bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental Study of Friction and Cutting Transport in Non-Circular Borehole Geometry
Authors: Taghipour Ali , Lund Bjørnar , Ytrehus Jan David , Opedal Nils , Carlsen Inge M. , Skalle Pål , Saasen Arild , Reyes Angel , Melchiorsen Jens Chr. , Abdollahi Jafar
Published: October 2013

Torque & drag and hole cleaning are important parameters to control during drilling operations, but the effect of wellbore geometry on these parameters are not fully explored. This paper presents results from an experimental study of torque and cutting transport in two different wellbore geometries; one circular and one non-circular, where spiral grooves have been deliberately added to the wellbore wall in order to improve cuttings transport. Improving borehole hydraulic and mechanics will improve drilling efficiency in general, and will in particular enable longer reach for extended reach drilling (ERD) wells.

The experiments have been conducted as part of an R&D project where the goal was to obtain reduced friction and improved borehole hydraulics and hole cleaning for more efficient drilling and well construction. The experiments have been performed under realistic conditions using a flow loop which includes a 12 meter long test section with a 2" OD freely rotating drillstring inside a 4" ID wellbore made of concrete. Solid particles were injected while circulating the drilling fluid through the test section at two inclinations; horizontal and 30° inclined from horizontal. The test results show that drillstring torque is reduced and cutting transport is improved in the non-circular wellbore relative to the circular wellbore. The experiments show up to 40% reduction in dynamic pressure drop for similar hole cleaning conditions of a non-circular geometry. In addition, the results show that the torque decreases by up to 15% in the non circular geometry relative to the circular geometry. The difference in torque is attributed to the reduced contact area between drillstring and wellbore for the non-circular geometry.

Such a comparative, experimental study of hole cleaning in different wellbore geometries has to our knowledge previously never been performed, and the results were obtained in a custom-made and unique experimental flow loop. The results and the experimental approach could therefore be of value for any one working with drilling. The results show that a non-circular wellbore with spiral grooves can improve borehole hydraulics and mechanics.
The Performance of Miscible Displacement in Marrat Reservoir
Authors: Al-Qattan Abrar , Gharbi Redha , Aladwani Faisal
Published: October 2013

Several Middle Eastern reservoirs are in advanced state of depletion and need new production and reservoir management strategies in order to meet the market demand. Several enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) processes are employed to improve oil recovery in these reservoirs. One promising method which is applied in many of these reservoirs is CO2 miscible injection.

The Magwa Marrat reservoir is classified as a candidate for CO2 miscible injection although as yet this reservoir has not been significantly depleted. In order to investigate future management and production strategies of the reservoir, a small compositional sector model was developed. An optimization process for the WAG injection was then developed to obtain the optimum values of WAG ratio, slug size per WAG cycle, and total slug size. A series of simulation runs were performed to identify these optimum values.

After determining the optimum values, the performance of using horizontal wells was investigated and compared with the performance of using vertical wells. The result shows that the use of horizontal injectors in combination with vertical producers yielded better recovery in the reservoir than the use of vertical injectors.
New Workflow for Scale Precipitation in Production Equipment Resulting from Formation and Injected Water Incompatibility: Field Case
Authors: Al-Arji Faisal M. , Al-Amri Meshal A.
Published: October 2013

Scale precipitation is a common phenomenon that can be seen in a large number of oil fields worldwide. The presence of scaling is due to many reasons, including: temperature change, pressure drop, release of CO2 or the mixture of incompatible waters. Usually, scaling comes in a mixture of different scales, such as calcium carbonate (CaCO3), barium sulfate (BaSO4), and calcium sulfate (CaSO4). Scaling has a great impact on the production regimes where it sometimes ultimately decreases the well productivity to less than half of its potential. The presence of scaling can cause blockages in perforations, restrict/block flowlines or sometimes the failure of safety and choke valves.

Precipitation of calcium carbonate on surface or subsurface equipment creates operational problems and acts as a blockage agent. In this case study, water incompatibility caused the first scale formation in the flowlines where a pressure maintenance mechanismvia peripheral injection in this field is being utilized. It was predicted from the well performance data as it showed more than 50% of the production loss. The lab results revealed that the major element was calcium with minor amounts of strontium and barium.

This paper presents the results of both experimental and field work performed to identify scale formation. In addition, well performance data was used to predict future scale formation in parallel with the water geochemical analysis. The method used to remove scale precipitation is to use inhibited HCl acid mixture and it is required to be used either though squeeze treatments or by continuous treatments at the wellhead. Based on the lab and field studies, this paper will show new workflow for potential scale prediction and remedy actions prior to laboratory and well performance analyses.
Deploying Wireless Technology for Process Plants to improve Safety, Reliability and Efficiency
Authors: Qureshi Feroz Vikhar
Published: October 2013

Wireless technology is changing every aspect of the process control industry in the same way it is changing our everyday lives. Being able to quickly and cost effectively obtain real-time data from anywhere in the field at any time is essential for an industrial automation system. The obvious advantage of wireless automation is the immediate savings that can be realized in installation and maintenance-wireless installation typically costs as much as 50% less than the wired alternative. Industrial wireless automation isn't just about data acquisition and process control; but it is also about ensuring effective solutions for workforce mobility, equipment monitoring and equipment safety, physical and cyber security, and personnel safety.

