bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fragmentos de Bocados de Oro en un manuscrito de la Real Academia de la Historia
Authors: Crosas López Francisco
Published: November 2013

Se ofrece en estas páginas un nuevo testimonio fragmentario del Bonium o Bocados de oro, texto gnómico castellano de mediados del siglo XIII, versión de un texto árabe —la Mukhtar al-hikam wa-mahasin al-kalim, del historiador egipcio de origen sirio Abu-l-Wafa Al-Mubassir Ibn Fatik (siglo XI)— que a su vez se inspira en textos sapienciales griegos. En la misma Edad Media fue traducido al latín, al francés y al inglés. El testimonio que aquí se edita se contiene en los folios 117v-134r del manuscrito 39 del Fondo San Román de la Real Academia de la Historia. Se trata de un volumen facticio de mediados del siglo XV (c. 1450), que contiene doce textos, la mayor parte de ellos de carácter didáctico o sapiencial…
Variación románica y cambio semántico de ocho ampelónimos latinos
Authors: Favá i Agud Xavier
Published: November 2013

El estudio de los nombres de los vinos y de las vides no ha recibido dentro de la lingüística románica la consideración que merece a pesar de ser una materia de tanta transcendencia cultural y económica. Si se analizan los diversos campos de estudio de la variación lingüística se evidencian fácilmente las ausencias. Este estudio recoge, en primer lugar, en forma de ficha lexicográfica el área dialectal románica y la documentación de los ocho ampelónimos latinos estudiados (apiana, bumastus. columbina. ferreola, graecula, oleagina, rubellana y tripedanea). También aporta una descripción, basada en las definiciones de diversos especialistas. En el caso del catalán, se añaden con frecuencia descripciones propias, fruto de encuestas dialectales realizadas por el autor.
Leísmo no personal y neutro de materia
Authors: García Menéndez Javier
Published: November 2013

El siglo XVI resulta clave en cuanto a las desviaciones de los pronombres átonos respecto del paradigma etimológico. Lo es, en primer lugar, por tratarse de la etapa definitiva en la consumación del leísmo, finalmente concluida en el XVII. En segundo lugar, y como consecuencia de lo anterior, la expansión del pronombre le en el complemento directo de «persona», casi absoluta en la época, abre la puerta al leísmo no personal, ofreciendo la situación idónea para el afianzamiento de este fenómeno. Así, el siglo XVI constituye un período muy provechoso a la hora de evaluar el comportamiento de los referentes átonos de CD, sobre todo en la vertiente del leísmo no personal. Tal desviación sobre la norma etimológica —el empleo de le como CD masculino de «no persona»— es lo que se estudia en este artículo.
Las églogas de Juan de la Encina. Estudio bibliográfico de ediciones antiguas
Authors: López Morales Humberto
Published: November 2013

Hasta donde sabemos, la producción dramática de Juan de la Encina consta de catorce piezas. Las primeras ocho (Égloga de Navidad, Segunda égloga de Navidad, Égloga de la passión de nuestro Redentor, Representación de Cristo, Égloga de la noche postrera de Carnal, Segunda égloga de la noche postrera de Carnal, Égloga en recuesta de unos amores, y Égloga de los pastores que se tornan del palacio) aparecieron en la editio princeps del Cancionero, publicada en Salamanca en 1496. Otras dos obras (Égloga de las grandes lluvias, y Triunfo del amor) fueron publicadas por primera vez en la edición de 1507, y dos más (Égloga de Fileno y Zambardo y Auto del repelón) en la de 1509. Sus églogas XI (Égloga de Cristino y Febea) y XIV (Égloga de Plácida y Vitoriano) no llegaron nunca a las páginas del Cancionero, pero vieron la luz pública en ediciones sueltas.
Una edición de finales del siglo XV y cinco ediciones tempranas del XVI, todo en un corto período de veinte años, más una serie de ediciones sueltas, casi todas sin datación pero de la misma época, dan idea de la popularidad alcanzada entonces por Encina, y no solo de su teatro. Sus obras dramáticas, sin embargo, no tuvieron la misma suerte en épocas posteriores. Poco a poco aumenta el silencio en tomo a ellas, al tiempo que se producen solo algunas menciones apresuradas del salmantino; los ejemplares del Cancionero y de las sueltas comienzan a ser raros y la información bibliográfica, precaria…
Diversidad léxica y uniformidad gramatical. En torno al porvenir de la lengua española
Authors: Lope Blanch Juan M.
Published: November 2013

No disponible.
"Por Hepila famosa": posible alusión a Jerónimo de Urrea en el Quijote de 1605
Authors: Mañero Lozano David
Published: November 2013

No disponible.
"El apetito desordenado de saber". Erudición escolar y discurso renacentista en el Tratado de la forma que se deve tener en leer los autores de Miguel de Salinas
Authors: Aragüés Aldaz José
Published: November 2013

