bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La raison de l'expert ou l'hygiéne comme science sociale appliquée
Authors: Murard Lion , Zylberman Patrick
Published: July 2009

On peut lire, en tête duProspectusannoncant, en 1829, la première livraison desAnnales d'hygiène publique et de médecine légale, que « la medecine n'a pas seulement pour objet d'étudier et de guérir les maladies, elle a des rapports intimes avec l'organisation sociale; quelquefois elle aide le législateur dans la confection des lois, souvent elle éclaire le magistrat dans leur application, et toujours elle veille, avec l'administration, au maintien de la santé publique. Ainsi appliquée aux besoins de la société cette partie de nos connaissances constitue l'hygiène publiqueet lamédecine légale». Au premier abord, rien de bien remarquable; s'agit-il de la collaboration des médecins et des magistrats? Depuis quelque vingt ans, le Code pénal et surtout la pratique des tribunaux l'ont sanctionnée; quant au statut d'une hygiène auxiliaire de l'administration, s'appliquant, comme le souligne plus loin leProspectus, à « prêter ses lumières à la science du gouvernement è, le projet en est très clairement ébauché depuis les Encyclopédistes. Alors, l'État partenaire naturel de l'hygiéniste? Mais cette pensée, inaugurée par Turgot, puis affirmée avec force par la Constituante, demeurera la préoccupation la plus constante des artisans du programme sanitaire, et ce jusque vers 1920, quand l'idée de prévention voudra, à l'inverse, libérer la médecine sociale du carcan trop étroitement administratif scellé pour elle dans la loi de 1902; encore convient-il d'observer que ce souhait de voir s'assouplir la relation de la médecine sociale avec la puissance politique intervient peu ou prou au moment où l'hygiéniste pénètre — discrètement — l'appareil de l'État.
Religion, politics and ethnicity in Cyprus during the Turkocratia (1571–1878)
Authors: Cassia Paul Sant
Published: July 2009

This paperexamines the relationship between religion, ethnicity and politics in Cyprus during theTurkocratia(1571–1878), the period of Ottoman rule. Its major thesis is that in the pre-industrial framework of Ottoman rule in Cyprus neither religion nor ethnicity were major sources of conflict in a society composed of two ethnic groups (Greeks and Turks) and following two monotheistic faiths(Christianity and Islam) in marked contrast to the recent history of Cyprus. In broad outline it closely parallels Gellner's thesis (1983) that nationalism is a by-product of industrialization, extensive education literacy and geographical and social mobility, and it seeks to show that the major cleavages in Cyprus were mainly intraethnic rather than interethnic.
Language, caste, religion and territory: Newar identity ancient and modern
Authors: Gellner David N.
Published: July 2009

The newarsare the indigenous inhabitants of the Kathmandu Valley, a bowl-shaped plateau about fifteen miles across at a height of approximately 4,000 fest in the Himalayan foothills. It is a plateau in that the major rivers in the immediate area (the Trisuli and the Sunkosi) pass it by at a much lower level. The Valley is surrounded by a rampart of hills rising to 7 or 8,000 feet; according to local belief and myth, and according to geology, the Valley was once a lake. Its soil is exceptionally fertile by Himalayan, or indeed any, standards. Thanks to this, and to the Valley's strategic position astride trade routes to Tibet, it has a long and distinguished history. Written records (inscriptions) begin in the fifth century A.D. and give evidence of a high and literate civilization derived from the Indian plain. The inscriptions are written in a chaste and pure Sanskrit not met with in later periods, but the place-names reveal that the bulk of the population spoke an ancient form of the presentday Newars' language, Newari (Malla 1981 (1). Whereas most of the rest of Nepal remained thinly inhabited and rustic till the modern period, the Kathmandu Valley was able to support a division of labour and a sophisticated urban civilization impossible elsewhere in the Himalayan foothills between Kashmir and Assam.
Grundriß einer allgemeinen ethnomethodologischen Theorie
Authors: Patzelt Werner J.
Published: July 2009

Zumwachsenden Interesse, das der Ethnomethodologie entgegengebracht wird, kontrastiert in eigenartiger Weise die Vagheit dessen, was assoziativ mit dem Namen dieses Ansatzes verbunden wird. Zwar nicht mehr nur »Geheimtip« (so Bergmann 1974: 10), aber durchaus noch mit der Aura eines Exotikums umgeben, mangelt es der Ethnomethodologie bis heute an klaren Konturen, an leichter Überschaubarkeit, an systematischer Eleganz. Immer noch sind ihre Theorie und ihre Methoden unklar (so schon Turner 1974: 7 f.), ist ihr Forschungsanliegen und sein Stellenwert in der soziologischen Diskussion schwer auf den Begriff zu bringen, tasten ihre Kritiker sie recht orientierungslos auf vermeintliche Defizite ab und gelangen zu einander oft widersprechenden Ergebnissen (vgl. Patzelt 1984b: 397–492). Diese Undurchsichtigkeit des Ansatzes legte für Kurt Hammerich gar die Vermutung nahe, »daß es führenden Ethnomethodologen […] an Darstellungsfähigkeit, an sprachlicher Kompetenz mangelt oder aber daß die Ethnomethodologie bloßer Firlefanz ist« (Hammerich 1978: 110).
The concept of tribe with special reference to India
Authors: Béteille André
Published: July 2009

