bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epigenetics of the vascular endothelium
Authors: Yan Matthew Shu-Ching , Matouk Charles C. , Marsden Philip A.
Published: April 2010

Classical models of transcription in vascular endothelial cells, specifically the cis/trans paradigm, have limitations. For instance, how does the environment have chronic effects on gene expression in endothelial cells after weeks or years? When an endothelial cell divides, how is this information transmitted to daughter cells? Epigenetics refers to chromatin-based pathways important in the regulation of gene expression and includes three distinct, but highly interrelated, mechanisms: DNA methylation, histone density and posttranslational modifications, and RNA-based mechanisms. Together they offer a newer perspective on transcriptional control paradigms in vascular endothelial cells and provide a molecular basis for understanding how the environment impacts the genome to modify disease susceptibility. This alternative viewpoint for transcriptional regulation allows a reassessment of the cis/trans model and even helps explain some of its limitations. This review provides an introduction to epigenetic concepts for vascular biologists and uses topical examples in cell biology to provide insight into how cell types or even whole organisms, such as monozygotic human twins with the same DNA sequence, can exhibit heterogeneous patterns of gene expression, phenotype, or diseases prevalence. Using endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3) as an example, we examine the growing body of evidence implicating epigenetic pathways in the control of vascular endothelial gene expression in health and disease.
HDAC5 and HDAC9 in Medulloblastoma: Novel Markers for Risk Stratification and Role in Tumor Cell Growth
Authors: Milde Till , Oehme Ina , Korshunov Andrey , Kopp-Schneider Annette , Remke Marc , Northcott Paul , Deubzer Hedwig E. , Lodrini Marco , Taylor Michael D. , von Deimling Andreas , Pfister Stefan , Witt Olaf
Published: April 2010

Purpose: Medulloblastomas are the most common malignant brain tumors in childhood. Survivors suffer from high morbidity because of therapy-related side effects. Thus, therapies targeting tumors in a specific manner with small molecules such as histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are urgently warranted. This study investigated the expression levels of individual human HDAC family members in primary medulloblastoma samples, their potential as risk stratification markers, and their roles in tumor cell growth.

Experimental Design: Gene expression arrays were used to screen for HDAC1 through HDAC11. Using quantitative real time reverse transcriptase-PCR and immunohistochemistry, we studied the expression of HDAC5 and HDAC9 in primary medulloblastoma samples. In addition, we conducted functional studies using siRNA-mediated knockdown of HDAC5 and HDAC9 in medulloblastoma cells.

Results: HDAC5 and HDAC9 showed the highest expression in prognostically poor subgroups. This finding was validated in an independent set of medulloblastoma samples. High HDAC5 and HDAC9 expression was significantly associated with poor overall survival, with high HDAC5 and HDAC9 expression posing an independent risk factor. Immunohistochemistry revealed a strong expression of HDAC5 and HDAC9 proteins in most of all primary medulloblastomas investigated. siRNA-mediated knockdown of HDAC5 or HDAC9 in medulloblastoma cells resulted in decreased cell growth and cell viability.

Conclusion: HDAC5 and HDAC9 are significantly upregulated in high-risk medulloblastoma in comparison with low-risk medulloblastoma, and their expression is associated with poor survival. Thus, HDAC5 and HDAC9 may be valuable markers for risk stratification. Because our functional studies point toward a role in medulloblastoma cell growth, HDAC5 and HDAC9 may potentially be novel drug targets. Clin Cancer Res; 16(12); 3240–52. ©2010 AACR.
6-Mercaptopurine Inhibits Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E*3-Leiden Transgenic Mice Through Atheroprotective Actions on Monocytes and Macrophages
Authors: Pols Thijs W.H. , Bonta Peter I. , Pires Nuno M.M. , Otermin Iker , Vos Mariska , de Vries Margreet R. , van Eijk Marco , Roelofsen Jeroen , Havekes Louis M. , Quax Paul H.A. , van Kuilenburg André B.P. , de Waard Vivian , Pannekoek Hans , de Vries Carlie J.M.
Published: April 2010

Objective—

6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP), the active metabolite of the immunosuppressive prodrug azathioprine, is commonly used in autoimmune diseases and transplant recipients, who are at high risk for cardiovascular disease. Here, we aimed to gain knowledge on the action of 6-MP in atherosclerosis, with a focus on monocytes and macrophages.

Methods and Results—

We demonstrate that 6-MP induces apoptosis of THP-1 monocytes, involving decreased expression of the intrinsic antiapoptotic factors B-cell CLL/Lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl2-like 1 (Bcl-x
L
). In addition, we show that 6-MP decreases expression of the monocyte adhesion molecules platelet endothelial adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) and very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) and inhibits monocyte adhesion. Screening of a panel of cytokines relevant to atherosclerosis revealed that 6-MP robustly inhibits monocyte chemoattractant chemokine-1 (MCP-1) expression in macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Finally, local delivery of 6-MP to the vessel wall, using a drug-eluting cuff, attenuates atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic apolipoprotein E*3-Leiden transgenic mice (
P
<0.05). In line with our in vitro data, this inhibition of atherosclerosis by 6-MP was accompanied with decreased lesion monocyte chemoattractant chemokine-1 levels, enhanced vascular apoptosis, and reduced macrophage content.

