bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Advanced Extramammary Paget's Disease of the Groin, Penis, and Scrotum
Authors: Isrow Derek , Oregel Karlos Z. , Cortes Javier , Gomez Henry , Milikowski Clara , Feun Lynn , Silva Orlando
Published: July 2014

Extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) is a rare intraepithelial malignancy arising in areas rich in apocrine glands, such as the perineum, vulva, axilla, scrotum, and penis. We describe the case of a man in his 50s who initially presented with a small eczematous lesion on his right groin, treated with topical ointments for eczema, until excisional biopsy of lesion unequivocally revealed invasive EMPD. Despite aggressive surgical interventions, his disease progressed to involve the scrotum and penis. Deemed unresectable, the patient was treated with systemic chemotherapy with minimal response. The rarity of EMPD, especially of the penis and scrotum, warrants an educated eye and heightened index of suspicion when dealing with eczematous lesions in the groin in any person. Early biopsy and histological examination is crucial for early surgical intervention of the lesions. There are no guidelines available to treat locally advanced unresectable disease. In addition, further studies are needed to identify genetic defects underlying the pathogenesis of this rare disease, to help improve treatment strategies and decrease morbidity.
Role of Bioactive Food Components in Diabetes Prevention: Effects on Beta-Cell Function and Preservation
Authors: Oh Yoon Sin , Jun Hee-Sook
Published: July 2014

Bioactive compounds found in fruits and vegetables can have anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic effects and can be protective against various diseases and metabolic disorders. These beneficial effects make them good candidates for the development of new functional foods with potential protective and preventive properties for type 1 and type 2 diabetes. This review summarizes the most relevant results concerning the effects of various bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, vitamins, and carotenoids on several aspects of beta-cell functionality. Studies using animal models with induced diabetes and diabetic patients support the hypothesis that bioactive compounds could ameliorate diabetic phenotypes. Published data suggest that there might be direct effects of bioactive compounds on enhancing insulin secretion and preventing beta-cell apoptosis, and some compounds might modulate beta-cell proliferation. Further research is needed to establish any clinical effects of these compounds.
Local solvability and turning for the inhomogeneous Muskat problem
Authors: Berselli Luigi C. , Córdoba Diego , Granero-Belinchón Rafael
Published: July 2014

In this work we study the evolution of the free boundary between two different fluids in a porous medium where the permeability is a two dimensional step function. The medium can fill the whole plane

\mathbb R^2

or a bounded strip

S=\mathbb R\times(-\pi/2,\pi/2)

. The system is in the stable regime if the denser fluid is below the lighter one. First, we show local existence in Sobolev spaces by means of energy method when the system is in the stable regime. Then we prove the existence of curves such that they start in the stable regime and in finite time they reach the unstable one. This change of regime (turning) was first proven in [5] for the homogeneus Muskat problem with infinite depth.
Minkowski dimension of Brownian motion with drift
Authors: Charmoy Philippe H. A. , Peres Yuval , Sousi Perla
Published: July 2014

We study fractal properties of the image and graph of Brownian motion in

R^d

with an arbitrary cadlag drift

f

. We prove that the Minkowski (box) dimension of both the image and the graph of

B+f

over

A \subset [0,1]

are a.s. constants. We then show that for all

d \geq 1

the Minkowski dimension of

(B+f)(A)

is at least the maximum of the Minkowski dimension of

f(A)

and that of

B(A)

. We also prove analogous results for the graph. For linear Brownian motion, if the drift

f

is continuous and

A = [0,1]

, then the corresponding inequality for the graph is actually an equality.
Scaling exponents of curvature measures
Authors: Pokorný Dušan , Winter Steffen
Published: July 2014

Fractal curvatures of a set

F\subset\mathbb R^d

are roughly defined as suitably rescaled limits of the total curvatures of its parallel sets

F_\epsilon

as

\epsilon

tends to

0

and have been studied in the last years in particular for self-similar and self-conformal sets. This previous work was focussed on establishing the existence of (averaged) fractal curvatures and related fractal curvature measures in the generic case when the curvature measures rescale like the volume of the parallel sets, that is, when the associated scaling exponents coincide with the Minkowski dimension of

F

. In the present paper we study the nongeneric situation when the scaling exponents do not coincide with the dimension. We demonstrate that the possibilities for nongeneric behaviour are rather limited and introduce the notion of local flatness, which allows a geometric characterization of nongenericy in

\mathbb R

and

\mathbb R^2

. We expect local flatness to be characteristic also in higher dimensions. The results enlighten the geometric meaning of the scaling exponents.
Distribution of full cylinders and the Diophantine properties of the orbits in $\beta$-expansions
Authors: Bugeaud Yann , Wang Bao-Wei
Published: July 2014

Let

\beta>1

be a real number. Let

T_{\beta}

denote the

\beta

-transformation on

[0,1)

. A cylinder of order

n

is a set of real numbers in

[0, 1)

having the same first

n

digits in their

\beta

-expansion. A cylinder is called full if it has maximal length, i.e., if its length is equal to

\beta^{-n}

. In this paper, we show that full cylinders are well distributed in

[0,1)

in a suitable sense. As an application to the metrical theory of

\beta

-expansions, we determine the Hausdorff dimension of the set

\bigg\{x\in [0,1]: |T_{\beta}^nx-z_n|<e^{-S_nf(x)} \ {\text{ for infinitely many }}\ n\in \mathbb{N}\bigg\},

where

\{z_n\}_{n\ge 1}

is a sequence of real numbers in

[0,1]

