bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La enseñanza de la traducción literaria en el ámbito universitario: propuestas metodológicas y formativas
Authors: Ortiz García Javier
Published: September 2016

Este ensayo aborda el estudio de la enseñanza de la traducción literaria en el ámbito universitario desde una perspectiva práctica y metodológica. Una vez enmarcado el alcance del estudio de la disciplina dentro de lo establecido por PACTE para la adquisición de (sub)competencias, se tratan tres aspectos esenciales en la práctica de la traducción literaria y su aplicación en el aula y a la enseñanza de la traducción: i) el tratamiento del estilo de la obra en la traducción literaria; ii) la correcta aproximación a la diferenciación entre el texto narrativo y el dialogado de la obra; y iii) aspectos relacionados con la traducción y el mercado editorial. Para alcanzar los objetivos metodológicos y prácticos propuestos, cada uno de los aspectos estudiados aparecen ilustrados con ejemplos del aula de traducción literaria.
Managers’ Opinions of Management Accountants’ Competency Skills and Personal Qualities
Authors: Gray Dahli , Irons Patricia
Published: September 2016

The Chartered Global Management Accountant (CGMA) Competency Framework published in 2014 describes four knowledge areas (technical, business, people, and leadership skills) and three personal qualities (ethics, integrity, and professionalism). This study used the CGMA Competency Framework as the basis for a survey completed in 2015 of mid-level managers to assess their opinions of management accountants. The mid-level manager demographics reflected a near equal representation of men and women. All respondents were located in the United States and fairly evenly from all parts of the nation. Other demographics supported a representative sample was collected. The survey results revealed that mid-level managers rank technical skills as management accountants’ strongest knowledge area and people skills as the weakest. The research and methodology in this paper set a benchmark for future comparisons as management accountants successfully work toward meeting and eliminating the perceived crisis of not fully meeting the knowledge areas and personal qualities in the CGMA Competency Framework. Surprisingly, cost accounting and reporting were ranked among management accountants’ weakest knowledge areas, which might indicate that management accountants need to more effectively communicate their actual expertise. Earning the Institute of Management Accountants (IMA) Certified Management Accountant (CMA) credential could help communicate management accountants’ actual expertise
The Cognitive and Perceptual Laws of the Inclined Plane
Authors: Masin Sergio Cesare
Published: September 2016

The study explored whether laypersons correctly tacitly know Galileo’s law of the inclined plane and what the basis of such knowledge could be. Participants predicted the time a ball would take to roll down a slope with factorial combination of ball travel distance and slope angle. The resulting pattern of factorial curves relating the square of predicted time to travel distance for each slope angle was identical to that implied by Galileo’s law, indicating a correct cognitive representation of this law. Intuitive physics research suggests that this cognitive representation may result from memories of past perceptions of objects rolling down a slope. Such a basis and the correct cognitive representation of Galileo’s law led to the hypothesis that Galileo’s law is also perceptually represented correctly. To test this hypothesis, participants were asked to judge the perceived travel time of a ball actually rolling down a slope, with perceived travel distance and perceived slope angle varied in a factorial design. The obtained pattern of factorial curves was equal to that implied by Galileo’s law, indicating that the functional relationships defined in this law were perceptually represented correctly. The results foster the idea that laypersons may tacitly know both linear and nonlinear multiplicative physical laws of the everyday world. As a practical implication, the awareness of this conclusion may help develop more effective methods for teaching physics and for improving human performance in the physical environment.
The Reactivation of Motion Influences Size Categorization in a Visuo-Haptic Illusion
Authors: Rey Amandine E. , Dabic Stéphanie , Versace Rémy , Navarro Jordan
Published: September 2016

People simulate themselves moving when they view a picture, read a sentence, or simulate a situation that involves motion. The simulation of motion has often been studied in conceptual tasks such as language comprehension. However, most of these studies investigated the direct influence of motion simulation on tasks inducing motion. This article investigates whether a motion induced by the reactivation of a dynamic picture can influence a task that did not require motion processing. In a first phase, a dynamic picture and a static picture were systematically presented with a vibrotactile stimulus (high or low frequency). The second phase of the experiment used a priming paradigm in which a vibrotactile stimulus was presented alone and followed by pictures of objects. Participants had to categorize objects as large or small relative to their typical size (simulated size). Results showed that when the target object was preceded by the vibrotactile stimulus previously associated with the dynamic picture, participants perceived all the objects as larger and categorized them more quickly when the objects were typically “large” and more slowly when the objects were typically “small.” In light of embodied cognition theories, this bias in participants’ perception is assumed to be caused by an induced forward motion generated by the reactivated dynamic picture, which affects simulation of the size of the objects.
Scientific Study of Magic: Binet’s Pioneering Approach Based on Observations and Chronophotography
Authors: Thomas Cyril , Didierjean André , Nicolas Serge
Published: September 2016

In 1894, French psychologist Alfred Binet (1857–1911) published an article titled “The Psychology of Prestidigitation” that reported the results of a study conducted in collaboration with two of the best magicians of that period. By using a new method and new observation techniques, Binet was able to reveal some of the psychological mechanisms involved in magic tricks. Our article begins by presenting Binet’s method and the principal professional magicians who participated in his studies. Next, we present the main psychological tools of magicians described by Binet and look at some recent studies dealing with those mechanisms. Finally, we take a look at the innovative technique used by Binet for his study on magic: the chronophotograph.
Developing Musical Independence in a High School Band
Authors: Weidner Brian N.
Published: September 2016

