bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interpretations of the Modernists in Understanding Texts and Employing Them Under the Pretext of Legal Objectives
Authors: AL-Atwi Mohammad
Published: December 2022

Abstract Returning to the claims of the era that appeared in the carrier antiquity, and their movement, and related to the demand for the renewal of religious discourse, a sect of this nation has emerged, and it is capable of re-reading the texts. This study aims to clarify and critique the position of one of the largest contemporary intellectual currents on the purposes of Sharia. The study concluded in a statement and criticism of the position of the modernists regarding the presentation of the purposes over the texts and fundamentalist ills to: that the intentional understanding that the modernists adopted to derive rulings through it is an incorrect understanding as it led them In many deviations through their dealings with the legal texts، and he does not pay attention to the legitimate purposes in isolation from the texts، and the wrong modernist employment of the purposes is an attempt to evade the legal provisions and rebel against the partial texts on the pretext that these provisions are specific to a certain time period and environmental conditions. Keywords: modernity، objectives of Sharia، Sharia texts.
The Authority of the Judge to Interpret the Contract
Authors: Smadi Mohammad , AL-Majali Doha
Published: December 2022

Abstract This study aims to demonstrate the authority of the judge for interpretation; in particular with regard to elements set out by the legislator in the text of the article (239/2) of the Jordanian Civil Code. The judge may find, after presenting the contract before him/her to determine its content, that some of the contract’s terms need an interpretation; particularly that the interpretation leads to defining each contracting party’s obligations, and aims to reach the appropriate and most beneficial solution from a social perspective. In the conclusion of this study, researchers have reached several results, the most important of which, is that the judge must consider the plain meaning when interpreting the contract’s explicit term without deviating to the subtext. The study calls for restructuring of article 239 of the Jordanian Civil Code to be more explicit and comprehensive. Keywords: contract interpretation, judge's power to interpret, contract terms, content of the contract
Electronic Fraud in the Context of E-Commerce under Jordanian Legislation
Authors: Alflaieh Moh’d
Published: December 2022

Abstract Electronic fraud is a criminal behavior that is implemented in whole or in part by electronic means, and uses Internet components such as e-mail, chat rooms or websites, and aims to seize the money of others by fraud and deception. Accordingly, the Jordanian legislator did not criminalize electronic fraud as in the ordinary crime of fraud in the Penal Code in Article (417). However, it emphasized in Article (15) of the Electronic Crimes Law No. 27 of 2015 that any person committing any crime stipulated in Jordanian legislation by using any electronic means shall be subject to the same penalty stipulated in that legislation. Therefore, this study explains the crime of electronic fraud by clarifying its definition, characteristics, similarities and differences, and ordinary crime of fraud, then explains its pillars by clarifying its legal, material and moral pillar, and the penalties prescribed for this crime under Jordanian laws. Keywords: electronic fraud: the crime of electronic fraud, electronic commerce, the Internet
The UN Security Council’s Practice of Referring Situations and its Impact on the Application of Criminal Justice
Authors: Al-Saghir Sarbel Hala
Published: December 2022

Abstract The issue of the UN Security Council’s practice of referring situations to the International Criminal Court and its impact on the application of criminal justice is of particular importance, as the provisions of the Rome Statute grant the Security Council effective authority in the work of the International Criminal Court; by granting the council the authority to refer to the International Criminal Court in accordance with Article 13, paragraph (b) of the Statute of the Court, in view of the role of the Council in maintaining international peace and security in accordance with Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations. Accordingly, this study clearly revealed that the Security Council adopted a policy of double standards in regard to international events, which caused a lack of credibility and integrity of the International Criminal Court. Keywords: Practice of referring situations, UN Security Council, Criminal justice, International Criminal Court.
Images of criminal behavior of Thug crime according to the Provisions of Jordanian legislation
Authors: AL-Amadi Hanadi
Published: December 2022

Abstract The Jordanian legislator was keen to criminalize thug crime under the Jordanian amended Penal Code No. 10 of 2022 by adding a new article, Article (415) bis, after it was found that traditional legal texts are no longer sufficient to achieve deterrence and restraint, as they are limited to certain types of crimes, such as threats, extortion and robbery. This study reached a set of results, the most important of which are: The Jordanian legislator was alerted to the noticeable spread of thug crime and tribute payments in recent years, especially after the case of the Zarqa boy. As this crime intimidated citizens and is seen as a flagrant threat to their security and safety. The best option was to amend the Jordanian Penal Code by adding a text criminalizing thug crime and tightening the penalty to punish anyone who was tempted to infringe on people or their property. The most important recommendations of this study are to appoint a special type of urgent judiciary to consider cases of thug crimes, or making its jurisdiction to the State Security Court, besides allocating their own prisons in reform and rehabilitation centers due to their criminal danger. Keywords: Criminal behavior, Crime, thug, Legislation.
Franchise Contract in Jordanian Legislation: A comparative Study
Authors: Alhammada Sajad
Published: December 2022

