bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
التخريج الأصولي: دراسة تأصيلية تطبيقية
Authors: Larbi Mohamed Saddam , Hasnawi Issa Nasr El Din
Published: February 2021

The study of takhrij (retrieval) is one of the most important mechanisms in ijtihad (independent reasoning) by fuqaha’ (jurists) and usuli (lit. those who go back to first principles). In usul (principles) and furu’ (branches) of Islamic law, the usulis were deliberately referring to madhab (school of law) founders especially after the decrease of mujtahids who managed to attain a level of independence and able to deal with detailed evidences in finding solutions to legal problem. Among the attention of takhrij of usuli is to expound legal maxim principles from fundamental sources the Quran and hadith contained of principle of legal reasoning and branches of Islamic jurisprudence. Utilizing descriptive analytical method, this article scrutinizes the concept of takhrij of usuli, its categories and some of its applications. The research found that the takhrij of usuli is concerned with the derivation of Islamic legal maxims, the principles of legal reasoning as well as the branches of law. However, the derivation is unconcerned about specific evidence of Islamic jurisprudence topics but the whole evidence whether literal, divergence or conformity of ibadat (submissive obedience), mu’amalat (transactions), and personal interest topic.
إيجاد الثقافة الجديدة في القرآن الكريم بالانتقاء التقابلي للمفردات (نموذج من الاعجاز القراني)
Authors: Dialameh Nikoo , Mohseninejad Soheila
Published: February 2021

The Holy Qur'an, as it introduces itself is a life-giving (that which gives you life), healer (healing for the diseases in your hearts), cultural creator (taught you, which ye knew not before), reformer (improve their condition) and savior (ye were on the brink of the pit of Fire, and He saved you from it). In this regard, in addition to the deep meaning and content along with the unique literary devices and techniques that have impressed the listeners, the Quran has a unique style in the selection and words usage. One of these methods used in creating a culture is how the Quran employs opposite lexical terms. The kind of contradiction that the Qur'an has invented by selecting words is not customary. By utilizing descriptive-analytical method, the purpose of this study is to demonstrate some Qur'anic contradictions and the logic behind it in order to create a new culture among the audience. The findings show that in many cases, the Holy Quran has not followed the common structure of using opposite words, but it has used a new method to institutionalize a new culture among its audience. This being the case of using the word rahmah against shiddah instead of al-lin depicting the mercy as the cause of gentleness.  Furthermore, the use of ithm against nafa’ instead of dharar where it shows that every sin is harmful to human. The findings also prove that this Qur'anic method leads the audience to a better understanding of the meanings and concepts of the Holy Qur'an. Apart from its miraculous model of heavenly scripture, this method or style has made possible to convey a larger volume of knowledge in abbreviated terms and the extent to which the new culture can be built not to mention the development and presentation of broader concepts in audience's mind.
Konsep Hadith Mawdu‘i Menurut Perspektif Pengkaji Hadith Kontemporari: Antara Dirasah Al-Mawdu‘Iyyah min Al-Hadith dan Syarh Al-Mawdu‘I li Al-Hadith
Authors: Ibrahim Mohd Nor Adzhar , Shamsudin Roshimah
Published: February 2021

The hadith mawdu’i (thematic hadith) terminology is widely used in contemporary hadith discourse. However, there are confusions in understanding its true concept since several other terms are associated with it namely dirasah al-mawdhu‘iyyah min al-hadith (thematic analysis based on hadith) and sharh al-mawdhu‘i li al-hadith (thematic explanation based on hadith). As such, the purpose of this paper is to study difference opinions amongst the contemporary hadith scholars in comprehending the concept of thematic hadith that gives rise to various definition and concepts. Literature review method based on qualitative research through content analysis design were fully engaged in the data collection as well as data analysis processes. All the definitions and concept of thematic hadith presented by the contemporary hadith scholars in their academic writings were gathered and analyzed to produce a comprehensive depiction.  Based on the existing definitions, the findings of this study illustrate that the present-day thematic hadith researchers’ conceptions are split into two camps. The first is the group that deduces thematic hadith as a study upon collection of hadith or upon one particular hadith with a specific theme while the second group infers thematic hadith as thematic lectures. The findings also demonstrate that the difference in understanding thematic hadith between the two groups are from the guidelines and steps in conducting a research. This is the reason why dirasah al-mawdhu‘iyyah min al-hadith is focused on the technical aspect of the initial hadith research such as takhrij (retrieval of hadith) or identifying mukhtalif (contradictions) and so on. While sharh al-mawdhu‘i li al-hadith concentrates on constructive research in depicting a clear picture of the themes that contained in the hadith. Accordingly, the integration between dirasah al-mawdhu‘iyyah min al-hadith and sharh al-mawdhu‘i li al-hadith would produce a holistic research on thematic hadith.
تفسير سورة محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم: دراسة مقارنة بين الطبري وابن أبي حاتم الرازي
Authors: Daud Shamsiah , Rababa’h Mohammad Mjalli
Published: February 2021

