bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Related Adverse Events after Immunotherapy in Patient with NK/T-Cell Lymphoma: a Case Report
Authors:   Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China, Zhang Linlin , Wu Xiaodong ,   Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China, Xu Miaomiao ,   Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China, Guan Wenbin ,   Department of Pathology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China, Cui Zhilei ,   Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China, Wang Hui ,   Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
Published: November 2021

A 29-year-old male with pathologically confirmed extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma of the tonsil, nasal type was admitted to Xinhua hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine. The patient was provided with several cycles of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy and obtained a Complete Response (CR) outcome. Despite the response, the patient also suffered from severe adverse effects, including a worsening pulmonary inflammation and severe laryngeal edema. A tracheotomy was performed to remove the white pseudo-membrane of laryngeal. via pathological analysis, necrosis of granuloma lymphoid cells and rhabdomous granuloma was found in this removed section. Meantime, a large amount of Candida nivaria, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter was present in the patient’s sputum culture. The level of inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-a, IL-1, IL-6, IL-17 and IFN-γ,) also increased significantly, indicating immune-related adverse events. Subsequently, the doctors adjusted immunotherapy to single-agent chemotherapy with additional anti-fungal and anti-bacterial infection treatment. The infection was well under control after these adjustments. 18F-FDG PET/ CT recorded the series of changes in the course of the patient from the start of immunotherapy.
Evaluation of Visual Disability with Digital Systems
Authors:   Fondazione italiana oftalmologia digitale e robotizzata - F.I.O.D.E.R (Italian Foundation of Digital and Robotic Ophthalmology, Italy, R Sangiuolo , P Brusini ,   Department of Ophthalmology, “Città di Udine” Health Clinic, Udine, Italy, L Carlini ,   University of Perugia Head of Terni: SC of Forensic Medicine at Hospital Santa Maria, Italy, F Cruciani ,   Italian National Centre of Services and Research for the Prevention of Blindness and Rehabilitation of the Visually Impaired, WHOCC, IAPB Italy Onlus, FPG IRCCS, Roma, Italy, G Sangiuolo ,   Fondazione italiana oftalmologia digitale e robotizzata - F.I.O.D.E.R (Italian Foundation of Digital and Robotic Ophthalmology, Italy, M Sangiuolo ,   NHS Latina Pontino Center University of Roma “La Sapienza”, Department of Ophthalmology, Terracina, Italy, M Stefanucci ,   Department of Economics, Business, Mathematics and Statistics, University of Trieste, Italy, M Sulfaro ,   Italian National Centre of Services and Research for the Prevention of Blindness and Rehabilitation of the Visually Impaired, WHOCC, IAPB Italy Onlus, FPG IRCCS, Roma, Italy
Published: November 2021

Background: Vision loss is a major health issue and people with visual impairments are at higher risk for visually related complaints, as poor postural control, accompanying fear of moving and higher risk for falls compared to people with normal vision. Consequently, it is important to develop and improve treatment and prevention programs aimed at reducing these problems. In this endeavour, high quality screening instruments are a prerequisite for successful research and clinical practice. Scope: The aim of this study is to verify the validity level of a new system for assessing the degree of visual disability that provides a numerical score, resulting from a combined assessment of both the Visual Field (VF) and Visual Acuity (VA) loss, obtained using a digital technology visor. Methods: To verify if the assessments of the visual impairment coefficient carried out through the two different systems produce homogeneous results, a comparison between results obtained on a group of sixty-five subjects who were visually impaired or had fragile vision was performed. Results: A great level of inhomogeneities in the evaluation of visual disability coefficient, obtained through the digital system, which provides for the combined evaluation of the visual field and visual acuity, and the conventional one, which involves the separate evaluation of the two parameters, was found. Conclusions: These results confirm therefore that the discrepancies found in the assessment of the disability level obtained through two different systems is not due to the different tools used, but to the different evaluation systems. The evaluation system carried out using the new digital visor, which provides for the combined evaluation of the VF and VA, constitutes a method to ensure a more homogeneous and reliable visual disability assessment compared to those carried out with traditional systems.
Nonmental Healthcare Professionals’ Attitudes Toward Mental Health Services in Asir Region, KSA
Authors:   Department of Psychiatry, Armed Forces Hospital, Southern Region, Khamis Mushayt, Saudi Arabia, SS Alsubaie , RS Al-Hufayyan ,   Medical Interns, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia, MS Mohammed ,   Medical Interns, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia, AH Alsufyani ,   Medical Interns, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia, RH Alyami ,   Medical Interns, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
Published: November 2021