This qualitative case study describes how a band director, whose objectives included the development of musical independence, designed his classroom, curriculum, and instruction and how his students experienced this pedagogical practice. Teachers and students of a secondary-level concert band were observed and interviewed over the course of an 8-week concert cycle. The lead teacher utilized a constructivist approach comprised of three interrelated elements: a deliberately structured band environment, teacher-moderated instruction, and student-led engagement. The teacher-moderated and student-led elements were situated within an educational space that emphasized musical rigor, social engagement, and extramusical skills. This environment promoted students’ musical growth with support from social and extramusical resources. The teacher facilitated learning through scaffolded instruction that included modeling, guided problem solving and decision-making, and intentional vagueness. These strategies invited students to actively engage in critical thinking and take personal responsibility within the large ensemble setting. Students applied their learning from teacher-moderated instruction to student-led music opportunities in both large and chamber ensembles. The teacher monitored but did not participate in student-led activities, allowing the students to make their own musical diagnoses and decisions. He used his observations to determine specific student needs and inform his own instructional practice. Students demonstrated musical independence to varying degrees as the teacher facilitated learning differently dependent on student, content, and situation.
Engineering Education through the Latina Lens
Authors: Villa Elsa Q. , Wandermurem Luciene , Hampton Elaine M. , Esquinca Alberto
Published: September 2016

Less than 20% of undergraduates earning a degree in engineering are women, and even more alarming is minority women earn a mere 3.1% of those degrees. This paper reports on a qualitative study examining Latinas’ identity development toward and in undergraduate engineering and computer science studies using a sociocultural theory of learning. Three major themes emerged from the data analysis: 1) Engineering support clusters as affinity spaces contributing to development of engineering identities; 2) Mexican or Mexican-American family contributing to persistence in engineering; and 3) Equity in access to engineering education. Engineering support clusters and Mexican heritage family support were vital in developing and sustaining Latinas’ engineering identity. Additionally, data supported the idea that Latinas at the research site experienced gender and ethnic equity in their access to engineering education. The authors call for a more gender-inclusive engineering education and situating education experiences in more effective learning approaches (i.e., critical thinking in community and cultural contexts), which deserves attention in order to move engineering away from a ubiquitous view of inflexibility regarding women in engineering.
Studying the Seismic Reliability in the Cable-Stayed Bridge
Authors: Vajdian Mehdi , Habibi Alireza , Aliparvari Aliparvari
Published: September 2016

With regard to the abundant importance of bridges and the need to study the behavior of these structures against earthquake forces and also new and strong methods for analysis of structures in this article, the probabilistic structure based on seismic reliability is used in order to assess the seismic performance of the members of a cable bridge by using of incremental non-linear dynamic analysis. This analysis method is an efficient tool for estimating the need and capacity in engineering probabilistic method according to the performance. With regard to the unpredictable and uncertain property of earthquake and the hypotheses existing in modeling the bridges and uncertainties existing in demand and capacity and with regard to the losses and severity parameters, the method based on reliability is used for studying in these structures according to the intended performance levels. In this research, the purpose is to study the seismic reliability of one of the cable bridges which has been designed according to the seismic criterion of Iran country (Ahvaz). In this research, sap2000 software has been used for incremental non-linear dynamic analysis, and the reliability level is calculated with regard to FEMA351 instruction.
The Impact of Meurofeedback-Based Therapy on Reducing Test Anxiety and Shyness of Female Students at Competitive Dxamination Level
Authors: Koloei Yalda Zarifian , Marashian Fatemeh Sadat
Published: September 2016

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of neurofeedback-based treatment in reducing test anxiety and shyness of female students at competitive examination level in Ahvaz. The sample consisted of 40 students at competitive examination level that were selected by available sampling method from students referred to Ahvaz Aramesh counseling clinic, which were randomly divided into two experimental (n=20) and control (n=20) groups. The tools used were Friedman Test Anxiety Questionnaire (1997) and Stanford Shyness Questionnaire (1997). The experimental group received fifteen 30-minute sessions (three sessions per week) of neurofeedback treatment program. The study design was a semi-experimental and pretest-posttest one with control group. The results obtained using analysis of variance (ANCOVA) at significance level of α=0.05 showed that the neurofeedback-based therapy has an impact on reducing test anxiety and shyness of female students at competitive examination level in Ahvaz.
Termijnen voor oproeping en verschijnen onder KEI
Authors: Tjong Tjin Tai T.F.E.
Published: September 2016

Termijnen voor oproeping en verschijnen onder KEI

De termijnenregeling onder het gewijzigde recht ingevolge KEI is gecompliceerd doch heeft weinig aandacht gekregen. In dit artikel wordt deze regeling geanalyseerd op basis van een vergelijking met de tot en met 2016 geldende regeling, en wordt daarnaast een dogmatisch kader opgezet aan de hand waarvan de verschillende functies van oproeping en verschillende soorten termijnen kunnen worden geplaatst. Daarnaast worden enkele onduidelijkheden en knelpunten gesignaleerd en oplossingen hiervoor gesuggereerd.
BRAZIL: TRADITION VERSUS MODERNITY – A LAW, CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL PROBLEM
Authors: Rego George Browne
Published: September 2016

