bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Acoustic Emission Study of Flax Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene Composites
Authors: Czigany T.
Published: May 2004

Sensitivity to crack propagation in flax fiber-reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites has been examined on SEN-T specimens. The sound waves that arise due to loading have been investigated with the acoustic emission method. Linear functional relationship has been revealed between the number of acoustic events that occur during loading and the fracture toughness. It has also been observed that increase in moisture content influences the mechanical properties unfavorably because water entering the fiber–matrix interface during swelling reduces the interaction. The size of the damage zone has been determined, and it proved to be smaller than in case of glass and carbon fiber-reinforced systems.
Visual Experiments for Water Absorbing Process of Fiber-Reinforced Composites
Authors: Ji-Hua Zhang , Mao-Sheng Zhan
Published: May 2004

It is important to understand the aging mechanism of composites for their use in wet and thermal environments. Many researchers have carried out experiments or applied mathematic methods, such as finite element analysis (FEA) and Fick-diffusion law to establish a water-absorption-mechanism-model of composites. However, some visual experiments of the process have not been provided up to the present. In this paper, substituting CuSO4 powder for resins, visual experiments were carried out to qualitatively simulate the capillarity and watersorption process of a few fiber-reinforced composites under wet and thermal environments. In experiments, three kinds of fibers were used: amide fiber (including kevlar29 and kevlar49), poly- p-phenylenebenzobisoxazole fiber (PBO fiber), and carbon fiber (T300). The results showed that because of the capillarity, water molecules will enter rapidly the interface of composites between fibers and resin, and at the same time diffuse into the resin. Therefore, the interface is badly damaged and the performances of whole composites decrease after the process. The aim of our experiments is to prove the process visually in a unique technology.
Constraints, Compromises, and Decision Making
Authors: Goertz Gary
Published: May 2004

Noncompensatory decision making forms a core part of poliheuristic theory. At the same time, decision making under constraints is a common view among expected utility theorists. It is argued that poliheuristic theory permits one to endogenize constraints. Views about the rules ofwar are used to contrast the exogenous versus endogenous perspectives, and the noncompensatory perspective is formalized in terms of a class of utility functions. Finally, these poliheuristic, noncompensatory utility functions are contrasted with those typically used in the literature on spatial modeling.
Traditional Decision Analysis and the Poliheuristic Theory of Foreign Policy Decision Making
Authors: Dacey Raymond , Carlson Lisa J.
Published: May 2004

The poliheuristic theory of foreign policy decision making posits a two-stage process wherein the decision maker first employs a noncompensatory decision rule to eliminate politically unacceptable alternatives and then employs a (perhaps) traditional decision procedure to select from the remaining set of acceptable alternatives. Ageneral decision analysis is used to provide a structured account of the elimination process of the first stage of the poliheuristic theory by displaying a noncompensatory decision rule for eliminating unacceptable policy alternatives. The results show how general decision analysis can be used to specify when an alternative is unacceptable to a political decision maker who is sensitive to public opinion.
Constructing Political Logic
Authors: Zinnes Dina A.
Published: May 2004

The statistical observation that war between democratic states is exceptionally rare and the seemingly contradictory finding that democracies nevertheless do go to war have posedan intriguing puzzle for the field of international politics. The two explanations that have gained the greatest currency, the normative and structural, have commanded center stage for nearly a decade. Recently, however, these explanations have come under attack. Using the propositional calculus, this study provides a logical construction of both arguments that (1)explains the empirical results of why two democracies do not goto war whereas all other dyads do go to war, (2) compares the normative and structural theories, and (3) facilitates an assessment of the critiques leveled at both theories.
Foreign and Domestic Policy Belief Structures in the U.S. and British Publics
Authors: Jenkins-Smith Hank C. , Mitchell Neil J. , Herron Kerry G.
Published: May 2004

Scholars have made little progress in exploring the degree to which research on belief structures among Americans may be generalizable to other political systems and geopolitical contexts. The distribution and structure of mass beliefs related to nuclear security, missile defenses, and nuclear energy issues in the United States and Great Britain are analyzed using data from telephone surveys simultaneously administered in both countries. In foreign and domestic areas, the British and American belief systems vary chiefly in the central tendencies of the beliefs held but not in the structural relationships among those beliefs. Findings provide evidence for a hierarchical model of policy beliefs with differential adjustments based on situational conditions, but also raise questions about the kinds of conditions—geopolitical and institutional—that give rise to these similarities.
East Germans and the Berlin Wall: Popular Opinion and Social Change before and after the Border Closure of August 1961
Authors: Ross Corey
Published: May 2004

