bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Second Signatory: Hindrance to Effective Breakthrough Pain Management?
Authors: Abbas Syed Qamar
Published: February 2022

Background: Breakthrough cancer pain is defined as a transient exacerbation of pain that occurs either spontaneously, or in relation to a specific predictable or unpredictable trigger, despite relatively stable and adequately controlled background pain. Fentanyl citrate sublingual Tablet (FST) is administered to control breakthrough pain (BTP) and a ‘top-up’ dose is administered in 15 minutes if the pain does not respond. However, Nursing & Midwifery council (UK) recommends that for administration of controlled drugs (CD), a secondary signatory is required within secondary care. Aims: To establish that breakthrough analgesia is administered on an in-patient unit according to the guidance. Methods: Retrospective data was collected on patients at an adult Palliative care unit, requiring second dose of FST. Results and Analysis: Over a period of 3 months, 46 episodes of BTP requiring second dose of FST were recorded. Top-up dose was signed for at 15 minutes for only 13 (28.2%) episodes. Further 14 (30.4%) doses were signed for with 5 minutes delay (20 minutes in total from first dose). 19 (41.3%) doses were signed for after 20 minutes with a range of 25-50 minutes (10 – 35 minutes delay). Note that there will be a further delay in administering the dose. Conclusion: Majority of patients have BTP for less than 45 minutes. After reporting, it takes time to get the medication to patient. Second dose may get further delayed causing pain prolongation. This delay is due to finding second nurse to check medication. There are various solutions which could be employed to prevent this delay and to achieve effective BTP management.
Environmental Benefits of Urban Trees: A Case Study of Gwagwalada Town in the Federal Capital Territory of Nigeria
Authors: Abbas Asiru Monday , Amanabo Unekwu Hadiza
Published: February 2022

The study examined the importance of urban trees in Gwagwalada town in the Federal Capital Territory of Nigeria. Purposive sampling technique was used to select thirty respondents for the study. Data obtained for the study were collected in the months of June and July of 2021 and descriptive statistics was used to analyze the data collected. The findings of the study showed what residents of the town value most about urban trees is the natural ventilation that they provide as indicated by nearly 67% of the respondents while about 47% of them revealed that they like urban trees because of the fruits they produce. The respondents (73%) also indicated that it is very important to them to protect mature trees from being cut down either on private or public property; 90% of the respondents indicated that they will support one-way street and creative design in order to protect mature trees. In spite of the benefits of urban trees, 53% of the respondents revealed that they will support removal of trees from public property if they constitute threats to life and property. It is recommended that rural and urban dwellers should promote trees planting and protection as they play significant roles in providing natural ventilation, fruits and also help in pollutants removal, rain water interception and erosion prevention.
Skrining Aktivitas Antioksidan Jamur Endofit Yang Berasosiasi Dengan Benalu Tanaman Bisbul (Diospyros blancoi)
Authors: Anjani Malia , Muchtaromah Bayyinatul , Sjakoer Nour Athiroh Abdoes
Published: February 2022

The use of plants as medicinal ingredients has been known by the public for a long time. One of the plants that have economic value and is rarely found is the bisbul plant. However, in this study, the part used was the parasite associated with the bisbul plant. The parasite plant, which has been known as a parasite, turns out to have efficacy, very potential as medicine, because it contains flavonoid compounds, namely quercetin and rutin. Flavonoids act as providers. antioxidants. experience. which. protect. kidney from free radicals. So the purpose of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity of endophytic fungi associated with parasites from bisbul plants using the DPPH method in the form of direct research. This study used another 22 samples of endophytic fungal isolates associated with the parasite Dendrophthoe pentandra bisbul plant (Diospyros blancoi) that had been cultivated for 3 weeks. Results. study. show that. endophytic fungus extract associated with parasite on bisbul plants showed the chemical compounds in it by looking at the TLC profile obtained using dichloromethane-methanol (10:1) eluent. This is evidenced by the spots formed on the TLC profile with 4 observations, namely by UV light 254 nm, UV light 366 nm, after spraying with serium sulfate and vanillin sulfate. Based on the results of the antioxidant activity test against endophytic fungi associated with bisbul parasite, it showed that there were 10 extracts that had antioxidant activity.
DESKRIPSI PERSEPSI MASYARAKAT TERHADAP PENGELOLAAN LIMBAH TAHU DAN PEMANFATAANYA DI KECAMATAN KARANGPLOSO KABUPATEN MALANG
Authors: Lestari Purwaning Budi , Muarifudin Moh. Ali , Hartati Tri Asih Wahyu
Published: February 2022

The purpose of this study was to describe the public's perception of tofu waste management and its utilization in Malang Regency. The type of research used is survey research which is analyzed using descriptive statistics by looking at the percentage. The population used is residents around the Jaya Sari tofu factory, Sari Abadi, UD Lancar Jaya, and LW in Karangploso District, Malang Regency. While the instruments for data collection are interview questionnaires and documentation. Based on the description of the results of public perceptions, the highest percentage of perceptions is the question indicator no. 15 of 93.3%, which is about the need for socialization to the community about the use of water hyacinth plants and fish cultivation as an alternative to the use of tofu liquid waste.
ANALISIS SIKAP LINGKUNGAN DI MASYARAKAT KAWASAN PABRIK TAHU KABUPATEN MALANG
Authors: Lestari Purwaning Budi , Hartati Tri Asih Wahyu , Pangestuti Ardian Anjar
Published: February 2022

The purpose of this community service activity is to describe environmental attitudes in the community in the tofu factory area, Karangploso District, Malang Regency. The method of carrying out activities is through the survey method. Data analysis used descriptive statistics by looking at the percentage and average. The population used is residents around the tofu factory, Karangploso District, Malang Regency, with a sampling technique through accidental sampling. The instrument used is an attitude scale questionnaire, interviews. Based on the results of the description, the average environmental attitude indicator shows the following criteria: the 'High' criterion is indicated by the attitude indicator number 1,3,7,15, then the 'Medium' criterion is indicated by the attitude indicator number 5,9,14, the 'Low' criterion is found. on the attitude indicator number 2,8,10, 12,13, then the 'Very Low' criterion is indicated by the attitude indicator number 4 with an average of 1,7. The conclusion of the environmental attitude of the community wants the need for an increase in waste management in the tofu factory area in Malang Regency.
Nazi Kamplarından İlim ve Bilim Dünyasına İki İsim: Ellie Wiesel ve Primo Levi
Authors: KARASUBAŞI İlhan
Published: February 2022