Abstract This research study emphasizes the key elements of the franchise contract as a modern contract with which there was no legislative system for its provisions in the Arab countries as a whole. As no Arab legislative system has ever brought up such form of contracts, the researcher applied descriptive, analytical, and comparative methods to achieve the desired goal of this study, which is to address the areas of ambiguity and deficiencies that surrounded it and try to compile its dispersed texts and suggest some solutions that may facilitate the provisions of this contract and work with it in the interest of both parties to the contract. Therefore, the researcher reached for a set of results and recommendations, the most important of which was the presence of some miscellaneous texts related to commercial franchise contracts in Jordanian and comparative legislation despite the absence of a legal system that shows the merits and parts of the franchise contract. As for this matter, the researcher recommends the necessity of regulating its provisions through its own legislative system, and the necessity of imposing penal sanctions anytime a party would violate any breach of the contract. Keywords: Franchise contract, Franchise, Trademark.
The Relationship between Illegal Immigration and Human Trafficking in light of International Conventions and Jordanian Legislation
Authors: Abusara Aseel , Abubaker Majd
Published: December 2022

Abstract This study tackled the issue of human trafficking and illegal immigration as stated in international agreements and national legislation. Light was shed on Jordanian legislation as the subject of this study. The study aims at discussing the concept of human trafficking and illegal immigration. The problem arises from the confusion between human trafficking and illegal immigration, as the immigrant might be the victim of two crimes: trafficking and smuggling. The study concluded that each of these two concepts has its own meaning. Despite the fact that they are different, they are confusing. The researchers came up with a criterion by which they could differentiate between trafficking and immigration, thus avoiding confusion. In addition, they elaborated on similarities and dissimilarities to clarify ambiguity. Keywords: Human trafficking, Illegal immigration, Palermo protocol, Organized crime.
Non-Refoulement of Refugees in International Law
Authors: Almuhaisen Raghad
Published: December 2022

Abstract The principle of non-refoulement is considered one of the basic principles in the international refugee law, as it protects the refugees from falling at the hands of the authorities persecuting them. The rights that the refugees enjoy according to the international conventions is considered as obligations over the refugees’ host State. The most important of which are: Right to protection against refoulement and constraining the host State’s authority regarding the expulsion of the refugee. The international refugee law rejects the expulsion of the refugee. Also, the principle of Non Refoulement is well entrenched in customary international law; it is binding for contracting and non-contracting states. In addition, he Contracting States shall not expel a refugee lawfully in their territory save on grounds of national security or public order. Articles (32) and (33) of the 1951 refugee convention are the core of international refugee protection. Keywords: Refoulement of Refugee, Host State, the 1951 refugee convention.
Legal Responsibility of Limited Liability Company’s Director
Authors: AL-banna Lina
Published: December 2022

Abstract This study tackled legal responsibility of limited liability company’s director, by explaining the nature of limited liability company, the way of appointing its director, and defining his/her duties and powers towards the company. The key problem of the study examines the extent of the civil and penal responsibility of the Director or the board of directors towards the company. For this purpose, the study adapted both descriptive and analytical approach to analyze texts of the articles. This research concluded that, on the one hand, limited liability companies are of a mixed nature, and that, on the other hand, the responsibility that rests on the director or the board of directors is not limited to civil responsibility; there is a penal responsibility as well if they commit acts that constitute a crime which is punishable. Therefore, they will be subject to the Penal Code, the Companies Law, or any other law during their work period. The study concluded with recommendations, the most important of which is that a supervisory board must be established to manage the company in case of negligence or error, which led to the company reaching a debt loss of 50% and obliging the director or the board of directors jointly to pay the company’s debts if their negligence or fraud is proven. Keywords: Limited Liability Company, Legal Liability, Partner, Company’s Manager
Forms of Medical Malpractice in the Civil Liability according to the Jordanian Law
Authors: Karim Eman
Published: December 2022

Abstract Medical profession is one of the most important human professions, since doctors’ duties are to treat patients who put their bodies at the disposal of the physician to get rid of the pain they suffer from. Indeed, this may sometimes require surgical intervention, in which the patient’s life may depend on. Therefore, the practice of this profession imposes a legal duty besides a humanitarian one. As the doctor must render the necessary care and service for patients due to principles and rules of medical profession. However, the doctor may not adhere to the rules and principles of the medical practice when treating patients, this is when the doctor makes an error and he/she could face legal liability for medical malpractice. This research presents the nature of this error in terms of its concept, conditions, and legal standard. It also tackles its different forms in regard to its relation with medical profession, or to different stages of treatment. Keywords: forms of malpractice, medical malpractice, civil responsibility.
Tort Liability for Damages of Artificial Intelligence Robots in The Jordanian Civil Law
Authors: Aldweikat Nasri
Published: December 2022

