bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Broadening Political Psychology
Authors: Hatemi Peter K. , McDermott Rose
Published: February 2012

One hundred years ago, if we proposed that we could make you happy with a pill, we would have been ridiculed and would have entered the realm of science fiction and not science itself. Yet that is precisely where we are today. The genetics and neurobiological revolution is upon us, and we advocate that political psychology not simply join this revolution but take a lead role in it. Here in this review, we explore the various ways in which political psychology can embrace this revolution and incorporate work in neuropsychology, cognitive neuroscience, psychiatry, endocrinology, and recent advances in genetics. In doing so, we advocate the adoption of an epidemiological approach and discuss the ways in which various methods including physiological experimentation, genetic analysis, and neurological explorations including MRIs and other technical advances provide critical insight into human behavior and present intriguing possibilities for exploring the nature of political attitudes, attachments, and behaviors. In advocating for broadening the approaches used in the field, we reflect critically on how we might improve and strengthen the accuracy of our understanding of the psychological bases of political preferences and behavior in the future.
Temporality, space and technology: time‐space discourses of call centres
Authors: Ibrahim Yasmin
Published: February 2012

This paper considers time‐space discourses within grand theories that have shaped the trajectory of research on call centres. A critical approach to telework needs to consider temporal and spatial configurations and space creation as a negotiation between a multitude of factors including capital, culture and human agency.
Managing electronic waste: a study of market failure
Authors: Neyland Daniel , Simakova Elena
Published: February 2012

This paper analyses market based initiatives as solutions to techno‐scientific problems. It focuses on electronic waste to argue that market‐ based initiatives are key locations in which techno‐scientific work takes place. Such work is explored through recent ideas inspired by Actor‐Network Theory and the concept of performativity.
Analysing change in an Accident and Emergency Department: organisational routines as ongoing and emergent sociomaterial accomplishments
Authors: Crump Norman , Latham Yvonne
Published: February 2012

Bringing together insights from Organisation Studies and Science and Technology Studies this paper provides a multilevel analysis of a planned change initiative. Focusing on different layers of this change the emergent ambiguities, multiplicities and tensions are explored serving to highlight the ‘back stage complexities’ often hidden by the ‘front stage slickness’ (Moser and Law) of organisational routines.
Story spaces: a methodological contribution
Authors: Hitchin Linda , Maksymiw Wolodymyr
Published: February 2012

This paper draws attention to methodological opportunities evident in diverse approaches to story. Empirical work from Organisational Behaviour is placed alongside empirical work in Science Technology Studies and a case made for diversity and detail in deploying story in studies of work, technology and employment.
LONG‐RUN DETERMINANTS OF JAPANESE EXPORTS TO CHINA AND THE UNITED STATES: A SECTORAL ANALYSIS
Authors: JAUSSAUD JACQUES , REY SERGE
Published: February 2012

During the period 1971–2007, Japanese sectoral exports to China and the United States depended on real exchange rate fluctuations and external demand (GDP of the country of destination). This result holds for both geographical destinations and for all six sectors under investigation in this study: foods, textiles, metal products, chemicals, non‐metal products, and machinery and equipment. For both China and the United States and for almost all sectors, the real exchange rate fluctuations and GDP have had the expected effects. Real appreciation of the yen and greater uncertainty derived from increased exchange rate volatility have reduced Japanese exports.
BUSINESS CYCLE, CURRENCY AND TRADE, REVISITED
Authors: ARTIS MICHAEL J. , OKUBO TOSHIHIRO
Published: February 2012

This paper provides long‐run historical evidence for the link between business cycle synchronization, trade and the exchange rate regime. Using data from a large number of industrialized countries and a group of Asian economies, we examine this link in three sub‐periods: the first globalization period (1870–1913), the bloc economy period (1915–1959) and the second globalization period (1960–2004). The business cycle is identified as the series of deviates from a Hodrick–Prescott filtered trend. Cyclical turning points are located in the business cycles of our sample of 21 major countries, which enables us to comment on the characteristics of business cycles in the three periods. Cross‐correlations of the cyclical deviates are calculated for all the pairs of the 21 countries examined. It is apparent from casual inspection that the business cycle characteristics and the pattern of cross‐correlations in the bloc economy period are different from those found for the two globalization periods, whereas there is less difference between the two globalization periods. Following the estimations by Frankel and Rose, we relate business cycle synchronization to trade patterns and currency unions. Consequently, we find that European integration was already discernible in terms of business cycle synchronization in the early 1900s and that a similar synchronization was not discernible for Asia.
Levodopa/carbidopa intestinal gel infusion long‐term therapy in advanced Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Nyholm D. , Klangemo K. , Johansson A.
Published: February 2012

Background:  Infusion of levodopa/carbidopa intestinal gel (Duodopa®; Abbott) was introduced in Sweden in 1991 as an experimental treatment in advanced Parkinson’s disease and obtained EU approval in 2004. There is compelling evidence for short‐term use of this treatment; however, long‐term data are scarce.

