bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Common heterozygous hemochromatosis gene mutations are risk factors for inflammation and fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Geier Andreas , Reugels Michael , Weiskirchen Ralf , Wasmuth Hermann E. , Dietrich Christoph G. , Siewert Elmar , Gartung Carsten , Lorenzen Johann , Bosserhoff Anja K. , Brügmann Marc , Gressner Axel M. , Matern Siegfried , Lammert Frank
Published: July 2004

Abstract:  Background: Chronic hepatitis C is frequently associated with increased hepatic iron stores. It remains controversial whether heterozygous mutations of hemochromatosis genes affect fibrosis progression. Therefore our aim was to assess associations between HFE mutations and hepatic inflammation and stage of fibrosis in German hepatitis C patients.

Methods: Liver biopsies from 166 patients were scored for inflammatory activity (A0–4) and hepatic fibrosis (F0–4). Gene mutations were determined by LightCycler, restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, or direct sequencing.

Results: The frequencies of common HFE mutations C282Y and H63D are 4.2% and 21.3%, whereas the recently described S65C substitution and the Y250X mutation in the transferrin receptor 2 gene are very rare. In regression analysis, heterozygous carriers of C282Y or H63D mutations display significantly (P<0.05) higher inflammatory activities and more advanced fibrosis than patients without mutations. For C282Y heterozygous patients, the odds ratios for marked inflammatory activity (A2–4) and advanced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis (F2–4) are 4.9 and 4.6, respectively, compared with patients carrying homozygous wild‐type alleles. C282Y mutations are associated with significantly (P<0.05) increased serum iron and aminotransferase levels, whereas H63D heterozygotes display higher transferrin saturation, serum iron, and ferritin concentrations compared to wild‐type (P<0.01).

Conclusions: Common heterozygous hemochromatosis mutations are associated with higher grades of inflammation and more severe hepatic fibrosis. Our findings support a role of HFE mutations as primary risk factors for fibrogenesis and disease progression in chronic hepatitis C.
Characteristics of murine histidinaemia and its potential for genetic manipulation
Authors: Mellor N. , Themis M. , Selden C. , Jones M. , Hodgson H. J. F.
Published: July 2004

Abstract: Background: Histidinaemia is an autosomal recessive disorder affecting the hepatic enzyme histidine ammonia lyase (histidase) resulting in elevated plasma and urinary histidine and is prototypic of a series of hepatic cytosolic enzyme defects.

Aims: To characterise the physiology of murine histidinaemia with respect to histidine excretion and catabolism, and explore the potential for manipulating cellular and whole body histidase metabolism by gene transfer.

Materials and Methods: We studied his/his mice which have a G to A substitution in the gene encoding histidase, using both in vitro transduction of isolated hepatocytes by lipofection with wild‐type histidase cDNA, and in vivo transduction of whole liver using a retroviral construct.

Results and Conclusion: Histidase cDNA expression restored histidase activity in vivo and in vitro towards normal levels, demonstrated both at the cellular level and by whole body metabolic studies, establishing the potential of this model for the development of new gene therapeutic approaches.
Tissue collection, transport and isolation procedures required to optimize human hepatocyte isolation from waste liver surgical resections. A multilaboratory study
Authors: Richert Lysiane , Alexandre Eliane , Lloyd Tom , Orr Samantha , Viollon‐Abadie Catherine , Patel Rakhee , Kingston Shaun , Berry David , Dennison Ashley , Heyd Bruno , Mantion Georges , Jaeck Daniel
Published: July 2004

Abstract: Background: The European Center for Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM) has funded a prevalidation study in three laboratories (France, USA and UK) on the use of human hepatocyte cultures to predict cytochrome P‐450 induction.

Aims and Methods: As first stage of this prevalidation study, the purpose of the present work was to set criteria for optimization and harmonization of hepatocyte isolation from human tissue among laboratories to establish a routine procedure. This was achieved by combining and/or comparing the data generated by the two independent European laboratories (France and UK).

Results: The results confirmed that surgical waste material is a valuable source for obtaining high quality hepatocytes under certain pre‐, intra‐ and post‐operative conditions: cell yield of viable hepatocytes was not significantly affected by age and sex of patients, nor indications for resection, steatosis or cholestasis. Cold ischeamia up to 5 hours did not influence viable cell yield allowing transport of material.

Conclusion: The use of biopsy sizes between 50–100 g, cannulation with 2–4 cannulae, digestion with collagenase‐containing digestion medium at a flow rate of 25 ml/cannula for 20 minutes, with cut surface being glued in order to reform Glisson's capsule, should optimize the total yield of viable human hepatocytes obtained per preparation of waste liver surgical resecitons.
Contextual Therapy: Brief Treatment of an Addict and Spouse
Authors: BERNAL GUILLERMO , RODRIGUEZ CARMENZA , DIAMOND GUY
Published: July 2004

