bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF PARTURITION ON SOW URINARY CREATININE
Authors: BATE L. A. , HACKER R. R.
Published: March 2010

Total urinary creatinine (UC) was measured three times a day between day 5 prepartum and day 4 postpartum in 13 Yorkshire sows. Total UC remained unchanged during days 5, 4, and 3, and decreased (P > 0.05) during days 2 and 1 prepartum. After parturition, levels increased (P < 0.0001), reaching peak values on day 2 and declining thereafter to approximately prepartum values. Differences in total UC did not exist between the three collection periods of the day. However, large differences (P < 0.01) existed between animals. Correlations between litter weight (LW) and changes in UC excretion (CUCE) for days 1 and 2 postpartum were 0.746 and 0.749, respectively (P < 0.01), while for days 3 and 4 postpartum, the correlation was only 0.349 and 0.463, respectively (P > 0.05). Prediction equations based on LW were developed for estimating CUCE. Results indicated that if UC is to be utilized as an index for expressing concentrations of urinary metabolites, during the first 2 days following parturition, correction must be made for CUCE.
THE EFFECT OF CONCENTRATE ON THE DIGESTION OF BROMEGRASS CONSTITUENTS
Authors: FRANKLIN K. K. , WINCH J. E. , MACLEOD G. K.
Published: March 2010

A nylon bag technique was used to study the effect of concentrate feeding on the rate and extent of digestion of bromegrass constituents in eight fistulated sheep fed rations at or slightly above maintenance, at concentrate to bromegrass ratios of 3:97, 22:78, 44:56 and 66:34. The eight sheep were arranged in a double 4 × 4 latin square design with nylon bag incubation times of 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h. Rations containing 44 and 66% concentrate depressed rumen digestion of bromegrass dry matter at both 24- and 48-h incubation times. The extent of digestion depression varied among sheep and was related to the animal's ability to buffer increases in rumen acidity. Digestibilities of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, cellulose and hemicellulose followed trends similar to that of dry matter. Rumen osmolality, total volatile fatty acids and ammonia levels appeared to have little relationship to bromegrass dry matter digestion. The apparent or total gut digestibility of cell wall components was not depressed. This suggested that additional digestion took place in the ileum, cecum and colon and that the proportion of concentrate supplementation may affect ruminal but not the total gut utilization of roughage at maintenance levels of intake.
COMPARISONS OF DIFFERENT FORAGE FEEDING SYSTEMS FOR DAIRY COWS
Authors: PELLETIER G. , ROY G. L. , DIONNE J. L. , GENEST J.
Published: March 2010

Four different forage feeding systems were compared for milk production efficiency using 40 Holstein cows divided into four equal groups and assigned to the different forage rations for 3 consecutive yr. Two groups grazed on a ladino-timothy pasture for 130 days; for the 235 days of winter season the first group (PH) was fed ad libitum timothy-red clover hay, while the second group (PC) received ad libitum corn silage and 3 kg of hay per cow per day. The other two groups were kept in confinement; one (CA) was fed a mixture of corn silage and alfalfa-timothy silage in a 1:1 ration on a dry matter (DM) basis, the other (CR) was fed a complete ration consisting on a DM basis of 30% corn silage, 30% alfalfa-timothy silage and 40% concentrate. Concentrate was fed to the PH, PC and CA groups according to the level of milk fat production. Daily DM intake and fat-corrected milk (FCM) production were 17.4, 17.2, 14.9, 15.1 kg/cow and 18.2, 19.2, 19.1, 19.1 kg/cow, for groups PH, PC, CA and CR, respectively. Feed to FCM ration was higher (P < 0.05) for PH than PC which was higher (P < 0.05) than CA and CR cow groups. Milk fat production was lower (P < 0.05) for PH than for other systems. Average yearly FCM and hectare required per cow, when allowing for land required for concentrate production, were 3417, 3905, 4403, 3502 kg/ha and 1.45, 1.44, 1.29, 1.64 ha/cow/yr for groups PH, PC, Ca and CR, respectively. Health and breeding status were also recorded for each cow.
EFFECT OF DIETARY PROTEIN ON THE SOLUBILITIES OF MANGANESE, COPPER, ZINC AND IRON IN THE RUMEN AND ABOMASUM OF SHEEP
Authors: IVAN M. , VEIRA D. M.
Published: March 2010

Four sheep, each prepared with a rumen fistula and re-entrant cannula in the proximal duodenum, were fed hourly diets containing 7, 11, 15 and 19% crude protein in a 4 × 4 latin square experiment. Solubilities of manganese, copper, zinc and iron were much lower in the rumen than in aqueous extracts of the diets but those of manganese and zinc dramatically increased on passage through the abomasum. There was no effect of dietary protein on the solubility of manganese, zinc and iron in the rumen and abomasal digesta flowing into the duodenum. The solubility of copper was proportionally decreased in both rumen and abomasal digesta with the increasing dietary protein. It is concluded that the dietary concentration of protein is one of the important factors affecting the solubility of copper in the stomach of ruminants.
COMPARISON OF SALINOMYCIN AND CARBADOX AS GROWTH PROMOTERS FOR WEANLING PIGS
Authors: BLAIR ROBERT , SHIRES ALAN
Published: March 2010

Salinomycin (AHR-3096) is a new polyether antibiotic prepared from a strain of Streptomyces albus. Four pens each of four castrated male and four female swine were allocated to each of the following treatments from 8 to 34 kg liveweight: basal corn-soy diet; basal diet supplemented with carbadox at 55 mg/kg; basal diet supplemented with salinomycin at 25 mg/kg; basal diet supplemented with salinomycin at 50 mg/kg. Mean daily feed intakes were 1.12, 1.22, 1.14 and 1.19 kg (P < 0.05); mean adjusted daily gains were 546, 626, 580 and 602 g (P < 0.001); and mean feed conversion (feed:gain), ratios were 2.05, 1.95, 1.97 and 1.93 (P < 0.05), respectively. Both salinomycin and carbadox improved daily liveweight gain and reduced feed:gain ratio.
DRIED BEE MEAL AS A FEEDSTUFF FOR GROWING TURKEYS
Authors: SALMON R. E. , SZABO T. I.
Published: March 2010

