bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New insight into rare-earth doped gadolinium molybdate nanophosphor assisted broad spectral converters from UV to NIR for silicon solar cells
Authors: Kumar Pawan , Gupta Bipin Kumar
Published: February 2015

Demonstration of novel rare-earth doped gadolinium molybdate nanophosphor assisted broad spectral converters from UV to NIR for Si-solar cell application.
Application of CFD to evaluate the pore morphology effect on nanofluid flooding for enhanced oil recovery
Authors: Gharibshahi Reza , Jafari Arezou , Haghtalab Ali , Karambeigi Mohammad Saber
Published: February 2015

In this study a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method has been developed to simulate the effect of pore morphology and its distribution in a 2D micromodel on the enhanced oil recovery factor of nanofluid flooding.
Bacterial–yeast consortium as an effective biocatalyst for biodegradation of sulphonated azo dye Reactive Red 198
Authors: Kurade Mayur B. , Waghmode Tatoba R. , Jadhav Mital U. , Jeon Byong-Hun , Govindwar Sanjay P.
Published: February 2015

A novel bacterial–yeast consortium (Brevibacillus laterosporusandGalactomyces geotrichum) acts as a proficient biocatalyst.
Protein adsorption and cellular uptake of AuNPs capped with alkyl acids of different length
Authors: Deng Jun , Zheng Honghao , Wu Sai , Zhang Pan , Gao Changyou
Published: February 2015

Protein adsorption and its role are correlated with cellular uptake of AuNPs grafted with alkyls of different length.
Au@UiO-66: a base free oxidation catalyst
Authors: Leus K. , Concepcion P. , Vandichel M. , Meledina M. , Grirrane A. , Esquivel D. , Turner S. , Poelman D. , Waroquier M. , Van Speybroeck V. , Van Tendeloo G. , García H. , Van Der Voort P.
Published: February 2015

We present the in situ synthesis of Au nanoparticles within the Zr based Metal Organic Framework, UiO-66.
Simultaneous and sensitive determination of melatonin and dopamine with Fe3O4nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide modified electrode
Authors: Bagheri H. , Afkhami A. , Hashemi P. , Ghanei M.
Published: February 2015

An electrochemical sensor based on a new nanocomposite of graphene/Fe3O4has been fabricated for simultaneous determination of melatonin and dopamine.
Tetrakis-imidazolium and benzimidazolium ionic liquids: a new class of biodegradable surfactants
Authors: Al-Mohammed Nassir N. , Duali Hussen Rusnah Syahila , Ali Tammar Hussein , Alias Yatimah , Abdullah Zanariah
Published: February 2015

Novel tetrakis-imidazolium and benzimidazolium ILs containing tetra-ester groups with incorporated quadruple side chains were synthesized successfully as degradable surfactants of expected medical and industrial applications.
Synthesis, chiroptical and SHG properties of polarizable push–pull dyes built on π-extended binaphthyls
Authors: Coluccini Carmine , Caricato Marco , Cariati Elena , Righetto Stefania , Forni Alessandra , Pasini Dario
Published: February 2015

Novel binaphthyl push–pull dyes extend their π-bridge and incorporate as acceptors pyridine units, useful for further supramolecular polarization.
Enhanced enrichment performance of nickel oxide nanoparticles via fabrication of a nanocomposite with a graphene template
Authors: Fatima Batool , Jabeen Fahmida , Padashbarmchi Zahra , Najam-ul-Haq Muhammad
Published: February 2015

Using graphene as a template after modification with nickel oxide, a nanocomposite with an increased surface area is fabricated and applied to phosphopeptides.
Analysis of students' self-efficacy, interest, and effort beliefs in general chemistry
Authors: Ferrell Brent , Barbera Jack
Published: February 2015

Research in academic motivation has highlighted a number of salient constructs that are predictive of positive learning strategies and academic success. Most of this research has centered on college-level social sciences or secondary school student populations. The main purpose of this study was to adapt existing measures of personal interest and effort beliefs to a college chemistry context. In addition, a chemistry-specific measure of self-efficacy was evaluated in a modified form. This set of scales was initially administered at two time points in a first-semester general chemistry course to a sample of undergraduates (n1= 373,n2= 294). Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were conducted to determine whether the scales were functional in a chemistry context. Following revision of the scales, all CFA models demonstrated acceptable fit to the data. Cross-validation of the revised scales was performed using two different populations (n= 432,n= 728), with both studies producing similar model fits. Furthermore, our data shows that chemistry majors reported higher self-efficacy and interest than non-science majors. Cronbach's alpha estimates ranged from 0.75 to 0.92 for the revised scales across all studies. This set of scales could provide useful tools for assessing general chemistry students' motivation and the motivational impacts of various teaching practices.
Facile upscaled synthesis of layered iron oxide nanosheets and their application in phosphate removal
Authors: Fang Liping , Huang Lizhi , Holm Peter E. , Yang Xiaofang , Hansen Hans Christian B. , Wang Dongsheng
Published: February 2015

Layered iron oxide nanosheet material is a new efficient adsorbent which is here developed and investigated for removing eutrophication pollutant phosphate from water.
Tuning the painter's palette: subtle steric effects on spectra and colour in conjugated electrochromic polymers
Authors: Kerszulis J. A. , Johnson K. E. , Kuepfert M. , Khoshabo D. , Dyer A. L. , Reynolds J. R.
Published: February 2015

