bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Militancia juvenil católica en Uruguay (1966-1973): un acercamiento a sus estrategias de incidencia en la Universidad
Authors: García Mourelle Lorena
Published: April 2020

En este trabajo se propone una aproximación al estudio de las estrategias que emplearon algunas agrupaciones estudiantiles católicas en Uruguay en pro de incidir dentro del ámbito universitario. A partir de una metodología histórica y cualitativa se identifican las continuidades y rupturas de las formas utilizadas por dichos grupos para alcanzar una mayor influencia en la Universidad de la República, única institución universitaria en la época. Se procura contribuir al estudio del pasado reciente desde un enfoque innovador que coloca la atención en discursos y prácticas desplegadas por sectores juveniles del catolicismo provenientes de la Acción Católica especializada, descuidados por los investigadores nacionales. De este modo, se busca enriquecer la comprensión de procesos locales insertándolos en contextos más amplios a nivel regional latinoamericano y global signados por la Guerra Fría.

This paper proposes an approach to the study of the strategies used by some Catholic student groups in Uruguay in order to in order to influence within the university. From a historical and qualitative methodology, it identifies the continuities and ruptures of the forms used by these groups to reach a greater influence at Universidad de la República, the only university institution at the time, are identified. It seeks to contribute to the study of the recent past from an innovative approach that places attention on speeches and practices deployed by youth sectors of Catholicism from the specialized Catholic Action neglected by national researchers. In this way, it seeks to enrich the understanding of local processes by inserting them into broader contexts at the Latin American regional level and at a global level marked by the Cold War.
Increasing Trends of Tourist Flows from the European Countries to Georgia
Authors: Abesadze Nino , Kinkladze Rusudan , Paresashvili Nino
Published: April 2020

Tourism is developing in Georgia and it is the fact that the exemption of visa limitations has had an important impact on the growth of tourist flows. It may be assumed that significantly increased flows of EU citizens to Georgia in recent years are an immediate result of the liberal visa policy. Research methodology: methods of statistical observation, grouping and analysis were used in the research process. The number of total visitors to the country and that from the European Union increases annually. As the data of 2018 suggest, the visits to Georgia for 72.9% of the international visitors were recurring, while 27.1% of the visitors were on their first visit in Georgia. Visits from the EU are most common in the III quarter of the year, i.e. in summer. EU visitors are mostly from Poland, Germany, UK, France, Lithuania and other countries. Most visitors are of the 26-35 age group. The most visited place is Tbilisi. The visits from the EU show a generally increasing trend, with the greatest increase fixed in 2018 as compared to the previous year; men dominate among the international visitors. The EU countries show a similar regularity; as to the age categories, 31-50 age group dominates among the international visitors and 26-65 age group dominates among the EU visitors; a leading country with the largest number of visits from the EU is Poland; the degree of satisfaction is high, with only 1.7% of the international inbound visitors being discontent.
Year 2019 and international agenda of the European Council
Authors: Sultanova Nigar Tahir qizi
Published: April 2020

The European Council represents the supreme level of political cooperation between the EU member-states. Diverse questions pertaining to international politics are discusses on the various levels: summits (in 2019 EU – League of Arab States summit, EU –China summit, EU – Ukraine summit in Kyiv, EU – Canada summit in Montreal, G7 summit); conferences and informal meetings; council boards on foreign affairs; joint conferences; association councils, etc. A new strategic agenda 2019-2024 adopted by the European Council determines he priority areas that guide the work of the European Special Councils and other EU institutions. Transatlantic relations, crises in Syria, Ukraine and other parts of the world, relations with Russia, Iran nuclear deal, and other question remain on the agenda of the European Council. The article explores the legal framework of the actions of European Council in the area of foreign policy. The overview of foreign policy agenda of the European Council allows analyzing the role of the European Union on the international arena.
Military and political aspects of cooperation of Caspian states as the main guaranteed of ensuring regional security
Authors: Guliyeva Mehriban Elbrus
Published: April 2020

Caspian region has always been a point of intersection of interests for multiple states. Throughout all historical periods, the presence of influential states in the Caspian Sea coast led to escalation of tension in the region. Such factors as heterogenic population of littoral states and differences in mentality further aggravated the situation. Thus, the military-political activity of the Caspian states has always been of paramount importance. The significance of military-political activity for the countries of Caspian Basin was substantiated by the following key factors: concentration of the majority of explored hydrocarbon deposits of these countries on its continental shelf; presence of substantial reserves of various biological resources in the waters of Caspian Sea; location of the region on the junction of important geopolitical paths; largely populated coastal regions. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and formation of new states in the region, this activity acquired a special character.
RNA promotes phase separation of glycolysis enzymes into yeast G bodies in hypoxia
Authors: Fuller Gregory G , Han Ting , Freeberg Mallory A , Moresco James J , Ghanbari Niaki Amirhossein , Roach Nathan P , Yates John R , Myong Sua , Kim John K
Published: April 2020

