bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Presumptive Test Reagents on the Ability to Obtain Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) Patterns from Human Blood and Semen Stains
Authors: Hochmeister MN , Budowle B , Baechtel FS
Published: August 2015

Some of the commonly used presumptive test reagents for identification of blood and semen could potentially affect the recovery of intact high-molecular-weight deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from evidentiary samples. Thus, the capability of performing restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis on evidentiary samples could be compromised.

In order to investigate the potential effects of presumptive test reagents on the DNA present in these samples, bloodstains on cotton and glass were exposed directly to luminol, benzidine, phenolphthalein, o-tolidine, and leucomalachite green, while semen stains and vaginal swabs containing semen were exposed directly to bromochloroindolyl phosphate (BCIP) and sodium thymolphthalein monophosphate (STMP) reagents.

The yield gels for DNA quality and quantity and RFLP results indicated that bloodstains exposed to luminol, benzidine dissolved in ethanol, and phenolphthalein, as well as semen stains and vaginal swabs exposed to BCIP and STMP yield RFLP patterns consistent with that of the uncontaminated control. Except for the phenolphthalein treatment, the quantity of extractable, high-molecular-weight DNA obtained was comparable with that of untreated stains. Therefore, evidentiary material purposely or inadvertently contaminated with these reagents can be successfully typed. However, stains exposed to benzidine dissolved in glacial acetic acid, leucomalachite green, and o-tolidine failed to yield high-molecular-weight DNA or to produce any RFLP patterns.
Chemicals Reacting with Various Forms of Hemoglobin: Biological Significance, Mechanisms, and Determination
Authors: Smith RP
Published: August 2015

The clinical chemistry of various forms of hemoglobin occupies a large fraction of the total activities of hospital and forensic science laboratories. Some of the potential pitfalls are reviewed here along with an account of the accidental discovery of two novel chemical forms. Human or mouse red blood cells were exposed to excess sodium nitrite to convert the intracellular pigment to methemoglobin. When these were subsequently incubated in Krebs-Ringer-phosphate-glucose medium, pH 7.4 at 37°C under nitrogen and in the presence of various concentrations of methylene blue, a blood pigment was generated in high yield which had unique properties. In lysates, the pigment was stable in air, and it could be maintained in liquid nitrogen for as long as a year without deterioration. The pigment had properties different from those of oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, or carboxyhemoglobin. After separation by isoelectric focusing, the pigment gave a strong signal on electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The other forms of hemoglobin given above are EPR-silent. The pigment was eventually identified as the nitrosylated valency hybrid species, (α2+β3+)2(NO)2. The corresponding species, (α3+β2+)2(NO)2, has similar properties. These species apparently owe their unusual stability in air to the presence of the oxidized subunits in the same tetramer.
Application of Forensic Toxicology to the Problem of Domestic Violence
Authors: Slade M , Daniel LJ , Heisler CJ
Published: August 2015

The role of the forensic toxicologist in helping to determine causes of death or in aiding in the resolution of “driving under the influence” or similar cases is well known and clearly understood. Less clearly defined is the position of the forensic toxicologist vis-à-vis other socially significant problems. However, as the 21st century approaches, it is worth considering how forensic toxicology can help in unraveling some of these problems.

The problem of violence between intimates—that is, domestic violence—is a social problem in which it has been long felt that alcohol has played a part. Until now, though, no carefully controlled toxicological studies have been conducted to substantiate this or to determine whether other drug use is associated with domestic violence.

At the San Francisco Medical Examiner's Office, toxicological data from both the victim and the suspect in 20 cases of domestic violence that ended in homicide have been gathered. It was found that alcohol or other drugs or a combination of these factors was invariably present in the suspect, the victim, or both.

The implications of these results and how they can be used to develop a toxicological strategy to help reduce the most serious consequences of domestic violence are presented.
Are Forensic Experts an Endangered Species?
Authors: Slap AJ , Fessenden M
Published: August 2015

There are those in the legal profession, including some judges, who believe that the only good expert is a dead one. Such people believe that only established truth through science should be permitted into the courtroom; anything less is rank speculation and should be excluded on summary judgment. In such a world, there would be scant need for causation experts or juries, despite the guarantee of the Seventh Amendment.
The Tarasoff Dilemma in Criminal Court
Authors: Leong GB , Eth S , Silva JA
Published: August 2015

The duty to protect, or Tarasoff duty, has been conceptualized as arising solely in the context of a clinical setting. A recent California Supreme Court ruling in People v. Clark adds legal, clinical, and ethical dilemmas to the oftentimes contentious Tarasoff issue.

