bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Question of the Energetic Performance of TKX‐50
Authors: Sinditskii Valery P. , Serushkin Valery V. , Kolesov Vasiliy I.
Published: August 2021

An analysis of the experimental data available to date shows that the explosive TKX‐50 has really high explosive performance characteristics, although not as outstanding as claimed previously, due to the overestimation of the enthalpy of formation. The obtained experimental data on the dependence of the detonation velocity on the density of TKX‐50 samples agree with the results of calculations, in which the experimentally determined enthalpy of formation 194.1 kJ mol−1 is used. The energetic performance of TKX‐50 surpasses the parameters of nitramines RDX, HMX, and even CL‐20, determined at the same densities. However, the calculated detonation velocity of TKX‐50 at theoretical maximum density is 9287 m s−1, which is slightly lower than the detonation velocity of CL‐20 at maximum density. It is worth noting that the detonation velocity of the TKX‐50 at the experimentally attainable density (1.8 g cm−3) is 9037 m s−1. Calculations using the experimentally determined enthalpy of formation show that high‐energy composite propellant formulations containing TKX‐50 are inferior in a specific impulse to compositions based on CL‐20 and HMX.
Benign prostate hyperplasia as a potential protective factor against prostate cancer: Insights from a magnetic resonance imaging study of compositional characteristics
Authors: Nandalur Kiran R. , Colvin Robert , Walker David , Nandalur Sirisha R. , Seifman Brian , Gangwish David , Hafron Jason
Published: August 2021

Purpose

The structural relationship between benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (Pca) is controversial. The purpose of our study was to examine the association between quantitative prostate compositional metrics by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and Pca.

Methods

We identified 405 patients who underwent prostate MRI and biopsy and/or prostatectomy from January 2019 to January 2021 at our institution. Segmentation volumetric methods were used to assess central gland (CG) and peripheral zone (PZ) volume. PZ mean thickness and mean apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), marker of underlying histologic components, were measured. Multivariable logistic regression was performed with outcomes of ≥Grade Group (GG) 2 Pca and for multifocal disease.

Results

On multivariable analysis, higher CG volumes were at lower odds of ≥GG2 disease (n = 227) (OR: 0.97, 95% CI 0.96–0.98, p < 0.0001), taking into account PZ volume (p = 0.18) and thickness (p = 0.70). For every one cc increase in CG volume, there was an approximately 3% decrease in odds of ≥GG2 disease. Similar findings were noted for multifocal disease (n = 180) (OR: 0.97, 95% CI 0.96–0.98, p < 0.0001). Notably, ADC of the normal PZ was not significantly associated with CG volume (p = 0.21) nor a predictor of disease (p = 0.49).

Conclusions

Increasing central gland volume, driven by BPH, is associated with lower odds of significant Pca, including multifocal disease, while PZ anatomic and histologic surrogate changes were noncontributory. Findings support BPH impediment of global tumor growth predicted by theoretical mechanobiological model. This potential stabilizing factor should be further studied for risk stratification and in consideration for BPH therapy.
Broadband Dielectric, Terahertz, and Infrared Spectroscopy of BaTiO3–BaZrO3 Solid Solution: From Proper Ferroelectric over Diffuse and Relaxor Ferroelectrics and Dipolar Glass to Normal Dielectric
Authors: Petzelt Jan , Bovtun Viktor , Nuzhnyy Dmitry , Kempa Martin , Savinov Maxim , Paściak Marek , Kamba Stanislav , Canu Giovanna , Buscaglia Vincenzo
Published: August 2021

Herein, the properties of broadband dielectric spectra up to THz–infrared range of the (1 − x)BaTiO3‐xBaZrO3 (BZT‐x) solid solution are reviewed and complemented. This includes the proper ferroelectric (x = 0), diffuse ferroelectrics (0 < x ≤ 0.2), relaxor ferroelectrics (0.4 ≤ x ≤ 0.8), dipolar glasses (x > 0.8), and the normal dielectric (x = 1). The spectra are characterized by an overdamped central mode in the microwave range which weakens on cooling. Except for BaTiO3, the soft mode and central mode do not soften appreciably and do not contribute substantially to the low‐frequency permittivity maximum. The most important dielectric contribution is brought by Cole–Cole relaxation assigned to hopping of Ti ions in the BaTiO3 clusters, which obeys the Arrhenius law with a common activation energy for the whole relaxor range of E
a ≈ 181±17 meV and broadens on cooling as described by a temperature‐independent distribution of activation energies. It follows that the polar nanoregions within the BaTiO3 clusters remain very small with temperature‐independent size and frozen boundaries, even if the Ti ions inside them are hopping. This differs from the usual lead‐containing relaxors, in which the polar nanoregions grow on cooling and follow the glass‐like freezing.
Twin‐Peak Electrocaloric Effect in Ferroelectric Phase of Diffusive SrBi1.98La0.02Nb2−xTaxO9 Materials
Authors: Kashyap Meena , Shrivastava Vaibhav , Mishra Rajesh
Published: August 2021

