bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A novel 3D Cd-based luminescent coordination polymer for selective sensing of 4-NP and NZF
Authors: Zhang Jie , Gao Lingling , Wang Yang , Zhai Lijun , Niu Xiaoyan , Hu Tuoping
Published: October 2019

A novel 3D luminescent coordination polymer (LCP) has been synthesized. The luminescence experiments show that the LCP can act as a sensor towards trace NACs and antibiotics in aqueous solution with high sensitivity and selectivity.
Combinatorial synthesis and biological evaluations of (E)-β-trifluoromethyl vinylsulfones as antitumor agents
Authors: Tang Haosha , Kuang Yunyan , Zeng Julan , Li Xiaofang , Zhou Wei , Lu Yuan
Published: October 2019

(E)-β-Trifluoromethyl vinylsulfones is accomplished through a reaction of alkynes, Togni reagent, and sodium benzenesulfinates under metal-free conditions. p-Acetylphenyl in R1 has the best activities against several tumor cells.
Single-walled carbon nanotubes/lithium borohydride composites for hydrogen storage: role of in situ formed LiB(OH)4, Li2CO3 and LiBO2 by oxidation and nitrogen annealing
Authors: Vellingiri Lathapriya , Annamalai Karthigeyan , Kandasamy Ramamurthi , Kombiah Iyakutti
Published: October 2019

In situ formed Li+[B(OH)4]−, Li2+[CO3]− & Li+[BO2]− on the surface of SWCNT@LiBH4 not only stabilizes the composites in ambient conditions but also enhanced the de- and re-hydrogenation kinetics of the composites through catalytic effect.
Acrylamide-dT: a polymerisable nucleoside for DNA incorporation
Authors: Allabush Francia , Mendes Paula M. , Tucker James H. R.
Published: October 2019

Nucleoside derivative Acrylamide-dT can be readily synthesised and incorporated multiple times into DNA sequences at any position via automated synthesis.
Bioreducible and acid-labile polydiethylenetriamines with sequential degradability for efficient transgelin-2 siRNA delivery
Authors: Wang Pengchong , Yan Yan , Sun Ying , Zhang Rui , Huo Chuanchuan , Li Lu , Wang Ke , Dong Yalin , Xing Jianfeng
Published: October 2019

Polydiethylenetriamine is suitable for TAGLN2 siRNA delivery and it have potential for multidrug resistance reversal in human breast cancer.
Thermally activated delayed fluorescence enantiomers for solution-processed circularly polarized electroluminescence
Authors: Sun Sibing , Wang Jun , Chen Lingfeng , Chen Runfeng , Jin Jibiao , Chen Cailin , Chen Shufen , Xie Guohua , Zheng Chao , Huang Wei
Published: October 2019

Enantiomers with circularly polarized (CP) thermally activated delayed fluorescence were designed in a chiral-D–A architecture for solution-processed high-efficiency CP-OLEDs.
Speaking Clearly for Older Adults With Normal Hearing: The Role of Speaking Rate
Authors: Krause Jean C. , Panagiotopoulos Athina Panagos
Published: October 2019

Purpose

Talkers typically use a slow speaking rate when producing clear speech, a speaking style that has been widely shown to improve intelligibility over conversational speech in difficult communication environments. With training, however, talkers can learn to produce a form of clear speech at normal speaking rates that provides young listeners with normal hearing much of the same intelligibility benefit. The purpose of this study was to determine if older listeners with normal hearing can also obtain an intelligibility benefit from clear speech at normal rates.

Method

Eight older listeners (55–68 years of age) with normal hearing were presented with nonsense sentences from 4 talkers in a background of speech-shaped noise (signal-to-noise ratio = 0 dB). Intelligibility (percent correct key words) was evaluated for conversational and clear speech produced at 2 speaking rates (normal and slow), for a total of 4 conditions: conv/normal, conv/slow, clear/normal, and clear/slow.

Results

As expected, the clear/slow speaking condition provided a large and robust intelligibility advantage (23 points) over conv/normal speech. The conv/slow condition provided almost as much benefit on average (21 points) but was highly variable across talkers. Notably, the clear/normal speaking condition provided the same size intelligibility advantage (14 points), previously reported for young listeners with normal hearing (
Krause & Braida, 2002
), thus extending the benefit of clear speech at normal speaking rates to older normal-hearing listeners.

Conclusions

Applications based on clear/normal speech (e.g., signal processing approaches for hearing aids) have the potential to provide comparable intelligibility improvements to older and younger listeners alike.
Oncologists' Perceptions of a Digital Tool to Improve Cancer Survivors' Cardiovascular Health
Authors: Kelley Marjorie , Foraker Randi , Lin En-Ju Deborah , Kulkarni Manjusha , Lustberg Maryam , Weaver Kathryn E.
Published: October 2019

Background Cardiovascular (CV) disease continues to be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality with higher rates among cancer survivors than in the general population.

Objective This study was aimed to understand oncology providers' attitudes toward a digital CV health tool, delivered via a tablet, to promote CV health in cancer survivors.

Methods Using qualitative methods, 14 oncologists, from community and academic practice sites, were interviewed while they used the tool. Interviews were videotaped then analyzed using NVivo 11 software. Themes were inductively developed from the interviews.

