bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental Data and Thermodynamics Modeling (eNRTL and mUNIFAC) of the (Cyclohexane + Benzene + N,N-Dimethylformamide + Sodium Thiocyanate) Systems
Authors: Lenhare Stephanie , de Souza Beatriz Fernanda Bonfim , Miyasaki Fernanda Viana , Zuber André , Arce Pedro , Ferreira-Pinto Leandro , Beneti Stéphani Caroline , Cardozo-Filho Lúcio , Zanette Andréia Fátima
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) of a cyclohexane (1) + benzene (2) + [N,N-dimethylformamide + sodium thiocyanate] (3) system. Experimental tie-line data were obtained at 298.15 K and 318.15 K under atmospheric pressure (~101 kPa, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil) with varying sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN) concentrations in N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) (3, 5, 8, and 16 wt%). The results contribute to determining the optimal operating conditions for the liquid–liquid extraction of cyclohexane/benzene mixtures. The Hand and Othmer–Tobias correlations confirm the consistency and accuracy of the experimental data. Furthermore, eNRTL and modified UNIFAC models were employed to correlate the experimental LLE data, achieving a root-mean-square deviation of less than 0.91%. The selectivity and distribution coefficients indicate a high efficiency of benzene distribution into the extract phase, suggesting a low solvent/feed ratio and fewer separation stages required for cyclohexane and benzene separation.
Impact of Mental Health Literacy on Improving Quality of Life Among Adolescents in Barcelona
Authors: Amado-Rodríguez Isaac Daniel , Casañas Rocio , Juan-Parra Jaume , Roldan-Merino Juan Francisco , Lalucat-Jo Lluís , Fernandez-San-Martín Mª Isabel
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: We aim to assess the effect of the Espaijove.net mental health literacy program on adolescents’ quality of life (QOL). Additionally, we aim to describe their QOL and mental well-being. Methods: A multicenter, randomized, controlled trial was conducted, with pre- and post-intervention assessments and 6- and 12-month follow-ups. A total of 1032 students aged 13–14 from 18 schools in Barcelona participated in one of the three following mental health literacy (MHL) programs or were placed in a control group (CG): (1) a 1 h awareness session (G1h); (2) a 6 h MHL program (G6h); (3) a 7 h MHL program with stigma reduction (G7h). Measures: (1) Mental well-being: Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ); (2) QOL: EuroQol 5D-5L with its two parts: the EuroQol 5D-5L Index (0–1) and EuroQol 5D-5L visual analog scale (EQ-VAS) (0–100). Analyses were conducted on an intention-to-treat basis, using data imputation methods for missing data. Intervention effects were assessed using multilevel models. Results: Baseline EQ-VAS and EQ-5D-5L index scores were 77.84 (CI = 76.77–78.91) and 0.91 (CI = 0.90–0.92), respectively. Boys reported higher QOL and SDQ scores (p < 0.001), whereas participants of foreign nationality showed lower scores in QOL (EQ-VAS; p = 0.039) and mental well-being (p < 0.001). Post-intervention, all groups (intervention and control), except G6h, showed QOL improvements. However, in the 6-month follow-up, the CG outperformed the other groups. At 12 months, G7h achieved the highest EQ-VAS scores compared to the other groups. Conclusions: MHL-based interventions improved short-term QOL but failed to sustain these improvements over time. Groups with lower QOL and SDQ scores included girls and adolescents of foreign nationality.
Key Nutrient Intakes at Risk Among US Children in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2015–2016 Stratified by Age and Gender
Authors: Lasekan John , Yao Qi , Choe Yong , Niemiro Grace M. , Hicks Penni
Published: February 2025

Background/Objective: Inadequate nutrient intake in childhood can have lasting detrimental developmental and health outcomes. The objective of this study was to identify key nutrient intake gaps among US children. Method: Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2015–2016 data, we compared nutrient intakes against dietary reference intakes (DRIs). Participants were grouped by age (in years): 0–0.5, 0.6–1, 1–4, 5–8, 9–14, and 15–19. Gender differences were assessed in the two older groups. Results: Linoleic acid, linolenic acid, vitamin D, and choline were the most consumed at lesser than DRIs in all age groups. Additionally, dietary fiber, vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin K, folate, iron, and calcium were consumed at lesser than DRIs in 1–19 year olds. They also had an inadequate intake of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Children with nutrient intake gaps increased from infancy and toddlerhood to school-age period, with the inflection point at 5–8 years of age when parents have limited control on children’s nutrient intake. Above 9 years of age, females had greater nutrient intake gaps than males. Females in the 15–19-year-old segment especially had higher nutrient intake gaps (p < 0.05) for vitamin D, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B12, folate, iron, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and potassium compared to males. Selected laboratory biomarkers were used to verify the nutrient intake data. Conclusions: Key nutrient intake gaps were identified among different age groups of children in the US, which may have implications for future dietary interventions and target food formulations to help narrow these gaps.
Experimental Study Regarding the Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles by Laser Pyrolysis Using Ethanol as Sensitizer; Morpho-Structural Alterations Using Thermal Treatments on the Synthesized Nanoparticles
Authors: Dumitrache Florian , Criveanu Anca , Lungu Iulia , Fleaca Claudiu , Gavrila-Florescu Lavinia , Morjan Iuliana , Stamatin Ioan , Balan Adriana , Socoliuc Vlad , Vasile Bogdan
Published: February 2025

