bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Review of Potentially Toxic Elements in Sediment, Water, and Aquatic Species from the River Ecosystems
Authors: Hossain Md Muzammel , Jahan Iffat , Dar Mudasir A. , Dhanavade Maruti J. , Mamtaz Al Fattah Bin , Maxwell Stephen J. , Han Song , Zhu Daochen
Published: December 2024

There is concern over potential toxic elements (PTEs) impacting river ecosystems due to human and industrial activities. The river’s water, sediment, and aquatic life are all severely affected by the release of chemical and urban waste. PTE concentrations in sediment, water, and aquatic species from river ecosystems are reported in this review. Among the PTEs, chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni) revealed high pollution levels in water and aquatic species (fish and shellfish) at many rivers. The Karnaphuli, Ganga, and Lee rivers have high levels of Pb and Cd contamination, while the Buriganga and Korotoa rivers’ water had notable Ni contamination. A number of rivers with PTEs showed ecological risk as a consequence of the sediment’s potential ecological risk (PER), the pollutant load index (PLI), and the geoaccumulation index (Igeo). A comprehensive study suggests elevated PLI values in river sediments, indicating significant pollution levels, particularly in the Buriganga River sediment, marked by high Igeo values. The PER of the Shitalakshya and Buriganga rivers was marked as very high risk, with an Eir > 320, while the Dhaleshwari and Khiru rivers showed ‘high risk’, with 160 = Eir < 320. It was found that fish and shellfish from the Buriganga, Turag, and Swat rivers have a high concentration of Cr. PTE pollution across several river sites could pose health toxicity risks to humans through the consumption of aquatic species. The CR value shows the carcinogenic risk to human health from eating fish and shellfish, whereas an HI value > 1 suggests no carcinogenic risk. The occurrence of other PTEs, including manganese (Mn), arsenic (As), and nickel (Ni), significantly increases the ecological risk and concerns to aquatic life and human health. This study emphasises the importance of PTE toxicity risk and continuous monitoring for the sustainability of river ecosystems.
Clinical Characteristics of Snakebite Envenomings in Taiwan
Authors: Mao Yan-Chiao , Liu Po-Yu , Lai Kuo-Lung , Luo Yi , Chen Kuang-Ting , Lai Chih-Sheng
Published: December 2024

Snakebite envenomings continue to represent a major public health concern in Taiwan because of the presence of various venomous snakes whose habitats intersect with human activities. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the clinical characteristics, complications, and management strategies associated with snakebite envenomings in Taiwan. Taiwan is inhabited by six principal venomous snakes: Trimeresurus stejnegeri stejnegeri, Protobothrops mucrosquamatus, Deinagkistrodon acutus, Daboia siamensis, Naja atra, and Bungarus multicinctus, each presenting distinct clinical challenges. The clinical manifestations vary from local symptoms such as pain, swelling, and necrosis to systemic complications including neurotoxicity, coagulopathy, and organ failure, depending on the species. Notable complications arising from these snakebite envenomings include necrotizing soft tissue infection, compartment syndrome, respiratory failure, and acute kidney injury, often necessitating intensive medical interventions. This review highlights the critical importance of early diagnosis, the prompt administration of antivenoms, and multidisciplinary care to improve patient outcomes and reduce healthcare costs. Future research is encouraged to enhance treatment efficacy, improve public awareness, and develop targeted prevention strategies. By identifying gaps in current knowledge and practice, this work contributes to the global literature on envenoming management and serves as a foundation for advancing clinical protocols and reducing snakebite-related morbidity and mortality in Taiwan.
The Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy on Liver Function Among Pregnant Women Living with HIV in Co-Existence with and Without Pre-Eclampsia
Authors: Strauss Kay-Lee E. , Phoswa Wendy N. , Mokgalaboni Kabelo
Published: December 2024

Pregnant women living with HIV (PWLWHIV) are at an increased risk of developing obstetrics complications such as pre-eclampsia (PE). Antiretroviral therapy (ART) remains the standard treatment for PWLWHIV and non-pregnant women. However, its use has been associated with adverse liver conditions, particularly hepatotoxicity, often marked by elevated liver enzymes (LEEs) as demonstrated by an increased aspartate transferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in PWLWHIV on ART. Morever, there is limited evidence about the effect of ART on liver function among PWLWHIV and PE. Therefore, this review examines the pathogenesis of PE and the impact of ART on liver function in PWLWHIV with and without PE. With the evidence gathered in this review, it is still unclear whether liver dysfunctions in PWLWHIV in co-existence with orwithout PE result from HIV infection or ART administration or are exacerbated by the presence of PE. Among those without PE, there was an increase in liver enzymes, a decrease, and no effect in other studies in ART-treated PWLWHIV compared to the control group. Additionally, among those with PE, the impact of ART remains unclear due to contradicting results. The notable trend was that nevirapine was associated with a reduced risk of liver dysfunction among PWLWHIV without PE. Therefore, more studies are needed in this area, especially in HIV endemic regions, to understand the exact cause of liver dysfunction in this population. This knowledge is crucial for improving liver function and PE management among PWLWHIV.
Establishment of Echinococcus granulosus EgM123 Recombinant Gene Rabies Virus SRV9 and Identification of Its Biological Characteristics
Authors: Yang Yueqi , Hou Mengdan , Su Guicheng , Ma Xiaoyan , Su Xiaohui , Li Kunlei , Liu Songhan , Xiao Luheng , Yao Jingjing , Zhai Jiahao , Wei Xiaoying , Zhou Yang , Lai Qianqian , Dong Yuwei , Liu Jieyu , Zhai Shaohua
Published: December 2024

