bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rationalizing post‐operative prophylactic anticoagulation in reconstructive head and neck cancer patients: a review
Authors: Cevik Jevan , Middleton Rory , Ramakrishnan Anand , Cabalag Miguel
Published: March 2021

Microsurgical reconstructive head and neck cancer patients are at high risk of venous thromboembolism. The use of anticoagulation can reduce their risk; however, this also increases their bleeding risk. It is not clear whether the benefits of treatment outweigh the risks, and whether a specific post‐operative anticoagulation regime is superior. The aim of this review is to evaluate the evidence pertaining to the risks and benefits of post‐operative anticoagulation and to provide a rationale for its use in head and neck cancer patients receiving free flaps. The secondary aim was to determine the optimal post‐operative anticoagulation regimen. A search was conducted in the PubMed and EMBASE databases identifying studies reporting venous thromboembolism rates in reconstructive head and neck cancer patients undergoing free flaps. These studies were reviewed for their eligibility. Outcomes measured were rates of venous thromboembolism, bleeding‐related and microsurgical complications. A total of 306 studies were found from the search with another seven studies identified from citations of key articles. After assessment, nine studies were included. Venous thromboembolism rates ranged from 0.5% to 7% and the rates of bleeding‐related complications ranged from 2.4% up to 29%. Anticoagulation appears to lower the risk of venous thromboembolism in this patient group, but also increases the bleeding risk. Risk stratification using the Caprini risk assessment model can help surgeons make decisions. For patients with cancer, low molecular weight heparin appears to be superior to heparin given twice daily but equal to heparin given three times daily and the bleeding risk of each medication appears similar.
The risk factors of early implant failure: A retrospective study of 6113 implants
Authors: Wu Xinyu , Chen Si , Ji Wei , Shi Bin
Published: March 2021

Background

The risk factors of early implant failure were controversial among previous studies, especially for implants in different sites.

Purpose

To analyze the rate and risk factors of early implant failure occurring before the placement of final prosthesis.

Materials and methods

A retrospective study was conducted based on electrical medical records of patients who received dental implant placement from 2015 to 2019. Generalized estimation equation analyses were used to explore potential risk factors influencing early implant failure.

Results

Overall, 6113 implants in 3785 patients were included. The rate of early implant failure was 1.6% at patient level and 1.2% at implant level. The early implant failure was significantly associated with implants in the posterior maxilla, with specific surface modifications and in previously augmented sites (p < 0.05). Risk factors for maxillary implants included surface modification and bone augmentation procedures (p < 0.01), whereas risk factors for mandibular implants included gender and bone augmentation procedures (p < 0.05). For implants placed in previously augmented sites, implants placed in the anterior mandible had a higher risk of early failure (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

The risk factors for early implant failures varied among different sites; hence, they should be comprehensively considered in presurgical treatment plan.
Inhibition‐directed multimodal imaging fusion patterns in adults with ADHD and its potential underlying “gene‐brain‐cognition” relationship
Authors: Guo Xiaojie , Liu Lu , Li Tiantian , Zhao Qihua , Li Hui , Huang Fang , Wang Yanfei , Qian Qiujin , Cao Qingjiu , Wang Yufeng , Calhoun Vince D. , Sui Jing , Sun Li
Published: March 2021

Aims

Inhibition deficits have been suggested to be a core cognitive impairment in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Exploring imaging patterns and the potential genetic components associated with inhibition deficits would definitely promote our understanding of the neuropathological mechanism of ADHD. This study aims to investigate the multimodal imaging fusion features related to inhibition deficits in adults with ADHD (aADHD) and to make an exploratory analysis of the role of inhibition‐related gene, NOS1, on those brain alterations.

Methods

Specifically, multisite canonical correlation analysis with reference plus joint independent component analysis (MCCAR + jICA) was conducted to identify the joint co‐varying gray matter volume (GMV) and the functional connectivity (FC) features related to inhibition in 69 aADHD and 44 healthy controls. Then, mediation analysis was employed to detect the relationship among inhibition‐related imaging features, NOS1 ex1f‐VNTR genotypes, and inhibition.

Results

Inhibition‐directed multimodal imaging fusion patterns of aADHD were reduced GMV and FC in inhibition network and increased GMV and FC in default mode network. The results showed a significant indirect effect of NOS1 ex1f‐VNTR on inhibition via FC component [effect size = −0.54 (SE = 0.29), 95% CI = −1.16 to −0.01]. In addition, the results indicated a significant indirect effect of GMV on the inhibition via FC component [effect size = 0.43 (SE = 0.23), 95% CI = 0.12 to 1.00].

Conclusion

The findings suggested that reduced GMV and FC in inhibition network and increased GMV and FC in default mode network were jointly responsible for inhibition deficits in aADHD. Both the NOS1 ex1f‐VNTR genotypes and GMV might influence the inhibition through the mediation effect of the aforementioned FC (NOS1/GMV→FC→Inhibition).
Preservation of the rectum is possible in early rectal cancer with neoadjuvant radiotherapy, delay and local excision—a 12‐year single‐centre experience of the evolution of early rectal cancer treatment
Authors: Bilkhu Amarvir , Robinson Jonathan Matthew , Steward Mark Arnold
Published: March 2021

Aim

Treatment of early rectal cancer (ERC) is undergoing a revolution towards rectum preservation. Adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy alongside local excision (LE) means that organ preservation is a real possibility for most patients and a viable alternative for frailer patients. This study presents our 12‐year experience as a specialist regional ERC unit, evolving towards organ preservation.

