bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phytochemical screening and anti-virulence properties of Ceiba pentandra and Ceiba aesculifolia (Malvaceae) bark extracts and fractions
Authors: Muñoz-Cazares Naybi , Aguilar-Rodríguez Silvia , García-Contreras Rodolfo , Soto-Hernández Marcos , Martínez-Vázquez Mariano , Palma-Tenango Mariana , Prado-Galbarro Francisco Javier , Castillo-Juárez Israel
Published: September 2018

Background: Inhibition of quorum sensing systems (QSS-I) is a novel strategy in the treatment of bacterial infections. To date, plants are the major source of metabolites with this inhibitory activity. Thus, species of Mexican flora can be important resources for obtaining metabolites with QSS-I activity.Hypothesis: We hypothesized that extracts from species of the genus Ceiba have metabolites with inhibitory activity against bacterial quorum sensing systems.Species studied: Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. and Ceiba aesculifolia (Kunth) Britten & Baker f. (Malvaceae).Study site and years of study: We collected Ceiba bark in the municipalities of Tierra Blanca, Veracruz, and Acatlan, Oaxaca, in August 2013.Methods: We determined the effect of extracts from C. aesculifolia and C. pentandra against QSS-regulated phenotypes of Chromobacterium violaceum and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Extracts were fractionated and the main metabolites were identified. As support in the identification of the species, we carried out an anatomical study of the bark.Results: Hexane and dichloromethane extracts of both species of Ceiba exhibited QSS-I activity. We identified four fractions rich in terpene and sterol compounds with the ability to attenuate virulence factors in P. aerugiosa. The histological analysis appears to support the presence of some differences in the barks that can facilitate identification of the two species.Conclusions: The extracts and fractions of the two species of Ceiba are sources of phytochemicals with the ability to regulate bacterial quorum sensing systems positively or negatively.
Production of callus and roots from lateral meristems of Loeselia mexicana
Authors: Aguirre-Alberto Lizeth , Martinez-Cardenas Maria de Lourdes
Published: September 2018

Background: Loeselia mexicana , known as Mexican false calico, or espinosilla in Spanish, is a widely distributed secondary forest plant with a significant number of medicinal and cosmetic uses. This species is threatened by the lack of regulation over collection methods and changes in land use. In vitro culture could be used to preserve the species by shoot induction, callus production and cell-suspension to obtain secondary metabolites; this would reduce the need to affect wild populations.Hypothesis: A combination of cytokinins and auxins can induce structural development in the plant, promoting the formation of shoots, roots or callus in vitro . By applying this combination to L. mexicana stem segments, we expected to observe new shoots or callus.Study site and dates: “El Teuhtli” volcano, Xochimilco; from June 2015 to February 2016.Methods: Distal stems cuttings were used as explants. They were disinfected with 1 % soap, 0.6 sodium hypochlorite and 70 % ethanol, and rinsed with distilled water. Two different times of disinfection with ethanol were tested. The distal stem segments were then planted in solid MS medium with 3, 5 or 7 mg L-1 KIN combined with 3 mg L-1 NAA, and 2 % AC.Results: A favorable response was observed in the treatment with 5 mg L-1 KIN and 3 mg L-1 NAA, which produced green callus with root in five weeks. Furthermore, a lower explant mortality rate was achieved, 46.66 % in three weeks, with a shorter disinfection time.Conclusions: Disinfection time is important for this species, and callus production is possible.
Phylogenetic position of Neotropical Bursera -specialist mistletoes: the evolution of deciduousness and succulent leaves in Psittacanthus (Loranthaceae)
Authors: Ortiz-Rodriguez Andrés Ernesto , Guerrero Eydi Yanina , Ornelas Juan Francisco
Published: September 2018

Background: The phylogenetic relationships of the Bursera -host specialist Psittacanthus nudus , P. palmeri and P. sonorae (Loranthaceae) remain uncertain. These mistletoe species exhibit morphological and phenological innovations probably related to their dry habitats, so that determining their phylogenetic position is key to the understanding of factors associated with the morphological evolution within Psittacanthus .Questions: (1) Is the evolution of some morphological innovations in the Bursera -host specialists associated with the ecological conditions linked to host diversification? (2) Does time of diversification in both lineages coincide?Study species: Fourteen species of Psittacanthus .Methods: Sequences of nuclear (ITS) and plastid ( trnL-trnF ) markers are analyzed with Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony methods, and molecular dating under a Bayesian approach estimated to elucidate the phylogenetic position and divergence timing of the Bursera -host specialists.Results: The Bursera -host specialists form a strongly supported clade, named here the ‘ Bursera group’. The divergence time for the Bursera -host specialists was estimated at 7.89 Ma. Interestingly, phylogenetic relationships between P. nudus and P. palmeri , as currently circumscribed, were not fully resolved, making P. palmeri paraphyletic.Conclusions: Based on these results, the plants collected by type locality of P. nudus in Honduras should be named P. palmeri . The seasonal deciduousness of P. palmeri (including P. nudus ) and morphology of P. sonorae (small size, fleshy leaves) are clearly adaptations to dry ecosystems where these species have lived for a long time. In parallel, the evolutionary history of these mistletoes seems to be correlated with the evolutionary history and diversification patterns of Bursera .
Immunoprecipitation Protocol v2
Authors: Knight Kelsey
Published: September 2018

