bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Comparative Efficiency of Organic, Mineral and Organo-Mineral Fertilizers for the Winter Wheat Grain Yield in the Forest-Steppe of the Volga Region
Authors: Kulikova Alevtina , Yashin Evgeniy , Karpov Alexander , Volkova Elena
Published: October 2021

The study deals with organic, mineral and organo-mineral systems of winter wheat fertilization in the conditions of the Volga forest-steppe. According to the organic fertilization system, straw of the predecessor, green manure and Biocomposite-correct were introduced into the soil (typical medium-thick medium loamy chernozem) for green manure mass (vetch-oat mixture). The organo-mineral system included two options: straw applied together with nitrogen in a dose of 10 kg per 1 ton of straw and zeolite enriched with amino acids. The mineral fertilizers were nitrogene phosphorus with the NPK content of 16 kg ai/ha, carbamide and potassium chloride. In addition, highly siliceous rock zeolite was applied as a fertilizer. It was found that the use of organic and organomineral fertilizers improves the nutrient regime of the soil; in terms of the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the arable layer, these options were not inferior to the option with the use of mineral fertilizers. When introducing zeolite enriched with amino acids, the yield of winter wheat exceeded the option with the use of mineral fertilizers by 0.59 t/ha. The use of organic and organo-mineral fertilizers contributes to the production of environmentally friendly products
Assessment of the Effectiveness of Complex Use of Biofungicides on Spring Wheat
Authors: Safin Radik , Khusainova Guzel
Published: October 2021

In 2018–2019, the studies were carried out in order to assess the effectiveness of the use of various biofungicides on spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on grey wood soil in the Predkamsk zone of the Republic of Tatarstan. The agents based on Bacillus subtilis strain 63-Z (Baxis®) and Pseudomonas aureofaciens strain (Pseudobacterin 2®) were used as biofungicides. The chemical fungicides were used as a standard (for seed treatment – prothioconazole + tebuconazole (Lamador®); for spraying – spiroxamine + tebuconazole + triadimenol (Falcon®)). The research results showed that the use of biofungicides for seed treatment and spraying during the earing phase of wheat has a pronounced effect on the length of the stem and the number of grains in the ear. Under the influence of the use of biofungicides, the damage to plants by root rot, leaf septoria and powdery mildew was reduced. In terms of their effect on leaf septoria and powdery mildew, the chemical fungicides were somewhat superior to biological ones. The highest yield of spring soft wheat was obtained using the scheme in which the seeds were treated with Baxis and the plants in the earing phase were sprayed with Pseudobacterin 2. This scheme provided the increase in yield by 1.1 t / ha compared to control and by 0.29 t / ha when using standard chemical fungicides for seed treatment and spraying of crops. The use of such a scheme significantly reduces the cost of the protection of wheat plants from diseases. As a result of research, it was shown that with a weak and medium development of diseases, the use of biofungicides can be an effective alternative to the use of standard chemical fungicides.
Assessment of the Influence of Meteorological Factors and Agricultural Background on the Productivity of Spring Wheat Ulyanovskaya 105 in the Predkamye of the Republic of Tatarstan
Authors: Serzhanov Igor , Shaikhutdinov Farit , Garayev Razil , Serzhanova Albina
Published: October 2021

The most valuable and widespread food crop is spring wheat. Soil and climatic conditions influence the grain productivity and quality. The grain quality is affected by air humidity, insolation, nitrogen content in the soil and agricultural technologies. In 2019–2020, on the experimental field of the agronomic faculty of Kazan State Agrarian University, studies aimed to identify the reaction of the Ulyanovskaya 105 spring soft wheat to meteorological conditions and agricultural background were carried out. The soil was light gray forest, medium loamy. The predecessor was winter rye after pure fallow. Meteorological conditions were favorable for the growth and development of spring wheat. In 2019, the HMC was 1.36, in 2020 – 1.13. The maximum yield in 2019 and in 2020 was obtained with the application of calculated doses of fertilizers when sowing 6 million viable seeds per hectare – 3.0–3.44 tons and 3.67–4.21 tons per hectare.
Morphofunctional changes in the thyroid gland and pituitary tyrotropes in rams of the Russian long-haired breed in different seasons of the year
Authors: Ulyanov Andrey Grigoryevich , Slesarenko Natalia Anatolyevna , Torgun Pyotr Makаrovich
Published: October 2021

In mature rams, the signs of high functional activity of the thyroid gland are observed in the autumn period. An increase in the diameter of the thyroid follicles (109.1±0.58 microns) is marked, the height of the epithelium (9.6±0.11 microns) and the area of the thyrocyte nuclei (32.8±0.38 μm2) increase statistically significant (P<0.001). In the pituitary gland of rams in the autumn period, there is an increase in the number of tyrotropes. The cytoplasm of tyrotropes is filled with secretory granules, which reflects the high level of their functional activity.
Source material for breeding soft winter wheat in the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region
Authors: Zakharova Nadezhda , Zakharov Nikolai
Published: October 2021

