bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Construction and Sampling of Alloy Cluster Expansions—A Tutorial
Authors: Ekborg-Tanner Pernilla , Rosander Petter , Fransson Erik , Erhart Paul
Published: October 2024

Crystalline alloys and related mixed systems make up a large family of materials with high tunability that have been proposed as the solution to a large number of energy-related material design problems. Because of the presence of chemical order and disorder in these systems, neither experimental efforts nor computational methods alone are sufficient to span the inherently large configuration space. Therefore, fast and accurate models are necessary. To this end, cluster expansions have been widely and successfully used for the past few decades. Cluster expansions are generalized Ising models designed to predict the energy of any atomic configuration of a system after training on a small subset of the available configurations. Constructing and sampling a cluster expansion consists of multiple steps that have to be performed with care. In this tutorial, we provide a comprehensive guide to this process, highlighting important considerations and potential pitfalls. The tutorial consists of three parts, starting with cluster expansion construction for a relatively simple system, continuing with strategies for more challenging systems such as surfaces, and closing with examples of Monte Carlo sampling of cluster expansions to study order-disorder transitions and phase diagrams.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Effect of cathodic current density on hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of X70 steel girth weld in different soil simulation solutions
Authors: Liu Quan , Wei Renchao , Feng Qingshan , Dai Lianshuang , Huo Xiaotong , Wang Dongying , Yang Zhiwen , Wang Bei , Wang Xiuyun , Wang Chong , Wang Yanjun
Published: October 2024

Purpose

In this paper, the authors aim to study the relationship between hydrogen embrittlement (HE) susceptibility and cathodic current density applied on the X70 steel girth welds.

Design/methodology/approach

The HE susceptibility of X70 steel girth welds were investigated through slow strain rate tensile test and observed and analyzed by optical microscope and scanning electron microscope methods.

Findings

The results show that HE susceptibility of X70 girth weld was basically unchanged with increasing of ion concentration while gradually increased and maintain at a specific value with the increase of cathodic current density. As for same ion content, a dense calcareous deposit layer generated on the sample surface in soil simulation solution with Ca2+ and Mg2+ resulted a decreased HE susceptibility while the porous calcareous deposit layer resulted a increased HE susceptibility.

Originality/value

A logistic regression model was established to describe the correlation between HE index and the cathodic current density.
The gamut of technology, social media and avatar in the organic food market
Authors: Kaur Supreet , Paul Justin
Published: October 2024

Purpose

The present study is centric on the organic food sector and explores the role of social media in pushing local farmers onto the market shelves. The study is intended to analyse the ground reality of the producers and the innate challenges of the traditional market structure. The study aims to explore the impact of social media in establishing small-scale producers in the organic food sector.

Design/methodology/approach

The study is pragmatic in approach and with the help of a semi-structured personal investigation it delves deeper and uses an interpretative phenomenological approach to analyse the anecdotes shared by the subjects.

Findings

The study finds that access to social media windows leads to a corresponding jump in the sales and brand image of the producers.

Originality/value

The study is novice and original in approach confirming the impact of social media on local farmers and producers. It showcases the power of social media in leveraging the state of the economy of the marginalised sections.
Impact of big data and data analytics on the provision of data services in academic libraries
Authors: Shah Naimat Ullah , Naeem Salman Bin , Bhatti Rubina , Khan Amjid , Wang Xia
Published: October 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to determine the level of awareness among library and information science (LIS) professionals regarding the perceived utility of big data (BD) and data analytics (DA) in academic libraries, as well as their influence on the provision of data services (DSs).

Design/methodology/approach

A cross-sectional survey was carried out to collect the data for this study. The population of this study comprised LIS professionals working in public sector university libraries. A four-factor measurement model estimating the influence of BD and DA on the provision of DSs in academic libraries was tested using the structural equation modelling.

Findings

The findings revealed that awareness (AW) (β = 0.141, CR = 2.534, p = 0.011) demonstrated a significant positive influence on the provision of DSs. The perceived utility of BD (β = 0.058, CR = 0.582, p = 0.561), and perceived utility of DA (β = 0.141, CR = 2.534, p = 0.905) exhibits a positive but statistically non-significant impact on the provision of DSs (β = 0.010, CR = 0.120, p = 0.905). The goodness of fit indices suggest a favourable fit for the model, as evidenced by the following values: χ2 = 1.400, DF = 164; p = 0.001; IFI = 0.954; TLI = 0.946; CFI = 0.953; GFI = 0.906; and RMSEA = 0.043.

Originality/value

A new perspective on the use of BD and DA in academic libraries is presented in this study. It presents a four-factor measurement model on the influence of BD and DA on the provision of DSs in university libraries.
The dark side of algorithmic management: investigating how and when algorithmic management relates to employee knowledge hiding?
Authors: Liu Ping , Yuan Ling , Jiang Zhenwu
Published: October 2024

Purpose

Over the past decade, artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have rapidly advanced organizational management, with many organizations adopting AI-based algorithms to enhance employee management efficiency. However, there remains a lack of sufficient empirical research on the specific impacts of these algorithmic management practices on employee behavior, particularly the potential negative effects. To address this gap, this study constructs a model based on the psychological ownership theory, aiming to investigate how algorithmic management affects employees’ knowledge hiding.

