bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studying the Prevalence of Medical Interventions in the Recipes
Authors: Alinezhad Amin , Haji Babaei Molouk , Gholami Kheirollah , Khoei Seyed Hamid
Published: June 2019

BACKGROUND: Drug interaction is a term used to refer to unfavourable side effects caused by mixing or taking two or more drugs simultaneously. Although it is not possible to identify all drug interactions, awareness of therapeutic team of potential drug interactions, risk factors that enhance the possibility of these interactions and familiarity with mechanisms of drug interactions can help reduce real drug interactions. AIM: The present research seeks to study the frequency and intensity of possible interactions among various age groups and their correlation with doctor’s speciality, time of drug prescription, patient’s gender, etc.MATERIAL AND METHOD: This is observational, cross-sectional research conducted in spring and winter to study the prevalence of drug interactions among 6000 recipes belonging to 2 private and 2 public drug stores. The information associated with recipes was recorded, and drug interactions were studied based upon quick index of interactions using Up to Date software. Quick index of medical interactions is a response to data dealing with how drugs interact with one another. The risk factor is divided into groups A, B, C, D, and X according to this index with each one having its own definition. The data analysis was studied in terms of prevalence type of drug interactions and the possible correlation with other parameters. SPSS v.16 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The average age of the patients was 42.07 ± 21.56 years. The frequency of male patients was 41.7%. An average number of 4.82 ± 1.91 drugs were prescribed for each patient and an average number of 1.95 ± 2.40 drugs had interaction with one another with levels C, D, and X having the following drug interaction levels: 1.60 ± 2.05, 0.275 ± 0.69, and 0.072 ± 0.31. No such interactions were observed in 31.1% (1846 cases) of recipes. The presence of drug interaction was statistically significant in terms of age, season, drug store and speciality of doctor (P-value < 0.05). The average number of interactions in the recipes issued by psychologists, cardiologists, rheumatologist, neurologists, and general practitioners was more, and this result was statistically significant (P-value < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Considering the results achieved in this research, we may conclude that the drug interactions in recipes exhibit a noticeable frequency with the highest frequency observed in level C influenced by factors such as age, season, class of drugs, and expertise of the doctor.
Intrusive Arch versus Miniscrew-Supported Intrusion for Deep Bite Correction
Authors: El Namrawy Manal Mohamed , El Sharaby Fouad , Bushnak Mohamed
Published: June 2019

BACKGROUND: Intrusion of maxillary incisors is the treatment of choice to correct deep bite problem in gummy smile patients. AIM: The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness and efficiency of miniscrew-supported intrusion versus intrusion arch for treatment of deep bite.METHODS: The study sample consisted of 30 post pubertal patients (21 females and 9 males) with an age range from 17 to 29. They were divided into 2 groups (15 subjects in each group). Group 1 underwent maxillary incisor intrusion using miniscrews, and in group 2 intrusive arch was used. Pre and post-treatment lateral cephalometric x-rays and study models were made to evaluate the demo-skeletal effects. During the study period, no other intervention was attempted. Paired t-test was used to study the changes after treatment.RESULTS: The mean amount of overbite correction was 2.6 ± 0.8 (0.49 mm per month) in the miniscrew-supported intrusion group and 2.9 ± 0.8 (0.60 mm per month) in the intrusive arch group. No statistically significant difference was found in the extent of maxillary incisor intrusion between the two systems. The two intrusion systems were statistically different in the extent of incisor proclination, as an intrusive arch group tended to proline upper incisors more than miniscrews-supported intrusion group.CONCLUSION: Both systems successfully intruded the 4 maxillary incisors almost with no loss to the sagittal and vertical anchorage, although intrusive arch tended to proline upper incisors significantly.
Early Social Orphanhood as a Relevant Problem of Russian Health Care (On the Example of the Chelyabinsk Region, Russia)
Authors: Manerova O. A. , Markina A. Yu.
Published: June 2019

BACKGROUND: The second decade of this century is characterised by the fact that the number of pregnant women who intend to give up their children has considerably decreased. However, despite this, the proportion between the number of abandoned children and all newborns increased from 2009 to 2014.AIM: The goal of this work is to scientifically substantiate changes in Russian legislation based on a comprehensive analysis of the main trends in the development of early social orphanhood and changes in the medical and social characteristics of mothers who give up their children.MATERIAL AND METHODS: The general aggregate of mothers who gave up their children in the Chelyabinsk Region has been studied. In total, 1,438 mothers were observed in 2009-2017. The information has been copied from the reports and records for 2009-2017 found in 51 maternity homes of the Chelyabinsk Region: reporting form No. 32 “Information on Medical Care for Pregnant Women, New Mothers and Women in Labor” and registered form No. 96 “Labor and Delivery Medical Record”.RESULTS: During the period under study, on average, 158 newborns per year were abandoned in maternity homes of the region: 51 children were abandoned by residents of the regional centre, 74 and 33 were abandoned by the women who lived in urban districts and rural municipalities, respectively. Today, mothers who give up their children tend to be marginalised. Two-thirds of them give birth to children out of marriage. Seven out of ten do not have a regular income, and six out of ten have socially significant diseases caused by their lifestyle.CONCLUSIONS: The decline in attention to the prevention of early social orphanhood is caused by the inevitable increase in the number of newborns left without parental care. Every year, the number of well adapted in society women who give up their children when they find themselves in a difficult life situation is decreasing. The number of marginalised pregnant women is growing. Reducing the rate of abandonment of newborns among the marginalised contingent of pregnant women requires changes in the medical legislation of the Russian Federation.
The Effect of Haramounting Leaf Ethanol Extract (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk.) on the Number of Leukocyte Type and Histology of Mice Pulmo (Mus Musculus L.) Exposed to Electronic Cigarette
Authors: Ilyas Syafruddin , Murdella Finn , Hutahaean Salomo , Situmorang Putri Cahaya
Published: June 2019

