bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MRI quantitative susceptibility mapping of the substantia nigra as an early biomarker for Lewy body disease
Authors: Chen Qin , Boeve Bradley F. , Forghanian‐Arani Arvin , Senjem Matthew L. , Jack Clifford R. , Przybelski Scott A. , Lesnick Timothy G. , Kremers Walter K. , Fields Julie A. , Schwarz Christopher G. , Gunter Jeffrey L. , Trzasko Joshua D. , Graff‐Radford Jonathan , Savica Rodolfo , Knopman David S. , Dickson Dennis W. , Ferman Tanis J. , Graff‐Radford Neill , Petersen Ronald C. , Kantarci Kejal
Published: May 2021

Background and Purpose

Neurodegeneration of the substantia nigra in Lewy body disease is associated with iron deposition, which increases the magnetic susceptibility of the substantia nigra on MRI. Our objective was to measure iron deposition in the substantia nigra in patients with probable dementia with Lewy bodies (pDLB) and patients who are at risk for pDLB by quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM).

Methods

Participants included pDLB (n = 36), mild cognitive impairment with at least one core feature of DLB (MCI‐LB; n = 15), idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD; n = 11), and an age‐and gender‐matched clinically unimpaired control group (n = 102). QSM was derived from multi‐echo 3D gradient recalled echo MRI at 3T, and groups were compared on mean susceptibility values of the substantia nigra and its relation to parkinsonism severity.

Results

Patients with pDLB had higher susceptibility in the substantia nigra compared to controls (p< 0.001) and MCI‐LB (p = 0.043). The susceptibility of substantia nigra showed an increasing trend from controls to iRBD and MCI‐LB, and to pDLB (p< 0.001). Parkinsonism severity was not associated with the mean susceptibility in the substantia nigra in the patient groups.

Conclusions

Our data suggested that QSM is sensitive to the increased magnetic susceptibility due to higher iron content in the substantia nigra in pDLB. The trend of increasing susceptibility from controls to iRBD and MCI‐LB, and to pDLB suggests that iron deposition in the substantia nigra starts to increase as early as the prodromal stage in DLB and continues to increase as the disease progresses, independent of parkinsonism severity.
Limited implication of initial bone scintigraphy on long‐term condylar bone change in temporomandibular disorders—Comparison with cone beam computed tomography at 1 year
Authors: Jo Jung Hwan , Bae Sungwoo , Gil Joonhyung , Oh Dongkyu , Park Seoeun , Cheon Gi Jeong , Park Ji Woon
Published: May 2021

Background

The current diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (TMD) do not require imaging for the diagnosis of degenerative joint disease (DJD) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) condyle, and there is a lack of data investigating the effectiveness of imaging modalities in predicting long‐term TMJ DJD prognosis.

Objectives

To verify the association between initial bone scintigraphy results and long‐term DJD bone changes occurring in the TMJ condyle on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).

Methods

Initial bone scintigraphy, panoramic radiography and CBCT results were analysed in relation to long‐term (12 months) TMJ DJD bone change on CBCTs in 55 TMD patients (110 joints). Clinical and radiographic indices were statistically analysed among three groups (improved, no change, and worsened) based on long‐term TMJ DJD prognosis calculated by destructive change index (DCI).

Results

Neither the uptake ratio nor visual assessment results from initial bone scintigraphy showed a significant difference according to long‐term condylar bone change groups. The cut‐off value of bone scintigraphy uptake ratio was 2.53 for long‐term worsening of TMJ DJD. Worsening of TMJ DJD was significantly associated with the diagnosis based on panoramic radiography (p = .011) and CBCT (p < .001). Initial DCI (β = −.291, p = .046) had a significant association with long‐term worsening of TMJ DJD.

Conclusion

Initial bone scintigraphy results did not show sufficiently close associations with long‐term TMJ DJD prognosis. This should be considered in the selection process of imaging modalities for TMJ DJD patients. Future studies are needed to develop prognostic indices that comprise both clinical and imaging contents for improved predictive ability.
The 1‐year continuation rate and discontinuation factors of vibegron and mirabegron: A retrospective comparative study in a rehabilitation hospital in Japan
Authors: Mukai Shigeto , Nomi Masashi , Yamada Shogo , Yanagiuchi Akihiro , Sengoku Atsushi
Published: May 2021

Objectives

To compare the 1‐year continuation rate and discontinuation factors between vibegron and mirabegron in patients with neurogenic and nonneurogenic overactive bladder.

Methods

Continuation or discontinuation of the target drugs and reasons for discontinuation as well as patients' grounds and adverse effects were evaluated retrospectively from the medical records between September 2018 and December 2020. After selecting patients according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 180 cases taking mirabegron and 132 taking vibegron were adjusted for intergroup variability by propensity score matching. We performed Cox proportional hazards regression for the 1‐year continuation rate and Fine‐Gray proportional hazards regression for the 1‐year cumulative incidence of discontinuation events. Subgroup analysis was also performed for the background factors related to the 1‐year continuation rate.

