bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stratabound and stratiform sediment-hosted uranium-copper prospects in the Paleoproterozoic Amer Group, Churchill Structural Province, Northwest Territories
Authors: Miller A R
Published: April 2013

The upper clastic sequence of the Paleoproterozoic Amer Group hosts uneconomic stratabound and stratiform sediment-hosted uranium-copper prospects. The unit of interbedded calcareous sandstone-siltstone-mudstone with minor carbonate which hosts the prospects is
underlain by dolomitic limestone and overlain by calcareous feldspathic sandstone. The former, comprising pink, fine grained sandstone and drab siltstone-mudstone, was deposited in an intertidal lagoonal to sabkha environment and it is enriched in Cu, Pb, and Zn along its 140 km strike; mineralized
zones are restricted to the lower portion of the sandstone-siltstone-mudstone unit. Anomalous concentrations of euhedral magnetite in sandstone-siltstone are commonly associated with disseminated pitchblende and coffinite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, ±bornite, covellite and chalcocite. Textures and
opaque mineral assemblages suggest that the redox reaction of magnetite to hematite and replacement of magnetite by iron and copper sulphides controlled metal deposition. The primary mineralization is interpreted to be diagenetic, being weakly recrystallized and remobilized during Paleoproterozoic
lower greenschist thermotectonism.
Geology of the Meta Incognita Peninsula, south Baffin Island, Northwest Territories: tectonostratigraphic units and regional correlations
Authors: St-Onge M R , Hanmer S , Scott D J
Published: April 2013

Tectonostratigraphic domains in southern Baffin Island contain units which can be correlated with those in northern Quebec (Cape Smith Belt þ Ungava Orogen) or central Baffin Island (Baffin Orogen). A grey tonalite gneiss is identified as possible Archean
Superior Province basement. Siliciclastic-mafic-ultramafic rock sequences are correlated with the Povungnituk Group (Quebec). Carbonate and siliciclastic units of the Lake Harbour Group may be in part equivalent to the Sugluk Group (Quebec). Large felsic plutonic units comprise the southern
extension of the Cumberland Batholith (central Baffin Island). Finally, panels of tonalite and monzogranite are correlated with the Narsajuaq arc (Quebec). Such correlations do not support suggestions that orthogneisses on southern Baffin Island constitute the southeastern arm of the Archean Rae
craton. Correlations with the Povungnituk Group highlight the economic potential of the area.
Structural geology of the Meta Incognita thrust belt, south Baffin Island, Northwest Territories
Authors: Hanmer S , St-Onge M R , Scott D J
Published: April 2013

The principal structural components of Meta Incognita Peninsula, south Baffin Island, include a widespread penetrative foliation, four arrays of kinematically linked thrusts, and southwest-vergent folds up to tens of kilometres in wavelength. These structures
collectively comprise the southwest-vergent Meta Incognita thrust belt. The thrusts are intruded and structurally overlain to the northeast by the Cumberland Batholith. The generalized structural sequence starts with formation of a low-angle foliation, followed by regional thrusting, folding, and
localized strike-slip shearing. All preserved deformation structures formed at granulite facies. The Meta Incognita thrust belt is interpreted as the high temperature equivalent of the Cape Smith thrust belt, Ungava Orogen, northern Quebec.
Structural geology of the Flin Flon area, Manitoba and Saskatchewan
Authors: Gale D , Lucas S B , Dixon J M
Published: April 2013

The structure of the Flin Flon area, host to the Flin Flon and Callinan Cu-Zn orebodies, has been examined through mapping of mesoscopic and macroscopic structures in both the ca. 1.90 Ga Flin Flon arc assemblage volcanic basement and its 1.845 Ga continental
sedimentary cover (Missi suite). The volcanogenic massive sulphide orebodies occur within the basalt-dominated basement stratigraphy in close proximity to a major regional unconformity. The unconformity cuts through a significant amount of basement section and is markedly angular, suggesting that
the basement was deformed prior to erosion and sedimentation, consistent with regional constraints. The cover sequence, comprising fluvial sandstones interspersed with conglomeratic units, records three principal folding and foliation-forming events. As a result of F1-F2 folding, the cover rocks are
preserved in fold interference basins. Significant low-angle overlap of basement on cover is attributed to F1 north- or northeast-verging nappe development and subsequent shear displacement on the overturned basement-cover contact.
The structural anatomy of the central Flin Flon Belt, northern Manitoba
Authors: Ryan J J , Williams P F
Published: April 2013

The structural geology of the Elbow-Cranberry-Iskwasum lakes area in the central Flin Flon Belt records a complex, episodic deformation history for this portion of the Trans-Hudson Orogen. Structural elements developed during two episodes of metamorphism and are
divided into six generations of ductile deformation features and a generation of brittle-ductile to brittle features. Structural analysis, coupled with isotope geochemistry and geochronology, indicates significant changes in tectonic regimes at successive stages during a developmental history in
excess of 100 Ma.
Geological investigations in the Swayze greenstone belt, southern Superior Province, Ontario: a final field update
Authors: Heather K B , Shore G T , van Breemen O
Published: April 2013

This report summarizes the results of the final year of lithological and structural mapping within the Swayze greenstone belt. In addition, 14 preliminary U-Pb zircon and titanite age dates and one refined age are reported.

