bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
T cell dependence of cells synthesizing immunoglobulin without detectable antibody function induced after an antigenic stimulation
Authors: Antoine J. ‐C. , Petit Christine , Bach Marie‐Anne , Bach J. ‐F. , Salomon J. ‐C. , Avrameas S.
Published: February 2007

A previous study of primary and secondary immune responses of rats and mice immunized against various protein antigens allowed us to describe a population of immunocytes containing, synthesizing and secreting immunoglobulins without detectable antibody function against the antigen injected (IFC). We here report their T cell‐dependence. Mice, thymectomized, irradiated and reconstituted with bone marrow or fetal liver cells, generally show neither antibody‐forming cells (AFC) nor cells synthesizing immunoglobulin without detectable antibody function. In some mice, probably only partly T cell‐deprived, antibody‐containing cells were seen, and at that time they were associated with cells synthesizing immunoglobulin without detectable antibody function. For most of the animals studied in primary response, however, the IFC population remained higher than the AFC population throughout the immune response. In normal animals immunoglobulin‐synthesizing cells were predominant at the beginning of the immune response, then decreased and progressively replaced by antibody‐synthesizing cells. After the first injection or after two stimuli, the number of responders among T cell‐deprived mice increased progressively. Finally, these experiments indicate that both cells synthesizing immunoglobulins without detectable antibody function and specific AFC are thymus‐dependent and rule out the hypothesis according to which horseradish peroxidase is a polyclonal B cell activator.
Genetic regulation of IgE and agglutinating antibody synthesis in lines of mice selected for high and low immune responsiveness
Authors: Prouvost‐Danon Annie , Mouton Denise , Abadie Annie , Mevel J. ‐C. , Biozzi G.
Published: February 2007

The responses to a wide dose‐range of ovalbumin (OV) have been comparatively studied in terms of IgE and hemagglutinating antibodies in high line (HL), low line (LL) and interline cross mice.

The kinetics of the primary and secondary responses, which differ according to the antigen dose injected, are parallel in each line, for both types of antibody with the exception of a greater susceptibility of IgE to suppression after higher doses.

The threshold doses of antigen which are quite different in HL, LL and F1 mice are, in each case, similar for both IgE and hemagglutinating antibody induction. Furthermore, in primary response, the dominance effect in F1 is of “low responsiveness” for 0.05 μg OV and of “high responsiveness” for 0.5 μg OV. The inversion of dominance occurs at the same OV dose for IgE and hemagglutinating antibodies. This is also true for minor doses in secondary response. When individual responsiveness to a minute dose of OV is investigated in interline F2 and backcross mice, a high correlation coefficient is observed between IgE and hemagglutinating antibodies.

Finally, the frequency distribution curves of responsiveness to a minute dose of OV (0.05 μg)in HL, LL, F1, F2 and backcross mice are compatible with the hypothesis of a one locus regulation for both IgE and hemagglutinating antibody synthesis.
Serological and preliminary biochemical characteristics of a T lymphocyte differentiation antigen detected by rabbit antiserum to rat thymocyte membranes
Authors: Morris R. J. , Williams A. F.
Published: February 2007

A rabbit antiserum against rat thymocyte membrane was studied using quantitative absorption analysis, and shown to contain a large amount of antibody against antigen(s) on lymphocytes but not liver, erythrocytes, kidney, heart, lung or brain tissue. Among lymphocytes the antigen(s) was at least 20‐fold more abundant on thymocytes or T lymphocytes than on bone marrow or B lymphocytes, and is thus referred to as a T lymphocyte antigen. In saturating binding studies with absorbed antiserum 120 000 molecules of antibody were bound per thymocyte.

The T lymphocyte antigenic activity was effectively solubilized from thymocyte membrane by deoxycholate, and its hydrodynamic properties suggested that only one molecule (or a group of very similar molecules) express the activity. The S20,w and v̄ values of the antigen were 5.7 S and 0.73 ml/g, and the Stoke's radius was 6.2 nm; a molecular weight (including any bound deoxycholate) of 1 50 000 was calculated. All antigenic activity in deoxycholate extracts bound to a lentil lectin affinity column suggesting the antigen may be a glycoprotein. On serological and biochemical grounds the antigen was distinct from Thy‐1.

In an appendix a method for determining the maximum binding of antibody per cell by absorption analysis is described.
H‐2 gene complementation in cytotoxic T cell responses of female against male cells
Authors: Von Boehmer H. , Fathman C. G. , Haas W.
Published: February 2007

H‐2 gene‐dependent nonresponsiveness and responsiveness to H‐2‐matched male cells can be observed in cytotoxic assays in several mouse strains. H‐2 genes of several low responder strains can complement each other in cis or trans position to produce high responders. One of the H‐2 gene products functions at the level of antigen‐presenting cells (stimulators, targets), the other must be expressed in the responding T cell population.
Human peripheral Null lymphocytes I. Isolation, immunological and functional characterization
Authors: Kaldert J.R. , Peter H.‐H. , Roubin Regine , Cesarini J.‐P.
Published: February 2007

A Null lymphocyte‐enriched population was isolated from human peripheral blood of healthy donors using a combination of Ficoll density gradient centrifugation followed by elimination of mononuclear phagocytes, passage through Ig‐anti‐Ig columns and sedimentation of E rosettes. After each separation step lymphocyte fractions were examined for morphology, cell surface markers, mitogen responsiveness and effector functions in antibody‐dependent (ADCC) and spontaneous cellular cytotoxicity (SCMC) reactions against an allogeneic melanoma cell line. The final Null lymphocyte preparation was recovered at a rate of 1 to 3 % from the population passed through Ig‐anti‐Ig columns (fraction FFF‐C). The marker analysis revealed over 99 %of surface Ig‐negative lymphoid cells; 50 to 60 % of these cells were ‘real Null’ cells lacking immunological cell surface markers, 7 % formed EA, 13 % EAC and 24 %E rosettes.

