bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Frank Patrick
Published: September 2017

The introduction defines the Nueva Figuración movement and gives an overview of the group's shifting reputation, from initial fame in Buenos Aires in the early 1960s to regional importance, limited international recognition in the middle 1960s, and subsequent decline. Frank argues for reconsideration of New Figuration as part of a wider reassessment of the worldwide cosmopolitan development of modern art. The best method for such reassessment, Frank argues, is contextual analysis because many of the Nueva Figuración artists’ works refer both directly and indirectly to contemporary events, cultural products, and sociological trends. Drawing on the work of Carl Schmitt, who first defined Nueva Figuración, and of Giorgio Agamben, who later elaborated on it, Frank describes its temporal backdrop in Argentina as a “state of exception.” The introduction closes on Frank’s summary development of the chronological organization of succeeding chapters.
At the Forefront of Innovation, 1962–1963
Authors: Frank Patrick
Published: September 2017

In chapter 3, Frank discusses three important Nueva Figuración exhibitions. In one of these, a drawing show, the group focused on the governmental crisis that was then erupting. The military had divided into two factions in a disagreement over how to manage the Peronist movement: these factions, the Azules and Colorados, actually battled in the streets of Buenos Aires. Ernesto Deira created an important work based on Julio Cortázar’s 1960 novel Los premios (The Winners), an allegory of political chaos in Argentina of the time. Jorge de la Vega began a series of works depicting monsters of various kinds, one of them a critical commentary on developmentalism—the dominant belief set of the country's leaders. Luis Felipe Noé created Introduction to Hope, an important work that engaged many then-current issues, including Peronism, elections, and political passion.
Conclusion
Authors: Frank Patrick
Published: September 2017

In conclusion, Frank traces the evolution of the Buenos Aires art scene away from New Figuration and in a more radical direction against a backdrop of frequent military coups and repression. He also follows the careers of Noé, de la Vega, Macció, and Deira after the group's demise. Macció had a show in New York that was reviewed favorably by critic Hilton Kramer. Noé ceased painting for nine years. De la Vega took up a parallel career as a singer-songwriter whose style has many traits in common with the movement known as Nueva Canción (New Song). One of his songs, “El Gusanito” (The Little Worm) was widely popular in the art world. Frank accounts for the Nueva Figuración artists’ apparent lack of fame today and advances reasons for their reappraisal. Among these is that a state of exception, as outlined by Giorgio Agamben, has become the norm in many societies today. The creative response of the Nueva Figuración artists to the uncertainties and chaos of their times encourages our consideration of their art in relation to the uncertainties and chaos of our own.
Introduction
Authors: Loukopoulou Eleni
Published: September 2017

The introduction offers a brief outline of the key issues in Joyce scholarship. It analyses the methodological framework of the book. It draws largely on the methodological models of New Modernist Studies scholarship, which advocates a return to the historical contingencies of the literary marketplace and to the ways modernist literature was formed against specific socio-economic modes of production and circulation. The book argues that the issues of influence and publicity interventions are crucial and that the examination of modernist networks of promotion and their publication outlets including magazines should not be segregated from the wider study of the public sphere.
“Londublin”
Authors: Loukopoulou Eleni
Published: September 2017

‘“Londublin”: The Linguistic and Spatial Politics of “Oxen of the Sun”’ investigates the ways the episode of Ulysses “Oxen of the Sun” negotiates London into Dublin’s public sphere. In 1995, Jay Clayton coined the term “Londublin” to refer to the ways Joyce delved into Dickens’ representations of the “first” city of the empire to write about Dublin, which in 1905 Joyce had provocatively described as the second city of the British Empire, assigning thus a central role to Dublin. The compound word “Londublin” suggests a textual subversion of the concept of London as the “capital city of the world” as Dickens had described it. Clayton’s incisive promulgation of the concept of “Londublin” at the centre of a critical cultural history about the first and second cities in Joyce’s poetic geography has been key for my approach. While Clayton focuses on Joyce’s conversations with Dickens in Ulysses, though, chapter two explores how in “Oxen of the Sun” Joyce handles canonical representations of London by a variety of writers while paying particular attention to Thomas Carlyle’s writings.
Joyce Anthologized in Post-Ulysses England
Authors: Loukopoulou Eleni
Published: September 2017

“Joyce Anthologized in Post-Ulysses England” dismantles the predominant assumption that Joyce was largely rejected by the British intelligentsia and literary circles of the inter-war period. Drawing on recent scholarship on modernist networks of promotion, the chapter outlines the dissemination of Joyce’s work through anthologies, publisher’s series, bookshops, the BBC and political weeklies. It ends by offering a close reading of Joyce’s piece “From a Banned Writer to a Banned Singer” published in London’s widely read political weekly The New Statesman and Nation in February 1932.
Conclusions
Authors: Loukopoulou Eleni
Published: September 2017