Results Three major themes emerged from the interviews as follows: (1) system functionality, (2) facilitators and barriers to integration, and (3) appropriate end-users. Oncologists recognized the critical role of CV health promotion among cancer survivors and identified features about the tool that would be helpful for CV health promotion. Workflow (subtheme) was a barrier to tool use. This feedback enabled tool redesign for further testing in the context of survivorship care.

Conclusion Our findings emphasized the importance of identifying appropriate End-users which may include other survivorship care providers, patients, and primary care providers.

Implications Our research addresses the knowledge gap in the use of digital tools in cancer survivorship care, specifically digital tools to promote CV health. Future research is needed to evaluate digital tools in cancer survivorship care. Research investigating patients as users of digital tools may provide additional insight.
In-situ studies of silicide formation during growth of molybdenum-silicon interfaces
Authors: Reinink J. , Zameshin A. , van de Kruijs R. W. E. , Bijkerk F.
Published: October 2019

The growth development of nanometer thick Mo and Si layers was studied using in situ laser deflection and Low Energy Ion Scattering (LEIS). The growth stress obtained from changes in wafer curvature during growth is correlated to changes in the surface stochiometry monitored by LEIS. For Si on Mo, the compressive-tensile-compressive stress development could be explained by the formation of interfacial silicide compounds and the transition between these and the bulk growth of Si. For Mo on Si, a strong initial tensile stress due to silicide formation saturates upon reduced availability of free Si at the growing Mo surface, followed by a near instantaneous tensile increase in stress related to the amorphous-to-crystalline phase transition, which coincides with the end of the compound formation, as determined with LEIS.
Approximation of Feynman path integrals with non-smooth potentials
Authors: Nicola Fabio , Ivan Trapasso S.
Published: October 2019

We study the convergence in L2 of the time slicing approximation of Feynman path integrals under low regularity assumptions on the potential. Inspired by the custom in physics and chemistry, the approximate propagators considered here arise from a series expansion of the action. The results are ultimately based on function spaces, tools, and strategies which are typical of harmonic and time-frequency analysis.
Nano-second timescale high-field phase transition in hydrogenated amorphous silicon
Authors: Sinha Rajat , Bhattacharya Prasenjit , Sambandan Sanjiv , Shrivastava Mayank
Published: October 2019

In this work, we report the phase transition behavior of hydrogenated amorphous silicon on the application of nanosecond timescale high-field pulse electrical stress. The transition of amorphous silicon to nanocrystalline silicon, confirmed through Raman spectroscopy, is marked by an abrupt change in the pulse I-V characteristics. The mechanism of the phase transition at high electric field involving the avalanche generation of charge carriers and optical phonon generation is discussed. The role of defect states in optical phonon localization and eventual phase transition is explored. The phase transition in the case of devices with a drain-gate underlap is also studied. The role of self-heating in accelerating the phase transition has also been explored. The impact of channel dimensions on the onset of the phase transition is also discussed. Characterization of the resultant nc-Si is done through deconvolution of the Raman spectra, and the quality of nc-Si created is found comparable to earlier studies.
Spherical geometry, Zernike’s separability, and interbasis expansion coefficients
Authors: Atakishiyev Natig M. , Pogosyan George S. , Wolf Kurt Bernardo , Yakhno Alexander
Published: October 2019

Free motion on a 3-sphere, properly projected on the 2-dimensional manifold of a disk, yields the Zernike system, which exhibits the fundamental properties of superintegrability. These include separability in a variety of coordinate systems, polynomial solutions, and a particular subset of Clebsch-Gordan coefficients as interbasis expansion coefficients that are higher orthogonal polynomials from the Askey scheme. Deriving these results from the initial formulation in spherical geometry provides the Zernike system with interest beyond its optical applications.
Interrogating the impact of onion-like carbons on the supercapacitive properties of MXene (Ti2CTX)
Authors: Habib Irfan , Ferrer Philippe , Ray Sekhar C. , Ozoemena Kenneth I.
Published: October 2019

The effect of carbon onions or onionlike carbons (OLCs) as a dopant on the supercapacitive properties of titanium carbide MXene (Ti2C) has been studied. The materials were characterized using x-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electrochemical techniques, including cyclic voltammetry, constant current charge/discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. It was found that the introduction of OLCs into the layered MXene structure increases the long-term cycling stability of the material from ∼80% to >95%. It was also found to increase the supercapacitance of MXene in the 5% quantity from ca. 104 to 148 F/g but decreased the supercapacitance in the 10% quantity from ca. 104 to 92 F/g. The power and energy density improved in the 5% OLC-doped sample compared to the pristine sample for current densities between 0.5 and 5 A/g. Overall, this study showcased the unique ability of OLCs to improve the electrochemical performance of a Ti2C-based supercapacitor.
Three-dimensional measurements of plasma parameters in an inductively coupled plasma processing chamber
Authors: Han Jia , Pribyl Patrick , Gekelman Walter , Paterson Alex , Lanham Steven J. , Qu Chenhui , Kushner Mark J.
Published: October 2019

