bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The eye's tactics during the visual search process
Authors: Rimkutė E.
Published: January 2019

The article deals with the issue of seeking and finding a given object (geometric shape) in a static exploration field on the basis of the eye movement cyclograms.

The entire searching process is divided into two phases. The first stage of corresponds to the eye movement trajectory part after its start until the first time the eye catches the sought for figure. Then begins the second stage, which lasts until the final response.

Four types of trajectories are identified by the consistency of exchanging fixation points in the first stage. Consistent systematic movements in circles occur most frequently.

The first stage's topography of fixation distribution demonstrated that the maximum period of fixation is focused on those figures in the search field that have elements similar to the searchable figure elements (basically they're quite different shapes).

The second phase is characterized by threefold eye tactics. In some cases, the research subject's response coincides with the first searchable figure's fixation.

This latter figure is generally fixed for a considerably longer period than other figures in the field. Often even 2-3 sequential fixation points are distributed in the area they occupy.

In other cases, eye movement trajectory does not end with fixation of the searchable figure, but rather continues to review a number of figures. The research subject's response coincides with either another indifferent figure's fixation or with a repeated glance returned to a searchable figure.

Time spent recording searchable figures is considerably longer than the fixation time for other figures in the field. This suggests that while recording the sought after figure in the static exploration field with a glance other operations and activities that are different from the indifferent figures fixation action take place.
The problems and challenges of reaction research
Authors: Paužaitė S.
Published: January 2019

Currently, experimental and engineering psychology often analyzes simple sensory and motor reaction and selection reaction. Features of motion are not examined while researching these reactions; rather, most movements are heavily simplified. There are control operations requiring precise movement control. It is necessary to examine the motion structure for sustainable functioning of the management systems, which require accurate and continuous regulation and determination of the impact of various factors regulating reaction features. Experimental research of people's regulated reactions can yield material allowing us to understand their mechanisms and regulation principles.
Language ability
Authors: Nečiūnas V.
Published: January 2019

This article explores some of the features of language abilities.

Based on experiments and other research methods the collected material, the author claims that verbal memory productivity is an important component of language abilities.

Two main types of language mastery emerge during foreign language learning: concrete and analyzing, which determine the typological features of students, the first and second signal systems interaction distinctions.

Domination in comparative individual signaling systems also plays an important role in shaping students' active interests their subjects.

The role of leadership in comparative signaling systems and their strength forming language abilities is worthy of further study.
Stages of abstraction in grammar mastery
Authors: Garbačiauskienė M.
Published: January 2019

The paper analyzes the development of abstraction alongside the development of concretization. We make the presumption that that joining the opposite operation into the main one as its execution condition has an impact on the level of basic operations.

Based on the absorption of grammatical concepts in 2nd, 3rd, 5th, and 7th grade, several abstraction stages imposed, i.e.) incomplete, b) formal, e) empirical, and d) logical abstraction.

We concluded that the main features of grammatical concepts, meaning and form abstraction, are at different levels.
The planning process for work with children psychological aspects
Authors: Stonys B.
Published: January 2019

The author's objecting, using 4th grade students' classroom observation, interviews, and analysis of papers, was to establish some specific psychological features of working with primary school children in the lesson planning process. The students in experimental classes had to make an enclosed stroller from stencils, using the same model of stroller. After a short briefing the students had to individually, before starting to work, describe what plan they intend to follow.

The data obtained showed that the decision to begin the task of analysis, as a rule, had to be performed "inside" and hastily. It was found that a hastily performed analysis had a negative effect on task itself. In an effort to begin work as soon as possible, students comprehended the model superficially, giving it insufficient attention. Initially, it appeared that many children know how to work. However, after getting started, they quickly realized that they cannot successfully complete the task. This shows that the students did not have differentiated individual component parts for a consistent perception of what was going on during this experiment.

It was established that the typical haste manifests itself attempt to see the results of their work as soon as possible. Therefore, the student works in a hurry, without distinguishing significance for some operations and disregarding the requirements of working accurately and consistently. Often in such cases the results are not satisfactory. Failure to plan their actions and consciously apply them to the objective hinders their ability to deal with complex tasks in the future.

Analysis of student written work plans shows that they, as a rule, only enumerate individual operations (and not always correctly). The whole of the action plans is usually expressed in two logical relationships: conjunction and disjunction. Not a single written work contained a justification for working actions. These facts show that students of a given experiment often distinguish minor attributes and in the early stages have yet to clearly imagine the final result of their activities.