, the function

f:[0,1]\to \R^+

is continuous, and

S_nf(x)

denotes the ergodic sum

f(x)+\cdots+f(T^{n-1}_{\beta}x)

.
New spectral functions of the near-ground albedo derived from aircraft diffraction spectrometer observations
Authors: Varotsos C. A. , Melnikova I. N. , Cracknell A. P. , Tzanis C. , Vasilyev A. V.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. The airborne spectral observations of the upward and downward irradiances are revisited to investigate the dependence of the near-ground albedo as a function of wavelength in the entire solar spectrum for different surfaces (sand, water, snow) and under different conditions (clear or cloudy sky). The radiative upward and downward fluxes were determined by a diffraction spectrometer flown on a research aircraft that was performing multiple flight paths near the ground. The results obtained show that the near-ground albedo does not generally increase with increasing wavelengths for all kinds of surfaces as is widely believed today. Particularly, in the case of water surfaces it was found that the albedo in the ultraviolet region is more or less independent of the wavelength on a long-term basis. Interestingly, in the visible and near-infrared spectra the water albedo obeys an almost constant power-law relationship with wavelength. In the case of sand surfaces it was found that the sand albedo is a quadratic function of wavelength, which becomes more accurate if the ultraviolet wavelengths are neglected. Finally, it was found that the spectral dependence of snow albedo behaves similarly to that of water, i.e. both decrease from the ultraviolet to the near-infrared wavelengths by 20–50%, despite the fact that their values differ by one order of magnitude (water albedo being lower). In addition, the snow albedo vs. ultraviolet wavelength is almost constant, while in the visible near-infrared spectrum the best simulation is achieved by a second-order polynomial, as in the case of sand, but with opposite slopes.
An overview of underwater sound generated by inter-particle collisions and its application to the measurements of coarse sediment bedload transport
Authors: Thorne P. D.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Over the past two to three decades the concept of using sound generated by the interparticle collisions of mobile bed material, has been investigated to assess if underwater sound can be utilised as a proxy for the estimation of bedload transport. In principle the acoustic approach is deemed to have the potential to provide non-instrusive, continuous, high temporal resolution measurements of bedload transport. It has been considered that the intensity of the sound radiated should be related to the ammount of mobile material and the frequency spectrum to the size of the material. To be able to fully realise this use of acoustics requires an understanding of the parameters which control the generation of sound as particles impact. In the present work the aim is to provide marine scientists developing acoustics to measure bedload transport with a description of how sound is generated when particles undergo collision underwater. To investigate the properties of the sound generated, examples are provided under different conditions of impact. It is considered that an understanding of the origins of the sound generation, will provide a basis for the interpretation of acoustic data collected in the marine environment, for the study of bedload sediment transport processes.
Using the level set method in geodynamical modeling of multi-material flows and Earth's free surface
Authors: Hillebrand B. , Thieulot C. , Geenen T. , van den Berg A. P. , Spakman W.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. The level set method allows for tracking material surfaces in 2-D and 3-D flow modeling and is well suited for applications of multi-material flow modeling. The level set method utilizes smooth level set functions to define material interfaces, which makes the method stable and free of oscillations that are typically observed in case step-like functions parameterize interfaces. By design the level set function is a signed distance function and gives for each point in the domain the exact distance to the interface and on which side it is located. In this paper we present four benchmarks which show the validity, accuracy and simplicity of using the level set method for multi-material flow modeling. The benchmarks are simplified setups of dynamical geophysical processes such as a Rayleigh–Taylor instability, post glacial rebound, subduction and slab detachment. We also demonstrate the benefit of using the level set method for modeling a free surface with the sticky air approach. Our results show that the level set method allows for accurate material flow modeling and that the combination with the sticky air approach works well in mimicking Earth's free surface. Since the level set method tracks material interfaces instead of materials themselves, it has the advantage that the location of these interfaces is accurately known and that it represents a viable alternative to the more commonly used tracer method.
Solidaridad, Estado, acción social
Authors: Del Río Gabarain Eugenio
Published: July 2014

Las prácticas de la solidaridad no han permanecido estáticas en los últimos siglos. Con la modernización europea, y sobre todo a raíz de la II Guerra Mundial, se fueron abriendo paso formas de solidaridad a gran escala, llevadas a cabo por instituciones estatales. Esas expresiones de la solidaridad vienen conviviendo con otras que surgen del mundo asociativo. La relación entre estos dos tipos de solidaridad suscita problemas diversos. Las asociaciones solidarias se mueven en un terreno en el que la ambivalencia es inevitable, y, como tantas veces se ha subrayado, necesitan conquistar una autonomía, no sólo en el aspecto financiero, que con frecuencia tiende a encogerse. La relación entre profesionales y voluntarios es otra de las cuestiones que demandan una renovada reflexión. Los debates sobre los modelos asociativos necesitan permanecer abiertos y vivos, aunque, a menudo, parecen bloquearse dadas las dificultades para hallar soluciones satisfactorias a los problemas planteados.
Preference Formation, Choice Sets, and the Creative Destruction of Preferences
Authors: Sobel Russell S. , Clark J. R.
Published: July 2014