Inductively coupled plasmas (ICPs) are extensively used for materials processing and microelectronics fabrication. However, their electromagnetic properties have not been fully characterized. In this regard, we have performed fully three dimensional (3D), time dependent measurements of the magnetic field, electron density, and electron temperature for an ICP sustained in argon in an industrial reactor designed for plasma etching in microelectronics fabrication. These measurements were compared to modeling results. The plasma was generated using pulsed power delivered at 2 MHz by a planar coil. The magnetic field was measured using a three axis magnetic probe at 15 366 locations throughout the plasma volume during the H-mode portion of the pulse at temporal intervals of 2 ns. A swept Langmuir probe was used to measure plasma parameters at the same locations. The plasma density measurement was calibrated with line-integrated densities obtained using a 96 GHz interferometer. During a single radio frequency (RF) cycle, the 3D current density [derived from B(r→,t)]is initially maximum just below the coil and moves downward toward the center of the chamber. Isosurfaces of current are nearly symmetric toroids. The total electric field, space charge field, and inductive electric field were derived and used to calculate the dissipated power, plasma current, and Poynting flux. Computer modeling of the experiment reproduces the phase dependent behavior. Animations showing the time dependent 3D measurements are presented in the supplementary material.
Morphology-sensitive infrared absorption bands of polymers derived from surface polaritons
Authors: Nagai Naoto , Okada Hideki , Hasegawa Takeshi
Published: October 2019

Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is mostly used for analysis of normal modes, which provides rich chemical information of molecular structure at each chemical group. In practice, however, we sometimes encounter an unusually broad peak that cannot be assigned to a normal mode or overlapped multiple normal modes. This unusual peak can readily be understood by taking the concept of polariton into account even for a polymeric material. In general, however, ‘polariton’ is used for discussing inorganic crystals, in which the real part of the relative permittivity falls in negative. Here, we show some polymeric materials exhibit apparent negative relative permittivity in an IR region, which yields the unusual peaks. Through the measurements and theoretical simulations of spectra of polymer thin films, polariton is found to be necessary to comprehensively understand IR spectra of a polymer not only for a thin film, but also for powder dispersed in a KBr pellet, since the polariton peaks are found to be deeply correlated with the surface morphology.
Dissociative electron attachment to 3-benzelidenephthalide and phenolphthalein molecules
Authors: Asfandiarov N. L. , Modelli A. , Pshenichnyuk S. A. , Rakhmeev R. G. , Tayupov M. M. , Tseplin E. E. , Tseplina S. N.
Published: October 2019

Electron attachment to the 3-benzelidenephthalide and phenolphthalein molecules and decay channels of their molecular anions were investigated by means of dissociative electron attachment spectroscopy and electron transmission spectroscopy. Interpretations of these experimental data were supported with UV-spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. The average electron detachment times for the long-lived molecular anions of 3-benzelidenephthalide and phenolphthalein were measured to be 150 µs at 120 °C and 560 µs at 190 °C, respectively. The long-lived molecular anions of phenolphthalein are ascribed to an isomer formed by ring opening. The present results suggest that, opposite to phenolphthalein, polymeric materials based on 3-benzylidenephthalide cannot be switched to a high conductive state due to different mechanisms of stabilization of their long-lived molecular anions.
Type-II AlInN/ZnGeN2 quantum wells for ultraviolet laser diodes
Authors: Fu Hanlin , Goodrich Justin C. , Ogidi-Ekoko Onoriode , Tansu Nelson
Published: October 2019

We propose a type-II AlInN/ZnGeN2 quantum well (QW) structure serving as the active region for ultraviolet (UV) laser diodes. A remarkably low threshold current density can be achieved using the type-II AlInN/ZnGeN2 QW structure, providing a pathway for the realization of electrically-driven nitride-based semiconductor UV laser diodes. ZnGeN2 has both a very similar lattice constant and bandgap to GaN. Its large band offsets with GaN enable the potential of serving as a hole confinement layer to increase the electron-hole wavefunction overlap in the active region. In this study, we investigate the spontaneous emission and gain properties of type-II AlInN/ZnGeN2 QWs with different ZnGeN2 layer thicknesses. Our findings show that the use of ZnGeN2 layers in the active region provides a significant improvement in hole carrier confinement, which results in ∼5 times enhancement of the electron-hole wave function overlap. Such an enhancement provides the ability to achieve a significant increase (∼6 times) in the spontaneous emission rate and material gain, along with a remarkable reduction in threshold carrier density compared to the conventional AlGaN-based QW design, which is essential for practical UV laser diodes.
Modeling the interplay between the shear layer and leading edge suction during dynamic stall
Authors: Deparday Julien , Mulleners Karen
Published: October 2019

The dynamic stall development on a pitching airfoil at Re = 106 was investigated by time-resolved surface pressure and velocity field measurements. Two stages were identified in the dynamic stall development based on the shear layer evolution. In the first stage, the flow detaches from the trailing edge and the separation point moves gradually upstream. The second stage is characterized by the roll up of the shear layer into a large scale dynamic stall vortex. The two-stage dynamic stall development was independently confirmed by global velocity field and local surface pressure measurements around the leading edge. The leading edge pressure signals were combined into a single leading edge suction parameter. We developed an improved model of the leading edge suction parameter based on thin airfoil theory that links the evolution of the leading edge suction and the shear layer growth during stall development. The shear layer development leads to a change in the effective camber and the effective angle of attack. By taking into account this twofold influence, the model accurately predicts the value and timing of the maximum leading edge suction on a pitching airfoil. The evolution of the experimentally obtained leading edge suction was further analyzed for various sinusoidal motions revealing an increase in the critical value of the leading edge suction parameter with increasing pitch unsteadiness. The characteristic dynamic stall delay decreases with increasing unsteadiness, and the dynamic stall onset is best assessed by critical values of the circulation and the shear layer height which are motion independent.
Asymmetric synthesis of trans-p-menth-3-ene-1,2,8-triol, the monoterpene isolated from herbal plants
Authors: Konishi Shunsuke , Ogura Yusuke , Takikawa Hirosato , Watanabe Hidenori
Published: October 2019

