bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Epidemiology of urological cancer 2001–2013
Authors: Kockelbergh Roger , Hounsome Luke , Mayer Erik
Published: February 2017

Background:

The purpose of the NCRAS Urological Cancer Site-Specific Clinical Reference Group (SSCRG) is to link the knowledge of clinicians with the large amount of routine data collected by cancer registration. This study considers the latest available data and trends in incidence, mortality and survival and offers interpretation of findings in a clinical context.

Methods:

New diagnoses of urological cancer in England for 2001 to 2013 were extracted from the National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service (NCRAS). Deaths were counted from Office for National Statistics (ONS) data for the same years. Directly age-standardised rates (ASRs) and net survival were calculated.

Results:

Prostate cancer incidence has increased to 40,000 cases per year. Mortality rates are falling and hence the improvement seen in five-year survival is likely to be due to changes in treatment rather than artefact. Bladder cancer (including CIS and pTa disease) shows a stable incidence and decreasing mortality rates. Survival from T1–T4 bladder cancer is stable. There has been a marked rise in kidney cancer incidence in both sexes with a stable mortality. The stable mortality suggests that improved five-year survival may be an artefact due to increased detection as a result of more widespread use of diagnostic imaging. Incidence of upper-urinary-tract cancer has risen both for invasive and non-invasive disease, and mortality in men has risen for invasive disease. This may be down to better recognition and attribution of disease. Testicular cancer has shown little change. Deaths are now rare, and survival is the highest for any cancer. There have been no significant changes in penis cancer, which remains the rarest urological cancer.

Conclusion:

The epidemiological data suggest a generally improving picture for urological cancer. However, there are some areas which require further consideration. Population-based studies can show variation in rare cancers and highlight previously unrecognised inequalities.
Trends in incidence, mortality and treatment of penile cancer before and after centralisation of penile cancer services in England (1990–2009)
Authors: Ayres BE , Iles M , Hounsome L , McPhail S , Persad R , Verne J , Watkin NA ,   on behalf of the National Cancer Intelligence Network
Published: February 2017

Objective:

Penile cancer services were centralised in England in 2002. Has this had an impact on treatments for penile cancer and survival?

Patients and methods:

All cases of penile cancer from 1990 to 2009 were identified from national cancer registry data. Mortality data were obtained from the Office for National Statistics and survival data were extracted from a national population-based database, the Cancer Information System. Socioeconomic deprivation was calculated using a national income deprivation score and surgical treatments were obtained from Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) data.

Results:

The number of penile cancer cases recorded rose from 300 to 400 per year during the early period of centralisation. There was a significant rise in the age-standardised incidence of penile cancer from 1.2 per 100,000 to 1.4 per 100,000 during this period. Mortality remained stable at 0.3 per 100,000. One-year and five-year relative survival remained stable after centralisation at 88% and 72% respectively. The incidence and mortality of penile cancer was significantly higher in the most deprived quintile of the population. Following centralisation, the number of total penile amputations was low at 11% but only 39% of men were recorded as having lymph node surgery, although this may reflect poor compliance with coding rather than true practice.

Conclusions:

The incidence of penile cancer in England is rising, but mortality and survival remains stable. Incidence and mortality is higher in more deprived areas, and greater public awareness of this disease and its risk factors are needed. By 2009, rates of penile amputation were low but potentially the proportion of lymph-node surgery remained low. This may change with the uptake of inguinal sentinel lymph-node sampling.
Naval power, endogeneity, and long-distance disputes
Authors: Crisher Brian B.
Published: February 2017

Does an increase in naval power increase the likelihood of interstate disputes? While volumes have been written on the importance of naval power, we are left with little more than intuition and anecdotal evidence to provide potential answers to this question. Endogeneity issues in particular make it difficult to untangle the links between developing naval power and interstate conflict. Here I present a new instrument for naval power. Utilizing a new dataset of naval power and employing an instrumental variable analysis, I present one of the first large cross-national studies showing a significant link between naval power and a specific type of interstate conflict - non-contiguous disputes. The findings have implications for the future actions of states whose naval strength is growing.
Leveraging Visibility, Gaining Capital? Social Media Use in the Fight Against Child Abusers: The Case of The Judge Beauce
Authors: Myles David , Trottier Daniel
Published: February 2017

This article examines the constitutive role of mediated visibility in the emergence of contemporary vigilante initiatives. Here, visibility is conceptualized as a “heuristic device” to understand social phenomena, as well as a lever for organizations to acquire various forms of capital. The article uses the case of The Judge Beauce—a Canadian organization created in 2015 to fight against child abusers—to understand how vigilante collectives can lever mediated visibility, and online visibility in particular, to acquire specific forms of policing capital (economic, social, political, and cultural). Results show that mediated visibility was indeed crucial for raising funds, constituting vigilant/e publics, and defining vigilante identities, relations, and practices. Yet, as a “double-edged sword,” mediated visibility brought on public scrutiny that simultaneously resulted in a series of liabilities. Finally, this article contends that vigilantism in the digital age should be defined as the enactment of power im(balances) through the instrumentalization of mediated visibility rather than considering force or the threat of its use as its main feature.
Do Race and Ethnicity Matter? An Examination of Racial/Ethnic Differences in Perceptions of Procedural Justice and Recidivism Among Problem-Solving Court Clients
Authors: Atkin-Plunk Cassandra A. , Peck Jennifer H. , Armstrong Gaylene S.
Published: February 2017

