bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Moche Mereology
Authors: Spence-Morrow Giles
Published: January 2020

Archaeological research can only proceed by arranging parts to form a whole, and conversely to deconstruct wholes through an analysis of their parts, following a philosophy known as mereology. Similar to archaeological inference, the Moche equated human bodies and built spaces as partible actors that combined to form an integrated whole. This worldview was likely based on an ontology that has been described as “synecdochal” by Andeanists.  In other words, deep-seated dispositions on the interchangeablility and partibility of various beings point to a mereological logic specific to the Moche. The ritual recreations of the monument thus resulted in an “archaeological record” readily amenable to interpretation. However, we argue that ontology alone fails to explain rituals of architectural renovation and human sacrifice documented at Huaca Colorada (AD 650–850); the application of other etic categories, including ideology, epistemology, and philosophy are required to more fully interpret such complex practices.
Introduction
Authors: Weik Terrance
Published: January 2020

This introductory chapter by Terrance Weik provides a broad perspective on the multiple scholarly discourses, historical experiences, and related phenomena that are associated with removal. A working definition is articulated that embraces the plurality of ways dispossession and forced migration are manifest, conceptualized, and pursued. This chapter situates removal within a body of social theories as well as archaeological practices. Previous research that has set the stage for this volume is considered, ranging from clearance to dam archaeology.
Creating a Community in Confinement
Authors: Kamp-Whittaker April , Clark Bonnie J.
Published: January 2020

In 1942 Japanese Americans from the west coast of the United States were forcibly relocated to incarceration camps scattered across the interior of the country. Relocation disrupted existing social networks, first through displacement and then through separation between the ten primary internment centers. Evidence revealed through archaeological study of one such site—Amache, Colorado—highlights the strategies of individuals living in these haphazard arrangements for creating more cohesive social groups and contributes to the disciplinary conversation about the critical role neighborhoods can play in community formation among the relocated.
A More Tolerable Quarter
Authors: Blondino Joseph R.
Published: January 2020

Chapter 2 explores archaeological evidence of a special dining cabin constructed for General George Washington at Valley Forge. The former Isaac Potts house, which served as Washington and Martha Washington’s quarters, had become too small to accommodate the role he served as Commander-in-Chief. In his military role, Washington paid careful attention to entertaining, meeting with, and corresponding with those officers who served under him on a regular basis.
Building the Log Hut City
Authors: Grubel Mathew
Published: January 2020

This chapter uses experimental archaeology to attempt to learn how soldiers constructed the huts they would live in during the winter at Morristown, New Jersey. For the historic reconstruction, the same tools and techniques were, as much as possible, employed to replicate the technology available in 1777. The research touches on numerous topics that have not seen much attention, such as the integration of the camps with the local economy, the acquisition of provisions for the camps, the historic technology the soldiers used, and the many roles and skills that were necessary for hut building.
The Changing Cultural Landscape of the Lower St. Joseph River Valley
Authors: Hoock Mark , Hoock Allison M. , Nassaney Michael S.
Published: January 2020

Archaeological studies conducted under the auspices of the Fort St. Joseph Archaeological Project have focused on material remains in the St. Joseph River valley in Niles, Michigan. Material remains indicate that human groups exploited resources and established settlements throughout the area, and that, in the context of local and regional political economic relations, those settlements shifted in response to changes in resources availability and alliance formation. This chapter examines the spatial distribution of Euro-American and Native American sites in the lower St. Joseph River Valley during the periods ranging from immediately prior, to during, and to after the occupation of Fort St. Joseph. Through the use of geographic information systems (GIS), the authors monitored changes in settlement patterns as they related to the establishment and abandonment of this French colonial outpost.
“Je vueil ung livre commencier”
Authors: Taylor Jane H. M.
Published: January 2020

Studying Othon de Grandson’s dream garden in dialogue with Guillaume de Lorris’s Roman de la Rose, Jane Taylor, in this chapter, argues that the inhabitants of Othon’s garden serve a very different purpose than Guillaume’s allegories. With Othon’s dreaming “I” indistinguishable from his writing “I,” his encounters in the dream garden offer him the chance to interact with his own potential selves. Instead of fragmented qualities of the dreamer (as is the case in the Rose), here the characters in the garden represent projections of who the dreamer could be. The chapter contends that, thanks to the Rose’s influence, Othon’s choice to humanize the garden’s inhabitants renders them strange to the audience. With Othon’s series of potential selves, the “pseudo-autobiography” is an act of self-scrutiny as the poet tries to experience his self as “othered.”
Roland’s Confession and the Rhetorical Construction of the Other Within
Authors: Schenck Mary Jane
Published: January 2020

The chapter focuses on Roland’s confession scenes in the Oxford Roland, the Châteauroux version of the epic, and the vernacular translation of the Pseudo-Turpin chronicle. Viewing the scenes through a rhetorical lens, the chapter examines the ways in which each uses ethos, pathos, and logos to create a relationship between interiority and the audience. In the Oxford Roland, Roland creates a self of memories and evokes audience empathy as he offers a lesson on how to die as a warrior. Shifts in the Châteauroux version direct the message to the common man who must think about heaven and hell as much as to a warrior audience. The Pseudo-Turpin reveals an emphasis on salvation theology and a confession of faith in the presence of a witness to position Roland in a place of common humanity, as a soul in need of a proper death.
The Archaeology of Prostitution in American Cities
Authors: Yamin Rebecca , Seifert Donna J.
Published: January 2020