The source material is the initial link of the selection process of any crop. A careful study of it in specific environmental conditions largely determines the effectiveness of breeding activities. The paper presents the results of a study of 102 cultivars of soft winter wheat of various ecological and geographical origin in terms of the yield, winter hardiness, the plant height, the duration of the growing season, the resistance to the frit fly. The sources of individual and a complex of economically valuable indicators were identified and recommended as the source material for breeding use in the forest-steppe conditions of the Middle Volga region. In the winter wheat selection for high winter hardiness, the varieties Omskaya 6, Bagrationovskaya, Novosibirskaya 32, Novosibirskaya 51, Biyskaya Ozimaya, Filatovka, Kulundinka, Poema (Russia), Banga (Latvia), Emoile (Bulgaria), Myropol, Mykolayvka, Dashenka, Kalyanova, Lytavinka, Vinnychanka, Manzheliya, Khersonska bezostaya (Ukraine), Xiao Yan 107, Zhong Pin 1535 (China) are of great interest. Highly productive varieties are Victoria 95, Poema, Biyskaya Ozimaya (Russia), Zamozhnist, Kalyanova, Yasnogorka (Ukraine). Varieties Vdachna, Shestopalivka, Myropol (Ukraine), Svilena, Emoile (Bulgaria), KS 96 WGRC 37, KS 96 WGRC 40, Pacer (USA), Kitami 46 (Japan) XiaoYan 6, Ji Mai 30, Ji Mai 36 (China) are characterized by early ripeness. Short-stalked wheat varieties are Cameo (Russia), Ninka (Ukraine), Ji Mai 18 (China), Kitami 35 (Japan). Highly resistant varieties to the frit fly are Donskaya 50, Dominanta, Poema (Russia), Yasnogorka (Ukraine), Orienta, KS 96 WGRC34, KS 96 WGRC40 (USA), Xiao Yan 7, Zhong Pin 1507, Zhong Pin 1535 (China), Kitami 35 (Japan). Reliable correlations between winter hardiness and productivity, winter hardiness and plant height, plant height and productivity of soft winter wheat were established, which is of practical importance both for crop breeding and for its production use.
Effect of supplementary irrigation on the transpiration and reproductive development of oil palm trees during the dry season in Tabasco, Mexico
Authors: Mendoza-Hernández José Hipólito Rodolfo , Vázquez-Navarrete César J. , Lagunes-Espinoza Luz del Carmen , Rincón-Ramírez Joaquín A. , del Rivero-Bautista Nydia , Pérez-Bonilla María del Carmen , Gutiérrez-López José , Asbjornsen Heidi
Published: October 2021

Some oil palm production zones have periods of low rainfall, eliciting to water stress and impacting yields. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the supplementary irrigation application during the dry season, on the water use and the transpiration of oil palm trees, and on morphological changes that occur during the different phenological stages. The monitored site was an oil palm plantation in Jalapa, Tabasco, Mexico (17° 38 N; 92° 56 W; altitude 20 m). There, the plant density is 143 palms ha−1. Two areas of palm trees with ages of 6 and 11 years were located. The soil type was classified as Gleysol. A weather station was placed in a pasture adjacent (1 km) to the plantation. The variables, evaluated from April 1 to June 23, 2017, included the structural characteristics of the plantation, sap flow, transpiration, and the morphological changes at the different phenological stages, which were assessed based on the BBCH scale. The results showed that the water use per palm tree (102–140 kg day−1) and the transpiration (1.59–2.11 mm day−1) were not significantly different among palm trees ages. The application of irrigation during the dry season maintained transpiration in palms of both ages and favoured inflorescence development and fruit formation by shortening the number of days it took the palm plants to reach fruit formation stage (stages 503-700), but increased the number of days required by the bunches to reach maturation (stages 709 to harvest). This study conducted during few months needs to be confirmed by longer term monitoring.
Präoperative Medikation: aktuelle Herausforderungen in der Pharmakotherapie
Authors: Just Katja S.
Published: October 2021

Die Analyse der präoperativen Medikation dient der Nutzen-Risiko-Abschätzung, ob die Dauermedikation perioperativ weitergegeben oder abgesetzt werden soll – die Risikobeurteilung sorgt aber oft für Unsicherheit. Typische Herausforderungen sind medikamentöse Unter- und Überversorgung, unerwünschte Arzneimittelwirkungen und -interaktionen sowie individuelle Besonderheiten, die zu verlängerter Wirkdauer und erhöhter Dosisexposition führen können.
Drug-induced Sleep Endoscopy: Are there Predictors for Failure of Oral Appliance Treatment?
Authors: Veugen Christianne C. A. F. M. , Sanders Rineke M. C. , Stokroos Robert J. , Copper Marcel P.
Published: October 2021

Introduction In the literature, evidence is lacking on the predictive value of drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) for oral appliance treatment (OAT).

Objectives The aim of the present study is to evaluate whether DISE with concomitant mandibular advancement maneuver can predict failure of OAT.

Methods An observational retrospective study including patients diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) who previously received OAT. Results of DISE were analyzed in a group with documented OAT failure (apnea-hypopnea index [AHI] > 10 events/hour or < 50% reduction) and a group with OAT benefit (AHI <10 events/hour or > 50% reduction). The upper airway was assessed using the velum, oropharynx, tongue base, epiglottis (VOTE) classification. Additionally, a mandibular advancement maneuver, manually protruding the mandible by performing a jaw thrust, was performed to mimic the effect of OAT.

