bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elastic Properties of Chimpanzee Craniofacial Cortical Bone
Authors: Gharpure Poorva , Kontogiorgos Elias D. , Opperman Lynne A. , Ross Callum F. , Strait David S. , Smith Amanda , Pryor Leslie C. , Wang Qian , Dechow Paul C.
Published: November 2016

Relatively few assessments of cranial biomechanics formally take into account variation in the material properties of cranial cortical bone. Our aim was to characterize the elastic properties of chimpanzee craniofacial cortical bone and compare these to the elastic properties of dentate human craniofacial cortical bone. From seven cranial regions, 27 cylindrical samples were harvested from each of five chimpanzee crania. Assuming orthotropy, axes of maximum stiffness in the plane of the cortical plate were derived using modified equations of Hooke's law in a Mathcad program. Consistent orientations among individuals were observed in the zygomatic arch and alveolus. The density of cortical bone showed significant regional variation (P < 0.001). The elastic moduli demonstrated significant differences between sites, and a distinct pattern where E3 > E2 > E1. Shear moduli were significantly different among regions (P < 0.001). The pattern by which chimpanzee cranial cortical bone varies in elastic properties resembled that seen in humans, perhaps suggesting that the elastic properties of craniofacial bone in fossil hominins can be estimated with at least some degree of confidence. Anat Rec, 299:1718–1733, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Zygomatic Arch Cortical Area and Diet in Haplorhines
Authors: Edmonds Hallie
Published: November 2016

The influence that various types of ingested foods have on the form (size and shape) of specific features of the masticatory system is an area in which many questions remain unanswered. The bony zygomatic arch, the focus of this study, is directly linked to the masticatory system because it serves as the anchor for the masseter muscle, a primary muscle of chewing and source of masticatory force. However, the influence of diet and the forces associated with different diet types on the arch's internal bone architecture is not well understood. Despite the breadth of work centered around the craniofacial complex and biomechanics of mastication, there is a need for further investigations into the functional relationships between specific bony features that experience high strains, (e.g., the zygomatic arch), and the masticatory forces generated by different diets (e.g., mechanically resistant versus non‐ mechanically resistant) across non‐human primates. A hypothesis and series of predictions assessing diet in relation to variability in cortical area distributions and values of section moduli (measures of bone strength) throughout the zygomatic arch were tested in a sample of haplorhine primates. Cortical area and measures of section moduli appear to track with the known masticatory strain distribution along the zygomatic arch. Pairwise comparisons between closely related taxa of different diets reveal significant differences in anterior cortical area and section moduli values. These results imply that differences in masticatory loading due to diet manifest in the zygomatic arch's internal bone structure. Anat Rec, 299:1789–1800, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Eye Size and Set in Small‐Bodied Fossil Primates: A Three‐Dimensional Method
Authors: Rosenberger Alfred L. , Smith Tim D. , DeLeon Valerie B. , Burrows Anne M. , Schenck Robert , Halenar Lauren B.
Published: November 2016

We introduce a new method to geometrically reconstruct eye volume and placement in small‐bodied primates based on the three‐dimensional contour of the intraorbital surface. We validate it using seven species of living primates, with dry skulls and wet dissections, and test its application on seven species of Paleogene fossils of interest. The method performs well even when the orbit is damaged and incomplete, lacking the postorbital bar and represented only by the orbital floor. Eye volume is an important quantity for anatomic and metabolic reasons, which due to differences in eye set, or position within (or outside) the bony orbit, can be underestimated in living and fossil forms when calculated from aperture diameter. Our Ectopic Index quantifies how much the globe's volume protrudes anteriorly from the aperture. Lemur, Notharctus and Rooneyia resemble anthropoids, with deeply recessed eyes protruding 11%–13%. Galago and Tarsius are the other extreme, at 47%–56%. We argue that a laterally oriented aperture has little to do with line‐of‐sight in euprimates, as large ectopic eyes can position the cornea to enable a directly forward viewing axis, and soft tissue positions the eyes facing forward in megachiropteran bats, which have unenclosed, open eye sockets. The size and set of virtual eyes reconstructed from 3D cranial models confirm that eyes were large to hypertrophic in Hemiacodon, Necrolemur, Microchoerus, Pseudoloris and Shoshonius, but eye size in Rooneyia may have been underestimated by measuring the aperture, as in Aotus. Anat Rec, 299:1671–1689, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development, Structure, and Function of the Zygomatic Bones: What is New and Why Do We Care?
Authors: Dechow Paul C. , Wang Qian
Published: November 2016

