bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Sulfonylureas with Insulin in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Kabadi Mary U , Kabadi Udaya M
Published: September 2003

BACKGROUND:

In subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus, glycemic control deteroriates while patients use sulfonylurea drugs during the course of the disease. Adjunctive therapy with insulin at this stage requires a lesser daily insulin dose in comparison with insulin monotherapy while restoring desirable glycemic control. However, data regarding direct comparison between various sulfonylureas in this regard are lacking.

OBJECTIVE:

To examine comparative efficacies of adjunctive therapy with insulin in subjects with type 2 diabetes manifesting lapse of glycemic control while receiving various individual sulfonylurea drugs.

METHODS:

Four groups of 10 subjects, each presenting with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) >8.0% while using either tolazamide, glyburide, glipizide Gastrointestinal Therapeutic System (GITS), or glimepiride, were recruited. Two from each group were randomized to receive placebo; the others continued the same drug. Pre-supper subcutaneous 70 NPH/30 regular insulin was initiated at 10 units and gradually increased and adjusted as necessary to attain fasting blood glucose levels between 80 and 120 mg/dL and maintain the same range for 6 months. Fasting plasma glucose, plasma C-peptide, and HbA1C concentrations were determined prior to the addition of insulin and at the end of the study. Daily insulin dose and changes in body weight (BW) were noted at the end of the study, and the number of hypoglycemic events during the last 4 weeks of the study was determined.

RESULTS:

Daily insulin dose (units/kg BW), weight gain, and number of hypoglycemic events were significantly lower (p < 0.01) in subjects receiving sulfonylureas in comparison with placebo. However, the daily insulin dose alone was significantly lower (p < 0.05) with glimepiride (0.49 ± 0.10; mean ± SE) than with other sulfonylureas (tolazamide 0.58 ± 0.12, glyburide 0.59 ± 0.12, glipizide GITS 0.59 ± 0.14). Finally, a significant correlation (r = 0.68; p < 0.001) was noted between suppression of plasma C-peptide level and the daily insulin dose among all participants.

CONCLUSIONS:

By lowering the daily insulin dose, sulfonylurea drugs appear to improve the sensitivity of exogenous insulin in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus manifesting lapse of glycemic control. Moreover, glimepiride appears to possess a greater insulin-sparing property than other sulfonylureas.
Cardiorespiratory Effects of Naloxone in Children
Authors: Hasan Rashed A , Benko Amy S , Nolan Brian M , Campe Julie , Duff Jenny , Zureikat George Y
Published: September 2003

BACKGROUND:

Data on the cardiorespiratory changes and complications following administration of naloxone in children are limited.

OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate the cardiorespiratory changes and complications following naloxone treatment in children.

METHODS:

The maximal changes in respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, and any complications within 1 and 2 hours following naloxone were tabulated.

RESULTS:

One hundred ninety-five children received naloxone over 3 years. The mean ± SD age was 9.7 ± 6 years. The total doses of naloxone ranged from 0.01 to 7 mg (0.001–0.5 mg/kg body weight), with a median dose of 0.1 mg. Group 1 patients consisted of 11 6 (60%) children who were postoperative and had been given naloxone by an anesthesiologist; group 2 patients consisted of 79 (40%) children who received naloxone in the emergency department or pediatric intensive care unit. Patients in group 1 were older: 10.6 ± 5.3 versus 8.2 ± 6.7 years (p < 0.006), but received significantly lower doses of naloxone (0.09 ± 0.2 vs. 1.1 ± 0.76 mg; p < 0.001). When the entire cohort was evaluated, a significant increase in RR (15 ± 7 vs. 21 ± 8 breaths/min; p < 0.001), HR (102 ± 29 vs.107 ± 29 beats/min; p < 0.001), SBP (109 ± 17 vs. 115 ± 15 mm Hg; p < 0.001), and DBP (56 ± 10 vs. 60 ± 13 mm Hg; p < 0.001) within 1 hour following naloxone was noted. When the 2 groups were compared, only the changes in RR were greater in group 2 patients (6.8 ± 7.9 vs. 4.7 ± 5 breaths/min; p < 0.001) following naloxone. Systolic hypertension occurred in 33 of 195 (16.9%) of all patients, while diastolic hypertension occurred in 13 (6.6%) of all patients after naloxone. Only the incidence of diastolic hypertension was higher in group 2 compared with group 1 patients following naloxone (16% vs. 2%; p < 0.001). Hypertension resolved spontaneously. One child developed pulmonary edema and required positive pressure ventilation for 22 hours.

CONCLUSIONS:

Moderate increases in RR, HR, and BP occur after naloxone administration to children, but development of more serious complications is rare.
Oral Terbinafine-Induced Bullous Pemphigoid
Authors: Aksakal Burhan A , Özsoy Esra , Arnavut Önder , Gürer Mehmet Ali
Published: September 2003

OBJECTIVE:

To report a case of drug-induced bullous pemphigoid (BP) in an otherwise healthy elderly patient after taking terbinafine for 20 days.

CASE SUMMARY:

A 78-year-old man presented with distal subungual onychomycosis of the toenails. Oral terbinafine 250 mg/d was started for treatment. Twenty days after the beginning of the treatment, the patient presented with widespread pruritic blistering eruption, more severe on the extremities. He had not received terbinafine before and was not receiving any other drug. The diagnosis of BP was confirmed with histopathologic examination. The patient was treated successfully with oral steroids.

