bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Energy Flow Analysis to Investigate Youth Pitching Velocity and Efficiency
Authors: HOWENSTEIN JACOB , KIPP KRISTOF , SABICK MICHELLE B.
Published: November 2018

Purpose

The purposes of this study were 1) to investigate the transfer of energy through the kinetic chain by youth baseball pitchers during the pitching motion and 2) to provide insight into how the total magnitude of energy flow and its linear and rotational components relate to both velocity and joint torque per unit increment of pitch velocity (joint load efficiency).

Methods

Twenty-four youth baseball pitchers participated in this study. Data collection occurred in an indoor research laboratory equipped with a 14-camera infrared motion capture system and an instrumented pitcher’s mound with embedded force plates. Energy flow was calculated by integrating power transfer into and out of each segment. The magnitudes of key instances of energy flow were compared to pitch velocity and velocity-normalized joint torques using simple linear regressions.

Results

All of the energy flow variables calculated had a significant correlation to pitch velocity. Energy flow into the arm from the trunk had the strongest correlation to velocity of any variable investigated (r = 0.900, P = 0.000). The total magnitude of energy flow into the trunk had a significant correlation to increased horizontal shoulder adduction efficiency and shoulder internal rotation efficiency. The magnitude of energy flow into the trunk by only joint forces had a significant correlation to increased horizontal shoulder adduction efficiency, shoulder internal rotation efficiency, and elbow varus efficiency.

Conclusions

Energy flow analysis is an effective tool providing quantitative assessment of the kinetic chain to gain a deeper understanding of how energy moves through an athlete, and how specific pitching mechanics impact this movement. The results of this study support the importance of generating energy flow throughout the body to produce high velocities and energy flow through the trunk to increase pitch efficiency.
Assessing the economic impact of climate change in the small-scale aquaculture industry of Ghana, West Africa
Authors: Asiedu Berchie , Malcolm Dickson , Iddrisu Seidu
Published: November 2018

Background: Aquaculture in Ghana is very profitable, but faces sustainability challenges. This paper assessed the impact pathways by which climate change affects the production and profitability of small-scale aquaculture in Ghana. The study analyzed and compared the economic value of smallholder fish farms with and without the incidence of climatic parameters.

Methods: Simple random sampling and purposive sampling techniques were used to select the study area and farms. A total of 30 farmers were interviewed using a questionnaire-based interview. Additionally, using document analysis, observation, and data on farms’ production input and output values, the economic impact of climate change on fish farms was assessed.

Results: Extreme temperatures, erratic rainfall, floods, drought, storm and erosion are prevalent in fish farms. Available data shows a decrease of 53.4% of small-scale revenue, a 6.9% reduction in small-scale aquaculture value from GH¢ 1,200,000 to GH¢ 83,000, reducing fish supply by 25%. The findings indicate that the profitability, economic value, and livelihoods of the small-scale aquaculture industry is greatly affected by changes in climate. The incidence of floods, drought, erratic rainfall, erosion, and extreme temperature synergistically induce poverty. The implication on the livelihoods of fish farming households is very alarming and poses a serious threat to food security in the country.

Conclusion: Based on the findings, this study concludes that; floods, rainfall temperature, and drought are the major climatic factors affecting the profitability and sustainability of the pond aquaculture industry. The preliminary recommendation is that there is an urgent need to map out flood-free zones close to perennial water bodies to overcome floods and droughts. Planting trees around ponds to create a micro-ecologies ideal for fish culture and also the construction of water storage facilities and proper dyke design would overcome drought and erosion issues. The adaptive capacity of fish-farmers must be built.
Maternal immunisation: What have been the gains? Where are the gaps? What does the future hold?
Authors: Giles Michelle L. , Krishnaswamy Sushena , Wallace Euan M.
Published: November 2018

The vaccination of pregnant women has enormous potential to protect not only mothers from vaccine-preventable diseases but also their infants through the passive acquisition of protective antibodies before they are able to themselves acquire protection through active childhood immunisations. Maternal tetanus programmes have been in place since 1989, and as of March 2018, only 14 countries in the world were still to reach maternal neonatal tetanus elimination status. This has saved hundreds of thousands of lives. Building on this success, influenza- and pertussis-containing vaccines have been recommended for pregnant women and introduced into immunisation programmes, albeit predominantly in resource-rich settings. These have highlighted some important challenges when additional immunisations are introduced into the antenatal context. With new vaccine candidates, such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and group B streptococcus (GBS), on the horizon, it is important that we learn from these experiences, identify the information gaps, and close these to ensure safe and successful implementation of maternal vaccines in the future, particularly in low- and middle-income countries with a high burden of disease.
The understanding of complex syntax in children with Down syndrome
Authors: Frizelle Pauline , Thompson Paul A. , Duta Mihaela , Bishop Dorothy V. M.
Published: November 2018

Background: Down syndrome (DS) is associated with poor language skills that seem disproportionate to general nonverbal ability, but the nature and causes of this deficit are unclear. We assessed how individuals with DS understand complex linguistic constructions, and considered how cognitive ability, memory and hearing level impact the ability of those with DS to process these sentence types.

