bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Jugaad Infrastructure: Minor infrastructure and the messy aesthetics of everyday life
Authors: Kumar Ankit
Published: September 2024

Jugaad is an Indian name for versatility and improvisation, a sensibility for improvisation, an ability for improvisation and an enabling of improvisation. This paper proposes the idea of Jugaad Infrastructure for versatile socio‐material infrastructure arrangements that inhabit and thrive in the messy aesthetics of everyday life. It does so by extending the focus of infrastructure geographies from ‘big stuff’ to little devices such as solar lamps that gain significance when deployed in big numbers. The paper advances two ideas. First, it argues that jugaad circumvents the formal–informal boundary set by designers. By piercing this boundary, jugaad affords more fluid socio‐material relationships involving infrastructures and their users. In so doing, jugaad affords versatility. Second, it develops the idea of Jugaad Infrastructure. Jugaad Infrastructure folds two things into it. First, infrastructures that are designed in ways that facilitate jugaad, albeit within firmly maintained boundaries and attempt to capitalise on people's aptitude for jugaad to take different forms, inhabit different spaces, enable different purposes and all this while somewhat retaining their shape. They are easy to maintain. This helps them travel to, function and stay in different places. In this way, small devices spread around in large numbers to become big infrastructure. Second, it represents the ensembles of fluid socio‐material relationships and resources involving infrastructures and their users through which infrastructures are tailored to ‘better’ fit everyday lives and needs. Jugaad Infrastructure inhabits the liminal spaces of struggle between designers claiming jugaad as a limited practice that leads to stable innovations and users deploying unlimited jugaadas an everyday practice of socio‐material flux. The paper is based on qualitative research conducted in India during 2012–2013, 2016 and 2017 using participant observations, discussions and interviews with users, entrepreneurs, market players and designers, in addition to documentary evidence from reports and websites.
Long‐term persistence of mitochondrial dysfunctions after viral infections and antiviral therapies: A review of mechanisms involved
Authors: Gay Laetitia , Desquiret‐Dumas Valérie , Nagot Nicolas , Rapenne Clara , Van de Perre Philippe , Reynier Pascal , Molès Jean‐Pierre
Published: September 2024

Mitochondria are vital for most cells' functions. Viruses hijack mitochondria machinery for misappropriation of energy supply or to bypass defense mechanisms. Many of these mitochondrial dysfunctions persist after recovery from treated or untreated viral infections, particularly when mitochondrial DNA is permanently damaged. Quantitative defects and structural rearrangements of mitochondrial DNA accumulate in post‐mitotic tissues as recently reported long after SARS‐CoV‐2 or HIV infection, or following antiviral therapy. These observations are consistent with the “hit‐and‐run” concept proposed decades ago to explain viro‐induced cell transformation and it could apply to delayed post‐viral onsets of symptoms and advocate for complementary supportive care. Thus, according to this concept, following exposure to viruses or antiviral agents, mitochondrial damage could evolve into an autonomous clinical condition. It also establishes a pathogenic link between communicable and non‐communicable chronic diseases.
Analysis of fishing intensity in the South China Sea based on automatic identification system data: A comparison between China and Vietnam
Authors: Wu Wenzhou , Zhang Peng , Wang Qi , Kang Lu , Su Fenzhen
Published: September 2024

Objective

Recently, the South China Sea has been facing a crisis of depleted fishery resources, primarily due to the impacts of illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing activities, as well as overfishing. Accurately understanding the fishing activity intensity in the South China Sea holds significant implications for the sustainable management of fisheries resources.

Methods

Leveraging the automatic identification system trajectory data from 2018, this paper employs spatial statistical methods and fishing effort indicators to comparatively analyze the spatial variations in fishing intensity between Chinese and Vietnamese fishing vessels.

Result

The results of this study show that (1) in 2018, the total fishing effort of Chinese fishing vessels in the South China Sea was 7.65 times that of Vietnamese vessels, but during China's South China Sea fishing moratorium, the fishing effort exerted by Vietnamese vessels surpassed that of China and (2) the top 10 ports in China and Vietnam support approximately 30% and 55.13% of their respective fishing intensities in the South China Sea.

Conclusion

The study highlights significant variations in fishing intensity between Chinese and Vietnamese vessels and the substantial support provided by major ports. These findings offer valuable insights for fisheries resource monitoring and maritime spatial planning, contributing to the sustainable management of the South China Sea's fisheries resources.
The effectiveness and acceptability of culturally adapted cognitive behavioural therapy for traumatised refugees and asylum seekers: A systematic review
Authors: Menon Sasha , Katona Cornelius , Glover Naomi
Published: September 2024

