bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the Impact of Environmental Management Policies on Communities in the Leather Tannery Industrial Area of Garut Regency
Authors: Nurfaiziya Salwa , Ningrum Sinta , Munajat Mas Dadang Enjat , Nurasa Heru
Published: August 2023

Industrialization fundamentally aims to enhance the quality of life and the welfare of people. However, insufficient management of residual production waste generates adverse effects on both the environment and the inhabitants residing near industrial zones. In response, the government has established regulatory measures for environmental protection and management through Government Regulation Number 22 of 2021. This regulation seeks to strike a balance between the community’s economic interests and environmental sustainability, safeguarding the rights of citizens. The core objectives of this research are to assess the state of environmental policies within the Sukaregang leather tanning industrial area, to scrutinize the implementation of environmental management practices, and to evaluate the impact of Government Regulation Number 22 of 2021. Employing a qualitative case study approach, the research centers on the Sukaregang leather tanning industrial area, a pivotal hub for the leather industry and a symbol of the Garut Regency. The data collection involves interviews with key stakeholders, including the Environmental Service, the leather tanning industry, and the affected community. The research concludes that while policies based on Government Regulation Number 22 of 2021 are in place, complementary local regulations are absent. The current implementation of environmental management continues to engender negative externalities in sectors such as agriculture, health, and environmental pollution. To address the shortfalls in achieving policy goals and objectives, it becomes imperative to establish local regulations that facilitate cost-sharing in the waste treatment process, utilizing Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) technology. Such measures are essential for upholding environmental quality for the residents of industrial areas.
Efektifitas Kombinasi Media dalam Penyisihan BOD dan TSS Limbah Cair Rumah Makan Menggunakan Constructed Wetland dengan Tanaman Cyperus Papyrus
Authors: Oktavia Lily , Hidayat Akhmad Danang Nur , Purnama Agus Rachmad , Taqwanur Taqwanur
Published: August 2023

The restaurant business can have an impact on increasing liquid waste which can contaminate the receiving water body. One of the treatment methods that can be applied as further treatment is a constructed wetland system with continuous flow. The aim of the research was to determine the amount of BOD and TSS removal and the effect of pH and temperature on the research. Preliminary tests conducted showed levels of BOD = 1,562 mg/L and TSS = 192 mg/L. The research reactor consisted of 3 units, filled with wastewater with a debit of 7 ml/minute and 5 Cyperus papyrus stems planted in a variety of planting media, the reactor containing clay growing media (R1), the reactor containing sand growing media (R2), and (R3). containing clay planting medium combined with sand media. The reactor used continuous flow for 4 days, starting with a 7-day acclimatization test. The parameters to be tested in this study are pH, temperature, BOD, and TSS. The results showed that constructed wetlands with Cyperus papyrus plants could remove the best BOD on day 1 in a reactor with clay media of 66%. In the constructed wetland test results with the Cyperus papyrus plant the best ability to remove TSS was achieved on day 2 in sand media (R2) which could remove TSS levels of 84.3%.
Co-production of guidance and resources to implement principled participant information leaflets (PrinciPILs)
Authors: Jacob Nina , Howick Jeremy , Svobodova Martina , Treweek Shaun , Gillies Katie , Edwards Adrian , Bower Peter , Bostock Jennifer , Hood Kerenza
Published: August 2023

Background: The way information about potential benefits and harms of trial is presented within participant information leaflets (PILs) varies widely and may cause unnecessary ‘nocebo’ effects. The Medical Research Council (MRC) funded a project that developed seven principles to reduce this variation. However, guidance has not been produced to facilitate the implementation of the principles. Stakeholder involvement is recommended to optimise the way these principles are disseminated and explained. To co-produce recommendations for developing: (1) user-friendly guidance for users of the principles; and (2) resources that support the implementation of the principles. Methods: We held a co-production workshop with representation from the following professional groups: the Health Research Authority (HRA), research ethics committee members, and trial managers. Two rounds of discussions focused on generating recommendations for guidance and resources that support the implementation of the seven principles. Extensive low inference style ethnographic notes were taken, and the data were analysed thematically using deductive codes. The data was collected on October 14, 2022. Results: 25 participants attended a hybrid workshop. Participants recommended that both researchers designing PILs and research ethics committee members should use the principles, and that that they should be simple, mention both benefits and harms explicitly, include examples of visual representations, and provide the evidence base for the principles. Conclusions: We were able to co-produce recommendations for developing and implementing the seven principles within PILs. These recommendations can now be implemented to reduce unexplained variation in the way potential benefits and harms are shared within PILs.
Application of Substructure Techniques to Syntactic Metal Foams in a Finite Element Environment
Authors: Kovács Márió , Pere Balázs , Orbulov Imre Norbert
Published: August 2023

The presented work focuses on the development of a novel method that can numerically describe the properties of metal matrix syntactic foam (MMSF) with low memory requirements and short computational times without losing the properties of the interior structure. In this paper, we propose a novel method that avoids using the homogenization technique and instead rearranges stiffness matrices and constructs specific substructures to perform the overall construction. The two-dimensional cases are discussed in order to focus on the methodology itself. First, the reductions and structural design with solid mesh structures were performed, and then the model was applied on structures filled with iron hollow spheres. So far, the method has been used to evaluate small deformations to see how suitable the subspace technique is for describing metal foams. Aluminum was used as the matrix material, as it is one of the most common materials for MMSFs. The optimal parameters were searched that resulted in the shortest running time for the given construction. Since in the proposed substructure technique only the displacement values at the boundary points are computed, a back-calculation step for each selected substructure was performed to see the interior deformations in the vicinity of an iron hollow sphere.
Importance of Hand Hygiene in Health Care Setting
Authors: Ahmad Mushtaq , Pasha AKM Mustafa Kamal
Published: August 2023