The clinical and theoretical applications of contextual therapy for the treatment of drug abuse are presented. A case study illustrates intervention strategies, the therapy process, and a contextual‐intergenerational view of drug addiction. Contextual concepts of intergenerational processes, loyalty, fairness, accountability, and trust are defined and applied. Four stages of brief contextual therapy are presented, and the process is examined using examples from transcribed transactions of the therapy sessions. It is suggested that contextual therapy offers conceptual and methodological tools for working with complex situations often involved in drug abuse cases.
Disappeared: Semantic and Somatic Effects of Political Repression in a Family Seeking Therapy
Authors: SLUZKI CARLOS E.
Published: July 2004

The admission interview and a brief course of therapy with a family of six living in a repressive political context is presented. The context is described, the initial interview detailed, and seven sessions summarized. This is followed by a discussion of the effects of the political climate on the family's language, social adaptation, and health, and of the goals of therapy with families of disappeared people (desaparecidos).
Measurement Issues in Family Assessment: The Case of the Family Environment Scale
Authors: ROOSA MARK W. , BEALS JANETTE
Published: July 2004

The internal consistency reliabilities of 5 subscales of the Family Environment Scale were re‐examined in a study of 311 stressed and 74 control families. The reliability coefficients generated were lower than those originally reported for this instrument; most coefficients generated were below the acceptable level for practical or research use, and there was considerable variation in the reliabilities across type of stressed family. An attempt to generate more reliable scales using the original items was unsuccessful, and questions about the validity of the subscales were raised. Our results illustrate the importance of examining reliabilities of instruments, even well‐known and widely used instruments, for each sample studied.
Session‐Intersession Sequences in the Treatment of Chronic Anorexic‐Bulimic Patients: Following the Model of “Family Games”
Authors: VIARO MAURIZIO
Published: July 2004

In this article, the author presents some technical aspects of a psychotherapeutic approach for treating chronic anorectic patients. Two basic principles underlie the approach. First, the main purpose of the treatment is to improve the patient's relational skills in order to enable her to cope with her family's “game.” Second, the therapeutic relationship is considered hierarchically subordinate to her relationships outside the therapeutic context. Mastering the model of families with anorectics is essential if the therapists is to be consistent with these principles. Specialized training in verbal and nonverbal communication is considered a useful tool.
Six Characters in Search of an Author: A Constructivist View
Authors: JOHNSON SCOTT
Published: July 2004

The investigation of imaginative literature has been one of psychotherapy's most useful tools for the explication of its theories and the general dissemination of psychotherapeutic concepts. Using this idea, I examine Luigi Pirandello's play Six Characters in Search of an Author from a constructivist, family therapy, point of view.
Love and Violence: Gender Paradoxes in Volatile Attachments
Authors: GOLDNER VIRGINIA , PENN PEGGY , SHEINBERG MARCIA , WALKER GILLIAN
Published: July 2004

This article presents a multidimensional, theoretical model for the understanding of relationships in which men are violent toward women. It argues that abusive relationships exemplify, in extremis, the stereotypical gender arrangements that structure intimacy between men and women generally. Moreover, it proposes that paradoxical gender injunctions create insoluble relationship dilemmas that can explode in violence. A multifaceted approach to treatment, which incorporates feminist and systemic ideas and techniques, is described.
A Study of the Role of Gender in Family Therapy Training
Authors: COLEMAN SANDRA B. , AVIS JUDITH MYERS , TUREN MINDY
Published: July 2004

A survey of the role of gender in family therapy training programs was conducted by the Women's Task Force of the American Family Therapy Association (AFTA) in order to determine the extent to which gender issues were included in the curriculum. Questionnaires were sent to 285 programs in the U.S., Canada, and overseas. Only 19% (n = 55) of the original sample participated, with the East Coast representing the largest proportion of respondents. Findings revealed that the three most frequently addressed gender issues are: 1) the impact of cultural and economic conditions on single, female‐headed families; 2) gender issues associated with wife abuse; and 3) an examination of the implications of the therapist's gender in therapy interventions. Only 27 programs identify with a feminist model or have a clearly defined sense of gender awareness. A significant finding associated with the introduction of feminist content was the difficulty of integrating gender issues with major theoretical models. Trainee resistance and lack of faculty awareness were also considered obstacles to including gender in program curriculum.
Documenting a Time‐Bound, Circular View of Hierarchies: A Microanalysis of Parent‐Infant Dyadic Interaction
Authors: FIVAZ‐DEPEURSINGE ELISABETH
Published: July 2004

This article presents a new theory that separates the levels of communication and relates them circularly, namely, by separating time from space/meaning variables. Documenting this proposition requires sequential microdescriptions—a far‐out project in the field of family therapy. In an extensive study of clinical and nonclinical families, starting with available microana‐lytic data on nonverbal parent‐infant dialogue, distinct time organizations have been found to modify the degree of circularity between the levels of interaction according to the observed types of engagement, that is, consensual, conflictual, and paradoxical. The double description of the dyad as a totality versus the dyad as a framing/ developing organization imparts crucial information on how development proceeds in dyadic, co‐evolutive systems, and presumably in larger ones too. In this perspective, a model is elaborated and then applied to a case description in our therapeutic consultation.
A Cross‐Cultural Examination of Proximity and Hierarchy as Dimensions of Family Structure
Authors: FISEK GULER OKMAN
Published: July 2004

