bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Affecting Legislative Change From the Judicial Perspective
Authors: Saviello Timothy R.
Published: January 2021

This chapter will discuss how to use established social justice advocacy methodology to attempt to affect legislative change. The chapter summarizes an appropriate established methodology through reviewing two relevant academic texts on the subject. It discusses each major step in the process, identifying areas or issues more relevant to the criminal justice context. Throughout, the chapter offers specific examples from an actual attempt at affecting legislative change using this methodology. These examples come from an attempt in 2013 in Georgia to get a bill introduced to the Georgia General Assembly amending the language of the statute authorizing the seeking and imposition of the death penalty in criminal prosecutions within the state. Specifically, the proposed bill lowered the standard of proof a criminal defendant is required to meet to establish intellectual disability, and thus ineligibility to receive a death sentence upon a finding of guilt.
Defending Duties to the Self, Part 2
Authors: Schofield Paul
Published: January 2021

This chapter argues that a person can owe second-personal duties to herself at a moment, rather than merely across time. At a single moment, a person occupies multiple perspectives, associated with different practical identities. The good associated with one of her practical identities can conflict with the good associated with another practical identity, and her ends adopted from the standpoint of one identity can conflict with her ends adopted by another. Because of this, a person can make demands on herself from the perspective of one practical identity to another, pertaining to the protection of her wellbeing and ends, just as she might make demands on another person. Such demands can generate second-personal duties, which require that a person treat herself a particular way in the present. Since some duties owed to the self cannot be waived due to their relationship to the individual’s identity, the waivability objection is answered.
Tractatus Parmenideo-Philosophicus
Authors: Della Rocca Michael
Published: January 2021

In making the Parmenidean Ascent, one transcends metaphysical distinctions and is freed from the illusions of relational thinking. This freedom from the burden of attempting to make our words and sentences match or correspond to an independent reality and to invest our thoughts with metaphysical significance promises to enable us finally to see the world aright as Wittgenstein would put it. This chapter—which is as far as possible freed from any distinctions— is an imperfect attempt to exhibit the spirit of play that comes with the freedom from relational metaphysical explanation.
Cultural Texts
Authors: Klitgaard Robert
Published: January 2021

Anthropology is good at uncovering and deconstructing the “cultural texts” beneath behavior. An example is Raymonde Carroll’s analysis of cultural misunderstandings between French and Americans. Digging out cultural texts and repertoires and sharing that knowledge helped her cross-cultural marriage flourish (and a famous book get written). Similar ideas can be applied to misunderstandings between international agencies and sovereign governments—and to discussions about taking indigenous institutions into account. Sometimes “poisonous texts” preclude effective negotiations. Three steps of cultural criticism applied to cultural texts can lead to better understandings and improved intercultural partnerships. Examples are provided from Burkina Faso and Senegal.
Culture and Development Reconsidered
Authors: Klitgaard Robert
Published: January 2021

This book shows how we can look at the intersections among cultural settings, local choices, and development outcomes. A success story from Nepal serves as a prototype. Data, examples of success, and frameworks for analysis were developed locally and internationally and then shared in ways that elicited local creativity and respected cultural differences. This story serves as a springboard for reconsidering how to generate and apply cultural knowledge. The guiding metaphor might be “soil science” rather than “social science.” The culture and development manifesto calls for more science and more listening, for boldness and humility. It recommends a new paradigm for policy analysis and evaluation, as well as for the application of anthropological wisdom, where the goal is not to provide a set of answers that decision-makers or citizens should adopt and bureaucrats should implement, but to share data, examples, and frameworks in ways that helps locals enrich their creativity and expand their sovereignty.
Quantifying the Subliminal
Authors: Minett Mark
Published: January 2021

Critics and scholars, preferring to treat zoom technology metaphorically or metaphysically rather than pragmatically, have substantially mischaracterized Altman’s approach to the zoom as either rejecting or transcending Hollywood cinema’s typical employment of mobile framing in service to narrative drama. The systematic, comprehensive, and contextualized qualitative/quantitative approach taken in chapter 2 suggests otherwise. It isolates the describable features and plausible functions of Altman’s early 1970s zooming and then applies these parameters to a statistical comparison of Altman’s films with one another and with a context set of over seventy contemporaneous films. Rather than serving an overarching interest in narrative disruption, zooms in Altman’s films were contingently employed, responding to specific problems posed by individual films. Altman’s zooms further comprehension of and strengthen engagement with dramatic action, serving not as a maverick director’s roving eye, penetrating existential assumptions, but as a storytelling tool that also allowed for elaborative, and frequently aestheticizing, flourishes.
Ghost Dancers
Authors: Dickason Kathryn
Published: January 2021