The author provides specific pedagogical guidelines on the basis of the research material as to how to improve working methods of conducting lessons.
Motives and an attempt to measure them in sports
Authors: Palaima J.
Published: January 2019

Man is driven by the need to act, but it only becomes a motive when he realizes the objects that could meet that need. Objects can be material and ideal, things and thoughts, feelings and moral values.

Because of the inherent need for internal communication fundamental human mental powers mobilize —both intellect and emotion—fulfilling the need to find objects. Those powers sort of embody the object: the cognitive process and approach (relationship), on which the object acquires a certain meaning for humans is realized therein. Intelligence and emotion—the cognitive and emotional—these are the components of motive, and its business can be called its motivational side, which is the root of people's actions, behavior, and power. Willpower is basically a motive force, and a strong-willed man is primarily a highly motivated person.

We tried to use a real world experiment to help determine the comparative strength of moral motives (a sense of collectivity) in a basketball game. We used assignment to the first or second string as a point of comparison (encouraging personal motive) as well as the team's prestige (encouraging moral motive) The players were informed ahead of time that the results and personal stats in the first game will be published while the second game they will not, only team stats will be announced; this condition was the main way to determine moral motive force. The findings of the experimental data regarding the degree of development of moral reasoning of the players (20 young basketball players) essentially matched the coaches' opinion.

In a similar experiment it would be appropriate to investigate individual athletes, too, as better athletic achievements are generally achieved in team competition, yet they do not always show contestants' stronger moral reasoning: in team contests the athletes can do more to promote individualistic motives, too, because personal results are published.
Issue: The usage of the concept of work in didactics
Authors: Jovaiša L.
Published: January 2019

The definition of work in Lithuanian is broad. It means the same as in Russian, работа and труд. The question therefore arises whether it makes sense to use work certain methods, forms, and subjects. The article suggests changing work to other words, such as activity, activation, training, etc.
Some theoretical questions on differential teaching in secondary schools
Authors: Stulpinas T.
Published: January 2019

In the article the conception of differential teaching, its aim, place, the factors which the individual approach to pupils depend on as well as tasks for pupils are analysed. The author introduces the conception of differential teaching in a broad and a narrow sense. There are three perspective aims in differential teaching in the narrow sense. They are: the proximate, the medium and the distant one. The differential teaching is looked upon as a process. There are different combinations of physiological, psychological, pedagogical and social factors. According to the duration of action all the factors are divided into relatively constant and relatively temporary ones. The impossibility to level pupils is emphasized, the importance of the system and quality of tasks as well as the authors efforts to classify the differential tasks are shown up in the article.
Development of psychomotor reactions and dynamics of motion frequency at coaching hours
Authors: Skernevičius J.
Published: January 2019

We have observed 62 students divided into three groups in the course of three years. Students belonging to the first group attended four hours of general coaching per week during the first and second years of studies, and two hours per week in third year. Students belonging to the second group were coached in skiing eight hours per week. The third group was coached in games eight hours per week. The results of the observation show that no less than four weakly hours of coaching are effective in developing psychomotor reactions and dynamics of motion frequency. The observation has revealed that psychomotor reactions and dynamics of motion frequency are closely connected with speed.
The activities of the Lithuanian working people in creating the material basis of schools in the period of construction of socialism
Authors: Gruzdys V.
Published: January 2019

When Soviet Lithuania was liberated from the German invaders, together with the restoration and development of the national economy popular education was in the centre of attention of the Lithuanian Communist party and the Soviet Government. A successful development of the national economy and a constant support of our sister republics made it possible to increase the assignations to popular education every year. The assigned sums let us successfully put into life the undertaken task by our Party - compulsory seven-year education - and create conditions for passing on to universal secondary education. The best necessary conditions were made for a normal educational work at schools. They were provided with premises and school supplies. Teachers, workers ant youth showed a great initiative and patriotism. Thanks to them in our republic a new way of building schools began spreading. Hundreds of schools for tens of thousands of working places were reconstructed and built. Sister republics gave a great help in restoring schools and developing their material basis.
The struggle of the Lithuanian Communist Party for the working people's children in bourgeois Lithuania
Authors: Savickytė V.
Published: January 2019

The Lithuanian Communist Party was the only party to take care of the working people’s children. With the help of the Comsomol the Party fought for the improvement of the conditions of life, work and education of the working people's children, took care of their political-ideological education. The Party paid much attention to the activity of the Young Pioneer Organization - the Communist organization of the working people’s children.
The origins of experimental psychology in Lithuania (1910-1940s)
Authors: Martynaitis J.
Published: January 2019

