bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Humic Acid Enhances Antioxidant and Glyoxalase Systems to Combat Copper Toxicity in Citrus
Authors: Huang Wei-Tao , Chen Xu-Feng , Huang Wei-Lin , Shen Qian , Lu Fei , Lai Ning-Wei , Guo Jiuxin , Yang Lin-Tong , Ye Xin , Chen Li-Song
Published: January 2025

Most commercial citrus fruits are grown in acidic soils with high copper (Cu) and low organic matter levels in China. Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Xuegan) seedlings were treated with 0 (HA0), 0.1 (HA0.1), or 0.5 (HA0.5) mM humic acid (HA) and 0.5 (Cu0.5) or 400 (Cu400 or Cu excess) μM CuCl2 for 24 weeks. The purpose was to validate the hypothesis that HA reduces the oxidative injury caused by Cu400 in roots and leaves via the coordination of strengthened antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems. Copper excess increased the superoxide anion production rate by 27.0% and 14.2% in leaves and by 47.9% and 33.9% in roots, the malonaldehyde concentration by 199.6% and 27.8% in leaves and by 369.4% and 77.4% in roots, and the methylglyoxal concentration by 18.2% and 6.6% in leaves and by 381.8% and 153.3% in roots, as well as the H2O2 production rate (HPR) by 70.5% and 16.5% in roots, respectively, at HA0 and HA0.5. Also, Cu400 increased the leaf HPR at HA0, but not at HA0.5. The addition of HA reduced the Cu400-induced production and accumulation of reactive oxygen species and methylglyoxal and alleviated the impairment of Cu400 to the antioxidant defense system (ascorbate-glutathione cycle, antioxidant enzymes, sulfur-containing compounds, and sulfur-metabolizing enzymes) and glyoxalase system in roots and leaves. The HA-mediated amelioration of Cu toxicity involved reduced oxidative injury due to the coordination of strengthened antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems. These findings highlight the promise of HA for sustainable citrus cultivation in heavy metal (Cu)-polluted soils.
Adaptive Real-Time Translation Assistance Through Eye-Tracking
Authors: Minas Dimosthenis , Theodosiou Eleanna , Roumpas Konstantinos , Xenos Michalis
Published: January 2025

This study introduces the Eye-tracking Translation Software (ETS), a system that leverages eye-tracking data and real-time translation to enhance reading flow for non-native language users in complex, technical texts. By measuring the fixation duration, we can detect moments of cognitive load, ETS selectively provides translations, maintaining reading flow and engagement without undermining language learning. The key technological components include a desktop eye-tracker integrated with a custom Python-based application. Through a user-centered design, ETS dynamically adapts to individual reading needs, reducing cognitive strain by offering word-level translations when needed. A study involving 53 participants assessed ETS’s impact on reading speed, fixation duration, and user experience, with findings indicating improved comprehension and reading efficiency. Results demonstrated that gaze-based adaptations significantly improved their reading experience and reduced cognitive load. Participants positively rated ETS’s usability and were noted through preferences for customization, such as pop-up placement and sentence-level translations. Future work will integrate AI-driven adaptations, allowing the system to adjust based on user proficiency and reading behavior. The study contributes to the growing evidence of eye-tracking’s potential in educational and professional applications, offering a flexible, personalized approach to reading assistance that balances language exposure with real-time support.
Adenoviral Pneumonia Outbreak in Immunocompetent Adults—A Missed Antimicrobial Stewardship Opportunity?
Authors: Gjurasin Branimir , Stemberger Maric Lorna , Jukic Tvrtko , Radmanic Matotek Leona , Zidovec Lepej Snjezana , Kutlesa Marko , Papic Neven
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: While the concept of viral community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) changed with COVID-19, the role of non-influenza viruses as a cause of CAP is less clear. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical course, risk factors, inflammatory profiles, antibiotic use, outcomes and complications of adenoviral (AdV) CAP. Methods: A prospective, non-interventional, observational cohort study included consecutively hospitalized immunocompetent adult patients with AdV CAP during an 18-month period. Clinical and laboratory data, including lymphocyte subpopulations and serum cytokine profiles were collected and correlated to clinical outcomes. Results: Fifty-eight patients with AdV CAP were included; 81% were males, with a median age of 33 (IQR 28–41) years and 62% without any comorbidities. All patients initially had high-grade fever for a median duration of 6 (5–7) days and respiratory symptoms. Increased CRP and procalcitonin, lymphopenia, mild thrombocytopenia and liver injury were frequent. Radiographic findings mimicked bacterial pneumonia (83% had unilateral involvement). Twenty-two patients (38%) had criteria for severe CAP, and these patients had higher procalcitonin, NLR, AST, ALT, LDH and CK, and lower T-lymphocyte CD4+ count. In comparison to influenza and bacterial CAP, patients with AdV had higher serum IL-2, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-10, CXCL10 and MCP-1, and lower TGF-β1 concentration. Thirteen patients required low-flow oxygen therapy, and 13 advanced respiratory support. Complications occurred in 29%, with one fatal outcome. While all patients received empirical antibiotic therapy, after AdV detection it was stopped in 21%, although only one patient had detected a possible bacterial coinfection. Conclusions: Since AdV CAP in immunocompetent patients is clinically and radiologically indistinguishable from bacterial CAP, it is associated with prolonged clinical course and lack of clinical response to antibiotics. This emphasizes the importance of AdV testing which could lead to more rational antimicrobial treatment.
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: The Shifting Landscape in the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Boucherabine Syrine , Nassar Rania , Mohamed Lobna , Habous Maya , Nabi Anju , Husain Riyaz Amirali , Alfaresi Mubarak , Oommen Seema , Khansaheb Hamda Hassan , Al Sharhan Mouza , Celiloglu Handan , Raja Mubarak Hussain , Abdelkarim Eman , Ali Nishi , Tausif Salman , Olowoyeye Victory , Soares Nelson Cruz , Hachim Mahmood , Moradigaravand Danesh , Everett Dean , Mueller Elke , Monecke Stefan , Ehricht Ralf , Senok Abiola
Published: January 2025

Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a significant burden globally, particularly in the Arabian Gulf region. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has experienced rising MRSA prevalence, with increasing diversity in the clonal complexes (CCs) identified. The COVID-19 pandemic, with its increased hospitalization rates and antibiotic use, may have further influenced MRSA’s genetic evolution and epidemiology in the country. Methods: To investigate this influence, genomic profiling of 310 MRSA clinical isolates collected between February and November 2022 was performed using a DNA microarray-based assay. Results: Isolates were assigned to 22 clonal complexes and 72 distinct strain assignments. The predominant clonal complexes were CC5, CC6, CC361, CC22, CC1, and CC8. Community-acquired MRSA lineages were dominant, with only one healthcare-associated MRSA lineage isolate identified. Upward trends of CC1153 were observed along with rare CCs, such as CC121-MRSA and CC7-MRSA, with the latter being reported for the first time in the Arabian Gulf region. The presence of pandemic strains USA300 CC8-MRSA-[IVa + ACME1] and CC8-MRSA-IV strains were also observed, including variants lacking Panton–Valentine leukocidin (pvl) genes and missing tst1 or enterotoxin genes. The PVL-negative CC772-MRSA-V/VT was identified, representing its first report in the UAE. A novel variant, CC361-MRSA-IV (tst1+/PVL+), was identified. Pvl genes were observed in 36% of the isolates, primarily from skin and soft tissue infections, while fusC (SCC-borne fusidic acid resistance) was identified in 13% of the isolates. Conclusions: The findings highlight the ongoing evolution of MRSA in the UAE, with the persistence and emergence of diverse and rare clonal complexes, driving the need for continuous genomic surveillance.
Implementation of Global Navigation Satellite Systems in Railway Traffic Control Systems: Overview of Navigation Systems, Application Areas, and Implementation Plans
Authors: Steuer Michał , Burdzik Rafał , Piednoir François
Published: January 2025

This article characterizes and presents Global Navigation Satellite Systems in relation to rail transportation applications. Due to the review character of this article, a synthesis of the literature discussing issues related to the possibility of implementing satellite positioning systems in the framework of their use in the management and control of railway traffic was made. On the basis of the literature review, the area of potential implementation of Global Navigation Satellite Systems was identified, as well as assumptions regarding the architecture of such systems being defined, along with the definition of criteria for assessing the impact of the use of satellite systems on rail traffic safety. The purpose of the above is to direct the development of rail guidance and control systems to systems that enable precise localization of rail vehicles, thereby optimizing the use of rail infrastructure through the implementation of efficient and cost-effective localization systems. This article goes on to characterize existing Global Navigation Satellite Systems and future directions related to the use of new satellite constellations. The basis of this review is the last twenty years of scientific publications on the subject of research issues related to the use of satellite positioning in railway systems. Based on the review of the state of the art and the results of the analysis, it was determined that the most frequently mentioned area of use of satellite positioning systems is the European Train Control System, the functionality of which enables the implementation of the transportation process based on so-called moving block spacing. The results of this review of the current state of knowledge will direct those responsible for the development and implementation of modern systems in the direction and control of railway traffic.
Case Report: Inflammation-Driven Species-Level Shifts in the Oral Microbiome of Refractory Feline Chronic Gingivostomatitis
Authors: Shaw Claire A. , Soltero-Rivera Maria , Profeta Rodrigo , Weimer Bart C.
Published: January 2025