Dual‐peak electrocaloric effect (ECE) exists over a broad range significantly below Curie temperature in co‐mixed SrBi1.98La0.02Nb2–x
Ta
x
O9 (SBLNT) compositions exhibiting diffused phase transition. The indirect measurement method is used to study the influence of defect‐modified potential barrier distributions on the ECE of lead‐free SBLNT ceramics. Variation in isothermal entropy change and adiabatic temperature change with varying tantalum (Ta) content signify effects of morphology and impact of altered potential barriers in the parent lattice without involving structural phase transition. A unique appearance of twin‐peak positive–negative ECE in equally doped SrBi1.98La0.02Nb‐TaO9 matrix is attributed to doping‐induced formation of polar nanoregions and distinct dipole switching mechanisms controlled by evenly distributed Nb–Ta potential barriers in SBLNT lattice. Higher doping concentration reduces porosity and promotes electric polarization, thereby the relative cooling power gradually increases with increasing Ta at Nb sites.
Neuroprotective effects of salidroside on ageing hippocampal neurons and naturally ageing mice via the PI3K/Akt/TERT pathway
Authors: Zhu Lin , Liu Zhenchao , Ren Yuqian , Wu Xiaolin , Liu Yingjuan , Wang Tingting , Li Yizhao , Cong Yusheng , Guo Yunliang
Published: August 2021

Studies have found that salidroside, isolated from Rhodiola rosea L, has various pharmacological activities, but there have been no studies on the effects of salidroside on brain hippocampal senescence. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanistic role of salidroside in hippocampal neuron senescence and injury. In this study, long‐term cultured primary rat hippocampal neurons and naturally aged C57 mice were treated with salidroside. The results showed that salidroside increased the viability and MAP2 expression, reduced β‐galactosidase (β‐gal) levels of rat primary hippocampal neurons. Salidroside also improved cognition dysfunction in ageing mice and alleviated neuronal degeneration in the ageing mice CA1 region. Moreover, salidroside decreased the levels of oxidative stress and p21, p16 protein expressions of hippocampal neurons and ageing mice. Salidroside promoted telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) protein expression via the phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway. In conclusion, our findings suggest that salidroside has the potential to be used as a therapeutic strategy for anti‐ageing and ageing‐related disease treatment.
Bergenin attenuates bleomycin‐induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice via inhibiting TGF‐β1 signaling pathway
Authors: Li Xiaohe , Wang Yanhua , Liang Jingjing , Bi Zhun , Ruan Hao , Cui Yunyao , Ma Ling , Wei Yuli , Zhou Bingchen , Zhang Liang , Zhou Honggang , Yang Cheng
Published: August 2021

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive lung disease characterized by epithelial cell damage, fibroblast activation, and collagen deposition. IPF has high mortality and limited therapies, which urgently needs to develop safe and effective therapeutic drugs. Bergenin, a compound derived from a variety of medicinal plants, has demonstrated multiple pharmacological activities including anti‐inflammatory and anti‐tumor, also acts as a traditional Chinese medicine to treat chronic bronchitis, but its effect on the pulmonary fibrosis is unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that bergenin could attenuate bleomycin (BLM)‐induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. In vitro studies indicated that bergenin inhibited the transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1)‐induced fibroblast activation and the extracellular matrix accumulation by inhibiting the TGF‐β1/Smad signaling pathway. Further studies showed that bergenin could induce the autophagy formation of myofibroblasts by suppressing the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling and that bergenin could promote the myofibroblast apoptosis. In vivo experiments revealed that bergenin substantially inhibited the myofibroblast activation and the collagen deposition and promoted the autophagy formation. Overall, our results showed that bergenin attenuated the BLM‐induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice by suppressing the myofibroblast activation and promoting the autophagy and the apoptosis of myofibroblasts.
Mean and variance of an alternating geometric process: An application in warranty cost analysis
Authors: Arnold Richard , Chukova Stefanka , Hayakawa Yu , Marshall Sarah
Published: August 2021

An alternating geometric process can be used to model the operational and repair times of an ageing system. In applications such as warranty cost analysis, the mean of an alternating geometric process (i.e. the expected number of events by a given time) and the variance are of interest. In this paper, two new approaches are proposed for computing the mean and variance functions of two counting processes related to the alternating geometric process, namely the number of cycles up to time and the number of failures up to time . In warranty cost analysis, these approaches can be used to compute the expected number of claims and the expected cost over the warranty period. The usefulness of the proposed approaches in warranty cost analysis is demonstrated for a non‐renewing free‐repair warranty policy. The new approaches offer benefits over simulation in terms of computational time and accuracy.
Empirical likelihood ratio charts for profiles with attribute data and random predictors in the presence of within‐profile correlation
Authors: Song Lisha , He Shuguang , Zhou Panpan , Shang Yanfen
Published: August 2021

Profile monitoring has been an increasingly popular statistical process control (SPC) problem recently. In many applications, quality characteristics of interest are attribute data, which can be adequately characterized by generalized linear models. Most existing control charts for monitoring such profiles in the literature assume that observations within each profile are independent, which is often violated in practice. This paper aims to provide a unified framework for Phase II monitoring of profiles with attribute data and random predictors in the presence of within‐profile correlation. To this end, a working correlation matrix is introduced to take the dependency into account. Then, a new control scheme is designed based on the empirical likelihood ratio test. The advantages of the proposed method are that both changes in the mean and the correlation can be detected, and the correlation structure is assumption‐free. Simulation studies show that the proposed method outperforms the existing schemes in nearly all cases, and it is more effective and robust. A real example of automobile warranty claims is demonstrated to illustrate the implementation of the proposed control chart.
A theoretical assessment of the structural and electronic features of some retrochalcones
Authors: Mittal Ankit , Kakkar Rita
Published: August 2021

