bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE “WORK” RACE DOES
Authors: Bobo Lawrence D. , Dawson Michael C.
Published: November 2008

The year 2008 has provided many opportunities to look back and take stock of what has and has not changed along the color line. Perhaps of greatest salience is that this year marks four decades of uneven progress since the tragic assassinations of Martin Luther King, Jr., and of Senator Robert F. Kennedy. It also marks the fortieth anniversary of the publication of what became known as the Kerner Commission report (National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders 1968). The great sadness following those tragic deaths, and the somber tone set by the “two nations” declaration at the heart of the Kerner Report, call to mind an era of acute racial division, but also of steady struggle for change.
COOPERATING AGAINST SMALL-STATE MARGINALIZATION
Authors: Edozie Rita Kiki
Published: November 2008

Employing postcolonial critical international relations theory as its theoretical bedrock, this article uses the U.N.-U.S.-French-led humanitarian intervention in Haiti in 2004 to examine top-tier states' claims to universal human rights and bottom-tier states' claims to sovereign national democratic rights. This article critically interrogates both the theoretical and policy assumptions of an emergent interventionism by the North into the South, and examines Haitian social forces and their pan-African allies (CARICOM, the AU, and CBC), who are opposed to the universalist appropriation and imposition of a rights domain that curtails freedom in the international arena.
Langzeiterfahrungen nach Hochvolt-Therapie des Prostatakarzinoms
Authors: Götz K. H. , Bartha R. , Buchelt L. , Altwein J. E.
Published: November 2008

87 Patienten mit Iokoregionärem Prostatakarzinom wurden unter kurativer Zielsetzung von 1980-1988 einer einheitlichen Hochvoltmonotherapie unterzogen. Die applizierte Strahlendosis im Prostatabereich betrug 60 Gy und im Lymphknotenbereich 45 Gy. Die Tumoren entsprachen zu 79,3% dem T1/T2-Stadium und zu 20,7% dem T3/T4-Stadium. Der Differenzierungsgrad G3 war mit 64,4% hoch. Bei einer durchschnittlichen Nachbeobachtungszeit von 7,9 Jahren ergaben sich tumorspezifische 5- und 10-Jahres-Überlebenszeiten von 80% und 52%. Obwohl die klinische Progression mit insgesamt 59,8% hoch war, ließen sich bei T1-Tumoren gute tumorspezifische 5- und 10-Jahres-Überlebenszeiten von jeweils 86% erzielen. Audh bei T2-Tumoren ergaben sich hohe tumorspezifische 5-Jahres-Überlebenszeiten von 83%, die entsprechenden 10-Jahres-Überlebenszeiten betrugen allerdings nur 32%. Hochvolumige T3/T4-Karzinome hatten mit einer Progressionsrate von 61% und tumorspezifischen 5- und 10-Jahres-Überlebenszeiten von 62% bzw. 22% eine schlechte Prognose. Dies deutet auf eine ungenügende Effizienz der angewandten konventionellen Bestrahlungstechnik hin und möglicherweise auf eine zu niedrige Strahlendosis. Die Bestrahlungstherapie erwies sich als gut verträglich. Sowohl die akuten Nebenwirkungen als auch die Spätfolgen lagen mit 32% bzw. 17% niedrig und waren in den wenigsten Fällen schwerwiegend. Eine Phase-III-Studie zum Vergleich moderne Hochvolt-Bestrahlung versus Radikaloperation ist von Interesse.
Der Einsatz der DNA-Zytometrie zur Therapieplanung bei oberflächlichen Harnblasentumoren
Authors: Raßler J. , Nenning H. , Taubert G. , Do H. M. , Dorschner W.
Published: November 2008

Die Ergebnisse der DNA-Zytometrie sind neben dem klinischen Erkrankungsstadium und den histopathologischen Tumordaten die wichtigsten prognostischen Parameter beim oberflächlichen Harnblasenkarzinom. Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchungen war es nachzuweisen, ob und inwieweit die DNA-Parameter eine objektive und valide Entscheidungshilfe für die Therapieplanung sein können. Für die DNA-zytometrische Analyse führten wir jeweils flowzytometrische (ICP 11, Coulter-ICP) und einzelzytometrische Messungen (Scanning-Zytometrie und Bildanalyse) parallel durch. Bei 51 Patienten (1982-1988) erfolgten die Messungen prospektiv. Der Nachuntersuchungszeitraum betrug in allen Fällen über 5 Jahre. Bei 75 weiteren Patienten (1987-1990) mit bekanntem klinischen Verlauf erfolgten die Messungen retrospektiv. Im Ergebnis unserer Untersuchungen fanden sich signifikante Korrelationen zwischen dem Differenzierungsgrad der Tumoren und dem Kern-DNA-Gehalt, dem DNA-Index (DI), der 5c-exceeding-rate und dem DNA-Malignitätsgrad nach Böcking. Der DI korrelierte signifikant mit dem Rezidiwerhalten der Tumoren. Die Zusammenfassung der drei aufgeführten zytometrischen Parameter ermöglicht eine Subgruppierung der Tumoren in “low risk”- und “high risk”-Fälle, deren prognostische Aussagefähigkeit über die der histopathologischen Differenzierungsgrade bzw. von Therapiegruppen reicht. Die Rezidivrate der “low risk”-Fälle lag bei 13%, die der “high risk”-Gruppe bei 87%. Auf der Grundlage der vorliegenden Untersuchungen wurde ein Konzept zum DNA-zytometrisch stratifizierten Einsatz der lokalen Chemotherapie bei oberflächlichen Harnblasentumoren entwickelt. In einer multizentrischen, randomisierten Phase-III Studie wird dieses Konzept überprüft. Nach der Erfassung von 130 Harnblasentumorpatienten, von denen 81 in eine klinische Prüfung aufgenommen werden konnten, davon 51 mit “low risk”-Tumoren und einem mittleren klinischen follow-up von einem Jahr, erweist sich die Stratifizierung als hilfreich. Statistisch signifikante Aussagen zum Rezidivverhalten sind bislang nicht möglich.
Effektivität und Grenzen der kapillären Chemoembolisation mit Ethibloc®/Mitomycin C bei einem Nierenzellkarzinom mit Cavathrombus im Stadium III
Authors: Gebreamlack T. , Kurzidem M. , Tesdal I. K. , Rassweiler J. , Alken P.
Published: November 2008

