bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of perceived weights for scale familiarization in a PROP taster classification procedure
Authors: Yousaf Neeta Y. , Zheng Yintong , Yi Jiakun , Tepper Beverly J.
Published: September 2022

Labeled magnitude scales are commonly used in sensory testing especially in PROP‐tasting studies. Frequently, subjects are asked to complete a familiarization task before the test begins to check if they understand the scale and can use it effectively. A variety of familiarization tasks have been used, but validation studies are sparse. In the present study, subjects assessed the “heaviness” of five weights held in the hand and were then classified by PROP status using a standard screening protocol with NaCl as a reference standard. Results showed that perceived heaviness increased with increasing weight, and this was independent of PROP status. When the mean of the two highest weights was used as the reference standard in the PROP screening protocol, subjects were classified similarly. Weight estimation is effective as a general familiarization task and can also be used as an external (nontaste) standard in PROP screening.

Practical Applications

Subjects benefit from practice using labeled magnitude scales before they are asked to rate samples or products. The weight estimation task described here is easy for subjects to understand and use and quick to administer. This procedure can be used as a general familiarization task in sensory testing and as part of a PROP screening procedure.
Effects of trazodone administration on the neurologic examination in healthy dogs
Authors: Lueck Lizabeth C. , Cameron Starr , Zidan Natalia
Published: September 2022

Background

Trazodone is an anxiolytic used PO to decrease anxiety in dogs. Whether or not trazodone affects the neurologic examination in dogs has not been previously reported.

Objective

Investigate whether trazodone administration is associated with changes in the neurologic examination in healthy dogs.

Animals

Thirty‐two healthy dogs between 1 and 6 years old with no previously diagnosed medical conditions and perceived by their owners as neurologically normal.

Methods

Baseline sedation and anxiety assessments and neurologic examination were performed on each dog, followed by trazodone administration (6.25‐8.60 mg/kg PO). The sedation and anxiety assessments and neurologic examination were repeated 2.5 hours after trazodone administration. The examinations were performed by a single board‐certified veterinary neurologist and were video‐recorded. The videos were randomized and reviewed by a different neurologist, blinded to the previous evaluations, who scored the examinations.

Results

Seven of 32 (22%) dogs had worse scores on their neurologic examination after receiving trazodone, manifesting as new or progressive PR deficits. Although not clinically relevant, 18.7% of the dogs had consciousness levels that changed from bright, alert, responsive to quiet, alert, responsive after trazodone administration. No other changes were observed on neurologic examination. Sedation and anxiety scores were significantly different after trazodone administration compared to before (P < .001 and P < .001, respectively).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Most dogs did not have changes on neurologic examination after trazodone administration. However, approximately 20% of dogs had new or worsening PR deficits after receiving trazodone. Ideally, trazodone should not be given before neurologic examination in dogs.
The effect of education on homeownership: Evidence from 20th century school attendance laws in the United States
Authors: Silles Mary A.
Published: September 2022

This article examines the causal impact of schooling on the probability of homeownership using decennial US Census data between 1960 and 2000. This is done by employing an instrumental variable approach that exploits historical changes in state mandatory schooling and child labour laws which affected the educational attainment of individuals with relatively low levels of schooling. Aggregate results suggest that policy‐induced increases in schooling at the bottom of the educational distribution have a positive impact on homeownership rates of 1.9 percentage points. Disaggregated results reveal that the impact of education is highest among individuals who are located in the middle and top terciles of the income distribution with no effect of additional education in the lowest tercile. These results add to the growing body of literature which suggests that education may lead to positive outcomes beyond labour market earnings.
Short‐term effects of fresh mother's own milk in very preterm infants
Authors: Huang Jing , Zheng Zhi , Zhao Xiao‐yan , Huang Li‐han , Wang Lian , Zhang Xiao‐lan , Lin Xin‐zhu
Published: September 2022

Fresh mother's own milk (MOM) can protect preterm infants from many complications. Often MOM is pasteurized for safety, which can deactivate cellular and bioactive components with protective benefits. Questions remain regarding whether pasteurized MOM provides the same benefits as fresh MOM. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association and feasibility of feeding very preterm infants with fresh MOM. This prospective cohort study included 157 very preterm infants born before 32 weeks' gestational age and with a birthweight below 1500 g. Of these, 82 infants were included in the fresh MOM without any processing group and 75 infants were included in the pasteurized never‐frozen MOM (PNFMOM) group. The mortality rate, survival rate without severe complication, incidence of complications, feeding indexes and growth velocities were compared to assess the association and feasibility of feeding fresh MOM. Compared with the PNFMOM group, the fresh MOM group had a higher survival rate without severe complications (p = 0.014) and a lower incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (p = 0.010) after adjustment for confounders. The fresh MOM group regained birthweight earlier (p = 0.021), reached total enteral feeding earlier (p = 0.024), and received total parenteral nutrition for less time (p = 0.045). No adverse events associated with fresh MOM feeding were recorded. Feeding fresh MOM may reduce the incidence of complications in very premature infants. Fresh MOM was shown to be a feasible feeding strategy to improve preterm infants' outcomes.
Patriarchal Bargaining: Female Religious Authority in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter‐Day Saints and the Muftiyas of Al Azhar
Authors: Kaf Alghazal Casey Elizabeth
Published: September 2022

