bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reduced sodium currents in isolated mammalian myocytes treated with chronic L‐thyroxine
Authors: Ma Yu‐Ping , Hu Hui‐Juan , Hao Xue‐Mei , Zhou Pei‐Ai , Wu Cai‐Hong , Dai De‐Zai
Published: March 2003

Whole‐cell patch‐clamp recording techniques were applied to measure INa in isolated ventricular myocytes of guinea pigs and CA1 neurons of hippocampus of Sprague‐Dawley rats treated with L‐thyroxine (0.5 mg/kg i.p. for 8–10 days). We found that the INa densities in both hypertrophied ventricular myocytes of guinea pigs and CA1 neurons of rats were reduced significantly. The peak current of −53.2±10.8 pA/pF (n=39) which was evoked at –30mV in the hypertrophied ventricular myocytes was significantly reduced when compared with –73.8±14.7 pA/pF in control myocytes (n=45, P<0.001). The maximal INa densities (at –60 mV membrane potential) of CA1 neurons in L‐thyroxine‐treated rats were reduced from 46.0±8.5 pA/pF to 38.9±8.3 pA/pF, respectively (n=20, P<0.05). After treatment with L‐thyroxine, the decay of INa both in the ventricular myocytes of guinea pigs and CA1 neurons of rats was faster. The τ was 3.7±0.1 and 4.1±0.2 ms in the hypertrophied and control myocytes (P<0.05), respectively. The slow τ was accelerated from 3.87±1.28 in the control to 2.94±0.64 ms in the CA1 neurons of rats treated with L‐thyroxine (P<0.05). No differences were found in the steady‐state activation and inactivation and recovery kinetics in the hypertrophied ventricular myocytes. Our results indicate that impaired INa is involved in the heart and neurons in hyperthyroidism. A compromised INa for depolarization of the affected myocardium produces a slow conduction of cardiac impulses and provides a basis for uneven electrophysiological parameters. A reduced depolarizing INa combined with an impaired ion current for repolarization contribute to arrhythmogenesis of the remodeled ventricle. Drug Dev. Res. 58:111–115, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
L‐thyroxine affects involvement of H1, 5‐HT2, prostaglandin receptors and the endothelial NO system in allergic vascular response in guinea pigs
Authors: Hu Hui‐Juan , Dai De‐Zai
Published: March 2003

Dysfunction of the vascular system is involved in anaphylactic shock from antigen challenge. Chronic L‐thyroxine (Thy) administration induces cardiac remodeling and multiple ion channelopathies which contribute to exacerbated cardiac arrhythmias and a change in vascular responses. We measured the changes in the allergic vascular response in a Thy model. The allergic vascular response developed rapidly by exposure to antigen with two components, a peak observed at 4 min and a declining second phase. In the Thy group, the peak was reduced and the tone in the second phase increased. The H1 receptor blocker diphenhydramine (DPH) reduced the peak tension in both control and Thy groups, but increased the second phase in control and decreased the second phase in the Thy group. No effect of the H2 blocker (famotidine) was observed. The 5‐HT2 receptor antagonist ritanserin (RTS), the COX inhibitor indomethacin (IDM), and the lipoxygenase inhibitor caffeic acid (CFA) were more effective inhibitors in the Thy groups relative to the control group. Nitro‐L‐arginine (NLA), which is an NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor, enhanced peak tension in control, but not in the Thy group. The peak tension in the control group was also increased following hemoglobin (HB), which inactivates the NO pathway, by methylene blue (MTB), which suppresses cGMP formation, and by saponins, which destroy the endothelium. However, the same procedures were without effect in the Thy group. L‐Arginine, an NO donor, produced a larger reduction of peak of tension in the Thy group relative to the control group. In conclusion, suppression of allergic vascular responses by DPH, RTS, CFA, and IDM was enhanced in the Thy model and the enhancement of these responses by NLA, HB, and MTB was abolished in this group. Drug Dev. Res. 58:125–130, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Changing determinants of crying termination in 6‐ to 12‐week‐old human infants
Authors: Blass Elliott M. , Camp Carole Ann
Published: March 2003

Developmental change in human infant crying termination was studied in 60 infants who were 6, 9, and 12 weeks of age. They qualified by spontaneously crying for at least 30 s during the study's first minute. Infants then received either 0.8 ml sucrose (12% w/v) by syringe or sucked a pacifier dipped in the 12% solution for a total of 3.5 min. Crying was substantially reduced by pacifier‐sucking at all three ages tested. Sucrose too was effective at 6 and 9 weeks of age but did not reduce crying in 12‐week‐olds. These data suggest different schedules in the decline of sweet taste and pacifier sucking as agents of crying termination. These differential rates argue for multiple systems that govern crying reduction and argue against a single central target that changes ontogenetically in sensitivity and control. Whether the continuation of sucking effectiveness is sustained by infant sucking experience or reflects a slower rate of decline cannot be determined at present. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 42: 312–316, 2003.
Methods for introducing morpholinos into the chicken embryo
Authors: Kos Robert , Tucker Richard P. , Hall Ronelle , Duong Tuan D. , Erickson Carol A.
Published: March 2003

