bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Successful percutaneous coronary intervention after implantation of a CoreValve percutaneous aortic valve
Authors: Geist Volker , Sherif Mohammad A. , Khattab Ahmed A.
Published: October 2008

Background: The association between aortic valve disease and coronary atherosclerosis is common. In the recent era of percutaneous aortic valve replacement (PAVR), there is little experience with coronary artery intervention after valve implantation. Case report: To our knowledge, this is the first case of successful percutaneous coronary intervention after implantation of a CoreValve percutaneous aortic valve. We report a case of a 79‐year‐old female patient who underwent successful coronary artery intervention few months after a CoreValve's percutaneous implantation for severe aortic valve stenosis. Verifying the position of the used wires (crossing from inside the self expanding frame) is of utmost importance before proceeding to coronary intervention. In this case, crossing the aortic valve, coronary angiography, and multivessel stenting were successfully performed. Conclusion: Percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with previous CoreValve is feasible and safe. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The “art” of medicine and the “smokescreen” of the randomized trial off‐label use of vascular devices
Authors: Ansel Gary M. , Jaff Michael R.
Published: October 2008

Once a device is approved for sale in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), it can legally be used by doctors to treat any condition a physician determines is medically appropriate. Based on postmarket published data and physician procedural experience, this may even become the standard of care when an alternative device either does not exist or is inferior in performance, even before FDA approval. This right of physicians to practice medicine without FDA approval is Federal law. The off‐label use of medical devices for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease has recently become the latest target by groups with interests that have little to do with patient care. This interference has begun to negatively impact the latitude necessary for physicians to best treat their patients. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Autologous cell‐based therapy for ischemic heart disease: Clinical evidence, proposed mechanisms of action, and current limitations
Authors: Perin Emerson C. , Silva Guilherme V.
Published: October 2008

Cell‐based therapy is a promising approach for cardiac repair in patients with coronary artery disease. In preclinical and early clinical studies, investigators have preliminary evidence showing that stem cell therapy can safely and effectively improve myocardial perfusion and left ventricular function. Cardiac stem cell therapy may decrease left ventricular remodeling in cases of myocardial infarction and may alleviate symptoms and prevent cardiac enlargement in chronic ischemic heart disease. Various mechanisms, including paracrine effects, are believed to contribute to stem cell‐mediated cardiac repair. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal timing of therapy, best mode of delivery, and most effective cell dose. Cardiac stem cell therapy promises to become an important option for treating patients with coronary artery disease. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sudden cardiac death complicating alcohol septal ablation: A case report and review of literature
Authors: Antoun Patrick , Masry Hicham El , Breall Jeffrey A.
Published: October 2008

Over the years, alcohol septal ablation has become an effective and well‐accepted modality in the treatment of patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy refractory to standard medical therapy. Malignant tachyarrythmias infrequently complicates the procedure and are usually self‐terminating. We describe a case of alcohol septal ablation complicated by sudden cardiac death occurring immediately following the procedure requiring prolonged resuscitative efforts with eventual complete recovery. We also discuss the pathophysiologic significance of this event in the setting of this cardiomyopathy and its relevance as a complication of the procedure. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bubble Size Distribution in Oil‐Based Bubble Columns
Authors: Homayouni S.‐S. , Mehrnia M.‐R. , Mostoufi N. , Rajabi M. , Yazdani A.
Published: October 2008

A practical population balance model was used to evaluate the bubble size distribution in a bubble column. In addition, the bubble size distribution in the bubble column was measured at different gas velocities by photography and analysis of the pictures. Four types of liquid, i.e., water and three petroleum‐based liquids, were used in the experiments. The gas phase was air. It was found that the existing models in the literature are not able to satisfactorily predict the experimentally measured bubble size distribution. The model can be corrected by applying a correction factor to the energy dissipation rate. The corrected model fits the experimental bubble size distribution considerably better than the existing models. The variation of this correction factor is reported for different systems at different gas velocities.
Short note: Estimating the number of pure chemical components in a mixture by maximum likelihood
Authors: Malinowski Edmund R.
Published: October 2008

Computations attributed to the Malinowski F‐test are incorrect because they were based on determining the equality of secondary eigenvalues instead of the equality of reduced eigenvalues as prescribed in the original work of Malinowski. When the correct expression was employed, the results were found to be in complete agreement with expectations. This does not, in any way, affect the validity of the proposed MLE methodology, which appears to be a valuable tool in the chemometric arsenal. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biodegradable Naphthenic Acid Ionic Liquids: Synthesis, Characterization, and Quantitative Structure–Biodegradation Relationship
Authors: Yu Yinghao , Lu Xingmei , Zhou Qing , Dong Kun , Yao Hongwei , Zhang Suojiang
Published: October 2008

