bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vaccine Adjuvants in Fish Vaccines Make a Difference: Comparing Three Adjuvants (Montanide ISA763A Oil, CpG/Poly I:C Combo and VHSV Glycoprotein) Alone or in Combination Formulated with an Inactivated Whole Salmonid Alphavirus Antigen
Authors: Thim Hanna , Villoing Stéphane , McLoughlin Marian , Christie Karen , Grove Søren , Frost Petter , Jørgensen Jorunn
Published: March 2014

Most commercial vaccines offered to the aquaculture industry include inactivated antigens (Ag) formulated in oil adjuvants. Safety concerns are related to the use of oil adjuvants in multivalent vaccines for fish, since adverse side effects (e.g., adhesions) can appear. Therefore, there is a request for vaccine formulations for which protection will be maintained or improved, while the risk of side effects is reduced. Here, by using an inactivated salmonid alphavirus (SAV) as the test Ag, the combined use of two Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand adjuvants, CpG oligonucleotides (ODNs) and poly I:C, as well as a genetic adjuvant consisting of a DNA plasmid vector expressing the viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) glycoprotein (G) was explored. VHSV-G DNA vaccine was intramuscularly injected in combination with intraperitoneal injection of either SAV Ag alone or combined with the oil adjuvant, Montanide ISA763, or the CpG/polyI:C combo. Adjuvant formulations were evaluated for their ability to boost immune responses and induce protection against SAV in Atlantic salmon, following cohabitation challenge. It was observed that CpG/polyI:C-based formulations generated the highest neutralizing antibody titres (nAbs) before challenge, which endured post challenge. nAb responses for VHSV G-DNA- and oil-adjuvanted formulations were marginal compared to the CpG/poly I:C treatment. Interestingly, heat-inactivated sera showed reduced nAb titres compared to their non-heated counterparts, which suggests a role of complement-mediated neutralization against SAV. Consistently elevated levels of innate antiviral immune genes in the CpG/polyI:C injected groups suggested a role of IFN-mediated responses. Co-delivery of the VHSV-G DNA construct with either CpG/polyI:C or oil-adjuvanted SAV vaccine generated higher CD4 responses in head kidney at 48 h compared to injection of this vector or SAV Ag alone. The results demonstrate that a combination of pattern recognizing receptor (PRR) ligands, such as CpG/polyI:C, increases both adaptive and innate responses and represents a promising adjuvant strategy for enhancing the protection of future viral vaccines.
The HIV Nef protein modulates cellular and exosomal miRNA profiles in human monocytic cells
Authors: Aqil Madeeha , Naqvi Afsar Raza , Mallik Saurav , Bandyopadhyay Sanghamitra , Maulik Ujjwal , Jameel Shahid
Published: March 2014

Introduction

The HIV Nef protein is a multifunctional virulence factor that perturbs intracellular membranes and signalling and is secreted into exosomes. While Nef‐containing exosomes have a distinct proteomic profile, no comprehensive analysis of their miRNA cargo has been carried out. Since Nef functions as a viral suppressor of RNA interference and disturbs the distribution of RNA‐induced silencing complex proteins between cells and exosomes, we hypothesized that it might also affect the export of miRNAs into exosomes.

Method

Exosomes were purified from human monocytic U937 cells that stably expressed HIV‐1 Nef. The RNA from cells and exosomes was profiled for 667 miRNAs using a Taqman Low Density Array. Selected miRNAs and their mRNA targets were validated by quantitative RT‐PCR. Bioinformatics analyses were used to identify targets and predict pathways.

Results

Nef expression affected a significant fraction of miRNAs in U937 cells. Our analysis showed 47 miRNAs to be selectively secreted into Nef exosomes and 2 miRNAs to be selectively retained in Nef‐expressing cells. The exosomal miRNAs were predicted to target several cellular genes in inflammatory cytokine and other pathways important for HIV pathogenesis, and an overwhelming majority had targets within the HIV genome.

Conclusions

This is the first study to report miRnome analysis of HIV Nef expressing monocytes and exosomes. Our results demonstrate that Nef causes large‐scale dysregulation of cellular miRNAs, including their secretion through exosomes. We suggest this to be a novel viral strategy to affect pathogenesis and to limit the effects of RNA interference on viral replication and persistence.
Say's law in Marx and Keynes
Authors: Foley Duncan K.
Published: March 2014

Les critiques émises par Marx et Keynes à la loi de Say sont examinées de façon critique. Un modèle simple de circuit du capital est utilisé pour montrer que les deux théoriciens fondent la possibilité d'une demande globale inadéquate sur l'existence de la monnaie et de retards finis et variables de la dépense concernant les actifs monétaires. A la fois Marx et Keynes vont plus loin pour discuter le type d'agent qui présente de tels retards variables dans la dépense. Marx démontre que les producteurs capitalistes réagissent aux contraintes de liquidité et aux contraintes de ventes avec des retards variables dans la dépense. Keynes démontre que la spéculation est le premier facteur responsable de cette situation.
Marx et Schumpeter : deux personnages en quête d'une fin (crises, limites et fin du capitalisme)
Authors: Barrère Christian
Published: March 2014