The cat oral microbiome plays an important role in maintaining host health, yet little is known about how to apply microbial data in a clinical setting. One such use of microbiome signatures is in cases of feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS), a severe debilitating complex disease of the oral cavity. FCGS-afflicted cats have limited treatment options, and individual patient responses to treatment are needed. In this work, we used deep sequencing of total RNA of the oral microbiome to chronicle microbial changes that accompanied an FCGS-afflicted cat’s change from treatment-non-responsive to treatment-responsive within a 17-month span. The oral microbiome composition of the two treatment-non-responsive time points differed from that of the treatment-responsive point, with notable shifts in the abundance of Myscoplasmopsis, Aspergillus, and Capnocytophaga species. Intriguingly, the presence of the fungal groups Aspergillus and Candida primarily differentiated the two non-responsive microbiomes. Associated with responder status were multiple Capnocytophaga species, including Capnocytophaga sp. H2931, Capnocytophaga gingivalis, and Capnocytophaga canimorsus. The observation that the oral microbiome shifts in tandem by response to treatment in FCGS suggests a potential use for microbiome evaluations in a clinical setting. This work contributes to developing improved molecular diagnostics for enhanced efficacy of individualized treatment plans to improve oral disease.
The Role of the Estimated Plasma Volume Variation in Assessing Decongestion in Patients with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure
Authors: Grigore Andreea-Maria , Grigore Mihai , Balahura Ana-Maria , Uscoiu Gabriela , Verde Ioana , Nicolae Camelia , Bădilă Elisabeta , Ilieșiu Adriana-Mihaela
Published: January 2025

Introduction and Aim: Assessing decongestion in patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is challenging, requiring multiple parameters and often remaining imprecise. The study aimed to investigate the utility of indirectly estimating plasma variation (∆ePVS) for evaluating decongestion in ADHF patients in relation to natriuretic peptides. Materials and Methods: This prospective, observational, single-center study included 111 patients (mean age 74 years, 40% female) hospitalized with ADHF and treated with intravenous diuretics along with optimized medical therapy. Patients were clinically and echocardiographically evaluated at admission, with blood tests performed at both admission and discharge. A decrease of ≥30% in NT-proBNP at discharge was considered a marker of decongestion. ∆ePVS was calculated using the Strauss formula: ∆ePVS (%) = 100 × [(Hb admission/Hb discharge) × (1 − Hct discharge)/(1 − Hct admission)] − 100. A negative ∆ePVS (<0%) at discharge was considered a marker of hemoconcentration. Patients were divided into two groups: G1 (∆ePVS < 0%, 81 patients) and G2 (∆ePVS ≥ 0%, 30 patients). Results: Both groups had similar left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) values of 46%, mean hemoglobin (Hb) (12 g/dL), and creatinine (1.16 ± 0.65 mg/dL). NT-proBNP decreased in 88% patients in G1 and in 26% patients in G2 (p < 0.001). During hospitalization, five patients from G2 died. At 6 months, rehospitalization occurred in 35% of G2 and 21% of G1 (p = 0.04), with mortality rates of 37% in G2 and 11% in G1 (p = 0.012). Multivariate regression identified ∆ePVS as the only significant predictor of NT-proBNP decrease (OR 0.11, 95% CI 0.04–0.33, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Indirect estimation of plasma volume and its variation are valuable, accessible, and cost-effective parameters for assessing decongestive treatment in ADHF patients, complementing natriuretic peptides.
Tuning Wetting Properties Through Surface Geometry in the Cassie–Baxter State
Authors: Scheff Talya , Acha Florence , Diaz Armas Nathalia , Mead Joey L. , Zhang Jinde
Published: January 2025

Superhydrophobic coatings are beneficial for applications like self-cleaning, anti-corrosion, and drag reduction. In this study, we investigated the impact of surface geometry on the static, dynamic, and sliding contact angles in the Cassie–Baxter state. We used fluoro-silane-treated silicon micro-post patterns fabricated via lithography as model surfaces. By varying the solid fraction (ϕs), edge-to-edge spacing (L), and the shape and arrangement of the micro-posts, we examined how these geometric factors influence wetting behavior. Our results show that the solid fraction is the key factor affecting both dynamic and sliding angles, while changes in shape and arrangement had minimal impact. The Cassie–Baxter model accurately predicted receding angles but struggled to predict advancing angles. These insights can guide the development of coatings with enhanced superhydrophobic properties, tailored to achieve higher contact angles and customized for different environmental conditions.
Stress Monitoring in Pandemic Screening: Insights from GSR Sensor and Machine Learning Analysis
Authors: Georgas Antonios , Panagiotakopoulou Anna , Bitsikas Grigorios , Vlantoni Katerina , Ferraro Angelo , Hristoforou Evangelos
Published: January 2025

This study investigates the impact of patient stress on COVID-19 screening. An attempt was made to measure the level of anxiety of individuals undertaking rapid tests for SARS-CoV-2. To this end, a galvanic skin response (GSR) sensor that was connected to a microcontroller was used to record the individual stress levels. GSR data were collected from 51 individuals at SARS-CoV-2 testing sites. The recorded data were then compared with theoretical estimates to draw insights into stress patterns. Machine learning analysis was applied for the optimization of the sensor results. Classification algorithms allowed the automatic reading of the sensor results and individual identification as “stressed” or “not stressed”. The findings confirmed the initial hypothesis that there was a significant increase in stress levels during the rapid test. This observation is critical, as heightened anxiety may influence a patient’s willingness to participate in screening procedures, potentially reducing the effectiveness of public health screening strategies.
Impact of GAUT1 Gene Knockout on Cell Aggregation in Arabidopsis thaliana Suspension Culture
Authors: Frankevich Tatyana A. , Permyakova Natalya V. , Sidorchuk Yury V. , Deineko Elena V.
Published: January 2025