DISCUSSION:

Drug-induced BP is a well-known complication of many drugs and represents a spectrum from an acute and self-limited condition to a chronic disease. Terbinafine is frequently used in the elderly. It is known to have less drug interactions and adverse effects compared with the other antifungal agents. Use of the Naranjo probability scale indicated a probable relationship between BP and terbinafine treatment in this patient.

CONCLUSIONS:

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in the English-language literature of BP in a patient taking terbinafine. As with any other medication, oral terbinafine has the potential for severe adverse reactions. Healthcare professionals should be aware of this possibility.
Aripiprazole in an Adult with Asperger Disorder
Authors: Staller Jud A
Published: September 2003

OBJECTIVE:

To report a case of aripiprazole-responsive adult Asperger disorder.

CASE SUMMARY:

A 34-year-old white man with lifelong, disabling Asperger disorder and a 20-year history of failed psychotherapeutic and pharmacologic interventions was prescribed aripiprazole, with dramatic symptomatic improvement.

DISCUSSION:

Multiple prior pharmacologic efforts over several years aimed predominantly at altering serotonin and dopamine neurotransmission resulted in treatment failure due to intolerable adverse effects, exacerbation of underlying symptoms, or nonresponse. Aripiprazole, with a complex profile of neurotransmitter affinities, has produced significant core symptom changes. Improved sociability; increased self-awareness; reduced rigidity, anxiety, and irritability; and reduced preoccupation with circumscribed esoteric interests are among the effects noted.

CONCLUSIONS:

Previously intractable Asperger disorder symptoms in a 34-year-old man were ameliorated with aripiprazole.
Pharmacist Intervention Enhances Adherence to Orlistat Therapy
Authors: Malone Margaret , Alger-Mayer Sharon A
Published: September 2003

BACKGROUND:

Pharmacists, especially those in community practice, should increase their level of intervention in dealing with the nationwide epidemic of obesity since they interact with large numbers of the public on a regular basis. We hypothesized that patients who receive medication for weight loss may have an improved therapeutic outcome if they received additional support from their community pharmacist.

OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate the impact of pharmacist support on patient persistence with orlistat.

METHODS:

Pharmacists were trained in basic obesity management skills. Patients who were prescribed orlistat and attending an outpatient nutrition program were invited to participate in the study. All patients agreed to receive pharmaceutical care. Those who lived where the service was available were assigned to the intervention (I) group and those who did not were assigned to the control (C) group. All patients received usual care provided by the outpatient clinic.

RESULTS:

Thirty patients, 15 in the I group and 15 in the C group, were recruited. Both groups were predominantly women (87%) with a mean ± SD age of 43.8 ± 9.7 years. Patients in the I group had significantly greater persistence with orlistat therapy as assessed by duration of therapy (p = 0.006) and number of patients completing the 26-week study (7 I, 2 C; p = 0.046). There was no significant difference in percent of weight loss between groups (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS:

In this pilot study, patients receiving pharmaceutical care took orlistat longer than the controls and had improved outcome with orlistat therapy.
Conducting Crime Audits in a Rural County of England: Processes and Outputs
Authors: Mawby R.I.
Published: September 2003

In England and Wales, local areas are required to carry out crime audits on a three-yearly basis and to develop policies based on these strategies. In 2002, the Community Justice Research Centre at the University of Plymouth worked with the six districts in Cornwall to produce audits. This paper describes the ways in which data were collected and utilised and ends by suggesting how the processes might be improved in the future.
Repeat Victimisation and Prolific Offending: Chance or Choice?
Authors: Everson Steve
Published: September 2003

This article reports the findings of a study that used, as a starting point, two well-established findings. First, that a small proportion of offenders is responsible for a very large proportion of offences and, second, that a small proportion of victims suffers a large proportion of offences. What is the link between these two facts? What role do prolific offenders play in the repeated victimisation of individuals and locations? The study also analysed factors, relating to the offending ‘career’ of a criminal, that might impact upon repeat offending. It went on to examine the transition of offending from one offence to the next by individuals and whether repeat offenders were ‘specialists' or ‘generalists’. The study concluded with a discussion on ways in which the findings might be utilised in crime prevention/reduction efforts.
The Benefits of Police Field Mobile Computing Realized by Non-Patrol Sections of a Police Department
Authors: Ioimo Ralph E. , Aronson Jay E.
Published: September 2003

This research examines the effectives of field mobile computing in law enforcement through the theory of ‘Task-Technology Fit’. Field mobile computing has been at the forefront of police technology implementations throughout the United States for the past several years. This study measures how these systems benefit investigators, administrators and records personnel. It also measures the effectiveness of field mobile computing as implemented in a medium-sized south-west police department. We found statistical support indicating that inquiries to local, state and national criminal information databases increased with the implementation of mobile computing. Administrators, detectives and records personnel all experienced statistically significant improvements in the tasks they performed, directly resulting from the implementation of mobile computing.
The Apoptosis-Necrosis Continuum: Insights from Genetically Altered Mice
Authors: Zeiss C. J.
Published: September 2003

