bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Freire’s Pedagogy of Freedom: Its Contribution to the Development of Ethical Teacher Professionality through the Implementation of the New Zealand Curriculum
Authors: Benadé Leon
Published: December 2020

This paper takes lessons and directions from Paulo Freire’s Pedagogy of Freedom (1998) that both inform the theme of Dialogue and Difference and a particular conception of ethical teacher professionality. Freire’s vision of teachers and teaching challenges managerialist notions of teachers as dispassionate, data-driven objects of bureaucratic policy, aligned to a sanitised list of features that make up ‘the effective teacher’. This representation of teachers is unlikely to motivate or prepare teachers in the future to be critical thinking ethical professionals.

An alternative conception of the teaching professional is required, and one is presented here which has strong links to Pedagogy of Freedom in particular, and critical pedagogy more generally. Expressed as ‘ethical teacher professionality’, this account suggests a broader approach to the role of teacher than provided by notions such as ‘satisfactory teacher dimensions’ or ‘characteristics of quality teaching’.

The New Zealand Curriculum (Ministry of Education, 2007) is a policy text whose understanding of teachers is informed by such notions. New Zealand schools engaged in a process of preparation in 2008 and 2009 for full implementation of this revised national curriculum in 2010. The scope of these revisions, expectations of teachers, and the requirement that this implementation be school-based (rather than centrally prescribed) mean that in essence this curriculum goes well beyond a mere revision. Further, as a product of early-21st century education reform which seemingly gives schools, teachers and communities greater flexibility, there are lessons that could be relevant internationally. As a fundamentally new approach to policy, implementation of the New Zealand Curriculum could significantly alter how teachers see and approach their work.
Higher Education, Globalization and the Critical Emergence of Diversity
Authors: Hershock Peter D.
Published: December 2020

Complex, risk-generating and predicament-laden patterns of global interdependence pose significant imperatives for radically reframing the purposes and provision of higher education. Changes already ongoing in higher education reflect and respond to global dynamics that are intensifying interdependence and, at the same time, deepening inequalities both within and among societies. Recognizing this is to recognize the need to question whether the arcs of change in higher education should remain passively entrained with globalization-driven magnifications and multiplications of difference, or whether higher education can and should play a unique and critical role in reorienting the dynamics of global interdependence. This paper argues that if current trends toward both institutional and epistemic differentiation can be inflected toward enhancing diversification—rather than mere variation—21st-century higher education can come to serve as a global relational commons crucial to realizing ever more deeply shared and equitable expressions of global flourishing and public good.
The Child Seen as the Same or the Other? The Significance of the Social Convention to the Pedagogical Relation
Authors: Saevi Tone , Husevaag Heidi
Published: December 2020

The aim of this article is to explore the lifeworld of children as they experience everyday conventional situations where proper behaviour is expected and to understand the significance of the social convention to the pedagogical relation between adult and child. Based on interviews with adults recalling pedagogical episodes of handshaking, waiting, and thanking someone, we describe and interpret narrative examples by the light of Continental phenomenological pedagogy. Including children in the traditions of a society by exposing them to situations where conventional behaviour and adherence to social norms are expected is an unavoidable ingredient of pedagogical practice. Adults often expect children to adapt to social conventions simply by being introduced to them, and at the same time as adults we are somehow prevented from seeing the meaning of the situation for the child by our grown-up-ness and the conventional quality of the situation. The socialization of children, including the transfer of conventionally proper behaviour from one generation to the next, introduces ethical and pedagogical dilemmas. We suggest that although social conventions of proper behaviour are desirable and important factors of socialization for the child, the social convention itself can be a pedagogical impasse that anticipates homogeneity and assimilation and renders difficult a pedagogically caring practice.
Socratic Open-mindedness
Authors: Hare William
Published: December 2020

A philosophical conception of open-minded inquiry first emerges in western philosophy in the work of Socrates. This paper develops an interpretation of Socratic open-mindedness drawing primarily on Socratic ideas about (i) the requirements of serious argument, and (ii) the nature of human wisdom. This account is defended against a number of objections which mistakenly interpret Socrates as defending, teaching, or inducing skepticism, and neglecting the value of expert wisdom. The ongoing significance of Socratic open-mindedness as an ideal of inquiry is brought out through examination of a notorious Canadian case in the context of forensic pathology.
Rule Following, Standards of Practice, and Open-mindedness
Authors: Johnston James Scott
Published: December 2020

In this paper, I discuss the Ontario College of Teachers’ most recent versions of the Standards of Practice with William Hare’s counsel on being open-minded regarding open-mindedness in mind. Specifically, I insist that the use of the Standards of Practice as guidelines for working through cases of professional and ethical issues requires yet another rule to indicate when to deviate from this or that standard. In this way, open-mindedness consists of developing and following rules to indicate when and where specific standards should be bypassed. These rules vary, however, one source of these can be found in what Barbara Herman has called, “Rules of Moral Salience”—rules that guide us in our day-to-day moral decision-making and that we draw on when called upon to make moral-ethical judgments. What this means for various ethics (ethics of care; Kantian-type ethics, psychological and/or developmental accounts of ethics) is also broached.
Open-mindedness, Critical Thinking, and Indoctrination: Homage to William Hare
Authors: Siegel Harvey
Published: December 2020