Anthropologistshave been from the very beginning engaged in the study of tribes, and it is in somesense to this study that their discipline owes its distinctive identity. When historians, political theorists, sociologists and others have to deal with tribes, they turn to anthropologists for expert opinion on what tribes are and how they are constituted. In some countries what constitutes a tribe is of concern also to administrators and policy makers, and they too expect advice and guidance from anthropologists. Yet it cannot be said that anthropologists are themselves in agreement about the concept, and their disagreement is, if anything, even larger today than it was in the past.
Politics Past, Politics Present Some notes on the uses of anthropology in understanding the new states
Authors: Geertz Clifford
Published: July 2009

In recent years, the main meeting ground of the various branches of learning which in some uncertain way make up the social sciences has been the study of the so-called Third World: the forming nations and tottering states of Asia, Africa and Latin America. In this enigmatical setting, anthropology, sociology, political science, history, economics, psychology, as well as that oldest of our disciplines, soothsaying, have found themselves in the unfamiliar position of dealing severally with essentially the same body of data.
Professor Winch on Safari
Authors: Horton Robin
Published: July 2009

One of the most widely cited of recent writings on the borderland of philosophy and anthropology is Peter Winch's ‘Understanding a Primitive Society’ (referred to hereafter asUPS)(I). The main reason for the breadth of its appeal would seem to be a blend of general principle and particular application all too seldom found in the writings of philosophers of social science. Thus, on the one hand, Winch develops further some of the general principles of cross-cultural understanding which he first enunciated in hisIdea of a Social Science(referred to hereafter as ISS) (2). And, on the other hand, he attempts to show us, in considerable detail, how these principles can be applied to the solution of a particularly vexing anthropological problem: that of interpreting ‘primitive’ mystical thought.
Sociology and Idealism in Britain 1880–1920
Authors: Collini Stefan
Published: July 2009

It is something of a commonplace in the history of sociological theory that during the classical period of the development of the subject, when Weber and Durkheim and others were formulating the stock of ideas upon which subsequent theory has so largely drawn, no significant contribution was forthcoming from Britain. Parsons' The Structure of Social Action was probably the most influential single source of this view, and it is one which was subsequently popularized by Hughes, Annan and others. It is now sufficiently well established to have been taken as the explanandum in several recent essays. Where the explanation has been looked for in intellectual terms, this has generally involved some variation on the theme of the ‘curious strength of positivism’ in British thought. The gist of this claim is that the intellectual climate in Britain was (and is) marked by a tradition of empiricism in philosophy and individualism in social thought which was unreceptive to the abstract theory and the social-structural concepts which are integral to classical sociology. The significance of the British empirical tradition in philosophy has been particularly insisted upon. This makes it all the more important to point out that it was precisely during this period that what is generally referred to as Idealism was the dominant philosophy in Britain, a philosophy characterized by its thoroughgoing rejection of nominalism and empiricism in favour of the metaphysical tradition derived mainly from Kant and Hegel, a philosophy, I shall argue, which was potentially a fruitful basis for the development of sociological theory.
Les origines de la démocratie grecque
Authors: Baechler Jean
Published: July 2009

Je prends l'expression «les origines» en un sens technique qui les distingue de la « genèse ». Étudier la genèse d'un phénomène c'est en dégager et décrire les premières esquisses et le suivre jusqu'à son plein épanouissement. J'entends par « origines » la réalisation desconditions de possibilitéde ce même phénomène. Il est loisible d'intervertir les termes ou d'en trouver de plus idoines, il est constant qu'ils désignent deux démarches intellectuelles radicalement différentes. La première est familière aux historiens qui, en cherchant « les origines de… » — l'Égypte pharaonique, Rome, l'Empire chinois, du système incaïque, etc—, s'attachent en fait à ce que j'appelle la genèse, à repérer les indices les plus reculés et les plus menus pouvant jeter quelques lumières sur les premiers temps, quitte à les intégrer dans une explication toujours courte et jamais satisfaisante, car elle se résume pour l'essentiel soit à des diffusions et à des emprunts, soit à un évolutionnisme peu élaboré. L'analyse des origines est un genre peu pratiqué, pour ne pas dire qu'il reste à inventer.
From status to contract: the significance of agrarian relations of production in the West, Japan, and in ‘Asiatic’ Persia
Authors: Goodell Grace
Published: July 2009

This paper focuses upon the distinction which Maine and others have drawn between relations of status and those of contract. The particular aspect of contract which interests us is that, due to its characteristic impersonality, it enables individuals and groups who aresociallyunequal because of stratification, or who have no social links and hence no status at allvis-à-viseach other—enables them to negotiate and enter into binding agreement with each other aspoliticalandlegalequals. Contract can do this because, unlike status, the former splits the whole-person, enabling him to offer for the purpose of transaction only a singular and specialized aspect of himself to a singular and specialized aspect of another or other partners: the socialpersonaof each participant is set aside. Through this impersonality, contract not only cancels out anysocialconsideration or difference between the participants, but also achieves temporal specificity (delimiting, in advance, the duration of the tie established by the transaction),—whereas interpersonaldealings bind the partners in a relationship that has temporal continuity.
Can communal goods be human rights?
Authors: Waldron Jeremy
Published: July 2009