The development of efficient producers of recombinant pharmaceuticals based on plant cell suspension cultures is a pressing challenge in modern applied science. A primary limitation of plant cell cultures is their relatively low yield of the target protein. One strategy to enhance culture productivity involves reducing cell aggregation. In order to minimize cell-to-cell adhesion in culture, we used Cas9 endonuclease to knock out the GAUT1 gene, which is a key gene of pectin biosynthesis in the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana. The resulting knockouts exhibited altered phenotypes and were unable to form viable plants. The suspension cell culture induced from seedlings bearing a homozygous deletion in the GAUT1 gene displayed darker coloration and an increased number of large aggregates compared to the control. The biomass accumulation rate showed no difference from the control, while the level of recombinant GFP protein accumulation was significantly reduced. Thus, our findings indicate that disruptions in pectin synthesis and the formation of larger aggregates in the suspension cell culture adversely affect the accumulation of the target recombinant protein. Alternative targets should be sought to reduce cell aggregation levels in plant cell cultures through genome editing.
Assessing the Air Humidity Characteristics of Local Climate Zones in Guangzhou, China
Authors: Tan Xiao , Zhang Qi , Chen Yiqi , Wang Junsong , Zhao Lihua , Chen Guang
Published: January 2025

An urban canopy’s humidity significantly affects thermal comfort, public health, and building energy efficiency; however, it remains insufficiently understood. This study employed 3-year (2020–2022) fixed measurements from Guangzhou to investigate the temporal patterns of relative humidity (RH), vapor pressure (Ea), and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) across eight local climatic zones (LCZs). Clear and distinct patterns in the humidity characteristics among the LCZs were revealed on multiple timescales. The RH and VPD of each zone were higher in summer than in winter, with peak RH observed in LCZ A (83.45%) and peak VPD in LCZ 3 (13.6 hPa). Furthermore, a significant daytime urban dry island (UDI) effect in the summer and a nighttime urban moisture island (UMI) effect in the winter were observed in terms of the Ea difference between urban and rural areas. The strongest UMI occurred during winter nights in LCZ 8, with a peak intensity of 0.8 hPa, while the UDI was more frequent during summer days in LCZ 1, with a maximum value of −1.2 hPa; meanwhile, compact areas had a slightly higher frequency of UDI than open areas. Finally, the effects of the urban heat island (UHI) and wind speed (V) on UMI were analyzed. During the daytime, a weak correlation was observed between the UHI and UMI. Wind enhanced the intensity of the nighttime UMI. This research offers further insights into the canopy humidity characteristics in low-latitude subtropical cities, thereby contributing to the establishment of a universal model to quantify the differences in moisture between urban and rural areas.
Updates in the Management of Richter Transformation
Authors: Rippel Noa , Sheppard Richard , Kittai Adam S.
Published: January 2025

Richter transformation (RT) is a rare albeit devastating complication of chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL). RT is defined as an aggressive lymphoma, typically diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, in the setting of CLL. A clonal relationship to the preceding CLL clone is detected in the majority of RT cases and confers more aggressive clinicopathologic kinetics, resistance to standard chemoimmunotherapy regimens, and inferior survival. Taken together, these considerations precipitate a significant unmet need for novel therapeutic strategies that improve the outcomes of patients with RT. Through this review, we will explore current data on emerging regimens targeting BTK, BCL-2, CD79, CD20, PI3K, and PD-1—both as single agents and as combination therapies with or without concurrent chemoimmunotherapy. Furthermore, we will review the role of bispecific T-cell engagers, anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapies, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in RT. To guide therapeutic decision-making, we will outline an algorithmic approach to the management of RT, with particular emphasis on prioritization of clinical trial enrollment and utilization of an ever-evolving array of novel therapies.
Identification of the Determinants of Plexiform Neurofibroma Morbidity in Pediatric and Young Adult Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Patients: A Pilot Multivariate Approach
Authors: de Brons Biagio , Dhaenens Britt , van Minkelen Rick , Oostenbrink Rianne
Published: January 2025

