bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of earthquake parameters to generate hazard maps by integrating AHP and GIS for Küçükçekmece region
Authors: Erden T. , Karaman H.
Published: February 2012

Abstract. Definition of an earthquake includes parameters with respect to region of interest. Each of those parameters has different weights on the earthquake ground motion and effect. This study examines the weight of common parameters that have an influence on the effects of earthquakes. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used for factor weighting of each parameter and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are used for simulating the results of the AHP on a spatial environment. In this study, it is aimed to generate a hierarchical structure of the model for the simulation of an earthquake hazard map (EHM). The parameters of the EHM, which are selected by the criterion of non-correlated factors, are: topography, distance to epicenter, soil classification, liquefaction, and fault/focal mechanism. As a result of the study, weights of the parameters that affect the earthquake ground motion at the study area are determined and compared with a selected attenuation relation map.
Negotiating agency and human rights in Islam: A case of Muslim women in Kenya
Authors: Wangila Mary Nyangweso
Published: February 2012

Human agency is a basic human right. Just as humans are entitled to basic human needs, they are also entitled to agency i.e. freedom of choice. Human dignity is centered on this simple fact. Sometimes cultures and religions have infringed upon this basic right. In Kenya, for instance, Muslim women continue to be conflicted between upholding their basic rights as human beings, and adhering to their religious expectations. This conflict mostly manifests in matters related to sexuality and gender roles. While some Muslim scholars have asserted that human rights principles are at the heart of Islam, others have devalued human rights arguing that they are foreign, and western propaganda intended to destroy Islam. Muslim women in Kenya are caught in this dilemma. In this article, I explore the possibility of negotiating agency and human rights in a Muslim context. I draw illustrations from surveying and interviewing thirty Muslim women from Kenya, to highlight the challenges they face, as they attempt to claim human rights. It is my argument that human rights are human entitlements, which are compatible with Islamic teachings. Muslim women should be able to negotiate agency and human rights entitlement within Islam.
Effects of Viscous Dissipation on the Thermal Boundary Layer of Pseudoplastic Power-Law Non-Newtonian Fluids Using Discretization Method and the Boubaker Polynomials Expansion Scheme
Authors: Boubaker Karem , Li Botong , Zheng Liancun , Bhrawy Ali H. , Zhang Xinxin
Published: February 2012

Heat transfer of pseudoplastic power-law non-Newtonian fluids aligned with a semi-infinite plate is studied. Unlike in most classical works, the effects of viscous dissipation which is coupled with the temperature-dependent thermal diffusivity are considered in the energy equation. The discretization method is used to convert the governing partial differential equations into a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The solutions are presented numerically by using the shooting technique coupled with the Newtonian method and the Boubaker polynomials expansion scheme. The effects of power-law index and the Zheng number on the dynamics are analyzed. The associated heat-transfer characteristics are also tabulated in some domains of the said parameters.
Simulating Turbulent Buoyant Flow by a Simple LES-Based Thermal Lattice Boltzmann Model
Authors: Chen Sheng
Published: February 2012

To simulate turbulent buoyant flow in geophysical science, where usually the vorticity-streamfunction equations instead of the primitive-variables Navier-Stokes equations serve as the governing equations, a novel and simple thermal lattice Boltzmann model is proposed based on large eddy simulation (LES). Thanks to its intrinsic features, the present model is efficient and simple for thermal turbulence simulation. Two-dimensional numerical simulations of natural convection in a square cavity were performed at high Rayleigh number varying from 104 to 1010 with Prandtl number at 0.7. The advantages of the present model are validated by numerical experiments.
Synthesis and Properties of Electroconductive Polymeric Composite Material Based on Polypyrrole
Authors: Ilicheva N. S. , Kitaeva N. K. , Duflot V. R. , Kabanova V. I.
Published: February 2012

A technique is proposed for obtaining electroconductive, mechanically strong, and elastic composite material based on polypyrrole and hydrophilized polyethylene. The relationship is established between the process parameters and properties of the composite material such as electroconductivity and mechanical strength. Several methods are considered in the view of increasing electroconductivity of the material. Physical and mechanical properties of the composite material are investigated.
Viscoelastic Effects on Free Convective Three-Dimensional Flow with Heat and Mass Transfer
Authors: Choudhury Rita , Das Utpal Jyoti
Published: February 2012

A theoretical study of free convective three-dimensional heat and mass transfer flow of a viscoelastic fluid along a steadily moving porous vertical plate in presence of transverse sinusoidal suction velocity distribution, and uniform free stream velocity has been considered. The flow becomes three dimensional due to this suction velocity. The governing equations of the flow field are solved by using series expansion method, and the expressions for velocity field, temperature field, skin friction, heat flux in terms of Nusselt number, and mass flux in terms of Sherwood number are obtained. The effects of the viscoelastic parameter on velocity profiles and shear stress with the combination of the other flow parameters are discussed graphically.
Study of Impedance Spectroscopy of Ferroelectric (Pb Sr)TiO3 Glass Ceramic System with Addition of La2O3
Authors: Gautam C. R. , Kumar D. , Singh Prabhakar , Parkash O.
Published: February 2012