This issue of The Anatomical Record is the first of a two‐volume set on the zygoma (also called the cheek bone, the zygomatic bone, the malar, or the jugal, the latter term being used in vertebrates other than mammals). The zygoma is an important component of the craniofacial skeleton, in which the zygoma is a connection between the midfacial and the cranial skeletons; has a functional role as the origin of one of the masticatory muscles, the masseter muscle, and several facial muscles; has been considered as an essential buttress of the facial skeleton for resisting masticatory forces; and has importance for determining phylogenetic relationships. In humans, the zygoma is also of aesthetic significance for facial appearance, and its restoration following trauma has resulted in a large clinical literature. In this first volume of this Special Issue, a wide ranging series of papers discuss studies related to issues of development, structure, and function of the zygoma and closely related parts of the craniofacial skeleton in mammals, and in particular primates. This Introductory article provides an overview in which we discuss the primary findings of these studies and some of their implications. The second volume, which will be published as the January 2017 issue of The Anatomical Record, will focus on variation and evolution of the zygoma throughout the vertebrates. Anat Rec, 299:1611–1615, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Internal Bone Architecture in the Zygoma of Human and Pan
Authors: Pryor McIntosh Leslie , Strait David S. , Ledogar Justin A. , Smith Amanda L. , Ross Callum F. , Wang Qian , Opperman Lynne A. , Dechow Paul C.
Published: November 2016

The internal and external anatomy of the primate zygoma is central to orofacial function, health, and disease. The importance of variation in its gross morphology across extinct and extant primate forms has been established using finite element analysis, but its internal structure has yet to be explored. In this study, µCT is used to characterize trabecular bone morphometry in two separate regions of the zygoma of humans and Pan. Trabecular anisotropy and orientation are compared with strain orientations observed in trabecular regions of finite element models of four Pan crania. The results of this study show that trabecular bone morphometry, anisotropy, and orientation are highly compatible with strain orientation and magnitude in the finite element models. Trabecular bone in the zygoma is largely orthotropic (with bone orientation differing in three mutually orthogonal directions), with its primary orientation lying in the mediolateral direction. Trabecular bone in the zygomatic region appears to be highly influenced by the local strain environment, and thus may be closely linked to orofacial function. Anat Rec, 299:1704–1717, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Trend Toward Individualization of the Endocrine and Exocrine Portions of the Giant Anteater Pancreas (Myrmecophaga Tridactyla, Xenarthra)
Authors: Iglesias Luciana Pedrosa , Favaron Phelipe Oliveira , Borghesi Jéssica , Oliveira Carreira Ana Claudia , Miglino Maria Angelica , de Melo Alan Perez Ferraz
Published: November 2016

Considering the physiological importance of the pancreas as an endocrine and exocrine organ, this study described the characteristics of the gross and microscopic morphology of this organ using 16 Myrmecophaga tridactyla individuals. The pancreas was located in the left antimere of the body, was pale in colour and exhibited an elongated shape with a central body and lobulated surface. It was positioned in the abdomen, following the curvatura ventriculi major of the stomach, and was attached to the initial portion of the duodenum. The corpus pancreatis was elongated and showed a caudal curvature of 45°. The pancreas exhibited a facies dorsalis (related to the spleen and stomach) and a facies ventralis (related to the renal capsule and intestine). Macroscopically, a craniodorsal, medial, and caudoventral regions were identified, in addition to the left lobe. Structurally, the organ exhibited two distinct parts: the first had exocrine characteristics, consisting of acini and ducts; the second, which was the endocrine portion, consisted of the pancreatic islets, which were located in the medial, caudoventral and left lobe regions. Ultrastructural analysis identified secretory vesicles containing zymogen granules, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum in pancreatic centroacinar cells. Morphological data on the anatomy of members of the Xenarthra have revealed important peculiarities of several organs and systems, adding great biological value to the representatives of this group. In addition, these studies significantly contribute not only to knowledge of the biology, taxonomy and, consequently, preservation of these animals but also to the discovery of new experimental models. Anat Rec, 300:1104–1113, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Unique Turbinal Morphology in Horseshoe Bats (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae)
Authors: Curtis Abigail A. , Simmons Nancy B.
Published: November 2016

The mammalian nasal fossa contains a set of delicate and often structurally complex bones called turbinals. Turbinals and associated mucosae function in regulating respiratory heat and water loss, increasing surface area for olfactory tissue, and directing airflow within the nasal fossa. We used high‐resolution micro‐CT scanning to investigate a unique maxilloturbinal morphology in 37 species from the bat family Rhinolophidae, which we compared with those of families Hipposideridae, Megadermatidae, and Pteropodidae. Rhinolophids exhibit numerous structural modifications along the nasopharyngeal tract associated with emission of high duty cycle echolocation calls via the nostrils. In rhinolophids, we found that the maxilloturbinals and a portion of ethmoturbinal I form a pair of strand‐like bony structures on each side of the nasal chamber. These structures project anteriorly from the transverse lamina and complete a hairpin turn to project posteriorly down the nasopharyngeal duct, and vary in length among species. The strand‐like maxilloturbinals in Rhinolophidae were not observed in our outgroups and represent a synapomorphy for this family, and are unique in form among mammals. Within Rhinolophidae, maxilloturbinal size and cross‐sectional shape were correlated with phylogeny. We hypothesize that strand‐shaped maxilloturbinals may function to reduce respiratory heat and water loss without greatly impacting echolocation call transmission since they provide increased mucosal surface area for heat and moisture exchange but occupy minimal space. Alternatively, they may play a role in transmission of echolocation calls since they are located directly along the path sound travels between the larynx and nostrils during call emission. Anat Rec, 300:309–325, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Palladium‐Catalyzed C−H Functionalization of Phenyl 2‐Pyridylsulfonates
Authors: Li Bin , Guo Dong‐Dong , Guo Shi‐Huan , Pan Gao‐Fei , Gao Ya‐Ru , Wang Yong‐Qiang
Published: November 2016