The following paper describes the latest advancements in industrial wireless, explains how wireless solutions can be used to address Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) challenges in a typical processing operation, provides a guide to select the correct wireless infrastructure for industrial plants and makes an attempt to explain how the wireless technology acts as a true enabler and catalyst to ensure a Safe and Efficient operation of industrial facilitites

This paper makes an attempt to summarize various aspects of a Wireless infrastructure right from understanding challenges facing the industry today to why wireless is applicable and how it acts as an enabler technology. We will also try and understand where wireless can be used in industrial environment and also answer a very important question about what is the right choice for you when it comes to chosing a wireless infrastructure. The paper concludes by summarizing some important tips around designing a wireless infrastructure and benefits for an end user
Defining Robust and Efficient HSSE&SR Standards: a Major International Oil and Gas Company's Experience
Authors: Garland Emmanuel
Published: October 2013

The paper presents how Total has built a reference system which aims at guiding its working force (internal and contracted staff) wherever they are and act, in implementing the Health, Safety, Security, Environment and Social Responsibility (HSSE &SR) policy of the Company. That policy can be summed up as the following: no harm to the people or to the environment; no loss of assets; ensure that the business benefits to the communities where activities take place, on the long term.

On top is the HSE&Q Charter, signed by the CEO. It defines key principles. These are translated into Headquarters Company Rules. Based on them, the Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Branch has defined its core rules, which are to be applied to all its entities, headquarters and affiliates. Each of them addresses one topic identified in the HSSE&SR management system. The prescriptions of these rules are refined in daughter rules, general specifications, and guidance manuals, etc.

Such a system must be flexible enough to adapt to local regulations as national regulations are always on top of the hierarchy. To ensure that there is no loophole Total has strictly defined how any voluntary deviation of its rules must be addressed to ensure the adequate risk control.

The last but not least steps are implementation of the reference system, training of the people, auditing process, and management of change. The network of HSSE&SR leaders, in the headquarters and on every site plays a key role in making the system efficient.

Regulations and expectations have dramatically changed during the recent years. The company responded to these changes, and has a policy to anticipate future changes.
Underbalanced Drilling Holds key to Enhanced Production in Kuwait's Depleting Reservoirs
Authors: Hussain Iqbal , Al-Enezi Dakhil , Al-Khaldy Ali , Sulaiman Sulaiman , Hayat Sara
Published: October 2013

Most of the prolific producer zones of KOC have depleted over the years leading to reservoirs with sub-hydrostatic pressures. Unfortunately these reservoirs are still being drilled as they were being done at its prime. Damage to the reservoir while drilling under over-balanced conditions are not receiving the attention it deserves, leading to further reduction in production and a long term damage yet to be assessed. Recently, a study ascertained feasibility of drilling UBD in Fields of Kuwait. The results derived from this study have showed the way for the future of drilling in Kuwait.

Tangible benefits for drilling underbalanced Horizontals in all the major producing reservoirs are manifold. Properly engineered and executed underbalanced drilling operations would definitely maximize wellbore productivity and provide real time reservoir evaluation, while eliminating fluid losses and increasing penetration rates. Reduction in formation damage due to invasion of drilled solids would translate in to enhanced production.

It has been said about MPD (Manage Pressure Drilling) information or UBD (Underbalanced Drilling) reservoir characterization, that it consistently delivers results that are not expected by the petroleum engineering team. Certain fields that had been identified as tight in the reservoir models actually exhibited some of the highest permeability that had been seen in the field. This needs a paradigm shift in the entire approach to oil well drilling. The future of oil well drilling will be less in discovery of new fields but more in terms of enhancing production of existing fields.

This paper will present what UBD could mean for Kuwait Oil Company in terms of strategy for the future. The authors will present the technical feasibility of drilling these wells with the existing technology. The clarion call of the hour is to drill these reservoirs under Managed Pressure or UBD regime. It is for us to heed it and change our future.
Real Time Advanced Flow Analysis for Early Kick/Loss Detection & Identification of Open Fractures
Authors: Al-Morakhi Rasha , Al-Shemali Adnan , Alsammak Ibrahim , Esterabadi J.. , Martocchia Alberto , Ferroni Gionata , Marai N.. , Shoeibi A.. , Janbakhsh M..
Published: October 2013

Development, delineation and appraisal wells drilled in high pressured, naturally fractured Jurassic reservoirs of West Kuwait are exposed to the risk of "well kicks" and "mud-losses". The risk becomes greater due to differential reservoir pressures, presence of naturally open fractures, and narrow pressure window between formation- and fracture-pressures. In many instances, "alternate loss & gain scenario" ensues and the well control options become limited, occasionally, further drilling becomes impossible leading to temporary suspension or even termination of the wells. This causes safety issues and large loss of rig time and money.

