bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Frequency of Intrauterine Growth Restriction Associated with Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy
Authors: Khan Gulaly Ayub , Maryam  , Rehman Chandnee , Rubab Asia
Published: August 2024

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common pregnancy complication associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes, particularly among obese women. Understanding the prevalence and risk factors for GDM in this population is crucial for effective clinical management and prevention strategies.
Objective: This study aimed to determine the frequency of GDM among obese pregnant women and assess its association with body mass index (BMI) categories, as well as to investigate obstetric outcomes associated with GDM in this cohort.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, from February 2021 to July 2022. The sample size was calculated to be 152 participants. Inclusion criteria included pregnant women with a BMI of 30 or greater. Exclusion criteria were women with pre-existing diabetes mellitus and multiple pregnancies. Data collection involved direct interviews and medical record reviews, capturing demographic information, medical history, BMI measurements, and glucose tolerance test results. GDM was diagnosed according to the American Diabetes Association criteria. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25.0, with a significance level set at p ≤ 0.05.
Results: Among the 152 participants, the mean age was 28.6±4.8 years. The prevalence of GDM was found to be 29.6%. Of the participants, 46% had a period of gestation (POG) of less than 37 weeks, and 54% had a POG of 37 weeks or more. BMI distribution showed that 47% of women had a BMI of 30-34.9 kg/m², and 53% had a BMI of 35 kg/m² or greater. Gravida distribution indicated that 35% were primigravida, and 65% were multigravida. The prevalence of GDM was significantly higher in women with a BMI of 35 or greater (38.5%) compared to those with a BMI of 30-34.9 (22.9%) (p = 0.031). Women with GDM had higher incidences of preeclampsia (31.1% vs. 12.1%, p = 0.008) and cesarean delivery (53.3% vs. 29.0%, p = 0.015).
Conclusion: The study highlights a high frequency of GDM among obese pregnant women, emphasizing the importance of addressing obesity as a modifiable risk factor for GDM. Effective strategies for GDM screening and management in obese populations are essential to improve maternal and fetal outcomes.
Effect of Whole-Body Vibration Training on Glycaemic Control in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Randomized Control Trial
Authors: Hasan Sobia , Tehreem Anis  , Bushra Madad Ali Malik  , Abdullah Arshad  , Faisal Ehsan Khadarkhan  , Sania Azeem
Published: August 2024

Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a major global health issue, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Effective management often involves lifestyle modifications, including physical activity, which many patients find challenging to maintain. Whole Body Vibration (WBV) training has emerged as a potential alternative to traditional exercise, promising similar benefits with less physical strain.
Objective: This study aimed to determine the effects of WBV training on glycemic control, specifically HbA1c and FBS levels, in patients with Type 2 diabetes.
Methods: A double-blinded randomized controlled trial was conducted from April 2019 to May 2020 with 30 Type 2 diabetes patients recruited from a primary care center in Karachi using simple random sampling. Participants were randomly assigned to the intervention group (n=15) receiving WBV training thrice weekly for twelve weeks, or the control group (n=15) continuing usual medications and diet. WBV exercises were performed on a Power Plate® with increasing vibration frequency and amplitude. Primary outcomes, HbA1c and FBS, were assessed at baseline and after twelve weeks. Data analysis used SPSS version 25 with paired and independent t-tests.
Results: The intervention group showed significant reductions in HbA1c (7.97 ± 1.39 to 7.7 ± 1.28, p<0.05) and FBS levels (136.13 ± 21.63 to 123.46 ± 17.34, p<0.05). The control group showed no significant changes in HbA1c (7.62 ± 0.85 to 7.6 ± 0.81, p>0.05) or FBS levels (138.9 ± 15.7 to 136.9 ± 13.2, p>0.05). Between-group analysis confirmed the intervention group's significant improvements.
Conclusion: Twelve weeks of WBV training significantly improved glycemic control in patients with Type 2 diabetes, showing its potential as an alternative to traditional exercise. Future studies should involve larger, diverse populations and longer follow-up periods to confirm these findings and assess long-term benefits.
Clinical Comparison Between the Outcomes of One Step vs. Step Wise Indirect Pulp Capping.
Authors: Baig Iman , Azam Saima
Published: August 2024

Background: Dental caries is one of the most prevalent diseases and if it remains untreated it may lead to unfavorable pulpal consequences. Therefore, maintaining the pulp vitality is significant. One of the conservative techniques to maintain pulp vitality includes indirect pulp capping.  
Objective: objective of this study is clinical comparison between the outcomes of one step vs stepwise indirect pulp capping.
Methods: The study was conducted at the Department of Operative Dentistry of Islamabad Dental Hospital.  A sample size of 40 patients per group was calculated by WHO calculator. Convenience sampling technique was used for selection of patients. Permanent teeth with 1.5mm-2 mm remaining dentin thickness were selected with symptoms of reversible pulpitis. After removal of infected dentin biocompatible material was used, and tooth was restored with permenant restoration in one step indirect pulp capping, whereas in step wise indirect pulp capping after the removal of caries soft infected dentin was lined with biocompatible material and sealed with temporary restoration. Patients were recalled after 12 weeks for re-entry, after removal of any infected caries permanent restoration was done.
Results: The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS v.22) was used for the data analysis. 47.5% male and 52.5% female were included in this study.  Mean age and standard deviation was 29.5 ± 9.05. Fisher exact test gave significant difference between favorable and unfavorable outcome between both groups 0.027 (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Stepwise indirect pulp capping is a conservative management which helps to maintain the vitality of the tooth. It provides an opportunity for dentinal bridge formation and environment for pulpal healing.
Effects of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation with and without Electrical Muscle Stimulation on spasticity, gait and lower limb function in chronic stroke patients
Authors: Shanza Khan  , Wajiha Shahid  , Khalid Raheema , Maira Pervez  , Rahma Hameed  , Sidra Khaliq
Published: August 2024