Tras el curioso final de la sección canónica de la Rhetórica en lengua castellana, nacía la más novedosa aportación de la preceptiva española a la teoría renacentista del discurso. Porque si algo delatan los tres variados apéndices que completan la edición complutense de la obra es, precisamente, las limitaciones de una tradición como la recordada hasta ese folio, las carencias de un programa teórico anclado en el recuerdo de la oratio romana y definitivamente superado por los usos e imposiciones de la práctica escolar del Humanismo. De acuerdo con una ilación de temas tan grata al pensamiento de Miguel de Salinas, importaba ahora, siquiera a modo de epílogo, exponer las pautas esenciales para un ensayo efectivo de aquellas tesis oratorias, recordar los frutos de la variedad y la abundancia estilísticas y, ante todo, indagar los recursos para el hallazgo y la recreación de las auctoritates clásicas. Tres tareas vinculadas por el necesario diseño de un cartapacio personal de apuntes —codex exceptorius—, espacio físico sobre el que aquellas ideas de exercitatio, copia y cita habían de cimentarse al menos a lo largo de dos centurias.
Pretérito imperfecto y condicional con desinencia -ie- en el siglo XVI
Authors: González Ollé F.
Published: November 2013

La aparición y presencia del pretérito imperfecto de indicativo de la segunda y tercera conjugaciones (y del condicional de ellas y también de la primera) con formas en -ie-; su competencia con las formas originarias en -ia-; las causas de la amplia sustitución de estas últimas por aquéllas; su extensión y, en algunos textos, predominio; la posterior reposición de las desinencias primitivas, son varias cuestiones o, mejor, facetas y fases de un mismo y complejo problema evolutivo. Cualquiera de estas incidencias ha suscitado más atención que la pervivencia del alomorfo -ie-. Posponiendo por ahora —en espera de mayor reflexión— el núcleo profundo del problema, el propósito del presente artículo apunta a otro aspecto, más desatendido: la perduración de las citadas formas en -ie-.
Esto no es una nota necrológica
Authors: Gómez Asencio José J.
Published: November 2013

