bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimum poultry enterprise combinations among small holder farmers in Osun State, Nigeria
Authors: Awogboro T. T. , Yusuf W. A. , Yusuf S. A.
Published: February 2021

Poultry farmers are confronted with choice for efficient allocationof farm resources between the different enterprises so as to optimize production objectives. The study therefore, was focused on optimum poultry enterprise combinations among small holder farmers in Osun State, Nigeria. Primary data were collected using questionnaires and were analyzed using descriptive statistics, budgetary technique and linear programming model. Of the seven poultry enterprises identified, the most profitable enterprise combination was that of layers/broilers with a benefit cost ratio of 1.92 while the enterprise that yielded the least net farm income was the sole cockerel which had a benefit cost ratio of 1.57.The profitability of sole and combined poultry enterprises was limited by high cost of production in which the feed cost constitutesmore than three-quarter of the total cost. Although, the optimal poultry enterprise combination was layers/broilers, the farmers in the study area attested to the fact that poultry business was still highly profitable.It is therefore recommended that both farmers and government must partner to find a means of reducing feed cost by financing poultry research. Also, poultry farmers should concentrate and intensify their poultrycombination practices especially that of layers/broilers, which may be the appropriateoptimal combination enterprise.
Effects of feeding varying levels of bakery waste meal on the performance and carcass values of growing Coturnix quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica)
Authors: Edache J. A. , Tuleun C. D. , Muduudtai R. U. , Yisa A. G.
Published: February 2021

Since bakeries are scattered all over Nigeria and beyond, such feed materials like bakery waste abound and this can be tapped as a feed resource for poultry having little pressure of competition. A feeding trial of 6 weeks duration was conducted to determine the effect of replacing maize with bakery waste of CP; 3.32% and ME; 3221.88kcal/kg on the performance of growing Japanese quails.Two hundred two –week old quails of mixed sexes were randomly allocated to five diets in a completely randomized design. The five isonitrogenous (25% CP) diets incorporated 0, 8.31, 16.61, 24.92 and 28.69% of bakery waste at the expense of maize. The diets, however, varied in energy levels from 2,706.92 (Diet A) to 2,610.76kcal/kg ME (Diet E). Diets B (2,679.17), C (2,650.57) and D (2,623.75) were lower than diet A. Each diet was replicated three times. Feed intake (21.99, 20.34, 21.25, 23.83 and 22.97g/bird/day), weight gain (3.39, 3.29, 3.46, 3.61, 3.75g/bird/day) and feed conversion ratio (6.32, 6.17, 6.16, 6.62 and 6.31) did not differ significantly from the control. Water intake was significantly higher (p<0.05) on diet D (33.78ml/b/day) than on diets A (30.90) and B (30.99) only. Water intake on diets C (31.89) and E (32.91ml/bird/day) were not different. Feed cost/kg gain was significantly higher (p<0.05) for birds on dietsB (632.00) and A (617.67) than on diets C (542.33) and D (550.67) only. Other differences were not significant. Live weight, slaughter weight, plucked weight and drumstick were better on the diet with 100% bakery waste. Feed cost per kg diet decreased from 84.62 (diet A) to 78.75 (diet E) and has a cost saving of 6.94% over the control diet. Therefore, bakery waste could completely replace maize in diets for Japanese quail chicks without adverse effect on performance.
Concentration of some heavy metals in the hair, kidney and liver of cattle and goats in the oil and non–oil producing areas of Ondo State
Authors: Egigba G. O. , Odokuma E. I. , Ikhatua U. J. , Bamikole M. A.
Published: February 2021

Pollutions due to anthropogenic sources have made some animals possible carriers of certain toxic substances which could have detrimental effects on humans. In this study, the concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) and chromium (Cr) in the hair, kidney and liver of cattle and goats in the oil producing areas (OPA) and none oil producing areas (NOPA) of Ondo state, Nigeria, were evaluated. Hair, kidney and liver samples were collected from four purposely selected Local Government Areas in Ondo state in replicates, dried and digested using a 1:3 mixture of concentrated perchloric acid (HClO4) and trioxonitrate (v) acid (HNO3). Data collected were analyzed completely randomized design (CRD) and significant means were separated using Duncan multiple range test. Lead concentration (mg/kg) were not significantly different in the organs of cattle (mean = 0.076) and goats (mean = 0.043) in the OPA but varied significantly in the NOPA with highest values in the hair of cattle (0.081) and kidney of goat (0.056). Oil exploration effect was only significant in Pb deposition in the kidney. Cadmium values (mg/kg) ranged from 0.009 to 0.031 in cattle and from 0.010 to 0.020 in goats with no significant variation. However, oil exploration showed significant effect in the Cd deposition in the kidney of cattle. Mean values of mercury concentration (mg/kg) in cattle were between 0.022 to 0.054 and 0.029 to 0.039 in goats from the OPA. In the NOPA, Hg concentration did not vary significantly in the organs of cattle but showed significant variation in the organs of goats with values ranging from 0.016 – 0.046 mg/kg. Chromium concentration (mg/kg) varied between 0.004 to 0.020 in cattle and 0.005 to 0.025 in goats with no significant variation. Conclusively, all the heavy metal concentrations obtained from analysis of the hair, kidney and liver from both the oil producing and the non – oil producing areas were below permissible limits reported by some regulatory bodies.
Reduction of faecal shedding of parasites in West African dwarf bucks fed yeast and Lactobacillus acidophilus
Authors: Inyang U. A. , Ososanya T. O.
Published: February 2021

