bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PROFESIONALNA RAGULATIVA PROCJENE VRIJEDNOSTI PREDUZEĆA S OSVRTOM NA PROBLEME PROCJENJIVAČKE PROFESIJE U REGIONU
Authors: Ćurić Bojan , Babić Zoran
Published: September 2018

Cilj istraživanja u ovom radu je prezentovanje i razmatranje profesionalne regulative iz oblasti vrednovanja preduzeća, predstavljanje profesionalnih asocijacija kao instituta procjenjivačke profesije na međunarodnom i regionalnom nivou kao i informisanje o aktuelnim inicijativama finansijskih regulatora u zemljama sa razvijenim tržišnim privredama za preispitivanjem metodologije i standarda kako bi se korisnicima rezultata procjene pružile dodatne informacije o pouzdanosti tih rezultata i izbjegle njihove pogrešne impresije o preciznosti vrednovanja. S druge strane, cilj je bio i istražiti stanje procjenjivačke profesije od početka njene evolucije u regionu a u uslovima izuzetno skormnih teorijskih i praktična saznanja o procjeni vrijednosti preduzeča.Istraživanje je obavljeno primjenom standardnog metodološkog postupka po kojem su koriščeni sekundarni izvori tj. istraživanje domače i strane stručne literature, (knjige, članci, studije, izvještaji relevantnih institucija, itd) i publikacija vezanih za tu problematiku. Na ovako pribavljene podatke primjenjena je metoda sistematizacije, redukcije i klasifikacije podataka. Pripremljeni podaci su predstavljali polaznu osnovu, na koju su primjenjene kvalitativne metode analize: metode opservacije, logičkog objašnjenja, provjeravanja i kritičke analize teorijskih i empirijskih istraživanja.Na osnovu rezultata istraživanja, posmatranih u kontekstu profesionalne regulative, može se primjetiti da međunarodni standardi vrednovanja imaju određeni nivo opštosti i da se njima ne ispituju detaljno različite tehnike vrednovanja ali su njima ipak obuhvačena pitanja procjene svih sredstava i izvora sredstava nekog preduzeča. S druge strane, postoje inicijative za preispitivanjem metodologije i standarda koje se zasnivaju na pružanju dodatnih informacija koje če korisnicima izvještaja o vrednovanju preduzeča omogučiti da bolje sagledaju rizike i da dobiju kvalitetniju osnovu za donošenje ekonomskih odluka. Rastuće potrebe za profesijom procjenjivača vezane su i za nastanak profesionalnih asocijacija procjenjivača čime su stvorene određene pretpostavke za razvoj i jačanje ove profesije i procjene vrijednosti kao djelatanosti i struke. U vezi s tim, identifikivana su i predstavljena određena ograničenja procjenjivačke profesije odpočetka njenog nastanka u regionu.
FINANSIJSKI I BANKARSKI MENADŽMENT EVROPSKE UNIJE: FUNKCIONALNA ANALIZA
Authors: Ristić Kristijan , Miljković Ljubomir , Klincov Vujaković Tatjana
Published: September 2018

Aktuelna finansijska kriza ukazala je na znacaj osnivanja Bankarske unije na nivou EU, što bi omogućilo adekvatno reagovanje na finansijske probleme preko regionalnog bankarskog nadzora u odnosu na poslovanje banaka u evrozoni. Osnovni rezultati u ovom istraživanju će na sintetican nacin pokazati formiranje bankarske unije znacajno doprinosi jacanju integracija ekonomija zemalja ćlanica, promociji poverenja u EU i stabilnosti bankarskog sektora ali bez jasnih ciljeva i svrha koje će postići u realnom sektoru EU, a koji treba da obezbedi, pored sigurnijeg, bogatiji život, veću zaposlenost i izlazak iz stagnantnih okvira.
BUDŽETSKI FOND KAO USLOV PRISTUPANJU EVROPSKOJ UNIJI
Authors: Gligić-Dumonjić Jovana , Gligić-Savić Anja
Published: September 2018

Instrument za prepistupnu pomoć (eng. IPA - Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance), uspostavljen je Uredbom Evropskog savjeta, jula 2006. godine. Na taj način je Evropska komisija uspostavila jedinstveni instrument za prepristupnu pomoć zemljama u procesu evropskih integracija,, koji je objedinio dotadašnje prepristupne instrumente: PHARE, SAPARD, ISPA, CARDS, kao i prepristupni intrument za Tursku. Decentralizovano upravljanje fondovima, DIS (eng. Decentralised Imlementation System), jeste sistem u kome Evropska komisija prenosi upravljanje određenim aktivnostima na zemlju korisnicu, pri čemu zadržava cjelokupnu konačnu odgovornost za izvršenje budžeta EU. Aktivnosti koje se prenose na zemlju korisnicu, trebalo bi minimalno da obuhvataju tenderske procedure, zaključivanje ugovora i plaćanja.
PERSPEKTIVE EUROPSKE BANKOVNE UNIJE: ZNAČAJ I MEHANIZMI DJELOVANJA
Authors: Vukić Slavko , Knežević Danijel , Miličević Vinko
Published: September 2018