Based on sources from the East German regime’s internal archives, this article considers how the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961 affected both the regime’s political authority as well as wider processes of social change. After first considering the domestic problems that the East German communist leadership sought to solve by sealing the border, it proceeds to examine the immediate popular response to the building of the Wall and the longer-term consequences for the regime’s ability to realize some of its central socio-political aims at the grass-roots level. It argues that although the Wall was in many respects a turning-point in state-society relations, there were nonetheless many important threads of continuity that spanned the events of 12-13 August 1961. The period of enhanced political stability apparently ushered in by the Wall was arguably the product of a shift not only in popular political attitudes, but equally in the increasingly pragmatic expectations of the party leadership.
Revision, Revisionism and Rehabilitation, 1959/1999: The American Century, ModernStarts and Cultural Memory
Authors: Frascina Francis
Published: May 2004

This article examines how visits to two museum exhibitions in New York and an article about Senator Joseph McCarthy and the Venona documents in The New York Times Magazine, all on the same Sunday in November 1999, plunged active viewers and readers into revisionist debates about American art, culture and politics of the 1950s. The exhibitions are The American Century: Art and Culture 1950-2000 at the Whitney Museum of American Art and ModernStarts: People, Places, Things at the Museum of Modern Art. The article argues that this instance of visual culture, which combines experiences of exhibitions and magazine pages, can be understood as myth or allegory within institutional representations of remembrance.
Political Apathy Disorder: Proposal for a New DSM Diagnostic Category
Authors: White Geoffry D.
Published: May 2004

Political Apathy Disorder (PAD) is proposed as a new DSM diagnostic category for the failure to develop a social conscience. The essential feature is a pervasive pattern of failing to help reduce human suffering in the world combined with overconsumption of society’s limited resources. Those suffering from PAD fulfill the basic DSM criteria of a mental disorder: distress, disability, and increased risk of suffering death, pain, disability, or an important loss of freedom. It is proposed that failure to achieve the characteristics necessary to live a constructive moral life that benefits society should be considered grounds for inclusion in the diagnostic nomenclature.
The Negative Side of Positive Psychology
Authors: Held Barbara S.
Published: May 2004

This article explores three ways in which the positive psychology movement’s construction and presentation of itself are negative. First, the negative side is construed as the negative side effects of positive psychology’s dominant, separatist message. Second, the negative side is construed as the negativity that can be found within the positive psychology movement. Here the author elaborates on the negative or dismissive reactions of some spokespersons for the movement to ideas or views that run counter to the movement’s dominant message: (a) negativity about negativity itself, which is explored by way of research in health psychology and coping styles; and (b) negativity about the wrong kind of positivity, namely, allegedly unscientific positivity, especially that which Seligman purports to find within humanistic psychology. This constitutes an epistemological position that contributes to “reality problems” for positive psychologists. The author concludes with the implications of positive psychology’s “Declaration of Independence” for psychology’s much discussed fragmentation woes. She appeals to the wisdom of William James for guidance in finding a third, more positive meaning of positive psychology’s negative side. This third meaning can be gleaned from a not-yet-dominant but more integrative message emerging within the movement, one compatible with the reactions of some humanistic psychologists to positive psychology.
Do Drugs Have Religious Import? A 40-Year Retrospective
Authors: Smith Huston , Grob Charles , Jesse Robert , Bravo Gary , Agar Alise , Walsh Roger
Published: May 2004

Four decades ago, Huston Smith published one of the mostinfluential articles ever written on psychedelics, titled “Do Drugs HaveReligious Import?” As part of “The Oral History of PsychedelicResearch Project,” he was interviewed and invited to revisit thistopic. The interview covers his personal experiences, as well as the influences of psychedelic experiences on religious traditions andcontemplative practices. Examples of such influences that arediscussed include the ancient Vedic tradition and Eleusinianmysteries, and the contemporary Native American Church. At the sociallevel, he reflects on factors that limited the effectiveness of the psychedelic movement of the 1960s in producing significant socialchange, the state of contemporary culture, society, and drug policy,and the role of elders in society.
The Axis Occupation and Civil War: Changing Trends in Greek Historiography, 1941–2002
Authors: Marantzidis Nikos , Antoniou Giorgos
Published: May 2004

This article examines the literature on the Greek Civil War and evaluates the changing trends on the field. Based on over 1,800 entries, it reassesses and describes the qualitative characteristics of the literature, connecting the production with the political implications and conjunctions of the Cold War era, Greek politics and the post-Cold War period. Scholarly research has mainly examined the international and domestic level of political actions, mainly through a single point of view of political identities and Cold War categorizations. The post-Cold War period allowed research to focus on marginalized issues such as ethnic identities, gender, case studies and local histories. This new trend is based on a new set of conceptual and methodological tools (e.g. oral history, gender studies and electoral studies) and combines various disciplines far from dominant in the Greek 1940s scholarly literature (e.g. anthropology, political science, etc.). Although this trend is still in progress, it shows the biases as well as the complexity and ambiguity of the set of terms used previously. Finally, this new trend attempts with some success to incorporate into the Greek case the findings of the international academic discussion on civil wars and social movements.
What Do We Know about Natural Resources and Civil War?
Authors: Ross Michael L.
Published: May 2004