Though the Tarasoff issue is but a minor legal point in Clark, a possible consequence of Clark is that a Tarasoff warning could be deemed nonconfidential and admissible in a criminal trial. Psychotherapists could therefore be testifying in criminal courts as prosecution witnesses. While the possibility of a chilling effect on patients' disclosure of violent ideation in the context of psychotherapy first caused apprehension after the California Supreme Court's 1976 decision in Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California, this same Court's ruling in People v. Clark some 14 years later may ensure that this fear finally becomes realized.
Maxillary Suture Obliteration: A Visual Method for Estimating Skeletal Age
Authors: Mann RW , Jantz RL , Bass WM , Willey PS
Published: August 2015

The purpose of this study was to develop a method of estimating the age of an individual based on obliteration of the four maxillary (palatal) sutures. A sample of 186 individuals of known age, race, and sex were examined. It was found that males of both races (black and white) exhibit more suture obliteration than females at the same age. During the early adult years, maxillary suture obliteration progresses at nearly the same rate in both sexes; however, the age of old individuals may be greatly overestimated using this method. Although this method cannot be used for exact estimates of individual age, it is valuable in establishing the age range, sorting commingled remains, and estimating skeletal age when only the maxilla is present.
Mycocontamination of Illicit Samples of Heroin and Cocaine as an Indicator of Adulteration
Authors: Domínguez-Vilches E , Durán-González R , Infante F , Luna-Maldonado A
Published: August 2015

The authors studied the fungal spectrum of the drugs most frequently sold in the streets in Spain (brown heroin, white heroin, and cocaine) in order to ascertain their potential use as indicators of the degree of manipulation or adulteration, as well as the potential pathogenicity of the taxa found. For this purpose we analyzed 205 drug samples (106 brown heroin, 69 white heroin, and 30 cocaine) from sachets seized by the Spanish police; they were cultured in appropriate media, from which 391 colonies of micellar fungi from 53 taxa, of which only 8 were encountered in the three types of drugs, were isolated. The results obtained were subjected to a variance analysis with a single source of variation and to a hierarchical variance analysis, in which brown heroin was shown to be significantly more contaminated by fungi than the other two drugs. This can be explained by considering that brown heroin is the most liable to manipulation of all three drugs because of its characteristics.
The Explosive Reaction Between Swimming Pool Chlorine and Brake Fluid
Authors: Kirkbride KP , Kobus HJ
Published: August 2015

Granular swimming pool chlorine (calcium hypochlorite) and brake fluid (polyethylene glycol) react violently when mixed together, producing a fierce fireball. This paper proposes a mechanism which explains the production of the flammable products of the reaction by means of a radical fragmentation of polyethylene glycol.
Cerebral Tissue Pulmonary Embolization Due to Head Trauma: A Case Report with Immunohistochemical Confirmation
Authors: Davis GJ , McCloud LC , Nichols GR , Martin AW
Published: August 2015

Pulmonary embolization of cerebral tissue as the result of severe head trauma is an uncommon, if not rare, phenomenon, and few cases have been reported in the literature. The authors discuss the case of a 51-year-old male who died six days after suffering extensive head trauma in a motor vehicle collision. At autopsy, white-gray emboli were found in several subsegmental pulmonary arteries. The results of histologic examination with the hematoxylineosin stain gave the impression that the emboli were necrotic cerebral tissue; however, routine special stains for neural tissue produced inconclusive results. Immunohistochemical staining of the emboli with monoclonal mouse anti-human neurofilament protein (Dako Corp., Carpinteria, California) confirmed the cerebral nature of the emboli. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case of pulmonary embolization of cerebral tissue confirmed by immunohistochemistry.
Cocaine, Fetal Loss, and the Role of the Forensic Pathologist
Authors: Nolte KB
Published: August 2015

Adverse obstetrical outcomes are often associated with maternal cocaine use. These have included intrauterine growth retardation, abruptio placentae, and an increased incidence of spontaneous abortion and pre-term labor. This report details the case of an 18-week-gestation fetus recovered from a sewage treatment plant. A brain specimen was positive for cocaine. With the present epidemic of cocaine abuse, it is important for the forensic pathologist to seek toxicologic evidence of cocaine in all suspicious fetal and neonatal deaths.
Individualization and Enamel Histology: A Case Report in Forensic Anthropology
Authors: Skinner M , Anderson GS
Published: August 2015

The cranium of a native Indian child about six years old was found in 1979 near Taseko River, British Columbia, Canada. While the remains matched the report of a child missing for eight years in terms of race, age at death, locale, and elapsed time since death, the cranium and dentition were basically unidentifiable because of the claimed lack of medical or dental history. There was no dental work, and the parents were unknown or dead. We report the presence, in the dental enamel of the primary and secondary dentition, of stress markers, termed striae of Retzius, whose locations correspond well with anecdotal reports and recently discovered medical records which describe the timing of specific episodes of stress. The enhanced probability of personal identification from dental histological stress markers is evaluated.
Bone Fragments a Body Can Make
Authors: Stout SD , Ross LM
Published: August 2015