Canids act as a crucial intermediary in the transmission of rabies and Echinococcus granulosus, serving as co-infection hosts and pathogen carriers for both rabies and hydatid disease (HD) transmitted from animals to humans. Therefore, an effective and efficient bivalent oral vaccine for preventing HD and rabies is urgently required to reduce economic losses in husbandry resulting from rabies and HD. In this study, a full-length plasmid (pcDNA4-NPM+GΔCD+EgM123+eGFP+L) carrying the Echinococcus granulosus EgM123 gene and fluorescence reporter genes of eGFP and four auxiliary transfection plasmids of rabies virus SRV9 (pcDNA4-N, pcDNA4-P, pcDNA4-G, pcDNA-L) were established by reverse genetics approaches and co-transfected to BSR cells by electrotransfection. The co-transfected BSR cells showed green fluorescence 48 h after electrotransfection. The recombinant virus was exposed to the sixth-generation blind passage, with the N, P, G, and EgM123 genes amplified via RT-PCR, yielding targeted strips. The rescued virus-infected BSR cells were characterized by TEM, and the results indicated that bullet-like viral particles with an average size of 148.47 nm and a cyst structure were present in the cytoplasm of BSR cells; the expression levels of continuously cultivated 9th-, 10th-, 11th-, 12th-, and 13th-generation viruses were quantified by qRT-PCR, and the results showed that mRNA expression of the virus was upregulated. The LD50 titer of suckling rats was measured to be 10−1.4. The synthesized EgM123 recombinant gene rabies virus SRV9 can function as a vaccine strain for the development of the “Rabies-HD bivalent recombinant gene oral vaccine”, therefore aiding in the prevention and management of rabies and HD in animals.
The Ability of Combined Flavonol and Trihydroxyorganic Acid to Suppress SARS-CoV-2 Reproduction
Authors: Bogoyavlenskiy Andrey , Alexyuk Pavel , Alexyuk Madina , Berezin Vladimir , Zaitseva Irina , Omirtaeva Elmira , Manakbayeva Adolat , Moldakhanov Yergali , Anarkulova Elmira , Imangazy Anar , Akanova Kuralay , Koshemetov Zhumagali , Orazymbetova Nurkul , Umuraliyev Bakyt
Published: December 2024

The global burden of COVID-19 continues to rise, and despite significant progress in vaccine development, there remains a critical need for effective treatments for the severe inflammation and acute lung injury associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this study, we explored the antiviral properties of a plant-derived complex consisting of flavonol and hydroxyorganic acid compounds. Our research focused on the ability of the flavonol and hydroxyorganic acid complex to suppress the activity of several key proteins involved in the replication and maturation of SARS-CoV-2. These proteins include ACE2 protein, HRV 3C Protease, and Mpro (Main Protease). It was shown that the plant-based complex effectively inhibited the activity of these viral proteins. In addition to its effects on viral proteins, the flavonol and hydroxyorganic acid complex were shown to suppress viral replication in Vero E6 cells. At a dose of 22 μg/mL, the drug demonstrated maximum antiviral activity, significantly reducing the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. In preliminary studies, the complex showed both prophylactic and therapeutic potential, suggesting that it may be useful for preventing infection, as well as reducing the severity of disease once an individual has been infected with SARS-CoV-2. Based on the compelling results of this study, we propose the flavonol and hydroxyorganic acid complex as a potential therapeutic compound for SARS-CoV-2. Its ability to inhibit key viral proteins, suppress viral replication and exhibit protective and therapeutic effects positions it as a valuable candidate for further research and clinical evaluation. As the global fight against SARS-CoV-2 continues, plant-based therapies like this complex could complement existing treatments and provide new options for managing and treating the disease.
A Review of the Utility of Established Cell Lines for Isolation and Propagation of the Southern African Territories Serotypes of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus
Authors: Gaboiphiwe Kitsiso , Kabelo Tshephang Iris , Mosholombe Petronella Thato , Hyera Joseph , Fana Elliot Mpolokang , Masisi Kabo , Lebani Kebaneilwe
Published: December 2024

Cell culture underpins virus isolation and virus neutralisation tests, which are both gold-standard diagnostic methods for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Cell culture is also crucial for the propagation of inactivated foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) vaccines. Both primary cells and cell lines are utilised in FMDV isolation and propagation. Widely used cell lines for FMDV and isolation and propagation include baby hamster kidney cells (BHK-21), swine kidney cells (IB-RS-2), foetal goat tongue (ZZ-R 127), foetal porcine kidney cells (LFBKvB6), bovine kidney cells (BK), human telomerase reverse transcriptase bovine thyroid (hTERT-BTY) and porcine kidney-originating PK-15 or SK 6 cell lines. This review highlights how different receptors and molecules—integrins, heparan sulphate (HS), and the Jumonji C-domain containing Protein 6 (JMJD6)—found on the surface of different cell types contribute to differences experienced with susceptibility and sensitivity of the cells to infection with different serotypes of FMDV. This review specifically focuses on Southern African territory (SAT) serotypes, which are unique to the Southern African context and are often under-investigated in cell line development for FMDV isolation and propagation.
Host RNA-Binding Proteins as Regulators of HIV-1 Replication
Authors: Giraldo-Ocampo Sebastian , Valiente-Echeverría Fernando , Soto-Rifo Ricardo
Published: December 2024