Predmet istraživanja rada odnosi se na specifična obilježja bankovne unije u procesu europskih integracija. U radu će se pokušati identificirati temeljna obilježja Europske bankovne unije, razlozi osnivanja bankovne unije te funkciju banaka i bankovne unije na jedinstvenom financijskom tržištu. U radu će se analizirati mehanizam djelovanja bankovne unije kroz: jedinstveni nadzorni mehanizam, s posebnim osvrtom na zajednički mehanizam pomoći bankama s značajnijim financijskim problemima. Na koncu rada se posebno naglašava važnost utemeljenja i iskustva zajedničkog fonda za zaštitu depozita pojedinih članica Europske unije i nekih tranzicijskih zemalja, kao što je Bosna i Hercegovina.
EKONOMIJA DIJELJENJA (SHARING ECONOMY) I MARKETINŠKI ASPEKTI NJENOG RAZVOJA
Authors: Dodig Igor , Rađenović Kozić Biljana
Published: September 2018

Ekonomija dijeljenja (sharing economy) predstavlja jedan od znacajnih vidova savremenog poslovanja. Razvoj tehnologije - i hardvera i softvera, nacina komunikacije putem društvenih mreža, kao i promjene u stavovima i ponašanju potrošaca, dovele su do potrebe za efikasnijim korištenjem proizvoda i usluga, po nižim cijenama, dostupnije prosjecnom potrošacu ili korisniku, uz uštede u resursima i povoljnim efektima za prirodnu sredinu i društvo u cjelini. Svi ovi elementi mogu biti poboljšani ako se prihvate osnovni postulati ekonomije dijeljenja. Rad ima za ciljpojašnjavanje pojma sharing economy, njegovih najznacajnijih pojavnih oblika, te ulogu marketinga u kreiranju i provođenju svih aspekata poslovanja iz ove oblasti ekonomije.
MULTIPLIKACIJA NOVCA U SAVREMENIM TOKOVIMA PRIVREĐIVANJA
Authors: Vrućinić Željana , Brčkalo Marko , Krstić Snežana
Published: September 2018

Cilj istraživanja je da se pokaže uloga i znacaj novca u 2J.vijeku, u eri konstantnog kreiranja i povećanja potrošackih potreba, u kojem novac predstavlja osnovno sredstvo za podmirivanje i zadovoljavanje primarnih životnih potreba, kojim se servisiraju i razni drugi troškovi nastali kao posljedica novog doba.Istraživanje je obavljeno primjenom standardnog metodološkog postupka, korišćenjem domaće i strane strucne literature (knjige, clanci, casopisi, izvještaji relevantih institucija) te publikacija vezanih za tu problematiku u regionu.Na ove podatke primjenjene su metode indukcije i dedukcije, sistematizacije i metod analize i sinteze. Rezultat istraživanja pokazuje da je novac društveno - ekonomska kategorija koja je u svom dugom evolucionom procesu najuže vezana za razvoj proizvodnih snaga, robnu proizvodnju i podijelu rada - dakle za razvoj društva u cjelini, te je stoga novac osnova monetarnog sistema svake privrede. Rad se završava zakljucnim razmatranjima koja ukazuju na to da bez savremenog novca, njegovog stvaranja, funkcije i djelovanja ne može opstati ni jedna privreda na svijetskom tržištu.
Important but not a priority? Conservation concerns & priorities for Philippine bats in the Anthropocene
Authors: Tanalgo Krizler C , Hughes Alice C
Published: September 2018

Anthropogenic caused environmental changes coupled with rapid population growth are altering the Earth’s biota at unprecedented rates, posing an alarming threat to the long-term persistence of many species of both animals and plants and so, a science-based prioritisation encompassing multiple dimensions is necessary. In the over 7000 Islands of the Philippine archipelago, a large proportion of bat diversity constitute the mammalian fauna of the country, which performs various ecological functions. However, many species are in need of high conservation attention yet the level and understanding of their vulnerability remain anecdotal. In this study, we aim to determine the vulnerability of Philippine bat species from different threats, which is important to establish effective conservation decision making and prioritisation in the future. We found that habitat loss and direct human-driven (e.g., hunting) is the main threat to more than half of the Philippine bat species. As expected, threatened and endemic species are facing higher levels of vulnerability with the strong positive relationship between Species Vulnerability Index (SVI) and Absolute Number of Threats. However, a weak relationship between Species-Research Effort Allocation (SREA) and SVI indicating a strong disparity in efforts and priorities among species. Given the high species richness, endemism, vulnerabilities, and disparity in efforts, the Philippine is indeed a conservation hotspot for bat biodiversity. We suggest that priorities should holistically consider multiple facets in knowledge paucity, levels of threats and species vulnerability for effective conservation process. Eyeing carefully on the emerging and unknown threats, increasing conservation education, and forging equitable partnerships and capacity building to bolster bat conservation in the Philippines.
In silico study of medical decision-making for rare diseases: heterogeneity of decision-makers in a population improves overall benefit
Authors: Wang Juan , Yamada Ryo
Published: September 2018

Background: Medical decision-making is difficult when information is limited due to rareness. For example, there are two treatment options for patients affected by a rare disease with high lethality. The information about both treatment effects is unavailable or very limited. Patients are inclined to accept one of the interventions rather than waiting for death, but they are reluctant to be assigned the inferior one. While a single patient selects one treatment that seems better based on the limited information, he or she loses the chance to select the other treatment, which may be the better option. This is the so-called dilemma between exploitation (enjoying the benefits of using current knowledge) and exploration (taking the risk to obtain new knowledge). In clinical settings, the statistical advice for individual patients seems to be the maximum expected success rate or something equivalent and patients’ selections tend to be homogeneous, which does not solve the dilemma. In this study, our aim is to investigate the effects of the heterogeneity of decision-makers in the decision process.