Objectives: Most patients who visit other clinics are surprised when they referred to psychiatric clinics, which may be related to the social stigma of mental illness or nonmental health professionals’ (NMHPs) negative attitude toward psychiatric illness. The study aimed to assess attitudes toward mental health services among NMHPs in Asir region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), and to correlate the results with different variables. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study among NMHPs (n=358) in Asir region of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia by using an electronic questionnaire through WhatsApp application. Results: Young age, female gender, single marital status, did not ever had known or shared in giving care to a mentally ill person, work experience less than 10 years, nursing specialty, and holding diploma degree represented the significant statistical correlation with negative attitudes toward mental health services scale (p-value = <0.001; 0.01; 0.003; 0.02; <0.001; 0.02 and <0.001, respectively). Conclusion: This study demonstrates positive attitude toward mental health services among NMHPs. There is need for better educational measures and more training courses at the undergraduate level of NMHPs in order to improve such attitude. Future research could investigate the outcomes of these measures and courses.
Late Cenozoic Erosion in New Zealand
Authors:   , Adams John Edward
Published: November 2021

Uplift and erosion are roughly equal in the Southern Alps of New Zealand and the following rates have been determined: tectonic uplift 620 +/- 20 Mt y^-1, river load 700 +/- 200 Mt y^-1, offshore deposition 580 +/- 110 Mt y^-1. The tectonic uplift is the result of oblique collision between the Indian and Pacific plates, with the edge of the Pacific plate being upturned and uplifted as the Southern Alps, crustal narrowing of 22 mm y^-1 being converted to uplift along a curved fault plane. Almost all rock eroded from the Southern Alps is carried as suspended load by rivers. River bedload is of minor importance, and its abrasion adds to the suspended load. The estimated suspended load amounts to 265 Mt y^-1, but with a single exception only normal load have been sampled, and the additional abnormal load from earthquake-caused landslips is estimated to double the normal load. The river load estimate is confirmed in part by spot checks from sediment accumulated in onshore traps. A model proposed for the growth of the Southern Alps from a peneplain shows that the range attained steady state about 1.5 My after uplift started. With uplift initial non steady state, flat topped mountains like those that remain in Otago, become steady state spiky mountains. The range as a whole is in steady state, though the individual mountains change. The offshore deposition rates agree with the river load and tectonic uplift estimates and thus provide substantial confirmation for the steady state model.
Monadic Bounded Algebras
Authors:   , Akishev Galym
Published: November 2021

The object of study of the thesis is the notion of monadic bounded algebras (shortly, MBA's). These algebras are motivated by certain natural constructions in free (first-order) monadic logic and are related to free monadic logic in the same way as monadic algebras of P. Halmos to monadic logic (Chapter 1). Although MBA's come from logic, the present work is in algebra. Another important way of approaching MBA's is via bounded graphs, namely, the complex algebra of a bounded graph is an MBA and vice versa. The main results of Chapter 2 are two representation theorems: 1) every model is a basic MBA and every basic MBA is isomorphic to a model; 2) every MBA is isomorphic to a subdirect product of basic MBA's. As a consequence, every MBA is isomorphic to a subdirect product of models. This result is thought of as an algebraic version of semantical completeness theorem for free monadic logic. Chapter 3 entirely deals with MBA-varieties. It is proved by the method of filtration that every MBA-variety is generated by its finite special members. Using connections in terms of bounded morphisms among certain bounded graphs, it is shown that every MBA-variety is generated by at most three special (not necessarily finite) MBA's. After that each MBA-variety is equationally characterized. Chapter 4 considers finitely generated MBA's. We prove that every finitely generated MBA is finite (an upper bound on the number of elements is provided) and that the number of elements of a free MBA on a finite set achieves its upper bound. Lastly, a procedure for constructing a free MBA on any finite set is given.
Beyond Settler Consciousness: New Geographies of Nation in Two Novels by Margaret Laurence and Fiona Kidman
Authors:   , Hanson Paul Michael
Published: November 2021

This thesis considers the role of geography in novels by Margaret Laurence and Fiona Kidman both as a structuring principle and as a key to their mapping of private and social consciousness. The spatiality of the novels is related to the tracing of a revised awareness of colonial history in the two settler countries in which they are set. The novels reflect not only the contemporary world in which they were written but also have continued bearing upon problematic pasts and the larger histories that shaped the cultures and societies of Canada and New Zealand.
The Thinking Body: a Study of the Architectural Ramifications of Maurice Merleau-Ponty's Rendering of the Human Body's Capacities
Authors:   , August Karan
Published: November 2021

