bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PENGARUH TEKNIK PENYIMPANAN TERHADAP KUALITAS BENIH PLASMA NUTFAH PADI (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Maharani Qilla Meilania , Astiningsih Anak Agung Made , Mayun Ida Ayu
Published: January 2023

Penelitian   ini   bertujuan   untuk   mengetahui   pengaruh   teknik   penyimpanan terhadap  kualitas benih  plasma  nutfah  padi.  Penelitian  ini  menggunakan  Rancangan Acak  Lengkap  faktorial  dengan  2  faktor.  Faktor  pertama  adalah  temperatur  simpan yang  terdiri  dari  tiga  taraf  yaitu  temperatur  25°-27°C,  10°C  dan  -5°C.  Faktor  kedua adalah jenis kemasan simpan yang terdiri dari dua taraf yaitu kantong plastik hermetik dan  karung  plastik  bagor.  Setiap  perlakuan  diulang  sebanyak  4  kali.  Penelitian dilakukan   di   Laboratorium   Pemuliaan   Tanaman   dan   Teknologi   Benih,   Fakultas Pertanian,   Universitas   Udayana   dari   bulan   Maret-Juli   2021.   Hasil   penelitian menunjukkan  bahwa  teknik penyimpanan  selama  3  bulan  dengan  kemasan  kantong plastik    hermetik    dan    karung    plastik    bagor    pada    temperatur    -5°C    mampu mempertahankan  kualitas benih  plasma  nutfah padi dengan  baik dibandingkan  pada temperatur simpan 25°-27°C dan 10°C yang ditunjukkan dengan nilai kadar air (9,07% dan  9,60%),  kecepatan  tumbuh  (21,81%/etmal  dan  20,13%/etmal),  keserempakan tumbuh (87,00% dan 83,00%), potensi tumbuh maksimum (93,75% dan 92,00%) dan daya berkecambah (91,25% dan 87,00%). Teknik penyimpanan selama 3 bulan pada temperatur   25°-27°C,   10°C   dan   -5°C   dengan   kantong   plastik   hermetik   mampu mempertahankan kualitas benih plasma nutfah padi dengan baik dibandingkan dengan karung  plastik  bagor  yang  ditunjukkan  dengan  nilai  kadar  air  (9,22%,  9,10%  dan 9,07%),    kecepatan    tumbuh    (21,30%/etmal,    21,50%/etmal    dan    21,81%/etmal), keserempakan  tumbuh  (80,75%,  83,25%  dan  87,00%),  potensi  tumbuh  maksimum (92,50%, 92,75% dan 93,75%) dan daya berkecambah (89,50%, 90,50% dan 91,25%).
POLA DISTRIBUSI PENYAKIT KRESEK PADA PERTANAMAN PADI DI LAHAN DENGAN TINGKAT KEASAMAN BERBEDA BERBASIS CITRA FOTO UDARA
Authors: Alfa Maria Rodhya , Nirwanto Herry , Purnawati Arika
Published: January 2023

Tanaman padi (Oryza sativa L.) merupakan salah satu tanaman pangan paling penting di dunia setelah jagung dan gandum. Produksi padi mengalami penurunan dikarenakan salah faktor pembatasnya yaitu hawar daun bakteri (HDB) / kresek. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh derajat keasaman/kebasaan(pH) tanah pada pola sebaran penyakit kresek dan pada lahan pertanaman padi di Sidoarjo melalui pengamatan langsung pada tanaman dan pengamatan melalui foto udara. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengamati pertanaman padi yang terserang penyakit bakteri pada lahan seluas 800 m2. Pengamatan langsung dilakukan untuk mendapatkan insidensi penyakit dan faktor edafik nilai pH genangan air. Pengamatan melalui foto udara dilakukan untuk memperoleh citra digital lahan padi yang berpenyakit kresek. Data insidensi penyakit diolah secara deskriptif, data nilai pH dibandingkan dengan data pola sebaran, sedangkan citra digital diolah menggunakan metode RGB dengan aplikasi MATLAB R2018a. Pola sebaran penyakit kresek berdasarkan pengamatan langsung di darat dan melalui foto udara adalah mengelompok pada minggu 1 dan 2, lalu acak pada minggu 4 hingga 6. Minggu 3 terdeteksi acak pada pengamatan langsung namun terdeteksi mengelompok pada pengamatan melalui foto udara. Pengamatan melalui foto udara dinilai lebih tinggi validitasnya daripada pengamatan langsung di darat. Pola sebaran penyakit bakteri pada lahan padi tidak dipengaruhi nilai pH.
PENGARUH FORMULASI BAHAN COATING TERHADAP MUTU BENIH TIGA KOMODITAS HORTIKULTURA
Authors: Maulana Achmad Rayhan , Moeljani Ida Retno , Triani Nova
Published: January 2023

Sektor pertanian hortikultura memiliki prospek pengembangan yang baik di Indonesia karena memiliki nilai ekonomi yang tinggi, namun hal tersebut sulit terwujud dikarenakan produktivitas tanaman yang rendah akibat kurangnya persediaan benih bermutu tinggi. Mutu benih dipengaruhi sejumlah faktor, seperti viabilitas dan vigor. Proses penyimpanan benih yang lama menyebabkan viabilitas dan vigor benih menjadi rendah. Salah satu upaya untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut adalah perlakuan pelapisan benih (seed coating). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan pengaruh dan perlakuan terbaik antara formulasi bahan coating terhadap mutu benih tiga komoditas hortikultura. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium dan Green House UPT Pengembangan Benih Padi dan Palawija, Randuagung, Singosari, Malang, Jawa Timur pada bulan November 2021 sampai Januari 2022. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan faktor tunggal yaitu formulasi bahan coating yang terdiri dari 4 taraf perlakuan yaitu, K0 = Kontrol, K1 = CMC 1% + Asam Humat 0,6% + Gipsum 20 gram, K2= CMC 1,5% + Asam Humat 0,6%  + Gipsum 20 gram, dan K3 = CMC 2% + Asam Humat 0,6% + Gipsum 20 gram. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan formulasi bahan coating berpengaruh nyata terhadap terhadap mutu benih tiga komoditas hortikultura. Perlakuan CMC 1% + Asam Humat 0,6% + Gipsum 20 gram menjadi formulasi bahan coating terbaik untuk benih cabai merah varietas Dori F1 dan benih mentimun varietas Hijau Roker, sedangkan formulasi bahan coating terbaik untuk benih TSS bawang merah varietas Trisula adalah CMC 1,5% + Asam Humat 0,6% + Gipsum 20 gram.
EFIKASI PGPM Streptomyces sp. DAN Trichoderma sp. TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN VEGETATIF TANAMAN TOMAT CHERRY (Lycopersicum cerasiformae Mill.)
Authors: Nawaal Najvania , Guniarti Guniarti , Moeljani Ida Retno
Published: January 2023