Design/methodology/approach

This study validates the model through a situational experiment and a multi-wave field study involving full-time employees in organizations implementing algorithmic management. Various analytical methods, including analysis of variance, regression analysis and path analysis, were used to systematically test the hypotheses.

Findings

The study reveals that algorithmic management exerts a positive indirect influence on knowledge hiding through the psychological ownership of personal knowledge. This effect is particularly pronounced when employees have lower organizational identification, highlighting the critical role of organizational culture in the effectiveness of technological applications.

Originality/value

This study is among the first empirical investigations to explore the relationship between algorithmic management and employee knowledge hiding from an individual perception perspective. By applying psychological ownership theory, it not only addresses the current theoretical gap regarding the negative effects of algorithmic management but also provides new theoretical and empirical support for the governance and prevention of knowledge hiding within organizations in the context of AI algorithm application. The study highlights the importance of considering employee psychology (i.e. psychological ownership of personal knowledge) and organizational culture (i.e. organizational identification) under algorithmic management. This understanding aids organizations in better managing knowledge risks while maximizing technological advantages and effectively designing organizational change strategies.
Listeners’ perspectives of a co-designed podcast on mental illness stigma: a qualitative study
Authors: Waldman Ella , Phillips Lisa , Carrotte Elise Rose
Published: October 2024

Purpose

Stigma towards people living with complex mental health issues is widespread and harmful, preventing help-seeking behaviour, fostering social exclusion and decreasing self-efficacy. This study aims to investigate the usefulness and drawbacks of a mental health-themed podcast in reducing stigma.

Design/methodology/approach

Qualitative interviews were conducted with 12 participants who had each listened to three episodes of the co-designed podcast “On the Same Wavelength”. Interview data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis.

Findings

Four themes were generated: learning from a trustworthy source; connecting with lived experience; reducing stigma, one listener at a time; and a high-quality podcast with limited reach. Listeners appraised the podcast as improving their attitudes and behavioural intentions towards people living with mental illness and their understanding of mental illness and stigma. They perceived the lived experience narratives as its most impactful element, but felt the podcast might not have mass appeal.

Originality/value

Despite the popularity of mental health-themed podcasts, there is limited research examining their potential to reduce stigma. This study provided insight into the usefulness, listener acceptability and impactful elements of such podcasts, by exploring listeners’ perspectives of a new podcast co-designed to reduce stigma.
Recycled aggregate with GGBS geopolymer concrete behaviour on elevated temperatures
Authors: Kumar Pramod , Pratap Bheem , Sahu Anasuya
Published: October 2024

Purpose

This study explored the effects of incorporating RA into geopolymer concrete, particularly examining its performance under ambient and elevated temperatures ranging from ambient temperature to 700°C.

Design/methodology/approach

The current study incorporates RA to replace conventional aggregates in the mix, with replacement levels ranging from 0 to 50%. Each mix designation is identified by a unique ID: RA0, RA10, RA20, RA30, RA40 and RA50, representing the percentage of RA used. The alkaline-to-binder ratio adopted for this study is 0.43.

Findings

The compressive strength starts at 50.51 MPa for 0% RA and decreases to 39.12 MPa for 50% RA after 28 days. It is highest with 0% RA and diminishes as the RA content increases. All mixes show a slight increase in compressive strength when heated to 100°C. However, the compressive strength starts to decrease for all mixes at 300°C. At 700°C, there is a drastic drop in compressive strength for all mixes, indicating significant structural degradation at this temperature.

Originality/value

The study evaluates the qualitative impact of RA on the properties of geopolymer concrete when exposed to severe temperatures. The experimental setup included several tests to assess the concrete mixes' mechanical properties and responses. Specifically, the researchers conducted compressive, flexural and split tensile strength tests.
Instagram for recruiting: a content analysis and effects of information and interactions in hiring-related Instagram posts
Authors: Cho Inchul , Joa Claire Youngnyo
Published: October 2024

Purpose

This study aims to understand how organizations use social media for recruitment by identifying (1) what type of information is promoted and (2) what type of engagement and interaction occurs in hiring-related Instagram posts. Moreover, drawing on the social media affordance approach, this study further examines whether certain information and interactions in Instagram posts lead to better outcomes.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a hashtag-based sampling strategy, we conducted a content analysis of 274 hiring-related Instagram posts by organizations to identify different types of information and interaction and then conducted a series of t-tests to examine the impact of the observed information and interactions on outcomes.

Findings

We found four types of hiring-related information and identified ten types of interactions driven by both organizations and audiences. Additionally, we found that hiring-related Instagram posts with a high degree of visibility and association led to more likes and comments.

Practical implications

This study’s results can benefit organizations that use Instagram to attract jobseekers and potential applicants, as different types of information and interaction lead to different outcomes.

