bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Treatment of comorbid chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cardiovascular disease
Authors: Vatutin N. T. , Smirnova A. S.
Published: October 2016

This review provided recent information about treatment of patients with comorbid respiratory and cardiovascular disease. Cardiorespiratory comorbidity is associated with cross"deterioration of the disease course given similar pathogenic components. This could decrease effects of treatment, worsen prognosis and actually requires new approaches to diagnosis and therapy. While choosing the treatment strategy for a patient with comorbid chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cardiovascular disease, a physician should be aware of the pooled risk of adverse events. Some agents widely used for treatment of cardiovascular diseases could worsen the course of COPD and, vice versa, bronchodilators that are the essential component of therapy of chronic obstructive bronchitis could adversely affect the cardiovascular system. Therefore, medication choice could be significantly limited due to comorbidity.
A role of melatonin for occurrence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Budnevskiy A. V. , Tsvetikova L. N. , Ovsyannikov E. S. , Goncharenko O. V.
Published: October 2016

A growth in prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is mainly related to continuing exposure of risk factors. COPD is a major and growing global health problem with great economic burden. Therefore, there is an urgent need to study molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis of COPD and to develop a new treatment strategy. Recent studies have revealed geroprotectors which could discover new therapeutic possibilities for COPD. Thus, use of melatonin could be an effective approach to treatment of COPD which could prevent the premature aging of the lungs. Melatonin is a neurohormone which regulates the human’s biological rhythm, metabolism, and immuno"neuroendocrine processes. Melatonin is produced mainly at night. At the same time, there is the peak activity of the immune system. One of the important functions of melatonin is its antioxidant activity. Oxidative stress occurs during acute exacerbations of asthma and COPD, whereas leukocyte number, and antioxidant enzymes and melatonin levels decrease. Exogenous melatonin could improve the oxidative stress and dyspnea and cause 1.6"fold reduction in 8"isoprostane concentration in COPD patients. Melatonin could also inhibit ERK phosphorylation and expression of Sp1 and MUC5AC due to inhibition of MAPK signaling pathway phosphorylation. Melatonin could improve sleep quality in COPD patients with concomitant sleep disorders. Furthermore, melatonin does not cause daytime sleepiness and respiratory disorders compared to conventional hypnotics which may worsen nighttime hypoxemia and respiratory failure in severe cases. Obviously, melatonin could be a potential agent for treatment of chronic airway diseases such as asthma and COPD. However, further long"term large"scale studies are needed to develop recommendations for safe use of melatonin in patients with COPD and sleep disorders.
A role of long-acting bronchodilator tiotropium / olodaterol fixed combination as the first-line therapy of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A Consensus of Expert Board of Russian Respiratory Society
Authors: Avdeev S. N. , Aisanov Z. R. , Belevskiy A. S. , Zykov K. A. , Leshchenko I. V. , Ovcharenko S. I. , Shmelev E. I. , Arkhipov V. V. , Gorblyanskiy Yu. Yu. , Emel'yanov A. V. , Ignatova G. L. , Kazantsev V. A. , Karoli N. A. , Kolbasnikov S. V. , Kudelya L. M. , Kuzubova N. A. , Sinopal'nikov A. I. , Stepanyan I. E. , Trofimenko I. N. , Fassakhov R. S. , Khamitov R. F. , Shaporova N. L.
Published: October 2016

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Aproximación a los problemas fundamentales de la justicia transicional. Especial énfasis en las sanciones imponibles en el marco de la jurisdicción especial para la paz
Authors: Caldas Botero Luisa Fernanda
Published: October 2016

En este documento se exponen diferentes problemas jurídicos que se derivan del acuerdo de justicia al cual llegaron el Gobierno Nacional y los integrantes de las FARC-EP. Así mismo, se analiza con detalle lo relacionado con la imposición de sanciones en la justicia transicional, la teoría de la pena y su aplicación al acuerdo de paz antes referido, a efectos de establecer si lo acordado resulta conforme a la Constitución Política colombiana y a instrumentos internacionales.
Recensión a: Chehtman, Alejandro (2013). Fundamentación filosófica de la justicia penal extraterritorial. Madrid: Marcial pons
Authors: Díaz Soto José Manuel
Published: October 2016

La presente recensión pretende describir en líneas generales la teoría formulada por Alejandro Chehtman acerca del fundamento de la jurisdicción internacional y universal frente a los crímenes internacionales. De igual modo, se presentan algunas críticas respetuosas a la tesis de Chehtman, en particular en lo atinente a las consideraciones que llevan al autor a apartarse de la tesis de Luban sobre quid de los crímenes internacionales y, en especial, de los crímenes contra la utilidad. Finalmente, se presentan algunas consideraciones acerca de la utilidad de la obra de Chehtman en un escenario de justicia transicional como el que actualmente atraviesa Colombia.
INDIGENOUS PROTAGONISM IN RORAIMA AND ENVIRONMENT GUARDIANSHIP INSIDE THE SÃO MARCOS INDIGENOUS LAND
Authors: Aily Franco de Camargo Serguei , Damas da Silveira Edson
Published: October 2016