Tanaman tomat cherry (Lycopersicum cerasiformae Mill.) merupakan komoditas hortikultura yang terkenal di masyarakat dengan manfaat dan daya jual yang tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efikasi PGPM Streptomyces sp. dan Trichoderma sp. terhadap pertumbuhan vegetatif tanaman tomat cherry serta untuk mengetahui efikasi PGPM terhadap pertumbuhan vegetatif tanaman tomat cherry. Tanaman tomat cherry ditanam pada polybag di lahan Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jawa Timur. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok tunggal dengan 5 perlakuan yang diulang sebanyak 4 kali. Perlakuan tersebut terdiri dari P₀ : K = Kontrol (Tanpa pemberian PGPM), P₁ : S = PGPM Streptomyces sp. (1) diberikan dengan konsentrasi 20 ml., P₂ : T = PGPM (1) Trichoderma sp. diberikan dengan konsentrasi 20 ml., P₃ : ST 2:2 = PGPM (2) Streptomyces : (2) Trichoderma sp. diberikan dengan konsentrasi 20 ml., P₄ : ST 3:1 = PGPM  (3) Streptomyces sp. : (1) Trichoderma sp. diberikan dengan konsentrasi 20 ml. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan PGPM dengan kosentarasi 20 mL/ 1.000 ml aquadest yang diaplikasikan ke tanaman tomat cerry belum  memberikan pengaruh terhadap tinggi tanaman dan jumlah helai daun.
SUNBATHING FOR IMPROVING THE SLEEP QUALITY OF THE ELDERLY
Authors: Ninuk Devin Prihar , Wijanarko Arif , Nasrudin Nasrudin
Published: January 2023

Background: Sleep changes is associated with the aging process. The elderly reported that they often had difficulty in falling and staying asleep Objective: This study purposed to determine the effect of sunbathing on improving the elderly’s sleep quality in Werda Nursing Home.
Methods: A quasi-experimental was conducted with one group pre-post-test design. The population was 42 elderly in Werda Nursing Home. The sample was 38 respondents taken by quota sampling technique. The modified PSQI was used to collect data. Statistical analysis was using Mann Whitney showed a p-value of 0,000 smaller than α 0.05.
Result: The study results showed that frequency of pre-test data before treatment obtained a mean of 7.06, in the post-test after being given treatment for 2 weeks, the mean obtained was 4.04.
Conclusion: Sunbathing affected the elderly’s sleep quality. The sunlight had a double impact in enhancing melatonin through the retinohypothalamic duct and SCN and stimulating the nocturnal melatonin phase by rearranging the pacemaker.
Pengembangan Solusi Perawatan Kesehatan Terhadap Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Menggunakan Pendekatan Data Analysis
Authors: Jabir Sitti Rahmah , Tenripada A. Ulfah , Asis Muhammad Arfah , Widyawati Dewi , Faradibah Amaliah
Published: January 2023

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) adalah sekelompok kondisi perkembangan saraf. Orang dengan autisme memiliki masalah dengan interaksi sosial. Mereka tidak dapat mengembangkan hubungan dengan orang lain sesuai dengan tingkat perkembangan mereka. Jumlah anak-anak dengan autisme telah tumbuh terus menerus selama beberapa tahun. Mendiagnosis ASD diperlukan pendekatan yang komprehensif, sistematis, dan terstruktur. Untuk mendiagnosis ASD, peneliti memanfaatkan penambangan data untuk menganalisis data terapi perilaku. Data yang didapatkan tidak sepenuhnya data yang bersih, dimana terdapat beberapa data yang hilang. Untuk menangani data yang hilang, pendekatan data pre-processing yang akan digunakan untuk membantu menganalisis dan memperhitungkan nilai yang hilang. Data yang tidak sesuai format akan ditransformasikan terlebih dahulu sebelum divisualisasikan. Sebagian besar kuesioner telah diisi oleh orang tua. Berdasarkan dataset, anak-anak dengan ASD didominasi oleh laki-laki. Dirujuk dari etnis, orang kulit putih-Eropa adalah etnis terbanyak yang terdeteksi memiliki jumlah anak tertinggi dengan ASD. Di dalam etnis, ada berbagai negara. Inggris adalah jumlah terbesar orang yang menderita autisme. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, bidang kesehatan harus lebih fokus memberikan pengobatan untuk orang kulit putih-Eropa terutama di Inggris. Para peneliti kesehatan harus menghasilkan wawasan yang dapat mengembangkan autisme untuk deteksi dan skrining. Berdasarkan hasil, hal tersebut dapat membantu lebih lanjut yang dapat mengurangi persentase autisme di seluruh dunia. peneliti kesehatan harus menghasilkan wawasan yang dapat mengembangkan autisme untuk deteksi dan skrining.
Áhrif hita/kæli varmaálags á hitabreytingar og bindistyrk í sýnum af mismunandi stærð og gerð
Authors: Elíasson Sigfús Þór , Dahl Jon E.
Published: January 2023

ÁGRIP

Tilgangur: Að mæla hitabreytingar í mismunandi stórum og löguðum sýnum við hita/kæli varmaálag. Auk þess að meta hvort munur sé á hitaspennu í sýnum sem tekin eru úr innri eða ytri hluta stórra plastblendikubba, með því að mæla viðgerðarstyrk eftir hita/kæli varmaálag.