Over the years, a distinct body of research has emerged that examines procedural justice in problem-solving courts. However, there is virtually no research to date on racial and ethnic differences in perceptions of procedural justice among problem-solving court clients. The present study seeks to understand the complexities of judicial procedural justice and race/ethnicity within problem-solving courts. Using a convenience sample of 132 clients from two problem-solving courts in a southern state, this study addresses a void in the literature by examining the influence of race/ethnicity on perceptions of procedural justice as well as the impact of race/ethnicity and procedural justice on clients’ likelihood of recidivism. Results suggest that Black problem-solving court clients’ have significantly lower perceptions of procedural justice, while also having a lower likelihood of recidivism. Perceptions of procedural justice did not influence recidivism outcomes. Policy implications and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Comparison of HTO with articular cartilage surgery and UKA in unicompartmental OA
Authors: Jeon Yoon Sang , Ahn Chi Hoon , Kim Myung-Ku
Published: February 2017

Purpose:

The purpose of this article was to assess the clinical outcome of high tibial osteotomy (HTO) with articular cartilage surgery compared with unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) in unicompartmental osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods:

We designed retrospective study and evaluated 47 patients with unicompartmental OA (Kellgren–Laurence [K–L] grade ≥III OA). Two groups of patients underwent either HTO with articular cartilage surgery or UKA by the senior author between January 2010 and April 2013. The minimum follow-up period is 2 years. Clinical outcomes were assessed using Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Scores, International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), and visual analog scale (VAS) score. And we evaluated the radiologic result of HTO and UKA by measuring mechanical axis at preoperative period and at last follow-up.

Results:

The IKDC score was significantly better in the UKA group than in the HTO group at 6 months but there was no significant difference in the two groups at 2 years. The VAS score was improved at the final follow-up compared to before surgery in both groups and did not show significant intergroup difference ( p = 0.123). There was no significant difference in the preoperative mechanical axis in the two groups. But their mechanical axis at the final follow-up were significantly different ( p = 0.0001).

Conclusion:

The clinical outcome was significantly better in the UKA group at 6 months. But in the two groups, there were no significant differences at 12 months and 2-year follow-up, and the mechanical axis correction effect is greater than the UKA group. Based on our research, HTO with articular cartilage surgery can be considered as the treatment of choice for more active and younger patients with unicompartmental OA.
Surgical treatment of tumours and metastases of the spine by minimally invasive cavity-coblation method
Authors: Dabravolski Dzmitry , Eßer Jan , Lahm Andreas , Merk Harry
Published: February 2017

Tumours and metastases of the spine are extremely stressful for patients, especially for elderly multimorbid patients. The modern cavity/coblation method offers a very good therapeutic alternative for such patients. The goal of this article was to evaluate and present the characteristics, significance, opportunities, issues of the minimum invasive cavity/coblation method as well as the results of the treatment of 302 patients with vertebral tumours and metastases.
Leader Talk and the Creative Spark
Authors: Mayfield Milton , Mayfield Jacqueline
Published: February 2017

Garden variety creativity has a vital but often overlooked role in business. Garden variety creativity happens whenever someone develops a new way of dealing with a workplace issue. It contrasts with institutional creativity—actions meant to develop radical new business methods and products at an organizational level. Institutional creativity advances a business’ place in an industry. Garden variety creativity makes daily routines more efficient and fulfills employees’ need for expression in the workplace. This article examines how leader communication—as captured by the motivating language framework—influences employee’s perceptions of the creative environment. Structural equation model analysis found a strong, significant, and positive relationship between leader motivating language use and worker perceptions of their creative environment. Motivating language use explained 55% of the variance in creative environment perceptions in a sample of over 140 workers drawn from diverse organizations. Findings also showed a 7% increase in creative environment perceptions for every 10% increase in motivating language use.
Marijuana on the Mind? The Impact of Marijuana on Cognition, Brain Structure, and Brain Function, and Related Public Policy Implications
Authors: Gruber Staci A. , Sagar Kelly A.
Published: February 2017

Although marijuana (MJ) has been used for thousands of years, the public’s opinion of MJ has shifted drastically over the past century, leaving many wondering about its potential risks and benefits. This article summarizes research detailing the impact of recreational MJ and related variables (frequency, magnitude, potency, and mode of MJ use) on cognition, brain structure, and brain function. MJ use, particularly at young ages, has been reported to undermine cognition, as well as alter brain structure and function. Furthermore, we discuss how data from recreational MJ studies, as well as more recent medical marijuana (MMJ) research findings, relate to legalization efforts. Considerations for policymakers, such as age limits, guidelines for safe use, and the therapeutic potential of certain constituents of MJ (i.e., cannabidiol), are also outlined. In recent years, policy has outpaced science; important areas in need of further research are noted.
Platelets and von Willebrand factor in atherogenesis
Authors: Wu Melinda D. , Atkinson Tamara M. , Lindner Jonathan R.
Published: February 2017