On the other hand, lack of high formation pressure and absence of open natural fractures can lead to unproductive wells. Therefore, characterization of natural fractures is needed not only for productivity of the well, but also to ensure successful drillability of the well. Conventional fracture characterization using geophysical methods lacks resolution, while petrophysical methods often fail to conclusively identify open fractures in in-situ sub-surface conditions. Other well testing methods such as wire-line formation testing and open-hole drill stem testing are also cumbersome and risky and often not usable in tight fractured reservoirs. In this context, the micro-mud loss detection technique becomes indispensable for both mud loss and kick detection as well as for the natural fracture characterization.

Mud losses data appear to be the only way to detect and characterize the conductive fractures in these reservoirs. In fact, the cores show that almost all the natural fractures are cemented and only a few partially open fractures can be seen. When coring operations are not fully successful, it is difficult to assess if poor recovery was due to the presence of open fractures or to other causes. Furthermore, it is impossible to use image logs in order to individuate potentially producing intervals, as they cannot discriminate between open and closed fractures.

Advance mud flowmeter ensures safe drilling by early detection of minor well kicks and mud-losses occurring in subsurface. It remains the only source of Real-Time information on the presence of open fractures while drilling. The sensor was run during drilling of A-A(close to a major fault zone) to obtain Real-Time identification of open fractures & early Kick / Loss detection for safe drilling. This was the first time in West Kuwait Jurassic Team that accurate fracture & early Kick/Loss detection via advanced flowmeter was performed in oil base mud.
Evaluating Horizontal Wells Inflow Profiles and Performance, Utilizing an Integrated Approach of Multiphase Production Logs Coupled with Drilling, Completion, and Production Data: Case Study
Authors: Al-Harthi Mabkhout A. , Ahmad Nawawi A.
Published: October 2013

Flow profiles of horizontal wells in heterogeneous or fractured reservoirs are usually nonuniform and are frequently characterized by high flow capacity from streaks in high permeable zones or fractures. The nonuniform flow usually causes early water breakthrough that ultimately undermines well productivity. In homogeneous reservoirs, water (or gas) breakthrough commonly occurs at the heel of the lateral section. In either case, whether in homogeneous or heterogeneous reservoirs, achieving uniform flow along the wellbore in horizontal wells to improve sweep efficiency and maximize oil recovery, requires application of advanced well completions that are guided by effective reservoir evaluation and management practices.

Optimizing inflow profiles in horizontal wells requires good understanding of multiphase flow mechanisms, where the flow regimes are usually complicated due to stratification, slug flow, mist flow and/or other complex flow behaviors. Achieving better understanding of this multiphase flow mechanism was facilitated with the availability of the multiphase production logging tool (MPLT), which has been utilized extensively in this case study.

This paper presents a summary of the results of a case study of 31 horizontal wells completed in a large carbonate onshore field, with the main objective to improve understanding of horizontal well inflow profiles and performance. For this case study, the areas of focus are inflow profile types, production performance and temperature log response. This paper concludes with lessons learned and practical recommendations to be considered for field development.
Fluidic Diode Autonomous Inflow Control Device Range 3B - Oil, Water, and Gas Flow Performance Testing
Authors: Least Brandon , Greci Stephen , Wileman Angel , Ufford Adam
Published: October 2013

Reservoir inflow control is important for maximizing hydrocarbon production. Traditional in-flow control devices (ICDs) attempt to balance the completion pressure differential with the reservoir pressure differential so that a balanced influx across production zones is maintained. This maximizes oil production by delaying unwanted fluids from breaking through. Unfortunately, when lower viscosity fluids do break through, they can take over the well, significantly reducing production of the desired hydrocarbon. Autonomous Inflow Control Devices (AICDs) are a new generation of ICDs. When hydrocarbons are producing from all zones, the AICD will behave as a traditional ICD, balancing flow. However, when low-viscosity (undesired) fluids break through, the AICD chokes them, significantly slowing flow from the zone producing the undesirable fluids. This autonomous function enables the well to continue producing the desired hydrocarbons for a longer time, maximizing total production. The AICD creates this change in behavior without control lines, moving parts, or electronics.

The paper describes the laboratory testing performed to evaluate the performance of the fluidic diode type AICD Range 3B in field-like conditions and compares flow performance curves to a traditional nozzle type ICD. The fluidic diode AICD Range 3B is similar to the original design now referred to as the Range 3A (Least et al, 2012) in that it is best suited for oil viscosities of 3-200 cP but has slightly more open flow paths which allow for increased flow rates in turn allowing fewer inserts per screen joint while keeping similar performance ratios. Results from single-phase experimental flow testing with model fluids and crude oil are presented and discussed.

