bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
For Our Patients, for Ourselves: The Value of Personal Reflection in Oncology
Authors: Schapira Lidia , Meisel Jane Lowe , Srivastava Ranjana
Published: October 2018

Caring for patients with cancer is a great privilege as well as an emotionally and intellectually challenging task. Stress and burnout are prevalent among oncology clinicians, with serious repercussions for the care of patients. Professional societies must provide guidance for trainees and practicing physicians to mitigate the negative consequences of stress on their personal lives and medical practice. Reflection, reading, and writing about personal experiences provide outlets for fortifying personal reserves and promoting resilience to allow us to recognize the joy and meaning of our work and to forge connections with our peers. Herein, we present some of our own reflections on how and why one might take time to write, and about the power of the written word in oncology and medicine.
Metabolic Alterations in Cancer and Their Potential as Therapeutic Targets
Authors: Weyandt Jamie D. , Thompson Craig B. , Giaccia Amato J. , Rathmell W. Kimryn
Published: October 2018

Otto Warburg’s discovery in the 1920s that tumor cells took up more glucose and produced more lactate than normal cells provided the first clues that cancer cells reprogrammed their metabolism. For many years, however, it was unclear as to whether these metabolic alterations were a consequence of tumor growth or an adaptation that provided a survival advantage to these cells. In more recent years, interest in the metabolic differences in cancer cells has surged, as tumor proliferation and survival have been shown to be dependent upon these metabolic changes. In this educational review, we discuss some of the mechanisms that tumor cells use for reprogramming their metabolism to provide the energy and nutrients that they need for quick or sustained proliferation and discuss the potential for therapeutic targeting of these pathways to improve patient outcomes.
Systemic Therapy for Non–Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Zhang Tian , Gong Jun , Maia Manuel Caitano , Pal Sumanta K.
Published: October 2018

Treatment options for metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) have evolved markedly over the past decade, with multiple targeted therapies approved for the disease. In contrast, little improvement has been made in the management of metastatic non–clear cell RCC (nccRCC). Non–clear cell disease is an umbrella term that encompasses multiple biologically distinct entities, including but not limited to papillary, chromophobe, and sarcomatoid RCC. To date, prospective studies have largely explored treatments for ccRCC (e.g., VEGF- and mTOR-directed therapies) in trials that aggregate non–clear cell histologies. However, the studies do not acknowledge the varying biology of each non–clear cell subtype. Emerging studies in nccRCC should examine individual histologies and apply biologically relevant therapies. An example of this is SWOG 1500, a randomized phase II study that will compare a VEGF-inhibitor to one of three MET-directed therapies in patients with metastatic papillary RCC. Until the biologic diversity of nccRCC is appreciated, outcomes are likely to remain dismal.
Collaborating With Advanced Practice Providers: Impact and Opportunity
Authors: Hylton Heather M. , Smith G. Lita
Published: October 2018

Although significant progress has been made in cancer care, access to coordinated, high-quality care across the cancer care continuum remains a challenge for many patients. With significant workforce shortages in oncology anticipated, physician assistants (PAs) and nurse practitioners (NPs)—known collectively as advanced practice providers (APPs)—are considered to be a part of the solution to bridging the gap between the supply of and demand for oncology services. APPs are integral to the provision of team-based care in oncology, and optimizing the roles of all members of the patient’s care team is vital to ensuring the teams are cost-effective and that each team member is performing at the functional level intended. Studies have shown significant patient, physician, and APP satisfaction with collaborative care models, and APPs are well positioned to enhance value for patients in the oncology setting. Understanding the full scope of APP impact can be challenging as it extends well beyond direct patient care. As rapid progress in cancer care continues, innovative approaches to care delivery will be necessary to ensure patients’ access. Effective oncologist–APP partnerships will be key to providing optimal, value-centered care to patients.
Endometrial Cancer: Is This a New Disease?
Authors: Moore Kathleen , Brewer Molly A.
Published: October 2018

The incidence of endometrial cancer is increasing, and the age of onset is younger than in prior years. Although endometrial cancer still occurs more commonly in older women, for whom the mortality rate is increasing, it also is being diagnosed in younger and younger women. The underlying cause of the increase in incidence is the epidemic of obesity and the resulting hyperinsulinemia. Conservative treatment may be indicated for younger women who wish to retain their fertility. Lifestyle modifications such as diet and exercise can modulate the risk of developing endometrial cancer as well as prevent recurrence and other comorbidities associated with obesity.
Wedge Resection Versus Anatomic Resection: Extent of Surgical Resection for Stage I and II Lung Cancer
Authors: Asamura Hisao , Aokage Keiju , Yotsukura Masaya
Published: October 2018