The article describes the first steps of experimental psychology in Lithuania and some of its developmental features in 1910-1940 are discussed. The author describes works of J. Vabalas-Gudaitis, the founder and the head of Kaunas University Laboratory of Experimental psychology, analyzes in detail the improved method for reaction research in the laboratory. While describing this laboratory the author also focuses on the research of V. Lazersonas on latent periods of reaction, fatigue and professional orientation. Author also provides with some knowledge of the history of test use and introduces with tests created by the author.
Lithuanian language teaching program developed by Jonas Jablonskis
Authors: Naikelytė J.
Published: January 2019

J. Jablonskis develops the Lithuanian language teaching program for primary school right after the press ban was cancelled by czar. He focused on didactical requirements and psychological age features with a view to the development of oral and written language and logical thinking of students. The main principal when creating the program is scientific basis. The program also provides with phonetic and morphological features of Lithuanian language so the primary school students receive scientific knowledge about the language. The program includes methodical guidelines, thus the author takes into account the methodical aspect of teaching Lithuanian language.
Criticism of the requirements of "New Education" to school
Authors: Mikėnas V.
Published: January 2019

The article deals with the character of critical remarks of teachers and educators of bourgeois Lithuania concerning the requirements of "new education" to school. The view of J. Vabalas-Gudaitis, founder of the experimental psychology and pedagogics in Lithuania, are analysed more thoroughly. The ideas of "new education" found many supporters in Lithuania since their rise in Western Europe and the USA. The theory (pedocentrism, etc.) and the practical experience of "new schools" (boarding schools, conditions of education, selfgovernment, etc.) were assessed critically and that created the necessary prerequisites for new and independent progressive ideas in Lithuanian pedagogics.
Identification of the intonation of verbal inducements
Authors: Elijošiūtė S.
Published: January 2019

Experimental research of the intonations of verbal inducements in the Russian language has been carried out. The perception level in the process of communication has been studied. 106 auditors gave 4898 answers which made it possible to maintain that the intonations of verbal inducements are identified as belonging to certain zones of intonations. The verbal inducements under investigation fell into three zones having the communicative meanings of necessity, desirability and possibility of action fulfilment.
Determination of places of contest participants in general case
Authors: Stakvilevičius M. , Dargis F.
Published: January 2019

The system of linear equations, presented in the Collection No 10, is generalised in the present article as representing the case of contests when separate single combats are estimated using any system of marks. Besides, a way is indicated for distributing places of contest participants by numerical methods with the help of the simple iteration process.
On the problem of interrelations between generations
Authors: Bajoriūnas Z.
Published: January 2019

The analysis of some ideas expressed by foreign scientists on the problem of the education of the young generation and of juvenile delinquency has been taken as a basis for the present work. The article points out that certain scientists in the capitalist countries attempt to regard the conflict of generations which exists in the bourgeois society as the main and only cause for the growth of juvenile delinquency and deterioration in youth behaviour. In the opinion of bourgeois ideologists the conflict of generations is not dependent on the social and political structure of the class society - it is rather a universal phenomenon which has been –effected by a rapid development of technology, science and education. Adhering to this opinion, certain authors in the capitalist countries try to conceal the main cause which lies in the capitalist way of production and the corresponding production relations and which brings about deterioration of youth behaviour and increase of juvenile delinquencies. The author compares this un-Marxist approach to the problem of generations with the Marxist solution of the problem which has been tackled by a number of scientists in the socialist countries. The comparative analysis of works by foreign scientists serves as a basis for the author's attitude towards the problem of interrelations between generations.
The use of graphic representation at the lessons of natural science
Authors: Bernotas V.
Published: January 2019

Graphic representation plays an important part in the process of training. It helps not only to extend pupils' knowledge but also to systematize and classify it, to reveal causality between things and phenomena; it develops logical thinking and habits of independent work. The article reveals possibilities of using graphic representation (tables, diagrams, schemes, graphs) at the lessons of natural science and geography in the 4th and 5th classes, analyses the material of weather observations and estimates the effectiveness of graphic representation.
The main types of information units conveyed by the present perfect, past indefinite and past perfect and how to teach them
Authors: Kuzmickaitė E.
Published: January 2019

The tense systems of the English and Lithuanian languages differ in the degree of precision with which the same events are characterized. Owing to a more differentiated system of tense forms in the English language, one can convey such information about actions which is not grammatically expressed in the mother tongue. The main types of information units conveyed by the Present Perfect are described in the article. They are compared to those in Lithuanian. Such contrasting analysis exposes the difference between the two languages and shows the difficulties experienced by Lithuanian students in mastering the Present Perfect. In teaching the tense forms the teacher acquaints the students with the types of information the studied tense form can convey. The contrasting analysis with Lithuanian exposes the factors conditioning the choice of a tense form in the two languages. The exercises aimed at developing the students' skill of using tense forms in speech are built in such a way that the specific difficulties induced by the mother tongue are taken into account.
On the grounds of differentiated professional – work teaching in assisted boarding school
Authors: Šliosbergas L.
Published: January 2019