Since its emergence, the interpretation of the Quran had encountered complex phases throughout the history of Islamic literature. The Quran had been interpreted with various methods and tafsir bi al-ma’thur (traditional exegesis) and tafsir bi al-ra’y (reason-based exegesis) are among the famous approaches in Quranic exegesis. However, there is one method of interpretation referred to as tafsir muqaranah (comparative exegesis) which is a comparative-contrastive exegetical analysis in which the mufassir (exegete) compares and contrasts between verses with verses or verses with hadith or by various opinion or views of exegetes on an exegetical issue symbolized by a given verse. This method or approach is rarely given an exposure despite being a method formulated and utilized by the early exegetes of formative phase such as al-Tabari and Ibn Abi Hatim al-Razi. Therefore, this study aims to discuss the definition of comparative exegesis and depicting the similarities and differences of the interpretation of al-Tabari and Ibn Abi Hatim al-Razi in selected verses from surah Muhammad (peace be upon Him). It also aims to examine how these differences could be interacted and related to each other and to wider context of the arrival at conclusive interpretation. Data for this study was obtained through the literature review methodology as well as an analysis based on inductive and deductive methods. The paper concludes by saying that there are similarities in both methodologies of al-Tabari and Ibn Abi Hatim particularly in interpreting a verse through al-ma’thur technique. Yet the differences among them could be identified by distinct terminological usage of a word in the same verse. While the establishment of tarjih (preponderance) or selecting among differing opinions could be found in conflicting issue of surah Muhammad verses in order to get the best conclusion of the interpretation.
كيف حاور القرآن: دراسة في الأنواع والضوابط والأهداف
Authors: Mohammed Semi’  , Man Baker  , Mohamed Abouzeid
Published: February 2021

The dialogue style was one of the innovative methods in the noble Qur’an text, that wasn’t common in Arabic speech; it had clearly emerged in the stories of the prophets, peace be upon them with their people, whereby through this unique method the Holy Qur’an had raised Arab understandings to high levels in research and debate, and laid the foundations of this art which The Arabs were not familiar with before the Qur’an revelation. This research aims to study and investigate the types of Quranic dialogues, its objectives and controls, as it has appeared in the verses of the Noble Qur’an, through which the researchers have attempted to uncover the most important controls and foundations that ensure the success of the dialogue, in order to be effective in resolving crises and in treating problems. The importance of this research is evident in the need for Muslims today to consolidate the foundations of constructive dialogue among themselves, and the foundations of debate with the followers of other denominations. The methodology that has been used in this research is the inductive analytical method, i.e. by collecting most of the dialogue patterns that are mentioned in the Qur’an, categorising them, and laying down the foundations and controls that influence the direction of the dialogue and its success. The study concluded that the dialogue is an authentic Quranic advocacy method. It does not mean indoctrinating a specific opinion or thought from one side, rather it influences each party to declare their opinion, and come with their evidence. This leads to achieving rapprochement and homogeneity among the opponents, that is provided that the etiquette of dialogue is adhered to and is well presented. Among the most important results is that a successful dialogue has many factors, at the forefront of which are recognition that disagreement is of the Sunnah of Allah in His creation, and the recognition that working towards an agreement is an obligation to achieve the concept of a single nation, and to refer to the principles rather than disputing the branches, as well as to start from the points of agreement and not the points of difference, focusing on the purposes not the means.
MODERN FORMS OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITALIZATION OF SOCIAL RELATIONS
Authors: Ситдикова Гузель
Published: February 2021

Global digitalization has created favorable conditions for effective cooperation of participants in social relations. This contributes to rapid changes in the content of social relations, some areas of which are not regulated by law. The Genesis of social relations provokes new forms of criminal behavior and socially dangerous acts that may be statutory banned .
FREEDOM OF CONSCIENCE AND RELIGION AS PRINCIPLES OF A DEMOCRATIC STATE
Authors: Бредихин Алексей
Published: February 2021

The article examines the meaning of the concepts «freedom of conscience» and «freedom of religion», defines their constitutional and legal meaning. The author's definitions of these concepts are offered, taking into account the constitutional provisions. Much attention is paid to the analysis of special legislation regulating the issues of ensuring rights in the spiritual and religious sphere. The author comes to the conclusion that the proclamation of Russia as a secular state does not mean rejection of religion, but non-interference of the state in the religious organizations’ activities and the right of everyone to independently determine their attitude to religion.
SABERES E PRÁTICAS TRADICIONAIS DA EXTRAÇÃO DO ÓLEO DE Carapa guianenses Abul. (ANDIROBA) EM ÁREA DE VÁRZEA DO MUNICÍPIO DE IGARAPÉ-MIRI, PA
Authors: Brito Aline Dias , Do Amaral silva Tayse Fernanda , Rodrigues Coelho Roberta Fátima , Rosal Louise Ferreira
Published: February 2021

O presente estudo objetivou descrever os processos de extração tradicional do óleo de Carapa guianensis Aubl. (andiroba) em Projetos de Assentamentos Agroextrativistas (PAEX) das várzeas do Município de Igarapé-Miri, PA. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de questionários estruturados e semiestruturado com 14 pessoas que trabalham com andiroba em 4 PAEX - ilhas Mamangal, Mutirão, Jarembú e Buçu. A extração do óleo de andiroba é realizada por 10 dos 14 entrevistados - e consiste em dois métodos artesanais: extração em superfície inclinada e no tipiti. O processo de extração de óleo envolve três etapas: coleta e seleção das sementes, preparo da massa e a extração do óleo. O óleo é destinado ao uso familiar, seguidos de doação e venda, os preços variam entre R$ 10,00 a R$ 40,00. A atividade de extração do óleo é uma alternativa viável de renda aos extrativistas, possui grande potencial para promover o desenvolvimento local e possibilitar renda a esses trabalhadores.
ANÁLISE ECONÔMICA DE CONSÓRCIOS DO CAFEEIRO CONILON COM ESPÉCIES PERENES E FLORESTAIS NO SUL DO ESPÍRITO SANTO
Authors: Siqueira Haloysio Mechelli de , De Senna Davi Salgado , Araújo João Batista da Silva , Da Silva Matheus Wandermurem , Turbay Erica Rodrigues Munaro Gabrig
Published: February 2021