Various composition of glasses were prepared by melt-quenched method in the glass ceramic system 64[(PbxSr1-x)⋅OTiO2]-25[(2SiO2⋅B2O3)]-7[BaO]-3[K2O] doped with 1 mole % La2O3 (0.0≤x≤0.4). Solid solution of perovskite lead strontium titanate (PST) phase was crystallized in borosilicate glassy matrix with controlled heat treatment schedule. X-ray diffraction analysis of these glass ceramic samples revealed that major crystalline phase of the entire glass ceramic samples bears cubic structure similar to SrTiO3 ceramic. Impedance spectroscopy studies were done in the frequency range 0.01 Hz to 3.0 MHz and in the temperature range 50 to 275°C. Impedance and complex modulus spectroscopic techniques were used to find out the various contributions to the polarization process. Resistive and capacitive contributions of the processes relaxing in the highest frequency range were found to have low values in comparison to the resistive and capacitive contributions for the processes relaxing in lower and intermediate frequencies ranges.
Chromosomal Arrangement of AHL-Driven Quorum Sensing Circuits in Pseudomonas
Authors: Gelencsér Zsolt , Galbáts Borisz , Gonzalez Juan F. , Choudhary K. Sonal , Hudaiberdiev Sanjarbek , Venturi Vittorio , Pongor Sándor
Published: February 2012

Pseudomonas spp. are able to colonize a large variety of environments due to their wide adaptability which is also associated with an N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) gene regulation mechanism called quorum sensing (QS). In this article we present a systematic overview of the genomic arrangement patterns of quorum sensing genes found in Pseudomonas and compare the topologies with those found in other bacterial genomes. We find that the topological arrangement of QS genes is more variable than previously thought but there are a few unifying features that occur in many of the topological arrangements. We hypothesize that the negative regulators of QS that are often found between the canonical luxR/ and luxI-family genes may be crucial for stabilizing the output of QS circuits.
Evaluation of the First Commercial Hepcidin ELISA for the Differential Diagnosis of Anemia of Chronic Disease and Iron Deficiency Anemia in Hospitalized Geriatric Patients
Authors: Geerts Inge , Vermeersch Pieter , Joosten Etienne
Published: February 2012

Introduction. Anemia is a frequent problem in hospitalized geriatric patients, and the anemia of chronic disease (ACD) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) are the 2 most prevalent causes. The aim of the study was to assess the possible role of serum hepcidin in the differential diagnosis between ACD and IDA. Methods. We investigated serum hepcidin, iron status, anemia, and C-reactive protein in 39 consecutive geriatric patients with ACD and IDA. Serum hepcidin levels were determined using a commercial ELISA kit (DRG Instruments, Marburg, Germany). We also measured hepcidin in 26 healthy controls. Results. The serum hepcidin levels were not significantly higher in the 28 patients with ACD as compared to the 11 patients with IDA. Conclusions. The serum hepcidin levels measured using the commercial ELISA kit (DRG) do not appear to increase in older patients with ACD. It should be noted that an assay-specific problem could explain our results.
Phenotype and Metabolic Disorders in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Gluszak Olgierd , Stopinska-Gluszak Urszula , Glinicki Piotr , Kapuscinska Renata , Snochowska Hanna , Zgliczynski Wojciech , Debski Romuald
Published: February 2012

The polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most frequent endocrinopathies in women. Its incidence is assessed at 6–8% of the female population in the reproductive age. It is characterised by oligomenorrhea (Oligo), hyperandrogenism (HA), and the presence of polycystic ovaries (PCOs). Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism is being disturbed in many women with PCOS. The pathogenesis of PCOS is still unexplained. Following the main criteria of diagnosis (Rotterdam Consensus 2003), Dewailly, Welt and Pehlivanov divided the patients with PCOS into 4 phenotype groups: A, B, C, and D. In our studies of 93 patients with PCOS, we found (1) the most frequent appearance (60,2%) of the phenotype A [Oligo + HA + PCO]; (2) an increased androstenedione concentration in a group with HA (A, B, C); (3) an increased HOMA-β and insulin concentration after 30 min an oral 75 g glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in a group of obese women with BMI>30 kg/m2; (4) high levels of total testosterone, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol concentrations in a group A with classic phenotype of PCOS: Oligo + HA + PCO—increasing the risk of development of cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, or metabolic syndrome. The average androstenedione concentrations could be a good diagnostic and prognostic parameter.
Integrating Oral Health Care into Primary Health Care System
Authors: Hajizamani Abolghasem , Malek Mohammadi Tayebeh , Hajmohammadi Ebadollah , Shafiee Shahin
Published: February 2012