The conclusions will evaluate the new evidence that the preceding chapters offered about Joyce’s work and personal geographical trajectory through London by employing a materialist historical analysis of his texts and contexts in relation to the capital city’s modernist networks and its publishing industry in early twentieth century. London will emerge as a key cultural and publishing vector for the composition and dissemination of Joyce’s work.
Introduction
Authors: Hallock Thomas
Published: September 2017

John and William Bartram were father and son adventurers, plant collectors, and natural historians who explored and described the natural assets of the St. Johns River valley and the Trader’s Path westward to the Suwannee River in north Florida. Their trips during the latter half of the 1700s corresponded to the period after Florida became a possession of England. They collected plants and made extensive observations on local animal life, geography, native cultures, and physical features of what was then an essentially uncharted region.
Introduction
Authors: Freeman Scott , Maguire Robert
Published: September 2017

This introduction argues for the importance of asking “who owns Haiti” at this particular moment in time. By considering theoretical considerations of sovereignty, and the history of Haiti as a sovereign state, the chapter points out the many times that the Haitian sovereignty has been threatened and indeed seized by external actors. At the same time, the chapter argues for an analysis that considers not only the actors external to Haiti, but the myriad ways that sovereignty is continually asserted even in trying times.
Haiti and the Limits of Sovereignty
Authors: Fatton Robert
Published: September 2017

“Haiti and the Limits of Sovereignty” contends that under the weight of an externally imposed neo-liberal regime, a quasi-permanent crisis of governability, and the devastating earthquake of January 2010, Haiti has tumbled into the “outer periphery.” The outer periphery is the zone of catastrophe of the world system, which is integrated into the margins of the global economy. Starved of direct foreign investments, and compelled to engage in ultra-cheap labor activities for exports, Haiti is at the farthest end of the global production process; it is trapped in the outer periphery. The chapter also contends that while domestic social forces have played a fundamental role in Haiti’s collapse, the nation’s fall is unintelligible without studying how it was precipitated by the world system. The patterns of imperial interventions that Haiti has endured over the years, especially in the aftermath of both the fall of the Duvalier regime and the quake, have limited its sovereignty to such an extent that the country has become a virtual “trusteeship.”
New Wine in Old Bottles
Authors: Pierre-Louis Francois
Published: September 2017

“New Wine in Old Bottles” examines the intersection of external political actors with the Haitian elite to understand how political outcomes are determined in Haiti. It analyzes the international intervention in Haiti’s 2010 presidential elections, when U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton travelled to Haiti in order to salvage an election that was deemed fraudulent and deceptive. Such an assessment was curious as the U.S. and the international community had spent over twenty-three million dollars to finance the process and oversaw the whole operation from voter registration to the counting of the ballots. The chapter argues that such actions were symptomatic of U.S. involvement during the period from 2004 to 2014, when the international community was no longer working behind the scenes in Haiti to impose a government, but rather worked overtly, often in conjunction with local elites, to impose its will.
Who Owns the Religion of Haiti?
Authors: Richman Karen
Published: September 2017

“Who Owns the Religion of Haiti?” demonstrates how a futile religious ‘war’ has been waged in pursuit of control over elusive doctrinal boundaries and dubious doctrinal fidelity in a persistently fluid, plural religious landscape. Since 1860, the Vatican and French Catholic Church have waged crusades to conquer the cultural life of the nation and retake control of Haitian Catholicism. A century later, Protestant missionaries from the United States embarked on their own campaigns to accumulate converts in the Haitian countryside. During twentieth century ‘anti-superstition’ campaigns against vodou, and more recent post-earthquake iterations of anti-vodou campaigns, there has been a constant battle waged in Haiti over religion. Throughout, Haitians utilize diffuse, localized, and family-based features to provide a measure of immunity to the colonizing designs of religious crusaders.
Realism, Victorian Material Culture, and the Enduring Caricature Tradition
Authors: Golden Catherine J.
Published: September 2017

By the mid-nineteenth century, the aesthetics of the Victorian illustrated book were changing. The public desired artistic book illustration that could simulate the lifelike quality of photography. “Realism, Victorian Material Culture, and the Enduring Caricature Tradition” frames the realistic school of illustration, commonly referred to as the Sixties, with the Great Exhibition of 1851; this first ever world’s fair of culture and industry stimulated production of beautiful objects, including books with decorative bindings, culminating in a richly illustrated exhibition catalogue in a representational style (also referred to as realism or naturalism) in vogue from the 1850s–1870s. Foremost, this chapter examines how the creative vision of the caricaturists underpins the achievement of some Sixties artists, notably Fred Barnard and J. (James) Mahoney, who fleshed out inventive caricature designs to suit popular taste for the Household Edition of Dickens’s works. We witness this same kind of revision of the caricature tradition in Alice in Wonderland (1865). To appeal to middle-class consumers of the 1860s, John Tenniel refashioned Carroll’s caricature-style illustrations by adding domestic interiors and landscape details, realistically recreating Carroll’s social caricatures.
Elite Strategies, Local Networks
Authors: Fennell Christopher C.
Published: September 2017

