bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ASP(ect) in English modal complements
Authors: van Gelderen Elly
Published: November 2003

In this paper, I argue in favor of a structure for modal complements making crucial use of the M(ood) and ASP(ect) Phrases. Deontic modals in English originate in ASP whereas epistemic modals are in M and select ASP Phrases as their complements. There are several arguments which I mention here briefly and then work out in later sections in more detail. The phrase structures used are Minimalist, and so are the underlying assumptions about features (even though the latter are not worked out).

First, starting with the weakest argument, which I’ll only briefly mention in section 1, present tense deontic modals derive historically from perfective verb forms and the class is therefore called ‘preterite–present’. This suggests an ‘affinity’ with aspect. Second, deontic and epistemic predicates differ in that the latter but not the former can have auxiliaries and stative complements. This is accounted for if epistemics select an ASPP, but if deontics are in ASP in complementary distribution with other aspectuals. Third, double modal varieties of English typically have at most two modals with the epistemic preceding the deontic. This fits in if one modal is in ASP and the other in higher in the structure. Finally, I’ll look at the position ofto, but will start with a note on terminology.
Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Effects ofAnoectochilus formosanusandGynostemma pentaphyllum
Authors: Lin Chun-Ching , Huang Pei-Chen , Lin Jer-Min
Published: November 2003

Anoectochilus formosanus Hay. and Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino are popular folk medicines that have been used for treating hepatitis, hypertension and cancer in Taiwan. Our previous studies showed that these crude drugs exert antiinflammatory activity and hepatoprotective activity against CCI4-induced liver damage. In this study, the antioxidant effect of these crude drugs and their hepatoprotective activity on acetaminophen-induced liver injury in rat was evaluated. Our results suggest that A. formosanus and G. pentaphyllum do have antioxidant effects. On acetaminophen-intoxicated model, the increased levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotrans-ferase (ALT) by acetaminophen administration were reduced by treatment with these two herbs. In histological observation, gross necrosis in the centribular area, sinusoidal congestion, infiltration of the lymphocytes and Kupffer cells around the hepatic central vein, and loss of cell boundaries and ballooning degeneration were reduced with herbal treatment. However, the effect of A. formosanus and G. pentaphyllum is biphasic. Methanol extract (100 and 300 mg/kg) and water extract (300 and 500 mg/kg) of A formosanus and water extract (100, 300 and 500 mg/kg) of G. pentaphyllum enhanced the recovery of liver injury while treatment with 500 mg/kg of A. formosanus methanol extract resulted in serious hepatic injury.
SCHARLEMANN-THOMPSON UNTELESCOPING OF HEEGAARD SPLITTINGS IS FINER THAN CASSON-GORDON'S
Authors: Kobayashi Tsuyoshi
Published: November 2003

We show that there exist infinitely many 3-manifolds M, each of which admits a genus 4 Heegaard splitting V∪PW such that there is a Scharlemann-Thompson untelescoping of V∪PW which decomposes M into three pieces, and that any Casson-Gordon untelescoping of V∪PW decomposes M into exactly two pieces.
MARKOV THEOREM FOR TRANSVERSAL LINKS
Authors: OREVKOV S. YU. , SHEVCHISHIN V. V.
Published: November 2003

It is shown that two braids represent transversally isotopic links if and only if one can pass from one braid to another by conjugations in braid groups, positive Markov moves, and their inverses.
A LARGE COMPLETE GRAPH IN A SPACE CONTAINS A LINK WITH LARGE LINK INVARIANT
Authors: SHIRAI MINORI , TANIYAMA KOUKI
Published: November 2003

Let k be a non-negative integer. Then any embedding of the complete graph on 6·2k vertices into a three-space contains a two-component link with the absolute value of its linking number greater than or equal to 2k. Let j be a non-negative integer. Then any embedding of the complete graph on 48·2j vertices into a three-space contains a knot with the absolute value of the second coefficient of its Conway polynomial greater than or equal to 22j.
ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF RATIONAL 3-TANGLES
Authors: CABRERA-IBARRA HUGO
Published: November 2003

An n-string tangle (B3,T) is a 3-ball B3 containing n properly embedded arcs T={ti} and it is called rational if there is a homeomorphism of pairs from (B3,T) to (D,P)×I where D is the unit disk, P is any set of n points in the interior of D and I is the unit interval. In this article we partially generalize the well known classification of 2-string rational tangles to 3-string rational tangles. Using the results obtained we analyze knotted and linked products of site-specific recombination mediated by the Gin DNA invertase and give a possible solution to its action. Gin is an enzyme that carries out processive recombination.
GENERALIZED KNOT COMPLEMENTS AND SOME ASPHERICAL RIBBON DISC COMPLEMENTS
Authors: HARLANDER JENS , ROSEBROCK STEPHAN
Published: November 2003

We generalize some aspects of standard knot-theory to all ribbon-disc complements. We study asphericity of the complement of properly embedded links in certain contractible singular 3-manifolds that should be thought off as replacements of the 3-ball in the classical setting. We apply our results to show asphericity of 2-complexes modelled on labelled oriented graphs that correspond to alternating prime projections on some surface.
ON THE STRUCTURE OF SIMPLY REPRESENTED KNOTS
Authors: SWENTON FRANK J.
Published: November 2003

We provide an algorithm to decompose any diagram of a simply represented knot into an unlink diagram via certain local moves; such a decomposition exhibits an equivalent knot as a band-sum of represented unknots. This gives a represented ribbonlike surface respecting the knot's representation, extending the branch set to a smoothly embedded surface in the 4-ball.

