bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early childhood circumcision in Australia: Trends over 20 years and interrupted time series analysis
Authors: Qin Kirby R. , Paynter Jessica A. , Wang Luke C. , Mollah Taha , Qu Liang G.
Published: May 2021

Background

Male circumcision is one of the most common surgical procedures performed in the Australian private sector. This study examines the trends in childhood circumcision throughout the early 21st century.

Methods

Circumcisions performed between 2000 and 2019 amongst preschool‐aged Australian boys (0–4 years) were obtained from the Medicare Benefits Schedule. Quarterly data for Victoria and South Australia were divided into three phases separated by (i) state‐wide bans of non‐therapeutic circumcision in the public sector (2007) and (ii) a disfavouring of non‐therapeutic circumcisions by the Royal Australasian College of Physicians (2010). Interrupted time series analyses determined differences between pre‐ban (2000–2007), post‐ban (2007–2010) and reversal (2010–2019) phases.

Results

Altogether, 478 717 circumcisions were performed on preschool‐aged boys. Incidence progressed from 2675 per 100 000 preschoolers in 2000 to 3140 in 2008 to 1875 in 2019. In Victoria, the baseline (Q1‐2000) rate of circumcision was 294.9 per 100 000. This rose by +1.3 (1.1 to 4.1, p < 0.001) per quarter pre‐ban and +6.6 (3.0 to 10.3, p = 0.001) post‐ban before decreasing by −13.1 (−16.4 to −9.8, p < 0.001) in the reversal phase. In South Australia, the initial rate was 745.2 per 100 000 and increased by +1.4 (0.0 to 2.8, p = 0.045) per quarter pre‐ban, +7.6 (0.5 to 14.7, p = 0.035) post‐ban and retracted by −20.8 (−27.9 to −13.7, p < 0.001) during the reversal phase.

Conclusion

The incidence of childhood circumcisions in Australia observed a significant rise and fall throughout the early 21st century. Medical and surgical authorities may have played an important role in the gradual reduction of procedures over the last decade.
Review article: the evolution of endpoint assessments for chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting and post‐operative nausea and vomiting—a perspective from the US Food and Drug Administration
Authors: Gabby Maegan E. , Bugin Kevin , Lyons Erica
Published: May 2021

Background

Nausea and vomiting can result in decreased compliance with oncologic therapies for patients with chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting (CINV); and increase complications and recovery time for patients with post‐operative nausea and vomiting (PONV). CINV refers to nausea and vomiting after antineoplastic therapy administration and PONV is nausea and/or vomiting that occurs in the post‐anaesthesia care unit or during the 24 hours following surgery.

Aim

To analyse the evolution of endpoint assessments utilised in clinical trials to support FDA approval of CINV and PONV therapeutics.

Methods

A review supported by the US FDA analysed 31 approved New Drug Applications, respective clinical trial protocols and product labelling for CINV or PONV therapeutics with an emphasis on primary endpoint selection.

Results

Analysis revealed primary endpoints have become more refined and now often include the assessment of both vomiting and rescue medication use (ie, Complete Response). Additionally, the visual analogue scale was recognised as the most prevalent instrument to assess nausea as 58% of reviewed applications included this assessment. An imbalance between available therapies for adults and paediatric patients was also identified as only 39% of the reviewed approved products were indicated for paediatric use.

Conclusion

The goal of this research was to inform and identify future opportunities for enhanced clinical trial design. Nausea assessment was identified as an opportunity for continued research and development due to the large heterogeneity of instruments used. Furthermore, there is a need for the development of safe and efficacious antiemetic treatments for paediatric patients.
Development and characterization of two novel 68Ga‐labelled neuropeptide Y short analogues with potential application in breast cancer imaging
Authors: Cardoso María Elena , Tejería Emilia , Zirbesegger Kevin , Savio Eduardo , Terán Mariella , Rey Ríos Ana María
Published: May 2021

In vivo receptor targeting with radiolabelled peptide‐based probes is an attractive approach for the development of novel radiotracers for molecular imaging. This work presents the development and characterization of two novel neuropeptide Y analogues labelled with a positron emitter 68Ga, for potential use in breast cancer imaging. Both analogues share the same amino acid sequence and were derivatized with NOTA through either a lysine linker (L1) or an acetylated lysine (L2). In both cases, a single product with radiochemical purity higher than 95% was obtained. The two complexes were hydrophilic, showed remarkable in vitro stability, good cellular uptake, binding affinity in the nanomolar range and high cellular internalization rate. Biodistribution studies revealed low blood uptake and elimination through the urinary tract. The addition of an acetyl group in the spacer increased the lipophilicity of C2 and modified the reactivity of the ε‐amino group of the lysine which resulted in lower protein binding and lower percentage of injected dose in bladder and urine. The tumour versus muscle ratio was (3.8 ± 0.4) for 68Ga‐L1 and (4.7 ± 0.4) for 68Ga‐L2. These results encourage performing further studies in order to complete the evaluation of both tracers as potential radiopharmaceutical for breast cancer imaging.
Bone mineral density at extremely low weight in patients with anorexia nervosa
Authors: Bemer Pauline , Di Lodovico Laura , Haykanush Ohanyan , Théodon Hélène , Briot Karine , Carlier Robert , Dicembre Marika , Duquesnoy Maéva , Melchior Jean‐Claude , Hanachi Mouna
Published: May 2021

Objective

Low bone mineral density (BMD) is a frequent and invalidating consequence of chronic undernourishment in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). The aim of this study was to assess prevalence and clinic‐biological correlates of low BMD and fractures in extremely undernourished inpatients with AN.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Patients and measurements

This study included 97 extremely malnourished female inpatients with AN consecutively admitted over 2 years. Clinical‐biological variables, history of fractures and BMD by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) were examined to find predictors of low BMD and fractures.

