bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE WELL-BEING OF NIGERIA’S RURAL POPULATION: A REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Authors: Okereke Obinna
Published: June 2024

There is increasing relevance and interest in the concept of well-being in economics with economists and policy makers viewing it as very critical in gauging the pulse of an economy. It is seen as a key component in the evaluation of the performance and progress of an economy in addition to traditional economic indicators such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Income per capita. This paper, based on a detailed review of literature aims to present the contributory factors of subjective perception of well-being among Nigeria’s rural inhabitants. It focuses on papers which examine the concept of well-being from renowned academic databases like Elsevier and ScienceDirect. This review provides a background to the complexities and variations of the concept of well-being as well as gaining an in-depth understanding of existing research and opinions on the subject matter. The conclusions from the research show that subjective well-being is multi-dimensional and understanding its multi-dimensional nature can help in shaping economic policies. With respect to rural Nigeria, housing, infrastructure, community engagements and financial security are highly contributory to the subjective perception of an individual’s well-being. With a holistic grasp of these factors, local government authorities may device means to create an environment of prosperity and fulfillment in order for the inhabitants to thrive and contribute to the economic development of their communities.
SPATIAL EVOLUTION OF ORGANIC FARMLAND IN POLAND
Authors: Kuberska Dominika , Juchniewicz Małgorzata
Published: June 2024

The main aim of the study was to determine changes in the concentration degree of organic farmland at the regional level in Poland. Spatial aspects were considered using absolute shares determining the interregional distribution of the analysed features and the location quotient (LQ) measuring the degree of regional specialization against the national background. The study utilized secondary source material from the Inspection of Commercial Quality of Agricultural and Food Products and Statistics Poland. It was found that the area of organic farmland undergoes continuous evolution, both at the national and regional levels. Considering the size of organic farmland, it was noted that there was a systematic increase from 2004 to 2013, followed by a decrease until 2018. Similar trends, although with varying intensities, were observed at the regional level. The leaders in terms of organic farmland area in both 2014 and 2021 were Zachodniopomorskie and Warmińsko-Mazurskie voivodeships. In analyses concerning the area of farmland allocated for selected organic crops, these voivodeships dominated in all types except for orchard and berry crops, which were most prevalent in Mazowieckie, Lubelskie, and Podkarpackie voivodeships. Based on the calculation using the location quotient, it was found that the highest spatial concentration of organic farmland was in the Lubuskie, Podlaskie, Warmińsko-Mazurskie, and Zachodniopomorskie voivodeships, and no significant changes occurred in this regard from 2014 to 2020.
DETERMINANTS OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN THE ASPECT OF THE CHALLENGES OF THE 21ST CENTURY
Authors: Brelik Agnieszka , Łącka Irena
Published: June 2024

The paper aims to present the determinants of tourism development in the context of the challenges of today’s economy, i.e. the impact of the coronavirus pandemic and the war in Ukraine, the need for the tourism sector to prepare for climate change and the digital transformation of the economy. The study is scoping. To achieve the research objective, a study of domestic and foreign literature, induction, deduction, generalisation and synthesis, and research results of other authors were used. The research used studies from UNWTO, World Travel & Tourism Council, Statista, Travel Trends 2023 (Simon-Kuchner), a European Commission report and other author’ research. The research showed that in the third decade of the 21st century, the tourism sector is affected by health (COVID-19 pandemic), military and geopolitical threats, inflation, climate change and digital technologies. These phenomena influence the behaviour and attitudes of tourists worldwide and shape the opportunities for developing the tourism sector in each country at the macro-, meso- and micro levels. The challenges identified have created, and some will continue to create, crisis risks in tourism. It calls for building a more robust, more sustainable and resilient tourism economy for the future. It will require appropriate economic, climate, and energy policies from governments in many countries.
HISTORICAL OUTLINE AND DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNICAL MEANS FOR WORK AT HEIGHTS
Authors: Belica Ondřej , Storrick Gary D.
Published: June 2024

Since time immemorial, mankind has had to perform activities at heights or above depths, whetherit was about ensuring sustenance (e.g., picking fruit from trees, moving over trap pits, etc.) or justthe need to get a view of the surroundings. As at present, even in ancient and past times, work atheights (or above depth) required specific knowledge and skills, possibly also technical means, butit was not an isolated discipline. Technical means securing workers at heights and above free depthaccompany humanity as long as they perform work at such workplaces. They have gone througha long evolution, from improvised means to more sophisticated purpose-built ones; however, thereis little information about their development or use in the specialist literature (Robson et al., 2020).The article provides an overview of the available information of technical means, presently knownas personal protective equipment against falls from a height (PPE).
Scholar Opinion on Providing for Wives Who Do Not Live in The Same House
Authors: Hidayah Ahdiyatul
Published: June 2024