Efni og aðferðir: Fjórir plastblendikubbar af mismunandi stærðum voru útbúnir og hitamæli-vírtvennum (thermocouples) komið fyrir í miðju og hálfa leið frá yfirborði að miðju kubba. Plastblendisívalningar voru byggðir upp á yfirborði jaxla sem höfðu verið slípaðir inn í tannbein eins og gert er fyrir míkró-togþols- og þverklippipróf, og endum hitamæli-vírtvennu komið fyrir í miðju á mörkum tannbeins og plastblendis. Hvert sýni var sett í hita/kæli varmaálagsvél milli 5˚C og 55˚C vatnsbaða með 20 – 60 sek. dvalartíma og hæstu og lægstu hitastig í sýnunum skráð. Plastblendikubbar voru byggðir upp og geymdir í vatni í viku áður en þeir voru viðgerðir með sama plastblendi. Eftir hita/kæli varmaálagsmeðferð (5000x milli 5˚C og 55˚C með 20 sek. dvalartíma) voru kubbarnir skornir í stauta fyrir míkró-togþolspróf.

Niðurstöður: Hvorki heiti né kaldi vatnsbaðshiti náðist í neinu sýnanna við 20 sek. dvalartíma. Í minnsta plastblendikubbnum náðist 5˚C og 55˚C miðjuhiti eftir 40 sek. dvalartíma, en vantaði 1 ˚C eftir 60 sek. dvalartíma í stærsta kubbi. Ekkert tannsýna náði vatnsbaðshita. Marktækur munur var á míkró-togþolsviðgerðarstyrk milli ytri og innri plastblendistauta (p < 0.05).

Ályktun: Algengustu dvalartímar sem eru notaðir við hita/kæli varmaálag eru of stuttir til að gefa jafna hitadreifingu í venjulegum sýnum.

Lykilorð: Öldrun; plastblendi; dvalartími; míkró-togþolspróf; þverklippipróf; hitastigull; varmaleiðni
Molar Root-Incisor Malformation (MRIM) – Sjúklingatilfelli og innlit í fræðin
Authors: Sveinsdóttir Eva Guðrún
Published: January 2023

Molar root-incisor malformation (MRIM) er tannmyndunargalli sem nýlega hefur verið lýst í fræðunum. Gallinn einkennist af fráviki á formi róta og kvikuhols 6 ára jaxla og í sumum tilfellum aftari barnajaxla. Frávik frá eðlilegu krónuformi 6 ára jaxla og fullorðinsframtanna getur fylgt, þar sem þrenging verður á ummáli cervical-hluta króna. Alvarleiki gallans er mismikill, allt frá vægum frávikum, sem hafa lítil eða engin áhrif á almenna tannheilsu sjúklings, til alvarlegra galla, þar sem horfur gallaðra tanna til framtíðar eru vonlausar. Meðferðarþörf getur verið allt frá engri meðferð til úrdráttar tanna, stundum með þörf fyrir frekari meðferð vegna tannlausra bila. Til að unnt sé að veita æskilega meðferð er mikilvægt að gallinn greinist tímanlega, en til að það geti orðið er nauðsynlegt að tannlæknar þekki til hans. Í þessari grein verður greiningu og meðferð sjö ára stúlku með alvarlegt form MRIM á 6 ára jöxlum lýst, auk þess sem skyggnst verður inn í fræðin og gallanum gerð skil.

Lykilorð: Tannmyndunargallar, molar root malformation, molar root-incisor malformation
Af hverju tökum við hliðarröntgen?
Authors: Heimisdóttir Kristín
Published: January 2023

Skinnufyrirtæki hafa ekki lagt áherslu á röntgengreiningu sem er að sumu leyti skiljanlegt. Röntgengreining getur aldrei verið í höndum starfsmanna skinnufyrirtækja með alls konar bakgrunn og jafnvel getur greiningin byggst á gervigreind. Ábyrgð meðferðar hvílir fyrst og síðast á herðum þess tannlæknis sem sem hefur sjúkling til meðferðar. Því er afar mikilvægt að vanda til verka þegar bit- og/eða tannskekkja er greind með öllum nauðsynlegum greiningartækjum. Þar er hliðarröntgenmynd nauðsynlegt tól. Í þessari stuttu grein er leitast við að skoða og skýra þrjá ofureinfalda en mikilvæga greiningarþætti, sem alltaf ættu að vera hluti af greiningarferlinu, áður en meðferð hefst.

Lykilorð: Hliðarröntgen, tannréttingargreining, skinnur
Tannhaldsmeðferð með skurðaðgerð - Ráðleggingar Evrópsku tannhaldsfræði­samtakanna og leiðbeiningar á Norðurlöndum
Authors: Verket Anders , Klausen Bjarne , Könönen Eija , Derks Jan
Published: January 2023

Í leiðbeiningum um klíníska meðferð við tannhaldsbólgu á stigi I–III sem Evrópsku tannhaldsfræðasamtökin (EFP) gáfu út nýlega er meðal annars horft til meðferðar með skurðaðgerð. Með hliðsjón af niðurstöðum sem greint er frá í fimm yfirlitsgreinum mátu sérfræðingar mikilvægt að íhuga skurðmeðferð í kjölfar hefðbundinnar tannhaldsmeðferðar, sérstaklega þar sem eftirstæð pokadýpt er ≥ 6 mm. Ef eftirstæðir tannhaldspokar tengdust beinstapi ≥ 3 mm var mælt með beinaukandi aðgerð. Evrópsku tannhaldsfræðasamtökin töldu gagnlegt að nota nokkrar beinaukandi aðgerðir samhliða. Millirótarbólga við jaxla var ekki ein og sér metin ástæða til tanndráttar. Ef eftirstæðir pokar tengdust millirótarbólgu af klassa II var mælt með beinaukandi aðgerð. Við millirótarbólgu af klassa III var mælt með tannholdsgræðlingi (festum með tunnel-aðferð) eða brottnámi rótar.

Leiðbeiningar Evrópsku tannhaldsfræðasamtakanna um meðferð tannhaldsbólgu á stigi I–III eru að mestu samhljóða leiðbeiningum á Norðurlöndum. Nokkur ágreiningur er um beitingu samhliða beinaukandi aðgerð, en leiðbeiningar á Norðurlöndum mæla ekki með slíku. Ennfremur hafa sænskar og danskar leiðbeiningar ekki metið hugsanlegan ávinning beinaukandi aðgerða við millirótarbólgu nægilegan til að ráðleggja slíkar aðgerðir.

