bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Polymorph of Layered LiCoO2
Authors: Komaba Shinichi , Yabuuchi Naoaki , Kawamoto Yuta
Published: September 2009

A new polymorph of layered LiCoO2 was prepared from OP4-LixNayCoO2 by ion exchange. Structural analysis by synchrotron X-ray diffraction revealed that the new polymorph of LiCoO2 is O4-type LiCoO2 whose structure corresponds to intergrowth of O2- and O3-type LiCoO2. It was also confirmed that the O4-type LiCoO2 shows electrochemical activity and different reversible voltage in aprotic lithium cells in comparison to those of O2- and O3-type LiCoO2, which are well-known electrode materials as polymorphs of LiCoO2.
Theoretical Study of the Iron Sulfur Cluster-free Hydrogenase (Hmd): What is the Active Center of Hmd?
Authors: Nakatani Naoki , Nakao Yoshihide , Sato Hirofumi , Sakaki Shigeyoshi
Published: September 2009

The DFT computational geometry and CO stretching frequency of the active center of iron sulfur cluster free hydrogenase (Hmd) indicate that the active site contains low-spin Fe(II) center coordinated with two COs, cysteine, either acylpyridone and water or acylpyridinol and hydroxide.
Adsorption of Trimethylphosphine Oxide Molecules from the Gas Phase to Probe Surface Acidity by Solid-state NMR
Authors: Hayashi Shigenobu
Published: September 2009

Trimethylphosphine oxide (TMPO) molecules were adsorbed on H-type mordenite to probe the surface acidity by solid-state NMR. We found that dichloromethane was coadsorbed when it was used as a solvent. To avoid the effect of the solvent, TMPO was adsorbed from the gas phase, and we have obtained 1H and 31P magic-angle-spinning (MAS) NMR spectra of TMPO-adsorbed H-type mordenite without the effect of the solvent.
Self-assembled Three-dimensional Hierarchical BiVO4 Microspheres from Nanoplates: Malic Acid-assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis and Photocatalytic Activities
Authors: Ma Dekun , Wang Shun , Cai Ping , Jiang Jinglu , Yang Dongpeng , Huang Shaoming
Published: September 2009

Self-assembled three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical BiVO4 microspheres from nanoplates have been first synthesized by a facile malic acid-assisted hydrothermal route on a large scale. In the present hydrothermal system, malic acid played key roles in controlling the morphology and quality of the resultant products. The as-synthesized 3D hierarchical BiVO4 microspheres exhibited good photocatalytic activity in degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) under Xe-lamp light irradiation.
Comparing progression of non-functioning pituitary adenomas in hypopituitarism patients with and without long-term GH replacement therapy
Authors: Olsson D S , Buchfelder M , Schlaffer S , Bengtsson B-Å , Jakobsson K-E , Johannsson G , Nilsson A G
Published: September 2009

Objective

An important safety issue with GH replacement therapy (GHRT) in hypopituitary patients with a history of a pituitary adenoma is the risk for tumour recurrence or enlargement.

Design

Case–control study.

Subjects and methods

We studied tumour progression rate in 121 patients with hypopituitarism on the basis of non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPA) receiving long-term GHRT. A group of 114 NFPA patients not receiving GHRT who were matched in terms of duration of follow-up, gender, age, age at diagnosis and radiotherapy status were used as a control population. The average duration of GHRT was 10±4 years (range 2–17).

Results

In patients with a known residual adenoma, 63% had no detectable enlargement of tumour during the study. In patients who had no visible residual tumour prior to GHRT, 90% did not suffer from recurrence. In total, the 10-year tumour progression-free survival rate in patients with NFPA receiving GHRT was 74%. In the control population not receiving GHRT, the 10-year progression-free survival rate was 70%. Radiotherapy as part of the initial tumour treatment reduced the rate of tumour progression in both GHRT and non-GHRT patients to a similar extent.

Conclusions

The rate of tumour progression was similar in this large group of GHRT patients and the control population not receiving GHRT. Our results provide further support that long-term use of GH replacement in hypopituitarism may be considered safe in patients with residual pituitary adenomas.
Soluble CTLA-4 receptor an immunological marker of Graves' disease and severity of ophthalmopathy is associated with CTLA-4 Jo31 and CT60 gene polymorphisms
Authors: Daroszewski Jacek , Pawlak Edyta , Karabon Lidia , Frydecka Irena , Jonkisz Anna , Slowik Miroslaw , Bolanowski Marek
Published: September 2009

Objective

Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune disorder with genetic and environmental background. CTLA-4 is a candidate gene for thyroid autoimmunity. Increased serum levels of soluble CTLA-4 (sCTLA-4) were found in some autoimmune diseases.

Aim

The aim of the study was to evaluate the relation between sCTLA-4 level and clinical manifestation of Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO), thyroid status, and CTLA-4 gene polymorphisms.

Design

Serum sCTLA-4 concentrations were determined in 93 GO patients and 93 healthy controls. In the GO group, CTLA-4 gene was genotyped in five polymorphic sites: g.319C>T, c.49A>G, CT60 by means of PRC-RFLP, Jo31, and g.*642AT(8_33) by means of minisequencing assay.