It has been confirmed that commonly used ionic liquids are not easily biodegradable. When ultimately disposed of or accidentally released, they would accumulate in the environment, which strongly restricts large‐scale industrial applications of ionic liquids. Herein, ten biodegradable ionic liquids were prepared by a single, one‐pot neutralization of choline and surrogate naphthenic acids. The structures of these naphthenic acid ionic liquids (NAILs) were characterized and confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis, and their physical properties, such as densities, viscosities, conductivities, melting points (Tm), glass transition points (Tg), and the onset temperatures of decomposition (Td), were determined. More importantly, studies showed that these NAILs would be rapidly and completely biodegraded in aquatic environments under aerobic conditions, which would make them attractive candidates to be utilized in industrial processes. To explore the underlying mechanism involved in the NAIL biodegradation reaction and seek prediction of their biodegradability under environmental conditions, four molecular descriptors were chosen: the logarithm of the n‐octanol/water partition coefficient (log P), van der Waals volume (VvdW), energies of the highest occupied molecular orbital (EHOMO), and energies of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (ELUMO). Through multiple linear regression, a general and qualified model including the biodegradation percentage for NAILs after the 28‐day OECD 301D test (%B28) and molecular descriptors was developed. Regression analysis showed that the model was statistically significant at the 99 % confidence interval, thus indicating that the %B28 of NAILs could be explained well by the quantum chemical descriptor EHOMO, which might give some important clues in the discovery of biodegradable ionic liquids of other kinds.
Energetic Ionic Liquids based on Lanthanide Nitrate Complex Anions
Authors: Tao Guo‐Hong , Huang Yangen , Boatz Jerry A. , Shreeve Jean'ne M.
Published: October 2008

Energetic ionic liquids based on anionic lanthanide nitrate complexes Cat+3[Ln(NO3)6]3−, where Cat+ is guanidinium, 4‐aminotriazolium, 4‐amino‐1‐methyltriazolium, 4‐amino‐1‐ethyltriazolium, 4‐amino‐1‐butyltriazolium, 1,5‐diaminotetrazolium, and 1,5‐diamino‐4‐methyltetrazolium, were prepared. The hexanitratolanthanate (‐cerate) salts with the last two cations, which are the first CO‐balanced energetic ionic liquids that are stable to hydrolysis and air, have impact sensitivities of about 27 J. These ionic liquids were obtained by an environmentally friendly, simple method using nitrate‐containing precursors. All salts were fully characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and determination of thermal stability, phase behavior, density, and water content. According to theoretical calculations, these new compounds have potential as propellants.
A series of new C2‐symmetric amino alcohols with multicoordination groups: Promising catalysts for synthesis of both enantiomers in the borane‐mediated reduction of prochiral ketones
Authors: Zhou Yan , Wang Ya‐Wen , Dou Wei , Zhang Dong , Liu Wei‐Sheng
Published: October 2008

A series of new C2‐symmetric amino alcohols with multicoordination groups have been synthesized and successfully applied as catalysts in the borane asymmetric reduction of prochiral ketones in refluxing toluene, providing the corresponding secondary alcohols with up to 90% ee. An unusual temperature‐dependent reversal of stereochemistry was also observed. Chirality, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aerosols and gaseous contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging of the lung
Authors: Mosbah Karim , Ruiz‐Cabello Jesus , Berthezène Yves , Crémillieux Yannick
Published: October 2008

Magnetic resonance imaging of lungs and the investigation of pulmonary pathologies with this technique are limited by low proton spin density, degraded magnetic homogeneity and motion. Inhaled contrast agents (gases or aerosols) can improve the diagnostic value of MRI for lung. Paramagnetic contrast agents such as gadolinium chelates aerosol or dioxygen gas increase the relaxivity of proton in lung parenchyma and can be used to assess the ventilated fraction of the bronchoalveolar space. Similarly, inhalation of non proton‐MRI nuclei such as perfluorinated gas or hyperpolarized gases (3He or 129Xe) can provide functional ventilation image. In this review paper, the principles, the practical implementation, the limitations and possible safety issues of these different techniques are summarized. The main pre‐clinical and clinical applications of these approaches based on oral contrast agents are reviewed and illustrated with cutting‐edge lung MRI studies. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A prospective feasibility trial to determine the significance of the sentinel node gradient in breast cancer
Authors: Bleicher Richard J. , O'Sullivan Martin J. , Ciocca Vincenzo , Ciocca Robin M. , Perkins L. Allen , Ross Eric , Li Tianyu , Patchefsky Arthur S. , Sigurdson Elin R. , Joseph Natalie E. , Sesa Linda , Morrow Monica
Published: October 2008

BACKGROUND.

Sentinel lymph node (SN) biopsy is standard for breast cancer staging, but SN dye gradients and their significance have never been characterized. If predictive of SN metastasis location, their use for focused pathology examination might improve intraoperative imprint cytology sensitivity.

METHODS.

This prospective trial enrolled clinically lymph node‐negative patients with invasive breast cancer not undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Surgeons marked SN gradients at their bluest end. Nodal halves were examined separately by imprint cytology, and the marked SN half was correlated to metastasis location. Demographic, pathologic, and prognostic features were recorded.

RESULTS.

Mean patient age and tumor size for the 102 patients was 59.6 years and 2.2 cm, respectively. Of 169 SNs, 159 (94.1%) had dye gradients, which varied by tumor quadrant, but not by histology, diagnosis method, grade, or stage. Among 41 marked SNs with metastases, 92.7% were present in the halves marked by the surgeon. Fourteen were confined to 1 nodal half, with 11 on the marked side and 3 on the unmarked side (P = .029). Metastases were smaller when confined to 1 versus both SN halves (0.14 vs 0.75 cm; P = .005), and smaller (0.87 vs 0.13 cm; P < .0001) when missed intraoperatively.

CONCLUSIONS.

