bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Remembering the Romanian Anti-Communist Armed Resistance: An Analysis of Local Lived Experience
Authors: Ciobanu Monica
Published: November 2015

The anti-communist armed resistance that occurred as a disparate and heterogeneous movement in Romania from 1944 until 1962 became a highly politicized topic after 1989. Some interpreted this history as an element of the national resistance against Soviet occupation and the ensuing forced communization. Others demonized the partisans (or at least minimized their role) and presented them as outlaws, fascists, and criminals. This essay analyzes the armed resistance and its place within the politics of memory from three interrelated perspectives: 1) as lived experience in the context of post-World War II emergence of communism; 2) it takes a concretely localized perspective; and 3) analyzes these lived experiences as they have been presented in autobiographical accounts heavily influenced by post-1989 anti-communist rhetoric. The article concludes that multiple histories of repression and resistance have so far tended to be incorporated in a master narrative and argues that an approach emphasizing localized lived experience may offer an alternative interpretative framework.
Nonthermal radiative transfer of oxygen 98.9 nm ultraviolet emission: Solving an old mystery
Authors: Hubert B. , Gérard J.‐C. , Shematovich V. I. , Bisikalo D. V. , Chakrabarti S. , Gladstone G. R.
Published: November 2015

Sounding rocket measurements conducted in 1988 under high solar activity conditions revealed that the intensity of thermospheric OI emissions at 98.9 nm presents an anomalous vertical profile, showing exospheric intensities much higher than expected from radiative transfer model results, which included the known sources of excited oxygen. All attempts based on modeling of the photochemical processes and radiative transfer were unable to account for the higher than predicted brightnesses. More recently, the SOHO‐Solar Ultraviolet Measurements of Emitted Radiation instrument measured the UV solar flux at high‐spectral resolution, revealing the importance of a significant additional source of oxygen emission at 98.9 nm that had not been accounted for before. In this study, we simulate the radiative transfer of the OI‐98.9 nm multiplet, including the photochemical sources of excited oxygen, the resonant scattering of solar photons, and the effects of nonthermal atoms, i.e., a population of fast‐moving oxygen atoms in excess of the Maxwellian distribution. Including resonance scattering of the 98.9 nm solar multiplet, we find good agreement with the previous sounding rocket observation. The inclusion of a nonthermal oxygen population with a consistent increase of the total density produces a larger intensity at high altitude that apparently better accounts for the observation, but such a correction cannot be demonstrated given the uncertainties of the observations. A good agreement between model and sounding rocket observation is also found with the triplet at 130.4 nm. We further investigate the radiative transfer of the OI‐98.9 nm multiplet and the oxygen emissions at 130.4 and 135.6 nm using observations from the STP78‐1 satellite. We find a less satisfying agreement between the model and the STP78‐1 data that can be accounted for by scaling the modeled intensity within a range acceptable given the uncertainties on the STP78‐1 absolute calibration.
Cadmium regeneration within the North Atlantic
Authors: Roshan Saeed , Wu Jingfeng
Published: November 2015

Cadmium (Cd) incorporated into the benthic microfossils has been widely used in reconstructing the past water circulation in the North Atlantic. This requires a major control by conservative mixing over regeneration process on the seawater cadmium distribution in the North Atlantic. Through coupling the recently reported Cd data at depths below 300 m with quantitative water mass analysis along the GA03 transect, we tested two models for cadmium cycling within the North Atlantic: conservative mixing alone and conservative mixing plus regeneration which is termed as regenerative mixing. The results show that the regenerative mixing model reproduces the observations (slope = 0.99 and R2 = 0.97) much better than the conservative mixing model (slope = 0.99 and R2 = 0.88). The regenerative mixing model was applied to estimate the amount of dissolved cadmium regenerated “within” the North Atlantic. This regionally regenerated cadmium contributes to ~10% and >50% of the total cadmium in the North Atlantic at depths >1000 m and 300–1000 m, respectively, indicating that the microfossil‐reconstructed seawater Cd can be attributed to the mixing from the South Atlantic to the North Atlantic with high accuracy for depths below 1000 m, while within 300–1000 m cadmium is more controlled by the regeneration process than the mixing process, complicating the attribution of the microfossil‐reconstructed seawater Cd to the changes in water mass geometry within this 300–1000 m depth range. A regionally and vertically constant Cd/PO43− regeneration ratio ~262 pM/µmol/kg was derived from the regenerative mixing model which is comparable with ratios estimated in the recent studies for the North Atlantic.
Semiannual and solar activity variations of daytime plasma observed by DEMETER in the ionosphere‐plasmasphere transition region
Authors: Li L. Y. , Cao J. B. , Yang J. Y. , Berthelier J. J. , Lebreton J.‐P.
Published: November 2015