Results The present study included 50 patients with OAT failure and 20 patients with OAT benefit. A subgroup analysis of patients with OAT failure and an AHI < 30 events/hour included 26 patients. In the OAT failure group, 74% had a negative jaw thrust maneuver. In the subgroup with an AHI < 30 events/hour, 76.9% had a negative jaw thrust maneuver. In the OAT benefit group, 25% had a negative jaw thrust maneuver (p < 0.001).

Conclusions A negative jaw thrust maneuver during DISE can be a valuable predictor for OAT failure, independent of AHI. Drug-induced sleep endoscopy should be considered as a diagnostic evaluation tool before starting OAT.
Life’s continuation: repro-tech, biogenetic affinity, and racial capitalism
Authors: Ehlers Nadine
Published: October 2021

This paper examines the affinity ties of biological and familial whiteness in ART as evident in the 2014 Illinois Northern District Court case ofCramblett v. Midwest Sperm Bank—where a white mother filed a wrongful birth suit and sought legal compensation for theloss of perceived genetic similarityand giving birth to a ‘black’ child via donor insemination. Applying critical legal and critical race studies to the case and engaging its surrounding media, the paper considers whatCramblettcan tell us aboutloss—as it is related to notions of value and property within an overarching system of racial capitalism. This paper considers how race, value, and property inter-articulated inCramblettthrough notions of biogenetic relations and familial whiteness within the organization of family; how these ideas travel through toinvestments in life—and its continuation—as a form of racial property(for some); and what this case can tell us about broader operations of structural racism and the role of biomedicine (and law) within these operations. Ultimately, the paper shows that biogenetic affinity in ARTs condition life’s continuation in ways that resecure the disparities of racial capitalism.
Hybrid QM/classical models: Methodological advances and new applications
Authors: Lipparini Filippo , Mennucci Benedetta
Published: October 2021

Hybrid methods that combine quantum mechanical descriptions with classical models are very popular in molecular modeling. Such a large diffusion reflects their effectiveness, which over the years has allowed the quantum mechanical description to extend its boundaries to systems of increasing size and to processes of increasing complexity. Despite this success, research in this field is still very active and a number of advances have been made recently, further extending the range of their applications. In this review, we describe such advances and discuss how hybrid methods may continue to improve in the future. The various formulations proposed so far are presented here in a coherent way to underline their common methodological aspects. At the same time, the specificities of the different classical models and of their coupling with the quantum mechanical domain are highlighted and discussed, with special attention to the computational and numerical aspects.
Evaluation and spatiotemporal characteristics of atmospheric environment efficiency in Shandong province based on super-SBM model
Authors: Huang Xiaobing , Liu Min , Chen Rundong , Gao Shiqi , Xie Qianqian , Feng Qingling
Published: October 2021

Using the data of input, output, and air pollutants from 17 cities in Shandong Province and employing the super-SBM model, the atmospheric environmental efficiency (AEE) of 17 cities in Shandong from 2008 to 2018 was calculated. Additionally, the spatial-temporal differences are analyzed by using the GML index and Theil index. The results show that the overall efficiency of the atmospheric environment in Shandong was relatively high (AEE = 0.827). The northwest region had the highest efficiency, while the southern region was the lowest. The improvement of the environmental efficiency was mainly contributed by technical progress, rather than efficiency promotion (TC < 1). The spatial difference in the efficiency showed an increasing trend, which can be mostly explained by the inter-group difference whose average contribution is 82.39%. Economic development, technological innovation, and population density had positive effects on the environmental efficiency. While, the effects of industrial structure and opening-up were negative.
Analytical evidence of nonlinearity in qubits and continuous-variable quantum reservoir computing
Authors: Mujal Pere , Nokkala Johannes , Martínez-Peña Rodrigo , Giorgi Gian Luca , Soriano Miguel C , Zambrini Roberta
Published: October 2021

The natural dynamics of complex networks can be harnessed for information processing purposes. A paradigmatic example are artificial neural networks used for machine learning. In this context, quantum reservoir computing (QRC) constitutes a natural extension of the use of classical recurrent neural networks using quantum resources for temporal information processing. Here, we explore the fundamental properties of QRC systems based on qubits and continuous variables. We provide analytical results that illustrate how nonlinearity enters the input–output map in these QRC implementations. We find that the input encoding through state initialization can serve to control the type of nonlinearity as well as the dependence on the history of the input sequences to be processed.
A first-order Fourier integrator for the nonlinear Schrödinger equation on 𝕋 without loss of regularity
Authors: Wu Yifei , Yao Fangyan
Published: October 2021

In this paper, we propose a first-order Fourier integrator for solving the cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation in one dimension. The scheme is explicit and can be implemented using the fast Fourier transform. By a rigorous analysis, we prove that the new scheme provides the first-order accuracy in

H
γ

H^\gamma

for any initial data belonging to

H
γ

H^\gamma

, for any

γ
>

3
2

\gamma >\frac 32

. That is, up to some fixed time

T
T

, there exists some constant
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper C equals upper C left-parenthesis double-vertical-bar u double-vertical-bar Subscript upper L Sub Superscript normal infinity Subscript left-parenthesis left-bracket 0 comma upper T right-bracket semicolon upper H Sub Superscript gamma Subscript right-parenthesis Baseline right-parenthesis greater-than 0">