Data obtained from various analytical techniques applied to a number of small bone fragments recovered from a crime scene were used to provide evidence for the occurrence of a fatality. Microscopic and histomorphometric analyses confirmed that the fragments were from a human skull. X-ray microanalysis of darkened areas on the bone fragments revealed a chemical signature that matched the chemical signature of a shotgun pellet recovered at the scene of the crime. The above findings supported the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fingerprint evidence which, along with other evidence, was used to convict a man for the murder of his wife, even though her body was never recovered.
“Sexing” Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) on DNA Fingerprint Gel: An Internal Control for DNA Fingerprint Evidence
Authors: Verbovaya LV , Ivanov PL
Published: August 2015

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) isolated from male and female fresh blood samples was processed exactly as for routine DNA fingerprint analysis; that is, the DNA was digested with particular restriction endonucleases and fractionated by agarose gel electrophoresis. Ultraviolet (UV) visualization of ethidium-bromide (EtBr)-stained gels revealed a sex-specific banding pattern, which depended only on the restriction enzyme used. By means of this test, which is based on direct detection of particular sex-specific restriction fragments in human DNA digests, the authors succeeded in determining the sex of DNA obtained from biological specimens recovered as criminal evidence in rape cases. The data obtained demonstrate that direct sexing of DNA on DNA fingerprint gel appears to be useful as an intermediate control step in DNA fingerprinting analysis used for the purpose of assailant identification.
Gunshot Residue Particles Formed by Using Different Types of Ammunition in the Same Firearm
Authors: Zeichner A , Levin N , Springer E
Published: August 2015

Examples of some exceptional compositions of gunshot residue particles, formed by using different types of ammunition in the same firearm, are presented. The composition that may be encountered in casework may differ appreciably from the “classic” criteria for identification of gunshot residues. This fact must therefore be taken into account by the expert when interpreting case results, and thus, every case has to be dealt with on an individual basis.
Hand Grenades and Primer Discharge Residues
Authors: Bergman P , Springer E , Levin N
Published: August 2015

The feasibility of detecting primer discharge residue (PDR), using the scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM/EDX) method, on suspects in hand grenade throwing incidents was studied. Two types of hand grenades were examined. It was found that unique primer particles are discharged in close proximity to the thrower and may subsequently be found on his person. In addition, it was found that, with these types of grenades, characteristic particles containing elements such as bismuth and tin may also be found. These particles, when found, may serve as an indication of a suspect's connection to a hand grenade throwing.
Postmortem Evaluation of Serum and Urine Neopterin Concentrations
Authors: Ambach E , Tributsch W , Fuchs D , Reibnegger G , Henn R , Wachter H
Published: August 2015

Cellular immune response is accompanied by the release of neopterin. Increased neopterin levels in urine and serum are observed in patients during viral infections, autoimmune diseases, and allograft rejections and certain malignant diseases. We investigated post-mortem neopterin concentrations in urine and serum samples taken from 32 corpses 3 to 69 h (mean 19.3 h) after death. Urine neopterin concentrations in corpses are similar to those of healthy live controls and are independent of the time after death. In contrast, serum neopterin concentrations are frequently greatly increased in corpses, and the levels are higher in sera collected more than 10 h after death in comparison with samples obtained earlier.

Neopterin measurement in urine and serum samples of corpses is feasible. It appears likely that urine neopterin concentrations could aid the diagnosis of inflammatory diseases in corpses.
Comparison of Illicit Cocaine by Determination of Minor Components
Authors: LeBelle M , Callahan S , Latham D , Lauriault G , Savard C
Published: August 2015

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) combined with both a flame ionization detector (FID) and a mass spectrometer (MS) were used to determine the minor components in illicit uncut cocaine. Two HPLC systems were used to determine, in cocaine exhibits, the relative amounts of the main coca alkaloids: cocaine, cis-cinnamoylmethylecgonine (CIS), and trans-cinnamoyl-methylecgonine (TRANS). GC/FID and GC/MS were used to determine only the acidic and neutral components of cocaine exhibits. The significance of the presence of these minor components and their use to the forensic chemist for the matching and comparison of exhibits are discussed.
Height Estimation from Foot and Shoeprint Length
Authors: Giles E , Vallandigham PH
Published: August 2015

Foot length displays a biological correlation with height that suggests the latter might be estimated from foot- or shoeprints when such evidence provides an investigator the best or only opportunity to gauge that aspect of a suspect's physical description. Previous utilization of percentages and linear regressions of foot length to make height estimates is reviewed and appraised, as is such use of shoeprints. Newly determined percentages and linear regressions for determining height from foot length for young adult males and females based upon very large U.S. Army anthropometric databases are presented and evaluated. Suggestions are made for the practical employment of shoeprint length, preferably as a direct measurement but also indirectly as a shoe size indicator, for height assessment.
Relationship Between the Piriform Aperture and Interalar Nasal Widths in Adult Males
Authors: Hoffman BE , McConathy DA , Coward M , Saddler L
Published: August 2015