“Why do women disproportionately invest in an institution that systematically devalues them?”1 If we are to view the patriarchal religious hierarchies that many women are a part of as the institutions that they are investing themselves in, it can appear to be a confusing dynamic of personal investment and patriarchal subordination or even oppression. However, upon digging deeper into the lives of these religious women, particularly into the lives of the women of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter‐day Saints and the muftiyas of Al Azhar, it becomes clear that they are not oppressed and subjugated but are instead participating in a method of strategizing known as patriarchal bargaining. Patriarchal bargaining, a concept described by Professor Deniz Kandiyoti at the University of London, is a form of strategizing within a patriarchal hierarchy by women who possess, or are seeking to gain, positions of leadership and authority without explicitly upsetting the “rules” of the established patriarchal hierarchy already in place.2 Using the concept of patriarchal bargaining, and subsequent research into women’s roles in patriarchal religious hierarchies, this article attempts to establish an answer to the aforementioned question while expanding on Kandioyti’s initial explanation of patriarchal bargaining within cultural and societal norms. The manner in which women from both religious traditions utilize their influence, the media, academic scholarship, and the significance of the appearance of their support for the patriarchal religious hierarchy provides greater context in understanding how patriarchal bargaining is not a phenomenon isolated to a specific region, religious tradition, or culture, but is instead a direct response to the impact of patriarchal hierarchies in women’s experiences of religious leadership.
Why College Students Don't Access Resources for Food Insecurity: Stigma and Perceptions of Need
Authors: Peterson Nicole , Freidus Andrea , Tereshenko Dmitry
Published: September 2022

Attempts to understand college student food insecurity have primarily focused on demographic characteristics associated with higher rates of food insecurity, and have recommended improving awareness of and access to resources such as campus food pantries. We argue in this article that this emphasis on individual‐level factors and efforts can lead to stigma or shame for many of those using pantries and other programs. Our survey and interview data collected from 2016 to 2019 show that many college students see hunger as tied to their individual failures. We find that an individualistic perspective on the experience of student food insecurity neglects the larger institutional and social contexts, including changes to financial aid, college funding options, food assistance policies, and discrimination. We propose an alternative model for understanding the stigma of student food insecurity that connects language and stereotypes to power differentials affecting access beyond the individual, and thus better addresses the root causes of student food insecurity.

Intentos de comprender la inseguridad alimentaria de estudiantes universitarios suelen enfocarse en las características demográficas asociadas con incidencias altas de inseguridad alimentaria y han recomendado mejorar la información sobre y el acceso a recursos como las despensas de alimentos universitarias. En este artículo proponemos que este énfasis en factores y esfuerzos a nivel del individuo pueden conducir a que muchos quienes usan despensas y otros programas de asistencia sientan estigma o vergüenza por ello. Los datos que recopilamos entre 2016 y 2019 por medio de encuestas y entrevistas demuestran que muchos estudiantes universitarios consideran que el hambre está ligado a fracasos del individuo mismo. Concluimos que al tomar una perspectiva individualista sobre la experiencia de la inseguridad alimentaria estudiantil se ignoran contextos institucionales y sociales más amplios que afectan al problema, incluyendo los cambios en la ayuda financiera universitaria, las opciones de financiación universitaria, las políticas de asistencia alimentaria, y la discriminación. Proponemos un modelo alternativo para comprender el estigma de la inseguridad alimentaria de los estudiantes que conecta el lenguaje y los estereotipos con las diferencias de poder que afectan el acceso más allá del individuo y, por lo tanto, mejor aborda las causas fundamentales de la inseguridad alimentaria de los estudiantes.
Weakening of M1 macrophage and bone resorption in periodontitis cystathionine γ‐lyase‐deficient mice
Authors: Li Sijin , Hua Yongmei , Liao Chongshan
Published: September 2022

Objectives

Cystathionine‐γ‐lyase (CTH) has been proved to involve in inflammation and bone remolding, implying its potential role in the progression of periodontitis. This study was aimed to investigate the function of CTH and its relation to the macrophage polarization in periodontitis.

Materials and methods

Bone marrow‐derived macrophages (BMDMs) from wild‐type (WT) and Cth knockout (Cth−/−) mice were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vitro and pro‐inflammatory cytokines were analyzed by qRT‐PCR. Ligature‐induced periodontitis was established on WT and Cth−/− mice. Histological analysis, tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase staining, immunostaining, and Western blot were performed to analyze the periodontium destruction and M1 macrophage polarization.

