bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of
Mycobacterium
montefiorense
sp. nov., a Novel Pathogenic Mycobacterium from Moray Eels That Is Related to
Mycobacterium
triplex
Authors: Levi Michael H. , Bartell John , Gandolfo Leanne , Smole Sandra C. , Costa Sylvia F. , Weiss Louis M. , Johnson Linda K. , Osterhout Gerard , Herbst Lawrence H.
Published: May 2003

The characterization of a novel
Mycobacterium
sp. isolated from granulomatous skin lesions of moray eels is reported. Analysis of the
hsp65
gene, small-subunit rRNA gene, rRNA spacer region, and phenotypic characteristics demonstrate that this organism is distinct from its closest genetic match,
Mycobacterium
triplex
, and it has been named
M
.
montefiorense
sp. nov.
Performance of the OraQuick Rapid Antibody Test for Diagnosis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection in Patients with Various Levels of Exposure to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: O'Connell Robert J. , Merritt Teresa M. , Malia Jennifer A. , VanCott Thomas C. , Dolan Matthew J. , Zahwa Hassan , Bradley William P. , Branson Bernard M. , Michael Nelson L. , De Witt Caroline C.
Published: May 2003

With oral mucosal transudate and serum samples from 101 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected subjects and 100 HIV-1-negative volunteers, the OraQuick HIV-1 test demonstrated 100% specificity and 96% sensitivity. Four false-negative subjects, who were characterized by early initiation of effective antiretroviral therapy, demonstrated waning serum anti-gp41 titers and Western blot band intensities.
Risk of Occupational Human Herpesvirus 8 Infection for Health Care Workers
Authors: Gärtner Barbara C. , Kloss Alexandra , Kaul Harald , Sester Urban , Roemer Klaus , Pees Hans , Köhler Hans , Mueller-Lantzsch Nikolaus
Published: May 2003

Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), or Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, is highly prevalent in certain risk groups (human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients, transplant recipients, and patients on hemodialysis). Heath care workers caring for these patients were found to be more frequently infected with HHV-8 than staff caring for other patients (
P
< 0.01).
O-Antigen Serotypes and Type III Secretory Toxins in Clinical Isolates of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Faure Karine , Shimabukuro David , Ajayi Temitayo , Allmond Leonard R. , Sawa Teiji , Wiener-Kronish Jeanine P.
Published: May 2003

The association of O-antigen serotypes with type III secretory toxins was analyzed in 99 clinical isolates of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
. Isolates secreting ExoU were frequently serotyped as O11, but none were serotype O1. Most of the isolates that were nontypeable for O antigen did not secrete type III secretory toxins.
Usefulness of Urinary Antigen Detection by an Immunochromatographic Test for Diagnosis of Pneumococcal Pneumonia in Children
Authors: Domínguez J. , Blanco S. , Rodrigo C. , Azuara M. , Galí N. , Mainou A. , Esteve A. , Castellví A. , Prat C. , Matas L. , Ausina V.
Published: May 2003

We evaluated an immunochromatographic assay detecting pneumococcal antigen in urine samples from children diagnosed with pneumococcal pneumonia. The sensitivity and specificity of the immunochromatographic test with nonconcentrated urine (NCU) were 86.7 and 62.9%, respectively; with concentrated urine (CU), they were 100 and 11.7%, respectively. Pneumococcal antigen was also detected in 42.5% of NCU and 87.1% of CU samples from nasopharyngeal carriers. This is a nonspecific test for the diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia in children, particularly the very young.
Frequency of Amantadine-Resistant Influenza A Viruses during Two Seasons Featuring Cocirculation of H1N1 and H3N2
Authors: Saito Reiko , Sakai Takatsugu , Sato Isamu , Sano Yasuko , Oshitani Hitoshi , Sato Mizuho , Suzuki Hiroshi
Published: May 2003

In two influenza seasons during which H1N1 and H3N2 cocirculated, resistance was more frequent in H3N2 strains than in H1N1 strains after amantadine treatment. Predominant amino acid substitutions in M2 protein occurred at position 31 (serine to asparagine) in H3N2 strains and at position 27 (valine to alanine) in H1N1 strains.
A Serotype V Clone Is Predominant among Erythromycin-Resistant
Streptococcus agalactiae
Isolates in a Southwestern Region of Germany
Authors: von Both Ulrich , Ruess Michael , Mueller Urban , Fluegge Kirsten , Sander Anna , Berner Reinhard
Published: May 2003

One hundred ninety-three
Streptococcus agalactiae
isolates of neonatal origin and 146 isolates from adult women were analyzed for macrolide resistance and investigated for clonality. Among erythromycin-resistant isolates, serotype V turned out to be the most frequent. Comparative pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis revealed genetic clustering of resistant strains and predominance of a single clone family within an otherwise heterogeneous serotype V population.
Rapid Screening for
Streptococcus agalactiae
in Vaginal Specimens of Pregnant Women by Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization
Authors: Artz Laura A. , Kempf Volkhard A. J. , Autenrieth Ingo B.
Published: May 2003

Group B streptococci (GBS) are the most frequent pathogens in neonates with sepsis. A rapid screening method is required to identify carriage of GBS in pregnant women at the time of delivery. In order to detect GBS in vaginal specimens, the efficiency of the standard culture versus fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was investigated. In 258 examined vaginal specimens, FISH identified 58 of the 59 GBS-positive samples (98.3%), whereas by means of standard culture only 38 specimens were positive (64.4%). We recommend FISH as a rapid, specific, highly sensitive screening technique for the detection of GBS in pregnant women at delivery.
Pilot Study of COBAS PCR and Ligase Chain Reaction for Detection of Rectal Infections Due to
Chlamydia trachomatis
Authors: Golden Matthew R. , Astete Sabina G. , Galvan Rosa , Lucchetti Aldo , Sanchez Jorge , Celum Connie L. , Whittington William L. H. , Stamm Walter E. , Holmes King K. , Totten Patricia A.
Published: May 2003