Results

The prevalence of low BMD was of 51% for lumbar spine and 38% for femoral neck. Z‐scores were lower at lumbar spine (−2.2 ± 1.2 SD) than at femoral neck (−1.9 ± 0.9 SD) (P<.01). Fragility fractures were reported by 10% of patients. BMD was mainly predicted by FFM, illness duration, age at onset and restricting AN (P<.05). Fractures were predicted by sodium concentrations, femoral neck Z‐score and illness duration (P<.03).

Conclusion

Extremely severe patients with AN have high prevalence of low BMD, predicted by severity and chronicity of malnutrition.
Autogenous Mineralized Dentin versus Xenograft granules in Ridge Preservation for Delayed Implantation in Post‐extraction Sites: A Randomized controlled clinical trial with an 18 months follow‐up
Authors: Santos Alexandre , Botelho João , Machado Vanessa , Borrecho Gonçalo , Proença Luís , Mendes José João , Mascarenhas Paulo , Alcoforado Gil
Published: May 2021

Objectives

To test primary stability of delayed implants placed in post‐extraction ridges preserved with autogenous mineralized dentin matrix (MDM) versus xenograft granules. Clinical, histological and pain experience outcomes were further assessed.

Material and Methods

From March 2018 to July 2020, patients requiring ridge preservation in preparation for delayed implant placement in post‐extraction sites were included. Participants were randomly allocated to either the test (MDM) or control group (xenograft granules) prior to ridge preservation. Visual analogue scale and analgesic consumption were measured every day for a week. Six months after preservation, trephine cores were harvested for histomorphometry prior to implant placement. Implants were then placed, and implant stability was measured immediately as well as two months after placement. Marginal bone loss and presence of mucositis/peri‐implantitis were registered up to 18 months after prosthetic loading.

Results

Fifty‐two patients (66 implants) completed the study. MDM and xenograft groups presented similar primary (77.1 ± 6.9 versus. 77.0 versus. 5.9) and secondary (81.8 ± 5.1 versus. 80.1 ± 3.8) implant stabilities. The percentage of newly formed bone in MDM (47.3%) was significantly higher than xenograft (34.9%) (p < .001), and the proportion of residual graft was significantly lower (12.2% in MDM and 22.1% in xenograft) (p < .001). No significant differences were found as far as clinical, radiographic and patient‐related outcomes.

Conclusions

Implants placed in sites preserved with MDM had similar primary stability in comparison to xenograft granules. MDM showed a significantly higher quantity of newly formed bone and lower amount of residual graft in histomorphometry results and equal clinical and patient‐related outcomes.
Climate adaptation interventions for iconic fauna
Authors: Mason Claire , Hobday Alistair J. , Alderman Rachael , Lea Mary‐Anne
Published: May 2021

Climate adaptation is an emerging practice in biodiversity conservation, but little is known about the scope, scale, and effectiveness of implemented actions. Here, we review and synthesize published reports of climate adaptation interventions for iconic fauna. We present a systematic map of peer‐reviewed literature databases (Web of Science and Scopus); however, only nine climate adaptation actions targeting iconic fauna were returned. In the grey and informal literature, there were many instances of practical intervention within our scope, that were not uncovered during traditional systematic search methods. The richness of actions reported in commercial news, government and non‐government organization media outlets and other online sources vastly outweighs the limited studies that have been robustly evaluated and reported in the scientific literature. From our investigation of this emerging field of conservation practice, we draw insights and pen a series of recommendations for the field moving forward. Key recommendations for future adaptation interventions include: the sharing and publishing of climate‐related conservation interventions, the use of standardized metrics for reporting outcomes, the implementation of experimental controls for any actions undertaken, and reporting and evaluation of both failures and successes.
Effect of difelikefalin, a selective kappa opioid receptor agonist, on respiratory depression:A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Viscusi Eugene R. , Torjman Marc C. , Munera Catherine L. , Stauffer Joseph W. , Setnik Beatrice S. , Bagal Sukirti N.
Published: May 2021