Background: Plexiform neurofibromas (PNs) are histologically benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and often lead to significant morbidity due to growth. Management includes watchful waiting, surgery for partial debulking, and, since recently, systemic treatment with MEK inhibitors. However, due to the scarcity of natural history studies, our understanding of the natural progression of PNs to guide clinicians in deciding in whom and when to intervene is scarce. This study aims to describe the characteristics of NF1 patients with PNs and compare those at high risk for PN progression or experiencing significant morbidity from PN (complex PN) with NF1 patients with PNs of lower complexity. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study using clinical data from hospital records of NF1 patients with PNs seen at the Sophia Children’s Hospital in the Netherlands between 2012 and 2023, we assessed determinants of clinical phenotypes and PN characteristics predictive of outcomes, including PN complexity and the timing of intervention for PN. We assessed the outcomes using logistic regression analysis and Cox regression. Results: Ninety patients with a median age at last evaluation of 15.7 years and a median follow-up duration of 9.8 years were included. Out of 90 individuals with a benign PN, 37 developed plexiform neurofibroma morbidity during follow-up. Older age was (corrected for pathogenic NF1 variant and PN location) significantly associated with plexiform neurofibroma morbidity. Cox regression revealed that craniofacial and trunk PNs were associated with a higher intervention hazard compared to limb PNs. Conclusion: Our pilot multivariate approach identified older age and the location of the PN to be mostly associated with a higher chance of plexiform neurofibroma morbidity and higher intervention hazard. This may contribute to decisions regarding in whom and when to initiate treatment in NF1 patients with PNs.
Ag Nanoparticle-Modified Metal Azole Framework for Enhancing the Electrocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Carbon Monoxide
Authors: Han Xu , Wang Haotian , Zhang Yijie , Tan Yuting , Lv Xiaomeng
Published: January 2025

The electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2RR) into high-value-added products is considered to be a promising way to mitigate carbon emissions. However, it remains a challenge to design an efficient catalyst with an excellent performance. In this work, we synthesized a metal azole framework (MAF) by changing 2-methylimidazole ligands into 5-mercapto-1-methyltetrazole (MMT) for use as organic linkers and mercaptan groups as anchoring sites for the Ag nanoparticles. The Ag NPs@ MAF-MMT material displayed a wide potential window from −0.6 to −1.2 V vs. RHE, with a maximum CO Faradaic efficiency (FECO) over 90.5%, and a current density of 18 mA cm−2 at −1.1 V vs. RHE for 11 h in an H-cell. This work provides a new option to immobilize Ag nanoparticles in MAFs material for the exploration of carbon dioxide reduction catalysts.
The Ivermectin Related Compound Moxidectin Can Target Apicomplexan Importin α and Limit Growth of Malarial Parasites
Authors: Walunj Sujata B. , Mishra Geetanjali , Wagstaff Kylie M. , Patankar Swati , Jans David A.
Published: January 2025

Signal-dependent transport into and out of the nucleus mediated by members of the importin (IMP) superfamily is crucial for eukaryotic function, with inhibitors targeting IMPα being of key interest as anti-infectious agents, including against the apicomplexan Plasmodium species and Toxoplasma gondii, causative agents of malaria and toxoplasmosis, respectively. We recently showed that the FDA-approved macrocyclic lactone ivermectin, as well as several other different small molecule inhibitors, can specifically bind to and inhibit P. falciparum and T. gondii IMPα functions, as well as limit parasite growth. Here we focus on the FDA-approved antiparasitic moxidectin, a structural analogue of ivermectin, for its IMPα-targeting and anti-apicomplexan properties for the first time. We use circular dichroism and intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence measurements to show that moxidectin can bind directly to apicomplexan IMPαs, thereby inhibiting their key binding functions at low μM concentrations, as well as possessing anti-parasitic activity against P. falciparum in culture. The results imply a class effect in terms of IMPα’s ability to be targeted by macrocyclic lactone compounds. Importantly, in the face of rising global emergence of resistance to approved anti-parasitic agents, the findings highlight the potential of moxidectin and possibly other macrocyclic lactone compounds as antimalarial agents.
CRISPR/cas9 Allows for the Quick Improvement of Tomato Firmness Breeding
Authors: Yang Qihong , Cai Liangyu , Wang Mila , Gan Guiyun , Li Weiliu , Li Wenjia , Jiang Yaqin , Yuan Qi , Qin Chunchun , Yu Chuying , Wang Yikui
Published: January 2025

Fruit firmness is crucial for storability, making cultivating varieties with higher firmness a key target in tomato breeding. In recent years, tomato varieties primarily rely on hybridizing ripening mutants to produce F1 hybrids to enhance firmness. However, the undesirable traits introduced by these mutants often lead to a decline in the quality of the varieties. CRISPR/Cas9 has emerged as a crucial tool in accelerating plant breeding and improving specific target traits as technology iterates. In this study, we used a CRISPR/Cas9 system to simultaneously knock out two genes, FIS1 and PL, which negatively regulate firmness in tomato. We generated single and double gene knockout mutants utilizing the tomato genetic transformation system. The fruit firmness of all knockout mutants exhibited a significant enhancement, with the most pronounced improvement observed in the double mutant. Furthermore, we assessed other quality-related traits of the mutants; our results indicated that the fruit quality characteristics of the gene-edited lines remained statistically comparable to those of the wild type. This approach enabled us to create transgenic-free mutants with diverse genotypes across fewer generations, facilitating rapid improvements in tomato firmness. This study offers significant insights into molecular design breeding strategies for tomato.
Assessment of the Long-Term Impact of Climate Variability on Food Production Systems in South Africa (1976–2020)
Authors: Ningi Thulani , Mphahlele Maremo , Sithole Vusimusi , Manyike Jabulile Zamokuhle , Manganyi Bernard , Ngarava Saul , Lubinga Moses Herbert , Dladla Lwazi , Molepo Solly
Published: January 2025