Almanların İkinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında birçok ulus halkına yaşattığı trajedilerden biri kolektif hafızadan neredeyse tamamen kaybolmuştur, ancak zulümlerin genç ve savunmasız insanlara yapıldığı göz önünde tutulduğunda, o gençlerin (bir gün) dünya insanlık ilmi ve biliminin tarihine geçmiş oluşları elbette tesadüf değildir. Kapsamlı toplama kampı sisteminin bir parçası olmasa da SS tarafından işletiliyor olması ve hayatta kalanlar bazı açılardan diğer kamplardan daha kötü olduğunu söylemelerine rağmen, "Hayatta kalanlardan, hangi? kampın diğer kamplardan daha korkunç olduğunu biliyoruz çünkü büyük kamplarda yaşlılar çocuklara yardım ediyordu ama bu kampta çocuklar kendilerini korumak zorundaydı [...] diğer kamplarda yetişkinlerin küçük gruplar oluşturduğunu biliyoruz." ifadeleri, belki de sonradan dünya literatürüne geçecek çalışmaların ilmeklerinden ibaretti. "Birçoğunu kendi kimliklerini bilemeyecek kadar gençti ve isimlerini kimin sürdüreceğini asla öğrenemediler", hatıralardan silinmeyecek sözlerdedir. Günümüzde ise kamp alanı apartman bloklarıyla yeniden inşa edilmiştir. İşkencelere şahit olan isimlerden birisi Amerika Birleşik Devletleri 'nde yaşadığı yıllarda 40'tan fazla kitap yazan ve birçok edebi ödül alan, 1986 yılında şiddete ve ırkçılığa karşı duruşuyla Nobel Barış Ödülü alan Elie Wiesel; diğeri ise Henüz 24 yaşındayken (1944) Kuzey İtalya'da faşist rejime karşı direnişe geçmesi yüzünden arkadaşlarıyla birlikte tutuklanan ve bir milyondan fazla insanın katledildiği, Nazi Almanya'sı tarafından II. Dünya Savaşı döneminde kurulmuş en büyük zorunlu çalışma ve imha kampı olarak bilinen Auschwitz toplama kampına gönderilen, hayatının önemli bir kısmını bu kampta zorluklar içerisinde geçiren Primo Levi'dir. Primo Levi, "Se questo è un uomo"yu (Bunlar Da Mı İnsan) yazmaya başlamasıyla, "La tregua" (Ateşkes) adlı kitabının 1997 yılında sinemaya uyarlanmasının da temellerini atar.
Otorite Üzerine: Arendt ve Kojève'in Kavramsallaştırmalarının Mukayeseli Olarak İncelenmesi
Authors: ÜNAL Mehmet Burak
Published: February 2022

Otorite, siyaset bilimi literatürünün temel kavramlarından birisi olarak öne çıkmakta olup genellikle iktidar, güç, zor ve şiddet gibi diğer mefhumlarla birlikte incelenmektedir. Öznelerarası bir ilişki biçiminde kendini açığa vuran otoritenin içeriğine yönelik tartışmalar muhtelif olsa da kavramın esas itibarıyla ne anlama geldiğini belirtmenin kuramsal bakımdan kolay olmadığı söylenebilir. Bu doğrultuda fenomenoloji geleneğinden beslenen ve 20. yüzyılın aynı döneminde yaşamış olan Hannah Arendt ve Alexandre Kojève, doğrudan otorite kavramının özüne inmeye uğraşmışlardır. Arendt'e göre zor ve iknanın arasında konumlanan otoritenin siyasal kökenine antik Roma'da rastlamak mümkündür. Bu perspektifte otorite, kurucu edime ve atalara referansta bulunarak siyasal bir topluluğun kalıcılığını ve bütünlüğünü sağlar. Kojève ise Arendt'ten daha ileri giderek otoriteye hem pozitif bir tanımlama yapar hem de dört temel otorite tipi belirler. Kojève'e göre kurucu bir rolü olan ve şiddet ile baskıdan farklı nitelendirilmesi gereken otoritenin kaynağında, kendi eylemlerini değiştirmeksizin ve bir tepkiyle karşılaşmaksızın başkalarının eylemlerini değiştirebilme yetisi yatar. Bu bağlamda bu çalışma, Arendt ve Kojève'in görüşlerinin mukayeseli bir incelemesini yaparak otorite nosyonunun iki düşünür tarafından fenomenolojik yaklaşımla nasıl ele alındığını irdeler. Özellikle güncel dönemde “otoriter rejim” tartışmalarına indirgenerek kendi başına kullanışlılığı kısıtlanan otorite kavramının barındırdığı incelikler ve kurucu boyutun, bu çalışma sayesinde detaylarıyla ortaya koyulması amaçlanmaktadır. Aslen teorik bir çalışma hüviyetinde olan bu karşılaştırma ayrıca otorite, iktidar, zor ve şiddet gibi yakın anlamlı addedilen kavramlar arasındaki ayrımların daha net çizilmesine de katkı sunmayı hedefler. Çalışmada, son zamanlarda öne çıkan “otoriter popülizm” ve “rekabetçi otoriteryenlik” gibi terimlerde yer alan “otoriterlik” vurgusunun, otorite kavramının muhtevasına zıtlık teşkil edecek şekilde düşünülmesi gerektiği iddia edilir. Buna ilaveten, otoritenin kurucu rolünün post-truth tartışmalarında sıklıkla dile getirilen “uzmanlığın otorite krizi” varsayımlarından da bir çıkış yolu olabileceği fikri savunulur.
Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi Modernleşme Süreci ve Bauhaus Ekolünün Etkileri (1923-1950)
Authors: BİLGİN Seher , BİLİCİ Sema
Published: February 2022