The piriform aperture of 182 skulls of black and white males in the United States was measured and compared with soft tissue readings taken previously. Statistical analysis indicated that nose width prediction formulas currently utilized in facial reconstruction required modification. Two revised formulas are proposed to improve accuracy of reconstructions: an addition prediction formula for ease of use and a multiplication prediction formula for more precise results on those skulls outside of the mean range.
Benzoylecgonine (Cocaine Metabolite) Detection in Hair Samples of Jail Detainees Using Radioimmunoassay (RIA) and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS)
Authors: Reuschel SA , Smith FP
Published: August 2015

Benzoylecgonine (BE) was detected in hair samples using nonproprietary extraction methodology and modifications of well-established radioimmunoassay (RIA) screening/quantitative gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) confirmation procedures. Samples collected anonymously from a population of 48 jail detainees weighed between 5.3 and 61.2 mg. All of the 22 hair samples which had RIA results indicating the presence of BE or immunologically similar substances above a cutoff amount of 1.25 ng/sample (50 ng/mL) were confirmed by GC/MS. Several varieties of hair color and texture were tested, although in each general category there were samples which contained BE as well as other samples which did not reveal detectable amounts of BE. The range of concentrations in 22 hair extracts that screened positive were 0.26 to 18 ng/mg hair as determined by GC/MS. In comparison with other reports of cocaine-related substances in hair, these data show consistent concentrations.
Sensitive and Specific Quantification of Human Genomic Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) in Forensic Science Specimens: Casework Examples
Authors: Waye JS , Michaud D , Bowen JH , Fourney RM
Published: August 2015

We describe the forensic science application of a method for quantification of human genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The two cases cited in this report involve DNA samples extracted from skin tissue and bloodstained clothing recovered from different crime scenes. High-molecular-weight DNA was recovered from both specimens, and the concentrations of these DNAs were estimated to be ∼0.5 µg/µL by ethidium bromide/agarose gel electrophoresis. Using the human-specific DNA probe p17H8 (locus D17Z1) to quantify the amount of human genomic DNA in these samples, it is shown that less than 1% of the DNA isolated from the skin tissue is of human origin and that the DNA isolated from the bloodstained clothing is effectively devoid of human DNA sequences. These case examples illustrate the need to quantify not only the total amount of DNA recovered from forensic casework material, but also the proportion of the DNA that is of human origin.
Fixed Human Tissues: A Resource for the Identification of Individuals
Authors: Shibata D , Kurosu M , Noguchi TT
Published: August 2015

Polymorphic genetic loci of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) present in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues were successfully analyzed by utilizing the polymerase chain reaction. Using this analysis, with three different polymorphic loci [human leucocyte antigen (HLA) DQ alpha, low-density lipoprotein receptor, and parathyroid hormone], fixed tissues representing 14 different individuals were genotyped and could be distinguished from each other. The techniques were further applied to the fixed autopsy tissues of a man in which a question of paternity arose postmortem. Since many individuals have surgical procedures or autopsy, these readily available fixed tissues represent an additional resource for the identification of individuals.
The Completeness of the Afterbirth: A Medical/Pathological Discussion
Authors: Kasznica J , Kessler S , Abramowitz A
Published: August 2015

Practical problems (with possible medicolegal implications) regarding the interpretation of the completeness of the afterbirth are discussed. The case material was obtained during surgical pathological examination and, later, at the time of autopsy of the same patient. The mother (three weeks following emergency delivery) succumbed to life-threatening complications of an epidural anesthetic accident.
Obliteration of Latent Fingerprints
Authors: James JD , Pounds CA , Wilshire B
Published: August 2015

Comprehensive trials have established that latent fingerprints can be rendered partially or totally unidentifiable during print development by the following:

(a) ridge smearing, which depends on the type and age of the latent print and also on the type of brush and brushing procedures used, and

(b) overpowdering and/or overbrushing of the print.

These causes of pattern obscuration are discussed in terms of their implications for fingerprint development procedures, since up to 10% of prints developed at crime scenes can be difficult or even impossible to identify.
Rates of Putrefaction of Dental Pulp in the Northwest Coast Environment
Authors: Duffy JB , Skinner MF , Waterfield JD
Published: August 2015

Cytological stability is of interest to criminal investigators in instances where remnants of soft tissue have been preserved, since such tissue can aid in the identification of human remains, helping to determine either the sex of the individual or his or her identity. This study based on seven experiments shows that, in Northwest coast outdoor environments in both summer (three experiments) and winter (three experiments), the stability of dental pulp nuclei ranges from 4 days to 2 weeks. The seventh experiment serves to describe the morphological sequence observed in nuclear putrefaction. The specimens included human and pig extracted teeth and unextracted pig teeth. Deposition of the specimens was made both on the surface and in the subsurface (30-cm depth), and the environmental variables were recorded.
Report of the Blind Trial of the Cetus AmpliType HLA DQα Forensic Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Amplification and Typing Kit
Authors: Walsh PS , Fildes N , Louie AS , Higuchi R
Published: August 2015