Using the plasma data of Detection of Electro‐Magnetic Emissions Transmitted from Earthquake Regions (DEMETER) satellite and the NRLMSISE‐00 atmospheric model, we examined the semiannual and solar activity variations of the daytime plasma and neutral composition densities in the ionosphere‐plasmasphere transition region (~670–710 km). The results demonstrate that the semiannually latitudinal variation of the daytime oxygen ions (O+) is basically controlled by that of neutral atomic oxygen (O), whereas the latitude distributions of the helium and hydrogen ions (He+ and H+) do not fully depend on the neutral atomic helium (He) and hydrogen (H). The summer enhancement of the heavy oxygen ions is consistent with the neutral O enhancement in the summer hemisphere, and the oxygen ion density has significantly the summer‐dense and winter‐tenuous hemispheric asymmetry with respect to the dip equator. Although the winter enhancements of the lighter He+ and H+ ions are also associated with the neutral He and H enhancements in the winter hemisphere, the high‐density light ions (He+ and H+) and electrons (e−) mainly appear at the low and middle magnetic latitudes (|λ| < 50°). The equatorial accumulations of the light plasma species indicate that the light charged particles (He+, H+, and e−) are easily transported by some equatorward forces (e.g., the magnetic mirror force and centrifugal force). The frequent Coulomb collisions between the charged particles probably lead to the particle trappings at different latitudes. Moreover, the neutral composition densities also influence their ion concentrations during different solar activities. From the low‐F10.7 year (2007–2008) to the high‐F10.7 year (2004–2005), the daytime oxygen ions and electrons increase with the increasing neutral atomic oxygen, whereas the daytime hydrogen ions tend to decrease with the decreasing neutral atomic hydrogen. The helium ion density has no obvious solar activity variation, suggesting that the generation (via the neutral He photoionization) and loss (via the charge exchange with neutral nitrogen N2 and/or the recombination with electrons) of the daytime He+ ions are comparable during different solar activities.
Probabilistic model of beam‐plasma interaction in randomly inhomogeneous solar wind
Authors: Voshchepynets A. , Krasnoselskikh V.
Published: November 2015

This paper is dedicated to the effects of plasma density fluctuations in the solar wind on the relaxation of the electron beams ejected from the Sun. The density fluctuations are supposed to be responsible for the changes in the local phase velocity of the Langmuir waves generated by the beam instability. Changes in the wave phase velocity during the wave propagation can be described in terms of probability distribution function determined by distribution of the density fluctuations. Using these probability distributions, we describe resonant wave particle interactions by a system of equations, similar to a well‐known quasi‐linear approximation, where the conventional velocity diffusion coefficient and the wave growth rate are replaced by the averaged in the velocity space. It was shown that the process of relaxation of electron beam is accompanied by transformation of significant part of the beam kinetic energy to energy of the accelerated particles via generation and absorption of the Langmuir waves. We discovered that for the very rapid beams with beam velocity vb>15vt, where vt is a thermal velocity of background plasma, the relaxation process consists of two well‐separated steps. On first step the major relaxation process occurs and the wave growth rate almost everywhere in the velocity space becomes close to zero or negative. At the second stage the system remains in the state close to state of marginal stability long enough to explain how the beam may be preserved traveling distances over 1 AU while still being able to generate the Langmuir waves.
Spontaneous reconnection at a separator current layer: 2. Nature of the waves and flows
Authors: Stevenson J. E. H. , Parnell C. E.
Published: November 2015

Sudden destabilizations of the magnetic field, such as those caused by spontaneous reconnection, will produce waves and/or flows. Here we investigate the nature of the plasma motions resulting from spontaneous reconnection at a 3‐D separator. In order to clearly see these perturbations, we start from a magnetohydrostatic equilibrium containing two oppositely signed null points joined by a generic separator along which lies a twisted current layer. The nature of the magnetic reconnection initiated in this equilibrium as a result of an anomalous diffusivity is discussed in detail in Stevenson and Parnell (2015). The resulting sudden loss of force balance inevitably generates waves that propagate away from the diffusion region carrying the dissipated current. In their wake a twisting stagnation flow, in planes perpendicular to the separator, feeds flux back into the original diffusion site (the separator) in order to try to regain equilibrium. This flow drives a phase of slow weak impulsive bursty reconnection that follows on after the initial fast‐reconnection phase.
Experimental determination of the dispersion relation of magnetosonic waves
Authors: Walker S. N. , Balikhin M. A. , Shklyar D. R. , Yearby K. H. , Canu P. , Carr C. M. , Dandouras I.
Published: November 2015

Magnetosonic waves are commonly observed in the vicinity of the terrestrial magnetic equator. It has been proposed that within this region they may interact with radiation belt electrons, accelerating some to high energies. These wave‐particle interactions depend upon the characteristic properties of the wave mode. Hence, determination of the wave properties is a fundamental part of understanding these interaction processes. Using data collected during the Cluster Inner Magnetosphere Campaign, this paper identifies an occurrence of magnetosonic waves, discusses their generation and propagation properties from a theoretical perspective, and utilizes multispacecraft measurements to experimentally determine their dispersion relation. Their experimental dispersion is found to be in accordance with that based on cold plasma theory.
Polar cap precursor of nightside auroral oval intensifications using polar cap arcs
Authors: Zou Ying , Nishimura Yukitoshi , Lyons Larry R. , Donovan Eric F. , Shiokawa Kazuo , Ruohoniemi J. Michael , McWilliams Kathryn A. , Nishitani Nozomu
Published: November 2015