Currently, surgery for lung cancer with curative intent consists of resection (removal) of the proper extent of lung parenchyma that bears the cancer lesion along with locoregional lymph nodes to assess possible cancer metastasis. Lobectomy, at least, is preferred with regard to the extent of parenchymal resection. The history of lung cancer surgery, which started around 1933 as pneumonectomy (resection of the entire lung on either side), can be characterized as an attempt to minimize the extent of parenchymal resection. In the early 1960s, pneumonectomy was replaced by lobectomy, which has long been respected as the standard surgical mode. However, the transition from lobectomy to a lesser resection, such as segmentectomy or wedge resection, was not recommended because of the results of a randomized trial performed by the North American Lung Cancer Study Group in the 1980s. As of now, the extent of parenchymal resection remains lobectomy, and lesser resection is indicated only for patients who have a compromised pulmonary reserve. Very recently, because of the advent of CT screening programs and improvements in imaging technology, fainter and smaller lung cancers are being discovered. For these smaller and earlier lung cancers, there is some uncertainty about whether lobectomy still should be indicated, as it is for larger tumors with a diameter of 3 cm or more. Therefore, several randomized trials are ongoing to compare lobectomy with lesser resections; endpoints are overall survival and postoperative pulmonary function. Until the results of these trials are available, lung cancer should still be removed by lobectomy rather than by limited resection, such as segmentectomy or wedge resection.
Strategies to Maximize Patient Participation in Clinical Trials
Authors: Rubin Eric H. , Scroggins Mary J. , Goldberg Kirsten B. , Beaver Julia A.
Published: October 2018

Despite considerable interest and success in oncology drug development, the minority of patients with cancer diagnoses enroll in clinical trials. Multiple obstacles account for this low enrollment rate. An improvement in patient participation in clinical trials could increase patient access to novel and potentially promising agents, provide faster trial results, and, with implementation of rational eligibility criteria, allow for a better understanding of the drug’s safety and efficacy in a heterogeneous population. We present barriers and potential solutions to maximize patient participation, including a review of the ASCO and Friends of Cancer Research (FoCR) Modernizing Eligibility Criteria Project, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulatory considerations, an industry perspective, and a patient perspective.
Pain and Opioids in Cancer Care: Benefits, Risks, and Alternatives
Authors: Bennett Mike , Paice Judith A. , Wallace Mark
Published: October 2018

Pain remains common in the setting of malignancy, occurring as a consequence of cancer and its treatment. Several high-quality studies confirm that more than 50% of all patients with cancer experience moderate to severe pain. The prevalence of pain in cancer survivors is estimated to be 40%, while close to two-thirds of those with advanced disease live with pain. Progress has occurred in the management of cancer pain, yet undertreatment persists. Additionally, new challenges are threatening these advances. These challenges are numerous and include educational deficits, time restraints, and limited access to all types of care. New challenges to access are occurring as a result of interventions designed to combat the prescription drug abuse epidemic, with fewer clinicians willing to prescribe opioids, pharmacies reluctant to stock the medications, and payers placing strict limits on reimbursement. A related challenge is our evolving understanding of the risks of long-term adverse effects associated with opioids. And reflective of the opioid abuse epidemic affecting the general population, the potential for misuse or abuse exists in those with cancer. Guidelines have been developed to support oncologists when prescribing the long-term use of opioids for cancer survivors. The challenges surrounding the use of opioids, and the need for safe and effective alternative analgesics, are leading to intense interest in the potential benefits of cannabis for cancer-related pain. Oncologists are faced with questions regarding the types of cannabis available, differences between routes of administration, data concerning safety and efficacy, and legal and regulatory dynamics.
Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Kidney Cancer
Authors: Scelo Ghislaine , Larose Tricia L.
Published: October 2018

The purpose of this narrative review is to summarize evidence of the epidemiology of and risk factors for kidney cancer with a focus on renal cell carcinoma in adults. The etiology of kidney cancer is largely unknown and the main epidemiologic determinants are large geographic and temporal variations in incidence rates. Established risk factors include tobacco smoking, body size, and history of hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Other suspected risk factors require additional investigation, as do the underlying biologic mechanisms that are responsible for disease occurrence. Opportunities to prevent kidney cancer include targeting modifiable risk factors—for example, smoking abstinence/cessation and body weight control—as well as interventions along the diagnostic pathway to improve early diagnosis. Molecular epidemiology, including, but not limited to, metabolomics and tumor genomics, are new areas of research that promise to play important roles in identifying some of the underlying causes of kidney cancer.
Renal Cell Carcinoma in the Era of Precision Medicine: From Molecular Pathology to Tissue-Based Biomarkers
Authors: Signoretti Sabina , Flaifel Abdallah , Chen Ying-Bei , Reuter Victor E.
Published: October 2018