Os estudos sobre sistemas agroflorestais vêm crescendo, com grande potencial de contribuir para a sustentabilidade agrícola e um dos aspectos importantes avaliados é a sua viabilidade econômica. O INCAPER está conduzindo uma Unidade de Pesquisa Agroflorestal, em Cachoeiro de Itapemirim-ES. Este artigo apresenta e discute os resultados da análise econômica sobre os consórcios agroflorestais lá testados. A área foi dividida em cinco talhões, sendo um com cafeeiro solteiro e os demais em quatro diferentes consórcios do cafeeiro: com ingazeiro, bananeira, gliricídia ou pupunha. Os indicadores econômicos considerados foram o custo operacional de produção e de comercialização, a produtividade, as margens operacionais e o índice benefício/custo. Também foi calculado o índice de equivalência de área. O estudo demonstrou que os tratamentos economicamente viáveis foram os consórcios do café com a pupunha e do café com a banana, que também representaram sistemas mais eficientes de uso da terra que os monocultivos. Além disso, se verificou, nos consórcios, que teve redução no gasto com as roçadas, mas houve gasto maior com as podas das árvores associadas ao cafeeiro.
Evaluation of black cumin genotypes for yield and yield related parameters in bale mid altitude, southeastern Ethiopia
Authors: Asefa G , Beriso M
Published: February 2021

Fourteen black cumin genotypes were evaluated against standard checks for two consecutive years during 2018 to 2019 at Sinana, Goro and Gindhir to investigate high yielder and stable black cumin varieties. The mean total seed yield of genotypes across environment ranged from 24.54 to 16.07 Qt ha-1. The highest total seed yield was recorded from genotypes 242826-2 followed by 242826-2 (24.54 and 23.32 Qt ha-1) while the lowest total seed yield was obtained from local checks. These two genotypes have yield advantage of 22.41 and 14.96% over standard check Derbera. Based on their performance across location over standard checks these two genotypes will be promoted for variety verification for Bale mid altitude and similar agro ecologies.

Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 10(2): 35-37, December 2020
Effects of organophosphate insecticide, sumithion on histopathology of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in the natural pond condition
Authors: Shira M , Chowdhury P , Rahman MS , Haque SM , Shahjahan M
Published: February 2021

Sumithion is an organophosphorus insecticide, which is widely used in aquaculture ponds for eradication of aquatic insect (mainly tiger bug) prior to release of larvae. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of an organophosphorus pesticide, sumithion on histoarchitecture of liver and kidney in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) during the period from July to December 2016. It was carried out with four treatments, each with two replications. i.e., ponds with no sumithion (T0), with 0.025ppm sumithion (T1), 0.050 ppm sumithion (T2) and 0.100 ppm sumithion (T3). The water quality parameters, such as pH, dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity, free CO2, nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), phosphate-phosphorus (PO4-P) were not affected by sub lethal doses of sumithion but the values were fluctuated significantly in most of the cases between the ponds throughout the study period. In case of histoarchitecture of liver and kidney, normal structure of liver and kidney cells were observed in the controlled and treated fish. Through the histological analysis of liver, small vacuole, enlarge lumen space of hepatopancreas and disrupted hepatopancreas were found in T1. Disrupted hepatopancreas, increasement intracellular space, regeneration of hepatic cell and hemorrhage were observed in T2. Moreover, enlarge lumen space of hepatopancreas, degenerated hepatic cell, disrupted hepatopancreas were observed in T3. After the histological analysis of kidney, degenerated renal corpuscle, enlargement of blood vessel, disrupted hematopoetic cell were observed in T1. Ruptured collecting duct, large vacuole, enlarge intracellular space were observed in T2. Furthermore, enlarge bowman’s space, degenerated hematopoetic cell hemorrhage and ruptured distal tubule disrupted, enlarge intracellular space and necrosis were observed in T3. The present investigation sufficiently emphasizes that sumithion has adverse effects on the major organs like liver and kidney.

Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 10(2): 66-75, December 2020
Interactive effects of rice bran compost and chemical fertilizers on macronutrients, oil and protein content in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
Authors: Alauddin M , Mohsin GM , Ali AHMZ , Rahman MK
Published: February 2021