Results

Cth expression in BMDMs was upregulated upon increasing LPS stimulation. Deletion of Cth suppressed BMDMs inflammatory response with decreased Il1b, Il6, and Tnf mRNA. Cth−/− mice with periodontitis showed attenuated bone loss and impaired osteoclast differentiation compared with WT. Moreover, Cth knockout hindered M1 macrophage polarization, reduced the expression of IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α in periodontally diseased tissue.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that CTH played an important role in regulating the inflammatory responses and periodontitis tissue destruction. Importantly, Cth knockout suppressed M1 macrophages polarization in periodontitis.
Barriers and misconceptions of ex situ heart perfusion in pediatric donation
Authors: Conway Jennifer , Deschenes Sadie , Pidborochynski Tara , Freed Darren H. , van Manen Michael
Published: September 2022

Background

Despite efforts, pediatric HTx candidates continue to have high waitlist mortality due to limited donor availability. However, there is a significant number of offered hearts not used due to concerns of viability. ESHP is a method for continuous perfusion of the donor heart that allows assessment and extended out‐of‐body time. It is imperative to understand healthcare stakeholders' perspectives on ESHP for implementation. Therefore, the aims of this qualitative study were to: (1) Explore pediatric stakeholders' perspectives toward ESHP; and (2) Identify barriers to widespread adoption of this technology.

Methods

Virtual focus groups were completed with pediatric HTx healthcare professional stakeholders. Following transcription of audio‐recordings, the material was analyzed using content analysis.

Results

Four focus groups were completed with 17 participants, representing 12 institutions and three countries. Focus groups revealed varied understanding of both current and potential uses of ESHP. Participants did see the potential benefits of extending out‐of‐body time for and the ability to evaluate donor heart quality. However, concerns were expressed relating to patient selection, wait‐list times, post‐HTx outcomes, adverse events, and technical issues. These were felt to be important to understand in order to justify the costs of ESHP and impact on the healthcare system.

Conclusions

This project represents the first qualitative formative evaluation of ESHP in pediatrics. The knowledge gained from stakeholders will form the basis for education initiatives, clinical trial design, and roll‐out of new ESHP technologies designed for pediatrics.
Comparison of Pulsed and Continuous Wave Diode Laser at 940 nm on the Viability and Migration of Gingival Fibroblasts
Authors: Jazaeri Marzieh , Torkzaban Parviz , Afshar Saeid , Najafi‐Vosough Roya , Arany Praveen , Gholami Leila
Published: September 2022

Gingival fibroblasts have critical roles in oral wound healing. Photobiomodulation (PBM) has been shown to promote mucosal healing and is now recommended for managing oncotherapy‐associated oral mucositis. This study examined the effects of the emission mode of a 940 nm diode laser on the viability and migration of human gingival fibroblasts. Cells were cultured in a routine growth media and treated with PBM (average power 0.1 W cm−2, average fluence 3 J cm−2, every 12 h for six sessions) in one continuous wave and two pulsing settings with 20% and 50% duty cycles. Cell viability was assessed using MTT, and digital imaging quantified cell migration. After 48 and 72 h, all treatment groups had significantly higher viability (n = 6, P < 0.05) compared with the control. The highest viability was seen in the pulsed (20% duty cycle) group at the 72‐h time point. PBM improved fibroblast migration in all PBM‐treated groups, but differences were not statistically significant (n = 2, P > 0.05). PBM treatments can promote cell viability in both continuous and pulsed modes. Further studies are needed to elucidate the optimal setting for PBM‐evoked responses for its rationalized use in promoting specific phases of oral wound healing.
Sustainable humanitarian operations: An integrated perspective
Authors: Corbett Charles J. , Pedraza‐Martinez Alfonso J. , Van Wassenhove Luk N.
Published: September 2022

The immediate response to disasters, while well intended, sometimes causes avoidable humanitarian challenges later on. Drinking water may be essential, but it is not necessary to provide it in small plastic bottles. Injections may save lives, but inappropriately discarded syringes are hazardous. Can humanitarian relief be made more sustainable? This paper summarizes a 1‐day workshop on this topic, held at INSEAD in 2019 in connection with Luk Van Wassenhove's transition to emeritus professor. This workshop involved over 100 academics and practitioners. Five areas were discussed in detail: material convergence, coordination between humanitarian organizations (HOs), logistics, partnerships with industry, and health. The discussions demonstrate the possibility of better integrating sustainability with humanitarian operations despite the inherent tension between the immediate need to save lives and the longer term perspective associated with sustainability. This requires that various stakeholders, including HOs, donors, and watchdog organizations, think differently about the balance between short‐term and long‐term interventions, the metrics and incentives they apply, and the role of local versus global organizations. Leading practitioners and scholars in humanitarian operations are well aware of these challenges and opportunities in each domain separately; this paper aims to introduce these issues to a broader audience in a single more integrated overview, based on the themes that were discussed at the workshop.
Innovations in retail operations: Thirty years of lessons from Production and Operations Management
Authors: Fisher Marshall , Raman Ananth
Published: September 2022

We review papers published in POM during its thirty‐year history that deal with retail operations issues with an empirical approach. The papers span a range of issues, from traditional ones like forecasting and inventory planning, to new technologies, like radio frequency identification (RFID) and e‐commerce, and strategic, like links between retailing and stock market performance.
Managing two‐dose COVID‐19 vaccine rollouts with limited supply: Operations strategies for distributing time‐sensitive resources
Authors: Mak Ho‐Yin , Dai Tinglong , Tang Christopher S.
Published: September 2022