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is not a single entity but includes various tumor subtypes that have been identified on the basis of either characteristic pathologic features or distinctive molecular changes. Clear cell RCC is the most common type of RCC and is characterized by dysregulation of the von Hippel Lindau/hypoxia-inducible factor pathway. Non–clear cell RCC represents a more heterogeneous group of tumors with diverse histopathologic and molecular features. In the past two decades, the improved understanding of the molecular landscape of RCC has led to the development of more effective therapies for metastatic RCC, which include both targeted agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Because only subsets of patients with metastatic RCC respond to a given treatment, predictive biomarkers are needed to guide treatment selection and sequence. In this review, we describe the key histologic features and molecular alterations of RCC subtypes and discuss emerging tissue-based biomarkers of response to currently available therapies for metastatic disease.
Current Management of Small Renal Masses, Including Patient Selection, Renal Tumor Biopsy, Active Surveillance, and Thermal Ablation
Authors: Sanchez Alejandro , Feldman Adam S. , Hakimi A. Ari
Published: October 2018

Renal cancer represents 2% to 3% of all cancers, and its incidence is rising. The increased use of ultrasonography and cross-sectional imaging has resulted in the clinical dilemma of incidentally detected small renal masses (SRMs). SRMs represent a heterogeneous group of tumors that span the full spectrum of metastatic potential, including benign, indolent, and more aggressive tumors. Currently, no composite model or biomarker exists that accurately predicts the diagnosis of kidney cancer before treatment selection, and the use of renal mass biopsy remains controversial. The management of SRMs has changed dramatically over the last two decades as our understanding of tumor biology and competing risks of mortality in this population has improved. In this review, we critically assess published consensus guidelines and recent literature on the diagnosis and management of SRMs, with a focus on patient treatment selection and use of renal mass biopsy, active surveillance, and thermal ablation. Finally, we highlight important opportunities for leveraging recent research discoveries to identify patients with SRMs at high risk for renal cell carcinoma–related mortality and minimize overtreatment and patient morbidity.
Genetic Predisposition to Renal Cell Carcinoma: Implications for Counseling, Testing, Screening, and Management
Authors: Shuch Brian , Zhang Jin
Published: October 2018

In many individuals with renal cell carcinoma (RCC), a hereditary cause may have contributed to cancer development. Various risk factors can be suggestive of a genetic contribution, including early disease onset, multifocal or bilateral tumors, family history of RCC, and personal/family history of other benign or malignant tumors. Genetic counseling and understanding of the entire family tree are the first steps in evaluation and will determine if the patient should proceed with testing. Methods of testing have changed to next-generation sequencing, which allows multiple genes to be evaluated together. The results of testing have significant implications for the individual and his or her family members. Screening of the kidney and at-risk organs ensues, with most algorithms focused on early diagnosis and intervention to limit morbidity and mortality of disease manifestations. A comprehensive clinical program that can offer multidisciplinary care is useful for several complex cancer syndromes. Management of localized and advanced hereditary kidney cancers may differ from the sporadic forms of RCC. Knowledge of the genetics can have significant management implications and if necessary genetic evaluation can be expedited to allow treatment decisions.
Hypermethylator Phenotype and Ectopic GIP Receptor in GNAS Mutation-Negative Somatotropinomas
Authors: Hage Mirella , Chaligné Ronan , Viengchareun Say , Villa Chiara , Salenave Sylvie , Bouligand Jérôme , Letouzé Eric , Tosca Lucie , Rouquette Alexandra , Tachdjian Gérard , Parker Fabrice , Lombès Marc , Lacroix André , Gaillard Stéphan , Chanson Philippe , Kamenický Peter
Published: October 2018

Context

Besides GNAS gene mutations, the molecular pathogenesis of somatotroph adenomas responsible for gigantism and acromegaly remains elusive.

Objective

To investigate alternative driver events in somatotroph tumorigenesis, focusing on a subgroup of acromegalic patients with a paradoxical increase in growth hormone (GH) secretion after oral glucose, resulting from ectopic glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR) expression in their somatotropinomas.

Design, Setting, and Patients

We performed combined molecular analyses, including array-comparative genomic hybridization, RNA/DNA fluorescence in situ hybridization, and RRBS DNA methylation analysis on 41 somatotropinoma samples from 38 patients with acromegaly and three sporadic giants. Ten patients displayed paradoxical GH responses to oral glucose.

Results

GIPR expression was detected in 13 samples (32%), including all 10 samples from patients with paradoxical GH responses. All GIPR-expressing somatotropinomas were negative for GNAS mutations. GIPR expression occurred through transcriptional activation of a single allele of the GIPR gene in all GIPR-expressing samples, except in two tetraploid samples, where expression occurred from two alleles per nucleus. In addition to extensive 19q duplications, we detected in four samples GIPR locus microamplifications in a certain proportion of nuclei. We identified an overall hypermethylator phenotype in GIPR-expressing samples compared with GNAS-mutated adenomas. In particular, we observed hypermethylation in the GIPR gene body, likely driving its ectopic expression.