Semblanza de Antonio Llorente Maldonado de Guevara.
Stable carbon isotope ratios of toluene in the boundary layer and the lower free troposphere
Authors: Wintel J. , Hösen E. , Koppmann R. , Krebsbach M. , Hofzumahaus A. , Rohrer F.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. During the field campaign ZEPTER-2 in autumn 2008 whole air samples were collected on board a Zeppelin NT airship in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and the lower free troposphere (LFT) over south-west Germany using the ZEppelin Based Isotope Sampler (ZEBIS). These samples were analysed with respect to volatile organic compound (VOC) mixing ratios and stable carbon isotope ratios using a gas chromatograph combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometer (GC-C-IRMS). In this study we present results for toluene, one of the major anthropogenic pollutants, which emphasise the viability of isotope ratio measurements in VOC for atmospheric research, especially to study VOC sources or to track both dynamical and chemical processes. In situ measurements of CO mixing ratios on board the Zeppelin NT were used to allocate the air samples either to the PBL or the LFT. In the PBL we observed rather fresh emissions mixing into the background air. We estimated a toluene source isotope ratio of δ13C = −28.2 ± 0.5‰. Samples from the PBL and the LFT were clearly distinguishable by means of their mixing ratio and isotope ratio signatures. Using the concept of the effective kinetic isotope effect, we were able to separate the effects of dilution processes and photochemical degradation in the free troposphere. We calculated the photochemical age of toluene in the atmosphere in two different ways using isotope ratios and mixing ratios. The results differ strongly in the PBL, probably due to mixing processes, but are compatible with each other in the LFT. Here, they correlate with a slope of 0.90±0.31.
Air–sea dimethylsulfide (DMS) gas transfer in the North Atlantic: evidence for limited interfacial gas exchange at high wind speed
Authors: Bell T. G. , De Bruyn W. , Miller S. D. , Ward B. , Christensen K. H. , Saltzman E. S.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Shipboard measurements of eddy covariance dimethylsulfide (DMS) air–sea fluxes and seawater concentration were carried out in the North Atlantic bloom region in June/July 2011. Gas transfer coefficients (k660) show a linear dependence on mean horizontal wind speed at wind speeds up to 11 m s−1. At higher wind speeds the relationship between k660 and wind speed weakens. At high winds, measured DMS fluxes were lower than predicted based on the linear relationship between wind speed and interfacial stress extrapolated from low to intermediate wind speeds. In contrast, the transfer coefficient for sensible heat did not exhibit this effect. The apparent suppression of air–sea gas flux at higher wind speeds appears to be related to sea state, as determined from shipboard wave measurements. These observations are consistent with the idea that long waves suppress near-surface water-side turbulence, and decrease interfacial gas transfer. This effect may be more easily observed for DMS than for less soluble gases, such as CO2, because the air–sea exchange of DMS is controlled by interfacial rather than bubble-mediated gas transfer under high wind speed conditions.
Column aerosol optical properties and aerosol radiative forcing during a serious haze-fog month over North China Plain in 2013 based on ground-based sunphotometer measurements
Authors: Che H. , Xia X. , Zhu J. , Li Z. , Dubovic O. , Holben B. , Goloub P. , Chen H. , Estelles V. , Cuevas-Agulló E. , Blarel L. , Wang H. , Zhao H. , Zhang X. , Wang Y. , Sun J. , Tao R. , Zhang X. , Shi G.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. In January 2013, North China Plain experienced several serious haze events. Cimel sunphotometer measurements at seven sites over rural, suburban and urban regions of North China Plain from 1 to 30 January 2013 were used to further our understanding of spatial-temporal variation of aerosol optical parameters and aerosol radiative forcing (ARF). It was found that Aerosol Optical Depth at 500 nm (AOD500 nm) during non-pollution periods at all stations was lower than 0.30 and increased significantly to greater than 1.00 as pollution events developed. The Angstrom exponent (Alpha) was larger than 0.80 for all stations most of the time. AOD500 nm averages increased from north to south during both polluted and non-polluted periods on the three urban sites in Beijing. The fine mode AOD during pollution periods is about a factor of 2.5 times larger than that during the non-pollution period at urban sites but a factor of 5.0 at suburban and rural sites. The fine mode fraction of AOD675 nm was higher than 80% for all sites during January 2013. The absorption AOD675 nm at rural sites was only about 0.01 during pollution periods, while ~0.03–0.07 and 0.01–0.03 during pollution and non-pollution periods at other sites, respectively. Single scattering albedo varied between 0.87 and 0.95 during January 2013 over North China Plain. The size distribution showed an obvious tri-peak pattern during the most serious period. The fine mode effective radius in the pollution period was about 0.01–0.08 μm larger than during non-pollution periods, while the coarse mode radius in pollution periods was about 0.06–0.38 μm less than that during non-pollution periods. The total, fine and coarse mode particle volumes varied by about 0.06–0.34 μm3, 0.03–0.23 μm3, and 0.03–0.10 μm3, respectively, throughout January 2013. During the most intense period (1–16 January), aerosol radiative forcing (ARF) at the surface exceeded −50 W m−2, −180 W m−2, and −200 W m−2 at rural, suburban, and urban sites, respectively. The ARF readings at the top of the atmosphere were approximately −30 W m−2 in rural and −40–60 W m−2 in urban areas. Positive ARF at the top of the atmosphere at the Huimin suburban site was found to be different from others as a result of the high surface albedo due to snow cover.
Synthesis and coherent vibrational laser spectroscopy of putative molecular constituents in isoprene-derived secondary organic aerosol particles
Authors: Ebben C. J. , Strick B. F. , Upshur M. A. , Chase H. M. , Achtyl J. L. , Thomson R. J. , Geiger F. M.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. SOA particle formation ranks among the least understood processes in the atmosphere, rooted in part in (a) the limited knowledge about SOA chemical composition; (b) the availability of only little concrete evidence for chemical structures; and (c) little availability of reference compounds needed for benchmarking and chemical identification in pure and homogenous form. Here, we address these challenges by synthesizing and subjecting to physical and chemical analysis putative isoprene-derived SOA particle constituents. Our surface-selective spectroscopic analysis of these compounds is followed by comparison to synthetic SOA particles prepared at the Harvard Environmental Chamber (HEC) and to authentic SOA particles collected in a tropical forest environment, namely the Amazon Basin, where isoprene oxidation by OH radicals has been reported to dominate SOA particle formation (Martin et al., 2010b; Sun et al., 2003; Hudson et al., 2008; Yasmeen et al., 2010). We focus on the epoxides and tetraols that have been proposed to be present in the SOA particles. We characterize the compounds prepared here by a variety of physical measurements and polarization-resolved vibrational sum frequency generation (SFG), paying particular attention to the phase state (condensed vs. vapor) of four epoxides and two tetraols in contact with a fused silica window. We compare the spectral responses from the tetraol and epoxide model compounds with those obtained from the natural and synthetic SOA particle samples that were collected on filter substrates and pressed against a fused silica window and discuss a possible match for the SFG response of one of the epoxides with that of the synthetic SOA particle material. We conclude our work by discussing how the approach described here will allow for the study of the SOA particle formation pathways from first- and second-generation oxidation products by effectively "fast-forwarding" through the initial reaction steps of particle nucleation via a chemically resolved approach aimed at testing the underlying chemical mechanisms of SOA particle formation.
High resolution (375 m) cloud microstructure as seen from the NPP/VIIRS Satellite imager
Authors: Rosenfeld D. , Liu G. , Yu X. , Zhu Y. , Dai J. , Xu X. , Yue Z.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. The VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) onboard the Suomi NPP (National Polar-Orbiting Partnership) satellite has improved resolution of 750 m with respect to 1000 m of the MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, for the channels that allow retrieving cloud microphysical parameters such as cloud drop effective radius (re). The VIIRS has also an imager with 5 channels of double resolution of 375 m, which was not designed for retrieving cloud products. A methodology for a high resolution retrieval of re and microphysical presentation of the cloud field based on the VIIRS imager was developed and evaluated with respect to MODIS in this study. The tripled microphysical resolution with respect to MODIS allows obtaining new insights for cloud aerosol interactions, especially at the smallest cloud scales, because the VIIRS imager can resolve the small convective elements that are sub-pixel for MODIS cloud products. Examples are given for new insights on ship tracks in marine stratocumulus, pollution tracks from point and diffused sources in stratocumulus and cumulus clouds over land, deep tropical convection in pristine air mass over ocean and land, tropical clouds that develop in smoke from forest fires and in heavy pollution haze over densely populated regions in southeast Asia, and for pyro-cumulonimbus clouds. It is found that the VIIRS imager provides more robust physical interpretation and refined information for cloud and aerosol microphysics as compared to MODIS, especially in the initial stage of cloud formation. VIIRS is found to identify much more full-cloudy pixels when small boundary layer convective elements are present. This, in turn, allows a better quantification of cloud aerosol interactions and impacts on precipitation forming processes.