Ruminants serve as reservoirs of pathogenic microorganisms and their faecal shedding forms the vehicle of entry into human food chain which in turn causes food borne diseases. Usually drugs and live vaccines are the main control measures; however, due to increasing concerns of resistance and residues in meat with prophylactic drug use and the high cost of vaccines, alternative control methods are needed. The aim of this study was to determine if administration of probiotics could influence the shedding of faecal pathogenic bacteria and parasites/helminthes from WAD goats. In a completely randomised design, thirty goats were allotted to six dietary treatments which were formulated using concentrate as: control (D1); antibiotic (D2); 2.5g bakers yeast (D3); 5.0g bakers yeast (D4); 2.5g yeast plus Lactobacilli (D5) and 5.0g yeast plus Lactobacilli (D6), where D5 and D6 were fortified with Lactobacillus acidophilus at 1.00x1012cfu/g each. Faecal samples (3g) were collected from bucks for faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT, %). Data obtained were subjected to descriptive statistics and ANOVA α0.05. The results showed that the FECRT (%) for the pathogenic bacteria revealed a significant (p<0.05) reduction in load at two weeks by 99.99 % in D6 while the least was seen in D2 with 98.98 %. The salmonella as at day 14 recorded significant percentage reduction which was high in D5 (90 %) and lowest in D6 (19.23 %). The parasitic shedding of coccidia at day 14 showed that the goats on D1 shed 400 egg per gram (epg) while those on D3 recorded 150 epg. The animals on D2, D4, D5 and D6 recorded no trace of coccidia eggs in their faeces while animals on D5 and D6 showed reductions of 5.60 and 50.00 % respectively in Ascaris. Tapeworm was identified only in faecal sample of D1. The result revealed that yeast combined with Lactobacillus acidophilus at 5g/day could serve as a potential alternative to anti-bacteria and anti-helminthes.
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of pawpaw (Carica papaya) leaf extract and its antimicrobial effect in animal production
Authors: Omidiwura B. R. O.
Published: February 2021

In order to improve livestock production and curb the losses from diseases occurrence in livestock, producers resort to the use of antimicrobials as growth promoters to inhibit the growth of disease-causing organisms. Freshly harvested pawpaw leaves were extracted using three solvents: ethanol, methanol and n-hexane and their phytochemicals determined using standard procedure. The inhibitory activities of the extracts at low (200ppm) and high (1000ppm) concentrations against Aspergillus niger and Escherichia coli were also determined. Results obtained showed that alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tannin and cardiac glycosides were present while anthraquinone was absent. The percentage yield of phenols using methanol (0.115%) and ethanol (0.214%) solvents were similar but lower than nhexane yield (0.450%). Also the yield of flavonoid using methanol (0.700%) is significantly (p<0.05) higher than the yield using other solvents. The yield of phenols using methanol (0.480%) and ethanol (0.470%) solvents were identical but higher than n-hexane yield (0.400%). At low concentration, it was observed that the inhibitory concentrations of pawpaw leaf extract against bacteria by control, streptomycin (1.2cm) was significantly (p<0.05) higher but similar to the extract from methanol solvent (1.1cm). Methanol extract inhibition was also similar to ethanol (1.0cm) but higher than n-hexane (0.0cm). At high concentration, the inhibitory activity of the ethanol extract (1.2cm) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than the control (0.7cm) and the least observed in n hexane (0.0cm) extract. The inhibitory concentrations of pawpaw leaf extract against fungi Aspergillus niger at low (2.2cm) and high (2.2cm) concentrations, the methanol extract was observed to be significantly (p<0.05) higher than other extracts including control. The results suggest that using methanol-extracted pawpaw leaf as alternatives to synthetic antibiotic in animal production is effective against microbial organisms. Thus the occurrence of resistance to antibiotic or its residues on animal products will be reduced.
Assessment of heavy metal concentrations in the muscles of ten commercial fish species from Lagos lagoon, NigeriaAssessment of heavy metal concentrations in the muscles of ten commercial fish species from Lagos lagoon, Nigeria
Authors: Taiwo I. O. , Olopade O. A. , Adeniyi B. T.
Published: February 2021

The study was undertaken to assess the concentration of five heavy metals (zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn)) in the muscles of Tilapia zilli, Hydrocynus fiscalis, Parapristipoma humile, Caranx hippo, Cynoglossusa caudatus, Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus, Letjanus sp, Portunus validus, Sardinella maderensis, and Sphyreana sp. The concentrations of heavy metals were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry after digestion of the samples. There were significant differences (P<0.05) in the concentration of heavy metals in fish muscles. There was no specific pattern in the levels of heavy metals among the fish species. P. validus had the highest concentration of Zinc in the fish sampled with a mean value of 14.45mg/g while T. zilli had the lowest concentrations of Zn and Mn. Sphyreana sp had the highest concentrations of Lead and Copper and Manganese in the muscles. Iron concentration was highest in the muscle of S. maderensis. In this study, the overall average concentrations of metals in fish muscles were in the order of Zn> Fe > Pb> Cu> Mn. The values of Zn and Cu were within or lower than the acceptable limits FAO/WHO (Food and Agriculture Organization Of the United Nations/World Health Organization) for concentration of heavy metals in fish while levels of Pb, Fe and Mn in the muscles of the various fishes were beyond the safe limit in foods. Close monitoring of heavy metal pollution of Lagos Lagoon is strongly advocated, in view of possible risks to the health of consumers.
Effect of cold drinking water on performance, rectal temperature, respiratory rate of Zebu and Jersey cattle in Ibadan, Nigeria
Authors: Adeyemi A. A. , Olorunnisomo O. A.
Published: February 2021