Background: Stroke, a leading cause of death and disability, is characterized by a sudden disruption of blood flow to the brain, resulting in motor weakness and hemiparesis. Rehabilitation aims to improve functional outcomes, with Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) and Electrical Muscle Stimulation (EMS) being promising interventions.
Objective: This study aimed to determine the effects of PNF with and without EMS on spasticity, gait, and lower limb function in chronic stroke patients.
Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 22 participants recruited from the physiotherapy department of District Headquarters Sheikhupura from October 2022 to May 2023. Participants were randomly divided into a control group, receiving PNF techniques alone, and an experimental group, receiving PNF combined with EMS. The PNF techniques included rhythmic initiation, stabilizing reversals, and dynamic reversals, while EMS was applied at a frequency of 25 to 50 Hz for 10 seconds, three times a week for six weeks. Outcome measures included the Modified Ashworth Scale, Modified Barthel Index, Dynamic Gait Index, and Tinetti Performance Oriented Mobility Assessment. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.
Results: Post-intervention, the experimental group showed significant improvements over the control group in the Modified Ashworth Scale (p=0.022), Modified Barthel Index (p=0.028), Dynamic Gait Index (p=0.042), and Tinetti Assessment (p=0.004).
Conclusion: The study concluded that combining PNF with EMS yields better outcomes in managing spasticity, gait, and lower limb functions in chronic stroke patients than PNF alone.
Tissue Ablation Using Lasers: A Case Series
Authors: Khan Nauman Rauf , Khosa Hira , Shakoor Asma , Zohra Sameen , Jabbar Maria , Butt Hira
Published: August 2024

Background: Lasers have recently been discovered as effective treatment modalities in dentistry, offering benefits such as reduced bleeding, infection, treatment and healing durations, and significantly improving patient convenience. They have found a wide range of applications in dentistry, from periodontal therapy to post-extraction healing, allowing for surgical procedures without sutures and minimizing post-operative bleeding by sealing blood vessels.
Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of diode laser treatment for tissue ablation in the oral cavity, particularly focusing on cases of excessive gingival growth (gummy smile) and peri-implantitis.
Methods: This case series involved two patients: a 19-year-old female undergoing orthodontic treatment with excessive gingival growth and a gummy smile, and a 50-year-old female with peri-implantitis. Both patients were treated using a 980 nm diode laser. Laser parameters included a pulsed operational mode with a frequency of 5 kHz, peak power of 3 W, average power of 1.5 W, and a fiber diameter of 200 µm, with a 50% duty cycle. Data collection involved pre-operative and post-operative clinical examinations, including intraoral photographs, to document gingival overgrowth and treatment outcomes. Post-operative assessments were conducted at regular intervals to evaluate healing, erythema, swelling, and signs of infection. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25.
Results: In the first case, laser treatment reduced gingival overgrowth from 6-7 mm to 0 mm, with no erythema or swelling and minimal pain (VAS score from 4/10 to 1/10). Esthetic improvement was rated as excellent. In the second case, laser treatment resolved gingival overgrowth, eliminated bleeding on probing, and reduced pain (VAS score from 5/10 to 1/10). Implant abutments were clean, with no inflammation.
Conclusion: Diode laser therapy is effective for tissue ablation in the oral cavity, ensuring the restoration of esthetics and function. It offers precise tissue removal, reduced post-operative bleeding, and accelerated healing, making it a valuable tool in modern dental practice.
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy: A case of young male with Broken Heart
Authors: Rashid Amir , Attia Khaliq  , Ayesha Afzal  , Karamat Ali  , Asad Zaman Khan  , Masood Wazir
Published: August 2024

Abstract
 Intubation and Mechanical ventilation are life saving measures to save life in critical ill patients. However unfavourable outcomes can happen, in individuals with high-risk may be predisposed to certain critical events.This is the unique and first reported case of a young male with Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TC) in patient underwent intubation and mechanical ventilation in a patient with status asthmatics in our setup.Our case report express the importance of understanding possible mechanical ventilation complications, timely diagnosis and management with favorable outcome.
Assessing the Effectiveness of Hospital Waste Management Practices Among Tertiary Care Hospitals and Primary Health Centres in KPK: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Ahmad Tufail , Arshad Umair , Shahjehan Abdullah , Ishaq Muhammad , Wajid Abdul
Published: August 2024

Background: Healthcare waste, both biologic and non-biologic, poses environmental and public health risks if improperly managed. Developing countries like Pakistan often lack effective waste management systems, leading to potential hazards.
Objective: This study assessed the effectiveness of hospital waste management practices in tertiary care hospitals and primary health centers in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan, identifying strengths and weaknesses.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from August to December 2023, with 384 participants involved in waste management from various healthcare roles. Data were collected via interviews, observations, and questionnaires on demographics, knowledge, training, PPE use, and disposal methods. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 25.
Results: Of the 384 participants, 72.49% were male, with a mean age of 35-40 years. Awareness of waste management practices was high among doctors (96.9%) and paramedics (93.4%). However, PPE usage was low, with only 36.9% consistently using face masks, 31.8% using aprons, and 28.4% using gloves. Most facilities had designated central storage (93.2%) and staff for disposal (96.6%). Incineration was available in 89.6% of facilities but faced operational issues.
Conclusion: While awareness of waste management is high, gaps exist in PPE usage and reliance on incineration. Improving training, developing alternative waste treatment methods, and implementing a national policy are recommended to enhance waste management practices in Pakistan.
Peripapillary Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Patients with Unilateral Retinal Vein Occlusion
Authors: Ahmad Hasan Khan Alizai  , Dr. Yasir Ahmad  , Dr. Fawad Ahmad  , Dr. Tahira Afzal Khan  , Dr. Muhammad Saad  , Rabia Faheem
Published: August 2024

Background: Retinal vein occlusion (RVO), including branch (BRVO) and central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), can lead to vision loss and optic nerve damage. Understanding changes in peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness in affected and fellow eyes is crucial for managing these conditions.
Objective: This study evaluated longitudinal changes in pRNFL thickness in eyes with BRVO and CRVO, and their fellow eyes, compared with normal controls.
Methods: In this retrospective case-control study, 68 patients with newly diagnosed unilateral RVO (42 BRVO, 26 CRVO) and 45 controls were included. pRNFL thickness was measured at baseline, 6, 12, and 24 months using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in six sectors. Baseline characteristics like age, gender, hypertension, and diabetes were recorded. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 23.0, with one-way ANOVA, Pearson’s chi-square test, paired t-tests, and repeated-measures ANOVA.
Results: At baseline, BRVO-affected eyes had a global pRNFL thickness of 119.15 ± 17.71 μm, higher than fellow eyes at 104.52 ± 10.46 μm (p < 0.001). CRVO-affected eyes had a baseline pRNFL of 136.04 ± 36.33 μm, compared to 99.93 ± 13.59 μm in fellow eyes (p < 0.001). At 24 months, only the temporal sector in CRVO eyes showed significant pRNFL differences. Global pRNFL thickness in fellow eyes of both BRVO and CRVO groups decreased significantly at 24 months, with no significant change in the control group. Fellow eyes of the CRVO group had significantly lower pRNFL thickness at 12 and 24 months compared to BRVO and control groups.
Conclusion: Both BRVO and CRVO affect pRNFL thickness in fellow eyes, with CRVO showing more susceptibility to damage. This suggests a shared vascular abnormality between RVO and glaucoma, highlighting the importance of careful pRNFL monitoring, particularly in CRVO patients.
Comparative Study of Carotid Artery Disease in Hypertensive Versus Non-Hypertensive Patients Using Color Doppler Flow Imaging
Authors: Mahmood Areeba , Syed Muhammad Yousaf Farooq  , Ume Kalsoom Attique  , Hamna Areej  , Haq Nawaz Khan  , M. Usama Tahir
Published: August 2024