Recent radar and optical observations suggested that localized fast flows in the polar cap precede disturbances within the nightside auroral oval. However, how commonly this connection occurs has been difficult to examine due to limited coverage of radar flow measurements and diffuse and dim nature of airglow patches. Polar cap arcs are also associated with fast flows in the polar cap and appear much brighter than patches, allowing evaluation of the interaction between polar cap structures and nightside aurora more definitively. We have surveyed data during six winter seasons and selected quasi‐steady polar cap arcs lasting >1 h. Thirty‐four arcs are found, and for the majority (~85%) of them, as they extend equatorward from high latitude, their contact with the nightside auroral poleward boundary is associated with new and substantial intensifications within the oval. These intensifications are localized (< ~1 h magnetic local time (MLT)) and statistically occur within 10 min and ±1 h MLT from the contact. They appear as poleward boundary intensifications in a thick auroral oval or an intensification of the only resolvable arc within a thin oval, and the latter can also exhibit substantial poleward expansion. When radar echoes are available, they corroborate the association of polar cap arcs with localized enhanced antisunward flows. That the observed oval intensifications are major disturbances that only occur after the impingement of polar cap arcs and near the contact longitude suggest that they are triggered by localized fast flows coming from deep in the polar cap.
Temperature, lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary, and heat flux beneath the Antarctic Plate inferred from seismic velocities
Authors: An Meijian , Wiens Douglas A. , Zhao Yue , Feng Mei , Nyblade Andrew , Kanao Masaki , Li Yuansheng , Maggi Alessia , Lévêque Jean‐Jacques
Published: November 2015

We estimate the upper mantle temperature of the Antarctic Plate based on the thermoelastic properties of mantle minerals and S velocities using a new 3‐D shear velocity model, AN1‐S. Crustal temperatures and surface heat fluxes are then calculated from the upper mantle temperature assuming steady state thermal conduction. The temperature at the top of the asthenosphere beneath the oceanic region and West Antarctica is higher than the dry mantle solidus, indicating the presence of melt. From the temperature values, we generate depth maps of the lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary and the Curie temperature isotherm. The maps show that East Antarctica has a thick lithosphere similar to that of other stable cratons, with the thickest lithosphere (~250 km) between Domes A and C. The thin crust and lithosphere beneath West Antarctica are similar to those of modern subduction‐related rift systems in East Asia. A cold region beneath the Antarctic Peninsula is similar in spatial extent to that of a flat‐subducted slab beneath the southern Andes, indicating a possible remnant of the Phoenix Plate, which was subducted prior to 10 Ma. The oceanic lithosphere generally thickens with increasing age, and the age‐thickness correlation depends on the spreading rate of the ridge that formed the lithosphere. Significant flattening of the age‐thickness curves is not observed for the mature oceanic lithosphere of the Antarctic Plate.
Impact of Strand Number on Parallel β‐Sheet Stability
Authors: Kung Vanessa M. , Cornilescu Gabriel , Gellman Samuel H.
Published: November 2015

We have examined whether parallel β‐sheet secondary structure becomes more stable as the number of β‐strands increases, via comparisons among peptides designed to adopt two‐ or three‐stranded parallel β‐sheet conformations in aqueous solution. Our three‐strand design is the first experimental model of a triple‐stranded parallel β‐sheet. Analysis of the designed peptides by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy supports the hypothesis that increasing the number of β‐strands, from two to three, increases the stability of the parallel β‐sheet. We present the first experimental evidence for cooperativity in the folding of a triple‐stranded parallel β‐sheet, and we show how minimal model systems may enable experimental documentation of characteristic properties, such as CD spectra, of parallel β‐sheets.
Red‐Light‐Induced Decomposition of an Organic Peroxy Radical: A New Source of the HO2 Radical
Authors: Kumar Manoj , Francisco Joseph S.
Published: November 2015

The gas‐phase decomposition of the α‐hydroxy methylperoxy radical has been theoretically examined, and the results provide insight into a new source of the hydroperoxy radical (HO2) in the troposphere. Bimolecular peroxy decomposition is promoted by the red‐light or near‐IR radiation excitation. The calculations suggest for the first time, an important chemical role for the H2O⋅HO2 radical complex that exist in significant abundance in the troposphere. In particular, the reaction of organic peroxy radicals with the HO2 radical and the H2O⋅HO2 radical complex represent an autocatalytic source of atmospheric HO2. This reaction is a new example of red‐light‐initiated atmospheric chemistry that may help in understanding the discrepancy between the observed and measured levels of the HOx at sunrise.
Experimentally investigation of the effects of nanoparticles‐enriched ASP formulations on the spontaneous imbibition in a fractured sandstone reservoir
Authors: Rahimi Khosro , Adibifard Meisam , Hemmati Mahmoud , Shariat Panahi Homeira , Gerami Shahab
Published: November 2015

