bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The IP address and time in cyber‐crime investigation
Authors: Kao Da‐Yu , Wang Shiuh‐Jeng
Published: June 2009

Purpose

Cyber technology is an extremely complicated field and the internet is being increasingly used as a place to commit crimes using personal computers, as well as network‐based computers. Although cyber investigation is still in the early stages of its development, the burgeoning use of the internet has increased the necessity for digital investigations. The purpose of this paper is to increase awareness of the latest in digital comparison for cyber‐crime investigation with the studies of IP‐address and time in computer systems.

Design/methodology/approach

The approach to improving a cyber‐crime investigation is proposed in three stages: independent verification of digital clues, corresponding information from different sources, and preparation of a valid argument.

Findings

If the police and other authorities do not stay on top of this problem, they may lose the battle to control this cyber‐crime explosion. The paper discusses how Taiwanese police investigate cyber‐crime and the experience is able to propagate when analyzing IP‐address and time with crime‐case. It is believed that this proposed approach creates a comprehensive guide that provides support and assistance to crime investigators.

Practical implications

IP‐address and time, both indicated in this paper, are the key ingredients to identify the suspect in the beginning of investigation works. As the study shows: there is no guarantee that there always will be the “right” evidence to prove everything; investigators should try their utmost to avoid making mistakes; criminal investigators must find additional clues and proof to validate their suspicions.

Originality/value

This paper illustrates an approach to the investigation of cyber‐crime in the case of studying IP‐address and time. It is believed that the research can efficiently assist law enforcement officials in dealing with ever‐increasing cyber‐crime by using effective digital evidence.
Strike Force Piccadilly: a public‐private partnership to stop ATM ram raids
Authors: Prenzler Tim
Published: June 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to assess the impact of Strike Force Piccadilly, a New South Wales Police initiative to address an upsurge in ram raids targeting automatic teller machines (ATMs). Also, the aim is to understand the apparent success of the project in terms of a public‐private partnership, involving primarily police and the retail and banking sectors.

Design/methodology/approach

The New South Wales Police provided data showing the numbers of attempts and successful ATM ram raids on a monthly basis from August 2005 to April 2008. The preventive interventions are set against these data in a time series format. The paper is limited to within‐group data, with consideration of displacement effects by reference to recorded crime data and police intelligence. Interviews about the project process are also conducted with three key participants: the police manager leading the project (public sector), the security manager of a major retail shopping centre chain (private sector) and the commercial security operations manager of a major bank (private sector).

Findings

The increase in ATM ram raids is halted, and the number is reduced from 69 in the 12 months before the intervention to 19 in the final 12 months of the post‐intervention period – a 72 per cent reduction. For the same periods, successful raids are reduced from 30 down to two – a 93 per cent reduction. The research indicates that the main influences on the decrease are: the creation of a police priority alarm response system and the installation of situational prevention measures, including special bollards. The larger context for success is the partnership formed between police and industry. The interventions are developed through consultation, co‐operative research and commitment from all parties.

Originality/value

The paper demonstrates the potential significant crime prevention benefits of public‐private partnerships, especially when they are well organised and include research and information sharing. Additionally, the findings challenge the often pessimistic literature about police response times by demonstrating how rapid response can be highly effective in certain circumstances.
Developing effective leadership in policing: perils, pitfalls, and paths forward
Authors: Schafer Joseph A.
Published: June 2009

Purpose

Leadership plays a key role ensuring the achievement of desired outcomes in both formal and informal groups. Insufficient leadership in policing can result in significant negative consequences for agencies and their personnel. Despite the importance of effective leadership within police organizations little is known about the process of developing effective leaders and leadership behaviors. The paper contributes to the limited available empirical knowledge using data collected from police supervisors. The intent is to assess supervisors' perceptions of how leadership abilities might best be developed and to identify the barriers inhibiting such efforts.

Design/methodology/approach

Open‐ended surveys are administered to students attending the FBI's National Academy, a career development program for mid‐career police supervisors. Respondents report their experiences with and perceptions of leadership development. The purposive sample of respondents provides insights from supervisors representing police agencies of various sizes and types from around the world.

Findings

Respondents indicate leadership skills are best developed through a combination of education, experience, and mentorship. Developing more effective leadership is dependent on the ability to overcome barriers, both within the profession and within individual officers. Finite resources, macro and local aspects of police culture, and failures of leadership by current executives are all viewed as working against the growth of effective leadership practices.