In the present work, six retrochalcones, namely echinatin, licochalcone A, B, C, D and E, have been studied using density functional theory at the B3LYP/6‐311++G** level. A comparative analysis of the non‐linear optical properties has been performed with two prototype standard molecules, urea and para‐nitroaniline. The computed first pKa values of all the deprotonation sites lie in the range of 8.9‐10.0, which suggests the predominance of the neutral form of the considered retrochalcones at the physiological pH. Further, the second pKa values of the hydroxyl groups of the mono‐anionic forms lie in the range of 10.0‐11.6 and the third pKa values for deprotonation from the dianionic forms of licochalcone B and D are ~17. Moreover, the electronic spectra, frontier molecular orbitals analysis and molecular electrostatic potential maps have been analyzed for a better understanding of the electro‐optical properties of the compounds under study.
A mathematical comparison of non‐negative matrix factorization related methods with practical implications for the analysis of mass spectrometry imaging data
Authors: Nijs Melanie , Smets Tina , Waelkens Etienne , De Moor Bart
Published: August 2021

Rationale

Non‐negative matrix factorization (NMF) has been used extensively for the analysis of mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) data, visualizing simultaneously the spatial and spectral distributions present in a slice of tissue. The statistical framework offers two related NMF methods: probabilistic latent semantic analysis (PLSA) and latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA), which is a generative model. This work offers a mathematical comparison between NMF, PLSA, and LDA, and includes a detailed evaluation of Kullback–Leibler NMF (KL‐NMF) for MSI for the first time. We will inspect the results for MSI data analysis as these different mathematical approaches impose different characteristics on the data and the resulting decomposition.

Methods

The four methods (NMF, KL‐NMF, PLSA, and LDA) are compared on seven different samples: three originated from mice pancreas and four from human‐lymph‐node tissues, all obtained using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS).

Results

Where matrix factorization methods are often used for the analysis of MSI data, we find that each method has different implications on the exactness and interpretability of the results. We have discovered promising results using KL‐NMF, which has only rarely been used for MSI so far, improving both NMF and PLSA, and have shown that the hitherto stated equivalent KL‐NMF and PLSA algorithms do differ in the case of MSI data analysis. LDA, assumed to be the better method in the field of text mining, is shown to be outperformed by PLSA in the setting of MALDI‐MSI. Additionally, the molecular results of the human‐lymph‐node data have been thoroughly analyzed for better assessment of the methods under investigation.

Conclusions

We present an in‐depth comparison of multiple NMF‐related factorization methods for MSI. We aim to provide fellow researchers in the field of MSI a clear understanding of the mathematical implications using each of these analytical techniques, which might affect the exactness and interpretation of the results.
Evaluation of tillage effect on maize production using a modified least limiting water range approach
Authors: Liu Haitao , Zhou Hu , Lin Chaowen , Li Baoguo , Tian Jing , Yao Li
Published: August 2021

The objective of this research was to identify the mechanism of how tillage methods affect maize (Zea mays L.) production using a modified least limiting water range (LLWR) method. The LLWR is the range of soil water content within which the water and O2 are sufficiently supplied, the root growth is not restricted by penetration resistance, the root is fully contacted with the soil, and the crop is steadily hold by the soil. A 5‐yr field experiment was conducted with five treatments: no tillage, rotary tillage, conventional plow, subsoiling, and soil compaction after rotary tillage. Soil bulk density, water content, and penetration resistance were monitored annually. The soil water retention curve and penetration resistance curve were measured to determine the LLWR. Excessive soil looseness was included in the determination of the LLWR. The maize yield would be high and stable when the tillage treatment was under an optimal bulk density range with the highest LLWR. At this experimental site, the maize yield was high and stable with the relative yield of 98.3–100% when the bulk density was within 1.43–1.51 g cm–3 and the LLWR reached 0.07 g g–1 in the tillage treatments. The yield fluctuated with the relative yield of 86.3–100% when the LLWR was less than 0.035 g g–1 and the bulk density was not in the optimal range. The optimal bulk density range with high LLWR was a useful parameter for the evaluation of tillage methods.
Modal linear regression models with multiplicative distortion measurement errors
Authors: Zhang Jun , Li Gaorong , Yang Yiping
Published: August 2021

We consider modal linear regression models when neither the response variable nor the covariates can be directly observed, but are measured with multiplicative distortion measurement errors. Four calibration procedures are used to estimate parameters in the modal linear regression models, namely, conditional mean calibration, conditional absolute mean calibration, conditional variance calibration, and conditional absolute logarithmic calibration. The asymptotic properties for the estimators based on four calibration procedures are established. Monte Carlo simulation experiments are conducted to examine the performance of the proposed estimators. The proposed estimators are applied to analyze a forest fires dataset for an illustration.
A multivariate statistical approach to predict COVID‐19 count data with epidemiological interpretation and uncertainty quantification
Authors: Bartolucci Francesco , Pennoni Fulvia , Mira Antonietta
Published: August 2021