Immunoprecipitation is a procedure by which proteins or peptides that react specifically with an antibody are removed from solution and examined for quantity or physical characteristics. Immunoprecipitation can also be used to “enrich” a protein population prior to Western Blotting. For example, one can perform immunoprecipitation with a pan-specific antibody against a protein of interest followed by Western blotting with a modification-specific antibody (such as a phospho-specific antibody or an acetylation-specific antibody).
Gender Knowledge, and Opposition to the Feminist Project: Extreme-Right Populist Parties in the Netherlands
Authors: Verloo Mieke
Published: September 2018

This article aims to better understand current opposition to feminist politics by analyzing positions of extreme-right populist parties on gender knowledge, “explicit and implicit representations concerning the differences between the sexes and the relations between them, the origins and normative significance of these, the rationale and evidence underpinning them and their material form” (Cavaghan, 2017, p. 48). These understandings contribute to constructing a societal truth on gender and/or to setting the terms of the political debate about gender issues. This article introduces and uses the theoretical concept of episteme to highlight the systematic nature of discursive institutional settings, and the role knowledge and truth production plays in processes reproducing or countering gender inequality. The article analyzes the positions of extreme-right populist parties in the Netherlands and their discursive attacks on the feminist project in the Netherlands, in which these opponents use a redefined concept of ‘cultural Marxism’. Through this analysis, the article illustrates the theoretical argument that epistemic dynamics play a strong role in opposition to feminist politics, that the shifting epistemic framing of science is important in these oppositions and that more comprehensive attention for the epistemic dimension is needed.
Alternatif Değerlendirme Araçlarına Yönelik Öğretmen Görüşleri
Authors: ZELYURT Hikmet , ÖZBEK Ramazan
Published: September 2018

Yapılandırmacı yaklaşıma dayalı olarak oluşturulan
alternatif değerlendirme araçları, sonuçtan çok sürece yöneliktir. Performansa
dayalı durum belirleme içinde yer alan proje ve performans görevleri,
ilköğretimde en sık kullanılan ölçme
ve değerlendirme teknikleri arasında yer almaktadır.
Proje ve performans görevlerinin belirlenmesi, uygulanması, değerlendirilmesi ve
sonuçlandırılması aşamalarında olumlu veya olumsuz durumlarla
karşılaşılabilmektedir. Bu araştırmada, ilköğretim ikinci kademe öğretim
programlarında yer alan proje ve performans görevlerine ilişkin öğretmen
görüşlerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Tarama modelinde desenlenen bu
araştırma, 2010-2011 öğretim yılında Malatya il merkezinde bulunan 52
ilköğretim okulunun ikinci kademesinde görev yapan 802 branş öğretmeni üzerinde
gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın verilerinin analizinde frekans ve yüzde
değerleri hesaplanmış, araştırmanın alt amaçlarına yönelik olarak t-testi, ve
tek yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA) kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda elde edilen
bulgulara göre; öğretmenlerin proje ve performans görevlerinin belirlenme
süreci, uygulanma süreci, değerlendirilme süreci ve bu görevlerin sonuçlarına
ilişkin maddelerde çeşitli değişkenler açısından farklılıklar bulunmuştur.
Öğretmenlerin proje ve performans görevlerini belirlerken öğrencilerin gelişim
düzeylerini, duyuşsal gelişim özelliklerini ve çevre şartlarını dikkate
aldıkları, bu görevleri derse hazırlık olarak kabul ettikleri, öğrencilerin
kendilerinin yapmalarını, başkasına yaptırmamalarını, internetten veya başka
bir kaynaktan aynen aktarmamalarına dikkat ettikleri sonuçlarına ulaşılmıştır.
NLC as a potential carrier system for transdermal delivery of forskolin*
Authors: Lasoń Elwira , Sikora Elżbieta , Miastkowska Małgorzata , Escribano Elvira , Garcia-Celma Maria Jose , Solans Conxita , Llinas Meritxell , Ogonowski Jan
Published: September 2018

NLC (nanostructured lipid carriers), composed with substances of GRAS (generally recognized as safe) status, were obtained by using the hot high pressure homogenization technique (HPH). The influence of number of homogenization cycles and concentration of a surfactant (decyl glucoside) on NLC properties were studied. The systems stability was assessed by macroscopic observation, light backscattering and zeta potential measurements. NLC particle size was measured by means of dynamic light scattering (DLS). The kinetically stable formulations were loaded with forskolin and selected for in vitro drug permeation study (Franz cell method). The concentration of forskolin in the receptor solution (i.e. Ethanol/PBS mixture) was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection. The obtained results have shown that NLC formulations could be used as effective carriers for forskolin permeation through the skin.
Eğitim Geliştirme Faaliyetleri ve Örgütsel Sinizm İlişkisi ve Bir Sağlık İşletmesinde Uygulama
Authors: ÖRÜCÜ Edip , DURMAZ KARATAŞ Dilara
Published: September 2018