Among the chemical methods used in oil industry to boost the ultimate oil recovery, ASP (alkaline surfactant polymer) flooding has gained much attention because of beneficial effects related to simultaneous usage of three different chemical agents. This study is devoted to investigate the separate influences of each chemical agent in the ASP on the attained oil recovery. Furthermore, four different ASP formulations are prepared, and effects of hydrophilic nanoparticles are examined on the ASP spontaneous imbibition process. The utilized core sample in all experiment series belongs to one of the Iranian‐fractured sandstone reservoirs. Interfacial tension and contact angle measurements were also included in the experiments to investigate the effects of chemical solutions as well as hydrophilic nanoparticles on the indicated parameters. Results of the experiments indicate that ASP is an appropriate Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) approach not only because effects of each chemical agent on the recovered oil but also because beneficial effects relevant to combination of these chemical solutions. It was also revealed that inclusion of the nanoparticles can significantly increase the ultimate oil recovery because of additional decrease in the interfacial tension of the system and altering the rock's wettability toward a more water‐wetted one. Therefore, inclusion of the nanoparticles in the ASP systems should be considered for future ASP implementing schemes. © 2015 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Anthropoid Crista Trochanterica and the Hip Joint Capsule
Authors: Hammond Ashley S.
Published: November 2015

The tubercle on the posterior aspect of the femoral neck (the crista trochanterica) has been repeatedly remarked upon because of its presence in early fossil apes, yet the function of this tubercle has eluded researchers. The prevailing explanation for the tubercle is that it relates to a strong ischiofemoral ligament, although none of the hypotheses for this bony projection have been systematically evaluated. This study surveyed 41 extant anthropoid species (n = 267 individuals) for the presence of a crista trochanterica. The soft tissue structures of the hip joint were then dissected and described for a sample of anthropoid cadavers (n = 14) in order to evaluate different hypotheses related to function of this tubercle. This study confirmed that the crista trochanterica is found in most cercopithecoids and platyrrhines, and is not present in great apes. The tubercle is rarely present in hylobatids, contrary to prior reports. The ischiofemoral ligament is not usually well‐developed in anthropoids and does not fully explain the crista trochanterica morphology, although all cadavers displayed a well‐developed zona orbicularis running along the posterior aspect of the joint capsule. The hip joint capsule itself inserted along the crista trochanterica in some individuals, typically those with an elongate crista trochanterica, but was highly variable in regards to the position of the tubercle. The hypotheses for the crista trochanterica are considered within the context of these findings, although the exact function of the tubercle remains unresolved. Anat Rec, 299:60–69, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nonlinear Control of a Robot Manipulator with a Nonholonomic Jerk Constraint
Authors: Rubio‐Hervas Jaime , Reyhanoglu Mahmut
Published: November 2015

We study the control of a prismatic‐prismatic‐revolute (PPR) robot manipulator subject to a nonholonomic jerk constraint, i.e., a third‐order nonintegrable design constraint. The mathematical model is obtained using the method of Lagrange multipliers. The control inputs are two forces and a torque applied to the prismatic joints and the revolute joint, respectively. The control objective is to control the robot end‐effector movement while keeping the transverse jerk component as zero. The main result of the paper is the construction of a feedback control algorithm that transfers the manipulator from any initial equilibrium configuration to the zero equilibrium configuration in finite time. The effectiveness of the algorithm is illustrated through a simulation example.
Aggregating tags for column‐free protein purification
Authors: Lin Zhanglin , Zhao Qing , Xing Lei , Zhou Bihong , Wang Xu
Published: November 2015

Protein purification remains a central need for biotechnology. In recent years, a class of aggregating tags has emerged, which offers a quick, cost‐effective and column‐free alternative for producing recombinant proteins (and also peptides) with yield and purity comparable to that of the popular His‐tag. These column‐free tags induce the formation of aggregates (during or after expression) when fused to a target protein or peptide, and upon separation from soluble impurities, the target protein or peptide is subsequently released via a cleavage site. In this review, we categorize these tags as follows: (i) tags that induce inactive protein aggregates in vivo; (ii) tags that induce active protein aggregates in vivo; and (iii) tags that induce soluble expression in vivo, but aggregates in vitro. The respective advantages and disadvantages of these tags are discussed, and compared to the three conventional tags (His‐tag, maltose‐binding protein [MBP] tag, and intein‐mediated purification with a chitin‐binding tag [IMPACT‐CN]). While this new class of aggregating tags is promising, more systematic tests are required to further the use. It is conceivable, however, that the combination of these tags and the more traditional columns may significantly reduce the costs for resins and columns, particularly for the industrial scale.
High‐Level Ab Initio Calculations of Molecular Properties of Chromium Monocarbonyl, CrCO
Authors: Moon Jiwon , Kim Joonghan
Published: November 2015

