bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nanotopography Engineering on Homopolymeric Surfaces Using Cold Plasma Generated Charges
Authors: Manolache Sorin O. , Gutierrez Klinsmann A. , Hall Charles D.
Published: November 2010

Summary: Cold plasma as source for charged particles was used to induce nanotopographies on homopolymeric surfaces (nylon 12, PMMA, PMA, etc.). Hydrogen and helium plasmas were successfully used for surface nanoengineering of polymers using inductively coupled or atmospheric pressure non‐equilibrium barrier discharge reactors. AFM analyses reveal the presence of nanotopographies on the treated surfaces. Physical factors control the process below the Tg and chemical factors dominate the process above Tg. Pyrolysis GC/MS analyses have been performed in order to obtain more information about the plasma processes. Cold plasma chemical processes, including charges effects are discussed as tools that open‐up new ways for nanoengineering of the polymers' surfaces with specific functionalities and / or topography. Future nanomanufacturing techniques can generate anti‐scratch, superhydrophobic or superhydrophilic properties on surface of every day use polymeric products by simple and convenient plasma enhanced processes.
Cardanol Based Matrix for Jute Reinforced Pipes
Authors: Campaner Pietro , D'Amico Daniele , Ferri Pierluigi , Longo Luigia , Maffezzoli Alfonso , Stifani Cristina , Tarzia Antonella
Published: November 2010

The aim of this work is the development of composite pipes using renewable resources. The pipes, manufactured by filament winding technology, were obtained using an epoxy resin crosslinked with a cardanol based novolac as matrix and jute fibres as reinforcement. Cardanol is a natural oil extracted from the shell of the cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) nut. An amount of natural materials higher than 50% by weight was achieved in the final composites. Tensile and parallel plate compression tests were carried out on the composite pipes.
Chitosan Encapsulation of Poly(n‐butyl acrylate‐co‐methyl methacrylate) Particles
Authors: Taweerat Wikanda , Phattanarudee Siriwan
Published: November 2010

Poly(n‐butyl acrylate‐co‐methyl methacrylate) particles encapsulated with chitosan were synthesized at 1:1 monomer ratio using potassium persulfate as an initiator. Effect of concentration and molecular weight of chitosan on particle encapsulation process was investigated. Chitosan concentration was varied from 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% w/v, while molecular weights were 120, 370, and 850 kDa, respectively. The results showed that the particle diameter of the copolymer particles with chitosan encapsulation was increased when the concentration and molecular weight of chitosan were increased. The average particle size and zeta potential were obtained in a range of 144–625 nm and +27 – +47 mV, respectively. TEM micrographs suggested a presence of the chitosan encapsulation layer on the particles.
PMMA‐AES Blends Prepared by in situ Polymerization
Authors: de Carvalho Fabiana Pires , Gonçalves Maria do Carmo , Felisberti Maria Isabel
Published: November 2010

Blends of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(acrylonitrile‐g‐(ethylene‐co‐propylene‐co‐diene)‐g‐styrene) (AES) were prepared by in situ polymerization. AES, a commercial elastomer obtained by radical copolymerization of styrene and acrylonitrile in the presence of ethylene‐propylene‐diene terpolymer (EPDM), was dissolved in methyl methacrylate and the in situ polymerization was conducted at 60 °C. The blends were characterized by CHN analysis, infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These blends are immiscible and present complex phase behavior. Selective extraction of the blends’ components showed that a fraction of the material is crosslinked and grafting reactions on EPDM chains take place during MMA polymerization. Syndiotactic PMMA was obtained in the presence of AES and this syndiotactic‐specificity increased with increasing amount of AES. The morphology of polymerized specimens showed irregular domains of elastomeric phase and in some cases inclusions of PMMA could be observed.
Dielectric Analysis of Short‐Term and Long‐Term Curing of Novel Photo‐Curing Dental Filling Materials
Authors: Steinhaus Johannes , Frentzen Matthias , Rosentritt Martin , Möginger Bernhard
Published: November 2010

Highly glass powder filled photo‐curing dental filling materials based on acrylic resins are used as an alternative for classical amalgam fillings for almost two decades. To improve the performance of the fillings nowadays nano‐particles are introduced in these resins. However, surprisingly less is known about their curing kinetics and how it is affected by the composition of the resin and the kind of the filler. It is shown how the dielectric analysis (DEA) can be used to trace both the short‐term photo‐curing (Figure 1) as well as the long‐term post‐curing of such resins when measuring its ion viscosity. Especially if assisted by other thermo‐analytical methods the DEA allows for a deeper insight in the processes occurring in the dental filling materials. Long‐term measurements over several days using DEA and DMA (dynamic mechanical analysis) exhibit that there are going on significant changes of the properties of the dental material which are relevant for the long‐term performance (Figure 2). The DEA is an easy to handle and cost efficient method to investigate the curing kinetic either for dental composite material engineering as well as for quality insurance purposes.
Notched Ring Test for Measuring Slow Cracking Resistance in Plastics Pipes and Fittings
Authors: Tischler Christian , Kratochvilla Thomas R. , Muschik Heinz , Dragaun Heinz
Published: November 2010