Örgütsel sinizm , eğitim ve geliştirme faaliyetleri
ile aralarındaki ilişki düzeyinin tespit edilmesini amaçlayan bu çalışma
betimsel ve ilişkisel tarama ile incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın evreni Balıkesir
ilinde bir kamu hastanesinin idari personeli olarak tercih edilmiş ve örneklem
119 kişi olarak tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmada eğitim ve geliştirme
faaliyetleri için Uyar’ın (2010) kullandığı ifadeler arasından ilişkili olan 17
‘si tercih edilmiştir.  Örgütsel sinizm
için Brandes, Dhadwarkar ve Dean (1999) tarafından geliştirilen bilişsel ,
duyuşsal ve davranışsal alt boyutlarına sahip 13 ifadeden oluşan örgütsel
sinizm ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Veriler istatistiki incelemeye tabi tutulduktan
sonra bir paket program ile analiz edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak sağlık
çalışanlarına uygulanan eğitim ve geliştirme faaliyetleri ile örgütsel sinizm arasında  negatif yönlü, anlamlı ve zayıf
bir ilişki bulunmuştur.
Neonatal Mythbusters: Evaluating the Evidence For and Against Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux
Authors: Schurr Patti , Findlater Carla K.
Published: September 2018

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is a challenging clinical entity that has often been associated with a number of negative clinical outcomes. The treatment of this condition lacks evidence and is often based on anecdotal beliefs and myths. This article will define GER and review the recommendations for the diagnosis of GER as well as review the evidence for both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatment of GER.
Patient-Centered Communication
Authors: BROWN SARAH J.
Published: September 2018

The term patient-centered communication (PCC) has been used to describe a group of communication strategies and behaviors that promote mutuality, shared understandings, and shared decision making in health care encounters. There is evidence to suggest that advanced practice nurse and patients use these strategies to co-produce highly individualized clinical discourse. Although the communication behaviors associated with PCC have been studied separately, their impact as an integrated communications strategy has not been studied. Suggestions for developing PCC as a mid-range theory of health care communication encompassing other more specific communication concepts are offered.
Cancer Care: Impact of Interventions on Garegiver Outcomes
Authors: PASACRETA JEANNIE V. , MCCORKLE RUTH
Published: September 2018

The purpose of this review is to examine the research literature on interventions aimed at caregivers who, in the current health care environment, are assuming increasing responsibility for the complex care of significant others experiencing cancer. The general aim of the review is to synthesize the literature on interventions targeted to cancer caregivers and to summarize outcomes associated with the various intervention strategies described. Three broad categories of interventions were described in the literature: (1) educational, (2) counseling/psychotherapeutic, and (3) hospice and palliative home care. The review included studies that met the following criteria; data-based studies that described an intervention aimed at assisting caregivers to care for patients with cancer, studies published between 1975 and January 1999, and studies published in English. A total of 29 published papers was included.

Although the original intent was to limit the review to studies that associated interventions with outcomes, a lack of well-delineated outcome variables was revealed as a major gap in the literature. Thus, some studies that did not include outcome variables were reviewed and the following conclusions made: (1) there is a dearth of data-based literature describing interventions aimed at caregivers; interventions that are described often lack, well-defined effects due to a lack of or poor operationalization of outcomes; (2) of the small number of studies in this area, many used small samples and lacked randomization; and (3) studies often revealed selection bias to well-adjusted caregivers who were accepting of support, able to obtain respite care in order to participate, and often willing to avail themselves of a group-style intervention.
Two Decades of Insider Research: What We Know and Don’t Know About Chronic Illness Experience
Authors: THORNE SALLY E. , PATERSON BARBARA L.
Published: September 2018

Chronic illness in a general sense and certain chronic diseases in particular have attracted considerable attention from qualitative researchers in nursing as well as in other health and social sciences. This review critically examines the body of available research about the experience of living with a chronic illness from an “insider” perspective. From this foundation the authors interpret the manner in which this large body of writing both contributes to and complicates our theoretical understanding of what it is like to live with a chronic disease. In so doing they illuminate themes within the knowledge that can be gleaned from qualitative inquiry into the chronic illness experience, as well as inherent limitations that roust be taken into consideration when applying such knowledge to practice.
Alcohol Use, Misuse, Abuse, and Dependence in Later Adulthood
Authors: Stevenson Joanne S.
Published: September 2018

Considerable research has focused on alcohol problems in older adults, but the clinical utilization of this knowledge has lagged at least 3 decades behind the scientific developments. This unfortunate situation takes on added significance as the “baby boomer” generation ages because more of them drink more often in larger quantities than previous generations. This chapter focuses more on the ramifications of use, misuse, and abuse than on chronic dependence because the prevalence in the former categories far outweighs the latter.