This chapter considers the role of dance in the cult of the saints, tracing the evolution of dance vis-à-vis sanctity and cultic worship. For some saints, dancing became part of their iconic image. Within the context of saintly devotion, dance helped to induce conversion, animate miracles, and promote social cohesion. Insights from performance theory help conceptualize the connection between death and dancing bodies. The first section explores the cult, relics, and reliquary of Sainte Foy, who imbued sacred dance with a significance that was at once regional and international, religious and political. The second section examines the hagiographies of St. Francis of Assisi. Francis—as a prancing preacher, jongleur saint, and living phantom—authorized a new spirituality that diverged from mainstream monasticism, yet bore the mark of apostolic, authentic piety.
Conclusion
Authors: Edling Max M.
Published: January 2021

Interpreting the US Constitution as an instrument of federal union has important implications in terms of understanding of the American founding. The Constitution mattered much more to the international than to the domestic history of the United States. Its importance to the latter was dwarfed by the role of state constitutions and state legislation. The Constitution provided the institutional basis on which the nation would grow in territory, population, and riches in the nineteenth century. But if the federal government was active in foreign policy, so-called Indian diplomacy, and the management of the national domain, it played only a limited role in domestic developments. To understand the processes of economic and political modernization that characterized the United States in the nineteenth century, that is, the transition to a market economy and to liberal democracy, it is necessary to study the actions and inactions of the American state governments.
Outer Space and Crisis Risk
Authors: Grego Laura
Published: January 2021

Space activities pose a particular risk of sparking or exacerbating terrestrial crises in ways that may be difficult to predict or manage. This is due both to the physical nature of operating in space and to space’s particular history. However, many initiatives to bolster space security do so within the framework of preventing an arms race or of preserving the space environment and so they miss some of the solutions. This chapter explores looking at space security through the lens of mitigating the risks that space activities may pose to crisis stability to identify which space activities and strategies are particularly dangerous and to prioritize unilateral and collective approaches to mitigating these problems.
Malthus in the Middle East
Authors: Amery Hussein A.
Published: January 2021

Using a Malthusian framework, Chapter 3 draws parallels between political economy of the Southeast Anatolian (Güneydoğu Anadolu Projesi or GAP) dam project in Turkey that affects water flow to the downstream neighbors of Syria and Iraq on the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) nearing completion on the Blue Nile in Ethiopia – a project that will impound waters destined for Egypt. It finds that in each case, geographical and hydropolitical positioning are the essential elements of downstream state insecurity and therefore a significant causes of deteriorating relations within the respective river basins. While noting that although the riparian states in question have long histories of tension and distrust, the historical record shows that the vast majority of global water disputes are settled peacefully. The chapter presents evidence that in the lower riparian states, rapid population growth, infrastructure development, and climate change present adverse and cumulative effects on water supplies and water management. The author concludes with the argument that the convergence of these factors points to a likely future of water scarcity-induced conflict absent the introduction of policies to boost irrigation efficiency and improve water governance.
The Norman Conquest in English History
Authors: Garnett George
Published: January 2021

This study pursues a central theme in English historical thinking—the Norman Conquest—over seven centuries. This first volume, which covers more than half a millennium, explains how and why the experience of the Conquest prompted both an unprecedented campaign in the early twelfth century to write (or create) the history of England, and to excavate (and fabricate) pre-Conquest English law. It traces the treatment of the Conquest in English historiography, legal theory and practice, and political argument through the middle ages and early modern period. It shows that during this period jurisprudence and legal practice became more important than historical writing in preserving the Conquest as a subject of interest. It concludes with an examination of the dispersal of these materials from libraries consequent on the dissolution of the monasteries, and the attempts made to rescue, edit, and print many of them in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. This preservation of what had been written for the most part in the early twelfth century enabled the Conquest to become still more contested in the constitutional cataclysms of the seventeenth century than it had been in the eleventh and twelfth. The seventeenth-century resurrection of the Conquest will be the subject of a second volume.
A Tale of Three Cities
Authors: West-Harling Veronica
Published: January 2021