Methods:  A retrospective review of medical records was performed. The primary objective was to assess the duration of treatment for all Swedish patients starting long‐term levodopa/carbidopa gel therapy between January 1991 and June 2008. Secondary aims were to study demographics, treatment with anti‐Parkinson’s disease drugs and other concomitant medications, and reasons for discontinuation of levodopa/carbidopa gel.

Results:  Of 150 identified patients, 135 were included in the study. On average, patients were 49 years at diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease and 63 years when infusion therapy was initiated. The median treatment time on infusion was 3.4 years (range, 0–16 years). The restricted mean treatment time was nearly 8 years; 81 patients were still on treatment at the end of the study. Levodopa was used as monotherapy in a majority of patients. Dosage of the drug was stable over time. Thirty‐one patients discontinued infusion prior to the cutoff date and 23 patients died. Device‐related problems were the most common reason for discontinuation. Patients were more likely to discontinue infusion therapy before 2000. The year of infusion initiation was significantly earlier in the dropout group compared with a matched group of continuing patients.

Conclusions:  Levodopa/carbidopa intestinal gel infusion is a long‐term treatment alternative in patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease.
Right‐to‐left shunts as a cause of juxtacortical spots in patients with migraine
Authors: Yoon G.‐J. , Kim J.‐T. , Chang J. , Kim D.‐E. , Cho B.‐H. , Lee J.‐H. , Jung H.‐J. , Lee S.‐H. , Choi S.‐M. , Park M.‐S. , Cho K.‐H.
Published: February 2012

Backgrounds:  Juxtacortical spots on fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images can be frequently detected in patients with migraine. However, the origins of the cerebral lesions (including juxtacortical spots on FLAIR images) found in the previous studies are not known. We sought to investigate the association between juxtacortical spots on FLAIR images and right‐to‐left shunt (RLS) in migraine patients.

Methods:  Juxtacortical spots on FLAIR images were arbitrarily defined as small areas of hyperintensities in the juxtacortex and cortico‐subcortical junction. The presence of RLS was examined by a transcranial Dopper (TCD) with the agitated saline test. The degree of RLS was categorized into four grades according to the number of microemboli: no shunt, <10 microbubbles (MB), >10 MB single spots pattern, and >10 MB shower/curtain pattern. We compared the results for migraine patients (n = 49) with those for healthy controls (n = 49).

Results:  Juxtacortical spots on FLAIR images occurred in 38/98 subjects; of them, 27/49 (55.1%) had migraines and 11/49 (22.2%) were healthy controls (P = 0.002). The independent factors associated with juxtacortical spots on FLAIR images were female, migraine patients, and RLS by multivariate analysis. In migraine patients, RLS was independently associated with juxtacortical spots on FLAIR images.

Conclusion:  Our results suggest that juxtacortical spots on FLAIR images were frequently found in migraine patients and might be associated with the presence of RLS in those patients. Further studies are needed to assess whether juxtacortical spots have clinical implications in patients with migraine.
Self‐medication of regular headache: a community pharmacy‐based survey
Authors: Mehuys E. , Paemeleire K. , Van Hees T. , Christiaens T. , Van Bortel L. M. , Van Tongelen I. , De Bolle L. , Remon J.‐P. , Boussery K.
Published: February 2012

Background:  This observational community pharmacy‐based study aimed to investigate headache characteristics and medication use of persons with regular headache presenting for self‐medication.

Methods:  Participants (n = 1205) completed (i) a questionnaire to assess current headache medication and previous physician diagnosis, (ii) the ID Migraine Screener (ID‐M), and (iii) the Migraine Disability Assessment questionnaire.

Results:  Forty‐four percentage of the study population (n = 528) did not have a physician diagnosis of their headache, and 225 of them (225/528, 42.6%) were found to be ID‐M positive. The most commonly used acute headache drugs were paracetamol (used by 62% of the study population), NSAIDs (39%), and combination analgesics (36%). Only 12% of patients physician‐diagnosed with migraine used prophylactic migraine medication, and 25% used triptans. About 24% of our sample (n = 292) chronically overused acute medication, which was combination analgesic overuse (n = 166), simple analgesic overuse (n = 130), triptan overuse (n = 19), ergot overuse (n = 6), and opioid overuse (n = 5). Only 14.5% was ever advised to limit intake frequency of acute headache treatments.

Conclusions:  This study identified underdiagnosis of migraine, low use of migraine prophylaxis and triptans, and high prevalence of medication overuse amongst subjects seeking self‐medication for regular headache. Community pharmacists have a strategic position in education and referral of these self‐medicating headache patients.
The impact of silent vascular brain burden in cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: González‐Redondo R. , Toledo J. , Clavero P. , Lamet I. , García‐García D. , García‐Eulate R. , Martínez‐Lage P. , Rodríguez‐Oroz M. C.
Published: February 2012

Background and purpose:  White matter hyperintensities (WMHs) detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain are associated with dementia and cognitive impairment in the general population and in Alzheimer’s disease. Their effect in cognitive decline and dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD) is still unclear.

Methods:  We studied the relationship between WMHs and cognitive state in 111 patients with PD classified as cognitively normal (n = 39), with a mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (n = 46) or dementia (n = 26), in a cross‐sectional and follow‐up study. Cognitive state was evaluated with a comprehensive neuropsychological battery, and WMHs were identified in FLAIR and T2‐weighted MRI. The burden of WMHs was rated using the Scheltens scale.

