bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
X-ray microtomography in comparison to radiographic analysis of mechanically damaged maize seeds and its effect on seed germination
Authors: Gomes Junior Francisco Guilhien , Cícero Silvio Moure , Vaz Carlos Manoel Pedro , Lasso Paulo Renato Orlandi
Published: April 2019

Among the most relevant aspects of seed production, mechanical damage may affect seed germination and reduce health and vigor. This study introduces a noninvasive high-resolution imaging procedure for evaluating the mechanical damage to maize seeds and the effects on seed germination. Seeds with different levels of mechanical damage were evaluated using a benchtop micro-computed tomography system (micro-CT) and digital X-ray equipment. The two-dimensional transaxial, coronal and sagittal micro-CT sections were used to inspect the seed anatomy and the mechanical injuries in the internal seed tissue. Germination tests were performed using paper towel rolls (25°C for 7 days) in which the seedling length was evaluated on a daily basis, and the seedling dry biomass was measured at the seventh germination day. The micro-CT cross-sectional images allowed an efficient spatial characterization of the mechanical damage inside the seeds. On average, mechanically damaged seeds produced seedlings with a length 24% shorter and a dry biomass 65% less than that of the undamaged seeds. We concluded that the micro-CT technique provides an efficient means to inspect mechanically damaged maize seeds and allows for a reliable association with germination response.
A Brief Review on Processes for Cartilage Repair
Authors: Moura Carla , Santos-Rocha Rita , Franco Susana , Malça Cândida , Galhano Cristina , Henriques Marta , Morouço Pedro
Published: April 2019

The aim of the present review was to highlight some of the available processes for cartilage repair and regeneration. Considering the high impact that cartilage degeneration has in the quality of life, in an aging society, efforts to promote better treatments are crucial. The current available processes have advantages and drawbacks, that should be further investigated, aiming to obtain tailored and successful repair. Finally, some suggestions for tissue engineering strategies are presented, so that the scientific community can debate pros and cons to be investigated.
Sheep Gait Biomechanics and the Assessment of Musculoskeletal Conditions: A Systematic Review
Authors: Silva Rui , Dimas Ivo Santos , Fernandez Justin W. , Alves Nuno , Morouço Pedro , Maurício Ana Colette , Veloso António , Amado Sandra
Published: April 2019

In recent years, sheep have been reported as the ideal animal model to study osteoporosis, hence it is important to identify instruments, tools and ideal parameters needed to assess the effects of different treatments. In previous studies conducted in other animal models with osteoporosis, the most common parameters used for evaluation concerned primarily bone properties, such as the dual X-ray absorptiometry. However, biomechanical gait analysis as an integrative functional parameter and a non-invasive method, will be an important tool in research and clinical applications. This research review was performed using the PubMed database and included studies related to sheep with outcome measures concerning functional performance assessed during gait in vivo; and excluded studies related with cardiovascular disease and sperm properties, which include other animal species, with outcomes not related with functional locomotor evaluation. Only studies related with bone properties were analyzed. The most frequent and relevant included parameters were the following: mean peak vertical ground force reaction, gait cycle and stance/swing phase duration, percentage of stance/swing phase in a gait cycle, stride length and the stifle joint angles during a gait cycle. Gait biomechanical parameters have been established for the assessment of some clinical orthopedic condition using sheep models but not currently for osteoporosis.
Adaptive Platforms and Flexible Deposition System for Big Area Additive Manufacturing (BAAM)
Authors: Silva Rúben , Sereno Pedro , Mateus Artur , Mitchell Geoffrey R. , Carreira Pedro , Santos Cyril , Vitorino João , Domingues Jorge
Published: April 2019

The interest around the additive manufacturing is increasing, with more and more solutions at both the industrial and desktop levels. As this is still a relatively recent issue for several industrial areas, there is a clear opportunity to explore in order to optimize the systems in the face of the needs of these same industries, and with increasing times, there are increasing factors to take into ac- count in initial phases of new product development. Presently, there is also a growing ecological awareness, with the concern of implementing a logic of waste reduction and implementation of the circular economy in new products with a view to the valuation of new alternative materials. With the development of solutions aimed at the optimization and feasibility of large additive manufacturing systems, the introduction of new alternative materials will be a reality, presenting in this article a solution and methodology for future tests for new materials. Thus, herein is studied a way of responding to both problems, new ecological materials and BAAM system optimization, presented through a hybrid and flexible solution based on the Pin Bed Forming principle applied to Big Area Additive Manufacturing systems.
Study of Metal/Polymer Interface of Parts Produced by a Hybrid Additive Manufacturing Approach
Authors: Silva Miguel Reis , Domingues Jorge , Costa João , Mateus Artur , Malça Cândida
Published: April 2019

