bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Institutional Boundaries and Regionalism: Social, Economic, and Political Regions in the Canadian Arctic
Authors: Henderson Ailsa
Published: December 2016

When Nunavut was created in 1999 it was both the product of regionalism and an agent of further regional change within the Eastern Arctic. This essay explores what impact, if any, the new territory has had on two aspects of regionalism. First, it determines whether Nunavut allows us to distinguish among the predominantly Inuit communities in the Eastern Arctic and, if so, whether the new territory has improved material living conditions among Nunavut communities greater than in other Eastern Arctic communities. Second, the article explores regionalism within the new territory, exploring whether we can see regional variations both in the potential cultural benefits of the region and in levels of support for the territory. The article explains that while we do not see significant regional differences across the Eastern Arctic, we can see meaningful differences within the new territory, differences that may be attributed, in part, to the role of particular communities in the administration of public affairs in Nunavut.
Iglutaasaavut (Our New Homes): Neither “New” nor “Ours”: Housing Challenges of the Nunavut Territorial Government
Authors: Tester Frank
Published: December 2016

The Government of Nunavut inherited from the Government of the Northwest Territories a long-standing problem affecting nearly every Inuk in the newly minted territory. The housing crisis in the new territory has a long history, dating back to the mid-1950s when Inuit in Frobisher Bay (Iqaluit) were first provided with wood-frame housing. A rapidly growing population, low incomes, the subsequent need for social housing, the cost of providing housing in a demanding physical environment, and ideologically driven biases in relation to housing as a market commodity are all factors that help explain the crisis inherited by the new administration. Serious problems of suitability, adequacy, and affordability confronted the Nunavut Housing Corporation, which is also facing a decline to zero over the next 30 years in Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation’s contribution to the existing social housing inventory. By August 2000, 1,100 families in Nunavut were waiting for some form of housing assistance. The demand for housing was projected to be 260 homes per year over the next 5-year period. Sixty percent of Nunavummiut live in public housing, 98% of whom are Inuit. This essay examines the problems that have confronted the Nunavut Housing Corporation—a stand-alone corporation—and looks at program and policy initiatives undertaken to address the situation, as called for by the Bathurst Mandate, tabled in October 1999, and establishing principles, goals, and objectives for the new government and the Nunavut Housing Corporation.
Reconciling Indigenous and Settler Language Interests: Language Policy Initiatives in Nunavut
Authors: Timpson Annis May
Published: December 2016

This essay examines some of the issues that shape current debates about the development of language politics and language policies in Nunavut. It considers the demography of language use in Nunavut and examines how Inuit and federal government perspectives have shaped the broader political and constitutional context in which language policy is being addressed. It then considers the institutional context that shapes language policy development in Nunavut, before examining two key interconnected language policy arenas in Nunavut: the language of instruction in schools and the language of work in government. Finally, the essay considers recent language legislation in Nunavut, highlighting how this seeks to combine a rights-oriented/anti-discrimination approach to official languages with legislation to protect the Inuit Language from further erosion.
The Devolution of Natural Resources and Nunavut’s Constitutional Status
Authors: Cameron Kirk , Campbell Alastair
Published: December 2016

Nunavut was created by federal statute in 1999, to meet the Crown’s obligations under Article 4 of the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement (NLCA) and the associated Nunavut Political Accord. The Nunavut Act was based upon the Northwest Territories Act, but “modernized.” Since the 1905 creation of Alberta and Saskatchewan from the North-West Territories, territorial governments have gradually evolved in the direction of provincial status, while remaining under ultimate federal jurisdiction. Important matters to be reviewed include the following: (1) Are the parties (the federal government, the Government of Nunavut, and Nunavut Tunngavik Inc.) committed to serious negotiations? (2) What additional legislative powers would be conferred with the devolution of Crown lands and resources? (3) Will the existing federal programs for the administration of Crown lands and resources be adequately resourced? (4) To what extent will devolution provide significant own-source revenues to the Nunavut government, both in the short run and in the longer term? (5) How may federal-Nunavut fiscal transfers be affected? (6) In what respect is the devolution process likely to enhance or detract from the meeting of government obligations pursuant to the NLCA, particularly Article 23? (7) Given the provisions of the Nunavut Act, the NLCA, and federal-provincial considerations, how will the offshore areas and their resources be treated? The ultimate questions to be considered are whether the devolution of Crown lands and resources will advance the constitutional status of Nunavut; whether such devolution would be otherwise beneficial to the government and people of Nunavut; and whether provincial status is ultimately the best objective for Nunavut or, as Gordon Robertson describes it, “a mistaken goal.”
Inuit Cyberspace: The Struggle for Access for Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit
Authors: Alexander Cynthia J. , Adamson Agar , Daborn Graham , Houston John , Tootoo Victor
Published: December 2016

