bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vers un développement durable de l’aire urbanisée de la région Ile-de-France : une démarche amorcée
Authors: Leveiller Thomas , Long Nathalie
Published: December 2014

Sur l’aire urbanisée de la région Ile-de-France, la succession des schémas directeurs d’aménagement depuis 1965 a privilégié de plus en plus l’environnement et la qualité de vie. Le développement urbain durable s’impose ainsi progressivement comme le moteur de l’évolution de la morphologie de l’aire urbanisée. La création des villes nouvelles, puis les projets d’écoquartiers, en sont une illustration. Leur aménagement favorise l’émergence de nouvelles structures morphologiques : un tournant urbanistique (Chevalier, 2007) a ainsi été amorcé dès les années 1990 et identifié à travers les documents d’urbanisme. Ce changement d’orientation politique peut être mis en relation, en grande couronne, avec un ralentissement de la consommation d’espace agricole et une diminution de l’étalement urbain.
Le skateur comme designer
Authors: Kazi-Tani Tiphaine
Published: December 2014

Apparaissant à la faveur de mouvements massifs d’urbanisation à grande échelle et de la multiplication d’expériences architecturales moderniste en Californie, la pratique du skateboard authentifie les espaces dans lesquels nous évoluons, suspendant « le pouvoir implicite mais présent dans chaque bâtiment, espace, objet du mobilier urbain, [renvoyant] la ville à son essence, un jeu de matériaux mis en formes » (Zarka [2007] 2011, 43). Dans la mesure où il déconstruit et recompose sur un mode essentiellement sensible la grammaire performative de l’architecture urbaine, le skateboard est un exemple des « possibilités de vie » dans les nappes urbaines.
L’impact des migrations internationales et des mobilités résidentielles sur l’évolution socio-spatiale des agglomérations de Luxembourg et Bruxelles
Authors: Lord Sébastien , Cassiers Tim , Gerber Philippe
Published: December 2014

Les inégalités sociales et spatiales n’ont cessé de croître depuis les dernières décennies dans plusieurs aires métropolitaines en Europe, comme Bruxelles et Luxembourg. L’immigration sélective entrante et sortante peut, d’une part, jouer un rôle de levier par lequel la ségrégation se renforce et, d’autre part, être un processus initiant la gentrification et la dispersion spatiale. Nous analyserons ici les dynamiques que la mobilité résidentielle et l’immigration internationale entrainent en matière de croissance des inégalités, notamment en observant la diffusion de différents groupes sociaux sur ces territoires. Le contexte économique postfordiste de compétition sera au centre de notre questionnement, et plus particulièrement son rôle comme moteur de la composition sociale appliqué aux structures spatiales de Bruxelles et Luxembourg.
Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis
Authors: Ferrari Jill , Pilkington Clarissa
Published: December 2014

Background

Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) is an autoinflammatory condition. The lesions are reported to present most frequently in the long bones. This study aimed to review the presenting features of CRMO in a cohort of children diagnosed as having CRMO and to compare the level of agreement between the clinical and published diagnostic criteria.

Methods

A case notes review was undertaken of patients with a clinical diagnosis of CRMO. Patients were younger than 16 years at the time of diagnosis. Features were identified in each patient that agreed or disagreed with the published diagnostic criteria. The location of bone lesions in the lower limb at onset and disease progression was recorded.

Results

A total of 37 patients were included. There was a high prevalence in white individuals. Agreement with the diagnostic criteria of Jansson et al and El-Shanti and Ferguson was poor, with levels of agreement of 40.5% and 43%, respectively, and low kappa scores (κ = 0.07 and 0.09, respectively). The lower limb was affected in 49% of patients at onset and in 72% overall.

Conclusions

This study presents one of the largest published cohorts of pediatric patients with CRMO and also presents racial/ethnic group data that have not previously been reported in other studies. Despite being a condition considered to affect the metaphysis of long bones, the ankle area and foot bones were also frequently affected. The agreement between the clinical diagnosis and the published diagnostic criteria was weak.
Forefoot Varus Predicts Subtalar Hyperpronation in Young People
Authors: Silva Rodrigo Scattone , Ferreira Ana Luisa G. , Veronese Lívia M. , Serrão Fábio V.
Published: December 2014

Background

Subtalar joint hyperpronation is a foot misalignment that has been associated with several musculoskeletal injuries. Forefoot varus is thought to result in subtalar hyperpronation during weightbearing circumstances. However, few studies have aimed to verify whether there is a significant relationship between forefoot alignment and subtalar hyperpronation. Moreover, no study has attempted to verify whether forefoot varus can predict subtalar hyperpronation in young individuals. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to verify whether forefoot varus can predict subtalar hyperpronation, measured using the rearfoot eversion angle test, the navicular drop test, and the Foot Posture Index (FPI), in young people.

Methods

Fifty-four healthy adolescents volunteered for this study (28 boys and 26 girls). A single examiner evaluated the forefoot angle, rearfoot angle, navicular drop, and FPI of each participant. Statistical analysis included the Pearson correlation test and a linear regression analysis to establish the relationship between the variables.

Results

These results showed a high positive correlation between forefoot varus and rearfoot angle (r = 0.86; P < .001), navicular drop (r = 0.76; P < .001), and FPI (r = 0.82; P < .001). Moreover, the forefoot varus variable was able to predict 74% of the variability in the rearfoot angle, 58% in the navicular drop, and 67% in the FPI (P < .001).

