bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial variation in the plasma sheet composition: Dependence on geomagnetic and solar activity
Authors: Maggiolo R. , Kistler L. M.
Published: April 2014

We study the spatial distribution of plasma sheet O+ and H+ ions using data from the COmposition and DIstribution Function (CODIF) instrument on board the Cluster spacecraft from 2001 to 2005. The densities are mapped along magnetic field lines to produce bidimensional density maps at the magnetospheric equatorial plane for various geomagnetic and solar activity levels (represented by the Kp and F10.7 indexes). We analyze the correlation of the O+ and H+ density with Kp and F10.7 in the midtail region at geocentric distances between 15 and 20 RE and in the near‐Earth regions at radial distances between 7 and 8 RE. Near Earth the H+ density slightly increases with Kp and F10.7 while in the midtail region it is not correlated with Kp and F10.7. On the contrary, the amount of O+ ions significantly increases with Kp and F10.7 independently of the region. In the near‐Earth region, the effects of solar EUV and geomagnetic activity on the O+ density are comparable. In the midtail region, the O+ density increases at a lower rate with solar EUV flux but strongly increases with geomagnetic activity although the effect is modulated by the solar EUV flux level. We also evidence a strong increase of the proportion of O+ ions with decreasing geocentric distance below ~10 RE. These results confirm the direct entry of O+ ions into the near‐Earth plasma sheet and suggest that both energetic outflows from the auroral zone and cold outflow from the high‐latitude ionosphere may contribute to feed the near‐Earth plasma sheet with ionospheric ions.
Evaluating balanced section restoration with thermochronology data: A case study from the Central Pyrenees
Authors: Erdős Zoltán , van der Beek Peter , Huismans Ritske S.
Published: April 2014

We present a new method that can be used to quantitatively evaluate the consistency between balanced section restorations and thermochronological data sets from orogenic belts. We have applied our method to a crustal‐scale area‐balanced cross‐section restoration along a profile in the Central Pyrenees. This restoration is well constrained and supported by a wide variety of geological and geophysical data. Moreover, an extensive thermochronological data set has been collected independently in the area. We use the structural‐kinematic software 2D‐Move™ to constrain a set of velocity fields that describes the kinematics of the Central Pyrenees. Using these velocity fields as input for the thermokinematic code PECUBE, we derive predictions of the thermal history and a range of thermochronometric ages for the modeled area. We find that the kinematic history of the belt as inferred from section balancing is in good agreement with the published thermochronological data. High‐temperature (zircon fission‐track and K‐feldspar Ar‐Ar) data constrain the thermal structure of the belt as well as the timing of underplating. Low‐temperature (apatite fission‐track and (U‐Th)/He) data require late synorogenic sedimentary burial of the southern flank of the Pyrenees between late Eocene (40 Ma) to late Miocene (9 Ma) times, consistent with previous studies, and imply that no such burial occurred on the northern flank.
Evidence of spray‐mediated air‐sea enthalpy flux within tropical cyclones
Authors: Richter David H. , Stern Daniel P.
Published: April 2014

It has long been conjectured that spray ejected from the high‐wind ocean surface enhances air/sea enthalpy fluxes, but a lack of observational data, particularly at wind speeds exceeding 20 m s−1, has prevented either confirmation or refutation of this hypothesis. The current study has two aims: first, to provide an estimate of surface enthalpy fluxes obtained from dropsonde data and second, to provide evidence of spray‐mediated enthalpy transfer. These are accomplished first by assuming that Monin‐Obukhov similarity is satisfied throughout the bottom 100 m of the high‐wind boundary layer, then by focusing on the enthalpy flux HK rather than its transfer coefficient CK. The scaling of HKwith wind speed in observational data sets reveals similarities to spray‐mediated fluxes predicted by a newly developed surface flux model, in contrast with measurements made in a laboratory setting. This behavior supports the claim that surface enthalpy fluxes are dominated by spray within tropical cyclones.
Shortening of recurrence interval of Boso slow slip events in Japan
Authors: Ozawa Shinzaburo
Published: April 2014

A slow slip event occurred off the coast of the Boso peninsula, Japan, from approximately 28 December 2013 to 10 January 2014. The estimated aseismic slip expanded slightly southward and westward over time with a moment magnitude of 6.5, which was the smallest value since 1996. The recurrence interval has decreased from approximately 6.4 to 2.2 years from 1996 to 2014. One explanation of this shortening is the change in Coulomb failure stress due to the 2011 Mw9.0 Tohoku earthquake and its afterslip. Another interpretation is related to a scenario observed in several numerical simulation studies, in which the recurrence interval of slow slip becomes shorter as the time nears a large earthquake. This case will constrain the physical processes of a slip cycle. The Boso slow slip events together with the Tohoku earthquake and its afterslip changed the stress state for the anticipated interplate earthquake near the Sagami trough.
Welcome to the Neighborhood! Reinventing Academic Life for Undergraduate Students
Authors: Youatt June Pierce , McCully Wyl , Blanshan Sue A.
Published: April 2014

