bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
External Factors Affecting the Pheromone Monitoring of the Spongy Moth
Authors: Ponomarev V. I. , Klobukov G. I. , Napalkova V. V.
Published: April 2024

The method of pheromone monitoring in the pest density management system has gained wide popularity due to its relative simplicity. The aim of the study was to analyze the degree of conformity between the results of pheromone monitoring and population density dynamics of the spongy moth (Lymantria dispar (L.)), as well as external factors affecting the results of pheromone monitoring. The pheromone monitoring was carried out in the area of the Trans-Ural moth population in the Sverdlovsk region, in two areas – the one with a high population density and periodic outbreaks and other one with a very low density and no periodic outbreaks over the last 10 years. Simultaneously with the pheromone monitoring, population density was monitored based on autumn counts of egg masses. The results of long-term pheromone monitoring of the spongy moth allow us to come to the following conclusions. The catching capacity of traps is mainly influenced by weather conditions, including air temperature and the stability of air currents during the males’ flight. The masses’ density and the reproduction rate of the spongy moth population can influence the results of pheromone monitoring, but they are not the decisive factors. It is possible to make predictions of changes in the population density of this species only with detailed pheromone monitoring with accurate recording of main males’ flight period, using correction factors that take into account weather conditions. However, the authors doubt the economic feasibility of this kind of measures for the purpose of assessing the pest’s population’s density and monitoring its dynamics.
Mass Reproduction Outbreaks of the Phyllophagous Insects in Forests of the North-West of the European Part of Russia
Authors: Selikhovkin A. V. , Gninenko Yu. I.
Published: April 2024

Data on the species composition and dynamics of outbreaks of needle- and leaf-eating pests that pose a danger to forest stands in the Arkhangelsk, Leningrad and Murmansk regions,as well as in the Republics of Karelia and Komi were summarized and analyzed. A significant decrease in the frequency of reproduction outbreaks of certain types of needle- and leaf-eating pests was shown, which corresponds to the trends for some other regions. For the pine looper (Bupalus piniaria (L.)), the pine beauty (Pannolis flammea), the buff-tip (Phalera bucephala (L.)), the rusty tussock moth (Orgyia antiqua (L.)) and the white satin moth (Leucoma salicis (L.)), who have had a few mass reproduction outbreaks in the aforementioned regions, no significant increase in population density was observed for 25 years or more. An increase in outbreak activity and expansion of the damage area to the north is likely for the winter moth (Operophtera brumata (L.)) and the autumnal moth (Epirrita autumnata). The larch tortrix (Zeiraphera griseana) and the spruce sawfly (Gilpinia hercynia) are in the list of potential dangers as well. These species have only one, but an extremely extensive reproduction outbreak. The red pine sawfly (Neodiprion sertifer Geoffr.) and possibly the common pine sawfly (Diprion pini (L.)) will continue to play a significant role as pests of young stands. The dynamics of their outbreaks, apparently, is determined by climatic changes and, to no lesser extent, by the presence of large areas of conifers’ regeneration. An increase in the fluctuations’ amplitude of the pests populations’ density in urban plantations is likely to occur, especially the miner moths (Phyllonorycter isskii, Ph. populifoliella and Ph. apparella), for which the current climate warming is a fundamentally important factor.
Grey Heron Colonies Affect the Radial Growth of Trees in Pine Plantations
Authors: Demakov Yu. P. , Tishin D. V. , Demitrov I. P.
Published: April 2024

Data on the influence the grey heron (Ardea cinerea L., 1758) colonies have on the dynamics of tree ring parameters in pine plantations are presented. It is shown that the beginning of the stands colonisation by the grey heron can be quite accurately determined by analysing the dynamics of the annual tree rings parameters, especially the width of their late layer and the optical density of wood (the values of the former are lower in the control stand, and of the latter one are higher there). Grey heron colonies begin to appear in pine forests since as early as 10–12 years old, when the height of the trees reaches 5–6 m, and the diameter of the trunk at a height of 1.3 m from the soil surface is only 7–8 cm. In the first 15–20 years, they have a positive influence on the annual growth of trees, especially on the width of the late layer of wood and the thickness of the cell walls, but then the picture changes to the opposite. The total residence time of heron colonies in one place is about 35–40 years, after which they move to new places due to the forest stands coming into disarray or even facing complete destruction. To reduce the likelihood of the grey heron colonies appearance, which in many cases have a negative impact on the state of forest biogeocoenoses, it is necessary to stop creating pure pine forests near water bodies, giving preference to spruce, birch, poplar or linden-oak plantations.
Geochemical Peculiarities of the Peat Litter’s Morphometric Fractions in the Swamp Birch Forests of Western Siberia’s Southern Taiga
Authors: Efremova T. T. , Efremov S. P. , Avrova A. F.
Published: April 2024