Conclusions

These findings support previous assumptions that individuals with forefoot varus present subtalar hyperpronation. Clinicians should not overlook forefoot alignment when prescribing foot orthoses for treating patients with foot misalignments.
Between-Day Reliability of a Cluster-Based Method for Multisegment Kinematic Analysis of the Foot-Ankle Complex
Authors: Souza Thales R. , Fonseca Haroldo L. , Vaz Ana Carolina A. , Antero Juliana S. , Marinho Cristiano S. , Fonseca Sérgio T.
Published: December 2014

Background

Detailed description of foot pronation-supination requires multisegment evaluation of the kinematics of the foot-ankle complex. There are noninvasive methods with independent (single) tracking markers attached directly to the skin. However, these methods are inconsistent with the usual rigid segments assumption. In contrast, using clustered markers is compatible with this assumption and is necessary for analyses that need tracking markers to be distant from the foot (eg, shod walking). This study investigated the between-day reliability of a cluster-based method for multisegment analysis of foot-ankle angles related to pronation-supination.

Methods

Ten healthy adults participated in the study. An anatomically based, three-dimensional model comprising the shank, calcaneus, and forefoot was created. Rigid clusters of tracking markers were used to determine the relative positions and motions of the segments. Mean positions were measured with the subtalar joint in neutral position during standing. Furthermore, mean angles, peaks, and timings of peaks were measured during the stance phase of walking. All of the variables were measured twice, with a 1-week interval. To evaluate reliability, intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated for discrete variables and coefficients of multiple correlation for entire gait curves.

Results

Intraclass correlation coefficients varied from 0.8 to 0.93 for the angles obtained when the subtalar joint was in neutral and from 0.76 to 0.9 for walking variables. Coefficients of multiple correlation varied from 0.93 to 0.97 for walking curves.

Conclusions

The method described has good to high reliability and provides a systematic method for multisegment kinematic evaluation of foot-ankle pronation-supination.
Effects of Off-the-Shelf Foot Orthoses on Plantar Foot Pressures in Patients with Early Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Santos Derek , Cameron-Fiddes Vicki
Published: December 2014

Background

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) often affects feet with progressive pathologic changes to foot morphology and pressure distribution. Studies in RA suggest that reductions in forefoot peak pressures can reduce pain. We investigated the effects of off-the-shelf foot orthoses on plantar foot pressures in patients with early RA.

Methods

Thirty-five patients with early RA were recorded walking. Variables measured were forefoot peak plantar pressure (PPPft), forefoot pressure-time integral (PTIft), and hallux and lesser toe and midfoot contact areas. Patients were analyzed while walking barefoot, with shoes, and with shoes and foot orthoses. Measurements were taken at baseline and at 3 and 6 months.

Results

There were significantly increased PPPft values between barefoot and shod and between barefoot and orthoses (P < .01). However, there was a significant reduction in PPPft during the 6 months with orthoses compared with shoes only (P < .01). Foot orthoses significantly reduced PTIft over 6 months (P < .01). Results also demonstrated a significant increase in hallux and lesser toe (P < .01) and midfoot (P < .01) contact areas during the 6 months with foot orthoses.

Conclusions

In patients with early RA, off-the-shelf foot orthoses cause a significant reduction of 22% in PPPft and 14% in PTIft as soon as insoles are worn compared with shod. Further reductions for orthoses compared with baseline were found by 3 months (15% in PPPft and 14% in PTIft) and 6 months (33% in PPPft and 33% in PTIft). These findings could contribute to reductions in foot pain.
Master Techniques in Orthopaedic Surgery: The Foot and Ankle
Authors: Jones Lester J.
Published: December 2014

Master Techniques in Orthopaedic Surgery: The Foot and Ankle. 3rd Ed. Edited by Harold B. Kitaoka, MD. 803 pages. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, 2013. $237.79.
Section 3 Youth, entrepreneurship, and rural development
Authors: Gjertsen Tor
Published: December 2014

“Without youth no future”
Localized thermosphere ionization events during the high‐speed stream interval of 29 April to 5 May 2011
Authors: Verkhoglyadova O. P. , Mannucci A. J. , Tsurutani B. T. , Mlynczak M. G. , Hunt L. A. , Redmon R. J. , Green J. C.
Published: December 2014

We analyze localized ionospheric‐thermospheric (IT) events in response to external driving by a high‐speed stream (HSS) during the ascending phase of the Solar Cycle 24. The HSS event occurred from ~ 29 April to 5 May, 2011. The HSS itself (and not the associated corotating interaction region) caused a moderate geomagnetic storm with peak SYM‐H = −55 nT and prolonged auroral activity. We analyze TIMED (Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics)/SABER (Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry) measurements of nitric oxide (NO) cooling emission during the interval as a measure of thermospheric response to auroral heating. We identify several local cooling emission (LCE) events in high to subauroral latitudes. Individual cooling emission profiles during these LCE events are enhanced at ionospheric E layer altitudes. For the first time, we present electron density profiles in the vicinity of the LCE events using collocated COSMIC (Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate) radio occultation (RO) measurements. Measurements at local nighttime show the formation of an enhanced E layer (about 2.5 times increase over the undisturbed value) at ≥100 km altitude. Daytime electron density profiles show relatively smaller enhancements in the E layer. We suggest that the IT response is due to additional ionization caused by medium energy electron (>10 keV) precipitation into the subauroral to high‐latitude atmosphere associated with geomagnetic activity during the HSS event.
An optimal XBT‐based monitoring system for the South Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 34°S
Authors: Goes Marlos , Goni Gustavo , Dong Shenfu
Published: December 2014