Conclusions

We describe a distinct molecular subclass of somatotropinomas, clinically revealed by a paradoxical increase of GH to oral glucose related to pituitary GIPR expression. This ectopic GIPR expression occurred through hypomorphic transcriptional activation and is likely driven by GIPR gene microamplifications and DNA methylation abnormalities.
Laparoscopic Rectopexy in a Patient With Pulmonary Hypertension Associated With Scleroderma: A Case Report
Authors: Montandrau Olivier , Mascitti Paola , Boucau Cécile , Cosserat Julie , Denet Christine , Beaussier Marc , Philip Ivan
Published: October 2018

We report the perioperative management of a patient with pulmonary hypertension under new-generation treatments who underwent laparoscopic surgery. Preoperatively, arterial catheter, central venous line, and transesophageal echocardiography probe were inserted in addition to standard monitoring. Intraoperatively, inhaled nitric oxide was used because of increasing pressure in the right heart chambers related to the Trendelenburg position and the pneumoperitoneum. The operation finally lasted <2 hours without complication. The prognosis of patients with pulmonary hypertension has evolved since the advent of new management strategies. Thorough preoperative assessment and multidisciplinary discussion in a referral center are essential for medical optimization.
Mechanical forces on cellular organelles
Authors: Feng Qian , Kornmann Benoît
Published: October 2018

The intracellular environment of eukaryotic cells is highly complex and compact. The limited volume of the cell, usually a few hundred femtoliters, is not only occupied by numerous complicated, diverse membranous and proteinaceous structures, these structures are also highly dynamic due to constant remodeling and trafficking events. Consequently, intracellular interactions are more than just opportunities to exchange molecules; they also involve components physically navigating around each other in a highly confined space. While the biochemical interactions between organelles have been intensely studied in the past decades, the mechanical properties of organelles and the physical interactions between them are only beginning to be unraveled. Indeed, recent studies show that intracellular organelles are, at times, under extreme mechanical strain both in widely used experimental systems as well as in vivo. In this Hypothesis, we highlight known examples of intracellular mechanical challenges in biological systems and focus on the coping mechanisms of two important organelles, the nucleus and mitochondria, for they are the best studied in this aspect. In the case of mitochondria, we propose that ER–mitochondrial contact sites at thin cell peripheries may induce mitochondrial fission by mechanically constricting mitochondrial tubules. We also briefly discuss the mechano-responsiveness of other organelles and interesting directions for future research.
Near-Feasible Stable Matchings with Couples
Authors: Nguyen Thành , Vohra Rakesh
Published: October 2018

The National Resident Matching program seeks a stable matching of medical students to teaching hospitals. With couples, stable matchings need not exist. Nevertheless, for any student preferences, we show that each instance of a matching problem has a “nearby” instance with a stable matching. The nearby instance is obtained by perturbing the capacities of the hospitals. In this perturbation, aggregate capacity is never reduced and can increase by at most four. The capacity of each hospital never changes by more than two. (JEL C78, D47, I11, J41, J44)
The Long-Run Effects of Disruptive Peers
Authors: Carrell Scott E. , Hoekstra Mark , Kuka Elira
Published: October 2018

A large and growing literature has documented the importance of peer effects in education. However, there is relatively little evidence on the long-run educational and labor market consequences of childhood peers. We examine this question by linking administrative data on elementary school students to subsequent test scores, college attendance and completion, and earnings. To distinguish the effect of peers from confounding factors, we exploit the population variation in the proportion of children from families linked to domestic violence, who have been shown to disrupt contemporaneous behavior and learning. Results show that exposure to a disruptive peer in classes of 25 during elementary school reduces earnings at age 24 to 28 by 3 percent. We estimate that differential exposure to children linked to domestic violence explains 5 percent of the rich-poor earnings gap in our data, and that each year of exposure to a disruptive peer reduces the present discounted value of classmates’ future earnings by $80,000. (JEL I21, I26, J13, J24, J31)
Mismatch of Talent: Evidence on Match Quality, Entry Wages, and Job Mobility
Authors: Fredriksson Peter , Hensvik Lena , Skans Oskar Nordström
Published: October 2018

We examine the impact of mismatch on entry wages, separations, and wage growth using unique data on worker talents. We show that workers are sorted on comparative advantage across jobs within occupations. The starting wages of inexperienced workers are unrelated to mismatch. For experienced workers, on the other hand, mismatch is negatively priced into their starting wages. Separations and wage growth are more strongly related to mismatch among inexperienced workers than among experienced workers. These findings are consistent with models of information updating, where less information is available about the quality of matches involving inexperienced workers. (JEL D83, J24, J31, J41, J63, J64)
The Logic of Insurgent Electoral Violence
Authors: Condra Luke N. , Long James D. , Shaver Andrew C. , Wright Austin L.
Published: October 2018