Peat litter of moss-woody composition was studied in swamp birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) forests of the grass-mossy forest types in the northern part of the Ob and Tom interfluve (geographical coordinates N 56°23′186″, E 084°32′519″). The litter samples are characterized by a low base saturation of 35.6%; an acidic reaction (\({\text{p}}{{{\text{H}}}_{{{{{\text{H}}}_{2}}{\text{O}}}}}\) 4.0); and an ash content of 8.9%. The average content of macro- and microelements forms the following descending series, mg/kg: Ca5105 Fe4201 Al3614 K986 Mg893 Mn468 Sr230 Na153  Zn51 Pb13 Cu6.8 Ni5 Cr4.6 Co2.9 Cd0.2. According to the factor analysis, the mineral component composition of the litter during the plant residues destruction is 57% determined by the variability of the heavy metals content, 37% by the content of alkali, alkaline earth, Zn and Cd. Using the tree clustering method, the morphometric fractions of plant fragments (derivatives) were organized as follows: 10 mm, [(10–5) + + (5–3) + (3–2) + (2–1)] and [(1–0.5) + (0.5–0.25) + 0.25] mm. Discriminant analysis showed 100% fit in the corresponding group. Al and Ca make the greatest contribution to the prediction. As plant fragments decompose, heavy metals and aluminium gradually accumulate while alkali and alkaline earth metals get washed away, the processes being most active at the fermentation stage. The distribution of mineral components in litter derivatives is consistent with their humus state. In small morphometric fractions, compared to large fragments, the ratio (∑HA + ∑FA)/polysaccharides expands, the C/N value gets lower, humic and fulvic acids accumulation occurs mainly for the 1st fraction ones. Peat litter is characterized by an average, moderately dangerous level of pollution: the total pollution index (Zc) is 18. The toxicants composition is dominated by Pb and Zn – chemical elements of the hazard class I.
Density of Tree Wood and Bark in Climatic Gradients of Eurasia
Authors: Usoltsev V. А. , Tsepordey I. S.
Published: April 2024

Under the conditions of climate changing, the biospheric role of forest cover is increasing, as well as the relevance of research on the carbon depositing capacity of the world’s forests. These studies include an assessment of the trees’ and stands’ biological productivity, which includes not only phytomass, but also the basic density (BD) of stem wood and bark. In our study, allometric models of the BD of wood and bark of 9 forest-forming tree species of Northern Eurasia have been developed, including such independent variables as the tree age, the stem diameter, as well as the average temperature of January and average annual precipitation. The structure of a mixed-effects model is applied, in which the affiliation of the source data to each of the tree species is encoded by a set of dummy variables. Based on the space-for-time substitution principle, the obtained patterns of BD changes in spatial climatic gradients are used to predict their changes in temporal gradients. The effect of Liebig’s law of limiting factor in predicting BD in spatial and temporal climatic gradients has been confirmed. The revealed patterns of changes in the BD of wood and bark in temperature and precipitation gradients completely repeat the previously established patterns of changes in phytomass and net primary production of trees and stands of Eurasia in the same gradients. This means that the climatic conditionality of the studied indicators of biological productivity has a common nature for both quantitative and qualitative indicators of trees and stands.
Dead Wood Elements Composition in Different Tree Species and Stages of Decay in the Broad-Leaved Forests of the Kaluzhskie Zaseki Reserve
Authors: Khanina L. G. , Smirnov V. E. , Bobrovskiy M. V.
Published: April 2024

The content and mass concentration of eight chemical elements Al, Ca, Cu, K, Mg, Mn, P, and Zn were analysed in dead wood of eight tree species at five stages of decomposition. Wood samples were taken at the site of the mass windfall of 2006 in a multispecies broadleaved forest in the Kaluzhskie Zaseki nature reserve. Deadwood of seven deciduous trees species was studied: maple (Acer platanoides), birch (Betula pendula), common ash (Fraxinus excelsior), common aspen (Populus tremula), English oak (Quercus robur), linden (Tilia cordata), rough elm (Ulmus glabra), as well as one coniferous tree species – Norway spruce (Picea abies). A series of one-way analyses of variance was carried out to assess the influence of the species and the stage of deadwood decomposition (including the zero stage for control samples) on the density, content of elements and their mass concentration. Tree species most clearly differed in the content and mass concentration of Mn, Zn, Mg, Ca, and K: R2 varied from 50 to 23% for the content and from 53 to 19% for the mass concentration of elements of the indicated series. The leaders in the content of these elements were the following species: Mn – maple, birch, spruce, linden; Zn – birch and aspen; Mg – maple, elm; Ca – elm; K – linden, elm. The stages of wood decomposition turned out to be a significant factor of variation for the content of Mn, P, Cu, Zn and Ca: R2 varied from 22 to 16%. During the destruction of wood trunks, a significant increase in the content of these elements occurred. Maintenance of cycles of biophilic elements is more successfully implemented in the presence of deadwood of different species at different stages of decomposition.
Peculiarities of the Vital Functions Restoration in Pallas Black Pines Following a Forest Fire
Authors: Koba V. P.
Published: April 2024