Via application of the methods in [2], as extended in [3], we can thus solve the problem [1] of algorithmically obtaining a Kirby diagram for any 3-manifold presented as a finite-sheeted (not necessarily simple) covering of the 3-sphere branched over a knot (or graph).
ON SMOOTHING PROPER KNOTS IN 3-MANIFOLDS
Authors: NANYES OLLIE
Published: November 2003

A topological proper knot is a proper embedding f:ℝ1→M3 of the real line into an open 3-manifold. Two proper knots are equivalent if they can be connected by a topological proper isotopy. In this paper, we answer a question posed by the author in [6] and show that, up to topological equivalence and orientation, all proper knots running between the opposite ends of D2×ℝ1 are equivalent. Then sufficient conditions for a topological proper knot to be equivalent to a piecewise linear proper knot are given.
POLYNOMIAL INVARIANTS OF VIRTUAL LINKS
Authors: SILVER DANIEL S. , WILLIAMS SUSAN G.
Published: November 2003

Properties of polynomial invariants Δi for oriented virtual links are established. The effects of taking mirror images and reversing orientation of the link diagram are described. The relationship between Δ0(u,v) and an invariant of F. Jaeger, L. Kauffman, H. Saleur and J. Sawollek is discussed.
COMPRESSIBLE SUTURED MANIFOLDS WHICH YIELD PRODUCTS
Authors: TSUTSUMI YUKIHIRO
Published: November 2003

Sutured manifolds that are boundary-reducible and produce interval-bundles via 2-handle addition are characterized as product sutured manifolds.
Torsion Properties of High Density Polyethylene Foams
Authors: Zhang Yaolin , Rodrigue Denis , Aït-Kadi Abdellatif
Published: November 2003

High density closed-cell HDPE foams (450–950 kg/m3) were prepared by compression molding, and torsion rectangular tests were performed to measure their shear modulus in order to study: (1) the relationship between the modulus as a function of the density, and (2) to determine the effect of thin skins. Based on the assumption that the twist stiffness (product of shear modulus and moment of inertia) of the foams is the sum of the twist stiffness of the skin layers and the core part, several structural foam models are proposed. We found that structural foam models give better results than uniform foam models, indicating that thin skins have an important effect of the shear modulus of polymer foams.
Effects of Operating Conditions on the Cellular Structure and the Thermal Properties of Extruded Foams Made From Corn
Authors: Lui Wai-Bun , Peng Jinchyau
Published: November 2003

The characteristics of a corn extrudate generally appear similar to commercial plastic foam cushioning materials. If extruded foams from whole yellow dent corn are used for loose fill cushioning material, low cost will be realized. In addition, this extruded foam is biodegradable and might even be recoverable as animal feed or as an ethanol feedstock. It could also be spread on farm fields as a soil amendment. Extrusion technology has been applied in cornstarch processing for many years. Different categories of extruders have been developed to give various advantages and disadvantages as used for production. The low-moisture (low-cost) extruder cooker is a good choice for producing low cost expanded corn for packaging use. The objective of this study is to focus on the feed compositions and screw configurations affecting the cellular structure and the specific heat of extruded foams and to evaluate corn/ PVA extrudates as packaging material.

Experimental results indicated that:

1. The size of air cells became smaller and more uniform, and the air cell wall became thinner with the increase in screw pitch and screw speed. Moreover, using the food grade corn grits also made the size of cells smaller and more uniform.

2. Treatments 5 and 22 had the highest specific heats. For all treatments, the specific heat increased linearly as the temperature increased.

3. The extrudates from Treatments 5 and 22 have potential applications as thermal insulation applications for their high specific heat values.
Investigation of the Processing Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Metallocenecatalysed Polyethylene Foams for Rotational Moulding
Authors: Archer E. , Harkin-Jonesy E. , Kearns M. P. , Fatnes A. M.
Published: November 2003

The object of this work is to investigate the foaming characteristics of three grades of metallocene-catalysed linear low-density polyethylenes for rotational moulding using both an exothermic and endothermic chemical blowing agent. This paper reports on the results of ongoing experimental investigations in which rheological and thermal parameters are related to the polymer structure and mechanical properties. Through adjustments to moulding conditions, the significant processing and physical material parameters, which optimise metallocene-catalysed linear low-density polyethylene foam structure, have been identified. The results obtained from equivalent conventional grades of Ziegler-Natta-catalysed linear low-density polyethylene are used as a basis for comparison.
Numerical Analysis of Microcellular Injection Molding
Authors: Han S. , Kennedy P. , Zheng R. , Xu J. , Kishbaugh L.
Published: November 2003

