bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of Environmentally Biodegradable Lignin Nanoparticles
Authors: Frangville Camille , Rutkevičius Marius , Richter Alexander P. , Velev Orlin D. , Stoyanov Simeon D. , Paunov Vesselin N.
Published: October 2012

We developed a method for the fabrication of novel biodegradable nanoparticles (NPs) from lignin which are apparently non‐toxic for microalgae and yeast. We compare two alternative methods for the synthesis of lignin NPs which result in particles of very different stability upon change of pH. The first method is based on precipitation of low‐sulfonated lignin from an ethylene glycol solution by using diluted acidic aqueous solutions, which yields lignin NPs that are stable over a wide range of pH. The second approach is based on the acidic precipitation of lignin from a high‐pH aqueous solution which produces NPs stable only at low pH. Our study reveals that lignin NPs from the ethylene glycol‐based precipitation contain densely packed lignin domains which explain the stability of the NPs even at high pH. We characterised the properties of the produced lignin NPs and determined their loading capacities with hydrophilic actives. The results suggest that these NPs are highly porous and consist of smaller lignin domains. Tests with microalgae like Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and yeast incubated in lignin NP dispersions indicated that these NPs lack measurable effect on the viability of these microorganisms. Such biodegradable and environmentally compatible NPs can find applications as drug delivery vehicles, stabilisers of cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations, or in other areas where they may replace more expensive and potentially toxic nanomaterials.
Influence of Deuteration and Fluorination on the Supramolecular Architecture of Pyridine N‐Oxide Crystals
Authors: Shishkin Oleg V. , Shishkina Svitlana V. , Maleev Andrey V. , Zubatyuk Roman I. , Vasylyeva Vera , Merz Klaus
Published: October 2012

To understand how deuterium and fluorine substituents influence the supramolecular architecture of pyridine N‐oxide crystals, the crystal structure of 3‐fluoropyridine N‐oxide (PNO‐3F) was determined and the crystal packing motives of non‐deuterated pyridine‐N‐oxide (PNO), partial‐deuterated pyridine‐N‐oxide (PNO‐D) and PNO‐3F were analyzed based on ab initio quantum‐chemical calculations of the intermolecular interaction energy, using the MP2/6‐311G(d,p) method. The appearance of the weak‐directing substituents deuterium and fluorine leads to significant changes in the crystal organization of the isotropic packing of PNO molecules.
First‐Principles Study toward CO Adsorption on Au/Ni Surface Alloys
Authors: Huang Yu Cheng , Du Jin Yan , Zhou Tao , Wang Su Fan
Published: October 2012

The introduction of a second metal, gold, into a nickel matrix can effectively improve the catalytic performance and thermal stability of the catalysts toward steam reforming of methane. To investigate the effect of Au on the adsorption properties and electronic structure of the Ni(111) surface, we chose CO as a probe molecule and examined CO adsorption on various Au/Ni surfaces. It was revealed that Au addition weakened the absorbate–substrate interactions on the Ni(111) surface. With increasing gold concentration, the binding energy declines further. The variation of the binding energies has been interpreted by exploring the electronic structure of surface nickel atoms. The effect of gold can be quantitatively characterized by the slopes of the fitting equations between the binding energy and the number of gold atoms surrounding the adsorption site. Our results show that the binding energy at top sites can be approximately estimated by counting the number of surrounding gold atoms. On one specific surface, the relative magnitude of the binding energy can be simply judged by the distance between gold and the geometrical center of the adsorption site. This empirical rule holds true for C, H, and O adsorption on the Au/Ni surface. It may be applicable to a system in which a doped atom of larger atomic size is incorporated into the host metal surface by forming a surface alloy.
Influence of repeated subcutaneous G‐CSF injections on selected blood parameters relevant for monitoring programmes in sports drug testing
Authors: Walpurgis Katja , Slijepcevic Mirjana , Wenzel Folker , Thomas Andreas , Geyer Hans , Franz Stefan , Schänzer Wilhelm , Thevis Mario
Published: October 2012

The use of growth factors in sports is restricted under the terms of the World Anti‐Doping Code (WADC). While the beneficial effects of erythropoietin (EPO) on erythropoiesis and therefore its performance‐enhancing properties have been well documented and established for decades, the aim of this study was to elucidate the relevance of the cytokine G‐CSF in a doping control context, particularly concerning its influence on selected blood parameters representing central aspects of the Athlete Biological Passport. For that purpose, the effect of repeated subcutaneous granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) injections in therapeutic dosages (10 µg/kg/d) on white blood cells, erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit and percent reticulocytes was analyzed by using commonly employed fluorescence flow cytometry‐based approaches. A total of 20 people were tested (14 male, 6 female) and both white blood cell count and reticulocyte percentages were found to significantly increase following a 5‐day treatment with G‐CSF. Simultaneously, all other volume‐dependent parameters (red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit) slightly but significantly decreased. Due to the relevance of these measurands for the validity of blood tests for doping controls and the anecdotal evidence of G‐CSF being potentially misused by elite athletes, G‐CSF analyses might be indicated in case of unusually altered blood profiles. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparing work productivity in obesity and binge eating
Authors: Striegel Ruth H. , Bedrosian Richard , Wang Chun
Published: October 2012

Objective:

To examine productivity impairment in individuals with obesity and/or binge eating.