Using the biophysics and visual assessment methods, a study on the vital state dynamics of the Pallas black pine (Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana D. Don) trees damaged by fire was conducted. It is shown that a ground fire has a noticeable effect on the biophysical characteristics of the Pallas pine. In the post-fire period, there is a change in the electrical resistance of the tree trunk tissues, as well as an increase in its variation coefficient, which reflects the deterioration of their vital condition. The relationship between the parameters of the trunk tissues’ polarization coefficient and the level of the pine trees’ pyrogenic damage was revealed. The intensity of the needles yellowing reflects the amount of stress the trees experience during the pyrogenic impact, it is determined not only by the severity of the impact, but also by the protective response resulting in the mobilisation of the vitality reserves during the post-shock period. The negative effects of stress are manifested in a prolonged decline of the plants’ vital state. Differentiation of the Pallas black pine trees based on the types of response to the damaging impact was revealed. The individuals of an increased regenerative capacity ensure the group preservation under a strong short-term negative impact. Individuals with a weak response realise their advantage in a situation of a lingering stress, conservatively utilising their vitality reserves, which ensures the possibility of long-term survival under inhospitable conditions. Currently, the natural populations of Pallas black pine, are forming “scissors” of two evolutionarily different natural selection tendencies. Under the lingering stressful conditions, individuals with weaker reaction are more likely to survive and the elimination of individuals with a strong response to stress increases, which entails a decrease in the resistance of populations to a strong destructive effect.
Development and Application of Two Multiplexes of Nuclear Microsatellite Loci for the Analysis of Genetic Variability of Scots Pine Populations in Different Parts of the Range
Authors: Semerikov N. V.
Published: April 2024

Multiplexing of microsatellite loci (SSR) can significantly reduce the cost and duration of the analysis. Based on the published microsatellites of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), we developed and tested two multiplexes of 14 loci on seven populations from different parts of the range. Genetic variability was revealed in all populations. The average number of alleles was 5.78, the average expected heterozygosity was 0.641. Significant interpopulation differentiation at the level of 1.8% was revealed. In all loci, the mean frequencies of null alleles did not exceed 7.1%. The results of the genetic analysis of populations confirm the suitability of the resulting multiplexes for population genetic studies of Scots pine.
Estimation of Perspectives of Sapling Development of Quercus robur L. in the Wood Coenoses of Moscow Region
Authors: Stamenov M. N. , Zubkova E. V. , Frolov P. V.
Published: April 2024

The perspectives of transition of the immature and virginal saplings of Quercus robur L. to the A1 and A2 canopy sublayers have been analyzed. The studies have been conducted in the different forest types within the Southern Moscow region. For the estimation of the phytosociological role an individual could claim we applied morphometric and architectural methods. We measured height, trunk diameter, crown projection, calendar age and lengths of five trunk increments in a row. We considered growth habit, configuration and branching of the trunk and of the branches themselves. Four degrees of an individual’s prospect have been identified. 0 – an individual will not go beyond the level of low shrubs. 1 – an individual will reach the level of high shrubs and can start fruiting. 2 – an individual will reach the A2 canopy sublayer. 3 – an individual will reach the A1 canopy sublayer. From the degree 0 to the degree 3 an increase in the values of the trunk increments and branching intensity was noted.
Biological Productivity of the Post-Fire Larch Forests in the Mountain Regions of Krasnoyarsk Krai
Authors: Tselitan I. A. , Danilin I. M.
Published: April 2024

Peculiarities of the compositionally pure larch stands formation following forest fires were studied in the northern (Evenkia, middle course of the Nizhnyaya Tunguska river, geographic coordinates 64°03′ N 101°10′ E) and southern (Ermakovskiy district, geographic coordinates – 52°23′ N, 93°33′ E) areas of Krasnoyarsk Krai. The structure, growth and biological productivity of the forest restoration successions were analyzed based on the materials from the sample plots. The highest value of phytomass (in terms of total productivity) in larch stands registered was 1055.5 t abs. dry substances/ha at the age of 93 years. The structural ratio of the forest stands phytomass fractions naturally changes with an increase in their average age and density. With an increase in the average age of a stand, its above-ground and root phytomasses increase; at the same time, the relative share of crown and needle wood mass in the total above-ground phytomass of a stand decreases. In 38-year-old larch forests, the share of crown mass is 18%, and the share of stems is 82%. In 60-year-old forest stands, crown wood with needles accounts for 14%, and the rest 86% are stem weight. In the 93-year-old larch forest, the proportion of stem phytomass increases to 89%, and the proportion of crown wood with needles falls up to a minimum share of 11%. The maximum growth potential of the 56-year old larch stands, according to the current increase in phyomass (in terms of total productivity), is realised at about 14.69 t abs. dry substances/ha per year. The young and middle-aged larch forests formed on the burnt areas have higher rates of growth and phytomass accumulation; in terms of the amount of fixed atmospheric carbon, they exceed the mature and overmature stands by more than two times.
Tree Storey Structure and Condition Dynamics in Middle-Taiga Native Spruce Forests of the Northern Ural Foothills
Authors: Manov A. V. , Kutyavin I. N.
Published: April 2024

