bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pseudomonas glathei sp. nov., a new nitrogen‐scavenging rod isolated from acid lateritic relicts in Germany
Authors: Zolg W. , Ottow J. C. G.
Published: July 2010

Ein neues, acidotolerantes, gram‐negatives Stäbchen, charakterisiert durch eine polare, bis zu 12 μm lange Geißel, wurde aus lateritischen Relikten unweit von Gießen isoliert. Die physiologischen Eigenschaften, die Unempfindlichkeit gegenüber Antibiotica sowie das GC% (DNS) bestätigen den Organismus als eine neue Art der Gattung Pseudomonas. Die Isolate bilden eine homogene Gruppe von prototrophen, Oxidase und Katalase bildenden Stäbchen mit obligataerobem Stoffwechsel und ENTNER‐DOUDOROFF‐Abbauweg. Stickstoffbindung wird durch starkes Wachstum auf “N‐freiem” Glucose‐Agar simuliert; Acetylen wird jedoch nicht signifikant reduziert. Die meisten organischen Säuren (darunter Oxalat), sämtliche geprüfte Aldosen, Hexosen, Desoxyzucker, Zuckeralkohole sowie Gluconat, 2‐ und 5‐Ketogluconat werden als einzige C‐Quelle verwertet. Alkohole, ausgenommen 2,3‐Butandiol, werden nicht angegriffen. Di‐, Tri‐ und Polysaccharide, mit Ausnahme von Lactose, Melezitose und Melibiose, werden nicht verwertet. Der neue Organismus unterscheidet sich in mehreren Merkmalen von den Denitrifikanten der P. stutzeri‐mendocina Gruppe. Der Name Pseudomonas glathei sp. nov. wird vorgeschlagen.
Wirkungsmechanismus von Terrazol
Authors: Lyr H. , Laussmann B. , Casperson G.
Published: July 2010

Higher concentrations of terrazol inhibit the growth of a large number of fungi, but oomycetes are most sensitive. At medium concentrations (ED50 = 10 ppm) in Mucor mucedo several alterations of ultrastructure are recognizable even after short incubation periods. Significant observations are vacuolization of the mitochondrial cristae, invagination of the cytoplasmic membrane, and thickening of the cell wall. Later on, numerous vacuoles in the cytoplasm are visible. Primary effects on the cell membrane (destructive effect), on O2‐consumption, on fermentation, or on nucleic acid synthesis could not be demonstrated. Lipid synthesis under the influence of terrazol showed characteristic changes. The synthesis of triglycerides and sterolesters was inhibited while the synthesis of free fatty acids and phospholipids was stimulated. Addition of lipids, vitamines, amino acids, or nucleic acids did not counteract the effect of terrazol. Further investigations are necessary to elucidate the primary mechanism of action.
Characterization of a stable spheroplast type L‐form of Proteus mirabilis D 52 as cell envelope mutant. I. Isolation, growth characteristics, biochemical activities, and sensitivity to bacteriophages
Authors: Gumpert J. , Taubeneck U.
Published: July 2010

A stable spheroplast type L‐form could be isolated by transferring 627 single colonies and 195 agar blocks with several colonies of unstable L‐forms of Proteus mirabilis D 52 on agar media without supplements of penicillin. The L‐form grows well on complex and synthetic agar media, however, it failed to grow in any of the liquid media which have been proved. With one exception (formation of acid from maltose) the L‐form shows the same biochemical activities like the parent rod‐shaped bacterium. However, the insensitivity for various phages and the failure of DAP in the envelopes demonstrate that there are profound alterations in the biosynthesis and structure of the murein and of the outer wall layers. The results of these investigations and an ultrastructural analysis (GUMPERT and TAUBENECK 1975) show that the stable spheroplast type L‐form LD 52B of Proteus mirabilis must be considered as a true cell envelope mutant.
Mode of growth and division of Salmonella typhimurium
Authors: Shannon K. P. , Rowbury R. J.
Published: July 2010

A temperature‐sensitive strain (HD 20) of Salmonella typhimurium is described. At restrictive temperature this strain shows an envelope alteration and a defect in division associated with an increase in cell diameter. On a shift to 42 °C there is residual division for ca. 30 min and then no further increase in cell number. In minimal medium (MM) at 42 °C cell diameter remains unchanged for about one mass doubling and then increases. From measurements of cell elongation, it is concluded that such increases in diameter occur because cell volume increases exponentially at 42 °C but increases in the rate of elongation occur for only a short period and then elongation rate becomes constant. This conclusion is supported by the observation that HD 20 cells show no increase in diameter at 42 °C when cultured in media supplemented with sucrose and Mg++; normal increases in elongation rate occur in such media. A model which fits the experimental data has been constructed. This model has two main features namely (1) the elongation of individual cells is linear with the rate of elongation doubling close to division and (2) such doublings in elongation rate are linked to division such that division cannot occur if elongation rate has not doubled shortly before. In the mutant it is proposed that only a few doublings in elongation rate occur at 42 °C and these are responsible for the residual division. The model fits the data for cultures shifted to 42 °C in MM or in yeast extract casamino acids MM (YE Cas MM) and for cultures shifted to 42 °C and shifted up from MM to YE Cas MM. The observations on these medium shifted cultures suggest that the activity of growth zones responsible for elongation is medium dependent.
Proteinkristalle und Tubuli‐Bündel in Hefezellen. II. Isolierung, biochemische und elektronenmikroskopische Charakterisierung
Authors: Künkel W. , Müller H. , May R.
Published: July 2010

A purified fraction of crystals stabilized with Cd2+ is prepared from Saccharomyces carlsbergensis protoplasts by means of differential centrifugation. As proved by negative staining the crystals are hexagonal with well preserved surface which in its turn also reveals a hexagonal fine structure.