Introduction. Systematic evaluation is an integral part of the organization and delivery of community oral health care programmes, ensuring the effectiveness of these community-based interventions. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and practice of primary health care (PHC) personnel regarding their duties toward oral health. Methods and Material. A cross-sectional study was carried out among three groups of PHC personnel in the city of Kerman (Iran). Volunteer personnel completed a piloted questionnaire which included demographic data, some question regarding their knowledge about oral health, their duties and also their practice regarding public oral health. All data were analyzed using chi-square and Pearson correlation test. Results. One hundred and fifty-seven out of 225 eligible personnel participated in the study. Sixty percent were auxiliary health workers (Behvarz). All personnel had a good level of knowledge regarding oral health. Despite significant differences among the knowledge of the personnel toward oral health, there was no significant difference between their knowledge related to their duties regarding oral health. The auxiliary health worker group had a higher rate (45.6%) for better public oral health practice. Conclusion. The study showed the personnel have good knowledge of their duties regarding oral health. However, their practice is not in line with their knowledge and needs more attention.
Event-Related Potentials to an English/Spanish Syllabic Contrast in Mexican 10–13-Month-Old Infants
Authors: Rivera-Gaxiola Maritza , Garcia-Sierra Adrian , Lara-Ayala Lourdes , Cadena Cesar , Jackson-Maldonado Donna , Kuhl Patricia K.
Published: February 2012

We report brain electrophysiological responses from 10- to 13-month-old Mexican infants while listening to native and foreign CV-syllable contrasts differing in Voice Onset Time (VOT). All infants showed normal auditory event-related potential (ERP) components. Our analyses showed ERP evidence that Mexican infants are capable of discriminating their native sounds as well as the acoustically salient (aspiration) foreign contrast. The study showed that experience with native language influences VOT perception in Spanish learning infants. The acoustic salience of aspiration is perceived by both Spanish and English learning infants, but exposure provides additional phonetic status to this native-language feature for English learning infants. The effects of early experience and neural commitment as well as the impact of acoustic salience are further discussed.
The Impact of Instructional Methods on Critical Thinking: A Comparison of Problem-Based Learning and Conventional Approach in Engineering Education
Authors: Masek Alias , Yamin Sulaiman
Published: February 2012

Recent research reveals a gap in determining the effect of problem-based learning (PBL) on students’ critical thinking ability. Existing evidences from previous research have been equivocal to be deemed conclusive, especially in across multiple educational disciplines. This paper investigates the effect of PBL on students’ critical thinking ability, as compared to conventional approach. The study employed an experimental pretest and posttest with control group design. The participants were 53 undergraduate students in electrical engineering course, who attended Electrical Technology Module (ET101) in their first semester. Participants completed the pretest and posttests of the translated version of the Cornell Critical Thinking Test Specimen set. The results suggested that students’ critical thinking ability in the PBL group had not been significantly different from their counterparts in the conventional approach group. This paper further discusses the implication of problem-based learning in engineering education.
Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Polymer Electrolyte (PVA:LiOH) Containing In Situ Dispersed Fe3O4 Nanoparticles
Authors: Aji M. P. , Rahmawati  , Masturi  , Bijaksana S. , Khairurrijal  , Abdullah M.
Published: February 2012

Nanocomposite magnetic polymer electrolytes based on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) complexed with lithium hydroxide (LiOH) and containing magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles were prepared using an in situ method, in which the nanoparticles were grown in the host polymer electrolyte. Ion carriers were formed during nanoparticle growth from the previously added LiOH precursor. If a high concentration of LiOH was added, the remaining unreacted LiOH was distributed in the form of an amorphous complex around the Fe3O4 nanoparticles, thus preventing agglomeration of the nanoparticles by the host polymer. By addition of Fe3O4 the composite polymer electrolytes improved the ionic conductivity, resulting in a maximum conductivity of 1.81×10-3 S⋅cm-1. The magnetic properties of the polymer electrolyte were investigated through magnetic susceptibility studies, and the material was predominantly ferromagnetic.
Ethyl Cellulose Microparticles Containing Metformin HCl by Emulsification-Solvent Evaporation Technique: Effect of Formulation Variables
Authors: Maji Ruma , Ray Somasree , Das Biswarup , Nayak Amit Kumar
Published: February 2012

The work investigates the effect of various formulation variables like drug-polymer ratio, stirring speed, and surfactant (Span 80) concentration on the properties of ethyl cellulose microparticles containing metformin HCl, prepared by emulsification solvent evaporation technique. The drug entrapment efficiency, particle size, and drug release behaviour of these microparticles were influenced by these formulation variables. The sustained release characteristic of these microparticles was more prominent in pH 6.8 than pH 1.2. The drug release from ethyl cellulose microparticles was found to follow the Fickian (diffusion-controlled) release mechanism. The drug-polymer interaction and surface topography of these microparticles were analyzed by FTIR spectroscopy and SEM, respectively.
Low-Head Energy Conversion: A Conceptual Design and Laboratory Investigation of a Microtubular Hydro Propeller
Authors: Ramos Helena M. , Simão Mariana , Kenov Kaloyan N.
Published: February 2012

Low-head microhydro systems for energy production are becoming accepted because of oil crises and new advances in their design and efficiencies. As this is still a new area for development and experimentation, it is important to test and validate the optimal conditions and the hydrodynamic behaviour of such systems under different conditions. The aim of this paper is to present a turbine design validation practise, which researchers and equipment manufactures can use for the hydrodynamic behaviour analysis of new low-head turbines prior to production and application. Laboratory experimental tests and advanced CFD numerical analysis are described for the flow behaviour analysis of a new prototype microtubular propeller. Laboratory experimental results are presented and used for the evaluation of the turbine performance curves. Comparisons between experimental and CFD results are also presented. Finally, an assessment of the hydrodynamic behaviour is made for a scaled model application, using the theory of turbomachine similarity.
The Impact of IT Management on the Efficiency of Top US Liberal Arts Colleges
Authors: Eckles James E.
Published: February 2012

