bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils Of Salvia Spp. Leaves
Authors: Turkmen Musa
Published: December 2021

The chemical composition of the hydrodistilled essential oils of four Salvia spp. were analysed by GCMS. Three of them (Salvia aramiensis Rech. fil., Salvia fruticosa Mill., Salvia tomentosa Mill.) analyzed in this study grow naturally in the Hatay flora. On the other hand, S. aramiensis is an endemic plant in Hatay flora. Fourth species (Salvia officinalis L.) is not growing in the flora of Turkey, but is only cultivated. The highest essential oil content (5.31%) was found in S. aramiensis and the least 1.68% was detected in S. officinalis. Eucalyptol was the main constituent for S. aramiensis, S. fruticosa and S. tomentosa. While this component was 58.65% in S. aramiensis, it was determined as 44.70 and 34.97% in S. tomentosa and S. fruticosa, respectively. In S. officinalis, the main constituent was determined as δ-Thujone (33.83%) and camphor (21.46%). Eucalyptol has been identified as the main composition in sage species which is grown in flora.
Bangladesh J. Bot. 50(4): 1173-1180, 2021 (December)
X Seminario Nacional Virtual “ENERGÍA Y SU USO EFICIENTE”
Authors: UTN Universidad Tecnológica Nacional
Published: December 2021

El Seminario de Energía y su Uso Eficiente lo organiza el Programa Energía de la Secretaría de Ciencia, Tecnología y Posgrado de la U. T. N. ininterrumpidamente desde el año 2011, el mismo se lleva a cabo en las distintas sedes de las Facultades Regionales de todo el país, cronológicamente se realizaron en Avellaneda, Mendoza, Santa Fe, Gral. Pacheco, Neuquén, Bahía Blanca, Tucumán, La Plata y en los años 2020 y 2021 se realizó en forma virtual.
Este Seminario está dirigido a todos los Centros y Grupos integrantes de la Red Tecnológica Nacional sobre Eficiencia Energética, Directores e investigadores de Proyectos y Centros de Energía, con orientación en el campo de la “Energía y Eficiencia Energética” (generación, transmisión, distribución, fuentes alternativas, combustibles alternativos y otros) de todas las Facultades Regionales de la Universidad Tecnológica Nacional.
El Consejo del Programa Energía de U. T. N. determinó como en el año 2020, que a pesar de la Pandemia, que complica el avance de todos los proyectos vigentes en este Programa de U. T. N., se disponga de este espacio virtual para que todos los Centros, Grupos y Proyectos puedan exponer nuevamente en una reunión científica nacional los avances de sus investigaciones en el período 2020-2021.
En esta ocasión en el X Seminario de Energía y su Uso Eficiente que se realizó durante los días 25 y 26 de noviembre de 2021 en Plataforma virtual, se presentaron 30 trabajos científicos con la participación de una importante cantidad de investigadores autores.
Organización
Secretaría de Ciencia, Tecnología y Posgrado de La UTN, Programa Energía Red Tecnológica Nacional sobre Eficiencia Energética (RedTecNEE)
Ortak Yetkili Mahkemenin Kesin Yetkili Olup Olmadığına İlişkin Bir Değerlendirme (HMK m. 7)
Authors: YAVAŞ Murat , SAÇAR Ömer Faruk
Published: December 2021

Davalının birden fazla olması halinde, Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu 7. maddesindeki yetki kuralı dikkate alınarak yetkili mahkeme belirlenmektedir. Bu durumda davalılardan birinin yerleşim yeri mahkemesinde dava açılabilir. Ancak kanunda dava sebebine göre davalıların tamamı hakkında ortak yetkiyi taşıyan bir mahkeme belirtilmişse, davaya o yer mahkemesinde bakılır. Bu düzenlemenin kesin yetki kuralı olup olmadığı doktrin ve uygulamada tartışmalıdır. Bu bağlamda ortak yetkili mahkemenin kesin yetkili olup olmadığına ilişkin bir değerlendirme yapılacaktır.
Haksız Rekabette İhtiyati Tedbir Uygulamaları ve Özellik Arz Eden Durumlar (TTK m. 61)
Authors: YILMAZ Abdüssamet
Published: December 2021

Haksız rekabet uygulamasında ihtiyati tedbir kurumunun ayrı bir yeri ve önemi vardır. Bu nedenledir ki kanun koyucu TTK m. 61’de ayrı bir ihtiyati tedbir hükmü düzenlemiştir. Maddede yer alan ihtiyati tedbir türleri incelendiğinde, bunların ifa amacına yönelik olduğu görülmektedir. İfa amaçlı ihtiyati tedbirlerin haksız rekabet hukukunun amacı ve koruduğu menfaatler ile uyumlu olduğu belirtilmelidir. Zira haksız rekabete konu haklar genellikle kısa ömürlü olup, uzun süren davaları kaldıramayacak kadar geçici niteliktedirler. Bu itibarla tedbir taleplerinin ifa amacına yönelmesi özellikle haksız rekabet eyleminden zarar gören tarafın haklarının korunması noktasında büyük bir önemi haizdir. İhtiyati tedbir şartları bakımından ise HMK hükümleri uygulanacak olup, bunların da haksız rekabet yargılamasının özellikler göz önünde bulundurularak mahkemelerce uygulanması önemlidir.
Haklı Yahut Geçerli Fesih Nedeni Olarak İşyerinde Yaşanan Duygusal İlişkiler- Anayasa Mahkemesi ve Yargıtay Kararları Çerçevesinde Değerlendirmeler
Authors: ALP Prof. Dr. Mustafa , DULAY YANGİN Dilek
Published: December 2021