Crystals are digestible by pronase (1 mg/ml) in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). The molecular weight of protein subunits is 38000 ± 300 D. Amino acid composition of the crude crystal protein is similar to that of microtubular protein (MTP) from brain and sperm, except that lysin content is much higher. The crystal protein exhibits more differences, however, after purification by preparative gel electrophoresis. The level of glycine, alanine, and valine is increased, whereas that of glutamic acid is decreased.
Leukaemomycin, an antibiotic with antitumor activity. II. Isolation and identification
Authors: Strauss D. , Fleck W.
Published: July 2010

A Streptomyces strain belonging to Streptomyces griseus (KRAINSKY) WAKSMAN et Henrici 1948 sensu HÜTTER (1967) was found to produce the red‐pigment antibiotic leukaemomycin. The antitumor active antibiotic was isolated from the culture broth and purified by ion‐exchange processes. The crude base of leukaemomycin mainly consists of 4 components with biological activity. The base‐complex was separated by counter‐current distribution into the biological active leukaemomycins B1, B2, C, and D. The single components of leukaemomycin were compared with the anthracycline antibiotics daunomycin, dihydrodaunomycin, and adriamycin. The analytical procedures allowed to state the identity of leukaemomycin B1 with rubomycin B, leukaemomycin C with daunomycin, leukaemomycin D with dihydrodaunomycin and allowed to suggest the identity of leukaemomycin B2 with daunosaminyldaunomycin. Formulas and physicochemical data are given. Bio‐assay methods are described to determine leukaemomycin B‐complex beside leukaemomycin C.
Virusartige Partikeln in Hefeprotoplasten. I. Elektronenmikroskopischer Nachweis
Authors: Weber H. , Lindner R. , Franzl E.
Published: July 2010

In ultrathin sections and negatively stained isolates from protoplasts of a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae showing abnormal morphology and degeneration phenomena the presence of virus‐like particles within the cells could be demonstrated. The isometric particles have diameters of about 50 nm, the electron dense centre is surrounded by distinct envelope. Protoplasts containing up to 30000 particles could be found. It could be demonstrated that there exists a correlation between the amount of particles and the degree of degeneration of the cellular substructure. Protoplasts with high titres of virus‐like particles obviously undergo lysis. Plaque formation on agar plates could not be seen. It is concluded that the phenomena observed can be compared with cytopathological effects caused by viruses in other cell systems.
Ökologie von Thiobacillus neapolitanus und seine mögliche Mitwirkung im Leaching‐Prozeß
Authors: Goroll D.
Published: July 2010

Neue Selektivmedien für Thiobacillus neapolitanus und T. thioparus sowie Verfahren zur Sulfid‐und rH‐Wert‐Bestimmung werden beschrieben.

Ein Verbreitungsmuster des autotrophen T. neapolitanus wird erstellt und seine mögliche Mitwirkung im Leaching‐Prozeß diskutiert.
Characterization of a stable spheroplast type L‐form of Proteus mirabilis D 52 as cell envelope mutant II. Electronmicroscopic investigations
Authors: Gumpert J. , Taubeneck U.
Published: July 2010

The ultrastructural analysis of a stable spheroplast type L‐form of Proteus mirabilis D 52 revealed characteristic alterations in the organization of the cell envelope including defective changes in the cell envelope structure as for instance the loss of a coherent murein layer, the loss of some components in the outer cell wall layer, the formation of small membraneous vesicles at the tips of loose extensions of the cell wall, a decrease in associations and bindings between wall and membrane, an extension of the periplasmic space, an increase in membrane defects, as well as a disturbed cell division causing unusual modes of multiplication and the formation of various intracellular structures like membrane complexes, characteristic sheet‐like membraneous bodies, typical inclusion bodies, and defective phage structures, which all could not be observed in normal rod‐shaped cells.

The results of these investigations and of those given in a previous paper (GUMPERT and TAUBENECK 1975) show, that the stable spheroplast type L‐form LD 52 B must be considered as a true cell envelope mutant in which the biosynthesis and structure of the cell envelope is altered genetically by one or several mutations whereas the main biochemical activities are the same like those of the parent bacterium. The profound alterations in the cell envelope system, however, lead to some changes in the whole cell organization, which apparently in turn cause disorders even in metabolic and biosynthetic processes not directly involved in the biosynthesis of the cell envelope.
Proteinkristalle und Tubuli‐Bündel in Hefezellen V. Anreicherung der Kristall‐ und Tubuliproteine bei O2‐Limitation und Anaerobiose
Authors: May R. , Jacob H.‐E. , Müller H. , Meyer H. W.
Published: July 2010

Cells of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis contain proteins assembling to crystals and bundles of tubules (tb) in the cyto‐ and karyoplasm by osmotic shock with hypertonic solutions. The cellular concentration of these proteins is regulated by oxygen pressure during growth. In cells grown at optimal aeration the protein level is low and crystals and tb cannot be induced. After a short period of O2‐limitation or anerobic growth conditions the protein concentration increases and induction of crystals and tb is possible.
Inhibition of acetate and propionate formation upon aeration of resting cells of the anaerobic Propionibacterium shermanii: Evidence on the PASTEUR reaction
Authors: Schwartz A. C. , Mertens Barbara , Voss K. W. , Hahn H.
Published: July 2010

When resting cell suspensions of the anaerobic P. shermanii were brought to an oxygen concentration of 0.64 μmoles/ml, acid formation was completely inhibited. The cells started to respire on the propionic acid previously accumulated during anaerobiosis. Glucose consumption was concomitantly decreased to about 60 percent of the rate obtained during anaerobiosis. As the viability of the cells was not affected by the transition to aerobic conditions, the changes observed upon aeration were ascribed to the regulatory properties of the Pasteur reaction. Damage inflicted by oxygen was encountered in the rapid inactivation of propionate respiration. This damage outlived the time of oxygenation, and was manifested during the subsequent anaerobiosis in the decreased activity to form propionate. This indicates that oxygen may inactivate one (or more) enzyme(s) involved in the metabolism of propionate. The viability of cells in buffer, and glucose‐containing buffer, was found to be only insignificantly decreased by oxygen in the range from 0 to 500 μmoles of oxygen per g of wet cells.
Manganoxydierende Bakterien II. Erste Untersuchungen an Reinkulturen der Pseudomonas manganoxidans‐Gruppe
Authors: Schweisfurth R.
Published: July 2010