Research limitations/implications

Given the dearth of empirical research considering dimensions of police leadership, myriad implications for future research are identified and discussed.

Originality/value

The findings provide important preliminary insights into the experiences and beliefs of police supervisors.
US cybercrime units on the world wide web
Authors: Hinduja Sameer , Schafer Joseph A.
Published: June 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to quantify the number of cybercrime units that are on the world wide web and the manner in which they represent themselves, and to clarify how they are communicating information to their constituency (i.e. the visitors to their site) through new technology.

Design/methodology/approach

There is no sampling frame that serves as an exhaustive list of law enforcement departments with web sites, nor law enforcement departments with computer crime units, nor law enforcement departments with cybercrime unit web sites. As such, the world wide web was combed using popular search engines to find as many US‐based cybercrime unit web sites as possible. The final sample size was 88.

Findings

The findings suggest that though cybercrime units across the USA typically have similar missions (e.g. to respond to one or more forms of computer crime), they used their self‐representing web site in different ways. Beyond providing basic contact information and details about the cybercrime unit, web sites varied considerably in the depth and nature of their content. Units largely utilized these sites to simply exist on the world wide web. It was also unclear whether the sites actually fostered two‐way communication between agencies and their constituents. Sites also placed an emphasis on providing information that visitors might use to reduce their vulnerability to victimization through educational efforts.

Research limitations/implications

The sites in the sample all sought to inform their constituencies about the existence of the cybercrime unit they represent and the services they render, and to provide basic contact information. They seemingly differed, though, in the main intent and purpose of their site – which introduced variability in terms of the delivery of their content. Furthermore, disparities in available resources likely dictated the quality and depth of information presented on these sites.

Practical implications

This work assesses the current state of law enforcement information delivery over the world wide web, and also informs best practices in quality, depth, and comprehensiveness of that information delivery. This can then be used by law enforcement departments who have a cybercrime unit web site to improve its current state and fine‐tune communications and information dissemination efforts.

Originality/value

This is the first assessment of the world wide web presences of US law enforcement cybercrime units and contributes to the knowledgebase associated with agency communication with external entities.
Models of satisfaction with police service
Authors: Dukes Richard L. , Portillos Edwardo , Miles Molly
Published: June 2009

Purpose

This paper aims to examine the process of citizen satisfaction with police service, so police can emphasize important aspects of service and maintain high satisfaction.

Design/methodology/approach

Citizens of Colorado Springs (n=3591) participated in one of four yearly surveys (2002‐2005) to test two structural equations models. One model used data from 2002‐2005 and latent variables of victimization, neighborhood safety, enough officers and police response to predict satisfaction with police service. A second model used data only from 2005 and 12 latent variables.

Findings

The five‐variable model fits the data very well (CFI=0.95). It did not vary from 2002 to 2005. The 12‐variable model explained the satisfaction process more completely but fits less well (CFI=0.91). Neither model varied by demographic characteristics of respondents.

Practical implications

Police should implement a process‐based model of service that emphasizes citizens' feelings of neighborhood safety and police response as important predictors of positive evaluations of service.

Originality/value

The paper offers insight into the factors that shape attitudes toward police (ATP, in particular satisfaction with police service) within an organization that has fully implemented community policing.
Mandatory arrest? Police response to domestic violence victims
Authors: Frantzen Durant , San Miguel Claudia
Published: June 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore lawsuits involving police response to domestic violence incidents. Focusing on the specific legal remedy of due process under Section 1983, the paper seeks to examine federal case law dealing with police response to domestic violence victims. The paper also aims to discuss differences in procedural and substantive due process violations, highlighting circumstances under which the police may be held liable for improper response to domestic violence incidents.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper qualitatively examines relevant Section 1983 federal court decisions (n=27 as of May, 2008) identified through a query of Lexis Nexis for the last ten years (before and after Castle Rock) dealing with lawsuits arising from domestic abuse investigations.

Findings

The preponderance of cases have resulted in dismissals of summary judgments filed against police officers and agencies for allegations that the police violated plaintiffs' due process rights. The recent Supreme Court decision inTown of Castle Rockv.Gonzaleshas prevented plaintiffs from seeking relief under procedural due process; however, domestic abuse victims have been successful to some extent using substantive due process as a basis for civil action. Plaintiffs have prevailed in federal courts alleging that the police acted with deliberate indifference or conscious disregard for victims' civil rights.