Marx a proposé une première analyse de la fin du capitalisme, à partir de la loi générale de l'accumulation capitaliste. Elle s'inscrit dans une vision ca- tastrophiste, surdéterminée par des objectifs politiques et que Schumpeter taille facilement en pièces. Mais Marx avance, en ordre dispersé, des éléments d'analyse des limites du mode de production capitaliste qui présentent un tout autre intérêt. Le texte s'interroge sur les limites des rapports marchands et celles des rapports capitalistes en cherchant à les articuler de façon cohérente autour de l'idée de socialisation — idée développée également par Schumpeter — et de l'étude des formes contradictoires de socialisation du travail (socialisation explicite et implicite, socialisation formelle et réelle).
La théorie post-keynésienne, la Théorie générale et Kalecki
Authors: Dostaler Gilles
Published: March 2014

Ce commentaire se propose de prolonger la discussion du caractère novateur de la théorie post-keynésienne en insistant sur le rôle qu'y joue la monnaie, un point relativement peu abordé par G. Dostaler. Ce rôle sera étudié au niveau des salaires monétaires et de la dépendance financière. On pourra alors préciser les apports des post-keynésiens, notamment en référence à M. Kalecki, comme les insuffisances actuelles de la théorie quant aux prolongements du message de Keynes lui-même.
Monnaie et libéralisme : le cas Hayek
Authors: Tutin Christian
Published: March 2014

Hayek's proposal of competitive supply of money strongly opposes the monetary tradition of liberalism, who rested on the alleged inhability of market mecha- nisms to ensure both the determination of the quantity of money and its equilibrium value.

Nevertheless, the stability of a competitive monetary order is highly doubtful/, for it is based upon the possibility that banks could control secondary emissions, and discover through market procedures a stable standard of value. Moreover, the plurality of currencies seems very difficult to maintain through time.

Thus the proposition that monetary competition would eliminate inflation and the subsequent fluctuations of investment and output, far from being proved, appears as a mere postulate.

The Hayekian Utopia is then more vuluable for its critical aspects than for its own validity.
L'extension du marché limite la division du travail : la critique smithienne du mercantilisme
Authors: Rosier Michel
Published: March 2014

L'affirmation d'A. Smith selon laquelle la division du travail est limitée par l'extension du marché est généralement considérée comme une curiosité embarrassante, parce que supposant des rendements croissants. En fait, elle est limitée non en raison de son résultat, la productivité du travail, mais de sa cause, l'allocation du travail entre secteurs agricole et manufacturier. Ainsi comprise, cette limite cesse d'être une curiosité et apparaît être au cœur de la critique smithienne des mercantilistes. Leur politique économique freinerait la croissance de l'économie et risquerait même de l'entraîner vers un état régressif, en hâtant le développement des manufactures au détriment de l'agriculture.
Liberté du commerce, individualisme et Etat. Les conceptions des négociants français au XVIIIe siècle
Authors: Tarrade Jean
Published: March 2014

Les négociants-armateurs français du XVIIIe siècle sont de farouches partisans d'une liberté du commerce proche de celle qui est défendue par Adam Smith. Toutefois cette liberté générale n'est prônée qu'en termes d'intérêts individuels, les négociants dénoncent en effet tous les manquements à l'exclusif colonial « intégral » et excluent du jeu de la liberté tous les étrangers. Ils revendiquent aussi primes et encouragements financiers de la part du Roi. Cette contradiction se retrouve sous la Révolution française, quand les armateurs, derrière un libéralisme de façade parviennent à obtenir le maintien de l'esclavage et de la traite.
Keynes on Probability, Uncertainty and Tragic Choices
Authors: Carabelli Anna M.
Published: March 2014

Right from 1904-6 Keynes was interested in the problems of moral dilemmas which are typical of Greek tragedy. His constant attention to the incommensurability and incomparability of magnitudes (probability and economic magnitudes such as real income, real capital and general price level) derives from this early interest in dilemmas and his concept of uncertainty is connected with rational dilemmas and tragic choices. So, in Keynes, incommensurability and uncertainty are connected with Greek tragedy.

Keynes deals with the incommensurability of reasons which are at the ground of probable judgement in his A Treatise on Probability : rational dilemmas arise when there is conflict between incommensurable, opposite and heterogeneous reasons which cannot be weighed down one against the others on a common balance. The dilemmas of the umbrella in A Treatise on Probability, of Buridan's ass in Keynes' s letter to Townshend in 1939, of the two Queens Victoria and Elizabeth in The General Theory are some of the examples to which Keynes refers in his writings. These dilemmas characterise situations of indecision, of irreducible conflict, that is of uncertainty.
Microeconomic theories of imperfect competition
Authors: Gabszewicz Jean Jaskold , Thisse Jacques-François
Published: March 2014

Cet article vise à offrir un panorama des théories de la concurrence imparfaite qui l'abordent du point de vue de la microéconomie. Cette présentation s'articule autour des quatre thèmes principaux qui caractérisent la concurrence imparfaite : la collusion, la différentiation des produits, les barrières à l'entrée et l'information imparfaite. Une section est aussi consacrée à la théorie de la concurrence imparfaite en équilibre général.
Malthus and Classical Economies : The Malthus-Ricardo Relationship
Authors: Hollander Samuel
Published: March 2014