Manganoxydierende Bakterien der Pseudomonas manganoxidans‐Gruppe wurden weiter untersucht. Die Bedingungen der Manganoxydation in Abhängigkeit von pH, Eh, Licht. O2‐Konzentration, von Mn(II)‐Verbindungen und ‐Konzentrationen, von P‐Verbindungen und organischen C + N‐Quellen wurden ermittelt.
Endprodukte der Glucose‐Fermentation von Pasteurella multocida und P. haemolytica
Authors: Flossmann K.‐D. , Feist H. , Erler W.
Published: July 2010

Die Hauptprodukte der Glucose‐Fermentation von Pasteurella multocida‐ und P. haemolytica‐Stämmen sind Ameisensäure, Essigsäure und Äthanol, die über Brenztraubensäure gebildet werden. Damit ähnelt der Fermentationstyp dieser Spezies der „Gemischte ‐Säuren‐Fermentation”︁ anderer fakultativer Bakterien.
Proteinkristalle und Tubuli‐Bündel in Hefezellen IV. Biochemische und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen zur Induktion von Kristallen aus Alkoholdehydrogenase (ADH)
Authors: Künkel W.
Published: July 2010

Cells of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis H 60 synthesize alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) in media containing 2% lactat, 1% ethanol or 0.1% glucose. Crystals may be induced in protoplasts of these cells. Increase of glucose concentration in the medium results in diminished ADH synthesis and decreased tendency for crystal formation. Repression of ADH synthesis by glucose results in the formation of a protein (MG 110000 D), the significance of which is discussed.

Early stages of crystal formation inside the cell are demonstrated electronmicroscopically. At first dense material accumulates between opposite membranes of neighbouring mitochondria. Within mitochondria frequently membrane bundles occur in close vicinity to crystals. These ADH‐crystals arise from this material.
Salt stimulated respiration of Chlorella fusca
Authors: Löppert H. G.
Published: July 2010

ATP contents have been measured before and after addition of KCl (5 mm final concentration) to suspensions of Chlorella in distilled water under different conditions of energy supply. The levels decreased immediately after salt addition and returned to the original values under conditions both of oxidative phosphorylation and of cyclic photophosphorylation, but not under conditions of fermentation. It appears that this decrease in the ATP level is the cause for salt stimulated respiration (S.S.R.)

Furthermore, it is shown that cycloheximide and EDTA, which interact with Rb+ uptake (active and ATP‐driven) at low salt concentration, also reduce S.S.R. From this parallelism it is concluded that the ATPase involved in Rb+ uptake at low salt concentration is also responsible for S.S.R at high salt concentration. As S.S.R. provides far more energy than is required for the small influx of ions it is suggested that the ATPase is decoupled by the salt from ion transport.
Wechselwirkungen zwischen Aminoacyl‐tRNS Synthetasen (AAS) und Zellteilung bei einer temperatursensitiven filamentösen Mutante von Bacillus subtilis SB 19. I. Charakterisierung der AAS
Authors: Süss J. , Mach Hiltraut , Mach F.
Published: July 2010

Die normale Zellteilung der Mutante ts 33‐6 von Bacillus subtilis SB 19 bei 30 °C und das filamentöse Wachstum bei 46 °C werden von charakteristischen Aktivitätsunterschieden der Aminoacyl‐tRNS Synthetasen (AAS) begleitet. Diese in früheren Arbeiten vorgestellten allgemeinen Wechselbeziehungen zwischen dem Teilungsverhalten und der Aktivität der AAS werden näher charakterisiert.

Bei Nachweis von 20 spezifischen AAS konnten in den AAS‐Mustern des Wildstammes SB 19 und der Mutante ts 33‐6 keine gravierenden Unterschiede festgestellt werden. Die AAS der Mutante ts 33‐6 sind bei höheren Temperaturen instabiler als die des Wildstammes SB 19. Die maximale AAS‐Aktivität einer Kultur der Mutante ts 33‐6 unter permissiven Bedingungen wird im ersten Drittel der exponentiellen Phase des Wachstums erreicht.

Die Substrate der ATP‐32(PP)i‐Austauschreaktion schützen die AAS der Mutante ts 33‐6 (30 °C) vor der thermischen Inaktivierung. Bei Gelfiltration an Sephadex G‐200 unterscheiden sich die Elutionsmuster der AAS vom Wildstamm SB 19 und der Mutante ts 33‐6, besonders der Cysteinyl‐tRNS Synthetase, wesentlich. Das Molekulargewicht der Cysteinyl‐tRNS Synthetase der Mutante ts 33‐6 (45000 Dalton) läßt das Vorliegen von Enzymuntereinheiten vermuten.

Eine zusätzlich erreichte Stimulation der Austauschreaktion durch Präinkubation von Enzymrohextrakten der Mutante ts 33‐6 wird charakterisiert und läßt weitere Rückschlüsse auf die Untereinheitenstruktur der AAS zu. Diese Stimulation der Austauschreaktion durch Präinkubation kann in gereinigten Enzymextrakten der Mutante ts 33‐6 nur noch geringfügig nachgewiesen werden.
Antibiotic NRC‐501, a new antibiotic produced by a Streptomyces spec.
Authors: Abou‐Zeid A. A. , El‐Hamid M. M. Abd , Shehata Y. M.
Published: July 2010

A new antibiotic NRC‐501 was ioslated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces spec. NRC‐501. Physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the antibiotic were studied.
Properties of proteolytic enzymes isolated from a thermophilic strain of Micromonospora vulgaris 42
Authors: Nesterova N. G. , Khokhlova Yu. M. , Loginova L. G. , Tsaplina I. A.
Published: July 2010