The monoterpene, trans-p-menth-3-ene-1,2,8-triol, is a naturally occurring alcohol isolated from several herbal plants. In the present work, the asymmetric synthesis of both enantiomers of this natural product was achieved using Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation as the key step. A reversal of enantiofacial selectivity was observed in the asymmetric dihydroxylation.
Divergence in land surface modeling: linking spread to structure
Authors: Schwalm Christopher R , Schaefer Kevin , Fisher Joshua B , Huntzinger Deborah , Elshorbany Yasin , Fang Yuanyuan , Hayes Daniel , Jafarov Elchin , Michalak Anna M , Piper Mark , Stofferahn Eric , Wang Kang , Wei Yaxing
Published: October 2019

Divergence in land carbon cycle simulation is persistent and widespread. Regardless of model intercomparison project, results from individual models diverge significantly from each other and, in consequence, from reference datasets. Here we link model spread to structure using a 15-member ensemble of land surface models from the Multi-scale synthesis and Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project (MsTMIP) as a test case. Our analysis uses functional benchmarks and model structure as predicted by model skill in a machine learning framework to isolate discrete aspects of model structure associated with divergence. We also quantify how initial conditions prejudice present-day model outcomes after centennial-scale transient simulations. Overall, the functional benchmark and machine learning exercises emphasize the importance of ecosystem structure in correctly simulating carbon and water cycling, highlight uncertainties in the structure of carbon pools, and advise against hard parametric limits on ecosystem function. We also find that initial conditions explain 90% of variation in global satellite-era values—initial conditions largely predetermine transient endpoints, historical environmental change notwithstanding. As MsTMIP prescribes forcing data and spin-up protocol, the range in initial conditions and high levels of predetermination are also structural. Our results suggest that methodological tools linking divergence to discrete aspects of model structure would complement current community best practices in model development.
Spatial and temporal distribution and contamination assessment of heavy metal in Woji Creek
Authors: Dibofori-Orji Amalo Ndu , Ihunwo Owhonda Chikeru , Udo Kufre Solomon , Shahabinia Amir Reza , Onyema Mark Obinna , Mmom Prince Chinedu
Published: October 2019

Land use is one major factor that affects river water quality which is related to anthropogenic activities. Studies have shown that abandoned boats on watershed, petroleum and untreated wastewater from abattoirs can lead to anthropogenic pollution in surface waters. This study, therefore, was designed to assess spatial and temporal variation of selected heavy metals and level of pollution in Woji Creek. The study was carried out in the months of August, September and October 2018. Water samples were collected from five stations along the creek over a 3.2 km stretch. Water was collected to be analysed for heavy metals (Nickel, Cadmium, Copper, Lead and Iron). Results were subjected to ANOVA and heavy metal pollution index (HPI) was calculated using aquatic toxicity reference values (TRV) as threshold values. Heavy metal dominance in Woji was in the order of Pb > Ni > Fe > Cd > Cu. In the river, Ni had mean values ranging from 0.379 ± 0.259 mg l−1 in August to 0.545 ± 0.369 in October, while Pb with the highest concentration had mean values ranging from 0.229 ± 0.333 mg l−1 in October to 1.534 ± 0.103 mg l−1 in September. Concentrations of metals analysed were high than the TRV. Temporal analysis of HPI calculated for the study was above the critical heavy metal pollution index (100) (August = 329.358, September = 361.796, October = 112.715). A correlation was observed between heavy metals analysed during the study. Spatial analysis of HPI showed higher pollution level at Station 3 with the highest anthropogenic activity along the creek. Cu showed a negative correlation to other metals analysed. Sources of pollution on this creek was identified to be both natural and majorly anthropogenic sources. This study, therefore, points out the need for proper environmental management as regards commercial activities around the waterways.
Safety and efficacy outcomes of double vs. triple antithrombotic therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation following percutaneous coronary intervention: a systematic review and meta-analysis of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant-based randomized clinical trials
Authors: Gargiulo Giuseppe , Goette Andreas , Tijssen Jan , Eckardt Lars , Lewalter Thorsten , Vranckx Pascal , Valgimigli Marco
Published: October 2019

Aims

To investigate the safety and efficacy of double vs. triple antithrombotic therapy (DAT vs. TAT) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and acute coronary syndrome or who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Methods and results

A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed using PubMed to search for non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOAC)-based randomized clinical trials comparing DAT vs. TAT in AF patients undergoing PCI. Four trials encompassing 10 234 patients (DAT = 5496 vs. TAT = 4738) were included. The primary safety endpoint (ISTH major or clinically relevant non-major bleeding) was significantly lower with DAT compared with TAT [risk ratio (RR) 0.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.56–0.78; P < 0.0001; I  2 = 69%], which was consistent across all available bleeding definitions. This benefit was counterbalanced by a significant increase of stent thrombosis (RR 1.59, 95% CI 1.01–2.50; P = 0.04; I  2 = 0%) and a trend towards higher risk of myocardial infarction with DAT. There were no significant differences in all-cause and cardiovascular death, stroke and major adverse cardiovascular events. The comparison of NOAC-based DAT vs. vitamin K antagonist (VKA)-TAT yielded consistent results and a significant reduction of intracranial haemorrhage (RR 0.33, 95% CI 0.17–0.65; P = 0.001; I  2 = 0%).