The classic study of prostitution in cities by Dr. William Sanger is reviewed, along with Christine Stansell’s study of working women and the sale of sex in New York City. Classes of brothels and the reasons for prostitution in cities are reviewed. The discussion moves to reviewing the archaeology of brothels and considering how lives, experiences, and performance of prostitutes are reflected by artifacts.
Underwater Archaeology of Paleolandscapes in the Big Bend
Authors: Dunbar James S.
Published: January 2020

Faught’s reflections on his research in the Apalachee Bay/Big Bend areas of Florida provide candid and important insights into what is arguably the first real systematic archaeological study of offshore prehistoric sites. Faught’s systematic surveys, predicated on a theoretical model for site distributions, mimics, to an important degree, the then contemporaneous research conducted off the Texas and Louisiana shores by Sherwood Gagliano, Charles Pearson, et al. One salient difference in these studies was the funding: the Texas-Louisiana research was funded by federal dollars. The results of both studies set standards for offshore prehistoric research. An important historical difference lies in the fact that more recent research, detailed in later chapters of this volume, have built on Faught’s findings while no follow-up studies have occurred for the other seminal work of Gagliano, et al.
The Old Vero Site and the Current Paleoindian Landscape of Florida
Authors: Dunbar James S.
Published: January 2020

Dr. C. Andrew Hemmings revisits the historical context for the Old Vero Beach site, famous for its controversial place in early Paleoindian studies in the U.S. This chapter also recounts the study of Early Man in Florida. Beyond this historical perspective, Dr. Hemmings provides a synopsis of the current research conducted at the site under his and James Adavasio’s direction. Important players in the study of early Florida, such as John Kost and Clarence Simpson, are included in the conversation. Together with the new study of Old Vero, Hemmings includes his and others’ research on both the Aucilla River (which this volume has mentioned several times) and the offshore research in the Gulf of Mexico. The Terminal Pleistocene landscape, and its biological and environmental setting, forms the concluding sections of the chapter.
Illicit Digging, Illicit Collecting, and Archaeology
Authors: Glowacki Mary
Published: January 2020

This chapter addresses issue of the illicit digging, collections, and sales of artifacts from archaeological sites, specifically North and Central Florida. The problems with site protection, and sites specifically stewarded by the State, are addressed. The authors discuss both how these problems evolved in and the future trajectory of site preservation of Florida. For many participants of the 2015 First Floridians Conference, site preservation directly influenced their livelihood (if there are no sites or site data, there can be no research). For others, it dictates their cultural legacy (if society does not preserve heritage, it will not exist for posterity). As for the State of Florida, state-owned and managed lands are a legislative imperative (Floridians create laws that govern the protection of sites in state stewardship). State actions such as the Isolated Finds program was discontinued at the recommendation of the Florida Historical Commission (FHC) because of its contribution to illicit collecting and sales.
Fort Center’s Wooden Bestiary
Authors: Spivey-Faulkner S. Margaret
Published: January 2020

This chapter by S. Margaret Spivey-Faulkner complements chapter 2 by revisiting earlier interpretations of the animal carvings recovered by archaeologist William Sears in the 1960s from the Fort Center mortuary pond. Spivey-Faulkner proposes a new classification scheme, rejects many of Sears’s identifications, and suggests that the carvings may have been architectural elements of buildings that were intentionally interred in the pond along with human burials.
The Padgett Figurine and Other Pre-Columbian Wooden Statuettes from Florida
Authors: Marquardt William H.
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines a corpus of anthropomorphic wooden carvings, primarily known from southern Florida wetsites, including the famous Key Marco cat statuette. Marquardt makes a catalog of the carvings, notes possible similarities to wooden and stone figurines from elsewhere in the Southeast, and suggests some new ways of thinking about these carvings.
Burial Archaeology in Qatar
Authors: Cuttler Richard Thorburn Howard , Zamora Áurea Izquierdo
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines tomb construction and its use from the Neolithic through the late Pre-Islamic period on the Gulf Peninsula of Qatar. Geomorphological and environmental factors that may have influenced mortuary practices are considered. The authors present evidence that suggests that the density of cairns was influenced by landscape, geomorphology, and hydrology. Further, the authors understand that more information is necessary before other researches make comparisons of similar tombs from other regions of the Arabian Peninsula.
Conclusions, Challenges, and the Future of Mortuary Archaeology and Bioarchaeology in Arabia
Authors: Magee Peter
Published: January 2020