Results

Serum sCTLA-4 level was significantly higher in the GO group than in controls (median: 7.94 vs 0.00 ng/ml, P=0.000001). This level was higher in severe than in nonsevere GO (median: 10.3 vs 5.6 ng/ml, P=0.01). sCTLA-4 concentration was related neither to the activity of GO nor to thyroid function. Elevated sCTLA-4 levels were observed in carriers Jo31[G] allele (genotype GG+GT) as compared with subjects with an absence of the [G] allele (TT genotype; median: 9.18 vs 4.0 ng/ml, P=0.02). Also patients possessing CT60[G] allele (genotype GG+GA) had higher serum sCTLA-4 levels than subjects who lack the [G] allele (AA genotype; median: 8.73 vs 2.28 ng/ml, P=0.03).

Conclusions

It was shown for the first time that increased serum concentration of sCTLA-4 correlate with the severity of GO. Genetic variation in the CTLA-4 gene region in GD patients at least partially determines the level of sCTLA-4.
New insights in diabetic autonomic neuropathy in children and adolescents
Authors: Verrotti A , Loiacono G , Mohn A , Chiarelli F
Published: September 2009

Diabetic autonomic neuropathy (DAN) represents a major complication of diabetes mellitus but there is considerable uncertainty about its incidence, prevalence, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prognosis. There are conflicting opinions about the pathogenesis of DAN: the ‘classical hypothesis’ has been supplemented by some new insights. Clinical symptoms of autonomic neuropathy do not generally occur until long after the onset of diabetes. DAN seems to be detectable even in asymptomatic children and adolescents with diabetes and is associated with the most serious consequences, such as cardiovascular dysfunction. Because of its association with a variety of adverse outcomes, including cardiovascular deaths, cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy is the most clinically important and well-studied form of DAN. No form of therapy in DAN has been identified that provides unequivocal, safe, and effective stabilization or reversal of the condition, just a near normal control of blood glucose in the early years after the onset of diabetes that may delay the development of clinically significant nerve impairment. This article reviews recent developments in knowledge of epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, and therapy of DAN.
Frequency of adjacent vertebral fractures following percutaneous vertebroplasty
Authors: Kulcsár Zsolt , Marosfői Miklós , Berentei Zsolt , Veres Róbert , Nyáry István , Szikora István
Published: September 2009

Háttér és célkitűzés:
A percutan vertebroplastica (PVP) rendkívül hatékony módszer az osteoporoticus csigolyatörések okozta fájdalom csökkentésében. A beavatkozás után azonban a betegek egy része újabb kompressziós törést szenved. A vizsgálat célja az újabb törések gyakoriságának felmérése, valamint a PVP okozati szerepének becslése volt a kezelt betegcsoportban.
Betegek és módszer:
A retrospektív vizsgálatban áttekintettük az 5 és fél év alatt, csontritkulás talaján csigolyatörést szenvedett és PVP-vel kezelt, egymást követő betegek adatait. A vizsgálati csoportot a teljes populáció azon tagjai alkották, akik a csigolyastabilizáció után újabb törést szenvedtek. A vizsgálat elsődleges végpontja a PVP után kialakult újabb törések előfordulásának gyakorisága volt. A másodlagos végpontot a korábban kezelt csigolyákkal szomszédos szegmentumokban, 90 napon belül kialakult újabb törések képezték, ugyanis ebben a csoportban feltételezhető leginkább a PVP biomechanikai kiváltó szerepe.
Eredmények:
Összesen 396 beteget kezeltünk PVP-vel osteoporoticus csigolyatörés miatt. Az átlagéletkor 68±11 év volt. A betegek 77%-a nő. Összesen 73 beteg szenvedett a PVP után újabb törést (vizsgálati csoport), amely a teljes populáció 18,4%-át képezte. Ebben a csoportban egy főre átlagosan 3,8 csigolyatörés jutott. A PVP-vel szomszédos törések szignifikánsan gyakrabban fordultak elő, mint a távoli szegmentumot érintő fracturák. Összesen 44 beteg szenvedett szomszédos csigolyatörést a PVP utáni 90 napon belül, ők a teljes populáció 11%-át képviselték. A teljes populációhoz viszonyítva ebben a csoportban szignifikánsan kevesebb volt a férfi.
Következtetés:
PVP után közel minden ötödik betegnek van arra esélye, hogy újabb törést szenvedjen, azonban a korábban elvégzett csigolyastabilizációnak valószínűleg csak minden tizedik betegnél lesznek biomechanikai következményei, egy újabb fractura formájában. A legnagyobb kockázatúak a több törést szenvedett, súlyos csontritkulásban szenvedő nőbetegek.
Surgical management of congenital heart defects in adolescent and adult patients, between years 2001–2008
Authors: Hartyánszky István , Székely Andrea , Király László , Prodán Zsolt , Mihályi Sándor , Bodor Gábor , Tamás Csaba , Kassai Imre , Fazakas Levente , Temesvári András , Szatmári András
Published: September 2009

