bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wie die Senioren der Zukunft wohnen
Authors: Kramer Caroline , Pfaffenbach Carmella
Published: April 2013

Fit und aktiv: Wer heute 50 ist, hat andere Ansprüche und Möglichkeiten für den eigenen Ruhestand als die jetzigen Rentner. Human‐ und Kulturgeographen untersuchen, in welcher Weise sich dadurch Wohnformen und Lebensstile verändern.
Mit beiden Ohren in der Welt
Authors: Unterstell Rembert
Published: April 2013

Grundlagennah und anwendungsorientiert: Oldenburger Forscher um den Physiker und Mediziner Birger Kollmeier nutzen das räumliche Hören, um binaurale Hörgeräte zu entwickeln. Das hat ihnen jüngst den „Deutschen Zukunftspreis”︁ eingetragen.
The use of traits-based approaches and eco(toxico)logical models to advance the ecological risk assessment framework for chemicals
Authors: Van den Brink Paul J , Baird Donald J , Baveco Hans (JM) , Focks Andreas
Published: April 2013

This article presents a framework to diagnose and predict the effects of chemicals, integrating 2 promising tools to incorporate more ecology into ecological risk assessment, namely traits-based approaches and ecological modeling. Traits-based approaches are used increasingly to derive correlations between the occurrence of species traits and chemical exposure from biological and chemical monitoring data. This assessment can also be used in a diagnostic way, i.e., to identify the chemicals probably posing the highest risks to the aquatic ecosystems. The article also describes how ecological models can be used to explore how traits govern the species-substance interactions and to predict effects at the individual, population, and community and ecosystem level, i.e., from the receptor to the landscape level. This can be done by developing models describing the toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of the chemical in the individual, the life-history of species and the connectivity of populations, determining their recovery, and the food web relations at the community and ecosystem level that determine the indirect effects. Special attention is given on how spatial aspects can be included in the ecological risk assessments using ecological models. The components of the framework are introduced and critically discussed. We describe how the different tools and data generated through experimentation (laboratory and semifield) and biomonitoring can be integrated. The article uses examples from the aquatic compartment, but the concepts that are used, and their integration within the framework, can be generalized to other environmental compartments. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2013;9:e47–e57. © 2013 SETAC
Use of new scientific developments in regulatory risk assessments: Challenges and opportunities
Authors: Tarazona Jose V
Published: April 2013

Since the 1990s, science based ecological risk assessments constitute an essential tool for supporting decision making in the regulatory context. Using the European REACH Regulation as example, this article presents the challenges and opportunities for new scientific developments within the area of chemical control and environmental protection. These challenges can be sorted out in 3 main related topics (sets). In the short term, the challenges are directly associated with the regulatory requirements, required for facilitating a scientifically sound implementation of the different obligations for industry and authorities. It is important to mention that although the actual tools are different due to the regulatory requirements, the basic needs are still the same as those addressed in the early 1990s: understanding the ecological relevance of the predicted effects, including the uncertainty, and facilitating the link with the socio-economic assessment. The second set of challenges covers the opportunities for getting an added value from the regulatory efforts. The information compiled through REACH registration and notification processes is analyzed as source for new integrative developments for assessing the combined chemical risk at the regional level. Finally, the article discusses the challenge of inverting the process and developing risk assessment methods focusing on the receptor, the individual or ecosystem, instead of on the stressor or source. These approaches were limited in the past due to the lack of information, but the identification and dissemination of standard information, including uses, manufacturing sites, physical-chemical, environmental, ecotoxicological, and toxicological properties as well as operational conditions and risk management measures for thousands of chemicals, combined by the knowledge gathered through large scale monitoring programs and spatial information systems is generating new opportunities. The challenge is liking predictions and measured data in an integral “-omic type” approach, considering collectively data from different sources and offering a complete assessment of the chemical risk of individuals and ecosystems, with new conceptual approaches that could be defined as “risk-omics based” paradigms and models. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2013;9:e85–e91. © 2013 SETAC
ESTIMATION OF CENSORED PANEL‐DATA MODELS WITH SLOPE HETEROGENEITY
Authors: Abrevaya Jason , Shen Shu
Published: April 2013

This paper considers estimation of censored panel‐data models with individual‐specific slope heterogeneity. The slope heterogeneity may be random (random slopes model) or related to covariates (correlated random slopes model). Maximum likelihood and censored least‐absolute deviations estimators are proposed for both models. The estimators are simple to implement and, in the case of maximum likelihood, lead to straightforward estimation of partial effects. The rescaled bootstrap suggested by Andrews (Econometrica2000;68: 399–405) is used to deal with the possibility of variance parameters being equal to zero. The methodology is applied to an empirical study of Dutch household portfolio choice, where the outcome variable (portfolio share in safe assets) has corner solutions at zero and one. As predicted by economic theory, there is strong evidence of correlated random slopes for the age profiles, indicating a heterogeneous age profile of portfolio adjustment that varies significantly with other household characteristics. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thiol‐acrylate nanocomposite foams for critical size bone defect repair: A novel biomaterial
Authors: Garber Leah , Chen Cong , Kilchrist Kameron V. , Bounds Christopher , Pojman John A. , Hayes Daniel
Published: April 2013