Difelikefalin, a selective kappa opioid receptor agonist designed to limit central nervous system (CNS) penetration, is under development for the treatment of pruritus. Its hydrophilic, small‐peptidic structure limits CNS entry, minimizing potential CNS‐mediated adverse events (AEs). This study assessed the effect of difelikefalin on key relevant measures of respiratory depression in healthy volunteers. This single‐center, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, three‐way crossover study enrolled healthy, nonsmoking volunteers. Subjects were randomized to 1 of 3 treatment sequences of difelikefalin (1.0 or 5.0 mcg/kg i.v.) or placebo on sequential days with an intervening 24 (±2) h washout period. The primary end points included incidence of increased end‐tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) greater than or equal to 10 mm Hg versus baseline or a level greater than 50 mm Hg sustained greater than or equal to 30 seconds, and incidence of reduction in saturation of peripheral oxygen (SpO2) to less than 92% sustained greater than or equal to 30 seconds. Secondary end points included incidence of reduced respiratory rate and other safety assessments. Fifteen subjects were randomized and completed the study. No subject on placebo or difelikefalin met the increased ETCO2or reduced SpO2primary end point criteria for respiratory depression. All respiratory measures in each group remained near baseline values during 4‐h postdose observations. No subject met the reduced respiratory rate criterion or experienced clinically significant changes in ETCO2, SpO2, or respiratory rate. The most commonly reported treatment‐emergent AEs (TEAEs; ≥20% of subjects) were paresthesia, hypoesthesia, and somnolence in the difelikefalin arms. All TEAEs were mild and resolved without intervention. Difelikefalin 1.0 and 5.0 mcg/kg i.v. did not produce respiratory depression.
Effects of 5‐HT₃ receptor antagonists on cisplatin‐induced kidney injury
Authors: Goda Mitsuhiro , Kanda Masaya , Yoshioka Toshihiko , Yoshida Ami , Murai Yoichi , Zamami Yoshito , Aizawa Fuka , Niimura Takahiro , Hamano Hirofumi , Okada Naoto , Yagi Kenta , Chuma Masayuki , Izawa‐Ishizawa Yuki , Ishizawa Keisuke
Published: May 2021

Nausea, vomiting, and renal injury are the common adverse effects associated with cisplatin. Cisplatin is excreted via the multidrug and toxin release (MATE) transporter, and the involvement of the MATE transporter in cisplatin‐induced kidney injury has been reported. The MATE transporter is also involved in the excretion of ondansetron, but the effects of 5‐HT3 receptor antagonists used clinically for cisplatin‐induced renal injury have not been elucidated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 5‐HT3 receptor antagonists in a mouse model of cisplatin‐induced kidney injury and to validate the results using medical big data analysis of more than 1.4 million reports and a survey of 3000 hospital medical records. The concomitant use of a first‐generation 5‐HT3 receptor antagonist (ondansetron, granisetron, or ramosetron) significantly increased cisplatin accumulation in the kidneys and worsened renal damage. Conversely, the concomitant use of palonosetron had no effect on renal function compared with the use of cisplatin alone. Furthermore, an analysis of data from the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System and retrospective medical records revealed that the combination treatment of cisplatin and a first‐generation 5‐HT3 receptor antagonist significantly increased the number of reported renal adverse events compared with the combination treatment of cisplatin and a second‐generation 5‐HT3 receptor antagonist. These results suggest that compared with the first‐generation antagonists, second‐generation 5‐HT3 receptor antagonists do not worsen cisplatin‐induced acute kidney injury. The findings should be validated in a prospective controlled trial before implementation in clinical practice.
Quality of life assessment in amyloid transthyretin (ATTR) amyloidosis
Authors: Aimo Alberto , Rapezzi Claudio , Perfetto Federico , Cappelli Francesco , Palladini Giovanni , Obici Laura , Merlini Giampaolo , Di Bella Gianluca , Serenelli Matteo , Zampieri Mattia , Milani Paolo , Licordari Roberto , Teresi Lucio , Ribarich Nicolò , Castiglione Vincenzo , Quattrone Filippo , De Rosis Sabina , Vergaro Giuseppe , Panichella Giorgia , Emdin Michele , Passino Claudio
Published: May 2021

Background

Amyloid transthyretin (ATTR) amyloidosis is caused by the systemic deposition of transthyretin molecules, either normal (wild‐type ATTR, ATTRwt) or mutated (variant ATTR, ATTRv). ATTR amyloidosis is a disease with a severe impact on patients’ quality of life (QoL). Nonetheless, limited attention has been paid to QoL so far, and no specific tools for QoL assessment in ATTR amyloidosis currently exist. QoL can be evaluated through patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs), which are completed by patients, or through scales, which are compiled by clinicians. The scales investigate QoL either directly or indirectly, i.e., by assessing the degree of functional impairment and limitations imposed by the disease.

Design

Search for the measures of QoL evaluated in phase 2 and phase 3 clinical trials on ATTR amyloidosis.

Results

Clinical trials on ATTR amyloidosis have used measures of general health status, such as the Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF‐36), or tools developed in other disease settings such as the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) or adaptations of other scales such as the modified Neuropathy Impairment Score +7 (mNIS+7).

Conclusions

Scales or PROMs for ATTR amyloidosis would be useful to better characterize newly diagnosed patients and to assess disease progression and response to treatment. The ongoing ITALY (Impact of Transthyretin Amyloidosis on Life qualitY) study aims to develop and validate 2 PROMs encompassing the whole phenotypic spectrum of ATTRwt and ATTRv amyloidosis, that might be helpful for patient management and may serve as surrogate endpoints for clinical trials.
Evaluation of head and neck cancer education at European dental schools
Authors: Poelman Marcella R. , Brand Henk S. , Foppen Laura , de Visscher Jan G.A.M. , Jager Derk H. Jan
Published: May 2021

Aim

In Europe, approximately 150.000 patients are diagnosed with head and neck cancer annually. Dentists play an important role in prevention and detection at an early stage when survival rates are best. This study aims to evaluate content of head and neck cancer education curricula of European dental schools.