Economic models are founded in the idea of taking individuals' preferences as both known and given. This article explores the evolution of personal preferences, within a context of both entrepreneurial discovery and Objectivist philosophy. It begins by formalizing Ayn Rand's theory of Objectivism applied to human values, and continues by modeling preference changes similar to Schumpeter's theory of creative destruction—a process of self-discovery. Next the role of societal factors is examined in forming shared preference sets. Finally, the article describes how the strength of human preferences is used to narrow choice sets in the presence of greater consumption options.
A remanufatura de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos como contribuição para o desenvolvimento sustentável: uma avaliação do caso dos refrigeradores
Authors: Paiva Laurentina Martins , Serra Eduardo Gonçalves
Published: July 2014

A busca por padrões de desenvolvimento sustentável que permitam melhor qualidade de vida para a geração atual e para as futuras gerações traz à tona questões como as tendências de esgotamento dos recursos naturais, de aumento da geração de poluição, de escassez de energia, e de drásticas mudanças climáticas. Para dar-se resposta a essas questões e a outros desafios da esfera ambiental, torna-se cada vez mais necessário estudar a viabilidade de adoção de estratégias alternativas nos processos produtivos. A preocupação com os padrões de consumo, que vem atingindo níveis bastante elevados, em todo o mundo, é crescente. Entre os numerosos bens de consumo duráveis comercializados hoje, chama a atenção o caso, extremamente representativo, dos produtos eletroeletrônicos, cujas vendas vêm aumentando significativamente nos últimos anos, praticamente em todos os países, levando, por conseguinte, ao aumento proporcional do uso de recursos naturais e da quantidade de resíduos lesivos ao meio ambiente gerados pela produção e descarte futuro dos produtos. A adoção de estratégias de tratamentos de fim de vida que abordem sistemáticas de ciclo fechado apresenta-se como uma solução para a redução da geração de resíduos e do consumo de recursos naturais. Nesse sentido, a estratégia da remanufatura é considerada, quando possível, a melhor para o enfrentamento da questão. Este trabalho estuda a viabilidade técnica e econômica da adoção dessa estratégia, de forma abrangente e sistemática, na indústria brasileira de refrigeradores, como contribuição para o desenvolvimento sustentável.
A vedação de tratamento cruel contra os animais versus direitos culturais: breve análise da ótica do Supremo Tribunal Federal no julgamento do Recurso Extraordinário nº 153531/SC
Authors: Armando Nicanor Henrique Netto
Published: July 2014

O presente artigo desenvolveu uma breve análise acerca da atuação do Supremo Tribunal Federal no julgamento no Recurso Extraordinário nº 153531/SC, que buscou dirimir a controvérsia originada pela realização de uma manifestação cultural realizada no Estado de Santa Catarina (farra do boi), que suscitava a colisão entre a proteção do direito à cultura, de um lado, e a proteção dos animais, de outro. Seu objetivo foi investigar se, à luz do aludido julgamento, o Supremo Tribunal Federal chega a identificar um estatuto jurídico de proteção dos animais na ordem jurídica constitucional brasileira e determinar qual seria o sentido e o alcance atribuídos a essa proteção no tocante ao significado constitucional da proibição da crueldade. A pesquisa investigou qual a interpretação que o STF atribui ao conteúdo da norma de proteção, vale dizer, qual entendimento a suprema corte empresta ao objetivo proposto por essa norma e qual o sentido constitucional da prática proibida (crueldade). A conclusão do trabalho aponta que a decisão da suprema corte, ao assentar a superioridade da proteção dos animais sobre uma manifestação cultural quando esta importar na prática de crueldade contra aqueles, corrobora o entendimento de que o inciso VII, § 1º do art. 225, da Constituição Federal, rompendo com perspectiva antropocêntrica, de inspiração kantiana, consagra a concepção biocêntrica que, ao contrário da primeira, atribui aos animais valor intrínseco e dignidade próprios, independentemente de sua utilidade para o alcance dos fins humanos. Mediante o cotejamento de trechos do acórdão com exposições doutrinárias a respeito, vislumbrou-se, ainda, em certa medida, a atribuição de uma dimensão ecológica à dignidade humana e a proclamação do meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado como direito humano e fundamental.
Fortalezas e fragilidades do Sistema de Unidades de Conservação Potiguar
Authors: Teixeira Marília Gomes , Venticinque Eduardo Martins
Published: July 2014

O Rio Grande do Norte é um dos estados que ainda não foi contemplado com o método de Avaliação Rápida e Priorização da Gestão de Unidades de Conservação-Rapid Assessment and Prioritization of Protected Area Management (RAPPAM). Com isso, o presente trabalho visa aplicar o RAPPAM para identificar as fragilidades e fortalezas na implementação do Sistema de Unidades de Conservação Potiguar. No geral, as Unidades de Conservação (UCs) avaliadas obtiveram uma nota mediana de 49% para efetividade de gestão, não apresentando diferença quanto ao grau de implementação entre as UCs de Proteção Integral e Uso Sustentável, assim como entre as UCs sobre gestões estadual e federal. As fragilidades do Sistema de Unidades de Conservação Potiguar se refletem principalmente na carência de investimento em recursos humanos, financeiros e de pesquisa, na falta de aplicação dos princípios da sustentabilidade na utilização dos recursos e no pouco comprometimento social e político em manter um sistema de áreas protegidas conectadas. Contudo, encontra potencialidades no momento em que conta com um planejamento operacional que abrange tanto valores sociais como econômicos e ambientais, que é otimizado com a implantação de uma boa infraestrutura física da UC, facilidade de comunicação entre os diferentes atores sociais envolvidos na gestão e na participação comunitária representada pelos Conselhos gestores.
Teorias críticas, desenvolvimento e reprodução socioambiental: limites e possibilidades
Authors: Corona Hieda Maria Pagliosa , Almeida Jalcione Pereira de
Published: July 2014