Competitive elections are essential to establishing the political legitimacy of democratizing regimes. We argue that insurgents undermine the state’s mandate through electoral violence. We study insurgent violence during elections using newly declassified microdata on the conflict in Afghanistan. Our data track insurgent activity by hour to within meters of attack locations. Our results suggest that insurgents carefully calibrate their production of violence during elections to avoid harming civilians. Leveraging a novel instrumental variables approach, we find that violence depresses voting. Collectively, the results suggest insurgents try to depress turnout while avoiding backlash from harming civilians. Counterfactual exercises provide potentially actionable insights for safeguarding at-risk elections and enhancing electoral legitimacy in emerging democracies. (JEL D72, D74, O17)
Measuring and Bounding Experimenter Demand
Authors: de Quidt Jonathan , Haushofer Johannes , Roth Christopher
Published: October 2018

We propose a technique for assessing robustness to demand effects of findings from experiments and surveys. The core idea is that by deliberately inducing demand in a structured way we can bound its influence. We present a model in which participants respond to their beliefs about the researcher’s objectives. Bounds are obtained by manipulating those beliefs with “demand treatments.” We apply the method to 11 classic tasks, and estimate bounds averaging 0.13 standard deviations, suggesting that typical demand effects are probably modest. We also show how to compute demand-robust treatment effects and how to structurally estimate the model. (JEL C83, C90, D83, D91)
Epigenomic regulation of heart failure: integrating histone marks, long noncoding RNAs, and chromatin architecture
Authors: McKinsey Timothy A. , Vondriska Thomas M. , Wang Yibin
Published: October 2018

Epigenetic processes are known to have powerful roles in organ development across biology. It has recently been found that some of the chromatin modulatory machinery essential for proper development plays a previously unappreciated role in the pathogenesis of cardiac disease in adults. Investigations using genetic and pharmacologic gain- and loss-of-function approaches have interrogated the function of distinct epigenetic regulators, while the increased deployment of the suite of next-generation sequencing technologies have fundamentally altered our understanding of the genomic targets of these chromatin modifiers. Here, we review recent developments in basic and translational research that have provided tantalizing clues that may be used to unlock the therapeutic potential of the epigenome in heart failure. Additionally, we provide a hypothesis to explain how signal-induced crosstalk between histone tail modifications and long non-coding RNAs triggers chromatin architectural remodeling and culminates in cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis.
Implementation of Project Activities in the Educational Organization: Motivational Aspect
Authors: Прохорова М. , Prohorova M. , Булганина С. , Bulganina S. , Булганина А. , Bulganina A.
Published: October 2018

The active dissemination of the ideas of project management among educational organizations determines the need to understand the involvement of scientific and pedagogical employees in participating in the project activity. The article gives the purposes, essence, features of the project activity in the conditions of the educational organization, the dependence of the results of the project activity within the university on the motivation of the project activity of scientific and pedagogical workers is justified. The results of research of types of motivation of scientific and pedagogical workers involved in the implementation of various projects are described: educational, research, inter-cafeteria and general university, network. Conclusions are made about the prevalence of professional, instrumental and patriotic types of motivation, and measures are proposed to stimulate participation in the project activity in accordance with these types of motivation. The results of the research can be used as a basis for the development of a system for stimulating project activities in universities.
COMPETITION AS THE DRIVING FORCES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF MARKET SUBJECTS
Authors: Лузгина Юлия , Luzgina Yuliya
Published: October 2018

Competitive struggle on the one hand allows firms to advance to the leading positions, on the other - to displace enterprises from the arena. For each enterprise, it is important to identify key competitive advantages and develop a strategic framework that will lead the market. Therefore, the relevance of the article is beyond doubt
Problems of improving financial methods and models of sustainable development of the company
Authors: Макаров Алексей , Makarov Alexey , Рябова Елена , Ryabova Elena , Хвостова Ирина , Khvostova Irina
Published: October 2018

The complex of questions of the theory, methodology and practice of formation of financial policy of firm in the conditions connected with ensuring its sustainable development is systematized. The interpretation of a number of concepts, the use of which as a theoretical basis allows to determine the composition of actual scientific and practical problems of improving the methods of financial analysis of sustainable development of the company. Generalization of the content of empirical models of analysis of sustainable development and efficiency of the company, as well as the results of their application in the analysis of factors of formation of financial policy of a modern company allow to formulate recommendations for improving the policy of payments to owners and capital structure in the management system of sustainable development of a modern company.
The monograph is intended for a wide range of readers, including researchers, practitioners, graduate students, applicants and students enrolled in the areas of "Economics", "Finance and credit". «Management.»
Technology and mechanization of urban construction and economy
Authors: Лебедев Владимир , Lebedev Vladimir
Published: October 2018

The training manual provides information on construction machines and mechanisms, technology and mechanization of loading and unloading, excavation, construction of concrete and reinforced concrete structures, installation of building structures, construction of multi-storey brick buildings and roofing. The Appendix contains the technical characteristics of construction equipment and installation devices.
Corresponds to the Federal state educational standard of the third generation.
The manual is intended for undergraduate students enrolled in the direction 08.03.01 "Construction".
Models of teletraffic
Authors: Пагано Милеле , Pagano Milele , Рыков Владимир , Rykov Vladimir , Хохлов Юрий , Hohlov Yuriy , Рыков Владимир , Rykov Vladimir
Published: October 2018