This concluding chapter focuses on the major themes resulting from this volume and the future of this discipline. For too long, Arabia has remained on the margins of the study of the ancient world. Up until that point, previous research thought that this region contained little to no prehistoric archaeology. One of the first and most important results of this volume is to disprove that notion. This work is important, not just in terms of funerary ritual and tomb architecture but also as a reminder that the perspective that homogenizes human behavior on the basis of apparent material culture uniformity runs the risk of erasing individual and group agency. In short, these chapters offer new insights. Arabian archaeology is a young discipline that embraces new conceptualizations of ancient societies and new methodologies modes of practice. Its researchers challenge the strict and often calcified concept of material cultures that compartmentalized southeast Arabian prehistory. As the discipline of Near Eastern Archaeology collapses, an opportunity arises to bring more nuance to our knowledge of how past people lived in Asia.
The Vanguard Will Be the Guerrilla Movement, 1968–1979
Authors: Clayfield Anna
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores how guerrilla motifs were still readily discernible in the official discourse of the 1970s. Scholarly studies have often overlooked this period in the Revolution’s trajectory, designating it simply as a decade of “Sovietization,” or, to use the Cuban term, increased “institutionalization.” What the evidence in this chapter reveals is that, though the Revolution underwent a profound structural change in the late 1960s and early 1970s, many of the beliefs and values which underpinned the revolutionary project in its formative years—that is, those linked to a guerrilla ethos—were still being promoted well into the Revolution’s second decade in power.
Guerrillerismo in the Shadows, 1980–1989
Authors: Clayfield Anna
Published: January 2020

By examining the official discourse of the Cuban Revolution in the 1980s, this chapter paints a more complex picture of the decade than has commonly been portrayed in the literature. Far from being a time in which the Revolution was subsumed by its adherence to the Soviet model, the tracing of the relative absence or presence of guerrillerismo demonstrates that the 1980s was a decade of shifting ideological currents, a decade in which the use of a guerrilla rhetoric served different functions at different points. This chapter argues that one such function in the late 1980s (as well as in other decades), was to undermine the proliferation of a “siege mentality.”
Residing in “South-Eastern Asia” of the Antebellum United States
Authors: Johnson Kendall
Published: January 2020

In the decades before and after the First Opium War (1839-1842), the US missionary Reverend David Abeel laid out a sense of “South-Eastern Asian” for US readers of Journal of a Residence in China, and the Neighboring Countries, from 1829 to 1833 (1834). His phrase focuses multi-lingual print evangelicalism on an archipelago stretching across networks of opium traffic connecting India to China. His accounts also imply the layers of faiths and languages that shaped senses of geography before the existence of the United States and the convergence of mottled European imperialisms in the China trade. At the end of the war, Abeel moved to the coastal city of Amoy where he rationalized opium commerce as an evil outweighed by the potential benefits of opening treaty ports. The prominent administrator of Fujian and scholar Xú Jìyú (徐繼畬‎; 1795–1873) disagreed and adapted Abeel’s geographical tools to present a warning about the attempts to evangelize “South-East Asia.” His Yíng huàn zhì lüè (瀛擐志略‎; General Survey of the Maritime Circuit, a Universal Geography, 1849) portrays Catholic and Protestant commercial activity as a threat to indigenous jurisdiction the world over.
Genealogizing Colonial and Indigenous Translations and Publications of the Kumulipo
Authors: McDougall Brandy Nālani
Published: January 2020

This essay investigates the English translations of the Kumulipo by Queen Lili‘uokalani, Martha Beckwith, and Rubellite Kawena Johnston, as well as the historical contexts of their publication. She questions the continuing distortion of the indigenous claims to sovereignty in the neocolonial production and dissemination of knowledge and highlights the enduring power of the Kumulipo figures in the consciousness of contemporary Kanaka Maoli writers and performers from a US-occupied Hawai‘i.
The Turn to Japan and Return to War
Authors: Lippit Akira Mizuta
Published: January 2020

From Sophia Coppola's independent Lost in Translation (2003) to Clint Eastwood's Warner Brothers film Letters from Iwo Jima (2006), Japan and Japanese culture have served as geographical and historical locations, generating a transnational aesthetic that unsettles the foundations of what might be called a national cinema. Spanning independent and studio productions, each film is distinctly American, even if the terms of that distinctness differ from film to film. What is reflected in this constellation of films is not only Japan, not only the idea of Japan (of Japaneseness), but the idea of Japan through the Japanese cinema: an image of an image, of a cinema transposed from one national cinema to another. The image of Japan that appears in these films is the image of an image, the referent an image of a country and not the country as such. Japan is imagined through its cinema, an invention of its cinema, which is reflected as a projection in these films. What appears is thus an imaginary Japan, a synthetic Japan transformed through the apparatus of cinema and spectatorship into an image of Japan: a becoming that passes through cinema and that transforms viewers into Japanese, which is to say, it renders them imperceptible.
Male Sexuality in the Colony
Authors: Shinjo Ikuo
Published: January 2020

