bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prediction of outcome in neurotic disorder: a 5-year prospective study
Authors: SEIVEWRIGHT H. , TYRER P. , JOHNSON T.
Published: July 2002

Background. There have been no previous studies of the
outcome
of different neurotic disorders in
which a prospective group with original randomization to treatment have
been followed up over a
long period. Such studies are important in identifying the factors associated
with good and poor
outcome.

Methods. A 5-year follow-up assessment was made of a cohort

of 210 psychiatric out-patients seen
in general practice psychiatric clinics with a DSM-III diagnosis of
generalized anxiety disorder (71),
panic disorder (74) or dysthymic disorder (65) and randomized to drug treatment,
cognitive and
behaviour therapy, and self-help. A total of 182 of the patients (87%)

were assessed after 5 years
by examination of hospital and GP records using a standardized procedure
and outcome
determined with a four-point outcome scale.

Results. One hundred and seven (60%) of the patients had a

favourable outcome but the remainder
continued to be handicapped either intermittently or continuously throughout
the 5-year period.
Analysis of the value of initial data in predicting outcome using
polychotomous step-wise logistic
regression revealed that five variables were significant predictors of
poor prognosis: older age;
recurrent episodes; the presence of personality disorder at entry; general
neurotic syndrome at
entry; and symptom severity after 10 weeks. The initial DSM diagnosis and
original treatment
given, together with ten other variables, were of no predictive value.

Conclusions. The long-term outcome of neurotic disorder is
better
predicted by age, personality and
recency of onset than by other clinical variables with the
exception of initial response to treatment.
Intimacy as a determinant of expressed emotion in
carers of people with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: FEARON M. , DONALDSON C. , BURNS A. , TARRIER N.
Published: July 2002

Background. Although high expressed emotion (EE) has been

found to be an important predictor
of poor prognosis in a wide range of conditions such as schizophrenia,

anorexia and depression no
complete explanation exists for individual differences in EE responses

The aim of this paper is to
investigate the role of intimacy in determining the level of EE in
carers of people with dementia.

Methods. Ninety-nine carers of people with dementia who presented

to Old Age Psychiatry Services
in South and Central Manchester completed questionnaires to ascertain
past and current levels of
intimacy. Camberwell Family Interviews (CFIs) were carried out to ascertain
levels of EE.

Results. Current intimacy was found to be strongly related

to EE such that low current intimacy was
associated with high EE and there was a significant difference between

high and low intimacy groups
on measures of criticism and hostility, though not warmth.

Conclusions. The association found between intimacy and EE

indicates that high EE may be a
characteristic of low intimacy relationships between the carer and
the cared-for-person. Since the
assessment of EE is time intensive, perhaps a measure of intimacy
will provide a short-hand screen
for identifying critical and hostile caring environments.
Searching the schizophrenic brain for temporal lobe deficits:
a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: ZAKZANIS K. K. , POULIN P. , HANSEN K. T. , JOLIC D.
Published: July 2002

Background. Several empirical studies have found temporal lobe impairments in many patients
with schizophrenia. The strength and consistency of this evidence, however, has not been evaluated
and synthesized quantitatively. Hence, we ask to what extent are temporal cortices really defective
in schizophrenia?

Methods. Meta-analytical methods were used to determine the magnitude of evidence in support of
structural and physiological temporal–hippocampal system deficits in schizophrenia. We report
effect sizes from studies since 1980 that used structural (CT, MRI) and functional (SPECT, PET)
neuroimaging methods.

Results. Both structural and functional imaging literatures are distinguished by heterogeneity
whereby most patients show normative temporal function and structure, a minority shows
diminished values and some patients demonstrate augmented function and structure rather than a
deficit.

Conclusions. The findings are hard to incorporate within single disease models that propose major
involvement of the temporal system in schizophrenia, at least at the degree of resolution obtained
with current imaging technology.
Can European Union (EU) Social NGOs Co-operate to Promote EU Social Policy?
Authors: GEYER ROBERT
Published: July 2002

This article examines why, despite similar general interests, institutional
positions and political constraints, EU social NGOs find it so difficult to
develop co-operative strategies except on the most fundamental issues. To
demonstrate these difficulties the article considers the general reasons for
and against co-operation between social NGOs and then examines the
difficulties and advantages of collective EU social NGO action during the
1998 NGO funding crisis, Red Card protest and civil dialogue. The article
argues that there is a fundamental desire for, and are benefits from, close
co-operation between the EU social NGOs. However, due to the complex
‘context structure’ within which NGOs must operate, this co-operative
impetus is constantly undermined. In conclusion, the article argues
that social NGOs will remain weak and insignificant actors until
the Commission/Parliament and/or the social NGOs can organise the
complex context structure and allow co-operative strategies to emerge.
John Baugh, Out of the mouths of slaves: African
American language and educational malpractice. Foreword
by William Labov. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1999.
Pp. xviii, 190. Hb $25.00, pb $12.95.
Authors: Morgan Marcyliena
Published: July 2002