BACKGROUND: Haramonting leaves have a large antioxidant activity as inhibitors oxidation and form non-free radical compounds that are not reactive and relatively stable. Electronic smoking is a choice who slowly want to quit conventional smoking.AIM: This research aimed to determine the effect of ethanol extract on hard mounting leaves on leukocyte counts and histology Pulmo on male mice exposed to an electronic cigarette.METHODS: The samples used in this study were healthy male mice aged 8-11 weeks and weight of 25-30 g as many as 25 individuals and ethanol extracts of hard mounting leaves with a dose of 100 mg/kgBW, 200 mg/kgBW and 300 mg/kgBW. Blood tests were carried out at the Health Laboratory of North Sumatra Office, and the preparation of Pulmo histology was carried out at the Pathology and Anatomy Laboratory of Adam Malik General Hospital MedanRESULT: There were significant differences between the control group and all of the treatment groups in the number of lymphocytes, neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils. There was a tendency that electronic cigarette smoke could cause damage to pulmo tissue.CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that the ethanol extract of hard mounting leaves could help the immune system in mice exposed to an electronic cigarette.
Correlation of CD4/CD8 Ratio with Carotid Intima-Media Layer Thickness in HIV/AIDS Patients at Sanglah General Hospital, Bali, Indonesia
Authors: Utama Susila , Patraiawan Putu , Dewi Aryanti
Published: June 2019

BACKGROUND: The discovery of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs in 1996 led to a shift in the causes of mortality and morbidity of patients with HIV/AIDS. Initially, the cause of mortality and morbidity was associated with opportunistic infection HIV/AIDS-related complication, but now are more associated with non-AIDS complication such as cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis is a major cause of cardiovascular disease. The atherosclerosis was assessed by measuring carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) using B mode ultrasound (USG), which is one of the diagnostic tools in indicating the presence of atherosclerotic plaque. AIM: This study aims to evaluate the ratio of CD4 / CD8 towards carotid intima-media thickness.METHODS: Design of study was analytic cross-sectional. This study was conducted in May – July 2017 in HIV patients who taken consecutively came to the VCT polyclinic of Sanglah hospital. Statistical analysis used Spearman correlation test to evaluate the correlation between the CD4/CD8 ratio and carotid intima-media thickness and multiple linear regression to predict carotid intima-media thickness through CD4/CD8 ratio.RESULTS: Total from 50 samples, data characteristic were 33 males (66%) and 17 females (34%), mean of age 30.60 ± 5.58 years, median of CD4/CD8 ratio 0.275 (0.02-1.39) and median of CIMT 0.75 (0.4-1.5) mm. There is a strong negative correlation (r = -0.85; p = 0.001) CD4/CD8 ratio with CIMT. The calculation of the prediction of carotid intima media thickness can be calculated through the equation Y = 0.727 -0.791 (X1) + 0.012 (X2), where X1 is CD4/CD8 ratio and X2 is the age of the patient.CONCLUSION: there is a significantly strong negative correlation between the CD4/CD8 ratio and CIMT in HIV patient who comes to VCT polyclinic of Sanglah Hospital. The smaller CD4/CD8 ratio, the value of CIMT will be thicker, and vice versa.
Incomitant Exotropia After Nasal Polyp Surgery
Authors: Surasmiati Ni Made Ayu , Budi Ni Made Wasiastiti , Suryathi Ni Made Ari , Djelantik AAA Sukartini , Utari Ni Made Laksmi , Yuliawati Putu
Published: June 2019

BACKGROUND: Incomitant exotropia is one of ocular complication that has been reported after intranasal surgery. This case report aims to describe the causes of exotropia in a patient with a history of nasal polyp surgery.CASE PRESENTATION: A 50-years-old male, came with the main complaint of double vision 1 month after nasal polyp surgery. He also complained his right eye turned outward. The visual acuity on the right eye was 6/7.5 with his head turn to the left. On the examination, the Hirschberg test was XT 45°, and the Krimsky test > 95 ∆BI. Duction and version test on the right eye were -4 adduction. There was no shifting on the cover-uncover test. Ishihara test was within normal limit, and there was suppression on the right eye in WFDT. On force generation test, we found limited adduction on the right eye and no restriction in force duction test. Head MRI showed atrophy of medial recti on the right eye, 2.2 mm in size. The patient underwent vertical muscle transposition procedure surgery, and it was found atrophy of medial recti without any rupture. Two months after surgery, the double vision was decreased, the result of the Hirschberg test was XT 30° and Krimsky test 65°∆BI. DISCUSSION: Nasal polyp surgery-related incomitant exotropia mostly caused by extraocular muscles rupture. In this case, we found no rupture. Therefore, we suspected the abnormalities of muscles vascularisation, supported by the atrophy of medial recti.
An annotated checklist of the leaf beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) from El Salvador, with additions from the Bechyné collection in the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences
Authors: Van Roie Martijn , De Wint Frederik , Güngor Ayse , Huyghe Charlotte , Dekoninck Wouter , Sekerka Lukáš
Published: June 2019

