bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Roughness Suppression in Electrochemical Nanoimprinting of Si for Applications in Silicon Photonics
Authors: Sharstniou Aliaksandr , Niauzorau Stanislau , Hardison Anna L. , Puckett Matthew , Krueger Neil , Ryckman Judson D. , Azeredo Bruno
Published: September 2022

Metal‐assisted electrochemical nanoimprinting (Mac‐Imprint) scales the fabrication of micro‐ and nanoscale 3D freeform geometries in silicon and holds the promise to enable novel chip‐scale optics operating at the near‐infrared spectrum. However, Mac‐Imprint of silicon concomitantly generates mesoscale roughness (e.g., protrusion size ≈45 nm) creating prohibitive levels of light scattering. This arises from the requirement to coat stamps with nanoporous gold catalyst that, while sustaining etchant diffusion, imprints its pores (e.g., average diameter ≈42 nm) onto silicon. In this work, roughness is reduced to sub‐10 nm levels, which is in par with plasma etching, by decreasing pore size of the catalyst via dealloying in far‐from equilibrium conditions. At this level, single‐digit nanometric details such as grain‐boundary grooves of the catalyst are imprinted and attributed to the resolution limit of Mac‐Imprint, which is argued to be twice the Debye length (i.e., 1.7 nm)—a finding that broadly applies to metal‐assisted chemical etching. Last, Mac‐Imprint is employed to produce single‐mode rib‐waveguides on pre‐patterned silicon‐on‐insulator wafers with root‐mean‐square line‐edge roughness less than 10 nm while providing depth uniformity (i.e., 42.9 ± 5.5 nm), and limited levels of silicon defect formation (e.g., Raman peak shift < 0.1 cm−1) and sidewall scattering.
Panchromatic Fluorogenic Generation of Luminescent Silver Nanodots by Cluster Transfer
Authors: Zhao Yanlu , Choi Sungmoon , Hong Sungjay , Lee Eunhye , Yu Junhua
Published: September 2022

Spatial and temporal control of fluorogenic reactions is important in cellular staining and fluorophore printing. Herein, versatile spectrally pure luminescent silver nanodots are selectively generated by silver cluster transference from polymer to single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA) throughout the whole visible to near‐IR regions. In this transfer process, the emission intensity of the silver nanodot is dramatically enhanced. Meanwhile, compared to the direct generation of fluorophores, this transfer strategy also shows great advantages with respect to the fluorogenic spectral range and the speed of fluorophore generation. More impressively, multiple, versatile silver nanodots can be generated in a single step by silver cluster transfer. Its applicability is demonstrated both in solution and on the surface by visualizing variously printed ssDNA molecules on bright silver nanodots.
Hyperglycemic Neurovasculature‐On‐A‐Chip to Study the Effect of SIRT1‐Targeted Therapy for the Type 3 Diabetes “Alzheimer's Disease”
Authors: Jang Minjeong , Choi Nakwon , Kim Hong Nam
Published: September 2022

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is closely related to Alzheimer's disease (AD), but individual cellular changes and the possibilities of recovery through molecular level regulation have not been investigated. Here, a neurovasculature‐on‐a‐chip (NV chip) model is presented in which the perfusable brain microvasculature is surrounded by the neurons. Under hyperglycemic conditions, the brain microvasculature shows disruption of barrier function and reduced expression of junctional markers. The neurons show Tau pathology and amyloid‐beta (Aß) accumulation. Endothelial cells and neurons in the NV chip show sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) downregulation under hyperglycemic conditions, suggesting SIRT1 as a key regulator of hyperglycemia‐induced AD. The recovery of glucose levels rescue SIRT1 expression, suggesting that this type of intervention may rescue the progression of hyperglycemia‐mediated AD. Furthermore, the short hairpin RNA (shRNA)‐, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)‐, and pharmaceutics‐mediated regulation of SIRT1 regulate the pathophysiology of the brain endothelium and neurons at the functional and molecular levels.
Delineating the CCDC22‐related Ritscher–Schinzel syndrome phenotype in the original family
Authors: Rodgers Jonathan , Richmond Christopher M. , McGaughran Julie
Published: September 2022

Pathogenic variants in CCDC22 were initially described in 2012 in a large Australian family with intellectual disability and were subsequently noted to cause a phenotype consistent with the previously described Ritscher–Schinzel syndrome (RSS). The phenotypes of the original family were not described in detail and remains limited phenotypic data reported in medical literature. We detail the phenotypes of the original family, including newly diagnosed family members. With these eight phenotypic descriptions, more than triple the number of individuals for whom detailed clinical information is available. In addition to typical facies, common phenotypic features included intellectual disability, congenital heart disease and posterior fossa malformations, postnatal short stature, ectodermal abnormalities, and digital anomalies as previously described. Spinal curvature and genital anomalies were seen in most patients, while gastrointestinal features and disturbed sleep were also recurrently seen. We propose a possible mechanism linking the familial variant to a diagnosis of sarcoidosis in one individual. Given the clinical and genetic heterogeneity of RSS, we suggest a dyadic naming convention.
Optical absorption investigations for efficient crystal violet dye removal from wastewater via carbon nanotubes:Montmorillonite‐based nanocomposite
Authors: Puri Chandni , Arora Manju , Rajesh  , Sumana Gajjala
Published: September 2022