A felnőttkorban operált veleszületett szívhibák között vezetnek az
I. rekonstrukciós
beavatkozások:
a) frissen felismert
betegségek,
b) megelőzően inoperábilisnak
ítélt kórképek,
c)
pulmonalis hypertonia, jobbkamra-elégtelenség miatt
„elkésett”
műtétek. Növekszik a
II. REDO
műtétek száma:
a) residuumok
korrigálása,
b)
kinőtt, diszfunkciós
homograftok
cseréje,
c)
műtéti/intervenciós korrigálás utáni
recoarctatio
(aneurysma, dissectio) sebészete,
d)
aorta valvulotomia/valvuloplastica, illetve társvitiumok (TGA) korrigálásának következményeként
Ross-műtét, műbillentyű-beültetés
.
Betegek, eredmények:
A 2001–2008 között végzett 4496 műtét közül 166 volt fiatal-felnőtt korú (16–52, átlagéletkor: 28 év) (Ia: 77, Ib: 15, Ic: 4, IIa: 11, IIb: 22, IIc: 9, IId: 28). Műtéti mortalitás nem volt, 1 beteg pulmonalis hypertoniás krízisben, 1 jobbkamra-elégtelenség miatti malignus ritmuszavarban, 2 többszerv-elégtelenségben halt meg.
Konklúzió:
A rizikófaktorokat a pulmonalis hypertonia és a jobbkamra-elégtelenség jelenti. A bonyolult sebészi megoldások a „congenitalis szívsebész” számára nem jelentenek problémát, de koraibb diagnózisok, terápiában az extracorporalis membránoxigenátor használata az eredményeket javíthatja.
Skin manifestations, treatment and rehabilitation in overweight and obesity
Authors: Wenczl Enikő
Published: September 2009

A túlsúly, az elhízás népbetegség Magyarországon és a nyugati világban. Igen fontos hangsúlyozni, hogy a kövérség betegség és egy lényeges rizikófaktor számos bőr- és egyéb betegséget tekintve. Az obesitas okozta és az általa súlyosbított bőrbetegségek (acathosis nigricans, acrochordonok, keratosis pilaris, hyperandrogenismus, striák, adiposis dolorosa, nyiroködéma, krónikus vénás elégtelenség, plantaris hyperkeratosis, lipödéma, bőrinfekciók, acne inversa, psoriasis, köszvényes csomók) áttekintése segít minket abban, hogy nézzünk és lássunk is. Fokozottan figyeljünk a bőrinfekciók lehetőségére, mert ez segíti a korai felismerést, a szövődmények elkerülését, és hívjuk fel a páciensek figyelmét a bőrkezelés preventív jelentőségére. Kövér páciens esetén a legtöbb helyi vagy szisztémás kezelés alkalmazásakor a megszokott adagolás módosítása szükséges. Gondolnunk kell arra is, hogy az elhízás közvetlenül vagy közvetve szinte minden szervrendszerben előnytelen folyamatokat indít el, ezért csak egy multidiszciplináris ellátástól remélhető az obes beteg gyógyítása és rehabilitációja. A rehabilitációnak gyakran része a bőrgyógyászati és lymphologiai gondozás.
Mood disorders in patients with chronic kidney disease. Diagnosis, screening and treatment of depression
Authors: Szeifert Lilla , Hamvas Szilárd , Adorjáni Gertrúd , Novák Márta
Published: September 2009

A depresszió gyakori társbetegség krónikus szomatikus betegségekben, többek között krónikus vesebetegségben szenvedő páciensek körében. Ennek ellenére kevés jól tervezett vizsgálatot végeztek a krónikus vesebetegek pszichés állapotának felmérésére. A depresszív zavarok prevalenciájának pontos meghatározását ebben a betegcsoportban is nehezítheti az eltérő definíciók és változatos mérési módszerek használata a különböző vizsgálatokban. Az is problémát okoz, hogy jelentős átfedés van a depresszió és az urémia tünetei között. A depresszió és a krónikus vesebetegség kapcsolata igen összetett. Feltételezhető, hogy ez a kapcsolat kétirányú, így a hangulatzavarok kezelése hatással lehet a szomatikus betegség alakulására is. Kevés szakirodalmi adat ismert a hangulatzavarok terápiás lehetőségeiről krónikus vesebetegségben szenvedők körében, de a meglévő adatok alapján úgy tűnik, hogy számos antidepresszív gyógyszer és pszichoterápiás módszer ebben a betegcsoportban is hatékonyan és biztonságosan alkalmazható. Közleményünk egy sorozat második része. Jelen írásunkban a krónikus vesebetegek depresszív zavarainak diagnosztikájával és szűrésével kapcsolatos sajátosságokat, valamint a depresszió terápiás lehetőségeit elemző szakirodalmi adatokat foglaljuk össze.
Facial expressions in various emotional states in congenitally blind and sighted subjects
Authors: Peleg Gili , Katzir Gadi , Peleg Ofer , Kamara Michal , Brodsky Leonid , Hel-Or Hagit , Keren Daniel , Nevo Eviatar
Published: September 2009

Most of the studies comparing facial expressions of born blind and sighted persons that have been carried out up until now have involved children as subjects. Various studies claimed that the quantity and quality of facial expressions of congenitally blind persons deteriorate with increasing age. Here, we compared facial expressions of born blind and sighted individuals using adults predominantly. Facial expressions were documented in an individual interview inducing such emotions as think-concentrate, sadness, anger, disgust, joy, and surprise.

Common characteristics found amongst studied individuals were: similar repertoires*of movements over the entire interview, high-frequency and high-repertoire proportion of facial movements in concentration, sadness, and anger relative to those in disgust, joy, and surprise, similar distributions of a cumulative repertoire proportion of facial movements, and also common behavioral profiles of frequencies of facial movements in the emotional states discussed. Similar displays of eyebrow movements were found as well in concentration, sadness, and anger.