Methods: There were three groups participating in the study: children with DS (n = 33) and two control groups composed of children with cognitive impairment of unknown aetiology (CI) (n = 32) and children with typical development (n = 33). Both groups were matched to those with DS on cognitive ability. Using a newly devised animation task, we examined how well individuals with DS (n = 33) could understand relative clauses, complement clauses and adverbial clauses compared to children with CI and typically developing controls. Participants also completed the Test for the Reception of Grammar-2, three measures of memory (forward and backward digit recall, visuo-spatial memory) and a hearing screen.

Results: Results indicated that (1) with the exception of intransitive subject relative clauses, children with DS performed at floor on all other complex sentences, (2) they performed at a significantly lower level than both control groups, and (3) DS status accounted for a significant proportion of the variance over and above memory skills.

Conclusions: Our findings suggest that children with DS have a disproportionate difficulty understanding complex sentences compared to two control groups matched on mental age. Furthermore, their understanding of syntax is not completely explained by poor cognitive or memory skills, rather it appears to be a specific deficit that may distinguish children with DS from other neurodevelopmental disorders.
The General Data Protection Regulation and its Violation of EU Treaties
Authors: Rosentau Mario
Published: November 2018

While the EU General Data Protection Regulation, which entered force on 25 May, is generally good and necessary in its vigorous protection of the fundamental rights of self‑determination and identity of European people, the article identifies a core issue that has gone unnoticed: the GDPR violates EU treaties. It is, at base, a ‘European law’, yet European laws are banned under the TEU and TFEU. The article examines the background for this conflict. The ambitious plan for ratification of 2003’s draft treaty establishing a constitution for Europe fell at the first hurdle in 2005. The draft Constitution envisaged a legislative innovation: the European law and European framework law, directly applicable in the Member States and superior to them. These legal instruments, envisaged as replacing EU regulations, could readily be cited as a major federalist pillar of the draft. Yet there would be no European laws – they were rejected with the draft constitution in the 2005 referenda, and the current treaties do not foresee any law-like European legislation. The author outlines the GDPR’s nature as a European law thus: the regulation 1) potentially concerns all residents of Europe, albeit by adding to the rights of individuals and protecting their freedoms; 2) addresses virtually all legal entities and undertakings acting, physically or through a network, in the European judicial area; 3) addresses the Member States and the EU itself; 4) and has cross-border applicability and covers the whole EU. Furthermore, its reach extends to service providers outside the EU if their service targets EU data subjects. There are substantial impacts on subjects on whom obligations are substantial. Hence, the author concludes that the GDPR’s scope, depth, and impacts exceed all the limits that the EU treaties permit for regulations. Furthermore, the treaties do not even know the term ‘general regulation’. Since the GDPR possesses the characteristics of a ‘European law’ – and even is ‘seamlessly’ positioned in a place reserved by the draft EU Constitution for the ‘European law on data protection’ – while such laws have been rejected, a key issue is highlighted: how deep an EU-level political integration and relinquishment of the individual European nations’ sovereignty do the Member States actually want? For instance, most analyses of the causes of Brexit cite loss of sovereignty of the UK as one of the main factors in the decision. The author concludes that, since the GDPR is with us to stay, amendment of the EU treaties can no longer be avoided. Noble objectives cannot justify infringements of the present ‘European Constitution’ and the constitutions of the Member States.
Which Adverse Environmental Impacts of an Economic Activity Are Legally Acceptable and on What Conditions
Authors: Veinla Hannes
Published: November 2018

The general aim of Estonian environmental law is reduction of environmental nuisances to the greatest extent possible, so as to protect the environment and human health, well-being, property, and cultural heritage. Hence, Estonian environmental law is not radically ‘green’: the aim is not to fully and unconditionally avoid environmental nuisances, since the functioning of human society and increasing of our prosperity are not possible without certain negative impacts on the environment. A fairly clear differentiation between environmental risks and hazards, in combination with the corresponding legal principles (of precaution and prevention), is characteristic of Estonian law. One of the main concerns with respect to plans and activities with a likely adverse environmental impact is whether the activity planned could cause environmental hazards in addition to environmental risks and, consequently, whether the precautionary principle or instead the preventive principle should be applied. Proven or assumed environmental nuisances caused by the activity in question do not necessarily need to be reduced or prevented; this duty applies only when a higher threshold is crossed – that is, when the environmental risk and/or hazard limit is exceeded. Hence, for plans and projects it has to be established whether the proposed activity actually would cause environmental risks and/or hazards. In the case of environmental risks (i.e., in situations wherein it is possible for an environmental nuisance that must be reduced to occur), the goal is not a priori prohibition of the activity but the application of measures that reduce the risk proportionally, where those measures might be carried out by such means as attaching additional conditions to environmental permits. Once the measures are set forth, it is up to the operator to decide whether meeting the prescribed conditions is feasible or, instead, the planned activity would be economically unreasonable under those conditions. When the probability of pollution occurring is considered great enough, there is deemed to be an environmental hazard, which must be prevented. Whether a hazard exists or not must be revealed in the course of further (scientific) research. Another important consideration is that an environmental hazard or a significant environmental nuisance needs to be tolerated in cases wherein all three of the following conditions are fulfilled: the activity is rendered necessary on account of compelling interest, there are no reasonable alternatives for safeguarding this interest, and the necessary measures have been taken to reduce the environmental hazard or significant environmental nuisance.
Identification of Provoked State in Estonian County Court Rulings of 2006–2016
Authors: Kask Kristjan , Tarkus Liisa , Harkovskaja Alina
Published: November 2018