Method

Data were collected prospectively between 2006 and 2018 for all patients referred to the regional ERC multidisciplinary team with suspected or confirmed ERC. Patients considered suitable for LE, or those declining radical surgery, were offered LE or neoadjuvant short‐course radiotherapy (SCRT), delay and LE with subsequent rescue surgery or contact brachytherapy for unfavourable histopathology.

Results

In all, 102 patients underwent LE. Ten patients were excluded (N = 92). 45 patients underwent LE directly and 47 patients received SCRT and LE. After SCRT and LE, a pathological complete response was achieved in 44.7%. This approach also resulted in a lower rate of lymphovascular invasion (22.2% vs. 6.4%), fewer distant recurrences (4.4% vs. 0%) and a better disease‐specific mortality (11.1% vs. 0%) (P < 0.05). Although statistically insignificant, fewer patients required rescue surgery after SCRT (15.6% vs. 4.3%).

Conclusion

Organ preservation with a good oncological outcome is better achieved by neoadjuvant radiotherapy, delay and LE. To achieve this, careful patient selection, thorough preoperative investigation, experienced surgical technique and a deep appreciation of tumour biology managed via a dedicated ERC network is paramount.
Moscow, Beijing, and the Crescent: Russian and Chinese religious soft power in the Middle East
Authors: Hoffman Jonathan
Published: March 2021

The expanding presence and interests of both Russia and China as well as the shift from American unipolarity to greater multipolarity has rightfully been noted as one of the most transformative regional developments in the contemporary Middle East. Both Moscow and Beijing have asserted themselves as prominent external powers in the region, especially as the United States continues to reassess its interests and commanding presence in the Middle East. Russia and China have dramatically increased their respective diplomatic, economic, and military engagement in the region, particularly following the 2011 Arab uprisings. However, often overlooked is the growing religious engagement of both Moscow and Beijing in the region. This analysis seeks to bridge this gap by examining Russia's and China's efforts to construct their own tools of religious soft power within the Middle East, as well as the central role of several regional powers to these efforts.
Exposure of mammal genetic diversity to mid‐21st century global change
Authors: Theodoridis Spyros , Rahbek Carsten , Nogues‐Bravo David
Published: March 2021

Accelerating climate and land‐use change are rapidly transforming Earth's biodiversity. While there is substantial evidence on the exposure and vulnerability of biodiversity to global change at the species level, the global exposure of intraspecific genetic diversity (GD) is still unknown. Here, we assess the exposure of mitochondrial GD to mid‐21st century climate and land‐use change in terrestrial mammal assemblages at grid‐cell and bioclimatic region scales under alternative narratives of future societal development. We used global predictions of mammal GD distribution based on thousands of georeferenced mitochondrial genes for hundreds of mammal species, the latest generation of global climate models from the ongoing sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), and global future projections of land‐use prepared for CMIP6. We found that more than 50% of the genetically poorest geographic areas (grid‐cells), primarily distributed in tundra, boreal forests/taiga and temperate bioclimatic regions, will be exposed to mean annual temperature rise that exceeds 2°C compared to the baseline period under all considered future scenarios. We also show that at least 30% of the most genetically rich areas in tropical, subtropical and montane regions will be exposed to an increase of mean annual temperature > 2°C under less optimal scenarios. Genetic diversity in these rich regions is also predicted to be exposed to severe reductions of primary vegetation area and increasing human activities (an average loss of 5–10% of their total area under the less sustainable land‐use scenarios). Our findings reveal a substantial exposure of mammal GD to the combined effects of global climate and land‐use change. Meanwhile the post‐2020 conservation goals are overlooking genetic diversity, our study identifies both genetically poor and highly diverse areas severely exposed to global change, paving the road to better estimate the geography of biodiversity vulnerability to global change.
Genetic recombination in Teratosphaeriadestructans causing a new disease outbreak in Malaysia
Authors: Havenga Minette , Wingfield Brenda D. , Wingfield Michael J. , Marincowitz Seonju , Dreyer Léanne L. , Roets Francois , Japarudin Yani , Aylward Janneke
Published: March 2021

The Eucalyptus foliar pathogen Teratosphaeria destructans causes severe and widespread damage in South‐East Asian and South African plantations. In 2016, leaf blight symptoms resembling those caused by T. destructans were observed in a plantation of a Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla hybrid in Sabah, Malaysia. The aims of this study were to confirm the identity of the causal agent as T. destructans and to investigate the genetic structure of isolates associated with this newly detected disease outbreak. Using sequence data of three gene regions, the identity of the pathogen was confirmed as T. destructans. The mating type and microsatellite genotypes of 41 isolates from this Malaysian population were identified and compared with those from previously characterized populations in South‐East Asia and South Africa. The Malaysian population had the highest genotypic diversity of any T. destructans population thus far investigated. Both the mating types were found in the collection of isolates, and these were in approximately equal proportions. Although structures linked to a sexual state of the fungus have not been found, sexual reproduction is theoretically possible and could explain the high genetic diversity in the pathogen that must have been accidentally introduced into Malaysia. This is the first record of T. destructans in Sabah and, to the best of our knowledge, in also other parts of Borneo.
Significant higher‐level C‐C motif chemokine ligand 2/3 and chemotactic power in cerebral white matter than grey matter in rat and human
Authors: Zhang Jingdong , Gong Xinrui , Xiong Huangui
Published: March 2021