When a man and a woman are married, they officially have responsibilities towards each other. And one of the responsibilities of a husband after marriage is to provide his wife with a place to live and provide for him. The income in question is either a physical income or an inner bread. If a husband deliberately fails to provide for his wife, then the husband is considered negligent and sinful. Because it is one of his responsibilities. Livelihood is not only a gift given by a husband to his wife, but also an obligation between the father and his children and also has a responsibility between an owner and something he owns. This income also covers the needs of the wife during childbirth, such as the financing of midwives or doctors who help with childbirth, drug costs and hospitals. Also included is the fulfillment of the biological needs of the wife. This income also covers the needs of the wife during childbirth, such as the financing of midwives or doctors who help with childbirth, drug costs and hospitals. Also included is the fulfillment of the biological needs of the wife.
Analisis Literasi Pajak Terhadap Perencanaan Pajak Masayarakat di Kecamatan Cibungbulang
Authors: Permatasari Mega , Herlina Lina
Published: June 2024

Potensi perpajakan Indonesia sangatlah besar, namun sayang belum tergarap optimal dari 254,8 juta penduduk Indonesia hingga januari 2015, baru tercatat 26,8 juta WP orang pribadi, padahal pemilik pekerjaan potensial mencapai 44,8 juta orang. Belum lagi penduduk usia 15 tahun yang bisa di katagorikan usia produktif angkanya menjadi 206,6 juta orang, wajib pajak yang memiliki kemampuan yang sama harus membayar pajak dalam jumlah yang sama. Terdapat pengaruh literasi terhadap pengelolan perpajakan. Hasil pengujian hipotesis menunjukkan bahwa Literasi berpengaruh  terhadap Perencanaan. Pengaruh  ini menunjukkan bahwa Literasi yang baik akan memberikan implikasi terhadap peningkatan Perencanaan. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan  antara Literasi dengan Perencanaan, diperoleh nilai dengan βY2 = 0,115 sementara nilai t hitung = 2,214  sedangkan t tabel pada taraf signifikansi α = 0,01 = 1,649 untuk dk = 396 dan nilai thitung > ttabel, maka H0 ditolak dan H1 diterima. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa literasi (X) berpengaruh  terhadap Perencanaan (Y).
Pendidikan Ekonomi Islam Isdonesia
Authors: Naratasati Purwanti
Published: June 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran pendidikan ekonomi syariah di Indonesia. Perkembangan ekonomi syariah diawali dengan hadirnya bank Muamalat pada tanggal 1 mei 1992. Tumbuh kembang perbankan syariah meningkat ketika terjadi krisis moneter tahun 1998, karena pada waktu itu hanya bank Muamalat yang tidak terkena krisis. Setelah berkembangnya bank syariah maka berkembang pula pendidikan ekonomi syariah di Indonesia, hal ini diawali dengan berdirinya Perguruan Tinggi yang membuka program studi ekonomi syariah dan perbankan syariah yaitu IAIN Sumatra Utara. Pada tahun 2000an Perguruan Tinggi yang membuka program studi ekonomi syariah dan perbankan syariah meningkat pesat dan antusiasme masyarakat terhadap program studi ini sangat tinggi,namun pada tahun 2022 terjadi penurunan minat masyarakat karena banyak alumni-alumninya yang belum bekerja di industri dan di sektor keuangan syariah. Hal ini disebabkan karena belum adanya link and match antara dunia pendidikan dengan sektor industri dan keuangan syariah. Banyak kendala-kendala yang dihadapi yaitu keterbatasan ahli ekonomi dan keuangan syariah, keterbatasan kurikulum dan silabus, belum adanya link and match antara dunia pendidikan dan lembaga keuangan syariah, dan terbatasnya dana dalam sarana dan prasarana di Perguruan Tinggi. Untuk itu peran pemerintah sangat penting untuk membenahi nomenklatur dalam program studi ekonomi Islam, pembenahan kurikulum dan silabus, peningkatan sarana dan prasarana di Perguruan Tinggi terutama di Perguruan Tinggi Keagamaan Islam Swasta (PTKIS), dan peningkatkan kesejahtraan honorer dosen. Adapun data-data yang menjadi rujukan untuk artikel ini adalah data primer dan skunder. Data primer di peroleh dari hasil wawancara dari perwakilan perguruan tinggi yang membuka program studi ekonomi syariah dan perbankan syariah sedangkan data skunder di peroleh dari beberapa sumber seperti jurnal, website, literatur yang terkait dengan penelitian ini. Dengan adanya artikel ini diharapkan menjadi bahan referensi sehingga pendidikan ekonomi syariah semakin maju dan antusiasme masyarakat untuk memilih jurusan ekonomi syariah dan perbankan syariah kembali meningkat.
Hubungan Pengalaman Pajak dengan Pengelolaan Pajak Siswa Kelas XII IPS SMA Tarbiyatul Falah Bogor
Authors: Lestari Linda , Kholil Suparman
Published: June 2024

