bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Black locust (Robinia pseudoacaciaL.) range contraction and expansion in Europe under changing climate
Authors: Puchałka Radosław , Dyderski Marcin K. , Vítková Michaela , Sádlo Jiří , Klisz Marcin , Netsvetov Maksym , Prokopuk Yulia , Matisons Roberts , Mionskowski Marcin , Wojda Tomasz , Koprowski Marcin , Jagodziński Andrzej M.
Published: December 2020

Robinia pseudoacaciais one of the most frequent non‐native species in Europe. It is a fast‐growing tree of high economic and cultural importance. On the other hand, it is an invasive species, causing changes in soil chemistry and light regime, and consequently altering the plant communities. Previously published models developed for the potential distribution ofR. pseudoacaciaconcerned 2070, and were based mainly on data from Western and Central Europe; here we extended these findings and included additional data from Eastern Europe. To fill the gap in current knowledge ofR. pseudoacaciadistribution and improve the reliability of forecasts, we aimed to (i) determine the extent to which the outcome of range modeling will be affected by complementingR. pseudoacaciaoccurrence data with sites from Central, Southeastern, and Eastern Europe, (ii) identify and quantify the changes in the availability of climate niches for 2050 and 2070, and discuss their impacts on forest management and nature conservation. We showed that the majority of the range changes expected in 2070 will occur as early as 2050. In comparison to previous studies, we demonstrated a greater eastward shift of potential niches of this species and a greater decline of potential niches in Southern Europe. Consequently, future climatic conditions will likely favor the occurrence ofR. pseudoacaciain Central and Northeastern Europe where this species is still absent or relatively rare. There, controlling the spread ofR. pseudoacaciawill require monitoring sources of invasion in the landscape and reducing the occurrence of this species. The expected effects of climate change will likely be observed 20 years earlier than previously forecasted. Hence we highlighted the urgent need for acceleration of policies aimed at climate change mitigation in Europe. Also, our results showed the need for using more complete distribution data to analyze potential niche models.
Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) research priorities: Opinions from United States hemp stakeholders
Authors: Ellison Shelby
Published: December 2020

After over a half century hiatus from hemp production research, the crop is once again legal to grow in the United States. A nationwide survey of hemp stakeholders was conducted to determine priority areas for research. Respondents were asked to rate and rank areas of research relating to agronomics, economics, and genetics. Additional information was collected in education and outreach needs, regulatory concerns, and stakeholder demographics. Stakeholders suggested that hemp markets and economics, regulatory compliance, human nutritional quality and health properties, flower quality, and seed characteristics and considerations were the top priorities. Additional areas of research were considered extremely important by the majority of stakeholders: postharvest considerations, disease management, and plant breeding. Survey responses suggest the strong need for investment in this crop to make it economically viable for stakeholders. The information gained from the survey results will aid hemp researchers in defining their research priorities. Furthermore, survey findings can be used by funding entities to develop targeted grant programs to help support this reemerging crop.
The spectrum of serrated colorectal lesions—new entities and unanswered questions
Authors: Bateman Adrian C
Published: December 2020

Hyperplastic polyps (HPs) of the colon and rectum were historically thought not to be associated with an increased risk of development of colorectal cancer (CRC). The recognition of variants of serrated colorectal lesions that possessed relatively subtle but significant morphological differences from those of HPs and that could be associated with epithelial dysplasia and CRC led to the characterisation of sessile serrated lesions (SSLs) and traditional serrated adenomas (TSAs). These links were supported by the identification of genetic alterations that are commonly found in HPs, SSLs, TSAs, and CRC, e.g. BRAF and KRAS mutations. The ‘serrated pathway’ to CRC may progress faster than the traditional ‘adenoma–carcinoma sequence’, underlining the importance of identifying these lesions. The diagnostic histological criteria for SSLs have since been more clearly defined, in parallel with a drive to increase the recognition of these lesions at endoscopy. The existence of lesions showing overlapping morphological and molecular features with those of HPs, SSLs and TSAs has most recently been highlighted—including mucin‐rich TSA, serrated tubulovillous adenoma, and those showing mixed histological features, e.g. comprising differing combinations of HP, SSL, and TSA. Morphological and molecular studies of this range of lesions are providing insights into the relationships of serrated colorectal lesions with each other and with CRC. This article provides an overview of the current understanding of serrated colorectal lesions, including a discussion of those with overlapping and mixed features.
Circular RNA ITCH mediates H2O2‐induced myocardial cell apoptosis by targeting miR‐17‐5p via wnt/β‐catenin signalling pathway
Authors: Zhang Nengfeng , Wang Xu
Published: December 2020