A checklist of the species of leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) of El Salvador is presented based on data from literature and a digitization project of the Bechyné collection of the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS). The RBINS collections contain a total of 2797 individual chrysomelid specimens from El Salvador, sorted into 89 species and 132 genera. In total, the current checklist contains 420 species, of which 33 are new records for El Slavador from the Bechyné collection. In these collections, there are also ten nomina nuda named by Bechyné, which need further study. The leaf beetle diversity in El Salvador, partly due to the country’s unstable political history, remains poorly studied, and many (new) species await discovery. This checklist provides a baseline for further study in El Salvador and nearby region.
To be or not to be a synonym – revision of the Donacia clavareaui-fukiensis complex (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Donaciinae)
Authors: Geiser Elisabeth
Published: June 2019

The East Palaearctic species Donaciaclavareaui Jacobson, 1906 and Donaciafukiensis Goecke, 1944 have been confused for decades. Finally, D.fukiensis was synonymized with D.clavareaui by Askevold (1990) but he could not examine the type series of D.fukiensis because it was stored in an inaccessible collection. Cong and Yu (1997) re-established D.fukiensis as a distinct species, also without direct access to the type series. The synonymization by Askevold (1990) was applied in the identification key of Palaearctic Chrysomelidae (Warchalowski 2010) and the Catalogue of Palaearctic Chrysomelidae (Silfverberg 2010). Because the type series of D.fukiensis is now accessible, it has been possible to proof that D.fukiensis is a distinct species, and a lectotype has been established from the series of seven syntypes. Donaciakweilina Chen, 1966 and D.mediohirsuta Chen, 1966, which were split from the mixture of D.clavareaui and D.fukiensis, are now also synonymized with D.clavareaui, because their characters are the same or within the variation range of the characters of D.clavareaui. Furthermore, a distribution map is provided with the reliable records known to date.
Physiological responses and transcriptome analysis of the Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrad. to seedling drought stress
Authors: Wang Xiaojuan , Wu Jianghong , Yang Zhongren , Zhang Fenglan , Sun Hailian , Qiu Xiao , Yi Fengyan , Yang Ding , Shi Fengling
Published: June 2019

Kochia prostrata is a good forage plant, which has important economic and ecological value in arid and semi-arid regions of China. Drought is one of the main factors affecting its productivity. At present, there are few studies on the mechanism of drought resistance. In order to reveal the changes of physiological and biochemical indexes, stomatal structure and gene expression profiles of Kochia prostrata under drought treatment, the classical determination method and high-throughput Illumina Hiseq sequencing platform were applied to the control group (CK) and drought treatment group of Kochia prostrata. The results showed that under the condition of moderate to mild drought stress, the SOD activity reached the maximum value of 350.68 U/g min on the 5th day of stress, and under the condition of severe drought stress, the SOD activity reached the maximum on the 2nd day of stress. The accumulation of Proline remained at a high level on the 5th day of stress, and there was at least one epidermal cell interval between the two adult stomatal of the leaf epidermis, so that the evaporation shell of each stomatal did not overlap, it ensures the efficient gas exchange of the stomatal, indicating that the Kochia prostrata has strong drought resistance. A total of 1,177.46 M reads were obtained by sequencing, with a total of 352.25 Gbp data and Q30 of 85%. In the differential gene annotation to the biological process (BP), a total of 261 GO terms were enriched in the up-regulated genes, and a total of 231 GO terms were enriched in the down-regulated genes. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained in 27 KEGG metabolic pathways, which laid a foundation for revealing the molecular mechanism of drought tolerance.
The Pyroptotic Cell Death Effector Gasdermin D Is Activated by Gout-Associated Uric Acid Crystals but Is Dispensable for Cell Death and IL-1β Release
Authors: Rashidi Maryam , Simpson Daniel S. , Hempel Anne , Frank Daniel , Petrie Emma , Vince Angelina , Feltham Rebecca , Murphy Jane , Chatfield Simon M. , Salvesen Guy S. , Murphy James M. , Wicks Ian P. , Vince James E.
Published: June 2019