In hypoxic stress conditions, glycolysis enzymes assemble into singular cytoplasmic granules called glycolytic (G) bodies. G body formation in yeast correlates with increased glucose consumption and cell survival. However, the physical properties and organizing principles that define G body formation are unclear. We demonstrate that glycolysis enzymes are non-canonical RNA binding proteins, sharing many common mRNA substrates that are also integral constituents of G bodies. Targeting nonspecific endoribonucleases to G bodies reveals that RNA nucleates G body formation and maintains its structural integrity. Consistent with a phase separation mechanism of biogenesis, recruitment of glycolysis enzymes to G bodies relies on multivalent homotypic and heterotypic interactions. Furthermore, G bodies fuse in vivo and are largely insensitive to 1,6-hexanediol, consistent with a hydrogel-like composition. Taken together, our results elucidate the biophysical nature of G bodies and demonstrate that RNA nucleates phase separation of the glycolysis machinery in response to hypoxic stress.
Single-molecule observation of ATP-independent SSB displacement by RecO in Deinococcus radiodurans
Authors: Hwang Jihee , Kim Jae-Yeol , Kim Cheolhee , Park Soojin , Joo Sungmin , Kim Seong Keun , Lee Nam Ki
Published: April 2020

Deinococcus radiodurans (DR) survives in the presence of hundreds of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) breaks by efficiently repairing such breaks. RecO, a protein that is essential for the extreme radioresistance of DR, is one of the major recombination mediator proteins in the RecA-loading process in the RecFOR pathway. However, how RecO participates in the RecA-loading process is still unclear. In this work, we investigated the function of drRecO using single-molecule techniques. We found that drRecO competes with the ssDNA-binding protein (drSSB) for binding to the freely exposed ssDNA, and efficiently displaces drSSB from ssDNA without consuming ATP. drRecO replaces drSSB and dissociates it completely from ssDNA even though drSSB binds to ssDNA approximately 300 times more strongly than drRecO does. We suggest that drRecO facilitates the loading of RecA onto drSSB-coated ssDNA by utilizing a small drSSB-free space on ssDNA that is generated by the fast diffusion of drSSB on ssDNA.
Enhancer architecture sensitizes cell specific responses to Notch gene dose via a bind and discard mechanism
Authors: Kuang Yi , Golan Ohad , Preusse Kristina , Cain Brittany , Christensen Collin J , Salomone Joseph , Campbell Ian , Okwubido-Williams FearGod V , Hass Matthew R , Yuan Zhenyu , Eafergan Nathanel , Moberg Kenneth H , Kovall Rhett A , Kopan Raphael , Sprinzak David , Gebelein Brian
Published: April 2020

Notch pathway haploinsufficiency can cause severe developmental syndromes with highly variable penetrance. Currently, we have a limited mechanistic understanding of phenotype variability due to gene dosage. Here, we unexpectedly found that inserting an enhancer containing pioneer transcription factor sites coupled to Notch dimer sites can induce a subset of Notch haploinsufficiency phenotypes in Drosophila with wild type Notch gene dose. Using Drosophila genetics, we show that this enhancer induces Notch phenotypes in a Cdk8-dependent, transcription-independent manner. We further combined mathematical modeling with quantitative trait and expression analysis to build a model that describes how changes in Notch signal production versus degradation differentially impact cellular outcomes that require long versus short signal duration. Altogether, these findings support a ‘bind and discard’ mechanism in which enhancers with specific binding sites promote rapid Cdk8-dependent Notch turnover, and thereby reduce Notch-dependent transcription at other loci and sensitize tissues to gene dose based upon signal duration.
Primate homologs of mouse cortico-striatal circuits
Authors: Balsters Joshua Henk , Zerbi Valerio , Sallet Jerome , Wenderoth Nicole , Mars Rogier B
Published: April 2020

With the increasing necessity of animal models in biomedical research, there is a vital need to harmonise findings across species by establishing similarities and differences in rodent and primate neuroanatomy. Using connectivity fingerprint matching, we compared cortico-striatal circuits across humans, non-human primates, and mice using resting-state fMRI data in all species. Our results suggest that the connectivity patterns for the nucleus accumbens and cortico-striatal motor circuits (posterior/lateral putamen) were conserved across species, making them reliable targets for cross-species comparisons. However, a large number of human and macaque striatal voxels were not matched to any mouse cortico-striatal circuit (mouse->human: 85% unassigned; mouse->macaque 69% unassigned; macaque->human; 31% unassigned). These unassigned voxels were localised to the caudate nucleus and anterior putamen, overlapping with executive function and social/language regions of the striatum and connected to prefrontal-projecting cerebellar lobules and anterior prefrontal cortex, forming circuits that seem to be unique for non-human primates and humans.
REG γ knockdown suppresses proliferation by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in osteosarcoma
Authors: Yin Zhiqiang , Jin Hao , Huang Shibo , Qu Guofan , Meng Qinggang
Published: April 2020

Background

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common malignant bone tumor with high mortality in children and adolescents. REG γ is overexpressed and plays oncogenic roles in various types of human cancers. However, the expression and potential roles of REG γ in osteosarcoma are elusive. This study aims at exploring possible biological functions of REG γ in the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma and its underlying mechanism.

Methods

Quantitativereverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blotting andimmunohistochemistry (IHC)were performed to detect the expression levels of REG γ in OS tissues and cell lines. Then, the effects of REG γ expression on OS cell proliferation in vitro were analyzed by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), ethylene deoxyuridine (EdU), colony formation, flow cytometry. The protein levels of apoptosis and cell-cycle related proteins were evaluated using western blotting.