The role of platelet adhesion, activation, and aggregation in acute atherothrombotic events such as myocardial infarction and stroke is well established. There is increasing evidence that platelet-endothelial interactions also contribute to early atherosclerotic plaque initiation and growth. Through these interactions, platelet-derived factors can contribute to the proinflammatory and mitogenic status of resident mural cells. Among the many putative mechanisms for platelet-endothelial interactions, increased endothelial-associated von Willebrand factor, particularly in a multimerized form, which interacts with platelet glycoproteins and integrins, is a major factor and represents a therapeutic target in early atherogenesis.
Mouse models of MLL leukemia: recapitulating the human disease
Authors: Milne Thomas A.
Published: February 2017

Chromosome translocations involving the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene fuse it in frame with multiple partner genes creating novel fusion proteins (MLL-FPs) that cause aggressive acute leukemias in humans. Animal models of human disease are important for the exploration of underlying disease mechanisms as well as for testing novel therapeutic approaches. Patients carrying MLL-FPs have very few cooperating mutations, making MLL-FP driven leukemias ideal for animal modeling. The fact that the MLL-FP is the main driver mutation has allowed for a wide range of different experimental model systems designed to explore different aspects of MLL-FP leukemogenesis. In addition, MLL-FP driven acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in mice is often used as a general model for AML. This review provides an overview of different MLL-FP mouse model systems and discusses how well they have recapitulated aspects of the human disease as well as highlights the biological insights each model has provided into MLL-FP leukemogenesis. Many promising new drugs fail in the early stages of clinical trials. Lessons learned from past and present MLL-FP models may serve as a paradigm for designing more flexible and dynamic preclinical models for these as well as other acute leukemias.
Poor quality of life and functioning in bipolar disorder
Authors: Sylvia Louisa G. , Montana Rebecca E. , Deckersbach Thilo , Thase Michael E. , Tohen Maurcio , Reilly-Harrington Noreen , McInnis Melvin G. , Kocsis James H. , Bowden Charles , Calabrese Joseph , Gao Keming , Ketter Terence , Shelton Richard C. , McElroy Susan L. , Friedman Edward S. , Rabideau Dustin J. , Nierenberg Andrew A.
Published: February 2017

Background

This study explores the association of demographic and clinical features with quality of life and functioning in individuals with bipolar disorder.

Methods

Adult participants (N = 482) with bipolar I or II disorder were enrolled in a comparative effectiveness study across eleven study sites and completed baseline measures of medical and psychiatric history, current mood, quality of life, and functioning. Participants with at least mildly depressive or manic/hypomanic symptomatic severity were randomized to receive lithium or quetiapine in addition to adjunctive personalized treatment for 6 months.

Results

Participants with more severe depressive and irritability symptoms had lower quality of life and higher functional impairment. All psychiatric comorbid conditions except substance use disorder were associated with worse quality of life. On average, females had lower quality of life than males. Patients who were married, living as married, divorced, or separated had worse functional impairment compared with patients who were single or never married. A composite score of social disadvantage was associated with worse functioning and marginally associated with worse quality of life. Symptom severity did not moderate the effect of social disadvantage on quality of life or functioning.

Conclusions

Our findings highlight that depression, irritability, and psychiatric comorbid conditions negatively impact quality of life and functioning in bipolar disorder. The study suggests that individuals with social disadvantage are at risk for functional impairment.

Trial Registration This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov. Identification number: NCT01331304
TRBP maintains mammalian embryonic neural stem cell properties by enhancing the Notch signaling pathway as a novel transcriptional coactivator
Authors: Byun Sung-Hyun , Kim Juwan , Han Dasol , Kwon Mookwang , Cho Jae Youl , Ng Hui Xuan , Pleasure Samuel J. , Yoon Keejung
Published: February 2017

Transactivation response element RNA-binding protein (TRBP) is known to play important roles in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication and microRNA biogenesis. However, recent studies implicate TRBP in a variety of biological processes as a mediator for cross-talk between signal transduction pathways. Here, we provide the first evidence that TRBP is required for efficient neurosphere formation, and expression of neural stem cell markers and Notch target genes in primary neural progenitor cells in vitro. Consistent with this, introduction of TRBP into the mouse embryonic brain in utero increased the fraction of cells expressing Sox2 in the ventricular zone (VZ). We also show TRBP physically interacts with the Notch transcriptional coactivation complex through C promoter binding factor 1 (CBF1) and strengthens the association between the Notch intracellular domain (NICD) and CBF1, resulting in increased NICD recruitment to the promoter region of a Notch target gene. Our data indicate that TRBP is a novel transcriptional coactivator of the Notch signaling pathway playing an important role in neural stem cell regulation during mammalian brain development.
MpWIP regulates air pore complex development in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha
Authors: Jones Victor A. S. , Dolan Liam
Published: February 2017