The pyroptotic cell death effector gasdermin D (GSDMD) is required for murine models of hereditary inflammasome-driven, IL-1β–dependent, autoinflammatory disease, making it an attractive therapeutic target. However, the importance of GSDMD for more common conditions mediated by pathological IL-1β activation, such as gout, remain unclear. In this study, we address whether GSDMD and the recently described GSDMD inhibitor necrosulfonamide (NSA) contribute to monosodium urate (MSU) crystal–induced cell death, IL-1β release, and autoinflammation. We demonstrate that MSU crystals, the etiological agent of gout, rapidly activate GSDMD in murine macrophages. Despite this, the genetic deletion of GSDMD or the other lytic effector implicated in MSU crystal killing, mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL), did not prevent MSU crystal–induced cell death. Consequently, GSDMD or MLKL loss did not hinder MSU crystal–mediated release of bioactive IL-1β. Consistent with in vitro findings, IL-1β induction and autoinflammation in MSU crystal–induced peritonitis was not reduced in GSDMD-deficient mice. Moreover, we show that the reported GSDMD inhibitor, NSA, blocks inflammasome priming and caspase-1 activation, thereby preventing pyroptosis independent of GSDMD targeting. The inhibition of cathepsins, widely implicated in particle-induced macrophage killing, also failed to prevent MSU crystal–mediated cell death. These findings 1) demonstrate that not all IL-1β–driven autoinflammatory conditions will benefit from the therapeutic targeting of GSDMD, 2) document a unique mechanism of MSU crystal–induced macrophage cell death not rescued by pan-cathepsin inhibition, and 3) show that NSA inhibits inflammasomes upstream of GSDMD to prevent pyroptotic cell death and IL-1β release.
A multiplier theorem for sub-Laplacians with drift on Lie groups
Authors: Martini Alessio , Ottazzi Alessandro , Vallarino Maria
Published: June 2019

We prove a general multiplier theorem for symmetric left-invariant sub-Laplacians with drift on non-compact Lie groups. This considerably improves and extends a result by Hebisch, Mauceri, and Meda. Applications include groups of polynomial growth and solvable extensions of stratified groups.
Singularly perturbed fully nonlinear parabolic problems and their asymptotic free boundaries
Authors: Ricarte Gleydson C. , Teymurazyan Rafayel , Urbano José Miguel
Published: June 2019

We study fully nonlinear singularly perturbed parabolic equations and their limits. We show that solutions are uniformly Lipschitz continuous in space and Hölder continuous in time. For the limiting free boundary problem, we analyse the behaviour of solutions near the free boundary. We show, in particular, that, at each time level, the free boundary is a porous set and, consequently, is of Lebesgue measure zero. For rotationally invariant operators, we also derive the limiting free boundary condition.
Molecularly engineered switchable photo-responsive membrane in gas separation for environmental protection
Authors: Rosli Aishah , Low Siew Chun
Published: June 2019

In recent years, stimuli-responsive materials have garnered interest due to their ability to change properties when exposed to external stimuli, making it useful for various applications including gas separation. Light is a very attractive trigger for responsive materials due to its speedy and non-invasive nature as well as the potential to reduce energy costs significantly. Even though light is deemed as an appealing stimulus for the development of stimuli-responsive materials, this avenue has yet to be extensively researched, as evidenced by the fewer works done on the photo-responsive membranes. Of these, there are even less research done on photo-responsive materials for the purpose of gas separation, thus, we have collected the examples that answer both these criteria in this review. This review covers the utilisation of photo-responsive materials specifically for gas separation purposes. Photo-chromic units, their integration into gas separation systems, mechanism and research that have been done on the topic so far are discussed.
Aerosol pH and its driving factors in Beijing
Authors: Ding Jing , Zhao Pusheng , Su Jie , Dong Qun , Du Xiang , Zhang Yufen
Published: June 2019

Abstract. Aerosol acidity plays a key role in secondary aerosol formation. The
high-temporal-resolution PM2.5 pH and size-resolved aerosol pH in
Beijing were calculated with ISORROPIA II. In 2016–2017, the mean PM2.5
pH (at relative humidity (RH) > 30 %) over four seasons was
4.5±0.7 (winter) > 4.4±1.2 (spring) > 4.3±0.8 (autumn) > 3.8±1.2 (summer), showing
moderate acidity. In coarse-mode aerosols, Ca2+ played an important
role in aerosol pH. Under heavily polluted conditions, more secondary ions
accumulated in the coarse mode, leading to the acidity of the coarse-mode
aerosols shifting from neutral to weakly acidic. Sensitivity tests also
demonstrated the significant contribution of crustal ions to PM2.5 pH.
In the North China Plain (NCP), the common driving factors affecting
PM2.5 pH variation in all four seasons were SO42-, TNH3
(total ammonium (gas + aerosol)), and temperature, while unique factors
were Ca2+ in spring and RH in summer. The decreasing SO42-
and increasing NO3- mass fractions in PM2.5 as well as
excessive NH3 in the atmosphere in the NCP in recent years are the
reasons why aerosol acidity in China is lower than that in Europe and the
United States. The nonlinear relationship between PM2.5 pH and
TNH3 indicated that although NH3 in the NCP was abundant, the
PM2.5 pH was still acidic because of the thermodynamic equilibrium
between NH4+ and NH3. To reduce nitrate by controlling
ammonia, the amount of ammonia must be greatly reduced below excessive
quantities.
Morphology, mixing state, and hygroscopicity of primary biological
aerosol particles from a Chinese boreal forest
Authors: Li Weijun , Liu Lei , Yuan Qi , Xu Liang , Zhu Yanhong , Wang Bingbing , Yu Hua , Ding Xiaokun , Zhang Jian , Huang Dao , Liu Dantong , Hu Wei , Zhang Daizhou , Fu Pingqing , Yao Maosheng , Hu Min , Zhang Xiaoye , Shi Zongbo
Published: June 2019