High ambient temperature and relative humidity exert a negative effect on the performance of both Bostaurus and Bosindicus cattle in Nigeria. The use of water sprinklers to shower cattle may have the ability to mitigate the effect of heat stress. In this study, cold drinking water (10 C 15 C) and ordinary drinking water (20 C -25 C) were offered to six Jersey and six Sokoto Gudali heifers to compare the effect on heat stress. They were divided into two treatments each. Each treatment had three replicates and cattle were assigned in a completely randomised design to the treatment. Rectal temperature, respiratory rate, dry matter intake, daily weight gain and percentage body weight were measured. At three months of administration of treatment, mean morning and afternoon RT varied from 37.94C to39.17 C for Sokoto Gudali and 37.97 C to 39.21 C for Jersey heifers, RR varied from 20.54 bpm to 30.73 bpm for Gudali and 32.17 bpm to 42.63 bpm for Jersey heifers. There were significant (P<0.05) differences in respiratory rate, rectal temperature and dry matter intake between both the zebu and exotic heifers given ordinary water and those given cold water when treatments were administered. Mean RT was 38.99 C and 38.14 C for Gudali and 38.98 C and 38.34 C for Jersey heifers while mean RR was 28.12 bpm and 23.11 bpm for Gudali and 39.89 and 33.78 bpm for Jersey heifers. DMI were 4.14 kg/d and 6.01 kg/d, daily weight gain were 0.27 kg/d and 0.50 kg/d and FCR were 15.33 and 12.02. Cold drinking water is an effective method of ameliorating heat stress in zebu and Jersey breeds of cattle.
Mycological and chemical screening of maize at open Nigeria
Authors: Akande T. O. , Agboola A. S. , Okunola F. P.
Published: February 2021

The aim of the present study was to screen maize at the open markets in Osun state, Nigeria to determine species of fungi total aflatoxin content and changes inproximate, energy and some vitamins content of maize grains. A total of forty five mouldy maize samples were collected from the six different open markets within the region which were later bulked into six representative samples (20-50Kg) for each market while Aflasafe maize, obtained from the Internationa lInstitute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) was used as a control.There presentative samples from the bulk were taken for proximate,selected vitamins and total aflatoxin contents determination.The quantitative enumeration of fungias colony forming units per gram of the grains (CFU/g) was performed using the surface spread method in different culture media. The results of fungi profile were further expressed as fungal isolation frequency (IF) and relative density (RD). Twelve (12) species and seven fungi genera were isolated in this study. The total fungi count ranged from 1.50x10 to 2.1X10 CFU/g in the six different locations. Aspergillus flavus, Rhyzopus stolonifer and Aspergillus glaucus were the most prevalent species Aspergillus and Rhizopus species occurred at 100% and 87% (IF) respectively. The toxigenic species of Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicellium had 85.7%,14.3% and 14.3% RD respectively. The proximate contents of the mouldy maize reduced by 11.54% for crude protein, 12.72% for ether extract and 1.12% for ash while about 5% caloric loss was observed. Total Aflatoxin in mouldy maize rose from near zero in aflasafe maize to 267.41µg/Kg with an average value of 142.0µg/Kg in mouldy maize while retinol and tocopherol contents were depleted by 48.7% and 37.6% respectively. This study indicated substantial loss of nutrients and reduced feed value in maize due to mould contamination and the need for continuous assessment offered ingredients particularly maize for mycological and nutritive status in order to feed animals for optimal performance
Performance and egg quality parameters of Japanese quail fed kenaf ( L.) seed meal based diets subjected to varying cooking periods coturnix coturnix japonica
Authors: Odetola O. M. , Adejinmi O. O. , Akingbade A. O. , Adekanmbi A. O.
Published: February 2021

A sixteen weeks feeding trialwas conducted to evaluate the effect of different cooking periods of Kenafseed (Hibiscus cannabinusL.) meal on the performance and egg quality parameters of Japanese quailusing 150 seven weeks old growing quail. The birds were randomly divided into five dietary treatment of 30 birds per treatment (i.e.10 birds per replicate). They were fed five experimental diets containing 0% and 10% of the variously processed kenaf seed meal (control, raw kenaf seed meal, 15 minutes cooking period, 20 minutes cooking period and 25 minutes cooking period) designated as T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 respectively. Data were collected on feed intake, daily egg production, external and internal egg quality parameters. Initial body weight, final body weight, average feed consumed per bird, feed conversion ratio, egg weight, shell weight, percentage shell thickness, shell surface area, yolk weight, yolk index, albumen weight, albumen percentage and Haugh unit were not significantly(P>0.05) different. However, significant (P<0.05) differences were observed for weight gain (0.53 – 0.55 kg), hen day production (47.29 – 53.24 %), shell thickness (0.64 0.79mm) and yolk percentage (1.373.25%). It was concluded that kenaf seeds when cooked for 15 minutes can be used at 10% level of inclusion in the diets of laying Japanese quails.
Proximate composition and physico-chemical parameters of water hyacinth (Eicchornia crassipes) ensiled with breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) as feed for WAD goats
Authors: Abegunde T. O. , Akinropo T. F. , Akande T. O. , Ogunyemi E. K.
Published: February 2021