Chromium monocarbonyl (CrCO) is the simplest unsaturated transition metal carbonyl, and ab initio methods that include a dynamic electron correlation effect are necessary to calculate the molecular properties of CrCO. We employed post Hartree–Fock ab initio methods with various all‐electron basis sets to calculate the molecular properties of CrCO including the molecular structures, vibrational frequencies, and bond dissociation energy. The methods including triple excitation and a quadruple‐ζ level basis set are required to reasonably describe the molecular properties of CrCO. We found that the most efficient combination of theoretical method and basis set for this weakly interacting system is the unrestricted coupled‐cluster singles and doubles with perturbative triples (UCCSD(T)) with the Sapporo‐DKH3‐QZP basis set.
Metal‐coated Polyether Ether Ketone Monopolar Plates for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell
Authors: Kim Minhyoung , Kang Yun Sik , Park Jee Yun , Yoon Sang Kown , Sung Yung‐Eun
Published: November 2015

For the polymer electrolyte fuel cell application, novel multilayer metal‐coated polyether ether ketone (PEEK) monopolar plates were developed via electroless plating and electroplating process. The coating layers consisted of 7 µm thick Ni–P layer on a PEEK surface, 7 µm thick Cu layer on it, and 500 nm thick Au layer on the top surface. With metal‐coated PEEK monopolar plates on both anode and cathode side, the current density of a single cell at 0.6 V was found to be 734 mA/cm2, which is about 85% using the conventional plates (869 mA/cm2).
miR‐539 induces cell cycle arrest in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by targeting cyclin‐dependent kinase 4
Authors: Lv Ling‐yan , Wang Yu‐zhi , Zhang Qian , Zang Hong‐rui , Wang Xing‐jie
Published: November 2015

Dysregulation of microRNAs has been demonstrated to contribute to malignant progression of cancers, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). miR‐539 was previously reported to be significantly downregulated in osteosarcoma. However, the potential role and mechanism of action of miR‐539 in the initiation and progression of NPC remain largely unknown. Quantitative reverse transcription (RT)‐PCR demonstrated that miR‐539 was significantly downregulated in NPC tumour tissues compared with nontumour tissues. The cell viability, colony formation assay and tumourigenicity assays in nude mice showed that miR‐539 could inhibit NPC cell growth in vitro and in vivo. The cyclin‐dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) was verified as a miR‐539 target gene using dual‐luciferase reporter assays, quantitative RT‐PCR and Western blotting and was involved in miR‐539‐regulated NPC cell growth. These results indicated that miR‐539 plays an important role in the initiation and progression of NPC by targeting CDK4 and the miR‐539/CDK4 pathway may contribute to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for NPC in the future. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Autothermal Methane Oxidative Coupling Process over La2O3/MgO Catalysts
Authors: Tarasov Andrei L. , Kustov Leonid M.
Published: November 2015

Some essential conditions necessary to reach an autothermal regime in methane oxidative coupling on La2O3/MgO catalysts were investigated. The following three ways can be suggested to transfer the process into the autothermal regime: (1) higher initial concentrations of reagents; (2) larger reactor diameter; (3) optimization of the flow rate and the preheating temperature. It was found that the optimal temperature of the autothermal regime of methane oxidative coupling is governed by the nature of the catalyst.
Keystroke dynamics‐based user authentication service for cloud computing
Authors: Abo‐alian Alshaimaa , Badr Nagwa L. , Tolba M. F.
Published: November 2015

User authentication is a crucial requirement for cloud service providers to prove that the outsourced data and services are safe from imposters. Keystroke dynamics is a promising behavioral biometrics for strengthening user authentication, however, current keystroke based solutions designed for certain datasets, for example, a fixed length text typed on a traditional personal computer keyboard and their authentication performances were not acceptable for other input devices nor free length text. Moreover, they suffer from a high dimensional feature space that degrades the authentication accuracy and performance.

In this paper, a keystroke dynamics based authentication system is proposed for cloud environments that is applicable to fixed and free text typed on traditional and touch screen keyboards. The proposed system utilizes different feature extraction methods, as a preprocessing step, to minimize the feature space dimensionality. Moreover, different fusion rules are evaluated to combine the different feature extraction methods so that a set of the most relevant features is chosen. Because of the huge number of users' samples, a clustering method is applied to the users' profile templates to reduce the verification time. The proposed system is applied to three different benchmark datasets using three different classifiers. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed system. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Emerging innovations in clinical trial design
Authors: Berry DA
Published: November 2015

Designs of clinical trials have changed little since the advent of randomization in the 1940s. Modern innovations in designs are being driven by the increasing recognition in clinical research that diseases are heterogeneous and patients who apparently have the same disease require different therapies. This article describes some innovations in clinical trial design across therapeutic areas but with a focus on oncology. No one knows what the future holds for clinical trial design but the status quo of large trials that pretend the patient population is homogeneous is not sustainable, either economically or scientifically/medically. No one knows what the eventual business model and regulatory model will be, but they will be very different from today's.
Constructing Conflict: A Discursive Analysis of Family Law Conflict
Authors: Ney Tara
Published: November 2015

