bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Peptidergic neurohemal system of an insect: Mass spectrometric morphology
Authors: Predel Reinhard
Published: November 2004

Neuropeptides are by far the most diverse group of messenger molecules in insects. To understand cell signaling and function, it is essential to reveal the complete neuropeptide profile of a single neuron/nerve/neurohemal organ first. In this study, matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight (MALDI‐TOF) mass spectrometry was used to analyze the peptidergic system of an insect, focussing on the neurohemal structures. Major neurohemal organs were investigated, including the retrocerebral complex, perisympathetic organs, and all nerves supplying these organs with neurosecretions. Additionally, peripheral neurohemal release sites such as the dilator muscle of the antennal circulatory organ and lateral heart nerves were studied, as well as parts of the stomatogastric nervous system. The following neuropeptide families were analyzed: kinins, allatostatins, leucomyosuppressin, corazonin, adipokinetic hormones, myoinhibitory peptide, sulfakinins, periviscerokinins, YLSamide, VEAacid, SKNacid, proctolin, the head peptide, and pyrokinins. Beyond a contribution to a map of the distribution of neuropeptides in a neurohemal system, the following conclusions can be drawn from these experiments. (1) Nearly all abundant peaks in the different mass spectra represent peptides that have already been identified. (2) Although only adult males were used in this study, variations in the peptide abundances were observed that are possibly correlated with different physiological/developmental conditions. (3) Peptides have a body‐region–specific distribution in the neurohemal system. (4) A clear compartmentalisation of the retrocerebral complex could be observed. J. Comp. Neurol. 436:363–375, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Linear stability of solitary waves of the Green‐Naghdi equations
Authors: Li Yi A.
Published: November 2004

We investigate the eigenvalue problem obtained from linearizing the Green‐Naghdi equations about solitary wave solutions. Unlike weakly nonlinear water wave models, the physical system considered here has nonlinearity in its highest derivative term. This results in more detailed asymptotic analysis of the eigenvalue problem in the presence of a large parameter. Combining the technique of singular perturbation with the Evans function, we show that for solitary waves of small amplitude, the problem has no eigenvalues of positive real part and the Evans function is nonvanishing everywhere except the origin. This fact then leads to the linear stability of these solitary waves. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Stability of one‐dimensional boundary layers by using Green's functions
Authors: Grenier Emmanuel , Rousset Frédéric
Published: November 2004

The aim of this paper is to investigate the stability of one‐dimensional boundary layers of parabolic systems as the viscosity goes to 0 in the noncharacteristic case and, more precisely, to prove that spectral stability implies linear and nonlinear stability of approximate solutions. In particular, we replace the smallness condition obtained by the energy method [10, 13] by a weaker spectral condition. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Infants' long‐term memory for a serial list: Recognition and reactivation
Authors: Gulya Michelle , Galluccio Lissa , Wilk Amy , Rovee‐Collier Carolyn
Published: November 2004

Serial lists contain information about item identity and item order. Using a task designed for nonverbal animals, we previously found that 3‐ and 6‐month‐olds exhibited a primacy effect after 24 hr, remembering both item identity and item order. Presently, we examined their memory of list information after longer delays. In Experiment 1, the serial‐position curve reverted to a U‐shape after 1 week at both ages, revealing that the common practice of attributing primacy and recency effects to long‐ and short‐term memory, respectively, is flawed. In Experiment 2, a precuing procedure confirmed that 6‐month‐olds' memory still contained order information after 1 week, but 3‐month‐olds' reactivated memory contained none. Experiments 3A and 3B confirmed that increasing the complexity of information that was learned shortened the delay after which it could be retrieved. Testing infants after delays longer than have previously been used with animals or human adults sheds new light on an old phenomenon. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 38: 174–185, 2001
Estimation of multiple talker locations using randomly positioned microphones (method of subarray selection)
Authors: Kobayashi Kazunori , Hokari Haruhide , Shimada Shoji
Published: November 2004

Technologies for estimating talker location are applicable to teleconference systems with the sense of presence and security systems. Our proposed method estimates multiple talker locations by using synchronous multipliers; it was assumed that the microphones surrounded the talkers. This paper considers the situation in which the talkers surround the microphones. In this arrangement, the main problem is that the capacity for detecting talker location is decreased. Therefore, we propose a new method of subarray selection. Experiments show that the proposed method of subarray selection is effective in estimating talker location. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 84(9): 42–48, 2001
Rollback recovery for a communication system with two failure states
Authors: Kimura Mitsutaka , Yasui Kazumi , Nakagawa Toshio
Published: November 2004

As computer communication technology has developed, system control mechanisms have been realized by a number of processors, and, hence, it has become necessary to carry out processing distributively and rapidly. Also, as the system mechanisms have become increasingly complicated, the problems of improving reliability and increasing capabilities have become important. In this paper, we consider a control system which is roughly divided into one mark processor and a group of other processors, and formulate a stochastic model by taking notice of only communications between two processors. We perform scheduled checkpointing and execute rollback recovery to restore the consistency of a whole system when two faults of processor failures and communication errors have occurred. The expected cost is obtained and an optimal checkpoint interval which minimizes it is discussed. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 84(9): 49–55, 2001
Data collection and analysis for profiling programs: Expectations and reality
Authors: Kaser Joyce S.
Published: November 2004

