bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Next-to-leading-order QCD corrections and parton-shower effects for weakino+squark production at the LHC
Authors: Baglio Julien , Coniglio Gabriele , Jäger Barbara , Spira Michael
Published: December 2021

Abstract

We present a calculation of the next-to-leading order QCD corrections to weakino+squark production processes at hadron colliders and their implementation in the framework of the POWHEG-BOX, a tool for the matching of fixed-order perturbative calculations with parton-shower programs. Particular care is taken in the subtraction of on-shell resonances in the real-emission corrections that have to be assigned to production processes of a different type. In order to illustrate the capabilities of our code, representative results are shown for selected SUSY parameter points in the pMSSM11. The perturbative stability of the calculation is assessed for the pp →$$ {\tilde{\upchi}}_1^0{\tilde{d}}_L $$

χ
˜

1
0

d
˜

L

process. For the squark+chargino production process pp →$$ {\upchi}_1^{-}{\tilde{u}}_L $$

χ
1
−

u
˜

L

distributions of the chargino’s decay products are provided with the help of the decay feature of PYTHIA 8.
Electroweak skyrmions in the HEFT
Authors: Criado Juan Carlos , Khoze Valentin V. , Spannowsky Michael
Published: December 2021

Abstract

We study the existence of skyrmions in the presence of all the electroweak degrees of freedom, including a dynamical Higgs boson, with the electroweak symmetry being non-linearly realized in the scalar sector. For this, we use the formulation of the Higgs Effective Field Theory (HEFT). In contrast with the linear realization, a well-defined winding number exists in HEFT for all scalar field configurations. We classify the effective operators that can potentially stabilize the skyrmions and numerically find the region in parameter spaces that support them. We do so by minimizing the static energy functional using neural networks. This method allows us to obtain the minimal-energy path connecting the vacuum to the skyrmion configuration and calculate its mass and radius. Since skyrmions are not expected to be produced at colliders, we explore the experimental and theoretical bounds on the operators that generate them. Finally, we briefly consider the possibility of skyrmions being dark matter candidates.
Second-Order PDEs in 3D with Einstein–Weyl Conformal Structure
Authors: Berjawi S. , Ferapontov E. V. , Kruglikov B. S. , Novikov V. S.
Published: December 2021

Einstein–Weyl geometry is a triple $$({\mathbb {D}},g,\omega )$$

(
D
,
g
,
ω
)

where $${\mathbb {D}}$$
D
is a symmetric connection, [g] is a conformal structure and $$\omega $$
ω
is a covector such that $$\bullet $$
∙
connection $${\mathbb {D}}$$
D
preserves the conformal class [g], that is, $${\mathbb {D}}g=\omega g$$

D
g
=
ω
g

; $$\bullet $$
∙
trace-free part of the symmetrised Ricci tensor of $${\mathbb {D}}$$
D
vanishes. Three-dimensional Einstein–Weyl structures naturally arise on solutions of second-order dispersionless integrable PDEs in 3D. In this context, [g] coincides with the characteristic conformal structure and is therefore uniquely determined by the equation. On the contrary, covector $$\omega $$
ω
is a somewhat more mysterious object, recovered from the Einstein–Weyl conditions. We demonstrate that, for generic second-order PDEs (for instance, for all equations not of Monge–Ampère type), the covector $$\omega $$
ω
is also expressible in terms of the equation, thus providing an efficient ‘dispersionless integrability test’. The knowledge of g and $$\omega $$
ω
provides a dispersionless Lax pair by an explicit formula which is apparently new. Some partial classification results of PDEs with Einstein–Weyl characteristic conformal structure are obtained. A rigidity conjecture is proposed according to which for any generic second-order PDE with Einstein–Weyl property, all dependence on the 1-jet variables can be eliminated via a suitable contact transformation.
Change in Rhetoric but not in Action? Framing of the Ethical Issue of Modern Slavery in a UK Sector at High Risk of Labor Exploitation
Authors: Gutierrez-Huerter O Gabriela , Gold Stefan , Trautrims Alexander
Published: December 2021

This article shows how the ethical framing of the contemporary issue of modern slavery has evolved in UK construction, a sector in which there is a high risk of labor exploitation. It also examines how these framing dynamics have inhibited the emergence of a common framework of action to deal with the issue. We draw on both framing theory and the literature on the discursive construction of moral legitimacy. Our longitudinal analysis reveals that actors seeking to shape the debate bring their own moral schemes to justify and construct the legitimacy of their frames. Actors cluster their views around five evolving frames: human rights issue (later shifting to hidden crime), moral issue, management issue (later shifting to human moral obligation), social justice issue, and decent work issue—which promote particular normative evaluations of what the issue is, who is responsible, and recommendations for action. Our study contributes to a dynamic and political understanding of the meaning making of modern slavery. We identify the antecedents and conditions that have forestalled the emergence of new patterns of action to tackle modern slavery in the UK construction sector thereby evidencing the effects of the interplay of morally competing frames on field-level change.
Inverse parameter estimation to predict material parameters of the Cowper–Symonds constitutive equation in electrohydraulic forming process
Authors: Woo Mina , Kim Jeong
Published: December 2021