Granitoid rocks in the southwestern portion of the Kenogamissi Batholith consist of sheet-like dioritic and tonalitic intrusions which are interpreted to be synvolcanic. These foliated intrusions contain thin screens of amphibolitized mafic volcanic rocks and are folded about regional F2 folds.

A poorly preserved mafic-felsic volcanic cycle occupies the core of the Woman River Anticline, stratigraphically below the 2729 Ma Marion volcanic package. It also underlies the easternmost extension of the 2731 Ma Shunsby volcanic package, north and west of the 2740 Ma Chester granitoid complex
(CGC). Felsic volcanic rocks north of the complex exhibit REE patterns characteristic of FII-type felsic rocks known to be associated with base-metal mineralization elsewhere in the Superior Province (e.g., Sturgeon Lake, northwestern Ontario).
Arsenic in surface waters, Cobalt, Ontario
Authors: Percival J B , Dumaresq C G , Kwong Y T J , Hendry K B , Michel F
A
Published: April 2013

Water samples from the Farr Creek drainage basin, Cobalt, Ontario, were collected to study the aqueous transport of As and other metals in a weakly alkaline environment. New data on downstream changes in total As, As(III), and As(V) concentrations are presented.
Temporal (1991-1995) changes in aqueous As distribution in the study area are also examined. Total dissolved As concentrations in surface waters range from 11 to 20 000 micro-g/L. Arsenic concentration generally decreases downstream, especially through wetlands, and appears to decrease with time.
Widespread mine waste is undoubtedly the primary source of As in surface waters, but natural background levels in groundwater may also contribute and need to be assessed. Without mitigation, however, exposed tailings and waste rock will continue to release significant amounts of As and associated
trace elements to the drainage system.
Granite-greenstone terranes of the northern Minto block, northeastern Superior Province, Quebec
Authors: Percival J A , Skulski T , Nadeau L
Published: April 2013

The northern Minto block contains greenstone belts consisting primarily of basalt, greywacke-pelite, and andesite, with some iron-formation. Rare conglomerate and quartzite are associated with unconformities against tonalitic basement and synvolcanic plutons. The
kilometre-thick belts extend for tens of kilometres along strike. Initial stratigraphy was disrupted by faults, folds, and pluton emplacement. Foliated granodiorite and less deformed granite underlie large areas and enclose older anorthosite and tonalite. Steep, northwest-striking foliation (S2) and
associated downdip mineral and stretching lineations (L2) dominate all belts. Earlier (D1) structures are recognized in the Payne Lake area. The map pattern of the Duquet belt is attributed to tight F3 folds overprinted by open F4 crossfolds. Mineral assemblages in metapelite indicate low-pressure,
amphibolite-facies, syn-D2 regional metamorphism. Sulphide-bearing oxide- and silicate-facies iron-formations have elevated Au levels (<1000 ppb); fold hinge zones could host economic mineralization.
Ground penetrating radar survey to define fractures in bedrock, Little French River, Ontario
Authors: Pilon J , Scaife J , Gerabek P , Timoshenko E , Kurfurst P
Published: April 2013

This paper presents the results of a ground penetrating radar survey to delineate fractures in gneissic rock outcrops at the site of a future containment dam on the Little French River near Dokis, Ontario. This technique proved to be highly successful for the
detection of jointing planes, fractures, and faults to a minimum depth of 15 m. Discussion of the survey set-up and the interpretation techniques used to analyze the field data are also included.
Un kame sur la batture aux Alouettes, près de l'embouchure du Saguenay, Québec
Authors: Dionne J -C
Published: April 2013

Although most islands in the St. Lawrence estuary are rocky, the islet called Ile du Chafaud aux Basques, located at the southern end of the large tidal flat aux Alouettes, at the mouth of the Saguenay fjord, is composed entirely of unconsolidated stratified sand
and gravel with bouldery diamict layers. This islet is a true kame occurring at low tide level on a silty-clayey flat that extends from the foot of the Laurentides Shield escarpment. Rock debris are essentially from the inland Precambrian substrate. Late glacial flow directions in Chafaud aux
Basques cove are 95°-105°. Slightly modified by wave action during the Goldthwait Sea episode, this relict kame most likely indicates the ice front position during the St.Narcisse event dated at 11-10.6 ka in the area.
Troctolitic rocks of the Reid Brook intrusion, Nain Plutonic Suite, Voisey Bay area, Labrador
Authors: Emslie R F
Published: April 2013

This contribution provides preliminary petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical data on a set of six samples collected in 1991 from the Reid Brook intrusion of the Nain Plutonic Suite, the nearest spatially-associated troctolitic rocks to the Voisey Bay
Ni-Cu-Co sulphide deposit. Although the samples are few, some time likely will elapse before additional detailed published information is forthcoming, so this opportunity is taken to present and discuss the available data in light of other information on basic rocks associated with the Nain Plutonic
Suite.