Bone tissue engineering approaches using polymer/ceramic composites show promise as effective biocompatible, absorbable, and osteoinductive materials. A novel class of in situ polymerizing thiol‐acrylate based copolymers synthesized via an amine‐catalyzed Michael addition was studied for its potential to be used in bone defect repair. Both pentaerythritol triacrylate‐co‐trimethylolpropane tris(3‐mercaptopropionate) (PETA‐co‐TMPTMP) and PETA‐co‐TMPTMP with hydroxyapatite (HA) composites were fabricated in solid cast and foamed forms. These materials were characterized chemically and mechanically followed by an in vitro evaluation of the biocompatibility and chemical stability in conjunction with human adipose‐derived mesenchymal pluripotent stem cells (hASC). The solid PETA‐co‐TMPTMP with and without HA exhibited compressive strength in the range of 7–20 MPa, while the cytotoxicity and biocompatibility results demonstrate higher metabolic activity of hASC on PETA‐co‐TMPTMP than on a polycaprolactone control. Scanning electron microscope imaging of hASC show expected spindle shaped morphology when adhered to copolymer. Micro‐CT analysis indicates open cell interconnected pores. Foamed PETA‐co‐TMPTMP HA composite shows promise as an alternative to FDA‐approved biopolymers for bone tissue engineering applications. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 101A: 3531–3541, 2013.
Elongation of textile pelvic floor implants under load is related to complete loss of effective porosity, thereby favoring incorporation in scar plates
Authors: Otto Jens , Kaldenhoff E. , Kirschner‐Hermanns R. , Mühl Thomas , Klinge Uwe
Published: April 2013

Use of textile structures for reinforcement of pelvic floor structures has to consider mechanical forces to the implant, which are quite different to the tension free conditions of the abdominal wall. Thus, biomechanical analysis of textile devices has to include the impact of strain on stretchability and effective porosity. Prolift® and Prolift + M®, developed for tension free conditions, were tested by measuring stretchability and effective porosity applying mechanical strain. For comparison, we used Dynamesh‐PR4®, which was designed for pelvic floor repair to withstand mechanical strain. Prolift® at rest showed moderate porosity with little stretchability but complete loss of effective porosity at strain of 4.9 N/cm. Prolift + M® revealed an increased porosity at rest, but at strain showed high stretchability, with subsequent loss of effective porosity at strain of 2.5 N/cm. Dynamesh PR4® preserved its high porosity even under strain, but as consequence of limited stretchability. Though in tension free conditions Prolift® and Prolift + M® can be considered as large pore class I meshes, application of mechanical strain rapidly lead to collapse of pores. The loss of porosity at mechanical stress can be prevented by constructions with high structural stability. Assessment of porosity under strain was found helpful to define requirements for pelvic floor devices. Clinical studies have to prove whether devices with high porosity as well as high structural stability can improve the patients' outcome. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 1079–1084, 2014.
Bone and Skeletal Muscle: Neighbors With Close Ties
Authors: DiGirolamo Douglas J , Kiel Douglas P , Esser Karyn A
Published: April 2013

The musculoskeletal system evolved in mammals to perform diverse functions that include locomotion, facilitating breathing, protecting internal organs, and coordinating global energy expenditure. Bone and skeletal muscles involved with locomotion are both derived from somitic mesoderm and accumulate peak tissue mass synchronously, according to genetic information and environmental stimuli. Aging results in the progressive and parallel loss of bone (osteopenia) and skeletal muscle (sarcopenia) with profound consequences for quality of life. Age-associated sarcopenia results in reduced endurance, poor balance, and reduced mobility that predispose elderly individuals to falls, which more frequently result in fracture because of concomitant osteoporosis. Thus, a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the parallel development and involution of these tissues is critical to developing new and more effective means to combat osteoporosis and sarcopenia in our increasingly aged population. This perspective highlights recent advances in our understanding of mechanisms coupling bone and skeletal muscle mass, and identify critical areas where further work is needed.
Cell proliferation is promoted by compressive stress during early stage of chondrogenic differentiation of rat BMSCs
Authors: Wang Yating , Wang Jun , Bai Ding , Song Jinlin , Ye Rui , Zhao Zhihe , Lei Lei , Hao Jin , Jiang Chunmiao , Fang Shanbao , An Shu , Cheng Qian , Li Juan
Published: April 2013

The presence of an appropriate number of viable cells is prerequisite for successive differentiation during chondrogenesis. Chondrogenic differentiation has been reported to be influenced by mechanical stimuli. This research aimed to study the effects of cyclic compressive stress on cell viability of rat bone marrow‐derived MSCs (BMSCs) during chondrogenesis as well as its underlying mechanisms. The results showed that dynamic compression increased cell quantity and viability remarkably in the early stage of chondrogenesis, during which the expression of Ihh, Cyclin D1, CDK4, and Col2α1 were enhanced significantly. Possible signal pathways implicated in the process were explored in our study. MEK/ERK and p38 MAPK were not found to function in this process while BMP signaling seemed to play an important role in the mechanotransduction during chondrogenic proliferation. In conclusion, dynamic compressive stress could enhance cell viability during chondrogenesis, which might be achieved by activating BMP signaling. J. Cell. Physiol. 228: 1935–1942, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Akt inhibition promotes hexokinase 2 redistribution and glucose uptake in cancer cells
Authors: Neary Catherine L. , Pastorino John G.
Published: April 2013