Anhand eines Fallberichtes wird über die kapilläre Chemoembolisation beim Nierenzellkarzinom mit einem in die Vena Cava eingebrochenen Tumorthrombus (Initial-stadium T3 Nx M0 V2) berichtet. Dabei wurde zur Embolisation Ethibloc® in Kombination mit Mitomycin C (7,5mg/10mg MMC) und 40%iger Glukose verwendet. 14 Monate nach der Chemoembolisation kam es zum Rezidiv, welches mit Polyoinylalkohol erfolgreich nachembolisiert werden konnte. Fast vier Jahre nach der ersten Embolisation zeigte sich in CT-Kontrollen eine deutliche Größenreduktion des avitalen Resttumors und des Vena cava-Thrombus als Zeichen der therapeutischen Effektivität dieser minimal invasiven Therapieform.
Die skrotale Blasenhernie
Authors: Gropengießer F. , Mörsch C. , Eisenberger F.
Published: November 2008

Während bei der Leistenherniotomie gelegentlich der intraoperative Befund einer inguinalen Blasenhernie erhoben wird, ist der Blaseninhalt im Skrotum ein selten gesehenes urologisches Krankheitsbild; in der Literatur sind nur wenige Fälle beschrieben worden. Wir berichten über zwei Fallbeispiele aus unserer Klinik, nehmen Stellung zur präoperativen Diagnostik und operativen Therapie und geben einen Literaturüberblick über die letzten Jahre.
Wal-Mart, ‘Katrina’, and other Ideological Tricks: Jamaican Hotel Workers in Michigan
Authors: Thomas Deborah A.
Published: November 2008

This essay explores the relationships between labour and community formation in order to think through how, where, and when diasporic solidarities are imagined or refused. I draw on ethnographic research among Jamaican women contracted for seasonal work in US hotels to situate diasporic calls and responses in relation to specific contexts and a changing global political economy. I show how global geopolitical shifts not only shape the processes of identity formation and social reproduction, but also condition the perpetuation of notions of nationalized racial hierarchies and ideologies of progress. I also show that hotel workers’ notions of ‘America’ and their commitment to the ‘American Dream’ shapes their subjectivities as migrant workers/consumers and, in their assessment, differentiates them from African-Americans, particularly those most immediately affected by Hurricane Katrina. In doing so, I demonstrate that one of the ideological hegemonies of diaspora is the idea that an individual's capacity to affect their own social mobility and that of their social network always outstrips the ‘locals’ in diasporic elsewheres.
Electroluminescence and magnetoresistance of the organic light-emitting diode with a La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 anode
Authors: Ding B. F. , Zhan Y. Q. , Sun Z. Y. , Ding X. M. , Hou X. Y. , Wu Y. Z. , Bergenti I. , Dediu V.
Published: November 2008

Electroluminescence (EL) with brightness up to 300cd∕m2 is observed from organic light-emitting diodes fabricated on oxygen-treated La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 anodes. An external magnetic field of 150mT applied parallel to the device surface can enhance the EL intensity by 10%, accompanied by a raised current efficiency. In-plane magnetization of the ferromagnetic anode is found to be the main origin of increase in the current contributable to EL, though magnetoresistance of the organic functional materials also plays a role in the EL enhancement observed in the magnetic field.
Microstructural evolution of SiOx films and its effect on the luminescence of Si nanoclusters
Authors: Franzò G. , Miritello M. , Boninelli S. , Lo Savio R. , Grimaldi M. G. , Priolo F. , Iacona F. , Nicotra G. , Spinella C. , Coffa S.
Published: November 2008

In this paper we demonstrate that the structural and optical properties of Si nanoclusters (Si ncs) formed by thermal annealing of SiOx films prepared by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) and magnetron sputtering are very different. In fact, at a fixed Si excess and annealing temperature, photoluminescence (PL) spectra of sputtered samples are redshifted with respect to PECVD samples, denoting a larger Si ncs size. In addition, PL intensity reaches a maximum in sputtered films at annealing temperatures much lower than those needed in PECVD films. These data are correlated with structural properties obtained by energy filtered transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy. It is shown that in PECVD films only around 30% of the Si excess agglomerates in clusters while an almost complete agglomeration occurs in sputtered films. These data are explained on the basis of the different initial structural properties of the as-deposited films that become crucial for the subsequent evolution.
Luminescence and scintillation characteristics of heavily Pr3+-doped PbWO4 single crystals
Authors: Nikl M. , Bohacek P. , Vedda A. , Fasoli M. , Pejchal Jan , Beitlerova A. , Fraternali M. , Livan M.
Published: November 2008