In certain cases, homicide, if committed in a state of sudden extreme emotional disturbance caused by violence or insult inflicted on the killer or a person close to the killer by the victim, can be classified as manslaughter in a provoked state. The article examines the extent to which Estonian county courts apply assessments by forensic psychiatry and psychology experts in their identification of provoked state. The sample, from rulings published in the State Gazette between 2006 and 2016, was composed of 84 county court rulings, from four districts in Estonia. It was found that in two thirds of cases, forensic psychiatry and psychology experts were consulted in assessment of the presence of provoked state. Also, region-specific differences in identifying provoked state were found.
Digital Inheritance: Heirs’ Right to Claim Access to Online Accounts under Estonian Law
Authors: Mikk Tiina , Sein Karin
Published: November 2018

As we have moved more and more of our life onto the Internet, issues of digital inheritance have become all the more topical. The article takes as its main research question whether an heir is entitled to claim access to digital assets of the deceased and to exercise rights arising therefrom. In practice, many providers of Internet-based services, all over the world, seem to be of the opinion that the answer is ‘no’. The article focuses on analysing the topic from the perspective of Estonia’s applicable inheritance and data protection law. Also, comparative law arguments drawn from consideration of German case law and legal literature are applied. The authors examine two examples of Estonian online services – an online ticket sales service and an e-invoice management portal – and conclude that Estonian law does not grant the respective service providers a right to deny heirs access to the accounts.
What is Estonian Philosophy?
Authors: Sutrop Margit
Published: November 2018

The purpose of this article is to inquire what should belong in an encyclopedia article entitled "Estonian philosophy," should one ever endeavour to write it. The question "What is Estonian philosophy?" has two parts. First we have to know what we mean by the concept philosophy and after that how we would specify Estonian philosophy? Relying on a Wittgensteinian approach, I will argue that philosophy is an open concept. Although all philosophical works have some resemblances to other philosophical works, it is impossible to find criteria characteristic of all the varieties of schools and traditions in which philosophizing is carried out. Philosophy should be understood as a certain social practice. There can, however, be a large number of different practices. I will show that if by Estonian philosophy we have in mind a philosophy that is originally and purely Estonian, then at this point such does not exist. If by Estonian philosophy we mean philosophy created in Estonia, regardless of the practitioners' ethnicity and the language in which they wrote, the history of our philosophy is very rich and diverse. People of many different ethnicities have created philosophy in Estonia, articulating their philosophical ideas in Estonian, English, German, Latin, Russian, and Swedish. And if we broaden our concept of Estonian philosophy to also include the work of philosophers of Estonian extraction living abroad, then one could write quite a respectable article on the topic.
"A Star of the First Magnitude within the Philosophical World": Introduction to Life and Work of Gustav Teichmüller
Authors: Schwenke Heiner
Published: November 2018

In 1871, the German philosopher Gustav Teichmüller (1832-1888) moved from his Basel chair to the much better paid chair in Tartu, and taught there until his untimely death. Besides philosophy, he had studied various disciplines, including the natural sciences. In the preparation of his own philosophy, he explored the history of philosophy for more than twenty years and made pioneering contributions to the history of concepts. Only by the early-1880s did he begin to elaborate his "new philosophy", an original version of personalism, both anti-idealist and anti-materialist. He did this in three major works (Die wirkliche und die scheinbare Welt 1882, Religionsphilosophie 1886, Neue Grundlegung der Psychologie und Logik, posthumous 1889) which built upon each other. Unwritten remained the keystone of his philosophy, the Philosophie des Christentums, in which Teichmüller wanted to show that the philosophical contents of Christianity were encapsulated by his own personalism. One major objective of his philosophy, as I see it, was regaining reality---in particular the reality of the person---after it had been lost in the wake of the failure of modern representationalism. Notwithstanding its coherentist elements, I see Teichmüller's philosophy as a precursor of direct realism. Although he fell into oblivion soon after, his thoughts were received throughout Europe, notably by Friedrich Nietzsche, Aleksey Kozlov and Nicholas Lossky. His extensive literary remains, which are kept in Basel, remain to be explored.
Interests of Audit Users
Authors: Клинова Е. , Klinova E. , Сунгатуллина Р. , Sungatullina R.
Published: November 2018