The South Atlantic is an important pathway for the interbasin exchanges of heat and freshwater with strong influence on the global meridional overturning stability and variability. Along the 34°S parallel, a quarterly, high‐resolution XBT transect (AX18) samples the temperature structure in the upper ocean. The AX18 transect has been shown to be a useful component of a meridional overturning monitoring system of the region. However, a feasible, cost‐effective design for an XBT‐based system has not yet been developed. Here we use a high‐resolution ocean assimilation product to simulate an XBT‐based observational system across the South Atlantic. The sensitivity of the meridional heat transport, meridional overturning circulation, and geostrophic velocities to key observational and methodological assumptions is studied. Key assumptions taken into account are horizontal and temporal sampling of the transect, salinity, and deep temperature inference, as well as the level of reference for geostrophic velocities. With the current sampling strategy, the largest errors in the meridional overturning and heat transport estimations are the reference (barotropic) velocity and the western boundary resolution. We show how altimetry can be used along with hydrography to resolve the barotropic component of the flow. We use the results obtained by the state estimation under observational assumptions to make recommendations for potential improvements in the AX18 transect implementation.
The influence of weather on migraine – are migraine attacks predictable?
Authors: Hoffmann Jan , Schirra Tonio , Lo Hendra , Neeb Lars , Reuter Uwe , Martus Peter
Published: December 2014

Objective

The study aimed at elucidating a potential correlation between specific meteorological variables and the prevalence and intensity of migraine attacks as well as exploring a potential individual predictability of a migraine attack based on meteorological variables and their changes.

Methods

Attack prevalence and intensity of 100 migraineurs were correlated with atmospheric pressure, relative air humidity, and ambient temperature in 4‐h intervals over 12 consecutive months. For each correlation, meteorological parameters at the time of the migraine attack as well as their variation within the preceding 24 h were analyzed. For migraineurs showing a positive correlation, logistic regression analysis was used to assess the predictability of a migraine attack based on meteorological information.

Results

In a subgroup of migraineurs, a significant weather sensitivity could be observed. In contrast, pooled analysis of all patients did not reveal a significant association. An individual prediction of a migraine attack based on meteorological data was not possible, mainly as a result of the small prevalence of attacks.

Interpretation

The results suggest that only a subgroup of migraineurs is sensitive to specific weather conditions. Our findings may provide an explanation as to why previous studies, which commonly rely on a pooled analysis, show inconclusive results. The lack of individual attack predictability indicates that the use of preventive measures based on meteorological conditions is not feasible.
Question Types, Responsiveness and Self‐contradictions when Prosecutors and Defense Attorneys Question Alleged Victims of Child Sexual Abuse
Authors: Andrews Samantha J. , Lamb Michael E. , Lyon Thomas D.
Published: December 2014

We examined 120 trial transcripts of 6‐ to 12‐year‐old children testifying to sexual abuse. Age and attorney role were analyzed in relation to question types, children's responsiveness and self‐contradiction frequency. A total of 48,716 question–response pairs were identified. Attorneys used more closed‐ended than open‐ended prompts. Prosecutors used more invitations (3% vs. 0%), directives, and option‐posing prompts than defense attorneys, who used more suggestive prompts than prosecutors. Children were more unresponsive to defense attorneys than to prosecutors. Self‐contradictions were identified in 95% of the cases. Defense attorneys elicited more self‐contradictions than prosecutors, but nearly all prosecutors (86%) elicited at least one self‐contradiction. Suggestive questions elicited more self‐contradictions than any other prompt type. There were no associations with age. These findings suggest that neither prosecutors nor defense attorneys question children in developmentally appropriate ways. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Talking About Behaviors in the Passive Voice Increases Task Performance
Authors: Senay Ibrahim , Usak Muhammet , Prokop Pavol
Published: December 2014

Self‐talk can help people redirect their attention focused on themselves to the tasks they are working on with important consequences for their task performance. Across four experiments and two different types of languages, Turkish and Slovak, people describing their own behaviors to themselves, as well as merely reading or writing sentences depicting some fictitious events, in the passive (vs. the active) voice performed better on various tasks of motor and verbal performance. The effect was present to the extent that people maintained their control over task‐distracting thoughts or felt more responsible for their task success/failure. In sum, talking about task behaviors in the passive voice may increase the perceived role of task‐related factors while decreasing the role of agent‐related factors in achieving task success, whereby the task focus, hence performance, increases. The results are important for understanding the role of self‐talk in performance with implications for changing important outcomes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Highly Fluorescent Thienoviologen‐Based Polymer Gels for Single Layer Electrofluorochromic Devices
Authors: Beneduci Amerigo , Cospito Sante , Deda Massimo La , Chidichimo Giuseppe
Published: December 2014