June Pierce Youatt, Wyl McCully, and Sue A. Blanshan describe an innovative, collaborative approach to making on–campus life more accessible to students at Michigan State University.
Atomic Layer Deposition Assisted Pattern Multiplication of Block Copolymer Lithography for 5 nm Scale Nanopatterning
Authors: Moon Hyoung‐Seok , Kim Ju Young , Jin Hyeong Min , Lee Woo Jae , Choi Hyeon Jin , Mun Jeong Ho , Choi Young Joo , Cha Seung Keun , Kwon Se Hun , Kim Sang Ouk
Published: April 2014

5‐nm‐scale line and hole patterning is demonstrated by synergistic integration of block copolymer (BCP) lithography with atomic layer deposition (ALD). While directed self‐assembly of BCPs generates highly ordered line array or hexagonal dot array with the pattern periodicity of 28 nm and the minimum feature size of 14 nm, pattern density multiplication employing ALD successfully reduces the pattern periodicity down to 14 nm and minimum feature size down to 5 nm. Self‐limiting ALD process enable the low temperature, conformal deposition of 5 nm thick spacer layer directly at the surface of organic BCP patterns. This ALD assisted pattern multiplication addresses the intrinsic thermodynamic limitations of low χ BCPs for sub‐10‐nm scale downscaling. Moreover, this approach offers a general strategy for scalable ultrafine nanopatterning without burden for multiple overlay control and high cost lithographic tools.
High‐Yield Preparation, Versatile Structural Modification, and Properties of Layered Cobalt Hydroxide Nanocones
Authors: Liu Xiaohe , Ma Renzhi , Bando Yoshio , Sasaki Takayoshi
Published: April 2014

A low‐cost oil bath synthetic route is presented to produce uniform and highly crystalline layered cobalt hydroxide nanocones (NCs) intercalated with dodecyl sulfate anions (C12H25OSO3−, DS−). A new exfoliating procedure, by gradually unravelling/unzipping these NCs through heat treatment in formamide‐water binary solution, is developed to prepare unilamellar nanosheets. Moreover, the NCs can be readily modified with various inorganic or organic anions via a conventional anion‐exchange process at ambient temperature. The exchanged product, for example, NO3−–intercalated NCs, can be more easily and rapidly transformed into cobalt oxides (e.g., Co3O4 and CoO) than the original DS−–intercalated form while retaining a conical feature. Both the cobalt hydroxide NCs and exfoliated nanosheets are electrochemically redoxable, exhibiting a Faradaic pseudocapacitive behavior. The magnetic measurements further reveal both antiferromagnetic behaviors for transformed Co3O4 and CoO NCs. Their Néel temperature values are lower than those of bulk oxides due to finite size and geometric confinement effect. The peculiar conical feature of NCs with a hollow interior and tunable layer spacing, as well as exfoliated unilamellar nanosheets with all surface area exposed, may show promise for potential applications in electrochemical energy storage and magnetic devices.
Broadband Plasmonic Photocurrent Enhancement in Planar Organic Photovoltaics Embedded in a Metallic Nanocavity
Authors: Sykes Matthew E. , Barito Adam , Amonoo Jojo A. , Green Peter F. , Shtein Max
Published: April 2014

A substantial broadband increase in the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of thin‐film organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices using near‐field coupling to surface plasmons is reported, significantly enhancing absorption at surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The devices tested consist of an archetypal boron subpthalocyanine chloride/fullerene (SubPc/C60) donor/acceptor heterojunction embedded within a planar semitransparent metallic nanocavity. The absorption and EQE are modeled in detail and probed by attenuated total internal reflection spectroscopy with excellent agreement. At SPR, the EQE can be enhanced fourfold relative to normal incidence, due to simulated ninefold enhancement in active layer absorption efficiency. The response at SPR is thickness‐independent, down to a few monolayers, suggesting the ability to excite monolayer‐scale junctions with an EQE of ≈6% and a 16‐fold absorption enhancement over normal incidence. These results potentially impact the future design of plasmonically enhanced thin‐film photovoltaics and photodetectors and enable the direct analysis of the dynamics of photocurrent production at OPV heterojunctions.
Effect of coordination sphere of the copper center and Cu―Cu distance on catechol oxidase and nuclease activities of the copper complexes
Authors: Zheng Bin , Liu Hui , Feng Jie , Zhang Jingyan
Published: April 2014

To explore the effect of Cu―Cu distance in the structure of copper complexes on their catechol oxidase and nuclease activity, six copper complexes with a similar coordination sphere but different Cu―Cu distances were synthesized and characterized with elemental analysis, single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, molar conductivity measurements, IR and UV–visible spectroscopy. Complex 1 is a binuclear copper complex and complex 4 is a polynuclear complex with a Z‐chain structure, as evidenced by their crystal structures. Complementary characterizations showed that complexes 2 and 3 have a similar binuclear structure to the complex 1; and complexes 5 and 6 are analogous to complex 4. The catechol oxidase activity of complexes 1, 2, 3 is quite akin to that of 4, 5, 6, suggesting that the catechol oxidase activity of the complexes was determined by the coordination environment of the copper center, when Cu―Cu distance is large. In contrast, DNA cleavage activity of the complexes 1, 2 and 3 are much higher than that of 4, 5 and 6, indicating that the planar ligand structure in the complexes 4, 5 and 6 is more critical than the copper coordination sphere and the Cu―Cu distance for their nuclease activity. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolution of the anatomical theatre in Padova
Authors: Macchi Veronica , Porzionato Andrea , Stecco Carla , De Caro Raffaele
Published: April 2014