Dye gradients occur in most SNs and predict metastasis location. The smallest metastases are hardest to detect intraoperatively and are usually confined to the marked SN half. This suggests that marking an SN's bluest half warrants further study to explore whether its correlation to metastasis location may be exploited to focus pathologic examination and decrease the reoperative axillary dissection rate. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Prognostic significance of c‐Met expression in glioblastomas
Authors: Kong Doo‐Sik , Song Sang‐Yong , Kim Duk‐Hwan , Joo Kyeung Min , Yoo Jin‐San , Koh Jong Sung , Dong Seung Myung , Suh Yeon‐Lim , Lee Jung‐Il , Park Kwan , Kim Jong Hyun , Nam Do‐Hyun
Published: October 2008

BACKGROUD:

The authors investigated whether expression of c‐Met protein in glioblastomas is associated with overall survival and biologic features representing tumor invasiveness in patients with glioblastomas.

METHODS:

Paraffin‐embedded specimens of glioblastomas from 62 patients treated in a single institution were assessed by immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of c‐Met expression. On the basis of the clinical data for these patients, the association between c‐Met expression and clinicobiologic features representing tumor invasiveness was analyzed.

RESULTS:

c‐Met overexpression was detected in 29.0% (18 of 62) of glioblastomas. In patients with c‐Met overexpression, the median survival was 11.7 months (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 9.9 months‐13.5 months), compared with a median survival of 14.3 months (95% CI, 7.6 months‐21.0 months) for patients whose tumors had no or little expression of c‐Met (P = .031). On the radiographic analysis, 9 of 18 patients (50%) with tumors overexpressing c‐Met demonstrated invasive and multifocal lesions on the initial magnetic resonance images, whereas only 9 of 44 patients (20.5%) with tumors that expressed no or little c‐Met demonstrated these features (P = .030). Using immunohistochemistry, we also found a significant association between c‐Met expression and matrix metalloproteinase‐2,‐9 (P = .020 and P = .013). Furthermore, Myc overexpression was found to be closely correlated with c‐Met overexpression on IHC analysis (P = .004).

CONCLUSIONS:

The authors suggest that c‐Met overexpression is associated with shorter survival time and poor treatment response in glioblastomas, the mechanism for which is elevated tumor invasiveness on the molecular and clinical phenotypes. This implies that more effective therapeutic strategies targeting c‐Met receptors may have important clinical implication. Cancer 2009. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Spatiotemporal characteristics of astroglial death in the rat hippocampo‐entorhinal complex following pilocarpine‐induced status epilepticus
Authors: Kim Duk‐Soo , Kim Ji‐Eun , Kwak Sung‐Eun , Choi Kyung‐Chan , Kim Dae‐Won , Kwon Oh‐Shin , Choi Soo‐Young , Kang Tae‐Cheon
Published: October 2008

Recently we reported that astroglial loss and subsequent gliogenesis in the dentate gyrus play a role in epileptogenesis following pilocarpine‐induced status epilepticus (SE). In the present study we investigated whether astroglial damages in the hippocampo‐entorhinal complex following SE are relevant to pathological or electrophysiological properties of temporal lobe epilepsy. Astroglial loss/damage was observed in the entorhinal cortex and the CA1 region at 4 weeks and 8 weeks after SE, respectively. These astroglial responses in the hippocampo‐entorhinal cortex were accompanied by hyperexcitability of the CA1 region (impairment of paired‐pulse inhibition and increase in excitability ratio). Unlike the dentate gyrus and the entorhinal cortex, CA1 astroglial damage was protected by conventional anti‐epileptic drugs. α‐Aminoadipic acid (a specific astroglial toxin) infusion into the entorhinal cortex induced astroglial damage and changed the electrophysiological properties in the CA1 region. Astroglial regeneration in the dentate gyrus and the stratum oriens of the CA1 region was found to originate from gliogenesis, while that in the entorhinal cortex and stratum radiatum of the CA1 region originated from in situ proliferation. These findings suggest that regional specific astroglial death/regeneration patterns may play an important role in the pathogenesis of temporal lobe epilepsy. J. Comp. Neurol. 511:581–598, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of the serotoninergic system in the central nervous system of a shark, the lesser spotted dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula
Authors: Carrera Iván , Molist Pilar , Anadón Ramón , Rodríguez‐Moldes Isabel
Published: October 2008

Chondrychthyans (cartilaginous fishes) are key to understanding the ancestral gnathostome condition since they provide an outgroup to sarcopterygians and actinopterygians. To gain comparative knowledge about the development of the vertebrate serotoninergic systems, we studied by immunohistochemistry the origin, spatiotemporal organization, and migration patterns of serotonin‐containing neurons and the growth of axonal pathways in the central nervous system of a shark, the lesser spotted dogfish. Hindbrain serotonin‐immunoreactive cells arose close to the floor plate and most populations migrated ventrally and mediolaterally to form the various raphe and reticular groups. The order of appearance of serotoninergic populations in the rhombencephalon and spinal cord (first the superior groups and then the inferior and spinal populations) roughly matched with that reported in other vertebrates but important differences were noted in the formation of prosencephalic groups in fishes. In addition to preoptic and hypothalamic areas, serotoninergic cerebrospinal fluid‐contacting cells were observed in the isthmus (raphe dorsalis anterioris). Transient serotonin‐immunoreactive cells were noted in the pineal organ, habenula, and pretectum. Further, we provide a revised anatomical framework for reticular and raphe serotoninergic populations considering their origin and segmental organization. Two distinct phases of development of the serotoninergic innervation were distinguished, that of the formation of the main axonal pathways and that of the branching of fibers. The development of main serotoninergic ascending pathways in dogfish was notably similar to that described in mammals. Our findings suggest the conservation of developmental patterns in serotoninergic systems and enhance the importance of elasmobranchs for understanding the early evolution of this system in vertebrates. J. Comp. Neurol. 511:804–831, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sex differences and laterality in astrocyte number and complexity in the adult rat medial amygdala
Authors: Johnson Ryan T. , Breedlove S. Marc , Jordan Cynthia L.
Published: October 2008

