bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surdicécité et citoyenneté
Authors: Bernard Serge
Published: September 2014

Mieux percevoir et comprendre la façon dont les individus, grandement vulnérables, évoluant dans un environnement risqué du fait de leur situation de handicap rare et complexe peuvent, en mobilisant leurs capabilités et celles de leur environnement, élaborer des stratégies efficientes d’entrée en relation, de communication, d’intelligibilité partagée et d’inclusion sociale.
L' anas 1944-1950 : la construction de l'identité professionnelle des assistantes sociales
Authors: Pascal Henri
Published: September 2014

Fondée en décembre 1944, l’Association nationale des assistantes sociales diplômées d’État ( anasde ) affirme, par son intitulé, la volonté de défendre la qualification de la profession. Marquant une rupture avec les pratiques associatives antérieures, elle affirme l’indépendance de la profession à l’égard aussi bien de l’État que des milieux dirigeants. Fortement mobilisée pour défendre l’unité de la profession, l’ anas se comporte à la fois comme une association professionnelle et comme un syndicat de métier. Face aux employeurs publics et privés qui embauchent de plus en plus d’assistantes sociales, l’ anas défend l’autonomie technique de la profession et affirme que cette dernière est au service des usagers.
Le mouvement des settlements et les populations afro-américaines : engagement ou oubli ?
Authors: Ward John
Published: September 2014

Cet article présente un certain nombre d’influences intellectuelles et religieuses ayant contribué à l’élaboration de l’action sociale des résidences sociales américaines (settlements) à l’ère progressiste (1890-1920). À partir des travaux d’historiens anglophones, l’auteur montre que la ségrégation à l’égard de la population afro-américaine n’est nullement remise en cause par les courants de pensée influents auprès du mouvement, ni par sa fondatrice Jane Addams. Toutefois, son idéal de progrès, sa référence au Gospel social et le paradigme pseudoscientifique « évolutionniste » qui inspirent son action l’ont conduit à avoir une certaine influence sur des personnalités noires porteuses d’action sociale à l’égard de cette population.
Les arts de la rue et les publics éloignés de la culture
Authors: Gaber Floriane
Published: September 2014

Dès leur émergence dans les années 1970, les arts de la rue se destinent (et sont destinés) à toucher « le plus grand nombre ». Ils relèvent, dès lors, la plupart du temps, des politiques de la ville qui visent à « réduire la fracture sociale ». Aujourd’hui, si les festivals de rue sont majoritairement fréquentés par des publics ayant de larges pratiques culturelles, d’autres dispositifs visent à inscrire l’action des artistes de rue dans la durée, au contact des habitants des territoires infusés.
De la démarche d'évaluation et de concertation territoriale vers les dispositifs intégrés
Authors: Acef Saïd , Barreyre Jean-Yves , Bouquet Thomas
Published: September 2014

Les xix e et xx e siècles ont répondu massivement à la question sociale, en organisant les questions posées, et les populations qui en étaient victimes, en « disciplines chargées de les résoudre ». Or, dans les deux dernières décennies du xx e siècle, cette construction disciplinaire se heurte à des situations de vulnérabilité qui n’entrent pas ou plus dans ce paradigme dominant. D’où l’apparition du mot « incasable » pour caractériser ces personnes qui se situent en dehors de ces champs disciplinaires particuliers. Les lois des années 2000 sont une première réponse législative à ce problème : en instituant le plan personnalisé – de compensation, d’aides, de l’enfant, de soins –, qui considère la personne prise en compte comme une ressource, on va s’efforcer de créer les parcours (de vie, de soins) les plus judicieux. Mais cette manière de concevoir l’intervention nécessite, pour être efficace, l’intégration des soins et services à tous les échelons du territoire et la mise en réseau des acteurs. Un exemple de cette stratégie est donné par les dispositifs d’intégration dits MAIA (Maisons pour l’autonomie et l’intégration des malades d’Alzheimer), qui se structurent autour de six leviers : la concertation, le guichet intégré, la gestion de cas, l’évaluation multidimensionnelle, le plan de services individualisé, le système d’information partagé. Malgré un certain nombre de résistances, cette expérience contient de réels facteurs de succès, la gestion de cas s’instituant comme levier de « coordination de parcours ». Un autre exemple pourrait intéresser le Plan autisme dans une démarche méthodique que l’article analyse avec précision. C’est une révolution culturelle nécessaire, une prise en compte de l’éthique de responsabilité, visant une plus grande rationalité de l’action collective organisée.
Bonnes pratiques, stratégies d'intégration et enjeux d'implantation des transformations, particulièrement au Québec
Authors: Fleury Marie-Josée
Published: September 2014

Cet article a pour but de présenter succinctement les transformations du système de santé mentale au Québec, dans les dernières années, en liaison avec les tendances internationales. Dans le souci d’une meilleure intégration de ce système ainsi que du rétablissement des personnes, le Plan d’action en santé mentale ( pasm 2005-2010) vise la consolidation des services offerts par la mise en place d’équipes multidisciplinaires de soins en première ligne, ainsi que d’équipes de suivi intensif. Des pratiques basées sur les données probantes et des stratégies d’intégration visant à mieux coordonner les services offerts par les professionnels et les organisations sont présentées : l’approche des soins centrés sur les patients, les soins par étape, la gestion de cas, les soins partagés, les soins chroniques, les réseaux intégrés de services. Des avancées significatives ont été réalisées pour mieux rencontrer les besoins de la clientèle, mais des défis importants restent à parfaire sur le plan de l’implantation des transformations et de l’amélioration de l’efficience d’ensemble du dispositif de soins de santé mentale.
L'intégration des services gérontologiques en France et au Québec : le rôle des agences régionales de santé
Authors: Trouvé Hélène , Demers Louis , Couturier Yves , Imbert Geneviève , Saint-Jean Olivier , Somme Dominique
Published: September 2014