1923-1950 arasındaki süreçte Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devleti'nin kültür ve sanat politikası kapsamında, ulusal ve modern bir sanat oluşturma anlayışına yönelik olarak kapsamlı çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Bu dönemde; yurt dışına sanatçı ve sanat eğitimcilerinin gönderilmesi, yurt dışından alanında uzman eğitimcilerin getirilerek görüşlerinin alınması, sanat ve kültürün yaygınlaştırılıp toplumsallaştırılması için Halk Evleri, Köy Enstitüleri ve Sanat Okulları'nın açılmasının yanı sıra, müze ve sergi faaliyetleri dikkati çeken önemli gelişmelerdir. Devletsanatçı işbirliğiyle gerçekleştirilen İnkılap Sergileri ve yurt gezileri ile sanatın toplumsallaştırılması ve yurt genelinde yaygınlaştırılarak ulusal bir kültür ve sanat bilincinin oluşturulmasına çaba harcanmıştır. Ayrıca; Güzel Sanatlar Akademisi'nde gerçekleştirilen eğitim reformu ve Gazi Eğitim Enstitüsü bünyesinde kurulan Resim Bölümü, sanat ve sanat eğitimine verilen önemi göstermektedir. Deutscher Werkbund aracılığıyla Geç Osmanlı Döneminde başlayan Türk-Alman yakınlaşması ve Alman kültürel nüfuzu, Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi'nde de etkisini sürdürmüş; Bauhaus felsefesi ve eğitim anlayışı Cumhuriyet dönemi modernleşme sürecinde etkili bir model olmuştur. Betimsel tarama ve içerik analizi yöntemiyle gerçekleştirilen bu araştırmada; 1923-1950 yılları arasında Türk Eğitim Kurumları ve sanat alanındaki modernleşme çalışmaları ana hatlarıyla değerlendirilerek, Alman kültürel nüfuzu ve Bauhaus Okulu'nun Erken Cumhuriyet modernleşme sürecindeki etkileri değerlendirilecektir.
Macar Dili Tarihinin Erken Dönem Yerli Yazılı Kaynaklarının Sınıflandırılması
Authors: ALTAYLI Yasemin
Published: February 2022

Macar dilinin yerli yazılı belgeleri Macarların Avrupa'da bugünkü yurtlarına yerleşmelerinden sonra yaklaşık olarak 11. yüzyılda oluşmaya başlamıştır. Tarihsel süreçte Árpád Hanedanı dönemi ile başlayan ve Anjou Hanedanlığı dönemi ile devam eden erken dönem yerli yazılı kaynaklarının oluşumu 16. yüzyılda da devam etmiştir. Dil tarihsel açıdan ise bu dönem yaklaşık olarak 9. yüzyıl sonunda başlayan ve 16. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğine kadar devam eden Macar dili tarihinin Eski Macarca Devri'nde gerçekleşmiştir. Bu süreçte Macar dilinin değişimine ve gelişimine uygun bir biçimde belge çeşitlerinde ve niteliklerinde de değişimler ve gelişimler olmuş, başlangıçta belgeler içerisinde kısıtlı sayıda yer alan Macarca adların yerini zamanla Macarca notlar, açıklamalar, kısa yazılı metinler, geniş kapsamlı tekstler ve el yazması kitaplar gibi farklı kaynaklar almaya başlamıştır. Aynı zamanda bu gelişim süresi içerisinde Macar dili tarihinin yerli yazılı kaynaklarında biçimsel yahut metinsel değişikliklerin dışında konu içerikleri bakımında da çeşitlikler ortaya çıkmaya başlamıştır. Çalışmamızda basılı olmayan, el yazması biçiminde oluşturulan Macar dili tarihinin erken dönemine ait bu yerli yazılı belgelerin sınıflandırılması örneklerle gösterilerek Macar dil tarihi literatürüne ait bu belge çeşitlerinin tanıtılması ve böylelikle Macar dilinin bu döneme ait tarihsel kaynaklarının ve gelişim sürecinin gösterilmesine çalışılmıştır.
COVID-19 Karantinasının Çocukların Günlük Yaşamı ve Alışkanlıkları Üzerindeki Etkisinin İncelenmesi
Authors: ÜSTÜNDAĞ Alev
Published: February 2022

Araştırma COVID-19 karantinasının çocukların günlük yaşamı ve alışkanlıkları üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Yaşanan pandemi sürecinin çocuklar üzerine etkisini doğrudan onların bakış açısıyla yansıtan bir araştırma olmadığı için önemli bir çalışma olduğu düşünülmektedir. Araştırma nicel bir araştırmadır. Araştırmanın örneklem grubunda yaşları 7-14 arasında olan 160 çocuk bulunmaktadır. Veriler anket formu kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucu çocukların süreçten etkilendiklerini göstermiştir. Örgün eğitimle karşılaştırıldığında uzaktan eğitim sırasında çocukların dikkatlerini sürdürmekte zorlandıkları, çevrimiçi dersler sırasında daha yorgun hissettikleri ve daha az istekli oldukları belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca çocukların uzaktan eğitim dersleri yerine okula gitmeyi, günlerini arkadaşlarıyla geçirmeyi, alışkanlık haline getirdikleri aktiviteleri yapmayı, spor yapmayı ve ders dışı etkinliklere katılmayı çok özledikleri belirlenmiştir. Pandemi sürecinin çocukların yeme alışkanlıklarını değiştirdiği de belirlenmiştir. Çocukların neredeyse yarısının eskiden yediğinden daha fazla yediği ve daha çok abur cubur, atıştırmalık ve şekerli yiyecekler tükettiği belirlenmiştir. Çocukların büyük çoğunluğunun temel korkusu ailesinin COVID-19 ile hastalanması olarak belirlenmiştir. Çocukların eskisinden daha kolay sinirlendikleri, bir şey yaparken odaklanmakta ve dikkatlerini sürdürmekte zorluk yaşadıkları ve her zamankinden daha yorgun hissettikleri belirlenmiştir. Çocukların her şey normale döndüğünde yapmak istedikleri ilk şey arkadaşlarıyla görüşmek/buluşmak/birlikte olmak olarak belirlenmiştir.
Cinsiyetçi Dili Fransız Postyapısalcı Feminizm ile Dönüştürmek
Authors: DOĞAN Gizem
Published: February 2022

