Chemistry and Biology
Authors: Guillemin Jean‐Claude
Published: October 2011

Review: 172 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic, Enantioselective, Vinylogous Mannich Reactions
Authors: Schneider Christoph , Sickert Marcel
Published: October 2011

Review: 36 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of Amines by Chiral Broensted Acid Catalysts
Authors: Terada Masahiro , Momiyama Norie
Published: October 2011

Review: 171 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Developments in Metal‐Catalyzed Dihydroxylation of Alkenes
Authors: Tse Man Kin , Schroeder Kristin , Beller Matthias
Published: October 2011

Review: 173 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: “Turn‐On” Fluorescent Sensing with “Reactive” Probes
Authors: Jun Mi Eun , Roy Basab , Ahn Kyo Han
Published: October 2011

Review: 140 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Amaryllidaceae and Sceletium Alkaloids
Authors: Jin Zhong
Published: October 2011

Review: 132 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Broensted Acidity and the Medium: Fundamentals with a Focus on Ionic Liquids
Authors: Mihichuk Lynn M. , Driver Gordon W. , Johnson Keith E.
Published: October 2011

Review: 155 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Inhibition of 2‐Oxoglutarate Dependent Oxygenases
Authors: Rose Nathan R. , McDonough Michael A. , King Oliver N. F. , Kawamura Akane , Schofield Christopher J.
Published: October 2011

Review: 295 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Plant Volatiles: Production, Function and Pharmacology
Authors: Maffei Massimo E. , Gertsch Juerg , Appendino Giovanni
Published: October 2011

Review: 296 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Hazards Associated with Treatment of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Authors: Tsydenova Oyuna , Bengtsson Magnus
Published: October 2011

Review: 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Incorporation of Chemical Functionalities in the Framework of Mesoporous Silica
Authors: Linares Noemi , Serrano Elena , Rico Marisa , Balu Alina Mariana , Losada Elia , Luque Rafael , Garcia‐Martinez Javier
Published: October 2011

Review: 99 refs.
Solar Thermal Power Plants – Key Elements for the DESERTEC Vision
Authors: Pitz‐Paal Robert , Lüpfert Eckhard
Published: October 2011

Große, präzise gebogene Spiegelflächen und enorme Wärmespeichertanks sind die auffälligsten Komponenten eines Kraftwerkstyps, der sich gerade in den Wüstenregionen der Welt in rasant ausbreitet. Um die entstehenden hohen Temperaturen zum Kraftwerksbetrieb zu nutzen, wird eine passend dimensionierte Anlage für Übertragung, Transport, Speicherung und effiziente Nutzung der Wärme benötigt. Das Ergebnis ist ein Kraftwerk, dessen Kraftstoff die Sonne liefert. 200 bis 250 L Öl entsprechen dem jährlichen Erntepotenzial auf jedem Quadratmeter Wüste und durch Wärmespeicherung und Wettervorhersagen ist die Stromeinspeisung solarthermischer Kraftwerke gut planbar. Sinkende Investitionskosten und große Wertschöpfungsanteile am Standort der Anlage sind die Basis für gesellschaftliche Akzeptanz und ökonomische Attraktivität.
Geothermal Electricity Generation in Germany
Authors: Eggeling Lena , Kölbel Thomas , Schlagermann Pascal , Münch Wolfram
Published: October 2011

Der Geothermie als CO2‐freier und heimischer Energiequelle kommt aufgrund ihrer hohen Verfügbarkeit im künftigen Energiemix eine besondere Rolle zu. Allein Deutschland verfügt mit seinen drei Geothermieregionen – Norddeutsches Becken, Oberrheingraben und Bayrisches Molassebecken – über ein geothermisches Gesamtpotenzial von etwa 33,3 · 104 TWh. Dass sich die Technologie bereits in der Praxis bewährt hat, zeigen nicht zuletzt die bestehenden Geothermiekraftwerke. Aus der bisherigen Entwicklung geht zudem hervor, dass die heutigen Gestehungskosten künftig weiter reduziert werden können. Eine wirtschaftliche Nutzung der Erdwärme zur Stromerzeugung ist unter den Maßgaben des Erneuerbaren Energien Gesetzes auch in Niederenthalpie‐Gebieten wie Deutschland absehbar.
The Role of Naturally Occurring River Biofilms on the Degradation Kinetics of Diazinon
Authors: Tien Chien‐Jung , Chuang Tzu‐Liang , Chen Colin S.
Published: October 2011