The current study reports a facile method to fabricate functionalized multi‐walled carbon nanotubes and montmorillonite clay mineral‐based nanocomposite matrix and its detailed characterization using spectroscopic and morphological techniques. The nanocomposites have been studied for their potential applications in the treatment of contaminated water using batch adsorption studies. The investigations conducted using optical absorption spectroscopic measurements for the adsorption process indicate that the nanocomposite matrix can effectively remove almost 98% of the dye from aqueous solution. The nanocomposites have showed fast and strong adsorption behaviour for the dye with the maximum adsorption capacity (qm) of ~467.3 mg g−1 in 25 min. The experimental data at equilibrium were also correlated with the theoretical adsorption isotherm and kinetic models. The results demonstrate that the experimental data fits well to the Freundlich adsorption isotherm model and conforms to second‐order kinetics. Furthermore, the nanocomposite exhibits good recyclability without any marked decrease in the adsorption performance even after five adsorption cycles of usage which indicates its potential application as reusable adsorbent for the efficient removal of hazardous dyes from contaminated water.
Synergistic Combination of Biodegradable Peptide Polymer and Curcumin as Promising Antibiotic Substitution in Aquaculture to Alleviate the Global Challenge of Antimicrobial Resistance
Authors: Ma Pengcheng , Chen Yuan , Shao Ning , Zhang Junyu , Wu Yueming , Liu Runhui
Published: September 2022

Comprehensive Summary

The massive use of antibiotics in aquaculture and resulted antibacterial resistance problem urgently need antibiotic substitutions. Herein, we report a promising substitution of aquaculture antibiotics using a synergistic combination of biodegradable peptide polymers and curcumin, a natural compound from plant. The synergistic combination shows strong antibacterial activity against V. fluvialis and some other common bacteria in aquaculture. The membrane‐damaging antibacterial mechanism echoes our finding that the synergistic combination will not induce bacteria to develop resistance after continuous use. The synergistic combination also displays effective cure on V. fluvialis‐infected zebrafish. The biodegradability of the peptide polymer enables the combination to lose antibacterial activity and will not cause selective pressure on bacterial in the environment. Our study indicates potential application of synergistic composition, biodegradable peptide polymer and curcumin, as promising antibiotic substitution in aquaculture, which represents a promising strategy to address the global challenge of antimicrobial resistance.
Delayed endoscopic necrosectomy improves hospital length of stay and reduces endoscopic interventions in patients with symptomatic walled‐off necrosis
Authors: Pawa Rishi , Dorrell Robert , Clark Clancy , Russell Greg , Gilliam John , Pawa Swati
Published: September 2022

Objectives

Advancements in the endoscopic management of walled‐off necrosis using lumen apposing metal stents have improved outcomes over its surgical and percutaneous alternatives. The ideal procedural technique and timing of direct endoscopic necrosectomy (DEN) have yet to be clarified.

Methods

From November 2015 to June 2021, a retrospective comparative cohort analysis was performed comparing clinical outcomes for patients undergoing immediate DEN (iDEN) versus delayed DEN (dDEN). Subgroups were identified based on the quantification of necrosis. Wilcoxon two‐sample tests were used to compare continuous variables and Fisher's exact test was used to compare categorical variables.

Results

A total of 80 patients underwent DEN for management of walled‐off necrosis (iDEN = 43, dDEN = 37). Technical success was achieved in all patients. Clinical success was seen in 39 (91%) patients in the iDEN group and 34 (92%) in the dDEN group. Amongst iDEN patients, the mean number of necrosectomies was 2.5 (standard deviation [SD] 1.4) in comparison to 1.5 (SD 1.0) for dDEN (p‐value = 0.0011). The median index hospital length of stay was longer with iDEN than dDEN (7.5 days vs. 3.0 days respectively, p‐value = 0.010). Subgroup analysis was performed based on the percentage of necrosis (<25% vs. >25% necrosis). iDEN was associated with more necrosectomies than dDEN regardless of the percentage of necrosis (p = 0.017 and 0.0067, respectively).

Conclusion

Patients undergoing dDEN had a shorter index hospital stay and fewer necrosectomies than iDEN. The large diameter of lumen apposing metal stents permits adequate drainage allowing a less aggressive approach thereby improving clinical outcomes and avoiding unnecessary interventions.
High‐Entropy Materials for Water Electrolysis
Authors: Xu Xiaomin , Shao Zongping , Jiang San Ping
Published: September 2022

Green hydrogen production by renewables‐powered water electrolysis holds the key to energy sustainability and a carbon‐neutral future. The sluggish kinetics of water‐splitting reactions, namely, hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), however, remains a bottleneck to the water electrolysis technology. High‐entropy materials, due to their compositional flexibility, structural stability, and synergy between various elemental components, have recently aroused considerable interest in catalyzing the water‐splitting reactions. Herein, a timely review of the recent achievements is provided in high‐entropy materials for water electrolysis. An overview of different kinds of high‐entropy materials for catalyzing the HER and OER half‐reactions is introduced, followed by a discussion of theoretical and experimental efforts in understanding the fundamental origins of the enhanced catalytic performance observed on high‐entropy catalysts. Various materials design strategies, including control of size and shape, construction of a porous structure, engineering of defect, and formation of hybrid/composite structure, to develop high‐entropy catalysts with improved catalytic performance are highlighted. Finally, the remaining challenges are pointed out and the corresponding perspectives to address these challenges are put forward to promote the development of the research field of high‐entropy water‐splitting catalysts.
Design of superior electrostriction in BaTiO3‐based lead‐free relaxors via the formation of polarization nanoclusters
Authors: Wang Lu , Qi He , Deng Shiqing , Cao Lingzhi , Liu Hui , Hu Shuxian , Chen Jun
Published: September 2022