A series of vibrantly coloured π-conjugated electrochromic polymers (ECPs) were designed and synthesized with the goal of extracting structure–property relationships from subtle changes in steric strain or relaxation.
Exploratory analysis of urinary tract infection using a GC-APCI-MS platform
Authors: Pacchiarotta Tiziana , Derks Rico J. , Nevedomskaya Ekaterina , van der Starre Willize , van Dissel Jaap , Deelder André , Mayboroda Oleg A.
Published: February 2015

This study shows the first application of GC-APCI-MS in a clinical setting specifically in the context of urinary tract infection.
Robustness of synthetic circadian clocks to multiple environmental changes
Authors: Gurevich Lilia , Cohen-Luria Rivka , Wagner Nathaniel , Ashkenasy Gonen
Published: February 2015

Synthetic network imitating the KaiABC circadian clock from the cyanobacteriaS. elongatuswas studiedin silicoand displayed robust behaviour under a wide set of environmental conditions.
A new biomimetic route to engineer enzymatically active mechano-responsive materials
Authors: Rios César , Longo Johan , Zahouani Sarah , Garnier Tony , Vogt Cédric , Reisch Andreas , Senger Bernard , Boulmedais Fouzia , Hemmerlé Joseph , Benmlih Karim , Frisch Benoît , Schaaf Pierre , Jierry Loïc , Lavalle Philippe
Published: February 2015

Uniaxial stretching of β-galactosidase anchored to a cross-linked polyelectrolyte multilayer leads to the tuning of the material catalytic activity.
Development of an acid ceramidase activity-based probe
Authors: Ouairy Cécile M. J. , Ferraz Maria J. , Boot Rolf G. , Baggelaar Marc P. , van der Stelt Mario , Appelman Monique , van der Marel Gijsbert A. , Florea Bogdan I. , Aerts Johannes M. F. G. , Overkleeft Herman S.
Published: February 2015

Acid ceramidase is responsible for the ultimate step in the catabolism of (glyco)sphingolipids by hydrolysis of ceramide into sphingosine and free fatty acid.
Controlled droplet transport on a gradient adhesion surface
Authors: Feng Shile , Wang Sijie , Liu Chengcheng , Zheng Yongmei , Hou Yongping
Published: February 2015

A surface with continuously changed adhesion from ultrahigh to ultralow is fabricated by an integrated method of anodic oxidation combined with octafluorocyclobutane (C4F8) plasma.
Insights into the role of a structural promoter (Ba) in three-way catalyst Pd/CeO2–ZrO2 using in situ DRIFTS
Authors: Yang Linyan , Yang Xue , Lin Siyu , Zhou Renxian
Published: February 2015

Doping with Ba, especially when the content is 5 wt.%, accelerates the dissociation of NOx and facilitates the formation of intermediates due to the outstanding electron-donating ability of Ba.
Correction: Photoelectrochemical reduction of nitrates at the illuminated p-GaInP2 photoelectrode
Authors: Wang Heli , Turner John A.
Published: February 2015

Correction for ‘Photoelectrochemical reduction of nitrates at the illuminated p-GaInP2 photoelectrode’ by Heli Wang et al., Energy Environ. Sci., 2013, 6, 1802–1805.
Two novel cyanido-bridged polymeric complexes with suspension bridge type connections and a series of related complex salts: crystallographic and thermal characterizations
Authors: Şenocak Ayşegül , Karadağ Ahmet , Soylu Mustafa Serkan , Andaç Ömer
Published: February 2015

Polymeric complexes exhibiting interesting suspension bridge type binding and dissimilarity in complex formation behavior of 8B group members were studied.
Artificial nacre-like papers based on noncovalent functionalized boron nitride nanosheets with excellent mechanical and thermally conductive properties
Authors: Zeng Xiaoliang , Ye Lei , Yu Shuhui , Li Hao , Sun Rong , Xu Jianbin , Wong Ching-Ping
Published: February 2015

Artificial nacre-like papers with excellent mechanical and thermally conductive properties were fabricatedviaself-assembly of functionalized boron nitride nanosheets and poly(vinyl alcohol).
Mussel-inspired protein-repelling ambivalent block copolymers: controlled synthesis and characterization
Authors: Patil Nagaraj , Falentin-Daudré Céline , Jérôme Christine , Detrembleur Christophe
Published: February 2015

This paper describes the reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of mussel-inspired acetonide-protected dopamine (meth)acrylamide monomers (ADA and ADMA) and its implementation to the synthesis of innovative ambivalent block copolymers.
The effects of long chain branching of polypropylene and chain extension of poly(ethylene terephthalate) on the thermal behavior, rheology and morphology of their blends
Authors: Jahani Yousef , Ghetmiri Milad , Vaseghi Mohammad Rahim
Published: February 2015

Polypropylene is long chain branched, PET is chain extended/branched and their blends are prepared and studied.
The influence of electrode structure on the performance of an SnS anode in Li-ion batteries: effect of the electrode particle, conductive support shape and additive
Authors: Tripathi Alok M. , Mitra Sagar
Published: February 2015

A SnS/graphene composite has been investigated as a high performance anode for lithium-ion batteries.
Nanoparticles-decorated coal tar pitch-based carbon foam with enhanced electromagnetic radiation absorption capability
Authors: Kumar Rajeev , Gupta Ashish , Dhakate Sanjay R.
Published: February 2015