Abstract This research aims to shed light on the general provisions resulting from the harmful act (tort liability) and their applicability and actions to the harmful act for the damage resulting from artificial intelligence embodied in smart robots, as this research sought to clarify the concept of artificial intelligence embodied in robots and its legal nature, as the goal The research aims to determine the subjectivity of the damage caused by robots, which is reflected in its determination of the extent to which compensation is permissible when establishing responsibility for the harmful act caused by robots. In addition, this research touched on the cornerstone of the causal relationship between the harmful act and the damage resulting from the use of robots, in terms of determining the content and nature of this causal relationship between the harmful act and the damage. Keywords: Artificial intelligence, Robot, Tort, Legal nature of the robot.
Criminal Protection for Witnesses and Whistleblowers of Corruption Crimes in Light of the Jordanian Integrity and Anti-Corruption Law No. (13) of 2016 and its Amendments
Authors: Al-Hamimat Malik
Published: December 2022

Abstract Testimony and reporting are among the most important means of proof in criminal law. This is because penal articles cannot rely on written evidence to prove all crimes, since it is based on sudden events that occur without prior agreement. Therefore, the researcher divides the study into two sections; the first of which presents the nature of testimony and whistleblowing and its significance in Jordanian legislation. The second section tackles the protection of witnesses and whistleblowers in Jordanian law and international covenants. This research study reached a number of results, most important of which is that there is no provision in the Jordanian Code of Criminal Procedure to protect the witness and the whistleblower from coercion. Despite the Jordanian legislator’s accession and ratification of international conventions related to witness protection, it did not keep pace with the great development stipulated in international conventions. Finally, the researcher recommends that the Jordanian legislator put a provision on protecting the witness from coercion in the Jordanian Code of Criminal Procedure. Keywords: Legal protection, Witnesses, Whistleblower, Jordanian law
The Mediating Role of Perceived Organizational Punishment in the Relationship Between Ethical Values and Cyberloafing
Authors: ARDA Aysen , FİDAN Yahya
Published: December 2022

The purpose of this study is to investigate the mediating role of perceived organizational punishment in the relationship between ethical values and cyberloafing. To this end, correlational survey model was used. In the study, data were collected from 784 teachers through random sampling. Data were collected through survey technique. The questionnaire form includes demographic information form, ethical values scale, cyberloafing scale, and perceived organizational punishment scale. The obtained data were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis, correlation analysis, and structural equation modelling. The study found that ethical values have a significant, negative effect on cyberloafing and a significant, positive effect on perceived organizational punishment. Furthermore, perceived organizational punishment was determined to have no significant effect on cyberloafing and no mediation effect in the relationship between ethical values and cyberloafing.
A Study on Morphometry and Related Surgical Importance of Naso Lacrimal Duct
Authors:   Demonstrator, Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India., Sharma Diksha , Sharma Anshu ,   Professor, Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India., Kapoor Kanchan ,   Professor, Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India.
Published: December 2022

Introduction: The Nasolacrimal duct is the terminal part of the nasolacrimal apparatus or tear apparatus. The anatomy of lateral nasal wall is Important for planning the surgeries on lacrimal duct through intranasal approach. Objective: The current study was designed to review the anatomy of nasolacrimal duct in relation to the lateral nasal wall. Material and method: Thirty sagittal sections (14 right and 16 left side) of head and neck of formalin fixed adult cadavers of known sex, gender, ethnicity present in department of anatomy GMCH, Chandigarh were studied. The following parameters were made using a digital calliper and rounded off to the nearest millimetres. 1.Length of nasolacrimal duct (NLD Length) 2. Nearest distance from the nasolacrimal duct to maxillary sinus ostium (NLD - MSO) 3. Nearest distance from the NLD to the anterior nasal spine. (NLD- ANS)4. Nearest distance of the intranasal orifice of the NLD to the nasal floor (NLD- NF) 5. Nearest distance of the intranasal orifice of the NLD to the nasal roof. (NSD- NR) 6. Nearest distance of the intranasal orifice of the NLD to the anterior attachment of the Inferior concha. (NSD- AIT). Observations: In our study the average length of the NLD was 19.8±1.57mm. The intranasal orifice of the NLD was observed to be located on an average of 24.5±2.6mm from the anterior nasal spine, ranging from 5.5-2. 9mm.The average distance from the nasal roof was found to be 32.2±1.67mm and 16.08±1.71mm from nasal floor. In addition, the average distance from the anterior attachment of inferior nasal concha was found to be 14.82±2.37mm. In our study the NLD was an average of 4.08±0.67mm anterior to MSO at the level of the anterior attachment of the MT. On Comparing right and left side The NLD Was found to be slightly longer 22.7 in comparison of 22.2 mm on left side. The distance of NLD From MSO was also found to be larger on left side. The distances of NLD-ANS, NLD NR, NLD -AIT and NLD- NF were also longer on left side. Conclusion: We found that most of the parameters were closer to a study done by Ertugel while the NLD-NF distance was more in our specimen. Running title: nasolacrimal duct: morphometry, surgical importance KEY WORDS: Nasolacrimal duct, Maxillary sinus ostium, nasal floor, nasal roof, Anterior attachment of inferior concha.
Analysing the Effect of Incorporating Images While Framing MCQs For Online Clinical Anatomy Assessment Among First Year Medical Students
Authors:   Professor, Department of Anatomy, Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry, India., Magi M  , Jayagandhi S  ,   Associate professor, Department of Anatomy, Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry, India., Dinesh Kumar V  ,   Assistant professor, Department of Anatomy, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India., Rajprasath R  ,   Associate professor, Department of Anatomy, Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry, India, Prasad G Bhavani ,   Tutor, Department of Anatomy, Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry, India., Devi Rema ,   Professor, Department of Anatomy, Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry, India.
Published: December 2022