The AmpliType HLA DQα forensic DNA amplification and typing kit is designed for the qualitative analysis of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DQα alleles present in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extracted from forensic samples. The AmpliType kit is the first forensic DNA typing product based on the GeneAmp polymerase chain reaction (PCR) process [2-3]. The kit was evaluated by five forensic science laboratories (test sites) to assess their ability to perform DNA typing using PCR on sample types typically encountered by forensic laboratories. None of the DNA-containing samples was mistyped. Of the 180 DNA-containing samples analyzed, results were reported for 178 (98.9%). Of the 178 samples with results, all were correctly typed. Two sites did not report a result for one sample each. Four of the five laboratories experienced no significant levels of contamination in the DNA-containing samples. At the one site with the highest number of DNA-containing samples with contamination, the typing results were not compromised. This site was able to correct the contamination problem through simple procedural changes and stricter attention to sterile technique. Blank controls were important to monitor contamination. In conclusion, the trial demonstrated that forensic science laboratories are capable of setting up a PCR-based DNA typing laboratory and successfully using the AmpliType HLA DQα forensic DNA amplification and typing kit to analyze forensic samples.
Presence of Fecal Material in Diapers as a Potential Source of Error in Estimations of Postmortem Interval Using Arthropod Development Rates
Authors: Goff ML , Charbonneau S , Sullivan W
Published: August 2015

Second instar larvae of the fly Chrysomya megacephala (Diptera, Calliphoridae) were recovered from the diapers of a 16-month-old child abandoned by her mother on Oahu, Hawaii. The development of these larvae indicated a minimum period of 23.5 h of exposure prior to discovery of the child. Larvae of this species of fly are not normally associated with living tissues in Hawaii, but rather with feces and remains during the early stages of decomposition. Had the child in this case died and data not been provided detailing the site of infestation, the postmortem interval estimated would have been significantly longer than was actually the case, because of the development of the larvae inside the diapers of the living child. The need for caution in cases involving deaths of infants, the elderly, and individuals not capable of caring for themselves is stressed.
Validation Studies on the Analysis of the HLA DQα Locus Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Comey CT , Budowle B
Published: August 2015

A series of experiments has been performed to evaluate typing of the HLA DQα gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the gene and subsequent hybridization with sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes. These experiments were designed to evaluate DQα typing for analysis of evidentiary specimens. Bloodstains were exposed to a variety of conditions and environmental insults. These conditions included exposure to many different types of substrates, various microorganisms that could be encountered in evidentiary stains, sunlight, and a variety of chemical contaminants. Varying amounts of genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) were amplified to test the sensitivity of DQα typing. The sensitivity of the PCR technique raises the concern that DNA from sources other than the evidentiary material could be detected. A series of experiments was done to evaluate the question of DNA contamination. Purified DNA samples with different DQα types were mixed in different ratios to determine the ratio at which it could not be determined whether an allele was from the sample or the contaminant. Samples were exposed to a variety of situations that could lead to contamination, such as extensive handling and exposure to coughing or sweaty clothing, to other wet bloodstains, and to saliva. The DQα types were determined from 469 individuals from three sample populations (Caucasian, black, and Hispanic), and the genotype frequencies were compared with frequencies previously reported by others. DNA samples from old cases [which had previously been analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) typing of variable number of tandem repeat sequences] were typed. All samples that were excluded by DQα typing were also excluded by RFLP analysis, and all samples that were included by RFLP analysis were included by DQα typing. Finally, the problem of allele dropout, or the failure to detect particular alleles, was noted and alleviated by performing the typing under appropriate conditions. The results of these validation experiments indicate that typing of the DQα gene by PCR and detection of specific alleles can be accomplished, when the typing is done using proper protocols, without producing false positive or false negative results.
Fiber Transfer and the Influence of Fabric Softener
Authors: Bresee RR , Annis PA
Published: August 2015

This paper reports an investigation of the influence of fabric softener on fiber transfer, using a relatively new fiber transfer abrasion tester. Nine medium-weight apparel fabrics were evaluated with and without fabric softener. Fiber transfer from these fabrics was evaluated in terms of the total number of fibers transferred, as well as the number, mean length, and length distribution of transferred fibers ≥2 mm long. Conclusions were obtained regarding the direct effect of fabric softener on fiber transfer, as well as its interactive effects with fiber denier, fabric weave, knit type, and fabric thread count. In addition, conclusions were obtained regarding mechanisms of transfer from the fabrics.
Evaluation of Nicotine and Cotinine in Human Hair
Authors: Kintz P , Ludes B , Mangin P
Published: August 2015

To validate data on tobacco use, the authors investigated the use of hair samples for quantifying nicotine and cotinine by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Hair was taken from 22 nonsmokers and 42 smokers, cut close to the scalp at the back of the head.

The hair (about 100 mg from each subject) was incubated in 3 mL of 1N NaOH at 100°C for 1 h. After this, the samples were extracted by diethyl ether. The drugs were separated on a 12-m BP-5 capillary column and detected using selected ion monitoring (nicotine, m/z 84; cotinine, m/z 98).