Despite the extent of traumatisation experienced by refugee groups, uptake of evidence‐based interventions such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) remain low with high dropout rates. While this has been linked to cultural differences in help seeking and how illness is understood, little is known about how effective or acceptable cultural adaptations to CBT (CA‐CBT) are. Conduct a systematic review of the types of CA‐CBT delivered to refugee groups and evaluate their effectiveness and acceptability. We searched six databases for CA‐CBT delivered to refugee groups experiencing depression or post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Effectiveness was evaluated using both quantitative outcome measures and qualitative data. Dropout rates were collected as a proxy measure of acceptability. The types of cultural adaptations used were also described. Findings are presented using narrative synthesis. We include 13 studies that made cultural adaptations to the delivery format or content of CA‐CBT. Linguistic adaptations and including culturally relevant emotion regulation strategies were most common. Results showed significant decreases in PTSD symptom severity in all but one study, and significant decreases in depression outcomes across all studies. Dropout rates was nine percent among all participants. Findings from qualitative studies indicated reduced distress whereas cultural adaptation increased trust in treatment. There is initial evidence supporting the effectiveness and acceptability of CA‐CBT. However, more research is required to establish best practices for adapting CBT to different cultures. Methodologically rigorous tests are needed to determine if CA‐CBT effectively meets the needs of forcibly displaced populations.
Modeling freezing and BioGeoChemical processes in Antarctic sea ice
Authors: Pathak Raghav , Seyedpour Seyed Morteza , Kutschan Bernd , Thom Andrea , Thoms Silke , Ricken Tim
Published: September 2024

The Antarctic sea ice, which undergoes annual freezing and melting, plays a significant role in the global climate cycle. Since satellite observations in the Antarctic region began, 2023 saw a historically unprecedented decrease in the extent of sea ice. Further ocean warming and future environmental conditions in the Southern Ocean will influence the extent and amount of ice in the Marginal Ice Zones (MIZ), the BioGeoChemical (BGC) cycles, and their interconnected relationships. The so‐called pancake floes are a composition of a porous sea ice matrix with interstitial brine, nutrients, and biological communities inside the pores. The ice formation and salinity are both dependent on the ambient temperature. To realistically model these multiphasic and multicomponent coupled processes, the extended Theory of Porous Media (eTPM) is used to develop Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) based high‐fidelity models capable of simulating the different seasonal variations in the region. All critical variables like salinity, ice volume fraction, and temperature, among others, are considered and have their equations of state. The phase transition phenomenon is approached through a micro‐macro linking scheme. In this paper, a phase‐field solidification model [4] coupled with salinity is used to model the microscale freezing processes and up‐scaled to the macroscale eTPM model. The evolution equations for the phase field model are derived following Landau‐Ginzburg order parameter gradient dynamics and mass conservation of salt allowing to model the salt trapped inside the pores. A BGC flux model for sea ice is set up to simulate the algal species present in the sea ice matrix. Ordinary differential equations (ODE) are employed to represent the diverse environmental factors involved in the growth and loss of distinct BGC components. Processes like photosynthesis are dependent on temperature and salinity, which are derived through an ODE‐PDE coupling with the eTPM model. Academic simulations and results are presented as validation for the mathematical model. These high‐fidelity models eventually lead to their incorporation into large‐scale global climate models.
Annealing Time Dependence on Creation of SiV, GeV, and SnV in Diamond by Atmospheric Annealing at 1800 °C
Authors: Baba Tomoya , Iizawa Masatomi , Takenaka Kouta , Kimura Kosuke , Kawasaki Airi , Taniguchi Takashi , Miyakawa Masashi , Okazaki Hiroyuki , Hanaizumi Osamu , Onoda Shinobu
Published: September 2024

The creation of SiV−, GeV−, and SnV− are presented by the atmospheric annealing in the argon flow. Compared to high‐pressure annealing, in which gas cannot flow, atmospheric annealing with an inert gas flow not only causes less degradation of the sample surface but also has the advantage of reducing equipment cost and preparation time. Excessive annealing time has been shown to reduce the amount of centers created. The optimal annealing time that maximizes formations depends on the type of diamond sample and the implanted ions. Furthermore, inspired by the split‐vacancy structure of the group IV–V centers, atmospheric pre‐annealing at 600 °C to increase the amount of di‐vacancy is demonstrated, followed by annealing at 1800 °C for 1 min. A shorter duration of high‐temperature annealing is expected to qualitatively reduce stress and deterioration of the crystallinity of the diamond sample.
Structural Distortions and Short‐Range Magnetism in a Honeycomb Iridate Cu3ZnIr2O6
Authors: Abramchuk Mykola , Hlova Ihor Z. , Mudryk Yaroslav , Biswas Anis , Chouhan Rajiv K. , Pecharsky Vitalij K.
Published: September 2024

Layered honeycomb iridates receive significant attention in the materials chemistry and physics fields due to the relevance of their crystal structures to the Kitaev model of a quantum spin liquid (QSL). In quest of liquid‐like magnetic ground state signatures, first‐generation alkali metal iridates A2IrO3 ≡ A3[AIr2]O6 (A = Li, Na) and second‐generation iridates T3[AIr2]O6 (T = Cu, Ag, H) are developed. T3[AIr2]O6 is synthesized from A3[AIr2]O6 via metathesis reactions replacing alkali ions located between honeycomb layers. Herein, the next level of chemical and structural complexity is introduced by synthesizing the honeycomb iridate, Cu3ZnIr2O6, in which alkali ions between and within the honeycomb layers are both selectively exchanged with two different transition metals. Analysis of powder X‐Ray diffraction data reveals corrugation of the honeycomb layers in Cu3ZnIr2O6 that hinders complete magnetic frustration and results in a spin glass behavior observed from magnetization and specific heat data. Thus, Cu3ZnIr2O6 represents yet another model, which broadens understanding of intricate relationships between intralayer distortions and magnetism of prospective Kitaev QSL compounds.
Tolerance of Corundum‐Structured Tin‐Doped Indium Oxide Thin Films to Gamma‐ray Irradiation
Authors: Shimazoe Kazuki , Kurosawa Shunsuke , Tanaka Hiroki , Takata Takushi , Nishinaka Hiroyuki
Published: September 2024