Distributing scarce resources such as COVID‐19 vaccines is often a highly time‐sensitive and mission‐critical operation. Our research was prompted by a significant obstacle that the United States and other nations encountered during the early months of the COVID‐19 vaccination campaign: Most COVID‐19 vaccines require two doses given 3 or 4 weeks apart. Given the severely limited supply and mounting pressure on many countries to reduce hospitalizations and mortality, how to effectively roll out two‐dose vaccines was a critical policy decision. In this paper, we first model and analyze inventory dynamics of the rollout process under three rollout strategies: (1) holding back second doses, (2) releasing second doses, and (3) stretching the lead time between doses. Then we develop an SEIR (susceptible, exposed, infectious, recovered) model that incorporates COVID‐19 asymptomatic and symptomatic infections to evaluate these strategies in terms of infections, hospitalizations, and mortality. Among our findings, we show releasing second doses reduces infections but creates uneven vaccination patterns. In addition, to ensure second doses are given on time without holding back inventory, strictly less than half of the supply can be allocated to first‐dose appointments. Stretching the between‐dose lead time flattens the infection curve and reduces both hospitalizations and mortality compared with the strategy of releasing second doses. We also consider an alternative single‐dose vaccine with lower efficacy and show that the vaccine can be more effective than its two‐dose counterparts in reducing infections and mortality. We conduct extensive sensitivity analyses related to age composition, risk‐based prioritization, supply disruptions, and disease transmissibility. Our paper provides important implications for policymakers to develop effective vaccine rollout strategies in developed and developing countries alike. More broadly, our paper sheds light on how to develop effective operations strategies for distributing time‐sensitive resources in times of crisis.
Permeation of the term “analytics” in production and operations management research
Authors: Gupta Sushil , Tekriwal Medha , Parra Carlos M.
Published: September 2022

This is an exploratory study to analyze the permeation of the term/word “analytics” in the operations management domain by reviewing 2175 papers published in the Production and Operations Management journal (POMJ) since its inception in the winter 1992 until the summer of 2022. We identify the words that commonly precede the term “analytics” in these papers. We also identify the most common words that appear in the research papers in which the term “analytics” has appeared. This analysis allows us to reflect on the contexts in which analytics studies have focused and the influence they might exert in future studies. Results show that the usage of the term “analytics” has increased from less than 2% of articles published in POMJ during the period (2007–2016) to about 1 out of every 10 articles published from 2020 to the summer of 2022.
Emerging research problems in different business domains: An analytics perspective
Authors: Gupta Sushil , Parra Carlos M. , Kumar Subodha
Published: September 2022

In this paper, we provide brief summaries of the papers included in the special issue on “Business Analytics: Emerging Practice and Research Issues.” There are eight papers, including this study, published in the special issue. We also categorize papers across different themes and present emerging research directions for business analytics‐related problems in different domains.
How does UV‐B stress affect secondary metabolites of Scutellaria baicalensis in vitro shoots grown at different 6‐benzyl aminopurine concentrations?
Authors: Yun Cholil , Zhao Zhuowen , Ri Ilbong , Gao Yuan , Shi Yutong , Miao Na , Gu Lin , Wang Wenjie , Wang Huimei
Published: September 2022

Ultraviolet‐B (UV‐B) radiation is one of the abiotic stresses that can significantly affect the secondary metabolite accumulation in in vitro tissue cultures of medicinal plants. The present study investigated the effects of UV‐B radiation on the secondary metabolites and antioxidant activities of Scutellaria baicalensis in vitro shoots grown at different concentrations of 6‐benzyl aminopurine (6‐BA), which is the cytokinin most widely used in plant tissue culture. The UV‐B radiation caused significant increases in lipid peroxidation, total phenolic, and flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activities in the in vitro shoots grown at lower 6‐BA concentrations (0 and 1 mg L−1), while it did not cause any significant changes in those grown at higher 6‐BA concentrations (2 and 3 mg L−1). However, the UV‐B radiation significantly altered the contents of main individual flavonoids at both lower and higher 6‐BA concentrations. Upon UV‐B radiation, aglycones (including baicalein, wogonin, and scutellarein) increased, while glucuronides such as baicalin and wogonoside decreased; this was more evident at higher 6‐BA concentrations. This study demonstrated that the effects of UV‐B radiation on the secondary metabolites of S. baicalensis in vitro shoots highly depended on the 6‐BA concentration in the culture medium.
The effect of schizophrenia risk factors on mismatch responses in a rat model
Authors: Jalewa Jaishree , Todd Juanita , Michie Patricia T. , Hodgson Deborah M. , Harms Lauren
Published: September 2022