This paper is concerned with problems related with culture and social changes in Brazil and how they have been affected by deeply held beliefs which have acted as barriers against social and economic development.
Preclinical Analysis of Fetal Human Mesencephalic Neural Progenitor Cell Lines: Characterization and Safety In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Moon Jisook , Schwarz Sigrid C. , Lee Hyun-Seob , Kang Jun Mo , Lee Young-Eun , Kim Bona , Sung Mi-Young , Höglinger Günter , Wegner Florian , Kim Jin Su , Chung Hyung-Min , Chang Sung Woon , Cha Kwang Yul , Kim Kwang-Soo , Schwarz Johannes
Published: September 2016

We have developed a good manufacturing practice for long-term cultivation of fetal human midbrain-derived neural progenitor cells. The generation of human dopaminergic neurons may serve as a tool of either restorative cell therapies or cellular models, particularly as a reference for phenotyping region-specific human neural stem cell lines such as human embryonic stem cells and human inducible pluripotent stem cells. We cultivated 3 different midbrain neural progenitor lines at 10, 12, and 14 weeks of gestation for more than a year and characterized them in great detail, as well as in comparison with Lund mesencephalic cells. The whole cultivation process of tissue preparation, cultivation, and cryopreservation was developed using strict serum-free conditions and standardized operating protocols under clean-room conditions. Long-term-cultivated midbrain-derived neural progenitor cells retained stemness, midbrain fate specificity, and floorplate markers. The potential to differentiate into authentic A9-specific dopaminergic neurons was markedly elevated after prolonged expansion, resulting in large quantities of functional dopaminergic neurons without genetic modification. In restorative cell therapeutic approaches, midbrain-derived neural progenitor cells reversed impaired motor function in rodents, survived well, and did not exhibit tumor formation in immunodeficient nude mice in the short or long term (8 and 30 weeks, respectively). We conclude that midbrain-derived neural progenitor cells are a promising source for human dopaminergic neurons and suitable for long-term expansion under good manufacturing practice, thus opening the avenue for restorative clinical applications or robust cellular models such as high-content or high-throughput screening.
Cancer Stem Cells Therapeutic Target Database: The First Comprehensive Database for Therapeutic Targets of Cancer Stem Cells
Authors: Hu Xiaoqing , Cong Ye , Luo Huizhe (Howard) , Wu Sijin , Zhao Liyuan (Eric) , Liu Quentin , Yang Yongliang
Published: September 2016

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of tumor cells that have strong self-renewal capabilities and may contribute to the failure of conventional cancer therapies. Hence, therapeutics homing in on CSCs represent a novel and promising approach that may eradicate malignant tumors. However, the lack of information on validated targets of CSCs has greatly hindered the development of CSC-directed therapeutics. Herein, we describe the Cancer Stem Cells Therapeutic Target Database (CSCTT), the first online database to provide a rich bioinformatics resource for the display, search, and analysis of structure, function, and related annotation for therapeutic targets of cancer stem cells. CSCTT contains 135 proteins that are potential targets of CSCs, with validated experimental evidence manually curated from existing literatures. Proteins are carefully annotated with a detailed description of protein families, biological process, related diseases, and experimental evidences. In addition, CSCTT has compiled 213 documented therapeutic methods for cancer stem cells, including 118 small molecules and 20 biotherapy methods. The CSCTT may serve as a useful platform for the development of CSC-directed therapeutics against various malignant tumors. The CSCTT database is freely available to the public at http://www.csctt.org/.
Interactive effects of grazing and drought on desert rangelands of Tunisia
Authors: Gamoun Mouldi , Essifi Bouajila , Dickens Chris , Hanchi Belgacem
Published: September 2016

Arid rangelands worldwide regularly confront drought and overgrazing. Land degradation is mostly apparent in desert rangelands, where drought events are important and grazing influences and intrinsic vegetation change act intermittently. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of grazing and drought stress on diversity, species richness and primary production in desert rangeland of southern Tunisia. This assessment was conducted in March 2008 (wet year) and March 2009 (dry year) both on grazed and ungrazed sites. Diversity, species richness and biomass production exhibited bigger variation between years than among sites within two years. Although protection from grazing could slightly increase rangeland production in favorable years, the additive effects of heavy grazing and drought could result in restoration failure. This study suggests that climatic variations, particularly droughts, control major trends in plant species composition, diversity and biomass. Under grazing, plants of desert regions are able to respond very rapidly to small drought. The latter is the most debilitating risk in desert areas.
Potencia visibilizadora e intensidad testimonial en la autotraducción: la poesía mapuche de Adriana Paredes Pinda
Authors: Stocco Melisa
Published: September 2016