This volume is an important contribution to sociolinguistic
analysis and critique. It explicitly addresses the challenge
of Labov 1982 – made to linguists nearly twenty years
ago – to tackle the persistent questions asked by
the public: “What is linguistics about? And what
is it good for?” Indeed, arguments presented in Labov's
article, which appeared in this journal, quickly became
the canon for many African American linguists on how to
defend working in a field that studied a social and cultural
system without talking about its social and cultural implications.
Labov provided support for conducting sociolinguistic work
when the Black Power movement, and public awareness of
social injustice against Black people, were at their height.
He also provided an arsenal of arguments to present to
linguists on the importance of recognizing the politics
and social consequences of our work. Baugh's text
is in the spirit of Labov's challenge, and it represents
a further demonstration of the ways linguistic research
can be used to address social prejudice and injustice.
Effects of task complexity in young and old adults: Reaction time and P300 latency are not always dissociated
Authors: Smulders Fren T.Y. , Kenemans J. Leon , Schmidt Wouter F. , Kok Albert
Published: July 2002

Twelve young and 11 elderly men (mean ages 21.1 and 70.1) performed a choice‐reaction time (RT) task in which stimulus degradation and stimulus–response (S‐R) compatibility were manipulated. The extant literature has suggested that the effects of age on RT are usually augmented (multiplicative) in more difficult task conditions, but also that the effects of age on the latency of the P300 component of the event‐related brain potential (ERP) are constant (additive). The results indicated that the effects of age on RT were enhanced in more difficult conditions, whether the difficulty consisted of stimulus degradation or S‐R incompatibility. However, the effects of age on P300 latency were enlarged as the stimuli were degraded, but not if the S‐R mapping was incompatible. Thus, it appears that task content determines if effects of age on P300 latency are additive or multiplicative. A simple model is proposed that produces the obtained pattern of effects.
EEG differences in monozygotic twins discordant and concordant for schizophrenia
Authors: Stassen Hans H. , Coppola Richard , Gottesman Irving I. , Torrey E. Fuller , Kuny Stephan , Rickler Kenneth C. , Hell Daniel
Published: July 2002

In an electroencephalographic (EEG) study of 27 pairs of monozygotic (MZ) twins discordant for schizophrenia, 13 pairs of MZ twins concordant for schizophrenia, 40 pairs of healthy MZ twins, and 91 healthy, unrelated subjects with repeated assessments, we investigated (a) the trait quality of brainwave patterns with respect to interindividual differences, intraindividual stability over time, and within‐pair MZ concordance; (b) the EEG characteristics that enable discrimination between affected and unaffected individuals; and (c) the EEG characteristics that reflect the severity of illness. In comparison with healthy control subjects, the MZ twins who were discordant and concordant for schizophrenia exhibited a much lower within‐pair EEG concordance, so that EEG abnormalities associated with schizophrenia and manifested differently in the co‐twins concordant for schizophrenia seemed to reflect nongenetic, pathological developments of genetically identical brains.
Making the case for psychophysiology during the era of molecular biology
Authors: Anderson Norman B. , Scott Paul A.
Published: July 2002

The Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research (OBSSR) at the National Institutes of Health opened in 1995 to facilitate the advancement of research on social and behavioral influences on health. The establishment of the OBSSR coincided with the ascendancy of molecular biology, with its emphasis on more reductionistic influences on health. This greater emphasis on genetic aspects of health has the potential to produce a widening chasm between biomedical research and social, behavioral, and psychological research. We discuss the chasm between sociobehavioral and biomedical research during what might be considered the era of molecular biology and propose the concept of levels of analysis as a unifying framework for research in the health sciences, using research on hypertension in African Americans as a representative example. We also argue for the primacy of psychophysiological research in bridging the chasm and furthering a multilevel perspective and summarize some of the activities of the OBSSR that are relevant to this perspective.
THE DIVERGENCE OF ENGLAND: THE GROWTH OF THE ENGLISH ECONOMY IN THE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES
Authors: Wrigley E.A.
Published: July 2002

THAT something remarkable was happening in England in the quarter millennium separating the late sixteenth century from the early nineteenth is plain. In Elizabeth I's reign the Spanish Armada was perceived as a grave threat: the English ships were scarcely a match for the Spanish, and the weather played a major part in the deliverance of the nation. By the later eighteenth century the Royal Navy was unchallenged by the naval forces of any other single country, and during the generation of war which followed the French revolution, it proved capable of controlling the seas in the face of the combined naval forces mustered by Napoleon in an attempt to break the British oceanic stranglehold. Growing naval dominance was a symbol of a far more pervasive phenomenon. In the later sixteenth century England was not a leading European power and could exercise little influence over events at a distance from its shores. The Napoleonic wars showed that, even when faced by a coalition of countries occupying the bulk of Europe west of Russia and led by one of the greatest of military commanders, Britain possessed the depth of resources to weather a very long war, enabling her to outlast her challenger and secure a victory. The combination of a large and assertive Navy and dominant financial and commercial strength meant that, in the early decades of the nineteenth century, Britain was able to impose her will over large tracts of every continent. But her dominance did not grow out of the barrel of a gun. It derived chiefly from exceptional economic success: it grew out of the corn sack, the cotton mill, and the coal mine.
The Popperian framework, statistical significance, and rejection of chance
Authors: Chow Siu L.
Published: July 2002

