bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studying affect through discourse theory
Authors: Eklundh Emmy , Ronderos Sebastián
Published: January 2025

This article presents a methodological argument for examining the affective dimensions of political identity
formation, with a pivotal focus on the role of practice. Grounded in a psychoanalytically inspired discourse
theory framework, it advocates for expanding research beyond textual sources to investigate the affective investment inherent in
political engagement and the process of collective identity formation. Through an examination of two empirical case studies — the
Just Stop Oil movement in the United Kingdom and the ascent of Javier Milei in Argentinean politics — the article proposes four
principles to study the articulation of political identities through practice: Signifiers are not just words; beyond counting
words; policy is central, and fantasy is a cipher. By underscoring fantasy as a critical dimension in identity formation and,
suggesting that, by transcending the conventional Schmittian friend/enemy divide, novel avenues for analysing collective
identities will surface.
Gora Euskadi Askatuteira
Authors: Correa Maite
Published: January 2025

En este artículo se exploran las experiencias, actitudes e identidades lingüístico-culturales de cuatro inmigrantes gallegos de segunda generación en Trintxerpe (Comunidad Autonómica Vasca o CAV) con relación al galego, español/castellano y euskera. Los participantes de este estudio de caso, nacidos durante los primeros años de la transición/democracia, han sido testigos de los esfuerzos del gobierno vasco por normalizar las prácticas lingüísticas y por contrarrestar los efectos perjudiciales de las políticas franquistas del siglo XX. A pesar de identificarse como vascos, reconocen una jerarquía de “vasquedad”, donde los vascos nativos ocupan la posición más alta, seguidos por los inmigrantes de segunda generación nacidos en la CAV. Los participantes no muestran un fuerte apego al galego, pero tampoco presentan actitudes negativas hacia él, lo cual parece estar relacionado con una interrupción en la transmisión intergeneracional del galego similar a la ocurrida en Comunidad Autónoma Gallega (CAG) durante la dictadura. Este estudio aporta información significativa sobre la compleja interacción entre lenguas, identidades y actitudes sociolingüísticas observadas en las entrevistas con los participantes.
Análisis contrastivo de los encuadres culturales en las noticias sobre la guerra entre Rusia y Ucrania en cinco
periódicos europeos
Authors: Jordán Enamorado Miguel Ánge , Ricart Vayá Alicia
Published: January 2025

El presente trabajo presenta un análisis contrastivo de los encuadres culturales subyacentes a las noticias sobre
la guerra entre Rusia y Ucrania publicadas en cinco periódicos europeos por medio de una metodología innovadora que incluye el uso
del software de análisis de corpus, la detección de los campos semánticos más frecuentes, un análisis
cuantitativo y contrastivo, una descripción y contextualización de los resultados y, por último, un proceso de interpretación
cultural con una perspectiva de encuadre. Nuestro trabajo demuestra que el análisis de los sustantivos más frecuentes y el
contraste de los campos semánticos dominantes permiten detectar las diferencias existentes en el planteamiento comunicativo de los
periódicos seleccionados. La interpretación de los resultados pone de manifiesto que, a pesar de tratarse de un suceso de
proyección internacional, cada medio encuadra la información teniendo en cuenta los intereses de los lectores de su país. Nuestra
propuesta metodológica resulta eficaz para realizar un primer acercamiento a los encuadres culturales y poder, de este modo,
llevar a cabo un análisis contrastivo de las noticias de diferentes periódicos. Sin embargo, para lograr resultados más
detallados, será necesario, en futuras investigaciones, completar este proceso con un análisis de unidades sintácticas
diversas.
Correlation analysis of estimated pulse wave velocity and severe abdominal aortic calcification: based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database
Authors: Zhao Guanghui , Guo Zhiyu , Zheng Peng
Published: January 2025

Objective. To investigate how severe abdominal aortic calcification (SAAC) and estimated pulse wave velocity (ePWV) relate to each other and to all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortalities. Approach. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013–2014 data were analyzed. ePWV, computed using age and mean blood pressure, served as an independent variable. Dependent variable SAAC (AAC score >6) was quantified using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and Kauppila grading. A weighted logistic regression model, interaction terms, and restricted cubic spline analysis examined relationship between ePWV and SAAC. Kaplan–Meier curves were drawn among SAAC people. A weighted Cox regression model was built to examine associations of ePWV with all-cause and CVD mortalities. Main results. 2849 individuals were included. A strong positive connection (odds ratio (OR) > 1, P < 0.05) was seen between ePWV and SAAC risk. Interaction term P-value indicated that only ethnicity (P < 0.05) had an impact on this link but smoking, alcohol use, age, sex, body mass index, or hypertension did not. SAAC patients showed greater ePWV, all-cause and CVD mortalities (P < 0.05) than non-SAAC subjects. Greater ePWV (>12.00 m s−1) was associated with higher risks of all-cause and CVD mortalities in SAAC participants (hazard ratio (HR) > 1, P < 0.05). Significance. This study, for the first time based on the NHANES database, reveals a positive correlation between ePWV and SAAC, and identifies ePWV as an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality risk in patients with SAAC, providing a new biomarker for the prevention and early intervention of cardiovascular diseases.
Thermoelectric infrared detectors: Design, fabrication, and performance assessment
Authors: Vashaee Daryoosh
Published: January 2025