This study presents a simulation model for the microcellular injection molding process in which supercritical fluid such as carbon dioxide or nitrogen is mixed with molten polymer and injected into the mold. Our model simulates the development of cells in the melt during injection molding. The effects of cell growth on material properties and flow have been investigated. Some simulation results such as melt pressure and final cell size distribution are compared with experimental results.
Macromechanical Modeling and Analysis of the Viscoplastic Behavior of Unidirectional Fiber-Reinforced Composites
Authors: Kawai M. , Masuko Y.
Published: November 2003

A combined isotropic and kinematic hardening model for the viscoplastic behavior of unidirectional fiber-reinforced composites is presented. Unidirectional composites are treated as transversely isotropic homogeneous media that harden with viscoplastic deformation. The formulation is based on the irreversible thermodynamics with internal variables, and the constitutive equations are derived from free energy and dissipation function. The combined isotropic and kinematic hardening model for transversely isotropic media can be reduced to pure isotropic hardening and kinematic hardening versions. Although the isotropic hardening model is similar to special cases of existing macromechanics models, it is furnished with an enhanced capability to describe the nonlinearity of the off-axis viscoplastic deformation of unidirectional composites. Validity of the proposed model is evaluated through comparisons between the predictions and observations for the rate-dependent nonlinear behavior of the unidirectional carbon fiber-reinforced composite AS4/PEEK under off-axis monotonic loading conditions.
Size Effects and Thickness Constraints in Composite Joints
Authors: Hou Li , Liu Dahsin
Published: November 2003

Mechanical fasteners are commonly used in assembling composite structures. This study investigated the strengths of double-lap-single-pin joints made of glass/epoxy composite laminates. Three-dimensional size effects were of primary interest. Experimental results revealed that the joint strength decreased as the joint size increased. Weibull's theory seemed to be able to describe the strength reduction up to some extent. As the joint size increased, the damage modes of composite joints also shifted from initial bearing damage followed by final net-section failure to directly catastrophic net-section failure. It was also found from experiments that the constraints in the thickness direction played a key role in damage process. Three factors defined the constraints in the thickness direction: composite thickness, bonding strength through laminate thickness and clamping force from bolting. Composite joints with low thickness constraints tended to have fiber buckling and delamination that resulted in initial bearing damage before final net-section failure. Since they showed larger displacement to failure and higher energy absorption during damage processes, composite joints having initial bearing damage followed by final net-section failure were more ductile than those experienced directly catastrophic net-section failure.
Experimental and Theoretical Analysis of Pulling Force in Pultrusion and Resin Injection Pultrusion (RIP) - Part II: Modeling and Simulation
Authors: Ding Zhongman , Xu Liqun , Li Shoujie , Lee L. James , Engelen Herbert
Published: November 2003

Pulling force modeling and analysis in conventional pultrusion and Resin Injection Pultrusion (RIP) of vinylester resin were carried out in this study. Based on the friction coefficient value of liquid resin, an analytical model was developed to predict the resistance force in the injection die. A thermal expansion-polymerization shrinkage model and a friction coefficient model, combined with the temperature and resin conversion profiles along the die, were used to predict the resistance stress in the heating die, and to determine the composite separation point from the die wall. The simulation results were verified by the experimental data in the conventional pultrusion and RIP processes. The comparison shows that the models and the simulation tool developed in this study are capable of predicting the pulling force in the entire die with good agreement.
Thermoelastic Determination of KI and KII in an Orthotropic Graphite–Epoxy Composite
Authors: Ju S. H. , Rowlands R. E.
Published: November 2003

Motivated by difficulties in recording reliable data in the immediate vicinity of a crack tip, the general fracture mechanics concept often employed for isotropy of utilizing stresses which are valid away from the crack with distance measurements is extended to orthotropy. Specifically, stress intensity factors, KI and KII, for inclined cracks are determined here in a uniaxially-loaded orthotropic graphite–epoxy composite using measured temperatures and least-squares. An advantageous novel technique for evaluating the thermo-mechanical coefficients is also implemented by commingling numerical and measured information. The through cracks are inclined at either 85 or 45 with respect to the load, the latter also being the strong/stiff composite direction. Retaining higher-order terms in the stress representations enables using measured temperatures away from the crack. The present method of determining the two thermo-mechanical coefficients circumvents the challenges encountered when attempting to evaluate the largest thermo-mechanical coefficient from uniaxial coupons since this coefficient typically occurs in the weakest direction of the composite.
Free-corner Effects in Cross-ply Laminates: An Approximate Higher-order Theory Solution
Authors: Mittelstedt Christian , Becker Wilfried
Published: November 2003