Dried bee meal, produced from bees killed after the honey-producing season, has been assessed as a high protein feedstuff in diets of growing turkeys from 6 to 41 days of age. Although higher in crude protein and differing in amino acid composition, dried bee meal was similar to soybean meal in total amino acids and true metabolizable energy. Diets containing 150 and 300 g dried bee meal/kg linearly decreased liveweight gained by poults. Efficiency of feed conversion was slightly improved when the diet contained 150 g bee meal/kg, but was depressed by 300 kg bee meal/kg. The adverse effects may be related to nonprotein nitrogen in bee meal or to toxicity of dried bee venom.
INFLUENCE OF PROPIONIC ACID ON THE CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM OF PIGS FED HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIC DIETS
Authors: THACKER P. A. , SALOMONS M. O. , AHERNE F. X. , MILLIGAN L. P. , BOWLAND J. P.
Published: March 2010

Sixty-four crossbred pigs averaging 24 kg liveweight were used to study the effects of dietary propionic acid (PA) on plasma and tissue cholesterol concentrations of pigs fed hypercholesterolemic diets for 10 wk. Four diets, based on barley, wheat and soybean meal, consisting of a control diet and a diet containing 10% tallow, both fed with and without the addition of 5% PA were used in this study. Addition of PA to the control diet decreased feed intake (ADF) by 16%, decreased average daily gain (ADG) by 8% and improved feed conversion efficiency (FCE) by 8%. Addition of tallow to the control diet resulted in a 15% reduction in ADF, a 3% improvement in ADG and an 18% improvement in FCE. When both tallow and PA were present, ADF was depressed 26%, ADG decreased 5% and FCE improved 23%. The addition of tallow significantly increased the levels of total plasma cholesterol while the addition of PA significantly decreased the plasma cholesterol levels in comparison with the control diet and prevented the increase noted in the tallow group. Addition of PA to the control diet significantly increased the cholesterol content of backfat and significantly reduced the cholesterol content of the kidneys. Addition of PA to the tallow diet significantly reduced the cholesterol content of kidneys, but did not significantly affect the cholesterol content of backfat. It is suggested that the increased cholesterol content of backfat in pigs fed diets containing PA reflects a reduced transport of cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver for excretion in the bile.
PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS GRADE CHARACTERISTICS OF TURKEYS FED THE GROWTH PROMOTER, AVOPARCIN
Authors: LEESON S. , SUMMERS J. D.
Published: March 2010

Two trials were conducted with Nicholas strain turkeys. In trial 1, 300 male poults were reared to 49 days using either initial stages of 'large-turkey' feeding regime, or a situation allowing for diet self-selection of protein and energy. Within these programs, diets were supplemented with 10 ppm avoparcin, while a comparable number of controls received no growth promoter. Avoparcin improved growth rate (P < 0.01) irrespective of age, and improved feed utilization to 35 days of age. This effect was not confounded with the form in which diets were offered. In a second trial a 'broiler-turkey' feeding schedule was used, with birds slaughtered at 88 days. Diet treatments consisted of a control diet containing 33 ppm robenz and test diets containing either 33 ppm robenz + 10 ppm avoparcin or 10 ppm avoparcin alone. Avoparcin improved weight gain (P < 0.05) irrespective of coccidiostat inclusion. Feed utilization and carcass grades were not influenced by diet. The 7% improvement in body weight noted here with avoparcin was substantially greater than that previously observed with broiler chickens.
REPLACEMENT OF SOYBEAN MEAL IN CHICKEN BROILER DIETS BY RAPESEED MEAL AND FISH MEAL COMPLEMENTARY SOURCES OF DIETARY PROTEIN
Authors: HULAN H. W. , PROUDFOOT F. G.
Published: March 2010

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of Brassica napus 'Tower' rapeseed meal (Tower RSM) and B. campestris 'Candle' RSM or combinations of Tower RSM and fish meal (FM) or Candle RSM and FM as partial or complete replacement for soybean meal (SM) in chicken broiler starter and finisher diets. Amino acid levels were maintained in diets where SM was replaced by RSM by increasing the level of FM. The results of these experiments indicate that RSM can replace up to 80% of the SM in chicken broiler starter and finisher diets on a straight replacement basis without adversely affecting body weight or feed efficiency. Moreover, RSM can replace all of the SM in such diets without adverse effects on biological performance provided energy, protein and amino acid differences are compensated. The calculated amino acid content of the diets indicate that FM is a complementary source of dietary protein in diets containing high levels of RSM.
INFLUENCE OF DIETARY ORNITHINE AND METHIONINE ON GROWTH, CARCASS COMPOSITION, AND POLYAMINE METABOLISM IN THE CHICK
Authors: SMITH T. K.
Published: March 2010

Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of factorial combinations of dietary ornithine and methionine on chick growth, carcass composition, and the regulatory enzymes of polyamine synthesis. Week-old leghorn cockerel chicks were fed 12 soy protein-based semipurified diets containing 0.00, 0.50, 0.85 or 1.25% ornithine plus 0.55, 0.75 or 1.00% methionine for 2 wk. Weight gains were depressed as dietary methionine increased but only when ornithine was fed at less than 0.85%. Ornithine supplements depressed growth regardless of methionine levels. Carcass protein decreased with supplemental ornithine when methionine was fed at 0.55% but not at higher levels. Methionine supplements decreased carcass protein only in the absence of ornithine. Feeding 0.85% ornithine plus 0.55% methionine resulted in increased activity of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase in heart, pancreas, and muscle when compared to the control diet containing 0.00% ornithine plus 0.55% methionine. Dietary ornithine supplements lowered ornithine decarboxylase activities in heart, pancreas, and liver regardless of methionine level. It can be concluded that there is a nutritional interrelationship between ornithine and methionine as indicated by their cumulative effects on growth, carcass composition, and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity.
THYROID HORMONE RESPONSE TO THYROTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE BY PIGS FED CANOLA, RAPESEED OR SOYBEAN MEALS
Authors: CHRISTISON G. I. , LAARVELD B.
Published: March 2010

Pigs weighing approximately 13 kg were fed diets in which the protein supplement was either 12% soybean meal (SBM), 15% canola meal (CM), or 15% rapeseed meal (RSM). The CM and RSM originated from the cultivars Tower and Midas, respectively. After 46–59 days on the experimental diets, blood samples were collected via jugular catheters at −10, 0 and for 70 min following the infusion of 40 μg thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). The preinfusion level of plasma thyroxine (T4) was depressed (P < 0.01) in the RSM-fed pigs when compared to the SBM- and CM-fed animals (1.8 vs. 3.7 and 3.6 μg/dL, respectively). Following TRH infusion, circulating triiodothyronine increased for each diet (P < 0.05) with no difference among diet groups. Plasma T4 concentrations did not increase following TRH infusion in pigs fed CM or RSM whereas SBM-fed pigs increased the circulating T4 from 3.7 to 4.9 μg/dL (P < 0.001), indicating that CM- or RSM-fed pigs had no detectable ability to increase the output of T4 in response to an external TRH stimulus. It is suggested that further studies on the use of CM in swine diets are required under conditions which require increased thyroid hormone secretion.
PERFORMANCE OF LAYING HENS FED DIETS CONTAINING SOYBEAN GUMS, RAPESEED GUMS OR RAPESEED MEALS WITH AND WITHOUT GUMS
Authors: HULAN H. W. , PROUDFOOT F. G.
Published: March 2010

Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of soybean and/or rapeseed gums (SBG and/or RSG) on general performance and mortality of laying hens. In exp. 1 a total of 1824 SCWL hens of two commercial genotypes (912 of each) were fed a corn-soy-based control diet or this diet to which was added 2.0% be weight of either SBG or RSG. In exp. 2, 1824 hens of the more sensitive genotype used in exp. 1 were fed a control diet or diets containing approximately 15% of gummed and gumless Tower and Candle rapeseed mean (RSM) or gumless Tower RSM to which was added 3.33% Candle gums. The addition of SBG and RS3 to the diet (exp. 1) caused a significant increase in mortality, increased the amount of feed required to produce a kilogram of eggs, and decreased heart and liver weights. Feeding RSM with and without the commercial level (2.0% of the RSM, or in this study 0.3% of the diet) of added gums had no effect on body weight or egg weight. Hen-housed egg production and feed per dozen eggs were significantly depressed by feeding Candle RSM with gums and by feeding gumless Tower RSM to which had been added Candle gums, indicating that Candle gums but not Tower gums are deleterious to laying hens even at the commercial level of addition to RSM. Accumulated mortality to 497d was significantly higher for all groups fed RSM with or without gums compared to the control-fed group. The increase in mortality with this sensitive genotype appeared to be related to the mere presence of RSM in the diet and not due to the presence of gums per se. The major cause of mortality in both experiments was diagnosed as fatty liver syndrome, and from results of exp. 2 appeared to be related to the presence of RSM in the diet and not due to the presence of gums.
A GROWTH STUDY OF BEEF CATTLE
Authors: GOONEWARDENE L. A. , BERG R. T. , HARDIN R. T.
Published: March 2010

Four growth equations (Richards, Brody, Von Bertalanffy and Logistic) were fitted to data from two breed groups of female beef cattle, purebred Hereford (HE) and synthetic of Charolais, Angus and Galloway (SY), which were maintained at the University of Alberta beef breeding research ranch at Kinsella, Alberta. All functions fitted three common parameters (an asymptote, an integration constant and a maturing rate parameter). Two functions (Von Bertalanffy and Logistic) had fixed inflection points while the Richards function fitted the inflection point as a fourth parameter. The Brody function had no inflection point. Based on the R2, mean prediction errors (MPE) and residual variances, the Richards function, with a variable inflection point, provided the best overall and the most consistent fit to both sets of data, followed by the Brody function with no inflection point. The Richards was the only function that could predict birth weight with any degree of accuracy. The Logistic and Von Bertalanffy functions, with fixed inflection points, provided poor estimates of actual weights at each end of the growth curve, overestimating birth weight and converging too early leading to underestimation of adult weight or the asymptote. Intermediate weights were reasonably well estimated by these functions. The HE group showed a 28% greater maturing rate compared with the SY based on the Richards function.
A TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING LINEAR BONE GROWTH DURING SHORT TIME INTERVALS IN CATTLE
Authors: GRAHAM W. C. , PRICE M. A.
Published: March 2010

A technique is described for meausuring increases in bone length during defined periods before slaughter in cattle. It consists of jugular infusions of oxytetracycline at specified time intervals. Oxytetracycline identifies the sites of ossification in growing bones at the time of infusion by leaving a label which can be seen as a yellow-green fluorescent line under ultraviolet light. By applying a series of labels at known time intervals, the amount and rate of bone growth at any particular site during those time intervals can be determined. In the present experiment the distal epiphyseal growth plate in the radiuses of young cows (five 2-yr-olds, five 3-yr-olds and four 4-yr-olds) were studied. The increase in bone length at that site for the three age groups was found to be 0.0732, 0.0205 and 0.0000 mm/day respectively.
EFFECT OF RUMEN DEGRADABILITY OF SUPPLEMENTS ON INTAKE OF BARLEY STRAW BY STEERS
Authors: DIXON R. M. , MATHISON G. W. , MILLIGAN L. P.
Published: March 2010