There is talk today of a ‘new generation’ of human rights. An idea which was associated in the first instance with civil and political liberties (‘first generation’ rights), and which was used after the Second World War to express popular aspirations to economic and social well-being (‘second generation’ rights), is now being invoked as a vehicle for claims about the importance of the environment, peace, and economic development, particularly in the Third World. No one doubts that these are worthy aims. But instead of merely saying that Third World countries need to develop their economies, instead of saying simply that peace is essential in a nuclear world, and that we must maintain and respect the eco-systems on which human life depends, the proclamation is being made that these are human rights —things to which people are entitled in the same way that they are entitled to democratic freedom or the right not to be tortured.
Komplexitätssteigerung und dezentrale Kontextsteuerung: Zur systemtheoretischen Bewältigung des Klassenkampfes
Authors: Hartmann Michael
Published: July 2009

Gegenläufig zum Bedeutungsverlust, den die Systemtheorie in den letzten Jahren in einer Reihe von Wissenschaftsdisziplinen erlebt hat und noch erlebt, ist es ihr in demselben Zeitraum in der Rechtssoziologie gelungen, eine Spitzenstellung zu erobern. Teubner/Willke, die man wohl zurecht zu den derzeit engagiertesten Verfechtern systemtheoretischer Vorstellungen zählen kann (Schmidt 1986), sind mit ihrem Theorem des »reflexiven Rechts« (Teubner 1982 und 1983; Teubner/Wilke 1984; Teubner 1985) unter den Rechtssoziologen auf eine ganz enorme Resonanz gestoßen (Ietswaart 1983, Falke 1984). Trotz vieler kritischer Einwände wird ihr von Luhmanns Autopoiesis-Begriff stark beeinflußter Ansatz im großen und ganzen als wichtig und fruchtbar eingestuft (Ietswaart 1983, 355 f).
La négociation de la qualification
Authors: Reynaud Jean-Daniel
Published: July 2009

Nous appellerons qualification, en un sens très large, la reconnaissance par l'employeur ou la revendication par le salarié de toutes les qualités de son travail qui importent pour la production: qu'il s'agisse du zèle avec lequel il l'accomplit (son effort, son attention, l'absence d'erreurs ou de fautes), de la compétence et de l'expérience qu'il mobilise et même du potentiel qu'il pourra montrer (sa capacité d'initiative et d'apprentissage). En ce sens — que nos développements justifieront, nous l'espérons — la qualification a toujours été négociée, ne serait-ce que par la signature d'accords de classification. Si développement il y a, il a été très progressif: l'accord interprofessionnel sur la formation continue date de 1970 (faut-il rappeler que l'intérêt de certaines entreprises pour la formation est bien antérieur ?), la préoccupation pour l'amélioration des conditions de travail s'est affirmée au début des années 70 et a abouti à un accord interprofessionnel en 1975. L'usage à des fins de conversion des institutions de formation s'est progressivement développé. La loi de 1971 sur la formation professionnelle et les accords qui l'ont prolongée ont confirmé le rôle des comités d'entreprise dans l'examen des plans de formation professionnelle. Et il est inutile de rappeler la part qui a été faite aux partenaires sociaux dans la définition des formations initiales.
Exploitation, cooperation, collusion: an enquiry into patronage
Authors: Korovkin Michael A.
Published: July 2009

Anthropology has become aware that its analysis of communities, no matter how small and isolated they might be, must reckon with the context of the nation-state. Many cultural phenomena that anthropologists confront on the local level thus are often seen as a reaction to and, to an extent, a consequence of the socioeconomic processes associated with the larger nation-state economy. In the Mediterranean region, patronage appears to be one of the most prominent features of any given community, because patronage resists changes engendered by the nation-state. It has been a constant target at which various anthropologists have expended their polemical ammunition. This essay examines the nature of the link between patronage and the nation-state.
Fragments of an economic theory of the mafia
Authors: Gambetta Diego
Published: July 2009

We know much and understand little about the Italian mafia. The amount of factual information surrounding it—whatever that ‘it’ may be—is disproportionately and dramatically greater than our theoretical understanding of this elusive entity. We do not know everything it might be interesting to know, of course, yet in the monumental quantity of scholarly and judicial sources devoted to the mafia, we can find far more information than scholars have been able to make good, cogent sense of. Facts and anecdotes are not only numerous, but of the most diverse and seemingly irreconcilable kinds, and theoretical and analytical shortcomings have made it impossible to accomplish two fundamental and related operations: first, to discriminate between relevant information and contingent ethnographical detail, and between reliable and distorted evidence; second, to find a coherent thread linking whatever disparate pieces of information remain after the first screening operation.
Travelling circus : an interpretation
Authors: Carmeli Yoram S.
Published: July 2009