“Elite Strategies, Local Networks” outlines analytic frameworks for studying the clash of development strategies and local social networks. Fennell starts by laying out definitions of ethnic groups and how individual action and group solidarity interact. Next, one considers how individual and group dynamics shape material culture and the built environment. Finally, Fennell describes the influences of development plans on regional scales and spatial models for understanding economic structures and commodity chains. The theory framework described here provides a powerful, flexible way to analyze a great variety of cultural systems.
The Testimony of Merchants
Authors: Fennell Christopher C.
Published: September 2017

This study moves in “The Testimony of Merchants” from the riverside developments in Harpers Ferry into the surrounding backcountry. To examine evidence of the degree to which residents in the upper Potomac and northern Shenandoah region purchased mass-produced ceramic wares, Fennell collected two sets of data related to the operations of general stores located in that area. One source consists of a sample of newspaper advertisements published by local merchants in the papers that circulated in this region. The second source consists of surviving account books, daybooks, and ledgers maintained by local stores. Those account records provide detailed descriptions of the items purchased by customers at those stores in the period of 1750 to 1865.
Local Archaeology and Transatlantic Competitions
Authors: Fennell Christopher C.
Published: September 2017

Archaeological investigations of several house sites in the upper Potomac and northern Shenandoah region provide additional evidence on the levels of demand and consumption of imported British ceramic goods. “Local Archaeology and Transatlantic Competitions” discusses archaeological investigations of the following household sites that were occupied during the period of 1750 to 1865: the Demory site in Loudoun County, Virginia; the Reiff site in Washington County, Maryland; the Countryside Development site in Loudoun County; the Pohoke and Portici Plantation sites in Prince William County, Virginia; and the Reed Farmstead site in Hardy County, West Virginia. These investigations demonstrate that imported, mass-produced British ceramic wares were readily available to consumers, even at the western-most edges of this backcountry region in the eighteenth century. However, the levels of consumption again appear notably lower than seen in investigations of the Chesapeake Tidewater region from the same period. A number of sites in this backcountry region provide evidence suggesting that residents exercised stylistic preferences related to social group affiliations.
Surmounting Adversities in the Land of Lincoln
Authors: Fennell Christopher C.
Published: September 2017

The history of New Philadelphia illustrates significant elements of the systemic impacts of racism on citizens and communities in the United States. Similar experiences are presented in the development of other communities that struggled against such adversities. This chapter examines additional case studies of structural racism in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in Illinois. In his study of “sundown towns,” James Loewen found that many Illinois towns engaged in extensive discrimination in this period. Such sundown jurisdictions permitted African Americans access to their terrain as laborers during the day, but not as residents. His research showed that “almost all all-white towns and counties in Illinois were all-white on purpose” by the early twentieth century. In contrast, other communities embodied African-American aspirations. Fennell examines such racial dynamics using examples from archaeological and historical analysis of three more African-American communities in Illinois: Miller Grove, Brooklyn, and the Equal Rights settlement outside of Galena.
Concluding Observations
Authors: Fennell Christopher C.
Published: September 2017

These case studies of the Virginia and Illinois regions have been presented with diverging themes of ethnicities and racism. At a practical level, analytic concepts of ethnicities can be employed effectively to understand some places, times, and populations. One should expect change in these social networks, often within just a few decades. For other times, locations, and communities, the impacts of racial ideologies make the analysis of racism a more productive approach. That contrast of ethnicity and racism arises in larger-scale debates concerning the usefulness of these two conceptual frameworks. Researchers have frequently examined the question of whether an analytic concept of racism is better replaced by concepts of ethnic group relations. No consensus has emerged over decades of debates. Scholars in some regions are affected by “post-racial” political agendas that influence them to depart from the terminology of racism in favor of alternative concepts of ethnicities. Such initiatives have impacted researchers in South Africa. They often frame their research within the broader social context of the post-racial policies of the Mandela presidency and later administrations. The U.S. certainly has not entered such a post-racial era.
The Final Mission
Authors: Westwood Lisa , O'Leary Beth Laura , Donaldson Milford Wayne , Stafford Thomas P. Lt. Gen.
Published: September 2017