Like in the well-known free-edge effect situation, stress fields in the vicinity of free corners of layered plates exhibit a distinct three-dimensional and singular behavior and thus represent an important technical situation. Nevertheless, there are only few thorough investigations available concerning stress concentrations near free laminate corners. Since numerical analyses of stress concentration phenomena in composite laminates are computationally expensive, the present contribution is devoted to a simple closed-form higher-order theory approach for the calculation of displacements, strains, and stresses in the vicinity of a rectangular corner of a symmetric cross-ply laminate under thermal load. Appropriate representations for the displacement field in the manner of a single-layer theory with unknown inplane components and assumed trigonometric functions through the thickness yield closed-form expressions for the strains and stresses throughout the whole laminate. The inplane displacement functions are determined by equilibrium considerations in an integrated form with the solution of some resultant characteristic equations. Boundary conditions are fulfilled in an integral sense. The present approach can be applied easily, requires little computational effort and is in good conformity with comparative finite-element calculations and other closed-form analyses.
Curing Vinyl Ester Particle-reinforced Composites using Microwaves
Authors: Ku H.
Published: November 2003

Composites made from vinyl ester resins suffer considerable shrinkage during curing and after solidification. This project attempts to reduce the shrinkage of the components by shortening the curing time of the resins using penetrating microwave energy. The amount of initiator used to initiate polymerization and the input power of microwave energy are varied to obtain an optimum combination of these parameters for minimum shrinkage of the composite components. The original contribution of this paper is to have flyash particulate-reinforced vinyl ester resins cured under microwave conditions with a view to reducing the shrinkage of the composites during curing; this aim is fully achieved.
Application of a First Invariant Strain Criterion for Matrix Failure in Composite Materials
Authors: Li R. , Kelly D. , Ness R.
Published: November 2003

This paper reports an application of the strain invariant failure theory (SIFT) proposed by Gosse to through-thickness failure of composite structures [Gosse, J.H. and Christensen, S. (2001). Strain Invariant Failure Criteria for Polymers in Composite Materials, AIAA-2001-1184]. It includes global 3D finite element analysis on a ply-by-ply basis and the determination of amplification factors for strains in the intrafiber resin and the calculation of thermal residual strain due to manufacturing for intrafiber resin using micromechanical models. The new procedure has been applied to matrix failures for one type of curved beam, two types of I-beam and two types of T-cleat structures. The resulting predictions of the failure loads for both the I-beams and the T-cleats follow experimental trends. The limiting value of the first invariant strain for failure of the resin in the unidirectional tape is 17,000–20,000 ", and in the bidirectional fabric is 26,000–27,000 ".
On the Applicability of Elastic-plastic Fracture Mechanics to Discontinuously Reinforced Aluminum Composites
Authors: Ipina J. E. Perez , Yawny A. , Oliver C. Gonzalez
Published: November 2003

Fracture toughness of AA6061/Al2O3/15p and A359/SiC/15p discontinuously reinforced aluminum alloys was evaluated using an elastic-plastic methodology (JIC). KJC values derived from JIC resulted higher than critical K values obtained by the ‘straight’ application of procedures proper to linear elastic methodology. The discrepancy between both procedures is demonstrated by means of analyzing the incidence of an arbitrary annealing heat treatment on the material fracture toughness. The results indicate that elastic-plastic fracture mechanics rather than linear elastic fracture mechanics is the appropriate approach for fracture toughness evaluation of reinforced aluminum alloys.
Good Policy Can Lower Violent Crime: Evidence from a Cross-National Panel of Homicide Rates, 1980–97
Authors: Neumayer Eric
Published: November 2003

This article provides empirical evidence that good political governance and good economic policies can lower homicide rates. Therefore, violent crime is not simply determined by modernization, population characteristics, and cultural factors. This result follows from rigorous econometric testing based on a cross-national panel of homicide data from up to 117 countries over the period 1980–97. Contrary to most existing studies, which have applied ordinary least squares on data drawn from one time period only, this analysis uses a fixed-effects estimator with fully robust standard errors. A fixed-effects estimator elegantly controls for time-invariant determinants, such as cultural factors, and allows the pooling of homicide data from otherwise incompatible sources. This is complemented by randomeffects estimation in sensitivity analysis. The results suggest that economic growth, higher income levels, respect for human rights, and the abolition of the death penalty are all associated with lower homicide rates. The same is true for democracy at high levels of democracy. The transition from autocracy to democracy is likely to be accompanied by a rising homicide rate, however, until full democracy has been reached. Results also indicate that policies aimed at improving equity have no effect on violent crime. In particular, there is evidence that the positive effect of income inequality on homicide rates found in many studies might be spurious. The results reported here are strikingly similar to those found for the causes of civil war.
The Economic Peace Between Democracies: Economic Sanctions and Domestic Institutions
Authors: Lektzian David , Souva Mark
Published: November 2003