Our study indicates that most tested characteristics of facial movements are common to born blind and sighted subjects, except for different cumulative mean frequencies in different emotional states, which is possibly related to the lack of visual feedback in born blind persons.

Our study substantiates the hypothesis that facial expressions are innate and have important cues in the evolution of social communication.
Seed mass in Kobresia-dominated communities in alpine meadows at two different elevations
Authors: Wu Gao-Lin , Du Guo-Zhen
Published: September 2009

Many different selection stresses could affect seed mass. We collected evidence in support of the hypothesis that there exists a significant positive effect of altitude on both intraspecific and interspecific changes in seed mass. We weighed 71 seed species, including 44 species that occurred in both low-altitude and high-altitude Kobresia communities in alpine meadows of the Qinghai—Tibetan plateau. We calculated average seed mass, seed mass variance within community, and seed mass range for the Kobresia community at two altitudes. In 50% of the 44 common seed species, mass increased with altitude, but in the other 50%, mass decreased. Average seed mass within communities decreased with altitude. There was no single significant relationship, positive or negative, between seed mass and altitude for all species in the two Kobresia communities. The unique species in the low-altitude site presented a larger mean seed than the unique species in the high-altitude site. However, the higher-altitude Kobresia community had a lower average community seed mass and seed mass range than the low-altitude community. Our results indicated that mean seed mass of each species responded to altitude within community, but did not show a uniform trend for seed mass change between communities along altitudinal gradients.
Soil moisture effects on cellulose decomposition in a Mediterranean ecosystem of Attica, Greece
Authors: Sotiriou Effimia , Arianoutsou Margarita
Published: September 2009

Water is the most critical limiting factor for decomposition processes in Mediterranean climate ecosystems. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of increased soil moisture levels upon cellulose mass loss in an eastern Mediterranean ecosystem. We used a split plot experimental design to evaluate the effect of seasonality on the decomposition process by manipulating water availability in situ during different seasons. Nylon litterbags of mesh size 20 μm and 1 mm were filled with cellulose filter paper and placed on the plots during each season. The treatment consisted of a systematic uniform watering of the plots with 7 L/m2/week. Litterbags were randomly removed from each plot on a monthly basis. Cellulose mass loss showed differences between treatment and control plots and between seasons but was significant only in the spring. Cellulose mass loss was significantly affected by irrigation treatment, season, and their interaction, while moisture seemed to be affected only by season. There was no significant difference in cellulose mass loss due to different mesh sizes.
Considerations for Treatment of African American Couple Relationships
Authors: LaTaillade Jaslean J.
Published: September 2009

As rates of separation and divorce among African Americans increase exponentially, development of effective treatment approaches for this population is particularly essential. Cognitive-behavioral treatment approaches targeting African American couple relationships by necessity must consider several risk factors specific to these couples, including experiences of racism and economic stress, as well as incorporate cultural resources and supports that may render these couples resilient to these stressors. In an attempt to foster cultural competence in the application of cognitive-behavioral approaches in treating distressed African American couples, this article reviews current research on the impact of culture-specific stressors and resources on African American couple relationships; discusses strategies for addressing biases, power, and privilege issues among therapists and clients; and highlights newer integrative treatment approaches and strategies for their potential in addressing diversity.
Restructuring Schemata From Family of Origin in Couple Therapy
Authors: Dattilio Frank M.
Published: September 2009

The schemata that are often at the basis of resistance to change in couples who are experiencing dysfunction in their relationships are rooted in ingrained experiences from family of origin. The belief systems that underlie such experiences and are influenced by transgenerational dynamics often become galvanized as a result of early learning and the power of parental influence. This article focuses on some of the types of steadfast schemata that are transmitted from generation to generation and presents practical methods for restructuring them. The article also discusses the advantage of encouraging the members of a couple to be more tolerant of certain schemata in each other that may be less amenable to change.
Treating Affair Couples: Clinical Considerations and Initial Findings
Authors: Baucom Donald H. , Gordon Kristina C. , Snyder Douglas K. , Atkins David C. , Christensen Andrew
Published: September 2009

Infidelity can have devastating effects on couples’ relationships. Not only are couples typically confused and uncertain about how to proceed, but couple therapists also report that treating infidelity is one of their greatest clinical challenges. In the current article, we present a conceptual model of response to infidelity with a corresponding infidelity-specific, couple-based intervention. This intervention incorporates interventions from cognitive-behavioral, insight-oriented, trauma-based, and forgiveness approaches to working with couples. In addition to this intervention created specifically for treating infidelity, we discuss how existing, empirically supported couple therapies such as traditional behavioral couple therapy (TBCT) and integrative behavioral couple therapy (IBCT) approach the treatment of infidelity. Finally, we present preliminary findings from two small treatment studies that provide initial, encouraging findings for the utility of the infidelity-specific intervention as well as TBCT and IBCT for treating infidelity.
Conjoint Treatment of Intimate Partner Violence: A Cognitive Behavioral Approach
Authors: LaTaillade Jaslean J. , Epstein Norman B. , Werlinich Carol A.
Published: September 2009