Method:

Based on current weight and eating behavior, 117,272 employees who had completed a health risk appraisal and psychosocial functioning questionnaire were classified into one of four groups. Gender‐stratified analyses compared groups on four measures: absenteeism, presenteeism, total work productivity impairment, and (non‐work) activity impairment.

Results:

Overall group differences were statistically significant for all measures with lowest impairment in non‐obese men and women without binge eating (n = 34,090, n = 39,198), higher levels in individuals without binge eating (n = 15,570, n = 16,625), yet higher levels in non‐obese men and women with binge eating (n = 1,381, n = 2,674), and highest levels in obese men and women with binge eating (Group 4, n = 2,739, n = 4,176).

Discussion:

Health initiatives for obese employees should include screening and interventions for employees with binge eating. © 2012 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012)
Resonance Raman Study of Spin‐Crossover [Fe(Htrz)2(trz)](BF4)·H2O Particles Coated with Gold
Authors: Tobon Yeny A. , Etrillard Céline , Nguyen Olivier , Létard Jean‐François , Faramarzi Vina , Dayen Jean‐François , Doudin Bernard , Bassani Dario M. , Guillaume François
Published: October 2012

Spin‐crossover (SCO) particles of the [Fe(Htrz)2(trz)](BF4)·H2O polymeric complex were deposited on a glass slide and coated with gold. We found that normal Raman scattering is not appropriate for analysing such a material. However, the spin transition and the thermal hysteresis of the coated particles were successfully monitored by means of Raman spectroscopy using the 325 nm excitation line that is in pre‐resonance with the Metal to Ligand Charge Transfer (MLCT) electronic absorption band of the low‐spin state. The results obtained confirm the persistence of the spin‐crossover properties of the gold coated particles. The strong enhancement of the Raman scattering using the 325 nm excitation opens interesting opportunities for monitoring the SCO of particles integrated in miniaturised devices.
Mechanistic Understanding of Alkyne Haloboration: An Ab Initio Study
Authors: Wang Chao , Uchiyama Masanobu
Published: October 2012

Ab initio calculations have been performed with second‐order Møller–Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) to understand the mechanisms of alkyne haloboration. The present study throws light on three important aspects of this reaction: (1) reaction routes, (2) stereoconversion pathways, and (3) physicochemical uniqueness. The cis‐Markovnikov reaction route is controlled by a characteristic four‐centered transition state, reflecting the roles of alkynes and boron halides, and also the stability of the product. For the stereoconversion pathways, a boron‐halide‐mediated addition–elimination process appears to be most favorable. Nevertheless, the high activation barrier suggests that prolonged heating with excess boron halide (commonly used in synthesis) would favor cis/trans isomerization. Finally, comparison with other halometalations showed clear thermodynamic and kinetic advantages of haloboration as a unique, catalyst‐free protocol among many elemento‐metalation reactions.
Effects of material variability on the ductility of composite beams and overstrength coefficients
Authors: Nofal Srour , Somja Hugues , Hjiaj Mohammed , Nguyen Quang Huy
Published: October 2012

The aim of this paper is to investigate the plastic rotation capacity of composite beams as well as the overstrength factors for composite joints considering the actual European steel production. It relies on the statistical data of the mechanical properties of steel profiles and reinforcement bars produced in several European steel mills that have been collected during the European research project OPUS. Several steel and composite structures have been designed following the EN 1998 rules, and the effect of the statistical distribution of the steel properties on the design has been analyzed. In such structures, the first attainment of the rotation capacity is expected to happen in the hogging region. The plastic rotation capacity was evaluated using the so‐called standard beam concept. The moment–rotation curve was constructed by joining together the pre‐buckling branch, determined using a fiber model, and the post‐buckling part derived by considering the local plastic failure mechanism as suggested by Gioncu. A program in MATLAB (MATLAB version 7.10.0. Natick, Massachusetts: The MathWorks Inc., 2010) was developed to establish such curve for arbitrary composite beams. The predictions of the model compare favorably against the experimental results. On the basis of the probabilistic model for the mechanical properties of steel, we derive the statistical distribution of the maximum rotation defined at the intersection of the pre‐buckling and post‐buckling curves. Next, we estimate the so‐called overstrength factors. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of stress history on bed structure
Authors: Ockelford Anne‐Marie , Haynes Heather
Published: October 2012