The additive manufacturing of multimaterial parts, e.g. metal/plastic, with functional gradients represents for current market demands a great potential of applications [1]. Metal Polymer parts combine the good mechanical properties of the metals with the low weight characteristics, good impact strength, good vibration and sound absorption of the polymers. Nevertheless, the coupling between metal and polymers is a great challenge since the processing factors for each one of them are very different. In addition, a system that makes the hybrid processing - metal/polymer - using only one operation is unknown [2, 3]. To overcome this drawback, a hybrid additive manufacturing system based on the additive technologies of SLM and SL was recently developed by the authors. The SLM and SL techniques joined enabling the production of a photopolymerization of the polymer in the voids of a 3D metal mesh previously produced by SLM [4]. The purpose of this work is the study on the metal/polymer interface of hybrid parts manufactured from the hybrid additive manufacturing system [5]. For this, a core of tool steel (H13) and two different types of photo-polymers: one elastomeric (BR3D-DL-Flex) and another one rigid (BR3D-DL-Hard) are considered. A set of six samples for each one of metal core/polymer combination was manufactured and submitted to tensile tests.
Rosin Product Review
Authors: Mahendra Vidhura
Published: April 2019

Rosin is the non-volatile exudate of pine resin with hydrophobic characteristics that are widely used and modified as a precursor for many industrial applications such as paints, inks and adhesives. The review paper discusses the rosin, its nature, processing, production material development for green science. The composite materials have been designed and tailored with respect to desired applications to offer a potential replacement of petrochemical use. Rosin consists of different resin acids that can undergo isomerisation at elevated temperatures and interchange its form, which, can be used as a rigid building block to manipulate their mechanical properties and crystallisation behaviours. Modified rosin epoxy binders have been recognised as materials with resistance to a wide variety of chemical conditions that can be used to fabricate a variety of reinforced constructions. Rosin has been employed in foam making in addition to composite material, depicting its ability as a crosslinker.
Direct Digital Manufacturing of Nanocomposites
Authors: Mohan Saeed D. , Nazhipkyzy Meruyert , Carreira Pedro , Santos Cyril , Davis Fred J. , Mateus Artur , Mitchell Geoffrey R.
Published: April 2019

Additive manufacturing has surged in popularity as a route to designing and preparing functional parts. Depending on the parts function, certain attributes such as high mechanical performances may be desired. We develop a route for improving the mechanical properties of polymer devices, fabricated through additive manufacturing by combining electrospinning and stereo-lithography into one automated process. This process utilises the impressive mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes by encapsulating and aligning them in electrospun fibres. Composite fibres will be incorporated into polymer resins prepared with stereo-lithography, thereby providing resins that benefit from the composite fibres properties, enhancing their overall mechanical properties.
Mycobacterium leprae deoxyribonucleic acid positivity on skin lesion of untreated leprosy patients and its route to the skin surface
Authors: Novianto Endi , Manalu Patricsia , Effendi Wiryadi Benny , Menaldi Sri Linuwih
Published: April 2019

The route of transmission of leprosy is still unclear. Multiple opinions exist regarding the environmental dissemination of Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae). This research aims to identify the positive proportion of M. leprae deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) on skin lesion surface of untreated multibacillary leprosy patients by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and its association with the examination result of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) in epidermis, pilosebaceous unit, and sweat glands. The M. leprae DNA sample was taken from smears of the skin lesion surface by using PCR and the skin biopsy test was done to detect AFB in epidermis, pilosebaceous unit, and sweat glands. From 28 subjects, there was 82.1% positive proportion of M. leprae DNA on the skin lesion surface of untreated multibacillary leprosy patients, where all were found in the lepromatous leprosy and borderline leprosy type. The result of AFB was positive in epidermis (71.4%), pilosebaceous unit (46.4%) and sweat glands (53.6%). We found M. leprae by using PCR technique on skin lesion surface of untreated multibacillary leprosy patients, and its route which most likely was through the epidermis.
Comparison between fractional Co2 laser-triamcinolone injection combination therapy and triamcinolone injection monotherapy for keloid
Authors: Listiawan M. Yulianto , Murtiastutik Dwi , Sandhika Willy , Rachmantyo Brama , Wardhani Putri Hendria
Published: April 2019

The histopathologic view of keloid shows dense fibroblasts and bundles of collagen throughout dermis. Treatment that completely cure keloid still not exist, although there are many treatment options. The monotherapy fractional CO2 laser shows good results, but is still as an adjuvant therapy. Fractional CO2 laser affects fibroblast and its functions in producing collagen. The combination therapy will combine the selective phototermolysis effect of CO2 lasers with antimitotic and antiinflammatory effects of corticosteroids. This study was an open trial with parallel design that compared fractional CO2 laser-intralesional triamcinolone acetonide combination therapy (treatment group) and intralesional triamcinolone acetonide (control group) in keloid patients with collagen density as evaluation parameter. The dose of triamcinolone was 10 mg/ml of 0.05-0.1 ml/cm2 of keloid. Fractional CO2 laser energy setting was 10-20 mJ. The decrease of collagen density in control and treatment group was significant (p=0.008 and p=0.001), although the decrease difference between control and treatment group was not significant (p=0.328). The collagen density that decrease in a shorter time shows that fractional CO2 laser could be a good combination therapy.
Nongonococcal cervicitis: The most common cause of fluor albus in female sex workers
Authors: Hidayati Afif Nurul , Astindari A. , Sari Maylita , Murtiastutik Dwi , Martodihardjo Sunarko , Barakbah Jusuf
Published: April 2019