Since the late 1990s, there has been a flood of research on natural resources and civil war. This article reviews 14 recent cross-national econometric studies, and many qualitative studies, that cast light on the relationship between natural resources and civil war. It suggests that collectively they imply four underlying regularities: first, oil increases the likelihood of conflict, particularly separatist conflict; second, ‘lootable’ commodities like gemstones and drugs do not make conflict more likely to begin, but they tend to lengthen existing conflicts; third, there is no apparent link between legal agricultural commodities and civil war; and finally, the association between primary commodities - a broad category that includes both oil and agricultural goods - and the onset of civil war is not robust. The first section discusses the evidence for these four regularities and examines some theoretical arguments that could explain them. The second section suggests that some of the remaining inconsistencies among the econometric studies may be caused by differences in the ways they code civil wars and cope with missing data. The third section highlights some further aspects of the resource-civil war relationship that remain poorly understood.
The Artistic and Professional Development of Teachers
Authors: Oreck Barry
Published: May 2004

During the past decade, the arts have been increasingly included in professional development programs for general education teachers in the United States. Little is known, however, about teachers’ attitudes toward the arts in education or the applications of arts processes in their teaching practice. In this mixed-methods study, data collected from 423 K-12 teachers indicated that teachers believe the arts are important in education, but use them rarely. They are hindered by a lack of professional development and intense pressure to teach the mandated curriculum. Awareness of student diversity and the need for improved motivation and enjoyment in learning were the most frequently cited motivations for using the arts. Teachers’ self-efficacy and self-image relating to creativity and artistry influenced arts use more than any other personal characteristic. Surprisingly, neither prior arts instruction, current artistic practice, nor years of teaching experience were significant predictors of arts use in the classroom.
Evaluation of Teacher Attributes as Predictors of Success in Urban Schools
Authors: Sachs Stephanie Kay
Published: May 2004

Urban schools are challenged to improve teacher retention and quality. Unfortunately, research on effective teaching and attributes of effective teachers rarely has considered urban contextual influences. The purposes of the current study were (a) to develop and validate an instrument for evaluating urban teacher attributes and (b) to determine whether teacher attributes identified by the instrument varied according to teaching effectiveness. This instrument then could be used as a diagnostic tool with incoming education students to measure personal attributes related to urban teaching success. Phase 1 of the study defined a set of factors based on participants’ responses to questionnaire items. Phase 2 examined whether participants’ responses could be used to classify teachers based on teaching effectiveness. Analysis of the teachers’ responses revealed that the teacher attributes were not associated only with effective urban teaching. Possible explanations for the differences between the results of the current study and previous research are presented.
Preparing Teachers for Inclusive Classrooms
Authors: Hamre Britt , Oyler Celia
Published: May 2004

Designing preservice teacher education partially around voluntary study groups offers teacher educators a unique chance to examine group members’ perspectives and understandings. This article examines the topics of concern and questions expressed by six general education student teachers in a collaborative dialogue group focused on inclusive classrooms. Culled from seven meeting transcripts over the course of one semester, we extracted the themes of inexperience, equity, levels, normalcy, labels, and belonging as presented by these teachers in their individual inquiries into inclusive education. We consider how useful the themes, tensions, and issues unearthed in this research are for constructing a preservice teacher education curriculum for inclusive teacher preparation.
Prospects for the UK Economy
Authors: Barrell Ray , Kirby Simon , Riley Rebecca
Published: May 2004

The production of this forecast is supported by the Institute's Corporate Members: Abbey plc, Bank of England, Barclays Bank plc, Ernst and Young LLP, GlaxoSmithKline plc, Marks and Spencer plc, Morgan Stanley Dean Witter (Europe) Ltd, Morley Fund Management, The National Grid Company plc, Nomura Research Institute Europe Ltd, Rio Tinto plc, Standard Chartered Bank plc, Unilever plc and Watson Wyatt LLP.
Prospects for the UK Economy
Authors: Kirby Simon , Metz Robert , Riley Rebecca , Weale Martin
Published: May 2004