La relation entre Malthus et Ricardo est une façon d'aborder le problème de la place de Malthus au sein de l'école classique. Je ne trouve pas qu'il y a des différences substantielles à propos de la valeur ou de la théorie de la croissance. La politique démographique de Malthus était dirigée contre l'idéologie des classes supérieures, des militaires et de l'Église, et Ricardo partageait cette position. Certes, une différence analytique majeure sous-tend l'idée de Malthus, selon laquelle l'agriculture a une productivité supérieure, comme le supposait la théorie physiocratique du surplus. Toutefois, Malthus abandonna son protectionnisme en faveur de l'agriculture, autrement toute notion d'une doctrine classique unifiée aurait été impossible. Enfin, les conceptions de Malthus à propos de la politique monétaire et fiscale, étonnamment orthodoxes, en dépit du problème de la demande agrégée, réduisent encore un peu plus l'écart entre lui et Ricardo.
Repeated evolution of tricellular (and bicellular) pollen
Authors: Williams Joseph H. , Taylor Mackenzie L. , O'Meara Brian C.
Published: March 2014

• Premise of study: Male gametophytes of seed plants are sexually immature at the time they are dispersed as pollen, but approximately 30% of flowering plants have tricellular pollen containing fully formed sperm at anthesis. The classic study of Brewbaker (1967: American Journal of Botany 54: 1069–1083) provided a powerful confirmation of the long‐standing hypothesis that tricellular pollen had many parallel and irreversible origins within angiosperms. We readdressed the main questions of that study with modern comparative phylogenetic methods.

• Methods: We used our own and more recent reports to greatly expand the Brewbaker data set. We modeled trait evolution for 2511 species on a time‐calibrated angiosperm phylogeny using (1) Binary State Speciation and Extinction (BiSSE), which accounts for the effect of species diversification rates on character transition rates and, (2) the hidden rates model (HRM), which incorporates variation in transition rates across a phylogeny.

• Key results: Seventy percent of species had bicellular pollen. BiSSE found a 1.9‐fold higher bicellular to tricellular transition rate than in the reverse direction, and bicellular lineages had a 1.8‐fold higher diversification rate than tricellular lineages. HRM found heterogeneity in evolutionary rates, with bidirectional transition rates in three of four rate classes.

• Conclusions: The tricellular condition is not irreversible. Pollen cell numbers are maintained at intermediate frequencies because lower net diversification rates of tricellular lineages are counterbalanced by slower state shifts to the bicellular condition. That tricellular lineages diversify slowly and give rise to bicellular lineages slowly reflects a linkage between the evolution of sporophyte lifestyles and the developmental lability of male gametophytes.
THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEVELOPMENT PATHWAYS IN THE ROAD TRANSPORT SECTOR IN THE EUROPEAN REGION
Authors: Szendrő Gabor , Török Ádám
Published: March 2014

With the omnipresent influence of mankind around the world, controlling resource use and pollution are key factors in the progress toward sustainability in all sectors. These considerations appear in international and European policies, but there remains a need to make these policies suited to local conditions. This article aims to present a method of analysis for the transport sector that could prove useful for identifying the similarities and differences in the current state and historical development of transport systems in EU Member States.
MODAL AND FLUTTER ANALYSIS OF THE SAILPLANE LAK-17B USING NUMERICAL METHODS
Authors: Andrikaitis Marius , Fedaravičius Algimantas
Published: March 2014

The objective of current work is to determine the V–g and V–f diagrams for the sailplane’s LAK-17B empennage using numerical methods. The article considers the following problems: development of finite element model of the sailplane LAK-17B; normal modes calculation using created finite element model; flutter analysis of sailplane LAK-17B using doublet lattice method.
TOWARDS A SPATIAL CRITIQUE OF IDEOLOGY: ARCHITECTURE AS A TEST
Authors: Kurnicki Karol
Published: March 2014

The article presents the outline for the theory of ideological space. The ideological properties of space are reconsidered by the juxtaposition of Lefebvre’s and Bourdieu’s theories. The resultant reconciliation points towards the notion of spatial critique of ideology as well as the possibility of employing ideology for critique of space. The notion of a test (as characterized by Boltanski) is introduced to show the importance of capabilities of actors and objects in the process of critique. The article emphasizes the exceptional significance of architecture for the construction of critical positions. The architecture is described as a form of a test. In so doing, the architecture is characterized as one of the essential elements of possible social emancipation. In effect, both the social responsibilities of the architecture and its critical role are underscored.
La présidentielle iranienne de juin 2013 : enjeux et décryptages
Authors: Ladier-Fouladi Marie
Published: March 2014