Conclusion—

We report novel, previously unrecognized atheroprotective actions of 6-MP in cultured monocytes/macrophages and in a mouse model of atherosclerosis, providing further insight into the effect of the immunosuppressive drug azathioprine in atherosclerosis.
Silencing Nox4 in the Paraventricular Nucleus Improves Myocardial Infarction–Induced Cardiac Dysfunction by Attenuating Sympathoexcitation and Periinfarct Apoptosis
Authors: Infanger David W. , Cao Xian , Butler Scott D. , Burmeister Melissa A. , Zhou Yi , Stupinski John A. , Sharma Ram V. , Davisson Robin L.
Published: April 2010

Rationale
:

Myocardial infarction (MI)-induced heart failure is characterized by central nervous system–driven sympathoexcitation and deteriorating cardiac function. The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus is a key regulator of sympathetic nerve activity and is implicated in heart failure. Redox signaling in the PVN and other central nervous system sites is a primary mechanism of neuro-cardiovascular regulation, and excessive oxidant production by activation of NADPH oxidases (Noxs) is implicated in some neuro-cardiovascular diseases.

Objective
:

We tested the hypothesis that Nox-mediated redox signaling in the PVN contributes to MI-induced sympathoexcitation and cardiac dysfunction in mice.

Methods and Results
:

Real-time PCR revealed that Nox4 was the most abundantly expressed Nox in PVN under basal conditions. Coronary arterial ligation (MI) caused a selective upregulation of this homolog compared to Nox1 and Nox2. Adenoviral gene transfer of Nox4 (AdsiNox4) to PVN (bilateral) attenuated MI-induced superoxide formation in this brain region (day 14) to the same level as that produced by PVN-targeted gene transfer of cytoplasmic superoxide dismutase (AdCu/ZnSOD). MI mice treated with AdsiNox4 or AdCu/ZnSOD in the PVN showed marked improvement in cardiac function as assessed by echocardiography and left ventricular hemodynamic analysis. This was accompanied by significantly diminished sympathetic outflow and apoptosis in the periinfarct region of the heart.

Conclusions
:

These results suggest that MI causes dysregulation of Nox4-mediated redox signaling in the PVN, which leads to sympathetic overactivation and a decline in cardiac function. Targeted inhibition of oxidant signaling in the PVN could provide a novel treatment for MI-induced heart failure.
Atorvastatin Reduces Macrophage Accumulation in Atherosclerotic Plaques
Authors: Puato Massimo , Faggin Elisabetta , Rattazzi Marcello , Zambon Alberto , Cipollone Francesco , Grego Franco , Ganassin Lorenzo , Plebani Mario , Mezzetti Andrea , Pauletto Paolo
Published: April 2010

Background and Purpose—

The object of our study was to compare the effect of high-dose vs low-dose atorvastatin vs nonstatin-based treatment (cholestyramine plus sitosterol) on cell composition of carotid plaque.

Methods—

We recruited 60 hypercholesterolemic patients (total cholesterol, 5.83–7.64 mmol/L) eligible for carotid endarterectomy. Three months before surgery, patients were randomized into 3 groups (n=20) receiving atorvastatin 10 mg/day (AT-10) or atorvastatin 80 mg/day (AT-80) or cholestyramine 8 g/day plus sitosterol 2.5 g/day. Analysis of cell composition was performed on endarterectomy specimens.

Results—

The 3 treatments resulted in a significant reduction of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), although the decrease in total cholesterol and LDL-C was of smaller magnitude in the cholestyramine plus sitosterol group. The 3 regimens did not influence the levels of inflammatory markers (including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein). Macrophage content was significantly lower in the AT-10 group plaques compared to the cholestyramine plus sitosterol group. It was further reduced in the AT-80 group plaques. These differences were no longer significant after adjustment for changes in LDL-C. No difference in lymphocyte number was observed among treatments, whereas the content of smooth muscle cells was higher in the AT- 80 group. An inverse association was observed between LDL-C changes in the 3 groups and macrophage content in the plaques.

Conclusions—

Short-term treatment with high-dose statin is superior to a nonstatin lipid-lowering regimen in reducing the macrophage cell content within atherosclerotic lesions, but this effect was determined by the degree of LDL-C–lowering.
An Evaluation of Dvorak Technique–Based Tropical Cyclone Intensity Estimates
Authors: Knaff John A. , Brown Daniel P. , Courtney Joe , Gallina Gregory M. , Beven John L.
Published: April 2010