Methods: Here, we proposed a decision strategy that introduced the heterogeneity of decision-makers by considering patients’ self-decisions where the patients’ heterogeneous attitudes towards the treatment are integrated into the probabilistic utility function based on the Beta Bayesian posterior. Based on the context of two-armed bandit treatment options with limited information, we compared the overall success rate of treatment between our heterogeneous decision strategy and a homogeneous decision strategy that is defined to select the treatment with the largest posterior mean.

Results: The heterogeneity of decision-makers in a population improved the overall benefit of treatment under some conditions.

Discussion: In clinical settings, there exists heterogeneity of decision-making among patients. Our study investigated a targeting strategy by respecting the self-decision of all individuals and found that the heterogeneity of decision-making can improve the overall benefit under some conditions. In addition, this outperformance may suggest that heterogeneity of decision-making is of importance to human beings. Besides the ethical merit, our findings provide meaningful ideas for better strategies towards decision-making dilemmas in clinical settings for rare diseases or cases where only limited information is available. It would be further suggested to investigate the effects of heterogeneity of decision-making in other fashions, such as genetic heterogeneity and phenotypic heterogeneity.
Pdgfra marks a cellular lineage with distinct contributions to myofibroblasts in lung maturation and injury response
Authors: Li Rongbo , Bernau Ksenija , Sandbo Nathan , Gu Jing , Preissl Sebastian , Sun Xin
Published: September 2018

Pdgfra-expressing (Pdgfra+) cells have been implicated as progenitors in many mesenchymal tissues. To determine lineage potential, we generated PdgfrartTA knockin mice using CRISPR/Cas9. During lung maturation, counter to a prior study reporting that Pdgfra+ cells give rise equally to myofibroblasts and lipofibroblasts, lineage tracing using PdgfrartTA;tetO-cre mice indicated that ~95% of the lineaged cells are myofibroblasts. Genetic ablation of Pdgfra+ cells using PdgfrartTA-driven diphtheria toxin (DTA) led to alveolar simplification, demonstrating that these cells are essential for building the gas exchange surface area. In the adult bleomycin model of lung fibrosis, lineaged cells increased to contribute to pathological myofibroblasts. In contrast, in a neonatal hyperoxia model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), lineaged cells decreased and do not substantially contribute to pathological myofibroblasts. Our findings revealed complexity in the behavior of the Pdgfra-lineaged cells as exemplified by their distinct contributions to myofibroblasts in normal maturation, BPD and adult fibrosis.
Topography of cancer-associated immune cells in human solid tumors
Authors: Kather Jakob Nikolas , Suarez-Carmona Meggy , Charoentong Pornpimol , Weis Cleo-Aron , Hirsch Daniela , Bankhead Peter , Horning Marcel , Ferber Dyke , Kel Ivan , Herpel Esther , Schott Sarah , Zörnig Inka , Utikal Jochen , Marx Alexander , Gaiser Timo , Brenner Herrmann , Chang-Claude Jenny , Hoffmeister Michael , Jäger Dirk , Halama Niels
Published: September 2018

Lymphoid and myeloid cells are abundant in the tumor microenvironment, can be quantified by immunohistochemistry and shape the disease course of human solid tumors. Yet, there is no comprehensive understanding of spatial immune infiltration patterns (‘topography’) across cancer entities and across various immune cell types. In this study, we systematically measure the topography of multiple immune cell types in 965 histological tissue slides from N = 177 patients in a pan-cancer cohort. We provide a definition of inflamed (‘hot’), non-inflamed (‘cold’) and immune excluded patterns and investigate how these patterns differ between immune cell types and between cancer types. In an independent cohort of N = 287 colorectal cancer patients, we show that hot, cold and excluded topographies for effector lymphocytes (CD8) and tumor-associated macrophages (CD163) alone are not prognostic, but that a bivariate classification system can stratify patients. Our study adds evidence to consider immune topographies as biomarkers for patients with solid tumors.
The influence of the descending pain modulatory system on infant pain-related brain activity
Authors: Goksan Sezgi , Baxter Luke , Moultrie Fiona , Duff Eugene , Hathway Gareth , Hartley Caroline , Tracey Irene , Slater Rebeccah
Published: September 2018

The descending pain modulatory system (DPMS) constitutes a network of widely distributed brain regions whose integrated function is essential for effective modulation of sensory input to the central nervous system and behavioural responses to pain. Animal studies demonstrate that young rodents have an immature DPMS, but comparable studies have not been conducted in human infants. In Goksan et al. (2015) we used functional MRI (fMRI) to show that pain-related brain activity in newborn infants is similar to that observed in adults. Here, we investigated whether the functional network connectivity strength across the infant DPMS influences the magnitude of this brain activity. FMRI scans were collected while mild mechanical noxious stimulation was applied to the infant’s foot. Greater pre-stimulus functional network connectivity across the DPMS was significantly associated with lower noxious-evoked brain activity (p = 0.0004, r = -0.86, n = 13), suggesting that in newborn infants the DPMS may regulate the magnitude of noxious-evoked brain activity.
The mobility of packaged phage genome controls ejection dynamics
Authors: Evilevitch Alex
Published: September 2018