Cardiovascular disease is a severe threat health worldwide, and circRNAs have been shown to be correlated with the development of cardiovascular disease. Expression of circ‐ITCH and miR‐17a‐5p was evaluated by RT‐qPCR. Cell viability was measured using CCK‐8. Flow cytometry was applied to measure apoptosis rate. Binding between miR‐17‐5p and circ‐ITCH was detected via luciferase reporter assays. Levels of ATP in cells were examined with ATP testing. Western blot was used to evaluate apoptosis‐related proteins and proteins in Wnt/β‐catenin signalling pathway. H2O2 induced apoptosis of H9c2 cells and lowered cell viability as well as ATP levels and circ‐ITCH expression. After overexpression, circ‐ITCH enhanced cell viability and ATP concentration. Meanwhile, apoptosis was inhibited. MiR‐17‐5p was the target of circ‐ITCH as evidenced by luciferase report assays, with higher expression in H2O2‐induced H9c2 cells. Knockdown of miR‐17‐5p could promote cell viability and level of ATP and curb apoptosis and p53 and PARP expression. Moreover, overexpressed miR‐17‐5p could reverse the function of upregulated circ‐ITCH. Wnt3a, Wnt5a and β‐catenin in Wnt/β‐catenin signalling pathway were increased after H2O2 induction. Suppression of Wnt/β‐catenin signalling pathway could initiate the process of injury in H9c2 cells. Circ‐ITCH could protect myocardial cells from injuries caused by H2O2 by suppressing apoptosis while miR‐17‐5p played a reverse role, which could upregulate apoptosis and inhibit cell viability via Wnt/β‐catenin signalling pathway.
Lactobacillus Gasseri LGZ 1029 in yogurt: rheological behaviour and volatile compound composition
Authors: Zhou Qin‐yu , Zhao Shan , Huang Yan‐yan , Hu Jin‐shuang , Kuang Jia‐hua , Liu Dong‐mei , Brennan Charles S.
Published: December 2020

Yogurt preserves and enhances nutritional value of milk. In this study, we have compared several strains to determine the physicochemical, sensory, rheological and aroma characteristics of different yogurts. We used Lactobacillus gasseri LGZ 1029 (LG), commercial probiotic L. rhamnosus (LGG) and traditional fermentation strains Streptococcus thermophilus and L. bulgaricus (SL). Results showed that the flavour and texture characteristics of mixed‐strain yogurts were obviously better than in single‐strain yogurts. Addition of LG increased pseudoplastic behaviour, as shown by Herschel–Bulkley model analysis of rheological behaviour. The LG + SL group also had both the highest viscosity consistency index and thickening ability. In addition, a total of 57 volatile compounds were detected in yogurts and the fermentation with the addition of LG was mainly affected by ketones. Our study suggested that a yogurt with new attributes can be produced by using LGZ 1029.
The effect of parental participation in the care of hospitalized children on parent satisfaction and parent and child anxiety: Randomized controlled trial
Authors: Çamur Zühal , Sarıkaya Karabudak Seher
Published: December 2020

Background

Child hospitalization is a stressful experience for both children and their parents. Parents should establish effective communication with healthcare professionals to be able to participate in the care of their children in the hospital environment.

Aims and Objectives

The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of parental participation in the care of hospitalized children on parent satisfaction and parent and child anxiety.

Design

The design used for this study was randomized controlled trial.

Methods

The study data were collected between 1 February and 31 May 2016. Frequency, percentage, paired t test, Mann–Whitney U and Wilcoxon were used to analyse the data.

Results

The study compared the parents' pretest and posttest scores on the anxiety and found that there was a statistically significant difference between the posttest scores of intervention and control groups. There was also a statistically significant difference parental participation and overall satisfaction subscales of the parent satisfaction as well as their total scores and mean scores. Comparison of the children's posttest scores on the anxiety inventory also found a statistically significant difference.

Conclusion

The study concluded that parental participation in the care of hospitalized children increases parent satisfaction with healthcare, and reduces anxiety of both parents and children.
The role of temperature and oxygen availability on the distribution ofCorbicula largillierti
Authors: Rodriguez Florencia A. , Reyna Paola B. , Maggioni Tamara , Giménez Diego R. , Torre Luciana
Published: December 2020

The invasiveness ofCorbicula largilliertihas been underestimated, but this bivalve is currently receiving more attention. The first study of the distribution of this species along one of the major basins of central Argentina showed that it was completely absent in the major central reservoir, but was present along its tributary and effluent rivers. Ten years later, this discontinuous distribution has not changed, despite the bivalve's high dispersion capacity. The main environmental differences between the reservoir and the rivers are that the former has finer sediment grain size, higher temperatures, and lower oxygen concentration during summer months. This study aimed to evaluate whether one of these factors could be limiting the distribution ofC. largillierti. We assessed the metabolic response and burial behavior (under different grain sizes) ofC. largilliertiover 8 weeks at 30°C against a control condition at 20°C. We also analyzed the oxygen consumption (vO2) as a function of environmental oxygen concentration (pO2) at 25°C, estimating its metabolic regulation capacity (R). This showed the existence of an environmental oxygen concentration threshold (Pt) that could be an indicative of physiological limiting concentrations that compromise species survival and settlement. After 8 weeks at 30°C, the metabolic rate of individuals ofC. largilliertiincreased and their burial behavior was slightly compromised but mostly for coarser sediments. Concerning environmental oxygen availability,C. largilliertiis an oxyconformer with a lowR(39.9%), a clear pattern of negative regulation, and a lowPt(48.4% air saturation). The lack of any regulation capacity ofC. largilliertiunder environmental oxygen limitations and the extremely lowpO2at the bottom of the reservoir during summer months may explain its failure to colonize and survive there.
Journal of pineal research guideline for authors: Defining and characterizing melatonin targets
Authors: Cecon Erika , Legros Céline , Boutin Jean A. , Jockers Ralf
Published: December 2020