Regarding the mitogen responses, passage through Ig‐anti‐Ig columns drastically reduced concanavalin A (Con A), pokeweed mitogen (PWM)and tuberculin (PPD) responses, whereas the phytohemagglutinin (PHA) response was reduced in absolute counts but not in the stimulation index. Compared to the T cell‐enriched lymphocyte fraction, the Null cells showed significantly diminished proliferative responses to PHA and Con A and slightly increased reactivity to PWM and PPD.

Although depleted of high affinity Fc receptor lymphocytes, the Null cell fractions exhibited good ADCC and SCMC activities being about 4 to 6 times higher than in the T cell fraction.
Suppression of anti‐hapten antibody response in vitro by hapten‐carrier conjugates
Authors: Bernstein A. , Globerson Amiela
Published: February 2007

Production of antibodies was stimulated or suppressed arbitrarily by antigen treatment in vitro of spleens cultured at various time intervals after in vivo immunization.

Spleens of mice immunized to the 2,4‐dinitrophenyl or (4‐hydroxy‐3‐iodo‐5‐nitrophenyl)acetyl haptenic determinants produced antibodies in culture when no antigen was applied in vitro. When a conjugate of the hapten to the same carrier employed for priming was given in vitro, an initial reduction of the response was observed, the level of which was dependent on antigen dose. Subsequently, increased amounts of antibodies were measured. In contrast, in vitro exposure to the hapten conjugated to an unrelated carrier resulted in significant reduction of the response for the entire period of the test.

This suppressive effect manifested with various carrier proteins (ovalbumin, bovine IgG, bovine and rabbit serum albumin and keyhole limpet hemocy‐anin), when applied to cultures in doses which were potentially immunogenic.
Human B cell line deficient in the expression of B cell‐specific glycoproteins (GP 27,35)
Authors: Trowbridge I.S. , Hyman R. , Klein G.
Published: February 2007

A human B lymphoid cell line, P3HR‐1, expresses only low levels of the 27 000 and 35 000 mol.wt. B cell‐specific glycoproteins (GP 27,35). Indirect antibody‐binding and quantitative absorption tests with a xenoantiserum against the antigens showed that P3HR‐1 cells have on their surface about 1 % of the amount found on other human B lymphoblastoid cell lines. The deficit of the glycoproteins on the surface of P3HR‐1 cells could be accounted for by a reduced. rate of synthesis in these cells.

A simple relationship between the reduced expression of GP 27,35 on P3HR‐1 cells and their inability to bind Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) or express complement receptors was excluded because other B lymphoid cells which expressed neither virus‐binding sites nor complement receptor had normal amounts of GP 27,35 on their surface. However, antibodies against GP 27,35 could block the absorption of EBV by EBV receptor‐positive B cells.
Preliminary characterization of a glycoprotein having Fc receptor properties extracted from a T cell lymphoma (L‐5178‐Y)
Authors: Frade R. , Kourilsky F. M.
Published: February 2007

After incorporation of 14C‐labeled amino acids and/or of [3 H]fucose during in vitro culture of the Thy‐1.1‐bearing, Fc receptor‐positive T lymphoma, L‐5187‐Y, attempts were made to purify the Fc binding structure(s). Following solubilization of a crude membrane pellet using sodium deoxycholate, the 110 000 x g supernatant was filtered on Sephadex G‐200, and the fractions containing IgG‐binding material were further purified by affinity chromatography (on IgG Sepharose 4B.) Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of the final Fc‐binding product showed an apparent molecular weight of 110 000 daltons. On subsequent reduction with 2‐mercapto‐ethanol, five bands (mol. wts. 56 000, 36 000, 25 000, 18 000 and 15 000) were observed, the latter two being probable degradation products. These results are in accord with some of the published data concerning B cell Fc receptors.
Imbalances in T cell subpopulations associated with immunodeficiency and autoimmune syndromes
Authors: Moretta L. , Christina MingariO M. , Webb Susan R. , Pearl E.R. , Lydyard P.M. , Grossi C.E. , Lawton A.R. , Cooper M.D.
Published: February 2007

Abnormal proportions of the distinct T cell subpopulations binding the Fc portion of IgM (T·M) cells and those bearing receptors for the Fc portion of IgG (T·M) cells, were observed in blood samples from patients who had congenital or acquired abnormalities of the thymus, severe combined immunodeficiency, or an unexplained primary deficiency in cell‐mediated immunity; most had too few circulating T·M cells and often an overabundance of T·G cells. In an in vitro evaluation of lymphocytes from one of three thymoma patients with an elevated T·G subpopulation, removal of T·G cells abrogated the suppression of T·M cell help of B cell differentiation induced by pokeweed mitogen. A spectrum of patients with sex‐linked infantile agammaglobulinemia, variable hypogammaglobulinemia, and selective IgA deficiency, and a few patients with autoimmune syndromes infrequently had distorted representation of these T cell subpopulations in the circulation. This suggests that B cell dysfunction in many of these patients is not merely due t o numerical excesses or insufficiencies of helper or suppressor T cells.
Immunological properties of two related fragments from human and equine growth hormones
Authors: Zakin M.M. , Peña Clara , Poskus E. , Stewart J.M. , Paladini A.C.
Published: February 2007

The immunological properties of a synthetic human growth hormone fragment comprising the amino acids 73 through 128 and of the homologous natural horse growth hormone fragment formed by amino acids 73 through 123, have been comparatively studied.