This study presents a comprehensive optimization and comparative analysis of thermoelectric (TE) infrared (IR) detectors using Bi2Te3 and Si materials. Through theoretical modeling and numerical simulations, we explored the impact of TE material properties, device structure, and operating conditions on responsivity, detectivity, noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD), and noise equivalent power (NEP). Our study offers an optimally designed IR detector with responsivity and detectivity approaching 2 × 105 V/W and 6 × 109 cm∙Hz1/2/W, respectively. This enhancement is attributed to unique design features, including raised thermal collectors and long suspended thin thermoelectric wire sensing elements embedded in low thermal conductivity organic materials like parylene. Moreover, we demonstrate the compatibility of Bi2Te3-based detector fabrication processes with existing MEMS foundry processes, facilitating scalability and manufacturability. Importantly, for TE IR detectors, zT/κ emerges as a critical parameter contrary to conventional TE material selection based solely on zT (where zT is the thermoelectric figure of merit and κ is the thermal conductivity).
Recent advances and future prospects in tactile sensors for normal and shear force detection, decoupling, and applications
Authors: Huang Jinrong , Guo Yuchen , Jiang Yongchang , Wang Feiyu , Pan Lijia , Shi Yi
Published: January 2025

Human skin, through its complex mechanoreceptor system, possesses the exceptional ability to finely perceive and differentiate multimodal mechanical stimuli, forming the biological foundation for dexterous manipulation, environmental exploration, and tactile perception. Tactile sensors that emulate this sensory capability, particularly in the detection, decoupling, and application of normal and shear forces, have made significant strides in recent years. This review comprehensively examines the latest research advancements in tactile sensors for normal and shear force sensing, delving into the design and decoupling methods of multi-unit structures, multilayer encapsulation structures, and bionic structures. It analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of various sensing principles, including piezoresistive, capacitive, and self-powered mechanisms, and evaluates their application potential in health monitoring, robotics, wearable devices, smart prosthetics, and human-machine interaction. By systematically summarizing current research progress and technical challenges, this review aims to provide forward-looking insights into future research directions, driving the development of electronic skin technology to ultimately achieve tactile perception capabilities comparable to human skin.
Growth, characterization, and transport calculation of Ge/SiGe heterojunction: strategy for the growth of undoped Ge quantum wells
Authors: Zhang Yiwen , Deng Jun , Li Zonghu , Liu Xinyou , Li Haiou , Wang Baochuan , Luo Jun , Kong Zhenzhen , Cao Gang , Guo Guoping , Zhao Chao , Wang Guilei
Published: January 2025

Ge/SiGe heterostructure quantum wells play a pivotal role in the pursuit of scalable silicon-based qubits. The varying compressive strains within these quantum wells profoundly influence the physical characteristics of the qubits, yet this factor remains largely unexplored, driving our research endeavor. In this study, we utilized RP-CVD (Reduced Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition) to grow Ge quantum wells with varied compressive strain, proposing growth schemes for lightly-strained (ε
∥ = −0.43%) QW (quantum well), standard-strained (ε
∥ = −0.61%) QW, and heavily-strained (ε
∥ = −1.19%) QW. Through comprehensive material characterization, particularly employing the low-temperature magneto-transport measurements, we derived the percolation densities ranging from 4.7 × 1010 to 14.2 × 1010 cm−2 and mobilities from 3.382 × 105 to 7.301 × 105 cm2∙V−1∙s−1. Combined with the first-principles calculations, our analysis delves into the trends in effective mass and percolation density at low temperatures, shedding light on the impact of quantum effects on band structures and the interplay between structural components and wave functions. This research offers a comprehensive investigation into the intrinsic mechanisms governing complex multi-strained quantum wells, spanning growth, characterization, and computational perspectives, thereby establishing a strategy for the growth of high-quality strained quantum wells.
Instantons and the large

N

=
4

algebra
Authors: Witten Edward
Published: January 2025

We investigate the differential geometry of the moduli space of instantons on

S

3

×

S

1

. Extending previous results, we show that a sigma-model with this target space can be expected to possess a large

N

=
4

superconformal symmetry, supporting speculations that this sigma-model may be dual to Type IIB superstring theory on

AdS

3

×

S

3

×

S

3

×

S

1

. The sigma-model is parametrized by three integers—the rank of the gauge group, the instanton number, and a ‘level’ (the integer coefficient of a topologically nontrivial B-field, analogous to a WZW level). These integers are expected to correspond to two five-brane charges and a one-brane charge. The sigma-model is weakly coupled when the level, conjecturally corresponding to one of the five-brane changes, becomes very large, keeping the other parameters fixed. The central charges of the large