This article argues that the influence of democratic institutions in international relations extends beyond the military realm and into the economic. The authors extend Bueno de Mesquita et al.’s institutional theoryof political regimes to explain the use and variety of economic sanctions in world politics. It is argued that democracies impose sanctions more oftenthan other regime types because they encompass a greater variety of interest groups. Yet, institutional incentives for successful foreign policies lead democracies to prefer sanctioning non-democracies instead of democracies.The pacifying influence of jointly democratic regimes, then, extends into the economic realm. Further, these same institutional incentives account forvariation across regime types in the choice of sanctions used and the goalspursued. Owing to incentives to minimize harm to their public and achieve successful foreign policies, democratic regimes are more likely than non-democracies to impose financial sanctions and pursue minor foreign policy goals. The authors use the Hufbauer, Schott & Elliott sanctions dataset to empirically evaluate each hypothesis. The empirical analysis supports the argument that domestic political institutions affect the incentives of leaders and, therefore, the foreign policies of states.
Power Shifts and Economic Development: When Will China Overtake the USA?
Authors: Casetti Emilio
Published: November 2003

A dynamic pattern that historically played an important role in the rise and fall of the major powers involves the early attainment of power supremacy by comparatively small countries that developed earlier and subsequently lost their status to larger countries that developed later. Cases in point are the staggered rise in power of the UK, France, Germany, Italy, and Japan, and their subsequent loss of status to the USA and the USSR. The development of China and, at some point in the future, of India has the potential of pushing these countries to superpower status while pushing the USA and a revitalized Russia to substantially lower power ranks. If this sequence of events comes to pass, it will fit the same fundamental dynamics that rendered the USA and the USSR superpowers to begin with. The thesis that the economic development of large countries can produce power shifts of major consequence is the focal theme of this article. First, this thesis is discussed in general terms, is related to a number of literatures from several disciplines, and is validated using an econometric model and empirical data. Then, the thesis is brought to bear upon the USA/China ‘case’. In this connection, the USA/China shifts in power capabilities that have occurred during the past 50 years are documented and extrapolated over the 1995–2050 time-horizon. The extrapolations are based on seven projections that span diverse presuppositions, assumptions, and approaches. The conceptual and analytical generalities, the empirical analyses, and the forecasts presented suggest the possibility that China will acquire power superiority over the USA within the next half-century.
The Effect of Domestic and Foreign Pressure on Israeli Decisions To Use Limited Military Force
Authors: Kuperman Ranan D.
Published: November 2003

The influence of domestic politics on international relations is a very popular theme in US foreign policy analysis. Numerous studies have demonstrated that presidents sometimes tried to improve their public ratings by adopting populist militant foreign policies. The question is whether such behavior is characteristic of democracies in general, or limited to the United States. While there is no reason to assume that in other democracies, or even non-democratic regimes, aggressive actions against a foreign threat willlikewise receive popular support, other states that lack superpower capabilities do not have as much freedom of action as the United States. Smaller states must be more cautious in their behavior, since they are more susceptible to foreign pressure than the United States. This argument is illustrated by analyzing patterns of Israeli limited military actions against its neighbors between 1950 and 1982, which reveals that despite popular demands within the Israeli parliament to pursue more militant policies, the government tended to restrain its actions when faced with foreign pressure from the United States, Great Britain, and the United Nations Security Council.
Building an Internal Security Community: The Democratic Peace and the Politics of Extradition in Western Europe
Authors: Wagner Wolfgang
Published: November 2003

This article extends democratic peace research, which has predominantly focused on the absence of war, to the field of internal security cooperation. It argues that the mechanisms suggested by democratic peace research (responsiveness of democratic leaders to public demands, democratic norms and culture, and institutional constraints) can also be applied to the field of internal security cooperation: democratic leaders can be expected to respond to citizens’ demands for enhanced internal security and to strive towards international cooperation in internal security. Moreover, democracies tend to form security communities and to define their security in common terms, which also encourages mutual assistance on issues of internal security. At the same time, however, democratic leaders’ ability to engage in international cooperation is circumscribed by domestic institutions that safeguard individual rights. In sum, the mechanisms suggested by democratic peace research can capture both the incentives and difficulties of international cooperation on internal security among democratic states. The case of extradition politics, which impacts both on the internal security of states and on standards of individual rights (such as fair trial), serves to illustrate this point: since there is no general obligation for states to extradite fugitives, extradition has traditionally been based on a series of bilateral treaties. Starting in the 1950s, the members of the Council of Europe, all of which are liberal democracies, have negotiated multilateral conventions designed to facilitate extradition among them. The high level of interdependence and trust among the members of the European Union has led to more far-reaching agreements, culminating in a European arrest warrant, which effectively overcomes remaining barriers to extradition. In congruence to the democratic peace perspective, requests from non-democratic states to become part of that regime have been turned down.
Measure for Mis-measure: A Response to Gartzke & Li*
Authors: Barbieri Katherine , Peters Richard Alan
Published: November 2003