O propósito deste artigo é apresentar, de maneira introdutória, parte de reflexões teóricas sobre a categoria da reprodução socioambiental. O objetivo inicial foi entender essa categoria levando em conta a genealogia e a teleologia das noções de “progresso”, “desenvolvimento”, “ecodesenvolvimento” e “desenvolvimento sustentável” no contexto da sociedade moderna/capitalista ocidental, evidenciando a partir das teorias críticas (marxistas, bourdiana, pragmática da crítica, pós-colonial e do pós-desenvolvimento) os potenciais limites e elementos conceituais que constituem as “junturas” possíveis para construir novos conceitos. A partir deste esforço analítico, propõe-se que o conceito de reprodução socioambiental contém originalidade para compreender a dinâmica da relação sociedade-natureza considerando os múltiplos processos que vivem os grupos, comunidades, povos e sociedades, deslocando a perspectiva da racionalidade objetivista orientada apenas pela comparação e historicidade linear, para identificar as múltiplas racionalidades e diferentes modos de viver, considerando as possibilidades para as emancipações e a sustentabilidade.
What makes a happy team? Data from 5 yearsâ€™ entrepreneurship teaching suggests that working style is a major determinant of team contentment.
Authors: Bains William
Published: July 2014

I report on five yearsâ€™ testing of what makes a happy team, using students in a Bioscience Entrepreneurship Masters programme at Cambridge University as a test-bed. I looked at measures of personality (using the IPIP test for the Big Five personality characteristics) and a measure of work style derived from the time of submission of work that I term Deadline Brinkmanship. I find that teams selected to have a similar working style are generally happier working together than those selected by other criteria. Entrepreneurial activity is uncorrelated with psychological characteristics in this study, but is slightly correlated with working style and the willingness to accept a â€œgood enoughâ€ result now rather than an ideal result in the future. I conclude that it is important for a nascent entrepreneurial team to work together on an important, deadline-driven task before committing to a new venture.Â
The University of Colorado Digital Health Consortium Initiative: A Collaborative Model of Education, Research and Service
Authors: Khuntia Jiban , Karimi Jahangir , Tanniru Mohan , Meyers Arlen
Published: July 2014

This article describes the initiative and actions related to establishing a Digital Health Consortium (DHC) at the University of Colorado Denver. The consortium is a part of the Center for Information Technology Innovation (CITI) in the Business School.Â  The objective is to augment existing information systems program offerings in health information technology with the support of industry affiliates and other partners of the university. Â The CITI-DHC is an industry-academia led initiative with a mission to accelerate digital health transformation through education, research, and service. We illustrate the vision and plan for the consortium, that will be fulfilled with academic and industry stakeholders, and who will be engaged with the platform to support digital health care innovations through collaborations.Â Â
Punitive policing and associated substance use risks among HIV‐positive people in Russia who inject drugs
Authors: Lunze Karsten , Raj Anita , Cheng Debbie M. , Quinn Emily K. , Bridden Carly , Blokhina Elena , Walley Alexander Y. , Krupitsky Evgeny , Samet Jeffrey H.
Published: July 2014

Introduction

Drug law enforcement is part of the HIV risk environment among people who inject drugs (PWID). Punitive policing practices such as extrajudicial arrests for needle possession and police planting of drugs have been described anecdotally in Russia, but these experiences and their associations with risky drug behaviours have not been quantified. This study aims to quantify the burden of extrajudicial police arrests among a cohort of HIV‐positive PWID in Russia and to explore its links to drug‐related health outcomes.

Methods

In a cross‐sectional study of 582 HIV‐positive people with lifetime injection drug use (IDU) in St. Petersburg, Russia, we estimated the prevalence of self‐reported extrajudicial police arrests. We used multiple logistic regression to evaluate associations between arrests and the following outcomes: overdose, recent IDU and receptive needle sharing.

Findings

This cohort's mean age was 29.8 years, 60.8% were male; 75.3% reported non‐fatal drug overdose, 50.3% recent IDU and 47.3% receptive needle sharing. Extrajudicial arrests were reported by more than half (60.5%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 56.5–64.5) and were associated with higher odds of non‐fatal drug overdose (AOR 1.52, 95% CI: 1.02–2.25) but not with recent IDU (AOR 1.17, arrests were associated with receptive needle sharing (AOR 1.84, 95% CI: 1.09–3.09).