PbWO 4 single crystals with praseodymium doping in a wide concentration range (0.1–5 at % in the melt) were grown by Czochralski method. Absorption, luminescence, and scintillation characteristics were measured at room temperature. Similar to other trivalent dopants, heavy Pr3+ doping on one hand suppresses intrinsic host scintillation. On the other hand though, in the scintillation decay it introduces components with characteristic decay times within 500–2000 ns based on Pr3+ 4f-4f emission lines in the green-red part of the spectra. We discuss the suitability of such material for dual scintillation/Cherenkov light detector.
Strain-induced change in local structure and its effect on the ferromagnetic properties of La0.5Sr0.5CoO3 thin films
Authors: Xie C. K. , Budnick J. I. , Hines W. A. , Wells B. O. , Woicik J. C.
Published: November 2008

We have used high-resolution extended x-ray absorption fine-structure and diffraction techniques to measure the local structure of strained La0.5Sr0.5CoO3 films under compression and tension. The lattice mismatch strain in these compounds affects both the bond lengths and the bond angles, though the larger effect on the bandwidth is due to the bond-length changes. The popular double exchange model for ferromagnetism in these compounds provides a correct qualitative description of the changes in Curie temperature TC, but quantitatively underestimates the changes. A microscopic model for ferromagnetism that provides a much stronger dependence on the structural distortions is needed.
Room temperature magnetoelectric control of micromagnetic structure in iron garnet films
Authors: Logginov A. S. , Meshkov G. A. , Nikolaev A. V. , Nikolaeva E. P. , Pyatakov A. P. , Zvezdin A. K.
Published: November 2008

The effect of magnetic domain wall motion induced by electric field is observed in epitaxial iron garnet films grown on (210) and (110) gadolinium-gallium garnet substrates. The displacement of the domain wall changes to the opposite at the reversal of electric field polarity, and it is independent of the magnetic polarity of the domains. Dynamic observation of the domain wall motion in 400 V electric pulses gives the domain wall velocity of about 50 m/s. The same velocity is achieved in a magnetic field pulse of about 50 Oe. This type of magnetoelectric effect is implemented in single phase material at room temperature.
Dislocation scattering in AlxGa1−xN∕GaN heterostructures
Authors: Xu Xiaoqing , Liu Xianglin , Han Xiuxun , Yuan Hairong , Wang Jun , Guo Yan , Song Huaping , Zheng Gaolin , Wei Hongyuan , Yang Shaoyan , Zhu Qinsheng , Wang Zhanguo
Published: November 2008

The theoretical electron mobility limited by dislocation scattering of a two-dimensional electron gas confined near the interface of AlxGa1−xN∕GaN heterostructures was calculated. Based on the model of treating dislocation as a charged line, an exponentially varied potential was adopted to calculate the mobility. The estimated mobility suggests that such a choice can simplify the calculation without introducing significant deviation from experimental data, and we obtained a good fitting between the calculated and experimental results. It was found that the measured mobility is dominated by interface roughness and dislocation scattering at low temperatures if dislocation density is relatively high (>109cm−2), and accounts for the nearly flattening-out behavior with increasing temperature.
On the behavior of single-particle dynamic properties of liquid Hg and other metals
Authors: González Luis E. , González David J. , Calderín Lázaro , Şengül Sedat
Published: November 2008

Recent experiments and classical molecular dynamics simulations performed on liquid Hg near melting have suggested the existence of two processes with different time scales in its single-particle dynamics. We report a study of this system by using ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, which recover the same kind of behavior, and we analyze it in terms of a theoretical approach, which clarifies its origin. We show that the previous interpretation has been induced by the unphysical extension of the diffusive model to short times. Moreover, we also find that quite different liquid metals, such as Si and Mg, also exhibit a similar behavior as Hg, with the only difference being in the time scales involved due to the different masses and interactions.
Optical reflection from excitonic quantum-dot multilayer structures
Authors: Fu Y. , Ågren H. , Höglund L. , Andersson J. Y. , Asplund C. , Qiu M. , Thylén L.
Published: November 2008

We study theoretically and experimentally the optical reflection from excitonic quantum-dot (QD) multilayer structures composed of InAs QDs in a GaAs substrate. Quantum mechanical and finite-difference time-domain numerical calculations indicate that the incident radiation in the optical reflectance measurement photoexcites the InAs QDs which then form excitonic dipoles. The excitonic dipole modifies significantly the dielectric constant of the QD, which results in a reflectance peak in the vicinity of the excitonic energy, as observed experimentally.
Paramagnetic shifts in solid-state NMR of proteins to elicit structural information
Authors: Balayssac Stéphane , Bertini Ivano , Bhaumik Anusarka , Lelli Moreno , Luchinat Claudio
Published: November 2008