The samples of the Reid Brook intrusion comprise mainly fresh melatroctolite, but also include leucotroctolite and gabbronorite. Mineral chemistry and major and trace element rock geochemistry of the Reid Brook intrusion are consistent with it being a significant potential source for the metals
present in the Voisey Bay ores. The source of the sulphur however, may lie elsewhere and the Tasiuyak gneiss is a favourable potential candidate.
Gold metallogeny of the Cape Ray Fault Zone, southwest Newfoundland
Authors: Dubé B , Lauzière K
Published: April 2013

The Cape Ray Fault Zone, located in southwestern Newfoundland, is a complex reverse-oblique fault zone of Late Silurian to Early Devonian age which forms the boundary between the Windsor Point Group and the Grand Bay and Port aux Basques complexes of the Port aux
Basques gneiss. The Cape Ray Fault Zone hosts the Cape Ray gold deposit in which gold occurs mainly in galena and chalcopyrite-rich fault-fill quartz breccia veins hosted by graphitic schists of the Windsor Point Group. Elsewhere along the fault zone, significant mineralized zones occur in
pyrite-rich fault-fill quartz breccia veins at the Big Pond showing, in extensional, subhorizontal quartz veins hosted by the Windowglass Hill Granite and as fault-fill quartz veins and strongly pyritized iron-rich sedimentary rocks at or close to the contact between the Cape Ray Igneous Complex and
the Windsor Point Group (Isle aux Morts prospect). The development and geometry of the auriferous zones were controlled by a combination of lithological and structural factors including chemical traps such as graphitic schist and iron-rich sedimentary rocks, competence contrast and reverse oblique
ductile shear zones.

The mineralization is post-peak metamorphism (415 Ma), as the gneisses are retrograded to greenschist facies, and pre-386 Ma, the age of the Isle aux Morts Brook Granite which cuts across the structures that host the mineralization.

The study demonstrates that gold mineralization along the Cape Ray Fault Zone is the product of terrane collision and associated metamorphism and magmatism.
Digital compilation of the surficial sediments of the Mackenzie Valley corridor, Yukon Coastal Plain, and
the Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula
Authors: Côté M M , Duchesne C , Wright J F , Ednie M
Published: April 2013

This Geological Survey of Canada Open File presents a digital compilation of previously published surficial geology maps at 1:125,000 and 1:250,000 scale for the Mackenzie River valley, Northwest Territories. The data compilation is presented in ESRI shapefile
format and solely identifies surficial materials. The compilation was used as a data source to parameterize surficial materials for ground thermal modeling in the Mackenzie River valley.
Tectonic subdivision and U-Pb geochronology of the crystalline basement of the Alberta basin, western Canada
Authors: Villeneuve M E , Ross G M , Thériault R J , Miles W , Parrish R R , Broome J
Published: April 2013

The Precambrian basement underlying the Paleozoic rocks of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin was studied by combining potential field (gravity and aeromagnetic) analysis with lithological and isotopic studies of crystalline basement samples. The 93 samples,
mostly core, retrieved from hydrocarbon exploration wells, are described in this paper. The U-Pb zircon geochronology and systematics of 50 of the samples that were analyzed at the Geological Survey of Canada, are presented and interpreted. Monazite and titanite, with their lower closure
temperatures, help delineate post-crystallization, regional thermal events. Sm-Nd data from 35 of the cores are presented and used to test and delineate models for the tectonic evolution of the region. The basement in southern Alberta is Archean, although an early Proterozoic titanite age in the
Vulcan Low, when combined with the geophysical signature of the region suggests the presence of a Proterozoic collisional orogeny. Central Alberta is dominated by the formation of 2.3-1.8 Ga domains around the Snowbird Tectonic Zone. Northern Alberta contains a large, complex 2.4-2.0 Ga domain which
is flanked by 1.95-1.85 Ga magmatic arc domains. The 1.9 Ga monazite and titanite ages on 2.0-2.4 Ga rocks show the regional effect of the magmatism at the domain margins. Sm-Nd data indicate that most of the Proterozoic domains of the Alberta basement contain a large component of remobilized
Archean crustal material.
Freeze–thaw cycles and soil water content effects on infiltration rate of three Saskatchewan soils
Authors: Fouli Ymène , Cade-Menun Barbara J. , Cutforth Herb W.
Published: April 2013

Fouli, Y., Cade-Menun, B. J. and Cutforth, H. W. 2013. Freeze–thaw cycles and soil water content effects on infiltration rate of three Saskatchewan soils. Can. J. Soil Sci. 93: 485–496. Many soils at high latitudes or elevations freeze and thaw seasonally. More frequent freeze–thaw cycles (FTCs) may affect ecosystem diversity and productivity because freeze–thaw cycles cause changes in soil physical properties and affect water movement in the landscape. This study examined the effects of FTCs (0, 1, 5, and 10) and antecedent soil water content [at soil water potentials (SWP) −1.5, −0.033 and −0.02 MPa] on the infiltration rate of three Saskatchewan soils (a clay, a loam, and a loamy sand). A tension infiltrometer was used at tensions [water potentials of the tension infiltrometer (WPT)] −5, −10 and −15 cm. Infiltration rates increased with increasing SWPs for the loam and clay soils due to higher infiltrability into drier soils. Infiltration rates decreased with increasing SWPs for the loamy sand, probably the result of less surface tension, unimodal porosity, and increased gravitational potential. Infiltration rates either decreased or did not change with increasing FTCs, and this may be due to increased water viscosity as temperatures approach freezing. Also, ice may have formed in soil pores after frequent FTCs, causing lower infiltration rates. Infiltration rates for clay at −1.5 MPa were higher than for loam or loamy sand, probably the result of clay mineralogy and potential shrinking and cracking. Soil texture and initial water content had a significant effect on infiltration rates, and FTCs either maintained or lowered infiltration rates.
Professional Suitability of Students at the Point of Selection: What is it Realistic to Assess?
Authors: Bradley Gemma
Published: April 2013

