bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Birds of Prey (Falconiformes, Accipitriformes) of Northern Eurasia in the Biological Tetranary Nomenclature
Authors:   Falcon Centre ", Pfander Pavel V. ,   Sunkar"
Published: January 2021

The main disadvantage of the generally accepted trinary system of around-species nomenclature is the lack of a species concept. This leads to the fact that any lower taxon can be declared a species or subspecies, and any combination of these taxa of arbitrary rank is correct and legitimate, by definition, and therefore cannot even be discussed. Ambiguity of the level of divergence of species creates a “species problem” and makes the question – species or subspecies – meaningless. The solution to the “species problem” can be the creation of a nomenclature system with a "own" species concept. The only concept whose criteria are objective (reproductive isolation and sympatry) and, more importantly, correspond to a certain level of divergence, and that have a biological meaning, is a biological species concept. However, the use of this concept is difficult due to the uncertainty of the degree of reproductive isolation. Therefore, a revised definition of a biological species (B-species) as a category of taxonomy is proposed – this is a level of divergence that provides reproductive isolation sufficient for sympatry (with other closely related forms). Accordingly, as a physical object, the B-species can be defined as a set of sister populations that are incapable to sympatry with each other. The level of B-species is very high, therefore, for forms intermediate between subspecies and B-species, an additional category is needed – a semi-species. Unlike subspecies, which differ only in size and color, a semi-species must have at least one of the following features: 1 – obvious differences in the preference for environmental conditions; 2 – a certain assortative mating with other semi-species; 3 – reduced fertility of hybrids; 4 – significant differences in morphology, physiology, behavior, etc.; 5 – the hybridization zone is relatively very narrow (parapatry). The taxonomy of birds of prey (Falconiformes, Accipitriformes) of Northern Eurasia is presented in a new (genus, B-species, semi-species, subspecies) system of categories and nomenclature.
Deaths of Birds of Prey on Overhead Power Lines Made of Aerial Bundled Cables in Western Kazakhstan
Authors:   Ecological Center “Dront”, Pestov Mark V. , Ongarbayev Nurlan V. ,   Dostyk Advisory LLC, Smelansky Ilya E. ,   Sibecocenter LLC, Denisov Dmitriy A. ,   Kerzhenskiy State Nature Reserve
Published: January 2021

Medium-capacity (6–20kV) overhead power lines made of aerial bundled cables (ABC) were inspected to identify deaths of birds of prey in western Kazakhstan in summer 2017 (Aktobe Province) and autumn2019 (Mangystau Province). The results show that the use of ABC in itself does not completely prevent deaths of birds. Birds die from electrocution caused by contact with lightning overvoltage protectors. The level of hazard to the birds depends on the design of such protectors. The conclusion was made that the safety of birds should be ensured when designing overhead power lines, including ABC lines. It is recommended to use primarily the lightning overvoltage protectors that ensure safety of birds.
The Contextualization of Ḥifẓ Al-'Irḍ on Hoax News (A Study on Imam Tājuddīn al-Subkī’s Maqāṣīd al-sharī’a)
Authors: Hamim Khairul , Supriadi Lalu
Published: January 2021

This study examines Tājuddīn al-Subkī’s concept of ḥifẓ al-‘irḍ, as an essential part of maqāṣīd al-sharī’a, and uses it to analyze hoax news. To limit this study, the authors focuse on two crucial aspects. First, what is the concept of ḥifẓ al-‘irḍ according to Imam Tājuddīn al-Subkī? Second, how to contextualize ḥifẓ al-‘irḍ in the contemporary time to approach hoax news? This library research uses content and critical analysis to Tājuddīn al-Subkī’s thoughts, which are contained the works written by himself and those written by scholars after him. This study argues that al-Subkī initiated the concept of ḥifẓ al-‘irḍ (maintaining honor). As an essential part of maqāṣīd al-sharī’a, ḥifẓ al-‘irḍ must be held in addition to five other main purposes, namely maintaining the soul, religion, reason, lineage, and treasure. According to al-Subkī, defending honor can be equated with keeping the lineage because the two have a close and robust relationship, especially when discussing adultery and qadhf/قذف (accusing people of committing adultery). The spread of hoaxes today is like qadhf in Islamic law. The hoax spread must be stopped because it causes damage to the life of society, nation, and state. Preventing injury and realizing benefits are at the core of maqāṣīd al-sharī’a.
Characterization of laser Doppler vibrometers using acousto-optic modulators
Authors: Gaitan Michael , Geist Jon , Reschovsky Benjamin J. , Chijioke Ako
Published: January 2021

We report on a new approach to characterize the performance of a laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV). The method uses two acousto-optic modulators (AOMs) to frequency shift the light from an LDV by a known quantity to create a synthetic velocity shift that is traceable to a frequency reference. Results are presented for discrete velocity shifts and for sinusoidal velocity shifts that would be equivalent to what would be observed in an ideal accelerometer vibration calibration. The method also enables the user to sweep the synthetic vibration excitation frequency to characterize the bandwidth of an LDV together with its associated electronics.
A low-acceleration measurement using anti-vibration table with low-frequency resonance
Authors: Shimoda T. , Kokuyama W. , Nozato H.
Published: January 2021