The recent observation of pseudocontact shifts (pcs) in
13
C high-resolution solid-state NMR of paramagnetic proteins opens the way to their application as structural restraints. Here, by investigating a microcrystalline sample of cobalt(II)-substituted matrix metalloproteinase 12 [CoMMP-12 (159 AA, 17.5 kDa)], it is shown that a combined strategy of protein labeling and dilution of the paramagnetic species (i.e.,
13
C-,
15
N-labeled CoMMP-12 diluted in unlabeled ZnMMP-12, and
13
C-,
15
N-labeled ZnMMP-12 diluted in unlabeled CoMMP-12) allows one to easily separate the pcs contributions originated from the protein internal metal (intramolecular pcs) from those due to the metals in neighboring proteins in the crystal lattice (intermolecular pcs) and that both can be used for structural purposes. It is demonstrated that intramolecular pcs are significant structural restraints helpful in increasing both precision and accuracy of the structure, which is a need in solid-state structural biology nowadays. Furthermore, intermolecular pcs provide unique information on positions and orientations of neighboring protein molecules in the solid phase.
Assessment of oil refinery waste on Rhizophora mangle L. seedling growth in mangroves of Todos os Santos Bay, Bahia, Brazil
Authors: Orge M.D.R. , Porsché I.J. , Costa M.C. , Lima J.S. , Soares S.E.D. , Justino R.
Published: November 2008

Seeds of Rhizophora mangle L. were planted and comparatively assessed in six mangroves of Todos os Santos Bay, Bahia, Brazil. Five of the mangroves were on the north of the bay, an area under the influence of oil activities: two areas around the Landulpho Alves Refinery in Mataripe, and in Madre de Deus Island, Pati Island, and Fontes Island. The control site was a mangrove located on the south of the bay at Jiribatuba on Itaparica Island. In January and March, 1994, 1995 and 1998, sets of seeds were established and distributed in a pattern at regular intervals of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 m from one another. Every 3 months, the seedlings were assessed for fixation, height, number of lateral branches, surface area and wet and dry weight of leaves. During 1998, five individual seedlings were removed for biomass determination every 6 months. All variables were co-related with environmental conditions. After 12 months, a significant growth pattern difference (p < 0.05) was noted between seedlings from the mangrove around the refinery and those from Jiribatuba, mainly related to the rates of fixation higher than 50% and growth of leaves and precocious lateral branches to the two most impacted mangroves around the refinery, and Madre de Deus and Pati Islands. This branching was not observed on the seedlings grown in the mangroves of Fontes Island and Jiribatuba.

The construction of an effluent emission channel into one of the mangrove area from the refinery began in 1998. One hundred and twenty-five seedlings 1 yr in age and other young plants died following direct contact with these effluents in February, 1999. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of AEHMS.
A 6000-year record of interaction between Hamilton Harbour and Lake Ontario: quantitative assessment of recent hydrologic disturbance using 13C in lake sediment cellulose
Authors: Wolfe B.B. , Edwards T.W.D. , Duthie H.C.
Published: November 2008

Hamilton Harbour, a heavily urbanized and polluted embayment, has been selected for environmental remedy by an International Joint Commission. Ecosystem restoration efforts, however, require an understanding of harbour water balance and in particular the influence of recently enhanced exchange with the more dilute waters of Lake Ontario via the Burlington Canal. Here we provide a 6000-year quantitative reconstruction of hydrologic communication between Hamilton Harbour and Lake Ontario, based on the carbon isotope composition in the cellulose of the lake sediment, as a tracer of dissolved inorganic carbon. Results indicate that excavation of the canal has led to mixing levels 30–100% greater than the natural hydrologic state, conditions comparable to the Nipissing Flood when Upper Great Lakes drainage was diverted through Lakes Erie and Ontario roughly 5000 years ago. The effects of elevated exchange are clearly displayed by abrupt attenuation of anthropogenically driven eutrophication in the uppermost sediments from Hamilton Harbour. Thus, restoring the harbour water balance to predisturbance status would generate unfavourable environmental conditions in the harbour unless the effluent discharge to the harbour is eliminated entirely.
Algal growth potential and nutrient limitation in a tropical river-reservoir system of the Central Plateau, Mexico
Authors: López Eugenia López , Dávalos-Lind Laura
Published: November 2008

Algal bioassays to determine algal growth potential of waters and nutrient limitation were conducted using a standard test organism Selenastrum capricornutum and native phytoplankton from the sites sampled. The study site was the river-reservoir system of the Río Grande de Morelia located on the Mexican Central Plateau. The US Environmental Protection Agency’s protocol for algal bioassays was followed. In this river-reservoir system, urban and industrial impacts increase downstream. The bioassays showed that water from sites impacted by rural settlements has a low algal growth potential and that nitrogen limits growth. Sites located at urban and industrial settlements have a high algal growth potential and phosphorus limits algae growth.
Helminth antigen-based strategy to ameliorate inflammation in an experimental model of colitis
Authors: Motomura Y , Wang H , Deng Y , El-Sharkawy R T , Verdu E F , Khan W I
Published: November 2008

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is the most common and serious chronic inflammatory condition of the gut. Among the distinct T helper (Th) cell subsets, a Th1 type response is associated predominantly with Crohn's disease (CD) while helminth infections generate a strong Th2 type response. IBD is most prevalent in developed countries but rare in countries where infections with helminths are common. Thus, it has been hypothesized that infection with helminth infection influence the development of CD and recent clinical and experimental studies suggest strongly a beneficial role of helminth infection in IBD. In the present study we examined the effects of rectal submucosal administration of helminth antigens on subsequent experimental colitis. Mice were treated with Trichinella spiralis antigens prior to the induction of dinitrobenzenesulphonic acid (DNBS)-induced colitis and were killed 3 days post-DNBS to assess colonic damage macroscopically, histologically and by myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cytokine levels. Previous treatment with T. spiralis antigens reduced the severity of colitis significantly, as assessed macroscopically and histologically, and reduced the mortality rate. This benefit was correlated with a down-regulation of MPO activity, interleukin (IL)-1β production and iNOS expression and an up-regulation of IL-13 and transforming growth factor-β production in colon. These results clearly show a beneficial role of local treatment with helminth antigens for experimental colitis and prompt consideration of helminth antigen-based therapy for IBD instead of infection with live parasites.
ON THE PHONOLOGY OF THE SWEDISH VOWEL SYSTEM
Authors: Linell Per
Published: November 2008