Recent observations indicate that cerebral white matter (WM) exhibits a higher chemoattractant capability for immune cells. The C‐C motif chemokine ligands 2 and 3 (CCL2, CCL3) are key chemokines for monocytes and T cells. However, tissue differential of these chemokines is unclear, although the higher CCL2/3 mRNA levels were found in rodent WM. It has been shown that more immune cells infiltrated to WM than to grey matter (GM) in multiple sclerosis (MS) and human/simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV/SIV)‐infected brains. More nodular lesions have also been identified in the WM of patients with MS or HIV/SIV encephalitis. We hypothesize that higher levels of CCL2/3 in the WM may associate with neuropathogenesis. To test this hypothesis, we compared CCL2 and CCL3 peptide levels in WM and GM of rat and human, and found both were significantly higher in the WM. Next, we tested the effect of CCL2 on primary rat microglia migration and observed a dose‐dependent migratory pattern. Then, we assessed effects of WM and GM homogenates on microglia chemotaxis and observed significant stronger effects of WM than GM in a concentration‐dependent manner. The concentration‐dependent pattern of tissue homogenates on chemotaxis was similar to the effect of CCL2. Finally, we found the chemoattractant effects of WM on microglia were significantly attenuated by addition of a CCL2 receptor blocker to culture medium and a neutralizing antibody against CCL3 functional motif in the WM homogenate. Taking together, these results suggest that CCL2/3 played significant roles in the microglia chemotaxis toward WM homogenate.
Incorporating E‐commerce into Retail Location Models
Authors: Beckers Joris , Birkin Mark , Clarke Graham , Hood Nick , Newing Andy , Urquhart Ryan
Published: March 2021

The use of location models in retail businesses is well‐established, particularly in the grocery sector. Many alternative methods are in use today but the spatial interaction model (SIM) has a proven record of success. To date, that success relates purely to face‐to‐face activities, modeling and predicting visits by consumers to retail outlets. However, grocery retailers are cutting back on store investments and concentrating on investment in the convenience market and e‐commerce: the latter has now reached a 7.2% share of the U.K. grocery market, with continued growth forecast. Although spatial models are used extensively for helping to locate new convenience stores, so far e‐commerce has not been built into existing retail location models. Yet e‐commerce seems to be a spatial activity. Extensive evidence demonstrates the geography of demand and supply are as important in groceries e‐commerce as they are in face‐to‐face grocery retailing. We therefore take up the challenge of incorporating e‐commerce into classic location models. Methodologically, we find the standard distance deterrent term in the production‐constrained SIM unsuitable for modeling e‐commerce flows: we explore inverting this term and find extensive gains in prediction accuracy, an interesting finding that contributes to the ongoing applied SIM literature.
Independent oversight of the auditing profession: A review of the literature
Authors: Elshandidy Tamer , Eldaly Mohamed Khaled , Abdel‐Kader Magdy
Published: March 2021

This paper reviews the literature on the independent oversight of auditing from 2003 to 2018 and provides several research opportunities for filling the identified gaps in that literature. Our review classifies the literature into three themes: (1) the development of independent audit oversight, (2) the effects of independent audit oversight and (3) the interface between the independent audit oversight authorities and the global audit networks. The paper finds different effects of the independent audit oversight. Positively, it enhances the capital markets by adding more credibility to the published information. Auditors become more conservative about accepting or continuing to work with high‐risk clients. At the same time, while audit fees have increased as a result of the additional requirements of independent audit regulation, non‐audit fees from audit clients have decreased significantly. Negatively, independent oversight has increased audit concentration and resulted in insufficient choice of auditors in most audit markets.
Modeling expenditure differentials of international tourists by targeted utility: A synthesized theoretical and quantile decomposition approach
Authors: Alfarhan Usamah F. , Nusair Khaldoon , Al‐Azri Hamed , Al‐Muharrami Saeed
Published: March 2021

This paper introduces conditional counterfactual quantile decomposition methods to the literature on tourism consumption, where observed expenditure differentials are directly referred to differences in tourists’ targeted utility. Decomposition terms are synthesized with the neoclassical framework of utility‐constrained expenditure minimization, such that their interpretations do not rely on the approximation of tourists’ preferences by typical socioeconomic expenditure determinants. Using survey data from an underrepresented sun, sea, and sand destination, we show that differences in tourists’ targeted utility prior to the trip translate exclusively into higher quantities demanded of consumption‐related antecedents, as opposed to higher prices paid by high utility‐targeting tourists. The paper suggests that decomposition analysis may guide profit maximization in the tourism industry.
Cellular and molecular changes that predispose skin in chronic spinal cord injury to pressure ulcer formation
Authors: Brunner Georg , Roux Meike , Böhm Volker , Meiners Thomas
Published: March 2021