Phenomenology offers a conceptual framework that connects and strengthens the architect' s intuitive understanding of the human experience of space with the theorist's more critical approach. Phenomenology is an ideal vehicle for architectural theorists to avoid the friction between first-hand or subjective experience and generalised or abstracted accounts of experience. In this thesis I extract an account of the human experience of space that is implicit in the Philosopher Maurice Merleau-Pontys work. I consider how this understanding has been employed in architectural scholarship and practice. In particular, I argue that the human body renders the richness of space through deliberate engagement with the indeterminate and independent possibilities of the world. In other words, as the body intentionally engages with the world, it synthesises objects that create determinate spatial situations. I account for Merleau-Ponty's depiction of the body' s non-rule governed, non-reflective, normative directiveness towards spaces and elements, and label it the thinking body. Furthermore I examine how the philosophical theory of Merleau-Ponty is represented in the explicitly theoretical works of Juhani Pallasmaa. In turn I then consider how the thinking body is physically and conceptually realised in the buildings of Carlo Scarpa. Finally I find that Juhani Pallasmaa's description of the phenomenological experience of space is incompatible with Merleau-Ponty's. The strategic importance of these different accounts emerges when projecting their implications for designed space. Pallasmaa' s account points towards an architecture that prioritises sensory experiences synthesised by the mind. The design focus of Merleau-Ponty's philosophy leads to spatial practices in line with Carlo Scarpa, that are sympathetic to the causal qualities of an intentional bodily engagement with spatial situations. In accord with Merleau-Ponty I argue that human body is our medium for the world and as such creates the spatial situation we engage with from a formless manifold of possibilities.
Derivational Syntax: a Minimalist Approach to Affixation in Bahasa Indonesia Predicates
Authors:   , Sukarno Wahyono
Published: November 2021

This thesis focuses on verbal phrase aspect (vP-aspect) in Bahasa Indonesia (BI). In BI, vP-aspect is morphologically marked on the predicate. I claim that the sufiix -kan marks an aspect, which I refer to as kan-aspect, indicating that the object undergoes change. This is in a stark contrast with i-aspect, where the object is stationary and unchanged. The analysis is based on the notion that the semantics and syntax of a predicate should be analysed within the vP (for instance, Tenny 1987, 1994, Chomsky 1995, Arad 1998, Croft 1998, among others), with the core argument determining the aspectual property of an event structure (Tenny 1987, Arad 1998, Ritter and Rosen 1998). Since this thesis proposes to take into account the -kan and -i distinction as an important aspect in the analysis, the structural location of the two suffixes will take centre stage. This has not been done in the literature on BI that looks at these derivational suffixes. This thesis further develops the analysis beyond verb phrases: it takes into account the syntax of Voice Phrase of sentence structures that include (temporal) Aspect Phrase, Wh-extractions, and Relative Clauses.
The evolution of Risk from Landslides: Concepts and Applications for Communities in New Zealand
Authors:   , Hufschmidt Gabriele
Published: November 2021

The aim of this research is to identify temporal changes of risk from landsliding for several locations in New Zealand (the Western Hutt Hills, close to Wellington; Te Arai, close to Gisborne; Mt.Cook/Aoraki Village, South Island). While risk analysis usually targets a particular point in time, this research includes several five-year intervals (based on census years) starting in 1981 until 2006. The scale of this analysis is the community level. Risk is not expressed as an absolute level of loss, for example a dollar value or the number of fatalities. Risk is rather considered as the probability and extent of adverse effects on a community inferred from landsliding. As such, risk is relative: the aim is to quantify risk for a community relative to another point in time, and relative to other communities. In addition, the degree to which risk levels vary between communities is quantified. The objectives of the risk analysis are to: 1. establish landslide hazard, i.e. the frequency and magnitude of landsliding for each location, 2. develop an index of social vulnerability per census year and community, 3. develop an index of social resilience per census year and community, 4. combine 1.-3. and, together with exposure ('elements at risk'), determine risk from landsliding for each community through time.
Seeing Themselves: Cultural Identity and New Zealand Produced Children's Television
Authors:   , Shepherd Ngaire
Published: November 2021

The New Zealand television environment is a complex one, and its ability to instil a sense of 'cultural identity' for New Zealand viewers has been regularly debated. Local children's programming is an area that can sometimes be overlooked in these important discussions. Children's programming in New Zealand is almost entirely publicly funded and is therefore legislatively tied to 'reflecting' cultural identity for a New Zealand child audience. This raises questions about how cultural identity is defined and understood within this industry,  especially considering the inherent differences between a child audience and adult programme makers. These questions are engaged with through an examination of how cultural identity is discussed by funders, producers and audiences of four locally produced television brands: What Now?, Sticky TV, Studio 2 and Pukana. This thesis considers cultural identity to be a social construction that is both fluid and, in a New Zealand context, tied to certain expectations of 'New Zealandness'. This fluidity is examined through a discourse analysis of how funders, producers and audiences talk about each programme as well as cultural identity, in order to examine similarities and differences in how each group conceptualises this important funding concept. The argument is formed that cultural identity is understood in different terms: for children cultural identity is foremost about belonging to and 'seeing themselves' in a larger community of New Zealand children, while programme makers are concerned with the problematic notion of 'reflecting' "kids' worlds".
'[T]he Sound of the Bell Amidst the Wilds': Evangelical Perceptions of Northern Aotearoa/New Zealand Maori and the Aboriginal Peoples of Port Phillip, Australia, c.1820s-1840s
Authors:   , Ritchie Samuel Gordon Gardiner
Published: November 2021