We tested rectal specimens from men who have sex with men for
Chlamydia trachomatis
by using COBAS PCR (Roche Diagnostics) and ligase chain reaction LCR (Abbott laboratories) and compared three PCR specimen-processing procedures. Chlamydiae were detected by one or more procedures in 22 of 186 specimens. All three PCR tests were positive for 17 specimens, all of which also tested positive by LCR.
Variation in Susceptibility of Bloodstream Isolates of
Candida glabrata
to Fluconazole According to Patient Age and Geographic Location
Authors: Pfaller M. A. , Messer S. A. , Boyken L. , Tendolkar S. , Hollis R. J. , Diekema D. J.
Published: May 2003

We examined the susceptibilities to fluconazole of 559 bloodstream infection isolates of
Candida glabrata
and grouped the isolates by patient age and geographic location within the United States. Susceptibility of
C. glabrata
to fluconazole was lowest in the Pacific (44%) and East South Central (47%) regions and was highest in the West South Central region (82%) (regions are as designated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census). Isolates from pediatric patients were virtually all susceptible to fluconazole, whereas the highest frequency of resistance was observed in isolates from patients 16 to 64 years of age.
Comparison of the Denka-Seiken INFLU A·B-Quick and BD Directigen Flu A+B Kits with Direct Fluorescent-Antibody Staining and Shell Vial Culture Methods for Rapid Detection of Influenza Viruses
Authors: Dunn James J. , Gordon Chris , Kelley Christy , Carroll Karen C.
Published: May 2003

The INFLU A·B-Quick and Directigen Flu A+B enzyme immunoassays were compared with direct immunofluorescence and cell culture for detection of influenza A and B viruses in a total of 255 patient specimens. Both assays identified 23 of 42 influenza A viruses (sensitivity, 54.8%; specificity, 100%; positive predictive value [PPV], 100%; negative predictive value [NPV], 91.8%). The INFLU A·B-Quick assay identified 10 of 16 influenza B viruses (sensitivity, 62.5%; specificity, 99.6%; PPV, 90.9%; NPV, 97.5%), and the Directigen Flu A+B assay detected 9 of 16 influenza B viruses (sensitivity, 56.3%; specificity, 99.6%; PPV, 90%; NPV, 97.1%).
Detection of Circulating
Aspergillus fumigatus
Galactomannan: Value and Limits of the Platelia Test for Diagnosing Invasive Aspergillosis
Authors: Pinel Claudine , Fricker-Hidalgo Hélène , Lebeau Bernadette , Garban Frédéric , Hamidfar Rébecca , Ambroise-Thomas Pierre , Grillot Renée
Published: May 2003

The effectiveness of galactomannan detection with the Platelia test was evaluated in a prospective study of 3,327 sera from 807 patients. The specificity was 99.6% (748 of 751 cases). For the groups of patients with proven and probable invasive aspergillosis, the sensitivity was 50.0% (17 of 34 cases). The disappointing sensitivity associated with the presence of rare false-positive cases underlines the limits of this test.
Human Group B Rotavirus Infections Cause Severe Diarrhea in Children and Adults in Bangladesh
Authors: Sanekata Takeshi , Ahmed Muzahed Uddin , Kader Abdul , Taniguchi Koki , Kobayashi Nobumichi
Published: May 2003

Human group B rotavirus was detected in 12 of 220 adult patients and 2 of 67 child patients with severe diarrhea in Bangladesh. Group B rotavirus may be virulent in both adults and children, and the virus may be an especially serious diarrheal agent in Bangladesh.
Multilocus Sequence Typing Has Better Discriminatory Ability for Typing
Vibrio cholerae
than Does Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis and Provides a Measure of Phylogenetic Relatedness
Authors: Kotetishvili Mamuka , Stine O. Colin , Chen Yuansha , Kreger Arnold , Sulakvelidze Alexander , Sozhamannan Shanmuga , Morris, J. Glenn
Published: May 2003

Twenty-two
Vibrio cholerae
isolates, including some from “epidemic” (O1 and O139) and “nonepidemic” serogroups, were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) by using three housekeeping genes, g
yrB
,
pgm
, and
recA
; sequence data were also obtained for the virulence-associated genes
tcpA
,
ctxA
, and
ctxB
. Even with the small number of loci used, MLST had better discriminatory ability than did PFGE. On MLST analysis, there was clear clustering of epidemic serogroups; much greater diversity was seen among
tcpA
- and
ctxAB-
positive
V. cholerae
strains from other, nonepidemic serogroups, with a number of
tcpA
and
ctxAB
alleles identified.
Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Enzymes in Clinical Isolates ofEnterobacterSpecies from Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Aibinu I. E. , Ohaegbulam V. C. , Adenipekun E. A. , Ogunsola F. T. , Odugbemi T. O. , Mee B. J.
Published: May 2003

Over a 9-month period, 8 of 40 nonduplicate isolates ofEnterobacterspp. producing extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) were detected for the first time from two hospitals in Lagos, Nigeria. Microbiologic and molecular analysis confirmed the presence of ESBL. Only four isolates transferred ESBL resistance as determined by the conjugation test, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed genetically unrelated isolates.
Influence of Lack of CO
2
on Anaerobic Bacteria: a Quick Method To Verify the Absence of CO
2
Authors: Killam Robbin L. , Barenfanger Joan , Cox Mike
Published: May 2003

