bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Imagem corporal e qualidade de vida após explante mamário
Authors: Figueiredo Raissa Barakatt de , Mariano Eduardo Machado , Murta Maria Madureira , Cintra-Junior Wilson , Ferreira Álvaro de Azevedo , Ching An Wan , Cezaretti José Antônio
Published: February 2025

Introdução Os implantes mamários de silicone foram introduzidos na prática cirúrgica na década de 1960 e são muito utilizados desde então, mas com porcentagem cada vez menor entre as cirurgias estéticas e com aumento da explantação. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a imagem corporal e a qualidade de vida antes e após o explante.

Materiais e Métodos Aplicação dos questionários BREAST-Q e Questionário de Avaliação das Mamas no pré e pós-operatório de 11 pacientes submetidas a explante mamário.

Resultados Pelo BREAST-Q, utilizando uma escala de 0 a 100, a satisfação com as mamas aumentou de 52,3 para 64,3, e a satisfação com o resultado teve uma média de 85,9. Pelo Questionário de Avaliação das Mamas, utilizando uma escala de 1 a 5, a satisfação com a aparência das mamas teve aumento de 3,0 para 3,8.

Conclusão O estudo sugere melhora da imagem corporal após a explantação, mas necessita de mais dados para gerar conclusões relevantes.
Otorhinolaryngology Foundation: Three Decades of Excellence in Education, Research, and Scientific Advancement
Authors: Bento Ricardo Ferreira , Montefusco Adilson Marcos , Ribeiro Greice Vitória Garcia , Lowndes Annita Luz Lacerda , Fozzati Adriana de Almeida
Published: February 2025

Introduction The Otorhinolaryngology Foundation (FO), created in 1995, has played an important role in the advancement of otorhinolaryngology in Brazil, through initiatives in education, research, and service provision.

Objective To present the trajectory of FO's 30 years in public health and professional training, highlighting its contributions, historical milestones, and future challenges.

Brief History Created by the Center for Studies and Advanced Development in Otorhinolaryngology (CEDAO), the FO expanded its activities beyond academic support, becoming a national reference. Among its achievements, the commitment to the continuous improvement of teaching, research, publications, and provision of services to the community stands out. These initiatives include the promotion of courses and conferences that train thousands of professionals, the dissemination of knowledge through scientific publications, the development of innovative technologies, and the carrying out of campaigns and assistance actions aimed at the population.

Final Considerations The celebration of FO's 30th anniversary reaffirms its mission of excellence and innovation in the dissemination of knowledge in otorhinolaryngology in Brazil. The continuous commitment to improving its four fundamental pillars ensures quality in education, research, and service to society.
Técnica de Pellon em ferida crônica na região frontal: Um relato de caso e revisão da literatura
Authors: Daronch Oona Tomiê , Marcante Renata Fernanda Ramos , Palhares Aristides Augusto
Published: February 2025

Células-tronco derivadas do tecido adiposo podem se diferenciar em fibroblastos, queratinócitos e outras células; eles também podem secretar mediadores com propriedades neoangiogênicas e anti-inflamatórias. Inicialmente descrita no tratamento de queimaduras, ao longo do tempo também começaram a ser empregadas no tratamento de feridas complexas O presente caso relata o uso da gordura para o tratamento de uma ferida crônica com exposição óssea traumática na região frontal, com três anos de evolução e 3 cm de extensão. Após duas sessões de lipoenxertia, a paciente apresentava granulação do tecido da região frontal. As propriedades de células-tronco do tecido adiposo podem ser aproveitadas não apenas no tratamento das queimaduras, mas também em feridas crônicas, como o caso do presente trabalho, no qual a exposição óssea era em área nobre, com poucas áreas doadores adjacentes e grande possibilidade de insucesso no caso de retalhos cutâneos.
Reabilitação de queimaduras em membros inferiores: Um estudo retrospectivo
Authors: Batista Katia Torres , Tavares Eduarda Cruz , Côrrea Giovanna Cristina Silveira , Carneiro-Júnior Gleubert Carlos , Silva Haysla Bias , Lima Pedro Henrique Borges de , Schwerz Renata Cristina Gontijo
Published: February 2025

Introdução As queimaduras estão entre as principais causas externas de morte registradas no Brasil, e a sua ocorrência nos membros inferiores é menos comum. Porém, caso ocorram queimaduras significativas nessa região, a reconstrução, sobretudo a tardia, é desafiadora, devido à dificuldade de se recriar a anatomia particular da região, o que dificulta a manutenção funcional do membro.

Materiais e Métodos Realizou-se uma análise retrospectiva de prontuários de pacientes vítimas de sequelas de queimaduras atendidos em um hospital de reabilitação de 2001 a 2005.

Resultados Foram avaliados 44 pacientes, dos quais 61,3% eram do gênero masculino e estavam na faixa etária de 21 a 40 (média de idade: 26) anos. Observou-se que 98% dos queimados estavam em idade produtiva (< 60 anos). Houve predomínio de agente causal térmico, e 65% dos pacientes foram submetidos a diferentes cirurgias e programas de reabilitação.