It is known, that the lifetime of polyethylene pipes is essentially limited by slow crack growth (SCG). For state of the art PE materials common SCG testing methods have reached their limits with respect to extension of testing times. A comparatively new method is the Notched Ring Test (NRT) as developed by Choi et al.[1] Pipe rings notched at the inner wall are used. The test is carried out in 80 °C water under constant bending load. The arrangement of the notch at the inner wall reduces testing times using the residual stress of extruded pipes. A disadvantage of this method is that there is no clearly defined failure time because SCG takes place between two phases of creeping. The output of this test is an “on‐set slow cracking time” (crack initiation), obtained by analysis of the displacement curve. In this work it has been shown that the NRT method yields to brittle fracture within acceptable time frames.[2] Methods for data analysis are presented. This test could be very useful applied in research and development for resin evaluation and as a tool in quality control in pipe production for evaluating the process conditions.
Synthesis and complete assignment of NMR data of 20 chalcones
Authors: Hwang Doseok , Hyun Jiye , Jo Geunhyeong , Koh Dongsoo , Lim Yoongho
Published: November 2010

Chalcones, intermediates in flavonoid biosynthesis, can exhibit antibacterial, antiproliferative, and anti‐inflammatory properties. Chalcones contain two benzene rings and both hydroxylated and methoxylated analogs are frequently produced by hydroxylases and O‐methyltransferases in plant biosynthetic pathways. Assignments of NMR peaks in the spectra of hydroxylated and/or methoxylated chalcones can help in identifying novel chalcone derivatives isolated from natural sources by referencing these data against NMR spectra obtained from known chalcones. We report here the syntheses of 20 chalcones and complete assignments of 1H and 13C NMR spectra. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generalized plasticity state parameter‐based model for saturated and unsaturated soils. Part II: Unsaturated soil modeling
Authors: Manzanal Diego , Pastor Manuel , Merodo José Antonio Fernández
Published: November 2010

The aim of this paper is to extend the generalized plasticity state parameter‐based model presented in part 1 to reproduce the hydro‐mechanical behavior of unsaturated soils. The proposed model is based on two pairs of stress–strain variables and a suitable hardening law taking into account the bonding—debonding effect of suction and degree of saturation. A generalized state parameter for unsaturated state is proposed to reproduce soil behavior using a single set of material parameters. Generalized plasticity gives a suitable framework to reproduce not only monotonic stress path but also cyclic behavior. The hydraulic hysteresis during a drying—wetting cycle and the void ratio effect on the hydraulic behavior is introduced. Comparison between model simulations and a series of experimental data available, both cohesive and granular, are given to illustrate the accuracy of the enhanced generalized plasticity equation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Water alternatives—who and what influences public acceptance?
Authors: Dolnicar Sara , Hurlimann Anna
Published: November 2010

Water supports life, society, the environment and the economy, therefore, the task of ensuring a nation's water supply is one of the most fundamental responsibilities of every government. Water management has become a greater challenge due to the increased demand for water as a result of population growth and the impact of climate change on the variability of rainfall. In response, many cities have implemented plans to augment their traditional water supplies (e.g. dams and groundwater) with new or alternative sources (e.g. recycled wastewater and desalinated sea water). Historical evidence suggests that in order for water augmentation projects to be successfully implemented, the support of the general public is required. It is thus critical to understand the factors which influence people's attitudes regarding water‐related matters. The aim of this study is to identify these influencing factors. Results from an empirical study including both qualitative and quantitative components indicate that a number of factors are influential in the public's acceptance of alternative water sources, including research findings, the experience of water shortage, consideration for future generations and news, facts and other publicized information. Notably, politicians and the government were rated by respondents as having a low level of influence. Factors which may determine differences in influence were explored. This revealed a small number of differences for people with low acceptance levels of recycled and desalinated water, and for people with higher levels of education. Systematic differences were identified by comparing the general Australian population with that of Toowoomba, a regional town in Queensland where a referendum on a water recycling project was held. Policy implications are discussed.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ski, a modulator of wound healing and scar formation in the rat skin and rabbit ear
Authors: Li Ping , Liu Ping , Xiong Ren‐Ping , Chen Xing‐Yun , Zhao Yan , Lu Wei‐Ping , Liu Xia , Ning Ya‐Lei , Yang Nan , Zhou Yuan‐Guo
Published: November 2010

We recently demonstrated that Ski is a novel wound healing‐related factor that promotes fibroblast proliferation and inhibits collagen secretion. Here, we show that increasing local Ski expression by gene transfer not only significantly accelerated wound healing by relieving inflammation, accelerating re‐epithelialization and increasing formation of granulation tissue, but also reduced scar formation by decreasing collagen production in rat dermal wounds. Similarly, ski gene transfer accelerated wound healing, reduced the protuberant height and volume of scars and increased collagen maturity in a hypertrophic scar model in the rabbit ear. Conversely, reducing Ski expression in the wound by RNA interference resulted in significantly slower wound healing and increased scar area in rat dermal wounds. We demonstrated that these effects of Ski are associated with transforming growth factor‐β‐mediated signalling pathways through both Smad2/3‐dependent and Smad‐independent pathways. Together, our results define a dual role for Ski in promoting wound healing and alleviating scar formation, identifying a new target for therapeutic approaches to preventing scar hyperplasia and accelerating wound healing. Copyright © 2011 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal properties of polypropylene nanocomposites: Effects of carbon nanomaterials and processing
Authors: Radhakrishnan Vinod K. , Zagarola Stephen W. , Davis Edward W. , Davis Virginia A.
Published: November 2010