A multitude of effects has been attributed to melatonin at pmol/L to mmol/L concentrations. More than fifteen targets have been proposed for melatonin but only few of them are well characterized. The current guidelines intend to provide a framework to improve and rationalize the characterization of melatonin targets and effects. They should be considered as mandatory guidelines and minimum requirements for manuscripts submitted to the Journal of Pineal Research.
Reference intervals of acute phase proteins in healthy Andalusian donkeys and response to experimentally induced endotoxemia
Authors: Perez‐Ecija Alejandro , Buzon‐Cuevas Antonio , Aguilera‐Aguilera Raul , Gonzalez‐De Cara Carlos , Mendoza Garcia Franciso J.
Published: December 2020

Background

Assessment of acute phase proteins (APPs) may allow prompt detection of diseases in donkeys, that otherwise may be missed because of the stoic behavior of donkeys. Reference intervals (RIs) of APPs measured using immunoassays and a comparison of the response of these biomarkers to a controlled inflammatory insult are lacking in donkeys.

Objectives

(a) To describe the RIs for APPs in healthy Andalusian donkeys, (b) to study the effects of sex and age on APPs, and (c) to assess the early response of APPs to experimentally induced endotoxemia.

Animals

Seventy‐three healthy Andalusian donkeys (67 for RIs and 6 for endotoxemia).

Methods

Serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp), C‐reactive protein (CRP), ceruloplasmin (Cp), α1‐acid glycoprotein (AGP), procalcitonin (PCT), ferritin (Ft), and fibrinogen (Fb) RIs were determined. Endotoxemia was induced and samples for APP determination were obtained at regular intervals for 4 hours.

Results

The RIs in Andalusian donkeys were: SAA (0.1‐0.6 mg/L), Hp (75‐2261 mg/L), CRP (1.3‐7.0 mg/L), Cp (0‐745 mg/L), AGP (0‐884 mg/L), PCT (0‐504 pg/mL), Ft (26.9‐31.8 μg/L), and Fb (115‐466 mg/dL). Concentrations of SAA were higher (P < .05) in jacks. Donkeys <5 years old had higher Cp, AGP, and PCT compared to older donkeys. Concentrations of SAA and Hp were significantly increased in endotoxemic donkeys from 2 hours postinduction.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

We illustrated the importance of using species‐specific RIs for APPs in donkeys and the effect of age and sex on APP concentrations. Concentrations of SAA and Hp appear to be the most useful biomarkers in donkeys in the early stages of endotoxemia.
Sensitization to A fumigatus in subjects with non‐cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis
Authors: Sehgal Inderpaul Singh , Dhooria Sahajal , Prasad Kuruswamy Thurai , Muthu Valliappan , Aggarwal Ashutosh Nath , Rawat Amit , Pal Arnab , Bal Amanjit , Garg Mandeep , Chakrabarti Arunaloke , Agarwal Ritesh
Published: December 2020

Background

Patients with chronic lung diseases, including cystic fibrosis (CF), are frequently sensitized to Aspergillus fumigatus. Whether patients with non‐CF bronchiectasis develop sensitization to A fumigatus remains unknown.

Objective

To evaluate the prevalence of sensitization and chronic infection with A fumigatus in subjects with bronchiectasis. We also performed a multivariate logistic regression analysis to identify factors predicting sensitization and chronic A fumigatus infection.

Methods

Subjects with bronchiectasis were investigated with serum A fumigatus‐specific IgE and IgG, and sputum cultures for bacteria, fungus and mycobacteria. We defined A fumigatus sensitization and chronic A fumigatus infection as serum A fumigatus‐specific IgE and IgG > 0.35 kUA/L and >27 mgA/L, respectively. We excluded subjects with bronchiectasis secondary to allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.

Results

We included 258 subjects (TB [n = 155], idiopathic [n = 66] and other causes [n = 37]) with bronchiectasis. The prevalence of Aspergillus sensitization, chronic Aspergillus infection, and both sensitization and chronic infection was 29.5% (76/258), 76% (196/258) and 26% (68/258), respectively. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, TB‐related bronchiectasis was an independent risk factor for Aspergillus sensitization. Chronic Aspergillus infection was predicted by the duration of symptoms and specific aetiologies (tuberculosis and idiopathic) of bronchiectasis. The growth of Aspergillus species was also frequent in the TB group compared with other causes (32% vs 2%; P < .001).