Conclusão A análise revelou deformidades severas, com comprometimento articular e amputações, em pacientes com tempo prolongado de queimadura, especialmente do sexo masculino, em idade produtiva e provenientes do Centro-Oeste, Norte e Nordeste. Os tratamentos necessários envolveram procedimentos cirúrgicos complexos e fisioterápicos para reabilitação, que variaram conforme o agente causal e a extensão da lesão, e foram priorizadas a funcionalidade do membro e a reintegração do paciente à sociedade.
Developing and validating a Women’s Health Index for India
Authors: Sehgal Meena , Jatrana Santosh , Johnson Louise
Published: February 2025

Developing a women’s health index is particularly important in the Indian context due to the pronounced disparities in women’s health across various social, economic, and geographical segments. This paper focuses on the development and validation of a comprehensive Women’s Health Index (WHI) for India. In contrast to previous efforts that predominantly focused on indicators related to pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period, often limited to reproductive or maternal health services, our index adopts a multi-dimensional approach. The WHI comprises 17 variables, representing life stages of women and encompassing a diverse range of factors. Utilizing Principal Component Analysis, we computed the index and conducted statistical tests for internal and external validation. The spatial pattern of WHI reveals substantial inter-district and inter-state disparities. This study thus provides a valuable tool for characterizing women’s health and identifying health inequalities at a smaller administrative level in India.
Global stability of traveling wave solutions for a discrete diffusion epidemic model with nonlocal delay effects
Authors: Yang Zhi-Jiao , Zhang Guo-Bao , Tian Ge
Published: February 2025

This paper is devoted to the study of the global stability of traveling wave solutions for discrete diffusion epidemic models with nonlocal delay effects. It is easy to show that there exists a c∗ > 0 such that when the wave speed is large than or equals to c∗, the model admits an increasing traveling wave solution. By applying the approaches, such as the weighted energy method, the comparison principle and Fourier’s transform, we prove that all traveling wavefronts with speed c > min{c*, c∗}, (c* > 0), are globally stable with the exponential convergence rate t−12e−μt for some constant μ > 0.
Improving the growth of pulsed chemical vapor deposition of GaN on Si(100) by in situ ammonia nitriding of the Si surface
Authors: Wagle Phadindra , Mainali Punya , Shrestha Saraswati , Lamichhane Ujjal , Meyers Derek , McIlroy D. N.
Published: February 2025

The morphology, crystallinity, and photoconductive properties of gallium nitride films grown by pulsed chemical vapor deposition on p-type Si(100) with and without ammonia (NH3) pretreatment are investigated. Ammonia pretreatments were performed at 525 °C and 800 °C, which resulted in GaN film thicknesses of 80 and 140 nm, respectively. An amorphous film of GaN is obtained without pretreatment and a polycrystalline GaN film with pretreatment. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that the pretreatment results in a 1–2 nm bilayer consisting of SiNx and SiOxNy at the GaN/Si interface. Photoconductive measurements show the 525 °C pretreated GaN film has a responsivity of 72 mA W−1 and a rise time of 0.37 ms, whereas the GaN film with an 800 °C pretreatment has a responsivity of 246 mA W−1 and a rise time of 1.7 ms. Moreover, the photocurrent of the 525 °C pretreated device exhibits superlinear power dependence with a power coefficient of 1.74, whereas the 800 °C pretreated device exhibits sublinear power dependence with a power coefficient of 0.58. The superlinear power dependence of the photoresponse of the 525 °C pretreated film is attributed to the presence of fast and slow recombination centers.
Heterostructure and interfacial engineering for low-resistance contacts to ultra-wide bandgap AlGaN
Authors: Zhu Yinxuan , Allerman Andrew A. , Joishi Chandan , Pratt Jonathan , Dominic Merwin Xavier Agnes Maneesha , Calderon Ortiz Gabriel , Klein Brianna A. , Armstrong Andrew , Hwang Jinwoo , Rajan Siddharth
Published: February 2025

We report on the heterostructure and interfacial engineering of metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) grown reverse graded contacts to ultra-wide bandgap AlGaN. A record low contact resistivity of 1.4 × 10−6 Ω cm2 was reported on an Al0.82Ga0.18N metal-semiconductor field effect transistor by compositionally grading the contact layer from Al0.85Ga0.15N → Al0.14Ga0.86N with degenerate doping and proper interfacial engineering considering bandgap-narrowing-induced band offset between the channel and the contact layer. This represents orders-of-magnitude of lower contact resistivity than that obtained in similar MOCVD-grown structures. A detailed, layer-by-layer analysis of the reverse graded contact and TCAD simulation of the bandgap narrowing effect highlighted that the reverse graded contact layer itself is extremely conductive, and interfacial resistance due to bandgap-narrowing-induced barrier between contact and channel dominates the contact resistance.
Temperature dependence of polarons in conductive PEDOT:PSS thin films
Authors: Han Chengcan , Liang Sen , Liu Hongqi , Ye Hui
Published: February 2025