In the field of cyberspace studies, there has been growing interest in researching the implications of cyberspace on ethnic representations and relations, a subject of particular importance for increasingly diverse societies such as Canada. In this essay, the authors examine the relationship between Internet-based new media technologies, the preservation and promotion of Inuit knowledge, and the evolution of Canada’s national identity. The authors examine whether new media technologies can serve as a means to assert and, perhaps, advance Inuit values, linguistic and cultural legacy, knowledge systems and political philosophy. The case study of the development of the Nanisiniq Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit (IQ) Adventure Website, a community-based initiative, illustrates how new media technologies support the documentation and integration of a system of cultural resources. The fully bilingual website (Inuktitut and English) guides the learner-user through an online journey about the relationship between Inuit and the land through an exploration of diverse resources, including a searchable database of elders recounting the ancient legend of Kiviuq to filmmaker John Houston. The authors assert that amplifying Inuit voices via the Internet supports new patterns of engagement between Inuit elders and youth, and among their communities. Furthermore, the case study highlights how new media technologies can “push” Inuit culture out into the world and “pull” at the national power centre that continues to ignore Northerners’ policy needs. The case study’s focus on environmental stewardship reveals how online representations of ancient knowledge systems can inspire postcolonial patterns of engagement between humans, and between humans and the environment.
Le Nunavut : entre le rêve et la réalité Bilan de dix années d’autonomie gouvernementale inuite et prospective socio-économique
Authors: Légaré André
Published: December 2016

Le 1er avril 2009, le gouvernement du Nunavut a fêté son dixième anniversaire d’existence. La naissance du Nunavut fut le résultat de plus de 20 ans de négociations entre le gouvernement fédéral du Canada et les Inuits de l’Arctique de l’est. L’un des objectifs visé par la création du gouvernement du Nunavut fut de permettre au peuple inuit de contrôler son programme politique afin de mieux gérer les défis socio-économiques de la société inuite à l’approche du 21ième siècle. Toutefois, après dix ans d’existence du gouvernement, force est de constater que le bilan de la situation socio-économique est plutôt sombre. Néanmoins, tous les espoirs ne sont pas perdus. Le Nunavut bénéficie de la plus forte croissance économique annuelle au Canada; de plus, certaines initiatives prises récemment par le gouvernement du Nunavut, dont notamment la réforme scolaire, la construction de logements sociaux supplémentaires, la mise en œuvre d’une loi visant à protéger la langue inuite, nous porte à croire que le Nunavut pourra prendre un virage positif à plus long terme. En somme, le Nunavut est encore jeune; il devra apprendre à grandir en affrontant ses défis socio-économiques
Sunshine Cases of a Little Constitution
Authors: Morgan Ed
Published: December 2016

This essay revisits some of Canada’s constitutional and literary history, taking as its starting point the view that the development of Canadian law and literature has been an ongoing process of national self-contemplation. It explores the disjointed nature of both projects, comparing the Privy Council’s leading constitutional cases from the turn of the twentieth century with the writings of the same era’s leading Canadian literary figure, Stephen Leacock. It observes that Canada’s constitutional jurisprudence has historically been characterized more by its fractured quality than its rational synthesis, while its literary output has been characterized more by incompleteness and diversity than by stylistic or thematic unity. In short, it asks whether we can ever really know Mariposa—whether Canadians are capable of a coherent national discourse, or whether they are, as Robertson Davies put it, “just too divided in attitudes and feelings and climates and everything else to have a single outlook that would work in a [constitution/novel] of the whole country.”
Jewish Immigrant Encounters with Canada’s Native Peoples: Yiddish Writings on Tekahionwake
Authors: Margolis Rebecca
Published: December 2016

During the mass Jewish immigration of Eastern-European Jews to Canada in the first decades of the twentieth century, Yiddish publications offered a primary forum for a group of local writers to negotiate with their new identities as Canadian Jews. Within this wider process, Montreal writers H.M. Caiserman and B.G. Sack authored studies of Canadian literature in the early 1920s centred on Mohawk-English writer E. Pauline Johnson (Tekahionwake). What these essays show is that, despite the long-standing association of Canada’s Jewish population with the country’s dominant English culture, their status as “other” impelled leading members of the local Yiddish cultural milieu to seek out literary models among other historically marginalized groups. For Caiserman and Sack, Johnson’s Native heritage offered a model for resistance to assimilation into Canada’s dominant culture. In contrast, the advent of literature responding to the Nazi Holocaust by A.M. Klein and Eli Mandel, Native peoples became a symbol of loss and vanished landscapes.
Regulating Professions in Canada: Interprovincial Differences across Five Provinces
Authors: Adams Tracey L.
Published: December 2016

This essay looks at the regulation of professions in five Canadian provinces—Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario, Saskatchewan, and British Columbia—from Confederation to 1961 to examine the ways in which professional regulation has historically varied across locale. Interprovincial variations in the timing and content of legislation regulating professions are examined, and explanations for these variations are explored. Overall, the study finds that although there was a core group of professions regulated in all five provinces, there is significant variation across the provinces with respect to which professions were regulated, and when and how they were regulated. Such variations may be partly explained by differential rates in occupational growth, differences in professional organization and interprofessional conflict, and population density.
A nayer landshaft. Présences du paysage canadien dans la littérature yiddish montréalaise
Authors: Ringuet Chantal
Published: December 2016