Research limitations/implications

The paper is limited to federal court decisions involving due process violations and does not account for factors resulting in state tort negligence lawsuits filed against the police. Moreover, federal courts will likely continue to use substantive due process as a Section 1983 remedy for domestic violence victims as research and awareness on domestic violence policy evolves.

Practical implications

The paper suggests that police agencies should take note of recent court decisions applicable to their jurisdictions as domestic violence enforcement policy remains fragmented. Agencies should ensure that police dispatcher 911 call classification policies are current and that training guidelines comport with these policies.

Originality/value

Given the prevalence of domestic violence in the USA, police agencies should expect increases in the number of lawsuits filed against the police for violations of substantive due process.
Developing a measurement model of institutional processes in policing
Authors: Giblin Matthew J. , Burruss George W.
Published: June 2009

Purpose

Institutional theory shows promise as a viable framework for understanding police organization structures and activities but difficulties in measuring its core concepts make testing problematic. In order to advance the application of institutional theory in policing, this paper's aim is to develop a measurement model of institutional pressures derived from DiMaggio and Powell's discussion of institutional isomorphism.

Design/methodology/approach

First and second‐order confirmatory factor analyses are performed on secondary data originally collected in a 1997 national survey of law enforcement agencies about their approach to community policing.

Findings

The results showed a refined model of institutional processes including three constructs – professionalization, publications, and mimesis. A construct indicated by funding measures does not seem to be consistent with other institutional pressures.

Research limitations/implications

The research made use of available data and existing measures not explicitly constructed for the purpose of theory testing. Nevertheless, the results appear to be consistent with institutional theory.

Originality/value

The model provides a framework for future testing of institutional theory in policing and avenues for the development of additional indicators.
Regulating next‐generation fixed access to telecommunications services
Authors: Lewin David , Williamson Brian , Cave Martin
Published: June 2009

Purpose

What rules, if any, should regulators put in place to provide incentives for timely and efficient investment in next generation fibre access networks (NGA) while, at the same time, preventing monopoly abuse, either by taking monopoly rents from end users or harming downstream competition? This paper aims to focus on these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

The findings in this paper are based on review of existing work in the area and on interviews with 25 operators and regulators across the European Union.

Findings

Active (bitstream) remedies will be important for preserving competition in the supply of retail, NGA‐based, products. Regulators should specify the price regulation principles, which would apply to operators found to have significant market power (SMP) in NGA supply in advance of any market definition and SMP assessment. Regulators should allow access providers to provide distinct NGA‐based bitstream products to meet the needs of different segments of the end‐user market and to then charge for these products at the wholesale level so as to reflect their value to end users rather than their costs.

Originality/value

This paper is designed to simulate general debate on the best way to regulate NGA
International roaming: is there a need for EU‐regulation beyond 2010?
Authors: Falch Morten , Henten Anders , Tadayoni Reza
Published: June 2009

Purpose

The purpose of the paper is to analyze the need for regulation of international roaming within EU beyond 2010.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper analyzes roaming costs, market conditions and present regulation. On this basis, future prospects for competition in international roaming are discussed.

Findings

Market developments indicate that regulation of international roaming charges will be needed for some time, before competition can ensure that roaming charges are at a level that reflects the underlying costs.

Research limitations/implications

The paper limits its analysis to roaming of voice services, and excludes analysis of roaming of data service services.

Originality/value

The paper contributes to the ongoing discussion on the need to regulate international roaming charges.
Merging incumbent European mobile operators: veni, vidi, non vici
Authors: Curwen Peter , Whalley Jason
Published: June 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the history of, and prospects for, mergers between incumbent European mobile operators.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper examines the history of proposals for mergers among incumbent mobile operators in Europe over the past two decades, but with a particular emphasis upon the period commencing in 2006. It examines the rationale for the proposals and analyses why, in virtually every case, the proposals failed to come to fruition.

Findings

The paper argues that there are a set of road blocks that bar the way to realising inter‐incumbent mergers, and that these are by no means all economic. Given that the environment for M&A activity was relatively positive during 2006/2007, yet nothing much was achieved, it now seems likely that in the febrile environment of the 2008/2009 credit crunch, the topic will return to the backburner.