Organic conductive polymer, Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), has been widely used as an important component in organic optoelectronic devices, and recently it emerged as a promising candidate for novel epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) materials. The presence of polarons and bipolarons, acting as charge carriers in conductive polymers, has a profound influence on the electrical and optical characteristics. In this work, pristine, ethylene glycol-treated (EG-treated hereafter) and acid-treated PEDOT:PSS films were prepared for temperature-dependent spectroscopy measurement to investigate the temperature sensitivity of materials. Spectral fitting method and decomposition of the imaginary part of the permittivity is employed to elucidate the temperature sensitivity of ENZ in thin films treated with various solutions. The pristine PEDOT:PSS film is sensitive to temperature changes (ENZ wavelength changes by 93 nm), while the acid-treated PEDOT:PSS film is less affected by temperature (polarons and bipolarons have been significantly improved, ENZ wavelength changes by 32 nm). Finally, band diagrams are utilized to illustrate the dynamics of polarons and bipolarons within three thin film systems upon temperature excitation, elucidating the underlying physical mechanisms of the thin film's temperature sensitivity. Our research provides a new insight into the study of ENZ photonics in organic materials and the development of temperature-related applications.
Oxygen impurities in AlN and their impact on optical absorption
Authors: Yan Qimin , Lyons John L. , Gordon Luke , Janotti Anderson , Van de Walle Chris G.
Published: February 2025

Oxygen is a common impurity in AlN samples. Using hybrid density functional calculations, we investigate the role of substitutional oxygen (ON) in the optical absorption. We construct configuration coordination diagrams for ON and related complexes. Our results indicate that an optical transition involving ON− (a DX center) gives rise to an absorption band peaked at 2.22 eV, suggesting it is a source of the absorption band with an onset at ∼ 2 eV observed in oxygen-containing samples. We also propose that neutral ON–DX complexes can form, which would give rise to absorption peaking at 3.06 eV. In addition, we find that oxygen, in spite of its DX character, may behave as an “optically shallow donor” and be involved in optical transitions from deep defect states to the conduction band. This observation provides an alternative physical mechanism for the optical absorption bands observed in AlN samples in the visible and ultraviolet (UV) region.
Asymmetrical morphological evolution and energy conversion of droplets impacting on the moving film
Authors: Ding Hongbing , Chai Xutian , Song Xinyu , Yang Yan , Wen Chuang
Published: February 2025

Droplet impacting on the film has been an important research topic, which is relevant to many important industries and is of high utilization value. The droplet impacting process shows excellent mass and heat transfer capability, whereas the liquid film is often in a flowing state, the morphological deformation and energy conversion of successive droplets impacting a moving liquid film were investigated. A three-dimensional volume of fluid model coupled with level-set function was established to investigate the single and successive droplet impact on the moving film. The asymmetry dynamic and energy dissipation and in the morphological evolution of the simultaneous single and successive droplet impacting processes under different droplet Weber numbers Wed and film Reynolds numbers Ref were thoroughly investigated. With smaller Wed and larger Ref, the liquid sheet downstream of the crown is more suppressed and the asymmetry of the crown is more significant. When Ref is constant, the dimensionless radius of the crown is related to the Wed0.2 and also to the power of dimensionless time, with the exponents differing between the upstream and downstream. The relationship of energy dissipation with dimensionless number was discussed, in which the kinetic energy Ek reduction accounts for a major part of the dissipation even though the surface energy Es increases due to the formation of the crown. Additionally, the upstream liquid sheets merging of the inner and outer crowns due to successive droplets continuous impacting on the moving film were also observed. With larger Ref and lower impingement frequency, the merging of the upstream liquid sheets is earlier.
Effect of lip thickness on the noise emitted by underexpanded castellated jets
Authors: Anureka R. , Srinivasan K.
Published: February 2025

The paper studies the effect of lip thickness on the flow and noise characteristics of castellated pipe jets in underexpanded jet conditions. By castellated, we refer to rectangular cutouts along the nozzle wall toward the jet exit. The study demonstrates that the lip thickness (height of a castellation) is an important parameter for optimizing noise reduction in pipes with longer arc lengths of castellation elements, notably two and three castellations. In the case of a two-castellated model, the reduction in lip thickness is observed to be favorable for noise mitigation within a narrow nozzle pressure ratio range of 3.2–3.62. This outcome results from a delay in the onset of screech tones in the gap section, despite the presence of trapped waves in the near-field. Conversely, for a three-castellated model, the reduction in lip thickness leads to an unfavorable acoustic spectral composition. Although the overall acoustic power remains unchanged, the model with a thickness-to-diameter (t/d) ratio of 0.1 exhibits more dominant tones than the model with t/d = 0.2. This difference in the three castellated model is attributed to the variation in the positioning of streamwise vortices and wider expansion fans at the exit. Even though the overall sound pressure levels do not vary much with lip thickness variation, spectral characteristics are altered.
Behavioral mode transition of nanoscale ionic liquid droplets in the ion emission regime
Authors: Chen Chong , Dong Ziyang , Fan Yipeng , Lu Chang , Han Yajie , Xia Guangqing
Published: February 2025