Patients with spinal cord injury have a predisposition to develop pressure ulcers. Specific characteristics of the patients' skin potentially involved have not yet been identified. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether loss of neuronal control affects cellular and molecular homeostasis in the skin. Intact afflicted skin, wound edge of pressure ulcers, and control skin were analysed. Platelets, transforming growth factor‐β1, and activin A were identified by immunohistochemistry. Transforming growth factor‐β‐like activity was determined by bioassay, and gene expression by DNA microarray analysis or RT‐PCR. In afflicted skin, enhanced platelet extravasation was detected. Transforming growth factor‐β1 and activin A accumulated in the dermal‐epidermal junction zone. Transforming growth factor‐β‐like activity and activin A expression were increased in intact afflicted skin (compared to control skin) and were further enhanced in pressure ulcers. In vitro, activity was generated by fibroblast‐epithelial cell interactions, which also induced activin A. Thus, loss of neuronal control in spinal cord injury appears to trigger inappropriate wound healing processes in the patients' skin. Plasma leakage and increased transforming growth factor‐β‐like activity combined with shear forces potentially enhance the risk for pressure ulcer formation.
Construction of Bi2Fe4O9/red phosphorus heterojunction for rapid and efficient photo‐reduction of Cr(VI)
Authors: Zhu Enquan , Zhao Shuxian , Du Hong , Ma Yuhua , Qi Kezhen , Guo Cangchen , Su Zhi , Wang Xin , Wu Zhende , Wang Zhuanhu
Published: March 2021

Construction of heterojunctions with matching energy band structures between two semiconductors displays great potential in promoting the separation and transfer of photogenerated charge carriers and is one of the effective strategies for obtaining high active photocatalysts. In this study, a type‐II heterojunction photocatalyst was designed and prepared using Bi2Fe4O9 (BFO) nanoparticles and hydrothermal‐treated red phosphorus (HRP). The photocatalytic performance test exhibited that the 3%BFO/HRP composite photocatalyst with 3% mass fraction of BFO rapidly and efficiently photoreduced Cr(VI), and the reduction was completed within 25 min, with a rate constant of 0.15 min−1, which was 15 times higher than that of pure HRP. Further mechanistic investigation revealed that the photocatalytic activity was enhanced due to the tight heterojunction between BFO and HRP, thereby effectively promoting carrier transfer, destroying the carrier recombination, and reducing the charge‐transfer resistance of composite catalyst. Mott–Schottky diagrams and UV‐vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy data indicated the theoretical feasibility of establishing a close contact between BFO and HRP. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy provided evidence for the way in which interfacial charges were transferred. This work provides a new possibility to construct heterojunction photocatalysts for the rapid and efficient reduction of Cr(VI).
Belonging and reciprocity amongst people with intellectual disabilities: A systematic methodological review
Authors: Fulton Lauren , Kinnear Deborah , Jahoda Andrew
Published: March 2021

Background

Social inclusion has been explored using a wide range of theories and methods. Belonging and reciprocity have been identified as key components of social inclusion. This systematic methodological review identifies and evaluates the theoretical frameworks and qualitative approaches adopted to explore belonging and reciprocity in the lives of adults with intellectual disabilities.

Method

A systematic search was conducted across ten databases. Screening and quality appraisal were carried out independently by two researchers, and data were extracted to provide detailed accounts of the theories and methods employed.

Results

Seventeen papers met inclusion criteria. Clear conceptualisations of belonging and reciprocity were lacking, and these concepts were rarely the focus of the research. Theoretical and methodological shortcomings across this literature were identified and discussed.

Conclusions

More nuanced conceptualisations of belonging and reciprocity may be helpful in future research, to better capture the context and meaning of individual lives and relationships.
Complex patterns of Gondwanan biogeography revealed in a dispersal‐limited arachnid
Authors: Derkarabetian Shahan , Baker Caitlin M. , Giribet Gonzalo
Published: March 2021

Aim

We explore the biogeographic history of the Gondwanan lineage Triaenonychidae, a dispersal‐limited arachnid taxon that underwent a recent taxonomic revision based on phylogenomic data. We explicitly test hypotheses related to a biogeographical pattern of ‘common vicariance, rare dispersal’, predicted for dispersal‐limited taxa.

Location

Continental landmasses of former temperate Gondwanan terranes (southern South America, southern Africa, Madagascar, Australia, New Zealand, and New Caledonia).

Taxon

Triaenonychidae, Opiliones, Arachnida.

Methods

Utilizing a recently published phylogenomic data set based on ultra‐conserved elements, we conduct Bayesian divergence dating analyses, ancestral area estimation in a likelihood model testing framework, and analyses of macroevolutionary dynamics. Results are correlated with geological history and palaeoclimate reconstructions to infer biogeographic history and distribution.

