bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) gene is overexpressed in prostate cancer and may be useful as a urine sediment marker for prostate cancer detection
Authors: Bu Huajie , Bormann Stefanie , Schäfer Georg , Horninger Wolfgang , Massoner Petra , Neeb Antje , Lakshmanan Vinoth‐Kumar , Maddalo Danilo , Nestl Andrea , Sültmann Holger , Cato Andrew C.B. , Klocker Helmut
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND

AGR2 is a member of the endoplasmatic reticulum protein disulphide isomerase gene family implicated in tumor metastasis. Its expression pattern, function, and utility as a marker remains to be further investigated.

METHODS

Using real‐time RT‐PCR and immunohistochemistry, changes of expression in different tumor stages were explored in microdissected tumor samples. AGR2 transcript level in urine sediments was scrutinized for suitability as a tumor marker. AGR2 androgen regulation and function were analyzed in cellular prostate cancer models.

RESULTS

AGR2 is highly expressed in prostate cancer compared to benign tissue in particular also in low‐grade tumors and PIN lesions. AGR2 transcripts were detected in urine sediments of patients undergoing prostate biopsy with significantly higher levels in tumor patients. The urine AGR2/PSA transcript ratio allowed much better discrimination between cancer and benign patients than serum total PSA or %freePSA. Prostate tumor cells express and secrete variable amounts of AGR2 protein, the highest level was found in PC3 cells. In androgen receptor‐positive cell lines AGR2 is upregulated by androgens. Increased expression enhanced the migratory and invasive potential but decreased growth and proliferation in vitro and in vivo.

CONCLUSION

AGR2 enhances the invasion phenotype of prostate cancer cells while at the same time attenuating cell‐cycle progression. This function, its expression pattern and the increased level of AGR transcripts in urine sediments of prostate cancer patients call for further exploration as a prostate cancer marker and a modulator of tumor growth and invasion. Prostate 71:575–587, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nanoporous materials: Porous Graphene as an Atmospheric Nanofilter (Small 20/2010)
Authors: Blankenburg Stephan , Bieri Marco , Fasel Roman , Müllen Klaus , Pignedoli Carlo A. , Passerone Daniele
Published: October 2010

The fabrication of nanoscale membranes exhibiting high selectivity is an emerging field of research. The possibility to use bottom‐up approaches to fabricate a filter with porous graphene and analyze its functionality with first principle calculations is investigated. Here, the porous network is produced by self‐assembly of the hexaiodo‐substituted macrocycle cyclohexa‐m‐phenylene (CHP). The resulting porous network exhibits an extremely high selectivity in favor of H2 and He among other atmospheric gases, such as Ne, O2, N2, CO, CO2, NH3, and Ar. The presented membrane is superior to traditional filters using polymers or silica and could have great potential for further technological applications such as gas sensors or fuel cells.
Irradiation Enhances the Tumor Tropism and Therapeutic Potential of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand-Secreting Human Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Glioma Therapy
Authors: Kim Seong Muk , Oh Ji Hyeon , Park Soon A , Ryu Chung Heon , Lim Jung Yeon , Kim Dal-Soo , Chang Jong Wook , Oh Wonil , Jeun Sin-Soo
Published: October 2010

Irradiation is a standard therapy for gliomas and many other cancers. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is one of the most promising candidates for cancer gene therapy. Here, we show that tumor irradiation enhances the tumor tropism of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UCB-MSCs) and the therapeutic effect of TRAIL delivered by UCB-MSCs. The sequential treatment with irradiation followed by TRAIL-secreting UCB-MSCs (MSC-TRAIL) synergistically enhanced apoptosis in either TRAIL-sensitive or TRAIL-resistant glioma cells by upregulating the death receptor 5 and by inducing caspase activation. Migration assays showed greater MSC migration toward irradiated glioma cells and the tumor site in glioma-bearing mice compared with unirradiated tumors. Irradiated glioma cells had increased expression of interleukin-8 (IL-8), which leads to the upregulation of the IL-8 receptor on MSCs. This upregulation, which is involved in the migratory capacity of UCB-MSCs, was confirmed by siRNA inhibition and an antibody-neutralizing assay. In vivo survival experiments in orthotopic xenografted mice showed that MSC-based TRAIL gene delivery to irradiated tumors had greater therapeutic efficacy than a single treatment. These results suggest that clinically relevant tumor irradiation increases the therapeutic efficacy of MSC-TRAIL by increasing tropism of MSCs and TRAIL-induced apoptosis, which may be a more useful strategy for cancer gene therapy.
Variability Analysis of Inverter Delay Time
Authors: Aoki Masakazu , Hasegawa Ken , Itayama Keisuke , Yamawaki Taizo , Tanaka Satoshi
Published: October 2010