The global impact of climate variability and change on agricultural production systems is a pressing concern with far-reaching implications. While substantial literature exists on these impacts, there is a notable lack of long-term studies that comprehensively analyse the relationship between climate variables and food production systems in South Africa over extended periods. This study addresses this gap by utilising longitudinal data spanning 45 years (1976–2020) and employing an ordinary least squares regression model for analysis. The findings reveal that temperature has a significant positive effect on animal and horticultural production systems. On marginal variability, a 1 °C increase in annual temperature and precipitation levels leads to an increases in animal production (244.2%), field crops (226.4%), and a decrease in horticultural crops (−116.62%). These results underscore the pronounced effects of climate variability on animal, field, and horticultural production systems. This study concludes that rising temperatures positively influence animal and horticultural production. It recommends prioritising climate-smart agricultural practices to enhance resilience and productivity, particularly in colder seasons. By implementing these strategies, South Africa can strengthen its food production systems, ensuring sustainable agricultural growth in the face of climate variability and change.
Leveraging Scene Geometry and Depth Information for Robust Image Deraining
Authors: Xu Ningning , Yang Jidong J.
Published: January 2025

Image deraining holds great potential for enhancing the vision of autonomous vehicles in rainy conditions, contributing to safer driving. Previous works have primarily focused on employing a single network architecture to generate derained images. However, they often fail to fully exploit the rich prior knowledge embedded in the scenes. Particularly, most methods overlook the depth information that can provide valuable context about scene geometry and guide more robust deraining. In this work, we introduce a novel learning framework that integrates multiple networks: an AutoEncoder for deraining, an auxiliary network to incorporate depth information, and two supervision networks to enforce feature consistency between rainy and clear scenes. This multi-network design enables our model to effectively capture the underlying scene structure, producing clearer and more accurately derained images, leading to improved object detection for autonomous vehicles. Extensive experiments on three widely used datasets demonstrated the effectiveness of our proposed method.
The Mechanism of How a Cavity Affects the Fluctuating Pressure Measurement Results of a Static Pressure Probe
Authors: Wang Chao , Yi Xingyou , Lv Jinlei , Peng Qiang
Published: January 2025

A static pressure probe is a crucial tool for measuring static pressure fluctuations, and its internal cavity structure can significantly affect the accuracy of the data obtained. This study investigates the impact of the static pressure probe cavity on the frequency response characteristics of fluctuating pressure using both experimental and numerical simulations. The results are validated by comparing them with the behavior of a second-order system. Our findings indicate that the internal cavity of the static pressure probe acts as a second-order underdamped system. This system amplifies fluctuating pressure signals at frequencies below the characteristic frequency while attenuating those above it. The frequency response characteristics of the probe’s cavity are similar to those of a Helmholtz resonator. Among various factors, the diameter of the pressure tap within the cavity has the most significant effect on the system’s characteristic frequency and amplification ratio. By optimizing the design of the static pressure probe’s cavity dimensions, the precision of fluctuating pressure data below the system’s characteristic frequency can be improved. In the research, based on the Helmholtz resonance equation, we provide a semi-empirical formula for predicting the characteristic frequency of fluctuating pressure in a static pressure probe. Furthermore, by leveraging the mechanism of the static pressure probe’s cavity as a second-order underdamped system, we propose a method for rapid and accurate calibration of the static pressure probe’s fluctuating pressure measurements.
Virtual Inertia Methods for Supporting Frequency Stabilisation in Autonomous AC/DC Microgrids
Authors: Hardan Faysal , Norman Rosemary , Tricoli Pietro
Published: January 2025

Isolated microgrids have long been considered alternative power system entities that can integrate various types of distributed energy sources such as diesel and renewable power generators including energy storage. Renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar PV, introduce low inertia and high intermittency to the microgrid. For this reason, coordinated control and frequency stabilisation are crucial for maintaining higher service levels in the microgrid. This paper reports on the design and development of two proposed methods for virtual inertia provision, namely model-based and filter-based methods, which support the frequency stability of AC/DC microgrids. The inertial power produced by these methods was implemented through power-controlled voltage source converters, associated with a Li-ion battery energy storage system. To derive and develop the functions for the virtual inertia providers using these methods, a new electromechanical power-speed model was developed to represent the interaction between the microgrid AC/DC-sides and its generators. Small-signal analysis using the linearised form of this model was carried out, in addition to deriving the law for the model-based virtual inertia method. Detailed physical-system simulation and tests were performed, and performance analysis of the resulting generator speed-responses using the proposed methods illustrated their merits compared with other methods, namely the standard df/dt and frequency-event techniques.
Fuzzy Logic-Based Dynamic Difficulty Adjustment for Adaptive Game Environments
Authors: Paraschos Panagiotis D. , Koulouriotis Dimitrios E.
Published: January 2025