Dil bilimi çalışmalarına göre, içinde yaşadığımız dil dünyamızı oluşturur. Buna göre, düşünce yapımız ve algımızın sınırları doğduğumuz andan itibaren içinde yaşadığımız dil ile belirlenir. Feminist dil bilimi ise dilin cinsiyetçi bir yapısı olduğunu savunur. Bu cinsiyetçi dil içerisinde toplumsallaşan bireyler kadın erkek eşitsizliğini içselleştirerek yetişirler. Fransız postyapısalcı feministlerden Julia Kristeva, Héléné Cixous ve Luce Irigaray, psikanaliz ve dil bilimi üzerinden yaptıkları çalışmalar ile, dilin sınırlarının nasıl aşılabileceği ve cinsiyetsiz bir dilin imkânları üzerinde dururlar. Bu anlamda, dildeki cinsiyetçiliği aşabilmek adına çeşitli yöntemler geliştirirler. Bu çalışmada dilin cinsiyetçi yapısı ve düşünce oluşumundaki rolü üzerinde kısa bir giriş yaptıktan sonra Fransız postyapısalcı feminizm ile dilin cinsiyetçi sınırlarını nasıl aşabileceğimiz üzerinde durulacaktır.
Teknoloji, Sanat ve Gerçek
Authors: BALKAN Gökhan
Published: February 2022

Makalede akıllı makinelerin ivmelenen gelişimi ile beliren insansonrası durumda sanat ve gerçek ilişkisinin çağdaş formu ile yeniden söz konusu olduğu düşüncesi konu edilerek incelenmektedir. Bilişsel Teknolojiler, Robot Teknolojileri, Yapay Zekâ ve akıllı cihazların bedenin içine sızması, akıllı teknolojiler ve bu teknolojilerin açtığı ortamlarda yaşanan paylaşımlar gerçek ile var olan ilişkimizin konvansiyonel kabullerden farklılaştığı bir döneme girdiğimizi gündeme getirmektedir. Sanat ve gerçek ilişkisi de bu gelişime paralel olarak yeniden şekillenmekte, sanat sembolik anlatıdan çıkarak gerçeğin alanına geçmektedir. Bireyselleşen ve bağımsızlaşan sanatın alan değiştirmekte ve böylelikle tüm yalınlığı ile yaşamın gerçekliğini esas almakta olduğu makalede incelenerek çözümlenmektedir.
Osmanlı Topraklarında Uluslararası Bir Kuruluş: Orosdi - Back ve Adana Mağazası
Authors: YILMAZ Ela
Published: February 2022

Sanayi Devrimiyle tüm dünyada başlayan ticari ve ekonomik yapının değişimi, insanların yaşamını etkileyen ve köklü değişimlere sebep olan sonuçları doğurmuştur. Dünya'da artan nüfus, bilimsel ve teknolojik gelişmeler ile yeni kavramlar insanların yaşam alanlarını ve kentlerin formunu etkilemiştir. Avrupa kentlerinde başlayan değişim ve modernleşme kentlerin yeniden düzenlenmesine, yeni ihtiyaçların bir sonucu olarak da yeni mimari yapıların ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur. Osmanlı toplumu da değişen dünyanın farkına varmaya başlamış, önce başkent İstanbul'da yeni mimari yapılarla değişim ve modernleşme kendini göstermiştir. Bu mimari yapılardan biri de gelişen ve genişleyen ticaret ağlarının bir sonucu olan yeni ticaret mekânlarıdır. Yeni bir mimari kurguyla inşa edilmeye başlayan bu ticaret mekânları büyük mağazalardır. Osmanlı kentlerinde faaliyette olan, Cumhuriyetin ilanından sonra da bir süre faaliyetlerine devam eden önemli büyük ticaret mekânlarından biri de Orosdi-Back mağazalarıdır. Orosdi-Back mağazaları önce İstanbul'da sonrasında da Osmanlı topraklarındaki bazı liman kentlerinde ve diğer ülkelerde açılmıştır. 20. yüzyıl başında bir liman kenti olmayan Adana'da mağaza açmış olmaları ise, Adana'da pamuk tarımının ilerlemesi, ulaşım ağının artması sonucunda olmuştur. Adana Orosdi-Back mağazası tek başına mimari yapısıyla modernleşmenin kentteki temsilcisi olmuştur. Kentlerin fiziksel değişimine, sosyal ve kültürel hayatına önemli katkıları olan Orosdi-Back mağazaları, mimarlık tarihimiz için de önemli bir yapı grubunu oluşturur.
Türk Konuşucuların COVID-19 ve COVID-19 Aşısına İlişkin Algıları
Authors: ARICA AKKÖK Elif
Published: February 2022

Bu çalışma anadili Türkçe olan konuşucuların COVID-19 hastalığına ve COVID-19 aşısına ilişkin algılarını incelemeyi ve bu iki kavrama ilişkin kavramlaştırmalarını belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaca ulaşmak için 13-20 Ocak 2021 tarihleri arasında 246 katılımcıya yönlendirici tamamlama sorularından oluşan yarı yapılandırılmış bir anket uygulanmıştır. Anketten elde edilen bulgular, Kavramsal Metafor Kuramı (KMK) çerçevesinde tartışılmıştır. Sonuçlar, Türk konuşucuların COVID- 19'u en sık GÜÇ, HAYVAN, HASTALIK, NESNE ve ISI kaynak alanları çerçevesinde kavramlaştırdığını, COVID-19 aşısını ise en sık GÜÇ, NESNE, HASTALIK, BELIRSIZ DURUM ve IŞIK kaynak alanları çerçevesinde kavramlaştırdıklarını göstermiştir. Çalışmanın sonuçları ayrıca, konuşucuların COVID-19'a karşı olumsuz, COVID-19 aşısına karşı olumlu bir değerlendirmeye sahip olduklarını göstermiştir.
1863 Ermeni Milleti Nizamnamesi’nin Yansımalarını Varaka-i Havadis Üzerinden Okumak
Authors: UYGUR Kübra , DEVECİ BOZKUŞ Yıldız
Published: February 2022

