bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Challenge or Confi rmation? The Role of the Swedish Parliament in the Decision-making on the Use of Force
Authors: Österdahl Inger
Published: February 2011

The Swedish parliament has a strong position in the decision-making on the international use of force. Still, its role is affected by the rapid internationalization of the Swedish defence. More and quicker decisions have to be taken on Swedish contributions to international peace operations. The origin of the decisions of the Swedish parliament, moreover, can be traced to international decision-making bodies on which the Swedish parliament and sometimes even the Swedish government have no influence at all. Parliament is conscious of its important role and looks after its interests in the domestic decision-making context. Sometimes it challenges the government on specific issues relating to the operations, but in the end parliament always tend to agree and unanimously as well. This article studies the involvement of the Swedish parliament in the decision-making on the contribution of armed troops to international peace operations since the end of the Cold War. The article gives particular attention to the use – or not – of the law delegating the decision-making power over troop contributions entirely to the government. The issue of self-defence against armed attacks on the Realm is also taken up and the potential impact of an expanded notion of self-defence on the decision-making role of parliament. Concerns of democratic accountability form the background to the reasoning in its entirety.
Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights Regarding Indigenous Peoples: Retrospect and Prospects
Authors: Koivurova Timo
Published: February 2011

Probably because there have been no landmark cases decided by the European Court of Human Rights (and the Commission) in favour of indigenous peoples, there has correspondingly been scant interest in studying the problems and possibilities of using the Court as an avenue to promote and protect the rights of indigenous peoples. is is clearly unjustifi ed, given that the Court has jurisdiction over so many indigenous peoples and is in a strong position to protect their rights. e article will examine the relevant legal disputes that have come before the Court (and the Commission), which have arisen primarily when northern indigenous peoples have confronted the intrusion of dominant societies and modern economic activities into their traditional territories and hamper the practice of indigenous traditional livelihoods – livelihoods that stand at the core of their culture. e article examines how the European Commission's and the Court's jurisprudence have evolved over the years in respect of indigenous peoples and try to explain why the Court has clearly faced some problems in responding to the concerns of indigenous peoples and whether the Court is better equipped in the future to deal with the evolving rights of indigenous peoples.
Indigenous Peoples in Indonesia: At Risk of Disappearing as Distinct Peoples in the Rush for Biofuel?
Authors: Colbran Nicola
Published: February 2011

The use of biofuel to power transport vehicles has attracted considerable interest and expectation during the last decade. Biofuel is expected to contribute solutions to a range of problems, including the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, the provision of a renewable and therefore sustainable energy source, and an increase in income from agriculture. However, concerns regarding the consequences of its production have also emerged, and claims have been made that its benefits are exaggerated. This article focuses on Indonesia, where vast quantities of land have been converted into plantations in anticipation of the biofuel boom. The article discusses the expected benefits to Indonesia, and the framework the government has put in place to encourage and promote biofuel production. However, in spite of its promises, to date any such benefits have been far outweighed by the harmful consequences of current methods of plantation and production. The article examines these consequences, with a particular focus on the effect on indigenous communities. It concludes that the current method of biofuel plantation in Indonesia is unsustainable, and observes that it may in fact be placing indigenous communities “on the verge of completely losing their traditional territories and thus of disappearing as distinct peoples”.
Manichaean Christians in Augustine's Life and Work
Authors: van Oort Johannes
Published: February 2011

The article aims to give an overall overview of St Augustine's attitude towards the Gnostic-Christian Manichaeans. First, a historical overview, mainly based on his Confessions, outlines Augustine's acquaintance with the members of the Manichaean Church and his familiarity with their writings. Second, the place of the Manichaeans in a considerable number of Augustine's other works is discussed. It is in particular in his many anti-Manichaean writings that the Church Father displays his intimate knowledge of the Manichaeans' myth and their doctrines. Third, a summary is given of the research on the impact of the Manichaeans on Augustine. It is concluded that, from his early years onwards and to the very end of his life, the Manichaean Christians were a real and powerful force to him.
Michaelhouse: Hervey de Stanton's Cambridge Foundation
Authors: Loewe Andreas
Published: February 2011

This article recalls the foundation of one of Cambridge's lost Colleges. It documents the transformation by a private benefactor, Hervey de Stanton (or Staunton), of a small Cambridge living into the university's third College, giving an overview of the life of its founder and outlining the personal connections that led to the establishment of Michaelhouse. It traces the foundation history of parish and College and their expansion through the strategic accumulation of benefactions. It gives an insight into the College statutes, a highly original composition by Stanton to govern the life at Cambridge's only college for priest-fellows. Finally, it documents the development of a distinctive catholic humanist school at the College, and its opposition to Henrician reformation measures, which made it a natural candidate for amalgamation into King Henry VIII's larger foundation, Trinity College.
What Happened to Balthasar Bekker in England? A Mystery in the History of Publishing
Authors: Fix Andrew
Published: February 2011