A field experiment was conducted at the research farm of Charfasson Govt. College, Bhola, Bangladesh in rabi season in 2015-2016 to evaluate the impact of conjunctive use of chemical fertilizers with rice bran on concentration, uptake and seed quality of sunflower cv. BARI-2 (Keroni-2). The experiment was laid out in the randomized complete block design (RCBD) having sixteen treatments with three replications. The size of the plots were 3 m x 2 m. Treatments were T1 Control (- RB and -NPK), T2: 2.5 t RB ha-1, T3: 5.0 t RB ha-1,T4: 7.5 t RB ha-1, T5: N40P30K50 kg ha-1,T6: N80P60K100 kg ha-1, T7: N120P90K150 kg ha-1, T8: 2.5 t RB ha-1 + N40P30K50 kg ha-1, T9: 2.5 t RB ha-1 + N80P60K100 kg ha-1, T10: 2.5 t RB ha-1 + N120P90K150 kg ha-1, T11: 5.0 t RB ha-1 + N40P30K50 kg ha-1, T12: 5.0 t RB ha-1 + N80P60K100 kg ha-1, T13: 5.0 t RB ha-1 + N120P90K150 kg ha-1, T14: 7.5 t RB ha-1 + N40P30K50 kg ha-1, T15: 7.5 t RB ha-1 + N80P60K100 kg ha-1, T16: 7.5 t RB ha-1 + N120P90K150 kg ha-1. Results showed that the concentration, uptake and quality of seeds (oil and protein) of the crop increased with increasing rate of the amendments significantly (P<0.05) over the control and the variation between the treatments were also significant irrespective of the sources of amendments in most of the cases. Generally, combination of the treatments showed better performance than their individual application. Maximum values of NPKS concentration (%) in different organs of sunflower were 1.22, 0.35, 1.90, 0.18 for stem; 1.17, 0.35, 2.41, 0.16 for root; 3.98, 0.43, 4.28, 0.24 for leaf, 1.04, 0.65, 3.00, 0.22 for petiole; 2.16, 0.58, 2.21, 0.26 for inflorescence and 5.24, 0.83, 1.60, 0.47 for seed measured in treatments 5.0 t RB ha-1 + N120P90K150 kg ha-1 and 7.5 t RB ha-1 + N120P90K150 kg ha-1 in most of the cases. However, their uptake pattern also followed the same trend as in concentration and the highest values were found in those treatments in most of the cases. Significantly (P<0.05%) the highest content of oil (51.1%) in seed was measured in the treatment 5.0 t RB ha-1 + N120P90K150 kg ha-1 and protein (33.9%) was found in the treatment 5.0 t RB ha-1 +N80P60K100 kg ha-1. Their lowest values were found in control for oil and in 2.5 t RB ha-1 for protein, which was lower than control treatment. The overall findings of this study indicated that rice bran in combination with chemical fertilizers could be applied to achieve better concentration and uptake in different organs, oil and protein content in seeds of sunflower.

Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 10(2): 91-99, December 2020
PENERAPAN FUZZY INFERENCE SYSTEM PEMILIHAN DESAIN INTERIOR
Authors: Jarti Nanda , Lestari Putri Weni
Published: February 2021

Abstract: Interior design is currently growing. This can be seen from the various designs in each building. Each design has different characteristics and shapes. The problem that is often experienced by users is the lack of user knowledge in the field of interior design so that after the design is finished, the user is not satisfied with the results of the interior design. The main objective of this research is a decision making system in selecting interior designs according to user needs by paying attention to criteria such as design form, design size, material and quality. The method of selecting interior design using the Mamdani method. The mamdani method is very suitable in calculating the output value of each criterion value and the end result becomes the reference value in making a decision. The resulting system is in the form of design selection criteria according to user needs. Thus the results of this study get an Output value of 427,368 which is in the range with the value considered. Keywords: fuzzy inference system; interior design;  mamdani method;  software matlab.  Abstrak:  Desain Interior  saat ini semakin berkembang, Hal ini bisa dilihat dari berbagai  desain pada setiap  bangunan. Setiap desain  memiliki karakteristik dan bentuk yang berbeda beda. Permasalahan yang sering dialami pengguna yaitu kurangnya pengetahuan pengguna dibidang desain interior sehingga setelah desain selesai dikerjakan pengguna tidak Puas dengan hasil desain interior. Tujuan utama penelitian ini berupa Sistem pengambilan keputusan dalam pemilihan desain interior sesuai dengan kebutuhan pengguna dengan memperhatikan kriteria seperti Bentuk Desain, ukuran desain, bahan dan Kualitas. Metode  pemilihan Desain interior  menggunakan metode Mamdani. Metode mamdani sangat cocok dalam menghitung nilai output dari masing masing nilai kriteria dan hasil akhirnya menjadi nilai acuan dalam pengambilan sebuah Keputusan. Sistem yang dihasilkan berupa kriteria pemilihan desain sesuai kebutuhan pengguna. Dengan demikian Hasil penelitian ini mendapatkan nilai Output sebesar 427.368 yang berada pada range dengan nilai dipertimbangkan.  Kata kunci: desain interior; fuzzy inference system; metode mamdani; software matlab.
Ações de promoção da saúde nas escolas brasileiras: uma revisão integrativa
Authors: Luquez Tatiane Marinz de Souza , Saboia Vera Maria , Meireles Ana Carolina Mendonça , Moura Caroline Figueiredo , Ribeiro Crystiane Ribas Batista , Silveira Ana Luiza Dorneles da
Published: February 2021