Conclusions

Extrajudicial police arrests were common among this cohort of Russian HIV‐positive PWID and associated with non‐fatal overdose and, among those with recent IDU, receptive needle sharing. As a part of the HIV risk environment of PWIDs, these practices might contribute to HIV transmission and overdose mortality. Further research is needed to relate these findings to the operational environment of law enforcement and to better understand how police interventions among PWIDs can improve the HIV risk environment.
Hydrochemical monitoring, petrological observation, and geochemical modeling of fault healing after an earthquake
Authors: Wästeby Niklas , Skelton Alasdair , Tollefsen Elin , Andrén Margareta , Stockmann Gabrielle , Claesson Liljedahl Lillemor , Sturkell Erik , Mörth Magnus
Published: July 2014

Based on hydrochemical monitoring, petrological observations, and geochemical modeling, we identify a mechanism and estimate a time scale for fault healing after an earthquake. Hydrochemical monitoring of groundwater samples from an aquifer, which is at an approximate depth of 1200 m, was conducted over a period of 10 years. Groundwater samples have been taken from a borehole (HU‐01) that crosses the Húsavík‐Flatey Fault (HFF) near Húsavík town, northern Iceland. After 10 weeks of sampling, on 16 September 2002, an M 5.8 earthquake occurred on the Grimsey Lineament, which is approximately parallel to the HFF. This earthquake caused rupturing of a hydrological barrier resulting in an influx of groundwater from a second aquifer, which was recorded by 15–20% concentration increases for some cations and anions. This was followed by hydrochemical recovery. Based on petrological observations of tectonically exhumed fault rocks, we conclude that hydrochemical recovery recorded fault healing by precipitation of secondary minerals along fractures. Because hydrochemical recovery accelerated with time, we conclude that the growth rate of these minerals was controlled by reaction rates at mineral‐water interfaces. Geochemical modeling confirmed that the secondary minerals which formed along fractures were saturated in the sampled groundwater. Fault healing and therefore hydrochemical recovery was periodically interrupted by refracturing events. Supported by field and petrographic evidence, we conclude that these events were caused by changes of fluid pressure probably coupled with earthquakes. These events became successively smaller as groundwater flux decreased with time. Despite refracturing, hydrochemical recovery reached completion 8–10 years after the earthquake.
Dominant fault plane orientations of intermediate‐depth earthquakes beneath South America
Authors: Warren Linda M.
Published: July 2014

The South American subduction zone exhibits considerable variation: the subduction angle alternates between flat and steep; the subducting plate has complex structures; and arc volcanism in the overlying plate has gaps. I investigate the effect of these differences in incoming plate structure and slab geometry on intermediate‐depth earthquakes, specifically their fault orientations and rupture characteristics, and find that slab geometry has the largest impact on fault orientation. I use rupture directivity to estimate rupture direction and rupture velocity and to distinguish the fault plane from the auxiliary plane of the focal mechanism. From analysis of 163 large (Mw≥5.7) intermediate‐depth (60–360 km depth) earthquakes from along the length of South America, estimated rupture azimuths and plunges show no trends, appearing to be randomly distributed on the determined population of fault plane orientations, and a majority of earthquakes are made up of multiple subevents. As seen in other subduction zones, subduction segments descending at normal angles have predominantly subhorizontal faults. Flat slab segments also have a dominant fault orientation, but those earthquakes slip along the conjugate nodal plane of the focal mechanism. In strongly curved slab segments, such as at the downdip edge of flat segments where the slab resubducts, earthquakes may slip along either nodal plane orientation. While both fault orientations could be consistent with the reactivation of fossil outer rise faults, the fault orientations are also consistent with expectations for newly created faults in agreement with the ambient stress field. Fault reactivation alone does not explain why different fault orientations are active in segments with different geometries, so the preferred explanation for having regionally consistent fault orientations is that they minimize the total work of the system. The previously observed predominance of subhorizontal faults appears to be a consequence of slab geometry.
Top‐of‐atmosphere radiative contribution to unforced decadal global temperature variability in climate models
Authors: Brown Patrick T. , Li Wenhong , Li Laifang , Ming Yi
Published: July 2014

Much recent work has focused on unforced global mean surface air temperature (T) variability associated with the efficiency of heat transport into the deep ocean. Here the relationship between unforced variability in T and the Earth's top‐of‐atmosphere (TOA) energy balance is explored in preindustrial control runs of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 multimodel ensemble. It is found that large decadal scale variations in T tend to be significantly enhanced by the net energy flux at the TOA. This indicates that unforced decadal variability in T is not only caused by a redistribution of heat within the climate system but can also be associated with unforced changes in the total amount of heat in the climate system. It is found that the net TOA radiation imbalances result mostly from changes in albedo associated with the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation that temporarily counteracts the climate system's outgoing longwave (i.e., Stefan‐Boltzmann) response to T change.
Nature of Charge Carriers in a High Electron Mobility Naphthalenediimide Based Semiconducting Copolymer
Authors: D'Innocenzo Valerio , Luzio Alessandro , Petrozza Annamaria , Fazzi Daniele , Caironi Mario
Published: July 2014

The nature of charge carriers in recently developed high mobility semiconducting donor‐acceptor polymers is debated. Here, localization due to charge relaxation is investigated in a prototypal system, a good electron transporting naphthalenediimide based copolymer, by means of current‐voltageI‐Velectrical characteristics and charge modulation spectroscopy (CMS) in top‐gate field‐effect transistors (FETs), combined with density functional theory (DFT) and time dependent DFT (TDDFT) calculations. In particular, pristine copolymer films are compared with films that underwent a melt‐annealing process, the latter leading to a drastic change of the microstructure. Despite the packing modification, which involves also the channel region, both the electron mobility and the energy of polaronic transitions are substantially unchanged upon melt‐annealing. The polaron absorption features can be rationalized and reproduced by TDDFT calculations for isolated charged oligomers. Therefore, it is concluded that in such a high electron mobility copolymer the charge transport process involves polaronic species which are intramolecular in nature and, from a more general point of view, that interchain delocalization of the polaron is not necessary to sustain charge mobilities in the 0.1 to 1 cm2V–1s–1range. These findings contribute to the rationalization of the charge transport process in the recently developed class of donor‐acceptor π‐conjugated copolymers featuring high charge mobilities and complex morphologies.
Nucleic Acids and Smart Materials: Advanced Building Blocks for Logic Systems
Authors: Pu Fang , Ren Jinsong , Qu Xiaogang
Published: July 2014