The purpose of this article is to describe the rationale and methods of couple-based interventions designed to treat and prevent intimate partner violence. Cognitive, affective, and behavioral individual and couple risk factors for violence are reviewed, as are therapeutic concerns regarding the use of conjoint treatment. Current conjoint treatments that are intended to reduce the incidence of abusive behavior among couples in which one or both partners have engaged in forms of psychological and/or mild to moderate physical aggression, do not engage in battering or severe violence, and desire to improve their relationships and stay together are described. We focus on our Couples Abuse Prevention Program (CAPP) that compares the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral couple therapy procedures and treatment as usual at a university-based couple and family therapy clinic. Outcomes from the CAPP project and evaluations of the other programs demonstrate the potential of judiciously applied conjoint interventions for aggressive behavior in couple relationships.
Preventive Education: Distinctives and Directions
Authors: Markman Howard J. , Stanley Scott M. , Jenkins Natalie H. , Petrella Jocelyn N. , Wadsworth Martha E.
Published: September 2009

This is the best of times and the worst of times for prevention education; we have more resources than ever before but more issues. In this article we focus on how we see these issues and the trends in the field from which these issues emerge. To set the context for discussing these issues, we will provide an overview of the field of preventive education in the context of public policy issues on marriage, provide an overview of trends in prevention programs that have a cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) emphasis, focusing on our work with the Prevention and Relationship Education Program (PREP), and then we will identify and discuss the critical issues that we see in the prevention field. Throughout the article we will integrate theory, research, and clinical illustrations.
Thought Control Strategies Used by Parents Reporting Postpartum Obsessions
Authors: Larsen Karin E. , Schwartz Stefanie A. , Whiteside Stephen P. , Khandker Maheruh , Moore Katherine M. , Abramowitz Jonathan S.
Published: September 2009

Previous research has established that parents commonly experience intrusive harm-related thoughts pertaining to their infants (e.g., “My baby might die from SIDS”). Cognitive-behavioral models of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) posit that maladaptive strategies for managing such thoughts play a role in the development and maintenance of obsessional problems. In the present study, we examined (1) the strategies parents used to manage unwanted infant-related thoughts and (2) the relationships between thought control strategies and obsessional and depressive symptoms. Non-treatment-seeking parents (n = 75) of healthy newborns completed measures of intrusive thoughts, thought control strategies, and obsessional and depressive symptoms. Mothers and fathers did not differ in their use of various thought control strategies. Strategies involving distraction, self-punishment, and reappraisal of the intrusive thought were positively related to the severity of obsessional symptoms. Punishment was also positively associated with depressive symptoms. Results are discussed in terms cognitive-behavioral models of OCD.
Attributional Style as a Predictor of Hopelessness Depression
Authors: Sturman Edward D. , Mongrain Myriam , Kohn Paul M.
Published: September 2009

Stable and global attributions for negative events were tested as predictors of hopelessness depression symptoms, obtained from a diagnostic interview for a past depressive episode in a sample of 102 graduate students. All participants were administered the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM–IV, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, Personal Style Inventory, and a modified version of the Extended Attributional Style Questionnaire. A stable and global attributional style for negative events was significantly associated with a composite of hopelessness depression symptoms. A regression analysis revealed that attributional style significantly postdicted hopelessness depression symptoms when controlling for both sociotropy and autonomy. Structural equation modeling supported a model in which stable and global attributions predicted a latent variable, which we refer to as a motivational deficit, involving psychomotor retardation and fatigue as indicators. Therefore, this study obtained some support for the hopelessness model and highlights the vulnerability posed by attributional style ( Abramson, Metalsky, & Alloy, 1989 ).
Application of vitrification-derived cryotechniques for long-term storage of poplar and aspen (Populus spp.) germplasm
Authors: TSVETKOV I. , BENELLI C. , CAPUANA M.
Published: September 2009

The application of three different vitrification-based freezing strategies for the cryostorage of white poplar (Populus alba L.) and hybrid aspen (P. tremula L. × P. tremuloides Michx.) have been assessed. The PVS2 vitrification protocol was successfully applied to two white poplar in vitro clones stored for more than 6 months in slow-growth conditions (4 °C, in darkness) and showing clear signs of explant etiolation and decay. After 60 min of PVS2 treatment, P. alba L. (cv. Villafranca) explants isolated from axillary buds demonstrated significantly better potential for post-freeze regrowth (64%) compared to those obtained from apical buds (17%). Similarly, a high level of survival (78%) of the frozen hybrid aspen shoot tips was recorded following the application of the same technique. Using the encapsulation-vitrification procedure, no toxic effects of the PVS2 treatment were noticed after 120 min exposure, however none of the cryopreserved (poplar and aspen) explants survived after 3 weeks. In contrast, the droplet-vitrification technique appeared to be very efficient in the cryopreservation of white poplar shoot tips, which increases the opportunities for wider application of this method in other woody species.;
Detection and Occurence of Indicator Organisms and Pathogens
Authors: Ahmad Farhan , Tourlousse Dieter M. , Stedtfeld Robert D. , Seyrig Grégoire , Herzog Amanda B. , Bhaduri Prianca , Hashsham Syed A.
Published: September 2009