Results:  No differences in WMHs were found between the three groups in the cross‐sectional study. A negative correlation was observed between semantic fluency and the subscore for WMHs in the frontal lobe. Of the 36 non‐demented patients re‐evaluated after a mean follow‐up of 30 months, three patients converted into MCI and 5 into dementia. Progression of periventricular WMHs was associated with an increased conversion to dementia. A marginal association between the increase in total WMHs burden and worsening in the Mini Mental State Examination was encountered.

Conclusions:  White matter hyperintensities do not influence the cognitive status of patients with PD. Frontal WMHs have a negative impact on semantic fluency. Brain vascular burden may have an effect on cognitive impairment in patients with PD as WMHs increase overtime might increase the risk of conversion to dementia. This finding needs further confirmation in larger prospective studies.
The Logic of Urban Squatting
Authors: PRUIJT HANS
Published: February 2012

Existing frameworks tend to break down when applied to the analysis of urban squatting. Five basic configurations — combinations of features that fit together well and are therefore effective — are discussed in this article. Where squatting is concerned, the configurations differ with respect to the following: the characteristics of the people involved, the type of building, the framing, the demands made by activists, and mobilization and organization patterns. Each configuration also entails specific problems. Deprivation‐based squatting involves poor people who are distressed because of severe housing deprivation. In squatting as an alternative housing strategy, people organize squatting to meet their own housing needs. Entrepreneurial squatting offers opportunities for setting up almost any kind of establishment without the need for large resources or the risk of getting bogged down in bureaucracy. Conservational squatting is a tactic used in the preservation of a cityscape or landscape against efficiency‐driven planned transformation. Political squatting is a field of action for those who are engaged in anti‐systemic politics.

Les cadres d'analyse existants ont tendance à s'écrouler lorsqu'on les applique aux squats urbains. Cinq configurations de base, combinant des caractères en adéquation, donc efficaces, sont analysées dans cet article. En matière de squats, les configurations diffèrent sur les plans suivants: caractéristiques des personnes impliquées, type de bâtiment, mode de cadrage, demandes exprimées par les militants, schémas de mobilisation et d'organisation. De plus, des problèmes spécifiques correspondent à chaque configuration. L'habitat en squat pour cause de dénuement concerne des individus pauvres qui n'ont pas les moyens de se loger. Lorsque le squattage est une stratégie de logement alternative, les individus l'organisent en fonction de leurs besoins personnels. Le squattage en vue d'une activité offre une possibilité de créer presque n'importe quel type d'établissement sans apport de ressources important, ni risque de s'empêtrer dans des démarches administratives. Le squattage conservatoire est une tactique qui permet de préserver un paysage (urbain) en s'opposant à une transformation décidée sur des critères de rentabilité. Le squattage politique est un champ d'action pour ceux qui s'engagent dans une politique anti‐système.
Are Trees Always ‘Good’? Urban Political Ecology and Environmental Justice in the Valleys of South Wales
Authors: Kitchen Lawrence
Published: February 2012

This article explores the potential of Urban Political Ecology analyses to reveal the nuanced relationships produced by nature and social relations in urban forests. A critique of the Urban Political Ecology forest literature, it focuses on the assumption in much of the literature that people in urban spaces perceive themselves to be advantaged by the presence of trees and disadvantaged by their absence. This critique leads to a call for an increased emphasis on the importance of different urban forest contexts and on the differential insights produced. The article constructs a narrative of the complex relationships, both historic and current, between communities, forest and the regulatory authorities in the governance of the urban forest of the valleys of south Wales. It then draws on recent research to reveal tensions in capitalist production and consumption relations, and identifies specific issues. Analysing these relationships and comparing the south Wales valleys case with other examples in Urban Political Ecology literature, the article seeks to promote the utility of Urban Political Ecology as a concept and to advance theoretically both Urban Political Ecology and, by extension, environmental justice.

L'écologie politique urbaine, à travers ses analyses, est susceptible de révéler les relations en demi‐teintes que génèrent la nature et les relations sociales dans les forêts urbaines. Dans une critique des publications d'écologie politique urbaine sur la forêt, cet article s'intéresse à l'hypothèse courante selon laquelle les habitants des espaces urbains ressentent la présence d'arbres comme un avantage, et leur absence comme un désavantage. Il apparaît nécessaire de souligner l'importance des différents contextes de la forêt urbaine, ainsi que la diversité des perspectives qu'ils créent. L'article expose les rapports complexes, tant passés qu'actuels, entre communautés, forêt et autorités de réglementation dans le cadre de la gouvernance de la forêt urbaine de ‘The Valleys’ en Galles du sud. De plus, à partir de travaux de recherches récents, il repère des tensions dans les relations entre production capitaliste et consommation des espaces forestiers, et identifie des problèmes spécifiques. L'analyse de ces relations et la comparaison du cas des vallées des Galles du sud avec d'autres exemples traités dans les textes d'écologie politique urbaine encouragent à voir cette discipline comme un concept utile, donc à développer son cadre théorique et, par extension, celui de la justice environnementale.
Does supplemental feeding affect the viability of translocated populations? The example of the hihi
Authors: Chauvenet A. L. M. , Ewen J. G. , Armstrong D. P. , Coulson T. , Blackburn T. M. , Adams L. , Walker L. K. , Pettorelli N.
Published: February 2012