Cet article se propose de comparer, dans une perspective sociopolitique, la construction de la politique publique d’intégration des services gérontologiques en France et au Québec en mettant le focus de l’analyse sur l’action des agences régionales. En dépit de leurs différences, le Québec et la France se sont appuyés sur une même méthode, nommée prisma (Programme de recherche sur l’intégration des services pour le maintien de l’autonomie), pour mettre en place l’intégration des services à travers les « Réseaux de services intégrés pour personnes âgées » ( rsipa ) au Québec et les dispositifs « Maisons pour l’autonomie et l’intégration des malades d’Alzheimer » ( maia ) en France. Dans les deux contextes, le législateur a mandaté les agences de la santé et des services sociaux ( asss ), au Québec, et les agences régionales de santé ( ars ), en France, pour favoriser la mise en œuvre de cette politique publique d’intégration des services gérontologiques. La méthode prisma postule que le déploiement de réseaux de services intégrés nécessite la coresponsabilité des acteurs aux niveaux institutionnel (responsables et financeurs nationaux et régionaux), organisationnel (responsables des services d’aide et des soins) et clinique (intervenants auprès des usagers). Or, l’ensemble de ces acteurs fait appel à des modes d’organisation et de financements dont les règles n’ont pas été conçues pour favoriser l’intégration des services. Le défi posé aux agences régionales à cet égard est particulièrement considérable.
Perceptions communautaires sur les services écosystémiques d’approvisionnement fournis par le peuplement ligneux de la Réserve de Biosphère du Ferlo (Sénégal)
Authors: Ngom Daouda , Charahabil Mohamed M. , Sarr Oumar , Bakhoum Amy , Akpo Léonard E.
Published: September 2014

L’analyse des relations entre les communautés locales et leurs milieux naturels utilise de plus en plus la notion de services écosystémiques. Par des enquêtes, des entrevues, des discussions informelles, des mesures et des observations de terrain, nous avons étudié les services fournis aux populations par les écosystèmes sylvopastoraux de la réserve de biosphère du Ferlo. Le cortège floristique listé par les populations est riche de 44 espèces ligneuses, appartenant à 36 genres, relevant de 20 familles botaniques. Ces espèces répertoriées contribuent à la fourniture de 6 catégories de services écosystémiques d’approvisionnement avec un facteur de consensus informateur supérieur à 70 %. Par ordre d’importance du pourcentage d’expression d’usages, les catégories de services écosystémiques d’approvisionnement répertoriées sont : la nourriture (23,7 %), la pharmacopée (20,3 %), le fourrage (18,7 %), le bois de construction (16,3 %), le bois d’énergie (15,9 %) et le bois d’artisanat (5,3 %). Les espèces qui présentent les valeurs d’usage les plus élevées pour toutes catégories de services confondues sont Grewia bicolor Juss. (2,43), Pterocapus lucens Lepr. Ex Guill. et Perr (1,68), Combretum glutinosum Perr. ex DC (1,48), Guiera senegalensis J.F. Gmel (1,38), Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. (1,25); ce qui est un indicateur d’une forte pression d’utilisation de ces espèces.
Identification and Clinical Relevance of Naturally Occurring Human CD8+HLA-DR+ Regulatory T Cells
Authors: Arruvito Lourdes , Payaslián Florencia , Baz Plácida , Podhorzer Ariel , Billordo Ariel , Pandolfi Julieta , Semeniuk Guillermo , Arribalzaga Eduardo , Fainboim Leonardo
Published: September 2014

The lack of responsiveness to self and non-self Ags is normally maintained by multiple mechanisms, including the suppressive activities of several T cell subsets. In this study, we show that CD8+ T cells from both adult peripheral blood and umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells constitutively expressing HLA-DR represent a natural human CD8+ regulatory T cell subset. Their suppressive effect appears to be cell-to-cell contact dependent and may involve CTLA-4 signaling between neighboring T cells. These regulatory T cells can be expanded in vitro and exhibit a suppressive capacity similar to that observed in ex vivo CD8+HLA-DR+ T cells. The high frequency of CD8+HLA-DR+ T cells that we detected in patients with non–small cell lung cancer deserves further work to confirm their putative suppressor effect within the tumor.
Electron lifetimes from narrowband wave‐particle interactions within the plasmasphere
Authors: Ripoll J.‐F. , Albert J. M. , Cunningham G. S.
Published: September 2014