The posterodorsal portion of the medial amygdala (MePD) is sexually dimorphic in several rodent species. In several other brain nuclei, astrocytes change morphology in response to steroid hormones. We visualized MePD astrocytes using glial‐fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunocytochemistry. We compared the number and process complexity of MePD astrocytes in adult wildtype male and female rats and testicular feminized mutant (TFM) male rats that lack functional androgen receptors (ARs) to determine whether MePD astrocytes are sexually differentiated and whether ARs have a role. Unbiased stereological methods revealed laterality and sex differences in MePD astrocyte number and complexity. The right MePD contained more astrocytes than the left in all three genotypes, and the number of astrocytes was also sexually differentiated in the right MePD, with males having more astrocytes than females. In contrast, the left MePD contained more complex astrocytes than did the right MePD in all three genotypes, and males had more complex astrocytes than females in this hemisphere. TFM males were comparable to wildtype females, having fewer astrocytes on the right and simpler astrocytes on the left than do wildtype males. Taken together, these results demonstrate that astrocytes are sexually dimorphic in the adult MePD and that the nature of the sex difference is hemisphere‐dependent: a sex difference in astrocyte number in the right MePD and a sex difference in astrocyte complexity in the left MePD. Moreover, functional ARs appear to be critical in establishing these sex differences in MePD astrocyte morphology. J. Comp. Neurol. 511:599–609, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Descending brain‐spinal cord projections in a primitive vertebrate, the lamprey: Cerebrospinal fluid‐contacting and dopaminergic neurons
Authors: Barreiro‐Iglesias Antón , Villar‐Cerviño Verona , Anadón Ramón , Rodicio María Celina
Published: October 2008

We used Neurobiotin as a retrograde tract tracer in both larval and adult sea lampreys and observed a number of neuronal brainstem populations (mainly reticular and octaval populations and some diencephalic nuclei) that project to the spinal cord, in agreement with the results of previous tracer studies. We also observed small labeled neurons in the ventral hypothalamus, the mammillary region, and the paratubercular nucleus, nuclei that were not reported as spinal projecting. Notably, most of the labeled cells of the mammillary region and some of the ventral hypothalamus were cerebrospinal fluid‐contacting (CSF‐c) neurons. Combined tract tracing and immunocytochemistry showed that some of the labeled neurons of the mammillary and paratubercular nuclei were dopamine immunoreactive. In addition, some CSF‐c cells were labeled in the caudal rhombencephalon and rostral spinal cord, and many were also dopamine immunoreactive. Results with other tracers (biotinylated dextran amines, horseradish peroxidase, and the carbocyanine dye DiI) also demonstrated that the molecular weight or the molecular nature of the tracer was determinant in revealing diencephalic cells with very thin axons. The results show that descending systems afferent to the spinal cord in lampreys are more varied than previously reported, and reveal a descending projection from CSF‐c cells, which is unknown in vertebrates. The present results also reveal the existence of large differences between agnathans and gnathostomes in the organization of the dopaminergic cells that project to the spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 511:711–723, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increased AMPA receptor GluR1 subunit incorporation in rat hippocampal CA1 synapses during benzodiazepine withdrawal
Authors: Das Paromita , Lilly Scott M. , Zerda Ricardo , Gunning William T. , Alvarez Francisco J. , Tietz Elizabeth I.
Published: October 2008

Prolonged benzodiazepine treatment leads to tolerance and increases the risk of dependence. Flurazepam (FZP) withdrawal is associated with increased anxiety correlated with increased alpha‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid‐type glutamate receptor (AMPAR)‐mediated synaptic function and AMPAR binding in CA1 pyramidal neurons. Enhanced AMPAR synaptic strength is also associated with a shift toward inward rectification of synaptic currents and increased expression of GluR1, but not GluR2, subunits, suggesting augmented membrane incorporation of GluR1‐containing, GluR2‐lacking AMPARs. To test this hypothesis, the postsynaptic incorporation of GluR1 and GluR2 subunits in CA1 neurons after FZP withdrawal was examined by postembedding immunogold quantitative electron microscopy. The percentage of GluR1 positively labeled stratum radiatum (SR) synapses was significantly increased in FZP‐withdrawn rats (88.2% ± 2.2%) compared with controls (74.4% ± 1.9%). In addition, GluR1 immunogold density was significantly increased by 30% in SR synapses in CA1 neurons from FZP‐withdrawn rats compared with control rats (FZP: 14.1 ± 0.3 gold particles/μm; CON: 10.8 ± 0.4 gold particles/μm). In contrast, GluR2 immunogold density was not significantly different between groups. Taken together with recent functional data from our laboratory, the current study suggests that the enhanced glutamatergic strength at CA1 neuron synapses during benzodiazepine withdrawal is mediated by increased incorporation of GluR1‐containing AMPARs. Mechanisms underlying synaptic plasticity in this model of drug dependence are therefore fundamentally similar to those that operate during activity‐dependent plasticity. J. Comp. Neurol. 511:832–846, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tau isoform regulation is region‐ and cell‐specific in mouse brain
Authors: McMillan Pamela , Korvatska Elena , Poorkaj Parvoneh , Evstafjeva Zana , Robinson Linda , Greenup Lynne , Leverenz James , Schellenberg Gerard D. , D'Souza Ian
Published: October 2008

