bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nonfasting Lipids, Lipoproteins, and Apolipoproteins in Individuals with and without Diabetes: 58 434 Individuals from the Copenhagen General Population Study
Authors: Langsted Anne , Nordestgaard Børge G
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUND

Whether lipid profiles should be collected from fasting or nonfasting individuals is controversial, particularly in the diabetic population. We examined the influence of normal food intake on lipid profiles in diabetic and nondiabetic individuals.

METHODS

We assessed plasma concentrations of lipids, lipoproteins, apolipoproteins, and albumin as a function of time since the last meal in 58 434 individuals (participation rate 45%) from the general population, 2270 of whom had diabetes mellitus.

RESULTS

Similar patterns in the measured constituents were observed in the diabetic and nondiabetic populations. Triglycerides remained increased for 6–7 h in both populations after the last meal, whereas LDL cholesterol and albumin but not apolipoprotein B were reduced in both populations up to 5 h after normal food intake; after adjustment for hemodilution on the basis of albumin concentrations, the LDL cholesterol reductions were no longer present. Maximum observed mean differences from fasting concentrations in diabetic patients were −0.6 mmol/L, 0 mmol/L, 0.2 mmol/L, and 0.08 g/L (8 mg/dL) for LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and apolipoprotein B, respectively, and, correspondingly, −0.3 mmol/L, 0 mmol/L, 0.2 mmol/L, and 0.03 g/L (3 mg/dL) in individuals without diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS

Triglycerides increased up to 0.2 mmol/L after normal food intake in individuals with and without diabetes, whereas the postprandial reductions in LDL cholesterol observed in both populations likely were caused by hemodilution due to fluid intake. No statistically significant differences in postprandial apolipoprotein B concentrations were found. These data may be useful for discussion during revisions of guidelines for lipid measurements in individuals with or without diabetes.
Cyberbullying: Labels, Behaviours and Definition in Three European Countries
Authors: Nocentini Annalaura , Calmaestra Juan , Schultze-Krumbholz Anja , Scheithauer Herbert , Ortega Rosario , Menesini Ersilia
Published: December 2010

This study aims to examine students' perception of the term used to label cyberbullying, the perception of different forms and behaviours (written, verbal, visual, exclusion and impersonation) and the perception of the criteria used for its definition (imbalance of power, intention, repetition, anonymity and publicity) in three different European countries: Italy, Spain and Germany. Seventy adolescents took part in nine focus groups, using the same interview guide across countries. Thematic analysis focused on three main themes related to: (1) the term used to label cyberbullying, (2) the different behaviours representing cyberbullying, (3) the three traditional criteria of intentionality, imbalance of power and repetition and the two new criteria of anonymity and publicity. Results showed that the best word to label cyberbullying is ‘cyber-mobbing’ (in Germany), ‘virtual’ or ‘cyber-bullying’ (in Italy), and ‘harassment’ or ‘harassment via Internet or mobile phone’ (in Spain). Impersonation cannot be considered wholly as cyberbullying behaviour. In order to define a cyberbullying act, adolescents need to know whether the action was done intentionally to harm the victim, the effect on the victim and the repetition of the action (this latter criterion evaluated simultaneously with the publicity). Information about the anonymity and publicity contributes to better understand the nature and the severity of the act, the potential effects on the victim and the intentionality.
Cyber-Aggression: Definition and Concept of Cyberbullying
Authors: Grigg Dorothy Wunmi
Published: December 2010

This study examined definitions and concepts of cyberbullying. It identified words, terms and definitions used for negative acts on the internet and mobile phones across different age groups in the United Kingdom. Young people and adults' (N = 32; age = 8–54) constructs and perceptions of negative online behaviours were also reported. Focus groups and individual interviews were employed using qualitative triangulation: Thematic Analysis and Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. The study examined current definitions and concepts of cyberbullying and how these differ in its findings; and considered different ways to foster positive online behaviour for the context of practitioners. The concept of cyber-aggression is used to describe a wide range of behaviours other than cyberbullying. The findings indicate that there is a need to include a broader definition in line with the current trend of a range of behaviours that are common with internet and mobile phone usage.
Addressing Cyberbullying in School Using the Quality Circle Approach
Authors: Paul Simone , Smith Peter K. , Blumberg Herbert H.
Published: December 2010

Cyberbullying has become a significant area of concern, yet research is still at an early stage. The Quality Circle approach allows explorative analysis of cyberbullying in school settings by identifying issues for further consideration. In this study of cyberbullying in one UK secondary school, Quality Circle participants were required to establish a small anti-bullying taskforce, and then with the guidance of a facilitator, embark on a problem-solving exercise over a period of time. The process involves identifying key issues and prioritising concerns, analysing problems and generating solutions, through participation in a series of themed workshops. Six Quality Circle groups were formed, and the work produced during practical activities was documented and discussions recorded as evidence of emerging themes. The areas of interest regarding cyberbullying were the differing perceptions reported by each representative group, and collectively the range of problems and solutions identified.
Analysis of Experts' and Trainers' Views on Cyberbullying
Authors: Jäger Thomas , Amado João , Matos Armanda , Pessoa Teresa
Published: December 2010