Carbon foam decorated with magnetic and dielectric nanoparticles exhibited significantly improved EM radiation absorption in the X-band frequency region.
Base catalysed domino and self-domino Michael–Aldol reactions: one-pot synthesis of dispirocyclopentaneoxindoles containing multiple chiral stereocenters
Authors: Suman Koorathota , Thennarasu Sathiah
Published: February 2015

A method for construction of three classes of densely functionalized dispirocyclopentaneoxindoles with multiple chiral stereocenters is developed using base promoted self-domino and domino reactions with/without the presence of nucleophilic solvents.
Green chemistry approaches as sustainable alternatives to conventional strategies in the pharmaceutical industry
Authors: Gupta Princy , Mahajan Aman
Published: February 2015

Green chemistry is a rapidly developing field for the sustainable development of future science and technology. Incorporating green chemistry into the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients and intermediates is of ongoing importance to the pharmaceutical industry.
Rapid microwave-assisted fabrication of 3D cauliflower-like NiCo2S4architectures for asymmetric supercapacitors
Authors: Xiao Yanling , Lei Ying , Zheng Baozhan , Gu Li , Wang Yanyan , Xiao Dan
Published: February 2015

3D cauliflower-like NiCo2S4architectures were successfully synthesized by a facile and rapid microwave-assisted heating method.
Wheel like supramolecular assembly of cyclam decorated gold nanoparticles induced by Cd2+
Authors: Yeluri Tanuja , Ghule Namdev V. , Bhosale Rajesh S. , Al Kobaisi Mohammad , Bhosale Sheshanath V. , Bhosale Sidhanath V.
Published: February 2015

A gold nanoparticle (Au NP) system based on interaction between cyclam and Au NPs resulted into well defined wheel like supramolecular nanostructures in the presence of Cd2+.
Sonoelectrochemical intercalation and exfoliation for the preparation of defective graphene sheets and their application as nonenzymatic H2O2 sensors and oxygen reduction catalysts
Authors: Chen Chin-Wei , Liu Zhe-Tin , Zhang Yu-Zhen , Ye Jyun-Sian , Lee Chien-Liang
Published: February 2015

A sonoelectrochemical synthetic method is reported for rapidly preparing and dispersing reduced graphene nanosheets (RGNSECM) stabilized in an aqueous electrolyte.
Ultrasound assisted multicomponent reactions: a green method for the synthesis of highly functionalized selenopyridines using reusable polyethylene glycol as reaction medium
Authors: Khan Md. Nasim , Karamthulla Shaik , Choudhury Lokman H. , Haque Faizi Md. Serajul
Published: February 2015

A simple and benign one-pot protocol for the synthesis of 2-amino selenopyrindine derivatives 4 has been developed using ultrasound assisted multicomponent reactions of aldehydes, malononitrile and benzeneselenol in PEG-400.
Fabrication of antifouling polymer–inorganic hybrid membranes through the synergy of biomimetic mineralization and nonsolvent induced phase separation
Authors: Zhao Xueting , Su Yanlei , Cao Jialin , Li Yafei , Zhang Runnan , Liu Yanan , Jiang Zhongyi
Published: February 2015

Antifouling hybrid membranes were prepared through the synergy of in situ biomimetic mineralization and nonsolvent induced phase separation, which endows membrane surfaces with collaborative defense mechanisms.
Infrared invisibility stickers inspired by cephalopods
Authors: Phan Long , Ordinario David D. , Karshalev Emil , Walkup IV Ward G. , Shenk Michael A. , Gorodetsky Alon A.
Published: February 2015

The skin morphology of cephalopods endows them with remarkable camouflage capabilities. Herein, we report infrared invisibility stickers inspired by the structures and proteins found in cephalopod skin. These stickers enable arbitrary objects to acquire reconfigurable infrared camouflage patterning. Our work represents an initial step towards wearable biomimetic infrared stealth technologies.
Column‐level passive sample and column‐shared active readout structure for high speed, low power ROIC
Authors: Guannan Wang , Wengao Lu , Dahe Liu , Yacong Zhang , Zhongjian Chen
Published: February 2015

A novel odd–even column‐level passive sample and column‐shared active readout structure is proposed to realise a high speed, low power and low noise readout integrated circuit (ROIC). This structure reduces the number of operational amplifiers (OPAs) in each column and decreases the power consumption of the column capacitive transimpedance amplifier (CTIA) and output buffer. Compared to the traditional design for medium‐scale array ROIC, power consumption of a single column is reduced by 80%. A 320 × 320 array ROIC has been designed for indium antimonide (InSb) cooled infrared detector using the novel structure. The chip is fabricated in the 0.35 μm CMOS process. The total power consumption is <55 mW when operating at 200 Hz frame rate with four outputs and the linearity is 99.95%.
Synthetic method to generate α‐µ distributed variants
Authors: Fathi Y. , Tawfik H.
Published: February 2015

Although the transformation method can essentially be used to generate any distribution, its application to the α‐µ model involves inversion of the incomplete gamma function. Such inversion of a special function does not lead to a closed‐form expression but is usually implemented using iterative methods, which heavily burden any simulation machine. By introducing a novel synthetic α‐µ variant generation method, free from iterations and special functions, the proposed approach will be appropriate for building generalised real‐time fading simulators.
Goodness‐of‐fit‐based non‐parametric spectrum sensing under Middleton noise for cognitive radio
Authors: Patel D.K. , Trivedi Y.N.
Published: February 2015