Abstract not available
JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 18, No 2 (December) 2022: 1-2
Prevalence of Dyslipidemia among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patient in Combined Military Hospital, Sylhet
Authors: Mostofa Md Golam , Ferdous Nur E Jannatul , Bhuiyan Mohammad Abdul Quddus
Published: August 2023

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders that are caused by deficiency of insulin secretion or decreased ability of insulin to act effectively on target tissues, particularly muscle, liver and fat. Diabetes is associated with high risk of cardiovascular diseases and underlying lipid abnormalities. Its early identification can make aggressive cardiovascular preventive management possible. 
Objectives: To determine the prevalence and pattern of lipid abnormalities in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Methods: A Retrospective, descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Combined Military Hospital, Sylhet, Bangladesh over a period of 2 years from January 2018 to December 2019. Diagnosed patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus of different age group and both sex were selected for this study according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The lipid profiles and fasting blood sugar values of 85 known diabetics were studied. Their serum samples were assessed for fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) by using standard biochemical methods.
Results: Present study comprised of 85 diagnosed patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Out of those 78.8% were male and 21.2% were female. The age range was from 26 to 85 years with an average of 50.4±13.9 years. The average fasting blood glucose was noted as 10.787±4.2053mmol/l. The average total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and HDL were 194.35±177.07mg/dl, 226.18±115.19mg/dl, 91.08±26.79mg/dl and 39.75±9.51 mg/dl respectively. The prevalence of dyslipidemia in the present study was found as 81.2%, 14.1% were having hypercholesterolemia, 65.88% patients were having hypertriglyceridemia, 25.88% patients were having increased LDL levels and 43.52% patients were having reduced HDL levels. In respect of pattern of dyslipidemia, we found isolated and combined dyslipidemia.
Conclusion: In the diabetics higher frequencies of high TC, high TG and high LDL-C levels were noted indicating diabetic patients were more prone for dyslipidemia which may lead to cardiovascular disorders.
JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 18, No 2 (December) 2022: 3-6
Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors Analysis of COVID-19 Infections- A Single Center Observational Study
Authors: Bhuiyan Mohammad Abdul Quddus , Alam Md Zukfikkar , Nabi Md Nurun , Munir Umar Rashed
Published: August 2023

Introduction: COVID-19 emerged as a major public health outbreak in late 2019. Bangladesh reported its first case on 8th March 2020 and at Sylhet Div area, first case detected in April 2020, authority adopted a policy of extensive contact tracing, quarantine and initially hospitalizing of all cases. Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 cases have been described as per national and WHO guideline.
Objectives: To analyze clinical characteristics and the risk factors of COVID-19 infection.
Methods: Clinical records of all COVID-19 confirmed cases aged ≥12 years admitted to COVID Unit or treated at home isolation with complete outcomes at Sylhet area were included in the study. Duration of this study was 1st April to 27th December 2020. Epidemiological history, comorbidities, clinical features, investigations, management and complications of all cases were recorded in preform data sheet and analyzed. Variables were compared between mild and severe diseases.
Results: The sample comprised of 515 cases (mean age 30.98 years, male 81.55%). Majority were mild (92%) and 6.4% required intensive care, with 85% admitted within the first five days. Older age (≥51 years), underlying comorbidities, cough, breathlessness, reduced oxygen saturation and abnormal chest radiographs on admission were significant determinants for severity. The case fatality rate was 0.77% and the four commonest complications were ARDS (4.40%). liver injuries (4.07%), bacteraemia (2.33%) and kidney injuries (1.16%).
Conclusion: Lower case fatality rate was possibly contributed by young cases with mild diseases and early hospitalization. Abnormal chest radiographic, elderly and other comrbidities require frequent measurement of oxygen saturation with pulse oximetry and close monitoring within the first few days to detect early deterioration and to take appropriate measures. Ivermectin seems to be effective in the treatment of Covid-19 infection but need further large multi-center case control study.
JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 18, No 2 (December) 2022: 19-23
Seroprevalence of Apparently Healthy and Unvaccinated Healthcare Workers at the Ward of COVID Patients in a Referral Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Authors: Jesmine Rezina , Jubaida Nishat , Baki Abdullah Al , Giti Susane , Rahman Mizanur
Published: August 2023