Originality/value

This paper is the first detailed attempt to address this topic.
Analysis of mobile internet usage among early‐adopters
Authors: Verkasalo Hannu
Published: June 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to identify several measures that reflect the diffusion of the mobile internet.

Design/methodology/approach

The measurements are implemented with a newly developed handset‐based mobile service research platform that provides a novel way to accurately identify trends taking place in mobile service usage. These measures are demonstrated in a case example comparing Finnish early‐adopter smartphone users between 2005 and 2006 (500 and 695 users).

Findings

The results indicate that the mobile internet has not yet emerged on a large scale in Finland. On the contrary operators have slightly increased their power, potentially because handset bundling with mobile subscriptions is now allowed in Finland.

Research limitations/implications

The measurement framework can be further utilized in both cross‐sectional and longitudinal study settings in evaluating the emergence of the mobile internet. No other empirical research method provides the accuracy and scope of usage measurements done with the handset‐based research platform. However, the shortcomings of the new method should be realized.

Practical implications

The paper suggests that the mobile internet has not emerged widely, even in early‐adopter user segments.

Originality/value

This paper contributes to the measurement of mobile internet service usage. Mobile internet services are currently emerging in early‐adopter user segments. These services might shake the dynamics of the mobile services industry by introducing different kinds of technical innovation and business logic.
Academic library benchmarking in The Netherlands: a comparative study
Authors: Voorbij Henk
Published: June 2009

Purpose

This paper aims to describe some of the unique features of the Dutch academic library benchmarking system.

Design/methodology/approach

The Dutch system is compared with similar projects in the USA, the UK and Germany.

Findings

One of the most distinguishing features of the Dutch system is the method by which the results are analysed and presented. Absolute values of performance indicators are converted to median relative scores and, as a result, a graph can be created for each library that shows at a glance its relative position for a whole range of indicators.

Practical implications

Similar benchmarking projects may benefit from the Dutch experience regarding the selection of raw data, the choice of performance indicators, the validity of the performance indicators, methods for analysis and presentation, and interpretation of the results.

Originality/value

The paper provides detailed and critical information on a long‐running project. It questions the validity of some established performance indicators.
Which industrial product service system fits best?
Authors: Rese Mario , Strotmann Wolf‐Christian , Karger Markus
Published: June 2009

Purpose

Industrial product service systems (IPS2) are required to meet current customer needs in order to provide solutions to current customer problems. Furthermore, adaptability to changing customer decision drivers is required in order to account for customers' preference changes over time. The purpose of this paper is to present an approach where customer preference drivers for different IPS2 are identified and their directions analyzed.

Design/methodology/approach

A theoretical, literature‐based analysis, drawing on different fields of economic research, is made use of. A tool to anticipate customer decisions based on the identified preference drivers is devised.

Findings

Nine main preference drivers are identified. These are customer resources, know‐how, number of employees, core competences, value‐based figures, process intricacy, process standardization, process frequency and process significance.

Research limitations/implications

The drivers identified on a theoretical basis should be investigated empirically. Special consideration should be given not only to the direction of their effect, but also their strength and interdependency.

Practical implications

The paper helps IPS2 suppliers to analyze customers' preferences and helps decide about the design and the business model for the IPS2.

Originality/value

The paper is the first paper that focuses on the relevant influence factors of a customer's decision about the IPS2‐design.
Consumer acceptance of product‐service systems
Authors: Rexfelt Oskar , Hiort af Ornäs Viktor
Published: June 2009

Purpose

Product‐service systems (PSS) could potentially benefit consumers, but empirical studies of business‐to‐consumer PSS solutions have been scarce. The purpose of this paper is to identify conditions for consumer acceptance, and propose a methodology for PSS development.

Design/methodology/approach

Factors influencing consumer acceptance of PSS are investigated through focus groups and individual interviews, and elaborated in relation to theory from user acceptance and innovation adoption literature. Procedures for conceptual development of PSS are then proposed, based on methodology adapted from user‐centred design.

Findings

The two factors “impact on everyday life”, and “uncertainties” in anticipating such consequences were repeatedly brought up by participants. PSS affect consumers through practical implications for the activities they engage in. This goes beyond the service encounter, is highly complex and case specific why development processes should include iterative studies with consumers.

Research limitations/implications

The studies use hypothetical PSS offers. Validation and refinement of the proposed methodology would require application in commercial development projects.

