bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mesures de l’efficacité des entreprises artisanales de pêche
Authors: Abgrall Jean-François , Roy Pauline
Published: July 2012

In this paper, efficiency of artisanal fishing firms is measured using a method elaborated by Yotopoulos and Lau (AER, March 1973). It shows that this method could be used by fishery managers to find new criteria when it comes to decide which fishermen should be granted a license, when entry into the fisheries ought to be limited. The main results may however appear surprising in that they reveal that as a whole fishermen are price efficient, although those more open to new technology have a more business like behavior and tend to be more efficient than the others. Finally those with a larger experience of the labor market outside fisheries reveal a behavior consistant with a perception of the opportunity cost of their labor higher than that shown by those with little experience outside of fisheries.
Marx dans un nouveau cadre welfariste
Authors: Pelletier Gérard
Published: July 2012

Samuelson's statement about Marx being a minor post-Ricardian from the viewpoint of pure economic theory leaves one perplexed. Is theoretical welfare economics a part of pure economic theory? This paper shows that theoretical welfare economics is the foundation of the theory of economic policy and intervention. Marx also sets forth a theory of intervention based on economic arguments. Therefore, Marx should be studied within the broader scope of theoretical welfare economics. Moreover, Marx's system contains not only analytical devices but also important value judgments and the theory of welfare economics aims to study the interrelations between value judgments and economic interventions. Methodological contradictions are shown in, and removed from, the theory of welfare economics in order to show the framework of Marx's entire system. The system as a whole is far beyond the realm of Ricardian economics, for it can be consistent and scientific although it contains value judgments. Samuelson's narrow approach and fuzziness in the methodological foundations of welfare economics hindered an appreciation of the full value of Marx's approach.
L’impact de la Banque du Canada sur la disponibilité du crédit bancaire : 1967-1976
Authors: Théoret Raymond
Published: July 2012

In this article we want to verify if Bank of Canada's actions on the availability of credit were efficient from 1967 to 1976. During this period, the interest rate was chiefly used to maintain balance of payments equilibrium and the Bank of Canada was trying to affect internal credit conditions (here banks' loans) through its effect on the chartered banks' liquid asset ratio. However, this ratio is an imperfect indicator of the availability of banks' credit. Chartered banks have in fact many techniques to obtain liquidities: the whole of these constitutes their liability management mechanism. By this way, they can immune themselves from a restrictive monetary policy which operates via the liquid asset ratio. The degree of accommodation of loans is also another factor to consider when studying the impact of the Bank of Canada on banks' loans. It is evident that a high degree of accommodation of loans is a serious obstacle to monetary policy: liquidity management is probably pushed very far in this case. Our theoretical model takes into account these considerations. And the estimation of this model shows that loans have little reacted to Bank of Canada's actions. The degree of loans accommodation was high and consequently banks checked the Bank of Canada's policy by their liquidity management mechanism.
La théorie des groupes non compétitifs
Authors: Daubigney Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2012

In this paper, the author describes and criticizes the theory of non-competitive groups.

According to this theory, the non-competitivity of social groups refers to the existence and the reproduction by heredity of a bi-univocal correspondence between the hierarchy of social groups and the hierarchy of employments. Such a relation comes from the fact that the social origins determine the level of education, the distribution of inborn qualities, and the preference functions of individuals. It is also the result of the demographic reproduction pattern of social groups. In such conditions, the incomes hierarchy is the result as well as the means of the hereditary reproduction of social structure and of non-competitivity.

Two basic criticisms can be formulated. First, this theory is unable to justify most of the relation underlying the analysis. Second, the proposed explanation model is unable to account for the contemporary ways of non-competitivity such as indicated by the statistics on social mobility.
L’économiste et l’autodétermination du citoyen
Authors: Dehem Roger
Published: July 2012

When involved in politics, the economist ought to make his value judgments explicit. Besides efficiency, personal freedom is often at issue in policy prescriptions. Except for some strong advocates of individual freedom, like Bastiat, Hayek and Friedman, economists have too often had an indifferent attitude towards it. This benign neglect may be dangerous when a minority of ideologically committed citizens is attempting to impose its will on the majority by persuasion. This is consonant with J.J. Rousseau's conception of liberty, which is at odds with the one unconsciously held by the majority of citizens who assume personal self-determination.
Sur l’estimation d’un système complet de demande sous rationnements quantitatifs
Authors: Bronsard Camille , Salvas-Bronsard Lise
Published: July 2012

The paper is divided into two parts. In the first one, three complete systems of demand equations are derived, namely, the standard neo-classical model, a model under quantity rationing and the general reduced form of walrasian models. The standard neo-classical model has no spillover eflects while the other models allow for them. But the spillover effects of the general reduced form are walrasian while the spillover effects of the model with quantity rationing can be specified as keynesian.