Assumptions that disputants are responsible for their conflicts are embedded in many of our practices for engaging conflict, when, in many instances, rational‐legal institutions we rely on to do our conflict business, not individuals, may be causing and sustaining our conflicts (Cloke 2001). Using a discursive framework that draws on Foucault (1980) and Bacchi's (2009) methodology of problematization, this article critiques a psychological assessment tool used and required in a custody and access evaluation in the context of family law to show how institutional structures and context matter when third parties work with conflict.
High‐Performance Isocyanide Scavengers for Use in Low‐Waste Purification of Olefin Metathesis Products
Authors: Szczepaniak Grzegorz , Urbaniak Katarzyna , Wierzbicka Celina , Kosiński Krzysztof , Skowerski Krzysztof , Grela Karol
Published: November 2015

Three isocyanides containing a tertiary nitrogen atom were investigated for use as small‐molecule ruthenium scavenging agents in the workup of olefin metathesis reactions. The proposed compounds are odorless, easy to obtain, and highly effective in removing metal residues, sometimes bringing the metal content below 0.0015 ppm. The most successful of the tested compounds, II, performs very well, even with challenging polar products. The performance of these scavengers is compared and contrasted with other known techniques, such as silica gel filtration and the use of self‐scavenging catalysts. As a result, a new hybrid purification method is devised, which gives better results than using either a self‐scavenging catalyst or a scavenger alone. Additionally, isocyanide II is shown to be a deactivating (reaction quenching) agent for olefin metathesis and superior to ethyl vinyl ether.
CMOS Non‐tailed differential pair
Authors: Di Cataldo Giuseppe , Grasso Alfio Dario , Pennisi Salvatore , Scotti Giuseppe , Trifiletti Alessandro
Published: November 2015

A continuous‐time complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor differential pair that does not require the traditional tail current source as a way to control the direct current and common‐mode current is presented. Compared with a p‐channel long‐tailed pair, the proposed non‐tailed solution operates under a higher maximum input common‐mode voltage that includes (VDD + VSS)/2 even under low supply voltages. Experimental measurements on a prototype fabricated in a 0.35‐µm technology (with metal–oxide–semiconductor thresholds greater than 0.6 V) confirm this behavior for supply voltages as low as 1.2 V, whereas the long‐tailed pair with the same technology offers the same capability only for supplies higher than 1.6 V. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Associations of stream health with altered flow and water temperature in the Sierra Nevada, California
Authors: Carlisle Daren M. , Nelson S. Mark , May Jason
Published: November 2015

Alteration of streamflow and thermal conditions may adversely affect lotic invertebrate communities, but few studies have assessed these phenomena using indicators that control for the potentially confounding influence of natural variability. We designed a study to assess how flow and thermal alteration influence stream health – as indicated by the condition of invertebrate communities. We studied thirty streams in the Sierra Nevada, California, that span a wide range of hydrologic modification due to storage reservoirs and hydroelectric diversions. Daily water temperature and streamflows were monitored, and basic chemistry and habitat conditions were characterized when invertebrate communities were sampled. Streamflow alteration, thermal alteration, and invertebrate condition were quantified by predicting site‐specific natural expectations using statistical models developed using data from regional reference sites. Monthly flows were typically depleted (relative to natural expectations) during fall, winter, and spring. Most hydrologically altered sites experienced cooled thermal conditions in summer, with mean daily temperatures as much 12 °C below natural expectations. The most influential predictor of invertebrate community condition was the degree of alteration of March flows, which suggests that there are key interactions between hydrological and biological processes during this month in Sierra Nevada streams. Thermal alteration was also an important predictor – particularly at sites with the most severe hydrological alteration. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing instream habitat suitability and hydraulic signatures of geomorphic units in a reconstructed single thread meandering channel
Authors: Cockburn J.M.H. , Villard P.V. , Hutton C.
Published: November 2015

Stream channel reaches consist of a series of geomorphic units (e.g. pools, runs and riffles) that mitigate flow velocity and provide a variety of aquatic habitat. The hydraulic signature of each geomorphic unit is unique and should remain so during variable flow conditions in order to satisfy habitat requirements. We use the hydraulic signatures measured at different geomorphic units in a recent channel realignment project to evaluate suitability of reaches and geomorphological units for target fish species. In 2009, 650 m of creek and valley were realigned in Brampton, Ontario, to facilitate development. In 2013, water velocity, depth, temperature and channel substrate were measured at cross‐sections between 1 May and 15 October. The assessment illustrated that while geomorphic units have unique signatures during moderate to low‐flow conditions, at high‐flow conditions the boundaries between geomorphic units blurred. Furthermore, our findings suggest that suitable water depth, velocity and temperature conditions existed at least 68% of the time over the entire study period but was reduced during the estimated spawning period for the target species. Specifically, water depth was only ideal for approximately 38% of the spawning period. Finally, in cases where both geomorphic and ecologic systems interface (e.g. channel restoration), it is important to view the whole picture. This study contributes to the on‐going discussion on restoration and success and is particularly useful in light of recent stream restoration trends in rapidly expanding urban regions around the globe. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Priority consideration in inter‐WBAN data scheduling and aggregation for monitoring systems
Authors: Bradai Nourchène , Charfi Emna , Fourati Lamia Chaari , Kamoun Lotfi
Published: November 2015