Antisera obtained in rabbits inoculated with the native human hormone or with the fragments, were used. By hemagglutination experiments both fragments have the same reactivity toward the anti‐human growth hormone serum, but complement fixation curves detect the existence of at least two populations of antibodies presumably originated against the sequence 73–128 of human growth hormone. Of these, only one of the corresponding antigenic areas is present in the homologous region of equine growth hormone. The known cross‐reactivity detected between both hormones is thus partially explained.

In the antiserum against the horse growth hormone fragment there is a very low level of antibodies reacting with native horse hormone.
The “patchy” immunodeficiency of CBA/N mice
Authors: Quintáns J.
Published: February 2007

The in vivo responses of CBA/N (which have an X‐linked defect of B lymphocyte differentiation) and CBA/J normal mice to 2,4,6‐trinitrophenylated (TNP) bacteriophage T4 and Diplococcus pneumoniae CS variant have been compared. Both antigens are thymus‐independent (TI), and TNP‐CS additionally contains the phosphorylcholine (PC) epitope. CBA/N and CBA/J mice give TNP plaque‐forming cell responses similar in magnitude and avidity although only CBA/J give a PC response when challenged with TNP‐CS. These results indicate that CBA/N mice have a “patchy” defect of antigen‐induced humoral responses. This defect is manifested only in certain subpopulations of B cells and is not restricted to TI responses.
Natural cytotoxicity in man: activity of lymph node and tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes
Authors: Vose B.M. , Vánky F. , Argov S , Klein Eva
Published: February 2007

Lymphocytes from blood, lymph node and tumor have been tested for cytotoxicity against the K562 cell line which is known to be highly sensitive to lysis by spontaneously reactive cells. Cytotoxicity was found in all 13 samples from healthy donors and in 17/32 cancer patients. By contrast, activity was determined in only 1/18 lymph node and 1/14 preparations of tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes. Lymph node cells were similarly nonreactive against 3 other cell lines known to be sensitive to natural cytotoxicity. Studies of the composition of the effector populations revealed no absolute deficit of a particular cell type although there were differences between them resulting from the different isolation procedures used. Enrichment of the lymph node population for non‐T, non‐B lymphocytes was ineffective in inducing cytotoxicity in previously non‐reactive samples although this procedure uniformly increased the cytotoxic potential of blood lymphocytes. Tests with blood taken during operation showed that the lack of reactivity in these preparations was unlikely to be a result of the effects of anesthesia or surgery. The reason for the low cytotoxicity in the lymph node and tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes is as yet undefined.
Growth regulation of a murine lymphoma cell line by a 2‐mercaptoethanol or macrophage‐activated serum factor
Authors: Hewlett G. , Opitz H.‐G. , Schlumberger H.D. , Lemke H.
Published: February 2007

A mouse lymphoma cell line has been established that is dependent for growth on the presence of an activated serum component. This growth factor is found in an inactive form in fetal bovine serum (FBS) and can be activated by 2‐mercaptoethanol and by macrophages. A factor‐containing fraction can be separated from FBS by Sephadex G‐100 chromatography and once activated, can be used as a substitute for whole serum in the culture medium without adverse effect on the cell growth. The significance of these findings with respect to the study of the immune response and cancer research is discussed.
Cell‐free factor substitute for “signal 2" in generating cytotoxic reactions
Authors: Sopori M.L. , Alter Barbara J. , Bach F.H. , Bach Marilyn L.
Published: February 2007

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the responding cell population recognize allogeneic target antigens on ultraviolet light (uv)‐treated stimulating cells in a mixed leukocyte culture. However, under these conditions no cytotoxic response is generated unless the responding cells are also stimulated with x‐irradiated or mitomycin C‐treated cells differing by the H‐2 I region‐determined LD antigens. We refer to the signal given to the cytotoxic T lymphocyte by its target antigen as signal 1, and to the help which the cytotoxic T lymphocyte receives presumably from the LD‐responsive T helper cell as signal 2.

We have developed a method in which different cell populations are separated by an agar layer to demonstrate that a soluble “factor(s)” can both potentiate a weak cytotoxic reaction as well as allow the development of cytotoxicity against uv‐treated stimulating cells. These results support the two‐signal model in which a “factor”, presumably produced by helper T cells responding to LD antigens, can give signal 2 to the cytotoxic T lymphocyte that has recognized target determinants.
Further structural studies on the F9 (T/t) antigen(s)
Authors: Vitetta Ellen S. , Cook R. , Artzt K. , Poulik M.D. , Uhr J.W.
Published: February 2007