Corundum‐structured Sn‐doped indium oxide (rh‐ITO) is investigated as a novel transparent conductive oxide. Herein, its gamma‐ray tolerance up to a total dose of 77 kGy is examined for potential applications in harsh environments, such as space. The investigations are conducted on rh‐ITO with Sn concentrations of 0 and 5 at%. X‐ray diffraction 2θ‐ω scan analysis reveals that no phase separation occurs due to gamma‐ray irradiation. The carrier concentration in undoped rh‐In2O3 increases after irradiation, indicating that the gamma rays displace the oxygen atoms and form oxygen defects that generate donors. The high visible light transparency of rh‐In2O3 and rh‐ITO is maintained after irradiation. This study demonstrates the high stability of rh‐ITO to gamma‐ray irradiation until 77 kGy dose. This work contributes to the application of rh‐ITO as an electrode in high‐radiation environments.
Functional Principal Component Analysis as an Alternative to Mixed‐Effect Models for Describing Sparse Repeated Measures in Presence of Missing Data
Authors: Ségalas Corentin , Helmer Catherine , Genuer Robin , Proust‐Lima Cécile
Published: September 2024

Analyzing longitudinal data in health studies is challenging due to sparse and error‐prone measurements, strong within‐individual correlation, missing data and various trajectory shapes. While mixed‐effect models (MM) effectively address these challenges, they remain parametric models and may incur computational costs. In contrast, functional principal component analysis (FPCA) is a non‐parametric approach developed for regular and dense functional data that flexibly describes temporal trajectories at a potentially lower computational cost. This article presents an empirical simulation study evaluating the behavior of FPCA with sparse and error‐prone repeated measures and its robustness under different missing data schemes in comparison with MM. The results show that FPCA is well‐suited in the presence of missing at random data caused by dropout, except in scenarios involving most frequent and systematic dropout. Like MM, FPCA fails under missing not at random mechanism. The FPCA was applied to describe the trajectories of four cognitive functions before clinical dementia and contrast them with those of matched controls in a case‐control study nested in a population‐based aging cohort. The average cognitive declines of future dementia cases showed a sudden divergence from those of their matched controls with a sharp acceleration 5 to 2.5 years prior to diagnosis.
A Mechanochemically‐Triggered, Self‐Powered Flash Heating Synthesis of Phosphorous/Carbon Composites for Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Yuan Yating , Fan Juntian , Yang Zhenzhen , Mahurin Shannon Mark , Luo Huimin , Wang Tao , Dai Sheng
Published: September 2024

“Flash heating” that transiently generates high temperatures above 1000 °C has great potential in synthesizing new materials with unprecedently properties. Up to now, the realization of “flash heating” still relies on the external power, which requires sophisticated setups for vast energy input. In this study, a mechanochemically triggered, self‐powered flash heating approach is proposed by harnessing the enthalpy from chemical reactions themselves. Through a model reaction between Mg3N2/carbon and P2O5, it is demonstrated that this self‐powered flash heating is controllable and compatible with conventional devices. Benefit from the self‐powered flash heating, the resulting product has a nanoporous structure with a uniform distribution of phosphorus (P) nanoparticles in carbon (C) nanobowls with strong P─‐C bonds. Consequently, the P/C composite demonstrates remarkable energy storage performance in lithium‐ion batteries, including high capacity (1417 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1), robust cyclic stability (935 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1 after 800 cycles, 91.6% retention), high‐rate capability (739 mAh g−1 at 20 A g−1), high loading performance (3.6 mAh cm−2 after 100 cycles), and full cell cyclic stability (90% retention after 100 cycles). This work broadens the flash heating concept and can potentially find application in various fields.
Suppression of Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Oligodendrocyte Maturation Similar to Developmental Hypothyroidism by Maternal Exposure of Rats to Ammonium Perchlorate, a Gunpowder Raw Material and Known Environmental Contaminant
Authors: Sakamaki Yuri , Shobudani Momoka , Ojiro Ryota , Ozawa Shunsuke , Tang Qian , Zou Xinyu , Ebizuka Yuri , Karasawa Ayumi , Woo Gye‐Hyeong , Yoshida Toshinori , Shibutani Makoto
Published: September 2024