Older alcohol misusers and abusers are at excess risk for myriad physical problems and premature death because alcohol interacts with the natural aging process in negative ways to increase risks for injuries, hypertension, cardiac dysrhythmic events, cancers, gastrointestinal problems, neurocognitive deficits, bone loss, and emotional challenges, most notably depression. Low volume and less than daily alcohol consumption appear to be protective against blood clots in the coronary and brain vessels, bone loss and falls, and cognitive decline compared with current abstainers. At higher levels, alcohol has the opposite effect.

Research findings strongly support positive outcomes of case finding, referral, and treatment of older adults who are misusing or abusing alcohol. However, there is ample evidence that health care providers across the spectrum of primary, acute, and long-term care ignore the signs and symptoms of alcohol misuse and abuse in their older patients and treat symptoms and sequelae of the abuse rather than confronting the abuse itself. Recommendations for changes in practice are made together with ideas for additional research in several areas where the current state of knowledge is inadequate, conflicting, or based on narrowly homogeneous samples.
Medication-Related Errors: A Literature Review of Incidence and Antecedents
Authors: Carlton Gaya , Blegen Mary A.
Published: September 2018

Patient safety has become a major concern for both society and policymakers. Since nurses are intimately involved in the delivery of medications and are ultimately responsible during the medication administration phase, it is important for nursing to understand factors contributing to medication administration errors. The purpose of this chapter is to identify the incidence of these errors and the associated factors in an attempt to better understand the problem and lessen future error occurrence. Literature review revealed both active failures and latent conditions established in Reason’s theory remain prevalent in current literature where active failures often display themselves in the form of incorrect drug calculations, lack of individual knowledge, and failure to follow established protocol. Latent conditions are evidenced as time pressures, fatigue, understaffing, inexperience, design deficiencies, and inadequate equipment and may lie dormant within a system until combined with active failures to create opportunity for error. Although medication error research has shifted in emphasis toward identification of system problems inherent in error occurrence, no one force emerges as a clear antecedent, reinforcing the need for further research and replication of existing studies with emphasis placed on more dependable reporting measures through which nurses are not threatened by reprisal.
Promoting Research Partnerships to Reduce Health Disparities Among Vulnerable Populations: Sharing Expertise Between Majority Institutions and Historically Black Universities
Authors: Hutchinson M. Katherine , Davis Bertha , Sweet Jemmott Loretta , Gennaro Susan , Tulman Lorraine , Condon Esther H. , Montgomery Arlene J. , Servonsky E. Jane
Published: September 2018

This chapter focuses on promoting cultural competence in research and the care of vulnerable populations by establishing inter-university nursing partnership centers for health disparities research between historically Black universities and minority-serving institutions and research-intensive majority institutions. The Hampton-Penn Center to Reduce Health Disparities (HPC), an inter-university collaborative center funded through the National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) P20 funding mechanism, is discussed as the exemplar. The mission of the Hampton-Penn Center is to promote culturally competent research on health promotion and disease prevention and the examination of how culture, race and ethnicity and their interactions with the health care system and the larger society influence health outcomes and the occurrence of health disparities. The history, goals, and conceptual model underlying this collaborative effort between the University of Pennsylvania and Hampton University Schools of Nursing are described as are the accomplishments and lessons learned to date. Based upon the Hampton-Penn experience, recommendations for similar collaborations to reduce health disparities among vulnerable populations are made in three major areas: (a) increasing the study of the multi-system level factors that contribute to health disparities among vulnerable populations, (b) promoting the development of culturally competent research on health disparities, and (c) promoting the recruitment and training of health researchers who are themselves members of vulnerable populations.
Building the Rural Mental Health System: From De Facto System to Quality Care
Authors: Hauenstein Emily J.
Published: September 2018

About 20% of Americans live in rural America, yet the rural mental health infrastructure has yet to be firmly established. This is due in part to a pervasive belief about the tranquility of rural places and the relatively stress-free environment that they produce. In this chapter an adaptation of the Rural De Facto Mental Health Systems Model produced by Fox and her associates at the Southeastern Rural Mental Health Research Center is presented and used to organize the scientific state of the field of rural mental health services research. As many nurses have stood at the forefront of that research, the research of several prominent rural mental health nurse researchers and the innovative research they have produced are reviewed. The chapter concludes with a discussion of research that is needed to move the science of rural mental health services research forward, as well as a discussion of policy initiatives that may be necessary to foster the development and implementation of that research agenda.
An Analysis of Risk Markers in Husband to Wife Violence: The Current State of Knowledge
Authors: Hotaling Gerald T. , Sugarman David B.
Published: September 2018