Bu makale 1863-1870 yılları arasında Ermeni harfli Türkçe yayınlanan Varaka-i Havadis gazetesine odaklanarak, gazetenin yazı işleri kadrosunu, yayın politikasını ve vurguladığı konuları incelemektedir. Gazetenin ve okur kitlesinin dönemin gelişmelerine dair değerlendirmelerini, gazete makalelerine ve okur mektuplarına yakın okuma yaparak inceleyen çalışma, Ermeni milletinin Tanzimat dönemindeki en büyük kazanımlarından biri olan Ermeni Milleti Nizamnamesine yoğunlaşmaktadır. Makale, Nizamnamenin seküler bir yayın tarafından nasıl değerlendirildiğini, uygulanma şeklinde yaşanan aksaklıkları, Patrikhane, aristokrasi ve orta sınıf üçgeninde yaşanan çekişmeleri Varaka-i Havadis'deki yansımaları üzerinden okuyarak anlamlandırmayı amaçlamaktadır.
Reproduction, body condition, age, and growth of a large sandy intertidal bivalve, Tivela stultorum
Authors: Marquardt AR , Clark NM , Maietta EG , Park SK , Ruttenberg BI
Published: February 2022

The iconic Pismo clamTivela stultorum(Mawe, 1823) once supported a thriving commercial and recreational fishery in California, but populations have declined statewide in recent decades, in part due to overfishing. To manage and restore populations, fishery managers need accurate life history information, but critical data on reproductive cycles, maturity, and growth rates is either unknown or many decades old. This project aimed to (1) determine annual reproductive cycles and body condition of Pismo clams; (2) identify environmental drivers of reproduction and body condition; (3) determine size-age relationships among clams in California; and (4) estimate growth rates. Up to 70 clams mo-1were collected from Pismo Beach, CA, for histological analysis to determine reproductive stage, measure a body condition index, and estimate ages from shells. Additional clams and shells were collected from sites north and south of Point Conception to compare growth and age at legal size between these 2 major oceanographic zones. Data suggests that reproductive timing deviates only slightly from historical records, with clams spawning later in the year than decades ago. Body condition indices correlate with reproductive stage 3 Ripe, providing an inexpensive proxy to monitor Pismo clam reproduction. Growth was faster in warmer Southern California compared to Central California, but still substantially slower than historical estimates; we estimate that Pismo clams reach the current legal size (114 mm) in 11.1 yr, several years later than previous estimates. Collectively, these data are critical to improve and guide management decisions for this once-abundant species.
A national glacier inventory and variations in glacier extent in Iceland from the Little Ice Age maximum to 2019
Authors: Hannesdóttir Hrafnhildur , Sigurðsson Oddur , Þrastarson Ragnar H. , Guðmundsson Snævarr , Belart Joaquín M. C. , Pálsson Finnur , Magnússon Eyjólfur , Víkingsson Skúli , Jóhannesson Tómas
Published: February 2022

A national glacier outline inventory for several different times since the end of the Little Ice Age (LIA) in Iceland has been created with input from several research groups and institutions, and submitted to the GLIMS (Global Land Ice Measurements from Space, nsidc.org/glims) database, where it is openly available. The glacier outlines have been revised and updated for consistency and the most representative outline chosen. The maximum glacier extent during the LIA was not reached simultaneously in Iceland, but many glaciers started retreating from their outermost LIA moraines around 1890. The total area of glaciers in Iceland in 2019 was approximately 10,400 km², and has decreased by more than 2200 km² since the end of the 19th century (corresponding to an 18\% loss in area) and by approximately 750 km² since ∼2000. The larger ice caps have lost 10–30\% of their maximum LIA area, whereas intermediate-size glaciers have been reduced by up to 80\%. During the first two decades of the 21st century, the decrease rate has on average been approximately 40 km² a$^{−1}$. During this period, some tens of small glaciers have disappeared entirely. Temporal glacier inventories are important for climate change studies, for calibration of glacier models, for studies of glacier surges and glacier dynamics, and they are essential for better understanding of the state of glaciers. Although surges, volcanic eruptions and jökulhlaups influence the position of some glacier termini, glacier variations have been rather synchronous in Iceland, largely following climatic variations since the end of the 19th century.
The bedrock and tephra layer topography within the glacier filled Katla caldera, Iceland, deduced from dense RES-survey
Authors: Magnússon Eyjólfur , Pálsson Finnur , Jarosch Alexander H. , Boeckel Tayo van , Hannesdóttir Hrafnhildur , Belart Joaquín M. C.
Published: February 2022

We present results from recent low frequency radio echo-sounding (RES) campaigns over the icecovered caldera of Katla central volcano, beneath the Mýrdalsjökull ice cap, southern Iceland. The current RES-survey both partly repeats and enhances the RES-profile grid of a previous survey in 1991 with denser sounding lines and improved instruments. The RES-data, obtained in 2012–2021, include ∼760 km of 2D migrated RES-profiles covering an area of 116 km². Around 14 km² subsections of this area were surveyed with RES-profiles 20 m apart allowing 3D migration of the RES-data. Our study confirms findings from previously published bedrock mapping, including main topographic features, ice volume stored within the 100 km² caldera (45±2 km³, in autumn 2019) and maximum ice thickness (740±40 m). However, the significantly expanded level of detail and features observed in the new bedrock map reveals further evidence of a complex and eventful formation history of the caldera interior. This bedrock map is unprecedented in terms of detail for an icecovered volcano. The new RES-data allows for a unique comparison of bedrock maps obtained from RES-data with 2D and 3D migration, demonstrating the limitations of 2D migrated RES-data in areas of high topographic variability. Reflections from the 1918 Katla eruption tephra layer within the ice were detected in a much wider area within the caldera than in the 1991 RES-data. We also observe a second internal layer at 420–580 m depth within the northern part of the caldera, identified here as the tephra from the 1755 Katla eruption. The 1918 tephra layer is typically observed at 200–300 m below the glacier surface. However, the layer depth varies from ∼100 m depth at the western rim of the caldera down to 460 m depth, where geothermal activity beneath ice cauldrons melts ice from below. At the most prominent geothermal areas all ice beneath the 1918 tephra has been melted leaving the tephra at the bed. Furthermore, the obtained tephra layer maps reveal footprints of some previously unidentified geothermal areas.
What can we learn from previous generations? Álftaver's experience of the 1918 Katla eruption
Authors: Gísladóttir Guðrún , Bird Deanne , Pagneux Emmanuel
Published: February 2022