In the second part of the paper, the authors try to discriminate among these forms on empirical grounds. As a matter of fact, each model is found consistent with the Canadian data and the authors conclude that to discriminate between the models, one must insert them into more general models.
Analyse de la politique commerciale canadienne : rétrospective et synthèse
Authors: Séguin-Dulude Louise
Published: July 2012

After a short review of the neo-classical theory of protection, the author presents the numerous models which were historically developed for the estimation of the national and regional impact of the Canadian tariffs. The author further compares a number of studies on the Canadian commercial policy, explains the divergences among them and, hopefully, identifies unsettled questions on the subject.
L’innovation et le modèle du commerce néo-technologique dans l’espace des caractéristiques de Lancaster
Authors: Hanel Petr
Published: July 2012

Lancaster's case of innovation in consumption technology is formalized and extended to include beside of the criterion of efficient consumption also the criterion of efficient production. The two criteria has to be met before an invention can be commercialized economically. Trade provoked by an innovation in consumption technology—a new product—is analyzed on a simple numerical example. Necessary conditions and some welfare implications of the neo-technology trade are presented. The approach is sufficiently general to encompass trade based on cost reducing innovation as well as existing trade models as special cases.
Offre globale en économie ouverte, courbe de Phillips et détermination du taux de chômage naturel : une reformulation théorique
Authors: Phaneuf Louis
Published: July 2012

Criticizing the fact the Phillips curve wage and price equations are usually reduced form or quasi-reduced form equations without an explicit structural model behind, this article is an attempt to provide a supply side based structural model of the Phillips curve. Of special importance are the theoretical specifications of the resulting wage and price equations that include several new explanatory variables and especially policy variables. After having demonstrated under what structural conditions the price-Phillips curve of this model will be a vertical in the long run, the model is solved for the theoretical specification of the natural rate of unemployment.
Le taux de croissance de l’offre de monnaie et arbitrage entre le taux d’inflation et le taux de chômage au Canada
Authors: Marchon Maurice N.
Published: July 2012

This paper presents simulations results using a "Modified St. Louis Model" for Canada. These simulations identify opportunities of trade-off between inflation and unemployment rate. They reveal very slim opportunities of trade-off and demonstrate that any short-term gain in real output caused by monetary stimulus will have to be paid in term of compensating slower output growth to reduce inflationary expectations. This situation of no real trade-off shows up even if the model does not fully endogenize the exchange rate and international trade feedback of changes in money supply growth rate.
Les attributs linguistiques et la détermination du revenu des hommes au Québec en 1971 : les groupes d’âge et d’éducation
Authors: Vaillancourt François
Published: July 2012

This paper examines the role that language skills play in the determination of the labour earnings of Quebec males in 1971 both for all males and for age and education specific subgroups. The first part of the paper presents the conceptual framework and the gross earnings differences between anglophones and francophones in Quebec. The second part describes the data and the variables used and the third and fourth parts contain the regression results and a discussion of the economic meaning of these results. In a nutshell these results indicate that knowing English is a more highly rewarded skill than knowing French in Quebec in 1970 and that the returns vary with the age but not with the education of Quebec males.
La mobilité interprovinciale de la main-d’oeuvre au Canada : le cas de l’Ontario, de la Nouvelle-Écosse et du Nouveau-Brunswick
Authors: Cousineau Jean-Michel
Published: July 2012

This paper studies the migratory flows between Ontario and two Atlantic provinces of Canada, from 1960-61 to 1975-76. Search theory is used as the theoretical framework and leads to predictions as to the influence on interprovincial migratory flows of three economic variables: relative wages, employment opportunities, and unemployment insurance (UI). Proxies for these theoretical variables are used in an ordinary least squares regression based on pooled time series and cross-section data on interprovincial migration in Canada (Family Allowances' data base). The model performs poorly in explaining short term variations in the interprovincial migration rates, and the expected return migration from Ontario to New Brunswick and Nova Scotia due to UI changes in 1971 is not found. However, the model performs relatively well in explaining long term interprovincial migration flows and the 1970's reversal of the net migratory flows between Central Canada (Ontario) and the Atlantic provinces considered. Higher unemployment rates in Ontario, improved relative wages in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia as well as the UI revisions of 1971 explain a significant part of the observed change.
Incidence de la politique scientifique fédérale sur l’économie québécoise
Authors: Julien Pierre-André
Published: July 2012

In the first part of this paper, the federal expenditures affecting the scientific activity of the province of Quebec, directly or indirectly, are identified. In the second part, there is an attempt to measuring the impact on the economy of those expenditures. Finally, a comparison is made with the situation that prevails in the other provinces, on that matter.
La grève : ses facteurs déterminants et son effet sur les hausses de salaire. Une synthèse critique
Authors: Lacroix Robert , Dussault François
Published: July 2012

This article is a critical survey of the literature on strike activity. Its first part deals with the various explanations of strike activity and concludes that the effect of economic variables on strike activity is theoretically indeterminate. The second part of this text tackles the question of the effect of strike on wages and concludes that the theoretical foundations of this effect are doubtful.
Le financement de l’enseignement supérieur au Québec
Authors: Bélanger Gérard
Published: July 2012

The first part of this paper describes the methods by which Quebec universities are financed and stresses the importance of non-accounted expenditures and the relative contribution of the three main sources of financing, namely the federal and provincial governments and the students.