That Haig and Sohn find the hypothetico-deductive approach wanting in different ways shows that multiple conditional syllogisms are being used in different stages of theory corroboration in the Popperian approach. The issues raised in the two commentaries assume a different complexion when certain distinctions are made.
What is the operating point? A discourse on perceptual organisation
Authors: Schultz Simon R.
Published: July 2002

The standard dogmatism ignores the fact that neural coding is extremely flexible, and the degree of “coarseness” versus “locality” of representation in real brains can be different under different task conditions. The real question that should be asked is: What is the operating point of neural coding under natural behavioural conditions? Several sources of evidence suggest that under natural conditions some degree of distribution of coding pervades the nervous system.
The magic number four: Can it explain Sternberg's serial memory scan data?
Authors: Jou Jerwen
Published: July 2002

Cowan's concept of a pure short-term memory (STM) capacity limit is equivalent to that of memory subitizing. However, a robust phenomenon well known in the Sternberg paradigm, that is, the linear increase of RT as a function of memory set size is not consistent with this concept. Cowan's STM capacity theory will remain incomplete until it can account for this phenomenon.
Complex regional pain syndromes: Taxonomy, diagnostic criteria, mechanisms of vascular abnormalites, edema, and pain
Authors: Baron Ralf , Jänig Wilfrid
Published: July 2002

Complex regional pain syndromes (reflex sympathetic dystrophy,
causalgia) are often characterized by pain and autonomic and motor
abnormalities. Pathophysiological mechanisms are in the central
and peripheral nervous system. Differences in skin temperature and
“the ischemia test” may be used as diagnostic criteria.
Sympathetic blocks relieve pain and other symptoms in a subgroup of
patients (sympathetically maintained pain, SMP).
[blumberg et al.]
Pointers, codes, and embodiment
Authors: Wilson Robert A.
Published: July 2002

This commentary raises three questions about the target
article: What are pointers or deictic devices? Why insist on deictic
codes for cognition rather than deixis simpliciter? And in what sense
is cognition embodied, on this view?
Prenatal testosterone exposure, left-handedness, and high school delinquency
Authors: Coren Stanley
Published: July 2002

Prenatal exposure to high levels of testosterone may lead to
increased probability of left-handedness. Extrapolating from arguments
by Mazur & Booth leads to a prediction of increased incidence of
antisocial behavior among left-handers. Six hundred ninety-four males
were tested for seven indicators of delinquency in high school.
Left-handers were more likely to display such behaviors, providing
indirect evidence for the hypothesized behavioral effects of
testosterone.
Experience is no improvement over talent
Authors: Heller Kurt A. , Ziegler Albert
Published: July 2002

Our recapitulation of the work by Howe et al. is a clear
approval of the passages in which the talent concept is critically
questioned. On the other hand, Howe et al. must themselves come to
terms with most of the accusations they place at the door of talent
researchers. The evidence they present to support the experience
concept is lacking with respect to current theoretical and
methodological standards.
Imitation without attitudes
Authors: Mac Aogáin Eoghan
Published: July 2002

Byrne & Russon's account of program imitation in
primates involves propositional attitudes (expectations and goals),
which limits its falsifiability. Yet their account of priming shows
exactly how imitation without attitudes would look. The challenge
is to upgrade the notion of priming to give an account of low-level
program imitation without invoking propositional attitudes.
Defining and finding talent: Data and a multiplicative model?
Authors: Simonton Dean Keith
Published: July 2002

The Simonton (1991) study of 120 classical composers may
provide evidence for the existence of innate talent. A weighted
multiplicative model of talent development provides a basis for
evaluating the adequacy of Howe et al.'s conclusions.
Liberalism, chauvinism, and experimental thought
Authors: Heyes C. M.
Published: July 2002

The target article argued that there is currently no reliable
evidence of theory of mind in nonhuman primates and proposed research
methods for future use in this field. Some commentators judged the
research proposals to be too chauvinist (in danger of falsely denying
that primates attribute mental states), but a majority judged them to
be too liberal (in danger of falsely affirming theory of mind in
primates). The most valuable comments from both camps exemplified
“experimental thought,” the obverse of “thought
experiments,” and recommended specific alterations and
alternatives to the studies I proposed. This Response evaluates these
recommendations and presents a revised version of the proposals that
appear in the target article. Other valuable commentary cast doubt on
the assumption that people have a theory of mind, aired the
possibility that language may be a prerequisite for either possession
or detection of a theory of mind, questioned the notion of critical
experiments, and emphasized the distinction between attribution of
sight and belief. In addition to commenting on these issues, I respond
to objections to my interpretation of existing research on
self-recognition, imitation, and deception.
Visual perception and subjective visual awareness
Authors: Revonsuo Antti
Published: July 2002

Pessoa et al. fail to make a clear distinction between visual
perception and subjective visual awareness. Their most controversial
claims, however, concern subjective visual awareness rather than
visual perception: visual awareness is externalized to the
“personal level,” thus denying the view that
consciousness is a natural biological phenomenon somehow
constructed inside the brain.
The nontrivial doctrine of cognitive neuroscience
Authors: Hardcastle Valerie Gray
Published: July 2002