This study investigates evangelical missionary perceptions of northern Aotearoa/New Zealand Maori and the Aboriginal peoples of the Port Phillip district of New South Wales, Australia, during the 1820s-1840s, a period when evangelical humanitarianism was at its height and European racial thinking was in a particularly formative stage. The thesis uses three case studies: the Church Missionary Society missionaries George Clarke and the Reverend William Yate in northern Aotearoa/New Zealand, and the Wesleyan Missionary Society missionary the Reverend Francis Tuckfield in the Port Phillip district of New South Wales, Australia. Clarke, Yate, and Tuckfield's perceptions of the indigenous peoples they sought to 'save' are explored through an examination of journals, letters to missionary society secretaries in London, personal correspondence, and in the case of Yate, evidence presented to the ' House of Commons' Select Committee on Aborigines (British Settlements)' and his published Account of New Zealand (1835). Particular attention is paid to how these men's perceptions changed over three key stages: prior to arriving in their respective mission fields, the initial period following their arrival, and after a significant period of residence. Evangelical missionary endeavour in both Aotearoa/New Zealand and Australia is compared in this thesis because in the early nineteenth century these two places were part of a common Tasman world. The similarities in evangelical experiences in the Tasman world during this period reveal an evangelical community within which ideas and information flowed freely. Comparative exploration of evangelical perceptions of northern Maori and the Aboriginal peoples of Port Phillip reveals that adaptation and evolution occurred through missionaries' experiences. Evolution of evangelical ideas is revealed in missionary encounters with a number of non-European populations, which further shaped missionary ideas about those they sought to 'save'. Adaptation of evangelical ideas is reflected in the different evangelical experiences in Aotearoa/New Zealand and Australia. These differences, most significantly the opposing experiences of success in Aotearoa/New Zealand and failure in Port Phillip, Australia, indicate that evangelical views of non-Europeans were not static, but rather they were altered as a result of experience.
E-Government: Transformation of Public Governance in New Zealand?
Authors:   , O'Neill Rose Regina
Published: November 2021

New information and communication technologies (ICTs) have been introduced in the government sector throughout the world in the past 10 - 20 years in an attempt to achieve greater operational efficiency and effectiveness. The benefits of ICTs include faster, streamlined administrative processing; lower transaction costs; better use of information resources; greater public access to government information and services; and more opportunities for public participation in democratic processes. These changes are often heralded by e-government commentators as "transformative'.This implies that technical innovation will deliver business benefits and produce radical change in the way that government agencies are organised to service parliament and the public. That is, a change in state sector governance arrangements. This thesis examines the concept of 'transformation' in the New Zealand state sector context with a view to determining the form and nature of governance changes that may occur as a consequence of e-government implementation. Two streams of empirical data gathering have been completed. These provide data on how e-government initiatives are currently being implemented in New Zealand, and the impact senior public officials and public management experts consider e-government will have in the future. A Weberian analytical framework is used to identify the nature of changes that occur as a consequence of e-government initiatives, and where changes may occur in the current public sector governance model. The empirical evidence suggests that e-government will have two transformational effects in New Zealand: instrumental and systemic. These effects will occur as public officials use ICTs to increase operational efficiency and effectiveness; develop broad-based collaboration and co-production working arrangements; and expand the resources available to government to address policy issues and delivery services. Adjustments to current governance arrangements are required to position public officials to use communication technologies effectively in the future. Initial reform efforts need to be made in the areas of accountability structures and leadership.
The Client Voices Pilot: Managing Knowledge in the NGO Sector in Aotearoa-New Zealand
Authors:   , Rendle Jarrod
Published: November 2021

The purpose of this thesis is to present the Client Voices pilot project as an example of the type of knowledge management system that non-government organisations in the community and development sectors can use to leverage competitive advantage for their long term success. The four major knowledge management issue themes: connectivity, collaboration, content and capacity are discussed in detail throughout the thesis. The organisations, legislation, project background work and funding issues that created the environment for the Client Voices project are outlined. Following this an examination of the theory behind both knowledge management and competitive advantage is offered with a number of real-life, practical examples used for descriptive purposes. The Client Voices pilot project is then discussed in some detail in terms of the methodology employed as well as the fieldwork that undertaken. A critical analysis of the project is then presented using the four major issues themes and a number of recommendations are made for development practitioners and academics alike. Finally, the findings of the thesis are reiterated, the implications of both the Client Voices project and knowledge management in the NGO sector are posed and the effects of globalisation on grass roots NGOs as well as an alternative growth model are considered.
Inorganic Polymers (Geopolymers) as Potential Bioactive Materials
Authors:   , Rahner Nils
Published: November 2021