Conclusions

We found a significant occurrence of Aspergillus sensitization and chronic infection in non‐CF bronchiectasis, especially in TB bronchiectasis. In addition to Aspergillus sensitization, investigations for chronic Aspergillus infection should be routinely performed in non‐CF bronchiectasis, both at diagnosis and during follow‐up.
Understanding children and young people's experiences pursuing weight loss maintenance using the Socio‐ecological Model: A qualitative systematic literature review
Authors: Lang Sarah , Gibson Simone , Ng Ker Wei , Truby Helen
Published: December 2020

Developing a broader understanding of children and young people's experiences of long‐term attempts of weight management may provide insight into both enablers and barriers to successful weight loss maintenance. This review aims to explore children and young people's perceptions of long‐term attempts of weight management. Six databases were searched for qualitative studies describing young participants (<25 years, previously or currently above a healthy weight) experiences of weight management for >6 months following intentional weight loss. A thematic synthesis was undertaken. Themes were interpreted using the Socio‐ecological Model. Factors supporting attempts to maintain weight loss included having clear motivation for change; developing personal skills to manage the challenges of change; family support/dynamics that encourage healthy lifestyles; and health‐promoting cultures in schools/workplaces, communities, and the broader living environment. Conversely, ambivalence, difficulty coping with changes, peer pressure, challenging family dynamics, limited professional support, and unhealthy living environments were barriers to maintaining behavior change. These facilitators and barriers at each level of the Socio‐ecological Model informed a model of weight loss maintenance for children and young people. Supporting children, young people, and families to develop the skills to manage the individual, social, and environmental challenges that shape attempts of long‐term weight management will help to support their ability to manage their weight long term.
Optimal insertion depth of subclavian vein catheterization via the right supraclavicular approach in children
Authors: Ye Ping , Tan Yanzhe , Shi Shujun , Liu Lifei
Published: December 2020

Background

Methods to determine the optimal insertion depth of ultrasound‐guided supraclavicular approach to the subclavian vein (SCV) catheterization, alternatively used for central venous access, are debatable in children.

Aim

We investigated the applicability and reliability of the modified formula for determining the depth of SCV catheterization using an ultrasound‐guided supraclavicular approach in children.

Methods

This prospective observational study included 36 children (age <6 years; weight ≥5 kg) scheduled to undergo congenital heart disease surgery. After intubation, ultrasound‐guided supraclavicular approach to the SCV catheterization was performed. Actual insertion depth was determined by real‐time transesophageal echocardiography. Insertion depth was calculated by subtracting 1 cm from the sum of the distance from the insertion point to the sternal head of the right clavicle and that from the latter point to the midpoint of a perpendicular line drawn from the sternal head of the right clavicle to the line connecting the nipples.

Results

Insertion depth calculated with the modified formula and actual insertion depth of the SCV catheter correlated strongly (r = .806, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.658‒0.908; p < .001). Bland‐Altman analysis showed a mean bias and precision of 0.36 and 0.65 cm, respectively (95% CI: 0.14‒0.58, 95% limits of agreement: −0.92, 1.64). All plots were above the −1.0 line, indicating no catheter tip insertion into the right atrium.

Conclusions

Optimal insertion depth for an ultrasound‐guided supraclavicular approach to the SCV catheterization can be calculated using modification of a surface landmark formula in children younger than 6 years and weight heavier than 5 kg.
Parents’ experiences of family health conversations after having a child in need of neonatal intensive care
Authors: Åberg Petersson Marie , Persson Carina , Massoudi Pamela , Benzein Eva , Wåhlin Ingrid
Published: December 2020

Background

When a newborn child requires neonatal intensive care, it is often the beginning of a journey of stress and worry for the parents. Such situations could cause difficulties in problem‐solving and communication within the family and result in decreased family functioning. Studies have shown that nurse‐led interventions in the form of Family Health Conversations promote family’s well‐being and functioning and strengthen their relationships. However, this model has not previous been used and evaluated with families who have a child in need of neonatal intensive care.

Aim

To describe parents’ experiences of participating in Family Health Conversations after having a child in need of neonatal intensive care.

Method

Family interviews were conducted with 12 families from three neonatal intensive care units in southern Sweden, six months after a Family Health Conversations intervention. Data were analysed using qualitative content analysis.

Findings

The parents experienced the Family Health Conversations as an opportunity to co‐create a comprehensive picture of what had happened after their child was born. Parents shared their experiences of the Family Health Conversations in terms of feeling validated and strengthened as individuals, as a couple, and as a family. They found the conversations to be supportive to their well‐being and to processing experiences and becoming equipped for the future. The parents reported that it was valuable to talk with conversational leaders who had knowledge in neonatal care and who thereby understood what the parents were talking about. This provided a different type of support compared with other conversational contacts.