The use of antisense morpholino oligos to inhibit the translation of a target transcript has been applied recently to studies of the chicken embryo. In contrast to other developmental systems such as in frog, sea urchin, and zebrafish that permit the direct microinjection of morpholinos into a blastomere, square pulse electroporation is used to introduce fluorescently tagged morpholinos into specific populations of chick embryo cells in ovo. This article reviews the methods that have proven successful, the types of controls that are necessary when performing knockdowns of gene expression in the chick embryo, and discusses the limitations of the current technique, as well as directions for further research. Developmental Dynamics 226:000–000, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differentially expressed nucleolar TGF‐β1 target (DENTT) in mouse development
Authors: Ozbun Laurent L. , Martínez Alfredo , Angdisen Jerry , Umphress Sarah , Kang Yang , Wang Min , You Ming , Jakowlew Sonia B.
Published: March 2003

Differentially expressed nucleolar TGF‐β1 target (DENTT) is a recently identified gene whose mRNA is differentially affected by TGF‐β1 in TGF‐β1–responsive human lung cancer cells and who is a new member of the TSPY/TSPY‐like/SET/NAP‐1 (TTSN) protein superfamily. Here, we report that mouse DENTT mRNA contains a 2031‐bp open reading frame that encodes a predicted polypeptide of 677‐amino acids with a relative molecular mass of 77,671 Da. The mouse and human DENTT sequences show 77% and 78% homology at the nucleotide and amino acid level, respectively. Mouse DENTT is predicted to be a nuclear protein with two nuclear localization signals (NLS), two coiled‐coil regions, and a domain that shows significant identity to a region that defines the TTSN superfamily. Green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐tagged full‐length mouse DENTT transfected into COS‐7 cells showed localization predominantly in the nucleolus. Reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction amplification, Northern hybridization, and Western blot analyses showed expression of mouse DENTT mRNA and protein throughout mouse embryogenesis. Immunohistochemical staining analysis showed that DENTT is expressed in multiple tissues in a defined spatiotemporal pattern during mouse embryogenesis. The heart and primitive brain were the first organs of the embryo that showed immunoreactivity for the DENTT antibody by day 8 of development (E8). In the developing mouse brain, the choroid plexus was intensely stained for DENTT in all stages of development. The spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia were also positive for DENTT staining beginning in the 11‐day‐old embryo (E11), where homogeneous immunostaining was observed throughout the developing neurons. By day 16 of development (E16), only a small subset of the neuronal population in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia was positively stained for DENTT. DENTT immunoreactivity increased steadily with maturation as the differentiation of cartilage and osteoblasts proceeded and reached a maximum in the growth plate during endochondral ossification. DENTT expression was also detected in multiple rodent cell types in vitro, including mouse F9 embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells. Addition of retinoic acid or sodium butyrate to F9 EC cells showed a rapid decrease in expression of DENTT protein occurring by 1 hr that continued to decrease to almost undetectable levels after 24 hr. Cotransfection of full‐length mouse DENTT expression plasmid with 3TPLux or COL7A1Luc Luciferase reporter plasmids into F9 EC cells significantly increased the level of 3TPLux reporter transcription while decreasing the level of COL7A1Luc reporter transcription, suggesting that DENTT may play multiple roles in modulating transcriptional responses. These findings suggest new roles for the TTSN superfamily during embryogenesis and differentiation Developmental Dynamics, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brain dopamine is associated with eating behaviors in humans
Authors: Volkow Nora D. , Wang Gene‐Jack , Maynard Laurence , Jayne Millard , Fowler Joanna S. , Zhu Wei , Logan Jean , Gatley S. John , Ding Yu‐Shin , Wong Christopher , Pappas Naomi
Published: March 2003

Objective

Eating behavior in humans is influenced by variables other than just hunger‐satiety including cognitive restraint, emotional distress, and sensitivity to food stimuli. We investigate the role of dopamine (DA), a neurotransmitter involved with food motivation, in these variables.

Methods

We used the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) to measure Restraint, Emotionality, and Externality in 10 subjects. We correlated DEBQ scores with brain DA levels. Positron emission tomography and {11C}raclopride uptake were used to measure baseline D2 receptors (neutral stimulation) and to assess changes in extracellular DA to food stimulation (display of food).

Results

Restraint was correlated with DA changes with food stimulation (higher restraint, greater responsivity), emotionality was negatively correlated with baseline D2 receptors (higher emotionality, lower D2 receptors), whereas externality was not. These correlations were significant in the dorsal but not in the ventral striatum.

Discussion

These results provide evidence that DA in the dorsal striatum is involved with the restraint and emotionality components regulating eating behavior and that these two dimensions reflect different neurobiologic processes. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Int J Eat Disord 33: 136–142, 2003.
Causes and recovery in anorexia nervosa: The patient's perspective
Authors: Tozzi Federica , Sullivan Patrick F. , Fear Jennifer L. , McKenzie Jan , Bulik Cynthia M.
Published: March 2003

Objective

We explored anorexic patients' subjective accounts of the causes of their anorexia and of the factors that fostered recovery. Subjective accounts could assist in understanding this complicated and often intractable disorder.

Method

All female new referrals to an eating disorders service underwent extensive interviews including open‐ended questions about their beliefs concerning the causes of their anorexia nervosa and factors that led to recovery. Responses were categorized by two independent raters.

Results

The most commonly mentioned perceived causes were dysfunctional families, weight loss and dieting, and stressful experiences and perceived pressure. The three most commonly cited factors contributing to recovery were supportive nonfamilial relationships, therapy, and maturation.