İşyerinde yaşanan duygusal ilişkilerin işyerine olumsuz yansımaları ilişki sebebiyle çalışma ortamının huzurunu bozacak düzeyde dedikoduların ortaya çıkması, özellikle ast-üst konumunda çalışanlar arasındaki ilişkiye bağlı olarak kayırmacılık ve ilişkinin verdiği rahatlığa dayanarak işin görülmesinde özensizliklerin baş göstermesi, ilişki sırasında taraflar arasında ortaya çıkan tartışmaların işyerine yansıması, ilişkinin taraflarının eşleri yahut yakınlarının işyerine sirayet eden davranışları ve müdahaleleri sebebiyle çalışma düzeninin etkilenmesi gibi farklı şekillerde karşımıza çıkabilmektedir. Bu olumsuz etkilerin bir katalog halinde sınırlı bir biçimde sıralanması mümkün olmamakla birlikte Yargıtay’ın farklı tarihlerde verdiği kararlara konu olduğu ve haklı yahut geçerli fesih sebebi kapsamında değerlendirildiği görülmektedir. Anayasa Mahkemesi de 30/09/2020 tarihli 2017/14907 no.lu H.Ç ve 25/2/2021 tarihli 2018/1444 no.lu Esra Ünlü başvurularında işyerinde yaşanan duygusal ilişkilerin hangi durumlarda işverene fesih hakkı sağlayacağı konusunda özel hayatın gizliliği çerçevesinde değerlendirmeler yaparak çeşitli esaslar tespit etmiştir. Çalışmamızda işyerinde yaşanan duygusal ilişkilerin hangi durumlarda işverene fesih hakkı sağlayacağını Yargıtay kararları ve Anayasa Mahkemesi’nin H.Ç ve Esra Ünlü başvurusu ile verdiği kararlar çerçevesinde inceleyerek tespitlerde bulunmaya çalışacağız
Level of Anxiety-State as a factor in changing eating patterns in college students: NUTSAU Study
Authors: Assis Bruno dos Santos de , Silva Mariá Gonçalves Pereira da , Faustino Camila Bastos , Aquino Luana Azevedo de , Franco-Sena Ana Beatriz
Published: December 2021

With the purpose of identifying eating patterns of university students at a federal university in the state of Rio de Janeiro, a cross-sectional analysis of food consumption data was stratified by anxiety symptom scores of 147 students enrolled in the second semester of several undergraduate courses in the second semester of 2015. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory determined the anxiety symptoms scores. A food frequency questionnaire was applied to obtain food consumption data. Students were stratified into two groups, using the median state anxiety score as cutoff point. For each group, some dietary patterns were derived by the application of the principal component analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software. The university students presented a median state-anxiety score of 43 points, and it was significantly higher in women. Three dietary patterns were identified for each group according to their nutritional characteristics, among which “Mixed 1”, “Healthy” and “Rice and Beans” for the less anxious students and “Western”, “Mixed 2” and “Rice and Beans” for the most anxious students. The results showed that it was possible to identify consistent food patterns for both, using a factorial analysis method. Students with the highest anxiety-state scores had a pronounced Western eating pattern, and those least anxious students had higher consumption of healthier food groups and lower consumption of caffeinated beverages. Although this is a cross-sectional analysis, it can contribute to optimize nutritional intervention for this population.
Analisis Zat Gizi dan Organoleptik Olahan Sosis Ikan Gabus sebagai Pangan Alternatif Mencegah Stunting
Authors: Chaerunnimah Chaerunnimah , Amir Aswita , Lestari Retno Sri , Adam Adriyani
Published: December 2021

The prevalence of stunting in Indonesia is still high at 30,8%. Low protein intake is one of the causes of stunting. The purpose of this study was to determine the nutritional analysis and organoleptic quality in cork fish sausages. This study used a completely randomized design with 3 repetitions. Nutrient analysis was obtained from the Luff schroll test for carbohydrates, fat test with shoxlet and protein test with micro kjedhall. Organoleptic quality with acceptance of taste, texture, color and aroma by descriptive. Research results with univariate analisis were the highest nutrient content of protein and carbohydrate in formula F1 (100%) is protein (16.71%) and carbohydrate (20.14%) and the highest fat content in formula F3 (60%) is as much as (18.52%). The most preferred organoleptic quality for aroma and taste is in formula F1 (100%), texture is in formula F2(80%) and the most preferred color is in formula F3 (60%). The recommendation for prevent stunting can be used F1 formula.
Planning of training spaces and the mobilization of Didactic-Mathematical Knowledge: a look at the Pedagogical Residency Program
Authors: Silva Jose Fernandes da , Tinti Douglas da Silva
Published: December 2021

This article aims to present a discussion about the planning of formative spaces that focus on the initiation to teaching, since these can provide the mobilization of knowledge and, in particular, of Mathematical-Didactic Knowledge (CDM). To this end, we chose the Pedagogical Residency Program (PRP), as a Public Policy managed by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES/BRASIL) as a training context to base our reflections. The reflections are anchored in the structure proposed by CAPES for the implementation of PRP and in the composition of modules (Environment, semi-structured observation and regency) supporting, theoretically, in the discussions about the teaching initiation process and in the Ontosemiotic Approach - EOS, in particular, the discussions related to the Didactic Adequacy Criteria.
Designing a secure fail-safe cloud repository of paperworks of students and employees of educational institutions
Authors: Kochyn Viktor P. , Zherelo Anatolii V.
Published: December 2021