L’élection surprenante de Hassan Rohani, dès le premiertour de la présidentielle de juin 2013, a satisfait tout le monde, à tel point que les forces politiques internes tout comme les pays occidentaux ont reconnu implicitement et unanimement la régularité du suffrage. Mais faut-il croire que cette élection, contrairement aux précédentes, a été régulière et que ni le Conseil des gardiens ni le ministère de l’Intérieur, ne sont pas intervenus dans le décompte des votes ? L’absence des statistiques appropriées, l’omission assez étrange des résultats des élections municipales, qui ont pourtant eu lieu le même jour, et qui se sont révélés à l’opposé de ceux de la présidentielle et enfin la configuration de la compétition – six candidats en lice -, qui semblait rendre logiquement nécessaire un second tour pour sceller le sort du scrutin, mènent à croire que les résultats de ce scrutin sont entachés de manœuvre frauduleuse. Pour autant que l’on puisse le savoir, des négociations auraient été engagées entre le Guide suprême et Hachemi Rafsandjani après le troisième débat télévisé et au cours de la seconde semaine d’une campagne électorale sans relief. Le Guide a dû faire des concessions pour soutenir finalement le candidat de Hachemi Rafsandjani et d’une partie des réformateurs, Hassan Rohani. Un choix qui, en l’état actuel des enjeux intérieurs et extérieurs, a surtout arrangé le Guide, lui permettant de regagner sa légitimité et celle du régime islamique auprès de l’opinion publique nationale et internationale.
Mémoire de la guerre civile espagnole : reconquête d'une mémoire amputée par la moitié
Authors: Daguzan Jean-François
Published: March 2014

La guerre civile est un épisode déterminant de l’histoirecontemporaine de l’Espagne. Depuis la fin de la dictature, cet épisode s’est plus ou moins invité au cœur de la mémoire collective selon les contextes politiques. Niée dans les années de dictature, très refroidie dans les années de transition démocratique, elle s’est réchauffée depuis le début le milieu des années 1990. C’est sur cette rupture et sur ses causes que cet article revient. Mêlant expérience personnelle et analyse distanciée, l’auteur revient sur un phénomène à la fois singulier dans son expression et assez universel dans ses mécanismes.
Reflections of the Material Culture in the Humorous and Mocking Songs from Karel Štrekelj’s Collection
Authors: Vrabič Jerneja
Published: March 2014

Članek razkriva nekatere elemente materialne kulture, kakor so zapisani v zadnjem delu četrte knjige Štrekljeve zbirke Slovenske narodne pesmi (1895–1923). Pesmi so bile večinoma zbrane ob koncu 19. in na začetku 20. stoletja. Avtorica obravnava način življenja, prehrano, načine oblačenja, predmete in izdelke, ki so bili v rabi med 18. in 20. stoletjem. Ob dejstvu, da ljudska pesem prehaja iz roda v rod, in da sta literarni in resnični svet prepletena, avtorica primerja ljudske pesmi in resnična dejstva družbenega življenja v preteklih stoletjih.
***
The article explores selected elements of material culture as they are depicted in the fourth volume of Karel Štrekelj's collection Slovenske narodne pesmi (Slovenian Folk Songs, 1895–1923). The songs were mostly collected in late 19th and early 20th centuries. The author examines life-style and dietary habits, clothing manners, objects and artefacts used in the Slovenian territory in the past, spanning from 18th to 20th century. Assuming that folk songs pass from generation to generation and that the imaginary (literary) and the real worlds are intertwined and mutually influence each other, the author compares the lyrics of folk songs to the real phenomena of social life of the past centuries.
On the Relationship between Intangible Cultural Heritage and the Collection of Superstitions at the Slovene Ethnographic Museum
Authors: Pukl Adela
Published: March 2014

V članku je predstavljen nastanek zbirke vraževerja v Slovenskem etnografskem muzeju, zbiranje in dokumentiranje predmetov vraževerja ter pomembnost ohranjanja, dokumentiranja in raziskovanja nesnovne kulturne dediščine za celovito obravnavo vraževerja.
***
This paper presents the establishment of a collection of superstitions in the Slovene ethnographic museum, describes collection and documentation of objects of superstition and addresses the importance of conservation, documentation and research of intangible cultural heritage for a comprehensive treatment of superstition.
Financial Statement Analysis under IFRS
Authors: Karaibrahimoglu Yasemin Zengin , Tunç Gökçe
Published: March 2014

This chapter provides a clear conceptual discussion on the recent developments in the Financial Statement Analysis (FSA). It presents how IFRSs changed the outlook of the financial reporting and the analysis and explains the key points that should be considered in FSA. Using a case study on the financial reports of Turkcell, a communication and technology company listed both on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the Borsa Istanbul (BIST), the differences between IFRSs and U.S. GAAP accounting standards in the measurement of overall financial performance and position are documented. Overall findings show that IFRSs change the appearance of financial statements significantly. While IFRS reporting extenuates “the bottom line” it accentuates total assets with higher shareholder equity compared to U.S. GAAP. This chapter might be a practical guide for users, preparers, and regulators to understand the cosmetic impact of IFRSs on financial statements.
Export Marketing Communications of Public Sector in Promoting Tourism Destination of a Greek Island
Authors: Samanta Irene
Published: March 2014

The purpose of this chapter is to evaluate the effectiveness of marketing communications in promoting tourism on the Greek island of Myconos. The research evaluates the effectiveness of the marketing communications used by public bodies to promote Myconos in Europe. The research location was the airport at Myconos. The researchers used a probability sampling technique in the form of stratified random sampling, since the population used for the research was multinational. Four-hundred questionnaires were gathered from a research population of 8000. The percentage of arrivals pertinent to each subset (tourist population divided by nationality) was compared with the total number of tourists who arrived on Myconos from the countries constituting the sampling frame, and the number of questionnaires to be given to each of the subsets was calculated. The study shows that marketing communications had a positive effect on the overall business performance and improved it noticeably. Marketing communications used by public bodies to promote Myconos were effective as they increased tourism arrivals and influenced the majority of the tourists to visit it. In addition to this, the study shows that there are factors such as tourists' origin, age, and annual income that affect the effectiveness of marketing communications. It also identified that tourists value a marketing strategy that involves analytical information about the tourism destination, as they stated that brochures, guidebooks, and the Internet influenced them to a great extent.
Is there any effect of insulin resistance on male reproductive system?
Authors: Verit Ayhan , Verit Fatma Ferda , Oncel Halil , Ciftci Halil
Published: March 2014