After a brief recall of Italian history from late antiquity to 750, this chapter provides a city-by-city history from the end of the Exarchate to 1000. The history of Rome follows the Lombard crises and the end of Byzantine rule, Frankish/Carolingian domination, the events of the Kingdom of Italy, aristocratic rule, and the attempted Ottonian control over the city. Ravenna’s three narrative strands are the aftermath of the autocephaly conflict, the anti-papal policies of most archbishops throughout the Byzantine then Carolingian period, and lastly the renewed prestige of the city under the Ottonian emperors. For Venice, the narrative follows the origins (imagined and probable) of the city, its succession of ducal families, and its attempt always to create a balance between its official Byzantine dependence and its grounding in the north Adriatic space
Maps and Measures
Authors: Haughton Tim , Deegan-Krause Kevin
Published: January 2021

In order to better understand the dynamics of party politics in Central Europe, it is necessary to map and measure the party systems and the rise of new parties. The chapter maps in graphic form the development of the party systems in eleven states (Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia) since 1989, showing the rise and fall of parties, and all the splits, splinters, and mergers. Using the party change and newness frameworks of Chapter 2, this chapter assess all eleven party systems using a variety of measures including volatility, party age, and weighted party age. Although the results show considerable variation across the region, all countries have seen significant volatility and the frequent appearance of sizeable new parties. These findings underline a process of continual change in the party systems of Central Europe.
Establishing and Organizing Occupier Brothels
Authors: Röger Maren
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses the establishment of a comprehensive network of occupier brothels during the German occupation of Poland. Taken as a whole, the German military leadership had a functional view of their men's sexuality. Their urges should be satisfied regularly so as to maintain their combat strength; the underlying image was one of a virile, soldierly masculinity. One of the chief grounds for a controlled system of prostitution — besides fear of fraternization and the betrayal of secrets — was concern about sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), which could lead to avoidable gaps in the ranks of soldiers. With the general improvements in medicine and technology since the late 19th century, which had made it possible to identify and combat STDs, the top brass in many armies, including the Germans, were turning their attention to controlling such diseases, and to regulating prostitution. The chapter then details the process of establishing, organizing, and financing brothels in the occupied Polish territories, which were supervised by the German occupiers.
Policy and Politics of (Forced) Prostitution
Authors: Röger Maren
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the policy and politics of (forced) prostitution. One of the most important measures against the spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) was the registration of regular sex workers and women the authorities suspected of prostitution. Once the women had been registered as prostitutes, they seem to have been unable to express a preference for street or brothel prostitution. There was a degree of compulsion to enter the official brothels, with their barracked daily life, in the occupied Polish territories. The vast majority of sexual enslavement affected women in the Warthegau. The perverted racial policies in the Warthegau contributed to the prostitution system there being a place of “organized rape in conditions of terror”. In the Warthegau, fraternization was punished by committal to the brothels. The chapter then looks at forced prostitution. The German occupation authorities acted not only as pimps, but also as traffickers.
Types and Trajectories of Relationships
Authors: Röger Maren
Published: January 2021

This chapter addresses the types and trajectories of relationships between German men and Polish women. There is a fundamental difference between brief flings that led to sexual intercourse but did not develop into affairs, flirtations, or serious relationships, and relationships that lasted weeks or months, which both partners ultimately sought to legalize. Couples might meet anywhere: at the women's homes, in parks, in rented rooms, and even in the men's accommodation or barracks. Sometimes, German men and Polish women lived in marriage-like relationships. The chapter then looks at how the wartime relationships of German–Polish couples ended. Some men championed their relationships, but other soldiers simply disappeared out of women's lives, having sometimes had a serious impact on them, especially if the relationship had resulted in a child.
What Is a Dream?
Authors: Llewellyn Sue
Published: January 2021

Dreaming happens during sleep. When we aren’t interacting with the world, our minds turn inwards. We dream. These dreams differ. Rapid eye movement (REM) dreams are visual, vivid, bizarre, emotional, and highly associative with embodied narratives, whereas non-rapid eye movement (NREM) dreams tend to be shorter and more thought-like. During REM dreams, the brain is as active, or even more active, than it is during wakefulness. In some dreams, during REM sleep, the dreamer is lucid—they become aware they are dreaming and can, sometimes control the dream content. These different types of dream happen at different times in the sleep cycle. Across the night, we experience NREM sleep (including light sleep and deep sleep) and REM sleep in a fixed sequence. The night isn’t a uniform period of rest. This introductory chapter explains these basic issues about sleep and dreams.
Dream to Survive
Authors: Llewellyn Sue
Published: January 2021