This paper presents a case study about an environmental lawsuit proposed by an indigenous citizen and signed by an indigenous lawyer aiming at preserving the environment inside the Indigenous Land of São Marcos, near Pacaraima city seat, at the border of the Indigenous Community of Ouro Preto. The case is about the irregular disposal of solid waste by the city seat inside the indigenous land and within the limits of the community where the tuxaua author of lawsuit lives. The objective of the paper is to check whether the judicialization of this environmental claim resulted in the maturation of the indigenous movement pointed out by the exercise of the full protagonism in solving problems arising from the relationship with the Brazilian State. The methodological procedures were partially empirical, based on two years of field observations, carried out at the community and in several meetings at the Public Prosecution Office in Roraima, workshops and assemblies with indigenous leaderships; bibliographic and documental, based on literature and on procedural documents. Finally, it was possible to observe the indigenous protagonism in the defense of their interests through the judicial apparatus of the State, reinforced, in the concrete case, by the nature of the indigenous land as a conservation unit and abandonment of the government tradition of the representation guardianship.
A CONSTRUÇÃO DO DIÁLOGO E DA SOLIDARIEDADE E A PROTEÇÃO DO BEM AMBIENTAL E DA NATUREZA NA CONCEPÇÃO UNIVERSAL DO HUMANO, A PARTIR DE UMA LEITURA DA ENCÍCLICA LAUDATO SI
Authors: Barreto Leandro de Marzo , Machado Paulo Affonso Leme
Published: October 2016

A partir da leitura da Encíclica Papal Laudato Si, este estudo objetiva demonstrar que a relação do humano com o meio ambiente é pressuposto indissociável da concepção universal dos direitos humanos. Para tanto, utiliza-se como metodologia a pesquisa dos princípios do Direito Ambiental e da discussão dicotômica entre antropocentrismo e biocentrismo, com o objetivo de apurar os limites (e se realmente os há) da solidariedade e fraternidade, como direitos-garantias para uma proteção efetiva e primordial do meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado e da sadia qualidade de vida para as presentes e as futuras gerações. Nessa perspectiva, tem-se como metodologia cotejar e referenciar os princípios do Direito Ambiental, especialmente o princípio do meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado e do desenvolvimento sustentável, principiando a visão cosmopolita dos direitos humanos a partir da concepção de direitos multigeracionais, com o intuito de demonstrar que existe verdadeira relação entre a proteção do meio ambiente e o desenvolvimento e encontro do ser espiritual (este não na acepção religiosa do termo, mas na acepção de busca existencial pela vida digna ou em abundância) e da proteção dos direitos fundamentais, independentemente da visão biocêntrica ou antropocêntrica que se queira fornecer ao Direito Ambiental.
DEMOCRATIC CONSTITUTIONALISM AND HUMAN RIGHTS GREENING: CHALLENGES AND COMMON CONSTRUCTIONS
Authors: Sampaio José Adércio Leite , Pinto João Batista Moreira
Published: October 2016

This article aims at analyzing the phenomenon of democratic constitutionalism and human rights greening,  listing some of their common challenges and, especially, the possibilities and urgencies of a more integrated performance among them so as to favor full participation and citizenship, and, as a consequence, to strengthen one another. The contradictions of neoliberal globalization are the starting point for the assessment of the position of the constitutional theory - from the perspective of democratic constitutionalism - and of the field of human rights - including the analysis of the different understandings surrounding this concept -, as well as the impacts of its progressive greening. The ambiguities of the international protection of human rights as an indivisible system, characterized by the deficits of effectiveness regarding economic, social and cultural rights, and enlarged by the inclusion of the environmental speech, can only be overcome by their links with the ideas and instruments of the democratic constitutionalism and, especially, through the mobilization of the claiming and fighting energies of the society.
EPIGENETICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOETHICS
Authors: Reis Émilien Vilas Boas , Naves Bruno Torquato de Oliveira
Published: October 2016

Despite being a new area of scientific knowledge, Bioethics has developed two main references that alternate temporally: a more global Ethics, as the one defended by Potter, and the Georgetown model, which was limited to the issue of Medical Ethics, revitalizing the practical Ethics. In the last decades, a widening of Bioethics is being followed up and it came to be recognized as a new transdisciplinary discipline that is inseparable from concerns about the environment. The advancements of Genetics and the creation of Epigenetics opened new paths to Bioethics. The interaction between the environment and the structure of DNA became known, but modifications that can be passed on to the offspring without affecting the structure of the DNA were also discovered. This paper is dedicated to the analysis of the changes that can hereditarily be passed on to future generations through the interference of the environment, from Rachel Yehuda et al’s recent article: Holocaust exposure induced intergenerational effects on FKBP5 methylation. Yehuda’s study allowed for a glimpse over what unfolds for the future of Bioethics, its new challenges and issues and it also evidenced the fact that health and environment are in constant and inseparable connection.
Apresentação
Authors: Rezende Elcio Nacur
Published: October 2016