This essay examines the ways in which a crisscrossing of homosexual desires in a novella written in US-occupied Okinawa in the 1950s ruptures the structure of military colonialism and eventually renders that colonial structure inoperative through its illumination of a circuit of certain promiscuous forces.
Toyokawa Zenichi's novella "Searchlight" was originally published in the ninth volume of radical students' literary journal Ryukyu University Literature (1956), which was censored, banned, and eventually withdrawn from circulation by the US military apparatus in Okinawa.
The novella's disclosure of transference of homoerotic desires across plural bodies and subjectivities offers a fundamental critique of political norms that subtend the US military occupation in Okinawa, including the racialized and gendered hierarchy of the bodies and the equally hierarchical division of the sexual subject and object. The novella's critique of such institutionalized norms through its exploration of mimicry opens up a new circuit of politics that is still missing in Homi Bhabha's theorization of the same practice in postcolonial politics and aesthetics. That is, going far beyond the politics of "subversion" in the early Bhabha and Butler, for instance, the novella discovers a mode of radical mimicry that contaminates and eventually calls into question the very subjectivitiy of the colonizer and the colonized.
Coping with Change
Authors: Johnson Elizabeth Lominska , Johnson Graham E.
Published: January 2020

Kwan Mun Hau, an original village and research focus, was re-sited in 1964, as the villagers could no longer tolerate the flooding in the old village resulting from unplanned development of surrounding areas, and government hopes to rationalize the development of the central area where the village had been located. This sealed the villagers’ move to a cash economy, a mixed benefit, with many employed in industry and some receiving rents from tenants of diverse origins, many of whom ran small factories. The lineage trusts were also converted to rent-yielding urban property. Families were still large, with many children, but their structures were limited by the configuration of the new houses. Interest in birth control was high. All children now went to school, studying in Cantonese, the lingua franca, which was also promoted by the increasing presence of television. Western medicine was readily available, but the very old were still cared for at home.
Fashioning Ethiopian Laborers
Authors: Driessen Miriam
Published: January 2020

Whereas Chinese road builders are modest about improving their own lives, they are confident about their ability to transform the lives of Ethiopian others. This chapter discusses Chinese management’s attempts to fashion young Ethiopian men into industrious laborers, modeling them on the self-sacrificing worker subject that helped realize China’s economic miracle throughout the 1990s and 2000s. What Ethiopian laborers lack, in Chinese managers’ eyes, is a sense of urgency and a drive to develop the self. Yet their attempts to fashion Ethiopians into committed laborers are a double-edged sword. On the one hand, management seeks to enhance the productivity of the local workforce and speed up the building works. On the other hand, they have a fundamental interest in upholding the image of the Ethiopian worker as indolent, for it confirms Chinese moral superiority and justifies wage differentials and inequalities in employment security.
Inspiring Indiscipline
Authors: Driessen Miriam
Published: January 2020

On the construction site the enforcement of labor discipline is mostly based on personal whim. Rules are made up on the spot and punishments depend on the mood or the goodwill of individual Chinese foremen. This type of labor regime leads to a loss of managerial credibility and inspires indiscipline on the part of Ethiopian workers. Subversion can be subtle, expressed with humor and through play, but transgressions can also evolve into open defiance, such as work stoppages and labor strikes. Voting with their feet is yet another strategy that Ethiopian laborers employ to play one Chinese enterprise off against the other, forcing management to increase wages and improve employment conditions in the process. Taken together, these subversive acts challenge Chinese managers, so much so that they are disciplined by their own workers.
Hitchcock and the Censors
Authors: Billheimer John
Published: January 2020

The Motion Picture Production Code controlled the content and final cut on all films made and distributed in the US from 1934 to 1968. Code officials protected sensitive ears from the standard four-letter words as well as a few five-letter words like tramp and six-letter words like cripes. They also scrubbed ‘excessively lustful’ kissing from the screen, and ensured that no criminal went unpunished. Censors demanded an average of twenty changes, ranging from trivial to mind-boggling, on each of Alfred Hitchcock’s films during his most productive years. No production escaped these changes, which rarely improved the finished film. Code reviewers dictated the ending of’ Rebecca, shortened the shower scene in’ Psycho, absolved Cary Grant of guilt in’ Suspicion, edited Cole Porter’s lyrics in’ Stage Fright, and decided which shades should be drawn in’ Rear Window. Nevertheless, Hitchcock still managed to push the boundaries of sex and violence permitted in films by charming (and occasionally tricking) the censors and by swapping off bits of dialogue, plot points, and individual shots (some of which had been deliberately inserted as trading chips) to protect cherished scenes and images. The director’s priorities in dealing with the censors highlight both his theories of suspense and the single-mindedness of Code officials. Hitchcock and the Censors’ traces the forces that led to the Production Code and describes Hitchcock’s interactions with Code officials on a film-by-film basis as he fought to protect his creations, bargaining with Code reviewers and sidestepping censorship to produce a lifetime of memorable films.
ISIS’s Projection of Landpower in Iraq
Authors: Al-Marashi Ibrahim
Published: January 2020

The rise of ISIS and the inability of the Iraqi state to resist it was predicated on the Islamic State's use of landpower and the Iraqi government's inability to maintain a disciplined, cohesive standing army to resist it. The success of ISIS's land invasion of Iraq in June 2014 can be attributed to its innovations in employinglandpower, initially leading to the rise of militias to counter it, and taking close to three years for the anti-ISIS military forces to deal a strategic defeat to the Islamic State. Even after the Iraq's state's victory over ISIS as of the end of 2017, the Iraqi state's landpower still remains institutionally decentralized, divided among the Kurdish Peshmerga and Shi'a militias, raising questions as to future of cohesion of Iraq's land forces.
Epilogue
Authors: Doss J. Casey
Published: January 2020