This paper is devoted to the systematic study of electron lifetimes from narrowband wave‐particle interactions within the plasmasphere. It relies on a new formulation of the bounce‐averaged quasi‐linear pitch angle diffusion coefficients parameterized by a single frequency, ω, and wave normal angle, θ. We first show that the diffusion coefficients scale with ω/Ωce, where Ωce is the equatorial electron gyrofrequency, and that maximal pitch angle diffusion occurs along the line α0 = π/2–θ, where α0 is the equatorial pitch angle. Lifetimes are computed for L shell values in the range [1.5, 3.5] and energies, E, in the range [0.1, 6] MeV as a function of frequency and wave normal angle. The maximal pitch angle associated with a given lifetime is also given, revealing the frequencies that are able to scatter nearly equatorial pitch angle particles. The lifetimes are relatively independent of frequency and wave normal angle after taking into consideration the scaling law, with a weak dependence on wave normal angle up to 60–70°, increasing to infinity as the wave normal angle approaches the resonance cone. We identify regions in the (L, E) plane in which a single wave type (hiss, VLF transmitters, or lightning‐generated waves) is dominant relative to the others. We find that VLF waves dominate the lifetime for 0.2–0.4 MeV at L ~ 2 and for 0.5–0.8 MeV at L ~ 1.5, while hiss dominates the lifetime for 2–3 MeV at L = 3–3.5. The influence of lightning‐generated waves is always mixed with the other two and cannot be easily differentiated. Limitations of the method for addressing effects due to restricted latitude or pitch angle domains are also discussed. Finally, for each (L, E) we search for the minimum lifetime and find that the optimal frequency that produces this lifetime increases as L diminishes. Restricting the search to very oblique waves, which could be emitted during the Demonstration and Science Experiments satellite mission, we find that the optimal frequency is always close to 0.16Ωce.
Magnetostratigraphy and grain size record of the Xijiadian fluviolacustrine sediments in East China and its implied stepwise enhancement of the westerly circulation during the Eocene period
Authors: Jiang Hanchao , Zhong Ning , Li Yanhao , Xu Hongyan , Ma Xiaolin , Meng Yunfei , Mao Xue
Published: September 2014

In order to reveal the Eocene westerlies' evolution history, 1053 paleomagnetic samples were collected and thermally demagnetized for the fluviolacustrine sediments at Xijiadian, Hubei Province, East China. Fourteen normal and 14 reversed polarity zones are recognized for the section. Correlation of the resultant magnetic polarity column to the Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale suggests that the section was generally continuous and spanned 56.4–37.1 Ma. With respect to the stable Eurasian continent, variations in magnetic declination of the section indicate no significant rotations, supporting the earlier view that the South China Block has experienced no significant rotation relative to Eurasia since the Late Cretaceous. Provenance analysis suggests that the dominant fine sediments (red beds) of the Xijiadian section were transported by wind into the study area. Grain size measurements indicate that the <20 µm fraction and clay in the study area decreased from 56.4 to 50.7 Ma and stepwise increased during 50.7–37.3 Ma, implying that the westerly circulation in the Northern Hemisphere weakened during 56.4–50.7 Ma and stepwise strengthened during 50.7–37.3 Ma. In contrast, the 20–63 µm fraction, mainly from nearby dust sources of the study area, generally increased during 56.4–50.7 Ma and stepwise decreased from 50.7 to 37.3 Ma, implying aridity in the study area strengthened during 56.4–50.7 Ma and stepwise mitigated from 50.7 to 37.3 Ma. Changes in global temperature during the Eocene period probably played the primary role on evolutions of the westerly circulation in the Northern Hemisphere and of the arid conditions in the study area.
Physical mechanisms associated with long‐range propagation of the signals from ionospheric heating experiments
Authors: Zabotin Nikolay A. , Zavorotny Valery U. , Rietveld Michael T.
Published: September 2014

Long‐range propagation of heater‐produced signals has been studied in experiments with the European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association ionospheric heating facility and with several globally distributed receiving sites by Zalizovski et al. [2009]. Two distinctive components were present in the signals' spectra, and these can be attributed to two modes of propagation of the signals. One of the components is narrowband and stable; it obviously can be associated with the multihop ionospheric propagation of HF waves radiated by the side lobes of the heater's antenna array. Prominent features of the second component are its wider spectral band (up to few tens of hertz) and strong variations in the average Doppler frequency shift and in the power, which in many cases were synchronous at the different receiving sites. These effects are most likely produced by the ionospheric scattering and dynamics within the heater's main beam. The tricky part is to explain how a portion of the HF energy contained in the relatively narrow main beam of the heater is redirected toward the remote receiving locations. We suggest a robust mechanism explaining the long‐range propagation of the wideband component of the heater‐generated signal based on the theory of scattering from rough surfaces. This mechanism preserves all the observed properties of the remote signals. We show that mountain relief in the vicinity of the heater plays the role of the rough surface causing almost isotropic scattering of the heater's main beam after it is reflected by the ionosphere. Multiple scattering by natural and artificial field‐aligned irregularities in the ionospheric layer may be related to the ground‐scattered remote signals through its role in spatial redistribution of the heater's radiation.
Development of a fluidized bed thermogravimetric analyzer
Authors: Samih Said , Chaouki Jamal
Published: September 2014