N

=
4

algebra agree, at least semiclassically, with expectations from the duality.
Entangled states boost atomic clocks
Authors: Wogan Tim
Published: January 2025

Two separate groups have used Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger states to perform measurements better than the standard quantum limit, as Tim Wogan reports.
Japan launches world’s first wooden satellite
Authors: Banks Michael
Published: January 2025

Researchers in Japan have launched the world’s first wooden satellite to test the feasibility of using timber in space.
Gravitational-wave prototype telescope complete
Authors: Banks Michael
Published: January 2025

NASA has released the first images of a full-scale prototype for the six telescopes that will be included in the €1.5bn Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) mission.
CERN and China
Authors: Durrani Matin
Published: January 2025

Two significant appointments mark a changing of the guard in particle physics.
Exam concerns
Authors: Sinclair Helen
Published: January 2025

A response to Rachael Houchin’s letter about the difficulties of AQA’s recent A-level papers and the reply from Charles Tracey at the Institute of Physics (IOP), which has been trying to remedy the situation (August 2024).
Sheep-dog trial
Authors: Radford Tom
Published: January 2025

In response to the feature by Philip Ball about the use of statistical physics to study the flocking of sheep (November 2024).
Planning the future of high-energy physics
Authors: Banks Michael
Published: January 2025

Tulika Bose, Philip Burrows and Tara Shears talk to Michael Banks about the discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012 and how the next big particle collider will deepen our understanding of its properties.
A ramble in the Scientific Revolution
Authors: Atkinson Victoria
Published: January 2025

Victoria Atkinson reviews Inside the Stargazer’s Palace by Violet Moller.
PLANCKS UK and Ireland quiz
Authors: Quinlan Anthony , Carr Sam
Published: January 2025

What colour would the Sun be in a 4D universe? How slow is a pendulum clock on top of a skyscraper? Do perfectly balanced objects ever fall over? If you enjoy head-scratching physics conundrums, we invite you to try this fiendish quiz.
Optimizing fuzzy power system stabilizers for microgrid frequency stability using improved water cycle algorithm
Authors: Ahmed Ilyas , Mahapatra Ashok Kumar , Ojha Srinibash , Perween Nafisa , Das Manas Ranjan
Published: January 2025

This research assignment has incorporated electric vehicles and robust Fuzzy Power System Stabilizer (Fuzzy-PSS) controller for improving stability behavior of an AC microgrid. Load dynamics, wind fluctuation , variations in solar intensity, etc, have a major impact on the performance of an islanded AC microgrid. The anticipated Fuzzy-PSS controller acts as the secondary load frequency control loop of the microgrid and mitigates the frequency oscillation problems in the microgrid. The suggested Fuzzy Power System stabilizer (Fuzzy-PSS) technique is the best bet for addressing system frequency stability in different disturbances. Under various circumstances, the Improved Water Cycle Algorithm (I-WCA) is recommended for tuning the controller gains through a suitable objective function. Regarding microgrid’s frequency regulation, the effectiveness of the ideal Fuzzy PSS controller is contrasted with that of the conventional fuzzy controller and PID controller. The suggested Fuzzy-PSS approach strongly outperforms the standard Fuzzy PID controller in regard to stability improvement of the EV injected AC microgrid. The suggested Fuzzy-PSS technique has the ability to settle ∆F
2 (area 2 microgrid frequency) by 150.56% and 216.72%, respectively, as compared to the standard Fuzzy PID and PID approaches. To demonstrate the superiority of the suggested I-WCA over standard PSO approach, its dynamic performance is examined from an optimization point of view.
HP-MobileNetV3: a lightweight neural network for non-intrusive load monitoring
Authors: Li Shukang , Zhao Sheng , Gao Ping , Ge Shiwei , Huang Ruize , Shu Liang
Published: January 2025

Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) constitutes an extremely promising technology within the realm of intelligent energy management. Its application possesses the potential to accelerate the construction of smart cities and power ecology, encourage consumers to adjust their electricity consumption behavior, and reduce carbon emissions. Despite the fact that recent deep learning neural network models have demonstrated excellent performance in NILM tasks, these models often require a large amount of computation and sufficient hardware memory to handle the electricity parameters from user edge devices as well as ensure the security of communication data. This makes it difficult to use them on edge devices with limited hardware resources. To overcome these limitations, this study proposes a network architecture named HP-MobileNetV3, which significantly reduces the model size and computational requirements through hierarchical pointwise convolution and network structure pruning, enabling its deployment on edge devices. Experimental results, conducted on the publicly available PLAID dataset, demonstrate that HP-MobileNetV3 achieves a reduction of 96.74% in the number of parameters, 83.51% in computational load, and 35.18% in inference time, while maintaining performance, thus facilitating the practical application of NILM technology.
Holonomy of H-type foliations
Authors: Baudoin Fabrice , Vega-Molino Sylvie
Published: January 2025