Deep within the rugged mountains above Simi Valley and standing tall against the desert landscape of southern New Mexico lie the once-majestic rocket test stands and research facilities that helped send men to the moon for the first time in 1969. Now silent for decades, many of these abandoned structures–and countless space research, astronaut training, and manufacturing facilities that dot the American landscape–lie crumbling in ruins, failing to achieve recognition for their role in the historic Apollo missions. These sites helped refine the Saturn V rocket engines that carried Apollo 11 to the moon, developed the equipment that allowed humans to survive in an oxygen-free environment, and tested the re-entry shields on the command module. The contributions of these sites are no less important than Cape Canaveral and Mission Control and the preservation of them is just as important to archaeology. History remembers Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins, but it has long since forgotten the vanishing sites that reflect the historic “culture of Apollo.”
Early Propulsion Development Sites and the Risks of Space Flight
Authors: Westwood Lisa , O’Leary Beth Laura , Donaldson Milford Wayne
Published: September 2017

“Early Propulsion Development Sites and the Risks of Space Flight” provides a review of some of the earliest space history sites on Earth that had a direct connection to the Apollo program: the sites where man first overcame the limits of physics to achieve space flight through the development of Jet Assisted Take-off technology. Sites and events reviewed include early works by Goddard- regarded as the father of modern rocketry- and also Auburn, Mescalero, Roswell, Tsiolkovsky, Oberth, and Von Braun.
An Introduction to Dance and Gender
Authors: Oliver Wendy , Risner Doug
Published: September 2017

Chapter 1 introduces the relationship between dance and gender, inquiring into the ways dance is gendered in Western society today and the significance of these findings. An extensive review of literature covers feminist perspectives, social construction of gender, gender equity, men in dance, queer theory and GLBT studies, plus gender roles in modern dance, ballet, social, religious, popular and recreational dance. Two of the most-discussed issues within the literature since the mid-1990s are the presentation of women’s bodies onstage, and how male dancers disrupt traditional ideas of masculinity. Dance outside the gender binary is also considered. Gender roles onstage, in class, in rehearsal, in company leadership, in postsecondary dance departments, and in choreographer funding are sites of inquiry within this book of empirical research studies and essays.
Dance in America
Authors: Van Dyke Jan
Published: September 2017

A variety of data show that men now lead the concert dance field in the United States. Not only do they receive jobs as performers and choreographers out of proportion to their representation as dance students, they also more readily achieve acclaim and financial security. Men stand out among dance artists because there is a paucity of them, giving them a professional advantage. This chapter examines funding at the state and national level, including Guggenheim Fellowships, MacArthur Grants, and National Endowment for the Arts Fellowships to see to whom funding goes. Various awards are also scrutinized for gender equity, including the Dance Magazine Award, Capezio Dance Award, Kennedy Center Honors Award, and the National Medal of the Arts. In addition, teaching and choreographing opportunities for men and women are compared.
Behind the Curtain
Authors: Larson Eliza
Published: September 2017

Chapter 3 assembles data and renders visible gender hierarchies among choreographers in concert dance in the United States today. Recent statistics in the field are explored to establish a baseline for understanding gender in dance on a broader scale. An analysis of gender representation among choreographers is presented through an examination of the 2012, 2013, and 2014 performance seasons at Jacob’s Pillow Dance Festival, the American Dance Festival, and the Brooklyn Academy of Music. The stratified programming of each venue provides a multi-case study for understanding how female choreographers fare within the various levels of public recognition in the dance field, creating a foundation for further discussion of gender in dance. The author’s primary questions ask whether men and women are represented in numbers that reflect their respective populations in the field of dance, and how the production of dance illuminates or undermines gender disparity among dance creators.
Sassy Girls and Hard-Hitting Boys
Authors: Schupp Karen
Published: September 2017

Through participating in dance competitions, adolescent dancers can potentially learn valuable lessons about responsibility, teamwork, dealing with criticism, and performing under pressure. At the same time, dance competitions can convey strong messages about how participants should look, move, act, and how gender should be performed. This chapter establishes a broad understanding of gender in dance competitions by examining, articulating, and contextualizing female adolescent participants’ experiences with and beliefs about gender in dance competitions by using a mixed method research approach implementing a sequential explanatory strategy. Analysing adolescent dancers’ perspectives about gender in this context provides insight into what makes dance competitions increasingly compelling to the general public as well as imparts valuable information about the expectations and attributes of dancers from this background.
“Boys are Morons” … “Girls are Gross”
Authors: Bond Karen E.
Published: September 2017