Originality/value

Since this is the first study to content analyze Instagram posts associated with hiring, it will provide important implications for both practice and research.
Non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of organic montmorillonite/SiO2 aerogel/PET composites
Authors: Gao Hongyu , Xu Shi , Yang Fukang , Zhang Ziyue , Wang Shuolei , Jiang Xiaojian , Dong Yubing
Published: October 2024

Purpose

Crystallization kinetics is a key factor that controls the crystallization process of polymers and influences the crystallinity and morphology of polymers. This study aims to explore the effects of functional filler SiO2 aerogel and co-modified filler organic montmorillonite (OMMT) on the crystallization process of polyester polyethylene terephthalate (PET). In this study, the nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of OMMT/SiO2 aerogel/PET composites were studied by Jeziorny method.

Design/methodology/approach

The catalyst (Sb2O3), OMMT and SiO2 aerogel were uniformly dispersed in ethylene glycol (EG). Then, the mixture and terephthalic acid (PTA) were put into a semicontinuous polyester synthesis reactor, and the SiO2 aerogel/PET composites were prepared by esterification and polycondensation.

Findings

Non-isothermal kinetic results showed that the high cooling rate hindered the movement of the molecular chain of the composites and made the crystallization peak move toward the low-temperature direction. With the increase of crystallization temperature (Tc), the melt crystallization rate decreases, but the cold crystallization rate increases. The introduction of OMMT and SiO2 aerogel condensation affected the nucleation and growth mode of crystals, lengthened the time with a relative crystallinity of 50% (t1/2) and decreased the crystallization rate. OMMT improved the crystallinity and Avrami index of the composites.

Research limitations/implications

Effects of thermal insulation functional filler SiO2 aerogel and co-modified filler OMMT on the crystallization process of PET were studied by non-isothermal crystallization kinetics, and the effects of SiO2 aerogel and OMMT on the nucleation mechanism of PET were clarified, which provided a theoretical reference for the preparation and performance optimization of PET matrix composites.

Originality/value

In this study, the OMMT/SiO2 aerogel/PET composites were prepared by in-situ polymerization, the crystallinity of PET matrix composites was improved, and the effects of OMMT and SiO2 aerogel on the crystallization process of PET were clarified.
Not all maps are equal: Evaluating approaches for mapping vessel collision risk to large baleen whales
Authors: Hague E. L. , Halliday W. D. , Dawson J. , Ferguson S. H. , Heide‐Jørgensen M. P. , Serra Sogas N. , Gormley K. , Young B. G. , McWhinnie L. H.
Published: October 2024

A growing and increasingly globalised human population, requiring the movement of goods and commodities, is placing increasing demands on the maritime industry, resulting in a concurrent increase in global shipping activities. This has consequences for the marine environment, particularly for species vulnerable to the impacts of vessel traffic. For example, vessel collisions can result in sub‐lethal or fatal injuries for marine mammals, whilst vessel noise can cause acoustic masking that effectively reduces an animal's listening space, potentially impacting their communication, navigation and foraging capacity.

While a number of parallel approaches to mapping collision risk to large whales have arisen, these methods vary in their focus, usually on either co‐occurrence, collision probability, or probability of mortality. However, little attention has been given to the implications of methodological choice and data selection on subsequent risk predictions.

To assess differences between these approaches, we used a standardised input dataset comprised of telemetry‐point data from tagged bowhead whales, and satellite‐based Automated Identification System (AIS) data of spatial vessel movements covering the Davis‐Baffin Arctic Marine Area. We applied this data to eight different, previously published analyses for deriving areas of vessel risk.

We found that the choice of risk mapping approach affected the location, and total area, identified as ‘high risk’, and that more computationally complex approaches did not necessarily equate to different predictions. There was considerable variation in the total area of ‘high risk’ predicted within each map (range = 20–42,246 km2).

Synthesis and Applications. The results underscore the importance of methodological transparency, informed data selection and careful interpretation when predicting collision risk. We provide practical recommendations for enhancing transparency when predicting risk, and discuss choice of approach suitable for different situations or management applications. It is critical that managers and policy makers are aware of the implications of applying different approaches when interpreting risk evaluation outputs.
An adjunctive multi‐family intervention based on non‐verbal techniques in a day hospital for parents and toddlers with feeding problems
Authors: Jespers Ine , De Groote Isabel
Published: October 2024

Feeding problems in early childhood are common and affect parental behaviour with more use of maladaptive feeding strategies. Although multi‐family therapy is well known as an effective intervention for adolescents and adults with eating disorders/problems, the use of multi‐family therapy for toddlers with feeding problems is rather rare. In this paper we describe how we adapted the evidence‐based goals of multi‐family therapy to a specific format for parents and toddlers and how we used it in our clinical work. We explain the importance of creating a supportive culture in which parents may develop effective feeding strategies. We describe how we used non‐verbal techniques in multi‐family therapy as a tool for growth for both toddlers and parents. We end with some retrospective reflections and directions for future therapy and research.
Should I stay or should I go again: Multiple switching between fee‐for‐service Medicare and Medicare advantage among older beneficiaries
Authors: Hoffman Geoffrey J. , Jiao Yang Amy , Fan Zhaohui , Kim H. Myra , Min Lillian , Maust Donovan
Published: October 2024

Objective

To evaluate whether having previously disenrolled from Medicare Advantage (MA) is associated with lower hazards of future MA enrollment.