William Hare has made fundamental contributions to philosophy of education. Among the most important of these contributions is his hugely important work on open-mindedness. In this paper I explore the several relationships that exist between Hare’s favored educational ideal (open-mindedness) and my own (critical thinking). I argue that while both are of central importance, it is the latter that is the more fundamental of the two.
Listening as a Teacher: Educative Listening, Interruptions and Reflective Practice
Authors: English Andrea
Published: December 2020

In this inquiry, I ask what is distinctive about listening as a teacher. I develop the meaning of educative listening as a mode of listening to interruptions in a way that promotes students’ thinking and learning. Interruptions in a teacher’s listening are defined as any unexpected response from a student to the material presented — for example, a challenging viewpoint, a difficult question, or a confusing reply — that opens up possibilities for cultivating learning. To begin, I draw upon Dewey to examine the connections between listening and learning in teacher-student interaction. In the second section, I explicate the implications of Dewey’s theory of learning for a theory of listening in reflective teaching. Here, I contend that reflective teaching entails educative listening. In the final section, I inquire into how teacher education can productively address the connections between learning to listen and learning to teach reflectively.
Deconstructing Childhood as a Way to Justice
Authors: Lam Chi-Ming
Published: December 2020

Despite the multiplicity of constructions of childhood in various disciplines, the prevalent view is that children are incompetent in the sense of lacking reason, maturity, or independence. In this paper, I first examine how this dominant view is constructed in the fields of philosophy and psychology, highlighting the perspectives of Plato, Aristotle, John Locke, John Stuart Mill, and Jean Piaget. Then, following Jacques Derrida who conceives justice as a source of meaning for deconstruction, I deconstruct several of the dominant constructions and argue that they do not do children justice. To return justice to childhood, I suggest that childhood should be regarded as a self-contained state with distinctive features that are worthy of consideration in their own right rather than as an incomplete state of incompetence relative to adulthood that is considered a complete state of humans, while adulthood should be regarded as a never-ending process of becoming mature that includes rather than excludes childhood. Moreover, I suggest that both the absolute denial of adult rights to children and the naturalization of childhood in developmental psychology as a biologically determined and culturally universal stage of irrationality should be challenged.
The Dream of a Journey to the East: Mystery, Ritual and Education in Hermann Hesse’s Penultimate Novel
Authors: Roberts Peter
Published: December 2020

The Journey to the East is Hermann Hesse’s most deeply personal book. This enigmatic novel, with its deceptively simple narrative structure, lends itself well to multiple interpretations. To date, however, little attention has been paid by educationists to the book. This paper attempts to address this lacuna in the literature, beginning with an examination of the autobiographical and dream-like qualities of the novel. This is followed by a detailed analysis of the ritual of confession undertaken by H.H., the narrator and central figure in the book. H.H. lives in despair following the apparent dissolution of the League of Journeyers to the East. He seeks to overcome his despair, and learns the League is alive and well, through the character of Leo. At the end of the book H.H., having confessed his ‘sins’ and faced both his League brothers and himself, believes he has found the answer to his troubles. This paper argues that in his solution, H.H. fails to grasp of the importance of education, questioning and critique in self understanding and development. This being so, it is suggested, he will be unable to make the most of the knowledge available to him through the League archives, and his reflections on himself, Leo and the purpose of his existence will have only limited lucidity. He will, the paper concludes, have a long way to go on his journey to ‘the East’.
Phronesis and Authenticity as Keywords for Philosophical Praxis in Teacher Training
Authors: Hansen Finn Thorbjorn
Published: December 2020

This essay describes the growing interest in and use of concepts such as phronesis and authenticity in educational research and practice. While phronesis seems to be connected to the ethical dimension of education and educational guidance, the concept of authenticity seems to be connected to the existential dimension. This essay shows the relatedness between those two concepts and the relevance of an “existence philosophical” perspective on phronesis and authenticity. The author points to the importance of an ontological approach where phronesis and authenticity are understood as two ways of respectively sensing and understanding the Being-dimension. This existence philosophical approach opens up for a new kind of praxis of Philo-Sophia, which could be realized in teacher training, when the focus is on how to become more mindful and aware of the Bildung-process in education and guidance. The essay suggests that this Being-dimension can be approached through the emergence of Communities of Wonder between the teacher and teacher student in the classroom or guidance session.
Enacting a ‘Curriculum of Life’: Mindfulness and Complexity Thinking in the Classroom
Authors: Park Sean Roswell
Published: December 2020

This paper advances Portelli and Vibert’s (2001) concept of a ‘curriculum of life’ as a central organizing concept in education. A curriculum of life, defined as a “curriculum that is grounded in the immediate daily world of students as well as in the larger social, political contexts of their lives” (Portelli & Vibert, 2001, p. 63) is, de facto, at the centre of student learning. I argue that teachers can engage with this immediate daily world and enact a curriculum of life by practicing mindfulness and complexity thinking as ways of valuing relationships and engagement. Complexity thinking in education, which draws upon themes of emergence, self-organization and non-linearity, leads us to a relational ethics that compels educators to take mindful responsibility for how our actions and responses affect the world.
On the Lived‐Experience and Dynamics of Health and Illness: Phenomenological Complexity and Learning Organizations
Authors: Stanley Darren
Published: December 2020