Discussion

Individuals with anorexia nervosa perceive both external (family environment) and personal factors (dieting and stress) as contributory to their disorders. The results underscore the importance of interpersonal factors in recovery from anorexia nervosa and suggest that attention to this area in treatment may be beneficial. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 33: 143–154, 2003.
Olanzapine treatment of anorexia nervosa: A retrospective study
Authors: Malina Amanda , Gaskill Jill , McConaha Claire , Frank Guido K. , LaVia Maria , Scholar Lisa , Kaye Walter H.
Published: March 2003

Background

Recent reports raise the possibility that olanzapine, which commonly causes weight gain in non–eating‐disordered subjects, assisted weight gain and mood during refeeding in anorexia nervosa (AN) patients.

Methods

Eighteen AN subjects who engaged in open treatment with olanzapine were retrospectively questioned about their response.

Results

Subjects reported a significant reduction in anxiety, difficulty eating, and core eating disorder symptoms after taking olanzapine.

Discussion

These data lend support to the possibility that olanzapine may be useful in AN patients.

Conclusion

A controlled trial is necessary to prove that olanzapine is efficacious. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 33: 234–237, 2003.
Six‐month open trial of haloperidol as an adjunctive treatment for anorexia nervosa: A preliminary report
Authors: Cassano Giovanni B. , Miniati Mario , Pini Stefano , Rotondo Alessandro , Banti Susanna , Borri Chiara , Camilleri Valeria , Mauri and Mauro
Published: March 2003

Objective

To evaluate the effectiveness of haloperidoll as an adjunctive treatment for resistant anorexia nervosa restricting subtype (AN‐R).

Method

Thirteen outpatients with treatment‐resistant AN‐R were treated for 6 months with haloperidol in addition to standard treatment. Treatment resistance was defined as persistent and resistant anorectic symptoms despite multiple standard therapies. Assessments were carried out at baseline and after 1, 3, and 6 months with the Eating Disorder Inventory (EAT), the Eating Attitude Test (EAT), and the Clinical Global Impression and Improvement Scale (CGI‐I).

Results

Significant change from baseline to end point was observed on EDI total score (p = .02) and on the subscales Drive for Thinness (p = .009), Bulimia (p = .01), and Interoceptive Awareness (p = .02), as well as on the EAT (p = .009) and CGI scores (p = .001). Body mass index changed significantly from baseline (15.7 ± 1.9) to end point (18.1 ± 2.5; p = .03).

Discussion

These preliminary data suggest that low doses of haloperidol might be effective as an adjunctive treatment for patients with severe AN‐R. Larger controlled studies are warranted to confirm these data. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 33: 172–177, 2003.
Human fractalkine mediates leukocyte adhesion but not capture under physiological shear conditions; a mechanism for selective monocyte recruitment
Authors: Kerfoot Steven M. , Lord Sarah E. , Bell Robert B. , Gill Varinder , Robbins Stephen M. , Kubes Paul
Published: March 2003

Fractalkine is a unique chemokine possessing a long mucin‐like stalk and a transmembrane region that has been proposed to act as an adhesion molecule. We investigated the ability of fractalkine to recruit leukocytes from whole blood, using an immobilized fractalkine fusion protein in the parallel‐plate flow‐chamber assay. Significant adhesion of leukocytes to fractalkine peaked at 2 dynes/cm2 but was minimal at 10 dynes/cm2. In contrast, VCAM‐1 could recruit cells from whole blood at 10 dynes/cm2. Co‐immobilization of fractalkine and VCAM‐1 at 10 dynes/cm2 resulted in a twofold increase in adherent cells compared with VCAM‐1 alone, suggesting that fractalkine can mediate adhesion at high shear if combined with a molecule that can mediate leukocyte tethering. Pretreatment of blood with pertussis toxin eliminated this increase in adhesion, implicating intracellular signaling in fractalkine‐mediated mechanisms of adhesion to co‐immobilized fractalkine/VCAM‐1. Analysis of the cell types recruited to fractalkine alone at low shear, or to fractalkine and VCAM‐1 at 10 dynes/cm2, revealed that monocytes were recruited to fractalkine with the highest specificity. In conclusion, fractalkine is unlikely to act alone at shear forces found in most vascular beds where it most likely co‐operates with tethering molecules, e.g. VCAM‐1, in the recruitment of monocytes.
Efficient expansion of regulatory T cells in vitro and in vivo with a CD28 superagonist
Authors: Lin Chia‐Huey , Hünig Thomas
Published: March 2003

CD4+CD25+ T cells play a central role in the suppression of autoimmunity and inflammation, making their in vivo expansion a highly attractive therapeutic target. By phenotyping with a novel rat CTL antigen‐4 (CTLA‐4)‐specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) and functional in vitro assays, we here first establish that rat CD4+CD25+ T cells correspond to the regulatory T cells (Treg cells) described in mice and humans: they constitutively express CTLA‐4, produce IL‐10 but not IL‐2, and are able to suppress the proliferation of costimulated CD25‐negative indicator cells. Furthermore, we show that rat Treg cells respond less well than CD25– T cells to conventional costimulation, but are readily expanded in vitro with "superagonistic" CD28‐specific mAb which are potent mitogens for all T cells without the need for TCR engagement. In vivo, functional Treg cells are preferentially expanded by CD28 stimulation over other T cell subsets, leading to a 20‐fold increase within 3 days in response to a single antibody dose. These data suggest that CD28‐driven activation of Treg cells may be highly effective in the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
Immune evasion of Borrelia burgdorferi: mapping of a complement‐inhibitor factor H‐binding site of BbCRASP‐3, a novel member of the Erp protein family
Authors: Kraiczy Peter , Hellwage Jens , Skerka Christine , Kirschfink Michael , Brade Volker , Zipfel Peter F. , Wallich Reinhard
Published: March 2003