The development of a reliable numerical simulation is essential for understanding high-speed forming processes such as electrohydraulic forming (EHF). This numerical model should be created based on the accurate material properties. However, dynamic material properties at strain rates exceeding 1000 s$$^{-1}$$

-
1

cannot be easily obtained through an experimental approach. Thus, this study predicted two material parameters in the Cowper–Symonds constitutive equation based on inverse parameter estimation, such that the parameters predicted using the numerical simulation corresponded well with those obtained from the experimental results. The target material was a 1-mm-thick Al 5052-H32 sheet. The comparison target included the final deformation shape of the sheet in the EHF-free bulging test at three input voltages of 6, 7, and 8 kV. For the inverse parameter estimation, the posterior distribution for the two parameters included a likelihood and a prior distribution. For the likelihood construction, a reduced-order surrogate model was developed in advance to substitute the numerical simulation based on ordinary Kriging and principal component analysis. Moreover, the error distribution of the bulge height between the experiment and reduced-order surrogate model was obtained. The prior distribution at 7 kV was defined as a uniform distribution, and the posterior distribution at 7 kV was employed as a prior distribution at 6, 7, and 8 kV. Furthermore, Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling was employed and the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm was adopted to obtain the samples following the posterior distribution. After the autocorrelation calculation for sample independence, the lag with an autocorrelation of $$\pm \,0.02$$

±

0.02

interval was selected and every lag$$^{\mathrm {th}}$$

th

sample was obtained. The total number of acquired samples was $$10^{5}$$

10
5

, and the mean values were calculated from the obtained samples. Consequently, the numerical simulation with mean values displayed good agreement with the experimental results.
Ultrasonic agitation reduces the time of calcium hydroxide antimicrobial effect and enhances its penetrability
Authors: de Andrade Flaviana Bombarda , da Silva Munhoz Vasconcelos Layla Reginna , Pereira Thais Cristina , Garcia Roberto Brandão , Bramante Clóvis Monteiro , Duarte Marco Antônio Hungaro
Published: December 2021

Objectives: The objective of the present work was to evaluate the ultrasonic agitation, time and vehicle (propylene glycol or distilled water) on the antimicrobial potential and penetrability of calcium hydroxide pastes on infected dentin by means of Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) and microbiological culture (MC). Materials and methods: Dentin specimens were infected with Enterococcus faecalis using a new contamination protocol of 5 days. The specimens were divided into eight groups and dressed with the pastes for 7 or 15 days: G1) calcium hydroxide (CH) + propylene glycol (prop)/7 days (d), G2) CH + prop/7d + ultrasonic agitation (U), G3) CH + distilled water (dw)/7d, G4) CH + dw/7d + U, G5) CH + prop/15d, G6) CH + prop/15d + U, G7) CH + dw/15d, G8) CH + dw/15d + U. The ultrasonic activation was made for 1 min in both directions with a plain point insert. After medications removal, the images obtained by CLSM showed the viable (green) and dead (red) bacteria with Live and Dead dye. By the MC, the dentinal wall debris obtained by burs were collected for colony counts. For the penetration test, the Rodamine B dye was added to the CH pastes and analyzed by CLSM. Results: The 7 and 15-days CH + prop+U pastes performed better antimicrobial efficacy, followed by the CH + dw+U/15d paste. Conclusions: All pastes demonstrated better penetration and antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis when agitated with ultrasound, even in periods of up to seven days. The propylene glycol vehicle showed better results. Clinical relevance: Agitation of the dressing that remains for less time inside the root canal can optimize the decontamination of endodontic treatment.
Gambling Among Finnish 14–16-Year-Old Adolescents Before (2008–2009), During (2010–2011), and After (2013–2017) Setting the Legal Age Limit of 18 for Gambling and the Role of Socio-Economic Status
Authors: Latvala Tiina , Lintonen Tomi , Luopa Pauliina , Raisamo Susanna
Published: December 2021

Legislation prohibiting minors from engaging in gambling is a gambling policy measure set to protect adolescents from the harmful effects of gambling. The Finnish gambling system is based on a state monopoly, regulated by the Lotteries Act. After an amendment to the Lotteries Act, the new minimum legal gambling age was raised to 18 years old between 2010 and 2011. The main purpose of this study was to discover how the amendment to the act altered adolescents’ gambling (14–16-year-olds) and to examine whether the amendment decreased socio-economic differences. Adolescents gambling was studied before (2008–2009), during (2010–2011), and after (2013–2017) the age limit of gambling was raised in Finland. The study based on five waves (2008–2009, 2010–2011, 2013, 2015, 2017) of the national repeated cross-sectional School Health Promotion Study. Cross-tabulations where gambling was studied by study year and socio-economic status (SES) were formulated, and the statistical differences were studied by using χ2-tests. Percentage change in gambling frequency was also examined by study year and SES. Study years were analyzed separately to model the weekly gambling via logistic regression models. Adolescent gambling significantly decreased over time. It appears that raising the legal gambling age had a permanent effect on under-aged gambling. However, differences in gambling by adolescents’ family’s SES increased during the study period, indicating widening inequalities in gambling among adolescents. Diminishing inequalities in adolescent gambling is likely to require both societal action and consensus on adolescent gambling being a significant social and public health concern.
Higher-Dimensional Stick Percolation
Authors: Broman Erik I.
Published: December 2021