Data Sources and Study Setting

Secondary data from Medicare.

Study Design

We examined beneficiaries with baseline FFS enrollment from 2017–2019 using a 20% sample of Medicare claims. Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the association of prior MA enrollment (in the three years prior to baseline FFS enrollment) with MA re‐enrollment, and whether this association is modified by Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias (ADRD), prior nursing home use, chronic illness, dual eligible status, and availability of MA plans and quality.

Data Collection

Not applicable.

Principal Findings

Overall, 3.3% of beneficiaries switched to MA annually. Of those with prior MA enrollment, MA switching percentages were 9.0%, 4.6%, and 6.8% for those whose most recent MA enrollments were 1, 2, and 3 years prior to their baseline FFS year. Comparatively, the switching percentages was 3.2% for those with no prior MA enrollment. The hazards of switching to MA were 2.73 (p < 0.001), 1.29 (p < 0.001), and 1.97 (p < 0.001) times greater than remaining in FFS for beneficiaries whose most recent MA enrollments were one, two, and three years prior to their baseline FFS year. Hazards of switching were generally similar between those with and without ADRD, stratified by recency in prior MA experience, except those with dual eligibility. Among those with ADRD, switching hazards were greatest for 3 years prior MA enrollees in counties with the fewest available (HR: 3.84, p < 0.001) and lowest‐rated plans (HR: 4.02, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Recency of switching from MA to FFS was the strongest predictor of a FFS‐to‐MA switch, identifying a population of beneficiaries who multiply switch regardless of health status or MA access. Future health policy considerations should more closely examine the vulnerabilities and long‐term outcomes of this population.
Development of a forensic DNA research grade test material
Authors: Romsos Erica L. , Borsuk Lisa A. , Steffen Carolyn R. , Riman Sarah , Kiesler Kevin M. , Vallone Peter M.
Published: October 2024

Advancements in forensic DNA typing technology and methods have increased sensitivity and, while beneficial, carry the weight of more challenging profile interpretation. In response, the forensic DNA community has often requested more complex reference materials to address commonly encountered measurement and interpretation issues such as complex DNA mixtures, DNA degradation, and PCR inhibition. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) released Research Grade Test Material 10235: Forensic DNA Typing Resource Samples to support the forensic DNA community. Components include three single source samples, two degraded samples, and three mixture samples. As part of the Research Grade Test Material (RGTM) process, automated methods for bottling, alternative sample tube types, and the addition of carrier RNA for stabilizing low‐quantity samples were investigated. Both internal and external testing demonstrate the stability of the material over time at 4°C through qPCR testing. In the development of a data portal, users have been allowed to anonymously upload results and compare their data with NIST and others. This report describes the preparation and stability of this material.
Results of a large‐scale humeri pair matching study
Authors: LeGarde Carrie B.
Published: October 2024

During the analysis of a commingled human remains assemblage, pair‐matching is often conducted as part of the inventory to inform the DNA sampling strategy and to calculate the minimum or most likely number of individuals. As commingled assemblages become larger, pair‐matching becomes more difficult, and it is unknown whether accuracy declines. Therefore, a study to determine the accuracy rates of visual pair‐matching for multiple observers was conducted on a large, commingled human assemblage. The sample consisted of 580 left and right humeri (n = 287 and n = 293, respectively) from the commingled remains of the USS Oklahoma, which were undergoing analysis at the Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency. Five anthropologists completed this study, determining humeri pairs with varying degrees of confidence and non‐pairs. The overall precision was 81.0% and ranged from 74.1% to 95.9% for participants, including all confidence levels. When considering only confident matches, the overall precision for all participants increased to 91.4%.
Sugar inclusion influences the expansion characteristics of corn starch extrudates
Authors: Dey Debomitra , Gu Bon‐Jae , Ek Pichmony , Ross Carolyn F , Saunders Steven R , Ganjyal Girish M
Published: October 2024

Corn starch‐based direct expanded products incorporated with 2% and 10% (w/w) sugar (fructose, glucose, sucrose, and xylose) were produced using a 20 mm co‐rotating twin‐screw extruder. The pasting and thermal properties of raw corn starch‐sugar mixes were analyzed before extrusion processing. The independent variables for extrusion processing included two sugar inclusion levels (2% and 10% w/w) and two screw speeds (150 and 250 rpm). The extrudates were characterized by their initial expansion ratio (IER), expansion ratio (ER), and shrinkage. ER values were high for fructose at 2% and 150 rpm and 10% glucose and sucrose extrudates at 250 rpm. The extrudates with 2% sucrose inclusion shrunk significantly higher than the control. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of the extruded blends did not indicate the presence of any new covalent bond formed between starch and sugar post‐extrusion. The interactions between sugar concentration and screw speed significantly influenced extrudate expansion characteristics. Due to their thermal and plasticizing properties, sugar inclusion (glucose, fructose, sucrose, and xylose) enhanced the extrudate expansion by altering their melt viscosity.