The paper focuses on the dynamic processes occurring in indigenous spruce phytocenoses developing on the territory of one of the large reserves of spontaneous dark coniferous taiga in the European North – the Pechoro-Ilychsky Reserve. The aim of the study was to assess the size structure dynamics of the forest stands and the undergrowth, as well as changes in their vital status in naturally developing spruce stands of the green moss and long-stem moss groups of forest types in the foothills of the Northern Urals (the basin of the upper reaches of the Pechora River). The spruce stands, mixed in composition and complex in structure, form a cyclic uneven-aged type of structure. For the middle taiga indigenous spruce forests, based on the assessment of inequality in the woody plants’ sizes distribution, the results of the long-term structure monitoring of the forest stands and the undergrowth on four permanent sample plots were analysed. In forest stands of different types, a similar dynamics of tree differentiation by trunk volume and undergrowth by trunk height was observed. There is a significant accumulation of small woody plants individuals, with a smooth, evenly fading distribution of their numbers in the direction of size increase. Under the canopy of forest stands there is a continuous regrowth process. According to the data of stationary observations of the vitality and damage degree of trees and undergrowth of spruce forests, based on a visual assessment of a woody plant state according to the characteristics of the crown, a slightly weakened condition of both the upper tree layers of the phytocenosis and the lower – undergrowth was revealed. Spruce stands are at the stage of initial weakening or are already weakened, the undergrowth is predominantly healthy.
Belarusian Oak Forests Afflicted with Armillaria Root Rot during Their Mass Desiccation
Authors: Sazonov A. A. , Zvyagintsev V. B. , Zaitseva E. M.
Published: April 2024

During the period of the oak forests’ mass desiccation, Armillaria root rot became widespread, exacerbating the state of depression. The infection of stands by white sapwood rot caused by fungi of the genus Armillaria was more often detected in Bug-Polesia and Berezina-Pre-Polesia forest growth areas. The incidence of the disease in the oak forests of Belarus increases with the raising of the stands age and the decrease in their density. More often, the affliction with Armillaria root rot occurs in floodplain oak forests, as well as in the dry lands forest types with the most fertile soils. The oak’s proportion in the stand’s composition does not significantly affect the occurrence of the infection. Under the conditions of massive weakening of the Belarussian oak forests, facultative parasites from the Armillaria genus can occur as dangerous secondary pathogens that accelerate the death of weakened oak trees. Their pathogenicity persists in the north of the republic, where the negative role of other pathological factors in oak forests decreases. After the end of the depression period, the transition of Armillaria from a parasitic to a predominantly saprotrophic strategy was recorded. The affliction of oak forests by Armillaria root rot can act as one of the oak formation’s condition indicators, marking the depression phase in oak stands. Therefore, the spread of foci of Armillaria root rot should be monitored while conducting forest pathology surveys and monitoring the condition of oak forests.
Siberian Fir Needles Growth and Structural Features Studied in the North-East of the European Russia
Authors: Gerling N. V. , Tarasov S. I.
Published: April 2024

Siberian fir (Abies sibirica Ledeb.) is the subject of this research and is the least studied forest-forming species in the North-East of the European Russia. The purpose of the work is to study changes in the structure of fir needles in the process of its growth. The paper is based on a growth model and examines the relationship between the linear dimensions of Siberian fir needles and changes in the anatomical structure and ultrastructure of its assimilation apparatus during the period of its growth outside the bud. A logistic model was successfully tested as a model of changes in fir needles’ linear dimensions (length, width and thickness), and proved to be a convenient tool for analysing the processes of needle development at all structural levels. The application of the model makes it possible to identify the phases of needle development and confirm the synchronism in changes in the linear dimensions of needles with the development of assimilation cells. It has been shown that when the needles of Siberian fir emerge from the bud, they are already qualitatively capable of photosynthesis, as evidenced by the presence of developed thylakoids and grana in chloroplasts, as well as photosynthetic pigments. The assimilation apparatus reaches its highest qualitative and quantitative development after the end of the last phase of needle growth in length, which gives us grounds to conclude that under optimal environmental conditions, already developed needles reach the highest functional activity during this period.
Species and Structural Diversity of Coniferous-Broadleaved Mixed Forests of the Pshekha River, North-Western Caucasus
Authors: Shevchenko N. E. , Geraskina A. P.
Published: April 2024

The article presents the species and structural diversity of coniferous-broadleaved forests of the Pshekha river – the largest tributary of the Kuban river. All in all, 7 main types of forest were identified and described: fir-beech fern-forb forest, fir-hornbeam blackberry-forb forest, aspen-hornbeam honeysuckle-small-herb forest, hornbeam-black alder nitrophilic-tall-herb forest, hornbeam-oak rhododendron-blackberry forest, hornbeam-beech blackberry-forb forest and hornbeam honeysuckle-blackberry forest. The composition of the forest flora of the Pshekha river includes 270 species, including 221 species of vascular plants and 49 species of mosses. Floristic diversity of coniferous-broadleaved forests of the Pshekha river is inversely related to the crown density of the stand and the proportion of oriental beech (Fagus orientalis). The highest species saturation was noted in the hornbeam-black alder nitrophilic-high-grass forest type, the lowest – in the fir-beech fern-forb type. Ecological and coenotic structure of coniferous-broadleaved forest types of the Pshekha river depends on the height above sea level, which determines the indicators of the average annual precipitation and average annual temperature – with a decrease in altitude above sea level. m. the proportion of boreal species in the composition of the flora decreases, while the proportion of nemoral and meadow-edge species increases. In the coniferous-broadleaved forests of the river. Pshekha, 11 species of earthworms were identified, belonging to four morpho-ecological groups: epigeic, epi-endogeic and endogeic, as well as anecic. In forests with a high quality of litter (hornbeam-dominated), the greatest contribution to the biomass is made by epigeic (up to 41%) and endogeic (up to 45%) groups of earthworms. In forests with low quality litter (fir- and beech-dominated), the share of endogeic earthworms is high (up to 66%). Anecic worms are mostly confined to forests on moist soils. In all types of forests, Crimean-Caucasian endemics make a large contribution to biomass and abundance: polymorphic species D. schmidti, anecic D. mariupolienis, as well as Mediterranean species: litter D. attemsi (often inhabiting oak and hornbeam deadwood) and proper soil A. jassyensis. Cosmopolitan species (D. r. tenuis, D. octaedra) are numerous among the epigeic worms and often inhabit deadwood of coniferous tree species.
Structural Features of Pine Catena Stands: from Forest to Oligotrophic Bog
Authors: Storozhenko V. G. , Glukhova T. V.
Published: April 2024