The subunits of F9 (a product of a T/t allele) and H‐2 antigens were studied with regard to molecular weight and antigenicity. 3H‐labeled H‐2 and Relabeled F9 were reduced, mixed and electrophoresed on 4 different concentrations of acrylamide in order to detect differences between their carbohydrate moieties as well as their polypeptide chains. The major subunit (mol. wt. 44 000) of the 2 antigens co‐electrophoresed at each gel concentration. Rabbit sera raised against rat β2 ‐microglobulin (β2M), spleen cells and teratoma cells were used to immunoprecipitate molecules from lysates of radiolabeled splenocytes and teratocarcinoma cells. The anti‐spleen and anti‐β2 M sera failed to deplete lysates of F9 antigen which could be subsequently bound by specific syngeneic antiserum. In contrast, rabbit anti‐F9 depleted > 80 % of F9 molecules from the lysate. The rabbit anti‐spleen and anti‐β2M sera depleted H‐2 from spleen cell lysates but the anti‐F9 did not. These results suggest that neither the large nor the small subunits of H‐2 and F9 are immunologically cross‐reactive using rabbit sera.
Regulation of allotype expression in heterozygous rabbits III. Concomitant modulation and concomitant suppression of a2 and a3 allotypes on individual peripheral blood lymphocytes
Authors: Kimball E. S. , Wolf B.
Published: February 2007

Sensitization of peripheral blood lymphocytes from heterozygous a2/a3 rabbits with purified, monospecific anti‐a3 antibodies, raised in a1/a1 rabbits, resulted in the disappearance of surface a2 and a3 allotypes (concomitant modulation) after subsequent incubation at 37°C, as determined by the mixed antiglobulin (rosette) test. Similar results were obtained when anti‐a2 antibodies were used. The dose dependence of modulation and comodulation were also studied. Testing of mixtures of homozygous a2/a2 plus a3/a3 cells never led to comodulation. Blocking studies, performed to determine the surface contiguity of a2 and a3 determinants, indicated that both allotypes are situated close together in the membrane on cells exhibiting allotype inclusion.

Overnight culture in serum‐free medium revealed that cells which underwent extensive modulation and comodulation were often suppressed for both homologous and alternate allotypes (concomitant suppression). These and other data suggest that a single modulation event, in which extensive removal of cell membrane Ig occurred, could serve to inhibit the re‐expression of Ig. This may, in part, reflect interactions with membrane receptors involved in the regulation of expression of VH gene products. Implications of VH allotype inclusion are discussed.
An antiserum which recognizes lipopolysaccharidereactive B cells in the mouse
Authors: Forni Luciana , Coutinho A.
Published: February 2007

Rabbit antisera have been prepared against spleen B cells from C3H/Tif mice, high responders to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). After complete absorption on tissues of C3H/HeJ mice (LPS nonresponders), such antisera specifically stain and kill (in the presence of complement) a fraction of the B cells from a number of LPS high responder strains, and fail to recognize any cells in two different LPS nonresponder strains, C3H/HeJ and C57Bl/10.Sc.Cr.

The ontogeny, organ and strain distribution of this B cell marker parallels LPS reactivity. Frequencies of cells stained by this antiserum correspond to the frequencies of LPS‐reactive B cell precursors recently determined. This antigen(s) is expressed by LPS‐activated B cell blasts but not by cells which remain small after 48 h in the presence of LPS. Removal of the cells recognized by the antisera leads to depletion of LPS‐reactive cells, while enriching for reactivity to another B cell mitogen, e.g. lipoprotein.
A mendelian idiotype is demonstrable in the heteroclitic anti‐NP antibodies of the mouse
Authors: Karjalainen K. , Mäkelä O.
Published: February 2007

Earlier work from two laboratories had shown that three mouse strains of allotype b produce a restricted response to hapten (4‐hydroxy‐3‐nitrophenyl) acetyl (NP). These antibodies shared a peculiar heteroclitic fine specificity and exhibited a predictable although polyclonal isoelectric focusing (IEF) pattern in most of these mice. These characteristics were controlled by (an) Ig‐1‐linked gene(s) (VHNFb). We report studies with a guinea pig anti‐idiotype serum which recognized the products of the VHNPb gene (idiotype NP‐b) but not other Ig. Binding of idiotype NP‐b was hapten‐inhibitable.

Idiotype NP‐b was the predominant (> 85%) antibody population in the primary and secondary responses of C57BL/6, and also in F1 hybrid mice between C57BL/6 and an idiotype‐negative strain. By preparative IEF, idiotype NP‐b was separated into fractions (IgG1(λ) which had different affinities for the anti‐idiotype, and also slightly different binding affinities for analogues of NP.

Lambda1 light chain seems to be required for the expression of the idiotype gene, but with the exception of the SJL strain, the light chain is not responsible for the observed genetic polymorphism. Besides, λ is the predominant light chain in idiotype‐negative anti‐NP antibodies at least in strains BALB/c, SM, DBA, A/J and RF but not in strains CBA, AKR, NZB and SJL.
Conditions for maximal synthesis of cyclic AMP by mouse macrophages in response to β‐adrenergic stimulation
Authors: Welscher H. D. , Cruchaud A.
Published: February 2007

The synthesis of cyclic AMP by mouse peritoneal macrophages in response to stimulation by isoproterenol was studied as a function of drug concentration, incubation time and cell density. Cyclic AMP levels of macrophages increased 3 to 3.5 times over the control level 20 sec after the addition of 10−3 Misoproterenol. Under these conditions the dose response could be followed down to an isoproterenol concentration of 10−6 to 10−7 M. When cell suspensions were inactivated as early as 1 sec after the addition of the drug, the increase in cyclic AMP was much greater (153 vs. 25 pmol/107 cells). Macrophage suspensions of high cell density were less responsive than those of low cell density. In the absence of any inhibitor of phosphodiesterase, the stimulatory effect of isoproterenol was always of short duration. The maximal effect of β‐adrenergic stimulation probably occurs in less than 1 sec at a cell density less than 2 × 106 cells/ml. The β‐blocking drug Visken abolished the observed effects.
Shedding of anti‐IgM from antibody‐coated human lymphoma lines: Differences between Epstein‐Barr virus‐negative lines and their virus‐converted sublines
Authors: Yefenof E. , Lundin Lena , Klein G.
Published: February 2007