Hair from nonsmokers and smokers contains nicotine and cotinine. Although it is difficult to determine an absolute cutoff level, an amount greater than 2 ng of nicotine per milligram of hair can be used to differentiate smokers from nonsmokers. In the population of nonsmokers, the influence of environmental smoke exposure was noted.
Analysis of Buprenorphine in Urine Specimens
Authors: Debrabandere L , Van Boven M , Daenens P
Published: August 2015

The simultaneous determination of buprenorphine (Temgesic®) and its major metabolite, N-desalkylbuprenorphine, in urine samples has been studied. By using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection, therapeutic concentrations of unconjugated buprenorphine down to 0.2 ng/mL, and 0.15 ng/mL for the metabolite, can be detected in urine samples. This method has been applied to a variety of urine samples from drug users. The possible analytical interference from several other regulated drugs has been studied. The results were also compared with those obtained from a commercial radioimmunoassay (RIA) test. This test is only capable of detecting buprenorphine concentrations higher than 1 ng/mL.
Contrast Enhancement of Cyanoacrylate-Developed Latent Fingerprints Using Biological Stains and Commercial Fabric Dyes
Authors: Kempton JB , Rowe WF
Published: August 2015

Cyanoacrylate-developed latent fingerprints may be difficult to see or photograph if they are on light-colored surfaces. Biological stains and Rit® fabric dyes were tested for their ability to stain cyanoacrylate-developed latent fingerprints. Methanolic solutions of gentian violet, safranin bluish stain, diamond fuchsin, methyl green, iodine green, and Janus green B were found to stain cyanoacrylate-developed fingerprints on polyethylene, porcelain, and aluminum beverage cans. Hot (60°C) aqueous solutions of seven different shades of Rit® fabric dyes were found to stain cyanoacrylate-developed latent fingerprints on polyethylene, porcelain, aluminum beverage cans, and Styrofoam cups. The latent fingerprints stained with safranin bluish stain were strongly fluorescent under 312 nm ultraviolet light; latent fingerprints stained with gentian violet and diamond fuchsin were weakly fluorescent.
Collection of Fiber Evidence Using a Roller Device and Adhesive Lifts
Authors: Flinn LL
Published: August 2015

The potential for transfer of fiber evidence during the commission of a crime and the use of such evidence in criminal investigations have been well established. One of the accepted methods for collection of fiber evidence is the use of adhesive lifts, generally adhesive tape. A procedure is described for the preparation of adhesive lifts and for a roller device with which these lifts are employed. Use of the roller and lifts can substantially reduce the time associated with the collection of fiber evidence from clothing, bedding, and other items in the laboratory and at crime scenes.
Estimation of Stature from Metacarpal Lengths
Authors: Meadows L , Jantz RL
Published: August 2015

Formulae for the estimation of stature from metacarpal lengths are presented. Two samples of metacarpal specimens were employed in the analysis: one of 212 individuals from the Terry Collection, and one of 55 modern males, all of whom had measured statures. One measurement, the midline length, was taken on each metacarpal. Stature was regressed on the basis of the metacarpal length to derive equations for the Terry Collection individuals. Comparisons between the Terry Collection males and the modern sample showed the latter to have longer metacarpals and greater statures. The Terry equations were tested using the modern male sample. In spite of the differences noted, the Terry equations perform acceptably on modern individuals. The performance was slightly better for whites than for blacks. Since the female equations were not tested, they should be employed with greater caution.
Field Recovery and Analysis of Horse Skeletal Remains
Authors: Owsley DW , Roberts ED , Manning EM
Published: August 2015

In response to a request from an insurance company investigating a claim relative to the death of four race and show horses, allegedly as a result of deliberate starvation, physical anthropologists of the Louisiana State University (LSU) Department of Geography and Anthropology undertook the recovery and analysis of skeletal remains said to be those of the animals. The objectives were to determine the number and kinds of animals represented, their ages, and sexes, and, through morphometric evaluation of bone density at the LSU School of Veterinary Medicine, whether there was evidence of nutritional osteodystrophy. The skeletons were the remains of four horses. In comparisons of data derived from these skeletons with breeding records for the horses described in the insurance claim, it was established that the skeletons were those of mares, as were the insured animals, and that the relative ages of the four approximated those of the insured horses. The skeletal samples submitted for morphometric evaluation showed no evidence of nutritional osteodystrophy and, thus, provided no support for the contention that death had resulted from starvation. In one horse, the superior aspect of the right ascending ramus of the lower jaw below the coronoid process revealed a gunshot wound; the other skeletons showed no evidence of trauma.
Neural Networks in Forensic Science
Authors: Kingston C
Published: August 2015