Dès le début du XXe siècle, le paysage canadien joue un rôle de premier plan dans la construction au pays d’un imaginaire yiddish déraciné du monde du shtetl est-européen. Symbole de la liberté nouvelle que les yiddishophones trouvent dans leur pays d’adoption, le territoire, qu’il soit rural ou urbain, participe de la définition d’une identité juive canadienne. Cet article examine l’importance de ce paysage dans le développement d’une littérature yiddish montréalaise. Après avoir proposé un bilan sommaire des œuvres yiddish qui offrent des représentations du paysage canadien, l’auteure met en lumière la vision originale qu’en proposent les écrivains de ce groupe.
Rickson Outhet: Bringing the Olmsted Legacy to Canada. A Romantic View of Nature in the Metropolis and the Hinterland
Authors: Pollock-Ellwand Nancy
Published: December 2016

Frederick Law Olmsted, the designer of New York’s Central Park and Montreal’s Mount Royal Park and the firm he created completed a small number of projects in Canada, but his vision of landscape architecture profoundly influenced landscape design in this country, largely because of three men who trained with his firm and then practised in Canada. The least known of this trio is Rickson Albert Outhet (1876-1951), Canada’s first native-born professional landscape architect. The recent discovery of Outhet’s papers offers scholars, for the first time, an intimate picture of a Canadian design pioneer and an opportunity to assess Outhet’s contribution to landscape architecture. This foundational article may assist future research in Canadian landscape architecture and urban design, but more importantly it helps place Outhet’s work within the grander romantic tradition that influenced a broad range of Canadian creative expression in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
A Pilgrim Forever: The Life and Thought of Albert Smythe
Authors: McCann Gillian
Published: December 2016

This essay takes as its subject the life and ideas of social reformer, journalist, and occultist Albert E.S. Smythe. Placing him within the milieu of turn-of-the-century Toronto, the essay examines the evolution of his ideas on social reform, just war, and pacifism. Smythe’s work is also situated within the larger sweep of Canadian social amelioration and occult movements.
Looking at Animals, Encountering Mystery: The Wild Animal Stories of Ernest Thompson Seton and Charles G.D. Roberts
Authors: Fiamengo Janice
Published: December 2016

Critics who have analyzed the animal stories of Ernest Thompson Seton and Charles G.D. Roberts in the context of the Darwinian revolution have focussed on how evolutionary theory transformed understanding of animal psychology and competition in nature. Such scholars have disagreed over the extent to which the two writers accepted Darwinism or were realistic in their representations. With some significant exceptions, however, the focus on animals per se has obscured the extent to which Seton and Roberts were also speculating, in Darwin’s wake, about the moral nature of the cosmos and the meaning of human and animal life within it. The author explores how Seton’s religious language and tendency to allegory reveal his belief that both human beings and animals partake of the divine spirit of the cosmos; while Roberts, focussing on chance deaths amidst the beauty of nature, can affirm neither the moral goodness of nature nor its purely material reality.
Aboriginal Gillnet Fishers, Science, and the State: Salmon Fisheries Management on the Nass and Skeena Rivers, British Columbia, 1951-1961
Authors: Wright Miriam
Published: December 2016

This essay focusses on the interactions between Department of Fisheries officials and Aboriginal gillnet fishers over science and fisheries regulations on the Nass and Skeena rivers of northern British Columbia in the 1950s and 1960s. Science was used by Western states to study, order, and regulate the natural world, as well as to justify their expanding intervention. This essay argues that although state officials attempted to use science to regulate the fishery, gain co-operation from the fishers, and mitigate tensions, the strategy did not work entirely as the officials expected.
“The Silent Flag in the New Fallen Snow”: Sara Jeannette Duncan and the Legacy of the South African War
Authors: Webb Peter
Published: December 2016

The South African War (1899-1902) was the largest war involving Canadian soldiers between Confederation and the First World War. It ignited controversies in Canada that echoed throughout the twentieth century. The war is integral to Sara Jeannette Duncan’s The Imperialist (1904) and Cousin Cinderella (1908), two of only a few Canadian novels to depict the war’s political and cultural impact on Canada. Although Duncan’s novels are typically read as works of late-Victorian social realism, this essay argues that the novels, published in the wake of the South African War, are also quintessential postwar novels concerning ideology and conflict in the nascent twentieth century.
The Crown’s “Democratic” Reserve Powers
Authors: Hicks Bruce M.
Published: December 2016