An efficient palladium(II)‐catalyzed intermolecular direct ortho‐alkenylation and acetoxylation of phenols has been developed. The reaction proceeded via a seven‐membered cyclopalladated intermediate and showed complete regio‐ and diastereoselectivity. The approach also provided an efficient route for the synthesis of coumarins and benzofurans.
Key Structural Elements of Unsymmetrical Cyanine Dyes for Highly Sensitive Fluorescence Turn‐On DNA Probes
Authors: Uno Kakishi , Sasaki Taeko , Sugimoto Nagisa , Ito Hideto , Nishihara Taishi , Hagihara Shinya , Higashiyama Tetsuya , Sasaki Narie , Sato Yoshikatsu , Itami Kenichiro
Published: November 2016

Unsymmetrical cyanine dyes, such as thiazole orange, are useful for the detection of nucleic acids with fluorescence because they dramatically enhance the fluorescence upon binding to nucleic acids. Herein, we synthesized a series of unsymmetrical cyanine dyes and evaluated their fluorescence properties. A systematic structure–property relationship study has revealed that the dialkylamino group at the 2‐position of quinoline in a series of unsymmetrical cyanine dyes plays a critical role in the fluorescence enhancement. Four newly designed unsymmetrical cyanine dyes showed negligible intrinsic fluorescence in the free state and strong fluorescence upon binding to double‐stranded DNA (dsDNA) with a quantum yield of 0.53 to 0.90, which is 2 to 3 times higher than previous unsymmetrical cyanine dyes. A detailed analysis of the fluorescence lifetime revealed that the dialkylamino group at the 2‐position of quinoline suppressed nonradiative decay in favor of increased fluorescence quantum yield. Moreover, these newly developed dyes were able to stain the nucleus specifically in fixed HeLa cells examined by using a confocal laser‐scanning microscope.
Luminescent Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes as Nonviral Carriers for DNA Delivery
Authors: Bhat Satish S. , Revankar Vidyanand K. , Khan Ayesha , Pinjari Rahul V. , Necas Marek
Published: November 2016

Two new luminescent ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes, [Ru(bpy)2(tpt‐phen)]Cl2 (1; bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine, tpt‐phen=triptycenyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline) and [Ru(phen)2(tpt‐phen)]Cl2 (2; phen=1,10‐phenanthroline), have been developed as potential nonviral vectors for DNA delivery. Photophysical and electrochemical properties of the complexes have been investigated and corroborated with electronic structure calculations. DNA condensation by these complexes has been investigated by UV/Vis and emission spectroscopy, circular dichroism spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, dynamic light scattering, confocal microscopy, and electrophoretic mobility studies. These complexes interact with DNA and efficiently condense DNA into globular nanoparticles that are taken up efficiently by HeLa cells. DNA cleavage inability and biocompatibility of complexes have been explored. Both complexes have good gene transfection abilities.
A Memory Sharing based Low Loss Rate Data Gathering Algorithm with a Mobile Sink for Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks
Authors: Zhu C. , Han G.J. , Wang Y. , Bao P. , Shen J.
Published: November 2016

This paper exploits memory sharing among nodes and a proactively upload method to avoid data loss and improve the energy efficiency of network. A memory sharing low loss rate data gathering algorithm MSDGA is proposed. Based on K‐hop spanning tree topology, MSDGA combines locally passive uploading and globally proactive uploading. On one hand, local data collection mode shortens the length of data routing, therefore the energy consumption of nodes is decreased and the network lifetime is prolonged. On the other hand, the whole network proactive transmission mode reduces the memory overflow ratio and packet loss ratio caused by beyond the validity period, which earns higher packets delivery ratio and acceptable data transmission delay. Extensive simulations show that compared with other algorithms, MSDGA has longer network lifetime, higher packets delivery ratio and acceptable data transmission delay.
Stabilization and H∞ Control of Nonlinear Switched Hamiltonian Systems Subject to Actuator Saturation
Authors: Li Han , Wei Airong
Published: November 2016

This paper investigates the stabilization and H∞ control problem of nonlinear switched Hamiltonian systems (NSHSs) subject to actuator saturation (AS) under arbitrary switching paths. First, based on the saturating actuator property, an appropriate state feedback is designed under a realistic assumption for the stabilization of NSHSs with AS. Then, an H∞ controller is designed for NSHSs subject to AS with external disturbances in order to attenuate the disturbances. Futhermore, the results obtained for NSHSs are applied to study the stabilization and H∞ control of switched nonlinear systems with AS via the Hamiltonian realization method. Finally, simulation examples show the efficiency of the methods and results proposed in this paper.
A simulation study on the rapid intensification of Typhoon Megi (2010) in vertical wind shear
Authors: Li Mengxia , Ping Fan , Chen Jun , Xu Liren
Published: November 2016