Background: Carotid artery disease is prevalent in individuals with hypertension and renal failure, often characterized by the thickening of the fibromuscular layers of the intima and media, and narrowing of the lumens in smaller arteries and arterioles. This condition increases the risk of atherosclerotic vascular diseases affecting the coronary and cerebral vessels, which can lead to myocardial infarction and stroke. Hypertension is a major contributing factor to these structural changes, increasing the susceptibility to carotid artery disease.
Objective: This study aimed to compare the Color Doppler results for evaluating carotid artery disease in patients with and without hypertension, focusing on differences in intima-media thickness (IMT) and other Doppler indices between these two groups.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 120 patients at the ultrasound clinic of the University of Lahore. The study included 72 hypertensive and 48 non-hypertensive individuals with clinical indications of carotid artery disease. The sample size was calculated based on the prevalence of hypertension in Pakistan. Doppler ultrasonography was performed using a Toshiba XARIO XG machine equipped with a linear probe operating at 5-7.5 MHz. Patients were selected based on clinical indications, and both male and female participants were included, while those who were unwilling or uncooperative were excluded. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 25.0, and parameters such as age, presence of hypertension and diabetes, gender, and intima-media thickness were recorded. The study analyzed the mean ± standard deviation of Resistive Index, Pulsatility Index, End Diastolic Velocity, and Peak Systolic Velocity. An independent t-test was used to compare Doppler indices between hypertensive and non-hypertensive participants, with a significance level set at p < 0.05.
Results: The study revealed significant differences in intima-media thickness (IMT) between hypertensive and non-hypertensive groups. In non-hypertensive patients, the mean ± standard deviation of IMT was 0.56 ± 0.14 mm for the right carotid artery and 0.57 ± 0.14 mm for the left. In hypertensive patients, these values were 0.63 ± 0.16 mm for the right and 0.62 ± 0.14 mm for the left carotid artery. The differences were statistically significant with p-values of 0.013 and 0.048 for the right and left carotid arteries, respectively. No significant differences were observed in other Doppler indices, such as RI, PI, PSV, and EDV, between the two groups.
Conclusion: Hypertension is a major risk factor significantly associated with increased carotid intima-media thickness and plaque formation. Monitoring blood pressure and using Doppler ultrasound for early detection of increased IMT can help prevent carotid artery plaque formation and improve the prognosis of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Pakistan.
Thirty-year Trend of Non-rheumatic Valvular Heart Disease: A Comparison of Pakistan with South Asia and Global Scenario
Authors: Liaqat Hussain  , Chandar Parkash  , Yusra  , Muntaha Irshad  , Ashraf Abdul Qahir  , Aslam Zardari  , BASIT ABDUL
Published: August 2024

Background: Improved prophylaxis has shifted valvular heart disease (VHD) from rheumatic to non-rheumatic causes globally, with rheumatic VHD nearly eradicated in high-income countries. However, non-rheumatic VHD remains a major health issue in low-to-middle-income countries like those in South Asia. This study examines non-rheumatic VHD trends in Pakistan compared to South Asia and global figures.
Objective: To evaluate non-rheumatic VHD trends in Pakistan from 1990 to 2019 using Global Burden of Disease (GBD) data.
Methods: The study extracted data on prevalence, deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and age-standardized death rate (ASDR) from the GBD study. An ecological design analyzed data using Excel and R-Studio. Poisson regression assessed the 30-year ASDR trend at global, South Asian, and national levels, calculating percentage changes with incidence rate ratios (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals.
Results: From 1990 to 2019, Pakistan's non-rheumatic VHD prevalence increased by 14.1% (6.4 to 7.3 per 100,000), and ASDR rose by 12.9% (1.32 to 1.49), with an IRR of 1.102 (95% CI: 1.002-1.198). Global ASDR slightly decreased (IRR: 0.997, 95% CI: 0.971-1.024), and South Asia’s IRR was 0.996 (95% CI: 0.959-1.034). Deaths in Pakistan rose by 1.1% (0.59 to 0.60 per 100,000), and DALYs increased by 17% (14.1 to 16.5 per 100,000), with significant rises in Sindh (30.3%), Baluchistan (23.7%), and Azad Jammu & Kashmir (23.9%).
Conclusion: GBD data show a significant increase in non-rheumatic VHD burden in Pakistan over 30 years, necessitating policy and interventions to address this growing health issue.
Ludo Star Game Addiction, Social Connectedness and Psychological Well-Being in University Students of Lahore, Pakistan
Authors: Bibi Maryam , Bashir Sobia , Shahid Muhammad Sajjad , Mukhtar Sara
Published: August 2024