The testing results proved that the AICD could restrict flow from zones producing undesirable fluids. The discussion further shows that if technology such as the new AICD is applied to new well completion designs, total hydrocarbon recovery will be enhanced, providing a significant benefit for production companies and those involved in design and modeling of new well completions.
Improvement of Rhyological Properties of Al - Dura Asphaltic Binders Using Chemical Modifiers
Authors: Ammouri Qays Mothanna
Published: October 2013

Treating of Iraqi asphaltic binder produced from Al – Dura refinery by either oxygenation or 4% sulfur or 4% nitric acid improved the penetration from 241 mm down to 92 mm, 68 mm, 63 mm respectively and improved the softening point from 39 °C up to 49 °C, 50 °C, 52 °C respectively also, improved the ductility from 73 cm up to 100 cm, 102 cm, 106 cm respectively.

Subjecting of these treated asphaltic binders to Iraqi environmental conditions, the rheological properties not changed during 14 months. The studied environmental conditions were included subjecting of the treated asphaltic binder samples to sunlight, water immersion, 1kg load, both sunlight and 1kg load, both water immersion and 1kg load, both sunlight and water immersion and both sunlight, water immersion and 1kg load. Compared with base asphaltic binder supplied directly from refinery without treatment which failed immediately during one week.
Direct vs indirect behavioural observations in three Italian chicken breeds
Authors: Lolli S. , Ferrari L. , Marelli S. , Garitta Bosi , Ferrante V.
Published: October 2013

Measuring beahaviour has already been a debated issue. The aim of this paper
is to compare direct observations and observations by videotapes in three
different Italian chicken breeds (Valdarnese Bianca, Bionda Piemontese,
Robusta Maculata), in order to provide indications about the most suitable
method in behavioural studies. The three breeds were reared in an
experimental poultry house (10 birds=m2, standard intensive broiler
production density). Fifty birds/breeds (sex ratio 1:1) were housed in litter
floor pens and fed the same diet (ME 11.8MJ=Kg, CP 18%). The comparison
between direct and indirect observation showed significant differences for
almost each behavioural category. Activity and resting behaviour were
generally well visible in both types of observations while feeding and mainly
interaction were better identified with the direct observation.
The promise of performative: Relational, genetic and scripted models in architectural design
Authors: Stojanovic Djordje
Published: October 2013

This paper investigates the role of performative models within the context of
architectural design. Understanding the performances of the built environment
can be postulated in rather different manners. It is commonly expected that
the built environment complies with the diverse and changing requirements of
its users. It is equally required that buildings are economically
constructed, easily maintained, energy efficient, safe and aesthetically
pleasing. Yet, such expectations are complex and consist of a great number of
intertwined effects that are not easy to synchronize during architectural
design process. Although they can be precisely evaluated and quantitatively
expressed, the values specifying the performances, such as temperature,
humidity and intensity of light or sound, in traditionally established course
of architectural design are usually only considered throughout the
post-rationalization or correction of the architectural design. The research
presented in this paper explores design mechanisms, for direct and formative
incorporation of feedback information into the very conception of
architectural form.
Rapid Detection of Human Torque Teno Viruses Using High-Resolution Melting Analysis
Authors: Spandole S , Cimponeriu D , Toma M , Radu I , Ion D.A.
Published: October 2013

Torque teno viruses (TTVs) are recently discovered DNA viruses, with heterogeneous genomes, highly prevalent in populations worldwide. The species that infect humans are Torque teno virus (TTV), Torque teno midi virus (TTMDV) and Torque teno mini virus (TTMV). High-resolution melting analysis (HRMA) is a sensitive and effective method for genotyping and mutation scanning. Up to now, HRMA has not been utilized for detection of TTVs.

The aim of this study was to asses if HRMA is suitable for detecting TTVs variants. DNA was extracted from the blood and saliva of 13 healthy subjects for method optimization. Additionally, saliva samples from 100 healthy individuals were collected for estimating the TTVs’ prevalence. Viral DNA was amplified by heminested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Second round amplicons were used for the HRMA. The samples were analyzed using two fluorescent dyes, SYBR® Green I and EvaGreen®.

The prevalence values for TTV, TTMDV and TTMV were 71.0, 31.0 and 54.0%, respectively. The three major melting curve patterns corresponding to TTV, TTMDV and TTMV on HRMA can be easily distinguished regardless of kit used. Our results showed that HRMA is a rapid and efficient method of detecting human TTVs.
Analysis of adenovirus strains isolated from poultry in Poland
Authors: Niczyporuk Jowita Samanta , Samorek-Salamonowicz Elżbieta , Czekaj Hanna
Published: October 2013

The study describes successful isolation of 96 fowl adenovirus (FAdV) strains from 789 chickens from 95 flocks. PCR specific for hexon gene encoding L1 loop was conducted. Amplicons were subjected to sequence analysis. The sequences were analysed by the software: BLAST, Geneious 6.0, and MEGA 5, then aligned with different adenovirus strain reference sequences accessible in GenBank database. The examined strains belong to the particular groups and serotypes. The sequences of all adenoviruses were classified into five species (FAdV A-E) and eight serotypes (FAdV-1, FAdV-2, FAdV-4, FAdV-5, FAdV-7, FAdV-8a, FAdV- 8b, and FAdV-11).
Determinaton of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in albumin and freeze-dried-eggs by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection
Authors: Gbylik-Sikorska Małgorzata , Posyniak Andrzej , Gajda Anna , Błądek Tomasz
Published: October 2013