The improved Weather Research and Forecasting model was used to simulate Typhoon Megi, which experienced rapid intensification (RI) and gradual intensification processes. The model reproduced the typhoon track and intensity in accordance with the best‐track observations. Our study has shown that in small or moderate shear environments, the great latent heat released in the upper troposphere through the enhancement of convective bursts, which enhanced the upper‐level warm core and caused the intensification of typhoon. During the onset of RI, strong convective cells were found gathering in downshear eyewall quadrant or the left side of shear. They also indicated an asymmetric structure in the eyewall. As Megi intensified rapidly, the strong convective activity occurred both in upshear and downshear quadrants, then the symmetrical structures developed well.
The Heart and the Head: On Choosing Experiences Intuitively and Possessions Deliberatively
Authors: Gallo Iñigo , Sood Sanjay , Mann Thomas C. , Gilovich Thomas
Published: November 2016

An enduring question in the field of judgment and decision making is when people are likely to choose on the basis of intuition and when they are likely to pursue a more deliberative decision strategy. Here, we attempt to shed light on that question by examining whether people tend to weight intuition more heavily when making experiential purchases, and to weight deliberation more heavily when making material purchases. Results from seven studies indicate that they do. In Study 1 (and a replication), participants expressed an explicit preference for choosing experiential purchases intuitively and material purchases analytically. In Study 2 (and a replication), participants anticipated experiencing more regret after going against reason for material purchases and going against intuition for experiential purchases. Participants in Study 3 who were asked to think about an experiential purchase wanted to see the relevant information presented by alternative, which facilitates intuitive/holistic processing, more than did those who were asked to consider a material purchase. In two additional studies, participants who were induced to think intuitively chose experiential purchases more often (Study 4) and reported a higher willingness to pay for them (Study 5) compared with participants induced to think analytically. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three‐dimensional analysis, modeling, and simulation of the effect of static magnetic fields on neurons
Authors: Hashemi Soheil , Abdolali Ali
Published: November 2016

The effect of static magnetic fields on neuron function has been studied. None of the possible explanations are decisive or fully consistent with evidence in the literature. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to examine the different possibilities, for the first time, through a three‐dimensional modeling strategy in an effort to find out which possibility or combination is effective on cell function. A full‐wave analysis was employed to simulate various effects of magnetic fields. The possibilities included force exerted on mobile ions, magnetophoretic force exerted on ions with permeability different from intracellular or extracellular fluids, magnetophoretic force exerted on sensor proteins in ion channels, and magnetophoretic pressure exerted on the membrane and spatial rotation of anisotropic diamagnetic particles. According to the simulations, the last two possibilities are more likely to be effective; therefore, their corresponding equations in this article were formulated to verify the results of the literature experiments. Bioelectromagnetics. 38:128–136, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sequence‐specific targeting of chromatin remodelers organizes precisely positioned nucleosomes throughout the genome
Authors: Bowman Gregory D. , McKnight Jeffrey N.
Published: November 2016

Eukaryotic genomes are functionally organized into chromatin, a compact packaging of nucleoproteins with the basic repeating unit known as the nucleosome. A major focus for the chromatin field has been understanding what rules govern nucleosome positioning throughout the genome, and here we review recent findings using a novel, sequence‐targeted remodeling enzyme. Nucleosomes are often packed into evenly spaced arrays that are reproducibly positioned, but how such organization is established and maintained through dramatic events such as DNA replication is poorly understood. We hypothesize that a major fraction of positioned nucleosomes arises from sequence‐specific targeting of chromatin remodelers to generate “founding” nucleosomes, providing reproducible, predictable, and condition‐specific nucleation sites against which neighboring nucleosomes are packed into evenly spaced arrays.
Multiplex growth rate phenotyping of synthetic mutants in selection to engineer glucose and xylose co‐utilization in Escherichia coli
Authors: Groot Joost , Cepress‐Mclean Sidney C. , Robbins‐Pianka Adam , Knight Rob , Gill Ryan T.
Published: November 2016

Engineering the simultaneous consumption of glucose and xylose sugars is critical to enable the sustainable production of biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass. In most major industrial microorganisms glucose completely inhibits the uptake of xylose, limiting efficient sugar mixture conversion. In E. coli removal of the major glucose transporter PTS allows for glucose and xylose co‐consumption but only after prolonged adaptation, which is an effective process but hard to control and prone to co‐evolving undesired traits. Here we synthetically engineer mutants to target sugar co‐consumption properties; we subject a PTS− mutant to a short adaptive step and subsequently either delete or overexpress key genes previously suggested to affect sugar consumption. Screening the co‐consumption properties of these mutants individually is very laborious. We show we can evaluate sugar co‐consumption properties in parallel by culturing the mutants in selection and applying a novel approach that computes mutant growth rates in selection using chromosomal barcode counts obtained from Next‐Generation Sequencing. We validate this multiplex growth rate phenotyping approach with individual mutant pure cultures, identify new instances of mutants cross‐feeding on metabolic byproducts, and, importantly, find that the rates of glucose and xylose co‐consumption can be tuned by altering glucokinase expression in our PTS− background. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 885–893. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Indications for major hepatectomy and combined procedures for advanced gallbladder cancer
Authors: Yamamoto Y , Sugiura T , Ashida R , Okamura Y , Ito T , Uesaka K
Published: November 2016

Background

The clinical impact of major hepatectomy for advanced gallbladder cancer is currently unclear.