Two proteolytic enzymes, protease A and protease B, were isolated in homogeneous state from the cultural broth of the thermophilic actinomycete Micromonospora vulgaris 42. Their physicochemical properties were studied, i. e., molecular weight (50 000 for protease A and 30 000 for protease B), amino acid composition, N‐terminal amino acids (phenylalanine for protease A and alanine for protease B). The specificity of the action of these enzymes was assayed by splitting the B chain of oxidized insulin. Both enzymes are neutral proteases of the thermolysine type.
Histone‐like protein fractions of Kluyveromyces fragilis and their relation to the cell cycle
Authors: Penman C. S. , Duffus J. H.
Published: July 2010

Protein fractions were obtained from Kluyveromyces fragilis by pH titration, a technique used for histone extraction, following the inclusion of a distilled water extraction stage, and the fractions partially characterized. The inclusion of a distilled water step resulted in a tenfold purification of the fraction obtained at pH 2.20 as compared with pH titration alone. In synchronous cultures induced with 2′‐deoxyadenosine or prepared by selection this fraction displayed a stepwise accumulation, and doubled in quantity at a point about one third of a cycle after cell division. The fraction obtained at pH 1.35 resembled calf thymus f2a2 histone in its extraction properties and amino acid composition, and also showed a possible stepwise accumulation. Other fractions appear to accumulate exponentially.
Stoichiometry of methane oxidation in the methane‐oxidizing strain M 102 under the influence of various CH4/O2 mixtures
Authors: Naguib M.
Published: July 2010

In laboratory‐scale experiments with growing cells of the obligate methane‐oxidizing strain M 102, an overall molar gas turnover ratio of the order given below could be postulated:

Expectations that the optimal gas mixture of methane and oxygen should lie within the range of this stoichiometric consumption ratio have been verified in fermenter 5 1 batch culture experiments. The optimal range of methane/oxygen mixture, found under the experimental conditions described, is based on the estimated growth parameters as generation and doubling times, yield coefficients related to methane and oxygen, and the efficiency of methane metabolism as indicated in the absolute amounts of CH4, O2, and CO2 turned over.

The mentioned stoichiometric relation of 1 CH4: 1–1.2 O2 did not change with varying the composition, i.e. the partial pressures of CH4 and O2 introduced as a mixture to the cells. The efficiency of methane oxidation was obviously influenced and decreased markedly when deviating from the broad optimal range of CH4/O2 mixtures.

With non‐growing cells, on the other hand, the stoichiometric relation showed a considerable shift (1:1.4–1.8 CH4:O2) with a clear tendency towards more O2 consumption.

The oxidation potential of growing cells, seems then to have a linear interdependence to the substrate concentrations, i.e. partial pressures.
Chemische Zusammensetzung des Kapselmaterials von Staphylococcus aureus Stamm 1193/74
Authors: Seltmann G. , Beer W.
Published: July 2010

The capsule material of Staphylococcus aureus strain 1193/74 could be separated by precipitation with trichloroacetic acid and ethanol as well as by chromatography on DEAE‐cellulose into 13 fractions. All fractions contained saccharides and uronic acids as well as amino acids and appeared in their qualitative composition rather similar. However, in quantitative composition and in chromatographic behaviour a rather high degree of heterogeneity could be observed. No clear cut separation of protein and polysaccharide material could be achieved in any fraction. It is supposed, therefore, that the capsule material does not represent merely an acidic polysaccharide, but contains certain amounts of amino acids or peptides varying in a rather wide range.
Bistabilität der Pyruvatproduktion von Escherichia coli ML 30 in kontinuierlicher Kultur
Authors: Bergter F. , Roth M.
Published: July 2010

The pyruvate production of E. coli ML 30 in continuous cultures was investigated. In a glucose mineralsalt medium with ammonium as the limiting substrate two stable stationary states (bistability) of pyruvate concentration were obtained. The bistability was limited to dilution rates lower than 0.3 h−1 and connected with a decrease of the yield coefficient (YGlc) from ≈︁0.45 to ≈︁0.1.
Physiologie und Biochemie der Streptomyceten VIII. Esteraseaktivität und Turimycin‐Bildung in Kulturen vonStreptomyces hygroscopicusJA 6599
Authors: Reuter G. , Hüttner B.
Published: July 2010

Esterase in cell‐free extracts ofStreptomyces hygroscopicusJA 6599 has a temperature‐optimum of 35 °C, a pH‐optimum withp‐nitrophenylacetate as substrate at pH 7.7–8.1, with α‐naphthylacetate at pH 7–9. MICHAELIS constants in cell‐free extracts: with α‐naphthylacetateKm= = 0.71 mM, withp‐nitrophenylacetateKm= 0.21 mM. Phenylesters were better hydrolyzed than naphthylesters, phenylacetate was best hydrolyzed; β‐naphthylacetate was better hydrolyzed than α‐naphthylacetate. Among the naphthylesters the ester of propionic acid was hydrolyzed best. Caprylate, stearate, and 0,0‐diethyl‐0‐(‐p‐nitrophenyl)‐phosphate inhibit the splitting of α‐naphthylacetate. A comparison with esterases of other biological origin shows that the enzyme studied can be a carboxylesterase (E.C. 3.1.1.1.). In cultures of JA 6599 V13and JA 6599‐6 the change of esterase activity during the fermentation was determined. We found a correlation between the enzymatic activity and the antibiotic‐concentration in the culture medium.
Antiviral activity of certain hetarylhydrazones in Mengo virus infected mice
Authors: Veckenstedt Anneliese , Ulbricht H.
Published: July 2010

Out of a series of eleven related hetarylhydrazones four derivatives (ZIMET 124/73, ZIMET 38/74, ZIMET 44/69, and IMET 98/69), after subcutaneous administration (0.5 mmole/kg per injection), were found to possess significant antiviral activity against rapidly progressing and highly lethal Mengo virus encephalitis in mice. After peroral administration (2 mmole/kg per injection) only with IMET 98/69 significant protection was achieved. Drug treatments were given twice daily for 5 days. The effectiveness of compounds was evidenced by significant „rates of protection”︁. Possible relationships between the antiviral activity and the structure of compounds are discussed.
Low temperature inhibition on binding, transport, and incorporation of leucine, arginine, methionine, and histidine in Escherichia coli
Authors: Goodrich T. D. , Morita R. Y.
Published: July 2010