This manuscript describes how NMIJ isolates interferometer optics from the ground vibration for low-acceleration measurement by installing an anti-vibration table. Such a vibration isolation system is designed for an accelerometer calibration system to reduce vibration noise from the microtremor or from reaction of the vibration exciter. Mitigating the vibration of optics enables evaluation of accelerometers at small amplitudes, which is required in aerospace or infrastructure monitoring applications. In this manuscript, vibration transmissibility of the anti-vibration table is measured using a triaxial seismometer, and its benefit in the calibration system is discussed.
Evaluation and correction of systematic effects in a simultaneous 3-axis vibration calibration system
Authors: Prato A. , Mazzoleni F. , Schiavi A.
Published: January 2021

This paper presents a calibration method, recently realized at INRIM, suitable for the calibration of 3-axis accelerometers in frequency domain. The procedure, allows to simultaneously evaluate the main and transverse sensitivities on three axes by means of a single-axis vibration excitation of inclined planes. Nevertheless, the excitation system is subjected to spurious motions mainly due to the vibrational modes of the inclined planes and to the horizontal motions of the shaker. In order to provide the proper sensitivities to the 3-axis sensors, the evaluation of systematic effects is experimentally carried out and the related correction is proposed.
Interlaboratory comparison results of vibration transducers between TÜBITAK UME and Roketsan
Authors: Ön Aktan S. , Bilgiç E. , Yüksel I. Ahmet , Sönmez K. Berk , Veziroglu T. Kutay , Torun T.
Published: January 2021

This paper presents an interlaboratory comparison on vibration metrology field which can be used as a powerful method of checking the validity of results and measurement capabilities according to ISO 17025. In this standard it is advised to participate in an interlaboratory comparison or a proficiency test in order to prove measurement capabilities of calibration providers. In this study it is aimed to statistically evaluate the measurements results in the scope of sinusoidal acceleration between TÜBITAK UME (National Metrology Institute of Turkey) and Roketsan as per related International Standards. After statistical evaluation, for unsatisfactory results, root cause analyses and corrections to improve measurement quality are presented and conceptually explained.
The impact of cleaning weights before calibration
Authors: Müller-Schöll Christian
Published: January 2021

This paper investigates the necessity of cleaning weights before calibration. The conflict between cleaning a weight and breaking the history by cleaning is analyzed. Experience from many hundreds of calibrations with measurements before and after cleaning is reported and analyzed. It is concluded, that weights should be cleaned in order to reach a stable state but should also be calibrated before and after cleaning to gain information about metrological traceability and thus the validity of the results that were produced with the weights.
Simultaneous determination of mass and volume of a set of weights in group weighing
Authors: Wuethrich Ch. , Marti K.
Published: January 2021

This work introduces a new technique for the determination of mass and volume of a set of weights based on closed series (group weighing). A traditional closed series is repeated at two different air densities. A least squares set of equations, involving two Lagrange multipliers, is used to determine the mass and the volume of each weight simultaneously with a traceability on the mass and the volume of the reference weight.
Finite element analysis for the lectotype of the large electronic truck scale structure
Authors: Wei Tieping , Zhou Xingyang , Yang Xiaoxiang , Yao Jinhui
Published: January 2021

The stiffness of truck scales is the main influence factor on its measurement accuracy. Three kinds of SCS-100T large electronic truck scales are different in size arrangement of U-beam. Based on the finite element method, the models of the truck scales were established. The stiffness and strength of the scales were compared on account of the analysis results. The results show that U-beam arrangement of the low at both ends but high in the middle structure for the truck scale not only can save material but also meet the requirement of stiffness. Simulation analysis provides the theoretical basis for the structural design of truck scales.
Vibration analysis of the oscillation support of column load cells in low speed axle-group weigh-in-motion system
Authors: Lai Zhengchuang , Yang Xiaoxiang , Yao Jinhui
Published: January 2021

Under the condition of dynamic weighing, the support types of the column load cells can be divided into elastic support and oscillation support. The weighing system with oscillation support shows significant vibration characteristics, which affects the weighing accuracy and the fatigue life of the load sensor. In this paper, the dynamic characteristics of the oscillation supporting column load cell in low speed axle-group weigh-in-motion system are analysed. It is found that the restoring force of the oscillation support is approximately proportional to the oscillation angle and the applied vertical load. The dynamic equation of the oscillation support vibration of the column load cells established by means of d’Alembert principle. The numerical calculations of the dynamic response of the weighing system with oscillation support are carried out in the free state and dynamic weighing state respectively. The factors affecting the amplitude and recovery time of the support vibration are obtained. This study provides a reference for the analysis of the dynamic weighing accuracy.
Basic design of a new multicomponent standard machine and proposal for a definition of the nominal loads
Authors: Schwind D. , Eller M. , Kolwinski U.
Published: January 2021