In vitro converted, Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) genome‐carrying cell lines showed a reduced ability to shed surface‐bound antibodies, compared to their EBV‐free parental B lymphoma lines. On the other hand, antibody degradation was higher with EBV‐positive cells. Analysis of antibody‐coated single cells revealed that cells which failed t o redistribute or cap their ligand‐bound surface components at 37 °C, were also capable of shedding bound antibody. This suggests that capping and shedding are essentially independent phenomena, although both may be influenced by the same virally induced change in the lateral mobility of membrane constituents.
The spontaneous development of thymocytotoxic antibodies in athymic nude mice and its suppression after transfer of syngeneic thymocytes
Authors: Izui S. , Louis J. , Lambert P.‐H.
Published: February 2007

Athymic nude mice early in life spontaneously develop a high level of thymocytotoxic antibodies which have characteristics similar to the thymocytotoxic autoantibodies occurring in young NZB mice. Thymocytotoxic activity was no longer detectable in the serum of nude mice two weeks after the intravenous injection of syngeneic thymocytes, although the levels of spontaneously occurring anti‐DNA and anti‐hapten antibodies were not affected by the cell transfer.
Immunity to transplantable carcinogen‐induced fibrosarcomas in B2/B2 chickens. III. Tumor growth inhibition by local delayed hypersensitivity reactions to unrelated antigens
Authors: Palladino M. A. , Jeanette Thorbecke G.
Published: February 2007

Delayed hypersensitivity (DH) reaction to human Ig, corynebacterium parvum or allogeneic cells at the site of tumor cell injection, suppressed the fibrosarcoma (SCFS) growth in chickens. Spleen cells of SC chickens sensitized to human Ig or C. parvum suppressed SCFS growth when adoptively transferred with tumor cells, but only when the sensitizing antigen was present locally. This suppression did not occur in irradiated recipients. SCFS I cells injected into wattles of chickens immune to the tumor, provoked a local DH reaction. Spleen cells from donors sensitized to SCFS I adoptively transferred immunity to both SCFS I and SCFS II when cells of the two tumors were mixed together before injection, but not when SCFS II cells were injected alone. Tumor‐specific and nontumor‐specific DH may be essential for local suppression of fibrosarcoma growth in chickens.
Evidence for independent genetic regulation of the expression of different antibody classes in anti‐sheep red blood cell responses
Authors: Seman M. , Chevalier Florence , Stanislawski M.
Published: February 2007

Three levels of variation are described in the response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Inbred strains of mice are distinguishable in terms of early or late kinetics of IgM response, high or low overall IgG response, and the relative expression of IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b antibody in their response to SRBC. Results using C57BL/10 hybrid progeny strongly suggest a genetic control of these different aspects of the anti‐SRBC response. The IgM kinetic pattern and the quantitative IgG response are regulated by two independent multigenic systems. Evidence is also presented for a distinction between the genes controlling the quantitative IgG response and those which control the 7 S isotypic pattern. IgG2a antibody expression seems regulated by a single gene. Neither group of genes involved in these various types of regulation seems directly linked to the H‐2 complex or to the CH allotype. The hypothesis that 4 different sets of genes might control IgM, IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b expression is discussed.
Induction of immunological tolerance to the penicilloyl antigenic determinant. II. Evaluation of stable and unstable penicilloyl dextrans
Authors: Schneider C. H. , Otz Ursula , Gruden Elsbeth
Published: February 2007

A specific tolerant state to the major antigenic determinant of penicillin allergy, the penicilloyl group, was induced in C3H mice primarily immunized with penicilloylated bovine gamma globulin in complete Freund's adjuvant. Tolerance was obtained by intraperitoneal administration of either of two penicilloyl‐bearing dextrans of molecular weight 2 × 106. One conjugate contained penicilloyl groups stably bound via a 1,6‐diaminohexane spacer, the other bore the penicilloyl groups directly bound to the hydroxyl groups of the carrier. These directly bound penicilloyl groups undergo hydrolytic cleavage within 3 days under physiological conditions in neutral aqueous solution. Model experiments showed that the rapid cleavage into carrier and haptenic derivatives also applies to penicilloylated dextran in receptor‐bound and particulate form, as may be expected from the highly hydrophilic character of the conjugate. The stable conjugate at 1 mg and the cleavable conjugate at 4 mg doses induced comparable tolerance lasting for at least 8–12 weeks.

For hapten‐dextran tolerance these findings make very unlikely any mechanism requiring the continuous presence of unmodified tolerogen on the membrane or in the interior of tolerant cells, and imply second‐stage processes to explain the long duration of unresponsiveness. They also show that cleavable penicilloyl tolerogens may be considered for prospective clinical use.
Antigen‐specific suppression of cytotoxic T cell responses in mice. I. Suppressor T cells are not cytotoxic cells
Authors: Al‐Adra A. R. , Pilarski Linda M.
Published: February 2007

The main conclusion from these experiments is that the antigen‐specific suppressor T cell of mice which inhibits the induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes is not itself a cytotoxic T cell. This conclusion is supported by two main observations: first, a certain cell number from first‐step cultures which was suppressive in the presence of a high dose of antigen actually helped the cytotoxic response at a lower antigen dose. This observation is difficult to reconcile with the hypothesis that suppression is due to the killing of the stimulator or the responder cells in the second‐step culture by cytotoxic T cells. Second, cells from first‐step cultures of cortisone‐treated mice displayed cytotoxic activity but had no suppressive effect on the generation of killer cells. It was further demonstrated that these cells failed to influence in any way the suppressive effect, however weak, of cells from first‐step cultures of normal spleen. We therefore favor the view that the suppression observed in this system is due to a regulatory signal which occurs as a result of the ability of both inhibitory cells and responder cells to recognize and respond to allogeneic determinants expressed on the surface of stimulator cells.