The cell decision between lytic and lysogenic infection is strongly influenced by dynamics of DNA injection into a cell from a phage population, as phages compete for limited resources and progeny. However, what controls the timing of viral DNA ejection events was not understood. This in vitro study reveals that DNA ejection dynamics for phages can be synchronized (occurring within seconds) or desynchronized (displaying minutes-long delays in initiation) based on mobility of encapsidated DNA, which in turn is regulated by environmental factors, such as temperature and extra-cellular ionic conditions. This mechano-regulation of ejection dynamics is suggested to influence viral replication where the cell’s decision between lytic and latent infection is associated with synchronized or desynchronized delayed ejection events from phage population adsorbed to a cell. Our findings are of significant importance for understanding regulatory mechanisms of latency in phage and Herpesviruses, where encapsidated DNA undergoes a similar mechanical transition.
Manipulating midbrain dopamine neurons and reward-related behaviors with light-controllable nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
Authors: Durand-de Cuttoli Romain , Mondoloni Sarah , Marti Fabio , Lemoine Damien , Nguyen Claire , Naudé Jérémie , d'Izarny-Gargas Thibaut , Pons Stéphanie , Maskos Uwe , Trauner Dirk , Kramer Richard H , Faure Philippe , Mourot Alexandre
Published: September 2018

Dopamine (DA) neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) integrate cholinergic inputs to regulate key functions such as motivation and goal-directed behaviors. Yet the temporal dynamic range and mechanism of action of acetylcholine (ACh) on the modulation of VTA circuits and reward-related behaviors are not known. Here, we used a chemical-genetic approach for rapid and precise optical manipulation of nicotinic neurotransmission in VTA neurons in living mice. We provide direct evidence that the ACh tone fine-tunes the firing properties of VTA DA neurons through β2-containing (β2*) nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs). Furthermore, locally photo-antagonizing these receptors in the VTA was sufficient to reversibly switch nicotine reinforcement on and off. By enabling control of nicotinic transmission in targeted brain circuits, this technology will help unravel the various physiological functions of nAChRs and may assist in the design of novel therapies relevant to neuropsychiatric disorders.
The retromer complex safeguards against neural progenitor-derived tumorigenesis by regulating Notch receptor trafficking
Authors: Li Bo , Wong Chouin , Gao Shihong Max , Zhang Rulan , Sun Rongbo , Li Yulong , Song Yan
Published: September 2018

The correct establishment and maintenance of unidirectional Notch signaling are critical for the homeostasis of various stem cell lineages. However, the molecular mechanisms that prevent cell-autonomous ectopic Notch signaling activation and deleterious cell fate decisions remain unclear. Here we show that the retromer complex directly and specifically regulates Notch receptor retrograde trafficking in Drosophila neuroblast lineages to ensure the unidirectional Notch signaling from neural progenitors to neuroblasts. Notch polyubiquitination mediated by E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch/Su(dx) is inherently inefficient within neural progenitors, relying on retromer-mediated trafficking to avoid aberrant endosomal accumulation of Notch and cell-autonomous signaling activation. Upon retromer dysfunction, hypo-ubiquitinated Notch accumulates in Rab7+ enlarged endosomes, where it is ectopically processed and activated in a ligand-dependent manner, causing progenitor-originated tumorigenesis. Our results therefore unveil a safeguard mechanism whereby retromer retrieves potentially harmful Notch receptors in a timely manner to prevent aberrant Notch activation-induced neural progenitor dedifferentiation and brain tumor formation.
Allegory Encourages Self-reflection and Multi-cultural Understanding in a College Communications Course
Authors: Murray Bettina P.
Published: September 2018

Urban college students (n=179) from diverse cultural backgrounds and regions received instruction in the writing of short narratives, or allegories, to express generalizations about human behavior. At the beginning of the three-month semester students were given samples of allegories concluding with a lesson and then were asked to create an original allegory. These original narratives were analyzed and their conclusions categorized. Students’ allegories expressed diverse cultural values although there were cross-cultural similarities. Findings indicated Asian students expressed significant interest in attaining wisdom and a balanced life over time. Latinx emphasized attaining self-respect, love, loyalty and fair treatment. Eastern Europeans were concerned over breaking a trust. Being deceived by appearances was a mutual concern for North Americans, Latinx and Europeans. At the semester’s end a survey of student reactions indicated students gained increased cultural understanding from sharing their work. Implications are that allegory may be used as a literary device to achieve self-reflection and understanding of other cultures.
The Evolution of the Aesthetic Vision in Kabbani’s Poetic Discourse
Authors: Al-Sheikh Samir , Hasan Mousa Ahmed
Published: September 2018