The variation characteristics of the inverter delay time in a large‐scale integrated (LSI) chip were evaluated by using an analytical model equation combined with the statistical simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (SPICE) simulation as well as the experimental data obtained from a device matrix array (DMA) test vehicle 11. We demonstrate that the variation in the two‐stage delay time td (td = tdLH + tdHL) is linearly proportional to the variation of the effective peak operating current of the two‐stage inverter ID (7) expressed as Δtd/td = −ΔID/ID. This remains constant whether or not the current variation was induced by the threshold voltage variation (ΔVth), the current factor variation (Δβ), or both, even for unbalanced transistor width ratios between the p‐type metal oxide semiconductor (PMOS) and the n‐type metal oxide semiconductor (NMOS) (WP/WN = 0.5–5). Thus ΔID/ID can be regarded as a measure of the inverter delay time variation. The relative variation in the delay time increases dramatically when the supply voltage is decreased, which we attribute to the specific gate voltage dependence of the MOS drain current variation induced by the threshold voltage variation ΔVth. Copyright © 2010 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
SAR ADC Architecture with Digital Error Correction
Authors: Hotta Masao , Kawakami Masayuki , Kobayashi Haruo , San Hao , Takai Nobukazu , Matsuura Tatsuji , Abe Akira , Yagi Katsuyoshi , Mori Toshihiko
Published: October 2010

This paper describes a high‐performance successive approximation register (SAR) analog to digital converter (ADC) using three comparators operating in parallel, instead of just one as in conventional ADCs. This comparator redundancy enables potentially faster operation, higher reliability, and comparator error correction. Reliability‐enhancement and error‐correction algorithms are described. We designed and implemented a 10‐bit, 6‐Msps SAR ADC with three comparators by using TSMC 0.18 µm CMOS technology. The advantages of high conversion rate and higher accuracy are verified by transistor‐level circuit simulation and experimental results of the test chip. Copyright © 2010 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Frequency Control of Photovoltaic–Diesel Hybrid System Connecting to Isolated Power Utility by Using Load Estimator and Energy Storage System
Authors: Datta Manoj , Senjyu Tomonobu , Yona Atsushi , Funabashi Toshihisa
Published: October 2010

In this paper, a control method based on a load power estimator and an energy storage system is proposed for isolated power utility‐connected photovoltaic–diesel hybrid system to provide frequency control. Here, photovoltaic power is controlled according to the load variation to minimize the frequency deviations. Load power is estimated by a minimal‐order observer. Then, a load variation index is calculated. A base photovoltaic power is produced from the available maximum photovoltaic power using a low‐pass filter and is added with the load variation index to generate the command photovoltaic power. Simulation results show that the proposed method is capable of providing frequency control and also delivers the photovoltaic power near the maximum level using an energy storage system. Copyright © 2010 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dynamic Modeling and Neural Network Self‐tuning PID Control Design for a Linear Motor Driving Platform
Authors: Hsieh Sheng‐Ping , Hwang Thong‐Shing
Published: October 2010

The purpose of this paper is to design a wavelet neural network self‐tuning proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller for solving the problem of fast changing payload in a linear motor in the 6‐DOF platform system. The wavelet neural network PID controller demonstrates the special capabilities of fast response and self‐tuning. A practical system identification method is proposed to identify the dynamic model of a linear motor by using the balancing realization theorem and inverse discrete Fourier transform. The experimental results of the real‐time software simulation and hardware‐in‐the‐loop simulation demonstrate the novel ability of self‐tuning PID controller for adapting the quick load change in the forcer of linear motor, which activates the platform system. Copyright © 2010 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An efficient MAC protocol with cooperative retransmission in mobile ad hoc networks
Authors: Chiang Jeng‐Long , Sheu Jang‐Ping , Tseng Huan‐Chun , Chen Wen‐Tsuen
Published: October 2010

In emerging wireless networks, cooperative retransmission is employed to replace packet retransmission between a pair of sender and receiver with poor channel condition. A cooperative MAC protocol which utilizes such benefit is proposed in this paper to improve the network performance in mobile ad hoc networks. In the proposed protocol, relay nodes between sender and receiver are used if the sender cannot communicate with the receiver reliably. Furthermore, the receiver may also stop forwarding the received data frame if the frame is received by the next‐hop receiver on the route to the final destination node. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol outperforms previous works in terms of increased transmission reliability and reduced delay time. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radio resource management of self‐organizing OFDMA wireless mesh networks
Authors: Chu Feng Seng , Chen Kwang Cheng
Published: October 2010

Mesh networks with universal frequency reuse is expected to play an important role for future wireless system architecture, to provide ultra high throughput and seamless access via cooperative base stations (BSs), relays, and users. Different from traditional networks with central control, BSs should operate in a self‐organizing way (i) to support stable high‐throughput green communications (ii) to avoid inter/intra cell interference, and (iii) to implement in an ease and backward compatible way; and resource management is thus a critical step to satisfy (i), (ii), and (iii). We first systematically present radio resource management based on extensive literature survey. To optimize system performance, we develop the cognitive resource management for wireless mesh networks with self‐organizing BSs to utilize entire available spectrum, while BSs collect channel state information of each user by spectrum sensing. From numerical results, our resource management can significantly improve network throughput over the benchmark system, which suggests good potential for many wireless systems such as LTE‐A and WiMAX 2 that are adopting mesh network architecture, to achieve universal frequency reuse. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
EM‐based noise plus interference estimation for OFDM‐based cognitive radio systems
Authors: Qu Daiming , Yi Youwen , Jiang Tao , Zhu Guangxi
Published: October 2010