Results

We find that divergence dates of ancestral Triaenonychidae pre‐date continental breakup of Gondwana and could be attributed to palaeoclimatic differentiation across Gondwana. There is evidence for two separate expansion routes that span eastern and western Gondwana corresponding to northern warmer climate and southern cooler climate lineages. Many divergences across intercontinental lineages coincide with the timing of continental fragmentation, supporting vicariance as a dominant force. However, some lineages are supported as obvious examples of rare long‐distance dispersal. Biogeographic results support the predicted pattern of common vicariance and rare dispersal for these dispersal‐limited organisms.

Main conclusions

Vicariance due to continental fragmentation was important in the early diversification of Triaenonychidae. Their unique combination and degrees of dispersal ability and microhabitat preference resulted in complex phylogenetic patterns of geographic distribution not typically seen in other animal taxa. Examining biogeographic patterns across recent studies of arachnid taxa with varying dispersal ability, it is clear that biological characteristics play an important role in the relative importance of dispersal and vicariance (dispersal–vicariance continuum) for any given taxon and can be useful in forming testable a priori hypotheses.
Agglomerated mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) powder: Optimization of top spray fluidized bed agglomeration conditions
Authors: Atalar İlyas , Kurt Abdullah , Saricaoğlu Furkan Türker , Gül Osman , Gençcelep Hüseyin
Published: March 2021

Agglomeration process improves instant properties of powders and increases consumer appreciation, reduces losses during production, and facilitates the processability of these powders in the industry. Mushroom powders (MP) have been subjected to agglomeration process at different process parameters: inlet air temperature (50–80°C), atomizing pressure (0.5–1.5 bars), and sprayed pure water amount (20–50 g) and the effects of process parameters on the physical and morphological properties of MP were investigated. The inlet air temperature and pure water amount have a linear effect on moisture content, apparent density, particle size, and porosity. Emulsion stability index was affected by inlet air temperature and atomization pressure. The optimal process condition (70°C inlet temperature 0.5 bar atomizing pressure and 50 g pure water amount) was determined for minimization of moisture content, wetting time, as well as maximation of particle size, porosity, emulsifying and foaming properties, and solubility. The results suggested that improving instant and physical properties make easier the processability of these powders in the industry and increased emulsifying properties show a good opportunity for usage of agglomerated MP in the emulsion systems.

Practical Applications

This study showed the effects of the agglomeration process on the physicochemical, morphological, instant, and emulsifying properties of mushroom powders. The improvement of these properties makes it possible to increase the application areas of mushroom powders as a food additive in different food formulas and emulsified products.
Simulation of Hurricane Harvey flood event through coupled hydrologic‐hydraulic models: Challenges and next steps
Authors: Dullo Tigstu T. , Gangrade Sudershan , Morales‐Hernández Mario , Sharif Md Bulbul , Kao Shih‐Chieh , Kalyanapu Alfred J. , Ghafoor Sheikh , Evans Katherine J.
Published: March 2021

Using the 2017 Hurricane Harvey flood event as a test case, this study set up a series of sensitivity analyses to highlight three challenges associated with large‐scale flood inundation modeling, including (a) model parameterization, (b) errors in digital elevation models, and (c) effects of reservoir retention. Driven by radar‐based hourly rainfall data, a series of hydrologic‐hydraulic models including the VIC hydrologic model, RAPID routing model, and Flood2D‐GPU hydrodynamic model are set up over Harris County, Texas, to simulate flood inundation and hazards. The results demonstrate the importance of hydrologic parameters in improving flood modeling. For a large flood event such as Hurricane Harvey, the effect of the initial water depths is insignificant. The Manning's n values may increase the peak water depth by ~1%, the flood extents by 65km2, and the high danger zone by ~6%. On the contrary, the bathymetry correction factors may reduce the flood extent by ~1.4% and the high‐danger zone by ~4%. Reducing the reservoir storage capacity to 1% may increase the flood extent by ~4% and the high‐danger zone by ~17%. This study may provide supporting information to guide and prioritize the development of future high‐performance computing hydrodynamic large‐scale flood simulations.
Effect of Fas/FasL signaling pathway activation in trophoblasts on recurrent spontaneous abortion
Authors: Xu Qiuxia , Yao Qicen , Huang Sujing , Xu Lin , Guan Hongqiong
Published: March 2021

Objective

To investigate the expression of Fas/FasL in human villous trophoblast cell HTR8‐S/Vneo of patients with recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA), and to explore the related function and molecular mechanism of Fas/FasL signaling pathway.

Methods

The expression levels of FasL, Fas, and E‐cadherin in the villous tissues of patients with RSA and those with artificial abortion in normal pregnancy (Normal) were detected by Western blot. CCK‐8, flow cytometry, and wound healing were used to detect cell proliferation, apoptosis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, and cell migration ability. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT‐qPCR) and Western blot were used to detect the expression of mRNA and protein of Notch1, FasL, Fas, E‐cadherin, PKC, Hesl, sFlt‐1, VEGF.

Results

Compared with normal group, the protein expression of FasL, Fas, and E‐cadherin in villous tissues of RSA group were increased. HTR‐8/SVneo cells in the H/R group had decreased proliferation and migration, increased apoptosis, and up‐regulated ROS level compared with the Control group. The activation of Fas/FasL signaling pathway promoted HTR‐8/SVneo cell injury in H/R group compared with the Fas/FasL+H/R group. Further RT‐qPCR and Western blot experiments revealed that the mRNA and protein expression of Notch1, PKC, and Hesl were decreased in H/R group compared with Control group, while the mRNA and protein expression levels of E‐cadherin, sFlt‐1, and VEGF were significantly increased.