Female sex workers have a high risk of suffering from sexual transmitted infections (STIs). If the female sex workers suffer from STIs, besides affecting themselves, they also have potential to transmit the disease to their clients. Fluor albus is one of the symptoms of STIs. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the type of STIs that the female sex workers suffer from. This research was conducted retrospectively on 100 female sex workers in Puskesmas Putat Surabaya in 2013-2014. The result of this research showed that from 100 female sex workers, 14 subjects (14%) suffered from gonococcal cervicitis, 51 subjects (51%) suffered from nongonococcal cervicitis, 10 subjects (10%) suffered from nongonococcal cervicitis accompanied by bacterial vaginosis, 9 subjects (9%) suffered from bacterial vaginosis, 1 subject (1%) suffered from trichomoniasis, and 14 subjects (14%) had no data. This research concluded that nongonococcal cervicitis is the most major cause of STIs suffered by female sex workers. Therefore, the vigilances to prevent transmission of nongonococcal infection to the clients is highly needed.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae resistance test against cefixime in gonorrhea patients in Surabaya
Authors: Rositawati Amalia , Sawitri S. , Hidayati Afif Nurul
Published: April 2019

Gonorrhea remains as one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases in developing countries. The third generation cephalosporin such as cefixime is now one of the first-line therapies in many regions. Over the last decade, strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae have been reported to develop high levels of resistance against several antimicrobial agent cefixime. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the susceptibility of cefixime to Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Methods: The study design was descriptive laboratory observational cross sectional from June 2017 to September 2017. Twenty isolates Neisserria gonorrhoeae taken from outpatients with positive complaints of purulent secretions, who visited 7 Community Health Centre in Surabaya and met the inclusion criterias, were tested with cefixime diffusion susceptibility test. Results: 7 of 20 isolates (35%) were resistant to cefixime and 13 of 20 isolates (65%) sensitive to cefixime. Conclusions: Neisseria gonorhoeae strain was proven to be resistant to cefixime by performing diffusion test.
Mini punch graft for chronic leg ulcers, case series
Authors: Lukito Angela Mistralina , Murniastuti Dinda Saraswati , Imtihani Hajar , Trisnowati Niken , Wirohadidjojo Yohanes Widodo
Published: April 2019

Chronic leg ulcer can caused morbidity and decreased quality of life. Previous study reported leg ulcer affect up to 3% of adult population worldwide Mini punch graft is one of therapeutic options of chronic leg ulcer. This surgical method aimed to include epidermal and dermal tissue with an absence of terminal hair follicles. Previous study mentioned that this procedure stimulated healing in many cases of chronic leg ulcers with total reepithelialization.In this article, the application of multiple mini punch grafts onto two case of extensive leg ulcers caused by burn injury and diabetic ulcer are reported. Split thickness skin graft with mini punch graft require skin donor from inguinal area. The donor were placed onto the ulcer. After several weeks, the ulcer area that had been mini punch grafted show reepethelialization.
Hair removal treatment using 1,064 nm long-pulsed Nd:YAG laser in auricular post reconstruction of microtia patient: two case reports
Authors: Ruchiatan Kartika , Essary Erika Dewi , Hindritiani Reti , Effendi RM Rendy Ariezal , Septrina Rani , Gunawan Hendra , Suwarsa Oki
Published: April 2019

Microtia is a congenital anomaly of the external and middle ear with various degrees of severity. The hair growth on the reconstructed auricle causes aesthetic problems. We describe two cases about the successful epilation of unwanted hair in postauricular reconstruction of microtia patients using 1,064 nm long-pulsed neodymium: ytrium-alumunium-garnet (LP Nd:YAG) laser in Fitzpatrick skin type IV patients, using 6x6 mm tip, 35 J/cm2 fluence, 10 ms pulse, and 1 Hz frequency with burnt of hair as an endpoint. On the follow up day 11 of case one and day 7 of case two, the hair reductions on treated auricles were 46% and 58%, respectively, with no adverse effects. Minimal 6 repeated sessions are recommended for optimal result. In these case reports, LP Nd:YAG laser treatment is considered effective for the unwanted hair growth on the reconstructed auricle in dark skin type patients with minimal risk of adverse effect.
Scabies incognito
Authors: Herwanto Nanny , Mappamasing Hasnikmah , Widiantari Septiana , Indranarum Trisiswati , Hidayati Afif Nurul , Sawitri S. , Ervianti Evy , Murtiastutik Dwi , Martodihardjo Sunarko
Published: April 2019

Atypical appearance of scabies such as chronic excoriation and eczematization of the skin, is frequently found in patients with long-standing infestations. Cases of less impressive scabies are not easily diagnosed, especially when topical or systemic corticosteroids mask the typical itch and inflammation. These cases frequently occur in individuals with good hygiene and are referred as scabies incognito – a diagnosis that can be easily mistaken for other skin diseases. A fourteen-year-old male patient had been irregularly taking systemic corticosteroid for two months due to intermittent papular reaction and itching. Four weeks after treatment with anti-scabiotic therapy, the patient has no complaint of itch and no sign of new papular lesion suggesting that he had scabies all along. It is very important to make a correct diagnosis of scabies incognito because misdiagnosis is associated with serious consequences such as spreading and superinfection of the lesions; this can sometimes lead to life-threatening consequences.
Crusted scabies in systemic lupus erythematosus: More than a mite contagious case
Authors: Lydiawati Eva , Agusni Indropo , Murtiastutik Dwi , Ervianti Evy , Sawitri S. , Indranarum Trisiswati , Widyantari Septiana , Mappamasing Hasnikmah
Published: April 2019