Residents in Álftaver are very familiar with the 1918 Katla eruption, which caused rapid and catastrophic glacial outburst flooding of the area. Descriptions of the 1918 events, passed down by older generations, have become an important part of the collective memory. Based on oral and written history, this paper provides a vivid account, including detailed maps, of what people experienced and felt during the 1918 Katla eruption. It also considers how these experiences influence current-day perceptions and the impact this may have on behaviour in relation to emergency response strategies. Until now, much of this history has only been accessible in Icelandic text and through oral stories. The aim of this paper is to unlock these stories for an international audience in an effort to advance understanding of volcanic eruptions and their impacts and, inform future emergency planning. Importantly, these descriptions tell us about the nature of the glacial outburst flood, with a ‘pre-flood’ devoid of ice and travelling at a much faster rate than the ice-laden main flood. As a future eruption of Katla may impact Álftaver, emergency response plans for glacial outburst floods were developed, and in March 2006 preliminary plans were tested in a full-scale evacuation exercise involving residents and emergency response groups. But Álftaver residents questioned the plans and were reluctant to follow evacuation orders during the exercise, as they felt their knowledge and the experience of their relatives during the 1918 Katla eruption, had not been taken into consideration. Residents were concerned that flood hazards, as well as tephra and lightning, were not appropriately accounted for by officials. In response to residents’ concerns, officials developed an alternative evacuation plan (Plan B) that builds on some of the experience and knowledge of Álftaver residents. However, residents were not involved in the development of ‘Plan B’ and they are not aware of what it constitutes or when it is to be implemented. This paper argues that more needs to be done to promote inclusive dialogue and the co-production of knowledge to ensure emergency response strategies adequately reflect and accommodate local knowledge, perspectives and planned behaviour.
Jöklarannsóknir á Íslandi á fimmta áratugnum – frumkvöðlastarf Steinþórs Sigurðssonar
Authors: Pálsson Einar , Guðmundsson Magnús Tumi
Published: February 2022

Einar B. Pálsson (1912–2011) verkfræðingur og prófessor tók þátt í jöklarannsóknum á fimmta áratug 20. aldar með Steinþóri Sigurðssyni, Jóni Eyþórssyni og fleirum. Á þessum árum voru vísindarannsóknir á nútímavísu
að hefjast hér á landi. Búnaður var frumstæður og innviðir eða stofanir til að standa að rannsóknum á náttúru Íslands vart fyrir hendi. Í þessum jöklarannsóknum tókst samstarf vísindamanna og áhugamanna, einkum skíðamanna. Það samstarf hefur haldið áfram allt fram á þennan dag í Jöklarannsóknafélagi Íslands. Eftirfarandi frásögn var skráð eftir viðtölum við Einar veturinn 2000–2001.
A Novel Ferroptosis-Related lncRNA Prognostic Model and Immune Infiltration Features in Skin Cutaneous Melanoma
Authors: Sun Shuya , Zhang Guanran , Zhang Litao
Published: February 2022

Background: Skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) is an aggressive malignant skin tumor. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent cell death that may mobilize tumor-infiltrating immunity against cancer. The potential mechanism of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in ferroptosis in SKCM is not clear. In this study, the prognostic and treatment value of ferroptosis-related lncRNAs was explored in SKCM, and a prognostic model was established.

Methods: We first explored the mutation state of ferroptosis-related genes in SKCM samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Then, we utilized consensus clustering analysis to divide the samples into three clusters based on gene expression and evaluated their immune infiltration using gene-set enrichment analysis (GSEA) ESTIMATE and single-sample gene-set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) algorithms. In addition, we applied univariate Cox analysis to screen prognostic lncRNAs and then validated their prognostic value by Kaplan–Meier (K-M) and transcripts per kilobase million (TPM) value analyses. Finally, we constructed an 18-ferroptosis-related lncRNA prognostic model by multivariate Cox analysis, and SKCM patients were allocated into different risk groups based on the median risk score. The prognostic value of the model was evaluated by K-M and time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses. Additionally, the immunophenoscore (IPS) in different risk groups was detected.

Results: The top three mutated ferroptosis genes were TP53, ACSL5, and TF. The SKCM patients in the cluster C had the highest ferroptosis-related gene expression with the richest immune infiltration. Based on the 18 prognosis-related lncRNAs, we constructed a prognostic model of SKCM patients. Patients at low risk had a better prognosis and higher IPS.