The article discusses the main approaches to the design and development of an automated information system for a secure cloud repository of paperworks of students and employees of educational and research organisations (abstracts, essays, term papers and theses, master’s theses, deposited articles), providing secure storage and secure mobile access to stored data. The research and development of architectural solutions to ensure reliable and secure data storage using cloud technologies are described. The main problems of designing a secure repository and ways to solve them are considered. The cloud repository of written works is built on the basis of the Ceph distributed file system, which uses the NextCloud system and the virtual computing resources of the virtual network infrastructure of the Belarusian State University as a platform for building a cloud interface.
Random walks on Cayley graphs of complex reflection groups
Authors: Vaskouski Maksim M.
Published: December 2021

Asymptotic properties of random walks on minimal Cayley graphs of complex reflection groups are investigated. The main result of the paper is theorem on fast mixing for random walks on Cayley graphs of complex reflection groups. Particularly, bounds of diameters and isoperimetric constants, a known result on fast fixing property for expander graphs play a crucial role to obtain the main result. A constructive way to prove a special case of Babai’s conjecture on logarithmic order of diameters for complex reflection groups is proposed. Basing on estimates of diameters and Cheeger inequality, there is obtained a non-trivial lower bound for spectral gaps of minimal Cayley graphs on complex reflection groups.
Numerical solution of a weakly singular integral equation by the method of orthogonal polynomials
Authors: Sheshko Sergei M.
Published: December 2021

A scheme is constructed for the numerical solution of a singular integral equation with a logarithmic kernel by the method of orthogonal polynomials. The proposed schemes for an approximate solution of the problem are based on the representation of the solution function in the form of a linear combination of the Chebyshev orthogonal polynomials and spectral relations that allows to obtain simple analytical expressions for the singular component of the equation. The expansion coefficients of the solution in terms of the Chebyshev polynomial basis are calculated by solving a system of linear algebraic equations. The results of numerical experiments show that on a grid of 20 –30 points, the error of the approximate solution reaches the minimum limit due to the error in representing real floating-point numbers.
Population genetic structure of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) in Belarus according to the analysis of chloroplast DNA
Authors: Padutov Vladimir E.
Published: December 2021

Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) is one of the main forest forming species in the Republic of Belarus. Its population genetic structure was formed under the influence of various migration processes. Six chloroplast DNA loci (µdt1, µdt3, µdt4, µcd4, µcd5 and µkk4) were used for the genogeographic study. The material for the analysis was collected in 100 oak forest stands (2325 samples); 18 allelic variants were identified, which are grouped into 17 different combinations (haplotypes). Five of them are widespread (the proportion of occurrence varies from 7 to 48 %, totalling 85 %). The remaining 12 are rare (the proportion of occurrence varies from 1 to 3 %, totalling 15 %). Phylogenetic trees constructed using the nearest neighbour and maximum likelihood methods show the presence of two groups (branches) of haplotypes. One of it comprises 8 variants including 2 dominant haplotypes and the other comprises 9 variants including 3 dominant haplotypes. PCR-RFLP analysis of chloroplast DNA showed that the pedunculate oak in Belarus originates from the Balkan refugium. Haplotype No. 1 (µdt189, µdt3123, µdt4142, µcd494, µcd574, µkk4109) is found almost everywhere in Belarus with the exception of the southwest and northeast, while haplotype No. 8 (µdt189, µdt3121, µdt4142, µcd494, µcd574, µkk4109) is mainly localised in the southwest and northeast. Haplotypes No. 3 (µdt189, µdt3120, µdt4141, µcd494, µcd575, µkk4109) and No. 7 (µdt189, µdt3122, µdt4142, µcd494, µcd574, µkk4109) predominantly found in the west of the country. Haplotype No. 2 (µdt190, µdt3120, µdt4141, µcd495, µcd574, µkk4109) is typical for the southeast.
Assessment of soil erosion hazard and its mapping using GIS technologies
Authors: Lazovik Hleb S. , Topaz Antonina A.
Published: December 2021

The article presents a method for creating a territory erosion hazard integrated map using RUSLE integral model, Earth remote sensing data and GIS technologies. The studies carried out on this topic are presented, the analysis of which has shown a more active use of integral indicators of water-erosion processes in foreign scientific works. Urgency of updating methodology for studying erosion processes has been substantiated. Theoretical foundations of the application of integral models of soil erosion are given, the application of the RUSLE model is substantiated, and the optimal way of using this model is proposed. The research methodology has been developed, consisting of primary processing of remote sensing data, calculation of the factors of erosion development and creation of a territory erosion hazard integrated map. Based on the processing of aerial photography materials, a point cloud, a digital elevation model and an orthomosaic map of the study area were created. The results of the geoinformation analysis of the remote sensing data, which included calculation of the soil erodibility factor and the topographic factor, are presented. Based on the integral indicator of watererosion hazard, a complex map of the erosion hazard of the territory has been created. Main patterns of geographical distribution of the values of the integral indicator of the water-erosion hazard of the territory are revealed, devised methodology is assessed. It was found that the schematic map reflects the general pattern of water erosion processes: they are more active in places where more dissected relief is spread. Influence of the soil factor on the pattern of the schematic map is shown: the pattern in the territories occupied by sod-podzolic loamy soils qualitatively differs from the pattern on the lands where sod-podzolic sandy loam soils are widespread. Patterns on the schematic map of different parts of the developed linear forms of relief, formed by temporary streams, are described. It is shown that the proposed method can be used to assess the water-erosion hazard of the territory. The need to take into account a larger number of factors and to refine the assessment of existing ones is concluded.
Economic-geographical assessment of the demographic situation and economic potential of the inter-capital Belarusian-Russian borderlands
Authors: Antipova Ekaterina A. , Shavel Aliaksei N. , Zaprudski Ilya I. , Bezruchonak Andrei P.
Published: December 2021