Background: The increasing prevalence of online gaming among university students has raised concerns about its potential impact on psychological well-being. Ludo Star, a popular mobile game in Pakistan, has been associated with both positive and negative effects on social and mental health. Understanding the relationship between Ludo Star game addiction, social connectedness, and psychological well-being is crucial for developing effective interventions.
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between Ludo Star game addiction and psychological well-being, with social connectedness as a mediator, among university students in Lahore, Pakistan.
Methods: A correlational research design was employed, utilizing a non-probability purposive sampling strategy to select 300 university students (157 men, 143 women) aged 18-25 years who regularly played Ludo Star. The Gaming Addiction Scale, Revised Social Connectedness Scale, and Psychological Well-being Scale were used to measure the study variables. Ethical considerations adhered to the Helsinki Declaration, and informed consent was obtained from all participants. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, mediation analysis, and independent sample t-tests using SPSS version 25.
Results: Ludo Star game addiction was positively correlated with social connectedness (r = .15, p < .01) but negatively correlated with psychological well-being (r = -.12, p < .05). Social connectedness was also negatively correlated with psychological well-being (r = -.21, p < .01). Mediation analysis showed that social connectedness significantly mediated the relationship between Ludo Star game addiction and psychological well-being (β = -.08, 95% CI: -.05 to -.007). Independent sample t-tests revealed no significant gender differences in the study variables.
Conclusion: The study highlighted the dual-edged nature of Ludo Star game addiction, where increased social connectedness does not translate to better psychological well-being. Interventions should focus on promoting balanced gaming habits and enhancing awareness of the potential psychological risks associated with excessive gaming.
Assessment of Raised LDH Levels and Fetal Outcomes in Severe Preeclamptic Women: A Tertiary Care Hospital Study
Authors: Sanam Lashari  , Taiba Khan  , Sumaiya Yahaya  , Dania Kumari  , Zahid Hussain  , Safia
Published: August 2024

Background: Preeclampsia is a dangerous complication of pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure and increased urinary protein, beginning typically after the 20th week of pregnancy. It ranges from mild to severe forms and is a significant cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality.
Objective: The study aimed to determine the frequency of raised Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in women with severe preeclampsia visiting a tertiary care hospital and to evaluate the frequency of adverse fetal outcomes in these women with elevated LDH levels.
Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Karachi over six months, from December 28, 2018, to June 29, 2019. The study included 121 pregnant women, aged 18 to 45 years, in their second trimester diagnosed with severe preeclampsia. A 5cc blood sample was collected from each participant to estimate LDH levels, with levels ≥200 IU/L considered raised. Adverse fetal outcomes were assessed at the time of delivery according to predefined operational definitions. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Quantitative data were presented as mean ± SD, and qualitative data were presented as frequencies and percentages. The Chi-square test was applied for stratification, with a significance level set at 0.05.
Results: The mean age of the participants was 28.59 ± 4.91 years. Of the patients, 55.4% were aged ≤30 years, and 44.6% were aged >30 years. The mean gestational age was 32.73 ± 2.67 weeks, with 56.2% of patients having a gestational age >32 weeks. The mean LDH level was 430.66 ± 150.43 IU/L, with 97.5% of patients exhibiting raised LDH levels. Adverse fetal outcomes included stillbirths in 36.4% and perinatal deaths in 12.7% of patients with raised LDH levels.
Conclusion: A considerable number of patients with severe preeclampsia had raised LDH levels, which were significantly associated with adverse fetal outcomes, including stillbirth and perinatal death. Monitoring LDH levels in severe preeclamptic women is crucial for improving maternal and fetal outcomes.
Impact of Proximal LAD Lesions on Long-term PCI Outcomes in Pakistani Patients
Authors: Tariq Shah  , Salman khan  , Syed Muzammil Shah
Published: August 2024

Background: The left anterior descending (LAD) artery is a critical vessel supplying a significant portion of the heart muscle. Lesions in the proximal LAD are associated with extensive myocardial infarctions and adverse cardiovascular events. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with drug-eluting stents (DES) has become the standard treatment for LAD lesions, offering improved patency rates and reduced restenosis.
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the long-term outcomes of PCI in Pakistani patients with proximal LAD lesions, focusing on the incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) over a 12-month follow-up period.
Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted at Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, from January 2022 to December 2023. The study included 250 adult patients diagnosed with significant proximal LAD stenosis and undergoing PCI. Patients with chronic kidney disease (stage 4 or higher), severe left ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction <30%), and those unable to provide informed consent were excluded. PCI procedures were performed using DES, and patients received dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) for at least 12 months post-PCI. Data were collected during hospital stays and follow-up visits at 1, 6, and 12 months post-PCI. The primary outcome was MACE, including all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction (MI), and target vessel revascularization (TVR). Secondary outcomes included stent thrombosis, bleeding complications, and quality of life assessed using the EQ-5D questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 25.0, with Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis.
Results: The study found that 10% of patients experienced MACE, including 4% all-cause mortality, 3.2% MI, and 2.8% TVR. Stent thrombosis occurred in 2% of patients, and bleeding complications were reported in 4.8%. Quality of life improved significantly, with the EQ-5D index increasing from 0.68 ± 0.15 at baseline to 0.82 ± 0.13 at the 12-month follow-up (p < 0.001). Age and history of previous MI were identified as independent predictors of MACE.
Conclusion: PCI with DES significantly improves long-term outcomes and quality of life in Pakistani patients with proximal LAD lesions. These findings underscore the need for advanced interventional techniques and vigilant post-PCI monitoring to enhance patient outcomes.
Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Various Brands of Tobacco Cigarettes Marketed in Pakistan and Their Implications in Public Health
Authors: Hussain Altaf , Ahmad Usman , Zafar Iqbal khan  , Kafeel Ahmad
Published: August 2024

Background: Tobacco cigarette consumption in Pakistan poses significant health risks due to the presence of toxic substances. Cigarette smoke contains over 4000 chemicals, including toxic heavy metals like cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni), which can cause severe health issues.
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate heavy metal concentrations in various cigarette brands in Pakistan and assess public health implications.
Methods: Five cigarette brands—Capstan, Gold Leaf, Embassy, Red & White, and Pine—were analyzed. Samples were collected from local markets, oven-dried for eight days, and digested using sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide. The concentrations of heavy metals were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS version 25, with significance assessed using Two-Way ANOVA at a 0.05 significance level.
Results: Mean concentrations of heavy metals in tobacco samples were: Cd (0.35-0.43 mg/kg), Cr (10-14 mg/kg), Cu (17-23 mg/kg), Co (0.7-0.9 mg/kg), Mn (45-62 mg/kg), Zn (60-70 mg/kg), Fe (40-46 mg/kg), Pb (1.8-2.3 mg/kg), and Ni (5-8 mg/kg). Concentrations varied significantly among brands (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: The study found significant heavy metal concentrations in Pakistani cigarette brands, highlighting the need for regulatory oversight and public health interventions. Toxic metals in tobacco pose serious health risks, necessitating strict regulatory limits and increased public awareness to protect health.
The Phenomenon of Jilboobs in Generation Z in the Era of Society 5.0
Authors: Amiruddin Wildan
Published: August 2024