Wireless body area networks (WBANs) are composed of small intelligent tiny wireless sensors; these sensors are responsible for collecting information of a patient's vital signs and transmitting vital information. WBAN offers mobility to patients and flexibility to medical staff. An increase of the deployment of monitoring systems on patients promotes researchers and developers to focus on issues related to WBAN. Quality of service (QoS) has been always treated as a major issue in WBAN technology, and scheduling as a packet prioritizing mechanism contributes to QoS guarantee provisioning significantly. In this paper, two novel inter‐WBAN data scheduling and aggregation are developed for monitoring systems in order to satisfy QoS requirements in WBAN networks. We introduced a novel parameter called critical delay to serve packets taking into account their priorities and classify them into an aggregated frame to be further transmitted to medical server. The proposed scheme provides QoS‐guaranteed service for the applications running on the sensor nodes in all the three aspects of QoS, that is, delay, throughput and packet loss. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of smoke gases and temperatures during car fire – large‐scale and small‐scale tests and numerical investigations
Authors: Krüger Simone , Hofmann Anja , Berger Anka , Gude Nicolas
Published: November 2015

The hazards for passengers during vehicle fires result from the increasing temperature and the emitted smoke gases. A fire was set on a car to investigate the development of temperature and of gaseous fire products in the passenger compartment. The study was based on a full‐scale test with a reconstructed scene of a serious car fire. The aim of this work was to identify the conditions for self‐rescuing of passengers during a car fire. A dummy, equipped with several thermocouples, was placed on the driver's seat. Also, the smoke gases were continuously collected through a removable probe sensor corresponding to the nose of the dummy in the passenger compartment and analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Additionally, several car components were investigated in the smoke density chamber (smoke emission and smoke gas composition). It was found that the toxic gases already reached hazardous levels by 5 min, while the temperatures at the dummy were at that time less than 80 °C. The toxicity of smoke gases was assessed using the fractional effective dose concept. The various experimentally parameters (temperature and smoke gas composition) were implemented into numerical simulations with fire dynamics simulator. Both the experimental data and the numerical simulations are presented and discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automated analysis of confocal laser endomicroscopy images to detect head and neck cancer
Authors: Dittberner Andreas , Rodner Erik , Ortmann Wolfgang , Stadler Joachim , Schmidt Carsten , Petersen Iver , Stallmach Andreas , Denzler Joachim , Guntinas–Lichius Orlando
Published: November 2015

Background

The purpose of this study was to develop an automated image analysis algorithm to discriminate between head and neck cancer and nonneoplastic epithelium in confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) images.

Methods

CLE was applied to image head and neck cancer epithelium in vivo. Histopathologic diagnosis from biopsies was used to classify the CLE images offline as cancer or noncancer tissue. The classified images were used to train automated software based on distance map histograms. The performance of the final algorithm was confirmed by “leave 2 patients out” cross‐validation and area under the curve (AUC)/receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.

Results

Ninety‐two CLE videos and 92 biopsies were analyzed from 12 patients. One hundred two frames of classified neoplastic tissue and 52 frames of nonneoplastic tissue were used for cross‐validation of the developed algorithm. AUC varied from 0.52 to 0.92.

Conclusion

The proposed software allows an objective classification of CLE images of head and neck cancer and adjacent nonneoplastic epithelium. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E1419–E1426, 2016
Private‐Value Auction Versus Posted‐Price Selling: An Agent‐Based Model Approach
Authors: Boyer Christopher N. , Brorsen B. Wade , Fain James R.
Published: November 2015

An agent‐based first‐price private‐value auction and an agent‐based posted‐price market are developed to compare these selling methods when buyers have private values. If the seller cannot impose a reserve price and has little uncertainty about the item's value, the seller's expected revenue is highest in the posted‐price market. Otherwise, the seller is better off selling the item with the auction. Using a genetic algorithm and Monte Carlo integration solved the agent‐based models quicker and provided more precise answers than solving models with particle swarm optimization and using the trapezoidal rule for numerical integration. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A case study of high sea salt aerosol (SSA) concentrations as a hazard to aviation
Authors: Tighe Tony
Published: November 2015

On the night of 2 January 2014, an aircraft on approach to Cork airport was required to abort a landing attempt due to sea salt aerosol (SSA) accretion on the windscreen. The salt reduced forward‐facing visibility to dangerously low levels and prohibited a safe approach by the aircraft. A landing was eventually effected on the 3rd attempt after a light rain shower cleared enough of the contaminant to allow the pilot to view the runway lights and markings. This was the first time such an incident was recorded by Ireland's Air Accident Investigation Unit. This paper elaborates the meteorological conditions present at the time the SSA became a visibility hazard. The atmospheric boundary layer was thermodynamically unstable and had a relatively dry airmass and the surface and upper level winds were high. SSA formation mechanisms are described in terms of the relationship between SSA concentration enhancement and meteorological variables. A brief comparison between the meteorological conditions surrounding this and another notable event documented by the US naval service is made. The potential for SSA to be a significant hazard to aviation and the recommendations for further research are considered.
Diffusion tensor imaging in abdominal organs
Authors: Lanzman Rotem Shlomo , Wittsack Hans‐Jörg
Published: November 2015