Meaningful cross‐cultural application of family therapy theories requires that basic assumptions about normal family functioning be made explicit, and contextual factors be incorporated into the theories. Guided by this understanding, this article examines the family structure dimensions of proximity and generational hierarchy theoretically and empirically. These dimensions and their superordinate construct, boundary permeability, are analyzed in terms of their underlying assumptions. The cross‐cultural validity of the dimensions is assessed using videotaped interactions, projective drawings, and interviews with a sample of 24 Turkish families. Results indicate that proximity is a valid dimension, moderated by the demographic variables of socioeconomic status (SES), mother's working status, family size, and clinical status. Hierarchy is not a valid dimension because the cultural norm of strong hierarchy suppresses variation. The implications for the cross‐cultural transfer of family therapy theories are discussed.
Priority Setting in Family Change and Clinical Practice: The Family FIRO Model
Authors: DOHERTY WILLIAM J. , COLANGELO NICHOLAS , HOVANDER DEBORAH
Published: July 2004

We update a theoretical framework for understanding priority setting for the management of family change, with special emphasis on developmental change. We propose that three core dimensions of family interaction—inclusion, control, and intimacy—constitute an optimal priority sequence for managing major family change stemming from life‐cycle transitions and other stressful experiences. In the next section of the article, we compare the Family FIRO Model and other models of family change. Finally, we suggest that therapists can benefit from an explicit, clinical decision‐making model for setting priorities in treatment: issues of inclusion take precedence over issues of control, which in turn take precedence over issues of intimacy.
Migrants and Their Therapists: A Trans‐Context Approach
Authors: TURNER JEAN E.
Published: July 2004

In this article, I examine how changes in technology, social organization, and economic opportunity are fundamentally altering the encounter between therapists and migrant clients. Approaches are required that take into account the recursive nature of the newly emerging two‐home, trans‐context lifestyle. I outline a second‐order position and lines of questioning that may help migrants and therapists to situate problems in historical‐geographical context, examine structural constraints on choice, and co‐develop options for the future. To illustrate and enlarge upon hypotheses about the life experience of migrants, I analyze a particular Caribbean‐Canadian immigrant story.
Illness, Family Theory, and Family Therapy: I.Conceptual Issues
Authors: WYNNE LYMAN C. , SHIELDS CLEVELAND G. , SIRKIN MARK I.
Published: July 2004

This article examines and clarifies controversies about the concept of illness in the field of family therapy. We contend that illness, as traditionally understood in all cultures, is a relational, transactional concept that is highly congruent with core principles of present‐day family theories. Family therapists need not buy into a biotechnical, reductionistic reframing of illness as disease. Rather, it is more appropriate to conceptualize and work with illness as a narrative placed in a biopsychosocial context. Such a narrative includes how shared responsibility for coping and for finding solutions can take place, without becoming involved in disputes about causal models.
Families in the Sealed Room: Interaction Patterns of Israeli Families During SCUD Missile Attacks
Authors: BEN‐DAVID AMITH , LAVEE YOAV
Published: July 2004

This study attempted to delineate styles of family interaction and behavior during war. Sixty‐six families were randomly selected during the first week of the Gulf War and were telephone‐interviewed using a semi‐structured questionnaire. Qualitative methodology was used to analyze the interview transcripts. Three themes emerged: the emotional atmosphere (degree of expressed stress), mode of family organization, and extent and form of interpersonal relationship. When these categories were considered, four types of families were found: (1) the Anxious Family, characterized by high level of stress, low role distribution, negative interaction style; (2) the Cautious Family, with high stress, clear role allocation, positive interaction among members; (3) the Confident Family, typified by low stress level, clear role allocation, and positive non‐interaction; and (4) the Indifferent family, characterized by low stress level, no role allocation, and negative non‐interaction. These findings are discussed in terms of recent attempts to clarify the concept and describe the process of family coping, as well as in terms of understanding family behavior in other stressful situations.
A “Good Enough” Separation: Some Characteristic Operations and Tasks
Authors: ABELSOHN DAVID
Published: July 2004

Perhaps there are advantages, at this stage of our knowledge, to be looking for the adaptive mechanisms of divorcing families where children are involved, rather than focusing primarily on concepts of risk, dysfunction, and disaster. Perhaps what is truly remarkable is that divorcing families are not more disturbed, given the stigmatization, the uncharted nature of this complex upheaval with little normative frame, and diminished financial resources. As a modest offering in this regard, a 3‐year longitudinal study is presented of a nonclinical postseparation family with an adolescent who neither entered nor required treatment. Specifically, their successful resolutions invented for dealing with day‐to‐day divorce dilemmas and challenges are explored.
Cultural and Integrative Therapy Issues in the Treatment of a Jamaican Woman with Panic Disorder
Authors: WATTS‐JONES DARIELLE
Published: July 2004

This article examines the treatment of a Jamaican woman with panic disorder, with a specific focus on the role of culture and the use of multiple formulations of the clinical problem. The work suggests that complex decisions are sometimes called for in assessing whether treatment should advocate against a cultural norm of the clients. The work further suggests that conceptualization of the problem from the vantage point of multiple frameworks is warranted in some instances, but that it requires considerable thought in order to achieve an integrated, coherent treatment plan.
The Reflexive Loop of Past, Present, and Future in Systemic Therapy and Consultation
Authors: BOSCOLO LUIGI , BERTRANDO PAOLO
Published: July 2004