Objectives: To investigate the possible effect of insulin resistance (IR) on male reproductive system via evaluation of semen analysis, male sex hormones and serum lipid profiles, and testicular volumes. Methods: After the exclusions, a total of 80 male patients were enrolled in this prospective study. Body Mass Index (BMI), Testicular volume, semen samples, serum hormone/lipid profiles, high sensitive C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP) were obtained from all the subjects. Results: The patients were divided into two groups as study and control according to the presence of IR. There were no statistical differences in terms of age, marriage period, testicular volume, serum levels of hormone and lipid profiles and BMI between the groups. There were no relationship between homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and semen volume (r = -0.10, p = 0.37), total sperm count (r = -0.09, p = 0.39), motility (r = -0.15, p = 0.16) and morphology (r = -0.14, p = 0.19). However, HOMA-IR was closely associated with hsCRP levels (r = 0.94, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Despite of the documented strong inverse relationships between Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and male/female fertility, and also between IR and female infertility via ovarian functions as in polycystic ovary syndrome, to our knowledge, there is no report about any influence of IR on male fertility. DM and metabolic syndrome (MetS) have negative influence on fertility. Thus, IR may be accused of causing detrimental effect on male infertility due to hyperinsulinemic state and being one of the components for MetS. Interestingly, due to our preliminary results, we do not found any inverse correlation between IR and male reproductive functions.
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Escherichia coli from Various Clinical Samples
Authors: Kumar Dinesh , Singh Amit Kumar , Ali Mohammad Rashid , Chander Yogesh
Published: March 2014

Background

Extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli has tremendously increased worldwide and it is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality associated with hospital-acquired infections. This could be attributed to association of multi drug resistance in ESBL producing isolates. The present study was aimed to determine the antimicrobial sensitivity profile of ESBL producing E. coli isolates from various clinical samples.

Materials and Methods

Clinical samples, which consist of pus, urine, blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), stool, sputum, swabs, and different body fluids, are included in the study. Samples were processed and identified as per routine laboratory protocol. ESBL screening and confirmation along with antimicrobial susceptibility test was done according to the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines.

Results

Out of 180 third generation cephalosporins resistant E. coli, 100 (55.55%) isolates were ESBL producers showing a greater degree of resistance to antibiotics.

Conclusion

The prevalence of ESBL is increasing day by day in nearly every center of different countries and necessary steps to prevent the spread and emergence of resistance should be taken.
Household Water Treatment Uptake during a Public Health Response to a Large Typhoid Fever Outbreak in Harare, Zimbabwe
Authors: Imanishi Maho , Kweza Patience F. , Slayton Rachel B. , Urayai Tanaka , Ziro Odrie , Mushayi Wellington , Francis-Chizororo Monica , Kuonza Lazarus R. , Ayers Tracy , Freeman Molly M. , Govore Emmaculate , Duri Clemence , Chonzi Prosper , Mtapuri-Zinyowera Sekesai , Manangazira Portia , Kilmarx Peter H. , Mintz Eric , Lantagne Daniele , _ _
Published: March 2014

Locally manufactured sodium hypochlorite (chlorine) solution has been sold in Zimbabwe since 2010. During October 1, 2011–April 30, 2012, 4,181 suspected and 52 confirmed cases of typhoid fever were identified in Harare. In response to this outbreak, chlorine tablets were distributed. To evaluate household water treatment uptake, we conducted a survey and water quality testing in 458 randomly selected households in two suburbs most affected by the outbreak. Although 75% of households were aware of chlorine solution and 85% received chlorine tablets, only 18% had reportedly treated stored water and had the recommended protective level of free chlorine residuals. Water treatment was more common among households that reported water treatment before the outbreak, and those that received free tablets during the outbreak (P < 0.01), but was not associated with chlorine solution awareness or use before the outbreak (P > 0.05). Outbreak response did not build on pre-existing prevention programs.
Ethics of Wisdom and Compassion in the Novels by Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni
Authors: ZUPANČIČ Metka
Published: March 2014

In a variety of her writings, Indian-born Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni who currently resides in Houston, Texas, provides new perspectives to contemporary women’s literature in the United States. Positioned at the interface of various cultures, Divakaruni draws from her Bengali heritage to combine history, myth and magic, together with the respect for diversity that underscores ethics as the foundation of human interactions. Among Divakaruni’s novels, The Mistress of Spices, The Palace of Illusions, The Brotherhood of the Conch trilogy and One Amazing Thing all propose new paradigms of wisdom and compassion that may bring about a better understanding among all.
Tagore’s Dark Vision of Humanity
Authors: BHALLA Alok
Published: March 2014