Results

The 1‐year continuation rate was 83.8% for vibegron and 58.2% for mirabegron, and the hazard ratio was 0.32 (95% CI: 0.18‐0.57, P < .001) as for an incidence of discontinuation events of vibegron against mirabegron. The incidence of discontinuation due to an inadequate efficacy was 8.7% for vibegron and 29.1% for mirabegron, and similarly the hazard ratio was 0.26 (95% CI: 0.12‐0.55, P < .001). The subgroup analysis indicated a similar tendency in each subgroup except for that of catheterization, and there was no significant interaction between the groups.

Conclusions

It is suggested that vibegron is superior to mirabegron in the continuity of administration in neurogenic and nonneurogenic overactive bladder populations without catheterization with fewer discontinuations due to inadequate efficacy.
Taxon sampling and alternative hypotheses of relationships in the euphyllophyte plexus that gave rise to seed plants: insights from an Early Devonian radiatopsid
Authors: Toledo Selin , Bippus Alexander C. , Atkinson Brian A. , Bronson Allison W. , Tomescu Alexandru M. F.
Published: May 2021

An abrupt transition in the fossil record separates Early Devonian euphyllophytes with a simple structure from a broad diversity of structurally complex Middle–Late Devonian plants. Morphological evolution and phylogeny across this transition are poorly understood due to incomplete sampling of the fossil record. We document a new Early Devonian radiatopsid and integrate it in analyses addressing euphyllophyte relationships.

Anatomically preserved Emsian fossils (402–394 Ma) from the Battery Point Formation (Gaspé, Quebec, Canada) are studied in serial sections. The phylogenetic analysis is based on a matrix of 31 taxa and 50 characters emphasising vegetative morphology (41 discrete, nine continuous).

The new plant, Kenrickia bivena gen. et sp. nov., is one of very few structurally complex euphyllophytes documented in the Early Devonian. Inclusion of Kenrickia overturns previously established phylogenetic relationships among Radiatopses, reiterating the need for increased density of Early Devonian taxon sampling. Kenrickia is recovered as the sister lineage to all other radiatopsids, a clade in which paraphyletic Stenokoleales led to a lignophyte clade where archaeopterids and seed plants fall into sister clades.

Our results shed light on early euphyllophyte relationships and evolution, indicating early exploration of structural complexity by multiple lineages and reiterating the potential of a single origin of secondary growth in euphyllophytes.
Pre‐surgical radiographic and clinical features as predictors for temporomandibular joint discectomy prognosis
Authors: Minston William , Benchimol Daniel , Jacobs Reinhilde , Lund Bodil , Krüger Weiner Carina , Coucke Wim , Shi Xie‐Qi
Published: May 2021

Objectives

This study aimed to identify potential clinical and radiological predictors associated with the outcome of discectomies.

Methods

In this retrospective observational study, the material comprised preoperative CBCT images and medical records of 62 patients with disc derangement disorders, who had undergone discectomy because of disc displacement with reduction (DDwR), disc displacement without reduction (DDwoR), systemic arthritis (SA), or joint hypermobility. Clinical and radiographic variables were analysed in relation to success rate determined by subjective, objective and combined outcomes.

Results

The success odds ratio was 11 times higher in patients with painful DDwR versus that of SA (p = 0.03), and even 25.9 times higher when considering solely objective outcome (p = 0.03). In the absence of subchondral pseudocyst, there were 5.2 times higher odds to have a successful subjective outcome (p = 0.04). Extensive bone apposition on the temporal joint component indicated a 9.3 times higher likelihood of a failed objective outcome (p = 0.04).

Conclusions

There is a significant higher risk for combined outcome failure for the diagnosis SA involving the TMJ compared with DDwR. Predictors of importance based on CBCT findings related to the objective outcome failure were extensive bone apposition on the temporal joint component and condylar subchondral pseudocysts for the subjective outcome failure.
Low Grip Strength Associated with Clinical Outcomes after Total Hip Arthroplasty ‐ A Prospective Case–Control Study
Authors: Long Gong , Chao Chen , Ming‐sheng Tan , Ping Yi
Published: May 2021

Objective

To assess whether low grip strength (GS) is associated with clinical outcomes after total hip arthroplasty (THA).

Methods

A prospective case–control study was designed to assess 231 cases of primary THA between January 1, 2015 to May 1, 2018, at an urban tertiary care hospital. Patients were placed into two cohorts based on preoperative GS levels. Low GS in the present study was defined as GS lower than 26 kg for men and 16 kg for women in the dominant hand. Baseline data were prospectively collected and included patient demographics (age, sex, body mass index [BMI]), the surgeon's diagnoses, medical history, length of stay, and American Society of Anaesthesiologists' (ASA) score. Clinical outcomes included surgery‐ and prosthesis‐related variables. The Harris hip score (HHS) and the Short Form Health Survey (SF‐12) were completed at the baseline visit and at 1 and 2 years postoperatively in the outpatient department to assess the hip's function and quality of life. Differences in baseline data, length of study (LOS), 90‐day postoperative complications, and hospital readmissions were compared. Besides, the correlations between GS and Harris hip score (HHS) and Short Form score (SF‐12) were tested.