Conclusion

These results highlight the importance of having an early onset of family conversations in order to help the parents to cope with their challenges and improve their well‐being.
Morphodynamics of supercritical flow in a linked river and delta system, Daihai Lake, Northern China
Authors: Tan Chengpeng , Plink‐BjÖrklund Piret
Published: December 2020

Historically, the occurrence of Froude supercritical flow and preservation of its deposits was considered rare in natural systems. Over recent years, a growing body of evidence indicates that Froude supercritical flow is a significant formative flow across the terrestrial and marine landscapes, and responsible for much of the sedimentary record from rivers to deepwater systems. This riverbank, trench, ground penetrating radar and modern riverbed dataset from the Bantanzi stream in the Daihai Lake basin, northern China, documents a linked river and delta succession dominated by sedimentary structures formed by supercritical flow. This study links the sedimentary structures in river deposits to modern bedforms in the dry riverbed, and discusses how the sedimentary structures and the supercritical flow morphodynamics change from the river to the delta front. In addition to well‐known decimetre to metre‐scale sedimentary structures produced by supercritical flow in the river deposits, centimetre‐scale sedimentary structures were found on the delta front that were quantitatively linked to deposition from cyclic step migration, utilizing a theoretical framework. This work further documents two types of clinoform geometries in delta foresets. One of these clinoform geometries is consistent with deltaic processes controlled by hydraulic jumps at the river mouth, and the other with hydraulic jumps at the base of delta foresets. Comparison with flume experiments and quantitative assessment show that ephemeral rivers, like the Bantanzi stream, are likely to produce supercritical flow also on their delta fronts, and link the supercritical flow occurrences to the highly seasonal and intense monsoon precipitation in this semi‐arid region. This work sheds light on current fundamental understanding of sediment transport and deposition processes from river to delta and highlights the effect of cyclic steps in these processes.
The Cosmos in “Ginevra de’ Benci’’ by Leonardo da Vinci
Authors: Keshelava Grigol
Published: December 2020

Leonardo observed the celestial phenomena to study the phenomenon of light and shadow, which was to be used in painting. The object of the research is the painting “Ginevra de’ Benci’’. This work was created in 1474-1478 by Leonardo da Vinci. In the left half of the painting the oval shape detail bordered with faint contour is observed. Trough the Paint X program, we moved this detail to the right part of the painting in the place of a round shadow near the face of Ginevra. According to our interpretation, the bright and oval face of Ginevra de’ Benci is a metaphorical image of the moon. The dark background around it is a cosmos with numerous stars. Below the displaced detail is a quarter of the sphere that resembles the Earth’s surface and is associated with our planet. The displaced detail represents the oval and is associated with the moon. The layout of the dark spots on the sphere is compared to the relief of the moon, which is described on a modern photo. Finally we can think that the painting describes the earth, the moon, the cosmos, and the stars.
Effect of Porous Carbon Morphologies and Composite Manufacturing Processes on Long-Cycling Performance in High Sulfur Loading Li–S Batteries
Authors: Song Haneul , Shin Kyung-Hee , Jin Chang-Soo , Jang Sang-Soon , Park Se-Kook , Yeon Sun-Hwa
Published: December 2020

Long-cycling performance of Li–S batteries was studied with the high-sulfur loading composites composed of 86% sulfur and 14% carbon. The composites are made by the physical mixing and S-liquefied pore-filling processes with nano sulfur powder and two kinds of porous carbons. The initial discharge capacities of the composite prepared by the physical mixing and liquefied pore-filling with 1-μm-sized carbon were 1060 mAh/g and 1121 mAh/g, respectively. On the other hand, the capacities of the composite using 5-μm-sized carbon were 705 mAh/g in physical mixing and 845 mAh/g in the liquefied pore-filling process. The composite with the 1-μm carbon showed approximately ∼1.4 times higher than that of 5 μm. The reason for this difference is that the surface area of the sulfur wrapping the small particle carbon surface is larger than that of the composite wrapping the large particle carbon surface. Importantly, after 500 cycles, the cycle stability in the physical mixing process is 15∼30% higher than that in the S-liquefied pore-filling process in both carbons, due to the decrease of electrolyte resistance by capturing polysulfide into the pores which are not filled by the sulfur during the process. In the case of high-sulfur loading composites, the manufacturing process as well as the size and morphologies of the carbon are crucial factors that affect the capacity and cycle stability of the Li–S battery.
Vibrations Analysis of Cable-Harnessed Plates: Continuum Modeling and Experimental Validation
Authors: Agrawal Pranav , Salehian Armaghan
Published: December 2020

Dynamic modeling of spacecraft structures is imperative to their successful design for flight missions. A large number of these structures’ dry mass consists of signal and power cables, dynamics of which is not well-predicted using ad hoc cable lumped mass models. Hence, accurate modeling techniques are required to understand these cable dynamics effects. In the past, efforts toward developing analytical models for cable-harnessed structures have been primarily focused on beam-like host structures. The presented paper is aimed to fill this gap by obtaining analytical solutions through an energy-equivalent homogenization approach for cable-harnessed plate-like structures and to ultimately help with understanding the dynamic effects of signal and power cables on two-dimensional plate-like structures. As a first step, systems of periodic geometries with parallel cable configurations are considered. The strain and kinetic energy expressions for the fundamental repeated elements are found using linear displacement fields and Green–Lagrange strain tensors. The governing partial differential equation (PDE) for the out-of-plane motion of the cable-harnessed system is then found using Hamilton’s principle. Experimental modal testing is performed for the purpose of validations of the frequency response functions (FRFs) obtained from the model for the cable-harnessed plates under clamped-free-free-free boundary conditions. The results clearly show the dynamic effects of the (CFFF) cables which are also well-predicted by the model. Finally, modal assurance criterion (MAC) analysis has been used for further validations of the mode shapes obtained from the model.
Dynamic Stress Analysis of Exposed Pipes Subjected to a Moving In-Line Inspection Tool
Authors: Mostaghimi Hamid , Hassani Mohsen , Yu Deli , Hugo Ron , Park Simon
Published: December 2020