The production of this forecast is supported by the Institute's Corporate Members: Abbey plc, Bank of England, Barclays Bank plc, Ernst and Young LLP, GlaxoSmithKline plc, Marks and Spencer plc, Morgan Stanley Dean Witter (Europe) Ltd, Morley Fund Management, The National Grid Company plc, Nomura Research Institute Europe Ltd, Rio Tinto plc, Standard Chartered Bank plc, Unilever plc and Watson Wyatt LLP.
The Effects of an Increase in Petrol Excise Tax: the Case of New Zealand Households
Authors: Creedy John
Published: May 2004

This paper reports estimates of the potential welfare effects of hypothetical increases in the petrol excise tax in New Zealand. Equivalent variations, for a range of household types and total expenditure levels, are obtained along with distributional measures. Household demand responses are modelled using the Linear Expenditure System, where parameters vary by total expenditure level and household type. The effects on inequality were found to be negligible, but the marginal excess burdens typically ranged between 35 and 55 cents per dollar of additional revenue.
Economic Performance in France, Germany and the United Kingdom: 1997–2002
Authors: Metz Robert , Riley Rebecca , Weale Martin
Published: May 2004

We assess the performance of France, Germany and the United Kingdom over the period 1997-2002. Gross and net output per hour worked are considerably lower in the UK than in France and Germany. GDP in France and the UK have grown at the same rates over the period although real national income in the UK has grown considerably faster than in France. Seen from the supply side, French growth is substantially attributable to growth in total factor productivity while in the UK factor inputs are more important. There is, nevertheless, a concern that, at the margin, UK growth may be depreciation-intensive and therefore of poor quality. Germany's growth has been slow because productive inputs have grown only slowly and its weak performance is probably structural rather than cyclical. There does seem to be room for substantial increases in labour input in both France and Germany to be achieved through reform to labour market conditions such as tax rates on low paid workers.
How to Combine Openness and Protection? Citizenship, Migration, and Welfare Regimes
Authors: Engelen Ewald
Published: May 2004

The author offers a conceptual investigation of the tension between openness and protection in well-developed welfare states. Because of a combination of demographic tendencies and labor market shortages, a growing number of European welfare states is currently exploring market-led immigration policies. However, the level of protection these welfare states offer seems hard to reconcile with the low threshold markets that are needed to incorporate newcomers. The author argues that the “solution”lies not so much in a clear political choice for either but rather in the coordinated institutionalization of differentiated citizenship rights. The author illustrates this case with examples taken from the Dutch context, claiming further that the particular combination of corporatist welfare arrangements and the tradition of lenient enforcement in the Netherlands provides a “natural”habitat for the kind of regime pluralism that differentiated citizenship requires.
The Citizen’s Stake and Paternalism
Authors: White Stuart
Published: May 2004

The introduction of a generous stakeholding or capital grant scheme promises to secure the material conditions of freedom for all citizens. But if citizens “blow” their initial capital grants, as seems possible, they put this freedom in jeopardy. The paper argues that such “stakeblowing” is a genuine cause of concern with the proposal and defends two responses to it: an “educational response” that combines grants with training in asset management and a “paternalist response” that limits how grants can be used. The latter response provides some support for the alternative basic income proposal, for the idea of a development grant (a capital grant that may be used only for approved investment purposes), and, perhaps most plausibly, for a hybrid of the two.
A Swedish-Style Welfare State or Basic Income: Which Should Have Priority?
Authors: Bergmann Barbara R.
Published: May 2004

State provision of “merit goods” and of narrowly targeted cash payments has higher priority than large universal cash grants. Analysis of the Swedish budget shows that advanced countries do not have the taxing capacity to do both at once. Other problems with cash payments schemes include the disincentive to work for pay, reducing taxpaying capacity, and retrograde effects on gender equality. After the achievement of a welfare state, rises over time in productivity may gradually open up room in the national budget for universal cash payments.
Zones of Regulation: Restructuring Labor Control in Privatized Export Zones
Authors: McKay Steven C.
Published: May 2004

The article explores work organization in advanced electronics manufacturing in Philippine export processing zones. Previous approaches have painted both advanced manufacturing and “peripheral” production as generic, treating locations as substitutable. Case study analysis of three multinational electronics firms located in both public and privatized export zones demonstrates that the complex demands of high tech production have led to diverse forms of work organization and an extension of labor control outside the factory, making local conditions more, not less, important. The article develops a broader, place-sensitive notion of production politics, focusing on the state’s reorganization of export processing zones, and firms’ localization strategies that leverage labor market inequalities to elicit worker consent.
Reducing Substance Use in Prison: The California Department of Corrections Drug Reduction Strategy Project
Authors: Prendergast Michael L. , Campos Michael , Farabee David , Evans William K. , Martinez Julian
Published: May 2004