A novel goodness‐of‐fit‐based non‐parametric spectrum sensing scheme in a non‐Gaussian noise environment, modelled by Middleton class A distribution, is proposed. The sampling distribution of the proposed test statistic is derived and the detection performance is shown using Monte Carlo simulations. Results are presented and it is concluded that the performance is degraded if the Gaussian component in the Middleton noise is higher than the non‐Gaussian component.
SIR performance evaluation of MB‐OFDM UWB system with residual timing offset
Authors: Islam S.M.R. , Ullah S. , Lloret J. , Ullah N. , Kwak K.S.
Published: February 2015

Signal‐to‐interference ratio (SIR) performance of a multiband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing ultra‐wideband system with residual timing offset is investigated. To do so, an exact mathematical derivation of the SIR of this system is derived. It becomes obvious that, unlike a cyclic prefixing based system, a zero padding based system is sensitive to residual timing offset.
Performance of linear minimum‐output energy receiver for self and alien crosstalk mitigation in upstream vectored very high‐speed digital subscriber line
Authors: Zafaruddin Syed Mohammad , Prakriya Shankar , Prasad Surendra
Published: February 2015

Linear zero‐forcing (ZF) canceller does not perform well in the presence of alien crosstalk (AXT) while the receivers based on minimum‐mean‐square‐error (MMSE) criterion require perfect knowledge of the noise covariance matrices. In this study, the authors consider the use of a constrained linear minimum‐output energy (MOE) receiver in the presence of self‐crosstalk and AXT in upstream vectored very high‐speed digital subscriber line systems, that does not require knowledge of the noise correlation matrices and can be trained using the received signals without the use of training sequences. They derive bounds on the performance of the MOE receiver in the digital subscriber line environment and show that it reaches the MMSE performance for self‐crosstalk cancellation. They also show that the performance of the proposed receiver lies in between that of the ZF receiver and the non‐linear ZF generalised decision feedback equaliser receiver. An adaptation of the canceller coefficients using MOE algorithm shows comparable performance to that of the least mean squares algorithm. The effect of noise correlation on the capacity has also been highlighted via the Cramer‐Rao lower bound. Computer simulations are presented to verify the analytical results and demonstrate the performance of the proposed receiver.
High‐current variable‐voltage rectifiers: state of the art topologies
Authors: Solanki Jitendra , Fröhleke Norbert , Böcker Joachim , Averberg Andreas , Wallmeier Peter
Published: February 2015

Applications such as electrolysis, electrowinning, DC arc furnaces and plasma torches require high‐current (several kA) power supplies at low‐voltage levels (few hundreds of volts). In this study, conventional rectifier topologies (diode‐ and thyristor‐based multi‐pulse rectifiers with on‐load tap changing transformer and chopper‐rectifier) used for high‐current, variable‐voltage applications are reviewed along with recent advancements in the field. The main applications themselves are also discussed. Issues with conventional topologies are highlighted. Power quality techniques like passive and active filters are discussed for power factor and current harmonics compensation. Advanced medium‐ to high‐frequency transformer‐based topologies (with current and voltage source rectifiers) are discussed along with simulation results.
Three‐phase tri‐state buck–boost integrated inverter for solar applications
Authors: de Brito Moacyr , Sampaio Leonardo , Melo Guilherme , Canesin Carlos Alberto
Published: February 2015

This study presents a three‐phase tri‐state buck–boost integrated inverter suitable for stand‐alone and/or grid‐connected photovoltaic (PV) energy applications. The usage of the special features of the tri‐state operation coupled with a modified space vector modulation allows the inverter to present a remarkable degree of freedom for the controllers’ design, that is, input and output can be independently controlled. As the input can be autonomously controlled, this converter is very attractive for interfacing renewable energy sources as PV panels, once the main duty cycle D1 controls the maximum power point tracking and the second duty cycle D2 is responsible to feed the output. It should be pointed out that there are no power electrolytic capacitors in this integrated inverter, which results in a major advantage for the structure working life and it is the first time in the literature that this inverter is used to feed power into the grid. Throughout this study the system is described, the modulation and control schemes are presented and interesting experimental results are available in order to confirm the outstanding features of this proposal.
Photocatalytic removal of Rhodamine B using Fe3O4/BiOBr magnetic microsphere under visible‐light irradiation
Authors: Cao Guang Sheng , Wang Gui Long , Bai Yu Jie , Liu Men Xue
Published: February 2015

A magnetic Fe3O4/BiOBr microsphere has been prepared by a simple and effective method. The Fe3O4/BiOBr magnetic photocatalyst exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity for the degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) under visible‐light irradiation. RhB in aqueous solution was fully photodegraded after 100 min. The Fe3O4/BiOBr photocatalyst was easily recovered after liquid‐phase photodegradation reaction because of its property, which could facilitate the practical running of an industrial wastewater treatment.
Dichlorination of α-Diazo-β-dicarbonyls Using (Dichloroiodo)benzene
Authors: Murphy Graham , Coffey Keith
Published: February 2015