Desde el marco conceptual que habilitan Deleuze y Guattari con la noción de literatura menor, es posible comprender el carácter testimonial y visibilizador que asumen, desde su agenciamiento como dispositivo de enunciación colectivo, las literaturas producidas por autores que marcan su pertenencia a un pueblo originario. El hecho de que esta producción literaria sea, en muchos casos, escrita en forma bilingüe, en castellano y en una determinada lengua indígena, da un rasgo de fuerte desterritorialización al uso de las lenguas. En este contexto, la autotraducción se vuelve una cuestión de interés central en tanto procedimiento que habilita la expresión doble. En el caso particular de la poesía mapuche y en especial en el de Adriana Paredes Pinda, una autora que aprende la lengua de sus antepasados en la adultez como parte de un movimiento de recuperación y reafirmación identitarias, el trabajo de la autotraducción comprende la forma de agenciarse en un lugar de sujeto en la frontera, al igual que la “nueva mestiza” de Gloria Anzaldúa: un ser cuyo cuerpo vive transido por las huellas que deja una vida en el entre-medio de dos culturas en permanente conflicto.
El policial en los policiales. Retóricas de ficción en un noticiero de casos criminales ('Cámara del crimen')
Authors: Maltz Hernán
Published: September 2016

Proponemos analizar las estrategias narrativas empleadas para contar casos criminales en el programa Cámara del crimen, conducido por Ricardo Canaletti en la señal televisiva TN (Todo Noticias), durante las emisiones de 2014. Sostenemos la tesis de que para contar casos reales hay una necesaria apoyatura en discursos ficcionales (fílmicos y literarios), especialmente del género policial. Nos servimos de elementos teóricos de la semiótica, fundamentalmente en lo que respecta a una teoría de los géneros que contemple los aspectos enunciativos, temáticos y retóricos de todo discurso. También apelamos a motivos, recursos y estilos específicos del cine y la literatura policiales, fuentes indispensables para pensar la transposición selectiva de ciertas retóricas empleadas en Cámara del crimen. Para el análisis distinguimos cinco instancias en las que identificamos estas retóricas: la presentación del programa; el modo de presentarse del conductor y del co-conductor; la ambientación espacial del propio programa; el modo de presentar y representar los casos referidos; y los usos de la escenificación en la narración de las historias.
Flores en el Polo Norte: la edición bonaerense de libros en gallego, euskara y catalán
Authors: Mengual Català Josep
Published: September 2016

Al término de la guerra civil española, y como consecuencia de la represión franquista, surgieron en Argentina diversas iniciativas para publicar libros y revistas en catalán, gallego y euskara que en la Península no podían publicarse. En este artículo se analiza el contexto en que nacieron y la evolución de los principales sellos e instituciones que las llevaron a cabo, pues a medida que en España se produjo una relativa relajación de la censura, la orientación y el sentido que tuvieron estas ediciones fue también evolucionando. Se ponen de manifiesto al mismo tiempo, los diferentes condicionantes y significados o sentidos que estas ediciones tuvieron en sus respectivas culturas y su repercusión en España. Palabras clave: Edición Catalán Gallego Euskara Argentina   When the Spanish Civil War ended, and as a consequence of the Franco repression, several initiatives arose in Argentina to publish books and magazines in Catalan, Galician or Basque that could not be published in the Iberian Peninsula. This article analyzes the context of their birth and the evolution of the main imprints and institutions that published them, since a relative decline of censorship in Spain meant that the orientation and meaning of these editions evolved as well. Thus, this article emphasizes the various conditioning factors and significance of these editions in their respective cultures, and their repercussion in Spain. Key Words: Publishing Catalan Galician Basque Argentina
Cells must express components of the planar cell polarity system and extracellular matrix to support cytonemes
Authors: Huang Hai , Kornberg Thomas B
Published: September 2016

Drosophila dorsal air sac development depends on Decapentaplegic (Dpp) and Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) proteins produced by the wing imaginal disc and transported by cytonemes to the air sac primordium (ASP). Dpp and FGF signaling in the ASP was dependent on components of the planar cell polarity (PCP) system in the disc, and neither Dpp- nor FGF-receiving cytonemes extended over mutant disc cells that lacked them. ASP cytonemes normally navigate through extracellular matrix (ECM) composed of collagen, laminin, Dally and Dally-like (Dlp) proteins that are stratified in layers over the disc cells. However, ECM over PCP mutant cells had reduced levels of laminin, Dally and Dlp, and whereas Dpp-receiving ASP cytonemes navigated in the Dally layer and required Dally (but not Dlp), FGF-receiving ASP cytonemes navigated in the Dlp layer, requiring Dlp (but not Dally). These findings suggest that cytonemes interact directly and specifically with proteins in the stratified ECM.
Adjustable built-in resistor on oxygen-vacancy-rich electrode-capped resistance random access memory
Authors: Pan Chih-Hung , Chang Ting-Chang , Tsai Tsung-Ming , Chang Kuan-Chang , Chu Tian-Jian , Chen Po-Hsun , Chen Min-Chen , Sze Simon M.
Published: September 2016

In this study, an adjustable built-in resistor was observed on an indium–tin oxide (ITO)-capped resistance random access memory (RRAM) device, which has the potential to reduce operating power. Quite notably, the high-resistance state (HRS) current of the device decreased with decreasing current compliance, and a special situation, that is, a gradual change in current always appears and climbs slowly to reach the compliance current in the set process even when the compliance current decreases, was observed. Owing to this observed phenomenon, the device is regarded to be equipped with an adjustable built-in resistor, which has the potential for low-power device application.
Effect of initial growth on the quality of GaN on patterned sapphire substrate with ex situ physical vapor deposition AlN seed layer
Authors: Wang Hongbo , Daigo Yoshiaki , Seino Takuya , Ishibashi Sotaro , Sugiyama Masakazu
Published: September 2016