Abstract. Biological aerosols play an important role in atmospheric chemistry, clouds, climate, and public health. Here, we studied the morphology and composition of primary biological aerosol particles (PBAPs) collected in the Lesser Khingan Mountain boreal forest of China in summertime using transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Of all detected particles > 100 nm in diameter, 13 % by number were identified as PBAPs. In addition, 57 % of the PBAPs were identified as bacteria, followed by brochosomes (24 %) and fungi (19 %). The dominant size of bacteria was 1–4 μm, fungi was 2–4 μm, and brochosomes was 300–500 nm. The number size distribution of PBAPs coupled with the mass concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were used to estimate the total mass concentration of PBAPs, which is approximately 1.9 μg m−3 and accounts for 47 % of the in situ PM2.5–10 mass. C, N, O, P, K, and Si are detected in all PBAP particles, and P represented a major marker to identify PBAPs. Moreover, there is a higher frequency and concentration of PBAPs at night compared with day. Bacterial and fungal particles displayed weak hygroscopicity with a growth factor of ~ 1.09 at RH = 94 %. Electron microscopy shows that approximately 20 % of the bacterial particles were internally mixed with metal, mineral dust, and inorganic salts in the boreal forest air. This work provides a database for both further understanding physicochemical state of individual PBAP particles from natural sources and expanding the scope of atmospheric implications.
Characterization and application of artificial light sources for nighttime aerosol optical depth retrievals using the Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite Day/Night Band
Authors: Zhang Jianglong , Jaker Shawn L. , Reid Jeffrey S. , Miller Steven D. , Solbrig Jeremy , Toth Travis D.
Published: June 2019

Abstract. Using nighttime observations from Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite
(VIIRS) Day/Night band (DNB), the characteristics of artificial light
sources are evaluated as functions of observation conditions, and incremental
improvements are documented on nighttime aerosol retrievals using VIIRS DNB
data on a regional scale. We find that the standard deviation of
instantaneous radiance for a given artificial light source is strongly
dependent upon the satellite viewing angle but is weakly dependent on lunar
fraction and lunar angle. Retrieval of nighttime aerosol optical thickness
(AOT) based on the novel use of these artificial light sources is
demonstrated for three selected regions (United States, Middle East and
India) during 2015. Reasonable agreement is found between nighttime AOTs
from the VIIRS DNB and temporally adjacent daytime AOTs from the AErosol RObotic
NETwork (AERONET) as well as from coincident nighttime AOT retrievals from
the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP), indicating
the potential of this method to begin filling critical gaps in diurnal AOT
information at both regional and global scales. Issues related to cloud,
snow and ice contamination during the winter season, as well as data loss
due to the misclassification of thick aerosol plumes as clouds, must be
addressed to make the algorithm operationally robust.
Detectability of CO2 emission plumes of cities and power plants with
the Copernicus Anthropogenic CO2 Monitoring (CO2M) mission
Authors: Kuhlmann Gerrit , Broquet Grégoire , Marshall Julia , Clément Valentin , Löscher Armin , Meijer Yasjka , Brunner Dominik
Published: June 2019

Abstract. High-resolution atmospheric transport simulations were used to investigate the potential for detecting carbon dioxide (CO2) plumes of the city of Berlin and neighboring power stations with the Copernicus Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide Monitoring (CO2M) mission, which is a proposed constellation of CO2 satellites with imaging capabilities. The potential for detecting plumes was studied for satellite images of CO2 alone or in combination with images of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) to investigate the added value of measurements of other gases co-emitted with CO2 that have better signal-to-noise ratios. The additional NO2 and CO images were either generated for instruments on the same CO2M satellites (2×2 km2 resolution) or for the Sentinel-5 instrument (7×7 km2) assumed to fly two hours earlier than CO2M. Realistic CO2, CO and NO2 fields were simulated at 1×1 km2 horizontal resolution with COSMO-GHG model for the year 2015, and used as input for an orbit simulator to generate synthetic observations of columns of CO2, CO and NO2 for constellations of up to six satellites. A new plume detection algorithm was applied to detect coherent structures in the images of CO2, NO2 or CO against instrument noise and variability in background levels. Although six satellites with an assumed swath of 250 km were sufficient to overpass Berlin on a daily basis, only about 50 out of 365 plumes per year could be observed in conditions suitable for emission estimation due to frequent cloud cover. With the CO2 instrument only 6 and 16 of these 50 plumes could be detected assuming a high (σVEG50 = 1.0 ppm) and low noise (σVEG50 = 0.5 ppm) scenario, respectively, because the CO2 signals were often too weak. A CO instrument with specifications similar to the Sentinel-5 mission performed worse than the CO2 instrument, while the number of detectable plumes could be significantly increased to about 35 plumes with an NO2 instrument. Using NO2 observations from the Sentinel-5 platform instead resulted in a significant spatial mismatch between NO2 and CO2 plumes due to the two hour time difference between Sentinel-5 and CO2M. The plumes of the coal-fired power plant Jänschwalde were easier to detect with the CO2 instrument (about 40–45 plumes per year), but again, an NO2 instrument performed significantly better (about 70 plumes). Auxiliary measurements of NO2 were thus found to greatly enhance the capability of detecting the location of CO2 plumes, which will be invaluable for the quantification of CO2 emissions from large point sources.
Effect of OH radiance on the temperature and wind measurements derived from limb viewing observations of the 1.27 μm O2 dayglow
Authors: Wu Kuijun , He Weiwei , Feng Yutao , Xiong Yuanhui , Li Faquan
Published: June 2019