For the analysis of COVID‐19 pandemic data, we propose Bayesian multinomial and Dirichlet‐multinomial autoregressive models for time‐series of counts of patients in mutually exclusive and exhaustive observational categories, defined according to the severity of the patient status and the required treatment. Categories include hospitalized in regular wards (H) and in intensive care units (ICU), together with deceased (D) and recovered (R). These models explicitly formulate assumptions on the transition probabilities between these categories across time, thanks to a flexible formulation based on parameters that a priori follow normal distributions, possibly truncated to incorporate specific hypotheses having an epidemiological interpretation. The posterior distribution of model parameters and the transition matrices are estimated by a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm that also provides predictions and allows us to compute the reproduction number . All estimates and predictions are endowed with an accuracy measure obtained thanks to the Bayesian approach. We present results concerning data collected during the first wave of the pandemic in Italy and Lombardy and study the effect of nonpharmaceutical interventions. Suitable discrepancy measures defined to check and compare models show that the Dirichlet‐multinomial model has an adequate fit and provides good predictive performance in particular for H and ICU patients.
All Set for Efficient and Reliable Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Photovoltaic Modules?
Authors: De Bastiani Michele , Babics Maxime , Aydin Erkan , Subbiah Anand S. , Xu Lujia , De Wolf Stefaan
Published: August 2021

Over the past few years, perovskite solar cells have arisen as a technology to potentially side with mainstream silicon photovoltaics (PVs) to help drive the transition towards renewable sources of energy. The coupling of perovskites with silicon in a tandem configuration may accelerate this development due to the remarkably high power conversion efficiencies possible with such devices. However, most of the perovskite/silicon tandem achievements so far have been confined to the lab environment, with only a few reported tests under outdoor conditions, using packaged devices. Nevertheless, one of the major challenges for perovskite/silicon tandem technologies, in addition to scale‐up, lies in the cell‐to‐module (CTM) translation, which for the perovskite/silicon tandem concept is complicated by perovskite‐imposed constrains such as a low‐temperature resilience, imposing challenges regarding tabbing and lamination, as well as a high sensitivity to moisture ingress, mandating the search for adequate encapsulation materials and methods. Herein, these challenges are described and assessed in depth and a perspective on future directions toward module design, tailored for perovskite/silicon tandem PVs is given, combining high performance with excellent durability. The discussion also holds relevance for all‐perovskite and other emerging PV technologies seeking market entry.
School Teachers’ Perceptions of Similarities and Differences between Teaching English and a Non‐Language Subject
Authors: Haukås Åsta , Mercer Sarah , Svalberg Agneta M‐L
Published: August 2021

Teaching a language subject in school is often referred to as being different and unique compared to teaching a non‐language subject. However, the few existing studies examining this claim have mainly investigated the viewpoints of teachers who only teach one language, thus failing to achieve a comparison based on teachers’ actual lived experiences of teaching two different subjects. The present study was designed to address this gap by exploring 11 upper secondary school teachers’ perceptions of similarities and differences between teaching English and a non‐language subject. Austria and Norway were chosen as contexts for the study since both countries qualify state secondary school teachers to teach a minimum of two subjects simultaneously as part of their regular teaching load. The analysis of the semi‐structured interviews revealed that the teaching of various subjects shares some similarities but is highly influenced by contextual factors. The most striking finding was the perceived different status of subjects across contexts and the consequences of this for teachers and learners. The findings underline the importance of contextualizing data and understanding the ecology in which teaching and learning of any subject or any language takes place.
Einleitung – Forschungsstand – Fragestellungen
Authors: Popp Roland
Published: August 2021

„We may face no greater challenge from a single country than from Iran.“ Dieser Satz findet sich in der offiziellen Verlautbarung der allgemeinen US-amerikanischen Sicherheitsstrategie vom März 2006. Damals in erster Linie bezogen auf das Feld der nuklearen Proliferation, scheint diese fast schon axiomatische Feststellung angesichts der Entwicklungen seit der Irak-Invasion von 2003 dennoch akkurat den allgemeinen Charakter der Beziehungen zwischen beiden Ländern aus amerikanischer Sicht zu beschreiben.
Globalismus und Intervention: Der Aufstieg der USA zur Vormacht in Iran, 1941-1953
Authors: Popp Roland
Published: August 2021

Die frühen Kontakte zwischen Iran und den Vereinigten Staaten spiegelten die geografische Distanz zwischen beiden Staaten und Gesellschaften wider. Das bilaterale Verhältnis nach der vergleichsweise früh erfolgten formalen Aufnahme diplomatischer Beziehungen im Jahr 1856 entwickelte sich schleppend und beschränkte sich – analog zu der zu dieser Zeit für die USA charakteristischen weltpolitischen Rolle – in den darauffolgenden Jahrzehnten auf bescheidene wirtschaftliche Kontakte, Aktivitäten einiger weniger amerikanischer Missionare und der von ihnen errichteten Missionsschulen und archäologische Expeditionen. Der seit 1796 regierenden Ġāğāren-Dynastie gelang es derweil nicht, die Einmischung fremder Mächte – auch auf iranischem Territorium wurde das „Great Game“ zwischen Großbritannien und dem Zarenreich um die Vorherrschaft in Südwest-, Süd und Zentralasien ausgetragen – in innere Angelegenheiten Irans zu verhindern.
Intervention und Transformation: Die Hochphase des Reformismus in der Iranpolitik der Kennedy-Administration, 1961-1962
Authors: Popp Roland
Published: August 2021