The environmental contaminant perchlorate raises concern for hypothyroidism‐related brain disorders in children. This study investigated the effects of developmental perchlorate exposure on hippocampal neurogenesis and oligodendrocyte (OL) development. Pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats were administered with ammonium perchlorate (AP) in drinking water at concentrations of 0 (control), 300, and 1000 ppm from gestation day 6 until weaning [postnatal day (PND) 21]. On PND 21, offspring displayed decreased serum triiodothyronine and thyroxine concentrations at 1000 ppm and thyroid follicular epithelial cell hyperplasia at ≥300 ppm (accompanying increased proliferation activity at 1000 ppm). Hippocampal neurogenesis indicated suppressed proliferation of neurogenic cells at ≥300 ppm, causing decreases in type‐1 neural stem cells (NSCs) and type‐2a neural progenitor cells. In addition, an increase of SST+ GABAergic interneurons and decreasing trend for ARC+ granule cells were observed at 1000 ppm. CNPase+ mature OLs were decreased in number in the dentate gyrus hilus at ≥300 ppm. At PND 77, thyroid changes had disappeared; however, the decrease of type‐1 NSCs and increase of SST+ interneurons persisted, CCK+ interneurons were increased, and white matter tissue area was decreased at 1000 ppm. Obtained results suggest an induction of hypothyroidism causing suppressed hippocampal neurogenesis (targeting early neurogenic processes and decreased synaptic plasticity of granule cells involving ameliorative interneuron responses) and suppressed OL maturation during the weaning period. In adulthood, suppression of neurogenesis continued, and white matter hypoplasia was evident. Observed brain changes were similar to those caused by developmental hypothyroidism, suggesting that AP‐induced developmental neurotoxicity was due to hypothyroidism.
Zinc Oxide–Based Grätzel Cells Employing Anthocyanin Dye Sensitizers Emphasizing Environmental Sustainability
Authors: Mary Rosana Nalzala Thomas , Vincent Joseph Kanniyambatti Lourdusamy , Kumar Jagadeesan Aravind
Published: September 2024

This research is centered on the investigation of a dye‐sensitized solar cell (DSSC) with a particular focus on the utilization of anthocyanin as a sensitizing agent, in conjunction with zinc oxide (ZnO) and lithium‐doped ZnO aggregates. A notable feature of this study is its emphasis on employing cost‐effective materials in the fabrication process, aligning with the quest for sustainable and economically viable solar cell technologies. This study explores a DSSC, specifically employing anthocyanin as a sensitizer, along with ZnO and lithium‐doped ZnO aggregates. The fabrication utilizes cost‐effective materials. The research delves into morphological studies of both ZnO and its doped counterpart. Fourier transform infrared spectra were recorded for both crude and purified dyes extracted from purple cabbage. The current density–voltage profile highlights superior power conversion efficiency in the DSSC using purified dye from purple cabbage sensitized with lithium‐doped ZnO semiconductor. Overall, these experimental findings underscore the potential of anthocyanin pigments for efficient energy conversion within the realm of renewable energy technologies. By employing low‐cost materials and thoroughly investigating the morphological and spectroscopic properties of the involved components, this research contributes to the ongoing efforts in advancing clean and sustainable solar cell technologies, thereby paving the achievement of environmental sustainability.
Fragestellungen
Authors: Tanner Iris
Published: September 2024

Ausgehend von den im Theorieteil beschriebenen Argumentationen, dass Lernen ein durch sozialen Austausch ermöglichter Entwicklungsprozess ist (vgl. Doise & Mugny, 1984; Lave & Wenger, 1991/2001; Rogoff, 2003; Vygotsky, 1978), bei dem vom lernenden Individuum Wissensstrukturen aufgebaut werden, wird anhand der nachfolgenden Fragestellungen empirisch untersucht, ob eine Verbindung vom Fachwissensaufbau und den Interaktionsstrukturen in den Lehr-Lernpolylogen der untersuchten Videodaten besteht und worin diese besteht. Aus dem Konstruktivismus (Reusser, 2006) ist hervorgegangen, dass Lernen ein aktiver Prozess ist, der von Erziehungs- bzw. Bezugspersonen unterstützt, angeleitet oder sogar hervorgerufen (Aebli, 1983/1998) werden kann. Aus der empirischen Analyse von Lehr-Lerngesprächen wissen wir, dass das, was gelernt werden kann, durch die Art und Weise der Interaktion bestimmt ist: «What is possible to learn is constituted in the interaction» (Emanuelsson & Sahlström, 2008, S. 207).
Visualization of spatial dose distribution for effective radiation protection education in interventional radiology: obtaining high-accuracy spatial doses
Authors: Mori Yutaro , Isobe Tomonori , Ide Yasuwo , Uematsu Shuto , Tomita Tetsuya , Nagai Yoshiaki , Iizumi Takashi , Takei Hideyuki , Sakurai Hideyuki , Sakae Takeji
Published: September 2024