We consider two cases of the so-called stick percolation model with sticks of length L. In the first case, the orientation is chosen independently and uniformly, while in the second all sticks are oriented along the same direction. We study their respective critical values $$\lambda _c(L)$$

λ
c

(
L
)

of the percolation phase transition, and in particular we investigate the asymptotic behavior of $$\lambda _c(L)$$

λ
c

(
L
)

as $$L\rightarrow \infty $$

L
→
∞

for both of these cases. In the first case we prove that $$\lambda _c(L)\sim L^{-2}$$

λ
c

(
L
)

∼

L

-
2

for any $$d\ge 2,$$

d
≥
2
,

while in the second we prove that $$\lambda _c(L)\sim L^{-1}$$

λ
c

(
L
)

∼

L

-
1

for any $$d\ge 2.$$

d
≥
2
.
Braided $$\varvec{L_{\infty }}$$-algebras, braided field theory and noncommutative gravity
Authors: Dimitrijević Ćirić Marija , Giotopoulos Grigorios , Radovanović Voja , Szabo Richard J.
Published: December 2021

We define a new homotopy algebraic structure, that we call a braided $$L_\infty $$

L
∞

-algebra, and use it to systematically construct a new class of noncommutative field theories, that we call braided field theories. Braided field theories have gauge symmetries which realize a braided Lie algebra, whose Noether identities are inhomogeneous extensions of the classical identities, and which do not act on the solutions of the field equations. We use Drinfel’d twist deformation quantization techniques to generate new noncommutative deformations of classical field theories with braided gauge symmetries, which we compare to the more conventional theories with star-gauge symmetries. We apply our formalism to introduce a braided version of general relativity without matter fields in the Einstein–Cartan–Palatini formalism. In the limit of vanishing deformation parameter, the braided theory of noncommutative gravity reduces to classical gravity without any extensions.
Integrability of the generalised Hill problem
Authors: Combot Thierry , Maciejewski Andrzej J. , Przybylska Maria
Published: December 2021

We consider a certain two-parameter generalisation of the planar Hill lunar problem. We prove that for nonzero values of these parameters the system is not integrable in the Liouville sense. For special choices of parameters the system coincides with the classical Hill system, the integrable synodical Kepler problem or the integrable parametric Hénon system. We prove that the synodical Kepler problem is not super-integrable, and that the parametric Hénon problem is super-integrable for infinitely many values of the parameter.
Utilization rate of the fleet: a novel performance metric for a novel shared mobility
Authors: González Ana Belén Rodríguez , Wilby Mark Richard , Díaz Juan José Vinagre , Pozo Rubén Fernández , Ávila Carmen Sánchez
Published: December 2021

Car-sharing systems have irrupted in our cities following the shared mobility paradigm. They have evolved the personal mobility market from product-based into service-oriented, which ultimately provides a positive impact on the city’s sustainability. Car sharing systems are a complex interactive service, whose dynamics can dramatically affect its operational viability. In order to better asses this viability, we must rely on data to produce novel metrics that characterize both the user behavior and the service performance. Up to date, research has focused on modeling the demand on the basis of the number of rentals that start within a specific time slot. However, this approach seems unable to provide a representative metric of the performance of a car-sharing system. In this paper, we propose a novel metric, the utilization rate of the fleet, which considers the precise number of vehicles within a fleet that are in service every minute of the day. From this basic metric, we derive a key performance indicator (KPI) to reflect the viability of any car-sharing system in economic and sustainability terms. We have applied this new metric and KPI to a dataset with 449 days of car2go data, collected in 10 European cities.
Application of the Ultrafiltration and Photooxidation Process for the Treatment of Rainwater
Authors: Marszałek Anna , Dudziak Mariusz
Published: December 2021

As water resources become increasingly scarce, the concept of water reuse is gaining importance. Recently, attention has been paid to the use of rainwater as an alternative water resource. Part of this study, laboratory-scale experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the ultrafiltration process. The aim of the research was to assess the influence of pollutants from various roof coverings on the ultrafiltration process and the occurrence of membrane fouling. Additionally, the rainwater disinfection process was performed using UV radiation. Analysis of rainwater collected from various roofing materials, evaluating rainwater treatment by ultrafiltration in a cross-flow system, determination of the effectiveness and efficiency of the UF membrane, and additional disinfection of rainwater using UV radiation were carried out. Rainwater was collected from various roofing materials, such as steel roof tiles (RW1), bituminous shingles (RW2), and tar paper roofing (RW3). The treatment efficiency of ultrafiltration was evaluated by monitoring typical quality parameters: color, turbidity, COD, TOC, absorbance of UV254, ammonium, conductivity, and pH. Coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli and Enterococci, were monitored as total number of microorganisms at 22 ± 2 °C after 72 h. As expected, a significant reduction in individual parameters was recorded. COD of rainwater decreased in RW1 by 59%, in RW2 by 69%, and in RW3 by 74%. The ultrafiltration process ensured the complete retention of the coliform bacteria and E. coli. Complete elimination of microorganisms was demonstrated when the ultrafiltration process and UV radiation disinfection were combined.
Systemic liquidity contagion in the European interbank market
Authors: Macchiati Valentina , Brandi Giuseppe , Di Matteo Tiziana , Paolotti Daniela , Caldarelli Guido , Cimini Giulio
Published: December 2021