This study of 41 highly ranked liberal arts colleges in the United States attempts to determine if there is any observable impact on the efficiency of the institutions relative to differing practices of information technology management in the context of a resource-based view of the colleges. The institutions are grouped into high- and low-efficiency groups according to their performance in graduating students. Five themes emerge from a review of the literature of information technology management in higher education. Ten independent variables representing IT management practices in those five areas are then compared across the two groups of high- and low-efficiency institutions. No significant difference was found between the two groups on any of the ten variables. Several potential reasons for this finding are discussed.
Nitrogen Fixation by US and Middle Eastern Chickpeas with Commercial and Wild Middle Eastern Inocula
Authors: Abi-Ghanem Rita , Carpenter-Boggs Lynne , Smith Jeffrey L. , Vandemark George J.
Published: February 2012

Chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) are native to the Middle East (ME) and must be inoculated with symbiotic bacteria (Mesorhizobium ciceri) to fix nitrogen (N) in North American soils. Whether commercial M. ciceri strains are more or less effective than wild strains from ME soils when paired with various chickpea hosts must be elucidated. Wild N-fixing bacterial strains were isolated from ME soils, and their effectiveness was compared against commercial strains on US and ME chickpea varieties. Chickpeas were inoculated with individual strains and grown in chambers for 8 weeks. Plants received 2 mM (15NH4)2 SO4 (5% atom excess) to measure N fixation by isotope dilution. Plant below- and above-ground biomass and proportion of N fixed (PNF) were determined. Commercial and wild ME strains were examined for genetic diversity by sequencing their 16 S rDNA region. The PNF was significantly influenced by inoculant strains and chickpea varieties. Among varieties, Sierra, Troy, and Almaz had the highest PNF of 86.7%, 85.3%, and 85.2%, respectively. Among strains, Jord-M1 contributed to greater PNF (84.7%) compared to Syr-M1 (81.4%). Overall, chickpea varieties had greater effect on PNF than strain selection. These findings support efforts focusing on varietal breeding and strain selection to increase agricultural N fixation.
Effects of fertigation with purified urban wastewater on soil and pepper plant (Capsicum annuum L.) production, fruit quality and pollutant contents
Authors: García-Delgado C. , Eymar E. , Contreras J. I. , Segura M. L.
Published: February 2012

The effects, in greenhouse conditions, of Purified Urban Wastewater (PW) from Almería (Spain), in the fertigation of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) on sandy mulch soil, were evaluated. Primary, secondary (active sludges) and tertiary (Chlorination + ozonation) purification treatments were applied to wastewater. Irrigation treatments applied were PW, natural Ground Water (GW), Fertilizer PW (FPW) and Fertilizer GW (FGW). The vegetal biomass, yield and fruit quality were controlled. Heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Pb, Ni, Mn, Cu and Zn), arsenic (As) and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) in water, soil, leaf, and fruit were analysed. The PW presented heavy metal, As and PAH contents acceptable for its use in drip irrigation. In the soil, fertigated with PW, the concentration of heavy metals and As did not increase, whilst the PAH concentration decreased. The PW treatment supplied enough nutrients to obtain yield and fruit quality equal to that of GW with fertilization. A significant saving on N, P and K fertilizers (37%, 66% and 12% respectively) was achieved by using PW. The Cd, Pb and As contents of the fruit did not show risk for human consumption. The total PAH concentrations in the fruit were low, the highest of which was phenathrene, with no carcinogenic signification.
Comparison of four steady-state models of increasing complexity for assessing the leaching requirement in agricultural salt-threatened soils
Authors: Visconti F. , De Paz J. M. , Rubio J. L. , Sánchez J.
Published: February 2012

Irrigation scheduling in salt-threatened soils must include an estimation of the leaching requirement (LR). Many models have been developed over the last 40 years for assessing the LR, and they should be compared on common grounds to guide potential users. The LR for salts (LRY), chloride (LRCl) and SAR (LRSAR) and therefore the eventual LR was assessed with simple equations and three steady-state computer models of increasing complexity, WATSUIT, SALSODIMAR and SALTIRSOIL. These models were assessed in 30 scenarios characterised by different crops and water qualities in the irrigated area of the Vega Baja del Segura (SE Spain). The simple equations, WATSUIT and SALTIRSOIL calculated quite similar eventual LRs, which were between < 0.01 and > 0.99 depending on crop species and water quality. The SALSODIMAR gave remarkably higher eventual LRs (between 0.31 and > 0.99). This occurred because SALSODIMAR uses the hypothesis that the saturation extract is more concentrated than the drainage water, contrary to what is assumed by the simple equations or calculated by WATSUIT and SALTIRSOIL. Rainfall, which is not taken into account by the simple equations and WATSUIT, and soil calcite weathering, which is not taken into account by SALSODIMAR, were revealed, respectively, as important and very important aspects to be included in steady-state models. Although the SALTIRSOIL appears to be the most complete model, the simple equations give acceptably similar irrigation doses for many of the situations considered in this study. Irrigation doses lower than presently used could be profitably applied in the Vega Baja del Segura.
Population dynamics and seasonal trend of California red scale (Aonidiella aurantii Maskell) in citrus in Northern Spain
Authors: Campos-Rivela J. M. , Martinez-Ferrer M. T. , Fibla-Queralt J. M.
Published: February 2012