Results

In present study, we found for the first time that REG γ is overexpressed in osteosarcoma tissues and cell lines and knockdown of REG γ significantly inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in osteosarcoma cells. Furthermore, we observed that p21, caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-3 are increased while the expression of cycinD1 and bcl-2 are decreased after REG γ depletion in osteosarcoma cells. In conclusion, REG γ may be involved in the proliferation of osteosarcoma and serve as a novel therapeutic target in patients with osteosarcoma.
AVALIAÇÃO DA DEMANDA DE ÁGUA DEVIDO A DIFERENTES PRESSÕES EM BACIAS SANITÁRIAS COM CAIXA ACOPLADA EM EDIFÍCIOS RESIDENCIAIS
Authors: Silva Gelcimara Bento da , Tachini Mário , Rohden Abrahão Bernardo
Published: April 2020

O estudo da pressão em mecanismos de acionamento (MAC) de reparo para bacias sanitárias pode proporcionar uma diminuição considerável no consumo de água em unidades residenciais, tornando o sistema mais econômico e sustentável. As bacias sanitárias são um dos aparelhos responsáveis pelo maior consumo de água e a alta pressão é um fator agravante. Esse consumo se deve a perda de água que pode acontecer quando ocorre o reenchimento da caixa, enquanto o botão de acionamento está sendo pressionado. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o consumo de água em bacias sanitárias com caixa acoplada utilizando três tipos de modelos de MAC para reparo que foram submetidos a diferentes pressões. Foi acionada a descarga durante dois tempos, 1 e 2 s, sendo que para cada tempo se adotou quatro diferentes valores de pressão, 10, 20, 30 e 36 m.c.a., repetindo-se o procedimento dez vezes para cada combinação e para cada MAC.  O MAC 3 foi o que apresentou a maior variação média de consumo de água que ficou entre 6,57 L e 7,55 L. O aumento do consumo de água pelo MAC gerou um impacto econômico R$ 5.439,28 na fatura de água e esgoto anual em um edifício multifamiliar, com 48 apartamentos distribuídos em 12 pavimentos.
Об описании неравновесных процессов переноса и формировании динамических структур в жидких средах, "Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика"
Authors: ХАНТУЛЕВА Т.А.
Published: April 2020

Обсуждаются проблемы, связанные с описанием сложных движений жидких сред, которые сопровождаются многомасштабным комплексом неравновесных процессов, включая релаксационные и инерционные эффекты. За основу взят подход, основанный на нелокальной теории неравновесных процессов переноса с применением методов кибернетической физики, который позволяет выйти за пределы механики сплошной среды, описать самоорганизацию и эволюцию динамических вихреволновых структур при неравновесном переносе импульса в жидкости. В рамках этого подхода предложен алгоритм определения спектра масштабов динамических структур, формирующихся в неравновесных течениях жидкости за счет условий, наложенных на систему воздействиями со стороны ее окружения. Временная эволюция течения описывается с помощью принципа скоростного градиента, разработанного в теории управления адаптивными системами. Управляющими параметрами служат средние размеры динамической структуры жидкой среды, а целевая функция задается максимальной энтропией, которую может произвести система при наложенных на нее ограничениях. При этом между структурной эволюцией системы и динамикой течения формируются обратные связи, которые стабилизируют режим течения. Без их учета эволюция динамических структур может приводить к неустойчивостям разного типа и изменению режима течения. В качестве примера приведено высокоскоростное течение Рэлея, где показано, что за счет перехода к турбулентному режиму жидкость минимизирует необратимые потери механической энергии.
ГЕРПЕСВИРУСНЫЕ ИНФЕКЦИИ У БОЛЬНЫХ ТУБЕРКУЛЕЗОМ, "Вестник Центрального научно-исследовательского института туберкулеза"
Authors: Шибанов Алексей Михайлович , Стаханов Владимир Анатольевич , Каражас Наталия Владимировна , Собкин Александр Лазаревич , Бошьян Роман Евгеньевич
Published: April 2020

Цель исследования: изучить особенности туберкулезного процесса при сочетании с герпесвирусными инфекциями (ГВИ) у больных туберкулезом (ТБ) без ВИЧ-инфекции и в сочетании с ВИЧ-инфекцией. Материалы и методы. Проведено пилотное исследование «случай-контроль» 350 больных ТБ. Для установления возможной причины острого прогрессирования ТБ проводили исследование сыворотки и клеток крови пациентов на маркеры оппортунистических инфекций с целью выявления антител (АТ) к герпесвирусам и их антигенов (АГ). Результаты. У больных ТБ как в сочетании с ВИЧ-инфекцией, так и без ВИЧ-инфекции, выявлен высокий уровень инфицирования герпесвирусами, достигавший 97%. Выявлена связь между лекарственной устойчивостью (ЛУ) микобактерий туберкулеза (МБТ) и маркерами активности ГВИ. Заключение. Больные распространенным ТБ органов дыхания (ОД) при выявлении маркеров активности ГВИ требуют дополнительного обследования и при подтверждении диагноза ГВИ - решения вопроса о включении в схему лечения противовирусных препаратов.
Isolation and Characterization of DNA from Root Tubers
Authors: Dawodu O. G. , Agbeni O. R. , Iwu V.
Published: April 2020

This study reports a modified SDS extraction technique for isolation of DNA from root tubers namely Dioscorea (yam), Manihot esculenta (cassava) and Colocasia esculenta (cocoyam). DNA extraction in many plants is very difficult because of secondary metabolites that interfere with DNA isolation procedure. Young fresh leaves were collected from the selected tubers and DNA extracted using SDS-extraction protocol, the DNA isolated from the extracted leaves was subjected to gel electrophoresis for determining their purity and concentration and PCR amplification was carried out on the extracted DNA, afterwards gel-electrophoresis was performed for molecular weight determination of the samples. DNA sequencing were performed on both reverse and forward using Sanger sequencing method which gave the nucleotide bases of the samples. DNA isolated by modified SDS protocol method was pure and highest level of purity was obtained from Manihot esculenta, Colocasia esculenta and Dioscorea which are 1.77, 1.72 and 1.20 with concentration of 537.7 ng/µl, 992.4 ng/µl and 149.8 ng/µl respectively.