In this paper, we consider the narrowband interference problem for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)‐based cognitive radio (CR) systems, in which parts of the OFDM subcarriers and parts of the data frame can be seriously interfered, resulting in significant performance degradation. We propose a scheme of iterative noise plus interference estimation and decoding (IED) to mitigate the performance degradation caused by the narrowband interference, which is based on expectation maximization (EM) algorithm. To reduce the number of OFDM symbols for time domain averaging required in the proposed scheme, and adapt the proposed scheme to rapid changing narrowband interference conditions, we also propose an IED scheme with frequency domain partial averaging (IED‐FPA). Moreover, we derive the Cramér‐Rao lower bounds for unbiased noise plus interference variance estimations, and they can be achieved via the proposed IED schemes. Simulation results show that the proposed IED‐FPA scheme can effectively achieve the same performance as that of the optimal maximum likelihood decoder with full knowledge of the power plus interference variances, and the proposed IED‐FPA scheme is very robust with respect to the number of the interfered subcarriers and positive errors of the knowledge of the interfered subcarriers' number. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimized layered multicast with superposition coding in cellular systems
Authors: Liu Yang , Wang Wenbo , Peng Mugen , Zhu Song
Published: October 2010

We consider the problem of optimal power allocation and optimal user selection in a layered multicast transmission over quasi‐static Rayleigh fading channels. A scheme based on superposition coding is proposed in which basic multicast streams and enhanced multicast streams are superimposed and transmitted by a base station, while users with worse channel conditions can only decode basic multicast streams, and users with better channel conditions can decode both basic and enhanced multicast streams. In this paper, subject to fixed user selection ratios, the optimal power allocation for each stream that maximizes average throughput is investigated, and the impact of power allocation on average outage probability is discussed. Finally, subject to fixed transmit power and power allocation, the optimal user selection ratio for enhanced multicast streams is also studied. Numerical results show that the optimized layered multicast scheme outperforms the conventional multicast scheme in terms of average throughput. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of brushing force and stroking velocity on dynamic mechanical allodynia in patients with peripheral neuropathy
Authors: Samuelssonl Monika , Lefflerl Ann‐Sofie , Johanssonl Bo , Hanssonl Per
Published: October 2010

Recently we demonstrated brush‐evoked allodynia to be a partially graded phenomenon since increased brushing length and number of strokes significantly increased the brush‐evoked pain intensity. In this study the influence of stroking velocity and brushing force on dynamic mechanical allodynia was examined in 16 patients with peripheral neuropathy. Brush‐evoked allodynia was induced by lightly stroking 60 mm of the skin twice with a 16 mm wide brush while varying stroking velocity (10, 20, 30 mm/s) and brushing force (10, 20, 40 g). Intensity and duration of brush‐evoked allodynia was recorded using a computerized visual analogue scale. The total brush‐evoked pain intensity, including painful aftersensation was calculated as the area under the curve. Significantly increased total brush‐evoked pain intensity was demonstrated with lower stroking velocity (P<0.001) and higher brushing force (P<0.05). Higher maximum pain intensity was reported with higher brushing force. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated a significant relationship between the total brush‐evoked pain intensity and stroking velocity as well as brushing force. Together with previously accumulated data these results substantiate the usefulness of this semi‐quantitative assessment method in longitudinal studies on dynamic mechanical allodynia.
Individualizing pain therapy with opioids: The rational approach based on pharmacogenetics and pharmacokinetics
Authors: De Gregori Manuela , De Gregori Simona , Ranzani Guglielmina N. , Allegri Massimo , Govoni Stefano , Regazzi Mario
Published: October 2010

A correct long‐term opioid therapy implies the selection of the appropriate opioid and dose for each patient, but it is well demonstrated that the “clinical” approach alone is not sufficient. To this purpose, the literature is stressing that physicians have to focalize even more their attention both on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the opioids and on the differences among patients, including the genetic background. Accurate and fast analytical methods (e.g. Tandem Mass Spectrometry) for detecting plasma opioid concentrations represent a useful tool for clinicians to prevent adverse reactions in selected patients. The detection of polymorphisms of several genes involved in opioid absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination are promising to customize pain therapy. The success of the chronic opioid therapy also depends on the other drugs co‐administered, possibly giving origin to drug‐drug interactions; the clinical outcome should be constantly monitored.
Peripheral opioid analgesia for the treatment of neuropathic pain: Gene mutation to virus mediated gene transfer
Authors: Sweitzer Sarah M. , Minella Cristina E. , Wilson Steven P. , Raja Srinivasa N.
Published: October 2010