The present review involves the evaluation of 97 potential risk markers of husband to wife violence. Using 52 case-comparison studies as the source of data, markers were divided into four categories: consistent risk, inconsistent risk, consistent nonrisk, and risk markers with insufficient data. Based on this classification, it appears that a number of widely held hypotheses about husband to wife violence have little empirical support. Only witnessing violence in the wife’s family of origin was consistently associated with being victimized by violence. Furthermore, it seems that characteristics associated with either the husband-offender or the couple have greater utility for assessing the risk of husband to wife violence than characteristics of the wife-victim. Findings are discussed in terms of the methodological and theoretical implications of current research on this form of adult domestic violence.
Marital Power, Conflict, and Violence In a Nationally Representative Sample of American Couples
Authors: Coleman Diane H. , Straus Murray A.
Published: September 2018

Data on a nationally representative sample of 2,143 couples are used to study the relationship to marital violence of the power structure of marriage, power norm consensus, and the lével of marital conflict. The couples were classified as equalitarian, male-dominant, female-dominant, or divided power. Equalitarian couples had the lowest rates of conflict and violence and male-dominant and female-dominant couples had the highest rates. Although consensus about the legitimacy of a male-dominant and female-dominant power structure reduced conflict and violence in such families, when conflict did occur in such families, it was associated with a much higher risk of violence than a similar level of conflict in equalitarian families. Since equality in marriage is associated with low rates of intra-family conflict and violence, laws, administrative decisions, and services that empower women and encourage men to value an equal partner are likely to be important steps to reducing violence and strengthen the family.
The Validity of Robbery-Murder Classifications in Baltimore
Authors: Loftin Colin
Published: September 2018

The most widely used source of nationwide data on homicide in the United States is the Supplementary Homicide Report (SHR) data compiled by the FBI as part of its Uniform Crime Reporting System. This paper describes a study of the reliability of robbery-murder classifications by the SHR for Baltimore, Maryland during 1983. The research is exploratory, but indicates a high level of inconsistency in the data. Of the 42 cases that were classified as robbery murders by the SHR or the replication study, only 20 were classified that way in both studies. The high level of unreliability can be attributed to three major problems: (1) the SHR codes are mutually exclusive, but many homicides could be placed in several of the categories; (2) there are few systematic rules for classifying ambiguously motivated homicides; and (3) the SHR placed too many cases in the “unknown” category. It appears that the reliability of the coding could be increased substantially with relatively minor changes in the procedures currently used.
Origin and Solution Attributions of Responsibility for Wife Abuse: Effects of Outcome Severity, Prior History, and Sex of Subject
Authors: Sugarman David B. , Cohn Ellen S.
Published: September 2018

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of sex differences and seriousness of the abuse situation on observers’ attributions of responsibility for origin and solution to both partners in a couple. Male and female undergraduate students (N = 354) read a vignette about a wife abuse incident. The results supported the victim activation hypothesis, with wives being held more responsible for the solution than for the origin of the problem. In contrast, husbands were held more responsible for the origin than for the solution to the problem. Overall, there were sex differences for attributions of responsibility to the husband but not for those to the wife. Women were more likely than men to attribute origin and solution responsibility to the husband. There was no clear support for the effects of the seriousness of the abuse situation. Husbands were attributed more control over the problem’s solution than were wives.
Distress and Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Abused Women
Authors: Vitanza Stephanie , Vogel Laura C. M. , Marshall Linda L.
Published: September 2018

Emotional distress and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were examined among women in psychologically abusive relationships. Women (N = 93) were divided into three groups (none, moderate, severe) according to scores on the violence subscale of the Severity of Violence Against Women Scales (Marshall, 1992). All groups reported serious emotional distress on the Symptom Checklist 90-Revised (Derogatis, 1983) dimensions (e.g., more so than 93% of the nonclinical norm for global distress). Psychoticism was the highest subscale for all groups. Most women (56%) suffered PTSD according to a subscale of the SCL90 (Saunders, Arata, & Kilpatrick, 1990). Difficulties with perception, memory, and motor functions (cognitive failure) more consistently predicted intrusive thoughts, PTSD scores, and attempted suicide than did women’s attention to their inner thoughts and feelings (private self-consciousness), which was important for the sample and the subgroup that had sustained severe violence. Limitations and contributions are discussed as are different uses for conservative and inclusive measures of PTSD.
Relationship Between Multiple Exposures to Violence and Coping Strategies Among African-American Mothers
Authors: Hill Hope M. , Hawkins Stephanie R. , Raposo Manuel , Carr Peggy
Published: September 2018