This epilogue places the challenges of landpower examined in this volume into a historical perspective since World War II. It argues that the American use of landpower is both ambivalent and Janus-faced. Ambivalent in that the United States has a militarized interventionist foreign policy but looks to withdraw once the complications of conflict become apparent. Janus-faced in that the United States seeks to use landpower in two opposing roles: as a foreign policy deterrent against other great powers and as a global constabulary. That the United States has neither resolved this dilemma nor overcome this ambivalence has curtailed the possibilities inherent to the use of force and must be taken into account when considering the American use of landpower since 9/11.
The Meaning of Educational Exchange
Authors: Lebovic Sam
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines Fulbright’s theories of cultural exchange to understand the substance and assumptions of his commitment to liberal internationalism. It shows that his assumption that educational exchange would produce mutual understanding was underscored by his assumption that the United States embodied universal liberal values. Therefore, Fulbright presumed that a program of exchange would produce an expanding sphere of American influence. This assumption was a product of deeper currents in his philosophy of international relations: his ideology of national exceptionalism, his faith in the transformative power of American culture, his idealist belief that war was the product of misunderstanding, and his confidence in the power that flowed from American economic and political preponderance.
The Fulbright Program in China
Authors: Xu Guangqiu
Published: January 2020

This chapter addresses an important but understudied subject: the Fulbright program in China. Educational exchanges have been among the most significant developments in the US-China relationship. The study of this subject, using a previously underutilized archive, undoubtedly helps readers understand better US-China relations, not just in terms of bilateral educational exchanges, but also in terms of a clearer view of the broader bilateral relationship and its ups and downs since the late 1970s. In even broader terms, this is a story of how the interaction between China and the West has evolved.
Introduction
Authors: Lee Peter
Published: January 2020

The introduction discusses the glut of Triple Crown champions during the 1970s and the popularity of horse racing during that time. But clouds were on the horizon; allegations of race fixing threatened to damage the sport, and fans longed for another champion that they could rally around.
Beginnings
Authors: Lee Peter
Published: January 2020

Spectacular Bid’s story starts with his birth in a mud puddle—an incident that his owners believed toughened him up. The first year of Spectacular Bid’s life is covered in detail. Bid’s pedigree consisted of twins (a rarity in horse racing) and a filly that ho raced at county fairs—not exactly the bloodlines of a superstar.
Derby Fever
Authors: Lee Peter
Published: January 2020

This chapter is all about the Kentucky Derby and the hype leading up to it. Spectacular Bid’s main competitor is a California horse, Flying Paster, and the race turns into an East versus West showdown. Given Bid’s lackluster wins in his final prep races, handicappers and journalists express doubt about his ability to capture the Derby, but he does so in impressive fashion—with a nineteen-year-old jockey on his back.
Home Again
Authors: Lee Peter
Published: January 2020

Home for the entire Bid contingent is Baltimore, Maryland. This chapter covers the publicity surrounding the Preakness Stakes (held in Maryland), the second jewel of the Triple Crown, where Bid wins by an even larger margin than in the Derby.
Off to Paris
Authors: Mikolashek Jon B.
Published: January 2020

Patton, assigned as a staff officer, deploys to France as part of the lead element of the American Expeditionary Force under General John J. Pershing.
Patton sails to France aboard HMS Baltic and arrives in England in July 1917. He spends time fine-tuning his command of the French language, staying in shape, and preparing for combat, but is disappointed with his role as a staff officer.
With little to do, Patton spends the first few months of his deployment to France attempting to get his wife, Beatrice Ayer Patton, overseas.
By the end of 1917, Patton decides to leave his staff role and joins the newly created Tank Corps.
The True Test
Authors: Mikolashek Jon B.
Published: January 2020

The Meuse-Argonne offensive is a massive undertaking, the largest operation by the United States Army in World War I. Much larger and size and scope than St. Mihiel, it has a small but important role for the 304th Tank Brigade.
Patton personally leads his brigade into combat and is severely wounded in the initial phase of the offensive. He spends the rest of the operation in a field hospital recovering from his wounds. His tank brigade performs well in his absence.
The War after the War
Authors: Mikolashek Jon B.
Published: January 2020

Patton finally returns to the United States and his wife and two young children, whom he has rarely seen since 1916. At the age of thirty-four, Patton is still a colonel and still a part of the United States Tank Corps. However, a battle is brewing within the United States Army, the War Department, and Congress about what to do with tanks and the air service. As the fight for the United States Tank Corps looms, Patton decides to stay with the tanks for the next couple of years, mainly out of loyalty.
Infantry Rearmament, Training, and Operations
Authors: Li Xiaobing
Published: January 2020

