bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Como se relacionam as crianças em contexto de jogo? um estudo realizado em crianças do 1º ciclo
Authors: Silva Inês Peixoto , Silva Ana Isabel , Pereira Beatriz Oliveira
Published: August 2020

O jogo é um comportamento característico de qualquer criança constituindo-se como promotor do seu desenvolvimento pois através da sua prática estas interagem entre si em brincadeiras aprendendo a negociar, cooperar e trabalhar em equipa. Objetivo: Compreender como se relacionam as crianças em contexto de jogo. Metodologia: participaram 35 alunos (19 meninos e 16 meninas), 18 do 1º ano e 17 do 3º ano com idades entre os 6 e 9 anos (7,2±1,1). Foi utilizado um guião de observação construído para o efeito com 3 subcategorias para a categoria “relações interpessoais”: 1) Ser capaz de trabalhar em equipa; 2) Ser sociável, relaciona-se facilmente com o próximo; 3) Ter em consideração as ideias e objetivos dos elementos do grupo. Foi realizado um jogo entre duas equipas com objetivo de percorrer um de três percursos pontuados de acordo com o grau de dificuldade. Resultados: nas 3 subcategorias verificou-se que a maioria dos alunos, independentemente do género e ano de escolaridade apresentou este comportamento de forma positiva não se verificando diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p<0,05). Conclusões: as crianças, na sua maioria, demonstraram relacionar-se com os pares no decorrer do jogo sendo assim essencial promover na criança estas competências essenciais ao seu desenvolvimento emocional e social.
(In) visibilidade das crianças imigrantes na cidade de São Paulo: questões para pensar a cidadania da pequena infância
Authors: Nascimento Maria Leticia , Morais Carolina Grandino Pereira de
Published: August 2020

Apoiado em dados de pesquisa em andamento, o artigo pretende pôr em discussão a pesquisa sobre a pequena infância imigrante presente nos centros e escolas públicas de educação infantil da cidade de São Paulo, a partir do paradigma dos estudos sociais da infância, da legislação sobre os direitos das crianças e das práticas sociais cotidianas, destacadas nas investigações encontradas em breve levantamento sobre a produção da área, para pensar sobre as relações entre visibilidade, infância e cidadania.
Participação infantil na escola do campo: narrativas produzidas em contexto de pesquisa com crianças.
Authors: Melo Keylla Rejane Almeida , Guimarães Iara Vieira
Published: August 2020

Este trabalho discute resultados de pesquisa sobre a infância camponesa, realizada com crianças, na perspectiva do protagonismo infantil. Tendo a Sociologia da Infância como arcabouço teórico-metodológico, empreendeu-se uma investigação com narrativas, tecidas em grupos focais com 20 crianças de 8 a 10 anos de idade, em escolas do campo localizadas em duas comunidades rurais do Estado do Piauí. As interações, nos grupos focais, foram desencadeadas a partir de fotografias e desenhos produzidos pelas crianças. Os resultados do estudo revelaram o potencial que as crianças têm para participarem ativamente de instâncias decisórias na escola, pois tecem críticas contundentes à forma como esta instituição está organizada, além de apresentarem sugestões viáveis ao aprimoramento das práticas pedagógicas que se realizam em seu interior. Conclui-se que é urgente o reposicionamento das crianças no âmbito escolar, como sujeitos que possuem experiências, pensam e contribuem para a (re)construção do ambiente educativo, como sujeitos de direitos, aptos à participação social.
Arte e educação nas escolas do campo: do reconhecimento das tradições à releitura crítica do mundo
Authors: Lima Elmo De Souza
Published: August 2020

Neste trabalho discutimos sobre os projetos de educação do campo construídos numa articulação com os movimentos sociais, associados à formação crítica dos educandos. Trata-se de uma educação que tem a realidade socio-histórica e cultural dos camponeses como ponto de partida no processo de produção do conhecimento e na compreensão crítica da realidade, associado ao desvelamento das relações políticas e culturais de dominação instituídas historicamente neste território. A partir dos estudos de Freire (1985, 2005), Boal (2005), Barbosa (2002) e Duarte Jr. (1981), destacamos as contribuições da arte-educação na construção de práticas educativas emancipadoras que favoreçam, por um lado, a imersão dos jovens no universo da cultura e das tradições locais, reafirmando identidades e pertencimentos, por outro, uma releitura crítica do mundo, evidenciando as riquezas das experiências e saberes produzidas pelos diferentes grupos sociais, assim como, as contradições e injustiças sociais que permeiam historicamente essa região.
LAS LIBERTADES EN EL TIEMPO DEL NEOLIBERALISMO
Authors: Ferrajoli Luigi
Published: August 2020