C
=
C
(
‖
u

‖

L
∞

(
[
0
,
T
]
;

H

γ

)

)
>
0

C=C(\|u\|_{L^\infty ([0,T]; H^{\gamma })})>0

, such that
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="double-vertical-bar u Superscript n Baseline minus u left-parenthesis t Subscript n Baseline right-parenthesis double-vertical-bar Subscript upper H Sub Superscript gamma Subscript left-parenthesis double-struck upper T right-parenthesis Baseline less-than-or-equal-to upper C tau comma">

‖

u
n

−
u
(

t
n

)

‖

H
γ

(

T

)

≤
C
τ
,

\begin{equation*} \|u^n-u(t_n)\|_{H^\gamma (\mathbb {T})}\le C \tau , \end{equation*}

where

u
n

u^n

denotes the numerical solution at

t
n

=
n
τ

t_n=n\tau

. Moreover, the mass of the numerical solution

M
(

u
n

)

M(u^n)

verifies

|
M
(

u
n

)
−
M
(

u
0

)
|

≤
C

τ
5

.

\begin{equation*} \left |M(u^n)-M(u_0)\right |\le C\tau ^5. \end{equation*}

In particular, our scheme does not cost any additional derivative for the first-order convergence and the numerical solution obeys the almost mass conservation law. Furthermore, if

u
0

∈

H
1

(

T

)

u_0\in H^1(\mathbb {T})

, we rigorously prove that
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="double-vertical-bar u Superscript n Baseline minus u left-parenthesis t Subscript n Baseline right-parenthesis double-vertical-bar Subscript upper H Sub Superscript 1 Subscript left-parenthesis double-struck upper T right-parenthesis Baseline less-than-or-equal-to upper C tau Superscript one half minus Baseline comma">

‖

u
n

−
u
(

t
n

)

‖

H
1

(

T

)

≤
C

τ

1
2

−

,

\begin{equation*} \|u^n-u(t_n)\|_{H^1(\mathbb {T})}\le C\tau ^{\frac 12-}, \end{equation*}

where

C
=
C
(
‖

u
0

‖

H
1

(

T

)

)
>
0

C= C(\|u_0\|_{H^1(\mathbb {T})})>0

.
Jónsson groups of various cardinalities
Authors: Corson Samuel
Published: October 2021

A group

G
G

is Jónsson if

|

H

|

>

|

G

|

|H| > |G|

whenever

H
H

is a proper subgroup of

G
G

. Using an embedding theorem of Obraztsov it is shown that there exists a Jónsson group

G
G

of infinite cardinality

κ
\kappa

if and only if there exists a Jónsson algebra of cardinality

κ
\kappa

. Thus the question as to which cardinals admit a Jónsson group is wholly reduced to the well-studied question of which cardinals are not Jónsson. As a consequence there exist Jónsson groups of arbitrarily large cardinality. Another consequence is that the infinitary edge-orbit conjecture of Babai is true.
The microtubule- and PP1-binding activities of Drosophila melanogaster Spc105 control the kinetics of SAC satisfaction
Authors: Audett Margaux R. , Johnson Erin L. , McGory Jessica M. , Barcelos Dylan M. , Szalai Evelin Oroszne , Przewloka Marcin R. , Maresca Thomas J.
Published: October 2021

The large, disordered kinetochore protein KNL1/Spc105 is a key regulator of the SAC. Bub3 binding to divergent repeats in fly Spc105 is promoted by Aurora B kinase while Spc105’s N-terminus has MT- and PP1-binding activities that contribute to SAC satisfaction. Optogenetic oligomerization of Spc105 triggers simultaneous binding to MTs and PP1.
World of empires
Authors: Ratner-Rosenhagen Jennifer
Published: October 2021

‘World of empires’ examines the emergence of America—both as an idea and as a lived reality—from the sixteenth through early eighteenth centuries. The discovery of America had dramatic intellectual consequences not only for those explorers and settlers who traveled to the New World, but also for European thought more broadly. The transplanted Europeans were as different from each other as they were from the many tribes of indigenous people they encountered. Thus, wrestling with the diversity of people, ways of life, and worldviews became the main feature of early American thought.
Low Meningococcal Vaccination Rates Among Patients With Newly Diagnosed Complement Component Deficiencies in the United States
Authors: Marshall Gary S , Ghaswalla Parinaz K , Bengtson Lindsay G S , Buikema Ami R , Bancroft Tim , Koep Eleena , Novy Patricia , Hogea Cosmina S
Published: October 2021

Meningococcal vaccination is recommended for patients with complement component deficiencies (CDs) in the United States. In this retrospective database study, only 4.6% and 2.2% of patients received MenACWY and MenB vaccination, respectively, within 3 years of CD diagnosis. Thus, meningococcal vaccination rates among patients with CDs need to be improved.
Contemporary trends in the level of evidence in general thoracic surgery clinical research
Authors: Choe Se-In , Ben-Avi Ronny , Begum Housne , Pearce Kendra , Mehta Meera , Agzarian John , Finley Christian J , Hanna Waël C , Farrokhyar Forough , Shargall Yaron
Published: October 2021

OBJECTIVES

The large volume of scientific publications and the increasing emphasis on high-quality evidence for clinical decision-making present daily challenges to all clinicians, including thoracic surgeons. The objective of this study was to evaluate the contemporary trend in the level of evidence (LOE) for thoracic surgery clinical research.