Practical implications

The proposed methodology is expected to support requirements elicitation, and facilitate early stages of PSS development.

Originality/value

This paper presents empirical findings regarding consumer acceptance, and provides a detailed analysis of factors that are central to PSS acceptance. It also introduces methodology for description and analysis of the complex consequences a solution may have from a consumer perspective.
Technical product‐service systems: some implications for the machine tool industry
Authors: Azarenko A. , Roy R. , Shehab E. , Tiwari A.
Published: June 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop a technical product‐service systems (t‐PSS) for the BoX® (Big OptiX) ultra precision free‐form grinding machine which has been designed and developed at Cranfield University. BoX is a new machine concept where advanced mass production and ultra precision technologies are combined.

Design/methodology/approach

This work utilises the machine as a demonstration case study to investigate t‐PSS for the machine tool providers. It develops three t‐PSS business models for the BoX machine: product‐, use‐ and result‐oriented.

Findings

The paper discusses the stakeholders' responsibilities, cash flows, application sectors, and consequently benefits and shortcomings of the three business approaches.

Practical implications

The enhancement of competition from low cost economies, vibrant market requirements and increasing customer demands cannot be addressed merely by the latest achievements in technology. As a response to this, the modern manufacturing industry is shifting its orientation towards t‐PSS. t‐PSS is an integrated product and service offering that delivers value in use.

Originality/value

The novelty of this paper lies in identifying and analysing the key implications of t‐PSS on machine tool industry using the BoX machine as an example case study.
Algorithms for structure‐based grouping in XML‐OLAP
Authors: Kit Chantola , Amagasa Toshiyuki , Kitagawa Hiroyuki
Published: June 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to propose efficient algorithms for structural grouping over Extensible Markup Language (XML) data, called TOPOLOGICAL ROLLUP (T‐ROLLUP), which are to compute aggregation functions based on XML data with multiple hierarchical levels. They play important roles in the online analytical processing of XML data, called XML‐OLAP, with which complex analysis over XML can be performed to discover valuable information from XML.

Design/methodology/approach

Several variations of algorithms are proposed for efficient T‐ROLLUP computation. First, two basic algorithms, top‐down algorithm (TDA) and bottom‐up algorithm (BUA), are presented in which the well‐known structural‐join algorithms are used. The paper then proposes more efficient algorithms, called single‐scan by preorder number and single‐scan by postorder number (SSC‐Pre/Post), which are also based on structural joins, but have been modified from the basic algorithms so that multiple levels of grouping are computed with a single scan over node lists. In addition, the paper attempts to adopt the algorithm for parallel execution in multi‐core environments.

Findings

Several experiments are conducted with XMark and synthetic XML data to show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms. The experiments show that proposed algorithms perform much better than the naïve implementation. In particular, the proposed SSC‐Pre and SSC‐Post perform better than TDA and BUA for all cases. Beyond that, the experiment using the parallel single scan algorithm also shows better performance than the ordinary basic algorithm.

Research limitations/implications

This paper focuses on the T‐ROLLUP operation for XML data analysis. For this reason, other operations related to XML‐OLAP, such as CUBE, WINDOWING, and RANKING should also be investigated.

Originality/value

The paper presents an extended version of one of the award winning papers at iiWAS2008.
Enforcing data consistency in data integration systems by XQuery trigger service
Authors: Lu Jing , Mitschang Bernhard
Published: June 2009

Purpose

Extensible Markup Language (XML)‐based data integration systems (DIS) aim to support global updates. Data consistency among data sources is not yet enforced at the integration level or enforced in anad hocmanner which leads to redundant checking of consistency or unrepairable mistakes. This paper aims to provide XQuery trigger service to enforce data integrity and data consistency in the DIS at the integration level.

Design/methodology/approach

Data consistency is enforced among data sources through providing XQuery trigger service for the XML‐DIS. An XQuery trigger model is defined and shown how to use this model to define different integrity constraints and triggers at the integration level. The paper proposes the architecture of the XQuery trigger service and shows how to enforce data consistency in the DIS. Important components including event detection, condition evaluation and action firing are discussed. Necessary algorithms including how to produce ChangeRecord, how to find activated triggers, how to process LET and FOR clauses and how to create data objects from XML fragment are proposed. Trigger termination and failure handling are also discussed.