Electrostrictive materials have wide applications in modern high‐precision electronic devices. Driven by growing environmental concerns, there is demand for lead‐free materials with superior electrostriction behaviors. In this study, we demonstrate a record‐high electrostrictive coefficient of ~0.0712 m4 C−2 in perovskite ferroelectric ceramics, along with hysteresis‐free strain as well as excellent frequency and thermal stabilities, in lead‐free BaTiO3‐based ceramics through a polarization nanocluster design. By appropriately introducing Li+ and Bi3+ into the BaTiO3 lattice matrix, the long‐range ferroelectric ordering can be broken, and polarization nanoclusters can be formed, resulting in a relaxor state with concurrently suppressed polarization and maintained electro‐strain. A three‐dimensional atomic model constructed using advanced neutron total‐scattering data combined with the reverse Monte Carlo method indicates the existence of Bi and Li segregations at the subnanometer scale, which confirms the prediction made by density functional theory calculations. Such a short‐range chemical order destroys the long‐range ferroelectric order of the off‐centered Ti polar displacements and leads to the embedding of Li+/Bi3+‐rich polar nanoregions in the Ba2+‐rich polarization disorder matrix. Further, a completely reversible electric‐field‐induced lattice strain is observed, giving rise to pure electrostriction without hysteresis behavior. This work provides a novel strategy for developing lead‐free relaxor ferroelectrics with high electrostriction performance.

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Role of macrophages in HIV pathogenesis and cure: NIH perspectives
Authors: Joseph Jeymohan , Daley William , Lawrence Diane , Lorenzo Eric , Perrin Peter , Rao Vasudev R , Tsai Shang-Yi , Varthakavi Vasundhara
Published: September 2022

Macrophages play a significant role in HIV infection and contribute to pathogenesis of comorbidities as well as establishment of the viral reservoir in people living with HIV. While CD4+ T cells are considered the main targets of HIV infection, infected macrophages resist the cytopathic effects of infection, contributing to the persistent HIV reservoir. Furthermore, activated macrophages drive inflammation and contribute to the development of comorbidities, including HIV-associated CNS dysfunction. Better understanding the role of macrophages in HIV infection, persistence, and comorbidities can lead to development of innovative therapeutic strategies to address HIV-related outcomes in people living with HIV. In October 2021, the National Institute of Mental Health and the Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard conducted a virtual meeting on role of macrophages in HIV infection, pathogenesis, and cure. This review article captures the key highlights from this meeting and provides an overview of interests and activities of various NIH institutes involved in supporting research on macrophages and HIV.
N‐substituted phthalazine sulfonamide derivatives as non‐classical aldose reductase inhibitors
Authors: Türkeş Cüneyt , Arslan Mustafa , Demir Yeliz , Çoçaj Liridon , Nixha Arleta Rifati , Beydemir Şükrü
Published: September 2022

Aldose reductase (AR, AKR1B1; EC 1.1.1.21) is an aldo‐keto reductase that has been widely investigated as an enzyme crucially involved in the pathogenesis of several chronic complications, including nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, and cataracts associated with diabetes mellitus. Although sulfonamides have been reported to possess many other biological activities, in continuation of our interest in designing and discovering potent inhibitors of AR, herein, we have evaluated the AR inhibitory potential of N‐substituted phthalazine sulfonamide derivatives 5a‐l. The biological studies revealed that all the derivatives show excellent activity against AR, with KI constants ranging from 67.73 to 495.20 nM. Among these agents, 4‐(6‐nitro‐1,4‐dioxo‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydrophthalazine‐2‐carbonyl)benzenesulfonamide (5e) and 1,4‐dioxo‐3‐(4‐sulfamoylbenzoyl)‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydrophthalazine‐6‐carboxylic acid (5f) showed prominent inhibitory activity with KI values of 67.73 and 148.20 nM, respectively, vs AR and were found to be more potent than epalrestat (KI = 852.50 nM), the only AR inhibitor currently used in the therapy. Moreover, molecular docking studies were also performed to rationalize binding site interactions of these sulfonamides (5a‐l) with the target enzyme AR. According to ADME‐Tox, predicts were also determined that these derivatives be ARIs displaying suitable drug‐like properties. The sulfonamides identified in this study may be used to develop lead therapeutic agents inhibiting diabetic complications.
Chlorophyll–total phosphorus relationships emerge from multiscale interactions from algae to catchments
Authors: Olson Carly R. , Jones Stuart E.
Published: September 2022