Abstract The aim of this paper is to analyze the phonological regularities and relationships within the Swedish vowel system. Particular attention will be paid to the vowel /U/, which offers special difficulties with its different variants (in, for example, gul, full, rutin). I will argue that /U/ be considered as a phonologically (and also acoustically ‐perceptually) central vowel. The theoretical framework to be used is that of generative phonology. However, I will deviate from some of the dogmas of generative phonology in several important respects.
‘NEWSWORTHINESS’ AND THE USE OF ACTIVE AND PASSIVE IN KOREAN
Authors: Song Jae J.
Published: November 2008

This paper deals with conditions for the selection of subject for certain Korean verbs which show an alternation between an unmarked stem and the marking of the stem with the so‐called passive suffix. These conditions are based on the relative positions of A(ctor) and U(ndergoer) on the personal hierarchy. However, there are cases where these conditions do not hold: a pragmatic notion of newsworthiness is invoked to account for this. It is claimed that one must take into account the speaker's prerogative to assess the relative newsworthiness of reporting an event/situation from the viewpoint of A or U. The proposal to be made here is an alternative to the notion of ‘control’ proposed by Klaiman (1984, 1987) and advocated by Allan (1987) to account for the active/passive alternation in Korean.
LE DÉBAT SUR L'ORIGINE DU LANGAGE DES ENCYCLOPÉDISTES À HERMANN PAUL
Authors: Malmberg Bertil
Published: November 2008

«Enfin, nous dit Vico, chez les enfants et les adolescents, c'est I'imagination, non la raison qui généralise; les premiers universaux sont imaginaires ‐poétiques‐» J. B. Vico et les âges de l'humanité, par Jules Chaix‐Ruy, 1967 (Scienza nouva, 1725).
ON SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENGLISH LEXICON1
Authors: Kjellmer Göran
Published: November 2008

A study of the English word‐stock as it is represented in Roget's famous Thesaurus indicates that the lexical side of English, and arguably of any language, may be structured to a higher degree than has traditionally been taken for granted. Roget's method of organising lexical matter also provides a convenient way of assessing, if only very tentatively, the extent to which competing lexical domains attract the interests of speakers and writers. It is suggested that success in that competition can partly be accounted for by the presence in those domains of a limited number of very general semantic factors.
Effect of Natural and Synthetic Antioxidants on the Oxidative Stability of Cooked, Frozen Pork Patties
Authors: Sasse A. , Colindres P. , Brewer M.S.
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT:  The effect of grape seed extract (GS; 0.02%), oleoresin rosemary (OR; 0.02%), water‐soluble oregano extract (WS; 0.02%), propyl gallate (PG; 0.02% of fat), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA; 0.02% of fat), and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT; 0.02% of fat) on the oxidative and color stability of precooked pork patties stored at −18 °C for up to 6 mo were determined. Pork lean and trim were ground and mixed (30% fat). Antioxidants mixed with salt (2%) were added. Patties were formed, cooked to 71 °C, over wrapped in PVC, and stored at −18 °C. Lipid oxidation was determined using thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS) and descriptive sensory evaluation. Color was determined instrumentally and visually. Samples were evaluated after 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 mo of frozen storage. Based upon TBARS values, PG (0.21 mg MDA/kg) and GS extract (0.23) had more antioxidant activity over the storage period than did WS, OR, BHA, and BHT. GS had no effect on a* or b* values. Grape seed extract (0.02%) has the potential to inhibit oxidative rancidity as well as current synthetic antioxidants.
‘Are You Top or Bottom?’: Social Science Answers for Everyday Questions about Sadomasochism
Authors: Guidroz Kathleen
Published: November 2008

Sadomasochism remains a topic of curiosity for academics and non‐academics alike. There has been a recent proliferation of scholarship on the topic to explain and justify the behaviors of practitioners of sadomasochism, who remain a diverse yet understudied population. This article offers answers for questions typically asked about sadomasochism. The article includes a brief historical sexological background, explores the topic of sadomasochism from a social science perspective, and deals with linkages between sadomasochism and the sex industry, which I argue deserves more attention by researchers.
Composition of epicuticular waxes from 28 genera of Gramineae: differences between subfamilies
Authors: Tulloch A. P.
Published: November 2008

Epicuticular waxes from 34 species in 28 genera in 11 tribes (excluding the Triticeae) in four subfamilies of the Gramineae have been analyzed. Amounts and compositions of hydrocarbons, esters, free alcohols, free acids, and β-diketones were determined. There were no species with higher wax contents or greater amounts of esters than had been found in the Triticeae but species with wax containing 50% of hydrocarbons were found. Members from different subfamilies had distinctive free alcohol compositions. Waxes from almost all of the festucoid species contained free alcohols consisting mainly of either hexacosanol or octacosanol but free alcohols from the panicoid species ranged from hexacosanol to dotriacontanol with the latter sometimes predominating. Compositions of alcohols from four eragrostoid genera were like the panicoid type and those from the other two eragrostoid genera were like the festucoid type. Alcohols from one arundinoid genus resembled the panicoid type and from the other resembled the festucoid type.
Lichens from the area drained by the Peel and Mackenzie rivers, Yukon and Northwest Territories, Canada. II. Microlichens
Authors: Bird Charles D. , Thomson John W. , Marsh Alfred H. , Scotter George W. , Wong Pak Yau
Published: November 2008