Chapter 8 focuses on student meanings of gender as found in a dance studio course titled “Embodying Pluralism.” Since 2008 the course has fulfilled Temple University’s general education requirement in race and diversity. The study is based on 348 students’ Blackboard gender discussions in seventeen sections of the course over 2008 to 2014. Prompted by a reading on gender in children’s dance, students write a 300-word response to this (or similar) question: “What messages about gender did you receive as a child…?” This prompt encourages description and memoir. In its concern with lived experience, gender, ethics and human possibility, the study aligns philosophically with feminist phenomenology. Qualitative analysis procedures were adapted from phenomenologist Max van Manen’s (2014) methods for isolating themes. As well as highlighting students’ lived experiences of gender, the study illuminates participant theories (beliefs, assumptions, critical perspectives) and hopes for the future of gender in dance and life. Research findings are presented thematically, followed by dialogue with pertinent theory and reflection. Experiential themes include dance in/and the family, dancing is for girls, shall we not dance, outside the box, and communities of practice.
A Changing Spanish Identity
Authors: Ness Kathryn L.
Published: September 2017

“A Changing Spanish Identity” outlines the research questions and data sets discussed in Setting the Table by introducing the notion of early modern Spanish cultural identity and the changes it encountered in the eighteenth century. It explains the author’s use of Don Quixote as a guide through the study and why this quintessential Spanish novel is appropriate for exploring themes of cultural change and identity. The chapter argues that, despite the major role the Spanish Empire played in early modern history, it has been largely underrepresented in studies of the Atlantic world. The majority of the chapter contains a brief introduction to the three sites addressed in the study as well as the methodology used to investigate these sites. The chapter concludes with an outline of subsequent chapters.
Spanish Atlantic History and Culture
Authors: Ness Kathryn L.
Published: September 2017

“Spanish-Atlantic History and Culture” provides a brief background on Spanish-Atlantic history and the connections between Andalucía, Spain, and the Americas. The first half of the chapter addresses trade and emigration policies between the late fifthteenth century and the eighteenth century and how these impacted life and local economies on both sides of the Atlantic. The second half of the chapter explores themes of status and identity, with a special focus on the Spanish limpieza de sangre (“pure blood”) and casta (caste or social status based on ancestry and biological characteristics) systems in which individuals were classified according to their ancestry and religious or biological background. It concludes with a discussion of Spanish identity and identity crises, specifically those in 1766, 1808, and 1898.
La Calle Corredera, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain
Authors: Ness Kathryn L.
Published: September 2017

“La Calle Corredera, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain” discusses the history and archaeology of Jerez de la Frontera in Andalucía, Spain and one of the three major data sets used in Setting the Table. The majority of the chapter focuses on one local eighteenth-century household site known as La Calle Corredera. It describes the artifacts from two mid eighteenth-century features, a well and trash receptacle, and the ceramics recovered from these deposits. Using COSA, this chapter examines the vessel forms that were discarded and argues that changes in tableware are indicative of broader changes in Spanish dining practices and the transition away from traditional stews toward a non-broth-based diet, possibly one that incorporated French cooking techniques.
Expressing Spanish Atlantic Identity
Authors: Ness Kathryn L.
Published: September 2017

Using the sites from Jerez de la Frontera and St. Augustine described in previous chapters as a case study, “Expressing Spanish-Atlantic Identity” explores the multi-directional nature of culture exchange in the Spanish Atlantic and how information and goods were flowing in both directions across the Atlantic. The chapter examines food preparation and foodways, how the advent of American ingredients transformed or were included in Spanish cuisine, and how French culinary techniques became widely adopted in the Spanish Atlantic. It also examines the ceramic trade, hygiene vessels, and tableware. Similarities among the three sites discussed in this study suggest that wide-spread changes in dining practices were being adopted on both sides of the Spanish Atlantic nearly simultaneously. This chapter argues that the nature and timing of these changes indicates that eighteenth-century Spanish America was perhaps more closely connected to Spain than previously thought.
Conclusions
Authors: Ness Kathryn L.
Published: September 2017

This chapter concludes Setting the Table and summarizes the argument that individuals on both sides of the Atlantic were participating in developing a Spanish-Atlantic identity that amalgamated Spanish heritage with new ideas and goods from other parts of Europe, Asia, and the Americas. It emphasizes that Spain and Spanish America were closely connected as late as the eighteenth century and that Spanish Americans continued to look to Spain as a model for fashion and culture. The chapter argues that data from the St. Augustine sites suggest that traditional interpretations of status and displays of Spanish identity need to be reevaluated in light of changing fashions in eighteenth-century Spain and the similarities between eighteenth-century Spanish and Spanish-American sites. It also contends that the transition away from traditional stews and the possible adoption of French culinary techniques by middle class Spaniards and elite Spanish Americans calls into question previous hypotheses regarding the impact of French culture on Spanish society after the advent of the Bourbon dynasty in 1700. Lastly, it considers other directions and ways in which this study could benefit those studying other parts of the Spanish empire.
Contexts
Authors: Chenoweth John M.
Published: September 2017