Inmate welfare, staff security, public health concerns, and the need for recovery-friendly prison environments have been cited as supporting efforts to control in prison substance use. This article reports on the California Department of Corrections (CDC) Drug Reduction Strategy Project, which involved systematic random urine testing and drug interdiction measures. The two-phase evaluation took place at four CDC institutions, with three serving as test sites and one serving as a standard-procedures comparison site. The results of Phase I, random urine testing of 150 inmates per week from the eligible inmate general population, supported the effectiveness of systematic random urine testing in reducing in-prison substance use, as measured by the number of inmates refusing to test or testing positive for illicit substances. The results of Phase II, which involved continued random urine testing at the three test sites in addition to K-9 drug detection teams at one institution and drug detection equipment at another institution, led to further reductions in substance use, but few drug finds resulted from the additional interdiction measures.
Exploring Connections Between the Construct of Teacher Efficacy and Family Involvement Practices
Authors: Garcia Delia C.
Published: May 2004

The current study explores the relationship between perceived teacher efficacy and specific practices of family involvement exhibited by 110 elementary schoolteachers from a large urban school district. Bandura’s construct of self-efficacy provided the theoretical framework for examining teacher efficacy. The study investigated the predictive value of self-efficacy beliefs for determining specific family involvement practices exhibited by teachers. Self-efficacy was measured with the Teacher Efficacy Scale and the Family Involvement Teacher Efficacy Scale. Results from this investigation revealed that teacher efficacy was significantly correlated to and was a predictor of five different types of family involvement practices, as reflected in Epstein’s typology of home-school and community partnerships. The study raised questions related to the effective preparation of teachers in this area and the types of experiences that facilitate the development of teacher efficacy beliefs in the area of home-school and community partnerships.
Justice and Diversity
Authors: Green Denise O’Neil
Published: May 2004

In 1997, the Center for Individuals’ Rights filed two lawsuits against the University of Michigan on behalf of two White plaintiffs who believed they were denied admission due to racial preferences. The diversity rationale, Michigan’s counter-argument, underscored the links between racial diversity and institutional mission but rejected social justice arguments of equity and remediation. Through qualitative inquiry, this study explores how Michigan shifts the focus of the affirmative action debate from social justice to a narrower diversity argument, which garners broad support and neutralizes the racial preferences rhetoric.
Collective Socialization and Child Conduct Problems
Authors: Simons Leslie Gordon , Simons Ronald L. , Conger Rand D. , Brody Gene H.
Published: May 2004

This article uses hierarchical linear modeling with a sample of African American children and their primary caregivers to examine the association between various community factors and child conduct problems. The analysis revealed a rather strong inverse association between level of collective socialization and conduct problems. This relationship held after controlling for a variety of individual-level variables relating to family, peers, and school. Two other community-level variables, prevalence of crime and concentrated disadvantage, were not significantly related to conduct problems. Overall, the results suggest that successful childrearing is a community enterprise. It appears that communities significantly reduce their risk for child conduct problems to the extent that adults know the children, parents, and teachers in their area, and they are inclined to act upon these social ties either by reprimanding children who are misbehaving or by notifying the proper authorities.
Exploration Versus Acquisition: A Comparison of First-Time and Repeat Visitors
Authors: Lau Anita L. S. , McKercher Bob
Published: May 2004

This article reports on a study of the motives for visiting and intended activities of first-time and repeat pleasure tourists to Hong Kong. The study revealed significant differences in motivation that resulted in the intention to participate in different activities. First-time visitors were motivated to visit Hong Kong to explore, while repeat visitors came to consume. First-time visitors intended to participate in a wide range of geographically dispersed activities, while repeat visitors intended to shop, dine, and spend time with family and friends.
Destination Benchmarking: An Indicator-System’s Potential for Exploring Guest Satisfaction
Authors: Fuchs Matthias , Weiermair Klaus
Published: May 2004

After giving an overview of latest benchmark approaches in tourism, an already existing Benchmarking Indicator System implemented by the Austrian Government in 1987 is discussed. This article first critically assesses the neglect of relevant elements covering the production and delivery process of tourism services in this approach. Hence, the existing benchmarking approach is extended conceptually by linking it to tourists’ satisfaction measures. There is growing evidence that tourism service quality attributes can fall into three different categories of factors that display a differing impact on tourist satisfaction. The literature distinguishes between two different approaches for best identifying these factors: Vavra’s two-dimensional Importance Grid, which is based on customers’ self-stated importance and derived importance assessments, and Brandt’s Penalty-Reward-Contrast analysis, which is based on the performance-only approach and thus only uses one (e.g., the satisfaction) variable. This article tests both approaches empirically using different sets of variables from a recent destination benchmarking survey.
The Measurement of Service Quality in the Tour Operating Sector: A Methodological Comparison
Authors: Hudson Simon , Hudson Paul , Miller Graham A.
Published: May 2004