Findings

XQuery trigger can express miscellaneous data integrity constraints and triggers in the DIS and is highly abstract, refined and easy to understand. XQuery trigger service provides an easy‐to‐maintain method of the data consistency rules and a uniform, nonredundant and centralized enforcement of data consistency.

Originality/value

An XQuery trigger model with namespace annotations, which can define constraints and triggers among different data sources. An XQuery trigger service architecture for the XML‐DIS, which can enforce data consistency at the integration level. For DIS administrators, who want to enforce data consistency when permitting updates at the integration level.
Sticks and stones: decision making by rumour
Authors: Lee Monica
Published: June 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore how financial risk is managed and commercial decisions are made within a successful UK livestock market.

Design/methodology/approach

An autoethnographic approach is used, in which the researcher is both active participant and reflective observer.

Findings

In contrast to “best practice” described in management texts, commercial risk management and financial decision making in this community are successfully guided by rumour.

Research limitations/implications

The paper is limited to the extent that one believes in the validity of autoethnography, however, it is argued that these findings are a reflection of the wider nature of the agricultural community, immersed as it is in life and death, and that this culture is significantly different to that commonly addressed by textbooks.

Practical implications

This paper highlights a distinction between the tenets of the western world as addressed in textbooks and the agricultural community that exists alongside, and it suggests that following best practice might not lead to success if that best practice is ignorant of the culture in which it is rooted.

Originality/value

This paper provides empirical evidence that the tenets of the rural community are at odds with those of sanitised western management and that successful management of financial risk is culture specific. It questions why such differences exist and furthers debate about the influence of “our common neglect of death”.
The highways and byways of organisation studies: reflections on 30 years of critique
Authors: Jackson Norman , Carter Pippa
Published: June 2009

Purpose

One obvious and troubling phenomenon in critical organisation studies (OS) is the lack of impact that the new epistemologies had on organisational practice. After about two decades of demonstrating the biases, poor explanatory power and latent dangers of the orthodoxy, a declining utility in further revelations of this kind is sensed. Whereas, there may have been insufficient attention paid to the power aspect of the power/knowledge nexus, it is suggested that this is changing with an emergent focus on the role of political economy, which, hopefully, presages a new revolutionary urge in critical OS. This paper seeks to explore the issues.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper is a necessarily selective review of the developments within OS, within a historical context, that briefly examines the fate of other attempts to challenge the dominant managerialist paradigm. The authors look at evidence from an emergent literature on political economy and from a more general set of concerns, both expert and lay, regarding (physical and social) global depredations.

Findings

Cause for both optimism and pessimism is found within emergent developments in OS. The attention being paid to political economy offers a prospect of overcoming the experienced impotence of the preceding epistemological critique. However, the authors fear that the capitalist interest, together with its apologists, will continue to resist insights and evidence that might require them to change for the benefit of humanity.

Originality/value

Stimulated by the widespread concern about the impotence of critical OS, this paper, by looking at the trajectory of the epistemological revolution, seeks to illustrate the potentiality and pitfalls facing an emergent political economy perspective.
Betrayal and friendship
Authors: French Robert , Case Peter , Gosling Jonathan
Published: June 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between friendship and betrayal. Both are perceived to involve dynamics that can have a major impact in organizations, but both have tended to be under researched.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper brings together ideas from psychoanalysis (object relations theory), archetypal psychology, and the history of ideas (the friendship tradition). It also uses a case study to explore how the emerging framework applies in reality.

Findings

The exploration led to the conclusion that betrayal may have its roots at the same deep level of the psyche as friendship and they may, therefore, be equally fundamental developmentally.

Originality/value

The paper opens up an important area for further study and application. It is intended to give status to two experiences that are of great importance to managers and managed, leaders and led, consultants and students.
The influence of money attitudes on young Chinese consumers' compulsive buying
Authors: Li Dongjin , Jiang Ying , An Shenghui , Shen Zhe , Jin Wenji
Published: June 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how young Chinese consumers' money attitudes influence their compulsive buying behavior.

Design/methodology/approach

In total, 303 undergraduate students from Tianjin and Ningbo (two major cities in coastal China) answered a self‐administered questionnaire.

Findings

Money attitudes were found to significantly affect young Chinese consumers' compulsive buying behaviour. Specifically, the Retention‐Time dimension significantly affected both male and female consumers' compulsive buying. However, the Power‐Prestige dimension only affected male consumers' compulsive buying. Finally, the Quality dimension had a greater impact on male than on female consumers' compulsive buying.