In this chapter we look at why we make non-obvious associations in dreams. Perhaps surprisingly, I argue the ability to recognize complex patterns in past experience, and portray them in dream images, was much more important for early humans than it is now—back then we dreamed to survive. I argue we retained dream images at an unconscious level so we could use them in dangerous situations, which required fast responses. As early humans, we risked extreme dangers whenever we visited dependable food or water sites that were also frequented by predators and competitors. We could reduce risk through identifying any associative patterns of their visiting behaviour. The evolutionary answer to the perplexing question ‘Why depict non-obvious associations in dreams’ was ‘To ensure survival’.
Dream to Remember
Authors: Llewellyn Sue
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores how the process of creating a complex, visuospatial, associative image of a pattern in experience is mnemonic, i.e. it aids remembering. Clearly, unless we retained a dream memory image it couldn’t improve our chances of survival in wake. I compare associative dream images to the associative images people use in wake to help them remember. These associative images all derive from the Ancient Art of Memory, incorporating the Method of Loci. I argue the Method of Loci works as a memory technique because it mimics the daily tour in the home range. Equally, the associative images from the Ancient Art of Memory echo the dream images retained at landmark junctions in memory networks.
Dream to Go Crazy?
Authors: Llewellyn Sue
Published: January 2021

The previous chapter argues that creative people are in a hybrid, disordered state in-between dreaming and wake. In this chapter I propose that if this in-between, de-differentiated state becomes more severe and enduring, psychiatric disorders will result. De-differentiation of wake and dreaming has two sides: dreaming suffuses wake and wake permeates dreaming. The idea that madness results from dreaming invading wake is of long standing. So is the notion that highly creative people are somewhat crazy. But the conception of a wake-like state pervading dreaming hasn’t been explored. Chaos theory delineates the dynamics of de-differentiation, disorder, and madness. Madness is defined as mistaking a complex non-obvious pattern in your experience for your experience.
The Emergence of Functions in Language
Authors: Frajzyngier Zygmunt , Butters Marielle
Published: January 2021

Why do grammatical systems of various languages express different meanings? Given that languages spoken in the same geographical area by people sharing similar social structure, occupations, and religious beliefs differ in the kinds of meaning expressed by the grammatical system, the answer to this question cannot invoke differences in geography, occupation, social and political structure, or religion. The present book aims to answer the main question through language internal analysis. This book offers a methodology to discover meaning in a way that is not based on inferences about reality. The book also offers a methodology to discover motivations for the emergence of meanings. The grammatical system at any given time constitutes a base from which new meanings emerge. The motivations for the emergence of functions include: the communicative need triggered when the grammatical system inherently produces ambiguities; the principle of functional transparency whereby every function encoded in the grammatical system must be expressed if it is in the scope of the situation described by the proposition; opportunistic emergence of meaning whereby unoccupied formal niches acquire a new function; metonymic emergence whereby a property of an existing function receives a formal means of its own, thus creating a new function; emergence of functions through language contact. Several phenomena, such as benefactive and progressive in English, as well as point of view of the subject and goal orientation in several languages, receive new analyses.
The Polluter-Pays Principle
Authors: de Sadeleer Nicolas
Published: January 2021

This chapter begins by defining the polluter-pays principle as an economic rule of cost allocation whose source lies precisely in the theory of externalities, requiring the polluter to take responsibility for the external costs arising from their pollution. It then discusses two ways to ensure that prices reflect the true cost of production and consumption. It traces the evolution of the principle in international organizations such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the European Union (EU) as well as in domestic law. It illustrates its various functions (redistributive, preventive, curative) that are at times complementary and at other times mutually exclusive. It also discusses that this principle exercises a significant influence on the evolution of national law and clarifies the functions of the principle, particularly from the perspective of taxation, civil liability, and State aids. It begs a number of questions such as: who is the polluter? who should pay pollution charges? how can the charge be made proportionate to the severity of pollution? how can the liable party be identified?
Regional-Cosmopolitan Constituent Power
Authors: Patberg Markus
Published: January 2021