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are cellular factors involved in every step of RNA metabolism. During HIV-1 infection, these proteins are key players in the fine-tuning of viral and host cellular and molecular pathways, including (but not limited to) viral entry, transcription, splicing, RNA modification, translation, decay, assembly, and packaging, as well as the modulation of the antiviral response. Targeted studies have been of paramount importance in identifying and understanding the role of RNA-binding proteins that bind to HIV-1 RNAs. However, novel approaches aimed at identifying all the proteins bound to specific RNAs (RBPome), such as RNA interactome capture, have also contributed to expanding our understanding of the HIV-1 replication cycle, allowing the identification of RBPs with functions not only in viral RNA metabolism but also in cellular metabolism. Strikingly, several of the RBPs found through interactome capture are not canonical RBPs, meaning that they do not have conventional RNA-binding domains and are therefore not readily predicted as being RBPs. Further studies on the different cellular targets of HIV-1, such as subtypes of T cells or myeloid cells, or on the context (active replication versus reactivation from latency) are needed to fully elucidate the host RBPome bound to the viral RNA, which will allow researchers and clinicians to discover new therapeutic targets during active replication and provirus reactivation from latency.
Immunobridging Trials: An Important Tool to Protect Vulnerable and Immunocompromised Patients Against Evolving Pathogens
Authors: Cruz Pedro , Lam Jie Min , Abdalla Jehad , Bell Samira , Bytyci Jola , Brosh-Nissimov Tal , Gill John , Haidar Ghady , Hoerger Michael , Maor Yasmin , Pagliuca Antonio , Raffi Francois , Samuels Ffion , Segev Dorry , Ying Yuxin , Lee Lennard Y. W.
Published: December 2024

Safeguarding patients from emerging infectious diseases demands strategies that prioritise patient well-being and protection. Immunobridging is an established trial methodology which has been increasingly employed to ensure patient protection and provide clinicians with swift access to vaccines. It uses immunological markers to infer the effectiveness of a new drug through a surrogate measure of efficacy. Recently, this method has also been employed to authorise novel drugs, such as COVID-19 vaccines, and this article explores the concepts behind immunobridging trials, their advantages, issues, and significance in the context of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases. Our goal is to improve awareness among clinicians, patient groups, regulators, and health leaders of the opportunities and issues of immunobridging, so that fewer patients are left without protection from infectious diseases, particularly from major pathogens that may emerge.
Enhanced Immunogenicity of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus-like Particles Using a Water-in-Oil-in-Water Adjuvant
Authors: Zhou Yujie , Yin Wenzhu , Teng Zhidong , Zhao Yanyan , Lu Yu , Qian Yingjuan , Deng Bihua
Published: December 2024

Background: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) causes significant economic losses, prompting vaccination as a primary control strategy. Virus-like particles (VLPs) have emerged as promising candidates for FMD vaccines but require adjuvants to enhance their immunogenicity. In this study, we evaluated the immunogenicity of a VLP-based vaccine with a water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsion adjuvant, named WT. Methods: The WT adjuvant was mixed with FMD VLPs to form the VLPs+WT vaccine. The size and stability of the vaccine were analyzed. BALB/c mice were immunized with the VLPs+WT vaccine, and immunological responses were assessed through antibody measurements, cytokine profiling, and gene expression analysis. In addition, splenic lymphocyte proliferation and signaling pathways were examined. Results: The VLPs+WT vaccine exhibited a homogeneous size of 324.60 ± 2.30 nm and a viscosity of 8.76 mPa·s, indicating good stability. Immunized mice showed steady weight gain and no organ abnormalities. Compared to the VLPs group, the VLPs+WT group induced significantly higher levels of specific antibodies that persisted for 12 weeks, similar to the commercial VLPs+ISA201 vaccine. The VLPs+WT vaccine also enhanced the secretion of Th1-related (IgG2a, IFN-γ) and Th2-related (IgG1, IL-4) molecules. WT stimulated splenic lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation, primarily activating B-cell receptor signaling and phagosome pathways. It also upregulated genes associated with MHC and interferon stimulation while promoting the expression of MyD88, PI3K, AKT, p65, and p-p65 proteins. Conclusions: These findings suggest that WT is an effective adjuvant for FMD VLP-based vaccines, with potential for improving vaccine efficacy.
Nutritional Factors Related to Canine Gallbladder Diseases—A Scoping Review
Authors: Teixeira Fabio , Aicher Kathleen , Duarte Ricardo
Published: December 2024