Abstract. The O2(a1Δg) emission near 1.27 μm is well-suited for remote sensing of global wind and temperature in near-space by limb-viewing observations due to its bright signal and extended altitude coverage. However, vibrational-rotational emission lines of the OH dayglow produced by the Hydrogen-Ozone reaction (H + O3 → OH* + O2) overlap the infrared atmospheric band emission (a1Δg → X3Σg) of O2. The main goal of this paper is to discuss the effect of OH radiance on the wind and temperature measurements derived from the 1.27 μm O2 dayglow limb-viewing observations. The O2 dayglow and OH radiance spectrum over the spectral region and altitude range of interest is calculated by using the line-by-line radiative transfer model and the most recent photochemical model. The method of four-point sampling of the interferogram and sample results of measurement simulations are provided for both O2 dayglow and OH radiance. It is apparent from the simulations that the presence of OH radiance as an interfering species decreases the wind and temperature accuracy at all altitudes, but this effect can be reduced obviously by improving OH radiance knowledge.
Age and origin of leaf wax n-alkanes in fluvial sediment-paleosol
sequences, and implications for paleoenvironmental reconstructions
Authors: Bliedtner Marcel , von Suchodoletz Hans , Schäfer Imke , Welte Caroline , Salazar Gary , Szidat Sönke , Haas Mischa , Dubois Nathalie , Zech Roland
Published: June 2019

Abstract. Leaf wax n-alkanes are increasingly used for quantitative reconstructions of past environmental changes. However, this is complicated in sediment archives with associated hydrological catchments since the stored n-alkanes can have different ages and origins. Direct 14C-dating of the n-alkanes has a great potential to derive independent age information for these proxies, allowing their correct paleoenvironmental interpretation. This holds also true for fluvial sediment-paleosols sequences (FSPS), where the n-alkane signal is divided into (i) a catchment signal that is deposited with fluvial sediments, and (ii) an in-situ signal from local biomass that increasingly dominates (paleo)soils with time. Therefore, age and origin of n-alkanes in FSPS are complex: In fluvial sediment layers they can be pre-aged and reworked when originating from eroded catchment soils, or originate from organic-rich sediment rocks in the catchment. In (paleo)soils, besides an inherited contribution from the catchment they were formed in-situ during pedogenesis and originate from local biomass. Depending on the different relative contributions from these sources, the n-alkane signal from an FSPS can show variable age offsets between its formation and final deposition. During this study, we applied compound-class 14C-dating to n-alkanes from a fluvial sediment-paleosol sequence (FSPS) along the upper Alazani River in eastern Georgia with Jurassic black clay shales in its upper catchment. Our results show that pre-heating the n-alkanes with 120 °C for 8 h before 14C-dating effectively removed the shorter chains (
Detection and attribution of flood trends in mediterranean bassins
Authors: Tramblay Yves , Mimeau Louise , Neppel Luc , Vinet Freddy , Sauquet Eric
Published: June 2019

Abstract. Floods have strong impacts in the Mediterranean region and there is a questioning about a possible increase in their intensity due to climate change. In this study, a large database of 171 basins located in South France with daily discharge data with a median record length of 45 years is considered to analyze flood trends and their drivers. In addition to discharge data, outputs of precipitation, temperature, evapotranspiration from the SAFRAN reanalysis and soil moisture computed with the ISBA land surface model are also analyzed. The evolution of land cover in these basins is analyzed using the CORINE database. The trends in floods above the 95th and 99th percentiles are detected by the Mann-Kendall test and quantile regression techniques. The results show that despite the increase in extreme precipitation reported by previous studies, there is no general tendency towards more severe floods. Only for a few basins, the intensity of the most extreme floods is showing significant upward trends. On the contrary, most trends are towards fewer annual flood occurrences above both the 95th and 99th percentiles for the majority of basins. The decrease in soil moisture seems to be an important driver for these trends, since in most basins increased temperature and evapotranspiration associated with a precipitation decreases are leading to a reduction of soil moisture. These results implies that the observed increase in the vulnerability to these flood events in the last decades is mostly caused by human factors such as increased urbanization and population growth rather than climatic factors.
Towards measuring resilience of flood-prone communities: a conceptual framework
Authors: Oladokun Victor O. , Montz Burrell E.
Published: June 2019

Abstract. Community resilience has become an important policy and research concept for
understanding and addressing the challenges associated with the interplay of
climate change, urbanization, population growth, land use, sustainability,
vulnerability and increased frequency of extreme flooding. Although
measuring resilience has been identified as a fundamental step toward its
understanding and effective management, there is, however, lack of an
operational measurement framework due to the difficulty of systematically
integrating socioeconomic and techno-ecological factors. The study examines
the challenges, constraints and construct ramifications that have
complicated the development of an operational framework for measuring
resilience of flood-prone communities. Among others, the study highlights
the issues of proliferation of definitions and conceptual frameworks of
resilience, challenges of data availability, data variability and data
compatibility. Adopting the National Academies' definition of resilience, a
conceptual and mathematical model was developed using the dimensions,
quantities and relationships established by the definition. A fuzzy logic
equivalent of the model was implemented to generate resilience indices for
three flood-prone communities in the United States. The results indicate that the
proposed framework offers a viable approach for measuring community flood
resilience, even when there is a limitation on data availability and
compatibility.
Towards multi-objective optimization of large-scale fluvial landscaping measures
Authors: Straatsma Menno W. , Fliervoet Jan M. , Kabout Johan A. H. , Baart Fedor , Kleinhans Maarten G.
Published: June 2019