Chlorophyll and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations are key indicators of lake water quality and the relationship between them is a common tool for assessing lake trophic status. Despite the application of the chlorophyll–TP relationship in management settings, there is still an absence of a mechanistic understanding underlying its shape. We leveraged a process‐based model that focuses primarily on biogeochemical and physiological mechanisms to develop a framework that reconciles interactions between multiscale drivers of the chlorophyll–TP relationship, such as hydrologic P loads, lake shape, and algal physiology. We found that combinations of lake shape and hydrologic P load induce broad shifts in algal limitation status that underly the shape of the chlorophyll–TP relationship. Furthermore, we highlight the importance of algal traits in controlling shifts in limitation. Our framework ties key landscape and ecosystem features to biological limitation and provides a synthetic and process‐based understanding of the chlorophyll–TP relationship.
Simple strategy toward tailoring fracture properties of brittle architected materials
Authors: Da Daicong , Chen Wei
Published: September 2022

Based on standard stiffness (compliance) and stress designs in structural topology optimization (TO), this work proposes a simple strategy to tailor fracture properties of brittle architected materials. Material distribution in the design domain is customized through a stress‐constrained strain‐energy maximization TO framework. Structures consisting of a singlephase brittle material are studied. Mechanical fracture properties of the optimized structure including stiffness, toughness, strength, and failure displacement are thereafter quantified via the phase field modeling. Reported results show that the obtained architecture can achieve 6 times tougher and more than 1.5 times stronger compared with the stiffness‐only TO result. Against to stress‐only optimization, all concerned mechanical properties including stiffness, toughness, and strength can be improved by more than 15% simultaneously.
A space deployable antenna model based on shape memory alloy composite with folding‐deploying two‐way behavior
Authors: Du Haiyang , Yao Yongtao , Zhao Yajun
Published: September 2022

In this study, a flexible space deployable antenna model with good self‐folding and deploying two‐way shape memory effect is proposed and prepared based on shape memory alloy composite strips and polyimide thin film. The thickness and cyclic properties of the shape memory alloy strip were considered for the two‐way shape memory effect. Good self‐folding at 110°C and self‐deploying at 20°C for 10 min were demonstrated. Moreover, the Joule heating method was applied to improve the folding speed within 90 s. The two‐way shape memory effect with reversible self‐folding and deploying behavior of the space deployable antennas is aimed at improving avoidance of space debris in future applications.
Long‐term treatment of cancer‐prone germline PTEN mutant mice with low‐dose rapamycin extends lifespan and delays tumour development
Authors: Tibarewal Priyanka , Rathbone Victoria , Constantinou Georgia , Pearce Wayne , Adil Mahreen , Varyova Zofia , Folkes Lisa , Hampson Alix , Classen Gala Anastasia Electra , Alves Adriana , Carvalho Sara , Scudamore Cheryl L , Vanhaesebroeck Bart
Published: September 2022

PTEN is one of the most commonly inactivated tumour suppressor genes in sporadic cancer. Germline heterozygous PTEN gene alterations also underlie PTEN hamartoma tumour syndrome (PHTS), a rare human cancer‐predisposition condition. A key feature of systemic PTEN deregulation is the inability to adequately dampen PI3‐kinase (PI3K)/mTORC1 signalling. PI3K/mTORC1 pathway inhibitors such as rapamycin are therefore expected to neutralise the impact of PTEN loss, rendering this a more druggable context compared with those of other tumour suppressor pathways such as loss of TP53. However, this has not been explored in cancer prevention in a model of germline cancer predisposition, such as PHTS. Clinical trials of short‐term treatment with rapamycin have recently been initiated for PHTS, focusing on cognition and colon polyposis. Here, we administered a low dose of rapamycin from the age of 6 weeks onwards to mice with heterozygous germline Pten loss, a mouse model that recapitulates most characteristics of human PHTS. Rapamycin was well tolerated and led to a highly significant improvement of survival in both male and female mice. This was accompanied by a delay in, but not full blockade of, the development of a range of proliferative lesions, including gastro‐intestinal and thyroid tumours and endometrial hyperplasia, with no impact on mammary and prostate tumours, and no effect on brain overgrowth. Our data indicate that rapamycin may have cancer prevention potential in human PHTS. This might also be the case for sporadic cancers in which genetic PI3K pathway activation is an early event in tumour development, such as endometrial cancer and some breast cancers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a long‐term treatment of a germline cancer predisposition model with a PI3K/mTOR pathway inhibitor. © 2022 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
(Poly)phenols of apples contribute to in vitro antidiabetic properties: Assessment of Canada's Apple Biodiversity Collection
Authors: Yu Cindy H. J. , Migicovsky Zoë , Song Jun , Rupasinghe H. P. Vasantha
Published: September 2022

Societal Impact Statement

Apples are affordable and accessible fruit with tremendous biodiversity. Among over 10,000 identified apple cultivars, only a few are commercially available. Habitual fruit consumption is correlated with the prevention of Type 2 diabetes and related complications. Particularly, (poly)phenols found in apples are major contributors to their antidiabetic properties. Here, we have screened (poly)phenol‐rich extracts of 476 apple accessions in Canada's Apple Biodiversity Collection for antidiabetic properties. The results of this work provide insights into the prevention and management of Type 2 diabetes by identifying high (poly)phenol‐containing specialty apples for use in fresh fruit form or value‐added functional food ingredients.