Gold & Stoljar's “trivial” neuron doctrine
is neither a truism in cognitive science nor trivial; it has serious
consequences for the future direction of the mind/brain sciences.
Not everyone would agree that these consequences are desirable.
The authors' “radical” doctrine is not so radical;
their division between cognitive neuroscience and neurobiology is
largely artificial. Indeed, there is no sharp distinction between
cognitive neuroscience and other areas of the brain sciences.
The functional role of representations cannot explain basic implicit memory phenomena
Authors: Goshen-Gottstein Yonatan
Published: July 2002

The propositional account of explicit and implicit knowledge
interprets cognitive differences between direct and indirect test
performance as emerging from the elements in different hierarchical
levels of the propositional representation that have been made explicit.
The hierarchical nature of explicitness is challenged, however, on the
basis of neuropsychological dissociations between direct and indirect
tests of memory, as well as the stochastic independence that has been
observed between these two types of tests. Furthermore, format
specificity on indirect test of memory challenges the basic notion of
a propositional theory of implicit and explicit knowledge.
Some misunderstandings and misinterpretations about sociobiology and behavior genetics in Lifelines by Steven Rose
Authors: Maxson Stephen C.
Published: July 2002

Lifelines by Steven Rose is supposed to present a new
perspective on biology replacing an emphasis on genes with one on
organisms. However, much of the book is a highly biased critique of
sociobiology and behavior genetics. Some of the flaws in Rose's
description and depiction of these fields are presented and refuted.
Also, it would appear that these aspects of the book and many others
are, in fact, related more to Rose's perennial concern for the
ideology, social origins or social consequences of behavioral biology.
These concerns are, I believe based, in part, upon Rose's
misunderstandings and misinterpretations of genetics, behavior genetics,
and sociobiology.
Only time can tell – words in context
Authors: Salmelin Riitta , Helenius Päivi , Kuukka Kari
Published: July 2002

We raise the possibility that the roles words typically play
in sentence context, rather than their motor or visual associations,
determine the organization of language in the brain. We also
discuss time-sensitive functional imaging approaches that allow
experimentation both on isolated words and connected
language.
A simple proof for monotonicity of entropy in the quadratic family
Authors: TSUJII MASATO
Published: July 2002

We give a simple proof for monotonicity of topological entropy in the quadratic family. We use a spectral property of a Ruelle operator.
Analyticity and metric transitivity on the torus
Authors: SCHWARTZMAN SOL
Published: July 2002

Suppose we are given an analytic divergence free vector field $(X,Y)$ on the standard torus. We can find constants $a$ and $b$ and a function $F(x,y)$ of period one in both $x$ and $y$ such that $(X,Y)=(a-F_y,b+F_x)$. For a given $F$, let $P$ be the map sending $(x,y)$ into $(F_y(x,y),-F_x(x,y))$. Let $A$ be the image of the torus under this map and let $B$ be the image under this map of the set of points $(x,y)$ at which $F_{xx}F_{yy}-(F_{xy})^2$ vanishes. For any point $(a,b)$ in the complement of the interior of $A$, the flow on the torus arising from the differential equations $dx/dt=a-F_y(x,y)$, $dy/dt=b+F_x(x,y)$ is metrically transitive if and only if $a/b$ is irrational. For any point in $A$ but not in $B$ the flow is not metrically transitive. Moreover, if $a/b$ is irrational but the flow on the torus is not metrically transitive and we use our differential equations to define a flow in the entire plane (rather than on the torus), this flow has a nonstationary periodic orbit. It is an open question whether a point $(a,b)$ in the interior of $A$ can give rise to a metrically transitive flow.
Average linking numbers
Authors: CONTRERAS GONZALO , ITURRIAGA RENATO
Published: July 2002

We prove the existence of the average linking number, also called the Hopf invariant, for any invariant measure under a differentiable flow on $S^3$ without singularities, which has no periodic orbit of positive measure.
Welfare State Retrenchment – The Case of Japan
Authors: Takao Yasuo
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this article is to examine the implications for welfare state retrenchment of central-local financial relations. In the post-war period, welfare state expansion has been a dominant theme in the development of central-local government relations in advanced industrial democracies. By the 1980s, however, nearly all OECD member countries had resorted to deficit financing as stagnant tax revenues combined with political pressure for increased public services. Faced with the urgent necessity of fiscal reconstruction, conservatives in advanced industrial democracies have favoured cutting public services throughout the 1990s. As always in times of retrenchment, elected officials have needed to win the goodwill of voters and interest groups for these unpopular cutbacks. There is no doubt that the politics of retrenchment is distinctively different from that of growth. Despite this new stage in the development of the welfare state, few systematic attempts have been made to analyse the impact of retrenchment politics on central-local financial arrangements. This article contributes to the new debate on comparative theories of retrenchment by analysing the impact of welfare state retrenchment in the context of Japan's recent fiscal reconstruction.
Ideology and the Cold War
Authors: KRAMER MARK
Published: July 2002