This essay argues that the application of democratic theory to the reserve powers, which developed before the emergence of responsible government, has led to ambiguity surrounding the role of head of state in Canada. These powers emerged in a pre-democratic time of conflict between the king and Parliament, and during the years of democratization were not transferred to the elected officials in the executive branch. The decline in the legitimacy of the queen and her governors has meant that these powers have become increasingly susceptible to influence by prime ministers acting unilaterally and alone. The essay suggests that the normative model of responsible parliamentary government can be obtained by simply having the Canadian governor general issue written decisions and, in the event the powers are misused, by Parliament placing limits on the powers.
“An Adamless Eden” in Ingonish: What Cape Breton’s Archives Reveal
Authors: Revie Linda L.
Published: December 2016

This essay reads the archived life of a Sydney-based woman—Ella Liscombe (1902-69)—as it was recorded in her diaries, notebooks, and especially her photograph album of a 1927 camping excursion to Ingonish, Cape Breton Island. This album features pictures of women in “cross-dress,” and the writings that gloss these camping records express Ella Liscombe’s erotic same-sex feelings about her female companions. As this essay explores Liscombe’s sartorial and emotional aesthetics, it also makes distinctions between “mannish” behaviour and “boyish” performance/costume, ultimately suggesting that Ella and her friends indulged in “twilight moments” to escape the strictures of domestic femininity.
Like “Us” or “Them”? Perceptions of the United States on the CBC-TV National News Service in the 1960s
Authors: Schwartz Mallory
Published: December 2016

Throughout the 1960s, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Television (CBC-TV) National News Service brought news of the United States’s domestic and foreign policies into the living rooms of English-speaking Canadians. This article examines the presentation of the United States government in a sample of 49 CBC-TV national news broadcasts— including complete newscasts and single news items from the CBC National News, national news filmpacks, and news specials—through a content analysis and qualitative analysis based on the linguistic intergroup bias model. The results suggest that the news was moderately favourable in its presentation of the United States government.
In Search of Someday: Trauma and Repetition in Joy Kogawa’s Fiction
Authors: Lefebvre Benjamin
Published: December 2016

This essay brings to the forefront the work by Joy Kogawa that preceded and followed her watershed novel Obasan (1981), which privileges the perspective of a traumatized child to narrate the internment of Japanese Canadians during and after the Second World War. The objective of the essay is to address an overlooked pattern of repetition and revision that can be traced across these multiple texts—a sequel, Itsuka / Emily Kato; a revision for children, Naomi’s Road; and a thematic follow-up, The Rain Ascends—all of which were revisited by Kogawa after their initial publication. Drawing on pivotal work on trauma and memory, the essay considers to what extent Kogawa’s larger story of oppression, dispersal, and forgetting is unconcludable.
An Ecocritical Reading, Slightly Queer, of As for Me and My House
Authors: Estok Simon C.
Published: December 2016

This essay argues that As for Me and My House is very much in need of ecocritical approaches that resist the kinds of cultural marginalization that have long been a part of the Canadian experience. The essay offers a fresh approach to Ross’s extensively analyzed novel, beginning with comments about the under-representedness of Canadian regional literature in the burgeoning field of ecocriticism (a field itself robustly American) and then developing a case that the distinctively Canadian context and traditions to which this slightly queer novel responds require a criticism that both differs from the American nature-celebration mode often associated with ecocriticism and addresses the novel’s complex representations of social responses to sexuality and to the natural environment. Such an approach reveals that the unpredictability of the land on the one hand and the compulsions of Philip on the other share a kind of theoretical alliance; an ecocritical approach allows us to hear the silenced voices of the land and of Philip, while affirming the importance of continued readings of this very central morsel of Canadian literature.
“Welcome to Civilization”: Colonialism, the Gothic, and Canada’s Self-protective Irony in the Ginger Snaps Werewolf Trilogy
Authors: Rothenburger Sunnie
Published: December 2016

In this essay the author takes a closer look at the Ginger Snaps werewolf trilogy, examining the films’ construction of colonial history and this history’s continuing influence in Canada. The films use a combination of irony and the gothic to critique colonialism, but they do so in a way that places them within larger patterns of English-Canadian culture where the nation is only moderately criticized by such creative strategies. Ultimately, the films uphold racial hierarchies, maintain an essentialized idea of the nation itself, and occasionally appear to laud its power, even when the nation might initially or in some ways appear to be under figurative attack.
Framing Reid: Agency, Discourse, and the Meaning of Bill Reid’s Artistic Identity and Works
Authors: Remillard Chaseten
Published: December 2016

This essay questions how Bill Reid engaged with various discourses related to First Nations cultural production and examines the significance and reception of his work and career within those discourses. Through historical contextualization and the use of textual sources, the essay considers the tension between agency and discursive frame on the meaning of both the artistic work and identity of Bill Reid. The essay concludes that Reid’s various roles (artist, activist, curator, and cultural commentator) uniquely allowed him not only to participate in dominant discourses about First Nations cultural production, but shape his and his work’s position within that discourse.
The Posthumous Lives of René Lévesque
Authors: Vacante Jeffery
Published: December 2016