Neuropathic pain can result from a number of different diseases, medical interventions and injuries. In addition to varying aetiologies, neuropathic pain may also differ in the anatomical location of the lesion — from peripheral nociceptors to the highest centres in the brain. The management of neuropathic pain continues to be a challenge for clinicians and despite taking prescribed medication for pain, patients with neuropathic pain continue to have pain of moderate severity. The use of opioids for the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain remains controversial. Recent studies demonstrate opioid analgesics are effective in neuropathic pain states but their use is often limited by unacceptable side effects that are mediated by opioid actions in the central nervous system. While it was once dogma that opioids exert their analgesic effects by binding to receptors in the central nervous system, there is a growing recognition of a potent peripheral analgesia in experimental models of inflammatory and neuropathic pains, and in clinical settings. The working model is that peripheral opioids can be used to treat neuropathic pain while avoiding the often dose‐limiting and unacceptable central nervous system mediated side effects. Our work has focused on characterizing this peripheral opioid analgesia such that it can be exploited to develop novel and potent peripheral analgesics for the treatment of neuropathic pain. This article will set the clinical stage for the need for novel treatments for neuropathic pain, the use of gene mutation strategies to make the case for the use of opioids in treating neuropathic pain, the demonstration of peripheral opioid analgesia in neuropathic pain, and our work with virus mediated gene transfer to enhance peripheral opioid analgesia in neuropathic pain.
Ultrasound and chronic pain
Authors: Siegenthaler Andreas , Curatolo Michele , Eichenberger Urs
Published: October 2010

Ultrasound (US) is an increasingly used imaging technique in interventional pain management. It allows the identification of soft tissues, vessels and nerves, without exposing patients and personnel to radiation. Imaging can be performed continuously and the fluid injected is visualized in a real time fashion. Possible applications are nerve blocks of the cervical and lumbar zygapophysial joints, stellate ganglion block, intercostal and paravertebral nerve blocks, inguinal nerve blocks, occipital nerve blocks, blocks of painful stump neuromas, caudal epidural injections and injections of trigger/tender points. Due to direct nerve visualization, US has a potential application for destructive procedures, such as cryoanalgesia, radiofrequency lesions or chemical neurolysis. Limitations are the poor resolution of narrow‐gauge needles, the loss of resolution with increasing working depth and possible interference of echoes from overlying structures with the image of the target area. US opens new perspectives in interventional pain management. However, there is a need for more clinical trials investigating efficacy and safety of US‐guided pain procedures. Until these studies are completed, US can not replace fluoroscopy or computed tomography in most interventional pain procedures and remains the domain of well‐trained and experienced physicians. The limited evidence supporting the clinical utility of nerve blocks remains a problem, irrespective of the imaging technique employed.
Delusional ideation, manic symptomatology and working memory in a cohort at clinical high-risk for psychosis: A longitudinal study
Authors: Broome M.R. , Day F. , Valli I. , Valmaggia L. , Johns L.C. , Howes O. , Garety P. , McGuire P.K.
Published: October 2010

We followed up a cohort (n = 35) of clients with an “At Risk Mental State” (ARMS) for almost 2 years (mean 21.3 months). At baseline, these clients had taken part in research looking at the relationship between reasoning biases, memory, personality styles and delusional ideation. During the follow-up period, clients underwent a package of intervention from a specialist early detection team. Eighty percent (n = 28) of these clients were successfully re-interviewed. There was improvement across the cohort as a whole, however five participants (17.9%) had made the transition to psychosis at follow-up. Those who had become psychotic had lower levels of manic symptomatology at baseline than those who did not enter the first episode. Further, across the cohort, impaired working memory and delusional ideation at baseline combined to predict 45% of the delusional ideation at follow-up. These preliminary findings suggest that working memory impairments may be linked to the persistence of delusional ideation and that manic symptoms in someone with an ARMS may suggest that such an individual is less likely to develop a frank psychotic episode.
Functional neuroimaging in anorexia nervosa: A clinical approach
Authors: Pietrini F. , Castellini G. , Ricca V. , Polito C. , Pupi A. , Faravelli C.
Published: October 2010

Aims

To provide a review of the available literature about the functional neuroimaging of anorexia nervosa, and to summarize the possible role of neurobiological factors in its pathogenesis.

Methods

A systematic review of the literature was performed using PubMed and Medline electronic database (1950–September 2009). Eligible studies were restricted to those involving the main parameters of cerebral activity and functional neuroimaging techniques. Findings of the reviewed studies have been grouped on a diagnostic subtype basis, and their comparison has been interpreted in terms of concordance.

Results

We found a high level of concordance among available studies with regard to the presence of frontal, parietal and cingulate functional disturbances in both anorexia nervosa restricting and binge/purging subtypes. Concordance among studies conducted regardless of the anorexia nervosa subtypes suggests an alteration in temporal and parietal functions and striatal metabolism.

Conclusions

The most consistent alterations in anorexia nervosa cerebral activity seem to involve the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the inferior parietal lobule, the anterior cingulate cortex and the caudate nucleus. They may affect different neural systems such as the frontal visual system, the attention network, the arousal and emotional processing systems, the reward processing network, and the network for the body schema.
The role of computational ease on the decision to spend loyalty program points
Authors: Kwong Jessica Y.Y. , Soman Dilip , Ho Candy K.Y.
Published: October 2010

Many consumers today hold loyalty program points which function as a currency, but are not cash. This paper examines factors that influence consumers' decisions to keep or spend their accumulated points. We found that consumers are more likely to spend points when they can easily anticipate the benefits they can enjoy with the points. Specifically, the decision to spend points is facilitated when it is easier to compute the percentage savings one can get by using the points. This computational ease has effects on point spending beyond that of saving magnitude.
Kommunale Freiräume für Bewegung zur Förderung der Gesundheit von Kindern
Authors: Dunkelberg Hartmut , Schröder Jürgen , Schemel Hans-Joachim , Blaume Annette , Kannwischer Claus , Haschke Kerstin , Schneevoigt Rita , Awa Wendy , Beutler Lisa
Published: October 2010