Design of experiments was used to elucidate the complex interactions that determine nanocomposite properties and enable predictive models for optimization. The thermal properties of nanocomposites containingpolypropylene, single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), dodecyl‐functionalized SWNTs, and vapor‐grown carbon fibers were investigated as a function of extrusion temperature, screw speed, and time. The effects of extruder processing conditions on thermal properties was dependent on the fraction of polymer chains stabilized in the interphase, the extent of polymer degradation, and the type of nanomaterial incorporated. Melting and crystallization temperatures were primarily affected by nanomaterial type. However, thermal decomposition temperature was affected significantly by processing conditions and the response wasdependent on the type of nanomaterial incorporated. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers
Arylamino‐functionalized fluorene‐ and carbazole‐based copolymers: Color‐tuning their CdTe nanocrystal composites from red to white
Authors: Kanelidis Ioannis , Ren Yi , Lesnyak Vladimir , Gasse Jan‐Christoph , Frahm Ronald , Eychmüller Alexander , Holder Elisabeth
Published: November 2010

Four alternating arylamino‐functionalized copolymers were synthesized in a Suzuki copolymerization applying 4, 4′‐(2,7‐dibromo‐9H‐fluorene‐9,9‐diyl)dianiline, 4,4′‐(2,7‐dibromo‐9H‐fluorene‐9,9‐diyl)bis(N,N‐diphenylaniline), 4‐(3,6‐dibromo‐9H‐ carbazol‐9‐yl)aniline and 4‐(3,6‐dibromo‐9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)‐N,N‐diphenylaniline in combination with 2,2′‐(9,9‐dioctyl‐9H‐fluorene‐2,7‐diyl)bis(1,3,2‐dioxaborinane). The resulting novel alternating copolymers were fully characterized. The copolymers revealed blue light emission and wide optical bandgaps of at least 2.93 eV for the fluorene‐based and 3.07 eV for the carbazole‐based polymers. The amino‐functions allow to tie semiconducting CdTe nanocrystals (NCs) and to synthesize a series of composites with CdTe NCs. Moreover, tuning the emission color over a wide range by tying these CdTe NCs results in a facile preparation of organic–inorganic semiconductor composites with emission colors “à la carte.” © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Well‐defined polyolefin/poly(ε‐caprolactone) diblock copolymers: New synthetic strategy and application
Authors: Li Qi‐Zheng , Zhang Guo‐Yi , Chen Jian‐Zhuang , Zhao Qiao‐Ling , Lu Hui‐Chao , Huang Jin , Wei Liu‐He , D'agosto Franck , Boisson Christophe , Ma Zhi
Published: November 2010

A new synthetic strategy, the combination of living polymerization of ylides and ring‐opening polymerization (ROP), was successfully used to obtain well‐defined polymethylene‐b‐poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PM‐b‐PCL) diblock copolymers. Two hydroxyl‐terminated polymethylenes (PM‐OH, Mn= 1800 g mol−1 (PDI = 1.18) and Mn = 6400 g mol−1 (PDI = 1.14)) were prepared using living polymerization of dimethylsulfoxonium methylides. Then, such polymers were successfully transformed to PM‐b‐PCL diblock copolymers by using stannous octoate as a catalyst for ROP of ε‐caprolactone. The GPC traces and 1H NMR of PM‐b‐PCL diblock copolymers indicated the successful extension of PCL segment (Mn of PM‐b‐PCL = 5200–10,300 g mol−1; PDI = 1.06–1.13). The thermal properties of the double crystalline diblock copolymers were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results indicated that the incorporation of crystalline segments of PCL chain effectively influence the crystalline process of PM segments. The low‐density polyethylene (LDPE)/PCL and LDPE/polycarbonate (PC) blends were prepared using PM‐b‐PCL as compatibilizer, respectively. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation on the cryofractured surface of such blend polymers indicates that the PM‐b‐PCL diblock copolymers are effective compatibilizers for LDPE/PCL and LDPE/PC blends. Porous films were fabricated via the breath‐figure method using different concentration of PM‐b‐PCL diblock copolymers in CH2Cl2 under a static humid condition. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Gluconolactone‐derivated polymers: Copolymerization, thermal properties, and their potential use as polymeric surfactants
Authors: Bordegé Vanesa , Muñoz‐bonilla Alexandra , León Orietta , Cuervo‐rodríguez Rocío , Sánchez‐chaves Manuel , Fernández‐García Marta
Published: November 2010