The main purpose of the proposed course is to give an overview of the existing mathematical models of traffic in telecommunication systems, to show the sources of their origin and possible applications.
Meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standard of higher education of the last generation.
The publication is intended for undergraduate and graduate students in the areas of higher education 01.03.02 (01.04.02) "Applied mathematics and Informatics", 02.03.02 (02.04.02) "Fundamental Informatics and information technology", 02.03.01 (02.04.01) "Mathematics and computer science", and can also be used in the preparation of specialists in other areas where subjects with similar or similar content are studied. We hope that the publication will also attract the attention of graduate students and specialists interested in mathematical modeling of processes in telecommunications networks. The course material is based on traditional courses of higher mathematics, as well as courses in probability theory and the theory of random processes in the volume offered in technical universities.
Collaborative by Design? How Matrix Organizations See/Do Alliances
Authors: Sytch Maxim , Wohlgezogen Franz , Zajac Edward J.
Published: October 2018

This study develops and tests a conceptual framework that analyzes how and why a firm’s experiences with complex intraorganizational structures (i.e., matrix) will affect its propensity to enter into, and ability to manage, complex interorganizational structures (i.e., alliances that are multilateral, multifunctional, or involve diverse industry partners). We posit that managers of matrix firms’ greater familiarity with coordination, knowledge sharing, and conflict management challenges in intraorganizational collaboration gives them greater confidence in their ability to manage similar challenges in complex alliances. Using a combination of quantitative data analysis and semistructured interviews, we find support for our core prediction that matrix firms are more likely than nonmatrix firms to enter into complex alliances. Unexpectedly, we find that the stock market penalizes matrix firms that engage in multifunctional alliances, a phenomenon we suggest reflects a “double-complexity discount.” The double-complexity discount refers to reduced organizational outcomes incurred for the simultaneous complexity of intra- and interorganizational governance structures. This study raises questions about the benefits and costs of firms’ simultaneously engaging in complex intra- and interorganizational governance structures, with particular attention to the difference between managerial confidence and competence regarding complex collaboration challenges.

The online appendices are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2018.1220 .
The Impact of Learning and Overconfidence on Entrepreneurial Entry and Exit
Authors: Chen John S. , Croson David C. , Elfenbein Daniel W. , Posen Hart E.
Published: October 2018

Empirical evidence suggests that entrepreneurs make mistakes: too many enter markets and, once there, persist too long. Although scholars have largely settled on behavioral bias as the cause, we suggest that this consensus is premature. These mistakes may also arise from a process in which entrepreneurs continually learn about their prospects and make entry and exit decisions based on what they have learned. We develop a computational model of this process that connects pre- and post-entry learning and can be directed to analyze Bayesian-rational or biased entrepreneurs. The model suggests that, to outside observers, rational entrepreneurs may appear overconfident, seem to take too long to exit, and exhibit a positive correlation between entry cost and persistence in the market. When examining confidence biases, the model suggests that entrepreneurs whose biases cause them to perform the worst after entry will be most likely to enter, that pre-entry learning induces a positive correlation between distinct confidence biases among entrants, and that exit changes the prevalence of certain biases in the surviving population of entrants over time. Our study also speaks to recent work on pre-entry experience that documents the transfer of knowledge from parent to progeny firms, suggesting that, in addition to inheritance, differential performance may also be the result of heterogeneity in the length and quality of pre-entry learning during which an opportunity is assessed.
Gender and Organization Science: Introduction to a Virtual Special Issue
Authors: Fernandez-Mateo Isabel , Kaplan Sarah
Published: October 2018

Gendered processes and outcomes are pervasive in organizational life. They shape how individuals perceive their career prospects, which types of opportunities they pursue, how they get work done within organizations, and how they balance this work with the rest of their life. Organizations themselves also shape and are shaped by gender dynamics, from the ways they design jobs and performance evaluation systems to the assumptions managers make about individuals’ preferences and motivations. This virtual special issue collects together 14 papers published in Organization Science that challenge common understandings about the sources of gender differences in career outcomes, the effects of balancing work–life obligations, and the ways that gender dynamics play out in teams and organizations. An important insight that emerges from a comparison of these studies is that demand effects are often confused for supply effects. What looks like a supply problem—we think that women choose not to aspire to top positions or to jobs in top paying fields—might actually be a demand problem—organizations or jobs look unappealing to women because of past histories of not hiring or promoting women into leadership roles or of making work–life balance appear to be impossible. These studies suggest that essentialist explanations that attribute gendered outcomes to inherent characteristics or choices of women might be too simplistic or inaccurate. Instead, future research would benefit from examining the complex interactions between supply-side and demand-side drivers of gender inequality.
Adesão à terapia antirretroviral de pacientes portadores de HIV/Aids com lipodistrofia
Authors: Costa Dalva Francês , Gonçalves Ana Sofia Resque , Vieira José Ricardo Dos Santos , Guerreiro João Farias
Published: October 2018