Apoptosis can be defined as a carefully regulated process, characterized by specific morphologic and biochemical features. It is initiated by both physiologic and pathologic stimuli, and its full expression requires a signaling cascade in which caspase activation plays a central role. Knockout mice lacking key genes encoding proteins constituting the core apoptotic cascade have helped us to establish the functional hierarchy of the mechanisms controlling apoptosis in animal development and, to a lesser extent, in disease. Induced mutant mice have also revealed the intimate crosstalk between apoptotic and other homeostatic pathways and have defined distinct temporal and tissue-specific roles of individual apoptotic effectors. Eliminating genes controlling caspase-dependent apoptosis can convert an apoptotic phenotype to a necrotic one, both in vitro and in vivo. This suggests that necrosis and apoptosis represent morphologic expressions of a shared biochemical network through both caspase-dependent mechanisms as well as non-caspase-dependent effectors such as cathepsin B and apoptosis-inducing factor. The cell death program, whether by apoptosis or necrosis, is mediated through an integrated cascade, which can be accessed at multiple sites, and propagated through numerous branch points. An understanding of the physiologic conditions that influence these decisions is required to adequately prevent, or induce, cell death.
An Immunohistochemical Study of Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in Various Feline Neoplasms
Authors: Beam S. L. , Rassnick K. M. , Moore A. S. , McDonough S. P.
Published: September 2003

Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes catalyze the synthesis of prostaglandins and exist as two isoforms, COX-1 and COX-2. COX-2 is a potent inducible mediator of inflammation. COX-2 is also upregulated in several human tumors and in canine squamous cell, renal cell, and transitional cell carcinomas, prostatic adenocarcinoma, and intestinal neoplasia. The purpose of this study was to determine whether COX-2 is expressed in various feline tumors. Results of this study may help determine whether COX-2 is a potential target for therapeutic and preventive strategies in cats. Immunohistochemical studies were performed on paraffin-embedded tissues using the amplified streptavidin-biotin-horseradish peroxidase system. COX-2 was found in 7 of 19 (37%) feline transitional cell carcinomas and in 2 of 21 (9%) feline oral squamous cell carcinomas. No COX-2 immunoreactivity was detected in cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (6), adenocarcinomas (nine mammary, eight pulmonary, seven intestinal), lymphomas (six nasal, six intestinal), or 10 vaccine-associated sarcomas. The widespread absence of COX-2 expression in most feline neoplasms might suggest that COX-2 inhibitors would have a low potential as anticancer agents.
Immunohistochemistry of Atrial and Brain Natriuretic Peptides in Control Cats and Cats with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Biondo A. W. , Ehrhart E. J. , Sisson D. D. , Bulmer B. J. , De Morais H. S. A. , Solter P. F.
Published: September 2003

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) are cardiac hormones involved in electrolyte and fluid homeostasis. Our laboratory has investigated the use of ANP and BNP as diagnostic markers of cardiac disease in cats. We hypothesize that the cardiac distribution of ANP and BNP increases in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Accordingly, we evaluated the immunohistochemical distribution of ANP and BNP in hearts of four cats with naturally occurring HCM relative to five healthy controls. Indirect immunoperoxidase was performed with polyclonal immunoglobulin G against feline ANP (1–28) and proBNP (43–56). In control cats, ANP and BNP immunoreactivity was restricted to the atria. Staining for both peptides was most intense adjacent to the endocardial surface. Auricles stained more diffusely than atria for both peptides. The interstitial capillaries and nerve fibers within the heart were positive only for BNP. Atrial immunoreactivity for ANP and BNP was more diffuse and had a less distinctly layered pattern in HCM than in control cats. Ventricular cardiomyocytes of HCM cats were negative for ANP but stained lightly and diffusely for BNP. The capillaries and nerve fibers remained positive for BNP. We conclude that in cats with HCM, the cardiac distribution of ANP and BNP is more diffuse in the atria and that novel expression of BNP in the ventricular cardiomyocytes occurs.
Mitochondrial Myopathy in a German Shepherd Dog
Authors: Paciello O. , Maiolino P. , Fatone G. , Papparella S.
Published: September 2003

A 9-month-old male German Shepherd dog was referred for evaluation of progressive exercise intolerance. Clinical examination revealed a stiff, stilted gait and marked atrophy and hypotonia of skeletal muscle. The dog had raised creatine kinase (181 U/liter), lactate dehydrogenase (510 U/liter), and aspartate aminotransferase (123.6 U/liter) levels, suggesting a muscle disease. Histochemical evaluation of muscle biopsies revealed the presence of subsarcolemmal oxidative activity, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, and succinate dehydrogenase, and the absence of cytochrome oxidase activity. Ragged red fibers were demonstrated with Gomori trichrome stain. Ultrastructural examination of the muscle confirmed the presence of subsarcolemmal accumulations of mitochondria and morphologically atypical mitochondria.
Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Infection and Neuropathogenesis in the Murine Model are Associated with Apoptosis
Authors: Sur J.-H. , Allende R. , Doster A. R.
Published: September 2003

This study examines apoptosis and viral neuropathogenesis in a murine model infected with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). VSV induces apoptotic cell death in cultured cell lines, raising the possibility that apoptosis of infected neurons and other target cells may contribute to disease and mortality. To determine whether or not VSV induces apoptosis in neural tissues, mice were inoculated intranasally with VSV. At 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours postinfection, brain tissues were assayed for the presence of viral RNA by in situ hybridization and viral antigen by immunohistochemistry. Apoptosis was identified by in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling and electron microscopy. Viral replication and lesions were observed predominantly in central nervous system neurons. Apoptotic cell death was restricted to the same regions of the brain in which infected cells and tissue injury were identified. Results suggest that VSV-induced apoptosis is a mechanism causing cell death, tissue injury, and mortality in VSV-infected mice.
Effect of Vaccination with Selective Bacterins on Conventional Pigs Infected with Type 2 Porcine Circovirus
Authors: Opriessnig T. , Yu S. , Gallup J. M. , Evans R. B. , Fenaux M. , Pallares F. , Thacker E. L. , Brockus C. W. , Ackermann M. R. , Thomas P. , Meng X. J. , Halbur P. G.
Published: September 2003