The colonisation of the land by plants was accompanied by the evolution of complex tissues and multicellular structures comprising different cell types as morphological adaptations to the terrestrial environment. Here, we show that the single WIP protein in the early-diverging land plant Marchantia polymorpha L. is required for the development of the multicellular gas exchange structure: the air pore complex. This 16-cell barrel-shaped structure surrounds an opening between epidermal cells that facilitates the exchange of gases between the chamber containing the photosynthetic cells inside the plant and the air outside. MpWIP is expressed in cells of the developing air pore complex and the morphogenesis of the complex is defective in plants with reduced MpWIP function. The role of WIP proteins in the control of different multicellular structures in M. polymorpha and the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana suggests that these proteins controlled the development of multicellular structures in the common ancestor of land plants. We hypothesise that WIP genes were subsequently co-opted in the control of morphogenesis of novel multicellular structures that evolved during the diversification of land plants.
Functional characterisation of cis-regulatory elements governing dynamic Eomes expression in the early mouse embryo
Authors: Simon Claire S. , Downes Damien J. , Gosden Matthew E. , Telenius Jelena , Higgs Douglas R. , Hughes Jim R. , Costello Ita , Bikoff Elizabeth K. , Robertson Elizabeth J.
Published: February 2017

The T-box transcription factor (TF) Eomes is a key regulator of cell fate decisions during early mouse development. The cis-acting regulatory elements that direct expression in the anterior visceral endoderm (AVE), primitive streak (PS) and definitive endoderm (DE) have yet to be defined. Here, we identified three gene-proximal enhancer-like sequences (PSE_a, PSE_b and VPE) that faithfully activate tissue-specific expression in transgenic embryos. However, targeted deletion experiments demonstrate that PSE_a and PSE_b are dispensable, and only VPE is required for optimal Eomes expression in vivo. Embryos lacking this enhancer display variably penetrant defects in anterior-posterior axis orientation and DE formation. Chromosome conformation capture experiments reveal VPE-promoter interactions in embryonic stem cells (ESCs), prior to gene activation. The locus resides in a large (500 kb) pre-formed compartment in ESCs and activation during DE differentiation occurs in the absence of 3D structural changes. ATAC-seq analysis reveals that VPE, PSE_a and four additional putative enhancers display increased chromatin accessibility in DE that is associated with Smad2/3 binding coincident with transcriptional activation. By contrast, activation of the Eomes target genes Foxa2 and Lhx1 is associated with higher order chromatin reorganisation. Thus, diverse regulatory mechanisms govern activation of lineage specifying TFs during early development.
Gestão corporativa, relacionamento com stakeholders e ética: o dilema da Graça
Authors: D'Acosta Rivera Jorge Ramón , De Moraes Edmilson Alves
Published: February 2017

No contexto da campanha presidencial de 2014, e do escândalo de corrupção envolvendo a Petrobras, o caso apresenta o dilema de sua presidenta Graça Foster diante da dificuldade de obter o parecer de auditores independentes para a publicação do balanço.
Uber: uma inovação com potencial infinito para polêmicas
Authors: Dargains Stefania
Published: February 2017

O caso discorre sobre uma mudança disruptiva promovida por uma startup do Vale do Silício que, em menos de cinco anos de existência, se tornou uma das plataformas mais emblemáticas de negócios digitais, com valor de mercado estimado em US$ 62,5 bilhões, no final do primeiro semestre de 2016.
A review of perioperative anesthesia and analgesia for infants: updates and trends to watch
Authors: Martin Lizabeth D , Jimenez Nathalia , Lynn Anne M
Published: February 2017

This review focuses on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of opioid and non-opioid analgesics in neonates and infants. The unique physiology of this population differs from that of adults and impacts drug handling. Morphine and remifentanil are described as examples of older versus recently developed opiates to compare and contrast pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in infants. Exploration of genetics affecting both pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of opiates is an area of active research, as is the investigation of a new class of mu-opiate-binding agents which seem selective for analgesic pathways while having less activity in pathways linked to side effects. The kinetics of acetaminophen and of ketorolac as examples of parenteral non-steroidal analgesics in infants are also discussed. The growth in regional anesthesia for peri-operative analgesia in infants can fill an important role minimizing intra-operative anesthetic exposure to opioids and transitioning to post-operative care. Use of multi-modal techniques is recommended to decrease undesirable opiate-related side effects in this vulnerable population.
Examination on Brain Training Method: Effects of n-back task and dual-task
Authors: Sawami Kazue , Katahata Yukari , Suishu Chizuko , Kamiyoshikawa Tomiko , Fujita Emi , Uraoka Mika , Nishikawa Hiroko
Published: February 2017

Background: Alzheimer's dementia (AD) is the most common dementia, accounting for more than 60% of all dementia cases. For adults aged >65 years, the incidence rate doubles for every 5 years of increased age; therefore, preserving cognitive function is a pressing issue. Thus, our team screens for AD in older adults with mild cognitive impairment, at 11 public halls in Kashihara City, Japan, and offers follow-up to those with cognitive difficulties. The purpose of this research was to measure the effects of two interventions, a dual-task (requiring the participant to perform two tasks at the same time) and an n-back task (test of memory retention, requiring the participant to identify the item occupying the nth-back position in a sequence of items). A comparison group performed a single learning task in place of the dual-task.  Moreover, the majority of non-drug therapies for the maintenance of cognitive function help promote a positive mood, activating reward systems in the brain and motivating the individual to continue the task. Therefore, the correlation between cognitive function, and positive and negative mood was investigated. 