Reduced mismatch negativity (MMN), a robust finding in schizophrenia, has prompted interest in MMN as a preclinical biomarker of schizophrenia. The rat brain can generate human‐like mismatch responses (MMRs) which therefore enables the exploration of the neurobiology of reduced MMRs. Given epidemiological evidence that two developmental factors, maternal infection and adolescent cannabis use, increase the risk of schizophrenia, we determined the effect of these two developmental risk factors on rat MMR amplitude in different auditory contexts. MMRs were assessed in awake adult male and female Wistar rats that were offspring of pregnant dams treated with either a viral infection mimetic (poly I:C) inducing maternal immune activation (MIA) or saline control. In adolescence, subgroups of the prenatal treatment groups were exposed to either a synthetic cannabinoid (adolescent cannabinoid exposure: ACE) or vehicle. The context under which MMRs were obtained was manipulated by employing two different oddball paradigms, one that manipulated the physical difference between rare and common auditory stimuli, and another that manipulated the probability of the rare stimulus. The design of the multiple stimulus sequences across the two paradigms also allowed an investigation of context on MMRs to two identical stimulus sequences. Male offspring exposed to each of the risk factors for schizophrenia (MIA, ACE or both) showed a reduction in MMR, which was evident only in the probability paradigm, with no effects seen in the physical difference. Our findings highlight the importance of contextual factors induced by paradigm manipulations and sex for modeling schizophrenia‐like MMN impairments in rats.
Neural basis of implicit motor sequence learning: Modulation of cortical power
Authors: Lum Jarrad A. G. , Clark Gillian M. , Barhoun Pamela , Hill Aron T. , Hyde Christian , Wilson Peter H.
Published: September 2022

Implicit sequence learning describes the acquisition of serially ordered movements and sequentially structured cognitive information, that occurs without awareness. Theta, alpha and beta cortical oscillations are present during implicit motor sequence learning, but their role in this process is unclear. The current study addressed this gap in the literature. A total of 50 healthy adults aged between 19 and 37 years participated in the study. Implicit motor sequence learning was examined using the Serial Reaction Time task where participants unknowingly repeat a sequence of finger movements in response to a visual stimulus. Sequence learning was examined by comparing reaction times and oscillatory power between sequence trials and a set of control trials comprising random stimulus presentations. Electroencephalography was recorded as participants completed the task. Analyses of the behavioral data revealed participants learnt the sequence. Analyses of oscillatory activity, using permutation testing, revealed sequence learning was associated with a decrease in theta band (4–7 Hz) power recorded over frontal and central electrode sites. Sequence learning effects were not observed in the alpha (7–12 Hz) or beta bands (12–20 Hz). Even though alpha and beta power modulations have long been associated with executing a motor response, it seems theta power is a correlate of sequence learning in the manual domain. Theta power modulations on the serial reaction time task may reflect disengagement of attentional resources, either promoting or occurring as a consequence of implicit motor sequence learning
Parents’ oral health promotion efforts for their children with Down syndrome and the children's oral health
Authors: Wan Roselan Wan Nurazreen , Bawawi Sofea Nadhirah , Baharuddin Izyan Hazwani , Wan Mokhtar Ilham
Published: September 2022

Aim

The study evaluated parents' oral health care experiences and practices for their children with Down syndrome and its effect on the child's teeth and gingiva's condition

Method

75 parents of children with Down syndrome between 0 and 16 years of age responded to 18‐item bilingual questionnaire concerning their child's oral health status

Result

Most parents rated their child's teeth and gingiva health as good. There is no correlation found between experience score and practice score (r = −0.057), and no correlation between practice score on the child's both teeth (r = −0.001) and gingiva's condition (r = 0.031).

Conclusion

The parental oral health care experience and practices for their children with Down syndrome are deemed sufficient. However, a tailor‐made comprehensive oral health care for them is very advisable, thus eradicating the barriers and challenges.
Help‐seeking behavior among adults who attempted or died by suicide in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Barry Rebecca , Rehm Jürgen , de Oliveira Claire , Gozdyra Peter , Chen Simon , Kurdyak Paul
Published: September 2022

Introduction

This study aims to determine the relationship between rurality and help‐seeking behavior prior to a suicide or suicide attempt.

Methods

Data from 2007 to 2017 were obtained from administrative databases held at ICES, which capture all hospital, emergency department (ED), and general practitioner (GP) visits across Ontario. Rurality was defined using the Rurality Index of Ontario scores. Help‐seeking was based on accessing health services 1 year prior to the event.

Results

Among those who died by suicide (N = 9848), those living in rural areas were less likely to seek help from a psychiatrist (rural males: AOR = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.31–0.57; rural females: AOR = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.29–0.97) compared with those living in urban areas. We found a similar association among those who attempted suicide (N = 82,480) (rural males: AOR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.43–0.56; rural females: AOR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.46–0.57). Rural males and females were more likely to seek care from an ED for mental health reasons compared with urban males and females.

Conclusions

Among people who died by suicide, those living in rural areas are generally less likely to access psychiatrists and GPs and more likely to access EDs, suggesting that people living in rural areas may have less access to care than their urban counterparts.
Projected frontal area and its components during front crawl depend on lung volume
Authors: Washino Sohei , Murai Akihiko , Mankyu Hirotoshi , Ogita Futoshi , Kanehisa Hiroaki , Yoshitake Yasuhide
Published: September 2022