Time is one of the most basic social constructions. There are several different “times” (individual, social, cultural). This article deals with the time variable in systemic therapy — most important variable, but often underestimated by therapists — and seeks to illustrate, with clinical examples, the peculiar interplay of past, present, and future in the therapy session. The co‐creation of the past and future in the therapeutic system is also considered, together with the different temporal horizons of the family therapist and the observation team. In our view, time is one of the key issues in successful therapy: consideration of time can open new perspectives in both therapy and research.
Therapists Ratings of Fundamentalist and Nonfundamentalist Families in Therapy: An Empirical Comparison
Authors: DENTON ROY T. , DENTON MARTHA J.
Published: July 2004

Using the Family Health Scale, Part I of an instrument developed for this study, two randomly selected groups of certified family therapists rated either nonfundamentalist or fundamentalist families in therapy on eight recognized indicators of family health. Factor analysis yielded eight factors accounting for 66% of the variance between groups. Cannonical discriminant function analysis revealed that therapists rated fundamentalist families as significantly less healthy on three of the eight factors and more healthy on one factor. Part II of this instrument, the Religion Impact Scale assessed the effects of church community and church teachings upon families. For fundamentalists, the church and concomitant belief system had a significant impact upon family organization and functioning. Theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
Navigating Treatment Impasses at the Disclosure of Incest: Combining Ideas from Feminism and Social Constructionism
Authors: SHEINBERG MARCIA
Published: July 2004

This article describes an approach to the social and emotional schisms that characterize the disclosure of intrafamilial sexual abuse (incest). It argues that ideas from social constructionism and feminism can be combined in such a way that what appear as either/or choices become both‐and possibilities. These include: social control versus therapy, shame versus pride, attachment to one's abusive partner versus attachment to one's injured child, and “justice” versus “care.”
From Front Line to Home Front: A Study of Secondary Traumatization
Authors: SOLOMON ZAHAVA , WAYSMAN MARK , LEVY GABY , FRIED BATIA , MIKULINCER MARIO , BENBENISHTY RAMI , FLORIAN VICTOR , BLEICH AVI
Published: July 2004

While the long‐term effects of combat trauma on veterans have been studied extensively, its impact on veterans' wives has yet to be investigated. This study examined the implications of combat‐induced psychopathology — wartime combat stress reaction (CSR) and current posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) — in a sample of 205 wives of Israeli combat veterans of the 1982 Lebanon war. Results show that both CSR and PTSD were associated with increased psychiatric symptoms in the wives. In addition, current PTSD was particularly found to contribute to impaired social relations among veterans' wives in a broad range of contexts, from inner feelings of loneliness, through impaired marital and family relations, and extending to the wider social network. Implications of these findings for treatment and further research are discussed.
Behavioral Problems in Sons of Incarcerated or Otherwise Absent Fathers: The Issue of Separation
Authors: GABEL STEWART
Published: July 2004

The decade of the 1980s witnessed more than a doubling in the number of incarcerated individuals. Little is known about the psychological reactions of children whose parents are incarcerated, although a variety of behavioral disorders apparently related to separation, stigma, and deception of the child has been reported. The possibility of aggressive or antisocial behavior emerging in sons of incarcerated fathers has been mentioned as of particular concern in some reports. This article discusses salient themes in the literature on the reactions of children to parental incarceration, with an emphasis on boys' reactions to incarceration of their fathers. It critiques this literature and compares the findings with literature on the effects of separation in father absence related to other causes (for example, divorce, death, military service). Behavioral or emotional disorder associated with paternal incarceration probably is related mainly to associated factors such as the meaning of the incarceration to the child, the remaining caretaker's psychological characteristics and psychopathology, the parenting relationship between the caretaker and the child, and the coping capacities and resources of the family, rather than to the separation itself. Recommendations for further research in this increasingly important field are provided.
The California Family Health Project: V. Family Problem Solving and Adult Health
Authors: RANSOM DONALD C. , LOCKE ELIZABETH , TERRY HOWARD E. , FISHER LAWRENCE
Published: July 2004

This article explores the relationship between family Problem Solving and the Health of adults in a community‐based sample of 225 families. Family Problem Solving refers to the ways in which the family conducts itself to resolve a shared problem. Sixteen observer ratings of family Problem‐Solving behavior during a 30‐minute task were developed, based on the Simulated Family Activity Measure (SIMFAM), and good interrater agreement was achieved. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) yielded a set of three well‐constructed, interpretable dimensions: Problem‐Solving Effectiveness, Problem‐Solving Style, and Sociomotor Activity. Multidimensional scaling analyses (MDS) suggested that family problem‐solving behavior involved an organized, means‐end sequence of family behaviors in which aspects of style served problem‐solving effectiveness. All 16 Problem‐Solving variables were analyzed with a set of 14 health variables, for husbands and wives separately, using canonical correlation. No subset of Problem‐Solving variables was significantly associated with a subset of Health variables for either husbands or wives, although there was a significant association between the two sets of variables when taken as a whole. Given previous research on family Problem Solving, we conclude that the absence of significant associations between particular aspects of family Problem Solving and Health may be due to our use of a community‐based rather than a stressed or clinical sample. Associations between Family Problem Solving and Health might best be viewed in the context of other family variables.
Mixed chimerism is frequent after allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation with positive CD34 selection, and is not reverted by low doses of donor T‐cells add‐back
Authors: Rodríguez‐Luaces Marta , Ferrá Christelle , Martín‐Henao Gregorio , Berlanga Juan José , Grañena Albert , Gallardo David
Published: July 2004