Conclusion

The activation of Fas/FasL signaling pathway promotes trophoblast apoptosis induced by oxidative stress. This molecular mechanism relates to the inhibition of Notch1 signaling pathway activation, and the up‐regulation of E‐cadherin, sFlt‐1, and VEGF expression.
Nationwide survey of intrauterine blood transfusion for fetal anemia in Japan
Authors: Mizuuchi Masahito , Murotsuki Jun , Ishii Keisuke , Yamamoto Ryo , Sasahara Jun , Wada Seiji , Takahashi Yuichiro , Nakata Masahiko , Murakoshi Takeshi , Sago Haruhiko
Published: March 2021

Aim

The present study investigated the current situation regarding intrauterine blood transfusion (IUT) for fetal anemia in Japan.

Methods

We conducted a nationwide, multicenter, retrospective cohort questionnaire survey for cases that underwent IUT from 2011 to 2015. The questionnaire required perioperative information, indications, details of the procedure, procedure‐related complications, and neonatal morbidity.

Results

A total of 100 IUT procedures were performed in 66 cases at 19 institutions during the study period. The most frequent indication of IUT was complicated monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA) twins in 28 (42.4%) cases, followed by 16 (24.2%) cases of red‐cell alloimmunization, and 10 (15.2%) cases of parvovirus B19 infection. IUT was performed through the umbilical cord in the vast of majority cases (92%). Bleeding from the IUT site was the most common adverse event (40%). Two cases (2%) underwent emergency cesarean section after the procedure. There were no cases of rupture of membrane or intrauterine infection after IUT. The neonatal survival rate was 77.3% in the 66 total cases and 64% in the hydrops cases. The neonatal survival rates in MCDA twins, red‐cell alloimmunization, and parvovirus B19 infection were 75%, 93.8%, and 70%, respectively.

Conclusions

IUT was performed for mainly three indications in Japan: MCDA twins, red‐cell alloimmunization, and parvovirus B19 infection. The incidences of severe adverse events seemed very low. The outcomes after IUT were favorable with variations in survival rates according to indications. However, further studies with long‐term follow‐up will be required to assess the effectiveness of IUT, especially for complicated MCDA twins.
Parent–Child Contact, Closeness, and Conflict Across the Transition to Adulthood
Authors: Fang Shichen , Galambos Nancy L. , Johnson Matthew D.
Published: March 2021

Objective

This study examined whether youth and parent perceptions of parent–child contact, closeness, and conflict change during the transition to adulthood, and how perceived parent–child relations vary as a function of life course experiences such as residential, education, and relationship status.

Background

The parent–child relationship is one of the most influential and long‐lasting social ties. Much research on this relationship focuses on childhood, adolescence, and late life, with data from one generation only. Guided by a life course perspective, this study sought to investigate youth and parent perceptions of parent–child relations during the transition to adulthood—a relatively understudied area.

Method

Data were from a community sample of German parent–child dyads (N = 2,301, 50% daughter, 65% mother) who participated in the German Family Panel study (pairfam;
https://www.pairfam.de/en/) and were followed annually from ages 17 to 22.

Results

Latent growth models revealed that parent–child contact and conflict decreased, and parent–child closeness remained relatively stable from ages 17 to 22; youth coresidence with parents was associated with higher levels of youth‐ and parent‐reported contact and conflict, but youth student and relationship statuses were not related to changes in parent–child relations.

Conclusion

This study describes general patterns of parent–child relations in a transitional period and offers insights into the role of life course event status in changing parent–child relations. Findings reveal separation from parents along with connectedness, and provide support for understanding development in the context of linked lives.
Light in the darkness: how ferns flourished in the ancestral angiosperm forest
Authors: Chater Caspar C. C.
Published: March 2021

This article is a Commentary on Cai et al. (2021), 230: 1201–1213.
Variation in predation regime drives sex‐specific differences in mosquitofish foraging behaviour
Authors: Pärssinen Varpu , Hulthén Kaj , Brönmark Christer , Björnerås Caroline , Ekelund Ugge Gustaf , Gollnisch Raphael , Hansson Lars‐Anders , Herzog Simon David , Hu Nan , Johansson Emma , Lee Marcus , Rengefors Karin , Sha Yongcui , Škerlep Martin , Vinterstare Jerker , Zhang Huan , Langerhans R. Brian , Nilsson P. Anders
Published: March 2021