Scarce forages and low digestibility are major challenges of dry season feeding of ruminants in the tropics. This can be overcome by conservation of forages through ensiling with unconventional and inexpensive materials containing high fermentable carbohydrates. Water hyacinth, an invasive water weed with high biomass yield was ensiled with graded levels of breadfruit and assessed for its potential as a feed resource. Breadfruit was included in silages at 0% (control, T1); 10% (T2), 20% (T3), 30% (T4) and 40% (T5) with sawdust added at a constant inclusion level of 10% to serve as absorbent. Proximate composition and silage quality assessment were determined after 30 days of ensiling. Results showed that dry matter (%) of silages ranged between 14.21 (T1) and 28.44 (T4). Ash contents (g/100g) reduced (P<0.05) as breadfruit inclusion increased in the silage diets. Crude protein (g/100g) was higher (P<0.05) in T1 (12.03) than T5 (9.18) but was similar in T2, T3 and T4 (10.50, 10.72, 10.28) respectively. The appearance, odour and texture of the silages in T3-T5 had acceptable physical attributes while pH values ranged from 4.65 – 5.40. It is concluded that the leaves and stem of water hyacinth ensiled with breadfruit have potential as feed for ruminants in terms ofnutritio nal and physico-chemical attributes.
Chemical composition of tropical forages and their acceptability by the domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
Authors: Abu O. A. , Turner L. S.
Published: February 2021

The suitability of seven forages (Moringa. oleifera, Ficus thonningii, Leucaena. leucocephala, Enterolobium cyclocarpum, G Gliricidia sepium, Albizia saman and Azadirachta indica) as feed resources for feeding domestic rabbits was studied. The acceptability, chemical analysis and crude fiber fractions were determined. The acceptability of the forages was assessed by cafeteria method using coefficient of preference (CoP). Five adult rabbits weighing 720±20.5g were used. The acceptability of the forages was best inM. oleifera (CoP > 1) followed by F. thoninngii. G. sepium, L. leucocephala and E. cyclocarpum had similar acceptability while A. indica and A. Saman had low acceptability. The order of acceptability was:M. oleifera > F. thonningii > L. leucocephala >E. cyclocarpum >G. sepium >A. indica and >A. saman. The chemical analysis of the five most acceptable forages showed that F. thoninngii had the least crude protein (CP) of 10.3% compared to the others forages that had CP ranging from 24 -30%.M. oleifera also had the least crude fibre (CF) of 9.0% compared to the other forages CF which ranged 14 -19% F. thonningii and L. leucocephala also had low ether extract (EE) of 6.0 and 8.0%respectively. The acid detergent fibre (ADF) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) fractions of the five most acceptable forages fell within the same range. In conclusion all the five most acceptable forages namely: M. oleifera, F. thonningii, L .leucocephala, E. cyclocarpum, G. sepium are possible legume feed resource for rabbits especially during the dry season.
Effect of supplementing wheat offal with varied graded levels of sugarcane scrapping on utilisation of sorghum panicle fed Red Sokoto buck Keyw
Authors: Adamu H. Y. , Bolakale A. M. , Abdu S. B. , Hassan M. R. , Kabir M. , Yashim S. M. , Adam L. , Ibrahim T. A.
Published: February 2021

Four Red Sokoto bucks of averageweight 17. 40±2kg were fed sugarcane scrappingmeal in a complete diet to evaluate the nutrients intake, digestibility and nitrogen balance. In a 4×4 Latin Square Design four dietary treatments containing sugarcane scrapping at 0, 10, 20, and 30% levels of inclusion supplementing wheat offal in a complete diet were used The proximate composition of the sugarcane scrapping showed that the scrapping had, 10.01, 2.98%and 3114 Kcal/Kg of CF, CP andME respectively. The results of the trial showed that significant high dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility of some and the nitrogen balance values were recorded in the bucks fed 30%. It was concluded that DM intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen utilization of bucks can be enhanced by including 30% of sugar cane scrapping in their diets.
Growth performance, carcass characteristics and lipid profile of broiler chickens fed with graded levels of roselle calyx (Hibiscus sabdariffa( L.)
Authors: Awodola-Peters O. O. , Yahaya M. O.
Published: February 2021