Since CO
2
is carbonic acid gas, it will decrease the pH if added to water. Therefore, a simple test can determine whether CO
2
is present in a gas mixture. If the pH of gassed water does not change significantly, then CO
2
is not present in the gas.
Genotyping of
Candida albicans
Oral Strains from Healthy Individuals by Polymorphic Microsatellite Locus Analysis
Authors: Dalle Frédéric , Dumont Laure , Franco Norélie , Mesmacque David , Caillot Denis , Bonnin Pierre , Moiroux Caroline , Vagner Odile , Cuisenier Bernadette , Lizard Sarab , Bonnin Alain
Published: May 2003

Analysis of a polymorphic microsatellite locus was applied to 85
Candida albicans
strains from healthy individuals. Comparison with strains from nonhealthy individuals previously analyzed in our laboratory showed an overall similarity, suggesting that all commensal strains have the ability to develop as pathogens.
Search for Cytolethal Distending Toxin Production among Fecal
Escherichia Coli
Isolates from Brazilian Children with Diarrhea and without Diarrhea
Authors: Marques Lilian R. M. , Tavechio Ana T. , Abe Cecília M. , Gomes Tânia A. T.
Published: May 2003

The enteropathogenic role of cytolethal distending toxin-producing
Escherichia coli
was investigated by searching sequences homologous to the
cdt
genes of an O86 strain among 2,074 isolates from 200 children with acute diarrhea and 200 controls in Brazil. Only one (0.5%) diarrheic child and two (1.0%) nondiarrheic controls harbored
cdt
-positive isolates.
Mutations in the
rpoB
Gene of Multidrug-Resistant
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Isolates from China
Authors: Yue Jun , Shi Wei , Xie Jingping , Li Yao , Zeng Erliang , Wang Honghai
Published: May 2003

Mutations in the 81-bp rifampin resistance determining region (RRDR) and mutation V176F locating at the beginning of the
ropB
gene were analyzed by DNA sequencing of 86
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
clinical isolates (72 resistant and 14 sensitive) from different parts of China. Sixty-five mutations of 22 distinct kinds, 21 point mutations, and 1 insertion were found in 65 of 72 resistant isolates. The most common mutations were in codons 531 (41%), 526 (40%), and 516 (4%). Mutations were not found in seven (10%) of the resistant isolates. Six new alleles within the RRDR, along with five novel mutations outside the RRDR, are reported. None of isolates contained the V176 mutation.
Novel Polymorphic Region of the
rpoB
Gene Containing
Mycobacterium
Species-Specific Sequences and Its Use in Identification of Mycobacteria
Authors: Lee Hyeyoung , Bang Hye-Eun , Bai Gill-Han , Cho Sang-Nae
Published: May 2003

Sequence analysis of a specific region of the mycobacterium
rpoB
gene in 35 mycobacterial strains representing 26 different mycobacterial species of clinical importance showed that there exists a highly polymorphic region. Based on the sequences of the polymorphic region, the oligonucleotide probes of 14 mycobacterial species with relatively high clinical importance were designed and shown to be specific to their corresponding mycobacterial species by dot blot hybridization. The results showed that the probes designed in this study are highly specific to each mycobacterial species, which suggests that these sequences may be useful for the species identification of mycobacteria.
Subcutaneous Phaeohyphomycosis Caused byVeronaeabotryosain the People’s Republic of China
Authors: Matsushita A. , Jilong L. , Hiruma M. , Kobayashi M. , Matsumoto T. , Ogawa H. , Padhye A. A.
Published: May 2003

The second case of phaeohyphomycosis caused byVeronaea botryosain China, in a 12-year-old boy from Jiangsu Province, is presented. Based on direct examination of the scrapings from crusted lesions; histologic examination of the biopsy tissue showing septate, phaeoid hyphal elements; and the culture exhibiting sympodial, conidiogenous cells producing predominantly two-celled, cylindric conidia, the etiologic agent was identified asV. botryosa.
Spondylodiscitis Due to
Clostridium ramosum
Infection in an Immunocompetent Elderly Patient
Authors: Lavigne Jean-Philippe , Bouziges Nicole , Sotto Albert , Leroux Jean-Louis , Michaux-Charachon Sylvie
Published: May 2003

The first ever case of spondylodiscitis caused by
Clostridium ramosum
in an elderly immunocompetent patient has been reported.
C. ramosum
is usually an intestinal bacterium but may occasionally be isolated in clinical specimens as an opportunistic pathogen. This report shows that this anaerobic organism can cause bone tropism without there having been any contamination due to spinal surgery. The infection cleared after empirical therapy using intravenous amoxicillin and oral metronidazole.
Neonatal Sudden Death Due to
Legionella
Pneumonia Associated with Water Birth in a Domestic Spa Bath
Authors: Nagai Takuhito , Sobajima Hisanori , Iwasa Mitsuji , Tsuzuki Toyonori , Kura Fumiaki , Amemura-Maekawa Junko , Watanabe Haruo
Published: May 2003

We report the first case of neonatal Legionnaires' disease associated with water birth in a spa bath at home.
Legionella pneumophila
serogroup 6 was detected from postmortem lung tissue.
Acute Flaccid Paralysis from Echovirus Type 33 Infection
Authors: Grimwood Keith , Huang Q. Sue , Sadleir Lynette G. , Nix W. Allan , Kilpatrick David R. , Oberste M. Steven , Pallansch Mark A.
Published: May 2003

During a community echovirus type 33 outbreak, the virus was detected in the feces and cerebrospinal fluid of a 3-year-old boy with right arm weakness that followed a mild nonspecific febrile illness. This is the first time an association between echovirus type 33 infection and acute flaccid paralysis has been reported.
Infection with an Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Strain of
Serratia marcescens
following Tongue Reconstruction
Authors: Dhawan Benu , Bonnet Richard , Shukla N. K. , Mathur Purva , Das Bimal K. , Kapil Arti
Published: May 2003