A new fluidized bed thermogravimetric analyzer (FB‐TGA) was developed that introduces two major particularities: the pseudo variation of the weight of the reactor and the special strategy for gas flow rate adjustment according to temperature. A momentum balance was performed on the reactor and the pseudo variation of the reactor weight was evaluated by measuring the pressure drop through the gas distributor and filter. The real weight loss of the reactor was obtained by subtracting the pseudo variation of the weight from the total weight loss measured by the load cell. In addition, a special program for the gas flow rate as a function of temperature was developed and used; so the minimum fluidization regime is maintained throughout all of the experiments. The validation test of the FB‐TGA was carried out on calcium hydroxide decomposition, and the results were compared with those obtained from the conventional TGA. Diffusion control was suppressed by the application of the FB‐TGA, which was confirmed by the x‐ray diffraction analysis on the treated samples. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 84–89, 2015
Genetic variants at HbF‐modifier loci moderate anemia and leukocytosis in sickle cell disease in Tanzania
Authors: Mtatiro Siana Nkya , Makani Julie , Mmbando Bruno , Thein Swee Lay , Menzel Stephan , Cox Sharon E.
Published: September 2014

Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is a recognized modulator of sickle cell disease (SCD) severity. HbF levels are strongly influenced by genetic variants at three major genetic loci, Xmn1‐HBG2, HMIP‐2, and BCL11A, but the effect of these loci on the hematological phenotype in SCD, has so far not been investigated. In a cohort of individuals with SCD in Tanzania (HbSS and HbS/β° thalassemia, n = 726, aged 5 or older), HbF levels were positively correlated with hemoglobin, red blood cell (RBC) indices, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and negatively with white blood cell (WBC) and platelet counts (all P < 0.0001). We subsequently assessed the contribution of the three HbF modifier loci and detected diverse effects, including a reduction in anemia, leukocytosis, and thrombocytosis associated with certain HbF‐promoting alleles. The presence of the ‘T’ allele at Xmn1‐HBG2 led to a significant increase in hemoglobin (P = 9.8 × 10−3) but no changes in cellular hemoglobin content. Xmn1‐HBG2 ‘T’ also has a weak effect decreasing WBC (P = 0.06) and platelet (P = 0.06) counts. The BCL11A variant (rs11886868‐‘C’) increases hemoglobin (P = 2 × 10−3) and one of the HBS1L‐MYB variants decreases WBC values selectively (P = 2.3 × 10−4). The distinct pattern of effects of each variant suggests that both, disease alleviation through increased HbF production, and ‘pleiotropic’ effects on blood cells, are involved, affecting a variety of pathways. Am. J. Hematol. 90:E1–E4, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Class I myosin Myo1e regulates TLR4‐triggered macrophage spreading, chemokine release, and antigen presentation via MHC class II
Authors: Wenzel Jens , Ouderkirk Jessica L. , Krendel Mira , Lang Roland
Published: September 2014

TLR‐mediated recognition of microbial danger induces substantial changes in macrophage migration, adherence, and phagocytosis. Recently, we described the LPS‐regulated phosphorylation of many cytoskeleton‐associated proteins by phosphoproteomics. The functional role of these cytoskeletal and motor proteins in innate immune cell responses is largely unexplored. Here, we first identified both long‐tailed class I myosins Myo1e and Myo1f as important contributors to LPS‐triggered macrophage spreading. Mouse bone marrow‐derived macrophages and DCs deficient in Myo1e selectively secreted increased amounts of the chemokine CCL2. In addition, the cell surface expression of MHC class II (MHC‐II) on both cell types was reduced in the absence of Myo1e. However, transcriptional changes in CCL2 and MHC‐II were not observed in the absence of Myo1e, indicating that Myo1e regulates specific intracellular transport processes. The capacity of macrophages and DCs lacking Myo1e to stimulate antigen‐specific CD4+ T‐cell proliferation was impaired, consistent with the reduced MHC‐II surface protein levels. Surprisingly, in Myo1e‐deficient DCs, the proteolytic cleavage of endocytosed antigen was also increased. Together, our results provide evidence for a non‐redundant function of the motor protein Myo1e in the regulation of TLR4‐controlled, cytoskeleton‐associated functional properties of macrophages and DCs, and in induction of a full MHC‐II‐restricted adaptive immune response.
Asymmetries in perceptions of self and others' hypocrisy: Rethinking the meaning and perception of the construct
Authors: Hale Willie J. , Pillow David R.
Published: September 2014

This article examines how people recall and describe instances of hypocrisy in their own and others' behavior. Participants (N = 302) provided two written examples. The first example recalled a time when someone called the participant a hypocrite, whereas the other recalled an instance when the participant perceived someone else's behavior as hypocritical. The first goal of the study was to discover if real‐world examples of hypocrisy reflect only mere inconsistency, consistent with the construct's narrow use in psychology, or if they contain other distinctive defining features. A typology was used to code the examples, based loosely on Crisp and Cowton's philosophical distinction between four forms of hypocrisy: direct inconsistency, pretense, blame, and complacency. The second goal was to uncover reliable actor–observer differences in perceptions of hypocrisy. Results indicated that the four forms occur in real‐world examples of both self and others' hypocrisy. Interestingly, a new fifth form, indirect inconsistency, emerged from the data, adding nuance to the initial hypothesis. Finally, several actor–observer differences in perceptions of hypocrisy arose and are discussed. The results indicate that hypocrisy is a much more complicated phenomenon than previously considered and provide the impetus for new areas of research. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of construal level on risk‐taking
Authors: Lermer Eva , Streicher Bernhard , Sachs Rainer , Raue Martina , Frey Dieter
Published: September 2014