The recent trend in sedentary lifestyles and nutritionally‐imbalanced diets has elevated the prevalence of Type 2 diabetes in many parts of the world. Some pharmacological glycemic management can cause undesirable gastrointestinal side effects or hypoglycemia. Thus, there is a growing interest in safe glycemic management using dietary (poly)phenols.

In this study, (poly)phenol‐rich extracts of 476 apple accessions from Canada's Apple Biodiversity Collection (ABC) and six major apple (poly)phenols were assessed for in vitro antidiabetic properties against the activities of α‐glucosidase, α‐amylase, and dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) and the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGE).

Apple (poly)phenol extracts varied in their antidiabetic activities in a dose‐dependent manner. High (poly)phenol‐containing apples demonstrated that their total phenolic contents (TPC) were inversely correlated with the IC50 values of α‐glucosidase, α‐amylase, and AGE formation, but not DPP‐4. Concentrations of major (poly)phenol compounds such as procyanidin B2, phloridzin, and epicatechin in apples were significantly inversely correlated with IC50 values of α‐glucosidase in the high (poly)phenol‐containing apples.

High TPC apples are not suitable for marketing for fresh fruit consumption due to bitterness and astringency; however, these apples show potential to use in the development of value‐added functional food ingredients or nutraceuticals for blood glucose management. The high TPC apple, “S23‐03‐749,” an advanced breeding line of dessert apple, presents a novel option as a specialty apple cultivar for the dietary management of glycemia.
miR‐3,178 contributes to the therapeutic action of baicalein against hepatocellular carcinoma cells via modulating HDAC10
Authors: Qi Junan , Li Jun , Bie Beibei , Shi Mengjiao , Zhu Mengchen , Tian Jing , Zhu Kai , Sun Jin , Mu Yanhua , Li Zongfang , Guo Ying
Published: September 2022

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of hepatic malignancies with high mortality and poor prognosis. Baicalein, one of the major and bioactive flavonoids isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, which is reported to have anti‐proliferation effect in varying cancers, including HCC, whose underlying molecular mechanism is still largely unknown. In this study, we found that baicalein significantly inhibited proliferation and colony formation, blocked cell cycle, and promoted apoptosis in HCC cells MHCC‐97H and SMMC‐7721 in vitro and reduced tumor volume and weight in vivo. Increased microRNA (miR)‐3,178 levels and decreased histone deacetylase 10 (HDAC10) expression were found in cells treated with baicalein and in patients' HCC tissues. HDAC10 was identified as a target gene of miR‐3,178 by luciferase activity and western blot. Both baicalein treatment and overexpression of miR‐3,178 could downregulate HDAC10 protein expression and inactivated AKT, MDM2/p53/Bcl2/Bax and FoxO3α/p27/CDK2/Cyclin E1 signal pathways. Not only that, knockdown of miR‐3,178 could partly abolish the effects of baicalein and the restoration of HDAC10 could abated miR‐3,178‐mediated role in HCC cells. Collectively, baicalein inhibits cell viability, blocks cell cycle, and induces apoptosis in HCC cells by regulating the miR‐3,178/HDAC10 pathway. This finding indicated that baicalein might be promising for treatment of HCC.
Fake news detection using deep learning integrating feature extraction, natural language processing, and statistical descriptors
Authors: Madani Mirmorsal , Motameni Homayun , Mohamadi Hosein
Published: September 2022

Fake news potentially causes serious problems in society. Therefore, it is necessary to detect such news, which is, of course, associated with some challenges such as events, verification and datasets. Reference datasets related to this area face various problems, like the lack of sufficient information about news samples, no subject diversity, etc. The present paper proposes a model using feature extraction and machine learning algorithms for dealing with some of these problems. In the feature extraction phase, two new features (named coherence and cohesion), along with other key features, were extracted from news samples. In the detection phase, initially, the news samples of each dataset were sorted based on a specific order (easier samples in the beginning and harder ones towards the end) using a hybrid method consisting of statistical descriptors and a k‐nearest neighbor algorithm. Then, inspired by the human learning principles, the sorted news samples, were sent to the Long‐Short‐Term Memory and classical machine learning algorithms for the detection of fake news. The obtained results indicated the higher performance of the proposed model in fake news detection compared to benchmark models.
The Eye Versus Chemistry? From Twentieth to Twenty-First Century Connoisseurship
Authors: Tummers Anna , Erdmann Robert G.
Published: September 2022

This essay traces the evolution of connoisseurship in the Netherlands from the early twentieth century to current and future challenges. In the twentieth century, the attitude of art historians towards chemistry varied from extreme distrust to extreme optimism about the possibilities of the discipline to provide conclusive evidence in authentication matters. While the chemical methods and technical means to research paintings have developed at an unprecedented pace in the twenty-first century, some of the key questions crucial to classifying works of art remain largely the same (e.g. how much consistency to expect in an artist’s brushwork, painting technique and choice of materials?). However, other questions are new (e.g. how to interpret vast amounts of new data?) and call for a fundamentally different approach: for a cross-pollination of (technical) art history, chemistry and data science. While surveying recent developments, this essay discusses the merits and drawbacks of several modern analytical techniques (including as MA-XRF, HIS/RIS, isotope analysis and GC-MS) as well as the potential of digital aids (smart tools). The focal point of this essay is on the Netherlands since advances in the scientific investigation of works of art have repeatedly transformed the practice of connoisseurship here.
Toward an Energy Data Platform Design: Challenges and Perspectives from the SYNERGY Big Data Platform and AI Analytics Marketplace
Authors: Lampathaki Fenareti , Biliri Evmorfia , Tsitsanis Tasos , Tsatsakis Kostas , Miltiadou Dimitris , Perakis Konstantinos
Published: September 2022