The anatomical theatre played a pivotal role in the evolution of medical education, allowing students to directly observe and participate in the process of dissection. Due to the increase of training programs in clinical anatomy, the Institute of Human Anatomy at the University of Padova has renovated its dissecting room. The main guidelines in planning a new anatomical theatre included: (1), the placement of the teacher and students on the same level in a horizontal anatomical theatre where it is possible to see (theatre) and to perform (dissecting room); (2), in the past, dissection activities were concentrated at the center of the theatre, while in the new anatomical theatre, such activities have been moved to the periphery through projection on surrounding screens—thus, students occupy the center of the theatre between the demonstration table, where the dissection can be seen in real time, and the wall screens, where particular aspects are magnified; (3), three groups of tables are placed with one in front with two lateral flanking tables in regards to the demonstration table, in a semicircular arrangement, and not attached to the floor, which makes the room multifunctional for surgical education, medical students and physician's continued professional development courses; (4), a learning station to introduce the students to the subject of the laboratory; (5), cooperation between anatomists and architects in order to combine the practical needs of a dissection laboratory with new technologies; (6), involvement of the students, representing the clients' needs; and (7), creation of a dissecting room of wide measurements with large windows, since a well‐illuminated space could reduce the potentially negative psychological impact of the dissection laboratory on student morale. Anat Sci Educ 7: 487–493. © 2014 American Association of Anatomists.
Correlating students' educational background, study habits, and resource usage with learning success in medical histology
Authors: Selvig Daniel , Holaday Louisa W. , Purkiss Joel , Hortsch Michael
Published: April 2014

Histology is a traditional core basic science component of most medical and dental education programs and presents a didactic challenge for many students. Identifying students that are likely to struggle with histology would allow for early intervention to support and encourage their learning success. To identify student characteristics that are associated with learning success in histology, three first‐year medical school classes at the University of Michigan (>440 students) were surveyed about their educational background, attitudes toward learning histology, and their use of histology learning strategies and resources. These characteristics were linked with the students' quiz and examination results in histology. Students who reported previous experience in histology or pathology and hold science or biomedical science college degrees usually did well in histology. Learning success in histology was also positively associated with students' perception that histology is important for their professional career. Other positive indicators were in‐person participation in teacher‐guided learning experiences, specifically lecture and laboratory sessions. In contrast, students who relied on watching histology lectures by video rather than going to lectures in‐person performed significantly worse. These characteristics and learning strategies of students who did well in this very visual and challenging study subject should be of help for identifying and advising students early, who might be at risk of failing a histology course or component. Anat Sci Educ 8: 1–11. © 2014 American Association of Anatomists.
Comparison of modified thiel embalming and ethanol‐glycerin fixation in an anatomy environment: Potentials and limitations of two complementary techniques
Authors: Hammer Niels , Löffler Sabine , Bechmann Ingo , Steinke Hanno , Hädrich Carsten , Feja Christine
Published: April 2014

Thiel‐fixed specimens have outstandingly lifelike visual and haptic properties. However, the original Thiel method is expensive and requires an elaborate setup. It is therefore of principal interest to modify the Thiel method in order to make it available to a broader user group. A modified Thiel embalming method will be described in detail and compared to ethanol‐glycerin fixation with the help of illustrative examples. The visual properties, haptic properties, the usability for performing histological investigations, costs and potential health aspects will be considered. Tissues fixed with the modified Thiel technique gave results similar to the original method, providing more realistic visual and haptic properties than ethanol‐glycerin embalming. However, Thiel fixation is significantly more expensive and requires more precautions to minimize potential health hazards than ethanol‐glycerin‐fixed tissues. In contrast to ethanol‐glycerin‐fixed specimens, the Thiel‐fixed specimens are not suitable for histological investigations. Both modes of fixation are inappropriate for biomechanical testing. Modified Thiel embalming simplifies the availability of body donors with lifelike properties and has cost‐saving advantages to the original technique. Thiel‐embalmed body donors are ideally suited for clinical workshops but have restrictions for student dissection courses in facilities with limited storage space, air circulation or technical staff. Vice versa, ethanol‐glycerin‐fixed body donors are well suited for student dissection courses in such an environment but are limited in their use for clinical workshops. Modified Thiel embalming therefore ideally complements ethanol‐glycerin fixation in order to provide customized solutions for clinical workshops and student dissection courses in a wide range of applications. Anat Sci Educ 8: 74–85. © 2014 American Association of Anatomists.
Ultrasound simulator‐assisted teaching of cardiac anatomy to preclinical anatomy students: A pilot randomized trial of a three‐hour learning exposure
Authors: Canty David Jeffrey , Hayes Jenny A. , Story David Andrew , Royse Colin Forbes
Published: April 2014