What we wanted program staff to do in profiling and what they actually did were sometimes very different. This chapter presents a suggested methodology for formative evaluation and discusses how those using this methodology responded to our approach.
Graphical presentation of multilevel data: Table versus flowchart format
Authors: Parker Edward A. , Mortillaro Louis J.
Published: November 2004

The data presented in the table and flowcharts presented in this chapter convey the same information, but the flowchart more effectively guides the reader through the various relationships those data describe.
Time series graphs on financial performance and cohort dropout rates
Authors: Sullivan Kathleen
Published: November 2004

Solutions to two common time series graphing problems are presented. The revised graph in the first group shows the difference between a criterion level and an actual level of financial performance; the second shows the behavior of statewide student cohorts.
Evaluation concerns and the presentation of data
Authors: DeVeaux Mika'il
Published: November 2004

This chapter draws attention to various evaluation concerns and their impact on the presentation of data. It emphasizes the importance of several graphics principles, including avoiding clutter, limiting the number of features in a graph, understanding the evaluation question, and knowing the audience.
Crafting mixed‐method evaluation designs
Authors: Caracelli Valerie J. , Greene Jennifer C.
Published: November 2004

Two classes of mixed‐method, mixed‐paradigm evaluation designs are defined and described.
What can you build with thousands of bricks? Musings on the cumulation of knowledge in program evaluation
Authors: Lipsey Mark W.
Published: November 2004

Combining evaluation studies and evaluation designs and studying program processes can lead to the building of better social intervention theories needed to guide effective program development and evaluation design.
The RCRA Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP): A Concept for a New Method
Authors: Kimmell Todd A. , Williams Llewellyn R. , Sorini Susan S.
Published: November 2004

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has committed to reexamining its use of the Toxicity Characteristic
Leaching Procedure (TCLP). The TCLP was developed to support the Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act (RCRA) Toxicity Characteristic (40 CFR 261.24) and to help predict whether toxic
constituents of solid wastes would be mobilized upon their contact with municipal waste leachate. The method
involves a batch extraction test in which wastes are exposed to an aqueous liquid designed to simulate the
solvent properties of municipal waste leachates. The resulting extract (i.e., TCLP leachate) is
analyzed for the presence of various organic and inorganic contaminants. This article presents a concept for a
new method that addresses a number of critical design criteria. The concept is based on a preliminary method
developed by the authors as part of a work group chaired by the American Society for Testing and Materials. 2001
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Greening the Government and Environmental Management Compliance Using Interactive Web Technologies
Authors: Wowak Kristin , Cleet Christopher
Published: November 2004

The Internet is a powerful tool to inform, communicate, and implement Federal pollution prevention
(P2) programs. In 1996, TRW envisioned the creation of a forum that would enable the tracking of P2
compliance quicker and more accurately than conventional methods allowed. Towards this objective, TRW worked
closely with the Department of Energy's (DOE) Pollution Prevention Team to design and create an
interactive, agency‐wide Web site to track P2 compliance as required by Executive Order (EO)
13101.

Interactive Web technologies have direct future applications for a myriad of P2 compliance initiatives,
activities, and areas, including other “Greening the Government” executive orders. Use of
interactive Web technologies can enhance existing information sources by allowing P2 coordinators to track and
report compliance both in real‐time and online, and to provide agency‐specific P2 information and
training. TRW has developed a knowledge base and a set of lessons learned to assist federal P2 managers in
identifying areas of application for enhanced P2 compliance through the use of next‐generation
interactive Web technologies. Copyright TRW Inc. 2001. All rights reserved. TRW has granted permission for
reprint of this article in this journal. No part of this copyrighted work may be reproduced, modified, or
distributed in any form or by any means or stored in any database or retrieval system, without prior written
permission of TRW Inc. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Making Legitimate Decisions: Scientific and Democratic Ideals in Federal Facility Management
Authors: Mercer Doug
Published: November 2004

Environmental decision making is conventionally conceived as involving a scientific technical analysis and a
political process of public participation. The ideal of the technical process is that it be an unbiased analysis
of the best available scientific information. The ideal political process would involve all of the affected
stakeholders. The actual decision usually entails a compromise between these two ideals, frustrating decision
makers with high standards for both. This article reports the results of a survey of public attitudes about the
role of science and public participation in decisions at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental
Laboratory (INEEL), an 890‐square‐mile site managed by the Department of Energy
(DOE). INEEL is cleaning up land contaminated with radioactive and conventional wastes resulting from
historical operations. Its approach to cleanup has been both technically and politically controversial. The
article concludes with the suggestion that decision makers think of technical and political aspects of a
decision as a single process, rather than two processes with different ideals. © 2001 John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Coordination of Response Activities with Restoration of Natural‐Resource Injuries under CERCLA at DOD Sites
Authors: Hyatt Diane , Bernhard Teresa S.
Published: November 2004