Results

A total of 202 participants have completed records for analysis finally. The patients were followed up for an average of 24.8 months postoperatively (24–26 months). Eighty‐two patients (40.6%) had low GS before THA. Patients with low GS were more likely to be female, older, fracture of femoral head or neck as the primary cause, albumin <3.5 g/dL, and have a lower BMI, higher ASA score, increased rates of the pressure sore, blood transfusion, and LOS compared to normal GS (all P < 0.05). Also, patients in the low GS cohort showed a statistically significant increased unplanned hospital readmissions and decreased discharge home compared to normal GS (both P < 0.05). There was an increasing rate of complications between the two cohorts, for cardiac complications, pressure sore after THA, respiratory complications, urinary tract infection, stroke, and DVT (all P < 0.05). A partial correlation test by controlling medical comorbidities and demographic factors was used to determine the correlation between GS and HHS. There was a significant correlation between them (r = −0.673; P = 0.002). A similar condition was detected in the correlation between GS and SF‐12 (r = 0.645; P = 0.001).

Conclusions

Clinicians should be encouraged to include GS assessment in their evaluation of patients who planned to undergo THA in order to optimize the treatment of high‐risk individuals.
Effectiveness of silver diamine fluoride and glass ionomer cement combined with fluoride varnish in arresting dental caries among intellectually disabled individuals: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Mendiratta Mansi , B.C. Manjunath , Kumar Adarsh , Yadav Vipul , Shyam Radhey , Wig Madhavi
Published: May 2021

Aim

To assess the clinical effectiveness of 38% silver diamine fluoride (SDF) in arresting dental caries when compared to combination of fluoride‐containing glass ionomer cement (GIC) and fluoride varnish(FV) (5%) among intellectually disabled (ID) individuals.

Methodology

A randomized controlled trial was conducted among ID (n = 82) individuals, in permanent posterior teeth with Nyvad score 2 and 3 (active caries) of dental caries, randomly allocated to experimental arm (38% SDF) (n = 41) and control arm (GIC along with FV) (n = 41). The caries arrest rate and caries preventive fraction was observed at 6‐months among both groups.

Results

The caries arrest rate was 94.5% with SDF and 90.1% with GIC and FV (p = 0.405).The caries preventive fraction of SDF over GIC with FV was 45%, with hazard ratio (–0.588) at 6 months (p = 0.292). The binary logistic regression revealed that the Odds of arresting caries in SDF group is two times when compared to GIC group with p value = 0.218 which is not significant.

Conclusion

The present study concluded that the SDF is as clinically effective as combination of GIC and fluoride varnish in arresting caries. Further research and longer follow‐up required for more conclusive results.
Beyond the undertheorized role of organizational power as political power in theories of the state
Authors: Prechel Harland
Published: May 2021

Critics express concerns over the theoretical pluralism in theories of the state and state power. This paper explores how organizational theories can provide more focus to theories of the state and state power thereby increasing their explanatory power. After summarizing concerns raised by political sociologists over pluralism in theories of the state and state power, the analysis focuses on existing theories of the state that employ concepts from organizational theory to understand the organizational state and its relationship to society. Particular attention is given to the state as a resource extraction and distribution mechanism, the resource dependent relationships among organizational entities inside and outside the state, and the power relations between states and organizations in their environment. This focus brings greater attention to the how groups, corporations, industries, and class fractions exercise power through organizations to influence the policy formation process.
Beyond high and low: Obstacles and opportunities associated with conceptualizing middle power and other middle‐range effects
Authors: Anicich Eric M.
Published: May 2021

Researchers disproportionately develop and test research questions aimed at understanding the effects of extreme—compared to intermediate or fluctuating—positions and states. Commonly applied theoretical frameworks and methodological tools reflect and serve to perpetuate this binary focus on extreme effects. Here, I attempt to lay the foundation for researchers to more rigorously and consistently study middle‐range effects in the psychological sciences in general and in the social power literature in particular. In proposing three different conceptualizations of “middle power,”—power fluctuation, power tension, and medium power—I identify theoretical and methodological obstacles and opportunities related to studying middle power. Overall, I argue that the landscape between a construct's poles is neither vacuous nor hypothetical space. Rather, it is potentially fertile, yet largely unharvested, scholarly terrain. Simply put, the middle matters, and deserves greater attention.
The Emotional Foundations of Political Support: How Fear and Anger Affect Trust in the Government in Times of the Covid‐19 Pandemic
Authors: Erhardt Julian , Freitag Markus , Filsinger Maximilian , Wamsler Steffen
Published: May 2021