Ultrasound simulation allows students to virtually explore internal anatomy by producing accurate, moving, color, three‐dimensional rendered slices from any angle or approach leaving the organs and their relationships intact without requirement for consumables. The aim was to determine the feasibility and efficacy of self‐directed learning of cardiac anatomy with an ultrasound simulator compared to cadavers and plastic models. After a single cardiac anatomy lecture, fifty university anatomy students participated in a three‐hour supervised self‐directed learning exposure in groups of five, randomized to an ultrasound simulator or human cadaveric specimens and plastic models. Pre‐ and post‐tests were conducted using pictorial and non‐pictorial multiple‐choice questions (MCQs). Simulator students completed a survey on their experience. Four simulator and seven cadaver group students did not attend after randomization. Simulator use in groups of five students was feasible and feedback from participants was very positive. Baseline test scores were similar (P = 0.9) between groups. After the learning intervention, there was no difference between groups in change in total test score (P = 0.37), whether they were pictorial (P = 0.6) or non‐pictorial (P = 0.21). In both groups there was an increase in total test scores (simulator +19.8 ±12.4%% and cadaver: +16.4% ± 10.2, P < 0.0001), pictorial question scores (+22.9 ±18.0%, 19.7 ±19.3%, P < 0.001) and non‐pictorial question scores (+16.7 ±18.2%, +13 ±15.4%, P = 0.002). The ultrasound simulator appears equivalent to human cadaveric prosections for learning cardiac anatomy. Anat Sci Educ 8: 21–30. © 2014 American Association of Anatomists.
Delay‐dependent Stability and Static Output Feedback Control of 2‐D Discrete Systems with Interval Time‐varying Delays
Authors: Peng Dan , Hua Changchun
Published: April 2014

This paper is concerned with the problems of delay‐dependent stability and static output feedback (SOF) control of two‐dimensional (2‐D) discrete systems with interval time‐varying delays, which are described by the Fornasini‐Marchesini (FM) second model. The upper and lower bounds of delays are considered. Applying a new method of estimating the upper bound on the difference of Lyapunov function that does not ignore any terms, a new delay‐dependent stability criteria based on linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) is derived. Then, given the lower bounds of time‐varying delays, the maximum upper bounds in the above LMIs are obtained through computing a convex optimization problem. Based on the stability criteria, the SOF control problem is formulated in terms of a bilinear matrix inequality (BMI). With the use of the slack variable technique, a sufficient LMI condition is proposed for the BMI. Moreover, the SOF gain can be solved by LMIs. Numerical examples show the effectiveness and advantages of our results.
Adaptive and Robust Stabilization of Feedforward Nonlinear Systems Driven by Symmetric and Non‐symmetric Dead‐zone Inputs
Authors: Ibrir S. , Su C. Y.
Published: April 2014

The stabilization of feedforward nonlinear systems subject to hard‐input nonlinearities is a challenging problem due to the presence of input uncertainties. This paper deals with adaptive control of a class of feedforward nonlinear systems driven by unknown dead‐zone inputs. The unknown dead‐zone input nonlinearity is assumed to be either symmetric or non‐symmetric. The control design is based on the combination of the invariant‐manifold stabilization technique with the classical adaptive and robust compensation methods. Simulation results showed that the presence of the dead‐zone inputs in the system dynamics can be handled even for arbitrary large dead‐zone parameters.
Economics of recombinant antibody production processes at various scales: Industry‐standard compared to continuous precipitation
Authors: Hammerschmidt Nikolaus , Tscheliessnig Anne , Sommer Ralf , Helk Bernhard , Jungbauer Alois
Published: April 2014

Standard industry processes for recombinant antibody production employ protein A affinity chromatography in combination with other chromatography steps and ultra‐/diafiltration. This study compares a generic antibody production process with a recently developed purification process based on a series of selective precipitation steps. The new process makes two of the usual three chromatographic steps obsolete and can be performed in a continuous fashion. Cost of Goods (CoGs) analyses were done for: (i) a generic chromatography‐based antibody standard purification; (ii) the continuous precipitation‐based purification process coupled to a continuous perfusion production system; and (iii) a hybrid process, coupling the continuous purification process to an upstream batch process. The results of this economic analysis show that the precipitation‐based process offers cost reductions at all stages of the life cycle of a therapeutic antibody, (i.e. clinical phase I, II and III, as well as full commercial production). The savings in clinical phase production are largely attributed to the fact that expensive chromatographic resins are omitted. These economic analyses will help to determine the strategies that are best suited for small‐scale production in parallel fashion, which is of importance for antibody production in non‐privileged countries and for personalized medicine.

See accompanying commentary by Ajoy Velayudhan DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300098
The impact of the new wine common market organization (CMO) on behavioural loyalty towards product attributes: A case from Italy
Authors: Corsi Armando Maria , Overton Sarah Rann , Casini Leonardo
Published: April 2014

This paper explores the changes in consumers' loyalty towards wine after the launch of the new common market organization (CMO) (European Council Regulation (EC) No. 479/2008) in 2008. The analysis of wine purchases in the AC Nielsen Consumer Panel in 2009 and 2010 was compared to analogous work conducted in 2003–2005 and 2006–2008. Loyalty towards wine attributes— price, quality designation and packaging format—was measured using standard brand performance measures together with a newer metric, the polarization index, which has not been used before to highlight or explain the factors behind shifts in loyalty. The analysis revealed that post‐CMO reform increases in consumer loyalty towards the following: (i) standard 0.75‐L wine bottles; (ii) quality‐classified, protected designation of origin wines; and (iii) higher‐price‐point wines. The paper elaborates these findings, explaining how changes in consumers' loyalty patterns can be used to quantify the success of recent policy changes, which can be tracked in a reasonably short time frame thanks to the polarization index. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The real difference between consumers' perceptions of private labels and national brands
Authors: Nenycz‐Thiel Magda , Romaniuk Jenni
Published: April 2014