The Department of Defense (DOD) is proactively acting as a natural resource trustee to address
injuries to natural resources during response under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and
Liability Act (CERCLA). Taking the leadership role as lead agent and natural resource trustee improves
environmental protectiveness standards in remedies while realizing more efficient, cost‐effective data
collection to meet interrelated goals. Coordinating timely stakeholder input can promote consistent decisions
from all federal agencies and reduce potential for liabilities resulting from natural‐resource damage
claims from state or tribal trustees. This article also provides a case study of a Maryland facility that is
successfully implementing the principles described herein. The Department of the Navy and stakeholder
participants have successfully utilized this approach for the CERCLA assessment phase to fulfill the
responsibilities of CERCLA response and trusteeship. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Next Steps in Navigating the DOD Environmental Cleanup Negotiation Process
Authors: Pohlman Teresa
Published: November 2004

Many objectives influence the Department of Defense (DOD( environmental cleanup program, including
those from the regulatory, legal, political, public, temporal, economic, technical, and public health
(social) perspectives. Although all of these objectives are integral to the environmental cleanup
process, preliminary research by the author suggests that the two with the greatest influence (accepting
the legal and social as implicitly incorporated in the baseline process) are regulatory and public. These
objectives have grown to greatly influence the DOD environmental program over the past 30 years, as evidenced by
the evolution of the program from being mildly regulated with little public input to being heavily regulated
with increasing public participation and scrutiny. The evolution of the DOD environmental program has resulted
in an urgent need to more effectively and efficiently pursue negotiations with regulatory agencies while dealing
equitably with public participation and influence. This article will attempt to address this need by
(1) presenting the historical context of the DOD environmental program in terms of major pieces of
legislation, (2) examining emerging issues catalyzed by this legislation and by the objectives
influencing the program, and (3) suggesting options for exploring new negotiating approaches and
procedures to address the emerging issues. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Site formation processes in Theopetra Cave: A record of climatic change during the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene in Thessaly, Greece
Authors: Karkanas Panagiotis
Published: November 2004

Theopetra Cave preserves a 6.4‐m‐thick sedimentary sequence characterized by alternating, mostly water‐lain sediments, and multisequence burnt layers. Eighteen principal radiocarbon ages provide temporal control for this sequence. The sediments of the cave were examined using micromorphological techniques, which involves the study of petrographic thin sections produced from resin‐impregnated, undisturbed blocks of sediment. Several distinct cold periods are recorded in the sediments. The earliest of these represents a major cooling, and it is tentatively assigned to Oxygen Isotope Stage 4 on the basis of the sedimentation rate and the associated sequence of events. A brief cold event affected the uppermost part of a burnt layer dated to ca. 46 kyr B.P., but its effect ended well before 40 kyr B.P. The second major cold phase spans the period between around 33 kyr B.P. and the end of Last Glacial Maximum (16 kyr B.P.). However, there is ample evidence for a milder interval around 25 kyr B.P. It is argued that a distinctive, albeit weaker and brief cold peak, at about 11 kyr B.P., provides the strongest evidence so far obtained in Greece for the Younger Dryas event. Both major cold phases are characterized by a sequence of events that started with alternating freeze–thaw activity and phosphate cementation and ended with erosion. The return to milder conditions is accompanied by natural aggradation inside the cave. The aggradation accelerated throughout much of the glacial phase and ended soon after the Last Glacial Maximum. In addition, two other major erosional events are recorded in the cave. The first may be correlated with an early Holocene arid interval at around 7.5 kyr B.P. The second is tentatively assigned to the end of Neolithic, although it is not clear if it was triggered by a climatic change or by human disturbance of the landscape. The general sedimentation pattern at Theopetra is comparable with the trend of the alluviation history in the Plain of Thessaly. Moreover, the observed correlation with major climatic variations, such as the Heinrich events in the Northern Atlantic, could represent the influence of northern latitude climatic forcing on the late Pleistocene climate in central Greece. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
C‐phosphorylation of 5,10‐dimethyl‐5,10‐dihydrophenazine and its carbo‐ and heteroanalogs
Authors: Ivonin Sergei P. , Kopteva Svetlana D. , Serdyuk Viktor N. , Tolmachev Andrei A. , Pinchuk Aleksandr M.
Published: November 2004

This study covers phosphorylation of heterocyclic analogues of N‐methyldiphenylamine with phosphorus tribromide in pyridine solution. The reaction is found to proceed regioselectively in accordance with the orienting effect of the amino group. Mono and bis‐phosphorylated derivatives of the heterocycles have been isolated and characterized. It is pointed out that the heterocyclic systems under study exhibit reduced reactivity in electrophilic phosphorylation as compared to N‐methyldiphenylamine. The results of calculations by the PM3 method are reported for the starting molecules and their σ‐complexes. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 12:652–657, 2001
Feasibility and long‐term results of autologous PBSC transplantation in recurrent undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Airoldi Mario , De Crescenzo Alberto , Pedani Fulvia , Marchionatti Sara , Gabriele Anna Maria , Succo Giovanni , Rosti Giovanni , Bumma Cesare
Published: November 2004

Background

Recurrent undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (UNPC) is a chemosensitive illness. Here we report long‐term results of high‐dose chemotherapy (HDC) as late intensification, with autologous peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) support.