The primary aim of this project was to synthesise potassium activated geopolymer composites with bioactivity, and this was realised by adding 10wt% of calcium hydroxide, nano-structured calcium silicate or calcium phosphate to the geopolymer matrix. The synthesised samples were cured at 40'C then heated to 550'C and 600'C to reduce their alkalinity. Tensile strength was measured by diametral compression. The effect of exposure to simulated body fluid (SBF) was determined by x-ray diffractometry (XRD), 27Al, 29Si and 43Ca nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy with magic angle spinning (MAS NMR), pH measurements, inductively coupled plasma (ICP), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDS). XRD, 27Al and 29Si MAS NMR confirmed that all the samples retained their structural characteristics of a true aluminosilicate geopolymer, even after heating and exposure to SBF. EDS examination of the calcium-containing geopolymer composites showed that the calcium distribution was generally homogeneous. Exposure of the geopolymer composites to SBF at body temperature, was used to simulate the behaviour of the geopolymer composites in blood plasma. XRD and SEM/ EDS analysis showed that the geopolymers containing calcium hydroxide and calcium silicate formed hydroxyl apatite (HA) and carbonate hydroxyl apatite (HCA) after their exposure to SBF, indicating a degree of bioactivity. The absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the SBF and the observation of nano crystals rich in these elements provide some evidence of bioactive phases in the composite containing calcium phosphate and the reference geopolymer. The reference and the calcium phosphate geopolymer (both heated to 600XC) produced the lowest pH (ca.8) in the SBF. ICP analysis of the SBF after exposure shows that most of the aluminium remains in the geopolymer structure. The greatest release of aluminium (< 2.7 ppm after 168 hours) was found for the calcium hydroxide geopolymer (heated to 600'C). Diametral compression testing showed that the strength of the calcium phosphate-containing geopolymer heated to 550'C (4.17 MPa) is comparable with that of Bioglass(R)(5.56 MPa), currently used as a bio-material. Although none of the composites are ideal in all respects, they show sufficient promise to suggest that with further refinement, geopolymer materials may well be become candidates as bioactive ceramics.
Modelling Pn Wave Speeds Beneath the Central North Island, New Zealand
Authors:   , Seward Anya Mira
Published: November 2021

A new method of modelling Pn-wave speeds is created. The method allows the predominant wavelength features of P-wave speeds in the uppermost mantle to be modelled, as well as estimating values of mantle anisotropy and irregularities in the crust beneath stations, using least-square collocation. A combination of National Network seismometers, local volcanic seismic monitoring networks and temporary deployments are used to collect arrival times from local events, during the period of 1990-2006. The dataset consists of approximately 11200 Pn observations from 3000 local earthquakes at 91 seismograph sites. The resulting model shows distinct variations in uppermost mantle Pn velocities. Velocities of less than 7.5 km/s are found beneath the back-arc extension region of the Central Volcanic Region, and under the Taranaki Volcanic Region, indicating the presence of water and partial melt. The region to the east shows extremely high velocities of 8.3-8.5 km/s, where the P-waves are traveling within the subducting Pacific slab. Slightly lower than normal mantle velocities of 7.8-8.1 km/s are found in the western North Island, suggesting a soft mantle. Pn anisotropy estimates throughout the North Island show predominately trench parallel fast directions, ceasing to nulls in the west. Anisotropy measurements indicate the strain history of the mantle. For the observed upper mantle Pn velocity of 7.3 km/s is one of the lowest seen in the world. Ray-tracing modelling indicate that this region extends to depths of at least 65 km, suggesting an area of elevated heat (700 - 1100 degrees C) at Moho depth. Elevated temperatures can be caused by the presence partial melt (0.4 % to 2.1 % depending on the amount of water present). Beneath the western North Island, the observed slower than normal mantle velocities, indicate a material of lowered shear modulus, susceptible to strain deformation. However, anisotropy estimations in this region, show no significant anisotropy, suggesting that this is a region of young mantle that hasn't had time to take up the signature of deformation. These observations can be explained by a detachment of the mantle lithosphere through a Rayleigh-Taylor instability more than 5 Ma.
At Home or Abroad: Tuvaluans Shaping a Tuvaluan Future
Authors:   , Paton Kathryn Louise
Published: November 2021

