bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accounting for the effects of lipids in stable isotope (δ13C and δ15N values) analysis of skin and blubber of balaenopterid whales
Authors: Ryan Conor , McHugh Brendan , Trueman Clive N. , Harrod Chris , Berrow Simon D. , O'Connor Ian
Published: October 2012

RATIONALE

Stable isotope values (δ13C and δ15N) of darted skin and blubber biopsies can shed light on habitat use and diet of cetaceans, which are otherwise difficult to study. Non‐dietary factors affect isotopic variability, chiefly the depletion of 13C due to the presence of 12C‐rich lipids. The efficacy of post hoc lipid‐correction models (normalization) must be tested.

METHODS

For tissues with high natural lipid content (e.g., whale skin and blubber), chemical lipid extraction or normalization is necessary. C:N ratios, δ13C values and δ15N values were determined for duplicate control and lipid‐extracted skin and blubber of fin (Balaenoptera physalus), humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae) and minke whales (B. acutorostrata) by continuous‐flow elemental analysis isotope ratio mass spectrometry (CF‐EA‐IRMS). Six different normalization models were tested to correct δ13C values for the presence of lipids.

RESULTS

Following lipid extraction, significant increases in δ13C values were observed for both tissues in the three species. Significant increases were also found for δ15N values in minke whale skin and fin whale blubber. In fin whale skin, the δ15N values decreased, with no change observed in humpback whale skin. Non‐linear models generally out‐performed linear models and the suitability of models varied by species and tissue, indicating the need for high model specificity, even among these closely related taxa.

CONCLUSIONS

Given the poor predictive power of the models to estimate lipid‐free δ13C values, and the unpredictable changes in δ15N values due to lipid‐extraction, we recommend against arithmetical normalization in accounting for lipid effects on δ13C values for balaenopterid skin or blubber samples. Rather, we recommend that duplicate analysis of lipid‐extracted (δ13C values) and non‐treated tissues (δ15N values) be used. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maximum Likelihood Estimation Over Directed Acyclic Gaussian Graphs
Authors: Yuan Yiping , Shen Xiaotong , Pan Wei
Published: October 2012

Estimation of multiple directed graphs becomes challenging in the presence of inhomogeneous data, where directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) are used to represent causal relations among random variables. To infer causal relations among variables, we estimate multiple DAGs given a known ordering in Gaussian graphical models. In particular, we propose a constrained maximum likelihood method with nonconvex constraints over elements and element‐wise differences of adjacency matrices, for identifying the sparseness structure as well as detecting structural changes over adjacency matrices of the graphs. Computationally, we develop an efficient algorithm based on augmented Lagrange multipliers, the difference convex method, and a novel fast algorithm for solving convex relaxation subproblems. Numerical results suggest that the proposed method performs well against its alternatives for simulated and real data.Statistical Analysis and Data Mining2011 DOI: 10.1002/sam.11168
A lightweight micropayment scheme based on Lagrange interpolation formula
Authors: Liu Yining , Yan Jihong
Published: October 2012

On the basis of hash chain and Lagrange interpolation formula over a finite field, a lightweight micropayment scheme is proposed. Compared with Micali and Rivest's micropayment scheme, the improved scheme achieves three additional properties to ensure it suitable for mobile network. First it reduces the computing burden without digital signature algorithm, which is essential for limited mobile terminal. Second, the user, the merchant, and the bank are all equally involved in the selection of payable checks, which ensure the proposed scheme is fair for all parties. Moreover, the privacy of scheme is also achieved for the computational infeasibility of calculating the inverse of secure one‐way function. The improved micropayment scheme is secure, fair, and efficient, and privacy‐preserving, especially suitable for mobile network. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study on electron‐beam‐irradiated (linear low‐density polyethylene)/(soya powder) blends under outdoor exposure
Authors: Sam S.T. , Ismail H. , Ahmad Z.
Published: October 2012

Linear low‐density polyethylene was blended with soya powder, and the blends were compatibilized with epoxidized natural rubber having 50 mol% of epoxidation. The content of soya powder was varied from 0 to 40 wt%. The blends were irradiated at 30 kGy with an electron beam. Degradation of the irradiated blends was evaluated by exposing the samples to an outdoor environment according to ISO 877.2. The degradation was monitored by changes in the tensile, morphological, and thermal properties, as well as the molecular structure and weight loss. The tensile strength and elongation at break (Eb) of the exposed samples decreased as a function of exposure period. The irradiated blends exhibited higher retention of tensile strength and Eb than nonirradiated blends after 1 year of exposure. The crystallinity of the irradiated blends increased upon exposure, though the nonirradiated blends showed higher crystallinity indicating higher degradability. Weight loss of the irradiated blends showed less change after 6 months of outdoor exposure, but significant change was observed after 1‐year exposure. The molecular weight changes of the irradiated blends exhibited the same trend as weight loss. All the results confirmed that the degradability of the irradiated blends was comparable to that of the nonirradiated blends upon long‐term outdoor exposure. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Evaluating winds and vertical wind shear from Weather Research and Forecasting model forecasts using seven planetary boundary layer schemes
Authors: Draxl Caroline , Hahmann Andrea N. , Peña Alfredo , Giebel Gregor
Published: October 2012

The existence of vertical wind shear in the atmosphere close to the ground requires that wind resource assessment and prediction with numerical weather prediction (NWP) models use wind forecasts at levels within the full rotor span of modern large wind turbines. The performance of NWP models regarding wind energy at these levels partly depends on the formulation and implementation of planetary boundary layer (PBL) parameterizations in these models. This study evaluates wind speeds and vertical wind shears simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting model using seven sets of simulations with different PBL parameterizations at one coastal site over western Denmark. The evaluation focuses on determining which PBL parameterization performs best for wind energy forecasting, and presenting a validation methodology that takes into account wind speed at different heights.