If poetry is the verbal art of beauty, and beauty is truth, then, poetry has its own truth which is universal by nature since the poetic patterns embody a particular vision of the universe. This universal truth is encoded in poetic image. The poet who creatively used the poetic image to express his aesthetic vision is Nizar Kabbani (1923- 1998). The study aims at exploring the development of the notion of beauty as structured in the modern Arab poetic works. It aims at investigating Kabbani’s poetic imagery in its amorous-erotic aspects. The study proceeds with the hypothesis that the modern love poet’s synesthetic imagery is an impressive representation of Kant’s aesthetic axioms as encoded in his Critique of the Aesthetic Judgment. The scope of the inquiry focuses upon the love lyrics and songs of the modern Arabic love poet regardless his political writings. Kabbani’s poetics is investigated in terms of Aesthetic Cultural Approach (ACA), a critical orientation that links the cultural patterns of meaning to the aesthetic structures of the poem. Of the seminal findings of the study is that Kabban’s love poems are pleasurable moments in which the body of the beloved becomes the source of the poet’s ecstasy and joyfulness.
Morphosyntax Analysis of Acehnese Clitic
Authors: Iskandar Denni , Mulyadi - , Abdul Samad Iskandar
Published: September 2018

Clitic has challenged many grammatical theories because it is a combination between syntax and morphology. At most theory, clitization is considered as a phenomenon of phrase because the clan of its form is similar to affixes attached to whole phrase. Some experts claim that clitic is one form that is difficult to identify and classify. This qualitative research investigates the clitic of Acehnese in the perspective of morphosyntax. This research found that Acehnese consists of proclitic and enclitic. The function is to emphasize the topic being talked by the subject. In general, Acehnese clitic is a relatively complex personal pronoun because Acehnese’s pronominal system is identical with the content of morality (politeness and friendship). Each personal pronoun has its own proclitic and enclitic including the adjustment of clitic for variant personal pronouns which refers to the level of politeness. In addition to personal pronoun, the clitic in Acehnese is also used to refer to noun or nounphrase either to animals, plants, or other types of nouns.
Rewriting the Women Enmity Lore: New Voices in Autobiographical Narratives
Authors: Makwemoisa Yakubu Anthonia
Published: September 2018

Many women were socially conditioned as children to believe that gender operates on a superiority/inferiority axis – the male has been naturally created to be in charge and to take dominion of all living and non-living things including plants, animals, fishes, birds, children, and women. For the women, they are to be submissive to the biological order of things which patriarchy has worked hard to institutionalise. One of the means patriarchy has adopted to sustain this belief is the divide and rule tactic, where women are taught to believe that they cannot work together, cannot love one another and cannot support one another because they do not like themselves. This belief is propagated through folklore, especially in co-wife rivalry tales. Another common instance is the raging ‘war’ between mothers-in-law and daughters-in-law. This paper will analyse the common myth that women are their own worst enemies through selected Nigerian folktales, and in the second part, will analyse contemporary Nigerian women’s autobiographies, with particular emphasis on the 3-volume biographical compendium, Women of Valour, and how these women negated this erroneous belief in their narratives. One of the findings of this paper is that women’s autobiographies have significantly disabuse many of these patriarchal myths about women, thereby rewriting and re-narrating women’s life histories. Another finding is that many of the women featured in the biography used the medium as a platform to voice themselves into being, thereby empowering themselves through the narration of their life stories.
Traumatized Construction of Male and Female Identities in Virginia Woolf’s The Waves
Authors: Baradaran Jamili Leila , Roshanzamir Ziba
Published: September 2018

This paper regards traumatized formation of characters’ identities in Virginia Woolf’s (1882-1941) The Waves (1931). Trauma is considered as a devastating phenomenon which has horribly and dreadfully some effects on an individual’s self and identity. The aftereffects of a shocking and traumatic event on one’s sense of self contribute extremely to the collapse of the construction of his or her identity. Undoubtedly, the different sorts of trauma, like individual and historical trauma, have incorporated Woolf’s life. Actually, Woolf’s disoriented self is defined based on the affective representation of her traumatized identity through her painful experiences over her lifetime. This paperfocuses on Cathy Caruth’s (1955-) critical views concerning the concept of trauma. Caruth believes that trauma is a mental wound associated with the latency, referring to the return of the traumatic experiences after a period of delay or deja vuin the form of repeated flashbacks, nightmares, and so forth. In The Waves, the male and female characters like Bernard, Neville, Louis, Rhoda, Jinny, and Susan are traumatized due to a number of traumatic events, so that the construction of their identities can be trapped in some kind of post-traumatic stress disorders as the effects of their traumas. Through presentingthe characters, in the novel, Woolf delineates the traumatized selves and identities involved in some sort of psychic fragmentation and disintegration that haunt inevitably their lives and respondtraumatically to their traumas, pain, and suffering in different ways.
Revision-mediated and Attention-mediated Feedback: Effects on EFL Learners’ Written Syntactic Accuracy
Authors: Soltanpour Fatemeh , Valizadeh Mohammadreza
Published: September 2018