Conclusion: Our findings revealed that ferroptosis-related lncRNAs were expected to become potential biomarkers and indicators of prognosis and immunotherapy treatment targets of SKCM.
ADP-Ribosylation Factor Family of Small GTP-Binding Proteins: Their Membrane Recruitment, Activation, Crosstalk and Functions
Authors: Li Tiantian , Guo Yusong
Published: February 2022

Members of the ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) family of guanine-nucleotide binding proteins play critical roles in various cellular processes, especially in regulating the secretory, and endocytic pathways. The fidelity of intracellular vesicular trafficking depends on proper activations and precise subcellular distributions of ARF family proteins regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). Here we review recent progress in understanding the membrane recruitment, activation, crosstalk, and functions of ARF family proteins.
Targeting SARS-CoV-2 Proteases for COVID-19 Antiviral Development
Authors: Lv Zongyang , Cano Kristin E. , Jia Lijia , Drag Marcin , Huang Tony T. , Olsen Shaun K.
Published: February 2022

The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) in 2019 marked the third occurrence of a highly pathogenic coronavirus in the human population since 2003. As the death toll surpasses 5 million globally and economic losses continue, designing drugs that could curtail infection and disease progression is critical. In the US, three highly effective Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–authorized vaccines are currently available, and Remdesivir is approved for the treatment of hospitalized patients. However, moderate vaccination rates and the sustained evolution of new viral variants necessitate the ongoing search for new antivirals. Several viral proteins have been prioritized as SARS-CoV-2 antiviral drug targets, among them the papain-like protease (PLpro) and the main protease (Mpro). Inhibition of these proteases would target viral replication, viral maturation, and suppression of host innate immune responses. Knowledge of inhibitors and assays for viruses were quickly adopted for SARS-CoV-2 protease research. Potential candidates have been identified to show inhibitory effects against PLpro and Mpro, both in biochemical assays and viral replication in cells. These results encourage further optimizations to improve prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we examine the latest developments of potential small-molecule inhibitors and peptide inhibitors for PLpro and Mpro, and how structural biology greatly facilitates this process.
Leishmania Exosomes/Extracellular Vesicles Containing GP63 Are Essential for Enhance Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Development Upon Co-Inoculation of Leishmania amazonensis and Its Exosomes
Authors: da Silva Lira Filho Alonso , Fajardo Emanuella Francisco , Chang Kwang Poo , Clément Pauline , Olivier Martin
Published: February 2022

Protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania are transmitted by the bite of infected sand flies leading to a wide range of diseases called leishmaniasis. Recently, we demonstrated that Leishmania spp.-derived exosomes/extracellular vesicles (EVs/LeishEXO) were released in the lumen of the sand fly midgut and to be co-egested with the parasite during the blood meal and that LeishEXO were found to stimulate an inflammatory response conducting to an exacerbated cutaneous leishmaniasis, also it was shown that these vesicles cargo important virulence factors like GP63. Thus, this study aimed to confirm through morphological and proteomic analysis a novel model specificity utilizing another set of GP63-altered Leishmania amazonensis parasite strains. Consequently, we proposed to further study the impact of different GP63 vesicle expression levels on their ability to modulate innate inflammatory cell responses, and finally to determine the importance of GP63 vesicle content on the exacerbation of the cutaneous Leishmania spp. pathology after their host co-inoculation. Our results revealed that the protein composition of extracted extracellular vesicles were similar to each other and that GP63 was the sole virulence factor changed in the exosomes composition confirming the specificity of the chosen novel model. We further demonstrated that vesicles with different GP63 EVs cargo displayed distinctive macrophage immunomodulatory capabilities at both gene and protein expression in vitro. Finally, we showed their diverse impact on the Leishmania spp. cutaneous pathology in an in vivo setting and confirmed GP63 as a primordial component of the ability of these EVs in augmenting the inflammatory cutaneous response in Leishmania spp. infection. Our findings provide new insight on the immune response happening in cutaneous leishmaniasis, shade light on the mechanism behind the host-pathogen interaction occurring in the initial moments of infection, thus creating the opportunity of using them as the target of new pharmacological treatments and vaccinations.
Interfering in the ALK1 Pathway Results in Macrophage-Driven Outward Remodeling of Murine Vein Grafts
Authors: de Jong Alwin , Sier Vincent Q. , Peters Hendrika A. B. , Schilder Natalia K. M. , Jukema J. Wouter , Goumans Marie José T. H. , Quax Paul H. A. , de Vries Margreet R.
Published: February 2022

Aims

Vein grafts are frequently used to bypass coronary artery occlusions. Unfortunately, vein graft disease (VGD) causes impaired patency rates. ALK1 mediates signaling by TGF-β via TGFβR2 or BMP9/10 via BMPR2, which is an important pathway in fibrotic, inflammatory, and angiogenic processes in vascular diseases. The role of the TGF-β pathway in VGD is previously reported, however, the contribution of ALK1 signaling is not known. Therefore, we investigated ALK1 signaling in VGD in a mouse model for vein graft disease using either genetic or pharmacological inhibition of the Alk1 signaling.

Methods and Results

Male ALK1 heterozygous (ALK1+/−), control C57BL/6, as well as hypercholesterolemic ApoE3*Leiden mice, underwent vein graft surgery. Histologic analyses of ALK1+/− vein grafts demonstrated increased outward remodeling and macrophage accumulation after 28 days. In hypercholesterolemic ApoE3*Leiden mice receiving weekly ALK1-Fc injections, ultrasound imaging showed 3-fold increased outward remodeling compared to controls treated with control-Fc, which was confirmed histologically. Moreover, ALK1-Fc treatment reduced collagen and smooth muscle cell accumulation, increased macrophages by 1.5-fold, and resulted in more plaque dissections. No difference was observed in intraplaque neovessel density. Flow cytometric analysis showed increased systemic levels of Ly6CHigh monocytes in ALK1-Fc treated mice, supported by in vitro increased MCP-1 and IL-6 production of LPS-stimulated and ALK1-Fc-treated murine monocytes and macrophages.

Conclusion

Reduced ALK1 signaling in VGD promotes outward remodeling, increases macrophage influx, and promotes an unstable plaque phenotype.