The study presents a method for determination of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in albumin and freeze-dried-eggs with the use of liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The procedure enables a simple isolation of fluoroquinolones from albumin based on extraction with acetonitrile, and from freeze-dried-eggs with acetonitrile under alkaline conditions. The samples have been analysed on ultracarb C8 liquid chromatography column. The gradient elution programmes consisted of the mixture of 0.03 M phosphoric acid with 0.002 M sodium 1-heptanesulfonate monohydrate and acetonitrile. The method has been validated according to requirements of the European Decision 2002/657/EC. Recoveries ranged from 78% to 83% for spiked freeze-dried-eggs and from 89% to 91% for albumin. The developed method can be applied for determination and confirmation of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in albumin and freeze-dried-eggs.
Expression of CD3, CD4, CD8, CD21, and MHC II lymphocyte antigens and serum IL-10 concentration in dogs with atopic dermatitis complicated by purulent dermatitis
Authors: Taszkun Iwona
Published: October 2013

Dog blood samples were analysed cytometrically and immunoenzymatically. In dogs with atopic dermatitis complicated by purulent dermatitis, the percentage of lymphocytes with CD8, CD21 antigens, as well as IL-10 concentration in serum were significantly higher than in healthy dogs. The results indicate that immunosuppression induced by the activity of an infectious agent plays an important role at this stage of the disease. This thesis was further confirmed by a high positive correlation between MHC II CD3, CD4, and CD21expression and a negative correlation between cells with MHC II and CD8 lymphocytes.
Seceding but not Succeeding: African International Relations and Somaliland’s lacking international recognition
Authors: Pijović Nikola
Published: October 2013

Somaliland, the northern region of Somalia, declared independence in 1991 and has for the past two decades functioned as an independent political entity with important state-like structures. However, notwithstanding its relatively high accomplishment (especially as compared to Somalia) in state-building, it remains without any international political recognition. This article attempts to expose the politics behind Somaliland’s (non) recognition by analysing key African players and their roles in Somaliland’s international recognition game. The main arguments made are that some continental African states and Somaliland’s neighbours seem to be content keeping the status quo, and Somaliland’s international recognition is not a pressing issue for anyone but Somaliland. The fact that no African country seems to be ready to be the first to recognize Somaliland (while many are happy to be the second) may yet prove the most considerable obstacle for Somaliland’s recognition in the foreseeable future.
Legal Rules on the Protection of Animals in Hungary
Authors: Paulovics Anita
Published: October 2013

For centuries, man, as an important part of nature, has caused irreparable damage to its equilibrium. After the Second World War, it became clear that this process had led to the extinction of several species of animals. In spite of the importance of biodiversity, it only became an international, political concept after the Earth Summit in 1992. This was held in Rio de Janeiro, where the Agreement on Biodiversity was signed by many countries. Since then, biodiversity as a term has been widely used by politicians, the media, social organisations and others.

The European Union intends to validate strict requirements and provisions concerning animal protection. Most of these provisions have been legally validated in Hungary, but the country still lags behind in some respects. Further problems accrue as legal regulations concerning protected animals have been very hard to enforce in practice.

Overall, we can conclude that, in order to successfully protect animals, society should improve its way of looking at animals as a living part of nature. Without such an attitude, even the most perfect statutes cannot effectively ensure the protection of animals.
In-Situ Combination of Bio and Abio Remediation of Chlorinated Ethenes
Authors: Lacinová Lenka , Černíková Martina , Hrabal Jaroslav , Černík Miroslav
Published: October 2013

This article deals with combined abio-bioreductive methods for in-situ removal of chlorinated ethenes. The method is based on the use of bioremediation supported by lactate and chemical reduction using nZVI. The method is compared with the use of the individual methods alone, mainly with nZVI. In an environment with very low permeability a poor contaminant removal efficiency was achieved during repeated application of nZVI (about 50% of the original content of contamination). Separate application of lactate resulted in conversion of PCE to 1,2-cis-DCE, whose degradation occurred very slowly. When using the combined abio-bioreductive method, based on consecutive application of lactates and nZVI, over 75% of the original content of contamination was removed. This article discusses not only the changes in concentrations of contaminants but also pH and ORP. Both methods are also compared from an economic point of view.
3D gravity interpretation of the pre-Tertiary basement in the intramontane depressions of the Western Carpathians: a case study from the Turiec Basin
Authors: Bielik Miroslav , Krajňák Martin , Makarenko Irina , Legostaeva Olga , Starostenko Vitaly I. , Bošanský Marián , Grinč Michal , Hók Jozef
Published: October 2013