Pemerintah memberi tanggung jawab penuh kepada wajib pajak untuk menghitung dan melaporkan sendiri beban pajak yang ditanggungnya sesuai dengan yang diatur dalam Undang-undang, dan  mengikuti semua prosedur yang ada serta  membayar sesuai dengan yang seharusnya. Sehingga masyarakat dituntut memiliki kesadaran yang tinggi akan hal ini dan pengetahuan yang luas mengenai perpajakkan. Karena tentu jika ketahuan tidak membayar pajak atau salah dalam pembayaran pajaknya, maka akan dikenakan sanksi atau denda oleh pemerintah. Terdapat hubungan pengalaman dengan pengelolaan perpajakan. Hasil pengujian hipotesis menunjukkan bahwa pengalaman berhubungan  dengan Pengelolaan. Hubungan  ini menunjukkan bahwa pengalaman yang tinggi akan memberikan implikasi dengan peningkatan Pengelolaan.  Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan  antara pengalaman dengan Pengelolaan, diperoleh nilai dengan βY3 = 0,115 sementara nilai t hitung = 2,588 sedangkan t tabel pada taraf signifikansi α = 0,01 = 1,649 untuk dk = 396 dan nilai thitung > ttabel, maka H0 ditolak dan H1 diterima. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengalaman (Y) berhubungan   dengan pengelolaan (Y).
Human Capital Development and Firm Productivity in Nigerian Brewery Industry
Authors: ARUOREN  , Ejiroghene EDEH Emmanuel , Mariagoratti Ifeyinwa
Published: June 2024

The study examined the effect of human capital development on productivity of selected brewery firms in the south-south and south-east geo-political zones of Nigeria. Cross sectional survey design was adopted, with a population of 7802 employees. A sample size of 380 was determined based on Taro Yamani’s sample size determination formula. The research instrument was a structured questionnaire and analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0 software. Multiple regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses. It was found that level of training had a positive and significant effect on firm productivity (ß = 0.618, p < 0.05), level of education had a positive and significant effect on firm productivity (ß = 0.922, p < 0.05), while level of job experience had a positive and significant effect on firm productivity (ß = 0.688, p < 0.05). The study concluded that human capital development is critical to the enhancement of productivity in the brewery industry and as such recommended that management of brewery industry should strive to facilitate a high level of training since it had a positive and significant effect on the level of productivity in the industry. Also, human resource management department in the brewery industry should endeavor to adopt a system of on-the-job training and development of staff with higher level of education and job experience, in order to build knowledge and skills relevant for adequate increase in productivity.
The Current Situation and Problems of Industry-Teaching Integration in Shanghai Colleges and Universities for Master's Degrees in International Business
Authors: Wenqian Bai , Yan Yan , Nan Zhao , Yi Dai
Published: June 2024

: Professional degree graduate students emphasize cultivating application-oriented high-level talents with a solid theoretical foundation and the ability to adapt to the industry, unlike academic degree graduate students. Providing support for national policy, Shanghai universities vigorously cultivate Master of International Business, integrating education with labor demand and cultivating MIB by integrating industry and education, thereby improving students' literacy levels and fostering the development of employment opportunities. It examines the current situation and problems associated with integrating industry and education by examining the master's degree programs in international business offered at Shanghai universities. It argues that the integration of industry and education in Shanghai universities exists in the status quo of dual tutoring, talent cultivation, schoolenterprise associations, and various ways industry and education are integrated.
Consumption, Unemployment, and Poverty in Affecting Welfare in East Java Province
Authors: Sari Erin Novita , Fisabilillah Ladi Wajuba Perdini
Published: June 2024

East Java Province has not been able to significantly improve the level of community welfare during the 2018-2020 period. Based on data reported by the Central Bureau of Statistics, the average achievement of East Java's HDI was no more than 2% over 5 years. In that time span, significant increases occurred in household consumption, unemployment, and poverty. Starting from this phenomenon, the researcher wants to conduct a study to find out how consumption, unemployment, and poverty can affect the level of community welfare in East Java. This research utilizes secondary data taken through the official website of the East Java Central Bureau of Statistics. The sampling method used is purposive sampling by setting one criterion, namely districts/cities that have published data on the new method Human Development Index, average food and non-food consumption expenditure, average open unemployment rate, and average poor population. Data analysis used panel data regression method with FEM estimation model. The results concluded that household consumption, unemployment, and poverty affect community welfare in East Java Province, both partially and simultaneously.
EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF QUOTED DEPOSIT MONEY BANKS IN NIGERIA
Authors: Femi Adebisi Prof. Joseph , RANGU Grace Akwu,
Published: June 2024

This study investigates the impact of environmental accounting on the financial performance of quoted deposit money banks in Nigeria. The sample consisted of 14 banks, which were selected using census sampling techniques. A random effect regression model was used to test the hypotheses after conducting diagnostic tests. The results indicate that environmental conservative cost disclosure has a significant positive effect on return on assets, while environmental compliance cost disclosure has an insignificant positive effect on return on assets. Additionally, community development cost disclosure has an insignificant negative effect on return on assets. The study suggests that deposit money banks in Nigeria should prioritize environmental conservative cost disclosure in their financial reporting and continue to comply with environmental regulations by disclosing their environmental compliance costs to improve their financial performance. In summary, the lack of clarity on environmental accounting practices can lead to information gaps for responsible financiers and investors. The study recommends specific actions for Nigerian banks to enhance their sustainability reporting and ultimately improve their financial performance.
THE INFLUENCE OF QUALITY SERVICE ON CUSTOMER SATISFACTION: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE IN SOME SELECTED BANKS IN JOS NORTH LGA, PLATEAU STATE.
Authors: Akinnawonu Oladele Ademola , Samson Nancwat , P. Mshelmbula Joy
Published: June 2024