Crises like the current coronavirus pandemic evoke negative emotions in the general public. To date, however, little research has been conducted on the influence of these mental states on trust in the government – the uncontested key player in times of crises. Drawing on the appraisal and affective intelligence theories of emotions, we argue that fear and anger as the two crucial negative emotions in times of crises have divergent effects on trust in the government: Whereas fear leads to a rally‐‘round‐the‐flag effect increasing trust in the government, anger attributes blame for the adverse circumstances to the government. We present empirical evidence for our arguments with an original three‐wave online panel survey of 1’600 Swiss residents during the unprecedented times of the coronavirus pandemic. Our analysis provides empirical support for our arguments and further shows that the relationship is strongest for right‐wing respondents.
Did Covid‐19 Kill Trump Politically? The Pandemic and Voting in the 2020 Presidential Election
Authors: Clarke Harold , Stewart Marianne C. , Ho Karl
Published: May 2021

Objective

This article investigates the impact of public reactions to the Covid‐19 panemic on voting for former President Donald Trump in the 2020 American presidential election.

Methods

The impact of the pandemic on voting is assessed by multivariate statistical analyses of representative national survey data gathered before and after the 2020 presidential election.

Results

Analyses show that voters reacted very negatively to Trump's handling of the pandemic. Controlling for several other relevant factors, these reactions affected voting for Trump and exerted a significant impact on the election outcome.

Conclusion

Before the onset of Covid‐19 Trump had a very narrow path to victory in 2020, and the pandemic did much to ensure his defeat.
Metrological assessment of multi‐sensor camera technology for spatially‐resolved ultra‐high‐speed imaging of transient high strain‐rate deformation processes
Authors: Vinel Adrien , Seghir Rian , Berthe Julien , Portemont Gérald , Réthoré Julien
Published: May 2021

The present work proposes a metrological route for capturing spatially‐resolved ultra‐high‐speed kinematic full‐field data from high strain‐rate experiments and multi‐sensor camera technology. This paper focuses, from an application point of view, on highly resolved rotating mirror cameras, such as the Cordin‐580. This camera allows 78 frames of 8 megapixels to be recorded at up to 4 million frames per second (fps). The optical apparatus induces distortions that need to be taken into consideration. Distortions are modelled with Zernike polynomials and recovered using Digital Image Correlation (DIC) with a tailored synthetic speckle pattern. Effective displacements can then be quantitatively obtained with subpixel precision. After an assessment of the calibrated camera performance, this methodology is used to record, at 480,000 fps, the fracture of a pre‐notched sample subjected to an inertial impact test. The kinematic fields obtained quantitatively captured the events occurring during the test, such as the compression wave and the induced Poisson effect, the Mode‐I crack initiation and the shear strain concentration at the notch tip. The achievement of a DIC displacement and strain random error of, respectively, 5 μm (0.15 pixels) and 2 mm m−1, combined with a high spatio‐temporal sampling, provides a promising way for quantitatively analysing very fast transient and heterogeneous phenomena.
A retrospective analysis of 11 dogs with surface osteosarcoma
Authors: Cook Matthew R. , Lorbach Joshua , Husbands Brian D. , Kisseberth William C. , Samuels Sarah , Silveira Catrina , Wustefeld‐Janssens Brandan G. , Wouda Raelene , Keepman Samuel , Oblak Michelle L. , Selmic Laura E.
Published: May 2021

While the majority of canine osteosarcomas (OSA) arise from the medullary cavity, a subset arises from the surface of bone. In humans, surface OSA often has a more indolent disease course with better outcomes than medullary OSA. The aim of this retrospective case series was to evaluate the clinical outcome and potential prognostic factors of dogs with surface OSA. Medical records from 11 dogs previously diagnosed with surface OSA were included. Histopathology of cases was evaluated during case review by two veterinary anatomic pathologists. Median progression free interval (PFI) and overall median survival time (OST) were estimated using Kaplan–Meier methods. Intergroup comparisons were performed using log‐rank tests. Six dogs were diagnosed with periosteal OSA, 4 dogs with parosteal OSA, and one dog with an unclassified surface OSA. Two dogs were found to have metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis and four developed metastatic lesions after treatment. The median PFI and median OST for all dogs with surface OSA was 425 and 555 days, respectively. The 6 dogs diagnosed with periosteal OSA had a median PFI of 461 days and median OST of 555 days, while the 4 dogs with parosteal OSA had a PFI of 350 days and the OST could not be calculated. Multiple prognostic factors (surgery, systemic adjunctive therapy, elevated alkaline phosphatase at diagnosis, appendicular vs axial location, mitotic count, and tumour grade) were evaluated and none were prognostic for PFI or OST. Dogs with surface OSA appear to have prolonged PFI and OST, consistent with humans with surface OSA.
Consumers’ Behavioral Intention Towards Smartwatch Adoption in Malaysia: A Concept Paper
Authors: Said Noor Azzah , Abu Seman Sharidatul Akma , Ab Latiff Dilla Syadia , Ma’o Siti Noorsuriani , Mohamad Mozie Noorizan
Published: May 2021