Partners from nine European countries developed a cyberbullying training manual for the benefit of trainers working with parents, school staff and young people.1The development of the training manual built on a two-level qualitative research process that combined elements of the Delphi method and online focus groups. The two studies outlined in this article aimed to assess trainers' and experts' views on the problem of cyberbullying while also gathering insight in relation to their preferences in terms of a training manual. This article outlines the main outcomes of a content analysis of experts' and trainers' views. According to experts and trainers, the sources of cyberbullying were specifically related to new technical developments and new patterns of usage, a lack of media literacy and media education, and the lack of appropriate laws, control and reporting mechanisms. Approaches for tackling cyberbullying suggested by experts and trainers included the provision of enhanced information on ICT and e-safety, adequate rules, monitoring mechanisms and sanctions. Furthermore a range of approaches targeting children and young people, parents and other adults, schools as well as approaches run by authorities and IT providers were suggested. In terms of the elements and style of a training manual, experts and trainers emphasised that it should be practically oriented, and that elements like narratives, case examples or video clips would be vital for the implementation of training.
Cyberbullying at School: Good Practice and Legal Aspects in the United Kingdom
Authors: Marczak Magdalena , Coyne Iain
Published: December 2010

Cyberbullying at school has emerged as a new, electronic form of bullying and harassment and is recognised as a growing problem all over the world. The ability to use cyberspace to bully others means that harassment, rumours and intimidation can reach a much wider audience. Although research has not as yet explored fully the consequences of either cyber-victimisation or cyberbullying, it would appear that they may be detrimental to the health of young people, suggesting the need for policies and interventions, which some European countries (e.g., Germany, Luxemburg, Belgium and the United Kingdom) have attempted to undertake. Currently, however, only the United States has implemented specific laws that treat cyberbullying as a criminal offence per se. After briefly considering the literature on cyberbullying this article will focus on the legal, regulatory and good practice frameworks for controlling cyberbullying in UK educational contexts.
Cyber-Victimisation: The Association Between Help-Seeking Behaviours and Self-Reported Emotional Symptoms in Australia and Austria
Authors: Dooley Julian J. , Gradinger Petra , Strohmeier Dagmar , Cross Donna , Spiel Christiane
Published: December 2010

Many young people who are bullied do not tell anyone. School staff therefore are often unaware of which students are being victimised and when to provide support or assistance. A critical strategy to overcome this problem is to encourage victimised students to seek help and report this bullying. This study aims to examine the relationship between help-seeking behaviours and self-reported emotional symptoms in young people from Australia (n = 5959; M age = 12.36 years, SD = 1.46 years) and Austria (n = 1530; M age = 12.68 years, SD = .84 years) who reported being victimised (via cyber and traditional bullying). In both countries, students who were cyber-victimised compared to those who were victimised in more traditional methods were less likely to seek help. Girls in both countries were significantly more likely to seek help and endorse more emotional symptoms than boys. No relationship was found between help-seeking and emotional symptoms in students who had been cyber-victimised. These preliminary results have important implications for the types of strategies used to enhance the approachability of school staff and families to provide appropriate help and support for young people who are being bullied.
Cyberbullying as an Act of Revenge?
Authors: König Andreas , Gollwitzer Mario , Steffgen Georges
Published: December 2010

Despite significant overlaps between victim status in traditional forms of bullying and cyberbullying, and qualitative results about self-reported reasons for cyberbullying, the role of revenge and retaliation as a motive to engage in acts of cyberbullying has not yet been examined systematically. As a first step, this study investigates whether and to what extent traditional victims, when they become cyberbullies, actually choose their former (traditional) perpetrators as targets of their own cyberbullying behavior. Furthermore, the impact of individual differences in relevant traits, such as vengefulness and justice sensitivity, on the choice of cybervictims is examined. Data from 473 students were collected via an online survey. Of these, 149 were identified as traditional victims/cyberbullies. Results show that traditionally bullied students indeed tend to choose their former perpetrators as cybervictims, and that individual differences play a role in the choice of their victims. Implications for further research, as well as for interventions and prevention programmes, are discussed.
Cyberbullying Prevention: One Primary School's Approach
Authors: Tangen Donna , Campbell Marilyn
Published: December 2010

Bullying in all its forms, including cyberbullying, is a continuing problem in schools. Given the severe consequences it can have on students (socially, psychologically and physically) it is not surprising that a number of intervention programs have been developed, with most advocating a whole-school approach. The current study compared students' self-reports on bullying between schools with and without a Philosophy for Children (P4C) approach. A sample of 35 students in the P4C school and a matched sample of 35 students in other schools between the ages of 10 and 13 completed the Student Bullying Survey. Results indicated that while there were significant differences in incidences of face-to-face bullying, there were similar results from both cohorts in relation to cyberbullying. Both groups of students felt that teachers were more likely to prevent face-to-face bullying than cyberbullying. Findings indicate that teachers and guidance counsellors need to be as overt in teaching strategies about cyberbullying as they are in teaching strategies about reducing face-to-face bullying.
Cord-Blood 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Risk of Respiratory Infection, Wheezing, and Asthma
Authors: Camargo Carlos A. , Ingham Tristram , Wickens Kristin , Thadhani Ravi , Silvers Karen M. , Epton Michael J. , Town G. Ian , Pattemore Philip K. , Espinola Janice A. , Crane Julian ,   the New Zealand Asthma and Allergy Cohort Study Group
Published: December 2010