The causative agents of Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi s.s., B. garinii, and B. afzelii, differ in their susceptibility to complement‐mediated lysis. This phenomenon apparently depends on the expression of proteins termed complement regulator‐acquiring surface proteins (CRASP) and their binding to the inhibitory plasma proteins factor H and FHL‐1. To characterize these bacterial proteins in more detail we have now isolated from a B. burgdorferi expression library a novel factor H‐binding protein. In accordance with our previous studies this protein was termed BbCRASP‐3 and represents a novel member of the polymorphic Erp (OspE/F‐related) protein family. On the basis of protease accessibility assays using intact spirochetes, BbCRASP‐3 isidentified as a surface‐exposed protein and binds the C‐terminal short consensus repeats of factor H. Applying deletion mutants of BbCRASP‐3, the factor H‐binding site was mapped to the nine‐amino‐acid motif LEVLKKNLK localized at the C‐terminal end of BbCRASP‐3. Factor H bound to BbCRASP‐3 maintains its cofactor activity in factor I‐mediated C3b inactivation. Binding of BbCRASP‐3 to factor H can be inhibited by heparin, a physiological ligand of the complement regulator factor H. Blocking of factor‐H‐binding by soluble BbCRASP‐3 leads to an increase of complement deposition on intermediate serum‐resistant strain ZS7. In conclusion, BbCRASP‐3 has been identified as a novel factor H‐binding protein on B. burgdorferi which by conferring complement resistance to the pathogen may contribute to its persistence in the mammalian host.
Lymphoblastoid cells express HLA‐B27 homodimers both intracellularly and at the cell surface following endosomal recycling
Authors: Bird Lucy A. , Peh Chen Au , Kollnberger Simon , Elliott Tim , McMichael Andrew J. , Bowness Paul
Published: March 2003

The MHC class I allele HLA‐B27 is very strongly associated with development of autoimmune spondyloarthritis, although the disease mechanism remains unknown. Class I molecules classically associate in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) with β2‐microglobulin (β2m) and antigenic peptides for cell surface expression and presentation to T cells. We have previously shown that HLA‐B27 is capable of forming β2m‐free disulfide‐bonded homodimers in vitro. Here we show that HLA‐B27 forms disulfide‐bonded homodimers in vivo by two distinct pathways. HLA‐B27 homodimers form in the ER but appear unable to egress to the cell surface in human cells. Cell surface HLA‐B27 homodimers are abundantly expressed in a variety of lymphoid cell lines. Experiments with inhibitors indicate that HLA‐B27 homodimers can arise from cell‐surface heterodimers via an endosome‐dependent recycling pathway. HLA‐B27 homodimer expression on the cell surface of 721.220 is dependent on the unpaired cysteine67 and is inhibited by restoration of tapasin function or by incubation with peptides that bind strongly to HLA‐B27 heterodimers. Cell surface expressed HLA‐B27 homodimers are likely to be immunologically reactive ligands for NK family immunoreceptors and, hence, could play a pathogenic role in spondyloarthritis.
Distinct contributions of different CD40 TRAF binding sites to CD154‐induced dendritic cell maturation and IL‐12 secretion
Authors: Mackey Matthew F. , Wang Ze , Eichelberg Katrin , Germain Ronald N.
Published: March 2003

The mechanisms by which CD40 controls the maturation and antigen presentation functions of dendritic cells (DC) remains largely undefined in this critical cell type. To examine this question, we have employed retroviral transduction of primary bone marrow‐derived mouse DC. Mutation of the distinct binding sites for TNF receptor‐associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and for TRAF 2, 3, and 5 in the CD40 cytoplasmic domain revealed their independent contributions to DC maturation and activation of NF‐κB. In contrast, disruption of the TRAF6 but not the TRAF 2,3,5 binding site markedly decreased IL‐12 p40 secretion along with p38 and JNK activation in response to CD154 stimulation. These data document a clear bifurcation of the CD40 signaling cascade in primary DC at the level of thereceptor's two distinct and autonomous TRAF binding sites, and reveal the predominant role of the TRAF6 binding site in CD40‐induced pro‐inflammatory cytokine production by these cells.
Perforin‐dependent activation‐induced cell death acts through caspase 3 but not through caspases 8 or 9
Authors: Chen Liane , Woo Minna , Hakem Razqallah , Miller Richard G.
Published: March 2003

Activation‐induced cell death (AICD) is a phenomenon in which activated T cells undergo apoptosis upon restimulation. We are studying a form of AICD that can occur before cells become competent to die by Fas (hence "early" AICD) and which depends on the presence of perforin. Previous studies indicate that it does not occur through granule exocytosis but via some endogenous pathway. We here investigate a possible role for caspases. Caspase 3–/– cells were protected, suggesting a role for caspase 3 in early AICD. After recrosslinking, caspase 3 activity could be detected in cell lysates between 3 and 12 h, and CD8+ T cells became annexin V‐positive between 15 and 18 h. Blocking anti‐Fas ligand antibody failed to inhibit death, and no processing of either caspase 8 or caspase 9 was detected in recrosslinked cells. Furthermore, T cells lacking functional caspase 9 continued to die in early AICD. Thus, perforin‐dependent early AICD appears to require activation of caspase 3, but not caspases 8 or 9. As perforin has no intrinsic catalytic abilities, we propose that it releases some endogenous activity that can activate caspase 3.
O‐Glycosyl Amino Acids by 2‐Nitrogalactal Concatenation − Synthesis of a Mucin‐Type O‐Glycan
Authors: Winterfeld Gottfried A. , Khodair Ahmed I. , Schmidt Richard R.
Published: March 2003