Conductive droplets in strong electric fields are prone to Coulombic explosions. At the nanoscale, the electric field strength on the droplet surface can become sufficiently intense to directly extract ions from the liquid, a phenomenon termed ion field evaporation. Previous studies have demonstrated that ion field evaporation profoundly alters the dynamics of Coulombic explosions by depleting the charge carried by droplets. This study incorporates the mass loss due to ion field evaporation, a crucial factor for nanoscale droplets that was previously overlooked. Utilizing a sharp immersed electrohydrodynamic model, the behavior of neutral droplets composed of the ionic liquid [C2C1Im][BF4] is analyzed for radii ranging from 5 to 500 nm under electric fields exceeding the Coulombic limit. A new mode emerges as the droplet radius falls below a critical threshold, which, for the selected ionic liquid, typically lies between 10 and 50 nm. In this mode, intense ion field evaporation at the droplet's surface induces weak Stokes flows within the droplet, leading to a gradual reduction in volume. A scaling law for the critical radius is derived, which shows good agreement with the numerical results.
Electron mixing performance of a magnetron sputtering cathode
Authors: Salahshoor Mostafa
Published: February 2025

The motions of electrons near a direct current magnetron sputtering cathode are analyzed, focusing on mixing performance in balanced and two unbalanced configurations, both with and without plasma. Electron–gas collisions are modeled using a Monte Carlo approach. The study investigates the impacts of field profiles on the cathode’s performance in mixing electrons by examining snapshots of electron motions at various time intervals and Poincaré maps of electron trajectories across different cut planes. The findings demonstrate that the range of axial and radial positions traversed by electrons remains remarkably stable, regardless of plasma conditions. However, significant divergence in the range of electron positions is observed in the Poincaré maps for the different configurations. In the balanced configuration, electron density is primarily concentrated in the middle region above the target. Conversely, in the unbalanced configurations, electrons predominantly accumulate near the side walls or within the central region above the target. These disparities in the distribution arise from the distinct magnetic field line arrangements. Moreover, temporal analysis of the Poincaré maps indicates that high-energy electrons, primarily emitted from the target, exhibit a distribution across a wider range of axial–radial locations, while low-energy electrons, generated via impact ionization, are more concentrated within a limited region.
Effect of fracturing fluid flow and particle migration within fracture spaces on reservoir seepage capacity
Authors: Xu Peng , Peng Tao , Pu Lei , Liu Shanyong , Wang Bangzhe , Liu Jingwei
Published: February 2025

China is rich in low-permeability oil and gas resources, offering significant potential for exploration and development. However, low-permeability reservoirs are characterized by poor reservoir properties, high seepage resistance, and limited effectiveness of enhancement measures. Therefore, understanding the key factors affecting seepage capacity during stimulation is crucial. This study focuses on low-permeability core samples from the South China Sea and investigates the mechanisms of seepage capacity damage in fractures under three conditions: fracturing fluid systems, solid particles within fractures, and displacement pressure differentials. A 3D scanner was used to visually capture changes in fracture surface roughness under different experimental conditions, and the extent of permeability changes in core samples was analyzed to evaluate fracture damage. Among the fracturing fluid types, guar gum fracturing fluid caused the most significant damage, extensively adsorbing onto fracture walls and reducing flow area within fractures. The permeability damage rate reached 41.54%, with roughness changes of 34.53%. Regarding solid particles, formation particles were prone to secondary fragmentation, generating more fines that easily blocked fracture channels. Formation particles caused the highest damage to fracture permeability, with a reduction rate of 59.51% and roughness changes of 35.12%. In contrast, proppant particles had the least impact. Higher displacement pressures exacerbated the exfoliation and transport of loose particles on fracture surfaces. The damage rate of fractures was positively correlated with pressure differential: greater pressure differentials resulted in larger reductions in permeability and greater changes in fracture wall roughness. Understanding these damage trends is crucial for improving production in low-permeability reservoirs.
Raindrop formation in a thunderstorm mimicking environment under non-uniform electric field
Authors: Zhang Ming , Yang Zhiwen , Li Chuan , Li Jiawei , Li Dingchen , Fu Qixiong , Yu Kexun
Published: February 2025

The rapid formation of raindrops within thunderstorm clouds is significantly influenced by the synergistic effect of non-uniform electric fields and charge, which facilitates the collision and growth of droplets. This phenomenon forms the theoretical foundation for charged particle catalytic artificial rainfall technology. Despite this, the precise mechanism by which these factors enhance droplet collision and growth remains elusive. In this study, we endeavored to elucidate this mechanism by constructing a non-uniform electric field to emulate the conditions within a lightning environment. We introduced charged–neutral droplet pairs and systematically investigated the impact of electric field gradient and charge on droplet collision characteristics, specifically the likelihood and frequency of collisions, under various reference field strength conditions. Our findings indicate that when the reference field strength is below 1.75 × 105 V · m−1, the decaying gradient electric field and the increase in charge significantly enhances the likelihood of droplet collisions. Conversely, a higher electric field gradient is associated with a decreased collision frequency, while a higher charge has a positive effect on this frequency. These insights not only contribute to a deeper comprehension of the mechanisms by which non-uniform electric fields and charge promote droplet collision and growth within thunderstorm clouds but also offer theoretical underpinnings for the optimization of charged particle catalytic artificial rainfall technology.
Anti-irradiation reinforcement in NiFe/oxide composite structure by electronic reconstruction and structural stabilization for efficient magnetoresistive sensor in aerospace/radiotherapy applications
Authors: Zhu Ronggui , Guo Tong , Ding Lei , Meng Fei , Wang Boyi , Qi Yu , Meng Xutong , Li Baohe , Feng Chun , Yu Guanghua
Published: February 2025