Introduction: In Bangladesh, when a SARS-CoV-2 infected person comes to close contact with another person, especially unvaccinated healthcare workers (HCWs) during staying at the hospital, the disease spreads among the other patients also. This study was carried out in the initial stage of the Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic before the vaccination program had started. It was observed that among the HCWs some were infected by the virus while they take care of the infected patients and some suffered from subclinical infection without significant symptoms whereas some were not infected at all. 
Objective: To observe the seroprevalence of SARS- CoV-2 antibodies in a specific group of people (HCWs) who were healthy and unvaccinated but exposed to the patients at the COVID ward in a referral hospital.
Methods: This study was carried out in Immunology and Virology Department, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP), Dhaka Bangladesh from the date of 21st April, 2020 to 31st May, 2020. As this study was carried out in very early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic, samples were collected within a short period that is for forty days only. In this study, 294 samples were collected from apparently healthy and unvaccinated HCWs who work at the COVID wards in a referral hospital. To detect SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, Immunochromatographic (ICT) method was applied which is a well-accepted method worldwide.
Results: This study revealed that among 294 samples from healthcare workers, 36% (106) cases developed antibodies but 64% (188) cases didn’t develop any type of antibody and 19.3(57) cases were PCR positive which might be possible due to their duties in COVID ward. Among 106 seroconvert cases, 16.98% (18)were positive for only IgM, 50.9% (54) were positive for only IgG and 34(32.07%)) were positive for both IgG and IgM. Among 57 infected cases, 21.05% (12) were positive for only IgM, 45.61% (26) were positive for only IgG and 33.33% (34) were for both IgG and IgM antibodies. The ratio between male and female in health-workers were 2.58:1 respectively.
Conclusion: This study revealed that the serological test of SARS-CoV-2 is useful for the identification of symptomatic, asymptomatic or subclinical infection among the persons who are the close contacts of COVID-19 patients; moreover, it will help to understand the disease outbreak, the contagiousness of SARS- CoV-2 and the immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in both the vulnerable and general populations.
JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 18, No 2 (December) 2022: 31-34
Perceptions of Autism Spectrum Disorder among People in a Remote Area of Bangladesh
Authors: Sultana Nasrin , Mawla Md Rosaidul , Khan Nishat Farhana , Alam Mohammad Rashidul , Karim Md Ziaul , Haque Nadia
Published: August 2023

Introduction: Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder which are manifested within two years of life. It exhibits difficulties in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication, as well as repetitive or constrained interests and actions. Autism has already posed significant burden in health sector in Bangladesh. That’s why it is high time to address autism. 
Objectives: To assess the factors affecting children with ASD and perception of rural people about it.
Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out from 01 January to 31 December, 2021 among 55 people of different unions of Bauphal Upazila of Patuakhali district. 
Results: Majority of the autistic children are male (61.82%). In maximum cases, parents and family members were usually the first persons to identify (60%) the autistic symptoms. A good percentage (21.82%) respondents were ignorant about the cause of autism. Most (38.18%) of the children with autism were treated at government hospital. Maximum therapy received by the children is speech therapy (41.82%) and there is partial improvement (54.55%) of autism by applying therapy.
Conclusion: This study revealed that most of the parents of autistic child were unaware about its contributory factors and treatment. Even there is scarcity of trained or specialist health professionals. There are also false belief about autism that inhibit people to take proper treatment.
JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 18, No 2 (December) 2022: 66-71
PENGEMBANGAN MEDIA KOMIK DIGITAL BERBASIS FLIPBOOK PADA MATA PELAJARAN BAHASA INDONESIA DI SEKOLAH MENENGAH PERTAMA (SMP)
Authors: Zega Rasid Rahayu , Bawamenewi Arozatulo
Published: August 2023

Dalam kegiatan pembelajaran, seorang tenaga pendidik tentunya harus melakukan inovasi baru dari segi penggunaan media pembelajaran. Namun pada kenyataannya dalam proses pembelajaran di SMP Swasta Idanoi peneliti menemukan masalah dalam proses pembelajaran yaitu kurangnya media yang bervariasi yang menyebabkan peserta didik kurang semangat dalam proses pembelajaran. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu mengembangkan media komik digital berbasis flipbook pada mata pelajaran bahasa Indonesia di sekolah menengah pertama (SMP). Hasil Kelayakan ini berdasarkan dari hasil validasi yang telah dilakukan oleh ahli materi, ahli bahasa dan ahli desain. Pemerolehan hasil validasi oleh materi mencapai 100% dengan kriteria sangat layak, validasi ahli bahasa memperoleh 100%, dan hasil validasi ahli desain sebesar 98.33%. Tingkat kepraktisan komik digital berbasis flipbook pada uji coba perorangan sebesar 93.33% dengan kriteria sangat sangat praktis, uji kelompok kecil sebesar 98.33% dengan kriteria sangat praktis dan uji coba lapangan sebesar 99% dengan kriteria sangat praktis. Efektivitas media pembelajaran juga telah teruji sangat efektif dengan persentase ketuntasan klasikal mencapai 91,8%.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut, maka media komik digital berbasis flipbook pada mata pelajaran bahasa Indonesia di kelas VIII SMP Swasta Idanoi yang telah dikembangkan dengan model 4-D sangat layak digunakan.
Kata kunci: Komik digital, flipbook, 4-D
ANALISIS PENGGUNAAN KALIMAT IMPERATIF SEBAGAI KAJIAN PRAGMATIK DAN IMPLIKASI DALAM PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA INDONESIA
Authors: Dawolo Erikaryawati , Bawamenewi Arozatulo
Published: August 2023

Pada penelitian ini yang menjadi permasalahan utama adalah bagaimanakah kalimat imperatif yang digunakan guru dalam pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan wujud dan isi kalimat imperatif yang digunakan guru dalam proses pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian deskriptif, dan yang menjadi objek dalam penelitian ini dilakukan pada objek yang alamiah. Variabel penelitian ini adalah kalimat imperatif yang digunkan guru kepada siswa dalam pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif. Metode analisis data yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah metode agih. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian peneliti menemukan 5 wujud kalimat imperatif yakni 1) perintah, 2) permintaan, 3) larangan, 4) ajakan, 5) pemberian izin.
 