The disruptions caused by COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected the assessment component of the undergraduate medical curriculum. The lack of physical ascertainment of the learning outcomes has forced the medical educators across the world to adopt online modes of assessment. Though multiple options like true / false, short answers and viva were available, the most common tool for many was multiple choice questions as they could be arranged according to the cognitive hierarchy of Miller’s pyramid. The present study was undertaken to analyze the effect of incorporating images while framing MCQs for online anatomy assessment among first year medical students. The study was planned in a quasi-controlled design where a batch of 150 students were subjected to a set of 40 multiple choice questions (20 text based and 20 image based MCQs). The questions were designed following Ebel and Frisbie guidelines of MCQs and validated by three investigators independently. Three cycles of assessments were conducted, and the scores were analyzed. At the end of 3 cycles of assessment feedback was taken from the students regarding this method of assessment. The performance of students was better in image based MCQs compared to traditional MCQs in all regions. Upon documenting the percipience, students had felt that image based MCQs were interesting, improved their clinical reasoning skills, lateral thinking abilities and quest for learning applied anatomy. Thus, we postulate that image based MCQs could be considered as better assessment tool in the era of online learning KEYWORDS: Assessment, Clinical anatomy, Image based assessment, MCQs, Online learning.
Functional Anatomy of the Hamstring Muscle and Its Correlation with the Various Yogic Postures: A Narrative Review
Authors:   Additional professor, Department of Anatomy, AIIMS Raipur, Chhattisgarh India, Rathore Mrithunjay , Vijayakumari j  ,   Ph.D. Scholar (Yoga), Faculty of yoga sciences and therapy, Meenakshi academy of higher education and research, Chennai., Jaiswal Garima ,   Assistant Professor, Amity university, AIISM, Noida (U.P, Mankotia Shikha ,   Yoga therapist, Government college of yoga education and health, Chandigarh, Panjab university, India.
Published: December 2022

Yoga is believed to be a safe practice; nonetheless, as the number of yoga practitioners has grown, so has the incidence of yoga-related injuries. Overall, lower extremity injuries comprised 64% of total injuries; specifically, the hip, hamstring, knee, ankle, feet and toe. Although a few research studies have quantified the hamstring muscle activities in various yoga asanas, evidence correlating it to functional anatomy is scarce. Therefore, the objective of this narrative review is to examine the literature and analyse hamstrings activity and its relationship to yogic postures, as well as yoga-related injuries, to establish which poses provide the most risk of damage, and to suggest injury-prevention techniques. The following electronic databases were used to conduct the literature search: Cochrane Library, PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE, and Web of Science. hamstring muscle injuries OR yoga and rehabilitation OR intervention AND electromyography was among the search phrases utilized. Such information is important for yoga teachers, yoga therapists to help selecting yoga posture for hamstring muscle imbalance condition and avoiding posture to prevent hamstring muscle injury. KEY WORDS: Hamstring Muscle Activation and Injuries, Yoga Posture.
Protective Role of Quercetin on Thioacetamide-Induced Renal Injury in Adult Male Albino Rats
Authors:   Lecturer, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt,, Hussein omar Sally Mahmoud Mohamed , Abd El Aziz Ahmed Marwa Mohamed ,   Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt., Mahmoud Mady Marwa ,   Lecturer, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt,
Published: December 2022