OBJECTIVE:

Higher maternal intake of vitamin D during pregnancy is associated with a lower risk of wheezing in offspring. The relationship between cord-blood levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) and childhood wheezing is unknown. We hypothesized that cord-blood levels would be inversely associated with risk of respiratory infection, wheezing, and asthma.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

Cord blood from 922 newborns was tested for 25(OH)D. Parents were asked if their child had a history of respiratory infection at 3 months of age or a history of wheezing at 15 months of age and then annually thereafter. Incident asthma was defined as doctor-diagnosed asthma by the time the child was 5 years old and reported inhaler use or wheezing since the age of 4 years.

RESULTS:

The median cord-blood level of 25(OH)D was 44 nmol/L (interquartile range: 29–78). Follow-up was 89% at the age of 5 years. Adjusting for the season of birth, 25(OH)D had an inverse association with risk of respiratory infection by 3 months of age (odds ratio: 1.00 [reference] for ≥75 nmol/L, 1.39 for 25–74 nmol/L, and 2.16 [95% confidence interval: 1.35–3.46] for <25 nmol/L). Likewise, cord-blood 25(OH)D levels were inversely associated with risk of wheezing by 15 months, 3 years, and 5 years of age (all P < .05). Additional adjustment for more than 12 potential confounders did not materially change these results. In contrast, we found no association between 25(OH)D levels and incident asthma by the age of 5 years.

CONCLUSIONS:

Cord-blood levels of 25(OH)D had inverse associations with risk of respiratory infection and childhood wheezing but no association with incident asthma.
Early-Childhood Neurodevelopmental Outcomes Are Not Improving for Infants Born at <25 Weeks' Gestational Age
Authors: Hintz Susan R. , Kendrick Douglas E. , Wilson-Costello Deanne E. , Das Abhik , Bell Edward F. , Vohr Betty R. , Higgins Rosemary D. ,   for the NICHD Neonatal Research Network
Published: December 2010

OBJECTIVE:

We compared neurodevelopmental outcomes at 18 to 22 months' corrected age of infants born with extremely low birth weight at an estimated gestational age of <25 weeks during 2 periods: 1999–2001 (epoch 1) and 2002–2004 (epoch 2).

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

We conducted a multicenter, retrospective analysis of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. Perinatal and neonatal variables and outcomes were compared between epochs. Neurodevelopmental outcomes at 18 to 22 months' corrected age were evaluated with neurologic exams and Bayley Scales of Infant Development II. Logistic regression analyses determined the independent risk of epoch for adverse outcomes.

RESULTS:

Infant survival was similar between epochs (epoch 1, 35.4%, vs epoch 2, 32.3%; P = .09). A total of 411 of 452 surviving infants in epoch 1 and 405 of 438 surviving infants in epoch 2 were evaluated at 18 to 22 months' corrected age. Cesarean delivery (P = .03), surgery for patent ductus arteriosus (P = .004), and late sepsis (P = .01) were more common in epoch 2, but postnatal steroid use was dramatically reduced (63.5% vs 32.8%; P < .0001). Adverse outcomes at 18 to 22 months' corrected age were common in both epochs. Moderate-to-severe cerebral palsy was diagnosed in 11.1% of surviving infants in epoch 1 and 14.9% in epoch 2 (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 1.52 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.86–2.71]; P = .15), the Mental Developmental Index was <70 in 44.9% in epoch 1 and 51% in epoch 2 (OR: 1.30 [95% CI: 0.91–1.87]; P = .15), and neurodevelopmental impairment was diagnosed in 50.1% of surviving infants in epoch 1 and 58.7% in epoch 2 (OR: 1.4 [95% CI: 0.98–2.04]; P = .07).

CONCLUSIONS:

Early-childhood outcomes for infants born at <25 weeks' estimated gestational age were unchanged between the 2 periods.
Evidence-Based Techniques to Assess the Performance of Dental Implants
Authors: Kashi Ajay , Saha Subrata
Published: December 2010

The clinical use of evidence-based medicine has been regarded as one of the most significant medical advancements of the last century. As the costs of medical care escalate, clinical decisions have to be made prudently and with a high degree of efficacy. One of the most expensive treatments in dentistry includes the use of dental implants to rehabilitate partial and fully edentulous patients. Due to the high costs of treatments and the ever increasing varieties of dental implants becoming available, the clinician is often faced with a challenging situation to decide the best prostheses for their patients. Furthermore, navigating through the vast database of literature pertaining to dental implants and their related research can be very time consuming and challenging to a dental surgeon before they can make appropriate clinical decisions. Similar to other orthopedic implants, dental implants need to be evaluated for their long-term efficacy in vivo before they are clinically acceptable. In order to help clinician(s) make patient oriented decisions, evidence-based techniques are becoming increasingly popular. This can be a very useful tool in translating research findings into clinical practice, thus narrowing the gap between research and clinical dentistry. This article discusses ways in which evidence-based techniques can help dental surgeons analyze and make informed clinical decisions about dental implant treatments.
Oral Rehabilitation of Severe Dentoalveolar Trauma: A Clinical Report
Authors: Robinson Fonda G. , Cunningham Larry L.
Published: December 2010