This paper documents the application of prior knowledge about response patterns in brand image data for private label (PL) brands. We investigate if a well‐known pattern about response level and usage experience also holds for PLs. The main finding is that advertised national brands (NBs) enjoy a higher level of knowledge amongst their non‐users than do PLs. We did not find this to be the case for small non‐advertised NBs and small PLs. The finding emphasises the importance of advertising for NBs to maintain their position. Well‐branded and appropriately scheduled advertising leads to building up brand associations in consumers' memory, which increases the probability of thinking about or noticing a brand. We suggest that the higher knowledge among NB non‐users is the main advantage NBs have over PLs in the market. We provide implications of the findings for managers and academia. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neural correlates of sensory‐enabling presentation: An fMRI study of image zooming and rotation video effects on online apparel shopping
Authors: Jai Tun‐Min (Catherine) , O'Boyle Michael W. , Fang Dan
Published: April 2014

For experience products, such as apparel, sensory‐enabling presentations that provide a sense of tactile experience have been suggested as an effective strategy to reduce perceived risk and increase the likelihood of a pleasurable shopping experience. Using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), we investigated whether sensory‐enabling presentations, specifically, image zooming and rotation videos, would evoke different cognitive and affective brain functions during product evaluation and purchase decision processes. The results suggested that whereas image zooming may evoke more visual perception in the product evaluation process, the rotation view evokes more mental imagery, pleasure, and reward anticipation during the purchase decision process. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photochemical Studies on Bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl Derivatives: Chemical Behavior and Asymmetric Induction
Authors: Ma Manling , Xue Feixue , Yang Chao , Xia Wujiong
Published: April 2014

The photochemical behavior of bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl derivatives was investigated by irradiation with a 450 W medium‐pressure mercury lamp in acetonitrile solution. The irradiation of methyl bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane‐5‐carbonylbenzoate (1a) led to both Norrish type II cyclization and cleavage products with a molar ratio of 1:2.2, whereas the irradiation of methyl 5‐methylbicyclo[2.1.1]hexane‐5‐carbonylbenzoate (1b) afforded the only Norrish/Yang photocyclization compound as the sole product. Such results were illustrated by several geometric parameters for Norrish/Yang photoreaction as ϕ1, ϕ4 and β obtained from the crystal structures. Furthermore, asymmetric photochemical studies using ionic chiral auxiliary technique were also conducted in the solid state.
Nano‐Fe3O4 Encapsulated‐Silica Particles Bearing 3‐Aminopropyl Group as a Magnetically Separable Catalyst for Efficient Knoevenagel Condensation of Aromatic Aldehydes with Active Methylene Compounds
Authors: Liu Shuo , Ni Yuxiang , Yang Jianguo , Hu Huanan , Ying Anguo , Xu Songlin
Published: April 2014

Knoevenagel condensation of aromatic aldehydes with active methylene compounds such as malononitrile, ethylcyanoacetate, benzimidazol‐2‐acetonitrile and benzothiazole‐2‐acetonitrile proceeded very smoothly, catalyzed by nano‐Fe3O4 encapsulated‐silica particles supported primary amine. Both reaction time and yield are satisfying. The advantages of this catalyst are ease of preparation, non‐toxicity, low cost, ease of handling and recyclability.
Patient‐derived sarcoma xenografts for individual‐patient selection of chemotherapy—ready for prime time?
Authors: Wagner Andrew J.
Published: April 2014

Patient‐derived sarcoma tumor xenografts can be successfully grown in mice and tested for sensitivity to chemotherapy regimens. Are these tests ready to guide patient care?
CILogon: A federated X.509 certification authority for cyberinfrastructure logon
Authors: Basney Jim , Fleury Terry , Gaynor Jeff
Published: April 2014

CILogon provides a federated X.509 certification authority for secure access to cyberinfrastructure such as the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment. CILogon relies on federated authentication (Security Assertion Markup Language (OASIS, Burlington, MA (USA)) and OpenID) for determining user identities when issuing certificates. Federated authentication enables users to obtain certificates using existing identities (university, Google, etc.). Federated authentication also enables CILogon to serve a national‐scale user community without requiring a large network of registration authorities performing manual user identification. CILogon supports multiple levels of assurance and custom interfaces for specific user communities. In this article, we introduce the CILogon service and describe experiences and lessons learned from the first 3 years of operation. © 2014 The Authors. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Financial Factors Influencing the Quality of Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management Disclosure: A Quantile Regression Approach
Authors: Ortas Eduardo , Gallego‐Alvarez Isabel , Álvarez Etxeberria Igor
Published: April 2014