The study evaluated the effect of graded levels of roselle calyx (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) on growth performance, carcass characteristics and lipid profile of broiler chickens. A total of 150 Arbor acre broiler birds were used for the six (6) weeks study and were randomly assigned to five treatments of thirty birds each, (T , T , T , T and T ) which had broiler chicks fedwith feed incorporatedwith roselle calyx as feed additive at0%, 0.5%,1%, 1.5%, and 2% respectively. The birds were further randomly sub-divided into three replicates of ten birds each using a completely randomized design. Data were collected on feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio was computed. At the end of the study, two birds were randomly selected fromeach replicate for the carcass characteristics and lipid profile evaluation. Data obtained were subjected to ANOVA and means were separated using the Duncan Multiple Range Test. The result obtained showed that the initial weight, average daily feed intake, total feed intake and carcass characteristics were not significantly different across the treatment means while the final weight, total weight gain and total feed intake value were significantly differed with the highest value of final weight at T (1266.67g/b) and lowest value at T (1133.33g/b).Also, result for lipid profile of the broiler chickenmeat showed there was significant difference (P<0.05) in the values obtained for low density lipoprotein, such that birds in control (that were not fed roselle calyx) had the highest value (15.67g/L)low density lipoprotein. It was therefore concluded that the inclusion level of roselle calyx up to 2% in broiler chicken diet improved carcass characteristics and lipid profile.
Hepatoprotective effects of methanol leaf extract of pterocarpus santalinoides DC on acetaminophen-induced liver damage in Albino rats (Rattus norvegicus)
Authors: Ihedioha T. E. , Onwuegbuka L. U. , Ihedioha J. I.
Published: February 2021

The effects of methanol leaf extract of Pterocarpus santalinoides DC was investigated on acetaminophen (APAP)-induced sub-acute liver damage (hepatotoxicity) in albino rats. Forty two adultmale albino ratswere used for the study, 12 for the acute toxicity study and 30 for the sub-acute hepatotoxicity study. The 30 rats used for the sub-acute hepatotoxicity study were randomly assigned into six groups (A – F) of 5 rats each as follows: Group A – APAP+distilledwater placebo (negative control),Groups B,CandD–APAP+50, 250, and 500 mg/kg body weight (bw) Pterocarpus santalinoides methanol extract (PSME) respectively, Group E – APAP + 100 mg/kg bw silymarin (positive control), and Group F – distilled water placebo only (normal control). The APAP was given at 3000 mg/kg bw orally at the beginning of the study (day 0) and after every 72 hours for 12 days, while treatment with PSME and silymarin was done orally twice daily for 15 days. Phytochemical analysis and acute toxicity evaluation followed standard procedures. Assay of serum enzymes, total serum protein, albumin, globulin, total cholesterol and bilirubin, and liver weight percentage of body weight of the rats was done at the end of the 15-day experimental period following standard procedures. The PSME had high levels of tannins, moderate levels of flavonoids, saponins, carbohydrates and reducing sugars, and low levels of alkaloids. The LD was above 5000 mg/kg bw. Treatment with PSME at the dose of 500 mg/kg bw significantly lowered (P < 0.05) serum ALT, AST, and ALP activities, cholesterol and bilirubin levels, and liver weight percentage of body weight when compared to the negative control,while treatment at the dose of 250mg/kg bw only led to significantly lower (P<0.05) serum levels of cholesterol and bilirubin when compared to the negative control. It was concluded that treatment of acetaminophen-induced sub-acute hepatotoxicity in albino rats with 500 mg/kg bw PSME significantly protected the hepatocellular integrity and ameliorated impaired hepatic excretory function.
Body weight and morphometric traits of fulani ecotype chickens in South Western Nigeria are closely related
Authors: Ogunshola O. J. , Daramola S. A. , Omotoso O. B. , Baki O. I. , Chineke C. A.
Published: February 2021

The native chickens constitute about 80 percent of the 120 million poultry birds found in Nigeriabut have not been adequately characterized. Thus, the study was undertaken to establish the relationship among body weight and morphometric traits of thirty six Fulani Ecotype chickens raised for 25 weeks. Body weights were collected per bird and the morphometric traits (body length, drumstick length, drumstick circumference, breast girth, nose to shoulder, shoulder to tail and height at withers) were measured with tape rule on weekly basis. The measured parameters were subjected to correlation and regression analyses. Analysis showed that positive and high significant correlation existed between body weight and morphometric traits (p< 0.01). The result showed that accuracy of prediction was attained with linear and quadratic models but quadratic model had theoretical advantage over the linearmodelwith respect to its goodness of fit to the data. This means that an increase in growth rate of the body parts would correspondingly cause an increase in live weight gain of the bird. In conclusion, body weight and morphometric traits could be used to separate males and females Fulani Ecotype chicken at 17 weeks old. At this age, males appeared bigger than the females and their combs were well pronounced, this would help both sexes to grow uniformly, prevent indiscriminate mating before attaining the age of sexual maturity and help in selection of Fulani Ecotype chicken for improvement in meat and egg production.
Comparative genetic and morphometric characterization of sympatric populations of Heterobranchus bidorsalis and Heterobranchus longifilis
Authors: Olaniyi W. A. , Akinsemolu F. A. , Ogunyemi D. J. , Omitogun O. G.
Published: February 2021