Statistical glycopolymers based on gluconolactone have been prepared by classical radical polymerization and followed by 1H NMR in situ. The kinetic behavior of this system in terms of global rate constant has been qualitatively studied. The variation of cumulative feed and copolymer composition with conversion has also been analyzed, showing a diminishment of both as the reaction progresses. The monomer reactivity ratios have been estimated using the Mayo‐Lewis terminal model and extended Kelen–Tüdös equation, being rHEMAG = 1.41 ± 0.06 and rMA = 0.42 ± 0.05. The thermal properties have been examined by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. The glass transition and the thermal degradation temperatures of glycopolymers increase as hydrophilic component decreases. In addition, the solution properties of the water‐soluble glycopolymers have been investigated, observing the formation of small micelles. Finally, the potential of these glycopolymers as polymeric surfactants has been proved by the performance of emulsion polymerization of methyl acrylate. The resulting particles are stable and with low polydispersity, decreasing the particle size as the methyl acrylate content increases in the glycopolymer surfactant. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Kinetics studies on the accelerated curing of liquid crystalline epoxy resin/multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposites
Authors: Chen Sharon , Hsu Sheng‐Hao , Wu Ming‐Chung , Su Wei Fang
Published: November 2010

A new class of nanocomposite has been fabricated from liquid crystalline (LC) epoxy resin of 4,4′‐bis(2,3‐epoxypropoxy) biphenyl (BP), 4,4′‐diamino‐diphenyl sulfone (DDS), and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The surface of the CNTs was functionalized by LC epoxy resin (ef‐CNT). The ef‐CNT can be blended well with the BP that is further cured with an equivalent of DDS to form nanocomposite. We have studied the curing kinetics of this nanocomposite using isothermal and nonisothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The dependence of the conversion on time can fit into the autocatalytic model before the vitrification, and then it becomes diffusion control process. The reaction rate increases and the activation energy decreases with increasing concentration of the ef‐CNT. At 10 wt % of ef‐CNT, the activation energy of nanocomposite curing is lowered by about 20% when compared with the neat BP/DDS resin. If the ef‐CNT was replaced by thermal‐insulating TiO2 nanorods on the same weight basis, the decrease of activation energy was not observed. The result indicates the accelerating effect on the nanocomposite was raised from the high‐thermal conductivity of CNT and aligned LC epoxy resin. However, at ef‐CNT concentration higher than 2 wt %, the accelerating effect of ef‐CNTs also antedates the vitrification and turns the reaction to diffusion control driven. As the molecular motions are limited, the degree of cure is lowered. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011
Cytoskeletal scaffolding proteins interact with Lynch‐Syndrome associated mismatch repair protein MLH1
Authors: Brieger Angela , Adryan Boris , Wolpert Fabian , Passmann Sandra , Zeuzem Stefan , Trojan Jörg
Published: November 2010

This article was originally published in Proteomics 2010, 10, 3343–3355, DOI 10.1002/pmic.200900672
Carbon nanotubes‐assisted polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for enhanced separation of human serum proteins and application in liverish diagnosis
Authors: Jiang Fubin , Wang Yanan , Hu Xinfang , Shao Na , Na Na , Delanghe Joris R. , Ouyang Jin
Published: November 2010

This article was originally published in Journal of Separation Science 2010, 33, 3393–3399, DOI 10.1002/jssc.201000383
Prediction of Enthalpy of Fusion of Non‐aromatic Energetic Compounds Containing Nitramine, Nitrate and Nitro Functional Groups
Authors: Keshavarz Mohammad Hossein
Published: November 2010

A new and reliable approach is introduced to predict enthalpy of fusion of non‐aromatic energetic compounds, which contain nitramine, nitrate and nitro functional groups. It is useful in diminishing hazardous synthesis and testing of energetic compounds. Simple relationship for predicting enthalpy of fusion can be expressed as a combination of the number of oxygen atoms and three structural parameters. Some experimental data of non‐aromatic energetic compounds were used to obtain the new correlation. The presented method has been tested with different non‐aromatic energetic compounds with complex molecular structures. The model can offer reliable predictions of enthalpy of fusion for non‐aromatic energetic compounds in comparison to the best available predictive methods. The enthalpy of fusion for some new non‐aromatic explosives such as CL‐20 and TNAZ was predicted.
Rethinking transit migration in Turkey: reality and re‐presentation in the creation of a migratory phenomenon
Authors: İçduygu Ahmet , Yükseker Deniz
Published: November 2010

Discussions of transit migration in Europe and its peripheries are not simply descriptions of an existing reality, but to some extent also a part of the process of constructing that reality in such a way that discursive practices enable policy statements to conceptualise and talk about this phenomenon. The main goal of this paper is to explore this process through the politicisation of transit migration in Europe, with a particular focus on Turkey. The essay first documents the irregular and transit migration experience of Turkey in the last thirty years with the help of several data sets. It particularly emphasises that there is a reality of transit migration in Turkey, but that there also exists other forms of irregular labour migration. The paper focuses on transit migration in Europe in the next section. It draws attention to the rather ironic fact that, while most European countries have adopted a range of restrictive control systems against incoming migrant flows, especially in the wake of September 11, their economies have been able to absorb thousands of irregular migrants. An important consequence of the economisation and securitisation of the European international migratory regime has been the politicisation of transit migration, precipitating an obsession with transit migration on the peripheries of the continent. Drawing on the insights from this discussion on politicisation of transit migration, in the following section, the paper examines the way in which transit migration in Turkey has been approached in Europe in the context of the country's accession negotiation process with the European Union. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Responding to patient demand: community pharmacists and herbal and nutritional products for children
Authors: Robinson Nicola , Lorenc Ava
Published: November 2010