Objetivo: descrever o perfil de adesão à terapia antirretroviral (TARV) de pacientes com Síndrome Lipodistrófica do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (SLHIV), em uma unidade especializada do Estado do Pará, Brasil. Método: estudo qualiquantitativo, envolvendo questionário e prontuários de 124 pacientes, no período de fevereiro e março de 2013, após aprovação por Comitê de Ética. Na análise, a variância (p<0,05) articulou testes estatísticos, com dados apresentados em tabelas. Resultados: as dificuldades de entender e conhecer o esquema terapêutico, o Diabetes Mellitus e as alterações da lipodistrofia foram significantes na interferência da adesão à TARV. O grupo de adesão irregular está em risco para a eficácia do tratamento. Os demais têm a possibilidade de migração de um grupo para outro a qualquer momento. Conclusão: o perfil de adesão à TARV não é definida por dados socioeconômicos. A participação em grupos de adesão deve ser estimulada como fator de reversão do padrão de abandono.
(In)visibilidade da saúde mental no Seminário Nacional de Diretrizes para a Educação em Enfermagem
Authors: Queiroz Aline Macêdo de , Florencio Raíssa Millena Silva , Fernandes Josicélia Dumêt , Teixeira Elizabeth , Silva Gilberto Tadeu Reis da , Amestoy Simone Coelho
Published: October 2018

Objetivo: analisar a produção científica divulgada nos SENADEn® sobre a educação/formação em saúde mental após a instituição da Política Nacional de Saúde Mental. Método: estudo descritivo documental; dados coletados nos Anais do SENADEn® no período 2002-2014. Incluídos os resumos que apresentou no título, um dos descritores: saúde mental, enfermagem psiquiátrica e/ou psiquiatria. Utilizou-se a análise de conteúdo temática. Respeitados os direitos autorais e não houve necessidade de submeter ao Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Resultados: dos 21 resumos selecionados, a maioria citou descritores, foram elaborados por três autores e objetivaram relatar experiências do processo ensino/aprendizagem em nível superior. Predominaram estudos da Região Sudeste, publicados em 2012; e que não apresentaram a temática numa perspectiva transdisciplinar. Conclusão: constatou-se a (in)visibilidade da temática nos Anais, o que não se coaduna com a agenda de prioridades do Ministério da Saúde e com a necessidade de consolidar a educação/formação em enfermagem em saúde mental no paradigma da atenção psicossocial.
Conhecimento de enfermeiros acerca do cateter central de inserção periférica: realidade local e desafios globais
Authors: Sá Neto José Antonio De , Silva Aline Cerqueira Santos Santana da , Vidal Amanda Ribeiro , Knupp Virginia Maria Maria de Azevedo Oliveira , Barcia Leila Leontina Do Couto , Barreto Ana Claudia Mateus
Published: October 2018

Objetivo: analisar o conhecimento dos enfermeiros quanto à utilização do cateter central de inserção periférica (PICC) como dispositivo intravenoso na prática assistencial, em três hospitais públicos do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Método: estudo descritivo seccional, através da análise univariada e bivariada, com cálculo das medidas de tendência central. Participaram do estudo 41 enfermeiros. Resultados: embora, 38 (92,7%) enfermeiros informaram conhecer o PICC, 29 (70,8%) destes não possuíam habilitação para inserção do cateter; 23 (56,1%) desconheciam as vantagens do dispositivo; 26 (63,4 %) informaram que o cateter não é indicado nas instituições pesquisadas, prevalecendo a punção profunda. Conclusão: a maioria dos enfermeiros pesquisados não possui o título de e habilitação para a indicação e inserção do referido cateter. Do mesmo modo, as instituições pesquisadas não indicam o PICC como dispositivo intravenoso, apesar de suas inegáveis vantagens, como a qualidade e a segurança na prática clínica.
Contribuições da obra Pedagogia do Oprimido ao (re) pensar da formação de educadores de jovens e adultos
Authors: Vieira Maria Clarisse
Published: October 2018

O artigo visa a (re) discutir o tema da formação de educadores na Educação de Jovens e Adultos à luz da contribuição da educação popular. Em termos teórico-metodológico, o artigo busca-se ancorar na Pedagogia libertadora de Freire, em especial, algumas categorias presentes na obra Pedagogia do Oprimido, que colaboram na construção de uma proposta de formação em Educação de Jovens e Adultos no contexto de uma concepção transformadora de educação.
Continuous Respiration Rate Measurement of Heat-Stressed Dairy Cows and Relation to Environment, Body Temperature, and Lying Time
Authors: Atkins Ian K. , Cook Nigel B. , Mondaca Mario R. , Choi Christopher Y.
Published: October 2018