Base‐promoted Michael‐type addition of N‐Boc‐ and N‐Fmoc‐protected serine and threonine esters to 2‐nitrogalactal derivatives 2 and 26 led highly selectively to α‐glycosides 4a−d and 27a,c, respectively. Ensuing transformation of threonine derivative 4d and serine derivatives 4a,b resulted in compounds useful as lysine and dipeptide mimetics. 6‐O‐Desilylation of 27a,c, then 6‐O‐sialylation, and transformation of the nitro group of the galactose moiety into a 2‐acetamido functionality, afforded N‐Boc‐protected serine and threonine tert‐butyl esters 31a,c carrying the O‐protected STN‐antigen at the hydroxy group. The threonine derivative 31c was then transformed into the N‐Fmoc‐protected amino acid building block 33, which was employed for the synthesis of mucin repeating unit partial structure Ac‐GS(STN)‐TAPPAHG‐NH2 (1). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Syntheses of Functionalized 2,2′:6′,2′′‐Terpyridines
Authors: Heller Marcel , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: March 2003

2,2′:6′,2′′‐Terpyridine compounds are important chelating ligands in a multitude of applications in the fields of supramolecular and macromolecular chemistry as well as electrochemistry. Therefore, a “pool” of functionalized terpyridine derivatives is essential. Classical and modern synthetic strategies towards terpyridine systems and novel functional 2,2′:6′,2′′‐terpyridine compounds that originated in the last seven years are reviewed comprehensively. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Facile Preparation and Chemical Transformations of Spirocyclopropane‐Annelated Heterocycles
Authors: Meijere Armin de , Kuchuk Ilya D. , Sokolov Viktor V. , Labahn Thomas , Rauch Karsten , Es‐Sayed Mazen , Krämer Thomas
Published: March 2003

A productive approach has been developed to spirocyclopropane‐annelated 1,4‐benzoxathiane17(85%), 1,4‐benzothiazines20−22(56−88%) and 1,4‐benzoxazines25,26(55−71%), through Michael additions of binucleophilico‐hydroxythiophenol15,o‐aminothiophenols8ando‐hydroxysulfanilides23onto methyl andtert‐butyl 2‐chloro‐2‐cyclopropylideneacetates (1‐Me,1‐tBu), followed by ring closure in the intermediate of type3through nucleophilic substitution of the chlorine atom and, in the case of the intermediates20,21and25, elimination of benzenesulfinic acid. Reduction of20awith LiAlH4led to the hydroxymethyl derivative28(88%) with retention of theN‐phenylsulfonyl group, while that of the oxazinecarboxylate26a‐Me gave the β‐amino alcohol27(87%). Selective reduction of the C=N double bond in26a‐Me was achieved with NaBH4in methanol. Halogen‐substituted benzoxazines26b,cwere modified further by Heck coupling with various alkenes. In the presence of a catalytic amount of triphenylphosphane, only the 6‐bromobenzoxazine underwent Heck coupling accompanied by ring opening of the spirocyclopropane moiety. The best yields of cross‐coupling products30d−i(60−89%) retaining the spirocyclopropane ring were achieved for 6‐iodobenzoxazine26c‐Me reacting with methyl acrylate, acrolein, and methyl vinyl ketone, respectively. By treatment with morpholine in DMF, the heterocyclic esters26b,cundergo demethoxycarbonylation to form spirocyclopropane‐annelated 1,4‐benzoxazines36b,cin high yields (83−98%). The 1,4‐benzoxazine36breadily adds nucleophiles such asp‐thiocresol and hydrogen cyanide across its C=N double bond to yield compounds37(76%) and38(95%), respectively. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Ingroup bias in the minimal group paradigm shown by three‐person groups with high or low state self‐esteem
Authors: Petersen Lars‐Eric , Blank Hartmut
Published: March 2003

From social identity theory a negative relation between self‐esteem and ingroup bias can be deducted. Much research has been done to test this proposition and largely failed to confirm this relation. Unlike many existing studies, we conducted an experiment in which (a) self‐esteem is not conceived as a trait entity but much more situation‐specific, (b) the self‐esteem manipulation is not relative to the outgroup, and (c) the measure of intergroup differentiation is unrelated to the self‐esteem manipulation. We categorised our participants into two arbitrary minimal groups (Klee or Kandinsky fans) and afterwards formed homogeneous three‐person groups (all persons were either Klee or Kandinsky fans). We manipulated the state self‐esteem of these real groups by giving them positive or negative feedback concerning their performance in a problem‐solving task. Afterwards, all groups distributed money to ingroup and outgroup members via Tajfel distribution matrices. Low state self‐esteem groups were found to exhibit stronger ingroup bias than high state self‐esteem groups overall, although the variability of intergroup discrimination was larger in the low state self‐esteem groups, pointing to more heterogeneous reactions to low state self‐esteem. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Faith versus practice: different bases for religiosity judgments by Jews and Protestants
Authors: Cohen Adam B. , Siegel Joel I. , Rozin Paul
Published: March 2003

Jewish tradition is focused much more on religious practice than on religious belief, whereas various denominations of Christianity focus about equally on religious practice and on faith. We explored whether this difference in dogma affects how Jews and Protestants judge religiosity. In Study 1, we showed that Jews and Protestants rated practice equally important in being religious, while Protestants rated belief more important than did Jews. In Study 2, Jewish participants' self‐rated religiosity was predicted by their extent of practice but not knowledge of Judaism or religious beliefs. In contrast, in Study 3, Protestants' self‐rated religiosity was predicted both by their extent of practice and belief, but not knowledge. In all, the results show that Jews and Protestants view the importance of practice in being religious similarly, but that belief is more important for Protestants. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐throughput analysis of telomerase by capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Atha Donald H. , Miller Karen , Sanow Anita D. , Xu Jingfan , Hess Jennifer L. , Wu Osmond C. , Wang Wendy , Srivastava Sudhir , Highsmith W. Edward
Published: March 2003