Based on the literature, revision requirement (i.e., when students rewrite their whole text based on the teacher feedback) can perhaps be a necessary intermediate step towards the development of written accuracy because learners have more time to think about and process the corrections; however, some state drawing learner’s attention can be achieved by asking them to take time to look over the received feedback and carefully examine their errors. This quantitative quasi-experimental study, which followed a pretest-treatment-posttest-delayed posttest design, investigated the effects of revision mediation versus attention mediation on EFL learners’ syntactic accuracy of their argumentative essays. 83 Iranian EFL learners, studying at upper-intermediate level were assigned to three groups: comprehensive direct corrective feedback plus a revision requirement (DCF/+R), comprehensive DCF plus a time to pay careful attention to and study the errors and received feedback (DCF/+S) and the control group that received the comprehensive DCF without any extra assignment (DCF/-R,-S). Each group received three sessions of treatment. The existence of any statistically significant differences among the three groups with regard to each received treatment was investigated both in the short and long term. It was found that both revision requirement (DCF/+R) and careful attention requirement (DCF/+S) significantly outperformed the group that only received the feedback. Nevertheless, it was also proved that the group that was required to pay careful attention to and study the feedback (DCF/+S) significantly outperformed the one that experienced the revision requirement (DCF/+R). Discussion focuses on the importance of two levels of awareness: noticing and understanding.
A Comparative Study of Sadegh Hedayat’s The Blind Owl in the Light of the German Theory of Novella
Authors: Estarami Ebrahim
Published: September 2018

Using the novella as the European literary genre has divided the Iranian literary scholars due mostly to its unknown features. Lack of research in this area has caused many writers either to abandon this literary term or to opt for alternatives such as “novelette”,” long story”, “long short story” or “short story”. This article aims to introduce the theory and characteristics of the novella as a unique literary genre, based on German literature. Despite the Italian root of the novella, it reflects its Germanic roots as it was flourished in the 18th and 19th centuries Germany. In addition, the paper explores the concept of “long story” in Iranian literature as the synonym of the term novella. The Blind Owl clearly exhibits these characteristics of the genre, especially the dramatic structure and representing a new aspect of human trait. The analysis of The Blind Owl leads to a deeper understanding of one of the most important and well-formed European literary genres and a new look at Sadegh Hedayat’s ideology as a professional author in addition to familiarizing scholars with this genre.
A Novel LS/LMMSE Based PSO Approach for 3D-Channel Estimation in Rayleigh Fading
Authors: Bhange D. N. , Dethe C.
Published: September 2018

A high transmission rate can be obtained using Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) model. The most commonly used 3D-pilot aided channel estimation (PACE) techniques are Least Square (LS) and Least Minimum Mean Square (LMMSE) error. Both of the methods suffer from high mean square error and computational complexity. The LS is quite simple and LMMSE being superior in performance to LS providing low Bit Error Rate (BER) at high Signal to Noise ratio (SNR). Artificial Intelligence when combined with these two methods produces remarkable results by reducing the error between transmission and reception of data signal. The essence of LS and LMMSE is used priory to estimate the channel parameters. The bit error so obtained is compared and the least bit error value is fine-tuned using particle swarm optimization (PSO) to obtained better channel parameters and improved BER. The channel parameter corresponding to the low value of bit error rate obtained from LS/LMMSE is also used for particle initialization. Thus, the particles advance from the obtained channel parameters and are processed to find a better solution against the lowest bit error value obtained by LS/LMMSE. If the particles fail to do so, then the bit error value obtained by LS/LMMSE is finally considered. It has emerged from the simulated results that the performance of the proposed system is better than the LS/LMMSE estimations. The performance of OFDM systems using proposed technique can be observed from the imitation and relative results.
New Compact Microstrip Filters Based on Quasi Fractal Resonator
Authors: Mezaal Y. S. , Saleh H. H. , Al-saedi H.
Published: September 2018

This paper presents new microstrip devices  as single band bandpass and multi band bandstop filters. The proposed filters use  slotted patch microstrip resonator based on quasi fractal geometry, simulated by AWR12 software package. Both filters have quasi elliptic frequency response, designed at centre frequency of  2.437 GHz for bandpass filter and at band frequencies of  2.434, 4.032, 4.976 and 5.638 GHz GHz respectively, for multi bandstop filter. All filters are employed using RT/Duroid 6010.8 LM substrate of  dielectric constant and 1.27 mm dielectric thickness. Simulation results show that the designed quasi fractal bandpass filter has very narrow fractional bandwidth of 0.38 %  which is very rare in microstrip filter design. On the other hand,  the projected bandstop filter offers multi  narrow rejection bands that is  useful in broadband wireless schemes influencing from fixed interferences. Both filters  present satisfactory S11 and S21 responses besides smallness properties that stand for interesting features of the newest wireless applications. The simulated and measured frequency responses for both designed filters are in good agreement.
Coadministration of intramuscular olanzapine and benzodiazepines in agitated patients with mental illness
Authors: Williams Andrew M.
Published: September 2018

Introduction:

Intramuscular antipsychotics are commonly used to manage agitated patients. In 2005, Eli Lilly placed a warning on olanzapine's prescribing information following post-marketing reports of fatal drug reactions when intramuscular olanzapine was used in the setting of benzodiazepines. Data is lacking examining this drug combination.

Methods:

A medication use evaluation was conducted at a county psychiatric hospital surveying the usage of concomitant intramuscular olanzapine and lorazepam from October 1, 2016, to July 20, 2017. A literature search was conducted to review available evidence.

Results:

Ninety-one instances of the drug combination were discovered, with no serious adverse events following administration. Of these 91 patients, 41 received both medications within 60 minutes of each other. No instances of hypotension, bradycardia, bradypnea, or oxygen desaturation occurred following administration. The literature review yielded 1 randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 3 retrospective chart reviews, and several case studies.