This chapter deals with the question of whether the public narrative of ‘We, the people of Europe’, which claims constituent power for a cross-border demos composed of EU citizens, can be justified in terms of a systematic model. To that end, it draws on the political theory of regional cosmopolitanism, which holds that even though the EU is not a state, it has its own political community. The literature on regional cosmopolitanism offers two possible strategies of defending the idea of an EU-wide constituent power: a first-principles approach and a reconstructive approach. The chapter argues that only the latter proves viable, and then goes on to examine the merits of the model that it gives rise to. While regional-cosmopolitan constituent power plausibly responds to the fact that the EU has created a new group of addressees and authors of the law, it neglects the continuing importance of the member state peoples and fails to explain how an EU-wide constituent power could be reconciled with the compound and dependent nature of the EU polity.
Dual Constituent Power
Authors: Patberg Markus
Published: January 2021

This chapter addresses the public narrative of ‘We, the people and peoples of Europe’, which presents constituent power in the EU as shared between a European demos and the national demoi, and examines whether it amounts to a systematic model that withstands critical scrutiny. For this purpose, it draws on the political theory of split popular sovereignty, which interprets the EU as a federation (Bund) based on the democratic pillars of European citizens and European peoples. The chapter argues that Jürgen Habermas’s hypothetical notion of a pouvoir constituant mixte, which projects constituent power into the past, can be developed into a future-oriented model for actual decision-making in EU constitutional politics based on Habermas’s own idea of a permanent founding. Assessing the plausibility of this view, the chapter argues that the idea of dual constituent power avoids some of the shortcomings of regional cosmopolitanism and demoi-cracy, but also entails a problematic pre-commitment to the preservation of the EU member states, perplexingly stratifies constituent power across national and supranational levels, and blurs the procedural-institutional line between constituent and constituted powers.
A Permanent Constitutional Assembly
Authors: Patberg Markus
Published: January 2021

This chapter presents an institutional proposal for how citizens could be enabled—in the dual role of European and national citizens—to exercise constituent power in the EU. To explain in abstract terms what an institutional solution would have to involve, it draws on the notion of a sluice system, according to which the particular value of representative bodies consists in their capacity to provide both transmission and filter functions for democratic processes. On this basis, the chapter critically discusses the proposal that the Conference of Parliamentary Committees for Union Affairs of Parliaments of the European Union (COSAC) should transform itself into an inter-parliamentary constitutional assembly. As this model allows constituted powers to continue to operate as the EU’s de facto constituent powers, it cannot be expected to deliver the functions of a sluice system. The chapter goes on to argue that a more convincing solution would be to turn the Convention of Article 48 of the Treaty on European Union into a permanent constitutional assembly composed of two chambers, one elected by EU citizens and the other by member state citizens. The chapter outlines the desirable features of such an assembly and defends the model against a number of possible objections.
Self-Knowledge and Despair
Authors: Ware Owen
Published: January 2021

It is one thing to show that we are the kind of beings for whom morality applies, and quite another to show that our moral aspirations are on the right track. The latter raises a question of moral self-knowledge, since it asks how we as individuals can have assurance that our moral progress is genuine. This chapter argues that a new form of despair emerges from the question of how we can trust our own aspirations to live a virtuous life. The problem concerns either our tendency to self-deception or our inability to know our underlying intentions—two sides of Kant’s opacity thesis. This chapter argues that Kant’s effort to resolve the issue of moral self-knowledge leads him, in Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason and the Metaphysics of  Morals, to a theory of conscience.
Arnold Bennett
Authors: Jones Charlotte
Published: January 2021

Virginia Woolf’s accusation that ‘Life escapes’ from the aesthetic horizons of Bennett’s fiction has long haunted his critical reception. Chapter 3 therefore turns to the function of description within realism, arguing that Bennett does not conceptually prioritize either the particulars, as Woolf argued, or the aggregated scene, as in Barthes’s ‘reality effect’, where the specificities of detail are secondary to its ideological function. The solid superficies for which Bennett has become infamous never constitute individual atoms of meaning, for he insists on both the particularity of a given scene and its transient coherence as a totality. This stereoptic effect mobilizes a searching scepticism as to reality’s appearances, which makes Bennett aim at what is at once both a more abstract and a more concrete notion of truth, one whose material manifestations carry with it the mark of its relation to a whole range of universal truths of which it is part. In this, Bennett acknowledges a debt to the ‘synthetic philosophy’ of Herbert Spencer. By examining more closely the influence of Spencer’s metaphysics on Bennett’s realist aesthetics, and focusing on Bennett’s novels together with his numerous critical writings, this chapter gives long-overdue attention to an often neglected figure in modern British literature.
Degeneration, Eugenics, and The Playboy of the Western World
Authors: Hewitt Seán
Published: January 2021