A highly fluorescent electrofluorochromic gel with quantum yields as high as 67% is prepared by incorporating the thienoviologen fluorophore 4,4′‐(2,2′‐bithiophene‐5,5′‐diyl)bis(1‐nonylpridinium)bistriflimide into a polymeric matrix. The fluorescent emission spectrum of the gel at low percentages of thienoviologen shows a strong band at 530 nm. A new intense fluorescence band at 630 nm can be induced by fluorophore aggregation. Single layer electrofluorochromic devices were readily prepared by sandwiching the polymer gels between two indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes. The fluorescence intensity can be easily modulated between a fluorescent and a quenched state, in a wide visible spectral range, by direct electrochemical reduction of the thienoviologen fluorophore. It exhibits three reduction states, each with different emission properties. The reversible interconversion among these states leads to a high electrofluorochromic stability of the device, exhibiting switching times of a few seconds and, to the best of our knowledge, the highest contrast ratio (337).
A large animal model of spinal muscular atrophy and correction of phenotype
Authors: Duque Sandra I. , Arnold W. David , Odermatt Philipp , Li Xiaohui , Porensky Paul N. , Schmelzer Leah , Meyer Kathrin , Kolb Stephen J. , Schümperli Daniel , Kaspar Brian K. , Burghes Arthur H. M.
Published: December 2014

Objectives

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is caused by reduced levels of survival motor neuron (SMN) protein, which results in motoneuron loss. Therapeutic strategies to increase SMN levels including drug compounds, antisense oligonucleotides, and scAAV9 gene therapy have proved effective in mice. We wished to determine whether reduction of SMN in postnatal motoneurons resulted in SMA in a large animal model, whether SMA could be corrected after development of muscle weakness, and the response of clinically relevant biomarkers.

Methods

Using intrathecal delivery of scAAV9 expressing an shRNA targeting pig SMN1, SMN was knocked down in motoneurons postnatally to SMA levels. This resulted in an SMA phenotype representing the first large animal model of SMA. Restoration of SMN was performed at different time points with scAAV9 expressing human SMN (scAAV9‐SMN), and electrophysiology measurements and pathology were performed.

Results

Knockdown of SMN in postnatal motoneurons results in overt proximal weakness, fibrillations on electromyography indicating active denervation, and reduced compound muscle action potential (CMAP) and motor unit number estimation (MUNE), as in human SMA. Neuropathology showed loss of motoneurons and motor axons. Presymptomatic delivery of scAAV9‐SMN prevented SMA symptoms, indicating that all changes are SMN dependent. Delivery of scAAV9‐SMN after symptom onset had a marked impact on phenotype, electrophysiological measures, and pathology.

Interpretation

High SMN levels are critical in postnatal motoneurons, and reduction of SMN results in an SMA phenotype that is SMN dependent. Importantly, clinically relevant biomarkers including CMAP and MUNE are responsive to SMN restoration, and abrogation of phenotype can be achieved even after symptom onset. Ann Neurol 2015;77:399–414
A Hierarchical Tin/Carbon Composite as an Anode for Lithium‐Ion Batteries with a Long Cycle Life
Authors: Huang Xingkang , Cui Shumao , Chang Jingbo , Hallac Peter B. , Fell Christopher R. , Luo Yanting , Metz Bernhard , Jiang Junwei , Hurley Patrick T. , Chen Junhong
Published: December 2014

Tin is a promising anode candidate for next‐generation lithium‐ion batteries with a high energy density, but suffers from the huge volume change (ca. 260 %) upon lithiation. To address this issue, here we report a new hierarchical tin/carbon composite in which some of the nanosized Sn particles are anchored on the tips of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) that are rooted on the exterior surfaces of micro‐sized hollow carbon cubes while other Sn nanoparticles are encapsulated in hollow carbon cubes. Such a hierarchical structure possesses a robust framework with rich voids, which allows Sn to alleviate its mechanical strain without forming cracks and pulverization upon lithiation/de‐lithiation. As a result, the Sn/C composite exhibits an excellent cyclic performance, namely, retaining a capacity of 537 mAh g−1 for around 1000 cycles without obvious decay at a high current density of 3000 mA g−1.
Acquired Superoxide‐Scavenging Ability of Ceria Nanoparticles
Authors: Li Yuanyuan , He Xiao , Yin Jun‐Jie , Ma Yuhui , Zhang Peng , Li Jingyuan , Ding Yayun , Zhang Jing , Zhao Yuliang , Chai Zhifang , Zhang Zhiyong
Published: December 2014

Ceria nanoparticles (nanoceria) are well known as a superoxide scavenger. However, inherent superoxide‐scavenging ability has only been found in the nanoceria with sizes of less than 5 nm and with very limited shape diversity. Reported herein is a strategy to significantly improve the superoxide‐scavenging activity of nanoceria sized at greater than 5 nm. The nanoceria with sizes of greater than 5 nm, with different shapes, and with a negligible Ce3+/Ce4+ ratio can acquire remarkable superoxide‐scavenging abilities through electron transfer. This method will make it possible to develop nanoceria‐based superoxide‐scavengers with long‐acting activity and tailorable characteristics.
„[…︁] mein Recht muss mir werden!“ Hermann Bahrs TragikomödieDer Querulant(1914)
Authors: Gaderer Rupert
Published: December 2014