The objective of this study was to determine whether vaccination with bacterins commonly used in the USA, when administered at a time typical of US protocol, enhances porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) replication and the incidence and severity of clinical signs and lesions characteristic of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in conventional pigs. Sixty-one pigs free of PCV2 were randomly assigned to four groups. Groups 1 ( n = 15) and 2 ( n = 15) pigs served as sham-inoculated negative controls. Groups 3 ( n = 14) and 4 ( n = 17) pigs were inoculated intralymphoid with PCV2 field isolate ISU-40895. Pigs in groups 2 and 4 were vaccinated with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae ( M. hyopneumoniae) bacterins 21 days before and again 1 day before inoculation with PCV2. Mild transient respiratory disease and diarrhea were observed from 13 to 34 days postinoculation (DPI) in pigs in groups 3 and 4. Half the pigs from each group were necropsied at 22 and 34 DPI, respectively. Moderately enlarged, tan-colored lymph nodes were observed in the majority of pigs in groups 3 and 4. There was a significantly ( P < 0.05) longer length of viremia (2.14 ± 0.26 versus 4.44 ± 0.23 weeks), a higher copy number of the PCV2 genome in serum, a wider range of tissue distribution of PCV2 antigen, and an increased severity of lymphoid depletion in pigs vaccinated with commercial APP and M. hyopneumoniae vaccines and inoculated with PCV2 compared with PCV2-inoculated unvaccinated pigs. Swine producers and veterinarians may need to consider changes in vaccination protocols in herds with recurrent PCV2-associated PMWS.
Osteogenesis Imperfecta in Two Litters of Dachshunds
Authors: Seeliger F. , Leeb T. , Peters M. , Brügmann M. , Fehr M. , Hewicker-Trautwein M.
Published: September 2003

A clinical, morphologic, ultrastructural, and genetic study was performed on five rough-coated dachshund semisiblings with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). Clinical signs consisted of pain, spontaneous bone and teeth fractures, joint hyperlaxity, and reduced bone density on radiography. Primary teeth were extremely thin-walled and brittle. The hallmark of the disease was a severe osteopenia characterized by impairment of lamellar bone formation in the long bones, skull, and vertebral column. No deformity or dwarfism was present. The columns of chondrocytes and primary trabeculae in the epiphyses and metaphyses were histologically normal. An abrupt failure of secondary spongiosa and lamellar bone formation was evident in the medullary and cortical zones in all animals. The few existing trabeculae consisted of woven bone. There was no increase in the number and size of osteoclasts or lacunae. In the teeth, the dentine layers were thin and lacked a tubular pattern. Ultrastructurally, osteoid apposition on bone surfaces was reduced, and small numbers of large cytoplasmic vacuoles were present in a few osteoblasts. Molecular analyses of the collagen type I-encoding genes COL1A1 and COL1A2 revealed several nucleotide differences compared with the published canine sequences but were not significant for OI. Therefore, OI in these Dachshund litters was characterized by a severe, generalized osteopenia and dentinopenia. This pattern of reduced bone formation is suggestive of defective production of collagen type I.
Anemia, Myopathy, and Pansteatitis in Vitamin E—deficient Captive Marmosets (Callithrix spp.)
Authors: Juan-Sallés C. , Prats N. , Resendes A. , Domingo M. , Hilton D. , Ruiz J. M. , Garner M. M. , Valls X. , Marco A. J.
Published: September 2003

Five young adult pet marmosets ( Callithrix spp.) were presented with weight loss (5/5); fecal retention (3/5); diarrhea (2/5); impaired locomotion (3/5); anemia (4/4); hypoproteinemia or hypoalbuminemia (3/4); elevations of creatine phosphokinase, lactic dehydrogenase, and alanine aminotransferase (3/4); and renal failure with hypercholesterolemia (2/4). All anemic marmosets had low serum vitamin E levels. The anemia responded to vitamin E and selenium therapy in two marmosets. One of the five marmosets died before presentation, and two others died despite therapy. The two marmosets necropsied had degenerative myopathy, pyogranulomatous pansteatitis, and increased erythrophagocytosis and hemosiderosis. The striated muscle and adipose tissue of both marmosets were negative for coxsackievirus ribonucleic acid by in situ hybridization. These findings suggest that vitamin E deficiency may be involved in the development of anemia, myopathy, and steatitis in callitrichids; however, in some marmosets, underlying diseases such as chronic colitis may have influenced the development of anemia and impaired vitamin E status.
Morphological Characterization of Skin Ganglion-like Cells in Djungarian Hamsters (Phodopus sungorus)
Authors: Kashida Yoko , Ishikawa Kazumi , Arai Katsuhiko , Mitsumori Kunitoshi
Published: September 2003