Winds speeds at heights ranging from 10 to 160 m, wind shears, temperatures and surface turbulent fluxes from seven sets of hindcasts are evaluated against observations at Høvsøre, Denmark. The ability of these hindcast sets to simulate mean wind speeds, wind shear, and their time variability strongly depends on atmospheric static stability. Wind speed hindcasts using the Yonsei University PBL scheme compared best with observations during unstable atmospheric conditions, whereas the Asymmetric Convective Model version 2 PBL scheme did so during near‐stable and neutral conditions, and the Mellor–Yamada–Janjic PBL scheme prevailed during stable and very stable conditions. The evaluation of the simulated wind speed errors and how these vary with height clearly indicates that for wind power forecasting and wind resource assessment, validation against 10 m wind speeds alone is not sufficient. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
(Carb)2SnF4 (Carb = 2, 3‐Dihydro‐1, 3‐diisopropyl‐4, 5‐dimethylimidazol‐2‐yliden – ein Carbenkomplex des vierwertigen Zinns
Authors: Göhner Martin , Herrmann Florian , Kuhn Norbert , Ströbele Markus
Published: October 2012

2, 3‐Dihydro‐1, 3‐diisopropyl‐4, 5‐dimethylimidazol‐2‐ylidene (1, Carb) reacts with tin tetrafluoride to give the complex (Carb)2SnF4 (3). The ligand properties of 1 are discussed in terms of the crystal structure and NMR data of 3.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Properties of a New Lead Aluminum Fluoride Borate, Pb6AlB2O7F7
Authors: Dong Lingyun , Pan Shilie , Yang Zhihua , Zhao Wenwu , Dong Xiaoyu , Wang Ying , Huang Yineng
Published: October 2012

A new compound, Pb6AlB2O7F7, was synthesized from the PbF2/B2O3 flux system, which is the first compound found in the PbF2/Al2O3/B2O3 system. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, space group Cmca (No. 64) with unit cell parameters a = 11.649(7) Å, b = 18.300(11) Å, c = 6.394(4) Å, Z = 4. The crystal structure of Pb6AlB2O7F7 contains the group [Pb6BO11F10] as basal building unit, which connects with each other forming two‐dimensional ∞[Pb6BO11F10] layers, whereas aluminum atoms are filled in the interlayers. The IR spectrum further confirms the presence of BO3 groups. The calculated band structures and the density of states of Pb6AlB2O7F7 suggest that its indirect gap is 2.968 eV. The DSC analysis and X‐ray diffraction technique prove that Pb6AlB2O7F7 is a congruent‐melting compound.
Diagnosis of Barth syndrome using a novel LC‐MS/MS method for leukocyte cardiolipin analysis
Authors: Bowron Ann , Frost Robert , Powers Vicki E. C. , Thomas Paul H. , Heales Simon J. R. , Steward Colin G.
Published: October 2012

Barth syndrome (BTHS) is an X‐linked disorder characterised by cardiomyopathy, skeletal myopathy, growth retardation, neutropenia and 3‐methylglutaconic aciduria. It is caused by mutations in the TAZ gene which codes for tafazzin, a protein with acyl transferase activity involved in synthesis of cardiolipin. Monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) is an intermediate in this process. Diagnosis of BTHS is difficult, as clinical and biochemical features are variable and numerous TAZ mutations have been described. These factors, together with lack of a straightforward diagnostic test are thought to have contributed to under‐diagnosis of the condition. A novel method for cardiolipin analysis by reversed‐phase ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐MS/MS) is reported which is less complicated and faster than previously described methods and uses a readily available sample type. The equipment, reagents and expertise required are found in most clinical laboratories performing metabolic investigations. Leukocytes were prepared from whole blood, phospholipids extracted and tetralinoleyl cardiolipin (CL4) and MLCL analysed by UPLC‐MS/MS. Reference values were derived from analysis of 76 control and 23 BTHS samples as follows: CL4 in controls >132 (95 % CI 100–169), BTHS <30.2 (21.3–40.4) pmol/mg protein; MLCL/CL4 ratio in controls <0.006 (0.004–0.009) and >2.52 (1.51–4.22) in BTHS patients. We describe an improved method for CL4 and MLCL/CL4 analysis which can be incorporated into the routine work of a clinical biochemistry laboratory. It shows 100 % sensitivity and specificity for BTHS, making it a suitable diagnostic test.
UVB Radiation Variably Affects n‐3 Fatty Acids but Elevated Temperature Reduces n‐3 Fatty Acids in Juvenile Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)
Authors: Arts Michael T. , Palmer Michelle E. , Skiftesvik Anne Berit , Jokinen Ilmari E. , Browman Howard I.
Published: October 2012