This exploratory study examined the relationship between coping strategies of 136 African-American mothers, their exposure to community violence, and their interpersonal victimization. It is suggested that the disproportionate victimization of African-American women produces a cumulative triple threat for those who live amidst conditions of community violence in the following manner: a) exposure through daily living in the midst of unpredictable community violence; b) exposure to violence from witnessing violence in the neighborhood; and c) exposure to violence from disproportionately high rates of personal victimization. The findings suggest that coping strategies are used differentially as a function of the amount of violence within the social context, and the education and financial resources of the mothers. Mothers who live in lower-violence areas with college education preferred activism as a coping strategy, whereas those in high-violence areas with comparable incomes and education preferred reliance on prayer and instituting safety practices. Coping strategies differed based on whether mothers had been physical victims and witnesses to violence or had no personal experience with violence. This study lays the groundwork for a model of exploring the impact of the cumulative effects of violence on African-American mothers parenting in urban America.
Impact of Sexual and Nonsexual Assault on Secondary Victims
Authors: Davis Rob , Taylor Bruce , Bench Sarah
Published: September 2018

Much information has been collected on the effects of crime upon victims. Experts have spoken as well about the ripple effects of crime on those close to victims. To date, however, little empirical data are available to assess the impact of crime upon “secondary victims.”

Our research looks at the effects of crime on a sample of persons named by victims of sexual and nonsexual assault as their primary significant others (SOs). We found that distress experienced by SOs did not vary according to victim distress or according to whether the crime was a sexual or nonsexual assault. Female SOs, however, experienced greater fear of crime than male SOs.

High levels of SO distress did not interfere with the ability of SOs to lend supportive actions, but were associated with higher levels of SO unsupportive behavior. Higher levels of unsupportive behavior were also more likely among SOs of sexual assault victims than among SOs of nonsexual assault victims. Clinical implications of the findings are discussed.
Effects of Feedback on Emotion in Hypermasculine Males
Authors: Vass Jason S. , Gold Steven R.
Published: September 2018

Sexual aggression is a common problem on college campuses. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of a personality construct, “hypermasculinity,” and anger on sexual aggression. One hundred and thirty-seven males completed hypermasculinity, anger, and past sexual aggression measures. The subjects who scored in the upper and lower thirds on the hypermasculinity measure were then randomly assigned to guided imagery conditions in which they received negative, neutral, or positive feedback from a woman. Analysis indicated that hypermasculine men who received negative feedback responded with more anger and less empathy than nonhypermasculine men. In addition, those who scored high on both anger and hypermasculinity measures were most likely to self-report that they had engaged in sexually aggressive acts. The results are discussed in terms of hypermasculine men’s increased risk of sexually aggressive behavior.
Constructing the Symbolic Complainant: Police Subculture and the Nonenforcement of Protection Orders for Battered Women
Authors: Rigakos George S.
Published: September 2018

This exploratory study examines the effect of patriarchy on police subcultural and individual attitudes toward the enforcement of protective court orders for battered women. Police officers (N = 13) and justice officials (N = 8) in the Municipality of Delta were interviewed for their opinions on the efficacy of both Criminal Code peace bonds and Family Relations Act (R.S.B.C., amended 1986) civil restraining orders. Interview data suggest that both protective orders are rarely treated seriously by the police or the courts. It is argued that the occupational culture of the police leads to exaggerated patriarchal notions of women, marriage, and family that are conservative; blame the victim; point the finger at other institutions; foster images of women as manipulative; and produce a fictitious narrative of battered women.
Beyond the Conflict Tactics Scale: Assessing Gender Differences in Partner Violence
Authors: Morse Barbara J.
Published: September 2018

Previous studies of partner assault, particularly those using the Conflict Tactics Scales, have produced the controversial finding that women are as likely to assault their partners as are men. Such findings are clearly at odds with medical, legal, and social service agencies which find that women are far more often the victims of partner assault. Self-reported data from a national sample of young adults were used to determine the extent to which this apparent discrepancy could be reconciled. Results confirm previous findings of extensive violence by women, with little evidence of systematic overor underreporting by either men or women. However, although both men and women engaged in frequent minor assaults, men were more likely than women to repeatedly beat their partner during the course of a year. In addition, women were far more likely than men to suffer physical injury and seek medical treatment as a consequence of incidents of male violence. Taken together, these findings somewhat reconcile the discrepancy regarding partner assault: women are more often than men the victims of severe partner assault and injury not necessarily because men strike more often, but because men strike harder.
Childhood Physical Abuse, Perceived Social Support, and Socioemotional Status in Adult Women
Authors: Crouch Julie L. , Milner Joel S. , Caliso John A.
Published: September 2018

This study investigated the extent to which an interactional model, relative to a main effect model, predicts the relationship between childhood physical abuse, perceived social support, and various aspects of socioemotional functioning in adult women. The results indicated that perceived social support during childhood was significantly related to subsequent levels of adult depression, trait anxiety, and child abuse potential in a manner consistent with a main effect model. Childhood history of physical abuse was related only to adult child abuse potential. Implications and study limitations are discussed.
Absolute and Relative Involvement in Homicide Offending: Contemporary Youth and the Baby Boom Cohorts
Authors: Smith M. D. , Feiler Stephen M.
Published: September 2018