A multiple amino acid auxotroph and a wild type of Escherichia coli K12 were used to study the effects of near minimum growth temperatures on the binding, transport, and cellular incorporation of selected amino acids. Both strains of the bacterium showed the same minimum growth temperature (8°C) when previously grown at 15°C. At 8°C and above, the auxotroph exhibited an overall greater ability to bind and transport amino acids than did the wild type. Below the minimum growth temperature, transport and cellular incorporation including respiration (uptake) were significantly lower for either organism. The NEU and HEPPEL osmotic shock treatment indicated the removal of the specific histidine‐binding protein and the ability to bind histidine was not recovered by further incubation below 8°C. At 8°C and above, the cells recovered their ability to bind histidine within one hour. The evidence presented indicates a direct relationship between the auxotroph's minimum growth temperature and its ability to bind amino acids, specifically methionine.
Bistabilität in der Aktivität der Glutaminsynthetase bei ammoniumlimitierten Chemostatenkulturen von Escherichia coli ML 30
Authors: Müller P. J. , Ivanova I. I. , Bergter F.
Published: July 2010

The approximative estimation of the function μ([NH+4]) in cultures of E. coli ML 30 had shown that bistability of the ammonium concentration in ammonium limited continuous cultures could be possible (BERGTER et al. 1977). This phenomenon suggested a bistability in the regulation of ammonia assimilation. Therefore, the activity of one key enzyme of the two ammonia assimilation systems was measured. The distribution of the activity of glutamine synthetase in ammonia limited continuous cultures after different transition states confirmed this suggestion.
Rhodosporidium BANNO: Inaktivierende Wirksamkeit von ultraviolettem Licht und N‐Methyl‐N′‐nitro‐N‐nitrosoguanidin in der Hefephase
Authors: Böttcher F. , Samsonova I. A.
Published: July 2010

The inactivation of stationary phase cells by ultraviolet light (UV) and N‐methyl‐N′‐nitro‐N‐nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) was examined in eight wild strains of Rhodotorula, six of which are the sporidial yeast phase of Rhodosporidium, a basidiomycetous fungus. It thas been found that (1) the UV‐resistance of Rhodosporidium and Rhodotorula yeasts is higher and the MNNG‐resistance lower than the resistance of Candida and Hansenula yeasts, (2) the shape of the survival curves is sigmoid in the case of UV and two‐phase exponential in the case of MNNG, (3) the mutagen sensitivities but not the inactivation kinetics of the strains are different, (4) the UV‐ and MNNG‐ sensitivities for each of the strains are correlated, (5) the relatively high resistance to UV cannot be due to the carotenoid pigments of the cells, (6) mutations to UV‐sensitivity can be induced with a high rate, (7) the sigmoidal character of the UV survival curves were reduced or transformed to an exponential shape by the UVS‐mutations.
Isolierung und Charakterisierung der Zellgrenzschichten von Acinetobacter calcoaceticus
Authors: Aurich H. , Sorger H. , Müller H.
Published: July 2010

Nach mechanischem Aufschluß mit einem Vibrator lassen sich die Zellgrenzschichten (Plasmamembran + Zellwand) von Acinetobacter calcoaceticus nach einem Schema fraktionierter Zentrifugationen isolieren und reinigen. Die zur Kultivierung benutzte C‐Quelle (n‐Alkane, Succinat, Acetat) beeinflußt weder die Ausbeute an gewonnenen reinen Zellgrenzschichten noch deren elektronenmikroskopisch erkennbare Struktur

An chemischen Bestandteilen bestimmten wir nach Wachstum auf n‐Alkanen die Proteine zu 54%, die Lipide zu 29%, die Kohlenhydrate (einschließlich der Aminozucker) zu 10% und Phosphat zu 5%; Cholesterin konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden. Succinatoxydase‐ und NADH‐Oxydase‐Aktivität fanden sich in allen Präparationen unabhängig von der C‐Quelle, die NADP+‐abhängige Aldehyddehydrogenase nur nach Wachstum auf n‐Alkanen.
Lysis of intact yeast cells and isolated cell walls by an inducible enzyme system of Arthrobacter GJM‐1
Authors: Vršanská M. , Krátký Z. , Biely P.
Published: July 2010

Bacterium Arthrobacter GJM‐1 known in the literature as a good producer of α‐mannanase was found to accumulate in the culture fluid lytic activities against viable yeast cells during growth on isolated cell walls or β‐glucan fractions of yeast. The accumulation of the lytic activities showed an inducible character. The lytic system produced in the medium containing baker's yeast cell walls was capable of complete solubilization of cell walls in vitro. The system lysed viable cells of a number of yeast species and induced their conversion to protoplasts in an osmotically stabilized medium. The lytic system showed different pH and temperature optima when viable cells or isolated cell walls were used as substrates. The pH optimum of the lysis of isolated cell walls was identical with pH optimum of β‐glucanase activities in the crude system. The results pointed out that in the lysis of intact cells, in addition to β‐glucanases, some other factor is involved. Substantial differences in the nature of the outer and the inner surface of cell walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were confirmed in this paper based on the different susceptibility to lysis of the cell walls in vivo and in vitro.
Anwendung polarographischer O2‐Messungen auf die Veratmung von n‐Alkanen und deren Derivaten durch Acinetobacter calcoaceticus
Authors: Asperger O. , Aurich H.
Published: July 2010