Der Wahlsieg des demokratischen Präsidentschaftskandidaten John F. Kennedy über den bisherigen Vizepräsidenten Richard Nixon schien eine Zeitenwende in der Außenpolitik der USA im Allgemeinen und insbesondere in der Politik gegenüber den Staaten der im Entstehen befindlichen sogenannten Dritten Welt anzukündigen. Der junge Präsident gemeinsam mit der ihn umgebenden Gruppe dynamisch-aktivistischer Berater symbolisierte die Abkehr von der als uninspiriert und vorwiegend reaktiv empfundenen Außenpolitik Eisenhowers und insbesondere von deren lange Zeit gleichgültigen bis feindseligen Einstellung gegenüber den immer stärker in den Vordergrund drängenden nationalistischen Bewegungen an der Peripherie. Tatsächlich hatte sich Kennedy bereits als junger Senator mit seiner Kritik an der amerikanischen Unterstützung der französischen Kolonialherrschaft in Algerien einen Namen gemacht.
Souveränität und Reform: Vom Klientelstaat zum gleichrangigen Bündnispartner, 1963-1966
Authors: Popp Roland
Published: August 2021

Im Anschluss an die Niederschlagung der Juni-Unruhen bereitete die Regierung die bereits seit Längerem angekündigten Maǧles-Wahlen nun endlich für den September 1963 vor. In seiner Euphorie über das gelungene Referendum vom Januar 1963 hatte der Schah gegenüber Botschafter Holmes – trotz der negativen Erfahrungen aus dem Jahr 1960 – sogar zeitweise wieder von der Möglichkeit „freier Wahlen“ gesprochen. Zugleich fügte er an, man könne einen missliebigen Maǧles nötigenfalls auch schnell wieder auflösen.
The planar limit of $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 2 chiral correlators
Authors: Fiol Bartomeu , Fukelman Alan Rios
Published: August 2021

Abstract

We derive the planar limit of 2- and 3-point functions of single-trace chiral primary operators of $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 SQCD on S4, to all orders in the ’t Hooft coupling. In order to do so, we first obtain a combinatorial expression for the planar free energy of a hermitian matrix model with an infinite number of arbitrary single and double trace terms in the potential; this solution might have applications in many other contexts. We then use these results to evaluate the analogous planar correlation functions on ℝ4. Specifically, we compute all the terms with a single value of the ζ function for a few planar 2- and 3-point functions, and conjecture general formulas for these terms for all 2- and 3-point functions on ℝ4.
Explicit soft supersymmetry breaking in the heterotic M-theory B − L MSSM
Authors: Ashmore Anthony , Dumitru Sebastian , Ovrut Burt A.
Published: August 2021

Abstract

The strongly coupled heterotic M-theory vacuum for both the observable and hidden sectors of the B − L MSSM theory is reviewed, including a discussion of the “bundle” constraints that both the observable sector SU(4) vector bundle and the hidden sector bundle induced from a single line bundle must satisfy. Gaugino condensation is then introduced within this context, and the hidden sector bundles that exhibit gaugino condensation are presented. The condensation scale is computed, singling out one line bundle whose associated condensation scale is low enough to be compatible with the energy scales available at the LHC. The corresponding region of Kähler moduli space where all bundle constraints are satisfied is presented. The generic form of the moduli dependent F-terms due to a gaugino superpotential — which spontaneously break N = 1 supersymmetry in this sector — is presented and then given explicitly for the unique line bundle associated with the low condensation scale. The moduli-dependent coefficients for each of the gaugino and scalar field soft supersymmetry breaking terms are computed leading to a low-energy effective Lagrangian for the observable sector matter fields. We then show that at a large number of points in Kähler moduli space that satisfy all “bundle” constraints, these coefficients are initial conditions for the renormalization group equations which, at low energy, lead to completely realistic physics satisfying all phenomenological constraints. Finally, we show that a substantial number of these initial points also satisfy a final constraint arising from the quadratic Higgs-Higgs conjugate soft supersymmetry breaking term.
Künstliche Intelligenz in der Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde
Authors: Haider Stefan P. , Sharaf Kariem , Baumeister Philipp , Reichel Christoph A.
Published: August 2021

Hintergrund

Die fortschreitende Digitalisierung ermöglicht zunehmend den Einsatz von künstlicher Intelligenz (KI). Sie wird Gesellschaft und Medizin in den nächsten Jahren maßgeblich beeinflussen.

Ziel der Arbeit

Darstellung des gegenwärtigen Einsatzspektrums von KI in der Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde und Skizzierung zukünftiger Entwicklungen bei der Anwendung dieser Technologie.

Material und Methoden

Es erfolgte die Auswertung und Diskussion wissenschaftlicher Studien und Expertenanalysen.

Ergebnisse

Durch die Verwendung von KI kann der Nutzen herkömmlicher diagnostischer Werkzeuge in der Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde gesteigert werden. Zudem kann der Einsatz dieser Technologie die chirurgische Präzision in der Kopf-Hals-Chirurgie weiter erhöhen.