Systemic liquidity risk, defined by the International Monetary Fund as “the risk of simultaneous liquidity difficulties at multiple financial institutions,” is a key topic in financial stability studies and macroprudential policy-making. In this context, the complex web of interconnections of the interbank market plays the crucial role of allowing funding liquidity shortages to propagate between financial institutions. Here, we introduce a simple yet effective model of the interbank market in which liquidity shortages propagate through an epidemic-like contagion mechanism on the network of interbank loans. The model is defined by using aggregate balance sheet information of European banks, and it exploits country and bank-specific risk features to account for the heterogeneity of financial institutions. Moreover, in order to obtain the European-wide topology of the interbank network, we define a block reconstruction method based on the exchange flows between the various countries. We show that the proposed contagion model is able to estimate systemic liquidity risk across different years and countries. Results suggest that our effective contagion approach can be successfully used as a viable alternative to more realistic but complicated models, which not only require more specific balance sheet variables with high time resolution but also need assumptions on how banks respond to liquidity shocks.
Variations of widespread extreme cold and warm days in winter over China and their possible causes
Authors: Zuo Zhiyan , Li Mingqian , An Ning , Xiao Dong
Published: December 2021

The two leading modes of winter surface air temperature (SAT) over China during 1961–2017 are a spatially consistent pattern and a north-south dipole pattern. Based on the two leading modes, the characteristics of the extreme cold and warm days in the two patterns, defined by the standard deviation larger than 1.28 or smaller than −1.28 in the time series of the two leading modes, are analyzed. With the increase of winter SAT during 1961–2017, the number of spatially consistent extreme cold days decreased and their occurrence was restricted to late December to early January, whereas the number of spatially consistent extreme warm days increased significantly in January and February. Global warming is associated with an increase in the spatially consistent extreme warm days and a decrease in spatially consistent extreme cold days, but has little relation to the sum of extreme cold and warm days of either the spatially consistent or north-south dipole pattern. The Siberian High (SH) is the main factor controlling the sum of spatially consistent extreme warm and cold days. The strong (weak) SH before (after) the 1990s corresponds to an increase (decrease) in the sum of the spatially consistent extreme warm and cold days. The occurrences of extreme south-cold-north-warm and extreme south-warm-north-cold days are related to the north-south difference of the SH. When the center of the SH is in mid-high latitudes, the extreme south-warm-north-cold (south-cold-north-warm) days occur more (less) often. During the winters of 1961–2017, the total number of extreme cold and warm days of the north-south dipole pattern changes negligibly. The North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) may be the main factor affecting the sum of the extreme cold and warm days of the two types of SAT pattern in China.
Use of machine learning for unraveling hidden correlations between particle size distributions and the mechanical behavior of granular materials
Authors: González Tejada Ignacio , Antolin P.
Published: December 2021

A data-driven framework was used to predict the macroscopic mechanical behavior of dense packings of polydisperse granular materials. The discrete element method, DEM, was used to generate 92,378 sphere packings that covered many different kinds of particle size distributions, PSD, lying within 2 particle sizes. These packings were subjected to triaxial compression and the corresponding stress–strain curves were fitted to Duncan–Chang hyperbolic models. An artificial neural network (NN) scheme was able to anticipate the value of the model parameters for all these PSDs, with an accuracy similar to the precision of the experiment and even when the NN was trained with a few hundred DEM simulations. The estimations were indeed more accurate than those given by multiple linear regressions (MLR) between the model parameters and common geotechnical and statistical descriptors derived from the PSD. This was achieved in spite of the presence of noise in the training data. Although the results of this massive simulation are limited to specific systems, ways of packing and testing conditions, the NN revealed the existence of hidden correlations between PSD of the macroscopic mechanical behavior.
Toward On-Line Slag Composition Analysis: Optical Emissions from Laboratory Electric Arc
Authors: Pauna H. , Tuomela A. , Aula M. , Turunen P. , Pankratov V. , Huttula M. , Fabritius T.
Published: December 2021

Electric arc furnaces and ladle furnaces have an important role in the future of steelmaking where

$$\hbox {CO}_2$$

CO
2

emissions have to be mitigated to an acceptable level. One way to address this goal is to optimize and improve the current practices by adjusting the chemistry and reactions with material additions or gas injections. These procedures would greatly benefit from on-line slag composition analysis. Since the electric arcs radiate throughout the melting, optical emission spectroscopy is a potential method for such analysis. In this study, optical emissions from the electric arc are measured in a laboratory environment. Dozens of atomic emission lines were correlated with

$$\hbox {Cr}_2\hbox {O}_3$$

Cr
2

O
3

,

$$\hbox {Fe}_2\hbox {O}_3$$

Fe
2

O
3

,

$$\hbox {Al}_2\hbox {O}_3$$

Al
2

O
3

,

$$\hbox {SiO}_2$$

SiO
2

, MnO, MgO, CaO,

$$\hbox {CaF}_2$$

CaF
2

,

$$\hbox {V}_2\hbox {O}_5$$

V
2

O
5

, and Ni content of the slag together with correlation between

$$\hbox {CaF}_2$$

CaF
2

and molecular optical emission bands of CaF. Optimal spectral resolution for industrial applications was deducted to be between 0.022 and 0.179 nm.
Emerging immunological strategies: recent advances and future directions
Authors: Zhao Hongyun , Luo Fan , Xue Jinhui , Li Su , Xu Rui-Hua
Published: December 2021