Many contemporary theories of “complex” dynamical phenomena have been used to explain and understand a wide range of matters pertaining to the health of learning organizations; however, a more sensitive approach is required which also takes into account the lived-experience of health where the experiencing subject is also a part of an epistemological framework which Letiche1 describes as “phenomenal complexity theory.” To be sure, there is a need for a complexity-related framework which also studies human consciousness by attending to the structures of lived-experience—in the case of this paper, the lived-structures of health. To this end, this paper examines: the notion of “health” through a circulation of lived-experience; the concept of dynamical systems in an emerging framework for studying healthy learning organizations.
Toward a Pedagogy of Dialogical Resistance
Authors: Foster C. Rob
Published: December 2020

Martin Buber provides an ethical understanding of dialogical resistance. But does this notion take sufficiently into account the oppositional force of resistance and the shifting realities of monologic relations? How are we to understand the terms dialogue and resistance? What impact will the ethics of dialogical resistance have on evaluation practices in public education? To address these questions, each term of this dyadic relationship must be defined. First I will differentiate dialogue from conversation, argument and discussion. Secondly it must be shown that my view of ethical resistance cannot be synonymous with criticism, disagreement or dissent per se, though undoubtedly certain connections do exist in practice. Then it will be appropriate to delve into a linguistic analysis of the substantive terms of dialogue and resistance as separate notions before using them together as intersecting concepts. Once I have delineated dialogical resistance as a dyadic tension, I will highlight Martin Buber's passion for human worth – the motivation for respect- as the necessary condition for the ethical success of dialogical resistance. The balance of this paper will take a look at the psychological roots of dialogical resistance, the complexity of practising dialogical resistance, and asymmetrical relations in the classroom.
Democratic Paradoxes: Thomas Hill Green on Democracy and Education
Authors: Nesbitt Darin R. , Trott Elizabeth
Published: December 2020

This paper provides an account of the paradoxes of teaching democracy, the paradoxes of being a citizen in a liberal democracy, and the insights that can be gained from the model of citizenship that T.H. Green promoted. Green thought citizenship was predicated on the twin foundations of the community and the common good. Freedom for Green means individual self-determination coupled with recognition of the dependency relations between individuals and the community. Green is noteworthy not only as a theorist but also as an active contributor to the development of public schools in England. A consideration of his arguments provides a model for educating citizens, addresses the paradoxes of democracy in education, and reveals elements of his philosophy that are relevant to educational issues today.
Philosophy of Education: Overcoming the Theory-Practice Divide
Authors: Laverty Megan
Published: December 2020

I argue that philosophy has a dual role in teacher education: first, it prompts teachers to take individual responsibility for and become more reflective about the values expressed by their teaching practices so as to enable them to teach with greater authenticity; second, it provides teachers with a disciplinary technique that is useful in the facilitation of student reflection and dialogue so as to enable students to think and live more authentically. In this paper, I focus on the former and suggest that because teaching practices are expressions of values, teachers need to become more aware of competing conception of the human good(s)—including their own—and how these inform their relationship to disciplinary expertise, educational institutions, and teaching. I argue that authentic teaching necessitates: a conviction that individuals are improved, as human beings, by what it is they study; a deepening engagement with what this conviction means; and a commitment to its truth by way of how one engages with one’s discipline and students. It is in this regard that I explore Plato’s dialogue Gorgias, in particular, the example of Socrates, his conversations with Callicles, as well as his distinction between sophistry/pandering and educating/healing. In the final part of the paper, I argue that, assuming I am correct about the necessity and value of teaching authentically, philosophy—conceived of as honest, rigorous, ongoing, open-ended and dialogical engagement with our convictions—should be an integral part of any good teacher education program.
Puebla: 40 anos - Puebla e a missão além-fronteiras
Authors: Raschietti Stefano
Published: December 2020

Este texto percorre o caminho que desembocou no apelo do Documento de Puebla às Igrejaslatino-americanas de se projetarem ad gentes, além-fronteiras (DP 368). Essa convocação nãosurtiu efeito até hoje: os agentes e os recursos missionários enviados para fora do Continente,como sinal de engajamento solidário junto a situações de urgência humanitária e pastoral,ainda são extremamente exíguos. Procuramos entender os motivos desse descompromisso,além das carências estruturais de nossas igrejas locais, remetendo-nos à noção de missão quefoi amadurecendo entre uma crítica dos pressupostos coloniais da perspectiva ad gentes e aredescoberta da natureza missionária da Igreja, chamada a permear toda ação evangelizadoraem todos os âmbitos da sociedade. Esse enfoque decorre a partir do Vaticano II, passandopela caminhada latino-americana em preparação a Medellín, até chegar a uma configuraçãoglobalmente satisfatória em Puebla, na tentativa de harmonizar a essência missionária com osdiversos níveis de atuação. As questões fundamentais sobre a validade da missão ad gentesestão ainda em aberto. Todavia, a evolução do debate é o bastante para questionar as Igrejaslatino-americanas sobre sua introversão em relação ao indeclinável compromisso com adimensão universal da missão.
A Igreja Católica e o Povo Judeu: Do ressentimento ao reconhecimento
Authors: Maçaneiro Marcial , De Sousa Cirlene Cristina
Published: December 2020