Western scholars have long disagreed about the role that ideology played in the Cold War. The release of crucial documentation from the former East-bloc archives has shed new light on this question, but no consensus is likely to emerge. Even if all the archives are eventually opened, the new evidence will not—and cannot—provide full vindication for either realism or an ideology-based approach. A key task for scholars will be to reexamine the broad and often unspoken assumptions on which specific US and Soviet policies were based.
Characterization of plasma and laser conditions for single
hot spot experiments
Authors: MONTGOMERY D.S. , JOHNSON R.P. , COBBLE J.A. , FERNÁNDEZ J.C. , LINDMAN E.L. , ROSE H.A. , ESTABROOK K.G.
Published: July 2002

The TRIDENT laser system at the Los Alamos National
Laboratory is being used for fundamental experiments which
study the interaction of self-focusing, stimulated Raman
scattering (SRS) and stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS)
in a near-diffraction-limited (single) laser hot spot in
order to better understand the coupling between these plasma
instabilities. The diffraction limited beam mimics a single
hot spot found in speckle distributions that are typical
of random or kinoform phase plates (RPP or KPP) used for
spatial smoothing of laser beams. A long scale length,
hot plasma (∼1 mm, ∼0.6 keV) is created by a separate
heater beam, and the single hot spot beam is used to drive
parametric instabilities. The focal plane distribution
and wave-front of the interaction beam are characterized,
and its intensity can be varied between 1014–1016
W/cm2. The plasma density, temperature, and
flow profiles are measured using a gated imaging spectroscopy
of collective Thomson scattering from the heater beam.
Results of the laser and plasma characterization, and initial
results of backscattered SRS, SBS, and beam steering in
a flowing plasma are presented.
Near minimum-time direct voltage control algorithms for wheeled mobile robots
with current and voltage constraints
Authors: Choi Jong-Suk , Kim Byung Kook
Published: July 2002

Near minimum-time direct voltage control (DVC) algorithms
synthesizing path-planning and path-following are proposed for wheeled mobile robots
(WMRs) satisfying (i) initial and final postures and velocities as
well as (ii) voltage and current constraints. To overcome nonholonomic
and nonlinear properties of WMRs, we divide our control algorithm
for cornering motion into three sections: TSD (Translational Section of
Deceleration), RS (Rotational Section), and TSA (Translational Section of Acceleration).
We developed off-line DVC algorithms using the quadratic problem with
the object function minimizing the total time, where voltages to
the motors are controlled directly without velocity/torque-servo modules, while satisfying the current constraints. Two methods of searching for the two
control parameters (number of steps for RS MR and velocity
constraint in RS β) were considered: The one is composed
of one simple 1-dimensional search for β, and the other
is composed of two 1-dimensional searches for MR and β
which has better performance. Performances of the proposed control algorithms
are validated via various simulations.
Recent advances in remote coal mining machine sensing, guidance, and

teleoperation
Authors: Ralston J. C. , Hainsworth D. W. , Reid D. C. , Anderson D. L. , McPhee R. J.
Published: July 2002

This paper presents some recent applications of sensing, guidance and telerobotic technology in the coal mining industry. Of special interest is the

development of semi or fully autonomous systems to provide remote guidance and communications for coal mining equipment. We consider the use of radar and inertial based sensors in an attempt to solve the horizontal and lateral guidance problems associated with

mining equipment automation. We also describe a novel teleoperated robot vehicle with unique communications capabilities, called the Numbat, which is used in underground mine safety and reconnaissance missions.
A manipulation analysis for robot programming
Authors: Ceccarelli Marco
Published: July 2002

In this paper a procedure is proposed for a rational and optimum
use of robots. It is the result of the lessons learned by the author in the course of his consultancy and teaching activities on manipulative tasks and programming capabilities of
robots.

One of the chief aims of this paper is educational, and has been set on the basis of students' practice with robots in the Laboratory of Robotics at the University of Cassino, Italy. A second goal consists in highlighting and teaching how robots' versatility and flexibility can be easily exploited during robot's operation when a task is properly modelled through elementary actions. An elementary action, representing a small manipulative operation and consisting in one or few simple instructions given in
robot language, can be easily performed by the robot's programming capability. Some examples have been reported to better illustrate the ideas and the procedure proposed, whose main advantage, also from an educational viewpoint, consist in providing a simpler method for analysing manipulations for robot design and programming.
Control Laws synthesis of multi-arm cooperating robots with elastic interconnection
at the contacts
Authors: Zˇivanović Milovan , Vukobratović Miomir
Published: July 2002

The problem of the control of the object cooperative manipulation during
the work of multiple non-redundant six degrees-of-freedom manipulators is considered
in this paper. The problem of the cooperative manipulation control is, like all its problems, solvable only if the system is considered as the elastic one, taking into account all
existing constraints. The controlled system is with the output number greater than the available number of inputs, therefore, in the first stage the desired motions are selected from the set of the possible nominal ones, containing the trajectories of the manipulated object mass centre and slave manipulators contacts. Afterward, the classification of control tasks is performed. The procedure for the calculation of the driving torques introduced into the joints of the manipulators, necessary to obtain the nominal trajectory tracking, is
proposed. The theoretical analysis of cooperative system closed loop behaviour is exposed, particular attention being paid to the uncontrolled variables. The procedure is illustrated on the example of the simple closed loop cooperative system, consisting of the manipulated object and two one degree-of-freedom manipulators. For this system, the behaviour is
determined and the driving torques are calculated.
Classroom music teachers and the post-primary curriculum: the implications of recent research in Northern Ireland
Authors: Drummond Brendan
Published: July 2002