Lykilorð: Tannhaldsbólga, skurðmeðferð, beinskaði, millirótarbólga, beinaukandi aðgerð
Líkfundarmálið í Neskaupstað 2004
Authors: Víðisdóttir Sigríður Rósa , Richter Svend
Published: January 2023

Í febrúar 2004 var kafari að störfum við bryggjukant á Neskaupstað. Á um 6 metra dýpi fann hann lík af manni innpakkað í tvo ruslapoka, hlekkjað niður með keðjum. Við skoðun lögreglu og læknis á staðnum komu í ljós áverkar sem bentu til morðs.

Við nánari rannsókn í Reykjavík kom í ljós að áverkarnir voru veittir eftir andlát (post mortem). Á röntgenmyndum komu í ljós framandi hlutir í kviðarholi. Grunur var um fíkniefnasmygl. Í MRI-SCAN komu í ljós 61 hylki sem reyndust innihalda amfetamín. Þau voru föst í maga og í efri hluta þarma. Hylkin voru gerð úr þremur lögum af latex og einu innsta lagi, plaströri hitabræddu við enda. Öll hylki reyndust heil og í blóði var ekki vottur af amfetamíni. Dánarorsök var ileus, mjógirnisstífla.

Rannsókn tanna var gerð á hefðbundinn hátt og niðurstöður skráðar á Interpol PM blöð. Til aldursgreiningar var notuð aðferð Kvaal et al. “Regression formulae for age in years based on dental radiographs from six teeth”. Rafrænar röntgenmyndir af tönnum 12, 11, 15, 44, 43 og 42 voru teknar og Trophy forritið notað til nauðsynlegra mælinga. Niðurstaða aldurgreiningar leiddi í ljós að einstaklingurinn var um það bil 32,2 ár með viðeigandi staðalfráviki.

Á þessu stigi hafði enginn horfið á svæðinu eða kom til greina og því engin AM gögn til samanburðar. Teikningar af hinum látna voru sendar fjölmiðlum. Fingraför hins látna fundust ekki í fingrafaraskrá hér á landi. Fingraför og upplýsingar um tennur voru m.a. send með Black Label leið Interpol og jákvæð niðurstaða fékkst frá Wiesbaden og síðar frá Vilnius að þau væru af rúmlega 30 ára einstakling frá Litháen. Við rannsókn málsins voru þrír menn handteknir. Hinir þrír grunuðu voru dæmdir í Héraðsdómi Reykjavíkur í tveggja og hálfs árs fangelsi. Hæstaréttur staðfesti dóminn síðar.

Lykilorð: líkfundarmálið, fíkniefnasmygl, réttarvísindi
Ný sýn á greiningu og meðferð tannhaldsbólgu
Authors: Gürsoy Ulvi kahraman , Belibasakis Georgios , Belstrøm Daniel , Sorsa Timo , Bolstad anne isine
Published: January 2023

Tannhaldsbólga er langvinnur bólgusjúkdómur í stoðvef tanna sem einkennist af niðurbroti tannhalds og kjálkabeins. Meðfæddir og áunnir áhættuþættir ásamt gæðum munnhirðu hafa áhrif á hvenær sjúkdómur kemur upp og framgangshraða hans. Hægfarandi tannhaldsbólga er yfirleitt greind á þrítugs- eða fertugsaldri, en ágengari form tannhaldsbólgu geta greinst hjá ungum fullorðnum. Upphafsstig tannhaldsbólgu eru yfirleitt einkennalaus og sjúkdómurinn greinist því ekki alltaf strax. Með nýjustu tækniframförum er hægt að greina forklínískar breytingar í tannhaldsvef með því að mæla magn lífmerkja tannhalds (e. periodontal biomarkers) en það eru ákveðin prótein frá sjúklingi eða úr bakteríum sem fengin eru án inngrips. Í þessari yfirlitsgrein er farið yfir fyrirliggjandi gögn um klíníska notkun slíkra lífmerkja sem fram koma við sýkingu og bólgu. Einnig verður farið yfir sameindalífmerki (e. molecular markers) sem tannhaldsmeðferð getur beinst að.

Lykilorð: Lífmerki, sýking, bólga, tannhaldssjúkdómar
Heimsfaraldur COVID-19 og tannheilbrigðisþjónusta - orsakir og afleiðingar
Authors: Välimaa Hanna , Larsen Tove , Klinge Björn , Fiehn Nils-Erik
Published: January 2023

Nú eru næstum tvö ár liðin frá því að nýja kórónuveiran SARS-CoV-2 hóf að breiðast út um allan heim frá Wuhan í Kína og leiddi til heimsfaraldurs kórónuveirunnar (COVID-19). Einkenni COVID-19 geta verið allt frá vægum einkennum í öndunar- og meltingarfærum til alvarlegrar lungnabólgu og jafnvel dauða. Ný stökkbreytt afbrigði sem hafa hugsanlega í för með sér breytingar á klínískum eiginleikum, svo sem smithættu, alvarleika sjúkdóms og virkni bóluefnis, hafa reglulega komið fram.

SARS-CoV-2 smitast fyrst og fremst með seyti frá öndunarvegum. Veiran finnst oft í munnvatni smitaðra sjúklinga, hvort sem þeir eru einkennalausir eða ekki. Það hefur valdið verulegum áhyggjum vegna hættu á smiti milli tannlækna og sjúklinga við tannlæknaþjónustu. Því var aðgangur að tannlæknaþjónustu sem ekki var brýn mjög takmarkaður í upphafi heimsfaraldursins. Af því leiðir að uppsöfnuð þörf er á tannlæknaþjónustu og hætta á að tafir verði á meðferð.

SARS-CoV-2 veiran getur borist í þekjufrumur í munnholi og munnvatnskirtla. Enn sem komið er eru engar vísbendingar um að SARS-CoV-2 sýking í munnholi hafi verið staðfest með veirugreiningu. Vísbendingar eru um að slök munn- og tannheilsa, einkum tannhaldsbólga, geti gert COVID-19 sýkingu verri. Það getur gerst með þeim hætti að bakteríur í munnholi berist í öndunarveg og valdi þannig samsýkingu, eða vegna altæks bólguástands af völdum tannhaldsbólgu. Þörf er á frekari rannsóknum til að meta hugsanleg áhrif SARS-CoV-2 veirunnar á munnheilsu og almennt heilbrigði.