Recent concerns have been expressed that youths are an increasingly violent segment of U.S. society. This report explores such claims by presenting alternative dimensions with which trends in youth violence can be interpreted. Using Uniform Crime Reports and U.S. Bureau of the Census data for 1958-1993, rates of arrests for murder, taken to represent absolute levels of involvement in this form of violence, are analyzed for trends among 15- to 19-year-olds. Relative involvement, operationalized as the ratio of arrest rates for those aged 15-19 to those of the remainder of the population, is also analyzed for trends. A pronounced upward trend since the mid-1980s in both rates and ratios of arrests for murder is found for ages 15-19, resulting in this group now having the highest levels of absolute and relative involvement in murder arrests of any age category, a distinct departure from previous years. As a context for interpreting these levels, the involvement of current 15- to 19-year-olds is shown to exceed by a considerable margin the involvement of similarly aged cohorts of baby boomers, a youth group formerly the object of considerable public concern. Research is encouraged that addresses the multifaceted sources contributing to this dramatic societal shift in age-related patterns of arrests for murder and, by assumption, involvement in homicide offending.
Conducting Research on Child Maltreatment: Effects on Researchers
Authors: Kinard E. Milling
Published: September 2018

This report discusses the potential negative psychological consequences of conducting child maltreatment research on the researchers themselves. Illustrations of these effects are drawn from the experiences of a study of child maltreatment. Common themes of anger, sadness, frustration, and powerlessness emerged as reactions to reviewing case records of child maltreatment. Just as study protocols must include procedures for protecting the subjects of research, so they should include methods for helping the researchers cope with emotional distress brought about by their work. Several strategies are suggested for ensuring that research staff receive sufficient support to minimize the negative effects of conducting research on sensitive topics.
Protecting Child Witnesses: Judicial Efforts to Minimize Trauma and Reduce Evidentiary Barriers
Authors: Hafemeister Thomas L.
Published: September 2018

Growing attention has been given to the need to protect child witnesses from the potential trauma associated with providing testimony in the courtroom, as well as to the importance of maximizing the validity and reliability of that testimony. At the same time, these efforts may conflict with the right of an accused to confront his or her accuser or various evidentiary rights of the accused. Numerous educational programs have been conducted to assist judges and lawyers to better respond to these issues. A nation-wide survey of judges was conducted to determine the relative use of various means to minimize trauma or reduce evidentiary barriers in child sexual abuse cases, how judges evaluate these means, and the impact of educational programs in this area. The survey indicated that although judges use a broad range of approaches to minimize this trauma or reduce evidentiary barriers, they are particularly likely to use simpler techniques that are relatively easy to implement and which they consider both effective and fair to the parties appearing before the court. Attending educational programs appears to influence the use of these approaches. Survey results also indicated the best methods for disseminating relevant information on child sexual abuse to judges.
Socially Desirable Responding and Offence Characteristics Among Rapists
Authors: Kroner Daryl G. , Weekes John R.
Published: September 2018

The relationship between socially desirable responding and offence characteristics is examined with 49 rapists. Socially desirable responding (SDR) was measured by the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding. Offence characteristics included: (a) perpetrator’s relationship to the victim; (b) severity of victim injury; and (c) victim’s age. Greater victim injury was associated with lower Impression Management (r = -.27, p<.03) and Denial scores (r = -.32, p<.01). No significant relationship occurred between offence characteristics and the self-deceptive scales of Denial of the Negative and Over Confident Rigidity. Alternative to the underreporting hypothesis, self-presentation and the acquisition of socially appropriate skills may explain the SDR/violence relationship.
A Large Sample Empirical Typology of Male Spouse Abusers and Its Relationship to Dimensions of Abuse
Authors: Hamberger L. K. , Lohr Jeffrey M. , Bonge Dennis , Tolin David F.
Published: September 2018

A number of studies have described typologies of domestically violent men. Holtzworth-Munroe and Stuart (1994) recently proposed a theoretical model for predicting violence severity and generality from personality “type.” The present study, using data from 833 identified abusive men, tested the model. Personality types were determined from cluster analysis of data from the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory, and resulted in a three-cluster solution consistent with the Holtzworth-Munroe and Stuart model. The three main clusters included nonpathological, antisocial, and passive aggressive-dependent groups. Three other, smaller types were also identified. Multivariate and chi-square analyses comparing the main clusters on other variables generally supported the Holtzworth-Munroe and Stuart model. Nonpathological men had the lowest maximum violence and frequency. They restricted their violence primarily to intimate relationships and had the fewest police contacts. Antisocial and passive aggressive-dependent men did not differ in maximum violence, but antisocial men were the most generally violent and had the most police contacts. Passive aggressive-dependent men had the highest frequency of violence. Clinical, theoretical and methodological implications are discussed.
Client Personality Disorders Affecting Wife Assault Post-Treatment Recidivism
Authors: Dutton Donald G. , Bodnarchuk Mark , Kropp Randall , Hart Stephen D. , Ogloff James P.
Published: September 2018