The second part investigates the normative aspects of the methods used. Government intervention can be based on three grounds: on the social aspect of the good, on the redistribution objective, and lastly, on the greater indivisibility of university formation costs. It is shown that the present knowledge of the production function and the results on returns to higher education and to university research do not make it possible to determine an optimal amount of resources for this sector.

Government intervention in university affairs can take different forms and five principles are formulated as a guide for the establishment of a new financing formula. Finally, the role of student fees is studied as a means to promote efficiency in universities.
Conjecture sur le comportement de l’impôt sur le revenu des particuliers
Authors: Boucher Michel , Lebel Jean-Guy
Published: July 2012

This fiscal essay tries to specify the economic variables which have an effect upon the personal income tax during a business cycle.

After clearing out the concept of trend elasticity and cyclical elasticity, we propose a model based on the concept of elasticity which will permit us to see the income increases due to the overall increase in employment (or a decrease in the rate of unemployment), and those produced by the global increase in wealth (such as the increase in per capita revenue due to productivity, inflation and so on).

Then we apply this model to the federal personal income tax collected in Quebec for ten income classes and we find that there is a difference between the average taxation rate due to the increment of employment and the average taxation rate due to wealth increase and consequently at the elasticity level also. However, the difference is not statistically significant.

So, our theoretical model and its application explains partly why the income elasticity of the personal income tax appears to be greater in periods of decline in economic activity and tends to abate fairly sharply as expansionary momentum is restored.
Modèles de politique économique multirégionale basés sur l’analyse d’attraction
Authors: Paelinck J.
Published: July 2012

Classical regional and multiregional models were limited in scope and usefulness as they failed to integrate explicitly locational factors, especially on the supply side.

Two types of models, the attraction model and the profile model, allow to treat this problem adequately. They are presented in their most recent formulation that improves on earlier versions.

Regional spill-over effects are underlined as being essential in the understanding of multiregional growth patterns; they are explicitly integrated in the aforementioned models, which thus take care of market potentials and clustering through spread of external economies.

The models mentioned are currently applied to Germany, Spain, and the regions of the enlarged Common Market (project "FLEUR").
Un modèle de dépenses provinciales
Authors: Swan Neil
Published: July 2012

The paper develops a formal theoretical model of expenditures for a typical Canadian provincial government. The model is kept simple but useful by restricting the endogenous variables to four important budgetary categories: highway spending, hospital care expenditures, spending on schools and universities, and "all other" spending. Tax rates are also endogenous to the system. The choice of these four expenditure categories is linked to the original motivation for the model, which was to assist in explaining provincial construction spending. The theory has three elements: first, a utility function, which depends positively on the amounts provided of government services of various kinds, as well as on the income left to the public after taxes and borrowing; second, a budget constraint linking expenditures and revenues; and finally, a set of equations which show how much spending is required in order to provide the quantities of services entering as arguments into the utility function.

The reduced form model developed from the theory is then fitted to expenditures data for each of the ten provinces over the 1952-1970 period. Fits are generally good. Tax equations, though not presented here, also fitted well. Provincial income levels, beginning year stocks of structures, rates of matching grants, construction prices and the closeness of elections are the main exogenous variables that prove important in explaining per capita expenditures within each of the four budgetary categories.
Comparaison internationale de l’utilisation de la main-d’oeuvre dans l’industrie : un programme linéaire
Authors: Parker Ruth Rose
Published: July 2012

This linear programming model for educational planning, by allowing for choice among techniques of production, permits the introduction of non-constant factor substitution into the production function. The model is applied to educational planning in France and treats simultaneously four kinds of educated manpower and capital in the seven major industrial sectors of an economy. Alternative techniques are drawn from seven other countries for which reasonably comparable data are available. These techniques of production define the production function and determine the demand for educated manpower and capital independently of the supply of these factors.

An initial static model maximizes GNP (holding its composition constant) subject to a fixed supply of manpower and capital. The model thus tests whether supply is the constraining factor in the choice of technique in theshort run. In the case tested, it is.