This paper is based on a five-year research project into the work of music teachers in Northern Ireland. It is concerned with the implications of the research for the curriculum. The results reveal a serious shortage of suitably qualified music teachers in the Province, and significant deficiencies in funding and facilities for the subject. They also reveal that many teachers doubt the value of their general classroom teaching, and prefer their extra-curricular activities. The author suggests that Music should become an option during Key Stage Three which schools would have to provide, and which motivated pupils could choose as an alternative to the other ‘Creative and Expressive’ subjects.
China recaptures Hong Kong: a study of change for music education
Authors: Brand Manny , Ho Wai-Chung
Published: July 2002

This study examines the change of Hong Kong's sovereignty from one particular perspective – its effect on musical education. Our purpose is to analyse how the change of sovereignty and the idea of ‘one country, two systems’ are reflected in current practices, including published materials used in Hong Kong's secondary schools. Sources of data include selected textbooks, government documents concerning educational policies and curriculum, school syllabi and relevant studies.
Seed scatterhoarding by white-tailed rats: consequences for seedling recruitment by an Australian rain forest tree
Authors: THEIMER TAD C.
Published: July 2002

The role of white-tailed rats (Uromys caudimaculatus) as dispersers of seeds of the Australian tropical
rain forest tree Beilschmiedia bancroftii, (Lauraceae) was investigated by following the fates of seeds and seedlings
over 2 y. Fruits of this tree are too large to be consumed by any avian frugivore except the southern cassowary
(Casuarius casuarius), and the only other native mammal capable of dispersing the seeds is the musky rat kangaroo
(Hypsiprimnodon moschatus). However, neither of these species has been documented to disperse the seeds of this
tree. During a mast year, white-tailed rats cached seeds an average of 13 m from parent trees in a variety of microsites.
Although none of the 61 cached seeds followed in this study survived to germination, comparison of seed, cache and
seedling distributions suggested that most seedlings arose from rat-cached seeds. White-tailed rats cached seeds in
both mast and non-mast years, but the time seeds remained on the forest floor and in caches was significantly shorter
in non-mast years, suggesting that synchronous seed production increases the probability that some caches survive to
germination. Because white-tailed rats are the most common and widespread native mammal capable of dispersing
large-seeds, this study suggests that they may play an important role in the seed and seedling dynamics of large-seeded
tree species in Australian tropical rain forests.
The effects of fragmentation of an Australian tropical rain forest on populations and assemblages of small mammals
Authors: HARRINGTON G. N. , FREEMAN A. N. D. , CROME F. H. J.
Published: July 2002

Small mammals were trapped in four rain forest fragments (3, 8, 20 and 97 ha), in an agricultural
landscape, and in comparable continuous tropical rain forest in north Queensland, Australia over 2 y. The most
frequently captured species were four murid rodents. Melomys cervinipes were captured in similar numbers in both
continuous and fragmented forest. This species achieves greatest abundance at forest edges and this study suggests
that edges of fragments and edges of continuous forest will support similar densities. Abundance of Uromys
caudimaculatus was positively correlated with size of fragment and peaked in continuous forest. This species had a home range
larger than the smaller fragments and was thus disadvantaged but its ability to utilize the agricultural matrix between
fragments mitigated the effect. Rattus leucopus and R. fuscipes were most abundant in fragments and continuous forest
respectively but both species occurred in similar abundance in the 97-ha fragment. This suggests their population size
is related to habitat rather than competitive exclusion as previously postulated. Ordination of the populations of the
nine most commonly captured mammals, separated the fragment and continuous sites but placed the largest fragment
closest to the continuous sites. The contrasting response of the two Rattus spp. was the primary influence on the
ordination. Second in importance was Trichosurus vulpecula, a folivorous possum, which was absent from the
continuous sites. The fragments may have had more nutrient-rich, pioneer tree foliage than continuous forest. Isoodon
macrourus, Perameles nasuta, Antechinus godmani and Uromys hadrourus also showed positive or negative response to
fragmentation. Species utilizing the matrix between forest fragments and species adapted to forest edge are advantaged
by the fragmentation process whereas forest specialists tend to extinction in fragments, particularly where the home
range of the animal is not many times smaller than the fragment.
The mound-building termite Macrotermes michaelseni as an ecosystem engineer
Authors: Dangerfield J.M. , Mccarthy T.S. , Ellery W.N.
Published: July 2002