Generation Z was born amidst the development of technology. So this generation is more sophisticated. Their thinking is more tolerant of new paradigms. Technological advances like now are easily followed by them because of their close relationship, especially with the internet. The internet was previously used as a medium of information, but for Gen Z the internet was then used as a medium to socialize with each other. This is where Social Media came from. In its development, social media became the second brother for Gen Z. For them, social media has become a daily necessity. If they don't open social media, they will be left behind. They have a position as the main users of social media. This is manifested in the rise of new professions such as YouTubers and TikTokers. Whereas this profession was not found in the previous generation, namely the millennial generation. This is an integral part of society 5.0 which uses the concept of internet development as an orientation to a better human life. On the other hand, the impact of using social media that always wants a lot of comments, likes, and viewers makes Gen Z forget religious norms such as covering the aurat for women perfectly. So the jilboobs phenomenon arose, which prioritizes body orientation by accentuating certain parts. The main goal is to increase comments, likes and viewers. Seeing this phenomenon, researchers try to interpret it so that the reason Gen Z does this is answered by interpreting denotation, connotation, and metaphor.
Cultural Changes of the Ruc Community in Minh Hóa District, Quảng Bình Province, Vietnam
Authors: Dang Long Tran Tan
Published: August 2024

The Ruc people are one of the local groups belonging to the Chut ethnic minority, residing in the mountainous region of western Quảng Bình province, Vietnam. In 1959, they were discovered living in caves deep in the forest, subsisting through hunting and gathering. After this discovery, the local authorities relocated the Ruc people to settled villages in Thượng Hóa commune, Minh Hóa district, Quảng Bình province. Since then, the Ruc have undergone significant transformations in their economic, cultural, and social life. The trend of cultural change in recent years among the Ruc has encompassed both positive and negative aspects. Therefore, studying and understanding their cultural heritage, while also grasping the inevitable trends of the era, is essential and urgent to promote positive aspects and mitigate negative ones during the cultural transformation of ethnic minorities in this area. This article is based on in-depth interviews and participant observation conducted within the community through fieldwork. It focuses on clarifying the cultural transformation process of the Ruc community and discusses the factors influencing this change. To ensure that the Ruc integrate without losing their ethnic identity, the article offers several recommendations aimed at sustainable development for the community.
Improving Lecturer Service Quality through Strengthening Transformational Leadership, Organizational Support, Self-Efficacy, and Job Satisfaction: Empirical Study using Path Analysis Techniques and SITOREM Analysis on Lecturers at Muhammadiyah University Tangerang
Authors: Arif Fadilah Ahmad , Hardhienata Soewarto , . Herfina , Fauzi Achmad , . Sholihin
Published: August 2024

“Improving lecturer service quality through strengthening transformational leadership, organizational support, self-efficacy, and job satisfaction" (Empirical Study Using Path Analysis Techniques and SITOREM Analysis on Lecturers at Muhammadiyah University Tangerang), This research aims to produce strategies and ways to improve the quality of lecturer services by strengthening the variables Transformational Leadership and Organizational Support as independent variables and the variables Self-efficacy and Job Satisfaction as intervening variables. The samples selected based on the Slovin formula from a population of 462 resulted in a total of 215 samples taken by proportional random sampling in 32 study programs at Muhammadiyah University, Tangerang. This research uses a survey method with a path analysis approach and is followed by SITOREM analysis.
Short Note: Exploring Ideals in Graph Theory
Authors: Fujita Takaaki
Published: August 2024

We are re-evaluating the novel concept of 'ideal' within the context of graph theory. The concept of an 'ideal' is well-established in the fields of topology and algebra, having been extensively researched by numerous scholars due to its mathematical significance (see references) [2-6]. Tree-width is a well-known graph width parameter. In our discussion, we explore the relationship between tree-width and ideal. Overall, this exploration contributes to a deeper understanding of these concepts and their relevance in various mathematical and logical contexts.
Islamic Political Thought in Tafsir Al-Ibriz (Analysis of Leadership Verses)
Authors: Al Khanafi Muh. Imam Sanusi , Tasriyah Febi , Nurkholifah Ilma
Published: August 2024

This research aims to analyze Islamic political thought in Tafsir Al-Ibriz, particularly regarding the verses that discuss leadership. Tafsir Al-Ibriz is an important exegetical work in the Islamic tradition and offers unique insights into political and leadership concepts. This research uses a qualitative approach with content analysis methods to examine the interpretation of Qur'anic verses related to leadership, such as Surah An-Nisa' (4:59), Surah Al-Ma'idah (5:55), Surah Al-Baqarah (2:30). The results of the study indicate that Tafsir Al-Ibriz emphasizes the importance of obedience to Allah, the Prophet, and those in authority (ulil amri) as the foundation for just and responsible leadership. The interpretation of the concept of khalifah (caliph) on earth highlights the moral and spiritual responsibilities of leaders in maintaining social balance and justice. Leadership qualities such as gentleness, forgiveness, and consultation are also identified as essential elements in conducting effective and harmonious leadership.This study finds that the political thought in Tafsir Al-Ibriz is not only relevant to its historical context but also provides useful guidance for addressing modern political challenges. This contextual and comprehensive interpretation can serve as a reference in formulating an Islamic leadership concept that is responsive to contemporary social and political dynamics.Keywords: Islamic Political Thought, Tafsir Al-Ibriz, Leadership Verses, Islamic Leadership
PROTOTYPE PENGERING EFEK RUMAH KACA TYPE HYBRID
Authors: Hantai Ismail , Liputo Burhan
Published: August 2024

Seeing the increasing production of corn, it is necessary to provide a dryer using solar energy sources with the concept of a greenhouse effect to improve the quality of corn in Gorontalo. This research aims to design a prototype hybrid-type greenhouse effect dryer with four ventilation chimneys and calculate the corn drying rate using a hybrid-type greenhouse effect dryer with four ventilation chimneys. The method used is analytical and experimental design. The results obtained from this research are the highest shelf temperature, namely on shelf 1 with a temperature of 54 ºc, the final water content produced is 13.2% on shelf 1 and 13.5% on shelf 2, the temperature in the environment can relatively change every day, the type of stone used is river stone where the stone shelf functions as a heat storage device at the bottom of the shelf so that the rate of heat reduction on shelf 2 becomes slower.
PERANCANGAN DAN MODIFIKASI PISAU SABIT PADA MESIN PENCACAH SAMPAH ORGANIK
Authors: Utalinggi Jikri , Djamalu Yunita , Badu Riandi
Published: August 2024