The satellite-based Dvorak technique (DVKT) is the most widely available and readily used tool for operationally estimating the maximum wind speeds associated with tropical cyclones. The DVKT itself produces internally consistent results, is reproducible, and has shown practical accuracy given the high cost of in situ or airborne observations. For these reasons, the DVKT has been used in a reasonably uniform manner globally for approximately 20 years. Despite the nearly universal use of this technique, relatively few systematic verifications of the DVKT have been conducted. This study, which makes use of 20 yr of subjectively determined DVKT-based intensity estimates and best-track intensity estimates influenced by aircraft observations (i.e., ±2 h) in the Atlantic basin, seeks to 1) identify the factors (intensity, intensity trends, radius of outer closed isobar, storm speed, and latitude) that bias the DVKT-based intensity estimates, 2) quantify those biases as well as the general error characteristics associated with this technique, and 3) provide guidance for better use of the operational DVKT intensity estimates. Results show that the biases associated with the DVKT-based intensity estimates are a function of intensity (i.e., maximum sustained wind speed), 12-h intensity trend, latitude, and translation speed and size measured by the radius of the outer closed isobar. Root-mean-square errors (RMSE), however, are shown to be primarily a function of intensity, with the best signal-to-noise (intensity to RMSE) ratio occurring in an intensity range of 90–125 kt (46–64 m s−1). The knowledge of how these factors affect intensity estimates, which is quantified in this paper, can be used to better calibrate Dvorak intensity estimates for tropical cyclone forecast operations, postseason best-track analysis, and climatological reanalysis efforts. As a demonstration of this capability, the bias corrections developed in the Atlantic basin are also tested using a limited east Pacific basin sample, showing that biases and errors can be significantly reduced.
Economic Performance Under Labour
Authors: Liadze Iana , Weale Martin
Published: April 2010

This article compares the performance of the UK economy since 1997 with that between 1979 and 1997 and with the performance of the other G7 economies in both periods. It concludes that Britain has done relatively well in terms of productivity growth, economic growth and national income per head but not very well in terms of labour market performance. Savings rates were too low to deliver sustainable economic growth over the period 1979–97 and there has been very little improvement since then. The performance of the economy during the recession and its immediate aftermath has been disappointing relative to the other G7 economies.
Looking for the Hannibal Behind the Cannibal: Current Status of Case Research
Authors: Sundt Gullhaugen Aina , Aage Nøttestad Jim
Published: April 2010

The character Hannibal “the Cannibal” Lecter, best known from the motion picture The Silence of the Lambs from 1991, has become a cultural icon and model for later portrayals of seriously disturbed offenders. He displays key characteristics of the Psychopathy Checklist—Revised, such as arrogance, manipulation, callousness, and lack of remorse. From a clinical point of view, one of the most fascinating aspects with Lecter is his display of a variety of capacities alternating between cold-blooded predatory behavior, affection toward FBI special agent Starling, and mourning of the loss of his sister Mischa. Many authors have described the ruthless characteristics of the psychopath. Through the lens of object relations theory, this review systematically examines case descriptions of severely psychopathic offenders published between 1980 and March 2009. In contrast to the prevalent opinion, case material ( n = 11) demonstrates that severely psychopathic offenders do suffer from psychological pain.
Validation of the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale for Adolescents in Hong Kong
Authors: Siu Angela F. Y.
Published: April 2010

This study examines the reliability and validity of a Chinese-translated version of the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale (SURPS) and explores the effect of gender and age on each of the subscales. The sensitivity of SURPS in differentiating substance users and nonusers using the SURPS is also investigated. Data were collected from a convenience sample that consisted of 250 students from secondary schools in Hong Kong. Results indicated that the reliability of the subscales for introversion/hopelessness, impulsivity, sensation seeking, and anxiety sensitivity was comparable with those in previous studies. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the four-factor model of the original theoretical model of SURPS. However, no significant difference was found between each subscale score and the self-reported substance use behavior. Possible explanations on such findings are discussed. Despite the fact that the sensitivity of the SURPS in differentiating substance users and nonusers among Hong Kong adolescents is not supported, this study has provided some initial scientific evidence for adopting screening measures from the Western world to identify Chinese adolescents who are at risk for substance use.
Assessment of Psychopathological Problems in the School Context: The Psychometric Properties of a Portuguese Version of the Adolescent Psychopathology Scale—Short Form
Authors: Lemos Ida Timóteo , Faísca Luís Madeira , Valadas Sandra Teodósio
Published: April 2010

The psychometric properties of a Portuguese version of the Adolescent Psychopathology Scale—Short Form (APS-SF) were studied in a sample of 656 Portuguese adolescents, aged 12 to 19 years, assessed in school context. Also, the aim of the study was to gather data concerning age- and gender-related differences in the expression of psychopathological problems assessed by the APS-SF. Results of the reliability of APS-SF scales are compared with those obtained by Reynolds in the validation studies with the American sample. Factor analysis reproduced the bidimensionality of the original validation studies of the scale. These findings seem to support the use of the APS-SF as a valuable tool for early identification of psychosocial problems in the school context in Portuguese adolescents. Results concerning age- and gender-related differences in the expression of psychopathological problems in the adolescents are discussed.
Introduction to the Special Issue: Assessing Resiliency in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Prince-Embury Sandra
Published: April 2010

This Introduction to the JPA special issue Assessing Resiliency in Children and Adolescents presents measurement issues encountered in the past as well as criteria for currently needed user friendly measures. These criteria include the following: (a) tools should be based on developmentally appropriate factors of resiliency that are well grounded in theory, (b) should be brief, user friendly and easy to administer, applicable for group and individual use, (c) should be theoretically and practically linked to intervention and (d) be psychometrically sound. Four tools for assessing strengths/resiliency are introduced and discussed in articles that follow in the Special Issue.
Profiles of Personal Resiliency for Normative and Clinical Samples of Youth Assessed by the Resiliency Scales for Children and AdolescentsTM
Authors: Prince-Embury Sandra , Steer Robert A.
Published: April 2010