In the dynamic version of the model, supply is allowed to increase by means of education (for manpower) and investment (for physical capital). Consumable GNP, that is GNP net of the cost of education and investment, is maximized. Terminal capital stock problems make it impossible to test the model directly. The problem is then broken down into two steps: the identification of the techniques (one for each industry) which permit the greatest net contribution to GNP, and the movement in time towards these "optimal" techniques. The first of these steps is solved using a dual version of the model, but the second is not attempted in this paper.
Aspect régional de la consommation et de la production des services de santé au Québec
Authors: Nguyen Hung
Published: July 2012

In this study we are trying to measure the influence of health services supply (or better, the availability of health services) on the consumption. We first examine the regional disparity of available services and the impact of this difference on the production and (the) consumption of services. Then we do a projection of resources based on a standardized consumption.

At the regional level, we find:
Taux de roulement et permanence de l’emploi dans l’industrie canadienne
Authors: Jenness R. A.
Published: July 2012

This study poses the question: "How long will the average new employee likely stay with his employer? This question has considerable relevance to the study of labour market activity, and to the obverse question: "How likely will a person, once employed, be unemployed again?" This paper explores the relevance of the tenure question on a number of fronts, and then develops a simple model for estimating the expected tenure of workers joining specific industries in Canada. Although the findings are based on somewhat dated statistics and lack a vector related to age, sex and other personal characteristics, they nonetheless confirm within reasonable degrees of confidence that the average new employee will remain with his employer a remarkably short time—less than two years in most industries and only a few months in some others. They suggest that employers are wise to defer costly training, pension and other non-wage expenditures until their new employees have built up some attachment to the firm. By the same token they affirm the usefulness of public income support programs to tide those who are laid off or quit through the transition to their next job, and for public retraining and mobility facilities to make the investments in human skills and allocation that employers will not.
Modèle de régression avec variables d’écart
Authors: Loranger Jean-Guy
Published: July 2012

A look at M. G. Dagenais' contributions (1969, 1973) on threshold regression models and at chapter 9 of S.M. Goldfeld and R.E. Quandt's book (1972) concerning switching regression models suggested to me that a new approach to estimating the threshold model by introducing slack variables might be possible. One of the main advantages of this new method is to simplify to a great extent the estimation of the likelihood function which is reduced partly to the problem of estimating a limited number of simple integrals for each iteration in the process of optimization.

In order to facilitate a better understanding of our approach, two main models will be reviewed in the next section: the twin linear probability model (which can be estimated either by OLS, by a combination of probit and OLS, or by the tobit approach) and the threshold model. A critical look at the empirical results obtained by Dagenais (1973) will also be made before closing this section.

Our new threshold model with slack variables is presented in section 3 and the main features of our new approach are summarized in the last section of this paper.
L’économique de l’habitation : une revue de lalittérature
Authors: D’Amours Alban , Nadeau Léandre
Published: July 2012

This article has a two-fold purpose: first, to offer as complete an inventory aspossible of the literature written on the economics of housing, classifying thisliterature according to subject matter (in this sense, the article takes on theappearance of an annotated bibliography); and second, to take a hard look at thepresent state of economic theory in this field.

The article is divided into the following six sections: 1) existing surveys;2) studies related to long-term cycles in residential construction; 3) theoriesexplaining short-term fluctuations; 4) verbal models; 5) econometric models;6) other studies.

Some emphasis has been given to the authors' two principal conclusions. In theiropinion, the "residual" vision and the countercyclical hypothesis have not beenadequately tested in the past. Furthermore, the authors bring to light evidence,both theoretical and factual, which contradicts this theory (see Section 3). Then,in Section 5, the authors attempt to show how econometric models, except in the mostrecent papers, fail to take into account, adequately, the relationships between thehousing and mortgage markets and the builders. In addition, it is contended thatthese models are not truly representational of the whole sector, in that they areoften nothing more than simple demand or supply equations, or, even worse, neitherone nor the other.
Bilan, perspectives et éléments de stratégie. Secteur des industries manufacturières
Authors: Jouandet-Bernadat Roland
Published: July 2012

The main features of the manufacturing industries in the Province of Quebec are well known. Those industries are heavily concentrated in the Montreal area. They sell an important part of their output outside the Province. They exhibit structural weaknesses. Their importance in the Canadian economy has been declining in the past 25 years.

We should not be too optimistic about the situation since 1971. Some officials claimed that the Province has known a new start in the manufacturing sector but the statistical facts do not confirm such a view.