Methods

Patients who underwent resection for stage II, III or IV gallbladder cancer were enrolled. The surgical outcomes of patients who underwent major hepatectomy were compared with those of patients treated with minor hepatectomy and those with unresectable gallbladder cancer. The clinical impact of major hepatectomy and combined advanced procedures such as portal vein resection or pancreatoduodenectomy for advanced gallbladder cancer were evaluated.

Results

A total of 96 patients were enrolled; 29 patients underwent major and 67 had minor hepatectomy. The overall morbidity rate was higher in the major hepatectomy group (55 versus 27 per cent; P = 0·022). There were no deaths after major hepatectomy. Overall survival was better in the major hepatectomy group than in the group of 15 patients with unresectable disease (median survival 17·7 versus 11·4 months; P = 0·003). In a subgroup analysis of the major hepatectomy group, liver metastasis (P = 0·038) and hepatic arterial invasion (P = 0·017) were independently associated with overall survival. Overall survival in patients with liver metastasis (P = 0·572) or hepatic arterial invasion (P = 0·776) was comparable with that in the unresectable group. However, overall survival among patients with lymph node metastasis (P = 0·062) or following portal vein resection (P = 0·054) or pancreatoduodenectomy (P = 0·011) was better than in the unresectable group.

Conclusion

Major hepatectomy combined with portal vein resection or pancreatoduodenectomy, if necessary, may be considered in the treatment of advanced gallbladder cancer, especially in selected patients without liver metastasis or hepatic arterial invasion.
Synthesis of Protein–Polymer–Protein Bioconjugates by the Combination of Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization and Click Reaction
Authors: Kang Tae‐Hyeon , Lee Hyung‐il
Published: November 2016

Novel protein–polymer–protein bioconjugates were synthesized by the successive reaction between both chain ends of a polymer and two different types of proteins. A poly(2‐(2‐methoxyethoxy)ethyl methacrylate) (OH‐PMEO2MA‐Br) was synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) from a hydroxyl‐terminated initiator. The Br‐terminated chain ends of the resulting polymer in one end were transformed to azido groups (OH‐PMEO2MA‐N3
) and subsequently the OH‐terminated chain ends in the other end were transformed to 4‐nitrophenyl formate‐derivated group (NPC‐PMEO2MA‐N3
). A model protein, cationized bovine serum albumin (cBSA) was reacted with 4‐nitrophenyl formate groups of NPC‐PMEO2MA‐N3
to form cBSA‐PMEO2MA‐N3
. The click reaction between azido‐terminated cBSA‐PMEO2MA‐N3
and alkyne‐derived bovine serum albumin (BSAalkyne
) yielded novel cBSA‐PMEO2MA‐BSA bioconjugates with two proteins at both polymer ends.
Dalfampridine effects on cognition, fatigue, and dexterity
Authors: Korsen Melanie , Kunz Rhina , Schminke Ulf , Runge Uwe , Kohlmann Thomas , Dressel Alexander
Published: November 2016

Objectives

Dalfampridine exerts beneficial effects on walking ability in a subgroup of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). These patients are termed “responders”. Here, we investigated whether the responder status with respect to mobility measures would determine whether dalfampridine treatment exerts a beneficial effect on other MS symptoms. We therefore assessed walking ability, upper limb function, cognition, fatigue, visual evoked potentials (VEPs), depression, and quality of life in patients before and after dalfampridine treatment.

Methods

Patients with MS and impaired mobility were recruited. Maximal walking distance, timed 25 Foot Walk, nine hole peg test, paced auditory serial addition test (PASAT), fatigue severity scale (FSS), VEPs, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), EuroQol five dimensional questionnaire, and quality of life visual analogue scale were determined before and after 12–14 days of dalfampridine treatment. Repeated measures analysis of variance was applied to determine the effect of dalfampridine treatment.

Results

Of the 34 patients who completed the study, 22 patients were responders and 12 patients nonresponders, according to their performance in mobility measures. Treatment effects for the entire patient cohort were observed for PASAT (p = .029) and BDI (p = .032). Belonging to the responder cohort did not predict the response to treatment in these tests. For the FSS, response to dalfampridine treatment was dependent on the responder status (p = .001) while no effects in the total patient cohort were observed (p = .680). Other neurological functions remained unaltered. For VEP latencies, no significant improvements were detected.