En este artículo el autor refl exiona sobre los riesgos que corren las libertades en el mundo contemporáneo y alerta sobre el uso indebido que se le está dando al concepto de libertad. Una vez hechas algunas aclaraciones conceptuales, Ferrajoli aborda el estudio de los ataques a tres distintos tipos de libertades: la libertad informativa, que es conculcada a través de los monopolios mediáticos y de las estrechas relaciones entre los políticos profesionales y los dueños de los medios; la libertad frente a los malos tratos y la tortura, que es conculcada gracias al nuevo entendimiento de lo que constituye un acto de tortura, sumamente fl exible desde la guerra de la administración del Presidente Bush contra el terrorismo; y la libertad de autodeterminación sobre el cuerpo de las mujeres, violada actualmente por las normas sobre la prohibición penal del aborto y las leyes de procreación asistida.
DEJEMOS EN PAZ A LA LITERATURA
Authors: Díez Gargari Rodrigo
Published: August 2020

Las semejanzas entre el Derecho y la Literatura han sido señaladas desde hace un buen tiempo; sin embargo, la aproximación académica frente a estas relaciones es algo más bien novedoso. Este intento formal por delinear los cruces entre Derecho y Literatura pueden agruparse en dos corrientes principales: la “escuela edifi cante” y la “escuela científi ca”. Mientras que la primera procura estudiar los textos literarios con el propósito de extraer posibles criterios de justicia que puedan ser aplicados al Derecho, la segunda intenta aplicar categorías y métodos interpretativos propios de textos literarios a los distintos textos normativos. Acaso las dos posturas tienen un objetivo loable: de una u otra manera ambas buscan renovar, para bien, la práctica jurídica. Por desgracia, la novedad y frescura de estas ideas han desembocado en una aceptación acaso ingenua de varios de sus postulados que bien podría repercutir en una pérdida de rigor al estudiar y analizar tanto textos literarios como textos normativos.
MIGRACIÓN, CIUDADANÍA Y FRONTERAS
Authors: Vázquez Rodolfo
Published: August 2020

Comentaré algunas ideas de Ermanno Vitale en torno a los problemas de migración, ciudadanía y fronteras a partir de cuatro textos, además del que hoy nos reúne en esta mesa “Ciudadanía y migrantes. Un ejercicio analítico”. El primero de ellos apareció en una estupenda compilación que preparó Pedro Salazar con el título Derechos y paz. Destinos individuales y colectivos, correspondiente al capítulo V del libro. Este último capítulo anticipa el segundo de los textos, su exquisito libro Ius migrandi, que será objeto de comentarios en la mesa del próximo jueves.
EL NEO-REPUBLICANISMO Y SUS IMPLICANCIAS PARA LAS INSTITUCIONES LEGALES Y POLÍTICAS
Authors: Ruibal Alba María
Published: August 2020

El neo-republicanismo se ha presentado recientemente como una alternativa al liberalismo, tanto desde el punto de vista teórico como desde el punto de vista de la organización política. Sin embargo, se sostiene que al abandonar la idea de autogobierno, principalmente en el planteo de Phillip Pettit, el esquema institucional que propone no difiere fundamentalmente de la institucionalidad democrática liberal.
CUANDO EL CONSENTIMIENTO NO IMPORTA
Authors: M. Vilajosana Josep
Published: August 2020

Las doctrinas que defienden el deber de obediencia al derecho consideran que este deber es universal, afecta a todos los individuos de un Estado. Quienes se oponen suelen considerar que en ningún caso tendríamos un deber de obediencia al derecho. En este trabajo se sostiene que hay un espacio intermedio entre ambas posiciones. Las posiciones voluntaristas sirven para justificar ese deber respecto a quienes dan su consentimiento expreso al Estado. El grueso de este trabajo, sin embargo, se centra en las posibilidades que presentan algunas doctrinas no voluntaristas (utilitarismo, autoridad como servicio, deber institucional y deber natural). Veremos que de todas ellas se pueden extraer buenos argumentos para considerar que, para algunos individuos o respecto a determinadas cuestiones, es posible fundar el deber de obediencia al derecho.
SOBRE EL VALOR DE LA SEGURIDAD JURÍDICA DE RICARDO GARCÍA MANRIQUE
Authors: Álvarez González Norberto
Published: August 2020

El tratamiento doctrinal de la seguridad jurídica es relativamente reciente. Es, pues, así un problema jurídico moderno que empieza -dice el autor que comentamos en Hobbes. Y que, a pesar de que yo, sobre esto, tengo mis dudas, debo de reconocer también, sin embargo, que la abundante problemática sobre la seguridad jurídica, o cuestiones adyacentes, no se remonta más allá del siglo de este autor. Y, ¿a qué se debe el interés, aun reciente, por el tema? Debo de recordar al respecto que el interés sobre el derecho giró sólo, hasta entonces, sobre el derecho trascendente: El derecho debía de materializar la justicia y punto. Como tal se presentaba por la doctrina y el poder, como un medio de hacer realidad la justicia (lo que consistía más bien en el sistema de intereses de la clase dominante presentados como el deber ser).
Impact of Virtual Teaching on ESL Learners' Attitudes under Covid-19 Circumstances at Post Graduate Level in Pakistan
Authors: Shahzad Syed Khuram , Hussain Javaid , Sadaf Nadia , Sarwat Samina , Ghani Usman , Saleem Robina
Published: August 2020