Objetivo: Investigar como são planejadas e desenvolvidas as ações de promoção da saúde, nas escolas do Brasil, a partir da visão de profissionais da saúde e educação. Metodologia: Revisão integrativa de natureza qualitativa, com uso dos descritores em saúde e MeSHterms nas bases de dados: LILACS e MEDLINE. Critérios de inclusão: artigos publicados no período de 2007 a 2019, disponíveis na íntegra, nos idiomas português, espanhol e inglês; e diretamente relacionado ao tema. Resultados: Foram selecionados e analisados 20 artigos científicos, que foram agrupados em três categorias: As diferentes visões de promoção da Saúde, Planejamento das ações de promoção da saúde e Desenvolvimento das ações promoção da saúde nas escolas. A maioria dos estudos revela que os profissionais confundem o termo de promoção da Saúde com prevenção de doenças. Há dificuldade em articular o planejamento e desenvolvimento das ações de promoção da saúde. Considerações Finais: O planejamento incipiente incentiva ações pontuais, descontextualizadas, focadas na prevenção de doenças e no modelo biomédico. Assim, reforça-se a necessidade dos profissionais da educação e da saúde aplicarem estratégias educacionais que facilitem e potencializem o planejamento e execução de ações de promoção da saúde no espaço escolar.
Rokonistutus huolten ja odotusten kuvastajana – Lääkäreiden eettiset valinnat 1700-luvun Ruotsissa
Authors: Maaniitty Elina
Published: February 2021

Isorokkoa on pidetty 1700-luvun Euroopalle leimallisena tautina ja rokonistutusta puolestaan aikakauden lääketieteen suurimpana saavutuksena. Uudesta menetelmästä toivottiin apua lohduttomaan tilanteeseen, jossa tautiin menehtyi jatkuvasti valtava määrä ihmisiä, lähinnä pikkulapsia. Erilaisilla tavoilla siirtää rokkotartunta ihmisestä toiseen immuniteetin saavuttamiseksi mahdollisimman suotuisissa olosuhteissa oli eri puolilla maailmaa pitkät perinteet. Länsimaisen lääketieteen kiinnostuttua menetelmästä 1710- ja 1720-lukujen vaihteessa sitä pyrittiin jatkuvasti kehittämään turvallisemmaksi. Rokonistutus pysyi kautta vuosisadan kiistakysymyksenä, josta käytiin kiihkeitä väittelyitä. Kaikki ristiriidat eivät kuitenkaan tulleet kirjatuiksi pamfletteihin, saarnoihin tai lääkäreiden kirjoittamiin yleistajuisiin kirjoihin. Rokonistutus oli vaikea kysymys myös lääkäreille, jotka joutuivat punnitsemaan vastuitaan ja valintojaan virkaveljien, hallinnon ja potilaiden vaatimusten ja pelkojen ristiaallokossa. Ruotsissa rokonistutus eli inokulaatio kytkeytyi tiiviisti hyötyvalistukseen ja rationaalisen, empiirisen tieteen ideaaleihin. Potentiaalisesti tappavan taudin tahallinen tartuttaminen potilaaseen saattoi kuitenkin sotia lääkärin omaa arvomaailmaa, ammattietiikkaa ja vakaumusta vastaan. Tässä kirjoituksessa avaan katsauksenomaisesti rokonistutukseen liittyneitä huolia ja pelkoja ja toisaalta toiveita ja odotuksia aikakauden lääkäreiden kannalta Ruotsissa. Teksti pohjautuu Porthan-seuran syysseminaarissa 8.11.2019 pitämääni esitelmään.
E-Ticaret: Teorik Bir Çerçeve
Authors: GEDİK Yasemin
Published: February 2021

E-ticaret ilk kez görülmeye başlandığı 1960'larden itibaren işletmelerin iş yapma biçimlerinde büyük değişikliklere neden olmuştur ve günümüzde en popüler konulardan biri haline gelmiştir. E-ticaretin neredeyse tamamen internet üzerinden gerçekleşmesi, e-ticaretin geleneksel ticaretten farklılaşmasını sağlar. E- ticaret, tüketiciler için istedikleri yerden istedikleri zaman alışveriş yapabilme, esnek ödeme seçenekleri, zamandan tasarruf ve düşük işlem maliyetleri gibi faydalar sunarken, işletmeler için aracı olmadan satış, yeni pazarlar oluşturmak, müşteri sadakati ve gelirleri arttırmak, tedarikçi ilişkilerini geliştirmek, stokları ve nakliye maliyetlerini azaltmak gibi fırsatlar sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışma, güncel istatistikleri de paylaşarak, e-ticaret kavramıyla ilgili geniş bir çerçeve oluşturmaya odaklanmaktadır. Çalışmada, e-ticaret tanımları, eticaretin tarihi, e-ticaret araçları, geleneksel ticaretten farklılıkları, e-ticaret türleri, e-ticaret faydaları ve zorlukları geniş bir perspektiften anlatılmıştır.
Individual, age and sex differences in fiber type composition of slow and fast muscles of adult Lewis rats: comparison with other rat strains
Authors: Novák P , Zachařová G , Soukup T
Published: February 2021