The enzyme telomerase is expressed in (85–90)% of all human cancers, but not in normal, non‐stem cell somatic tissues. Clinical assays for telomerase in easily obtained body fluids would have great utility as noninvasive, cost‐effective methods for the early detection of cancer. The most commonly used method for the detection and quantification of telomerase enzyme activity is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based assay known as the telomerase repeat amplification protocol or TRAP assay. Most of the TRAP assay systems use a slab‐gel based electrophoresis system to size and quantify the PCR‐amplified extension products. We are developing high‐throughput capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods for the analysis of TRAP/PCR products. The TRAP assay was conducted on lysates of the human lung cancer cell line A‐549 in reactions containing 5–100 cells. TRAP/PCR products were generated using a fluorescent 4,7,2'4'5'7',‐hexachloro‐6‐carboxyfluorescein(HEX)‐labeled TS primer and analyzed on the Applied Biosystems Model 310 CE system using POP4™ polymer. After analysis with GeneScan™ and Genotyper™ software, the total peak areas of the TRAP ladder extension products were computed using Microsoft Excel™. Results were compared with unlabeled TRAP/PCR products analyzed on the Bio‐Rad BioFocus 3000 CE system using 6% high molecular weight polyvinylpyrrolidone (HMW PVP) polymer and SYBR™ Green I dye. Both CE systems were able to resolve the TRAP ladder products with high reproducibility and sensitivity (5–15 cells). With the appropriate robotic sample handling system, these CE methods would enable performing the telomerase TRAP assay with increased sensitivity, reproducibility and automation over slab‐gel methods.
Comparison of capillary zone electrophoresis performance of powder‐blasted and hydrogen fluoride‐etched microchannels in glass
Authors: Pu Qiao‐Sheng , Luttge Regina , Gardeniers Han J. G. E. , van den Berg Albert
Published: March 2003

The applicability of glass chips with powder‐blasted microchannels for electrophoretic separations was examined, and the performance was compared to microchannels etched with hydrogen fluoride (HF), using bicarbonate buffer and rhodamine B and fluorescein as model compounds. The measured electroosmotic mobilities in all chips were comparable, with values of ca. 7×10‐4 cm2 V‐1s‐1. The effect of electrical field strength and detection length on the separation efficiency was monitored. It was found that the main source of dispersion is of the Taylor‐Aris type, which was discussed in relation to channel roughness differences. Although in powder‐blasted channels with a separation length of 8.20 cm, 7–9 times lower plate numbers were obtained than in a HF‐etched channel with similar dimensions, successful separation of five fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)‐labeled amino acids was obtained on a powder‐blasted chip within 80 s. Efficiencies of up to 360 000 plates/m were demonstrated on this chip, when a higher buffer concentration was used at a field strength of 664 V/cm. It can be concluded that powder‐blasted microchannel chips, although they have a lower separation efficiency compared to HF‐etched chips, perform well enough for many applications. Powder blasting can therefore be considered a low‐cost and efficient alternative to HF etching, in particular because of the possibility to fabricate access holes through the glass with the same process.
On‐line coupling of size exclusion and capillary zone electrophoresis via a reversed‐phase C18 trapping column for the analysis of structurally related enkephalins in cerebrospinal fluid
Authors: Stroink Thom , Wiese Gerard , Teeuwsen Jan , Lingeman Henk , Waterval Joop C. M. , Bult Auke , de Jong Gerhardus J. , Underberg Willy J. M.
Published: March 2003

On‐line coupled analytical techniques can be advantageous in the assay of smaller peptides in complex biological matrices such as plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and tissues. The present study shows the feasibility of a recently developed system, consisting of a size‐exclusion chromatographic (SEC) separation followed by a trapping procedure on an RP18 microcolumn with subsequent elution of the trapped fraction and separation by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) for the quantification of structural‐related peptides in biological matrices, as demonstrated for a number of enkephalins in CSF. After SEC separation of the enkephalins from large proteins present in CSF a heart‐cut of 200 νL, containing the enkephalin peak, is taken, concentrated on the RP18 microcolumn and, after elution of the enkephalins with 80% acetonitrile, a fraction of the eluate is electrokinetically injected into the CZE system, where stacking and separation is achieved. The degradation of the peptides, caused by endogenous peptidases in the matrix, is sufficiently inhibited with imipramine HCl. The assay has a satisfactory linearity and intraday (9.70–16.3%) precision considering the complexity of this multidimensional separation system. The sensitivity of the method, with a concentration limit of quantification of 2.5 νg/mL, is comparable with other CZE assays for peptides and sufficient for the quantification of peptide drugs in biological matrices.
Numerical simulation and experimental visualization of the influence of the deformation frequency of a radially deforming circular cylinder impulsively started on cylinder wake
Authors: Hanchi S. , Oualli H. , Askovic R. , Bouabdallah A.
Published: March 2003

A periodic superimposed motion may notably influence the flow structure and the development of the convective heat transfer relative to non‐deformable case. In particular, a radial deformation of a circular cylinder, may cause a possible synchronization with the cylinder wake, which is itself periodic when Vortex Street takes place. This synchronization phenomenon, often called ‘lock‐in’, may cause undesirable effects, but may also constitute a way of controlling the wake development.