We examined the influence of lung volume on the vertical body position, trunk inclination, and projected frontal area (PFA) during swimming and the inter‐relationships among these factors. Twelve highly trained male swimmers performed a 15 m front crawl with sustained maximal inspiration (INSP), maximal expiration (EXP), and intermediate (MID) at a target velocity of 1.20 m·s−1. Using our developed digital human model, which allows inverse kinematics calculations by fitting individual body shapes measured with a three‐dimensional photonic image scanner to individually measured underwater motion capture data, vertical center of mass (CoM) position, trunk inclination, and PFA were calculated for each complete stroke cycle. In particular, the PFA was calculated by automatic processing of a series of parallel frontal images obtained from a reconstructed digital human model. The vertical CoM position was higher with a larger lung‐volume level (p < 0.01). The trunk inclination was smaller in INSP and MID than in EXP (p < 0.01). PFA was smaller with a larger lung‐volume level (p < 0.01). Additionally, there was a significant interaction of vertical CoM position and trunk inclination with PFA (p = 0.006). There was a negative association between PFA and vertical CoM position, and a positive association between PFA and trunk inclination less than the moderate vertical CoM position (each p < 0.05). These results obtained using our methodology indicate that PFA decreases with increasing lung volume due to an increase in vertical CoM position, and additionally due to a decrease in trunk inclination at low‐to‐moderate lung‐volume levels.
Early repolarization in adolescent athletes: A gender comparison of ECG and echocardiographic characteristics
Authors: Vecchiato Marco , Baioccato Veronica , Adami Paolo Emilio , Quinto Giulia , Foccardi Giulia , Slanzi Giulio , Battista Francesca , Neunhaeuserer Daniel , Ermolao Andrea
Published: September 2022

Background

The early repolarization pattern (ERp) is an electrocardiographic finding previously associated with arrhythmic risk in adults. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of ERp in a group of adolescent athletes according to gender. Furthermore, potential associations with clinical, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic parameters are explored.

Methods

In this cross‐sectional study young athletes (age < 18 years) were consecutively enrolled during the annual pre‐participation evaluation, undergoing also transthoracic echocardiography assessment from January 2015 to March 2020.

Results

The prevalence of ERp was 27% in the whole population. Athletes with ERp were more frequently men practicing endurance sports. Women with ERp showed lower heart rate at rest, greater posterior, and relative ventricular wall thickness than those without ERp. Men with ERp presented higher systolic blood pressure at peak exercise, greater septal wall thickness, and indexed left ventricular mass than those without ERp. Both genders with ERp showed increased QRS voltage and narrower QRS duration. The ERp phenotype in men was more frequently notched with higher amplitude and ascending ST segment. Women's ERp presented more frequently a slurred morphology, especially in the inferior leads, and horizontal ST slope. No differences emerged in the occurrence of arrhythmias at rest and during maximal exercise test between groups, even considering higher risk phenotypes.

Conclusions

ERp is an ECG finding compatible with normal cardiac adaptations to training in young athletes. ERp demonstrated gender differences regarding phenotypes previously associated with increased cardiovascular risk, not showing any differences in arrhythmias during maximal exercise test.
Identification of the novel HLA‐DQA1*02:01:09:01 allele by two different next‐generation sequencing platforms
Authors: Gil‐Etayo Francisco Javier , Torío Alberto , Niño Ramírez Jairo Eduardo , Jiménez Hernaz Isabel , Tejeda Velarde Amalia
Published: September 2022

A synonymous nucleotide substitution in exon 3 results in the novel HLA‐DQA1*02:01:09:01 allele.
Exploring a complex gender wage gap dataset: an introductory activity in identifying issues and data visualization
Authors: Lasater Robert S. , Joseph Anny‐Claude , Cummiskey Kevin
Published: September 2022

In this paper, we provide instructors with an approach for a classroom activity for students in an introductory data science or statistics course who have little or no statistical programming experience. We designed this activity to help students improve their statistical literacy while exploring a social justice problem‐the gender wage gap. To minimize the challenges of developing statistical literacy in students who lack programming skills, we developed a web‐based data visualization application that does not require users to have any prior programming knowledge. The data in this visualization application comes from the March 2018 Current Population Uniform Extracts detailed by the Center for Economic Policy Research. Students can use the visualization application to create tables and plots to explore data on factors such as earnings and gender. Instructors can also use the application for other wage‐related variables, such as race, occupation and family size.
Tobacco mosaic virus hijacks its coat protein‐interacting protein IP‐L to inhibit NbCML30, a calmodulin‐like protein, to enhance its infection
Authors: Liu Changyun , Zhang Jian , Wang Jing , Liu Weina , Wang Ke , Chen Xue , Wen Yuxia , Tian Shaorui , Pu Yundan , Fan Guangjin , Ma Xiaozhou , Sun Xianchao
Published: September 2022