Hexokinase II (HK2), the enzyme that catalyzes the first committed step of glycolysis, is overexpressed in many cancers, as is the central signaling kinase Akt. Akt activity promotes HK2 association with the mitochondria, as well as glucose uptake by cancer cells. In HeLa cervical cancer cells, Akt inhibitor IV (Ai4) increased nuclear HK2 localization, while in MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cells, Ai4 merely induced cytoplasmic redistribution without increased nuclear accumulation. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) directed against Akt confirmed the effect in HeLa cells. Next, we treated the cells with clotrimazole (CTZ), which detaches HK2 from the mitochondria, or leptomycin B (LMB), which promotes HK2 nuclear accumulation, and determined the effect on HK2 subcellular distribution. In both cell lines, CTZ detached HK2 from the mitochondria, without substantially increasing nuclear HK2, while LMB increased nuclear HK2, without redistributing cytoplasmic HK2. Contrary to expectations, Akt inhibition promoted glucose uptake in both cell lines, suggesting that Akt inhibition may increase glucose uptake by detaching HK2 from the mitochondria. In both cell lines, CTZ and LMB increased glucose uptake. However, the results in the HeLa cells showed greater effects: CTZ increased glucose uptake to a similar degree to Ai4, while LMB was far more effective than either. These data suggest that both detachment of HK2 from the mitochondria and increased nuclear HK2 are important for Ai4‐induced increased glucose uptake. J. Cell. Physiol. 228: 1943–1948, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rayleigh‐Taylor instability, lithospheric dynamics, surface topography at convergent mountain belts, and gravity anomalies
Authors: Molnar Peter , Houseman Gregory A.
Published: April 2013

Surface topography and associated gravity anomalies above a layer resembling continental lithosphere, whose mantle part is gravitationally unstable, depend strongly on the ratio of viscosities of the lower‐density crustal part to that of the mantle part. For linear stability analysis, growth rates of Rayleigh‐Taylor instabilities depend largely on the wave number, or wavelength, of the perturbation to the base of the lithosphere and weakly on this viscosity ratio, on plausible density differences among crust, mantle lithosphere, and asthenosphere, and on ratios of crustal to total lithospheric thicknesses. For all likely densities, viscosities, and thicknesses, the Moho is drawn down (pushed up) where the base of the lithosphere subsides (rises). For large viscosities of crust compared to mantle lithosphere (ratios > ~30), a sinking and thickening mantle lithosphere also pulls the surface down. For smaller viscosity ratios, crustal thickening overwhelms the descent of the Moho, and the surface rises (subsides) above regions where mantle lithosphere thickens and descends (thins and rises). Ignoring vertical variations of viscosity within the crust and mantle lithosphere, we find that the maximum surface height occurs for approximately equal viscosities of crust and mantle lithosphere. For large crust/mantle lithosphere viscosity ratios, gravity anomalies follow those of surface topography, with negative (positive) free‐air anomalies over regions of descent (ascent). In this case, topography anomalies are smaller than those that would occur if the lithosphere were in isostatic equilibrium. Hence, flow‐induced stresses—dynamic pressure and deviatoric stress—create smaller topography than that expected for an isostatic state. For small crust/mantle viscosity ratios (< ~10), however, calculated surface topography at long wavelengths is greater than it would be if the lithospheric column were in isostatic equilibrium, and at short wavelengths local isostasy predicts surface deflections of the wrong sign. For the range of wavelengths appropriate for convergent mountain belts (~150–600 km), calculated gravity anomalies are negative over regions of lithospheric thickening, especially when allowance for flexural rigidity of a surface layer is included. Correspondingly, calculated values of admittance, the ratio of Fourier transforms of surface topography and free‐air gravity anomalies, are also negative for wave numbers relevant to mountain belts. For essentially all mountain belts, however, measured free‐air anomalies and admittance are positive. Whether gravitational instability of the lithosphere affects the structure of convergent belts or not, its contribution to the topography of mountain belts seems to be small compared to that predicted for isostatic balance of crustal thickness variations.
Episodic envy and counterproductive work behaviors: Is more justice always good?
Authors: Khan Abdul Karim , Quratulain Samina , M. Bell Chris
Published: April 2013

The authors examined how perceived event‐specific procedural and distributive justice about own and envied others' outcomes interacts with episodic envy to predict counterproductive work behaviors. Our results were consistent with the attribution model of justice, finding that episodic envy significantly predicted counterproductive work behaviors aimed at envied others in the workplace and that this relationship was more pronounced when perceptions of procedural, but not distributive, justice about own or envied others' outcomes were high rather than low. We tested a moderated‐mediation model in which self‐attributions for the outcome mediated the effect of episodic envy on counterproductive work behaviors and that the effect of envy was stronger when perceptions of own or others' procedural justice were high rather than low. This research contributes to the literature on envy processes in the workplace and is the first to use a specific emotion, envy, as a proxy for a negative outcome in a demonstration of the attribution model of justice. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metal ions activate vascular endothelial cells and increase lymphocyte chemotaxis and binding
Authors: Ninomiya James T. , Kuzma Scott A. , Schnettler Timothy J. , Krolikowski John G. , Struve Janine A. , Weihrauch Dorothee
Published: April 2013