Logic gates can convert input signals into a defined output signal, which is the fundamental basis of computing. Inspired by molecular switching from one state to another under an external stimulus, molecular logic gates are explored extensively and recognized as an alternative to traditional silicon‐based computing. Among various building blocks of molecular logic gates, nucleic acid attracts special attention owing to its specific recognition abilities and structural features. Functional materials with unique physical and chemical properties offer significant advantages and are used in many fields. The integration of nucleic acids and functional materials is expected to bring about several new phenomena. In this Progress Report, recent progress in the construction of logic gates by combining the properties of a range of smart materials with nucleic acids is introduced. According to the structural characteristics and composition, functional materials are categorized into three classes: polymers, noble‐metal nanomaterials, and inorganic nanomaterials. Furthermore, the unsolved problems and future challenges in the construction of logic gates are discussed. It is hoped that broader interests in introducing new smart materials into the field are inspired and tangible applications for these constructs are found.
Electron Delocalization in a Rigid Cofacial Naphthalene‐1,8:4,5‐bis(dicarboximide) Dimer
Authors: Wu Yilei , Frasconi Marco , Gardner Daniel M. , McGonigal Paul R. , Schneebeli Severin T. , Wasielewski Michael R. , Stoddart J. Fraser
Published: July 2014

Investigating through‐space electronic communication between discrete cofacially oriented aromatic π‐systems is fundamental to understanding assemblies as diverse as double‐stranded DNA, organic photovoltaics and thin‐film transistors. A detailed understanding of the electronic interactions involved rests on making the appropriate molecular compounds with rigid covalent scaffolds and π–π distances in the range of ca. 3.5 Å. Reported herein is an enantiomeric pair of doubly‐bridged naphthalene‐1,8:4,5‐bis(dicarboximide) (NDI) cyclophanes and the characterization of four of their electronic states, namely 1) the ground state, 2) the exciton coupled singlet excited state, 3) the radical anion with strong through‐space interactions between the redox‐active NDI molecules, and 4) the diamagnetic diradical dianion using UV/Vis/NIR, EPR and ENDOR spectroscopies in addition to X‐ray crystallography. Despite the unfavorable Coulombic repulsion, the singlet diradical dianion dimer of NDI shows a more pronounced intramolecular π–π stacking interaction when compared with its neutral analog.
Organic Chemistry as a Language and the Implications of Chemical Linguistics for Structural and Retrosynthetic Analyses
Authors: Cadeddu Andrea , Wylie Elizabeth K. , Jurczak Janusz , Wampler‐Doty Matthew , Grzybowski Bartosz A.
Published: July 2014

Methods of computational linguistics are used to demonstrate that a natural language such as English and organic chemistry have the same structure in terms of the frequency of, respectively, text fragments and molecular fragments. This quantitative correspondence suggests that it is possible to extend the methods of computational corpus linguistics to the analysis of organic molecules. It is shown that within organic molecules bonds that have highest information content are the ones that 1) define repeat/symmetry subunits and 2) in asymmetric molecules, define the loci of potential retrosynthetic disconnections. Linguistics‐based analysis appears well‐suited to the analysis of complex structural and reactivity patterns within organic molecules.
An improved customer lifetime value model based on Markov chain
Authors: Mzoughia Mohamed Ben , Limam Mohamed
Published: July 2014

Firms are increasingly looking to provide a satisfactory prediction of customer lifetime value (CLV), a determining metric to target future profitable customers and to optimize marketing resources. One of the major challenges associated with the measurement of CLV is the choice of the appropriate model for predicting customer value because of the large number of models proposed in the literature. Earlier models to forecast CLV are relatively unsuccessful, whereas simple models often provide results which are equivalent or even better than sophisticated ones. To predict CLV, Rust et al. (2011) proposed a framework model that performs better than simple managerial heuristic models, but its implementation excludes cases where customer's profit is negative and does not handle lost‐for‐good situations. In this paper, we propose a modified model that handles both negative and positive profits based on Markov chain model (MCM), hence offering a greater flexibility by covering always‐a‐share and lost‐for‐good situations. The proposed model is compared with the Pareto/Negative Binomial Distribution (Pareto/NBD), the Beta Geometric/Negative Binomial Distribution (BG/NBD), the MCM, and the Rust et al. (2011) models. Based on customer credit card transactions provided by the North African retail bank, an empirical study shows that the proposed model has better forecasting performance than competing models. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fatigue in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma receiving sunitinib on an intermittent versus continuous dosing schedule in a randomized phase II trial
Authors: Cella David , Jensen Sally E. , Hahn Elizabeth A. , Beaumont Jennifer L. , Korytowsky Beata , Bhattacharyya Helen , Motzer Robert
Published: July 2014