Lykilorð: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, munnvatn, munnslímhúð, munnvatnskirtlar, smitvarnir
Skipulag tannhaldsmeðferðar á Norðurlöndum
Authors: Rosing Kasper , Björnsson Magnús , Pöllänen Marja , Klinge Björn , Verket Anders
Published: January 2023

Bakgrunnur: Lýsing og samanburður á skipulagi tannhaldsmeðferðar á Norðurlöndum getur verið stjórnmálamönnum og öðrum aðilum sem skipuleggja heilbrigðisþjónustu hvatning við áframhaldandi þróun skilvirkrar tannheilbrigðisþjónustu. Ekki liggur fyrir samræmt mat á hagkvæmni tannhaldsmeðferðar samanborið við hve vel hún mætir þörfum íbúa.

Aðferð: Kerfisbundin heimildaleit var ekki gerð en þekking allra greinarhöfunda á nýjustu rannsóknum þessa efnis var nýtt til að setja fram lýsandi yfirlit um skipulag tannhaldsmeðferðar.

Niðurstöður: Á öllum Norðurlöndum er bæði einkarekin og opinber tannhaldsmeðferð veitt samkvæmt þörf og niðurgreiðslur vegna kostnaðar við tannhaldsmeðferð gegnum heilbrigðistryggingar eru á bilinu 0% til 70%. Sjúklingar með sérþarfir geta fengið sérstakan styrk til viðbótarmeðferðar og aðgang að opinberum tannlæknastofum til viðbótar við einkareknar stofur.

Ályktanir: Skortur á gögnum um skilvirkni tannhaldsmeðferðar í almennum tannlækningum kemur í veg fyrir samanburð milli landa. Á sumum Norðurlöndum eru vísbendingar um að þarfir fyrir tannhaldsmeðferð séu ekki uppfylltar. Samræmt eftirlit með árangri tannhaldsmeðferðar er ráðlegt til að unnt sé að meta betur skilvirkni núverandi meðferðarkerfa og áætla framtíðarþörf.
Plant Diversity and Quantitative Characteristics Of Wetland Community on the North Bank of Hanjiang River in Cheng GU, Shaanxi Province, China
Authors: Li Zongwu , Zhang Yi , Li Fujing , Duan Mengge
Published: January 2023

Four water ecological surveys were carried out on the north bank of Hanjiang river in two seasons from 2020 to 2021. Based on the field wetland quadrat survey and literature data, the species diversity index was determined. The research showed that there are 360 species of wetland plants belonging to 108 families and 264 genera on the north bank of Hanjiang river, and the geographical composition of seed plants is at the genus level, mainly temperate distribution types, with 160 species. In the community species diversity index, the mean value of Patrick index was 18.80 ± 5.19. The mean Shannon Wiener diversity index was 2.15 ± 0.39. The mean value of Simpson dominance index was 0.81 ± 0.10. The average Pielou evenness index was 0.75 ± 0.10. The mean value of Margalef index was 3.44 ± 0.87. The Patrick index and Margalef index of the Bidens pilosa form were the lowest. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index，the Simpson index，and the Pielou index of the Potamogeton malaianus form were the lowest. The Patrick index of the Colocasia esculenta form was the highest,and the Pielou of the Sapium sebiferum form was the highest. The Shannon- Wiener diversity index and Simpson index of the Populus canadensis form group were the highest, and the Margalef index of the Flueggea virosa form was the highest. The research results provide basic data and scientific basis for the protection and restoration of wetland ecosystems and management of wetland resources in Yuan'an and similar areas.
Bangladesh J. Bot. 51(4): 839-848, 2022 (December) Special
Effects Of Alternating Drying And Wetting On Soil Nitrogen And Phosphorus Loss In Root Zone Of Dominant Plants In Phosphorus-rich Mountainous Areas
Authors: Wang Tao , Tian Runqing , Luo Dan , LIU Fangfang , Wei Jialei
Published: January 2023

In the mountainous area of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, phosphorus and nitrogen are important factors that limit primary productivity and affect the distribution of plant communities. Alternation of wet and dry has a significant effect on the migration of various elements such as C, N, and P in soil. Taking the rhizosphere soil of the dominant plants in the phosphorus-rich mountainous area in the Dianchi Lake Basin as the research object. Six sets of different humidity treatment methods: blank constant humidity, blank dry and wet alternation, nitrogen constant humidity, nitrogen addition dry and wet alternation, carbon constant humidity, and carbon add dry and wet alternation were assessed. Responses of soluble total nitrogen and soluble total phosphorus to six treatments in plant root zone were investigated. The results showed that the contents of dissolved total nitrogen (DTN) and dissolved total phosphorus (DTP) in soil leachate and their changes of Erianthus rufipilus and Eupatorium adenophorum under different treatment conditions increased first and then decreased. In the carbon addition group, the DTN content of the soil leachate in the alternating dry and wet treatment was significantly higher than that in the constant humidity treatment, but there was no significant difference in the nitrogen addition group. The three factors of water treatment and sampling time have significant effects on the DTN content of soil leachate, and the interaction between the three also has a significant effect on it.
Bangladesh J. Bot. 51(4): 855-862, 2022 (December) Special
Influences of Various Factors on Inducing Adventitious Shoot Regeneration From Stem Explants of Cassia Mimosoides Linn.
Authors: Liu Ying , Zhou Yuan hang , Liao Zi xin , Liu Hong jie , Zhao Min , Chen Jian ping , Yang Ya li , Xue Ying bin
Published: January 2023

In the present study, an efficient plant regeneration method was established in Cassia mimosoides by using stem explants. Low regeneration frequency with poor quality advantageous shoot buds were obtained when the explants were grown only Kinetin (KN) or thidiazeuron (TDZ) enriched media. For improving the regeneration efficiency and production of good quality adventitious buds, Cu2+, Mg2+, Fe2+ and Ag+ were supplemented in the regeneration medium at different concentrations. The highest (63.96%) adventitious bud regeneration rate, the maximum number of buds (5.39) per explant and the longest regenerated buds (3.49 cm) were obtained by adding 26 mg/l Ag+ in the regeneration medium. In order to improve the rooting in shoot buds, diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate (DA-6) at different concentrations was added into rooting medium. The optimal rooting was obtained by supplementing 0.6 mg/l DA-6. The highest rooting rate (90.23%), the highest number of roots per bud (6.08) and the longest roots (4.26 cm) were developed within 20 days of culture in this medium. By applying this method culture cycle for obtaining complete regenerated plantlets was significantly shortened (in 60 days), Additional culture for proliferation and elongation of regenerated adventitious buds was not needed. Therefore, the method established in the present study was helpful to improve the efficiency of plant regeneration from stem explants in C. mimosoides. Besides the establishment of this culture method could lay a foundation for the future large-scale cultivation and genetic transformation of C. mimosoides.
Bangladesh J. Bot. 51(4): 873-882, 2022 (December) Special
Effects Of Diaspore Bracts And Cations On Germination Of Ceratoides Arborescens (Losinsk.) Tsien Et C.g. Ma Under In Vitro Culture
Authors: Li Xingyue , Liu Yaling , Zhang Lin , Wang Zhaoming , Wang Xiaolong , Mi Fugui
Published: January 2023