On an H-type manifold we describe the collection of endomorphisms of

H

p

\mathcal {H}_p

induced by Bott-parallel transport around loops at a point

p
p

. This is a generalization of the idea of Riemannian holonomy from Riemannian geometry that respects the intrinsic structure of the horizontal bundle; the study of this horizontal holonomy is then related to the structure of the local submersions and the Riemannian holonomy of the base space.
Embedding the Grushin cylinder in 𝐑³ and Schroedinger evolution
Authors: Beschastnyi Ivan , Boscain Ugo , Cannarsa Daniele , Pozzoli Eugenio
Published: January 2025

We consider the evolution of a free quantum particle on the Grushin cylinder, under different type of quantizations. In particular we are interested to understand if the particle can cross the singular set, i.e., the set where the structure is not Riemannian. We consider intrinsic and extrinsic quantizations, where the latter are obtained by embedding the Grushin structure isometrically in

R

3

\mathbf {R}^3

(with singularities). As a byproduct we provide formulas to embed the Grushin cylinder in

R
3

\mathbf {R^3}

that could be useful for other purposes. Such formulas are not global, but permit to study the embedding arbitrarily close to the singular set. We extend these results to the case of

α
\alpha

-Grushin cylinders.
Convergence to equilibrium for hypoelliptic non-symmetric Ornstein-Uhlenbeck-type operators
Authors: Baudoin Fabrice , Bonnefont Michel , Chen Li
Published: January 2025

We study a generalized curvature-dimension inequality which is suitable for sub-Riemannian Ornstein-Uhlenbeck-type operators and deduce convergence to equilibrium in the

L
2

L^2

and entropic sense. The main difficulty is that the operators we consider may not be symmetric. In particular, our results apply to Ornstein-Uhlenbeck operators on step-two Carnot groups.
Consciousness
Authors: Klein Alexander Mugar
Published: January 2025

William James offered complimentary accounts of consciousness’s physiological and evolutionary functions. Drawing on some vivisection results from his day, James argued that consciousness functions as a behavior regulator in a creature’s physiological economy. It accomplishes this function by affording a capacity to valuate what is in (or might be in) the creature’s environment, giving an ability to attend to what is important, and to ignore much else. To be conscious is normally to valuate one’s actual or potential circumstances, in short; and James hypothesized that this valuating capacity was selected (in the Darwinian sense) precisely because it “regulated” the behavior of creatures with highly-articulated brains. This chapter places James’s view against the backdrop of the automatism controversy raging in Victorian Britain. It then reconstructs the abductive argument he offered for his view, paying special attention to results from experimental physiology on which his argument relies. The chapter concludes by showing how James’s argument sidesteps the measurement problem, which is the problem of finding reasonable criteria for determining whether some other creature is or is not conscious.
Against Epiphenomenalism
Authors: Klein Alexander Mugar
Published: January 2025

This chapter offers a new reading and assessment of William James’s argument against all forms of automatism, including epiphenomenalism. James developed an evolutionary objection to such views that is still discussed today. But recent responses do not grasp its full depth. He argued that our life-essential, phenomenal pleasures and pains have three features that suggest that they were likely shaped by selection: they are natively-patterned, those patterns are systematically linked with antecedent brain states, and the patterns are “universal” among humans. If epiphenomenalism were true, phenomenal patterns could not have been selected (because epiphenomenalism precludes phenomenal consciousness affecting reproductive success). So epiphenomenalism is likely to be false. This chapter also draws out some unexpected consequences of James’s argument for today’s philosophy of cognitive science. Accepting James’s objection to epiphenomenalism should push us to reject the distinction between access- and phenomenal-consciousness, and to reject versions of the “hard” problem that are articulated in terms of this distinction.
Women Cartesians, “Feminine Philosophy,” and Historical Exclusion
Authors: O'Neill Eileen
Published: January 2025

Numerous women writers were associated with Cartesianism in the seventeenth century. The chapter provides a survey of their responses to Descartes’s philosophy, focusing on Erica Harth’s “beau trio”: Catherine Descartes, Anna de la Vigne, and Marie Dupré. In Cartesian Women: Versions and Subversions of Rational Discourse in the Old Regime, Harth argues that these three were notable for their critical stance toward Descartes’s philosophy, challenging in particular “his dualism, mechanism, and objectivity.” The chapter challenges this reading. First, Harth overestimates the importance of dualism in feminist works of the period. In addition, the specific texts she cites do not evince a concern with a particularly Cartesian form of dualism. Indeed, they provide little evidence of engagement either with Descartes’s dualism or his mechanism.
Women Philosophers and the History of Philosophy
Authors: O'Neill Eileen
Published: January 2025