Einleitung

Bewegungsfördernde Aktivitäten bei Schulkindern wurden mit organisatorischen Prozessen (Beteiligung von Eltern, Lehrern, Verwaltung) und mit freiraumplanerischen Initiativen verbunden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass das gesundheitliche Befinden mit den sozialen, motorischen und emotionalen Verhaltensweisen und den Freiraumbeziehungen korrelieren. Die Vernetzung der Unterrichtsgestaltung mit der Lebenswelt der Kinder wie auch die Einführung partizipativer Organisation zur Gesundheitsförderung wird empfohlen.
Histone Chaperone Jun Dimerization Protein 2 (JDP2): Role in Cellular Senescence and Aging
Authors: Huang Yu‐Chang , Saito Shigeo , Yokoyama Kazunari Kzaushige
Published: October 2010

Transcription factor Jun dimerization protein 2 (JDP2) binds directly to histones and DNA, and inhibits p300‐mediated acetylation of core histones and reconstituted nucleosomes that contain JDP2‐recognition DNA sequences. The region of JDP2 that encompasses its histone‐binding domain and DNA‐binding region is essential to inhibit histone acetylation by histone acetyltransferases. Moreover, assays of nucleosome assembly in vitro demonstrate that JDP2 also has histone‐chaperone activity. The mutation of the region responsible for inhibition of histone acetyltransferase activity within JDP2 eliminates repression of transcription from the c‐jun promoter by JDP2, as well as JDP2‐mediated inhibition of retinoic‐acid‐induced differentiation. Thus JDP2 plays a key role as a repressor of cell differentiation by regulating the expression of genes with an activator protein 1 (AP‐1) site via inhibition of histone acetylation and/or assembly and disassembly of nucleosomes. Senescent cells show a series of alterations, including flatten and enlarged morphology, increase in nonspecific acidic β‐galactosidase activity, chromatin condensation, and changes in gene expression patterns. The onset and maintenance of senescence are regulated by two tumor suppressors, p53 and retinoblastoma proteins. The expression of p53 and retinoblastoma proteins is regulated by two distinct proteins, p16Ink4a and Arf, respectively, which are encoded by cdkn2a. JDP2 inhibits recruitment of the polycomb repressive complexes 1 and 2 (PRC‐1 and PRC‐2) to the promoter of the gene that encodes p16Ink4a and inhibits the methylation of lysine 27 of histone H3 (H3K27). The PRCs associate with the p16Ink4a/Arf locus in young proliferating cells and dissociate from it in senescent cells. Therefore, it seems that chromatin‐remodeling factors that regulate association and dissociation of PRCs, and are controlled by JDP2, might play an important role in the senescence program. The molecular mechanisms that underlie the action of JDP2 in cellular aging and replicative senescence by mediating the dissociation of PRCs from the p16Ink4a/Arf locus are discussed.
A NOTE ON SPECIAL VALUES OF CERTAIN DIRICHLET L-FUNCTIONS
Authors: RAMAKRISHNAN B.
Published: October 2010

In Gun and Ramakrishnan [‘On special values of certain Dirichlet L-functions’, Ramanujan J.15 (2008), 275–280], we gave expressions for the special values of certain Dirichlet L-function in terms of finite sums involving Jacobi symbols. In this note we extend our earlier results by giving similar expressions for two more special values of Dirichlet L-functions, namely L(−1,χm) and L(−2,χ−m′), where m,m′ are square-free integers with m≡1 mod 8 and m′≡3 mod 8 and χD is the Kronecker symbol $(\frac {D}{\cdot })$. As a consequence, using the identities of Cohen [‘Sums involving the values at negative integers of L-functions of quadratic characters’, Math. Ann.217 (1975), 271–285], we also express the finite sums with Jacobi symbols in terms of sums involving divisor functions. Finally, we observe that the proof of Theorem 1.2 in Gun and Ramakrishnan (as above) is a direct consequence of Equation (24) in Gun, Manickam and Ramakrishnan [‘A canonical subspace of modular forms of half-integral weight’, Math. Ann.347 (2010), 899–916].
MULTIPLICITY OF SOLUTIONS FOR A FOURTH-ORDER IMPULSIVE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION VIA VARIATIONAL METHODS
Authors: SUN JUNTAO , CHEN HAIBO , ZHOU TIEJUN
Published: October 2010

In this paper, we deal with the multiplicity of solutions for a fourth-order impulsive differential equation with a parameter. Using variational methods and a ‘three critical points’ theorem, we give some new criteria to guarantee that the impulsive problem has at least three classical solutions. An example is also given in order to illustrate the main results.
A CRITICAL REVIEW OF RICHARD LYNN'S REPORTS ON REACTION TIME AND RACE
Authors: THOMAS DREW M.
Published: October 2010