The laser pyrolysis technique was used in the synthesis of magnetic iron oxide nanopowders in the presence of ethanol vapors as a sensitizer. This technique uses the energy from a continuous-wave CO2 laser operating at a 9.25 μm wavelength, which is transferred to the reactive precursors via the excited ethanol molecules, inducing a rapid heating of the argon-entrained Fe(CO)5 vapors in the presence of oxygen. For a parametric study, different samples were prepared by changing the percentages of sensitizer in the reactive mixture. Moreover, the raw samples were thermally treated at different temperatures and their morpho-structural and magnetic properties were investigated. The results indicated a high degree of crystallinity (mean ordered dimension) and enhanced magnetic properties when high percentages of ethanol vapors were employed. On the contrary, at low ethanol concentrations, due to a decrease in the reaction temperature, nanoparticles with a very low size were synthesized. The raw particles have a dimension in the range of 2.5 to 10 nm (XRD and TEM). Most of them exhibited superparamagnetic behavior at room temperature, with saturation magnetization values up to 60 emu/g. The crystalline phase detected in samples is mainly maghemite, with a decreased carbon presence (up to 8 at%). In addition to the expected Fe-OH on the particles surfaces, C (and O) bearing functional groups such as C-OH or C=O that act as a supplementary hydrophilic agent in water-based suspension were detected. Using the as-synthesized and thermally treated nanopowders, water suspensions without or with hydrophilic agents (CMCNa, L-Dopa, chitosan) were prepared by means of a horn ultrasonic homogenizer at 0.5 mg/mL concentrations. DLS analyzes revealed that some powder suspensions maintained stable agglomerates over time, with a mean size of 100 nm, pH values between 4.8 and 5.3, and zeta-potential values exceeding 40 mV. All tested agents greatly improved the stability of 250–450 °C thermally treated NPs, with L-Dopa and Chitosan inducing smaller hydrodynamic sizes.
An Experimental Study on Icing on Superhydrophobic Surfaces of Wind Turbine Blades in Offshore Environments
Authors: Pei Yaoyao , Cai Changwei , Chen Zhi , Li Wentao , Xiao Henglin , Li Changjie , Liu Kai
Published: February 2025

When wind turbines operate in high-latitude offshore regions, ice accumulation on blade surfaces can severely compromise the structural safety of turbines and reduce their power generation efficiency. To mitigate the adverse effects of ice accumulation on wind turbines, it is essential to evaluate the effectiveness of various anti-icing measures in offshore environments. Superhydrophobic materials, known for their environmental friendliness, high efficiency, and energy-saving advantages, have been widely used for anti-icing in onshore wind power generation. However, their direct application to offshore wind turbines is limited due to the presence of salt in offshore environments. In this study, laboratory-scale experiments were conducted to investigate the anti-icing performance of superhydrophobic surfaces under winter atmospheric conditions simulating China’s Bohai Sea. The experiments were divided into two phases. In the first phase, the ice accretion process and morphology of superhydrophobic surfaces were analyzed under different operating conditions. The second phase expanded on the first by further examining the icing process of droplets on these surfaces. The results indicate that both the salt content and wind speed significantly affect the anti-icing performance of superhydrophobic surfaces. Additionally, the salt content influences the critical droplet diameter required for detachment. This research provides insights into icing mechanisms and supports the development of anti-icing technologies for offshore wind turbine blades with superhydrophobic surfaces.
Mechanisms and Applications of Impurity-Driven Surface Modification in Magnesium Sulfate Crystallization
Authors: Yang Minhang , Cheng Huaigang , Zhao Jing , Cheng Wenting
Published: February 2025

Impurities significantly constrain the production of high-purity magnesium sulfate crystals, essential for advanced magnesium-based materials. Sodium–magnesium co-precipitation affects the crystals’ purity and surface smoothness, with NaCl embedding into crystal surfaces during cooling crystallization in the MgSO4-NaCl-H2O system. Trace impurities, however, inhibit NaCl adhesion, alter SO42− coordination structures, and enhance the purity and morphology of MgSO4·6H2O crystals. Adding 300 mmol/L K2SO4 reduces sodium content in crystals from 0.57% to 0.03% and surface roughness from 2.76 nm to 0.415 nm. The binding energies of Na+ on MgSO4·6H2O crystal planes are lower than those of impurity ions, which compete for active growth sites and prevent Na+ nucleation. This finding challenges the assumption that higher-purity solutions yield higher-purity crystals.
Vestibular Testing Results in a World-Famous Tightrope Walker
Authors: Tarnutzer Alexander A. , Romano Fausto , Feddermann-Demont Nina , Scheifele Urs , Piccirelli Marco , Bertolini Giovanni , Kesselring Jürg , Straumann Dominik
Published: February 2025