Tagore struggled against his dark vision of humanity to assert that the earth was a place of hierophanies and human life had a divine purpose. He failed. He called, with skepticism, for peace, equality and the restoration of earth’s loveliness: “I know I am crying in the wilderness, when I raise my voice of warning…” In a war-haunted and hungry Europe and Asia, he was confronted by a strange, cruel, and obstinately tribal world with its “legacy of ruin.” Though he asserted till his death in 1940 that he could never “commit the grievous sin of losing faith in man,” he could not turn away from “the crumbling ruins of … civilization….”
Lucky Motifs in Chinese Folk Art: Interpreting Paper-cut from Chinese Shaanxi
Authors: WANG Xuxiao
Published: March 2014

Paper-cut is not simply a form of traditional Chinese folk art. Lucky motifs developed in paper-cut certainly acquired profound cultural connotations. As paper-cut is a time-honoured skill across the nation, interpreting those motifs requires cultural receptiveness and anthropological sensitivity. The author of this article analyzes examples of paper-cut from Northern Shaanxi, China, to identify the cohesive motifs and explore the auspiciousness of the specific concepts of Fu, Lu, Shou, Xi. The paper-cut of Northern Shaanxi is an ideal representative of the craft as a whole because of the relative stability of this region in history, in terms of both art and culture. Furthermore, its straightforward style provides a clear demonstration of motifs regarding folk understanding of expectations for life.
Surface Roughness Analysis of Dental Ceramics Treated with Hydrofluoric Acid and Aluminum Oxide Jet
Authors: Tonetto Mateus Rodrigues , Borges Alvaro Henrique , de Campos Edson Alves , Bandeca Matheus Coelho , Porto Thiago Soares , Lorenzetti Camila Cruz , Neto Sizenando Toledo Porto , Dinelli Wellington
Published: March 2014

The aim of this study was to evaluate the surface roughness of 5 indirect restorative materials treated with hydrofluoric acid to 10%, with aluminum oxide jet and a combination of both. The specimens was prepared with 10 mm in diameter and 2 mm thickness, divided into five groups: (1) Ceromer (CeseadII-Kuraray), (2) Leucite crystals ceramics (IPS EmpressIIIvoclarforcasket), (3) glass ceramic with fluorapatite (IPS D. Sign-Ivoclar), (4) lithium disilicate ceramic (IPS Empress II-Ivoclar restorations), (5) ceramics (Cergogold-Degussa). For all groups were performed the controls, and the surfaces with the 3 types of treatment. For testing roughness used the rugosimeter Taylor/Hobson-Precision, model form tracerSV-C525 high sensitivity. After confirmation of variance analysis with a significance level of 1% (p < 0.01), there was equality between the average roughness of materials from groups 1, 3 and 5, and the group 2 was different from the others. It was also found that the ceramics of the group 5 behaved similar to group 4. However the lowest average roughness was observed in group 2 ceramic. In the evaluation between the types of treatment, the aluminum oxide jet and associations and blasting with hydrofluoric acid were similar, and different isolated hydrofluoric acid, and 3 types of treatment significantly higher than the control group. All treatments promoted superficial alterations in all tested materials.

How to cite this article

Porto TS, Tonetto MR, Lorenzetti CC, Bandéca MC, Borges AH, Neto STP, de Campos EA, Dinelli W. Surface Roughness Analysis of Dental Ceramics Treated with Hydrofluoric Acid and Aluminum Oxide Jet. World J Dent 2014;5(1):1-5.
Prevalence of Dental Anxiety and the Psychometric Properties of Modified Dental Anxiety Scale in Nigeria
Authors: Koleoso Olaide N , Akhigbe Kingsley O
Published: March 2014

Aim

This study focused on the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale to determine the prevalence of dental anxiety and assess the psychometric properties in Nigerian population.

Materials and methods

Included in the study were 619 participants (204 males and 415 females) chosen conveniently from among the dental patients, students of post basic nursing and staff nurses, all from University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria. The mean age was 31.34 (11.77) years. Participants completed a questionnaire containing the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale.

Results

The prevalence of high dental anxiety was found to be 10.7% at the cut-off point ≥ 19. Cronbach's alpha for the present Nigerian sample was 0.80. Factor analysis revealed one factor with an eigenvalue greater than 2. This factor explained 55.9% of the variance of the items. In addition, the MDAS showed a significant difference between the genders, with the female (X̄ =13.86;SD= 4.64) reporting higher dental anxiety score than the male (X̄ =12.62;SD= 4.73).

Conclusion

MDAS demonstrated satisfactory and acceptable psychometric properties. Therefore, dental surgeons, clinical psychologists, psychiatrists and other therapists can use MDAS as an objective tool for detecting and possible management of high dental anxiety in Nigeria.

How to cite this article

Koleoso ON, Akhigbe KO. Prevalence of Dental Anxiety and the Psychometric Properties of Modified Dental Anxiety Scale in Nigeria. World J Dent 2014;5(1):53-59.
Hysterosalpingography vs Hysteroscopy: Role in Assessment of Uterine Factor during Infertility Workup
Authors: Malhotra Vani , Chauhan Meenakshi Barsaul , Lakra Pinkey , Sangwan Roopa
Published: March 2014

Objective

Uterine pathologies are the cause of infertility in 15% of infertile couples and their correction is associated with improved pregnancy rates. This prospective study was carried out to compare hysterosalpingography (HSG) with hysteroscopy (HSC) in evaluation of uterine pathology.