Mit Hilfe einer polarographischen O2‐Meßanordnung im geschlossenen System wurde die Fähigkeit von nicht‐wachsenden Zellen von Ac. calcoaceticus für die Veratmung von n‐Alkanen und deren Derivaten untersucht. Die Bakterien waren auf Hexadecan kultiviert, in der logarithmischen Phase geerntet und 2 Std. lang zur Substratverarmung in C‐freiem Medium inkubiert worden. Die initialen Atmungsraten mit n‐Alkanen als Substrat sinken vom Ende der log‐Phase an kontinuierlich ab. Mit steigender Tetradecan‐Konzentration folgen die Atmungsraten Sättigungskurven (bis etwa 2 · 10−5 M), bei weiterer Erhöhung gibt es es ein Minimum (bei etwa 10−4 M) und dann wieder einen erneuten Anstieg ohne erkennbare Sättigung. Bis zum Ende der Oxydation werden pro Mol Tetradecan etwa 10 Mol O2 verbraucht; das entspricht einer Oxydation über das Acetat hinaus, aber nicht bis zu Kohlendioxid/Wasser. Die Atmungsraten steigen bei gleichen molaren Konzentrationen mit der Kettenlänge der Alkane an, und zwar stärker als es dem erhöhtem O2‐Bedarf, der durch die Kettenverlängerung bedingt ist, entspricht. Es werden auch mittelkettige n‐Alkane (bis herunter zum Hexan) veratmet, obwohl diese nicht als C‐Quelle genutzt werden können. Derivate der n‐Alkane werden ebenfalls veratmet, nur l,ω‐Dibrom‐Alkane werden nicht umgesetzt. Für die Alkane sowie für die meisten der Derivate wird die Fähigkeit zur Oxydation durch Kultivierung auf n‐Alkanen erst induziert. Alkanole und Alkanone können in geringerem Umfange allerdings auch nach Wachstum auf Acetat veratmet werden. Die Oxydation der Alkansäuren ist konstitutiv.
Verwertung anorganischer Schwefelquellen durch Staphylococcus aureus‐Stämme
Authors: Seltmann G. , Voigt W.
Published: July 2010

Staphylococcus aureus strains of different host‐adapted variants (MEYER 1966) have been tested for their ability to use inorganic sulfur sources. All the 25 strains tested were able to utilize sodium sulfide as sulfur source in a medium similar to that described by KLOOS and PATTEE (1965). Using S. aureus strain 116/74 grown in a medium containing Na235S as the only sulfur source we studied incorporation and insertion of inorganic sulfide into sulfur containing amino acids. In disintegrated and fractionated cellular material we could find 35S labelled homocystine and methionine as major compounds, and cystine, cysteic acid, homocysteic acid, and ß‐sulphopyruvate as minor compounds. The occurrence of homocystine and the sulfonic acids in bacterial proteins is rather uncommon.
Isolierung und Charakterisierung von DNA‐Abbaumutanten bei Proteus mirabilis: Funktion der Endonuclease I im postmortalen DNA‐Abbau
Authors: Steinborn G. , Hofemeister J. , Böhme H.
Published: July 2010

DNase deficient mutants of Proteus mirabilis selected for reduced toluene induced DNA degradation were isolated. Their defect in DNA degradation was shown not only after treatment by toluene but also in crude extracts after cell disintegration by ultrasonic and in untreated starved cultures. The degradation mutants behave just as the wild type with respect to their in vivo functions proofed. The results indicate that the affected DNase does not have an essential function in vivo but acts in postmortem DNA degradation. Probably, the DNase in question concerns the endonuclease I of P. mirabilis described by GOEBEL and HELINSKI (1971 a, b).
Dissimilatory nitrate reduction in Clostridium tertium
Authors: Hasan M. , Hall J. B.
Published: July 2010

Fermentation balance studies were carried out on Clostridium tertium grown with and without nitrate in the medium. Nitrate reduction increased the efficiency of energy produced from glucose by permitting the utilization of additional sites of substrate level phosphorylation. The effect was even more dramatic in C. tertium than in C. perfringens, with increased cell yields of about 30% being observed in the former compared with 20% in the latter

Unlike C. perfringens, C. tertium responded to the presence of nitrate in the medium with an increased growth rate. A slight increase in the YATP of these cultures was also observed, and quantitatively, this appeared to be consistent with the prediction of STOUTHAMMER and BETTENHAUSSEN that YATP will vary with the growth rate

Thus, C. tertium, like C. perfringens, was able to use nitrate as an electron acceptor in conjunction with its energy metabolism, suggesting that this trait may be widespread among the nitrate‐reducing anaerobes.
A mathematical model of microbial growth including an intermediate I. Growth in batch cultures
Authors: Petrova T. A. , Guthke W. A. Knorre R. , Bergter F.
Published: July 2010

A mathematical model of microbial growth is presented and examined which, in contrast to the well‐known MONOD model, includes transitions from one cell „bottle‐neck”︁ to another. This is achieved by introducing an intermediate product in the model. Three variants of the model for different regulatory functions of the intermediate are considered. The results permit to describe a set of experimentally observable microbial growth curves. According to the model, the shape of the growth curves, the kinetics of substrate consumption and changes of intermediate concentration depend on culture prehistory and the nature of the intermediate regulatory function.
Ecology of Staphylococcus aureus: Characterization of strains from chicken
Authors: Witte W. , Hummel Ruth , Meyer W. , Exner H. , Wundrak Renate
Published: July 2010

The majority of S. aureus strains isolated from beak‐swabs and pathological processes in chicken shows coagulation of human plasma (not of bovine plasma), crystal violet‐type A, hemolysine‐type A, formation of fibrinolysin, not formation of DNase and reactions with the experimental phage A1591. Because of the absence of DNase‐formation and the reaction‐specificity for phage A1591 we propose to designate these strains as host‐specific variety gallinae of S. aureus. The strains from chicken are compared with strains of human, bovine, and ovine origin. An ecological study in a chicken farm has shown that S. aureus strains from chicken are not found in man and vice versa.
Wirksamkeit von Mureinpräparationen im Phagenhemmtest ‐ Einfluß von Ca++‐Ionen und EDTA
Authors: Beige U. , Seltmann G.
Published: July 2010