In recent years, eye lens exposure among radiation workers has become a serious concern in medical X-ray fluoroscopy and interventional radiology (IVR), highlighting the need for radiation protection education and training. This study presents a method that can maintain high accuracy when calculating spatial dose distributions obtained via Monte Carlo simulation and establishes another method to three-dimensionally visualize radiation using the obtained calculation results for contributing to effective radiation-protection education in X-ray fluoroscopy and IVR. The Monte Carlo particle and heavy ion transport code system (PHITS, Ver. 3.24) was used for calculating the spatial dose distribution generated by an angiography device. We determined the peak X-ray tube voltage and half value layer using Raysafe X2 to define the X-ray spectrum from the source and calculated the X-ray spectrum from the measured results using an approximation formula developed by Tucker et al. Further, we performed measurements using the “jungle-gym” method under the same conditions as the Monte Carlo calculations for verifying the accuracy of the latter. An optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter (nanoDot dosimeter) was used as the measuring instrument. In addition, we attempted to visualize radiation using ParaView (version 5.12.0-RC2) using the spatial dose distribution confirmed by the above calculations. A comparison of the measured and Monte Carlo calculated spatial dose distributions revealed that some areas showed large errors (12.3 and 24.2%) between the two values. These errors could be attributed to the scattering and absorption of X-rays caused by the jungle gym method, which led to uncertain measurements, and (2) the angular and energy dependencies of the nanoDot dosimetry. These two causes explain the errors in the actual values, and thus, the Monte Carlo calculations proposed in this study can be considered to have high-quality X-ray spectra and high accuracy. We successfully visualized the three-dimensional spatial dose distribution for direct and scattered X-rays separately using the obtained spatial dose distribution. We established a method to verify the accuracy of Monte Carlo calculations performed through the procedures considered in this study. Various three-dimensional spatial dose distributions were obtained with assured accuracy by applying the Monte Carlo calculation (e.g., changing the irradiation angle and adding a protective plate). Effective radiation-protection education can be realized by combining the present method with highly reliable software to visualize dose distributions.
Micro/Nano Lasers for Biomolecular Sensing and Cellular Analysis
Authors: Wu Xiaoqin , Zhu Chunyan , Wang Yipei , Fan Xudong
Published: September 2024

Due to the stimulated emission amplification, lasers with excellent characteristics, including the high energy density, ultra-narrow spectral linewidth, and high directionality, are extremely favorable for sensing, detection, and imaging. Bringing these merits into the micro/nano scale, micro/nano lasers with miniaturized device sizes further enable outstanding spatial and temporal confinement, greatly boosting the light-matter interaction and bridging the size mismatch between light and biomolecules. Thanks to these advantages, micro/nano lasers have drawn widespread attention and opened new opportunities for a variety of biomedical and biochemical applications. In this paper, we review recent developments in biomolecular sensing and cellular analysis based on micro/nano lasers. We first describe the fundamental building blocks of micro/nano lasers, with discussions on gain material considerations, cavity structures, and pumping. We then review recent applications using micro/nano lasers as biosensors and bioprobes, including biomolecule (mainly proteins and DNAs) sensing, wavelength-multiplexed cell labeling/tracking/probing, and high-resolution cellular/tissue bioimaging. Finally, an outlook of the challenges and potential developments of micro/nano lasers for biological sensing and clinical applications is provided.
Plio-Pleistocene hydrothermal events of the Baza Basin (Betic Cordillera, SE Spain) and their paleoecological implications
Authors: García-Aguilar José Manuel , Campaña Isidoro , Martínez-Navarro Bienvenido , Guerra-Merchán Antonio , Rodríguez-Ruiz M. Dolores , Rodríguez-Gómez Guillermo , Granados Alejandro , León-Reina Laura , Espigares M. Patrocinio , Ros-Montoya Sergio , Palmqvist Paul
Published: September 2024

The Lower Pliocene to upper Middle Pleistocene continental sedimentary infillings of the Baza Basin (Guadix-Baza Depression, SE Spain) are worldwide unique by their high stratigraphic completeness and exceptional preservation of their fossil record of terrestrial vertebrates. These sediments were deposited in fluvio-lacustrine environments and preserve huge assemblages of large mammals, including the oldest evidence of hominin presence in Western Europe at the late Lower Pleistocene sites of Barranco León and Fuente Nueva-3, dated to ∼1.4 Ma. Since latest Miocene times, the basin was subject to intense tectonic activity, showing sedimentary deposits originated from ancient hot springs. These hot springs were developed in a spatio-temporal network related to tectonic fractures, showing a higher concentration in the Orce sub-basin during Late Pliocene to Holocene times. Compositional analyses of cherts and other facies associated with these hot springs show geochemical and mineralogical markers linked to hydrothermal scenarios. The contribution of hot springs in the Baza Basin resulted in rich and productive biotopes, which supported a high diversity and biomass of terrestrial mammals. Similar geological, hydrochemical and ecological environments are found along hotspot lines in East Africa, the Levantine Corridor and the circum-Mediterranean realm. We hypothesize here that the presence of these hot springs corridors favored the dispersal of hominins and other large mammals during the Plio-Pleistocene, which led to the first hominin arrival in Europe.
The Living Library: a process-based tool for open literature review, probing the boundaries of open science
Authors: Angerer Elisabeth , Burke Maura Cassidy , Dirks Simon , Bakker Arthur , Bilinski Torres Aitana , Pieters Toine
Published: September 2024

The Living Library is a novel tool for opening the scientific process of literature reviewing. We here present its core features, set-up and workflow, and provide the open-source code via GitHub (https://github.com/Simon-Dirks/living-library). The Living Library allows researchers to sort articles thematically and temporally, has a built-in open logbook, and uses a responsive methodology. These core features render the Living Library both a practical tool, and an educative framework for reflection on the research process. Its use deepened our understanding of what it means and what it takes to open science, which we summarise in three main lessons: openness is multidirectional, involving sharing and receiving; openness is relational and as such requires boundary work; and openness entails judgments of relevance. This highlights the intimate connection between research relevance and open science: Opening science is no categorical practice, but the continuous syncing to a world in motion—opening up for it and to it, to varying degrees at different boundaries, in response to what is happening and what matters. The Living Library models what such syncing can look like in relation to the evolving academic conversation. We encourage further experimentation with the Living Library to probe the boundaries of open science.
A reflective practice on difficult communication: an obstetrician’s perspective on birth plan versus birth preferences
Authors: Mohan Retika , Abdalla Mena
Published: September 2024

Background

Effective communication remains challenging for healthcare professionals, especially obstetricians, during patient interactions. Obstetric care often involves navigating the delicate balance between birth plans and patient preferences, which can lead to complexities and emotional challenges.