Characteristic ganglion-like cell proliferation observed in the skin of Djungarian hamsters was investigated using 24 male and 24 female hamsters, 1–6 months of age, to examine the anatomic location of these ganglion-like cells and their morphologic features. One abdominal skin tumor composed of these cells and resembling proliferative fasciitis in humans was also examined. Skin ganglion-like cells were rarely observed in young animals but increased in number and extent with age, especially in males. These cells were frequently seen in the ventral and medial regions of the trunk and legs rather than in the dorsal and lateral regions. Light microscopic examination of these ganglion-like cells revealed abundant vesicular basophilic cytoplasm with delicate intracytoplasmic silver stain-positive fibrils. Ultrastructurally, these cells contained abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes with dilated cisternae; intracellular collagen fibrils were present within these cisternae. Heat shock protein 47, β-tubulin, and androgen receptor were expressed in these cells. The morphologic features of cells of one tumor resembling human proliferative fasciitis were identical to those observed in ganglion-like cells. The results of the present study suggest that these ganglion-like cells are derived from intrinsic undifferentiated mesenchymal cells in the dermis or subcutaneous adipose tissue and that any tumor-like lesion they form should be regarded as an abnormal proliferative lesion of skin ganglion-like cells rather than as proliferative fasciitis or fibroma.
Hepatosplenic Lymphoma in a Dog
Authors: Fry M. M. , Vernau W. , Pesavento P. A. , Brömel C. , Moore P. F.
Published: September 2003

We describe a case of a dog with hepatosplenic lymphoma, a disease characterized by infiltration of the liver, spleen, and bone marrow with γδ T cells, absence of peripheral lymphadenopathy, and an aggressive clinical course. Physical examination findings, hematologic and biochemical abnormalities, and clinical course of the disease in this patient were similar to those in humans. Immunophenotyping of liver and spleen aspirates supported an antemortem diagnosis of T-cell lymphoma consistent with hepatosplenic lymphoma. The diagnosis was confirmed postmortem by a combination of routine histopathology, showing a consistent pattern of organ involvement, and immunohistochemistry showing the infiltrating neoplastic lymphocytes to be T cells expressing the γδ T-cell receptor. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of hepatosplenic lymphoma in a dog.
Gastritis Associated with Helicobacter-like Organisms in Baboons
Authors: Mackie J. T. , O'Rourke J. L.
Published: September 2003

Subclinical gastritis was observed in 10 of 10 baboons ( Papio spp.) from a toxicity study in a research facility. The lesions were similar in xenobiotic-treated and control animals, suggesting a spontaneous rather than chemical-induced disease. Histologic examination revealed lymphoplasmacytic gastritis in the antral mucosa. The fundic mucosa contained minor, scattered aggregates of lymphocytes and plasma cells. A Warthin-Starry silver stain and ultrastructural examination revealed numerous spiral-shaped bacteria morphologically resembling Helicobacter pylori in antral glands and numerous spiral-shaped bacteria morphologically consistent with H. heilmannii-like organisms in fundic glands. Polymerase chain reaction assay of paraffin-embedded antral and fundic tissue using primers for the urease gene and 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene amplified deoxyribonucleic acid fragments with a high degree of sequence homology for H. pylori and H. heilmannii. This is the first report of gastritis associated with Helicobacter-like organisms in baboons.
An Anaplastic Astrocytoma (Optic Chiasmatic-Hypothalamic Glioma) in a Dog
Authors: Sisó S. , Lorenzo V. , Ferrer I. , Villagrassa M. , Pumarola M.
Published: September 2003

A tumor located in the optic nerve extended through the optic chiasm, involving the hypophysis and the hypothalamic area in a 3.5-year-old male Boxer dog. It showed a biphasic pattern in which numerous highly fibrillated, well-differentiated pilocytic areas were intermingled with pleomorphic, microcystic tumor tissue. Immunohistochemical analysis of the tumor revealed that most of the neoplastic cells were immunore-active for S-100 protein, with less intensity for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin. A diagnosis of anaplastic astrocytoma was made on the basis of the histopathologic findings and immunohistochemical results. Moreover, there were similarities with the malignant variant of pilocytic astrocytoma described in human adults as an optic chiasmatic-hypothalamic glioma.
Polyarteritis Nodosa in a Cynomolgus Macaque (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: Porter B. F. , Frost P. , Hubbard G. B.
Published: September 2003

Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is an idiopathic necrotizing vasculitis affecting small- to medium-sized arteries. The disease is well recognized in humans, and PAN-like syndromes have been described in a number of other species. This report describes a case of PAN in a 6-year-old male cynomolgus macaque. The animal had necrotizing arteritis affecting vessels in the kidney, small intestine, colon, heart, spleen, mesentery, urinary bladder, and pancreas. The lesions were segmental in distribution and of varying severity and stage of development. A transmural mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate was present, often accompanied by fibrinoid necrosis of the tunica media and loss of the internal elastic lamina. Immunohistochemical staining showed that many of the infiltrating cells were T lymphocytes and histiocytes, suggesting a cell-mediated component to the pathogenesis.
Canine Distemper Virus Infection: Proliferation of Canine Footpad Keratinocytes
Authors: Gröne A. , Engelhardt P. , Zurbriggen A.
Published: September 2003