Conclusion

Double antithrombotic therapy, particularly if consisting of a NOAC instead of VKA and a P2Y12 inhibitor, is associated with a reduction of bleeding, including major and intracranial haemorrhages. This benefit is however counterbalanced by a higher risk of cardiac—mainly stent-related—but not cerebrovascular ischaemic occurrences.
Biventricular pacing during cardiac magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Vago Hajnalka , Czimbalmos Csilla , Papp Roland , Szabo Liliana , Toth Attila , Dohy Zsofia , Csecs Ibolya , Suhai Ferenc , Kosztin Annamaria , Molnar Levente , Geller Laszlo , Merkely Bela
Published: October 2019

Aims

We aimed to assess the effect of cardiac resynchronization on left ventricular (LV) function, volumes, geometry, and mechanics in order to demonstrate reverse remodelling using cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) with resynchronization on.

Methods and results

New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class II–III patients on optimal medical therapy with LV ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤35%, and complete LBBB with broad QRS (>150 ms) were prospectively recruited. Cardiac magnetic resonance examination was performed at baseline and at 6-month follow-up, applying both biventricular and AOO pacing. The following data were measured: conventional CMR parameters, remodelling indices, global longitudinal, circumferential, radial strain, global dyssynchrony [mechanical dispersion (MD) defined as the standard deviation of time to peak longitudinal/circumferential strain in 16 LV segments], and regional dyssynchrony (maximum differences in time between peak septal and lateral transversal displacement). Thirteen patients (64 ± 7 years, 38% male) were enrolled. Comparing the baseline and follow-up CMR parameters measured during biventricular pacing, significant increase in LVEF, and decrease in LV end-diastolic volume index (LVEDVi) and LV end-systolic volume index (LVESVi) were found. Left ventricular remodelling indices, global longitudinal, circumferential, and radial strain values showed significant improvement. Circumferential MD decreased (20.5 ± 5.5 vs. 13.4 ± 3.4, P < 0.001), while longitudinal MD did not change. Regional dyssynchrony drastically improved (362 ± 96 vs. 104 ± 66 ms, P < 0.001). Applying AOO pacing resulted in an immediate deterioration in LVEF, LVESVi, circumferential strain, global and regional dyssynchrony.

Conclusion

Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging during biventricular pacing is feasible and enables a more precise quantification of LV function, morphology, and mechanics. As a result, it may contribute to a better understanding of the effects of resynchronization therapy and might improve responder rate in the future.
Neutrophil and monocyte receptor expression in patients with sepsis: implications for diagnosis and prognosis of sepsis
Authors: Hanna Mariam Onsy F , Abdelhameed Asmaa M , Abou-Elalla Amany A , Hassan Reem M , Kostandi Inas
Published: October 2019

Understanding the complex immune responses in sepsis is crucial to provide insight into the clinical syndrome. We evaluated the changes in the surface receptors of the cells of innate immunity, neutrophils and monocytes, in patients with sepsis. Since sepsis remains a clinical challenge, we aimed to assess the significance of altered receptor expression in diagnosis and prognosis. Critically ill patients with sepsis (n=31) were investigated for the expression of receptors for IgG heavy chain CD64 and CD16 on neutrophils and CD64 and the lipopolysaccharide receptor CD14 on monocytes by flow cytometry and compared to 23 patients with no sepsis. Patients with sepsis had increased expression of neutrophil CD64. Neutrophil CD64 was specific for discriminating patients with sepsis but showed weak sensitivity. When integrated in a scoring system, neutrophil CD64 in combination with C-reactive protein (CRP) and SOFA score showed a diagnostic accuracy of 0.93 for sepsis and significantly predicted increased mortality risk. While neutrophil CD16 did not discriminate for sepsis, decreased expression was associated with increased mortality risk. In contrast, monocyte CD64 and CD14 expression was unaltered in sepsis and was not associated with mortality risk. Our study demonstrates that unlike monocytes, neutrophil receptor expression is altered in patients with sepsis receiving intensive care. It is promising to apply a combination approach to diagnose sepsis especially in time-limited conditions.
Noise-based ballistic wave passive seismic monitoring. Part 1: body waves
Authors: Brenguier F , Courbis R , Mordret A , Campman X , Boué P , Chmiel M , Takano T , Lecocq T , Van der Veen W , Postif S , Hollis D
Published: October 2019