The increasing demand in industry for calibrated multicomponent measuring, especially with mixed loads, supports the necessary development for the next level of Multicomponent Standard Machines. Our next step is a flexible machine, which ensures an automatic force and moment generation for realistic load situations. The multicomponent measuring in realistic load situations improves test results, assures comparability to application and reduces time expenses in calibration. This paper deals with definition of the capacity of the main components of the new machine type and its possibilities for realistic applications.
Intercomparison between deadweight machines in China and UK up to 1 MN
Authors: Lin Shuo , Knott A. , Chi Hui , Li Shixin , Tang Yun
Published: January 2021

This paper describes a tripartite comparison at forces of 250 kN, 500 kN, and 1 MN between deadweight force standard machines located at FJIM (China), NIMTT (China), and NPL (UK). Two different transfer standards were used, and the results demonstrated good agreement between the three machines, with En values of significantly lower magnitude than one.
Investigations on nonlinear deformation phenomena in a force calibration system
Authors: Wang Y. , Rogge N. , Vasilyan S. , Fröhlich T.
Published: January 2021

Previous investigations show, in force calibration and measurement systems that are based on electromagnetic force compensation (EMFC), deformations of the flexure hinges can cause significant contributions to the uncertainty of the system. A Simulink model of the Planck-Balance 2 (PB2) is established in MATLAB according to the CAD model.
The results are compared to simplified analytical models and the results obtained from measurement.
Study on alignment test based on ASTM E1012 and Chinese guideline
Authors: Zhao Xiaobing , Li Wansheng , Fei Minghui , Zheng Xiaolan , Huang William
Published: January 2021

This paper describes the study about alignment test on testing machine. It is based on the standards of ASTM E1012-14 (Standard Practice for Verification of Testing Frame and Specimen Alignment Under Tensile and Compressive Axial Force Application) and Chinese calibration guideline. The strain-gauge specimens of ASTM and reference extensometer of Chinese guideline were both tested on one testing machine. The test results were analyzed and compared. The traceability about both methods were also discussed. Meanwhile the amplifier was calibrated before test. It is the first time in China to performance this comparison test.
Multi-component measurement of grinding force during high speed internal thread grinding
Authors: Zhang Z. , Li B. , Shi W. , Huang Y.
Published: January 2021

Experiments of internal thread grinding and flat groove grinding show that grinding efficiency and quality can be significantly improved by increasing the wheel speed. According to the characteristics of internal thread grinding and flat groove grinding, the grinding force measurement experiment is designed. The equivalent substitution method is used to compare with the Grinding Force per Unit Area in surface grinding test under the same conditions. The experimental results show that the measurement error of Grinding Force per Unit Area is less than 25 %.
Calibration procedures for torque measuring devices by using a reference type torque calibration machine at NMIJ
Authors: Kiuchi M. , Nishino A. , Ogushi K.
Published: January 2021

NMIJ / AIST has been disseminating the national torque standard to Japanese industry by using deadweight type torque standard machines (DWTSMs). In general, DWTSMs can generate more precise torque than other types of TSMs. On the other hand, the calibration takes much longer time than others. One possible solution is to use a reference type torque calibration machine (RTCM). RTCMs have been developed in some national metrology institutes (NMIs). We have started the development of the first RTCM in the range of 100 mN · m to 10 N · m. In this study, we developed the automatic calibration system of the RTCM and investigated the calibration procedures for a low nominal capacity torque measuring device (TMD). It was found that the calibration could be realised by the RTCM, compared with the reliable DWTSM of rated capacity of 10 N · m at NMIJ.
The testing evaluation of several digital torque wrenches by using a torque wrench tester
Authors: Ogushi K.
Published: January 2021

Hand torque wrenches (HTWs) with electrical indicating devices (Type I, Class B defined in ISO 6789-1:2017; called “digital torque wrenches”) manufactured by several manufacturers were tested and evaluated. The digital torque wrench is the most accurate in all types of HTWs in general. The reference standard was a torque wrench tester (TWT) with a rated capacity of 50 N · m. This TWT has been calibrated by using a traceable reference torque wrench (RTW). Testing results are described with some characteristics.
On the regression of sensitivity characteristics of torque transducers
Authors: Brüge A.
Published: January 2021

A new method to estimate the influence of regression on the measurement uncertainty for the calibration of torque transducers will be presented in the following. This method is based on Monte Carlo simulations and on sampling calibration results. In some cases, the uncertainty contributions of regression thus obtained are considerably higher than those yielded by estimates according to widely accepted methods. The differences between the methods will be discussed and suggestions for simplified estimates within the scope of the new method will be made.
Validation of combinatorial evaluation of strain-gauge amplifier linearity
Authors: Hiti M.
Published: January 2021