The suppressor T cells described here act by linked associative recognition of antigen. That is, suppressor T cells only inhibit the induction of a precursor cytotoxic T cell in the presence of an antigen to which both the precursor cell and the suppressor cell can bind. In this sense, suppressors act in a manner analogous to helper T cells in T‐B cell cooperation; carrier‐specific helper T cells only enhance an anti‐hapten B cell response in the presence of hapten‐carrier conjugates. Similarly, alloantigen a (carrier)‐specific suppressor T cells only inhibit alloantigen b (hapten)‐specific cytotoxic responses in the presence of (a × b)F1 stimulator cells (hapten‐carrier conjugate), not in the presence of a mixture of parental stimulator cells (a + b).
Prevention of immunoglobulin production by allotypedependent T cells
Authors: Bosma M. J. , Bosma G. C. , Owen J. L.
Published: February 2007

Adoptive lymphocyte transfers between Iga, Igb and Igd allotype‐congenic mouse strains revealed host barriers against the production of certain donor allotypes. First, as recipients of Igb cells, Iga and Igd mice permitted the production of donor Ig‐4b but not that of Ig‐lb. The apparent mediators of this Ig‐lb barrier were T cells specific for Ig‐lb determinants on B cells. Additional cell transfers showed Iga mice to have a second barrier against allotype production by Igd donor cells. Reciprocal cell transfers showed Igb and Igd mice to have comparatively weak barriers against Iga‐producing cells.

As host barriers were absent in mice deficient for T cells (athymic nude mice), it appears that they are T cell‐mediated. Further, the allotype‐dependence of such barriers means that the antigens responsible must be under the control of allotype‐linked genes. The regulatory implications of this for the immune system are discussed.
Idiotype‐specific T helper cells are required to induce idiotype‐positive B memory cells to secrete antibody
Authors: Woodland R. , Cantor H.
Published: February 2007

We have tested the proposition that induction of certain sets of B cell clones to produce antibody requires a signal from T helper cells that recognize idiotypic determinants expressed on Ig receptors of the relevant B cell clones. The approach is based on the analysis of T cell populations required to induce B cells to secrete anti‐arsonate antibodies that are marked by a cross‐reactive idiotype (CRId). CRId+ anti‐azophenyl arsonate (Ar) antibodies are produced in A/J strain mice after immunization with Ar keyhole limpet hemocyanin and represent 20–70% of the total anti‐Ar antibody response.

These studies indicate that antibody secretion by idiotype+ B memory cells requires two signals: one provided by “carrier”‐specific Ly‐1 cells, and a second delivered by idiotype‐specific Ly‐1 cells. Both signals are required for optimal induction of idiotype+ B memory clones.
Incorporation of rat histocompatibility (AgB) antigens into liposomes, and their susceptibility to immune lysis
Authors: Willoughby Eileen M. , Turner M. J. , Sanderson A. R.
Published: February 2007

The purification of detergent‐solubilized rat histocompatibility antigens is described. The antigen may readily be incorporated into synthetic vesicles (liposomes) which appear to be unilamellar and between 0.1 μm and 0.2 μm in diameter. The addition of specific antibody leads to the agglutination and precipitation of the liposomes. An enzyme, horseradish peroxidase, may be incorporated into the trapped aqueous phase of the liposome, and its release by antibody and complement can be detected.
Specific antigens of chicken thymus
Authors: Pace Judith L. , Barger B. O. , Dawe D. L. , Ragland W. L.
Published: February 2007

Purified plasma membranes from chicken thymus and bursa cells were prepared and solubilized with sarkosyl (sodium salt of N‐methyl‐N‐(1‐oxodecyl)‐glycine). Antisera to solubilized thymus plasma membrane (TPM) were produced in rabbits and the globulin fraction obtained by ammonium sulfate precipitation. Four precipitating antigens were detected in solubilized TPM by immunoelectrophoresis. Following absorption with chicken serum and bursa plasma membrane (BPM) immunosorbents, three antigens, designated T1, T2, T3, were specific for the TPM fraction, and one antigen, T1, was found in soluble extracts of thymus tissue. Absorption with isolated plasma membrane and whole cells indicated that the T1 and T2 antigens in solubilized TPM are associated with the plasma membrane but not expressed on the surface of the cell. A common antigen, designated BT, was detected in BPM and TPM fractions and in membrane preparations of spleen. The antigens were not detected in any other tissues or cells including brain, circulating lymphocytes and erythrocytes.
Cytological and functional analysis of inflammatory infiltrates in human malignant tumors I. Composition of the inflammatory infiltrates
Authors: Häyry P. , Tötterman T. H.
Published: February 2007