Materials and Methods

A questionnaire, comprising 20 questions about content of curricula and teaching methods, was distributed to the deans of all 234 members of the Association for Dental Education in Europe.

Results

The response rate was 24%. All dental schools included head and neck cancer screening practices in their curricula, two‐thirds had their students perform this screening on all patients routinely and education was mostly divided over various courses (65%). A variation in content of education in screening practices and counselling patients about various risk factors was reported. Alcohol and tobacco use were included in most curricula as risk factors for head and neck cancer (98%), gastro‐oesophageal reflux was less frequently included (41%). The human papillomavirus (HPV) as a risk factor for oropharyngeal cancer was included in 94% of curricula and 87% also contained education about strategies to discuss prevention of HPV‐related cancer. No association was found between curricula containing strategies about discussing HPV‐related cancer and inclusion of the HPV vaccine in national immunisation programmes.

Conclusion

Head and neck cancer teaching programmes show a considerable variation across European dental schools. Development of a unified teaching programme suitable for all European dental schools seems warranted.
Gendered bureaucracies: Women mayors and the size and composition of local governments
Authors: Alberti Carla , Diaz‐Rioseco Diego , Visconti Giancarlo
Published: May 2021

While women are underrepresented in politics, recent improvements in women's representation in legislative and executive bodies have spurred academic interest in the effects of electing women on a wide array of outcomes. Effects on bureaucracies, however, have received less attention. Do women mayors reform local bureaucracies differently than their men counterparts? We take advantage of rich administrative data from Chile to explore the effects of having a woman mayor on the size and gender composition of municipal bureaucracies. Using a regression discontinuity design in close electoral races, we find that women mayors reduce the size of local bureaucracies while simultaneously increasing the share of women public employees. Our findings thus show that women mayors' approach to bureaucratic reform once in office differs from that of their men counterparts, and contribute to existing research on the consequences of electing women.
Let it snow? Spring snowpack and microsite characterize the regeneration niche of high‐elevation pines
Authors: Hankin Lacey E. , Bisbing Sarah M.
Published: May 2021

Aim

The persistence potential of forests under rapid climate change will depend on species‐specific tolerances to increasing growing season soil moisture stress as snowpack declines. High‐elevation tree species may be particularly vulnerable to increasing water stress and associated changes to disturbance regimes because they occur at the environmental margins of tree distributions and are considered snowpack dependent. Here, we evaluate the interacting effects of climate, disturbance, and microsite conditions on tree regeneration in high‐elevation, migration‐limited pines that have experienced recent disturbance‐induced tree mortality.

Location

Great Basin (California and Nevada), USA

Taxon

Gymnosperms; Pinaceae

Methods

We used field observations from 70 sites that varied in climate, disturbance, and local site conditions across semi‐arid, high‐elevation forests of the Great Basin. We employed structural equation models to evaluate how climate and disturbance interact with microsite conditions to influence regeneration.

Results

We found a broad range of establishment conditions for high‐elevation conifers—whitebark, limber, and bristlecone pines—across climatic and disturbance gradients in the Great Basin, but our research detected clear differences in the regeneration niche for each species that may lead to differential survival as climate and disturbance conditions continue to change. Regeneration of whitebark and bristlecone pines diverged in their responses to spring snowpack conditions, with whitebark pine increasing and bristlecone pine decreasing with greater spring snowpack. Limber pine regenerated across a range of climatic and landscape conditions, and this generalist strategy may be advantageous if future climate and disturbance conditions exceed tolerances of more specialized high‐elevation conifers.

Main Conclusions

Our findings highlight the critical role that spring snowpack, and consequently growing season soil moisture, plays in determining the persistence potential of high‐elevation conifers. However, this role varies among species and thus may drive compositional changes as earlier snowmelt drives soil moisture declines across mountainous landscapes of the western United States.
Prostaglandin E3 attenuates macrophage‐associated inflammation and prostate tumour growth by modulating polarization
Authors: Cui Jing , Shan Kai , Yang Qin , Qi Yumin , Qu Hongyan , Li Jiaqi , Wang Rong , Jia Lingling , Chen Wei , Feng Ninghan , Chen Yong Q.
Published: May 2021

Alternative polarization of macrophages regulates multiple biological processes. While M1‐polarized macrophages generally mediate rapid immune responses, M2‐polarized macrophages induce chronic and mild immune responses. In either case, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)‐derived lipid mediators act as both products and regulators of macrophages. Prostaglandin E3 (PGE3) is an eicosanoid derived from eicosapentaenoic acid, which is converted by cyclooxygenase, followed by prostaglandin E synthase successively. We found that PGE3 played an anti‐inflammatory role by inhibiting LPS and interferon‐γ‐induced M1 polarization and promoting interleukin‐4‐mediated M2 polarization (M2a). Further, we found that although PGE3 had no direct effect on the growth of prostate cancer cells in vitro, PGE3 could inhibit prostate cancer in vivo in a nude mouse model of neoplasia. Notably, we found that PGE3 significantly inhibited prostate cancer cell growth in a cancer cell‐macrophage co‐culture system. Experimental results showed that PGE3 inhibited the polarization of tumour‐associated M2 macrophages (TAM), consequently producing indirect anti‐tumour activity. Mechanistically, we identified that PGE3 regulated the expression and activation of protein kinase A, which is critical for macrophage polarization. In summary, this study indicates that PGE3 can selectively promote M2a polarization, while inhibiting M1 and TAM polarization, thus exerting an anti‐inflammatory effect and anti‐tumour effect in prostate cancer.
A curcumin analog GL63 inhibits the malignant behaviors of hepatocellular carcinoma by inactivating the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway via the circular RNA zinc finger protein 83/microRNA‐324‐5p/cyclin‐dependent kinase 16 axis
Authors: Zhao Ji‐an , Nie Wenjia , Dong Liang , Liu Wencong , Wei Wei
Published: May 2021