Abstract:  The incidence of full donor chimerism (full DC) after CD34+‐selected peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (CD34+‐PBSCT) is controversial. Whereas the initial reports suggested a high incidence of full DC (hypothetically because of the high number of CD34+ cells infused) more recent works describe a high incidence of mixed lymphoid chimerism. There are no data concerning the ability of low‐dose donor T‐lymphocyte add‐back on conversion to full DC. Methods: We prospectively monitored the chimerism status of 25 patients undergoing CD34+‐PBSCT and the effect on chimerism of delayed low doses of donor T‐cell add‐back (TCAB). One, two or three doses of TCAB were administered on days +28 (2 × 105 CD3+/kg), +60 (2 × 105 CD3+/kg) and +90 (2 × 106 CD3+/kg), respectively, when on cyclosporine A prophylaxis. Results: Incidence of full DC on day +20 was 56%. However, all but two patients progressed to MC. Fifteen patients were scheduled to TCAB. Six patients with initial MC did not convert to full DC after TCAB. Moreover, seven patients with full DC status progressed to mixed chimerism. Conclusions: Our results indicate that low doses of TCAB administered under cyclosporine A prophylaxis have no effect on the eradication of the recipient cells. We believe that a high dose of CD34+ cells in the grafts of CD34+‐PBSCT is not enough to achieve stable full DC unless a minimum number of CD3+ cells are infused, or more intensified transplant conditioning regimens are employed.
High‐dose chemotherapy and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in high‐risk multiple myeloma
Authors: Murakami Hirokazu , Fujii Hiroshi , Inaba Tohru , Shimazaki Chihiro , Okamoto Sinichirou , Miwa Akiyosi , Sawamura Morio , Abe Masahiro , Chou Takaaki , Asaoku Hideki , Kitahara Yoshikazu , Hayashi Kunihiko , Kosaka Masaaki , Togawa Atsushi , Takatsuki Kiyoshi ,   the Japan Myeloma Study Group
Published: July 2004

Abstract:  We compared the effect of high‐dose therapy together with autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (autoPBSCT) in 60 patients with multiple myeloma (MM) with 90 patients who underwent conventional chemotherapy. We scored the prognostic factors according to our reported classification system that includes measurements of serum albumin, serum beta‐2‐microglobulin, and morphology of myeloma cells selected by multivariate analysis. We separated the patients into three risk groups at stratification level I (low, intermediate and high) and into two risk groups at stratification level II (low and high). AutoPBSCT tended to be as effective for high, as for low‐risk patients in level I, and was obviously as helpful for high, as for low‐risk patients in stratification II. In conclusion, high‐risk patients with MM should be treated with high‐dose therapy accompanied with autoPBSCT like low‐risk patients.
ICE (ifosfamide, carboplatin, etoposide) as second‐line chemotherapy in relapsed or primary progressive aggressive lymphoma – the Nordic Lymphoma Group experience
Authors: M. Jerkeman , S. Leppä , S. Kvaløy , H. Holte
Published: July 2004

Abstract:  Objective: To evaluate ICE (ifosfamide, carboplatin, etoposide) as second‐line chemotherapy in relapsed or primary progressive aggressive lymphoma, in terms of objective response rate (ORR) and peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) harvest mobilization rate. Patient population: A total of 40 patients were included, with a median age of 57 yr. The major histopathological subgroup was diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (n = 27). The indication for ICE was relapse in 23 patients, primary progressive disease in 11, transformation in four and adjuvant primary chemotherapy in one patient. Results: After three cycles of ICE, the ORR was 59%. Among patients with primary progressive disease, ORR was 36% (four of 11). A PBSC harvest after ICE could be performed in 11 of 20 patients, and was sufficient for stem cell rescue in 10 of 20. The median number of collected CD34+ cells was 3.6 × 106 (range 1.4–12.5). In six of 10 patients, an adequate PBSC harvest could be performed with a second mobilization regimen. Conclusion: In this patient population, the rate of response to ICE was comparable with other second‐line regimens used in aggressive lymphoma. The rate of harvest failure (45%) was disappointingly high, compared with previous reports, possibly because of patient selection or differences in granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor (G‐CSF) dosage.
Social Capital and the Interplay of Families and Schools
Authors: Crosnoe Robert
Published: July 2004