Calcium is an important plant immune signal that is essential for activating host resistance, but how RNA viruses manipulate calcium signals to promote their infections remains largely unknown. Here, we demonstrated that tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein (CP)‐interacting protein L (IP‐L) associates with calmodulin‐like protein 30 (NbCML30) in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and can suppress its expression at the nucleic acid and protein levels. NbCML30, which lacks the EF‐hand conserved domain and cannot bind to Ca2+, was located in the cytoplasm and nucleus and was downregulated by TMV infection. NbCML30 silencing promoted TMV infection, while its overexpression inhibited TMV infection by activating Ca2+‐dependent oxidative stress in plants. NbCML30‐mediated resistance to TMV mainly depends on IP‐L regulation as the facilitation of TMV infection by silencing NbCML30 was canceled by co‐silencing NbCML30 and IP‐L. Overall, these findings indicate that in the absence of any reported silencing suppressor activity, TMV CP manipulates IP‐L to inhibit NbCML30, influencing its Ca2+‐dependent role in the oxidative stress response. These results lay a theoretical foundation that will enable us to engineer tobacco (Nicotiana spp.) with improved TMV resistance in the future.
TaFDL2‐1A confers drought stress tolerance by promoting ABA biosynthesis, ABA responses, and ROS scavenging in transgenic wheat
Authors: Wang Bingxin , Li Liqun , Liu Mingliu , Peng De , Wei Aosong , Hou Beiyuan , Lei Yanhong , Li Xuejun
Published: September 2022

Plants have developed various protective mechanisms to survive drought stress. Previously, it was shown that a wheat bZIP transcription factor gene TaFD‐Like2‐1A (TaFDL2‐1A) can confer drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. However, the biological functions related to drought stress tolerance of TaFDL2‐1A in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) remain unclear. In the present study, overexpression of TaFDL2‐1A in the wheat cultivar Fielder improved drought resistance and conferred abscisic acid (ABA) hypersensitivity. Further analysis showed that overexpression of TaFDL2‐1A increased the hypersensitivity of stomata to drought stress and endogenous ABA content under drought conditions. Genetic analysis and transcriptional regulation analysis indicated that TaFDL2‐1A binds directly to the promoter fragments of TaRAB21s and TaNCED2s via ACGT core cis‐elements, thereby activating their expression, leading to enhanced ABA responses and endogenous ABA accumulation. In addition, our results demonstrate that overexpression of TaFDL2‐1A results in higher SOD and GPX activities in wheat under drought conditions by promoting the expression of TaSOD1 and TaGPx1‐D, indicating enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging. These results imply that TaFDL2‐1A positively regulates ABA biosynthesis, ABA responses, and ROS scavenging to improve drought stress tolerance in transgenic wheat. Our findings improve our understanding of the mechanisms that allow the wheat bZIP transcription factor to improve drought resistance and provide a useful reference gene for breeding programs to enhance drought resistance.
Long‐term outcome of dogs treated by surgical debridement of proximal humeral osteochondrosis
Authors: Zann Geoffrey J. , Jones Stephen C. , Selmic Laura S. , Tinga Selena , Wanstrath Audrey W. , Howard James , Kieves Nina R.
Published: September 2022

Objective

To evaluate long‐term clinical outcomes of dogs surgically treated for proximal humeral osteochondrosis (OC).

Study design

Cross‐sectional study.

Sample population

Twenty dogs (n = 26 shoulders).

Methods

Dogs treated with surgical debridement of proximal humeral OC lesions >12 months prior were enrolled. Orthopedic examination (including limb circumference and shoulder goniometry), kinetic gait analysis, shoulder radiographs, shoulder computed tomography (CT), and shoulder arthroscopy were performed. All owners completed a dog mobility questionnaire.

Results

Brachial circumference (P = .003) and maximum shoulder extension (P = .013) were decreased and maximum shoulder flexion (P = .008) was increased (ie less flexion) in the OC limb versus the contralateral limb in unilaterally affected dogs. There were no differences in peak vertical force and vertical impulse between affected and unaffected limbs. Dogs demonstrated a 4.4% decrease in load distributed to the operated limb. Osteoarthritis was present in all shoulders treated for OC lesions. The degree of osteoarthritis in OC‐affected shoulders was increased compared to the contralateral limb as evaluated on CT (P = .005) and radiography (P = .0001) in unilaterally affected cases. Moderate‐to‐severe synovitis was seen in all OC‐affected joints. Arthroscopically, all lesions were noted to have patchy, incomplete cartilaginous infilling. Median of aggregate Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs (LOAD) scores was 6.

Conclusion

All dogs exhibited ipsilateral muscle atrophy and progressive osteoarthritis, with most dogs exhibiting subtle lameness on the subjective gait examination. Despite this, owner‐perceived mobility was satisfactory.

Clinical significance

Progression of joint disease over time should be expected; however, the abnormalities detected on examination appear to be of questionable clinical relevance.
Regulation of metabolic health by dietary histidine in mice
Authors: Flores Victoria , Spicer Alexandra B. , Sonsalla Michelle M. , Richardson Nicole E. , Yu Deyang , Sheridan Grace E. , Trautman Michaela E. , Babygirija Reji , Cheng Eunhae P. , Rojas Jennifer M. , Yang Shany E. , Wakai Matthew H. , Hubbell Ryan , Kasza Ildiko , Tomasiewicz Jay L. , Green Cara L. , Dantoin Claudia , Alexander Caroline M. , Baur Joseph A. , Malecki Kristen C. , Lamming Dudley W.
Published: September 2022