River biofilms are dominant riverine biota with diverse microorganisms. They have been found to contribute greatly to river self‐purification for removal of nutrients and organic matter. This study intended to investigate the ability of naturally occurring river biofilms with changing seasons for the removal of the organophosphorus pesticide diazinon. Natural river biofilms from spring showed higher ability to remove diazinon (99.9% removal) than those from winter (77%) with light exposure. In contrast to control sets without biofilms under irradiation, 27% of diazinon removal in spring and 22% in winter may result from microbial activity within biofilms. Removal of diazinon by river biofilms could be attributed mostly to degradation due to low sorption capacity of biofilms. Spring biofilms had higher dissipation rates (0.265 and 0.486 d−1 for biofilms with different growth periods) than winter ones (0.099 and 0.119 d−1) according to first order model. Higher ability of diazinon removal by spring biofilms may be explained by their higher bacterial and algal biomass comparing to winter biofilms. Naturally occurring river biofilms played a significant role in degradation of diazinon, particularly for those grown in spring. Their potential for use in the treatment of diazinon‐contaminated water has been demonstrated.
A CMOS multichannel electrical stimulation prototype system
Authors: Gong Cihun‐Siyong Alex , Yao Kai‐Wen , Shiue Muh‐Tian
Published: October 2011

We developed an inductively powered integrated electronic prosthesis, allowing for the trade‐offs among implant functionality, circuit complexity, power consumption, hardware cost, and integrity of data recovery, for a multichannel microstimulation circuitry. The proposed prosthesis features energy efficiency and is capable of up to 40 scan/s with 240 stimulus channels in mode I and three times resolution at the same scan rate in mode II under a carrier frequency of 2 MHz. In order to satisfy future upgrade demands, the prototype has been constructed with a 16‐channel‐based stimulation scheme so that the spatial resolution of the design can be extended toward various experimental purposes. The circuit techniques used in the system are detailed. Results from fabricated chips using a 0.18‐µm CMOS process are given as proof of concept. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel screen‐printed electrode for the determination of dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide in water samples
Authors: Mohamed Gehad G. , Ali Tamer Awad , El‐Shahat M. F. , Migahed M. A. , Al‐Sabagh A. M.
Published: October 2011

The construction and electrochemical response characteristics of a screen‐printed electrode (SPE) for the determination of dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) are described. The sensor was based on the use of DTA‐tetraphenylborate ion association complex as an electroactive material in screen‐printed electrode with dioctylsebacate (DOS) as a solvent mediator. In aqueous solution of pH 3, the sensor displayed a stable response for six months with reproducible potential and linear response for surfactant over the concentration range 1.20 × 10−2−5.6 × 10−7 mol L−1 at 25 °C with Nernstian slope of 55.95 ± 0.58 mV decade−1 for detection limit of 6.8 x 10−6 mol L−1. The response time was 6–10 s. The selectivity coefficients indicate excellent selectivity for DTAB over many common cations (e.g. Mg2+, Na+, K+, Co2+, Ni2+ , Ca2+, Cl−, I−, SO4−2 and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). The sensor was used successfully for the determining of DTAB in pure form and water samples with average recoveries of 99.98, 98.78, and 99.99%. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Concise Stereoselective Synthesis of the Tetracyclic Naphthoquinone (–)‐Isagarin
Authors: Fernandes Rodney A. , Ingle Arun B.
Published: October 2011

A concise stereoselective synthesis of the tetracyclic naphthoquinone natural product (–)‐isagarin has been completed in seven steps from known alkyne 5 (obtained from D‐mannitol) by using Dötz benzannulation and intramolecular stereospecific dioxabicyclic ketal formation as key steps.