African catfish species of Heterobranchus longifilis and H. bidorsalis are gaining breeding potentials and receiving great attention among catfish stakeholders. However, very few comparative research works have been done on the natural populations and cultured stocks of these economically important species. In this study, the genetic evaluation of the fish species populations obtained from Lake Kainji, New Bussa, Niger State, Nigeria, was conducted through Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate - Polyacylamide Gel Electrophoresis oftheir serum proteins, and morphometric evaluation. Morphometric data showed that adipose fin attributes [length; depth (cm), % standard length (SL)] of 23.4±1.1; 4.2±0.5 in the H. bidorsalis confirmed its hyper-development compared to H. longifilis of 25.7±3.2; 4.4±0.6 respectively. The pre-dorsal length gave higher value (%SL) in the H. longifilis (38.6±2.2) than H. bidorsalis (34.6±1.2); while H. bidorsalis further possessed more counts at dorsal and anal fin rays than H. longifilis. The comparative dendrogram of the PAST analysis showed a genetic distance of 4.2% that indicated the specificity of these species and, though significantly different, they had very close relationship. Therefore, proper identification of these species is highly necessary to maintain genetic purity in breeding programmes and biodiversity.
Comparative study of lipid profile of pigs, goats and cattle slaughtered at Nsukka Municipal Abattoir, Enugu State, Nigeria Fat contents of meat largely determine
Authors: Abonyi F. O. , Ogbu I. J. , Unigwe C. R.
Published: February 2021

Fat contents of meat largely determine consumer's choice and the general acceptability by people. Thus, this research was carried out to compare the lipid profile of pigs with that of goats and cattle in the study area. One hundred and ninety two animals; 64 from each species, aged two to three years slaughtered at Nsukka Municipal abattoir were used. Samples of Rectus abdominus muscle, liver, kidney, brain, skin and large intestine were collected. Two g of each of the sample was grinded, centrifuged, decanted and the supernatants used to determine their cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL), high densitylipoprotein (HDL) and triglyceride profile by enzymatic colorimetric method using reagents test kits. Result showed that although cholesterol profile in liver, kidney and intestine of the goats was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than in pigs and cattle, its concentration was significantly (p < 0.05) higher inmuscle and skin of the pigs than goats and cattle. Highest concentration of cholesterol which ranged from 1205.34 to 1328.34mg/dL was from brain tissues of the animals. The HDL in muscles of the pigs and goatsshowed no significant (p >0.05) difference but were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of cattle. There was insignificant (p > 0.05) difference in LDL and triglyceride profiles in tissues/organs of the three animal species. It was concluded that Nigerian pig todays share similar lipid profile with goats and cattle.
Growth performance and blood profile of West African dwarf goats fed urea treatedwild cocoyam (Colocasia esculentum) mea
Authors: Adedeji O. Y. , Odukoya S. O. , Odetola O. M. , Awodele O. A. , Saka A. A.
Published: February 2021

Wild cocoyam is a non edible plant found growing around riversides and can serve as source of energy to ruminants. Hence, a twelve weeks study was conducted to investigate the effect of wild cocoyam – urea meal on the growth performance and blood profile of West African dwarf (WAD) goats. Twelve WAD goats with an average weight of 7.25 ± 0.04kg were randomly allotted into four dietary treatments: T1 (raw wild cocoyam), T2 (urea treated wild cocoyam), T3 (urea treated cooked wild cocoyam) and T4 (urea treated fermented wild cocoyam), replicated thrice in a completely randomized design. Results obtained showed that the experimental diets significantly (p < 0.05) influenced the growth performance. Goats fed urea treated cooked wild cocoyam had the best feed conversion ratio (10.35), the highest values of dry matter intake (405.35 g/day) and daily weight gain (39.17 g/day) when compared to other dietary treatments. The dietary treatments did not significantly (p < 0.05) influence the haematological parameters except the red blood cells (9.62 - 11.67×106 mm3),white blood cells (4.07-9.05×106 mm3) and monocytes (1.00-2.50%). No significant (p>0.05) differences among the dietary treatments were observed in all the serum biochemical indices evaluated except for urea which ranged from 15.50 – 28.70mg/dl. It can therefore be concluded that addition of urea with processing, further improved the utilization of the experimental diets thus improving performance of the animals.
Effects of location and season on productivity and productive adaptability of two parent stock exotic layer chicken strains in a warm-wet environment
Authors: Jesuyon O. M. A.
Published: February 2021

Tropical commercial poultry industry is anchored on exotic strains which suffer varying degrees of productivity and adaptability problems. Adaptability is the ability to produce better or demonstrate least variation in productivity under multiple environments. The study was undertaken to examine the productivity and adaptability of Bevan Nera (IB) and Is a Brown (IB) parent stock strains under two locations and seasons. Data on weekly feed intake (FI g), cock weight (Cockwt, g), hen weight (Henwt, g), hen house production (HHP, %) and egg weight (Ewt, g) were collected from a commercial parent stock breeding farm in Ibadan, Nigeria, on the two strains. Data were subjected to general linear model analysis (GLM) procedures using SAS (1999), while mean separation was by bonferoni t-test (P=0.05). The statistical model was randomized complete block design (RCBD) in factorial. Factors of importance were Genotype (S), Location (L) as Fixed, and Season (S) as random. The effects of location on seasonal productivity and season on locational productivity for strains were 7.38, 4.96; and 4.99, 8.11 (%) for BN, IB respectively. GxL and GxLxS interactions were significant (P<0.043 and <0.013) for adaptability of strains. Locational adaptability indices were 48.59 and 51.41 while Seasonal adaptability indices were 63.32 and 36.68 (%) respectively for BN and IB strains.
Performance characteristics and blood profile of broiler chickens fed corn cobs based diets with or without enzyme supplementation
Authors: Lawrence-Azua O. O. , Saka A. A. , Yahaya M. O. , Ijadunola T. I. , Bernard A. M. , Ogunfolabo L. A.
Published: February 2021