Methods

Six patients (5 men, 1 woman; median age 41years; median ECOG PS = 0) with recurrent UNPC (local, 2; local + nodal, 2; bone metastasis, 2) have been enrolled. All patients had been previously treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy; 3 of 4 local relapses had received a re‐irradiation. Every patient received three courses of cisplatin + epirubicin and 1 cycle of epirubicin followed by PBSC collection. A median of 7.2 × 106/kg (range, 4.5–18) CD34+ cells were reinfused. HDC was according ICE scheme: ifosfamide, 2.5 g/m2/d, + carboplatin, 300 mg/m2/d, + VP‐16, 300 mg/m2/d days 1 through 4.

Results

After conventional chemotherapy, we had 1 CR (16%), 3 PR (50%), and 2 NC (34%). After HDC, we had 4 CR (66%) ,1 PR (17%), and 1 MR (17%). Toxicity was manageable. After a median follow‐up of 30 months (range, 14–50), two patients are alive without disease (34%), one is alive with bone disease (16%), and three (50%) died of disease at 16, 18, and 24 months.

Conclusions

HDC has an acceptable toxicity, can convert PR in CR, and seems effective, with long‐lasting CRs. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 799–803, 2001.
Two cases of primary malignant melanoma of the lacrimal sac
Authors: Lee Heung‐Man , Kang Hee Joon , Choi Geon , Chae Sung Won , Kim Chul Hwan , Hwang Soon Jae , Lee Sang Hag
Published: November 2004

Background

Malignancy of the lacrimal sac is rare, and primary malignant melanoma in this region is extremely rare.

Methods

We report two cases of malignant melanoma of the lacrimal sac presented with epiphora and a palpable mass in the medial canthal area. We performed radical surgery and radiation therapy.

Results

The light microscopic, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic studies confirmed the diagnosis. One of the patients, a 65‐year‐old‐woman, has no evidence of recurrence or distant metastasis 3 years after surgery and radiotherapy, whereas another patient, a 56‐year‐old man, died of distant metastasis 6 months after surgery and radiotherapy.

Conclusions

We present two cases of malignant melanoma of the lacrimal sac that masqueraded as chronic dacryocystitis. Head and neck surgeons should be aware of this disease entity when encountered with patients with epiphora and mass in the medial canthal area. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 809–813, 2001
Bilateral medial temporal lobe damage does not affect lexical or grammatical processing: Evidence from amnesic patient H.M.
Authors: Kensinger Elizabeth A. , Ullman Michael T. , Corkin Suzanne
Published: November 2004

In the most extensive investigation to date of language in global amnesia, we acquired data from experimental measures and examined longitudinal data from standardized tests, to determine whether language function was preserved in the amnesic patient H.M. The experimental measures indicated that H.M. performed normally on tests of lexical memory and grammatical function, relative to age‐ and education‐matched control participants. Longitudinal data from four Wechsler subtests (Information, Comprehension, Similarities, and Vocabulary), that H.M. had taken 20 times between 1953 (preoperatively) and 2000, indicated consistent performance across time, and provided no evidence of a lexical memory decrement. We conclude that medial temporal lobe structures are not critical for retention and use of already acquired lexical information or for grammatical processing. They are, however, required for acquisition of lexical information, as evidenced in previous studies revealing H.M.'s profound impairment at learning new words. Hippocampus 2001;11:347–360. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Revisiting the role of the hippocampal mossy fiber synapse
Authors: Urban Nathaniel N. , Henze Darrell A. , Barrionuevo German
Published: November 2004

The mossy fiber pathway has long been considered to provide the major source of excitatory input to pyramidal cells of hippocampal area CA3. In this review we describe anatomical and physiological properties of this pathway that challenge this view. We argue that the mossy fiber pathway does not provide the main input to CA3 pyramidal cells, and that the short‐term plasticity and amplitude variance of mossy fiber synapses may be more important features than their long‐term plasticity or absolute input strength. Hippocampus 2001;11:408–417. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression profile of 30,000 genes in rat hippocampus using SAGE
Authors: Datson Nicole A. , van der Perk Jeannette , de Kloet E. Ronald , Vreugdenhil Erno
Published: November 2004

Using the serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) method, we generated a gene expression profile of the rat hippocampus. A total of 76,790 SAGE tags was analyzed, allowing identification of 28,748 different tag species, each representing a unique mRNA transcript. The tags were divided into different abundancy classes, ranging from tags that were detected over 500 times to tags encountered only once in the 76,790 tags analyzed. The mRNA species detected more than 50 times represented 0.3% of the total number of unique tags while accounting for 22% of the total hippocampal mRNA mass. The majority of tags were encountered 5 times or less. The genes expressed at the highest levels were of mitochondrial origin, consistent with a high requirement for energy in neuronal tissue. At a lower level of expression, several neuron‐specific transcripts were encountered, encoding various neurotransmitter receptors, transporters, and enzymes involved in neurotransmitter synthesis and turnover, ion channels and pumps, and synaptic components. Comparison of relative expression levels demonstrated that glutamate receptors are the most frequent neurotransmitter receptors expressed in the hippocampus, consistent with the important role of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the hippocampus, while GABA receptors were present at approximately 10‐fold lower levels. Several kinases were present including CaMKII, which was expressed at high levels, consistent with its being the most abundant protein in the spines of hippocampal pyramidal cells. This is the first extensive inventory of gene expression in the hippocampus and serves as a reference for future studies aimed at elucidating hippocampal transcriptional responses under various conditions. Hippocampus 2001;11:430–444. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
GluR5,6,7 subunit immunoreactivity on apical pyramidal cell dendrites in hippocampus of schizophrenics and manic depressives
Authors: Benes Francine M. , Todtenkopf Mark S. , Kostoulakos Paul
Published: November 2004