Of the variety of travellers in Britain, circus people belong in a special category. Unlike travelling businessmen, visitors or most tourists, they travel permanently, but in contrast to homeless vagrants, they have a home in their caravans. Together with fairground travellers and various categories of Gypsies, circus people comprise the ‘nomads’ of modern Britain (for classification of travellers see Cohen 1974: 534).
« Reconstruire »: l'habitat populaire au lendemain de la première guerre mondiale
Authors: Magri Susanna , Topalov Christian
Published: July 2009

La guerre, on le sait bien, c'est la politique continuée par d'autres moyens. Mais ils ne sont violents que pour une part: ceux destinés à frapper l'ennemi, et ses alliés supposés de l'intérieur. Pour une autre, ils visent à rassembler les énergies d'une nation divisée, et se trouvent ainsi répondre à l'objectif central de toute réforme sociale. De ce point de vue, la première guerre mondiale constitue un tournant: elle a permis une accélération inespérée des changements sur tous les terrains stratégiques définis par les réformateurs depuis le début du siècle, qu'il s'agisse de la rationalisation du travail industriel ou des rapports entre patronat et syndicats, de la planification économique, du travail social ou de l'urbanisme.
AIDS as a moral metaphor: An analysis of the politics of the ‘Third Epidemic’
Authors: Ray Laurence J.
Published: July 2009

This paper examines some of the moral meanings of aids, and argues that in addition to understanding aids in the context of the sexual counter-revolution, it also needs to be placed in the wider context of global economic and ideological crises, and the ‘New Right's’ struggle for hegemony. Denis Altman refers to aids as ‘the most political of diseases’ (Altman 1986, p. 11). A few years ago, Evans Stark pointed out that all epidemics are ‘social events’, even though they may appear as natural, random phenomena. This is because they have become the focus of struggles for control over resources (principally housing, medicines, and sanitation) (Stark 1977). Epidemics further tend to throw into relief deeply held social tensions and anxieties, which can become triggers for social reorganisation around traditional values. It is not difficult to see how this is the case with aids, which is infused in particular with tensions over sexuality and desire. In relation to this it is important to emphasize first, that sexual contact is estimated to be responsible for around two-thirds of reported aids cases amongst adults in the U.S.A. (Gracie et al. 1986), but it is not actually an exclusively sexually transmitted disease; and secondly that compared with other major causes of morbidity and mortality, aids remains a relatively rare condition in many parts of the world. It is sociologically significant though, that the two major routes of transmission, IV use and penetrative sexual intercourse, involve issues of control over body boundaries.
L'objection de conscience en France: Figures d'acteurs
Authors: Jacquin Daniel
Published: July 2009

Dans la france en paix des annéees quatre-vingts, l'objection de conscience est identifiée le plus souvent à des images du passé : à l'eépoque de l'antimilitarisme révolutionnaire et des mouvements libertaires pour lesquels la mise en question de l'armée s'intégrait à une « contestation globale de l'État », époque des guerres coloniales aussi où l'objection, qui n'était pas encore reconnue légalement, prenait la forme de l'insoumission, ou bien encore à l'époque elle aussi révolue des contestations politiques et idéologiques des années soixante-dix auxquelles les objecteurs ont été associés — moment où ils passaient fréquemment devant les tribunaux militaires et revendiquaient un statut qui ne soit pas discriminatoire. Mais ces images sont devenues lointaines, la menace de la guerre paraît l'être, elle aussi, et l'objection, de fait, semble n'avoir plus grand rapport avec les évolutions ou les enjeux du moment.
Democratic-elite theory : Stabilization versus breakdown of democracy
Authors: Etzioni - Halevy Eva
Published: July 2009

The question of how Western-style democracies have evolved and stabilized, and conversely why some countries have experienced a breakdown of evolving democracy —or the question of the transition to, versus breakdown of, democracy— is central to both socio-political theory and sociopolitical history. Apart from being a fascinating topic on its own, it is a fruitful meeting point between theory and history. Perhaps it is for those very reasons that there has been a surge of interest in it in recent years (see e.g. Burton and Higley 1987; Cotton 1989; Higley and Burton 1989; O'Donnell and Schmitter 1986; Stephens 1989). In this article, I apply a democratic elite or demo-elite theoretical perspective to the explanation of the historical processes of stabilization vs breakdown of democracy in prewar Europe, using illustrations from two European countries: Britain as a positive, and Germany as a negative case.
Alertes et décisions
Authors: Lepointe Eric
Published: July 2009

La catastrophe de Tchernobyl, en avril 1986, a réveillé brutalement dans le monde la terreur du nucléaire, un peu assoupie depuis l'accident de la centrale américaine de Three Mile Island, à Harrisburg, en 1979. Le passage du nuage radioactif au-dessus de plusieurs pays, les erreurs commises dans l'information du public et les mesures contradictoires prises par les gouvernements intéressés ont beaucoup contribué à troubler les esprits. Mais l'aspect le plus préoccupant de l'affaire est sans doute l'impréparation des autorités soviétiques et leurs errements dans l'alerte et dans celui de l'évacuation des populations immédiatement menacées. On ne saura probablement jamais où se situent les véritables responsabilités, mais il est acquis que, pendant plusieurs jours, le sort de dizaines de milliers de personnes s'est joué dans une grande confusion. D'après la presse soviétique elle-même, l'ordre de réunir les moyens d'évacuation aurait été donné dans la soirée du 26 avril, alors que 1'accident s'était produit dans la nuit du 25 au 26. Les premières évacuations eurent lieu dans l'après-midi du 27. Certaines localités proches de la centrale ne furent complètement évacuées que dans les premiers jours du mois de mai.
Civic republicans and liberal individualists: the case of Britain
Authors: Marquand David
Published: July 2009