O máximo foi atingido!Cumpre-nos divulgar, com enorme júbilo, que a Revista Veredas do Direito obteve o Estrato A1 do Sistema Qualis da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES - do Ministério da Educação. Isso significa que este periódico pode ser considerado, entre outros poucos, detentor da melhor qualificação possível no sistema oficial que avalia as revistas científicas no Brasil.Vale lembrar, com efeito, que o Princípio do Magis Inaciano, entendido como o que orienta aquele que nunca se satisfaz, que sempre está disposto ao aperfeiçoamento, que busca sempre o melhor, é também um dos princípios que norteiam a equipe editorial da Revisa Veredas do Direito.Podemos afirmar que, desde a edição do primeiro exemplar desta revista, há mais de doze anos, a equipe da Revista Veredas do Direito tem reunido, de forma incansável e com absoluto apoio de toda a comunidade acadêmica da Escola Superior Dom Helder Câmara - especialmente de seus órgãos de direção (Reitoria e Pró-Reitorias) -, a melhor energia laboral para a construção de uma revista de excelência. E vemos agora, com saudável orgulho, que esse objetivo foi alcançado.Manifestamos, portanto, nosso eterno agradecimento a todos os que integraram a equipe da Revista Veredas do Direito desde o seu primeiro número, especialmente aos secretários de edição, aos membros do Conselho Editorial e aos do Conselho Avaliador, assim como às centenas de cultos pesquisadores e autores, que, ao longo desse tempo, nos têm brindado com seus estudos e artigos, resultados de profícuas pesquisas científicas.E com esse reconhecimento a todos os que têm contribuído para o sucesso da revista, fica também a certeza de que continuaremos a nos esforçar, de modo constante e determinado, pelo desiderato da excelência.
Sustentabilidad en el uso de nutrientes de plantaciones dendroenergéticas en dos suelos marginales de la Región de Biobío, Chile
Authors: Esquivel-Segura Edwin , Rubilar-Pons Rafael , Sandoval-Rocha Simón , Acuña-Carmona Eduardo , Cancino-Cancino Jorge , Espinosa-Bancalari Miguel , Muñoz-Sáez Fernando
Published: October 2016

En plantaciones dendroenergéticas de alta densidad y corta rotación se ha cuestionado su sustentabilidad dada la mayor extracción de nutrientes vía cosechas sucesivas al compararlas con plantaciones forestales tradicionales, especialmente en suelos marginales. Para evaluar los potenciales efectos en la disponibilidad de nitrógeno y fósforo a nivel de suelo y su relación con la biomasa producida, plantaciones dendroenergéticas con las especies Eucalyptus camaldulensis, E. nitens, E. globulus, y Acacia melanoxylon: a densidades de 5000, 7500 y 10000 árboles por hectárea, fueron establecidas en dos sitios de producción forestal marginal en suelos contrastantes, Arenales y Granítico localizados en la Región del Biobío, Chile. Dos evaluaciones anuales durante 4 años mostraron que las densidades más altas de plantación presentaron mayores contenidos de amonio a 0-20 cm de profundidad en sitio Graníticos. Así como los Eucalyptus spp. y las densidades mayores presentaron mayores contenidos de nitrato a 20-40 cm de profundidad en el sitio Arenales, donde también la densidad más alta mostró mayores contenidos de fósforo a 0-20 cm de profundidad. Las especies, A. melanoxylon y E. nitens, que fueron establecidas en ambos sitios, no mostraron eficiencias similares entre los dos sitios evaluados. Nuestros resultados sugieren que plantaciones dendroenergéticas manejadas intensivamente podrían aminorar la disponibilidad de nutrientes del suelo por lo que estos resultados proveen una base para estimar la fertilización requerida para compensar las remociones nutricionales potenciales en los sitios evaluados según la productividad alcanzada y, por otra parte muestran que las eficiencias mostradas por las especies son sitio-específicas.
Árboles del Valle Central de Costa Rica: reproducción Espino blanco (Sideroxylon persimile (Hemsl.) T. D. Penn.)
Authors: Rojas-Rodríguez Freddy , Torres-Córdoba Gustavo
Published: October 2016

Se presenta una breve descripción del árbol espino blanco (Sideroxylon persimile (Hemsl.) T. D. Penn.), información sobre fenología como base para la recolección de frutos, el manejo de las semillas, la viverización y el proceso de germinación.
Estudio comparativo del uso de dos sustratos con inóculos microbiales para el tratamiento de residuos orgánicos sólidos en compostaje doméstico. Análisis Económico
Authors: Borrero-González Gina Paola , Arias-Aguilar Dagoberto , Campos-Rodríguez Rooel , Pacheco-Rodríguez Fabián
Published: October 2016

Se realizó un estudio para evaluar técnica y económicamente los efectos de dos sustratos microbiales en la degradación de residuos orgánicos domiciliarios (ROD) en un sistema de compostaje doméstico. Para tal fin se comparó el método del preparado microbial de microorganismos de montaña (MM), usado en el Centro Nacional Especializado en Agricultura Orgánica (CNEAO-INA) de Costa Rica y el método Takakura (TAKA), inoculación con microorganismos fermentativos, de la técnica Japonesa, desarrollada por el Instituto para las Estrategias Globales Ambientales (IGES) de Japón. 

Se estableció un experimento completamente aleatorio con 20 unidades experimentales, distribuidas en dos tratamientos (MM y TAKA), sus respectivos testigos (MMT y TAKAT), un testigo absoluto (ABST) y 4 repeticiones para cada una. Se utilizaron los ROD de 20 hogares, distribuidos en 7 aportes durante 18 días. 

Los resultados destacan la calidad del proceso de compostaje y la calidad del compost obtenido por medio del sustrato TAKA en comparación con el compost del sustrato MM. 