Educators and practitioners involved in the selection of occupational therapy students are required to make judgements in relation to academic and non-academic elements to assess suitability for a programme of study and for future professional practice. The increasing attention surrounding the professionalism of health professionals, and the need to be responsive to changing applicant motivations, means that the assessment of non-academic elements, often equated to indicators of professional suitability, is of ongoing importance. This opinion piece suggests that there are many challenges with understanding professional suitability, particularly at the point of selection, and encourages debate to contribute to shared professional understanding.
The NS Matrix System
Authors: Sharma Narendra S , Hazarey Pushpa V , Kamble RH , Sharma Preethi N
Published: April 2013

Unlike amalgam, the difficulty of condensing composite presents us with the challenge, recreating a tight interproximal contact. May be more importantly, trimming composite that has been extruded beyond the preparation margin around an interproximal box is difficult, frustrating and unpredictable. So in a quest to minimize the amount of trimming we need to do with high-speed instrumentation after the composite is cured. Recreating the natural tooth shape and sealing the walls begins with the matrix.

A matrix system must do the following three things:

Recreate the natural tooth shape and interproximal contact

Seal the proximal and gingival walls of the prep

Overcome the thickness of the band.

On the market today are both plastic and metal matrix bands. They are available in a variety of thicknesses and delivery systems that include sectional matrix bands, circumferential systems and bands that require a holder. Here, we present the NS matrix system which is a highly effective and economical matrix system that can be used for a variety of clinical applications, including posterior and anterior restorations.

How to cite this article

Sharma NS, Shrivastav SS, Hazarey PV, Kamble RH, Sharma PN. The NS Matrix System. World J Dent 2013;4(1):4-5.
The Perception of Stress among Clinical Dental Students
Authors: Al-Samadani Khalid H , Al-Dharrab Ayman
Published: April 2013

Objective

To determine the prevalence of stress among clinical students from Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah.

Materials and methods

A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in May 2012 on fourth, fifth and sixth year clinical dental students from Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, using a modified form of dental environment stress (DES) questionnaire. A total of 353 questionnaires were distributed and incomplete questionnaires were excluded from the study. SPSS version 15 was used to do statistical analysis.

Results

A total of 353 students were asked to complete the questionnaire and 232 (65.7%) responded; of these 120 (51.7%) were males and remaining 112 (48.3%) were females. More or less all the students were having stress. In male students severe stress was due to difficulty in getting suitable patient (51%) and the patient who were arriving late or not coming on appointment, p = 0.16, whereas in female they were having severe stress due to fear of failure (59%), p = 0.02, examination and grading (57%) and completing examination requirement (52%). In male, amount of academic overload was also main cause of severe stress (p = 0.03). Sixth-year students were having more stress due to amount of overload (59.1%), lack of time to do assigned work (53.4%), difficulty to get suitable patient (71.6%) and patient arriving late or not coming on appointment (64.8%). Fifth-year students were more stressed due to completing examination requirement (65.7%). Fourth-year students were having more stress due to fear of failure (58.4%) and examination and grading (58.4%).

Conclusion

The finding of this study show some considerable degree or severe stress among the students. Longitudinal studies that include preclinical dental students should be carried out to know how the pattern of stress varies during preclinical and clinical training period.