The complaining attitudes of customers about poor service delivery in most Nigeria banks posed a great concern to so many Nigerians. Most customers complain of the unfriendly attitude and nonchalant dispositions of so many bank workers, as the performance of most staff is below the expectations of so many customers patronizing the organization. Based on this, the study therefore aims to evaluate how the role of cultural intelligence in mediating the relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction among some selected banks in Jos North LGA of Plateau State. The total population of 562 staff of the selected banks was used for the study. The use of questionnaire was adopted as the primary method of data collection, administered to the sample size of 234 staff out of which 230 was duly completed and retrieved. Co-variance Structural equation modeling was used in analyzing the data. From the result, hypothesis one was tested and it was discovered that there is a significant relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction. Hypothesis two also showed that there is a significant relationship between service quality and cultural intelligence. Hypothesis three showed a significant relationship between cultural intelligence and customer satisfaction, and finally hypothesis four shows that cultural intelligence mediates the relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction. This study concluded that cultural intelligence which has to do with the ability of employees to understand the various cultures, beliefs, norms, and values of customers goes a long way in adding value to the level of service quality of the bank which goes a long way in enhancing customer satisfaction in the selected banks. The study recommended that employees are to be culturally intelligent enough to manage customers by valuing the individual cultural diversity and also treat them as such. This will go a long way in encouraging customers to stay with the banks.
The Contribution of Investment to the Effectiveness of Economic Diplomacy between Ethiopia and China
Authors: Yiblet Fikadie Damtie
Published: June 2024

This study delves into the intricate dynamics of economic diplomacy between Ethiopia and China, focusing on the pivotal role of investment in shaping their bilateral relations. The objectives of this research are to examine the nature and extent of investment cooperation, analyze the impacts of Chinese investments on Ethiopia's economic growth and technological advancement, explore the reciprocal relationship between investment and diplomatic ties, and assess the strategic implications for both countries. The central research question asks about the contribution of Chinese investment to the effectiveness of economic diplomacy between Ethiopia and China. Employing a qualitative methodology, this study utilizes case studies, policy analysis, and scholarly literature review to gather and analyze data from official reports, government publications, academic articles, and interviews with key stakeholders. Noteworthy investment projects such as the Addis Ababa-Djibouti Railway and industrial parks serve as focal points for understanding the impacts of Chinese investments. Findings indicate that Chinese investments have significantly contributed to Ethiopia's economic growth, particularly in infrastructure development and industrialization. These investments have also facilitated technology transfer, skill development, and job creation in vital sectors like manufacturing and renewable energy. The Ethiopia-China partnership demonstrates a mutually beneficial relationship, with investments enhancing diplomatic ties and strategic cooperation. However, challenges such as debt sustainability and environmental impacts highlight the need for a balanced approach to investment-driven economic diplomacy. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the transformative role of Chinese investments in Ethiopia-China economic diplomacy. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the interplay between investment, economic growth, and diplomatic relations. Recommendations include refining investment laws, prioritizing infrastructure investments, engaging in proactive media campaigns, diversifying investments, strengthening dialogue with China, bolstering domestic capacities, promoting inclusive development, and enhancing training programs. These recommendations offer practical guidance for policymakers and stakeholders seeking to foster sustainable international partnerships.
Sustainability thoughts 191: How to link cost externalization theory with Marxism threat theory to point out all possible types of Marxism threats to pure capitalism?
Authors: Muñoz Lucio
Published: June 2024

It can be said that liberal capitalism is the model that externalizes the social and environmental costs associated with economic market activity as it is an economy only model since traditional market thinking a la Adam Smith assumes externality neutrality assumptions when at work. It can be said that red Marxism is the model that externalizes the economic and environmental costs linked to social market activity as it is a socially only model since red socialism a la Karl Marx assumes too externality neutrality assumptions when functioning. The same way we can envision the cost externalization structures of green Marxism and of yellow Marxism as one model is the environment only model and the other model is the society and environment only model. Hence, the different Marxism threats to liberal capitalism are linked to specific cost externalization structures, which when effective they become the point of entry that lead to a flip from liberal market pricing structures to specific Marxism market pricing structures as this goes one to one with the flip in paradigm structures from liberal capitalism to different forms of Marxism. And this raises the question: How to link cost externalization theory with Marxism threat theory to point out all possible types of Marxism threats to pure capitalism? What are the implications of this? The goal of this paper is to provide answers to those questions.
Beyond the Bottom Line: Balancing Profits and Ethical Conduct in the Financial Sector
Authors: Svoboda Dr. Andreas
Published: June 2024