This organic waste chopper is a tool that destroys organic materials such as leaves, grass, trims, tree branches, and tree fronds by chopping them into small pieces. The design process was done by creating a shredding knife design, a stirrer system, and a filtering process. The Design chosen from the existing literature was one with the simplest method that was easy to make, cheap, and practical when operated. This research aimed to increase the number of crescent blades on the machine organic waste chopper to make it more optimal, Design and calculate the chopper machine transmission system, and Calculate the capacity of the chopper machine. In this research, the method used is quantitative with a literature study approach and making observations about organic waste chopping equipment. The crusher, chopper, and stirrer are made in the shape of a sickle with eight blades and are driven automatically via a dynamo with a simple rotating transmission system. The measuring instruments used in the research were a digital thermometer and a stopwatch. The electric motor (dynamo) used when testing the tool is 1 HP, 1400 rpm. The test was carried out 3 (three) times with a waste weight of 1000 grams each and resulted in an average chopping time of 20.3 seconds with an average chopping size of 1.53 cm. The transmission system components are the electric motor, pulley, v-belt, transmission shaft, bearings, and pins. The results of the transmission system calculations are: pully speed 5,4 , number of v-belt revolutions 4,568 reps, belt life 108.98 working hours, tension on the shaft 1747.15 l , Shear stress on the peg 493 .5 , the compression stress at the pegs is 986.9 , and the bearing life is 1.128 ×  hours. The chopping capacity of the trial results is 2.95 ..
Aprendizaje significativo en el entorno universitario ecuatoriano
Authors: Solórzano Solórzano Sidar Edgardo , Orlando González Sara Patricia , Roben Moreira Fredda Matilde
Published: August 2024

Se exploró la implementación del aprendizaje significativo en la Universidad Estatal del Sur de Manabí, centrado en la preparación pedagógica de los docentes de la carrera Pedagogía de los Idiomas Nacionales y Extranjeros. Se examinó cómo los profesores emplean esta metodología para facilitar un aprendizaje profundo y relevante, se analizó el impacto de la formación pedagógica en la promoción de un entorno educativo que fomente la comprensión crítica. La investigación utilizó un enfoque metodológico combinado que incluyó un estudio histórico-lógico, métodos empíricos mediante encuestas y análisis estadístico-matemáticos. Los resultados indicaron que la mayoría de los docentes valoran altamente el aprendizaje significativo y están familiarizados con las estrategias para promoverlo, aunque se enfrentan a desafíos reveladores como la falta de tiempo y la necesidad de formación adicional. Estos hallazgos destacaron la eficacia del aprendizaje significativo en la mejora de la participación y el pensamiento crítico entre los estudiantes, y subrayan la importancia de continuar abordando los obstáculos para maximizar su impacto. Los resultados sugirieron que, a pesar del éxito general, se requiere un mayor apoyo para optimizar la implementación y formación continua en esta metodología.
কিশোর-তিতাস-অনন্ত
Authors: মিথুন ব্যানার্জী
Published: August 2024

উপন্যাসের ডিসকোর্সে সংরক্ষিত থাকে এর স্বভাব, প্রবণতা ও পরিণতি । তাই নদীকে ঘিরে নদীরই মতো এঁকেবেঁকে যে উপন্যাসের বিকাশপথ নির্ধারিত হয়, তার নান্দনিক ব্যবচ্ছেদ সংগত কারণেই হয়ে ওঠে স্বতন্ত্র। এমনই নদীস্বভাবী এক উপন্যাস তিতাস একটি নদীর নাম (১৯৫৬)। ঔপন্যাসিক অদ্বৈত মল্লবর্মণ তাঁর ব্যক্তি-অভিজ্ঞতা আর সাহিত্য- অভিজ্ঞতাকে এই উপন্যাসে এক অভিন্ন স্রোতধারায় বাহিত করতে সক্ষম হয়েছেন । উপন্যাসের ন্যারেটিভের পরতে পরতে ঔপন্যাসিক সুবিন্যস্ত করেন তাঁর মনোপলব্ধিজাত বীক্ষা। বিশেষ করে, এপিসোডিক উপন্যাসের ক্ষেত্রে লক্ষ করা যায় যে, সংশ্লিষ্ট রচনাটির পর্ব থেকে পর্বান্তরের ক্রমধারাবাহিকতায় লেখক আত্মজ অভিব্যক্তির প্রাতিস্বিক রূপায়ণে নিয়োজিত হন। আমাদের আলোচ্য উপন্যাসটিও এপিসোডিক হিসেবে শনাক্তকৃত ( 5. গুণময়, ১৯৯৯ : ৬৭; শুভঙ্কর, ১৯৯৯ : ৮৩)। উপন্যাসটিতে অদ্বৈত তিতাস নদীর দেখিয়ে যাওয়া পথে একের পর এক এপিসোড পূর্ণ করেন এবং এভাবেই তিনি নিজ যাপিত জীবন আর ভাবী সময়কে যুগল স্রোতে বাহিত করেন; এর মধ্য দিয়ে জবাব পেতে চান বিনির্মিত আত্মজিজ্ঞাসার। তাই উপন্যাস পাঠের সূত্র ধরে পাঠক জিজ্ঞাসু হয়ে ওঠে এই ভেবে: তিতাস কি সত্যিই কেবল একটি নদীর নাম, না-কি নদীময় এক অফুরান সজীবতার শিল্পকাহন। নদী-নিয়ন্ত্রিত জীবন কাঠামোয় এই নিগূঢ় প্রাণময়তার অনুসন্ধানে বর্তমান আলোচনার কেন্দ্রীয় মনোযোগ আকর্ষণ করে থাকবে দুটি মানুষ কিশোর আর অনন্ত । কীভাবে গোষ্ঠীজীবন সময়ান্তরের অভিযাত্রায় অংশ নেয়, বারবার পালটে নেয় তার গতিপথ নদীবেষ্টিত জীবন-সংহিতার অপূর্ব নির্মাণ-নৈপুণ্যে কিশোর এবং অনন্তকে আশ্রয় করে তা-ই ঠাস-বুনোটে ধারণ করে আছে এই উপন্যাস ।
বাংলাদেশের বিশিষ্ট গ্রামনাম ‘হাপানিয়া' : অভিধেয়রহস্যভেদ
Authors: মুহম্মদ শাহজাহান মিয়া
Published: August 2024