The article reveals some theoretical aspects of the audit related to the study of the interests of its users as an element of the concept of audit. The authors substantiate the consideration of users’ interests from two positions: taking into account the general requirements for financial information among users as a single group and taking into account the interests of each subgroup of key users.
Toolkit of Organizational and Economic Mechanism of Functioning of Internal Control in the Enterprise
Authors: Аристархова М. , Aristarhova M. , Фахрутдинов В. , Fahrutdinov V.
Published: November 2018

In the article, on the basis of identifying the most important signs of internal control, the authors formulated their own point of view on its organizational and economic nature, considered the possibility of using institutional theory and its most important element, the norm, within the framework of internal control, stated its own point of view on filling the content of the norm, justified the possibility of the norm in internal control from the standpoint of utility, relations between subjects and legality.
From Nudge to «Psychology of Big Processes» — on the Role of Psychology in Transformation of the World Financial and Economic Architecture
Authors: Смирнов Ф. , Smirnov F.
Published: November 2018

The article explores the factor of psychology as an integral part of the evolution of the world economy and world finance. The analysis is given — from particular cases and examples, beginning with Nudge and ending with the «psychology of big processes», which has yet to be explored. A number of examples illustrating the specific scale of the psychological impact on some socio-economic processes are analyzed.
Blockchain in the knowledge management system
Authors: Сажина Муза , Sazhina Muza , Костин Святослав , Kostin Svyatoslav
Published: November 2018

The textbook focuses on the theory, methods and techniques of organization and motivation of effective work. The scientific results of the author and his staff received as a result of research on grants of Soros Foundation (RSS), the Russian Foundation for basic research, programs of the Ministry of education and science of the Russian Federation are reflected.
The book implements the principle of the author's training course and is intended for bachelors and masters studying in the direction of "Economics".
Storage Assignment with Rack-Moving Mobile Robots in KIVA Warehouses
Authors: Weidinger Felix , Boysen Nils , Briskorn Dirk
Published: November 2018

This paper treats an automated warehousing system, known as the KIVA system, where mobile robots lift complete racks and autonomously move them to stationary pickers. This innovative parts-to-picker system relieves the pickers from unproductive walking times without requiring high investment costs into inflexible hardware such as conveyors, storage and retrieval machines, or lifts. In this context, we treat the decision problem where to park the racks during order processing when they are consistently moved between the picking stations and the storage area. We formalize the resulting rack assignment problem as a special interval scheduling problem and introduce a new matheuristic dubbed adaptive programming. In a comprehensive computational study, we compare the results of our optimization approach with simple rule-based assignment policies. Our results reveal that the well-established rules widely applied in traditional picker-to-parts warehouses, for example, random and dedicated storage, lead to considerable optimality gaps. Adapted rules, however, which consider the peculiarities of KIVA warehouses, lead to very good results.

The e-companion is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.2018.0826 .
RESEARCH ROUNDUP
Authors: Palmer Sarah Jane
Published: November 2018

Sarah Jane Palmer presents a selection of recently published articles of interest to nurses working in cardiovascular nursing. The aim of this roundup is to provide a brief overview of the research papers selected. A full reference is provided for those who wish to take a look at the research in further detail.
Use of targeted temperature management post cardiac arrest
Authors: McDonnell Andrea
Published: November 2018

The term, targeted temperature management (TTM), is used to describe the management of a patient’s body temperature following cardiac arrest and has replaced the term therapeutic hypothermia. TTM has three phases: induction, maintenance and rewarming. A targeted temperature is set to provide neuroprotection and better clinical outcomes for post cardiac arrest patients. The targeted temperature ranges between 32 and 36°C for 12–24 hours with the avoidance of hyperthermia for up to 72 hours. There are three common methods to undertake TTM: conventional cooling techniques, surface cooling systems and intravascular cooling systems. Nurses need to be able to apply, monitor and manipulate the system being used to ensure that adequate TTM is provided. Nurses will also need to monitor the patient for any physiological changes that can occur as a result of the TTM and apply treatment strategies where appropriate. The European Resuscitation Council (2015) has published guidelines on the use of TTM in post cardiac arrest patients and these will also be discussed.
ECG of the month
Authors: Regan Martin
Published: November 2018

Martin Regan, presents an ECG for you to analyse
Pelvic girdle pain: The Stickmum project 3 years forward
Authors: Fishburn Sarah
Published: November 2018

Pelvic girdle pain related to pregnancy (PGP) is increasingly well recognised by midwives and women. There is a growing awareness that PGP results from a mechanical dysfunction of the pelvic joints, causing pain and disability, and that it is treatable. Recent literature has examined the prevalence and duration of PGP; the use of caesarean section, treatment with manual therapy and exercise during and after pregnancy (now gaining more and more acceptance as the most effective way to manage and resolve PGP); and evidence to support continued breastfeeding. There are new studies about the long-term prevalence and consequences of lack of treatment, both physical and psychological, and the financial impact on society. By treating PGP with manual therapy during pregnancy, as symptoms arise, the associated morbidity can be avoided or minimised. This article reviews the recent literature on PGP and reflects on the response to the Pelvic Partnership's 2015 ‘Stickmum’ campaign.
Experiencing maternal death
Authors: McDowell Indie
Published: November 2018