Purpose: Accurate and precise navigation in space and postural stability rely on the central integration of multisensory input (vestibular, proprioceptive, visual), weighted according to its reliability, to continuously update the internal estimate of the direction of gravity. In this study, we examined both peripheral and central vestibular functions in a world-renowned 53-year-old male tightrope walker and investigated the extent to which his exceptional performance was reflected in our findings. Methods: Comprehensive assessments were conducted, including semicircular canal function tests (caloric irrigation, rotatory-chair testing, video head impulse testing of all six canals, dynamic visual acuity) and otolith function evaluations (subjective visual vertical, fundus photography, ocular/cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials [oVEMPs/cVEMPs]). Additionally, static and dynamic posturography, as well as video-oculography (smooth-pursuit eye movements, saccades, nystagmus testing), were performed. The participant’s results were compared to established normative values. High-resolution diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DT-MRI) was utilized to assess motor tract integrity. Results: Semicircular canal testing revealed normal results except for a slightly reduced response to right-sided caloric irrigation (26% asymmetry ratio; cut-off = 25%). Otolith testing, however, showed marked asymmetry in oVEMP amplitudes, confirmed with two devices (37% and 53% weaker on the left side; cut-off = 30%). Bone-conducted cVEMP amplitudes were mildly reduced bilaterally. Posturography, video-oculography, and subjective visual vertical testing were all within normal ranges. Diffusion tensor MRI revealed no structural abnormalities correlating with the observed functional asymmetry. Conclusions: This professional tightrope walker’s exceptional balance skills contrast starkly with significant peripheral vestibular (otolithic) deficits, while MR imaging, including diffusion tensor imaging, remained normal. These findings highlight the critical role of central computational mechanisms in optimizing multisensory input signals and fully compensating for vestibular asymmetries in this unique case.
Ecological Factors Associated with Burrow System Occupancy by Great Desert Skinks (Liopholis kintorei)
Authors: Eifler Maria A. , Eifler Douglas A.
Published: February 2025

The great desert skink (Liopholis kintorei, locally known as tjakuṟa) occupies burrow systems in arid regions of central Australia. Most burrow systems remain occupied for an average of 4, and up to 10, years by the same related individuals. The circumstances associated with changes in occupancy are under active investigation. Factors linked to tjakuṟa abandoning burrow systems include intense fires and predation by feral cats (Felis catus). We examined ecological factors associated with whether burrow systems that were occupied in the previous year were currently occupied by tjakuṟa. We determined occupancy of previously occupied tjakuṟa burrow systems by the presence of fresh scats in their latrines. We also assessed the size, vegetation cover, and proximity of termite calics to burrow systems. Neither overall vegetation cover nor spinifex cover was related to burrow system occupancy, but larger burrow systems were more likely to remain occupied. Burrow systems within 10 m of termite structures were more—and those within 2.5 m of Grevillea were less—likely to remain occupied by tjakuṟa. The role of woody vegetation (Grevillea) and termite presence on risk of predation, the behavior of tjakuṟa, and burrow system occupancy merits further investigation on a longer timescale.
Optimized Energy Management and Storage Sizing in Smart Homes with Renewable Energy Sources Under Safe Operating Conditions
Authors: Javaid Saher , Lim Yuto , Tan Yasuo
Published: February 2025