Gallbladder mucocele, cholelithiasis, choledocholithiasis, and cholecystitis are significant contributors to morbidity and mortality in dogs. The exact etiology of these conditions remains poorly understood, though various factors, such as endocrinopathies, dyslipidemia, and impaired gallbladder motility, have been suggested as potential contributors. Surgical intervention has been described as the first choice of treatment when biliary rupture or obstruction is suspected; however, medical management may be an important part of therapeutic or preventative strategy. Reports of medical management typically involve the use of a choleretic used to stimulate the flow of bile into the duodenum or substances that act as a “hepatoprotective” agent such as S-adenosylmethionine. In people, some nutrients appear to modify bile flow and are used as agents in the prevention and treatment of these conditions in the gallbladder. This paper provides a review of the literature about possible nutritional factors involved in the pathogenesis and treatment of canine gallbladder mucocele and cholelithiasis. Opportunities for the prevention and treatment of common biliary diseases in dogs may include the reduction of dietary fat, control of hyperlipidemia with omega-3 and fiber supplementation, ensuring an adequate supply of amino acids such as methionine and tryptophan, and the evaluation of vitamins such as vitamin D.
Analysis of Water Conservation Mechanisms in the River Source Area of Northwest Sichuan from the Perspective of Vegetation Cover Zoning
Authors: Zhang Rui , Shao Huaiyong , Lim Hweesan
Published: December 2024

This paper utilizes a localized Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model to calculate the spatio-temporal distribution of water conservation in the river source area of northwestern Sichuan over the past 15 years. It explores the influence of climatic and topographic factors on water conservation under different vegetation cover systems (forest, alpine grassland, and plateau marsh) through trend analysis and correlation analysis. The study reveals an upward trend in total water conservation over the 15-year period, following a low–middle–high–low spatial pattern from east to west. Analyzing the correlation between precipitation, evapotranspiration (ET), elevation, and slope with water conservation under three vegetation cover systems, the study found ET negatively correlated with water conservation depth, with correlation coefficients (Rs) of −0.69, −0.71, and −0.70, respectively. Precipitation and elevation are positively correlated with water conservation depth, with R values of 0.21, 0.24, and 0.14 and 0.23, 0.05, and 0.21, respectively. Slope is negatively correlated in forests (R = −0.19), but positively correlated in alpine grassland and swamp systems (R = 0.02 and 0.29, respectively). These findings highlight the significant influence of climate, topography, and subsurface factors on water conservation, offering valuable insights for precise water resource management and ecological protection in the study area.
Kinetics Modeling for Degradation of Geosmin and 2-Methylisoborneol by Photo-Electrogenerated Radicals
Authors: Pei Luowei , Wang Shuo , Tian Ye , Zhu Xinyi , Ye Zhangying , Huang Xiaoling
Published: December 2024

With increasingly severe cyanobacterial blooms, the overflow of off-flavor compounds represented by geosmin (GSM) and 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) is becoming a global water quality issue. The UV photo-electrochemical process is considered an environmentally friendly technology for GSM and 2-MIB degradation. In this study, a kinetics model using the pseudo-first-rate constants for the elimination of GSM and 2-MIB was developed in the UV photo-electrochemical process. The model can be applied successfully to predict the degradation of GSM and 2-MIB under different electrolyte concentrations, initial pH values of the solutions, and current densities. The GSM and 2-MIB degradation rates improved with increases in the electrolyte concentration. With an increase in the pH value from 5 to 11, the rate constants for the degradation of GSM and 2-MIB were reduced by 52.9% and 69.5%, respectively. The degradation of GSM and 2-MIB showed positive correlations with the current density in the kinetic model. Furthermore, the significant roles of HO• and Cl• were evaluated by scavenging experiments and kinetics modeling. HO• was the dominant radical for GSM degradation, and Cl• played a crucial role in 2-MIB elimination. The results demonstrate that the UV photo-electrochemical process could be an efficient way for the mineralization of off-flavor compounds.
General practice chlamydia testing: qualitative study of staff approaches using behavioural change theory
Authors: Asad Amna , Sturrock Beattie Robyn Hazel , Carter Jessica , Saunders John , Cassell Jackie , Rait Greta , McDonagh Lorraine
Published: December 2024

Background: Chlamydia is the most diagnosed bacterial sexually transmitted infection in England, but opportunistic testing remains low in general practice despite high prevalence among young people. Attempts to increase testing have been met with little success; therefore, there is a need to explore why rates remain low and how this may be improved. Aim: To explore general practice staff perceptions of opportunistic chlamydia testing, including barriers, facilitators, interventions, and policies, using the Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW). Design and Setting: Qualitative interviews and focus groups with general practice staff in England. Method: 23 semi-structured individual interviews and seven focus groups with general practice staff were conducted. Data was analysed using inductive thematic analysis, followed by thematic categorisation onto the Behaviour Change Wheel. Results: Participants identified several barriers to chlamydia testing corresponding with BCW components, including low perceived knowledge (psychological capability), general practice context (physical opportunity), cultural norms (social opportunity), testing not prioritised (reflective motivation), and concerns about patient reactions (automatic motivation). Proposed intervention functions included education, persuasion (e.g. posters), incentivisation (e.g. financial incentives), training, and environmental restructuring (e.g. computer reminders). Potential policy categories discussed were communication (e.g. campaigns) and service provision (e.g. GP drop-in sessions at other venues). Conclusion: This study identified barriers to chlamydia testing in English general practice and potential ways to address these, contributing new insights to existing literature. This research can be utilised to design multi-component, impactful interventions to increase testing in general practice and ultimately reduce harm posed by chlamydia infections.
General practitioner consultations for respiratory tract infections in children under 5 years; retrospective cohort study 2016-2023
Authors: Foley Kimberley A , Hargreaves Dougal S , Bottle Alex , Quint Jennifer , Majeed Azeem , Saglani Sejal , Saxena Sonia
Published: December 2024