Caring for a woman who dies in childbirth is a traumatic time for families, partners and clinicians. In this reflective piece, Indie McDowell discusses her experience
Sewage sludge compost as a substrate for croton seedlings production
Authors: Lopes Marcela Caetano , D'Andréa Mateus Caroline De Moura , Alves Dávilla Alessandra Da Silva , Tavares Armando Reis , Sanches Luiz Vitor Crepaldi , Villas Bôas Roberto Lyra
Published: November 2018

The floricultural industry is always searching for new and low-cost materials to use as substrate for crop growth and development. Sewage sludge is an organic solid waste from sewage treatment and it has a good potential to be used as an organic fertilizer and/or substrate conditioner. The research aimed to evaluate the rooting and growth of Codiaeum variegatum ‘Andreanum’ (red variety) and Codiaeum variegatum ‘Punctatum’ (yellow variety) cuttings cultivated in the potting media: PM1 - 100% commercial potting media used as control (CS), PM2 - 100% organic compost of sewage sludge + sugarcane bagasse (SSSB), PM3 - 50% CS + 50% SSSB, PM4 - 100% organic compost of sewage sludge + eucalyptus bark (SSEB) and PM5 - 50% CS + 50% SSEB. After 90 days of experimentation the chemical analysis of the substrate solution (pH, electric conductivity, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Na, B, Cu, Mn and Zn) and number of shoots, shoot fresh and dry mass, plant cutting fresh and dry masses, root fresh and dry masses, total fresh and dry masses and, length of the largest root were analyzed. Our results showed that sewage sludge compost can be used as a substrate for rooting and growth of croton cuttings when mixed with commercial substrate. The use of the pure sewage sludge compound with sugarcane bagasse or eucalyptus bark prejudiced croton cuttings to root.
The Social Character of Value
Authors: Luxemburg Rosa
Published: November 2018

In this excerpt from The Accumulation of Capital, Rosa Luxemburg explains how classical political economy lacks a clear conception of the commodity—both in the terms of the distinctions between use value and exchange value, as well as between concrete and abstract labor. This metaphysical, essentialist framework leads to a complete failure to understand the social character of labor's capacity to create value.
Renminbi: A Century of Change
Authors: Tsui Sit , Jiansheng Qiu , Xiaohui Yan , Wong Erebus , Tiejun Wen
Published: November 2018

There is considerable interest in the history and characterization of China's economy. This overview of the evolution of the renminbi from the late Qing dynasty to the present, shows how China's political and economic changes in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries are reflected in the development of its highly contested modern currency system.
The Practice of Religion & Its Influence on Hatuhaha Language Shift in Central Moluccas
Authors: Da Costa Romilda Arivina
Published: November 2018

By the trade and the spread of Islam, Malay language (BM) was introduced. Hatuhaha language (BHT) and Malay language (BM) were used based on their needs. When Portuguese and The Netherlands ruled there, Hatuhaha communities (HA) forced down from the mountain and occupied the coastal areas. The use of Hatuhaha language (BHT) began to be prohibited; especially in the Hulaliu village which have been Christianized. On the contrary, in the four villages which were not Christianized, Hatuhaha language (BHT) was limited use because they did not always have business with the colonial. Furthermore, religious fragmentation occurs gradually, and impacted sosiologically on the development of Hatuhaha language (BHT). This phenomenon is then examined by quantitative and qualitative approaches that utilize the library study method, observation, survey, and interview. The results showed that in addition to the factors of colonization and Christianization, religious practice in Hatuhaha community (HA) has given more significant impact on Hatuhaha language (BHT) shift. It could be shown through correlation test by using Chi-Square on the level of frequency in using Hatuhaha language (BHT) on the domain of family, religious, and custom.
Generic Structure and Cohesive Devices: A Study on the Final Project Report Presentation of the Accounting Students of Polines Semarang
Authors: Raharjo Suko , Nirmala Deli
Published: November 2018

This study examines the generic structure and cohesive devices in the Final Project Report (FPR) presentation delivered in English by the Accounting students of Polines. Fourteen randomly selected subjects (10% of the third graders’ population) were involved and audio-recorded during their presentation. The recordings were then transcribed and analyzed using a descriptive-interpretative method. The result shows that the generic structure most presenters used was Greeting and Salutation–Self Introduction–Topic Introduction–Body–Summary–Conclusion, in which the Body mostly consists of Background or Object of the Study, Problem Statement, Aims of the Study, Research Method, and Results and Discussion, and the Summary consists of Conclusion and Suggestion. The major cohesive devices employed were conjunctives of Textual, hypotactic and paratactic types, referents of exophoric and anaphoric types, and repetition as part of lexical cohesion. The transition of stages was marked mostly with referents and specific lexical items. This study may contribute to teaching public speaking of the university students especially in presentation.
The Force Scheme in Javanese Emotion Metaphors
Authors: Rahardian Ema , Nirmala Deli
Published: November 2018