Schlussfolgerungen

KI besitzt ein großes Potenzial zur weiteren Verbesserung diagnostischer und therapeutischer Verfahren in der Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde. Allerdings ist die Anwendung dieser Technologie auch mit Herausforderungen verbunden, beispielsweise im Bereich des Datenschutzes.
Assessment of direct analysis in real time accurate mass spectrometry for the determination of triclosan in complex matrices
Authors: Cobo-Golpe M. , García-Martín J. , Ramil M. , Cela R. , Rodríguez I.
Published: August 2021

In this work, the applicability of direct analysis in real time coupled to accurate mass spectrometry (DART-MS) to the quantitative determination of triclosan (TCS) in samples with increasing complexity, from personal care products to extracts from sewage, is investigated. In the first term, DART-MS spectra of TCS as free phenol and as derivatized species are characterized; thereafter, the effects of several instrumental variables in the detectability of TCS (i.e., temperature, solvent, and compound holder) are discussed. Under final selected conditions, TCS was determined from its [M-H]− ions, without need of derivatization, attaining an instrumental limit of quantification of 5 ng mL−1, with a linear response range up to 1000 ng mL−1. Complex matrices, such as solid-phase extracts obtained from environmental water samples, moderately inhibited the ionization efficiency of TCS, with signal attenuation percentages in the range of 6 to 57%, depending on the sample type and on the concentration factor provided by the SPE procedure. The accuracy of results obtained by DART-MS was evaluated using liquid chromatography (LC) with MS detection; in both cases, a time-of-flight (TOF) MS instrument was employed for the selective determination of the [M−H]− ions of TCS (m/z values 286.9439 and 288.9410) using a mass window of 20 ppm. DART-MS did not only provide enough sensitivity to detect the presence of TCS in environmental samples (raw and treated wastewater as well as freeze-dried sludge), but also measured concentrations matched those determined by LC-ESI-TOF-MS, with only slightly higher standard deviations. During analysis of personal care products, containing much higher concentrations of TCS in a less complex matrix, both techniques were equivalent in terms of accuracy and precision.
HS-stability and complex products in involution semigroups
Authors: Bodor Bertalan , Lehtonen Erkko , Quinn-Gregson Thomas , Verhulst Nikolaas
Published: August 2021

When does the complex product of a given number of subsets of a group generate the same subgroup as their union? We answer this question in a more general form by introducing HS-stability and characterising the HS-stable involution subsemigroup generated by a subset of a given involution semigroup. We study HS-stability for the special cases of regular$${}^{*}$$∗-semigroups and commutative involution semigroups.
The word problem for one-relation monoids: a survey
Authors: Nyberg-Brodda Carl-Fredrik
Published: August 2021

This survey is intended to provide an overview of one of the oldest and most celebrated open problems in combinatorial algebra: the word problem for one-relation monoids. We provide a history of the problem starting in 1914, and give a detailed overview of the proofs of central results, especially those due to Adian and his student Oganesian. After showing how to reduce the problem to the left cancellative case, the second half of the survey focuses on various methods for solving partial cases in this family. We finish with some modern and very recent results pertaining to this problem, including a link to the Collatz conjecture. Along the way, we emphasise and address a number of incorrect and inaccurate statements that have appeared in the literature over the years. We also fill a gap in the proof of a theorem linking special inverse monoids to one-relation monoids, and slightly strengthen the statement of this theorem.
The role of S100A9 in the interaction between pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells and stromal cells
Authors: Kung Pin-Jui , Lai Ting-Yu , Cao Jerry , Hsu Li-Chung , Chiang Tsai-Chen , Ou-Yang Pu , Tsai Ching-Yi , Tsai Yi-Fen , Lin Chih-Wen , Chen Chien-Chia , Tsai Meng-Kun , Tien Yu-Wen , Lee Chih-Yuan
Published: August 2021

Background

A major feature of the microenvironment in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the significant amount of extracellular matrix produced by pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs), which have been reported to enhance the invasiveness of pancreatic cancer cells and negatively impact the prognosis.

Methods

We analyzed the data from two publicly available microarray datasets deposited in the Gene Expression Omnibus and found candidate genes that were differentially expressed in PDAC cells with metastatic potential and PDAC cells cocultured with PSCs. We studied the interaction between PDAC cells and PSCs in vitro and verified our finding with the survival data of patients with PDAC from the website of The Human Protein Atlas.

Results

We found that PSCs stimulated PDAC cells to secrete S100A9, which attracted circulatory monocytes into cancer tissue and enhanced the expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) on macrophages. When analyzing the correlation of S100A9 and PD-L1 expression with the clinical outcomes of patients with PDAC, we ascertained that high expression of S100A9 and PD-L1 was associated with poor survival in patients with PDAC.

Conclusions

PSCs stimulated PDAC cells to secrete S100A9, which acts as a chemoattractant to attract circulatory monocytes into cancer microenvironment and induces expression of PD-L1 on macrophages. High expression of S100A9 and PD-L1 was associated with worse overall survival in a cohort of patients with PDAC.
Visualization of wrist anatomy—a comparison between 7T and 3T MRI
Authors: Götestrand Simon , Björkman Anders , Björkman-Burtscher Isabella M. , Kristiansson Ingvar , Aksyuk Elenya , Szaro Pawel , Markenroth Bloch Karin , Geijer Mats
Published: August 2021

Objective

Injuries to the wrist are, due to its small size and complex anatomical structures, difficult to assess by MR, and surgical interventions such as diagnostic arthroscopy are often necessary. Therefore, improved visualization using non-invasive methods could be of clinical value. As a first step of improvement, the purpose of this study was to evaluate visualization of anatomical structures at 7T compared with 3T MR.

Methods

Eighteen healthy volunteers (three males and three females from each age decade between 20 and 49 years) were examined with 7T and 3T MR. Four musculoskeletal radiologists graded 2D and 3D images on a five-level grading scale for visibility of ligaments, cartilage, nerves, trabecular bone, and tendons, as well as overall image quality (i.e., edge sharpness, perceived tissue contrast, and presence of artefacts). Statistical analysis was done using a visual grading characteristics (VGC) analysis.