Validation and application of a cryogenic vacuum extraction system for soil and plant water extraction for isotope analysis
Authors: Orlowski N. , Frede H.-G. , Brüggemann N. , Breuer L.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Stable isotopic analysis of water in plant, soil, and hydrological studies often requires the extraction of water from plant or soil samples. Cryogenic vacuum extraction is one of the most widely used and accurate extraction methods to obtain such water samples. Here, we present a new design of a cryogenic vacuum extraction system with 18 extraction slots and an innovative mechanism to aerate the vacuum system after extraction. This mobile and extendable multi-port extraction system overcomes the bottleneck of time required for capturing unfractionated extracted water samples by providing the possibility to extract a larger number of samples per day simultaneously. The aeration system prevents the loss or mixture of water vapor during defrosting by purging every sample with high-purity nitrogen gas. A set of system functionality tests revealed that the extraction device guarantees stable extraction conditions with no changes in the isotopic composition of the extracted water samples. Surprisingly, extractions of dried and rehydrated soils showed significant differences of the isotopic composition of the added water and the extracts. This observation challenges the assumption that cryogenic extraction systems to fully extract soil water. Furthermore, in a plant water uptake study different results for hydrogen and oxygen isotope data were obtained, raising problems in the definition from which depths plants really take up water. Results query whether the well-established and widely used cryogenic vacuum distillation method can be used in a standard unified method of fixed extraction times as it is often done.
Landslide susceptibility estimation by random forests technique: sensitivity and scaling issues
Authors: Catani F. , Lagomarsino D. , Segoni S. , Tofani V.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Despite the large number of recent advances and developments in landslide susceptibility mapping (LSM) there is still a lack of studies focusing on specific aspects of LSM model sensitivity. For example, the influence of factors such as the survey scale of the landslide conditioning variables (LCVs), the resolution of the mapping unit (MUR) and the optimal number and ranking of LCVs have never been investigated analytically, especially on large data sets. In this paper we attempt this experimentation concentrating on the impact of model tuning choice on the final result, rather than on the comparison of methodologies. To this end, we adopt a simple implementation of the random forest (RF), a machine learning technique, to produce an ensemble of landslide susceptibility maps for a set of different model settings, input data types and scales. Random forest is a combination of Bayesian trees that relates a set of predictors to the actual landslide occurrence. Being it a nonparametric model, it is possible to incorporate a range of numerical or categorical data layers and there is no need to select unimodal training data as for example in linear discriminant analysis. Many widely acknowledged landslide predisposing factors are taken into account as mainly related to the lithology, the land use, the geomorphology, the structural and anthropogenic constraints. In addition, for each factor we also include in the predictors set a measure of the standard deviation (for numerical variables) or the variety (for categorical ones) over the map unit. As in other systems, the use of RF enables one to estimate the relative importance of the single input parameters and to select the optimal configuration of the classification model. The model is initially applied using the complete set of input variables, then an iterative process is implemented and progressively smaller subsets of the parameter space are considered. The impact of scale and accuracy of input variables, as well as the effect of the random component of the RF model on the susceptibility results, are also examined. The model is tested in the Arno River basin (central Italy). We find that the dimension of parameter space, the mapping unit (scale) and the training process strongly influence the classification accuracy and the prediction process. This, in turn, implies that a careful sensitivity analysis making use of traditional and new tools should always be performed before producing final susceptibility maps at all levels and scales.
Simulated melt rates for the Totten and Dalton ice shelves
Authors: Gwyther D. E. , Galton-Fenzi B. K. , Hunter J. R. , Roberts J. L.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. The Totten Glacier drains a large proportion of the East Antarctic ice sheet, much of it marine based (grounded below sea level), and is rapidly losing mass. It has been suggested that this mass loss is driven by changes in oceanic forcing; however, the details of the ice-ocean interaction are unknown. Here we present results from an ice shelf-ocean model of the region that includes the Totten, Moscow University and Dalton Ice Shelves, based on the Regional Oceanic Modeling System for the period 1992–2007. Simulated area-averaged basal melt rates (net basal mass loss) for the Totten and Dalton ice shelves are 9.1 m ice yr−1 (44.5 Gt ice yr−1) and 10.1 m ice yr−1 (46.6 Gt ice yr−1), respectively. The melting of the ice shelves varies strongly on seasonal and interannual timescales. Basal melting (mass loss) from the Totten ice shelf spans a range of 5.7 m ice yr−1 (28 Gt ice yr−1) on interannual timescales and 3.4 m ice yr−1 (17 Gt ice yr−1) on seasonal timescales. This study links basal melt of the Totten and Dalton ice shelves to warm water intrusions across the continental shelf break and atmosphere-ocean heat exchange. Totten ice shelf melting is high when the nearby Dalton polynya interannual strength is below average, and vice versa. Melting of the Dalton ice shelf is primarily controlled by the strength of warm water intrusions across the Dalton Rise and into the ice shelf cavity. During periods of strong westwards coastal current flow, Dalton melt water flows directly under the Totten ice shelf further reducing melting. This is the first such modelling study of this region, providing a valuable framework for directing future observational and modelling efforts.
Jurassic–Paleogene intra-oceanic magmatic evolution of the Ankara Mélange, North-Central Anatolia, Turkey
Authors: Sarifakioglu E. , Dilek Y. , Sevin M.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Oceanic rocks in the Ankara Mélange along the Izmir–Ankara–Erzincan suture zone (IAESZ) in North-Central Anatolia include locally coherent ophiolite complexes (~179 Ma and ~80 Ma), seamount or oceanic plateau volcanic units with pelagic and reefal limestones (96.6 ± 1.8 Ma), metamorphic rocks with ages of 187.4 ± 3.7 Ma, 158.4 ± 4.2 Ma, and 83.5 ± 1.2 Ma, and subalkaline to alkaline volcanic and plutonic rocks of an island arc origin (~67–63 Ma). All but the arc rocks occur in a shaly-graywacke and/or serpentinite matrix, and are deformed by south-vergent thrust faults and folds that developed in the Middle to Late Eocene due to continental collisions in the region. Ophiolitic volcanic rocks have mid-ocean ridge (MORB) and island arc tholeiite (IAT) affinities showing moderate to significant LILE enrichment and depletion in Nb, Hf, Ti, Y and Yb, which indicate the influence of subduction-derived fluids in their melt evolution. Seamount/oceanic plateau basalts show ocean island basalt (OIB) affinities. The arc-related volcanic rocks, lamprophyric dikes and syeno-dioritic plutons exhibit high-K shoshonitic to medium-to high-K calc-alkaline compositions with strong enrichment in LILE, REE and Pb, and initial ϵNd values between +1.3 and +1.7. Subalkaline arc volcanic units occur in the northern part of the mélange, whereas the younger alkaline volcanic rocks and intrusions (lamprophyre dikes and syeno-dioritic plutons) in the southern part. The Early to Late Jurassic and Late Cretaceous epidote-actinolite, epidote-chlorite and epidote-glaucophane schists represent the metamorphic units formed in a subduction channel in the Northern Neotethys. The Middle to Upper Triassic neritic limestones spatially associated with the seamount volcanic rocks indicate that the Northern Neotethys was an open ocean with its MORB-type oceanic lithosphere by the Early Triassic. The Latest Cretaceous–Early Paleocene island arc volcanic, dike and plutonic rocks with subalkaline to alkaline geochemical affinities represent intraoceanic magmatism that developed on and across the subduction-accretion complex above a N-dipping, southward-rolling subducted lithospheric slab within the Northern Neotethys. The Ankara Mélange thus exhibits the record of ~120–130 million years of oceanic magmatism in geological history of the Northern Neotethys.
Price trends in greenhouse tomato and pepper and choice of adoptable technology
Authors: García-Martínez M.C. , Caballero Villar P. , Fernández-Zamudio M.A.
Published: November 2013