Chapter 2 provides a history of the British Virgin Islands (BVI) themselves and how their unusual place in the colonial process produced a more isolated, poorer set of white colonists than many other Caribbean islands. The marginal agricultural potential of the BVI left them uncolonized longer than most islands and European settlement began there in a haphazard way, with no formal government, church, or other institutions. This left the settlers free to experiment with new social forms, such as Quakerism, the arrival of which is also recounted here. But this isolation also posed challenges and left them in precarious positions. This chapter also introduces the Lettsom family who will be the focus for the study along with their island of Little Jost van Dyke, before describing the archaeological work undertaken to address the project’s questions. The remainder of the volume takes up the themes of simplicity, equality, and peace, shifting between written and archaeological evidence to understand how BVI Quakers understood and enacted these ideas differently than Quakers elsewhere.
“Furnished with Convenience for a Meeting House”
Authors: Chenoweth John M.
Published: September 2017

Members of the British Virgin Islands (BVI) Quaker community also seem to have been particularly concerned with physical markers of their group on the landscape: meetinghouses. One expression of the idea of simplicity among Quakers elsewhere was the fact that the Quaker form of worship takes place without formal programs, hymns, or lectures, and can be conducted anywhere, even outside; yet BVI Quakers placed special emphasis on the building of meetinghouses. At least two and possibly more were built during the meeting’s twenty-year history, including at Fat Hog’s Bay, Tortola, and these structures were unique as civic buildings in the BVI at the time. The buildings also took on different meanings to different members and this discussion begins to uncover conflict among the Tortola Meeting members over how Quaker ideals are best understood and how they change to suit the Caribbean context of the group.
Peace and Weaponry on BVI Quaker Sites
Authors: Chenoweth John M.
Published: September 2017

Pacifism is a defining feature of Quakerism which has led the group into recognition by—and conflict with—society at large. However, it takes on a very different cast when pacifism is understood by people who hold others enslaved under the constant threat of violence and in turn spend their days threatened by foreign invasion. Archaeological markers of weaponry and documentary accounts of persecution over refusal to support the military are the subject of Chapter Five, which details how Quaker pacifism was understood by BVI contemporaries and altered even further from modern conceptions by British Virgin Islanders. The record suggests a conflicted understanding of this ideal in the BVI, in which some members emphasized their persecution over this idea far beyond any real threat as a way of connecting themselves to the broader Atlantic community of Quakerism and it’s “ancient martyrs.”
Equality, Race, and Slavery in BVI Communities
Authors: Chenoweth John M.
Published: September 2017

Chapter 7 examines the question of equality in British Virgin Islands (BVI) Quakerism in two distinct but intertwined ways. The fact that members of the Tortola meeting held Africans enslaved is a defining feature of this community and has attracted much modern attention. Although discordant to modern readers, Chapter Seven traces the complex and equivocal history of slavery and Quakerism. To explore how these complexities manifested in the BVI, it examines what can be said about the relationship between the Lettsoms of Little Jost van Dyke and the enslaved Africans they held there. Instead of the usual emphasis on oversight and control, the layout of the complex made for a distinction of free and enslaved at the expense of direct oversight. Chapter 7 also examines the relations and concern for connections with non-Quaker planters. In particular, it suggests that some of the markers which performed and created Quakerism had to be moderated so as not to threaten ties beyond the group. Performances of Quakerism were more private, whereas the most public statements of the Lettsoms would have been compatible with the planter community at large. Quakerism was mapped onto existing racial and legal distinctions between white and black, free and enslaved.
Ping Shan
Authors: Nicolson Ken
Published: September 2017

Case study 3: The cluster of villages in the New Territories, known collectively as Ping Shan, is one of the oldest traditional, rice-growing settlements in Hong Kong. It is a mixture of organically evolved and associative cultural landscapes, the latter comprising an auspicious fung shui hill resembling a crab and a strategically positioned pagoda that are credited with bringing fortune and prosperity.
British colonial control of the district was enforced by construction of a police station on the fung shui hill which symbolically killed the ‘crab’. The subsequent decline of the village’s fortune is believed to stem from this action and was compounded by the development of a new town on the adjacent farmland.
A recent change of use for the police station to a clan museum has lifted the spirits of the villagers but the cultural landscape has been irreversibly depleted by inappropriate land use zoning that permitted urban encroachment and cumulative impacts from major road and rail projects.
Government Hill
Authors: Nicolson Ken
Published: September 2017