The article presents the results of studies of the pine catena’s stands structure, conducted in the Zapadnodvinsky forestry of the Tver region (Zapadnodvinsky forest-swamp station of the Institute of Forest Science of the RAS, IFS RAS), linking the biogeocenosis of the forest and swamp parts of the oligotrophic bog. The purpose of the research is to study the forestry characteristics, morphometric indices, origin, age structure, dynamic processes and volume indicators of pine stands during the transition of the forest part of the catena to the oligotrophic bog. The pine catena includes four sections with a total length of 110 m and a width of 40 m: the upper forest automorphous zone (PP 1), the slope transit zone (PP 2 and 3) and accumulative zone (PP 4) with forest types changing from cranberry-blueberry pine woods of II quality class to shrub-sphagnum meso-oligotrophic pine woods on 6 m of peat (V quality class), underlain by organic lake sediments. The age structure of stands varies from the conditional evenly-aged restorative dynamics in the forest part to the highly-unevenly-aged dynamics found closer to the climax phase of the meso-oligotrophic sphagnum swamp. The forest part is characterized by the better condition indicators’ values, while the oligotrophic bog’s stands have the worst ones. The pine biogeocenosis of an oligotrophic sphagnum bog is close in dynamic characteristics to sustainable climax forest communities with a maximum age of the first generations trees of approximately 240–280 years. The stands condition along the catena profile varies from healthy in the forest part to the weakened with the degradation development dynamics in the accumulative part of the sphagnum bog.
Juniper-Associated Wood-Inhabiting Basidiomycota in East European Boreal Forests (Republic of Belarus, European Russia)
Authors: Ezhov O. N. , Belomesyatseva D. B. , Dudka V. A. , Yurchenko E. O. , Khimich Yu. R. , Volobuev S. V. , Ruokolainen A. V. , Malysheva E. F. , Kosolapov D. A. , Zmitrovich I. V.
Published: April 2024

The paper is devoted to ecological and biodiversity studies on basidiomycetes associated with common juniper (Juniperus communis) from subtaiga zone of Belarus as well as several taiga regions of the European part of Russia, namely, the Leningrad Region, the Republic of Karelia, the Komi Republic, the Arkhangelsk Region, the Murmansk Region. The taiga zone represents an ecological-coenotic optimum of common juniper and the widest spectrum of its fungal consorts is expected to be revealed. A total of 96 species of wood-inhabiting basidiomycetes, both from dead and living wood, were recorded in association with J. communis in the boreal regions of Belarus and the European part of Russia. These species belong to the Pucciniomycetes (Pucciniales, 3 species), Dacrymycetes (Dacrymycetales, 1 species), and Agaricomycetes (Agaricales, Atheliales, Auriculariales, Boletales, Cantharellales, Gloeophyllales, Gomphales, Hymenochaetales, Polyporales, Russulales, Thelephorales, Trechisporales, 92 species). An annotated species list is given, including an expanded substratum and ecology datasets. The ecological and geographical preferences of these fungi and the strength of their connection with juniper were analyzed by thermal map, clusterization, and Sankey diagram methods. The various types of wood decomposition by juniper-associated basidiomycetes were discussed. The global distribution pattern of the species was analyzed. It was concluded that the biota of basidiomycetes associated with juniper in Eastern European taiga forests is a heterogeneous and heterochronous formation, where it is possible to distinguish clearly a florogenetically ancient core of the species specialized on juniper, exhibiting in one or other way biotrophic properties, and several taiga sets of species (suites) connected with pine trees and their litter as well as with spruce-pine-leaved taiga mosaics and boreo-nemoral mosaics typical of the Northern Hemisphere.
Long-Chain Alkylphenols Biodegradation Potential of the Soil Ascomycota
Authors: Kuzikova I. L. , Medvedeva N.G.
Published: April 2024