“[…︁] mein Recht muss mir werden!” Hermann Bahr’s Tragicomedy­Der Querulant­(1914).At the end of the eighteenth century, people who became notorious for their excessive engagement in legal proceedings started being labeled as “querulents” or “paranoid litigants”. The term “querulents” first appeared in theGeneral Order of the Court for the Prussian States(Allgemeine Gerichtsordnung für die Preußischen Staaten) from July 6, 1793. From there on, the spectrum of juridical measures undertaken against the so‐labeled litigators included classifying these persons as ineligible for legal action and psychiatric hospitalization. The paper discusses to what extent Hermann Bahr rearranges psychiatric and legal knowledge about this special type of the complainer in his tragicomedyDer Querulant, premiered in 1914. This concerns, first, the theatricality of the body and speech, secondly, the use of cultural techniques of writing and, thirdly, conflicting notions of justice. Therefore, the paper analyzes the aesthetic function of querulous behavior in the dramatic structure of the play from the point of view of both media theory and literary theory.
Der demonstrierte Wahnsinn – Die Klinik als Bühne
Authors: Herrn Rainer , Friedland Alexander
Published: December 2014

Performing Madness: The Clinic as Stage.In the second half of the nineteenth century, clinical demonstrations became the dominant teaching method in psychiatry, playing a key role in medical‐professional disputes, as well. This paper traces this widely used though historiographically neglected practice of knowledge implementation and mediation, as demonstrated in the psychiatric clinic of the Berlin Charité (Psychiatrische und Nervenklinik der Berliner Charité) from 1881 to 1927. Documentation of this practice, found within individual medical records, forms the basis of this research. The concept of ‘theatricality’ assists in uncovering the dramatic quality of the clinical demonstration: Psychiatric knowledge was not simply disseminated through such a practice; rather, such knowledge was first performatively created through the very logic of its presentation of exemplary patient histories, as well as through the examination and diagnostic positioning of its patients. The ‘success’ of such presentations depended on many variables, related to staff, time, place, and other situational factors. These include the presence of appropriate lecture halls, the availability and calculated selection of patients, and the employment of specific performative techniques by doctors for the sake of producing desired results. As one effect, clinical demonstrations also encouraged patients to both learn and rehearse behavior considered relevant to the particular diagnosis that was to be demonstrated.
Wahnsinnige Bilder – Zu einer medialen Wissensgeschichte des Psychischen um 1900
Authors: Rall Veronika
Published: December 2014

Mental Images: Towards a Media History of the Psyche around 1900. Presupposing that visual practices are inherent to the social constitution of knowledge, this article suggests juxtaposing photographs and films produced in a psychiatric environment to popular films run in theaters around 1900, thus identifying cinema’s particular “Denkstil” (Fleck). Rejecting science’s dominating paradigm of visual objectivity (Daston/Galison), the visual apparatus [dispositif] of early cinema facilitates subjective experience of unreason and irrationality and thus initiates a different epistemological approach to knowledge as self‐knowledge of a modern, self‐reflexive subject. This is particularly evident in early cinema’s depiction of the psyche, which does not solely focus on the physical manifestation of the ‘mad’, ‘insane’ body, but also visualizes the subject’s inner life: technical means like montage, multiple exposure or stop motion can be employed to illustrate subjective visions, fantasies or dreams. Thus, the invisible mind becomes visible as the “unthinkable within thinking” (Deleuze), while the subject is invited to participate in cinema’s “gay science” (Nietzsche).
Long‐term chemiluminescence signal is produced in the course of luminol oxidation catalyzed by enhancer‐independent peroxidase purified from Jatropha curcas leaves
Authors: Duan Peipei , Cai Feng , Luo Yongting , Chen Yangxi , Zou Shujuan
Published: December 2014

Isoenzyme c of horseradish peroxidase (HRP‐C) is widely used in enzyme immunoassay combined with chemiluminescence (CL) detection. For this application, HRP‐C activity measurement is usually based on luminol oxidation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). However, this catalysis reaction was enhancer dependent. In this study, we demonstrated that Jatropha curcas peroxidase (JcGP1) showed high efficiency in catalyzing luminol oxidation in the presence of H2O2. Compared with HRP‐C, the JcGP1‐induced reaction was enhancer independent, which made the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) simpler. In addition, the JcGP1 catalyzed reaction showed a long‐term stable CL signal. We optimized the conditions for JcGP1 catalysis and determined the favorable conditions as follows: 50 mM Tris buffer (pH 8.2) containing 10 mM H2O2, 14 mM luminol and 0.75 M NaCl. The optimum catalysis temperature was 30°C. The detection limit of JcGP1 under optimum condition was 0.2 pM. Long‐term stable CL signal combined with enhancer‐independent property indicated that JcGP1 might be a valuable candidate peroxidase for clinical diagnosis and enzyme immunoassay with CL detection. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of placenta growth factor in the hyperoxia‐induced acute lung injury in an animal model
Authors: Zhang Liang , Yuan Li‐Jie , Zhao Shuang , Shan Yu , Wu Hong‐Min , Xue Xin‐Dong
Published: December 2014

Prolonged exposure to hyperoxia leads to acute lung injury. Alveolar type II cells are main target of hyperoxia‐induced lung injury. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of placental growth factor (PLGF) in hyperoxia‐induced lung injury. Using experimental hyperoxia‐induced lung injury model of neonatal rat and mouse lung epithelial type II cells (MLE‐12), we examined the levels of PLGF in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and in the supernatants of MLE‐12 cells. Our results revealed that exogenous PLGF induced hyperoxia‐induced lung injury. Furthermore, PLGF triggered a shift of vinculin from insoluble to soluble cell fraction, similar to the observation under hyperoxia stimulation. Moreover, we observed significantly reduced phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase and increased permeability in MLE‐12 cells treated with PLGF. These results suggest that PLGF triggers focal adhesion disassembly in alveolar type II cells via inhibiting the activation of focal adhesion kinase. Our findings reveal a novel role of PLGF in hyperoxia‐induced lung injury and provide a potential target for the management of hyperoxia‐induced acute lung injury. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Applying γ‐Substituted Prolines in the Foldon Peptide: Polarity Contradicts Preorganization
Authors: Dietz Dennis , Kubyshkin Vladimir , Budisa Nediljko
Published: December 2014