This chapter considers Synge’s controversial, riot-inducing masterpiece, The Playboy of the Western World (1907). Playboy, as a form of discursive retribution against certain restrictive politics, deploys a drama of sexual selection in a degenerated landscape in order to posit ironic humour, imaginative freedom, and ‘savage’ violence as a revitalizing impulse. Beginning with a curious phonetic letter sent to Synge by his friend, this chapter explores the themes of evolutionism, degeneration, and irony discussed in previous chapters, showing how Synge’s writing interacted with contemporary eugenicist discourses but posited the case for social and economic regeneration (rather than ‘race improvement’) as an antidote. Against this background, the chapter demonstrates that The  Playboy is the apotheosis of Synge’s increasingly modernist, increasingly political, drama. For him, nationalist orthodoxies and certain forms of economic and social modernization were degenerative, and The  Playboy purposefully acts as a sort of ironic protest against this. The chapter concludes by showing that writers such as W. B. Yeats, and later the playwright Teresa Deevy in her The King of Spain’s Daughter (1937), recognized Synge’s literary and political radicalism before he was effectively canonized as a cultivator of a Romantic cult of the peasant. Synge’s modernism, as The Playboy of the Western World shows most clearly, is simultaneously a form of political and literary protest. Rooted in his socialism and informed by his long-standing engagement with modernization, it is the apotheosis of his tendency towards a literary experiment which works in tandem with an ever-developing political, social, and aesthetic consciousness.
History in Three Dimensions
Authors: Goode Mike
Published: January 2021

The chapter analyzes how the nineteenth century’s two most significant immersive media—panoramas and stereoscopic photographs—comment on and draw attention to their differences as media through their respective uses of Walter Scott’s novels and poems, and, in turn, how these medial differences bring into relief the aesthetic and philosophical novelty of Scott’s own efforts to write visually. To make its argument, the chapter draws on a wide variety of archives and forms of evidence, including: period guidebooks to panoramas; the histories of media technologies like camera obscuras, linear perspective, and stereoscopes; Victorian stereographs of Scotland, especially by George Washington Wilson; readings of visually evocative passages in Scott’s Waverley, Ivanhoe, and The Fair Maid of Perth; Eugène Delacroix’s painting Rebecca and the Wounded Ivanhoe; and Romantic writings on optics and vision, including Scott’s Letters on Demonology and Witchcraft and his friend David Brewster’s scientific treatises on monocular and binocular vision.
Capability Jane
Authors: Goode Mike
Published: January 2021

The chapter contends that Jane Austen’s novel Mansfield Park, through its rhetorical and conceptual overlaps with eighteenth-century landscape design, does not align its realist project with representing reality so much as with revealing reality’s capabilities, thereby associating Austenian realism metaphysically and medially with the ecological consciousness and experimentation of landscaping. Contrary to familiar leftist critiques of landscape gardening’s political meanings and abhorrent social effects, the chapter uncovers the conceptual overlaps between, on the one hand, the ecological consciousness and design vocabulary of eighteenth-century landscape theorists like Humphry Repton and Richard Payne Knight, and, on the other hand, contemporary formalism and Gilles Deleuze’s conception of the virtuality extant in any reality. The chapter then traces how Mansfield Park reworks this ecological consciousness and design vocabulary (affordances, allowances, capabilities), arguing that Austen theorizes the novel form as a design medium wherein narrative is just a contingent ecological experiment.
Whose Health Is It, Anyway?
Authors: Davies Sally , Pearson-Stuttard Jonathan
Published: January 2021

This book outlines why health, individually and collectively, is the greatest untapped opportunity for prosperity and happiness in the 21st century and introduces the concept of total health as a tool for valuing health. The most significant flaw in health systems today is a failure to value health but instead to count the costs of ill health, and the authors examine why this should be so from a range of perspectives. The costs of ill health are explored not only as an increasing portion of government spend, but also in relation to wider society, where entrenched inequalities result in the clustering of poor health, low educational attainment, and poor job prospects. The ways in which our health and the drivers of health have evolved are described, and their roles in preventing individuals from living well, learning, and working, are identified. The healthcare system is also examined, and revealed to be an illness service with little resilience, importing illness rather than exporting health, and failing to leverage the digital and technological innovations harnessed by other industries. The authors call for health to be valued, rather than ill health costed, and describe a 21st-century healthcare system that expands the NHS from an illness service to a true, total health service. COVID-19 has shown how vulnerable societies, economies, and daily lives are to ill health. This book demonstrates that, by valuing the pivotal role of health, societies could look to a happier and more prosperous future.
Are we healthy? It’s complicated
Authors: and Davies
Published: January 2021