Methods: Dual and n- back task (n = 304) and single-task (n = 78) groups were compared in a 6-month intervention. Salivary α-amylase concentration was measured, which reflects positive and negative mood, and correlations with cognitive function were analyzed. 

Results: Cognitive function improved in both the dual-task and the single-task groups, and many cognitive domains had improved in the dual-task group. A correlation between salivary α-amylase and cognitive function was found, indicating that a greater positive mood was associated with greater cognitive function.

Conclusion: The results of this research show that functional decline can be improved by a cognitive intervention. Positive mood and cognitive function were correlated, suggesting that encouraging comfort in the participant can increase the effectiveness of the intervention.
Lectotypification of the name Lilium lancifolium (Liliaceae)
Authors: Gao Yun-Dong , Gao Xin-Fen
Published: February 2017

We discuss the typification of the name Lilium lancifolium (Liliaceae). We designate a specimen from UPS as the lectotype.
A phylogenetic circumscription of Silene sect. Siphonomorpha (Caryophyllaceae) in the Mediterranean Basin
Authors: Naciri Yamama , Du Pasquier Pierre-Emmanuel , Lundberg Magnus , Jeanmonod Daniel , Oxelman Bengt
Published: February 2017

Silene sect. Siphonomorpha (Caryophyllaceae) has historically either been split into three different and homogeneous entities (sect. Italicae, sect. Paradoxae, sect. Siphonomorpha s.str.) or considered as a single group (sect. Siphonomorpha s.l.). In this study, we investigate the delimitation of sect. Siphonomorpha s.l. and the three subgroups, in order to sort out previous taxonomic concepts. We first performed an analysis of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences with wide taxonomic sampling to place sect. Siphonomorpha within the genus. Then, using nuclear and chloroplast sequences in a multi‐species coalescent context, we constructed two species trees with independent specimen sampling. One was based on ITS, the nuclear RPA2 gene, and the plastid rps16 gene, the other used ITS and the plastid trnH‐psbA and trnS‐trnG regions. The results are congruent among the three analyses and show that sect. Siphonomorpha s.l. is not supported as being monophyletic and that an extended concept of this section would include species also belonging to sections Saxifragoideae, Coronatae, Tataricae, Chloranthae, Barbeyanae, Nanosilene, Otites, Koreanae, Brachypodae, Graminiformes, Dianthoidea, Longitubulosae and Holopetalae. However, the three entities “Italicae”, “Paradoxae” and “Siphonomorpha s.str.” are monophyletic with minor alterations and deserve taxonomic recognition as sections. Several ambiguous species are now resolved, among them the position of S. gigantea which is shown to be a highly supported clade, sister of sect. Italicae, that could therefore be named sect. Giganteae.
High technology for efficiency increase of dimensional treatment of carbon plastics with pulse nano-second emission of fiber ytterbium laser
Authors: Котов Сергей , Kotov Sergey
Published: February 2017

In this work there are shown results of the complex theoretical and experimental investigation of laser dimensional treatment of different types of carbon plastics with the thickness of 1mm with the matrix on the base of thermosetting binding agents. In the course of this work fulfillment there was developed an experimental plant on the basis of a pulse nano-second fiber laser of type YLPM-1-4x200-20-20 with the wave length of 1.06 µm and average radiated power of 20 W. The theoretical assessment of a thermal impact area is carried out on a model of an instantaneously operating normally distributed circular source on the surface of a semi-infinite body. In accordance with the assessment given there are formulated recommendations for a choice of definite technological parameters of machining conditions directed to the decrease of a thermal impact area and increase of processing speed. In the course of experimental researches a laser source operated with a maximum average power, beam scanning was carried out by a two-axial galvano-scanner. The experiments were carried out without technological gas supply in are environment at different speeds of beam scanning, laser operating modes, passes number, hatch distances and positions of a focusing plane. The area of a thermal impact and geometry of a cut slot were analyzed with the aid of an optic and electronic microscope and a contour-graph. The work result is recommendations for a choice of technological parameters and an algorithm of processing at which the area of thermal impact is less than 150 µm; taper of a cut slot is less than 100 µm; there are no defects on a surface and a cross profile of the cut slot section; a high speed of processing is achieved.
Comparison of Vertical and Horizontal Facial Ratio–An Anthropometric Study
Authors: Sadacharan Chakravarthy Marx
Published: February 2017