Recent postmortem studies have suggested that changes in the regulation of kainate‐sensitive glutamate receptors (kainate receptors) in the hippocampus may play a role in schizophrenia. To explore this possibility further, the distribution of immunoreactivity (IR) for the GluR5,6,7 subunits of the KR was assessed in a cohort consisting of 15 normal controls, 15 schizophrenics, and 9 manic depressives matched for age and postmortem interval (PMI). Cross sections of hippocampus showed abundant GluR5,6,7‐IR on apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons in the stratum radiatum and stratum moleculare. In normal controls, both the numerical and length density of IR dendrites were much higher in sector CA2 than in sectors CA3 or CA1. When data for the individual groups were separately examined, the schizophrenics showed a 30–35% reduction in the density of GluR5,6,7‐IR dendrites found in both stratum radiatum and stratum moleculare of sectors CA3 and CA2, as well as proximal and middle portions of CA1. In CA2, the magnitude of this decrease in schizophrenia was 2.5 times larger than that seen in any of the other sectors. For the manic depressive group, no significant differences were observed in any sectors or laminae examined. The potential confounding effects of either age, PMI, or neuroleptic exposure do not explain the reduced density of IR dendrites detected in the schizophrenic group. Taken together, the preferential reduction of GluR5,6,7‐IR observed on apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons is consistent with a functional downregulation of the kainate receptor in the hippocampus of schizophrenic brain. Hippocampus 2001;11:482–491. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of pre‐ and postnatal corticosterone exposure on the rat hippocampal GABA system
Authors: Stone David J. , Walsh John P. , Sebro Ronnie , Stevens Renna , Pantazopolous Harry , Benes Francine M.
Published: November 2004

Several lines of evidence have implicated prenatal stress and the hippocampal GABA system in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, and prenatal stress is believed to increase the risk for schizophrenia through alterations of this neurotransmitter. To explore this hypothesis, we treated male rats pre‐ and/or postnatally (P48 and P60) with either corticosterone (CORT) or vehicle to establish three study groups: VVV, receiving vehicle at all three time points; VCC, receiving vehicle prenatally and CORT at both postnatal timepoints; and CCC, receiving CORT at all three timepoints. Animals were sacrificed at either 24 h or 5 days after final injection and examined for mRNA levels of GAD65, GAD67, and the GABAA receptor subunits α2 and γ2. At 24 h, GAD65 mRNA was decreased in CA1, CA2, CA4, and dentate gyrus (DG) of VCC rats; this effect was either decreased or reversed in CCC‐treated animals. No effect was detected in GAD67 mRNA at 24 h. At 5 days, CORT treatment increased GAD67 mRNA levels in CA1, CA3, and DG. Prenatal treatment with CORT was associated with increased responsiveness only in CA3 and DG. For the GABAA receptor, α2 subunit mRNA did not show any change in response to CORT treatment, while that for the γ2 subunit was decreased in CA2 of both VCC‐ and CCC‐treated animals. Consistent with γ2 subunit mRNA decreases, benzodiazepine (BZ) receptor binding activity was decreased in CA2 with CORT treatment. Prenatal CORT exposure neither increased nor decreased this effect. These results demonstrate that CORT administration is associated with a complex regulation of mRNA expression for pre‐ and postnatal aspects of the hippocampal GABA system. Under these conditions, prenatal exposure to CORT may sensitize some of these effects, but does not fundamentally alter the nature of this response. Hippocampus 2001;11:492–507. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hippocampal dysfunction in schizophrenia
Authors: Schmajuk Nestor A.
Published: November 2004

Although not necessarily primary to the disease, hippocampal dysfunction in schizophrenia is suggested by morphological changes in the hippocampal formation reported in schizophrenic patients. This notion receives additional support from studies showing that 1) similar behavioral deficits are exhibited by both schizophrenics and animals with hippocampal lesions, and 2) some of these behavioral deficits are reversed by neuroleptics in both schizophrenics and lesioned animals. A brain‐mapped neural network model is used to explain how some impairments in attention can be caused by hippocampal dysfunction and ameliorated by dopaminergic blockers. Hippocampus 2001;11:599–613. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cyclin D1 overexpression associates with radiosensitivity in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Shintani Satoru , Mihara Mariko , Ueyama Yoshiya , Matsumura Tomohiro , Wong David T.W.
Published: November 2004