Immunotherapy plays a compelling role in cancer treatment and has already made remarkable progress. However, many patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors fail to achieve clinical benefits, and the response rates vary among tumor types. New approaches that promote anti-tumor immunity have recently been developed, such as small molecules, bispecific antibodies, chimeric antigen receptor T cell products, and cancer vaccines. Small molecule drugs include agonists and inhibitors that can reach the intracellular or extracellular targets of immune cells participating in innate or adaptive immune pathways. Bispecific antibodies, which bind two different antigens or one antigen with two different epitopes, are of great interest. Chimeric antigen receptor T cell products and cancer vaccines have also been investigated. This review explores the recent progress and challenges of different forms of immunotherapy agents and provides an insight into future immunotherapeutic strategies.
Computed tomography investigation of the material structure in clinch joints in aluminium fibre-reinforced thermoplastic sheets
Authors: Gröger Benjamin , Köhler Daniel , Vorderbrüggen Julian , Troschitz Juliane , Kupfer Robert , Meschut Gerson , Gude Maik
Published: December 2021

Recent developments in automotive and aircraft industry towards a multi-material design pose challenges for modern joining technologies due to different mechanical properties and material compositions of various materials such as composites and metals. Therefore, mechanical joining technologies like clinching are in the focus of current research activities. For multi-material joints of metals and thermoplastic composites thermally assisted clinching processes with advanced tool concepts are well developed. The material-specific properties of fibre-reinforced thermoplastics have a significant influence on the joining process and the resulting material structure in the joining zone. For this reason, it is important to investigate these influences in detail and to understand the phenomena occurring during the joining process. Additionally, this provides the basis for a validation of a numerical simulation of such joining processes. In this paper, the material structure in a joint resulting from a thermally assisted clinching process is investigated. The joining partners are an aluminium sheet and a thermoplastic composite (organo sheet). Using computed tomography enables a three-dimensional investigation that allows a detailed analysis of the phenomena in different joining stages and in the material structure of the finished joint. Consequently, this study provides a more detailed understanding of the material behavior of thermoplastic composites during thermally assisted clinching.
Novel members of bacterial community during a short-term chilled storage of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)
Authors: Kaszab Edit , Farkas Milán , Radó Júlia , Micsinai Adrienn , Nyírő-Fekete Brigitta , Szabó István , Kriszt Balázs , Urbányi Béla , Szoboszlay Sándor
Published: December 2021

This work aimed to identify the key members of the bacterial community growing on common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fillets during chilled storage with next-generation sequencing (NGS) and cultivation-dependent methods. Carp fillets were stored for 96 h at 2 °C and 6 °C with and without a vacuum package, and an additional frozen-thawed storage experiment was set for 120 days. Community profiles of the initial and stored fish samples were determined by amplicon sequencing. Conventional microbial methods were used parallelly for the enumeration and cultivation of the dominant members of the microbial community. Cultivated bacteria were identified with 16S rRNA sequencing and the MALDI-TOF MS method. Based on our results, the vacuum package greatly affected the diversity and composition of the forming microbial community, while temperature influenced the cell counts and consequently the microbiological criteria for shelf-life of the examined raw fish product. Next-generation sequencing revealed novel members of the chilled flesh microbiota such as Vagococcus vulneris or Rouxiella chamberiensis in the vacuum-packed samples. With traditional cultivation, 161 bacterial strains were isolated and identified at the species level, but the identified bacteria overlapped with only 45% of the dominant operational taxonomic units (OTUs) revealed by NGS. Next-generation sequencing is a promising and highly reliable tool recommended to reach a higher resolution of the forming microbial community of stored fish products. Knowledge of the initial microbial community of the flesh enables further optimization and development of processing and storage technology.
A Strobilanthes (Acanthaceae) miscellany
Authors: Wood John R. I. , Scotland R. W.
Published: December 2021