α-Diazo-β-dicarbonyl compounds were chlorinated using (dichloro)iodobenzene and an activating catalyst. A broad range of reaction rates was observed, which paralleled the relative stability/nucleo­philicity of the diazo compounds. Acyclic diazocarbonyls reacted faster than cyclics, and β-diketones were much faster to react than β-keto esters or β-diesters. Lewis acid activation was used for the first time, allowing us to overcome instances of poor chemoselectivity. Though the yields ranged from low to good, this chlorination reaction has again proven a mild and effective halogenation strategy.
Application of Maxillomandibular Fixation for Management of Traumatic Macroglossia: A Case Report
Authors: Shanti Rabie M. , Braidy Hani F. , Ziccardi Vincent B.
Published: February 2015

We present a case of a 14-year-old adolescent boy who has oral cavity after gunshot wound to the tongue presenting with hemorrhage from the tongue requiring coil embolization of the right lingual artery. The patient subsequently developed macroglossia, which was managed with maxillomandibular fixation for a period of 3 weeks with complete resolution of glossal edema.
Effects of disorder state and interfacial layer on thermal transport in copper/diamond system
Authors: Sinha V. , Gengler J. J. , Muratore C. , Spowart J. E.
Published: February 2015

The characterization of Cu/diamond interface thermal conductance (hc) along with an improved understanding of factors affecting it are becoming increasingly important, as Cu-diamond composites are being considered for electronic packaging applications. In this study, ∼90 nm thick Cu layers were deposited on synthetic and natural single crystal diamond substrates. In several specimens, a Ti-interface layer of thickness ≤3.5 nm was sputtered between the diamond substrate and the Cu top layer. The hc across Cu/diamond interfaces for specimens with and without a Ti-interface layer was determined using time-domain thermoreflectance. The hc is ∼2× higher for similar interfacial layers on synthetic versus natural diamond substrate. The nitrogen concentration of synthetic diamond substrate is four orders of magnitude lower than natural diamond. The difference in nitrogen concentration can lead to variations in disorder state, with a higher nitrogen content resulting in a higher level of disorder. This difference in disorder state potentially can explain the variations in hc. Furthermore, hc was observed to increase with an increase of Ti-interface layer thickness. This was attributed to an increased adhesion of Cu top layer with increasing Ti-interface layer thickness, as observed qualitatively in the current study.
The electronic characterization of biphenylene—Experimental and theoretical insights from core and valence level spectroscopy
Authors: Lüder Johann , de Simone Monica , Totani Roberta , Coreno Marcello , Grazioli Cesare , Sanyal Biplab , Eriksson Olle , Brena Barbara , Puglia Carla
Published: February 2015

In this paper, we provide detailed insights into the electronic structure of the gas phase biphenylene molecule through core and valence spectroscopy. By comparing results of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) measurements with ΔSCF core-hole calculations in the framework of Density Functional Theory (DFT), we could decompose the characteristic contributions to the total spectra and assign them to non-equivalent carbon atoms. As a difference with similar molecules like biphenyl and naphthalene, an influence of the localized orbitals on the relative XPS shifts was found. The valence spectrum probed by photoelectron spectroscopy at a photon energy of 50 eV in conjunction with hybrid DFT calculations revealed the effects of the localization on the electronic states. Using the transition potential approach to simulate the X-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements, similar contributions from the non-equivalent carbon atoms were determined from the total spectrum, for which the slightly shifted individual components can explain the observed asymmetric features.
Taylor’s hypothesis in turbulent channel flow considered using a transport equation analysis
Authors: Geng Chenhui , He Guowei , Wang Yinshan , Xu Chunxiao , Lozano-Durán Adrián , Wallace James M.
Published: February 2015

Direct numerical simulations of turbulent channel flow at Reτ = 205 and 932 have been carried out to examine Taylor’s “frozen turbulence” hypothesis. The terms in Taylor’s hypothesis appear in the transport equation for instantaneous momentum (Navier-Stokes) in this flow. The additional terms, i.e., the additional convective acceleration term and the pressure gradient and viscous force terms, act to diminish the validity of Taylor’s hypothesis when they are relatively large compared to the Taylor’s hypothesis terms and are not in balance. A similar analysis has been applied to the transport equation for instantaneous vorticity. The additional terms in this equation, namely, the additional convective rates of change of vorticity terms, the stretching/compression/rotation of vorticity terms, and the viscous diffusion of vorticity terms, similarly act to diminish the validity of Taylor’s hypothesis when they are relatively large compared to the terms in the hypothesis and are not in balance. Where in the channel flow this diminishment occurs, and to what degree, and which of the non-Taylor’s hypothesis terms in the momentum and vorticity equations contribute most to this diminishment are unraveled here.
A dynamic mode decomposition approach for large and arbitrarily sampled systems
Authors: Guéniat Florimond , Mathelin Lionel , Pastur Luc R.
Published: February 2015

Detection of coherent structures is of crucial importance for understanding the dynamics of a fluid flow. In this regard, the recently introduced Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) has raised an increasing interest in the community. It allows to efficiently determine the dominant spatial modes, and their associated growth rate and frequency in time, responsible for describing the time-evolution of an observation of the physical system at hand. However, the underlying algorithm requires uniformly sampled and time-resolved data, which may limit its usability in practical situations. Further, the computational cost associated with the DMD analysis of a large dataset is high, both in terms of central processing unit and memory. In this contribution, we present an alternative algorithm to achieve this decomposition, overcoming the above-mentioned limitations. A synthetic case, a two-dimensional restriction of an experimental flow over an open cavity, and a large-scale three-dimensional simulation, provide examples to illustrate the method.
Fast electron flux driven by lower hybrid wave in the scrape-off layer
Authors: Li Y. L. , Xu G. S. , Wang H. Q. , Xiao C. , Wan B. N. , Gao Z. , Chen R. , Wang L. , Gan K. F. , Yang J. H. , Zhang X. J. , Liu S. C. , Li M. H. , Ding S. , Yan N. , Zhang W. , Hu G. H. , Liu Y. L. , Shao L. M. , Li J. , Chen L. , Zhao N. , Xu J. C. , Yang Q. Q. , Lan H. , Ye Y.
Published: February 2015