Background: Little is known about how GP consultation rates for children’s respiratory tract infections (RTIs) have changed since the covid-19 pandemic restrictions lifted. Aim: To describe changes in GP consultation rates for RTIs in children <5 years from 2016-2023. Design and Setting: Population-based retrospective cohort study using electronic health records. Methods: We included all children aged <5 years registered with a general practice from April 2016 to March 2023. We compared monthly GP consultation rates for RTIs from April 2021-March 2023 with corresponding months during pre-pandemic years (April 2016-February 2020). Results: There were 3 045 701 GP consultations for RTIs among 2 894 539 children. Pre-pandemic, monthly consultation rates ranged from lows in August to highs in November (from 2368 to 8682 per 100 000 children, respectively). Following the pandemic lockdowns in 2020, monthly rates in 2021/22 peaked in June and October, but the winter peak was less marked than pre-pandemic and mean monthly rates were 16.8% lower. In 2022/23 after all restrictions lifted, rates remained around 15% below pre-pandemic years, but the winter peak for children aged 3-4 exceeded prior winter peaks by 43.3% and coincided with a streptococcal group A outbreak. Across all ages, there was a sharp increase (around 60%) in tonsillitis, streptococcus A and bacterial ear infections. Conclusion: Our study shows reductions in GP consultations for RTIs for children under 5 since the lifting of covid-19 pandemic restrictions. Of concern is a sharp rise in tonsillitis, streptococcus A and bacterial ear infections that should be monitored.
Design of the Savings and Loan Accounting Information System for Sumber Bahagia Savings and Loan Cooperative Utilizing The CodeIgniter Framework
Authors: Yulianto Hery Dwi , Wahyudi Rizmya Bunga
Published: December 2024

This research focuses on analyzing and designing an accounting information system aimed at managing savings and loan transactions at the Sumber Bahagia Savings and Loan Cooperative. The cooperative currently faces challenges in transaction recording, including reliance on applications like Microsoft Excel, inefficiencies in data storage, transaction management, and financial report preparation. These limitations often result in data discrepancies, errors, and delays in generating accurate financial information. Therefore, an integrated accounting information system is essential to address these issues effectively. The methodology employed by the researcher is the descriptive method, which seeks to provide an overview of the current system and propose a more effective solution through stages of data collection, analysis, design, system development, application creation, and system testing. The analysis phase includes developing data flow diagrams, flowcharts, account data coding, normalization, and relationship diagrams to ensure a clear understanding of data processes and their interrelations. The system development process involves building a robust database structure and creating a web-based application using the CodeIgniter framework, ensuring scalability, reliability, and user accessibility. The output design aligns with current accounting standards, addressing essential functions such as transaction recording, journal posting, ledger creation, trial balance preparation, and profit calculation reports. By implementing this system, the cooperative is expected to improve efficiency, accuracy, and transparency in financial operations. Additionally, the system facilitates the auditing of financial records and enhances decision-making processes by providing timely and reliable financial reports. This research contributes to understanding how accounting systems support financial management in cooperatives.
Intepretasi Balancing Behaviour dan Kepentingan Nasional Rusia di Kawasan Afrika 2019-2022
Authors: Alamari Muhammad Fauzan
Published: December 2024

Artikel ini menjelaskan mengenai bagaimana Benua Afrika yang memiliki berbagai potensi alam dan ekonomi namun terbelakang telah menjadi wilayah kekuatan-kekuatan besar untuk memperluas pengaruhnya. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menerapkan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan desain analitik eksploratif dengan menggunakan teori enhanced balancing behaviour theory dan konsep kepentingan nasional. Dapat dikatakan, Rusia memiliki keinginan untuk kembali menjadi kekuatan besar seperti Uni Soviet dulu, yang diakui oleh masyarakat internasional secara eksplisit. Untuk itu, Rusia hadir dengan cara yang berbeda, sebagai usaha untuk mengimbangi pengaruh kekuatan besar lainnya dan mengurangi pengaruh sistem-sistem Barat seperti demokrasi dan nilai liberal untuk berkembang di Afrika. Pendekatan yang terjadi membuat Afrika cenderung tidak bersuara atau mengambil posisi dalam mendukung Ukraina atau bahkan berkomentar mengenai perang. Usaha ini dapat dikatakan tidak sia-sia, di tengah keterisolasiannya akibat invasi Rusia ke Ukraina, kini Afrika menjadi salah satu mitra terdekatnya yang menjadi teater untuk mencapai kepentingan nasionalnya. Kata kunci — Afrika, Balancing Behaviour, Kepentingan Nasional, Militer, Rusia
Perspective of The Vatican’s Peace Diplomacy in the Region Dispute
Authors: Korniawan Rostamaji
Published: December 2024

The peace process of regional dispute is handled with various processes and the sides who are concerned about the conflict, including the Vatican’s aid by using its peace diplomacy. The Vatican knew that mitigating the regional dispute had to face several challenges. However, the process and efforts to mitigate many areas of regional dispute are still the Vatican’s belief that peace becomes part of human rights and universal values. By observing methods based on the issue of regional dispute, this paper purposed to analyze the Vatican’s peace diplomacy during Pope Francis’ leadership. The analysis finds that mitigating regional disputes using a religious approach and the role of the Catholic church and Supreme Pontiff can effectively rehabilitate the conflict and finally turn into expected results based on negotiation. However, the Ukraine-Rusia dispute still creates brain-drain for the Vatican, including several regional disputes in Asian territory. The unresolved dispute indicates that the religious approach still needs aid from the other side. Therefore, the Pope, the Catholic church, and the rest of the world are still using proper diplomacy and strategy to fulfill the goal of the future of global peace.
Pendekatan Pluralisme Liberal, Middle Powers, dan Opini Publik dalam Membangun Hubungan Indonesia-Australia di Era Prabowo-Albanese
Authors: Darmawan Harry , Mitzy Gulia Ichikaya
Published: December 2024