Este artigo trata das relações entre a Igreja Católica e o povo judeu, examinando o antissemitismocomo fato teológico, à luz dos trágicos eventos da Segunda Guerra Mundial. Neste contexto, oHolocausto desponta como a materialização político-ideológica do ódio aos judeus, caracterizadocomo antissemitismo moderno. Esta forma de antissemitismo leva aos extremos do extermínio osressentimentos antijudaicos da Cristandade, que remontam às controvérsias hebraico-cristãs dosséculos III-IV d.C., marcando posteriormente toda a Idade Média. Autores como Gundlach, Isaace Heschel iluminam a reflexão, com especial atenção à interlocução judaico-católica dos anos 40 a60, nas proximidades do Concílio Vaticano II. Este evento, particularmente, demarca uma guinadateológica nas relações da Igreja em face dos judeus, com a condenação do antissemitismo e oreconhecimento das raízes judaicas do Cristianismo. A partir do Concílio Vaticano II (cf. NostraAetate n. 4), são apresentados os documentos do Diálogo Judaico-Católico já publicados, com seusresultados e diretrizes para a Teologia, a Liturgia e a Catequese católicas. Conclui-se que aconsciência do Holocausto e a consciência das raízes judaicas da Igreja marcam o percurso comumde judeus e cristãos, nos dias de hoje, comprometidos com a verdade, a justiça e paz.
Razão e afeto nos Pia Desideria: inspiração para uma linguagem interconfessional contemporânea
Authors: Renders Helmut
Published: December 2020

Interconfessionalidade e interculturalidade se (des)articulam por linguagens textuais, metafóricas e visuais compartilhadas, mediante de hibridizações, mestiçagens, resgates, aniquilações e inversões. O diálogo da inter-relacionalidade requer uma linguagem, no mínimo, parcialmente compatível, mutuamente acessível ou até comumente tecida. O artigo explora como exemplo, nessa perspectiva, primeiro, o significado original da metáfora pia desideria e seus apelos tanto racionais como afetivos e, segundo, usos confessionais em três obras do mesmo título, do católico Herman Hugo (1624) de Bruxelas, do pietista luterano Philipp Jacob Spener (1676) de Frankfurt, e do puritano Cotton Mather (1722) da Filadelfia. A partir dessa análise defende-se que, por um lado, certas interpretações e aplicações compartilhadas pelos autores representam um tipo indireto de interconfessionalidade e, segundo, que a metáfora dos pia desideria, justamente pelo seu significado original mais abrangente, e pelo seu amplo uso confessional pode servir como exemplo de uma linguagem religiosa capaz de sustentar e promover debates interconfessionais. Em relação às respectivas contribuições parciais, pode iluminar a discussão contemporânea, inclusive, sobre os papeis importantes tanto da razão como do afeto na vida geral e na vida religiosa hoje e a necessidade de uma linguagem religiosa capaz de articulá-la.
Cristianismo contemporâneo: desafios interconfessionais e interculturais
Authors: Souza Waldir , Wolff Elias
Published: December 2020

Editorial - Cristianismo contemporâneo: desafios interconfessionais e interculturais
Pensar, sentir e agir: interpelações e perplexidades no contexto da pandemia do novo coronavírus
Authors: Xavier Donizete José , Delfino Claudio Antonio
Published: December 2020

Pretende-se com este artigo refletir a partir de algumas nuances do pensamento do filósofo Paul Ricoeur, que podemos chamar de dimensão estrutural da pandemia do novo coronavirus. Daí, significa que é possível pensar, sentir e agir para além das polêmicas levantadas em relação a sua origem. O essencial é vincular a reflexão hermenêutica sobre a dimensão estrutural da pandemia que a coloca ao lado da reflexão sobre a questão dos males físicos e cósmicos, dado que o mal, constituído de um caráter misterioso, é um pilar na reflexão filosófica de Ricoeur. Ressalta-se que aproximar-se fenomenologicamente do mal físico ou cósmico exige que se ponha e se caminhe em direção a uma visão ética do mundo que permita recuperar a perspectiva utópica do Reino de Deus como ideal de humanidade, capaz de dar a ação econômica, social e política um enfoque humano. Para Ricoeur, a compreensão do mal está intimamente ligada à liberdade humana. Por fim, o artigo procura articular como emergência reflexiva resultante do novo coronavirus a dimensão estrutural da pandemia e o emergente cuidado aos povos indígenas do Brasil, principalmente diante de um “grande genocídio silencioso” que coloca em xeque o futuro do humano dos povos circundantes da Amazonas.
International aspect in the history of Russian contemporary graphics: problems of interpretation and identity
Authors: Golikova Irina Sergeevna
Published: December 2020

This article analyzes the examples of formal compliance with global trends in Russian print design of the XX – early XXI centuries. The subject of this research is the comparative characteristics of Russian and world practice in the area of contemporary graphic art. In this context, the author highlights the stylistic characteristics of expressionism (1910 – 1920) and neo-expressionism (1960s – 1980s).  Comparative analysis allows determining the points of intersection of Russian examples to Western analogues, as well as their originalities outlying the formal criteria. Emphasis is placed on the sources of determination of the uniqueness of graphics as a form of art within the history of Russian art studies. In the course of this research, the author brings the examples of “expressive” graphics in the works of N. N. Kupreyanov and A. I. Kravchenko in relation to printmaking of German expressionism, and some recent examples of Russian graphics (Saint Petersburg artists P. S. Bely, P. M. Shvetsov) in comparison to the graphic experiments of A. Kiefer. The conclusions lie in determination of the unique tradition of Russian realism (V. A. Vetrogonsky and V. I. Shistko), which in the author’s opinion, should be considered the crucial actor in the identity of Russian graphics against the trends leveling national cultural differences of international contemporary art.
Jugular foramen paragangliomas: preoperative transcatheter particle embolization
Authors: Ishak Charbel , Danda Varun
Published: December 2020