METHODS

All clinical research articles published between January 2010 and December 2017 in 3 major general thoracic surgery journals were reviewed. Five authors independently reviewed the abstracts of each publication and assigned a LOE to each of them using the 2011 Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine classification scheme. Data extracted from eligible abstracts included study type, study size, country of primary author and type of study designs. Three auditing processes were conducted to establish working definitions and the process was validated with a research methodologist and 2 senior thoracic surgeons. Intra-class correlation coefficient was calculated to assess inter-rater agreement. Chi-square test and Spearman correlation analysis were then used to compare the LOE between journals and by year of publication.

RESULTS

Of 2028 publications reviewed and scored, 29 (1.4%) were graded level I, 75 (3.7%) were graded level II, 471 (23.2%) were graded level III, 1420 (70.2%) were graded level IV and 33 (1.6%) were graded level V (lowest level). Most publications (94.9%) were of lower-level evidence (III–V). There was an overall increasing trend in the lower LOE (P < 0.001). Inter-rater reliability was substantial with 95.5% (95%, confidence interval: 0.95–0.96) level of agreement between reviewers.

CONCLUSIONS

General thoracic surgery literature consists mostly of lower LOE studies. The number of lower levels of evidence is dominating the recent publications, potentially indicating a need to increase the commitment to produce and disseminate higher-level evidence in general thoracic surgery.
Effects of Methamphetamine on Within- and Between-Network Connectivity in Healthy Adults
Authors: Malina Michael , Keedy Sarah , Weafer Jessica , Van Hedger Kathryne , de Wit Harriet
Published: October 2021

Methamphetamine (MA) abuse remains an urgent public health problem. Understanding how the drug affects brain function will help to identify how it leads to abuse and dependence. Previous studies indicate that MA and other stimulants have complex effects on resting state functional connectivity. Here, we used a hypothesis-free approach to examine the acute effects of MA (20 mg oral) versus placebo on neural connectivity in healthy adults. Using networks identified by an independent component analysis with placebo data, we examined the effects of MA on connectivity within and between resting state networks. The drug did not significantly alter connectivity within networks. MA did alter connectivity between some networks: it increased connectivity between both the thalamus and cerebellum to sensorimotor and middle temporal gyrus. However, MA decreased connectivity between sensorimotor and middle temporal gyrus networks. MA produced its expected subjective effects, but these were not significantly related to connectivity. The findings extend our knowledge of how MA affects connectivity, by reporting that it affects between-network connectivity but not within-network connectivity. Future studies with other behavioral measures may reveal relationships between the neural and behavioral actions of the drug.
Improving Understanding and Outcomes in Congenital Hand Differences
Authors: Baek Goo Hyun , Kim Jihyeung
Published: October 2021

It is very important for us, the surgeons, to understand the difficulties of parents who have a baby with a congenital hand difference, not only because the parents are the decision makers for the operation but also because they need consolation and care to overcome their distress. The psychological and physical developmental milestones of the child with a congenital hand difference should be considered to achieve a satisfactory surgical outcome from the viewpoint of both the surgeon and the child. Even experts in congenital hand differences may have difficulties in decision-making with regard to certain entities because of the clinical diversity and rarity. Communication among surgeons who are interested in congenital hand differences, through social networking services or other communication tools, is very helpful and effective for the exchange of knowledge and experiences. Although the final decision should be made by the surgeon, many questions and answers from friends and colleagues will lead to better decisions.
Marine-dumped waste tyres cause the ghost fishing of hermit crabs
Authors: Sogabe Atsushi , Takatsuji Kiichi
Published: October 2021

Poorly managed waste tyres pose serious environmental and health risks, ranging from air pollution caused by fire, leaching of heavy metals and outbreaks of mosquitos, to destruction of vegetation and coral reefs. We report a previously unrecognized ecological risk to marine organisms from waste tyres. Over 1 year, we made monthly counts of hermit crabs (n= 1278) invading and/or being trapped within six tyres anchored to the seabed at 8 m depth in Mutsu Bay, Japan. A complementary aquarium experiment in which hermit crabs were released into a tyre confirmed that they could not escape. We report marine-dumped waste tyres to ghost fish in a manner analogous to discarded fishing gear. Because hermit crabs play important roles in coastal food webs as both prey and scavengers, declines in their numbers as a consequence of this ghost fishing might affect coastal ecosystems.
Comparing dream to reality: an assessment of adherence of the first generation of preregistered studies
Authors: Claesen Aline , Gomes Sara , Tuerlinckx Francis , Vanpaemel Wolf
Published: October 2021