Research limitations/implications

The data were collected in two major cities in the coastal region of China. Given the differences between coastal and inland China, caution must be taken when generalizing the research results to young consumers from inland China.

Practical implications

The discussion of the relationships between young Chinese consumers' money attitudes and their compulsive buying will help marketers and policy makers to better understand these consumers' spending behaviour. Thus, marketers can identify new market opportunities and form marketing strategies to target young consumers in China. On the other hand, policy makers can also form more effective education strategies to help young consumers to spend wisely.

Originality/value

Different from previous research in money attitudes and compulsive behaviour, the research provides an in‐depth overview of how male and female young Chinese consumers perceive money and how their beliefs about money affect their spending.
Influence of television advertising on adolescents in China: an urban‐rural comparison
Authors: Chan Kara , Cai Xiao
Published: June 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the cultivation effects of television advertising viewing on the perceived affluence in society and the materialistic value orientations among adolescents in urban and rural China.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper shows that a survey of 646 adolescents aged 11 to 17, in Guangzhou City, and in a rural county of Henan Province, was conducted in 2006. Constructs were measured using established scales.

Findings

Television advertising viewing demonstrated first‐ and second‐order cultivation effects among urban as well as rural respondents. Heavy television advertising viewers were more likely to have a higher perceived affluence than light television advertising viewers. Heavy television advertising viewers were also more materialistic than light television advertising viewers. When television‐advertising viewing was controlled, urban respondents had a higher perceived affluence, while rural respondents had a higher level of materialism.

Research limitations/implications

Students in grades 7 and 8 were examined only. A convenient sampling method was adopted. The city selected for the study is highly advanced in terms of economical and advertising development compared with most other Chinese cities.

Practical implications

Rural adolescents did not hold strong beliefs about prevalence of affluence in society. Popularity appeal may not be a fruitful marketing communication strategy for durable goods for them. Different marketing communication strategies should be adopted for the urban and rural adolescents as target audience.

Originality/value

The paper is a pioneer work on the study of consumption values of adolescents in urban and rural China.
Children's influences on family decision making in Hong Kong
Authors: Ming Wut Tai , Chou Ting‐Jui
Published: June 2009

Purpose

Focus of previous research into family purchasing decisions has centred on the husband and wife. Children's influences on family decision making have increased in recent decades. The purpose of this paper is to investigate children's influences on Chinese family decision making in Hong Kong.

Design/methodology/approach

The study is based on a survey of 366 family members in Hong Kong.

Findings

Children are found to have more influence in the choice‐making stage of decision making and parents still control the final decision, which is consistent with previous research findings.

Practical implications

Parents and their children usually engage jointly in family decision making. Marketers should address the needs of both parties and work to help to resolve any conflict that may arise.

Originality/value

The study is framed within resources theory to examine children's influence in two decision stages of family decision making.
Afghanistan and multiculturalism in Khaled Hosseini's novels: study of place and diversity
Authors: Agnello Mary F. , Todd Reese H. , Olaniran Bolanle , Lucey Thomas A.
Published: June 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to frame Khaled Hosseini's novels,The Kite RunnerandA Thousand Splendid Suns, as literature to expand and enhance the American secondary curriculum with multicultural themes based on Afghanistan as a geographical and cultural place in a dynamic, diverse, and complex world more mediated than ever before by computer technologies.

Design/methodology/approach

The methodological approach to the study is a synthesis of geographic education grounded in the concept of place and diversity pedagogy.

Findings

Khaled Hosseini's web site has become the cyber place where hundreds of readers from around the world come to express their deep emotional reactions toThe Kite RunnerandA Thousand Splendid Suns. At the same time, that so many diverse international readers are responding favorably to Hosseini's novels, his works are being censored in classrooms in the USA. The research outlines geographical and cultural geographic features of Afghanistan – a place torn by military efforts of several nations. In the context of diversity pedagogy, the power of the novels portrays “difference,” yet humanity in need of understanding. Further attention is given to the censorship of ideas in American education, with Hosseini's books as one example.

Originality/value

This paper frames Hosseini's novels as place‐based literature illustrating the homeland of Afghanistan now more accessible than ever before to international and US classrooms.
Conceptual collective online reflection in multicultural education classes
Authors: Oikonomidoy Eleni
Published: June 2009

Purpose

The purpose of the paper is to demonstrate how collective conceptual reflections facilitated by online blogs can promote pre‐service teachers' growth in multicultural education classes.