Geographic research of the phenomenon of inter-capital space of the Belarusian-Russian border region is an actual research area problem for the socio-economic geography of Belarus and Russia. This is due to the objective need to develop mechanisms of overcoming the demographic and economic peripherality of the region and embedding regional economic systems of border regions into the system of local relations. The purpose of the research is to identify the current distinctive features of the demographic and economic development of the inter-capital space of the Belarusian-Russian border region with the establishment of its niche from the point of the central-peripheral approach. During the analysis of the demographic situation of the inter-capital space of the Belarusian-Russian borderlands, it was established that, generally, in 1999–2019, its main feature was peripherality with the three zones established – the central demographic periphery, the buffer demographic periphery and the demographic semi-periphery – with a predominance in the structure of the first zone. Geographically, the central periphery zone is formed mainly by the rural borderland areas. According to the results of the analysis of the industrial development level, it was discovered that the inter-capital space of the Belarusian-Russian borderlands is characterised by a high degree of spatial inequality due to the development of large industrial centers around the existing periphery. This research had established a spatial differentiation of the transportation accessibility (by the connectivity of administrative centers of the borderlands) and the productivity of road transportation. The economicgeographical analysis of the foreign trade had revealed the diversity of directions and intensity of foreign goods trade between the Belarusian-Russian borderlands, mainly expressed in the predominance of the export-oriented regions with the per capita foreign trade turnover estimated at up to 2000 US dollars.
About the causes of pine drying in the Belarusian Polesje
Authors: Matsiusheuskaya Katsiaryna V. , Kisialiou Viktar N. , Yarotau Aliaxey E.
Published: December 2021

Тhe results of identifying the causes of mass drying of pine trees in the Belarusian Polesje are presented. The object of the study is its modern generations on the former depleted sandy arable land and in natural conditions of growth. It is revealed that in the conditions of groundwater reduction after drainage reclamation in modern climatic conditions, the increase in the inflow of direct solar radiation in the 21st century was the limiting factor for the suppression of the stem productivity of pine, which led to the death of the stand.
Quantitative petrography: approaches and applications
Authors: Taeubner Alena A. , Samodurov Vladimir P.
Published: December 2021

Quantitative petrography is a scientific and industrial direction of geology, which made huge progress due to developments and inventions in information technology and optics in the last decade. This article is introducing the modern and scientific directions of quantitative petrography and describes their current state of art as well as methodical approaches and their application. The research objects of quantitative macropetrography are hand specimens, borehole cores and polished tiles, and of micropetrography are thin and polished sections of rocks samples, splitted rock surfaces and immersion preparations. The goal of the research is to develop and present new methodological approaches of digital microscopy for the analysis of ores, rocks and minerals, as well as to investigate the morphological image analysis capabilities for the transforming from the classical description methods to quantitative petrography.
Civilisation approach in Russia and its historical evolution
Authors: Shimov Vsevolod V.
Published: December 2021

The article examines the features of the evolution of the civilisational approach in Russia. The historical stages of the formation of the civilisational approach in Russian political thought, starting from the pre-revolutionary times and ending with the post-Soviet period, are considered. The works of N. Danilevsky, L. Gumilyov, A. Dugin, V. Tsymbursky are analysed. It is concluded that the civilisational approach in Russia was especially in demand due to the specific nature of Russia’s relations with the Western world and within the discussion about Russia’s belonging to European civilisation. In the perspective of the world-system analysis, the development of the civilisational paradigm in Russia was due to its being on the semi-periphery of the capitalist world-system. It has always complicated relations with the Western countries belonging the world-systemic core. The findings can be used within the study of the processes of formation of national and sociocultural identity in the post-Soviet space, as well as in teaching disciplines of the socio-humanitarian block (political science, history of political doctrines).
Authentic Project-Based Learning in Times of Crisis
Authors: Saba’Ayon* Najwa , Harb Grasiella
Published: December 2021

The shift to an online learning environment during the Covid-19 outbreak has not been conducive enough for either active learning or fair assessment procedures that yield valid results. Accordingly, this research paper aims to investigate the extent to which Authentic Project-Based Learning engages students and hence provides a valid assessment of students’ genuine performance and proficiency during online learning in EFL communication and Intensive English courses. Using a mixed-methods design, the researchers employed the self-completion questionnaires and focus group interviews to collect their data from their 100-purposively –selected participants. The findings showed promising results in terms of engaging students in the learning process, curbing online cheating, and ensuring reliable and valid assessments of students’ performance. These results are significant in providing a pedagogical approach to be adopted by EFL educators during and after the pandemic.
Analisis Kandungan Fitokimia dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Mikroalga Chlorella sp. Berdasarkan Variasi Waktu Pencahayaan
Authors: Hartini Hartini , Rosmiati Karolina , Sihombing Agnes Farianti Rezeki
Published: December 2021