Tau is a microtubule‐associated protein implicated in neurodegenerative tauopathies. Alternative splicing of the tau gene (MAPT) generates six tau isoforms, distinguishable by the exclusion or inclusion of a repeat region of exon 10, which are referred to as 3‐repeat (3R) and 4‐repeat (4R) tau, respectively. We developed transgenic mouse models that express the entire human MAPT gene in the presence and absence of the mouse Mapt gene and compared the expression and regulation of mouse and human tau isoforms during development and in the young adult. We found differences between mouse and human tau in the regulation of exon 10 inclusion. Despite these differences, the isoform splicing pattern seen in normal human brain is replicated in our mouse models. In addition, we found that all tau, both in the neonate and young adult, is phosphorylated. We also examined the normal anatomic distribution of mouse and human tau isoforms in mouse brain. We observed developmental and species‐specific variations in the expression of 3R‐ and 4R‐tau within the frontal cortex and hippocampus. In addition, there were differences in the cellular distribution of the isoforms. Mice transgenic for the human MAPT gene exhibited higher levels of neuronal cell body expression of tau compared to wildtype mice. This neuronal cell body expression of tau was limited to the 3R isoform, whereas expression of 4R‐tau was more “synaptic like,” with granular staining of neuropil rather than in neuronal cell bodies. These developmental and species‐specific differences in the regulation and distribution of tau isoforms may be important to the understanding of normal and pathologic tau isoform expression. J. Comp. Neurol. 511:788–803, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inputs to the ventrolateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
Authors: Shin Jung‐Won , Geerling Joel C. , Loewy Arthur D.
Published: October 2008

The ventrolateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTvl) receives direct input from two specific subpopulations of neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). It is heavily innervated by aldosterone‐sensitive NTS neurons, which are selectively activated by sodium depletion, and by the A2 noradrenergic neurons, which are activated by visceral and immune‐ and stress‐related stimuli. Here, we used a retrograde neuronal tracer to identify other brain sites that innervate the BSTvl. Five general brain regions contained retrogradely labeled neurons:cerebral cortex(infralimbic and insular regions),rostral forebrain structures(subfornical organ, organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, taenia tecta, nucleus accumbens, lateral septum, endopiriform nucleus, dorsal BST, substantia innominata, and, most prominently the amygdala—primarily its basomedial and central subnuclei),thalamus(central medial, intermediodorsal, reuniens, and, most prominently the paraventricular thalamic nucleus),hypothalamus(medial preoptic area, perifornical, arcuate, dorsomedial, parasubthalamic, and posterior hypothalamic nuclei), andbrainstem(periaqueductal gray matter, dorsal and central superior raphe nuclei, parabrachial nucleus, pre‐locus coeruleus region, NTS, and A1 noradrenergic neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla). In the arcuate hypothalamic nucleus, some retrogradely labeled neurons contained either agouti‐related peptide or cocaine/amphetamine‐regulated transcript. Of the numerous retrogradely labeled neurons in the perifornical hypothalamic area, few contained melanin‐concentrating hormone or orexin. In the brainstem, many retrogradely labeled neurons were either serotoninergic or catecholaminergic. In summary, the BSTvl receives inputs from a variety of brain sites implicated in hunger, salt and water intake, stress, arousal, and reward. J. Comp. Neurol. 511:628–657, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential expression of canonical (classical) transient receptor potential channels in guinea pig enteric nervous system
Authors: Liu Sumei , Qu Mei‐Hua , Ren Wei , Hu Hong‐Zhen , Gao Na , Wang Guo‐Du , Wang Xi‐Yu , Fei Guijun , Zuo Fei , Xia Yun , Wood Jackie D.
Published: October 2008