Con respecto al análisis de costos, el sustrato MM es 7% menos costoso que el TAKA, estos costos no sobrepasan los USD17. Ambos tratamientos son bajo costo, comparados con el del actual manejo de residuos en rellenos sanitarios. 
Desempeño de turbinas eólicas Magnus de eje horizontal en función de sus variables geométricas y cinemáticas
Authors: Richmond-Navarro Gustavo
Published: October 2016

Este estudio presenta el análisis de una turbina eólica de eje horizontal que utiliza cilindros en rotación, en lugar de aspas con perfiles alares. El principio de funcionamiento de este generador eólico es el efecto Magnus, que sucede cuando las aspas cilíndricas empiezan a rotar y se da una interacción entre la corriente de viento incidente y el aire que es arrastrado por las paredes de los cilindros en movimiento. De esta forma, se obtiene la sustentación que pone en movimiento la turbina. 

El objetivo de la investigación es caracterizar este tipo de turbina mediante modelos numéricos y matemáticos, que permitan determinar el comportamiento de la curva de potencia en función del viento ante variaciones de los parámetros de funcionamiento de la turbina tipo Magnus de eje horizontal, a saber, la geometría del cilindro y las velocidades de rotación tanto de la turbina como del cilindro. 

Para estudiar el desempeño de la turbina, se propone un método numérico no iterativo, que es implementado en un código que permite predecir el rendimiento de turbinas de eje horizontal, el cual es validado con mediciones experimentales de turbinas convencionales. 

Posteriormente, se adecúa el código para aplicarlo a turbinas Magnus y con ello se obtiene el comportamiento de la curva de potencia ante variaciones en la geometría y cantidad de cilindros, así como las velocidades angulares de la turbina y del aspa cilíndrica. 
Caracterización de defectos y alteraciones nanoestructurales en la superaleación Nimonic 80A por medio de microscopía electrónica de transmisión
Authors: Guillén-Girón Teodolito , León-Salazar José Luis
Published: October 2016

En este trabajo se analizaron probetas TEM (Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión, por sus siglas en ingles) de materiales usados en aplicaciones aeronáuticas. El principal objetivo de este proyecto fue estudiar los defectos intercristalinos presentes en la superaleación Nimonic 80A luego de ser tratada térmicamente y posteriormente someter las probetas a esfuerzos cíclicos. Las probetas TEM fueron probadas previamente bajo fatiga de alta frecuencia (1 000 Hz y 20 000 Hz) en la Universidad de Siegen en Alemania, simulando las condiciones de trabajo de esta aleación en turbinas de avión o en otros tipo de aplicaciones aeronáuticas. Este tipo de esfuerzo mecánico genera muchas deformaciones y defectos nanométricos en este material, que se evidencian por medio de dislocaciones. Estos defectos solo se pueden observar empleando técnicas de microscopía muy potentes, como la TEM. Los resultados obtenidos del análisis TEM revelan precipitados característicos en la muestra de Nimonic 80A al ser sometida a tratamientos térmicos. Además, esta aleación evidencia la formación de dislocaciones producto de los esfuerzos mecánicos que sufrieron estas probetas. Finalmente, se logró evidenciar la influencia de las precipitaciones en el mecanismo de formación, agrupamiento y movimiento de las dislocaciones en la microestructura de las muestras utilizadas. 
Aplicación de Cadenas de Markov en un proceso de producción de plantas in vitro
Authors: Sánchez-Brenes Andrés , Alvarado-Ulloa Carlos , Solís-Blanco Ricardo , Chacón-Cerdas Randall , Villalta-Solano Humberto
Published: October 2016

La aplicación de la biotecnología incluye una serie de procesos industriales que involucran organismos vivos o partes de ellos. La interacción del genotipo con los demás factores de manipulación industrial, aunque controlables, provoca que el sistema sea estocástico o no determinista, caracterizado por acciones predecibles y con elementos aleatorios. La producción masiva de plantas in vitro es un ejemplo de este tipo de industrias biotecnológicas, en el que se cultivan plantas seleccionadas bajo condiciones controladas de incubación y en medios nutritivos. Durante el proceso se producen pérdidas por contaminación o muerte del material y reprocesos, cuando las plantas se oxidan o deforman, pero una parte de ellas se puede rescatar y reintegrar a la etapa anterior. Tomando como modelo el proceso de producción de vitroplantas de papa (Solanum tuberosum) en la empresa VitroPlant S.A., se aplicó el método de Cadenas de Markov para determinar los requerimientos de material vegetal para cumplir con una demanda determinada de acuerdo con la etapa del proceso de la que se inicia, incluyendo en ese cálculo las pérdidas y reprocesos. Así, el método de Markov es una opción viable en los procesos biológicos productivos que podría aplicarse a otras especies vegetales e incluso a otros sistemas que utilicen diferentes organismos vivos, tales como hongos, bacterias, insectos y microalgas, todos comunes en la industria. 
Evolución de los modelos en los procesos de innovación, una revisión de la literatura
Authors: Fonseca-Retana Leonel , Lafuente-Chryssopoulos Raquel , Mora-Esquivel Ronald
Published: October 2016

Se considera que la innovación es un factor relevante en el desempeño de las organizaciones, porque implica llevar al mercado ideas novedosas que representan valor para los clientes. Uno de los aspectos que ha llamado la atención es el proceso que llevan a cabo las organizaciones para innovar. 