Translocations are commonly used conservation actions that aim at establishing new, self‐sustaining populations of threatened species. However, many translocated populations are not self‐sustaining but managed through supplemental feeding from the onset. Often, the decision to start managing is ad hoc, but managers will eventually have to make decisions for the future, for example, stop intervening, continue as it is or change the quantity of food provided. Such a decision requires managers to quantify the importance of supplemental feeding in determining the performance and population dynamics of translocated populations, information that is rarely available in the published literature. Using the hihi as a case study, we examined the importance of supplemental feeding for the viability of a translocated population in New Zealand. We found that supplemental feeding positively affected the survival and abundance of translocated adult hihi but also found evidence of negative density dependence on recruitment. We present two stochastic population models that project the hihi population under different management scenarios, quantitatively assessing the impact supplemental feeding has had on the population. Our results illustrate how important long‐term targeted monitoring is for robust decision making about adaptive management.
The Invisible Unattended: Low‐wage Chinese Immigrant Workers, Health Care, and Social Capital in Southern California’s San Gabriel Valley*
Authors: Pih Kay Kei‐ho , Hirose Akihiko , Mao KuoRay
Published: February 2012

This study investigates the factors affecting the availability of health insurance, the accessibility of health care, and the dissemination of the relevant information among low‐wage Chinese immigrants in Southern California by relying on the concepts of social and cultural capital. Using community‐based research and in‐depth interviews, our study suggests that a severe shortage in health care coverage among low‐wage Chinese immigrants is influenced by the lack of employment with employer‐provided health insurance within the Chinese “ethnoburb” community. Although the valuable social capital generated by Chinese immigrant networks seems to be sufficient enough to provide them with certain practical resources, the lack of cultural capital renders the social network rather ineffective in providing critical health care information from mainstream American society.
The outcomes of glucose abnormalities in pre‐diabetic chronic hepatitis C patients receiving peginterferon plus ribavirin therapy
Authors: Huang Jee‐Fu , Yu Ming‐Lung , Huang Chung‐Feng , Juo Suh‐Hang Hank , Dai Chia‐Yen , Hsieh Ming‐Yen , Hou Nei‐Jen , Yeh Ming‐Lun , Hsieh Meng‐Hsuan , Yang Jeng‐Fu , Lin Zu‐Yau , Chen Shinn‐Chern , Shin Shyi‐Jang , Chuang Wan‐Long
Published: February 2012

Background/Aims

Pre‐diabetes is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) development. This study aimed to elucidate the impact of treatment response on sequential changes in glucose abnormalities in pre‐diabetic chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients.

Methods

Chronic Hepatitis C patients with a baseline haemoglobin A1C (A1C) range 5.7–6.4% who achieved 80/80/80 adherence were prospectively recruited. All patients received current peginterferon‐based recommendations. The primary outcome measurement was their A1C level at the end of follow‐up (EOF). The interaction between variants of the IL28B gene and outcomes of glucose metabolism was also measured.

Results

A total of 181 consecutive CHC patients were enrolled. The mean A1C at EOF was 5.82 ± 0.41%, which was significantly lower than the baseline level (5.93 ± 0.21%, P < 0.001). At EOF, 63 (34.8%) patients became normoglycaemic, whereas 10 (5.5%) patients developed DM. The sustained virological response (SVR) rates of 63 normoglycaemics, 108 pre‐diabetics and 10 diabetic patients at the EOF were 92.1%, 84.3% and 50% respectively (normoglycaemics vs. diabetics P = 0.003; pre‐diabetics vs. diabetics P = 0.02). Achievement of an SVR was the only predictive factor associated with normoglycaemia development at EOF by multivariate logistic regression analysis (Odds ratio = 2.6, P = 0.04). The prevalence of the interleukin 28B rs8099917 TT variant in patients who developed DM (70.0%) at EOF tended to be lower than that in patients with pre‐diabetics (87.0%) or normoglycaemics (92.1%).

Conclusion

Successful eradication of HCV improves glucose abnormalities in pre‐diabetic CHC patients.
Oral care and oropharyngeal and tracheal colonization by Gram‐negative pathogens in children
Authors: Kusahara Denise Miyuki , Friedlander Lais Tambelli , Peterlini Maria Angélica Sorgini , Pedreira Mavilde Luz Gonçalves
Published: February 2012

Background: Critical care nursing interventions to oral care can reduce microorganisms in the oropharynx available for translocation.

Objectives: To analyse the effect of 0·12% chlorhexidine digluconate on the colonization of oropharyngeal and tracheal secretions by Gram‐negative pathogens in mechanically ventilated children.