This study explores the complex field of finance ethics, providing insights into the many ethical concerns that are prevalent within the financial sector. This study aims to analyze and comprehend the moral quandaries often encountered by professionals in the financial sector, therefore delving into the ethical aspects of financial processes. The study underscores the widespread presence of ethical dilemmas within the realm of finance, emphasizing its important arguments and conclusions. This study aims to identify and analyze the prominent ethical challenges that emerge within the financial industry, including conflicts of interest, insider trading, risk management, and responsible investment. This text examines the ramifications of unethical conduct within the financial sector and emphasizes the significance of ethical decision-making in maintaining the industry's stability and integrity. This study utilizes a rigorous methodology that incorporates a wide range of data sources, including both quantitative and qualitative data. This study involves a comprehensive examination of relevant scholarly works, empirical case studies, and survey data in order to assess and integrate the ethical dimensions within the field of finance. Moreover, it actively participates in ethical analyses and deliberations in order to put forth prospective answers and tactics aimed at cultivating a more ethical financial milieu. This study intends to add to the continuing conversation on the ethics of finance, presenting insights and suggestions that may serve as a compass for ethical decision-making within the business.
INFLUENCE OF MONITORING AND EVALUATION PLANNING ON PERFORMANCE OF AGRIBUSINESS PROJECTS IN KIAMBU COUNTY, KENYA
Authors: Mbugua David , Kimutai Dr. Gladys
Published: June 2024

A lot of funds are spent on the public services by the government, amounting to between 15-45 percent of gross domestic product which has an immense effect on the agribusiness projects. One of the most pressing issues confronting policymakers and those with an interest in the sector is the declining performance of the agribusiness projects in regard to their growth. This study established the relationship between monitoring and evaluation planning and performance of agribusiness projects in Kiambu County, Kenya. The study was underpinned on the resource-based view theory. Descriptive and explanatory research design were adopted. Twenty-eight agribusiness projects in Kiambu County were targeted. Sample size was 82 respondents comprising of the agribusiness projects. Questionnaires were used to obtain primary data whereas data collection sheet was used to collect secondary data. Descriptive statistics, correlation and regression analysis was conducted. Results showed that respondents agreed to a great extent that monitoring and evaluation planning influenced performance of agribusiness projects in Kiambu County, Kenya. Correlation analysis demonstrated a significant positive linear relationship between performance of agribusiness projects and M & E planning. Additionally, regression analysis showed that monitoring and evaluation planning influenced project performance positively and significantly. The study concludes that M & E planning helps in setting project goals and objectives thus improving project performance and recommends that communication and reporting are essential components of project monitoring and evaluation as they help to facilitate information sharing, improve collaboration and supporting decision making.
Deficit financing and Macroeconomic Performance: the Nigeria experience
Authors: O. Ichime Moses , O. Awogbemi Titus , T. Ezi Chigoziem
Published: June 2024

Due to the mixed order of integration, the study uses the ARDL model to examine the relationship between deficit financing and the performance of the macroeconomy proxy by GDP in Nigeria over a thirty-year period, from 1990 to 2019. In the model, the inflation rate, the government's fiscal deficit, and the domestic money supply served as stand-ins for deficit financing. And the outcome demonstrates that while the model satisfied the sufficient condition of stability, it failed the necessary condition due to an explosive divergence indicator. Additionally, the variables have a long-term relationship, and based on estimates from the long-run equation, all of the variables have a significant impact on the economy, with the domestic money supply having a positive effect and inflation and the government fiscal deficit having a negative impact.
Use of geopolymer for stabilising crushed rock base in road pavement
Authors: Sibanda Khulekani , Shahin Mohamed , Abdullah Hayder
Published: June 2024

In recent years, the utilisation of fly ash-based geopolymer has been progressively escalating as it has proven to be a potent alternative to conventional cement. The acceptance of geopolymer is primarily credited to its ability to improve soil strength and stiffness, coupled with the advantage of reducing harmful pollution and energy usage. This study is primarily designed to investigate the mechanical performance of Geopolymer-Treated Crushed Rock Base (GTCRB), with a particular focus on uniaxial compressive strength response and the structural durability quantified by the resilient modulus and permanent deformation. This is achieved through an experimental program incorporating Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) and Repeated Loading Tri-axial (RLT) tests. The outcomes of the tests suggest that the use of geopolymer tends to fortify the uniaxial compressive strength and resilient modulus of the GTCRB-tested samples, indicating an overall enhancement in the mechanical properties. Of particular note, a design mix containing 6% geopolymer produced an average UCS of 1.2 MPa, aligning with the standard UCS range for cemented lightly-bound base course material, as specified by the Austroads. In terms of the resilient modulus, while treated mixtures satisfied the requirements for permanent deformation, none of the tested samples achieved the stipulated resilience modulus range.
Postscript to the closure to the discussion on “Assessment of the coefficient of consolidation with Queensland data”
Authors: Litwinowicz Alexander
Published: June 2024

This paper presents a postscript to the closure to the discussion of “Assessment of the coefficient of consolidation with Queensland data” by Burt G. Look. https://doi.org/10.56295/AGJ5846.
E-Banking Technology: A Comprehensive Study on Customer Satisfaction and Bank Services
Authors: Dewi Cynthia Sari , Zulkifli Zulkifli
Published: June 2024