The fast electron flux driven by Lower Hybrid Wave (LHW) in the scrape-off layer (SOL) in EAST is analyzed both theoretically and experimentally. The five bright belts flowing along the magnetic field lines in the SOL and hot spots at LHW guard limiters observed by charge coupled device and infrared cameras are attributed to the fast electron flux, which is directly measured by retarding field analyzers (RFA). The current carried by the fast electron flux, ranging from 400 to 6000 A/m2 and in the direction opposite to the plasma current, is scanned along the radial direction from the limiter surface to the position about 25 mm beyond the limiter. The measured fast electron flux is attributed to the high parallel wave refractive index n|| components of LHW. According to the antenna structure and the LHW power absorbed by plasma, a broad parallel electric field spectrum of incident wave from the antennas is estimated. The radial distribution of LHW-driven current density is analyzed in SOL based on Landau damping of the LHW. The analytical results support the RFA measurements, showing a certain level of consistency. In addition, the deposition profile of the LHW power density in SOL is also calculated utilizing this simple model. This study provides some fundamental insight into the heating and current drive effects induced by LHW in SOL, and should also help to interpret the observations and related numerical analyses of the behaviors of bright belts and hot spots induced by LHW.
Measurement of a density profile of a hot-electron plasma in RT-1 with three-chord interferometry
Authors: Saitoh H. , Yano Y. , Yoshida Z. , Nishiura M. , Morikawa J. , Kawazura Y. , Nogami T. , Yamasaki M.
Published: February 2015

The electron density profile of a plasma in a magnetospheric dipole field configuration was measured with a multi-chord interferometry including a relativistic correction. In order to improve the accuracy of density reconstruction, a 75 GHz interferometer was installed at a vertical chord of the Ring Trap 1 (RT-1) device in addition to previously installed ones at tangential and another vertical chords. The density profile was calculated by using the data of three-chord interferometry including relativistic effects for a plasma consisting of hot and cold electrons generated by electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECH). The results clearly showed the effects of density peaking and magnetic mirror trapping in a strongly inhomogeneous dipole magnetic field.
Magneto-dielectric coupling and transport properties of the ferromagnetic-BaTiO3 composites
Authors: Kumar Manish , Shankar S. , Dwivedi G. D. , Anshul A. , Thakur O. P. , Ghosh Anup K.
Published: February 2015

Ferromagnetic and large magnetoresistance (MR) nanocomposites of La0.67Sr0.33MnO3-BaTiO3 (LSMO-BTO) are synthesized via sol-gel route. The X-ray diffraction confirms the existence of two chemically separated phases in the composites. The maximum MR (35%) was achieved in LSMO-5% BTO (LB5). The coupling between the coexisting phases is observed from the dielectric anomaly at the ferromagnetic transition (Tc = 353 K) for LB5 composition. We observed maximum magnetodielectric effect at Tc of 1.18% in magnitude for LB5 and the effect of magnetic field on other composites was significant. These results are related to the large spin polarization within grains as well as at the grain boundaries and the evidence of variation in dielectric parameters with magnetic field reveal the magnetoelectric coupling in LSMO-BTO nanocomposites.
Domain size engineering in 0.5%MnO2-(K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 lead free piezoelectric crystals
Authors: Lin Dabin , Zhang Shujun , Cai Changlong , Liu Weiguo
Published: February 2015

The piezoelectric property of [001]-oriented 0.5%MnO2-(K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 (Mn-KNN) crystals was studied as a function of domain size, being poled with different electric fields at 205 °C (above orthorhombic to tetragonal phase transition temperature To-t). The piezoelectric coefficients d33 and relative dielectric constants εr were found to increase from 270 pC/N to 350 pC/N and 730 to 850 with the domain size decreasing from 9 to 2 μm, respectively. The thermal stability of piezoelectric property was investigated, where the d33 value for [001]-oriented Mn-KNN crystals with domain size of 2 μm was found to decrease to 330 pC/N at depoling temperature of 150 °C, with minimal variation of ∼6%. The results reveal that domain size engineering is an effective way to improve the piezoelectric properties of Mn-KNN crystals.
Hysteresis modeling in graphene field effect transistors
Authors: Winters M. , Sveinbjörnsson E. Ö. , Rorsman N.
Published: February 2015

Graphene field effect transistors with an Al2O3 gate dielectric are fabricated on H-intercalated bilayer graphene grown on semi-insulating 4H-SiC by chemical vapour deposition. DC measurements of the gate voltage vg versus the drain current id reveal a severe hysteresis of clockwise orientation. A capacitive model is used to derive the relationship between the applied gate voltage and the Fermi energy. The electron transport equations are then used to calculate the drain current for a given applied gate voltage. The hysteresis in measured data is then modeled via a modified Preisach kernel.
Time- and space-resolved light emission and spectroscopic research of the flashover plasma
Authors: Gleizer J. Z. , Krasik Ya. E. , Leopold J.
Published: February 2015