The construction of irradiation-tolerant anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) sensors is crucial for weak-field detection in scenarios of aerospace and radiotherapy. Presently, the utilization of the NiFe/oxide composite structure was considered to be an effective scheme to optimize the spin-dependent transport property; however, it exhibited poor anti-irradiation ability due to the crystal instability of oxide. Here, a strategy was proposed to break through the limitation based on the electronic reconstruction and structural stabilization. By introducing an oxygen-affinitive Hf intercalation into the Ta/MgO/NiFe/MgO/Ta multilayer, the electron coordination was modified to tune the 3d orbital occupancy of Fe, apparently boosting the s-d electron scattering and spin-related transport property. Meanwhile, the irradiation stability of electronic and crystal structures was effectively improved due to the emergence of the Hf–O–Mg bond with high dissociation energy. Therefore, we constructed a highly reliable AMR sensor with both the ultrahigh sensitivity of 3.1 mV/V/Oe and excellent irradiation-tolerant ability capable of resisting the γ-ray irradiation of 1000 Gy. These results not only build an important basis for the sensor application in the irradiation environment but also provide a possible idea for the anti-irradiation design in spintronic devices.
A neural network approach to improve Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes modeling of bluff body wakes
Authors: Shojaee S. Amir , Goswami Shubham , Lange Carlos F. , Hemmati Arman
Published: February 2025

This study explores a machine learning based correction method of Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) k–ω Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model in simulating flow around wall-mounted finite rectangular prisms at a Reynolds number of 2.5 × 103. Comparisons with Large Eddy Simulation (LES) reveal successful prediction of mean flow global features, coherent wake characteristics, and key flow parameters by the RANS k–ω SST model. While accurately capturing shear-layer separation, recirculation, and reattachment phenomena, the k–ω SST model tends to significantly overestimate the reattachment length (XR) and underpredict global flow variables. To address this, a backpropagation multi-layer perceptron artificial neural network algorithm is introduced to correct wake parameters of the k–ω SST model. By utilizing LES data to train the algorithm, predictive accuracy of the wake parameters, including reattachment length, recirculation length, drag coefficient, lift coefficient, and base pressure coefficient, is enhanced by more than 97%. These results demonstrate that the algorithm is effective in improving k–ω SST predictions, offering a cost-effective tool to achieve accuracies comparable to LES. The study contributes to refining RANS k–ω SST simulations, showcasing the potential of machine learning in mitigating limitations and enhancing predictive capabilities of RANS models in simulating complex flow scenarios involving wall-mounted rectangular prisms.
Cell aspect ratio important for bacterial rheotaxis
Authors: Zhong Jiachen , Xu Xinliang
Published: February 2025

When placed in flows with local shear, flagellated bacteria commonly display reorientations toward the local vorticity direction, a chirality-induced rheotactic behavior of great importance for many biological functions. As the observed reorientational dynamics arises from interplay between the Jeffery dynamics controlled by the cell aspect ratio and the chirality-induced reorientation controlled by the chiral strength, in this work we quantitatively study how cell aspect ratio can become a key factor in tuning the reorientational dynamics, through numerical and theoretical analyses. Our results reveal that, for sphere-like bacteria the rheotactic behavior sensitively depends on the cell aspect ratio and totally disappears in the limiting case with cell aspect ratio being 1, in very good agreement with our predicted analytic functional form. For needle-like bacteria with cell aspect ratio much larger than 1, the rheotactic behavior becomes insensitive to cell aspect ratio, in agreement with previous experimental observations.
Heat transfer of isolated bubbles in microchannel boiling
Authors: Zhang Zheng , Zhang Shuping , Zhang Guanmin , Ding Shuaijie , Jia Fuxing , Zhao Junzhe , Tian Maocheng
Published: February 2025

In recent years, microchannel boiling heat transfer has become an effective solution for high heat flux electronic devices. This study explores the heat transfer mechanism of bubbles within microchannels by employing an integrated approach that combines experimental observations with numerical simulations. Through the study of heat transfer during the stages of free growth, restricted growth, and elongated growth of bubbles, a heat transfer model for bubble growth using water as the working fluid was developed. The bottom of the bubble was divided into convection, dry patch, and conduction zones based on the dominant heat transfer mechanism, with the convection zone showing higher heat transfer coefficients. As the bubble transitions into the elongation growth stage, its size undergoes rapid expansion. With the increase in the inlet velocity, the dry patch disappears, and the bubble is completely covered by liquid film. As the capillary number increases, the liquid film thickness and the dry patch length increase, and the dry patch area rapidly expands when bubbles enter the elongated growth stage. The existence of corner regions at the bottom of the rectangular channel results in leakage flow, where capillary forces replenish the liquid, and the action of evaporation reduces the temperature in these areas.
Role of electronic states in ion transportation for high energy density Li–S batteries
Authors: Choudhary Sunny , Tripathi Balram , Katiyar Ram S.
Published: February 2025