Study design

The research was approved by the institutional review board. A total of 100 infertile women were included in the study. HSC and HSG were performed in the follicular phase and the findings were compared. Student's t test and chi-square test were applied wherever applicable. Degree of agreement between the two procedures was calculated using kappa estimates.

Results

Thirteen percent of the women had abnormal HSG regarding the uterine cavity while 20% had abnormal HSC findings (chi-square value 1.77, p > 0.05). Out of 10% women who had normal HSG, some abnormality was found on HSC. Similarly 3% women with abnormal HSG had normal findings on HSC. Sensitivity of HSG in detecting uterine cavity abnormality was 50% and specificity 98.1%. Positive predictive value was 76.9% and negative predictive value was 88.5%. Result of HSG was false-negative in 10% of women and false-positive in 3%.

Conclusion

Hysteroscopy should be considered essential while investigating infertile women., Since HSG provides valuables information about tubes, it may supplement the hysteroscopic assessment.

How to cite this article

Chauhan MB, Lakra P, Sangwan R, Nanda S, Malhotra V. Hysterosalpingography vs Hysteroscopy: Role in Assessment of Uterine Factor during Infertility Workup. Int J Infertility Fetal Med 2013;4(3):79-82.
Chemical contribution to future tropical ozone change in the lower stratosphere
Authors: Meul S. , Langematz U. , Oberländer S. , Garny H. , Jöckel P.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. The future evolution of tropical ozone in a changing climate is investigated by analysing time slice simulations made with the chemistry–climate model EMAC. Between the present and the end of the 21st century a significant increase in ozone is found globally for the upper stratosphere and the extratropical lower stratosphere, while in the tropical lower stratosphere ozone decreases significantly by up to 30%. Previous studies have shown that this decrease is connected to changes in tropical upwelling. Here the dominant role of transport for the future ozone decrease is confirmed, but it is found that in addition changes in chemical ozone production and destruction do contribute to the ozone changes in the tropical lower stratosphere. Between 50 and 30 hPa the dynamically induced ozone decrease of up to 22% is amplified by 11–19% due to a reduced ozone production. This is counteracted by a decrease in the ozone loss causing an ozone increase by 15–28%. At 70 hPa the large ozone decrease due to transport (−52%) is reduced by an enhanced photochemical ozone production (+28%) but slightly increased (−5%) due to an enhanced ozone loss. It is found that the increase in the ozone production in the lowermost stratosphere is mainly due to a transport induced decrease in the overlying ozone column while at higher altitudes the ozone production decreases as a consequence of a chemically induced increase in the overlying ozone column. The ozone increase that is attributed to changes in ozone loss between 50 and 30 hPa is mainly caused by a slowing of the ClOx and NOx loss cycles. The enhanced ozone destruction below 70 hPa can be attributed to an increased efficiency of the HOx loss cycle. The role of ozone transport in determining the ozone trend in this region is found to depend on the changes in the net production as a reduced net production also reduces the amount of ozone that can be transported within an air parcel.
Level 0 to 1 processing of the imaging Fourier transform spectrometer GLORIA: generation of radiometrically and spectrally calibrated spectra
Authors: Kleinert A. , Friedl-Vallon F. , Guggenmoser T. , Höpfner M. , Neubert T. , Ribalda R. , Sha M. K. , Ungermann J. , Blank J. , Ebersoldt A. , Kretschmer E. , Latzko T. , Oelhaf H. , Olschewski F. , Preusse P.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. The Gimballed Limb Observer for Radiance Imaging of the Atmosphere (GLORIA) is an imaging Fourier transform spectrometer that is capable of operating on various high altitude research aircraft. It measures the atmospheric emission in the thermal infrared spectral region in limb and nadir geometry. GLORIA consists of a classical Michelson interferometer combined with an infrared camera. The infrared detector has a usable range of 128 × 128 pixels, measuring up to 16 384 interferograms simultaneously. Imaging Fourier transform spectrometers impose a number of challenges with respect to instrument calibration and algorithm development. The innovative optical setup with extremely high optical throughput requires the development of new methods and algorithms for spectral and radiometric calibration. Due to the vast amount of data there is a high demand for scientifically intelligent optimisation of the data processing. This paper outlines the characterisation and processing steps required for the generation of radiometrically and spectrally calibrated spectra. Methods for performance optimisation of the processing algorithm are presented. The performance of the data processing and the quality of the calibrated spectra are demonstrated for measurements collected during the first deployments of GLORIA on aircraft.
EARLINET: towards an advanced sustainable European aerosol lidar network