Methods: A randomized, controlled and double‐blinded study was performed in the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of a Brazilian university hospital. Exclusion criteria included child age under 28 days, pneumonia diagnosis at admission, use of tracheostomy, PICU length of stay (LOS) less than 48 h and refusal to participate. Children were randomly allocated to the interventional group (IG), in which oral care with chlorhexidine was administered, or to the placebo group (PG), which received oral care without antiseptic use. The data were analysed through Pearson's χ2 test, Fisher's exact and ANOVA tests with significance levels set at 0·05.

Results: The demographic characteristics of the 74 children were not statistically different between groups. No between‐group differences in oropharyx colonization by Gram‐negative pathogens were identified (p = 0·316). Pathogens were isolated in the tracheal secretions of two (10·0%) children in the PG and four (19·0%) children in the IG (p = 0·355).

Conclusion: The use of chlorhexidine did not significantly influence the colonization of oropharyngeal and tracheal secretions by Gram‐negative pathogens of the studied sample.

Relevance to clinical practice: This study demonstrated no influence of a specific antiseptic agent on colonization profile of mechanically ventilated children in PICU. Further research in this field is necessary to promote evidence‐based nursing practice on oral care of critically ill children.
Species composition of thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) on cultivated chrysanthemum (Asteraceae) in Okinawa, southwestern Japan
Authors: GANAHA‐KIKUMURA Tomoko , OHNO Suguru , KIJIMA Keisuke , MASUMOTO Masami , MAEKADO Naomi
Published: February 2012

We investigated the species composition of phytophagous thrips and spider mites on cultivated chrysanthemum in Okinawa, southwestern Japan. Eight thrips species belonging to the genera Frankliniella, Microcephalothrips, Scirtothrips and Thrips were found on chrysanthemum leaves. Among them, Thrips nigropilosus was the predominant species irrespective of season, island or cultivation environment (meshed greenhouse or open field), with its infestation frequency being 89% of the fields in which thrips occurred. This high frequency of occurrence suggests that T. nigropilosus is a major pest of chrysanthemum in Okinawa, even though this species has rarely been regarded as an important pest of chrysanthemum or other crops in any other areas. Thrips palmi was the second most dominant (infestation frequency 36%) and other species were scarce (<14%). Tetranychus urticae (green form) was the only tetranychid species on chrysanthemum in our survey. This lack of diversity among spider mites on chrysanthemum is peculiar considering that eight Tetranychus species have been found on vegetables in the same area. Since T. urticae (green form) has been shown to be resistant to a number of pesticides, severe pesticide applications might have simplified the spider mite fauna on chrysanthemum in Okinawa.
The StenTec Gauge for Measuring Static Intra‐access Pressure Ratio (PIa Ratio) of Fistulas and Grafts
Authors: Ash Stephen R. , Dhamija Rajiv , Zaroura Mohamad Y. , Hentschel Dirk M.
Published: February 2012

The StenTec™ Gauge provides a method to determine the static intra‐access pressure ratio (PIa Ratio) within a fistula or graft. The StenTec Gauge estimates the peak systolic pressure within the fistula or graft by measurement of the distance that the blood–air interface progresses into the tubing of the fistula needle, after the needle is inserted “dry” into the fistula or graft and before the cap is removed from the tubing. The peak systolic pressure is graphically compared with the systolic arterial blood pressure of the patient, to determine PIa Ratio. For best accuracy, the StenTec Gauge should be chosen that best matches the internal volume of the fistula needle tubing (2.3–2.6 ml for 12‐inch tubing and 3.6 ml for 16‐inch tubing) and the approximate elevation of the city in which it is used (0–1000, 1000–3000, and 3000–6000 feet above sea level). In this article, we explain the rationale for this method of surveillance, evidence for accuracy of the StenTec Gauge, and the correlation of changes in the PIa Ratio to the development of stenosis in a fistula or graft.
A High Blood Level in the Air Trap Reduces Microemboli During Hemodialysis
Authors: Forsberg Ulf , Jonsson Per , Stegmayr Christofer , Stegmayr Bernd
Published: February 2012

Previous studies have demonstrated the presence of air microemboli in the dialysis circuit and in the venous circulation of the patients during hemodialysis. In vitro studies indicate that a high blood level in the venous air trap reduces the extent of microbubble formation. The purpose of this study was to examine whether air microbubbles can be detected in the patient's access and if so, whether the degree of microbubble formation can be altered by changing the blood level in the venous air trap. This was a randomized, double‐blinded, interventional study of 20 chronic hemodialysis patients. The patients were assigned to hemodialysis with either an elevated or a low blood level in the air trap. The investigator and the patient were blinded to the settings. The numbers of microbubbles were measured at the site of the arteriovenous (AV) access for 2 min with the aid of an ultrasonic Doppler device. The blood level in the air trap was then altered to the opposite setting and a new measurement was carried out after an equilibration period of 30 min. Median (range) for the number of microbubbles measured with the high air trap level and the low air trap level in AV access was 2.5 (0–80) compared with 17.5 (0–77), respectively (P = 0.044). The degree of microbubble formation in hemodialysis patients with AV access was reduced significantly if the blood level in the air trap was kept high. The exposure of potentially harmful air microbubbles was thereby significantly reduced. This measure can be performed with no additional healthcare cost.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis to Determine Shear Stresses and Rates in a Centrifugal Left Ventricular Assist Device
Authors: Selgrade Brian Paul , Truskey George A.
Published: February 2012