Background and Aim

(1E,4E)‐1,5‐bis(2‐bromophenyl) penta‐1,4‐dien‐3‐one (GL63) is a curcumin analog that can protect against carcinogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of this study was to explore the molecular mechanism of GL63 in HCC.

Methods

Cell viability was examined by cell counting kit‐8 (CCK‐8) assay. Circular RNA zinc finger protein 83 (circZNF83), microRNA‐324‐5p (miR‐324‐5p), and cyclin‐dependent kinase 16 (CDK16) levels were measured via the quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR). Cell proliferation was assessed using colony formation assay. Flow cytometry was performed for detecting cell cycle and apoptosis. Protein analysis was conducted by western blot. Cell migration and invasion were determined using transwell assay. Target relation was analyzed using dual‐luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays. The function of GL63 in vivo was researched by xenograft model in mice.

Results

GL63 inhibited the circZNF83 expression in HCC cells. CircZNF83 overexpression attenuated the inhibitory effects of GL63 on HCC cell growth, cell cycle progression, migration, and invasion but the promoting effect on cell apoptosis. CircZNF83 served as a sponge of miR‐324‐5p and circZNF83/miR‐324‐5p axis was involved in the functional regulation of GL63 in HCC progression. Moreover, CDK16 was a downstream target of miR‐324‐5p and circZNF83 could regulate the CDK16 expression by sponging miR‐324‐5p. The anti‐tumor function of GL63 was also related to the miR‐324‐5p/CDK16 axis. In addition, GL63 inactivated the JAK2/STAT3 pathway via downregulating circZNF83 to mediate the miR‐324‐5p/CDK16 axis. GL63 also repressed tumor growth in vivo through the circZNF83/miR‐324‐5p/CDK16‐mediated JAK2/STAT3 signal inhibition.

Conclusion

This study suggested GL63 impeded the HCC development by blocking the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway via mediating the circZNF83/miR‐324‐5p/CDK16 axis.
Phytochrome B interacts with SWC6 and ARP6 to regulate H2A.Z deposition and photomorphogensis in Arabidopsis
Authors: Wei Xuxu , Wang Wanting , Xu Peng , Wang Wenxiu , Guo Tongtong , Kou Shuang , Liu Minqing , Niu Yake , Yang Hong‐Quan , Mao Zhilei
Published: May 2021

Light serves as a crucial environmental cue which modulates plant growth and development, and which is controlled by multiple photoreceptors including the primary red light photoreceptor, phytochrome B (phyB). The signaling mechanism of phyB involves direct interactions with a group of basic helix‐loop‐helix (bHLH) transcription factors, PHYTOCHROME‐INTERACTING FACTORS (PIFs), and the negative regulators of photomorphogenesis, COP1 and SPAs. H2A.Z is an evolutionarily conserved H2A variant which plays essential roles in transcriptional regulation. The replacement of H2A with H2A.Z is catalyzed by the SWR1 complex. Here, we show that the Pfr form of phyB physically interacts with the SWR1 complex subunits SWC6 and ARP6. phyB and ARP6 co‐regulate numerous genes in the same direction, some of which are associated with auxin biosynthesis and response including YUC9, which encodes a rate‐limiting enzyme in the tryptophan‐dependent auxin biosynthesis pathway. Moreover, phyB and HY5/HYH act to inhibit hypocotyl elongation partially through repression of auxin biosynthesis. Based on our findings and previous studies, we propose that phyB promotes H2A.Z deposition at YUC9 to inhibit its expression through direct phyB‐SWC6/ARP6 interactions, leading to repression of auxin biosynthesis, and thus inhibition of hypocotyl elongation in red light.
Outcomes and complications of Traumatic ear lobe repair techniques: A systematic review
Authors: Nassour Nour , Watfa William
Published: May 2021

Background

Traumatic earlobe is a frequently encountered problem in our practice. Numerous techniques have been published in the past decades including case reports, retrospective reviews, and prospective studies. However, to date, no study has investigated the overall complications or satisfaction rates associated with the wide spectrum of techniques.

Objectives

This review aims to assess the outcomes of the various earlobe repair techniques and to provide a simplified classification system.

Methods

This systematic review was performed in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. PubMed database was queried in search of clinical studies describing surgical and non‐surgical techniques, which reported techniques, indications, and outcomes.