Introduction: Information on facial ratios of men and women has significant application in science and clinical practice. Facial proportions differ from one individual to another within a gender, group and race. Data on facial anthropometric ratios for men may not generally be appropriate for women of identical ethnicities.
Objectives: The aim was to determine the difference in the facial ratios among Indian American men and women, and compare these results with facial ratios of Indian and Caucasian persons.
Methods: Using a digital caliper, direct facial measurements of 200 Indian American students (100 men and 100 women) were made. These were students of American University of Antigua (AUA), Antigua, ages 18-30 years. Facial ratios amongst this group were then calculated and the differences between sexes compared.
Results: The mandibulo-lower facial height, upper face-face height, mandibulo-facial height, mandibulo-upper face height, eye fissure-nasal width, upper lip-nose height, mandibular and upper lip height-mouth width ratios showed sexual differences, which were extremely statistically significant (p<0.001). Horizontal to horizontal facial ratios did not show statistically significant sexual difference when compared with vertical to vertical and vertical to horizontal facial ratios in between sexes.
Conclusion: Among Indian and Caucasian populations, the vertical to horizontal facial ratios showed significant sexual differences. The present study variance in the facial ratios amid Indian American sexes can be clinically applied by surgeons during procedures involving the face to help in achieving an attractive and symmetrical appearance.
Mitochondrial efficiency and exercise economy following heat stress: a potential role of uncoupling protein 3
Authors: Salgado Roy M. , Sheard Ailish C. , Vaughan Roger A. , Parker Daryl L. , Schneider Suzanne M. , Kenefick Robert W. , McCormick James J. , Gannon Nicholas P. , Van Dusseldorp Trisha A. , Kravitz Len R. , Mermier Christine M.
Published: February 2017

Heat stress has been reported to reduce uncoupling proteins (UCP) expression, which in turn should improve mitochondrial efficiency. Such an improvement in efficiency may translate to the systemic level as greater exercise economy. However, neither the heat‐induced improvement in mitochondrial efficiency (due to decrease in UCP), nor its potential to improve economy has been studied. Determine: (i) if heat stress in vitro lowers UCP3 thereby improving mitochondrial efficiency in C2C12 myocytes; (ii) whether heat acclimation (HA) in vivo improves exercise economy in trained individuals; and (iii) the potential improved economy during exercise at altitude. In vitro, myocytes were heat stressed for 24 h (40°C), followed by measurements of UCP3, mitochondrial uncoupling, and efficiency. In vivo, eight trained males completed: (i) pre‐HA testing; (ii) 10 days of HA (40°C, 20% RH); and (iii) post‐HA testing. Pre‐ and posttesting consisted of maximal exercise test and submaximal exercise at two intensities to assess exercise economy at 1600 m (Albuquerque, NM) and 4350 m. Heat‐stressed myocytes displayed significantly reduced UCP3 mRNA expression and, mitochondrial uncoupling (77.1 ± 1.2%, P < 0.0001) and improved mitochondrial efficiency (62.9 ± 4.1%, P < 0.0001) compared to control. In humans, at both 1600 m and 4350 m, following HA, submaximal exercise economy did not change at low and moderate exercise intensities. Our findings indicate that while heat‐induced reduction in UCP3 improves mitochondrial efficiency in vitro, this is not translated to in vivo improvement of exercise economy at 1600 m or 4350 m.
Evidence for an Evolutionarily Conserved Memory Coding Scheme in the Mammalian Hippocampus
Authors: Thome Alexander , Marrone Diano F. , Ellmore Timothy M. , Chawla Monica K. , Lipa Peter , Ramirez-Amaya Victor , Lisanby Sarah H. , McNaughton Bruce L. , Barnes Carol A.
Published: February 2017

Decades of research identify the hippocampal formation as central to memory storage and recall. Events are stored via distributed population codes, the parameters of which (e.g., sparsity and overlap) determine both storage capacity and fidelity. However, it remains unclear whether the parameters governing information storage are similar between species. Because episodic memories are rooted in the space in which they are experienced, the hippocampal response to navigation is often used as a proxy to study memory. Critically, recent studies in rodents that mimic the conditions typical of navigation studies in humans and nonhuman primates (i.e., virtual reality) show that reduced sensory input alters hippocampal representations of space. The goal of this study was to quantify this effect and determine whether there are commonalities in information storage across species. Using functional molecular imaging, we observe that navigation in virtual environments elicits activity in fewer CA1 neurons relative to real-world conditions. Conversely, comparable neuronal activity is observed in hippocampus region CA3 and the dentate gyrus under both conditions. Surprisingly, we also find evidence that the absolute number of neurons used to represent an experience is relatively stable between nonhuman primates and rodents. We propose that this convergence reflects an optimal ensemble size for episodic memories.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTOne primary factor constraining memory capacity is the sparsity of the engram, the proportion of neurons that encode a single experience. Investigating sparsity in humans is hampered by the lack of single-cell resolution and differences in behavioral protocols. Sparsity can be quantified in freely moving rodents, but extrapolating these data to humans assumes that information storage is comparable across species and is robust to restraint-induced reduction in sensory input. Here, we test these assumptions and show that species differences in brain size build memory capacity without altering the structure of the data being stored. Furthermore, sparsity in most of the hippocampus is resilient to reduced sensory information. This information is vital to integrating animal data with human imaging navigation studies.
Should bariatric surgery be performed in adolescents?
Authors: Beamish Andrew J , Reinehr Thomas
Published: February 2017