Case Study 7: When the government announced its plans to sell the former Central Government Offices (CGO) on Government Hill, there was a public outcry against the proposals. The ensuing debate highlighted how little the government understood the heritage value of the site and the public’s perception of this cultural landscape.
The term ‘cultural landscape’ was used for the first time in this conservation debate to expand the heritage site beyond a single building and include its broader landscape setting. Government Hill’s cultural landscape comprises the CGO in its hillside setting as well as a cluster of other heritage buildings dating from the early years of the British colonial rule; all symbolic of the invaders’ military, administrative, legislative, judicial, and spiritual centres of power.
The Government Hill debate provides a very helpful definition, for the lay reader as well as the conservation professional, of a heritage urban cultural landscape, what natural and built heritage elements should be included, and why it should be conserved.
East Asian Pop Culture
Authors: Beng Huat Chua
Published: September 2017

Since the 1990s, there has been dense traffic of pop culture routinely crossing the national and cultural boundaries of East Asian countries of Japan, Korea, China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore. The unequal traffic is predominantly from Japan and Korea into ethnic-Chinese dominant locations, which has a historically long and well established production, distribution and exhibition network; Japan and Korea are primarily production-exporting nations, while China and Singapore as primarily importing-consumption ones, with Taiwan emerging as the production centre in Mandarin pop music and Hong Kong remaining as the primary production location of Chinese languages cinemas. Japanese and Korean pop culture are translated, dubbed or subtitled into a Chinese language in one of the ethnic-Chinese importing locations and then re-exported and circulated within the entire Chinese ‘diaspora’. The structures and processes that engender this transnational flow are the foundational to the emergence of an East Asian regional media cultural economy that increasingly see co-production of films and television dramas.
Placing Singapore in East Asian Pop Culture
Authors: Beng Huat Chua
Published: September 2017

Within Pop Culture China, Singapore with its small and multi-ethnic population is essentially a location of consumption of Chinese languages pop culture. Consequently, Mandarin singers from Singapore have to debut their careers in Taiwan, actors have to seek greater exposure and better prospect in Hong Kong and, while local television stations produce a substantial quantum of television dramas annually, only a trickle of this is exported to Southeast Asian neighbours with less developed media industries. However, with its new found national wealth, the local media industry, with the financial and administrative support of the government, have been seeking co-production opportunities regionally. Unfortunately, the state-financed production company, Raintree Productions, operates entirely on commercial basis in search of profit rather than with an ambition of developing local talents and film industry. Methodologically, as predominantly a consumption location, Singapore is an advantageous location to research audience reception practices and formation of transnational pop culture community.
The Structure of Identification and Distancing in Watching East Asian Television Drama
Authors: Beng Huat Chua
Published: September 2017

It has been argued that cultural and national boundary crossings of television dramas are facilitated by ‘cultural proximity’ between the production and reception locations. Often dramas are dubbed into local target language; dubbing domesticates the foreign content, thus facilitates reception. In such instances, the pleasure of consuming the ‘foreign’ is preserved in the visual elements of the dramas. Studies of real time audience viewing practices found that they tend to shift intermittently between identifying and distancing themselves from the characters and actions on screen. Furthermore, identification tends to be at the level of abstract identity markers, such as ‘understanding between human beings’ or some vague notion of ‘being all Asians’. In contrast, distancing tends to be from culturally specific elements of the production location, such as ‘it is so typically Korean’, thus unlike the audience him/herself. A transnational audience is therefore a fragmented figure rather than a culturally consistent one. This fragmentation, especially in distancing the foreign, limits the potential of transnational television viewing in generating a pan-regional identity among its audiences.
Layers of Audience Communities
Authors: Beng Huat Chua
Published: September 2017

With the national and cultural boundary-crossing of East Asian Pop Culture becoming part of the regular diet of regional media consumers, national and transnational communities of audience/consumers have emerged, ranging from different types of “occasioned” communities to highly organized transnational fan communities that engage with the national politics of different countries as necessary. While all these beyond-the-text activities of communities of consumers are motivated by their affective labor and are engendered by their love of the pop culture, stars and genres, they still unavoidably get appropriated and transformed by the producers into profit, even the sub-fan organizations cannot ultimately escape this fate.
Pop Culture as Soft Power
Authors: Beng Huat Chua
Published: September 2017

Pop culture has emerged has a vehicle of soft power and an arena for competition in cultural diplomacy between China, Japan and Korea. As a middle-power, Korea is the most self-conscious about turning the popularity of its pop culture into an instrument to influence its consumers in Japan and, especially China. Japan’s ability to exercise cultural influence is limited by the potential push-back from memories its colonization of Korea and war time atrocities in China. With a nascent media industry, China is currently at a disadvantage because it is a net importer of pop culture; however, its massive consumption power has begun to force foreign producers to seek co-production opportunities with Chinese companies in order to avoid being kept out by import restrictions imposed by the Chinese government. Co-production gives the Chinese counterparts the right to control the content of the programs, than an ideological advantage. In view of the soft power competition, the idea of pan-East Asian cinema seems to be a project deferred rather than one that is imminent.
Picturing Technology in China
Authors: Golas Peter J.
Published: September 2017