The Relationship between the market and the forum, between exchange and persuasion, between the public realm of the citizen and the private realm of the consumer, has been a central preoccupation of social thought since the days of Aristotle. For most of the post-war period, however, and in most western countries, the tensions inherent in that relationship appeared to have been resolved. Then came the ‘stagflation’ of the 1970s, the rise of the New Right, the associated rebirth of economic liberalism and a variety of more or less successful attempts to clip the wings of the post-war welfare state. Classic questions, which the post-war generation imagined it had answered, returned to the agenda—among them the questions of what citizenship means in a market economy, and of how the promise of citizenship is to be realised in complex modern societies. These questions are of significance to all advanced societies, of course; as the most cursory reading of Vaclav Havel's essays shows, they resonate with particular force in eastern Europe. Perhaps because she has been the chief European testing ground for New Right theory, however, they have also begun to resonate with unusual power in Britain; and it is plausible to imagine that the British case may be more relevant to the rest of the western world than are the various East European cases. Hence, this essay. It begins by looking at the British debate and the factors which have given rise to it, and then tries to clarify some of the issues it poses.
‘Modernising’ Eastern Europe: theoretical problems and political dilemmas
Authors: Müller Klaus
Published: July 2009

The upheavals in the Eastern European countries have demonstrated to the social sciences in a painful manner that they do not dispose of any adequate theory suited to grasp the dynamics and scope of the processes taking place there. Western sociology has won its categories from analysing Western societies and, in a premature manner, come to a generalised concept of society as such. Absorbed by the problems of advanced capitalism, it was not prepared for the collapse of the Easterns systems. Exploring socialist societies has, until recently, pre-eminently been a topic of specialised disciplines, such as Eastern European Studies, Soviet Studies, the Theory of International Relations, Comparative Economics and Development Studies. Its theory-building has remained too closely tied to pre-defined questions, to official documents, uncertain and precarious data or to ideological givens, to be able to assess realistically the developmental dynamics of Eastern societies. The exchange of information between Eastern and Western scholars has been highly selective, hence seldom resulting in mutual fertilisation.
Nietzsche, Weber, and the affirmative sociology of culture
Authors: Stauth Georg
Published: July 2009

The issue of Nietzsche's influence on Weber's cultural criticism remains controversial. While it is generally accepted that Nietzsche's criticism of Western culture provided Weber with an underlying problematic of cultural crisis and meaninglessness, I wish to argue that Nietzsche had a more extensive and important impact on Weber than is usually acknowledged. Weber's practical and theoretical treatment of the ‘empirical sciences of action’, namely, sociology and history, involves a profound reaction to Nietzsche. This becomes evident in his general conceptualizations of knowledge and science, but more specifically in his ideal-type methodology, his approach to action through tensions between life in this world and received interpretative structures, as well as in the substance of his ideal-types of rational action.
Social status, types of family interaction and educational styles
Authors: Kellerhals Jean , Montandon Cléopâtre , Ritschard Gilbert
Published: July 2009

It is A well-established fact that families vary quite widely in their educational practices. In the past twenty years a certain number of studies on socialization have revealed a clear relation between the socioeconomic status of the parents and their educational style. Kohn (1977), for example, has shown that the emphasis parents put on discipline and immediate conformity is more pronounced in lower-class groups, whereas middle class groups value more the internalization of instructions and the development of personal motivations. In the same vein, psychologists and social psychologists have observed that the ‘authoritarian’ style of parent-child relationship (consisting of strong control and weak support) prevails more often in lower-class groups than in middle class groups, the latter being more prone to exercise strong support combined with marked control in their child's education (Bronfenbrenner 1958). Family sociologists have produced quite exhaustive articles covering the literature in this field (Gecas 1979; Peterson and Rollins 1987).
Mise en scène des relations lors d'un banquet chinois
Authors: Shuo Yu
Published: July 2009

Nourri de Mead et de Sartre, Erving Goffman affina la théorie de la « dramatisation ». Moins enclin que Sartre à l'indignation morale, il était plus précis que Mead qui s'arrêta au stade de la déduction abstraite. Poussant la logique de Mead, il proposa d'observer la vie sociale comme s'il s'agissait d'une scène de théâtre. À l'acteur et aux rôles définis par ses aînés, il ajouta la scène et la coulisse comme les régions où s'exercent les relations (interactions), la troupe et les spectateurs comme les personnages principaux dans les relations, le décor, les costumes et l'appareillage comme leurs symboles. Devant le public, on ne peut jamais être soi-même, on joue au contraire certains rôles conditionnés dans telles situations par telles équipes désignées ou celles, virtuelles, dont on est membre (c'est-à-dire des équipes qui n'existent qu'à travers l'anticipation que font les acteurs des comportements qu'auraient tous leurs membres s'ils étaient présents ou à la place de l'acteur considéré).
Socialism after socialism: continuity in the East European transition
Authors: Mokrzycki Edmund
Published: July 2009