We report a case of postsurgical wound infection of polymicrobial etiology caused by
Serratia marcescens
and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
following the use of a radial forearm free flap for oncological tongue reconstruction.
S. marcescens
was a producer of SHV-12 extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL). This is the first report from India of this ESBL.
S. marcescens
and
P. aeruginosa
were resistant to the empirical perioperative antibiotics administered. Delay in the recognition of the type of infection and in the institution of appropriate therapy resulted in total loss of the free flap.
Eubacterium callanderi
Bacteremia: Report of the First Case
Authors: Thiolas Aurélie , Bollet Claude , Gasmi Mohammed , Drancourt Michel , Raoult Didier
Published: May 2003

Eubacterium callanderi
is an environmental anaerobic rod-shaped bacterium first isolated in 1998 from an industrial anaerobic digester. We report on the first clinical isolate of
E. callanderi
, which was recovered from the blood of a patient with a bladder carcinoma. Identification of the organism was made by cell fatty acid chromatographic analysis and 16S rRNA gene sequencing.
Fatal Case of Endocarditis Due to
Weissella confusa
Authors: Flaherty James D. , Levett Paul N. , Dewhirst Floyd E. , Troe Theodore E. , Warren John R. , Johnson Stuart
Published: May 2003

This is the first reported case of endocarditis due to the
Lactobacillus
-like vancomycin-resistant gram-positive bacillus
Weissella confusa
. Full identification and susceptibility testing of
Lactobacillus
-like organisms recovered in blood culture should be performed for patients with clinical presentations that suggest endocarditis.
Soft Tissue Infection and Bacteremia Caused by
Shewanella putrefaciens
Authors: Pagani Leonardo , Lang Adolf , Vedovelli Claudio , Moling Oswald , Rimenti Giovanni , Pristerà Raffaele , Mian Peter
Published: May 2003

Shewanella putrefaciens
is as yet rarely responsible for clinical syndromes in humans. However, a case involving multiple organs in an elderly male under treatment with appropriate steroids confirms that attention should be devoted to unusual pathogens.
Bacteremia Due to a Novel
Microbacterium
Species in a Patient with Leukemia and Description of
Microbacterium
paraoxydans
sp. nov
Authors: Laffineur Kim , Avesani Véronique , Cornu Guy , Charlier Jacqueline , Janssens Michèle , Wauters Georges , Delmée Michel
Published: May 2003

A yellow-pigmented coryneform rod was isolated from the blood of a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who was perfused with a central venous catheter. The culture bottles were positive twice, at a 2-month interval. The isolate was identified as a
Microbacterium
sp. and studied along with five other similar strains. Phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and genetic characteristics indicated that they are closely related to
Microbacterium
oxydans
but that they belong to a distinct species, for which the name
Microbacterium
paraoxydans
sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of
M
.
paraoxydans
is CF36
T
= DSM 15019
T
. The G+C content of its DNA is 69.9 mol%.
Bacteremia Due to Three
Bacillus
Species in a Case of Munchausen's Syndrome
Authors: Galanos Jason , Perera Shalinie , Smith Haydn , O'Neal David , Sheorey Harsha , Waters Mary Jo
Published: May 2003

We report on a case of recurrent bacteremia due to three
Bacillus
spp. in an immunocompetent patient with no history of intravenous drug use. The source of the organisms was postulated to be a self-injected compound containing
Bacillus
spores, given the patient's past history of psychiatric illness and self-destructive behavior.
Babesia bicornis
sp. nov. and
Theileria bicornis
sp. nov.: Tick-Borne Parasites Associated with Mortality in the Black Rhinoceros (
Diceros bicornis
)
Authors: Nijhof Ard M. , Penzhorn Banie L. , Lynen Godelieve , Mollel Johnson O. , Morkel Pete , Bekker Cornelis P. J. , Jongejan Frans
Published: May 2003

A novel
Babesia
species, designated
Babesia bicornis
sp. nov., was identified in three black rhinoceroses (
Diceros bicornis
) that died in wildlife areas in Tanzania and South Africa. Screening of black rhinoceroses in South Africa revealed, in addition to
B. bicornis
, a second parasite, designated
Theileria bicornis
sp. nov.
Sepsis, Multiple Organ Failure, and Death Due to
Pandoraea pnomenusa
Infection after Lung Transplantation
Authors: Stryjewski Martin E. , LiPuma John J. , Messier, Robert H. , Reller L. Barth , Alexander Barbara D.
Published: May 2003

A 30-year-old man died with
Pandoraea pnomenusa
sepsis after lung transplantation.
Pandoraea
species are gram-negative rods, closely related to, and commonly misidentified as,
Burkholderia cepacia
complex or
Ralstonia
species. Heretofore considered soil bacteria and colonizers that infect patients with chronic lung diseases,
Pandoraea
species can produce severe infections.
Peripartum Transmission of Penicillin-Resistant
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Authors: McDonald L. Clifford , Bryant Kris , Snyder James
Published: May 2003

Streptococcus pneumoniae
is a rarely recognized cause of neonatal sepsis. We present a recent case of
S. pneumoniae
bacteremia acquired on the first day of life in a neonate born at 30 weeks of gestation to a mother without prenatal care who had prolonged rupture of the membranes and received intravenous ampicillin prior to delivery. The isolate was resistant to penicillin, with a MIC of the drug of 4 μg/ml. The child responded to a 7-day course of intravenous vancomycin.
S. pneumoniae
was recovered from the vagina of the mother on a swab culture collected prior to delivery, and isolates from mother and child were confirmed to be identical on the basis of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Although neonatal sepsis due to the peripartum transmission of
S. pneumoniae
is rare, this case highlights the concern that increasing efforts to prevent group B streptococcus neonatal disease may lead to an increase in neonatal infections due to resistant organisms.
Keratitis Caused by
Scedosporium apiospermum
Successfully Treated with a Cornea Transplant and Voriconazole
Authors: Nulens Eric , Eggink Cathrien , Rijs Antonius J. M. M. , Wesseling Pieter , Verweij Paul E.
Published: May 2003