Integrating renewable energy sources (RESs) such as solar and wind generation systems introduces challenges in ensuring a safe and stable power supply to the power system due to their inherent output variability. Addressing this issue requires the development of advanced technologies and methodologies to mitigate power variability while enabling the integration of high levels of renewable energy into the existing power system. One practical approach to managing the variability of RESs is incorporating an energy storage system (ESS), which enhances the reliability and stability of the power supply from RESs. This study focuses on optimized energy management and storage capacity sizing while ensuring safe operation amid output variability to maximize the benefits of combining RESs and two ESSs (i.e., primary and secondary) for a smart home energy management system. To achieve this, a linear programming (LP) model is employed to investigate the relationship between RESs, ESSs, and energy loads to determine the storage capacity under safety conditions. Here, safety refers to preserving the capacity limitations of each ESS in the power system against fluctuations. The optimization problem is mathematically formulated, and a feasible solution is found using the LP Solver in MATLAB. To validate the proposed optimal sizing of ESS and energy balancing against fluctuations, power generation, and consumption data from apartment facility, iHouse smart apartment facilities are employed during all seasons, i.e., spring, summer, winter, and autumn. Additionally, several case studies are analyzed, representing a distinct physical arrangement of connectivity between power devices, from the most densely connected to the least connected. The results indicate that the strategic power distribution significantly reduces the total ESS size, including the primary and secondary storage systems, for each season. The optimal secondary ESS size decreased to 25.7 % for the spring season, 17.29% for the summer season, 6.79 % for the winter season, and 7.01 % for the autumn season from the least connectivity from power devices to dense connectivity. The findings highlight the seasonal variations of generation and consumption and their impact on ESS sizing while preserving the limitations and ensuring the safety of the power system. Hence, it is a novel methodology for seasonal storage sizing and strategic energy management, guaranteeing stable and resilient power system operation.
A Resting ECG Screening Protocol Improved with Artificial Intelligence for the Early Detection of Cardiovascular Risk in Athletes
Authors: Nechita Luiza Camelia , Tutunaru Dana , Nechita Aurel , Voipan Andreea Elena , Voipan Daniel , Ionescu Anca Mirela , Drăgoiu Teodora Simina , Musat Carmina Liana
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate an artificial intelligence (AI)-enhanced electrocardiogram (ECG) screening protocol for improved accuracy, efficiency, and risk stratification across six sports: handball, football, athletics, weightlifting, judo, and karate. Methods: For each of the six sports, resting 12-lead ECGs from healthy children and junior athletes were analyzed using AI algorithms trained on annotated datasets. Parameters included the QTc intervals, PR intervals, and QRS duration. Statistical methods were used to examine each sport’s specific cardiovascular adaptations and classify cardiovascular risk predictions as low, moderate, or high risk. Results: The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and precision of the AI system were 97.87%, 75%, 98.3%, and 98%, respectively. Among the athletes, 94.54% were classified as low risk and 5.46% as moderate risk with AI because of borderline abnormalities like QTc prolongation or mild T-wave inversions. Sport-specific trends included increased QRS duration in weightlifters and low QTc intervals in endurance athletes. Conclusions: The statistical analyses and the AI-ECG screening protocol showed high precision and scalability for the proposed athlete cardiovascular health risk status stratification. Additional early detection research should be conducted further for diverse cohorts of individuals engaged in sports and explore other diagnostic methods that can help increase the effectiveness of screening.
The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Forensic Psychiatric Examination
Authors: Varga Daniela Margareta , Voiță-Mekeres Florica , Buhaș Camelia Liana , Mekeres Gabriel Mihai , Mîndru Florina Madălina , Voiță Nuțu Cristian , Davidescu Lavinia
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Forensic psychiatric expertise significantly contributes to clinical criminology. Interdisciplinary investigations, evaluation tactics, and the use of criminology indices are essential for psychosocial prognostic assessments of conflict, aggression, adaptability, and recovery. Methods: This study aims to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on forensic psychiatric expertise by analyzing demographic variables such as age, gender, background, and other relevant data including criminal records, forensic antecedents, personal pathological antecedents, diagnosis, and discernment. Our study included 186 patients categorized into pandemic and post-pandemic periods. Results: Most participants were male, with no significant rural–urban distribution differences. During the COVID period, common criminal acts included aggression and child pornography, followed by attempted murder. A significant association was found between discernment and psychiatric disorders (p < 0.0011), with 67.6% of the patients lacking discernment having mental illnesses. Legal outcomes varied with discernment; 60.3% of patients without discernment required mandatory hospitalization (p < 0.0011). Conclusions: Medico-legal antecedents were more frequent during the pandemic, and safety measures were more commonly applied to those lacking discernment.
Transoral Robotic Approach for Pharyngeal Schwannoma
Authors: Nocini Riccardo , Arietti Valerio , Sina Sokol , Sacchetto Luca
Published: February 2025

Introduction: Schwannomas are a common condition encountered in clinical ENT practice, but they are rarely found in the pharyngeal or laryngeal regions. Materials and Methods: In this report, we share our experience using the transoral robotic approach to treat a schwannoma located on the lateral pharyngeal wall, with the surgery being performed exclusively using transoral robotic surgery (TORS). It is important to be aware of any pseudocystic lesions in this area, as they can lead to unpredictable anatomopathological outcomes. Results and Conclusions: Our technique allows us to achieve complete resection of the tumor, facilitating rapid recovery for the patient without the need for additional treatment.
Outcomes of Acute Appendicitis During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Lu Ning , Dandan Imad S. , Tominaga Gail T. , Zhao Frank Z. , Nasrallah Fady , Schwendig James , Truong Hung , Ferkich Anthony , Castelo Matthew R. , Bayat Dunya , Biffl Walter L.
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: During the early phase of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, people were advised to stay at home and the American College of Surgeons suggested the nonoperative management (NOM) of uncomplicated appendicitis. We hypothesized that patients presented with more cases of complicated appendicitis during the early phase of COVID-19 compared with the previous year; we further hypothesized that more patients had NOM. Methods: Adults diagnosed with appendicitis were retrospectively reviewed from electronic medical records throughout a single county-wide hospital system. The pre-pandemic period (3 January 2019–30 June 2019, PRE) was compared with the pandemic period (3 January 2020–30 June 2020, POST). The primary outcome was AAST grade of appendicitis. Results: There were 278 cases of appendicitis in PRE and 269 in POST. The rate of complicated appendicitis (grades II–V) was higher in POST (39% vs. 30%, p = 0.0375), most prominently in the northern hospitals in the county (41% vs. 27%, p = 0.004), with non-operative management in six (3.2%) cases. Grades III–V, consistent with perforation, were seen in 33% of POST vs. 27% of PRE cases (p = 0.098). Grade I appendicitis was managed non-operatively in only six (1.6%) patients. There were fewer readmissions in POST (4% vs. 8%, p = 0.0427) and no mortalities during the study period. Conclusions: There was a significant increase in presentation with complicated appendicitis during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in the northern hospitals in the county. There was no increase in NOM of uncomplicated appendicitis and no change in hospital LOS but there were fewer readmissions during COVID-19.
Enhancing University Teaching Through Student-Led Review Articles as a Pathway to Early Research Engagement
Authors: Miró-Colmenárez Pablo J. , Durán-Alonso Silvia , Díaz-Cruces Eliana , Zamora-Ledezma Camilo
Published: February 2025