Recent research has started to focus on how prolonged periods of sub‐threshold flows may be capable of imparting structural changes that contribute to increased bed stability. To date, this effect (termed ‘stress history’) has been found to be significant in acting to increase a bed's critical shear stress at entrainment threshold. However, it is supported by only limited, qualitative and often speculative information on the mechanisms of this stabilization process in grade‐specific studies. As such, this paper uses high resolution laser scanning to quantitatively ascertain the granular mechanics underpinning the relationship between stress history and entrainment threshold for beds of a range of grain size distributions. Employing a bed slope of 1/200, three grain size distributions with median grain sizes (D50) of 4·8 mm [uniform (σg = (D84/D16)0.5 = 1·13; bimodal (σg = 2·08); and, unimodal (σg = 1·63)] were exposed to antecedent stress histories of 60 and 960 minutes duration. Antecedent shear stress magnitude was set at 50% of the critical shear stress for the D50 when no stress history period was employed. Two laser displacement scans of the bed surface (approximate area 100 mm × 117 mm) were taken, one prior to the antecedent period and one after this period, so that changes to surface topography could be quantified (resolution of x = 0·10 mm, y = 0·13 mm and z = 0·24 mm). Rearrangement of bed surface structure is described using statistical analysis and two‐dimensional (2D) semi‐variograms to analyse scaling behaviour. Results reveal vertical settlement, changes to bed roughness and particle repositioning. However, the bed grain size distribution influences the relative importance of each mechanism in determining stress history induced bed stability; this is the focus of discussion in this paper. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cell death and neuronal differentiation of glioblastoma stem‐like cells induced by neurogenic transcription factors
Authors: Guichet Pierre‐Olivier , Bieche Ivan , Teigell Marisa , Serguera Ché , Rothhut Bernard , Rigau Valérie , Scamps Frédérique , Ripoll Chantal , Vacher Sophie , Taviaux Sylvie , Chevassus Hugues , Duffau Hugues , Mallet Jacques , Susini Aurélie , Joubert Dominique , Bauchet Luc , Hugnot Jean‐Philippe
Published: October 2012

Glioblastoma multiform (GBM) are devastating brain tumors containing a fraction of multipotent stem‐like cells which are highly tumorigenic. These cells are resistant to treatments and are likely to be responsible for tumor recurrence. One approach to eliminate GBM stem‐like cells would be to force their terminal differentiation. During development, neurons formation is controlled by neurogenic transcription factors such as Ngn1/2 and NeuroD1. We found that in comparison with oligodendrogenic genes, the expression of these neurogenic genes is low or absent in GBM tumors and derived cultures. We thus explored the effect of overexpressing these neurogenic genes in three CD133+ Sox2+ GBM stem‐like cell cultures and the U87 glioma line. Introduction of Ngn2 in CD133+ cultures induced massive cell death, proliferation arrest and a drastic reduction of neurosphere formation. Similar effects were observed with NeuroD1. Importantly, Ngn2 effects were accompanied by the downregulation of Olig2, Myc, Shh and upregulation of Dcx and NeuroD1 expression. The few surviving cells adopted a typical neuronal morphology and some of them generated action potentials. These cells appeared to be produced at the expense of GFAP+ cells which were radically reduced after differentiation with Ngn2. In vivo, Ngn2‐expressing cells were unable to form orthotopic tumors. In the U87 glioma line, Ngn2 could not induce neuronal differentiation although proliferation in vitro and tumoral growth in vivo were strongly reduced. By inducing cell death, cell cycle arrest or differentiation, this work supports further exploration of neurogenic proteins to oppose GBM stem‐like and non‐stem‐like cell growth. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Age differences in satisfaction with and perceived benefit from mental health services: results from the collaborative psychiatric epidemiology surveys
Authors: Ford Katy L. , Bryant Ami N. , Kim Giyeon
Published: October 2012

Objective

This study examined variation by age in satisfaction with and perceived benefit from mental health services (MHS).

Methods

Drawn from the nationally representative Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys (2001–2003), the current sample included 1286 adults from age 18 to 87 years who had at least one DSM‐IV diagnosis and had used MHS during the past year. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to predict satisfaction with and perceived benefit from past year MHS use. Independent variables were sociodemographic factors and objective and perceived needs.

Results

Results from multiple linear regression analyses showed that older age was positively associated with both MHS satisfaction (p < 0.05, β = 0.105) and perceived amount of benefit (p < 0.05, β = 0.106), as was better self‐rated mental health (p < 0.001, β = 0.186; p < 0.001, β = 0.177). A greater number of comorbid psychiatric diagnoses was negatively associated with satisfaction (p < 0.05, β = −0.089). Marital status was found to be a moderator of the effect of age: for married respondents, age had a significant effect on both outcome variables (p < 0.05, β = 0.102; p < 0.05, β = 0.105), but for unmarried respondents, it did not.

Conclusions

Our findings show clear evidence of age differences in satisfaction with and perceived benefit from MHS. The findings provide important implications for future interventions targeted to improve MHS satisfaction. Age‐specific strategies should be developed to prevent delay in mental health treatment. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rituximab maintenance versus retreatment in follicular lymphoma
Authors: Palla Amruth R. , Hamadani Mehdi
Published: October 2012

Follicular lymphoma (FL) is the most common type of indolent non‐Hodgkin lymphoma. Although the introduction of the anti‐CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab has represented a major breakthrough, FL remains incurable with standard chemoimmunotherapies. The goals of therapy in symptomatic FL patients include the following: obtaining high response rates, extending the duration of remission, prolongation of survival and improving quality of life, while minimizing adverse events. To extend remission duration and possibly survival outcomes, maintenance therapy with rituximab has been shown to be effective in both frontline and relapsed/refractory settings. However, the optimal timing, schedule and length of maintenance therapy are controversial. Herein, we review the current data for maintenance rituximab in FL, discuss the current controversies for this modality, attempt to define its role relative to the more conservative retreatment approach and provide practical recommendations for its clinical use. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The safety of escitalopram during pregnancy and breastfeeding: a comprehensive review
Authors: Bellantuono Cesario , Bozzi Francesca , Orsolini Laura , Catena‐Dell'Osso Mario
Published: October 2012

Objective

Escitalopram (ESC) is considered one of the most effective selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for the treatment of major depression. However, little is known on its potential risk of inducing major malformations (MMs) and perinatal complications (PCs). Hence, aim of the present study is to provide a comprehensive review of the available literature on the safety profile of ESC during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

Methods

MEDLINE and PubMed databases were searched for English language articles by using the following keywords: escitalopram, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, major malformations, perinatal complications, pregnancy, and breastfeeding.