Cluster analyses with the three global scores of the Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents™ (RSCA) were used to determine personal resiliency profiles within normative (641) and outpatient clinical (285) samples of youth aged 9 to 18 years. Normative and clinical profiles were compared with each other and the clinical profiles were then compared with profiles previously found for an inpatient psychiatric sample. Three profiles were identified for the normative sample indicating high resiliency (31%), average resiliency (44%), and low resource vulnerability (25%). The four profiles that were found in the predominately outpatient sample matched Kumar et al.’s profiles and represented average resiliency (23%), low resource vulnerability (26%), high vulnerability (31%), and very high vulnerability (20%). Comparison of the normative and outpatient clinical samples indicated differences in resiliency profiles as well as overlap. Implications for preventive screening and treatment of youth are discussed.
Super’s Work Values Inventory-Revised Scale Validation for African Americans
Authors: Hammond Marie S. , Betz Nancy E. , Multon Karen D. , Irvin Tawana
Published: April 2010

The psychometric properties of Super’s Work Values Inventory—Revised (SWVI-R) were examined in a sample of 213 African American college students. Results indicated that the 12-values scales were as reliable and as valid in a sample of African Americans as has been demonstrated within a predominantly White college student sample. Values of coefficient α were similar to those found in White and normative samples, with a median α of .82 herein and medians of .82 and .84 in the normative and White college student samples. A three-factor higher order structure of the SWVI-R was found herein; the three factors were named secure work environment, motivation, and style of engagement. African Americans reported higher mean values scores than did White students but their rank ordering of values was very similar—lifestyle, work environment, and supervision were most highly valued, and creativity was the least valued. Values scores were significantly and consistently correlated with ethnic identity achievement.
Modeling Acoustic/Structural Interaction of Synthetic Jet Actuators
Authors: Feng Lin  , Schoen Marco P. , Sekhri Rahul , Ramkumar Barathram
Published: April 2010

A new model is proposed to capture the interaction between the acoustic waves and the membrane vibration in synthetic jet actuators (SJA). Synthetic jet actuators are a class of actuators recently developed for active flow control. They usually contain a structure membrane as the vibrating resource, a cavity as the resonator, and an orifice for jet output. The vibrating membrane is used to create pressure fluctuations, which then propagate, bounce and resonate (under certain conditions) inside the walls of the cavity, and thus produce an oscillating jet through the orifice. The proposed modeling approach is to solve a 1-D acoustic equation with the vibrating membrane as one of the boundaries and the orifice for jet output as another. This approach results in a state-space model, which will not only help make synthetic jet actuators operate away from the structural resonance of the membrane (and thus extend the life of synthetic jet actuators), but also provide a convenient way of designing and optimizing multi-input, multi-output control systems required by many complex fluid flow systems. After validation with experiments, the model is used in an example of design optimization.
Modeling and Dynamics of a Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine
Authors: Kessentini S. , Choura S. , Najar F. , Franchek M.A.
Published: April 2010

In this paper, we develop a mathematical model of a horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) with flexible tower and blades. The model describes the flapping flexures of the tower and blades, and takes into account the nacelle pitch angle and structural damping. The eigenvalue problem is solved both analytically and numerically using the differential quadrature method (DQM). The closed-form and numerical solutions are compared, and the precision of the DQM-estimated solution with a low number of grid points is concluded. Next, we examine the effects of pitch angle and blade orientation on the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the wind turbine. We find that these parameters do not incur apparent alteration of the natural frequencies. Then, we examine the linear dynamics of the wind turbine subjected to persistent excitations applied to the tower. We investigate the effects of the pitch angle and blade orientation on the linear vibrations of the wind turbine. We demonstrate that the time response of the coupled system remain nearly unaffected. We show that small vibrations of the tower induce important blade deflections, and thus, the dynamic tower— blade coupling cannot be considered insignificant.
Gender Differences in Predictors of Assaultive Behavior in Late Adolescence
Authors: Suyeon Park  , Morash Merry , Andersen Tia S
Published: April 2010

This article addresses controversy over gender differences in risk and protective factors for late-adolescence assaults. A secondary analysis of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 cohort considered 2,552 youth aged 12 or 13 in the first survey wave. Comparison of girls and boys revealed, as expected, boys had higher levels of risk factors: early delinquency, gang involvement, and hopelessness. Girls were higher in the protective factors, parental monitoring, and school and religious ties; but boys were higher in parental support and work involvement. Negative binomial regression showed that gang exposure and hopelessness explained assaults, regardless of gender. For girls, early runaway behavior and work activity were positively, and parental monitoring was negatively, related to assaults. Unexpectedly, boys with high parental support were more assaultive than others. Prevention requires addressing negative contexts for all youth, but for girls, programs also must address conditions promoting their running away.
Correlates and Consequences of Peer Victimization: Gender Differences in Direct and Indirect Forms of Bullying
Authors: Carbone-Lopez Kristin , Esbensen Finn-Aage , Brick Bradley T.
Published: April 2010