A total of 11 strains ascomycetes-destructors of technical nonylphenol (NP) and 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP) were isolated from nonylphenol-contaminated soddy-podzolic loamy soil (Leningrad Region, Russia). Fungal isolates are able to degrade NP and 4-t-OP at a high load (300 mg/L). The most effective Fusarium solani 8F strain has the ability to degrade alkylphenols (AP) both under cometabolic conditions and without additional carbon and energy sources. The decrease in AP is due to the processes of biodegradation and/or biotransformation by the studied strain and, to a small extent, due to sorption by fungal cells. The NP and 4-t-OP half-life under cometabolic conditions is 3.5 and 6.4 hours, respectively, and without additional carbon and energy sources, 9 and 19.7 hours, respectively. The amount of the lipid peroxidation product, malondialdehyde, as well as the reduced glutathione content in the process of NP and 4-t-OP biodegradation under cometabolic conditions increases by 1.7 and 2 times, respectively, compared with the control. The high level of reduced glutathione in F. solani 8F cells may indicate the participation of this metabolite both in the processes of AP biodegradation and in providing strain resistance to oxidative stress. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the degradation of NP and 4-t-OP by ascomycetous fungus F. solani both under cometabolic conditions and without additional carbon and energy sources. The revealed high potential of soil ascomycetes to degrade alkylphenols can be the basis for new environmentally safe bioremediation technologies for the purification of endocrine-disruptors conta-minated soils, natural and waste waters.
Temperature Dynamics of Growth, CO2 Gas Exchange and Competitiveness of Daedaleopsis confragosa and D. tricolor
Authors: Mukhin V. A. , Vladykina V. D. , Diyarova D. K.
Published: April 2024

The temperature dynamics of mycelium growth, СО2 gas exchange and competitiveness of Daedaleopsis confragosa and D. tricolor were analyzed. It has been shown that on agar (MEA) mycelium growth is limited to 5–35°C, and its maximum is observed at 30°C (D. confragosa) – 35°C (D. tricolor). The mycelium СО2 gas exchange at MEA is recorded in the range of 5–50°C, with a maximum for D. confragosa at 35°C and 45°C for D. tricolor. The temperature dynamics of CO2 gas exchange in wood destroyed by D. confragosa and D. tricolor does not fundamentally differ from that of dikaryotic mycelium on MEA: recorded in the same temperature range (5–50°C), the temperature maximum is higher in D. tricolor (40)°C than in D. confragosa (30°C). According to the temperature characteristics of mycelium growth and СО2 gas exchange D. confragosa and D. tricolor can be characterized as mesophilic fungi, but differ in pronounced ecological individuality in relation to low and high temperatures. D. confragosa is characterized by more intensive growth and СО2 gas exchange of mycelium at 5–10°C, and D. tricolor at 35–50°C, which determines the temperature dynamics of their competitiveness: higher in D. confragosa at low, and in D. tricolor – at high temperatures. This corresponds to their geographical distribution: the first one is found in all latitudinal parts of the forest zone, and the second one is absent in its northern part, but common in the southern. According to the geographical and ecological-physiological features, D. tricolor can apparently be considered as the southern subspecies of D. confragosa s.l.
Morganella Fimbriata (Lycoperdaceae, Agaricomycetes), a New Species from Cameroon
Authors: Rebriev Yu. A.
Published: April 2024

Morganella fimbriata, a new puffball species, is described. The main diagnostic features are: cellular subgleba, exoperidium with spines which leave an areolate pattern on endoperidium after they fall off, and fimbriate stoma. Comparison with the morphologically closed species as well as ITS rDNA phylogenetic tree are presented.
A Highly Aggressive Invasive Race Group PstS2 in Russian Populations of the Wheat Yellow Rust Pathogen
Authors: Shaydayuk E. L. , Gultyaeva E. I.
Published: April 2024

The expansion of the area of harmfulness of the wheat yellow rust pathogen (Puccinia striiformis) (Pst) has be observed all over the world in the 2000s. This is due to the emergence of new highly aggressive invasive groups of races PstS1 and PstS2, adopted to the high temperatures, and also as a result of virulence mutations of regional pathogen populations. SCAR-markers were developed for identification of invasive races, and pathogen collections from many countries were studied. In these studies in first in Russia, the analysis of regional populations of P. striiformis for the presence of invasive races PstS1 and PstS2 was carried out. Single pustule isolates were obtained from urediosamples collected from common and durum wheat, triticale and wild grasses in seven regions of the Russian Federation (North Caucasian, Northwestern, Central Black Earth, Lower Volga, Middle Volga, Volga-Vyatka, West Siberian) in 2019–2020. In total 82 isolates were studied. Using SCAR markers, three genotypes were identified in the studied collection of P. striiformis, and one of which belongs to the invasive group PstS2. The other two genotypes had a different origin (other). Isolates of PstS2 group were received from pathogen population samples collected in the Russian Northwest in 2020. Virulence analysis revealed two phenotypes among them: PstS2_R1 (3 isolates) and PstS2_R2 (1 isolate). According to information from the Global Rust Reference Center (http://www.wheatrust.org/), the main characteristic of isolates from invasive PstS2 group is virulence to wheat lines with resistance genes Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9 and Yr25. The Russian R1 phenotype PstS2 was also characterized by virulence to these genes, as well as to Yr1, Yr32, and YrSp. The PstS2_R2 phenotype differed from PstS2_R1 for avirulence to Yr25 and virulence to Yr3 and Yr4. The main difference of Russian PstS2 isolates with detected in other countries is virulence to wheat lines with genes Yr4, Yr32, and YrSp. The first detection of invasive races in the Northwest of Russia indicates the relevance of annual monitoring of regional populations of P. striiformis.
Fungal Biodiversity of Potato Tubers
Authors: Belosokhov A. F. , Yarmeeva M. M. , Mislavsky S. M. , Kurchaev M. L. , Dolgov A. M. , Albantov G. P. , Skokov D. N. , Tsindeliani A. A. , Kokaeva L. Yu. , Chudinova E. M. , Elansky S. N.
Published: April 2024