The Province therefore needs a really new strategy. The article tries to outline some of the constraints and features of this new strategy.
Le secteur financier et le développement économique du Québec
Authors: Ryba André
Published: July 2012

This paper which reflects the methodology and the findings of a larger study present a regional analysis of the Canadian financial sector. It denotes an historical tendency towards overconcentration of financial institutions and activities in Toronto which emerges more and more as the only financial center in Canada. Financial intermediation is weakening in other parts of the country (British Columbia excepted), particularly in Quebec to which this article devotes most of its attention. The study of the interrelation between the financial sector and industrial activity strongly suggests that the absence of an active financial sector in a region, which has reached a stage of development comparable to that of Quebec, constitutes an impediment to a balanced economic development of that region. This result is strengthened when the output of a financial sector is enlarged to two jointly produced goods, capital and information, and when the information and transaction costs involved in the production of those two goods are taken into account. The main conclusion of this paper is that there may be conflicts between the pursuit of the greatest efficiency per se of a financial sector and the pursuit of the greatest efficiency in regard to economic development.
Le système financier montréalais : quelques lacunes
Authors: Briant Peter , Whittaker Gary
Published: July 2012

The objective of this paper is to describe some important gaps in the Montreal financial community. These gaps are examined in turn from the points of view of the small investor and the small business.

The investor with 50,000 dollars to invest does not currently receive unpartial financial advice from existing financial institutions, due to the latters' roles as financial intermediaries as well as advisors. There is a need for a government supported agency which would act as a buffer between investors and intermediaries, would buy the services of the professional consultants, and then relay this expert advice back to the investor.

The gaps concerning the equity financing of small new business are detected by means of a survey of Montreal small firms, the results of which indicate that venture capital does not satisfy the equity needs of new firms in stage zero of development. Interviews with five venture capital firms confirm these observations and further classify the gaps along five dimensions, leading to five types of gaps: stage of development, industry, location, information and communication. Here too, a public agency could successfully fill these gaps of venture capital. An example of the action of such an agency to help start a new business is described and serves as conclusion.
La programmation déterministe du budget de capital : un modèle financier
Authors: Chateau Jean-Pierre D.
Published: July 2012

The financial model presented in the article attempts to further integrate capital budgeting into the firm's overall financial planning policy. Although it is an extension and generalization of Bernhard and Weingartner's previous models, it differs from these works by some basic assumptions related to both the objective function and constraint set.

First, the objective function stresses the growing role of managerial discretion as opposed to the common assumption of maximizing shareholders' wealth. In particular we assume that managers wish to maximize the size of the firm under their control at the end of some future time horizon. Since net cash flows of the investment projects selected are sources of future investment funds, the managers try to keep the shareholders' dividends to a minimum level, sufficient enough however to pacify them.

Secondly, the model constraints embody the complete set of financial instruments available to the corporation managers: in a sense, this enlarges the previous models' short-term external financing facilities by considering simultaneously the alternative long-term external financial instruments, namely equity and bond issues. In the latter case, the refunding features are incorporated in the constraints. The constraints also imply that managers prefer steady growth of net cash flows through time. This contrasts with the usual maximization approach which has been shown to favor long-term investment projects with somewhat more erratic net cash flows.

The derivation of the Kuhn and Tucker conditions for the model allows us to show the impact of the opportunity cost of the various instruments on that of the liquidity requirement and the investment projects selection criterion. Finally, the duality properties also highlight the reciprocal relationships existing between the various opportunity costs, both internal and external.
Le secteur tertiaire et le développement économique régional : vers un modèle opérationnel des activités motrices
Authors: Polèse Mario
Published: July 2012

Tertiary activity is rapidly growing in all industrialized nations: it already accounts for almost two third of Canada's (and Québec's) total production and employment. It thus becomes increasingly reasonable to think that many service activities are becoming autonomous agents of economic growth rather than simply being induced (non-basic) activities as is generally postulated in classical regional development models. This paper discusses in what manner certain services might be involved in the growth process, and particularly how we might identify and measure them. The framework of the paper is regional rather than national growth since it is felt that it is on the regional level that the growth impact of the service sector is most easily discernible. We propose a largely conceptual model of the regional growth impact of service activities. The model leans heavily on certain theories prevalent in regional economics, especially export-base theory and central place theory. The main problem, we observe, as in all impact models, is not measuring short-run impacts but rather that of measuring long-run dynamic impacts.
Les aspects économiques de la protection de la société
Authors: Sullivan Richard F.
Published: July 2012

In this paper, the author describes some views that economists have of the problems of criminology together with the means accessible to them by which they attempt to answer certain interesting questions. Sketches of the economic arguments which are challenging a dominant view of the theory of criminal law and challenging as well the concept of "rehabilitation" are presented. The author proposes to review, briefly, the arguments for a systems approach and to outline new "industry" approaches to criminology problems. Finally, he tries to demonstrate why many traditional criminology studies are obsolete and he indicates in passing, the reason why the displacing of crime in time is a social benefit.
Inflation, impôts sur le revenu et revenu réel disponible
Authors: Lizee Ruth Rose
Published: July 2012

The purpose of this text is to examine how federal and Quebec provincial income tax policies have affected real disposable income of taxpayers in the context of the rapid inflation of the last five years. It finds that the net effect of federal fiscal reform since 1970 has been to make the tax structure more progressive. Low-income taxpayers have benefitted from lower tax rates in real terms but real tax rates have risen for those with incomes above approximately $14,000. On the provincial level, on the other hand, there has been virtually no change in the tax structure except for an increase in the threshold level below which no tax is paid. All, except the very poorest taxpayers (single persons earning less than $2,578 in 1970 or $3,200 in 1974 and married couples with two children earning less than $5,200 in 1970 or $6,300 in 1974), have paid higher taxes in real terms every year from 1970 to 1974. This is true even when provincial family allowances (which the province considers as a tax credit and as a substitute for personal exemptions for children under 16) are deducted from provincial income tax.