The California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), was detected in citrus in Catalonia, Northern Spain, in 2000, and has since spread slowly and irregularly southwards, with foci of infestation currently found in southern Tarragona citrus-growing areas. Since Catalonia is the northern citrus growing area in Spain, between 2002 and 2009, the A. aurantii biological cycle (male flights and seasonal history) was studied in two citrus groves and compared with other regions and countries. Population dynamics showed that 4 male flights occur (including that of the overwintering generation) in May, mid June-mid July, August and in October, the most abundant being in August (over 60% of males captured throughout the year). The thermal constant estimated between male flights, using 11.7 ºC as the lower threshold temperature, was 611.8 ± 35.5 DD. Three peaks of sensitive instar were also observed, in early June, late July-early August, and late September. The number of crawlers captured reached a maximum on 27 May (± 1.85 days), 24.8 ± 2.5 days (184.2 ± 18.1 DD) after the first male flight. The male flight abundance showed there was a relationship only between two consecutive generations, revealing the rapid shifts in population abundance. We estimated when the first sensitive instar peak occurred through a non-destructive method, based on the peak of males captured during the first flight.
Short communication. Harvest time in hedgerow ‘Arbequina’ olive orchards in areas with early frosts
Authors: Gracia P. , Sánchez-Gimeno A. C. , Benito M. , Oria R. , Lasa J. M.
Published: February 2012

The shortening of harvest time attained in hedgerow olive (Olea europaea L.) orchards represents an advantage for the adoption of this cropping system in areas that are prone to suffer frost during the harvest period. To establish an optimal harvesting window, we carried out a study of the fruit ripening process on a hedgerow orchard of ’Arbequina’ olive trees, located in Zaragoza (Spain). From 2007 to 2009, oil accumulation on the fruit (% of dry weight) and oil yield (grams of oil per 100 fruits) were monitored, from early September to late November. Over the three years both variables peaked around November 15th, indicating that Arbequina reached full ripening earlier than has been reported previously for this variety. In two of the three seasons the orchard suffered several frosts during November. Long term climatic data from this area indicated that the risk of early frosts (<–2°C) increases as November progresses with a high risk after November 20th. In conclusion, the optimal harvesting period for Arbequina in this area should not extend beyond November 20th. A rapid harvesting before this date is advisable to avoid the risk of damage caused by early frost in Zaragoza. Hedgerow planting provides an additional advantage in frost-prone areas, because mechanization of operations permits a short harvest period, easier to fit into the optimal harvesting window.
Short communication: Development of a new polymorphic genetic marker in Araucaria araucana (Mol) K. Koch
Authors: Drake F. , Martin M. A. , Alvarez A. , Molina J. R. , Alvarez J. B. , Herrera M. A. , Martin L. M.
Published: February 2012

Seed storage proteins have been used as genetic marker in forest species to evaluate genetic variability, demonstrating its effectiveness both in conifers and broad-leaved. In conifers, megagametophyte storage proteins are particularly useful because of their haploid nature. The aim of this study was to determine whether these proteins could be used as a new marker of genetic diversity in Araucaria araucana, one of the oldest conifers of South America and a representative symbol of Chilean forest biodiversity. For this, megagametophytes from two A. araucana populations were assessed to identify polymorphic bands and to obtain a preliminary estimation of the genetic diversity. The results revealed that globulin is the best fraction for measuring the variability in the species, due to their high level of variation (20 identified bands, eleven of them polymorphic). Both populations showed high genetic diversity, with more than 92% of the variation within populations. The study highlighted that these proteins can be used to measure the genetic diversity in A. araucana, providing good information to ensure the preservation of the species genetic resources.
Oestrus synchronization in postpartum autumn-lambing ewes: effect of postpartum time, parity, and early weaning
Authors: Ungerfeld R. , Sanchez-Davila F.
Published: February 2012