This article looks at the fate of Balthasar Bekker's De Betoverde Weereld in England. The famous work opposing the earthly activity of evil spirits, rejecting the reality of witchcraft, and debunking spirit stories by suggesting natural causes for the supposed supernatural events, was published in Amsterdam (following a rowe with the original Leeuwarden publisher) by Anthony van Dale in 1692–1693 and caused an intense controversy. Bekker was a strict monotheist unwilling to hand over any of God's power to evil spirits or the Devil, an advocate of the accomodationist school of Scriptural interpretation that had landed Galileo in jail in 1633, a serious student of spirit “superstition” with works such as those of Reginald Scot, Abraham Paling, and Anthony van Dale in his library. And he was a Cartesian: he owned Clauberg, Heereboord, Sylvain-Regis, etc. His opponents said that if one did not believe in evil spirits one could not believe in God. Bekker's book went through several Dutch printings, was right away translated into French and German, stirring reaction in those countries (the new book by Nooijen, Unserm Großen Bekker ein Denkmahl? looks at the German reaction). In England plans were afoot to translate the Betoverde Weereld by 1694, and Book I was translated and published. But that was all that got done. The highly controversial Book II and the final two books remained untranslated and unpublished. Why? Not for a lack of interest in evil spirits in England: witness the works of Glanvill, Henry More, George Sinclair, John Webster, and many others. Ghost stories were not lacking—just see the “Devil of Tedworth” and “Beckington Witch” stories. I argue the failure was a result of the vicissitudes of the London publishing industry, especially the relatively new periodical publishing, and of the eccentric, intellectual, but unfocussed general publisher John Dunton, who ruined himself and the Bekker project with his poor business sense (his wife ran the shop for him and when she died he was lost) which led him to travel to Dublin and Boston in search of publishable manuscripts (even on spirits!) instead of allowing him to concentrate his resources on Bekker. As a result, Bekker's work remained little known in the English-speaking world and its significance was almost totally overshadowed by the work of Locke. Would Daniel van Dalen, Jan ten Hoorn, or Willem Blaeu have made the same mistake? Also, Dunton put a goodly amount of his resources into the risky new periodical market and lost money that could have financed publication of the last three books of De Betoverde Weereld. Just because of the controversial nature of what he said, Bekker deserved better in England.
A Century of Historiography: The Nederlands Archief voor Kerkgeschiedenis, 1900–2000
Authors: Janse Wim
Published: February 2011

Church History and Religious Culture (formerly Nederlands Archief voor Kerkgeschiedenis. Since 1829) is the oldest scholarly journal in the Netherlands that still appears to this day. A reflection of the discipline of academic historiography, the journal is a historical source in itself. This essay focuses on the 1,162 articles that appeared in the Archief between 1900 and 2000, in an attempt to discern in this mirror some developments, changes, and tendencies in twentieth-century Dutch church historiography. The following topics are discussed: 2. the contextuality of church historiography; 1. the effect of the church historian's personality on church historiography; 3. the geographical and chronological range of the Archief; and 4. the Archief and general historiography. The conclusions are that until the 1960s Dutch church historiography, as far as reflected in the Archief, shared the general pillarization of the Dutch establishment. The personal orientations of especially the editors were decisive; the journal's focus was on national Dutch church history; the main object of attention was the late Middle Ages and the early modern period, most of all the sixteenth-century Protestant Reformation. The twentieth-century church historiography in the Archief was a modest reflection of the developments within general historiography; it recognized the importance of interdisciplinarity, but should be characterized as a strong classical discipline based on the study and interpretation of primary sources.
Geophilomorph centipedes and the littoral habitat
Authors: Barber Anthony
Published: February 2011

More than 40 species from at least 20 genera in 6 or more families of the Geophilomorpha (Chilopoda) are recorded from marine littoral habitats in various parts of the world. Although there is little recent work on their physiology it seems that they have the capacity to tolerate the osmotic and respiratory regime that is involved and their anatomical adaptations to a burrowing habit and, at least in some cases, their behaviour makes them a fairly constant component of sea-shore ecosystems where they sometimes occur in surprisingly large numbers. It is suggested that the richness of the food source in these habitats, along with other factors such as shelter, microclimate and possibly absence of parasites and/or predators would be the main reason why these now terrestrial animals have re-invaded the seashore so many times since their first appearance in the Palaeozoic. Their tolerance of seawater and occurrence on coasts could lead to passive distribution by rafting and the occurrence of isolated populations could result in genetic differences.
Soviet Specialist Baiting: The Case of N. A. Dobrosmyslov
Authors:   Storella
Published: February 2011