The canonical transient receptor potential (TRPC) family of ion channels is implicated in many neuronal processes including calcium homeostasis, membrane excitability, synaptic transmission, and axon guidance. TRPC channels are postulated to be important in the functional neurobiology of the enteric nervous system (ENS); nevertheless, details for expression in the ENS are lacking. Reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry were used to study the expression and localization of TRPC channels. We found mRNA transcripts, protein on Western blots, and immunoreactivity (IR) for TRPC1/3/4/6 expressed in the small intestinal ENS of adult guinea pigs. TRPC1/3/4/6‐IR was localized to distinct subpopulations of enteric neurons and was differentially distributed between the myenteric and submucosal divisions of the ENS. TRPC1‐IR was widely distributed and localized to neurons with cholinergic, calretinin, and nitrergic neuronal immunochemical codes in the myenteric plexus. It was localized to both cholinergic and noncholinergic secretomotor neurons in the submucosal plexus. TRPC3‐IR was found only in the submucosal plexus and was expressed exclusively by neuropeptide Y‐IR neurons. TRPC4/6‐IR was expressed in only a small population of myenteric neurons, but was abundantly expressed in the submucosal plexus. TRPC4/6‐IR was coexpressed with both cholinergic and nitrergic neurochemical codes in the myenteric plexus. In the submucosal plexus, TRPC4/6‐IR was expressed exclusively in noncholinergic secretomotor neurons. No TRPC1/3/4/6‐IR was found in calbindin‐IR neurons. TRPC3/4/6‐IR was widely expressed along varicose nerve fibers and colocalized with synaptophysin‐IR at putative neurotransmitter release sites. Our results suggest important roles for TRPC channels in ENS physiology and neuronal regulation of gut function. J. Comp. Neurol. 511:847–862, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Conservation and diversity of Foxp2 expression in muroid rodents: Functional implications
Authors: Campbell Polly , Reep Roger L. , Stoll Margaret L. , Ophir Alexander G. , Phelps Steven M.
Published: October 2008

FOXP2, the first gene causally linked to a human language disorder, is implicated in song acquisition, production, and perception in oscine songbirds, the evolution of speech and language in hominids, and the evolution of echolocation in bats. Despite the evident relevance of Foxp2 to vertebrate acoustic communication, a comprehensive description of neural expression patterns is currently lacking in mammals. Here we use immunocytochemistry to systematically describe the neural distribution of Foxp2 protein in four species of muroid rodents: Scotinomys teguina and S. xerampelinus (“singing mice”), the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus, and the lab mouse, Mus musculus. While expression patterns were generally highly conserved across brain regions, we identified subtle but consistent interspecific differences in Foxp2 distribution, most notably in the medial amygdala and nucleus accumbens, and in layer V cortex throughout the brain. Throughout the brain, Foxp2 was highly enriched in areas involved in modulation of fine motor output (striatum, mesolimbic dopamine circuit, olivocerebellar system) and in multimodal sensory processing and sensorimotor integration (thalamus, cortex). We propose a generalized model for Foxp2‐modulated pathways in the adult brain including, but not limited to, fine motor production and auditory perception. J. Comp. Neurol. 512:84–100, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cochlear implant use following neonatal deafness influences the cochleotopic organization of the primary auditory cortex in cats
Authors: Fallon James B. , Irvine Dexter R.F. , Shepherd Robert K.
Published: October 2008

Electrical stimulation of spiral ganglion neurons in a deafened cochlea, via a cochlear implant, provides a means of investigating the effects of the removal and subsequent restoration of afferent input on the functional organization of the primary auditory cortex (AI). We neonatally deafened 17 cats before the onset of hearing, thereby abolishing virtually all afferent input from the auditory periphery. In seven animals the auditory pathway was chronically reactivated with environmentally derived electrical stimuli presented via a multichannel intracochlear electrode array implanted at 8 weeks of age. Electrical stimulation was provided by a clinical cochlear implant that was used continuously for periods of up to 7 months. In 10 long‐term deafened cats and three age‐matched normal‐hearing controls, an intracochlear electrode array was implanted immediately prior to cortical recording. We recorded from a total of 812 single unit and multiunit clusters in AI of all cats as adults using a combination of single tungsten and multichannel silicon electrode arrays. The absence of afferent activity in the long‐term deafened animals had little effect on the basic response properties of AI neurons but resulted in complete loss of the normal cochleotopic organization of AI. This effect was almost completely reversed by chronic reactivation of the auditory pathway via the cochlear implant. We hypothesize that maintenance or reestablishment of a cochleotopically organized AI by activation of a restricted sector of the cochlea, as demonstrated in the present study, contributes to the remarkable clinical performance observed among human patients implanted at a young age. J. Comp. Neurol. 512:101–114, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selective reduction in synaptic proteins involved in vesicle docking and signalling at synapses in the ataxic mutant mouse stargazer
Authors: Leitch Beulah , Shevtsova Olga , Kerr John Richard
Published: October 2008

The spontaneous recessive mutant mouse stargazer has a specific and pronounced deficit in brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA expression in the cerebellum. Cerebellar granule cells, in particular, show a selective and near‐total loss of BDNF. The mutation involves a defect in the calcium channel subunit Cacng2. This severely reduces expression of stargazin. A stargazin‐induced failure in BDNF expression is thought to underlie the cerebellar ataxia with which the mutant presents. BDNF is known to regulate plasticity at cerebellar synapses. However, relatively little is known about the mechanism involved. We previously demonstrated that the stargazer mutation affects the phenotype of cerebellar glutamatergic neurons. Stargazer neurons have less glutamate and proportionally fewer docked vesicles at presynaptic sites than controls. In the current study, we investigate the mechanism underlying BDNF‐induced synaptic changes by analyzing alterations in synaptic signalling proteins in the stargazer cerebellum. Expression levels of synaptic proteins were evaluated by measuring relative density of immunogold label over granule cell terminals in ultrathin sections from ataxic stargazer mutants compared with matched nonataxic littermates. We show that there is a selective and marked depletion in the levels of vesicle‐associated proteins (synaptobrevin, synaptophysin, synaptotagmin, and Rab3a) but not of plasma membrane‐associated protein (SNAP‐25) in the terminals of the BDNF‐deficient granule cells. Changes are restricted to the cerebellum; levels in the hippocampus are unaltered. These data suggest that the BDNF deficits in the cerebellum of stargazer affect synaptic vesicle docking by selectively altering synaptic‐protein distribution and abundance. J. Comp. Neurol. 512:52–73, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic tracing of subpopulation neurons in the prethalamus of mice (Mus musculus)
Authors: Delaunay Delphine , Heydon Katharina , Miguez Andres , Schwab Markus , Nave Klaus‐Armin , Thomas Jean Leon , Spassky Nathalie , Martinez Salvador , Zalc Bernard
Published: October 2008