We analyzed fiber type composition of soleus and extensor
digitorum longus (EDL) muscles of 3- to 19-month-old male and
female inbred Lewis rats using histochemical demonstration of
mATPase activity. The rats were divided into four groups of the
mean age of 3, 6, 9 and 14 months. We found that the soleus
muscle of 3-month-old rats contained significantly more of fast
2A fibers and less of slow type 1 fibers compared to older rats,
while no significant difference was found between female and
male rats at any age group. In contrast, we found no significant
difference in the EDL fiber type composition among the age
groups, but we found that the EDL muscle of female rats
contained significantly less 2A fibers and more 2B fibers than that
of male animals. Our results thus revealed an age difference in
the soleus muscle and a sex difference in the EDL muscle among
postnatal Lewis rats. The number of slow type 1 fibers in the
soleus muscle varied between 87 and 100 % and that of 2A
fibers between 13 and 0 %. In the EDL the percentage of type 1
fibers varied between 2.6 and 8.7 %, that of 2A fibers between
12.6 and 25.8 % and that of 2B fibers between 70.4 and 81.6 %.
Both muscles thus exhibited a considerable degree of variability
among individual animals even in the same age group.
Furthermore, a comparison of the Lewis rats with literature data
of other rat strains showed that the number of fast 2A fibers in
the soleus muscle of 4-month-old and older animals decreased in
this order: SHR > Lister Hooded > Fisher 344 > SpragueDawley > Wistar > WBN/Kob > Lewis strain, being almost 20 % in the SHR and less than 2 % in the Lewis rats. In contrast, the “fastest” composition (judged according to the percentage of the
fastest 2B fibers) of the EDL muscle was demonstrated by Lewis,
Wistar and Fisher 344 rats (about 75 %), while Sprague-Dawley
and WBN/Kob rats contained only about 50 % of 2B fibers. The
percentage of slow type 1 fibers in the EDL was low in all strains
(about 5 %). Our results thus show that the individual, age and
sex as well as inter-strain differences in muscle fiber type
composition should not be ignored when comparing results of
different studies. We also demonstrated that the inbred Lewis
strain appears to have more “specialized” muscle composition, as
its soleus is the “slowest” and its EDL is the “fastest” among the
routinely used rat strains.
PERBEDAAN TINGKAT KECEMASAN ATLET CABANG OLAHRAGA ATLETIK DKI JAKARTA YANG PERNAH MENGALAMI CEDERA AKUT DAN CEDERA KRONIS
Authors: Kemala Aisya , Mamesah Elly Diana
Published: February 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan tingkat kecemasan atlet atletik DKI Jakarta yang pernah mengalami cedera akut dan cedera kronis. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan teknik survei penyebaran angket. Populasi penelitian ini merupakan seluruh atlet atletik DKI Jakarta yang berjumlah 50 atlet. Sampel dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 36 atlet dengan teknik purposive sampling. Teknik analisis data penelitian ini menggunakan variasi satu jalan (one way analysis of variance). Berdasarkan hasil analisis data, Fhitung > Ftabel (205.47 > 2.92) artinya terdapat perbedaan tingkat kecemasan atlet yang pernah mengalami cedera akut dan kronis. Persentase tingkat kecemasan atlet yang pernah mengelami cedera akut dengan kecemasan rendah sebesar 50% (12 atlet), kecemasan sedang 41.7% (10 atlet), dan kecemasan tinggi 8.3% (2 atlet), sedangkan persentase tingkat kecemasan atlet yang pernah mengalami cedera kronis dengan kecemasan rendah sebesar 83.3% (10 atlet), kecemasan sedang 8.3% (1 atlet), dan kecemasan tinggi 8.3% (1 atlet).
PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN INTERAKTIF BERBASIS ANDROID TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR SISWA
Authors: Kartini Ketut Sepdyana , Putra I Nyoman Tri Anindia
Published: February 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh implemetasi media pembelajaran interaktif berbasis android terhadap hasil belajar siswa pada materi tata nama IUPAC senyawa anorganik di SMAN 4 Denpasar. Metode penetilian yang digunakan adalah pretest-posttes group desain  dengan sistem pengambilan sampel menggunakan cluster random sampling.  Subjek penelitian terdiri dari 2 kelas yaitu kelas XI MIPA 3 sebagai kelas kontrol dan kelas XI MIPA 4 sebagai kelas eksperimen. Perlakukan pada dua kelas sampel dibedakan dengan implementasi media pembelajaran interaktif berbasis android pada kelas eksperimen sedangkan kelas kontrol tidak. Intsrumen yang digunakan adalah instrument tes soal uraian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa uji t terhadap hasil belajar dengan diperoleh t hitung = 1,87 lebih besar dari t tabel = 1,67 di dukung dengan nilai N-gain dari kelas eksperimen sebesar 0,74 dibandingkan kelas kontrol. Selain itu hasil penelitian implementasi media pembelajaran interaktif berbasis android memiliki pengaruh sebesar 62,72% terhadap hasil belajar siswa.
The Principle of Complementarity: A Reflection on Its Meaning, Origin and Types in International Criminal Law
Authors: Adigun Muyiwa
Published: February 2021

The principle of complementarity is one of the most important concepts in international criminal law as it defines the relationship between international criminal tribunals and domestic courts. Certain claims have been made in respect of this concept thus this study examines the correctness of the claims made. The study finds that the concept is claimed to have originated from the sciences and that its expression in international criminal law has taken a distinctive form different from that in the sciences, that it is traceable to the First World War and that there are at least about four categories of the concept. The study, however, argues that while the concept originated from the sciences, its expression in international criminal law is no different from that in the sciences, that it is traceable to the trial of Peter von Hagenbach in 1474 (the Breisach Trial) and that there are at least five categories of the concept. The study therefore concludes that the claims made are incorrect.
Becoming Giuliana: Antonioni'sRed Desertand the Capitalist Social Machine
Authors: Letteri Richard
Published: February 2021

This essay employs Deleuze and Guattari's analysis of the capitalist social machine to explore Michelangelo Antonioni's Red Desert (1964). More specifically, it addresses the psychological struggles of the film's female protagonist, Giuliana, with respect to duelling forces of capitalist deterritorialisation and Oedipal reterritorialisation. The essay also brings together Deleuze's cinema works with his and Guattari's schizoanalysis to show how Antonioni's use of the time-image itself functions as a deterritorialising force, particularly with respect to the film's pivotal island fantasy scene, where, if only momentarily, Giuliana engages in the Deleuzean act of becoming.
The Rhetoric of Inaction: Failing to Fail Forward in the EU’s Rule of Law Crisis
Authors: Emmons Cassandra , Pavone Tommaso
Published: February 2021