The results of an experimental study of the evolution of surface flashover across the surface of an insulator in vacuum subject to a high-voltage pulse and the parameters of the flashover plasma are reported. For the system studied, flashover is always initiated at the cathode triple junctions. Using time-resolved framing photography of the plasma light emission the velocity of the light emission propagation along the surface of the insulator was found to be ∼2.5·108 cm/s. Spectroscopic measurements show that the flashover is characterized by a plasma density of 2–4 × 1014 cm−3 and neutral and electron temperatures of 2–4 eV and 1–3 eV, respectively, corresponding to a plasma conductivity of ∼0.2 Ω−1 cm−1 and a discharge current density of up to ∼10 kA/cm2.
Proposal for a graphene-based all-spin logic gate
Authors: Su Li , Zhao Weisheng , Zhang Yue , Querlioz Damien , Zhang Youguang , Klein Jacques-Olivier , Dollfus Philippe , Bournel Arnaud
Published: February 2015

In this work, we present a graphene-based all-spin logic gate (G-ASLG) that integrates the functionalities of perpendicular anisotropy magnetic tunnel junctions (p-MTJs) with spin transport in graphene-channel. It provides an ideal integration of logic and memory. The input and output states are defined as the relative magnetization between free layer and fixed layer of p-MTJs. They can be probed by the tunnel magnetoresistance and controlled by spin transfer torque effect. Using lateral non-local spin valve, the spin information is transmitted by the spin-current interaction through graphene channels. By using a physics-based spin current compact model, the operation of G-ASLG is demonstrated and its performance is analyzed. It allows us to evaluate the influence of parameters, such as spin injection efficiency, spin diffusion length, contact area, the device length, and their interdependence, and to optimize the energy and dynamic performance. Compared to other beyond-CMOS solutions, longer spin information transport length (∼μm), higher data throughput, faster computing speed (∼ns), and lower power consumption (∼μA) can be expected from the G-ASLG.
Formation of a strontium buffer layer on Si(001) by pulsed-laser deposition through the Sr/Si(001)(2 × 3) surface reconstruction
Authors: Klement D. , Spreitzer M. , Suvorov D.
Published: February 2015

The formation of a ½ monolayer (ML) of strontium (Sr) on Si(001) represents the most widely used and effective passivation procedure for the epitaxial growth of strontium titanate (SrTiO3) on Si with molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). In the present study, we demonstrate experimentally the possibility of preparing such a buffer layer with the pulsed-laser deposition (PLD) technique. In-situ analysis using reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) showed surface structure evolution from two-domain (2 × 1) + (1 × 2), exhibited by the bare silicon surface, to a (3 × 2) + (2 × 3) structure at 1/6 ML Sr coverage, which is then replaced by (1 × 2) + (2 × 1) structure at ¼ ML and maintained up to ½ ML coverage. In addition, two different processes for the removal of native silicon dioxide (SiO2) layer were studied: thermal and Sr-induced deoxidation process. Annealing above 1100 °C proved to be the most efficient in terms of carbon contamination. The results highlight the possibilities of using the PLD technique for the synthesis of an epitaxial SrTiO3 layer on Si, needed for the integration of different functional oxides with a Si platform.
The effect of maternal nutrition level during mid-gestation on postnatal muscle fibre composition and meat quality in lambs
Authors: Sen U. , Sirin E. , Ensoy U. , Aksoy Y. , Ulutas Z. , Kuran M.
Published: February 2015

Maternal nutrient intake during early- and mid-gestation can alter fetal growth and development with long-term consequences on the postnatal productivity and health of offspring. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of maternal nutrition level during mid-gestation on postnatal growth rate, carcass composition, muscle fibre characteristics and meat quality in lambs. Ewes were fed from Days 30 to 80 of gestation as follows: 100% (control group, C), 50% (undernutrition, UN) or 175% (overnutrition, ON) of their daily requirement. During the rest of the gestation, the ewes in all groups were fed 100% of their daily requirements. Birth and weaning (at Day 90) weights of lambs born to ewes in nutritional groups were similar, but slaughter weights (at Day 150) and daily weight gain during finishing period of lambs born to the UN group were lower (P < 0.05). Similarly, a decrease in weights of semitendinosus (ST), semimembranosus and gastrocnemius muscles was observed in the lambs born to the UN group (P < 0.05). Lambs born to the ON group had a higher (P < 0.05) concentration of DNA in longissimus dorsi (LD) and ST muscles than UN groups, but they had a lower (P < 0.05) total protein and other proteins concentrations in LD and ST muscles than those to C and UN groups. Protein to DNA ratio in LD and ST muscles of lambs born to ON group were lower than those to C and UN groups (P < 0.05). However, lambs born to the ON group had a higher number of Type IIA and IIB muscle fibres in ST muscles but not in LD muscles than those in the C and UN groups (P < 0.05). Additionally an increase in the number of fibres/mm2 muscle area in lambs born to the ON group was observed in LD and ST muscles (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between treatment groups in terms of meat quality parameters studied. This study confirms that maternal nutrition level during mid-gestation alters the postnatal growth and muscle fibre development of lambs.
Dormancy-breaking and germination requirements for seeds of Acacia papyrocarpa, Acacia oswaldii and Senna artemisioides ssp.×coriacea, three Australian arid-zone Fabaceae species
Authors: Pound Leanne M. , Ainsley Phillip J. , Facelli José M.
Published: February 2015