Body deformability may be used as wake control device that would favourably affect the interplay of primary and secondary vorticities, thus reducing the drag coefficient. These numerical and experimental studies are done herein for a Reynolds number equal to 23500. The problem is resolved by using the Navier–Stokes equations in the vorticity‐stream function form. The vorticity transport equation is solved by a second‐order finite difference method in both directions of the domains. The Poisson equation for the stream‐function is solved by a SOR method. The advance in time is achieved by a second‐order Adams–Bashforth scheme. The effect of turbulence is represented by eddy viscosity νt, which is determined by a sub‐grid‐scale model. In the present study, we use a Smagorinsky model. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parallel ILU preconditioning, a priori pivoting and segregation of variables for iterative solution of the mixed finite element formulation of the Navier–Stokes equations
Authors: Wille S. Ø. , Staff Ø. , Loula A. F. D.
Published: March 2003

A parallel ILU preconditioning algorithm for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations has been designed, implemented and tested. The computational mesh is divided into N subdomains which are processed in parallel in different processors. During ILU factorization, matrices and vectors associated with the nodes on the interface between the subdomains are communicated to the equation matrices to the adjacent subdomain. The bases for the parallel algorithm are an appropriate node ordering scheme and a segregation of velocity and pressure degrees of freedom. The inner nodes of the subdomain are numbered first and then the nodes on the interface between the subdomains. To avoid division by zero during the ILU factorization, the equations corresponding to the velocity degrees of freedom are assembled first in the global equation matrix, followed by the equations corresponding to the pressure degrees of freedom. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
t(10;16)(q22;p13) and MORF‐CREBBP fusion is a recurrent event in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Vizmanos José L. , Larráyoz María J. , Lahortiga Idoya , Floristán Filomena , Álvarez Carmen , Odero María D. , Novo Francisco J. , Calasanz María J.
Published: March 2003

Recently, it was shown that t(10;16)(q22;p13) fuses the MORF and CREBBP genes in a case of childhood acute myeloid leukemia (AML) M5a, with a complex karyotype containing other rearrangements. Here, we report a new case with the MORF‐CREBBP fusion in an 84‐year‐old patient diagnosed with AML M5b, in which the t(10;16)(q22;p13) was the only cytogenetic aberration. This supports that this is a recurrent pathogenic translocation in AML. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Saraçköy Volcanic Suite: implications for the subductional phase of arc evolution in the Galatean Arc Complex, Ankara, Turkey
Authors: Koçyi̇ği̇t Ali̇ , Winchester John Alan , Bozkurt Erdi̇n , Holland Grenville
Published: March 2003

A sequence of upper Campanian volcanic rocks, hitherto considered as part of the Miocene calc‐alkaline Galatean volcanic sequence, crops out near Saraçköy, 40 km north of Ankara. These volcanic rocks, unconformably overlain by Eocene nummulitic limestones, comprise thin flows and volcaniclastic deposits. They can be divided compositionally into three distinct subunits: (i) basal massive trachyandesitic volcaniclastic rocks with a thin flow at the top, overlain by (ii) mixed volcaniclastic rocks and thin amygdaloidal flows of alkali basaltic composition, with (iii) trachyandesitic flows and subordinate volcaniclastic rocks at the top. This alkaline volcanic activity, associated with late Campanian forearc peripheral sedimentation, is indicative of late Campanian extension within a collisional regime, pre‐dating the compression accompanying Galatean arc development.

Indeed, the composition of the Saraçköy Volcanic Suite and field evidence are consistent with a slab roll‐back process in an extensional supra‐subduction setting which resulted from the northward‐subducting, northern Neotethyan ocean floor during the late Campanian. They also imply that the present‐day Galatean volcanic plateau is a magmatic arc development in three stages: (i) late Campanian–Lutetian subductional phase, (ii) post‐Lutetian collisional phase, and (iii) Oligocene–Miocene post‐collisional phase. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The geometry of fan‐deltas and related turbidites in narrow linear basins
Authors: Zelilidis Abraham
Published: March 2003

The sediment distribution in three narrow, linear basins, two modern and one ancient, in Greece and Italy, was studied and related to changes in basin configuration. The basins are the Plio‐Quaternary Patras–Corinth graben, the Pliocene–Quaternary Reggio–Scilla graben and the middle Tertiary Mesohellenic piggy‐back basin. These basins were formed at different times and under different geodynamic conditions, but in each case, the tectonic evolution produced a narrow area in the basin where the water depth decreased dramatically, forming a strait with a sill. This strait divided the basin into major and minor sub‐basins, and the strait has a similar impact on sedimentary environments in all three basins, even though different depositional environments were formed along the initial basin axis.