Results

Although some cases of MMs have been reported after maternal exposure to ESC during early pregnancy, the rate of these adverse events is substantially in the range of those reported in unexposed women. On the contrary, exposure to ESC seems to be significantly associated with some PCs. No adverse effects have been reported in the few studies evaluating its safety during breastfeeding.

Conclusions

The available data seem to support the notion that ESC might be considered safe during pregnancy, in particular as far as MMs is concerned. However, similar to other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, it could be associated with an increased risk of PCs. Given the paucity of the studies published so far, no definitive conclusions can be drawn on its safety profile during breastfeeding. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CHARACTERIZATION OF RAINFALL IN THE CENTRAL SOUTH AFRICAN HIGHVELD FOR APPLICATION IN WATER HARVESTING
Authors: Zerizghy Mussie G. , van Rensburg Leon D. , Stigter Kees
Published: October 2012

In‐field rainwater harvesting (IRWH), a runoff farming system, is a beneficial water management technique for crop production in arid and semi‐arid areas. In‐field rainwater harvesting is influenced by rainfall characteristics, and hence this study aimed to identify and characterize rainfall events, and determine rainfall parameters that were of significance in in‐field runoff. Two algorithms of event identification were developed. The algorithm that identified events spanning over a 24‐h day limit as a single event, gave better identification results which were then characterized. This enabled systematic grouping of rainfall parameters. About 33% of the total rainfall amount received had zero potential to be harvested as runoff in the IRWH system. Therefore, a runoff harvesting practice needs to use the remaining 67%. Rainfall events that lasted 30 min or longer were of water‐harvesting importance. This could be the minimum duration guideline when simulating rainfall for rainwater harvesting studies. Rainfall event amount and intensity were of significant importance for IRWH runoff determination. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RAINFALL INTENSITY AND SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES INFLUENCE ON INFILTRATION AND RUNOFF UNDER IN‐FIELD RAINWATER HARVESTING CONDITIONS
Authors: Bothma C. B. , van Rensburg L. D. , le Roux P. A. L.
Published: October 2012

The objective of this study was to quantify the combined influence of rainfall intensity and soil physical properties on infiltration and runoff under in‐field rainwater harvesting (IRWH). Rainfall intensities and soil physical properties were mathematically related to time to runoff, time to final infiltration rate and final infiltration rate. The influence of rainfall intensity and soil physical factors on rainwater harvesting under IRWH was demonstrated. A commercial field, divided into 75 plots and under IRWH located near Bloemfontein, South Africa, was used. Nine plots were selected to obtain the widest range of clay plus silt content possible. Three rainfall intensity treatments were applied using a mobile rainfall simulator. Before the start of the simulations soil samples were taken to determine the soil's physical properties. A multiple regression analysis showed that the infiltration and runoff process depended primarily on rainfall intensity and soil physical conditions. The in‐field runoff analysis showed that for every 1 mm of rain that infiltrated in the runoff strip, between 2.18 and 6.48 mm would infiltrate in the basin strips. Thus, the soil types tested had a huge potential for water harvesting practices. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IMPROVING MAIZE PRODUCTION OF IN‐FIELD RAINWATER HARVESTING TECHNIQUE AT GLEN IN SOUTH AFRICA BY THE ADDITION OF MULCHING PRACTICES
Authors: Botha J. J. , Van Rensburg L. D. , Anderson J. J. , Van Staden P. P. , Hensley M.
Published: October 2012

In response to the severe food insecurity of small‐scale farmers east of Bloemfontein (South Africa), a maize field experiment was laid out on a clayey soil located in a semi‐arid ecotope at Glen. The main aims of the experiment were to evaluate yield and rainwater productivity (RWP) improvements to the in‐field rainwater harvesting (IRWH) production technique by using different mulching practices in the basins and runoff strips, and to compare these treatments with conventional tillage. The 4‐yr experiment consisted of a randomised block design with five treatments and three replicates. The treatments were conventional tillage (CON), and four IRWH treatments. The mulch types used were organic material (O) and stones (S), while bare (B) was included as a control. These mulches were applied on the runoff (r) strips or basin (b) strips in the following combinations: ObBr, ObOr, ObSr and SbSr. The soil water balance components were measured or estimated. Biomass and grain yield were determined. Results showed that maize yields for ObBr were for all seasons significantly better than CON. Both the grain yields and the RWP results from the IRWH treatments were for all seasons in the order: ObSr > ObOr > SbSr > ObBr. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
THE POTENTIAL FOR LAND EXCHANGE IN COMMUNAL AREAS TO SUPPORT THE ADOPTION OF RAINWATER HARVESTING PRACTICES FOR CROP PRODUCTION: A CASE STUDY OF THABA NCHU, FREE STATE PROVINCE
Authors: Baiphethi M. N. , Kundhlande G. , Viljoen M. F. , Manona S.
Published: October 2012