Service quality in the tourism industry receives increasing attention in the literature, yet confusion still exists as to which measure offers the greatest validity. The two main research instruments are Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) and SERVQUAL. However, both measures have been questioned and research has introduced measures that multiply SERVQUAL by Importance, as well as a measure of just Performance (SERVPERF). This article assesses these four main methods of measuring customer service quality. The data were obtained in cooperation with a major U.K. tour operator. Of the respondents, 220 completed a questionnaire before departure on what elements were important to them and what their expectations were for these elements. Toward the end of their holiday, respondents were issued a second questionnaire measuring performance on the same elements. The research found that although there was variety in the rankings of the 13 different elements, there was no statistical difference between the four methodologies. The final section of this article considers the implications of this finding for tourism managers and future research in the area of service quality.
Sexual Harassment and the “Repetition Requirement”
Authors: Landau Iddo
Published: May 2004

In his “Reply to Iddo Landau,” Edmund Wall responds to the author’s critique of some of the views expressed in his “Sexual Harassment and Wrongful Communication.” The present article concentrates on what the author takes to be the main problem in Wall’s definition: by requiring that any act, even if intentional and cruel in nature, needs to be repeated to count as sexual harassment, Wall allows too much leeway and renders permissible a wide range of intentional, mean, and harmful actions that most, including, the author believes, Wall himself, would like to outlaw. The article considers Wall’s linguistic and nonlinguistic responses to this critique and finds them problematic.
I♡My Dog
Authors: Ferguson Kennan
Published: May 2004

Virtually all political theory and ethical systems presuppose the primacy of human beings. Abstract human beings have rights, privileges, legal standing, and—it is said—claims to our sympathy. Many political debates, therefore, center on questions of where these lines are to be drawn. But many humans do not behave this way. People, for example, may expend far more love, time, money, and energy on their pets’ well-being than on abstract humans. If the choice is between an operation to save their dog’s life, or saving a human life through the United Nations, for example, most will choose the former, even if put in such stark terms. This essay argues that people’s love for their dogs transcends the human/animal barrier, that this love overturns assumptions about the role of abstraction in our lives, and that such attunement can be understood only via new formulations of the roles of ethics and philosophy.
Five Problems in Levinas’s View of Politics and the Sketch of a Solution to them
Authors: Critchley Simon
Published: May 2004

This essay attempts to sharpen significantly the critical debate around Levinas’s work by focussing on the question of politics, which is, it is argued, Levinas’s Achilles’heel. Five problems in Levinas’s treatment of politics are identified and discussed: fraternity, monotheism, and rocentrism, the family, and Israel. It is argued that Levinas’s ethics is terribly compromised by his conception of politics. In order to save Levinasian ethics from this compromise, two possibilities are explored: first, to follow Derrida’s separation of ethical form from political content in his recent reading of Levinas, which allows for a notion of political invention linked to ethical responsibility, and second, to link Levinas’s conception of ethics to what is called in the essay the anarchistic disturbanceof politics. In conclusion, this anarchistic experience of ethics in linked to a quite different understanding of politics as the dissensual space of democracy.
Organizational Members’ Communication and Temporal Experience
Authors: Ballard Dawna I. , Seibold David R.
Published: May 2004

This article reports the findings of scale development and validation efforts centered on 10 dimensions of organizational members’ temporal experience identified in previous research. Consistent with a community-of-practice perspective, 395 members of five organizational units indicated their agreement with a series of statements regarding the day-to-day words and phrases they use to describe their activities, work-related events, and general timing needs. Results of a confirmatory factor analysis provided support for the hypothesized enactments of time and construals of time. Organizational members’ enactments of time included dimensions relating to flexibility, linearity, pace, precision, scheduling, and separation, and their construals of time included dimensions concerning scarcity, urgency, present time perspective, and future time perspective. A new dimension, delay, was found. Implications for pluritemporalism in organizations and the study of time in communication are discussed.
Topic-Relevant Reference Groups and Dimensions of Distance
Authors: Meirick Patrick C.
Published: May 2004

This article argues for using topic-relevant reference groups in examining first and third-person effects. It also proposes using topic-relevant dimensions of distance to assess relationships not only between self and target groups but also relationships both have with communicators. The study showed 2000 presidential primary ads from Al Gore and George W. Bush to a combined sample of student and nonstudent partisans (N = 140). Participants perceived greater effects on the out-group and on the general public then on themselves for ads from the out-group candidate. A third-person effect was also observed for ads from the in-group candidate in self-in-group and self-public comparisons. The only first-person effect was found for the self-out-group comparison of responses to the in-group candidate ads. Self-candidate political distance, an analogue of message desirability, was negatively related to perceived effects on self and target groups, whereas self-group and group-candidate distance measures showed only sporadic relationships to perceived effects.
Topic Avoidance in Developing Romantic Relationships
Authors: Knobloch Leanne K. , Carpenter-Theune Katy E.
Published: May 2004