:A review of the literature published in 2008 is presented on topics related to occurrence and detection of fecal indicators and pathogens. This review is divided into three major sections: occurrence, persistence, and transport of fecal indicators and pathogens, detection methods, and microbial source tracking. The first section is subdivided into persistence and transport of fecal indicators, microbiological quality of recreational beaches, occurrence of fecal indicator and pathogens in shellfish, alternative fecal indicators, and fecal indicators and pathogens in groundwater, watersheds, and wetlands. The second section describes the studies related to endpoint PCR and reverse transcription PCR, real‐time PCR and real‐time reverse transcription PCR, loop mediated isothermal amplification, microarrays, immunoassay‐based detection schemes, labelindependent detection schemes, and sample concentration. The third section covers genotypic and phenotypic microbial source tracking methods.
Monitoring, Sampling and Automated Analysis
Authors: Srinivasan P.T.
Published: September 2009

In this section of WEF Annual Literature Review, the author provided a snapshot on current developments in monitoring of organic and inorganic compounds in water, wastewater and groundwater and discussed their automated sampling and analysis methods. Additionally tracer applications in environmental monitoring and bacterial cell viability and biomass acclimatization monitoring by automated methods are reviewed.
Molecular Methods in Biological Systems
Authors: McMahon Katherine D. , Gu April Z. , Nerenberg Robert , Sturm Belinda M.
Published: September 2009

In 2008, molecular methods continue to be mainstream in environmental engineering research. Fingerprinting techniques such as denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T‐RFLP) analysis continue to be popular tools to track differences in microbial community composition over time and space. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) of whole cells was also commonly employed. Real time quantitative PCR methods appear to have become much more mainstream and were used to conduct comparative analyses of communities in different systems and over time. In this review we chose to focus on new or significantly revised methods, novel applications of existing methods, and a few high quality reviews published in 2008, since the body of literature using molecular methods in environmental engineering has become very large.
Urban Wet‐Weather Flows
Authors: Goulding Gunilla M. , Hu Zhifei
Published: September 2009

This literature review summarizes significant technical literature published in 2008 regarding the field of urban wet‐weather flows. The review addresses characterization, urban wet‐weather pollutants, monitoring and sampling, surface‐water and groundwater impacts, decision‐support systems, regulatory policies, control and treatment technologies.
Activated Sludge and Other Aerobic Suspended Culture Processes
Authors: Schmit Christopher G. , Jahan Kauser , Schmit Kathryn H. , Debik Eyyüp , Mahendraker Venkatram
Published: September 2009

This is a literature review for the year 2008 and contains information specifically related to suspended growth processes including activated sludge and sequencing batch reactors. This review is a subsection of the Treatment Systems section of the annual literature review. The review encompasses modeling, nutrient removal, system design and operation, oxygen transfer and solids separation. Two topics that have seen an increase in activity compared to historical reviews are membrane bioreactors and fate and occurrence of hormones and pharmaceuticals, which are referred to as microconstituents review, while membrane bioreactors are reviewed in another section in this journal. Other subsections from the Treatment Systems section that might also be related to this section include: Wastewater Collection Systems; Biological Fixed Film Systems; and Modeling, Instrumentation, Automation, and Optimization of Wastewater Treatment Facilities. Many of the subsections in the Industrial Wastes, Hazardous Wastes, and Fate and Effects of Pollutants sections could also have some overlap with this section.
Disinfection and Antimicrobial Processes
Authors: Kuo Jeff , Abustan Laureen
Published: September 2009

A review of the literature published in 2008 on topics related to disinfection and antimicrobial processes for water/wastewater and biosolids. This review is divided into the following sections: general, disinfection methods, microbiology and disinfection chemistry, disinfection byproducts, distribution systems and biofilm/biogrowth, and biosolids.
Biosolids and Sludge Management
Authors: Fitzmorris Kari B. , Sarmiento Fernando , O'Callaghan Paul
Published: September 2009

This review section covers journal articles and conference papers related to biosolids and sludge management that were published in 2008. The literature review has been divided into the following sections:  •Biosolids regulation and management issues,  •Biosolids characteristics and measurement,  •Sludge treatment technologies,  •Disposal and reuse,  •Odor and air emission, energy issues,  •Risk Analysis  The sludge treatment technologies include: pretreatment and sludge minimization, anaerobic digestion, aerobic digestion, alkaline stabilization, composting, dewatering, drying and innovative technologies. The disposal and reuse section covers combustion/incineration, pyrolysis, and land application that reviews issues pertaining to nutrients, heavy metals, synthetic organics, and pathogens. Biosolids have sometimes been used for the reclamation of marginal or contaminated lands ‐ such applications have been classified under non‐agricultural uses.
Water Reclamation and Reuse
Authors: Mackie A. , Woszczynski M. , Farmer H. , Walsh M.E. , Gagnon G.A.
Published: September 2009

A review of the literature published in 2008 on topics relating to water reclamation and reuse is presented. This review is divided into the following sections: (1) General: extent of reuse, research needs, guidelines and monitoring, and health effects, (2) Treatment Technologies: integrated process design, electrodialysis/electrodeionization, membrane treatment, chemical recovery for industrial wastewaters, disinfection, and (3) Planning and Management: public acceptance & education, economics and pricing, water quality planning and management and project/case studies.
Modeling, Instrumentation, Automation, and Optimization of Wastewater Treatment Facilities
Authors: Sweeney Michael W. , Kabouris John C.
Published: September 2009

A review of the literature published in 2008 on topics relating to wastewater treatment innovations in the areas of modeling, instrumentation, automation and optimization of wastewater treatment is presented.
Decentralized Systems
Authors: Norton John W.
Published: September 2009