GaN epitaxy was explored on a cone-patterned sapphire substrate with an ex situ AlN seed layer prepared by physical vapor deposition (PVD). The effect of initial growth on the quality of the GaN epilayer was investigated using both ex situ PVD-AlN seed layers with various thicknesses and various deposition parameters such as temperature and reactor pressure in metal–organic vapor-phase epitaxy (MOVPE). It was found that the quality of GaN is insensitive to both the thickness of the ex situ PVD-AlN seed layer and the MOVPE growth conditions. A high-quality GaN film was realized, as indicated by room-temperature CL mapping (dark spot density of 1.6 × 108 cm−2), on a patterned sapphire substrate with a wide growth condition window by simply employing an ex situ PVD-AlN seed layer.
Geoelectric hazard maps for the continental United States
Authors: Love Jeffrey J. , Pulkkinen Antti , Bedrosian Paul A. , Jonas Seth , Kelbert Anna , Rigler E. Joshua , Finn Carol A. , Balch Christopher C. , Rutledge Robert , Waggel Richard M. , Sabata Andrew T. , Kozyra Janet U. , Black Carrie E.
Published: September 2016

In support of a multiagency project for assessing induction hazards, we present maps of extreme‐value geoelectric amplitudes over about half of the continental United States. These maps are constructed using a parameterization of induction: estimates of Earth surface impedance, obtained at discrete geographic sites from magnetotelluric survey data, are convolved with latitude‐dependent statistical maps of extreme‐value geomagnetic activity, obtained from decades of magnetic observatory data. Geoelectric amplitudes are estimated for geomagnetic waveforms having 240 s sinusoidal period and amplitudes over 10 min that exceed a once‐per‐century threshold. As a result of the combination of geographic differences in geomagnetic activity and Earth surface impedance, once‐per‐century geoelectric amplitudes span more than 2 orders of magnitude and are an intricate function of location. For north‐south induction, once‐per‐century geoelectric amplitudes across large parts of the United States have a median value of 0.26 V/km; for east‐west geomagnetic variation the median value is 0.23 V/km. At some locations, once‐per‐century geoelectric amplitudes exceed 3 V/km.
Emissions of nitrogen‐containing organic compounds from the burning of herbaceous and arboraceous biomass: Fuel composition dependence and the variability of commonly used nitrile tracers
Authors: Coggon Matthew M. , Veres Patrick R. , Yuan Bin , Koss Abigail , Warneke Carsten , Gilman Jessica B. , Lerner Brian M. , Peischl Jeff , Aikin Kenneth C. , Stockwell Chelsea E. , Hatch Lindsay E. , Ryerson Thomas B. , Roberts James M. , Yokelson Robert J. , de Gouw Joost A.
Published: September 2016

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from residential wood and crop residue burning were measured in Colorado, U.S. When compared to the emissions from crop burning, residential wood burning exhibited markedly lower concentrations of acetonitrile, a commonly used biomass burning tracer. For both herbaceous and arboraceous fuels, the emissions of nitrogen‐containing VOCs (NVOCs) strongly depend on the fuel nitrogen content; therefore, low NVOC emissions from residential wood burning result from the combustion of low‐nitrogen fuel. Consequently, the emissions of compounds hazardous to human health, such as HNCO and HCN, and the formation of secondary pollutants, such as ozone generated by NOx, are likely to depend on fuel nitrogen. These results also demonstrate that acetonitrile may not be a suitable tracer for domestic burning in urban areas. Wood burning emissions may be best identified through analysis of the emissions profile rather than reliance on a single tracer species.
Dipolarization in the inner magnetosphere during a geomagnetic storm on 7 October 2015
Authors: Matsui H. , Erickson P. J. , Foster J. C. , Torbert R. B. , Argall M. R. , Anderson B. J. , Blake J. B. , Cohen I. J. , Ergun R. E. , Farrugia C. J. , Khotyaintsev Yu. V. , Korth H. , Lindqvist P.‐A. , Magnes W. , Marklund G. T. , Mauk B. H. , Paulson K. W. , Russell C. T. , Strangeway R. J. , Turner D. L.
Published: September 2016

A dipolarization event was observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft at L = 3.8 and 19.8 magnetic local time starting at ∼23:42:36 UT on 7 October 2015. The magnetic and electric fields showed initially coherent variations between the spacecraft. The sunward convection turned tailward after the dipolarization. The observation is interpreted in terms of the pressure balance or the momentum equation. This was followed by a region traversed where the fields were irregular. The scale length was of the order of the ion gyroradius, suggesting the kinetic nature of the fluctuations. Combination of the multi‐instrument, multispacecraft data reveals a more detailed picture of the dipolarization event in the inner magnetosphere. Conjunction ionosphere‐plasmasphere observations from DMSP, two‐dimensional GPS total electron content, the Millstone Hill midlatitude incoherent scatter radar, and AMPERE measurements imply that MMS observations are located on the poleward edge of the ionospheric trough where Region 2 field‐aligned currents flow.
Effects of solar and geomagnetic activity on the occurrence of equatorial plasma bubbles over Hong Kong
Authors: Kumar Sanjay , Chen Wu , Liu Zhizhao , Ji Shengyue
Published: September 2016