Background: Thioacetamide (TAA) is a recognized industrial poisonous agent drastically used in animal studies for induction of hepatic necrosis, fibrosis and cirrhosis. It is additionally reported to be nephrotoxic through induction of oxidative stress. Quercetin (QE) has a high antioxidant capacity via free radical scavenging, transition metal ion binding, and lipid peroxidation inhibition. Aim of the work: The goal of this research was to see if QE may help reduce the negative effects of thioacetamide on renal tissue by histological examination of the kidney. Material and methods: Twenty four adult male Albino rats 7–9 weeks old around 180–200g body weight were allocated into 3 groups; Group I (n=8) receiving distilled water, Group II (n=8); rats receiving TAA and Group III (n=8); receiving TAA and QE. Results: Renal tissues were examined under a light microscope stained by Harris Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E stain), Periodiceeacid Schiff (PAS) andjMasson’srTrichrome for TAA-treated groups revealed severe histopathological changes, whereas specimens obtained from QE-treated groups showed onlywmild changes. Immunohistochemical results corroborated these findings. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the ameliorative consequences of QE in opposition to TAA-induced renal injury in rats. The result of this study might contribute in the development of a novel complementary alternative medication in combating and therapeutic intervention of TAA-induced renal injury. KEY WORDS: Thioacetamide, renal, quercetin, albino rat and histopathology.
Variations in Azygos Venous System in The Eastern Indian Population: A Cadaveric Study
Authors:   Professor, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India., Mohanty Smruti Rekha , Panigrahi Mamata ,   Assistant Professor, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India., Upadhyaya Jagannath ,   Tutor, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
Published: December 2022

Background: This study aimed to classify Azygos vein patterns in the Eastern Indian population. Methods: During the routine dissection of MBBS in the 2018–2020 academic year, 20 formalin embalmed cadavers aged 50–70 were used to classify the azygos system. The cadaver’s age was verified by its entry into our institute’s anatomy register. The register confirmed that all cadavers used for dissection were of Indian origin. Though gender was not compared in this study, it was noted for record purposes by identifying the external genitalia and confirming it to the records. These were the exclusion criteria: 1) No major thoracic surgeries; 2) No major thoracic deformities. Azygos, hemiazygos, and accessory hemiazygos veins were also examined. Results: The Anson & McVay system was used to classify the recruited cadavers’ azygos system. The cadavers were classified into Type-1, Type-2, and Type-3. Type 2 was again subdivided into 5 subgroups and Type-3 into2 sub-groups. In one cadaver, Type-1 was observed, 17 cadavers had Type-2 azygos system, and 2 cadavers showed Type-3. Of the 17 cadavers of Type-2, 3 and 7 cadavers had Type-2A and -2B, respectively. Similarly, 4 and 1 cadavers had 2C and 2D patterns, respectively. Also, 2 cadavers showed 2E type. Of the 2 cadavers of Type-3, one was Type -3A and one Type-3B. The termination of the azygos vein vertebral level was between T2 and T4, of the hemiazygos vein was T8 to T11, and accessory hemiazygos veins were between T7 and T10. Conclusion: These variations should be well studied to avoid misinterpretation during radiological investigations and surgical interventions. KEY WORDS: Azygos vein, Hemiazygos vein, Posterior mediastinum, Radiological investigation, Variation.
Effects of Vitamin D On Cisplatin Induced Heart and Lung Toxicity in Albino Rat
Authors:   Lecturer, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt., Hussein Omar Sally Mahmoud Mohamed , El Aziz Ahmed Marwa Mohamed Abd ,   Lecturer, Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt., Mohamed Khalil Ola Abd El-Samie ,   Assistant Lecturer, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt., Mahmoud Mady Marwa ,   Lecturer, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
Published: December 2022

Background: While Cisplatin (CP) is a powerful DNA alkylating agent used to treat many malignancies, its clinical use is linked to a number of negative side effects. It has been proposed that vitamin D can shield biological systems against harm caused by CP. The current study's objective was to look into how vitamin D protects the rat heart and lung against cisplatin-induced damage. Material and methods: Thirty adult male Albino rats; 180–220 g body weight were allocated into 3 groups; Group I (n=10) receiving saline, Group II (n=10); rats receiving CP (single dose of 6.5 mg/kg intraperitoneal) and Group III (n=10); receiving CP and 50 ng/kg/day alfacalcidol. Results: Alterations included a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the CP group compared with the other groups (p value for comparing between control and each other group, statistically significant at p ≤ 0.05). Histopathologically, CP induced severe changes were observed. However, the CP-induced disturbances significantly improved by treatment with Vitamin D. Conclusion: According to this study, CP treatment significantly harmed rats' hearts and lungs; however, treatment with vitamin D significantly lessened these harms. Keywords: Cisplatin, Immunohistochemical, Vitamin D, Malondialdehyde, Oxidative stress.
Morphometric Assessment of Pedicles of Indian Adult Lumbar Vertebrae: A Cross Sectional Study
Authors:   Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India., Londhe Balu Gangaram , Garud Rajendra Somnath ,   (Retd.) Professor and Head of Department of Anatomy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India., Khemnar Ganesh Bhausaheb ,   Professor, Department of Anatomy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
Published: December 2022