Desde la primera mitad del siglo XX se han propuesto varios modelos de procesos de innovación, los cuales han ido evolucionando según el contexto económico prevaleciente en su momento, desde la expansión industrial posterior a la segunda guerra mundial, cuando el desarrollo de innovaciones seguía un proceso lineal secuenciado que se iniciaba con la investigación básica, y que predominó hasta mediados de los años 70. Después se desarrollaron modelos que consideran que el proceso no necesariamente empieza con la investigación, sino que puede provenir de otras áreas de la empresa. Esto significa que el conocimiento no solo reside en la investigación y el desarrollo (I+D), ya que los desarrollos pueden surgir incluso de la demanda de los clientes; además, la secuencia para lograr una innovación no es lineal ni unidireccional. Estos modelos tuvieron su mayor aplicación hasta mediados de los años 80; luego se incorporó el concepto de “etapas y puertas”, según el cual, debe haber una evaluación para que el desarrollo de una innovación pueda pasar de una etapa a otra del proceso.Considerando lo anterior, el presente artículo busca describir las principales características de los modelos que señala la literatura, su evolución y el contexto en el que surgieron 
Serialización/deserialización de objetos y transmisión de datos con JSON: una revisión de la literatura
Authors: Mora-Castillo Juan Antonio
Published: October 2016

En este artículo se presentan los resultados de la revisión de literatura sobre uno de los métodos de serialización/deserialización de objetos que usa la notación JSON (siglas en inglés de JavaScript Object Notation, o Notación de Objetos de JavaScript). 

Uno de los resultados más importantes de dicha revisión es que JSON es el método con mayor desempeño a la hora de serializar/deserializar objetos. También se concluye que no existen muchas revisiones de literatura sobre el uso de JSON como herramienta de serialización/ deserialización sino casos prácticos. Si se toma en cuenta que la serialización/deserialización de objetos es un mecanismo por el cual un objeto pasa de ser objeto a texto, es transportado a cualquier destino y finalmente se vuelve a transformar a objeto, dicha información teórica resulta importante, ya que enriquecería más el tema para los usuarios de JSON en el desarrollo de sus aplicaciones. 
Elementos para el diseño de una estrategia que promueva la creación de spin-offs académicas en las universidades públicas costarricenses.
Authors: Monge-A. Mauricio , Briones-Peñalver Antonio Juan , García-Pérez de Lema Domingo
Published: October 2016

La creación de empresas constituye una de las principales fuentes de generación de riqueza de cualquier entorno geográfico; de ahí la importancia de referirnos al tema de la creación de empresas de base tecnológica y en particular a las spin-offs académicas.
Las spin-offs académicas son empresas que se basan en el conocimiento científico y tecnológico desarrollado por docentes e investigadores o estudiantes de doctorado de las universidades. Se consideran el mejor instrumento para la transferencia de la investigación a la sociedad, por ser innovadoras, altamente competitivas y de gran aceptación en el mercado (ANCES, 2003). El contexto mundial de competitividad en el que estamos inmersos demanda cada vez mejores productos y hace que los países tengan la urgente necesidad de generar riqueza y lograr su mejor distribución (Ortín, Salas, Trujillo y Vendrell, 2007). En este sentido, la creación de spin-offs académicas constituye un importante motor para el desarrollo de la economía (von Graevenitz, Harhoff y Weber, 2010), al favorecer la generación de empleo, la transferencia de conocimiento, la innovación, el valor agregado y el desarrollo del tejido empresarial.
Establecimiento in vitro de (Vaccinium consanguineum), un arándano nativo de Costa Rica.
Authors: Jiménez-Bonilla Vilma , Abdelnour-Esquivel Ana
Published: October 2016

En Costa Rica, el arándano es una de las especies silvestres cuya domesticación ha despertado gran interés, ya que es horticulturalmente promisorio. Por esta razón se incluyó como línea de investigación en el área de cultivos no tradicionales del Programa Nacional de Fruticultura (Ing. Alberto Montero, Gerente del Programa Nacional de Frutas No Tradicionales del Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, Noviembre 2014 San José, Costa Rica, comunicación personal). El objetivo de esta investigación fue desarrollar un protocolo de establecimiento in vitro de esta especie, como parte del proyecto Arándano: Una opción para la diversificación de la agricultura de las zonas altas del país, con el fin de contar con material aséptico que permita continuar con el desarrollo de las siguientes etapas del proceso de micropropagación. Para el establecimiento in vitro se utilizaron miniestacas tomadas directamente del campo, con 2 y 3 nudos, se lavaron con abundante agua y jabón por 30 minutos, posteriormente se desinfectaron con varias soluciones como hipoclorito de sodio y calcio y cloruro de mercurio (HgCl2), en varias concentraciones. La solución que permitió los mayores porcentajes de estacas establecidas asépticamente fue HgCl2 al 0,2% durante 5 minutos. El medio utilizado fue un WPM con 1g/l de carbón activado. Las estacas establecidas asépticamente se utilizaran para evaluar el efecto de varios reguladores del crecimiento en la brotación de las yemas
Treatment of cyanide wastes through bioremediation
Authors: Deloya-Martínez Alma
Published: October 2016

This document presents results of research in which an autochthonous consortium of cyanide-degrading microorganisms was developed for use in the biological treatment of hazardous cyanide waste. 