Crusted scabies is characterized by hyperkeratosis and crusting of the skin due to the profuse proliferation of mites. It is resulting from an altered host response to the infestation. There are some various cutaneous and immunologic diseases that have been described to predispose to crusted scabies. It is typically associated with congenital and acquired immunocompromised conditions including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hematologic malignancy, and connective tissue diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Adults with crusted scabies may lack the characteristic rash or itching. Sites of presentation have been reported on the scalp, face, neck, extremities, trunk, hands, and feet. The severe condition of SLE and super infection of scabies in the immunocompromised state highlight the need for appropriate care to avoid further morbidity. This case report aims to describe the characteristic of skin lesions and clinical aspects of crusted scabies in SLE. A 28-year-old man was diagnosed with crusted scabies who was treated more intensely with permethrin 5% cream that was combined with 2-4 ointment. There was clinical improvement and no side effect found during this study.
Serial case reports: Pregnancy with Lucio’s phenomenon of leprosy in dr. Soetomo hospital, Surabaya
Authors: Cininta Nareswari I. , Akbar M.I.A , Aryananda Rozi A. , Gumilar Khanisyah E. , Pascawardhana Manggala , Wicaksono Budi , Ernawati E. , Sulistyono Agus , Aditiawarman A. , Joewono Hermanto T. , Abdullah M.N. , Dachlan Erry G.
Published: April 2019

Leprosy is a complex disease which will affect in many aspects of the patient. In dr. Soetomo hospital, there were two cases of pregnancy with leprosy and Lucio’s phenomenon from 2014 until 2018. Both had been receiving multidrug therapy (MDT) before pregnancy but stopped due to lack of compliance. First case was resulted with term. Second case was admitted with worse condition than the first case, fetal growth restriction and ended with preterm delivery probably because the severity of the case. Lucio’s phenomenon incidence is increased in pregnancy due to immunodeficient condition. This serial case report shows that the initial diagnosis and optimum treatment of leprosy is very important especially in women of child-bearing age.
Semilinear Mixed Type Integro-Differential Evolution Equations via Kuratowski Measure of Noncompactness
Authors: Benchohra Mouffak , Rezoug Noreddine , Zhou Yong
Published: April 2019

This paper is concerned with the existence mild solutions of second order semilinear evolution equation in Banach space. The results are obtained by using the fixed point technique and Kuratowski measure of noncompactness. We give an example for illustration.
Morbidity Associated with Chronic Strongyloides stercoralis Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Tamarozzi Francesca , Martello Elisa , Giorli Giovanni , Fittipaldo Andrea , Staffolani Silvia , Montresor Antonio , Bisoffi Zeno , Buonfrate Dora
Published: April 2019