Many organisms create or alter resource flows that affect the composition and spatial arrangement of current and future organismal diversity. The phenomenon called ecosystem engineering is considered with a case study of the mound building termite Macrotermes michaelseni. It is argued that this species acts as an ecosystem engineer across a range of spatial scales, from alteration of local infiltration rates to the creation of landscape mosaics, and that its impacts accrue because of the initiation of biophysical processes that often include feedback mechanisms. These changes to resource flows are likely to persist for long periods and constrain the biological structure of the habitat. The value of ecosystem engineering is discussed as a holistic way of understanding the complexity of tropical ecology.
Guest Editorial
Authors: ROBERTSON DAVE STUART
Published: July 2002

Knowledge based systems are used in applications where an incorrect decision could put human life in jeopardy. A quick trawl through the World Wide Web is sufficient, these days, to locate such applications in design, analysis and testing; protection advice; operator decision support; signal monitoring; embedded systems and others. Depending on the type of system, these either give information which is not guaranteed to be correct (in many operator support applications) or which is imprecise (for example in fuzzy logic controllers).
A PSEUDO COUNTEREXAMPLE TO A SIMULATION METATHEOREM
Authors: Ross Sheldon M. , Lin Kyle Y.
Published: July 2002

We state a simulation metatheorem and then present
an example that could be considered a counterexample to
the metatheorem.
OPTIMAL REPAIR OF A SERIES SYSTEM WITH FIXED REPAIR TIMES
Authors: Frostig Esther
Published: July 2002

Consider a system consisting of n components
in series, subject to failures, with one repairman. No
preemption is permitted during a repair. The repairman
has a list of components and when he becomes available
he repairs the failed component which is closest to the
top of the list. The goal is to minimize the mean time
until all the components operate—the mean down time.
For systems consisting of two components, we assume that
the operation and repair times are generally distributed
and that the operation times are stochastically ordered.
For systems consisting of n components we assume
exponentially distributed operation times with rate
λi and fixed repair times.
We prove that lists in which the components are ordered
in an increasing order of their expected operation times
are optimal.
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE LANGUAGES OF THE WORLD.Anatole V. Lyovin. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. Pp. xviii + 491. $35.00
paper.
Authors: Reindl Donald F.
Published: July 2002

This book is designed as a textbook to introduce students to language typology and language
phenomena. Although not intended to be an introduction to linguistics or a reference book, the
wealth of information it contains will provide interesting and rewarding reading for language
professionals and students alike.
Introducing infants to referential events: a
development study of maternal ostensive marking in French
Authors: COLAS ANNIE
Published: July 2002

It is well known that mothers give their infants lessons in conversational

competence from an early age. This study considered how maternal
gestures and prosody contribute to this developing competence. It
examines how mothers use ostensive marking to point out common
references at different stages of development. The corpus consisted of

longitudinal observations of four mother–infant dyads during free
play
(infants aged 0;4 to 1;1), at three stages of sensorimotor development

(III, IV and V). Four dimensions of ostensive marking were considered:

(1) the span of the marked utterance (holistic vs. local); (2) the
communication channel used (gestural vs. prosodic); (3) the type of
gestural marker (oriented, iconic, conventional, beats); and (4) the type

of prosodic marker (emphasis, prosodic cliché, reinforced nuclear
stress,
focal accent). Although there was no clear change in the patterns of
specific types of gestural or prosodic markers, the results showed that

mothers adapt their gestures to the infant's processing level. Between

stages III and V, they move from holistic to local and from gestural to

prosodic marking. Stage IV appears to be an excellent period for
observing the transition.
Stable homotopical algebra and Γ-spaces
Authors: SCHWEDE STEFAN
Published: July 2002

In this paper we advertise the category of Γ-spaces as a
convenient
framework for doing ‘algebra’ over ‘rings’ in stable
homotopy
theory. Γ-spaces were introduced by Segal [Se]
who showed that they
give rise to a homotopy category equivalent to the usual homotopy category
of connective
(i.e. (−1)-connected) spectra. Bousfield and Friedlander
[BF] later provided model category structures for Γ-spaces.
The
study of ‘rings, modules and algebras’ based on Γ-spaces
became possible
when Lydakis [Ly] introduced a symmetric monoidal smash
product with
good homotopical properties. Here we develop model category structures
for modules and
algebras, set up (derived) smash products and associated spectral sequences
and compare
simplicial modules and algebras to their Eilenberg–MacLane spectra
counterparts.
The Hausdorff dimension of the limit sets of infinitely generated Kleinian groups
Authors: MATSUZAKI KATSUHIKO
Published: July 2002

In this paper we investigate the Hausdorff dimension of the limit set of an infinitely
generated discrete subgroup of hyperbolic isometries and obtain conditions for the
limit set to have full dimension.
Integrated Camera-Based Navigation
Authors: Hafskjold Brita Helene , Jalving Bjørn , Hagen Per Espen , Gade Kenneth
Published: July 2002

This paper presents an integrated INS (Inertial Navigation System) and camera-based
navigation system. The camera-based navigation system provides position measurement
aiding to the INS. This is an alternative to the more conventional GPS (Global Positioning
System) aided INS. The system is intended for UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) and long-range missiles. The basic principles of camera-based navigation are presented. The Kalman
filter based integration of INS and camera-based navigation is discussed. Total system
simulation results are shown together with INS simulations for comparison. Finally, a brief
overview of factors that improve the navigation accuracy is presented.
Wide Area and Local Area Augmentations: Design Tools and
Error Modelling
Authors: Ashkenazi V. , Chen W. , Hill C. J. , Moore T.
Published: July 2002