The inactivating efficacy for the typing phages 54, 83A, and 187 of the peptidoglycan of Staphylococcus aureus is decreased by increasing the Ca++‐content of the medium; the irreversible inhibition of phage 187 becomes reversible. The percentage of its inhibition is proportional to the Ca++‐content of the medium. Minute amounts of phage 187 bound irreversibly under Ca++‐deprivation can be loosened by addition of Ca++‐ions. Addition of EDTA up to the equivalence concentration of Ca++ present in the medium has no influence. Addition of EDTA up to the tenfold equivalence causes a significant increase of the inactivating efficacy of the peptidoglycan.
Dicarbonsäurebildung durch Candida guilliermondii, Stamm H 17, beim Abbau von n‐Tridecan in Batch‐Kultur
Authors: Krauel H. , Weide H.
Published: July 2010

Die Bildung von Glutar‐ und Pimelinsäure durch Candida guilliermondii, Stamm H 17, War beim Abbau von n‐Tridecan in Batch‐Kultur von der Kulturdauer, der Substratkonzentration und dem Sauerstoffeintrag bei Substratüberschuß abhängig. Wachstum und Produktbildung waren bei + 30 °C und pH 5,0 optimal. Auf der Basis eines kinetischen Modells nach LUEDEKING (1967) kann angenommen werden, daß die Dicarbonsäurebildung ein Nebenweg ist, der keine primäre Bedeutung für Energiegewinnung und Wachstum des Organismus hat.
Properties and kinetics of glucan phosphorylase of the amylose‐forming yeast Cryptococcus laurentii
Authors: Foda M. S. , Phaff H. J.
Published: July 2010

Cell extracts of Cryptococcus laurentii, a yeast which synthesizes amylose when grown at low pH, contained an α‐glucan phosphorylase (α‐1·4)‐glucan: orthophosphate glucosyl transferase (EC 2.4.1.1). The enzyme, which is very labile, showed greatest stability at pH 8.0 in the presence of 0.1 m β‐glycerophosphate and 0.1 m sodium fluoride. Based upon visible colour development with iodine a cell homogenate, centrifuged at 32,000 g to remove cell debris, synthesized starch‐like polymers upon incubation with glucose‐1‐phosphate in a pH range of 5.6‐6.1. Based upon incorporation of labelled glucose from glucose‐1‐phosphate the pH of maximum activity was 5.9‐6.2. The enzyme was partially purified by glycogen complexing, precipitation, and adsorption on hydroxylapatite followed by elution. The purified enzyme has a Km for glucose‐1‐phosphate of 1.6 × 10−2 m. Mutants impaired in their ability to synthesize amylose contained approximately one fourth of the phosphorylase activity as compared to the wild type. The possible role of the glucan phosphorylase in amylose biosynthesis is discussed.
Nachweis von α‐Mannosidase und β‐Glucosidase in einem für die Hefezellwand lytischen System von Streptomyces spec. 5s
Authors: Rademacher K. H. , Reuter G.
Published: July 2010

Streptomyces spec. 5s accumulates in the culture fluid lytic activities against living cells of Candida guilliermondii H. From the culture fluid a freeze‐dried dialyzed ammonium sulfate precipitate was prepared. Except β‐glucosidase‐activity it showed activity of α‐mannosidase which was characterized. Separation of both enzymes by chromatography on polyacrylamide gel was possible.
Isolation of a sulphate reductase‐less mutant of the blue‐green alga Nostoc muscorum
Authors: Singh S. P.
Published: July 2010

The wild type Nostoc muscorum (UW strain) has yielded various physiological mutants altered in utilization of sulphate, following mutagenic treatments with N‐methyl, N′‐nitro N‐nitrosoguanidine (NTG). One of the mutant strains designated as Sat‐20 failed to grow in a medium containing sulphate (MgSO4 · 7 H2O). However, the mutant strain could grow when supplemented with thiosulphate (Na2S2O3 · 5 H2O), while methionine could fulfil the sulphur requirement only partially. On comparative reasons, the wild type as well as the mutant showed preference for thiosulphate over other sulphur sources employed.
Glutamate metabolism in a monokaryon of Coprinus cinereus
Authors: Fawole M. O. , Talabi Iyabo
Published: July 2010

The possible involvement of the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase pathway in ammonia assimilation is reported in a monokaryon of Coprinus cinereus.
Microbial biodegradation of cellophane
Authors: Lamot E. , Voets J. P.
Published: July 2010

The microbial biodegradation of cellophane (U.C.B. ‐ Division Sidac) was studied. Preliminary experiments with pure cultures of seven cellulolytic microorganisms (Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Chaetomium crispatum, Ch. globosum, Sclerotium rolfsii and two actinomycetes) revealed that the substrate as such was very recalcitrant, probably due to the occurrence of insoluble coating agents.

Therefore, mixed cultures of the above mentioned cellulolytic microorganisms were used as inoculum.

The cellophane showed a slow microbial degradation which starts only after 37 days of incubation. This long lag‐phase is due to the unaltered presence of the coating agents. However, when the coating agents are extracted with tetrahydrofuran, the biodegradation starts after 10 days, resulting in a biodegradation rate of 85% after 52 days of incubation and a protein content of 30%.

The endproduct (30% protein, 60% soluble sugars, 10% residual substrate) will probably be useful as compost.
Some characteristics of p‐fluorophenylalanine‐resistant mutants of Penicillium cyclopium
Authors: Müller W. , Dunkel R. , Luckner M.
Published: July 2010

p‐Fphe‐resistant mutants of Penicillium cyclopium Westling were selected by the gradient method of SZYBALSKI. The strains grow well in the presence of 1 mg p‐Fphe/ml1) nutrient agar. However, sporulation decreases considerably after repeated subcultivation on this medium.

Drug resistance in the mutant strains seems to depend on reduced p‐Fphe incorporation into proteins. Radioactivity of 3H‐p‐Fphe added to cultures is incorporated into the proteins of the mutants at a lower rate compared with the wild type strain. Furthermore, in spite of the fact that also in the wild type strain part of the p‐Fphe is transformed into phe, the ratio of 3H‐p‐Fphe to 3H‐phe in the proteins after feeding of labelled p‐Fphe is lower in the mutant.