The proliferation of footpad keratinocytes of canine distemper virus (CDV)—infected dogs was investigated. Footpads of 19 dogs inoculated experimentally with a virulent distemper strain (A75/17) and of two noninoculated control dogs were collected at necropsy. Dogs were divided into four groups according to results of the postmortem examination: dogs with severe distemper (group 1), dogs with mild distemper (group 2), inoculated dogs without distemper (group 3) and noninoculated dogs (group 4). There was no distinct difference of epidermal thickness among the four groups. Infection of the footpad epidermis with CDV was demonstrated using immunohistochemistry for viral nucleoprotein and in situ hybridization for nucleoprotein messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA). Only group 1 dogs had viral antigen and mRNA in the footpad epidermis with the same distribution. Footpad epidermis of group 1 dogs had more mitotic figures in the basal layer, and significantly more basal keratinocytes were positive for the proliferation markers Ki-67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Double-staining for Ki-67 and viral nucleoprotein identified rare double-labeled basal keratinocytes. These findings suggest that the presence of CDV particles in the footpad epidermis is associated with keratinocyte proliferation.
Left Ventricular Outflow Tract-Right Atrial Communication (Gerbode Type Defect) Associated with Bacterial Endocarditis in a Dog
Authors: Ramírez G. A. , de los Monteros A. Espinosa , Rodríguez F. , Weisbrode S. E. , Jaber J. R. , Herráez P.
Published: September 2003

Left ventricular (LV) outflow tract-right atrial (RA) communication associated with bacterial endocarditis is described in a 6-year-old intact male Great Pyrenees dog with a 4- to 5-day history of fever, lethargy, weight loss, severe regenerative anemia, and asplenia. Typical vegetative mural endocardial lesions were observed grossly. Histologic evaluation revealed small gram-negative coccobacilli that were consistent with Bordetella avium-like organisms. These bacteria were associated with severe endocardial inflammation characterized by neutrophilic infiltration, extensive necrosis of endocardium, and fibrin deposition. LV-RA shunt (Gerbode defect) is a rare cardiac defect in humans that can be either congenital or, more rarely, secondary to septic endocarditis, valve replacement procedures, or thoracic trauma. B. avium-like organisms causing septicemia and endocarditis in immunocompromised and asplenic human patients have been described. To our knowledge, no previous descriptions of Gerbode defect associated with bacterial endocarditis in domestic animals have been reported in veterinary literature.
Angiokeratomatous Papilloma Associated with Papillomavirus in a Calf
Authors: Gulbahar M. Y. , Yuksel H. , Aslan L.
Published: September 2003

A female 8-month-old Simmental calf was presented with a history of a gradually enlarging mass in the ventral abdominal skin since 4 months of age. The mass was well circumscribed, lightly pigmented, and rough surfaced with many fine fissures and was attached to the skin by a relatively broad pedicle. On cut section, there was a border between the reddish-black stroma and overlying epithelium, including hemorrhagic foci of variable sizes. Histologically, the tumor was papillomatous with angiokeratomatous features and irregular hyperplasia with epidermal rete ridges and dilated vascular channels filled with blood in the superficial dermis. In the epidermis, orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis, variably sized keratohyalin granules, and many koilocytes, some of which had papillomavirus (PV) genus-specific structural antigen-positive nuclei, were also observed. Cells lining the dilated vascular spaces were positive for vimentin and alpha-smooth muscle actin but negative for factor VIII-related antigen, desmin, and PV. The lesion was regarded as an angiokeratomatous papilloma and was similar to other angiomatous lesions.
Equine Placental Teratoma
Authors: Gurfield N. , Benirschke K.
Published: September 2003

The placenta from a 300-day-gestational age, female, Arabian equine fetus was examined. Multifocal to coalescing, 0.5- to 4-cm-diameter, white, smooth nodules covered 50% of the placenta. Microscopic evaluation of the nodules revealed undifferentiated germ cells and a haphazard arrangement of immature, mesenchymal stroma, cartilage, squamous cornifying epithelium, scattered ducts and secretory acini lined by cuboidal to columnar epithelium, and mineralized foci. No umbilicus, arrangement about an axial skeleton, or organized polarity of structures was present. The lesion was diagnosed as a placental teratoma, a lesion not reported in species other than man.
Functional Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Microstructures Fabricated Using Microstereolithography
Authors: Conrad P.G. , Nishimura P.T. , Aherne D. , Schwartz B.J. , Wu D. , Fang N. , Zhang X. , Roberts M.J. , Shea K.J.
Published: September 2003

Microstereolithography has been used to fabricate functional, three‐dimensional, molecularly imprinted microstructures (e.g., see Figure) with recognition for adenine and its derivatives. The range of target analytes that are responsive to this molecular imprinting technique is large. This and related lithographic techniques will allow for the direct integration of functional polymers with molecular recognition into the microfabrication process.
Reduced Operating Voltages in Polymer Light‐Emitting Diodes Doped with Rare‐Earth Complexes
Authors: Robinson M.R. , Ostrowski J.C. , Bazan G.C. , McGehee M.D.
Published: September 2003

Light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) were fabricated using two europium complexes, differing only by the addition of tert‐butyl groups around the β‐diketonate ligands (see Figure), blended into poly(2‐(6′‐cyano‐6′‐methyl‐heptyloxy)‐1,4‐phenylene) (CN‐PPP). The addition of tert‐butyl groups results in CN‐PPP–Eu LEDs with increased operational lifetime and decreased operating voltage.
Electrical Transport and Confocal Raman Studies of Electrochemically Modified Individual Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Balasubramanian K. , Friedrich M. , Jiang C. , Fan Y. , Mews A. , Burghard M. , Kern K.
Published: September 2003