This article examines the ways in which René Lévesque has been remembered in English Canada and Quebec. In English Canada, Lévesque has been embraced as a generally likeable and honest man who made Canada a better and stronger country. In Quebec, in contrast, while there continues to be considerable affection for the man, many nationalists have a much more ambivalent attitude towards him. His legacy there is entwined with the failure of Quebec to achieve political independence, and so there remains among many nationalists a sense of disappointment with his time in office. This essay suggests that attitudes about Lévesque in English Canada and Quebec have been determined by each group’s sense of its own proximity to the centre of political power. English Canadians can embrace Lévesque with the knowledge that he failed in his effort to make Quebec sovereign. Quebec nationalists, however, must deal with the consequences of this failure and come to terms with Lévesque’s part in that failure.
Building Solidarity: Or, Fighting our Way towards a Better Country
Authors: Gibson Andrew
Published: December 2016

The essay makes a contribution to the theory of patriotism by advancing a set of insights addressing the problem of pan-national belonging and solidarity in the Canadian context. It draws on the work of philosopher Charles Taylor, who has written extensively on the topic but whose ideas have been inconsistently received. The first part of the essay reviews some of his better-known concepts on Canadian diversity as linked to the national unity debate. The second and third parts draw on less-well-known aspects of Taylor’s thought linking patriot-ism to the organic social unity that arises from participation in civil society. The author thus moves beyond approaches that view problems of national belonging solely from the perspective of cultural diversity to offer a broader picture of the means through which an engaged citizenry can be understood to take root. This expanded view includes a focus on the integrative effects of small-scale co-operation and an emphasis on the specifically democratic form of patriotism that is manifest in partisan social conflict.
Anti-modernist Paradox in Canada: The Graphic Publishers (1925-32) and the Case of Madge Macbeth
Authors: Mason Jody
Published: December 2016

Anti-modernism is a term that historians and literary critics have employed in different ways: to refer to the rejection of an “overcivilized” modernity and to describe the popular literary forms that are understood to be the antithesis of literary modernism. The author argues that both understandings of the term offer helpful frameworks for a materialist reading of Graphic Publishers—an Ottawa-based company devoted exclusively to the publication of Canadian books—and their most frequently published author, Madge Macbeth (1880-1965). The anti-modernist paradox that characterizes the material culture of Graphic Publishers emerges not just from the nationalist sentiment of the interwar period, but also from the company’s distance from Toronto, the traditional geographical centre of Canadian publishing; Macbeth’s similarly compromised position as an author is likewise a crucial factor in her employment of the paradoxical formulations of anti-modernism.
Queer Embodied Absence: HIV/AIDS and the Creation of Cultural Memory in Gordon Armstrong’s Blue Dragons and Daniel Maclvor’s The Soldier Dreams
Authors: Gindt Dirk
Published: December 2016

Following Christopher Castiglia and Christopher Reed’s warning against the gradual disappearance of HIV/AIDS from cultural and political agendas, this essay directs its attention to two Canadian plays that are concerned with the formation of memories at the height of the HIV/AIDS crisis: the late Gordon Armstrong’s Blue Dragons (1993) and Daniel MacIvor’s The Soldier Dreams (1997). Both plays feature dead characters that make unexpected appearances on stage as living ghosts and active participants in the respective plots. What is the dramaturgical effect of these embodied shadow characters, and what are the political implications of these dead queer bodies coming alive on stage? Using the concept of ghosting as a theoretical guideline, the essay analyzes how the strategy of granting the dead person with HIV/AIDS a queer embodied absence on stage marks a dramaturgical and historiographical paradigm shift for queer theatre in Canada.
La double vie d’une même anthologie: 15 poètes du Québec au Mexique et en Argentine
Authors: Stratford Madeleine
Published: December 2016

En 2008 paraît au Mexique 15 Poetas de Quebec, une anthologie de poésie québécoise coéditée par les Écrits des Forges et Mantis Editores. Deux ans plus tard, la même anthologie est retraduite en Argentine, cette fois coéditée par Leviatan. Le fait que les Écrits des Forges diffusent coup sur coup la même sélection de poèmes en espagnol contribue certes à former un certain canon de la poésie québécoise. Cependant, il convient de se demander si les deux versions espagnoles présentent ledit canon sous un même jour ou si elles en projettent deux images distinctes. D’une part, cet article vise à caractériser l’identité québécoise que les Écrits des Forges ont projetée avec cette anthologie. D’autre part, en examinant la traduction des marques distinctives du français québécois parmi les poèmes sélectionnés, il cherche à étudier comment les deux versions espagnoles ont rendu cette image en langue cible.
Unis par la langue? Les opinions et les valeurs des Franco-Québécois et des Franco-Ontariens
Authors: Fournier Patrick , Medeiros Mike
Published: December 2016