New results related to the thickness and density of the sedimentary fill of the Turiec Basin allowed us to construct the first original stripped gravity map for this typical intramontane Neogene depression of the Western Carpathians. The stripped gravity map of the Turiec Basin represents the Bouguer gravity anomalies corrected for the gravity effect of the density contrast of its Quaternary-Tertiary sedimentary basin fill. It means that the map reflects the gravity effects of the density inhomogeneities which are located beneath the sedimentary basin fill. This map is therefore suitable for the interpretation of the structure and composition of the pre-Tertiary basement. Based on the new data analysis, two different density models of the sedimentary fill were constructed. The 3D density modelling was used to calculate the gravity effect of the density models. The stripped gravity maps were produced by subtracting the density model gravity effects from Bouguer anomalies. The regional trend was also removed from the stripped gravity maps. The residual stripped gravity maps were consequently used for geological interpretation of the pre-Tertiary basement of the Turiec Basin. The pre-Tertiary basement of the Turiec Basin can be divided into northern and southern parts due to its gravity characteristics. Furthermore the northern part can be split into two domains: western and eastern. The crystalline basement of the western domain is probably formed by the Hercynian crystalline basement of the Tatric Unit. In the eastern domain the basement could consist mostly of the Mesozoic complexes of the Fatric Unit. The southern part of the pre-Tertiary basement of the Turiec Basin is built predominantly by Mesozoic complexes of the Hronic Unit. It is suggested that the Hronic Unit also forms the bedrock of the volcano-sedimentary complex of the Kremnické vrchy Mts. The resultant stripped gravity maps and the map of total horizontal gravity gradients have also proven to be very useful for the interpretation of faults or fault systems in the study area. Various faults, particularly of NNE-SSW and NW-SE directions were discovered. The analysis of the faults indicates clearly that the contact of the Turiec Basin with the Malá Fatra Mts and the Veľká Fatra Mts is tectonic.
Incorporating User Input Into Optimal Constraining Procedures for Survey Estimates
Authors: Williams Matthew , Berg Emily
Published: October 2013

We examine the incorporation of analyst input into the constrained estimation process. In the calibration literature, there are numerous examples of estimators with “optimal” properties. We show that many of these can be derived from first principles. Furthermore, we provide mechanisms for injecting user input to create user-constrained optimal estimates. We include derivations for common deviance measures with linear and nonlinear constraints and we demonstrate these methods on a contingency table and a simulated survey data set. R code and examples are available at https://github.com/mwilli/Constrained-estimation.git.
The late Silurian–Middle Devonian long-term eustatic cycle as a possible control on the global generic diversity dynamics of bivalves and gastropods
Authors: Ruban Dmitry A.
Published: October 2013

A long-term eustatic cycle (fall and subsequent rise of the global sea level) embraced the late Silurian-Middle Devonian time interval. Potentially, these sea-level changes could drive global biodiversity. The stratigraphic ranges of 204 bivalve genera and 279 gastropod genera included into the famous Sepkoski database allow reconstructing changes in the total diversity and the number of originations and extinctions of these important groups of marine benthic macro- -invertebrates during this interval. None of the recorded parameters coincided with the long-term global sea-level cycle. It cannot be not excluded, however, that the global sea-level changes did not affect the regions favourable for bivalve and gastropod radiation because of regional tectonic mechanisms; neither can it be excluded that the eustatic control persisted together with many other extrinsic and intrinsic controls. Interestingly, the generic diversity of gastropods increased together with a cooling trend, and vice versa. Additionally, the Ludlow, Eifelian, and Givetian biotic crises affected, probably, both fossil groups under study. There was also a coincidence of the relatively high bivalve generic diversity, initial radiation of gastropods and the entire biota, and the diversification of brachiopods with the Early Devonian global sea-level lowstand, and this may be interpreted as evidence of a certain eustatic control on the marine biodiversity.
Foraminifera and Late Cenomanian-Turonian biostratigraphy of the northern palaeobiogeographic district of Western Siberia
Authors: Podobina Vera
Published: October 2013

The study of 114 core samples from seven borehole sections of the Van-Eganskaya area in the central part of Western Siberia yielded sufficient data to investigate the Late Cenomanian-Turonian foraminifers, palaeoenvironments, and the Late Cenomanian-Turonian biostratigraphy of this poorly studied area. Two Late Cenomanian foraminifer zones were established, viz. a (lower) Saccammina micra - Ammomarginulina sibirica Zone and an (upper) Trochammina wetteri tumida - Verneuilinoides kansasensis Zone. They reflect changes in the species composition of the foraminifer assemblages and lithology of the host rocks of the Uvatskian Horizon. In the lower part of the upper zone, beds with Gaudryinopsis nanushukensis elongatus are present. The changes in the species composition and lithology of the upper Cenomanian resulted from water-depth variations during the Boreal transgression. Two distinct assemblages and two homonymous zones, viz. the (lower) Gaudryinopsis angustus and the (upper) Pseudoclavulina hastata zones occur in the Turonian clayey cap-rocks of the superimposed Kuznetsovskian Horizon. Comparison of the Late Cenomanian-Turonian assemblages from the West-Siberian and Canadian provinces of the same Arctic palaeobiogeographical realm shows that the West-Siberian species are the same as, and closely related to, Canadian taxa, along with geographical subspecies. This comparison allows a detailed correlation, which results in a precise dating of the foraminifer zones.
The chevkinite group: underestimated accessory phases from a wide range of parageneses
Authors: Bagiński Bogusław , Macdonald Ray
Published: October 2013