Three experiments were performed to determine the effect of postpartum time interval, the influence of parity (primimarous vs multiparous), and lamb weaning on the response of postpartum ewes to oestrus synchronization/induction treatments during the breeding season. In the Experiment 1 ewes were treated with an 8-days medroxyprogesterone priming and 350 IU of eCG, starting 14-18 (EPP), 24-30 (MPP), or 42-48 (LPP) days postpartum. More EPP than LPP ewes were marked by rams (p < 0.05), but conception rate was similar. In Experiment 2, 36 primiparous and 47 multiparous ewes that lambed during autumn received a 12-days medroxyprogesterone treatment followed by the introduction of rams. Ewes that came into oestrus, and that had a corpus luteum on Day 5 was greater in multiparous than in primiparous ewes (p = 0.04 and p = 0.03 respectively). Pregnancy rates on Day 35 and on Day 90 were similar. Experiment 3 was conducted with 26 ewes that remained with their lambs suckling during all the experiment, and 26 that were weaned ~27 days after birth, 3 days before the introduction of the rams. There were no differences on the percentage of ewes that came into oestrus, or the conception rate. We concluded that in postpartum ewes that had lambed during the breeding season: (1) is possible to induce fertile oestrus during early postpartum; (2) the early response was greater in multiparous rather than in primiparous ewes, although after a 35 d-breeding period differences disappeared and (3) weaning lambs early before stimulation did not improve the response.
Short communication. Differentiation of Type-I Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus vaccines and field strains by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis
Authors: Diez-Fuertes F. , Vazquez A. , Hornillos-Gumiel L. , Simarro I. , Castro J. M. , Martinez-Lobo F. J.
Published: February 2012

The use of modified live virus (MLV) vaccines is a common procedure to control porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection in the great majority of countries from America, Asia and Europe, including Spain. Current discriminatory techniques allow the detection of different MLV type-II vaccine strains. Herein we report a rapid and accurate technique aimed to discriminate between MLV type-I vaccine strains and Spanish field strains. This technique comprises a reverse transcription (RT) and nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) amplification of PRRSV ORF5 followed by a digestion of RT-nPCR products with two specific endonucleases, ItaI and AccI. Combined utilization of ItaI and AccI generates restriction fragments length polymorphisms (RFLP) patterns adequate for the differentiation of 30 Spanish field isolates, of which 12 were isolated between 1991 and 1995 and 18 between 2000 and 2003. These different RFLP patterns can be used to distinguish unequivocally between Spanish field strains of PRRSV and the three MLV type-I vaccines used in Spain: AmervacPRRS®, Pyrsvac-183® and PorcilisPRRS®.
Short communication. Economics of natural resources: in search of a unified theoretical framework
Authors: Romero C.
Published: February 2012

This paper proposes a unified theoretical framework for dealing with the optimum economic use of any type of natural resource. After formulating and economically interpreting the unified framework, the basic rules governing the economic exploitation of the different natural resources can be easily obtained by particularizing the different values of its basic parameters. Taking this approach, it is easy to understand what commonalities there are, in terms of economic logic, between the different types of natural resources. This considerably increases the amount of consilience and understanding about the discipline.
Genetic variability underlying maternal traits of Asturiana de la Montaña beef cattle
Authors: Baro J. A. , Carleos C. , Menendez-Buxadera A. , Rodriguez-Castañon A. , Cañon J.
Published: February 2012

Genetic variability parameters of traits related to maternal ability (age at first calving–CA1, first calving interval– CI1, and weaning weight–WW) were estimated in an autochthonous beef cattle breed (Asturiana de la Montaña) reared under harsh conditions. The data set comprised 50,749 births on 378 farms from 1994 to 2008. Heritability for CA1 was moderately high (0.22); heritability for CI1 was 0.10. Genetic correlation between these traits was 0.54, and thus favourable to simultaneously selection. Results for WW gave a direct heritability of 0.20 and a maternal heritability of 0.10; the genetic correlation between additive direct effects and additive maternal effects was –0.60 and thus antagonistic, a situation frequently found in similar populations. The change of additive direct values (BVa) for the lapse considered was almost null until 1997, and increased regularly since that year at 0.092 kg yr–1. It should be noted that, at the same time, additive maternal effects (BVm) showed a significant negative tendency of –0.089 kg yr–1. In order to conveniently combine the knowledge on both genetic effects, taking into account the adverse genetic correlation between them, we propose that selection should be based on a global genetic merit index (BVtm) defined as 1⁄2 BVa + BVm. Correlations between BVa and BVtm, and between BVm and BVtm were 0.22 and 0.56, respectively.
Seedling emergence of tall fescue and wheatgrass under different climate conditions in Iran
Authors: Behtari B. , De Luis M.
Published: February 2012

Seedling emergence is one of the most important processes determining yield and the probability of crop failure. The ability to predict seedling emergence could enhance crop management by facilitating the implementation of more effective weed control strategies by optimizing the timing of weed control. The objective of the study was to select a seedling emergence thermal time model by comparing five different equations for tall fescue and wheatgrass in two sites with different climate conditions (semiarid- temperate and humid-warm) in Iran. In addition, seedling emergence between two target species were studied. Among the five models compared, the Gompertz and Weibull models gave more succesful results. In humid-warm conditions, the total emergence of wheatgrass was higher than observed in tall fescue. In contrast, emergence was faster in tall fescue than wheatgrass in both study sites.Given that early-emerging plants have been described as contributing more to crop yield than later-emerging ones, tall fescue is proposed as a more suitable specie for semiarid- temperate conditions in Iran.
Development of a Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) risk evaluation methodology for a processing tomato region
Authors: Mateus C. , Pequito A. , Teixeira S. , Queirós R. , Godinho M. C. , Figueiredo E. , Amaro F. , Lacasa A. , Mexia A.
Published: February 2012