Overexpression of cyclin D1, a G1 cell cycle regulator, is often found in many different tumor types, including oral squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). Recent laboratory experiments have demonstrated that cyclin D1 levels can influence radiosensitivity in various cell lines. This study evaluated the relationship between cyclin D1 expression levels and radiosensitivity in nine oral SCC cell lines (HSC2, HSC3, HSC4, SCC15, SCC25, SCC66, SCC111, Ca9‐22, and NAN2) and 41 clinical patients with oral SCC who underwent preoperative radiation therapy. Radiosensitivity of the nine oral SCC cell lines differed greatly in their response to radiation, assessed by a standard colony formation assay. Likewise, the expression of cyclin D1 varied, and the magnitude of the cyclin D1 expression correlated with increased tumor radiosensitivity. The similar significant association between the response to preoperative radiation therapy and cyclin D1 overexpression was observed in the oral SCC patients who were treated with preoperative radiation therapy. These results suggest that cyclin D1 expression levels correlate to radiosensitivity and could be used to predict the effectiveness of radiation therapy on oral SCC. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inhibition of forskolin‐stimulated cAMP formation in vitro by paraoxon and chlorpyrifos oxon in cortical slices from neonatal, juvenile, and adult rats
Authors: Olivier Kenneth , Liu Jing , Pope Carey
Published: November 2004

Parathion (PS) and chlorpyrifos (CPF) are organophosphorus insecticides, which elicit toxicity following biotransformation to the potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, paraoxon (PO) and chlorpyrifos oxon (CPO). Both oxons have also been shown to interact directly with muscarinic receptors coupled to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase. Immature animals are more sensitive than adults to the acute toxicity of PS and CPF but little is known regarding possible age‐related differences in interactions between these toxicants and muscarinic receptors. We compared the inhibition of forskolin‐stimulated cAMP formation by PO and CPO (1 nM–1 mM) in vitro in brain slices from 7‐, 21‐, and 90‐day‐old rats to the effects of well‐known muscarinic agonists, carbachol and oxotremorine (100 μM). Both agonists inhibited cAMP formation in tissues from all age groups and both were more effective in adult and juvenile (20–26% inhibition) than in neonatal (12–13% inhibition) tissues. Atropine (10 μM) completely blocked agonist‐induced inhibition in all cases. PO maximally inhibited (37–46%) cAMP formation similarly in tissues from all age groups, but atropine blocked those effects only partially and only in tissues from 7‐day‐old rats. CPO similarly inhibited cAMP formation across age groups (27–38%), but ATR was partially effective in tissues from all three age groups. Both oxons were markedly more potent in tissues from younger animals. We conclude that PO and CPO can directly inhibit cAMP formation through muscarinic receptor‐dependent and independent mechanisms and that the developing nervous system may be more sensitive to these noncholinesterase actions. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 15:263–269, 2001
Di‐tert‐butylhydroxylated flavonoids protect endothelial cells against oxidized LDL‐induced cytotoxicity
Authors: Furman Christophe , Lebeau Jonathan , Fruchart Jean‐Charles , Bernier Jean‐Luc , Duriez Patrick , Cotelle Nicole , Teissier Elisabeth
Published: November 2004

The protective effect of di‐tert‐butylhydroxylated flavonoids (chalcones and arylidenes) against minimally oxidized LDL (mO‐LDL)‐induced cytotoxicity was studied in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells. Most of the tested compounds decreased aldehydes formation in medium containing mO‐LDL, but their capacity to inhibit LDL oxidation in the cellular medium was not sufficient to totally reduce the cellular toxicity of mO‐LDL. Most of the tested flavonoids improved the integrity of cells exposed to mO‐LDL, whereas butylated hydroxytoluene was ineffective and quercetin worsened the toxicity of mO‐LDL. Moreover these flavonoids induced an increase in GSH cellular levels and their protective effects might be because of their inability to reduce metal ion. Arylidene 6 substituted at position 7 by a hydroxyl group was the most potent compound. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 15:270–278, 2001
Cloning, sequencing, and characterization of CYP1A1 cDNA from leaping mullet (Liza Saliens) liver and implications for the potential functions of its conserved amino acids
Authors: Sen Alaattin , Hu Chin‐Hwa , Urbach Ena , Wang‐Buhler Jun‐Lan , Yang Yea‐Huey , Arinc Emel , Buhler Donald R.
Published: November 2004

A 2,037 bp CYP1A1 cDNA (GenBank AF072899) was cloned through screening of a λZipLox cDNA library constructed from the liver of a leaping mullet (Liza saliens) fish captured from Izmir Bay on the Aegean coast of Turkey using rainbow trout CYP1A1 cDNA as a probe. This clone has a 130 bp 5'‐flanking region, a 1,563 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 521‐amino acid protein (58,972 Da), and a 344 bp 3'‐untranslated region without a poly (A) tail. Alignment of the deduced amino acids of CYP1A1 cDNAs showed 58% and 69–96% identities with human and 12 other fish species, respectively. Southern blot analysis suggested that this CYP1A1 cDNA was from a single‐copy gene. Based on the comparison with CYP1A1 genes reported for fish and mammals, the leaping mullet CYP1A1 gene is probably split into 7 exons. The intron insertion sites were predicted. Alignment of the CYP1A1 cDNA encoded amino acids from 13 fish and 7 mammalian species disclosed differences in highly conserved amino acids between aquatic and land vertebrates. The possible associated secondary structure; conserved motifs and substrate‐binding sites were discussed. The phylogenetic relationships of CYP1A1s among 13 fish species were analyzed by a distance method. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 15:243–255, 2001
Spatial and Temporal Ontogenies of Glutathione Peroxidase and Glutathione Disulfide Reductase During Development of the Prenatal Rat
Authors: Choe Hyungsuk , Hansen Jason M. , Harris Craig
Published: November 2004