Mikroalga mengandung metabolit sekunder yang potensial untuk dikembangkan. Metabolit sekunder digunakan untuk pertahanan kimia terhadap predator di lingkungan air. Salah satu jenis mikroalga yang dapat dikembangkan metabolit sekundernya adalah Chlorella sp. Kondisi lingkungan saat kultivasi Chlorella sp. mempengaruhi jumlah sel, kandungan metabolit sekunder dan kestabilan senyawa antioksidan mikroalga. Faktor lingkungan yang menjadi fokus penelitian adalah faktor cahaya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kandungan fitokimia dan antioksidan biomassa mikroalga Chlorella sp. dengan variasi waktu pencahayaan. Variasi pemberian cahaya pada proses kultivasi menggunakan periode terang : gelap yang terbagi menjadi 2 kelompok yaitu 12:12 (terang:gelap) jam dan 18:6 (terang:gelap) jam. Metode yang digunakan untuk analisis kandungan fitokimia menggunakan metode Harborne dan analisis aktivitas antioksidan menggunakan metode DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak mikroalga Chlorella sp. dengan variasi waktu pencahayaan (terang:gelap) 12:12 jam mengandung alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, steroid, kuinon dan terpenoid. Sedangkan, ekstrak mikroalga Chlorella sp. dengan variasi waktu pencahayaan (terang:gelap) 18:6 jam mengandung alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin dan terpenoid. Hasil aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak mikroalga Chlorella sp. dengan variasi waktu pencahayaan (terang:gelap) 12:12 jam IC50 sebesar 40,421 dan ekstrak Chlorella sp. dengan variasi waktu pencahayaan (terang:gelap) 18:6 jam memiliki IC50 sebesar 8,992. Berdasarkan penelitian diperoleh bahwa ekstrak mikroalga yang diberi waktu pencahayaan tinggi menghasilkan aktivitas antioksidan yang lebih kuat dibandingkan pencahayaan rendah.
Aktivitas Antibakteri Kayu Manis (Cinnamomum burmanii) terhadap Pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Intan Karlina , Diani Aliansy , Nurul Aeni Suci Rizki
Published: December 2021

Penyakit infeksi yang disebabkan oleh mikroorganisme yaitu bakteri. Bakteri yang sering menyebabkan infeksi kulit adalah bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Kayu manis (Cinnamomun verum) merupakan tanaman herbal yang sering digunakan sebagai bumbu masakan, namun kayu manis juga memiliki kandungan senyawa kimia seperti flavonoid, alkaloid, saponin, dan triterpenoid yang bersifat antibakteri. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui daya hambat ekstrak kayu manis (Cinnamomun verum) terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan berupa deskriptif eksperimental laboratorium dengan metode pengujian berupa in vitro secara difusi (Kirby-Bauer) menggunakan kertas cakram. Sampel penelitian ialah ekstrak kayu manis (Cinnamomun verum) dengan konsentrasi 30%, 50%, 65%, 70%, dan 75% dengan diencerkan DMSO 10% yang sebelumnya telah dilakukan proses ekstraksi metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 95%. Rata-rata hasil pengukuran zona hambat ekstrak kayu manis (Cinnamomun verum) pada konsentrasi 30%, 50%, 65%, 70%, dan 75% masing-masing sebesar 3,7 mm, 4,8 mm, 5,7 mm, 9,7 mm, dan 12,7 mm. Hasil zona hambat pada konsentrasi 30%, 50% dan 65% dikategorikan lemah (resistent), konsentrasi 70% dikategorikan sedang (intermediate), dan konsentrasi 75% dikategorikan kuat (susceptible). Sehingga dari hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa konsentrasi ekstrak kayu manis (Cinnamomun verum) yang paling efektif dalam menghambat bakteri Staphylococcus aureus adalah 75% dengan rata-rata zona hambat sebesar 12,7 mm.
COVID-19 Koronavirüs Pandemisinin Rusya’da Sosyo-Ekonomik Eşitsizliğe ve Yoksulluğa Etkisinin Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: ABDULLAH Akif
Published: December 2021

COVID-19 pandemisinin aniden ortaya çıkması ekonomiye, iş dünyasına ve işçilere ciddi bir darbe vurmuştur. COVID-19'a karşı herhangi bir tedavi veya aşı geliştiremeyen sağlık çalışanları, insanları mümkün olduğunca evde kalmaları ve hastalığın bulaşmasını önleyecek sosyal mesafeyi korumaları konusunda uyarmışlardır. Dünyanın dört bir yanındaki birçok hükümet, insanlar arasındaki grup temasını azaltmak için restoranlara, tiyatrolara, belirli perakende satış noktalarına ve diğer zorunlu olmayan işletmelere erişimi de kısıtlamışlardır. Bütün dünyada olduğu gibi Rusya’da da işyerlerinin kapanması, işletmelerin ve serbest meslek sahiplerinin ekonomik faaliyetlerinde hızlı ve ciddi zorluklara yol açarak onları iflasın eşiğine getirmiştir. Sosyal mesafe kuralları kaldırılmaya başlansa bile toparlanmanın belirsiz ve yavaş olması beklendiğinden, işlerini sürdüren girişimciler birçok sorunla karşı karşıya kalmış, gelir eşitsizliği, küresel işsizlik ve yoksullukta ciddi bir artış yaşanmıştır. Çalışmamızda, Rusya’da Covid-19 döneminde pandeminin etkisiyle sosyo-ekonomik eşitsizlik durumu, yoksulluk ve işsizlik verileri araştırılarak ekonomiye yansımaları değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca, pandeminin olumsuz etkilerinin ortadan kaldırılması için öneriler sunulmuştur.
Etkili Faktörleriyle Boyabat Şehrinin Gelişimi ve Gelişime Bağlı Olarak Ortaya Çıkan Sorunlar
Authors: YILDIZ Murat , KADIOĞLU Yahya , AYDIN Aynur
Published: December 2021