This paper describes a validation of a combinatorial calibration technique based calibration procedure for strain-gauge amplifier calibration. The deviation between two strain-gauge amplifiers at calibration using the combinatorial technique is compared to the deviation between the same two amplifiers at calibration on a force calibration machine as a transducer-amplifier chain under unchanged conditions, serving as an amplifier linearity comparator. This enables the validation to be confirmed with a suitable expanded measurement uncertainty of 3 nV/V.
A practical approach to evaluate the measurement uncertainty budget for calibration of strain gauge based high-precision carrier frequency amplifiers
Authors: Schäck Marco M.
Published: January 2021

For high-precision measurements of strain gauge-based transducers, 225 Hz carrier frequency measuring amplifiers are primarily used. The benefits of this carrier frequency method were discussed in previous publications. This publication shows the measurement uncertainty that can be achieved by calibrating an amplifier based on this method. Possibilities for improving the measurement uncertainty and the physical limit from the user's point of view are shown.
Design of fully automatic calibration machine for reference block based on machine vision
Authors: Xiang Ren , JinYu Lu , Zecheng Tao
Published: January 2021

In order to solve the problems of the existing standard Brinell hardness machine such as low automation, the time-consuming indentation measurement and the human influence in indentation measurement, a calibration machine for reference block was designed. It shows that this machine can reduce the influence of the temperature difference between the hardness block and the measurement platform; it eliminates the time for the indentation measuring system to find the indentation and juxtapose it with the centre of the field of view and implements fully Brinell hardness automatic calibration.
GUM’s Rockwell hardness standard machines after modernization
Authors: Fidelus J. D. , Kozuchowski M.
Published: January 2021

This article describes two twin deadweight-type Rockwell hardness standard machines (HSMs – HSM-S02 and HSM-NT) of GUM after modernization. A new control system for the station with database, a hydraulic pump, a displacement measuring system and an application enabling the operator to operate the measuring station are described. The adjustment process of the HSM-S02 with entering automatic compensation (correction) enabling the improvement of the measured result in real time is presented.
CCM pilot study overview: geometrical measurement of the Rockwell diamond indenter
Authors: Machado R. R. , Low S. , Germak A.
Published: January 2021

This paper describes an overview of the capability of the NMIs that participated on the CCM Pilot Study measurement systems, conducted by the CIPM/CCM/Working Group on Hardness, to characterize the Rockwell hardness diamond indenter geometry, by measuring the included cone angle, the straightness of the generatrix, the spherical tip radius, the deviation of the local radius and the tilt angle.
Nine NMIs took part in this study: INMETRO (Brazil); INRiM (Italy); KRISS (South Korea); NIM/PR (China); NIMT (Thailand); NIST (USA); PTB (Germany); TUBITAK UME (Turkey); VNIIFTRI (Russia), where INMETRO (Brazil) served as pilot laboratory.
Errors in the Vickers diagonal length measurement caused by different designs of microscopes
Authors: Takagi S. , Tanaka Y. , Seino Y.
Published: January 2021

The errors in the Vickers diagonal length measurement are discussed from the point of view of the design of microscope. Effects of the numerical aperture (NA) of an objective lens are evaluated through the experiment. With smaller NA, the resolving power of the microscope gets worse and the depth of focus gets deeper as predicted Rayleigh’s criterion. The relationship between the repeatability of diagonal length and the objective NA follows the theory. In addition, the variation of NA relates the measured diagonal length. Those effects are much significant than the image resolution or the minimum count of a measuring system.
Verification of radial displacement correction effect in instrumented indentation testing
Authors: Tanaka Y. , Seino Y. , Hattori K.
Published: January 2021

The radial displacement had been ignored in the analysis of unloading curve of instrumented indentation test. There are two representative methods of radial displacement correction, proposed by Hay et al. [J. Mater. Res., 14, 2296, (1999)] and Chudoba-Jennett [J. Phys. D, 41, 215407, (2008)]. In this study, we examine the effect of radial displacement corrections in finite element analysis and experiments.
Diaphragmless shock tube for primary dynamic calibration of pressure meters
Authors: Svete A. , Kutin J.
Published: January 2021

In conventional shock tubes with a diaphragm many effects related to the burst of the diaphragm can influence the shock formation and thus prevent an ideal pressure step change predicted by the shock tube measurement model being generated. This paper presents a newly developed diaphragmless shock tube, in which a diaphragm is replaced with a quick-acting pneumatic valve. The developed shock tube has a capability to generate pressure steps calculable from its measurement model with a relative expanded uncertainty of less than 0.025, which can be used as the input signal in primary calibrations of pressure meters.
Connecting volume effects on dynamics of pneumatic pressure measurement systems
Authors: Kutin J. , Svete A.
Published: January 2021