Kata kunci: Kalimat Imperatif, Tindak Tutur, Pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia
PENGEMBANGAN BUKU PANDUAN BERBASIS CONTEXTUAL TEACHING AND LEARNING PADA MATERI MENULIS SURAT PRIBADI DAN SURAT DINAS KELAS VII SMP
Authors: Gea Merry Artanti , Harefa Trisman
Published: August 2023

Penelitian ini didasari dengan hasil observasi yang dilakukan peneliti di UPTD SMP Negeri 2 Gunungsitoli khususnya di kelas VII-B. Hasil observasi yang diperoleh adalah peserta didik cenderung bosan belajar karena menggunakan buku cetak. Penelitian ini dikembangkan dengan menggunakan model 4D yang terdiri dari empat tahapan yaitu pendefenisian, perencanaan, pengembangan, dan penyebaran. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk (1) mengembangkan buku panduan menggunakan model Contextual Teaching and Learning pada materi menulis surat pribadi dan surat dinas, (2) mengetahui kelayakan buku panduan oleh ahli materi, ahli bahasa dan ahli desain, (3) mengetahui kepraktisan buku panduan melalui uji coba perorangan, uji coba kelompok kecil, dan uji coba lapangan, (4) mengetahui efektifitas buku panduan melalui hasil evaluasi belajar peserta didik. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa hasil validasi oleh ahli materi yaitu revisi I mencapai 75%  dan revisi II mencapai 99,19%. Hasil validasi oleh ahli bahasa yaitu revisi I mencapai 82,14% dan revisi II mencapai 96,42%. Hasil validasi oleh ahli desain yaitu Revisi I mencapai 66,31% dan pemerolehan revisi II mencapai 93,68%. Hasil uji coba perorangan 86,66%, uji coba kelompok kecil 93,33%, dan uji coba lapangan 96,52%. Hasil kentuntasan belajar peserta didik mencapai 100% kentuntasan. Jadi, dapat disimpulkan bahwa media buku panduan yang telah dikembangkan oleh peneliti dapat dikatakan layak, praktis dan efektif dijadikan sebagai referensi belajar di sekolah.
Kata kunci: Bahan Ajar Buku Panduan, Model CTL, Surat Pribadi dan Surat Dinas
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE COMMAND CENTER OF THE UKRAINIAN MILITARY ORGANIZATION IN EMIGRATION
Authors: KHOMA Ivan
Published: August 2023

After the defeat of the Ukrainian National Revolution of 1917–1921, in fact the only force that was organized to continue the struggle for the revival of statehood on the Ukrainian lands occupied by the RSFSR and Poland became the Ukrainian Military Organization (until approximately 1924, the name Military Organization was used – VO) . This organization began to be formed by the command staff of the Sich Riflemen (Sichovykh strilʹtsiv) of the Army of the Ukrainian People's Republic. It is gradually being joined by veterans of UGA and public and political figures. The organizational center was concentrated in Lviv. The material basis initially became the saved funds of the Sichovykh strilʹtsiv, in parallel, financial support was established from Ukrainian emigration to the USA. The fall of 1920 – the fall of 1922 was the period of formation of the command structure, understanding between the founders, a certain even competition for dominance and promotion of their vision of the development of VO. It was difficult to establish cooperation with public and political organizations of Galicia, state centers of ZUNR and UNR. The challenge was the ideological basis. What are we fighting for in Galicia? For the revival of statehood only in Galicia or on all Ukrainian lands. The command of the VO managed to preserve the Sobornytsky principles of activity. In mid-October 1922, the killing of S. Tverdokhlib, a Ukrainian, by members of the Military Organization, for cooperating with the Polish authorities, caused a wave of arrests. In connection with this, the head of VO Yevhen Konovalets was also forced to emigrate. This became a new challenge for the organization, because it was necessary to start organizing the leadership of the Higher Education Institution on emigration and establishing funding. There was no desire to stop at what had been achieved in 1922, but on the contrary, there was a desire to continue the struggle. Financial aid from Ukrainian emigration to the USA became more and more difficult to obtain. Yevhen Konovalets applied to the leadership of ZUNR to receive emigrant funds for the struggle. He believed that VO has the right to these funds. The leadership of ZUNR agreed to allocate a part of the money received from Ukrainian emigration to the USA for VO. In 1923, Y. Petrushevich, whose activities were subsidized by the Soviet government, began to allocate a part of these funds to VO as well. This information is represented in the documents of the Soviet special services.

Keywords
Military organization, Yevhen Konovalets, ZUNR (WUPR), Yaroslav Chizh, Yevhen Petrushevich, Ukrainian emigration.
EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES OF THE UNION OF THE CHURCHES OF THE EVANGELICAL AUGSBURG AND HELVETIC CONFESSIONS IN INTER-WAR GALICIA
Authors: RUDA Oksana
Published: August 2023

The article covers the activities of the Union of the Churches of the Evangelical Augsburg and Helvetic Confessions in Inter-war Galicia in the 20s–30s of the 20th century, aimed at satisfying the cultural and educational needs of German parishioners. It shows, that in the interwar years, the Polish state pursued such a national-educational and religious policy towards the German minority of the region, the result of which was supposed to be the denationalization and assimilation of the German population, given that Protestant pastors made significant efforts both to preserve the national separateness of the Germans of the region and to support continuous spiritual connection with the German culture.