Research on school-based violence and bullying suggests that males are more likely to be both perpetrators and victims of bullying. Because of this, until recently, the experiences of females have been somewhat overlooked. Evidence suggests, however, that definition and measurement issues may be at play; girls, for instance, are more likely than boys to experience indirect forms of bullying such as teasing. To what extent have the correlates and consequences of bullying victimization been misspecified due to an emphasis on direct forms of bullying, such as physical violence, which disproportionately affects boys? The authors use data from two waves of a longitudinal panel study of 1,222 youths in 15 schools across the United States to address this question by examining the correlates and consequences for both boys and girls of two forms of bullying. Findings suggest a number of important gender similarities and differences in indirect and direct bullying victimization.
Shame, Internalized Homophobia, Identity Formation, Attachment Style, and the Connection to Relationship Status in Gay Men
Authors: Brown Jac , Trevethan Robert
Published: April 2010

This study reports on a survey of 166 gay men in Sydney, Australia, that explores the links between internalized shame, internalized homophobia, and attachment style. These variables were linked to the age of coming out, family and peer acceptance of their sexuality, relationship status, and previous marriage. Findings suggest a strong relationship between shame, internalized homophobia, and anxious and avoidant attachment style. Shame was predicted by internalized homophobia and anxious and avoidant attachment style. A significant proportion of gay men reported that they were not easily accepted when they first came out. There was a significant relationship between coming out and internalized homophobia but not with shame and attachment style. Furthermore, men who had never come out to family and friends reported higher levels of internalized homophobia but not higher levels of shame and attachment style. Of particular significance was the connection between previous marriage and higher levels of shame and internalized homophobia. Finally, gay men who were not currently in a relationship reported higher levels of shame anxious and avoidant attachment style. These findings are related to therapeutic work with gay men who have previously been married and those who are concerned with their current single status.
Correlates of Sexual Risk Behavior in Sexually Active Male Military Personnel Stationed Along Border-Crossing Zones in the Dominican Republic
Authors: Tavarez Maria I. , Chun Helen , Anastario Michael P.
Published: April 2010

Context: A survey was conducted of sexually active male military personnel stationed along major border-crossing zones between the Dominican Republic (DR) and Haiti, taking an applied scientific approach, to better inform prevention programming with military personnel in the region. Design and method: A subsample of 470 sexually active male military personnel was drawn from a stratified systematic sample of military personnel stationed along the three largest border-crossing zones on the western border of the Dominican Republic. Using a verbally administered questionnaire, an examination of how foci of current HIV prevention programming with military personnel correlated with key sexual risk behavioral outcomes was conducted. Results: Mental health factors such as probable alcohol abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder showed consistent associations with sexual risk behaviors. Participants showed a relatively high level of HIV/AIDS-related knowledge, a moderate level of negative attitudes toward condoms, and a moderate level of stigma toward people living with HIV/AIDS. Psychosocial factors, which are typically preventive in nature, were not associated with decreased sexual risk behaviors. Conclusion: Gaps were identified in HIV prevention programming that need to be addressed in this population of sexually active male military personnel. Although knowledge, attitudes, and psychosocial factors are important foci of HIV prevention programming, they were not associated with sexual risk behaviors, particularly after controlling for mental health factors. The authors suggest that prevalent psychiatric disorders in military personnel, such as posttraumatic stress disorder, should be factored in to the development of HIV prevention programs for military personnel.
Validation of the Male Osteoporosis Knowledge Quiz
Authors: Gaines Jean M. , Marx Katherine A. , Narrett Matthew , Caudill JoAnn , Landsman Jeffrey , Parrish John M.
Published: April 2010

The purpose of this study was to validate the six-item Men’s Osteoporosis Knowledge Quiz (MOKQ). The MOKQ asks questions about risk factors that are pertinent to men, such as the risk for developing low bone mass related to hormone treatment for prostate cancer and the importance of testosterone for bone mass. A survey was sent to 242 men with a mean age of 83.2 years. The mean number of questions answered correctly in response to the six-item MOKQ was 2.37. Convergent validity was examined by correlating the score achieved on the MOKQ with the score achieved on the total Facts on Osteoporosis Quiz. The Pearson correlation coefficient for the MOKQ and the Facts on Osteoporosis Quiz was r = .76. Reliability was demonstrated by computing a Cronbach’s alpha for the MOKQ ( r = .72). The MOKQ was found to have adequate reliability and validity in assessing older men’s knowledge about osteoporosis.
Strategy for Treating Simple Testicular Cyst in Adults
Authors: Yujiang Fang  , Lei Zhao  , Feng Yan  , Xijun Cui  , Feng Zhou
Published: April 2010

Simple testicular cyst is increasingly diagnosed because of the general availability of high-resolution ultrasound devices, although its management has been controversial. The authors report their experiences in managing large simple testicular cyst in two adults aged 56 and 68 years. The first patient was hospitalized with a presumptive diagnosis of left hydrocele, and the second patient was hospitalized with left simple testicular cyst. Both patients felt pain in the left scrotum. The maximum diameter of the cyst in both patients was more than 6 cm. The patients were successfully treated with orchiectomy with very good long-term results. The authors indicate that a careful study of the medical history, physical examination, and scrotal ultrasonography may facilitate an accurate preoperative diagnosis. Age, symptom, compliance with the surveillance of the patient, and the size and dynamic ultrasonographic changes of the cyst should all be considered in the selection of the treatment regimen. Such a study may be helpful in managing a simple testicular cyst.
Boys Must Be Men, and Men Must Have Sex With Women: A Qualitative CBPR Study to Explore Sexual Risk Among African American, Latino, and White Gay Men and MSM
Authors: Rhodes Scott D. , Hergenrather Kenneth C. , Vissman Aaron T. , Stowers Jason , Davis A. Bernard , Hannah Anthony , Alonzo Jorge , Marsiglia Flavio F.
Published: April 2010