A Geistesgeschichte is a historical narrative that centers on a set of philosophers and philosophical themes. A feminist Geistesgeschichte is one that assigns women and feminist themes a central role in the narrative. While Michèle Le Dœuff can be said to be responsible for helping to create such a feminist Geistesgeschichte, she herself rejects the title of “philosopher,” denying that women have anything to gain by positioning themselves within the philosophical tradition. Women, she argues, have historically been consigned to the “Heloise position”—disciples to a corresponding “Abelard.” This chapter shows that, despite centuries of misogynistic philosophy, women have made significant contributions, quite often in the absence of a supervisory Abelard. It concludes that philosophy is, in fact, as much the domain of women as of men. By aligning themselves with the discipline of philosophy, contemporary feminist philosophers are placing themselves in a tradition to which they are the rightful heirs.
Mind–Body Interaction and Metaphysical Consistency
Authors: O'Neill Eileen
Published: January 2025

As Simon Foucher first pointed out in 1675, the causal likeness principle—that “there must be essential likeness between a cause and its effect”—is incompatible with two other central tenets of Cartesian metaphysics: that mind and body causally interact, and that mind and body are essentially different substances. Did Descartes in fact hold the likeness principle? The principle is held to follow from the containment principle, which Descartes clearly endorsed: “Whatever reality or perfection exists formally in a thing or objectively in an idea must be contained formally or else eminently in its total, efficient cause.” In fact, as the chapter argues, a careful reading of the relevant texts shows containment to be inconsistent with the causal likeness principle.
Good as Usual
Authors: Williamson Timothy
Published: January 2025

The book argues that contemporary discussion on the nature of norms and values goes wrong by treating them as exceptional and mysterious, since they do not fit popular philosophical assumptions about metaphysics, epistemology, and the philosophy of language. Once we throw out those preconceived and outdated ideas, we can understand moral and evaluative features of reality as similar to its other features, and capable of being known and described in similar ways. The result is a new and anti-reductionist form of moral and evaluative realism and cognitivism. The book applies the same approach to practical reasoning about what to do, criticizing the subjectivist assumptions of standard decision theory, showing how the desires as well as the beliefs on which we act can amount to knowledge, and how connections between the justification of belief and the justification of action can benefit epistemology. Light is cast on the nature of rationality by a sharp distinction between rational beliefs and rational believers. Subtle logical fallacies about permissibility, obligation, and reasons are shown to have confused our normative thinking. The book brings together and expands all the author’s work on normativity and value; it can be understood as the application to practical philosophy of the approach to theoretical philosophy developed in his earlier books.
Responsibility and the Demands of Morality
Authors: White Stephen J
Published: January 2025

Stephen J. White was developing a comprehensive view of responsibility and its limits when his life was tragically cut short. This volume contains his collected papers. White’s view of responsibility spans across ethics, action theory, and interpersonal epistemology. Its core idea is that to be responsible for doing or believing something is to be answerable for why one has done it or why one believes it. And to be responsible for a state of affairs is to be answerable for why things are that way, rather than some other way. White deploys this conception of responsibility to illuminate the notions of autonomy, coercion, shared reasoning, self-prediction, doxastic wronging, and peer disagreement. He also discusses the nature of practical reasoning: he argues against a production-oriented conception of practical reasoning, he delineates the scope of transmission principles in means-ends reasoning, and he identifies a limited role for self-prediction that is subject to an anti-opportunism constraint. The papers form the outline of a deep ethical outlook that takes seriously our personal and collective responsibilities and yet leaves room for personal autonomy both in thought and in action.
Responsibility and the Demands of Morality
Authors: White Stephen J
Published: January 2025

Is it a good objection to a moral theory that it demands a great deal of individual agents? White argues that if we interpret the question to be about the potential welfare costs associated with our moral obligations, the answer must be “no.” However, the demands a moral theory makes can also be measured in terms of what it requires us to take responsibility for. He argues that this is distinct from what we may be required to do or give up, and that it provides a conception of demandingness that makes better sense of our intuitive reactions.
The Centrality of One’s Own Life
Authors: White Stephen J
Published: January 2025

We are all, to some degree or other, self-centered; we tend to concentrate on our own needs and interests to the relative exclusion of most other people’s. This chapter explores the prospects for justifying such partiality on grounds of individual autonomy. Two versions of this approach are considered. The first develops the idea that, to be autonomous, an agent must have available a significant range of morally permissible options. This approach is rejected in favor of a second, according to which a strong duty of impartial beneficence would objectionably render an agent subject to the wills of other agents. That is, insofar as a person is entitled to a special authoritative status in relation to what she does, that person will bear the primary responsibility for how well her life goes. The chapter concludes by considering the implications for our understanding of morally required beneficence.
Self-Prediction in Practical Reasoning
Authors: White Stephen J
Published: January 2025