In the early 1990s, psychologist Richard Lynn published papers documenting average reaction times and decision times in samples of nine-year-olds taken from across the world. After summarizing these data, Lynn interpreted his results as evidence of national and racial differences in decision time and general intelligence. Others have also interpreted Lynn's data as evidence of racial differences in decision time and intelligence. However, comparing Lynn's summaries with his original reports shows that Lynn misreported and omitted some of his own data. Once these errors are fixed the rankings of nations in Lynn's datasets are unstable across different decision time measures. This instability, as well as within-race heterogeneity and between-race overlap in decision times, implies that Lynn's reaction time data do not permit generalizations about the decision times and intelligence of people of different races.
Inter-agency coordination fosters the recovery of the Pyrenean chamois Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica at its western limit
Authors: Herrero Juan , Garin Inazio , Prada Carlos , García-Serrano Alicia
Published: October 2010

Two political jurisdictions in northern Spain, Navarre, where the Pyrenean chamois Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica is categorized as Vulnerable, and Aragon, where it is huntable, coordinated management for the recovery of this subspecies at the western limit of its range. After an estimate of only a small population in 1992–1993 hunting was banned in Aragon and, in 1995–1996, monitoring of both populations began. In the two massifs where the subspecies lives, which lie across the border of the two jurisdictions, chamois populations increased from 33 to 136 and from 144 to 455 by 2007 (average annual increases were 15 and 11%, respectively). The subspecies was also located on a third massif, in 2002. After the recovery the ban against hunting was lifted in Aragon, in 2006, with a sustainable hunting quota based on 5% of the estimated minimum population size. We conclude that coordinated management between agencies in two jurisdictions has fostered the recovery of the Pyrenean chamois.
Early detection of psychosis: positive effects on 5-year outcome
Authors: Larsen T. K. , Melle I. , Auestad B. , Haahr U. , Joa I. , Johannessen J. O. , Opjordsmoen S. , Rund B. R. , Rossberg J. I. , Simonsen E. , Vaglum P. , Friis S. , McGlashan T.
Published: October 2010

Background

During the last decades we have seen a new focus on early treatment of psychosis. Several reviews have shown that duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) is correlated to better outcome. However, it is still unknown whether early treatment will lead to a better long-term outcome. This study reports the effects of reducing DUP on 5-year course and outcome.

Method

During 1997–2000 a total of 281 consecutive patients aged >17 years with first episode non-affective psychosis were recruited, of which 192 participated in the 5-year follow-up. A comprehensive early detection (ED) programme with public information campaigns and low-threshold psychosis detection teams was established in one healthcare area (ED-area), but not in a comparable area (no-ED area). Both areas ran equivalent treatment programmes during the first 2 years and need-adapted treatment thereafter.

Results

At the start of treatment, ED-patients had shorter DUP and less symptoms than no-ED-patients. There were no significant differences in treatment (psychotherapy and medication) for the 5 years. Mixed-effects modelling showed better scores for the ED group on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale negative, depressive and cognitive factors and for global assessment of functioning for social functioning at 5-year follow-up. The ED group also had more contacts with friends. Regression analysis did not find that these differences could be explained by confounders.

Conclusions

Early treatment had positive effects on clinical and functional status at 5-year follow-up in first episode psychosis.
Bounded geodesics in rank-1 locally symmetric spaces
Authors: Aravinda C. S. , Leuzinger Enrico
Published: October 2010

Let M be a rank 1 locally symmetric space of finite Riemannian volume. It is proved that the set of unit vectors on a non-constant C1 curve in the unit tangent sphere at a point p ∈ M for which the corresponding geodesic is bounded (relatively compact) in M, is a set of Hausdorff dimension 1.
Dynamics of Morse-Smale urn processes
Authors: Benaïm Michel , Hirsch Morris W.
Published: October 2010

We consider stochastic processes {xn}n≥0 of the form

whereF: ℝm→ ℝmis C2, {λi}i≥1 is a sequence of positive numbers decreasing to 0 and {Ui}i≥1 is a sequence of uniformly bounded ℝm-valued random variables forming suitable martingale differences. We show that when the vector fieldFis Morse-Smale, almost surely every sample path approaches an asymptotically stable periodic orbit of the deterministic dynamical systemdy/dt=F(y). In the case of certain generalized urn processes we show that for each such orbit Γ, the probability of sample paths approaching Γ is positive. This gives the generic behavior of three-color urn models.
The projective fundamental group of a ℤ2-shift
Authors: Geller William , Propp James
Published: October 2010

We define a new invariant for symbolic ℤ2-actions, the projective fundamental group. This invariant is the limit of an inverse system of groups, each of which is the fundamental group of a space associated with the ℤ2-action. The limit group measures a kind of long-distance order that is manifested along loops in the plane, and roughly speaking bears the same relation to the mixing properties of the ℤ2-action that π1; of a topological space bears to π0. The projective fundamental group is invariant under topological conjugacy. We calculate this invariant for several important examples of ℤ2-actions, and use it to prove non-existence of certain constant-to-one factor maps between two-dimensional subshifts. Subshifts that have the same entropy and periodic point data can have different projective fundamental groups.
Arithmetic averages of rotations of measurable functions
Authors: Buczolich Zoltán
Published: October 2010