The author justifies the individualization of labor education of mentally retarded children based on the long-term observation of students in Vilnius boarding school No. 2. The article presents observation data of 211 students who work in school.
Some psychological aspects of relationship between examiners and students
Authors: Novodvorskis A.
Published: January 2019

Examination is to be considered one of the main forms for checking students’ knowledge and teaching quality. Its efficiency is dependent upon many factors among which the relations between examiners and students during the examination are of great importance. A great deal of attention would be worth devoting to these relations, first of all from the psychological point of view. Examination methods ought to provide conditions enabling the most objective judgement about the students’ actual knowledge. Its estimation must be entirely objective and satisfy the requirements raised to the students. During the examination equal conditions for a successful passing must be insured for every student. These conditions depend upon the climate and surroundings of the examination, the techniques of inquest, etc. On the basis of the studies carried out, as well as of the author's own experience the analysis of some psychological aspects of relationship between examiners and their students is given. Use of concrete examples has been made in this analysis.
The valuation of pedagogical objects by the method of comparison
Authors: Mališauskienė A. , Stakvilevičius M.
Published: January 2019

A mathematical apparatus is offered. By its help it is possible to define ranks of a group of pedagogical objects if references of different experts about distribution of places in sub - groups are known. With the help of this method the distribution of academic groups in the institute and of classes in the school according to the progressiveness was defined. This method can be used for defining places of classes, teachers, schools and other pedagogical objects taking into account the opinion of experts.
Testing of new massive competition system
Authors: Stakvilevičius M. , Dargis F.
Published: January 2019

The article describes experimental test of new massive competition system. Linear, Swiss and two-step systems were in test. Practical experience and modelling shows that new systems meet the actual sports needs better.
On the research of family relationships
Authors: Aramavičiūtė V.
Published: January 2019

The psychologists state that family relationships influence the development of personality. In order to rest this hypothesis the impact of relationships in morally disadvantaged families on students was tested. Family conditions were tested using questionnaire, interview and essays. The main sources of information were students themselves. The analysis revealed: 1. The important factors that influence child development were relationships between mother and father, parents (especially, mother) and children, and level of confidence (especially, in mother). 2. Abnormal relationships in morally disadvantaged families has effect on the emotional and will disorders in children; children in disadvantaged families are more aggressive with others and are not persistent enough while working in comparison to children from morally normal families.
The importance of introducing different painting materials and techniques in the 5th-6th forms of secondary schools
Authors: Norkus V.
Published: January 2019

The training of creative abilities is the principal task of youth communist education. At the drawing lessons this problem has been solved mainly through the contents of instruction in conformity with the traditional rules of academic drawing. Up to now little attention was paid to the use of various painting materials and techniques in the process of training. The use of different painting materials and techniques at the drawing lessons effects pupils’ mental and physical qualities, broadens their outlook, develops their creative abilities, artistic taste and habits of drawing. Thus it is advisable to introduce water-colours, Indian ink, lead, stamping, drawing and other techniques at the drawing lessons in secondary school. After the acquaintance with various painting materials and techniques the pupils’ perception of folk and Professional art, of the synthesis of form and contents deepens.
To the methods of the axiom, theorem, definition and proving by means of contradiction concepts presentation in the course of geometry in the 6th form
Authors: Lysova N. M. , Drėgūnas V. P.
Published: January 2019

The new syllabi of mathematics recently accepted in our secondary schools, rightly determine the relationship between the inductive and deductive ways of introducing the geometrical material. At the eight-year school the inductive method will prevail: at the same time the school children will be acquainted with the logical structure of the course of geometry and will be prepared for the conscious assimilation of the deductive method much earlier and deeper if compared with the present syllabi. Already in the 6th form the concepts of mathematical statements (axiom, theorem and definition) will be introduced, the school children will be acquainted with the structure of the theorem, with four kinds of simple theorems and the relationship between them, and with proving by means of contradiction. The introduction of the material must be acceptable and appropriate for the schoolchildren's age. It is rather a difficult task for the teacher that requires high qualifications and sound knowledge of theory. The aim of the article is to help the teachers of mathematics with the presentation of this material. The material is put in the manner of conversation. That will be detailed notes of the lessons. The conversation is planned for more than one lesson, of course, and for this reason the material must be distributed with the selection of the most important parts for the given lesson. Four topics are dealt with in the above article, namely: l. The concepts of axioms, theorems and definitions; 2. The structure of theorems; 3. The kinds of simple theorems; 4. The ways of proving theorems by means of contradiction.
On the clandestine teaching in Lithuania
Authors: Žukauskas K.
Published: January 2019