In a series of studies, we examined the influence of people's mind‐set (construal level (CL): abstract versus concrete) on their risk‐taking behavior. We measured differences in CL (study 1, CL as trait) and manipulated CL (studies 1–5, CL as state) with different priming methods, which were unrelated to the dependent variable of risk‐taking behavior (studies 1, 3, 4, and 5: Balloon Analog Risk Task; study 2: Angling Risk Task). In all studies, abstract CL resulted in greater risk‐taking compared with concrete CL, which led to lower risk‐taking. Risky and safe game strategies mediated the CL effect on risk‐taking. A concrete mind‐set increased the safe game strategy, whereas an abstract mind‐set increased the risky game strategy. Furthermore, different potential mediators were explored (i.e., focus on payoffs and probabilities, prevention versus promotion focus, attention to pros versus cons, and mood). A concrete mind‐set increased prevention strategies and a negative mood when compared with an abstract mind‐set. In turn, an abstract mind‐set increased attention to pros (of an action). Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of a biopharmaceutical protein and evaluation of its purification process using automated capillary Western blot
Authors: Xu Dong , Mane Sarthak , Sosic Zoran
Published: September 2014

This paper describes the application of an automated size‐based capillary Western blot system (Sally instrument) from ProteinSimple, Inc., for biopharmaceutical fusion‐Fc protein characterization and evaluation of its purification process. The fusion‐Fc protein column purification from an excess of single chain Fc polypeptide and removal of an enzyme coexpressed for protein maturation have been demonstrated using an automated capillary Western system. The clearance of a selected host cell protein (HCP) present in cell culture of fusion‐Fc protein was also quantitatively monitored throughout the protein purification process. Additionally, the low levels of fusion‐Fc product‐related impurities detected by traditional slab gel Western blot were confirmed by the automated capillary Western system. Compared to the manual approach, the automated capillary Western blot provides the advantages of ease of operation, higher sample throughput, greater linearity range, and higher precision for protein quantitation.
Suppression of the formation of biogenic amines in mackerel mince by microbial transglutaminase
Authors: Yerlikaya Pinar , Gokoglu Nalan , Ucak Ilknur , Yatmaz Hanife Aydan , Benjakul Soottawat
Published: September 2014

BACKGROUND

Microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) is an enzyme utilized in the food industry in many areas. In this study, the suppression effect of MTGase at various levels (0, 2, 5, 10 g kg−1) on the formation of biogenic amines in mackerel was determined during refrigerated storage of 8 days.

RESULTS

Mince added with 2 g kg−1 MTGase showed the lowest formation of putrescine, cadaverine and tyramine throughout the storage. Histamine exceeded the consumable limit (500 mg kg−1) after the 4th day, except for that containing 2 g kg−1 MTGase. The formation of total volatile basic nitrogen and total free amino acid content were retarded and the pH value was unaltered by addition of MTGase. With increasing MTGase levels, the growth of total psychrophilic bacteria, mould, yeast and coliform bacteria was retarded. The sensory scores of mackerel mince increased as MTGase concentrations increased.

CONCLUSION

MTGase plays a role in maintaining the quality of mackerel mince during refrigerated storage. As a result of the present study, a new use for MTGase in the food industry is revealed. It will contribute especially in the field of development of products for consumers with allergic sensitivity. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Rapid communication: The Risk of additional post‐tonsillectomy bleeding after the first bleeding episode
Authors: Bhattacharyya Neil
Published: September 2014

Laryngoscope, 125:354–355, 2015
Increasing the Knowledge on the Management of Cu‐Contaminated Agricultural Soils by Cropping Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum L.)
Authors: Sacristán Daniel , Peñarroya Blai , Recatalá Luis
Published: September 2014

This paper increases the knowledge on the potential use of Cu‐contaminated agricultural soils with tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). The effect of Cu and its interaction with soil properties on plant biomass production and on the accumulation of this metal in plant tissues were evaluated by conducting biomass assays in four representative Mediterranean agricultural soils contaminated by Cu. Copper toxicity on plant biomass production, evaluated through the effective concentrations of Cu added to soil that reduce the biomass production by 50% (EC50) and by 10% (EC10), was higher in soils having less soil organic matter and clay content and even in soils with favourable properties but having salinity. For the cases in which tomato was collected, Cu concentrations in them were similar for all soils and doses and never exceed the maximum Cu concentration allowed by the Codex Alimentarius Commission Regulation (10 mgCu kg−1 in fresh weight basis). According to our results, tomato could be cropped in Cu‐contaminated Mediterranean agricultural soils when concentrations of Cu determined in them rely between their respective EC50 and EC10, because production and quality of fruits, the latter understood as the Cu concentration in them, would not be compromised. For the soils assayed, these values would range between 32·9 and 1696·5 mg kg−1, depending on soil properties. Because the baseline value considered is similar to those established in other parts of the European Mediterranean region, these results can be used as guidance for this region to establish adequate phytoremediation strategies and prevent land degradation processes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distinct circular dichroism spectroscopic signatures of polyproline II and unordered secondary structures: Applications in secondary structure analyses
Authors: Lopes Jose L. S. , Miles Andrew J. , Whitmore Lee , Wallace B. A.
Published: September 2014

Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy is a valuable method for defining canonical secondary structure contents of proteins based on empirically‐defined spectroscopic signatures derived from proteins with known three‐dimensional structures. Many proteins identified as being “Intrinsically Disordered Proteins” have a significant amount of their structure that is neither sheet, helix, nor turn; this type of structure is often classified by CD as “other”, “random coil”, “unordered”, or “disordered”. However the “other” category can also include polyproline II (PPII)‐type structures, whose spectral properties have not been well‐distinguished from those of unordered structures. In this study, synchrotron radiation circular dichroism spectroscopy was used to investigate the spectral properties of collagen and polyproline, which both contain PPII‐type structures. Their native spectra were compared as representatives of PPII structures. In addition, their spectra before and after treatment with various conditions to produce unfolded or denatured structures were also compared, with the aim of defining the differences between CD spectra of PPII and disordered structures. We conclude that the spectral features of collagen are more appropriate than those of polyproline for use as the representative spectrum for PPII structures present in typical amino acid‐containing proteins, and that the single most characteristic spectroscopic feature distinguishing a PPII structure from a disordered structure is the presence of a positive peak around 220nm in the former but not in the latter. These spectra are now available for inclusion in new reference data sets used for CD analyses of the secondary structures of soluble proteins.
Can Emotions Communicate?
Authors: Glazer Trip ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2014

In “Reactive Attitudes as Communicative Entities” (2013b), Coleen Macnamara argues that the reactive attitudes—a class of moral emotions that includes indignation, resentment, and gratitude—are essentially communicative entities. She argues that this conclusion follows from the premises that (1) the reactive attitudes aremessages, which (2) have the proper function of eliciting uptake from others. In response, I argue that while the expressions of these emotions may fit this description, the emotions themselves do not. The reactive attitudes neither are messages nor have the proper function of eliciting uptake from others, and thus Macnamara is mistaken to conclude that the reactive attitudes are essentially communicative entities.
In Defense of Formal Relationism
Authors: Heck Richard G. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2014

In his paper “Flaws of Formal Relationism”,Mahrad Almotahari argues against the sort of response to Frege’s Puzzle I have defended elsewhere, which he dubs ‘Formal Relationism’. Almotahari argues that, because of its specifically formal character, this view is vulnerable to objections that cannot be raised against the otherwise similar Semantic Relationism due to Kit Fine. I argue in response that Formal Relationism has neither of the flaws Almotahari claims to identify.
Powers, Necessity, and Determinism
Authors: Franklin Christopher Evan ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2014

Stephen Mumford and Rani Lill Anjum have argued that a theory of free will that appeals to a powers-based ontology is incompatible with causal determinism. This is a surprising conclusion since much recent work on the intersection of the metaphysics of powers and free will has consisted of attempts to defend compatibilism by appealing to a powers-based ontology. In response I show that their argument turns on an equivocation of ‘all events are necessitated’.
Mechanical stress X‐ray emission from crystal sugar
Authors: Imashuku Susumu , Matsuoka Shunsuke , Yokoi Ken , Kawai Jun
Published: September 2014

We report a new phenomenon of generating X‐rays by fracturing a well‐known material, crystal sugar, in a vacuum. The generated X‐rays had a maximum energy of 250 keV and peak energy of 5 keV. The X‐ray pulses continued for 4 × 10−3 s. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
p28, a truncated form of TRα1 regulates mitochondrial physiology
Authors: Pessemesse Laurence , Lepourry Laurence , Bouton Katia , Levin Jonathan , Cabello Gérard , Wrutniak-Cabello Chantal , Casas François
Published: September 2014

We have previously identified in mitochondria two truncated forms of the T3 nuclear receptor TRα1, with molecular weights of 43kDa (p43) and 28kDa (p28) respectively located in the matrix and in the inner membrane. Previously, we have demonstrated that p43 stimulates mitochondrial transcription and protein synthesis in the presence of T3. Here we report that p28 is targeted into the organelle in a T3‐dependent manner and displays an affinity for T3 higher than the nuclear receptor. We tried to generate mice overexpressing p28 using the human α‐skeletal actin promoter, however we found an early embryonic lethality that was probably linked to a transient expression of p28 in trophoblast giant cells. This could be partly explained by the observation that overexpression of p28 in human fibroblasts induced alterations of mitochondrial physiology.
Efficacy of homeopathic intervention in subclinical hypothyroidism with or without autoimmune thyroiditis in children: an exploratory randomized control study
Authors: Chauhan Vijay K. , Narang Archana , Marwaha Raman K. , Arora Saurav , Nagpal Latika , Verma Surender K. , Sreenivas V. , Manchanda Raj K.
Published: September 2014

Introduction: The decision to treat subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) with or without autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) in children, presents a clinical dilemma. This study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of individualized homeopathy in these cases.

Methods: The study is an exploratory, randomized, placebo controlled, single blind trial. Out of 5059 school children (06–18 years) screened for thyroid disorders, 537 children had SCH/AIT and 194 consented to participate. Based on primary outcome measures (TSH and/or antiTPOab) three major groups were formed: Group A – SCH + AIT (n = 38; high TSH with antiTPOab+), Group B – AIT (n = 47; normal TSH with antiTPOab+) and Group C – SCH (n = 109; only high TSH) and were further randomized to two subgroups-verum and control. Individualized homeopathy or identical placebo was given to respective subgroup. 162 patients completed 18 months of study.