This clinical report describes the oral rehabilitation of an adult male who suffered severe dentoalveolar trauma as a result of a motor vehicle accident. The specific objectives of this treatment were to restore esthetics and masticatory function. Treatment included removal of fractured roots, placement of multiple endosseous implants, and placement of anterior and posterior metal-ceramic crowns and fixed partial dentures. Three year clinical examination revealed no pathology associated with the rehabilitation. The patient's esthetic and functional expectations were successfully achieved.
The All-on-Four Immediate Function Treatment Concept With NobelActive Implants: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Babbush Charles A , Kutsko Gary T , Brokloff John
Published: December 2010

The All-on-Four treatment concept provides patients with an immediately loaded fixed prosthesis supported by 4 implants. This single-center retrospective study evaluated the concept while using the NobelActive implant (Nobel Biocare, Gothenburg, Sweden). Seven hundred eight implants placed in 165 subjects demonstrated a cumulative survival rate of 99.6% (99.3% in maxilla and 100% in the mandible) for up to 29 months of loading. The definitive prosthesis survival rate was 100%.
Fixed Rehabilitation of Severely Atrophic Jaws Using Immediately Loaded Basal Disk Implants After In Situ Bone Activation
Authors: Odin Guillaume , Misch Carl E , Binderman Itzak , Scortecci Gerard
Published: December 2010

Rehabilitation of severely atrophic jaws is facilitated when basal disk implants are used after activation of the future bony implant bed with a purpose-designed instrument (Osteotensor) 45 to 90 days before implant surgery. Fabrication of a highly rigid, screw-secured fixed prosthesis that acts as an external orthopedic fixator permits immediate functional loading. This protocol also represents a second chance for patients who have experienced complete implant loss and/or bone graft failure.
A ubiquitous ∼62-Myr periodic fluctuation superimposed on general trends in fossil biodiversity. I. Documentation
Authors: Melott Adrian L. , Bambach Richard K.
Published: December 2010

We use Fourier analysis and related techniques to investigate the question of periodicities in fossil biodiversity. These techniques are able to identify cycles superimposed on the long-term trends of the Phanerozoic. We review prior results and analyze data previously reduced and published. Joint time-series analysis of various reductions of the Sepkoski Data, Paleobiology Database, and Fossil Record 2 indicate the same periodicity in biodiversity of marine animals at 62 Myr. We have not found this periodicity in the terrestrial fossil record. We have found that the signal strength decreases with time because of the accumulation of apparently “resistant” long-lived genera. The existence of a 62-Myr periodicity despite very different treatment of systematic error, particularly sampling-strength biases, in all three major databases strongly argues for its reality in the fossil record.
Fossil bovid diets indicate a scarcity of grass in the Langebaanweg E Quarry (South Africa) late Miocene/early Pliocene environment
Authors: Stynder Deano D.
Published: December 2010

The floral community along South Africa's southwest coast today is dominated by shrubby strandveld, renosterveld, and coastal fynbos vegetation. The grass family (Poaceae), represented primarily by C3 taxa, is scarce by comparison. Nevertheless, grass has a long history along this coast, as indicated by the presence of ∼5-million-year-old C3 grass pollen and phytoliths in sediments at the fossil locality of Langebaanweg E Quarry. Because the pollen and phytoliths of other plant families, including fynbos, have also been found, it has been difficult to determine whether grass was scarce or abundant in this environment. In order to shed light on this issue, I analyzed the dental mesowear of the E Quarry bovids. Results indicate that only one (Simatherium demissum) of seven analyzed species was a grazer. These compare well with the results of a microwear texture analysis, which indicate that none of the seven analyzed species were obligate grazers. These two studies point strongly toward a heavily wooded environment and not one that was dominated by grass. Although a conventional dental microwear analysis did identify three out of seven E Quarry bovid species as grazers (Bed3aN Damalacra, Kobus subdolus, and S. demissum), only S. demissum probably actually was a grazer. I suggest that the grazer signal exhibited by the other two bovid samples indicate that these species were taking advantage of a spike in grass abundance, probably during the winter growth season.
Pre‐reproductive survival in a tropical bird and its implications for avian life histories
Authors: Tarwater Corey E. , Ricklefs Robert E. , Maddox J. Dylan , Brawn Jeffrey D.
Published: December 2010