Ten individual human tumors displaying an unusually strong inflammatory reaction were disaggregated with a mixture of collagenase and deoxyribonuclease. The dispersed cellular materials consisted of approximately equal numbers of cancer cells, nonmalignant parenchymal cells and inflammatory leukocytes. As the erythrocyte/leukocyte ratio in the dispersed material was only 2:1, as compared to 290:1 in the blood, any notable blood contamination was excluded. The differential counts and the subclass distribution of the infiltrating lymphocytes were established directly from the initial dispersed material without any prior purification of the infiltrating cells. Three distinct types of inflammatory infiltrates were recorded which correlated to some extent with the cancer type and the tumor localization in the body. In three cases of thyroid papillary carcinoma and one case of mammary carcinoma, the infiltrate consisted of approximately equal proportions of lymphocytes, monocytes and macrophages. Most of the lymphocytes in these lesions were sheep red blood cell (SRBC) nonrosetteforming, surface Ig‐negative “null” lymphocytes. In three cases of testicular seminoma, the infiltrate was predominantly lymphocytic, though also plasma cells and plasmablasts were present in substantial numbers. In this tumor, nearly all infiltrating lymphocytes were SRBC‐ and α‐naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE)‐positive T lymphocytes. Finally, in two cases of ovarial papillary carcinoma and one case of uterine carcinosarcoma, the infiltrate consisted of approximately equal proportions of plasma cells plus lymphocytes, tissue macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Equal numbers of T, B and null lymphocytes were present in the infiltrating lymphocyte population. Seventy‐four to 100% of the infiltrating macrophages, when present, expressed the Fc receptor for IgG, and half of the infiltrating monocytes carried this surface marker. The results thus demonstrate that the composition of the inflammatory infiltrate in different human cancers is highly variable, probably reflecting the type of tumor, its localization in the body, the stage of tumor growth and possibly the type of immune response.
Identification of an IgD‐like surface immunoglobulin on rabbit lymphocytes
Authors: Sire Joséphine , Collé Allain , Bourgois Alain
Published: February 2007

Rabbit immunoglobulin antigen receptor molecules were analyzed by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels. By sequential precipitation, using first anti‐μ and then anti‐L chain antisera, two different immunoglobulins of similar molecular weight could be demonstrated. After tryptic digestion, two fractions were identified: an IgMs and an Fab fragment, the latter appearing after a few minutes of incubation. Thus, as in man and in the mouse, two main immunoglobulin antigen receptors were found in the rabbit. One receptor on rabbit lymphocytes is an IgMs molecule, and the other is easily split in the hinge region like human and mouse IgD receptors.
A human thymocyte antigen defined by a hybrid myeloma monoclonal antibody
Authors: McMichael Andrew J. , Pilch Jennifer R. , Fabre John W. , Mason David Y. , Galfré Giovani , Milstein Cesar
Published: February 2007

Spleen cells from a BALB/c mouse that had been immunized with human thymocytes were fused with the myeloma line P3‐NS1/1Ag 4.1. One of the resulting hybrid clones (NA1/34) secreted an antibody that was highly specific for human thymocytes. Eighty‐five % of thymocytes expressed the antigen designated HTA1. There were an estimated 15 × 104 molecules of HTA1 per cell, and it is therefore a major surface molecule. The expression of this antigen on thymocytes appears to be reciprocal to HLA, as recognized by another monoclonal antibody W6/32. Immunoprecipitated material from [125I]‐labeled thymocyte membranes was analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate which disclosed a single component of 45 000 molecular weight.
Deficiency of high‐affinity anti‐β‐D‐galactosidase antibodies in selected low immune responder mice
Authors: de Macario Everly Conway , Macario Alberto J. L. , Heumann Anne‐Marie , Biozzi Guido
Published: February 2007

Amount and affinity of anti‐β‐D‐galactosidase‐activating antibodies (AAb) were studied in two lines of mice obtained by selective breeding for antibody response to heterologous erythrocytes. These lines, referred to as high (H) and low (L) lines, differ also in their responses to many antigens. Concerning AAb amounts, the maximal titer in H mice is higher than in L mice. However, the AAb levels in H mice decreased with increasing immunizing doses and became lower than in L mice for the highest dose. This fact can be explained in terms of intramolecular competition or suppression. Whereas the usual maturation pattern was observed in H mice, no AAb of high affinity were found in L mice, even after a minimal immunizing dose. At any dose tested, no maturation of AAb occurred until three months after immunization. This deficiency may be ascribed to B lymphocyte or macrophage modifications. A correlation between the deficiency of high‐affinity AAb in L mice and their genetically induced low antibody responsiveness cannot be proved.
Kinetics of escape from suppression of Ig heavy chain allotypes in multiheterozygous rabbits
Authors: Eskinazi Daniel P. , Knight Katherine L. , Dray Sheldon
Published: February 2007

Three rabbits of genotype a1n81f73g74/a2n82f71g75 which had been injected at birth with anti‐a 1 (VH) antiserum and which were previously shown to be suppressed for the paternal allotypes a1, n81, f73 and g74 at 8 weeks of age, were monitored over a 2‐year period for the concentration of suppressed and non suppressed allotypes in their sera. In all three suppressed animals, the f 73 (Cα) and g74 (Cα) allotypes were expressed again at a much greater rate than the a1 (VH) and n81 (Cμ) allotypes. In one suppressed animal, the a 1 (VH) allotype was re‐expressed at a much greater rate than the n81 (Cμ) allotype and reflected primarily the reappearance of a 1 IgG. Thus, the escape from allotype suppression in this animal was in the order IgA, IgG, IgM which is the reverse of the order of appearance of these Ig classes during ontogeny. While the al(VH) and n81 (Cμ) allotypes remained suppressed, the f 73 (Cα) and g74 (Cα) allotypes were re‐expressed to the same concentration as in the unsuppressed controls, and no compensatory decrease of the f71 and g75 allotypes occurred. During the re‐expression of the f 73 and g74 allotypes, the ratio of the concentrations of f 73/g74 remained approximately constant.
A functional comparison of tumor cell killing by activated macrophages and natural killer cells
Authors: Roder John C. , Kiessling Rolf , Lohmann‐Matthes Marie‐Luise , Domzig Wolfang , Haller Otto
Published: February 2007