Discussion:

Data detailing a causal relationship between olanzapine/benzodiazepine combinations and serious adverse effects is lacking. Available evidence does not consistently support a strong cause and effect relationship. The results of this medication use evaluation are not consistent with the Food and Drug Administration warning. Further controlled research is needed to help define the actual risk of using concomitant intramuscular olanzapine and benzodiazepines.
Utilization of G-CSF and GM-CSF as an alternative to discontinuation in clozapine-induced neutropenia or leukopenia: A case report and discussion
Authors: Karst Allison , Lister Jonathan
Published: September 2018

Clozapine remains the definitive gold standard for treatment-resistant schizophrenia despite limitations in use because of hematological abnormalities. Neutropenia or leukopenia are often treated with interruption of clozapine treatment, frequently resulting in clinical decompensation, hospitalization, increased burden to patient care, and increased risk of suicide. Colony-stimulating factors, including granulocyte colony-stimulating factors and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors, are cytokines that stimulate proliferation and differentiation of myeloid precursor cells. Their use in the prevention and treatment of clozapine-associated neutropenia presents an alternative to clozapine discontinuation in certain cases. We present a case report of successful periodic granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor use with clozapine in a patient with treatment-resistant schizophrenia, as well as discussion of a practical approach to patients with possible clozapine-induced neutropenia or leukopenia.
Environmental Activism
Authors: Willow Anna J.
Published: September 2018

Environmentalism implies a belief that the environment should be protected from the damaging impacts of human activities. This broad objective has inspired activist undertakings ranging from legal challenges and political lobbying to direct action and strategic alliances. Environmentalism takes diverse forms in different times, places, and political contexts. In particular, anthropologists have explored how non‐Western methods and motives for environmental protection overlap, intersect, and/or challenge the Western movement and its culture‐specific assumptions. They have also critiqued environmentalism's inherently dualistic conceptual foundations and investigated how interrogations emanating from the environmental justice movement and the global South have targeted and influenced organizations and their operations. With its unique capacity to shed light on relationships between people and the natural places and processes they sometimes struggle to protect, environmental activism is certain to remain a productive topic of anthropological investigation.
H
xaro
Authors: Barnard Alan
Published: September 2018

Hxaro
is a formalized gift‐giving custom found among some Bushman or San groups in the northern Kalahari. The initial “h” is not pronounced but is there simply to indicate, for English‐speakers lacking a glottal fricative, that the
x
is to be pronounced. In some dialects it is known as //'
ãe
, which is the relevant verb. It is also, and more correctly, written as
xaro
.
D
ubois,
E
ugène (1858–1940)
Authors: Shipman Pat
Published: September 2018

The Dutch anatomist Eugène Dubois discovered the fossilized skullcap, femur (thigh bone), and molar tooth of a hominin species in Java which he named
Pithecanthropus erectus
in 1894. These fossils are now considered as
Homo erectus
. They were the first human ancestor to be sought according to a deliberate plan, the first to be found in Asia, the first to be described in an explicitly evolutionary context, and the first to demonstrate that upright walking evolved before the expansion of the brain. Dubois campaigned vigorously to persuade his skeptics of his interpretation and engaged in harsh criticism of others' work, especially later in life when he let few scientists examine his specimens. Dubois also pioneered new photographic techniques, initiated more rigorous standards of excavation and documentation, and developed a cephalization quotient to compare the relative brain and body size of different orders of mammals.
S
teward,
J
ulian
H
. (1902–72)
Authors: Lewis Herbert S.
Published: September 2018

Julian H. Steward, a leading figure in American anthropology from the 1940s through the 1960s, was important as a theoretical innovator and for his role in the expansion of the scope of American anthropology. A strong advocate of a positivistic search for regularities and causes in culture, he advanced a modified materialist approach to change that rested in part on a concern with the interaction of environment and culture, which he called cultural ecology. His concern for processes of change led him to revive a flexible version of cultural evolutionism (multilinear evolution), and to expand the study of cultural change in the non‐Western world and complex contemporary societies. Steward taught at Columbia University from 1946 to 1952 and many of his students had a significant impact on American and world anthropology. Among those influenced by Steward, directly or indirectly, are Sidney Mintz, Eric Wolf, Morton Fried, Stanley Diamond, Robert Murphy, Marshall Sahlins, Marvin Harris, and Roy Rappaport.
Section Marriage Systems
Authors: Dousset Laurent
Published: September 2018

Sections and subsections are social category systems predominantly found in Aboriginal Australia and to some extent in other areas (Ambrym in Vanuatu, ancient China, Panoan speakers in South America). They divide society into an even number of absolute categories that stand in particular relationship to each other (father–child, mother–child, cross‐cousin/spouse, etc.) and in which each human being is situated by birth. Considered by some authors to be institutions regulating marriage in Australian societies, they are in fact abstractions and simplifications of kinship terminologies and relationships operating as ready‐reference index in languages in which all members of a group need to be referable through kinship relationships.
Sound Recordings
Authors: Novak David
Published: September 2018

This entry describes the role of sound recordings in anthropological research, both as tools of fieldwork and data collection and as objects and contexts in the study of music, language, and cultural mediations of technology and environment. It considers the uses of the phonograph in early salvage anthropology, ethnographic work on recording studios and consumer circulations of music recordings, the changing forms of sound archives and preservationist agendas of folklore and anthropology, and the production of sound recordings as an emergent project of scholarly publication in sound studies and sensory ethnography.
Parenting
Authors: Faircloth Charlotte
Published: September 2018