Genetic labeling based on the Cre/lox reporter system has allowed the creation of fate maps for progenitor cells and their offspring. In the diencephalon, pools of progenitors express the plp transcripts in the zona limitans intrathalamica (ZLI), the basal plate of the diencephalon (bpD), and the posterior part of the hypothalamus. We used plp‐Cre transgenics crossed with either Rosa26‐lox‐lacZ (R26R) or actin‐lox gfp (Z/EG) reporter mice to investigate the progeny of plp‐expressing ventricular cells in the diencephalon. We describe the subpopulations of prethalamic neurons derived from plp‐activated progenitors, their possible migratory routes as development proceeds, and their final positional identity. Neurons derived from plp‐expressing progenitors issued from the ZLI contribute to GABAergic cells in the zona incerta, the subgeniculate nucleus, the ventral lateral geniculate, and the intergeniculate leaflet. Plp+ progenitors in the bpD and posterior hypothalamus appear to generate glutamatergic neurons in the subthalamic nucleus and GABAergic neurons in the mammillary and retromammillary tegmentum derivatives. In all these nuclei the contribution of plp+ progenitors is only partial, illustrating the heterogeneity of origin of neurons in prethalamic and caudal hypothalamic nuclei. J. Comp. Neurol. 512:74–83, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Postmortem changes in the neuroanatomical characteristics of the primate brain: Hippocampal formation
Authors: Lavenex Pierre , Lavenex Pamela Banta , Bennett Jeffrey L. , Amaral David G.
Published: October 2008

Comparative studies of the structural organization of the brain are fundamental to our understanding of human brain function. However, whereas brains of experimental animals are fixed by perfusion of a fixative through the vasculature, human or ape brains are fixed by immersion after varying postmortem intervals. Although differential treatments might affect the fundamental characteristics of the tissue, this question has not been evaluated empirically in primate brains. Monkey brains were either perfused or acquired after varying postmortem intervals before immersion‐fixation in 4% paraformaldehyde. We found that the fixation method affected the neuroanatomical characteristics of the monkey hippocampal formation. Soma size was smaller in Nissl‐stained, immersion‐fixed tissue, although overall brain volume was larger as compared to perfusion‐fixed tissue. Nonphosphorylated high‐molecular‐weight neurofilament immunoreactivity was lower in CA3 pyramidal neurons, dentate mossy cells, and the entorhinal cortex, whereas it was higher in the mossy fiber pathway in immersion‐fixed tissue. Serotonin‐immunoreactive fibers were well stained in perfused tissue but were undetectable in immersion‐fixed tissue. Although regional immunoreactivity patterns for calcium‐binding proteins were not affected, intracellular staining degraded with increasing postmortem intervals. Somatostatin‐immunoreactive clusters of large axonal varicosities, previously reported only in humans, were observed in immersion‐fixed monkey tissue. In addition, calretinin‐immunoreactive multipolar neurons, previously observed only in rodents, were found in the rostral dentate gyrus in both perfused and immersion‐fixed brains. In conclusion, comparative studies of the brain must evaluate the effects of fixation on the staining pattern of each marker in every structure of interest before drawing conclusions about species differences. J. Comp. Neurol. 512:27–51, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Usefulness of repeat cytology at the time of first colposcopy
Authors: Alves Rosane Ribeiro Figueiredo , Rabelo‐Santos Silvia Helena , Ribeiro Andrea Alves , Carneiro Megmar Aparecida dos Santos , Ximenes Yara , Tavares Suelene Brito do Nascimento , Saddi Vera , Zeferino Luiz Carlos
Published: October 2008

The value of repeat cytology in the detection of high‐grade preinvasive or invasive disease was analyzed at the time of colposcopy in cases of patients with abnormal referral cytology. A series of 136 patients with squamous abnormalities in their referral cytology, who had undergone repeat cytology and for whom outcome had been established, were included in the study. Final diagnosis consisted of 27 negative results (20%), 37 cases of CIN1 (27%), 31 CIN2 (23%), 39 CIN3 (29%), and 2 (1%) cases of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Referral and repeat cytology suggestive of atypical squamous cells cannot exclude high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (ASC‐H), high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) were findings significantly associated with a final diagnosis of CIN2 or worse. Sensitivity and positive predictive value of repeat cytology for the histological diagnosis of significant histological neoplasia (CIN2 or worse) were 81.9% and 77.6%, respectively. In women with referral cytology findings of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance or low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (ASC‐US/LSIL), repeat cytology was suggestive of HSIL in 20% of cases (11/54), and in 4% (2/54) biopsy was negative or CIN1, and the final diagnosis established by LLETZ was CIN3. Eight cases (10%) of HSIL in referral and repeat cytology in which biopsies were negative or insufficient were diagnosed as CIN3 or worse in the final diagnosis. Repeat cytology would have changed therapeutic management in 4 and 10%, respectively, of patients included as ASC‐US/LSIL and ASC‐H/HSIL in referral cytology. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Using developmental cognitive neuroscience to study behavioral and attentional control
Authors: Astle Duncan E. , Scerif Gaia
Published: October 2008