Early exposure to research methodology through review articles represents a promising approach to fostering research interest among undergraduate students during their initial academic years. In the present work, the implementation and impact of incorporating review article analysis in first and second-year undergraduate curricula is examined as a strategy to promote research engagement. The methodology involved a systematic integration of review article study within regular coursework, focusing on developing critical analysis skills and research comprehension. Students participated in guided analysis sessions, learning to decode research structures, evaluate evidence, and synthesize findings. Indeed, this study gather together a three-year teaching in-novation project (2021–2023) at the Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Spain as a case study, which uses Review Articles for Academic Development in University Teaching. The findings suggest that incorporating review articles in early undergraduate education serves as an effective scaffold for developing research competencies and motivating students toward research careers. This approach provides a foundation for research literacy as aligning with current educational trends emphasizing early research exposure. Furthermore, it is also concluded that despite the growing use of advanced technologies, review articles remain essential for research learning, offering a replicable model to strengthen research engagement in other educational institutions.
Building the Foundations of Dialogic Pedagogy with Five- and Six-Year-Olds
Authors: Maine Fiona
Published: February 2025

Dialogic pedagogy has been explored by researchers at length in the 21st century. Focusing on the interactions between teachers and children and the underlying epistemological values that these interactions signal, a growing body of research has identified features of dialogic classrooms and conducted fine-tuned analysis of dialogic functions in classroom talk. Much of this research features classes of older primary learners. However, the foundations of dialogic pedagogy lie in early learning contexts. This article considers how teachers enact dialogic values with young learners (five- to six-year-olds) in discussions where they are invited to share their ideas in response to visual texts that provoke philosophical thinking about social responsibility and living together. The research uses linguistic ethnography to analyse the language of these interactions at macro-, meso- and micro-levels, and detailed extracts from the lessons are included to demonstrate different dialogic strategies that teachers employ. Dialogic chains of four or more turns are analysed in detail, as representative of extended interactions that move beyond simple and traditional classroom interaction structures. The findings highlight core dialogic principles of meaning-making and relating as fundamental to the success of the interactions with young children.
A Practical Short-Circuit Current Calculation Method for Renewable Energy Plants Based on Single-Machine Multiplication
Authors: Li Jianhua , Lu Jianyu , Li Po , Huang Ying , Wang Guoteng
Published: February 2025

In non-synchronous machine sources (N-SMSs), power sources are connected to the grid through power electronic devices, which typically exhibit a voltage-controlled current source characteristic during faults. Due to the current-limiting feature of inverters, the voltage and current demonstrate a strong nonlinearity. As a result, the short-circuit current (SCC) of N-SMSs is commonly calculated using iterative methods. For renewable energy plants, which contain a large number of N-SMSs, the calculation is often based on the single-machine multiplication method, ignoring internal discrepancies among machines. To address these issues, this paper proposes a calculation method for the SCC contributed by a renewable energy plant based on single-machine multiplication. This method is simple, does not require iteration, and ensures engineering practicability. This paper first analyzes the SCC calculation model under a low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) control strategy. Inspired by the single-machine multiplication approach, a fast initial voltage calculation method at the machine terminal is proposed, along with an active current correction method. With this approach, a more accurate SCC can be obtained, avoiding convergence issues and ensuring practical applicability in engineering. The validity of this method is verified through PSCAD/EMTDC simulations. The error in calculating SCC does not exceed 3.02%. Compared with the single-machine multiplication method, the accuracy is significantly improved, while the accuracy is roughly equivalent to that of the iterative method.
Research on the Heavy Gas Action Characteristics of BF Type Double Float Ball Gas Relay Under Transient Oil Flow Impact
Authors: Liu Chengxiang , Zhang Tengbo , Zhang Chunhui , Xu Bo , He Shixian , Wan Shuting
Published: February 2025