Untreated canola meal (U-CM) was lost from nylon bags suspended in the rumen more rapidly than was formaldehyde-treated canola meal (F-CM), or fish meal (FM); on the basis of a pepsin solubilization measurement, the latter two preparations would be digested to a significant extent posterior to the rumen. Steers supplemented with U-CM tended to consume more barley straw (7.7 kg/day) than those supplemented with F-CM (6.9 kg/day), and consumed significantly (P < 0.05) more straw than those supplemented with FM (6.4 kg/day).
COMPOSITION AND DIGESTIBILITY OF CELL WALL COMPONENTS IN CEREAL STRAWS AFTER TREATMENT WITH ANHYDROUS AMMONIA
Authors: HORTON G. M. J.
Published: March 2010

Three varieties each of oat, barley and wheat straw were treated with anhydrous ammonia (3.5% wt/wt). A concentrate and straw were each fed to steers at 1% of body weight for the measurement of apparent digestibility. Hemicellulose and lignin contents tended to be lower, but cellulose was not affected by ammonia treatment. Pooled data show that ammoniation increased (P < 0.001) the digestibility of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and cellulose in the diets by 5.8, 4.7 and 5.8 percentage units, respectively. Improvements were largest for wheat straw diets averaging about 17%, and were similar for oat and barley straw diets at about 8%.
EFFICACY OF SALINOMYCIN AS A GROWTH PROMOTER FOR GROWING-FINISHING SWINE
Authors: LEESON S. , HACKER R. H. , WEY D.
Published: March 2010

Salinomycin at 25 or 50 ppm improved (P < 0.01) growth rate to 90 kg compared to control animals; pigs fed 22 ppm tylosin were intermediate in growth rate which was not significantly different from that of the other groups. Salinomycin, irrespective of inclusion level, resulted in an (P < 0.01) improvement in feed/gain compared to control and tylosin-treated pigs. At 25 ppm, salinomycon resulted in reduced carcass backfat (P < 0.05) compared to the tylosin and salinomycin 50 ppm treatments.
AVOPARCIN AS A GROWTH PROMOTANT FOR TURKEY BROILERS
Authors: HULAN H. W. , PROUDFOOT F. G.
Published: March 2010

An experiment was conducted to test the effectiveness of the antibiotic avoparcin as a growth promotant for turkey broilers. Avoparcin at 10 ppm had no significant effect on mortality, efficiency of feed conversion or percentage grade A carcasses but liveweights at 70 and 98 days were significantly greater than those fed diets without avoparcin.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON CHEMICALS FOR REDUCING MICROBIAL POPULATIONS IN POULTRY WASTES
Authors: NARASIMHALU P. , McRAE K. , GREGOIRE R.
Published: March 2010

Six Chemicals were compared for reducing microbial populations ir poultry wastes. Broiler litter aerobes were most reduced by sodium hypochlorite and sodium metabisulfite, conforms by sodium hypochlorite, and fungi by sodium metabisulfite and calcium hypochlorite; layer feces aerobes and coliforms were decreased by formaldehyde and fungi by tannic acid.
MEAT CARCASS GRADING IN THE FUTURE
Authors: PRICE M. A.
Published: March 2010

A fully functional grading or classification system must allow trading in carcasses and meat to be conducted without the buyer needing to inspect the product personally. To achieve this, the system must accurately indicate the quantity of meat, the intrinsic quality of the meat, and any aspects of appearance which would influence retail acceptability. An objective system is proposed which could be applied to carcasses of all genera and would allow all the necessary information for confident remote trading. The grading information would indicate the actual weight of lean meat in the carcass together with the important indicators of appropriate retail outlet (size, age, fat thickness and absence of defects). Other information on the label would indicate postslaughter treatments likely to influence the palatability of the meat. Key words: Carcass, grading, meat quality
MEAT CONSUMPTION AND HUMAN HEALTH
Authors: BROWN R. G.
Published: March 2010

Meat and meat products are excellent sources of protein for the human dietary. There are, however, concerns that consumption of meat may not be in the best interests of health. These concerns date to the nineteenth century, at which time a number of "pure-food 'advocates'" equated the consumption of meat with a variety of conditions including dermatitis, arteriosclerosis, constipation, flatulence etc. and with moral laxness. In recent years, there has been concern that consumption of meat could lead to increased intake of cholesterol and saturated fatty acids which are thought to have an adverse effect on cardiovascular health. Examination of current knowledge suggests that dietary intake of cholesterol and saturated fatty acids are not primary aetiological agents for the development of atherosclerosis. There is a suggestion in the literature that meat proteins themselves may be atherogenic. The theory is that consumption of meats that are rich in methionine leads to the development of high circulating levels of homocysteine which causes atheromatous lesions to develop. Induction of homocysteinaemia by vitamin B6 deficiency did not result in the development of atherosclerosis, however, which sheds some doubt on the theory that meat proteins are atherogenic. A review of current literature reveals that there is no concrete reason to suspect that meat consumption poses any threat to human health. Key words: Meat, health, heart, fat, cholesterol
CARCASS COMPOSITION OF YORKSHIRE BARROWS AND GILTS SLAUGHTERED BETWEEN 85 and 112 KG BODY WEIGHT
Authors: FORTIN ANDRÉ
Published: March 2010