Currently, intensive horticultural production in the Spanish Mediterranean region is strongly influenced by the liberalization of markets, which means farms must become more competitive and focus on consumer demands, such as product quality and health. The goals of the present work are to determine how the current economic situation of the tomato and pepper are reflected in the origin price, and to carry out an assessment of the technology available in the greenhouses. This study focuses on three principal Spanish regions of greenhouse horticultural production, located in Almería, Murcia and the South of Alicante (South-East Spain). Trend and seasonality of origin prices have been determined, and the ARIMA models have been used to predict pepper prices in Almería. Our analysis resulted in the following: the development of purchasing power, based on the price trends of the studied varieties; seasonal indices are developed to assist decision-making with respect to production schedules, choice of varieties and use of heating; finally, prediction is used to assist in planning the productive and commercial activity for the following season. There are two major determinants of technology adoption which include the fundamental elements of the equipment (heating and substrate) and the different production modes, like integrated production in different certified modes, and ecological production.
Short communication. Total aflatoxin and ochratoxin A in the liver, kidneys and plasma of experimentally contaminated chickens
Authors: Vilar E.A. , Stamford T.L.M. , Bastos S.T.G. , Carvalho E.V. , De Souza E.L.
Published: November 2013

Mycotoxicosis, particularly that caused by aflatoxins and ochratoxins, is a serious problem for the poultry production industry. The aim of this study was to determine the total aflatoxin and ochratoxin A levels in liver and plasma, and kidneys and plasma, respectively, of chickens for fattening fed experimentally contaminated diets, and to assess the impact of these toxins on body weight increase and the feed conversion ratio (FCR). Forty eight 21 day-old Ross breeder chickens (n = 12 x four treatments) were fed diets containing different levels of mycotoxins: grower diet + ochratoxin A (200 mg/kg of feed) + total aflatoxin in different concentrations (T1 = 60 microg/kg of feed; T = 50 microg/kg; T3 = 30 microg/kg). Control chickens (T4) were fed only the grower diet. No significant differences were seen in the weight increase of chickens subjected to the different treatments. However, lower FCRs were seen in those exposed to T1 and T2. In general, the amount of total aflatoxin and ochratoxin A found in the liver, kidneys and plasma (determined by ELISA) were directly related to the amounts added to the experimental diets and feed consumption. Plasma ochratoxin A was always higher than kidney levels; this relationship was not seen for total aflatoxin.
Short communication. Ratoon cropping technique combined with pluriannual character improves soilless pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruit yield
Authors: Riga P.
Published: November 2013

The aim of this work was to test the ratoon cropping technique for hydroponically grown pepper plants. The ratoon cropping system consists of mowing the crop, the next crop being the result of the first crop regrowth. Pepper plants were mowed every six months during two years and the production was compared to that of the new transplanted young-plants at the time of each cycle of pruning. Thus, at the end of the experiment, mowed plants were two years old and were pruned three times. The ratoon cropping technique significantly increased (p < 0.03) marketable production up to 27% compared to that of newly planted plants. In addition, the percentages of the non marketable fruits were never significantly different (p > 0.05). The ratoon cropping technique for pepper plant soilless culture showed several advantages: 1) the energy production cost was reduced, 2) new plants and substrate acquisition cost was eliminated and 3) in some cases, the labor cost was reduced. Nevertheless, use of this technique could be limited by the possibility of transmission of mechanically spread diseases, such as virosis, and by pepper plants roots health.
Design, construction and testing of an apricot tractor-trailed harvester
Authors: Torregrosa A. , Chaparro O. , Martín B. , Ortiz C. , Bernad J. J. , Ortí E. , Gil J. , Pérez M.
Published: November 2013