Barbieri & Peters (B&P) question Gartzke & Li’s (G&L’s) conclusion that the contradictory findings between Barbieri andOneal & Russett on the trade–conflict question can be explained by their use of alternative measures. There are problems with G&L’s analysis. First, G&L’s findings are based on analyses with measures incompatible with Barbieri’s. Second, G&L adopt measures that are not truly dyadic. Third, G&L draw erroneous conclusions from their mathematics. B&P explain these problems and present empirical analyses that show that even when controlling for economic openness, as G&L propose, dyadic interdependence is still positively associated with conflict.B&P find support for G&L’s conclusion that openness promotes peace.
Measuring Interdependence and Its Pacific Benefits: A Reply to Gartzke & Li
Authors: Oneal John R.
Published: November 2003

Gartzke & Li’s ‘Measure for Measure’ usefully clarifies the mathematical relationships linking trade dependence, openness, and trade share. Oneal and Gartzke & Li agree on allmajor points: (1) high trade dependence, indicated by the lower bilateral trade-to-GDP ratio in each dyad, reduces the likelihood of violent interstate conflict; (2) openness, measured by the total trade-to-GDP ratio for the same state, also has important pacific benefits; and (3) trade share, the ratio of bilateral to total trade, is not a good measure of economic interdependence, because it does not capture the economic (and hence political) importance of states’ bilateral trade. The substantive benefits of both trade dependenceand opennesscan easily be shown. Oneal analyzes militarized interstate disputes using the best available data for trade and conflict and controls for duration dependence. With all dyads included, a one standard-deviation increase in dependencelowers the risk of a fatal dispute by 62%; such an increase in opennessreduces it by 25%. These results are consistent with more than 30 published or forthcoming studies that show that economic interdependence reduces the likelihood of interstate conflict.
All’s Well That Ends Well: A Reply to Oneal, Barbieri & Peters
Authors: Gartzke Erik , Li Quan
Published: November 2003

Oneal and Barbieri & Peters offer divergent critiques of Gartzke & Li, who present a mathematical identity between competing operationalizations of dyadic interdependence, and show that the relationship one finds between conflict and commerce depends on how one constructs one’s dyadic indicator of trade. Oneal seems to accept the identity, but not some of its implications. Barbieri & Peters challenge the identity and offer contrasting results. Here, we show that Barbieri & Peters’s results are due to their model specification, which Gartzke & Li argue involves omitted variable bias.
Integrated Data for Events Analysis (IDEA): An Event Typology for Automated Events Data Development
Authors: Bond Doug , Bond Joe , Oh Churl , Jenkins J. Craig , Taylor Charles Lewis
Published: November 2003

This article outlines the basic parameters and current status of the Integrated Data for Event Analysis (IDEA) project. IDEA provides a comprehensive events framework for the analysis of international interactions by supplementing the event forms from all earlier projects with new event forms needed to monitor contemporary trends in civil and interstate politics. It uses a more flexible multi-leveled event and actor/target hierarchy that can be expanded to incorporate new event forms and actors/targets, and adds dimensions that can be employed to construct indicators for early warning and assessing conflict escalation. IDEA is currently being used in the automatedcoding of news reports (Reuters Business Briefs) and, in collaboration withother projects, in the analysis of field reports. The article summarizes the conceptual framework being used in this data development effort, its major variables, and its geographic and temporal coverage.
Indifference or Obedience? Business Firms as Democratic Hybrids
Authors: Courpasson David , Dany Françoise
Published: November 2003

To the perennial question of why and how people obey, organizational and political theories usually offer a restricted vision mainly based on interpersonal power processes and organizational control mechanisms. Although such theories are useful, the recent evolution of business organizations toward post-bureaucratic models means they must be combined with another dimension that we call ‘moral obedience’. In this article, we suggest that morality is developing in managerial strategies as business contexts become more and more fragile, uncertain and threatened. We argue that this ‘moral movement’ may be pervasive in hybrid political regimes of governance combining democratic and bureaucratic aspects. The purpose of business leaders is to create loosened communities where people should feel a sense of duty and where, at the same time, a sense of being unique and competitive should remain strongly embedded in individual rationales.
The Combination of Strategic Games and Moral Community in the Functioning of Firms
Authors: D’Iribarne Philippe
Published: November 2003

In order to describe the functioning of business firms, two different models of collective action are currently mobilized. The first represents the firm as an arena for the different strategies of actors who want to maximize their interests. The second model focuses on the existence of shared values, of a common culture. In order to contribute to synthesis between these two approaches, two opposite situations are compared: the running of a firm in Morocco, which appears to be a communitylike enterprise, and the running of a firm in the USA, where on the contrary, the community elements seem to be markedly absent. We analyze how the strategies of actors are combined with a collective adherence to a moral community. This enables us to propose a theoretical approach combining these two facets of the firms’ functioning. In the two cases, we have found a common perception of the good and the bad which enables us to talk about a moral community.
A Theory of the Cultural Evolution of the Firm: The Intra-Organizational Ecology of Memes
Authors: Weeks John , Galunic Charles
Published: November 2003