Temperature and ultraviolet B radiation (UVB 290–320 nm) are inextricably linked to global climate change. These two variables may act separately, additively, or synergistically on specific aspects of fish biochemistry. We raised Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) parr for 54 days in outdoor tanks held at 12 and 19 °C and, at each temperature, we exposed them to three spectral treatments differing in UV radiation intensity. We quantified individual fatty acid (FA) mass fractions in four tissues (dorsal muscle, dorsal and ventral skin, and ocular tissue) at each temperature × UV combination. FA composition of dorsal muscle and dorsal and ventral skin was not affected by UV exposure. Mass fractions of 16:0, 18:0, and saturated fatty acids (SFA) were greater in dorsal muscle of warm‐reared fish whereas 18:3n‐3, 20:2, 20:4n‐6, 22:5n‐3, 22:6n‐3, n‐3, n‐6, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and total FA were significantly higher in cold‐reared fish. Mass fractions of most of the FA were greater in the dorsal and ventral skin of warm‐reared fish. Cold‐reared salmon exposed to enhanced UVB had higher ocular tissue mass fractions of 20:2, 20:4n‐6, 22:6n‐3, n‐3, n‐6, and PUFA compared to fish in which UV had been removed. These observations forecast a host of ensuing physiological and ecological responses of juvenile Atlantic Salmon to increasing temperatures and UVB levels in native streams and rivers where they mature before smolting and returning to the sea.
How to Control the Recombinant Prion Protein Adhesion for Successful Storage Through Modification of Surface Properties
Authors: Vrlinic T. , Debarnot D. , Legeay G. , Coudreuse A. , El Moualij B. , Zorzi W. , Perret-Liaudet A. , Quadrio I. , Mozetic M. , Poncin-Epaillard F.
Published: October 2012

Depletion of neuroproteins on the inner walls of storage tubes influences the accuracy of tests used for identification of various neurodegenerative disorders. In this paper, a strategy is described for surface modification of Eppendorf tubes leading to non-adhesive properties towards the recombinant human prion proteins (PrPrechum). Tubes were pre-activated by helium plasma and grafted with three diverse coatings: pure poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM), PNIPAM admixed with either neutral PEG(20)sorbitan monolaurate (PEG(20)) or positively charged cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) at varying plasma activation times and polymer to surfactant ratios. New functionalized surfaces were analyzed by goniometry, streaming potential measurement and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, whereas the protein adhesion was monitored by enzyme linked immunosorbent assays and confocal microscopy. The mapping of PrPrechum adhesion associated with surface analyses enabled us to determine that no or negligible depletion of PrPrechum can be obtained by surfaces possessing basic component in the range between 50 and 60 mJ m−2 and streaming potential ζ7.4 ~ −50 mV.
Glucose‐dependent regulation of AMP‐activated protein kinase in MIN6 beta cells is not affected by the protein kinase A pathway
Authors: Garcia-Haro Luisa , Garcia-Gimeno Maria Adelaida , Neumann Dietbert , Beullens Monique , Bollen Mathieu , Sanz Pascual
Published: October 2012

AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a sensor of cellular energy status. In pancreatic beta cells, glucose induces the dephosphorylation of Thr172 within the catalytic subunit and the inactivation of the AMPK complex. Here we demonstrate that glucose also activates protein kinase A (PKA), leading to the phosphorylation of AMPKα at Ser485 and Ser497. However, these modifications do not impair the phosphorylation of Thr172 by upstream kinases, and phosphorylation of Thr172 does not affect the phosphorylation of AMPKα by PKA either. Thus, although phosphorylation of Thr172 and Ser485/Ser497 are inversely correlated in response to glucose, they follow an independent regulation.
Are Motor-free Visual Perception Skill Constructs Predictive of Visual-motor Integration Skill Constructs?
Authors: Brown Ted
Published: October 2012

Background

Theoretical perspectives vary in considering whether visual perceptual skills and visual-motor integration (VMI) skills are related, interdependent skill sets, or two discrete skill constructs.

Objective

This study investigated whether motor-reduced/free visual perceptual skill constructs were predictive of motor-enhanced VMI skill constructs.

Method

A total of 45 typically developing children aged 6–12 years completed the Developmental Test of Visual Perception-Second Edition (DTVP-2) and the Test of Visual Perceptual Skills-Third Edition (TVPS-3). Four multiple linear regression analyses were completed with the four DTVP-2 motor-enhanced VMI subscales being the dependent (criterion) variables and the seven TVPS-3 motor-reduced subscales being the independent variables.

Results

The total variance accounted for in the four DTVP-2 VMI skill constructs by all the seven TVPS-3 skill constructs ranged from 29.3% to 60.10%. In the first regression analysis, the TVPS-3 Visual Sequential Memory and TVPS-3 Visual FigureGround constructs explained 5.40% and 4.90%, respectively, of the variance in the DTVP-2 Eye Hand Coordination construct. In the second regression, the TVPS-3 Visual Sequential Memory and TVPS-3 Visual Figure–Ground constructs accounted for 5.60% and 3.10%, respectively, of the DTVP-2 Copying construct's variance. The third analysis revealed that the TVPS-3 Visual Memory and TVPS-3 Visual Form Constancy constructs represented 6.20% and 7.90%, respectively, of the DTVP-2 Spatial Relations construct's variance. In the fourth and final regression analysis, the TVPS-3 Visual Sequential Memory and TVPS-3 Visual Figure–Ground construct explained 14.60% and 4.90%, respectively, of the variance in the DTVP-2 Visual-Motor Speed construct.