This paper explores the dynamic landscape of e-banking technology, emphasizing advancements in hardware, software, and networks to deliver innovative solutions. It highlights moderate e-banking adoption among surveyed individuals, underscoring the crucial role of customer satisfaction in banking services. Despite this, critical gaps are identified, motivating the study to provide a detailed analysis of responses concerning cloud services, bank system security, service quality, and e-learning initiatives. With meticulous data collection from 125 respondents, primarily students from Tangerang actively using e-banking, the research investigates the frequency and patterns of e-banking usage. Through comprehensive descriptive analysis, the study offers insights into customer satisfaction in the e-banking domain and sets the stage for future causal research. Its ultimate goal is to enhance comprehension of the factors influencing customer satisfaction in e-banking.
Cyclone Robber System Particulate Emission Factors for Cotton Gins: Particle Size Distribution Characteristics
Authors: Boykin Clif , Buser Michael , Whitelock Derek , Holt Gregory
Published: June 2024

This report is part of a project to characterize cotton gin emissions from the standpoint of total particulate stack sampling and particle size analyses. In 2006 and again in 2013, the United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published a more stringent National Ambient Air Quality Standard for particulate matter with nominal diameter less than or equal to 2.5 µm (PM2.5). This created an urgent need to collect additional cotton gin emissions data to address current regulatory issues, because EPA AP-42 cotton gin PM2.5 emission factors were limited. In addition, current EPA AP-42 emission factor quality ratings for cotton gin PM10 (particulate matter with nominal diameter less than or equal to 10 µm) data are questionable, being extremely low. The objective of this study was to characterize particulate emissions for cyclone robber systems from cotton gins across the cotton belt based on particle size distribution analysis of total particulate samples from EPA-approved stack sampling methods. Average measured PM2.5, PM6, and PM10 emission factors based on the mass and particle size analyses of EPA Method 17 total particulate filter and wash samples from three gins (12 total test runs) were 0.00042 kg/227-kg bale (0.00093 lb/500-lb bale), 0.0035 kg/bale (0.0078 lb/bale), and 0.0061 kg/bale (0.013 lb/bale), respectively. The cyclone robber system particle size distributions were characterized by an average mass median diameter of 20.3 µm (aerodynamic equivalent diameter). Based on system average emission factors, the ratio of PM2.5 to total particulate was 2.10%, PM6 to total particulate was 17.5%, and PM10 to total particulate was 30.3%.
Second Stage Seed-Cotton Cleaning System Total Particulate Emission Factors and Rates for Cotton Gins: Method 17
Authors: Buser Michael , Whitelock Derek , Boykin Clif , Holt Gregory
Published: June 2024

This report is part of a project to characterize cotton gin emissions from the standpoint of stack sampling. The impetus behind this project was the urgent need to collect additional cotton gin emissions data to address current regulatory issues. A key component of this study was focused on Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) total particulate emission factors. EPA AP-42 emission factors generally are assigned a rating, from A (excellent) to E (poor), to assess the quality of the data being referenced. Current EPA total particulate emission factor ratings for cotton gins are extremely low. Cotton gin data received these low ratings because the data were collected almost exclusively from a single geographical region. The objective of this study was to collect additional total particulate emission factor data for 2nd stage seed-cotton cleaning systems from cotton gins located in regions across the cotton belt using EPA-approved stack sampling methodology. The project plan included sampling seven cotton gins. Key factors for selecting specific cotton gins included: 1) facility location, 2) production capacity, 3) processing systems, and 4) abatement technologies. Five gins with 2nd stage seed-cotton cleaning system exhausts were sampled. The average production rate during testing for the five gins was 34.7 bales/h. The average 2nd stage seed-cotton cleaning system total particulate emission factor based on five tests (14 total test runs) was 0.058 kg/227-kg bale (0.129 lb/500-lb bale). This average total particulate emission factor was less than that currently published in 1996 EPA AP-42, which was 0.11 kg/bale (0.24 lb/bale). The 2nd stage seed-cotton cleaning system test average emission rates ranged from 0.64 to 2.95 kg/h (1.41-6.49 lb/h).
First Stage Seed-Cotton Cleaning System Total Particulate Emission Factors and Rates from Cotton Gins: Method 17
Authors: Boykin Clif , Buser Michael , Whitelock Derek , Holt Gregory
Published: June 2024