Axial flow left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are a significant improvement in mechanical circulatory support. However, patients with these devices experience degradation of large von Willebrand factor (vWF) multimers, which is associated with bleeding and may be caused by high shear stresses within the LVAD. In this study, we used computational fluid mechanics to determine the wall shear stresses, shear rates, and residence times in a centrifugal LVAD and assess the impact on these variables caused by changing impeller speed and changing from a shrouded to a semi‐open impeller. In both LVAD types, shear rates were well over 10 000/s in several regions. This is high enough to degrade vWF, but it is unclear if residence times, which were below 5 ms in high‐shear regions, are long enough to allow vWF cleavage. Additionally, wall shear stresses were below the threshold stress of 10 Pa only in the outlet tube so it is feasible to endothelialize this region to enhance its biocompatibility.
Widespread cortical morphologic changes in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: Evidence from structural MRI
Authors: Ronan Lisa , Alhusaini Saud , Scanlon Cathy , Doherty Colin P. , Delanty Norman , Fitzsimons Mary
Published: February 2012

Purpose:  Atypical morphology of the surface of the cerebral cortex may be related to abnormal cortical folding (gyrification) and therefore may indicate underlying malformations of cortical development (MCDs). Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)–based analysis, we examined cortical morphology in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME).

Methods:  MRI data was collected for 24 patients with JME and 40 demographically matched healthy controls. FreeSurfer, an automated cortical surface reconstruction method, was applied to compare cortical morphology between patients and controls. Areas of anomalous cortical morphology were defined as regions of interest (ROIs) to contrast regional cortical parameters, such as surface area, average thickness, and mean curvature between patients and controls.

Key Findings:  In patients with JME, changes to cortical morphology were detected in several regions. In the left hemisphere, these were in insular and cingulate cortices, occipital pole, and middle temporal and fusiform gyri. In the right hemisphere, changes were detected in insular cortex, inferior temporal gyrus, and precuneus. Further analysis of ROIs revealed that these changes are related to differences in surface area rather than average cortical thickness. In addition, mean curvature abnormalities were detected in the insula bilaterally, the left cingulate cortex, and right inferior temporal gyrus.

Significance:  The morphologic findings in this study suggest that structural abnormalities in JME extend beyond mesial frontal lobe regions of the brain. These may be indicative of areas of subtle cortical folding abnormality related to early disruption of cortical development.
Hippocampus versus entorhinal cortex decoupling by an NR2 subunit–specific block of NMDA receptors in a rat in vitro model of temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Berretta Nicola , Ledonne Ada , Mango Dalila , Bernardi Giorgio , Mercuri Nicola B.
Published: February 2012

The role of N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptors (NMDARs) in the generation and maintenance of epileptic seizures has been widely investigated, however, little is known of possible separate roles played by NMDARs that contain different NR2 subunits. A better comprehension of how distinct NMDARs subtypes participate in seizure generation and/or diffusion may lead to the development of more targeted pharmacologic strategies to treat epilepsy. Therefore, we have performed an electrophysiologic investigation using a multielectrode array device, on slices comprising entorhinal cortex (EC) and hippocampus, continuously perfused in a Mg2+‐free medium, with added 4‐aminopiridine (4AP; 10–15 μm). Two separate rhythmic patterns of interictal‐like activity were generated in EC and hippocampus, with EC seizures entrained to those in CA3, so that a significant degree of cross‐correlation occurred. Perfusion with the NR2A‐containing NMDAR antagonist [(R)‐[(S)‐1‐(4‐bromo‐phenyl)‐ethylamino]‐(2,3‐dioxo‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinoxalin‐5‐yl)‐methyl]‐phosphonic acid (NVP‐AAM077; 50 nm) or Zn2+ (200 nm), did not affect the rate of interictal‐like events in EC and hippocampus; however, it significantly reduced their cross‐correlation, causing a substantial decoupling of the two rhythm generators. The same effect was observed with (αR,βS)‐α‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐β‐methyl‐4‐(phenylmethyl)‐1‐piperidinepropanol maleate (Ro25‐6981; 1 μm), when coapplied with a subthreshold dose of NVP‐AAM077. Our results suggest that NR2 subunits may be crucial in entraining cortical networks, leading to recruitment of wider range oscillations during epilepsy. Therefore, a pharmacologic strategy directed onto NR2 subunits may help to limit seizure diffusion and recruitment of potentially entrained oscillatory networks.
Striatal hypertrophy and its cognitive effects in new‐onset benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes
Authors: Lin Jack J. , Riley Jeff D. , Hsu David A. , Stafstrom Carl E. , Dabbs Kevin , Becker Tara , Seidenberg Michael , Hermann Bruce P.
Published: February 2012

Purpose:  Benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS), the most common childhood epilepsy syndrome, is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a genetic influence. Despite its signature electroencephalographic pattern and distinct focal motor seizure semiology, little is known about the underlying brain anatomic alteration and the corresponding cognitive consequences. Given the motor manifestations of seizures in BECTS, we hypothesize that anatomic networks in BECTS involve a distributed corticostriatal circuit.