In-line inspection (ILI) is a non-destructive assessment method commonly used for defect assessment and for pipeline monitoring. Passing an ILI tool through an excavated or exposed section of a pipe during an integrity assessment can excite vibrations. The ILI tool’s weight and speed can exert substantial forces, stresses, and deflections on the pipe section. When the excitation frequency from the ILI tool’s movement is close to the pipe’s natural frequency, the dynamic stress generated within the pipe can become great enough that it creates integrity concerns on the pipeline. This research aims to study the effects of an ILI tool’s passage through exposed and partially supported pipes under a variety of boundary and loading conditions. A finite element model of an exposed pipe section is developed based on the Timoshenko beam theory to predict the pipe’s displacement, strain, stress, and frequency responses under a wide range of excitation frequencies. The model is further validated using a lab-scale experimental setup with a mass that moves at different speeds. A comparison between the simulation and the experimental results shows that the proposed model can effectively predict the pipe’s dynamics.
Suction-Controlled Detachment of Mushroom-Shaped Adhesive Structures
Authors: Areyano Marcela , Booth Jamie A. , Brouwer Dane , Gockowski Luke F. , Valentine Megan T. , McMeeking Robert M.
Published: December 2020

Experimental evidence suggests that suction may play a role in the attachment strength of mushroom-tipped adhesive structures, but the system parameters which control this effect are not well established. A fracture mechanics-based model is introduced to determine the critical stress for defect propagation at the interface in the presence of trapped air. These results are compared with an experimental investigation of millimeter-scale elastomeric structures. These structures are found to exhibit a greater increase in strength due to suction than is typical in the literature, as they have a large tip diameter relative to the stalk. The model additionally provides insight into differences in expected behavior across the design space of mushroom-shaped structures. For example, the model reveals that the suction contribution is length-scale dependent. It is enhanced for larger structures due to increased volume change, and thus the attainment of lower pressures, inside of the defect. This scaling effect is shown to be less pronounced if the tip is made wider relative to the stalk. An asymptotic result is also provided in the limit that the defect is far outside of the stalk, showing that the critical stress is lower by a factor of 1/2 than the result often used in the literature to estimate the effect of suction. This discrepancy arises as the latter considers only the balance of remote stress and pressure inside the defect and neglects the influence of compressive tractions outside of the defect.
Weddell seals produce ultrasonic vocalizations
Authors: Cziko Paul A. , Munger Lisa M. , Santos Nicholas R. , Terhune John M.
Published: December 2020

Seals (phocids) are generally not thought to produce vocalizations having ultrasonic fundamental frequencies (≥20 kHz), although previous studies could have been biased by sampling limitations. This study characterizes common, yet, previously undescribed, ultrasonic Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) vocalizations. The vocalizations were identified in more than one year (2017–2018) of broadband acoustic data obtained by a continuously recording underwater observatory in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Nine recurrent call types were identified that were composed of single or multiple vocal elements whose fundamental frequencies spanned the ultrasonic range to nearly 50 kHz. Eleven vocal elements had ultrasonic center frequencies (≥20 kHz), including chirps, whistles, and trills, with two elements at >30 kHz. Six elements had fundamental frequencies always >21 kHz. The fundamental frequency of one repetitive U-shaped whistle element reached 44.2 kHz and descending chirps (≥3.6 ms duration) commenced at ≤49.8 kHz. The source amplitude of one fully ultrasonic chirp element (29.5 kHz center frequency) was 137 dB re 1 μPa-m. Harmonics of some vocalizations exceeded 200 kHz. Ultrasonic vocalizations occurred throughout the year with the usage of repetitive ultrasonic chirp-based calls appearing to dominate in winter darkness. The functional significance of these high-frequency vocalizations is unknown.
Bayesian inference of human bone sample properties using ultrasonic reflected signals
Authors: Roncen R. , Fellah Z. E. A. , Ogam E.
Published: December 2020

The non-intrusiveness and low cost of ultrasonic interrogation is motivating the development of new means of detection of osteoporosis and other bone deficiencies. Bone is a porous media saturated with a viscous fluid and could thus be well characterized by the Biot model. The main purpose of this work is to present an in vitro methodology for the identification of the properties and structural parameters of the bone, adopting a statistical Bayesian inference technique using ultrasonic reflected signals at normal incidence. It is, in this respect, a companion paper to a previous work [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 146, 3 (2019), pp. 1629–1640], where ultrasonic transmitted signals were considered. This approach allows the retrieval of some important parameters that characterize the bone structure and associated uncertainties. The method was applied to seven samples of bone extracted from femoral heads, immersed in water, and exposed to ultrasonic signals with a center frequency of ≈500 kHz. For all seven samples, signals at different sites were acquired to check the method robustness. The porosity, pore mean size and standard deviation, and the porous frame bulk modulus were all successfully identified using only ultrasonic reflected signals.
Virtual head waves in ocean ambient noise: Theory and modeling
Authors: Li Jie , Gerstoft Peter , Siderius Martin , Fan Jun
Published: December 2020