We give examples of non-integrable measurable functions for which there are ‘many’ rotations such that the arithmetic (ergodic) averages exist for almost every x. We also show that if the above ergodic averages exist for almost every x for a set of rotations of positive measure, then the function should be integrable on [0, 1].
Generic super-exponential stability of invariant tori in Hamiltonian systems
Authors: BOUNEMOURA ABED
Published: October 2010

In this article, we consider solutions that start close to some linearly stable invariant tori in an analytic Hamiltonian system, and we prove results of stability for a super-exponentially long interval of time, under generic conditions. The proof combines classical Birkhoff normal forms with a new method for obtaining generic Nekhoroshev estimates developed by the author and L. Niederman in another paper. We will focus mainly on the neighbourhood of elliptic fixed points, since with our approach the other cases can be treated in a very similar way.
States and markets
Authors: WALTER RYAN
Published: October 2010

Use of the ‘states and markets’ pair to conceptualise the international is pervasive. This article narrates the intellectual genesis of this dyad in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century British political œconomy. Adam Smith's arguments inWealth of Nationsare central, for there the analysis of strength is uncoupled from the analysis of wealth, de-politicising the international and making the economic denunciation of war possible. In the process the international economy is elaborated as a new theoretical object.
Global cities and the transformation of the International System
Authors: CURTIS SIMON
Published: October 2010

The emergence of a new urban form, the global city, has attracted little attention from International Relations (IR) scholars, despite the fact that much progress has been made in conceptualising and mapping global cities and their networks in other fields. This article argues that global cities pose fundamental questions for IR theorists about the nature of their subject matter, and shows how consideration of the historical relationship between cities and states can illuminate the changing nature of the international system. It highlights how global cities are essential to processes of globalisation, providing a material and infrastructural backbone for global flows, and a set of physical sites that facilitate command and control functions for a decentralised global economy. It goes on to argue that the rise of the global city challenges IR scholars to consider how many of the assumptions that the discipline makes about the modern international system are being destabilised, as important processes deterritorialise at the national level and are reconstituted at different scales.
Constructional Inheritance and Case Assignment In Finnish Numeral Expressions
Authors: Dolbey Andrew
Published: October 2010

The grammar of Finnish licenses two different types of complex numeral expressions.While the two occur in the same range of external syntactic and semantic contexts, theynevertheless exhibit striking differences in internal case-marking properties. Utilizing a sign-based, Construction Grammar approach, an analysis of the two types of numeral expressions is provided in terms of a set of closely related constructions. It is argued that the range and properties of numeral expressions as well as the interactions among them reveal a tight system of organization across constructions, expressed here in terms of a carefully formulated inheritance hierarchy. It is also argued that a close examination of the grammar of Finnish numeral expressions provides important insights into more general grammatical phenomena, including compounding, morphosyntactic feature distribution, inflectional realization, and the semantics of quantification
Eye fixation–related potentials (EFRPs) during object identification
Authors: RÄMÄ PIA , BACCINO THIERRY
Published: October 2010

Eye fixation–related potential (EFRP) measures electrical brain activity in response to eye fixations. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether the EFRPs vary during consecutive eye fixations while subjects were performing an object identification task. Eye fixations evoked P1 and N1 components at the occipital and parietal recording sites. The latency of P1 component increased during consecutive fixations. The amplitude of P1 increased and the amplitude of N1 decreased during consecutive fixations. The results indicate that EFRPs are modulated during consecutive fixations, suggesting that the current technique may provide a useful tool to study temporal dynamics of visual perception and processes underlying object identification.
Hydroelectric reservoir inundation (Rio Madeira Basin, Amazon) and changes in traditional lifestyle: impact on growth and neurodevelopment of pre-school children
Authors: Marques Rejane C , Dórea José G , McManus Concepta , Leão Renata S , Brandão Katiane G , Marques Rayson C , Ito Vieira Igor H , Guimarães Jean-Remy D , Malm Olaf
Published: October 2010

Objective

To assess the dependence on fish consumption of families and its impact on nutritional status and neurodevelopment of pre-school children.

Design

Cross-sectional study that measured children’s hair mercury (HHg) as an indicator of family fish consumption, growth (anthropometricZ-scores, WHO standards) and neurological (Gesell developmental scores (GDS)) development.

Setting

Traditional living conditions among families residing in the area adjacent to the Samuel Dam (Western Amazon) hydroelectric reservoir.

Subjects

Two hundred and forty-nine pre-school children (1–59 months of age) from families transitioning from the traditional Amazonian lifestyle.

Results

Family fish consumption was significantly correlated with children’s HHg concentration (Spearman’sr= 0·246,P< 0·0001); however, HHg had no significant association with growth (Z-scores). Overall, the prevalence of severe malnutrition, i.e. stunting (height-for-ageZ-score (HAZ) ≤ −3), underweight (weight-for-ageZ-score (WAZ) ≤ −3) and wasting (weight-for-heightZ-score (WHZ) ≤ −3) was 5·2 % (n13), 0 % and 0·8 % (n2), respectively. The prevalence of moderate stunting (HAZ ≥ −3 to ≤ −2), underweight (WAZ ≥ −3 to ≤ −2) and wasting (WHZ ≥ −3 to ≤ −2) was 8·8 % (n22), 2·4 % (n6) and 4·8 % (n12), respectively. Although 76 % of the children showed adequate GDS (>85), multiple regression analysis showed that fish consumption (as HHg) had no impact on GDS, but that some variables did interact significantly with specific domains (motor and language development).