A risk map for the Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) was elaborated for the main Portuguese processing tomato producing region, the “Ribatejo e Península de Setúbal” region, where periodically this virus causes severe losses. Forty nine tomato fields were monitored. Risk factors for TSWV infection were identified and quantified according to their relative importance in TSWV incidence. The risk factors considered for each field were: (1) presence of TSWV in the crop plants; (2) presence of TSWV in weeds which are hosts of TSWV vectors; (3) presence of TSWV vector thrips; (4) presence of TSWV host crops previously (in the two years before), namely, tomato, potato and sweet pepper; (5) presence of greenhouses, urban areas or TSWV host crops next to the field (up to about 100m from its borders). A risk estimator was calculated for each field. Among the thrips (Thysanoptera) identified, belonging to 11 genera, four vector thrips species were detected: Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) and Thrips tabaci Lindman, the two most abundant ones, and F. intonsa (Trybom) and F. schultzei (Trybom). Blue sticky traps placed up to about 75 cm above the crop canopy caught F. occidentalis and T. tabaci more efficiently than the beating technique. The weeds Datura stramonium L., Arctotheca calendula (L.), and Conyza bonariensis (L.) were identified as TSWV winter repositories. This study proposes a methodology to be used by field technicians for the annual evaluation of TSWV risk at a regional level, for an improved planning of processing tomato crop in the following season.
Responding to Contamination: Where do I Sample?
Authors: Burlingame Gary A. , Wiggins Christopher W. , Ogino Christine H.
Published: February 2012

During an incident of possible water contamination, sampling locations are selected to determine the extent of the contamination's spread and whether remedial action was successful. Sampling locations should be selected to provide the greatest probability of capturing the contaminant, such as choosing locations within the same pressure zone as the area of interest. This article discusses the importance of considering the type of sample, the type of facility and accessibility, and analytical parameters to be tested when choosing a sampling location.
Multibarrier Treatment Restores Impaired Groundwater Supply
Authors: Wang Sunny , Shorney‐Darby Holly , Cardenas Myriam
Published: February 2012

This article discusses how the City of Santa Monica, California, successfully implemented a multibarrier treatment approach to restore an impaired groundwater supply, increase local autonomy, and save money. The city and its consultant developed a cost‐effective treatment system to ensure a safe, sustainable supply of drinking water. The project was implemented through a design‐build approach, progressing from pilot testing through construction to completion in less than three years.
Explaining the Value of Water
Authors: Grigg Neil S.
Published: February 2012

If water is Earth's most valuable resource and essential to life, why are water utilities underfunded? The answers seem obvious. Utility customers turn on the tap and expect a reliable supply of clean water but don't expect to pay much for it.
Simple Technique to Correct the Nasal Bone Dislocation after Lateral Osteotomy
Authors: Blugerman Guillermo , Schavelzon Diego , Galfrascoli Andres , Martinez Lorena
Published: February 2012

Rhinoplasty is one of the most common procedures in cosmetic surgery, and a possible complication is the dislocation of the nasal bone. Therefore, we have established a simple technique to fixate the unstable bone fracture, which has given us excellent cosmetic results.
Technical Considerations regarding Liposuction of the Mons Pubis
Authors: Jovanovic Kevin
Published: February 2012

Mons pubis liposuction would seem to be an easy procedure, but procedures in this small area, hidden by clothing most of the time, have generated a great deal of controversy and misconceptions. The goal of this review is to examine the current evidence in the literature and try to dispel some of the myths surrounding this seemingly simple procedure.
Breast Capsulorrhaphy Revisited: A Simple Technique Utilizing a Gore-Tex Mesh
Authors: Sunwoo James , Tobin Howard
Published: February 2012

Introduction:

Mammary prosthetic migration is a complication seen not infrequently after breast surgeries. Many factors can contribute to the displacement. When migration occurs, the patient is often left with a sense of disfigurement; and the surgeon faces a challenging repair. We present a case series describing 10 patients who have experienced implant migration and have had successful outcomes after capsulorrhaphies using Gore-Tex (expanded polytetrafluoroethylene).

Materials and Methods:

A retrospective review was performed of the charts of patients who underwent capsulorrhaphies at the Facial Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery Center between 1993 and 2010. We describe the surgical repair of implant migration using a Gore-Tex reinforced capsulorrhaphy.

Results:

Retrospective information was gathered for the period 1993 to 2010, during which time a total of 10 patients underwent revisional surgeries for implant migration. Notably, most patients had had multiple procedures before the onset of migration; 6 patients (60%) had had more than one prior breast procedure. Inferior displacement of the implant was the most common type of migration, occurring in 8 patients (80%). Two patients (20%) experienced relapse, and the remaining 8 patients (80%) demonstrated excellent results.