Preregistration is a method to increase research transparency by documenting research decisions on a public, third-party repository prior to any influence by data. It is becoming increasingly popular in all subfields of psychology and beyond. Adherence to the preregistration plan may not always be feasible and even is not necessarily desirable, but without disclosure of deviations, readers who do not carefully consult the preregistration plan might get the incorrect impression that the study was exactly conducted and reported as planned. In this paper, we have investigated adherence and disclosure of deviations for all articles published with the Preregistered badge in
Psychological Science
between February 2015 and November 2017 and shared our findings with the corresponding authors for feedback. Two out of 27 preregistered studies contained no deviations from the preregistration plan. In one study, all deviations were disclosed. Nine studies disclosed none of the deviations. We mainly observed (un)disclosed deviations from the plan regarding the reported sample size, exclusion criteria and statistical analysis. This closer look at preregistrations of the first generation reveals possible hurdles for reporting preregistered studies and provides input for future reporting guidelines. We discuss the results and possible explanations, and provide recommendations for preregistered research.
Monkey see, monkey feel? Marmoset reactions towards conspecifics' arousal
Authors: de Oliveira Terceiro Francisco Edvaldo , Willems Erik P. , Araújo Arrilton , Burkart Judith M.
Published: October 2021

Consolation has been observed in several species, including marmoset monkeys, but it is often unclear to what extent they are empathy-based. Marmosets perform well in at least two of three components of empathy-based consolation, namely understanding others and prosociality, but it is unknown to what extent they show matching with others. We, therefore, tested whether non-aroused individuals would become aroused themselves when encountering an aroused group member (indicated by piloerection of the tail). We found a robust contagion effect: group members were more likely to show piloerection themselves after having encountered an aroused versus relaxed conspecific. Moreover, group members offered consolation behaviours (affiliative approaches) towards the aroused fellow group members rather than the latter requesting it. Importantly, this pattern was shown by both aroused and non-aroused individuals, which suggests that they did not do this to reduce their own arousal but rather to console the individual in distress. We conclude that marmosets have all three components of empathy-based consolation. These results are in line with observations in another cooperative breeder, the prairie vole.
The promise and deceit of genomic selection component analyses
Authors: Kelly John K.
Published: October 2021

Selection component analyses (SCA) relate individual genotype to fitness components such as viability, fecundity and mating success. SCA are based on population genetic models and yield selection estimates directly in terms of predicted allele frequency change. This paper explores the statistical properties of gSCA: experiments that apply SCA to genome-wide scoring of SNPs in field sampled individuals. Computer simulations indicate that gSCA involving a few thousand genotyped samples can detect allele frequency changes of the magnitude that has been documented in field experiments on diverse taxa. To detect selection, imprecise genotyping from low-level sequencing of large samples of individuals provides much greater power than precise genotyping of smaller samples. The simulations also demonstrate the efficacy of ‘haplotype matching’, a method to combine information from a limited collection of whole genome sequence (the reference panel) with the much larger sample of field individuals that are measured for fitness. Pooled sequencing is demonstrated as another way to increase statistical power. Finally, I discuss the interpretation of selection estimates in relation to the Beavis effect, the overestimation of selection intensities at significant loci.
Identifying opportunities for improving the organ supply through race-stratified data
Authors: Goldberg David , Chyou Darius , Doby Brianna , Lynch Raymond
Published: October 2021

Organ procurement in the US has received attention from government officials and policymakers the last two years, culminating in CMS releasing an updated Final Rule related to organ donation this year. This regulatory change revises how organ procurement organizations (OPOs), the federal contractors tasked with managing deceased donation, are evaluated and certified/de-certified. We used 2019 data and the CMS methodology to calculate race-stratified donation data among racial/ethnic minorities across the 57 OPOs. We found that the variability in donation rates across the 57 OPOs are greater among minority populations than non-Hispanic white potential donors. Among Tier 3 OPOs, there are: a) some with low donation rates across all racial/ethnic groups; b) some with low donation rates among only certain groups, and c) some where donation rates are lowest among non-Hispanic white patients. Among low-performing OPOs, these race/ethnicity-stratified data show that under-performance in certain areas is not due to the population demographics, and identifies areas for targeted interventions to increase donation and avoid decertification
Numerical study on slip flow using the discrete unified gas-kinetic scheme
Authors: Guo Wenqiang , Hou Guoxiang , Guan Yin , Liu Senyun
Published: October 2021

Purpose

This paper aims to explore the mechanism of the slip phenomenon at macro/micro scales, and analyze the effect of slip on fluid flow and heat transfer, to reduce drag and enhance heat transfer.

Design/methodology/approach

The improved tangential momentum accommodation coefficient scheme incorporated with Navier’s slip model is introduced to the discrete unified gas kinetic scheme as a slip boundary condition. Numerical tests are simulated using the D2Q9 model with a code written in C++.

Findings

Velocity contour with slip at high Re is similar to that without slip at low Re. For flow around a square cylinder, the drag is reduced effectively and the vortex shedding frequency is reduced. For flow around a delta wing, drag is reduced and lift is increased significantly. For Cu/water nanofluid in a channel with surface mounted blocks, drag can be reduced greatly by slip and the highest value of drag reduction (DR) (67.63%) can be obtained. The highest value of the increase in averaged Nu (11.78%) is obtained by slip at Re = 40 with volume fraction φ=0.01, which shows that super-hydrophobic surface can enhance heat transfer by slip.