Spatial and temporal expression and regulation of the antioxidant enzymes, glutathione peroxidase
(GSH‐Px), glutathione disulfide reductase (GSSG‐Rd) may be important in determining cell‐specific
susceptibility to embryotoxicants. Creation of tissue‐specific ontogenies for antioxidant enzyme activities during development is
an important first step in understanding regulatory relationships. Early organogenesis‐stage embryos were grouped
according to the somite number (GD 9–13), and fetuses were evaluated by gestational day (GD 14–21). GSH‐Px activities in the
visceral yolk sac (VYS) increased on consecutive days from GD 9 to GD 13, representing a 5.7‐fold increase during this period of development. GSH‐Px
activities in VYS decreased after GD 13, ultimately constituting a 37% decrease at GD 21. Head, heart, and trunk specific activities generally
increased from GD 9 to GD 13 albeit not to the same magnitude as detected in the VYS. GSSG‐Rd activities showed substantial increases in the VYS from GD 9 to GD
13, 6.3‐fold and decreased thereafter to 50% by GD 21. The greatest changes in enzyme activities were noted in the period between GD 10 and GD 11,
where the embryo establishes an active cardiovascular system and begins to convert to aerobic metabolism. Generally, from GD 14–21, embryonic organ
GSH‐Px and GSSG‐Rd activities either remained constant or increased as gestation progressed. These studies suggest the importance of the VYS in dealing with
ROS and protecting the embryo. Furthermore, understanding the consequences of lower antioxidant activities during organogenesis may help to pinpoint periods of
teratogenic susceptibility to xenobiotics and increased oxygen. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 15:197–206, 2001
N‐Acetyl α‐D‐Glucosaminidase from the Venom of African Puff Adder (Bitis Arietans)
Authors: Nok Andrew J. , Shuaibu M. N. , Choudhry M. K. , Oyebanjo O. , Ibrahim S. , Williams S.
Published: November 2004

The activity of N‐acetyl‐α‐D‐glucosaminidase from venom
of the African puff adder (Bitis arietans) has been detected. The
enzyme from the venom was purified by chromatography on Q‐sepharose, CM‐cellulose, and
N‐acetyl‐α‐D‐glucosamine‐agarose affinity column. The enzyme has a
molecular weight of 102 kDa determined by size exclusion chromatography on Sephacryl 200. It migrated as
a 51‐kDa band on SDS polyacrylamide gels. The enzyme is maximally active at pH 5.5 and
40°C. The B. arietans NAGase hydrolyzed exclusively terminally linked
α‐(1–4) GlcNAc residues from nonreducing ends of oligosaccharides. It
hydrolysed chito‐oligosaccharide, MU‐GlcNAc and chitobiose with KM
values of 0.15 mM and 1.22 mM, respectively. Swollen chitin and oligosaccharide above
(GlcNAc)4 were not hydrolysed by the enzyme. B. arietans NAGase was
strongly inhibited noncompetitively by Hg2+, competitively by 1‐thio‐β‐D‐GlcNAc and N‐acetyl glucosamine (NAG) with
Ki of 0.55, 0.25 and 8 mM, respectively. Colombin the active component of
antivenom preparation from Aristolodia albida inhibited the enzyme competitively with
Ki of 0.6 mM. Delineation of the active site by chemical modification revealed
the involvement of His and Trp in the catalysis of the enzyme. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 15:221–227, 2001
Dermal Exposure to m‐Xylene Leads to Increasing Oxidative Species and Low Molecular Weight DNA Levels in Rat Skin
Authors: Rogers James V. , Gunasekar Palur G. , Garrett Carrol M. , McDougal James N.
Published: November 2004

Dermal absorption of organic solvents, such as m‐xylene, can lead to skin inflammation and pathological changes
within hours after exposure. This study detected oxidative species formation and low molecular weight (LMW) DNA in rat
skin as potential indicators of m‐xylene‐induced skin injury. At 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 h after the beginning
of a 1‐h exposure, skin samples were removed and analyzed for oxidative species formation and LMW DNA analysis. At 2 h, mean
oxidative species levels increased significantly (P < 0.05) above unexposed samples. Significantly higher
(P < 0.05) LMW DNA values were observed at 2, 4, and 6 h compared to unexposed controls. These results show
that oxidative species formation and LMW DNA levels in the skin may serve as indicators for predicting safe exposure levels to
m‐xylene and other volatile organic solvents. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol
15:228–230, 2001
Unintentional platelet removal by plasmapheresis
Authors: Perdue Jedidiah J. , Chandler Linda K. , Vesely Sara K. , Duvall Deanna S. , Gilcher Ronald O. , Smith James W. , George James N.
Published: November 2004