Results

Twenty‐six studies, published from 1973 through 2019, were included. Six main technique categories were identified: These were straight‐line closure (type 1, n = 82), Z‐plasty (type 2, n = 165), flaps (type 3, n = 66), L‐specular plasty (type 4, n = 35), double‐curve specular plasty (type 5, n = 15), and non‐surgical techniques (type 6, n = 38). Z‐plasty (type 2) had the highest post‐operative infection rate of 11.5%.

Conclusions

While all the techniques are generally simple and efficient, they should be chosen based on both surgeon and patient preference. Complication rates and morbidity are relatively low.
Coastal dunefields maintain pre‐Holocene genetic structure in a rocky shore red alga
Authors: Mmonwa Kolobe Lucas , Barker Nigel Paul , McQuaid Christopher David , Teske Peter Rodja
Published: May 2021

Most intertidal algae have limited dispersal potential, and areas that lack hard substratum suitable for attachment are thus expected to isolate regional populations from each other. Here, we used nuclear and mitochondrial genetic data to compare genetic structure in two co‐distributed intertidal red algae with different dispersal potential along the South African coastline. Gelidium pristoides is divided into a south‐eastern and a south‐western evolutionary lineage separated by extensive, continuous sandy shoreline habitat adjacent to coastal dunefields. In contrast, Hypnea spicifera is genetically homogeneous throughout its range. In G. pristoides, the genetic breaks are associated with contemporary coastal dunefields. The age of the divergence event suggests that this may reflect the effect of older dispersal barriers, and that genetic structure was subsequently maintained by the formation of contemporary coastal dunefields.
Online medical services utilization evaluated through the lens of socioecological theory and the information–motivation–behavioral skills model: evidence from China
Authors: Zhang Chi , Peng Xue‐qing , Jiang Yong‐zhi , Liu Rui , Qi Zi‐xin , Zhou Meng , Zhao Shi‐qi , Ge Jin‐jin , You Hua , Li Zhi‐guang
Published: May 2021

Online medical services (OMS) have become increasingly advantageous, but there are still several barriers to utilization among patients. This study aims to explore the factors influencing OMS utilization (OMSU) for patients in micro‐, meso‐, and macrosystems based on socioecological theory (SET) and from the perspective of the information–motivation–behavioral skills (IMB) model. We selected 1065 participants through multistage stratified cluster random sampling in Jiangsu, China. In microsystems, information and behavioral skills were positively associated with intention (β = 0.84; β = 3.21) and actual utilization (OR = 1.69; OR = 1.69). Education level (β = 0.83) and personal motivation (β = 1.68) were positively related to intention. Chronic diseases (OR = 2.03) had a positive relationship with actual use. In mesosystems, recommendations from people around the patients (β = 1.14; OR = 1.99), provision of OMS in the nearest primary medical facility (β = 0.98; OR = 3.60), and provision of instructional information by medical institutions (β = 1.01; OR = 1.65) were related to OMSU. The average monthly household income (β = 0.54) was related to intention. Patients who had information about the OMSU experiences of people around them (OR = 1.73) correlated with actual utilization. In macrosystems, the social medical insurance type (OR = 0.66) was associated with OMSU. This study supports the applicability of the SET and IMB model to interpret patients’ OMSU.
Supporting Arguments or Subtle Exclusion? Illegalizing Frames in Government Meetings Discussing a County ID in the U.S. Midwest
Authors: Villegas Francisco J. , Munoz Elizabeth
Published: May 2021

In 2017, Kalamazoo County passed a county‐based identification program to provide residents a more accessible form of documentation than the State of Michigan ID. Given the normalization of identification cards in contemporary society, the inability to furnish ID can exclude individuals from myriad services. In this article, we analyze transcripts of politicians and residents at county meetings leading up to the passing of the ID policy. This policy was widely supported by attendees. However, many utilized arguments that, while in favor of it, reproduced illegalizing logics. We track the use of four illegalizing frames and argue that while attempting to rationalize the undocumented population as having value, the majority of speakers in favor of the ID articulated opinions that positioned migrants outside the parameters of belonging and reinforced citizen/non‐citizen binaries. This article contributes to sociological understanding of the construction of migrant deservingness and the limits of supporting arguments.
Ex vivo comparison of leak testing of canine jejunal enterotomies: Saline infusion versus air insufflation
Authors: Mullen Kaitlyn M. , Regier Penny J. , Waln Monica , Colee James
Published: May 2021

Objective

To compare the ability to detect leakage of enterotomy closures by intraluminal injection of saline or air.

Study Design

Ex vivo study.

Animals

Grossly normal jejunal segments (n = 60) from five fresh canine cadavers.

Methods

Eight‐centimeter jejunal segments were randomly assigned to two control (saline control [n = 5], air control [5]) and two treatment groups (injection of saline [n = 25] or air [25] after enterotomies were closed in a simple continuous pattern using 4–0 glycomer 631). Initial leak pressure (ILP, mean ± SD), maximum intraluminal pressure (MIP), and leakage location were compared. For all air insufflation constructs, the volume of air insufflated at the time of initial leakage was recorded.

Results

The ILPs of control segments did not differ whether injected with saline (405.71 ± 56.97 mmHg) or air (376.84 ± 42.54,p = 1.00). Enterotomy closures leaked at lower pressures when injected with air (ILP: 68.52 ± 6.56) compared to saline (87.76 ± 5.20,p = .03). Similar results were obtained when comparing MIPs. A moderate association (r = .51) was identified between volume of air infused and ILPs. The strength of the association improved when stratified by cadaver. The location of leakage—most commonly suture tracks—was identified for all air constructs and for 14 of 25 saline constructs.