Metal on metal articulations in hip arthroplasty offer advantages, including lower volumetric wear compared to conventional metalonpolyethylene bearings, and increased resistance to dislocation. Reports described early failures, with histologic features similar to a Type IV immune response. Mechanisms by which metal wear products cause this reaction are not completely understood. We hypothesized a mechanism through direct activation of endothelial cells (ECs) by metal ions, resulting in both vasculitis and accumulation of lymphocytes without prior immune sensitization. Effects of metal ions were evaluated using human ECs in culture. Alterations in chemotactic proteins IL8 and MCP1 were assessed, as was upregulation of the adhesion molecule ICAM‐1 and lymphocyte binding to ECs. Cobalt increased secretion of IL8 and MCP1 significantly, and upregulated the expression of ICAM‐1 in ECs compared to stimulation by chromium and controls. Binding of lymphocytes to ECs and transEC migration were both significantly increased by cobalt but not chromium. These findings suggest that cobalt contributes more to the activation of ECs and lymphocyte binding than chromium without an allergic response. Some of the adverse tissue reactions to implants with components made of cobalt–chromium–molybdenium alloys may be due in part to activation of the endothelium by metal ions. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:1484–1491, 2013
Fast reconstruction of Raman spectra from narrow‐band measurements based on Wiener estimation
Authors: Chen Shuo , Ong Yi Hong , Liu Quan
Published: April 2013

Raman spectroscopy has demonstrated great potential in clinical and biomedical applications. However, slow data acquisition due to weak Raman signals has prevented its wide use, especially in an imaging setup. In this paper, we propose a novel solution in which the full Raman spectrum can be rapidly reconstructed from a few narrow‐band measurements based on Wiener estimation. This method, using both traditional Wiener estimation and modified Wiener estimation, has been evaluated on Raman spectra collected from live, apoptotic and necrotic leukemia cells with several different types of band‐pass filter choices. Two rules of thumb were identified to guide the choice of filters. Our results indicate that the agreement between reconstructed and measured Raman spectra was excellent according to either the mean root mean square error or the classification accuracy. Therefore, Raman reconstruction from narrow‐band measurements represents a new direction in fast Raman imaging for the investigation of fast changing phenomena. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectroscopic studies of LixSiy compounds
Authors: Gruber Thomas , Thomas Daniel , Röder Christian , Mertens Florian , Kortus Jens
Published: April 2013

The phase diagram of the Li–Si system contains several phases with Li and Si in well defined ratios. So far, only the Raman spectrum of LiSi has been reported. In this work, we present experimental Raman scattering results for the crystalline lithium silicide phases Li12Si7, Li7Si3, Li13Si4, and Li21Si5/Li22Si5, which show clearly distinguishable Raman modes. The experimental results are compared with theoretical data obtained by density functional theory calculations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Post‐Functionalization of Polymers via Orthogonal Ligation Chemistry
Authors: Goldmann Anja S. , Glassner Mathias , Inglis Andrew J. , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher
Published: April 2013

The establishment of advanced living/controlled polymerization protocols allows for engineering synthetic polymers in a precise fashion. Combining advanced living/controlled polymerization techniques with highly efficient coupling chemistries facilitates quantitative, modular, and orthogonal functionalization of synthetic polymer strands at their chain termini as well as side‐chain functionalization. The review highlights the current status of selected post‐functionalization techniques of polymers via orthogonal ligation chemistries, major characteristics of the specific transformation chemistry, as well as the characterization of the products.

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Pore‐Functionalized Nanoporous Materials Derived from Block Copolymers
Authors: Gamys Cé Guinto , Schumers Jean‐Marc , Mugemana Clément , Fustin Charles‐André , Gohy Jean‐François
Published: April 2013

This review deals with nanoporous materials made from the self‐assembly of block copolymers with a special interest in the chemical functions covering the surface of their nanopores. A detailed overview of the existing methods and strategies to generate well‐defined organic functional groups covering the surface of the pore walls is provided. This further enables to finely tune the affinity of the pore walls and to perform well‐defined chemical reactions onto them, which is essential for further dedicated applications.