Although the history of technological and scientific illustrations is a well-established field in the West, scholarship on the much longer Chinese experience is still undeveloped. This work by Peter Golas is a short, illustrated overview tracing the subject to pre-Han inscriptions but focusing mainly on the Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties. His main theme is that technological drawings developed in a different way in China from in the West largely because they were made by artists rather than by specialist illustrators or practitioners of technology. He examines the techniques of these artists, their use of painting, woodblock prints and the book, and what their drawings reveal about changing technology in agriculture, industry, architecture, astronomical, military, and other spheres. The text is elegantly written, and the images, about 100 in all, are carefully chosen. This is likely to appeal to both scholars and general readers.
Han to Tang
Authors: Golas Peter J.
Published: September 2017

Chapter 2 deals with the period mainly from the third to the tenth centuries when the continuing paucity of surviving illustrations of technical subjects obliges us to examine general developments in painting in order to tease out what they might be able to add to our knowledge of technical depictions at this time. We shall see that, during these centuries, Chinese painting remained generally committed to realistic narrative representations, with many artists devoted to creating greater verisimilitude in their paintings. But just as the prevailing aesthetic values were encouraging greater realism in painting and drawing, the almost exclusive use of the Chinese brush for visual representations may have impeded the development of certain representational techniques. Moreover, while the invention of woodblock printing toward the end of this period made possible a much wider reproduction and circulation of illustrations, it was a technology that also contained in itself the potential to inhibit advances in illustration techniques.
Late Ming and The Exploitation of the Works of Nature
Authors: Golas Peter J.
Published: September 2017

The Song and Yuan dynasties witnessed not only unprecedented achievements in technological illustration but also a major reorientation of much of Chinese life and culture, the subject we turn to in Chapter 4. Many of these developments are reflected in altered thinking about just what the aims of painting should be. By the end of the eleventh century, a new scholar-official elite now dominated the political and cultural scene in China. To a degree unique among ruling elites anywhere, many of them took up painting as one expression of their cultural superiority. In so doing, they frequently subscribed to a view that rejected the importance of realistic representation in favor of painting that supposedly enabled highly cultivated artists of superior character to give expression to their moral and intellectual pre-eminence.
Closing Comments
Authors: Golas Peter J.
Published: September 2017

By way of closing, we focus below on a number of themes that are of paramount importance for understanding the role played by portrayals of technology in traditional Chinese culture.

The introduction to this study emphasized that one of the most important assumptions to jettison when considering premodern Chinese depictions of technology is that they responded primarily to what we would identify as “technological” needs or concerns. Whether in the form of paintings or the book illustrations that are the source of most of our surviving portrayals, pictures of technological subjects typically sought to appeal to a viewership the overwhelming majority of whom would have little or no direct experience with or special interest in the technologies portrayed. Most of these viewers would be drawn above all to pictures that were aesthetically pleasing or entertaining. It is true that these portrayals also often embodied a didactic element. But if they did so, it was one that focused not so much on providing technical information and understanding...
Picturing the Shanghai Artist
Authors: Wue Roberta
Published: September 2017

Looks at portraits of the art world produced by Shanghai’s best-known artist, Ren Bonian (1840-1896). Unique for their near-exclusive focus on art world sitters, these are portraits in which the artist collaborated with their subjects to investigate an array of artistic identities, from conventional renderings of the artist as scholar and gentleman, to unexpected depictions of artists as men about town, failures, sell-outs and beggars. These are images that exceed portraiture’s usual purpose of documenting likeness and social status, instead seeking to comment on the modern Chinese artist’s engagement with a complex and demanding urban market and art world.
Epilogue
Authors: Wue Roberta
Published: September 2017

The entwined ideas of artist, image, and audience are effectively embodied by an 1887 portrait by Ren Bonian of Jin Erzhen (1840–1917), also known as Jin Jishi (Figure e.1). A prominent calligrapher in this period, Jin Erzhen regularly appeared on the lists of Shanghai’s famous artists....
Shanghai’s Public Screen Culture
Authors: Berry Chris
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines local specificity of Shanghai’s public screen culture to contest conceptualisations of public space as subject to the homogenizing effect of globalisation. Berry examines two processes that shape local deployments of the moving image. First, he demonstrates how the drive toward “secular enchantment” is offset by the specific local uses of each screen, which is determined by its social function and institutional context. Second, he analyses Shanghai’s text-based or “walking word” screens as part of a long and varied lineage of putting writing into public spaces. He argues that these local uses are not a “glocal” adaptation of Western standards, but rather, evidence a pattern of coeval development under conditions of rapid proliferation of new media technologies around the world.