Introduction: Lumbar vertebral column is exposed to various kinds of stress during locomotion. In erect posture weight transmitted through posterior part including pedicles. This causes deformities of this region as the age advances in many individuals. Proper correction of deformity is challenging. There have been advances in spinal fusion procedures and interspinous implantation of devices including pedicle screws. Use of unsuitable dimensions of screw may cause problem of destruction of pedicle. Correct metricular data of pedicle is necessary for choice of appropriate screw size. Aims and Objectives: 1) To measure the various dimensions in Indian adult human lumbar vertebral pedicles. 2) To prepare data of lumbar pedicles useful in various surgical procedures. Material and Methods: A Cross-sectional study was done on 45 dry, fully ossified human lumbar vertebral sets. The bones were grouped into typical (L1 to L4) and atypical (L5) lumbar vertebrae. The dimensions measured included pedicle length, height, thickness, axial length, transverse and sagittal angles. ‘Digital Vernier Caliper’ and Protractor were used. The data was analyzed statistically. Results: The mean length, height and thickness of typical vertebral pedicles increases gradually. In atypical (L5), pedicle thickness suddenly increases. The transverse angle of pedicle elevated gradually from L1 to L4 but at L5, it abruptly increased. Conclusions: The study reported significant differences in several dimensions of pedicles of typical as well as atypical lumbar vertebrae. These differences should be considered by neurosurgeons. KEY WORDS: Anatomy; Dimensions; Lumbar Vertebral Pedicle; Pedicle Screw Fixation.
Pediatric Bruxism and Sleep Disorders Early Detection
Authors: K Victoire
Published: December 2022

Oral parafunction and sleep disorder parasomnia, bruxism involves the dentist and particularly the pediatric dentist to detect in additionto masticatory and occlusal problems, sleep disorders. It is a question of characterizing bruxism in connection with not only dental problems but also sleep disorders. The etiology of bruxism is not formally elucidated, there is however a strong consensus on its multifactorial origin. Bruxism would be caused by central factors (neuropathic or psycho-emotional) involving the central nervous system (CNS) and autonomic (ANS) modulated among other things by sleep and the psychic state. In addition, certain local factors can maintain the parafunction: breathing disorders and sleep parasomnia in particular revealing a pattern of intricate cause-consequences. The aim of this study was to describe the relationship between dental and sleep disorder by the same symptom bruxism in children. Bruxism was the reason for consultation of 98 children aged 3-6 years with more or less extensive loss of dental material evolving over several months and repeatedly. The search for self-reported information on behavioral and attention disorders as well as the daytime and nocturnal signs reported by parents suggesting sleep disorders. A polysomnography made, it was possible to confirm the diagnosis and to indicate the severity of the sleep disorder, namelyinsomnia (2%), hypersomnia (4%) circadian rhythm disorders (8%), other parasomnias (16%), and 70% had OSAS with an average AHI of 4.4/h. A statistical association was found between bruxism and OSAS (P<0·001; Chi-square test).
The Causal Structure of the Role of Physicians and Dentists in the Healthy Longevity of Elderly Dwellers Residents
Authors: T Hoshi
Published: December 2022

Background: The significance of living a healthy and long life in an aging society is increasing. The causal structure of the role of physicians and dentists in healthy longevity is not clear. Objective: The purpose of this research was to clarify the socioeconomic factors underlying three health factors and the relationship among these three health factors. In addition, a main purpose of this research is to clarify the causal structure between subjective health after 3 years and healthy longevity, which is a dependent variable that is defined as the survival days for the next 3 years, as an observation variable, based on the presence of a physician and/or dentist by gender. Method: For the survey method, a self-administered questionnaire was mailed to 16,462 suburban elderly residents in Tama City, Tokyo, in September 2001. Responses were obtained from 13,066 residents (response rate of 79.4%). A similar survey was conducted in 2004. We analyzed a total of 7,905 subjects, including 3,754 males and 4,151 females aged 65 to 84, for whom we were able to clearly determine the need for long-term care after 3 years and their survival days for the next 3 years. Following these subjects for three years from 2004 to 2007, we confirmed the death dates of 278 men and 160 women. Results: According to this study, elderly people with desirable socioeconomic factors tended to have a family dentist. A causal structure was shown, indicating that three health factors are advisable based on socioeconomic status, and as a result, healthy longevity, including both a high level of subjective health and a reduced bedridden status, was maintained. This related structure could explain 64% of healthy longevity. In addition, a similar tendency was shown by gender. Future research will require the use of oral care and health indicators such as blood pressure and blood glucose levels. It is also expected that the external validity would be enhanced by analyzing the causal structure through intervention studies including a randomized control group.
Patient Satisfaction and Maintenance Requirements of Classical Implant Locators versus Customized Attachments in Mandibular Implant-Retained Overdentures
Authors: MHM Ahmed , AH Elkhadem
Published: December 2022