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1H‐HRMAS NMR study of cold smoked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) treated with E‐beam
Authors: Villa Palmira , Castejón David , Herraiz Marta , Herrera Antonio
Published: April 2013

1H High resolution magic angle spinning (HRMAS) NMR spectroscopic data in combination with principal components analysis and analysis of variance were used to differentiate between irradiated and non‐irradiated cold‐smoked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). NMR profiling was obtained, with a spectral acquisition time of less than 8 min, from a small sample size of intact white salmon muscle, by non‐destructive analysis that includes a very simple and rapid sample preparation step. Results obtained enable the use of creatine, trimethylamine oxide and the sum of phosphorylcholine and glycerophosphorylcholine as diagnostic compounds to detect irradiation treatment. This study shows the potential of 1H‐HRMAS to be a rapid method for investigating compositional changes due to food processing as well as to confirm the presence or absence of some bioactive compounds in irradiated samples. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrated parallel reception, excitation, and shimming (iPRES)
Authors: Han Hui , Song Allen W. , Truong Trong‐Kha
Published: April 2013

Purpose:

To develop a new concept for a hardware platform that enables integrated parallel reception, excitation, and shimming.

Theory:

This concept uses a single coil array rather than separate arrays for parallel excitation/reception and B0 shimming. It relies on a novel design that allows a radiofrequency current (for excitation/reception) and a direct current (for B0 shimming) to coexist independently in the same coil.

Methods:

Proof‐of‐concept B0 shimming experiments were performed with a two‐coil array in a phantom, whereas B0 shimming simulations were performed with a 48‐coil array in the human brain.

Results:

Our experiments show that individually optimized direct currents applied in each coil can reduce the B0 root‐mean‐square error by 62–81% and minimize distortions in echo‐planar images. The simulations show that dynamic shimming with the 48‐coil integrated parallel reception, excitation, and shimming array can reduce the B0 root‐mean‐square error in the prefrontal and temporal regions by 66–79% as compared with static second‐order spherical harmonic shimming and by 12–23% as compared with dynamic shimming with a 48‐coil conventional shim array.

Conclusion:

Our results demonstrate the feasibility of the integrated parallel reception, excitation, and shimming concept to perform parallel excitation/reception and B0 shimming with a unified coil system as well as its promise for in vivo applications.
Parity and body mass index in US women: A prospective 25‐year study
Authors: Abrams Barbara , Heggeseth Brianna , Rehkopf David , Davis Esa
Published: April 2013

Objective

To investigate long‐term body mass index (BMI) changes associated with childbearing.

Design and Methods

Adjusted mean BMI changes were estimated by race‐ethnicity, baseline BMI, and parity using longitudinal regression models for 3,943 young females over 10 and 25 year follow‐up from the ongoing 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth cohort.

Results

Estimated BMI increases varied by group, ranging from a low of 2.1 BMI units for white, non‐overweight nulliparas over the first 10 years to a high of 10.1 BMI units for black, overweight multiparas over the full 25‐year follow‐up. Impacts of parity were strongest among overweight multiparas and primaparas at 10 years, ranges 1.4‐1.7 and 0.8‐1.3 BMI units, respectively. Among non‐overweight women, parity‐related gain at 10 years varied by number of births among black and white but not Hispanic women. After 25 years, childbearing significantly increased BMI only among overweight multiparous black women.

Conclusion

Childbearing is associated with permanent weight gain in some women, but the relationship differs by maternal BMI in young adulthood, number of births, race‐ethnicity, and length of follow‐up. Given that overweight black women may be at special risk for accumulation of permanent, long‐term weight after childbearing, effective interventions for this group are particularly needed.
A method comparison study to validate a novel parameter of obesity, the body adiposity index, in chinese subjects
Authors: Lam Benjamin Chih Chiang , Lim Su Chi , Wong Michael Tack Keong , Shum Eugene , Ho Ching Yun , Bosco Jerome Iral Ezhll , Chen Cynthia , Koh Gerald Choon Huat
Published: April 2013

Objective

A recently developed parameter, the body adiposity index (BAI)—a composite index based on hip circumference and height—estimates the percentage (%) body adiposity indirectly. The BAI was compared with dual energy X‐ray absorptiometer (DEXA)‐derived % adiposity to validate the BAI in the local Chinese population.

Design and Methods

105 Chinese were recruited and % adiposity estimated by BAI was compared with that derived from DEXA using the Bland Altman plot. A correlation study comparing the BAI with body mass index (BMI) was also done.

Results

BAI underestimated DEXA‐derived % adiposity by a mean of 5.77% with 95% limits of agreement of ±8.4%. When stratified by gender, BMI correlated with DEXA‐derived % adiposity better than BAI (r = 0.81 vs. 0.74 for males, P = 0.088, and r = 0.87 vs. 0.82 for females, P = 0.087). Hip circumference and waist circumference also correlated better with the BMI than BAI (r = 0.94 vs. 0.71 for hip circumference, P < 0.001, and r = 0.93 vs. 0.50 for waist circumference, P < 0.001, respectively).