This chapter introduces the concept of ‘total health’, which includes physical, mental, and social health, and also the underlying drivers that influence them. In England, the Department of Health and Social Care spends more than 95% of its budget on the National Health Service, which could be better described as the National Illness Service because health tends to be defined as what it is not, rather than a holistic state of well-being; ill health is what gets attention. The World Health Organization (WHO) has a different perspective, and defines health as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Total health captures the WHO definition and its wider ramifications. This chapter examines two aspects of total health: the issues inherent in how health is viewed today and the role societal inequalities play in damaging health and life chances.
Leon Battista Alberti’s Porcaria coniuratio
Authors: Celati Marta
Published: January 2021

The second chapter focuses on Leon Battista Alberti’s Porcaria coniuratio, the historical epistle on Stefano Porcari’s conspiracy against pope Nicholas V written immediately after the thwarted plot in 1453. The political perspective underlying Alberti’s text does not reflect a merely propagandistic view, but conversely is the expression of a complex and ambiguous political reading of the events. The analysis aims to shed light on Alberti’s unsettled political view, by examining not only the ideological standpoint that emerges in the epistle, but also the rhetorical and stylistic elements that permeate this work. In particular, specific attention is paid to both the choice of the epistolary genre, which is employed to produce a historiographical work and is combined with other literary forms, and the studied use of various classical models (Sallust, satirical authors, Cicero, etc.). The examination of this text, which is read in connection with other works by Alberti, reveals the humanist’s view on historiography, which occupies a pivotal position in the lively fifteenth-century debate on historical writing. Moreover, the analysis shows how the complex rhetorical and stylistic framework of the Porcaria coniuratio implicitly conveys Alberti’s uneasy political thought, which proves to be completely distant from any sympathy with the plotter. Although the epistle is informed by a questioning approach, it reveals the humanist’s disapproval of any attempt at overthrowing established governments. It also betrays Alberti’s problematizing attitude towards political power and his unresolved view on the intricate Roman political background.
‘Congiure contro a uno principe’
Authors: Celati Marta
Published: January 2021

The final chapter examines the relationship between Machiavelli’s work and fifteenth-century literature on conspiracies. The analysis highlights the role that this humanist literature played in the development of Machiavelli’s complex theorization of conspiracies as a political phenomenon, but it also underlines how, although he was influenced by this background, he also radically departed from it. Machiavelli dealt with this political subject in several sections of his works: in particular in his long chapter Delle congiure in the Discorsi (III, 6), which can be considered a comprehensive treatise on plots; in chapter XIX of Il principe; and in some significant chapters of the Istorie fiorentine, where Machiavelli narrates the conspiracies that took place in Italy in the previous centuries. He was the first author to develop a substantial theorization of political plots and he based it on concrete historical examples drawn from previous narratives and from ancient history. Machiavelli’s analysis of conspiracies shares some key elements with the political perspective underlying fifteenth-century literature on plots: his focus on the figure of the prince as the main target of the conspiracy; the importance assigned to the role of the common people and to the issue of building political consensus; the attention paid to internal enemies and internal matters within the state, rather than to the relationship with foreign political forces; the evolution in the analytical approach regarding tyranny and tyrannicide; the centrality of the notion of crimen laesae maiestatis; the emphasis on the negative political outcome of plots.
Introduction
Authors: Schimmelfennig Frank , Winzen Thomas , Lenz Tobias , Rocabert Jofre , Crasnic Loriana , Gherasimov Cristina , Lipps Jana , Mumford Densua
Published: January 2021