For many communists working in the Soviet state apparatus during the 1920s, the state's continued employment of so-called “bourgeois specialists” (spetsy) was an ideological affront and an obstacle to proletarian advancement. In their eyes, until the spetsy were removed and workers staffed the institutions of the state, the revolution would be neither secure nor its promises fulfilled. Based on archival research, this article traces rank-and-file communists' attempts to remove one such specialist, N. A. Dobrosmyslov, from his position in the Tax Department (Gosnalog) of the People's Commissariat of Finances (Narkomfin). Dobrosmyslov had been a long-time official in the tsarist tax bureaucracy and had also worked for the Provisional Government in 1917. Communist opposition to him took the form of a denunciation campaign that focused on his alleged anti-Sovietism, his professional competence, his arrogant manner, his high salary, and his attempt to obtain a large pension from the government. The documents related to the case reveal the atmosphere of suspicion and often open hostility that surrounded the spetsy. They provide evidence of the contrasting evaluations of the spetsy made by leading communist administrators and by the lower-level communists who worked closely with them. They also show how important the issue of material compensation was for this latter group. Finally, the case provides an example of how biography could be interpreted and manipulated to serve particular ends, especially in the context of political and personal denunciation.
Art and Politics at the Vatican Congregation for the Oriental Churches, 1917-45
Authors: Robson Roy
Published: February 2011

In the period 1917-45, the Roman Catholic Church vacillated in its views of Russian Orthodoxy and the Russian Revolution. Some forces in the Vatican focused on the “consecration” of Russia, connoting support for Orthodoxy. Others preferred to push for the “conversion” of Russia to Roman Catholicism. The tension between these competing views can be seen in the Vatican's patronage of the arts. From 1925-1945, the Congregation for the Oriental Churches commissioned works by four artists—Leonid and Rimma Brailowski, Pimen Sofronov, and Jérôme Leussink. Collectively, their work illustrated the changing mixture of politics, piety, and aesthetics that characterized Rome's view toward Russia in the first half of the twentieth century.
Political Diversity at the Nineteenth Congress of the CPSU, October 1952
Authors: Harris Jonathan
Published: February 2011

This essay argues that the definition of the USSR's political system as a “party-state,” ignores the crucial difference between the majority of the members of the CPSU who hold positions in the Soviet state and the minority who are full time party officials with no such position and who regard themselves as the natural leaders of the party as a whole. To highlight this distinction, this essay defines the party officials as the “inner party” and the party members who man the state as the “outer party” and focuses on the ongoing dispute among party officials over the most effective way to provide leadership of the Soviet state. This conflict is expressed indirectly in the published discussion of the relative importance of officials' “internal work” (personnel management, verification of fulfillment and ideological education) and their “economic work” the close supervision of state agencies' administration of the five year plans. The essay briefly summarizes Stalin's own formulations on the subject, the conflict between Malenkov and Zhdanov over this issue from 1939 to 1948, and the ongoing debate among officials after the reform of the departments of the Secretariat in 1948. The bulk of the essay analyzes the widely divergent views of officials' priorities presented at the Nineteenth Congress of the CPSU in October 1952. It concludes that Western scholars have generally underestimated the role of the Congress in the creation of the political oligarchy that ruled the USSR after 1953.
Soviet Cultural Practices and the West
Authors: von Geldern James
Published: February 2011

Western cultural influences swept the closed Ukrainian city of Dniepropetrovsk under Brezhnev, Andropov and Chernenko. Imports included rock music, western literature and films, consumer products such as jeans. Primary consumers were children of the elite, and later young working class students of technical institutes. These products entered Dniepropetrovsk from L'viv, and later from fraternal socialist countries and the west. They were brought illegally by black marketers and tourists. Consumers used the western products to assert new non-Soviet identities, which could include Ukrainian nationalism, religiosity, and westernized youth culture. Official reactions were contradictory, revealing tensions between Moscow and Ukrainian authorities, and within the Ukrainian cultural and security apparatus. Komsomol activists were instrumental in disseminating new trends in western music through officially sponsored discotheques. These activists would form the core of the entrepreneurial class that emerged during Gorbachev's market reforms. Zhuk offers an original picture of Soviet cultural practices by focusing on a closed Ukrainian city, rather than the more cosmopolitan Moscow or Leningrad, and by featuring cultural changes during the final three decades of Soviet power. He provides rich documentation through participant interviews, and periodicals and archival documents not previously consulted by researchers.
Military Intelligence Service of Russia in Africa (Second Half of XIX-Early XX centuries.)
Authors: Gokov O. A.
Published: February 2011

In the article the review of military secret service of Russia in Africa in the second half of XIX – beginning of XX centuries on the example of activity of officers of the General staff is given. It is showed that military secret service of Russia on the African continent did not carry system character. Russian officers of the General staff in the countries of Africa in the second half XIX – XX beginning of centuries collected the military and political information. They also came forward as researchers, collecting and analysing geographical information about of the probed regions, their population, fauna and flora.
Krylov's Fables
Authors: Humphreys Derek
Published: February 2011