The paper presents information on strains of 53 species of fungi isolated from potato tubers. Samples of affected and healthy potato tubers were collected in various regions of Russia (Astrakhan, Bryansk, Vladimir, Voronezh, Irkutsk, Kaluga, Kostroma, Magadan, Moscow, Tambov, Tula, Kamchatka, and Krasnodar regions; Republics of Adygea, Crimea, Mari El, Sakha-Yakutia) between 2014 and 2022. 36 species presented in the work are new and have not been previously found on tubers. Among them, there are both phytopathogens and species that can be used as potential biocontrol agents (competitive saprotrophs, mycotrophs). Species known as endophytes have been found, as well as poorly studied species whose role on tubers remains unknown. The work does not include well-known potato pathogens, new species, information about which was previously published by the authors, as well as a variety of Fusarium spp. fungi, on which separate publications are being prepared. The study shows the complex diversity of fungi in the composition of the potato microbiota, which indicates the need for a thorough analysis of the microbiota in the development and application of tuber protection systems.
Investigation of the Thrombolytic Potential of Exoproteinases Produced by the Micromycete Tolypocladium inflatum 62A Isolated from the Soils of the White Sea
Authors: Fokichev N. S. , Kornienko E. I. , Kreyer V. G. , Osmolovskiy A. A.
Published: April 2024

Thrombolytic properties of the micromycete Tolypocladium inflatum 62a isolated from the White Sea soils exoproteinases preparation, as well as its individual fractions, obtained after isoelectric focusing, were studied in comparison to the closest analogue, the producer of thrombolytic enzymes T. inflatum k1. A pronounced thrombolytic potential, the presence of fibrinolytic and plasminogen activator activity, specific proteolytic activity with respect to certain substrates (plasmin-like and subtilisin-like) as well as a prolonged thrombolytic effect in connection to fibrin clots were demonstrated, which can be used in the development of new drugs for the thrombotic conditions treatment, the development of anti-hematoma drugs for external use as well as diagnostic kits for the pathology of the human hemostasis system.
Structure Analysis of the MatA Locus of Sexual Compatibility in the Edible Mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus
Authors: Shnyreva А. V. , Shnyreva A. A.
Published: April 2024

The edible oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus is one of the most cultivated species worldwide. Morphogenesis associated with the fruit bodies maturation is controlled by two unlinked loci of sexual compatibility matA and matB with multiple alleles (tetrapolar system of sexual compatibility). Quantitative analysis of the alleles of mating compatibility loci in 17 natural isolates collected in the Moscow region was performed in mon-mon (monokaryon – monokaryon) and di-mon (dikaryon – monokaryon) crossings. Four monokaryotic testers strains which were heteroallelic at both mating type loci were obtained for each of the five natural mushroom isolates by using original technique of sterile spore prints on Petri dishes and mon-mon crossing. Twelve natural isolates were crossed via di-mon mating with the four monokaryotic testers M-38. Genetic analysis of the alleles of sexual compatibility loci in 17 natural isolates revealed multiple alleles at both loci: at least 10 alleles at matA locus and eight alleles at matB locus. Structural organization analysis of the matA locus was performed in silico for homokaryotic strains PC9 and PC15 based on the genome sequencing data available at DOE Joint Genome Institute. The matA locus is proved to be of extremely divergent structure: there are one copy of the homeodomain gene hd1 and one copy of the hd2 gene in the PC9 strain, whereas the matA locus of the PC15 strain is composed by two copies of hd1.1 and hd1.2 genes (class HD1 homeodomain proteins) and one copy of hd2 gene (class HD2 proteins). Comprehensive analysis of amino acid sequences of HD1 and HD2 homeodomain proteins demonstrated that the proteins have a globular structure with the nuclear localization and contain a variable N-terminus and the more conservative DNA-binding domain with a specific conservative motif WFXNXR in the third ɑ-helix. The results approve the opinion that multiple alleles of the matA locus of sexual compatibility in basidiomycete fungi is achieved by different copies’ number of the coding hd genes within the locus, as well as by the variability of the coding gene sequences.
Micromycetes Rossicae: Chorological and Taxonomical Notes. 5. Pseudocercosporella Filipendulae (Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota) – New Find for Saint Petersburg (Russia)
Authors: Zmitrovich I. V.
Published: April 2024

The present report continues the series devoted to rare and interesting species of microfungi from various regions of Russia that cause rust, shoot deformations or leaf spots, and highlights Pseudocercosporella filipendulae (Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota), a rare species new to Saint Petersburg City (Russia). The morphology of the species was repeatedly studied, emphasizing the conidia variability. This note gives further information on the distribution of the species in Russia, as well as the size of its conidia.
Methods for Long-Term Storage of Pure Cultures of Macrofungi
Authors: Komissarov N. S. , Dyakov M. Yu. , Garibova L. V.
Published: April 2024