The factors that affect survival until reproduction are essential to understanding the organization of life histories within and among species. Theory predicts, for example, that survival until reproduction influences the optimum level of reproductive investment by parents, which might partly explain prolonged parental care in species with high first‐year survival. Tests and refinements of life‐history theory have been hampered, however, by a lack of field‐based estimates of pre‐reproductive survival, especially for tropical species, which have been the subject of many comparative analyses. Tropical species are predicted to have higher first‐year survival and delayed reproduction compared to Northern Hemisphere species. We estimated survival until reproduction, age at first reproduction, and sources of variation in juvenile survival in a Neotropical passerine, the Western Slaty‐Antshrike (Thamnophilus atrinucha), in central Panama. We observed that fledged antshrikes had 76% survival through the dependent period and 48% survival to the age of 1 year; survival rate was lowest during the first week after leaving the nest. Timing of fledging within the breeding season, fledgling mass, and age at dispersal influenced survival, while sex of offspring and year did not. Individuals did not breed until two years of age, and post‐fledging pre‐reproductive survival was 41% of annual adult survival. High survival until reproduction in antshrikes balanced their low annual productivity, resulting in a stable population. Survival during the post‐fledging period of dependence and the first year of independence in the Western Slaty‐Antshrike exceeded estimates for Northern Hemisphere species. This difference appears to be associated with the extended post‐fledging parental care, delayed dispersal, low costs of dispersal, and the less seasonal environment of antshrikes.
Real‐Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis of Patients With Refractory Chronic Periodontitis
Authors: Marconcini Simone , Covani Ugo , Barone Antonio , Vittorio Orazio , Curcio Michele , Barbuti Serena , Scatena Fabrizio , Felli Lamberto , Nicolini Claudio
Published: December 2010

Background: Periodontitis is a complex multifactorial disease and is typically polygenic in origin. Genes play a fundamental part in each biologic process forming complex networks of interactions. However, only some genes have a high number of interactions with other genes in the network and may, therefore, be considered to play an important role. In a preliminary bioinformatic analysis, five genes that showed a higher number of interactions were identified and termed leader genes. In the present study, we use real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology to evaluate the expression levels of leader genes in the leukocytes of 10 patients with refractory chronic periodontitis and compare the expression levels with those of the same genes in 24 healthy patients.

Methods: Blood was collected from 24 healthy human subjects and 10 patients with refractory chronic periodontitis and placed into heparinized blood collection tubes by personnel trained in phlebotomy using a sterile technique. Blood leukocyte cells were immediately lysed by using a kit for total RNA purification from human whole blood. Complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis was obtained from total RNA and then real‐time quantitative PCR was performed. PCR efficiencies were calculated with a relative standard curve derived from a five cDNA dilution series in triplicate that gave regression coefficients >0.98 and efficiencies >96%. The standard curves were obtained using glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and growth factor receptor binding protein 2 (GRB2), casitas B‐lineage lymphoma (CBL), nuclear factor‐KB1 (NFKB1), and REL‐A (gene for transcription factor p65) gene primers and amplified with 1.6, 8, 40, 200, and 1,000 ng/μL total cDNA. Curves obtained for each sample showed a linear relationship between RNA concentrations and the cycle threshold value of real‐time quantitative PCR for all genes. Data were expressed as mean ± SE (SEM). The groups were compared to the analysis of variance. A probability value <0.01 was considered statistically significant.

Results: The present study agrees with the preliminary bioinformatics analysis. In our experiments, the association of pathology with the genes was statistically significant for GRB2 and CBL (P <0.01), and it was not statistically significant for REL‐A and NFKB1.

Conclusion: This article lends support to our preliminary hypothesis that assigned an important role in refractory aggressive periodontitis to leader genes.
Efficacy of Structurally Diverse Aldose Reductase Inhibitors on Experimental Periodontitis in Rats
Authors: Kador Peter F. , O'Meara James D. , Blessing Karen , Marx David B. , Reinhardt Richard A.
Published: December 2010

Background: To study aldose reductase and the sorbitol pathway in periodontitis and diabetes, rats with experimental periodontitis with or without diabetes were treated with three structurally diverse aldose reductase inhibitors (ARIs).

Methods: Periodontitis was induced with three consecutive palatal injections of Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at 48‐hour intervals between the first and second molars on the right side in young, age‐matched, streptozotocin‐induced rats with and without diabetes 44 days after initiation of diets with and without the ARIs tolrestat, imirestat, and quercetin. As an internal control, phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) was similarly injected on the left side. Twenty‐four days after the final injection, all rats were euthanized. Defleshed samples were stained with 5% toluidine blue and palatal digital images were traced to include the enamel crown and exposed root. The root/enamel ratios (to estimate alveolar bone loss) were analyzed with repeated measures analysis of variance.

Results: LPS injections resulted in significantly more bone loss versus PBS injections in both the rats with and without diabetes on normal diets (P <0.0001). All three ARIs significantly reduced LPS‐induced periodontitis in the animals with and without diabetes (P ≤0.003) to the level where they were not different from PBS‐injected sites in normal diet controls.