Neural networks were developed to study and mimic the functioning of the human brain. Humans are good at pattern recognition; the question is how good neural networks are at it, particularly with problems of forensic science interest. Simulation experiments with a type of neural network known as a Hopfield net indicate that it may have value for the storage of toolmark patterns (including bullet striation patterns) and for the subsequent retrieval of the matching pattern using another mark by the same tool for input. Another type of neural network, the back-propagation network (BPN), is useful for applications similar to those for which standard statistical methods of pattern classification can be used. This would be an appropriate approach to the matching of general component patterns, such as gas chromatograms of gasoline, or pyrolysis patterns from materials of forensic science interest, such as paint. The BPN may provide better results than statistical methods, but it is currently necessary to try both to determine which would be best for any given situation.
A Comparison of Three Techniques Developed for Sampling and Analysis of Gunshot Residue by Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (SEM-EDX)
Authors: DeGaetano D , Siegel JA , Klomparens KL
Published: August 2015

Three gunshot residue (GSR) collection methods from hand samples by scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX) were compared: the tape lift, glue lift, and concentration techniques. Efficiency of particle collection was examined based on the number of rounds fired, the temperature, and the shelf life. The tape lift surface demonstrated excellent particle collection ability, and it remained stable for all conditions tested. Glue lift was less efficient under all conditions tested. Collection followed by concentration gave highly variable results. A table of advantages and disadvantages of each technique was developed.
An Improved Method for Subtyping Pi in Old Bloodstains
Authors: López-Abadía I , Arroyo E , Gremo A , Ruiz de la Cuesta JM
Published: August 2015

Immunofixation procedures were used for detecting alpha-1 antitrypsin protease inhibitor (Pi) phenotypes in bloodstains. Neuraminidase elution of bloodstains, together with isoelectric focusing, immunofixation, and silver staining techniques, makes possible Pi subtyping in old bloodstains. No extra bands appear when the storage time is no longer than three months.
Detection of Drugs in Human Hair Using Abbott ADx, with Confirmation by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS)
Authors: Kintz P , Ludes B , Mangin P
Published: August 2015

The authors suggest use of the fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) technique in evaluation of chronic drug abuse using human hair.

Hair was decontaminated in 5 mL of ethanol for 15 min at 37°C and then incubated in 3 mL of 1M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for 1 h at 100°C. Afterwards, the aliquots were neutralized and analyzed using Abbott ADx for a negative or positive response for the following drugs: benzodiazepines, barbiturates, antidepressants, opiates, cocaine, amphetamine, and cannabis.

All the positive samples were confirmed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Only one false positive was detected (caused by interference of a phenothiazine with the antidepressants kit), clearly demonstrating the capability of ADx for toxicological screening of human hair.
Positive Personal Identity of Skeletonized Remains Using Abdominal and Pelvic Radiographs
Authors: Owsley DW , Mann RW
Published: August 2015

Premortem and postmortem radiographs of the chest and abdomen are often available for comparison and provide a basis for making or rejecting an identification. The case reported here exemplifies the way that individualizing features, such as contours of bony elements, skeletal anomalies, and radiodensities and radiolucencies, are used in establishing personal identity.
A Review of Ethical Practice in Psychiatry and the Law
Authors: Berger SH
Published: August 2015

Ethics cannot be learned the way anatomy is learned, but ethical thinking can be developed. The objective of this book is to provide a framework for further development of the reader's ethical views, both in general and with regard to specific issues. The book's intent is to present diverse views on diverse issues in order to increase awareness and to challenge the reader's thinking. The book does that very well.
Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid (rRNA) Gene Typing for Species Identification
Authors: Naito E , Dewa K , Ymanouchi H , Kominami R
Published: August 2015

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) typing of ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) genes was performed with a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for species identification. A variable region of the 28S ribosomal RNA gene was amplified with primers complementary to flanking sequences phylogenetically well conserved. The products of twelve animal DNAs (human, Japanese monkey, dog, cattle, pig, cat, rabbit, mouse, rat, chicken, frog, and fish) were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, each revealing a few bands ranging from 150 to 100 base pairs. The band patterns obtained from each DNA sample differed in number and size, which indicates the applicability of the method to species identification. Samples containing either as little as 1 pg of DNA or degraded DNA of 0.2 to 0.5 kb in length were able to give detectable bands. Postmorten human tissue DNAs were tested as an example. They showed a pattern identicial to the human control one, which was distinct from those of the other animals examined.
Comparison Analysis of Illicit Cocaine Samples
Authors: Janzen KE , Walter L , Fernando AR
Published: August 2015

A rapid method for comparison analysis of illicit cocaine samples has been developed. The raw data are obtained by capillary gas chromatography using a nitrogenphosphorus detector. The area ratios of four alkaloids (tropacocaine, norcocaine, cis-cinnamoylcocaine, and trans-cinnamoylcocaine) to cocaine are calculated for each sample. These ratios are compiled in a computer database which allows easy comparison of samples and makes possible reliable conclusions regarding their commonality of origin.
Religion, Political Leadership, Charisma, and Mental Illness: The Strange Story of Louis Riel
Authors: Perr IN
Published: August 2015