Originality/value

The present study introduces and proposes an effective and superior method for the numerical simulation of fluid/nanofluid slip flow, which has active guidance meaning and applied value to the engineering practice of DR, heat transfer, flow control and performance improvement.
Evolution of user navigation behavior for online news
Authors: Husin Husna Sarirah , Thom James , Zhang Xiuzhen
Published: October 2021

Purpose

The purpose of the study is to use web serer logs in analyzing the changes of user behavior in reading online news, in terms of desktop and mobile users. Advances in mobile technology and social media have paved the way for online news consumption to evolve. There is an absence of research into the changes of user behavior in terms of desktop versus mobile users, particularly by analyzing the server logs.

Design/methodology/approach

In this paper, the authors investigate the evolution of user behavior using logs from the Malaysian newspaper Berita Harian Online in April 2012 and April 2017. Web usage mining techniques were used for pre-processing the logs and identifying user sessions. A Markov model is used to analyze navigation flows, and association rule mining is used to analyze user behavior within sessions.

Findings

It was found that page accesses have increased tremendously, particularly from Android phones, and about half of the requests in 2017 are referred from Facebook. Navigation flow between the main page, articles and section pages has changed from 2012 to 2017; while most users started navigation with the main page in 2012, readers often started with an article in 2017. Based on association rules, National and Sports are the most frequent section pages in 2012 and 2017 for desktop and mobile. However, based on the lift and conviction, these two sections are not read together in the same session as frequently as might be expected. Other less popular items have higher probability of being read together in a session.

Research limitations/implications

The localized data set is from Berita Harian Online; although unique to this particular newspaper, the findings and the methodology for investigating user behavior can be applied to other online news. On another note, the data set could be extended to be more than a month. Although initially data for the year 2012 was collected, unfortunately only the data for April 2012 is complete. Other months have missing days. Therefore, to make an impartial comparison for the evolution of user behavior in five years, the Web server logs for April 2017 were used.

Originality/value

The user behavior in 2012 and 2017 was compared using association rules and Markov flow. Different from existing studies analyzing online newspaper Web server logs, this paper uniquely investigates changes in user behavior as a result of mobile phones becoming a mainstream technology for accessing the Web.
Online programming system for robotic fillet welding in Industry 4.0
Authors: Diaz-Cano Ignacio , Quintana Fernando M. , Lopez-Fuster Miguel , Badesa Francisco-Javier , Galindo Pedro L. , Morgado-Estevez Arturo
Published: October 2021

Purpose

Fillet welding is one of the most widespread types of welding in the industry, which is still carried out manually or automated by contact. This paper aims to describe an online programming system for noncontact fillet welding robots with “U”- and “L”-shaped structures, which responds to the needs of the Fourth Industrial Revolution.

Design/methodology/approach

In this paper, the authors propose an online robot programming methodology that eliminates unnecessary steps traditionally performed in robotic welding, so that the operator only performs three steps to complete the welding task. First, choose the piece to weld. Then, enter the welding parameters. Finally, it sends the automatically generated program to the robot.

Findings

The system finally managed to perform the fillet welding task with the proposed method in a more efficient preparation time than the compared methods. For this, a reduced number of components was used compared to other systems: a structured light 3 D camera, two computers and a concentrator, in addition to the six-axis industrial robotic arm. The operating complexity of the system has been reduced as much as possible.

Practical implications

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, there is no scientific or commercial evidence of an online robot programming system capable of performing a fillet welding process, simplifying the process so that it is completely transparent for the operator and framed in the Industry 4.0 paradigm. Its commercial potential lies mainly in its simple and low-cost implementation in a flexible system capable of adapting to any industrial fillet welding job and to any support that can accommodate it.

Originality/value

In this study, a robotic robust system is achieved, aligned to Industry 4.0, with a friendly, intuitive and simple interface for an operator who does not need to have knowledge of industrial robotics, allowing him to perform a fillet welding saving time and increasing productivity.
Warming alters juvenile carp effects on macrophytes resulting in a shift to turbid conditions in freshwater mesocosms
Authors: Zhang Peiyu , Zhang Huan , Wang Huan , Hilt Sabine , Li Chao , Yu Chen , Zhang Min , Xu Jun
Published: October 2021

Multiple stressors such as climate change and eutrophication are responsible for the global decline in macrophytes in lakes. The loss of this key component can result in turbid conditions and a loss of important ecosystem functions and services, particularly in shallow lakes. Benthivorous fish, which can increase in abundance during eutrophication, can adversely affect macrophytes through physical disturbance, cascading effects on turbidity, suspended and attached algae (phytoplankton and periphyton) and direct consumption. However, whether warming amplifies their effects on macrophytes and can trigger regime shifts remains unexplored.

Here, we tested the single and combined effects of warmer water (+4.5°C) and the widespread benthivorous juvenile common carp Cyprinus carpio on two different types of aquatic macrophytes in 24 mesocosms (2,500 L each). We monitored phytoplankton, periphyton, turbidity and the abundance of the submerged curly leafed pondweed Potamogeton crispus and the floating‐leaved water chestnut Trapa bispinosa during their growing season. These species dominated successively in spring and summer.

Warming alone advanced the growing season of P. crispus by 17 days. Juvenile carp decreased the abundance of the more palatable P. crispus, but promoted the abundance of T. bispinosa, supporting an ecosystem shift to a dominance of floating‐leaved macrophytes. Fish also substantially increased water turbidity and the biomass of phytoplankton and periphyton. Warming amplified juvenile carp effects on turbidity and submerged macrophytes, but also decreased the abundance of floating‐leaved macrophytes leading to an overall macrophyte decline and increase in water turbidity.