Corn-Cob Meal (CCM) is a waste product derived from maize grain shelling corn cob which constitutes nuisance to the environment and it can be included in poultry diet in order to reduce competition between man and animal. Hence, a 63-day feeding trial was conducted in a completely randomized design to determine performance characteristics and blood profile of broiler chickens fed corn-cobs based diets with or without enzyme supplementation. One hundred and sixty five (165) birds were randomly allotted into five dietary treatment groups; T1: (0% CCM), T2 (10% CCM without enzyme), T3 (20% CCM without enzyme), T4 (10% CCM with enzyme), T5 (20% CCM with enzyme) with each treatment comprising three replicates of eleven birds per replicate. Parameters measured include performance characteristics, haematological and serum biochemical indices. The result revealed that there were no significant difference (P>0.05) on performance characteristics of broiler chicken observed except for Average Daily Feed Intake (ADFI) and the Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR). Birds fed 10% and 20% CCM based diet without enzyme recorded the highest value of ADFI (129.38 g/b/d and 130.85 g/b/d) while birds fed 20% CCM based diet with enzyme supplementation had the best FCR value (2.18). The haematological parameters were not significantly influenced (P>0.05) by the diets except for lymphocytes and heterophil count with the highest lymphocytes value in T2 (68.00%) and the lowest value in T5(53.67 %). Birds on T5 had significantly (P<0.05) highest heterophil value (40.67%). The serum biochemical indices were not significantly influenced (P>0.05) by the diets except for aspartate aminotransferase. However, values obtained in this study fell within the normal range recommended for healthy broiler chicken. Based on this result, it can be concluded that CCM with enzyme supplementation can be incorporated into broiler diet up to 20% without any detrimental effect on their performance and blood profile.
Effects of supplementing laying hen diets with different proprietary vitamin-mineral premixes and housing systems on egg properties and shelf-life stability
Authors: Ogunwole, O. A.
Published: February 2021

Egg quality and durability have been directly linked to the nutrition of laying hen thus, the effects of five different supplemental vitamin-mineral premixes (VmP) in the diets of laying hens housed in battery cage (BC) and deep litter (DL) on the egg properties and shelf life stability in 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of egg storage (DOS) were investigated in this study. In a 4-week feeding trial, Bovans Nera Black laying hens (n=480) aged 71-week were allocated to five treatments in each housing system (HS) (BC and DL). Each treatment was replicated six times and a replicate comprised eight hens. The basal isocaloric and isonitrogenous diet was appropriately supplemented with 0.25% of any of the five proprietary VmP and the diets were offered with water ad libitum to respective experimental hens in both HS. The experiment was a 2x5x5 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design (2 HS X 5VmP X 5DOS). Foaming capacity, foaming stability, viscosity, emulsion stability, least gelation concentration and shelf life stability of egg white and whole egg from both HS decreased significantly (P<0.05)in DOS while the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS mg/MA/100g) increased in DOS. The TBARS of respective whole and egg white from hens fed VmP1 (0.048 and 0.051), 2 (0.049 and 0.054), 3(0.056 and 0.155), 4(0.156 and 0.156) and 5 (0.153 and 0.151) differed significantly (P<0.05). Interactions of HS X VmP, HS X DOS on all attributes of both whole and egg white, except specific gravity and emulsion capacity, were significantly different (P<0.05). Eggs deteriorated in DOS irrespective of dietary VmP or HS but much more for eggs from DL compared with BC.
Effect of egg size and lines on hatching performance of chicks from broiler breeders under selection
Authors: Olutunmogun A. K. , Umar A. U. , Adejoh-Ubani E. O. , Nwagu B. I. , Adeyinka I. A. , Muhammad S. M.
Published: February 2021

The study was conducted with the objective of evaluating the effect of egg size (small, medium and large) and lines on egg and hatch weight, fertility, hatchability, embryonic mortality and infertile eggs of broiler breeders under selection. A total of 120 broiler chicks were hatched from three different egg sizes (40 chicks per egg size as indicated) from breeder parents at 40 weeks of age. The broiler breeders were mated in a ratio of 1:6. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance in a complete randomized design. The result showed that significant (p<0.05) egg weight loss in incubator were recorded with the large egg size group having the minimum loss of 10.85%. The hatch weight was significant (p<0.05) and increased from the small to the large (36.24, 36.73 and 40.22g) egg size group. Line had significant effect (p<0.05) only on the medium egg size: egg weight (sire = 57.50g; dam = 55.00g) and hatch weights (sire = 39.71g; dam = 36.10g). The fertility (94.02, 93.01 and 78.01%), hatchability (87.42, 88.20 and 62.41%) and embryonic mortality (6.58, 9.80 and 15.6%) had significant (p<0.05) differences with the small egg size group performing better excluding the average egg weight, which was then followed closely by medium egg size group. It can be concluded that for higher hatch weight target, the large egg size should be selected but for the purpose of better fertility and hatchability, the medium and small egg sizes should be selected.
Restricted feeding of laying chicken and its effect on quality and lipid profile of the eggs
Authors: Akinola L. A. F. , Omoemu K. O.
Published: February 2021