Practical Application

The findings of this study can improve the expansion characteristics of high‐fiber‐based extruded snacks. Ingredients high in fiber generally hinder the starch transformation during extrusion and negatively impact the expansion properties. The presence of sugar at low concentrations can improve melt properties during extrusion processing and, in turn, significantly improve the textural properties of snacks.
Improving storage duration of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) through electron beam technology
Authors: Yoon Ki‐Nam , Yoon Yeong‐Seok , Hong Hae‐Jung , Yeom Seo‐Joon , Park Jong‐Heum , Song Beom‐Seok , Eun Jong‐Bang , Kim Jae‐Kyung
Published: October 2024

Electron beam (EB) technology typically consists of high‐energy electron streams produced by a linear accelerator. Although promising, the use of EB irradiation as a technique to delay ripening and prevent spoilage in tomatoes has not been extensively investigated. In this study, the effectiveness of EB irradiation in prolonging the shelf life of tomatoes postharvest was investigated. The results indicated that EB irradiation successfully reduced microbial contamination and decay, preserved key quality attributes (such as total soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, and firmness), and significantly minimized weight loss. Notably, the treatment delayed the biosynthesis of lycopene, a key indicator of ripening, without adversely affecting phenolic content and antioxidant activity, which remained consistent regardless of irradiation. Additionally, different methods for detecting irradiation were evaluated. Thermoluminescence analysis proved to be the most dependable technique, especially for doses exceeding 600 Gy, due to its high sensitivity and specificity. In contrast, photostimulated luminescence and electron spin resonance analyses showed limitations in accurately identifying the irradiation status of foods with high moisture content, such as tomatoes. This study confirms that EB irradiation, while maintaining postharvest quality, extends the shelf life of tomatoes by 5–10 days, suggesting its potential for commercial application in food preservation.
Predicting physicochemical properties of papayas (Carica papaya L.) using a convolutional neural networks model approach
Authors: An Sujin , Oh Geuncheol , Lee Dongyoung , Baek Kyungim , Jun Soojin
Published: October 2024

The current state of quality assessment methods for agricultural produce, particularly fruits, heavily relies on manual inspection techniques, which could be subjective, time‐consuming, and prone to human errors. Consequently, there have been emerging trends and needs for non‐destructive methods to evaluate fruit quality accurately and practically. This research aimed to develop a novel approach for predicting the physicochemical properties of papayas using a convolutional neural network (CNN) model that combines image analysis and weight assessment. This study involved capturing images of papayas at different ripening stages, measuring papaya weights, and determining various physicochemical properties such as texture, pH, total soluble solids, and seed weight. A total of 532 images were obtained from 132 papayas, and an additional 1064 images were generated through image augmentation. The dataset was divided into three sets with an 8:1:1 ratio for training, validation, and testing. The CNN model was trained using papaya images and weights as input values to predict and estimate the physicochemical property values. Model performance was evaluated using mean squared error (MSE) and the coefficient of determination (R2) as metrics. The CNN model, integrated with image processing, could predict the diverse physicochemical properties of papayas with high accuracy. The MSE values estimated for the training and validation sets were 0.0284 and 0.1729, respectively. The R2 values for the test dataset ranged from 0.71 to 0.94. These findings demonstrate that CNN‐based models could provide detailed and quantitative insights, facilitating improved understanding and management of papaya quality while enhancing predictive modeling accuracy in agriculture.

Practical Application

This research introduces a new method for accurately predicting the quality of papayas using a computer model. Instead of relying on manual inspection, which can be slow and prone to errors, this model uses images of papayas and their weights to predict properties, including texture, pH, total soluble solids, and seed weight. This can help manage papaya quality better while also improving agricultural production and transportation processes.
What can optimized cost distances based on genetic distances offer? A simulation study on the use and misuse of ResistanceGA
Authors: Daniel Alexandrine , Savary Paul , Foltête Jean‐Christophe , Vuidel Gilles , Faivre Bruno , Garnier Stéphane , Khimoun Aurélie
Published: October 2024