Artikel ini menganalisis prospek hubungan bilateral antara Indonesia, dan Australia pada masa kepemimpinan Presiden Prabowo Subianto dan Perdana Menteri Anthony Albanese. Memanfaatkan teori pluralisme liberal, konsep middle powers, artikel ini menyoroti tiga ranah utama yang berpotensi mempererat kerja sama kedua negara, yakni ekonomi, keamanan, dan opini publik. Perjanjian Indonesia-Australia Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (IA-CEPA) menjadi bentuk pendekatan pluralisme liberal yang mendukung partisipasi berbagai aktor dalam memperkuat hubungan ekonomi bilateral. Di bidang keamanan, status sebagai middle powers memungkinkan Indonesia dan Australia untuk memainkan peran signifikan dalam menjaga stabilitas kawasan Indo-Pasifik melalui diplomasi multilateral meskipun masing-masing negara memiliki pendekatan yang berbeda dalam menyikapi dinamika geopolitik. Opini publik turut memengaruhi hubungan kedua negara. Melalui upaya peningkatan pemahaman publik dan penurunan stereotip negatif, hubungan Indonesia dan Australia berpotensi lebih kuat dan stabil pada masa mendatang. Kesimpulan menunjukkan bahwa melalui komitmen ekonomi, kemitraan strategis dalam keamanan, serta dukungan publik, kedua negara memiliki landasan kokoh untuk membangun hubungan bilateral yang saling menguntungkan.
Standardization and quantification of gluten in semi-processed and processed quinoa products (Chenopodium quinoa Willd)
Authors:   Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas IIQ, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés UMSA, Av. Villazón N° 1995, La Paz, Bolivia, 0201-0220, iiq@umsa.bo, Maldonado Eric , Peñarrieta J. Mauricio ,   Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas IIQ, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés UMSA, Av. Villazón N° 1995, La Paz, Bolivia, 0201-0220, iiq@umsa.bo, Bravo José A. ,   Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas IIQ, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés UMSA, Av. Villazón N° 1995, La Paz, Bolivia, 0201-0220, iiq@umsa.bo, Mollinedo Patricia ,   Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas IIQ, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés UMSA, Av. Villazón N° 1995, La Paz, Bolivia, 0201-0220, iiq@umsa.bo
Published: December 2024

Estandarización y cuantificación de gluten en productos semiprocesados y procesados de quinua (Chenopodium quinoa w.). Según el Codex Alimentarius, los alimentos libres de gluten no deben contener trigo, avena, cebada o centeno, y su contenido de gluten debe ser menor a 20 mg/kg. Además, la cantidad de gluten en los alimentos debe determinarse mediante un método inmunológico u otro que garantice la misma precisión. Se determinó el contenido de gluten en alimentos elaborados a partir de productos nativos para ser certificados empleando el método AOAC numero 2012.01 estandarizado. Los resultados samplen que en productos elaborados a base de quinua y cañahua pura, no se detectó gluten incluso por debajo de 20ppb, siendo aptos para su inclusión en la dieta de pacientes celíacos. Se reportan también productos procesados si presentan valores de contenido de gluten del orden de 26,85 ppb, a causa de otros productos añadidos.
Artificial Intelligence Technologies and Their Significance in Enhancing the Quality of Adaptive E-Learning
Authors: Brada Abderrezzaq , Dahmani Fatima
Published: December 2024

The continuous advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) technology is driving a profound transformation in educational systems, which are crucial in shaping societal development and future trends. AI plays a pivotal role in advancing social progress by developing programs and devices that replicate human behaviors and cognitive functions, leading to a revolutionary change in learning methodologies and an enhancement in the interaction between learners and educational content. This research paper explores the role of AI in improving the quality of adaptive e-learning. It begins by defining fundamental concepts of AI and its educational technologies, then clarifies the concept of adaptive e-learning, and reviews the latest AI applications in this field. Additionally, the paper demonstrates how AI can be utilized to enhance the educational environment and improve educational quality, while also assessing notable international experiences in this context. The study’s key findings indicate that AI enhances educational quality by providing personalized learning experiences, effectively analyzing learner data, and offering flexible virtual learning environments and advanced digital tools to enhance interaction
Health awareness in light of educational level and family income (A field study on a sample of middle school students)
Authors: Mazouzi Nora , Mazouzi Rachda
Published: December 2024

The aim of this study is to determine the differences in social health awareness among pupils according to education level (average first year and average fourth year) and family income variables (high/low) in Middle School in Chetma municipality, Biskra Province in Algeria. To achieve the aim of the study, the descriptive-comparative approach was used.The study also used a questionnaire that included (20) items. The questionnaire was applied to a sample of pupils composed of (162) was distributed as follows : (81) pupils from the fourth middle school and (81) pupils from the first middle school; (87) pupils from low-income families; and (75) pupils from high-income families. The sample of pupils was selected through a simple random method from an initial community of (700) pupils. The results showed the following: - There are statistically significant differences in social health awareness attributed to educational level. - There are statistically significant differences in social health awareness attributed to family income
AS PLATAFORMAS DE ONLINE DISPUTE RESOLUTION (ODR) E O ACESSO À JUSTIÇA
Authors: Ferreira Rocha Eliza , Pinheiro Guilherme César
Published: December 2024