Are predictions about how one will freely and intentionally behave in the future ever relevant to how one ought to behave? There is good reason to think they are. As imperfect agents, we have responsibilities of self-management, which seem to require that we take account of the predictable ways we’re liable to go wrong. White defends this conclusion against certain objections to the effect that incorporating into one’s practical reasoning predictions concerning one’s voluntary conduct amounts to evading one’s responsibility for that conduct. There is, however, some truth to this sort of objection. To understand the legitimate role of self-prediction in practical reasoning, we need to distinguish instances of coping responsibly with an anticipated failure to behave as one ought, on the one hand, from mere acquiescence in one’s flaws, on the other. He argues that, to draw this distinction, we must recognize certain limits on the use of self-prediction as a ground of choice.
Unproductive Reasons
Authors: White Stephen J
Published: January 2025

White’s focus in this paper is on the production view (which he first discusses in “Action and Production”) understood as a formal conception of practical reason. He considers whether, understood in this way, the conception can be viewed as ethically neutral—that is, whether all important ethical questions can be framed as questions about which, of the possible states of affairs one could bring about in a given situation, one has most reason to want, and about what risks one should be willing to take in the hopes of bringing about those states of affairs. White argues that the production view is not ethically neutral in this sense, and indeed that the conception has deeply problematic substantive implications.
Against Voluntarism about Doxastic Responsibility
Authors: White Stephen J
Published: January 2025

According to the view Rik Peels defends in Responsible Belief (2017), one is responsible for believing something only if that belief was the result of choices one made voluntarily, and for which one may be held responsible. Here, White argues against this voluntarist account of doxastic responsibility and in favor of the rationalist position that a person is responsible for her beliefs insofar as they are under the influence of her reason. In particular, White argues that the latter yields a more plausible account of the conditions under which ignorance may serve as an excuse for wrongdoing.
Disagreement and Alienation
Authors: White Stephen J
Published: January 2025

This paper proposes to reorient the philosophical debate about peer disagreement. The problem of peer disagreement is normally seen as a problem about the extent to which disagreement provides one with evidence against one’s own conclusions. It is thus regarded as a problem for individual inquiry. But things look different in more collaborative contexts. Ethical norms relevant to those contexts make a difference to the epistemology. In particular, we argue that a norm of mutual answerability applies to us when we engage in shared inquiry with others, and precludes us from treating one another’s conflicting judgments as evidence relevant to the dispute. From this it follows that standard philosophical accounts of peer disagreement—e.g. the Equal Weight View and the Total Evidence View—presuppose that the disagreeing parties are in a sense alienated from one another. It’s doubtful that such forms of alienated disagreement should be treated as the central case.
Saving Europe
Authors: Proctor Tammy M
Published: January 2025

Saving Europe: First World War Relief and American Identity offers a transnational and intersectional history of American intervention in Europe between 1914 and 1924, a period when the United States simultaneously tightened its borders and expanded its reach. Through food relief, reconstruction programs, and postwar development schemes, a cross-section of U.S. society funded and delivered aid to its allies and enemies abroad. Two dozen European countries received U.S. help in this period, including Belgium, France, Germany, Austria, and Poland; these programs in turn fostered a new sense of global importance for their nation in the minds of many Americans. I argue that in the crucial decade following the outbreak of World War I, Americans saw themselves in a novel role abroad as protectors of European cultural heritage and as rescuers of vulnerable populations. At the same time, the U.S. government began to impose restrictions on immigration and citizenship at home. This experience had important long-term implications for later U.S. policies and for United Nations humanitarian aid programs such as UNICEF and UNRRA.
Introduction
Authors: Proctor Tammy M
Published: January 2025

Saving Europe offers a transnational and intersectional history of American intervention in Europe between 1914 and 1924, a period when the United States simultaneously tightened its borders and expanded its reach. While highlighting how interaction with Europeans shaped American identity, both at home and abroad, the volume also explains how the United States came to define an ideal of “Europe” itself in the years that followed. The author argues that in the crucial decade following the outbreak of World War I, Americans saw themselves in a novel role abroad as protectors of European cultural heritage and as rescuers of vulnerable populations.
France
Authors: Proctor Tammy M
Published: January 2025

World War I solidified a belief that the United States’ political and social experiment was unique, thereby providing universal ideals for the rest of the world to emulate. In France during and after the war, educated women brought their experience in Progressive-era programs in U.S. cities to the field of war relief. These women developed a testing ground for American experts in education, social welfare, nutrition, public health, and home economics among devastated communities. Their ability to marshal dollars and resources reinforced their sense of the supremacy of American leadership in global humanitarianism. Also, rebuilding afforded Americans an opportunity to broadcast what they perceived to be democratic values through reconstruction and improvement, amplifying the message of food and material aid while reinforcing for Americans their abiding role as saviors of Europe.
Poland
Authors: Proctor Tammy M
Published: January 2025