The DNA isolated from root tubers was pure and of good quality, and the isolated DNA was characterized by sequencing. The isolated DNA was successfully sequenced which coded for marker genes of the respective root tubers.
Farmers’ Use of Personal Protection Equipment in Jeshore and Rajshahi Districts of Bangladesh
Authors: Afrad Md. Safiul Islam , Barau Aliyu Akilu , Haque Md. Enamul , Habibullah Mohammad
Published: April 2020

Personal protection equipment (PPE) is used by farmers when dealing with crop protection products. Owing to its relevance, this survey assessed the status of PPE use by the farmers. The survey focused on two districts (Jeshore and Rajshahi) of Bangladesh. Descriptive research design was used to achieve the survey objective including both quantitative and qualitative techniques. Findings revealed that the mean age of respondents was 39.5 years with an average annual income of BDT 194,540.0 (USD 2,434.8), having very poor training exposure, but expressed positive perception on PPE use. Upon exposure to any crop protection product, the farmers wash it off immediately, and mostly clean with soap and water within one hour of spray completion. Frequently experienced difficulty was skin burn, and whenever contamination or poisoning occurs local domestic first aid methods were adopted or contact was made to village quacks. Qualitative findings revealed similar information, however, in addition, farmers especially, youth were found to have adopted “traditional PPE,” which involves wearing of trousers, long sleeve shirts, polythene in place of hand gloves and cotton napkin to cover their faces. It was suggested that organized campaigns and effective information dissemination would encourage adequate and proper application of PPE. Use of PPE becomes inevitable for farmers’ safety with advancement in science and technology and its consequential effects. It is, therefore, obvious that the all stakeholders in agriculture and agri-allied industries take awareness creation and training on PPE use as part of their core agenda to avert hazard and ensure safety.
The Barriers of Child Immunization Completion among Parents in the Community Health Centre, Johor Bahru
Authors: Hussin Hamidah Bt , Marzo Roy Rillera , Mamat Nurazura Binti , Safee Nor Faradilla Binti , Omar Norzita Binti , Yin Tan Sin
Published: April 2020

Introduction: Immunization is one of the most cost-effective strategies for reducing child mortality. There is a vital need to assess parents’ barriers involving child immunization completion to improve and increase vaccination coverage and completeness.

Objective: To determine the barriers of child immunization completion among parents in the Community Health Centre of Johor Bahru.

Methodology: The Maternal and Child Health Clinic, Jalan Abdul Samad providing primary immunization was selected via non-random and convenience sampling. Children between1 month to 2 years old who were immunized were identified. Data were obtained from parents who brought in their children for primary vaccination at the Maternal and Child Health Clinic, Jalan Abdul Samad.

Results: The response rate for this study was 100% (n=306). All the eligible parents who were approached by the researchers agreed to participate in this research. Out of all respondents, 3 (1.0%) completely refused the immunization of their child, 23 (7.5%) defaulted with the immunization, and 280 (91.5%) completed the immunization. In terms of perception towards immunization, 60 or 19.6% of the total respondents stated that their preference for alternative treatments is their main reason if they decide not to have their children vaccinated. After adjusting for socio-demographic differences, the researchers discovered that parents who have significantly lower coverage for all 10 childhood vaccines themselves were less likely to agree that vaccines are necessary to protect the health of children, to believe that their child might get a disease if they aren't vaccinated, or to believe that vaccines are safe.

Conclusion: This first systematic evaluation of immunization refusal in Malaysia showed that a small number of parents refused immunization.
Comparison of Automated and Manual Methods for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
Authors: Bhat Asifa , Angmo Dekyong , Nazir Shaista
Published: April 2020

Background: Carbapenems are considered the broadest-spectrum β-lactam agents and are often required for treatment of severe hospital-acquired infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative organisms. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) are important in diagnostic laboratories to confirm resistance of microorganisms to an antimicrobial agent and also to monitor the activity of new antimicrobial agents.

Aims and Objectives: To compare the MIC obtained by Broth Microdilution method (BMD) with that of Vitek-2(automated method) for recovered isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Materials and Methods: Prospective study conducted over a period of one year. It included all isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae recovered from blood culture of the patients. The identification and antimicrobial susceptibility was done on Vitek-2.These Isolates were subjected to Microbroth dilution method for MIC determination.

Results: Out of the 55 meropenem resistant  isolates by vitek-2, 20(36.3%) had MIC of ≥256 µg/ml followed by 18(32.7%) isolates with a MIC of 128 µg/ml, followed by 11(20%) isolates with MIC of 64 µg/ml and 6(10.9%) isolates with MIC of 32 µg/ml. Also among 15 meropenem sensitive isolates by Vitek-2, 13(86.7%) had MIC of ≤0.5 µg/ml, followed by two (13.3%) isolates with MIC of 2 µg/ml. Results obtained by vitek 2 were compared with those from BMD(the reference method), which showed a 13.3% minor error rate and no major or very major error rate.