The purpose of this research is to facilitate the mechanical harvesting of apricots (Prunus armeniaca L.) for industry. A tractor-trailed harvester was built to catch the fruits detached from apricot (cv. Búlida) trees by vibratory systems. This machine is a low profile catcher that can move under the trees in high-density canopies where umbrella-type harvesters cannot. The trailer is able to work under trees with as little free-trunk height as 0.35 m. The tests were donein 5- to 9-year-old apricot trees, planted in two frame, 2.5 m and 4.5 m in-the-row distances, with 6.5 m between rows in both cases. To detach the fruit, two hand-held pneumatic shakers were used. Harvest rate was 61 and 44 trees h-1 for each type of orchard, respectively. The main conclusion is that the trailer, together with branch-shakers, can work innarrow orchards of low canopy trees where other machines can not go in.
Optimization of the Lipase Catalyzed Production of Structured Acylglycerols With Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Isolated From Sardine Oil
Authors: Noriega-Rodriguez Juan Antonio , Carrillo-Perez Esther , Gamez-Meza Nohemi , Medina-Juarez Luis A. , Baeza-Jimenez Ramiro , Garcia Hugo S.
Published: November 2013

In the present work, direct enzyme-catalyzed esterification of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) isolated from sardine oil was optimized to obtain structured acyglycerols. A n-3 PUFA concentrate was prepared by urea crystallization of refined sardine oil and esterification was carried out mixing free fatty acids and glycerol at different molar ratios (M = 0.48, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 5.52 mol/mol), using an immobilized lipase preparation from Candida antarctica (NV-435) at different temperatures (T = 38, 45, 55, 65 and 72 °C) and reaction times (t = 0.7, 2.75, 5.75, 8.75 and 10.8 h) in a rotatable central composition design. The degree of esterification was determined by analysis of the acylglycerides produced, using liquid chromatography (HPLC-ELSD). Optimization by response surface methodology (RSM) showed that in order to obtain higher esterification levels of n-3 PUFA to glycerol (99.5%), a molar ratio of 1.3 mol n-3 PUFA/mol glycerol, time 8.3 h and temperature 38 °C, are required. However, results of this work show that it is possible to drive the reaction to any determined product (MAG, DAG or TAG) by modifying the reaction conditions.
Terras diatomáceas: uma pozolana natural na Bacia do Paraná, Estado de São Paulo
Authors: Montanheiro Tarcísio José , Yamamoto Jorge Kazuo , Sant'Agostino Lilia Mascarenhas , Yushiro Kihara , Saito Márcia Mika
Published: November 2013

A prospecção de materiais pozolânicos na Bacia do Paraná, Estado de São Paulo, identificou uma rocha sedimentar composta essencialmente de espículas silicosas de esponjas e frústulas silicosas, que é conhecida como terra diatomácea ou simplesmente "pó-de-mico". Tais esqueletos silicosos apresentam propriedades pozolânicas à medida que eles reagem com o hidróxido de cálcio formando uma massa cimentícia. Nesse trabalho são apresentadas as técnicas analíticas relativas à prequalificação e quantificação de materiais pozolânicos. Além disso, análises por difração de raios X e por microscopia eletrônica de varredura são também apresentados nesse artigo. Amostras selecionadas compostas essencialmente de esqueletos silicosos submetidas aos testes de reatividade pozolânica com cal apresentaram resistências à compressão superiores a 6 MPa. Embora essas rochas possam ser consideradas pozolanas naturais, elas não podem suprir as necessidades de uma indústria cimenteira. Por outro lado, elas podem ser usadas como matéria prima para a fabricação manual de tijolos, que é um fator importante para manter a população rural no campo.
Primeira ocorrência de briófitas na Bacia de São Paulo (Cenozóico)
Authors: Fittipaldi Fernando Cilento
Published: November 2013

Este trabalho diz respeito ao primeiro registro de briófitas fósseis na Bacia de São Paulo, bem como à primeira ocorrência de restos bem preservados desse grupo no Brasil. Isotachis simonesii, uma nova espécie de hepática, é proposta com base em gametófitos carbonificados provenientes da área-tipo da Formação Itaquaquecetuba (Cenozóico, Bacia de São Paulo). O hábito climático de Isotachis, bem como o de formas foliares anteriormente assinaladas naquela unidade estratigráfica, é sugestivo de um paleoambiente úmido, provavelmente ligado a uma mata tropical (mata pluvial).
Morfologia cristalina de diamantes provenientes das regiões de Chapada dos Guimarães, Poxoréu, Paranatinga, Diamantino e Alto Paraguai, Mato Grosso
Authors: Zolinger Iede Terezinha , Svisero Darcy Pedro , Weska Ricardo Kalikowski
Published: November 2013

Este artigo refere-se aos principais resultados da análise morfológica de diamantes provenientes de depósitos detríticos das regiões de Chapada dos Guimarães, Poxoréu, Paranatinga, Alto Paraguai e Diamantino, localizadas no Estado de Mato Grosso. As principais características observadas foram o predomínio de cristais rombododecaédricos, seguidos de fragmentos de clivagem, formas irregulares e agregados. As formas menos presentes incluem o octaedro, formas transicionais entre o octaedro de faces planas e o rombododecaedro de faces abauladas, geminado plano, cubo, pseudohexatetraedro, bem como alguns diamantes policristalinos (carbonado e ballas).
Coleridge on Broad Stand
Authors: Vardy Alan
Published: November 2013