Unveiling the mechanisms of earthquake and volcanic eruption preparation requires improving our ability to monitor the rock mass response to transient stress perturbations at depth. The standard passive monitoring seismic interferometry technique based on coda waves is robust but recovering accurate and properly localized P- and S-wave velocity temporal anomalies at depth is intrinsically limited by the complexity of scattered, diffracted waves. In order to mitigate this limitation, we propose a complementary, novel, passive seismic monitoring approach based on detecting weak temporal changes of velocities of ballistic waves recovered from seismic noise correlations. This new technique requires dense arrays of seismic sensors in order to circumvent the bias linked to the intrinsic high sensitivity of ballistic waves recovered from noise correlations to changes in the noise source properties. In this work we use a dense network of 417 seismometers in the Groningen area of the Netherlands, one of Europe's largest gas fields. Over the course of 1 month our results show a 1.5 per cent apparent velocity increase of the P wave refracted at the basement of the 700-m-thick sedimentary cover. We interpret this unexpected high value of velocity increase for the refracted wave as being induced by a loading effect associated with rainfall activity and possibly canal drainage at surface. We also observe a 0.25 per cent velocity decrease for the direct P-wave travelling in the near-surface sediments and conclude that it might be partially biased by changes in time in the noise source properties even though it appears to be consistent with complementary results based on ballistic surface waves presented in a companion paper and interpreted as a pore pressure diffusion effect following a strong rainfall episode. The perspective of applying this new technique to detect continuous localized variations of seismic velocity perturbations at a few kilometres depth paves the way for improved in situ earthquake, volcano and producing reservoir monitoring.
Mechanical analysis of viscoelastic models for Earth media
Authors: Morozov Igor B , Deng Wubing , Cao Danping
Published: October 2019

Linear and non-linear viscoelastic (VE) models such as the standard linear solid (SLS) and the generalized SLS (GSLS) are broadly used to represent the anelasticity of materials and Earth's media. However, although the VE approach is often satisfactory for any given observation, the inferred physical causes of anelasticity may be significantly misrepresented by this paradigm, and its predictions may be wrong or inaccurate in other cases. This problem is particularly important in heterogeneous media, including most cases of interest for seismology. For example, in homogenous media, VE and mechanics-based models predict identical quality-factor Q(f) and phase velocity c(f) spectra, but in heterogenous media, these models yield different time-stepping equations and interactions with material–property boundaries. The commonly used VE algorithms for modelling seismic waves rely on postulated convolutional integrals in time, whereas physically, models of rock rheologies should still be based on spatial interactions. To understand how VE models relate to mechanics, it is instructive to consider which physical properties of the medium are constrained reliably and which of them remain unconstrained by a pair of Q(f) and c(f) spectra, that is by VE properties. Despite its popular association with ‘attenuation,’ the peak value of Q−1(f) is actually a purely elastic property representing the existence of two (for SLS) or multiple (for GSLS) elastic moduli. These moduli are analogous to the drained and undrained moduli in poroelasticity or isothermal and adiabatic moduli in thermodynamics. By virtue of the Kramers–Krönig relations, the peak Q−1 is related to the total velocity dispersion, which is also caused by the difference between elastic moduli. By contrast, true anelasticity-related physical properties like viscosity are represented not by Q−1 values but by the frequencies of Q−1(f) peaks in the data. However, these frequencies also depend on multiple material properties that are not recognized or arbitrarily selected in the SLS and GSLS models. Inertial, body-force friction and the corresponding boundary effects are also ignored in VE models, which may again be improper for layered media. Thus, for physically accurate interpretation of laboratory experiments and numerical modelling of seismic waves, first-principle equations of mechanics should be used instead of VE models.
Reconfigurable equilibrium circuit with additional power supply
Authors: Zhang Yu , Huang Mingming , Wu Tiezhou , Ji Feng
Published: October 2019

The reconfigurable equilibrium circuit can take account of the number of components and the conversion efficiency and can easily balance every single cell in the battery pack, but the voltage of the battery pack will fluctuate when the battery pack is balanced. To solve this problem, a reconfigurable equalization circuit with an additional power supply is proposed. By replacing the cell with the additional power supply, the purpose of stabilizing the voltage of the battery pack is achieved. Aiming at the additional power supply, this paper puts forward a method that the additional power supply participates in the charging (discharging) process when the SOC (state of charge) of the battery pack is not lower (higher) than the additional power supply while the battery pack is charging (discharging), to make the charge and discharge capacity of the additional power supply always better than the battery pack. The experimental results show that the proposed equalization circuit can not only retain the advantages of the traditional reconfigurable equilibrium circuit but also maintain the voltage of the battery pack in the equalization process.
Speaking Up or Silencing Out in the Face of Rising Right-Wing Populism: A Dynamic Test of the Spiral of Silence across 15 European Countries
Authors: Thurre Frédéric Olivier , Gale Jessica , Staerklé Christian
Published: October 2019

The spiral of silence theory posits that when a given political position comes to be seen as the majority opinion, perceivers holding alternative views will feel pressured to become silent, thereby contributing to the growing public decline of the minority camp. Testing the theory across 15 countries (N = 195,194) with data taken from the European Social Survey (2002–2016), we examined whether recently rising right-wing populist positions silenced supranational opinions or whether, on the contrary, they were silenced by established norms of democratic governance and social inclusiveness. The proposed modeling overcomes two limitations of prior research by using a macroscopic and dynamic approach that allows the detection of the “spiraling” normative conformity process in nationally representative samples.
Pharmacokinetics of tulathromycin following administration to stocker cattle with remote delivery devices
Authors: Rivera J Daniel , Woolums Amelia R , Giguère Steeve , Johnson Joseph T , Lutz Alexis G , Tipton Paige N , Crosby William B , Hice Ivy , Thoresen Merrilee
Published: October 2019