Addition of 100 μg/ml of p‐Fphe to the nutrient solution of the strain res‐p‐Fphe 11 does not influence hyphal growth but reduces alkaloid production and sporulation. Thus processes of cell specialization in P. cyclopium, as in other microorganisms, are more sensitive to the synthesis of abnormal proteins than processes of basic growth. Simultaneous feeding of p‐Fphe and tyr increases the p‐Fphe effects due to a stimulated uptake of the drug.

In the p‐Fphe‐resistant mutants the internal level of free phe exceeds that of the wild type strain. Also phe and a small amount of tyr is excreted into the nutrient solution. In spite of the fact that external phe added to the cultures under certain conditions increases alkaloid production in P. cyclopium, mutants and wild type strains produce the same alkaloid amount. This result is discussed with regard to the cellular compartmentation of phe.
Übertragung von F′‐Plasmiden aus Escherichia coli in Proteus mirabilis
Authors: Fleischhacker M. , Bóhme H.
Published: July 2010

The task of this work was the establishment of an effective transfer system for F′‐plasmids from Escherichia coli to Proteus mirabilis. It is shown that cells of PG VI act as recipients in crosses with E. coli F′ strains but with a low transfer rate of the plasmid. The presumption that a restriction – modification system in P. mirabilis was the only reason for the low transfer could not be confirmed.

An indirect selection method was developed to isolate P. mirabilis cells which are better recipients. Conjugation experiments showed that the isolated mutants had a better recipient capacity (increase of about 100). This is true not only for the transfer of a F′‐plasmid but also for a Rplamid. The stability of these plasmids in the mutant cells, however, was much lower than in the wild type.
Gewinnung und Charakterisierung von Proteasen aus Thermoactinomyces vulgaris III. Untersuchungen zur Proteasebildung in einer kleintechnischen Versuchsanlage
Authors: Leuchtenberger A. , Klingenberg P. , Ruttloff H.
Published: July 2010

Unter Einsatz von Thermoactinomyces vulgaris werden auf der Basis von im Labor durchgefürhrten Voruntersuchungen die Kulturbedingungen zur Gewinnung einer thermostabilen Protease in 30‐1‐WALDHOF‐Fermentoren optimiert. Im Verlaufe der Untersuchungen gelingt es, die proteolytische Aktivität von ca. 115 TE/ml (56 °C) auf ca. 850 TE/ml nach 22 Std. Kulturdauer zu steigern.

Die Reproduzierbarkeit der Enzymausbeute sowie die statistische Absicherung der Ergebnisse liegen vor. Ausbeuteverluste durch Schaumaustritt aus dem Fermentor können durch Einsatz von Rapsöl als Entschäumer von ca. 15% auf 5% reduziert werden. Von besonderer Bedeutung ist dabei die Beobachtung, daß Rapsöl eine stimulierende Wirkung auf die Proteasebildung ausübt. 0,25% Rapsöl ergeben eine Steigerung um 150%. Da auch Essigsäure eine aktivitätsfördernde Wirkung zeigt, wird angenommen, daß Fettsäuren für die Proteasebildung und ‐ausscheidung durch T. vulgaris von besonderer Bedeutung sind.
New species of the genus Actinomadura
Authors: Meyer Jutta
Published: July 2010

Several strains, which according to their cell wall type and morphology belong to the genus Actinomadura, differ markedly from already recognized species. They are considered to be new taxa: A. libanotica, A. ferruginea, and A. spiralis. Their descriptions and illustrations are presented.
Gewinnung und Charakterisierung von Proteasen aus Thermoactinomyces vulgaris IV. Extrazelluläres Proteasespektrum im Verlauf der Kultivierung
Authors: Täufel A. , Behnke U. , Ruttloff H.
Published: July 2010

An Thermoactinomyces vulgaris wird die Bildung und Ausscheidung von extrazellulären Proteasen im Verlauf der Kultivierung in qualitativer und quantitativer Hinsicht untersucht. Die nach verschiedenen Zeiten entnommenen Kulturfiltrate werden fraktioniert (Alkoholfällung, Chromatographie an Sephadex G‐75), wobei jeweils 3 proteolytisch aktive Komponenten nachgewiesen werden. Ihre Verteilung bzw. ihr Anteil an der Gesamtaktivität in den einzelnen Kultivierungsstadien weist deutliche Unterschiede auf.

Am Ende des logarithmischen Wachstums (7‐Std.‐Probe) wird folgende Verteilung ermittelt: Komponente I 67%, Komponente II 26%, Komponente III 7%. In der stationären Phase (22‐Std.‐Probe) ist die Verteilung wie folgt: Komponente I 33%, Komponente II64%, Komponente III 3%. Die elektrophoretische Auftrennung der 22‐Std.‐Probe an Polyacrylamidgel zeigt, daß insgesamt 5 proteolytische aktive Banden vorliegen, die sich unterschiedlich auf die Komponenten I, II und III verteilen. Die Temperatur‐ und pH‐Optima dieser Proteasen unterscheiden sich etwas und sind als thermophile, neutrale bis schwach alkalische Enzyme einzustufen. Die im Verlauf der Fermentation nachweisbare Dynamik, deren kausale Erklärung noch aussteht, unterstreicht die Notwendigkeit der Standardisierung der Kultivierungsbedingungen insbesondere industriell genutzter Mikroorganismen.
Wirkung von Tridemorph auf Torulopsis candida BERLESE
Authors: Bergmann H.
Published: July 2010

From the results of application of various inhibitors, or combinations of inhibitors to cell suspensions of the yeast Torulopsis candida and by determination of O2‐consumption and growth rates it is concluded, that a main site of action of tridemorph is localized in the pathway of the respiratory chain.

Tridemorph inhibits as well the respiration as the growth of T. candida depending on the concentration and the time of exposition. Tridemorph does not uncouple respiration but inhibits the uncoupled respiration to the same extent. Inhibition of respiration and growth by tridemorph is enhanced by suboptimal concentrations of antimycin A, oligomycin, rotenone, and 2,4‐dinitrophenole. That leads to the conclusion that these inhibitors essentially enlarge the permeability for tridemorph which can be more rapidly transported to the site of action.