The American Relief Administration, along with the Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, Quakers, and Polish-Americans, sent funding and personnel to alleviate hunger, disease, and displacement in postwar Poland. Particularly important were immigrant relief workers who provided an anchor for understanding efforts to enlist minority groups in American relief projects in Europe. Through their labors abroad, religious minorities and recent immigrants attempted to “prove” their Americanness in a highly charged political environment regarding immigration in the United States in the early 1920s. Paradoxically, their limited success in this endeavor also helped solidify the exclusion of other groups in overseas aid, mirroring new legal restrictions on immigration from Asia and echoing political restrictions on African Americans in the postwar period.
Legacies
Authors: Proctor Tammy M
Published: January 2025

By 1924 rescuing a grateful Europe had become central to an American global mission and self-identity, and by the 1940s, it had become a key piece of U.S. foreign policy as the threat from the Soviet Union led to an aggressive anti-Communist stance. Yet it was not only the high-level diplomacy of postwar and Cold War interactions that determined American food aid and relief, it was also the outpouring of support from ordinary people in the United States when called upon to relieve and save Europeans. Just as in World War I, farmers, university students, religious groups, and social clubs organized funds and packages to relieve suffering in the devastated regions of Europe, this time with more permanent aid organizations at the helm. Americans answered the call, assuming that the mantle of protection was a responsibility of their power in the world.
Introduction
Authors: Hurl-Eamon Jennine
Published: January 2025

Eighteenth-century children’s voices are usually distant echoes, but this book uses art, military records, and autobiography to examine how children experienced war, and how adult attitudes to childhood affected this turbulent period in Britain’s history. “Children” are understood broadly, generally meaning anyone from infancy to (roughly) 18 years of age. The emphasis here is on youngsters’ “perspective” and “experience,” and—to a lesser degree—their “agency.” Though it answers Sarah Maza’s call to write history “through” children, this book agrees with her critics that there is equal value in looking at children’s lived history as well. Childhood and War in Eighteenth-Century Britain thus examines both how war affected youngsters and how concepts of childhood affected war. It is focused on the years stretching from mid-century to the aftermath of the battle of Waterloo. There is an ambiguity to contemporaries’ attitudes to children and war in this period. On the one hand, Enlightenment appreciation of childhood sought to protect youngsters from war’s horrors. On the other, military goals all too frequently trumped concerns for children’s safety and stability.
Objects of War
Authors: Hurl-Eamon Jennine
Published: January 2025

Children could be used as objects in a variety of ways. Rankers’ children were tools for the Army to ensure their father’s compliance (by promising to care for offspring or threatening to withhold it). They were also future recruits, but only if they were male. This justified offering more spaces for boys in orphanages. Apart from Eurasian daughters of British soldiers in India who could be raised to be rankers’ wives, girls had little value to the Army. Along with infants and toddlers, girls were objects of encumbrance on campaign; they were not wanted. The prospect of juvenile suffering was a useful pretext to separate men from their families, yet wives and children were also denied army support outside the regiment. Soldiers’ offspring did, however, make compelling objects of need, attracting private and parish charity. In the art and literature of the time, relief for servicemen’s children was presented as a way for civilians to help the war effort or, conversely, to condemn the war and its recruiting practices. Images by Thomas Rowlandson and other artists used juvenile iconography to alternately condemn women’s presence on the march and humanize servicemen by presenting them as loving fathers.
Amidst War’s Alarms
Authors: Hurl-Eamon Jennine
Published: January 2025

Army children had a diverse range of experiences. Even those given official permission to follow the drum could be jettisoned on retreats or when soldier fathers died. Young camp followers were not always miserable, however; there are accounts of children finding comfort and pleasure at play in camps and garrisons. Large ships and tropical animals delighted young eyes. In fact, they were even more likely than their parents to experience alienation when the regiment returned to England from abroad. The Army might become a surrogate family, with officers and men alike helping to care for youngsters. This was less true of the enslaved children purchased to help officers’ wives, or the Eurasian offspring fathered by soldiers in colonial garrisons. Even the most cherished sons and daughters of the Army could be turned out of baggage carts when military goals clashed with juvenile interests. Contemporaries’ obsession with the serviceman’s orphan has obscured mothers’ significance in Army children’s lives. They were with their mothers more than their fathers, so her loss held far more terror than that of their father. Children in the midst of war also faced the threat of their own death, injury, imprisonment, and dislocation, yet the Army denied them the right to medical attention and took minimal responsibility for their safety, blaming their mothers for their unwanted presence in combat. The challenges faced by Army children persist today, indicating that the mobility and danger of military life can never be fully reconciled to juveniles’ need for stability and safety.
Small Ambassadors
Authors: Hurl-Eamon Jennine
Published: January 2025