Game players frequently seek video games that offer great replayability and unpredictable challenges, aiming to minimize anxiety and maximize fun. One of the most suitable game genres for achieving these objectives is the “shoot ’em up” genre, although it is mainly focused on experienced players. Given the latter, challenges should be balanced and adapted to player characteristics and style in an effort to strengthen their engagement with the game. In the present study, a fuzzy logic-based dynamic difficulty adjustment approach is proposed for dynamically tailoring challenges according to players’ behavior and strategies. The testbed of this approach is a shoot ’em up game where the players are faced with a challenging and adaptable opponent. The functionality of the proposed system is examined through game scenarios. The evaluation illustrates that fuzzy logic-based dynamic difficulty adjustment provides balanced challenges to players by easily defining the behavior of the game environment and opponents through a set of rules.
EDT-YOLOv8n-Based Lightweight Detection of Kiwifruit in Complex Environments
Authors: Chen Xiangyu , Hu Dongfang , Cheng Yuanhao , Chen Si , Xiang Jiawei
Published: January 2025

Automated kiwi harvesting hinges on the seamless deployment of a detection model and the accurate detection of kiwifruits. However, practical challenges, such as the limited computational resources on harvesting robots and occlusions among fruits, hinder the effectiveness of automated picking. To address these issues, this paper introduces EDT-YOLOv8n, a lightweight and efficient network architecture based on YOLOv8n. The proposed model integrates the Effective Mobile Inverted Bottleneck Convolution (EMBC) module to replace the C2f modules, mitigating the channel information loss and bolstering generalization. Additionally, the DySample upsampler, an ultra-lightweight and effective dynamic upsampler, improves feature extraction and resource efficiency when compared to traditional nearest-neighbor upsampling. Furthermore, a novel Task Align Dynamic Detection Head (TADDH) is implemented, incorporating group normalization for a more efficient convolutional structure and optimizing the alignment between the classification and localization tasks. The experimental results reveal that the proposed EDT-YOLOv8n model achieves higher precision (86.1%), mAP0.5 (91.5%), and mAP0.5-0.95 (65.9%), while reducing the number of parameters, the number of floating-point operations, and the model size by 15.5%, 12.4%, and 15.0%, respectively. These improvements demonstrate the model’s effectiveness and efficiency in supporting kiwifruit localization and automated harvesting tasks.
An Improved Time Difference of Arrival/Frequency Difference of Arrival Estimation Algorithm for Frequency Shift Keying Signals
Authors: Ouyang Xinxin , Cao Hongtao , Yao Shanfeng , Wan Qun
Published: January 2025

Based on the generalized cross-correlation method (GCC), the period peaks in the cross-correlation function (CCF) of frequency shift keying (FSK) signals will degrade the estimation performance of time difference of arrival (TDOA), as well as the estimation performance of frequency difference of arrival (FDOA), through the cross ambiguity function (CAF), in the case of a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). An improved TDOA/FDOA estimation algorithm made using period peaks is proposed in this paper to better understand the performance of TDOA/FDOA estimation for FSK signals. First, the cross ambiguity function of FSK signals is computed, and the peak position of the CAF is found to obtain coarse TDOA/FDOA estimation results, as per the usual method. Next, the mainlobe and period sidelobes are found according to the peak position and period interval; then, the peaks of each sidelobe around the mainlobe are found, and the period TDOA estimations are obtained. Then, the improved TDOA estimation can be used to calculate the average value of period TDOA estimations. Last, the period sidelobes accumulate to the mainlobe, and the improved FDOA estimation result are obtained by finding the peak position of the accumulated mainlobe. Simulations are performed to demonstrate that the proposed algorithm provides a better performance.
Hydrogen-Based Energy Systems for Sustainable Transportation
Authors: Genovese Matteo , Piraino Francesco , Fragiacomo Petronilla
Published: January 2025

Rising concerns about climate change, the need to innovate and connect diverse energy sectors, and the challenge of energy dependency are boosting global interest in hydrogen-based technologies [...]
A Modular Step-Up DC–DC Converter Based on Dual-Isolated SEPIC/Cuk for Electric Vehicle Applications
Authors: Darwish Ahmed , Aggidis George A.
Published: January 2025

Fuel cells (FCs) offer several operational advantages when integrated as a power source in electric vehicles (EVs). Since the voltage of these cells is typically low, usually less than 1 V, the power conversion system requires a DC–DC converter capable of providing a high voltage conversion ratio to match the input voltage of the motor propulsion system, which can exceed 400 V and reach up to 800 V. The modular DC–DC boost converter proposed in this paper is designed to achieve a high voltage step-up ratio for the input FC voltages through the use of isolated series-connecting boosting submodules connected. The power electronic topology employed in the submodules (SMs) is designed to provide a flexible output voltage while maintaining a continuous input current from the fuel cells with minimal current ripple to improve the FC’s performance. The proposed step-up modular converter provides several benefits including scalability, better controllability, and improved reliability, especially in the presence of partial faults. Computer simulations using MATLAB/SIMULINK® software (R2024a) have been used to study the feasibility of the proposed converter when connected to a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). Also, experimental results using a 1 kW prototype composed of four SMs have been obtained to validate the performance of the proposed converter.
Doubly Fed Induction Machine Models for Integration into Grid Management Software for Improved Post Fault Response Calculation Accuracy—A Short Review
Authors: Mitrovic Andrija , Strezoski Luka , Loparo Kenneth A.
Published: January 2025