This paper revisits the influence of companies’ financial factors on the extent of corporate environmental sustainability reporting (CESR) in an impressive sample of 3931 companies operating in 51 industries and 59 countries. A CESR composite index is constructed for each company that focuses on the G3 core environmental indicators from the Global Reporting Initiative because they are material for most organizations. In a methodological innovation, this study employs a quantile regression that unfolds certain interesting effects of financial drivers on the intensity of CESR that have not previously been revealed. Considering a combination of the main underlying theories of corporate sustainability reporting – legitimacy theory, agency theory, political costs theory, and signal theory – offers a better understanding of the complex structure of the dependencies found among factors such as company size, leverage, return on assets, research and development spending, market return and market capitalization, and commitment to environmental reporting. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Flow cytometry as a rapid and reliable method to quantify sperm viability in the honeybee Apis mellifera
Authors: Paynter Ellen , Baer‐Imhoof Barbara , Linden Matthew , Lee‐Pullen Tracey , Heel Kathy , Rigby Paul , Baer Boris
Published: April 2014

An important measure of male quality is sperm viability; i.e., the percentage of live sperm within an ejaculate, as this provides an accurate measure of the number of sperm potentially available for egg fertilization. Sperm viability is often determined by fluorescence microscopy using dyes that differentially stain viable and nonviable sperm, but the technique has a number of limitations. Here, a flow cytometry (FCM) method was developed, which allows the rapid determination of honeybee sperm viability, facilitating high throughput analyses. Using samples with known sperm viabilities, it was found that data obtained from FCM were more accurate and less variable compared with data obtained for the same samples using fluorescence microscopy. It was also found that a previously reported additional population of honeybee sperm found in datasets using FCM is caused by freeze–thawing samples. In conclusion, the method described here allows to quantify sperm viability of honeybees quickly and with high accuracy. This will be of great value for future scientific research and could also be of value to guide future bee breeding programs, given the agricultural importance of honeybees as pollinators. © 2014 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Traffic matrix estimation: Advanced‐Tomogravity method based on a precise gravity model
Authors: Zhou Haifeng , Tan Liansheng , Ge Fei , Chan Sammy
Published: April 2014

Traffic matrix (TM) is extremely important in many networking operations. This paper proposes a novel approach of TM estimation in large‐scale IP networks, termed as Advanced‐Tomogravity method, which is based on a precise gravity model and the tomography method. First, the precise gravity model is proposed on the basis of the existing generalized gravity model by introducing a relativity factor vector parameter, which defines the relativity between the solution of the existing generalized gravity model and its real TM. The solution obtained from this precise gravity model is then refined by the basic model of the tomography method. By mathematical analysis, we give the explicit expression of the relativity factor vector parameter in the proposed precise gravity model by the Moore–Penrose inverse and the minimum‐norm least‐square solution. The vector parameter is subsequently determined with the aid of small amount of historical real data of TM. A general algorithm of the proposed approach is therefore designed. Finally, our approach is validated by simulation using the real data of the Abilene Network. The simulation results indicate that it reduces the relative errors to less than one‐half, better tracks not only the dynamic fluctuations but also the overall mean behavior of traffic flow. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ein‐ und zweiaxiales Bruchverhalten von Mauermörtel in Ziegelmauerwerk
Authors: Schneemayer Andreas , Schranz Christian , Tschegg Elmar Karl , Kolbitsch Andreas
Published: April 2014

Tragendes Mauerwerk wird nicht nur vertikalen, sondern auch horizontalen Kräften ausgesetzt, z. B. aus Wind‐ und Erdbebenlasten. Der Mörtel muss die (vertikalen und horizontalen) Lasten zwischen den Steinen übertragen. Das Verhalten des Mörtels bis zu den ersten Rissen, aber vor allem auch nach Erreichen der Zugfestigkeit entscheidet über die Tragfähigkeit des gesamten Mauerwerksverbandes. Dazu ist die Kenntnis der bruchmechanischen Eigenschaften des Mörtels notwendig. In dieser Arbeit werden diese Eigenschaften von unterschiedlichen Mörteln mit Hilfe der Keilspaltmethode nach Tschegg untersucht. Es kommen die bei Altbauten oft vorhandenen Kalkmörtel sowie die heutzutage üblichen Kalkzement‐ und Zementmörtel zum Einsatz. Die Kraft‐Rissöffnungs‐Kurven, die Kerbzugfestigkeit sowie die Bruchenergien stellen die ermittelten Werte dar. Diese Ergebnisse sollen besonders im Hinblick auf die Ermittlung der Druck‐ und Schubfestigkeit von Bestandsmauerwerk von Nutzen sein.