Conclusion: Overall, the Vitek 2 performance was comparable to that of BMD for testing a limited number of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates.
Consequences of Massive Neutrino to Astrophysics and Cosmology
Authors: Comay E.
Published: April 2020

It is now recognized that a neutrino is a massive spin-1/2 particle. Consequently, neutrino- antineutrino pair production and their pair annihilation are theoretically valid processes. The data prove that the strength of weak interactions increases with collision energy. Therefore, a neutrino pair production event is expected to be a significant process in the region which is just outside the event horizon of a black hole. Another neutrino source is the pair production of particles like muons and charged pions whose decay produces neutrinos. Similarly, copious neutrino pair production events are expected to take place right after the big bang. Since a neutrino does not directly participate in electromagnetic interactions, its pair annihilation cannot directly produce photons. For this reason, a low energy neutrino-antineutrino collision can only go to another neutrino-antineutrino pair. It follows that the number of low energy neutrinos increases with time. This effect may contribute to the problem of the missing mass of the universe.
Right Aortic Arch, Kommerell Diverticulum, and Symptomatic Retro-Esophageal Vascular Ring in an Adult (Case Presentation and Review)
Authors: Dieter Raymond A. , Kuzycz George B. , Kemp Robert W. , Fallah Juliet H. , Budris Deborah M. , Dieter Robert S.
Published: April 2020

A 24 year-old Hispanic man presented with progressive retrosternal chest pain, shortness of breath, and dysphagia. Chest X-ray, computed tomography angiography, and magnetic resonance (MRA) studies were compatible with a right aortic arch and a 3.5-cm descending right aortic Kommerell diverticulum. Barium esophagogram and esophagoscopy demonstrated a constricting band crossing the esophagus at the level of the diverticulum. After discussion with other cardiothoracic surgeons, with a combined 300 years of experience, they reported only 1 other possible such case. Kommerell's diverticula are usually repaired in children and rarely are seen in the adult. Kommerell diverticular treatment options include endovascular stenting, cardiopulmonary bypass with resection and grafting, right thoracotomy, and a cervical approach. Because of the patient's findings of a right arch, a Kommerell diverticulum, and a constricting band causing esophageal compression and respiratory distress, it was felt stenting alone would not relieve his symptoms. Therefore, we used a left third posterior intercostal thoracotomy approach to resect the constricting esophageal band connecting the Kommerell diverticulum to the left subclavian artery and to perform the Kommerell diverticulectomy. Releasing the esophageal and tracheal compressing band and resection of the diverticulum provided complete symptom relief with elimination of the dysphagia, dyspnea, wheezing, and chest pain, using a single surgical procedure.
MAST1 modulates neuronal differentiation and cell cycle exit via P27 in neuroblastoma cells
Authors: Jing Tianrui , Ma Jing , Zhao Huanqiang , Zhang Jin , Jiang Nan , Ma Duan
Published: April 2020

Although 19p13.13 microdeletion syndrome has been consistently associated with intellectual disability, overgrowth, and macrocephaly, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. MAST1, a member of the microtubule‐associated serine/threonine kinase family, has been suggested as a potential candidate gene responsible for neurologic abnormalities in 19p13.13 microdeletion syndrome, but its role in nervous system development remains to be elucidated. Here, we investigated how MAST1 contributes to neuronal development. We report that MAST1 is upregulated during neuronal differentiation of the human neuroblastoma cell line, SH‐SY5Y. Inhibition of MAST1 expression by RNA interference attenuated neuronal differentiation of SH‐SY5Y cells. Cell cycle analyses revealed that MAST1‐depleted cells did not undergo cell cycle arrest after RA treatment. Consistent with this observation, the number of EdU‐positive cells significantly increased in MAST1 knockdown cells. Intriguingly, levels of P27, a cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor, were also increased during neuronal differentiation, and MAST1 knockdown reduced the expression of P27. Moreover, reduced neuronal differentiation caused by MAST1 depletion was rescued partially by P27 overexpression in SH‐SY5Y cells. Collectively, these results suggest that MAST1 influences nervous system development by affecting neuronal differentiation through P27.
Does Muscle Strength Change Over Time in Patients With Hypermobile Ehlers‐Danlos Syndrome/Hypermobility Spectrum Disorder? An Eight‐Year Follow‐Up Study
Authors: Coussens Marie , Calders Patrick , Lapauw Bruno , Celie Bert , Banica Thiberiu , De Wandele Inge , Pacey Verity , Malfait Fransiska , Rombaut Lies
Published: April 2020

Objective

Reduced maximal muscle strength and strength endurance have been found in patients with hypermobile Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome/hypermobility spectrum disorder (hEDS/HSD) and are recognized as common associated features of the disorder. However, the extent to which these parameters change over time is currently not documented. Therefore, the purpose of this 8‐year follow‐up study was to investigate this evolution.

Methods

Thirty female patients (mean age 41 years) with hEDS/HSD and 17 controls participated at baseline and 8 years later. Maximal muscle strength and strength endurance tests of the knee flexors and extensors, and 2 lower‐extremity posture maintenance tests were performed to evaluate static strength endurance. In addition, muscle mass and density were evaluated by dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry and peripheral quantitative computed tomography.