Adult cognitive neuroscience employs a wide variety of techniques to investigate a broad range of behavioral and cognitive functions. One prominent area of study is that of executive control, complemented by a smaller but growing literature exploring thedevelopmentalcognitive neuroscience of executive control. To date this approach has often compared children with specific developmental disorders, such as ADHD and ASD, with typically developing controls. Whilst these comparisons have done much to advance our understanding of the neural markers that underpin behavioral difficulties at specific time‐points in development, we contend that they should leave developmental cognitive neuroscientists wanting. Studying the neural correlates of typical changes in executive control in their own right can reveal how different neural mechanisms characteristic of the adult end‐state emerge, and it can therefore inform the adult cognitive neuroscience of executive control itself. The current review addresses the extent to which developmentalists and adult cognitive neuroscientists have tapped this common ground. Some very elegant investigations illustrate how seemingly common processes in adulthood present as separable in childhood, on the basis of their distinctive developmental trajectories. These demonstrations have implications not only for an understanding of changing behavior from infancy through childhood and adolescence into adulthood, but, moreover, for our grasp of the adult end‐state per se. We contend that, if used appropriately, developmental cognitive neuroscience could enable us to construct a moremechanisticaccount of executive control. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 51: 107–118, 2009
Elevated serum retinol‐binding protein 4 concentrations are associated with renal dysfunction and uric acid in type 2 diabetic patients
Authors: Chang Yu‐Hung , Lin Kun‐Der , Wang Chiao‐Ling , Hsieh Ming‐Chia , Hsiao Pi‐Jung , Shin Shyi‐Jang
Published: October 2008

Background

While some studies have reported that retinol‐binding protein 4 (RBP4) might induce insulin resistance, other studies have demonstrated that the presence of albuminuria in diabetic patients and increased uric acid are related to insulin resistance. Therefore, this study attempted to further investigate the relationship among serum RBP4, serum uric acid, and the severity of albuminuria in diabetic patients.

Methods

A total of 95 type 2 diabetic patients and 16 healthy subjects participated in this study. Diabetic patients were classified into normoalbuminuria, microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria groups according to their urine albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio (ACR). Serum RBP4 was measured by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results

Serum RBP4 was significantly elevated in type 2 diabetic patients with normoalbuminuria (43.4 ± 14.9 µg/mL), microalbuminuria (57.3 ± 24.2 µg/mL) and macroalbuminuria (64.7 ± 27.6 µg/mL) as compared with control patients (32.6 ± 10.0 µg/mL). Serum RBP4 was also significantly elevated in type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria or macroalbuminuria as compared with the normoalbuminuric group. Serum RBP4 in diabetic subjects was positively correlated with triglycerides, uric acid and ACR, and negatively correlated with low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; with age and gender adjustment in each parameter). Multiple stepwise linear regression analysis showed that uric acid and eGFR remained significantly associated with serum RBP4.

Conclusions

Both eGFR and uric acid are significant determinants of serum RBP4, suggesting that the impaired renal clearance of early diabetic nephropathy affects RBP4 and indirectly supporting the hypothesized link among metabolic syndrome, uric acid and insulin resistance. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct determination of celiprolol in human urine using on‐line coupled ITP‐CZE method with fiber‐based DAD
Authors: Mikuš Peter , Maráková Katarína , Marák Jozef , Planková Alexandra , Valášková Iva , Havránek Emil
Published: October 2008

The present work illustrated possibilities of column‐coupling electrophoresis combined with DAD for the direct quantitative determination of trace drug (celiprolol, CEL) in clinical human urine samples. ITP, on‐line coupled with CZE, served as an ideal injection technique (high sample load capacity, narrow and sharp drug zone). Moreover, the ITP provided an effective on‐line sample pretreatment (preseparation, purification and preconcentration of the drug) producing analyte zone suitable for its direct detection and quantitation in CZE stage. Spectral DAD in comparison with single wavelength ultraviolet detection enhanced value of analytical information (i) verifying purity (i.e., spectral homogeneity) of drug zone (according to differences in spectrum profiles when compared tested and reference drug spectra) and (ii) indicating zones/peaks with spectra similar to the drug spectrum (potential structurally related metabolites). The characterization of trace analyte signals superposed on the baseline noise was more definite thanks to the application of background correction and smoothing procedure to the raw DAD spectra (producing relevant spectral response). The proposed ITP‐CZE‐DAD method was characterized by favorable performance parameters for CEL in urine matrices {e.g., the lower limit of quantification was 9.7 ng/mL, RSD and relative error of the determinations were lower than 3% (precision) and 1% (accuracy), respectively, analyte peak exhibited spectral homogeneity (reflecting separation selectivity), separation efficiency was 84 500 theoretical plates} and successfully applied in a trial pharmacokinetic study of CEL.