With the escalating proliferation of wind power plants, the imperative focus on system robustness and stability intensifies. Doubly fed induction machines (DFIMs) are extensively employed in land-based wind power plants due to their performance advantages. While the stator windings are directly connected to the power system, the rotor windings are connected via power converters, making these units vulnerable to voltage disturbances. During faults, voltage drops at the stator terminals lead to elevated voltages and currents on the rotor side due to electromagnetic coupling between stator and rotor, potentially damaging rotor insulation and costly power electronics. Historically, wind power plants employing DFIMs were disconnected from the grid during faults—an unsatisfactory solution given the burgeoning number of these installations. Consequently, grid operators and IEEE standard 2800 mandate fault ride-through (FRT) capabilities to maintain system stability during disturbances. This paper provides a short review of the existing techniques for protecting DFIMs during faults, focusing on both passive and active protection methods. Additionally, a simple calculation is presented to compare two different protection strategies, illustrating the differences in their effectiveness. The review emphasizes the necessity for developing models that represent all protection methods for DFIMs, due to the clear differences in the results obtained.
Mixes of Policy Instruments for the Full Decarbonisation of Energy Systems: A Review
Authors: Cocker Fleance George
Published: January 2025

Stand-alone carbon pricing is still predominantly advanced as the policy instrument of choice for abating greenhouse gas emissions, although it has enjoyed limited support in practice. Against this background, the current paper investigates whether combinations of climate policy measures constitute a promising avenue for reaching zero emissions in the power, transport, buildings, and industry sectors. Adopting a sectoral approach, we review the international literature on instrument mixes and consolidate previous findings according to four widely employed evaluation criteria, namely environmental effectiveness, economic efficiency, social equity, and political feasibility. The performance of mixes along these dimensions is critically assessed by studying the inter-relationships between decarbonisation levers, decarbonisation barriers, and policy instrument characteristics. Our analysis suggests that carefully designed combinations of measures may perform better than stand-alone instruments in many instances, although trade-offs between policy objectives are inevitable. We show evidence that desirable instrument mixes should be tailored to the characteristics of targeted agents and technologies, but argue that some level of carbon pricing typically offers high potential for synergies with complementary measures in all sectors. The study focuses on Switzerland for illustrative purposes, yet the policy implications are far-reaching and drawn from experiences across Europe and North America.
A Review of Non-Uniform Load Distribution and Solutions in Data Centers: Micro-Scale Liquid Cooling and Large-Scale Air Cooling
Authors: Li Yifan , Zhu Congzhe , Li Xiuming , Yang Bin
Published: January 2025

Nowadays, the number of transistors on electronic components is increasing exponentially leading to an ultra-high heat flux (106~107 W/m2). The non-uniform load distribution on the chip and the local hot spots in the thermal environment are key issues in a data center (DC). Microchannel liquid cooling is an effective method to inhibit heat accumulation on the chip. Optimizing the air distribution is a crucial approach to realizing energy savings. This study summarizes the latest research on thermal management by microchannel liquid cooling and air distribution optimization in DCs. The existing issues concerning the structure universality of the microchannel heat sink (MCHS), the stability of flow boiling and the new coolant, the prediction of local hot spots, and the intelligent control of the cooling system are identified. Furthermore, a novel cooling strategy of multi-scale synergy is recommended, which is expected to suppress local hot spots and heighten temperature uniformity. This review provides valuable insights into multi-scale thermal management for DCs. It paves the way for applying innovative cooling technologies and artificial intelligence methods to promote the efficient operation and low-carbon retrofit of DCs.
Cost Recovery for Variable-Speed Pumped Storage Power Plants in the Market Environment
Authors: Li Yonglai , Fan Yue , Ke Xianbo , Huo Chao , Zhou Ming , Yang Yuxuan , Wang Jiaxing , Xin Yuhang
Published: January 2025

As the construction of the new power system progresses, pumped storage plays an important role in the system as a typical regulating resource. However, the regulating capacity of traditional fixed-speed pumped storage units is limited and it is difficult to meet the increasing flexibility demands of system regulation. This paper studies the operation and cost recovery of pumped storage power stations based on doubly-fed variable-speed technology in the market environment. Using a combination of theoretical analysis and case study, the working principles and technical advantages of doubly-fed variable-speed pumped storage technology are first explained. We then develop a revenue model encompassing both the energy and ancillary service markets and analyze the impact of different pricing mechanisms on cost recovery for variable-speed pumped storage power stations within the current situation of China’s electricity market. The research results indicate that under the combined effects of the electricity spot market and the ancillary service market, the flexibility value of variable-speed pumped storage power stations can be fully reflected, significantly increasing their revenues and enabling cost recovery and profitability. In the future, the pricing mechanisms of the electricity and ancillary service markets should be further improved, the functional positioning of pumped storage power stations should be optimized, and their support capabilities for the new power system should be enhanced.