In the presented article the clandestine teaching and the activity of clandestine schools in Lithuania at the end of the l9th and the beginning of the 20th century are analysed. The practice of clandestine teaching sprang up in Lithuania because of the tsarist policy of national oppression, which abolished the teaching of the mother-tongue in the national school and banned Lithuanian publications. Fighting against the national oppression the Lithuanian people organized the surreptitious teaching of children which was taking place almost in every village. The children were taught by the so-called “daraktoriai”. The tsarist government persecuted and prohibited the clandestine teaching of children, which, despite these prohibitions, was carried on successfully and became a very important factor in strengthening love of one's country and language, in increasing literacy and raising the culture of the people.
A. Gerd – the initiator of the investigation principle in the methods of teaching of natural sciences
Authors: Bernotas V.
Published: January 2019

The author gives a brief estimation of the standard of teaching in the times of A. Gerd, finding it very low. Wordy-dogmatic methods of teaching predominating then did not satisfy the pedagogue and he insisted upon organizing the process of teaching in such a way that pupils master the matter actively, carrying out some kind of independent investigations. The author analyses those works by A. Gerd in which the pedagogue gives methodical references on the developing of independence of pupils as well as on the carrying out of experiments, observations, excursions and practical work during the lessons of natural sciences in primary school. On the ground of the analysed works the author states that the initiator of the works dealing with independent investigations of pupils in the czarist Russia was A. Gerd. The article also deals with the appreciation of the works by A. Gerd.
Mathematical psychology in the beginning of 19th century (J. F. Herbartas)
Authors: Skorospeškina N. D.
Published: January 2019

The article discusses the features of mathematical psychology in the beginning of 19th century, discusses on three questions: 1) what kind of difficulties the representatives of mathematical psychology encountered in the 19th century while transferring the data of empirical psychology to the quantitative perspective, 2) some of methodological issues related to the application of mathematics to psychology, 3) analyzes specific application of “negligibly decreasing value” examples in order to describe “thresholds of consciousness”. J. F. Herbart’s conclusions of mathematical psychology are compared to some of the statements of contemporary mathematical psychology.
Dissertations
Authors: Naujokaitis P.
Published: January 2019

In Soviet Lithuania the amount of scholars of pedagogics and related branches of knowledge has been growing rapidly. In 1969-1972 (first half of 1972), i.e. in the course of 3.5 years, 74 theses were written and defended, whereas in 1949-1968, i.e. in the course of 20 years, 79 theses were defended. Thus, up to the lst of July, 1972 thirteen dissertations for a doctor’s degree and 140 dissertations for a candidate’s degree were written on pedagogics and related branches of knowledge. 89 of them were defended in Vilnius, 32 in Moscow, 24 in Leningrad, 3 in Kaunas, 3 in Tartu, l in Kiev and l in Minsk.
400 years of the science of psychology in Lithuanian schools
Authors: Plečkaitis R.
Published: January 2019

In Lithuania the science of psychology appeared during the feudal system. Those sons of Lithuanian noblemen became acquainted with the science first who studied at the universities of Central and Western Europe in the 14th-16th centuries. The origin of the science of psychology in Lithuania is closely connected with the Vilnius College founded in 1570. Since 1571 scholastic philosophy was taught there. Psychology was not an independent branch of philosophy. The treatise “About the Soul” was delivered as a separate course in physics. During the lectures Aristotle’s works on psychology were delivered to the college students first in 1574. Ioannes Hay, Scot professor of philosophy, was the first lecturer on psychology. Twenty-six printed theses on psychology maintained by the Vilnius College students during disputes in 1577-1578 have reached our days. In 1579 the college was reorganized into the University of Vilnius. The first extant lectures on psychology delivered at the Vilnius University date back to 1615-1616. In the first part of the 17th century psychology was not taught as a speculative science. Lecturers sought a material basis of psychological processes taking into account the views of the following Renaissance scientists - A. Vesalius, J. Fernelius, G. Rondelet, G. Fabricius, G. Fracastoro. Psychological concepts were analysed of the Italian Renaissance representatives: I. Zabarella, G. Cardano, F. Piccolamini, P. Pomponacci, also G. Pereira.
Lithuanian teachers-scientists
Authors: Buckus P.
Published: January 2019