Çalışmada Boyabat şehrinin kuruluşundan günümüze dek geçirmiş olduğu gelişim süreci, gelişimde etkili olan faktörler, gelişim sonucu ortaya çıkan sorunlar incelenmiştir. Boyabat İlçe Merkezi’nde 1970’li yıllardan sonra sanayi ve hizmet sektöründeki gelişmelere bağlı olarak nüfus artmaya başlamış ve yerleşme hızlı bir büyüme sürecine girmiştir. Şehirsel fonksiyonların belirginleşmeye başlamasıyla İlçe Merkezi şehir özelliği kazanmış ve yerleşim alanları genişlemiştir. Bu yıllarda doğu-batı yönünde uzanan Adnan Menderes Bulvarı’nın açılmasıyla büyüme bu bulvar çevresinde yoğunlaşmıştır. Topoğrafik yapının uygun olmasına bağlı olarak yerleşim alanları doğuya doğru genişlemiş bu yöndeki Saraydüzü (D030) ve Durağan (D785) yolları büyüme üzerinde etkili olmuştur. İlgili kurumlardan temin edilen veriler ve Google Maps üzerinden elde edilen görüntüler ArcGıs 10.8 programına işlenerek yerleşmenin gelişimi için dijital veri tabanı oluşturulmuş, elde edilen bulgular ışığında harita, tablo ve şekillerle büyümenin yatay ve dikey gelişimi analiz edilmiştir. Yatay ve dikey yöndeki büyümeye bağlı olarak başta tarım alanlarında betonlaşma olmak üzere hava kirliliği, otopark ve ulaşım sorunları ortaya çıkmıştır.
A STUDY OF TEACHING ENGLISH SPEAKING SKILL THROUGH ONLINE LEARNING IN SMP UNGGULAN NU MOJOAGUNG
Authors: Habibah Nur , Fajarina Maskhurin
Published: December 2021

This research was carried out when Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic occurred in various countries. This virus attacks the respiratory system and spreads very quickly to various parts of the country, one of which is Indonesia. The spread of the virus has forced the government to issue several policies aimed at breaking the ropes of the spread of the virus. One of the policies issued is to conduct online learning. This study answered three research problems, namely how to prepare, process, and results of teaching English speaking skills through online learning. This study used a descriptive qualitative method by conducting interviews. The results of this research indicated that teaching English in speaking skill through online learning is less optimal than face-to-face speaking learning. The teacher used WhatsApp as a media and take advantage of its features as a method of learning. Those media and methods are very effective compared to other methods and media. The teacher conducted learning by recording sound about the explanation of material. The researcher concluded that teaching English in speaking skills through online learning was not optimal. WhatsApp is an effective application used as a medium and method in teaching English in speaking skills through online learning.
An Assessment of methods and techniques used in Forensic Linguistics
Authors: Toghuj Raed
Published: December 2021

The following paper aimed to evaluate the techniques and methods adopted in forensic linguistics. The paper is divided to 5 sections the first section discussed a brief background of the topic while the second chapter aimed to review literature from previous studies. The third section depicted the methods and techniques incorporated in carrying out this research. The fourth section analysed the data gathered for this paper while the last section concluded the paper. It is seen in this research that Courtroom speech, courtroom translation and interpretation, comprehensibility of texts and legal documents, including police cautions issued to offenders or suspects, and the use of linguistic evidence in court procedures are all part of forensic linguistics.
Metabolic Footprint Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds by Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry to Discriminate Mandarin Fish (Siniperca chuatsi) at Different Fermentation Stages
Authors: Wang Yueqi , Wu Yanyan , Shen Yingying , Li Chunsheng , Zhao Yongqiang , Qi Bo , Li Laihao , Chen Yufeng
Published: December 2021

Chinese fermented mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) have unique aroma characteristics that are appreciated by local consumers. In this study, electronic nose (E-nose) and gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry analyses were combined to establish a volatile fingerprint of fermented mandarin fish during fermentation. Clear separation of the data allowed mandarin fish samples at different fermentation stages to be distinguishing using E-nose analysis. Forty-three volatile organic compounds were identified during fermentation. Additionally, partial least squares discrimination analysis was performed to screen for different VOC metabolites in the fermented mandarin fish; the levels of six VOCs changed significantly during fermentation (variable importance in projection >1; p < 0.05). Three VOCs, i.e., hexanal-D, nonanal, and limonene were identified as potential biomarkers for fermentation. This study provided a theoretical basis for flavor real-time monitoring and quality control of traditional mandarin fish fermentation.
Exosomal MIF Derived From Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Promotes Metastasis by Repressing Ferroptosis of Macrophages
Authors: Chen Wenhui , Zuo Fan , Zhang Kaiwen , Xia Tian , Lei Wei , Zhang Zixiang , Bao Lili , You Yiwen
Published: December 2021

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is the most common malignant tumor of the head and neck cancer (HNC). Metastasis is the main cause of treatment failure. However, the molecular mechanism for NPC metastasis is still unclear. As one of the most common host immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, macrophages have been proven to regulate metastasis. Besides, exosomes are the important bridge connecting various cells in TME. Currently, the role of NPC-exos on macrophages and their impact on metastasis remains to be unexplored. In this study, we found that MIF was highly expressed in NPC cells, and the exosomes secreted by NPC cells could be taken up by macrophages, thereby, inhibiting the ferroptosis of macrophages and then promoting the metastasis of NPC. Targeting MIF may be a potential treatment to reduce the rate of metastasis.
Transcriptome Profiling of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Parr With Higher and Lower Pathogen Loads Following Piscirickettsia salmonis Infection
Authors: Xue Xi , Caballero-Solares Albert , Hall Jennifer R. , Umasuthan Navaneethaiyer , Kumar Surendra , Jakob Eva , Skugor Stanko , Hawes Christopher , Santander Javier , Taylor Richard G. , Rise Matthew L.
Published: December 2021