Ceratoides arborescens (Losinsk.) Tsien et C. G. Ma, a species endemic to China, is widely used in ecological restoration and as fine forage due to its high drought resistance and nutrient content, respectively. Its bracts are often removed from diaspores during planting because their dense hair covering is not conducive to sowing. However, it is not clear whether the removal of bracts is beneficial to C. arborescens seed germination. A seed germination experiment was conducted to measure how bracts influence seed germination. Three diaspore treatments were used: seed bracts removed (BR), bracts removed and recombined with seeds (BRB); and seed bracts not removed (B). To further explore whether bract nutrient content affects seed germination, seeds without bracts (BR) were tested with additions of three different nutrient (Mn, Ca, and Fe) in a culture solution. It was found that BR accelerated average germination time but had no detectable effect on seed germination rate. Further, the BR significantly decreased seed germination potential and germination index. Additionally, seed germination potential and the germination index were improved by BRB, while the seedling vigor index was also enhanced. Moreover, it was found that the elements Ca, Mn, and Fe were higher in bracts than those in seeds. However, nutrient addition manipulation showed that the addition of Mn promoted seed germination. The findings of this experiment suggest that C. arborescens bracts are beneficial during planting, because they contain essential elements for germination. Removing bracts from the diaspore has no potential impact on the reduction of costs and improvement of the seed germination characters of C. arborescens.
Bangladesh J. Bot. 51(4): 897-905, 2022 (December) Special
A New Fern Species Of Hypodematium (Hypodematiaceae) From China
Authors: LI Xiaojuan , LIU Yuqin , LI Jianxiu
Published: January 2023

Hypodematium jianxiuii is closer to Hypodematium sinense K. Iwats., but differs greatly from it which is illustrated and described by using LM and SEM characters. It differs mainly by its plant height along with laminae broad ovate-pentagonal, 40 × 40 cm, 4–pinnate. The lower part of the stalk and rachis of Hypodematium jianxiuii is nearly smooth; the middle and upper part of the rachis, the costae and the lower part of the laminae has glandular hairs and sparsely short acicular hairs, the upper part of the laminae is covered with short acicular hairs and sparsely covered with glandular hairs, the dorsal surface of the indusia are densely covered with short acicular hairs and sparsely covered with glandular hairs; and spore is reniform with tuberculate protrusions and granular ornamentation.
Bangladesh J. Bot. 51(4): 943-949, 2022 (December) Special
Successful Indonesian startups’ product blogs: A digital genre analysis and its pedagogical implications
Authors: Anyassari Nugrahaningtyas Fatma , Novitasari  , Handayani Tri Astuti , Ishak Cita Nuary , Aisyah Nafisya Alfiani
Published: January 2023

Blogs can be deemed as an alternative digital media which have been strategically employed for business communication. One of the realizations is product blogs. As startups, which are identically linked to digital media, have been skyrocketing in number, product blogs play an integral role to accommodate their business communication. In writing an article for the product blogs, startups often open an internship vacancy for, among others, polytechnic students majoring English for business communication. However, generic structure of a product blog article is quite different from academic essays. There is a need to equip the students with adequate product blog article writing skills before they embark on internship. This study aims at empirically delving into generic structure of successful Indonesian startups’ product blogs. To achieve the aim, this research employed corpus-based research methodology. There were 33.430 tokens of product blogs from two unicorn startups. The framework for analysis was adapted from Askehave and Nielsen (2005). The findings show that there were three moves in the corpus, namely contextualizing product, detailing product, and soliciting response. Each move consisted of steps which were categorized into reading mode and navigating mode. The findings lead to pedagogical implications—inculcating the moves to polytechnic students majoring English for business communication—as an attempt to link and match between vocational pedagogy and industry requirements.
La revictimización en los niños, niñas y adolescentes, victimas de abusos sexuales.
Authors: Alvarado-Cedeño Cristhian
Published: January 2023

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo analizar los procedimientos valorativos, técnicos y legales del sistema penal de Ecuador para establecer los factores generan la revictimización en niñas, niños y adolescentes, víctimas de abusos sexuales.  
La revictimización, surge a partir de las ineficiencias del sistema de protección para las víctimas de abuso sexual por lo que es importante determinar las anomalías de estos procedimientos para buscar una conclusión y/o solución.  
Se establecen definiciones, causas o elementos que originan la revictimización a través de una metodología bibliográfica y documental, información sustraída de: textos, artículos científicos ynormativas como los instrumentos internacionales de Derechos Humanos, la Constitución de la República del Ecuador, el Código Orgánico Integral Penal y el Protocolo de entrevista forense.  
Se determina un análisis exhaustivo devarias medidas de prevención de acuerdo con las disposiciones de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos ylo establecido por el derecho comparado para que sea sustento de disminución o erradicación de la revictimización.  
Finalmente, se evidencia que los factores preponderantes que producen la revictimización son: la falta de capacitación e ineficiencia de los funcionarios públicos o personas involucradas en brindar la atención a las víctimas, falta y errónea aplicación de la entrevista forense, inexistencia de políticas públicas en lo que concierne a la tecnología y la falta de una asistencia personalizada por un especialista en psicología y trabajo social.
Stress in Practical Teaching of Nursing Students at the National University Timor Lorosae
Authors: Pereira Acácio Guterres , Tilman Carlos Boavida , Conceição José Ximenes da , Conceição Alves Maria Manuela da
Published: January 2023