Synthesis and applications. Our study provides the first experimental evidence for a warming‐induced regime shift from clear‐water conditions dominated by submerged or floating/floating‐leaved macrophytes to a turbid state in shallow aquatic ecosystems. The regime shift was triggered by the impacts of warming on benthivorous fish (juvenile common carp) rather than on macrophytes. Lowering nutrient loading and other measures to reduce the abundance of benthivorous fish (e.g. fish removal and piscivorous fish restocking) thus may become increasingly important for the management of shallow lakes under global climate change.
A comparative study and characterization of Azadirachta indica mediated nano‐insecticide and ethanolic extract against mosquito vectors – Arabian and Indian strains
Authors: Aziz Al Thabiani
Published: October 2021

Vector borne disease are found all over the world, this becomes a major economic and social problem in developing and developed countries. Chemical insecticides have quieted their action by developed resistance, environment contaminations, non‐target effects on beneficial insects etc. Ethanolic extracted Azadirachta indica has shown virtuous mortality against Indian strains Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus and Arabian strains Cx. pipiens, Ae. aegypti. The green synthesized AgNPs insecticide developed from Az. indica which was characterized through UV, TEM, EDX, XRD showed notable larvicidal and adulticidal activity at lower concentrations when compared with ethanolic extract. The lethal concentration LC50 and LC90 of larvae by nano‐insecticide was 30.8, 63.01 μg/mL, (An. stephensi), 33.5, 71.5 μg/mL (Ae. aegypti), 39, 81.4 μg/mL (Cx. quinquefasciatus) against Indian strains and 62.5, 100.8 μg/mL (Ae. aegypti), 61.2, 92.04 μg/mL (Cx. pipiens). The adulticidal activity of AgNPs for LC50 and LC90 against Arabian strain was 20.1, 92.0 μg/mL against Ae. aegypti, 367.8, 1521.7 μg/mL against Cx. pipiens. The larvicidal and aduticidal activity of AgNPs developed from Az. indica was superior to crude ethanolic leaf extract. Thus AgNPs are a promising potential larvicidal, adulticidal insecticide against Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. pipiens, Ae. aegypti and An. stephensi.
Characterizing individual tree‐level snags using airborne lidar‐derived forest canopy gaps within closed‐canopy conifer forests
Authors: Stitt Jessica M. , Hudak Andrew T. , Silva Carlos A. , Vierling Lee A. , Vierling Kerri T.
Published: October 2021

Airborne lidar is often used to calculate forest metrics about trees, but it may also provide a wealth of information about the space between trees. Forest canopy gaps are defined by the absence of vegetative structure and serve important roles for wildlife, such as facilitating animal movement. Forest canopy gaps also occur around snags, keystone structures that provide important substrates to wildlife species for breeding, roosting and foraging.

We wanted to test a method for quantifying canopy gaps around individual snags and live trees, with the working hypothesis that snags would have more gaps surrounding them overall than live trees. We evaluated canopy gaps around individual snags (n = 270) and live trees (n = 2,186) and evaluated correlations between canopy structure and snag occurrence in dense conifer stands of the Idaho Panhandle National Forest, United States. We paired airborne lidar with ground reference data collected at fixed‐radius plots (n = 53) to evaluate local gap structure. The r package ForestGapR was used to quantify canopy gaps throughout the canopy to determine where the differences were greatest. A canopy space profile was created for each tree by mapping gaps (a) vertically every 2 m in height (2–50 m above‐ground), and (b) horizontally across small (16 m2), medium (36 m2) and large (64 m2) footprint sizes.

Our results suggest that this method is robust for quantifying canopy gaps around individual trees. The canopy space profiles were distinctly different for snags and live trees, with more canopy gaps within the area surrounding snags relative to live trees. The greatest differences occurred at mid‐canopy heights (~20 m above‐ground) and at the smallest footprint size (16 m2).

These results show potential to improve the understanding of gap dynamics in closed‐canopy conifer forests, and we suggest that snag modelling could be improved by incorporating lidar‐derived canopy gap analyses alongside existing methodologies.
Causality in structural vector autoregressions: Science or sorcery?
Authors: Ghanem Dalia , Smith Aaron
Published: October 2021

This paper presents the structural vector autoregression (SVAR) as a method for estimating dynamic causal effects in agricultural and resource economics. We have a pedagogical purpose; we aim the presentation at economists trained primarily in microeconometrics. The SVAR is a model of a system, whereas a reduced‐form microeconometric study aims to estimate the causal effect of one variable on another. The system approach produces estimates of a complete set of causal relationships among the variables, but it requires strong assumptions to do so. We explain these assumptions and describe similarities and differences with the classical instrumental variables (IV) model. We demonstrate that the population analogue of the Wald IV estimator for a particular causal effect is identical to the ratio of two impulse responses from an SVAR. We further demonstrate that incorrect identification assumptions about some components of the SVAR do not necessarily invalidate the estimated causal effects of other components. We present an SVAR analysis of global supply and demand for agricultural commodities, which was previously examined using IV. We illustrate the additional economic insights that the SVAR reveals, and we articulate the additional assumptions upon which those insights rest.