Covid-19 proved and pandemic that has affected the whole world on a large scale. Every walk of life got disturbed by this pandemic. Educational institutions not only in Pakistan but all over the globe remain close, which causes a loss of study for the students of all Grades, notably Higher education (Postgraduate Level), which directly affected education, learners,  and teachers in terms of learning, time, and economically. Virtual Teaching (VT) is proving an emerging method of teaching in the field of education all over the world. Developed countries have opted for this method of teaching much before. In Pakistan, universities under the directions of HEC started Virtual Teaching VT (Online Teaching) for the students, which was an attempt to cover the loss on an experimental basis. This study is conducted to know the impact of VT on ESL students' behavior. For this purpose among 100 students of KFUEIT, RYK University distributed a questionnaire to measure their behavior level. Students' participation was inspiriting, and their response found positive in this new field of Teaching.
Too Immature to Vote?
Authors: Peto Tommy
Published: August 2020

Too Immature to Vote?

This article argues in favour of lowering the voting age to 16. First, it outlines a respect-based account of democracy where the right to vote is grounded in a respect for citizens’ autonomous capacities. It then outlines a normative account of autonomy, modelled on Rawls’s two moral powers, saying what criteria must be met for an individual to possess a (pro tanto) moral right to vote. Second, it engages with empirical psychology to show that by the age of 16 (if not earlier) individuals have developed all of the cognitive components of autonomy. Therefore, since 16- and 17-year-olds (and quite probably those a little younger) possess the natural features required for autonomy, then, to the extent that respect for autonomy requires granting political rights including the right to vote – and barring some special circumstances that apply only to them – 16- and 17-year-olds should be granted the right to vote.
Collaboration between Statistics Poland and the Institute of Social Economy in the field of social research in 1920–1939
Authors: Łazowska Bożena
Published: August 2020

The article presents the collaboration between Statistics Poland (GUS) and the Institute of Social Economy (IGS) in the field of social research in the period of the Second Polish Republic. On the basis of historical sources and studies it was possible to determine the scope of research undertaken by both institutions in this field and the way of organisation of their joint projects, the most important of which was the household budget survey. The smooth cooperation between the IGS and Statistics Poland was possible mostly thanks to the fact that a significant part of Statistics Poland’s managerial and research teams worked for IGS. The collaboration between both institutions yielded over one hundred publications, a majority of which concerned the social situation in Poland.
It is time to change US trade policy to foster access to medicines
Authors: Jorge Maria Fabiana
Published: August 2020

While Americans are deeply concerned about drug prices, the United States Trade Representative (USTR) continues to negotiate agreements like the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) that put at risk the sustainability of the generics industry and undermine the development of biosimilars that play a critical role in access to medicines. It is time to restore some balance to US trade policy.
Current trends for biosimilars in the Latin American market
Authors: Ortiz-Prado Esteban , Ponce-Zea Jorge , Vasconez Jorge E , Castillo Diana , Checa-Jaramilloz Diana C , Rodríguez-Burneo Nathalia , Andrade Felipe , Intriago- Baldeón Damaris P , Galarza-Maldonado Claudio
Published: August 2020

The number of approved biological medicines in the global pharmaceutical market has increased in recent decades. However, their high costs have also promoted the development of biosimilar medicines, following the expiry of the patent of the reference drug. Biosimilars are approved medicines of biological origin which have no statistically significant differences in terms of quality, safety and therapeutic efficacy in comparison with the reference biological. Drugs marketed as biomimics meanwhile are copies of monoclonal antibodies and fusion proteins that have not demonstrated bioequivalence to their reference biologicals. Across the world, regulations have been developed to ensure the safety and efficacy of biosimilar products, which can reduce public health expenditure and improve patient access to biological medicines. As a result, Latin America has begun to invest in the development of these drugs. The objective of this literature review is to describe the development of the biosimilar and biomimic market in Latin America.
Propuesta de valores normativos para la clasificación de variables antropométricas en futbolistas profesionales
Authors: Cossio-Bolaños M.A. , de Arruda M. , Núñez V. , Fama D.R. , Lancho J.L.
Published: August 2020

El objetivo del presente estudio es proponer una clasificación para identificar el % graso ideal a partir de variables antropométricas en futbolistas profesionales. Para lo cual, fueron utilizados 132 futbolistas profesionales a los que se les evaluó la Masa corporal (kg), Estatura (cm) y pliegues cutáneos (mm). Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó la estadística descriptiva de media aritmética (X), desviación estándar (DE), coeficiente de variación (CV) y para clasificar las variables antropométricas se utilizó los percentiles. Los resultados muestran que los valores ideales de % graso de los futbolistas oscila entre 9,0 a 12,6%, (p25 a p75), respectivamente. Finalmente, los parámetros adoptados como puntos de corte podrían ser utilizados como posibles indicadores para diagnosticar futbolistas con riesgo de lesión (p<10), delgadez (p10-p25), ideal (p25-p75) y sobrepeso (>p75), a partir del % graso, masa corporal, e inclusive por la sumatoria de cuatro y seis pliegues cutáneos.