A sequel to earlier papers on bryophytes and macrolichens, this treatment describes the distribution and general ecology of 314 microlichen taxa for 230 000 km2 of coniferous forest, open fens, and alpine terrain along the Mackenzie River in the District of Mackenzie, Northwest Territories, and the Peel River, a major tributary which extends into the Yukon Territory. There are 103 new reports for the District of Mackenzie and 69 for the Yukon. Of the taxa, 87% are found in Europe and Asia as well as in North America, 1% are known only from Asia and North America; and 9% are restricted to North America. Staurothele sessilis Magn. is new to Canada, while Sagiolechia protuberans (Ach.) Mass., Staurothele hymenogonia (Nyl.) Th.Fr., and two lichen parasites, Didymosphaeria epicrassa (Oliv.) Vouax and Lahmia fuistingii Körb. are new to North America.Seven new combinations are made in Aspicilia: A. aliena (Zahlbr.) Thoms., A. anseris (Lynge) Thoms., A. elevata (Lynge) Thoms., A. perradiata (Nyl.) Thoms., A. ryrkaipiae (Magn.) Thoms., A. sorediza (Lynge) Thoms., and A. subplicigera (Magn.) Thoms.
Effective stress vane shear strength correction factor correlations
Authors: Morris Peter H. , Williams David J.
Published: November 2008

A recent effective stress model of vane shear strength testing in soils can relate measured torques to vane shear strengths using theoretical analysis in terms of effective stress parameters. The strength estimates are based on known in situ stresses and soil parameters derived from laboratory testing. The model may be applied, for example, in obtaining theoretical estimates of conventional undrained vane shear strengths for comparison with field data and for use in stability analyses. However, the model incorporates a correction factor μv, analogous to Bjerrum's field vane shear strength correction factor μ, intended to compensate for pore-pressure and shearing-rate effects. This correction factor must be evaluated before reliable torque or shear strength estimates can be made in any given case. To facilitate this, the paper presents correlations of μv with both liquid limit and plasticity index, based on world-wide data from clays and silts. The correlations are compared with independent data from Norwegian clays. Key words : clay, correction factor, effective stress, liquid limit, plasticity index, silt, vane shear strength.
Becker and standard penetration tests (BPT–SPT) correlations with consideration of casing friction
Authors: Sy Alex , Campanella R.G. (Dick)
Published: November 2008

The Becker penetration test (BPT), through correlations with the standard penetration test (SPT), is widely used for foundation design and liquefaction assessment in gravelly soils. Most of the existing correlations, however, do not adequately account for the variable energy output of the diesel hammer used in the Becker system, and shaft friction on the Becker casing is ignored. An alternative and more rational approach to BPT–SPT correlations is presented, based on experimental and numerical studies conducted at the University of British Columbia. The research involves performing SPT, BPT, and other in situ tests at several sites in British Columbia and includes dynamic measurements of energy transfer in the SPT and BPT. Stress-wave measurements and wave-equation analyses are used to evaluate the effect of friction on the BPT blow count. New BPT–SPT correlations are proposed that consider the energy transfer in both tests and explicitly consider casing friction in the BPT. A recommended procedure for estimating equivalent SPT N60 from BPT blow count is presented. Key words : Becker penetration test, standard penetration test, dynamic measurement, pile driving, stress-wave propagation.
Matrix suction and diffusive transport in centrifuge models
Authors: Mitchell R.J.
Published: November 2008

Centrifuge modelling of the lateral spread of a conservative solute in a partly saturated fine sand has been accomplished in a 3 m radius centrifuge at simulated gravitational accelerations of 25 and 50 g. The distributions of the contaminant after 2 months, 6 months, and 1 year of prototype time were found experimentally by dissection of models. The results support the contention that centrifuge modelling does correctly recreate prototype transport phenomena, including transport due to matrix suction, in partly saturated fine sand. For the conditions modelled, it was found that all of the contaminant introduced at the soil surface became immobilized, for at least 1 year, inthe upper 2–3 m of the 6 m deep soil profile. Key words : centrifuge modelling, contaminant fate, vadoze zone, matrix suction, diffusion.
MULTIPLICITY-FREE DECOMPOSITIONS OF THE MINIMAL REPRESENTATION OF THE INDEFINITE ORTHOGONAL GROUP
Authors: MORIWAKI MASAYASU
Published: November 2008

Kazhdan, Kostant, Binegar–Zierau and Kobayashi–Ørsted constructed a distinguished infinite-dimensional irreducible unitary representation π of the indefinite orthogonal group G = O(2p, 2q) for p, q ≥ 1 with p + q > 2, which has the smallest Gelfand–Kirillov dimension 2p + 2q - 3 among all infinite-dimensional irreducible unitary representations of G and hence is called the minimal representation.