Adolescent obesity has markedly increased worldwide in both its extent and prevalence in recent decades and obesity prevention strategies are failing. As a result, effective treatment strategies are urgently needed. As behavioral and pharmacological treatment approaches have only moderate effects in severe obesity, bariatric surgery has begun to emerge as a treatment option. In this debate article, we offer arguments opposing and supporting bariatric surgery in the treatment of severe obesity in adolescents. Bariatric surgery has superior therapeutic outcomes with respect to weight loss and resolution of comorbid diseases over other existing treatments. However, long-term outcomes after bariatric surgery in adolescents are only just beginning to emerge. Furthermore, the procedures are generally considered irreversible, apart from gastric banding. Most importantly, not all adolescents seem to benefit greatly from bariatric surgery and we are not yet able to reliably identify those who stand to gain the greatest benefit. The authors agree that adolescent bariatric surgery should be offered exclusively within formal adolescent obesity programs, delivered by specialist multidisciplinary child/adolescent obesity teams, and within specialist centers, in order to optimize outcomes and minimize potential detrimental effects. Patients and their family/carers must be educated regarding the benefits and risks, potential side effects, expected changes in eating behavior and the lifelong requirement for regular medical follow-up after surgery. Before embarking upon a surgical treatment pathway in adolescents with severe obesity, it may also be beneficial to ensure compliance to treatment is demonstrated, in order to minimize the risk of nutritional deficiencies and associated potential complications.
Increasing Tdap Coverage Among Postpartum Women: A Quality Improvement Intervention
Authors: Bernstein Henry H. , Monty Mikhaela , Yang Patriot , Cohen Amy
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

Infants are at greatest risk for severe disease and death from pertussis; most acquire it from household contacts. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines recommend tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis, adsorbed (Tdap) vaccination for infant caregivers, especially postpartum women who did not receive it during pregnancy. Our objective was to increase the percentage of women receiving Tdap vaccine before postpartum discharge.

METHODS:

An interdisciplinary workgroup identified barriers to improvement of postpartum Tdap vaccination from which a 5-step intervention was created: (1) provide education on Tdap and pertussis; (2) offer Tdap throughout hospitalization; (3) create a Tdap standing order; (4) keep Tdap as floor stock; and (5) document administration. Pre- and postintervention data were collected from monthly chart reviews. Our main outcome measures were the proportion of postpartum women eligible for Tdap and the proportion of those eligible who received Tdap.

RESULTS:

Preintervention baseline data (202 charts) described 166 postpartum women eligible to receive Tdap. Of the eligible women, 91 (55%) received the Tdap vaccine. During the 9-month postintervention period, 844 charts were reviewed (average, 93 per month; range, 82–104). Of the 632 women eligible to receive the Tdap vaccine, 462 (73% overall [range, 67%–79%]) received it. Thirty-three percent more postpartum mothers received the Tdap vaccine before discharge in the postintervention period (P < .01). The percentage of women eligible decreased from 82% to 75%.

CONCLUSIONS:

This quality improvement initiative substantially increased Tdap immunization in the immediate postpartum period. Efforts to increase immunization during pregnancy for passive transfer of maternal antibodies remain preferable.
PENAMBANGAN TIMAH INKONVENSIONAL: DAMPAKNYA TERHADAP KERUSAKKAN BIODIVERSITAS PERAIRAN UMUM DI PULAU BANGKA
Authors: Prianto Eko , Husnah Husnah
Published: February 2017

Penambangan timah inkonvensional di Pulau Bangka telah berlangsung sejak tahun 2000. Kegiatan ini dilakukan oleh masyarakat atau pengusaha tanpa mendapat izin dari pemerintah. Pada tahun 2002 jumlah timah inkonvensional sekitar 6.000 unit yang tersebar di seluruh Pulau Bangka.Kegiatan ini telah memberikan dampak yang sangat besar terhadap ekosistem perairan dan masyarakat sekitarnya. Aktivitas ini telah memberikan dampak yang sangat buruk terhadap ekosistem perairan seperti 1) sedimentasi dan perubahan bentang alam kawasan pesisir, 2) meningkatnyakesuburan perairan, 3) peningkatan kekeruhan perairan, 4) kerusakkan ekosistem dan musnahnya biota perairan, dan 5) pencemaran logam berat. Kasus penambangan timah inkonvensional ini dikhawatirkan dapat menjadi fenomena gunung es yang suatu saat dapat menjadi konflik horisontalantar sesama masyarakat. Untuk menghindari hal ini pemerintah perlu menata ulang sistem pengelolaan dan perizinan pada pihak yang melakukan penambangan timah di Pulau Bangka.
Improving the transition from medical student to junior doctor: a one-month course in the final year of medical school
Authors: Boakes Eve , Shah Nikita
Published: February 2017