Conclusions

The study showed that the families’ shift in fish consumption had no negative impact on the growth of young children and that ensuing methylmercury exposure has not been a noticeable neurodevelopmental hindrance.
Importance of CO2 evasion from small boreal streams
Authors: Koprivnjak J.‐F. , Dillon P. J. , Molot L. A.
Published: October 2010

Boreal lakes are known to be supersaturated with CO2 and to be significant sources of CO2 to the atmosphere. In this study it is shown that small boreal streams are relatively more supersaturated with CO2 and also represent an important source of CO2 evasion to the atmosphere from boreal catchments. Small boreal streams account for an annual (ice‐free seasons) average of 8.0% and a seasonal high of 34.4% of the total CO2 evaded from streams and lakes. A seasonal pattern is found, with evasion from streams being greatest during the summer and least during the spring. The evasion of CO2 by small boreal streams represents 77% of the total CO2 and 36% of the total organic carbon and total inorganic carbon exported by the streams from the catchments to the lakes. Knowledge of this important transfer and loss mechanism for CO2 will allow for more accurate modeling of boreal catchment C budgets.
Effects of climate change on coastal groundwater systems: A modeling study in the Netherlands
Authors: Oude Essink G. H. P. , van Baaren E. S. , de Louw P. G. B.
Published: October 2010

Climate change in combination with increased anthropogenic activities will affect coastal groundwater systems throughout the world. In this paper, we focus on a coastal groundwater system that is already threatened by a relatively high seawater level: the low‐lying Dutch Delta. Nearly one third of the Netherlands lies below mean sea level, and the land surface is still subsiding up to 1 m per century. This densely populated delta region, where fresh groundwater resources are used intensively for domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes, can serve as a laboratory case for other low‐lying delta areas throughout the world. Our findings on hydrogeological effects can be scaled up since the problems the Dutch face now will very likely be the problems encountered in other delta areas in the future. We calculated the possible impacts of future sea level rise, land subsidence, changes in recharge, autonomous salinization, and the effects of two mitigation countermeasures with a three‐dimensional numerical model for variable density groundwater flow and coupled solute transport. We considered the effects on hydraulic heads, seepage fluxes, salt loads to surface waters, and changes in fresh groundwater resources as a function of time and for seven scenarios. Our numerical modeling results show that the impact of sea level rise is limited to areas within 10 km of the coastline and main rivers because the increased head in the groundwater system at the coast can easily be produced though the highly permeable Holocene confining layer. Along the southwest coast of the Netherlands, salt loads will double in some parts of the deep and large polders by the year 2100 A.D. due to sea level rise. More inland, ongoing land subsidence will cause hydraulic heads and phreatic water levels to drop, which may result in damage to dikes, infrastructure, and urban areas. In the deep polders more inland, autonomous upconing of deeper and more saline groundwater will be responsible for increasing salt loads. The future increase of salt loads will cause salinization of surface waters and shallow groundwater and put the total volumes of fresh groundwater volumes for drinking water supply, agricultural purposes, industry, and ecosystems under pressure.
Response of the hydrological cycle to orbital and greenhouse gas forcing
Authors: Khon V. C. , Park W. , Latif M. , Mokhov I. I. , Schneider B.
Published: October 2010

The sensitivity of the hydrological cycle to changes in orbital forcing and atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations is assessed using a fully coupled atmosphere‐ocean‐sea ice general circulation model (Kiel Climate Model). An orbitally‐induced intensification of the summer monsoon circulation during the Holocene and Eemian drives enhanced water vapor advection into the Northern Hemisphere, thereby enhancing the rate of water vapor changes by about 30% relative to the rate given by the Clausius‐Clapeyron Equation, assuming constant relative humidity. Orbitally‐induced changes in hemispheric‐mean precipitation are fully attributed to inter‐hemispheric water vapor exchange in contrast to a GHG forced warming, where enhanced precipitation is caused by increased both the moisture advection and evaporation. When considering the future climate on millennial time scales, both forcings combined are expected to exert a strong effect.
Assessing the predictability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and associated fingerprints
Authors: Msadek R. , Dixon K. W. , Delworth T. L. , Hurlin W.
Published: October 2010

The North Atlantic is among the few places where decadal climate variations are considered potentially predictable. The physical mechanisms of the decadal variability are hypothesized to be associated with fluctuations of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). Perfect model predictability experiments using the GFDL CM2.1 climate model are analyzed to investigate the potential predictability of the AMOC. Results indicate that the AMOC is predictable up to 20 years. We further connect AMOC predictability to readily observable fields. We show that modeled surface and subsurface signatures of AMOC variations defined by characteristic patterns of sea surface height, subsurface temperature, and upper ocean heat content anomalies, have a potential predictability similar to the AMOC's. Since we have longer observational records for these quantities than for direct measurements of the AMOC, our study highlights a potentially new promising method for monitoring AMOC variations, and hence assessing the predictability of the real climate system.