This essay explores the relationships between Coleridge’s notebook entries and letters to Sara Hutchinson during his tour of the Cumbrian mountains in August 1802, focusing on his nearly disastrous descent from the summit of Scafell. It also revisits his controversial claim that he took those experiences and “transferred” himself “in Spirit” to the Alps in the process of composing “Hymn Before Sun-rise, in the Vale of Chamouny.” The question of how such experiences are “transferrable” has exercised critics from the beginning of Coleridge studies, and the essay offers a new approach by concentrating on the experiential content of the tour as the material of poetic composition.
Coleridge’s Visions of 1816: the Political Unconscious and the Poetic Fragment
Authors: Fulford Tim
Published: November 2013

Taking as its point of departure the little-known fact that Coleridge was jailed as a Jacobin pro-French spy during his Scottish tour of 1803, this article explores the issue of the relationship of the fragmentary poems he published in 1816 to the political and personal contexts in which they had been composed years earlier. It speculates that what makes a Coleridgean fragment a fragment is what is left out—contextual material that the author could or would not admit into the published text because it configured divided loyalties, about which he was ashamed and guilty. Contributing to a debate about the ideological function of significant absences in Romantic poetry that Marjorie Levinson provoked by her discussion of Wordsworth’s “Tintern Abbey,” the article argues that Coleridge came to practise textual severance—publishing poems and their contexts separately, as if unrelated to each other, so that their origin in writing about which he was guilty and anxious—on political grounds and personal—was not apparent. How conscious this severance was is, at this distance, undecidable: what is clear is that some of the context returned in disguised form, as if publication served unwittingly as a refraction of material that Coleridge had repressed; as a result, the published text contained more than Coleridge explicitly declared and, perhaps, knew.
Coleridge’s Ecumenical Spinoza1
Authors: Halmi Nicholas
Published: November 2013

Of English writers of the early nineteenth century, none has so sustained and well-documented an engagement with Spinozan metaphysics as Coleridge. Encountering Spinoza's monism both indirectly, through works contributing to the pantheism controversy of the 1790s, and directly, in intensive study of a collected edition of Spinoza's works in 1812-13, Coleridge repeatedly identified the Dutch philosopher with Christianity, particularly in his personal conduct, while deploring the moral implications of his supposed denial of free will. This ambivalent response to Spinoza is reflective of a fundamental and persistent tension in Coleridge's own thought between his attraction to a metaphysical monism, as the basis for postulating the unity of subject and object, and his desire to affirm Trinitarian Christianity.
Sexual stigma and discrimination as barriers to seeking appropriate healthcare among men who have sex with men in Swaziland
Authors: Risher Kathryn , Adams Darrin , Sithole Bhekie , Ketende Sosthenes , Kennedy Caitlin , Mnisi Zandile , Mabusa Xolile , Baral Stefan D
Published: November 2013

Introduction

Same‐sex practices and orientation are both stigmatized and criminalized in many countries across sub‐Saharan Africa. This study aimed to assess the relationship of fear of seeking healthcare and disclosure of same‐sex practices among a sample of men who have sex with men (MSM) in Swaziland with demographic, socio‐economic and behavioural determinants.

Methods

Three hundred and twenty‐three men who reported having had anal sex with a man in the past year were recruited using respondent‐driven sampling and administered a structured survey instrument. Asymptotically unbiased estimates of prevalence of stigma and human rights abuses generated using the RDSII estimator are reported with bootstrapped confidence intervals (CIs). Weighted simple and multiple logistic regressions of fear of seeking healthcare and disclosure of same‐sex practices to a healthcare provider with demographic, social and behavioural variables are reported.

Results

Stigma was common, including 61.7% (95% CI=54.0–69.0%) reporting fear of seeking healthcare, 44.1% (95% CI=36.2–51.3%) any enacted stigma and 73.9% (95% CI=67.7–80.1%) any perceived social stigma (family, friends). Ever disclosing sexual practices with other men to healthcare providers was low (25.6%, 95% CI=19.2–32.1%). In multiple logistic regression, fear of seeking healthcare was significantly associated with: having experienced legal discrimination as a result of sexual orientation or practice (aOR=1.9, 95% CI=1.1–3.4), having felt like you wanted to end your life (aOR=2.0, 95% CI=1.2–3.4), having been raped (aOR=11.0, 95% CI=1.4–84.4), finding it very difficult to insist on condom use when a male partner does not want to use a condom (aOR=2.1, 95% CI=1.0–4.1) and having a non‐Swazi nationality at birth (aOR=0.18, 95% CI=0.05–0.68). In multiple logistic regression, disclosure of same‐sex practices to a healthcare provider was significantly associated with: having completed secondary education or more (aOR=5.1, 95% CI=2.5–10.3), having used a condom with last casual male sexual partner (aOR=2.4, 95% CI=1.0–5.7) and having felt like you wanted to end your life (aOR=2.1, 95% CI=1.2–3.8).