Results

Maximal muscle strength and strength endurance were significantly lower at both baseline and follow‐up in the hEDS/HSD group compared to the control group (P ≤ 0.007). Maximal muscle strength of the knee flexors (decreased in the control group: pɳ2 = 0.139), strength endurance of the knee extensors (decreased in the hEDS/HSD group and increased in the control group: pɳ2 = 0.244), and muscle density (decreased in the hEDS/HSD group: pɳ2 = 0.263) showed a significantly different evolution over 8 years. No other significant differences in evolution were found.

Conclusion

Decreased muscle strength was identified at both time points in patients with hEDS/HSD. The evolution of most muscle strength parameters over time did not significantly differ between groups. Future studies should focus on the effectiveness of different types of muscle training strategies in hEDS/HSD patients.
Hot Deformation and Dynamic Recrystallization of 18%Mn Twinning‐Induced Plasticity Steels
Authors: Torganchuk Vladimir , Rybalchenko Olga , Dobatkin Sergey Vladimirovich , Belyakov Andrey , Kaibyshev Rustam
Published: April 2020

The deformation behavior of 18%Mn twinning‐induced plasticity (TWIP) steels with 0.4%C or 0.6%C is studied by means of isothermal compression tests in the temperature range of 973–1373 K at the strain rates of 10−3–10−1 s−1. The hot working is accompanied by the development of discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DRX), which is commonly advanced by an increase in deformation temperature and/or a decrease in strain rate. A decrease in the carbon content promotes the DRX development, though the flow stresses scarcely depend on the carbon content. The change in the DRX kinetics results in the specific distributions of the grain orientation spread (GOS) among the DRX grains, depending on deformation conditions. The maximal fraction of grains with small GOS below 1° corresponding to rapid DRX development is observed at certain temperature/strain rate, although the DRX fraction increases with a decrease in temperature‐compensated strain rate and can be related to the fraction of grains with GOS below 4°. The texture of DRX grains is also determined by the orientations of grains with GOS below 4°. The grain boundary mobility for the DRX grain growth is characterized by an activation energy close to that for grain boundary diffusion.
Iodine‐Catalyzed C−H Functionalization of Cyclopentenedione with Benzamidine: A Double Dehydrogenative Oxidative Cyclization to Access Fused Imidazoles
Authors: Panigrahi Ahwan , Dhineshkumar Jayaraman , Prabhu Kandikere Ramaiah
Published: April 2020

A double C−H functionalization of cyclopentenedione with benzamidine hydrochloride catalyzed by iodine has been disclosed for synthesizing fused imidazole derivatives. This methodology leads to a variety of fused imidazole derivatives and requires a sub‐stoichiometric amount of iodine as a catalyst and aqueous tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as an oxidant. This reaction involves a double‐cross dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) of 1,3‐cyclopentenedione and benzamidine hydrochloride to form two C−N bonds in a consecutive manner within short reaction time. A plausible mechanism has been proposed based on the mass spectrometric analysis.

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Neck masses due to internal jugular vein phlebectasia: Frequency in Menkes disease and literature review of 85 pediatric subjects
Authors: Stevens Kristen E. , Price Julienne E. , Marko Jamie , Kaler Stephen G.
Published: April 2020

Classic Menkes disease is a rare X‐linked recessive disorder of copper metabolism caused by pathogenic variants in the copper transporter gene, ATP7A. Untreated affected individuals suffer failure to thrive and neurodevelopmental delays that begin at 6–8 weeks of age and progress inexorably to death, often within 3 years. Subcutaneous injections of Copper Histidinate (US Food and Drug Administration IND #34,166, Orphan product designation #12‐3663) are associated with improved survival and neurological outcomes, especially when commenced within a month of birth. We previously identified internal jugular vein phlebectasia (IJP) in four Menkes disease subjects. This feature and other connective tissue abnormalities appear to be consequences of deficient activity of lysyl oxidase, a copper‐dependent enzyme. Here, we report results from a prospective study of IJP based on 178 neck ultrasounds in 66 Menkes subjects obtained between November 2007 and March 2018. Nine patients met the criterion for IJP (one or more cross‐sectional area measurements exceeding 2.2 cm2) and five subjects had clinically apparent neck masses that enlarged over time. Our prospective results suggest that IJP occurs in approximately 14% (9/66) of Menkes disease patients and appears to be clinically benign with no specific medical or surgical actionability. We surveyed the medical literature for prior reports of IJP in pediatric subjects and identified 85 individuals and reviewed the distribution of this abnormality by gender, sidedness, and underlying etiology. Taken together, Menkes disease accounts for 16% (15/94) of all reported IJP individuals. Neck masses from IJP represent underappreciated abnormalities in Menkes disease.
Inflammatory manifestations in patients with Shwachman–Diamond syndrome: A novel phenotype
Authors: Furutani Elissa , Shah Ankoor S. , Zhao Yongdong , Andorsky David , Dedeoglu Fatma , Geddis Amy , Zhou Yu , Libermann Towia A. , Myers Kasiani C. , Shimamura Akiko
Published: April 2020