Rational choice of chemical modifications to proline residues allows the preorganization principle to be exploited for more stable assembly of the foldon domain as a tag for trimerization. With systematic knowledge of how chemical and steric variations of the ring substituents affect the relative stabilities of exo and endo puckers, the preorganization principle should then be usable in biotechnologically synthesized foldon mutants and applicable for protein tagging elsewhere.
Preparation of Mesoporous Zeolite ETS‐10 Catalysts for High‐Yield Synthesis of α,β‐Epoxy Ketones
Authors: Xiang Mei , Ni Xiaojun , Yi Xianfeng , Zheng Anmin , Wang Wenchang , He Mingyang , Xiong Jing , Liu Taotao , Ma Yuli , Zhu Pengyuan , Zheng Xiang , Tang Tiandi
Published: December 2014

Developing highly active heterogeneous catalysts for the efficient construction of valuable building blocks is of great importance to synthetic chemistry. For this purpose, a mesoporous zeolite ETS‐10 (METS‐10) is synthesized by using a mesoscale silane surfactant as a template and applied to achieve highly efficient syntheses of α,β‐epoxy ketones by employing simple alkenes and aldehydes as starting materials. The high activity of the METS‐10 catalyst is attributed to its unique porous structure and basicity. Electron paramagnetic resonance characterization results and theoretical calculation experimental data reveal that the strong basic sites on METS‐10 catalyst can activate the reaction substrate and intermediate. In addition, the mesopores in METS‐10 catalyst benefit the mass transfer and further improve the catalytic activity.
Altered myocardial force generation in end‐stage human heart failure
Authors: Papp Zoltán , van der Velden Jolanda , Borbély Attila , Édes István , Stienen Ger J.M.
Published: December 2014

Aims

This study aimed to elucidate the molecular background of increased Ca2+ sensitivity of force production in cardiomyocytes of end‐stage human heart failure.

Methods and results

Ca2+‐activated isometric force and the cross‐bridge specific rate of force redevelopment (ktr) were determined in Triton‐skinned myocytes from end‐stage failing and non‐failing donor hearts. Measurements (control: pH 7.2, 0 mM inorganic phosphate (Pi)) were performed under test conditions that probed either the Ca2+‐regulatory function of the thin filaments (pH 6.5), the kinetics of the actin‐myosin cross‐bridge cycle (10 mM Pi), or both (pH 6.5, 10 mM Pi). The control maximal Ca2+‐activated force (Fo) and ktrmax did not differ between failing and non‐failing myocytes. At submaximal [Ca2+], however, both force and ktr were higher in failing than in donor myocytes. The difference in the Ca2+ sensitivities of force production was preserved when the thin filament regulatory function was perturbed by acidosis (pH 6.5) but was abolished by cross‐bridge modulation (i.e. by Pi) both at pH 7.2 and at pH 6.5. Pi induced a larger reduction in force but a smaller increase in ktr in the failing myocytes than in the non‐failing myocytes at submaximal [Ca2+].

Conclusion

The enhanced Pi sensitivity of the actin‐myosin interaction suggests that the Pi release step of the actin‐myosin cross‐bridge cycle is modified during end‐stage human heart failure. This might be of functional importance when Pi accumulates (e.g. during cardiac ischaemia). Moreover, this alteration can influence cardiac energetics and the clinical efficacy of sarcomere targeted agents in human heart failure.
Synthesis, Stability and Sensitised Lanthanide Luminescence of Heterobimetallic d/f Terpyridine Complexes
Authors: Moore Evan G. , Benaglia Massimo , Bergamini Giacomo , Ceroni Paola
Published: December 2014

The synthesis, solution behavior and photophysical properties of several heteronuclear bimetallic d/f complexes that utilise a RuII bis‐terpyridine moiety as the sensitiser for EuIII, NdIII and YbIII luminescence are reported and compared to a GdIII analogue. The former compounds display sensitised emission in the visible and near‐infrared (NIR) regions depending on the choice of the LnIII cation. We illustrate that sensitised lanthanide emission can operate by two distinctly different pathways that involve either the triplet ligand‐centred (3LC) excited state of the organic ligand or the triplet metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer (3MLCT) excited state of the RuII complex. Owing to the electronic structure of this antenna and the higher density of metal‐centred accepting states, a higher sensitization efficiency with NdIII was observed than with YbIII and EuIII. Lastly, we have observed unusual sensitised emission from the upper (4F5/2, 2H9/2) excited state of NdIII at approximately 800 nm, which we report here for the first time from a molecular species in solution.
Disruption of dopaminergic transmission remodels tripartite synapse morphology and astrocytic calcium activity within substantia nigra pars reticulata
Authors: Bosson Anthony , Boisseau Sylvie , Buisson Alain , Savasta Marc , Albrieux Mireille
Published: December 2014

The substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) is a major output nucleus of the basal ganglia circuitry particularly sensitive to pathological dopamine depletion. Indeed, hyperactivity of SNr neurons is known to be responsible for some motor disorders characteristic of Parkinson's disease. The neuronal processing of basal ganglia dysfunction is well understood but, paradoxically, the role of astrocytes in the regulation of SNr activity has rarely been considered. We thus investigated the influence of the disruption of dopaminergic transmission on plastic changes at tripartite glutamatergic synapses in the rat SNr and on astrocyte calcium activity. In 6‐hydroxydopamine‐lesioned rats, we observed structural plastic changes of tripartite glutamatergic synapses and perisynaptic astrocytic processes. These findings suggest that subthalamonigral synapses undergo morphological changes that accompany the pathophysiological processes of Parkinson's disease. The pharmacological blockade of dopaminergic transmission (with sulpiride and SCH‐23390) increased astrocyte calcium excitability, synchrony and gap junction coupling within the SNr, suggesting a functional adaptation of astrocytes to dopamine transmission disruption in this output nucleus. This hyperactivity is partly reversed by subthalamic nucleus high‐frequency stimulation which has emerged as an efficient symptomatic treatment for Parkinson's disease. Therefore, our results demonstrate structural and functional reshaping of neuronal and glial elements highlighting a functional plasticity of neuroglial interactions when dopamine transmission is disrupted. GLIA 2015;63:673–683
Robust hippocampal responsivity during retrieval of consolidated associative memory
Authors: Hattori Shoai , Chen Lillian , Weiss Craig , Disterhoft John F.
Published: December 2014

A contentious point in memory research is whether or not the hippocampus plays a time‐limited role in the consolidation of declarative memories. A widely held view is that declarative memories are initially encoded in the hippocampus, then transferred to the neocortex for long‐term storage. Alternate views argue instead that the hippocampus continues to play a role in remote memory recall. These competing theories are largely based on human amnesic and animal lesion/inactivation studies. However, in vivo electrophysiological evidence supporting these views is scarce. Given that other studies examining the role of the hippocampus in remote memory retrieval using lesion and imaging techniques in human and animal models have provided mixed results, it would be particularly useful to gain insight at the in vivo electrophysiological level. Here we report hippocampal single‐neuron and theta activity recorded longitudinally during acquisition and remote retrieval of trace eyeblink conditioning. Results from conditioned rabbits were compared to those obtained from yoked pseudo‐conditioned control rabbits. Results reveal continued learning‐specific hippocampal activity one month after initial acquisition of the task. Our findings yield insight into the normal physiological responses of the hippocampus during memory processes and provide compelling in vivo electrophysiological evidence that the hippocampus is involved in both acquisition and retrieval of consolidated memories. © 2014 The Authors Hippocampus Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The canonical Notch pathway effector RBP‐J regulates neuronal plasticity and expression of GABA transporters in hippocampal networks
Authors: Liu Shuxi , Wang Yue , Worley Paul F. , Mattson Mark P. , Gaiano Nicholas
Published: December 2014

Activation of the Notch pathway in neurons is essential for learning and memory in various species from invertebrates to mammals. However, it remains unclear how Notch signaling regulates neuronal plasticity, and whether the transcriptional regulator and canonical pathway effector RBP‐J plays a role. Here, we report that conditional disruption of RBP‐J in the postnatal hippocampus leads to defects in long‐term potentiation, long‐term depression, and in learning and memory. Using gene expression profiling and chromatin immunoprecipitation, we identified two GABA transporters, GAT2 and BGT1, as putative Notch/RBP‐J pathway targets, which may function downstream of RBP‐J to limit the accumulation of GABA in the Schaffer collateral pathway. Our results reveal an essential role for canonical Notch/RBP‐J signaling in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and suggest that role, at least in part, is mediated by the regulation of GABAergic signaling. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
HepaRG culture in tethered spheroids as an in vitro three‐dimensional model for drug safety screening
Authors: Wang Zenan , Luo Xiaobei , Anene‐Nzelu Chukwuemeka , Yu Yu , Hong Xin , Singh Nisha Hari , Xia Lei , Liu Side , Yu Hanry
Published: December 2014

Conventional two‐dimensional (2D) monolayer cultures of HepaRG cells allow in vitro maintenance of many liver‐specific functions. However, cellular dedifferentiation and functional deterioration over an extended culture period in the conventional 2D HepaRG culture have hampered its applications in drug testing. To address this issue, we developed tethered spheroids of HepaRG cells on Arg–Gly–Asp (RGD) and galactose‐conjugated substratum with an optimized hybrid ratio as an in vitro three‐dimensional (3D) human hepatocyte model. The liver‐specific gene expression level and drug metabolizing enzyme activities in HepaRG‐tethered spheorids were markedly higher than those in 2D cultures throughout the culture period of 7 days. The inducibility of three major cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, namely CYP1A2, CYP2B6 and CYP3A4, was improved in both mRNA and activity level in tethered spheroids. Drug‐induced cytotoxic responses to model hepatotoxins (acetaminophen, chlorpromazine and ketoconazole) in tethered spheroids were comparable to 2D cultures as well as other studies in the literature. Our results suggested that the HepaRG‐tethered spheroid would be an alternative in vitro model suitable for drug safety screening. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Instrumental and sensory analyses of quality attributes of grafted specialty melons
Authors: Guan Wenjing , Zhao Xin , Huber Donald J , Sims Charles A
Published: December 2014

BACKGROUND

Soilborne disease management remains a great challenge in melon production with the phaseout of soil fumigant methyl bromide. Grafting has been shown to be an effective approach to control soilborne diseases. However, previous research has yielded mixed results regarding the impacts of rootstock on fruit quality. Very few studies have assessed melon quality attributes using both sensory evaluation and instrumental methods.