A phase II trial in advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) found no benefit in efficacy or safety between patients receiving oral sunitinib 50 mg/day for 4 weeks followed by 2‐week off‐treatment (Schedule 4/2) and those receiving 37.5 mg continuous daily sunitinib. We hypothesized that fatigue would have a more variable “on‐off” effect with the 4/2 schedule. A total of 292 patients completed two fatigue‐related items on Days 1 and 29 of each treatment cycle. Mean absolute slopes were compared across treatments. A planned analysis of item “I feel fatigued” demonstrated that the mean absolute slope was greater in Schedule 4/2 compared to continuous dosing (0.042 vs. 0.032, P = 0.003), and analysis based on the change from Day 1 to Day 29 (0.52 vs. 0.21, P = 0.002) and, separately, Day 29 to the next Day 1 (−0.38 vs. −0.05, P < 0.001) showed the changes to be significantly larger in Schedule 4/2 than continuous dosing. “I have a lack of energy” showed a similar pattern graphically, however, the planned analysis was not statistically significant based on the absolute slopes but was when Day 1 to Day 29 and Day 29 to Day 1 changes were analyzed separately. The 4/2 arm was associated with a greater degree of variability in fatigue reflecting a possible “on‐off” effect whereby patients receiving the 4/2 schedule reported less fatigue at the beginning of each cycle compared to Day 29. The findings can inform care for individuals with advanced RCC receiving intermittent dosing of sunitinib.
Roles of histamine on the expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 in endometrioid adenocarcinoma cell line
Authors: Wang Yi , Jiang Yang , Ikeda Jun‐ichiro , Tian Tian , Sato Atsushi , Ohtsu Hiroshi , Morii Eiichi
Published: July 2014

Cancer‐initiating cells (CICs) are a limited number of cells that are essential for maintenance, recurrence, and metastasis of tumors. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) has been recognized as a marker of CICs. We previously reported that ALDH1‐high cases of uterine endometrioid adenocarcinoma showed poor prognosis, and that ALDH1 high population was more tumorigenic, invasive, and resistant to apoptosis than ALDH1 low population. Histamine plays a critical role in cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Here, we examined the effect of histamine on ALDH1 expression in endometrioid adenocarcinoma cell line. The addition of histamine increased ALDH1 high population, which was consistent with the result that histamine enhanced the invasive ability and the resistance to anticancer drug. Among 4 types of histamine receptors, histamine H1 and H2 receptor (H1R and H2R) were expressed in endometrioid adenocarcinoma cell line. The addition of H1R agonist but not H2R agonist increased ALDH1. The antagonist H1R but not H2R inhibited the effect of histamine on ALDH1 expression. These results indicated that histamine increased the expression of ALDH1 via H1R but not H2R. These findings may provide the evidence for exploring a new strategy to suppress CICs by inhibiting ALDH1 expression with histamine.
Unzipping of small diameter stents: An in vitro study
Authors: Sathanandam Shyam K. , Haddad Lauren M. , Subramanian Saradha , Wright Dena , Philip Ranjit , Waller Benjamin Rush
Published: July 2014

Objective

The purpose of this study was to determine if small‐diameter stents can be unzipped in vitro.

Background

Small‐diameter stents can relieve stenosis in infant blood vessels. As the child grows, refractory stenosis may result. If an implanted stent can be intentionally fractured along its length‐“unzipped,” it can be redilated to the eventual adult vessel diameter.

Methods

Stents of diameters ≤6 mm were dilated using angioplasty balloons until they fractured. The change in length‐diameter (dL/dD ratio), and the yield‐point‐force (σy) for each stent was calculated.

Results

Thirty‐four coronary (CS), 11 biliary, and 10 nitinol peripheral stents (median diameter = 4, 5, and 6 mm; range = 2.75–4.5, 4–6, 6 mm, respectively) were tested. Stainless‐steel (SS) CS unzipped predictably at twice their nominal diameter with minimal shortening (n = 24, median dL/dD = 0.4). Nitinol stents fractured in a disorganized fashion. The remaining stents unzipped, had disorganized fractures, and shortened significantly (dL/dD>1). A dL/dD ratio of<1 had a strong, positive correlation with the ability to unzip (Pearson rho = 0.94). By multivariate regression analysis, SS alloy, and closed‐cell design were found to be significant predictors (P < 0.05) for unzipping. Optimal cut‐off points for stents to unzip included, strut‐thickness = 112 µm, alloy‐density = 7.7 g/cm3, dL/dD ratio = 0.12 and σy = 108Mpa (Youden's index = 0.8, 0.4, 0.8, and 0.5, respectively).