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. Concern exists that the transition from student to doctor is abrupt and stressful, with new graduates lacking both clinical skills and confidence. This study explores the effect a preparation programme can have on the confidence and skills of final year medical students (FYMSs), prior to commencing their first clinical post. Foundation year one (FY1) doctors were surveyed on challenges they faced when commencing clinical work. Findings were used to design a practical, four-week, eight lecture course, aimed at preparing final year medical students for work. Questionnaires and focus groups were used to establish pre- and post-course concerns.Amongst FY1 doctors (n=105) the predominant concern was the diagnosis and management of unwell patients (66.7%). Medical students expressed similar fears (80.85%). On average each session significantly improved confidence levels by 25.3% (95% CI: 23.27-27.12%, p<0.01). Sessions on prescribing and palliative care showed greatest confidence improvement (31.1% and 29.4% respectively).This programme supports the transition from medical student to practising doctor, and was found to be useful and effective at building student confidence through practical advice from current FY1 doctors to the next generation of junior doctors. It remains unclear as to when (within the year) this course would be most beneficially placed.
Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo: adaptação aos novos tempos
Authors: Landim Maria Isabel
Published: February 2017

Museus ditos tradicionais têm como centro de gravidade seus acervos. Estes, muitas vezes, precedem as próprias instituições: o clássico modelo de coleções privadas que encontram as vias institucionais públicas e a acessibilidade. O Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP) não é uma exceção a essa regra. Seu acervo está vinculado a coleções do século XIX, incorporadas ao Estado de São Paulo, em idas e vindas institucionais, até a configuração atual de museu universitário de excelência em pesquisa, ensino e extensão. Como tal, o MZUSP continua enfrentando desafios e necessidades de transformação e adaptação às novas realidades do século XXI.
Optimizing Local Control in High-Grade Uterine Sarcoma: Adjuvant Vaginal Vault Brachytherapy as Part of a Multimodal Treatment
Authors: Annede Pierre , Gouy Sébastien , Mazeron Renaud , Bentivegna Enrica , Maroun Pierre , Petit Claire , Dumas Isabelle , Leary Alexandra , Genestie Catherine , Lhommé Catherine , Deutsch Eric , Morice Philippe , Pautier Patricia , Haie-Meder Christine , Chargari Cyrus
Published: February 2017

Purpose

The phase III European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer 55874 study has shown that external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) given as adjuvant treatment decreased locoregional recurrences from 40% to 20% in patients (pts) with localized uterine sarcomas (US). No data exist, however, on the place of brachytherapy (BT).

Material and Methods

We conducted a single-center retrospective analysis of pts receiving adjuvant BT of the vaginal vault based on the vaginal mold technique as part of their multimodal adjuvant treatment for a high-grade US from 1985 to 2015. Treatment characteristics, patterns of relapse, and toxicity were examined.

Results

Median follow-up time was 5.5 years. A total of 98 pts with high-grade US were identified: 81 leiomyosarcomas and 17 undifferentiated sarcomas. Postoperative chemotherapy was delivered in 53 pts. Median dose of EBRT was 45 Gy in 25 fractions. High-dose rate, low-dose rate, and pulsed-dose rate techniques were used in 66, 31, and 1 pts, respectively. At last follow-up, six pts (6.1%) experienced a locoregional relapse as first event. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage and the tumor size were associated with a higher probability of local relapse. When focusing on pts with stage I-III disease, 5-year overall survival was 77% (95% confidence interval: 67%–87%) and 5-year survival without locoregional failure was 91% (83%–98%). Toxicities were mild to moderate, with only four acute grade 3 toxicities and two grade 3 late effects.

Conclusion

Vaginal vault BT as part of a multimodal adjuvant treatment was associated with a high locoregional control rate and with acceptable side effects in localized high-grade US.
Construction dewatering in Chalk
Authors: Preene Martin , Roberts Toby O. L.
Published: February 2017

Construction dewatering is often required to control groundwater when excavations are made in Chalk, which is a relatively soft fissured limestone. The rate of groundwater inflow and any associated instability in an excavation are controlled by the hydrogeological setting and the degree of weathering of the chalk. Structureless Chalk or highly weathered structured Chalk may exhibit groundwater-related instability comparable to coarse geotechnical soils such as sands and gravels. Conversely, less weathered structured Chalk may act like massive fissured rock, where large water inflows can occur along pre-existing bedding planes, fissures and other geological features such as sheet flints. The applicability of construction dewatering techniques is strongly influenced by permeability, which can be related indirectly to weathering grade of Chalk. This paper includes data on 49 case histories, from the literature and the authors’ experience, of construction dewatering in Chalk and presents guidance on dewatering methods to be used in different grades of Chalk; this is an update of previous guidance provided by the authors in 1990. Recommendations are given for appropriate ground investigation techniques relevant to construction dewatering, including well pumping tests and dewatering trials.