The attitudes and behaviour of pharmacists working in a multi‐ethnic community regarding herbal and nutritional products (HNPs) for children, were explored in depth. Qualitative interviews with four pharmacists were analysed using Framework Analysis. Quantitative diary recording of all HNP‐related events for child customers in four pharmacies was carried out over two separate week periods between March and June 2008. Of 29 events recorded, most involved parents buying products for their child, especially herbal and nutritional supplements and topical products, and asking for advice. Pharmacists were generally open to herbal and nutritional products and perceived an increasing demand which they were keen to meet. Although they reported feeling competent to give advice, pharmacists wished to increase their knowledge as information on HNPs was limited, and the need to maintain professionalism at all times was recognized. Pharmacists appear to understand and empathize with customer demand for HNPs and are uniquely positioned within the National Health System to provide product advice and support. However, to maintain professionalism, pharmacists may require further information on herbal and nutritional products and continuing professional training, especially since herbal and nutritional supplements may interact with prescribed and over‐the‐counter drugs. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards the systematic measurement of ATL transformation models
Authors: Tolosa José Barranquero , Sanjuán‐Martínez Oscar , García‐Díaz Vicente , G‐Bustelo B. Cristina Pelayo , Lovelle Juan Manuel Cueva
Published: November 2010

The Model‐Driven Engineering paradigm is aimed at raising the abstraction level of Software Engineering approaches through the systematic use of models as primary artifacts, not only in software design and development, but also to understand, interact, configure, and modify the runtime behavior of software. It tries to overcome the wall between the documentation and the real state of the implementation. For that matter, our long‐term goal seeks to reach a higher degree of interoperability among available meta‐modeling technologies through bridges among technological spaces (TS bridges). The proposed system provides several ATL (ATLAS Transformation Language) transformations that enable the application of measuring operations over ATL transformation models and rules, and the generation of different complementary end‐user models, such as SVG charts and (X)HTML reports. For this work, we have evaluated a set of meta‐modeling TS bridges among UML, MOF, Ecore, KM3, and Microsoft DSL Tools. These results provide quantitative measurements of the declarative and imperative constructs of these transformations and relative quality factors as well. In addition to this, all the top‐level results extracted from the measurement of these TS bridges are merged into one unique model in order to assist in performing a comparative study among them. This comparative study suggests that it is feasible to apply automatic transformations over transformation models, i.e. meta‐transformations. In this regard, there are many open research trends towards complete management, validation, optimization, and inference of TS bridges between complementary meta‐modeling technologies. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of progressive collapse in intermediate RC frame structures
Authors: Pachenari Alireza , Keramati Abolghassem , Pachenari Zahra
Published: November 2010

A large part of common reinforced concrete (RC) structures are designed as intermediate moment resisting frames. However, current progressive collapse studies have not paid much attention to these frames. In this study, based on the acceptance criteria of the UFC 4‐023‐03 document, the influence of some external and corner column removal cases are evaluated by nonlinear procedures in all storeys of a regular structure. Although this structure considers the acceptance criteria of nonlinear dynamic analyses, nonlinear static analyses require additional reinforcement in beam supports in the top two storeys. Compared to dynamic analyses, it is also concluded that static analyses are more conservative in the estimation of maximum vertical displacement and shear force in beams. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An overview of building codes and standards in Chile at the time of the 27 February 2010 offshore Maule, Chile earthquake
Authors: Rojas Fabian , Lew Marshall , Naeim Farzad
Published: November 2010

The 27 February 2010 offshore Maule, Chile earthquake is a significant event in which modern tall buildings were subjected to strong ground motions having long duration of strong shaking. Although there were few total collapses of buildings in Chile, there were some buildings with serious damage. An understanding of the building codes and standards in force in Chile at the time of the earthquake are a key in understanding the behaviour of tall buildings in this event and future events that are coming. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seismological and tectonic setting of the 27 February 2010 offshore Maule, Chile earthquake
Authors: Lew Marshall , Naeim Farzad , Carpenter Lauren D. , Youssef Nabih F. , Rojas Fabian , Adaros Macarena Schachter , Saragoni G. Rodolfo
Published: November 2010

The magnitude 8·8 Offshore Maule, Chile earthquake is a significant event in seismology and earthquake engineering. The earthquake occurred on a convergent plate boundary (subduction zone) and affected a large area that a significant number of tall buildings designed to modern building codes. An understanding of the seismological and tectonic setting of this earthquake, together with understanding of the behaviour of structures, will further research and enhancements in seismic design in similar convergent plate boundary environments, such as the Cascadia subduction zone off the coast of the Pacific north‐west in the USA and Canada and other areas around the world. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of neuroglobin mRNA expression in rat brain due to arsenite‐induced oxidative stress
Authors: Wang Jing , Zhang Wei , Sun Dianjun , Song Li , Li Yuanyuan , Xu Chunbei
Published: November 2010