These autochthonous microorganisms were lyophilized (freeze dried) in different protective media, such as gelatin and lactose broth, at different temperatures (-35,-45,-55 and -65 oC). 

The preliminary treatment of cyanide wastes involved pretreatment of sludge for 3-5 days to leach the waste, and a subsequent treatment in aerated lagoons, where the consortium of lyophilized microorganisms was applied. 

Eight different lyophilized samples were obtained at different temperatures using two protective media for lyophilization, which produced excellent results six months after lyophilization. 

The consortium of lyophilized microorganisms showed 70% to 80% viability, with cyanide extraction percentages higher than 95%, and can be kept active for long periods of time (for years). 

Lyophilized microorganisms can be used for biodegradation of cyanide wastes from gold mines or from any other cyanide waste such as that from metallic electroplating baths, or from the jewelry manufacturing industry. 
Sustainable agricultural production systems
Authors: Martínez-Castillo Róger
Published: October 2016

Sustainable development is based on ethical principles such as respect for and harmony with nature, political values such as participative democracy and social equity, and moral norms such as environmental rationality. Sustainable development is egalitarian, neutral, and self-managed, able to satisfy the basic needs of people, respecting cultural diversity, and improving the quality of life. The concepts of agriculture and sustainable development refer to the need of minimizing degradation of fertile land, while working to increase production. They include agricultural activities such as soil and water management, crop management, and the conservation of biodiversity, taking into account the provision of food and raw materials. Sustainability of agricultural production systems refers to the capacity of the system to maintain its productivity in spite of economic and natural, external or internal limitations. Sustainability is a function of the natural features of a system and the pressures and interventions it experiences, as well as social, economic, and technical interventions that are carried out in order to fight negative pressures, highlighting the resiliency of the system. 
Flours and starches made from cassava (yuca), yam, sweet potatoes and ñampi: functional properties and possible applications in the food industry
Authors: Vargas-Aguilar Pedro
Published: October 2016

A review was carried out of the physical and chemical properties of flours and starches made from cassava, yam, ñampi, and sweet potatoes. Amyloseamylopectin content, viscosity, nutritional value and fiber content were studied to associate them with their functional and technical-functional properties. A relationship was found between amylose-amylopectin, viscosity and fiber content and digestibility of those starches, as well as with glycemic index values. 

It was found that it is possible to introduce modifications through fermentation to enhance the nutritional value of these starches. Fermentation allows the production of gluten-free bread and energy drinks as an option to diversify products. It was also found that there is a relationship between starch viscosity and a reduction of fat absorption in fried foods. 
Modelo de corrección de errores y pronósticos de inflación
Authors: Lovelady David Lowell
Published: October 2016

Este estudio investiga la aplicabilidad de las ideas de cointegración y corrección de errores de Granger-Engle a los pronósticos de inflación en Costa Rica. Se muestra que estas ideas, aplicadas a una regresión en movimiento contra la inflación de Estados Unidos, tuvieron éxito con la inflación de Costa Rica, incluso a través de la ruptura económica de 2008. 
Actividad antagonista de Gliocladium sp. contra Sclerotium cepivorum.
Authors: Castillo Humberto , Rojas Randall , Villalta Manuel
Published: October 2016

Algunos géneros fúngicos han sido utilizados para el control de agentes causantes de enfermedades en plantas, por lo que su actividad representa una alternativa para la disminución e incluso la sustitución de químicos sintéticos. Existen hongos antagonistas ampliamente estudiados, como Trichoderma sp., que concurre con otros hongos que poseen un alto potencial como agentes biocontroladores, entre ellos se destaca Gliocladium sp. En este estudio se pretende establecer la capacidad antagonista que tiene Gliocladium contra el patógeno causante de la pudrición blanca de la cebolla, Sclerotium cepivorum. Se logró aislar Gliocladium sp. a partir de una muestra de suelo dedicada al cultivo de cebolla (Allium cepa L.), se subcultivó hasta obtener un cultivo axénico y se realizaron cultivos duales en placas con el hongo y el patógeno. Se determinó que el porcentaje de inhibición del crecimiento radial (PICR) promedio obtenido a los ocho días de exposición (53,66%) no presentaba diferencias significativas (p=0,19) con el obtenido a los 15 días (54,20%) y, dadas las características de inhibición, se presume que el mecanismo de control presentado por la cepa de Gliocladium sp. utilizada responde a la producción de enzimas, metabolitos y posiblemente una mezcla de compuestos orgánicos volátiles capaces de inhibir el crecimiento y desarrollo de S. cepivorum aun sin que sus hifas entren en contacto.
Quasicrystals and Other Aperiodic Structures in Mineralogy
Authors: Pina Carlos M. , López-Acevedo Victoria
Published: October 2016

In this article, we first present and discuss eighteenth-century descriptions of minerals that contributed decisively to the development of crystallography. Remarkably, these old crystallographic descriptions included morphologies with symmetries incompatible with an internal periodic order of atoms, which, however, have been recognised to be characteristics of quasicrystals. Moreover, we also review a number of studies of minerals with aperiodic crystal structures, including recently reported natural quasicrystals of extra-terrestrial origin. Finally, we discuss the current investigations addressing the search for new quasicrystalline minerals in nature.
Band Gap Tuning in 2D Layered Materials by Angular Rotation
Authors: Polanco-González Javier , Carranco-Rodríguez Jesús Alfredo , Enríquez-Carrejo José Luis , Mani-González Pierre Giovanni , Domínguez-Esquivel José Manuel , Ramos Manuel
Published: October 2016