This paper presents miscellaneous, previously unpublished results arising from the authors’ research into Strobilanthes. S. moylaniae J.R.I.Wood & Scotland from New Guinea and S. dengii J.R.I.Wood & Scotland from Sumatra are proposed as new species, while an unnamed species is described from Sumba Island in Indonesia in the hope that it might be rediscovered. A new subspecies, subsp. subovata J.R.I.Wood & Scotland is described for S. timorensis Nees, while attention is drawn to its plietesial flowering pattern. The new combinations S. benculensis (Bremek.) J.R.I.Wood & Scotland, S. wetarensis (Bremek.) J.R.I.Wood & Scotland, S. javanica (Bremek.) J.R.I.Wood & Scotland and S. serpens (Nees) J.R.I. Wood & Scotland are made. Typification is clarified and where appropriate lectotypes are designated for Hemigraphis hispidula Craib, Lepidagathis setigera Blume, Ruellia crispa L., R. sabiniana Lindl., Strobilanthes duclouxii Benoist, S. erecta C.B.Clarke, S. flava Kurz, S. forrestii Diels, S. scabra Nees, S. secunda T.Anderson and S. thomsonii T.Anderson.
Panoramic radiography in dentistry
Authors: Różyło-Kalinowska Ingrid
Published: December 2021

Panoramic radiography is an extraoral radiography modality that provides two-dimensional information about the teeth and the maxillofacial skeleton. It is a valuable adjunct for diagnosis and treatment planning as it facilitates one-time imaging of all teeth, the mandible, parts of maxilla including a large part of the maxillary sinus, hard palate and temporomandibular joints (TMJs). As a tomographic image is prone to errors and artefacts, a good quality radiograph in most patients can be achieved by following the standard rules and through proper patient positioning. In this article, we will discuss indications for panoramic radiography imaging, steps in taking the radiograph, as well as limitations, pitfalls and complications of the procedure. Tomographic imaging of temporomandibular joint is also discussed.
Comparison of the effects of three types of heating tobacco system and conventional cigarettes on indoor air quality
Authors: Enomoto Yoshihiro , Imai Ryosuke , Nanjo Keiko , Fukai Yuichi , Ishikawa Katsura , Kotaki Misato
Published: December 2021

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) from conventional cigarettes is reported to affect indoor air quality (IAQ) in various real indoor environments. Recently, Japan Tobacco Inc. introduced three types of tobacco product that are heated rather than combusted. These comprise one direct heating tobacco system and two in-direct heating tobacco systems. In this study, the impact of using these products on IAQ was evaluated in an environmentally controlled chamber. Two environmental conditions, simulating restaurant and residential spaces, were examined. Under the same conditions, cigarette smoking and the presence of people only were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. The indoor air concentrations of 48 constituents (tobacco-specific nitrosamines, carbonyls, volatile organic compounds, total volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, polycyclic aromatic amines, mercury, metals, ETS markers, propylene glycol, glycerol, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, suspended particle matter, ammonia, and nitrogen oxides) were measured. Compared with the presence of people, the concentrations of some constituents were actually increased when using heating tobacco products under both environmental conditions, simulating restaurant and residential spaces. However, the constituent concentrations were lower than those obtained by cigarette smoking, except for propylene glycol and glycerol, and below the exposure limits for constituents in air, as defined by air quality guidelines or regulations. Based on these data, the use of heating tobacco systems in appropriate indoor environments has less impacts compared to conventional cigarettes.

Article Highlights

We measured the indoor air concentrations of chemical constituents generated when using three heating tobacco systems with different heating mechanisms in two environment conditions simulating restaurant and residential spaces (positive control: when smoking cigarettes, negative control: the presence of people only).

In the measurement and analysis method used this study, it was possible to find not only that the air concentration generated when using the heating tobacco systems in this study were considerably lower than that when smoking cigarettes, but also the differences of the concentrations between heating tobacco systems with different heating mechanisms.

We showed some constituents which actually increased the air concentrations when using heating tobacco systems compared with the presence of people only.
A Newly Identified Younger Dryas Component in Eagle Cave, Texas
Authors: Koenig Charles W. , Kilby J. David , Jurgens Christopher J. , Becerra-Valdivia Lorena , Ringstaff Christopher W. , Hanselka J. Kevin , Bush Leslie L. , Frederick Charles D. , Black Stephen L. , Castañeda Amanda M. , Lawrence Ken L. , Mackie Madeline E. , Mead Jim I.
Published: December 2021

Recent excavations by the Ancient Southwest Texas Project of Texas State University sampled a previously undocumented Younger Dryas component from Eagle Cave in the Lower Pecos Canyonlands of Texas. This stratified assemblage consists of bison (Bison antiquus) bones in association with lithic artifacts and a hearth. Bayesian modeling yields an age of 12,660–12,480 cal BP, and analyses indicate behaviors associated with the processing of a juvenile bison and the manufacture and maintenance of lithic tools. This article presents spatial, faunal, macrobotanical, chronometric, geoarchaeological, and lithic analyses relating to the Younger Dryas component within Eagle Cave. The identification of the Younger Dryas occupation in Eagle Cave should encourage archaeologists to revisit previously excavated rockshelter sites in the Lower Pecos and beyond to evaluate deposits for unrecognized, older occupations.
The Governance of Charities in China
Authors: Jing Hui
Published: December 2021