Conclusions

Stainless‐steel, coronary stents of a closed‐cell design unzip at twice their nominal diameter without significant shortening when serially dilated. This study may encourage the implantation of small stents in infant blood vessels and aid in selection of appropriate stent type. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modified dual guide catheter (“ping‐pong”) technique to treat left internal mammary artery graft perforation
Authors: Assad‐Kottner Christian , Hakeem Abdul , Uretsky Barry F
Published: July 2014

Perforation of a left internal mammary artery (LIMA) graft during percutaneous coronary intervention is a rare event. We report a case of mid‐LIMA perforation treated by a polytetrafluoroethylene‐covered stent using a modification of the dual catheter (“ping pong”) technique. We propose that use of this modification when possible will further improve safety of treating a perforation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Doping Technique that Suppresses Undesirable H2 Evolution Derived from Overall Water Splitting in the Highly Selective Photocatalytic Conversion of CO2 in and by Water
Authors: Teramura Kentaro , Wang Zheng , Hosokawa Saburo , Sakata Yoshihisa , Tanaka Tsunehiro
Published: July 2014

Photocatalytic conversion of CO2 to reduction products, such as CO, HCOOH, HCHO, CH3OH, and CH4, is one of the most attractive propositions for producing green energy by artificial photosynthesis. Herein, we found that Ga2O3 photocatalysts exhibit high conversion of CO2. Doping of Zn species into Ga2O3 suppresses the H2 evolution derived from overall water splitting and, consequently, Zn‐doped, Ag‐modified Ga2O3 exhibits higher selectivity toward CO evolution than bare, Ag‐modified Ga2O3. We observed stoichiometric amounts of evolved O2 together with CO. Mass spectrometry clarified that the carbon source of the evolved CO is not the residual carbon species on the photocatalyst surface, but the CO2 introduced in the gas phase. Doping of the photocatalyst with Zn is expected to ease the adsorption of CO2 on the catalyst surface.
Structure–Performance Correlations of Organic Dyes with an Electron‐Deficient Diphenylquinoxaline Moiety for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Li Sie‐Rong , Lee Chuan‐Pei , Yang Po‐Fan , Liao Chia‐Wei , Lee Mandy M. , Su Wei‐Lin , Li Chun‐Ting , Lin Hao‐Wu , Ho Kuo‐Chuan , Sun Shih‐Sheng
Published: July 2014

The high performances of dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on seven new dyes are disclosed. Herein, the synthesis and electrochemical and photophysical properties of a series of intentionally designed dipolar organic dyes and their application in DSSCs are reported. The molecular structures of the seven organic dyes are composed of a triphenylamine group as an electron donor, a cyanoacrylic acid as an electron acceptor, and an electron‐deficient diphenylquinoxaline moiety integrated in the π‐conjugated spacer between the electron donor and acceptor moieties. The DSSCs based on the dye DJ104 gave the best overall cell performance of 8.06 %; the efficiency of the DSSC based on the standard N719 dye under the same experimental conditions was 8.82 %. The spectral coverage of incident photon‐to‐electron conversion efficiencies extends to the onset at the near‐infrared region due to strong internal charge‐transfer transition as well as the effect of electron‐deficient diphenylquinoxaline to lower the energy gap in these organic dyes. A combined tetraphenyl segment as a hydrophobic barrier in these organic dyes effectively slows down the charge recombination from TiO2 to the electrolyte and boosts the photovoltage, comparable to their RuII counterparts. Detailed spectroscopic studies have revealed the dye structure–cell performance correlations, to allow future design of efficient light‐harvesting organic dyes.
Relationship between Molecular Stacking and Optical Properties of 9,10‐Bis((4‐N,N‐dialkylamino)styryl) Anthracene Crystals: The Cooperation of Excitonic and Dipolar Coupling
Authors: Li Feng , Gao Na , Xu Hai , Liu Wei , Shang Hui , Yang Wenjun , Zhang Ming
Published: July 2014

Five 9,10‐bis((4‐N,N‐dialkylamino)styryl) anthracene derivatives (DSA‐C1–DSA‐C7) with different length alkyl chains were synthesized. They showed the same color in dilute solutions but different colors in crystals. The absorption, photoluminescence, and fluorescence decay indicate that there exist both excitonic and dipolar coupling in crystals of DSA‐C1–DSA‐C7. X‐ray crystallographic analysis revealed that all the crystals belong to the triclinic space group P$\bar 1$ with one molecule per unit cell and that the molecules in every crystal have the identical orientation. This offers ideal samples to investigate the impact of the molecular stacking on the optical properties of the crystals. For the first time, the cooperation of excitonic and dipolar coupling has been comprehensively studied, and the contribution to the spectral shift from the excitonic and dipolar couplings quantitatively obtained. The experiments of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) together with measurements of the quantum efficiency further confirmed this interpretation. The results suggest that the excitonic and dipolar couplings between the adjacent molecules are both important and jointly induce the spectral shifts of the crystals.
A New Class of Tunable Dendritic Diphosphine Ligands: Synthesis and Applications in the Ru‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Functionalized Ketones
Authors: Ma Baode , Miao Tingting , Sun Yihua , He Yanmei , Liu Ji , Feng Yu , Chen Hui , Fan Qing‐Hua
Published: July 2014

A series of tunable G0–G3 dendritic 2,2′‐bis(diphenylphosphino)‐1,1′‐binaphthyl (BINAP) ligands was prepared by attaching polyaryl ether dendrons onto the four phenyl rings on the P atoms. Their ruthenium complexes were employed in the asymmetric hydrogenation of β‐ketoesters, α‐ketoesters, and α‐ketoamides to reveal the effects of dendron size on the catalytic properties. The second‐ and third‐generation catalysts exhibited excellent enantioselectivities, which are remarkably higher than those obtained from the small molecular catalysts and the first‐generation catalyst. Molecular modeling indicates that the incorporation of bulky dendritic wedges can influence the steric environments around the metal center. In addition, the ruthenium catalyst bearing a second‐generation dendritic ligand could be recycled and reused seven times without any obvious decrease in enantioselectivity.