Physical dormancy is common in seeds of arid-land legumes. Improved understanding of germination requirements of hard-seeded species will further our understanding of arid lands and aid restoration projects. We studied the germination responses of Acacia papyrocarpa (Benth.), A. oswaldii (F.Muell) and Senna artemisioides (Gaudich. ex DC.) Randell ssp. × coriacea (Benth.) Randell from a chenopod shrubland in South Australia. Imbibition testing indicated that all three species had physical dormancy, but the proportion of dormant seeds was lower in A. oswaldii. This corresponded to a thinner testa in this species. Mechanisms tested to scarify seeds included mechanical scarification and different durations of wet or dry heat. Mechanically scarified seeds germinated readily, reaching maximum numbers in 10–15 days, independently of incubation temperatures, with the exception of S. artemisioides seeds, which germinated at a slower rate in cooler temperatures. Overall, wet heat was more effective than dry heat to alleviate physical dormancy, whereas dry heat in some cases resulted in seed mortality. On the basis of these results, it is recommended that seeds of A. papyrocarpa and S. artemisoides be pretreated with wet heat in future restoration programs. No pre-treatment is required for dormancy loss in A. oswaldii seeds. The different responses of seeds of these species suggest that their populations have varying strategies for persistence in this unpredictable environment.
Time since fire and average fire interval are the best predictors of Phytophthora cinnamomi activity in heathlands of south-western Australia
Authors: Moore Nicole , Barrett Sarah , Howard Kay , Craig Michael D. , Bowen Barbara , Shearer Bryan , Hardy Giles
Published: February 2015

Fires are features of ecological communities in much of Australia; however, very little is still known about the potential impact of fire on plant diseases in the natural environment. Phytophthora cinnamomi is an introduced soil-borne plant pathogen with a wide host range, affecting a large proportion of native plant species in Australia and other regions of the world, but its interaction with fire is poorly understood. An investigation of the effects of fire on P. cinnamomi activity was undertaken in the Stirling Range National Park of south-western Australia, where fire is used as a management tool to reduce the negative impact of wildfires and more than 60% of the park is infested with, and 48% of woody plant species are known to be susceptible to, P. cinnamomi. At eight sites confirmed to be infested with P. cinnamomi, the proportion of dead and dying susceptible species was used as a proxy for P. cinnamomi activity. Subset modelling was used to determine the interactive effects of latest fire interval, average fire interval, soil water-holding capacity and pH on P. cinnamomi activity. It was found that the latest and average fire interval were the variables that best explained the variation in the percentage of dead and dying susceptible species among sites, indicating that fire in P. cinnamomi-infested communities has the potential to increase both the severity and extent of disease in native plant communities.
Restoration of eucalypt grassy woodland: effects of experimental interventions on ground-layer vegetation
Authors: McIntyre S. , Cunningham R. B. , Donnelly C. F. , Manning A. D.
Published: February 2015

We report on the effects of broad-scale restoration treatments on the ground layer of eucalypt grassy woodland in south-eastern Australia. The experiment was conducted in two conservation reserves from which livestock grazing had previously been removed. Changes in biomass, species diversity, ground-cover attributes and life-form were analysed over a 4-year period in relation to the following experimental interventions: (1) reduced kangaroo density, (2) addition of coarse woody debris and (3) fire (a single burn). Reducing kangaroo density doubled total biomass in one reserve, but no effects on exotic biomass, species counts or ground cover attributes were observed. Coarse woody debris also promoted biomass, particularly exotic annual forbs, as well as plant diversity in one of the reserves. The single burn reduced biomass, but changed little else. Overall, we found the main driver of change to be the favourable growth seasons that had followed a period of drought. This resulted in biomass increasing by 67%, (mostly owing to the growth of perennial native grasses), whereas overall native species counts increased by 18%, and exotic species declined by 20% over the 4-year observation period. Strategic management of grazing pressure, use of fire where biomass has accumulated and placement of coarse woody debris in areas of persistent erosion will contribute to improvements in soil and vegetation condition, and gains in biodiversity, in the future.
History of oocyte and embryo metabolism
Authors: Leese Henry J.
Published: February 2015

The basic pattern of metabolism in mammalian oocytes and early embryos was established in the 1960s and 1970s, largely in terms of the consumption of oxygen and the utilisation of nutrients present in culture media at the time, mainly glucose, pyruvate and lactate. The potential importance of endogenous fuels was also recognised but was largely ignored, only to be rediscovered quite recently. The 1980s and 1990s saw the arrival of a ‘new generation’ of culture media, characterised metabolically by the addition of amino acids, an initiative driven strongly by the need to improve embryo culture and selection methods in assisted reproductive technologies. This trend has continued alongside some basic metabolic studies and the general recognition of the importance of metabolism in all aspects of biology. A framework for future studies on oocyte and early embryo metabolism has been provided by: (1) the developmental origins of health and disease concept and recognition of the relationship between development, epigenetics and metabolism; (2) the need to understand cell signalling within, and between the cells of, the early embryo; and (3) the importance of identifying the mechanisms underlying dialogue between the oocyte and early embryo and the female reproductive tract.