Le Canada est souvent analysé sous l’optique de son clivage linguistique. Certes, la distinction entre les francophones et les anglophones représente un facteur incontournable du paysage politique canadien. Toutefois, ce constat présuppose une certaine cohésion parmi chacun des deux groupes. Or, il est évident que des contrastes attitudinaux existent chez les francophones. Dans le but de mieux cerner les similitudes et les divergences politiques des francophones au Canada, la présente étude compare les valeurs et les attitudes politiques des Franco-Québécois et des Franco-Ontariens. L’analyse repose sur un sondage mené auprès de francophones au Québec et en Ontario. Cette comparaison nous permet de mieux déterminer le degré de distinction politique des Franco-Québécois. Les résultats témoignent des similarités et des divergences entre les deux groupes. Les analyses suggèrent également que les Franco-Québécois ne se distinguent pas davantage des Anglo-Ontariens que des Franco-Ontariens.
Exploring Masculinity in the Canadian Army Officer Corps, 1939-45
Authors: Hayes Geoffrey , Goodlet Kirk W.
Published: December 2016

This essay examines how Canadian army officials revealed changing and often-competing notions of masculinity as they assembled an officer corps during the Second World War. It explores a wealth of primary sources to show how military officials returned repeatedly to representations of an army officer as a man. What kind of man? That question was difficult to answer. Army officials drew upon prevailing ideas of socialization theory to codify the manly traits they thought young men needed to be successful officers. Such innovations sought to ease the lingering tension between social privilege and merit as the measure of an army officer. Those tensions persisted, however, leaving thousands of young officers to negotiate often-competing forms of masculine practice. They borrowed from the masculine ideals of an older generation, but as the war progressed, these men drew upon a more sceptical, temperate, even anti-heroic persona that permitted them a surprising range of masculine behaviour.
Protecting Indian Lands by Defining Indian: 1850-76
Authors: Binnema Ted
Published: December 2016

In 1850, the government of the Province of Canada defined Indian for the first time. In the twentieth century, the legal provisions by which generations of status Indian women in Canada lost their status when they married non-status men became among the most controversial aspects of Canadian legislation relating to First Nations peoples. The government’s decision to define Indian, and its actual definitions, came to exemplify the coercive nature of Canadian Indian policy. This essay challenges many assumptions regarding the history of Canada’s definition of Indian. A close examination shows that officials only reluctantly decided to define Indian in law in 1850 in efforts to protect Indian land in Lower Canada. The evidence also shows that the first legal definition of Indian was intended to conform to the “ancient customs and traditions” of these Indigenous communities. Furthermore, government officials consulted meaningfully with Aboriginal leaders when they revised the definition between 1851 and 1876. During the entire period, the Aboriginal political elite were effective advocates for their own interests.
Evangelical Christianity and Political Thought in Alberta
Authors: Banack Clark
Published: December 2016

This essay explores the influence of religion on the political thought of three key leaders from Alberta’s political history and its subsequent impact on both the populist movements they led and the broader political development of Alberta. Although significant theological differences existed between the religious outlooks of Henry Wise Wood of the United Farmers of Alberta (UFA) on the one hand, and William Aberhart and Ernest Manning of Alberta Social Credit on the other, both of these views were built atop an individualistic evangelical Christian foundation that differed in important ways from the social gospel movement prevalent on the Canadian Prairies in the first half of the twentieth century. This shared individualistic theology helped to generate varying levels of antipathy towards state-led collectivist arrangements in both the UFA and Alberta Social Credit, eventually blossoming into Manning’s outright vilification of socialism in the 1950s and 1960s. The essay concludes with some thoughts on the relationship between these religion-based streams of political thought and Alberta’s broader political trajectory in general and its consistent rejection of left-leaning political parties in particular.
Classical Republican Theory and the Political Thought of Pierre Elliott Trudeau
Authors: Firmini Marcella
Published: December 2016

The political thought of Pierre Elliott Trudeau, according to some Trudeau scholars, is contradictory; but could this lack of consistency simply be due to our attempt to fit him exclusively into the mould of a procedural liberal when his early written material shows evidence of classical republican influences? In this essay, the author isolates those elements of Trudeau’s early political thought to show how they fit into a classical republican paradigm. In so doing, the author argues, some of the dissonances and inconsistencies in his thought can be attenuated, and the overarching trajectory of his ideas—which are profoundly relevant for contemporary politics—can be more clearly conceived.
Jack Bush: Coping and Coming of Age in the 1960s
Authors: Lauder Adam
Published: December 2016

This essay re-evaluates the disavowed relationship between the advertising career and colour field paintings of the Canadian artist Jack Bush (1909-77). Bush’s belated transition out of the world of graphic design uniquely equipped him to fulfill the efforts of the American formalist critic Clement Greenberg (1909-94) to buttress the remnants of the historical avant-garde through a strategic rationalization of pop cultural forms and commercial techniques. The resulting co-optation reflected transformations in the Canadian advertising industry during the 1960s, which mirrored developments in the United States in accommodating the symbols of popular protest movements to re-entrench establishment interests. The resemblance between certain late paintings by Bush and the conventions of psycho-medical modelling and other graphic instruments deployed by Madison Avenue researchers troubles uncritical readings of the formalist agenda usually said to have informed these artworks.
Residential Schools and Opinion-Making in the Era of Traumatized Subjects and Taxpayer-Citizens
Authors: Henderson Jennifer
Published: December 2016