In this research, we investigated the significant influence of electronic states on the improvement of ion transport in oxide intercalated sulfur–based composite cathodes for Li–S batteries (LSBs). We optimize the vibrational modes of crystalline sulfur and their influence on ion transport mechanisms through the application of Raman spectroscopy and group theory. The electronic states and the Tuinstra–Koenig relation (ID/IG) in composite materials resulted in improved ion transport, stabilization of polysulfide species, and enhanced cycling performance of LSBs. Our findings underscore the significance of electronic states to enhance the performance and longevity of high–energy–density LSBs, thereby providing design principles for next–generation cathodes with higher energy density and longevity.
All-implanted lateral β-Ga2O3 MOSFET devices realized on semi-insulating (-201) β-Ga2O3 substrates
Authors: Tetzner Kornelius , Thies Andreas , Brusaterra Enrico , Külberg Alexander , Paul Pallabi , Ostermay Ina , Würfl Joachim , Hilt Oliver
Published: February 2025

In this work, we report on the fabrication of all-implanted β-Ga2O3 metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) devices on semi-insulating (-201) β-Ga2O3 substrates. Through the use of multiple energy Si+ implantation and subsequent annealing, we were able to achieve high activation efficiencies up to 87% allowing to realize the active transistor channel and Ohmic contact regions with electrical properties comparable to homoepitaxial layers grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. The fabricated β-Ga2O3 MOSFET devices featured excellent current modulation with on/off current ratios up to 109, maximum drain current densities of 180 mA/mm, and specific on-resistances of 1.5 mΩcm2. Furthermore, breakdown measurements in air of the non-field-plated MOSFET devices with a gate-to-drain distance of 2 μm showed a catastrophic breakdown at 332 V, which equals an average breakdown strength of 1.7 MV/cm. The outcome of this work emphasizes the high potential of this all-implantation approach for fabricating high-performing Ga2O3-based electronic devices for next-generation power electronics applications without the need of sophisticated high-quality epitaxial growth.
Scavenger endothelial cells alleviate tissue damage by engulfing toxic molecules derived from hemolysis
Authors: Dai Yimei , Jiang Yunyun , Cao Canran , Xu Yongtai , Lai Siting , Zhu Wenchao , Gao Meng , Li Feifei , He Sicong , Xu Jin
Published: February 2025

Hemolysis induces tissue damage by releasing cellular contents into the plasma. It is widely accepted that hemolysis-derived toxic molecules are cleared by macrophages or metabolized in hepatocytes. In zebrafish, we found that scavenger endothelial cells (SECs), a specialized endothelium with remarkable endocytosis capability, engulf both macromolecular hemoglobin (Hb) and small molecular unconjugated bilirubin (UCB), two primary toxic byproducts of hemolysis. These engulfment processes are mediated by the scavenger receptor Stab2. To demonstrate the protective function of SECs during hemolysis, we employed a zebrafish model of erythropoietic porphyria, characterized by excessive protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) accumulation due to
ferrochelatase
mutation, leading to light-sensitive hemolysis and larva death. We found that SECs facilitate the clearance of excess PPIX via Stab2, thereby mitigating PPIX-induced larval mortality. In addition, mouse SECs possess a conserved capability of scavenging Hb/UCB/PPIX. In conclusion, our study identifies SECs as a detoxification system during physiological and pathological hemolysis, shedding light on their protective role against hemolysis-induced damage.
Computational and in vitro evaluation of probiotic treatments for nasal
Staphylococcus aureus
decolonization
Authors: Tepekule Burcu , Barcik Weronika , Staiger Willy I. , Bergadà-Pijuan Judith , Scheier Thomas , Brülisauer Laura , Hall Alex R. , Günthard Huldrych F. , Hilty Markus , Kouyos Roger D. , Brugger Silvio D.
Published: February 2025

Despite the rising challenge of antibiotic resistance, current approaches to eradicate nasal pathobionts
Staphylococcus aureus
and
Streptococcus pneumoniae
rely on antibacterials. An alternative is the artificial inoculation of commensal bacteria, i.e., probiotic treatment, supported by the increasing evidence for commensal-mediated inhibition of pathogens. To systematically investigate the potential of this approach, we developed a quantitative framework simulating the nasal microbiome dynamics by combining mathematical modeling with longitudinal microbiota data. By inferring community parameters using 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) amplicon sequencing data and simulating the nasal microbial dynamics of patients colonized with
S. aureus
, we compared the decolonization performance of probiotic and antibiotic treatments under different assumptions on patients’ community composition and susceptibility profile. To further compare the robustness of these treatments, we simulated an
S. aureus
challenge and quantified the recolonization probability. Through in vitro experiments using nasal swabs of adults colonized with
S. aureus
, we confirmed that after antibiotic treatment, recolonization of
S. aureus
was inhibited in samples treated with a probiotic mixture compared to the nontreated control. Our results suggest that probiotic treatment outperforms antibiotics in terms of decolonization performance, recolonization robustness, and leads to less collateral reduction in the microbiome diversity. Thus, probiotic treatment may provide a promising alternative to combat antibiotic resistance, with the additional advantage of personalized treatment options via using the patient’s own metagenomic data. The combination of an in silico framework with in vitro experiments using clinical samples reported in this work is an important step forward to further investigate this alternative in clinical trials.
A deep learning–enabled smart garment for accurate and versatile monitoring of sleep conditions in daily life
Authors: Tang Chenyu , Yi Wentian , Xu Muzi , Jin Yuxuan , Zhang Zibo , Chen Xuhang , Liao Caizhi , Kang Mengtian , Gao Shuo , Smielewski Peter , Occhipinti Luigi G.
Published: February 2025