Most of the arable communal lands in the former homeland areas in South Africa are currently either underutilised or abandoned. This paper describes a process of developing a land register and farmers’ preference for different mechanisms for transferring land use rights among members within the same community. Landowners in three Thaba Nchu villages, Free State, answered a semi‐structured questionnaire to establish the sizes of arable land parcels, land utilisation patterns, and attitudes towards transactions in land use rights. There was interest in upscaling production; 73% of households would consider crop production if viable technologies were available. Most (68%) landholders would enter into one of the following transfer arrangements; sale (4%), lease (9%), sharecropping (65%) or free loan (22%). Selling and leasing were the least preferred. Households (74%) were also willing to transfer their rights for a maximum of 4yr; of these, 41% would lease their fields for 2–4yr and 33% for a maximum of 2yr. The results suggest that with appropriate institutions and institutional arrangements, a market for exchanges in land use rights may emerge, leading to increased utilisation of land and improved agricultural production. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RAINWATER HARVESTING, HOMESTEAD FOOD FARMING, SOCIAL CHANGE AND COMMUNITIES OF INTERESTS IN THE EASTERN CAPE, SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Minkley Gary
Published: October 2012

This paper draws on a multidisciplinary 5‐yr study of rainwater harvesting and conservation practices, homestead food farming and rural production practices in two Eastern Cape rural villages. The unexpected negative dynamics and changing aspects of food insecurity alongside limited and declining homestead garden food production (and rainwater harvesting) and subsequent marginalization are explained. The human capital approach is here understood as one that inevitably entails a sense of knowledge and sustainable development held elsewhere. A more engaged sense of defining and working with human capacities is needed, one which does not solely refer to formal education improvements, earnings and transfers of agricultural skills as positive. Application and development of rainwater harvesting is embedded in the complex and negative, increasingly marginal and compressed singular livelihood attributes that have come to be socially associated with food farming and rainwater harvesting. Food farming and rainwater harvesting is stigmatized as a sign of poverty, HIV/AIDS and abandonment by family, and thus is located in the differentiated and distinctively negative space in the existing webs of local community and village social and knowledge relationships. The paper concludes that this has major implications, and methods aimed at assisting vulnerable families to cope with food insecurity might actually lead to increased vulnerability. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PEDOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LAND EVALUATION FOR IN‐FIELD RAINWATER HARVESTING IN SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: le Roux P. A. L. , Hensley M.
Published: October 2012

The in‐field rainwater harvesting (IRWH) technique was designed for improving crop yields of subsistence farmers in semi‐arid areas in South Africa. An appropriate soil survey to identify suitable land was developed by means of a field study near Thaba Nchu, South Africa. Results of the land Type Survey of South Africa (scale 1 : 250 000) were used to advantage. Areas suitable for IRWH on two soilscapes were delineated at a scale of 1 : 10 000. Although the procedure was satisfactory, to provide accuracy appropriate for small plots a scale of 1 : 5000 is recommended.

The most important pedological characteristic of an IRWH‐suitable soil is its capacity to store plant‐available water, termed total extractable soil water (TESW). Satisfactory TESW values for maize and sunflower are > 150 mm, values which occur on fine‐textured soils at least 900 mm in depth. Other important characteristics are the absence of hydromorphy shallower than 700 mm, and a low final infiltration rate that promotes runoff into the basins.

The reliability of land evaluation for IRWH can be enhanced by using appropriate crop models together with long‐term climate data to compute cumulative probability functions of yield to provide evidence regarding viability for a particular ecotope.

It is concluded that the relevant technology and knowledge available in South Africa are adequate for the task ahead. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
INTEGRATING MICRO‐FLOOD IRRIGATION WITH IN‐FIELD RAINWATER HARVESTING: MAIZE YIELD AND WATER USE EFFICIENCY
Authors: Mavimbela S. S. W. , Van Rensburg L. D.
Published: October 2012

This study integrated micro‐flood irrigation (MFI) and in‐field rainwater harvesting (IRWH) for the purpose of improving soil water balance (SWB), crop yields and water use efficiency (WUE). The integrated system was tested in Parady's Experimental Farm of the University of the Free State, a semi‐arid region of the Free State Province (South Africa). Three water regimes (WR), dryland (DL), supplemental (SPI) and full irrigation (FI), were evaluated with 1, 2 and 3 m runoff strip width (RSW). The WR and RSW factors were studied using a 3 × 3 split plot factorial experiment design with four blocks. Plots were 30 m long with a width that constituted a standard 1 m basin strip and no tilled RSW. According to the BEWAB + irrigation scheduling software, the crop water requirement for FI amounted to 625 mm of which 50% was contributed by rainfall, while that of SPI was fixed at 60% of FI. Water from rainfall, FI and SPI amounted to 282, 330 and 210 mm, respectively. Soil water storage and transpiration were found to be affected by both the RSW and WR factors, while evapotranspiration (ET) and deep drainage were affected by RSW and WR, respectively. For the 1 m RSW, crop biomass and grain yield were respectively 19 and 32% above average. Correspondingly, seasonal ET and transpiration (T) were 10 and 44% above average. Full irrigation increased crop biomass and grain yield by 200%, while corresponding increases for SPI were 74 and 77% higher than DL. In conclusion, the 1 m RSW and FI produced optimum maize yields and WUE for the integrated MFI–IRWH system. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
EFFECTIVE YOUTH MENTORS: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INITIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COLLEGE WOMEN MENTORS AND MENTEE SATISFACTION AND OUTCOME
Authors: Leyton‐Armakan Jen , Lawrence Edith , Deutsch Nancy , Lee Williams Joanna , Henneberger Angela
Published: October 2012