Jugular foramen paragangliomas (JFP) are benign tumors of neural crest origin that are located along the temporal bone in the region of the jugular bulb and middle ear. The optimal management of these lesions includes surgical excision with or without preoperative embolization as well as stereotactic radiotherapy. The use of preoperative embolization in the treatment of JFP has shown great promise to bridge patients to surgery by diminishing complication rates and decreasing intraoperative bleeding. We present three successful polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particle embolizations of patients presenting with symptomatic JFPs. All patients recovered completely in the short term with no bleeding during or after resection of paragangliomas and they were discharged free of their presenting symptoms. Early clinical and imaging diagnosis followed by adequate treatment including preoperative transcatheter particle embolization and surgical or radiosurgical interventions can lead to excellent outcomes.
The experience of surgery and endovascular procedure of cerebrovascular disease in the hybrid operating room; Multi-axis robotic C-arm DSA system
Authors: Kim Chang Hyeun , Lee Sang Weon , Kim Young Ha , Sung Soon Ki , Son Dong Wuk , Song Geun Sung
Published: December 2020

Objective: To report on combined surgical and/or endovascular procedures for cerebrovascular disease in a hybrid operating room (OR).Methods: Between October 2016 and June 2020, 1832 neurosurgical procedures were performed in a hybrid OR. Our institution’s hybrid OR consists of a multi-axis robotic C-arm monoplane digital subtraction angiography (DSA) system with an operating table, 3D-rotational DSA, cone-beam computed tomography (dyna CT), and real-time navigation software. Procedures were categorized into six categories according to purpose: (1) simple diagnosis and follow-up, (2) simple endovascular procedure, (3) combination of surgery and endovascular procedures, (4) rescue surgery after endovascular procedures, (5) frameless stereotactic procedure, and (6) other surgeries requiring C-arm.Results: Of 1832 neurosurgical procedures in the hybrid OR, 1430 were simple diagnosis and follow-up cases, 330 simple endovascular procedures, 8 combination of surgery and endovascular procedures, 15 rescue after endovascular procedure, 40 frameless stereotactic procedures, and 9 other surgeries. Eight cases of combination of surgery and endovascular procedures, safely performed without wasting time on patient transfer, were performed in seven bypass end endovascular procedures and one case of bow-hunter syndrome in complex cerebrovascular disease. After embolization, craniotomy (or craniectomy) and intracerebral hemorrhage removal were performed in eight patients in-situ. Of the 40 frameless stereotactic procedure, 37 were extraventricular drainage before/after coil embolization in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients. They all mounted conduits in their planned locations.Conclusions: A hybrid OR for combined endovascular and surgical procedures represents a safe and useful strategy for cerebrovascular disease. In hybrid ORs various neurosurgical procedures can be safely and conveniently performed. Hybrid OR will pioneer a new era in neurosurgical procedures.
X-RAY STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF AMORPHOUS ALLOYS FeCoSiB, FeSiB AND FeB
Authors: JIN LONG-HUAN  , CHANG LONG-CHUN  ,   中国科学院物理研究所
Published: December 2020

In this work, the structures of the amorphous alloys Fe5Co70Si15B10,Fe78Si1OB12 and Fe80B20 were analysed by X-ray diffraction method. From the diffraction intensity data the structure factors and radial distribution functions (RDF) of these materials were calculated.In order to obtain partial radial distribution functions (PRDF) of the binary alloy Fe80B20, the first peak of the alloy was fitted using a sum of two Gauss type functions. One of them describes the PRDF of the Fe-Fe atom pair, and the other describes the PRDF of the Fe-B atom pair.As the results of fitting, the average number of nearest neighbor atoms and most probable distance between two atoms were determined for each kind of atom pair. The curves of PRDF and the values of those parameters agree satisfactorily with the results obtained by other author using anomalous X-ray diffraction technique.
TRANSPORT PROCESS UNDER STRONG MAGNETIC FIELD AND TWO STATIONARY SOLUTIONS OF THE LIOUVILLE EQUATION
Authors: CHEN SHI-GANG
Published: December 2020

In this paper, we discuss the problem of two stationary solutions of the Liouville equation when an external field is present. We show that the key point for calculating the transport coefficient by the Kubo formula is: before completing the integral over time, the time behavior of the correlation function must be expressed in terms of the theory of approach to equilibrium. With this point, being considered, it is then possible to derive the correct expression for transport coefficient. Using this method, we calculate once again the conductivity under strong magnetic field that had been discussed in reference [1], and obtain a correct non-vanishing result.
CHARACTERISTICS OF R. F. DRIVEN CURRENT
Authors: XIA MENG-FEN  , ZHANG CHENG-FU  ,   北京大学理论物理研究所
Published: December 2020

The characteristics of r.f. driven current are discussed. The results show thatonly for u=ω/(kxve)≤2-2.5 the current is carried by the resonant electrons and thedissipative mechanism is the resonant damping. When u≥3 the current will be carried by the non-resonant electrons and the dissipative mechanism will be collision damping. The dissipative power is usually much higher than the Ohmic power and the Lawson condition can be satisfied only for the case of u≤2-2.5. It is also shown that in a r.f. driven tokamak the poloidal rotation of plasma and the correspondent radial electric field are important.
A MATRIX THEORY FOR THE PROPAGATION OF A SCALAR WAVE IN A SYSTEM CONSISTING OF PLANE SCREENS (IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES)
Authors: LI XIAN-SHU  ,   中山大学物理系
Published: December 2020