The net result of federal and provincial tax policies, family allowance payments and deductions for various social security programs is as follows: real disposable income increased for single persons earning less than $4,000 in 1970 ($5,000 in 1974) and for two-children families earning less than $8,000 ($10,000 in 1974); it stayed about the same for single persons earning between $4,000 and $6,000 ($5,000 to $7,500 in 1974) and families earning $8,000 to $10,000 ($10,000 to $12,500 in 1974) in 1970; it fell for those with higher levels of income.
Tests of Information Processing Speed
Authors: Walker Lisa A.S. , Cheng Amy , Berard Jason , Berrigan Lindsay I. , Rees Laura M. , Freedman Mark S.
Published: July 2012

Reduction in information processing speed (IPS) is a key deficit in multiple sclerosis (MS). The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT), Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), and Computerized Test of Information Processing (CTIP) are used to measure IPS. Both the PASAT and SDMT are sensitive to deficits in IPS. The CTIP, a newer task, also shows promise. The PASAT has several limitations, and it is often perceived negatively by patients. Yet little supporting quantitative evidence of such perceptions has been presented. Therefore, in this study, subjective ratings of likeability, difficulty, and appropriateness of the PASAT, CTIP, and SDMT were obtained. Ratings were compared between MS patients and healthy controls. It was hypothesized that ratings of the PASAT would differ significantly from those of the SDMT and CTIP. The relationship between subjective ratings and objective performance was evaluated. Sixty-nine MS patients and 68 matched controls rated the three tests in terms of likeability, difficulty, and appropriateness for capturing cognitive deficits often associated with MS using a Likert scale. Both groups rated the PASAT as most difficult and least likeable. The MS group rated the PASAT and SDMT as more appropriate for measuring MS-related deficits than the CTIP. Subjects who performed better on the PASAT were more likely to rate it as easier. Ratings of the SDMT and CTIP did not vary consistently with performance. The findings lend quantitative support to the common belief that the PASAT is perceived as unpleasant. Other tests are available that are similarly sensitive to deficits in IPS and more palatable to the patient.
Defining a Profession: The Role of Knowledge and Expertise
Authors: Saks Mike
Published: July 2012

The paper highlights the importance of resurrecting the debate about how to define a profession. The drive to define a profession is traced back to the taxonomic approach – encompassing the work of trait and functionalist writers – in which professions were seen as possessing unique and positive characteristics, including distinctive knowledge and expertise. A range of critical challenges to this approach are then considered, particularly as they relate to the role of knowledge and expertise in defining a profession, covering interactionism, Marxism, Foucauldianism and discourse analysis. However, the most effective challenge to the taxonomic approach is considered to be the neo-Weberian perspective based on a less broadly assumptive and more analytically useful definition of a profession centered on exclusionary closure. With reference to case studies, the relative merits of neo-Weberianism compared to taxonomic and other approaches are examined in relation to the role of knowledge and expertise and delineating professional boundaries.
Genetic inheritance of resistance to cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus in cowpea
Authors: Orawu Martin , Melis Rob , Laing Mark , Derera John
Published: July 2012

Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV) is a major virus disease in Uganda that causes substantial loss of the cowpea crop especially in growth and yield. The mode of gene action conferring resistance to the virus is not well understood. The objective of the study was to determine the genetic inheritance of resistance in cowpea crosses. Three susceptible (S) cowpea landraces that are commonly grown by farmers were crossed with five introduced resistant cowpea varieties in accordance with a North Carolina mating design II scheme. The F1, F2 and BC1F1 progenies generated were evaluated in the field together with their parents. They were then infected with two infection methods namely: by spreader-rows of S cultivar (Ebelat) and artificial inoculation of virus extracts. The results obtained showed that general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects were significant, indicating that both additive and non-additive gene effects controlled virus infection. The results further demonstrated that the GCA effects (59.8 %) were more important than SCA effects (40.2 %) in determining virus resistance in the cowpea varieties. Utilisation of good general combiners of the varieties MU-93, IT82D-516-2, SECOW-2W and IT85F-2841 in hybridisation to improve virus resistance in cowpea crosses would be recommended. The result of this study provided an indication that CABMV resistance was conditioned by more than one recessive gene in eight populations, but also revealed resistance to be conditioned by a single recessive gene in the other seven populations. Observation of continuous distribution of progenies for severity data in the F2 populations also confirmed significance of quantitative inheritance for CABMV resistance. Therefore, the significance of GCA effects suggests that recurrent selection could be applied to accumulate the additive genes for resistance in F2 populations.
Child Discipline and Conservative Protestantism: Why the Relationship between Corporal Punishment and Child Behavior Problems May Vary by Religious Context
Authors: Petts Richard J. , Kysar-Moon Ashleigh E.
Published: July 2012