This study was undertaken to investigate the quality and the lipid profile of table eggs obtained from laying chickens fed on restricted diets. The experimental design was the completely randomized design. Seven-two laying birds which were 74 weeks old were assigned to three treatments which were made up of three replicate each. They were subjected to the same management conditions. The treatments consisted of the control, T1 (ad libitum feeding), T2 (7 am-11 am, 4 hours feed restriction) and T3 (7 am – 3 pm, 8 hours feed restriction). On completion of the 10 weeks feeding trial, fifteen fresh eggs were collected per treatment (5 eggs per replicate) for analysis of the external (egg weight, egg width, egg length, shell weight and thickness, egg shape index), internal (albumen weight and height, yolk weight, yolk height and yolk diameter, yolk ratio, yolk: albumen ratio, yolk index and the haugh unit) and the lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, HDL and low-density lipoprotein, LDL). The result indicated that significant differences (P < 0.05) existed in the egg weight, egg width, egg length and egg index and most of the internal characteristics and the lipid profile examined. The birds that were fed the restricted diets had the best egg weight, width, egg length and Haugh unit (HU). The eggs collected from the four-hours feed restriction (7 am – 11 am) had the best high density lipoprotein (HDL) and lowest low lipoprotein (LDL). It was concluded that farmers can confidently practice restricted feeding regime, especially for four hours (7 am – 11 am) when using commercial layers feed.
Carcass, internal organs, duodenal digesta bacteria and economics of broilers fed dry African porridge (Tetraptera tetrapluera ) pod meal
Authors: Ndelekwute E. K. , Akpan I. P. , Okereke C. O
Published: February 2021

A study was conducted to ascertain the potential of African Porridge pod meal as natural feed additive to improve broiler performance. Its effect on carcass, internal organs, duodenal bacteria and economic benefits were examined. One hundred and twenty (120) 1-day old mixed sex Ross chicks were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments (T1 – T4) containing 0.0, 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75%dry African porridge pod meal respectively. Each treatment was replicated three times with 10 birds per replicate in a complete randomized design (CRD). Feed and water were given ad libitum for 8 weeks. Dressed percentage was significantly reduced (P<0.05) by African porridge pod meal which posted 68.96 - 71.93% as against 76.96% by the control. The cut-parts were not improved significantly. Abdominal fat deposition, bile secretion were increased and pancreas enlarged (P<0.05)by 0.50 and 0.75 levels of African porridge pod meal. Feeding of African porridge pod meal did not alter the nutritional value and pH of the meat. The spice showed antibacterial activity against salmonella and E. coli in the duodenum. The economic benefit was not improved, but the same as the control. In conclusion, in terms of carcass yield use of African porridge pod meal could not be advocated, but considering its antibacterial effect it could be used at 0.25% to modulate the gut of broilers.
Growth response, carcass characteristics and egg laying performance of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica ) fed diets containing varying levels of fermented cassava (Manihot esculenta ) peel meal
Authors: Malik A. A. , Ijaiya A. T. , Aremu A. , Akinwale M. O.
Published: February 2021

A two phased experimental study was conducted on 300, two-weeks-old Japanese quails to determine the effect of feeding diets containing varying levels of fermented cassava (Manihot esculenta ) peel meal on the growth performance, carcass characteristics and egg production of Japanese quail ( ). Japanese quails with mean initial body weight of 26.67 g and of mixed sexes were used. Fermented cassava peel meal (FCPM) was prepared by soaking fresh cassava peels in water (that is twice its weight) for three days. Thereafter, the peels were put in a jute bag and kept for 12 hours under a hydraulic press; sundried for a few days and milled using an attrition mill. During the growing phase, the birds were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments with 75 birds per treatment, each replicated three times, with the diets containing FCPM replacing 0, 25, 50 and 75 % maize to form diets T , T , T and T respectively. The diets were isonitrogenous, containing 24 % crude protein, and fed to the experimental birds for six weeks. Data were collected on feed intake, growth performance and carcass characteristics. The laying phase involved 120 female quails from he growing phase that were sexed to retain only the females. They were then allotted to four dietary treatments of three replicates per treatment; with 10 birds per replicate. The birds were fed the experimental diets containing FCPM replacing 0, 25, 50 and 75 % maize for eight weeks, and data were collected on egg production and egg quality parameters. Results show significant (p<0.05) differences in daily feed intake and nutrient digestibility among the treatments, while daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not significantly (p>0.05) different, during the growing phase. For the laying phase, there were no significant (p>0.05) differences in daily feed intake, hen day production (HDP) and all the egg quality traits determined. Therefore, it can be concluded that dietary maize could be replaced with FCPM up to 50 % and 75 % in growing quails without any deleterious effects on growth performance and carcass characteristics respectively; whereas it can replace up to 75 % in the diet of laying Japanese quails without any adverse effect on egg production and egg quality traits.