A review of the literature published in 2008 on topics relating to decentralized water systems. Decentralized systems are designed with less than fully centralized collection and treatment for various benefits. Although these systems serve diverse needs, they have common characteristics, such as remote monitoring, control, and quality verification, such that study of these systems might provide benefit in their future evaluation, design, and implementation.
Sustainability
Authors: Zhou Jianpeng , Montalto Franco , Erdal Zeynep K. , McCreanor Philip T.
Published: September 2009

: This review section covers journal articles and conferences papers on sustainability that were published from 2006 to 2008. The literature review has been divided into the following sections:  •Sustainable water and wastewater utilities  •Sustainable watersheds and water resources management  •Industrial and corporate approaches towards sustainability  •Stormwater and green infrastructure  •Sustainable wastewater technologies  •Life cycle analysis (LCA)  •Sustainability and energy in wastewater industry  •Sustainability and climate change  •Sustainability and water reuse  •Application of LEED® in wastewater  The sustainable water and wastewater utilities reviewed sustainable practices and sustainable workforce management including workforce development, knowledge retention and information sharing, succession planning, and financing. The stormwater and green Infrastructure considered a variety of low impact development (LID) design and technologies and green infrastructures. The wastewater technologies reviewed wastewater treatment, anaerobic technologies, low impact and natural treatment systems, and residuals and emissions management. The sustainability and energy in wastewater industry discussed energy conservation, production and recovery. The sustainability and climate change reviewed greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from water and wastewater industries, the impacts of climate change and reducing carbon footprint. The sustainability and water reuse considered water reclamation and reuse in municipal, industrial, and agricultural settings
Agricultural Wastes
Authors: Yang Xuejiao , Pattison Sarah , Lin Yang , Ikehata Keisuke , Lau Boris L.T. , Chang Scott , Liu Yang
Published: September 2009

This review summarizes the literature related to agricultural wastes published during 2008. This review is divided into the following sections: waste characterization, waste management and pollution minimization, waste treatment, and waste recycle and reuse.
Automotive Wastes
Authors: Kindzierski Warren B. , Hashisho Zaher , Wahab Abdul , Chui Phyllis
Published: September 2009

This review summarizes research literature related to automotive wastes published over the last year. This includes wastes from automotive bodies, tires, and emissions from both the vehicles themselves as well as from the manufacturing industry. Literature published related to potential toxicological and health effects of automotive wastes are also reviewed.
Chemicals and Allied Products
Authors: Hung Yung‐Tse , Aziz Hamidi Abdul , Haque Abu Ahmed Mokammel , Kuo Chin Y. , Yeh Ruth Yu‐Li
Published: September 2009

This review of literature published in 2008 focuses on chemical wastes, wastewater generation and their related treatment processes. Topics covered include waste management, treatment methods and different kinds of treatment processes.
Food‐Processing Wastes
Authors: Frenkel Val S. , Cummings Gregg , Scannell Dennis E. , Tang Walter Z. , Maillacheruvu Krishnanand Y. , Treanor Patrick
Published: September 2009

Literature published in 2008 related to food processing wastes treatment for industrial applications is reviewed. This review is a subsection of the Treatment Systems section of the annual Water Environment Federation literature review and covers the following food processing industries and applications: meat and poultry, fruits and vegetables, seafood, dairy and beverage, anaerobic treatment of food wastes, and physicochemical methods.
Electronics and Metal Finishing Processing
Authors: Morico Kristin , Moore Brian , Novotny John
Published: September 2009

A review of the research literature published in 2008 related to electronics and metal finishing processing is presented. This includes regulatory updates, safety aspects, wastewater treatment, waste management, and recycling and reclamation.
Minerals and Mine Drainage
Authors: Liang H.C. , Thomson Bruce M.
Published: September 2009

A review of literature published in 2008 and early 2009 on research related to the production of acid mine drainage and/or in the dissolution of minerals as a result of mining, with special emphasis on the effects of these phenomena on the water quality in the surrounding environment, is presented. This review is divided into six sections: 1) Site Characterization and Assessment, 2) Protection, Prevention, and Restoration, 3) Toxicity Assessment, 4) Environmental Fate and Transport, 5) Biological Characterization, and 6) Treatment Technologies. Because there is much overlap in research areas associated with minerals and mine drainage, many papers presented in this review can be classified into more than one category, and the six sections should not be regarded as being mutually–exclusive, nor should they be thought of as being all–inclusive.
Textiles
Authors: Chiavola Agostina
Published: September 2009

A review of the literature published in 2008 on topics relating to wastewater treatment issues and technologies in the textile industries is presented. After a brief overview of the BATTLE project, the review is divided into the following sections: physico‐chemical, biological and combined processes.
Pesticides and Herbicides
Authors: Buchanan Ian , Liang H.C. , Khan Waqar , Liu Zengkai , Singh Ranveer , Ikehata Keisuke , Chelme‐Ayala Pamela
Published: September 2009

This is a review of literature published in 2008 that covered issues related to the presence of pesticides and herbicides in the environment. The review is divided into nine sections, including analytical methods, toxicology, monitoring, ecology, fate and transport, modeling, risk assessment, management and minimization, as well as treatment strategies.
Radioactive Waste Management
Authors: Olanrewaju Johnson
Published: September 2009