Chevkinite-group minerals are widespread in a very wide range of igneous and metamorphic parageneses, forming important components of accessory mineral assemblages. Their presence in a rock may be difficult to establish by standard optical techniques, which has contributed to their importance being underestimated; a combination of SEM and EMPA is recommended here. Currently, there are eleven IMAapproved members of the group but undoubtedly several more will be described in the near future. There is considerable compositional variation in the group, which can be expressed as:

REE + M2+
C + M3+
C = Ca2+
A + Sr + Ti4+
C + Zr4+
C

where A and C are structural sites. Chevkinite-group minerals strongly fractionate geochemically coherent pairs, such as LREE-HREE, Nb-Ta, Zr-Hf and Th-U, and thus play a critical role in geochemical modelling.
On stable conjugacy of finite subgroups of the plane Cremona group, I
Authors: Bogomolov Fedor , Prokhorov Yuri
Published: October 2013

We discuss the problem of stable conjugacy of finite subgroups of Cremona groups. We compute the stable birational invariant H 1(G, Pic(X)) for cyclic groups of prime order.
Essential Killing fields of parabolic geometries: projective and conformal structures
Authors: Čap Andreas , Melnick Karin
Published: October 2013

We use the general theory developed in our article [Čap A., Melnick K., Essential Killing fields of parabolic geometries, Indiana Univ. Math. J. (in press)], in the setting of parabolic geometries to reprove known results on special infinitesimal automorphisms of projective and conformal geometries.
Langmuir isotherm models applied to the sorption of acid dyes from effluent onto polyamide nanofibers
Authors: Wang Yan , Wiener Jakub , Zhu Guocheng
Published: October 2013

The ability of polyamide 6 nanofibers membrane (P6NM) to remove acid dyes from effluent solution by adsorption has been studied. Equilibrium isotherms for the adsorption of three acid dyes, Acid blue 41 (AB41), Acid blue 78 (AB78), and Acid yellow 42 (AY42), on P6NM were measured experimentally. Simulated wastewater of acid dyes with the concentration of 10 mg/L for sorption process electrospun polyamide 6 with mass per unit area 12 g/m2 was used as the sorbent material. Ten sets of P6NM were dipped in separate simulated effluent. The weight of the original P6NM and the concentration of left solution were detected. Results were analyzed by the Langmuir equation using a linearized correlation coefficient. And it showed that all the dyes tested could follow the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, which gave excellent correlation for all the dyes.
Intravenous Immunoglobulin in Neonatal Sepsis
Authors: Li Jiang , Gautam Mahesh Kumar
Published: October 2013

Neonatal sepsis remains the major cause of mortality and morbidity including neurodevelopmental impairment and prolonged hospital stay in newborn infants. Despite of advances in technology and optimal antibiotic treatment, incidence of neonatal sepsis and its complications remains unacceptably high especially in developing countries. Premature neonates in particular are at higher risk due to developmentally immature host defense mechanisms. Though not approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) U.S.A, off label use of intravenous immunoglobulin continues in many countries. Recent evidences showed no significant decrease in the mortality rate or other outcomes when intravenous immunoglobulin is administered in addition to standard therapies. Hence, use of intravenous immunoglobulin in suspected or proven neonatal sepsis is not recommended. The expense of prophylactic use of intravenous immunoglobulin administration for both term and preterm newborn population, given the minimal benefit is not justified. Future studies are required which should focus on other prophylactic or adjuvant treatment modalities in addition to the standard therapy in neonatal sepsis.  DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v33i2.7400 J Nepal Paediatr Soc. 2013; 33(2):125-128
Compliance and Usability of Weber and Rinne’s Tests For Audio Acuity Among Primary School Children From a Health Resource Poor Community
Authors: Ahmadu Baba Usman , Solomon Joshua Danji , Zira Fate Bala , Aisha Abdallah Joda , Rimamchika Musa , Ibrahim Ahmad
Published: October 2013