Results

The findings of this reflection reveal that rigid birth plans can result in disappointment when childbirth deviates from expectations. To address this, the article advocates for a shift towards promoting flexible birth preferences that align with individual needs and acknowledge the unpredictability of childbirth. Effective communication is emphasized, with a particular focus on the “NURSE” approach (Naming, Understanding, Respecting, Supporting, and Exploring), which plays a pivotal role in building trust and addressing patients’ emotions.

Conclusion

Enhanced communication training for healthcare professionals is essential in obstetrics. Antenatal counseling should prioritize the exploration of patient preferences, empowering individuals to actively participate in their care decisions. Moreover, healthcare institutions should foster open dialogue and collaboration between patients and care providers, creating a supportive environment that aligns care with expectations, ultimately leading to positive childbirth experiences. Healthcare institutions should actively promote open dialogue and collaboration between patients and care providers to enhance the quality of obstetric care.
Winter forage crops influence soil properties through establishing different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi communities in paddy field
Authors: Cao Mengyan , Xiang Yao , Huang Lingyue , Li Menghao , Jin Cheng , He Chuntao , Xin Guorong
Published: September 2024

Winter planting is promising for improving the utilization rate of fallow paddy fields in southern China by establishing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) communities. However, the effects of different winter forage crops on AMF community construction remain unknown. The AMF community establishment of different winter planting forage crops were conducted in oat, rye, Chinese milk vetch, and ryegrass, with winter fallow as a control. The AMF colonization rate, soil AMF spore density, community structure and diversity, and soil physicochemical properties were determined. The results showed that the total nitrogen and available nitrogen in winter Chinese milk vetch were 11.11% and 16.92% higher than those in winter fallow (P < 0.05). After planting winter forage crops, the AMF spore density in winter oat, rye, Chinese milk vetch, and ryegrass soil were 127.90%, 64.37%, 59.91%, and 73.62% higher than that before planting, respectively (P < 0.05). Claroideoglomus was the dominant AMF genus in the soil of winter planting oat, rye, and ryegrass. The average membership function value of winter Chinese milk vetch was the highest, indicating that it had the best comprehensive effect on soil physicochemical properties, AMF community structure and diversity, and fresh forage yield. Winter forage crops could increase the spore pool of soil AMF and improve the soil AMF community structure and diversity. Winter Chinese milk vetch in paddy field had the best comprehensive effect on soil physicochemical properties and soil AMF community according to the comprehensive evaluation. These findings provide a theoretical basis for sustainable development and utilization of the southern rice paddy ecosystem.
Does Disaster Severity Have a Long-Term Effect on Survivors’ Disaster Preparedness? A Survey a Decade after the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake in China
Authors: Xu Yang , Wei Jianwen , Han Yang , Zhao Yandong
Published: September 2024

Objectives:

Disaster experiences have long-term effects on disaster preparedness. This study examined the long-term (10-y) effect of disaster severity of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake on survivors’ disaster preparedness and the moderating effects of household vulnerability.

Methods:

The data were collected in January 2018 covering 30 counties in Wenchuan earthquake-stricken areas. The dependent variable was survivors’ disaster preparedness (including overall, material, knowledge and awareness, and action preparedness) in 2018. Disaster severity included survivors’ housing damage and county death rate caused by the earthquake in 2008. Household vulnerability is a set of conditions that negatively affects the ability of people to prepare for and withstand disaster, proxied by households’ per-capita income and the highest years of schooling of household members. We performed multivariable linear regression models to answer the research questions.

Results:

A higher county death rate was associated with better overall preparedness (β = 0.043; P < 0.05) and knowledge and awareness preparedness (β = 0.018; P < 0.05), but housing damage was not significantly associated with disaster preparedness. The positive association of county death rate with overall preparedness (β = −0.065; P < 0.05) becomes weaker when a household has a higher per-capita income. Also, with the household per-capita income increasing, the associations of county death rate with material preparedness (β = −0.037; P < 0.05) and action preparedness (β = −0.034; P < 0.01) become weaker.