Predictions for the development of depositional environments in the two modern basins, especially in their straits, are based on the studied ancient basin. In the straits, powerful tidal flows will transport finer sediments to sub‐basins and trapezoidal‐type fan‐deltas will gradually fill up and choke the strait through time. In sub‐basins, according to basin depth, either deltaic (in the shallow minor sub‐basin) or turbiditic (in the deep major sub‐basin) deposits may accumulate. Moreover, an extensive shelf is likely to develop between the strait and major sub‐basin. This shelf will be cross‐cut by canyons and characterized by thin fine‐ to coarse‐grained deposits. These sediment models could be applied to analogous basin geometries around the world. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Llandovery Crinoidea of the British Isles, including description of a new species from the Kilbride Formation (Telychian) of western Ireland
Authors: Donovan Stephen K. , Harper David A. T.
Published: March 2003

A new species of cladid(?) crinoid, Segmentocolumnus (col.) clarksoni, based on distinctive, disarticulated stem material, is described from the Upper Llandovery Kilbride Formation. Hitherto, this unit has yielded two taxa based on single, nearly complete crinoids. In contrast, S. (col.) clarksoni is known from numerous specimens, including common long pentagonal, pentameric, heteromorphic pluricolumnals with symplectial articulations, broad pentagonal lumina and narrow claustra. A related morphospecies is known from the Ashgill (Upper Ordovician) of Ireland. The fossil echinoderms of the Llandovery (Lower Silurian) are poorly known globally. Where present in this interval, echinoderms are more commonly preserved as disarticulated ossicles and rarely as complete specimens. Complete crinoids have now been identified from nine horizons in the Llandovery of the British Isles, making this one of the better known pelmatozoan faunas from this time interval. However, only two of these occurrences have yielded as many as five or more identifiable taxa. Seven of the nine occurrences are Upper Llandovery (Telychian). Genera are typical of the Silurian or (Upper Ordovician + Silurian); the only remnant Ashgill taxon that did not survive the Llandovery was the morphogenus Segmentocolumnus (col.) Donovan, an ‘extinction’ that probably owes more to taxonomic method than any evolutionary pattern. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The importance of the dominant hemisphere in the organization of bimanual movements
Authors: Serrien Deborah J. , Cassidy Michael J. , Brown Peter
Published: March 2003

The successful control of upper limb movements is an essential skill of the human motor system. Yet, the neural organization of bimanual actions remains an issue of debate. Their control can be directed from both hemispheres, or, coordinated motion might be organized from the dominant (left) hemisphere. In order to unravel the neural mechanisms of bimanual behavior, we analyzed the standard task‐related and directed coherence between EEG signals picked up over the primary sensorimotor cortices in right‐handed subjects during unimanual as well as bimanual in‐phase (symmetrical) and anti‐phase (asymmetrical) movements. The interhemispheric coherence in the β frequency band (>13–30 Hz) was increased in both unimanual and bimanual patterns, compared to rest. During unimanual actions, the drive in the β band from one primary sensorimotor cortex to the other was greater during movement of the contralateral as opposed to ipsilateral hand. In contrast, during bimanual actions, the drive from the dominant to the non‐dominant primary sensorimotor cortex prevailed, unless task constraints induced by an external perturbation resulted in a substantial uncoupling of the hand movements, when interhemispheric coherence would also drop. Together, these results suggest that the contralateral hemisphere predominantly organizes unimanual movements, whereas coupled bimanual movements are mainly controlled from the dominant hemisphere. The close association between changes in interhemispheric coupling and behavioral performance indicates that synchronization of neural activity in the β band is exploited for the control of goal‐directed movement. Hum. Brain Mapping 18:296–305, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Medical care use and selection in a social health insurance with an equalization fund: evidence from Colombia
Authors: Trujillo Antonio J.
Published: March 2003

This paper studies the relationship between health status and insurance participation, and between insurance status and medical use in the context of a social health insurance with an equalization fund (SHIEF). Under this system, revenues from a mandatory payroll tax are collected into a single pool (equalization fund) that reimburses for‐profit insurance companies according to a capitated formula. Although competition should induce insurers to control costs without reducing the quality of service necessary to attract consumers, limitations in the capitation formula might induce insurers to select against bad risks, and limitations in the contribution system might induce more healthy individuals to evade enrollment. A three‐equation model having social health insurance, private health insurance, and using medical services is estimated using a 1997 Colombian household survey. Consistent with similar studies, participation in SHIEF increases medical care use. On the other hand, the evidence on selection is somewhat mixed: individuals who report good health status are more likely to participate in SHIEF, while those without a chronic condition are less likely to participate in SHIEF. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reactions of α,β‐Enones with Diazo Compounds, Part 3
Authors: Anaç Olcay , Daut Özdemir Ayşe , Sezer Özkan
Published: March 2003

Carbonyl ylides arising from ethyl acetodiazoacetate/dimethyl diazomalonate and α,β‐enones with mainly s‐cis conformations underwent disrotatory cyclization to produce dihydrofuran derivatives. This process proved to be sensitive to steric effects. The corresponding ylides arising from rather s‐trans α,β‐enals yielded dioxole derivatives. The mechanisms of the reactions are discussed.
The Syntheses of Cyclic Spermine Alkaloids: Analogues of Buchnerine and Budmunchiamine C
Authors: Li Yi , Hesse Manfred
Published: March 2003

The syntheses of two macrocyclic spermine alkaloids, analogues 1 and 2 of budmunchiamine C and buchnerine, in which N,N′‐bis(2‐aminoethyl)hexane‐1,6‐diamine (PA 262; 4) replaces spermine as polyamine backbone, were accomplished by two different methods. The first synthetic approach was based on a metal‐template intramolecular amidation of tetraamino esters prepared from a Michael addition of protected PA 262 10 to ethyl hexadec‐2‐ynoate (12) and ethyl prop‐2‐ynoate 17, respectively (see Schemes 4 and 5, resp.). The consecutive Michael addition of ethane‐1,2‐diamine to unsaturated esters and aminolysis was employed in the second synthetic approach to prepare the precursors 23 and 24 (Scheme 6). The macrocyclic lactams were then constructed by macrocyclization of sulfonamido derivatives 25 and 26 in DMF with Cs2CO3 as catalyst.