This report is part of a project to characterize cotton gin emissions from the standpoint of stack sampling. The impetus behind this project was the urgent need to collect additional cotton gin emissions data to address current regulatory issues. A key component of this study was focused on Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) total particulate emission factors. EPA AP-42 emission factors generally are assigned a rating, from A (excellent) to E (poor), to assess the quality of the data being referenced. Current EPA total particulate emission factor ratings for cotton gins are extremely low. Cotton gin data received these low ratings because the data were collected almost exclusively from a single geographical region. The objective of this study was to collect additional total particulate emission factor data for 1st stage seed-cotton cleaning systems from cotton gins located in regions across the cotton belt using EPA-approved stack sampling methodology. The project plan included sampling seven cotton gins. Key factors for selecting specific cotton gins included: 1) facility location, 2) production capacity, 3) processing systems, and 4) abatement technologies. All seven gins had 1st stage seed-cotton cleaning systems. The average production rate during testing for the seven gins was 31.8 bales/h. The average 1st stage seed-cotton cleaning system total particulate emission factor based on seven tests (18 total test runs) was 0.152 kg/227-kg bale (0.334 lb/500-lb bale). This average total particulate emission factor was less than that currently published in 1996 EPA AP-42, which was 0.17 kg/bale (0.36 lb/bale). The 1st stage seed-cotton cleaning system emission rate test averages ranged from 1.87 to 8.93 kg/h (4.13-19.68 lb/h).
Master Trash System Total Particulate Emission Factors and Rates for Cotton Gins: Method 17
Authors: Boykin Clif , Buser Michael , Whitelock Derek , Holt Gregory
Published: June 2024

This report is part of a project to characterize cotton gin emissions from the standpoint of stack sampling. The impetus behind this project was the urgent need to collect additional cotton gin emissions data to address current regulatory issues. A key component of this study was focused on Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) total particulate emission factors. EPA AP-42 emission factors are generally assigned a rating, from A (Excellent) to E (Poor), to assess the quality of the data being referenced. Current EPA total particulate emission factor ratings for cotton gins are extremely low. Cotton gin data received these low ratings because the data were collected almost exclusively from a single geographical region. The objective of this study was to collect additional total particulate emission factor data for master trash systems from cotton gins located in regions across the cotton belt using EPA-approved stack sampling methodology. The project plan included sampling seven cotton gins. Key factors for selecting specific cotton gins included: 1) facility location, 2) production capacity, 3) processing systems and 4) abatement technologies. Five gins with master trash system exhausts were sampled. The average production rate during testing for the five gins was 34.4 bales/h. The average master trash system total particulate emission factor based on five tests (15 total test runs) was 0.187 kg/227-kg bale (0.411 lb/500-lb bale). This average total particulate emission factor was less than that currently published in 1996 EPA AP-42, which was 0.24 kg/bale (0.54 lb/bale).The master trash system emission rate test averages ranged from 1.92 to 11.06 kg/h (4.23-24.39 lb/h).
Defoliant Effects on Cover Crop Germination, Cover Crop Growth, and subsequent Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Development
Authors: Foote William , Edmisten Keith , Wells Randy , Jordan David
Published: June 2024

The price of nitrogen (N) fertilizer has increased to the point where it may be cost effective to grow winter legume cover crops as a sole source of nitrogen for a subsequent cotton crop in North Carolina. Establishing these cover crops is critical to the success of this strategy. In order to optimize legume cover crop establishment, cotton producers may have to overseed legumes into cotton that has or will be sprayed with cotton harvest aids, which may interfere with legume germination and growth. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the effects of commonly used cotton harvest aids on legume germination and growth. This was followed by a field study to determine the optimum time to overseed legume cover crops in cotton, to determine the effects of cotton defoliants on legume establishment in the field, and to determine the effects of cover crop species and overseeding timing on cotton growth and yield in a field in which N was not depleted. Cotton defoliants containing thidiazuron plus diuron reduced greenhouse legume germination and growth more than any other cotton harvest aid tested; however, field studies indicate that cover crop germination and cover crop dry weight are not affected by thidiazuron plus diuron. Crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) and Austrian winter pea (Pisum sativum L.) positively affected cotton yield equally. However, timing of cover crop overseeding played an important role in cover crop germination, accumulated biomass, and lint yield. We observed that overseeding legumes 14 days prior to defoliation resulted in the highest cover crop dry weight and cotton yield.
Overflow System Particulate Emission Factors for Cotton Gins: Particle Size Distribution Characteristics
Authors: Boykin Clif , Buser Michael , Whitelock Derek , Holt Gregory
Published: June 2024

This report is part of a project to characterize cotton gin emissions from the standpoint of total particulate stack sampling and particle size analyses. In 2006 and again in 2013, the United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published a more stringent National Ambient Air Quality Standard for particulate matter with nominal diameter less than or equal to 2.5 µm (PM2.5). This created an urgent need to collect additional cotton gin emissions data to address current regulatory issues, because EPA AP-42 cotton gin PM2.5 emission factors were limited. In addition, current EPA AP-42 emission factor quality ratings for cotton gin PM10 (particulate matter with nominal diameter less than or equal to 10 µm) data are questionable, being extremely low. The objective of this study was to characterize particulate emissions for overflow systems from cotton gins across the cotton belt based on particle size distribution analysis of total particulate samples from EPA-approved stack sampling methods. Average measured PM2.5, PM6, and PM10 emission factors based on the mass and particle size analyses of EPA Method 17 total particulate filter and wash samples from three gins (9 total test runs) were 0.00048 kg/227-kg bale (0.0011 lb/500-lb bale), 0.0049 kg/bale (0.011 lb/bale), and 0.0089 kg/bale (0.020 lb/bale), respectively. The overflow system particle size distributions were characterized by an average mass median diameter of 18.7 µm (aerodynamic equivalent diameter). Based on system average emission factors, the ratio of PM2.5 to total particulate was 1.67%, PM6 to total particulate was 17.0%, and PM10 to total particulate was 31.0%.
Mote Cleaner System Total Particulate Emission Factors and Rates for Cotton Gins: Method 17
Authors: Whitelock Derek , Buser Michael , Boykin Clif , Holt Gregory
Published: June 2024