Strongyloides stercoralis, a worldwide-distributed soil-transmitted helminth, causes chronic infection which may be life threatening. Limitations of diagnostic tests and nonspecificity of symptoms have hampered the estimation of the global morbidity due to strongyloidiasis. This work aimed at assessing S. stercoralis–associated morbidity through a systematic review and meta-analysis of the available literature. MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, LILACS, and trial registries (WHO portal) were searched. The study quality was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa scale. Odds ratios (ORs) of the association between symptoms and infection status and frequency of infection-associated symptoms were calculated. Six articles from five countries, including 6,014 individuals, were included in the meta-analysis—three were of low quality, one of high quality, and two of very high quality. Abdominal pain (OR 1.74 [CI 1.07–2.94]), diarrhea (OR 1.66 [CI 1.09–2.55]), and urticaria (OR 1.73 [CI 1.22–2.44]) were associated with infection. In 17 eligible studies, these symptoms were reported by a large proportion of the individuals with strongyloidiasis—abdominal pain by 53.1% individuals, diarrhea by 41.6%, and urticaria by 27.8%. After removing the low-quality studies, urticaria remained the only symptom significantly associated with S. stercoralis infection (OR 1.42 [CI 1.24–1.61]). Limitations of evidence included the low number and quality of studies. Our findings especially highlight the appalling knowledge gap about clinical manifestations of this common yet neglected soil-transmitted helminthiasis. Further studies focusing on morbidity and risk factors for dissemination and mortality due to strongyloidiasis are absolutely needed to quantify the burden of S. stercoralis infection and inform public health policies.
Measurements of spectral irradiance during the solar eclipse of 21 August 2017: reassessment of the effect of solar limb darkening and of changes in total ozone
Authors: Bernhard Germar , Petkov Boyan
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Measurements of spectral irradiance between 306 and 1020 nm were performed with a GUVis-3511 multi-channel filter radiometer at Smith
Rock State Park, Oregon, during the total solar eclipse of 21 August 2017.
The radiometer was equipped with a shadowband, allowing the separation of the
global (sun and sky) and direct components of solar radiation. Data were
used to study the wavelength-dependent changes in solar irradiance at
Earth's surface. Results were compared with theoretical predictions using
three different parameterizations of the solar limb darkening (LD) effect,
which describes the change in the solar spectrum from the Sun's center to
its limb. Results indicate that the LD parameterization that has been most
widely used during the last 15 years underestimates the LD effect, in
particular at UV wavelengths. The two alternative parameterizations are
based on two independent sets of observations from the McMath–Pierce solar
telescope. When these parameterizations are used, the observed and
theoretical LD effects agree to within 4 % for wavelengths larger than
400 nm and occultation of the solar disk of up to 97.8 %. Maximum
deviations for wavelengths between 315 and 340 nm are 7 %. These somewhat
larger differences compared to the visible range may be explained with
varying aerosol conditions during the period of observations. The aerosol
optical depth (AOD) and its wavelength dependence was calculated from
measurements of direct irradiance. When corrected for the LD effect, the AOD
decreases over the period of the eclipse: from 0.41 to 0.34 at 319 nm and
from 0.05 to 0.04 at 1018 nm. These results show that AODs can be accurately
calculated during an eclipse if the LD effect is corrected. The total ozone
column (TOC) was derived from measurements of global irradiance at 306 and
340 nm. Without correction for the LD effect, the retrieved TOC increases by
20 DU between the first and second contact of the eclipse. With LD
correction, the TOC remains constant to within natural variability (±2.6 DU or ±0.9 % between first and second
contact and ±1.0 DU or ±0.3 % between third and fourth contact). In
contrast to results of observations from earlier solar eclipses, no
fluctuations in TOC were observed that could be unambiguously attributed to
gravity waves, which can be triggered by the supersonic speed of the Moon's
shadow across the atmosphere. Furthermore, systematic changes in the ratio
of direct and global irradiance that could be attributed to the solar
eclipse were not observed, in agreement with results of three-dimensional
(3-D) radiative transfer (RT) models. Our results advance the understanding of the
effects of solar LD on the spectral irradiance at Earth's surface, the
variations in ozone during an eclipse, and the partitioning of solar
radiation in direct and diffuse components.
Climate benefits of proposed carbon dioxide mitigation strategies for international shipping and aviation
Authors: Ivanovich Catherine C. , Ocko Ilissa B. , Piris-Cabezas Pedro , Petsonk Annie
Published: April 2019

Abstract. While individual countries work to achieve and strengthen their nationally determined contributions to the Paris Agreement, the growing emissions from two economic sectors remain outside the bounds of national jurisdictions: international shipping and aviation. Reducing emissions from these sectors is particularly challenging because adoption of any policies and targets requires agreement of a large number of countries. However, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) have recently announced strategies to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from their respective sectors. Here we provide information on the climate benefits of these proposed measures, along with related potential measures. We find that if no actions are taken, CO2 emissions from international shipping and aviation may contribute roughly equally to an additional combined 0.15 °C to global temperature rise by end of century—which is 15 % and 30 % of the “allowable warming” we have left to stay below the 2 °C or 1.5 °C thresholds, respectively. However, stringent mitigation measures may avoid over 85 % of this projected future warming from the CO2 emissions from each sector. Quantifying the climate benefits of proposed mitigation pathways is critical as international organizations work to develop and meet long-term targets.
Speciated atmospheric mercury and sea–air exchange of gaseous mercury in the South China Sea
Authors: Wang Chunjie , Wang Zhangwei , Hui Fan , Zhang Xiaoshan
Published: April 2019