Conclusion

In the four regression analyses, specific types of motor-reduced visual perception constructs were predictive of the four specific types of motor-enhanced VMI constructs. Visual Sequential Memory and Visual FigureGround, specific types of motor-reduced visual perceptual constructs, were frequent and significant predictors of VMI skill constructs in children. It would appear that motor-reduced visual perceptual skills and motor-enhanced VMI skills as theoretical constructs are related and dependent on one another.
The effects of Six Sigma on corporate performance: An empirical investigation
Authors: Shafer Scott M. , Moeller Sara B.
Published: October 2012

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of adopting Six Sigma on corporate performance. Although there is a fairly large and growing body of anecdotal evidence associated with the benefits of implementing Six Sigma, there is very little systematic and rigorous research investigating these benefits. This research extends previous research in several important ways including utilizing a sample of 84 Six Sigma firms that represent a wide variety of industries and firm characteristics, utilizing rigorously constructed control groups to ensure the validity of our comparisons and conclusions, and investigating the impact of adopting Six Sigma on corporate performance over a ten year period. To carry out this investigation, the event study methodology is employed. The ten year period consists of three years prior to Six Sigma implementation, the event year corresponding to the year Six Sigma is adopted, and six years post Six Sigma implementation. To assess the impact of adopting Six Sigma on corporate performance we utilize commonly used measures including Operating Income/Total Assets (OI/A), Operating Income/Sales (OI/S), Operating Income/Number of Employees (OI/E), Sales/Assets (S/A), and Sales/Number of Employees (S/E). The sample Six Sigma firms are compared to different benchmarks including the overall industry performance and to the performance of carefully selected portfolios of control firms. The results of the study indicate that adopting Six Sigma positively impacts organizational performance primarily through the efficiency with which employees are deployed. More specifically, enhanced employee productivity results were observed in both static analyses that assessed the performance of the sample Six Sigma firms relative to their control groups at discrete points in time and dynamic analyses of the Six Sigma firms’ rate of improvement relative to the rate of improvement of their control groups. Benefits in terms of improved asset efficiency were not observed. Finally, there was no evidence that Six Sigma negatively impacts corporate performance.
A Rare Cause of Thumb Boutonniere Deformity: Flexor Pulley Rupture
Authors: Kin-Ho Leung , Pak-Cheong Ho
Published: October 2012

We report a rare case of thumb boutonniere deformity secondary to closed rupture of thumb flexor pulley. The postulation of the development of boutonniere deformity, anatomical and biomechanical basis, and current treatment options are discussed.
Repetition counts: repeated exposure increases intake of a novel vegetable in UK pre-school children compared to flavour–flavour and flavour–nutrient learning
Authors: Caton Samantha J. , Ahern Sara M. , Remy Eloise , Nicklaus Sophie , Blundell Pam , Hetherington Marion M.
Published: October 2012

Children are not consuming sufficient amounts of fruits and vegetables in their habitual diet. Methods derived from associative learning theories could be effective at promoting vegetable intake in pre-school children. The objective of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of different learning strategies in promoting the intake of a novel vegetable. Children aged between 9 and 38 months were recruited from UK nurseries. The children (n72) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions (repeated exposure, flavour–flavour learning or flavour–nutrient learning). Each child was offered ten exposures to their respective version of a novel vegetable (artichoke). Pre- and post-intervention measures of artichoke purée and carrot purée (control vegetable) intake were taken. At pre-intervention, carrot intake was significantly higher than artichoke intake (P< 0·05). Intake of both vegetables increased over time (P< 0·001); however, when changes in intake were investigated, artichoke intake increased significantly more than carrot intake (P< 0·001). Artichoke intake increased to the same extent in all three conditions, and this effect was persistent up to 5 weeks post-intervention. Five exposures were sufficient to increase intake compared to the first exposure (P< 0·001). Repeated exposure to three variants of a novel vegetable was sufficient to increase intake of this vegetable, regardless of the addition of a familiar taste or energy. Repetition is therefore a critical factor for promoting novel vegetable intake in pre-school children.
Stratigraphy of Cretaceous to Lower Pliocene sediments in the northern part of Cyprus based on comparative 87Sr/86Sr isotopic, nannofossil and planktonic foraminiferal dating
Authors: MCCAY GILLIAN A. , ROBERTSON ALASTAIR H. F. , KROON DICK , RAFFI ISABELLA , ELLAM ROBERT M. , NECDET MEHMET
Published: October 2012