This report is part of a project to characterize cotton gin emissions from the standpoint of stack sampling. The impetus behind this project was the urgent need to collect additional cotton gin emissions data to address current regulatory issues. A key component of this study was focused on Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) total particulate emission factors. There is no total particulate emission factor published for mote cleaner systems in the 1996 EPA AP-42. The objective of this study was to collect total particulate emission factor data for mote cleaner systems from cotton gins located in regions across the cotton belt using EPA-approved stack sampling methodology. The project plan included sampling seven cotton gins. Key factors for selecting specific cotton gins included: 1) facility location, 2) production capacity, 3) processing systems and 4) abatement technologies. Two gins with mote cleaner systems were sampled. The exhaust from one of the mote cleaner systems was combined with the module feeder dust system. The average production rate during testing was 32.7 and 47.0 bales/h for the stand alone mote cleaner system and mote cleaner and module feeder dust system, respectively. The average total particulate emission factor for the mote cleaner system that was not combined with another gin system (three total test runs) was 0.105 kg/227-kg bale (0.232 lb/500-lb bale). The average emission rate for this system was 3.46 kg/h (7.63 lb/h). The average total particulate emission factor for the mote cleaner system that was combined with the module feeder dust system (three total test runs) was 0.109 kg/bale (0.239 lb/bale). The average emission rate for this system was 5.10 kg/h (11.24 lb/h).
Second Stage Lint Cleaning System Particulate Emission Factors for Cotton Gins: Particle Size Distribution Characteristics
Authors: Boykin Clif , Buser Michael , Whitelock Derek , Holt Gregory
Published: June 2024

This report is part of a project to characterize cotton gin emissions from the standpoint of total particulate stack sampling and particle size analyses. In 2006 and again in 2013, the United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published a more stringent National Ambient Air Quality Standard for particulate matter with nominal diameter less than or equal to 2.5 µm (PM2.5). This created an urgent need to collect additional cotton gin emissions data to address current regulatory issues, because EPA AP-42 cotton gin PM2.5 emission factors were limited. In addition, current EPA AP-42 included combined lint cleaner PM10 (particulate matter with nominal diameter less than or equal to 10 µm) and total particulate emission factors and not individual lint cleaner emission factors. The objective of this study was to characterize particulate emissions for 2nd stage lint cleaning systems from cotton gins across the cotton belt based on particle size distribution analysis of total particulate samples from EPA-approved stack sampling methods. Average measured PM2.5, PM6, and PM10 emission factors based on the mass and particle size analyses of EPA Method 17 total particulate filter and wash samples from four gins (6 total test runs) were 0.00024 kg/227-kg bale (0.00052 lb/500-lb bale), 0.0026 kg/bale (0.0057 lb/bale), and 0.0048 kg/bale (0.010 lb/bale), respectively. The 2nd stage lint cleaning system particle size distributions were characterized by an average mass median diameter of 29.8 µm (aerodynamic equivalent diameter). Based on system average emission factors, the ratio of PM2.5 to total particulate was 1.04%, PM6 to total particulate was 11.4%, and PM10 to total particulate was 20.9%.
First Stage Lint Cleaning System Total Particulate Emission Factors and Rates for Cotton Gins: Method 17
Authors: Boykin Clif , Buser Michael , Whitelock Derek , Holt Gregory
Published: June 2024

This report is part of a project to characterize cotton gin emissions from the standpoint of stack sampling. The impetus behind this project was the urgent need to collect additional cotton gin emissions data to address current regulatory issues. A key component of this study was focused on Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) total particulate emission factors. There is no total particulate emission factor published for 1st stage lint cleaning systems in the 1996 EPA AP-42. The current AP-42 factor represents 1st and 2nd stage lint cleaning systems combined. The objective of this study was to collect total particulate emission factor data for 1st stage lint cleaning systems from cotton gins located in regions across the cotton belt using EPA-approved stack sampling methodology. The project plan included sampling seven cotton gins. Key factors for selecting specific cotton gins included: 1) facility location, 2) production capacity, 3) processing systems, and 4) abatement technologies. Four gins with 1st stage lint cleaning system exhausts that were not combined with 2nd stage lint cleaning system exhausts were sampled. The average production rate during testing for the four gins was 25.7 bales/h. The average 1st stage lint cleaning system total particulate emission factor based on four tests (12 total test runs) was 0.070 kg/227-kg bale (0.155 lb/500-lb bale). The 1st stage lint cleaning system emission rate test averages ranged from 0.67 to 3.56 kg/h (1.49-7.84 lb/h).