Child rearing—as inherent in the study of kinship—has been at the heart of the anthropological discipline from its inception, whether from an evolutionary or a more social perspective. The term “parenting,” however, is a relatively recent one which became prominent in the 1950s. It was first used by psychologists, sociologists, and self‐help practitioners in North America before spreading into wider usage, both in the United States and elsewhere. From an anthropological perspective, which emphasizes cultural variability, parenting may be seen as a particular historically and socially situated form of child rearing, a product of late twentieth‐century ideological shifts around family, kinship, risk, and social morality.
Medicinal Plants
Authors: Heinrich Michael
Published: September 2018

Medicinal plants as a concept is essentially based on etic perspectives. Anthropologists have drawn attention to the need for a multidimensional approach to the food–medicine interface, but research on medicinal plants is generally embedded in pharmacological and phytochemical research. The development of both new health foods and new medicines is now embedded in a complex legal and social framework based on international agreements derived from the Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD) (Rio de Janeiro, 1992). A more integrated approach can be of particular relevance in tackling the fast‐changing health problems associated the global paradox of simultaneous over‐ and undernutrition (starvation).
Participant Observation
Authors: Eramian Laura
Published: September 2018

This entry provides an overview of the historical, methodological, and theoretical underpinnings of participant observation, the methodological hallmark of anthropology and ethnographic fieldwork. It highlights the defining qualities of participant observation and examines the central figures credited with developing the method. It concludes by outlining the extensive debates in anthropology and other disciplines with respect to the strengths and limitations of participant observation. Controversies over this method include the role of relationships between researchers and their subjects in shaping research findings and the rigor, validity, and objectivity of the data produced.
Intersex
Authors: Besnier Niko
Published: September 2018

Intersex people present nonnormative variations in the genetic and physiological constitution of their sex. The category is an umbrella term for a broad range of variations with different distribution within and across societies, and its boundaries are porous and contested. In technologically developed societies, infants born with visible intersex signs were subjected to invasive treatments until recent calls to rethink their usefulness.
Ethnographic Film
Authors: Singer André
Published: September 2018

Ethnographic film has developed in parallel with the development and use of film technology from its beginnings at the turn of the twentieth century. Its pedagogical value has been much debated as pioneers of the use of film in anthropology, particularly in Australia, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States, tackled societies and cultures from diverse perspectives. The story of ethnographic film has been one of exponential growth, from it having been regarded as an adjunct to empirical fieldwork in the twentieth century to it having a significant role in anthropology as technology has brought it within the grasp of ethnographers everywhere.
Kula
Authors: Campbell Shirley
Published: September 2018

The Kula is a unique exchange of shell valuables between men in the Massim cultural region of the Milne Bay province, Papua New Guinea. The exchange of armshells and necklaces was first described in 1922 by Bronisław Malinowski, the father of modern anthropological fieldwork methods. The exchange incorporates specific protocols for the movement of the shells in clockwise and anticlockwise directions around the Kula “ring.” Participants develop strong partnerships, relationships, and status within and between men living in the Massim. The Kula continues to feature prominently in the theory of economic anthropology.
MSM
(Men Who Have Sex with Men)
Authors: Dowsett Gary W.
Published: September 2018

This entry examines the origins of the now‐common epidemiological term “MSM,” or “men who have sex with men,” in relation to the global HIV pandemic and to the place of gay men and modern gay communities within it. Since the term gained global currency in the HIV/AIDS field, it has gained wide use in epidemiology, social science, and international public health. Its problems, however, remain.
Scientific Expertise
Authors: Caduff Carlo
Published: September 2018

Anthropologists have always been interested in knowledge and knowledge practices, and Paul Radin's account,
Primitive Man as Philosopher
, published in 1927, represents just one among many other contributions. But scientific expertise as an ethnographic object in itself has only recently emerged as an important topic in the discipline of anthropology. What is scientific expertise? Who counts as an expert? And what is the place of expert knowledge in constructions of contemporary worlds?
Stylistics
Authors: Jeffries Lesley
Published: September 2018

Stylistics is the study of style in texts. Stylisticians historically studied literary texts but their work now covers all linguistic and some multimodal texts. Though concerned centrally with the text itself, stylistics also investigates the producer's and reader's meaning. The main concepts of stylistics are foregrounding, deviation (external and internal), and parallelism.
Legal Language
Authors: Riner Robin Conley
Published: September 2018

Legal language is a powerful form of discourse that constructs and reproduces sociolegal institutions, relationships, and epistemologies. The linguistic details of legal language are understood as constituting and reflecting broader power relations, social structures, and institutions. While much legal language scholarship focuses on formal law, many researchers have investigated the linguistic terrain of conflict management and dispute processing in less formal contexts. Studies of legal language are interdisciplinary. Methods used include ethnography, conversation and discourse analysis, narrative, and formal linguistic analysis.
Surplus
Authors: Sillitoe Paul
Published: September 2018

Surplus appears a straightforward idea—being whatever is left over after meeting requirements—but it is actually challenging to pin down. It has both biological and social dimensions. The notion features centrally in Marxist theory, where its expropriation is the mechanism of worker exploitation. Surplus for economists today is the excess supply of goods over demand.