Conclusions

The BAI underestimates DEXA‐derived % adiposity in a Chinese population in Singapore and is unlikely to be a better overall index of adiposity than the established BMI.
Measles outbreak in a pediatric oncology unit and the role of ribavirin in prevention of complications and containment of the outbreak
Authors: Roy Moulik Nirmalya , Kumar Archana , Jain Amita , Jain Parul
Published: April 2013

The role of oral ribavirin in treatment and containment of a measles outbreak in 15 children in an oncology unit is presented. Measles was diagnosed on clinical features and history of contact. Measles specific IgM ELISA and RNA were positive in 7 of 15 and 2 of 7 tested children, respectively. Duration of illness was longer in unimmunized as compared to immunized children (P = 0.02). Complications were higher in hematological malignancies (P = 0.025). Delay in starting ribavirin was associated with fatal complications (2 of 2 vs. 0 of 13, P = 0.009). Ribavirin prevented measles in all (21 of 21) patients exposed to the cases. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013;60:E122–E124. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Copper‐mediated controlled radical polymerization in continuous flow processes: Synergy between polymer reaction engineering and innovative chemistry
Authors: Chan Nicky , Cunningham Michael F. , Hutchinson Robin A.
Published: April 2013

Copper(0)‐mediated controlled radical polymerization (CRP), or single‐electron transfer‐living radical polymerization (SET‐LRP) is a robust and dynamic technique that has attracted considerable academic and industrial interest as a synthetic tool for novel value‐added materials. Although SET‐LRP possesses many advantages over other forms of CRP, this novel chemistry still requires concurrent engineering solutions for successful commercial application. In this highlight, the evolution of atom‐transfer radical polymerization chemistry and development in continuous processes is presented, leading to recent research on the use of SET‐LRP in continuous flow tubular reactors. The proofs of concept are reviewed, and remaining challenges and unexplored potential on the use of continuous flow processes with SET‐LRP as a powerful platform for the synthesis of novel polymeric materials are discussed. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 3081–3096
Modeling of underground hydrogen pipelines
Authors: Lutostansky Elizabeth , Creitz Leonard , Jung Seungho , Schork Joan , Worthington David , Xu Yongfu
Published: April 2013

Hydrogen is a critical component in the production of cleaner fuels. Underground pipelines provide a safe, reliable supply of hydrogen to refineries and the petroleum industry. Proper assessment of the risks associated with underground hydrogen pipelines requires an accurate model of the jet fire consequence. This article will describe experimental and modeling work undertaken in order to define the appropriate methodology for utilizing DNV's PHAST software tool to represent the hydrogen jet fire from the rupture of underground hydrogen pipelines. Two experiments were conducted to measure the flow and radiation from an intentionally ignited rupture of a 6 in. diameter, 60 barg hydrogen pipeline buried 1 m underground. Adjustments to PHAST modeling parameters were required in order to obtain agreement between the measured and predicted radiation and flame length values. The modeling assumptions and parameter adjustments include:

Velocity modification to account for interaction of the flow out of the two ends of the ruptured pipe and to model the subsequent discharge from the crater.

Specification of the fraction of heat radiated.

Specification of the angle of the release.

© 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2013
Quantitative safety analysis of a laboratory‐scale bioreactor for hydrogen sulfide biotreatment using fault tree analysis
Authors: Zytoon Mohamed A. , El‐Shazly Ahmed H. , Noweir Madbuli H. , Al‐Zahrani Abdulrahim A.
Published: April 2013

Numerous research activities are conducted all over the world to study biological treatment of H2S in laboratory‐scale bioreactors. Important hazards associated with these bioreactor systems include the escape of H2S gas and leakage of chemical/biological liquids, which have severe adverse effects on the involved labors, equipment, and materials. The objective of this article is to present a quantitative safety analysis of a laboratory‐scale continuous bioreactor system for H2S gas biotreatment using the fault tree analysis approach. Three unwanted top events were determined as the most hazardous events, being H2S leakage inside the laboratory, H2S leakage to outdoor from bioreactor outlet, and leakage of liquid chemical/biological solutions. The minimal cut sets and the probability of the occurrence of each top event were determined. The importance of cut sets and basic events were calculated, and priorities for control measures were determined. The analysis allows better decision on priority of control measures, and maintenance or replacement schemes of the system components in an endeavor to minimize the probability of failure or hazard occurrence. The presented analysis proves the usefulness of fault tree analysis in making quantitative risk assessment and safety analysis, which are important elements in laboratory safety management system. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 32: 376–386, 2013
Piper nigrum and Piperine: An Update
Authors: Meghwal Murlidhar , Goswami T. K.
Published: April 2013

Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is a very widely used spice, known for its pungent constituent piperine. However, in addition to its culinary uses, pepper has important medicinal and preservative properties, and, more recently, piperine has been shown to have fundamental effects on p‐glycoprotein and many enzyme systems, leading to biotransformative effects including chemoprevention, detoxification, and enhancement of the absorption and bioavailability of herbal and conventional drugs. Based on modern cell, animal, and human studies, piperine has been found to have immunomodulatory, anti‐oxidant, anti‐asthmatic, anti‐carcinogenic, anti‐inflammatory, anti‐ulcer, and anti‐amoebic properties. In this review, the chemical constituents, biological activities, effects of processing, and future potential of black pepper and piperine have been discussed thoroughly. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystallographic texture and elemental composition mapped in bovine root dentin at the 200 nm level
Authors: Deymier‐Black A. C. , Veis A. , Cai Z. , Stock S. R.
Published: April 2013