I would like József Böröcz, to speak of continuity in the East European transition—a continuity that links the post-communist status quo with the communist status quo ante. The message of this note is, however, different if not contrary to Böröcz's main proposition epitomized by his illuminating concept of the ‘winking-oppressive’ variant of state socialism.
Priests, Prophets, Jews and Germans : the political basis of Max Weber's conception of ethno-national solidarities
Authors: Bodemann Y. Michal
Published: July 2009

When we raise the question of how ethnic groups are formed, how they evolve and how they persist over time, it is here as elsewhere good practice to start by interrogating the classical contributions to sociology. Of the sociological classics, Max Weber provides unquestionably the most significant early discussions and the most explicit contribution on ethnicity. Michael Hechter (1976, 1978) has, most directly perhaps, drawn attention to Weber's contribution and in turn tried to resolve, by means of his concept of the ‘cultural division of labour’ what he saw as difficulties in Weber's typology of class and status groups. Hechter thus addressed a theme arising from Marxist debates on class, race and ethnicity (e.g., Bonacich, 1972, 1973) in the early seventies that in recent years has reached a high level of maturity (e.g., Wolpe, 1986). Neither Hechter's thesis nor the Marxist discussion, however, deal with what I believe lies at the core of Weber's conception of ethnicity.
The first formulation of sociology: a discursive innovation of the 18th century
Authors: Eriksson Björn
Published: July 2009

It is a commonplace observation of most sociology textbooks and of many historical discussions that the label or name ‘sociology’ was invented by Auguste Comte in the 1830s. I will raise no dispute concerning this, since none is possible, but I will strongly confront an often made corollary from this observation, namely that the discourse or conceptual frame of sociology was also invented or formulated by Auguste Comte. I will maintain that such a conclusion is preposterous.
Le concept de communauté comme catégorie de définition du judaïsme français
Authors: Trigano Shmuel
Published: July 2009

Le concept de «communauté» fait partie de ces notions constamment invoquées et tenues pour évidentes mais qui ne réfèrent à aucune signification en particulier tout autant qu'elles renvoient aux multiples sens que les individus et les groupes projettent sur elles. C'est là ce qui attend sans doute les notions qui désignent à la fois une réalité définie et une valeur, un idéal jamais accomplis. La notion de démocratie fait exemplairement partie, au XIXesiècle, de cette catégorie de notions affluentes.
Religion, nationalism and genocide: ancient Judaism revisited
Authors: Freeman Michael
Published: July 2009

Following the Cold War, nationalism has rapidly established itself at the centre of the world's political stage. This has had the immediate effect of increasing the importance of nationalism as an object of sociological investigation and this effect can confidently be expected to continue and expand.
Alimentation, altérité et socialité: Remarques sur les tabous alimentaires coraniques
Authors: Benkheira Mohammed H.
Published: July 2009

Diet regulations and food prohibitions in the Koran are to be considered as parts of a system. Apart from alcohol and drugs, all of them deal with meat consumption. It is argued that meat has a symbolic connection with exchange and sociability as well as with otherness.
Foreign Direct Investment and transition
Authors: King Lawrence P.
Published: July 2009

This article examines the debate on the developmental impact of foreign direct investment (FDI). While the most frequent finding within sociology is that FDI is harmful or at least less beneficial than domestic investment, most who study the transition from socialism or make economic policy in the region consider FDI to be a major motor of development. This paper examines the impact of FDI with a novel methodology. Rather than employing the standard analytic strategy that uses state-level macroeconomic data in a crossnational comparison, this article direcdy compares the performance of foreign owned firms to domestically owned firms. In the analysis six hypotheses derived from this debate on the role of FDI are tested with logistic regression on two large random sample surveys of Hungarian firms The findings support the position that foreign direct investment is beneficial for the recipient country. In addition, they support the idea that foreign owned firms are more beneficial than domestically owned firms.
Beruf, rationality and emotion in Max Weber's sociology
Authors: Barbalet J. M.
Published: July 2009

The concept of Beruf, variously translated as ‘calling’ or ‘vocation’, refers to the pracdce of systematic self-control in pursuing constant goals or purposes, which Weber, in The Protestant Etbic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1905), found in both Calvinist religious practice and capitalistic entrepreneurship and labour. But the term is not confined to these applications; it is also central in Science as a Vocation (1917) and Politics as a Vocation (1919). The general significance of the idea of Berufis that it accounts for the mechanisms required to realize in action the quality of rationality, another of Weber's characteristic terms. The connection between rational activity and calling is constant in Weber's discussion. In his early statement of the argument, however, practices of Beruf achieve rationality through the suppression of emotion. In his later discussion, Beruf is achieved through and expresses passion and emotions.
The construction of collective identity
Authors: Eisenstadt Shmuel Noah , Giesen Bernhard
Published: July 2009