Initially, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was mainly applied in studies of the human brain to analyse white matter tracts. As DTI is outstanding for the analysis of tissue´s microstructure, the interest in DTI for the assessment of abdominal tissues has increased continuously in recent years. Tissue characteristics of abdominal organs differ substantially from those of the human brain. Further peculiarities such as respiratory motion and heterogenic tissue composition lead to difficult conditions that have to be overcome in DTI measurements. Thus MR measurement parameters have to be adapted for DTI in abdominal organs. This review article provides information on the technical background of DTI with a focus on abdominal imaging, as well as an overview of clinical studies and application of DTI in different abdominal regions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On network operating system security
Authors: Röpke Christian , Holz Thorsten
Published: November 2015

The emerging concept of software‐defined networking (SDN) enables new opportunities for building future networks. In such setups, a so‐called network operating system (NOS), which is also known as SDN controller, provides services to manage the underlying and programmable network infrastructure. On top, the so‐called SDN applications leverage NOS services and implement business needs in order to orchestrate the network as required. Thereby, such applications have access to all kinds of operations (including critical ones) to use valuable NOS and SDN resources. In case of faulty and malicious SDN applications, we demonstrate that today's NOSs can be significantly harmed, for example, by fatal errors and the adverse use of critical operations. To tackle this problem, we propose a sandbox system, which allows us to restrict not only SDN applications but also internal NOS components to access only a configurable set of critical operations. This enables operators to prevent the entire NOS from crashing in case a single SDN application or NOS component runs into a fatal error. Furthermore, operators can deny access to unwanted critical operations in order to prevent the potential misuse of such operations. For our proposal, we provide two proof‐of‐concept implementations: one for the industry's leading open‐source NOS called OpenDaylight and another one for the HP controller, which serves as foundation for the world's first SDN App Store. As a result of our work, we harden a mandatory SDN component, that is, the NOS, and achieve robustness as well as pro‐active security against faulty and malicious SDN software. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A thermo‐hydro‐mechanical model for multiphase geomaterials in dynamics with application to strain localization simulation
Authors: Cao T. D. , Sanavia L. , Schrefler B. A.
Published: November 2015

In this paper, the non‐isothermal elasto‐plastic behaviour of multiphase geomaterials in dynamics is investigated with a thermo‐hydro‐mechanical model of porous media. The supporting mathematical model is based on averaging procedures within the hybrid mixture theory. A computationally efficient reduced formulation of the macroscopic balance equations that neglects the relative acceleration of the fluids, and the convective terms is adopted. The modified effective stress state is limited by the Drucker–Prager yield surface. Small strains and dynamic loading conditions are assumed. The standard Galerkin procedure of the finite element method is applied to discretize the governing equations in space, while the generalized Newmark scheme is used for the time discretization. The final non‐linear set of equations is solved by the Newton method with a monolithic approach. Coupled dynamic analyses of strain localization in globally undrained samples of dense and medium dense sands are presented as examples. Vapour pressure below the saturation water pressure (cavitation) develops at localization in case of dense sands, as experimentally observed. A numerical study of the regularization properties of the finite element model is shown and discussed. A non‐isothermal case of incipient strain localization induced by temperature increase where evaporation takes place is also analysed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal perfluoroalkyl substance exposure and child adiposity at 8 years of age: The HOME study
Authors: Braun Joseph M. , Chen Aimin , Romano Megan E. , Calafat Antonia M. , Webster Glenys M. , Yolton Kimberly , Lanphear Bruce P.
Published: November 2015

Objective

To examine relationships between prenatal perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) exposure and adiposity in children born to women who lived downstream from a fluoropolymer manufacturing plant.

Methods

Data are from a prospective cohort in Cincinnati, Ohio (HOME Study). Perfluorooctanoic (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonic (PFOS), perfluorononanoic (PFNA), and perfluorohexane sulfonic (PFHxS) acids were measured in prenatal serum samples. Differences were measured in body mass index z‐scores (BMI), waist circumference, and body fat at 8 years of age (n = 204) and BMI between 2‐8 years of age (n = 285) according to PFAS concentrations.

Results

Children born to women in the top two PFOA terciles had greater adiposity at 8 years than children in the 1st tercile. For example, waist circumference (cm) was higher among children in the 2nd (4.3; 95% CI: 1.7, 6.9) and 3rd tercile (2.2; 95% CI: −0.5, 4.9) compared to children in the 1st tercile. Children in the top two PFOA terciles also had greater BMI gains from 2 to 8 years compared to children in the 1st tercile (P < 0.05). PFOS, PFNA, and PFHxS were not associated with adiposity.

Conclusions

In this cohort, higher prenatal serum PFOA concentrations were associated with greater adiposity at 8 years and a more rapid increase in BMI between 2‐8 years.