In the EU, political crises often serve as catalysts for ‘failing forward’. Yet as a rule of law breakdown has swept some member states, EU institutions have repeatedly failed to act. We argue that this outcome is partly tied to how political elites strategically mobilize rhetoric to legitimate stasis. We rectify existing theories' bias for change drawing on Hirschman’s work to theorize ‘rhetorics of inaction’: coordinative discourse wielded by national and supranational actors to reconcile divergent preferences and justify stasis by appealing to the very policies and values under threat. We specify conditions under which they are most likely to pervade EU policymaking illustrating the theory’s explanatory purchase in the EU’s (non-)responses to constitutional breakdowns in Hungary and Poland. We demonstrate that populist affronts conceal far more sophisticated and effective argumentative strategies behind-the-scenes, concluding that rhetorical politics are central to understanding the EU’s failure to respond to crises.
Autoencoding Pixies: Amortised Variational Inference with Graph Convolutions for Functional Distributional Semantics
Authors: Emerson Guy
Published: February 2021

The aim of distributional semantics is to learn the meanings of words from a corpus of text. The aim of formal semantics is to develop mathematical models of meaning. Functional Distributional Semantics provides a framework for distributional semantics which is interpretable in formal semantic terms, by representing the meaning of a word as a truth-conditional function (a binary classifier). However, the model introduces a large number of latent variables, which means that inference is computationally expensive, and training a model is therefore slow to converge. In this work, I introduce the Pixie Autoencoder, which augments the generative model of Functional Distributional Semantics with a graph-convolutional neural network to perform amortised variational inference. This allows the model to be trained more effectively, achieving better results on semantic similarity in context, and outperforming BERT, a large pre-trained language model.
The Organ and the Bayan: Intertextual Interactions (by the Example of Cesar Franck’s Choral No. 3 in A minor)
Authors:   Ufa State Institute of Arts named after Zagir Ismagilov, Alexeyeva Irina V. , Yunusova Liana T.
Published: February 2021

The study of the natural laws of semantic organization of the musical text is a topical issue of contemporary musicology. In this connection a unique opportunity to immerse into the processes of text-generation is presented by research of instrumental compositions which have appeared on the basis of borrowing and modification of an “alien” musical text. By means of a comparative analysis of Cesar Franck’s Choral No. 3 in A minor from the series “Three chorals for a large organ” with its transcription for bayan carried out by Friedrich Lips, the general and specific principles of semantic organization of the notated, musical and performance texts are disclosed. From such an angle the issue of intertextual interactions is being raised for the first time. Its complex character has become the foundation for turning to the methodology of the theory of the musical text (Mark Aranovsky, Liudmila Shaymukhametova) and the theory of musical content (Liudmila Kazantseva, Valentina Kholopova). In this article the attitude is developed towards the musical text of the organ compositions as an open polysystem endowed with a special mechanism of preservation and transformation of the invariant in the conditions of a new instrumental context. Study of the intonational lexis and etymology of its meanings has made it possible to disclose the unique artistic specificity of the Choral, while examination of the bayan version in the author’s performance has allowed us to comprehend the techniques of adaptation of “someone else’s” thematicism to a new timbral-instrumental performance scenario.
On the Path Toward the Establishment of the National Theater of Kalmykia
Authors:   Saratov State L.V. Sobinov Conservatory, Kulapina Olga I.
Published: February 2021

The development of informational technologies makes it possible to expand to a considerable degree the domain of the unexplored, revealing new, at times unusual, remarkable and unexpected facts, for example, from the past history of our country, from the history of the formation of its national cultures. One such discovery may be deemed to be the information about the initial stage of work on the establishment of the national theater of Kalmykia. The reader’s familiarization with this interesting event is what comprises the goal of the present article. Its content includes information about the preparation and the realization of the grandiose theatrical premiere of the performance of “Ulan-Sar” — an original mass entertainment event which united theater, music and choreography with ethnography and folklore. Since the performance possessed an interregional status, the article lists the cities and organization which massively participated in this large-scale event, as well as its organizers. A special place is taken by information about the critical-analytical article of professor, Doctor of Philological Sciences, folklorist Alexei Smirnov-Kutachesky (1876 – 1958) devoted to detailed study of this production. Mention is also made of the tragic fate of its author, Sandzhi Kalyayev (1905 – 1985), a great enthusiast, the organizer and first director of the national theater of Kalmykia, subsequently the first people’s poet of the republic.
The Musical Legacy of Igor Stravinsky
Authors:   Saratov State L.V. Sobinov Conservatory, Demchenko Alexander I.
Published: February 2021

The lecture of Doctor of Arts, Professor Alexander Demchenko illuminates in a concise way the evolution of the music of the outstanding composer, the main stages of which correspond with the three sections of this text: “Igor Stravinsky of the Russian period,” “Igor Stravinsky’s Neoclassicism” and “The Late Works of Igor Stravinsky.” The exposition of the topics includes listening to a number of musical fragments meant to give a general perception of the range of the composer’s artistic endeavors. The publication is addressed to students of conservatories and artistic institutions of higher education.
The Song, as well as the Piece. Assignments in Transcription for Beginning Pianists
Authors:   Children’s Music School No. 4, Sibagatulina Marina N.
Published: February 2021