[এক] কথারম্ভ
বাংলাদেশের গ্রামনামসমূহ নানা বৈচিত্র্যে ভরপুর। ‘বাংলাদেশ’-ভূখণ্ডে বসবাসকারী ব্যক্তিবর্গের প্রায় দু হাজার বছরের অভিজ্ঞতাসমূহ এসব গ্রামনামে অনুস্যূত হয়েছে।' এ দু হাজার বছরেও নানাদিগ্‌ দেশাগত মানবসম্প্রদায় এ-ভূখণ্ডে বসতি স্থাপন করেছে। ফলে তাঁদের ভাষা ও সভ্যতা-সংস্কৃতির বিভিন্ন উপাদানও এখানকার আবহমান সংস্কৃতির সঙ্গে যুক্ত হয়েছে। আধুনিক বাঙালির কাছে এদেশের গ্রামনামসমূহ, বহুক্ষেত্রে, উপলব্ধিগত অস্পষ্টতার বাতাবরণ তৈরি করে। বাংলা অভিধানসমূহে সন্নিবেশিত বিপুল জ্ঞানভাণ্ডারের সাহায্য নিয়েও, অনেক সময়ে, কিছু গ্রামনামের রহস্যভেদ করা সম্ভবপর হয়ে ওঠে না । তবে এসব স্থলেও জ্ঞানার্জনের বিষয়টিকে পরিহার করার সুযোগ নেই। কেননা এতে জাতির পূর্ণাঙ্গ আত্মোপলব্ধির প্রয়াস অনেকাংশে ব্যাহত হতে পারে। এসব চিন্তাচেতনার আলোকে আমরা, কিছু দুর্বোধ গ্রামনামবিষয়ে, অভিজ্ঞতা সঞ্চয়ে চেষ্টমান থাকার পক্ষপাতী। দীর্ঘ সময় ও বিপুল পরিশ্রমই কেবল এরকম প্রচেষ্টাকে সফল করে তুলতে পারে : জাতীয় ঐতিহ্যসন্ধানী কর্মীকে একথা জেনেই উদ্দিষ্ট কার্যে অগ্রসর হতে হয় ।
কৃষ্ণকুমারী নাটক ও অভিজ্ঞানশকুন্তলম্-মালবিকাগ্নিমিত্রম্-মৃচ্ছকটিকম্ : সাদৃশ্য ও স্বাতন্ত্র্য
Authors: ময়না তালুকদার
Published: August 2024

বাংলা রেনেসাঁসের সার্থক প্রতিনিধি মাইকেল মধুসূদন দত্ত (১৮২৪-১৮৭৩)। নবযুগের উল্লাস, বেদনা ও সীমাবদ্ধতার সার্থক প্রতিফলন ঘটেছে তাঁর কাব্য-নাটক-প্রহসনগুলিতে। বাংলা সাহিত্যের কালবদল, বিশেষ করে মধ্যযুগের অন্ধ তমসাগর্ভ থেকে আলোকোজ্জ্বল নতুন সাহিত্যে পদার্পণ তাঁরই পদচিহ্ন ধরে ঘটেছে। সুতরাং বাংলা সাহিত্যে তিনি যুগস্রষ্টা বা যুগন্ধর। বঙ্গদেশে ইংরেজি শিক্ষা-দীক্ষার ফলে এক শ্রেণির, বিশেষ করে যুবক সম্প্রদায়ের, মধ্যে বিদেশি ভাবধারা যেমন পোশাক-পরিচ্ছদ, আহার-বিহার, দৈনন্দিন জীবনচর্চায় দেশি ভাবধারাকে বর্জন করার প্রবণতা দেখা দিয়েছিল তাঁদের মধ্যে অন্যতম ছিলেন মাইকেল মধুসূদন দত্ত। তবে প্রথম জীবনে তিনি এঁদেরই একজন হলেও পরিণত বয়সে বাংলা সাহিত্যচর্চার মধ্য দিয়েই তাঁর ব্যক্তিসত্তার উন্মোচন ঘটেছিল। মায়ের সযত্ন তত্ত্বাবধানে ছোটবেলা থেকেই রামায়ণ, মহাভারত, কবিকঙ্কণ চণ্ডী প্রভৃতি বিষয়ের প্রতি মধুসূদন দত্তের আগ্রহ জন্মেছিল। তাঁর এই সযত্ন তত্ত্বাবধান পরবর্তীকালে মধুসূদন দত্তের কবিসত্তার ভিত্তিভূমি রচনায় পালন করে দূরসঞ্চারী ভূমিকা। সাহিত্যের চর্চা করে অক্ষয় কীর্তি লাভ করবেন এটিই ছিল তাঁর লক্ষ্য। মধুসূদন দত্ত তা করে বাংলা সাহিত্যে নবজাগরণ ঘটিয়েছেন। তাঁর নাট্যরচনাতেই সর্বপ্রথম পাশ্চাত্য নাট্যভাবনা ও সংস্কৃত নাট্যভাবনার সংমিশ্রণ ঘটতে দেখা যায়। মধুসূদন দত্তই বাংলা সাহিত্যকে মধ্যযুগের সংকীর্ণ গণ্ডি থেকে বের করে বিশ্বসাহিত্যের দরবারে উপস্থিত করেছিলেন। সুতরাং তাঁকেই আধুনিক বাংলা সাহিত্যের স্রষ্টা বলা যায়। জীবন ও জগতের প্রতি স্বতন্ত্র দৃষ্টি, সাহিত্যের রূপ ও রীতি, সর্বোপরি প্রবল ব্যক্তিত্বের প্রকাশে মধুসূদন দত্ত যুগস্রষ্টার ভূমিকাই পালন করেছেন ।
নজরুলের প্রবন্ধ পাঠ : একটি পর্যালোচনা
Authors: মুনিরা সুলতানা
Published: August 2024