How to cite this article

Al-Samadani KH, Al-Dharrab A. The Perception of Stress among Clinical Dental Students. World J Dent 2013;4(1):24-28.
Does the POA-SOA split matter for global CCN formation?
Authors: Trivitayanurak W. , Adams P. J.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. A model of carbonaceous aerosols has been implemented into the TwO-Moment Aerosol Sectional (TOMAS) microphysics module in the GEOS-Chem CTM, a model driven by assimilated meteorology. Inclusion of carbonaceous emissions alongside pre-existing treatments of sulfate and sea-salt aerosols increases the number of emitted primary aerosol particles by a factor of 2.5 and raises annual-average global CCN(0.2%) concentrations by a factor of two. Compared to the prior model without carbonaceous aerosols, this development improves the model prediction of CN10 number concentrations significantly from −45 to −7% bias when compared to long-term observations. However, similar to other OC/EC models, the model underpredicts OC and EC mass concentrations by a factor of 2–5 when compared to EMEP observations. Because primary OA and secondary OA affect aerosol number size distributions differently, we assess the sensitivity of CCN production, for a fixed source of OA mass, to the assumed POA-SOA split in the model. For a fixed OA budget, we found that CCN(0.2%) decreases nearly everywhere as the model changes from a world dominated by POA emissions to one dominated by SOA condensation. POA is about twice as effective per unit mass at CCN production compared to SOA. Changing from a 100% POA scenario to a 100% SOA scenario, CCN(0.2%) concentrations in the lowest model layer decrease by about 20%. In any scenario, carbonaceous aerosols contribute significantly to global CCN. The SOA-POA split has a significant effect on global CCN and the microphysical implications of POA emissions versus SOA condensation appear to be at least as important as differences in chemical composition as expressed by the hygroscopicity of OA. These findings stress the need to better understand carbonaceous aerosols loadings, the global SOA budget, microphysical pathways of OA formation (emissions versus condensation) as well as chemical composition to improve climate modeling.
Four years of ground-based MAX-DOAS observations of HONO and NO2 in the Beijing area
Authors: Hendrick F. , Müller J.-F. , Clémer K. , De Mazière M. , Fayt C. , Hermans C. , Stavrakou T. , Vlemmix T. , Wang P. , Van Roozendael M.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. Ground-based Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) measurements of nitrous acid (HONO) and its precursor NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) have been performed daily in Beijing city center (39.98° N, 116.38° E) from July 2008 to April 2009 and at the suburban site of Xianghe (39.75° N, 116.96° E) located ~ 60 km east of Beijing from March 2010 to December 2012. This extensive data set allowed for the first time the investigation of the seasonal cycle of HONO as well as its diurnal variation in and in the vicinity of a megacity. Our study was focused on the HONO and NO2 near-surface concentrations (0–200 m layer) and total vertical column densities (VCDs) retrieved by applying the Optimal Estimation Method to the MAX-DOAS observations. Monthly averaged HONO near-surface concentrations at local noon display a strong seasonal cycle with a maximum in late fall/winter (~ 0.8 and 0.7 ppb at Beijing and Xianghe, respectively) and a minimum in summer (~ 0.1 ppb at Beijing and 0.03 ppb at Xianghe). The seasonal cycles of HONO and NO2 appear to be highly correlated, with correlation coefficients in the 0.7–0.9 and 0.5–0.8 ranges at Beijing and Xianghe, respectively. The stronger correlation of HONO with NO2 and also with aerosols observed in Beijing suggests possibly larger role of NO2 conversion into HONO in the Beijing city center than at Xianghe. The observed diurnal cycle of HONO near-surface concentration shows a maximum in the early morning (about 1 ppb at both sites) likely resulting from night-time accumulation, followed by a decrease to values of about 0.1–0.4 ppb around local noon. The HONO/NO2 ratio shows a similar pattern with a maximum in the early morning (values up to 0.08) and a decrease to ~ 0.01–0.02 around local noon. The seasonal and diurnal cycles of the HONO near-surface concentration are found to be similar in shape and in relative amplitude to the corresponding cycles of the HONO total VCD and are therefore likely mainly driven by the balance between HONO sources and the photolytic sink, whereas dilution effects appear to play only a minor role. The estimation of OH radical production from HONO and O3 photolysis based on retrieved HONO near-surface concentrations and calculated photolysis rates indicate that HONO is by far the largest source of OH radicals in winter as well as in the early morning at all seasons, while the contribution of O3 dominates in summer from mid-morning until mid-afternoon.
Nitrous oxide emissions from European agriculture – an analysis of variability and drivers of emissions from field experiments
Authors: Rees R. M. , Augustin J. , Alberti G. , Ball B. C. , Boeckx P. , Cantarel A. , Castaldi S. , Chirinda N. , Chojnicki B. , Giebels M. , Gordon H. , Grosz B. , Horvath L. , Juszczak R. , Kasimir Klemedtsson Å. , Klemedtsson L. , Medinets S. , Machon A. , Mapanda F. , Nyamangara J. , Olesen J. E. , Reay D. S. , Sanchez L. , Sanz Cobena A. , Smith K. A. , Sowerby A. , Sommer M. , Soussana J. F. , Stenberg M. , Topp C. F. E. , van Cleemput O. , Vallejo A. , Watson C. A. , Wuta M.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. Nitrous oxide emissions from a network of agricultural experiments in Europe were used to explore the relative importance of site and management controls of emissions. At each site, a selection of management interventions were compared within replicated experimental designs in plot-based experiments. Arable experiments were conducted at Beano in Italy, El Encin in Spain, Foulum in Denmark, Logården in Sweden, Maulde in Belgium, Paulinenaue in Germany, and Tulloch in the UK. Grassland experiments were conducted at Crichton, Nafferton and Peaknaze in the UK, Gödöllö in Hungary, Rzecin in Poland, Zarnekow in Germany and Theix in France. Nitrous oxide emissions were measured at each site over a period of at least two years using static chambers. Emissions varied widely between sites and as a result of manipulation treatments. Average site emissions (throughout the study period) varied between 0.04 and 21.21 kg N2O-N ha−1 yr−1, with the largest fluxes and variability associated with the grassland sites. Total nitrogen addition was found to be the single most important determinant of emissions, accounting for 15% of the variance (using linear regression) in the data from the arable sites (p < 0.0001), and 77% in the grassland sites. The annual emissions from arable sites were significantly greater than those that would be predicted by IPCC default emission factors. Variability of N2O emissions within sites that occurred as a result of manipulation treatments was greater than that resulting from site-to-site and year-to-year variation, highlighting the importance of management interventions in contributing to greenhouse gas mitigation.