Objectives: This study was performed to compare implant locators versus customized mandibular implant-retained overdentures considering patient satisfaction and prosthesis maintenance. Materials and methods: 12 completely edentulous patients from the prosthodontic department-Cairo university outpatient clinic were selected according to specific inclusion criteria. The patients were then allocated randomly into two groups using closed envelopes. For both groups, each patient received dental implants in the planned position. The patients were left for 3 months for implant healing. For group (A) the patients received two locator attachments. The attachment collar height was selected based on the soft tissue thickness keeping the retentive part 1 mm above the soft tissue level. The denture was relieved opposite the locator housing and the attachment was picked up using cold-cured resin. For group B, the implants were exposed, and healing collars were placed. After 2 weeks, the implants were scanned using an intraoral scanner. The denture was readapted using a light body closed mouth impression. The relined denture was scanned from both the fitting and the occlusal side. The scanned fitting surface was used to create an inverted virtual model and preceded till creating custom locator attachments. The generated custom attachment abutment was milled from grade V titanium blanks using a 5-axis milling machine. The abutments were anodized into gold color using an electric anodizer. The attachments were then sterilized and placed in the patient mouth as set before in the design. The pick-up of the housing was done in the same manner as group A. For both groups, the patients were given instructions for using and maintaining the overdenture. Initial denture corrections were made in the first 2 weeks if any complaint existed. The patients were recalled periodically at 3 months, 6 months, 9 months & 12 months respectively. Results: Likert scale out of 5 was followed for patient denture satisfaction along 3, 6, 9, and 12 months for groups A & B. Applying an Independent t-test for significance evaluation between group A and group B, precluded the higher significance of group B than group A for all follow up as P-value <0.05.For prosthetic maintenance along twelve months follow-up, group B revealed a lower insignificant different incidence of prosthetic complications than group A using the Chi-square test for significance testing between proportions as P-value >0.05. Conclusions: Customized locator attachments are highly recommended to retain mandibular overdentures, as they exhibited better maintenance values and more wear resistance with minimal loss of retention. Moreover, can be utilized by any presented implant system in the market, in addition, Patients were completely satisfied with their customized locators retaining their implant-supported overdentures.
Sex Differences in the Associations of Specific Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) with Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: I Ijeaku , S Ge , A Osei , T Cooper , HB Moss , D Deas
Published: December 2022

Using nationally representative data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), we examined associations of specific Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) on the comorbid combinations of Depression (DEP), Anxiety (ANX) and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The measures of ACEs were derived from the CDC-Kaiser ACE Study. Unlike prior research focusing on the number of ACEs, we hypothesize that there are specific types of ACEs strongly associated with psychiatric comorbidity (i.e., high-risk ACEs) and that these associations differ by sex. The results demonstrated that emotional, physical, and sexual abuse was strongly associated with all combinations of these three disorders. Mental illness in household was also strongly associated with DEP+ANX as well as DEP+PTSD but not DEP+ANX+PTSD. Among females, the odds ratios for the combination of DEP+ANX given 1 or 2 or more high-risk ACEs were 2.07 (95% CI: 1.50-2.85, p<0.0001) and 4.17 (95% CI: 2.90-6.01, p<0.0001); the odds ratios for the combination of DEP+PTSD given 1 or 2 or two or more high-risk ACEs were 2.53 (95% CI: 0.84-7.64, p=0.10) and 16.01 (95% CI: 5.41-47.39, p<0.0001); the odds ratios for the combination of DEP+ANX+PTSD given 1 or 2or more high-risk ACEs were 6.53 (95% CI: 3.22-13.22, p<0.0001) and 18.91 (9.20-38.88, p<0.0001). Similar graded relationships were not found among males. The results reveal that exposure to two or more of the specific high-risk ACEs in females increased their odds of DEP+PTSD by 16 and the odds of DEP+ANX+PTSD by 19 when compared to females with zero high-risk ACE exposure. These findings were not observed in males.
Investigation of the Depression Status of Asian American Adolescents
Authors: S Lin , JM Fan , V Zhang , C Chen , D Lam , J Yan , N Zhang
Published: December 2022

Depression is one of the most common mental disorders in the United States, and past studies have shown a concerning increase in the rates of depression in youth populations over time. Furthermore, depression is an especially important issue for Asian Americans because of the impact of anti-Asian violence due to the COVID-19 pandemic. While Asian American adolescents are reluctant to seek help for mental health issues, past research has found a prevalence of depressive symptoms in them that have yet to be fully investigated. There have been studies conducted to understand and observe the impacts of multifarious factors influencing the mental well-being of Asian American adolescents; however, they have been generally limited to qualitative investigation, and very few have attempted to quantitatively evaluate the relationship between depression levels and a comprehensive list of factors for those levels at the same time. To better quantify these relationships, this project investigated the prevalence of depression in Asian American teenagers mainly from the Greater Philadelphia Region, aged 12 to 19, and, with an anonymous survey, asked participants 48 multiple-choice questions pertaining to demographic information, daily behaviors, school life, family life, depression levels, school and family support against depression. Each multiple-choice question was assigned as a factor and variable for statistical and dominance analysis to determine the most influential factors on depression levels of Asian American adolescents. The results were validated via Bootstrap analysis and t-tests. While certain influential factors identified in this survey are consistent with the literature, such as parent-child relationship and peer pressure, several dominant factors were relatively overlooked in the past. These factors include the parents’ relationship with each other, the satisfaction with body image, sex identity, support from the family and support from the school. More than 25% of participants desired more support from their families and schools in handling depression issues. This study implied that it is beneficial for Asian American parents and adolescents to take programs on parents’ relationship with each other, parent-child communication, mental health, and sex identity. A culturally inclusive school environment and more accessible mental health service would be helpful for Asian American adolescents to combat depression. This survey-based study paves the way for further investigation of effective approaches for helping Asian American adolescents against depression.
Which Self-Actualization Associates with Language and School Achievement: Monotheistic or Polytheistic?
Authors: E Khodadady , BS Dastgahian
Published: December 2022