In this article, we propose a theory of the cultural evolution of the firm. We apply cultural and evolutionary thinking to the questions posed by theories of the firm: What are firms and why do they exist? We argue that firms are best thought of as cultures, as social distributions of modes of thought and forms of externalization. Using the term ‘meme’ to refer collectively to cultural modes of thought (ideas, beliefs, assumptions, values, interpretative schema, and know-how), we describe culture as a social phenomenon, patterns of symbolic communication and behavior that are produced as members of the group enact the memes they have acquired as part of the culture. Memes spread from mind to mind as they are enacted and the resulting cultural patterns are observed and interpreted by others. The uncertainties of interpretation and the possibilities of reinterpretation and recontextualization create variation in the memes as they spread. Over time, firms evolve as a process of the selection, variation, and retention of memes. Our claim is that understanding firms in this way provides a new perspective (what we call the ‘meme’s-eye view’) on the question of why we have the firms we have and, by allowing us to shed the functionalist assumptions shared by both economics and knowledge-based theories of the firm, makes possible a genuinely descriptive, as opposed to normative, theory of why we have the firms that we have.
Raising Frankenstein: Great Britain, ‘Balkanism’ and the Search for a Balkanlocarno in the 1920s
Authors: Finney Patrick
Published: November 2003

This paper explores the utility of the interpretive device of ‘Balkanism’ for the analysis of British foreign policy-making in the 1920s. It does so through the case study of the efforts to construct a regional security pact involving guarantee and arbitration treaties reconciling former enemies, a so-called ‘Balkan Locarno’. This was not the most important or fruitful initiative in interwar diplomacy, but it is nonetheless revealing. On the one hand, it illustrated the existence amongst British policy-makers of a network of deeply embedded negative and essentialising assumptions about the region and its peoples. On the other, it casts new light on the nature of the 1925 Locarno settlement itself: the terms in which British policy-makers construed the extension of the Locarno principles indicates that in endowing it with mythic significance, they overlooked the fact that it was concluded only because of the coincidence at a particular moment of otherwise divergent national interests.
Faisceau Visions of Physical and Moral Transformation and the Cult of Youthin Inter-War France
Authors: Kalman Samuel
Published: November 2003

In the post-First World War era, French youth became the focus of considerable attention from a variety of political parties and movements, particularly on the right. One of these was the Faisceau, the first avowedly fascist group in France. Group leaders Georges Valois and Jacques Arthuys sought to mobilize youthful will, sacrifice and heroism in order to recreate the fraternity present in the trenches during the Great War and topple the Third Republic. However, neither figure took an active hand in organizing youth under the Faisceau banner, instead leaving the task to Hubert Bourgin, the group’s most conservative luminary. Concentrating on social Catholicism and tradition, he abandoned the notion of youthful ‘anciens combattants’, in favour of educational reform. Yet both visions of the moral and physical transformation of youth proved to be highly influential, auguring the extreme-rightist platform of the 1930s leagues and various factions within the Vichy regime.
Rising Sun and Setting Sun
Authors: Panikkar Raimon
Published: November 2003

It is more than a century since what we call the ‘history of religions’ was discovered and has been studied. But only recently have we realized that the ‘geography of religions’ is just as important. East and West are essential geopolitical categories, determined by cultural, historical and even religious differences: an Indian and a Swedish Catholic (both of them members of a minority) display notable religious differences, as great as those that separate an Indonesian from a Saudi Muslim (both members of a majority). The ‘geography of religions’ cannot be ignored. Differences exist but simplifications must be avoided: we have to go beyond the cliché according to which the Orient is mystical and the West pragmatic. Logical thought is no more eastern than western. There is scholastic philosophy in the East as well as the West, magic and rationalism are found everywhere. But as human beings are intrinsically earthbound beings, even though they are more than ‘of this world’, East and West are categories that are not only geographical and historical but also anthropological. There is an East and a West in each of us. That is why it is possible for us to understand each other.
Between Christianity and Buddhism: Towards a Phenomenology of the Body–Mind
Authors: Depraz Nathalie
Published: November 2003

This paper is situated in the broader context of an examination of the relationship between East and West from the particular perspective of our experience of the body. It is therefore based on two specific traditions, one belonging to the East - a particular strand of Tibetan Buddhism - the other to the West - the Orthodox tradition of the heart prayer - in order to try to show the similarities and differences in their approach to the body and attempt to compare them in the light of their respective ‘phenomenology’. In this sense phenomenology, as a western philosophical discipline, plays a pivotal role in this comparison and hopefully helps to bring new light to bear on this investigation. The early Eastern church evokes the concrete experience of the body as a holy body and sees it as an exemplary route to deification via the mystical practice of the ‘heart prayer’ (hesychasm). As regards Tibetan Buddhism, it advocates the gradual experience of the body as a rainbow body, defined as a path towards illumination, by means of ‘sitting meditation’ which brings liberation in bardo. In order to carry out this analysis, I shall refer to two recent books that are authorities in both these fields, Corps de mort et de gloire, Petite introduction à une théopoétique du corps by O. Clément and Rainbow Painting: A Collection of Miscellaneous Aspects of Development and Completion by Tulku Urguyen Rinpoché.
Quiescence and Vigilance in Tai Chi Chuan
Authors: Ram
Published: November 2003

Delicately and with a voluptuous spiral movement the leaf from the tall beech tree detached itself from its branch and landed on the flaming bed made by its companions.