Conclusions

MSM in Swaziland report high levels of stigma and discrimination. The observed associations can inform structural interventions to increase healthcare seeking and disclosure of sexual practices to healthcare workers, facilitating enhanced behavioural and biomedical HIV‐prevention approaches among MSM in Swaziland.
Prevalence and drivers of HIV stigma among health providers in urban India: implications for interventions
Authors: Ekstrand Maria L , Ramakrishna Jayashree , Bharat Shalini , Heylen Elsa
Published: November 2013

Introduction

HIV stigma inflicts hardship and suffering on people living with HIV (PLHIV) and interferes with both prevention and treatment efforts. Health professionals are often named by PLHIV as an important source of stigma. This study was designed to examine rates and drivers of stigma and discrimination among doctors, nurses and ward staff in different urban healthcare settings in high HIV prevalence states in India.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study enrolled 305 doctors, 369 nurses and 346 ward staff in both governmental and non‐governmental healthcare settings in Mumbai and Bengaluru, India. The approximately one‐hour long interviews focused on knowledge related to HIV transmission, personal and professional experiences with PLHIV, instrumental and symbolic stigma, endorsement of coercive policies, and intent to discriminate in professional and personal situations that involve high and low risk of fluid exposure.

Results

High levels of stigma were reported by all groups. This included a willingness to prohibit female PLHIV from having children (55 to 80%), endorsement of mandatory testing for female sex workers (94 to 97%) and surgery patients (90 to 99%), and stating that people who acquired HIV through sex or drugs “got what they deserved” (50 to 83%). In addition, 89% of doctors, 88% of nurses and 73% of ward staff stated that they would discriminate against PLHIV in professional situations that involved high likelihood of fluid exposure, and 57% doctors, 40% nurses and 71% ward staff stated that they would do so in low‐risk situations as well. Significant and modifiable drivers of stigma and discrimination included having less frequent contact with PLHIV, and a greater number of transmission misconceptions, blame, instrumental and symbolic stigma. Participants in all three groups reported high rates of endorsement of coercive measures and intent to discriminate against PLHIV. Stigma and discrimination were associated with multiple modifiable drivers, which are consistent with previous research, and which need to be targeted in future interventions.

Conclusions

Stigma reduction intervention programmes targeting healthcare providers in urban India need to address fear of transmission, improve universal precaution skills, and involve PLHIV at all stages of the intervention to reduce symbolic stigma and ensure that relevant patient interaction skills are taught.
Distribution of gas hydrates on continental margins by means of a mathematical envelope: A method applied to the interpretation of 3D Seismic Data
Authors: Bale Sean , Alves Tiago M. , Moore Gregory F.
Published: November 2013

A 3D seismic volume from the Nankai Trough accretionary wedge (SE Japan) is used to evaluate the subsurface distribution of gas hydrates as a function of structural and stratigraphic complexity, variable heat flow patterns and the presence of subsurface fluid conduits. Eleven equations were modified for depth, pressure, and temperature, modeled in 3D, and compared with the distribution of Bottom‐Simulating Reflections (BSRs) offshore Nankai. The results show that the equations produce overlapping—and thus potentially consistent—predictions for the distribution of BSRs, leading us to propose the concept of a “BSR Stability Envelope” as a method to quantify the subsurface distribution of gas hydrates on continental margins. In addition, we show that the ratio (R) between shallow and deep BSRs of seven subenvelopes, which are defined by BSR stability equations, indicates local gas hydrate equilibrium conditions. Values of R < 1 relate to cooler regions, whereas when R > 1 the majority of BSRs are located in warmer structural traps. The method in this paper can be used to recognize any divergence between observed and theoretical depths of occurrence of BSRs on 3D or 4D (time lapse) seismic volumes. In the Nankai Trough, our results point out for equilibrium conditions in BSRs located away from the Megasplay Fault Zone and major thrust faults. This latter observation demonstrates the applicability of the method to: (a) the recognition of subsurface fluid conduits and (b) the prediction of maximum and minimum depths of occurrence of gas hydrates on continental margins, under distinct thermal and hydrologic conditions.
Detection of platelet associated IgG in immune thrombocytopenia: A new assay employing protein a and peroxidase anti‐peroxidase (PROA‐PAP)
Authors: Tate Douglas Y. , Carlton Gregory T. , Nesbit Mark E. , White James G. , Krivit William , Sorenson Robert L.
Published: November 2013

Immune thrombocytopenia is frequently encountered in medical practice and is generally accepted as being caused by an IgG antibody. The capability of detecting platelet‐bound IgG as a diagnostic and therapeutic modality is critical for appropriate care and management of patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), as well as other immune thrombocytopenias We have modified our previous assay (Br J Haematol 37:265, 1977) by employing protein A and PAP as a labeled antibody. Surface bound platelet IgG was quantitated by phase contrast microscopy after incubation with PAP, graded per 100 platelets and expressed as a reactive index (RI). Controls (n=13) had RIs ranging from 0.49 to 0.72 (mean 0.63 ± 0.02 SE). The nonimmune thrombocytopenic group (n=7) had an RI ranging from 0.58 to 0.72 (mean 0.64 ± 0.01 SE). In contrast, the immune thrombocytopenic group (n=28) had RIs ranging from 1.04 to 1.75 (mean 1.43 ± 0.03 SE). Platelet‐associated IgG was evaluated further by absorbing representative sera samples from each group against washed granulocytes, red cells and platelets Only when sera from the immune thrombocytopenic group were absorbed against platelets did the reactive indices of pre‐ and postabsorption samples change significantly. These findings suggest that our assay is clinically applicable in detecting platelet‐associated IgG in immune thrombocytopenia and has the advantage of being rapid, reproducible and easy to perform in a clinical laboratory.