The pressure sensors are often placed at a certain distance from the measured object. Beside the properties of the transmission fluid, dynamic characteristics of such a measurement system depends on the geometry and dimensions of the connecting elements. So far made research works have shown that the internal volume of the pressure sensor can have a large influence on the dynamic response. This paper is focused on theoretical analysis of the effects of the sensor volume on characteristic parameters of both the frequency and the time response of the system under discussion with a gas medium.
Progress in development of an interferometric oil manometer
Authors: Ehlers S. , Sabuga W.
Published: January 2021

At PTB, a new interferometric oil manometer for the measurement of pressures below 2 kPa, is in development. This paper describes how the main quantities, length and liquid density, are determined, both in-situ, the latter for the first time in a primary pressure standard. The key features of both methods are presented.
Volume calibration using a comparison method with a transfer leak flow rate
Authors: Boineau F. , Plimmer M. D. , Mahé E.
Published: January 2021

This paper describes a volume comparison method carried out under a fine/rough vacuum using a small transfer flow rate from a capillary leak artefact. This method is suitable for volumes of vessels with complex shapes such as tubing arrangements equipped with various pneumatic parts (valves, gauges …), sample volumes, etc. The calibration, based on pressure rise measurements performed with a constant-volume flowmeter set-up, exhibits a standard relative uncertainty between 0.03 % and 2 % for volumes ranging from 1 to 3000 cm³, which is only about one order of magnitude higher than capabilities of the gravimetric volume calibration.
Labor feat of women in the rear during the Great Patriotic War (1941—1945) (Case study of the Ivanovo region)
Authors:   Ivanovo State University, Khasbulatova Olga , Okolotin Vladimir
Published: January 2021

The article is devoted to the labor feat of women during the Great Patriotic War. Based on extensive factual material and archival sources, it is shown that women employed in the textile and clothing industry of Ivanovo region, in difficult wartime conditions, played a major role in the clothing of the active army. They showed true heroism, donated blood, took care of wounded soldiers in hospitals, and nurtured children. The authors emphasize that this historical example of women’s resilience once again crosses out the myth of the weak sex, actualizes their role as a subject of social progress
Symbolic boundaries in the politics of Soviet identity: gender dimension (On the materials on the Great Patriotic War’s cinema)
Authors: Riabov Oleg
Published: January 2021

Using the boundary approach, the paper dwells upon the role of gender discourse in politics of the Soviet identity in the time of the Great Patriotic War. In the beginning, it discusses what role symbolic boundaries created with help of gender discourse play in politics of identity. Then, the essential traits of politics of Soviet identity are examined on the material of the film “Circus” (1936). Finally, the paper focuses on utilizing the gender discourse by cinema of the Great Patriotic War. It investigates how the films used the representations of femininity in such directions of the politics of the Soviet identity as producing the images of “us” and forming the feeling of belonging to the political community; providing the national unity through weakening internal symbolic boundaries; strengthening external symbolic boundaries and forming negative identity through constructing the images of “them” — the women of Nazi Germany. The author comes to the conclusion that the boundary approach has significant heuristic potential and may be employed in Gender Studies.
30 years of Russian gender studies: retrospective and perspectives
Authors: Khotkina Zoya
Published: January 2021

A retrospective analysis of the thirty-year period (1990—2020) of the formation and development of Russian gender studies is presented, in which identified are three conditional stages, characterized by the originality of the tasks solved and the results achieved, as well as the influence of external contextual factors: the first stage — the period of formation and institutionalization of gender studies in the Russian Academy and higher school, which received in the scientific literature on gender studies the name “gender 90s”, as a reflection of the rapid start of a new scientific direction in the 90s of the XX c.; the second stage — the inclusion of gender studies in the Russian context through the understanding and analysis of Russian material and problems. This stage covers the first decade of the XXI c. (2000—2009), and can be conditionally designated as the period of “transition of quantity into qualityˮ; the third stage — the development of gender in the digital age is associated with the continuation of Russian gender studies in context of digitalization and the emergence of a network society, as the main challenges of the last decade of the XXI c. (2010—2020). Special attention in the article is paid to the modern period, in which the fundamental ideas of gender equality began to be reflected in the changing Russian legislation: in 2018, the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation reduces the list and types of work professions prohibited for women from 456 to 100. This is the result of many years of demand from both international and Russian women’s organizations and researchers. 2019 — Russia has resumed work on preparations for the adoption of the federal law “On the fundamentals of the system of prevention of family (domestic) violence in the Russian Federation”. More than 900 thousand people signed a petition on the adoption of the law posted on Runet, while opponents of the law collected only 19 thousand signatures. The article presents the results and outlines promising directions of Russian gender studies, including those related to the emergence of a virtual gender space on the Internet.
Combination of professional and parental labor in assessments of Ural women: objective and subjective barriers
Authors: Bagirova Anna , Blednova Natalia
Published: January 2021