In wearable smart systems, continuous monitoring and accurate classification of different sleep-related conditions are critical for enhancing sleep quality and preventing sleep-related chronic conditions. However, the requirements for device–skin coupling quality in electrophysiological sleep monitoring systems hinder the comfort and reliability of night wearing. Here, we report a washable, skin-compatible smart garment sleep monitoring system that captures local skin strain signals under weak device–skin coupling conditions without positioning or skin preparation requirements. A printed textile-based strain sensor array responds to strain from 0.1 to 10% with a gauge factor as high as 100 and shows independence to extrinsic motion artifacts via strain-isolating printed pattern design. Through reversible starching treatment, ink penetration depth during direct printing on garments is controlled to achieve batch-to-batch performance variation <10%. Coupled with deep learning, explainable AI, and transfer learning data processing, the smart garment is capable of classifying six sleep states with an accuracy of 98.6%, maintaining excellent explainability (classification with low bias) and generalization (95% accuracy on new users with few-shot learning less than 15 samples per class) in practical applications, paving the way for next-generation daily sleep healthcare management.
Full asymptotic expansion of monodromy data for the first Painlevé transcendent: applications to connection problems
Authors: Long Wen-Gao , Jiang Yun-Jiang , Li Yu-Tian
Published: February 2025

We study the full asymptotic expansion of the monodromy data (i.e. Stokes multipliers) for the first Painlevé transcendent (PI) with large initial data or large pole parameters. Our primary approach involves refining the complex WKB method, also known as the method of uniform asymptotics, to approximate the second-order ODEs derived from PI’s Lax pair with higher-order accuracy. As an application, we provide a rigorous proof of the full asymptotic expansion of the nonlinear eigenvalues proposed numerically by Bender, Komijani, and Wang. Additionally, we present the full asymptotic expansion for the pole parameters

(

p

n

,

H

n

)

corresponding to the nth pole of the real tritronquée solution of the PI equation as

n
→
+
∞

.
Printed ultrasound sensors for enhanced structural health monitoring: development, characterization, and real-time evaluation
Authors: Brun Eliott , Dos Santos Elsa , Rival Guilhem , Cottinet Pierre-Jean , Pelletier Arnaud , Ducharne Benjamin
Published: February 2025

This study presents the development of ultrasound (US) sensors for structural health monitoring (SHM) by directly printing the sensors onto structural components. Unlike traditional ultrasound-based SHM systems, this approach minimizes sensor placement and environmental interference challenges, providing a stable, durable, and cost-effective solution for long-term monitoring of critical infrastructure. The core of this technology is a piezoelectric composite made of an OE 132–43/P189 mixture at 80 vol.% ferroelectric particles in a polyimide matrix, selected for its optimal dielectric strength, consistent d33 polarization, high-frequency response (1–20 MHz), and high thermal stability. Experimental validation showed that the printed sensors effectively measured component thickness in steel and aluminum, confirming their suitability for non-destructive evaluation. Additionally, multi-layer sensor designs were explored, producing higher acoustic pressure at lower operating voltages, enabling applications on thicker materials. This work advances SHM by enabling continuous, real-time monitoring, improving structural safety, and reducing maintenance costs across various industries.
The cosmological flow: a systematic approach to primordial correlators
Authors: Pinol Lucas , Renaux-Petel Sébastien , Werth Denis
Published: February 2025

The time evolution of primordial fluctuations conceals a wealth of insights into the high-energy physics at play during the earliest moments of our Universe, which is ultimately encoded in late-time spatial correlation functions. However, the conventional procedure to compute them is technically challenging, and a complete dictionary mapping the landscape of inflationary theories and the corresponding observable signatures is not yet available.
In this paper, we develop a framework to compute tree-level cosmological correlators based on following their time evolution from their origin as quantum zero-point fluctuations to the end of inflation.
From first principles, the structure of the bulk time evolution imposes a set of universal differential equations in time satisfied by equal-time correlators.
We automatise the process of systematically solving these equations. This allows us to accurately capture all physical effects and obtain exact results in theories formulated at the level of inflationary fluctuations that include any number of degrees of freedom with arbitrary dispersion relations and masses, coupled through any time-dependent interactions.
We then illustrate the power of this formalism by exploring the phenomenology of cosmological correlators emerging from the interaction with a massive scalar field.
After an extensive analysis of the quadratic theory and classifying perturbativity bounds, we study both the size and the shape dependence of non-Gaussianities in the entire parameter space, including the strong mixing regime. We present novel characteristics of cosmological collider signals in (would be) single-, double-, and triple-exchange three-point correlators. In the presence of primordial features, after subtracting gauge artefacts unavoidably generated by a breaking of scale-invariance, we show that soft limits of cosmological correlators offer a new possibility to probe the inflationary landscape. Finally, we provide templates to search for in future cosmological surveys.
BullFrog: multi-step perturbation theory as a time integrator for cosmological simulations
Authors: Rampf Cornelius , List Florian , Hahn Oliver
Published: February 2025