Conclusions:

Capsulorrhaphies have become a standard method in the repair of mammary prosthetic migration. Although the technique is generally effective, in some cases, additional stability is warranted. The adjunctive use of a Gore-Tex synthetic mesh can provide the necessary additional reinforcement. Gore-Tex used as an adjunctive procedure with capsulorrhaphies has resulted in long-lasting and cosmetically desirable outcomes.
Benefits of Autologous Fat Grafting Using Fat Mixed with Platelet-Rich Fibrin Matrix (PRFM) Selphyl
Authors: Goldfarb Richard M. , Shapiro Aaron L.
Published: February 2012

Introduction:

Autologous fat grafting is important in the treatment of facial rejuvenation to treat the aging face, facial rhytids, and volume deformities. Additional uses of fat transfer include breast augmentation and buttock enhancement. Fat transfer for hand aging, as well as adding volume to body defects with fat, plays a major role in plastic and reconstructive surgery. Variability of graft survival (typically 50–70%) has lessened enthusiasm for the use of this technique. Platelet-rich fibrin matrix, however, has been shown previously to improve fat transplant survival in animal models.

Materials and Methods:

This report summarizes the case of a 37-year-old woman who had fat from her outer thighs injected into her lower abdominal panus. In 2 designated sites on her lower abdomen, 8 mL of fat was injected per site (one site with fat alone and the other site a 2:1 mixture of fat to Selphyl). Eight weeks later, the patient underwent a paniculectomy (en bloc) resection. Specimens were then processed and evaluated for histopathology and immunohistochemistry.

Results:

After removal of the en bloc panus, the tissue was immediately processed for histopathology. CD34 staining of regions 1 and 2 was performed. Region 1 consisted of 8 mL of fat injected into the lower abdominal panus in the subcutaneous layer. Region 2 consisted of 8 mL of fat mixed with 4 mL of Selphyl injected subcutaneously. Analysis of these regions showed viable fat in both sections; however, region 2 (8 mL of fat mixed with 4 mL of Selphyl) showed increased neovascularization.

Conclusions:

The result of this case study indicates that fat mixed with Selphyl may improve graft survival by increasing both neovascularization and total cell number.
Experimental Recovery of CO2-Laser Skin Lesions by Plasma Stimulation
Authors: Metelmann Hans-Robert , von Woedtke Thomas , Bussiahn René , Weltmann Klaus-Dieter , Rieck Maik , Khalili Roya , Podmelle Fred , Waite Peter D.
Published: February 2012

In a series of 5 experimental case reports with identical settings in terms of methods and materials, nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasma stimulation of laser skin lesion recovery looks promising.
The 1540-nm Nonablative Fractional Photothermolysis for Facial Surgical Scars
Authors: Martin John J.
Published: February 2012

Introduction:

Nonablative fractionated photothermolysis creates microscopic zones of thermal damage extending down into the dermis. The epidermis is left intact, allowing for rapid healing with minimal downtime for the patient. The deep heating of the dermis can help with rejuvenation of the skin by promoting neocollagenesis. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of 1540-nm nonablative fractional photothermolysis for facial surgical scars.

Materials and Methods:

Four patients with varying Fitzpatrick skin types had facial surgical scars treated with a 1540-nm nonablative fractionated photothermolysis.

Results:

All patients showed marked improvement in the appearance of their scars with no adverse pigmentary changes. The 1540-nm nonablative fractional resurfacing laser should be considered a first-line treatment for postsurgical scarring.

Conclusions:

Nonablative fractional photothermolysis with a 1540-nm wavelength is an excellent method to improve the appearance of facial surgical scars. It can be done with a minimum amount of downtime and should be safe for all skin types.
Identifying Proteomic LC‐MS/MS Data Sets with Bumbershoot and IDPicker
Authors: Holman Jerry D. , Ma Ze‐Qiang , Tabb David L.
Published: March 2012

The identification of peptides and proteins by LC‐MS/MS requires the use of bioinformatics. Tools developed in the Tabb Laboratory contribute significant flexibility and discrimination to this process. The Bumbershoot tools (MyriMatch, DirecTag, TagRecon, and Pepitome) enable the identification of peptides represented by MS/MS scans. All of these tools can work directly from instrument capture files of multiple vendors, such as Thermo RAW format, or from standard XML‐based formats, such as mzML or mzXML. Peptide identifications are written to mzIdentML or pepXML format. Protein assembly is handled by the IDPicker algorithm. Raw identifications are filtered to a confident set by use of the target‐decoy strategy. IDPicker arranges large sets of input files into a hierarchy for reporting, and the software applies a parsimony algorithm to report the smallest possible number of proteins to explain the observed peptides. This protocol details the use of these tools for new users. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 37:13.17.1‐13.17.15. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Definition and Emergence of Supramolecular Chemistry*Adapted in part from
Supramolecular Chemistry
, J. W. Steed and J. L. Atwood, Wiley: Chichester, 2nd Ed., 2009.
Authors: Steed Jonathan W. , Atwood Jerry L. , Gale Philip A.
Published: February 2012

This chapter traces the changing scope in the understanding of supramolecular chemistry and its parallel, convergent evolution with nanoscale technology. Starting with the discovery of clathrate hydrates and zeolites in the beginning of the nineteenth century, key milestones such as the realization of the concepts of receptor, binding' and the lock and key model are charted. We look at the birth of the discipline of supramolecular host–guest from macrocylic chemistry and its evolution via self‐assembly into its modern incarnation in the study of modular, pre programmed, and informed matter. We describe how a chemical and molecular approach is fundamental to the understanding of convergent (equilibrium) self‐assembly, emergent features arising from non‐equilibrium systems and nanoscale chemistry.