Conclusion

In this study, we observed beneficial effects of dalfampridine on cognition, depression, and fatigue. These effects were not limited to patients who responded to dalfampridine with improved mobility measures. These findings underscore the need to assess the beneficial effects of dalfampridine on neurological deficits in MS patients in additional randomized clinical trials.
Tunable particles alter macrophage uptake based on combinatorial effects of physical properties
Authors: Garapaty Anusha , Champion Julie A.
Published: November 2016

The ability to tune phagocytosis of particle‐based therapeutics by macrophages can enhance their delivery to macrophages or reduce their phagocytic susceptibility for delivery to non‐phagocytic cells. Since phagocytosis is affected by the physical and chemical properties of particles, it is crucial to identify any interplay between physical properties of particles in altering phagocytic interactions. The combinatorial effect of physical properties size, shape and stiffness was investigated on Fc receptor mediated macrophage interactions by fabrication of layer‐by‐layer tunable particles of constant surface chemistry. Our results highlight how changing particle stiffness affects phagocytic interaction intricately when combined with varying size or shape. Increase in size plays a dominant role over reduction in stiffness in reducing internalization by macrophages for spherical particles. Internalization of rod‐shaped, but not spherical particles, was highly dependent on stiffness. These particles demonstrate the interplay between size, shape and stiffness in interactions of Fc‐functionalized particles with macrophages during phagocytosis.
Influence of the experimental setup on the determination of enzyme kinetic parameters
Authors: Grosch Jan‐Hendrik , Wagner David , Knaup Niklas , Keil Timm , Spieß Antje C.
Published: November 2016

For the design of bioconversion processes parallel experimentation in microtiter plates is commonly applied to reduce the experimental load, although data accuracy and reproducibility are often reduced. In an effort to quantify the impact of different microscale experimental systems on the estimation of enzyme kinetic parameters from progress curves, we comprehensively evaluated the enzymatic reduction of acetophenone in both open and closed polystyrene and quartz microtiter plates as well as quartz cuvettes. Differences in conversion of up to 50% over time were observed increasing from polystyrene MTPs to quartz MTPs to quartz cuvettes. Initial reaction velocities increased systematically from polystyrene to quartz MTPs and cuvettes. The experimental errors decreased in the same order showing highest experimental error of about 20% in polystyrene. We further evaluated reasons causing the deviations within one system as well as between the systems. The choice of reaction vessel material, temperature effects and substrate cross contaminations in MTPs were shown to be of importance in the experimental results. Although the experimental data differed between the reaction vessels, no distinct trends in estimated kinetic parameters were found. While the microkinetic parameters vary up to an order of magnitude between different systems, the corresponding macrokinetic parameters lie in the same range for all systems varying by 29–118%. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:87–95, 2017
A radiative transfer modeling approach for accurate interpretation of PAM fluorometry experiments in suspended algal cultures
Authors: Murphy Thomas E. , Prufert‐Bebout Leslie E. , Bebout Brad M.
Published: November 2016

The results of a numerical study on the simulation of pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry within dense suspensions of photosynthetic microorganisms are presented. The Monte Carlo method was used to solve the radiative transfer equation in an algae‐filled cuvette, taking into account absorption, anisotropic scattering, and fluorescence, as well as Fresnel reflections at interfaces. This method was used to simulate the transport of excitation and fluorescence light in a common laboratory fluorometer. In this fluorometer, detected fluorescence originates from a multitude of locations within the algal suspension, which can be exposed to very different fluence rates. The fluorescence‐weighted fluence rate is reported, which is the local fluence rate of actinic light, averaged over all locations from which detected fluorescence originated. A methodology is reported for recovering the fluorescence‐weighted fluence rate as a function of the transmittance of measuring light and actinic light through the sample, which are easily measured with common laboratory fluorometers. The fluorescence‐weighted fluence rate can in turn be used as a correction factor for recovering intrinsic physiological parameters, such as the functional cross section of Photosystem II, from apparent (experimental) values. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:1601–1615, 2016
Heterologous expression and purification of active L‐asparaginase I of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Escherichia coli host
Authors: Santos João H. P. M. , Costa Iris M. , Molino João V. D. , Leite Mariana S. M. , Pimenta Marcela V. , Coutinho João A. P. , Pessoa Adalberto , Ventura Sónia P. M. , Lopes André M. , Monteiro Gisele
Published: November 2016

l‐asparaginase (ASNase) is a biopharmaceutical widely used to treat child leukemia. However, it presents some side effects, and in order to provide an alternative biopharmaceutical, in this work, the genes encoding ASNase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc_ASNaseI and Sc_ASNaseII) were cloned in the prokaryotic expression system Escherichia coli. In the 93 different expression conditions tested, the Sc_ASNaseII protein was always obtained as an insoluble and inactive form. However, the Sc_ASNaseI (His)6‐tagged recombinant protein was produced in large amounts in the soluble fraction of the protein extract. Affinity chromatography was performed on a Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography (FPLC) system using Ni2+‐charged, HiTrap Immobilized Metal ion Affinity Chromatography (IMAC) FF in order to purify active Sc_ASNaseI recombinant protein. The results suggest that the strategy for the expression and purification of this potential new biopharmaceutical protein with lower side effects was efficient since high amounts of soluble Sc_ASNaseI with high specific activity (110.1 ± 0.3 IU mg−1) were obtained. In addition, the use of FPLC‐IMAC proved to be an efficient tool in the purification of this enzyme, since a good recovery (40.50 ± 0.01%) was achieved with a purification factor of 17‐fold. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:416–424, 2017
The Work–Home Interface: Linking Work‐Related Wellbeing and Volunteer Work
Authors: Brauchli Rebecca , Peeters Maria C.W. , van Steenbergen Elianne F. , Wehner Theo , Hämmig Oliver
Published: November 2016