People with their creativity can use language for different purposes with different attitudes. They use metaphors in daily communication. In this paper, the writer tried to analyze them from force schemas to show the cognitive patterns of the users’ mind. . This paper aims at discussing the use of force schema in Javanese EMOTION metaphor. To collect the data, the writer used non-participant observation supported by note-taking technique. To choose the samples, the writers used purposive sampling technique. This means that the writers only took the metaphorical expressions containing a concept of emotion especially force schema conceptualization. To analyze the data, the writers used referential identity method. The writers used the method to uncover the meaning and the attitude of the speakers in using the expressions. The writer found that force schema used in Javanese EMOTION metaphors are compulsion, enablement, diversion, and restraint-removing force schemas. The writer also found that Javanese people have active and inactive responses when they get emotion. This finding may add more studies on metaphors.
Analysis of Students’ Needs Related to their Learning Preferences
Authors: Nisrawati Wa Ode
Published: November 2018

The objective of this research was to find out the Islamic Economy students’ needs and wants in learning English at State Islamic University of Pekalongan. The researcher used questionnaire to investigate and elicit opinion related to the needs, demands for English skills and preference of English learning activities, difficulties and barriers encountered by the students in learning English. The result reveals that most students show high demand on the speaking skill and want to develop it more. Besides, this research reveals that the students are facing difficulties and problems in communication because of the lacks of vocabulary, speaking skill, and grammar. Considering this result, it is suggested that the instructor/lecturer need to give more input of vocabularies especially vocabularies related to students’ major and occupational purposes.
Analiza odcisków tkanin na IX-XI-wiecznej ceramice naczyniowej z Góry, gm. Pobiedziska, woj. wielkopolskie, stan. 1
Authors: Sikorski Andrzej
Published: November 2018

Results of the analysis of fabrics impressions on pottery brings about a valuable information about materials used in potter’s workshops. It seems that old rags were most commonly used there. Craftsmen employed them for the following purposes: (a) to get a molded vessel unstuck from pad and/or wheel (the rag was put under the bottom - possibly instead of filling); (b) to smooth vessel’s surface (after it has been formed); (c) to carry finished, albeit still soft pot; (d) to put a drying vessel on the fabric. A study of “pottery” fabrics, often completely ignored by scholars, is not of trivial importance for the reconstruction of textile products, not only in the Middle Ages.
Antyczne kamieniołomy Proconnesos. Zarys problematyki
Authors: Grala Katarzyna
Published: November 2018

Authors of this article visited the Marmara island in August 2000 during a short research stay. It was aimed at recognition of at the current condition of the quarries and their ancient remains, preparation of photo and graphic documentation as well as collection of samples for petrographic, chemical. X-rays, and isotopie analyses. The quarries have been functioning since the ancient times until the present day. A marble called the “Marmara-White” is extracted from them. During construction of two new breakwaters in Saraylar, next to which the quarries are located, a Roman and early Byzantine cemetery was found that led to the archaeological studies of the island and consequently to the renewed interest in marble distribution in ancient times.
Wczesnoneolityczne figurki antropomorficzne na przykładzie nowego znaleziska z Lipnicy w województwie wielkopolskim
Authors: Krzyszowski Andrzej
Published: November 2018

A fragment of clay figurine was found in a Band Pottery Culture pit at Lipnica near Szamotuły during rescue excavations o f the Y amai gas pipe ( 1996). It was probably painted and ornamented by vertically incised lines. Its compositional and formal attributes make us believe that this is a fragment of anthropomorphic, freestanding and realistically represented figurine without steatopygic features. It was either an early Neolithic idol or toy. The figurine shows similarities to alike artifacts from Central European oecumene of the Band Pottery culture (in particular in the Lower Silesia and Germany), which are characterized by their slenderness and incised ornamentation. Additionally, the painting decoration is indicative of influences from south-eastern centers of the LBK (Ukraine and Moravia).
Cmentarzysko z wczesnego okresu epoki brązu: Szczecin-Płonia (Buchholz, Kreis Greifenhagen), stanowisko 2
Authors: Kozłowska Dorota
Published: November 2018

The article presents all available data from the early Bronze Age eponimic settlement at Szczecin-Plonia, site 2 (earlier Buchholz, Kreis Greifenhagen). Its first part comprises analysis of all empirical materials collected before 1945, while the second is a study of materials from the excavations in the years 1993-1996.
Z historii badań traseologicznych w polskiej archeologii epoki kamienia
Authors: Małecka-Kukawka Jolanta
Published: November 2018