A case of
Scedosporium apiospermum
keratitis was successfully treated with oral voriconazole and penetrating keratoplasty. Voriconazole levels in the aqueous humor were 53% of the levels in plasma and exceeded the MIC for the isolate by sevenfold.
COHERENT STATES AND THE QUANTIZATION OF (1+1)-DIMENSIONAL YANG–MILLS THEORY
Authors: HALL BRIAN C.
Published: May 2003

This paper discusses the canonical quantization of (1+1)-dimensional Yang–Mills theory on a spacetime cylinder from the point of view of coherent states, or equivalently, the Segal–Bargmann transform. Before gauge symmetry is imposed, the coherent states are simply ordinary coherent states labeled by points in an infinite-dimensional linear phase space. Gauge symmetry is imposed by projecting the original coherent states onto the gauge-invariant subspace, using a suitable regularization procedure. We obtain in this way a new family of "reduced" coherent states labeled by points in the reduced phase space, which in this case is simply the cotangent bundle of the structure group K. The main result explained here, obtained originally in a joint work of the author with B. Driver, is this: The reduced coherent states are precisely those associated to the generalized Segal–Bargmann transform for K, as introduced by the author from a different point of view. This result agrees with that of K. Wren, who uses a different method of implementing the gauge symmetry. The coherent states also provide a rigorous way of making sense out of the quantum Hamiltonian for the unreduced system. Various related issues are discussed, including the complex structure on the reduced phase space and the question of whether quantization commutes with reduction.
CHEMICALLY SELF-ASSEMBLED NANOELECTRONIC COMPUTING NETWORKS
Authors: BANDYOPADHYAY S. , ROYCHOWDHURY V. P. , JANES D. B.
Published: May 2003

Recent advances in chemical self-assembly will soon make it possible to synthesize extremely powerful computing machinery from metallic clusters and organic molecules. These self-organized networks can function as Boolean logic circuits, associative memory, image processors, and combinatorial optimizers. Computational or signal processing activity is elicited from simple charge interactions between clusters which are resistively/capacitively linked by conjugated molecular wires or ribbons. The resulting circuits are massively parallel, fault-tolerant, ultrafast, ultradense and dissipate very little power.
QUANTUM-DOT CELLULAR AUTOMATA DEVICES AND ARCHITECTURES
Authors: POROD WOLFGANG
Published: May 2003

We discuss novel nanoelectronic architecture paradigms based on cells composed of coupled quantum-dots. These ideas of a transistor-less approach represent a radical departure from conventional technology. We utilize a strategy which exploits the physical interactions between quantum-dots arranged in suitably designed cellular arrays. Boolean logic functions may be implemented in specific arrays of cells representing binary information, the so-called Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata (QCA). Cells may also be viewed as carrying analog information and we outline a network-theoretic description of such Quantum-Dot Nonlinear Networks (Q–CNN). In addition, we discuss possible realizations of these structures in a variety of semiconductor systems (including GaAs/AlGaAs, Si/SiGe, and Si/SiO 2), rings of metallic tunnel junctions, and candidates for molecular implementations.
CARBON NANOTUBES AND NANOTUBE-BASED NANO DEVICES
Authors: LU JIAN PING , HAN JIE
Published: May 2003

Carbon nanotubes exhibit unusual electronic and mechanical properties which vary with subtle changes in microstructure, applied electromagnetic field and mechanical deformations, and introduction of topological defects. These novel properties offer unprecedent opportunities to study fundamental physics, fabricate advanced composition materials, and construct quantum devices at nanometer scales.
SCATTERING TIME ENGINEERING IN QUANTUM-BASED ELECTRONIC DEVICES
Authors: LEBURTON JEAN-PIERRE
Published: May 2003

The interplay between geometrical confinement and materials considerations can efficiently reduce phonon-assisted transport, enabling scattering time and dissipation engineering in quantum devices. In resonant tunneling (RT) structures, quenching of phonon-assisted transmission leading to considerable reduction of the off-resonance valley-current is shown to occur in interband devices. In structures of low dimensionality such as quantum wires, electron-phonon scattering exhibits size effects and intersubband resonances which modulates the drift velocity and conductance of one-dimensional systems. Quantum dot nanostructures offer large flexibility for reduction and modulation of dissipative processes such as oscillatory hopping conductance induced by acoustic phonons in linear chains of quantum dots or negative differential resistance curve shaping in RT through quantum dot arrays.
SOME CONSEQUENCES OF CHAOS FOR QUANTUM DEVICES
Authors: WASHBURN S.
Published: May 2003

The consequences of quantum behavior of charge carriers in devices, while entertaining, is detrimental to the device performance. Chaos leads to unmanageable and unpredictable response in different devices to the same drive and bias inputs.
HIGH SPEED CIRCUITS FOR LIGHTWAVE COMMUNICATIONS
Authors: PEDROTTI KENNETH
Published: May 2003

Recent increase in the demand for bandwidth in the telecommunications network has stimulated both research and commercial activity in high-speed electronics. This paper summarizes the technical issues that bear on high-speed circuits in this context, as well as the device technologies available for these circuits in both laboratory and commercial processes. Finally a tutorial treatment is given of the main design requirements pertinent to circuits required for lightwave systems.
LOW TRANSIMPEDANCE-FLUCTUATION DESIGN FOR 10-GHz Si-BIPOLAR PREAMPLIFIER IN 10-Gb/s OPTICAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Authors: MASUDA TORU , TAKEYARI RYOJI , WASHIO KATSUYOSHI , OHHATA KENICHI , IMAI KAZUO
Published: May 2003