Introduction: The Quranic Orientation Scale (QOS) is the only measure of practicing monotheistic self actualization which enjoys content validity because of being developed on a Holy Scripture. No study has, however, explored its association with language achievement. Methods: One hundred forty seven female 16 to 19 (mean=17.43, SD=0.536) years old Grade 4 Senior High School (G4SHS) students participated in this study. They took a close schema-based multiple choice item test (S-Test) developed on the English course book they studied as part of their curriculum. Their scores on the S-Test were correlated with their responses on the QOS. Results: The S-Test correlated significantly with the QOS (r=.17, p<.05) and its two out of seven underlying factors called believing in Holy Scriptures (r=.19, p<.05) and fulfilling Quranic obligations (r=.19, p<.05). Conclusions: Through fulfilling Quranic obligations and believing in Holy Scriptures as two hierarchically organized taxa of self-actualization G4SHS students not only actualize their self as practicing monotheists but also become successful learners of the English language.
The Circuit of Papez Needs Oxygen to Work Properly, Where Do the CNS’s High Oxygen Levels Come From?
Authors: AS Herrera
Published: December 2022

Since the seventeenth century began to glimpse the existence of oxygen in small amounts in the atmosphere, and yet, inside our body the amount of oxygen is almost 5 times greater than in the air around us. It seems obvious that, somehow, when breathing, our body concentrates atmospheric oxygen and carries it into the blood. But after 200 years, no mechanism has been found that concentrates oxygen from the atmosphere and raises it almost 5 times inside the body. So, the mystery remains to this day: where do the CNS’s high oxygen levels come from? And, circumstantially, we find the answer: our body does not take oxygen from the air around us, but from the water it contains inside, in each of the cells that make us up.
IPOs and Corporate Tax Planning
Authors: Dobridge Christine L. , Lester Rebecca , Whitten Andrew
Published: December 2022

Does going public affect the amount and type of corporate tax planning? Using a panel of U.S. corporate tax return data from 1994 to 2018, we show that IPO completion is associated with the implementation of multinational income shifting strategies central to the current international tax policy debate. Specifically, firms (i) expand their foreign tax haven presence, (ii) enter into cross-border agreements that accompany intangible asset transfers to foreign subsidiaries, and (iii) increase their level of foreign related-party payments around the time that they go public. The effects are strongest among firms that switch to more sophisticated tax advisors in the years preceding the IPO. In contrast, we observe little domestic tax planning because large stock option deductions, which increase as a consequence of the IPO, provide large domestic tax shields. The paper contributes to the nascent literature studying IPOs by documenting the types and timing of specific tax strategies that enable public firms to remain lightly taxed in the post-IPO period. Furthermore, the findings imply that U.S. tax policies targeted at early-stage innovative firms are critical for retaining domestically developed IP – and the income earned on such assets – for the U.S. tax base.
"The Great Retirement Boom": The Pandemic-Era Surge in Retirements and Implications for Future Labor Force Participation
Authors: Montes Joshua , Smith Christopher L. , Dajon Juliana
Published: December 2022

As of October 2022, the retired share of the U.S. population was nearly 1½ percentage points above its pre-pandemic level (after adjusting for updated population controls to the Current Population Survey), accounting for nearly all of the shortfall in the labor force participation rate. In this paper, we analyze the pandemic-era rise in retirements using a model that accounts for pre-pandemic trends in retirement, the cyclicality of retirement, and other factors. We show that: more than half of the increase in the retired share are “excess retirements” that would likely not have occurred in the absence of the pandemic; excess retirements have been concentrated among cohorts age 65 and older at the start of the pandemic; excess retirements have been largest among the college-educated and whites; and excess retirements reflect in part that worker transitions from the labor force to retirement remain elevated. We also show that failing to account for updated population controls to the Current Population Survey leads to an underestimate of the rise in the retired share over the last few years. We use a cohort-based framework to argue that looking forward, unless the pandemic has permanently affected retirement behavior, excess retirements should eventually fade as those who retired early during the pandemic reach ages when they would have normally retired. Even as excess retirements fade, the retired share will remain well above its pre-pandemic level, reflecting population aging.