O estudo busca: apresentar o conceito de Online Dispute Resolution – ODR; apresentar o conceito de arquitetura de escolhas; contextualizar a arquitetura de escolhas nas plataformas de Online Dispute Resolution (ODR); verificar de que maneira o design dessas plataformas impacta na tomada de decisão humana; e discutir sobre diretrizes para a implementação de tais plataformas de modo a assegurar acesso à justiça. Adotou-se o método dedutivo de pesquisa e a técnica de revisão bibliográfica da literatura científica especializada para descrição de premissas teóricas do problema e formulação de hipótese com conclusão propositiva. Ao final, reconhece-se a influência do design do ambiente de ODR na tomada de decisão do usuário/litigante e a necessidade de se regulamentar tais plataformas, para assegurar que o design esteja alinhado com o direito fundamental de acesso à justiça.
Students’ Motivation and Attitudes in EFL at the Faculty of Arts and Humanities in Rabat and Kenitra
Authors: Choraih Mohamed Amine
Published: December 2024

The present study investigates the various kinds of motivation adopted by students of English at the Faculty of Arts and Humanities in Rabat and Kenitra. It also seeks to highlight the nature of students' attitudes toward English-speaking people and the language courses. The participants were drawn from both the Faculty of Arts and Humanities in Rabat (Mohamed V University) and the Faculty of Arts and Humanities in Kenitra (Ibn Tofail University). The total number of subjects in this study is 60. The questionnaire is composed mainly of two parts. The first part is designed to elicit some information regarding the background of the respondents such as the variable of age and the variable of gender. The second part is, in turn, meant to cover the attitudes and motivation variables. Indeed, it contains a total of 18 items which are selected based primarily on Gardner’s (1985) Attitude/Motivation Test Battery. The results show that university students of English are both instrumentally and integratively motivated and that their attitudes toward native English speakers are simultaneously positive and negative. Moreover, the results reveal that students of English at the Faculty of Arts and Humanities in Rabat and Kenitra have positive attitudes toward English courses. Finally, this study provides some suggestions for further studies and some pedagogical implications.
Роль морфологического исследования в дифференциальной диагностике туберкулеза и саркоидоза легких: литературный обзор
Authors: Дюсьмикеева М.И. , Атаманова О.Г.
Published: December 2024

Интерес к проблеме гранулематозных болезней легких в последние годы обусловлен ростом распространенности этих заболеваний и трудностью их диагностики. Диагностические ошибки у данных пациентов составляют 75–80%. До сих пор не существует универсального алгоритма диагностики подобных заболеваний. Совершенствование клинико-морфологической диагностики гранулематозных заболеваний легких остается актуальной проблемой и имеет большое практическое значение. В настоящее время среди гранулематозных болезней наиболее часто встречаются туберкулез и саркоидоз. Дифференциальная диагностика саркоидоза и туберкулеза, оставаясь одной из сложнейших проблем пульмонологии, находит существенную опору в результатах морфологического исследования. Однако патологоанатомическое заключение не может идти далее констатации факта, что при гистологическом исследовании обнаруживается гранулематозная реакция. Дифференциальная диагностика туберкулеза и саркоидоза требует мультидисциплинарного подхода. Решающее значение в дифференциальной диагностике туберкулеза и саркоидоза имеют бактериоскопическое, иммуногистохимическое и молекулярно-генетическое исследования.

Interest in the problem of granulomatous lung diseases in recent years is due to the increasing prevalence of these diseases and the difficulty of diagnosing them. Diagnostic errors in these patients are 75–80%. There is still no universal algorithm for diagnosing such diseases. Improving the clinical and morphological diagnosis of granulomatous lung diseases remains an urgent problem and is of great practical importance. In recent years, the most common granulomatous diseases are tuberculosis and sarcoidosis. Differential diagnosis of sarcoidosis and tuberculosis, remaining one of the most difficult problems of pulmonology, finds significant support in the results of morphological research. However, the pathological conclusion cannot go further than stating that histological examination reveals a granulomatous reaction. Differential diagnosis of tuberculosis and sarcoidosis requires a multidisciplinary approach. Bacterioscopic, immunohistochemical and molecular genetic studies are of decisive importance in the differential diagnosis of tuberculosis and sarcoidosis.
Физиотерапия в лечении воспалительных заболеваний органов малого таза
Authors: Савицкая В.М. , Лобачевская О.С. , Акулич Н.С.
Published: December 2024

Данная статья посвящена актуальной проблеме лечения воспалительных заболеваний женских половых органов. В работе рассматриваются комплексные схемы лечения воспалительных заболеваний с учетом патогенеза воспаления, влияние методов физиотерапии на отдаленные результаты лечения. Также в статье описаны различные варианты физиотерапевтического лечения воспалительных заболеваний.