To optimize the effectiveness of youth mentoring it is important to begin to identify specific preexisting characteristics of mentors that lead to positive experiences for adolescent mentees. College women mentors, aged 18 to 22 years, were paired with middle school girls, aged 11 to 14 years, for weekly one‐on‐one and group mentoring in an 8‐month, school‐based youth mentoring program. For the sampled 142 mentor‐mentee dyads participating in the program, mentor's reported academic self‐worth, parent relationship, and not being too autonomous were important preexisting characteristics related to mentee satisfaction. Mentor's initial level of depression was negatively correlated with mentee's self‐reported improvement in competence, while mentor anxiety was positively correlated. Finally, the relationship between mentor's autonomy (negative) and ethnocultural empathy (positive) and mentee outcomes were stronger for cross‐race versus same‐race pairs. Implications for mentoring programs that use college students as youth mentors are discussed.
DO PARENTS THINK IT TAKES A VILLAGE? PARENTS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS NONPARENTAL ADULTS’ INVOLVEMENT IN THE UPBRINGING AND NURTURE OF CHILDREN
Authors: Kesselring Marije , de Winter Micha , Horjus Bob , van de Schoot Rens , van Yperen Tom
Published: October 2012

The current study explored parents’ attitudes towards nonparental adults’ involvement in childrearing practices. Parents’ attitudes were operationalized in their willingness to share parenting responsibility and interest to participate in parenting activities. Data were collected through a quantitative survey with 1,090 parents from 17 Dutch neighborhoods. Results suggest that parents are ambivalent about involving others in childrearing practices. Furthermore, parents seem to prefer activities that do not focus explicitly on childrearing, but that do assist them in handling parenting tasks or give them the opportunity to exchange experiences. Fathers, parents with more sources of informal support, and parents who gave support themselves were more willing to share responsibility, whereas non‐Western parents, parents with positive judgments on cohesion and trust in their neighborhood, parents with more sources of formal support, and parents who gave support themselves were more interested in participating in activities.
“UNDERSTAND MY SIDE, MY SITUATION, AND MY STORY:” INSIGHTS INTO THE SERVICE NEEDS AMONG SUBSTANCE‐ABUSING HOMELESS MOTHERS
Authors: Dashora Pushpanjali , Slesnick Natasha , Erdem Gizem
Published: October 2012

Substance abuse among homeless mothers has negative consequences for both the mother and her child. Few researchers have examined the needs of these mothers in order to effectively intervene in their lives. This study uses a qualitative focus group research method to examine the needs of substance abusing homeless mothers recruited from a homeless families' shelter. Twenty eight women were engaged in three focus groups to identify their needs and acceptable intervention components. Content analysis of data revealed five major categories of needs: subsistence, employment, education and information, service, and counseling and connectedness needs. Findings of this study call for a multifaceted intervention approach that targets several areas of need in a coordinated manner.
Keeping Time Under the Midnight Sun: Behavioral and Plasma Melatonin Profiles of Free‐Living Lapland Longspurs (Calcarius lapponicus) During the Arctic Summer
Authors: Ashley Noah T. , Schwabl Ingrid , Goymann Wolfgang , Buck C. Loren
Published: October 2012

Polar environments are characterized by discrete periods of continuous light or darkness during the summer and winter months, respectively. Because the light/dark cycle serves as the primary Zeitgeber to synchronize rhythms of most organisms, its seasonal absence in polar regions poses challenges to the circadian organization of organisms that reside in these environments. Although some species become arrhythmic, others, such as migratory songbirds, are able to maintain an intact diurnal rhythm during polar summer. This suggests that birds may switch to alternative environmental cues, such as daily changes in light intensity and ambient temperature, which may have the potential to reset the biological clock. However, identifying the low‐amplitude Zeitgeber that synchronizes rhythms in free‐living polar‐dwelling animals has been difficult to demonstrate. In this study, we measured behavioral and melatonin profiles of free‐living Lapland longspurs (Calcarius lapponicus) near Barrow, Alaska (71°N) during the continuous daylight of summer in the Arctic. Diel cycles in activity and male singing were apparent throughout the polar day with a quiescence period of 4–5 hr starting around 24:00 Alaska Daylight Time. This inactivity corresponded with elevated melatonin profiles. In contrast, territorial aggression of males in response to a conspecific intruder was not dependent upon time‐of‐day. Diel changes in light intensity and ambient temperature were negatively associated with daily melatonin profiles after taking into account time‐of‐day effects. These results suggest that photic and thermal cues may act either as alternative Zeitgeber cues, or possibly masking agents. Distinguishing between these two possibilities will require further study. J. Exp. Zool. 319A:10–22, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Drawing from Development: Towards Unifying Theory and Practice of ICT4D
Authors: Heffernan Claire , Lin Yibo , Thomson Kim
Published: October 2012