A general typological model for the analysis of collective identify is outlined and applied to the case of German and Japanese national identity. Primordial, civic and cultural codes of boundary construction are described with respect to their logic of exclusion, corresponding rituals etc. German national identity is presented as a cultural project carried by the ‘Bildungsbürgertum’, whereas the Japanese identity is presented as a combination of primordial and civic elements.
Le mouvement « anthropologique » et ses représentants français (1884–1912)
Authors: Rosa Frederico
Published: July 2009

Edward Tylor's animist theory, and his theory of the survival of the soul were the basis for a large anthropological movement which grouped together a number of disciplines involved in the reconstruction of human prehistoric religion, as well as the identification of the savage components of civilised religions. From 1884 onwards, this British movement spread to France through a number of authors who are not very well known today. Their writings are nevertheless useful for their characterisation of religious studies of Tylorian inspiration.
Tocqueville in English
Authors: Elster Jon
Published: July 2009

Tocqueville's two major works, Democracy in America and The Old regime and the revolution, have fared very differently in English translation. The Lawrence translation of Democracy in America is essentially accurate, except for a handful of mistakes. The classical translation by Gilbert of The Old Regime was excessively free and rhetorical, but did not betray lack of understanding of French language or history. A new translation published by University of Chicago Press suffers from the opposite flaws. While trying to follow the original very closely, the translator got many things wrong because of a demonstrable lack of proficiency in French.
Gift-giving in the great traditions: the case of donations to monasteries in the medieval West
Authors: Silber Ilana F.
Published: July 2009

Focusing upon donations to monasteries in the medieval Western world, this paper expands upon extant discussions of religious gift-giving in the ‘great traditions’ , and of its relation to more archaic forms of gift-exchange, hitherto largely based on non-Western and mostly Asian anthropological material. While displaying many of the social functions familiarly associated with the gift in archaic or primitive societies, donations to monasteries are shown to have also entailed a process of immobilisation of wealth not extant in the gift circuit of ‘simpler’ societies. While donations to monasteries clearly attested to the impact of otber-wordly religious orientations, they also entailed a range of symbolic dynamics very different from, and even incompatible with, those analysed by Jonathan Parry with regard to the other-wordly ‘pure’ gift. The paper then brings into relief the precise constellation of ideological ‘gift-theory’, socio-economic ‘gift-circuit’, and macrosocietal context, which enabled this specific variant of the gift-mechanism to operate as a ‘total’ social phenomenon in the two senses of that term suggested, though not clearly distinguished and equally not developed, in Mauss’ pathbreaking essay on the gift.
Russian patience : a reasonable behavior and a social strategy
Authors: Shlapentokh Vladimir
Published: July 2009

In 1992–1994 the Russian people met with a drop in their standard of living and suffered from a rapid deterioration of public services. Yet their dissatisfaction did not manifest itself in collective protest actions. Their patience can be explained as a consequence of their desire for order, their pessimism, their capacity to adapt to difficult situations and, above all, by their evaluation of virtual outcomes. Convinced that protests would not lead to any positive results, the Russian people preferred to rely on patience rather than action. A rejoinder, by Marie Mendras, traces this discussion back to its Western antecedents.
Transnational social spaces out of international migration: evolution, significance and future prospects
Authors: Faist Thomas
Published: July 2009

Transnational social spaces denote the circular flow of persons, goods, information and symbols across countries that have been triggered in the course of international labor migration and refugee flows. The question is how such transnational phenomena can be described, catagorued and explained. What are the implications for the adaptation of international migrants and their descendants in the economic, political and cultural realms in the countries of setdement? First, this discussion clarifies basic concepts, such as transnational social space and the main resources involved, such as various forms of social capital, the norm of reciprocity, solidarity, information and control. Second, the analysis outlines some causal macro-factors that may have opened up opportunities for migrants to build transnational spaces to a greater extent than before World War Two. Third, a few forays into the empirical realm serve to sketch the lineaments of the German-Turkish transnational social spaces: the emergence of Turkish niche businesses in Germany and transnational businesses spanning both countries; efforts of some Kurdish organizations to establish a homeland called ‘Kurdistan’; and collective identity among secondgeneration German-Turks in the religions realm, involving Islamic thought and organizations, but also secular forms of everyday culture. The article concludes with a discussion of factors that may limit the future growth of transnational social spaces.
Des « brahmanes » et des « dieux » en sociologie. Le système indien des castes revisité
Authors: Reiniche Marie - Louise
Published: July 2009

Castes continue to operate in contemporary India, while the caste system itself, as a theoretical understanding of a mode of social organisation, no longer has any validity in the context of a modern State. However, an analysis of ritual relations which can still be observed in part, as intermediary data between the representations and the hazards of human relations, highlights the ‘Brahmin’ and ‘god’ figures as pointers to what constitutes a system in the Hindu conception of social order. This enables us to identify the main orientations of current transformations.
Communiquer avec l'Autre monde: limites et trous dans l'espace habité. Quelques exemples roumains
Authors: Dragan Radu
Published: July 2009