Quantifying the uncertainty in estimates of surface–atmosphere fluxes through joint evaluation of the SEBS and SCOPE models
Authors: Timmermans J. , Su Z. , van der Tol C. , Verhoef A. , Verhoef W.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. Accurate estimation of global evapotranspiration is considered to be of great importance due to its key role in the terrestrial and atmospheric water budget. Global estimation of evapotranspiration on the basis of observational data can only be achieved by using remote sensing. Several algorithms have been developed that are capable of estimating the daily evapotranspiration from remote sensing data. Evaluation of remote sensing algorithms in general is problematic because of differences in spatial and temporal resolutions between remote sensing observations and field measurements. This problem can be solved in part by using soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer (SVAT) models, because on the one hand these models provide evapotranspiration estimations also under cloudy conditions and on the other hand can scale between different temporal resolutions. In this paper, the Soil Canopy Observation, Photochemistry and Energy fluxes (SCOPE) model is used for the evaluation of the Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) model. The calibrated SCOPE model was employed to simulate remote sensing observations and to act as a validation tool. The advantages of the SCOPE model in this validation are (a) the temporal continuity of the data, and (b) the possibility of comparing different components of the energy balance. The SCOPE model was run using data from a whole growth season of a maize crop. It is shown that the original SEBS algorithm produces large uncertainties in the turbulent flux estimations caused by parameterizations of the ground heat flux and sensible heat flux. In the original SEBS formulation the fractional vegetation cover is used to calculate the ground heat flux. As this variable saturates very fast for increasing leaf area index (LAI), the ground heat flux is underestimated. It is shown that a parameterization based on LAI reduces the estimation error over the season from RMSE = 25 W m−2 to RMSE = 18 W m−2. In the original SEBS formulation the roughness height for heat is only valid for short vegetation. An improved parameterization was implemented in the SEBS algorithm for tall vegetation. This improved the correlation between the latent heat flux predicted by the SEBS and the SCOPE algorithm from −0.05 to 0.69, and led to a decrease in difference from 123 to 94 W m−2 for the latent heat flux, with SEBS latent heat being consistently lower than the SCOPE reference. Lastly the diurnal stability of the evaporative fraction was investigated.
Driving modes and material stability of a double membrane rheometer and density sensor
Authors: Weiss B. , Heinisch M. , Reichel E. K. , Jakoby B.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. This contribution presents the analysis of an earlier proposed double membrane sensor for measuring mass density and rheological properties of liquids with respect to different driving modes. Concerning practical implementation the sensor mounting and the stability of the polyethylene foil, currently used as membrane material, are investigated. The sensor is based on two opposed membranes vibrating in parallel where a sample liquid is enclosed between the membranes. The excitation and read-out mechanisms of the membrane vibration are based on Lorentz forces induced in a static magnetic field. Each membrane carries three conductive paths for excitation, which can be separately connected to the excitation currents. This allows the excitation of the first and second modes of vibration and enables prestressing the second mode of oscillation. Analyzing the material-stability of the used polyethylene foil shows a strong long-term drift of the modulus of elasticity and an increase of internal damping with increasing temperature. Comparing the resonance frequency of the fundamental mode with earlier measurements achieved with the second mode of resonance indicates an increased sensitivity to density featuring a reasonably sustained quality factor for high viscosities. Thereby, the sensitivity can be adjusted by varying the distance between the membranes.
Intercomparison and validation of building damage assessments based on post-Haiti 2010 earthquake imagery using multi-source reference data
Authors: Lemoine G. , Corbane C. , Louvrier C. , Kauffmann M.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. The Haiti 2010 earthquake is one of the first major disasters in which very high resolution satellite and airborne imagery was embraced to delineate the event impact. Several rapid mapping initiatives exploited post-earthquake satellite and airborne imagery to produce independent point feature sets marking the damage grade of affected buildings. Despite the obvious potential of the satellite remote sensing technology in providing damage figures, the scale and complexity of the urban structures in Port-au-Prince cause overall figures and patterns of the damage assessments to yield a rather poor representation of the true damage extent. The higher detail airborne imagery performs much better as confirmed by different validation studies carried out in the last two years. In this paper, in addition to the review and analysis of the different validation works, we investigate the quality of damage assessment derived by different activities through a simple intercomparison and a validation using a complete building ground survey. The results show that the identification of building damage from aerial imagery provides a realistic estimate of the spatial pattern and intensity of building damage.
Is the United States Juvenile Justice System Working: An Empirical Investigation from the Life Course Approach
Authors: Osho Gbolahan S
Published: April 2013