It confirms that education and culture specifically served as the unifying factors that protected the German colonists of Galicia from assimilation processes and strengthened their connection with the population of Germany. Likewise, it has been established that the Protestant clergy focused their activities on the religious upbringing of children and youth of German nationality, the development of private German-language primary and secondary schools, youth religious societies, and charitable organizations, which became the stronghold of German identity in interwar Galicia. The article reveals that primary private German-language educational institutions, which were attended by about 59.1 % of all German students in the region, operated with the help of the union. Those included two gymnasiums in Lviv and Stanislaviv, as well as the German National University. The author of the article asserts that the pastors’ active participation in the development of private national schooling was partly a response to the obstacles that the Polish authorities placed on the way to the development of German-language educational institutions. It was observed that through the organization of private German-language schools, the pastors tried to raise the level of national and religious consciousness of the devotees to some extent. The author suggests that through active pastoral and educational activities of the union’s clergy, the parishioners were closely connected with the German national culture, which contributed to the preservation of their ethnic identity.

Keywords
Protestantism, religious communities, German population, Galicia, the Polish state, educational institutions.
PARTICIPATION OF THE GREEK CATHOLIC CHURCH IN THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF GALICIA AT THE END OF THE 19th – THE FIRST THIRD OF THE 20th CENTURIES
Authors: PASITSKA Oksana
Published: August 2023

The role of the Greek Catholic Church in the economic development of Galicia in the late 19th – the first third of the 20th centuries has been researched. The participation of the Greek Catholic clergy in the creation and operation of the workers’ associations («Silskyi Hospodar» («The Farmer»)), cooperatives («Narodna Torhivlia» («The People's Trade»), «Dostava» («The Delivery»), «Khlibosoiuz» («The Bread Union»), the Auditing Union of the Ukrainian Cooperatives), private enterprises («Fortuna Nova»), financial and banking institutions («Dnister», «Carpathia», the Mortgage Land Bank), vocational schools (the Private Cooperative Lyceum in Lviv, the Ukrainian Husbandry Academy in Poděbrady, Agricultural Schools in Stryi and Myluvannia) and social organizations (the Society of the Ukrainian Artisans, Entrepreneurs and Traders «Zoria») has been analyzed. The clergy acquired and popularized economic knowledge and skills, supported the activities of private economic educational institutions; the Basilian Sisters organized a vocational school at the monastery in Lviv has been noted.

Due to Metropolitan Andrei Sheptytsky’s initiative, the Greek Catholic Church in Galicia, possessing significant area of lands, managed to implement many successful economic projects and attract foreign investors in the interests of the Church and Ukrainian people has been established. Metropolitan Andrei Sheptytsky urged the Ukrainians to unite in unions, cooperatives, taught austerity, economic literacy and entrepreneurship so that Galicia could rely on the experience of the developed European countries has been noted.

An important contribution to the economic development of Galicia was made by the General Administrator of the GCC lands, Doctor of Agronomy, Reverend-Mitered Archpriest Tyt Wojnarowśkyj, who wrote many economic works, participated in the parcelling of lands, initiated the creation of the parcelling society «Zemlia» («The Earth») has been emphasized. Many other clergymen were involved in the processes of socio-economic modernization of the Galician peasantry, in particular Reverend Stepan Horodetsky, Reverend Teodor Tsehelsky, Reverend Lev Horalevych and many others has been noted.

Keywords
Greek Catholic Church, clergy, clergymen, Galicia, economy, economic development, Andrei Sheptytsky, Tyt Wojnarowśkyj.
THE SOVIET MYTH OF THE «UKRAINIAN PEOPLE’S REUNIFICATION» AS AN IDEOLOGICAL WEAPON AGAINST THE UKRAINIAN LIBERATION MOVEMENT
Authors: VASYLCHUK Hennadii , DROZDOV Viktor
Published: August 2023

Based on the analysis of the Soviet myth of the «Ukrainian people’s reunification», the article has revealed the enemy image construction and dissemination process, which Soviet propaganda used in the struggle against the Ukrainian liberation movement in the annexed Ukrainian territories. The authors adhere to a contemporary methodological approach to understanding the myth as an ideologically marked narrative, which is the primary communication tool between the political regime and the masses.

The role of the myth of the «Ukrainian people’s reunification» in the official historical memory’s version and the use of this myth by the Stalinist regime as an alternative to the Ukrainian national idea of unity has been clarified. The transformation of the mythologeme about the enemy in the Soviet official discourse during World War II and the post-war years has been traced. The authors have established that Soviet ideologists directed the image of the internal enemy against the Ukrainian liberation movement, portraying the national powers, which fought for the independence and unity of Ukraine, as betrayers of the Ukrainian people and attributing to them a class nature and dependence on Western states.

The article has identified the main characteristics of two images of the internal enemy, «Ukrainian bourgeois nationalists» and «Ukrainian-German nationalists», which were constructed in Soviet narratives. Using the example of the party leaders’ proclamations, historical and literary essays, and propaganda articles, authors have described the attempts of the Soviet power to turn the Western Ukrainian community against the Ukrainian liberation movement and to demonstrate the futility of an independent and unity Ukraine idea. The article has also defined various ways of spreading Soviet mythology and the influence of the myth to liquidate the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and enforce ideological campaigns.
EXCESSES DURING THE ARRESTS AND INTERROGATIONS OF OUN MEMBERS BY THE NKVD-NKGD CO-WORKERS IN THE RIVNE REGION (1940–1941)
Authors: ZHYVYUK Andrii
Published: August 2023

It is indicated that to solve the task in the western regions of the Ukrainian SSR, methods and personnel tested during the «great terror» of the 1930s in the USSR were used. The management and operational staff of the NKVD-NKGB involved in the «clearing» operation, their professional training, and work methods were considered. Emphasis is placed on the use during the Sovietization of Western Ukraine of a significant number of new appointees in the NKVD–NKGB system, graduates of departmental schools who trained personnel for state security agencies.