Therapeutic plasmapheresis may remove platelets as well as plasma. Unintentional platelet loss, if not recognized, may lead to inappropriate patient assessment and treatment. A patient with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura‐hemolytic uremic syndrome (TTP‐HUS) is reported in whom persistent thrombocytopenia was interpreted as continuing active disease; thrombocytopenia resolved only after plasma exchange treatments were stopped. This observation prompted a systematic study of platelet loss with plasmapheresis. Data are reported on platelet loss during 432 apheresis procedures in 71 patients with six disease categories using three different instruments. Comparing the first procedure recorded for each patient, there was a significant difference among instrument types (P<0.001); platelet loss was greater with the Fresenius AS 104 (17.5%, N = 21) than with the COBE Spectra (1.6%, N = 26) or the Haemonetics LN9000 (2.6%, N = 24). With all procedures, platelet loss ranged from 0 to 71%. Among disease categories, platelet loss was greater in patients with dysproteinemias who were treated for hyperviscosity symptoms. Absolute platelet loss with the first recorded apheresis procedure, in the 34 patients who had a normal platelet count before the procedure, was also greater with the AS 104 (2.23 × 1011 platelets) than with the Spectra (0.29 × 1011 platelets) or the LN9000 (0.37 × 1011 platelets). In 39 patients in whom data were collected on consecutive days, platelet removal by plasmapheresis correlated with a decreased patient platelet count (r = 0.40, P = 0.011). In these 39 patients, the platelet counts were significantly decreased at 24 hours (P = 0.002). J. Clin. Apheresis. 16:55–60, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ab initio quantum mechanical study of the binding energies of human estrogen receptor α with its ligands: An application of fragment molecular orbital method
Authors: Fukuzawa Kaori , Kitaura Kazuo , Uebayasi Masami , Nakata Kotoko , Kaminuma Tsuguchika , Nakano Tatsuya
Published: November 2004

We have theoretically examined the relative binding affinities (RBA) of typical ligands, 17β‐estradiol (EST), 17α‐estradiol (ESTA), genistein (GEN), raloxifene (RAL), 4‐hydroxytamoxifen (OHT), tamoxifen (TAM), clomifene (CLO), 4‐hydroxyclomifene (OHC), diethylstilbestrol (DES), bisphenol A (BISA), and bisphenol F (BISF), to the α‐subtype of the human estrogen receptor ligand‐binding domain (hERα LBD), by calculating their binding energies. The ab initio fragment molecular orbital (FMO) method, which we have recently proposed for the calculations of macromolecules such as proteins, was applied at the HF/STO‐3G level. The receptor protein was primarily modeled by 50 amino acid residues surrounding the ligand. The number of atoms in these model complexes is about 850, including hydrogen atoms. For the complexes with EST, RAL, OHT, and DES, the binding energies were calculated again with the entire ERαLBD consisting of 241 residues or about 4000 atoms. No significant difference was found in the calculated binding energies between the model and the real protein complexes. This indicates that the binding between the protein and its ligands is well characterized by the model protein with the 50 residues. The calculated binding energies relative to EST were very well correlated with the experimental RBA (the correlation coefficient r = 0.837) for the ligands studied in this work. We also found that the charge transfer between ER and ligands is significant on ER–ligand binding. To our knowledge, this is the first achievement of ab initio quantum mechanical calculations of large molecules such as the entire ERαLBD protein. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 26: 1–10, 2005
Realizing finite edge‐transitive orientable maps
Authors: Širáň Jozef , Tucker Thomas W. , Watkins Mark E.
Published: November 2004

J.E. Graver and M.E. Watkins, Memoirs Am. Math. Soc. 126 (601) (1997) established that the automorphism group of an edge‐transitive, locally finite map manifests one of exactly 14 algebraically consistent combinations (called types) of the kinds of stabilizers of its edges, its vertices, its faces, and its Petrie walks. Exactly eight of these types are realized by infinite, locally finite maps in the plane. H.S.M. Coxeter (Regular Polytopes, 2nd ed., McMillan, New York, 1963) had previously observed that the nine finite edge‐transitive planar maps realize three of the eight planar types.

In the present work, we show that for each of the 14 types and each integer n ≥ 11 such that n ≡ 3,11 (mod 12), there exist finite, orientable, edge‐transitive maps whose various stabilizers conform to the given type and whose automorphism groups are (abstractly) isomorphic to the symmetric group Sym(n). Exactly seven of these types (not a subset of the planar eight) are shown to admit infinite families of finite, edge‐transitive maps on the torus, and their automorphism groups are determined explicitly. Thus all finite, edge‐transitive toroidal maps are classified according to this schema. Finally, it is shown that exactly one of the 14 types can be realized as an abelian group of an edge‐transitive map, namely, as ℤn × ℤ2 where n ≡ 2 (mod 4). © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Graph Theory 37: 1–34, 2001
Menger's Theorem
Authors: Böhme T. , Göring F. , Harant J.
Published: November 2004

Menger's Theorem for digraphs states that for any two vertex sets A and B of a digraph D such that A cannot be separated from B by a set of at most t vertices, there are t + 1 disjoint A–B‐paths in D. Here a short and elementary proof of a more general theorem is given. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Graph Theory 37: 35–36, 2001
Vertex‐disjoint cycles of length at most four each of which contains a specified vertex*
Authors: Ishigami Yoshiyas
Published: November 2004

We obtain a sharp minimum degree condition δ (G) ≥ $\lfloor {\sqrt {\phantom{n^2}n+k^2-3k+1}}\rfloor + 2k-1$ of a graph G of order n ≥ 3k guaranteeing that, for any k distinct vertices, G contains k vertex‐disjoint cycles of length at most four each of which contains one of the k prescribed vertices. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Graph Theory 37: 37–47, 2001