In this analysis of elements which break the continuity of natural spaces (gullies, forests, rivers, hills) or constructed spaces (bridges, paths, crossroads, borders, milestones) we see that they are primarily considered as crossover places between different worlds. Places where spirits and ‘experts in exstasy’ circulate. Among these are theCalusari, esoteric groups whose practices recall those of shamanism. The analysis of their rituals reveals the importance for traditional societies of the notion of ‘limits’.
La mise en gage des personnes. Sociologie comparative d'une institution
Authors: Testart Alain
Published: July 2009

This article examines the well known practice in pre-colonial Africa of the pawning of humans. This practice, also found in Asia, should be distinguished from slavery, despite its similar characteristics. The author enumerates relevant principles and establishes concrete boundaries. A number of misunderstandings are thus elucidated and the concept is clearly explained.
Notwendige Öffnung und legitime Schließung liberaler Demokratien
Authors: Bauböck Rainer
Published: July 2009

Up until what point should liberal democracies allow free entry and free settlement for foreigners? Aside from the case of refugees and family reunion, there are two possible arguments for free access: the extension of individual liberty, and as a means of ensuring global redistribution. These arguments are insufficient and, in a counter-utopian reasoning, the author invokes the need for stability and the defence of national interests, which justify the use of 'differentiated' filters for immigrants.
Karl Popper und das Wien seiner Zeit
Authors: Heyt Friso D.
Published: July 2009

Born in 1902, Karl R. Popper spent the first 33 years of his life in the city of Vienna, at that time the hot-house of Central- European culture and thought. He died in England. September 17, 1994. Unlike the empirical inductionists of the Vienna Circle, he preferred deductivist theorizing and the metaphysical realism (or objectivism) of the Boltzmann-Einstein School. Though he pleaded explicidy for a special method of ‘Verstehen’ in sociology, the reception of his methodology still takes place mainly with reference to the growth of knowledge in the natural sciences as reconstructed in The Logic of Scientific Discovery' (1959), neglecting his idea of ‘situational analysis’. Unlike the empirical inductionists of the Vienna Circle, he preferred deductivist theorizing and the metaphysical realism (or objectivism) of the Boltzmann- Einstein School.
Wavering saints, mass religiosity, and the crisis of post-baptismal sin in early Christianity:a Weberian reading ofThe Shepherd of Hermas
Authors: Bryant Joseph M.
Published: July 2009

As a religious sect that anchored its salvation pledge in an exclusive promise of spiritual empowerment, the early Christian movement called its converts to virtuoso standards of religiosity. Following their baptismal regeneration, believers were obligated to remain ‘sealed’ in purity thereafter, in expectation of pending eschatological deliverance. Signs of moral slippage would thus constitute a negation of those sectarian claims, threatening thereby the continued viability of the movement. Operating in an environment of persecution, and shaken by the protracted non-event of cosmic redemption, growing numbers of believers found the exacting purity requirements impossible to uphold. An optimal organizational resolution of that crisis would require the restoration of wavering saints to spiritual status, to be achieved through remedial adjustments in penitential practice. Drawing upon Weber's model of the sect-church dynamic, this study offers a sociological hermeneutic ofThe Shepherd ofHermas.
L'étrange carrière de la notion de classe sociale dans la tradition de Chicago en sociologie
Authors: Chapoulie Jean-Michel
Published: July 2009

The article examines the different uses made of the concept of social class by researchers of the Chicago School between the turn of the century and the 1940s. The concept of social class is found in Small and Cooley, rarely referred to by Park, and not found at all in the urban sociology work he inspired in the 1920s (Shaw and McKay, etc.) However it reappears in the work on race relations at the end of the 1930s (Frazier, Hughes). Substitutes were introduced in the 1920s to explain internal differentiation within American cities. The spread of new methods of documentation favoured its reappearance in social-political and scientific contexts at the end of the 1930s. This example suggests that an order of phenomena which aims to explain a concept like social class—which is both a scientific and a lay person's concept—can only be ignored for a short time by a program of empirical research. The conclusion stresses the heterogeneity of factors which take into account the transmission and non-transmission of this type of idea from one generation of sociological researchers to another.
Molecular cloning and characterization of a glutathioneS-transferase in the tropical liver fluke,Fasciola gigantica
Authors: Jedeppa A. , Raina O.K. , Samanta S. , Nagar G. , Kumar N. , Varghese A. , Gupta S.C. , Banerjee P.S.
Published: July 2009

GlutathioneS-transferase from an Indian isolate ofFasciola giganticaof buffalo origin was isolated and characterized. Total RNA was transcribed to cDNA by reverse transcription and an amplicon of 657 bp glutathioneS-transferase gene was obtained by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The present isolate showed 99.1% sequence homology with the published sequence of theF. giganticaGSTgene of cattle origin, with six nucleotide changes causing an overall change of four amino acids. GlutathioneS-transferase protein was expressed inEscherichia coliusing a prokaryotic expression vector pPROEXHTb. The recombinant protein was purified under non-denaturing and denaturing conditions by nickel nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA) affinity chromatography. Recombinant GST protein detectedF. giganticainfection in naturally infected buffaloes by dot-ELISA.