A number of Lithuanian teachers contributed to scientific research, devoted their lives to it. Many teachers of the republic have become doctors of sciences, professors, academicians. Mention is made in the article of former teachers, now candidates of sciences, docents, lecturers at higher educational establishments and associates of scientific research institutes. The article embraces the period from the 16th century to our days.
Reactionary policy of Lithuanian clericals in teaching history at general-education schools (1919-1940)
Authors: Pilkauskas Z.
Published: January 2019

History teaching is a constituent of pupils’ all-round development, of their world outlook formation at general-education schools. In class society various social strata struggle for the content of education, the teaching system, for the realization of teaching and educational goals. The clericals used to stress their neutrality, indifference to politics, and class contradictions. Consequently, they alleged that their teaching and educational goals did not reflect any political aspirations. Historical investigations of the problem help to disclose the regularities in the legitimation of clericalism in bourgeois Lithuanian school. This paper deals with the reactionary educational policy of Lithuanian clericals on several issues: legitimation of clericalism in school syllabi of history, the struggle of clericals and clerical bourgeoisie against the authors of non-clerical outlooks, for pro-Catholic textbooks and methods of history teaching. The syllabi, textbooks, literature on history and articles on methods of teaching published from 1919 to 1940 were analysed. The data received disclose a systematic and determined character of the infiltration of clericalism into schools of general education. History as a subject was used for the formation of the religious outlook and bourgeois-clerical ideology of pupils. Thus, the so-called indifference to politics in Lithuanian bourgeois schools proclaimed by the clericals was but a demagogic trick, masking political goals.
Peculiarities of the attitude of 5th-8th form school girls and boys towards learning and tendencies of change of attitude
Authors: Laužikas J. , Juška A.
Published: January 2019

The development of a positive attitude towards learning is one of the principal aims of the present-day school. Bearing in mind that any purposeful pedagogical activity in developing the positive attitude must be based on the results of measuring the actual attitude towards learning the authors present in their article data of a series of experiments made with the purpose of measuring the actual (real) attitude of our schoolchildren - (pupils of 5th to 8th forms). They stress and compare the difference in the attitude level between boys and girls, indicate some general tendencies of its changeability as pupils go from class to class. In the article the authors also ground the way of determining one’s attitude towards learning with the help of collisional situations.
The organization of foreign language teaching material on the grounds of questioning system
Authors: Chvasas M. , Velička A.
Published: January 2019

In teaching foreign languages, methodical units are linguistic images – sentences, which are modelled according to the purpose of the sentence; the sentence is formed according to the question which it needs to address. In “Teaching map” the whole teaching material focuses on the question (lexicon and grammar) which aids in forming the question and the answer to it. While working with such maps the student is freed from memorizing of certain information (definitions, terms, classification etc.) which he acquires at different times and from different sources (morphology, syntax, lexicology etc.), but which is currently not necessary to this student.
Influence of group size on the degree of individual learning
Authors: Talačka V.
Published: January 2019

The article deals with the influence of group size on the degree of individual learning in cooperation. The experiments carried out show that individual learning is influenced by numbers, the best results having been achieved by the students who worked in twos
Research of the self-regulation of human perceptual activity
Authors: Ambrazevičius R.
Published: January 2019

It has been established that the self-regulation of human activities influences the quality of one's work. The aim of the present work is to find out whether the effect mentioned would accompany the fulfilment of perceptual tasks. The conclusion is made that the perceptual activity is influenced by the self-regulation process. It has been shown that the self-control takes part in such kind of mental processes as a mechanism of the compensation.
Training of a creative personality and the problem of intellectual activity of pupils
Authors: Mikšytė G.
Published: January 2019

In this article some important problems of pupils' intellectual activity, having a direct relationship with the development of creative thought and application of a problematical method in modern school, have been formulated.
Correlation analysis of relations between the interests of senior pupils to teaching subjects and the peculiarities of memory and thinking
Authors: Dževečka A.
Published: January 2019

The relations between senior pupils' interests to teaching subjects and the peculiarities of their memory and thinking were established by the curved line (ŋ) method. The results of the investigation are presented in the form of correlation schemes. Having examined the data of the correlation analysis as well as the analysis of the ways of pupils' memory activities, the author comes to the conclusion that the character of relations between the pupils' interests to teaching subjects and the peculiarities of their memory and thinking depends on the ways of memory activities.
Visual stimuli recognition asymmetry in probabilistic prognosing
Authors: Kočiūnas R.
Published: January 2019