This essay tracks the media-led production of a Canadian common sense about residential schools in the decade leading up to the 2005 Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement. Newspaper commentary on residential schools lawsuits accentuated the already constrained understanding of the agency, duration, and effects of the schools’ harm within private law. Civil litigation was a strategy for seeking the accountability of churches and government; however, arguments in the mainstream media repeatedly asserted that the wrong of residential schooling was limited to specific, individual crimes of sexual and physical assault. These arguments reinforced the parameters imposed by tort law. The newspaper commentaries cultivated a common sense about residential schools that drew on the discourse of trauma and a neo-liberal discourse delegitimizing claims on state resources. Trauma’s biographical scale and focus on the catastrophic event reinforced the emphasis on specific crimes. The neo-liberal taxpayer-citizen could empathize with the individual traumatized by violence, whilst dismissing broader claims about residential schooling. In newspaper commentary, then, residential schools became discursively dis-embedded from the broader framework of colonial policy. The claim of a collective experience of cultural loss was key in the struggle to resituate the schools within this framework; however, the recognition ultimately won may bear the imprint of a common sense that constrained what the recovery of culture could mean.
“Poet and Audience Actually Exist”: The Contact Poetry Reading Series and the Rise of Literary Readings in Canada
Authors: Anstee Cameron
Published: December 2016

This essay documents and assesses the history of the Contact Poetry Reading Series (Toronto, 1957-62), arguing that the Contact readings mark the emergence of a vital form of modern literary expression in Canada. The essay has two primary goals. The first is to contextualize the Contact Poetry Reading Series as a fundamental component of Raymond Souster’s editorial work in order to enrich dominant critical perspective of Souster’s accomplishments as an editor and publisher. The Contact readings express the same drive on Souster’s part to “make contact” (between generations, between international communities, between poet and reader) that is identifiable in his work with Contact and Contact Press, only in this case under material conditions unique to the public performance of poetry. The second goal is to situate the Contact Poetry Reading Series within current book history and performance studies scholarship. In doing so, this essay positions the literary reading as an essential but understudied component of processes of publication, distribution, and reception of poetry in Canada.
A Social Democratic Province? An Examination of Saskatchewan Public Opinion in 2011-12
Authors: McGrane David , Berdahl Loleen
Published: December 2016

Saskatchewan has long been viewed as possessing a unique form of social democratic politics that sets it apart from other Canadian provinces. Drawing on three separate academic surveys, the authors argue that Saskatchewan residents are in fact very centrist in their political values, while their policy positions depict less consistency. Moreover, Saskatchewan residents appear to hold values and support policy positions quite similar to those of residents of other Canadian provinces. This centrism means that Saskatchewan’s political parties must be able to attract centrist voters while maintaining policies that motivate their social democratic or conservative electoral bases.
Le devenir paysager. De quelques paysages postindustriels entre arts visuels et poésie
Authors: Lepage Élise
Published: December 2016

Cet article propose une réflexion sur le concept de paysage dans les arts visuels et la poésie québécoise contemporaine. Une brève archéologie du paysage permet de souligner ses origines picturales ainsi que l’anthropocentrisme dont il procède. En effet, lors de son émergence à la Renaissance, on considère que le sujet préexiste au paysage qui n’est que l’une de ses représentations du réel, auquel il donne forme. L’étude de plusieurs séries photographiques et vidéos d’Isabelle Hayeur et de quelques recueils de poèmes publiés depuis 2000 par Pierre Nepveu, Louis-Jean Thibault, Robert Melançon et Claude Paradis permet de montrer la prégnance du paysage dans les arts aujourd’hui. Si la subjectivité demeure centrale dans leurs représentations paysagères, celles-ci proposent d’autres perspectives d’analyse. Plus que simple motif esthétique ou cliché touristique, le paysage est en voie de devenir un lieu de rencontre, de convergence éthique et esthétique. Quelles peuvent donc être alors les nouvelles relations entre paysage et subjectivité?
Refashioning Mi’kmaw Narratives into Maritime Fictions: Theodore Goodridge Roberts, Frank Parker Day, and Alden Nowlan
Authors: Creelman David
Published: December 2016