In this paper, a matrix theory for the propagation of a scalar wave in a system consisting of plane screens (in cylindrical coordinates) is proposed on the basis of [8]. The action matrices characterizing the diffraction by a plane filter close to a thin lens, the phase transform action of a lens, and the effect of a piece of free space are given. The diffraction by a common aperture in an opaque screen, the action of a reflection plane screen, the interference produced by a plane screen and so on, are naturally taken into account. The transform matrix describing the effect of changing the reference light field on the field distribution vector, and the method to write the light propagation matrices of various systems consisting of these plane screens are also given. But the action of a scattering screen has not been considered. The method to solve for the super limit of the error which results from truncatingthe action matrix to finite order is contained in the appendix of this paper.On account of the coordinates used, the matrix theory is mainly suited forsystems with ideally axial symmetry. The main significance of this matrix theoryis that some problems of light propagation in the system above mentioned, which israther difficult to treat in practice by means of the previous theory, can be treatedrather conveniently by virtue of the present theory.The theory is only valid for systems in which each plane screen is perpendicularto the propagation axis, and the diffraction formula and the approximate conditionspresented in section (2) of this paper are suited for the diffraction by each planescreen.As an example of application of this theory, the matrix equation of the mode inoptical resonator (passive) is obtained and discussed in the section (5) of this paper.It is compared with the well known integral equations obtained previously by Foxand Li. It is shown that the matrix equation has some important advantages ofpractical value.
QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF INTENSITY DISTRIBUTION OF PRIMARY X-RAY SPECTRUM
Authors: GUO CHANG-LIN  , JI ANG  , TAO GUANG-YI  ,   中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所
Published: December 2020

In this paper, a method for quantitative determination of spectral distributions of primary radiation from X-ray tubes for diffraction and X-ray fluorescent spectral analysis is presented. The instrument used for this purpose is a diffractometer with a proportional-scintillation counter and a LiF analyzing crystal. The intensity distributions of primary X-ray spectrum obtained using a LiF analyzer are determined. The experimental values of the X-ray intensities of various wavelengths must be expressed in terms of intensities just emitted from the X-ray tube window. For the fluorescent X-ray tubes, several spectral distributions of different directions of primary X-ray beam must be determined and then the mean values of these data are calculated in order to obtain the effective spectral distributions. The errors of the spectral distribution data and its influence on the practical applications such as the fundamental parameter method are discussed.
DETERMINATION OF CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF CHLORO-TENACISS IGENIN
Authors: ZHENG QI-TAI  , GU YUAN-XIN  , WANG LING-LING  , LIU JIN-YI  ,   (1)中国科学技术大学02系,一九八○届毕业生; (2)中国科学院生物物理研究所
Published: December 2020

The molecular formula of chloro-tenaciss igenin is C23H33O5Cl. The crystal belongs to monoclinic system. The space group is C22P21. The parameters of unit cell are a=15.782(7)?, 6 = 8.454(4)?, c = 8.074(4)? and β= 101.08(21)°. There are two molecules in an unit cell (Z = 2). Intensity data were collected on a PW-1100 four-circle diffractometer. The total number of independent diffractions amounts to 2097.The structure was solved by direct method (MULTAN 78). The refinement of the structure parameters was acheived by block-matrix least-square method, R=0.075. All the positions of hydrogen atoms were located by the difference Fourier syntheses and two of them, which are in the methyls, present disorder property.The chloro-tenaciss igenin molecule contained the conformation characteristic of tenaciss igenin. B-ring and C-ring, and C-ring and D-ring all exhibit cisforms obviously.
STIMULATED SCATTERING AND HARMONIC RADIATION OF HOMOGENEOUS AND INHOMOGENEOUS LASER PLASMAS
Authors: TAN WEI-HEN  , WANG RUN-WEN  , DING LI-MING  ,   中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所
Published: December 2020

On the basis of Vlasov equation, we extend the results of our previous work [10] and obtain the general coupling equations for the electrons, ions of plasmas and the electromagnetic radiation. We have solved these coupling equations, and obtaind the threshold powers and growth rates of the stimulated scattering and harmonic radiation. Finally, we propose a successive generating mechanism of the harmanics and sub-harmonics, such a mechanism is in agreement with the experimental results in the literatures.
THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EMPIRICAL COEFFICIENT METHODS FOR FLUORESCENT X-RAY SPECTROMETRY
Authors: WANG YONG-ZHONG  ,   第一机械工业部武汉材料保护研究所
Published: December 2020

Some formulae of the empirical coefficient method in fluorescent X-ray spectrometric analysis are discussed theoretically and a general formula is obtained thereupon. The physical significance of the coefficients used is explained. A formula based upon the calculation of relative intensity of fluorescent X-ray is derived and it is relatively simple in application.
PERTURBATIVE SOLUTION OF TAKAGI EQUATION IN X-RAY DIFFRACTION DYNAMIC IN SLIGHTLY DEFORMATION CRYSTAL
Authors: LING BING-CHANG  ,   鞍山钢铁学院
Published: December 2020

This paper discusses Takagi equation by means of perturbation methods. A perturbative solution of diffraction amplitude in slightly deformation crystal is obtained for the spherical incident wave.
A U1 PRINCIPAL BUNDLE THEORY FOR THE BORN-INFELD ELECTRODYNAMICS
Authors: AN YING  , CHEN SHI  , GUO HAN-YING  ,   中国科学院理论物理研究所
Published: December 2020