The origin, education, origins of national consciousness, motivation for the actions of individual members of the OUN underground are clarified, and their sacrifice is characterized. Dramatic clashes between members of the OUN and NKVD–NKGB employees during border crossings, arrests, staging, and imprisonment are highlighted.

It is noted that in the confrontation between the Soviet repressive bodies and the participants of the Ukrainian national liberation movement, the former had state, military, economic, political institutions and tools at their disposal, while the opposing side could count on the solidarity of the members of their organization, their own knowledge and experience, and moral stability.

Keywords
Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, People’s Commissariat of Internal Aff airs, People’s Commissariat of State Security, Rivne region, Sovietization, repression, arrests, interrogations, resistance, armed clashes, escapes, Sectoral State Archive of the Security Service of Ukraine.
GENDER ORIENTATION OF THE PROPAGANDA OF THE BOLSHEVIK-SOVIET GOVERNMENT AND THE UKRAINIAN NATIONALIST UNDERGROUND IN THE PERIOD 1944–1947
Authors: STARODUBETS Galyna
Published: August 2023

The gender component of the political propaganda of the Bolshevik-Soviet government and the Ukrainian nationalist underground during their armed confrontation in Western Ukraine is analyzed. The semantic content of the agitation-propaganda «image of a woman» by both warring parties and the forms and methods of presentation of the created construct to a certain target audience in accordance with the set political goals and objectives are investigated. It is concluded that the political propaganda of the Bolshevik-Soviet government and the Ukrainian nationalist underground in the western regions of Ukraine in 1944–1947 had signs of gender coloring. In Soviet propaganda, they were more pronounced than in the propaganda materials of the Ukrainian nationalist underground. Both antagonistic forces constructed the image of women based on their needs: «the Soviet woman is a toiler» as opposed to «the Ukrainian woman is a keeper, a mother». The Soviet party authorities mobilized the female resource, on the one hand, as an auxiliary labor force for the reconstruction of economic facilities, and on the other hand, as a repeater of communist ideas and slogans. The image of the Soviet emancipated woman worker was actively exploited by Bolshevik ideologists in public propaganda discourse and used by them as one of the tools of Sovietization of the region. Instead, the political and ideological narrative of the Ukrainian insurgent underground and the UPA was dominated by the image of a woman-mother whose vocation was to raise her sons and daughters as fi ghters for an independent Ukrainian state. Emphasize that it was specifi cally entrusted to her the mission of preserving the Ukrainian nation through the birth and upbringing of children. It is determined that the Bolshevik propaganda arsenal is fi lled with a more diverse set of forms and methods than the arsenal of the insurgent underground. In addition to various mass media: newspapers, radio, cinema, etc. party officials widely used public events: meetings, rallies etc. as platforms for direct and indirect propaganda. The main method of nationalist propaganda was the distribution of printed materials. It was inferred that a common characteristic of gender-biased propaganda narratives from antagonistic sides was the presence of an imbalance in the feminine and masculine dimensions, favoring the latter.
Keywords
propaganda, women, Soviet government, UPA, Western Ukraine.
CEMİL ORUÇ, OKUL ÖNCESİ DÖNEMDE ÇOCUĞUN DİN EĞİTİMİ, DEM YAYINLARI, 2021, s. 232.
Authors: TAŞDEMİR Mine
Published: August 2023

Çocuklara din eğitiminin verildiği ilk yaşları ihtiva etmesi bakımından okul öncesi dönem çok kritik bir öneme sahiptir. Bu dönemdeki çocuklara yapılan başarılı bir din eğitimi, çocuğun ilerleyen yaşlarda dine bakışını olumlu yönde etkileyeceği gibi çocuğun yaratıcısıyla ilişkisini düzenleme noktasında da büyük bir görev üstlenmektedir. Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı’nın 2013 yılında 4-6 yaş Kur’an Kurslarını açmasıyla beraber bu alanda yapılan akademik çalışmaların sıklaştığı dikkat çekmektedir. Bu alanda çalışmaları olan akademisyenlerin çalışmalarında dönemin farklı özelliklerini ön plana çıkardıkları ve her birinin bu dönemi farklı açılardan ele aldığı dikkat çekmektedir. Kimisi bu yaş grubundaki çocuklara verilecek din eğitiminde “aile” vurgusu yaparken, kimisi de okul öncesi eğitim kurumlarını incelemiş ve bu kurumlarda öğrenim gören çocukların ebeveynlerin görüşleri çerçevesinde düşüncelerini ve eleştirilerini kaleme almıştır. Yine aynı şekilde okul öncesi eğitim kurumlarında görev yapan eğitimcilerin görüşleri ekseninde değerlendirmelerin yapıldığı akademik çalışmalar mevcuttur. Ancak sınırlı sayıdaki bu makalelerin dışında, okul öncesi dönemde din eğitimi konusunun çalışıldığı çok az kitap vardır. Cemil Oruç’un Okul Öncesi Dönemde Çocuğun Din Eğitimi isimli kitabı alandaki bu boşluğu doldurmaya yönelik yazılmış kapsamlı ve önemli bir eserdir.
ÜNİVERSİTE KÜTÜPHANESİ KULLANICILARININ ELEKTRONİK VE BASILI KAYNAK TERCİHLERİNE İLİŞKİN BİR ARAŞTIRMA
Authors: SÜZER Raşit
Published: August 2023