The aim of this investigation was to determine the dependence of the recognition asymmetry of different curvature bows on the probability of stimuli appearance in one of visual half-fields. Under monocular condition the quality of correct recognitions as well as the character of asymmetry largely depends on the probability of stimuli presentation. Under dichoptic condition the asymmetry depends on the probability of the appearance of monocular stimuli scattered among dichoptic pairs in one of visual half-fields.
The neurophysiological correlates of the visual after-images
Authors: Laugalys Feliksas
Published: January 2019

A short review of neurophysiological correlates of human visual after-images is presented in the article. Some temporal parameters of bright and dark phases of human visual after-images are compared with the corresponding parameters of a single unit activity of contralateral neurons. By way of illustration, our own investigations of the single unit activity of the lateral geniculate body of rabbits evoked by a brief (10 ms duration) retinal light illumination have been used. The necessity to investigate not only monocular (contralateral), but also binocular (ipsilateral and contralateral) recovery cycles of single units of various visual nervous system structures is emphasized. An attempt is made to consider the hypotheses which suggest an explanation of nature of inhibition in the visual system. The experimental evidences provided by other authors and achieved on the basis of the extracellular and intracellular investigations have been used in the present article, with the view of explaining the inhibition by means of postsynaptic hyperpolarization if the stimuli presented to the retina are brief and diffuse. Some considerations on the biological role of inhibition have been discussed.
The integration of visual images and angular illusions
Authors: Martišius V.
Published: January 2019

The hypothesis that one of the formation levels of images is the integration of images by orbits of translation, rotation and dilation groups enables us to explain angular illusions.
Psychological characteristics of persons who are liable to suffer from myocardial infarction
Authors: Goštautas A.
Published: January 2019

The results of investigation of 5,114 males from population aged from 40 through 59 by using methods of standardized interview for the diagnosis of type A behaviour pattern, standardized questionnaire about attitudes towards health and MMPI were analysed. Persons exhibiting type A behaviour revealed sickness in their attitudes, were less psychologically adapted on MMPI scales, had higher scores on Reeder's Stress Scale.
Personality of the lecturer in training the future teacher
Authors: Kregždė S.
Published: January 2019

The attitude of lecturers towards the profession of the teacher as seen by the students of the Pedagogical Institute is investigated. The method of collective anonymous interview was employed. It has been established according to the estimation of the students that 31 percent of the teachers of the Institute, delivering lectures, conducting seminars and laboratory works highly appreciate the teacher's profession, 25.5 percent appreciate it positively, 10.5 percent - negatively, and there are 33 percent of lecturers whose attitude the students were unable to indicate. They consider that these lecturers do not try to express their attitude to the subject and to the teacher's profession. The difference in the attitudes among lecturers of different subject cycles is observed within the limits of 35 percent. On the ground of the revealed tendencies future tasks in the investigation of the problem are pointed out.
Pupils' interests in teaching subjects and peculiarities of their memory and thinking
Authors: Dževečka A.
Published: January 2019

The aim of the article is to display individual peculiarities of memory and thinking of two groups of senior pupils. The first group involves pupils interested in exact sciences (mathematics, physics, chemistry). The other group contains pupils interested in humanitarian and art subjects (language, literature, music and other kinds of art). According to the relation between pupils' interests in teaching subjects and their content, the pupils of each group are divided into subgroups. The article analyses peculiarities of memory and thinking of these subgroups. The author comes to the conclusion that the statement of specific relations between various kinds of interests in teaching subjects and peculiarities of memory and thinking is of great importance for the characterization of pupils' interests as well as their memory and thinking
Standardization of questionnaire methods (MMPI and 16 PF) for adolescent examination
Authors: Goštautas A. , Berneris V. , Jurevičiūtė E.
Published: January 2019

Statistical standards and criteria for the evaluation of the adolescent's personality by such personality assessment methods as MMPI and 16 PF are presented. MMPI statistical standards are established for pupils of the 8th form and 16 PF statistical norms - for pupils of the 8th, 10th, and 11th forms. The usage of the above-mentioned standards makes it possible to interpret more exactly the results of examination of the adolescent's personality.
Problems of monotony diagnostics
Authors: Bagdonas A.
Published: January 2019

The article reviews problems of monotony diagnostics. Three aspects of the diagnostics are singled out: (1) estimation of the state of monotony based on the indices of the efficiency of performance and on the parameters of physiological and psychical functions (the psychological diagnostics of monotony is divided into subjective and objective psychometry); (2) estimation of the job and performance monotony based on the technological indices of work operations and on the decrement of performance efficiency or optimal functional states; (3) estimation of the satisfaction in monotonous work, of the attitude towards it and of the monotonophilic – monotonophobic personality tendencies. The results of monotony investigation conducted in the Laboratory of Special Psychology of Vilnius University are presented.
Some peculiarities of self-appraisal of personality by future teachers
Authors: Jacikevičius A.
Published: January 2019