The Green's function retrieval in media with horizontal boundaries usually only considers the extraction of direct and reflected waves but ignores the virtual head waves, which have been observed experimentally from ocean ambient noise and used to invert for geometric and environmental parameters. This paper derives the extraction of virtual head waves from ocean ambient noise using a vertically spaced sensor pair in a Pekeris waveguide. Ocean ambient noise in the water column is a superposition of direct, reflected, and head waves. The virtual head waves are produced by the cross-correlations between head waves and either reflected waves or other head waves. The locations of sources that contribute to the virtual head waves are derived based on the method of stationary phase. It is the integration over time of contributions from these sources that makes the virtual head waves observable. The estimation of seabed sound speed with virtual head waves using a vertical line array is also demonstrated. The slope of the virtual head waves is different from that of direct and reflected waves in the virtual source gather; it is therefore possible to constructively stack the virtual head waves. The predictions are verified with simulations.
Hindgut Microbiota Reflects Different Digestive Strategies in Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)
Authors: Ebert Kathryn M. , Arnold William G. , Ebert Paul R. , Merritt David J.
Published: December 2020

Dung beetles are a very important part of an ecosystem because of their role in the removal and decomposition of vertebrate dung. It has been suspected that symbiotic gut bacteria facilitate this role, a hypothesis that we have explored with high-throughput barcoding.
Mechanistic insights from emergent landslides in physical experiments
Authors: Beaulieu Olivia P. , Witte Libby D. , Wickert Andrew D.
Published: December 2020

Landslides pose a major natural hazard, and heterogeneous conditions and limited data availability in the field make it difficult to connect mapped landslide inventories to the underlying mass-failure mechanics. To test and build predictive links between landslide observations and mechanics, we monitored 67.89 h of physical experiments in which an incising and laterally migrating river generated landslides by undercutting banks of moist sand. Using overhead photos (every 20 s) and 1-mm-resolution laser topographic scans (every 15–30 min), we quantified the area, width, length, depth, volume, and time of every visible landslide, as well as the scarp angles for those within 3 min prior to a topographic scan. Both the landslide area–frequency distribution and area–volume relationship are consistent with those from field data. Cohesive strength controlled the peak in landslide area–frequency distribution. These results provide experimental support for inverting landslide inventories to recover the mechanical properties of hillslopes, which can then be used to improve hazard predictions.
Production of light nuclei at colliders – coalescence vs. thermal model
Authors: Mrówczyński Stanisław
Published: December 2020

The production of light nuclei in relativistic heavy-ion collisions is well described by both the thermal model, where light nuclei are in equilibrium with hadrons of all species present in a fireball, and by the coalescence model, where light nuclei are formed due to final-state interactions after the fireball decays. We present and critically discuss the two models and further on we consider two proposals to falsify one of the models. The first proposal is to measure a yield of exotic nuclide 4Li and compare it to that of 4He. The ratio of yields of the nuclides is quite different in the thermal and coalescence models. The second proposal is to measure a hadron-deuteron correlation function which carries information whether a deuteron is emitted from a fireball together with all other hadrons, as assumed in the thermal model, or a deuteron is formed only after nucleons are emitted, as in the coalescence model. The p − 3He correlation function is of interest in context of both proposals: it is needed to obtain the yield of 4Li which decays into p and 3He, but the correlation function can also tell us about an origin of 3He.
Phase diagram of strongly interacting matter: the last 20 years at the CERN SPS
Authors: Gazdzicki Marek
Published: December 2020

Twenty years ago, on February 10, 2000, the CERN Director General Luciano Maiani announced: The combined data coming from the seven experiments on CERN’s Heavy Ion programme have given a clear picture of a new state of matter. This result verifies an important prediction of the present theory of fundamental forces between quarks. This report briefly reviews studies of the phase diagram of strongly interacting matter with relativistic nuclear collisions at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron which followed the CERN’s press release on the quark-gluon plasma discovery. An attempt to formulate priorities for future measurements at the CERN SPS closes the paper. The report is dedicated to David Blaschke who celebrated his 60th birthday in 2019. David’s contribution to the studies presented here was very significant.
Effects of the QCD phase transition on hadronic observables in relativistic hydrodynamic simulations of heavy-ion reactions in the FAIR/NICA energy regime
Authors: Spieles Christian , Bleicher Marcus
Published: December 2020