Recent work, recognizing that topic avoidance embodies issues central to the field of interpersonal communication, has called for a better understanding of how topic avoidance corresponds with relationship progression. The authors employ a model of relationship development to deduce predictions about how topic avoidance may coincide with intimacy and relational uncertainty. They attend to topic avoidance in terms of the number of topics people avoid and the outcomes they anticipate from communicating about those avoided topics. They report a cross-sectional study in which 216 individuals identified and evaluated topics they avoid within a romantic relationship. With some exceptions, results supported hypotheses predicting that (a) intimacy and topic avoidance share a convex curvilinear association, (b) relational uncertainty and topic avoidance share a positive association, and (c) relational uncertainty mediates the association between intimacy and topic avoidance. They discuss how their findings illuminate topic avoidance within courtship.
Putting the Person into Person-Centered and Immediate Emotional Support
Authors: Jones Susanne
Published: May 2004

The goal of this study was to assess the effects of comforting messages using both experienced emotional change by the help recipient and help recipients’ judgments of the helper’s competence. A hypothesized path model proposed relationships between two comforting message factors (verbal person centeredness and nonverbal immediacy) and the two outcomes (emotional change and evaluations of helper competence). Data were generated from an experiment in which 258 participants disclosed a mildly upsetting event to a confederate trained to display different levels of person centeredness and nonverbal immediacy. Participants subsequently completed a set of instruments tapping both their emotional state and the perceived competence of the helper on four dimensions (help motivation, supportiveness, conversation management, and expressiveness). A modified model with two added paths fit the data well and revealed not only that people felt significantly better but also that they viewed the helper as more supportive and caring after having received person-centered comforting messages. Nonverbal immediacy only influenced evaluations of perceived helper competence, such that immediate helpers were perceived as more competent than nonimmediate helpers.
Offender Ethnicity and Mental Health Service Referrals from Juvenile Courts
Authors: Breda Carolyn S.
Published: May 2004

Juvenile courts play a critical role in facilitating access to mental health services for the large number of offenders with or at risk of emotional or behavioral problems. This research examines the decision of the court to refer offenders to treatment and whether offender ethnicity affects the referral decision. Results suggest that ethnicity has no independent effect on treatment recommendations. Rather, ethnicity modifies the effects of other variables, particularly legalistic variables such as petitioning and adjudication. Implications of the findings for research on ethnic disparities in juvenile court decision making as well as for Black offenders who are disproportionately involved in the juvenile justice system are discussed.
The Effect of Moral Reconation Therapy on the Recidivism of Youthful Offenders
Authors: Armstrong Todd A.
Published: May 2004

A randomized experimental design was used to test the effect of moral reconation therapy on the recidivism rates of youth offenders. The sample consisted of youth offenders who were incarcerated in a county jail in Maryland ( N = 256). A survival analysis compared the risk of recidivism of the treatment and control groups. The risk of recidivism for the treatment group was not significantly different from the risk of recidivism for the control group. A supplemental analysis compared a high implementation treatment group with the randomized control group. Individuals in the high implementation treatment group received a minimum of 30 days of treatment. Consistent with earlier results, group differences were not statistically significant.
Use of Dynamic Risk/Need Assessment Instruments Among Long-Term Incarcerated Offenders
Authors: Simourd David J.
Published: May 2004

Dynamic risk/need assessment instruments are useful tools in the effective treatment and management of offenders. The Level of Service Inventory-Revised (LSI-R) is a dynamic risk/need assessment instrument that has been used extensively among a variety of offender samples. Although considerable research has shown that the instrument is valid and reliable, there is a lack of information on the predictive validity of the instrument among longer term offenders. In the current study the LSI-R was completed on a sample of 129 Canadian federally incarcerated offenders serving a mean sentence length of 5 years. Scores on the LSI-R were compared to various recidivism criteria during a 15-month follow-up period. Results indicated the instrument had acceptable reliability and predictive validity and distinguished recidivists from nonrecidivists. Results are discussed within the context of the assessment and treatment of longer term offenders.
Interorganizational Partnerships as Inchoate Hierarchies
Authors: Thacher David
Published: May 2004

Scholars often view interorganizational partnerships through the conceptual lens of social network theory. This article argues that some partnerships can be usefully viewed in a different way—as organizations in development rather than as examples of unstructured cooperation. Examining two partnerships between police departments and community development corporations, the article shows how common problems associated with unstructured cooperation led participants to formalize their collaborations by adopting several features of formal organization. The findings suggest that many partnerships may look as much like hierarchies as networks and, therefore, that the social networks lens may offer an incomplete picture of partnerships.
Responding to a Wake-up Call
Authors: Kellough J. Edward , Naff Katherine C.
Published: May 2004