Within the literature, many authors have argued that the rapid growth of the field of Information and Communication Technologies for Development (ICT4D) has resulted in an emphasis on the applications rather than on theory. However, it is clear that it is not theories, rather the integration of theory and practice, that is often lacking. To address this gap, the authors begin by exploring some of the popular theoretical approaches to ICT4D with a view to identifying those theories relevant to shared impacts: development, delivery and communication. To unify practice and theory, we offer a framework to directly assess the impact of ICT4D on development. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Maillard reaction on allergenicity of buckwheat allergen Fag t 3 during thermal processing
Authors: Yang Zhen‐Huang , Li Chen , Li Yu‐Ying , Wang Zhuan‐Hua
Published: October 2012

BACKGROUND

Fag t 3 is a major allergenic protein in tartary buckwheat. The Maillard reaction commonly occurs in food processing, but few studies have been conducted on the influence of thermal processing on the allergenic potential of buckwheat allergen. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of autologous plant polysaccharides on the immunoreactivity of buckwheat Fag t 3 (11S globulin) following the Maillard reaction.

RESULTS

Fag t 3 and crude polysaccharides were prepared from tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) flour. After heating, the polysaccharides were covalently linked to Fag t 3 via a Maillard reaction, and the IgE/IgG‐binding properties of Fag t 3 decreased dramatically, with significant changes also being observed in the electrophoretic mobility, secondary structure and solubility of the glycated Fag t 3. The great influence of glycation on IgE/IgG binding to Fag t 3 was correlated with a significant change in the structure and epitopes of the allergenic protein. These data indicated that conjugation of polysaccharides to Fag t 3 markedly reduced the allergen's immunoreactivity.

CONCLUSION

Glycation that occurs via the Maillard reaction during the processing of buckwheat food may be an efficient method to reduce Fag t 3 allergenicity.
Contribution of Criterion A2 to PTSD Screening in the Presence of Traumatic Events
Authors: Pereda Noemí , Forero Carlos G.
Published: October 2012

Criterion A2 according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM‐IV; American Psychiatric Association [APA], 1994) for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) aims to assess the individual's subjective appraisal of an event, but it has been claimed that it might not be sufficiently specific for diagnostic purposes. We analyse the contribution of Criterion A2 and DSM‐IV criteria to detect PTSD for the most distressing life events experienced by our subjects. Young adults (N = 1,033) reported their most distressing life events, together with PTSD criteria (Criteria A2, B, C, D, E, and F). PTSD prevalence and criterion specificity and agreement with probable diagnoses were estimated. Our results indicate 80.30% of the individuals experienced traumatic events and met one or more PTSD criteria; 13.22% cases received a positive diagnosis of PTSD. Criterion A2 showed poor agreement with the final probable PTSD diagnosis (correlation with PTSD .13, specificity = .10); excluding it from PTSD diagnosis did not the change the estimated disorder prevalence significantly. Based on these findings it appears that Criterion A2 is scarcely specific and provides little information to confirm a probable PTSD case.
The Relationship of Sleep Quality and PTSD to Anxious Reactivity from Idiographic Traumatic Event Script‐Driven Imagery
Authors: Babson Kimberly A. , Badour Christal L. , Feldner Matthew T. , Bunaciu Liviu
Published: October 2012

Poor sleep quality has been linked to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study provided a test of how poor sleep quality relates to real‐time assessment of anxious reactivity to idiographic traumatic event cues. Script‐driven imagery (SDI) was employed to examine reactivity to traumatic event cues among 46 women (mean age = 27.54 years, SD = 13.62; 87% Caucasian) who had experienced either physical or sexual assault. We tested 3 hypotheses: (a) individuals with PTSD would report greater anxiety reactions to SDI than trauma‐exposed individuals without PTSD, (b) poorer sleep quality would be positively related to anxiety reactions to SDI, and (c) there would be an interaction between PTSD and sleep quality such that individuals with PTSD and relatively poor sleep quality would report greater anxious reactivity to SDI than would be expected from each main effect alone. Poor sleep quality and PTSD were related to elevated anxious reactivity to trauma cues (sr2 = .06). In addition, sleep quality was negatively associated with anxious reactivity among people without PTSD (sr2 =.05). The current findings, in combination with longitudinal evidence, suggest that poor sleep quality following exposure to a traumatic event may be a risk factor for anxious reactivity to traumatic event cues.
The Influence of Depressive Symptoms on Suicidal Ideation Among U.S. Vietnam‐Era and Afghanistan/Iraq‐Era Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Pukay‐Martin Nicole D. , Pontoski Kristin E. , Maxwell Melissa A. , Calhoun Patrick S. , Dutton Courtney E. , Clancy Carolina P. , Hertzberg Michael A. , Collie Claire F. , Beckham Jean C.
Published: October 2012