Uni‐ and biaxial fracture behaviour of mortar in brick masonry. Load‐bearing walls are not only exposed to vertical, but also horizontal loading conditions, e.g. from wind or earthquakes. The mortar has to transmit the (vertical and horizontal) loads between the bricks. The behaviour of the mortar up until the first cracks appear, but also mainly after reaching the tensile strength decides about the load bearing capacity of the whole masonry. Hence, knowledge about the fracture mechanical behaviour of mortar is essential. In this article the fracture mechanical properties of different mortars are analyzed using the wedge splitting test according to Tschegg. Lime mortar as well as nowadays used lime cement mortars and cement mortar are tested. The former is often used in still existing old buildings. Force versus crack opening curves, notch tensile strength and fracture energy are the determined values. These results will be useful with regard to the pressure and shear capacity of existing brick masonry.
Einfluss der Belastungsrichtung auf die einaxiale Druckfestigkeit von Proben aus Vollziegeln
Authors: Krawtschuk Alexander , Zeman Oliver , Schellander Janez , Zimmermann Thomas , Strauss Alfred , Bergmeister Konrad
Published: April 2014

Aus der Geologie ist vor allem bei geschieferten Gesteinen ein Einfluss der Belastungsrichtung auf die einaxiale Druckfestigkeit bekannt. Dieser Einfluss lässt sich vor allem aus der Lage der einzelnen Schieferflächen bzw. Klüften zur Richtung der Lasteinleitung ableiten. Diese Eigenschaft kann durch unerwartete geringere Festigkeiten zu Problemen bei der Abschätzung der Tragfähigkeit führen. Im Rahmen dieses Beitrags wird am Beispiel durchgeführter kleinmaßstäblicher Labortests die Fragestellung behandelt, ob sich eine Abhängigkeit von der Belastungsrichtung auch für Vollziegel feststellen lässt. Hierzu wurden Bohrkerne aus zwei Chargen historischer Mauerziegel sowie aus handelsüblichen Normalformat‐Mauerziegeln entnommen. Die Druckfestigkeit wurde mittels einaxialen Druckversuchs nach EN 772‐1 bestimmt. Hierbei zeigt sich, dass insbesondere bei maschinell gefertigten Ziegeln ein Einfluss in Abhängigkeit von der Richtung der Lasteinleitung auftritt. Bei den historischen Ziegeln zeigt sich ein Einfluss nur in sehr geringer Weise, insbesondere weil die deutlich größeren Inhomogenitäten im Werkstoff andere Effekte überlagern. Für die Abschätzung der Tragfähigkeit von bestehenden Bauwerken aus Mauerwerk können die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit einen wertvollen Beitrag liefern. Gerade bei Bestandsbauwerken ist der Einfluss nicht bekannter Materialparameter eine wichtige Grundlage für die Beurteilung.

Influence of loading direction on the uniaxial compressive strength of solid brick. The influence of the loading direction on the uniaxial compressive strength is well known from geology in case of cleavage stones. This relation is caused by both the orientation of the single cleavages, the laminar interlock and the gaps within the stone to the loading direction. These phenomenons can cause problems in evaluating the performance of existing structures due to the fact of unexpected low values for the compressive strength. Within this contribution it is discussed, based on small‐scale laboratory tests if this correlation is also valid for brick stones. For this purpose two charges from historical bricks from the 19th century and from one series of new bricks disked‐shaped specimens were taken. These drill cores were conditioned to equal testing conditions and loaded up to failure according to EN 772‐1. These tests show, that in case of machine‐made bricks there is an influence of the loading direction to the value of the compressive strength. In case of historical bricks the influence of the loading direction does not exceed the uncertainties and inhomogeneity which are given by the raw material and the manufacturing procedure. The results of this contribution can be used for the assessment of existing structures made of masonry. In these cases material parameters often are unknown and have to be determined by experimental testing.
The Cd6 gene as a permissive locus for targeted transgenesis in the mouse
Authors: Ichise Hirotake , Ichise Taeko , Sasanuma Hiroki , Yoshida Nobuaki
Published: April 2014

The introduction of a transgene into the genome through homologous recombination or sequence‐specific enzymatic modification is a key technique for producing transgenic mice. The Rosa26 gene has been widely used to produce transgenic mice because the gene is transcriptionally active in various cell types and, at many developmental stages, is permissive for constitutive expression of integrated transgenes, and is dispensable for normal development. However, permissive loci other than Rosa26 are needed to generate mice that harbor multiple transgenes for complex studies. Here, we identified the Cd6 locus on mouse chromosome 19 as a transgene integration site in a transgenic mouse strain showing widespread reporter expression. Using this locus, we generated a knock‐in mouse line that harbors a CAG promoter‐driven reporter transgene, and found that the homozygous transgenic mice are viable and fertile, although transgene insertion disrupted Cd6 gene expression. The transgene on the Cd6 locus expressed reporter genes extensively throughout embryos, neonates, and adults. Combined with the Cre/loxP binary system, blood and lymphatic endothelial cell‐specific reporter expression from the transgenic locus was achieved. These results suggest that Cd6 is valuable as an alternative site for targeted transgenesis. genesis 52:440–450, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Barriers to Resource Efficiency Innovations and Opportunities for Smart Regulations − the Case of Germany
Authors: Jordan Nino David , Lemken Thomas , Liedtke Christa
Published: April 2014

There are a variety of economic and ecological benefits to increased resource efficiency. Social, institutional and technical innovations can all contribute towards efficiency increases. Companies face different hurdles in fostering such innovation. Small and medium‐sized companies are subject to specific constraints that may prevent them from benefiting from innovation‐induced resource efficiency improvements. Qualitative interviews were conducted among German small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) and intermediaries to identify barriers for resource efficiency innovations and to elaborate a policy mix at the federal level that could help SMEs to overcome these. We found five major barriers to resource efficiency innovations in German SMEs, comprising deficits in innovation culture, inter‐firm cooperation along the value chain, finance, awareness and take‐up of government funds. We propose a distinct policy mix as a response to this situation. The policy mix comprises the interlocking and synergistic elements of government funding schemes, innovation agents and innovation laboratories. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Towards a Systematic Framework for the Analysis of Environmental Policy Integration
Authors: Runhaar Hens , Driessen Peter , Uittenbroek Caroline
Published: April 2014