Electrochemical coating of individual single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with thin films obtained via oxidative coupling of an amine or reductive coupling of an aromatic diazonium salt is reported. The same SWCNTs have been characterized before and after modification by electrical transport measurements and confocal Raman spectroscopy (see Figure, electrode structure white, background dark blue, and SWCNTs light blue to red).
Ultra‐Low‐k Pure‐Silica Zeolite MFI Films Using Cyclodextrin as Porogen
Authors: Li S. , Li Z. , Yan Y.
Published: September 2003

Reduction of the dielectric constant k to the ultra low‐k range is important for the continuing miniaturization of semiconductor devices. It is demonstrated that γ‐cyclodextrin can act as an effective porogen (see Figure) to reduce k while maintaining good film strength. A continuous thin pure‐silica zeolite MFI film with k = 1.8 and elastic modulus of 14 GPa is reported, prepared by spin‐on from a zeolite nanoparticle suspension.
Large‐Area Two‐Dimensional Mesoscale Quasi‐Crystals
Authors: Wang X. , Ng C.Y. , Tam W.Y. , Chan C.T. , Sheng P.
Published: September 2003

A holographic lithography technique is used to fabricate large 2D Penrose quasi‐crystals (see Figure, scale bar: 5 μm). The method combines holography and photo‐induced polymerization techniques and is applied for the first time to fabricate quasi‐crystals. This method is very versatile and relatively inexpensive in fabricating various mesoscale to nanostructures.
Cover Picture: Molecular Spin Clusters: New Synthetic Approaches and Neutron Scattering Studies (ChemPhysChem 9/2003)
Authors: Basler Reto , Boskovic Colette , Chaboussant Grégory , Güdel Hans U. , Murrie Mark , Ochsenbein Stefan T. , Sieber Andreas
Published: September 2003

The cover picture shows the principles of inelastic neutron scattering (INS) in magnetic molecular clusters. An incoming monochromatic neutron beam is scattered by a target sample (here a tetranuclear nickel(II) complex) both elastically (no energy transfer) and inelastically (positive or negative energy transfer). Scattered neutrons of varying velocity are then collected in detector banks that span a wide angular range. The interactions between the magnetic moments of the sample and the neutrons that occur during INS allow the investigation of the magnetic properties of the material and the accurate determination of the relevant parameters, including those associated with exchange interactions and magnetoanisotropy. This is nicely illustrated by the inelastic peaks, observed on both sides of the elastic line, which correspond to magnetic energy transfer between the neutrons and the sample. INS is a unique technique that affords a detailed insight into the magnetic levels over a large energy range (up to 1000 cm−1) and thus can provide crucial information for a wide variety of magnetic materials. For more information, see the review by Güdel and co‐workers on pages 910–926.
Magnetic pole position detection method and control of a brushless DC servomotor with incremental encoder
Authors: Sugimoto Hidehiko , Ichikawa Takeshi , Hosoi Keisuke , Kawasaki Shoji
Published: September 2003

On start‐up of a brushless DC servomotor, it is necessary to detect its magnetic pole position in order to generate the torque effectively. Numerous brushless DC servomotors contain a high angle resolution encoder for the speed control and position control. It can also be used in magnetic pole position detection. There are absolute encoders and incremental encoders. If a brushless DC servomotor contains the absolute encoder, the motor can be started since its absolute position can be detected using magnetic pole position detection. However, the absolute encoder is not used except where high accuracy is required because it is expensive. The incremental encoder generally cannot detect the magnetic pole position during motor start‐up, which is why an exclusive magnetic pole position sensor is required until a standard signal output of the encoder is established.

This paper describes a method of magnetic pole position detection of a brushless DC servomotor with an incremental encoder used without an exclusive magnetic pole position sensor. The feature of this method is that it allows detection of the magnetic pole position with very few revolutions in a matter of seconds during motor start‐up. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 145(4): 64–77, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10219
Toxicological evaluation of an electrically heated cigarette. Part 2: Chemical composition of mainstream smoke
Authors: Stabbert R. , Voncken P. , Rustemeier K. , Haussmann H.‐J. , Roemer E. , Schaffernicht H. , Patskan G.
Published: September 2003

The chemical composition of mainstream smoke from an electrically heated cigarette (EHC) and that of mainstream smoke from the University of Kentucky Reference Cigarette 1R4F was analyzed.

In contrast to the 1R4F, which is a conventional, lit‐end cigarette, the EHC is smoked in a microprocessor‐controlled lighter with electrical heater elements. The electrical heating causes the tobacco under the heater element to burn at a low temperature during each puff.

A comprehensive list of chemical constituents was analyzed in mainstream smoke. The list is a combination of those compounds suggested for analysis in cigarette smoke by a US Consumer Product Safety Commission proposal in 1993, and those cigarette smoke constituents identiﬁed by the International Agency on Research on Cancer as being present in cigarette smoke and characterized as carcinogens.