Introduction: The most common stress experienced by students is academic stress. Academic stress is defined as an individual situation understood and experienced by the student when entering higher education, or excellent high-level academic training. Objectives: To assess the levels of stress in practical teaching of students of the 3rd year of Nursing at the National University Timor Lorosa'e. Methodology: a descriptive-analytical, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach. The present study was carried out at the National University of TimorLorosae, in a sample of 83 nursing students from the 3rd year of 2021, of the degree in nursing. Data collection was carried out during the month of October 2021 and through self-response, a questionnaire was carried out with closed questions to explore more primary data. Results: The total sample 97% are attending the 3rd year of the course and they have never failed and been admitted as approved. Mostly female (53%), with an average age of 22 years, in which it is intended to know the expression of the students' stress level throughout the course and its close relationship with gender and the degree year, it was possible to verify a test that nursing students experiencing stress during this period of professional competence development. Conclusion: Practical nursing and academic teaching stress is defined as a condition or circumstance that causes an imbalance in individuals, as a result of the evaluation or appreciation and students' perceptions of academic stressors, related to their professional experience at universities in a context of learning.
The Relationship of Maternal Knowledge and Attitudes towards Acute Respiratory Infection Disease (ARI) in Likino Village, Hom-Hom Health Center Working Area JAYAWIJAYA REGENCY
Authors: Suabey Suningsih , Ura Rahmad Suryawan , A Agussalim
Published: January 2023

Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) are one of the most frequent causes of death in children especially in developing countries, the disease is mostly caused by viruses. ARI is the cause of four out of 15 million deaths in children under the age of 5 each year and as many as two-thirds of those deaths occur in infants. The number of ARI sufferers in Papua Province in 2019 was recorded at 285,793 cases and the results of a survey at the Hom-Hom Health Center in 2019 showed the number of ARI cases was 769 people, including 16.4% aged less than 1 year and 15.1% aged 1-4 years. Seeing the high incidence of ARI, public health efforts are needed in preventing ARI. Health efforts that have been carried out are in the form of health counseling, supplementary feeding, and immunization of DPT and measles, as well as treatment. Based on the description above, the researcher raised "The Relationship between Knowledge and Maternal Attitudes towards ARI Disease in Likino Village, Hom-Hom Health Center Working Area, Jayawijaya Regency. This research is a quantitative descriptive research with a cross-sectional approach. The size of the sample is based on the non-random quota sampling method, then the quota or sample allotment is determined as many as 30 respondents. The results of the study obtained that mothers who have good knowledge have the potential for children to suffer from ARI by 10%, mothers who have sufficient knowledge have the potential for children to suffer from ARI by 35%, and mothers who have less knowledge have the potential for children to suffer from ARI by 55%. Based on the attitude obtained by mothers with a positive attitude, the potential for children to suffer from ARI is 20% and mothers who have a negative attitude have the potential for children to suffer from ARI by 80%. The results of data analysis with the Chi-Square statistical test showed that the significance value of sig (2-tailed) 0.025 < 0.05 for knowledge and attitudes which means that there is a strong relationship between knowledge and maternal attitudes towards the incidence of ARI Disease.
CDC Guidelines on Prescription of Opioids – More and Less Than Meets the Eye
Authors: Lawhern Richard A
Published: January 2023

On February 10, 2022, the US Centers For Disease Control and Prevention (National Center for Injury Prevention and Control) circulated a draft revised and expanded “2022 CDC Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids”. This proposal incorporates major expansions of scope and revisions of recommendations in the earlier 2016 CDC Guideline on prescription of opioids to adults with chronic non-cancer pain. Mainstream press articles have described the 2022 Guideline as a major improvement over the 2016 predecessor document in that it emphasizes the need for clinicians to exercise their own judgment on behalf of patients and to tailor treatment to individuals. However, deeper reading of the proposed 2022 Guideline calls the impressions of press reporters into serious question. In the opinion of the author and many others, the 2016 CDC Guideline has already wrecked the practice of pain medicine in the US, and proposed 2022 “revisions” may continue the destruction. The only ethically sound courses of action now open to the CDC are either to repudiate and withdraw both 2016 and draft 2022 guidelines without replacement, or to burn them to the ground and start over with condensation and correction of gross errors and policy mis-directions under a new, unbiased and clinically qualified writers group.
Mothers’ Feeding Practice and Nutritional Status of Infants in Selected Primary Health Care Center of Paikoro Local Government Area, Niger State, Nigeria
Authors: Awogbenja Makanju Dehinde , Osabo Peace Onyanwoyilo , Ojo Celestina Adebimpe , Monday Grace
Published: January 2023

Background: Ensuring good health, growth and development of children requires adequate nutrition during infancy and early childhood. Therefore, optimal feeding during the first few years of life provides opportunity for prevention of growth faltering and under-nutrition. Hence, improvement of infant feeding practices for children less than five years should be a high priority globally. Objectives: The objective of this study is to assess the feeding practices of mothers and the nutritional status of infants and young children in some selected Primary Health Care (PHCs) in Paikoro LGA of Niger state, Nigeria Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in some selected Primary Health Centres (PHCs) in Paikoro area of Niger state and a total of 200 mother/child pair were selected using simple random sampling method. Data was collected from mothers using a pre- tested structured questionnaire. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) (Version 20.0). Tests were statistically significant at p ≤ 0.05. Results: Majority (of the respondents feed colostrums to their babies. The prevalence of initiation of breastfeeding (78.5%), colostrum consumption (97.5%) and timely introduction of complementary feeding (74.5%) practices were high. The results further revealed 34.0% of the respondents breastfeed on demand while 29.5% were using feeding bottles. Conclusion: The study shows that a very high percentage of the mothers feed colostrums to their children but none breastfed their children to 24 months of age.
Vacuum therapy in the treatment of postoperative sternомediastinitis (a clinical case)
Authors:   S. I. Sergeev Regional Clinical Hospital No. 1 of the Ministry of Health of the Khabarovsk Krai, Khabarovsk, Russia, Shevchenko A.A. , Yerikhovа S.A. ,   Regional Clinical Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of the Khabarovsk Krai, Khabarovsk, Russia, Kim M.R. ,   Regional Clinical Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of the Khabarovsk Krai, Khabarovsk, Russia, Koshevaya E.G. ,   City Out-patient Clinic No. 16 of the Ministry of Health of the Khabarovsk Krai, Khabarovsk, Russia
Published: January 2023