Sanayi devriminden sonra bilim ve teknolojik gelişmelerin hız kazanması ile elektronik kaynaklar hayatımıza girmiş ve öğrencilerin, akademisyenlerin ve araştırmacıların bilgiyi arama, erişim, kaydetme, işleme, kullanma ve paylaşma etkinliklerini büyük oranda değiştirmiştir. Bununla beraber basılı kaynaklar da kişiler, kurumlar ve yayınevleri tarafından yayınlanmaya ve kullanıcılar tarafından da kullanılmaya devam etmiştir. Elektronik ve basılı kaynakların kullanım şekli ve oranı birçok değişkenden etkilenebilmektedir. Bu değişkenleri sıralarsak; yayının türü, yayının kullanılma amacı, kullanıcının yaşı, alanı, alışkanlığı ve yatkınlığı gibi birçok değişkenden etkilenmektedir. Kütüphaneler artan elektronik ve basılı kaynakları kontrol edebilmek, bütçelerini yeterli bir şekilde düzenlemek, nitelikli derme oluşturmak, kaynaklarının kullanıcılar tarafından daha verimli bir şekilde kullanılmasını sağlamak amacıyla elektronik ve basılı kaynakların seçimini birtakım unsurları göz önüne alarak karar vermelidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı üniversite kütüphanelerinin derme geliştirme sürecinde sağlanacak kaynakları belirlemesi için üniversite kütüphanesi kullanıcılarının basılı ve elektronik bilgi kaynağı tercihlerinin incelenmesi ve basılı ve elektronik kaynak tercihlerine ilişkin değişkenlerin belirlenmesidir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda oluşturulan anket, evren olarak seçilen Karabük Üniversitesi’nde uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler SPSS 25 programı ile analiz edilmiştir. Elektronik ve basılı kaynak tercihleri ve bu tercihleri etkileyen nedenler; katılımcıların demografik özelliklerine (yaş, alan, görev ve cinsiyet), yayını türüne, yayının kullanım amacına, kaynağın ulaşılabilirliğine, kaynağın kullanım yatkınlığı gibi nedenlere bağlı olarak farklılaştığı görülmüştür.
İbnü’l-Melâhimî’ye Göre Dinî-İtikadî Bilgiyi Elde Etmede Nazarın Önceliği
Authors: KORKMAZGÖZ Rıza , SANCAR Faruk
Published: August 2023

Bu makale Mu‘tezilî kelamcı İbnü’l-Melâhimî’ye göre Allah’ı bilme konusunda akıl yürütmenin önemini ve önceliğini tartışmaktadır. Mârifetullahın ilk vâcip olduğu hususunda ittifak eden kelamcılar, bu bilginin nasıl elde edileceği noktasında ihtilaf etmişlerdir. Bu hususta kaynaklarda nazar, sem‘ (nakil/haber), zorunluluk, taklît, masum imam, ilham, riyâzet ve müşâhede gibi farklı yol ve yöntemlerden söz edilmektedir. İbnü’l-Melâhimî hakikatin aşkın karakterini reddetmez lakin insanı aşan hakikate düşünsel bir etkinlikle ulaşılabileceğine kesin olarak inanır. Bu itibarla fizik varlığın duyusal, metafizik varlığın ise aklî delille bilineceğini ifade eder. Varlığın bu iki yolla ulaşılan gerçekliğinin ötesinde bilinemeyen birtakım hakikatlerinin olamayacağını, aksi takdirde zorunlu ve kazanılmış bilgilere hiçbir zaman güvenilemeyeceğini iddia eder. Bu itibarla ona göre mârifetullah yolunda nazar ilk vaciptir. Diğer bilgi yolları ya geçersizdir ya da tek başına yetersizdir.
Arap Dilcisi ve Hanefi Fakihi Hüsâmeddin Es-Siğnâki’nin Arap Diline Dair Görüşleri
Authors: KIROĞLU Hasan Selim
Published: August 2023

Bu araştırmamızda, dil alanında çalışma yapmış bir Hanefi fakihin dil yaklaşımlarını ele alacağız. Fakih olup, dil alanında yapmış oldukları çalışmalar ile ün yapan âlimlerin dil kurallarının gelişmesine yardımcı olabilmişler ya da bu kurallar ile fıkıh alanına katkı sunabilmişler mi, sorusuna cevap arayacağız. Bu alanda çalışma yapmış olanlar, dili o nezih yerinden farklı bir yere taşıyarak, ana düşünce ve kurallarından uzaklaştırmış olabilirler mi? sorusuna cevap verebilmek amacıyla, örneğin 711 yılında vefat eden, en-Nihâye fî şerḥi’l-Hidâye ile el-Vâfî fî şerhi Uṣûli’l-fıḳh kitaplarının müellifi Hüsâmeddin es-Siğnâki’yi inceledik. Ünlü Hanefi fakihlerinden es-Sığnâkî, fıkıh alanındaki uzmanlığının yanı sıra sarf ve nahiv konularına olan vukufiyetini de içeren, Arap dili alanında telif ettiği eserleriyle dikkat çekmektedir. Sarf ve Nahiv ilimlerinin kolaylaştırılması faaliyetlerinde önemli bir role sahip olan Hüsâmeddin es-Siğnâki, Zemahşerî'nin el-Mufassal kitabını şerh ederek nahiv alanında el-Muvassal fi Şerhi’l-Mufassal, sarf ilmine dair en-Necâḥu’t-Tâlî Tilve’l-Merâh adlı eseriyle ön plana çıkmıştır. Fıkıh alanındaki yetkinliğini kullanarak dilsel konuları yorumlaması, delillerin araştırılması yöntemleriyle de kendisinden önce araştırma yapanların izinden gitmesi ve sonra gelenlere de dilsel alanda ışık tutması bakımından “illet” kavramının da “illetine” varılması gerektiğini söyleyerek; Mübteda, Haber ve Fail’in ref edilmeleri konusunu, Mefullerin ve Hâl konusunun nasb edilmesi, Muzari fiilin önüne nasb yada cezm eden edatları gelmeksizin merfu olması gibi konulara değinerek, sebebin sebebi yada illetin illeti gibi konuları ele alması bizleri bu alimi incelemeğe itmiştir. Araştırmamızda es-Siğnâki’nin kısa biyografisi ile nahiv usulü alanındaki özet görüşleri, nahiv ilminde yazdığı el-Muvassal fi Şerhi’l-Mufassal, sarf alanında yazmış olduğu en-Necâḥu’t-tâlî tilve’l-Merâh kitapları ile alanında temayüz etmiş olduğu görüş, tutum ve ulaştığı sonuçların değerlendirilmesini ele alacağız.
Influence of infant microbiome on health and development
Authors: Younge Noelle
Published: August 2023