Methods:  We investigated volumetric differences and shape deformities of caudate, putamen, pallidum, and thalamus in a group of children with new‐ and recent‐onset BECTS (N = 13) compared to healthy controls (N = 54). We correlated specific subcortical volumes in BECTS that were significantly different from those in healthy controls with performances in executive function.

Key Findings:  Children with BECTS demonstrated significantly hypertrophied putamen, which was selective among the subcortical regions examined. Shape analysis showed dorsoventral elongation of the left caudate and bilateral putamen, with subnuclei expansion in ventral and dorsal striatum. Larger putamen volumes were linked to better cognitive performances on two complementary executive function tests.

Significance:  Children with BECTS showed aberrant volume and shape in subcortical regions that are critical for both motor processing and executive function. It is of importance to note that the hypertrophy appears to be cognitively adaptive, as enlargement was associated with improved cognitive performances. The anatomic abnormalities and their cognitive effects are evident in a group of children with new‐ and recent‐onset epilepsy, suggesting that the structural brain anomalies occurred before the diagnosis of epilepsy.
Focal and generalized EEG paroxysms in childhood absence epilepsy: Topographic associations and distinctive behaviors during the first cycle of non‐REM sleep
Authors: Koutroumanidis Michalis , Tsiptsios Dimitrios , Kokkinos Vasileios , Kostopoulos George K.
Published: February 2012

Purpose:  To better understand the nature of the focal spike‐wave discharges (FSWDs) and focally led generalized spike‐wave discharges (GSWDs) in typical childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) and by implication their nosologic and taxonomic significance.

Methods:  Twenty‐four abnormal video‐electroencephalography (EEG) studies from 13 consecutive children with CAE and good response to appropriate antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) were analyzed. We studied the association between the topography of absence onset and the ictal automatisms, and the topographic correlation between FSWDs and GSWDs and their respective behavior during hyperventilation and the different states of phasic and nonphasic non–rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. GSWDs were considered as of “focal” onset if a lead‐in could be visibly recognized at a paper speed of 60 mm/s, and were classified by their topography.

Key Findings:  (1) Multifocal absences occurred in 10 children; anterior onset was noted in 81 absences (73.6%) from 12 children and posterior in 18 (16.4%) from 7 children; there was no association between topography of absence onset and ictal automatisms; (2) FSWDs occurred in 85% of children and were multifocal in 73% of them; 85% of FSWDs were anterior and 14% posterior; (3) there was good topographic association between FSWDs and the leading spike of GSWDs of “focal” onset in all children with FSWDs; (4) both FSWDs and GSWDs increased during hyperventilation; (5) FSWDs occurred mainly during noncyclical NREM sleep and during periods of reduced vigilance of cyclical NREM sleep, whereas GSWDs occurred during the periods of enhanced vigilance of NREM sleep; GSWDs occurred significantly more frequently than FSWDs at the transition from reduced to enhanced vigilance of NREM sleep.

Significance:  Our findings suggest that in CAE focal EEG paroxysms reflect a system of multifocal nonlocalizing electrically unstable cortical areas that under the facilitatory influence of exogenous or endogenous factors like sleep instability can foster a corticothalamic response of sufficient strength to generate 3‐Hz GSWDs that are conditionally sustainable and potentially ictal. FSWDs can be viewed as incomplete forms of the GSWDs; together they define the EEG identity of idiopathic “generalized” epileptogenesis.
CURRENT KNOWLEDGE OF THE LIFE CYCLES OFPHAEOCYSTIS GLOBOSAANDPHAEOCYSTIS ANTARCTICA(PRYMNESIOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Peperzak Louis , Gäbler‐Schwarz Steffi
Published: February 2012

Despite continuous efforts since the 1950s and more recent advances in culturing flagellates and nonflagellate cells of the prymnesiophytePhaeocystis,a number of different life‐cycle models exist today that appear to apply forP. globosaScherff. andP. antarcticaG. Karst., both spherical colony formers. In one such model, this life cycle consists of three different flagellates and one nonmotile cell stage that is embedded in carbohydrate matrix‐forming colonies of different sizes and forms. Recently, noncolonial aggregates of diploid nonmotile cells attached to surfaces of diatoms were put forward as a new stage in the sexual life cycle ofP. antarctica. However, it can be discussed that these “attached aggregates” (AAs) are an intermediate between motile diploid flagellates, with their well‐known tendency to adhere to surfaces, and the young spherical colony with its diploid nonmotile cells, which in nature is commonly found attached to diatoms. A life‐cycle model pertaining to bothP. globosaandP. antarcticais presented.
Modeling and Optimization of a Coal‐Chemical Eco‐industrial System in China
Authors: Zhou Li , Hu Shan‐ying , Li Yourun , Jin Yong , Zhang Xiliang
Published: February 2012