Shwachman–Diamond syndrome (SDS) is an autosomal recessive multisystem disorder characterized by exocrine pancreatic dysfunction, bone marrow failure, and leukemia predisposition. Approximately 90% of cases are due to biallelic mutations in the Shwachman–Bodian–Diamond (SBDS) gene. Additional phenotypic features variably associated with SDS include skeletal, neurologic, hepatic, cardiac, endocrine, and dental abnormalities. We report five subjects with SDS who developed a range of inflammatory manifestations. Three patients developed inflammatory eye conditions. Single cases of juvenile idiopathic arthritis, chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis, and scleroderma were also noted. Clinical presentation and treatment responses are described. Proteomic analysis revealed increased inflammatory signatures in SDS subjects as compared to controls. Treatment of inflammatory manifestations in patients with SDS may be complicated by potential myelosuppressive toxicities of anti‐rheumatic medications. Further research is needed to better understand the potential link between inflammatory disorders and SDS to inform effective treatment strategies.
IDM‐1: A Zeolite with Intersecting Medium and Extra‐Large Pores Built as an Expansion of Zeolite MFI
Authors: Villaescusa Luis A. , Li Jian , Gao Zihao , Sun Junliang , Camblor Miguel A.
Published: April 2020

IDM‐1 is a new silica zeolite with an ordered and well‐defined framework constructed by alternating pentasil layers and interrupted layers, giving rise to an intersecting system of straight medium pores and undulating extra‐large lobed pores. This unique structure was solved by rotation electron diffraction and refined against synchrotron powder X‐ray diffraction data. Despite the presence of both Si(OSi)3(OH) and Si(OSi)2(OH)2 sites, this new zeolite presents high thermal stability, withstanding calcination even to 1000 °C. The location of defects at specific sites of the structure results in alternating hydrophobic SiO2 and hydrophilic SiO(2−x)(OH)2x intracrystalline regions. This peculiar combination of intersecting medium and extra‐large pores and alternating regions of different chemical character may provide this zeolite with unique catalytic properties.
Asymmetric Guerbet Reaction to Access Chiral Alcohols
Authors: Wang Kun , Zhang Lin , Tang Weijun , Sun Huaming , Xue Dong , Lei Ming , Xiao Jianliang , Wang Chao
Published: April 2020

The first example of an asymmetric Guerbet reaction has been developed. Using commercially available, classic Noyori RuII‐diamine‐diphosphine catalysts, well‐known in asymmetric hydrogenation, racemic secondary alcohols are shown to couple with primary alcohols in the presence of a base, affording new chiral alcohols with enantiomeric ratios of up to 99:1. Requiring no reducing agents, the protocol provides an easy, alternative route for the synthesis of chiral alcohols. Mechanistic studies reveal that the reaction proceeds via a Ru‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogen autotransfer process in concert with a base‐promoted allylic alcohol isomerization.
N‐Doping of Polyaromatic Capsules: Small Cavity Modification Leads to Large Change in Host–Guest Interactions
Authors: Dobashi Hiroki , Catti Lorenzo , Tanaka Yuya , Akita Munetaka , Yoshizawa Michito
Published: April 2020

To gain insight into the host functions of a nanocavity encircled by both polyaromatic panels and heteroatoms, nitrogen‐doped polyaromatic capsules were successfully synthesized from metal ions and pyridine‐embedded, bent anthracene‐based ligands. The new capsules display unique host–guest interactions in the isolated cavities, which are distinct from those of the undoped analogues. Besides the inclusion of Ag+ ions, the large absorption change of fullerene C60 and altered emission of a BODIPY dimer are observed upon encapsulation by the present hosts. Moreover, the N‐doped capsule exhibits specific binding ability toward progesterone and methyltestosterone, known as a natural female and synthetic male hormone, respectively, in water.
N‐Trifluoromethyl Hydrazines, Indoles and Their Derivatives
Authors: Bouayad‐Gervais Samir , Scattolin Thomas , Schoenebeck Franziska
Published: April 2020

Reported herein is the first efficient strategy to synthesize a broad range of unsymmetrical N‐CF3 hydrazines, which served as platform to unlock numerous currently inaccessible derivatives, such as tri‐ and tetra‐substituted N‐CF3 hydrazines, hydrazones, sulfonyl hydrazines, and valuable N‐CF3 indoles. These compounds proved to be remarkably robust, being compatible with acids, bases, and a wide range of synthetic manipulations. The feasibility of RN(CF3)‐NH2 to function as a directing group in C−H functionalization is also showcased.
Regulating Charge Transfer of Lattice Oxygen in Single‐Atom‐Doped Titania for Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Yi Ding , Lu Fei , Zhang Fengchu , Liu Shoujie , Zhou Bo , Gao Denglei , Wang Xi , Yao Jiannian
Published: April 2020

Single‐atom catalysts have attracted much attention. Reported herein is that regulating charge transfer of lattice oxygen atoms in serial single‐atom‐doped titania enables tunable hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity. First‐principles calculations disclose that the activity of lattice oxygen for the HER can be regularly promoted by substituting its nearest metal atom, and doping‐induced charge transfer plays an essential role. Besides, the realm of the charge transfer of the active site can be enlarged to the second nearest atom by creating oxygen vacancies, resulting in further optimization for the HER. Various single‐atom‐doped titania nanosheets were fabricated to validate the proposed model. Taking advantage of the localized charge transfer to the lattice atom is demonstrated to be feasible for realizing precise regulation of the electronic structures and thus catalytic activity of the nanosheets.
Resolving Sphingolipid Isomers Using Cryogenic Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Kirschbaum Carla , Saied Essa M. , Greis Kim , Mucha Eike , Gewinner Sandy , Schöllkopf Wieland , Meijer Gerard , von Helden Gert , Poad Berwyck L. J. , Blanksby Stephen J. , Arenz Christoph , Pagel Kevin
Published: April 2020