Design/methodology/approach

Analysis of one blog is used to demonstrate how information gained through that triggered the instructor's informed reflection and guided subsequent in‐class teaching/learning.

Findings

Through the analysis of the demonstrative blog, it becomes apparent that while pre‐service teachers were appropriating vocabulary used in the field of multicultural education, their narratives were superficial and oversimplified. Subsequent in‐class activities designed to attend to the conceptual gaps were used to problematize the simplistic views.

Research limitations/implications

The data presented cannot be generalized to all pre‐service teachers. Since the purpose of this paper is to attend to the process and not the content, the demonstrative blog serves only as one possible example, which can be easily adapted with different concepts/goals.

Practical implications

It is proposed that the identification of students' collective zones of proximal development (Vygotsky) in key elements of the multicultural learning chain can provide important information to the instructor for the re‐design of future teaching.

Originality/value

Continual assessment of the effectiveness of multicultural education classes is needed, if such classes are to have a long‐term impact on pre‐service teachers' future practice. The micro‐level method proposed in this paper offers one possible way to manage the oftentimes overwhelming amount of information that they are built upon while continually monitoring students' learning.
Construction project procurement routes: an in‐depth critique
Authors: Oyegoke Adekunle S. , Dickinson Michael , Khalfan Malik M.A. , McDermott Peter , Rowlinson Steve
Published: June 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine different categories of building project procurement routes based on organisational, contractual, financial and technical issues.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper is based on review of literature and conditions of contracts. The UK construction industry serves as a general frame of reference. The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors survey ofContracts in Usefrom 1985 to 2004 is used to probe the share and value of contracts along different procurement routes and across different conditions of contracts in the UK. The logic is that the value and the share of contracts will indicate the behaviour of different procurement routes in the UK construction market while the in‐depth analysis of conditions of contracts will show the gaps and relationships between the general definition/categorisation and contractual context (conditions of contracts) of each of the procurement routes.

Findings

The preliminary result of the analysis shows that traditional routes remain the main type of procurement route for the construction project industry sector, within which different management and incentivisation systems are applied for greater efficiency. The conditions of contracts in the UK support this assertion by aligning different procurement routes to different conditions of contracts and additionally specifying different forms of agreements, special provisions and incentivisation in order to increase performance, reduce risks and improve compensation methods.

Research limitations/implications

The study can serve as a learning opportunity for construction project stakeholders internationally, and clients in particular, to differentiate between procurement routes, management‐oriented systems, relational contracting and incentivisation.

Originality/value

The research provides an original assessment of construction procurement which can be used as intervening tool in different levels of private and public procurement strategies.
Managing delivery of sanitation infrastructures for poor communities
Authors: Beauséjour Julie
Published: June 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how lessons learnt from a case study of a sanitation project undertaken in periurban Vietnam can indicate a more sustainable scale of operations by decentralization. In context of high urbanization in South‐East Asia, periurban areas suffer increasing environmental pressure and lack access to environmental infrastructures. As the government of Vietnam has not yet defined its supply programme for sanitation, central governmental supply and operation is questioned by various small non‐governmental organizations (NGO) that could successfully provide community‐managed projects.

Design/methodology/approach

A pilot wastewater management community project by an international NGO serves as a case study for capacity‐analysis at the local level. Using interviews with experts and user‐oriented focus groups, both the village and household capacities to participate in the project are analyzed.

Findings

The research identifies the skills and expertise necessary for the management of a sustainable sanitation service. Observing local skills and resulting outputs of the community‐managed system provides comprehensive insight about the highest needs of local support and clarifies coordination priorities between stakeholders.

Research limitations/implications

This paper is limited to one country and context, while findings can be useful in similar contexts it cannot be generally applied.

Practical implications

The Lai Xa project demonstrates that operation decentralization could be highly profitable for the authorities compared to the traditional approach of government supply and maintenance. Local communities could, with proper training, manage and maintain a simple sanitation system. The sustainability of these community services finally depends on proper coordination by water and sanitation authorities providing specialized technical and managerial support.

Originality/value

There is a dearth of literature on project case studies in the NGO world and this paper helps to broaden the understanding of the interface between project management and aid project delivery by providing useful insights on how the project uses a complex system of capacities at various levels.