A U1-bundle formalism for the Born-Infeld electrodynamics is proposed and the equation of motion for a test particle in the Born-Infeld electromagnetic field is given. There are two forces acting on the test particle, one corresponds to the Lorentz force and the other the Poincaré stress.
STATISTICAL THEORY OF I(1) MODEL ANTIFERROMAGNE-TISM ON A FACE CENTERED CUBIC LATTICE WITH NEAREST-NEIGHBOR INTERACTION——A SERIES EXPANSION METHOD
Authors: XU WEN-LAN  , LI YIN-YUAN  ,   中国科学院物理研究所
Published: December 2020

The antiferromagnetism of Ising spin I(1) with the nearest neighbor interaction -J on fcc has been treated by the method of series expansion similar to [1]. The free energy function for the lower temperature ordered state is written in a series of exp(-J/kT) and that for the higher temperature disorder state in a series of J/kT. Using the Padé approximants we have shown clearly that the free energy curves of the two states cross at Tc= 1.33 J/k. The transition is one of the first order, the same conclusion as we obtained for the I(1/2) model, but Tc of I(1) is lower than that of I(1/2). The thermodynamic quantities such as the long-range and short-range order parameter, the internal energy, the entropy, the specific heat as well as the magnetic susceptibility were calculated in variation with temperature. They all change abruptly at Tc.We concluded that (1) on fcc the Ising spin AM-PM transtion being one of the first order should be attributed to the close-packing characteristics of this lattice; and (2) Tc(s) decreases as s increases.
NON-LINEAR ELECTRON MAGNETIC-DRIFT WAVES
Authors: ZHANG YANG-ZHONG  ,   中国西南物理研究所
Published: December 2020

In this paper, the electron magnetic-drift waves have been treated by the renorma-lization theory in the drift approximation with shear-free magnetic field, and its relations with the anomalous electron transport on Tokamak's analyzed. The resultant diffusion coefficient D⊥～(ωpe(T/eB0Lnk⊥2) roughly agrees with the present Tokamak experiments.
PROLATE ELLIPSOLIDAL BAG MODEL FOR THE HADRON WITH HEAVY QUARKNIUM
Authors: WANG JIA-ZHU  , BI PIN-ZHEN  , YIN PENG-CHENG  ,   复旦大学物理系
Published: December 2020

The static prolate ellipsolidal bag model is discussed in this paper, and it is compared with the spherical bag model and the string-like bag model. The relations between the ellipsolid shape and the energy and 2d, the separation between quarks, are obtained. The cases for B=0 and σ=0 are discussed respectively.
REVISION OF KASNER METRIC BY VGM-GRAVITATION THEORY
Authors: WANG YONG-JIU  , TANG ZHI-MING  ,   长沙铁道学院
Published: December 2020

In this paper, according to the VGM theory of gravitation, we have found, under certain conditions, the vector graviton field and the metric field of an infinitely long mass line, and compared it with the solution of G.E. field equation (Kasner metric).
THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF P-CHLORO BENZOYL PIPERIDINE
Authors: SONG SHI-YING  , ZHENG QI-TAI  , HE CUN-HENG  ,   (1)中国科学院生物物理研究所; (2)中国医学科学院基础医学研究所
Published: December 2020

The p-chloro benzoyl piperidine. C12H14 ONCL crystal belongs to the orthorhombic system. The space group is P21 21 21 with α=11.490(6)?, b = 10.462(5)?, c=9.928(5)?, z = 4 and calculated density Dc= 1.2410 gcm-3. The intensity data were collected on a Philips PW-1100 diffractometer. With the chlorineatom position found from Patterson method, the structure was determined by Fourier synthesis and refined by full-matrix least square method to a final R value of 0.093 for 697 reflexions. The hydrogen atom coordinate parameters were obtained from difference Fourier synthesis. The absolute configuration of molecule was determined by anomalous scattering method.
RESEARCH ON TUNABLE ANTENNA TO DETECT CONTINUOUS GRAVITATIONAL WAVE AT LOW FREQUENCY
Authors: Tang Meng-xi  , Chen Jia-yan  ,   中山大学引力物理研究室
Published: December 2020

A quadrupole antenna has been designed and manufactured,Weight of theantenna is 498 kg. Having added the tuning equipment to the antenna,in room tem-perature and in the air,the Q value is 4.4×103.Resonant frequency of the antenna can be tuned continuously from 47.3 Hz to 60.5 Hz.Each quarter of the antenna issimplified by representing it as a cantinever beam with a rigid body in the free end.We calculate the resonant frequency by simple method of material meehanics insteadof the complicated method of elastic mechanics and obtain a satisfactory result.Several possible mechanical means to adjust the frequency are compared.In addition,we investigate the possibility of using this type of antenna to detect gravitationalwave at lower frequencies.
THE STOCHASTIC BEHAVIOR OF ELECTRONS IN FREE ELECTRON LASERS WITH VARIABLE PARAMETER WIGGLERS
Authors: Huo Yu-ping  ,   中国科学院等离子体物理研究所
Published: December 2020

In this article, the motion of electrons in free electron lasers with variable parameter wigglers is discussed. It is pointed out that, the more quickly the parameter varies, the more trapped electrons move stochastically. The influences of such stochastic motion on laser efficiency have been analyzed numerically. A statistical method to describe the beam behavior in strong stochastic limit has also been developed.
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF SEVERAL SiC POLYTYPES BELONGING TO SPECIAL STRUCTURE FAMILY
Authors: Guo Chang-lin  ,   中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所
Published: December 2020