Today, the need for “end-to-end” coordination between the electricity sector stakeholders, not only in business terms but also in securely exchanging real-time data, is becoming a necessity to increase electricity networks’ stability and resilience while satisfying individual operational optimization objectives and business case targets of all stakeholders. To this end, the SYNERGY energy data platform builds on state-of-the-art data management, sharing, and analytics technologies, driven by the actual needs of the electricity data value chain. This paper will describe the layered SYNERGY Reference Architecture that consists of a Cloud Infrastructure, On-Premise Environments, and Energy Apps and discuss the main challenges and solutions adopted for (a) the design of custom pipelines for batch and streaming data collection and for data manipulation and analytics (based on baseline or pre-trained machine learning and deep learning algorithms) and (b) their scheduled, on-event, or real-time execution on the cloud, on-premise and in gateways, toward an energy data space. Particular focus will be laid on the design of the SYNERGY AI analytics marketplace that allows for trustful sharing of data assets (i.e., datasets, pipelines, trained AI models, analytics results) which belong to different stakeholders, through a multi-party smart contract mechanism powered by blockchain technologies.
Technological Perspective of Data Governance in Data Space Ecosystems
Authors: Torre-Bastida Ana I. , Gil Guillermo , Miñón Raúl , Díaz-de-Arcaya Josu
Published: September 2022

Data has been identified as a valuable input to boost enterprises. Nowadays, with the vast quantity of data available, a favorable scenario is established to exploit it, but crucial challenges must be addressed, highlighting its sharing and governance. In this context, the data space ecosystem is the cornerstone which enables companies to share and use valuable data assets. However, appropriate Data Governance techniques must be established to benefit from such opportunity considering two levels: internal to the organization and at the level of sharing between organizations. At a technological level, to reach this scenario, companies need to design and provision adequate data platforms to deal with Data Governance in order to cover the data life-cycle. In this chapter, we will address questions such as: How to share data and extract value while maintaining sovereignty over data, confidentiality, and fulfilling the applicable policies and regulations? How does the Big Data paradigm and its analytical approach affect correct Data Governance? What are the key characteristics of the data platforms to be covered to ensure the correct management of data without losing value? This chapter explores these challenges providing an overview of state-of-the-art techniques.
KRAKEN: A Secure, Trusted, Regulatory-Compliant, and Privacy-Preserving Data Sharing Platform
Authors: Gabrielli Silvia , Krenn Stephan , Pellegrino Donato , Pérez Baún Juan Carlos , Pérez Berganza Pilar , Ramacher Sebastian , Vandevelde Wim
Published: September 2022

The KRAKEN project aims to enable the sharing, brokerage, and trading of personal data including sensitive data (e.g., educational and health records and wellbeing data from wearable devices) by returning its control to both data subjects/data providers throughout the entire data lifecycle. The project is providing a data marketplace which will allow the sharing of personal data and its usage for research and business purposes, by using privacy-preserving cryptographic tools. KRAKEN is developing an advanced platform to share certified information between users and organizations by leveraging on distributed ledger technology, promoting the vision of self-sovereign identity solutions (ensuring users’ consent and data control in a privacy-friendly way), preserving security, privacy, and the protection of personal data in compliance with EU regulations (e.g., GDPR). The feasibility of the KRAKEN solution will be tested through two high-impact pilots in the education and healthcare fields.
Trends of recanalization therapies and state of art for ischemic stroke treatment in Campania region, Italy
Authors: Spina Emanuele , Candelaresi Paolo , Volpe Giampiero , D’Onofrio Florindo , Spitaleri Daniele , Martusciello Gioacchino , Piccirillo Giovanni , Briganti Francesco , Muto Mario , Feleppa Michele , Sparaco Marco , Manto Andrea , Cuomo Teresa , Ascione Salvatore , Ripa Patrizia , Romano Daniele Giuseppe , Andreone Vincenzo , Manganelli Fiore , Napoletano Rosa
Published: September 2022

Background

According to the last Italian report by the Ministry of Health in 2018, the estimated number of acute ischemic strokes (AIS) in Campania is 10,000/year, with an expected number of 1390 intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) and 694 mechanical thrombectomies (MT). In 2017, only 1.5% of expected patients received IVT and 0.2% MT. This study analyzed the trend of IVT and MT in 2019–2020 and depicted the state of art of Stroke Care in Campania.

Methods

From the regional health task force, we obtained the hospital discharge forms from all private and public hospitals in Campania; we selected patients with a principal diagnosis of AIS and measured the rate of patients admitted to neurology units and the rate of IVT, MT, and IVT + MT for both 2019 and 2020.