Design considerations concerning Si preamplifiers for 10-Gb/s optical transmission systems are discussed. A preamplifier with 300-Ω transimpedance was designed by focusing on attaining low transimpedance fluctuation in the frequency response despite bias variation caused by the photo current. To ensure good design accuracy, we optimized the current density of the transistor and the open-loop voltage gain using measured results to obtain the desired bandwidth. We also developed a low-loss pad structure that has U-grooves to improve the bandwidth. The U-grooves increase the pad parasitic resistance and reduce signal-loss from pad to Si substrate. A preamplifier IC fabricated using a Si bipolar technology with fT of 35-GHz provided a bandwidth of 10.2 GHz, transimpedance fluctuation within 0.5 dB, an input dynamic range of up to 1.6  mA p-p, and a low averaged input noise current density of 11.5 [Formula: see text].
20-40-Gbit/s-CLASS GaAs MESFET DIGITAL ICs FOR FUTURE OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS
Authors: OTSUJI TAIICHI , MURATA KOICHI , NARAHARA KOICHI , SANO KIMIKAZU , SANO EIICHI , YAMASAKI KIMIYOSHI
Published: May 2003

This paper describes recent advances in high-speed digital IC design technologies based on GaAs MESFETs for future high-speed optical communications systems. We devised new types of a data selector and flip-flops, which are key elements in performing high-speed digital functions (signal multiplexing, decision, demultiplexing, and frequency conversion) in front-end transmitter/receiver systems. Incorporating these circuit design technologies with state-of-the-art 0.12 μm gate-length GaAs MESFET process, we developed a DC-to-44-Gbit/s 2:1 data multiplexer IC, a DC-to 22-Gbit/s static decision IC, and a 20-to-40-Gbit/s dynamic decision IC. The fabricated ICs demonstrated record speed performances for GaAs MESFETs. Although further operating speed margin is still required, the GaAs MESFET is a potential candidate for 20- to 40-Gbit/s class applications.
AlGaAs/GaAs HBT CIRCUITS FOR OPTICAL TDM COMMUNICATIONS
Authors: RUNGE K. , ZAMPARDI P. J. , PIERSON R. L. , YU R. , THOMAS P. B. , BECCUE S. M. , WANG K. C.
Published: May 2003

We describe experimental ultra-high-speed HBT circuits for lightwave communications applications. High speed circuits such as multiplexer/demultiplexers, variable gain amplifiers, (VGAs), and transimpedance amplifiers operating at high bit rates (>30 Gb/s) are required for the realization of high-performance lightwave systems using TDM or WDM. We have demonstrated 40 Gb/s 4:1 multiplexer, >30 Gb/s 1:4 demultiplexers, DC-26 GHz VGAs, DC-25 GHz transimpedance amplifiers, 30 Gb/s data and clock regenerators, 40 Gb/s differentiate-and-rectify timing recovery circuits, and 40 Gb/s delay-and-multiply timing recovery circuits, for use in such systems using a manufacturable hybrid digital/microwave HBT process.
HIGH SPEED CROSSPOINT SWITCHES
Authors: CHANG CHARLES E. , WANG K. C. , CAMPAÑA ARLENDA D. , METZGER ANDRE G. , ASBECK PETER M. , BECCUE STEVE M.
Published: May 2003

Technology and performance of electronic crosspoint switches with data rates above 1 Gb/s/channel are reviewed. Switch applications and architectures are described, as well as the principal problems in achieving low output jitter. Recent results for different IC technologies are summarized. As a particular example, a 10 Gb/s crosspoint switch implemented in GaAlAs/GaAs-HBT technology is described, including details of design, packaging, testing methodology, and performance results.
PRESENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS OF HIGH-SPEED LIGHTWAVE ICS BASED ON INP
Authors: SANO EIICHI , HAGIMOTO KAZUO , ISHII YASUNOBU
Published: May 2003

High-speed integrated circuits (ICs) are essential for expanding the capacity of light-wave communications. InP-based heterostructure field effect transistors (HFETs) and heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) are very promising for producing high-speed digital and analog ICs. This paper reviews the current status of InP-based lightwave communication ICs in terms of device, circuit, and packaging technologies. A successful 40-Gbit/s, 300-km optical fiber transmission using InP HFET ICs demonstrates the feasibility of the ICs. Furthermore, we estimate future IC performance based on the relationship between electron device figures-of-merit and IC speed. To keep up with the performance trend, technological problems, like inter- and intra-chip interconnections, have to be solved.
A REVIEW OF RECENT PROGRESS IN InP-BASED OPTOELECTRONIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT RECEIVER FRONT-ENDS
Authors: WALDEN ROBERT H.
Published: May 2003

InP-based OEIC receivers look promising for high-speed (≥ 10 Gb/s) optical communications systems and for WDM networks because of the inherent advantages of integration, and the intrinsic speed of the devices available. This paper reviews recent developments.
BSIM3V3 MOSFET MODEL
Authors: LIU WEIDONG , HU CHENMING
Published: May 2003

The BSIM3v3 compact MOSFET model is reviewed. It is a physics-based model that is accurate, smooth, continuous, scalable, predictive and computationally robust over different regions of operation and a wide geometry range. BSIM3v3 considers all major physical effects in deep submicron MOSFETs, making it a good base for future sub-0.1m device models and for statistical circuit designs. A key feature of the model lies in its thorough, accurate and functional mathematical representation of MOS device physics, which has made BSIM3v3 selected by an international consortium of semiconductor companies as the first industry standard MOSFET model.
THIN-FILM TRANSISTOR MODELING
Authors: IÑIGUEZ BENJAMIN , FJELDLY TOR A. , SHUR MICHAEL S.
Published: May 2003