Low‐protein (LP) diets are associated with a decreased risk of diabetes in humans, and promote leanness and glycaemic control in both rodents and humans. While the effects of an LP diet on glycaemic control are mediated by reduced levels of the branched‐chain amino acids, we have observed that reducing dietary levels of the other six essential amino acids leads to changes in body composition. Here, we find that dietary histidine plays a key role in the response to an LP diet in male C57BL/6J mice. Specifically reducing dietary levels of histidine by 67% reduces the weight gain of young, lean male mice, reducing both adipose and lean mass without altering glucose metabolism, and rapidly reverses diet‐induced obesity and hepatic steatosis in diet‐induced obese male mice, increasing insulin sensitivity. This normalization of metabolic health was associated not with caloric restriction or increased activity, but with increased energy expenditure. Surprisingly, the effects of histidine restriction do not require the energy balance hormone Fgf21. Histidine restriction that was started in midlife promoted leanness and glucose tolerance in aged males but not females, but did not affect frailty or lifespan in either sex. Finally, we demonstrate that variation in dietary histidine levels helps to explain body mass index differences in humans. Overall, our findings demonstrate that dietary histidine is a key regulator of weight and body composition in male mice and in humans, and suggest that reducing dietary histidine may be a translatable option for the treatment of obesity.

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Key points

Protein restriction (PR) promotes metabolic health in rodents and humans and extends rodent lifespan.

Restriction of specific individual essential amino acids can recapitulate the benefits of PR.

Reduced histidine promotes leanness and increased energy expenditure in male mice.

Reduced histidine does not extend the lifespan of mice when begun in midlife.

Dietary levels of histidine are positively associated with body mass index in humans.
Comparison of Participation in Strength Activity Between Wearable Device Users and Nonusers: 2017 Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance System
Authors: Leung Willie , Shi Lu , Jung Jaehun
Published: September 2022

Background: There are many benefits associated with engaging in strength physical activity. Many studies did not examine the engagement of strength activity among wearable device users. This study aimed to examine the association between wearable device usage and engagement of strength activity in free-living settings using nationally representative data. Methods: A total of 8250 adult wearable device users and nonusers from 8 states of the 2017 Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance System were included in analysis. Multiple regression models were performed to determine the association between the dependent variables of strength activities and the independent variable of wearable devices. Results: Wearable device users were 1.26 (95% confidence interval, 1.01–1.81) times the odds of nonusers in engaging in strength activity. Users also had higher odds of meeting both the strength and aerobic physical activity guidelines than nonusers (odds ratio = 1.49; 95% confidence interval, 1.07–2.06; adjusted odds ratio = 1.43; 95% confidence interval, 1.02–2.00). No associations were found between wearable device utilization and frequency of strength activity per week. Conclusion: Wearable device users were more likely to engage in strength activity than nonusers. However, additional studies are needed to determine the effectiveness of wearable devices in promoting strength activity.
Intestinal brush border formation requires a TMIGD1-based intermicrovillar adhesion complex
Authors: Hartmann Christian , Thüring Eva-Maria , Greune Lilo , Michels Birgitta E. , Pajonczyk Denise , Leußink Sophia , Brinkmann Frauke , Glaesner-Ebnet Mark , Wardelmann Eva , Zobel Thomas , Schmidt M. Alexander , Janssen Klaus-Peter , Gerke Volker , Ebnet Klaus
Published: September 2022

Intestinal epithelial cells absorb nutrients through the brush border, composed of dense arrays of highly ordered microvilli at their apical membranes. A protocadherin-based intermicrovillar adhesion complex localized at microvilli tips mediates microvilli packing and organization. Here, we identified a second adhesion complex localized at the proximal base region of microvilli. This complex contained the immunoglobulin superfamily member TMIGD1, which directly interacted with the microvillar scaffolding proteins EBP50 and E3KARP. Complex formation with EBP50 required the activation of EBP50 by the actin-binding protein ezrin and was enhanced by the dephosphorylation of Ser
162
in the PDZ2 domain of EBP50 by the phosphatase PP1α. Binding of the EBP50-ezrin complex to TMIGD1 enhanced the dynamic turnover of EBP50 at microvilli. Enterocyte-specific inactivation of
Tmigd1
in mice resulted in microvillar blebbing, loss of intermicrovillar adhesion, and perturbed brush border formation. Thus, we identified a second adhesion complex in microvilli and propose a mechanism that promotes microvillar formation and dynamics.
RACK1 Regulates Poxvirus Protein Synthesis Independently of Its Role in Ribosome-Based Stress Signaling
Authors: Park Chorong , Walsh Derek
Published: September 2022

Receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) is a multifunctional ribosomal protein that regulates translation directly and mediates signaling to and from the ribosome. While recent work has shown that RACK1 is phosphorylated by vaccinia virus (VacV) to stimulate translation of postreplicative viral mRNAs, whether RACK1 also contributes to VacV replication through its roles in ribosome-based stress signaling remains unclear.
A DNase Type VI Secretion System Effector Requires Its MIX Domain for Secretion
Authors: Fridman Chaya Mushka , Jana Biswanath , Ben-Yaakov Rotem , Bosis Eran , Salomon Dor
Published: September 2022

Specialized protein delivery systems are used during bacterial competition to deploy cocktails of toxins that target conserved cellular components. Although numerous toxins have been revealed, the activity of many remains unknown.