একজন কবি, নাট্যকার, কথাশিল্পী, সঙ্গীতকার কিংবা শিশু-সাহিত্যিক হিসেবে নজরুলের শিল্পিসত্তা থেকে প্রবন্ধকার নজরুলকে ভিন্নতর শ্রেণির লেখক হিসেবেই চিহ্নিত করা যায়। কাজী নজরুল ইসলামের (১৮৯৯-১৯৭৬) বেশ কিছু প্রবন্ধ সমকালে সংবাদপত্রের সম্পাদকীয় হিসেবে বেরিয়েছিল। তবে সাহিত্যচর্চার অঙ্গ হিসেবে তিনি সচেতনভাবে প্রবন্ধও রচনা করেছেন। তিনি নিজে যেসব রচনাকে প্রবন্ধ বলে আখ্যায়িত করেছেন, সেগুলি প্রথমে প্রকাশিত হয় 'নবযুগ' (১৯২০), 'ধূমকেতু' (১৯২২) আর 'গণবাণী' (১৯২৬) পত্রিকার সম্পাদকীয়তে। যুগবাণী, রুদ্র-মঙ্গল ও দুর্দিনের যাত্রীর অধিকাংশ রচনা এই শ্রেণির। রচনাগুলি প্রথম পর্যায়ে গ্রন্থাকারে প্রকাশিত হয় বাংলা ১৩২৬ থেকে ১৩৩৩ সালের মধ্যে, পত্রিকায় প্রকাশিত হওয়ার কিছু কাল পরে। ধূমকেতু-তে সংকলিত হয় আঠারটি প্রবন্ধ এবং দুটি চিঠি। প্রবন্ধগুলোর একটি 'গণবাণী' থেকে সংগৃহীত। বাকি সবগুলোই সম্পাদকীয় বা প্রবন্ধের আকারে 'ধূমকেতু'-তে আত্মপ্রকাশ করে। নজরুলের বিখ্যাত রচনা রাজবন্দীর জবানবন্দী গ্রন্থাকারে প্রথম প্রকাশিত হয় ১৯২৩ সালে। রচনাটি রাজদ্রোহের অভিযোগে ধৃত কবির লিখিত জবানবন্দি। এটি পরে প্রলয়-শিখা কাব্যগ্রন্থের পরিশিষ্ট রূপে সংকলিত হয়। 'রাজবন্দীর জবানবন্দী'র প্রাথমিক উদ্দেশ্য যা-ই থাক না কেন, একে যুগবাণী, রুদ্র-মঙ্গল, দুর্দিনের যাত্রী আর ধূমকেতুর রচনাগুলির মতই 'ব্যাপক অর্থে প্রবন্ধ হিসেবে স্বীকার করে নেয়া যায়।'
সূর্য-দীঘল বাড়ী উপন্যাসে অস্তিত্ববাদী চেতনা
Authors: মোঃ মাসুদ আলম
Published: August 2024

জগত ও জীবনের জ্ঞানার্জন ও সত্যানুসন্ধানের ক্ষেত্রে দর্শনের শাস্ত্রীয় কাঠামোর বাইরে সর্বাধিক আলোচিত, ব্যক্তিক স্বাধীনতা- মর্যাদা-অস্তিত্বকে কেন্দ্র করে ব্যাপক আলোড়িত, মৌল জীবনবোধকে অবলম্বন করে ব্যক্তিসত্তাকেন্দ্রিক যে সমকালীন দার্শনিক আন্দোলন সাহিত্য, মনোবিজ্ঞান ও ধর্মতত্ত্বে বহুল প্রচলিত তা হলো অস্তিত্ববাদ। বিজ্ঞান ও প্রযুক্তির হাতে মানুষের বিপন্ন ব্যক্তি স্বাধীনতা, ব্যক্তি মর্যাদা, ব্যক্তির দায়িত্ববোধ ও মূল্যবোধ রক্ষার তাগিদে, মানব সভ্যতার ইতিহাসকে কলঙ্কিত করা পরপর দু'টি মহাযুদ্ধের পরই মানুষকে সকল প্রকার দুর্বলতা, নিরাপত্তাহীনতা ও সীমাবদ্ধতার বেড়াজাল থেকে মুক্ত করার এক বলিষ্ঠ পদক্ষেপ হিসেবে এবং জার্মান অধ্যাত্মবাদের চরম পরিণতি হেগেলীয় সার্বিকতাবাদের বিরুদ্ধে প্রতিবাদ জানিয়ে বিশ শতকে ‘অস্তিত্ববাদ' এক বুদ্ধিবৃত্তিক আন্দোলনের রূপ লাভ করে। এ সময়ে এ নতুন চিন্তাধারা ও জ্ঞানবুদ্ধি বহু শিল্পী, সাহিত্যিক, নাট্যকার, কবি, ধর্মতত্ত্ববিদ, মনস্তত্ত্ববিদ ও দার্শনিকের বক্তব্য ও লেখনীর মাধ্যমে প্রকাশ পায়। ডেনমার্কের সোরেন কিয়ের্কে (১৮১৩- ১৮৫৫), জার্মানির কার্ল জেসপার্স (১৮৮৩-১৯৬৯), মার্টিন হিডেগার (১৮৮৯-১৯৭৬) ও মার্টিন বুবার (১৮৭৮-১৯৬৫), ফ্রান্সের জ্যাঁ পল সার্ত (১৯০৫-১৯৮০), আলবেয়ার কামু (১৯১৩-১৯৬০), জ্যাঁ ওয়াহ্ (১৮৮৮-১৯৭৪), গ্যাব্রিয়েল মার্সেল (১৮৮৯-১৯৭৩) ও ফ্রাঞ্জ কাফ্‌কা (১৮৮৩-১৯২৪), স্পেনের জোসে ওর্তেগায় গ্যাসেট (১৮৮৩-১৯৫৫) ও মিগুয়েল ডি উনামুনো (১৮৬৪-১৯৩৬), রাশিয়ার ফিওদোর মিখাইলোভিচ দস্তয়েভস্কি (১৮২১-১৮৮১), নিকোলাই বারদায়েভ (১৮৭৪-১৯৪৮) ও লেভ শেস্টভ (১৮৬৬-১৯৩৮) প্রমুখ লেখক, চিন্তাবিদ ও দার্শনিকদের প্রচেষ্টায় অস্তিত্ববাদ একটি সুসংবদ্ধ ব্যক্তিক জীবনবাদ হিসেবে প্রতিষ্ঠিত হয়।