Self-attitude was investigated after the methods of M. Kuhn by the students of the Klaipėda department of the State Conservatoire of the Lithuanian SSR. Self-appraisal of the peculiarities of personality was compared with group appraisal. The attitude of the students towards the appraisal of their personality given by their parents, their friends and teachers was looked into. The investigation has shown some trends of overestimation of negative characteristics of personality, inadequacy of subjective and objective appraisal of personality of the future teachers. The results showing some peculiarities of self-consciousness of the students could be used for test methods.
The choice of word-reaction by people who react quickly and slowly
Authors: Elijošiūtė S.
Published: January 2019

From the data of the free word association experiment with a thousand people a group of quick reaction (184 people) and a group of slow reaction (171 people) were distinguished. The juxtaposition of the data of the two groups and of each group with the general count makes it possible to draw the following conclusions: 1) there are no significant differences in the choice of lexemes-reactions either in the group of quick or in the group of slow reaction as compared with the general data; 2) the group of slow reaction as compared with the group of quick reaction gives paradigmatic associations mare often (by approximately 20 percent).
Some peculiarities of forming independent cooperation in the acitivities of senior preschoolers
Authors: Jacikevičienė O.
Published: January 2019

An experimental teaching of senior preschoolers was carried out with the purpose of improving the following parameters of their group activities: (l) preliminary distribution of functions, ( 2) leadership, ( 3) exactness of action, ( 4) activity rate, ( 5) speech communication, ( 6) general harmony of group activities. The teaching was based on the psychological theory of positive reinforcement with the application of some elements of psychological training, During seven lessons a considerable improvement of all components of joint activities was achieved, the transfer of worked out directions and abilities of improved group activities to new situations being verified.
Short-term memory span: Effects of age and relationship with other variables
Authors: Bagdonas A. , Bikulčiūtė D. , Čepas V.
Published: January 2019

Jacobs' method was used to study the span of short-term memory (STM), visual (letters, syllables, figures) as well as auditory (numbers), its genetic determination and dependence on age and other variables. An average STM span amounts to 8 figures, 6.6 letters 6.4 syllables, 6.7 elements of all the three types, and 5-6 auditory signal. Preliminary norms for the span of visual STM for students are suggested. At the age from 9 to 25 the increase of the extent of STM is linear. The correlation coefficient of age and the span of auditory STM is 0.47 (for 182 subjects). No differences were observed concerning the span of STM with regard to sex. The twin method did not reveal any effect of genetic factors. The span of STM may change subject to the disturbances of blood circulation in the brains. The span of verbal STM is decreased by the disturbances of blood circulation in the left hemisphere, while the disturbances in the right hemisphere negatively influence the STM for geometrical figures. There is little, if any, correlation between the span of STM and other cognitive functions which have been studied, such as characteristics of memory, reading efficiency, etc. No correlation was established with the span of immediate and delayed reproduction. Notwithstanding the reliability of Jacobs ' method, which was confirmed by repeated studies, its validity might be questioned. Thus the value of the data obtained should be considered critically as there might be certain factors related with mnemic strategies.
Erikson and his Epigenetic Theory
Authors: Karmazinaitė R.
Published: January 2019

The article provides a brief summary of E. Erikson's theory and its main statements.
Childhood and society
Authors: Eriksonas E.
Published: January 2019

An excerpt from E. Erikson's book Childhood and Society presents the concept of eight developmental crises.
The dynamics of the levels of professional interests among vocational school pupils under conditions of a forming experiment
Authors: Rimkevičienė V.
Published: January 2019

Abstract is being prepared.
Some peculiarities of cognitive possibilities and occupational interests of young teachers
Authors: Kutkienė L.
Published: January 2019

The results of experimental research into the peculiarities of the cognitive function and those of the occupational interests of teachers at the age of 26-29 are provided in the paper. The employment of the instrumental conception of occupational interests made it possible to find out the level of their development among young teachers. The importance of many characteristics relevant to memory, attention and thinking is revealed. A high degree of structure integration of cognitive functions is shown. The data obtained may be used as the orientation in handling the problems concerning occupational readaptation, self-education and other kinds of permanent education of the adults.
The levels of primary school children in their attitude towards labour
Authors: Jakimova I.
Published: January 2019

In the present paper the instrumental theory of vocational interests is used as a theoretical basis. Models and a diagnostic technique of primary schoolchildren's attitude towards labour are presented, the results of preliminary research are provided.