The passage of the Charity Law signals the beginning of a new era in the legal regulation of charities in China. Its provisions reflect the increasing autonomy of charitable actors in exercising their management rights and the reduced control of the government over the use of charity resources. The shift of the state's attitude towards its relationship with the charitable sector brings new insights into the governance of charities in China. This article highlights the public-private law hybrid nature of the new legislative arrangement for charities and outlines the policy dynamics underlying its operation and development. It argues that the hybrid nature of the Charity Law was intentionally created by legislators, and the design of the governance framework for charities should therefore be responsive to this new legislative arrangement. Following on this reasoning, the article explores the implications that analysis of the hybrid nature of the Charity Law has for the governance of charities in China. It identifies the parties relevant to charity governance, the way in which they interact, and the governance principles that can be applied to charities.
Democratic Constitutions, Electoral Commissions and Legitimacy – The Example of Australia
Authors: Kildea Paul , Murray Sarah
Published: December 2021

This article explores the structure, management and institutional design of commissions in Australia and unpacks how these institutions operate within the Australian political landscape. Part 1 looks at the structure of Australian electoral commissions and how they maintain structural independence. Part 2 seeks to better understand Australian electoral institutions, through an examination of how they have manoeuvred administrative and political challenges and emergencies when they have arisen. Finally, Part 3 employs a neo-institutionalist lens to focus on the internal and external dynamics that assist or hinder the operation of commissions in Australia and how legitimacy and institutional trust can be created, maintained and harmed by electoral agencies in the Australian context.
“Outside Lobbying” over the Airwaves: A Randomized Field Experiment on Televised Issue Ads
Authors: KALLA JOSHUA L. , BROOCKMAN DAVID E.
Published: December 2021

We present the first field experiment on how organized interest groups’ television ads affect issue opinions. We randomized 31,404 voters to three weeks of interest group ads about either immigration or transgender nondiscrimination. We then randomly assigned voters to receive ostensibly unrelated surveys either while the ads aired, one day after they stopped, or three days afterwards. Voters recalled the ads, but three ads had a minimal influence on public opinion, whereas a fourth’s effects decayed within one day. However, voters remembered a fact from one ad. Our results suggest issue ads can affect public opinion but that not every ad persuades and that persuasive effects decay. Despite the vast sums spent on television ads, our results are the first field experiment on their persuasive power on issues, shedding light on the mechanisms underpinning—and limits on—both televised persuasion and interest group influence.
Ambivalent fatherland: The Chinese National Salvation Movement in Malaya and Java, 1937–41
Authors: Xie Kankan
Published: December 2021

China's resistance to Japanese aggression escalated into a full-scale war in 1937. The continuously deteriorating situation stimulated the rise of Chinese nationalism in the diaspora communities worldwide. The Japanese invasion of China, accompanied by the emergence of the National Salvation Movement (NSM) in Southeast Asia, provided the overseas Chinese with a rare opportunity to re-examine their ‘Chineseness’, as well as their relationships with the colonial states and the increasingly self-aware indigenous populations. This research problematises traditional approaches that tend to regard the NSM as primarily driven by Chinese patriotism. Juxtaposing Malaya and Java at the same historical moment, the article argues that the emergence of the NSM was more than just a natural result of the rising Chinese nationalism. Local politics and the shifting political orientations of overseas Chinese communities also profoundly shaped how the NSM played out in different colonial states.
Results of the first randomized controlled trial of integrated cognitive-behavioral therapy for eating disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Trottier Kathryn , Monson Candice M. , Wonderlich Stephen A. , Crosby Ross D.
Published: December 2021

Background

Eating disorders (EDs) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) frequently co-occur and can share a functional relationship. The primary aim of this initial randomized controlled trial was to determine whether integrated cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for co-occurring ED-PTSD was superior to standard CBT for ED in improving PTSD symptoms. Intervention safety and desirability, as well as the relative efficacy of the treatments in improving anxiety, depression, and ED symptomatology, were also examined.

Methods

Following a course of intensive ED treatment, individuals with ED-PTSD were recruited to participate and randomized to integrated CBT for ED-PTSD or standard CBT for ED. The sample consisted of 42 individuals with a range of ED diagnoses. Outcomes were assessed at end-of-treatment, 3-, and 6-month follow-up using interview and self-report measures.

Results

Mixed models revealed significant interactions of time and therapy condition on clinician-rated and self-reported PTSD symptom severity favoring Integrated CBT for ED-PTSD. Both treatments were associated with statistically significant improvements in PTSD, anxiety, and depression. Improvements were maintained at 3- and 6-month follow-up. There was good safety with both interventions, and satisfaction with both treatments was high. However, there was a stronger preference for integrated treatment.

Conclusions

Integrating CBTs for PTSD and ED following intensive ED treatment is safe, desirable, and efficacious for improving PTSD symptoms. Future studies with larger sample sizes are needed to determine whether Integrated CBT for ED-PTSD provides benefits over standard CBT for ED with respect to ED outcomes.
Anthropogenic effects on the marine environment adjacent to Palmer Station, Antarctica
Authors: Palmer Terence A. , Klein Andrew G. , Sweet Stephen T. , Montagna Paul A. , Hyde Larry J. , Wade Terry L. , Beseres Pollack Jennifer
Published: December 2021