Salmonid rickettsial septicemia (SRS), caused byPiscirickettsia salmonis, is one of the most devastating diseases of salmonids. However, the transcriptomic responses of Atlantic salmon (Salmon salar) in freshwater to an EM-90-like isolate have not been explored. Here, we infected Atlantic salmon parr with an EM-90-like isolate and conducted time-course qPCR analyses of pathogen load and four biomarkers (campb,hampa,il8a,tlr5a) of innate immunity on the head kidney samples. Transcript expression of three of these genes (excepthampa), as well as pathogen level, peaked at 21 days post-injection (DPI). Multivariate analyses of infected individuals at 21 DPI revealed two infection phenotypes [lower (L-SRS) and higher (H-SRS) infection level]. Five fish from each group (Control, L-SRS, and H-SRS) were selected for transcriptome profiling using a 44K salmonid microarray platform. We identified 1,636 and 3,076 differentially expressed probes (DEPs) in the L-SRS and H-SRS groups compared with the control group, respectively (FDR = 1%). Gene ontology term enrichment analyses of SRS-responsive genes revealed the activation of a large number of innate (e.g. “phagocytosis”, “defense response to bacterium”, “inflammatory response”) and adaptive (e.g. “regulation of T cell activation”, “antigen processing and presentation of exogenous antigen”) immune processes, while a small number of general physiological processes (e.g. “apoptotic process”, development and metabolism relevant) was enriched. Transcriptome results were confirmed by qPCR analyses of 42 microarray-identified transcripts. Furthermore, the comparison of individuals with differing levels of infection (H-SRS vs. L-SRS) generated insights into the biological processes possibly involved in disease resistance or susceptibility. This study demonstrated a low mortality (~30%) EM-90-like infection model and broadened the current understanding of molecular pathways underlyingP. salmonis-triggered responses of Atlantic salmon, identifying biomarkers that may assist to diagnose and combat this pathogen.
Intensification of Downslope Nutrient Transport and Associated Biological Responses Over the Northeastern South China Sea During Wind-Driven Downwelling: A Modeling Study
Authors: Han Aiqin , Gan Jianping , Dai Minhan , Lu Zhongming , Liang Linlin , Zhao Xiaozheng
Published: December 2021

Coastal downwelling is generally considered to have a limited biological effect compared with coastal upwelling. In this study, downslope transport of nearshore, nutrient-enriched waters during downwelling is found to induce distinct biological productivity in the water column over the northeastern South China Sea (NSCS). By conducting a process-driven study over a widened shelf with intensified downwelling in the NSCS, we investigated the biophysical processes associated with strong nutrient enrichment in the water column of downwelled waters. These processes and underlying mechanisms are largely unreported and remain unclear. Field measurements and a three-dimensional coupled physical-biological model incorporating nitrate (N), phytoplankton (P), zooplankton (Z), and detritus (D) were utilized to investigate distinct cross-shore nutrient transport over the uniquely widened NSCS shelf. We revealed that intensified downwelling circulation, dynamically induced by the widened shelf topography, enhanced chlorophyll a and biological productivity in a strip of well-mixed water over the inner shelf as well as in the downwelled water over the mid-shelf. Strong time lags and spatial differences existed among N, P, and Z because of the physical transport and the ensuing biogeochemical response. The intensified downslope transport of nutrient-rich coastal water formed distinct cross-shore wedge-shaped P, Z, and D structures, while N was rapidly consumed in the water column. This study illustrates the underlying coupled physical-biogeochemical processes associated with the observed biogeochemical response to wind-driven downwelling circulation over the variable shelf, which are commonly found in coastal oceans worldwide.
Screening of Cucumber Fusarium Wilt Bio-Inhibitor: High Sporulation Trichoderma harzianum Mutant Cultured on Moso Bamboo Medium
Authors: Zhang Ning , Xu Hao , Xie Jingcong , Cui Jie-yu , Yang Jing , Zhao Jian , Tong Yajuan , Jiang Jianchun
Published: December 2021

Cucumber fusarium wilt is a soil-borne disease which causes serious production decrease in cucumber cultivation world widely. Extensive using of chemical pesticides has caused serious environmental pollution and economic losses, therefore, it is particularly urgent to develop efficient, safe and pollution-free biopesticide. In this study, a mutant strain of Trichoderma harzianum cultivated in moso bamboo medium was proved to be an efficient bio-inhibitor of the disease. The mutant strain T. harzianum T334, was obtained by three microwave mutagenesis cycles with an irradiation power of 600 W and irradiation time of 40 s. In contrast to the original strain, the inhibition rate on cucumber fusarium wilt of the strain T334 increased from 63 to 78%. In this work, disk milling pretreatment of moso bamboo has shown significant beneficial effects on both biotransformation and sporulation of T334. Its sporulation reached 3.7 × 109 cfu/g in mushroom bags with 90% bamboo stem powder (pretreated by disk milli), 9.5% bamboo leaf powder and 0.5% wheat bran when the ratio of solid to liquid was 4:6, the inoculum amount was 10%, and the culture temperature was 28°C. These results provide an alternative bioinhibitor for the control of cucumber fusarium wilt, and a potential usage of moso bamboo in the production of microbial pesticide.
A Two-Stage Adaptive Laboratory Evolution Strategy to Enhance Docosahexaenoic Acid Synthesis in Oleaginous Thraustochytrid
Authors: Wang Sen , Wan Weijian , Wang Zhuojun , Zhang Huidan , Liu Huan , Arunakumara K. K. I. U. , Cui Qiu , Song Xiaojin
Published: December 2021