The article considers the problem of combining two types of labor activity — professional and parental labor. The aim of the research is to identify objective and subjective barriers for combination of these two labor spheres. We focus on specific elements of the organization of labor of working mothers (length of the working week and working day, time of the start and the end of work, alternation of work and days off, leave period, form of work organization) and on identifying subjective barriers that prevent the effective combination of professional and parental labor. We conducted an online survey of 265 women aged 18 to 45 working in various organizations in the Sverdlovsk region. We analyzed the data using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and group comparison based on nonparametric criteria. The results of the study are as follows: the length of the working day, as well as the time of its beginning and end, act as objective barriers to combining professional and parental work for Ural women. The subjective barriers preventing the effective combination of professional and parental work for Ural women are stereotypes of employers and colleagues who do not have children, based on the perception of the low efficiency of professional activities of workers with children, the negative impact of children on the implementation of professional work and the professional career of parents, misunderstanding of the advantages that children give to workers with children in the process of their professional work. The presence of such subjective barriers often entails refusals in employment of subjects of parental labor, a deterioration in the attitude of the employers towards them, and increases the likelihood of going on unpaid leave.
Social and mental health of older women in the context of the strategy of people’s conservation: new objectives of social work
Authors: Anikeeva Olga , Fomina Svetlana , Shimanovskaya Yanina
Published: January 2021

The National Saving Strategy in the Russian Federation is one of the main state social policy documents. It can be implemented in various ways, in particular, by increasing the life expectancy of the older generation. Ageing Concepts and gender characteristics of the ageing process, analyzed in this article, a discourse analysis of social practices in the formation of older women social and mental health made it possible to highlight the typology of the main social problems of this socio-age group. The social work experience with older women and new approaches in this work summarized in the article. The discourse analysis made it possible to conduct a frontal study of various aspects of the older women problems, the conditions for ensuring their social and mental health, to show new tasks of social work practice in solving the demographic problems of modern Russia.
Gender features of mortality from HIV infection
Authors: Ivanova Alla
Published: January 2021

The aim of the study is to establish the gender characteristics of mortality from HIV infection, as well as to identify the socio-demographic context of the more negative dynamics of mortality among women. We used data from the official statistics on mortality from Rosstat, as well as information from the information system on deaths in Moscow (RFS-UMIAS), which is based on data from medical death certificates issued by medical organizations of the Moscow Department of Health. It was found that the sources of more negative dynamics of female mortality are not related to their socio-demographic status, but are determined by other factors. The socio-demographic portrait of those who died from HIV is gender neutral, showing no significant differences between men and women in terms of education, or the frequency of unemployment, or the prevalence of loneliness due to lack of family. The regional vector of HIV mortality in men and women also coincides.
Cognitive Humility and Scientific Progress
Authors:   Interregional Non-Governmental Organization “Russian Society for History and Philosophy of Science, Stoliarova Olga E.
Published: January 2021

What is cognitive (scientific) humility? Is it a virtue or vice? We consider the manifestations of cognitive humility highlighted by I.T. Kasavin, placing them in two contexts – normal science and revolutionary science. Such cognitive virtues as the search for justification, knowledge as confidence (knowledge through testimony), recognition of the limitations of knowledge, and selflessness can work to the benefit of both normal and revolutionary science. The victorious scientific paradigm retroactively justifies its creators, turning them into knights without fear and reproach. Accordingly, the losing scientific paradigm in many respects devalues the virtues of those who advocated it. We come to the conclu­sion that a positive or negative assessment of the facts of cognitive humility de­pends on our attitude to the “norm” and “revolution”, on our interpretation of progress. We also raise the question of whether the virtues of cognitive humility described by I.T. Kasavin can be attributed to T. Kuhn. From an outside histori­cal observer, Kun cannot be denied the cognitive virtues that Kasavin associates with normal science. Despite this, Kuhn made a revolution in socio-humanitarian thought and jointed the ranks of “revolutionary” scientists. This means that man­ifestations of cognitive humility fit as easily into the context of the “revolution” as into the context of the “norm” and are retrospectively evaluated both posi­tively and negatively depending on our preferences.
No Luck, no Success, but Pure Knowledge: on the Ideals of Virtue Epistemology
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kostina Alina O.
Published: January 2021

The author relies on the ideas expressed by I.T. Kasavin in his work Paradigm as an Ethics of Humility, in particular – on the proposed concept of the “paradigm of humility”. This article suggests that Scientific activity is based on the ideals of rationality. Herewith, the main measure of accomplishments is success. A num­ber of scientists acknowledge contingency of the process, where‘lucky coinci­dences’ factor in significantly. This leads to a number of questions about stability of scientific processes as well as their results. Moreover, it questions the role of a scientist as cognitive agent. The author emphasizes that virtue epistemology is one of multiple scientific areas, which makes an attempt to cover these issues. The field of research combines epistemology and ethics in the effort of generat­ing new solutions to the given problems. Operating with ethical categories along with improving normative basis of epistemology are the main two driving forces of the process. Based on the issues highlighted above, the article presents an at­tempt of in-depth examination of the views on scientific and testimonial knowl­edge (seeing the latter as a case of the former) and success given by such re­searchers as J. Greco, L. Zagzebski, N. Sherman.
International Congress of Philosophy as a Self-Consciousness of Philosophy
Authors:   Far Eastern Federal University, Azhimov Felix E.
Published: January 2021