Conclusion: All ARIs demonstrated efficacy in preventing alveolar bone loss because of periodontitis in both animals with and without diabetes, suggesting a role for the sorbitol pathway and the potential for ARIs to reduce inflammatory responses downstream from aldose reductase.
Multienvironment Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping and Consistency across Environments of Resistance Mechanisms to Ferrous Iron Toxicity in Rice
Authors: Dufey I. , Hiel M.‐P. , Hakizimana P. , Draye X. , Lutts S. , Koné B. , Dramé K.N. , Konaté K.A. , Sie M. , Bertin P.
Published: December 2010

Lowland rice (Oryza sativaL.) is often affected by iron toxicity, which may lead to yield losses. One important constraint in the study of the inheritance of resistance strategies to this stress is the inconsistency of gene expression across different environments. This study aimed to determine the stability of quantitative trait loci (QTL) across several environments. Quantitative trait loci mapping for traits related to resistance mechanisms had been previously performed using 164 recombinant inbred lines derived from ‘Azucena’ and ‘IR64’ screened in hydroponics in a phytotron. In the present study, this population was tested under excessive ferrous iron conditions in three additional environments: in hydroponics in a greenhouse, on washed sand, and in the field. Altogether, 44 putative QTL were identified in the four single QTL analyses for morphological, physiological, and agronomic traits. From these 44 QTL, 20 were found in overlapping regions for the same or related traits in different environments, identifying six genomic regions of great interest for the inheritance of resistance to iron toxicity. Quantitative trait loci stability across environments was also checked by performing a joint QTL analysis, which confirmed the position of nine QTL previously found in the same or adjacent regions by at least one single analysis. Combining both single and joint analyses helps in separating QTL specific to a particular environment from generally expressed ones thus is more suitable for marker‐assisted selection.
Primary Root Elongation Rate and Abscisic Acid Levels of Maize in Response to Water Stress
Authors: Leach Kristen A. , Hejlek Lindsey G. , Hearne Leonard B. , Nguyen Henry T. , Sharp Robert E. , Davis Georgia L.
Published: December 2010

Agricultural crops are exposed to greater water deficits as production regions receive less rainfall and producers move into more arid landscapes to meet demand. Maintenance of root elongation is vital for seedling establishment in these types of climates. Some maize (Zea mays L.) lines can maintain primary root elongation under severe water stress (SS) conditions. Twelve maize inbred lines were examined at the seedling stage before leaf expansion to assess the phenotypic diversity in primary root elongation rate and root elongation zone abscisic acid (ABA) content at three water potentials, −0.03 MPa, −0.3 MPa, and −1.6 MPa. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using 93 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to examine genetic and phenotypic relationships among the lines in relation to stress response. Statistical analysis revealed phenotypic diversity in both primary root elongation rate and ABA content. No correlations were detected between the amount of ABA present in the root tip and the rate of root elongation in any of the treatments. Histograms of primary root elongation response to the varying water deficits suggest multiple mechanisms may be responsible for the response to water stress observed in different maize lines. Different phenotypic responses toward water stress were observed for lines with small genetic distances, which will aid in identification of specific alleles for maintenance of primary root growth under water deficits.
Genetic Mapping and QTL Analysis of Flour Color and Milling Yield Related Traits Using Recombinant Inbred Lines in Hard Red Spring Wheat
Authors: Tsilo Toi J. , Hareland Gary A. , Chao Shiaoman , Anderson James A.
Published: December 2010

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) flour ash content and color are very important properties of flour quality, because they greatly affect the quality of the final product. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) influencing flour color and milling properties of hard red spring wheat were mapped on a genetic linkage map comprised of 531 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) marker loci. Composite interval mapping with 139 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) was used to identify QTL within and across three field environments. Twenty‐eight QTL influenced flour color and milling properties and were mapped on 11 wheat chromosomes. Quantitative trait loci clusters were identified on six chromosomes: 1A, 1B, 5A, 5B, 5D, and 7B. The marker Xbarc130 that is near the hardness locus on chromosome 5D was linked to five QTL influencing multiple traits. These six QTL clusters explained a substantial variation in flour color and milling properties, including those traits that were correlated. These results aid our understanding of the genetic basis of these traits. The marker loci linked to these QTL may be useful in increasing the frequency of desirable alleles during the early generations of breeding populations.
Irrigation Frequency Differentially Alters Vegetative Growth and Seed Head Development of Poa annua L. Biotypes
Authors: Slavens Mark R. , Johnson Paul G. , Bugbee Bruce
Published: December 2010

Poa annua L. (annual bluegrass) includes biotypes ranging from true annuals to long‐lived perennials. It is widely thought that turfgrass management practices can be altered to promote certain biotypes and minimize undesirable seed head development. This study examined the effect of irrigation frequency on lateral spread and inflorescence development of annual, perennial, and intermediate P. annua biotypes. Three treatments were imposed by watering to field capacity and allowing depletion to 12, 8, or 4% volumetric water contents (VWC) before rewatering. Plants were mowed 5 d a week at 6 mm and grown for 3 mo. Plant lateral spread and number of inflorescences were measured weekly. Lateral spread of the perennial and intermediate biotypes was four times faster than the annual biotype, but the annual biotype had a sixfold higher density of inflorescences than either of the other two biotypes. Lateral spread of all biotypes was reduced by more than 60% at the lowest water level (4% VWC), but, unexpectedly, changing irrigation from the highest frequency (12% VWC) to an intermediate frequency (8% VWC) increased lateral spread of the annual biotype 30% and decreased inflorescence density 25%. These results suggest that less frequent irrigations have the potential to increase growth and decrease seed head development.
North American Bristlegrass Seed Yield Response to Nitrogen Fertilizer and Environment
Authors: López‐García Jorge A. , Ocumpaugh William R. , Ortega‐Santos J. Alfonso , Lloyd‐Reilley John , Muir James P.
Published: December 2010