The aim of this study is to propose a classification to identify the ideal % fat from anthropometric variables in professional soccer players. To which, using 132 players were professionals who were assessed for body mass (kg) Height (cm) and skinfolds (mm). For statistical analysis, descriptive statistics were used for arithmetic mean (X), standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variation (CV) and to classify the variables used anthropometric percentiles. The results show that the ideal values of % fat of the players ranges from 9.0 to 12.6% (p25 to p75), respectively. Finally, the parameters adopted as cutoff points could be used as indicators to diagnose potential players at risk of injury (p <10), thinness (p10-p25), ideal (p25-p75) and overweight (> p75) from the % fat, body mass, and even by the sum of four and six skinfolds.
Effect of hamstring injuries on kicking in soccer using inverse dynamics
Authors: Navandar A. , Gulino M. , Antonio R. , Navarro E.
Published: August 2020

The hamstring strain is one of the most common injuries in soccer. The aim of the study was to describe a new procedure to evaluate the effect of hamstring injuries in kicking in soccer using the principles of inverse dynamics and to compare the results with an isokinetic test. The study focused on evaluating the difference between subjects having a history of hamstring injuries in the last 5 years and those that did not. Seventeen male professional soccer players performed five instep and side- foot kicks which were analysed using a force platform and a Vicon motion-capture system operating at 500Hz. The participants also took part in an isokinetic torque measurement at 60 °/s and 120 °/s. Kinematic variables, ground reaction forces and kinetic variables were compared across the two groups. Significant differences were observed between the previously injured and uninjured group in the time taken for the follow through in the instep kick, and the maximum hip flexion moment in the instep and side-foot kicks. No significant differences were found between the two groups in the traditional isokinetic test. These results indicate that the procedure employed could probably be very useful in the assessment of the effect of hamstring injuries in soccer.

Las lesiones musculares del muslo tienen una gran incidencia en el fútbol. El objetivo del estudio

ha sido desarrollar un nuevo procedimiento para evaluar el efecto de las lesiones de isquiotibiales

en los golpeos con el pie s en el fútbol utilizando los principios de la dinámica inversa. El trabajo se

ha centrado en la evaluación de la diferencia entre sujetos que habían sufrido la lesión en los últimos

5 años y los que no. Se analizaron 17 jugadores de fútbol profesionales realizando cinco tiros con el

empeine y cinco con el interior del pie. Los movimientos se registraron mediante una plataforma de

fuerza y un sistema de captura de movimiento Vicon funcionando a 500Hz. Los participantes también

tomaron parte en una prueba de isocinético en la que se midió el torque isocinético en 60 º/s y 120

º/s. Se observaron diferencias significativas en los parámetros cinemáticos y cinéticos entre los dos

grupos (lesionados y no lesionados) en la fase posterior del golpeo y en el instante de máxima flexión

de cadera. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los dos grupos en la prueba isocinética

tradicional. Estos resultados indican que el procedimiento empleado probablemente podría ser muy

útil en la evaluación del efecto de las lesiones de isquiotibiales en el fútbol.
The Crisis of Collegiality in Scientific Organization, and the Scientific Policy
Authors: Antonovski Alexander Yu. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: August 2020

The article substantiates that science, thanks to the latest media in the dissemination of scientific communication (especially computer word processing, big data accumulation, mega-science installations, the latest international networking platforms and collaborations), has gone beyond all institutional, organizational, regional, national and partly disciplinary borders. Science as a supranational communication system has reached a complexity that is incompatible with the standards for evaluating scientific work and scientific achievements, which are traditionally carried out in the form of scientific committees, individual examinations and other collegial forms of scientific communication. The collegiality of making the most important decisions regarding the examination of the scientific product itself, the thematic agenda, professional competencies and the resulting distribution of remuneration, reputation, ranks, degrees, grants has exhausted its capabilities to a certain extent. As a result, science turns out to be opaque both for the regulator, who is trying to exercise control over scientific institutions, and for science itself, which in the form of scientific self-government and philosophical reflection of science carries out the function of self-observation and self-description. A working hypothesis is proposed, which states that in response to this crisis of collegiality, reflection and control, new media of communicative success and new organizational forms of scientific communication crystallize in science, which can restore the ability of a scientific system to process its internal and external complexity. These media are represented by a new, social-networked form of scientific expertise and partly scientific work, which will be able to compensate for the lack of self-reflection, both at the organizational level of research institutes and at the level of global control over science as a whole.
Rule-Following and Social Theory
Authors: Surovtsev Valery A. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: August 2020

The article contains some considerations on influence of Wittgenstein’s Problem of Rule-Following to Social Theories, especially as it is analyzed in the text of K.A. Rodin. I consider “skeptical decision” of S. Kripke, and demonstrate that in some new situation’s theory of G. Baker and P. Hacker are preferable.
A Priori in the Philosophy of Science
Authors: Sokolova Tatiana D. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: August 2020