Families and schools are two primary sources of social capital in the early life course. This study examines the degree to which these different contexts overlap to shape adolescent development. Multilevel modeling on nationally representative data (n = 11,927) revealed that emotionally distant relationships with parents were associated with declining academic achievement over 2 years of secondary schooling and that various aspects of the social environments of schools were associated with increasing academic achievement during this same period. Additionally, adolescents who had more social capital at home often benefited more from social capital at school.
Exercise Time: Gender Differences in the Effects of Marriage, Parenthood, and Employment
Authors: Nomaguchi Kei M. , Bianchi Suzanne M.
Published: July 2004

Using data from a supplement to the 1995 National Health Interview Survey, this article examines the relationship among three major work and family roles—marriage, parenthood, and employment—and time spent on exercise among American men and women ages 18 to 64 (N = 13,496). As the time availability perspective suggests, work and family roles curtail time for exercise. Married adults spend less time on exercising than unmarried adults. Although the number of children is not related to time spent on exercising, having children under age 5 is negatively associated with exercising. Long hours of employment are also related to less time spent on exercising, although the effect is small. Across the board, women spend less time on exercising than men, but the negative association of work and family roles, especially the role of spouse, with time for exercise is greater for men than for women.
Status Compatibility, Physical Violence, and Emotional Abuse in Intimate Relationships
Authors: Kaukinen Catherine
Published: July 2004

This article analyzing national data (N = 7,408) examines the connection between men's and women's relative economic contributions in families and the risk of husband‐to‐wife physical violence and emotional abuse. Family violence researchers have conceptualized the association between economic variables and the risk of intimate partner violence with respect to the structural dimensions of sociodemographic factors, whereas feminist researchers connect economic power to family dynamics. Marital dependency and stress frustration theories treat income, education, and employment as socioeconomic resources, whereas some feminist research points to the need for research that treats these economic variables as symbolic resources. Although income and educational attainment reduce women's risk of physical violence and emotional abuse by husbands, I find that status incompatibilities between partners that favor women increase the likelihood of emotional abuse.
Predicting Spouses’ Perceptions of Their Parenting Alliance
Authors: Hughes Farrah M. , Gordon Kristina Coop , Gaertner Lowell
Published: July 2004

This study used marital‐ and individual‐level variables to predict spouses’ perceived parenting alliance. One hundred married couples completed measures of parenting alliance, marital consensus, marital power, and depression. Analyses revealed that marital consensus was a significant predictor of parenting alliance for both parents, and that depression also was a significant predictor for wives. Analyses using both spouses’ data indicated that wives’ perceptions of consensus and depression significantly predicted both spouses’ parenting alliance, suggesting that wives are the barometer of the marital relationship (Floyd & Markman, 1983) and of the parenting relationship as well. Implications for research are discussed.
We’re Decent People: Constructing and Managing Family Identity in Rural Working‐Class Communities
Authors: Kiter Edwards Margie L.
Published: July 2004

Using grounded theory methodology, I establish family identity management as an important type of invisible work that connects women's household‐based domestic activities with community members’ perceptions and treatment of them and their family members. Detailed observations of household routines and family interactions, as well as in‐depth interviews with working‐class women living in two rural trailer park communities, provide insight into the meanings women assign to this labor, and their motivations for performing this work. I describe the strategies that women use to accomplish the work, examine how the work supports family life and child development, and explain how the residential environment influences the organization and accomplishment of this work.
Acute nociceptive somatic stimulus sensitizes neurones in the spinal cord to colonic distension in the rat
Authors: Peles Shachar , Miranda Adrian , Shaker Reza , Sengupta Jyoti N.
Published: July 2004

The common co‐existence of fibromyalgia and chronic abdominal pain could be due to sensitization of spinal neurones (SNs), as a result of viscero‐somatic convergence. The objective of this study is to explore the influence of acute nociceptive somatic stimulation in the form of acid injections, into the ipsilateral somatic receptive field of neurones responsive to colorectal distension (CRD), and the potential role of ionotropic glutamate receptors on sensitization. Action potentials of CRD‐sensitive SNs were recorded extracellularly from the lumbar (L2–L5) spinal cord. Stimulus–response functions (SRFs) to graded CRD (10–80 mmHg, 30 s) were constructed before and 30 min after ipsilateral injection of low pH (4.0, 100 μl) saline into the somatic receptive fields. In some experiments, cervical (C1–C2) spinalization was performed to eliminate supraspinal influence. The selective NMDA receptor antagonist CGS 19755 and AMPA receptor antagonist NBQX were injected (25 μmol kg−1, i.v.) to examine their influence on sensitization. Three types of neurones were characterized as short‐latency abrupt (SLA, n= 24), short latency sustained (SLS, n= 12), and long‐latency (LL, n= 6) to CRD. Ipsilateral injection of low pH (4.0) in the somatic receptive field, but not the contralateral gastrocnemius (GN) or front leg muscles, sensitized responses of these neurones to CRD. Spinalization had no influence on the development of low pH‐induced sensitization. Both CGS 19755 and NBQX significantly attenuated the sensitized response to CRD in intact and spinalized animals. Acute nociceptive somatic stimulus sensitizes CRD‐sensitive SNs receiving viscero‐somatic convergence. The sensitization occurs at the spinal level and is independent of supraspinal influence. Ionotropic glutamate receptors in the spinal cord are involved in sensitization.
PACAP modulation of the colon–inferior mesenteric ganglion reflex in the guinea pig
Authors: Ermilov Leonid G. , Schmalz Philip F. , Miller Steven M. , Szurszewski Joseph H.
Published: July 2004