We review recent physics-based, analytical DC models for amorphous silicon (a-Si), polysilicon (poly-Si), and organic thin film transistors (TFTs), developed for the design of novel ultra high-resolution, large area displays using advanced short-channel TFTs. In particular, we emphasize the modeling issues related to the main short-channel effects, such as self-heating (a-Si TFTs) and kink effect (a-Si and poly-Si TFTs), which are present in modern TFTs. The models have been proved to accurately reproduce the DC characteristics of a-Si:H with gate lengths down to 4 μm and poly-Si TFTs with gate lengths down to 2 μm. Because the scalability of the models and the use of continuous expressions for describing the characteristics in all operating regimes, the models are suitable for implementation in circuit simulators such as SPICE.
SPICE MODELING OF COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
Authors: IÑIGUEZ BENJAMIN , FJELDLY TOR A. , SHUR MICHAEL S. , YTTERDAL TROND
Published: May 2003

We review recent advances in the modeling of novel and advanced semiconductor devices, including state-of-the-art MESFET and HFETs, heterodimensional FETs, resonant tunneling devices, and wide-bandgap semiconductor transistors. We emphasize analytical, physics-based modeling incorporating the important effects present in modern day devices, including deep sub-micrometer devices. Such an approach is needed in order to accurately describe and predict both stationary and dynamic device behavior and to make the models suitable for implementation in advanced computer aided design tool including circuit simulators such as SPICE.
BEYOND SPICE, A REVIEW OF MODERN ANALOG CIRCUIT SIMULATION TECHNIQUES
Authors: YTTERDAL TROND , FJELDLY TOR A. , SHUR MICHAEL S.
Published: May 2003

We present a review of modern analog simulation techniques based on time- and frequency-domain algorithms. For time-domain techniques, important topics such as circuit decomposition, relaxation methods, latency, multirate integration, continuation methods, parallel algorithms, and finite difference time-domain methods are discussed. Frequency-domain simulation techniques included are harmonic balance, harmonic relaxation, harmonic-Newton, spectral balance, methods for quasiperiodic circuits, and device modeling for frequency domain simulators. Also included are examples of modern simulators.
THE SUPERCOMPUTER TOOLKIT AND ITS APPLICATIONS
Authors: KATZENELSON JACOB , GOIKHMAN ALEXANDER
Published: May 2003

The Supercomputer Toolkit is a family of hardware and software modules from which high-performance special-purpose computers for scientific/engineering use can be easily constructed and programmed. The hardware modules include processors, memory, I/O devices and communication devices. The software modules include an operating system, compilers, debuggers, simulators, scientific libraries, and high-level front ends.

When faced with a suitable problem, the engineer/scientist connects the modules by means of static-interconnect technology and constructs a problem-specific parallel computation network. The network is loaded from a workstation that serves as a host. When the program is run, results are collected and displayed by the host. The host handles files, does compilation, etc. The computation network, the Toolkit, does the heavy computation.

In addition to high performance, the advantage of the Toolkit is its low cost which makes it potentially affordable by small groups as their main number crunching computer.

This paper is concerned with the Toolkit version built at the Technion, which is a second generation of the MIT version.1 The paper briefly describes the hardware and software of this new version and its application to elastic-plastic flow, weather prediction and the simulation of electronic circuits. The main topic of the application section is the relation between the Toolkit configuration and the computation structure of these applications. The paper discusses conclusions related to the hardware and software as well as to the techniques for applying the system.
QUANTUM WELL INTERSUBBAND LASERS
Authors: SUN J. P. , HADDAD G. I. , DUTTA M. , STROSCIO M. A.
Published: May 2003

This chapter/paper provides an overview of quantum well intersubband lasers including quantum cascade and step quantum well lasers. A simplified model of the quantum cascade laser is presented which provides a good estimate of major device parameters and illustrates the principles of operation and physical processes. Device schemes of other intersubband lasers such as step quantum wells are also presented and analyzed.
ADVANCES IN MEASUREMENTS OF PHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF SEMICONDUCTOR LASERS
Authors: SHTENGEL G. E. , KAZARINOV R. F. , BELENKY G. L. , HYBERTSEN M. S. , ACKERMAN D. A.
Published: May 2003

We present a summary of the advances in characterization techniques allowing comprehensive study of physical processes in semiconductor lasers. The studies of the electrical characteristics and optical emission below threshold allow to measure the optical gain, linewidth enhancement factor, transparency wavelength, optical loss and carrier life-time. Some other parameters, such as leakage current and wavelength chirp, can only be deduced from the above threshold measurements. Measurements of the carrier temperature and carrier heating in semiconductor lasers allow to obtain important information about the devices performance at high injection current densities. Taken together, all these measurements provide critical experimental feedback in the laser design process. They also furnish essential information to guide our understanding of the microscopic physical processes determining the laser performance and our efforts to simulate those processes.
LATERAL INJECTION LASERS
Authors: SARGENT EDWARD (TED) H. , XU J. M. (JIMMY)
Published: May 2003

Since its invention in the 60's, the semiconductor laser has relied on vertical injection of electrons and holes in order to pump the active region to inversion. While many aspects of semiconductor laser development have seen tremendous innovation and marked progress, this vertical injection scheme has remained unchanged. In contrast, the electronic transistor has evolved from the early dominance of vertical injection to today's largely lateral injection CMOS platform, which yielded new performance, functionality, and integrability and enabled the astonishingly successful integrated circuit revolution.