Abstract. The characteristics of the reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) and particulate mercury (HgP) in the marine boundary layer (MBL) is poorly understood due in part to sparse data from sea and ocean. Gaseous elemental Hg (GEM), RGM and size-fractioned HgP in marine atmosphere, and dissolved gaseous Hg (DGM) in surface seawater were determined in the South China Sea (SCS) during an oceanographic expedition (3–28 September 2015). The mean concentrations of GEM, RGM and HgP2.5 were 1.52 ± 0.32 ng m−3, 6.1 ± 5.8 pg m−3 and 3.2 ± 1.8 pg m−3, respectively. Low GEM level indicated that the SCS suffered less influence from human activities, which could be due to the majority of air masses coming from the open oceans as modeled by backward trajectories. Atmospheric reactive Hg (RGM + HgP2.5) represented less than 1 % of total atmospheric Hg, indicating that atmospheric Hg existed mainly as GEM in the MBL. The GEM and RGM concentrations in the northern SCS were significantly higher than those in the western SCS, and the HgP2.5 and HgP10 levels in the Pearl River Estuary were significantly higher than those in the open waters of the SCS, indicating that the Pearl River Estuary was polluted to some extent. The size distribution of HgP in PM10 was observed to be bi-modal with a higher peak (5.8–9.0 μm) and a lower peak (0.7–1.1 μm), but the coarse modal was the dominant size, especially in the open SCS. There was no significant diurnal variation of GEM and HgP2.5, but we found the RGM concentrations were significantly higher in daytime than in nighttime mainly due to the influence of solar radiation. In the northern SCS, the DGM concentrations in nearshore areas were higher than those in the open sea, but this pattern was not significant in the western SCS. The sea–air exchange fluxes of Hg0 in the SCS varied from 0.40 to 12.71 ng m−2 h−1 with a mean value of 4.99 ± 3.32 ng m−2  h−1. The annual emission flux of Hg0 from the SCS to the atmosphere was estimated to be 159.6 tons yr−1, accounting for about 5.54 % of the global Hg0 oceanic evasion though the SCS only represents 1.0 % of the global ocean area. Additionally, the annual dry deposition flux of atmospheric reactive Hg represented more than 18 % of the annual evasion flux of Hg0, and therefore the dry deposition of atmospheric reactive Hg was an important pathway for the input of atmospheric Hg to the SCS.
Lightning NO2 simulation over the Contiguous US and its effects on satellite NO2 retrievals
Authors: Zhu Qindan , Laughner Joshua L. , Cohen Ronald C.
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Lightning is an important NOx source representing ~ 10 % of the global source of odd N and a much larger percentage in the upper troposphere. The poor understanding of spatial and temporal patterns of lightning contributes to a large uncertainty in understanding upper tropospheric chemistry. We implement a lightning parameterization using the product of convective available potential energy (CAPE) and convective precipitation rate (PR) into Weather Research and Forecasting-Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model for North America. We show that the CAPE-PR parameterization with a regional scaling factor of 0.5 in the southeastern US yields an improved representation of lightning flashes in WRF when comparing against flash density from the Earth Networks Total Lightning Network. Compared to the cloud top height (CTH) lightning parameterization used in WRF-Chem, simulated NO2 profiles using the CAPE-PR parameterization exhibit better agreement with aircraft observations in the middle and upper troposphere. While the lightning NOx production rate is 500 mol NO flash−1, using the a priori NO2 profile generated by the simulation with the CAPE-PR parameterization reduces the air mass factor for NO2 retrievals by 16 % on average in the southeastern US on the late spring and early summer; yielding an overall 20 % enhancement of the NO2 vertical column density compared to simulations using the CTH lightning parameterization.
Preface: Implementing project management principles in geosciences
Authors: Cristini Luisa , Walter Sylvia
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Together with scientific creativity, good research project management is one of the keys for a successful project. This special issue compiles a collection of articles on several topics related to project management in Earth sciences. It is an initiating step towards building a body of literature in (geo)science project management in response to the need of research project managers to share their daily work, experiences and knowledge. It is composed of six original papers that present technical tools, interpersonal skills and focused areas of practice (ocean and polar sciences).
Acceleration of protons and heavy ions to suprathermal energies during dipolarizations in the near-Earth magnetotail
Authors: Malykhin Andrei Yu. , Grigorenko Elena E. , Kronberg Elena A. , Daly Patrick W. , Kozak Ludmila V.
Published: April 2019

Abstract. In this work we present an analysis of the dynamics of suprathermal ions of different masses (H+, He+, O+) during prolonged dipolarizations in the near-Earth magnetotail (X > −17 RE) according to Cluster/RAPID observations in 2001–2005. All dipolarizations from our data base were associated with fast flow braking and consisted of multiple dipolarization fronts (DFs). We found statistically that fluxes of suprathermal ions started to increase ~ 1 min before the dipolarization onset and continued to grow during ~ 1 min after the onset. The start of flux growth coincided with the beginning of decrease in the spectral index γ. The decrease in γ was observed for protons during ~ 1 min after the dipolarization onset, and for He+ and O+ ions - during ~ 3 min and ~ 5 min after the onset respectively. The negative variations of γ for O+ ions were in ~ 2.5 times larger than for light ions. This demonstrates more efficient acceleration for heavy ions. The strong negative variations of γ were observed in finite energy ranges for all ion components. This indicates the possibility of non-adiabatic resonant acceleration of ions in the course of their interaction with multiple DFs during dipolarizations. Our analysis showed that some fraction of light ions can be accelerated up to energies ≥ 600 keV and some fraction of oxygen ions can be accelerated up to ~ 1.2 MeV. Such strong energy gains cannot be explained by acceleration at a single propagating DF, and suggest the possibility of multistage ion acceleration in the course of their interaction with multiple DFs during the prolonged dipolarizations.
On the convection of ionospheric density features
Authors: de Boer John D. , Noël Jean-Marc A. , St.-Maurice Jean-Pierre
Published: April 2019