Conclusions:

Disaster severity has positive and long-term effects on survivors’ disaster preparedness. Also, the positive and long-term effects are affected by household vulnerability. Specifically, the positive and long-term effects of disaster severity on disaster preparedness are more substantial when a household is more vulnerable.
Non-rigidity of partially hyperbolic abelian
$C^1$
-actions on tori
Authors: RODRIGUEZ HERTZ FEDERICO , WANG ZHIREN
Published: September 2024

We prove that every genuinely partially hyperbolic
$\mathbb {Z}^r$
-action by toral automorphisms can be perturbed in
$C^1$
-topology, so that the resulting action is continuously conjugate, but not
$C^1$
-conjugate, to the original one.
Deformational rigidity of integrable metrics on the torus
Authors: HENHEIK JOSCHA
Published: September 2024

It is conjectured that the only integrable metrics on the two-dimensional torus are Liouville metrics. In this paper, we study a deformative version of this conjecture: we consider integrable deformations of a non-flat Liouville metric in a conformal class and show that for a fairly large class of such deformations, the deformed metric is again Liouville. The principal idea of the argument is that the preservation of rational invariant tori in the foliation of the phase space forces a linear combination on the Fourier coefficients of the deformation to vanish. Showing that the resulting linear system is non-degenerate will then yield the claim. Since our method of proof immediately carries over to higher dimensional tori, we obtain analogous statements in this more general case. To put our results in perspective, we review existing results about integrable metrics on the torus.
The Democracy I Like: Perceptions of Democracy and Opposition to Democratic Backsliding
Authors: Kaftan Lea , Gessler Theresa
Published: September 2024

When democracy is under attack, the hope is often that citizens will punish undemocratic incumbents. However, recent studies show that not all citizens punish governments for their undemocratic actions. In this article, we argue that citizens' understanding of and satisfaction with democracy are sources of heterogeneous reactions. In a survey experiment conducted in Germany and Poland, we show that the importance that citizens attach to specific institutions under threat, as well as their understanding of democracy, can explain much of the variance in citizens' responses to undemocratic actions. Citizens are willing to defend what they consider important for democracy – regardless of whether this reflects theoretical conceptions of democracy. Moreover, in times of democratic backsliding, Polish ‘critical citizens’, those who are dissatisfied with the way democracy works in Poland, are more likely to punish governments for undemocratic actions. Our findings help us understand how to increase citizens' resilience against democratic backsliding.
CEO family harmony and firm product innovation performance: A moderated mediation model of the CEO–TMT interface
Authors: Kwan Ho Kwong , Wang Ying , Wu Xiangfan , Ouyang Xiulian
Published: September 2024

In this study, we integrate work–family enrichment and upper echelons theories to examine how and when chief executive officers’ (CEOs’) family experiences impact their firms’ performance. We argue that CEO family harmony has an indirect effect on their firms’ product innovation performance through top management team (TMT) behavioral integration. Additionally, we propose that CEO founder status strengthens the effects of CEO family harmony. Our analysis of data from 101 CEOs and 458 TMT members in various high-tech industries in China indicates that the positive relationship between CEO family harmony and firms’ product innovation performance is mediated by TMT behavioral integration. Moreover, CEO founder status increases the direct effect of CEO family harmony on TMT behavioral integration and its indirect effect on firms’ product innovation performance through TMT behavioral integration. These findings have theoretical and practical implications and provide new research directions in the study of CEO family–work spillover and CEO–TMT interfaces.
A Response to My Readers
Authors: Kahrl Andrew W.
Published: September 2024

First, I want to thank Modern American History co-editors Sarah Snyder and Darren Dochuk for selecting my book for this roundtable and assembling such an incredible group of scholars to read and comment on it. I drew heavily on these readers’ previous works when writing The Black Tax and held up their books as models of the kind of engaging and impactful historical scholarship that I aspired to achieve. Which makes their positive reactions to my book all the more gratifying, even as it makes my job here a bit harder. I have no complaints to respond to, no arguments to defend, no decisions or only a few omissions to justify or explain.
Perception of emotional facial expressions in aggression and psychopathy
Authors: Stein Timo , Gehrer Nina , Jusyte Aiste , Scheeff Jonathan , Schönenberg Michael
Published: September 2024

Background

Altered affective state recognition is assumed to be a root cause of aggressive behavior, a hallmark of psychopathologies such as psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder. However, the two most influential models make markedly different predictions regarding the underlying mechanism. According to the integrated emotion system theory (IES), aggression reflects impaired processing of social distress cues such as fearful faces. In contrast, the hostile attribution bias (HAB) model explains aggression with a bias to interpret ambiguous expressions as angry.

Methods

In a set of four experiments, we measured processing of fearful and angry facial expressions (compared to neutral and other expressions) in a sample of 65 male imprisoned violent offenders rated using the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R, Hare, R. D. (1991). The psychopathy checklist–revised. Toronto, ON: Multi-Health Systems) and in 60 age-matched control participants.

Results

There was no evidence for a fear deficit in violent offenders or for an association of psychopathy or aggression with impaired processing of fearful faces. Similarly, there was no evidence for a perceptual bias for angry faces linked to psychopathy or aggression. However, using highly ambiguous stimuli and requiring explicit labeling of emotions, violent offenders showed a categorization bias for anger and this anger bias correlated with self-reported trait aggression (but not with psychopathy).