We consider, for which subgroup G′ of G, the restriction π|G′ is multiplicity-free. We prove that the restriction of π to any subgroup containing the direct product group U(p1) × U(p2) × U(q) for p1, p2 ≥ 1 with p1 + p2 = p is multiplicity-free, whereas the restriction to U(p1) × U(p2) × U(q1) × U(q2) for q1, q2 ≥ 1 with q1 + q2 = q has infinite multiplicities.
A WAY TO DYNAMICALLY OVERCOME THE OLD COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT PROBLEM
Authors: COMELLI DENIS
Published: November 2008

The old cosmological constant problem can be solved once we require that the full standard Einstein–Hilbert Lagrangian, gravity plus matter, is multiplied by a total derivative. We analyze such a picture writing the total derivative as the covariant gradient of a new vector field (bμ). Like in unimodular gravity, integration constants, regenerating an effective cosmological constant, can reenter into the game depending on the dynamics of the bμ field. In order to fit the present universe status without fine-tunings, a full understanding of the scales related to bμ field dynamics has to be settled down.
ANISOTROPY AND MAGNETIC FIELD EFFECTS ON THE ENTANGLEMENT TRANSFER IN TWO PARALLEL HEISENBERG SPIN CHAINS
Authors: WANG ZHAO-MING , SHAO BIN , ZOU JIAN
Published: November 2008

We investigate the entanglement transfer in two parallel spin chains by anisotropic Heisenberg XY interaction in an external magnetic field. The perfect entanglement transfer condition is obtained. We find that perfect entanglement transfer can be realized from one spin pair to another spin pair at certain times by adjusting the magnetic field strength and the anisotropy parameter, which suggests its potential usefulness in quantum information process.
THERMODYNAMICS OF COMPOUND FORMING MOLTEN Cu–In ALLOYS
Authors: ODUSOTE Y. A.
Published: November 2008

A study of the thermodynamic properties of Cu in molten Cu – In alloys has been explained using a compound formation model. We use the model to deduce information on thermodynamic properties of the alloy such as the Gibbs free energy of mixing, the enthalpy and entropy of mixing. In this study, we first model the Gibbs free energy in terms of the interaction parameters. Sequel to this, the interaction parameters are utilized to quantify properties such as the concentration–concentration fluctuations in the long wavelength limit, the Warren–Cowley short-range order parameter, and the chemical diffusion. Both positive and negative deviations from Raoultian behavior and concentration-dependent asymmetry in the mixing properties of CuIn 4 liquid alloys were reported. Our analysis suggest that the liquid alloy undergoes a transformation from an ordered ( In -rich end) to segregating ( Cu -rich end) state. The system also exhibits ideal behavior at the Cu -rich end.
Polymorphisms of the IGF1R gene and their genetic effects on chicken early growth and carcass traits
Authors: Lei Mingming , Peng Xia , Zhou Min , Luo Chenglong , Nie Qinghua , Zhang Xiquan
Published: November 2008

Background

The insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF1R) has an important effect on growth, carcass, and meat quality traits in many species. However, few studies on associations of the IGF1R gene with growth and carcass traits have been reported in chickens. The objectives of the present study were to study the associations of the IGF1R gene with chicken early growth and carcass traits using a neutral test, variation scan of the gene, genetic diversity, linkage disequilibrium and association analyses.

Results

The tree generated from the amino acid sequences of 15 species showed that the IGF1R gene was conservative in the whole evolution among the mammalian animals and chickens. In a total of 10,818 bp of sequence, 70 single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in the chicken IGF1R gene. The allelic and genotypic frequency distribution, genetic diversity and linkage disequilibrium of 18 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the Xinghua and White Recessive Rock chickens showed that six of them were possibly associated with growth traits. Association analyses showed that the A17299834G SNP was significantly associated with chicken carcass body weight, eviscerated weight with giblets, eviscerated weight, body weights at 28, 35, and 56 d of age, leg length at 56 d of age, and daily weight gain at 0–4 weeks. The haplotypes of the A17307750G and A17307494G were associated with early growth traits. The haplotypes of the A17299834G and C17293932T were significantly associated with most of the early growth traits and carcass traits.

Conclusion

There were rich polymorphisms in the chicken IGF1R gene. Several SNPs associated with chicken early growth traits and carcass traits were identified in the IGF1R gene by genetic diversity, linkage disequilibrium, and association analyses in the present study.
Expression of Immunoregulatory Molecules by Thyrocytes Protects Nonobese Diabetic-H2h4 Mice from Developing Autoimmune Thyroiditis
Authors: Nakahara Mami , Nagayama Yuji , Saitoh Ohki , Sogawa Rintaro , Tone Shigenobu , Abiru Norio
Published: November 2008

One approach to prevent tissue destruction by autoimmune attack in organ-specific autoimmune diseases is to protect the target tissue from autoimmune reaction, regardless of its persistent activity. To provide proof-of-principle for the feasibility of this approach, the immunoregulatory molecules, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase, were expressed in the thyroid glands using adenovirus vector in nonobese diabetic-H2h4 mice that spontaneously develop thyroiditis. Mice were anesthetized, and the thyroid glands were exposed by neck dissection, followed by in situ infection with adenovirus vector (5 × 1010 particles per mouse) twice or thrice, starting 1 d or 4 wk before mice were supplied with sodium iodine (NaI) water. After 8 wk NaI provision, the extent of thyroiditis, serum titers of antithyroglobulin antibodies, and cytokine expression in the spleen were examined. In situ infection of adenovirus expressing TRAIL or indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase, but not green fluorescent protein, significantly suppressed thyroiditis scores. However, antithyroglobulin antibody titers and expression levels of cytokines (interferon-γ and IL-4) in the spleen remained unaltered. Importantly, adenovirus infection 4 wk after NaI provision was also effective at suppressing thyroiditis. The suppressive effect of TRAIL appears to be mediated at least partly by accumulation of CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells into the thyroid glands. Thus, localized expression of immunoregulatory molecules efficiently protected the thyroid glands from autoimmune attack without changing the systemic autoimmunity in nonobese diabetic-H2h4 mice. This kind of immunological intervention, although it does not suppress autoimmune reactivity, may have a potential for treating organ-specific autoimmune diseases.