Abstract. We investigate whether the boundaries of an ionospheric region of
different density than its surroundings will drift relative to the background
E×B drift and, if so, how the drift depends on the degree of
density enhancement and the altitude. We find analytic solutions for discrete
circular features in a 2-D magnetised plasma. The relative drift is
proportional to the density difference, which suggests that where density
gradients occur they should tend to steepen on one side of a patch while they
are weakened on the other. This may have relevance to the morphology of polar
ionospheric patches and auroral arcs, since the result is scale-invariant.
There is also an altitude dependence which enters through the ion-neutral
collision frequency. We discuss how the 2-D analytic result can be applied to
the real ionosphere.
How dry was the Younger Dryas? Evidence from a coupled δ2H–δ18O biomarker paleohygrometer applied to the Gemündener Maar sediments, Western Eifel, Germany
Authors: Hepp Johannes , Wüthrich Lorenz , Bromm Tobias , Bliedtner Marcel , Schäfer Imke Kathrin , Glaser Bruno , Rozanski Kazimierz , Sirocko Frank , Zech Roland , Zech Michael
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Causes of the Late Glacial to Early Holocene transition phase and
particularly the Younger Dryas period, i.e. the major last cold spell in
central Europe during the Late Glacial, are considered to be keys for
understanding rapid natural climate change in the past. The sediments from
maar lakes in the Eifel, Germany, have turned out to be valuable archives
for recording such paleoenvironmental changes. For this study, we investigated a Late Glacial to Early Holocene sediment
core that was retrieved from the Gemündener Maar in the Western Eifel,
Germany. We analysed the hydrogen (δ2H) and oxygen
(δ18O) stable isotope composition of leaf-wax-derived lipid
biomarkers (n-alkanes C27 and C29) and a
hemicellulose-derived sugar biomarker (arabinose), respectively. Both
δ2Hn-alkane and δ18Osugar
are suggested to reflect mainly leaf water of vegetation growing in the
catchment of the Gemündener Maar. Leaf water reflects δ2H
and δ18O of precipitation (primarily temperature-dependent)
modified by evapotranspirative enrichment of leaf water due to transpiration.
Based on the notion that the evapotranspirative enrichment depends primarily
on relative humidity (RH), we apply a previously introduced “coupled
δ2Hn-alkane–δ18Osugar
paleohygrometer approach” to reconstruct the deuterium excess of leaf water
and in turn Late Glacial–Early Holocene RH changes from our Gemündener
Maar record. Our results do not provide evidence for overall markedly dry climatic
conditions having prevailed during the Younger Dryas. Rather, a two-phasing
of the Younger Dryas is supported, with moderate wet conditions at the Allerød
level during the first half and drier conditions during the second half of
the Younger Dryas. Moreover, our results suggest that the amplitude of RH
changes during the Early Holocene was more pronounced than during the Younger
Dryas. This included the occurrence of a “Preboreal Humid Phase”. One
possible explanation for this unexpected finding could be that solar activity
is a hitherto underestimated driver of central European RH changes in the
past.
Development and validation of the terrain stability model for assessing landslide instability during heavy rain infiltration
Authors: Gutiérrez-Martín Alfonso , Herrada Miguel Ángel , Yenes José Ignacio , Castedo Ricardo
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Slope stability is a key topic, not only for engineers but also for
politicians, due to the considerable monetary and human losses that
landslides can cause every year. In fact, it is estimated that landslides
have caused thousands of deaths and economic losses amounting to tens of
billions of euros per year around the world. The geological stability of
slopes is affected by several factors, such as climate, earthquakes,
lithology and rock structures, among others. Climate is one of the main
factors, especially when large amounts of rainwater are absorbed in short
periods of time. Taking this issue into account, we developed an innovative
analytical model using the limit equilibrium method supported by a
geographic information system (GIS). This model is especially useful for
predicting the risk of landslides in scenarios of heavy unpredictable
rainfall. The model, hereafter named terrain stability (or TS) is a 2-D
model, is programed in MATLAB and includes a steady-state hydrological term.
Many variables measured in the field – topography, precipitation and type of
soil – can be added, changed or updated using simple input parameters. To
validate the model, we applied it to a real example – that of a landslide
which resulted in human and material losses (collapse of a building) at
Hundidero, La Viñuela (Málaga), Spain, in February 2010.
Stress Characterization and Temporal Evolution of Borehole Failure at the Rittershoffen Geothermal Project
Authors: Azzola Jérôme , Valley Benoît , Schmittbuhl Jean , Genter Albert
Published: April 2019