Results: Baseline characteristics were similar in all the subgroups. The post treatment serum TSH (Group A and C) returned to normal limits in 85.94% of verum and 64.29% of controls (p < 0.006), while serum AntiTPOab titers (Group A and B) returned within normal limits in 70.27%of verum and 27.02%controls (p < 0.05). Eight children (10.5%) progressed to overt hypothyroidism (OH) from control group.

Conclusion: A statistically significant decline in serum TSH values and antiTPOab titers indicates that the homeopathic intervention has not only the potential to treat SCH with or without antiTPOab but may also prevent progression to OH.
Development of multichannel low-energy neutron spectrometer
Authors: Arikawa Y. , Nagai T. , Abe Y. , Kojima S. , Sakata S. , Inoue H. , Utsugi M. , Iwasa Y. , Murata T. , Sarukura N. , Nakai M. , Shiraga H. , Fujioka S. , Azechi H.
Published: September 2014

A multichannel low-energy neutron spectrometer for down-scattered neutron (DSN) measurements in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments has been developed. Our compact-size 256-channel lithium-glass-scintillator-based spectrometer has been implemented and tested in ICF experiments with the GEKKO XII laser. We have performed time calibration of the 256-channel analog-to-digital convertor system used for DSN measurements via X-ray pulse signals. We have clearly observed the DD-primary fusion neutron signal and have successfully studied the detector's impulse response. Our detector is soon to be implemented in future ICF experiments.
Modeling, measurement, and 3-D equilibrium reconstruction of the bootstrap current in the Helically Symmetric Experiment
Authors: Schmitt J. C. , Talmadge J. N. , Anderson D. T. , Hanson J. D.
Published: September 2014

The bootstrap current for three electron cyclotron resonance heated plasma scenarios in a quasihelically symmetric stellarator (the Helically Symmetric Experiment) are analyzed and compared to a neoclassical transport code PENTA. The three conditions correspond to 50 kW input power with a resonance that is off-axis, 50 kW on-axis heating and 100 kW on-axis heating. When the heating location was moved from off-axis to on-axis with 50 kW heating power, the stored energy and the extrapolated steady-state current were both observed to increase. When the on-axis heating power was increased from 50 kW to 100 kW, the stored energy continued to increase while the bootstrap current slightly decreased. This trend is qualitatively in agreement with the calculations which indicate that a large positive electric field for the 100 kW case was driving the current negative in a small region close to the magnetic axis and accounting for the decrease in the total integrated current. This trend in the calculations is only observed to occur when momentum conservation between particle species is included. Without momentum conservation, the calculated bootstrap current increases monotonically. We show that the magnitude of the bootstrap current as calculated by PENTA agrees better with the experiment when momentum conservation between plasma species is included in the calculation. The total current was observed in all cases to flow in a direction to unwind the transform, unlike in a tokamak in which the bootstrap current adds to the transform. The 3-D inductive response of the plasma is simulated to predict the evolution of the current profile during the discharge. The 3-D equilibrium reconstruction code V3FIT is used to reconstruct profiles of the plasma pressure and current constrained by measurements with a set of magnetic diagnostics. The reconstructed profiles are consistent with the measured plasma pressure profile and the simulated current profile when the reconstruction is constrained by the measured data from a diagnostic array that is internal to the vacuum chamber.
Impact of surface nanostructure on ice nucleation
Authors: Zhang Xiang-Xiong , Chen Min , Fu Ming
Published: September 2014

Nucleation of water on solid surface can be promoted noticeably when the lattice parameter of a surface matches well with the ice structure. However, the characteristic length of the surface lattice reported is generally less than 0.5 nm and is hardly tunable. In this paper, we show that a surface with nanoscale roughness can also remarkably promote ice nucleation if the characteristic length of the surface structure matches well with the ice crystal. A series of surfaces composed of periodic grooves with same depth but different widths are constructed in molecular dynamics simulations. Water cylinders are placed on the constructed surfaces and frozen at constant undercooling. The nucleation rates of the water cylinders are calculated in the simulation using the mean first-passage time method and then used to measure the nucleation promotion ability of the surfaces. Results suggest that the nucleation behavior of the supercooled water is significantly sensitive to the width of the groove. When the width of the groove matches well with the specific lengths of the ice crystal structure, the nucleation can be promoted remarkably. If the width does not match with the ice crystal, this kind of promotion disappears and the nucleation rate is even smaller than that on the smooth surface. Simulations also indicate that even when water molecules are adsorbed onto the surface structure in high-humidity environment, the solid surface can provide promising anti-icing ability as long as the characteristic length of the surface structure is carefully designed to avoid geometric match.
Temperature dependent micro-rheology of a glass-forming polymer melt studied by molecular dynamics simulation
Authors: Kuhnhold A. , Paul W.
Published: September 2014

We present a Molecular Dynamics simulation study of a micro-rheological probing of the glass transition in a polymer melt. Our model system consists of short bead-spring chains and the temperature ranges from well above the glass transition temperature to about 10% above it. The nano-particle clearly couples to the slowing down of the polymer segments and the calculated storage and loss moduli reveal the approach to the glass transition. At temperatures close to the mode coupling Tc of the polymer melt, the micro-rheological moduli measure the local viscoelastic response of the cage of monomers surrounding the nano-particle and no longer reveal the true melt moduli. The incoherent scattering function of the nano-particle exhibits a stretched exponential decay, typical for the α-process in glass forming systems. We find no indication of a strong superdiffusive regime as has been deduced from a recent experiment in the same temperature range but for smaller momentum transfers.
Carbon-based nanorings sliding along inner coaxial nanotubes: Möbius topology effects in damping gigahertz oscillations
Authors: dos Santos S. G. , Filho J. Mendes , Freire V. N. , Caetano E. W. S. , Albuquerque E. L.
Published: September 2014