Conclusions

These results add to a growing literature casting doubt on the notion that fear processing is impaired in aggressive individuals and in psychopathy and provide support for the idea that aggression is related to a hostile attribution bias that emerges from later cognitive, post-perceptual processing stages.
Different Materialities – Different Authenticities? Considerations on Watercraft Exhibited in Museums
Authors: Schade Tobias
Published: September 2024

Museums are often considered to be spaces of the authentic, where the real, unique and original is exhibited, and where the accurate past is conveyed. By means of two watercraft, Nydam Boat and Kon-Tiki, it is illustrated how their materiality and authenticity are shaped by processes of musealization, reconstruction, restoration and ways of narrating the past and staging exhibits. While their substances remain present and perceptible, they are also subjected to material changes and changing perceptions over time. From a cultural constructivist perspective, it is illustrated how museum exhibits may be perceived as authentic and how this is related to their materials.
Willst du nicht wenigstens mal probieren?
Authors: Grolimund Fabian , Rietzler Stefanie , Amthor René
Published: September 2024

Überall im Tierreich legen sich die Eltern mächtig ins Zeug, um dem heiklen Nachwuchs köstliche Speisen schmackhaft zu machen: dampfender Wildschweinmist, fangfrische Glibberqualle, faserige Wasserpflanzen und glitschig-weicher Schneckenschleim. Doch der kleine Mistkäfer dreht angeekelt den Kopf weg, das Schildkrötenkind presst sein Maul zu und das Nilpferdjunge taucht einfach ab.  
 Wie frustrierend! 
 Zum Glück entdecken die Tierkinder beim Vollmondfest, wie schön es ist, beim Essen gemütlich zusammen zu sein. Und siehe da! Das eine oder andere lässt sich sogar auf das Abenteuer ein, etwas Neues zu probieren.
 Ein witziges, freches Buch für mäkelige und heikle Esser, Kostverächterinnen, picky eaters und ihre gestressten Eltern. 
 Im ausführlichen, wissenschaftlich fundierten Ratgeber-Teil erhalten Eltern konkrete Tipps. Diese zeigen dir, wie du für eine entspannte Atmosphäre beim Essen sorgst und dein Kind liebevoll und ohne Druck ermutigst, seinen Geschmackshorizont in kleinen Schritten zu erweitern.
 Über die Autoren
 Stefanie Rietzler und Fabian Grolimund sind Psychologen und Autoren. Mit ihrer Arbeit möchten sie einen kleinen Beitrag dazu leisten, dass sich Kinder in ihren Beziehungen wohl und sicher fühlen. Mehr zu ihrer Arbeit: www.biber-blog.com

 Der Illustrator
René Amthor studierte an der Mediadesign Hochschule in Düsseldorf und gründete mit seiner Frau das Kreativbüro „Studio Vieleck“. Als er selber Vater wurde, stieg seine Freude daran, für Kinder zu zeichnen. Er illustriert Kinder- und Familienspiele, Malbücher, Computerspiele, Fach- und Bilderbücher.
Using the NAMA as a Natural Integrator to Quantify the Convective Contribution to Lower Stratospheric Water Vapor Over North America
Authors: Sayres David S. , Smith Jessica B. , Wilmouth David M. , Pandey Apoorva , Homeyer Cameron R. , Bowman Kenneth P. , Anderson James G.
Published: September 2024

The dynamical environment of the stratosphere, during the summer over North America, provides a natural integrator of the impact of convection in the lower stratosphere, as air can be confined for periods of a few days to more than a week. In situ data obtained during the NASA Dynamics and Chemistry of the Summer Stratosphere (DCOTSS) field campaign show increasing water vapor mixing ratios in background air as a function of time the air parcel spent within the North American Monsoon Anticyclone region. We find that water vapor added to the stratosphere by convection decreases with altitude and tends to drop below detectable limits by the 415 K isentrope in 2021 and the 430 K isentrope in 2022. Integrating between potential temperatures of 380 and 460 K we find that convection added between 20 and 32 Tg per summer to the stratosphere in 2021 and 2022. While the total amount is only 1%–4% of the amount ascending in the tropics across the tropical tropopause, small changes in the annual flux of water can have a significant effect on the radiation budget of the atmosphere. Locally, over North America we find that convection increased the water vapor mixing ratio at 380 K by as much as 40%. Tropopause‐penetrating convection is part of the yearly cycle of stratospheric water vapor and we suggest that it must be included in extratropical models to accurately predict future trends in stratospheric water vapor.
Osteogenic differentiation capabilities of multiarm PEG hydrogels: involvement of gel–gel-phase separation in cell differentiation
Authors: Si Jinyan , Ishikawa Shohei , Nepal Shant , Okada Hiroyuki , Chung Ung-il , Sakai Takamasa , Hojo Hironori
Published: September 2024

The development of bioactive scaffolds is essential for tissue engineering because of the influence of material physicochemical properties on cellular activities. Recently, we discovered that percolation-induced 4-arm polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogels achieved gel–gel phase separation (GGPS), which has tissue affinity in vivo. However, whether the 4-arm structure is the optimal configuration for the use of PEG hydrogels as scaffolds remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of an increased branching factor on GGPS. Compared with the 4-arm PEG hydrogel, the 8-arm PEG hydrogel presented a greater degree of GGPS and increased hydrophobicity. We introduced the RGD sequence into PEG hydrogels to directly assess the biological activity of GGPS, with a particular focus on its effects on the activity of bone-forming osteoblasts. Although the 8-arm PEG hydrogel did not enhance cell adhesion, it enhanced osteoblast differentiation compared with the 4-arm PEG hydrogel. Therefore, the 8-arm PEG hydrogel mediated by GGPS shows promise as a scaffold for osteoblast differentiation and holds potential as a foundation for future advancements in bone tissue engineering.