The feasibility of in situ expression of the immuno-regulatory molecules to prevent tissue destruction by autoimmune attack in organ-specific autoimmune diseases is discussed.
Attenuating Railway Track Vibration by Rail Absorber for Noise Reduction
Authors: Wu T. X.
Published: November 2008

A promising means to increase the decay rate of vibration along the rail is using a rail absorber for noise reduction. Compound track models with the tuned rail absorber are used for investigation of the performance of the absorber on vibration reduction. Through analysis of the track dynamics with the rail absorber some guidelines are given on selection of the types and parameters for the rail absorber. It is found that a large active mass used in the absorber is beneficial to increase the decay rate of rail vibration. The effectiveness of the piecewise continuous absorber is moderate compared with the discrete absorber installed in the middle of sleeper span or at a sleeper. The most effective installation position for the discrete absorber is in the middle of sleeper span. Over high or over low loss factor of the damping material used in the absorber may degrade the vibration reduction performance.
Role of Natural-Killer Group 2 Member D Ligands and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 in Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Lysis of Murine Embryonic Stem Cells and Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes
Authors: Frenzel Lukas P. , Abdullah Zeinab , Kriegeskorte Anja K. , Dieterich Rebecca , Lange Nadin , Busch Dirk H. , Krönke Martin , Utermöhlen Olaf , Hescheler Jürgen , Šarić Tomo
Published: November 2008

The transplantation of cardiomyocytes derived from embryonic stem (ES) cells into infarcted heart has been shown to improve heart function in animal models. However, immune rejection of transplanted cells may hamper the clinical application of this approach. Natural killer (NK) cells could play an important role in this process in both autologous and allogeneic settings by eliminating cells expressing low levels of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. Here we characterize embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (ESCM) in terms of their sensitivity to NK cells. We show that despite expression of very low levels of MHC class I molecules, murine ESCM were neither recognized nor lysed by activated syngeneic NK cells in vitro. In contrast, undifferentiated ES cells expressing similarly low levels of MHC class I molecules as ESCM were recognized and lysed by NK cells. This differential susceptibility results from the differential expression of ligands for the major activating natural killer cell receptor natural-killer group 2 member D (NKG2D) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) on ES cells versus ESCM. NKG2D ligands and ICAM-1 were expressed on ES cells but were absent from ESCM. Undifferentiated ES cells were lysed by NK cells in a perforin-dependent manner. However, simultaneous blockade of NKG2D and ICAM-1 by antibodies inhibited this killing. These data suggest that in the course of differentiation ESCM acquire resistance to NK cell-mediated lysis by downregulating the expression of ligands required for activation of NK cell cytotoxicity.
Distribution of sewer exfiltration to urban groundwater
Authors: Chisala B. N. , Lerner D. N.
Published: November 2008

Sewer leakage, which leads to the occurrence of infiltration or exfiltration, is a chronic problem in sewer systems for many cities worldwide. Exfiltration can result in deterioration of groundwater quality and serious public health risks if groundwater is subsequently used for potable supply. Throughout the world there is evidence of contaminated groundwater leading to outbreaks of waterborne diseases. The UK has witnessed about 70 officially documented sewer-related waterborne disease outbreaks. As a first step in the assessment of microbiological risks to urban groundwater from leaking sewers, this study reviewed the recent literature on, and summarised estimates of, exfiltration. Furthermore, an algorithm to estimate the spatial distribution of exfiltration was developed using Nottingham as the case study area. The results show that out of the total 34 km2 beneath Nottingham, around 23 km2 is susceptible to exfiltration. Some 67% and 4% of the exfiltration-susceptible area receives higher (>500 l/day) and lower (<50 l/day) rates of exfiltration, respectively. The higher rates are closely associated with older sewers. With the current replacement/renewal frequency of once every 1300 years, sewers of all ages are therefore a potential risk to urban groundwater.
Fracture Resistance of Extensive Amalgam Restorations Retained by Pins, Amalgapins and Amalgam Bonding Agents
Authors: Imbery T. A. , Coudron J. , Moon P. C.
Published: November 2008

Clinical Relevance

Amalgam bonding agents provided as much retention and resistance for extensive amalgam restorations as traditional mechanical methods of retention.
A Survey of the Distribution of Psychiatrists in Australia and New Zealand in 1987
Authors: Burvill P. W.
Published: November 2008

A survey is described of the number and distribution of all psychiatrists and trainee psychiatrists in Australia and in New Zealand in 1987, with estimates of available psychiatrists over the next decade. Australia as a whole is not short of psychiatrists or of trainee psychiatrists, but has a marked maldistribution between States and between city and rural areas which needs to be seriously addressed. In 1987 the ratio of psychiatrists to population in Australia was 1: 11 290 and in New Zealand 1: 21 440. It is estimated that by 1997 the corresponding ratios will be 1: 9 130 and 1: 12 440. There were 549 trainee psychiatrists in Australia and 103 in New Zealand. Relativity of human resources needs are emphasised. Those Australian States with the highest ratio of psychiatrists to population also have the highest ratio of trainees to population, a fact which has obvious implications.