The paper is an outline of history of the tool function studies in the Polish Stone Age archaeology. An experimental-traseological method of the Russian scholar S. A. Semenov has been known in archaeology for about forty years. This microscopic method of tool function identification has soon become one of the most important methods of archaeological data analysis from the oldest phases of prehistory. The paper discusses reasons of a poor reception of traseology in Poland. This lack of reflection on tool function is linked to a dominant culture-historical paradigm in Stone Age archaeology.
Z badań wykopaliskowych i inwentaryzacyjnych w Nowym Krakowie, gm. Darłowo, stan. 1
Authors: Skrzypek Ignacy
Published: November 2018

The article presents history of hitherto conducing studies at this site. It is also aimed at presentation of a short-lived excavation of the early Roman Iron Age burial mound as well as the Hallstatt settlement features, conducted in the 1991 season.
Osadnictwo ma wyspie Thira (Santoryn) od neolitu po późną epokę brązu
Authors: Kufel Mariusz
Published: November 2018

This article presents a history of the Thera Island occupation in the Neolithic and Bronze Age. Altogether, 13 settlements and 2 cemeteries have been recorded from this period. The island was inhabited until the Late Bronze Age. The most significant centre on the island was surely the town of Akrotiri. At the beginning of the Late Bronze Age, a large eruption of the Santorini volcano took place which ceased the occupation and covered the almost entire island with a thick layer of pumice.
On grain, bones, and Khabur collapse
Authors: Koliński Rafał
Published: November 2018

A hypothesis on the total collapse of the settlement in Northern Syria at the end of the third millennium BC, put forward in 1993 by Harvey Weiss and his team, is one of the most disputed issues in the protohistoric archaeology of North Mesopotamia. Today it is obvious that the crisis has not been as general as Weiss believed. Also his original explanation of the cause of this event (volcano eruption in the Near East) is generally doubted. The author discusses the present state of knowledge of the archaeology of this period as well as proxy data used for environmental reconstructions, because an environmental crisis is considered to be the most likely cause of the decline in settlement. One of the aims of the paper is to propose new sources for environmental proxies, which may help in the formulation of a more accurate reconstruction of environmental trends in the Near East in general.
Andrzej Rozwadowski, Obrazy z przeszłości. Hermeneutyka sztuki naskalnej, Poznań 2009
Authors: Harat Karolina
Published: November 2018

The review of A. Rozwadowski’s „Images from the Past: Hermeneutics of the Rock Art” underlines its innovative approach to the complexity of the problem presented in this study.
Exploring the Use of L1 in CLIL
Authors: Papaja Katarzyna
Published: November 2018

There have always been contradicting views about whether to use the mother tongue in the foreign language classroom. The issue this paper is going to examine in more detail is the use as well as the purpose of the Polish language used in selected Content and Language Integrated Learning classrooms.
Development of Interest in Reading on the Part of Students and Future Academics
Authors: Doležalová Jana
Published: November 2018

Introduction: Interest in reading and reader activities cannot be developed efficiently without deeper knowledge of the effects of relevant factors. Purpose: The aim of this paper is to provide information on the specifics of the creation of interest in reading in the course of future academics’ lives. Methods: This knowledge was obtained from second-year teacher students in the bachelor program at the University of Hradec Kralove by means of readers’ biographies and interviews. After six years, the investigation was repeated. Participants’ written records about their development of interest in reading were analysed, open-coded and category coded. Limitations: The results apply to only a sample of university-educated persons in the field of teaching. Conclusions: Realized experiences encourage interdisciplinary discourse and cooperation in deepening the knowledge about this topic and its follow-up application in teacher training at universities in all teaching specializations.
The Application of Comics in Science Education
Authors: Koutníková Marta
Published: November 2018

Introduction: This study presents the results of a year-long project focused on analysis and reflection on working with comics by students in the preschool teacher training programme. Methods: This study presents the use of comics to help pre-literacy children understand certain physical phenomena. The study is based on observations of changing perception of phenomena by children as a result of the use of comics accompanied by concept maps. Results: Comics are proven to be a modern pedagogical strategy, which is starting to gain its popularity in teaching about nature study. It is used in research-oriented teaching within the psycho-didactic concept of instruction. Conclusions: Comics can be very helpful in making science concepts interesting and comprehensible for a preschool child.
The V-2 rule in Old English conjunct clauses
Authors: Cichosz Anna
Published: November 2018

This study shows that Old English conjunct clauses, i.e. main declarative clauses introduced by the coordinating conjunctionsandandac, resemble non-conjunct main clauses as far as the V-2 rule is concerned. Most importantly, this study reveals that the mechanism of SV inversion observed in OE conjunct clauses works according to all the principles defined for non-conjunct main clauses. The only difference, driven by the main discourse function of conjunct clauses, is that the clause-initial element in these clauses is usually the subject. However, if the subject is preceded by some other fronted constituent (e.g. an object, a complement, an adverb or a prepositional phrase), SV inversion is typical with nominal subjects, while personal pronoun subjects are only inverted if the clause-initial constituent belongs to a limited set of adverbs, i.e.þaandþonne(‘then’). In this way, this study reveals that the difference between Old English conjunct and non-conjunct main clauses is not as clear-cut as has traditionally been suggested.
Existence and Uniqueness of Classical and Mild Solutions of Generalized Impulsive Evolution Equation
Authors: Shah Vishant , George Raju K. , Sharma Jaita , Muthukumar P.
Published: November 2018