The article is devoted to the analysis of research approaches and attitudes to the study of the a priori in the philosophy of science. In the first part, I outline the basic premises of this study: (a) scientific knowledge as the highest manifestation of rationality; (b) the normative nature of scientific knowledge. In the second part, I turn to the difference in the subject of philosophical research on the history of science – the history of science as a “history of facts” vs the history of science as a history of scientific thought. The third part discusses the main theoretical and technical difficulty associated with changing the subject of research – the possibility of a transition from historical fact to “scientific thought at the time of its birth” (in Helene Metzger terminology). The forth part is devoted to the analysis of the “model approach” (Arianna Betti, Hein van den Berg) in philosophy as a possible way to overcome this difficulty and includes both theoretical and technical aspects of the future direction of research. In conclusion, consequences are drawn about the possibility of using the “model approach” for reconstruction a priori in the history of science as “constitutive elements of scientific knowledge” (David Stump).
Socio-Cultural Aspects of the Standard Model in Elementary Particles Physics and the History of Its Creation
Authors: Vizgin Vladimir P. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: August 2020

The article соnsiders the socio-cultural aspects of the standard model (SM) in elementary particle physics and history of its creation. SM is a quantum field gauge theory of electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions, which is the basis of the modern theory of elementary particles. The process of its elaboration covers a twenty-year period: from 1954 (the concept of gauge fields by C. Yang and R. Mills) to the early 1970s., when the construction of renormalized quantum chromodynamics and electroweak theory wеre completed. The socio-cultural aspects of SM are explored on the basis of a quasi-empirical approach, by studying the texts of its creators and participants in the relevant events. We note also the important role of such an “external” factor as large-scale state projects on the creation of nuclear and thermonuclear weapons, which provided personnel and financial support for fundamental research in the field of nuclear physics and elementary particle physics (the implementation of thermonuclear projects took place just in the 1950s, and most of the theorists associated with the creation of SM were simultaneously the main developers of thermonuclear weapons, especially in the USSR). The formation of SM is considered as a competition between two research programs (paradigms) – gauge-field and phenomenological, associated with the rejection of the field concept. The split of the scientific community of physicists associated with this competition is going on during this period. It’s accompanied by a kind of “negotiations”, which in the early 1970s lead to the triumph of the gauge field program and the restoration of the unity of the scientific community. The norms and rules of the scientific ethos played the regulatory role in this process. The scientific-realistic position of the metaphysical attitudes of the majority of theorists and their negative attitude to the concepts of philosophical relativism and social construction of scientific knowledge are emphasized. Some features of the history of SM creation are also noted, such as the positive role of aesthetic judgments; “scientific-school” form of research (in the USSR), its pros and cons; a connection to historical-scientific “drama of ideas” with “dramas of people” who made a wrong choice and (or) “missed their opportunities”.
“Logic of the Future” as C.S. Peirce Understood It (First Volumes of Peirceana)
Authors: Bobrova Angelina S. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: August 2020

Finally, the first book started Peirceana. Peirceana is expected as a new series that provides access to both Peirce’s mostly unpublished late works and secondary papers, in which ideas of this American philosopher are developed. This edition is opened with three volumes on Peirce’s manuscripts on “Logic of the Future.” The thinker gave this definition to his theory of existential graphs, i.e., a diagrammatical logical project that includes three sections. The sections can roughly correspond to propositional logic, first-order logic and modal logic. The theory of existential graphs is a particular conception. It predicts ideas of proof theory, mathematics of continuity, and cognitive sciences. Besides, it has an impressive philosophical foundation and perfectly emphasizes the importance of diagrammatic notations. Since many writings are published here for the first time, the edition per se is a significant event for the history of logic. However, Peirceana can do more than this. It urges to think of how the logic of 20‒21st centuries would have looked like if Peirce’s intentions were discovered earlier. At the same time, it clarifies the ground for contemporary investigations. Today we have a bunch of papers about various non-classical modifications, extensions, restrictions, and applications of the original theory. Peirceana is projected as the publication that can gather specialists (logicians, philosophers, as well as IT and cognitive science scholars) who are interested in the development of Peirce’s approach. It lets the readers reconsider our ordinary logical conceptions (e.g., reasoning, logical and language analysis, and others) as well as the conventional understanding of the evolution of modern logic. The current paper has two objectives: firstly, it estimates this diplomatic partly critical edition with its several thoroughly elaborated introductions, and secondly, it briefly introduces the existential graphs theory. A set of examples demonstrates the basic principles of this system.
Science as a Vocation. Hermeneutics and Reflection
Authors: Golovin Alexey A. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: August 2020

In this article, the author tries to understand the significance of “Science as a Vocation” for Max Weber’s listeners: what goals and objectives did the speaker set, and what is the relevance of the lecture to understand science and scientists today? As a historical source, the autobiography of K. Levit is used, which recorded the listener’s personal experiences from the speech. Referring to Schleiermacher’s ideas, the author seeks to interpret Weber's speech as Lebenswerk. The author connects the ideas of the speech with the historical context of that time, as well as the philosophy of life and neo-Kantianism. The author believes that Weber’s call for reflection is of key importance for understanding science as vocation. The author comprehends the significance of reflection not only for science, but also for the personality as a whole – for its self-identification and self-knowledge, orientation in the social space.
The Challenges Posed by the Digital Revolution to Teaching Philosophy
Authors: Gałkowski Stanisław , Kamierczak Paweł ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2020