An abundance of research shows the benefits of participation in volunteer work for individuals, employers and the society as a whole. However, relatively little is known about the precursors of volunteer work. In this study, we aim to fill this gap by investigating to what extent work‐related well‐being can function as a driver of volunteer work. Moreover, building on the Conservations of Resources Theory (Hobfoll, , ), we propose that the relationship between work‐related well‐being (burnout and engagement) and volunteer work is mediated by the work–home interface (work–home enrichment and work–home conflict). This hypothesis was tested in a large Swiss sample (N = 1947). Consistent with our expectations, structural equation analyses revealed an indirect relationship between (i) work engagement and volunteer work via work–home enrichment and (ii) between burnout and volunteer work via work–home conflict. In conclusion, it seems that well‐being at work indeed functions as a precursor for volunteer work because of the consequences it has for the work–family interface. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gain insight into gender inequity among college coaches
Authors: Santovec Mary Lou
Published: November 2016

Prior to 1972 and women's teams joining the National Collegiate Athletic Association, more than 90 percent of the coaches of women's teams were women. Today, it's only 23 percent.
Did a student‐athlete's sexually explicit letter to another student qualify as protected speech?
Authors: Gelpi Aileen
Published: November 2016

Keifer Johnson attended Western State Colorado University on an athletic scholarship in May 2013. Onna Gould was a female student at the same university.
Key strategies influence culture, resources in college athletics
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: November 2016

As she tries to manage her own and others' expectations while leading her athletics department to stay true to its purpose and achieve its goals, Sandy Hatfield Clubb knows she can truly only influence two areas in her role as athletics director at Drake University — resources and culture. Those areas also rank among her greatest challenges. But she has found innovative strategies to manage those challenges.
MicroRNA‐383 is a tumor suppressor in human lung cancer by targeting endothelial PAS domain‐containing protein 1
Authors: Ma Hongjing , Liu Bin , Wang Shuoying , Liu Jing
Published: November 2016

Lung cancer is the deadliest of all human cancers worldwide. The role of microRNA (miR)‐383 has been controversial in the initiation and progression of different cancers. We aimed to investigate the function of miR‐383 in human lung cancer both in vitro and in vivo. MicroRNA‐383 levels were analyzed in noncancerous versus cancerous human lung tissues and in normal versus lung cancer cell lines. Effect of miR‐383 on cell migration and invasion was examined in vitro and on tumor growth by using a xenograft mouse model in vivo. Potential mRNA target of miR‐383 was predicted, and underlying mechanism was explored as well. MicroRNA‐383 was downregulated in lung cancer tissue and cell lines. Expression of miR‐383 inhibited migration and invasion of human lung cancer cell lines in vitro and tumorigenesis of lung cancer xenografts in vivo. MicroRNA‐383 directly targeted 3′ untranslated region of endothelial PAS domain‐containing protein 1 (EPAS1) messenger RNA and inhibited both its mRNA and protein expressions. Reintroduction of EPAS1 could bypass the inhibition by miR‐383 on tumorigenesis of human lung cancer cell lines. MicroRNA‐383 is a tumor suppressor in human lung cancer by inhibiting EPAS1, both of which could serve as potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of lung cancer.

Significance of the study

MicroRNA‐383 is a tumor suppressor in human lung cancer, which functions to inhibit tumorigenesis of lung cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. This inhibitory effect is mediated by direct targeting of EPAS1 mRNA and subsequent repressing of its expression. Both microRNA‐383 and EPAS1 could serve as potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of lung cancer.
DNA Interstrand Crosslinks by H‐pin Polyamide (S)‐seco‐CBI Conjugates
Authors: Guo Chuanxin , Asamitsu Sefan , Kashiwazaki Gengo , Sato Shinsuke , Bando Toshikazu , Sugiyama Hiroshi
Published: November 2016

Although DNA interstrand crosslinking (ICL) agents are widely used as antitumor drugs, DNA sequence‐specific ICL agents are quite rare. In this study, H‐pin imidazole‐pyrrole polyamide 1‐(chloromethyl)‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐benzo[e]indol‐5‐ol (seco‐CBI) conjugates that produce sequence‐specific DNA ICLs were designed and synthesized. Conjugates with H‐pin polyamide and seco‐CBI moieties were constructed to recognize a 7 bp DNA sequence, and their reactivity and selectivity in DNA alkylation were evaluated by using high‐resolution denaturing gel electrophoresis and sequence‐specific plasmid cleavage. One conjugate (6), which contained a chiral (S)‐seco‐CBI, exhibited greater sequence‐specific ICL activity toward the target DNA sequence and was cytotoxic to a cancer cell line. Molecular modeling studies indicated that the greater activity of 6 resulted from the relative orientation of the cyclopropane group in the (S)‐CBI unit.
Design of S‐Allylcysteine in Situ Production and Incorporation Based on a Novel Pyrrolysyl‐tRNA Synthetase Variant
Authors: Exner Matthias P. , Kuenzl Tilmann , To Tuyet Mai T. , Ouyang Zhaofei , Schwagerus Sergej , Hoesl Michael G. , Hackenberger Christian P. R. , Lensen Marga C. , Panke Sven , Budisa Nediljko
Published: November 2016