The wide-ranging features of a smartwatch have driven the rapid growth of the smartwatch market as they pique the users’ interests by offering interactive technology that simultaneously promotes fitness and tracks health. Nevertheless, the factors influencing smartwatch adoption among individuals are yet to be comprehended despite the ever-growing popularity of smartwatch usage. Hence, to understand the possible factors in detail, a research model is proposed to indicate the influential underlying factors relative to smartwatch adoption in the Malaysian populace. This study will examine the four proposed dimensions of perceived benefits, healthology, IT innovation, and smartwatch as luxury products. Online questionnaires will be used to collect the research data, while SPSS will be used to run both preliminary research and descriptive analyses, PLS-SEM will be used to further analyze the model.
The Role of University Administration in Enhancing Intellectual Security Among Yarmouk University Students
Authors: Darawsha Najwa Abdel Hamid
Published: May 2021

This study aimed at identifying the role of university administration in enhancing intellectual security among Yarmouk University students from the students’ viewpoint. The researcher adopted the descriptive survey method, and the questionnaire was used as a study.  The study sample comprised of (385) students. The findings showed that university administration plays a high role in enhancing intellectual security, with a mean of (3.53). As shown the mean of “the role of the university in revitalizing the role of students in enhancing their intellectual security” is (3.75) and with a high degree, followed by “The role of the university in promoting the role of activities in enhancing students' intellectual security” with a mean of (3.43), and also with a high degree. Where the last domain records a high degree and a mean of (4.2) .The results also showed that there are statistically significant differences attributable to the effect of the gender variable, and it is in favor of females, and there are no differences attributable to the impact of the two variables "specialization and place of residence". In light of the findings, the study recommended strengthening communication between the university administration and the society and students to control the problem facing the students in terms of intellectual security, providing educational guidance activities, and disseminating them through the available media and enhancing students'  intellectual security by providing university programs and activities, Connecting students to the prevailing culture in society and introducing them to the heritage of their nation, while spreading the spirit of innovation, creativity and brilliance, in response to developments and changes in civilization while not contradicting the foundations and constants of religious beliefs. And Training and accustoming students to discipline, good behavior, and the ability to understand the surrounding circumstances and deal with balance within its framework, wisely away from extremism and negative ideas.
The optimality principle for second-order discrete and discrete-approximate inclusions
Authors: Demir Sağlam Sevilay
Published: May 2021

This paper deals with the necessary and sufficient conditions of optimality for the Mayer problem of second-order discrete and discrete-approximate inclusions. The main problem is to establish the approximation of second-order viability problems for differential inclusions with endpoint constraints. Thus, as a supplementary problem, we study the discrete approximation problem and give the optimality conditions incorporating the Euler-Lagrange inclusions and distinctive transversality conditions. Locally adjoint mappings (LAM) and equivalence theorems are the fundamental principles of achieving these optimal conditions, one of the most characteristic properties of such approaches with second-order differential inclusions that are specific to the existence of LAMs equivalence relations. Also, a discrete linear model and an example of second-order discrete inclusions in which a set-valued mapping is described by a nonlinear inequality show the applications of these results.
Predictive Factors to Assess the Difficulty to Extract Retained Lower Third Molars
Authors: Vargas Madrid William Andrés , González Bustamante Andrea Montserrat , Zurita Minango Paola Elizabeth
Published: May 2021

Background: Third molar eruption occurs in a very limited space. Several difficulty scales have been used to determine the complexity when extracting retained molars, which are key for surgical planning and prediction. A scale including indicators such as quality of mucosa and bone, as well as shape and number of roots is introduced. Purpose: Evaluate the difficulty in extracting retained lower third molars, using the scale proposed by Romero-Ruiz, and thus estimate the presence of intraoperative complications and surgical time. Methods: An observational descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out, with a sample of 100 extractions of retained lower third molars in patients between 16 and 40 years of age. The following variables were evaluated: spatial relationship, depth, relationship with mandible ramus/space, integrity of bone and mucosa, roots, dental follicle, and surgical time. The data were summarized in absolute frequency tables and analyzed with Pearson's Chi2 test (p < 0.05). Results: 71 % of third molars were classified as “difficult” on the scale. There were significant differences in terms of surgical time-age (p = 0.002), presence of complications-location of the third molar (p = 0.015), presence of complications-follicle size (p = 0.022), difficulty-sex (p = 0.011 ), difficulty-age (p = 0.068). Conclusions: This scale can be used to plan extraction treatments for retained lower third molars to reduce surgical times and anticipate complications.
The Effect of Wall Thermal Boundary Condition on Natural Convective Shutdown Cooling in a Gas Turbine
Authors: Fahy Daniel D. , Ireland Peter
Published: May 2021