If development is to be sustainable, it is vital to plan and act with all possible futures in mind and for communities to be engaged and empowered so that development meets local needs. Throughout the international development community, there have been regular calls for people to act locally, but think globally. Yet, as challenges become more complex, it is no longer enough to simply think globally. Where possible futures involve losing one's land and country, people need to be able to participate in making a better future for themselves, their families and their communities beyond their own borders. Tuvalu is a country that faces multiple possible futures that may have severe impacts on its people, including the possibility of forced migration. As a country with many development needs, Tuvalu has created Te Kakeega II: National Strategies for Sustainable Development - 2005-2015, which acknowledges the need for participation and cross-sectoral collaboration. This thesis examines the mechanisms that exist to engage Tuvaluans in their development. It reviews whether Tuvaluans actually participate in these processes and whether there are any barriers to participation. It also investigates to what extent the mechanisms for participation are helping Tuvalu confront the contemporary and complex issue of climate change. People who are forced to migrate because of changes in their environment have no rights under international law and thus risk becoming disempowered. If Tuvaluans are forced to migrate because of climate change, they risk losing any gains they have made at home. Unlike many forced migration situations, Tuvaluans have time to participate in the preparations for such a future. To what extent are they enabled and empowered to do this? How, and who, do they think should prepare for this possible future?
Riding the Biotechnology Wave: A Mixed-Methods Analysis of Malaysia's Emerging Biotechnology Industry
Authors:   , Loh Melvyn Wei Ming
Published: November 2021

Building a sustainable bioeconomy requires strategic alliances, intellectual property,funding and talent. The research focus of this empirical study was to assess Malaysian biotechnology companies regarding their opinions on priorities and capabilities necessary to establish a thriving bioeconomy. The research questions that form the basis of this paper explore the extent to which initial factor endowments affect the trajectory of biotechnology industry development and how Malaysia should prioritise, mobilise and coordinate resources to build a bioeconomy. A mixed methods approach using qualitative interviews and case studies, as well as a quantitative survey, indicated that respondents advocated a resource-based-view in terms of resource allocation and agglomeration towards building Malaysia's bioecnomy. That is, there was strong support to leverage Malaysia's existing capabilities in agriculture and biofuels to derive value-added products towards gaining leadership positions in these respective biotechnology sectors globally. Access to funding and talent emerged as the highest priority capabilities necessary for commercialising discoveries, conducting research and development and accelerating innovation. Respondents perceived the government as having a 'very important' role in building and accelerating the Malaysian biotechnology industry. The gap between required capabilities and strategic priorities provides a framework within which the government may play a central role in coordinate, accelerating and resourcing Malaysia's nascent bioeconomy.
The Impact of Anthropogenic Land-Use Change on Soil Organic Carbon, Oporae Valley, Lake Tutira, New Zealand
Authors:   , Boys Roderick Charles James
Published: November 2021

During the anthropocene land use change has exacerbated erosion of the Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) rich topsoil in the Oporae Valley. As well as reducing the SOC content of the contemporary topsoil, the large scale redistribution of sediment has created a quantifiable long-term SOC sink in paleosols. Using contemporary native forest soils as a proxy, pasture covered topsoils contain ~40% less SOC (a loss of 5,338 T/[square kilometer] SOC). The pre-human paleosol at ~200 cm, an average 32 cm thickness, contains 9180 T/[square kilometer]. Significantly more SOC buried at depth than what currently exists in the contemporary topsoil indicates the relative importance of paleosols as C stores and the role of land use change on SOC. The preservation characteristics of a paleosol in the Oporae Valley are determined by slope angle and the relative position they hold in relation to the inter-fingering of the alluvial toeslope with the colluvial footslope. Groupings of [radioisotope carbon-14] ages in and above the pre-human paleosol allow for calculation of terrestrial sedimentation rates. At ~0.9 mm yr^-1 the terrestrial pre-human sedimentation rate averaged over the valley floor is approximately half (0.53) of the corresponding pre-human lake rate of ~1.7 mm yr^-1. As a proportion of the lake's anthropogenic sedimentation rate at ~4.8 mm yr^-1, the terrestrial anthropogenic sedimentation rate has slightly increased to ~2.8 mm yr^-1 (0.58 of the lake sedimentation rate). These initial findings demonstrate the potential for further research in this area, so that ongoing land-use change can be accurately incorporated into terrestrial carbon accounting.
Toward Marketing as a Discursive Practice: Rethinking the Discipline's Philosophical Foundations
Authors:   , Stewart David Murray
Published: November 2021