Men who have sex with men (MSM) continue to be disproportionately affected by HIV and sexually transmitted diseases. This study was designed to explore sexual risk among MSM using community-based participatory research (CBPR). An academic—community partnership conducted nine focus groups with 88 MSM. Participants self-identified as African American/Black ( n = 28), Hispanic/Latino ( n = 33), White ( n = 21), and biracial/ethnic ( n = 6). The mean age was 27 years (range = 18-60 years). Grounded theory was used. Twelve themes related to HIV risk emerged, including low knowledge of HIV and sexually transmitted diseases, particularly among Latino MSM and MSM who use the Internet for sexual networking; stereotyping of African American MSM as sexually “dominant” and Latino MSM as less likely to be HIV infected; and the eroticization of “barebacking.” Twelve intervention approaches also were identified, including developing culturally congruent programming using community-identified assets, harnessing social media used by informal networks of MSM, and promoting protection within the context of intimate relationships. A community forum was held to develop recommendations and move these themes to action.
Comparison of microstructure and electronic properties of TiO2 thin films grown by different techniques
Authors: Prasad A K , Jha R , Ramaseshan R , Dash S , Manna I , Tyagi A K
Published: April 2010

Thin films of TiO2 were grown on alumina and silicon substrates through various deposition routes, namely, radio frequency sputtering, pulsed laser deposition and spray pyrolysis. The films were characterised using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The band gaps of the thin films were compared with respect to their morphology, phase structure and composition. The particle sizes obtained were in the range of 10–30 nm, and spherical or bead-like morphology was obtained depending on the processing route used. The band gaps showed an increase from 3·28 to 3·50 eV upon decrease in particle size, which correlated well with the theoretical studies. Nanoindentation studies performed on the films grown on Si showed higher hardness and modulus for radio frequency sputtering films compared to other techniques. The microstructurally tunable electronic properties can be exploited to derive specificity and sensitivity towards gas sensing.
Effects of adding different proportions of ethanol or water/ethanol on performance of hydrophobic antireflection film
Authors: Wang S D , Tzai X-Y
Published: April 2010

Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) was oscillated to accelerate hydrolysis. Hydrolysed TEOS reacted with hexamethydisizane to form hydrophobic sol–gels from which hydrophobic antireflection films were fabricated by spin coating. Enough solvent, such as ethanol, must be added to help the reaction proceed smoothly. Atomic force microscopy was employed to investigate the effect of the proportion of ethanol added on the nanostructure, water contact angle (WCA) and transmission of the spin coating film. A molar ratio of ethanol/TEOS of 12 is optimal for obtaining a uniformly nanoporous film. The average transmission, average and maximum WCA are 93·02%, 111·58 and 119·04° respectively. When silica sol was dispersed by both water and ethanol, trimethyl modified silica repelled water and aggregated to form submicrometre columnar structures after spin coating. Its performances on WCA and transmission are worse than silica sol dispersed by ethanol only. The hydrophobic functional group of silica sol influences WCA stronger than roughness does.
Degradation mechanism of metal–polymer composites undergoing electrolyte induced delamination
Authors: Zumelzu E , Ortega C , Rull F , Cabezas C
Published: April 2010

This research was focused on the study of delamination phenomena in metal–polymer laminates used in containers. The selected material was an electrolytic chromium coated steel (ECCS), protected by polyethylene teraphthalate (PET). The study employed an acetic acetate medium, which has been proved to degrade the PET coating depriving it from its protective capacity. The experiments consisted of electrolyte induced delamination of the PET by anodic–cathodic polarisation. The main objective was to investigate the degradation mechanisms in order to explain how the presence of electrochemical activity in the delamination cross-section front detaches the PET coating and leads to subsequent propagation of this delamination. Finally, specific delamination models were proposed for the electrochemical conditions investigated, and the degradation was characterised by SEM. The induced delamination experiments applied to the ECCS–PET composite in an acetic acetate medium allowed to discriminate between the delamination processes proper for anodic polarisation and those for cathodic polarisation.
Microstructure and high temperature sliding wear behaviour of laser remelted NiCrBSi/35(WC–12Ni) composite coating
Authors: Yin B , Zhou H D , Chen J M , Yan F Y
Published: April 2010

Plasma sprayed NiCrBSi/WC–Ni composite coating and corresponding laser remelted coating were prepared on 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel substrate. The microstructures of coatings were characterised by means of scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM/EDS). The friction and wear properties for both coatings were comparatively investigated from room temperature to 800°C. Results revealed that the as remelted coating possessed a denser microstructure with pore and crack free and a higher microhardness than the as sprayed coating. At the same time, fiction and wear tests indicated the laser remelted coating exhibited a better wear resistance than the plasma sprayed coating from room temperature to 600°C, while the wear resistance of the former was inferior to that of the latter at elevated temperature of above 600°C. Their detailed wear mechanisms were also discussed in terms of microstructures, mechanical properties and worn surfaces of coatings as well as corresponding worn surfaces of Si3N4 ball.
Plasma levels of fibrinolytic proteins and the risk of myocardial infarction in men
Authors: Meltzer Mirjam E. , Doggen Carine J. M. , de Groot Philip G. , Rosendaal Frits R. , Lisman Ton
Published: April 2010