The author suggests rethinking the institutional status of philosophy in the con­text of the analysis of International philosophical congresses as collective forms of expression of thought. It is stated that communication platforms for philo­sophical debates such as seminars, conferences, congresses, etc. largely deter­mine the content of philosophical knowledge, therefore it is impossible to raise the question of “pure” philosophy, free from the sphere of conversation (Tatiana G. Shchedrina), in which philosophy is produced as an event. Science and phi­losophy as communicative phenomena require collective forms of work. Scien­tific communities are an indispensable attribute of the existence of science, just like philosophy is the presence of a philosophical school, college, lyceum, acad­emy. Even if science and philosophy are done “armchairly”, then the “armchair” format also presupposes a communication platform, a network of communica­tion between different authors. In this sense, any conferences, congresses, and round tables – with a successful coincidence of academic circumstances – be­come not just a continuation of philosophy but also a direct part. On them, not only and not so much the “philosophical result” is presented, but the process of philosophizing is going on. This indisputable significance of World congresses as collective forms of philosophy and as its self-consciousness was recorded by the famous Russian logician N.A. Vasiliev when he was thinking about the re­sults of the Third World Congress of Philosophy.
Criticism of Hegel’s Philosophy in the Heritage of Philosophy Teachers Moscow Theological Academy of the 19th Century
Authors:   Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Kotsiuba Viacheslav I.
Published: January 2021

Based on student diaries and correspondence, the article examines the attitude to Hegel’s philosophy at the Moscow Theological Academy in the first half of the 19th century. Critical remarks to the teachings of Hegel by the professor of philosophy at the Moscow Academy of Sciences Feodor A. Golubinsky: the ab­sence of a logical connection between the previous and the next in the derivation of categories, the pantheistic identification of the infinite Absolute and finite things, the erasure of the ontological border between the Divine mind and the hu­man. There is a connection between the criticism of Golubinsky and the criticism of Hegel by Jacobi, about whom Golubinsky spoke with praise, in this regard, the question of Hegel’s Spinoism, the style of his writings in comparison with the style of philosophical works of the Wolffian tradition, is highlighted. Further, the article presents criticism of Hegel in the writings of a student of Golubinsky and his successor in the philosophy department of the Moscow Academy of Sci­ences Viktor D. Kudryavtsev-Platonov. The basis of this criticism is noted in the principles of philosophy of Kudryavtsev-Platonov himself, convinced of the im­possibility of knowing reality by pure deduction. The article reveals the use by Kudryavtsev-Platonov of the critical argumentation of Trendeleburg: from the very beginning Hegel implicitly introduces the concepts of motion and time taken from experience into the dialectical process. In the final part of the article, the criti­cism of the Hegelian doctrine of the Absolute in the philosophy of religion of Kudryavtsev-Platonov is analyzed, following Golubinsky who classifies Hegel as a representative of pantheism. The difference in the understanding of panthe­ism by Hegel and Kudryavtsev-Platonov is shown, the thesis of the latter about the inconsistency of Hegel’s teaching with theistic ideas about God as perfect and separated from the world is considered.
The Great Patriotic War Through the Eyes of the Russian Philosophical Emigration: S.L. Frank and B.B. Becker
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tsygankov Alexander S.
Published: January 2021

The article provides a historical and philosophical analysis of various ways of per­ceiving the Great Patriotic War, which are sealed in the heritage of the two Russian thinkers immigrants – Semen Frank (1877‒1950) and Bruno Becker (1885‒1968). Based on the creative and epistolary heritage of Becker and Frank, which is cur­rently stored in various American and European archives, their positions are recon­structed in relation to the main participants in the military confrontation of the last century, as well as the internal logic of these positions are revealed, which was due to both biographical circumstances and worldviews of both thinkers. In many ways Becker’s position seems to be exceptional, not only he saw the danger posed by the new political regime in Germany earlier than many other Russian emigrant philo­sophers, including Frank, but also he tried to resist this by public and charitable activities in the Netherlands in the prewar and wartime periods.
The Problem of Relation Between Essence (Essentia) and Existence (Existentia) in Heidegers’s Interpretation of F. Suarez
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Marchukova Ekaterina S.
Published: January 2021