Chapter 3 looks into how the PLA established and trained the first three regular divisions, the 304th, 308th, and 312th Divisions, for the Viet Minh in China in 1950. The PLA also opened two officer academies; four communication, technology, and mechanic schools; three driving schools; two medical training centers; and six language institutes in 1951 for the Vietnam Minh. By 1952, the Chinese had provided military, technology, and professional training for 25,000 Vietnamese officers, soldiers, engineers, technicians, and medical staff in China. In August, when the Chinese Military Advisory Group (CMAG) arrived, more than 450 Chinese advisors worked with the PAVN commanders at the high command, division, regiment, and battalion levels. The PLA advisors taught the Vietnamese their successful tactics from the Chinese Civil War. They developed tactics for mobile operations and designed surprise attacks to outnumber the enemy whenever the situation permitted, in order to wipe out entire enemy units instead of simply repelling them. Chinese training, rearmament, and advisory assistance were intended to improve PAVN combat abilities in order to achieve victory by using annihilation tactics. When the PAVN launched the Border Campaign at Cao Bang in September-October 1950, they defeated the French near Cao Bang, opening transportation lines for Chinese aid.
Control and Campaigns
Authors: Li Xiaobing
Published: January 2020

Between December 1950 and July 1951, the PLA helped the PAVN establish four more divisions by rearming and training them in China, including the 316th, 320th, and 325th Infantry Divisions and 351st Heavy (Artillery/Engineering) Division. By the summer of 1951, the PAVN had 200,000 regular troops. Chapter 4 reveals that the Viet Minh high command did not intend to remain in the remote, less-populated mountainous region with a backward economy after their victory in the Border Campaign. Instead, they were ready to move south from the border region into the Red River Delta, the rice bowl of North Vietnam. Ignoring Chinese warnings, Giap planned a “general counteroffensive” for the final victory in 1950–1951. This chapter examines his three offensive campaigns at Vinh Yen, Mao Khe, and the Day River, from December 1950 through June 1951, and explores the disagreements and miscalculations made by the Chinese advisors.
Conclusion
Authors: Li Xiaobing
Published: January 2020

The conclusion points out that to maintain maximum support, North Vietnam remained neutral in the Sino-Soviet rivalry. This triangular relationship changed after Ho died in 1969. Hanoi began moving closer to Moscow in 1970–1972, and the traditional alliance between China and North Vietnam established in 1950 fell apart. After the Paris Peace Treaty was signed in January 1973 and American troops withdrew, the Chinese Navy attacked the South Vietnamese Navy around the Paracel and Spratly Islands in the South China Sea. When the Vietnam War ended in 1975, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam claimed the islands, but Chinese troops stayed, and China remained in control in the South China Sea. Unresolved issues led to hostility and crises between China and Vietnam, and Beijing invaded Vietnam in 1979. The best Communist friends had become the worst enemies in fewer than ten years.
Philosophy between Religion and Science
Authors: Tartaglia James ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: January 2020

Philosophical concerns are evidenced from the beginning of human literature, which have no obvious connection to philosophy’s mainstream epistemological and metaphysical problematic. I reject the views that the nature of philosophy is a philosophical question, and that the discipline is united by methodology, arguing that it must be united by subject matter. The origins of the discipline provide reasons to doubt the existence of a unifying subject matter, however, and scepticism about philosophy also arises from its a priori methodology and apparent lack of progress. In response, I argue that philosophy acquired a distinctive subject matter when the concept of transcendence was introduced into attempts to gain a systematic understanding of the world and our place within it; philosophy thereby pursues the same aim of achieving a synoptic vision of reality as religion, but resembles science in its development and employment of rigorous methodologies. Philosophy’s subject matter explains why it must be pursued a priori, and it only appears not to have progressed when aims are neglected, and it is inappropriately assimilated to science.
The View from the Armchair
Authors: Bryson Anthony , Alexander David ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: January 2020

In the last two decades, the greatest threat to armchair philosophy has been the natural kinds approach. On this view, philosophic theorizing should not be obsessed with the ideas of justice, goodness, and truth but should look outward to the world of objects to find these things. And if these things happen to be natural kinds, like kinds of rock or fish for instance, then clearly we should reject the armchair for the lab. The philosopher should leave the office and join the scientist out in the field. Philosophy should become a species of science. We attempt to defend traditional/armchair philosophy by examining Hilary Kornblith’s naturalistic methodological approach to epistemology. Among other things, we argue that Kornblith’s approach leads to some surprising, undesirable results (at least undesirable to the naturalist), one of which is that Kornblith cannot discount epistemic internalism as a viable contender in the search for the nature of knowledge. His methodology actually requires that we take epistemic internalism seriously.
Philosophical Methodology in Modal Epistemology
Authors: Goswick Dana ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: January 2020

This paper examines the legitimacy of two common methodologies within philosophy: thought experiments and conceptual analysis. In particular, I examine the uses to which these two methodologies have been put within modal epistemology. I argue that, although both methods can be used to reveal conditional essentialist claims (e.g. necessarily: if x is water, then x is H20), neither can be used to reveal the de re essentialists claims (e.g. x is water and x is essentially H20) they’re often taken to reveal.
Persian ‘Snap’: Iranian Dancers in Gandhāra
Authors: Muzio Ciro Lo
Published: January 2020