This article reports the results of a survey administered to 160 federal agencies and subagencies to gauge the extent to which they have developed diversity management programs. Many agencies report that they have implemented numerous programmatic elements recommended by the growing body of literature on diversity in the workplace. In contrast, other agencies indicate that they have very limited programs or that they have simply repackaged their traditional equal employment opportunity and affirmative action initiatives. A primary determinant of the level of development of agency or subagency diversity programs is support from the head of each organization.
Religion as Urban Culture
Authors: Steinhoff Anthony J.
Published: May 2004

Drawing on evidence from late-nineteenth-century Strasbourg, the article argues that urban culture in imperial Germany had an important religious component, even at the high point of nineteenth-century urbanization. Churches, parishes, and religious groups were active participants in many types of urban cultural life. They helped broaden and diversify the city’s municipal life; they contributed actively to shaping urban associational and press culture. Moreover, religious symbols were still being produced and propagated in powerful ways in the great city. This occurrednot only throughthe construction of church buildings and bell towers but also through obligatory religious education in public schools.
When East Meets West
Authors: Wong Yuk-Lin Renita
Published: May 2004

This article seeks to elucidate the intersecting processes of colonialism and nation formation in the subject formation of Hong Kong women. The analysis is drawn from a study of individual Hong Kong women who, from the early 1990s on, have launched development projects in China with a focus on gender. For these Hong Kong women, Mainland women represented both what they considered China to be lacking and what they envisioned a modern Chinese nation to be. By showing how these Hong Kong women inadvertently identified with the British colonial discourse of “East meets West” in representing themselves as liberated subjects uplifting the “oppressed” Mainland women following Hong Kong’s reunification, the article illuminates the different and differentiating effects of colonization on women under colonialism. It also shows how women are not simply objects acted on by the nation but are also subjects engaged in narrating the nation.
Children’s and Adults’ Understanding of Proper Namable Things
Authors: Hall D. Geoffrey , Veltkamp Barbara C. , Turkel William J.
Published: May 2004

In two studies, we explored 5-year-olds’ and adults’ beliefs about entities that receive reference by proper names. In Study 1 we used two tasks: (1) a listing task in which participants stated what things in the world can and cannot receive proper names, and (2) an explanation task in which they explained why some things merit proper names. Children’s lists of proper namable things were more centred than adults’ on living animate entities and their surrogates (e.g., dolls and stuffed animals). Both children’s and adults’ lists of non-namable things contained a predominance of artefacts. Both age groups offered similar explanations for proper namability, the most common of which pertained to the desire or need to identify objects as individuals (or to distinguish them from other objects). In Study 2 we replicated the main results of the Study 1 listing task, using a modified set of instructions. The findings establish a set of norms about the scope and coherence of children’s and adults’ concept of a proper namable entity, and they place constraints on an account of how children learn proper names (Macnamara, 1982, 1986).
Bullying in Italian Schools
Authors: Gini Gianluca
Published: May 2004

A very large body of international studies supports the world-wide concern with the issue of school bullying. Literature in this field is currently divided between analysis of the phenomenon‘s different characteristics and evaluation of various intervention programmes in schools. At the same time, teachers, parents and media are acquiring more and more awareness about the problem and this is leading to a growing request for more effective action.

This article presents an overview of published intervention/ prevention programmes carried out in Italian schools in the last decade. For the sake of clarity, following an ecological approach, works have been distinguished according to the level at which they are focused on the school system.

Success in reducing bullying and the limits of each intervention are critically considered.
Influence of Family Adversity on School-Related Behavioural Problems among Multi-Ethnic High School Students
Authors: Goebert Deborah A. , Bell Cathy K. , Hishinuma Earl S. , Nahulu Linda B. , Johnson Ronald C. , Foster Judy , Carlton Barry S. , Mcdermott John F. , Chang Janice Y. , Andrade Naleen N.
Published: May 2004

This study examines the influence of family adversity indicators on school-related behavioural problems among Hawaiian and non-Hawaiian adolescents. Questionnaire data from 2787 students were linked to school information, including grade point average (GPA), absences, suspensions and conduct infractions. Logistic regression analyses were performed. The cumulative effect revealed higher increases in the odds ratios for school-related behavioural problems among non-Hawaiians. Surprisingly, there was no cumulative effect of family adversity among Hawaiian adolescents. Given their high rates of adversity and behavioural problems, any family adversity may significantly impact this group. The family environment must be considered in the prevention and intervention of school-related behavioural problems.