Remote delivery devices (RDD) are used by some to administer antimicrobials (AM) to cattle when treatment by manual injection is logistically difficult. However, it is not clear that the pharmacokinetics (PK) of AM administered by RDD is comparable to that for AM administered by injection; thus, it is not certain that cattle treated by RDD experience equivalent AM effect. Fifteen crossbred beef steers (body weight [BW] = 302.5 ± 21.7 kg) were used in a three-way crossover study to determine the PK of tulathromycin following administration with RDD in the BQA injection triangle. Cattle were treated by each of three methods at 2.5 mg of tulathromycin per kg of BW with a 60 d washout period between treatments: 1) subcutaneous injection of tulathromycin (SC), 2) treatment by RDD delivered by air pump projector (AIR, Pneudart, Model 178B) at 4.5 m distance, and 3) treatment by RDD delivered by CO2-powered projector at 7.5 m (CO2, Pneudart, Model 176B). Blood was collected prior to injection and at various points up to 552 h post-administration, pharmacokinetic data were analyzed as a mixed model using animal as a random effect and method of administration, order of administration, and their interaction as fixed effects. Plasma creatine kinase (CK) was measured before treatment and at 24 h after treatment to determine the degree of muscle injury resulting from each treatment. Three darts administered by AIR did not discharge (20%; 95% CI = 4% to 48%); and results from these steers were excluded from analysis. Maximum plasma concentration (718, 702.6, and 755.5 µg/mL for SC, AIR, and CO2, respectively) and area under the concentration-time curve (17,885, 17,423, and 18,796 µg • h/mL for SC, AIR and CO, respectively) were similar and not significantly different between methods of administration. There was an effect of time (P = 0.0002), period (P = 0.0001), and interaction between method of administration and study period (P = 0.0210) on plasma concentration of CK. However, method of treatment (P = 0.6091), interaction between method and time (P = 0.6972), interaction between period and time (P = 0.6153), and 3-way interaction between method, period and time (P = 0.6804) were not different. Results suggest that PK of tulathromycin following delivery by RDD can be similar to subcutaneous injection; however, failure of RDD to discharge after delivery by some types of projectors can cause an important proportion of cattle to fail to receive drug as expected.
INDIRECT NETWORK EFFECTS, USAGE EXTERNALITIES, AND PLATFORM COMPETITION
Authors: Johnson Paul A
Published: October 2019

Platforms, or two-sided markets, have become a topic of significant discussion in competition law over the past decade, culminating in the recent US Supreme Court decision in Ohio v. American Express Co. This note discusses externalities in platforms. Indirect network effects, one type of externality common on platforms, have been prominent in these discussions. However, the prominence of indirect network effects has obscured the importance of another externality that exists on platforms, a usage externality. This note argues that a near exclusive focus on indirect network effects has led to errors in identifying when a market should be analyzed as a platform. These errors implicate the identification of platforms like those at issue in Ohio v. American Express Co. as well as a wider set of platforms, such as ad-supported media platforms.
Self-reliance and Social Networks: Explaining Refugees’ Reluctance to Relocate from Kakuma to Kalobeyei
Authors: Betts Alexander , Omata Naohiko , Sterck Olivier
Published: October 2019

In 2016, refugees in the Kakuma camps in Kenya were offered the opportunity to relocate to the new Kalobeyei settlement, which ostensibly offered a better set of opportunities. While it was portrayed by the international community as objectively better for refugees’ autonomy and socio-economic prospects, most refugees in Kakuma viewed the opportunity differently. Less than 16 per cent of refugees who heard about Kalobeyei were willing to be resettled there if land were provided. For refugees, the main justifications for the reluctance to move were linked to the likely disruption to existing social networks. This example of ‘relocation for self-reliance’ has wider implications for how we conceptualize self-reliance. Although the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)’s definition of refugee self-reliance recognizes that it applies to the community level as well as the individual level, self-reliance programmes that exclusively target individuals risk rejection by communities unless they also take into account the importance of social networks.
Temporal Conjunctions and Their Semantic Extensions: The Case of in Biblical Hebrew
Authors: Locatell Christian
Published: October 2019

Past analyses of have tended toward descriptive taxonomies or proposals of a highly abstract semantic core. Taxonomic approaches have the strength of descriptive rigour while proposals of an abstract core have the strength of offering a coherent analysis of its various uses. However, the former offer little or no explanation for the semantic variation of , and the latter simply attribute such variation to context. This paper argues that the best analysis of (or any such polysemous word) will both account for real variation in meaning without simply attributing it to context, and will also explain the principled connection between seemingly unrelated uses. Utilizing insights from cognitive semantics and grammaticalization theory, this paper will argue that temporal spans an internally complex semantic category, the various points of which served as the source for semantic extensions into its causal and conditional uses.
Two Case Studies of Linguistic Variation in Mishnaic Hebrew
Authors: Mor Uri
Published: October 2019