Silicon carbide is a typical layer compound. Up to the present more than 150 polytypes of SiC are known. The author has developed a special Laue method which is very efficient in identifying polytypes of SiC. Using this method, we have found eightyfive new polytypes of SiC. In order to determine the crystal structure of some of these new polytypes, oscillation method and Weissenberg method have been tried but without success, because only diffraction spots of the basic polytypes 6H, 15R and 8H can be found in these photographs. This is possibly due to the smallness of these new polytypes in bulk crystals and also to the fact that these tiny polytypes are imbedded in a large 6H or 8H, 15R polytypes. A modified laue method to determine the crystal structure of SiC polytypes is developed, as well as a method for calculating the diffraction intensity of laue spot. The calculation of structure factor Fhkl in [(33)m32]3, [(33)m34]3, [(22)m23]3 and [(44)m43]3 structure families is simplified. Using this method, the crystal structure of nine new polytypes of silicon carbide have been determined. The crystal structure of these new polytypes can be designate by the Z stacking sequences (Жданов notation) as follows, 231R:[(33)1232]3,249R:[(33)1332]3,321R:[(33)1732]3, 339R:[(33)1832]3,237R:[(33)1234]3,417R:[(33)2234]3, 453R:[(33)2434]3,93R:[(44)343]3,261R:[(44)1043]3.
THE TEM AND SEM OBSERVATIONS OF THE HIGH TEMPERATURE BEHAVIOURS OF COPPER ALLOY FILMS
Authors: Cheng Wan-rong  , Wu Zi-qin  ,   北京大学物理系
Published: December 2020

The high temperature behaviours of evaporated thin films of copper alloys (Cu-Ti, Cu-Sn-Ti, Cu-Si) on carbon substrate have been studied in heating stage of TEM and HVEM and recorded by a video tape recorder. The diffraction contrast of the grains in Cu, Cu-Ti and Cu-Sn-Ti films begins to vary rapidly at about 640, 700 and 750℃ respectively. The vacant areas in these films expand rapidly above about 660, 750 and 800℃. Finally the isolated islands are formed. The balling of these films on graphite and diamond substrate has been observed by SEM after heating to 750-850℃. The different morphology of the balling on the surfaces of diamond (100) and (111) is due to the different wetting abilities. The expansion rates of the vacant areas in these films have been calculated by using the model of surface diffusion under different curvatures. The calculated values agree with experimental results in the order of magnitude.
NO-STANDARDS QUANTITATIVE EDS ANALYSIS OF MULTICOMPONENT ALLOYS
Authors: Zhang Ren-ji  , Wu Zi-qin  ,   北京大学物理系
Published: December 2020

A direct no-standards quantitative analysis method of binary alloy is developed and applied to multicomponent alloys including 7-components and 8-components steel samples in which the contents of some components are about 0.25-1.0%. As compared with the indirect no-standards method (Buss et al.), the accuracy of the present method is generally better and the analytical time shorter. It only needs about 10 seconds in calculating the constituents of a 8-components alloy from their characteristic X-ray intensities using a computer with a speed about 130,000 cps. The analytical results of binary alloys, especially NaCl, using this modified method are better than before.
PERCOLATION WITH 3-BODY OR NEXT NEAREST NEIGHBOR CORRELATIONS
Authors: Li Tie-cheng  ,   中国科学院物理研究所
Published: December 2020

The percolation problem for the 2-D triangular lattice of the quenched-correlated system is studied by using real-space renormalization group method. The many-body correlations for the occupied sites are considered by Kirkwood's superposition approximation approach and those for occupied and unoccupied sites by a procedure which holds the conservation of probability. The scheme is applied to the case including 3-body correlation and to that with next nearest neighboring correlations. Our conclusion is that, in either case the universality in critical phenomena of percolation ia unchanged, even some complicated correlations are involved.
CORRELATED WAVE FUNCTION THEORY FOR METAL SURFACES (Ⅱ)——PRACTICAL CALCULATION
Authors: SUN XIN  , LI TIE-CHENG  , G. W. WU  ,   (1)复旦大学物理系; (2)美国加州大学圣迭戈分校; (3)中国科学院物理研究所
Published: December 2020

Surface energies, density profiles and Gibbs surfaces are calculated over a wide range of electron densities in the "jellium" model on the basis of previous theoretical framework. The electron density distributions are obtained by solving the Chakravarty-Woo integral equations for inhomogeneous electron liquids. Because of the long range Coulomb interaction, a series of divergences appear in the integral equations and the energy expression, but they are proved to cancel exactly. Surface energies obtained are close to experimental data over the domain of density of metals.
THE CLOSED TIME PATH GREEN'S FUNCTIONS AND THE THEORY OF NONLINEAR RESPONSE (Ⅰ)
Authors: WANG WAI-TONG  , LIN ZHONG-HENG  , SU ZHAO-BIN  , HAO BAI-LIN  ,   (1)复旦大学; (2)中国科学院理论物理研究所
Published: December 2020

By using the generating functional and the transformations for different forms of the closed time path Green's functions, the general equations on nonlinear response are derived. On the basis of the algebraic identities, KMS condition, time reversal inva-riance and spectral representation, the general considerations for seeking the relations among many-point functions are suggested.