In this article, the existence and uniqueness of generalized nonlinear impulsive evolution equation is derived. The proposed system is modeled with nonlinear perturbed force which changes after every impulse. The Banach contraction principle is applied to prove the existence and uniqueness of mild solution. The existence and uniqueness of classical solution is obtained by fixing the impulse and the conditions in which mild solution becomes classical solution also obtained. Finally an example is illustrated to the effectiveness of main results.
Recent advances of light-driven micro/nanomotors: toward powerful thrust and precise control
Authors: Zhan Ziheng , Wei Fanan , Zheng Jianghong , Yang Wenguang , Luo Jing , Yao Ligang
Published: November 2018

In the past two decades, micro/nanomotor is emerging as a critical domain of nanoscale research. Light-driven micro/nanomotors have gained a wealth of attention from the academics because of their potential applications in various fields such as environment remediation, biomedical field and cargo delivery at microscale. In order to perform some more challenging and complex tasks, higher actuation force and more precise control are both indispensable for light-driven micro/nanomotors. In this review, we discussed about three major factors: actuation mechanism, structure of micro/nanomotors and the wavelength of light irradiation, to find out how to gain a higher actuation force and propel the motor in a relatively high speed under light irradiation. Besides, some common control strategies of light-driven micro/nanomotors are presented in details with the advantages and disadvantages of each control mechanism, which will help lead to a convenient and precise control. Finally, the future development approaches toward powerful thrust and precise control are discussed for light-driven micro/nanomotors.
Cards on the Table: Efficiency and Welfare Effects of the No-Surcharge Rule
Authors: Henriques David
Published: November 2018

In Electronic Payment Networks (EPNs), the No-Surcharge Rule (NSR) requires that merchants charge at most the same amount for a payment card transaction as for cash. In this paper, I use a three-party model (consumers, local monopolistic merchants, and a proprietary EPN) with endogenous transaction volumes, heterogeneous card use benefits for merchants and network externalities of card-accepting merchants on cardholders to assess the efficiency and welfare effects of the NSR. I show that the NSR: (i) promotes retail price efficiency for cardholders, and (ii) inefficiently reduces card acceptance among merchants. The NSR can enhance social welfare and improve payment efficiency by shifting output from cash payers to cardholders. However, if network externalities are sufficiently strong, the reduction of card payment acceptance affects cardholders negatively and, with the exception of the EPN, all agents will be worse off under the NSR. This paper also suggests that the NSR may be an instrument to decrease cash usage, but the social optimal policy on the NSR may depend on the competitive conditions in each market.
Study on the effects of nozzle distance to surface roughness of workpiece under minimum quantity lubricant (MQL) milling process
Authors: Mohd Fadzil Firdaus Shazriq , Ismail Nur Izzati Khoirunnisa , Rosli Nurrina
Published: November 2018

Application of cutting oil during machining process has been the most important contributor for the development of manufacturing sectors. There are many types of machining technologies developed with cutting oil supply system such as minimum quantity lubricant (MQL). With very little supply of lubricant, it can lengthen the cutting tool life and surface roughness of workpiece. Although the low consumption of lubricant is favourable, study on the performance of MQL machining process must be strengthened enough since the high penetration ability of very little amount of lubricant oil is important. Many researches have been carried out since decades ago to study the MQL performance. However, investigation on the effects on nozzle position have not been treated in much detail. Here, this paper is aimed to investigate the effects of nozzle distance to surface roughness of workpiece under MQL milling process. Experimental approach was done mainly under different nozzle distance varied in horizontal direction from the cutting tool. Other than that, the effects of feed rate and spindle speed to the surface roughness were also investigated. As a result, surface roughness increases with increasing feed rate. At lower operation of spindle speed, surface roughness rapidly increases with increasing feed rate compared to higher operated spindle speed. Operation under high feed rate leads to a decreasing surface roughness with increasing spindle speed. Milling under high feed rate for all conditions of nozzle distance can still give a great surface roughness for a workpiece, only if the spindle speed is increased. Surface roughness decreases with increasing distance of nozzle to workpiece in horizontal direction.
Development of Product Service System Modelling in SMED: The Case of Inventory Control
Authors: Suaily Samsiah , Ismail Siti Zubaidah
Published: November 2018

Development of Product Service System (PSS) in Small and Medium Enterprise Development (SMED) has been growing rapidly in the manufacturing industries. PSS is a combination between product and service in one system. Off ering a PSS in a manufacturing requires effective inventory control. However, for manufacturing company increased focus on inventory control on PSS means new challenges because PSS inventory is not only created through the physical products, but also with services. The research carried out involved proposing generic model using IDEF0 and evaluate the generic model development using Enterprise Dynamics Simulation (EDS).