Information on field management practices for seed production of newly domesticated grasses native to the southern Great Plains of North America has not been well documented. This study was conducted to document seed yield responses of one accession of plains bristlegrass [Setaria vulpiseta (Lam.) Roem. & Schult.] and three accessions of streambed bristlegrass [Setaria leucopila (Scribn. & Merr.) K. Schum.] to 0, 50, 75, 100, and 140 kg N ha−1 yr−1 under irrigation at Stephenville and Beeville, TX, during 2005 and 2006. The soil at Stephenville was a Windthorst fine sandy loam, mixed, thermic Udic Paleustalfs and at Beeville a Parrita clayey, mixed, active, hyperthermic, shallow Petrocalcic Paleustolls. Seed yields across N levels at Stephenville in year of establishment ranged (p < 0.05) from 57 to 753 kg ha−1 yr−1 October seed yield of accession 648 increased (p < 0.05) 305% with 75 kg N ha−1 compared to the no‐N treatment at Beeville. Seed production peaked at 328 kg ha−1 for accession 648 and 352 kg ha−1 for accession 715 in spring 2006 at Beeville. Inflorescence density was positively correlated to seed yield (from 81 to 93%). Optimum bristlegrass N fertilizer management varied with accession, location, and year.
Evidence of a Susceptible Allele Inverting the Dominance of Rust Resistance in Soybean
Authors: Garcia Alexandre , Calvo Éberson Sanches , de SouzaKiihl Romeu Afonso , de Souto Eliezer Rodrigues
Published: December 2010

Soybean rust (SBR) is the most threatening fungal disease in the major soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production areas around the world. In spite of the availability of chemical control with fungicides, the increase of production costs as well as operational difficulties associated with fungicide use for disease management has prompted the search for resistant genes in the soybean germplasm. Five genes (Rpp1, Rpp2, Rpp3, Rpp4, and Rpp5) have been reported as capable of conferring SBR resistance in soybean. Here we report the genetic segregation of the SBR resistance in two populations derived from crossing the SBR resistance source PI 594760B with the breeding lines TMG06_0012 (Population 1 [POP‐1]) and TMG06_0011 (Population 2 [POP‐2]). In both populations the resistance segregated as a single gene, but the resistance gene was dominant in POP‐1 and recessive in POP‐2. Molecular mapping of the phenotype placed it in the vicinity of the Rpp1 locus in both POP‐1 and POP‐2. When the breeding lines TMG06_0011 and TMG06_0012 where crossed with several other sources of resistance at the Rpp1, Rpp2, Rpp4, and Rpp5 loci or other putative loci, the inversion of gene action type observed with PI 594760B occurred only for the putative Rpp1 genotypes. We propose that a dominant susceptible allele, present in TMG06_0011, is causing the inversion of dominance observed in each of these crosses.
A Dominant Gene for Resistance to Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus in Winter Wheat Line CO960293‐2
Authors: Lu Huangjun , Price Jacob , Devkota Ravindra , Rush Charlie , Rudd Jackie
Published: December 2010

Wheat streak mosaic (WSM), caused by Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), is a devastating disease in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the Great Plains of North America. Use of resistance is an effective and environmentally sound method to control the disease. In this study, six wheat genotypes were compared for their responses to WSMV infection under growth chamber conditions. The three resistant genotypes, KS96HW10‐3 (Wsm1), Mace (Wsm1), and CO960293‐2, had disease scores significantly lower than the remaining three genotypes without major resistance. Disease in TAM 111 and TAM 112 was consistently less severe than Karl 92. A population consisting of 188 F2:3 families derived from the cross CO960293‐2 × TAM 111 was used for determining inheritance of the WSMV resistance and for molecular mapping of the resistance in CO960293‐2. Data on segregation of resistance indicated that the resistance in CO960293‐2 is conditioned by a single dominant gene, which was named Wsm2 Transgressive segregation toward susceptibility occurred in the population suggesting a minor gene in the moderately susceptible parent TAM 111, which was not allelic to Wsm2. Wsm2 was mapped to the short arm of chromosome 3B with two flanking simple sequence repeat markers. The single dominant gene inheritance for WSMV resistance in CO960293‐2 has been consistent with the observations that the resistance can be readily transferred to adapted cultivars.
Novel FAD3 Mutant Allele Combinations Produce Soybeans Containing 1% Linolenic Acid in the Seed Oil
Authors: Bilyeu Kristin , Gillman Jason D. , LeRoy Allen R.
Published: December 2010