The article is devoted to studying the problem of the relationship between essence and existence – one of the most important problems of medieval philo­sophy and at the same time one of the basic problem lines of M. Heidegger’s “fundamental ontology”. The author aims to reveal why it was so important for Heidegger to note the scholastic difference of essence and existence; why he ap­peals to and how he works with the texts of medieval thinkers what he pays spe­cial attention to and what conclusions comes to. Heidegger’s work focuses on F. Suarez’s treatise “Disputationes metaphysicae”. In his lecture course “Die Grundprobleme der Phänomenologie” Heidegger circumstantially and in detail analyses the thesis of medieval ontology about the relationship between essence and existence, paying particular attention to Suarez XXXI “Disputationes meta­physicae”. These works have served as the main source for this article. Analysing Heidegger’s reading of the Suarez’ text and its use in Heidegger’s on­tological constructions, the author comes to conclusion that Suarez’s and his forerunners’ reasoning could provide Heidegger with support in developing phe­nomenological ontology. The article shows that a comparison of F. Suares’ XXXI “Disputationes metaphysicae” with Heidegger’s Marburg lectures can help resolve the issue of to what extent new interpretations of medieval ap­proaches to the relationship between essence and existence have opened up the horizons for Heidegger’s radical ontological research.
“Civilization” and Civilizational Evolution of Russia
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Granin Yury D.
Published: January 2021

The article analyzes the problem of productivity of using a civilizational ap­proach to the analysis of the current state of Russia and its history. The content of the term “civilization” is discussed. The necessity of understanding civili­zation in two modes of implementation is proved: as a process and as a state. “Civilization” is interpreted by the author as an interdisciplinary category to de­note the diversity of cultural and historical types of development of economi­cally and politically connected large communities of people and/or their aggre­gates (communities), subjectively and symbolically integrated into a relatively unified whole through historical and social imagination, cultural meanings, val­ues and norms that serve as the cause, purpose and basis for the organization and functioning of these communities. This definition is concretized by revealing the dialectics of the relationship of social, cultural, cognitive and institutional components of “civilization” using the example of Russia in the historical range from Kievan Rus to the modern Russian Federation. The most important institu­tional factors in the formation and development of civilizations, their interaction and expansion over long distances were “universal States” – “kingdoms” and “empires”. Studying the formation and development of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, the Russian Empire and the USSR, the author comes to the conclusion that historically these political forms had several civilizational embodiments.
Philosophical Encyclopedia 1960‒1970s. Conversation of I.O. Shchedrina and V.A. Lektorsky
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lektorsky Vladislav A. , Shchedrina Irina O. ,   National Research University Higher School of Economics
Published: January 2021

Conversation of editor of the journal Voprosy Filosofii I.O. Shchedrina with Full Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor, Main Research Fellow at the Institute of Philosophy RAS, V.A. Lektorsky on the history of the creation of the Philosophical Encyclopedia (1960‒1970), on the formation of a profes­sional philosophical community in Russia, on the features of encyclopedic texts on philosophy, and a new project of the electronic Philosophical Encyclopedia.
Friendship As a Metaphysical Experience
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Sineokaya Yulia V.
Published: January 2021

The author focuses on a philosophical tradition born from a friendly dialogue. To understand the development and specificity of philosophical concepts, it is important to study the interpersonal, existential communication of authors within small philosophical communities and groups. The author considers friendly com­munication among the most essential interpersonal existential communications for the philosophical tradition. The trajectory of understanding friendship as the basic structure of human existence was set for centuries by Aristotle and Ci­cero. Since Montaigne, friendly communication has been seen as the source of philosophizing. Transcending the anthropological approach, Heidegger linked the phenomenon of friendship with the question of being. The article presents the phenomenon of friendship as an experience of voluntary freedom that makes a person. Friendship is understood as filia – love that gives a person integrity, making him/her what the person cannot be without his/her circle of friends. Phi­losophy as the “voice of a friend” was considered by La Boétie, Nietzsche, Flo­rensky, Heidegger, and Fédier. Montaigne put debt of such friendship above civil duty and love passion, Lessing thought it possible to sacrifice truth for the sake of such friendship, Hannah Arendt gave preference to such friendship over brotherhood and comradeship. The article shows that the art of philosophizing is largely determined by intellectual generosity, talent for friendly communication. Being engaged in philosophy implies listening, discussion, argument, mutual ex­change of intuitions, reasoned expression of disagreement.
Facing Historical Challenges: the Work of Soviet Philosophers During the Great Patriotic War
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernyaev Anatoly V.
Published: January 2021

The Great Patriotic War was a decisive challenge not only for the military power and material and technical base of our country, but also for its spiritual, cultural and ideological foundations. Many Russian philosophers became participants in the hos­tilities, but the role of philosophers who continued scientific work was no less im­portant, the plans of which were adjusted and aimed at implementing projects re­lated to the strengthening of patriotism, the development of national identity, the revival of the classical forms of science and culture, consistent with historical heritage of Russia. This scientific work was in the context of the socio-cultural and spiritual processes that intensified in the USSR during the war and responded to the tasks of strengthening defense capability and the formation of a new socio-state identity. The main undertakings implemented in this connection by the Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences were the development of the history of Russian philosophical thought and the creation of a new textbook of formal logic. These areas of research activity have shown their relevance in the light of the chal­lenges of wartime and prospects in terms of the long-term development of science.