Thirty-two Yorkshire pigs, 16 barrows and 16 gilts, were slaughtered at four weights (85, 92, 103 and 112 kg) to determine the effect of body weight at slaughter on the physical and chemical composition of the carcass. The right side was dissected into meat (including intra- and intermuscular fat), separable fat and bone which were subsequently analyzed for moisture, protein (N × 6.25), ether extract and ash. Sex did not influence (P < 0.05) carcass composition at any of the four slaughter weights. Increasing slaughter weight did not markedly alter the meat percentage of the carcass side but decreased the percentage of bone (P < 0.01). A trend toward an increasing percentage of separable fat was confirmed by the use of the allometric function Y = aXb. The effect of slaughter weight was more pronounced on the chemical than on the physical composition of the carcass side especially with respect to protein percentage. The chemical compositions of the meat, separable fat and bone were also determined. The protein percentage of each of the three physically separable components of the carcass side decreased (P < 0.01) with increasing slaughter weight. The partitioning of the chemically determined components among meat, separable fat and bone was not influenced by sex or by slaughter weight. Key words: Carcass composition, swine, sex, slaughter weight
THE INFLUENCES OF BREED OF SIRE AND SEX ON BOVINE INTRAMUSCULAR COLLAGEN CONTENT AND SOLUBILITY AFTER VARIOUS INTERVALS OF POSTMORTEM AGING
Authors: JEREMIAH L. E. , MARTIN A. H.
Published: March 2010

Longissimus dorsi muscles (LD) from 104 beef carcasses of three sexes (32 bulls, 36 heifers and 36 steers) and three breeds of sire (37 Charolais, 33 Simmental and 34 Chianina) ranging in chronological age from 11 to 15 mo and with carcass weights approximating 270 kg were sampled at various postmortem intervals (1, 24, 144, 312 and 480 h) to evaluate the influences of sex and breed of sire upon intramuscular collagen content and solubility. Although statistically significant differences were observed in LD intramuscular collagen content among breed of sire groups at different postmortem sampling periods, they did not appear to be of practical significance. Significant differences were observed among sex groups in LD intramuscular collagen content and solbility. Carcasses from intact males consistently had more LD intramuscular collagen than carcasses from females, and the LD intramuscular collagen of bull carcasses was most heat soluble during the early postmortem period, while the heat solubility of LD intramuscular collagen in steer and heifer carcasses increased during postmortem aging. Key words: Beef, collagen, breed, sex, aging
FAILURE OF A 16 h L:8 h D or AN 8 h L:16 h D PHOTOPERIOD TO INFLUENCE LACTATION OR REPRODUCTIVE EFFICIENCY IN SOWS
Authors: GREENBERG L. G. , MAHONE J. P.
Published: March 2010

Forty-one sows were divided into two groups where animals were either exposed to a long photoperiod (16 h L:8 h D) or a short photoperiod (8 h L:16 h D) 1 mo before parturition. One month prior to the following parturition, sows were switched to the opposite light treatment and maintained on this treatment until the following estrus. Birth weight and litter size at birth of piglets conceived under natural lighting (15.4 h L) did not significantly differ from piglets conceived under a 16 h L or 8 h L photoperiod. Litter size at weaning and weight of piglets did not significantly differ for receiving a 16 h L or an 8 h L regime followed by the opposite treatment. The length of time to return to heat from weaning to next estrus was unaffected by photoperiod. The results from this experiment indicate that photoperiods of 16 h L:8 h D or 8 h L:16 h D have no influence on reproductive efficiency or lactation in sows. Key words: Light, photoperiod, production, swine, sows
WET CAGE LAYER EXCRETA ADDED TO WHOLE PLANT CORN PRIOR TO ITS ENSILING AND EFFECT ON FOOD INTAKE AND UTILIZATION BY SHEEP
Authors: BUCHANAN-SMITH J. G. , MACLEOD G. K. , JOFRIET J. C.
Published: March 2010

Corn ensiled with wet cage layer excreta was compared with untreated corn silage supplemented at feeding either with excreta or with soybean meal, in an intake assay and balance study using 25-kg lambs. Comparisons were made at both 10 and 20% inclusion levels (wt/wt, as-is basis) for excreta and to equivalent levels of crude protein from soybean meal, providing six treatments in all. Voluntary intake of dry matter for excreta-silage (mean – 56.8 g/kg0.75 body wt) was lower (P < 0.05) than for corn silage supplemented with excreta (mean – 80.7 g/kg0.75 body wt) which was comparable to the value obtained for silage supplemented with soybean meal. Digestibilities of dry and organic matter were significantly lower (P < 0.05) for all diets containing cage layer excreta compared to soybean meal. Nitrogen retention was lower (P < 0.05) for sheep fed silage supplemented with excreta rather than soybean meal, but was not adversely affected for sheep fed corn ensiled with excreta. Relative to untreated silage, addition of excreta at ensiling caused extensive degradation of free amino acids to amines and ammonia but did not enhance proteolysis. Absolute levels of five amines were increased by 46% in 10% excreta-silage and by 64% in 20% excreta-silage compared to untreated silage (163 mg amine-N/100 g DM). Low intake of excreta-silage may be explained by the amine levels associated with them but it is quite probable that several other factors were involved. Key words: Animal waste, ruminant nutrition, nutritive value, ensiling, corn
THE FEEDING OF FERMENTED COLOSTRUM TO NEONATAL CALVES. III. LABORATORY EVALUATION OF MOLD-INHIBITING AND NUTRIENT-PRESERVING PROPERTIES OF SORBIC ACID APPLIED TO FERMENTED COLOSTRUM
Authors: DREVJANY L. A. , DONEFER E. , LATRILLE L. , FANOUS M. A.
Published: March 2010