Translational Perspective

Vein graft disease (VGD) severely hampers patency rates of vein grafts, necessitating research of key disease-driving pathways like TGF-β. The three-dimensional nature of VGD together with the multitude of disease driving factors ask for a comprehensive approach. Here, we combined in vivo ultrasound imaging, histological analyses, and conventional in vitro analyses, identifying the ambiguous role of reduced ALK1 signaling in vein graft disease. Reduced ALK1 signaling promotes outward remodeling, increases macrophage influx, and promotes an unstable plaque phenotype in murine vein grafts. Characterization of in vivo vascular remodeling over time is imperative to monitor VGD development and identify new therapies.
Reservoir Forming Dynamics of Differential Accumulation of Tight Oil in the Yanchang Formation Chang 8 Member in the Longdong Area, Ordos Basin, Central China
Authors: Yang Jingru , Liu Xianyang , Xu Wanglin
Published: February 2022

Tight oil is usually accumulated near source rocks after short-distance migration. For the Chang 8 member tight oil reservoir in the Longdong area of the Ordos Basin, however, the tight oil accumulation does not completely follow the source control theory, which states that richer tight oil is found in zones closer to the source rock. The causes behind such differential accumulation need to be investigated. On the basis of previous studies, this paper accurately restores the oil migration dynamics in the main reservoir-forming period by using the latest paleo-hydrodynamic restoration technology through mudstone compaction analysis. The oil migration dynamics are then compared with the start-up pressure gradient of the transport layer along the potential oil migration path during the main reservoir-forming period. Finally, combined with the paleo-structural characteristics during the main reservoir-forming period, the causes for the differential accumulation of tight oil in the Chang 8 member of the Longdong area are analyzed. The results show that: 1) during the main reservoir-forming period, tight oil in the Chang 8 member tended to and could migrate from the north and northeast to the southwest and has accumulated in the nose-like paleo-structure in the southwest; and 2) following the main reservoir-forming period, as the reservoir formation was compacted and the fluid pressure and hydrocarbon generation capacity reduced, oil accumulated nearer the source rock, and to a lesser extent than it did during the reservoir-forming period. In these two stages, changes in the intensity of oil migration dynamics dominated the differential accumulation of tight oil. This study provides a new perspective for similar efforts.
Tectonic Characteristics and its Effect on Shale Gas Preservation Condition in the Jingmen Region
Authors: Li Xiaoming , Wang Yarong , Lin Wen , Ma Lihong , Liu Dexun , Zhang Yu
Published: February 2022

Jingmen block is an essential location for the development and exploration of shale gas. The regional structure, the tectonic characteristics, and their influence on shale gas preservation in the Jingmen block were summarized based on observations from drilled cores, seismic data interpretation, FMI imaging logging results, and other methods of subsequent analysis. The study results show that: 1) the overall structure of the study area is simple. The shale corresponding to the Wufeng and Longmaxi formations of the Upper Ordovician and Lower Silurian periods were subjected to compression deformation in Indosinian and early Yanshanianand, following extension and strike-slip transformation in the late Yanshanian period. Structures, including back-thrust, echelon, parallel, inversion structures, and rifts, could also be observed 2) Fractures with different tectonic stages and scales have different effects on the preservation degree of shale gas in the study area, resulting in differences in the nature, scale and zone of influence of faults in different regions and 3) The crack associated with fault structure include interlayer low-angle detachment fracture, conjugate shear fracture, reticular fracture, high-angle shear fracture, high-angle strike-slip shear fracture, and high-angle fracture zone. The location and type of fracture development in different stages vary, which affect the shale gas preservation and migration 4) Based on the influence of structures on shale gas preservation, the study area is divided into four categories viz. two favorable areas and two more favorable areas.
Personal Tutoring Scheme: Expectations, Perceptions and Factors Affecting Students’ Engagement
Authors: Calabrese Gianpiero , Leadbitter Debbie-Leigh M , Trindade Neusa Do Sacramento Menezes Da , Jeyabalan Ashveini , Dolton Debbie , ElShaer Amr
Published: February 2022

An effective Personal Tutoring Scheme (PTS) is a crucial part of the strategy to support students’ progression and success rates in Higher Education institutions. This study investigated students’ expectations and perceptions of the PTS in a post-1992 university in the UK. Data collection was achieved through a survey completed by 1,078 students from all Faculties and was used to assess trends and factors affecting students’ expectations and perceptions of the PTS. Results indicated that there is a gap between students’ expectations and perceptions, but that in comparison to previous literature this gap seems to be reducing. Unsurprisingly, frequency and regularity of meetings are linked with the development of a relationship with the Personal Tutor (PT) and a higher level of satisfaction. Higher Education institutions still have further work to do to close the gap between students’ expectations and perceptions; however, the results of this study indicate that this work is currently being undertaken.
Brachydactyly Type A3 Is More Commonly Seen in Children With Short Stature But Does Not Affect Their Height Improvement by Growth Hormone Therapy
Authors: Wu Huahong , Li Yang , Li Hui
Published: February 2022

Introduction

To analyze the prevalence of brachydactyly type A3 (BDA3) in children with short stature and the effect on growth hormone (GH) therapy.

Methods

We analyzed the medical records of pediatric patients from July 2009 to July 2021. We included children with short stature defined as their height standard deviation score (HtSDS) < -2 and normal short height as their HtSDS between -2 and -1. We calculated the prevalence of BDA3 in different groups and compared the differences in children’s characteristics and the therapeutic effect of GH therapy between the BDA3 and no BDA3 groups.

Results

A total of 752 cases were included. The overall prevalence of BDA3 was 23.1%; with a female predominance (30.8% vs. 16.1%, P < 0.01). BDA3 was more prevalent in the short stature group (27.2%) than in the normal short stature group (16.7%) and growth hormone deficiency group (16.5%). Birth length, birth weight, HtSDS, and mid-parental height of children with BDA3 were lower than those without BDA3, but there were no significant differences. In patients with Turner syndrome and idiopathic short stature, the HtSDS of the BDA3 group was significantly lower than that of the no BDA3 group (P < 0.01). During four years of GH therapy, the HtSDS improvement per year in the BDA3 group were 0.79 ± 0.29, 0.50 ± 0.31, 0.20 ± 0.30, and 0.10 ± 0.22, which were not significantly different from those in the no BDA3 group. At the end of treatment, there were no significant differences in the duration of treatment and total HtSDS improvement between these two groups.

Conclusions

BDA3 is more commonly seen in children with short stature with a female predominance. BDA3 occurrence is independent of the GH pathway and does not affect the therapeutic effect of GH on short stature children.