The basis of piano repertoire for beginners, as it is well-known, is in many ways comprised of song material. Its exposition in piano texture (on two staves) frequently complicates the adequate perception of the melody ostensibly, which not infrequently leads to a distortion of semantic perception during the process of playing it. The methodological elaborations of the new trends in teaching music contain written and oral assignments on rewriting the music notated on two-staves into a one-staff line meant for vocal performance, as well as on the transformation of the one-line melody into two-staff notation for the goal of playing it with two hands on the piano. Such a form of tutorial assignments builds in the future musician coherent perceptions of the structure of the melody and the peculiarities of its musical notation in various performance-related contexts. This methodic elaboration is designed for the elementary classes of Children’s Music Schools and provides the first step along the path of formation among the pupils of an integrated perception of the musical text and achievement of the foundations for its revision and transcription.
The Musical Legacy of Sergei Prokofiev
Authors:   Saratov State L.V. Sobinov Conservatory, Demchenko Alexander I.
Published: February 2021

The lecture of Doctor of Arts, Professor Alexander Ivanovich Demchenko elucidates the evolution of the music of the outstanding composer the main stages of which correspond to the three sections of the present text: “Prokofiev of the Beginning of the Century,” “Prokofiev of the Middle of the Century” and “The Constants of the Musical Style of Prokofiev.” Characterizations are given of the most significant compositions in the context of the culture and the musical language of the 20th century and the musical language of the composer-reformer, as well as to the system of images and genres. The exposition of the lecture has the prerequisite of listening to a set of musical fragments called upon to form a general perception of the range of the composer’s artistic quests.
The Architectonics of Musical Sound
Authors:   Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, Gorbunova Irina B.
Published: February 2021

At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries there appeared a new trend in musical composition and musical pedagogy conditioned by the fast development of electronic musical instruments: from the simplest synthesizers to powerful musical computers. In the wide range contemporary electronic musical instrument the accumulated informational technologies in music and the art of music making have manifested themselves in the fullest and most perfect manner. The current and the subsequent issues of the journal shall provide a consecutive presentation of four lectures, compiling the basis of the discipline “Informational Technologies in Music” and a set of programs of advanced training, which include “Informational Technologies in Music,” “Informational Technologies in Musical Education,” “Computer Musical Composition,” etc. The first lecture, “The Architectonics of Musical Sound” shall disclose themes connected with the study of the physical characteristics of musical sounds, the means of their recording and reproduction; explanation is given to the aural perception of sound by the human being, and the basic principles of computer generation of musical sound are examined. The material elucidated in the lection possesses a theoretical and practical directedness and contains information in which the technological aspects of contemporary perceptions of music, about the musical instrument range (including computer musical instruments); without knowledge of these aspects a competent interpretation of musical instruments is impossible.
Fessenheim—Nuclear Power Plant for Peace
Authors: Frohlig Florence pascale astrid
Published: February 2021

This paper explores the construction of a nuclear power facility at Fessenheim, Alsace, and its role in the remaking of French-German post-war relations and the consolidation of the post-war peacebuilding process. The siting and materiality of nuclear energy technology, I argue, was a key component of the top-down peace-building strategy that guided reconciliation processes at the national and regional levels. This study analyses archival documents, newspapers articles, interviews with Alsatian antinuclear activists and amateur films in order to reconstruct how the site for a joint nuclear power plant at Fessenheim was chosen and how it affected cross-border interactions. Although the planning of a French-German nuclear facility at Fessenheim embodied the appeasement that characterised post-war relations at a governmental level between the two nations, its construction had limited impact on the regional reconciliation processes. However, the site of the nuclear plant became central for reconciliation in ways that industry planners did not foresee: opposition to the nuclearization of the Upper Rhine Valley became the driving force for the cross-border reconciliation process. This grassroots mobilisation against the presence of nuclear technology formed the nexus for transcending the legacy of World War II through cooperation toward a common, anti-nuclear future.
Foodwork as the New Fathering?
Authors: Neuman Nicklas
Published: February 2021

The aim of this paper is to explore the parallels of fathering and foodwork among men in Sweden. The research question is: can foodwork be seen as “the new fathering”? The paper outlines the narrative of fathers in Sweden and gender progressiveness, and discusses gendered foodwork in Sweden up until the mid-1990s. Subsequently, statistical evidence from Statistics Sweden’s three time-use studies is presented, complemented with evidence from quantitative studies about the gendered division of housework. Here, the data demonstrates change over time in men’s and women’s total housework, foodwork and childcare. Men are doing more and women less, although the absolute changes are greater among women who still do more. Such evidence is further discussed in relation to socio-demographics, household composition and paid work, pointing to the relevance of factors such as gender-egalitarian attitudes and having children. The quantitative section is then followed by an argumentation about cultural shifts in relation to qualitative studies on men’s domestic foodwork. In the discussion it is concluded that foodwork can indeed be seen as “the new fathering”. Not as a substitution for fathering or as something exclusive for fathers, but as an addition to the repertoire of cultural understandings and social expectations of a “modern” man in Sweden. However, the most substantial change is likely to be cultural—on the level of ideals—while statistics on behaviour mostly support slow and minor changes, with the overall social relation of men and women demonstrating significant stability.