Abstract. In the Upper Rhine Graben, several innovative projects based on the Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) technology exploit local deep fractured geothermal reservoirs. The principle underlying this technology consists of increasing the hydraulic performances of the natural fractures using different stimulation methods in order to circulate the natural brine with commercially flow rates. For this purpose, the knowledge of the in-situ stress state is of central importance to predict the response of the rock mass to the different stimulation programs. Here, we propose a characterization of the in-situ stress state from the analysis of Ultrasonic Borehole Imager (UBI) data acquired at different key moments of the reservoir development using a specific image correlation technique. This unique dataset has been obtained from the open hole sections of the two deep wells (GRT-1 and GRT2, ~ 2500 m) at the geothermal site of Rittershoffen, France. We based our analysis on the geometry of breakouts and of drilling induced tension fractures (DITF). A transitional stress regime between strike-slip and normal faulting consistently with the neighbour site of Soultz-sous-Forêts is evidenced. The time lapse dataset enables to analyse both in time and space the evolution of the structures over two years after drilling. The image correlation approach developed for time lapse UBI images shows that breakouts extend along the borehole with time, widen (i.e. angular opening between the edges of the breakouts) but do not deepen (i.e. increase of the maximal radius of the breakouts). The breakout widening is explained by wellbore thermal equilibration. A significant stress rotation at depth is evidenced. It is shown to be controlled by a major fault zone and not by the sediment-basement interface. Our analysis does not reveal any significant change in the stress magnitude in the reservoir.
Iceberg topography and volume classification using TanDEM-X interferometry
Authors: Dammann Dyre O. , Eriksson Leif E. B. , Nghiem Son V. , Pettit Erin , Kurtz Nathan T. , Sonntag John G. , Busche Thomas , Meyer Franz J. , Mahoney Andrew R.
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Icebergs in polar regions affect water salinity, alter marine habitats, and impose serious hazards on maritime operations and navigation. These impacts mainly depend on the iceberg volume, which remain an elusive parameter to measure. We investigate the capability of TanDEM-X bistatic single-pass synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) to derive iceberg subaerial morphology and infer total volume. We cross-verify InSAR results with Operation IceBridge (OIB) data acquired near Wordie Bay, Antarctica, as part of the OIB/TanDEM-X Antarctic Science Campaign (OTASC). While icebergs are typically classified according to size based on length or maximum height, we develop a new volumetric classification approach for applications where iceberg volume is relevant. For icebergs with heights exceeding 5 m, we find iceberg volumes derived from TanDEM-X and OIB data match within 7 %. These results suggest that TanDEM-X could pave the way for future single-pass interferometric systems for scientific and operational iceberg mapping and classification.
As dimensões da competência e a prática como componente curricular na formação inicial de professores de educação física
Authors: Bisconsini Camila Rinaldi , Silva Júnior Arestides Pereira da , Oliveira Amauri Aparecido Bássoli de
Published: April 2019

O artigo apresenta características profissionais das dimensões da competência docente a partir da perspectiva de acadêmicos e professores de um curso de Licenciatura em Educação Física. A pesquisa é do tipo descritiva de característica qualitativa, na qual participaram, por meio de entrevista semiestruturada, 41 acadêmicos formandos e 18 professores. Para tratar os dados, procedeu-se à análise de conteúdo com suporte do software NVivo 10. Os resultados demonstram diversas características do perfil docente, a partir das dimensões: ética, política, estética e técnica, sendo esta última a mais expressiva nas entrevistas. Os dados confirmam que as práticas curriculares fortalecem a relação dos licenciandos com as escolas e contribuem para a aprendizagem dos saberes profissionais.
PerformingPeribáñez y el Comendador de Ocaña:Music as an Agent of Harmony
Authors: Walters Ivy Howell
Published: April 2019

Lope’s employment of music not only illustrates his understanding of the musical activity of his age, but also highlights his knowledge of musical philosophy. The connection between musical performance and the neoplatonic notion of harmony emerges as a central element of Peribáñez y el Comendador de Ocaña in Lope’s text as well as Ricardo Lucía’s 1967 production for Spanish television. Studies on the integration of music and philosophical ideas regarding harmony underscore the connections between the written text, the score, and the performance for internal and external audiences. Although the specifics of many performances in the early modern era have not survived, modern productions of Peribáñez, in conjunction with the performative components incorporated in the written play text, open a window to the role of music in performance.
Comedias Sueltas as Performance Texts
Authors: Feit Ronna S.
Published: April 2019

Based on the approximately 2,000 comedias sueltas in the collection of the Hispanic Society of America in New York, the current study provides information related to the performance history of a number of plays. This information is culled directly from the suelta itself because many of these early imprints contain relevant information in a wide variety of categories that was not reproduced in the contemporary bound volumes of these same plays. Through the examination of comedias sueltas this study intends to make known to researchers the vast array of performance-related primary source material that is readily available to students and scholars of Hispanic Classical Theater.
Attention-Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder: A Disorder or a Fraud?
Authors: Chaaya Rony , El Khoury Diala
Published: April 2019

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a psychiatric and behavioral disorder marked by chronic inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development. This disorder is caused by many dysfunctions in the brain especially in the prefrontal cortex. To date, numerous studies have attempted to unravel the biological pathways behind ADHD. Many environmental risk factors have been identified including lead exposure and prenatal alcohol and tobacco exposure. Specific mutations in genes affecting dopamine and norepinephrine release are also under investigation. Moreover, around three thousand papers have been published showing that ADHD is due to an abnormal dopamine and norepinephrine neurotransmitters secretion in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). This paper aims to provide an updated review of the biological causes of ADHD with an unprecedented focus on different cellular pathways involving catecholamine secretion in the prefrontal cortex. A well rounded and comprehensive review of the etiology of ADHD would prevent its misdiagnosis by health professionals and consequently restrict its malpractice by the use of unnecessary treatments and medications. The ADHD controversy still remains: a disorder or a fraud?
Key Determinants of Energy Demand: Case of Morocco
Authors: Fatiha Bikrat , Karim Mohamed
Published: April 2019

Energy management is a major issue in economic development that goes hand in hand with sustainable development. The objective of this study is to analyze the determinants of energy demand in Morocco during the period 1990-2016. For years to come, energy demand has tended to grow. As a result, it is important to understand the key determinants of energy demand through the analysis of three independent variables: gross domestic product (GDP), access to electricity and direct foreign investment. The approach adopted is to use an Error Correction Vector Model (VECM). Empirical results show that energy demand in Morocco is linked to real causes, which are GDP, access to electricity and foreign direct investment.