The noncanonical amino acid S‐allyl cysteine (Sac) is one of the major compounds of garlic extract and exhibits a range of biological activities. It is also a small bioorthogonal alkene tag capable of undergoing controlled chemical modifications, such as photoinduced thiol‐ene coupling or Pd‐mediated deprotection. Its small size guarantees minimal interference with protein structure and function. Here, we report a simple protocol efficiently to couple in‐situ semisynthetic biosynthesis of Sac and its incorporation into proteins in response to amber (UAG) stop codons. We exploited the exceptional malleability of pyrrolysyl‐tRNA synthetase (PylRS) and evolved an S‐allylcysteinyl‐tRNA synthetase (SacRS) capable of specifically accepting the small, polar amino acid instead of its long and bulky aliphatic natural substrate. We succeeded in generating a novel and inexpensive strategy for the incorporation of a functionally versatile amino acid. This will help in the conversion of orthogonal translation from a standard technique in academic research to industrial biotechnology.
Long non‐coding RNA MIAT knockdown promotes osteogenic differentiation of human adipose‐derived stem cells
Authors: Jin Chanyuan , Zheng Yunfei , Huang Yiping , Liu Yunsong , Jia Lingfei , Zhou Yongsheng
Published: November 2016

Recently, long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as critical players in gene regulation for multiple biological processes. However, their roles and functions in human adipose‐derived stem cells (hASCs) differentiation remain unclear. In the present study, we investigated the role of lncRNA myocardial infarction‐associated transcript (MIAT) in the osteogenic differentiation of hASCs. We found that the expression of MIAT was downregulated in a time‐dependent manner during hASCs osteoinduction. MIAT knockdown promoted osteogenic differentiation of hASCs both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, MIAT expression was increased upon tumor necrosis factor‐α treatment and MIAT knockdown reversed the negative effects of inflammation on osteoblastic differentiation. This study improves our knowledge of lncRNAs in governing the osteogenic differentiation of hASCs and may provide novel therapeutic strategies for treating bone diseases.
Long‐term outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes related to prolonging dual antiplatelet therapy more than 12 months after coronary stenting
Authors: Wimmer Neil J. , Dufour Alyssa B. , Cho Kelly , Gagnon David R. , Quach Lien , Ly Samantha , Do Jacquelyn‐My , Ostrowski Simon , Michael Gaziano J. , Faxon David P. , Kinlay Scott
Published: November 2016

Objectives

To assess the impact of stent type on the risk of death or myocardial infarction (MI) related to dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) more than 12 months (prolonged DAPT) versus 12 or less months after PCI for an acute coronary syndrome (ACS).

Background

The recent DAPT study reported lower recurrent ischemic events from prolonged DAPT in patients treated with PCI for an ACS, but was underpowered to determine the impact of stent type.

Methods

We determined clinical outcomes after PCI for an ACS (median follow‐up: DES = 26 months, BMS = 46 months) in 18,484 patients in the Veterans Affairs system treated with first generation drug‐eluting stents (DES) or bare‐metal stents (BMS). We used landmark analyses starting 1 year after the index PCI to assess the risk of prolonged DAPT on the primary endpoint of death or MI. Multivariable and propensity models adjusted for confounding.

Results

There was a significant interaction between stent type and prolonged DAPT for death and MI (P = 0.0036), death (P = 0.054), and major bleeding (P = 0.0013). Patients treated with prolonged DAPT had lower risks of death or MI (HR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.61, 0.82) and death (HR = 0.74, 95%CI = 0.62, 0.89) with DES, but not BMS, and higher risks of major bleeding, particularly with BMS (HR = 1.67, P < 0.001) than DES (HR = 1.24, p = 0.01).

Conclusions

Prolonging DAPT more than 12 months after PCI for ACS only associated with a lower risk of ischemic events in the 1–4 years after PCI in those receiving first generation DES. Stent type may influence the benefit of prolonged DAPT. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
From tricuspid to double orifice Morphology: Percutaneous tricuspid regurgitation repair with the MitraClip device in congenitally corrected‐transposition of great arteries
Authors: Picard Fabien , Tadros Victor‐Xavier , Asgar Anita W.
Published: November 2016

Edge to edge transcatheter mitral valve repair with MitraClip (Abbott Vascular, Menlo Park, CA) is increasing for high‐risk surgical patients with significant mitral regurgitation. Patients with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries (CCTGA) presenting with tricuspid valve regurgitation of a systemic right ventricle may represent particularly challenging candidates for MitraClip given their anatomy. We report the case of a 67‐year‐old gentleman with CCTGA and severe tricuspid regurgitation who was referred for MitraClip implantation after heart team consensus. Successful implantation of one clip was performed, achieving a significant reduction of the regurgitation. Similarly, favorable findings were confirmed at 6 months, 1 and 2 years follow‐up and the patient had no recurrent heart failure admissions after 2‐year follow‐up. We describe the technical considerations and the importance of 3D‐transoesophageal echocardiography for performing the MitraClip of a trileaflet systemic atrioventricular valve. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.