The juvenile court was given jurisdiction over neglect and dependent children for the purpose of this act the words dependent child and neglected shall mean any child who for any reason is destitute or homeless, abandoned, no proper parental care or guardianship; or who habitually begs or receives alms; or who is found living, in any house of ill fame or with any vicious or disreputable person; or whose home, by reason of neglect, cruelty or depravity on the part of its parents, guardian or other person in whose care it may be, is an unfit place for such a child” (Abadinsky pg 102). In 1968 Congress “passed the Juvenile Delinquency Prevention and Control Act. The act was designed to encourage states to develop plans and programs that would work on community levels to discourage juvenile delinquency. The Juvenile Delinquency Prevention and Control Act was precursor to the extensive Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act that replaced it in 1974. However, to prevent a juvenile from committing a crime or re-offending, this study believes that the juvenile court and the state legislators must designed a program that juveniles can participate in and engage them in positive activities. This way a youth will change his or her behavior and become a law-abiding
The German and Bluntschli Influence on the Establishment of Public Administration
Authors: Sakli Ali Rıza
Published: April 2013

The emergence of the discipline of public administration had long been attributed to Wilson. Martin (1987 and 1988) manifested that the discipline originated in France and consequently passed to USA. However, Wilson’s 1887 article “The Study of Administration” points to the fact that he based the administration-politics dichotomy on German Bluntschli. This showed that it was essential to analyze the German influence on and, in particular, Bluntschli’s contribution to the birth of the discipline of public administration. The present study focuses on Seckendorf, Wolff, Hegel and Stein’s theoretical contributions to the emergence of public administration in Europe and intends to investigate each of them with a particular emphasis on Bluntschli’s influence. It has appeared that the politics-administration dichotomy, which had a great effect on Wilson, was prevalent in the works of Bluntschli, in which the term primary is used for politics to refer to the former and secondary for administration to refer to the latter. Although politics administration difference was expressed in the French literature of public administration, it was concluded that the German effect was significant in the emergence of public administration and its spread to USA.
Exploring SME Advice and Training Needs for Entrepreneurial Rural Firms
Authors: Martin Lynn M. , Warren-Smith Izzy , Schofield Clare , Millman Cindy
Published: April 2013

This paper reports on two studies carried out to investigate business support needs in the rural south-east and south-west of the UK West Midlands region. The researchers surveyed a sample of 494 micro, small and medium-sized enterprises to provide support for better decision making by regional providers of training and advice in identifying the needs of these firms. The overall findings suggest that rural areas need to be seen within their own contexts and that support requires differentiation to meet specific needs, particularly where there is evidence of curtailed innovation. More detailed research into innovation across rural areas might identify reasons for emerging trends and explain why some rural areas are more entrepreneurial than others. The study findings revealed that innovation was evident in one-third of the businesses, with growth likely to be given the right support, although there was evidence of greater levels of entrepreneurial behaviour in the area with more immigrants and a better transport infrastructure.
Innovation in Small-Scale Retailing
Authors: Quinn Barry , McKitterick Lynsey , McAdam Rodney , Brennan Michael
Published: April 2013

For small retailers facing significant challenges it can be argued that, in light of their restricted resources, innovation is critical for business development and competitive advantage. However, there has been a lack of research into the potential for innovation in small retailing and the types of innovative activity that can be applied. This conceptual paper uses key themes from various literature bases, including small retailing, small business innovation, services and retail innovation, to provide a future research agenda for small retailer innovation.
Small Firm Survival and Innovation
Authors: Dobson Stephen , Breslin Dermot , Suckley Louise , Barton Rachel , Rodriguez Liliana
Published: April 2013

This paper explores ‘evolution’ as a means of complementing our understanding and interpretation of creative innovation networks in small firms. The abstracted evolutionary mechanisms of variation, selection and retention (VSR) are employed to add a more dynamic interpretative framework to the reading of social networks and group structures. The paper thus presents a lens through which to appreciate creativity as an evolving and shared process. The principal aim of this research is to illustrate otherwise tacit informal relations within a small business through the application of a qualitative approach to social network analysis (SNA) and, in doing so, to present intra-firm relations as central to creativity and innovation – particularly as the organizational structure moves beyond the dominance of the founding entrepreneur.
Causes of loss or retirement from active duty for New Zealand police German shepherd dogs
Authors: Worth AJ , Sandford M , Gibson B , Stratton R , Erceg V , Bridges J , Jones B
Published: April 2013

The aim of this study was to determine the causes of loss from active duty amongst German shepherd dogs in service with the New Zealand Police Dog Section. Current or previous police dog handlers (n = 149) completed a postal survey for each dog they had worked with during their career including their current dog. Causes of loss were categorised as either retirement, euthanasia whilst still in active duty, death from illness/natural causes, or being killed whilst on duty. Of 182 dogs with completed questionnaires, 48 dogs were still in service, leaving 134 that were retired (94), had been euthanased (24), had died (11) or had been killed (5). The mean and median age at loss for all dogs no longer in service was 6.6 years. The nominal age for planned retirement (8 years) was only reached by 40% of dogs. The single most important cause of retirement was the inability to cope with the physical demands of the job (61/94 dogs or 65%). Degenerative musculoskeletal disease was cited as the primary factor in 42/61 of these dogs (69%). When both retired and euthanased dogs where considered together, 27% were retired or euthanased due to back/spinal problems, and a high proportion of these were believed to have involved the lumbosacral joint. Greater research efforts should be targeted at identification of the factors that lead to degenerative musculoskeletal and lumbo-sacral disease to determine methods of lowering their incidence in police working dogs. Such research could lead to increasing the average working life and ‘in work’ welfare of a police German shepherd dog in New Zealand.
The welfare implications of large litter size in the domestic pig I: biological factors
Authors: Rutherford KMD , Baxter EM , D’Eath RB , Turner SP , Arnott G , Roehe R , Ask B , SandØe P , Moustsen VA , Thorup F , Edwards SA , Berg P , Lawrence AB
Published: April 2013