A series of reliefs from ancient Gandhāra (Peshawar Valley and neighbouring areas, North Pakistan) show dancers in Iranian (sometimes Hellenistic) attire accompanied by musical instruments of western (Near Eastern, Iranian, Greek) origins. A distinctive trait of these figures is the fact that each of them joins his/her hands to produce a snap (the ‘Persian snap’), meant to mark the time. The Gandharan reliefs are the starting point of an overview of the iconographic evidence of similar dance scenes in diverse artistic traditions (first and foremost, in Classical vase painting and Hellenistic terracottas), in which Iranian-garbed dancers, captured in postures closely comparable to those witnessed in Gandhāra, perform the ‘Persian snap’ which, however, had never been recognised as such in previous studies.
Writing the History of Unwritten Music: On the Treatise of Darwesh ‘Ali Changi (17th Century)
Authors: Żerańska-Kominek Sławomiira
Published: January 2020

The chapter deals with the representation of memory about the musical past as represented in the Risalei musiqi by Darweh ‘Ali Changi, music master from Transoxiana (b. c.1547, d. after 1611). This treatise, written in the convention of adab genre, is an exceptional document of an essentially oral tradition, with its ‘unacademic’ way of organising musical knowledge, free from philosophical-scientific discipline and mathematical speculation, immersed in myth, legend and fable, most closely linked to poetry. It represents an attempt to fix in writing knowledge that existed in the form of a non-formalised, free-ranging discourse, testified directly by the memory of living musicians and beyond its boundaries transformed into a mythical complex.
Víctima de violencia de género y la dispensa del art. 416 Lecrim: evolución jurisprudencial
Authors: Beltrán Montoliu Ana
Published: January 2020

La declaración de la víctima en el proceso penal por delitos de violencia de género plantea numerosas dificultades en la práctica forense debido al empleo de la dispensa del deber de declarar del art. 416 LECrim. Esta circunstancia propicia sentencias absolutorias y genera en la sociedad una percepción de impunidad judicial ante esta lacra social. En el presente artículo se analizan las cuestiones procesales que se suscitan por la aplicación de tal dispensa y su evolución jurisprudencial.The Victim´s declaration in criminal proceedings for crimes of gender violence raises numerous difficulties in forensic practice due to the use of the exemption from the duty to declare envisaged in art. 416 LECrim. This circumstance leads to acquittals and generates in society a perception of judicial impunity in the fight against this social scourge. In the present article the procedural questions that are raised by the application of such dispensation and its jurisprudential evolution are analyzed.
Reflexiones sobre la aplicación de circunstancias modificativas de la responsabilidad criminal al hilo de la SAP Madrid núm. 519/2015, de 17 de julio, y la STS núm. 357/2016, de 24 de abril
Authors: Pérez-Sauquillo Muñoz Carmen
Published: January 2020

El presente artículo tiene el propósito de analizar la calificación jurídica de los hechos probados en la SAP de Madrid núm. 519/2015, de 17 de julio, y en la STS núm. 357/2016, de 24 de abril, que resuelve el recurso de casación interpuesto contra la primera. Desde un punto de vista de Derecho penal sustantivo, tales hechos plantean varios problemas relacionados tanto con la parte general como con la parte especial del Derecho penal: así, el caso ofrece una buena oportunidad para reflexionar sobre cuestiones como la tentativa de delito, los concursos y, sobre todo, la correcta comprensión y aplicación de las circunstancias modificativas de la responsabilidad criminal.
RESOCIALIZACIÓN Y ENCUESTAS DE CALIDAD DE VIDA PENITENCIARIA
Authors: Barquín Sanz Jesús , Cano Paños Miguel Ángel , Calvo Alba María Ángeles
Published: January 2020

En el presente artículo se presentan y analizan los resultados estadísticos obtenidos de 454 encuestas de autoinforme dirigidas a evaluar la calidad de vida en prisión que han sido completadas por algo más del diez por ciento de la población penitenciaria de cinco centros del sur de España, cuatro de ellas en Andalucía oriental, más el centro penitenciario de Melilla. Se trata de una investigación realizada a partir de una versión independiente de la encuesta original desarrollada por Alison Liebling Measuring the Quality of Prison Life (MQPL). El principal objetivo general es contribuir a profundizar en el conocimiento de la realidad de las prisiones españolas. En términos más específicos, verificar si se confirma, o no, el fundamento constitucional con el que se sigue concibiendo la pena de prisión en España: la reeducación y reinserción social del condenado (artículo 25.2 CE). Para ello se analizan las respuestas a una serie de preguntas que se enmarcan en tres variables o dimensiones: (1) la relación de los internos con el personal de prisión; (2) la relación de los reclusos entre sí; (3) la eficacia o no del tratamiento penitenciario de cara a su reincorporación a la sociedad. El análisis permite no sólo vislumbrar diferencias en cuanto al régimen de vida de los centros penitenciarios analizados sino, además, evaluar la validez de la hipótesis de partida, a saber, la vigencia actual de lo establecido en el mencionado precepto constitucional.This paper presents and analyzes statistical results obtained from 454 self-report surveys aimed at evaluating the quality of prison life of inmates. These have been completed by over ten percent of the prison population of five prisons in the south of the Spain, four of them in eastern Andalusia, plus the penitentiary center of Melilla. The research is based on an independent version of the the original survey developed by Alison Liebling, Measuring the Quality of Prison Life (MQPL).The main general objective of this paper is to contribute to deepening the knowledge of the reality of Spanish prisons. In more specific terms, to inquire into the validity of the hypothesis on which prison sentences are still formally based in Spain: re-education and social reintegration of the convicted person (article 25.2 of the Spanish Constitution). For this purpose, we have analyzed the current state of prison ‘morals’ from the answers of the surveyed prisoners to a questionnaire that includes, among others, some questions connectedwith the following three issues: (1) their relationship with prison staff; (2) their relationship with other inmates; (3) the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of prison treatment in terms of their reintegration into society.The research will allow not only to detect possible differences in the prison life of the five penitentiaries analyzed, but also to confirm or not the initial hypothesis raised, namely, the current validity of what is established in the aforementioned artículo 25.2 of the Spanish Constitution.
A transposición do infinitivo flexionado ao castelán na tradución de Carmen Martín Gaite d’O Mistério da Estrada de Sintra
Authors: Gómez Bautista Alberto
Published: January 2020