As a civil gas turbine cools down, asymmetric natural convective heat transfer causes the bottom sector of the rotor to cool faster than the top; this circumferential thermal gradient can potentially cause the shaft to deflect – a phenomenon called thermal or “rotor” bow. Rotor bow is tremendously difficult to predict due to its dependence on a number of engine design parameters, in addition to the complex nature of natural convective flows. A novel experimental facility has been developed to gain further understanding into shutdown cooling of a gas turbine. The scope of this paper is to quantify the effect of basic design features on natural convective cooling in an engine annulus during shut-down; specifically the influence of the thermal boundary wall conditions and the annular diameter ratio. In addition to this, a low-cost, robust thermocouple probe has been developed and validated, which allows for accurate temperature measurements in a natural convective boundary layer. An extensive experimental campaign has been completed. The key finding is that the local radial wall temperature difference was found to be the most influential parameter on the local heat transfer. Non-isothermal walls did not alter the overall distribution of the inner wall equivalent conductivity. This was true for both cylindrical and conical sections. An appropriate characteristic length for use in the Rayleigh number definition for both the concentric cylinder and conical sections have been validated. The conical inner section (5 deg hade angle) did not affect the overall heat transfer in the range of conditions tested. Therefore, the mean surface heat transfer for non-isothermal inner and outer profiles, within the range −0.4<ΔRa/RaLc<0.4, where the thermal gradient is negative in the clockwise from top-dead-center, can be predicted using isothermal correlations for RaLc<5.0×105 and Dr < = 1.5.
Low Rank Education of Cascade Loss Sensitivity to Unsteady Parameters by Proper Orthogonal Decomposition
Authors: Lengani D. , Simoni D. , Yepmo V. , Ubaldi M. , Zunino P. , Bertini F.
Published: May 2021

In this study, proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) has been applied to a large dataset describing the profile losses of low-pressure turbine (LPT) cascades, thus allowing (i) the identification of the most influencing parameters that affect the loss generation; (ii) the identification of the minimum number of requested conditions useful to educate a model with a reduced number of data. The dataset is constituted by the total pressure loss coefficient distributions in the pitchwise direction. The experiments have been conducted varying the flow Reynolds number, the reduced frequency, and the flow coefficient. Two cascades are considered: the first for tuning the procedure and identifying the number of really requested tests, and the second for the verification of the proposed model. They are characterized by the same axial chord but different pitch-to-chord ratio and different flow angles, hence two Zweifel numbers. The POD mode distributions indicate the spatial region where losses occur, the POD eigenvectors provide how such losses vary for different design conditions and the POD eigenvalues provide the rank of the approximation. Since the POD space shows an optimal basis describing the overall process with a low-rank representation (LRR), a smooth kernel is educated by means of least-squares method (LSM) on the POD eigenvectors. Particularly, only a subset of data (equal to the rank of the problem) has been used to generate the POD modes and related coefficients. Thanks to the LRR of the problem in the POD space, predictors are low-order polynomials of the independent variables (Re, f+, and ϕ). It will be shown that the smooth kernel adequately estimates the loss distribution in points that do not participate to the education. In addition, keeping the same steps for the education of the kernel on another cascade, loss distribution and magnitude are still well captured. Thus, the analysis show that the rank of the problem is much lower than the tested conditions, and consequently, a reduced number of tests are really necessary. This could be useful to reduce the number of hi-fidelity simulations or detailed experiments in the future, thus further contributing to optimize LPT blades.
Theory and numerical simulation for a cylindrical array by broadband constant beam pattern approach
Authors: Huang Dehua
Published: May 2021

A broadband constant beam pattern (CBP) array is an acoustic array whose beam patterns are independent of operating frequencies. In this article, the theoretical far-field acoustic beam pattern analytic formulations have been mathematically derived for a cylindrical array on an infinite rigid cylinder, after applying the Fourier series expansion, the Fourier sine or cosine transform, and the stationary phase method to the Helmholtz equation with boundary conditions. When the ratio of the array radius over the operating frequency wavelength was large, the horizontal (xoy) plane beam patterns demonstrated broadband CBP performances under the far-field conditions. The vertical (xoz) plane acoustic beam patterns are determined by the array vertical aperture shading's Fourier spectrum coupled with the residuals from the asymptotic approximations of the Hankel function and its derivative. The theoretical results matched with the results by Kirchhoff's integral numerical simulation with various horizontal shading examples for directional acoustic beams by the broadband CBP approach.
Perceived Barriers to and Facilitators of an Injury Prevention Program Among Professional Male Ice Hockey Players and Staff Members
Authors: Brunner Romana , Bizzini Mario , Maffiuletti Nicola A. , Niedermann Karin
Published: May 2021