Increasing litter size has long been a goal of pig breeders and producers, and may have implications for pig(Sus scrofa domesticus)welfare. This paper reviews the scientific evidence on biological factors affecting sow and piglet welfare in relation to large litter size. It is concluded that, in a number of ways, large litter size is a risk factor for decreased animal welfare in pig production. Increased litter size is associated with increased piglet mortality, which is likely to be associated with significant negative animal welfare impacts. In surviving piglets, many of the causes of mortality can also occur in non-lethal forms that cause suffering. Intense teat competition may increase the likelihood that some piglets do not gain adequate access to milk, causing starvation in the short term and possibly long-term detriments to health. Also, increased litter size leads to more piglets with low birth weight which is associated with a variety of negative long-term effects. Finally, increased production pressure placed on sows bearing large litters may produce health and welfare concerns for the sow. However, possible biological approaches to mitigating health and welfare issues associated with large litters are being implemented. An important mitigation strategy is genetic selection encompassing traits that promote piglet survival, vitality and growth. Sow nutrition and the minimisation of stress during gestation could also contribute to improving outcomes in terms of piglet welfare. Awareness of the possible negative welfare consequences of large litter size in pigs should lead to further active measures being taken to mitigate the mentioned effects.
The welfare implications of large litter size in the domestic pig II: management factors
Authors: Baxter EM , Rutherford KMD , D’Eath RB , Arnott G , Turner SP , SandØe P , Moustsen VA , Thorup F , Edwards SA , Lawrence AB
Published: April 2013

Increasing litter size has long been a goal of pig(Sus scrofa domesticus)breeders and producers in many countries. Whilst this has economic and environmental benefits for the pig industry, there are also implications for pig welfare. Certain management interventions are used when litter size routinely exceeds the ability of individual sows to successfully rear all the piglets (ie viable piglets outnumber functional teats). Such interventions include: tooth reduction; split suckling; cross-fostering; use of nurse sow systems and early weaning, including split weaning; and use of artificial rearing systems. These practices raise welfare questions for both the piglets and sow and are described and discussed in this review. In addition, possible management approaches which might mitigate health and welfare issues associated with large litters are identified. These include early intervention to provide increased care for vulnerable neonates and improvements to farrowing accommodation to mitigate negative effects, particularly for nurse sows. An important concept is that management at all stages of the reproductive cycle, not simply in the farrowing accommodation, can impact on piglet outcomes. For example, poor stockhandling at earlier stages of the reproductive cycle can create fearful animals with increased likelihood of showing poor maternal behaviour. Benefits of good sow and litter management, including positive human-animal relationships, are discussed. Such practices apply to all production situations, not just those involving large litters. However, given that interventions for large litters involve increased handling of piglets and increased interaction with sows, there are likely to be even greater benefits for management of hyper-prolific herds.
The use of quantitative risk assessment to assess lifetime welfare outcomes for breech strike and mulesing management options in Merino sheep
Authors: Fisher AD , Giraudo A , Martin PAJ , Paton MW
Published: April 2013

In Australia, flystrike can severely compromise sheep welfare. Traditionally, the surgical practice of mulesing was performed to alter wool distribution and breech conformation and thereby reduce flystrike risk. The aim of this study was to use published data to evaluate the effectiveness of an epidemiologically based risk assessment model in comparing welfare outcomes in sheep undergoing mulesing, mulesing with pain relief, plastic skin-fold clips, and no mulesing. We used four measures, based on cortisol, haptoglobin, bodyweight and behavioural change, across three farming regions in Australia. All data were normalised to a common scale, based on the range between the highest and lowest responses for each variable (‘welfare impact’; I). Lifetime severity of welfare challenge (SWC) was estimated by summing annual SWCs (SWC = I × P, where P = probability of that impact occurring). The severity of welfare challenge during the first year of life was higher for mulesed animals compared to unmulesed. However, over five years of life, the highest severity of welfare challenge was for unmulesed animals, and the lowest was for the plastic skin-fold clips. The model produced estimates of SWC that are in broad agreement with expert consensus that, although mulesing historically represented a welfare benefit for sheep under Australian conditions, the replacement of mulesing with less invasive procedures, and ultimately genetic selection combined with anti-fly treatments, will provide a sustainable welfare benefit. However, the primary objective of this work was to evaluate the use of the risk assessment framework; not to compare welfare outcomes from mulesing and its alternatives.