Basidiomycetous macrofungi have significant biotechnological potential and are promising objects for use in va-rious industrial sectors, such as food production, pharmaceuticals, the production of active compounds and polysaccharides. The industrial use of macrofungi implies the presence of large collections of cultures using sto-rage protocols that ensure the preservation of viability, reproduction, genetic stability and the ability to produce active compounds. With the expansion of the list of industrially used species, it is advisable to develop new protocols for the storage of strains and optimize the existing ones for new, promising types of macrofungi. It seems necessary to study in detail the effect of long periods of storage on morphological and cultural characteristics, genetic stability, enzymatic activity, and the ability to form sexual structures.
Comparative Analysis of Metabolites of CAD-im Genotypes of Spring Bread Wheat under Brown Rust Infection
Authors: Konovalov A. A. , Orlova E. A. , Karpova E. V. , Shundrina I. K. , Nefedov A. A. , Goncharov N. P.
Published: April 2024

Determination of the role of specific genes and their products in plant resistance to stress factors, including those of a biotic nature, is an urgent task of phytopathology and provides additional information for practical use. For spring bread wheat Triticum aestivum, CAD-im genotypes (Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase; EC 1.1.1.195) affecting leaf rust (Puccinia triticina) resistance were studied. Resistant and susceptible genotypes were grown on an infectious background and in its absence. Plant tissues were studied for a number of indicators, including the content of phenylpropanoid metabolites, as well as sterols and saponins. Phenylpropanoids show an increase in a number of metabolites due to infection, especially coniferyl acetate and synapic aldehyde. A decrease in the content of some sterols under the influence of infection in the resistant CADim+ ge-notype was found. It is assumed that the acetate-mevalonate pathway of metabolism in the resistant genotype CADim+ changes under the influence of infection from the synthesis of sterols to the synthesis of protective substances, phytoalexins.
Amanita phalloides in Northwest European Russia
Authors: Kalinina L. B. , Volobuev S. V. , Khovpachev A. A. , Tomchin D. A. , Palomozhnykh E. A. , Bolshakov S. Yu. , Shakhova N. V. , Popov E. S.
Published: April 2024

The article reviews available data on the “death cap” (Amanita phalloides) occurrences in the North-West of the European Russia (Leningrad, Novgorod, Pskov Oblasts and St. Petersburg City). The literature data are analyzed, the review of ecological preferences of the species in the studied area is carried out. It has been suggested that the species can be both native and imported and was introduced with broad-leaved tree seedlings during the foundation of numerous manor parks in the XVIII–XIX centuries. Molecular-genetic analysis was carried out, showing that ITS sequences of A. phalloides samples from Leningrad Oblast form a common clade with the sequences of collections from Central Russia as well as from Northern and Central Europe.
Sorption and Biodestruction of Microcystin-LR by Penicillium verrucosum CP4 Strain Isolated from the Bottom Sediments of Sestroretsky Razliv Lake
Authors: Medvedeva N. G. , Kuzikova I. L.
Published: April 2024

The strain of fungus СР4 capable of degrading microcystin – LR (MC-LR) was isolated from the bottom sediments of Sestroretsky Razliv Lake. Based on DNA ITS sequencing and morphological analysis, the CP4 strain was identified as Penicillium verrucosum. The decrease in the content of MC-LR during the cultivation of strain СР4 from 0.64 μg/mL to 0.31 μg/mL occurs mainly due to biodegradation and, to a lesser extent, due to the sorption of the toxin by fungal cells. The method of biotesting (Daphnia magna) showed a decrease in the toxicity of the culture liquid in the process of MC-LR biodegradation by the strain СР4. The obtained results allow us to consider Penicillium verrucosum СР4 as a promising strain for mycoremediation of water bodies contaminated with microcystins.
The genus Trichaptum in North Asia
Authors: Mukhin V. A. , Knudsen H. , Corfixen P. , Zhuykova E. V. , Nepryakhin I. O. , Diyarova D. K.
Published: April 2024

It is shown that in North Asia (Urals, Siberia, Far East) the genus Trichaptum is represented by four widespread sympatric species (Trichaptum abietinum, T. biforme, T.  fuscoviolaceum, T. laricinum) and T. quercinum found in the Far East. The geographic range of T.  fuscoviolaceum, T. abietinum, T. biforme cover the whole of North Asia, whereas T. laricinum is absent in the Far East. The revealed sympatric nature of species is based on their predominant use of wood various coniferous (T.  fuscoviolaceum, T. abietinum, T. laricinum) and deciduous (T. biforme) tree species. The widest trophic niche is in T.  fuscoviolaceum and it overlaps by 70–80% with the niches of T. abietinum, T. laricinum. The narrowest trophic niche that does not overlap with other species of the genus is in T. biforme. The trophic spectra and preferences of all species in North Asia are close to those in Europe, and it shows stability and species specificity of these ecological characteristics. Phylogenetically, T. abietinum and T.  fuscoviolaceum are the closest in ITS and LSU rDNA regions, while T. biforme and T. laricinum are strongly and equally distant from each other and from T. abietinum and T.  fuscoviolaceum. During ITS and LSU clustering, the sequences are grouped in full accordance with the hymenophore structure of the fungi from which they were isolated; the same groups also include sequences of the corresponding fungi from Europe, China, and North America. This shows that in T.  fuscoviolaceum, T. abietinum, T. biforme, T. laricinum, the structure of the hymenophore is a good diagnostic species character, and also that their North Asian populations do not show significant differences from European and North American populations. A database on diversity, distribution, ecology of fungi of the genus Trichaptum in North Asia has been uploaded to GBIF for public access.