The rapid development of the internet and the growth of the cyberspace is the most significant phenomenon of our times. The cyberspace puts pressure on all of us to adapt to its constraints. Its influence is also palpable in philosophy, and on the teaching of philosophy in particular, and there is increasing pressure to adapt philosophical education to the internet format. This paper argues that such pressure is not necessarily conducive to better education in philosophy, which requires more discursive and abstract reasoning.
Effing the Ineffable
Authors: Wittingslow Ryan ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2020

Motivating this article is an interest in how postphenomenological technical relations participate in aesthetic experiences. Introducing aesthetic experience into our analyses of technical relations allows us to better tease apart the distinction between our relationship with the artefact, and how we experience that relationship. However, the sublime poses a unique set of complications for postphenomenologists. Thanks to the overwhelming qualities of the sublime, it is unclear where sublimity fits within the Ihdean relational taxonomy—or indeed, if it can at all, given that sublime experience would in principle overwhelm and dissolve the extant relation. This article resolves this apparent tension, and offers an accounts of how sublime experience is able to be reconciled with Ihdean postphenomenology.
Metabolic response of blood vessels to TNFα
Authors: Junaid Abidemi , Schoeman Johannes , Yang Wei , Stam Wendy , Mashaghi Alireza , van Zonneveld Anton Jan , Hankemeier Thomas
Published: August 2020

TNFα signaling in the vascular endothelium elicits multiple inflammatory responses that drive vascular destabilization and leakage. Bioactive lipids are main drivers of these processes. In vitro mechanistic studies of bioactive lipids have been largely based on two-dimensional endothelial cell cultures that, due to lack of laminar flow and the growth of the cells on non-compliant stiff substrates, often display a pro-inflammatory phenotype. This complicates the assessment of inflammatory processes. Three-dimensional microvessels-on-a-chip models provide a unique opportunity to generate endothelial microvessels in a more physiological environment. Using an optimized targeted liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry measurements of a panel of pro- and anti-inflammatory bioactive lipids, we measure the profile changes upon administration of TNFα. We demonstrate that bioactive lipid profiles can be readily detected from three-dimensional microvessels-on-a-chip and display a more dynamic, less inflammatory response to TNFα, that resembles more the human situation, compared to classical two-dimensional endothelial cell cultures.
A flexible framework for simulating and fitting generalized drift-diffusion models
Authors: Shinn Maxwell , Lam Norman H , Murray John D
Published: August 2020

The drift-diffusion model (DDM) is an important decision-making model in cognitive neuroscience. However, innovations in model form have been limited by methodological challenges. Here, we introduce the generalized drift-diffusion model (GDDM) framework for building and fitting DDM extensions, and provide a software package which implements the framework. The GDDM framework augments traditional DDM parameters through arbitrary user-defined functions. Models are solved numerically by directly solving the Fokker-Planck equation using efficient numerical methods, yielding a 100-fold or greater speedup over standard methodology. This speed allows GDDMs to be fit to data using maximum likelihood on the full response time (RT) distribution. We demonstrate fitting of GDDMs within our framework to both animal and human datasets from perceptual decision-making tasks, with better accuracy and fewer parameters than several DDMs implemented using the latest methodology, to test hypothesized decision-making mechanisms. Overall, our framework will allow for decision-making model innovation and novel experimental designs.
Genetic variation in the social environment affects behavioral phenotypes of oxytocin receptor mutants in zebrafish
Authors: Ribeiro Diogo , Nunes Ana Rita , Teles Magda , Anbalagan Savani , Blechman Janna , Levkowitz Gil , Oliveira Rui F
Published: August 2020

Oxytocin-like peptides have been implicated in the regulation of a wide range of social behaviors across taxa. On the other hand, the social environment, which is composed of conspecifics that may vary in their genotypes, also influences social behavior, creating the possibility for indirect genetic effects. Here, we used a zebrafish oxytocin receptor knockout line to investigate how the genotypic composition of the social environment (Gs) interacts with the oxytocin genotype of the focal individual (Gi) in the regulation of its social behavior. For this purpose, we have raised wild-type or knock-out zebrafish in either wild-type or knock-out shoals and tested different components of social behavior in adults. GixGs effects were detected in some behaviors, highlighting the need to control for GixGs effects when interpreting results of experiments using genetically modified animals, since the genotypic composition of the social environment can either rescue or promote phenotypes associated with specific genes.
Membrane voltage dysregulation driven by metabolic dysfunction underlies bactericidal activity of aminoglycosides
Authors: Bruni Giancarlo Noe , Kralj Joel M
Published: August 2020