Results

In 2019, we observed 4817 admissions for AIS; 2858/4817 (59.3%) patients were admitted to neurology units. Out of 4817 patients, 192 received IVT, 165 MT, and 131 IVT + MT (488 treated patients; 10.1%). In 2020, we observed 4129 admissions for AIS; 2502/4129 (62.7%) patients were admitted to neurology units. Out of 4129 patients, 198 received IVT, 250 MT, and 180 IVT + MT (628 treated patients; 15.2%). These results showed that despite a reduction of AIS admissions in 2020, the relative and absolute rate of recanalization treatments increased. However, the number of patients who were not admitted to neurology units nor received acute treatments remained dramatically high.

Conclusion

Despite the development of acute treatments, the Campania Stroke Network still needs significative efforts to improve.
Estimating the willingness-to-pay to avoid the consequences of foodborne illnesses: a discrete choice experiment
Authors: Manipis Kathleen , Mulhern Brendan , Haywood Philip , Viney Rosalie , Goodall Stephen
Published: September 2022

Lost productivity is one of the largest costs associated with foodborne illness (FBI); however, the methods used to estimate lost productivity are often criticised for overestimating the actual burden of illness. A discrete choice experiment (DCE) was undertaken to elicit preferences to avoid six possible FBIs and estimate whether ability to work, availability of paid sick leave and health-related quality of life affect willingness-to-pay (WTP) to avoid FBI. Respondents (N = 1918) each completed 20 DCE tasks covering two different FBIs [gastrointestinal illness, flu-like illness, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), Guillain–Barre syndrome (GBS), reactive arthritis (ReA), or haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS)]. Attributes included: ability to work, availability of sick leave, treatment costs and illness duration. Choices were modelled using mixed logit regression and WTP was estimated. The WTP to avoid a severe illness was higher than a mild illness. For chronic conditions, the marginal WTP to avoid a chronic illness for one year, ranged from $531 for mild ReA ($1412 for severe ReA) to $1025 for mild HUS ($2195 for severe HUS). There was a substantial increase in the marginal WTP to avoid all the chronic conditions when the ability to work was reduced and paid sick leave was not available, ranging from $6289 for mild IBS to $11,352 for severe ReA. Including factors that reflect productivity and compensation to workers influenced the WTP to avoid a range of FBIs for both acute and chronic conditions. These results have implications for estimating the burden and cost of FBI.
High efficiency sorting and outgrowth for single-cell cloning of mammalian cell lines
Authors: Munoz Adonary , Morachis José M.
Published: September 2022

Single-cell selection and cloning is required for multiple bioprocessing and cell engineering workflows. Dispensing efficiency and outgrowth were optimized for multiple common suspension (CHO ES, Expi293F, and Jurkat) and adherent (MCF-7, A549, CHO-K1, and HEK293) cell lines. Single-cell sorting using a low pressure microfluidic cell sorter, the WOLF Cell Sorter, was compared with limiting dilution at 0.5 cells/well to demonstrate the increased efficiency of using flow cytometry selection of cells. In this work, there was an average single cell deposition on Day 0 of 89.1% across all the cell lines tested compared to 41.2% when using limiting dilution. After growth for 14 days, 66.7% of single-cell clones sorted with the WOLF Cell Sorter survived and only 23.8% when using limiting dilution. Using the WOLF Cell Sorter for cell line development results in higher viable single-cell colonies and the ability to select subpopulations of single-cells using multiple parameters.
Obesity and cancer—extracellular matrix, angiogenesis, and adrenergic signaling as unusual suspects linking the two diseases
Authors: Pellegata Natalia S. , Berriel Diaz Mauricio , Rohm Maria , Herzig Stephan
Published: September 2022

Obesity is an established risk factor for several human cancers. Given the association between excess body weight and cancer, the increasing rates of obesity worldwide are worrisome. A variety of obesity-related factors has been implicated in cancer initiation, progression, and response to therapy. These factors include circulating nutritional factors, hormones, and cytokines, causing hyperinsulinemia, inflammation, and adipose tissue dysfunction. The impact of these conditions on cancer development and progression has been the focus of extensive literature. In this review, we concentrate on processes that can link obesity and cancer, and which provide a novel perspective: extracellular matrix remodeling, angiogenesis, and adrenergic signaling. We describe molecular mechanisms involved in these processes, which represent putative targets for intervention. Liver, pancreas, and breast cancers were chosen as exemplary disease models. In view of the expanding epidemic of obesity, a better understanding of the tumorigenic process in obese individuals might lead to more effective treatments and preventive measures.
Evaluation of the rhizospheric microbiome of the native colonizer Piptatherum miliaceum in semiarid mine tailings
Authors: Conesa Héctor M. , Párraga-Aguado Isabel , Jiménez-Cárceles Francisco J. , Risueño Yolanda
Published: September 2022