Abstract. This study uses a continuously sampling sensor to document the respiration rate dynamics of lactating dairy cows under conditions of heat stress. Previously available respiration rate data on lactating dairy cows had primarily been generated by manually counting flank movements at discrete points in time, typically several times per day. Continuous measurements provide much higher-resolution data over time. The primary objective of this study was to analyze these continuous respiration rate measurements in relation to ambient conditions, body temperature, lying time, and time of day. Better understanding continuous responses to heat stress may help synchronize cooling system operation to the cows’ need for heat stress relief. For 19 days during a summer season in Wisconsin, eight lactating Holstein cows were equipped with sensors designed to detect the abdominal expansion associated with breathing. An algorithm was developed to derive respiration rate from each sensor’s signal. To validate the accuracy of the sensor and algorithms, measurements from the sensor were compared to respiration rate measurements taken via visual observation. Overall, variation in continuously measured respiration rate corresponded to changes in temperature-humidity index (THI) and body temperature. However, respiration rate and body temperature also remained elevated at night despite decreasing THI. Keywords: Dairy cow, Heat stress, Physiological monitoring, Respiration rate, Telemetry, Wearable.
Real-Time Gauge Wheel Load Variability of a Row-Crop Planter During Field Operation
Authors: Badua Sylvester A. , Sharda Ajay , Flippo Daniel , Ciampitti Igancio A.
Published: October 2018

Abstract. Planter downforce control allows row units to maintain a target gauge wheel load (GWL) across a range of soil resistance within a field. Downforce control is typically set for a target seed depth and can be implemented either as fixed or by automatic or active control to attain the desired GWL. Recent advances allow for the control of individual row units into sections for improved GWL application. However, little knowledge exists on the spatial variability of GWL, row-to-row GWL variability, and on the recommended GWL control requirements on planters operating in actual field conditions. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to (1) quantify real-time GWL variability across individual row units within a 12-row crop planter programmed to implement a constant downforce control during field operations; (2) evaluate gauge wheel load range (GWLR) across individual row units and within 2-row, 3-row, or 4-row control sections to determine the optimal downforce control section size; and (3) assess the impact of soil texture and soil compaction due to tire tracks on GWL variability. To address these objectives, a 12-row crop planter equipped with hydraulic downforce control was used to plant three fields. The planter was set to plant corn at 5.2 and 5.7 cm depths with fixed target GWL set at 334 ±223 N (111 to 557 N) and GWLR set at 0 to 883 N. A data acquisition system collected real-time GPS, planting speed, GWL, hydraulic pressure, and planter toolbar height data at 10 Hz. Real-time GWL data of individual row units were analyzed to determine the GWL distribution within or outside the set target GWL. Moreover, GWLR was measured in individual row units and across varying control section sizes. Soil electrical conductivity (EC) was measured using a Veris mobile sensor platform. Soil EC was used in defining zones of low, medium, and high textured soil. Results show that GWL was within the target range of 111 to 557 N at 33% of the total planting time across the three fields, and GWLR was within 0 to 441 N at 9% of the total planting time. Results also indicate that a 2-row, 3-row, and 4-row control section could provide GWLR within 0 to 441 N at 76%, 46%, and 28% of the total planting time, respectively. These findings suggest the need for automatic downforce systems with fewer row units per control section to maintain target GWL within an acceptable range for all row units. Regression analyses indicate that soil texture is a significant variable that can influence real-time GWL. Furthermore, compacted soil due to tractor tires contributed to significantly lower GWL. Our data suggest the need for active downforce control to achieve improved GWL uniformity under varying field-operating conditions. Keywords: Gauge wheel load, Planter downforce, Precision planters, Seeding depth, Variability.
Method for Grade Identification of Tobacco Based on Machine Vision
Authors: He Yan , Wang Haijun , Zhu Shiping , Zeng Tao , Zhuang Zhenzhen , Zuo Yingqi , Zhang Kai
Published: October 2018

Abstract. Tobacco grading is the first step in the transfer of tobacco leaves from agricultural products to commodities and is key to determining the quality of tobacco. Manual grading is conventionally used for tobacco grading. However, it is time-consuming, expensive, and may require specialized labor. To overcome these limitations, a method for grade identification of tobacco leaves based on machine vision is proposed in this article. Based on a fuzzy pattern recognition algorithm, the tobacco leaf samples of the model set and prediction set could be classified by extracting appearance characteristics of the tobacco leaves. The identification system for tobacco leaves based on fuzzy pattern recognition was developed in MATLAB. The rate of correct grading was 85.81% and 80.23% for the modeling set and prediction set, respectively. This result shows that machine vision based automatic tobacco grading has a great advantage over manual grading, and this method can be explored for viable commercial use. Keywords: Fuzzy pattern recognition, Grade identification, Machine vision, Tobacco leaf.