The effect of four levels of sorbic acid (0, 1000, 2000, 3000 ppm of sorbic acid equivalent) applied at day 1 or 4 of storage at ambient summer or simulated winter temperatures, on nutritive value and degree of putrefaction of Streptococcus lactis fermented colostrum, was examined. Application of sorbic acid, particularly at day 1, resulted in a slowdown of the initial pH decline and a slowdown of an increase in the titratable acidity. Day 4 application maintained the pH at a desirable level throughout the storage. The pH decreased quadratically during storage when sorbic acid was applied at day 1 and linearly when applied at day 4. The pH levels were positively related to the levels of sorbic acid applied. Storage losses of lactose were higher in summer (88.2%) than in winter (32.8%) conditions; however, day 4 summer application of 2000 ppm of sorbic acid reduced losses to approximately 60%. Protein degradation decreased when the dose of sorbic acid applied was increased. Degradation of protein was lower by 13% in summer and 5% in winter in sorbic-acid-treated samples than in control samples. No changes in total nitrogen were noticed during storage. All levels of sorbic acid applied at day 4 reduced the fat breakdown during summer storage more effectively than day 1 application. During summer storage, the day 1 application of sorbic acid led to complete elimination of molds and yeasts, while the control count grew to a level of approximately 106/mL. The same day of application brought about partial, but not complete, control of molds and yeasts during winter storage. Visual characteristics and odor of stored colostrum were greatly improved by the application of sorbic acid especially during summer storage. Key words: Calf, colostrum, sorbate, residual lactose protein
HIGH LEVELS OF SODIUM CHLORIDE IN BEEF CATTLE DIETS
Authors: CROOM Jr. W. JAMES , HARVEY R. W. , FROETSCHEL M. , LINNERUD A. C.
Published: March 2010

Trials were conducted to determine the effectiveness of adding elevated levels of NaCl and limestone to the diet of fattening beef steers as a means of improving feedlot performance. In Trial 1, 24 Hereford steers were fed high grain diets containing 0.5% (control), 3%, 5%, or 7% NaCl for 126 days. Growth and feed efficiency were not affected by level of NaCl, although feed intakes, organic matter intakes and carcass weights were reduced at the 7% level as compared with the control. Acetate to propionate ratio increased from 1.9 to 2.8 (P < 0.05) with NaCl supplementation while fecal starch tended to increase from 10.3% to 18.7% (P < 0.12). In Trial 2, 24 steers were fed finishing diets containing 0.5% NaCl (control), 2% limestone, 5% NaCl or 5% NaCl plus 2% limestone for 119 days. Steers consuming 5% NaCl or 5% NaCl plus 2% limestone showed 7.4% and 8.9% increases (P < 0.05) in efficiency of organic matter utilization over those fed the control diet. Addition of limestone to the 5% NaCl diet did not markedly increase performance over that seen with NaCl supplementation alone. Similar to Trail 1, fecal starch concentrations tended to increase (P < 0.10) in diets containing NaCl regardless of limestone supplementation. Use of 5% NaCl in the diet of finishing steers may be useful in increasing feed efficiency. Key words: Beef cattle, sodium chloride, high grain
THE EFFECT OF DIETS SUPPLEMENTED WITH TOWER AND/OR CANDLE RAPESEED MEALS ON PERFORMANCE OF MEAT CHICKEN BREEDERS
Authors: PROUDFOOT F. G. , HULAN H. W. , McRAE K. B.
Published: March 2010

The performance of four commercial meat-type parental genotypes and their progeny was significantly different when they were fed breeder diets supplemented with Brassica napus 'Tower' or B. campestris 'Candle' rapeseed meals (RSM), or both, compared with a commonly used commercial breeder diet supplemented with soybean meal (SM). The egg production of birds on the RSM diets was equal to or better than that of birds fed the diets supplemented with SM, and, although eggs from birds on RSM diets were significantly smaller in size than those from birds fed SM diets, the number of eggs weighing 47 g or more was not significantly different. There were also significantly more broiler chicks from breeders on the RSM diets than from those on SM diets. There were significant differences among genotypes for several performance traits, but mortality, age at sexual maturity, feed efficiency, specific gravity of eggs, fertility and hatchability were not affected by the dietary treatments. Although mortality among male broiler progeny from parent stocks on RSM breeder diets was higher than normal, monetary returns per bird started was greater than that from progeny of breeders on SM diets. Key words: Rapeseed meal, soybean meal, meat chicken breeders, canola
EFFECTS OF ENSILING UPON FREE AMINO ACIDS AND AMINES IN WHOLE-PLANT CORN, AND ON ITS SUBSEQUENT NUTRITIVE VALUE FOR LAMBS
Authors: PHILLIP L. E. , BUCHANAN-SMITH J. G.
Published: March 2010

In a replicated 2 × 2 double latin square, 16 lambs were fed whole-plant corn harvested at 26% or 38% dry matter (DM) and either ensiled or frozen. Corn was supplemented with urea (1.25%, DM basis). Voluntary intake was measured during a 17-day period of ad libitum feeding, after which the lambs were restricted on feed (65 g DM/Wkg0.75) for 14 days for the determination of nitrogen (N) balance and digestibility. Ensiling resulted in an increase in nonprotein nitrogen (NPN), mainly as amino acid-N, from 21% to 48% of the total N in the low DM corn, and from 25% to 43% in the high DM corn. Basic and acidic amino acids were selectively degraded during ensilage. Amine-N accounted for less than 5% of total N in the silages. Voluntary intake (g DM/Wkg0.75) of ensiled corn was not significantly different from that of frozen corn (77.3 vs. 81.7) but was higher (P < 0.05) for the low DM than the high DM corn (85.1 vs. 73.9). Estimates of N balance and digestibility of DM and organic matter were not affected (P < 0.05) by ensiling or by stage of harvest. There appears to be no adverse effect of ensiling whole-plant corn on its voluntary intake and N utilization by ruminants, provided the silage is supplemented with urea. Key words: corn, ensiling, intake, Digestibility, ruminants, nonprotein nitrogen
INFLUENCE OF SUPPLEMENTARY CELLULOLYTIC ENZYMES (DRISELASE) ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BROILERS FED RATIONS CONTAINING RAPESEED MEAL
Authors: GOH Y. K. , SHIRES A. , ROBBLEE A. R. , CLANDININ D. R.
Published: March 2010

Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of supplementing broiler rations with a multiple cellulolytic enzymes system (Driselase) on the performance of chicks raised to 4 wk of age (exp. 1) and to 8 wk of age (exp. 2). Four broiler rations unsupplemented or supplemented with 0.03% Driselase were used in the study. One of the rations was based on soybean meal and wheat while the other three contained 20% rapeseed meal (produced from Regent, Candle and Turret cultivars of rapeseed) as a partial replacement for soybean meal. The results obtained in both experiments indicated a lack of response in body weight and feed conversion of the chicks to Driselase supplementation. In both experiments, the chicks receiving the rations containing rapeseed meal showed varying degrees of thyroid enlargement depending on the cultivar of rapeseed from which the meal was produced, with Turret meal causing the greatest increase in thyroid size. Key words: Driselase, cellulolytic enzymes, broilers, performance, rapeseed meal
RAPESEED DOCKAGE. EFFECTS OF FEEDING RAW AND PROCESSED WILD MUSTARD AND STINKWEED SEED ON GROWTH AND FEED UTILIZATION OF MICE
Authors: SHIRES A. , BELL J. M. , KEITH M. O. , McGREGOR D. I.
Published: March 2010

Wild mustard seed (Brassica kaber), stinkweed (Thlaspi arvense) and rapeseed (B. napus 'Tower') were fed in diets for growing mice as ground raw seed and as cooked, petroleum ether-extracted meals. In exp. 1, wild mustard seed at 0, 2 or 4% and stinkweed seed at 0, 1 or 2% were substituted for part of the rapeseed in a 3 × 3 factorial design. The control diet contained 20% rapeseed and casein was used to equalize protein levels at 16%. Growth and feed utilization were not affected (P > 0.05). The failure of diets (exp. 1) with 14 – 20% rapeseed and up to 6% weed seeds and containing active myrosinase to depress growth more markedly, is attributed to the relatively low total glucosinolate levels in the diets. In exp. 2, the meals from wild mustard, stinkweed and rapeseed were compared with soybean meal in diets in which each meal provided 3, 6 or 9% protein, with casein used to bring dietary protein to 16%, in a 3 × 4 factorial design. Weed seed meals resulted in lower feed intakes (P < 0.05), with wild mustard meal being the lowest. Increasing levels of wild mustard seed meal and stinkweed seed meal reduced growth rates (P < 0.05), but it is concluded that such meals as contaminants of normally processed commercial rapeseed meal can be fed at relatively high levels in myrosinase-free diets without risk associated with glucosinolates. Key words: Rapeseed dockage, mustard, stinkweed, growth, mice
DIFFICULTIES IN DEFAUNATION OF THE OVINE RUMEN
Authors: LOVELOCK L.K.A. , FORSBKRG C.W. , BUCHANAN-SMITH J.G.
Published: March 2010

Three defaunation procedures, two utilizing surface active agents and one involving washing the rumen wall with formaldehyde, were used in an attempt to obtain protozoa-free sheep. Only one treatment produced a sheep free from detectable numbers of protozoa for a period longer than 24 days. In addition, the debilitating side-effects of the treatments on the animals complicated the defaunation experiments. Key words: Ovine, rumen, defaunation, protozoa, detergent
COMPARISON OF TOWER RAPESEED MEAL AND SOYBEAN MEAL IN DIETS BASED ON CONVENTIONAL AND HIGH-PROTEIN WHEAT WITH AND WITHOUT SUPPLEMENTAL LYSINE FOR BROILER CHICKS
Authors: GARDINER E. E. , DUBETZ S.
Published: March 2010

Body weights and feed-to-gain ratios of chicks fed diets that contained Tower rapeseed meal or soybean meal with conventional (13.5%) or high-protein (21.0%) wheats with and without supplemental lysine were compared. High-protein wheat-rapeseed meal diets required lysine supplementation for optimal gain, whereas conventional protein wheat-rapeseed meal diets did not. However, with equal energy in the diets, the rapeseed meal diets did not support as low a feed-to-gain ratio as the soybean meal diets. Key words: broiler chicks, diets, rapeseed meal, soybean meal, wheat, lysine
BLOOD METABOLITE LEVELS IN FEED-RESTRICTED HOGS
Authors: GRANDHI R. R. , STRAIN J. H.
Published: March 2010

Feed restriction by intermittent fasting from 60 to 90 kg body weight (Bwt) reduced the levels of certain blood metabolites (urea nitrogen and free fatty acids), but this response was not the same in Lacombe as in Yorkshire pigs. The changes in blood metabolite levels during fasting and feeding periods indicated altered metabolic function during the period of feed restriction. Key words: Glucose, fatty acids, urea nitrogen, feed restriction, pigs
MEAT QUALITY EVALUATION AT THREE SLAUGHTER WEIGHTS OF STEERS FROM THE HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN BREED AND ITS CROSSES WITH MAINE-ANJOU, LIMOUSIN, CHIANINA and BLONDE D'AQUITAINE.
Authors: LALANDE G. , FAHMY M. H. , LARMOND E.
Published: March 2010