Results

Visibility of cartilage, trabecular bone, tendons, nerves, and ligaments was graded significantly higher at 7T with an area under the curve (AUCVGC) of 0.62–0.88 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.50–0.97, p = < 0.0001–0.03) using either 2D or 3D imaging. Imaging with 3T was not graded as superior to 7T for any structure. Image quality was also significantly superior at 7T, except for artefacts, where no significant differences were found.

Conclusions

Tendons, trabecular bone, nerves, and ligaments were all significantly better visualized at 7T compared to 3T.

Key Points

• MRI of the wrist at 7T with a commercially available wrist coil is feasible at similar acquisition times as for 3T MRI.

• The current study showed 7T to be superior to 3T in the visualization of anatomical structures of the wrist, including ligaments, tendons, nerves, and trabecular bone.

• Image quality was significantly superior at 7T, except for artefacts, where no significant differences were found.
Human factors evaluation in VR-based shunting training
Authors: Tschoerner Benedikt , Li Fan , Lan Zirui , Liu Yisi , Lim Wei Lun , Cui Jian , Wong Yu Lian , Kho Kevin , Lee Vincent , Sourina Olga , Mueller-Wittig Wolfgang
Published: August 2021

Shunting of trains is a task that requires meticulous adherence to all steps to guarantee safety for everyone involved during and after the procedure. These steps are currently taught using classical teaching materials, such as printouts, videos and training by experienced supervisors. However, due to limited availability of locomotives, hours for training and manpower, training of shunting operation becomes challenging in real life. In this paper, we implemented a lifelike, collaborative virtual environment for shunting training including a novel human factors evaluation system for fatigue and stress monitoring. An experiment with 12 subjects and 3 trainers has been designed and carried out to validate the usage of VR-based shunting training. Positive feedback toward the VR-based training was obtained from the subjects and trainers.
Color2Hatch: conversion of color to hatching for low-cost printing
Authors: Isumi Ryoma , Yamamoto Kunio , Noma Tsukasa
Published: August 2021

In this paper, we propose Color2Hatch, a decolorization method for business/presentation graphics. In Color2Hatch, each region represented as a closed path and uniformly colored in scalable vector graphics (SVG) is converted to a region hatched in black and white. From the characteristics of business graphics, the hatching patterns are designed to represent mainly the hue in the region; additionally, lightness and saturation can also be reflected. To discriminate subtle differences between colors, attached short line segments, zigzag lines, and wave lines are used in hatching by analogy to a clock. Compared with the existing decolorization methods, for example, grayscale conversion and texturing, our method is superior in the discrimination of regions, suitable for low-cost black and white printing that meets real-world needs.
T1 glottic laryngeal cancer: the role of routine follow-up visits in detecting local recurrence
Authors: Pakkanen Pihla , Ilmarinen Taru , Halme Elina , Irjala Heikki , Koivunen Petri , Pukkila Matti , Ventelä Sami , Hagström Jaana , Aaltonen Leena-Maija
Published: August 2021

Purpose

We assessed the treatment outcome and the benefits of routine follow-up visits in T1 glottic laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC).

Methods

Medical records of patients diagnosed with stage T1 glottic LSCC (N = 303) in five Finnish university hospitals between 2003 and 2015 were reviewed. Moreover, data from the Finnish Cancer Registry and the Population Register Center were collected.

Results

Of all 38 recurrences, 26 (68%) were detected during a routine follow-up visit, and over half (21 of 38, 55%) presented without new symptoms. Primary treatment method (surgery vs. radiotherapy) was not connected with 5-year disease-specific survival (DSS) or laryngeal preservation rate.

Conclusion

The majority of recurrences were detected on a routine follow-up visit, and local recurrences often presented without new symptoms. Routine post-treatment follow-up of T1 glottic LSCC seems beneficial.

Trial registration

Trial registration number and date of registration HUS/356/2017 11.12.2017.
The resilience of the inner ear—vestibular and audiometric impact of transmastoid semicircular canal plugging
Authors: Stultiens Joost J. A. , Guinand Nils , Van Rompaey Vincent , Pérez Fornos Angélica , Kunst Henricus P. M. , Kingma Hermanus , van de Berg Raymond
Published: August 2021

Background

Certain cases of superior semicircular canal dehiscence or benign paroxysmal positional vertigo can be treated by plugging of the affected semicircular canal. However, the extent of the impact on vestibular function and hearing during postoperative follow-up is not known.

Objective

To evaluate the evolution of vestibular function and hearing after plugging of a semicircular canal.

Methods

Six patients underwent testing before and 1 week, 2 months, and 6 months after plugging of the superior or posterior semicircular canal. Testing included caloric irrigation test, video Head Impulse Test (vHIT), cervical and ocular Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials (VEMPs) and audiometry.

Results

Initially, ipsilateral caloric response decreased in all patients and vHIT vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) gain of each ipsilateral semicircular canal decreased in 4/6 patients. In 4/6 patients, postoperative caloric response recovered to > 60% of the preoperative value. In 5/6 patients, vHIT VOR gain was restored to > 85% of the preoperative value for both ipsilateral non-plugged semicircular canals. In the plugged semicircular canal, this gain decreased in 4/5 patients and recovered to > 50% of the preoperative value. Four patients preserved cervical and ocular VEMP responses. Bone conduction hearing deteriorated in 3/6 patients, but recovered within 6 months postoperatively, although one patient had a persistent loss of 15 dB at 8 kHz.