Abstract. Adapting densely populated deltas to the combined impacts of
climate change and socioeconomic developments presents a major challenge for
their sustainable development in the 21st century. Decisions for the
adaptations require an overview of cost and benefits and the number of
stakeholders involved, which can be used in stakeholder discussions.
Therefore, we quantified the trade-offs of common measures to compensate for an increase in discharge and sea level rise on the basis of relevant, but
inexhaustive, quantitative variables. We modeled the largest delta
distributary of the Rhine River with adaptation scenarios driven by (1) the
choice of seven measures, (2) the areas owned by the two largest
stakeholders (LS) versus all stakeholders (AS) based on a priori stakeholder
preferences, and (3) the ecological or hydraulic design principle. We
evaluated measures by their efficiency in flood hazard reduction, potential
biodiversity, number of stakeholders as a proxy for governance complexity,
and measure implementation cost. We found that only floodplain lowering over
the whole study area can offset the altered hydrodynamic boundary
conditions; for all other measures, additional dike raising is required. LS
areas comprise low hanging fruits for water level lowering due to the
governance simplicity and hydraulic efficiency. Natural management of
meadows (AS), after roughness smoothing and floodplain lowering, represents
the optimum combination between potential biodiversity and flood hazard
lowering, as it combines a high potential biodiversity with a relatively low
hydrodynamic roughness. With this concept, we step up to a
multidisciplinary, quantitative multi-parametric, and multi-objective
optimization and support the negotiations among stakeholders in the
decision-making process.
A high-resolution spatial assessment of the impacts of drought variability on vegetation activity in Spain from 1981 to 2015
Authors: Vicente-Serrano Sergio M. , Azorin-Molina Cesar , Peña-Gallardo Marina , Tomas-Burguera Miquel , Domínguez-Castro Fernando , Martín-Hernández Natalia , Beguería Santiago , El Kenawy Ahmed , Noguera Iván , García Mónica
Published: June 2019

Abstract. Drought is a major driver of vegetation activity in Spain, with
significant impacts on crop yield, forest growth, and the occurrence of
forest fires. Nonetheless, the sensitivity of vegetation to drought
conditions differs largely amongst vegetation types and climates. We used a
high-resolution (1.1 km) spatial dataset of the normalized difference
vegetation index (NDVI) for the whole of Spain spanning the period from 1981 to
2015, combined with a dataset of the standardized precipitation
evapotranspiration index (SPEI) to assess the sensitivity of vegetation types
to drought across Spain. Specifically, this study explores the drought timescales at which vegetation activity shows its highest response to drought
severity at different moments of the year. Results demonstrate that – over
large areas of Spain – vegetation activity is controlled largely by the
interannual variability of drought. More than 90 % of the land areas
exhibited statistically significant positive correlations between the NDVI
and the SPEI during dry summers (JJA). Nevertheless, there are some
considerable spatio-temporal variations, which can be linked to differences
in land cover and aridity conditions. In comparison to other climatic regions
across Spain, results indicate that vegetation types located in arid regions
showed the strongest response to drought. Importantly, this study stresses
that the timescale at which drought is assessed is a dominant factor in
understanding the different responses of vegetation activity to drought.
Flood Inundation Mapping of Low-, Medium-, and High-Flow Events
Using the AutoRoute Model
Authors: Follum Michael L. , Tavakoly Ahmad A. , Gutenson Joseph L. , Vera Ricardo
Published: June 2019

Abstract. This article presents improvements and development of a post-processing module for the regional scale flood mapping tool, AutoRoute. The accuracy of this model to simulate low, medium, and high flow rate scenarios is demonstrated at seven test sites within the U.S. AutoRoute is one of the tools used to create high-resolution flood inundation maps at regional- to continental-scales. The model has previously only been tested using extreme flood events. In this article flood inundation results for low-flow events are shown to be accurate (average F value of 63.3 %) but tend to be overestimated, especially in flatter terrain. Higher-flow scenarios tend to be more accurately simulated (average F value of 77.5 %). Additionally, modifications to the AutoRoute model and post-processing scripts are shown to improve computational efficiency (i.e. simulation time) by over 40 % when compared to previous versions. With improved computational efficiency and the ability to accurately simulate both low and high flow scenarios the AutoRoute model may be well suited to provide first-order estimates of flooding within an operational, regional- to continental-scale hydrologic modelling framework.
Fault zone architecture of a large plate-bounding strike-slip fault: a case study from the Alpine Fault, New Zealand
Authors: Schuck Bernhard , Schleicher Anja M. , Janssen Christoph , Toy Virginia G. , Dresen Georg
Published: June 2019