The introduction briefly points out Krylov's early literary attempts merely to show what he did before he started producing his fables. It also mentions the influence of French culture in Russia at the end of the 18th Century and the beginning of the 19th Century. La Fontaine was a big influence on Krylov who translated or adapted many of his fables as well as producing many originals of his own. Some of Krylov's fables are analyzed, however, most of them speak for themselves since they have a moral conclusion or in some cases a moral introduction. The translations endeavor to keep as close to the Russian as possible and are not adaptations.
The Role of the Couch in Psychoanalysis: Proposed Research Designs and Some Preliminary Data
Authors: Lable Ira , Kelley John M. , Ackerman Julie , Levy Raymond , Waldron Sherwood , Stuart Ablon J.
Published: February 2011

Ever since Freud, the couch has been viewed as an important—some would argue essential—component of psychoanalysis. Although many theoretical papers and case reports have addressed the use of the couch in psychoanalysis, no empirical study has investigated its effect on psychoanalytic process or outcome. After a review of the literature, a number of research designs are proposed that might be used in such an investigation. Finally, preliminary empirical data are presented from archived audiotapes of two psychoanalyses: one in which the patient switched from lying down to sitting up, and one in which the opposite occurred. The aim is to stimulate research-oriented psychoanalysts to undertake empirical investigations of the theoretical concepts underlying use of the couch and, more generally, to present a specific example of research as a paradigm for a broader research agenda for empirical investigation of the key theoretical ideas underlying psychoanalysis.
The Influence of Crack Length and Delamination Width on the Mode-III Energy Release Rate of Laminated Composites
Authors: Szekrényes András
Published: February 2011

In this article, the modified split-cantilever beam (MSCB) is applied to investigate the dependence of the mode-III energy release rate (at crack initiation) on the crack length and the specimen width. The main goal of this study is to apply the same specimen geometry to both double-cantilever beam and end-notched flexure systems. The energy release rate of the specimen was calculated by an improved beam theory scheme, which was used to reduce the experimental data. The obtained results are comparable to those obtained by mode-I and mode-II tests, and they indicate the important role of the MSCB specimen. The results show that the energy release rate decreases significantly with the initial crack length and there is no crack length where the energy release rate becomes independent of it.
Immunolocalization of A1 Adenosine Receptors in Mammalian Spermatozoa
Authors: Minelli A. , Allegrucci C. , Piomboni P. , Mannucci R. , Lluis C. , Franco R.
Published: February 2011

The presence of A1 adenosine receptors (A1AR) in mammalian spermatozoa was previously demonstrated by radiochemical and immunochemical detection. This study was performed to investigate the cellular location of the A1AR to determine whether these receptors were somehow connected with ecto-adenosine deaminase and to evaluate their function in calcium uptake. By immunofluorescence staining we showed that in mammalian spermatozoa A1AR were constantly localized in the acrosomal region. This finding was confirmed by immunogold detection. Confocal analyses with anti-A1 and anti-ADA antibodies showed a high degree of co-localization. Calcium loading assay showed that this association was functional and affected calcium accumulation in mammalian spermatozoa. Therefore, we concluded that the acrosomal localization of A1AR was a constant feature in mammalian sperm. Moreover, these A1 receptors were functionally coupled to ecto-ADA and were able to modulate calcium uptake into an IP3-gated store.
Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Spontaneously Adopt a Skeletal Muscle Phenotype: A Unique Myf5–/MyoD+ Myogenic Program
Authors: Graves David C. , Yablonka–Reuveni Zipora
Published: February 2011

Smooth and skeletal muscle tissues are composed of distinct cell types that express related but distinct isoforms of the structural genes used for contraction. These two muscle cell types are also believed to have distinct embryological origins. Nevertheless, the phenomenon of a phenotypic switch from smooth to skeletal muscle has been demonstrated in several in vivo studies. This switch has been minimally analyzed at the cellular level, and the mechanism driving it is unknown. We used immunofluorescence and RT-PCR to demonstrate the expression of the skeletal muscle-specific regulatory genes MyoD and myogenin, and of several skeletal muscle-specific structural genes in cultures of the established rat smooth muscle cell lines PAC1, A10, and A7r5. The skeletal muscle regulatory gene Myf5 was not detected in these three cell lines. We further isolated clonal sublines from PAC1 cultures that homogeneously express smooth muscle characteristics at low density and undergo a coordinated increase in skeletal muscle-specific gene expression at high density. In some of these PAC1 sublines, this process culminates in the high-frequency formation of myotubes. As in the PAC1 parental line, Myf5 was not expressed in the PAC1 sublines. We show that the PAC1 sublines that undergo a more robust transition into the skeletal muscle phenotype also express significantly higher levels of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF1 and IGF2) genes and of FGF receptor 4 (FGFR4) gene. Our results suggest that MyoD expression in itself is not a sufficient condition to promote a coordinated program of skeletal myogenesis in the smooth muscle cells. Insulin administered at a high concentration to PAC1 cell populations with a poor capacity to undergo skeletal muscle differentiation enhances the number of cells displaying the skeletal muscle differentiated phenotype. The findings raise the possibility that the IGF signaling system is involved in the phenotypic switch from smooth to skeletal muscle. The gene expression program described here can now be used to investigate the mechanisms that may underlie the propensity of certain smooth muscle cells to adopt a skeletal muscle identity.
Calcyclin (S100A6) Binding Protein (CacyBP) Is Highly Expressed in Brain Neurons
Authors: Jastrzębska Beata , Filipek Anna , Nowicka Dorota , Kaczmarek Leszek , Kuźnicki Jacek
Published: February 2011