In the latter half of the nineteenth century, missionary Silas Rand worked with the Mi’kmaq of Nova Scotia. His two-volume collection, Legends of the Micmacs, contains 87 distinct stories, and these texts soon became important source materials for Euro-Canadian writers who were interested in telling stories about the Mi’kmaq people. Three Maritime writers attempted to tell tales from within an Aboriginal perspective: Theodore Roberts in The Red Feathers (1907), Frank Parker Day in John Paul’s Rock (1932), and Alden Nowlan in Nine Micmac Legends (1982). All three writers retell or refashion Mi’kmaq narratives, all three provoke questions related to the issue of appropriation, and all three advance their own imperial, colonial, or modernist perspectives as somehow innately part of the Maritime experience. Roberts’s imperial romance, Day’s realist-romance, and Nowlan’s modernist reshapings tell us a great deal about the shifting perspectives of Euro-Canadians towards Aboriginal peoples, as well as the shifting discourses that have confined Aboriginal communities.
One Little, Two Little, Three Canadians: The Indians of Canada Pavilion and Public Pedagogy, Expo 1967
Authors: Griffith Jane
Published: December 2016

Amidst the colonial celebrations of Canada’s Centennial and the pedagogical landscape of 1960s Canada, the Indians of Canada Pavilion at Expo 67 resisted. The Indigenous-led celebration of survivance stood as a mounted critique of historical and present-day settler colonialism. While the pavilion has been remembered as a turning point for Indigenous art and politics, this essay considers its educational impact. Informed by the work of Susan D. Dion, who advocates for ways that Canadians can hear stories that contradict their own subject positions, the author suggests that many visitors were not willing or not able to hear the critical re-education the pavilion offered. The pavilion also anticipated the National Indian Brotherhood’s criticism of colonial education in Indian Control of Indian Education (1972). Visitors, who included non-Indigenous Canadians, residential school students, and teachers, encountered the pavilion in different ways. Using archival documents, audio and film footage, and oral history, this essay frames the Indians of Canada Pavilion as a pedagogical act of resistance to the Centennial year’s colonial pedagogies (the Canadian Pavilion, Expo’s anthem, the Confederation Train, and formal education). In this reading, education is the pavilion’s solution, but also its greatest barrier.
Collaborative Performances of Resistance in Twenty-First Century Toronto: Occupy Toronto and The Encampment
Authors: Terry Andrea
Published: December 2016

This essay examines connections between protest camps and artist interventions in the Canadian context, focussing on two cases. In October 2011, Occupy Toronto organizers set up a protest camp in St. James Park as part of a global movement in 950 cities to decry the effects of global capitalism. Six months later, another collective set up an artistic occupation consisting of 200 A-frame tents called The Encampment at Fort York National Historic Site. This intervention recast the military fort, which conventionally operates as an open-air living history museum depicting the social and military history of the War of 1812, as a space that showcased the war’s civilian history. The author approaches each as a space of convergence dependent upon the calculated co-ordination of people and tents to signal calls for change. The author also takes into account significant differences between the two camps in that Occupy Toronto was a hard intervention that was ultimately evicted by order of the Ontario Superior Court of Justice, while The Encampment was a soft one, co-commissioned by the city.
Colonial Encounters at the Turn of the Twentieth Century: “Unsettling” the Personal Photograph Albums of Andrew Onderdonk and Benjamin Leeson
Authors: Hurst Rachel Alpha Johnston
Published: December 2016

Photography has been used by settlers to document and fictionalize colonial encounters in Canada since the mid-nineteenth century as an attempt to displace Indigenous peoples from the land, to contain them within settler albums. In this essay, the author looks at visual practices of settler photograph albums in British Columbia from the turn of the twentieth century to argue that this is a key site of settler forgetting and erasure of colonial violence. Specifically, the author analyzes the visual practices of depicting the before and after of colonial encounters in the personal photograph albums of contractor Andrew Onderdonk (c885) and photographer and civil servant Benjamin Leeson (1887-1900). Paulette Regan’s methodology of “unsettling” (2010) guides a destabilization of the historical narratives that are supported by these personal photographic albums, and asks how they produce settler denial and guilt about Indigenous-settler relations, as well as what we can learn about colonial injustice and violence through an unsettling encounter with these same images.
Alternative Paths: Mapping Addiction in Contemporary Art by Landon Mackenzie, Rebecca Belmore, Manasie Akpaliapik, and Ron Noganosh
Authors: Skelly Julia
Published: December 2016

Building upon the concept of meeting places, this essay considers intersections between land, place, space, colonialism, art, and addiction in the contemporary Canadian context. Examining the work of several artists, both Indigenous and non-Indigenous, the author employs the land-based metaphor of alternative paths to demonstrate how these artists have produced artworks that transcend and resist outgoing negative stereotypes related to addiction and Indigenous individuals. Artistic strategies chosen by the artists include tracing the oral histories of an Indigenous woman onto a map (Landon Mackenzie), occupying place and space with the artist’s own body (Rebecca Belmore), using materials from the land to evoke a head-splitting hangover (Manasie Akpaliapik), and employing irony in order to reveal that both alcohol and humour can function as survival strategies for Indigenous peoples (Ron Noganosh). Ultimately, the essay is intended to destabilize and dislodge stereotypical images of addicted (or ostensibly addicted) individuals in Canada. Furthermore, the fact that recovery from addiction does and will continue to occur in Indigenous communities is inextricably linked with the concepts of empowerment, well-being, and self-determination for Indigenous peoples.