In the present study, the occurrence and characteristics of equatorial plasma bubble (EPB) has been analyzed using the GPS data from continuously operating reference stations network over Hong Kong during 2001–2012. The analysis found maximum EPB occurrences during the equinoctial months and minimum EPB occurrences during the December solstice throughout 2001–2012 except during the solar minimum in 2007–2009. The maximum EPB occurrences were observed in June solstice during 2007–2008, whereas for 2009, EPB occurrences were quite higher for June solstice but slightly smaller than the March equinox. The seasonal maximum in EPB occurrences have been discussed in terms of plasma density seed perturbation caused by gravity waves as well as the post sunset F‐layer rise due to the pre‐reversal enhancement of zonal electric field. Generally, EPB occurrences are found to be more prominent during nighttime hours (19:00–24:00 h) than daytime hours. The day and nighttime EPB occurrences were inferred and found to vary linearly with solar activity and have an annual correlation coefficient (R) of ~ 0.92 with F10.7 cm solar flux and ~0.88 with sunspot number. Moreover, the impact of solar activity on EPB occurrences is found to be dependent on seasons with maximum during the equinox (R = 0.80) and minimum during the summer season (R = 0.68). The detail study of EPB occurrences during two typical cases of geomagnetic storms on 6 November and 24 November 2001 found that the storm on 24 November triggered the EPB occurrence whereas storm on 6 November suppressed the EPB occurrence. The enhancement/suppression of EPB occurrences during storms periods is a consequence of a storm‐induced prompt penetration electric field as well as disturbance dynamo electric field effects associated with the main phase of the geomagnetic storm.
Solar wind driving of ionosphere‐thermosphere responses in three storms near St. Patrick's Day in 2012, 2013, and 2015
Authors: Verkhoglyadova O. P. , Tsurutani B. T. , Mannucci A. J. , Mlynczak M. G. , Hunt L. A. , Paxton L. J. , Komjathy A.
Published: September 2016

We identify interplanetary plasma regions associated with three intense interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs)‐driven geomagnetic storm intervals which occurred around the same time of the year: day of year 74–79 (March) of 2012, 2013, and 2015. We show that differences in solar wind drivers lead to different dynamical ionosphere‐thermosphere (IT) responses and to different preconditioning of the IT system. We introduce a new hourly based global metric for average low‐latitude and northern middle‐latitude vertical total electron content responses in the morning, afternoon, and evening local time ranges, derived from measurements from globally distributed Global Navigation Satellite System ground stations. Our novel technique of estimating nitric oxide (NO) cooling radiation in 11° latitudinal zones is based on Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED)/Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) measurements. The thermospheric cooling throughout the storm phases is studied with this high latitudinal resolution for the first time. Additionally, TIMED/Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI) observations of the dynamical response of the thermospheric composition (O/N2 ratio) are utilized to study negative ionospheric storm effects. Based on these data sets, we describe and quantify distinct IT responses to driving by ICME sheaths, magnetic clouds, coronal loop remnants, plasma discontinuities, and high‐speed streams following ICMEs. Our analysis of coupling functions indicates strong connection between coupling with the solar wind and IT system response in ICME‐type storms and also some differences. Knowledge of interplanetary features is crucial for understanding IT storm dynamics.
Ionospheric storm effects and equatorial plasma irregularities during the 17–18 March 2015 event
Authors: Zhou Yun‐Liang , Lühr Hermann , Xiong Chao , Pfaff Robert F.
Published: September 2016

The intense magnetic storm on 17–18 March 2015 caused large disturbances of the ionosphere. Based on the plasma density (Ni) observations performed by the Swarm fleet of satellites, the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment mission, and the Communications/Navigation Outage Forecasting System satellite, we characterize the storm‐related perturbations at low latitudes. All these satellites sampled the ionosphere in morning and evening time sectors where large modifications occurred. Modifications of plasma density are closely related to changes of the solar wind merging electric field (Em). We consider two mechanisms, prompt penetration electric field (PPEF) and disturbance dynamo electric field (DDEF), as the main cause for the Ni redistribution, but effects of meridional wind are also taken into account. At the start of the storm main phase, the PPEF is enhancing plasma density on the dayside and reducing it on the nightside. Later, DDEF takes over and causes the opposite reaction. Unexpectedly, there appears during the recovery phase a strong density enhancement in the morning/prenoon sector and a severe Ni reduction in the afternoon/evening sector, and we suggest a combined effect of vertical plasma drift, and meridional wind is responsible for these ionospheric storm effects. Different from earlier studies about this storm, we also investigate the influence of storm dynamics on the initiation of equatorial plasma irregularities (EPIs). Shortly after the start of the storm main phase, EPIs appear in the postsunset sector. As a response to a short‐lived decline of Em, EPI activity appears in the early morning sector. Following the second start of the main phase, EPIs are generated for a few hours in the late evening sector. However, for the rest of the storm main phase, no more EPIs are initiated for more than 12 h. Only after the onset of recovery phase does EPI activity start again in the postmidnight sector, lasting more than 7 h. This comprehensive view of ionospheric storm effects and plasma irregularities adds to our understanding of conditions that lead to ionospheric instabilities.
Comparison of algorithms for determination of solar wind regimes
Authors: Neugebauer Marcia , Reisenfeld Daniel , Richardson Ian G.
Published: September 2016