Louis Riel, a French Canadian half-breed, was hanged for high treason in 1885 in perhaps the most famous criminal case in Canadian history, with ramifications still felt today. Depending on one's ethnic orientation, he has been viewed as a madman, a saint, or a martyr. Despite evidence of mental illness, a defense of insanity was rejected. The Riel phenomenon illustrates the interaction of charisma, religiosity, political leadership, and mental illness and exemplifies a circumstance under which a mentally ill individual can be accepted as a political leader and prophet. This paper (1) reviews the history of the case (excluding the trial itself), analyses from psychiatrists published as early as 1887, and succeeding historical commentary; (2) documents the nature of Riel's mental illness; and (3) discusses the issue of the charismatic mentally ill leader.
Big Game Species Identification by Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Probes
Authors: Blackett RS , Keim P
Published: August 2015

Species identification is important in many big game forensic science cases but cannot always be accomplished because of the lack of adequate techniques. The authors have developed deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) probes for elk, deer, and antelope by isolating highly repeated satellite sequences. These DNA probes distinguish among deer, elk, and antelope, although not between different species of deer. Because of the high number of sequence copies per genome, these probes are extremely sensitive, requiring less than 10 ng of total genomic DNA. The developmental protocol for these probes is relatively simple and is applicable to many other species.
A Simple High-Pressure Anvil and Template Device for the Production of Infrared Spectra from Microfiber Samples
Authors: White GW
Published: August 2015

Infrared spectra were obtained from single microfibers using a specifically designed anvil and template to preflatten the fiber perpendicular to the infrared (IR) path. A series of IR spectra of fibers from the Collaborative Testing Service (CTS) reference Collection of Synthetic Fibers has been produced to demonstrate the technique and provide a basis for others in possession of CTS fibers to compare techniques.
Fatal Dissecting Aneurysm of the Internal Carotid Artery with Delayed Symptoms Following Facial Impact
Authors: An TL
Published: August 2015

A fatal dissecting aneurysm of the internal carotid artery occurred in a 16-year-old male following facial impact in an automobile accident.

The patient showed no neurologic deficit until two days after the automobile accident, when he suddenly started having seizures and developed right-sided hemiparesis. There was no evidence of direct trauma to the neck externally or internally. The only injuries observed in the head and face were two skin lacerations in the chin area. His condition rapidly deteriorated, and he expired on the fourth hospital day. The gross and microscopic findings for the internal carotid artery are presented. The possible mechanisms for the vascular lesion and a review of the literature are discussed.
An Explosive Drug Case
Authors: White GM
Published: August 2015

As part of an investigation into a homicide, a white crystalline substance was found in a safe. The substance was submitted to the laboratory as a drug sample. Subsequent analysis proved the material to be triacetonetriperoxide (TATP), which is highly explosive. The results of analyses utilizing mass spectrometry, infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDXA), and gas chromatography are given, along with the circumstances leading to the discovery that the material was explosive.
Occupational Exposure to Cocaine Involving Crime Lab Personnel
Authors: Le SD , Taylor RW , Vidal D , Lovas JJ , Ting E , Le SD
Published: August 2015

The possibility of exposure to cocaine as a result of analyzing it or handling material contaminated by it has been a major concern of laboratory personnel. Several different work environments and simulated situations were examined to assess the likelihood of this type of exposure occurring. Urine specimens were collected and evaluated for cocaine and benzoylecgonine using the Syva ETS System (EMIT). Each specimen was analyzed for the two substances using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Urine specimens of laboratory-management personnel not working with drug samples showed no trace of cocaine or benzoylecgonine. A urinary benzoylecgonine level of 227 ng/mL was found in the specimen from one narcotics criminalist who was working on a routine case of 2 kilos of cocaine hydrochloride in the Narcotics Laboratory. A maximal urinary benzoylecgonine concentration of 1570 ng/mL was determined in the urine specimen from one narcotics criminalist who was sampling a case containing 50 kilos of cocaine hydrochloride over a period of 3 h. Decreasing the levels of airborne cocaine dust appears to minimize the amount of cocaine absorbed by the criminalists. Gloves, face masks, and goggles prove to be effective in minimizing exposure.
Impact of Tropical Conditions on Thin Layer Chromatography in Analytical Toxicology: High Temperatures and Moderate Humidities
Authors: de Zeeuw RA , Franke JP , Dik E , ten Dolle W , Kam BL
Published: August 2015

The impact of high temperatures (24 to 39°C) and low to moderately high humidities (20 to 70%) on the applicability of TLC systems for drug identification was studied during a 6 month climatologic cycle in Burkina Faso (West Africa). In general, the Rf values as observed on the plates were found to be substantially affected as compared with values obtained at temperate climates. Some TLC systems were more affected than others and the largest deviations of up to 30 Rf units were at low humidities. Tropical conditions also had a negative effect on the reproducibility of Rf values. However, when an Rf-correction procedure was applied, using reference mixtures of known drugs on each plate, accuracy as well as reproducibility of the resulting Rfc values were drastically improved and data thus corrected were found to be compatible with existing TLC data bases developed under moderate climatological conditions.

The impact of high to extremely high humidities (70 to 100%) remains to be investigated.