The expression of a novel calcyclin (S100A6) binding protein (CacyBP) in different rat tissues was determined by Western and Northern blotting. Polyclonal antibodies against recombinant CacyBP purified from E. coli exhibited the highest reaction in the brain and weaker reaction in liver, spleen, and stomach. CacyBP immunoreactivity was also detected in lung and kidney. Densitometric analysis showed that the concentration of CacyBP in the soluble fractions of total brain and cerebellum is approximately 0.17 and 0.34 ng/μg protein, respectively. Northern blotting with a specific cDNA probe confirmed the high level of CacyBP expression in the rat brain and lower levels in other tissues examined. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization of rat brain sections revealed strong expression of CacyBP in neurons of the cerebellum, hippocampus, and cortex. The in situ hybridization detected CacyBP in hippocampus as early as P7 (postnatal day 7) and a peak of expression at P21, and the expression signal was preserved until adulthood. In the entorhinal cortex, the peak of expression was observed at P7, whereas in the cerebellum it was seen at P21. The results presented here show that CacyBP is predominantly a neuronal protein.
Gene Expression of Receptors for IL-6, LIF, and CNTF in Regenerating Skeletal Muscles
Authors: Kami Katsuya , Morikawa Yoshihiro , Sekimoto Masashi , Senba Emiko
Published: February 2011

The biological actions of interleukin-6 (IL-6), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) are mediated via respective functional receptor complexes consisting of a common signal-transducing component, gp130, and other specific receptor components, IL-6 receptor α (IL-6R), LIF receptor β (LIFR), and CNTF receptor α (CNTFR). IL-6, LIF, and CNTF are implicated in skeletal muscle regeneration. However, the cell populations that express these receptor components in regenerating muscles are unknown. Using in situ hybridization histochemistry, we examined spatiotemporal expression patterns of gp130, IL-6R, LIFR, and CNTFR mRNAs in regenerating muscles after muscle contusion. At the early stages of regeneration (from 3 hr to Day 2 post contusion), significant signals for gp130 and LIFR mRNAs were detected in myonuclei and/or nuclei of muscle precursor cells (mpcs) and in mononuclear cells located in extracellular spaces between myofibers after muscle contusion, but IL-6R mRNA was expressed only in mononuclear cells. At Day 7 post contusion, signals for gp130, LIFR, and IL-6R mRNAs were not detected in newly formed myotubes, whereas the CNTFR mRNA level was upregulated in myotubes. These findings suggest that the upregulation of receptor subunits in distinct cell populations plays an important role in the effective regeneration of both myofibers and motor neurons.
CFTR, MDR1, and MRP1 Immunolocalization in Normal Human Nasal Respiratory Mucosa
Authors: Wioland My-Anh , Fleury–Feith Jocelyne , Corlieu Pascal , Commo Frédéric , Monceaux Guy , Lacau-St-Guily Jean , Bernaudin Jean-François
Published: February 2011

CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator), MDR1 (multidrug resistance), and MRP1 (multidrug resistance-associated protein), members of the ABC transporter superfamily, possess multiple functions, particularly Cl–, anion, and glutathione conjugate transport and cell detoxification. They are also hypothesized to have a number of complementary functions. It is generally accepted that data obtained from nasal mucosa can be extrapolated to lower airway cell physiology. The aim of the present study was to investigate by immunohistochemistry the differential localization of CFTR, MDR1, and MRP1 in the normal mucosa of 10 human nasal turbinates. In ciliated epithelial cells, CFTR was inconstantly expressed at the apical cell surface, intense membranous labeling was observed for MDR1, and intense cytoplasmic labeling was observed for MRP1. In the glands, a higher level of expression was observed on serous cells, at the apical surface (for CFTR), on lateral membranes (for MDR1), and with an intracytoplasmic distribution (for MRP1). In conclusion, CFTR, MDR1 and MRP1 are expressed in the epithelium and glands of the nasal respiratory mucosa, but with different patterns of expression. These results suggest major roles for CFTR, MDR1, and MRP1 in serous glandular cells and a protective function for MDR1 and MRP1 in respiratory ciliated cells.
GFAP Is Expressed as a Major Soluble Pool Associated with Glucagon Secretory Granules in A-cells of Mouse Pancreas
Authors: Bertelli Eugenio , Regoli Marì , Gambelli Federica , Lucattelli Monica , Lungarella Giuseppe , Bastianini Arnaldo
Published: February 2011