We investigate hadronic particle spectra and flow characteristics of heavy-ion reactions in the FAIR/NICA energy range of 1 AGeV ≤Elab≤ 10 AGeV within a relativistic ideal hydrodynamic one-fluid approach. The particlization is realized by sampling the Cooper-Frye distribution for a grand canonical hadron gas on a hypersurface of constant energy density. Results of the hydrodynamic calculations for different underlying equations of state are presented and compared with experimental data and microscopic transport simulations. The sensitivity of the approach to physical model inputs concerning the initial state and the particlization is studied.
Theoretical analysis of ferromagnetism and electronic transport aspects of CaM2S4 (M = Ti, Cr) spinels for the application of spintronic and energy storage system
Authors: Mahmood Asif , Al-Masry Waheed , Anwar M. Nabil , Adaam M. Mufakkar , ul Islam Ghalib , Ramay Shahid M. , Al-Zahrani Ateyah A. , Al-Garadi Najib Y. A.
Published: December 2020

By using the density functional theory (DFT), we explored ferromagnetic and electronic transport aspects of CaM2S4 (M = Ti, Cr) spinels. For both spinels, we used PBEsol generalized gradient approximation (GGA) to investigate structural parameters and noted that studied spinels are good compared with the existing parameters. A novel exchange correlation potential, modified Becke and Johnson (mBJ), was utilized for the investigation of electronic, magnetic and transport aspects because we assure our predicting results of electronic bandgap to be consistent to the experiments. The energy difference between ferromagnetic and nonmagnetic states is calculated to check the structural stability of ferromagnetic state. Further, the calculations of band structures and density of state have been explored to check ferromagnetic nature of semiconductor spinels that was further confirmed on the basis of exchange splitting energy and magnetic parameters. In addition, exchange constants ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]) and crystal field energy [Formula: see text] along with magnetic moments were also calculated. Our calculated results of magnetic parameters indicate that these spinels are considered as suitable candidate for spintronic applications. Furthermore, to check the reliability of these spinels in energy storage systems, the electronic transport aspects were calculated in detail.
Sedimentology and provenance of the Lower Old Red Sandstone Grampian outliers: implications for Caledonian orogenic basin development and the northward extension of the Midland Valley Basin
Authors: McKellar Zoe , Hartley A.J. , Macdonald D.I.M. , Morton Andrew , Frei Dirk
Published: December 2020

Reconstructing regional geological histories is challenging where basins have limited and/or fragmentary preservation. Several isolated outlier basins of Lower Old Red Sandstone (LORS) occur on the Scottish Grampian terrane; however, their sedimentology and relationship to other similar-aged LORS deposits has been poorly constrained, as has their significance in the wider Caledonian orogenic framework. Here we present a combination of new sedimentological and multidisciplinary provenance analyses for the LORS outliers at Aberdeen, Cabrach, New Aberdour, Rhynie and Tomintoul. Three facies associations are identified, the deposits of locally derived conglomeratic alluvial fans, which pass upward into fluvial channel and floodplain facies associations. Provenance data from conglomerate clast populations, sandstone petrography, heavy mineral assemblages, and U–Pb detrital zircon geochronology indicate derivation from the surrounding Dalradian Supergroup, with local influence from contemporaneous volcanic or plutonic lithologies. These data suggest a similar provenance to that of the northern Midland Valley Basin LORS, and a direct relationship between the LORS north and south of the Highland Boundary Fault. This indicates that the preserved outliers represent fragments of wider, unpreserved LORS cover that accumulated between the late phases of the Caledonian Orogeny and onset of post-orogenic collapse in the Mid-Devonian.
An overview of techniques applied to the extraction of non-pollen palynomorphs, their known taphonomic issues and recommendations to maximize recovery
Authors: Pound Matthew J. , O'Keefe Jennifer M. K. , Marret Fabienne
Published: December 2020

This chapter synthesizes the most common processing techniques applied to palynomorphs and their known issues. We primarily focus on non-pollen palynomorphs (NPPs), but include studies on pollen grains where the information might be relevant. An overview of recent (2017–19) NPP publications is used to connect the most common techniques to known taphonomic issues. Finally, general recommendations are made to minimize processing bias and maximize NPP recovery.
It Didn't Sound Good with My Cochlear Implants
Authors: Blair Johnna , Abdullah Saeed
Published: December 2020

How do deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) individuals use smart assistants (SAs)? Does the prominent use of voice interfaces in most SAs pose unique challenges for DHH users? In this work, we aim to answer these questions by conducting 4 in-depth interviews, as well as collecting survey data from 73 DHH individuals. Our findings show that individuals, even with profound deafness, can leverage SAs to accomplish complex daily tasks. However, we also identified a number of common challenges DHH individuals face when interacting with SAs (e.g., high pitch used in the default SA voice interfaces can be incompatible with hearing aids, difficulty using mobile SAs in public places with loud background noise). Based on these insights, we provide a set of suggestions for designing SAs that can better accommodate a wide range of hearing abilities. Specifically, SAs should provide more customization options to allow the user to tailor their SA to meet their hearing needs over time. For example, using a pitch-frequency test feature, much like audiograms conducted by audiologists, could allow users to calibrate their SA's voice to fit within their optimal range. We also see a need to provide more clear and actionable error messages conveyed beyond audio notifications, such as more meaningful light notifications. These recommendations and findings provide the first step forward toward a more inclusive SA by addressing accessibility needs unique to this group.