Predation is a well‐studied driver of ecological selection on prey traits, which frequently drives divergence in anti‐predator performance across environments that vary in predation risk. However, predation also alters prey mortality regimes, where low predation risk often results in higher prey densities and consequently higher intensities of intraspecific resource competition. In addition, predation risk alters the foraging context, as acquiring food can be risky in the presence of predators. Thus, different predation regimes can drive divergent selection on traits associated with resource competition, such as foraging behaviours. Moreover, because sexes often differ in susceptibility to predation and limitations to their reproductive output, the intensity of the tradeoff between predator avoidance and resource competition may depend on sex. We used a laboratory experiment to assess key aspects of foraging performance in a predator‐free context in Bahamas mosquitofish Gambusia hubbsi wild‐caught from multiple populations that experience either high or low levels of predation risk. When competing for limited food resources at a common density, females from low‐predation regimes showed higher foraging and food consumption rates than females from high‐predation regimes. Males showed fewer differences between predation regimes, and an opposite pattern from females. We suggest these sex‐specific effects result from females facing a greater tradeoff between predation risk and resource competition, combined with males from high‐predation environments elevating foraging behaviours in the absence of nearby predators and females. Females of this species are larger than males, bear live young and show higher foraging rates in the wild than males. On the other hand, males spend more time pursuing females in the wild, and may exhibit greater flexibility in foraging behaviours based on the immediate context. Our results show that varying levels of predation risk can lead to differences in behaviours associated with resource competition, but these effects can strongly differ between sexes.
Prediction and uncertainty in restoration science
Authors: Brudvig Lars A. , Catano Christopher P.
Published: March 2021

Restoration outcomes are notoriously unpredictable and this challenges the capacity to reliably meet goals. To harness ecological restoration's full potential, significant advances to predictive capacity must be made in restoration ecology. We outline a process for predicting restoration outcomes, based on the model of iterative forecasting. We then describe six challenges that impede predictive capabilities in restoration and, for each, an agenda for overcoming the challenge. Key challenges include the lack of clear goals, insufficient knowledge of why restoration outcomes vary, difficulty quantifying known drivers of variation prior to initiation of restoration projects, model uncertainty, the need to scale up local understanding to guide large‐scale restoration efforts, and temporally variable conditions that hinder long‐term forecast accuracy. Meeting these challenges will require research to resolve key drivers of variation in restoration outcomes; however, there is also a critical need to begin forecasting efforts in restoration ecology immediately. Although early efforts may be of limited practical utility, iterating between model development and evaluation will resolve data needs, minimize uncertainty, and lead to predictions that practitioners can confidently embrace. In turn, a robust predictive capacity will help to reliably meet goals, enhance cost‐effectiveness, and guide policy decisions to help see out the promise of the Decade on Ecosystem Restoration.
Impact of pool design on spider and dytiscid recolonization patterns in a restored fen
Authors: Drapeau Picard André‐Philippe , Mazerolle Marc J. , Larrivée Maxim , Rochefort Line
Published: March 2021

Peatland pools present unique fauna and flora and contribute significantly to peatland biodiversity. The ecological functionality of artificial pools in restored peatlands is poorly documented. In this study, we investigated arthropod assemblages of 21 artificial pools in a restored fen in southeastern Canada and 16 pools from four pristine fens as reference ecosystems. Three years following restoration, predacious diving beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) and spiders (Araneae) were sampled within and around pools using minnow traps and pitfall traps, respectively. We used Bayesian community occupancy models to document arthropod recolonization. Twenty‐one dytiscid species were captured in pools. Dytiscid species richness was higher in artificial pools than in reference pools. Three dytiscid species were more likely to occur in deeper pools. Dytiscid species composition in artificial pools differed from reference pools. Seventy‐seven spider species were captured around pools. Spider species richness was higher around artificial pools than around reference pools. Seventeen spider species responded to vegetation cover, either positively or negatively. In contrast, spider species composition was similar between artificial and reference pools. We conclude that artificial pools should be along a gradient of pool depth, but also that fast‐growing vegetation should be introduced on pool margins to foster a quicker return of arthropod assemblages similar to reference ecosystems.
Natural disasters, aggregate trade resilience, and local disruptions: Evidence from Hurricane Katrina
Authors: Friedt Felix L.
Published: March 2021

What drives the resilience of international trade against increasingly destructive natural disasters? In this study, I investigate the dynamics and spatial distribution of Hurricane Katrina's trade effects across United States infrastructure and break new ground on the mechanisms underlying the static and dynamic trade resilience. Analyzing port‐level data, I find that ports subject to this calamity experience significant and lasting trade reductions, while export and import shipments handled by the adjacent ports exhibit significant increases. Interestingly, the duration of this rerouting effect is persistent for 8 years uncovering novel path dependencies and providing important policy insights in light of recent events.
Measuring work motivation: The facets of the work values questionnaire and work success
Authors: Furnham Adrian , MacRae Ian , Tetchner Jessica
Published: March 2021

The current study investigates the factor structure of the Work Values Questionnaire (WVQ) which measures how important each of 44 different features of a job are to the respondent. Over 750 international working professionals, primarily from the UK, completed a survey which included the WVQ, and measures of self‐perceived success. Factor analysis (both exploratory and confirmatory) was conducted to extract factors and facets. Structural equation modeling was used to compare model fit, and the extracted facets were regressed on subjective work success. The results show that the scales fit a coherent and interpretable model with two factors and six facets, fitting an intrinsic–extrinsic factorial structure, consistent with previous research. Work values and demographics accounted for between 13% and 17% of the variance in subjective work success. Three facets were significant predictors of work success: the intrinsic facets Affiliation and Recognition were positive predictors, and the extrinsic facet Security was a negative predictor, of perceived work success. Limitations and implications of this research are considered.
Examining decentering as a moderator in the relation between non‐suicidal self‐injury and suicide ideation via cognitive–affective factors
Authors: Rosario‐Williams Beverlin , Kaur Simran , Miranda Regina
Published: March 2021

Objective

Given the high prevalence of self‐injury but low treatment‐seeking among young adults, brief, accessible interventions might help reduce risk of self‐injurious thoughts and behavior in this population. This cross‐sectional study examined the moderating effects of decentering—a cognitive–affective regulation strategy—in the relation between non‐suicidal self‐injury (NSSI) and suicide ideation via cognitive–affective factors that increase risk for both NSSI and suicide ideation.