The gas relay is a common non-electric protection device inside transformers, installed on the connecting pipeline between the transformer oil tank and the oil conservator. When the transformer malfunctions and the oil flow value reaches the heavy gas setting value of the gas relay, a heavy gas alarm is triggered. Therefore, accurately analyzing the heavy gas action characteristics and the setting value of the gas relay directly affects the accuracy of the heavy gas alarm. The BF(Bi-Float) type double float ball gas relay uses steady-state oil flow to calibrate the setting values of heavy gas action. In reality, transformer faults cause transient oil flow. To explore the relationship between the oil flow state and gas relay flow velocity setting values, a dynamic model of the heavy gas action process of BF type double float ball gas relay was first established, and the influence of the oil flow state on the gas relay baffle action process was analyzed. Then, a transient oil flow impact test bench was developed to experimentally study the heavy gas action characteristics of gas relays under different intensities of transient oil flow impact. Theoretical and experimental research results indicate that different oil flow impact states have a significant effect on the flow velocity setting values of gas relays. The flow velocity setting value of the BF type double float ball gas relay used in this study under transient oil flow impact is 0.8 m/s, which is lower than its factory flow velocity setting value of 1 m/s. These research results have positive significance for optimizing the performance of gas relays and improving the operational reliability of power transformers.
Analysis of MMC Circulation Phase Sequence Separation and Research on Flexible Sliding Mode Circulation Suppression Method
Authors: Kang Chuyan , Huo Sijia , Yue Yingbo , Cui Haoyang , Yang Cheng , Feng Rongqiang , Li Weibang , He Xin
Published: February 2025

Modular multilevel converter (MMC) circulating current suppression is an effective method in improving power conversion quality. However, due to the complex composition of circulation under a three-phase imbalanced state, as well as the limitations of existing sliding mode circulation suppression methods that can easily cause high-frequency oscillation in the system, the circulation suppression effectiveness still needs to be further improved. Firstly, this article clarifies the phase sequence law and key control factors of the circulation by separating the MMC circulation phase sequence and decoupling the model. Secondly, the generalized proportional integral sliding surface and the hyperbolic tangent convergence law are introduced into sliding mode control to improve the system’s ability to flexibly suppress the circulating current. Then, the proposed method is evaluated using the system power quality and insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) junction temperature amplitude. The results show that the proposed method reduces the total harmonic distortion of the bridge arm current to 1.28% and 1.03%, respectively, under three-phase balanced and imbalanced states, and effectively smooths the IGBT junction temperature fluctuation of submodules. It also improves the stability and robustness of MMC system to circulation suppression gain variations, sudden load changes, and switching failures. This article provides an effective method for the synchronous implementation of MMC circulation suppression and IGBT junction temperature smoothing under complex and variable operating conditions.
Economic Representation in Water–Energy–Food Nexus Models: A Systematic Review of System Dynamics Approaches
Authors: Solano-Pereira Pedro , García-González Ana , Miguel González Luis Javier
Published: February 2025

Water, food, and energy are vital for individual well-being and national development. However, population growth and economic expansion have significantly increased the demand for these resources, while climate change has put pressure on their availability. To address these challenges, the Water–Energy–Food (WEF) Nexus framework highlights their interconnected nature, promoting systemic management approaches. System dynamics, a methodology designed to analyse complex and interrelated systems, is well-suited for modelling the WEF Nexus, capturing feedback loops and dynamic interactions. This study evaluates the use of system dynamics in WEF Nexus modelling and examines how economic systems, a key driver of resource demand, are represented in these models. A systematic literature review was conducted following the PRISMA framework. Of 280 articles initially identified, 237 remained after removing duplicates, with 36 relevant studies analysed. The results show a dominance of water-focused and balanced WEF models but limited representation of economic systems. Among 20 studies with economic representation, 17 treated the economy as an exogenous input to estimate demand, while only 3 integrated endogenous feedback linking resource availability to economic growth. These findings reveal a significant gap in current research and underscore the need for further studies to explore the dynamic interdependence between the economy and WEF resources.
Techno-Economic Modeling of Floating Wind Farms
Authors: Montes Ariadna , Fournely David , Sørensen Jens N. , Larsen Gunner C.
Published: February 2025

A simple techno-economic model for determining wind power production and costs related to the development of floating offshore wind power is proposed. The model is a further extension of the minimalistic prediction model for fixed-bottom wind farms previously developed by two of the authors. In the extended version, costs associated with the deployment of floating structures, such as floaters, mooring lines, and anchors, including additional installation and operational expenses, are taken into account. This paper gives an overview of the costs of the various components of different types of floating wind power installations, and using actual wind climate and bathymetry data for the North Sea, the model is employed to map the annual energy production and levelized cost of energy (LCoE) for floating wind farms located in the North Sea.
Analysis of Distribution Characteristics and Driving Factors of Forestry Enterprises in China Using Geospatial Technology and Models
Authors: Ma Qiang , Ni Honghong , Su Xiangxiang , Nian Ying , Li Jun , Wang Weiqiang , Sheng Yali , Zhu Xueqing , Liu Jiale , Li Weizhong , Liu Jikai , Li Xinwei
Published: February 2025