The axial sliding of carbon-based normal nanorings (NCNs) and one-turn Möbius nanorings (MCNs) along inner coaxial carbon nanotubes with hydrogen-terminated edges is described. Classical molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to investigate their sliding considering C300H100 NCN and MCN nanostructures and single wall armchair carbon nanotubes (SW CNTs) with chiralities (16, 16), (18, 18), and (20, 20). The NCN:CNT system exhibited an oscillatory movement with an initial frequency of about 10 gigahertz decaying slowly with time as the vibrational energy is transferred to radial and torsional modes of the nanoring, while the amplitude remained practically constant except for the (16, 16)-CNT. The MCN:CNT systems, on the other hand, initially oscillated as the NCN:CNT, but a strong damping regime ensued due to the strong interaction of the twisted nanoring with the CNT tips, effectively stopping the oscillation after 400 ps for all MCN:CNT structures investigated.
Detecting vapour bubbles in simulations of metastable water
Authors: González Miguel A. , Menzl Georg , Aragones Juan L. , Geiger Philipp , Caupin Frederic , Abascal Jose L. F. , Dellago Christoph , Valeriani Chantal
Published: September 2014

The investigation of cavitation in metastable liquids with molecular simulations requires an appropriate definition of the volume of the vapour bubble forming within the metastable liquid phase. Commonly used approaches for bubble detection exhibit two significant flaws: first, when applied to water they often identify the voids within the hydrogen bond network as bubbles thus masking the signature of emerging bubbles and, second, they lack thermodynamic consistency. Here, we present two grid-based methods, the M-method and the V-method, to detect bubbles in metastable water specifically designed to address these shortcomings. The M-method incorporates information about neighbouring grid cells to distinguish between liquid- and vapour-like cells, which allows for a very sensitive detection of small bubbles and high spatial resolution of the detected bubbles. The V-method is calibrated such that its estimates for the bubble volume correspond to the average change in system volume and are thus thermodynamically consistent. Both methods are computationally inexpensive such that they can be used in molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations of cavitation. We illustrate them by computing the free energy barrier and the size of the critical bubble for cavitation in water at negative pressure.
The thermodynamics of proton hydration and the electrochemical surface potential of water
Authors: Pollard Travis P. , Beck Thomas L.
Published: September 2014

The free energy change for transferring a single ion across the water liquid/vapor interface includes an electrochemical surface potential contribution. Since this potential is not directly accessible to thermodynamic measurement, several extra-thermodynamic approaches have been employed to infer its sign and magnitude, with a resulting wide spread of values. Here, we examine further the thermodynamics of proton hydration and the electrochemical surface potential of water along three directions: (1) a basic relation of interfacial electrostatics and experimental results on ion distributions near a water/organic interface are employed to infer a solvent contribution to the electrochemical surface potential, (2) a re-analysis is performed of the existing bulk and cluster ion hydration data, and (3) extensive computational modeling is conducted to examine the size dependence of hydration enthalpy differences for the NaF ion pair between the small cluster and the converged bulk limits. The computational studies include classical polarizable models and high-level quantum chemical methods. The new theoretical analysis of existing experimental data and the combined classical/quantum modeling lead to results consistent with our previously derived proton hydration quantities.
Method of increments for the halogen molecular crystals: Cl, Br, and I
Authors: Steenbergen Krista G. , Gaston Nicola , Müller Carsten , Paulus Beate
Published: September 2014

Method of increments (MI) calculations reveal the n-body correlation contributions to binding in solid chlorine, bromine, and iodine. Secondary binding contributions as well as d-correlation energies are estimated and compared between each solid halogen. We illustrate that binding is entirely determined by two-body correlation effects, which account for >80% of the total correlation energy. One-body, three-body, and exchange contributions are repulsive. Using density-fitting (DF) local coupled-cluster singles, doubles, and perturbative triples for incremental calculations, we obtain excellent agreement with the experimental cohesive energies. MI results from DF local second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation (LMP2) yield considerably over-bound cohesive energies. Comparative calculations with density functional theory and periodic LMP2 method are also shown to be less accurate for the solid halogens.
Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy at the interface between ultrathin Fe film and MgO studied by angular-dependent x-ray magnetic circular dichroism
Authors: Okabayashi J. , Koo J. W. , Sukegawa H. , Mitani S. , Takagi Y. , Yokoyama T.
Published: September 2014

Interface perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) in ultrathin Fe/MgO (001) has been investigated using angular-dependent x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD). We found that anisotropic orbital magnetic moments deduced from the analysis of XMCD contribute to the large PMA energies, whose values depend on the annealing temperature. The large PMA energies determined from magnetization measurements are related to those estimated from the XMCD and the anisotropic orbital magnetic moments through the spin-orbit interaction. The enhancement of anisotropic orbital magnetic moments can be explained mainly by the hybridization between the Fe 3dz2 and O 2pz states.