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oil typically contains about 7% of linolenic acid, an oxidatively unstable fatty acid that is undesirable for many food applications. For cooking oil, reduction of the linolenic acid content by partial hydrogenation produces trans fatty acids, which are now known to increase the risk of coronary heart disease. Genetic reduction of linolenic acid was achieved decades ago, and recently the molecular genetic basis for both 3% and 1% linolenic acid soybean germplasm was revealed to be combinations of mutations in three independent members of the soybean omega‐3 fatty acid desaturase (FAD3) genes that corresponded to the fan1, fan2, and fan3 loci. When the mutant GmFAD3A and GmFAD3C genes are found in combination in the breeding line CX1512‐44, the linolenic acid content is reduced to approximately 3% of the of the seed oil. When the mutant GmFAD3A and GmFAD3B genes are in combination in the breeding line RG‐10, a similar fatty acid profile is produced with approximately 3% linolenic acid. The objective of this work was to determine the ability of different combinations of mutant FAD3 alleles from CX1512‐44 and an RG‐10–derived soybean line to produce less than 3% linolenic acid in the seed oil. The results indicated that novel combinations of mutations in the three FAD3 genes are capable of producing soybean seeds containing only 1% linolenic acid in the seed oil.
Identification of Large‐Seeded High‐Yielding Stable Kabuli Chickpea Germplasm Lines for Use in Crop Improvement
Authors: Gowda C. L. L. , Upadhyaya H. D. , Dronavalli N. , Singh Sube
Published: December 2010

Seed size is an important trait in kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). The kabuli chickpeas with a 100‐seed weight of >40 g garner higher market price as they are preferred by consumers. The objective of this study was to evaluate a sample of chickpea landraces, breeding lines, and cultivars for morphological traits and yield and identify lines that are high yielding and exhibit stable performance across environments. We evaluated 65 large‐seeded kabuli lines identified from the ICRISAT germplasm collection in three sets, 18 trials, and 13 environments for 22 qualitative and quantitative traits. Several highly significant correlations were observed in all three sets and a few large‐seeded high‐yielding lines with stable yield were selected. Two extra‐large‐seeded (100‐seed weight > 50 g) lines ICC 17109 (Blanco Sinaloa 92), a breeding line, and ICC 17452 (CuGa 288), a landrace, both originating from Mexico showed high yield potential and were moderately stable across environments. The small‐seeded control cultivars, though high yielding, were highly unstable, performing better only in favorable environments. The study has also shown that some vegetative characteristics were more sensitive to stress than yield and yield components, hence selection in unfavorable environments should be based on grain yield and its components.
Artificial Neural Network Models as a Decision Support Tool for Selection in Sugarcane: A Case Study Using Seedling Populations
Authors: Zhou Marvellous M. , Kimbeng Collins A. , Tew Thomas L. , Gravois Kenneth A. , Pontif Michael J.
Published: December 2010

Artificial neural network (ANN) models are mathematical models based on biological neural networks; they are a supervised learning method and use pattern learning from a training dataset that is a subsample of the whole dataset to produce predictions of response variables. We demonstrate the potential of an ANN model as a tool for selection in sugarcane. Cane yield components, namely stalk number, stalk height, and stalk diameter, were measured on individual seedlings and used as predictor variables to produce a selection decision (reject or select a seedling) based on an ANN model. Compared with the currently used visual method of selection, the difference in cane yield between the mean of the selected and rejected seedlings was greater for seedlings selected by the ANN model. The difference increased when similar selection intensity was applied in both selection methods. The ANN model selected fewer seedlings with cane yield lower than the population mean and rejected fewer seedlings with higher cane yield compared with the visual method. The ANN model compels the breeder to consider all traits simultaneously when deciding whether to select or reject a clone, which is likely to be more efficient than judging the merit by considering each trait independently. The ANN model can be a valuable tool to determine selection rates to be applied in selecting sugarcane families during seedling selection.
Assessment of Power and False Discovery Rate in Genome‐Wide Association Studies using the BarleyCAP Germplasm
Authors: Bradbury Peter , Parker Thomas , Hamblin Martha T. , Jannink Jean‐Luc
Published: December 2010

Success in genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) is dependent on the power to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL) with a minimal rate of false discovery. The objective of this study was to determine the potential for GWAS within barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) by evaluating several linear models that varied in the way they accounted for population structure (model‐based STRUCTURE or principle component analysis [PCA]) and familial relatedness. Using genotype data from the Barley Coordinated Agricultural Project (BarleyCAP), phenotypic effects were simulated for different numbers of QTL with three heritability levels. Under each scenario, power and false discovery rate were calculated for sample sizes of 100 or 300 individuals. A mixed model that accounted for familial relatedness but not population structure performed as well as or better than all other models across all heritability levels, QTL numbers, and sample sizes tested. Simulations with 100 lines performed poorly for QTL detection but simulations with 300 lines performed adequately, suggesting that the BarleyCAP data can be used successfully for GWAS if sample sizes are adequate.