Abstract. New Zealand's Alpine Fault is a large, plate-bounding strike-slip fault, that ruptures in large (MW > 8) earthquakes. Its hazard potential is linked to its geometrical properties. We conducted field and laboratory analyses of fault rocks to elucidate their influence on its fault zone architecture. Results reveal that the Alpine Fault zone has a complex geometry, comprising an anastomosing network of multiple slip planes that have accommodated different amounts of displacement. Within it, slip zone width is demonstrably not related to lithological differences of quartzofeldspathic lithologies, which vary slightly along- strike. The young, largely unconsolidated sediments that constitute the footwall in some outcrops have a much more significant influence on fault gouge rheological properties and structure. Additionally, seismic investigations indicate that the exposed complex fault zone architecture extends into the basement. This study reveals the Alpine Fault contains multiple slip zones surrounded by a broader damage zone; properties elsewhere associated with carbonate or phyllosilicate-rich faults.
Holistic Tax Reform: Procedure, the Missing Companion to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act’s Substantive Law Focus
Authors: Balogh Jake E.
Published: June 2019

Holistic Tax Reform: Procedure, the Missing Companion to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act’s Substantive Law Focus
Review of Weinberg's Consciousness in Locke
Authors: Priselac Matthew
Published: June 2019

A review of Shelley Weinberg's recent book Consciousness in Locke (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016).
La asociación cooperativa como factor de sostenibilidad del sistema cafetalero en comunidades marginadas
Authors: Pacheco Almaraz Victoria , Palacios Rangel María Isabel , Cervantes Escoto Fernando , Ocampo Ledesma Jorge , Aguilar Ávila Jorge
Published: June 2019

En la actualidad, los modelos de desarrollo socioeconómicos sostenibles han sido estudiados con significativa importancia dada la crisis multidimensional presente, por ello en esta contribución, se analiza el sistema de producción cafetalero de una zona marginada con grupos de productores asociados y no, mediante un ejercicio de comparación a través de ocho indicadores derivados de los atributos generales de sostenibilidad que consideran los ejes social, económico y ambiental, con el objetivo de ubicar los factores determinantes de la misma y evidenciar la importancia que tienen las sociedades cooperativas como medio para contribuir al desarrollo sostenible. Este artículo se basó en trabajo de campo que recogió información tanto cuantitativa como cualitativa de los productores y su sistema productivo con la cual se ha diseñado un índice que permite identificar los niveles de sostenibilidad del sistema de producción. Se obtuvo que los asociados presentan un Índice de Sostenibilidad (IS) mayor, con factores explicativos que residen en el sobreprecio (eje económico), acceso a innovaciones y capacitaciones constantes (eje social). La brecha existente entre los valores máximo y mínimo del IS de los productores, fue elevado con lo que se demuestra que existen productores cuya forma de producir es sostenible y otros que no lo logran. En los resultados se destaca el potencial que tienen las cooperativas cafetaleras como agentes de transformación socioeconómica en los territorios rurales con limitaciones de diversa índole y se concluye que existe relación entre la asociación y la sostenibilidad, es decir, las cooperativas locales abren expectativa de éxito y contribuyen al fortalecimiento del sector cafetalero.
What is Important With English Language Skills Students? Survey in University at Bekasi City, Indonesia
Authors: Widodo Djoko Setyo , Zainal Veithzal Rivai , Subagja Iwan Kurniawan , Sari Eliana
Published: June 2019

The purpose of this study was to determine how the influence success motivation, creativity, and student perceptions about the ability of faculty to the effectiveness of the practice of the English language, either individually or jointly. This research method uses a survey of for three university students as the city of Bekasi, West Java in 2018 with 920 students total number of observations. The data analysis technique used is the regression technique. The results showed that was a positive effect on the motivation of success, creativity, student perception of the role of lecturers in the ability of the English language.
HLC Project 2017. Jagiellonian University excavations in southern Jordan
Authors: Kołodziejczyk Piotr , Nowak Marek , Wasilewski Michał , Karmowski Jacek , Czarnowicz Marcin , Brzeska-Pasek Agnieszka , Zarzecka Justyna , Radziwiłko Katarzyna , Witkowska Barbara , Kościuk Julia
Published: June 2019

The HLC (Heritage–Landscape–Community) archaeological metaproject, carried out since 2016 by the Jagiellonian University in cooperation with the Department of Antiquities, Ministry of Antiquities and Tourism, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, targets the archaeological heritage of southern Jordan (Tafila region), focusing currently on remains of the Early Bronze Age and earlier cultures that were found in the region. The project has already identified and verified several previously undocumented or poorly documented sites. Its main objective is to establish chronological phasing of human activity in this microregion, particularly during the Early Bronze Age and to assess the scale and nature of human presence in that period. Two sites, Faysaliyya and Munqata’a, were excavated within the frame of the project. The article presents the preliminary results of this work. An important side issue is the protection of Jordanian heritage in the Tafila region through the identification of natural and human agents that may damage or destroy it.
Matsamor (Armenia) after five seasons of excavations
Authors: Jakubiak Krzysztof , Piliposyan Ashot , Iskra Mateusz , Zakyan Artavazd
Published: June 2019

The Metsamor site in the 2017 season was excavated in two areas. The main area was the so-called town area where several dwellings from the Early Iron Age were cleared. Evidence of violent site destruction included two human skeletons belonging most probably to victims of a sudden attack, left unburied after the town had been destroyed. The cemetery was the second investigated area. Exploration of kurgan XIX demonstrated that it had been looted. Nevertheless, some human remains and several artifacts in the form of bronze snake head bracelets were recorded inside the burial chamber.