Forestry enterprises play a pivotal role in economic development, ecological civilization construction, and sustainable development. This study employs GIS-based spatial analysis to examine the distribution patterns and interrelationships of forestry enterprises, investigating their key determinants and spatial heterogeneity. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers aiming to optimize industrial structures and enhance national ecological security. This research develops a comprehensive evaluation index system to assess the factors influencing forestry industry development in China. Nine factors are considered: human resources, economic development, industrial structure, technological support, trade development, financial environment, natural conditions, urbanization, and transportation. Using panel data from 367 cities in 2020, the Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR) method quantifies the influence of these factors and their spatial variations. The results show the following. (1) Forestry enterprises in China exhibit persistent spatial clustering. The eastern regions have a notably higher concentration than the western regions, and new enterprises are increasingly concentrated in a few hotspot cities in the east. (2) The spatial center of forestry enterprises has steadily moved southeast. Initially, the distribution was balanced in the eastern regions, but it has become highly concentrated in the southeastern coastal areas. (3) Regarding spatial autocorrelation, regions within the northwest cold spot cluster have been disappearing entirely. The northeast and southwest hotspot clusters have shrunk significantly, while the southeast hotspot cluster has remained large. (4) Permanent population size and green land area are the most strongly positively correlated with forestry enterprise distribution. Patent authorizations, orchard area, and forest land area also show positive effects. In contrast, road density and total import/export volume are negatively correlated with the number of forestry enterprises. This aligns with the structure of China’s forestry industry, which relies more on natural resources and market demand than on economic development level or financial environment. (5) The factors influencing forestry enterprise distribution show significant spatial variation, driven by regional factors such as resources, economy, and population. These factors ultimately determine the spatiotemporal distribution of forestry enterprises. This study provides data-driven insights to optimize the distribution of forestry industries and formulate more effective ecological protection policies.
Investigation of Smart Machines with DNAs in SpiderNet
Authors: Adda Mo , Scheidt Nancy
Published: February 2025

The advancement of Internet of Things (IoT), robots, drones, and vehicles signifies ongoing progress, accompanied by increasing complexities and challenges in forensic investigations. Globally, investigators encounter obstacles when extracting evidence from these vast landscapes, which include diverse devices, networks, and cloud environments. Of particular concern is the process of evidence collection, especially regarding fingerprints and facial recognition within the realm of vehicle forensics. Moreover, ensuring the integrity of forensic evidence is a critical issue, as it is vulnerable to attacks targeting data centres and server farms. Mitigating these challenges, along with addressing evidence mobility, presents additional complexities. This paper introduces a groundbreaking infrastructure known as SpiderNet, which is based on cloud computing principles. We will illustrate how this architecture facilitates the identification of devices, secures the integrity of evidence both at its source and during transit, and enables investigations into individuals involved in criminal activities. Through case studies, we will demonstrate the potential of SpiderNet to assist law enforcement agencies in addressing crimes perpetrated within IoT environments.
Consumer Perceptions and Sustainability Challenges in Game Meat Production and Marketing: A Comparative Study of Slovakia and the Czech Republic
Authors: Němec Martin , Riedl Marcel , Šálka Jaroslav , Jarský Vilém , Dobšinská Zuzana , Sarvaš Milan , Sarvašová Zuzana , Bučko Jozef , Hustinová Martina
Published: February 2025

Game meat production represents a unique opportunity to align ecological sustainability with the growing consumer demand for sustainable agri-food products. This study focuses on the perspectives of processors and landowners in Slovakia and the Czech Republic, examining their views on market trends, customer behaviours, barriers, and sustainability challenges. Focusing on these key stakeholders, the study highlights their central role as key drivers in shaping and sustaining the game meat value chain. This research combines secondary data analysis and in-depth interviews with key stakeholders to provide a comprehensive understanding of the game meat sector. Findings highlight that, while game meat is valued for its organic and sustainable qualities, barriers such as limited consumer awareness, high costs, and regulatory constraints hinder its market potential. The study reveals the vital role of consumer education, branding, and the development of value-added products in bridging the gap between ecological management and sustainable market growth. Moreover, the research underscores the need for tailored policies to address structural inefficiencies, promote collaboration across the value chain, and enhance accessibility to sustainable game meat products. By aligning production and marketing strategies with consumer preferences, the sector can contribute significantly to sustainable agri-food systems while supporting rural economies and biodiversity conservation. This study provides actionable recommendations for industry stakeholders and policymakers aiming to foster sustainable practices and consumer engagement in the game meat market.
Challenges and Advances in the Encapsulation of Bioactive Ingredients Using Whey Proteins
Authors: Figueiredo Manuel , Sárkány Zsuzsa , Rocha Fernando , Martins Pedro M.
Published: February 2025