The development of augmentation services, such as
EGNOs and WAAS, requires careful
modelling and simulation before any deployment of equipment takes place.
The ideal location
of ground stations, and the potential impact of temporary failures of ground
equipment, must
be assessed in detail, to ensure that proposed service levels of accuracy
and integrity are
maintained at all times. The correct analysis of these parameters can only
be achieved if the
various wide area processing models, and their respective error propagation
characteristics,
are suitably simulated. This paper describes the use of a
sophisticated and versatile suite of GNSS
analysis tools in recent studies. It describes the incorporation of realistic
error budgets for
WADGPS and LADGPS corrections, and the potential
use of different combinations of GPS,
GLONASS, geostationary and other satellites in both
GNSS-1 and GNSS-2.
Is the alien tree species Maesopsis eminii Engl. (Rhamnaceae) a threat to tropical forest conservation in the East Usambaras, Tanzania?
Authors: VIISTEENSAARI J. , JOHANSSON S. , KAARAKKA V. , LUUKKANEN O.
Published: July 2002

The East Usambara mountains are globally important for biodiversity conservation. The work reported here aimed to clarify whether plantations of Maesopsis eminii, an introduced pioneer tree, are a source of alien tree invasion or a temporary element in a protected conservation forest ecosystem in these mountains. The natural regeneration dynamics of M. eminii and indigenous primary tree species were assessed in M. eminii plantations which were up to 35 years old, using clustered systematic sampling. A total of 103 and 95 woody species were observed in the sapling and lower canopy layers, respectively. Both layers showed an abundance of Cephalosphaera usambarensis, a local species also used in plantations. M. eminii was virtually absent in the sapling layer, and its frequency decreased in the lower canopy with time. Abundant spontaneous regeneration of native primary forest species occurred under M. eminii. The sapling density of Allanblackia stuhlmannii, Beilschmiedia kweo and Greenwayodendron suaveolens increased, and that of Newtonia buchananii decreased, with time. In the lower canopy, the density of G. suaveolens, Parinari excelsa and Strombosia scheffleri increased in relation to plantation age. Therefore, no active, risky eradication of Maesopsis is needed in the conservation area, but a priority management task should be to avoid canopy gaps.
Tourism – sustainable development option?
Authors: GÖSSLING STEFAN
Published: July 2002

In the 1990s, tourism received increasing attention as a low-impact, non-consumptive development option, in particular for developing countries. It is argued that tourism allows for the use of areas which are otherwise of low value, such as remote beaches, but perfectly meet the demands of the growing travel industry (e.g. WWF [World Wide Fund for Nature ] 1995; World Bank 1998). In line with the concept of sustainable tourism, it is believed that negative social and environmental impacts can be avoided or minimized if tourism development is thoroughly well planned and controlled. This view can be contrasted with the fact that what may be considered sustainable forms of tourism still represent an extremely small share of all tourism, presumably less than 5%, and that some impacts like the use of energy and its global consequences have virtually been excluded from the discussion on sustainability.
Special Section: Evolutionary Design
Authors: BENTLEY PETER
Published: July 2002

This issue of AIEDAM is the second in
a series of three “mini” special issues on
Evolutionary Design by computers. The papers continue the
theme that began in Vol. 13, No. 3, 1999, of using Evolutionary
Computation for design problems. The first paper by Eby,
Averill, Punch and Goodman provides an excellent overview
of the most recent work at Michigan State University on
this subject. They describe their work on the optimization
of flywheels by an injection island genetic algorithm,
and show the importance of minimizing the computation time
devoted to evaluation for such real-world applications.
Chlamydia pneumoniae is a risk factor for

coronary heart disease in symptom-free elderly men, but

Helicobacter pylori and cytomegalovirus are not
Authors: OSSEWAARDE J. M. , FESKENS E. J. M. , DE VRIES A. , VALLINGA C. E. , KROMHOUT D.
Published: July 2002

To test the hypothesis that chronic infection with

Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori or

cytomegalovirus is associated with coronary heart disease

risk in elderly men, a nested case-control study in a cohort

investigated in 1985 and 1990 in the town of Zutphen, The

Netherlands, was designed. Fifty-four cases with a first

diagnosed coronary event between 1985

and 1990, and 108 age-matched control subjects free of coronary

heart disease during follow

up were included in the study. The overall prevalence of

antibodies to cytomegalovirus was

74·7%, to H. pylori 75·9% and to

C. pneumoniae 84·0%. A high level of antibodies

to C. pneumoniae was associated with an increased

coronary heart disease risk (OR=2·76; 95%

CI=1·31–5·81). This association was

stronger in cases developing both myocardial infarction

and angina pectoris, than in cases developing only one of

these. This association was

independent of potential confounders. Antibodies to

cytomegalovirus or H. pylori were not

associated with coronary heart disease risk. These results

support the hypothesis of a role of

chronic C. pneumoniae infections in the

immunopathogenesis of atherosclerosis.