Arsenic (As) in drinking water is a toxicant causing several health problems including nervous system disturbance. Neuroglobin (Ngb) is a tissue globin in nervous system playing protective role against oxidative stress in many injuries. This study was to investigate how long arsenite exposure (sodium arsenite 7.5 mg/kg/day) could induce oxidative stress in blood and brain of rats and to determine whether Ngb expression in rat brain changed due to oxidative stress. Results showed that superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) level in serum and brain homogenates and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in red blood cells (RBCs) did not change in the rats exposed to arsenite for 8 weeks. In the rats exposed to arsenite for 16 weeks, SOD activity decreased (serum: P < 0.05; brain homogenates: P < 0.01) and MDA level increased (P < 0.01) in serum and brain homogenates; ROS production increased (P < 0.01) in RBC. When oxidative stress occurred, Ngb mRNA expression did not change in whole brain, cerebral cortex, midbrain, and hippocampus; however, Ngb mRNA expression increased significantly (P < 0.05) in cerebellum compared to the control group. This study suggests that arsenite exposure for 16 weeks can lead to oxidative stress of blood and brain of rats. Ngb may play a protective role incerebellum when oxidative stress occurs due to arsenite exposure. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2012.
Investigation of the load reduction potential of two trailing edge flap controls using CFD
Authors: Heinz Joachim , Sørensen Niels N. , Zahle Frederik
Published: November 2010

In this work, a 2D aero‐servo‐elastic model of an airfoil section with 3 degrees of freedom (DOF) based on the 2D CFD solver EllipSys2D to calculate the aerodynamic forces is utilized to calculate the load reduction potential of an airfoil equipped with an adaptive trailing edge flap (ATEF) and subjected to a turbulent inflow signal.

The employed airfoil model corresponds to a successfully tested prototype airfoil where piezoelectric actuators were used for the flapping. In the present investigation two possible control methods for the flap are compared in their ability to reduce the fluctuating normal forces on the airfoil due to a 4  s turbulent inflow signal and the best location of the measurement point for the respective control input is determined. While Control 1 uses the measurements of a Pitot tube mounted in front of the leading edge (LE) as input, Control 2 uses the pressure difference between the pressure and suction side of the airfoil measured at a certain chord position.

Control 1 achieves its maximum load reduction of RStd(Fy) = 76.7% for the shortest Pitot tube of the test, i.e. a Pitot tube with a length of 0.05% of the chord length. Control 2 shows the highest load reduction of RStd(Fy) = 77.7% when the pressure difference is measured at a chord position of approximately 15%. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of impact of grid‐connected wind power on small signal stability
Authors: Shi L. B. , Wang C. , Yao L. Z. , Wang L. M. , Ni Y. X.
Published: November 2010

The power system small signal stability analysis considering wind generation intermittence is studied comprehensively in this paper. The modelling of doubly‐fed induction generator (DFIG) involving the converters with application of stator flux‐oriented vector control strategy is addressed briefly. In order to reveal how the intermittent nature of wind power affects the operating behaviour of an existing power system, a probabilistic small signal stability analysis method based on Monte Carlo simulation technique is proposed to explore and exploit the impact of intermittent grid‐connected wind power on small signal stability. The IEEE New England test system is applied as benchmark to verify the proposed model and approach. Total 3 scenarios are elaborately designed to figure out the potential relationship between the small signal stability indices and the wind generation intermittence. Finally, some preliminary conclusions and comments were drawn based on the numerical simulation results. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hepatocellular carcinoma during pregnancy: is hepatocellular carcinoma more aggressive in pregnant patients?
Authors: Choi Kang Kook , Hong Young Ju , Choi Sae Byeol , Park Young Nyun , Choi Jin Sub , Lee Woo Jung , Kim Kyung Sik
Published: November 2010

Background/purpose

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) during pregnancy is a very rare condition and is believed to have a worse prognosis than HCC in non‐pregnant women. We evaluated the prognosis and the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for HCC in pregnant women.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 4 cases in our hospital and 44 cases described in the medical literature since 1957; we also compared the cases reported before 1995 and those reported during/after 1995.

Results

The overall 6‐month and 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐year survival rates in the patients reported in the literature were 50, 29.5, 18.2, and 13.6%, respectively (n = 44). The mean ages at diagnosis before and during/after 1995 were 31.4 ± 7.2 and 28.9 ± 4.4 years, respectively (p = 0.113). The following characteristics were significantly more common in the later group: fewer pregnancies; the absence of advanced signs or symptoms; receipt of therapy; tendency to undergo surgery; and higher 6‐month and 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐year survival rates. The median survivals of the groups before and during/after 1995 were 18 and 25.5 months, respectively (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

The morbidity and mortality of HCC during pregnancy has improved over time, as diagnoses have tended to be made earlier and patients have tended to receive surgical and other treatments.
Usefulness of endoscopic biopsy using FOXP3+ Treg up‐regulation in the duodenal papilla in the differential diagnosis between autoimmune pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer
Authors: Kubota Kensuke , Kato Shingo , Watanabe Seitaro , Fujita Koji , Yoneda Masato , Takahashi Hirokazu , Inamori Masahiko , Shimamura Takeshi , Kirikoshi Hiroyuki , Kobayashi Noritoshi , Saito Satoru , Hisatomi Kantaro , Matsuhashi Nobuyuki , Nakajima Atsushi
Published: November 2010

Background and study aims

Expression of the forkhead/winged helix family of transcription factor P3+ regulatory T cells (FOXP3+ Treg), a master gene of regulatory T cells (Treg) is observed in patients with autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP). We investigated the usefulness of detection of FOXP3+ Treg in the main duodenal papilla for differential diagnosis between AIP and pancreatic cancer (Pca).