The relationship between the mineralization of peritubular dentin (PTD) and intertubular dentin (ITD) is not well understood. Tubules are quite small, diameter ∼2 µm, and this makes the near‐tubule region of dentin difficult to study. Here, advanced characterization techniques are applied in a novel way to examine what organic or nanostructural signatures may indicate the end of ITD or the beginning of PTD mineralization. X‐ray fluorescence intensity (Ca, P, and Zn) and X‐ray diffraction patterns from carbonated apatite (cAp) were mapped around dentintubules at resolutions ten times smaller than the feature size (200 nm pixels), representing a 36% increase in resolution over earlier work. In the near tubule volumes of near‐pulp, root dentin, Zn intensity was higher than in ITD remote from the tubules. This increase in Zn2+, as determined by X‐ray absorption near edge structure analysis, may indicate the presence of metalloenzymes or transcription factors important to ITD or PTD mineralization. The profiles of the cAp 00.2 X‐ray diffraction rings were fitted with a pseudo‐Voigt function, and the spatial and azimuthal distribution of these rings' integrated intensities indicated that the cAp platelets were arranged with their c‐axes aligned tangential to the edge of the tubule lumen. This texture was continuous throughout the dentin indicating a lack of structural difference between in the Zn rich near‐tubular region and the remote ITD. SCANNING 36:231–240, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Goodness‐of‐fit test for proportional subdistribution hazards model
Authors: Zhou Bingqing , Fine Jason , Laird Glen
Published: April 2013

This paper concerns using modified weighted Schoenfeld residuals to test the proportionality of subdistribution hazards for the Fine–Gray model, similar to the tests proposed by Grambsch and Therneau for independently censored data. We develop a score test for the time‐varying coefficients based on the modified Schoenfeld residuals derived assuming a certain form of non‐proportionality. The methods perform well in simulations and a real data analysis of breast cancer data, where the treatment effect exhibits non‐proportional hazards. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Postoperative lip and nose forms following primary bilateral cleft lip repair selecting one/two stage surgery in comparison to those of healthy children
Authors: Matsumoto Kouzou , Nozoe Etsuro , Matsunaga Kazuhide , Nishihara Kazuhide , Hasegawa Hiroko , Nakamura Norifumi
Published: April 2013

Purpose: To analyze the short‐term outcomes for the lip and nasal forms after primary treatment following our surgical strategy for bilateral cleft lip with/without palate (BCL ± P) repair selecting one‐ or two‐stage surgery at Kagoshima University Hospital.

Patients and methods: Twenty‐one patients with BCL ± P were treated and followed up over 1 year (1–6 years). Patients underwent primary lip repair by one‐ or two‐stage surgery depending on the prolabium height, medial‐upward advancement of nasolabial components, and vestibular expansion using two cleft margin flaps. The postoperative lip and nasal forms were longitudinally measured using serial color photographs and were compared to those of 18 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy Japanese children.

Results: Postoperative lip form showed the upper lip height and vermilion mucosal height were significantly increased compared with the preoperative values. The vermilion/cutaneous lip height ratio was improved to the same level as that of controls at 3 years of age. Symmetry of lip and nasal forms was successfully achieved postoperatively, but the nasal height was still smaller than that of controls.

Conclusions: Our surgical management strategy for BCL ± P will provide well‐balanced and symmetrical lip and nasal forms, except for the nasal height, without damaging an infant’s prolabium.
Turbulent separation upstream of a forward-facing step
Authors: Pearson D. S. , Goulart P. J. , Ganapathisubramani B.
Published: April 2013

The turbulent flow over a forward-facing step is studied using two-dimensional time-resolved particle image velocimetry. The structure and behaviour of the separation region in front of the step is investigated using conditional averages based on the area of reverse flow present. The relation between the position of the upstream separation and the two-dimensional shape of the separation region is presented. It is shown that when of ‘closed’ form, the separation region can become unstable resulting in the ejection of fluid over the corner of the step. The separation region is shown to grow simultaneously in both the wall-normal and streamwise directions, to a point where the maximum extent of the upstream position of separation is limited by the accompanying transfer of mass over the step corner. The conditional averages are traced backwards in time to identify the average behaviour of the boundary-layer displacement thickness leading up to such events. It is shown that these ejections are preceded by the convection of low-velocity regions from upstream, resulting in a three-dimensional interaction within the separation region. The size of the low-velocity regions, and the time scale at which the separation region fluctuates, is shown to be consistent with the large boundary layer structures observed in the literature. Instances of a highly suppressed separation region are accompanied by a steady increase in velocity in the upstream boundary layer.
New gravity–capillary waves at low speeds. Part 2. Nonlinear geometries
Authors: Trinh Philippe H. , Chapman S. Jonathan
Published: April 2013