This study compares the designation of different solar wind flow regimes (transient, coronal hole, and streamer belt) according to two algorithms derived from observations by the Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer, the Solar Wind Electron Proton Alpha Monitor, and the Magnetometer on the ACE spacecraft, with a similar regime determination performed on board the Genesis spacecraft. The comparison is made for the interval from late 2001 to early 2004 when Genesis was collecting solar wind ions for return to Earth. The agreement between hourly regime assignments from any pair of algorithms was less than two thirds, while the simultaneous agreement between all three algorithms was only 49%. When the results of the algorithms were compared to a catalog of interplanetary coronal mass ejection events, it was found that almost all the events in the catalog were confirmed by the spacecraft algorithms. On the other hand, many short transient events, lasting 1 to 13 h, that were unanimously selected as transient like by the algorithms, were not included in the catalog.
Two‐stage spin transition of iron in FeAl‐bearing phase D at lower mantle
Authors: Wu Xiang , Wu Ye , Lin Jung‐Fu , Liu Jin , Mao Zhu , Guo Xinzhuan , Yoshino Takashi , McCammon Catherine , Prakapenka Vitali B. , Xiao Yuming
Published: September 2016

Hydrous magnesium silicate phase D plays a key role in the transport of water from the upper to the lower mantle via subducted slabs. Here we report pressure dependence hyperfine and lattice parameters of FeAl‐bearing phase D up to megabar pressures using synchrotron nuclear forward scattering and X‐ray diffraction in a diamond anvil cell at room temperature. FeAl‐bearing phase D undergoes a two‐stage high‐spin to low‐spin transition of iron for Fe2+ at 37–41 GPa and for Fe3+ at 64–68 GPa. These transitions are accompanied by an increase in density and a significant softening in the bulk modulus and bulk velocity at their respective pressure range. The occurrence of the dense low‐spin FeAl‐bearing phase D with relatively high velocity anisotropies in deep‐subducted slabs can potentially contribute to small‐scale seismic heterogeneities in the middle‐lower mantle beneath the circum‐Pacific area.
An enhanced VIIRS aerosol optical thickness (AOT) retrieval algorithm over land using a global surface reflectance ratio database
Authors: Zhang Hai , Kondragunta Shobha , Laszlo Istvan , Liu Hongqing , Remer Lorraine A. , Huang Jingfeng , Superczynski Stephen , Ciren Pubu
Published: September 2016

The Visible/Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on board the Suomi National Polar‐orbiting Partnership (S‐NPP) satellite has been retrieving aerosol optical thickness (AOT), operationally and globally, over ocean and land since shortly after S‐NPP launch in 2011. However, the current operational VIIRS AOT retrieval algorithm over land has two limitations in its assumptions for land surfaces: (1) it only retrieves AOT over the dark surfaces and (2) it assumes that the global surface reflectance ratios between VIIRS bands are constants. In this work, we develop a surface reflectance ratio database over land with a spatial resolution 0.1° × 0.1° using 2 years of VIIRS top of atmosphere reflectances. We enhance the current operational VIIRS AOT retrieval algorithm by applying the surface reflectance ratio database in the algorithm. The enhanced algorithm is able to retrieve AOT over both dark and bright surfaces. Over bright surfaces, the VIIRS AOT retrievals from the enhanced algorithm have a correlation of 0.79, mean bias of −0.008, and standard deviation (STD) of error of 0.139 when compared against the ground‐based observations at the global AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network) sites. Over dark surfaces, the VIIRS AOT retrievals using the surface reflectance ratio database improve the root‐mean‐square error from 0.150 to 0.123. The use of the surface reflectance ratio database also increases the data coverage of more than 20% over dark surfaces. The AOT retrievals over bright surfaces are comparable to MODIS Deep Blue AOT retrievals.
Impact of high‐resolution sea surface temperature and urban data on estimations of surface air temperature in a regional climate
Authors: Adachi Sachiho A. , Kimura Fujio , Takahashi Hiroshi G. , Hara Masayuki , Ma Xieyao , Tomita Hirofumi
Published: September 2016

We investigated the impact of using high‐resolution sea surface temperature (SST) data and a sophisticated urban model on the simulation of surface air temperature (SAT) in the Nagoya metropolitan area using a regional climate model. The spatially detailed structure of SST, expressed in high‐resolution SST data, had relatively little impact on SAT. On the other hand, the difference in areal mean value of SST strongly affected SAT across a wide range of land surfaces. When a spatially inhomogeneous distribution was used for the urban fraction and anthropogenic heat, and appropriate physical properties for building materials were given according to the specific urban categories, we achieved significant improvements in both the diurnal range of SAT and its daily mean. Based on a comparison with an additional sensitivity experiment for building albedo, the sophistication of urban fraction and thermal parameters related to building materials had a comparable impact on SAT as presumable building albedo in the daytime, while they indicated a larger impact on the nighttime SAT. We conclude that (1) the areal mean SST is critical rather than its resolution for the climatological average of SAT over the land; (2) the simultaneous refinement of the urban fraction and building material parameters, as well as an appropriate building albedo setting, greatly improves the representation of SAT; and (3) the refinement of areal mean SST and the urban data have the same degree of importance for a better representation of the SAT.
Enhanced formation of isoprene‐derived organic aerosol in sulfur‐rich power plant plumes during Southeast Nexus
Authors: Xu Lu , Middlebrook Ann M. , Liao Jin , de Gouw Joost A. , Guo Hongyu , Weber Rodney J. , Nenes Athanasios , Lopez‐Hilfiker Felipe D. , Lee Ben H. , Thornton Joel A. , Brock Charles A. , Neuman J. Andrew , Nowak John B. , Pollack Ilana B. , Welti Andre , Graus Martin , Warneke Carsten , Ng Nga Lee
Published: September 2016