Modelling the cosmic large-scale structure can be done through numerical N-body simulations or by using perturbation theory. Here, we present an N-body approach that effectively implements a multi-step forward model based on Lagrangian Perturbation Theory (LPT) in a ΛCDM Universe. This is achieved by introducing the second-order accurate BullFrog integrator, which automatically performs 2LPT time steps to second order without requiring the explicit computation of 2LPT displacements. Importantly, we show that BullFrog trajectories rapidly converge to the exact solution as the number of time steps increases, at any moment in time, even though 2LPT becomes invalid after shell-crossing. As a validation test, we compare BullFrog against other N-body integrators and high-order LPT, both for a realistic ΛCDM cosmology and for simulations with a sharp UV cutoff in the initial conditions. The latter scenario enables controlled experiments against LPT and, in practice, is particularly relevant for modelling coarse-grained fluids arising in the context of effective field theory. We demonstrate that BullFrog significantly improves upon other LPT-inspired integrators, such as FastPM and COLA, without incurring any computational overhead compared to standard N-body integrators. Implementing BullFrog in any existing N-body code is straightforward, particularly if FastPM is already integrated.
Measurement of melting and freezing temperature of iron using radiation thermometry
Authors: Yang Inseok , Yoo Yong Shim , Kim Bong-Hak , Kim Sunghun , Kim Yong-Gyoo
Published: February 2025

This study presents precise measurements of the melting and freezing temperatures of pure iron (Fe) using radiation thermometry, aimed at improving temperature calibration techniques based on the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90, t
90). A newly designed Fe cell, filled with Fe of 99.99% nominal purity and suitable for both radiation and thermocouple thermometry, was used to determine the t
90 temperature of the Fe liquidus transition. The melting and freezing transitions of Fe were measured using a calibrated radiation thermometer, with emissivity corrections made using a copper cell of identical structure. The measured melting and freezing points were 1533.79 °C and 1532.75 °C, respectively. Based on these measurements, we determined the transition temperature of Fe to be 1533.3 °C, with an expanded uncertainty (k = 2) of 0.8 K. Our result is 4 K lower than the widely accepted Fe transition temperature; however, apart from a few literature values used in calculating the recommended value, it is largely consistent with most previous findings. The Fe cell demonstrated high reproducibility and durability through multiple thermal cycles, establishing it as a cost-effective and practical alternative to palladium cells for calibration. Based on these findings, we recommend the use of Fe cells for fixed-point temperature calibration.
SOCRATES: a radiation-tolerant SoC generator framework
Authors: Andorno Marco , Caratelli Alessandro , Ceresa Davide , Denkinger Benoît , Kloukinas Kostas , Nookala Anvesh , Pejašinović Risto
Published: February 2025

As front-end ASIC complexity in HEP experiments grows, there is a shift towards more modular, programmable, and cost-effective designs. This work introduces the SOCRATES platform, a radiation-tolerant SoC generator toolset, based on SoCMake, a hardware/software build system that automates SoC assembly and verification. Utilizing existing IP blocks, SoCMake generates the SoC hardware and the software framework to run application code. The platform includes radiation-tolerant IPs and fault-tolerant extensions supporting redundancy and error correction. A prototype ASIC based on the RISC-V Ibex processor, generated using SOCRATES in a 28nm CMOS process, will validate the toolset through SEE and TID testing.
Characterization of silicon photomultipliers for their application in muon scattering tomography
Authors: Sun Binghao , Li Huiling , Li Quanyin , Liang Hui , Liu Cong , Wang Hongbo , Wu Zibing , Xiao Suyu , Xu Weiwei
Published: February 2025

Muon scattering tomography is a non-destructive technique
used to image different materials by utilizing natural cosmic ray
muons. Typically it requires position-sensitive detectors with a
sub-millimeter resolution to effectively distinguish high-Z
materials in a compact system. The plastic scintillating fiber
detector is a feasible candidate and is currently being designed
with one-dimensional silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) readout. In this
work, we constructed experimental setups to characterize three
different SiPMs from the NDL, SensL, and HPK manufacturers for
optimal performance of the scintillating fiber detector. The
breakdown voltage, temperature compensation factor, dark noise, and
photodetection efficiency of each SiPM are evaluated and
summarized. Among the SiPMs tested, the HPK SiPM demonstrated the
lowest dark count rate and crosstalk probability while exhibiting
the best photodetection efficiency response at the emission
wavelengths of the scintillating fibers. This makes the HPK SiPM
particularly well-suited to meet the requirements of the detector
and serves as a reference for further customization of the
one-dimensional SiPM array.
A relativistic Hardy-type inequality with minimizers
Authors: Fanelli Luca , Pizzichillo Fabio
Published: February 2025

In this paper, we prove a sharp, weighted Hardy-type inequality for the Dirac operator. A key feature of our result is that the inequality is not only sharp but also attained, and we construct explicit minimizers that satisfy the equality case. This extends previous work on the spectral properties of Dirac operators, especially in the context of relativistic quantum mechanics and Coulomb-like potentials.