This review presents a synoptic status of the literature published on radioactive waste management programs around the globe in 2008. The review includes geological disposal and depository characterizations, waste form development and property evaluation, clays as engineered barrier and repository material, mobility and fate in environmental compartments, decommission and decontamination, regulatory policy and safety, and concluding remarks.
Contaminated Aquatic Sediments
Authors: Jaglal Kendrick
Published: September 2009

A review of the literature published in 2008 on subjects relating to the assessment, evaluation and remediation of contaminated aquatic sediment is presented. The review is divided into the following sections: methodology, chemical distribution, fate and transport, bioaccumulation, toxicity, and remediation.
Nonpoint Source Pollution
Authors: Lin Lu , Deng Zhi‐Qiang , Gang Daniel Dianchen
Published: September 2009

A critical review of the peer‐reviewed literature published in 2008 on topics related to nonpoint source pollution (NPS) is presented. This review is divided into three sections: sources of NPS pollution, modeling of NPS pollution, and NPS control strategies.
Effects of Pollution on Freshwater Organisms
Authors: Harmon S. Michele
Published: September 2009

This review includes works published in the general scientific literature during 2008 on the effects of anthropogenic pollutants on freshwater organisms. It begins with two broad sections: research reviews and broad field studies and surveys. This is followed by reviews of research categorized in sections to reflect the pollutant class. These sections include wastewater, stormwater and non‐point source pollution, nutrients, metals, acid mine drainage, persistent organic pollutants, pharmaceuticals, endocrine disruptors, pesticides, petroleum hydrocarbons, and nanomaterials. The final section includes works describing innovations in the field of freshwater pollution research.
Effects of Pollution on Marine Organisms
Authors: Mearns Alan J. , Reish Donald J. , Oshida Philip S. , Buchman Michael , Ginn Thomas , Donnelly Robert
Published: September 2009

This review covers selected 2008 peer‐reviewed journal articles on the biological, chemical and physical effects of natural and anthropogenic disturbances on marine and estuarine plants and animals. The first five sections cover reviews and field and laboratory measurement activities (concentrations of contaminants, field surveys, toxicity testing and biomarkers). The last six sections focus further on pollution issues of current interest including endocrine disrupters, vessel and marine coatings, ballast water treatment, marine 1* Emergency Response Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115; Tel.206‐526‐6336; email: alan. mearns@noaa. gov ; 2Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, CA; 3Lives in Virginia, works at the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, and is a graduate of the University of California at Berkeley and California State University Long Beach; 4 Florida Keys Nationa Marine Sanctuary, NOAA, Key West, FL; 5Exponent, Inc, Sedona, AZ; 6Retired, NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, WA. The authors are indebted to Mr. Brian Voss, head of the NOAA Western Regional Center Library debris, oil spills, wastewater discharges, dredging and disposal, etc. There is considerable overlap across subject areas (e.g.some organotin papers may be cited in the biomarker section). As always, readers should only use this as a guide and must consult the original papers before citing them, including double‐checking units.
Health Effects Associated with Wastewater Treatment, Reuse, and Disposal
Authors: Ikehata Keisuke , Liu Yang , Sun Ruonan
Published: September 2009

A review of the literature published in 2008 on topics relating to the health effects associated wastewater treatment, reuse, and disposal is presented. The following topics are covered: treatment (occupational health), discharge (chemical and microbial contamination, health effects in aquatic organisms, rural regions, and industrial wastewater), and reuse (irrigation and nonportable reuse, potable reuse, livestock health, and biosolids).
Ecological and Human Health Risk Assessment
Authors: Biksey Thomas M. , Schultz Amy Couch , Bernhardt Aaron M. , Marion Brett , Isbister Chrissy
Published: September 2009

This literature review covers the risk assessment process and addresses both ecological and human receptors. The review covers the risk assessment literature including methodology, analysis, interpretation, management, uncertainty, policy, and regulatory guidance. The review is divided into ecological and human health sections. The focus of the review is on the risk assessment process as it is applied to ecological systems and human health, site investigation and remediation, and natural resources. The objective is to provide an overview of the scope of the literature published in 2008.
Emerging Pollutants
Authors: Wells Martha J.M. , Morse Audra , Bell Katherine Y. , Pellegrin Marie‐Laure , Fono Lorien J.
Published: September 2009

Reports of water quality research and management pertaining to emerging pollutants, either chemical or biological, for which discussion of occurrence surveys, fate investigations, treatment methodologies, modeling,, and/or toxicity/risk assessment appearing in the peer‐reviewed literature during 2008, are presented.
Economics
Authors: Palley Paul D. , Parcero Miriam E.
Published: September 2009

A review of literature during calendar year 2008 focused on topics related to environmental policies and sustainable development, and economic policies. This review is divided into these sections: sustainable development, watershed management, climate change and disaster risk management, environmental policies management, economic growth, water supply policies, water consumption, water price regulation and valuation.
Environmental Law
Authors: Sanders Dee Ann
Published: September 2009

Activities in environmental law in 2008 were heaviest in the areas of enforcement, water quality, and emerging issues. EPA and other agencies produced several new documents dealing with global climate change and sustainability issues. EPA's compliance office claimed responsibility for nearly $12 billion in environmental improvements that resulted from enforcement actions. At the end of the year, activity centered around changes due to the new administration expected to take office in January 2008.