Modelling population connectivity is central to biodiversity conservation and often relies on resistance surfaces reflecting multi‐generational gene flow. ResistanceGA (RGA) is a common optimization framework for parameterizing these surfaces by maximizing the fit between genetic distances and cost distances using maximum likelihood population effect models. As the reliability of this framework has rarely been studied, we investigated the conditions maximizing its accuracy for both prediction and interpretation of landscape features' permeability. We ran demo‐genetic simulations in contrasted landscapes for species with distinct dispersal capacities and specialization levels, using corresponding reference cost scenarios. We then optimized resistance surfaces from the simulated genetic distances using RGA. First, we evaluated whether RGA identified the drivers of the genetic patterns, that is, distinguished Isolation‐by‐Resistance (IBR) patterns from either Isolation‐by‐Distance or patterns unrelated to ecological distances. We then assessed RGA predictive performance using a cross‐validation method, and its ability to recover the reference cost scenarios shaping genetic structure in simulations. IBR patterns were well detected and genetic distances were predicted with great accuracy. This performance depended on the strength of the genetic structuring, sampling design and landscape structure. Matching the scale of the genetic pattern by focusing on population pairs connected through gene flow and limiting overfitting through cross‐validation further enhanced inference reliability. Yet, the optimized cost values often departed from the reference values, making their interpretation and extrapolation potentially dubious. While demonstrating the value of RGA for predictive modelling, we call for caution and provide additional guidance for its optimal use.
Lipid droplet‐associated proteins in alcohol‐associated fatty liver disease: A proteomic approach
Authors: Perumal Sathish Kumar , Day Le Z. , Arumugam Madan Kumar , Chava Srinivas , Kumar Vikas , Osna Natalia A. , Jacobs Jon , Rasineni Karuna , Kharbanda Kusum K.
Published: October 2024

Background

The earliest manifestation of alcohol‐associated liver disease (ALD) is steatosis characterized by deposition of fat in specialized organelles called lipid droplets (LDs). While alcohol administration causes a rise in LD numbers in the hepatocytes, little is known regarding their characteristics that allow their accumulation and size to increase. The aim of the present study is to gain insights into underlying pathophysiological mechanisms by investigating the ethanol‐induced changes in hepatic LD proteome as a function of LD size.

Methods

Adult male Wistar rats (180–200 g BW) were fed with ethanol liquid diet for 6 weeks. At sacrifice, large‐, medium‐, and small‐sized hepatic LD subpopulations (LD1, LD2, and LD3, respectively) were isolated and subjected to morphological and proteomic analyses.

Results

Morphological analysis of LD1‐LD3 fractions of ethanol‐fed rats clearly demonstrated that LD1 contained larger LDs compared with LD2 and LD3 fractions. Our preliminary results from principal component analysis showed that the proteome of different‐sized hepatic LD fractions was distinctly different. Proteomic data analysis identified over 2000 proteins in each LD fraction with significant alterations in protein abundance among the three LD fractions. Among the altered proteins, several were related to fat metabolism, including synthesis, incorporation of fatty acid, and lipolysis. Ingenuity pathway analysis revealed increased fatty acid synthesis, fatty acid incorporation, LD fusion, and reduced lipolysis in LD1 compared to LD3. Overall, the proteomic findings indicate that the increased level of protein that facilitates fusion of LDs combined with an increased association of negative regulators of lipolysis dictates the generation of large‐sized LDs during the development of alcohol‐associated hepatic steatosis.

Conclusion

Several significantly altered proteins were identified in different‐sized LDs isolated from livers of ethanol‐fed rats. Ethanol‐induced increases in specific proteins that hinder LD lipid metabolism led to the accumulation and persistence of large‐sized LDs in the liver.
The association between glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and/or glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist prescriptions and substance‐related outcomes in patients with opioid and alcohol use disorders: A real‐world data analysis
Authors: Qeadan Fares , McCunn Ashlie , Tingey Benjamin
Published: October 2024

Aims

This study aimed to estimate the strength of association between prescriptions of glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and/or glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1 RA) and the incidence of opioid overdose and alcohol intoxication in patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD), respectively. This study also aimed to compare the strength of the GIP/GLP‐1 RA and substance use‐outcome association among patients with comorbid type 2 diabetes and obesity.

Design

A retrospective cohort study analyzing de‐identified electronic health record data from the Oracle Cerner Real‐World Data.

Setting

About 136 United States of America health systems, covering over 100 million patients, spanning January 2014 to September 2022.

Participants

The study included 503 747 patients with a history of OUD and 817 309 patients with a history of AUD, aged 18 years or older.

Measurements

The exposure indicated the presence (one or more) or absence of GIP/GLP‐1 RA prescriptions. The outcomes were the incidence rates of opioid overdose in the OUD cohort and alcohol intoxication in the AUD cohort. Potential confounders included comorbidities and demographic factors.

Findings

Patients with GIP/GLP‐1 RA prescriptions demonstrated statistically significantly lower rates of opioid overdose [adjusted incidence rate ratio (aIRR) in OUD patients: 0.60; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.43–0.83] and alcohol intoxication (aIRR in AUD patients: 0.50; 95% CI = 0.40–0.63) compared to those without such prescriptions. When stratified by comorbid conditions, the rate of incident opioid overdose and alcohol intoxication remained similarly protective for those prescribed GIP/GLP‐1 RA among patients with OUD and AUD.