We investigated the effect of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) on the colon–inferior mesenteric ganglion (IMG) reflex loop in vitro. PACAP27 and PACAP38 applied to the IMG caused a prolonged depolarization and intense generation of fast EPSPs and action potentials in IMG neurones. Activation of PACAP‐preferring receptors (PAC1‐Rs) with the selective agonist maxadilan or vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)/PACAP (VPAC) receptors with VIP produced similar effects whereas prior incubation of the IMG with selective PAC1‐R antagonists PACAP6‐38 and M65 inhibited the effects of PACAP. Colonic distension evoked a slow EPSP in IMG neurones that was reduced in amplitude by prolonged superfusion of the IMG with either PACAP27, maxidilan, PACAP6‐38, M65 or VIP. Activation of IMG neurones by PACAP27 or maxadilan resulted in an inhibition of ongoing spontaneous colonic contractions. PACAP‐LI was detected in nerve trunks attached to the IMG and in varicosities surrounding IMG neurones. Cell bodies with PACAP‐LI were present in lumbar 2–3 dorsal root ganglia and in colonic myenteric ganglia. Colonic distension evoked release of PACAP peptides in the IMG as measured by radioimmunoassay. Volume reconstructed images showed that a majority of PACAP‐LI, VIP‐LI and VAChT‐LI nerve endings making putative synaptic contact onto IMG neurones and a majority of putative receptor sites containing PAC1‐R‐LI and nAChR‐LI on the neurones were distributed along secondary and tertiary dendrites. These results suggest involvement of a PACAP‐ergic pathway, operated through PAC1‐Rs, in controlling the colon–IMG reflex.
Selective block of the human 2‐P domain potassium channel, TASK‐3, and the native leak potassium current, IKSO, by zinc
Authors: Clarke Catherine E. , Veale Emma L. , Green Paula J. , Meadows Helen J. , Mathie Alistair
Published: July 2004

Background potassium channels control the resting membrane potential of neurones and regulate their excitability. Two‐pore‐domain potassium (2‐PK) channels have been shown to underlie a number of such neuronal background currents. Currents through human TASK‐1, TASK‐2 and TASK‐3 channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes were inhibited by extracellular acidification. For TASK‐3, mutation of histidine 98 to aspartate or alanine considerably reduced this effect of pH. Zinc was found to be a selective blocker of TASK‐3 with virtually no effect on TASK‐1 or TASK‐2. Zinc had an IC50 of 19.8 μm for TASK‐3, at +80 mV, with little voltage dependence associated with this inhibition. TASK‐3 H98A had a much reduced sensitivity to zinc suggesting this site is important for zinc block. Surprisingly, TASK‐1 also has histidine in position 98 but is insensitive to zinc block. TASK‐3 and TASK‐1 differ at position 70 with glutamate for TASK‐3 and lysine for TASK‐1. TASK‐3 E70K also had a much reduced sensitivity to zinc while the corresponding reverse mutation in TASK‐1, K70E, induced zinc sensitivity. A TASK‐3–TASK‐1 concatamer channel was comparatively zinc insensitive. For TASK‐3, it is concluded that positions E70 and H98 are both critical for zinc block. The native cerebellar granule neurone (CGN) leak current, IKSO, is sensitive to block by zinc, with current reduced to 0.58 of control values in the presence of 100 μm zinc. This suggests that TASK‐3 channels underlie a major component of IKSO. It has recently been suggested that zinc is released from inhibitory synapses onto CGNs. Therefore it is possible that inhibition of IKSO in cerebellar granule cells by synaptically released zinc may have important physiological consequences.
α5 subunit‐containing GABAA receptors affect the dynamic range of mouse hippocampal kainate‐induced gamma frequency oscillations in vitro
Authors: Towers S. K. , Gloveli T. , Traub R. D. , Driver J. E. , Engel D. , Fradley R. , Rosahl T. W. , Maubach K. , Buhl E. H. , Whittington M. A.
Published: July 2004

Though all in vitro models of gamma frequency network oscillations are critically dependent on GABAA receptor‐mediated synaptic transmission little is known about the specific role played by different subtypes of GABAA receptor. Strong expression of the α5 subunit of the GABAA receptor is restricted to few brain regions, amongst them the hippocampal dendritic layers. Receptors containing this subunit may be expressed on the extrasynaptic membrane of principal cells and can mediate a tonic GABAA conductance. Using hippocampal slices of wild‐type (WT) and α5−/− mice we investigated the role of α5 subunits in the generation of kainate‐induced gamma frequency oscillations (20–80 Hz). The change in power of the oscillations evoked in CA3 by increasing network drive (kainate, 50–400 nm) was significantly greater in α5−/− than in WT slices. However, the change in frequency of gamma oscillations with increasing network drive seen in WT slices was absent in α5−/− slices. Raising the concentration of extracellular GABA by bathing slices in the GABA transaminase inhibitor vigabatrin and blocking uptake with tiagabine reduced the power of gamma oscillations more in WT slices than α5−/− slices (43%versus 15%). The data suggest that loss of this GABAA receptor subunit alters the dynamic profile of gamma oscillations to changes in network drive, possibly via actions of GABA at extrasynaptic receptors.
Numerical Identification of Electromagnetic Force Parameters for Linearized Rotordynamic Model of Cage Induction Motors
Authors: Holopainen Timo P. , Tenhunen Asmo , Lantto Erkki , Arkkio Antero
Published: July 2004