It has been claimed that marketing needs to create a new 'paradigm'. Following a critical analysis of marketing' s philosophical foundations the thesis argues that the discipline should instead seek to build upon the 'linguistic' or 'postmodern' turns in the philosophy of science: a turn that has already been embraced by seemingly related disciplines like sociology, history and anthropology, for example. By connecting to this development, and the approaches that it has engendered such as narrative theory, neo-pragmatism and the notion of a discursive practice, marketing will be better able to develop more useful knowledge or practical wisdom ('phronesis'). A new approach to the generation of marketing knowledge based on praxis will enable three problems that have become apparent in the field over the past decade to be overcome. First, the debate whether marketing is an art or a science can be resolved. Second, the gap between the marketing discipline and practitioners can be closed. Third, the stagnant state of marketing theory can be  invigorated. An exemplary case study, which explores the launch of Air New Zealand's 'Domestic Express' service, demonstrates how such an approach to marketing might be operationalised and the added value that it could provide, both to marketing theorists and marketing practitioners.
Community Involvement and Participation in Tourism Development in Tanzania: A Case Study of Local Communities in Barabarani Village, Mto wa Mbu, Arusha-Tanzania
Authors:   , Michael Muganda
Published: November 2021

This thesis discusses the involvement and participation of local communities in tourism development in Tanzania using a case study of local communities in Barabarani village, Mto wa Mbu, Arusha. To explore this research topic, the thesis examines three key concepts: community participation in the tourism development decision-making process; community participation in the sharing of tourism benefits; and the contribution of tourism development to poverty alleviation. To achieve these systematically, the research is guided by five inter-related research questions: (1) what are the views of local people towards community involvement in tourism development; (2) what are appropriate roles of local people in tourism development; (3) to what extent do local people participate in the tourism development decision-making process; (4) to what extent have tourism businesses developed benefit-sharing schemes; and (5) what are the views of the local people on the contribution of tourism development towards poverty reduction. To gain a rich understanding of the context of the research, the thesis employs a case study approach, which enables: investigation at the community level to bring together perspectives from the grass-root level, where little research on this topic has been done; involvement of multiple stakeholders that explores perspectives from a range of stakeholders (ordinary members of the community, decision-makers within the community, tourism professionals, tourism businesses and NGOs); and the use of multiple methods (household survey, interviews, field observations, document analysis, and informal discussions). Such an approach improves the validity of the findings and successfully addresses the central research questions. Both quantitative and qualitative data generated from these techniques are analysed, integrated and compared, and are used to complement each other. Based on the findings obtained from multiple methods, this research concludes that local people wish to play a role in the tourism development decision-making process. In general, local people want to see decisions about tourism development in their area made jointly by government officials and local leaders in consultation with the local community. They also want to be involved in the sharing of tourism benefits. Tourism businesses have developed benefit-sharing schemes that favour local people to access tourism benefits. These schemes include local employment, local capacity building, and sharing tourism profits with the wider community. Tourism development is contributing positively towards poverty alleviation, and has made improvement on accessibility, prices of goods and services, employment, entrepreneurial training, income-generating projects, household incomes and general quality of life though the extent of contribution vary from one aspect to another.
Embodying Disney Dreams: the Representation of Femininity and Whiteness in Recent Disney Animated Films
Authors:   , Maplesden Allison
Published: November 2021

This thesis proposes to critically examine the ways in which whiteness and femininity are represented in recent Disney animated films. It will be contended that the Disney text is an influential part of the popular cultural discourse on femininity and whiteness but this is often obscured or made invisible by the ways in which the films work to naturalise these constructions. The work of this thesis will be to unpack the constructions of femininity and whiteness through an analysis of the figuration of the Disney heroine. This thesis will argue that idealized whiteness and femininity are discursively embodied in these Disney heroines in complex and contradictory ways, and that Disney works on and through these bodies to fix and contain the ideological constructions of gender, race, and sexuality.
Structural and Hydrothermal Inferences from a Magnetotelluric Survey across Mt. Ruapehu, New Zealand
Authors:   , Dravitzki Stacey Maree
Published: November 2021

This thesis explains the electrical conductivity structure of Mt. Ruapehu. To identify hydrothermal or volcanic components of the volcano, data from 25 magnetotelluric sites are analyzed. Data collected are first analyzed in the time domain prior to conversion into the frequency domain. Here, data are remote referenced, and the impedance tensors, tippers, apparent resistivity and phase values are calculated. These components are then analyzed to identify major features within the data. The new phase tensor ellipse method is applied to identify influential features and determine the dimensionality of data. This analysis indicates where it is appropriate to apply 1 or 2 dimensional inversion schemes. Dimensionality analysis led to 1-D modelling of the determinant impedance at each site; and limited 2-D profiles across the Tongariro Volcanic Centre boundaries. These models are used to create a simple 3-D structural model of the volcano that is then forward modelled. The results of the 3-D forward modelling indicate that the dominating features of the volcano's electrical structure have been identified in the previous models. Crater Lake is the only possible hydrothermal system on Mt. Ruapehu identified in this study. It is also very unlikely that any large coherent bodies of magma exist in the near surface. However, a second thin conductor laying somewhere between 10 and 30 km deep beneath the eastern flank may contain 13% melt and is the probable driving heat force beneath the volcano. The structure of Mt. Ruapehu can be split into seven layers. A resistive surface layer (100 ohm m) of young volcanic debris within the Tongariro Volcanic Centre that is up to 500 m thick near the crater.  A conductive layer (10 - 30 ohm m) of wet, fractured and altered volcanic debris underlaying the younger debris throughout the Tongariro Volcanic Centre.  A layer of Tertiary sediment under the Tongariro Volcanic Centre that extends to the south and west. This layer is electrically indistinguishable from the previous layer and extends to approximately sea level. A resistive layer (400 ohm m), and consistent with greywacke basement covers the entire field area.  A second conductive layer (20 ohm m) is identified under the eastern flank of the volcano somewhere between the depths of 10 and 30 km. This layer is likely to be the heat and magma source driving the volcanic activity.  A surrounding resistive layer extends beyond and below the second conductive layer mentioned above. This surrounding layer is electrically similar to the greywacke above.  A very high resistivity layer (7000 ohm m) is identified below 80 km deep, and may be associated with the land/sea boundary or subduction zone to the east.
Mechanisms in Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering
Authors:   , Meyer Matthias
Published: November 2021