New age data from Sr isotope analysis and both planktonic foraminifera and nannofossils are presented and discussed here for the Upper Eocene–Upper Miocene sedimentary rocks of the Değirmenlik (Kythrea) Group. New dating is also given of some Cretaceous and Pliocene sediments. In a revised stratigraphy the Değirmenlik (Kythrea) Group is divided into ten formations. Different Upper Miocene formations are developed to the north and south of a regionally important, E–W-trending syn-sedimentary fault. The samples were dated wherever possible by three independent methods, namely utilizing Sr isotopes, calcareous nannofossils and planktonic foraminifera. Some of the Sr isotopic dates are incompatible with the nannofossil and/or the planktonic foraminiferal dates. This is mainly due to reworking within gravity-deposited or current-affected sediments. When combined, the reliable age data allow an overall biostratigraphy and chronology to be erected. Several of the boundaries of previously defined formations are revised. Sr data that are incompatible with well-constrained biostratigraphical ages are commonly of Early Miocene age. This is attributed to a regional uplift event located to the east of Cyprus, specifically the collision of the Anatolian (Eurasian) and Arabian (African) plates during Early Miocene time. This study, therefore, demonstrates that analytically sound Sr isotopic ages can yield geologically misleading ages, particularly where extensive sediment reworking has occurred. Convincing ages are obtained when isotopic dating is combined with as many forms of biostratigraphical dating as possible, and this may also reveal previously unsuspected geological events (e.g. tectonic uplift or current activity).
Sex, Scandal and Super-Injunctions – The Controversies Surrounding the Protection of Privacy
Authors: Grabiner Lord Anthony
Published: October 2012

Lionel Leonard Cohen – The Rt Hon Lord Cohen of Walmer in the County of Kent – was a distinguished British lawyer. In 1951, he was appointed a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary. Given the fact that he was a committed Jew, this was a remarkable achievement in its time. He chaired the Committee which produced the 1945 Cohen Report, whose recommendations were adopted and in due course enacted in the Companies Act 1948.
Contribution from recoiling atoms in secondary electron emission induced by slow highly charged ions from tungsten surface
Authors: Zeng Lixia , Xu Zhongfeng , Zhao Yongtao , Wang Yuyu , Wang Jianguo , Cheng Rui , Zhang Xiaoan , Ren Jieru , Zhou Xianming , Wang Xing , Lei Yu , Li Yongfeng , Yu Yang , Liu Xueliang , Xiao Guoqing , Li Fuli
Published: October 2012

The electron emission yield γ induced by Ne2+ and O2+ impacting on a clean tungsten surface has been measured. The range of projectile energy is from 3 keV/u to 14 keV/u. The total electron yield gradually increases with the projectile velocity. It is found simultaneously that the total electron yield for O2+ is larger than the total electron yield for Ne2+, which is opposite to the results for higher projectile velocity. After considering the contribution from recoiling atoms to the energy distribution and electron emission yield, we find that recoiling atoms are of crucial importance in electron emission in our energy range. Thus, the unexpected results in our experiment can be explained successfully.
A Note on Helm Orders After the Coming of Steam
Authors: Crosbie Joghn Wilde
Published: October 2012

This note commences with the adoption by the newly invented steam ships, of the sailing ship's custom of referring helm orders to the direction in which the tiller was to be shifted. It records something of the early resiling of the non-English speaking nations from this counter intuitive custom and draws attention to the confusion which the lack of an international approach created, especially for a ship under pilotage. The note concludes with the international uniformity achieved for helm orders by Convention in 1929.
The Meaning of a Positive Client-Nurse Relationship for Senior Home Care Clients with Chronic Disease
Authors: Turpin Liza J. , McWilliam Carol L. , Ward-Griffin Catherine
Published: October 2012

Cette étude a exploré la signification d’une relation positive client-infirmière pour les personnes âgées atteintes de maladies chroniques qui reçoivent les soins à domicile. Pour les besoins de cette étude phénoménologique, huit participants âgés de 65 à 86 ont été sélectionnés à partir du Sud-Ouest Centre communautaire d’accès aux soins [or retain as Southwest Community Care Access Centre (SW-CCAC)]? à London, Ontario. Des données narratives ont été recueillies par des entrevues en profondeur capturé sur cassette audio, tout en utilisant un guide d’entretien semi-structuré. L’analyse et l’interprétation des entrevues ont révélé que le sens d’une relation client-infirmière positive de ces personnes âgées englobait deux tendances de sens: avoir de confort, et étant relié au sein de cette relation. Ces deux modèles ont été contextualisés par être une personne âgée avec une maladie chronique et ont été socialement construits à travers l’expérience d’avoir créé un rapport positif. Bien que des recherches supplémentaires sont nécessaires, les connaissances acquises ajouter à ce que l’on sait déjà au sujet de la théorie et la pratique de la promotion de la santé relationnelle pour les personnes âgées vivant avec des maladies chroniques et recevant les soins à domicile.
Exclusion of aldose reductase as a mediator of ERG deficits in a mouse model of diabetic eye disease
Authors: SAMUELS IVY S. , LEE CHIEH-ALLEN , PETRASH J. MARK , PEACHEY NEAL S. , KERN TIMOTHY S.
Published: October 2012

Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes is associated with reductions in the electrical response of the outer retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) to light. Aldose reductase (AR) is the first enzyme required in the polyol-mediated metabolism of glucose, and AR inhibitors have been shown to improve diabetes-induced electroretinogram (ERG) defects. Here, we used control andAR−/−mice to determine if genetic inactivation of this enzyme likewise inhibits retinal electrophysiological defects observed in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes. STZ was used to induce hyperglycemia and type 1 diabetes. Diabetic and age-matched nondiabetic controls of each genotype were maintained for 22 weeks, after which ERGs were used to measure the light-evoked components of the RPE (dc-ERG) and the neural retina (a-wave, b-wave). In comparison to their nondiabetic controls, wildtype (WT) andAR−/−diabetic mice displayed significant decreases in the c-wave, fast oscillation, and off response components of the dc-ERG but not in the light peak response. NondiabeticAR−/−mice displayed larger ERG component amplitudes than did nondiabetic WT mice; however, the amplitude of dc-ERG components in diabeticAR−/−animals were similar to WT diabetics. ERG a-wave amplitudes were not reduced in either diabetic group, but b-wave amplitudes were lower in WT andAR−/−diabetic mice. These findings demonstrate that the light-induced responses of the RPE and outer retina are disrupted in diabetic mice, but these defects are not due to photoreceptor dysfunction, nor are they ameliorated by deletion of AR. This latter finding suggests that benefits observed in other studies utilizing pharmacological inhibitors of AR might have been secondary to off-target effects of the drugs.
Properties of co-operations: diagrammatic proofs
Authors: RANNOU PIERRE
Published: October 2012

We propose an alternative approach, based on diagram rewriting, for computations in bialgebras. We illustrate this graphical syntax by proving some properties of co-operations, including coassociativity and cocommutativity. This amounts to checking the confluence of some rewriting systems.
What is the Role of Eye Movements in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)? A Review
Authors: Jeffries Fiona W. , Davis Paul
Published: October 2012

Background:Controversy continues to exist regarding how EMDR works and whether its mechanisms differ from those at work in standard exposure techniques.Aims:To investigate first whether eye movement bilateral stimulation is an essential component of EMDR and, second, the current status of its theoretical basis.Method:A systematic search for relevant articles was conducted in databases using standard methodology.Results:Clinical research evidence is contradictory as to how essential EMs are in PTSD treatment. More positive support is provided by analogue studies. With regards to potential theoretical support, some evidence was found suggesting bilateral stimulation first increases access to episodic memories; and second that it could act on components of working memory which makes focusing on the traumatic memories less unpleasant and thereby improves access to these memories.Conclusions:The results suggest support for the contention that EMs are essential to this therapy and that a theoretical rationale exists for their use. Choice of EMDR over trauma-focused CBT should therefore remain a matter of patient choice and clinician expertise; it is suggested, however, that EMs may be more effective at reducing distress, and thereby allow other components of treatment to take place.
Intakes of milk and alternatives among on-reserve First Nations youth in northern and southern Ontario, Canada
Authors: Gates Michelle , Hanning Rhona M , Gates Allison , Martin Ian D , Tsuji Leonard JS
Published: October 2012

Objective

To assess the adequacy of milk and alternatives, Ca and vitamin D intakes in First Nations (FN) youth in Ontario, Canada. Intakes were compared with the general population and dietary standards. Variation in intakes by community (proxy for remoteness) and BMI was examined.

Design

Data were collected by 24 h recall between November 2003 and June 2010. Intakes were analysed descriptively. Variation in intakes, by community and BMI category, was assessed using ANOVA.

Setting

Five remote FN communities of the Mushkegowuk Territory (northern Ontario, Canada) and two less-remote southern Ontario FN communities.

Subjects

Schoolchildren (n457) in grades 6 to 12.

Results

Compared with Canada's Food Guide recommendations, 72·6 to 84·7 % had an inadequate intake of milk and alternatives depending on age and sex group; 86·2 % of individuals fell below the RDA for Ca; 96·4 % fell below the RDA for vitamin D. Community variation in intakes was detected, although in all cases Fort Albany had higher intakes, even when it was the more northern (remote) community. A BMI × sex interaction was found for intake of milk and alternatives (P= 0·041): an inverse relationship between intake and BMI was seen in females; in males, those who were overweight had the highest intake, followed by normal-weight and obese youth.

Conclusions

The nutritional inadequacies parallel the results of other Canadian studies of Aboriginal populations. Population health interventions to improve intakes are warranted. Moreover, community variation in intakes exists among FN youth in the present study (Fort Albany pairs only), but results were not as expected.
Association of family income with BMI from childhood to adult life: a birth cohort study
Authors: Gigante Denise P , Victora Cesar G , Matijasevich Alícia , Horta Bernardo L , Barros Fernando C
Published: October 2012

Objective

To investigate the association of family income at birth with BMI among young adults who have been followed since birth.

Design

A birth cohort study.

Setting

In 1982, all children born in Pelotas, southern Brazil, were included in a perinatal survey and visited at ages 1, 2, 4, 15, 18–19 and 23 years.

Subjects

Cohort members (n 4297) were traced and interviewed in 2004–2005. In all follow-ups, participants were weighed and measured, and BMI and prevalence of obesity were calculated for each age. Family income was obtained in minimum wages in 1982 and as a continuous variable, in reais, in later follow-ups. Skin colour was self-reported in 2004–2005.

Results

Mean BMI and prevalence of obesity differed between males and females. In males, a direct relationship was found throughout life and among females this relationship was modified by age. During childhood, BMI was higher among girls from higher income groups and this association was inversed at age 23 years. At this same age, mean BMI among black women was 1·3 kg/m2 higher than among white women, even after adjustment for current family income.