The electromechanical interaction in cage induction motors induces additional forces between the rotor and stator. Recently, a linear parametric model was presented for these forces and the model was validated experimentally. The effective identification of the model parameters is crucial, because the electromagnetic system is nonlinear. The aim of this study was to present how to apply the impulse response method to estimate the required parameters. The numerical results show that this method is very effective. In addition, the force model was combined with a mechanical rotor model and the feasibility for electromechanical rotor problems was demonstrated.
Optimal Implementation of Miniature Piezoelectric Panel Speakers Using the Taguchi Method and Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Bai Mingsian R.
Published: July 2004

A thin and miniature piezoelectric panel speaker has been developed in this paper. The system is modeled using the energy method in conjunction with the finite element method. The electrical system, mechanical system and acoustic loading are considered in combined fashion. The genetic algorithm (GA) and the Taguchi method are employed to achieve optimal designs with low fundamental frequency and high acoustic output. The designs resulting from the optimization are then implemented and evaluated by experiments. These experiments were carried out on the basis of quantitative and subjective performance measures. The experimental results indicate that the piezoelectric panel speakers are capable of producing comparable acoustic output with significantly less electrical power than the conventional voice-coil panel speakers.
Development of a PVDF Sensor for the Measurement of the Acoustic Local Volume Displacement of Vibrating Beams
Authors: Rozema Randall , Zellers Brian , Naghshineh Koorosh , Zahui Marcellin
Published: July 2004

One method of reduction of radiated sound from vibrating structures is to reduce the surface volume velocity. At low frequencies, the volume velocity (or volume displacement) of a vibrating surface is directly related to the sound power emitted from that surface. Recent methods used for sensing surface volume displacement entail the use of a surface mounted strip of shaped polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) that spans the entire length of the structure. This paper shows that the volume displacement of a vibrating beam can be measured through the use of a set of localized PVDF sensors each spanning only an area of interest. Summation of the volume displacements measured by these sensors would yield the total beam volume displacement. In this application it was shown that two point sensors are required in addition to the distributed PVDF sensor to achieve such measurements. To examine the localized sensors developed, four beams with different end conditions (fixed-fixed, fixed-free, fixed-simply supported, and simply supported-simply supported) were constructed. In designing the localized surface sensors, the sensor shapes necessary to measure a localized area of interest were determined, these sensors were constructed, and subsequently tested using a fixture constructed for this specific purpose. Finally, a comparison between the measured values obtained using these combined PVDF/Accelerometer sensors were compared to those obtained using an array of accelerometers was performed to determine the accuracy of these sensors. It was discovered that the localized sensors developed were sufficiently accurate for sensing the volume displacement of the vibrating beam within a 0–1600 Hz frequency range. Possible sources of error are discussed in the text.
Pull-in Dynamics of an Elastic Beam Actuated by Continuously Distributed Electrostatic Force
Authors: Krylov Slava , Maimon Ronen
Published: July 2004

A detailed study of the transient nonlinear dynamics of an electrically actuated micron scale beam is presented. A model developed using the Galerkin procedure with normal modes as a basis accounts for the distributed nonlinear electrostatic forces, nonlinear squeezed film damping, and rotational inertia of a mass carried by the beam. Special attention is paid to the dynamics of the beam near instability points. Results generated by the model and confirmed experimentally show that nonlinear damping leads to shrinkage of the spatial region where stable motion is realizable. The voltage that causes dynamic instability, in turn, approaches the static pull-in value.
Vibration Analysis of Non-Classically Damped Linear Systems
Authors: Liu, Z. S. , Song, and D. T. , Huang C. , Wang D. J. , Chen S. H.
Published: July 2004

This Technical Brief presents a new method for vibration analysis of a non-classically damped system. The basic idea is to introduce a transformation, which bears clear physical meaning, so that the original non-classical damped system is transformed into a new 2nd-order system that does not have the damping term. The transformed system not only provides an alternative of calculating response, but also reveals more clearly vibration behaviors of the original system.
Vibrations of Stiffened Composite Panels With Smart Materials
Authors: Poulin Kevin C. , Vaicaitis Rimas
Published: July 2004

A numerical study of the use of electrorheological (ER) fluids and piezoelectric (PZT) actuators to control random vibrations of stiffened composite panels is presented. Active control of stiffness and damping is provided by the ER fluids and direct feedback control is provided by the PZT’s. New forms of transfer matrices are developed to include the effects of these smart materials. The modal equations of an equivalent uniform panel are converted into state-space form and digital stochastic feedback control is implemented. PZT direct feedback control is compared with digital stochastic feedback control. Parametric studies quantify the effect of actuator size and number, and ER fluid action.