We present a series of computer-assisted high resolution transmission electron (HRTEM) simulations to determine Moiré patters by induced twisting effects between slabs at rotational angles of 3°, 5°, 8°, and 16°, for molybdenum disulfide, graphene, tungsten disulfide, and tungsten selenide layered materials. In order to investigate the electronic structure, a series of numerical simulations using DFT methods was completed using CASTEP with a generalized gradient approximation to determine both band structure and density of states on honeycomb like new superlattices. Our results indicate metallic transitions when rotation approaches 8° with respect to each other for most of the two-dimensional systems that were analyzed.
Isolation and Characterisation of Probiotics for Antagonising Cariogenic Bacterium Streptococcus mutans and Preventing Biofilm Formation
Authors: Lin Pei-Pei , Hsieh You-Miin , Tsai Cheng-Chih
Published: October 2016

Consumption of refined foods and beverages high in sugar make the teeth susceptible to the formation of biofilm, and lead to dental caries and diseases of the oral cavity such as periodontitis and periodontal disease. The aim of the present study was to determine the ability of selected probiotics to inhibit growth and biofilm formation by the cariogenic bacterium Streptococcus mutans in vitro. We screened strains of latic acid bacteria (LAB) (n=120) from the Bioresources Collection and Research Center (BCRC), saliva of healthy adults and infant stool. The antimicrobial activity of LAB in vitro was evaluated by agar spot culture and co-culture of the S. mutans strains. We determined the effect of heating and dilution factors (2- and 4-fold) on the antagonistic activity of LAB. Antagonistic substances in the spent culture suspensions (SCS) of LAB were precipitated by extraction with ammonium sulphate and chloroform to characterise the protein and lipophilic fractions. Results of co-culturing show that the SCS of the three LAB strains (Lactobacillus pentosus 13-1, 13-4 and Lactobacillus crispatus BCRC 14618) subjected to heat treatment showed significantly high antimicrobial activity. We found that substances produced by L. pentosus 13-4 which have the potential to exhibit antimicrobial properties might be lipophilic proteins. Additionally, we infer that the mechanism of reducing biofilm formation by Lactobacillus strains is associated with sucrose-dependent cell–cell adhesion and the gtfC level of glucosyltransferases (Gtfs) in the biofilm. Native LAB strains screened in our study may be used in chewing gums and other processed foods for preventing tooth decay.
Open Fracture Care During War
Authors: Rivera Jessica C. , Wenke Joseph C. , Pugh Mary Jo
Published: October 2016

➢ Reported infection rates following severe open fractures of the lower extremity sustained in combat have varied widely, from 23% to 85%. The infection rates have been either similar to or higher than those reported in the civilian trauma literature.

➢ Deployed surgeons have increased the frequency of fasciotomy procedures for limbs with or at risk for clinical compartment syndrome. The long-term sequelae of compartment syndrome and fasciotomies are not clearly defined.

➢ The definition of the term late amputation has varied in the literature, and studies have not consistently included information on the causes of the amputations.

➢ Preclinical and clinical translational studies on the reduction of the rates of infection and other limb morbidities are needed to address the acute care of combat extremity wounds.
KINETIC EVALUATION OF ETHANOL-TOLERANT THERMOPHILE Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius M10EXG FOR ETHANOL PRODUCTION
Authors: Riyanti Eny Ida , Rogers Peter L.
Published: October 2016

Thermophiles are challenging to be studied for ethanol production using agricultural waste containing lignocellulosic materials rich in hexose and pentose. These bacteria have many advantages such as utilizing a wide range of substrates, including pentose (C5) and hexose (C6). In ethanol production, it is important to use ethanol tolerant strain capable in converting lignocellulosic hydrolysate. This study was aimed to investigate the growth profile of ethanol-tolerant thermophile Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius M10EXG using a defined growth medium consisted of single carbon glucose (TGTV), xylose (TXTV), and a mixture of glucose and xylose (TGXTV), together with the effect of yeast extract addition
to the media. The experiments were conducted at the School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences of The University of New South Wales, Australia on a shake flask fermentation at 60°C in duplicate experiment. Cultures were sampled every two hours and analised for their kinetic parameters including the maximum specific growth rate (µmax), biomass yield (Yx/s), ethanol and by-product yields (acetate and L-lactate) (Yp/s), and the doubling time (Td). Results showed that this strain was capable of growing on minimal medium containing glucose or xylose as a single carbon source. This strain utilized glucose and xylose simultaneously (co-fermentation), although there was glucose repression of xylose at relatively low glucose concentration (0.5% w/v), particularly when yeast extract (0.2% w/v) was added to the medium. The highest biomass yield was obtained at 0.5 g l-1 on glucose medium; the yield increased when yeast extract was added (at 0.59 g l-1). The highest specific growth rate of 0.25 was obtained in the phase I growth when the strain was grown on a mixture of glucose and xylose (0.5% : 0.5% w/v) medium. Diauxic growth was shown on the mixture of glucose, xylose, and yeast extract. The strain produced low level of ethanol (0.1 g l-1), as well as low level (0.2 g l-1) of by-products (L-lactate and acetate) after 15 hours. The results suggests its potential application for fermenting lignocellulosic agricultural wastes for ethanol production.
CONTRIBUTION TO THE PHYLOGENY OF THE PANGASIIDAE BASED ON MITOCHONDRIAL 12S RDNA
Authors: Pouyaud L. , Gustiano R. , Teugels G.G.
Published: October 2016