The microbiome is a complex ecosystem comprising microbes, their genomes, and the surrounding environment. The microbiome plays a critical role in early human development, including maturation of the host immune system and gastrointestinal tract. Multiple factors, including diet, anti-biotic use, and other environmental exposures, influence the establishment of the microbiome during infancy. Numerous studies have identified associations between the microbiome and neonatal diseases, including necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis, and malnutrition. Furthermore, there is compelling evidence that perturbation of the microbiome in early life can have lasting developmental effects that increase an individual’s risk for immune and metabolic diseases in later life. Supplementation of the microbiome with probiotics reduces the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis and sepsis in at-risk infants. This review focuses on the structure and function of the infant microbiome, the environmental and clinical factors that influence its assembly, and its impact on infant health and development.
Microbiome environmental shifts differ between two co-occurring octocoral hosts
Authors: Reigel AM , Hellberg ME
Published: August 2023

Corals harbor a complex suite of beneficial microbial symbionts. Shuffling the composition of these symbionts could, in theory, help the host withstand rapidly emerging or geographically varying stressors without requiring genetic change to the coral itself. The relative impact of host qualities on microbiome (bacteria) composition should provide insight into the extent that shifting microbial symbionts can play in resilience to environmental disturbance on reefs. We sought to assess the differences in microbiome composition across a large spatial scale (between Puerto Rico and Bonaire; >700 km apart) and in response to localized anthropogenic impacts in 2 co-occurring Caribbean soft corals (Eunicea flexuosa and Gorgonia ventalina) with well-documented differing degrees of population genetic differentiation. Host species was the strongest determinant of microbiome composition, with between-hosts distinction due largely to differences in the abundant genera Endozoicomonas and Mycoplasma. Interestingly, the microbiome of the more genetically subdivided G. ventalina showed stronger differentiation between islands and in response to local anthropogenic impacts than the less subdivided E. flexuosa. For both hosts, anthropogenic impacts on microbiome composition were stronger in Bonaire. Again, Endozoicomonas was responsible for much of the differentiation between and within islands and included host- and island-specific sequence variants. The level of intra-species microbiome variation mirrored the known geographic differentiation of their hosts, a trend that is consistent in the literature for 8 other coral species. Thus, while potentially adaptive bacteria may shuffle in response to environmental changes, our findings suggest that most changes to microbiomes are likely constrained by host genetics.
Civil-legal and other obligations: nature, essence, distinctive characteristics
Authors: Onishchenko Natalia
Published: August 2023

The article analyzes the category “obligations”. It is emphasized that in addition to civil legal obligations, it is expedient (after the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation into Ukraine) to consider (discuss) the existence of obligations that do not coincide with the above-mentioned content.

The full-scale invasion of the russian federation into Ukraine led to many destructions in various spheres of human life and infrastructural spheres of the state. Legal norms, institutions and principles take not the last place among such destructions, which include, first of all, the human right to peace, the right to life, a group of economic, personal, labor, political, etc. rights.

Apparently, it is difficult to name such a sphere that would not be affected by the above mentioned destructions. However, today we can and should also talk about the occurrence, appearance of new phenomena, including in the legal sphere, as well as new concepts (phenomena), legal least, representatives of the general theories of law. In particular, for the attention of scientists and all interested persons, we would like to present the following concept (phenomenon) of legal reality for discussion and debate. We would like to analyze the term (in the broadest sense) “obligations”, defining its nature, essence, signs and types. We will immediately note that we will consider the “usual” category of civil-law obligations and obligations that arise in the legal sphere (plane), but are not civil-law.

The purpose of the article is to emphasize the need to consider the possible separation of obligations that are “close” in nature and essence, but do not generally coincide with civil law obligations.

Among the problematic issues of modern legal development in the mentioned context, the greatest “specific weight” falls precisely on the study of civil legal obligations in the context of processes of recodification of civil legislation (N. Kuznetsova, O. Kot, E. Kharitonov, O. Kharitonova, Y. Shevchenko).

Summarizing, we will be able to conceive that today there are all grounds for a “broader”, different only from the established consideration of the nature and essence of the phenomenon of “obligations”, namely, in addition to the nature of civil legal obligations, it is possible to distinguish “obligations” that have a different nature and essence.

In no way pretending to revise the established civil canons, we invite you to a discussion on the specified obligations and to study their nature and essence.

Key words: obligations, principles of law, civil legal obligations, justice, reasonableness, good faith