Conclusions

The findings show in men that the relationship between income and BMI is similar to that seen in less developed areas, whereas among adult women the relationship is similar to that observed in developed countries. In addition to the effect of socio-economic status, skin colour also has an influence on the BMI of adult women.
The problem of the ‘prebiotic and never born proteins’
Authors: Marsh Gerald E.
Published: October 2012

It has been argued that the limited set of proteins used by life as we know could not have arisen by the process of Darwinian selection from all possible proteins. This probabilistic argument has a number of implicit assumptions that may not be warranted. A variety of considerations are presented to show that the number of amino acid sequences that need to have been sampled during the evolution of proteins is far smaller than assumed by the argument.
The West Japan Twins and Higher Order Multiple Births Registry
Authors: Yokoyama Yoshie
Published: October 2012

The West Japan Twins and Higher Order Multiple Births Registry was established in the 1990s by recruiting young twins and multiples and through referrals from public health centers. To date, over 7,000 twins and 4,300 higher order multiple births and their families have been registered in the survey, and it includes one of the largest triplet samples in the world. Follow-up questionnaires are also mailed every 2 to 3 years as part of longitudinal survey studies. This article describes the goals of the registry, the recruitment of multiples, and the overall focus of the study. The goals of the registry are not only to provide data for research on human genetics and maternal and child health, but also to provide appropriate information for families with multiples.
VETSA: The Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging
Authors: Kremen William S. , Franz Carol E. , Lyons Michael J.
Published: October 2012

The Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging (VETSA) is a longitudinal behavioral genetic study with a primary focus on cognitive and brain aging in men. It comprises a subset of over 1,200 twins from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. Like many other studies of aging, the VETSA includes many different phenotypes, but there are some key features that distinguish it from most other behavioral genetic aging studies. First, the initial assessment was conducted when all participants were middle-aged. Second, the age range of participants is narrow; all were in their 50s at the time of the initial recruitment. Third, the study includes an extensive and demanding neurocognitive test battery that was designed to provide good coverage of different cognitive abilities and avoid ceiling effects in middle-aged adults. Fourth, young adult cognitive test data (at an average age of 20 years) are available to provide a gauge of cognitive change. These features make the VETSA ideal for studying the heterogeneity of within-individual trajectories from midlife to old age, and for early detection of risk factors for cognitive decline.
Turkish Twin Study: An Initial Step
Authors: Öncel Sevgi Yurt , Aliev Fazil
Published: October 2012

In this article we introduce the first twin study in Turkey with the future plan to register all twins born in Turkey for research purposes. The Turkish twin study will illuminate the etiology of health problems in the context of cultural differences, owing to the rich cultural diversity in Turkey. As a first step, we selected a sample of 618 twin individuals from 302 pairs and 14 singletons living in the Kirikkale and Ankara regions of Turkey and administered a questionnaire with items about nicotine use, psychiatric disorders, and information about the family, in addition to zygosity items. Our study provides valuable information regarding factors related to nicotine dependence, age, gender, social situation, and family structure.
Übereinstimmung von klinischer Diagnose, strukturierten Interviews und Selbstbeurteilungsfragebögen bei Depression im Kindes- und Jugendalter
Authors: Dolle Kathrin , Schulte-Körne Gerd , von Hofacker Nikolaus , Izat Yonca , Allgaier Antje-Kathrin
Published: October 2012

Fragestellung: Die vorliegende Studie untersucht die Übereinstimmung von strukturierten Kind- und Elterninterviews sowie dem klinischen Urteil bei der Diagnostik depressiver Episoden im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Zudem prüft sie, ob sich die Treffsicherheit und die optimalen Cut-off-Werte von Selbstbeurteilungsfragebögen in Referenz zu diesen verschiedenen Beurteilerperspektiven unterscheiden. Methodik: Mit 81 Kindern (9–12 Jahre) und 88 Jugendlichen (13–16 Jahre), die sich in kinder- und jugendpsychiatrischen Kliniken oder Praxen vorstellten, und ihren Eltern wurden strukturierte Kinder-DIPS-Interviews durchgeführt. Die Kinder füllten das Depressions-Inventar für Kinder und Jugendliche (DIKJ) aus, die Jugendlichen die Allgemeine Depressions-Skala in der Kurzform (ADS-K). Übereinstimmungen wurden mittels Kappa-Koeffizienten ermittelt. Optimale Cut-off-Werte, Sensitivität, Spezifität sowie positive und negative prädiktive Werte wurden anhand von Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) Kurven bestimmt. Ergebnisse: Die Interviews stimmten untereinander sowie mit dem klinischen Urteil niedrig bis mäßig überein. Depressive Episoden wurden häufiger nach klinischem Urteil als in den Interviews festgestellt. Cut-off-Werte und Validitätsmaße der Selbstbeurteilungsfragebögen variierten je nach Referenzstandard mit den schlechtesten Ergebnissen für das klinische Urteil. Schlussfolgerungen: Klinische Beurteiler könnten durch den Einsatz von strukturierten Interviews profitieren. Strategien für den Umgang mit diskrepanten Kind- und Elternangaben sollten empirisch geprüft und detailliert beschrieben werden.
Little Ice Age in Mughal India: Solar minima linked to droughts?
Authors: Uberoi Chanchal
Published: October 2012