Using data on 1,214 families from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, this study explored why and under what conditions parental conservative Protestant affiliation moderates the relationship between corporal punishment and children's problem behavior. Previous scholars suggest that children raised by conservative Protestants may be less likely to experience negative outcomes associated with corporal punishment due to (1) adherence to guidelines that may minimize the risk of harm from corporal punishment, and (2) corporal punishment being used as part of a consistent parenting strategy. This study extended previous research by testing these hypotheses. Overall, corporal punishment was associated with increased externalizing and internalizing problem behavior among children. However, there was some support for our hypotheses. Specifically, children raised by conservative Protestant parents were less likely to display problem behavior if only the father spanked and if the father spanked infrequently, and were less likely to display externalizing behavior only if both parents were conservative Protestant.
Marketing Systems, the Ring Cycle, and the Layton Effect
Authors: Shultz Clifford J.
Published: July 2012

The field of marketing, particularly macromarketing, has been enriched enormously by Professor Roger Layton. This essay features some reflection and commentary on his contributions. Four articles published in the Journal of Macromarketing from 2006–2009, Professor Layton's Ring Cycle, are discussed in some detail. These articles provoke and inspire; they raise questions and offer solutions. They collectively make remarkable contributions to macromarketing, the scholarly study of marketing systems, practical applications to economic growth and quality of life, and theory development. The essay also introduces the Layton Effect – extraordinary scholarly and policy outcomes resulting from keen intellect, gentility, perseverance, vision, inclusion, compassion, resolve and friendship; it concludes with a poignant epilogue.
Attitude toward the Viral Ad: Expanding Traditional Advertising Models to Interactive Advertising
Authors: Huang Jinsong , Su Song , Zhou Liuning , Liu Xi
Published: July 2012

As a form of advertising, viral video (VV) advertising is distinct in that its communication medium is the social connections between individuals instead of formal media. After viewing VV advertising, people are engaged in two independent but interrelated processes, i.e., video sharing and embedded brand information processing. Previous research has not examined the interaction between the two processes. This study expands on the mediation of attitude toward the advertisement model proposed by MacKenzie, Lutz, and Belch (1986). Experimental results from three viral video advertisements show that attitude toward the VV advertisement is the major factor affecting video sharing, but attitude toward the brand also has a significant impact on sharing activity. Affect transfer hypothesis (ATH) and its extended models are optimal in explaining viral video advertising, which is different from prior research on non-viral advertising that suggests dual mediation hypothesis as the optimal explanatory theory.
Epidemiologie - Ausbildung in Deutschland
Authors: Grill Eva
Published: July 2012

Einleitung

Mittlerweile gibt es in Deutschland mehrere Master-Studiengänge für Epidemiologie. Ungeachtet der typischen Berufsfelder lehrt die Epidemiologie fundamentale wissenschaftliche Kulturtechniken und ist oft wichtiger Bestandteil anderer gesundheitsorientierter Studiengänge. Public Health funktioniert nicht ohne Epidemiologie. Die Epidemiologie-Ausbildung tut gut daran, sich in Public Health zu verankern, um nicht im Elfenbeinturm zu verschwinden.
Regionale Gesundheitsberichterstattung und Prävention
Authors: Kuhn Joseph
Published: July 2012

Einleitung

Gesundheitsberichterstattung stützt sich auf die Epidemiologie, geht aber nicht darin auf. Sie hat vielmehr eine gesundheitspolitische Zwecksetzung. Die regionale Gesundheitsberichterstattung war bereits in ihrer historischen Genese stark präventiv geprägt, ein Charakteristikum, das zwischenzeitlich verloren ging, neuerdings aber wieder stärker hervortritt.
Das Berliner Herzinfarktregister als Beispiel für ein klinisches Register
Authors: Maier Birga , Behrens Steffen , Busse Reinhard , Jonitz Günther , Schoeller Ralph , Schuehlen Helmut , Theres Heinz
Published: July 2012

Einleitung

Vertreter fast aller Berliner kardiologischen Abteilungen haben sich seit 1998 im Rahmen des Berliner Herzinfarktregisters (BHIR) zusammengeschlossen, um die stationäre Versorgung von Herzinfarktpatienten in Berlin zu sichern und zu verbessern. Ende 2011 nahmen berlinweit 20 Klinikstandorte, davon 17 kardiologische Abteilungen mit Linksherzkathetermessplatz am BHIR teil. Anfang 2012 waren in den am BHIR teilnehmenden Kliniken Daten von mehr als 25.000 Patienten erfasst.
Relevanz epidemiologischer Daten Für Public Health
Authors: Brzoska Patrick , Razum Oliver
Published: July 2012