Methods

College students (N = 125, 79% women), ages 18–27, pre‐screened for moderate levels of depression and anxiety, completed self‐report measures of NSSI, decentering, rumination, hopelessness, depressive symptoms, and suicide ideation.

Results

Young adults with past‐year non‐suicidal self‐injury scored lower on decentering than their peers without NSSI. Decentering was associated with lower levels of all cognitive–affective risk factors and moderated the relation between NSSI and rumination, but not the relation between NSSI and hopelessness and depressive symptoms. Decentering moderated the indirect effect of past‐year non‐suicidal self‐injury on past‐week suicide ideation via rumination, but not via hopelessness or depressive symptoms.

Conclusions

Decentering is a potential cognitive–affective regulation strategy for targeting factors that increase risk of self‐injurious thoughts and behaviors. Future studies should examine decentering as a buffer against risk using designs that allow for conclusions about temporal order of effects.
Partisan Differences in Social Distancing May Originate in Norms and Beliefs: Results from Novel Data
Authors: Wu Jennifer D. , Huber Gregory A.
Published: March 2021

Objective

Recent academic work on the coronavirus (COVID‐19) pandemic has established a persistent difference between Democrats and Republicans in social distancing behaviors. We uncover a potential explanation for this difference—social norms and beliefs.

Methods

We use a series of ordinary least squares regression specifications on novel survey data collected in April through June of 2020.

Results

We find that Democrats are more likely to report social distancing than are Republicans, even after controlling for a range of demographic variables that might otherwise account for differences in social distancing and that these differences are found in partisans’ norms and beliefs around social distancing. Our main analysis shows that the partisan difference in social distancing disappears when we control for social norms and beliefs, suggesting their salience in changing social distancing behaviors.

Conclusion

Our results contribute to current research focused on mitigating the spread of COVID‐19 by highlighting a mechanism, norms and beliefs, for interventions to target.
HLA‐DQB1*05:239 and ‐DQB1*05:250, were identified by sequencing in Chinese bone marrow donors
Authors: Chen Nanying , Dong Lina , Wang Fang , He Ji , Zhu Faming
Published: March 2021

Compared with HLA‐DQB1*05:02:01:01, the alleles HLA‐DQB1*05:239 and HLA‐DQB1*05:250 each show one single nucleotide substitution.
The desert green algae Chlorella ohadii thrives at excessively high light intensities by exceptionally enhancing the mechanisms that protect photosynthesis from photoinhibition
Authors: Levin Guy , Kulikovsky Sharon , Liveanu Varda , Eichenbaum Benjamin , Meir Ayala , Isaacson Tal , Tadmor Yaakov , Adir Noam , Schuster Gadi
Published: March 2021

Although light is the driving force of photosynthesis, excessive light can be harmful. One of the main processes that limits photosynthesis is photoinhibition, the process of light‐induced photodamage. When the absorbed light exceeds the amount that is dissipated by photosynthetic electron flow and other processes, damaging radicals are formed that mostly inactivate photosystem II (PSII). Damaged PSII must be replaced by a newly repaired complex in order to preserve full photosynthetic activity. Chlorella ohadii is a green microalga, isolated from biological desert soil crusts, that thrives under extreme high light and is highly resistant to photoinhibition. Therefore, C. ohadii is an ideal model for studying the molecular mechanisms underlying protection against photoinhibition. Comparison of the thylakoids of C. ohadii cells that were grown under low light versus extreme high light intensities found that the alga employs all three known photoinhibition protection mechanisms: (i) massive reduction of the PSII antenna size; (ii) accumulation of protective carotenoids; and (iii) very rapid repair of photodamaged reaction center proteins. This work elucidated the molecular mechanisms of photoinhibition resistance in one of the most light‐tolerant photosynthetic organisms, and shows how photoinhibition protection mechanisms evolved to marginal conditions, enabling photosynthesis‐dependent life in severe habitats.
Education as a Process and Result
Authors: Sofradzija Halima , Sehic Sandro , Alibegovic Abdel , Bakic Sarina , Camo Merima
Published: March 2021

Education is a process that happens at both the individual level of each human being and the global level of total humanity, which never ceases to participate in the educational process. Education is a social and historical category; no society has failed to have an educational system. Helmuth von Hentig outlines this in his text and, he reminds us that education is action, process and result. The paradigm shift brought about by the accelerated transformation of society also applies to the concept of education. New technologies and the irreversible digitalization of society have already greatly influenced educational practices and processes.