The study of the rhizospheric microbiome in native plants should be a prerequisite before carrying out the phytomanagement of mine tailings. The goal of this work was to evaluate the rhizospheric microbiome of Piptatherum miliaceum in semiarid mine tailings. A comprehensive edaphic characterization was performed including the description of soil microbial composition in the rhizosphere of P. miliaceum growing at a mine tailings pile and at a control site. Plant nutritional and isotopic compositions were also determined. Neutral pH of the tailings (7.3) determined low metal extractability in 0.01 M CaCl2 (e.g. < 1 mg/kg for Zn). In spite of the contrasting edaphic fertility conditions of both sites, N (~ 15 g kg−1) and P (~ 400 mg kg−1) leaf concentrations were similar. The lower δ15N at the tailings plants (− 4.50‰) compared to the control (6.42‰) indicated greater efficiency of P. miliaceum for uptaking N under the low fertility conditions of the tailings (0.1% total soil nitrogen). The presence at the tailings of bacterial orders related to the cycling of N, such as Rhizobiales, could have contributed to enhance N acquisition. The lower leaf δ13C values at the tailings (− 30.22‰) compared to the control (− 28.47‰) indicated lower water use efficiency of the tailing plants. Some organotrophic bacterial and fungal groups in the tailings’ rhizospheres were also found in the control site (e.g. Cytophagales, Sphingobacteriales for bacteria; Hypocreales, Pleosporales for fungi). This may indicate that P. miliaceum is able to shape its own specific microbiome at the tailings independently from the initial microbial composition of the tailings.
Adversarial vulnerability bounds for Gaussian process classification
Authors: Smith Michael Thomas , Grosse Kathrin , Backes Michael , Álvarez Mauricio A.
Published: September 2022

Protecting ML classifiers from adversarial examples is crucial. We propose that the main threat is an attacker perturbing a confidently classified input to produce a confident misclassification. We consider in this paper the $$L_0$$

L
0

attack in which a small number of inputs can be perturbed by the attacker at test-time. To quantify the risk of this form of attack we have devised a formal guarantee in the form of an adversarial bound (AB) for a binary, Gaussian process classifier using the EQ kernel. This bound holds for the entire input domain, bounding the potential of any future adversarial attack to cause a confident misclassification. We explore how to extend to other kernels and investigate how to maximise the bound by altering the classifier (for example by using sparse approximations). We test the bound using a variety of datasets and show that it produces relevant and practical bounds for many of them.
Numerical quadrature for singular integrals on fractals
Authors: Gibbs Andrew , Hewett David , Moiola Andrea
Published: September 2022

We present and analyse numerical quadrature rules for evaluating regular and singular integrals on self-similar fractal sets. The integration domain $$\Gamma \subset \mathbb {R}^n$$

Γ
⊂

R

n

is assumed to be the compact attractor of an iterated function system of contracting similarities satisfying the open set condition. Integration is with respect to any “invariant” (also known as “balanced” or “self-similar”) measure supported on $$\Gamma$$
Γ
, including in particular the Hausdorff measure $$\mathcal {H}^d$$

H

d

restricted to $$\Gamma$$
Γ
, where d is the Hausdorff dimension of $$\Gamma$$
Γ
. Both single and double integrals are considered. Our focus is on composite quadrature rules in which integrals over $$\Gamma$$
Γ
are decomposed into sums of integrals over suitable partitions of $$\Gamma$$
Γ
into self-similar subsets. For certain singular integrands of logarithmic or algebraic type, we show how in the context of such a partitioning the invariance property of the measure can be exploited to express the singular integral exactly in terms of regular integrals. For the evaluation of these regular integrals, we adopt a composite barycentre rule, which for sufficiently regular integrands exhibits second-order convergence with respect to the maximum diameter of the subsets. As an application we show how this approach, combined with a singularity-subtraction technique, can be used to accurately evaluate the singular double integrals that arise in Hausdorff-measure Galerkin boundary element methods for acoustic wave scattering by fractal screens.
Extracting Hale Cycle Related Components from Cosmic-Ray Data Using Principal Component Analysis
Authors: Takalo Jouni
Published: September 2022

We decompose the monthly cosmic-ray data, using several neutron-monitor count rates, of Cycles 19 – 24 with principal component analysis (PCA). Using different cycle limits, we show that the first and second PC of cosmic-ray (CR) data explain 77 – 79% and 13 – 15% of the total variation of the Oulu CR Cycles 20 – 24 (C20 – C24), 73 – 77% and 13 – 17% of the variation of Hermanus C20 – C24, and 74 – 78% and 17 – 21% of the Climax C19 – C22, respectively. The PC1 time series of the CR Cycles 19 – 24 has only one peak in its power spectrum at the period 10.95 years, which is the average solar-cycle period for SC19 – SC24. The PC2 time series of the same cycles has a clear peak at period 21.90 (Hale cycle) and another peak at one third of that period with no peak at the solar-cycle period. We show that the PC2 of the CR is essential in explaining the differences in the intensities of the even and odd cycles of the CR. The odd cycles have a positive phase in the first half and a negative phase in the second half of their PC2. This leads to a slow decrease in intensity at the beginning of the cycle and a flat minimum for the odd cycles. On the contrary, for the even cycles the phases are reversed, and this leads to faster decrease and more rapid recovery of the CR intensity of the cycle. As a consequence, the even cycles have a more peak-like structure. These results are confirmed with skewness–kurtosis (S–K) analysis. Furthermore, S–K shows that other even and odd cycles, except Cycle 21, are on the regression line with a correlation coefficient 0.85. The Cycles 21 of all eight stations are compactly located in the S–K coordinate system and have smaller skewnesses and higher kurtoses than the odd Cycles 23.