Environmental policy integration (EPI) refers to the incorporation of environmental concerns in non‐environmental policy sectors. EPI aims to avoid conflicts between environmental and other policy objectives and to enhance environmental policy by directly targeting the driving forces of environmental degradation. In practice, however, the potential of EPI has not been fully utilized. Scientific knowledge of EPI is found in several, largely isolated, bodies of literature (on EPI, climate policy integration and environmental impact assessment/strategic environmental assessment) and does not provide an adequate answer to the question of what EPI strategies work, where and why. A systematic framework based on comparative empirical research is required to contribute to more effective EPI strategies. In this paper we formulate a research agenda for the development of such a framework on the governance of EPI that is robust, i.e. builds on other theories of environmental governance and policy change and that envisages large‐scale, international comparative empirical analysis. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Comparison of the clinical outcome of different beta‐blockers in heart failure patients: a retrospective nationwide cohort study
Authors: Bølling Rasmus , Scheller Nikolai Madrid , Køber Lars , Poulsen Henrik Enghusen , Gislason Gunnar H. , Torp‐Pedersen Christian
Published: April 2014

Aim

To compare survival on different beta‐blockers in heart failure.

Methods and results

We identified all Danish patients ≥35 years of age who were hospitalized with a first admission for heart failure and who initiated treatment with a beta‐blocker within 60 days of discharge. The study period was 1995–2011. The main outcome was all‐cause mortality and all‐cause hospitalization. Cox proportional hazard models were used to compare survival. The study included 58 634 patients of whom 30.121 (51.4%) died and 46.990 (80.1%) were hospitalized during follow‐up. The mean follow‐up time was 4.1 years. In an unadjusted model carvedilol was associated with a lower mortality [hazard ratio (HR) 0.737, 0.714–0.761] compared with metoprolol (reference) while bisoprolol was not associated with an increased mortality (HR 1.020, 0.973–1.069). In a model adjusted for possible confounders and stratified according to beta‐blocker dosages, patients that received high‐dose carvedilol (≥50 mg daily) had a lower all‐cause mortality risk (HR 0.873, 0.789–0.966) than patients receiving high‐dose (≥200 mg daily) metoprolol (reference). High‐dose bisoprolol (≥10 mg daily) was associated with a greater risk of death (HR 1.125, 1.004–1.261). High‐dose carvedilol was associated with significantly lower all‐cause hospitalization risk (HR 0.842, 0.774–0.915) than high‐dose metoprolol (reference), while high‐dose bisoprolol had insignificantly lower risk than high‐dose metoprolol (HR 0.948, 0.850–1.057).

Conclusions

Heart failure patients receiving high‐dose carvedilol (≥50 mg daily) showed significantly lower all‐cause mortality risk and hospitalization risk, compared with other beta‐blockers.
Mild Hydrosilylation of Amides by Platinum N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysts
Authors: Pisiewicz Sabine , Junge Kathrin , Beller Matthias
Published: April 2014

The platinum‐catalyzed hydrosilylation of amides to afford amines selectively is reported. By using defined platinum/N‐heterocyclic carbene complexes, the reduction of secondary and tertiary amines takes place under mild conditions.
Synthesis of Oxindoles through Silver‐Catalyzed Trifluoromethylation–, Difluoromethylation– and Arylsulfonylation–Cyclization Reaction of N‐Arylacrylamides
Authors: Liu Jidan , Zhuang Shaobo , Gui Qingwen , Chen Xiang , Yang Zhiyong , Tan Ze
Published: April 2014

Efficient synthesis of trifluoromethyl and difluoromethyl‐substituted oxindoles was achieved by reacting Langlois reagent or Baran reagent with N‐arylacrylamides. However, the reaction of aryl sulfinic acid sodium salts with N‐arylacrylamides did not give the desulfinative products, instead, aryl sulfonated products were produced.
Heck, Sonogashira, and Hiyama Reactions Catalyzed by Palladium Nanoparticles Stabilized by Tris‐Imidazolium Salt
Authors: Planellas Marc , Moglie Yanina , Alonso Francisco , Yus Miguel , Pleixats Roser , Shafir Alexandr
Published: April 2014

Palladium nanoparticles, prepared by the hydrogenation of Pd(dba)2 in the presence of a tris‐imidazolium iodide as stabilizer, act as an efficient catalyst for Heck and copper‐free Sonogashira reactions with a range of aryl iodides and bromides at 0.2 mol‐% Pd loading. Moreover, we describe a convenient protocol for the fluoride‐free Hiyama coupling of vinylsilanes with aryl iodides that involves the use of sodium hydroxide as promoter in a methanol/water mixture. Under the developed conditions, one‐pot, double Heck and Hiyama–Heck reactions are successfully achieved.