Conclusions

Prescriptions of glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and/or glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists appear to be associated with lower rates of opioid overdose and alcohol intoxication in patients with opioid use disorder and alcohol use disorder. The protective effects are consistent across various subgroups, including patients with comorbid type 2 diabetes and obesity.
The IL‐4–IL‐4Rα axis modulates olfactory neuroimmune signaling to induce loss of smell
Authors: Hara Yannis , Jha Mithilesh Kumar , Huang Jeremy Y. , Han Yingnan , Langohr Ingeborg M. , Gaglia Giorgio , Zhu Cheng , Piepenhagen Peter , Gayvert Kaitlyn , Lim Wei Keat , Asrat Seblewongel , Nash Scott , Jacob‐Nara Juby A. , Orengo Jamie M. , Bangari Dinesh S. , de Rinaldis Emanuele , Mattoo Hamid , Hicks Alexandra
Published: October 2024

Background

Loss of smell is a part of the diagnostic criteria for CRSwNP. Although the mechanistic understanding is poor, inhibition of IL‐4Rα and IL‐4/IL‐13 signaling improves loss of smell in CRSwNP patients. In the present study, we compare the effects of IL‐4, IL‐13, and IL‐4Rα blockade on murine olfaction and identify the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of loss of smell.

Methods

To evaluate the effects of IL‐4 and IL‐13 on olfactory function, we administered these cytokines intranasally to BALB/c mice for 5 consecutive days and assessed their latency to find hidden food. Calcium uptake assays were conducted to measure olfactory neuronal activity in vitro and ex vivo. We also performed histological analyses, proteomics, bulk RNA sequencing, and single‐cell RNA sequencing to assess the impact of IL‐4, IL‐13, and IL‐4Rα blockade on the olfactory epithelium and to identify potential molecular or cellular correlations with smell loss in human CRSwNP patients.

Results

Here, we provide evidence for non‐redundant effects of IL‐4 and IL‐13 in olfaction, with loss of smell in mice evoked by intranasal administration of IL‐4, not IL‐13. We demonstrate that an IL‐4–IL‐4Rα axis has a direct functional impact on murine olfactory sensory neurons and evokes inflammatory cell infiltration and pathophysiologic modulation of unique molecular signatures in olfactory epithelium without compromising structural integrity. Furthermore, single‐cell analysis of olfactory epithelium reveals that IL‐4–IL‐4Rα signaling modulates neuronal crosstalk with mast cells, macrophages, and NK cells, suggesting a functional link between olfactory impairment and neuroinflammation.

Conclusion

Collectively, this study suggests that an IL‐4–IL‐4Rα signaling axis plays a unique pathophysiological role in olfactory dysfunction via direct effect on neurons and modulation of neuroimmune interactions.
Short insemination during conventional in vitro fertilization increases embryo quality
Authors: Nemerovsky Luba , Ghetler Yehudith , Bakhshi Danit Israel , Rom Tal , Itskovich Ayelet , Yeres Noga , Yefimov Rita , Kaplanski Olga , Wiser Amir , Levi Mattan
Published: October 2024

Aim

To compare clinical outcomes using short and long co‐incubation protocols in sibling oocytes based on embryo morphokinetic outcomes measured by time‐lapse incubator with stratification based on a woman's age and sperm quality.

Design

Our study included 72 cycles with >6 oocytes retrieved. Sibling oocytes were distributed for two parallel protocols: short (3 h; n = 421) or long (16–20 h; n = 434) insemination, using the same amount of spermatozoa from the same prepared sample. Oocytes were then washed and incubated for 5 days. Time‐lapse annotations of embryos were performed by experienced embryologists and artificial intelligence‐based Known Implantation Data scores for day 3 and day 5 were calculated with EmbryoScope software.

Results

Short‐insemination group exhibited a higher blastulation rate, better morphokinetic indicators, and higher Known Implantation Data scores on day 3 and day 5 of the utilized embryos. However, the fertilization rate and clinical pregnancy rate per embryo transfer did not differ between experimental groups. A higher rate of abnormal fertilization (>2 pronuclei) after long insemination was recorded in women under 35 years old or with a total motile sperm count above 5 million and above 40% motility after preparation. A higher rate of usable embryos was observed after short insemination with a total motile sperm count above 30 million before preparation or 5 million and over 40% motility after preparation.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that a short insemination protocol results in better embryo quality and should be considered as a favorable protocol, especially in young female patients or male patients with high sperm quality.
The effect of laughter yoga on well‐being, perceived stress, and academic self‐efficacy in nursing students: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Yas Merve Altiner , Incesu Olga
Published: October 2024

Despite rigorous theoretical and clinical training, nursing students face emotional and academic challenges that can harm their well‐being. Nonetheless, there is a dearth of research investigating the impact of laughter yoga (LY) on nursing students' well‐being, perceived stress, and self‐efficacy. The aim of this single‐blinded, two‐armed randomized controlled trial is to evaluate the effect of LY on nursing students' well‐being, perceived stress, and academic self‐efficacy (ASE). A total of five sessions of LY were applied to the intervention group. The analysis included a total of 83 nursing students (intervention group n = 41 and control group n = 42). Repeated‐measures multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and paired‐samples t‐test were used for data analysis. Results revealed that the intervention group showed a significant increase in well‐being (p < .001) and a decrease in perceived stress after LY (p < .01). However, statistically significant differences between the intervention and control groups were not found in well‐being, perceived stress, and ASE (p > .05). These results indicate the potential effects of LY on the students' well‐being and perceived stress. Community mental health nurses and educators can use LY to improve well‐being in universities.
Preventive impact of probiotic supplements on heart injury and inflammatory indices in a rat model of myocardial infarction: histopathological and gene expression evaluation
Authors: Bonab Samad Farashi , Tahmasebi Saeed , Ghafouri‐Fard Soudeh , Eslami Solat
Published: October 2024