O obxectivo principal deste traballo é analizar os recursos lingüísticos que se utilizan en castelán para traducir o infinitivo flexionado do portugués, forma que non se atopa no paradigma verbal castelán, nunha tradución d’O Mistério da Estrada de Sintra. Ese estudo das formas equivalentes ao infinitivo flexionado empregadas na tradución da devandita obra irá precedido dunha introdución ao estado da arte deste paradigma verbal, unha breve análise da obra orixinal e da tradución castelá máis divulgada, a de Carmen Martín Gaite, que serviu de base para este estudo.The main goal of this paper is to analyse the linguistic resources used in the Spanish translation, by Carmen Martín Gaite, of O Mistério da Estrada de Sintra written by José Maria Eça de Queiroz and José Duarte Ramalho Ortigão, to translate the Portuguese inflexed infinitive, a form that does not exist in the verbal paradigm of Spanish. The study will also consider the state of the art of this verbal paradigm, as well as an analysis of the original work and its most known Spanish translation, which is the base of this paper.
El euskera en la novela "Patria" de Fernando Aramburu
Authors: Cid Abasolo Karlos
Published: January 2020

En este artículo se analiza la presencia de la lengua vasca en la novela Patria, de Fernando Aramburu, best seller del año 2016. Aramburu, como es sabido, escribe en español, pero en esta novela, al igual que en otras obras anteriores, introduce, por un lado, palabras o frases en euskera con una determinada intencionalidad, y, por otro, referencias y reflexiones (propias y, sobre todo, de los personajes) sobre la lengua vasca. Tanto las unas como las otras son el objeto de estudio de este trabajo. En la parte final del artículo se incluye la corrección de errores del glosario que aparece al final de la novela, glosario (citamos textualmente) de «vocablos y modismos procedentes del euskera». En algunos casos, los errores se encuentran en la definición y, en otros casos, en el hecho de que algunas de las palabras no procedan del euskera.This article analyses the presence of the Basque language in the novel Patria, by Fernando Aramburu, best seller of the year 2016. Aramburu, as is well known, writes in Spanish, but in this novel, as in other previous works, he introduces, on the one hand, words or phrases in Basque with a certain intentionality, and on the other, references and reflections (of the author himself and, above all, of the characters) on the Basque language. Both are the object of study of this work. The final part of the article includes the correction of errors in the glossary at the end of the novel, a glossary (we quote verbatim) of «words and idioms derived from the Basque language». In some cases, errors lie in the definition, and in others, in the fact that some of the words do not come from the Basque language.
Impact of climate on a bike-sharing system. Minutes of use depending on day of the week, month and season of the year
Authors: Sanmiguel-Rodríguez Alberto , Arufe Giráldez Víctor
Published: January 2020

En los últimos años, han proliferado las políticas socio-deportivas municipales encaminadas a la promoción del uso compartido de bicicletas en diferentes localidades del territorio español. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo, por un lado, conocer si el impacto del clima, temperaturas y precipitaciones medias influye en el uso de las bicicletas compartidas. Y, por otra parte, analizar si el uso de dichas bicicletas se ve afectado en función de los días de la semana, meses y estaciones del año. Para ello, se ha realizado un estudio descriptivo y transversal a lo largo de 3 años registrando los usos de bicicletas compartidas ofertadas en un municipio español. Los resultados señalan que no se han encontrado grandes diferencias de uso en relación con los 7 días de la semana. Con respecto a los meses, los datos evidenciaron un ascenso progresivo de uso desde el mes de abril hasta julio, logrando un pico del 15,6% y 15,8% en los meses de agosto y septiembre respectivamente. También se obtuvieron resultados vinculados a las variables meteorológicas, concluyéndose que las temperaturas suaves y escasas precipitaciones se asocian con un mayor número de usos del sistema.