Cooking and eating quality of steers slaughtered at 454, 544 or 635 kg liveweight were studied in two experiments carried out over 2 yr. In the first year, Maine-Anjou × Holstein (MH), Limousin × Holstein (LH) and pure Holstein (H1) were involved, in the second year, the genetic groups were Chianina × Holstein (KH), Blonde d'Aquitaine × Holstein (BH) and pure Holstein (H2). Within each slaughter weight, there were no differences among the genetic groups with respect to cooking rates or weight loss during cooking in either year. H1 steers had the best flavor at 635 kg and H2 at 454 kg. In both years, Holstein steers attained their best tenderness at 635 kg. No difference in juiciness at the different weights was observed in either year for Holsteins. LH steers were significantly more tender and juicy at 635 kg than at 454 kg whereas BH were more tender and juicy at 544 than at 635 kg. The KH steers attained their best tenderness and juiciness at 454 kg. MH steers had similar scores for flavor, tenderness and juiciness at the three slaughter weights. At 454 kg Holstein steers were significantly superior to MH and LH steers in flavor, to MH steers in tenderness and to LH, BH and KH steers in juiciness. At 544 kg the only significant difference between Holstein and crossbred steers was that with BH in juiciness. At 635 kg the Holstein steers were significantly superior to BH steers in juiciness but inferior in tenderness. All the differences among the crosses were nonsignificant except at 544 kg in which KH had more flavor than BH steers. Key words: Meat quality, slaughter weight, Holstein-Freisian beef × dairy crosses
THE USE OF UREA DILUTION AND ULTRASONIC BACKFAT THICKNESS TO PREDICT THE CARCASS COMPOSITION OF LIVE LAMBS AND CATTLE
Authors: JONES S. D. M. , WALTON J. S. , WILTON J. W. , SZKOTNICKI J. E.
Published: March 2010

Thirty-eight lambs (22 rams, 16 ewes), 25 Holstein cows and 30 steers were evaluated ultrasonically for subcutaneous fat thickness. Urea space was also estimated, using the dilution principle, by a single injection of a known amount of urea and taking a single blood sample 12 min later. All lambs and cattle were slaughtered within 2 days and the half-carcasses were separated into fat, lean and bone. Urea space (R2 = 0.10) and fat thickness (R2 = 0.18) in lambs were poorly related to the weight of half-carcass lean tissue. Neither urea space nor fat thickness improved the level of explained variation in half-carcass lean tissue weight over that explained by liveweight alone (R2 = 0.73). Urea space showed a larger association with half carcass lean weight in cows (R2 = 0.55) than in steers (R2 = 0.14), but again did not improve the relationship provided by liveweight alone (R2 = 0.60). Fat thickness provided nonsignificant regressions (P < 0.05) with half-carcass lean weight both in cows and in steers. Liveweight was the dominant independent variable (R2 = 0.33) for predicting total fat in lamb half-carcasses; urea space (R2 = 0.08) and fat thickness (R2 = 0.13) did not improve the prediction given by liveweight alone. Fat thickness was poorly related to total fatness both in steers (R2 = 0.12) and in cows (nonsignificant regression). A multiple regression equation combining fat thickness and liveweight provided the best prediction of half-carcass fat in cows, whereas a similar equation with the addition of urea space gave the best prediction of half-carcass fat in steers. The measurement of urea space and fat thickness to predict the weight of carcass tissues (lean, fat) in live lambs and cattle over the weight (41.9 + 9.7 kg(SD) lambs, 624 ± 62.8 kg cows and 466 ± 63.2 kg steers) and fatness (19.9 ± 3.27% (SD) lambs, 21.9 ± 2.18% cows and 20.9 ± 3.98% steers) ranges studied was of limited value. Key words: Urea dilution, ultrasound, live animal evaluation, carcass composition
THE ACCUMULATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FAT IN EWE AND RAM LAMBS
Authors: JONES S. D. M.
Published: March 2010

Sixteen ewes and 22 rams (crossbred lambs) were grouped by sex and fed a diet based on grain and hay. All animals were slaughtered over a 4-wk period to give a range of slaughter weights (24.0–61.8 kg). After slaughter, one side of each carcass was broken into the four primal wholesale cuts (leg, loin, rib, shoulder) with the rest of the carcass discarded as trim. The four wholesale cuts were separated into fat (subcutaneous fat (SF), intermuscular fat (IF), kidney fat (KF) and body cavity fat (BCF)) muscle and bone. Depot fat accretion in the carcass was investigated using the allometric equation with side weight and side fat weight as the independent variables. Total rate of fat deposition relative to side weight was higher in ewes than rams, and ewes had more total fat than rams when comparisons were made at the same side weight (10.03 kg). However, growth coefficients for depot fat accumulation in a side and in the wholesale cuts relative to side fat were homogeneous between sexes indicating that sex did not affect the relative accumulation of fat. SF, however, had the highest growth coefficient (1.23) and IF the lowest (0.74). At equal total side fat ewes had significantly more IF in a side than rams, but overall the differences in the distribution of fat in the wholesale cuts were minor and commercially unimportant. It was concluded that the ewes had a faster rate of fat deposition than rams but both sexes followed the same pattern of differential fat accumulation, and that the distribution of fat was dependent mainly on the total amount of fat in a carcass. Key words: Fat, lambs, carcass
CRYOSURVIVAL OF RAM SPERMATOZOA IN HYPERTONIC AND ISOTONIC DILUENTS
Authors: FISER P. S. , AINSWORTH L. , FAIRFULL R. W.
Published: March 2010

The cryosurvival (percentage of motile spermatozoa and rate of foward progression) of ram spermatozoa after freezing in hypertonic and isotonic diluents containing a buffered dextran-sugar combination or buffered dextran-sugar plus egg yolk was compared immediately after thawing and after incubation at 39° for 60 min. Cryosurvival of spermatozoa was comparable in both diluents. However, the cryosurvival of spermatozoa was increased significantly in hypertonic diluents compared with that in isotonic diluents, regardless of their composition. Key words: Spermatozoa, sheep, cryosurvival, diluents