Context:Injury prevention programs for the lower extremities are effective in team-sport athletes.Objective:To identify barriers and facilitators among professional ice hockey players and staff members for adhering to an injury prevention program.Design:Cross-sectional survey.Setting and Participants:A questionnaire about barriers and facilitators related to knowledge/perceptions, beliefs, adoption, and habits about injury prevention was filled out by Swiss professional male ice hockey players and staff members.Main Outcome Measures:Frequencies of ratings were calculated and binary logistic regression analysis was applied to predict a relationship between a high/low perceived benefit of an injury prevention program and player characteristics.Results:Knowledge, perceived benefit, and relevance of injury prevention as well as awareness of high risk of injuries in ice hockey were identified as important facilitators. Players’ habit of exercise performance was identified as a barrier. Program understanding of staff members was identified as a facilitator and barrier. No significant relationships were observed between a high/low perceived benefit of an injury prevention program and age (P = .85), nationality (P = .53), level of education (P = .63), National League experience (P = .50), or occurrence of lower-extremity injuries in the previous season (P = .10).Conclusions:Players and staff members clearly rated perceived benefits of an injury prevention program, which can be considered an important facilitator of the uptake and adoption of such a program in ice hockey teams. Players should be educated about well-performed injury prevention exercises. Staff members should be educated about the aim of a regular injury prevention program. An injury prevention program might be implemented in players of all ages, levels of education, and experience in the National League, irrespective of previous injuries. Identified barriers and facilitators should be addressed when implementing an injury prevention program in a setting of professional ice hockey teams in the future.
Understanding Injury and Injury Prevention in Para Sport Athletes
Authors: Harrington Shana E. , McQueeney Sean , Fearing Marcus
Published: May 2021

Context: Training loads, injury, and injury prevention in the Para sports population has not been well established. Objective: The purpose of this study was to survey elite-level swimming, cycling, and athletic Para sport athletes in the United States who were competing in the 2016 US Paralympic trials to better understand common injuries among athletes in each sport and to determine whether injury prevention programs were being utilized. Design: Cross-sectional, survey study. Setting: The 2016 US Paralympic trials for swimming, cycling, and athletics. Participants: Athletes who competed in swimming, cycling, and/or athletics at the 2016 US Paralympic trials (N = 144; 83 males and 61 females). Main Outcome Measures: Participants completed electronic survey using Qualtrics XM (Qualtrics, Provo, UT) with questions pertaining to average number of hours trained per week, number of cross-training hours performed each week, descriptive information regarding sport-related injuries, pain, whether athletes received treatment for injuries, and descriptive information regarding whether the athletes had participated in an injury prevention program. Results: Over 64% of respondents reported training greater than or equal to 11 hours per week, and 45% of athletes reported spending greater than or equal to 6 hours per week cross-training. Forty-two percent of athletes reported currently having pain with 34% reporting missing a competition because of injury. Only 24% of respondents reported having participated in an injury prevention program. Conclusions: Many Para sport athletes train at similar durations as able-bodied counterparts and have pain that interferes with their ability to train and compete, however, only a small percentage consistently perform injury prevention programs.
Estimating infectiousness throughout SARS-CoV-2 infection course
Authors: Jones Terry C. , Biele Guido , Mühlemann Barbara , Veith Talitha , Schneider Julia , Beheim-Schwarzbach Jörn , Bleicker Tobias , Tesch Julia , Schmidt Marie Luisa , Sander Leif Erik , Kurth Florian , Menzel Peter , Schwarzer Rolf , Zuchowski Marta , Hofmann Jörg , Krumbholz Andi , Stein Angela , Edelmann Anke , Corman Victor Max , Drosten Christian
Published: May 2021

Correlates of infectiousness

The role that individuals with asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 have in transmission of the virus is not well understood. Jones
et al.
investigated viral load in patients, comparing those showing few, if any, symptoms with hospitalized cases. Approximately 400,000 individuals, mostly from Berlin, were tested from February 2020 to March 2021 and about 6% tested positive. Of the 25,381 positive subjects, about 8% showed very high viral loads. People became infectious within 2 days of infection, and in hospitalized individuals, about 4 days elapsed from the start of virus shedding to the time of peak viral load, which occurred 1 to 3 days before the onset of symptoms. Overall, viral load was highly variable, but was about 10-fold higher in persons infected with the B.1.1.7 variant. Children had slightly lower viral loads than adults, although this difference may not be clinically significant.

Science
, abi5273, this issue p.
eabi5273
Complement control for COVID-19
Authors: Bosmann Markus
Published: May 2021

Excessive complement activation contributes to lung disease and adverse patient outcomes in COVID-19 (see the related research articles by

Yan
et al
.

and

Ma
et al
.

).
Effect of the Simulation Box Size and Precipitant Concentration on the Behavior of Tetragonal Lysozyme Dimer
Authors: Kordonskaya Yu. V. , Timofeev V. I. , Dyakova Yu. A. , Marchenkova M. A. , Pisarevsky Yu. V. , Kovalchuk M. V.
Published: May 2021

The 10-nanosecond simulation of a lysozyme dimer, which is a fragment of the tetragonal lysozyme crystal structure, has been carried out by the molecular dynamics method at different simulation box sizes and precipitant concentrations in a solution. The dimer stability has been estimated by calculating the root-mean-square fluctuations of protein atoms. It is shown that the box size does not significantly affect the mobility of protein atoms on a relatively short trajectory, while the effect of the precipitant concentration on this trajectory is noticeable.
POS1131 THE INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES IN GOUT: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS
Authors: Cox P. , Gupta S. , Zhao S. S. , Hughes D.
Published: May 2021

Background:

Gout is an inflammatory crystal arthropathy characterised by hyperuricaemia and sodium urate crystal deposition. Both gout and subclinical hyperuricaemia are associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Several studies have found gout to cause an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, but the evidence is not unanimous. The conflicting evidence has made it difficult to establish the extent of the cardiovascular risk to patients with gout.