We investigate the effects of anthropogenic sulfate on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from biogenic isoprene through airborne measurements in the southeastern United States as part of the Southeast Nexus (SENEX) field campaign. In a flight over Georgia, organic aerosol (OA) is enhanced downwind of the Harllee Branch power plant but not the Scherer power plant. We find that the OA enhancement is likely caused by the rapid reactive uptake of isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX) in the sulfate‐rich plume of Harllee Branch, which was emitting at least 3 times more sulfur dioxide (SO2) than Scherer, and more aerosol sulfate was produced downwind. The contrast in the evolution of isoprene‐derived OA concentration between two power plants with different SO2 emissions provides an opportunity to investigate the magnitude and mechanisms of particle sulfate on isoprene‐derived OA formation. We estimate that 1 µg sm−3 reduction of sulfate would decrease the isoprene‐derived OA by 0.23 ± 0.08 µg sm−3. Based on a parameterization of the IEPOX heterogeneous reactions, we find that the effects of sulfate on isoprene‐derived OA formation in the power plant plume arises from enhanced particle surface area and particle acidity, which increases both IEPOX uptake to particles and subsequent aqueous‐phase reactions, respectively. The observed relationships between isoprene‐OA, sulfate, particle pH, and particle water in previous field studies are explained using these findings.
A multisatellite climatology of clouds, radiation, and precipitation in southern West Africa and comparison to climate models
Authors: Hill Peter G. , Allan Richard P. , Chiu J. Christine , Stein Thorwald H. M.
Published: September 2016

Southern West Africa (SWA) has a large population that relies on highly variable monsoon rainfall, yet climate models show little consensus over projected precipitation in this region. Understanding of the current and future climate of SWA is further complicated by rapidly increasing anthropogenic emissions and a lack of surface observations. Using multiple satellite observations, the ERA‐Interim reanalysis, and four climate models, we document the climatology of cloud, precipitation, and radiation over SWA in June–July, highlight discrepancies among satellite products, and identify shortcomings in climate models and ERA‐Interim. Large differences exist between monthly mean cloud cover estimates from satellites, which range from 68 to 94%. In contrast, differences among satellite observations in top of atmosphere outgoing radiation and surface precipitation are smaller, with monthly means of about 230 W m−2 of longwave radiation, 145 W m−2 of shortwave radiation, and 5.87 mm d−1 of precipitation. Both ERA‐Interim and the climate models show less total cloud cover than observations, mainly due to underestimating low cloud cover. Errors in cloud cover, along with uncertainty in surface albedo, lead to a large spread of outgoing shortwave radiation. Both ERA‐Interim and the climate models also show signs of convection developing too early in the diurnal cycle, with associated errors in the diurnal cycles of precipitation and outgoing longwave radiation. Clouds, radiation, and precipitation are linked in an analysis of the regional energy budget, which shows that interannual variability of precipitation and dry static energy divergence are strongly linked.
Potassium‐rich sandstones within the Gale impact crater, Mars: The APXS perspective
Authors: Thompson L. M. , Schmidt M. E. , Spray J. G. , Berger J. A. , Fairén A. G. , Campbell J. L. , Perrett G. M. , Boyd N. , Gellert R. , Pradler I. , VanBommel S. J.
Published: September 2016

The Alpha Particle X‐ray spectrometer (APXS) on board the Curiosity rover at the Kimberley location within Gale crater, Mars, analyzed basaltic sandstones that are characterized by potassium enrichments of 2 to 8 times estimates for average Martian crust. They are the most potassic rocks sampled on Mars to date. They exhibit elevated Fe, Mg, Mn and Zn and depleted Na, Al, and Si. These compositional characteristics are common to other potassic sedimentary rocks analyzed by APXS at Gale but distinct from other landing sites and Martian meteorites. CheMin and APXS analysis of a drilled sample indicate mineralogy dominated by sanidine, Ca‐rich and Ca‐poor clinopyroxene, magnetite, olivine, and andesine. The anhydrous mineralogy of the Kimberley sample, and the normative mineralogy derived from APXS of other Bathurst class rocks, together indicate provenance from one or more potassium‐rich magmatic or impact‐generated source rocks on the rim of Gale crater or beyond. Elevated Zn, Ge, and Cu suggest that a localized area of the source region(s) experienced hydrothermal alteration, which was subsequently eroded, dispersed, and diluted throughout the unaltered sediment during transport and deposition. The identification of the basaltic, high potassium Bathurst class and other distinct rock compositional classes by the APXS, attests to the diverse chemistry of crustal rocks within and in the vicinity of Gale crater. We conclude that weathering, transport, and diagenesis of the sediment did not occur in a warm and wet environment, but instead under relatively cold and wet conditions, perhaps more fitting with processes typical of glacial/periglacial environments.