Hypofibrinolysis as measured with overall clot lysis assays is associated with risk of arterial thrombosis. Individual components of the fibrinolytic system, however, have not been studied extensively in relation to arterial disease, or results of studies were inconsistent. The relation between plasminogen and α2-antiplasmin levels and cardiovascular risk factors and the association between plasminogen, α2-antiplasmin, tissue-plasminogen activator (t-PA), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and risk of myocardial infarction was investigated in the Study of Myocardial Infarctions Leiden (555 men with a first myocardial infarction and 635 controls). α2-antiplasmin was associated with age and lipid levels, whereas plasminogen correlated with lipids, C-reactive protein, and smoking. Increased levels of all fibrinolytic factors were associated with myocardial infarction. Age-adjusted odds ratios (ORs; 95% confidence interval) for quartile 4 compared with 1 were 1.7 (1.2-2.3) for plasminogen, 1.9 (1.3-2.6) for α2-antiplasmin, 1.7 (1.2-2.3) for t-PA, and 1.7 (1.2-2.4) for PAI-1. After adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors, only α2-antiplasmin levels remained associated with risk (OR, 1.4; [1.0-2.0]). t-PA and PAI-1 levels predominantly reflected lipid levels, whereas plasminogen reflected the inflammatory state. Concluding, elevated α2-antiplasmin levels are independently associated with risk of myocardial infarction. t-PA, PAI-1, and plasminogen levels appear to reflect other cardiovascular risk factors.
Community violence and urban childhood asthma: a multilevel analysis
Authors: Sternthal M.J. , Jun H-J. , Earls F. , Wright R.J.
Published: April 2010

We examined the association between community violence exposure and childhood asthma risk in a multilevel, multimethod, longitudinal study controlling for individual- and neighbourhood-level confounders and pathway variables.

Analyses included 2,071 children aged 0–9 yrs at enrolment from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods. Multilevel logistic regression models estimated the likelihood of asthma, controlling for individual-level (child's age, sex, race/ethnicity, maternal asthma, socioeconomic status and family violence in the home) and neighbourhood-level confounders (concentrated disadvantage, collective efficacy and social disorder), and pathway variables (maternal smoking, breastfeeding).

In adjusted analyses, medium (OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.17–2.19) and high levels (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.12–2.18) of community violence were associated with increased asthma risk, relative to low levels. The increased asthma risk remained for African Americans when models included community violence and all other individual-level covariates, but attenuated to borderline nonsignificance when further adjusting for collective efficacy.

Community violence is associated with asthma risk when controlling for individual- and neighborhood-level confounders. Neither community violence, nor the other individual-level factors, fully accounted for the excess asthma burden among African Americans. These data suggest that public health interventions outside the biomedical model may be needed to reduce asthma in disadvantaged populations.
Prevalence of airflow obstruction in smokers and never-smokers in Switzerland
Authors: Bridevaux P-O. , Probst-Hensch N.M. , Schindler C. , Curjuric I. , Felber Dietrich D. , Braendli O. , Brutsche M. , Burdet L. , Frey M. , Gerbase M.W. , Ackermann-Liebrich U. , Pons M. , Tschopp J-M. , Rochat T. , Russi E.W.
Published: April 2010

The aim of the present study was to measure age-specific prevalence of airflow obstruction in Switzerland in smokers and never-smokers using pulmonary function tests and respiratory symptoms from 6,126 subjects participating in the Swiss Cohort Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults.

The lower limit of normal of the forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity ratio was used to define airflow obstruction. Severity of airflow obstruction was graded according to the recommendations of the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease.

Prevalence of airflow obstruction ranged from 2.5% in subjects aged 30–39 yrs to 8.0% in those aged ≥70 yrs. In multivariate analysis, age (OR 2.8, ≥70 yrsversus30–39 yrs), smoking (OR 1.8) and asthma (OR 6.7) were associated with airflow obstruction. Never-smokers constituted 29.3% of subjects with airflow obstruction. Never-smokers with airflow obstruction were younger, more likely to be male and reported asthma more frequently than obstructive smokers. Obstructive smokers and never-smokers had similar level of symptoms and quality of life impairment.

The prevalence of airflow obstruction in Switzerland is similar to other developed countries. Never-smokers account for a third of the prevalence, which is higher proportion than elsewhere. Airflow obstruction in never-smokers deserves attention because of its frequency and its similar health impact to that in smokers.
Acute ischaemic hemispheric stroke is associated with impairment of reflex in addition to voluntary cough
Authors: Ward K. , Seymour J. , Steier J. , Jolley C.J. , Polkey M.I. , Kalra L. , Moxham J.
Published: April 2010

Cough function is impaired after stroke; this may be important for protection against chest infection. Reflex cough (RC) intensity indices have not been described after stroke. RC, voluntary cough (VC) and respiratory muscle strength were studied in patients within 2 weeks of hemispheric infarct. The null hypotheses were that patients with cortical hemisphere stroke would show the same results as healthy controls on: 1) objective indices of RC and VC intensity; and 2) respiratory muscle strength tests.