Major depressive disorder (MDD) co‐occurs frequently with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and both disorders are linked to suicidal ideation. An emergent literature examines suicidal ideation in U.S. Afghanistan/Iraq‐era veterans. Little research, however, has studied the role of PTSD and comorbid MDD on suicidal ideation across service eras. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the impact of depression on suicidal ideation in Afghanistan/Iraq‐era and Vietnam‐era veterans with PTSD. The sample included 164 Vietnam and 98 Afghanistan/Iraq veterans diagnosed with PTSD at a VA outpatient PTSD Clinic. Using structured interviews, 63% of the Vietnam sample and 45% of the Afghanistan/Iraq sample were diagnosed with comorbid current MDD. Measures included self‐report assessments of PTSD and depressive symptoms and the Personality Assessment Inventory. Results of analyses suggested that in veterans of both eras, PTSD, MDD, and their interaction were significantly related to suicidal ideation (PTSD: η2 = .01; MDD: η2 = .10; PTSD × MDD: η2 = .02). For veterans reporting greater depressive symptoms, there was a stronger relationship between PTSD symptoms and suicidal ideation. These results suggest that veterans from both eras display a similar clinical presentation and highlight the need to consider depressive symptoms when assessing veterans with PTSD. Future research should examine suicidal ideation and behaviors as they change over time in these two cohorts.
The Utility of the Children's Revised Impact of Event Scale in Screening for Concurrent PTSD Following Admission to Intensive Care
Authors: Dow Belinda L. , Kenardy Justin A. , Le Brocque Robyne M. , Long Deborah A.
Published: October 2012

Although there is some information available regarding the utility of the Children's Revised Impact of Event Scale (CRIES) in screening for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), data are scarce and limited to studies sampling children predominantly injured in road traffic accidents. This study investigated the utility of 2 versions, the CRIES‐8 and CRIES‐13, in identifying those children meeting criteria for PTSD following admission to a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). The Children's PTSD Inventory (CPTSDI), a diagnostic interview, and the CRIES‐13 were administered to 55 children, aged 6–16 years, 6 months following admission to the PICU. Of the 55, 14 (25%) met criteria on the CPTSDI. Cutoff scores of 14.5 on the CRIES‐8 and 22.5 on the CRIES‐13 maximized sensitivity and specificity and correctly classified 78%–86% of children. Both cutoff scores were lower than those reported in other samples. The CRIES‐13 appeared to offer greater utility than the CRIES‐8, also in contrast to previous findings. Methodological or sampling differences may account for the discrepancy with prior studies. The proposed cutoffs are recommended specifically for use with PICU patients and replication and further validation of the CRIES with other samples is warranted.
Temporal Trends in the Epidemiology of Disabilities Related to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the U.S. Army and Marine Corps From 2005–2010
Authors: Packnett Elizabeth R. , Gubata Marlene E. , Cowan David N. , Niebuhr David W.
Published: October 2012

Since the start of Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom, over 2 million U.S. military members were deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan. The estimated prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among soldiers and Marines returning from combat zones varies from 5%–20%; little is known about those individuals whose PTSD renders them unfit for duty. This report describes the rates and correlates of PTSD in soldiers and Marines evaluated for disability. Data for service members who underwent disability evaluation between fiscal years 2005–2010 were analyzed for trends in disability rates, ratings, retirement, and comorbid disability. PTSD rates varied by age, sex, race, rank, branch of service, and component. Most cases were deployed and were considered combat‐related. Over the study period, the rate and severity of disability from PTSD increased substantially. Significant increases in disability from PTSD incidence, rating, and retirement were observed in both services. Other medical conditions, largely musculoskeletal and neurological, were present in the majority of cases indicating many cases also experienced disabling physical injuries. Further research is needed to target interventions accurately for redeploying service members to minimize comorbidity associated with disability from PTSD and facilitate continuation in military service or successful transition to civilian life.
Combat‐Related PTSD Nightmares and Imagery Rehearsal: Nightmare Characteristics and Relation to Treatment Outcome
Authors: Harb Gerlinde C. , Thompson Richard , Ross Richard J. , Cook Joan M.
Published: October 2012

The characteristics of nightmares of 48 male U.S. Vietnam war veterans with combat‐related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as well as revised dream scripts developed in the course of Imagery Rehearsal therapy, were examined in relation to pretreatment symptomatology and treatment outcome. Features, content, and themes of nightmares and rescripted dreams were coded by 2 independent raters. Nightmares were replete with scenes of death and violence and were predominantly replays of actual combat events in which the veteran was under attack and feared for his life. Although addressing or resolving the nightmare theme with rescripting was associated with a reduction in sleep disturbance, references to violence in the rescripted dream were related to poorer treatment outcome in nightmare frequency; B  = 5.69 (SE = 1.14). The experience of olfactory sensations in nightmares, a possible index of nightmare intensity, was also related to poorer treatment response; B  = 2.95 (SE = 1.06). Imagery rehearsal for individuals with severe, chronic PTSD and fairly replicative nightmares may be most effective when the rescripted dream incorporates a resolution of the nightmare theme and excludes violent details.