The lateral current injection laser offers advantages which go far beyond optoelectronic integrability: it enables new functionalities, post-fabrication processing and engineering, and in some aspects of normal operation it can lead to greatly improved performances. To realize its full potential, this new class of semiconductor lasers deserves the same attention and the intensive iterations of efforts in theory, design, fabrication, and experimental probing as its vertical cousin has been received.

We introduce a first-principles, combined theoretical-experimental approach to the exploration of the LCI laser. It reveals the role of lateral ambipolar drift-diffusion of carriers in either hindering or, potentially, in enhancing the provision of gain to the desired optical mode; of two-dimensional bandstructure engineering of the injection path and active region to achieve low differential resistance and efficient modal gain provision; of selective formation and lateral positioning of heterojunction in enabling high-efficiency device operation; and of adiabatic injection of electrons and holes across diffusively-graded heterojunctions in facilitating carrier capture into 2D quantum well states.

Our results point to the tremendous promise of lasers based on lateral injection of current in enabling vertical cavity lasers with vastly increased performance and functional diversity; multi-terminal devices such as lasers with capacitive gain and wave-length tunability; high-speed directly-modulated lasers with reduced chirp; and functional devices with directly integrated high-speed longitudinal modulation.
EXTENDED WAVELENGTH (1.0 to 1.3 μm) InGaAs/GaAs QUANTUM DOT GaAs-BASED VERTICAL-CAVITY SURFACE-EMITTING AND LATERAL-CAVITY EDGE-EMITTING LASERS
Authors: DEPPE D. G. , HUFFAKER D. L.
Published: May 2003

An important advance in InGaAs/GaAs quantum dot lasers has been the demonstration of lasing at wavelengths significantly longer than that possible using InGaAs strained quantum wells, extending beyond 1.3 μm. These fully GaAs-based active regions are compatible with commercial vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) technology based on selective oxidation, and offer novel performance due to their three-dimensional electronic confinement. This chapter reviews the status of long wavelength quantum dot edge-emitting lasers and VCSELs, and presents some of the new physical principles needed to understand their novel device characteristics.
GaN-BASED LASER DIODES
Authors: RAZEGHI MANIJEH
Published: May 2003

We discuss optical properties of III-Nitride materials and structures. These properties are critical for the development of III-Nitride-based light-emitting diodes and laser diodes. Minority carrier diffusion length in GaN has been determined to be ~ 0.1 μm. The properties of lasing in GaN have been studied using optical pumping. The red shift of emission peak observed in stimulated emission of GaN has been modeled and attributed to many-body interactions at high excitation. The correlation of photoluminescence and optical pumping has shown that band-to-band, or shallow donor-related bandtail to valence band transition is the necessary mechanism of lasing in GaN. This work showed that the thermal instability of InGaN at growth temperature is of main concern in the fabrication of InGaN-based MQW laser diode structures. Photoluminescence has shown that the InGaN composition is very sensitive to the growth temperature. Therefore InGaN growth temperature should be strictly controlled during InGaN-based MQW growth. This work discovered that proper annealing of Si-doping of InGaN/GaN MQW structures that are properly annealed could reduce the lasing threshold and improve the slope efficiency. Over-annealing of these MQWs can lead to thermal degradation of the active layer. Si-doping in over-annealed MQW structure further degrades its quality. The degradation has been attributed to the increase of defects and/or nonuniform local potential formation. P-type doping on the top of InGaN/GaN could also lead to the formation of compensation layer which also degrades laser diode performances. Optical confinement and carrier confinement in InGaN-based laser diode structures are evaluated for optimum laser diode design. The state-of-the-art and fundamental issues of InGaN-based light-emitting diodes and laser diodes are discussed.
QUANTUM DOT SEMICONDUCTOR LASERS
Authors: BHATTACHARYA PALLAB
Published: May 2003

The formation of coherently strained islands during the growth of strained heterostructures has been exploited to form an array of quantum dots. The shape and size of the islands vary with growth parameters, but exhibit the electronic properties of zero-dimensional systems. One or multiple, vertically coupled, layers of such quantum dots can form the gain region of a separately confined heterostructure (SCH) laser. The properties of such InGaAs/GaAs self-organized quantum dot lasers are described here. The lasers exhibit temperature independent operation up to 100 K and beyond. Typical threshold currents of 200 μm long room temperature lasers vary from 6 to 20 mA. The small-signal modulation bandwidths of ridge waveguide lasers are 5–7.5 GHz at 300 K and increased to >20 GHz at 80 K. We believe that electron-hole scattering intrinsically limits the high-speed performance of these devices, in spite of differential gains as high as ~ 7× 10-14 cm2 at room temperature. Wavelength switching is demonstrated in these devices and preliminary results on long-wavelengths intersubband quantum dot light emitters are also presented.
NITRIDE LASERS: OPTICAL GAIN AND DEVICE IMPLICATIONS
Authors: NURMIKKO ARTO V. , SONG YOON-KYU
Published: May 2003

The blue nitride laser presents a fascinating case for the study of the microscopics of optical gain. For InGaN quantum wells, these are highlighted by intense competition between localized and extended electronic states in this unusual, heterogeneous active laser medium.
ADVANCED CONCEPTS IN INTERSUBBAND UNIPOLAR LASERS
Authors: LEBURTON JEAN-PIERRE , JULIEN FRANCOIS H. , LYANDA-GELLER YULI
Published: May 2003

Advanced concepts in intersubband optical emission for mid-infrared (MIR) and far-infrared (FIR) lasers in nanostructures are presented. Electronic tunability of low dimensional systems, and new simulation techniques are implemented for engineering electron scattering time with phonons and improving laser performances. We successively describe the operation of an optically pumped "quantum fountain laser" made of asymmetric coupled quantum well structures, a FIR quantum wire laser pumped by optic phonons and an electrically tunable, mode locked FIR quantum dot laser.