Peak cough flow rate (PCFR) and gastric pressure (Pga) were measured during maximum VC and RC. Participants also underwent volitional and nonvolitional respiratory muscle testing. Nonvolitional expiratory muscle strength was assessed by measuringPgaincrease after magnetic stimulation over the T10nerve roots (twitch T10Pga). Stroke severity was scored using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS; maximum = 31).

18 patients (mean±sdage 62±15 yrs and NIHSS score 14±8) and 20 controls (56±16 yrs) participated. VC intensity was impaired in patients (PCFR 287±171versus497±122 L·min−1) as was VCPga(98.5±61.6versus208.5±61.3 cmH2O; p<0.001 for both). RC PCFR was reduced in patients (204±111versus379±110 L·min−1; p<0.001), but RCPgawas not significantly different from that of controls (179.0±78.0versus208.0±77.4 cmH2O; p = 0.266). Patients exhibited impaired volitional respiratory muscle tests, but twitch T10Pgawas normal.

VC and RC are both impaired in hemispheric stroke patients, despite preserved expiratory muscle strength. Cough coordination is probably cortically modulated and affected by hemispheric stroke.
Inhaled corticosteroid use is associated with lower mortality for subjects with COPD and hospitalised with pneumonia
Authors: Malo de Molina R. , Mortensen E.M. , Restrepo M.I. , Copeland L.A. , Pugh M.J.V. , Anzueto A.
Published: April 2010

Recent studies suggest that use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may be associated with a higher incidence of pneumonia. However, it is unclear whether COPD subjects on ICS who develop pneumonia have worse outcomes. Therefore, our aim was to examine the association of prior outpatient ICS therapy with mortality in hospitalised COPD subjects with pneumonia.

We included subjects ≥64 yrs of age, hospitalised with pneumonia in US Veterans Affairs hospitals, and assessed the association of ICS exposure with mortality for hospitalised COPD subjects with pneumonia in a covariate-adjusted regression model.

We identified 6,353 subjects with a diagnosis of pneumonia and prior COPD, of whom 38% were on ICS. Mortality was 9% at 30 days and 16% at 90 days. In regression analyses, outpatient ICS therapy was associated with lower mortality at both 30 days (OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.70–0.83), and 90 days (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.75–0.86).

Outpatient therapy with ICS was associated with a significantly lower 30- and 90-day mortality in hospitalised COPD patients with pneumonia.
FIZZ1 potentiates the carbachol-induced tracheal smooth muscle contraction
Authors: Chen H. , Jacobson B.A. , Mason L. , Wolf S.F. , Bowman M.R.
Published: April 2010

FIZZ1 is an adipokine highly expressed under inflammatory conditions, and yet, little is known of its function. In this study we examine the expression and function of FIZZ1 in an ovalbumin mouse model of asthma.

Trachea from naïve or ovalbumin-sensitised and -challenged mice were compared for transcriptional, functional and proteomic differences using gene microarrays,ex vivotracheal contraction, immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis.

FIZZ1 was expressed in ovalbumin-treated, but not naïve, trachea. Naïve trachea incubated with recombinant FIZZ1 exhibited denuded epithelium and contractile hyperresponsiveness. The FIZZ1-incubated trachea also exhibited an associated increased expression of phospho-c-Raf, phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, phospho-p38, MLCK and MLC-20.

These data demonstrate that FIZZ1 regulates tracheal smooth muscle contraction through impairment of the epithelium and activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in muscle.
Adverse respiratory outcomes associated with occupational exposures at a soy processing plant
Authors: Cummings K.J. , Gaughan D.M. , Kullman G.J. , Beezhold D.H. , Green B.J. , Blachere F.M. , Bledsoe T. , Kreiss K. , Cox-Ganser J.
Published: April 2010

This study aimed to characterise the relationship between adverse health outcomes and occupational risk factors among workers at a soy processing plant.

A questionnaire, spirometry, methacholine challenge, immune testing and air sampling for dust and soy were offered. Prevalence ratios (PRs) of respiratory problems from comparisons with the US adult population were calculated. Soy-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgE among participants and healthcare worker controls were compared. Associations between health outcomes and potential explanatory variables were examined using logistic regression.

147 (52%) out of 281 employees, including 66 (70%) out of 94 production workers, participated. PRs were significantly elevated for wheeze, sinusitis, ever-asthma and current asthma. Participants had significantly higher mean concentrations of soy-specific IgG (97.9 mg·L−1versus1.5 mg·L−1) and prevalence of soy-specific IgE (21%versus4%) than controls. Participants with soy-specific IgE had three-fold greater odds of current asthma or asthma-like symptoms, and six-fold greater odds of work-related asthma-like symptoms; the latter additionally was associated with production work and higher peak dust exposures. Airways obstruction was associated with higher peak dust. Work-related sinusitis, nasal allergies and rash were associated with reported workplace mould exposure.

Asthma and symptoms of asthma, but not other respiratory problems, were associated with immune reactivity to soy.