Aminoglycosides are broad-spectrum antibiotics whose mechanism of action is under debate. It is widely accepted that membrane voltage potentiates aminoglycoside activity, which is ascribed to voltage-dependent drug uptake. In this paper, we measured the response ofEscherichia colitreated with aminoglycosides and discovered that the bactericidal action arises not from the downstream effects of voltage-dependent drug uptake, but rather directly from dysregulated membrane potential. In the absence of voltage, aminoglycosides are taken into cells and exert bacteriostatic effects by inhibiting translation. However, cell killing was immediate upon re-polarization. The hyperpolarization arose from altered ATP flux, which induced a reversal of the F1Fo-ATPase to hydrolyze ATP and generated the deleterious voltage. Heterologous expression of an ATPase inhibitor completely eliminated bactericidal activity, while loss of the F-ATPase reduced the electrophysiological response to aminoglycosides. Our data support a model of voltage-induced death, and separates aminoglycoside bacteriostasis and bactericide inE. coli.
Identifying agricultural pesticides that may pose a risk for birds
Authors: Tassin de Montaigu Cannelle , Goulson Dave
Published: August 2020

In this study, we analyze changing patterns of pesticide use in agriculture in Great Britain over the 1990–2016 period, with respect to the risk they pose to birds. The weight of pesticides applied decreased by 51% between 1990 and 2016, but the area treated increased by 63% over the same period. Over this period, there has been considerable turnover in the pesticides used. The European Union (including Great Britain until 2020) has restricted or banned many pesticides for agricultural use, including organophosphates and carbamates. However, new generations of active substances have been introduced, such as the neonicotinoids, some of which have since been banned. In this analysis, we estimate the annual ‘toxic load’ of agricultural pesticide use in Great Britain for birds, measured as the total number of LD50 doses for corn buntings,Emberiza calandra. We have previously performed similar analyses for bees, for which the total toxic load increased six-fold during this period. In contrast, for birds the total toxic load fell by 80.5%, although still correspond to 8.3e+11corn bunting LD50 doses in 2016. The decrease in toxicity is largely due to declining use of highly toxic organophosphates in recent years. We identify the pesticides in current use that may pose the highest risk to birds, which include a mix of insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, molluscicides, acaricides and plant growth regulators. The insecticide ethoprop was ranked highest in 2016, with a toxic load of 71 billion potential corn bunting kills. Some of the other chemicals presenting a high toxic load, such as the herbicide chlormequat, are not highly toxic to birds (in terms of LD50) but are used in very large quantities. However, it is important to stress that, in reality, only a tiny proportion of pesticides applied will be ingested by birds, and this will vary according to timing and method of application, persistence of the active substance and many other factors. We further note that impacts of pesticides on birds might often be indirect, for example via depleting their food supply, and that sublethal impacts may occur at much lower doses than the LD50, neither of which do we investigate here. Nonetheless, we suggest that this is a useful approach to highlight pesticides that might be worth closer study with regard to possible impacts.
Regional distribution of Christensenellaceae and its associations with metabolic syndrome based on a population-level analysis
Authors: Li Xiang , Li Zewen , He Yan , Li Pan , Zhou Hongwei , Zeng Nianyi
Published: August 2020

The link between the gut microbiota and metabolic syndrome (MetS) has attracted widespread attention. Christensenellaceae was recently described as an important player in human health, while its distribution and relationship with MetS in Chinese population is still unknown. This study sought to observe the association between Christensenellaceae and metabolic indexes in a large sample of residents in South China. A total of 4,781 people from the GGMP project were included, and the fecal microbiota composition of these individuals was characterized by 16S rRNA sequencing and analyzed the relation between Christensenellaceae and metabolism using QIIME (Quantitative Insight Into Microbial Ecology, Version 1.9.1). The results demonstrated that microbial richness and diversity were increased in the group with a high abundance of Christensenellaceae, who showed a greater complexity of the co-occurrence network with other bacteria than residents who lacked Christensenellaceae. The enriched bacterial taxa were predominantly represented by Oscillospira, Ruminococcaceae, RF39, Rikenellaceae and Akkermansia as the Christensenellaceae abundance increased, while the abundances of Veillonella, Fusobacterium and Klebsiella were significantly reduced. Furthermore, Christensenellaceae was negatively correlated with the pathological features of MetS, such as obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and body mass index (BMI). We found reduced levels of lipid biosynthesis and energy metabolism pathways in people with a high abundance of Christensenellaceae, which may explain the negative relationship between body weight and Christensenellaceae. In conclusion, we found a negative correlation between Christensenellaceae and MetS in a large Chinese population and reported the geographical distribution of Christensenellaceae in the GGMP study. The association data from this population-level research support the investigation of strains within Christensenellaceae as potentially beneficial gut microbes.
In vitro Callogenesis and Organogenesis from Carolina Reaper (Syn. Capsicum Chinense Jacq.) and Chromosomal Analysis
Authors: Gomes Bruno Henrique , Oliveira Fabrícia de Matos , Nogueira Ana Paula Oliveira , Júnior Robson Jose de Oliveira
Published: August 2020

Aims: The aim of this paper is to develop an in vitro organogenesis and callogenesis protocol for Carolina Reaper pepper, and to determine the karyotype and nucleoli of this cultivar.