Einleitung

Die Epidemiologie ist eine Kerndisziplin von Public Health. Sie untersucht die Häufigkeit und den Zusammenhang von gesundheitsrelevanten Ereignissen (Outcomes) und ihren Einflussfaktoren (Risikofaktoren oder Expositionen) in der Bevölkerung. Epidemiologische Daten sind ein wichtiger Teil von Entscheidungsprozessen im Gesundheitswesen. Sie ermöglichen es, gesundheitliche Probleme zu quantifizieren sowie notwendige Public-Health-Maßnahmen abzuleiten und zu evaluieren.
Which Lower Limb Frontal Plane Sensory and Motor Functions Predict Gait Speed and Efficiency on Uneven Surfaces in Older Persons With Diabetic Neuropathy?
Authors: Allet Lara , Kim Hogene , Ashton‐Miller James A. , Richardson James K.
Published: July 2012

Objective

To identify which frontal plane lower limb sensorimotor functions predict gait speed and efficiency (step‐width‐to‐step‐length ratio) on an uneven surface.

Design

Cross‐sectional observational study.

Setting

A biomechanics research laboratory.

Participants

Thirty‐three subjects (14 women [42.4%]; 21 with diabetic distal symmetric peripheral neuropathy [63.6%]), with a spectrum of lower limb sensorimotor functions that ranged from normal to marked diabetic neuropathy.

Methods

Independent variables included ankle inversion‐eversion proprioceptive thresholds, and normalized measures of maximum voluntary strength and maximum rate of torque development (RTD) of hip abduction‐adduction and ankle inversion‐eversion. Kinematic data were obtained by using an optoelectronic system as subjects walked over an uneven 10‐m surface.

Main Outcome Measures

Dependent variables included gait speed and efficiency (determined by step‐width‐to‐step‐length ratio) on an uneven surface.

Results

Hip adduction RTD and ankle inversion RTD predicted 54% of gait speed, with the former predicting the majority (44%). Ankle inversion RTD was the only significant predictor of gait efficiency, which accounted for 46% of its variability. Age did not predict gait speed or efficiency.

Conclusions

The rapid generation of strength in the frontal plane at the hip and ankle is responsible for the successful negotiation of irregular surfaces in older persons. Age demonstrated no independent influence. Training regimens in older persons should include maneuvers that rapidly develop strength in hip adductors and ankle invertors if navigation of uneven surfaces is a functional goal.
A Wild Wolf Attack and Its Unfortunate Outcome: Rabies and Death
Authors: Türkmen Süha , Sahin Aynur , Gunaydın Mucahit , Tatli Ozgur , Karaca Yunus , Turedi Suleyman , Gunduz Abdulkadir
Published: July 2012

Wild animal attacks are potential occurrences in rural areas of Turkey. Wolf attacks, however, are rare this century, but there are many anecdotal reports from previous times. Attacks by wolves are generally directed against animals, such as cows and sheep, and for feeding purposes. Wolf attacks on humans are a little known and unexpected phenomenon. A 60-year-old man was brought to the emergency department with facial injuries caused by a wolf emerging from a rural area and leaping at his face as he was sitting in his garden. During the incident, the patient strangled the wolf to death. Despite postexposure prophylaxis the patient likely died because of rabies.
Third-person possessive suffixes as definite articles in Semitic
Authors: Huehnergard John , Pat-El Na'ama
Published: July 2012

One of the best-known features of Neo-Ethio-Semitic languages is the use of the third-person possessive suffix as a definite article (Appleyard 2005, Rubin 2010). In this study we show that third-person possessive suffixes are also used as definite articles in other Semitic languages, although in none of them is this function fully grammaticalized, as it is in Ethio-Semitic. Beyond adding data that have received little attention so far, we offer an explanation for the phenomenon in Semitic, rather than concentrating on one branch, as has been done thus far in the literature.
Embedding Papiamentu in the mixed language debate
Authors: Jacobs Bart
Published: July 2012

This paper takes as a point of departure the hypothesis that Papiamentu descends from Upper Guinea Portuguese Creole (a term covering the sister varieties of the Cape Verde Islands and Guinea-Bissau and Casamance), speakers of which arrived on Curaçao in the second half of the 17th century, subsequently shifted their basic content vocabulary towards Spanish, but maintained the original morphosyntax. This scenario raises the question of whether, in addition to being a creole, Papiamentu can be analyzed as a so-called mixed (or intertwined) language. The present paper positively answers this question by drawing parallels between (the emergence of) Papiamentu and recognized mixed languages.