This thesis focusses on a number of topics in surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The aim of the undertaken research was to deepen the general understanding of the SERS effect and, thereby, to clarify some of the disputed issues, among them: What is the origin of the enhancement? What is the physical or chemical effect of 'salt activation' in SERS systems? Can we observe single-molecules using SERS? Can we determine the absorbate's orientation on the surface? In part one (chapters 1-3), as a general introduction, I start with a short overview of the Raman effect and its relation to other molecular spectroscopic effects (such as fluorescence, Rayleigh scattering, etc... ). Following these basic remarks, the surface enhancementmechanisms underlying SERS are explained (as a largely electromagnetic field enhancement) and are investigated theoretically on the canonicalmodel of a nanoscopic dimer of silver spheres. The second part (chapter 4) reports on the experimental investigation (electron microscopy, in-situ Raman measurements) of a typical real SERS system: Lee & Meisel silver colloids. An emphasis is put on the self-limiting aggregation kinetics which is observed in such systems after salt addition. This is also investigated and rationalised by means of Monte-Carlo simulations which are footed on empiric theoretical considerations for the interaction potential. Part three (chapter 5) contains a discussion of the early attempts on singlemolecule SERS and points out the shortcomings of the previously used ultra-lowconcentration approach. In response, an improved andmore rigorous approach is presented: Bi-Analyte SERS. Examplary applications of the technique are discussed. Within these experiments the capability of the technique to prove/disprove (with statistical soundness) single-molecule sensitivity in any SERS system is demonstrated, and single-molecule enhancement factors are derived. The last part (chapter 6) presents computational studies based on densityfunctional theory and its use in the context of Raman spectroscopy and SERS. Of particular interest here were the Raman tensors, their visual representation appropriate in the SERS case, their relation to the relative intensities of Raman peaks, and their modification when the photon energy approaches the electronic resonance of the molecule. Last, but not least, a conclusion chapter is presented, where I highlight what has contributed by the thesis to the general understanding of the SERS effect.
Urban Environmental Management Approaches by Tourism Organisations in Wellington, New Zealand
Authors:   , Mullan Raymond John
Published: November 2021

Tourism in New Zealand depends heavily on the quality of the environment yet at the same time holds the potential of destroying the very environment on which it relies upon if not managed properly. Therefore, concerted actions must be taken to ensure New Zealand's '100% Pure' image is maintained. According to the New Zealand Tourism Strategy 2015, the tourism sector's ability to take a leading role in protecting and enhancing the environment is a key priority. While most tourism studies on environmental management tend to focus on rural or protected areas there is a need to investigate environmental management within urban settings. This research takes a qualitative approach based on semi-structured interviews to investigate and examine the nature of environmental management approaches taken by tourism organisations in the urban setting of Wellington. It also aims to identify the factors influencing the adoption of environmentally-friendly practices, barriers which may hinder the adoption of such practices, and the role of public and private sector agencies in environmental management for tourism businesses. The research found that tourism organisations in Wellington mainly took an informal approach towards environmental management. However, a qualitative method of enquiry revealed that tourism businesses were slowly moving towards change. This was evident from the number of businesses that indicated they were adopting environmental practices related to supply chain management, employee awareness and training, and interpretation. The main factors influencing adoption have also provided reasons for this change. Though, the barriers and difficulties faced by tourism businesses continue to affect the pace of change. As with businesses, public and private sector organisations have an important role to play in urban environmental management. The responses of interviewees indicate that these 'bigger' organisations such as the RTO need to take on a much more proactive role. The need for greater cooperation and communication between key stakeholders of tourism is essential to the success of urban environmental sustainability.