In foreign campaigns and domestic service, British officers and soldiers relied on local children in several significant ways. They provided a cultural bridge. Though civilian children could become weapons in quartering disputes, they could also help their parents, neighbours, and relatives accept the army’s presence in their community. Servicemen associated foreign children with those of their acquaintance back home, finding more common ground with local adults through shared parenting practices and affection for youngsters. Children’s linguistic adaptability also made them ideal servants. Their unthreatening appearance and tendency to roam about the countryside allowed them to serve the military in other roles as well: as messengers, guides, and informers on deserters. Within the regiment, rank-and-file and junior-officer fathers might receive preferment through their offspring, if the latter’s appearance and behaviour endeared them to a senior officer. Equally, rankers with a knack for quieting officers’ babies and entertaining their older children were in high demand. Their skill at child-minding might make them more valuable to their commanding officer than their skill at arms. Youngsters were conduits for hostility as well, such as when junior officers beat a superior’s boy servant. Despite the risks, young people were often rewarded as servants, guides, and hawkers to British troops. They did not always serve army interests, however; children might identify more with its enemies or have goals that conflicted with those of the campaign.
War’s Infantilizing Effect
Authors: Hurl-Eamon Jennine
Published: January 2025

The novelty of enlistment and foreign postings evoked feelings of juvenility among enlisted men, but it went well beyond new recruits. Contemporary understandings of “infantry” emphasized the “infant” roots of the term, defining all of the rank-and-file as childlike. The army required men to surrender themselves entirely to officers’ control. The latter treated the men under their command as helpless children, without the capacity to manage their own money or even properly feed and clothe themselves. This was especially true of soldiers with children of their own, since the army refused to pay them enough to support their offspring. It promoted itself as a refuge for men wanting to avoid adult responsibilities, but in actuality, it simply hampered any who wished to become responsible husbands and fathers. Hardened veterans returning to civilian life were also infantilized when their war wounds left them physically weakened and reliant on charity for survival. Rank-and-file autobiographies contain traces of their resistance to infantilization, especially in their accounts of pet-keeping and pranks. Instead of highlighting their juvenility, ranker memoirists framed soldiers’ ventriloquist hijinks as subversive wit, and their expertise with animals as evidence of their sensibility. This kind of resistance to infantilization had limited effect. Most rankers opposed being treated like children in ways that cannot be easily captured by the documentary record. Officers gloried in the idea of the childlike soldier because it emphasized their own benevolence and reinforced their superiority.
Thematic Genitives in Early Greek Hexameter Poetry
Authors: McConnell Tom
Published: January 2025

This chapter is devoted to thematic genitives. Firstly, Janko’s approach to quantifying these is discussed and ultimately rejected. It is argued that formulae and metre play a significant role in the distribution of the genitives. Moreover, the existence of the intermediary form *-oo, held by some to come between -οιο and -ου, is challenged (and discussed further in an appendix), and it is argued that the most meaningful way to count the ending is a simple alternation between -οιο and -ου. Different interpretations (chronology, dialect, and style) are discussed as possible explanatory factors.
Summary of the Key Findings of Part 1
Authors: McConnell Tom
Published: January 2025

This brief chapter summarizes the key conclusions and discussion points from the preceding chapters on specific linguistic features. It serves as a bridge to the next two chapters, where these findings will be contextualized within a broader framework. The upcoming chapters aim to expand on these insights, using them to construct more substantial arguments and to explore their wider implications. By condensing the most critical points here, this summary provides a foundation for understanding how the detailed analysis of linguistic features contributes to the larger, overarching themes addressed in the following sections.
Churchyard Poetics
Authors: Metcalf James
Published: January 2025

The familiar literary-critical category of ‘graveyard poetry’ has made the eighteenth-century churchyard a commonplace in the period’s cultural imaginary: a location in which melancholy, religious poets get lost in imaginative reveries or didactic visions of the afterlife. By contrast, Churchyard Poetics: Landscape, Labour, and the Legacy of Genre shows how the churchyard takes on a new shape and a fresh importance for a counter-tradition of women and labouring-class poets, for whom this landscape is a resting place with no closure. In work by Mary Leapor, Ann Yearsley, Charlotte Smith, and John Clare—but also for Robert Blair, Thomas Gray, and William Wordsworth—the churchyard emerges as a contested space of social life through a shared focus on the body as the instrument of labour. The book focuses on how these poets use genres such as georgic, pastoral, topographical poetry, and elegy to locate the churchyard in a broader terrain of laborious life, disarranged in the press towards industrial capitalism. Managing the material of their violently reordered world through genre and other aesthetic strategies, these poets articulate the pressures on working bodies and the associated structures of feeling attendant on the experience of history at its sharpest edge. The poems examined in Churchyard Poetics thus strain against without resolving the ideal the churchyard is made to express: that collective life is reassuringly organized around places of burial and remembrance. Declining continuity or consolation, the poets at the centre of this book refigure the churchyard as a traumatized landscape and unearth from its wounded ground an affective archive of social injury—of bodies compelled into service by new regimes of labour and dispatched to the churchyard when their usefulness runs out.