Conclusion

Enterotomy closures leaked at lower pressures after intraluminal injection of air compared to saline.

Clinical Significance

Intraoperative leak testing of small intestinal enterotomy closures may be rendered more sensitive and precise by the use of air instead of saline as the infusate.
Uncertainty Quantification for Fatigue Life of Offshore Wind Turbine Structure
Authors: Nispel Abraham , Ekwaro-Osire Stephen , Dias João Paulo , Cunha Americo
Published: May 2021

This study aims to address the question: can the structural reliability of an offshore wind turbine (OWT) under fatigue loading conditions be predicted more consistently? To respond to that question this study addresses the following specific aims: (1) to obtain a systematic approach that takes into consideration the amount of information available for the uncertainty modeling of the model input parameters and (2) to determine the impact of the most sensitive input parameters on the structural reliability of the OWT through a surrogate model. First, a coupled model to determine the fatigue life of the support structure considering the soil-structure interaction under 15 different loading conditions was developed. Second, a sensitivity scheme using two global analyses was developed to consistently establish the most and least important input parameters of the model. Third, systematic uncertainty quantification (UQ) scheme was employed to model the uncertainties of model input parameters based on their available—data-driven and physics-informed—information. Finally, the impact of the proposed UQ framework on the OWT structural reliability was evaluated through the estimation of the probability of failure of the structure based on the fatigue limit state design criterion. The results show high sensitivity for the wind speed and moderate sensitivity for parameters usually considered as deterministic values in design standards. Additionally, it is shown that applying systematic UQ not only produces a more efficient and better approximation of the fatigue life under uncertainty, but also a more accurate estimation of the structural reliability of offshore wind turbine's structure during conceptual design. Consequently, more reliable, and robust estimations of the structural designs for large offshore wind turbines with limited information may be achieved during the early stages of design.
Protocol and Data Description: The Free-Living Activity Study for Health
Authors: Hibbing Paul R. , Lamoureux Nicholas R. , Matthews Charles E. , Welk Gregory J.
Published: May 2021

Physical behavior can be assessed using a range of competing methods. The Free-Living Activity Study for Health (FLASH) is an ongoing study that facilitates the comparison of such methods. The purpose of this report is to describe the FLASH, with a particular emphasis on a subsample of participants who have consented to have their deidentified data released in a shared repository. Participants in the FLASH wear seven physical activity monitors for a 24-hr period and then complete a detailed recall using the Activities Completed Over Time in 24-hr online assessment tool. The participants can optionally agree to be video recorded for 30–60 min, which allows for direct observation as a criterion indicator of their behavior during that period. As of version 0.1.0, the repository includes data from 38 participants, and the sample size will grow as data are collected, processed, and released in future versions. The repository makes it possible to combine sensor data (e.g., from ActiGraph and SenseWear) with minute-by-minute contextual data (from the Activities Completed Over Time in 24-hr recall system), which enables the FLASH to generate benchmark data for a wide range of future research. The repository itself provides an example of how a powerful open-source tool (GitHub) can be used to share data and code in a way that encourages communication and collaboration among a variety of scientists (e.g., algorithm developers and end users). The FLASH data set will provide long-term benefits to researchers interested in advancing the science of physical behavior monitoring.
Does Higher Self-Reported Cardiorespiratory Fitness Reduce the Odds of Hospitalization From COVID-19?
Authors: Brandenburg Jason P. , Lesser Iris A. , Thomson Cynthia J. , Giles Luisa V.
Published: May 2021

Background: Regular physical activity and higher cardiorespiratory (CR) fitness enhance immune function, possibly reducing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection severity. The aim was to assess the association between physical activity and self-reported CR fitness on COVID-19 infection characteristics. Methods: Participants formerly testing positive for COVID-19 completed an online questionnaire measuring COVID-19 infection characteristics and complications, self-reported CR fitness level, physical activity, and sociodemographic and health-related characteristics. Self-reported CR fitness was determined as the pace to cover 4.8 km without becoming overly fatigued (with slow walking, brisk walking, jogging, and running corresponding to low, moderate, good, and excellent levels of fitness, respectively). Results: A total of 263 individuals completed the survey. Compared with the lowest level of self-reported CR fitness, the odds of hospitalization significantly decreased by 64% (odds ratio = 0.36; 95% confidence interval, 0.13–0.98; P = .04) in individuals reporting the ability to maintain a brisk walk. In individuals reporting the ability to maintain a jogging pace, the further reduction in hospitalization was not significant (odds ratio = 0.22; 95% confidence interval, 0.05–1.04; P = .05). For COVID-19 symptom severity and number, there were no significant associations with self-reported CR fitness or physical activity levels. Conclusions: For individuals with low self-reported CR fitness, improving CR fitness represents a strategy to reduce the risk of hospitalization from COVID-19.
Eight Investments That Work for Physical Activity
Authors: Milton Karen , Cavill Nick , Chalkley Anna , Foster Charlie , Gomersall Sjaan , Hagstromer Maria , Kelly Paul , Kolbe-Alexander Tracy , Mair Jacqueline , McLaughlin Matthew , Nobles James , Reece Lindsey , Shilton Trevor , Smith Ben J. , Schipperijn Jasper
Published: May 2021