To elucidate the role of intermediate filament proteins in endocrine cells, we investigated the expression and subcellular distribution of GFAP in mouse islets of Langerhans. For this purpose, combined immunocytochemical and biochemical analysis with a panel of antibodies was carried out to identify GFAP-immunoreactive cells in mouse endocrine pancreas. Cell fractionation into NP-40-soluble and detergent/high salt-insoluble components was performed to assess whether GFAP was located in the cytosolic and/or cytoskeletal compartments of immunoreactive cells. Immunoelectron microscopic analysis was carried out to determine the subcellular distribution of the protein. Peripheral islet cells were stained with anti-GFAP antiserum. These cells were identified as glucagon-secreting cells by immunocytochemical staining of consecutive sections with anti-somatostatin, anti-GFAP, and anti-glucagon antisera. Western blotting analysis of both NP-40-soluble and detergent/high-salt insoluble fractions of isolated islets of Langerhans allowed detection of GFAP in both cytosolic and cytoskeletal compartments. Interestingly, however, the former location was highly predominant. In addition, immunoelectron microscopy localized GFAP associated with the periphery of secretory granules. On the basis of these results, an intriguing role for GFAP in secretory events should be strongly suspected.
Detection of Immature Dendritic Cells in the Enamel Organ of Rat Incisors by Using Anti-cystatin C and Anti-MHC Class II Immunocytochemistry
Authors: Nishikawa Sumio , Sasaki Fumie
Published: February 2011

Dendritic cells in the enamel organ of rat incisors were examined with immunocytochemistry using an anti-cystatin C antibody for immature dendritic cells and macrophages, OX6 for MHC Class II, ED1 for macrophages and dendritic cells, and ED2 for macrophages. Single cells positive for anti-cystatin C appeared in the enamel organ in zones at which ameloblasts secrete enamel matrix proteins. They were also present in transition and enamel maturation zones. In addition, ameloblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts were labeled by anti-cystatin C. ED1 and ED2 immunocytochemistry revealed that there was no macrophage population in the enamel organ of secretion, transition, or enamel maturation zone. A double labeling study showed that most anti-cystatin C-positive cells in the enamel maturation zone were also positive for OX6, whereas anti-cystatin C-positive and OX6-negative cells were prevalent in the secretion zone. The results suggest that immature dendritic cells penetrate the enamel organ of the secretion zone and begin to mature in the zones of transition and enamel maturation.
Tenascin Expression and Distribution in Pleural Inflammatory and Fibrotic Diseases
Authors: Kaarteenaho–Wiik Riitta , Lakari Essi , Soini Ylermi , Pöllänen Raimo , Kinnula Vuokko L. , Pääkkö Paavo
Published: February 2011

We hypothesized that tenascin expression is increased in pleural inflammatory and fibrotic diseases and that its expression can be used as a marker of active pleural involvement. For this purpose we analyzed 71 histological samples of inflammatory and fibrotic pleura from patients with asbestos-induced pleural reaction ( n = 6), postcardiac injury syndrome ( n = 6), parapneumonic infection and/or empyema ( n = 23), tuberculosis ( n = 5, rheumatoid disease ( n = 1), and fibrosis with inflammation of unknown etiology ( n = 30). All 71 cases were studied by immunohistochemistry for tenascin. In 19 selected cases tenascin mRNA in situ hybridization was also performed. In every case, tenascin was increased by immunohistochemistry. Most prominent immunoreactivity was detected in areas of newly formed fibrosis. Increased tenascin mRNA expression by in situ hybridization was detected in the individual cells of the newly formed fibrosis underneath the fibrinous exudate. The tenascin mRNA-positive cells localized in areas in which by immunohistochemical studies the cells were positive for α-smooth muscle actin, desmin, and vimentin, suggesting a myofibroblast phenotype. Tenascin mRNA expression was also seen less frequently in areas in which some cells were positive for cytokeratin. These cells might represent mesothelial cells entrapped in the inflammatory lesion. Alternatively, they might represent fibroblast-type cells with aberrant cytokeratin expression. We conclude that in pleural inflammatory and fibrotic diseases tenascin immunoreactivity is increased and tenascin mRNA-positive cells localized mainly in the areas of myofibroblast- and, less often, mesothelial-type cells, suggesting that mainly myofibroblasts and, less commonly, also mesothelial cells might be responsible for tenascin expression in pleural inflammatory and fibrotic diseases.
Patristics and bishops: What four Fathers might say about episcopacy today
Authors: Stevenson Kenneth
Published: February 2011