Previous evaluations of wife assault treatment outcome have focused generically on whether groups “succeed” or not without a clear criterion of what constituted success. The present study examines the question for whom groups generate the greatest reduction in post-treatment abuse and for whom they work least well. It was found that certain types of personality disordered men had the worst post-treatment prognosis. Specifically, men with high scores on borderline personality, antisocial personality, and avoidant personality fared least well after treatment. However, taken as a generic group, men in treatment had significantly reduced post-treatment abusiveness whether reported by themselves or their wives.
Estrangement, Interventions, and Male Violence Toward Female Partners
Authors: Ellis Desmond , Wight Lori
Published: September 2018

The primary objective of this paper is to integrate three relatively distinct lines of research on male violence towards intimate female partners. First, the relation between conjugal violence and estrangement is examined. We found them to be positively associated, but they can vary independently. Second, we examined the association between estrangement and interventions. Estrangement was found to be associated with private, private/public and mainly public interventions depending upon the level of estrangement. High levels of estrangement are strongly but not invariably associated with ending the relationship. Third, we reviewed the link between interventions and violence. Interventions which empower battered female partners are most effective in ending male partner violence. Taken together, the findings tend not to support hypotheses derived from the theory of male proprietariness. Implications for social policy are discussed in the final segment.
Anger, Aggression, and Violence in Love Triangles
Authors: Felson Richard B.
Published: September 2018

Motives for anger and aggression in love triangles are discussed and then examined using homicide data and survey data from college students. We find that love triangles are a more important motive when females commit homicide than when males commit homicide. Females usually kill their lover while males usually kill their rival. Male attacks on male rivals reflect identity concerns, according to the college student data. Anger at both the partner and rival also depends on the assignment of blame. The aggrieved party may attack the partner or rival in order to gain retribution or deter future episodes.
Psychopathology and Sexual Aggression in Nonincarcerated Men
Authors: Ouimette Paige C.
Published: September 2018

Men who self-reported rape or attempted rape (N=47) were compared to sexually active men who denied perpetrating sexual aggression (N=56) on psychopathology. Men were surveyed using the Sexual Experiences Survey (Koss & Gidycz, 1985), and completed structured clinical interviews. Sexually aggressive men reported a pattern of symptoms indicating impulse control problems; they had more conduct-disordered behavior in childhood, and abused alcohol and illicit drugs more than nonviolent men. These symptoms were clinically significant: a higher proportion of sexually aggressive men met criteria for child conduct disorder, and alcohol and drug abuse diagnoses than nonviolent men. Sexually aggressive men also reported more personality disorder symptoms than nonviolent men, suggesting that they had less empathy, and were more self-centered and manipulative than nonviolent men. These findings suggest that undetected sexually violent men have fairly severe and long-standing problems with impulsivity and add to the growing literature on common factors in criminal and nonincarcerated samples.
Depressive Symptoms in Maltreated Children From Mother, Teacher, and Child Perspectives
Authors: Kinard E. Milling
Published: September 2018

When mother, teacher, and child ratings of depressive symptoms in maltreated and non-maltreated children were compared, agreements between raters were generally low, with the highest correlations between mother and teacher ratings for maltreated boys and girls. Maltreated children were more likely than nonmaltreated children to be rated in the clinical range by mothers and teachers, but not by children themselves. Findings underscore the importance of multiple perspectives in evaluating children’s depressive symptoms. Maternal depressive symptomatology is an important factor to consider when using maternal ratings of children’s adjustment.
Partner Homicide-Suicide Involving Female Homicide Victims: A Population- Based Study in North Carolina, 1988–1992
Authors: Morton Emma , Runyan Carol W. , Moracco Kathryn E. , Butts John
Published: September 2018

Homicide-suicide is a form of fatal violence in which an individual commits homicide and subsequently kills him- or herself. One hundred and sixteen homicide-suicide events involving 119 female homicide victims in North Carolina from 1988-1992 were identified through state medical examiner files. Case files were reviewed retrospectively to identify event characteristics, precursors, and typologies.

In 86% of cases the perpetrator was the current or former partner of the victim. During the study period, 24% of men who killed their female partners in North Carolina subsequently committed suicide and another 3% attempted suicide but survived. Victim separation from the perpetrator was the most prevalent precursor (41%), followed by a history of domestic violence (29%). In nearly half of the cases with a history of domestic violence, the victim had previously sought protection from the perpetrator in the form of an arrest warrant, restraining order, or intervention by a law enforcement officer. Children of the victim (and/or perpetrator) witnessed the homicide-suicide, were in the immediate vicinity, found their parents’ bodies, or were killed, in 43% of cases.

The prevalence of separation and domestic violence suggests several potential points of intervention, including stronger domestic violence legislation.

Future research should place priority on assessing the impact of partner homicidesuicides on the families in which they occur. Such studies are essential for the informed development of preventive and therapeutic interventions for the families of both the victims and perpetrators of these fatal events. In addition, research focused on assisting men in coping with issues of control and separation is needed.