This report compares the sensitivity of 17 tumor cell lines to cytolysis mediated by natural killer (NK) cells or by activated, bone marrow‐derived macrophages (AM) from 15 inbred mouse strains. Some tumor cell lines, notably P815, were highly sensitive to AM‐mediated lysis but almost completely insensitive to NK cells, whereas other cell lines were lysed by NK cells but not AM. In a genotype survey, some low‐responder strains in the NK system, such as A/Sn, were high responders in the AM system, and, conversely, one intermediate to high‐responder strain (C3 H/HeJ) in the NK system was a low responder in AM‐mediated cytolysis. In addition, macrophage cytotoxicity factor was necessary to activate macrophages, but this lymphokine did not augment NK activity. Furthermore, the NK population did not contain pre‐activated macrophages since pre‐activated cells were removed on glass bead columns or by iron carbonyl and a magnet; treatments which have been previously shown not to affect NK cells. These results suggest that NK cells are distinct from AM in physical characteristics, target selectivity, genotype distribution and the mechanism of cytolysis.
The effect of light chain gene expression on the inheritance of an idiotype associated with primary anti‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐nitrophenyl)acetyl(NP) antibodies
Authors: Imanishi‐Kari Thereza , Rajnavölgyi Eva , Takemori Toshitada , Jack Robert S. , Rajewsky Klaus
Published: February 2007

Primary anti‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐nitrophenyl)acetyl (NP) antibodies from C57BL/6 mice were idiotypically defined by a rabbit anti‐idiotypic antiserum. The idiotypic marker detected by this antiserum (the NPb idiotype) requires for its expression a specific heavy (H) chain‐lambda (Λ) light (L) chain combination as shown in chain reassociation experiments. The idiotypic binding reaction is inhibitable by hapten. BALB/c and CBA mice also produce large amounts of Λ‐bearing anti‐NP antibodies, but these do not express the NPb idiotype as defined by the rabbit antiserum. Since the NPb idiotype could be reconstituted by reassociating C57 BL/6 anti‐NP antibody H chains with either HOPC 1, or BALB/c or CBA anti‐NP antibody Λ chains, the absence of the NPb idiotype in BALB/c and CBA antibodies implies that these animals express different sets of H chain variable (V) regions in the anti‐NP response.

SJL mice, in contrast to other mouse strains with the Ig‐1b allotype, express only traces of NPb idiotype in their anti‐NP antibodies, the L chains of which are almost exclusively of the χ type.

Knowing that SJL mice possess a regulatory gene responsible for the low level of Λ (Λ10) chains in their immunoglobulins, we have analyzed the progeny of (SJL × BALB/C)F1, (SJL × BALB/C)F1 × BALB/C and (SJL × BALB/C)F1 × SJL for the expression of Λ‐bearing anti‐NP antibodies and NPb idiotype.

In accord with previous work (SJL × BALB/c)F1 mice produced substantial amounts of anti‐NP antibodies with the NPb idiotype. Backcross of these mice to BALB/c revealed linkage of the NPb idiotype to the Ig‐1b allotype, in agreement with previous data. Backcross of the F1 animals to SJL demonstrated control of the NPb idiotype by the gene regulating Λ chain expression in serum immunoglobulin.

Chain reassociation experiments showed that in SJL mice, the regulation against Λ chain expression prevents the selection in the anti‐NP response of those H chains that together with Λ chains constitute the NPb idiotype. Apparently, these H chains are unable to contribute to a binding site with specificity for the NP hapten when combined with χ chains.
Nonspecific suppressor cell activity and specific cellular unresponsiveness in rat schistosomiasis
Authors: Camus Daniel , Dessaint Jean‐Paul , Fischer Elizabeth , Capron André
Published: February 2007

Spleen cells from inbred Fischer rats infected with Schistosoma mansoni were cultured with S. mansoni antigen, phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or concanavalin A (Con A). During the first 3 weeks of infection, both a significant proliferative response and a delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity to S. mansoni antigen were observed. In contrast, during the fourth to the seventh week both responses were reduced to a nonsignificant level, and the proliferative response to PHA or Con A also decreased during this period. At the time of minimal reactivity to PHA or Con A, the depletion of cells adherent to nylon wool (but not depletion of mononuclear phagocytic cells by plating on plastic) restored a significant response to Con A. At this time, infected rat lymphocytes reduced the proliferative response of noninfected syngeneic cells induced by Con A. This inhibition was not observed when infected cells were previously passed through a nylon wool column. Inversely, nylon wool depletion of day‐28 or 35‐infected spleen cells did not restore lymphocyte response to S. mansoni antigen. Serum (or the dialyzable fraction thereof) from day‐29‐infected rats inhibited thymidine incorporation of PHA‐stimulated normal lymphocytes and the response to S. mansoni of spleen cells from infected rats. This information suggests that at the end of the first month of infection in the rat, lymphocyte unresponsiveness to S. mansoni antigen could not be related to a demonstrable suppressor cell activity. Low molecular weight inhibitory factor(s) released by the parasite and acting directly on lymphocytes could partly account for this unresponsiveness in rat schistosomiasis.