Episcopal ministry is an enduring subject of enquiry from many different points of view in the field of patristics, ecumenical, ecclesiological and historical. Yet there has been little investigation into its workings from the standpoint of its internal theological life and how this might impact on today’s pastoral demands. Taking some of the classic writings of Chrysostom, Augustine, St Benedict and Gregory the Great, the article attempts to extrapolate some answers to these questions, while recognizing the divisions of time and culture between their age and ours.
Prophets armed: Muhammad Ibn Khaldun and Niccolò Machiavelli
Authors: Kennedy John
Published: February 2011

Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406) and Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527) lived more than a century apart. Ibn Khaldun’s intellectual formation was complex, but his central beliefs were simple. He held that the glory of God was celebrated in the continual advance of Islam through conquest and through competition between Muslim aspirants to achieve this aim. Machiavelli was also born into a conflict-torn world in which Christian ideals and reasons of state lived uneasily. Their thought is contrasted.
Twenty-first-century shapes of the Church?
Authors: Williams John
Published: February 2011

Recent years have seen a burgeoning of literature addressing the future prospects of the churches. This article analyses this material into six broad approaches, representing a range of church responses to a socio-cultural diagnosis the author terms ‘popular postmodernity’. The author argues that the churches’ adoption of this diagnosis is sociologically unsophisticated in a similar way to their earlier handling of the ‘secularization’ thesis. He cites examples from the literature to propose that the churches need to engage more critically with questions of socio-cultural analysis, ecclesiology and the status of orthodoxy in developing their new strategies for mission and ministry.
Living Arrangements of Older Adults in China: The Interplay Among Preferences, Realities, and Health
Authors: Sereny Melanie
Published: February 2011

This article uses the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey to examine the dynamics of living arrangements among the elderly in China. First, the author explores what factors are related to living arrangement preference. In addition, the author looks at a relatively unexplored measure— “living arrangement concordance”—having a match between preferred and actual living arrangements. This article also examines the relationship between concordance, self-rated health, and activities of daily living disability. Living arrangement concordance is high among community-residing elderly, but older Chinese and minority ethnicity are more likely to prefer coresidence with children, while people with higher socioeconomic status and greater family care resources are more likely to prefer living independently. This study gives evidence for person-environment fit theory—older adults with independent living concordance are more likely to have good self-rated health. Older adults who coreside with children, however, are more likely to be disabled, regardless of concordance status.
Productivity in Old Age
Authors: Fernández-Ballesteros Rocío , Zamarrón María Dolores , Díez-Nicolás Juan , López-Bravo María Dolores , Molina María Ángeles , Schettini Rocío
Published: February 2011

It is commonly assumed that older adults are “unproductive” as soon as they retire and begin receiving a pension from the social security system, as occurs in most European countries. This article deals with the concept of unpaid work and social productivity, on the basis of data collected in the base line of the Estudio Longitudinal sobre Envejecimiento Activo (ELEA; Longitudinal Study of Active Aging), exploring the extent to which Spanish older adults (aged 55 to 75) report being involved in productive activities. First, the data are examined by age, gender, and working status; and second, under moderate-cost assumptions, the unpaid contribution to society of older people is calculated, in terms of Euros. The results are discussed in the context of other general studies about unpaid productive activities in old age; it is concluded that our sample is characterized by a focus on productive activity related to care for other adults and children and their estimated contribution in unpaid activities expresses the importance of older persons as social capital.
Travelling policies and global buzzwords: How international non-governmental organizations and charities spread the word about early childhood in the global South
Authors: Penn Helen
Published: February 2011

This article is based on a web-search commissioned by an international charity to review the work of international non-governmental organizations (INGOs) and charities which promote and support early childhood education and care (ECEC) in the global South. The article examines examples of such initiatives. It is suggested that there is considerable commonality of view and overlap of activities between INGOs and charities whatever their origin in the global North, and whichever countries they are operating in, in the global South. These findings are analysed in the light of theories of knowledge transfer in the field of international development.
Risks for children? Recent developments in early childcare policy in Germany
Authors: Hübenthal Maksim , Ifland Anna Maria
Published: February 2011

For some years now, a ‘child-centred social investment strategy’ has been gaining influence in the German welfare state. In this context we are witnessing a social-investive turn within the policy for children and families and a significant increase in the importance of early childcare policy. Whereas the German federal government is emphasizing that this investive turn will produce pay-offs for the society’s economy, as well as for the individual child, the analysis in this article is based on recent child-oriented critiques of the social investment approach and points out major risks for children inherent in current early childcare policy in Germany.
No logo? Children’s consumption of fashion
Authors: Pilcher Jane
Published: February 2011

In this article data are presented on children’s appraisal of clothing retailers and brands, and how this interacts with their identity and social contexts. In exploration of some of the meanings and processes surrounding children’s consumption of branded or labelled clothing, two case studies of child consumers are profiled: one who actively consumed designer-label clothing, and another for whom it held limited significance. It is argued that children aged 12 and under knowingly and skilfully use their consumer knowledge in the reflexive presentation of their selves, or their own ‘me’, but that these practices are structured by their place in the social and generational order.
Bomzhi and their subculture: An anthropological study of the street children subculture in Makeevka, eastern Ukraine
Authors: Naterer Andrej , Godina Vesna V.
Published: February 2011