Objectives:

To describe the incidence and prevalence of cardiovascular disease in gout, compare these results with non-gout controls.

Methods:

PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science were systematically searched in January 2021 for studies reporting prevalence of any cardiovascular disease in a gout population. Studies with non-representative sampling, where a cohort had been used in another study, small sample size (< 100) and where gout could not be distinguished from other rheumatic conditions were excluded. Sample size, prevalence of the investigated cardiovascular disease, definition of gout and cardiovascular disease, demographic data, data source and any comparisons with non-gout controls were extracted from each study. Where prevalence data was reported in ≥3 cohorts meta-analysis was performed using random-effect models.

Results:

Of the 6164 titles identified, 105 full texts were assessed for eligibility with 30 included in the review, producing a gout population of 1,125,988. Pooled prevalence estimates were calculated for six cardiovascular diseases: heart failure (8.73%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.85 – 23.76), cerebrovascular accident (4.27%; 95% CI, 1.83 – 9.67), myocardial infarction (2.82%; 95% CI, 1.58 – 5.01), venous thromboembolism (2.05%; 95% CI, 1.22 – 3.43), hypertension (63.94%; 95% CI, 24.51 – 90.64) and cardiovascular mortality (4.75%; 95% CI, 3.56 – 6.31). Twenty studies reported comparisons with non-gout controls, illustrating an increased risk in the gout group across all cardiovascular diseases, particularly for myocardial infarction.

Conclusion:

Cardiovascular diseases are more prevalent in patients with gout and should prompt vigilance from clinicians to the need to assess and stratify cardiovascular risk. These results are in line with other studies which have shown an increased cardiovascular risk for sufferers of hyperuricaemia, highlighting the need for future research to explain this finding. There are limited studies in the literature investigating less common cardiovascular conditions, illustrating the need for future work if a more thorough picture of prevalence is to be established.

Figure 1.

Forest plots of pooled prevalence of: (A) 8.73% for heart failure, (B) 4.27% for cerebrovascular accident, (C) 2.82% for myocardial infarction, (D) 2.05% for venous thromboembolism, (E) 63.94% for hypertension and (F) 4.75% for cardiovascular mortality.

Disclosure of Interests:

None declared.
POS1306 TREATMENT STRATEGIES IN CHRONIC RECURRENT MULTIFOCAL OSTEOMYELITIS (CMRO) OR CHRONIC NON-BACTERIAL OSTEOMYELITIS (CNO): SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS
Authors: Dos-Santos R. , Gomez-Vieites C. , Fernández Fernández D. , González Fernández I. , Souto Vilas A. , Perez-Pampín E. , Mera Varela A.
Published: May 2021

Background:

Glucocorticoids (GC), bisphosphonates (BP), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and classical synthetic or biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (cs/bDMARD) have been employed in the treatment of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) or chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis (CNO).1, 2 This one is a rare bone childhood illness and none treatment guidelines have been carried out till present.3

Objectives:

To asses which treatment schedule employed in CRMO had the best response rates and try to expose a treatment recommendation.

Methods:

A systematic literature review was made using Medline, Embase, Cochrane library and the Web of Science databases. The search strategy focused on synonyms of CRMO. A prevalence meta-analysis was performed to evaluate each treatment response. Stata 15.1 was used to perform statistical analysis.

Results:

The search identified 1883 articles, of which 43 were finally selected. Complete response rate reached with NSAIDs was acceptable [50% (CI95% 40-60)]. Lower response rates were reached by GC treatment [44% (CI95% 25-63)] or csDMARD [38% (CI95% 28-48)]. The best complete response rates were reached by bDMARD and BP treatments [69% (CI95% 56-82) and 73% (CI95% 62-84), respectively].

Conclusion:

This review and meta-analysis supports, taking into account its remission rates and its risk-benefit profile, NSAIDs as potential first-line agents in CRMO treatment. bDMARD and BP have reached the higher remission rates, turning into helpful treatment alternatives. There is not any treatment guidelines driving CRMO patients, but this analysis could help to select a suitable agent for each patient. Decision-making should be individualized.

References:

[1]Wipff J, Costantino F, Lemelle I, et al. A large national cohort of French patients with chronic recurrent multifocal osteitis. Arthritis & Rheumatol. 2014;67(4):1128-1137.

[2]Zhao Y, Wu E Y, Oliver M S, et al. Consensus treatment plans for chronic nonbacterial osteomielitis refractory to nonsteroideal anti-inflammatory drugs and/or with active spinal lesions. Arthritis Care Res. 2018;70(8):1228-1237.

[3]Menashe SJ, Aboughalia H, Zhao Y, et al. The many faces of pediatric chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO): a practical location- and case-based approach to differenciate CRMO from its mimics. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2020;e27299.

Disclosure of Interests:

None declared