Catfishes are generally one of the economically important groups of fresh and brackish water fishes in the world. In many countries, they form a significant part of inland fisheries, and several species have been  introduced in fish culture. Judging from literature, the main constraint to cultivate wild species and to optimise the production of pangasiid catfishes is due to the poorly documented systematics of this family. In the present contribution, the phylogenetic relationships within Pangasiidae are studied to contribute to a better insight in their taxonomy and evolution. The genetic relatedness is inferred using mitochondrial 12S rDNA gene sequences. To resolve the phylogenetic position of Laides in this group of catfish, five genera of Asian and African Schilbeidae are also considered. The results showed that a species group (complex) could be clearly seen in the genetic tree. Pangasius is more derive than the other genera. By using approximate molecular clock/evolutionary calibration from  mitochondrial gene, a new episode of  speciation for the family marked explosive radiation about 5- 8 million years ago (mya). This adaptive radiation extended until the Late Pleistocene. Regarding the relationships between the Pangasiidae and Schilbeidae, two families show an allopatric distribution with slight overlap. The Pangasiidae occur mainly in Southeast Asia, while the Schilbeidae are seen mainly on the Indian subcontinent (including Myanmar) and Africa. It confirms the separation between  Schilbeidae and Pangasiidae occurred in the Early Miocene.
THE USE OF gusA REPORTER GENE TO MONITOR THE SURVIVAL OF INTRODUCED BACTERIA IN THE SOIL
Authors: Husen Edi
Published: October 2016

An effective marker to monitor the survival of introduced bacteria in the soil is required for further evaluation of their beneficial effects on plant growth. This study tested the use of gusA gene as a marker to trace the fate of three Gram negative bacteria in the root, rhizosphere, and soil. The study was conducted at the laboratory and greenhouse of the National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Philippines from January to December 2001. Isolates TCaR 61 and TCeRe 60, and Azotobacter vinelandii Mac 259 were selected as test bacteria based on their ability to produce indole-3acetic acid and solubilize precipitated phosphate, which may promote plant growth in the field. These bacteria were marked with gusA reporter gene from Escherichia coli strain S17-1(λ-pir) containing mTn5SSgusA21. The gusA (β-glucuronidase) gene from the donor (E. coli) was transferred to each bacterium (recipient) through bacterial conjugation in mating procedures using tryptone-yeast agar followed by the selection of the transconjugants (bacteria receiving gusA) in tryptone-yeast agar supplemented with double antibiotics and X-GlcA (5bromo-4chloro- 3indoxyl-β-D-glucuronic acid). The antibiotics used were rifampicin and either streptomycin or spectinomycin based on antibiotic profiles of the donor and recipients. The results showed that the insertion of gusA gene into bacterial genomes of the recipient did not impair its phenotypic traits; the growth rates of the transconjugants as well as their ability to produce indole-3acetic acid and solubilize precipitated phosphate in pure culture were similar to their wild types. All transconjugants colonized the roots of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and survived in the rhizosphere and soil until the late of vegetative growth stage. The distinct blue staining of transconjugants as the expression of gusA gene in media containing X-GlcA coupled with their resistance to rifampicin and streptomycin or spectinomycin made them easier to be recognized and evaluated.
DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE OF MITES IN A MANDARIN CITRUS ORCHARD IN WEST SUMATRA
Authors: Affandi Affandi , Corpuz-Raros Leonila A.
Published: October 2016

Some of the most destructive pests in citrus orchards are spider mites. Monitoring prior applied pest control is a standard procedure for integrated pest management (IPM). The study aimed to survey and determine the distribution, abundance, and diversity of phytophagous, predatory, and detritivorous mites at different stages of development of arboreal plant parts, weeds and litter in the citrus orchard. A periodical sampling survey method was conducted on six growth stages of mandarin citrus, weeds and litter of the Indonesian Fruits Research Institute experimental field in Solok, West Sumatra in December 2003 to June 2004. All mites attached on each growth stage of citrus, weeds and litter were trapped and mounted on slide for identification purposes. Identification of the mites was conducted in the Acarology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, University of the Philippines at Los Banos in July-October 2004. The results showed that a very rich mite fauna of 130 species was found in the arboreal parts of citrus crops, weeds and litter below the canopy of the citrus orchard. Among the trophic groups, detritivorous mites were the most abundant, followed by the predators, phytophages, and those unknown feeding habit. Among the habitats, weeds harbored the most mite species followed by litter and arboreal parts of the citrus trees. The flush growth stage had the least diverse mite fauna with index diversity (H’) of 1.27, while the most diverse (H’ = 2.01) was found at fruit development phase II. Result of this research was useful in determining proper time for controlling phytophagous mites. Besides, the result also provides important information on potential predatory mites that can be used as biological control agents. Furthermore, the study implies the importance of maintaining cover crops of weeds and litter beneath the citrus trees as refuge and source of alternate prey for predators which suppressed populations of phytophagous mites.