Functional foods represent an emerging trend in the food industry. Fortifying foods with bioactive ingredients results in health benefits and reduces the risk of disease. Encapsulation techniques protect sensitive ingredients from degradation due to heat, light, moisture and other factors. Among encapsulating materials, milk whey proteins are particularly attractive due to their availability, GRAS status and remarkable ligand-binding ability. Whey protein was once considered a by-product in the dairy industry but is now seen as a promising resource given its natural role as a nutrient carrier. This work reviews the encapsulation systems that employ whey proteins in the food industry. The structural features of β-lactoglobulin (β-LG), the main protein constituent of milk whey, are presented in the context of its ligand-binding properties. Different types of encapsulation systems using whey proteins are discussed, focusing on the recent advances in stable formulations of bioactives using whey protein, alone or in hybrid systems. Whey proteins are a valuable asset capable of binding sensitive bioactive compounds such as vitamins, polyphenols and antioxidants and forming stable complexes that can be formulated as nanoparticles, nanofibrils, emulsions and other micro- and nanostructures. Developing scalable, solid and stable encapsulation systems is identified as a main challenge in the field.
Linking Seasonal Temperature Variations with Laboratory-Derived Development Data for Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart): A Case for Myiasis
Authors: Bambaradeniya Tharindu B. , Magni Paola A. , Dadour Ian R.
Published: February 2025

Background: The aging of fly larvae is primarily determined by their temperature-dependent growth rates, a concept widely applied in forensic entomology to estimate the minimum postmortem interval using the accumulated degree day/hour (ADD/ADH) method. Method: This study adapted the same approach for veterinary entomology, offering insights into how accumulated degree day (ADD) can be used to estimate both the number and timing of fly generations in nature. This study details a method for identifying the pupation landmarks of Ch. rufifacies (Macquart) by characterising seven distinct pupal stages over time. Following this, ADD values were calculated for each life stage using developmental data collected from two types of ovine muscle: muscle with fat and muscle without fat, at two temperatures: 24 ± 1 °C for autumn and 30 ± 1 °C for summer, reflecting typical seasonal conditions in southwestern Australia. Results: This study also provided a graphical illustration of how to estimate the number of fly generations emerging during a season, based on daily temperature data from autumn and summer in southwestern Australia for the 2023/2024 period. Conclusions: This approach highlights the value of developmental data and ADD methods in veterinary entomology, offering a robust framework for understanding fly population dynamics for effective myiasis control strategies.
Damage Behaviour and Fractal Characteristics of Underground Openings Under True Triaxial Loading
Authors: Wu Yunfeng , Li Peng , Chi Xiaolou , Zhou Baokun , Zhang Erhui , Zhu Youdong , Li Changhong
Published: February 2025

In the context of advancements in deep resource development and underground space utilisation, deep underground engineering faces the challenge of investigating the mechanical behaviour of rocks under high-stress conditions. The present study is based on a gold mine, and the bulk ore taken from the mine perimeter rock was processed into two sets of specimens containing semicircular arched roadways with half and full penetrations. The tests were carried out using a true triaxial rock test system. The results indicate that the true triaxial stress–strain curve included stages such as compression density, linear elasticity, yielding, and destructive destabilisation following the peak; the yield point was more pronounced than that in uniaxial and conventional triaxial tests; and the peak stress and strain of the semi-excavation were higher than those of the full excavation. Furthermore, full excavation led to greater deformation along the σ3 direction. The acoustic emission energy showed a sudden increase during the unloading stage, then fluctuated and increased with increasing stress until significant destabilisation occurred. Additionally, increased burial stress in the half-excavation decreased the proportion of tension cracks and shear cracks. Conversely, in semi-excavation, the proportion of tensile cracks decreased, while that of shear cracks increased. However, the opposite was observed in full excavation. In terms of fractal dimension, semi-excavation fragmentation due to stress concentration followed a power distribution, while the mass fragmentation in full excavation followed a random distribution due to uniform stress release. Furthermore, the specimen strength was positively correlated with fragmentation degree, and primary defects also influenced this degree. This study provides a crucial foundation for predicting and preventing rock explosions in deep underground engineering.
Finite-Approximate Controllability for Fractional Composite Relaxation Equations with Different Nonlocal Conditions
Authors: Liang Yixing , Fan Zhenbin , Li Gang
Published: February 2025

In this paper, the finite-approximate controllability for a class of fractional composite relaxation equations with different nonlocal conditions is discussed. Firstly, under the condition that the nonlocal term is compact, the existence of mild solutions to the equations is obtained by employing resolvent theory, the variational method, and Schauder’s fixed-point theorem. Moreover, under the assumption that the corresponding linear equation is approximately controllable, the fractional composite relaxation equation with the nonlocal condition is derived to be finite-approximately controllable. Furthermore, the existence of mild solutions and the finite-approximate controllability to the equations are considered for the weaker nonlocal problem. Finally, the example of nonlocal problem is provided to verify the feasibility of the results in this paper.