Conclusion

Plugging of a semicircular canal can affect both vestibular function and hearing. After initial deterioration, most patients show recovery during follow-up. However, a vestibular function loss or high-frequency hearing loss can persist. This stresses the importance of adequate counseling of patients considering plugging of a semicircular canal.
Investigating facilitatory versus inhibitory effects of dynamic social and non-social cues on attention in a realistic space
Authors: Gregory Samantha E. A.
Published: August 2021

This study aimed to investigate the facilitatory versus inhibitory effects of dynamic non-predictive central cues presented in a realistic environment. Realistic human-avatars initiated eye contact and then dynamically looked to the left, right or centre of a table. A moving stick served as a non-social control cue and participants localised (Experiment 1) or discriminated (Experiment 2) a contextually relevant target (teapot/teacup). The cues movement took 500 ms and stimulus onset asynchronies (SOA, 150 ms/300 ms/500 ms/1000 ms) were measured from movement initiation. Similar cuing effects were seen for the social avatar and non-social stick cue across tasks. Results showed facilitatory processes without inhibition, though there was some variation by SOA and task. This is the first time facilitatory versus inhibitory processes have been directly investigated where eye contact is initiated prior to gaze shift. These dynamic stimuli allow a better understanding of how attention might be cued in more realistic environments.
Neurological involvement in children with hemolytic uremic syndrome
Authors: Costigan Caoimhe , Raftery Tara , Carroll Anne G. , Wildes Dermot , Reynolds Claire , Cunney Robert , Dolan Niamh , Drew Richard J. , Lynch Bryan J. , O’Rourke Declan J. , Stack Maria , Sweeney Clodagh , Shahwan Amre , Twomey Eilish , Waldron Mary , Riordan Michael , Awan Atif , Gorman Kathleen M.
Published: August 2021

Our objective was to establish the rate of neurological involvement in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli–hemolytic uremic syndrome (STEC-HUS) and describe the clinical presentation, management and outcome. A retrospective chart review of children aged ≤ 16 years with STEC-HUS in Children’s Health Ireland from 2005 to 2018 was conducted. Laboratory confirmation of STEC infection was required for inclusion. Neurological involvement was defined as encephalopathy, focal neurological deficit, and/or seizure activity. Data on clinical presentation, management, and outcome were collected. We identified 240 children with HUS; 202 had confirmed STEC infection. Neurological involvement occurred in 22 (11%). The most common presentation was seizures (73%). In the neurological group, 19 (86%) were treated with plasma exchange and/or eculizumab. Of the 21 surviving children with neurological involvement, 19 (91%) achieved a complete neurological recovery. A higher proportion of children in the neurological group had renal sequelae (27% vs. 12%, P = .031). One patient died from multi-organ failure.

Conclusion: We have identified the rate of neurological involvement in a large cohort of children with STEC-HUS as 11%. Neurological involvement in STEC-HUS is associated with good long-term outcome (complete neurological recovery in 91%) and a low case-fatality rate (4.5%) in our cohort.

What is Known:• HUS is associated with neurological involvement in up to 30% of cases.• Neurological involvement has been reported as predictor of poor outcome, with associated increased morbidity and mortality.

What is New:• The incidence of neurological involvement in STEC-HUS is 11%.• Neurological involvement is associated with predominantly good long-term outcome (90%) and a reduced case-fatality rate (4.5%) compared to older reports.
Feasibility and acceptability of hypnosis-derived communication administered by trained nurses to improve patient well-being during outpatient chemotherapy: a pilot-controlled trial
Authors: Arbour Caroline , Tremblay Marjorie , Ogez David , Martineau-Lessard Chloé , Lavigne Gilles , Rainville Pierre
Published: August 2021

Purpose

This pilot-controlled trial aimed to examine the feasibility and acceptability of hypnosis-derived communication (HC) administered by trained nurses during outpatient chemotherapy to optimize symptom management and emotional support — two important aspects of patient well-being in oncology.

Methods

The trial was conducted in two outpatient oncology units: (1) intervention site (usual care with HC), and (2) control site (usual care). Nurses at the intervention site were invited to take part in an 8-h training in HC. Participants’ self-ratings of symptoms and emotional support were gathered at predetermined time points during three consecutive outpatient visits using the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale and the Emotional Support Scale.

Results

Forty-nine patients (24 in the intervention group, 25 in the control group) with different cancer types/stages were recruited over a period of 3 weeks and completed the study. All nurses (N = 10) at the intervention site volunteered to complete the training and were able to include HC into their chemotherapy protocols (about ± 5 min/intervention). Compared to usual care, patients exposed to HC showed a significant reduction in physical symptoms during chemotherapy. In contrast, perception of emotional support did not show any significant effect of the intervention. Participants exposed to HC report that the intervention helped them relax and connect on a more personal level with the nurse during chemotherapy infusion.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that HC is feasible, acceptable, and beneficial for symptom management during outpatient chemotherapy. While future studies are needed, hypnosis techniques could facilitate meaningful contacts between cancer patients and clinicians in oncology.

Trial registration

Clinical Trial Identifier: NCT04173195, first posted on November 19, 2019