The low pyrolysis/combustion temperature of tobacco in the EHC causes distinct shifts in the composition of the smoke compared with a conventional cigarette. A signiﬁcant drop was seen in the yields of almost all toxicologically relevant constituents. On a per cigarette basis almost two‐thirds of the constituents were reduced by at least 80%, whereas on an equal total particulate matter basis about two‐thirds of the constituents were reduced by at least 50%, with many constituents reduced by more than 90%. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toxicological evaluation of an electrically heated cigarette. Part 4: Subchronic inhalation toxicology
Authors: Terpstra P. M. , Teredesai A. , Vanscheeuwijck P. M. , Verbeeck J. , Schepers G. , Radtke F. , Kuhl P. , Gomm W. , Anskeit E. , Patskan G.
Published: September 2003

The biological activity of mainstream smoke from an electrically heated cigarette (EHC) with controlled combustion and from the University of Kentucky Reference Cigarette 1R4F was determined in Sprague Dawley rats exposed nose‐only for 90 days, 6 h a day, 7 days per week. For an equivalent response comparison between the two cigarette types, two doses were chosen for the EHC where the anticipated results were in the dynamic range of the 1R4F dose–response curve (four concentrations) for most end points. The number of cigarettes smoked per m3 of diluted smoke resulted in total particulate matter concentrations of 40 and 90 µg l −1 for the EHC and 40–170 µg l −1 for the 1R4F. Biomonitoring indicated achievement of target doses. Mainstream smoke yields were lower for the EHC, with the exception of formaldehyde. No smoke‐related mortality, remarkable in‐life observations or abnormal gross pathological ﬁndings were observed. Smoke‐ and dose‐related clinical pathology and organ weight changes included: increases in segmented neutrophils, some liver parameters and lung and adrenal weight relative to body weight; and decreases in lymphocytes, glucose concentration and spleen weight. Smoke‐related histopathological ﬁndings in the respiratory tract included epithelial cell hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia, atrophy and accumulation of pigmented alveolar macrophages; they were mostly dose‐dependent, more pronounced in the upper than lower respiratory tract and completely or partially reversed by 6 weeks post‐inhalation. Qualitatively, the biological effects seen for the EHC and the 1R4F were comparable and similar to those observed in other mainstream smoke inhalation studies. Quantitatively, the biological activity of the EHC mainstream smoke was, on average, 65% lower than that of the 1R4F mainstream smoke on an equal cigarette basis and equivalent activity on an equal TPM basis. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of quercetin and genistein on copper‐ and iron‐induced lipid peroxidation in methyl linolenate
Authors: Boadi William Y. , Iyere Peter A. , Adunyah Samuel E.
Published: September 2003

The single and combined effects of two abundant ﬂavonoids, namely quercetin and genistein, were investigated according to their ability to inhibit the oxidation of methyl linolenate via Fenton's pathway. Antioxidative activity was determined by oxidizing methyl linolenate suspended in a buffer solution with either Fe2+ (50 µM) or Cu2+ (50 µM) and hydrogen peroxide (0.01 mM) without or with a ﬂavonoid sample (10 or 20 µM). Lipid peroxidation products were measured by the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) assay and the amounts of thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS) were calculated from a calibration curve using 1,1,3,3‐tetraethoxypropane as the standard. Both quercetin and genistein at the 10 or 20 µM level decreased lipid peroxidation signiﬁcantly compared with their respective controls. Of the two ﬂavonoids tested, quercetin had a more marked effect on inhibiting lipid peroxides. Peroxidation products for the control samples were higher for the Fe2+‐treated samples compared with the Cu2+ samples. Combination of both ﬂavonoids at the same dose levels continued to decrease lipid peroxidation, the effect being the same for both metal ions. The data suggest that the combined ﬂavonoids offered better protection than the single treatments and this may be attributed to the better radical scavenging or increased chelating capabilities of the combined over the single treatments. The differences in peroxide levels for the single treatment of quercetin compared with the genistein‐treated samples may reﬂect the structural differences between these compounds in combating oxidative stress. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetic analysis of hexose transport to determine the mechanism of amygdalin and prunasin absorption in the intestine
Authors: Wagner Brent , Galey William R.
Published: September 2003

Evidence is accumulating that glucose‐conjugated compounds may be carried across the gut mucosa via the epithelial sodium‐dependent monosaccharide transporter SGLT1. A modiﬁcation of the everted intestinal sac technique was utilized to study the transport of the cyanogenic glycoside amygdalin (d‐mandelonitrile β‐d‐gentiobioside) and its metabolite d‐mandelontrile β‐d‐glucoside (prunasin). Everted sacs of rat jejunum and ileum were bathed in isotonic oxygenated sodium chloride–potassium phosphate buffer containing 2.8 µCi d‐[3H]‐mannose and 0.187 µCi d‐[14C]‐glucose. For treatment groups, buffers contained phloridzin, galactose, amygdalin or prunasin. The rate constant (k) for the transport process was calculated. Compared with the control (n = 33), phloridzin (n = 25) signiﬁcantly reduced the rate constants of both d‐[14C]‐glucose and d‐[3H]‐mannose. Substitution of sodium with choline and incremental galactose treatments similarly reduced d‐[14C]‐glucose inﬂux, indicating that a fraction of the transport is carrier‐mediated. Treatment with amygdalin did not signiﬁcantly affect the rate constants of d‐[14C]‐glucose or d‐[3H]‐mannose transport. However, treatment with 1 mM prunasin (n = 16) did reduce the inﬂux of d‐[14C]‐glucose without affecting d‐[3H]‐mannose values. This is consistent with the reports ﬁnding that glycoside absorption may be mediated by SGLT1. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.