Although there is a bulk of evidence on the favorable effect of probiotics on the cardiac system, their role in the management of myocardial infarction is not clear. Three viable probiotic bacterial strains, namely Lactobacillus reuteri, Bifidobacterium longum, and Bifidobacterium lactis, were gavaged to the rats daily for 28 days prior to the induction of myocardial injury. Myocardial injury was induced by the use of isoproterenol (ISO) in the probiotics, control and sham groups. The heart tissues were catheterized to evaluate the histopathological parameters and measure the expression of genes related to inflammation. Treatment with ISO caused subendocardial necrosis and rupture of cardiac myofibrils. Pretreatment with probiotics reduced the size of myocardial infarction caused by ISO. Also, in the probiotic group, a relative decrease in the amount of tissue fibrosis and rupture of cardiomyocytes fibers was seen. Pretreatment with probiotics partially ameliorated myocardial necrosis, edema and leukocyte infiltration. Also, a remarkable decrease was detected in the expression of tissue proinflammatory genes in the pretreated group with probiotics. Thus, viable probiotic supplementation may ameliorate or prevent cardiac injury. Additional preclinical and clinical studies are required to clarify the impact of probiotics in the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease.
Automatic detection for bioacoustic research: a practical guide from and for biologists and computer scientists
Authors: Kershenbaum Arik , Akçay Çağlar , Babu‐Saheer Lakshmi , Barnhill Alex , Best Paul , Cauzinille Jules , Clink Dena , Dassow Angela , Dufourq Emmanuel , Growcott Jonathan , Markham Andrew , Marti‐Domken Barbara , Marxer Ricard , Muir Jen , Reynolds Sam , Root‐Gutteridge Holly , Sadhukhan Sougata , Schindler Loretta , Smith Bethany R. , Stowell Dan , Wascher Claudia A.F. , Dunn Jacob C.
Published: October 2024

Recent years have seen a dramatic rise in the use of passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) for biological and ecological applications, and a corresponding increase in the volume of data generated. However, data sets are often becoming so sizable that analysing them manually is increasingly burdensome and unrealistic. Fortunately, we have also seen a corresponding rise in computing power and the capability of machine learning algorithms, which offer the possibility of performing some of the analysis required for PAM automatically. Nonetheless, the field of automatic detection of acoustic events is still in its infancy in biology and ecology. In this review, we examine the trends in bioacoustic PAM applications, and their implications for the burgeoning amount of data that needs to be analysed. We explore the different methods of machine learning and other tools for scanning, analysing, and extracting acoustic events automatically from large volumes of recordings. We then provide a step‐by‐step practical guide for using automatic detection in bioacoustics. One of the biggest challenges for the greater use of automatic detection in bioacoustics is that there is often a gulf in expertise between the biological sciences and the field of machine learning and computer science. Therefore, this review first presents an overview of the requirements for automatic detection in bioacoustics, intended to familiarise those from a computer science background with the needs of the bioacoustics community, followed by an introduction to the key elements of machine learning and artificial intelligence that a biologist needs to understand to incorporate automatic detection into their research. We then provide a practical guide to building an automatic detection pipeline for bioacoustic data, and conclude with a discussion of possible future directions in this field.
Diversity and abundance of large old trees in Hainan Island: Spatial analysis and environmental correlations
Authors: Xie Chunping , Yan Jiahao , Liu Dawei , Jim C. Y.
Published: October 2024

Large old trees (LOTs) are invaluable natural treasures and cultural legacies, holding ecological, historical, social, and economic significance. However, climate change and human impacts threaten their existence. Understanding their species composition, age structure, biomass, and distribution patterns in relation to environmental factors is essential for effective conservation. In Hainan Island, South China, we analyzed 1081 LOTs from 74 species across 35 families, using a combination of field surveys and government data. The dominant families were Moraceae, Sapindaceae, and Fagaceae, with key species including Ficus altissima, Litchi chinensis, and Tamarindus indica. The age distribution followed a reverse J‐shape, indicating a prevalence of trees aged 300–399 years. In contrast, diameter at breast height (DBH) and height distributions were unimodal, favoring medium to large‐sized trees. Spatial analysis revealed uneven distribution patterns: the western zone exhibited the highest species diversity, the central zone moderate diversity, and the eastern zone low diversity, reflecting uneven urban and agricultural impacts. Most LOTs were concentrated at elevations of 0–50 m. Factors such as GDP, urbanization, and forest cover positively correlated with LOT abundance and diversity, with forest cover and average annual temperature particularly favoring these trees. The findings emphasize the intricate relationship between environmental factors and LOT distribution. They advocate for tailored conservation strategies that address the complex interplay of ecological, socioeconomic, and cultural influences on their preservation.

Abstract in Chinese is available with online material.