Background: The International Society for Physical Activity and Health (ISPAH) is a leading global organization working to advance research, policy, and practice to promote physical activity. Given the expanding evidence base on interventions to promote physical activity, it was timely to review and update a major ISPAH advocacy document—Investments that Work for Physical Activity (2011). Methods: Eight investment areas were agreed upon through consensus. Literature reviews were conducted to identify key evidence relevant to policymakers in each sector or setting. Results: The 8 investment areas were as follows: whole-of-school programs; active transport; active urban design; health care; public education; sport and recreation; workplaces; and community-wide programs. Evidence suggests that the largest population health benefit will be achieved by combining these investments and implementing a systems-based approach. Conclusions: Establishing consensus on ‘what works’ to change physical activity behavior is a cornerstone of successful advocacy, as is having appropriate resources to communicate key messages to a wide range of stakeholders. ISPAH has created a range of resources related to the new investments described in this paper. These resources are available in the ‘advocacy toolkit’ on the ISPAH website (www.ispah.org/resources).
China's population still growing, census shows—but barely
Authors: Normile Dennis
Published: May 2021

Looming turning point triggers calls to raise retirement ages and create a "fertility-friendly society."
Fission reactions are smoldering again at Chernobyl
Authors: Stone Richard
Published: May 2021

Neutrons from remnant fuel raise accident concerns.
SLFN2 protection of tRNAs from stress-induced cleavage is essential for T cell–mediated immunity
Authors: Yue Tao , Zhan Xiaoming , Zhang Duanwu , Jain Ruchi , Wang Kuan-wen , Choi Jin Huk , Misawa Takuma , Su Lijing , Quan Jiexia , Hildebrand Sara , Xu Darui , Li Xiaohong , Turer Emre , Sun Lei , Moresco Eva Marie Y. , Beutler Bruce
Published: May 2021

A T cell sleeper agent against stress

Considerable changes in cellular metabolism occur when T cells transition from a resting to an activated state. One side effect of this process is an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS). These molecules potentiate T cell receptor (TCR) signaling but can also result in detrimental oxidative stress (see the Perspective by Su and Dutta). Yue
et al.
describe one mechanism by which T cells can resolve this contradiction. Using mice with a T cell-specific deficiency in Schlafen 2 (SLFN2), they found that this protein binds to and protects transfer RNAs from oxidative stress-induced cleavage by the ribonuclease angiogenin. This process is downstream of ROS generation, which allows activated T cells to maintain protein synthesis despite the ROS that would otherwise inhibit translation.

Science
, this issue p.
eaba4220
; see also p.
683
Electric field control of superconductivity at the LaAlO
3
/KTaO
3
(111) interface
Authors: Chen Zheng , Liu Yuan , Zhang Hui , Liu Zhongran , Tian He , Sun Yanqiu , Zhang Meng , Zhou Yi , Sun Jirong , Xie Yanwu
Published: May 2021

Controlling interfacial superconductivity

The interface between the oxides LaAlO
3
and KTaO
3
(111) has been shown to superconduct at temperatures up to 2 Kelvin. Chen
et al.
show that this superconductivity can be controlled with electric fields. As they tuned the gating voltage, the researchers observed a dome-shaped variation of the superconducting critical temperature. This variation could not be ascribed to the change in carrier density, but rather seemed to reflect the change in the mobility of the carriers.

Science
, this issue p.
721
Innate Antiviral Cytokine Response to Swine Influenza Virus by Swine Respiratory Epithelial Cells
Authors: Bakre Abhijeet A. , Jones Les P. , Murray Jackelyn , Reneer Z. Beau , Meliopoulos Victoria A. , Cherry Sean , Schultz-Cherry Stacey , Tripp Ralph A.
Published: May 2021

Swine are considered intermediate hosts that have facilitated influenza virus reassortment events that have given rise pandemics or genetically related viruses have become established in swine. In this study, we examine the innate antiviral response to swine influenza virus in primary and immortalized swine nasal and tracheal epithelial cells, and show virus strain- and host cell type-dependent differential expression of key interferons and interferon-stimulated genes.
Spontaneous retropharyngeal haematoma with direct oral anticoagulant medication
Authors: Abukhder Munir , Hulme Jonathan , Nathoo Shakira , Shubhi Shubhi
Published: May 2021

A 79-year-old man presented to the emergency department following a 1-week history of dyspnoea, dysphonia, dysphagia and a nonproductive cough. Previous medical history included atrial fibrillation, for which he was taking rivaroxaban, hypertension and obstructive sleep apnoea. On assessment, there was a mild stridor, swelling of the anterior aspect of the neck and submandibular bruising. CT of the neck demonstrated prevertebral soft tissue swelling extending from C1 to C6 levels, approximately 88 mm in length with a maximum depth of 25 mm. A diagnosis of spontaneous retropharyngeal haematoma was made: the airway was secured with fibreoptic nasal intubation and the patient admitted to the intensive care unit. Direct and fibreoptic assessment of the airway on day 3 confirmed that the haematoma had significantly reduced in size. The patient was extubated on day 4 and made a good recovery.