China is coal dependent, and this situation will persist for a long time. Because more and more attention has been paid to energy security, the coal‐chemical industry has become a hot topic and has developed quickly. To improve efficiency and reduce emissions, industrial symbiosis (IS) can be introduced when establishing a coal‐chemical eco‐industrial system to achieve harmonious development between nature, industry, and society. In order to learn the influence of IS on the current industrial system, a model of coal‐chemical eco‐industrial systems was built. Using scenario optimization and linear programming, the behaviors and optimal industrial structures of the system under different scenario settings were compared, and industrial ecological analysis was performed. By comparative analysis, results showed that the greatest proportional decrease in the use of coal for coking was 15% compared with actual data for 2005. The resource‐productivity and eco‐productivity were 828 yuan/ton and 2.51, which are much higher than the values of 548 yuan/ton and 1.23 in 2005. The symbiosis index and the link density were found to be 0.675 and 1.67, compared with 0.588 and 0.94 in 2005. Research results showed that the coal‐chemical eco‐industrial system achieved a high value‐added utilization of coal and an updated product profile. Such systems will constitute the main direction and the inevitable trend of China's coal utilization in the future, which will reduce the harm to the environment from increased coal use and benefit the energy industry, the economy, and society.
Physical capital, knowledge capital, and the choice between FDI and outsourcing
Authors: Chen Yongmin , Horstmann Ignatius J. , Markusen James R.
Published: February 2012

Abstract There exist two approaches in the literature concerning the multinational firm’s mode choice for foreign production between an owned subsidiary and a licensing contract. One approach considers environments where the firm transfers primarily knowledge‐based assets and assumes that knowledge is non‐excludable. A more recent approach takes the property‐right view of the firm and assumes that physical capital is fully excludable. This paper combines both forms of capital assets in a single model. There are subtleties, and added structure is needed to establish what ex ante seems a straightforward testable hypothesis: relatively physical‐capital‐intensive firms choose outsourcing while relatively knowledge‐capital‐intensive firms choose FDI.
Spatial effects of foreign direct investment in US states
Authors: Bode Eckhardt , Nunnenkamp Peter , Waldkirch Andreas
Published: February 2012

Abstract This paper estimates the aggregate productivity effects of Marshallian externalities generated by foreign direct investment (FDI) in US states, controlling for Marshallian externalities and other spatial spillovers generated by domestic firms. A regional production function framework models externalities and other spatial spillovers explicitly as determinants of total factor productivity. We employ a system generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator to account for the potential endogeneity of FDI and the presence of spatial lags. Using data for US states from 1977–2003, the results indicate that FDI generates positive externalities, while externalities from domestic firms are negative.
Disentangling barriers to internationalization
Authors: Arndt Christian , Buch Claudia M. , Mattes Anselm
Published: February 2012

Abstract.  Recent literature on multinational firms has focused on low productivity as a barrier to the internationalization of firms. But labour market frictions or financial constraints may also hamper internationalization. In order to assess the importance of these barriers, we present new empirical evidence on the extensive and intensive margin of exports and foreign direct investment (FDI) based on micro‐level data of German firms. First, we find a positive impact of firm size and productivity on firms’ international activities. Second, labour market frictions can constitute barriers to foreign activities. Third, self‐reported financial constraints have no impact on firms’ internationalization decisions. JEL classification: F23, G2
Offshoring along the production chain
Authors: Harms Philipp , Lorz Oliver , Urban Dieter
Published: February 2012

Abstract In this paper, we analyze the offshoring decision of firms whose production process is characterized by a particular sequence of steps. International cost differences vary non‐monotonically along the production chain, and moving unfinished goods across borders incurs transport costs. We show that, in such a setting, firms may refrain from offshoring even if relocating individual steps would be advantageous in terms of offshoring costs, or they may offshore (almost) the entire production chain to save transport costs. Small variations in model parameters may thus have a substantial impact on offshoring activities.
Can neighbourhoods change the decisions of youth on the margins of university participation?
Authors: Foley Kelly
Published: February 2012

Abstract This paper uses the Youth in Transition Survey (YITS) to estimate the relationship between neighbourhoods and university participation among Canadian youth. Neighbourhood quality is proxied by the fraction of neighbourhood adults with a Bachelor's degree. The estimated effect is identified using neighbourhood variation within high schools. The paper also tests whether the effects differ by family background and children’s reading skills. Neighbourhoods do not affect university participation among youth drawn from the tails of the socio‐economic distribution. Neighbourhoods have the largest effect on youth drawn from the middle of the socio‐economic distribution who also have above median reading skills.
The role of financial sector competition for monetary policy
Authors: Ghossoub Edgar A. , Laosuthi Thanarak , Reed Robert R.
Published: February 2012

Abstract In this paper, we examine the impact of competition in the banking industry on financial market activity. In particular, we explore this issue in a setting where banks simultaneously insure individuals against liquidity risk and offer loans to promote intertemporal consumption smoothing. In addition, spatial separation and private information generate a transactions role for money. Interestingly, we demonstrate that the industrial organization of the financial system bears significant implications for the effects of monetary policy. Under perfect competition, higher rates of money growth lead to lower interest rates and a higher volume of lending activity. In contrast, in a monopoly banking sector, money growth restricts the availability of funds and raises the cost of borrowing.