That autumn, that morning, while I was observing this unique event, I began to reflect on the emotion I felt in its probably universal connotation. Like aesthetic feeling, a great many concepts affect living beings in the deepest part of themselves, and come from the depths of the cognitive processes, those determinants that are innate dispositions to feel and know. Those depths have a reality and a meta-historical, infra- and extra-verbal dimension.
Indigenous Beyond Exoticism
Authors: Berque Augustin
Published: November 2003

It is the nature of the earth to lie ‘wholly spread out under the sky’: hapasê hê hupo tô kosmô keimenê (Isocrates); and the sky determines the World. Indeed it is the same as the World, as Plato states in the final words of Timaeus: ‘the World was born: it is the Sky, which is one and alone of its race’ (ho kosmos … gegonen heis ouranos hode monogenês ôn). What is thus clearly ‘one and alone of its race’ dominates by its very nature what is subjected to it: the earth. With the coming of the age of modernity, and today more than ever, the West has indeed subjected the Earth and its peoples by imposing its World on them. But it is the nature of worlds, as it is of heavens, to be limited by a horizon; and there is no sky, nor world, that is not supported by an earth. By the Earth, we mean to say nature. This ancient certainty, this primary metaphor, has been inscribed in us since the first creatures to become human, standing with both feet on the ground and head turned towards the sky, first saw the horizon. As paleo-anthropology tells us, it is in effect in the same movement that they began to create technical and symbolic systems from which the ecumene would spring; and this prime metaphor that was the basis for the ecumene and its worlds has continued to work on the generation of secondary metaphors that govern the history of human thought through the unconscious - from Aristotle when, inventing the notion of subject, he called it hupokeimenon, ‘what lies below’ (as the earth lies below the sky), to Heidegger when he imagined The Origin of the Work of Art as a ‘dispute’ (Streit) between a world and the earth. Indeed there is Streit because the earth denies itself and withdraws into its interior, in the very exteriorization that opens it into a world.
View from Islam, View from the West
Authors: Zarcone Thierry
Published: November 2003

The East has been upsetting and sometimes even revolutionizing Europeans’ modes of thought, feeling and enjoyment since the most ancient times, well before Marco Polo, when it transmitted its techniques and arts (printing, paper money, the compass, porcelain, etc.). From the 18th century Europe has played a similar role in the technological and even the philosophical field, with regard to India, China and Japan. Apart from the infrequent exchanges between West and East, the transmission of knowledge was carried out through ‘buffer civilizations’ - Persians, Sassanids, the Turkic-Iranian Muslim world - whose languages were Indo-European or whose religion was Abrahamic, and so culturally linked to the West. Thus it was to the east of them that the great frontier between civilizations was situated, in a region that, since around the seventh century, has been dedicated to Islam. The huge Euro-Asian bloc was the arena for several encounters, or clashes, between civilizations which considerably enriched the technical skills, culture and taste of Europeans; the transmission of Greco-Arab knowledge in the 12th century, the contribution of Chinese techniques thanks to the great Asian land routes (christened the Silk Road in the 19th century), the importation of Indian techniques over the sea routes. These encounters were also the occasion for two-way trade that gave a new face to countries like India or Japan; the latter, for instance, opened up not only to western technologies in the Meiji period, but also to the philosophies of Husserl and Heidegger in the early 20th century (the case of the Kyôto School of philosophy should be mentioned). The last of the great encounters date from the late 19th and the 20th centuries at the very moment when Europe and the American world were claiming to be the only ‘civilization’ worthy of the name, and considered they had nothing to learn from others, but, on the contrary, could teach them everything. However, this was also the time when a deepening knowledge of India, China, Korea, Japan led to a ‘rediscovery’ of Asia as a continent of great and rich civilizations whose philosophies, arts and many other disciplines were a match for their European counterparts; the French writer Henri Michaux described himself as a ‘barbarian’ when he visited that part of the world at the beginning of the 20th century.
The Role of Iranians in the Spread of Buddhism, Manichaeism and Mazdaism in China
Authors: Tajadod Nahal
Published: November 2003

Gandhara, an area that welcomed Buddhism and where the earliest monasteries are found from the late third century BC, was also a ‘land of immigration’.

With the aim of converting the Greco-Iranian peoples to Buddhism, the dignitaries in charge of these provinces under Asoka had identified in Greek and Aramaic vocabulary equivalents of Hindu or Buddhist themes. But the Gandhara Buddhists seem not to have continued this attempt to translate their sacred texts into Greek, Aramaic and probably Middle Iranian. On the other hand the Buddhists from Bactrian, Sogdian and Xinjiang translated the great texts of Buddhism from Sanskrit into the indigenous languages.