When traditional linearized theory is used to study gravity–capillary waves produced by flow past an obstruction, the geometry of the object is assumed to be small in one or several of its dimensions. In order to preserve the nonlinear nature of the obstruction, asymptotic expansions in the low-Froude-number or low-Bond-number limits can be derived, but here, the solutions are waveless to every order. This is because the waves are in fact, exponentially small, and thus beyond-all-orders of regular asymptotics; their formation is a consequence of the divergence of the asymptotic series and the associated Stokes Phenomenon. In Part 1 (Trinh & Chapman, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 724, 2013b, pp. 367–391), we showed how exponential asymptotics could be used to study the problem when the size of the obstruction is first linearized. In this paper, we extend the analysis to the nonlinear problem, thus allowing the full geometry to be considered at leading order. When applied to the classic problem of flow over a step, our analysis reveals the existence of six classes of gravity–capillary waves, two of which share a connection with the usual linearized solutions first discovered by Rayleigh. The new solutions arise due to the availability of multiple singularities in the geometry, coupled with the interplay of gravitational and cohesive effects.
Shock waves in microchannels
Authors: Mirshekari G. , Brouillette M. , Giordano J. , Hébert C. , Parisse J.-D. , Perrier P.
Published: April 2013

A fully instrumented microscale shock tube, believed to be the smallest to date, has been fabricated and tested. This facility is used to study the transmission of a shock wave, produced in a large (37 mm) shock tube, into a 34 $\mathrm{\mu} \mathrm{m} $hydraulic diameter and 2 mm long microchannel. Pressure microsensors of a novel design, with gigahertz bandwidth, are used to obtain pressure–time histories of the microchannel shock wave at five axial stations. In all cases the transmitted shock wave is found to be weaker than the incident shock wave, and is observed to decay both in pressure and velocity as it propagates down the microchannel. These results are compared with various analytical and numerical models, and the best agreement is obtained with a Navier–Stokes computational fluid dynamics computation, which assumes a no-slip isothermal wall boundary condition; good agreement is also obtained with a simple shock tube laminar boundary layer model. It is also found that the flow developing within the microchannel is highly dependent on conditions at the microchannel entrance, which control the mass flux entering into the device. Regardless of the micrometre dimensions of the present facility, shock wave propagation in a microchannel of that scale exhibits a behaviour similar to that observed in large-scale facilities operated at low pressures, and the shock attenuation can be explained in terms of accepted laminar boundary models.
Drop impact entrapment of bubble rings
Authors: Thoraval M.-J. , Takehara K. , Etoh T. G. , Thoroddsen S. T.
Published: April 2013

We use ultra-high-speed video imaging to look at the initial contact of a drop impacting on a liquid layer. We observe experimentally the vortex street and the bubble-ring entrapments predicted numerically, for high impact velocities, by Thoraval et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 108, 2012, article 264506). These dynamics mainly occur within $50~\mathrm{\mu} \mathrm{s} $ after the first contact, requiring imaging at 1 million f.p.s. For a water drop impacting on a thin layer of water, the entrapment of isolated bubbles starts through azimuthal instability, which forms at low impact velocities, in the neck connecting the drop and pool. For Reynolds number $Re$ above ${\sim }12\hspace{0.167em} 000$, up to 10 partial bubble rings have been observed at the base of the ejecta, starting when the contact is ${\sim }20\hspace{0.167em} \% $ of the drop size. More regular bubble rings are observed for a pool of ethanol or methanol. The video imaging shows rotation around some of these air cylinders, which can temporarily delay their breakup into micro-bubbles. The different refractive index in the pool liquid reveals the destabilization of the vortices and the formation of streamwise vortices and intricate vortex tangles. Fine-scale axisymmetry is thereby destroyed. We show also that the shape of the drop has a strong influence on these dynamics.
Splash wave and crown breakup after disc impact on a liquid surface
Authors: Peters Ivo R. , van der Meer Devaraj , Gordillo J. M.
Published: April 2013

In this paper we analyse the impact of a circular disc on a free surface using experiments, potential flow numerical simulations and theory. We focus our attention both on the study of the generation and possible breakup of the splash wave created after the impact and on the calculation of the force on the disc. We have experimentally found that drops are only ejected from the rim located at the top part of the splash – giving rise to what is known as the crown splash – if the impact Weber number exceeds a threshold value ${\mathit{We}}_{crit} \simeq 140$. We explain this threshold by defining a local Bond number $B{o}_{\mathit{tip}} $ based on the rim deceleration and its radius of curvature, with which we show using both numerical simulations and experiments that a crown splash only occurs when $B{o}_{\mathit{tip}} \gtrsim 1$, revealing that the rim disrupts due to a Rayleigh–Taylor instability. Neglecting the effect of air, we show that the flow in the region close to the disc edge possesses a Weber-number-dependent self-similar structure for every Weber number. From this we demonstrate that ${\mathit{Bo}}_{\mathit{tip}} \propto \mathit{We}$, explaining both why the transition to crown splash can be characterized in terms of the impact Weber number and why this transition occurs for $W{e}_{crit} \simeq 140$. Next, including the effect of air, we have developed a theory which predicts the time-varying thickness of the very thin air cushion that is entrapped between the impacting solid and the liquid. Our analysis reveals that gas critically affects the velocity of propagation of the splash wave as well as the time-varying force on the disc, ${F}_{D} $. The existence of the air layer also limits the range of times in which the self-similar solution is valid and, accordingly, the maximum deceleration experienced by the liquid rim, that sets the length scale of the splash drops ejected when $We\gt {\mathit{We}}_{crit} $.