Localized contamination from research-related activities and its effects on macrofauna communities in the marine environment were investigated at Palmer Station, a medium-sized Antarctic research station. Relatively low concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; 32–302 ng g-1) and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs; 0.9–8.9 μg g-1) were detected in sediments adjacent to the sewage outfall and pier, where most human activities were expected to have occurred, and at even lower concentrations at two seemingly reference areas (PAHs 6–30 ng g-1, TPHs 0.03–5.1 μg g-1). Elevated concentrations of PAHs in one sample taken in one reference area (816 ng g-1) and polychlorinated biphenyls (353 ng g-1) and dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (3.2 and 25.3 ng g-1) in two samples taken adjacent to the sewage outfall indicate spatial heterogeneity of localized sediment contamination. Limpet (Nacella concinna) tissues collected adjacent to Palmer Station had high concentrations of PAHs, copper, lead, zinc and several other metals relative to outlying islands. Sediment and limpet tissue contaminant concentrations have decreased since the early 1990s following theBahía Paraísospill. Natural sediment characteristics affected macrofaunal community composition more than contamination adjacent to Palmer Station, presumably because of the low overall contamination levels.
A brief video-coaching intervention buffers young children's vulnerability to the impact of caregivers’ depressive symptoms: Examination of differential susceptibility
Authors: Liu Sihong , Fisher Philip A. , Schlueter Lisa J. , Phu Tiffany , Gunnar Megan R. , Watamura Sarah E.
Published: December 2021

Informed by the National Institute of Mental Health's Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) and developmental psychopathology frameworks, the current study used cortisol area under the curve with respect to ground (AUCg) as an index of differential sensitivity to context, which was expected to predispose young children with elevated vulnerability to adverse caregiving experiences and adaptive sensitivity to intervention effects. Particularly, the study aimed to determine whether improving caregivers’ responsive parenting through the Filming Interactions to Nurture Development (FIND) intervention would buffer children's biologically embedded vulnerability to caregivers’ depressive symptoms. Data were derived from a randomized controlled trial using pretest–posttest design with low-income families of children aged 4 to 36 months (N = 91). Young children's differential sensitivity was measured using cortisol AUCg during a structured stress paradigm. As hypothesized, children whose cortisol AUCg indicated greater sensitivity to social context exhibited more internalizing and externalizing behaviors in relation to caregivers’ elevated depressive symptoms. Critically, the intervention program was effective in attenuating psychopathology symptoms among the more biologically sensitive children. As proven by rigorous statistical tests, the findings of this study partially supported the differential susceptibility hypotheses, indicating both greater vulnerability to adverse conditions and responsiveness to intervention among children with high levels of cortisol AUCg.
Separating minimal valuations, point-continuous valuations, and continuous valuations
Authors: Goubault-Larrecq Jean , Jia Xiaodong
Published: December 2021

We give two concrete examples of continuous valuations on dcpo’s to separate minimal valuations, point-continuous valuations, and continuous valuations:

(1)

Let ${\mathcal J}$ be the Johnstone’s non-sober dcpo, and μ be the continuous valuation on ${\mathcal J}$ with μ(U)=1 for nonempty Scott opens U and μ(U)=0 for $U=\emptyset$. Then, μ is a point-continuous valuation on ${\mathcal J}$ that is not minimal.

(2)

Lebesgue measure extends to a measure on the Sorgenfrey line $\mathbb{R}_\ell$. Its restriction to the open subsets of $\mathbb{R}_\ell$ is a continuous valuation λ. Then, its image valuation $\overline\lambda$ through the embedding of $\mathbb{R}_\ell$ into its Smyth powerdomain $\mathcal{Q}\mathbb{R}_\ell$ in the Scott topology is a continuous valuation that is not point-continuous.

We believe that our construction $\overline\lambda$ might be useful in giving counterexamples displaying the failure of the general Fubini-type equations on dcpo’s.
Delirium: Prevalence and outcome in the very old in 27 medical departments during a one-year prospective study
Authors: Marquetand Justus , Bode Leonie , Fuchs Simon , Ernst Jutta , von Känel Roland , Boettger Soenke
Published: December 2021

Objective

The prevalence and effects of delirium in very old individuals aged ≥80 years have not yet been systematically evaluated. Therefore, this large single-center study of the one-year prevalence of delirium in 3,076 patients in 27 medical departments of the University Hospital of Zurich was conducted.

Methods

Patient scores on the Delirium Observation Screening scale, Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist,Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 5th edition, and electronic Patient Assessment–Acute Care (nursing tool) resulted in the inclusion of 3,076 individuals in 27 departments. The prevalence rates were determined by simple logistic regressions, odds ratios (ORs), and confidence intervals.

Results

Of the 3,076 patients, 1,285 (41.8%) developed delirium. The prevalence rates in the 27 departments ranged from 15% in rheumatology (OR = 0.30) to 73% in intensive care (OR = 5.25). Delirious patients were more likely to have been admitted from long-term care facilities (OR = 2.26) or because of emergencies (OR = 2.24). The length of their hospital stay was twice as long as that for other patients. Some died before discharge (OR = 24.88), and others were discharged to nursing homes (OR = 2.96) or assisted living facilities (OR = 2.2).

Conclusion

This is the largest study to date regarding the prevalence of delirium in patients aged ≥80 years and the medical characteristics of these patients. Almost two out of five patients developed delirium, with a high risk of loss of independence and mortality.