Patients and methods

Firstly, we determined the cut‐off value of FOXP3 expression in duodenal papilla taken from the patients with AIP (n = 22) and chronic pancreatitis (n = 21). Data from 32 patients with AIP and 30 patients with Pca who had undergone endoscopic biopsy were then studied. The numbers of FOXP3+ Treg‐positive lymphocytes and IgG4‐positive plasma cells per high‐power field (HPF) were counted in all the histopathological specimens.

Results

The areas under the receiver‐operating characteristic (AUROC) curves for FOXP3+ and IgG4 expression were 0.934 and 0.953, respectively. Cut‐off values calculated based on AUROC data were 14/HPF in FOXP3 and 10/HPF in IgG4. Seropositivity for IgG4 was observed in 22 out of the 31 patients with AIP (sensitivity 71.0%, specificity 84.6%, accuracy 75.0%). Significant infiltration of the major duodenal papilla by FOXP3+ lymphocytes (≥14/HPF) was recognized in 18 of the 32 patients with AIP (sensitivity 56.3%, specificity 100%, accuracy 77.4%). Significant infiltration of the major duodenal papilla by IgG4‐positive plasma cells (≥10/HPF) was recognized in 27 of the 32 patients with AIP (sensitivity 84.4%, specificity 80.0%, accuracy 82.3%).

Conclusions

Observation of FOXP3+ cells in the main duodenal papilla may be useful in the differential diagnosis between AIP and Pca.
Amino acid metabolism in patients with propionic acidaemia
Authors: Scholl‐Bürgi Sabine , Sass Jörn Oliver , Zschocke Johannes , Karall Daniela
Published: November 2010

Propionic acidaemia (PA) is an inborn error of intermediary metabolism caused by deficiency of propionyl‐CoA carboxylase. The metabolic block leads to a profound failure of central metabolic pathways, including the urea and the citric acid cycles. This review will focus on changes in amino acid metabolism in this inborn disorder of metabolism. The first noted disturbance of amino acid metabolism was hyperglycinaemia, which is detectable in nearly all PA patients. Additionally, hyperlysinaemia is a common observation. In contrast, concentrations of branched chain amino acids, especially of isoleucine, are frequently reported as decreased. These non‐proportional changes of branched‐chain amino acids (BCAAs) compared with aromatic amino acids are also reflected by the Fischer's ratio (concentration ratio of BCAAs to aromatic amino acids), which is decreased in PA patients. As restricted dietary intake of valine and isoleucine as precursors of propionyl‐CoA is part of the standard treatment in PA, decreased plasma concentrations of BCAAs may be a side effect of treatment. The concentration changes of the nitrogen scavenger glutamine have to be interpreted in the light of ammonia levels. In contrast to other hyperammonaemic syndromes, in PA plasma glutamine concentrations do not increase in hyperammonaemia, whereas CSF glutamine concentrations are elevated. Despite lactic acidaemia in PA patients, hyperalaninaemia is only rarely reported. The mechanisms underlying the observed changes in amino acid metabolism have not yet been elucidated, but most of the changes can be at least partly interpreted as consequence of disturbance of anaplerosis.
Drei Jahrzehnte area-basierte Stadtpolitik in Frankreich: die politique de la ville
Authors: Glasze Georg , Weber Florian
Published: November 2010

Since the 1970s, measures have been taken in France to fight a concentration of social and town planning problems by subsidizing certain town quarters in a specific way. The article argues that social problems are eventually being treated as problems of certain quarters. The historical background of the urban development in French suburbs will be described as well as the objectives and measures of the politique de la ville. The massive riots of 2005 in the suburbs have led to a basic criticism of the space-oriented approach of the politique de la ville. Against this background, it will finally be discussed if and, where applicable, in which way the politique de la ville has undergone a basic reorientation in the last few years.
Lean principles, learning, and knowledge work: Evidence from a software services provider
Authors: Staats Bradley R. , Brunner David James , Upton David M.
Published: November 2010

In this paper, we examine the applicability of lean production to knowledge work by investigating the implementation of a lean production system at an Indian software services firm. We first discuss specific aspects of knowledge work—task uncertainty, process invisibility, and architectural ambiguity—that call into question the relevance of lean production in this setting. Then, combining a detailed case study and empirical analysis, we find that lean software projects perform better than non‐lean software projects at the company for most performance outcomes. We document the influence of the lean initiative on internal processes and examine how the techniques affect learning by improving both problem identification and problem resolution. Finally, we extend the lean production framework by highlighting the need to (1) identify problems early in the process and (2) keep problems and solutions together in time, space, and person.
A Fatal Attack on a Child by a Black Caiman (Melanosuchus niger)
Authors: Haddad Vidal , Fonseca Waldicléa Cardoso
Published: November 2010