Authors: Pappalardo G. , Amodeo A. , Apituley A. , Comeron A. , Freudenthaler V. , Linné H. , Ansmann A. , Bösenberg J. , D'Amico G. , Mattis I. , Mona L. , Wandinger U. , Amiridis V. , Alados-Arboledas L. , Nicolae D. , Wiegner M.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. The European Aerosol Research Lidar Network, EARLINET was founded in 2000 as a research project for establishing a quantitative, comprehensive and statistically significant database for the horizontal, vertical, and temporal distribution of aerosols on a continental scale. Since then EARLINET is continuing to provide the most extensive collection of ground-based data for the aerosol vertical distribution over Europe. This paper gives an overview of the network's main developments since 2000 and introduces the dedicated EARLINET special issue which reports on the present innovative and comprehensive technical solutions and scientific results related to the use of advanced lidar remote sensing techniques for the study of aerosol properties as developed within the network in the last thirteen years. Since 2000, EARLINET has strongly developed in terms of number of stations and spatial distribution, from 17 stations in 10 countries in 2000, to 27 stations in 16 countries in 2013. EARLINET has strongly developed also in terms of technological advances with the spread of advanced multi-wavelength Raman lidar stations in Europe. The developments for the quality assurance strategy, the optimization of instruments and data processing and dissemination of data have contributed to a significant improvement of the network towards a more sustainable observing system, with an increase of the observing capability and a reduction of operational costs. Consequently, EARLINET data have already been extensively used for many climatological studies, long-range transport events, Saharan dust outbreaks, plumes from volcanic eruptions and for model evaluation and satellite data validation and integration. Future plans are in the direction of continuous measurements and near real time data delivery in close cooperation with other ground-based networks, as in the ACTRIS research infrastructure, and with the modelling and satellite community, bridging the research community with the operational world towards the establishment of the atmospheric part of the European component of the integrated global observing system.
Response of benthic foraminifera to ocean acidification in their natural sediment environment: a long-term culturing experiment
Authors: Haynert K. , Schönfeld J. , Schiebel R. , Wilson B. , Thomsen J.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. Calcifying foraminifera are expected to be endangered by ocean acidification; however, the response of a complete community kept in natural sediment and over multiple generations under controlled laboratory conditions has not been constrained to date. During 6 months of incubation, foraminiferal assemblages were kept and treated in natural sediment with pCO2-enriched seawater of 430, 907, 1865 and 3247 μatm pCO2. The fauna was dominated by Ammonia aomoriensis and Elphidium species, whereas agglutinated species were rare. After 6 months of incubation, pore water alkalinity was much higher in comparison to the overlying seawater. Consequently, the saturation state of Ωcalc was much higher in the sediment than in the water column in nearly all pCO2 treatments and remained close to saturation. As a result, the life cycle (population density, growth and reproduction) of living assemblages varied markedly during the experimental period, but was largely unaffected by the pCO2 treatments applied. According to the size–frequency distribution, we conclude that foraminifera start reproduction at a diameter of 250 μm. Mortality of living Ammonia aomoriensis was unaffected, whereas size of large and dead tests decreased with elevated pCO2 from 285 μm (pCO2 from 430 to 1865 μatm) to 258 μm (pCO2 3247 μatm). The total organic content of living Ammonia aomoriensis has been determined to be 4.3% of CaCO3 weight. Living individuals had a calcium carbonate production rate of 0.47 g m−2 a−1, whereas dead empty tests accumulated a rate of 0.27 g m−2 a−1. Although Ωcalc was close to 1, approximately 30% of the empty tests of Ammonia aomoriensis showed dissolution features at high pCO2 of 3247 μatm during the last 2 months of incubation. In contrast, tests of the subdominant species, Elphidium incertum, stayed intact. Our results emphasize that the sensitivity to ocean acidification of the endobenthic foraminifera Ammonia aomoriensis in their natural sediment habitat is much lower compared to the experimental response of specimens isolated from the sediment.
Low-level jets and above canopy drainage as causes for turbulent exchange in the nocturnal boundary layer
Authors: El-Madany T.-S. , Duarte H. F. , Durden D. J. , Paas B. , Deventer M. J. , Juang J.-Y. , Leclerc M. Y. , Klemm O.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. SODAR (SOund Detection And Ranging), eddy-covariance, and tower profile measurements of wind speed and carbon dioxide were performed during 17 consecutive nights in complex terrain in northern Taiwan. The scope of the study was to identify the causes for intermittent turbulence events and to analyse their importance in nocturnal atmosphere–biosphere exchange as quantified with eddy-covariance measurements. If intermittency occurs frequently at a measurement site this process needs to be quantified in order to achieve reliable values for ecosystem characteristics such as net ecosystem exchange or net primary production. Fourteen events of intermittent turbulence were identified and classified into above canopy drainage flows (ACDF) and low-level jets (LLJ) according to the height of the wind speed maximum. Intermittent turbulence periods lasted between 30 min and 110 min. Towards the end of LLJ or ACDF events, positive vertical wind velocities and, in some cases upslope flows occurred, counteracting the general flow regime at night time. The observations suggest that the LLJ and ACDF penetrate deep into the cold air pool in the valley, where they experience strong buoyancy due to density differences, resulting in either upslope flows or upward vertical winds. Turbulence was found to be stronger and better developed during LLJs and ACDFs, with eddy-covariance data presenting higher quality. This was particularly indicated by spectral analysis and stationary tests. Significantly higher fluxes of sensible heat, latent heat and shear stress occurred during these periods. During LLJ and ACDF, fluxes of sensible heat, latent heat, and CO2 were mostly one-directional. For example, exclusively negative sensible heat fluxes occurred while intermittent turbulence was present. Latent heat fluxes were mostly positive during LLJ and ACDF with a median value of 34 W m−2, while outside these periods the median was 2 W m−2. In conclusion, intermittent turbulence periods exhibit a strong impact on nocturnal energy and mass fluxes.