Thraustochytrid is a promising algal oil resource with the potential to meet the demand for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). However, oils with high DHA content produced by genetic modified thraustochytrids are not accepted by the food and pharmaceutical industries in many countries. Therefore, in order to obtain non-transgenic strains with high DHA content, a two-stage adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) strategy was applied to the thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium sp. Heavy-ion irradiation technique was first used before the ALE to increase the genetic diversity of strains, and then two-step ALE: low temperature based ALE and ACCase inhibitor quizalofop-p-ethyl based ALE were employed in enhancing the DHA production. Using this strategy, the end-point strain E-81 with a DHA content 51% higher than that of the parental strain was obtained. The performance of E-81 strain was further analyzed by component analysis and quantitative real-time PCR. The results showed that the enhanced in lipid content was due to the up-regulated expression of key enzymes in lipid accumulation, while the increase in DHA content was due to the increased transcriptional levels of polyunsaturated fatty acid synthase. This study demonstrated a non-genetic approach to enhance lipid and DHA content in non-model industrial oleaginous strains.
Phenotypic Changes in T Cell and Macrophage Subtypes in Perivascular Adipose Tissues Precede High-Fat Diet-Induced Hypertension
Authors: Kumar Ramya Kalyana , Yang Yongliang , Contreras Andres G. , Garver Hannah , Bhattacharya Sudin , Fink Gregory D. , Rockwell Cheryl E. , Watts Stephanie W.
Published: December 2021

Graphical Abstract

Sex-differences in immune cell activation status (numbers/mean fluorescence intensity) in MRPVAT (A) and APVAT (B). (Key: e.g., at 10 weeks, higher density/MFI of M1-like macrophages occur in CD females vs. CD males in MRPVAT.) Differences in mean arterial pressure between HFD and respective CD-fed rats are presented as mm Hg [Supplementary Figure 1 and as measured by radiotelemetry (Fernandes et al., 2018)] with 10, 17, and 24 weeks on diet.
The Variability of Mental Timeline in Vertical Dimension
Authors: He Jiaoyan , Bi Cuihua , Jiang Hao , Meng Jianan
Published: December 2021

People often use concrete spatial terms to represent abstract time. Previous studies have shown that mental timeline (MTL) is represented along a horizontal axis. Studies of the mental timeline have demonstrated that compared with English speakers, Mandarin speakers are more likely to think about time vertically (up-down) than horizontally (left-right/front-back). Prior studies have suggested that MTL in the up and down dimensions originated from temporal-spatial metaphors in language. However, there are still a large number of perceptual experiences in the up and down dimensions, such as visual and sensorimotor experience. Then does the visual experience in daily life affect the MTL in the vertical dimension? This study is aimed to investigate whether visual experience can promote or activate the opposite direction of MTL from implicit and explicit levels. The results showed that when the time information in the task was not prominent, the direction of vertical MTL cannot be affected by ascending or descending perceptual experience. While when the time information was prominent, whether the task was implicit or explicit, compared with the control group, watching the top-down scene significantly increased the top-down direction selection, while in the implicit task, watching the bottom-up scene made the top-down MTL disappear. To the best of our knowledge, our study provides the first evidence that the flexibility of space–time associations in vertical dimension extends beyond explicit and embraces even implicit levels. This study shows that the vertical MTL is activated in certain conditions and could be affected by the visual experience.
Expert Views on COVAX and Equitable Global Access to COVID-19 Vaccines
Authors: Manriquez Roa Tania , Holzer Felicitas , Luna Florencia , Biller-Andorno Nikola
Published: December 2021

Objectives: We face the impossibility of having enough COVID-19 vaccines for everyone in the near future. This study aims to contribute to the debate on equitable global access to COVID-19 vaccines, tackling key ethical discussions and policy challenges regarding early phases of COVAX, the global cooperation mechanism for supporting fair vaccine allocation.

Methods: We conducted in-depth interviews with twelve experts and a literature research on academic articles, media sources and public statements. We built a data analysis matrix and conducted a thematic analysis.

Results: Our findings show, first, that interviewed experts who hold different views on vaccine allocation, including moderate nationalist perspectives, agree on joining a global cooperation mechanism. Second, incentives to join COVAX vary greatly among countries. Third, specific barriers to COVAX emerged in the early implementation phase. And fourth, countries might be trapped in a zero-sum game regarding the global vaccine supply.

Conclusion: We present findings that enrich analyses of early phases of COVAX (April 2020–21), we introduce three ethical discussions that provide a common ground for equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines, and we highlight policy challenges.
Secondhand Smoke Exposure in Lao People’s Democratic Republic: Results From the 2015 National Adult Tobacco Survey
Authors: Kulkarni Shweta Vishwas , Xangsayarath Phonepadith , Douangvichith Daovieng , Siengsounthone Latsamy , Phandouangsy Khatthanaphone , Tran Ly Thi-Hai , Le Phuc Hong , Bui Thanh Cong
Published: December 2021

Objectives: Second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure causes >600,000 deaths annually worldwide, however, information regarding SHS exposure in Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PRD) is limited; we report SHS exposure prevalence at home, inside workplaces, and indoor public spaces in Lao PDR.

Methods: Data were from the 2015 Lao National Adult Tobacco Survey, a nationally representative sample of 7,562 participants aged ≥15 years recruited through a stratified 2-stage cluster sampling approach.

Results: 88.3% (83.9% of non-smokers) reported SHS exposure at home and 63.0% (54.0% of non-smokers) at workplaces. Among non-smokers, women had greater exposure at home than men (86.6 vs. 77.0%). Lower education levels were associated with exposure at home or the workplace. 99.2% reported SHS exposure at any public place; specifically for restaurants/food stores 57.7%, government offices 56.2%, public transport 31.6%, and health care facilities 11.7%.

Conclusion: SHS exposure at home and workplace in Lao PDR is among the highest in South-East Asia. Comprehensive smoke-free policies at government-owned workplaces and facilities, stricter enforcement of these smoke-free policies, and strategies to encourage smoke-free environments at homes and in public places are urgently needed.