Postoperative sternоmediastinitis is one of the most severe complications of transferential access after cardiac surgery. The authors applied the technique of therapy with negative pressure in the treatment of postoperative sternоmediastinitis. In the case of severe concomitant pathology, the possibility of using vacuum therapy is described without performing the final reconstructive operation
Shereshevsky–Turner Syndrome is a natural model of primary hypogonadism in girls (a clinical case)
Authors:   Postgraduate Institute for Public Health Workers under Health Ministry of Khabarovsk Krai, Filippova V.V.
Published: January 2023

Shereshevsky-Turner syndrome refers to chromosomal diseases associated with the pathology of sex chromosome. The syndrome is the only viable monosomy (there is only one chromosome from a couple), refers to frequent genomic disorders. At the same time, the lack of recognizable phenotypic symptoms, the gradual development of quite common manifestations (deviations of physical and sexual development) complicates the timely diagnosis of the syndrome. The lag in growth, the formation of secondary sexual characteristics is a factor requiring clarification of the cause. The time of diagnosis is the key to timely therapeutic tactics, which provides an improvement in the quality of life in caae of the pathology of sexual chromosomes, optimal socialization in modern society. The lack of diagnosis does not allow to start the necessary pathogenetic therapy
Illumination Analysis Patal Pusri Intersection Underground Road
Authors: Azis Abdul , Nurdiana Nita , Rizal Choirul
Published: January 2023

The traffic lane underpass is shaped tunnels built to provide a solution to traffic congestion that occurred on an, intersections and long underpass usually less than 0,1. 0,16 miles or miles Underpass Simpang Patal Pusri Palembang is a reserved for public, traffic and the public must be furnished with equipage. Road one way is the street lights, for that reason by Underpass Simpang Patal Pusri Palembang has installed lights. public roadsA kind of light to overpass, flat, intersection the sodium light the gas is high pressure or high-pressure sodium, son with the normal lighting 20 - 25 lux and efficiency of the average 110 lumen/ watts with a view to provide comfort and safety for road users. This study aims to to know the intensity of light lighting, the intensity of lighting and analyze the worthiness of the lighting on the street lights Underpass Simpang Patal Pusri Palembang. The research the results in the light of that flux SON-T 200 22.000 lumen. to wattsSome of the results of the intensity of the light in the Underpass Patal Pusri intersection of Palembang 668,7395 candela influenced by factors settings 0,65 as much as percent. The intensity of the light/illumination highest located at the T1 worth E = 30,56 lux influenced by the L1 - L12 until. To their intensity light/illumination highest located at the lowest point of the L2 = E 14,69 lux who influenced by the L1 - L12 until. Standard for lighting a street underpass sni 7391: 2008 to 20 lux until 25, lux so the lighting is Underpass Simpang Patal Pusri Palembang still in accordance with standard value determined by sni 7391: 2008 which is 20-25. lux The results of which of  ERate of 23,39. lux.
PENGARUH CAMPURAN ABU LAYANG DAN ABU SEKAM PADI TERHADAP KEKUATAN KOMPRESI GEOPOLIMER MORTAR RINGAN
Authors: Nasrullah Abdi , Firdaus Firdaus , Edowinsyah Edowinsyah
Published: January 2023

Pada umumnya mortar geopolimer merupakan mortar yang bebas dari pemakaian   PC sebagai pengikatnya, sehingga mortar geopolimer bisa dijadikan terobosan untuk menghentikan penggunaan PC. Penelitian dilakukan secara eksperimental, dikarenakan menggunakan jurnal ilmiah dan penelitian-penelitian terdahulu sebagai referensi, penelitian ini membahas tentang penggunaan alumunium powder dalam pembuatan mortar ringan geopolimer yang berbahan dasar fly ash dan abu sekam padi, dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui jumlah campuran alumunium powder yang optimal terhadap kuat tekan mortar geopolimer. Penelitian ini dilakukan di laboratorium teknik sipil Institut Teknologi Pagar Alam, untuk pemeriksaan kuat tekan mortar geopolimer benda uji yang di gunakan berupa kubus yang berukuran 5x5x5 cm dengan komposisi campuran NaOH : Na2SiO3 = 1:2,5, activator : Precursor = 1.5:1 Konsentrasi NaOH = 12 M untuk perbandingan penggunaan fly ash : abu sekam padi = 75 : 25 % menggunakan alumunium powder sebanyak 0, 0.5, 0.75 dan 1 %. Pengujian kuat tekan mortar dilakukan setelah umur perawatan 7, 14, 28 hari. Hasil kuat tekan yang didapat pada masing-masing komposisi campuran alumunium powder sebesar 24,7 Mpa, untuk mortar geopolimer dengan campuran serbuk alumunium powder sebanyak 0.5 %, 0.75% dan 1 % memiliki kuat tekan masing-masing 19,3 Mpa, 16,5 Mpa, 12,20 Mpa.
PROTOTIPE PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK MEDAN MAGNET ELEKTRIS
Authors: Saipudin Kms , Fitri Normaliaty
Published: January 2023

One effort to overcome the electricity crisis is to reduce dependence on fossil energy,  sources by utilizing alternative energy sources consisting of various energy that can be used from natural elements, magnetism is one alternative to natural element energy that can be utilized as a solution to reduce the impact of energy crisis, Electric magnetic field power plant is a method for generating electrical energy by providing rotation to the armature or cores that are in the area or path of the magnetic field so that the rotation of the core or armature can produce DC electrical energy according to the type of rotor and stator used, starting with a Dc 1 motor connected to a 12 Vdc battery which is connected in parallel with a Dc 2 motor using gear and bicycle chain then the positive and negative wires of the Dc 2 motor fill the current and super capasitor voltage (2.7 Vdc capacitor 10 Farad parallel 6 pieces) then strengthened by order The Dc amplifier then goes to the stabilizer circuit and charges the 12 Vdc battery so as to create a rotation on the Dc 2 motor shaft, to then be connected in parallel with a core shaft or a wounded armature surrounded by a magnet. So it produces a Dc voltage on the commutator core (positive and negative cables) 6-12 Vdc, depending on the amount of magnet provided around the core or armature and the rotational speed of the core, armature (the more magnets the magnetic field will get bigger and stronger so magnetic and electromagnetic flux can also be generated by a large nominal Dc voltage, while the higher the core or armature beam, the greater the voltage will be).