Mishnaic Hebrew shows considerable linguistic variation, which may be narrowed down to three phases: the original living language, its literary crystallization, and its written and oral transmission. While scholars of Mishnaic Hebrew are well aware of this fact, they generally do not explore it and neglect to utilize tools of variationist linguistics and historical sociolinguistics in order to enhance their understanding of the language and the motivations of its users. This paper calls for a careful integration of variationist and sociolinguistic methods into the research on Mishnaic Hebrew and offers two case studies that demonstrate the advantages of this approach. The first case study con-cerns the distribution of the two feminine singular demonstrative pronouns and , for which I argue for a variationist rather than structuralist analysis. The second case study concerns a metalinguistic discussion in tractate ‘Eruvin of the Babylonian Talmud, which is claimed here to demonstrate the ideological nature of rabbinic litera-ture and its linguistic implications.
Orbital scattering by random interactions with extended substructures
Authors: Peñarrubia Jorge
Published: October 2019

This paper presents N-body and stochastic models that describe the motion of tracer particles in a potential that contains a large population of extended substructures. Fluctuations of the gravitational field induce a random walk of orbital velocities that is fully specified by drift and diffusion coefficients. In the impulse and local approximations, the coefficients are computed analytically from the number density, mass, size, and relative velocity of substructures without arbitrary cuts in forces or impact parameters. The resulting Coulomb logarithm attains a well-defined geometrical meaning, ln (Λ) = ln (D/c), where D/c is the ratio between the average separation and the individual size of substructures. Direct-force and Monte Carlo N-body experiments show excellent agreement with the theory if substructures are sufficiently extended (c/D ≳ 10−3) and not spatially overlapping (c/D ≲ 10−1). However, close encounters with point-like objects (c/D ≪ 10−3) induce a heavy-tailed, non-Gaussian distribution of high-energy impulses that cannot be described with Brownian statistics. In the point-mass limit (c/D ≈ 0), the median Coulomb logarithm measured from N-body models deviates from the theoretical relation, converging towards a maximum value 〈ln (Λ)〉 ≈ 8.2 independently of the mass and relative velocity of nearby substructures.
The dust-to-gas and dust-to-metal ratio in galaxies from z = 0 to 6
Authors: Li Qi , Narayanan Desika , Davé Romeel
Published: October 2019

We present predictions for the evolution of the galaxy dust-to-gas ratio (DGR) and dust-to-metal ratio (DTM) from z = 0 → 6, using a model for the production, growth, and destruction of dust grains implemented into the simba cosmological hydrodynamic galaxy formation simulation. In our model, dust forms in stellar ejecta, grows by the accretion of metals, and is destroyed by thermal sputtering and supernovae. Our simulation reproduces the observed dust mass function at z = 0, but modestly underpredicts the mass function by ∼×3 at z ∼ 1–2. The z = 0 DGR versus metallicity relationship shows a tight positive correlation for star-forming galaxies, while it is uncorrelated for quenched systems. There is little evolution in the DGR–metallicity relationship between z = 0 and 6. We use machine learning techniques to search for the galaxy physical properties that best correlate with the DGR and DTM. We find that the DGR is primarily correlated with the gas-phase metallicity, though correlations with the depletion time-scale, stellar mass, and gas fraction are non-negligible. We provide a crude fitting relationship for DGR and DTM versus the gas-phase metallicity, along with a public code package that estimates the DGR and DTM given a set of galaxy physical properties.
Effect of non-equilibrium ionization on derived physical conditions of the high-z intergalactic medium
Authors: Gaikwad Prakash , Srianand Raghunathan , Khaire Vikram , Choudhury Tirthankar Roy
Published: October 2019

Non-equilibrium ionization effects are important in cosmological hydrodynamical simulations but are computationally expensive. We study the effect of non-equilibrium ionization evolution and UV ionizing background (UVB) generated with different quasar spectral energy distribution (SED) on the derived physical conditions of the intergalactic medium at 2 ≤ z ≤ 6 using our post-processing tool ‘Code for Ionization and Temperature Evolution’ (cite). cite produces results matching well with self-consistent simulations more efficiently. The  He ii reionization progresses more rapidly in non-equilibrium model compared to equilibrium models. The redshift of  He ii reionization strongly depends on the quasar SED and occurs earlier for UVB models with flatter quasar SEDs. During this epoch, the normalization of temperature–density relation, T0(z), has a maximum while the slope, γ(z), has a minimum, but occurring at different redshifts. The T0 is higher in non-equilibrium models using UVB obtained with flatter quasar SEDs. While our models produce the observed median  He ii effective optical depth evolution and its scatter for equilibrium and non-equilibrium considerations, to explain the observed cumulative distributions we may need to consider fluctuating UVB. For a given UVB model, the redshift dependence of the  H i photoionization rate derived from the observed  H i effective optical depth (τeff, H i) for the equilibrium model is different from that for the non-equilibrium model. This may lead to different requirements on the evolution of ionizing emissivities of sources. We show that, in the absence of strong differential pressure smoothing effects, it is possible to recover the T0 and γ realized in non-equilibrium model from the equilibrium models generated by rescaling photoheating rates while producing the same τeff, H i.