1‐Deoxysphingolipids are a recently described class of sphingolipids that have been shown to be associated with several disease states including diabetic and hereditary neuropathy. The identification and characterization of 1‐deoxysphingolipids and their metabolites is therefore highly important. However, exact structure determination requires a combination of sophisticated analytical techniques due to the presence of various isomers, such as ketone/alkenol isomers, carbon–carbon double‐bond (C=C) isomers and hydroxylation regioisomers. Here we demonstrate that cryogenic gas‐phase infrared (IR) spectroscopy of ionized 1‐deoxysphingolipids enables the identification and differentiation of isomers by their unique spectroscopic fingerprints. In particular, C=C bond positions and stereochemical configurations can be distinguished by specific interactions between the charged amine and the double bond. The results demonstrate the power of gas‐phase IR spectroscopy to overcome the challenge of isomer resolution in conventional mass spectrometry and pave the way for deeper analysis of the lipidome.
Deep Eutectic Supramolecular Polymers: Bulk Supramolecular Materials
Authors: Wu Shuanggen , Cai Changyong , Li Fenfang , Tan Zhijian , Dong Shengyi
Published: April 2020

Application of new strategies for supramolecular self‐assembly can significantly impact the properties and/or functions of supramolecular polymers. To realize a facial strategy for the development of solvent‐free supramolecular polymers in bulk, “deep eutectic solvents” were employed. Cyclodextrins and natural acids were used to prepare deep eutectic supramolecular polymers (DESPs). Deep eutectic solvents have special characteristics that endow DESPs with unique macroscopic properties and excellent processability. DESPs exhibit supramolecular adhesion and temperature‐dependent behavior originating from the combined effects of deep eutectic solvents and supramolecular polymerization. Because DESPs are solvent‐free and display interesting macroscopic properties, they have potential as new adaptive materials.
Remarkable binuclear Schiff‐based complex catalyze the epoxidation of alkenes: effects of substituent group
Authors: Guo Yingxiong , Li Pan , Zou Wenhong , Zhang Yongle , Pan Yaoqi , Ruan Renjie , Xiao Longqiang , Hou Linxi
Published: April 2020

A series of dimolybdenum metal catalysts with different ligand have been successfully synthesized and used to catalyze the epoxidation of alkenes to generate epoxides by using tert‐butyl‐hydroperoxide (TBHP) as oxidant. The reaction condition was optimized by the adjustment of some key parameters, such as, temperature, to target high catalytic performance. The oxidation of cyclooctene gave 95.00% conversion and almost 100.00% selectivity. Kinetic study of the oxidation of cyclooctene under different temperature was taken out, indicating the reaction have good catalytic performance. Furthermore, it is calculated from the Arrhenius equation that different functional groups affect the activation energy of the reaction. The electron donor group substituent on the liagnd increases the catalytic activity by reducing the activation energy, and vice versa. Finally, a possible catalytic mechanism has been proposed by measuring the electronic absorption spectrum of the reaction.
Chitosan nanoparticles help double‐stranded RNA escape from endosomes and improve RNA interference in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda
Authors: Gurusamy Dhandapani , Mogilicherla Kanakachari , Palli Subba R.
Published: April 2020

RNA interference (RNAi) is a promising technology for the development of next‐generation insect pest control products. Though RNAi is efficient and systemic in coleopteran insects, it is inefficient and variable in lepidopteron insects. In this study, we explored the possibility of improving RNAi in the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda by conjugating double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) with biodegradable chitosan (Chi). dsRNA conjugated with chitosan was protected from degradation by endonucleases present in Sf9 cell‐conditioned medium, hemolymph, and midgut lumen contents collected from the FAW larvae. Chi–dsRNA complexes showed reduced accumulation in the endosomes of Sf9 cells and FAW tissues. Exposing chitosan formulated dsRNA in Sf9 cells and the tissues induced a significant knockdown of endogenous genes. Chi–dsIAP fed to FAW larvae induced knockdown of iap gene, growth retardation, and mortality. Processing of dsRNA into small interfering RNA was detected with chitosan‐conjugated 32P‐UTP‐labeled ds green fluorescent protein in Sf9 cells and FAW larval tissues. Overall, these data suggest that dsRNA conjugated with chitosan helps dsRNA escape from the endosomes and improves RNAi efficiency in FAW cells and tissues.
Hydrophilic Conjugated Materials for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Bai Yuanqing , Hu Zhicheng , Jiang Jia‐Xing , Huang Fei
Published: April 2020

Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution is viewed as a promising green strategy to utilize the inexhaustible solar energy and provide clean hydrogen fuels with zero‐emission characteristic. The nature of semiconductor‐based photocatalysts is the key point to achieve efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Conjugated materials have been recently emerging as a novel class of photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution and photocatalytic reactions due to their electronic properties can be well controlled via tailor‐made chemical structures. Hydrophilic conjugated materials, a subgroup of conjugated materials, possess multiple advantages for photocatalytic applications, thus spurring remarkable progress on both material realm and photocatalytic applications. This minireview aims to provide a brief review of the recent developments of hydrophilic conjugated polymers/small molecules for photocatalytic applications, and special concern on the rational molecular design and their impact on photocatalytic performance will be reviewed. Perspectives on the hydrophilic conjugated materials and challenges to their applications in the photocatalytic field are also presented.