Sunspots—visibly dark spots on the Sun's surface caused by intense magnetic activity—are very active regions of the Sun. The Sun is referred to as quiet during the sunspot minima, when very few sunspots are seen; the activity of the Sun increases with higher numbers of sunspots. The variation in the number of sunspots during the solar minima and maxima shows a cyclic behavior with a period of about 11 years.
Sustainability needs the geosciences
Authors: Grimm Nancy , van der Pluijm Ben
Published: October 2012

Science, Innovation, and Partnerships for Sustainable Solutions: A National Academies Symposium; Washington, D. C., 16–18 May 2012 It is no longer disputed that humanity has drastically changed the face of the planet and its life‐support systems. The sustainability challenge is to meet people's needs today and in the future while sustaining life‐support systems. This grand challenge demands a new scientific approach: use‐inspired, solution‐driven research that consciously links scientific research to societal decision‐making and action. Sustainability science may help fulfill that need if it can engage communities of expertise across a wide range of disciplines and sectors, including the geosciences.
Polar boundary layer processes: Important factors for investigating biogeochemistry and climate
Authors: Hunke Elizabeth , Meier Walt
Published: October 2012

Ice at the Interface: Atmosphere‐Ice‐Ocean Boundary Layer Processes and Their Role in Polar Change; Boulder, Colorado, 25–27 June 2012 The atmosphere‐ocean boundary layer in which sea ice resides includes many complex physical processes requiring a more realistic treatment in climate models, particularly as models incorporate biogeochemical feedback mechanisms such as aerosol effects on clouds. The primary purpose of a workshop recently held at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's David Skaggs Research Center was to define and discuss such coupled processes. Several scientific themes crucial for biogeochemical cycling emerged from the workshop, such as the importance of episodic events, precipitation, stratification, and the marginal ice zone.
A federal partnership to pursue operational prediction at the weather‐climate interface
Authors: Sandgathe Scott A. , Eleuterio Daniel , Warren Steven
Published: October 2012

Earth System Prediction Capability Workshop Washington, D. C., 21–23 March 2012 A meeting to advance a federal partnership toward operational prediction of the physical environment at subseasonal to decadal time scales was held in Washington, D. C. Scientists, headquarters representatives, and program managers from the Department of Energy, NASA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Air Force, and the U.S. Navy met to discuss pressing agency requirements for extended‐range environmental prediction to inform economic, energy, agricultural, national security, and infrastructure decisions. After significant review and discussion, participants agreed that the highest potential for progress was at the interseasonal to interannual (ISI) time scales (Advancing the Science of Climate Change (2010), Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (BASC), http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12782). They agreed to pursue a joint effort, identifying five areas for near‐term demonstrations of predictability and establishing volunteer coordinators to organize the demonstration efforts. The demonstrations will establish operational extended‐range predictive skill, inform further research, enhance interagency collaboration, and push forward environmental prediction technical and computational capabilities.
Climate change in the Brazilian northeast
Authors: Rodrigues Regina R. , Haarsma Reindert J. , Hoelzemann Judith J.
Published: October 2012

Climate Change, Impacts and Vulnerabilities in Brazil: Preparing the Brazilian Northeast for the Future; Natal, Brazil, 27 May to 01 June 2012 The variability of the semiarid climate of the Brazilian northeast has enormous environmental and social implications. Because most of the population in this area depends on subsistence agriculture, periods of severe drought in the past have caused extreme poverty and subsequent migration to urban centers. From the ecological point of view, frequent and prolonged droughts can lead to the desertification of large areas. Understanding the causes of rainfall variability, in particular periods of severe drought, is crucial for accurate forecasting, mitigation, and adaptation in this important region of Brazil.
2012 election results
Authors: Robinson Robert , Tetzlaff Doerthe
Published: October 2012

On 4 October 2012, AGU members completed voting for the 2013–2014 leadership term. Union officers, Board members, section and focus group officers, and student and early career representatives to the Council were elected. All members who joined or renewed their membership by 1 July 2012 were eligible to vote in this year's leadership election. The vote was held electronically, and access to voting was provided to all eligible voters for a period of 31 days. The voting was conducted by Survey and Ballot Systems, Inc. (SBS). SBS, which offers election planning and management services, provided unique login credentials and other support services for eligible voters throughout the election. Voting results were certified by SBS on 8 October and by the AGU Tellers Committee on 9 October. The overall participation rate was 21.9%, an increase over previous AGU elections.
Extreme events and natural hazards: The complexity perspective
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: October 2012

Advanced societies have become quite proficient at defending against moderate‐size earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, or other natural assaults. What still pose a significant threat, however, are the unknowns, the extremes, the natural phenomena encompassed by the upper tail of the probability distribution. Alongside the large or powerful events, truly extreme natural disasters are those that tie different systems together: an earthquake that causes a tsunami, which leads to flooding, which takes down a nuclear reactor. In the geophysical monograph Extreme Events and Natural Hazards: The Complexity Perspective, editors A. Surjalal Sharma, Armin Bunde, Vijay P. Dimro, and Daniel N. Baker present a lens through which such multidisciplinary phenomena can be understood. In this interview, Eos talks to Sharma about complexity science, predicting extreme events and natural hazards, and the push for “big data.”