Background: Normal auditory acuity is needed for transmission and reception of speech between teachers and students, and from student to student for effective communication and learning. Hearing impairment in school children will potentially cause difficulty perceiving speech clearly in the educational environment. Materials and Methods: Auditory acuity measurements were conducted on 300 primary school children using the Weber and Rinne’s tests. Results: Nearly all the children 292 (97.3%) had good hearing. Eight (2.7%) had ipsilateral conduction hearing impairment. Of these, 5 (62.5%) occurred on the right and 3 (37.5%) on the left ear; they were referred to the otorynolaryngologist for further evaluation and management. Conclusion: Our subjects demonstrated high compliance to Weber and Rinne’s tests which were found to be usable in screening hearing impairment in school children. These tests can be incorporated into the school health programmes in resource poor countries where high tech hearing screening facilities are not readily affordable and available. In addition, the test can be conducted at primary health centers thereby decongesting both secondary and tertiary health facilities. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v33i2.7673 J Nepal Paediatr Soc. 2013; 33(2):95-98
Management Issues of HIV Infection in Poor Resource Setting Due to Unavailability of Drug Sensitivity Testing
Authors: Ahmadu Baba Usman
Published: October 2013

Despite the obvious benefits that rapid scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has had on cases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), treatment failure that is mostly associated with the emergence of HIV drug resistance still remains a major challenge. Index case is a stage 4 HIV patient who failed multiple ART, including nucleoside and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs and NNRTIs) and protease inhibitors (PIs). His clinical and immunological markers continued to fail despite completion of anti tuberculosis drugs, adequate nutrition, and treatment for opportunistic infections. This case indicates an emerging need to consider providing facility for HIV drug sensitivity testing at various sites in order to select appropriate second line antiretrovirals that would be of benefit to a patient. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v33i2.7699   J Nepal Paediatr Soc. 2013; 33(2):141-143
Sturge Weber Syndrome Overlapping with Klippel Trenaunay Syndrome
Authors: Sarkar Shatanik , Patra Chaitali , Dey Chandrasekhar , Dasgupta Malay Kumar , Kundu Tapan Kumar
Published: October 2013

Sturge Weber syndrome (SWS) is a mesodermal phakomatosis characterized by meningo-facial angiomas with cerebral calcification. Klippel Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) is another very rare type of phakomatosis with cutaneous angiomas, varicose veins and enlargement of soft tissue or bones. Overlap between SWS & KTS is very rarely encountered. We report a three and half year old girl with overlapping features of both SWS and KTS. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v33i2.7704 J Nepal Paediatr Soc. 2013; 33(2):147-149
Clinical and Nutritional Assessment of Short Statured Indian Children with Celiac Disease
Authors: Mali Lalit P , Meena Shyam Sundar , Khatri Poonam Chand , Kumar T V Ram , Kumar Praveen
Published: October 2013

Introduction: Celiac disease is an autoimmune disease, which is increasingly recognized as a cause of short stature in genetically susceptible population. The present study was undertaken to look for prevalence of celiac disease among the pediatric population with short stature (SS) and to study characteristics of these short statured children with celiac disease. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective study conducted at a tertiary teaching hospital at Bikaner, Rajasthan to look for the occurrence of celiac disease amongst the pediatric population (<15 years) with short stature (n=100). Other common causes of short stature were also identified. Results: Out of 100 short statured children, 38 (38%) had celiac disease and other major causes responsible were hypothyroidism, pituitary disorders, constitutional growth delay, and familial short stature. Chronic diarrhea, anorexia, anemia and behavioral changes were statistically more common in short statured children (<15 years) having celiac disease than non celiac patients. Conclusion: We conclude that celiac disease is not an uncommon cause of short stature and stunted growth in this region. All short statured patients should be screened for celiac disease. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v33i2.7912   J Nepal Paediatr Soc. 2013; 33(2):91-94
Role of CRP in Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
Authors: Kaur Jaskaranjot , Narang Gursharan Singh , Arora Sunita
Published: October 2013

Introduction: Better diagnostic tests that establish the cause of LRTIs can reduce irrational antibiotic use. CRP is an acute phase protein that increases on inflammatory triggers can solve the purpose. The study aimed at role of CRP in distinguishing between bacterial and viral etiology. Materials and Methods: Fifty patients, aged 2 months to 5 years, with complaints of fever, cough and respiratory distress were included. Along with all other basic investigations like CBC, PBF, ESR, CRP Quantitative was also by Nycocard CRP Single Test for in vitro rapid determination. Results: In LRTI of probable bacterial aetiology mean CRP was 61.72 ±36.665 mg/l which was significantly higher than those with probable viral aetiology with mean CRP of 5.24 ±1.4 mg/l. The cut off level of CRP is taken as 9 mg/l with sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 96 %. Conclusion: CRP levels are both sensitive and specific for differentiating between viral and bacterial LRTI, thus reducing the overuse of antibiotics in clinical practice. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v33i2.8106   J Nepal Paediatr Soc. 2013; 33(2):117-120
Thrombocytopenia and Absent Radii (TAR) Syndrome in Non Identical Twins
Authors: Kage Anup , Marinova Jasmina
Published: October 2013

This is a case report of female non identical twins with bilateral absent radii and severe thrombocytopenia. Genetic studies confirmed 1q21.1 deletion. A review of literature showed TAR syndrome in 2 pairs of identical twins (reported in 1986) and one pair of non identical twins (reported in 1979). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v33i2.8378   J Nepal Paediatr Soc. 2013; 33(2):150-151