The aim of the article is to outline key elements of the street children subculture in Makeevka, Ukraine, with an emphasis on the functions of a subculture and its manifestations of collectivity. The research was based on qualitative and quantitative data and was conducted from 2000 to 2009. Data analysis suggests that collectivity functions on three different levels: inner-group, group and supra-group levels and that the subculture of street children combines elements of a classical subculture with those of a neo-tribe.
Sexualities and class
Authors: Taylor Yvette
Published: February 2011

Sexuality frequently neglects class studies, just as class analysis ignores sexualities. This special issue of the journal Sexualities aims to open debates on class and sexuality with four original research studies on class and sex, along with four commentaries from leading experts in the field.
Gay identities and the culture of class
Authors: Heaphy Brian
Published: February 2011

Material queer analyses argue the urgent need to reincorporate class to comprehend sexual (re)formations in advanced capitalism, and some theorists propose a revitalized historical materialism as a framework for doing this. In contrast, this article illuminates the significance of class for late modern sexualities by taking a ‘cultural’ approach to the issue. By analysing gay men’s personal accounts of class (dis-)identification that were told in interviews in Britain, the article elucidates the ways in which class and sexuality were articulated as intertwined, and how class and gay identities were constructed relationally through each other. Specifically, it generates insights into the performativities of classed gay identities; the differential value attached to working- and middle-class identities; and how narratives of (dis)identification often articulate gay and working class identities as relational ‘Others’. Contrary to some theoretical and popular notions of gay identities as classless, my analysis shows that class identities can be centrally important to gay ones. While the relationship between gay classed identities and socio-economic positioning is not straightforward, such identities illuminate how cultural, social and economic (dis-)incentives promote distancing from ‘working-class’ forms of existence and strong attachments to ‘middle-class’ ones and to the idea of gay class transcendence. Such distancing and attachments are also features of sexualities theory and research that deny the significance of class.
Working-class lesbian parents’ emotional engagement with their children’s education: Intersections of class and sexuality
Authors: Nixon Catherine Ann
Published: February 2011

This article examines intersections of class and sexuality in lesbian parents’ educational practices, specifically their emotional engagements with their children’s education. This research draws on Bourdieu’s (1986b) concept of capitals and current research that utilizes the concept of ‘emotional capital’, in theorizing mothers’ emotional investments in their children’s education. Studies of working-class lesbians’ experiences of marginalization within education relevant to this investigation are also consulted. Based on qualitative data, this article examines ways in which working-class lesbian parents’ negative experiences of school are used as emotional resources in three key ways; to protect their children from bullying, to teach their children life skills and to promote values of equality and acceptance. I suggest that in utilizing the concept of ‘emotional capital’, this work begins to make sense of the subjective and material realities of educational involvement for working-class lesbian parents.
The world some have won: Sexuality, class and inequality
Authors: McDermott Elizabeth
Published: February 2011

This article addresses inequalities and injustices arising at the intersection of class and sexuality. Recent legislation has enshrined sexual diversity within the UK creating the possibility for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people to lead legitimated lives. The experience of living within this new liberal sexual framework is likely to be mediated by social class. Drawing on two empirical studies and utilizing Bourdieu’s conceptualization of class, and queer theory, I highlight, using the example of young LGBT people’s post-compulsory schooling choices, the importance of focusing upon the interaction between sexual identity and class to understand the unequal ways LGBT people may negotiate the transformations in intimate and sexual life.
‘By partner we mean ...’: Alternative geographies of ‘gay marriage’
Authors: Browne Kath
Published: February 2011

This article argues that in the context of debates regarding same sex marriage, too little attention has been paid to geographic specificity that not only reconstitutes sexualities but also remakes these in relation to material classed relations. In contrast to arguments that appear to transcend spatial differentiation, I will examine the differential effects of the Civil Partnership Act, particularly for those on state-based benefits. Using data collected from local government websites, I will argue that the implications for those who are now understood as ‘new couples’ vary according to local government district. ‘Acceptance’ of same sex relationships effects same sex couples in geographically diverse ways, with classed dimensions. Thus, the class and place-based benefits of sexual ‘equalities’ question the ubiquitous deployment of hetero/homonormativity to understand the ‘new landscapes of equality’. The article then goes on to focus on the city of Brighton and Hove to explore classed ‘choice’, exclusions and materialities. Arguing that the ‘queer unwanted’ may have no choice but to be unwantedly queer, the article looks at how ‘couples’ come into being through sanitized definitions that include shared accommodation, responsibility for children and future plans. Attention to the intersection of class and sexuality casts light on whose ‘choices’ are (dis)allowed in changing legal contexts, important when evaluating the differential effects of ‘new equalities’.