This article is devoted to the current problem of treatment of inflammatory diseases of the female genital organs. The work examines complex treatment regimens for inflammatory diseases, taking into account the pathogenesis of inflammation, and the influence of physiotherapy methods on long-term treatment results. The article also describes various options for physiotherapeutic treatment of inflammatory diseases.
In vitro modulatory effect of nanoencapsulated tocotrienol-rich fraction, ascorbyl tetraisopalmitate, and carotenes on atopic dermatitis-like model of human epidermal keratinocytes
Authors: Gan Yee-Lin , Tan Chin-Ping , Cheah Yoke-Kqueen , Ariffina Hidayah , Wasoh Helmi , Lai Oi-Ming
Published: December 2024

The aim of the study was to investigate the regulatory effects of mixed antioxidants, including tocotrienol-rich fraction, ascorbyl tetraisopalmitate, and carotenes, on inflammatory response and epidermal integrity of normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) stimulated with cytokines to mimic atopic dermatitis (AD). Nano encapsulated mixed antioxidants (NMA) were prepared by encapsulating tocotrienol-rich fraction, ascorbyl tetraisopalmitate and carotenes into nanoemulsion. The interleukin (IL)-4 (50 ng/mL), interferon (IFN)-γ (50 ng/mL), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (20 ng/mL) individually stimulated NHEK cells were treated with NMA (2.1-2100 ng/mL). Then, cytokines, chemokines and structural proteins expressions were determined. Cell monolayer integrity was assessed using dispase-based keratinocyte dissociation and wound-healing assays.The key findings of the study showed that NMA treatment (2100 ng/mL) resulted in a complete abolishment of upmodulation thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) expression induced by IL-4, IFN-γ, and TNF-α. Upregulated expression of thymus and activation regulated chemokine (TARC) following IL-4 stimulation was attenuated by NMA (2.1-2100 ng/mL). The increment of interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expressions resulting from IL-4, IFN-γ, and TNF-α stimulations was significantly suppressed by NMA treatment. The downregulated filaggrin expression provoked by IL-4 and TNF-α stimulations was abrogated with NMA treatment (2.1-2100 ng/mL). Treatment with NMA significantly improved the production of cornified envelope proteins, decreased the dissociation scores and accelerated wound healing of IL-4, IFN-γ, and TNF-α stimulated NHEK.
Cost-effective drying methods for edible bird’s nest hydrolysate: Impact on nitrite levels and sialic acid content
Authors: Yeo Bee-Hui , Anamaly Mithula A/P , Lai Oi-Ming
Published: December 2024

To produce powdered edible bird’s nest hydrolysate (EBNH), a significant amount of water must be removed after hydrolysis to improve the product’s stability, extend shelf life, and reduce transportation and storage costs. This study investigates the application of cool-air and hot-air drying methods, with a particular focus on strategies suited for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Cool-air drying was performed at 17 °C using a fan and air conditioner, while hot-air drying was conducted at 55 °C and 65 °C using a dehydrator. The study evaluated drying time, as well as the quality, moisture content, nitrite levels, total sialic acid content, and antioxidant activity of EBNH produced by each method. The quality, cost, and feasibility of these methods were compared with freeze-drying and spray-drying techniques from previous studies. Results showed that higher temperatures and lower relative humidity improved drying efficiency, with hot-air drying at 65 °C requiring the shortest drying time. Chemical analysis revealed significant differences in nitrite and total sialic acid content: cold-air-dried samples had higher nitrite levels, while hot-air drying at 65 °C produced the highest total sialic acid content. Cost and feasibility assessments demonstrated that hot airdrying at 65 °C was the most efficient and cost-effective method. This method is especially advantageous for SMEs due to its balance of efficiency, affordability, and ease of implementation, making it ideal for smaller-scale operations.
Complete genome sequence of local Malaysian Fowl adenovirus serotype 8b UPM T221 strain
Authors: Azli Bahiyah , Salim Nur Farhana , Hair-Bejo Mohd , Mohamed Sohaimi Norfitriah , Abdul Hamid Nor Asilah Wati , Mat Isa Nurulfiza
Published: December 2024

Recently, Fowl adenovirus serotype 8b (FAdV-8b) infection has emerged as a serious threat to Malaysia’s poultry industry, acting as a causal agent of Inclusion Body Hepatitis (IBH) with a mortality rate of 10-30% among chickens. In this study, we isolated an FAdV strain from the liver of an IBH-positive dead commercial broiler chicken in Tawau, Sabah, and subjected it to pathogenicity analysis and Whole genome sequencing (WGS). Upon inoculation of UPM T221 isolate into Specific pathogen-free chicken embryonated eggs, slow mortality pattern of 6- to 12-days post-infection (dpi) was recorded, with nil gross lesions of both chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) and liver observed during harvesting. Upon subjection to WGS, the genome of UPM T221 was found to be 44722 bp in length with 58.1% GC content, 37 coding sequence (CDS), identifying the isolate as a strain from FAdV-8b of the FAdV-E. Interestingly, the left ORF regions and central genes showed a higher potential for significant genetic divergence with Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) and InDels gaps. These variants are displayed in the within the structural capsid of UPM T221, such as hexon and penton, as well as in virion replication processes such as DNA polymerase and pTP. These findings of less virulence, non-pathogenic UPM T221 profile proposed the strain as a suitable live attenuated candidate vaccine, also contributing to the current understanding of the genetic diversity of FAdV for developing autogenous vaccines or diagnostic materials especially against local strain infections.