RESULTS

Galia melon ‘Arava’ (Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus Ser.) and honeydew melon ‘Honey Yellow’ (C. melo L. var. inodorus Naud.) were grafted onto commercial hybrid squash (Cucurbita maxima Duchesne × Cucurbita moschata Duchesne) rootstocks and root‐knot nematode‐resistant Cucumis metulifer E. Mey. ex Naud. rootstock. The grafting combinations were evaluated under different production conditions. Grafting with hybrid squash rootstocks resulted in reduced soluble solids content (SSC) and decreased sensory ratings of ‘Arava’ fruit. By contrast with grafted ‘Arava’, grafted ‘Honey Yellow’ did not exhibit significant differences in sensory properties and instrumental measurements regardless of production conditions and rootstock selection.

CONCLUSION

The effects of grafting on fruit quality attributes differed between the two distinctive types of melon scion used. Potential negative impacts of rootstocks on melon fruit quality need to be considered in the selection and use of disease‐resistant rootstocks. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Role of bifidobacteria in the hydrolysis of chlorogenic acid
Authors: Raimondi Stefano , Anighoro Andrew , Quartieri Andrea , Amaretti Alberto , Tomás‐Barberán Francisco A. , Rastelli Giulio , Rossi Maddalena
Published: December 2014

This study aimed to explore the capability of potentially probiotic bifidobacteria to hydrolyze chlorogenic acid into caffeic acid (CA), and to recognize the enzymes involved in this reaction. Bifidobacterium strains belonging to eight species occurring in the human gut were screened. The hydrolysis seemed peculiar of Bifidobacterium animalis, whereas the other species failed to release CA. Intracellular feruloyl esterase activity capable of hydrolyzing chlorogenic acid was detected only in B. animalis. In silico research among bifidobacteria esterases identified Balat_0669 as the cytosolic enzyme likely responsible of CA release in B. animalis. Comparative modeling of Balat_0669 and molecular docking studies support its role in chlorogenic acid hydrolysis. Expression, purification, and functional characterization of Balat_0669 in Escherichia coli were obtained as further validation. A possible role of B. animalis in the activation of hydroxycinnamic acids was demonstrated and new perspectives were opened in the development of new probiotics, specifically selected for the enhanced bioconversion of phytochemicals into bioactive compounds.
Deutsche Bergbautechnik für einen gigantischen Streb im Nordpolarkreis
Authors: Burbaum Thomas , Simeonova Yana , Nurgaleev Talgat
Published: December 2014

Im Herbst 2011 hat das Bergwerk “Worgaschorskaja” den größten Streb im Polarkreis in Betrieb genommen und fördert inzwischen bereits aus seiner dritten Bauhöhe. Die Bergleute bezeichnen diesen Streb als “Riesen”, der mit seiner technischen Ausrüstung und Größe beeindruckt. Der Bericht gibt einen kurzen Überblick über die Strebausrüstung und die Fördertechnik.
Simulating cyclic voltammetry under advection for electrochemical cantilevers
Authors: Adesokan B. J. , Evgrafov A. , Sørensen M. P.
Published: December 2014

We present a mathematical model describing an electrochemical system involving electrode–electrolyte interaction. The model is governed by a system of advection–diffusion equations with a nonlinear reaction term at the boundary. Our calculations based on such model demonstrate the dynamics of ionic currents in the electrolyte. The model allows us to predict the effect of varying flow rates, scan rates, and electrolyte concentration of the electrochemical system. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymptotic behavior of solutions to a class of nonlocal non‐autonomous diffusion equations
Authors: Bezerra F. D. M. , Nascimento M. J. D. , da Silva S. H.
Published: December 2014

In this paper, we consider the nonlocal non‐autonomous evolution problems where Ω is a bounded smooth domain in
, N≥1, β is a positive constant, the coefficient a is a continuous bounded function on
, and K is an integral operator with symmetric kernel
, being J a non‐negative function continuously differentiable on
and
. We prove the existence of global pullback attractor, and we exhibit a functional to evolution process generated by this problem that decreases along of solutions. Assuming the parameter β is small enough, we show that the origin is locally pullback asymptotically stable. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of an allosterically regulated retroaldolase
Authors: Raymond Elizabeth A. , Mack Korrie L. , Yoon Jennifer H. , Moroz Olesia V. , Moroz Yurii S. , Korendovych Ivan V.
Published: December 2014

We employed a minimalist approach for design of an allosterically controlled retroaldolase. Introduction of a single lysine residue into the nonenzymatic protein calmodulin led to a 15,000‐fold increase in the second order rate constant for retroaldol reaction with methodol as a substrate. The resulting catalyst AlleyCatR is active enough for subsequent directed evolution in crude cell bacterial lysates. AlleyCatR's activity is allosterically regulated by Ca2+ ions. No catalysis is observed in the absence of the metal ion. The increase in catalytic activity originates from the hydrophobic interaction of the substrate (∼2000‐fold) and the change in the apparent pKa of the active lysine residue.