We describe a fatal attack by a black caiman ( Melanosuchus niger) on an 11-year-old child with comments on the reptile's aggression mechanisms and the conditions under which this kind of incident takes place in the Amazon region.
LIFTING DERIVATIONS ANDn-WEAK AMENABILITY OF THE SECOND DUAL OF A BANACH ALGEBRA
Authors: BAROOTKOOB S. , EBRAHIMI VISHKI H. R.
Published: November 2010

We show that forn≥2,n-weak amenability of the second dual 𝒜**of a Banach algebra 𝒜 implies that of 𝒜. We also provide a positive answer for the casen=1, which sharpens some older results. Our method of proof also provides a unified approach to give short proofs for some known results in the case wheren=1.
ON FOURIER COEFFICIENTS OF MODULAR FORMS
Authors: CUMMINS C. J. , HAGHIGHI N. S.
Published: November 2010

Recursive formulae satisfied by the Fourier coefficients of meromorphic modular forms on groups of genus zero have been investigated by several authors. Bruinieret al. [‘The arithmetic of the values of modular functions and the divisors of modular forms’,Compositio Math.140(3) (2004), 552–566] found recurrences for SL(2,ℤ); Ahlgren [‘The theta-operator and the divisors of modular forms on genus zero subgroups’,Math. Res. Lett.10(5–6) (2003), 787–798] investigated the groups Γ0(p); Atkinson [‘Divisors of modular forms on Γ0(4)’,J. Number Theory112(1) (2005), 189–204] considered Γ0(4), and S. Y. Choi [‘The values of modular functions and modular forms’,Canad. Math. Bull.49(4) (2006), 526–535] found the corresponding formulae for the groups Γ+0(p). In this paper we generalize these results and find recursive formulae for the Fourier coefficients of any meromorphic modular formfon any genus-zero group Γ commensurable with SL(2,ℤ) , including noncongruence groups and expansions at irregular cusps. The form of the recurrence relations is well suited for the computation of the Fourier coefficients of the functions and forms on the groups which occur in monstrous and generalized moonshine. The required initial data has, in many cases, been computed by Norton (private communication).
Double Honor: Elite Hutterite Women in the Sixteenth Century
Authors: Darlage Adam
Published: November 2010

Studies of early modern Anabaptism have shown that many Anabaptists sought to model their communities after the examples of the New Testament and the early church before the “fall” of the church into a coercive, sword-wielding institution through the person of Constantine in the fourth centuryc.e.The Anabaptists claimed that one had to voluntarily choose to become a Christian through believer's baptism and suffer for his or her faith just as the martyrs of old had done in the face of Roman persecution. During the course of the sixteenth century, their Protestant and Roman Catholic enemies did not disappoint, as hundreds of Anabaptists were executed for their rejection of “Christendom.” To the “magisterial” Christians, Anabaptists were dangerous heretics because they denied the God-given power of spiritual and secular authorities.
FORUM: Mark deWolfe Howe, The Garden and the Wilderness Introduction
Authors: Sullivan Winnifred Fallers
Published: November 2010

Mark deWolfe Howe's classic, The Garden and the Wilderness: Religion and Government in American Constitutional History, was published in 1965. Notwithstanding the many subsequent judicial and scholarly developments in First Amendment religion clause jurisprudence, this slim volume remains among the best efforts to consider seriously the interrelated histories of law and religion in the United States. Beautifully written and economical in its expression, Howe's book is often cited but less often carefully read. Unlike many who write about the religion clauses, Howe understood the deeply contingent nature of the dependence of religion and law one upon the other.
Water requirements and body water distribution in Awassi sheep and Aardi goats during winter and summer seasons
Authors: ALAMER M.
Published: November 2010

Water requirements, total body water (TBW) and water distribution were evaluated in Awassi sheep and Aardi goats of Saudi Arabia. Ten non-pregnant and non-lactating females from each species were individually housed in shaded pens during winter and summer seasons. Each experimental period lasted for 2 weeks; the first week was an adaptation period, followed by an evaluation period of 1 week. Feed and water intake together with body weight were recorded daily. Five animals from each group were used for determination of body water, extracellular fluid (ECF) and plasma volume (PV) using dilution techniques. Urea and sodium thiocyanate were used for the estimation of body water and ECF, respectively, and Evans blue for PV determination. Intracellular fluid (ICF) and blood volume (BV) were calculated. Feed intake was not affected by either season or species. During the winter season, Aardi goats had lower water intake in comparison with Awassi sheep, but water intake increased in all animals during summer. TBW increased during summer in all animals, but with higher values in the Aardi goats. During summer, ECF tended to increase in Aardi goats. PV, expressed as a proportion of body weight, was not affected by season, but it was maintained at higher levels in the Aardi goats irrespective of season. It could be concluded that Aardi goats used water more economically when the ambient temperature was lower but, during the summer when ambient temperatures were higher, they increased their water intake and BW content to a greater extent and stored more water in the ECF compartment compared to Awassi sheep.