Methodology: The MS medium with supplemented with indole-3-butyric (0, 1, 2 and 4 mg L-1) and kinetin (0, 1, 2 and 4 mg L-1) was used. The leaves and nodal segments of Carolina reaper was utilized for the callogenesis and organogenesis induction. The responses to growth regulators were evaluated 30 days of cultivation. The meristematic tissue was pre-treated with 0.05% (w/v) of colchicine for six hours at 18°C. The samples were fixed in Carnoy for 12 hours. Chromosomal observations were made with binocular optical microscope (Leica DM 750) and the cells in good condition for counting the chromosomes and karyotype assembly were photographed. Results were presented as mean ± standard deviation and were compared by the two-way Analysis of Variance. The means were separated according to Tukey test (P = 0.05).

Results: Calli were induced from both leaf and stem segments when indole-3-butyric 0 mg L-1 + kinetin 1 mg L-1 were used. Development of shoots in leaf and stem segment were obtained when indole-3-butyric 2 mg L-1 + kinetin 4 mg L-1 were used, and roots regenerated with indole-3-butyric 4 mg L-1 + kinetin 1 mg L-1. It was found two nucleoli in every cell interphase, suggesting that two nucleolar organizer regions are expressing their ribosomal genes. Karyotype analysis indicated a chromosome number of 2n = 24, which is correlation with other Capsicum genus varieties. It was observed 1 or 2 nucleoli per nucleus of both types, homomorphic and heteromorphic. The results can help in programs of breeding and conservation of this cultivar and other species of pepper.

Conclusion: Using the concentrations of growth hormones indicated in the present report, it could be possible to regenerate leaves and nodal segments in vitro clones from the original genotype. We have also described the chromosome number and nucleolus number of Carolina reaper, generating a data that could help in programs of breeding, as in the generation of polyploid plants and conservation species of pepper.
Therapeutic Effects of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Phyllanthus amarus on 1, 2 Dimethylhydrazine Induced Colon Carcinogenesis in Balb/C Mice
Authors: Omoregie F. O. , Eriyamremu G. E. , Kapur Suman
Published: August 2020

Context: Phyllanthus amarus is traditionally used for various infections, inflammation and cancer. 1,2 Dimethylhydrazine is a potent colon cancer inducer in animals.

Objective: The present study investigated the effects of aqueous and ethanolic extract of Phyllanthus amarus on 1, 2 Dimethylhydrazine induced colon cancer in BALB/c Mice.

Materials and Methods: 30 female Balb/C Mice of weight 18-30 g were acclimatized for a week and randomized into 6 groups (5 per group). Group A (-DMH), Group B (+DMH), Group C (DMH+250 mg/kg body weight of ethanolic extract of P. amarus), Group D (DMH+350 mg/kg body weight of ethanolic of P. amarus), Group E (DMH + 250 mg/kg body weight of aqueous extract of P. amarus), Group F (DMH+ 350 mg/kg body weight of aqueous extract of P. amarus). 20 mg/kg body weight of DMH was administered orally for 21 days (twice a week). The plant extracts were administered daily for 3 weeks with the aid of a gavage immediately after colon cancer induction. Colon cancer was evaluated by the formation of Aberrant Cryptic Foci in the colon of DMH treated mice.

Results: Administration of the plant extracts (aqueous and ethanolic) ameliorated the carcinogenic effect of DMH in the colon of DMH treated mice in a dose dependent manner by significantly reducing the number of Aberrant Cryptic Foci formed in extract treated mice by 38% for 350 mg/kg body of ethanolic extract and by 22% for 350 mg/kg body of aqueous extract of Phyllanthus amarus.

Conclusion: The studied extracts had ameliorative potential on DMH induced colon cancer in Balb/C mice in a dose dependent manner providing evidence for the traditional use of this herb for treatment/prevention of cancer. Notably, 350 mg/kg body of both extracts showed better reduction of Aberrant Cryptic Foci compared to 250 mg/kg body of both ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Phyllanthus amarus.
Overview of Prevalence of Syphilis in a Health Facility in Rivers State
Authors: Goodluck Azuonwu, , Theresa E. Timothy,
Published: August 2020

Syphilis is one of the sexually transmitted diseases that is prevalent in developing countries and is of public health importance. Among pregnant women, it is reported to cause foetal defects if not treated. This study was thus carried out to determine the prevalence of syphilis among pregnant women visiting a health facility in Rivers State. Records of 482 pregnant women who visited the health facility within January and December 2018 were reviewed after obtaining due consent from the relevant authority. The sensitivity rate of the RPR test was higher than the THPA test, however the THPA has been found to be more specific. A prevalence rate of 2.28% was reported among the samples collected. The women who tested positive had little or no formal education which may have contributed to low knowledge of the disease. Intensive public health awareness on the means of transmission, symptoms, signs and effects of contracting the disease, especially among pregnant women should be carried out. Also, robust screening should be carried out at the community level in order to have proper record of the number of persons infected. Rapid test kits that are reliable should be made available also.