This chapter introduces the research puzzle and the argument of the book. In addition, it gives an overview of the book’s structure and chapters. The chapter briefly describes how international organizations have increasingly created or affiliated international parliamentary institutions (IPIs) without endowing them with relevant institutional powers. Quantitative without qualitative international parliamentarization is the core puzzle of the study, for which widespread accounts of functional delegation and norm internalization do not provide a satisfactory answer. The chapter presents the book’s argument about IPIs as instruments of strategic legitimation and highlights the organizational, domestic, and international conditions conducive to international parliamentarization. It concludes with a summary of the content and findings of the following chapters.
Strategic democratic legitimation
Authors: Schimmelfennig Frank , Winzen Thomas , Lenz Tobias , Rocabert Jofre , Crasnic Loriana , Gherasimov Cristina , Lipps Jana , Mumford Densua
Published: January 2021

This chapter lays out the theoretical framework for the study of international parliamentary institutions (IPIs). First, it argues that IPIs display few of the functional benefits that are commonly associated with the delegation of competences to international institutions. Second, it claims that the assumption of normatively committed member states of international organizations (IOs) does not explain either the weakness of IPIs, their appearance in many IOs composed of non-democratic states, or their absence from IOs with a solid democratic membership. Third, we suggest that the creation and empowerment of IPIs is better understood as a legitimation strategy that governments employ strategically in response to challenges to the legitimacy of the organization. Maintaining or improving the legitimacy of an IO is important because it enhances the stability of cooperation and prevents the disruption of its operation, and international parliamentarization is specifically useful when democratic legitimacy is the standard by which relevant audiences judge an IO. Finally, we identify six structural conditions that generate variation in the normative cost–benefit calculus of governments. These relate to institutional characteristics of the IO itself (authority, purpose, and scope), as well as its domestic and international environment (democracy, governance failure, and diffusion).
The Organization of Security and Co-operation in Europe
Authors: Schimmelfennig Frank , Winzen Thomas , Lenz Tobias , Rocabert Jofre , Crasnic Loriana , Gherasimov Cristina , Lipps Jana , Mumford Densua
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the parliamentarization of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). The establishment of the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly took place in the context of the post-Cold War democratization wave in Eastern Europe and the active diffusion efforts of the Council of Europe. Whereas the Western governments had a vested interest in ensuring the democratic transition of Eastern Europe, the young democracies sought international recognition as part of the European political community. Beyond this post-Cold War consensus, several options were under consideration. The chapter describes how the initial proposal of a joint parliamentary assembly of the OSCE with the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) was discarded in favour of a separate OSCE Parliamentary Assembly.
The Pacific Islands Forum
Authors: Schimmelfennig Frank , Winzen Thomas , Lenz Tobias , Rocabert Jofre , Crasnic Loriana , Gherasimov Cristina , Lipps Jana , Mumford Densua
Published: January 2021

This chapter presents a case study of the Pacific Islands Forum (PIF). It examines why the PIF has never established an international parliamentary institution (IPI) in spite of several favourable conditions, such as an increase in authority, a large scope, predominantly democratic member states, a legitimacy crisis in regional governance, and improving conditions for international diffusion. The explanation points to the absence of and contestation about general purpose. Small and recently independent island states blocked region building and occasional IPI proposals by dominant member states (Australia and New Zealand) to protect their sovereignty. The analysis is subdivided into two cases, the 1971–2000 period of initial institutionalization and the period from 2000 onwards during which the Forum experienced deepening integration together with a severe legitimacy crisis.
From Home to Hospital
Authors: Arnold-Forster Agnes
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores the senses and emotions that attended living with and dying from cancer in the early nineteenth century. The archives of The Middlesex Hospital consist of registers of cancer patients from 1792 through to the twentieth century, and a potted selection of casebooks. This chapter, therefore, tells the stories of sixty patients from 1805 to 1836. From these case notes, flesh and blood can be added to the lived experience of cancer and go some way towards recovering the patient voice. We can follow in their footsteps from home to hospital, and in multiple literal and metaphorical ways appreciate the distances they travelled in their ‘cancer journeys’.
Cancer Therapeutics
Authors: Arnold-Forster Agnes
Published: January 2021

This chapter investigates the invention, application, assessment, and justification of palliative surgery through the work of two practitioners: Charles Bell (1774–1842) and James Young Simpson (1811–1970). As this chapter will show, close attention to patient pain and suffering was essential to surgeons’ assessments of the efficacy of palliative surgery. Bell and Simpson performed palliative procedures partly because they were concerned by their patients’ suffering and, as suggested in Chapter 2, partly because they wanted to present themselves as enlightened, improving gentlemen. Indeed, the texts analysed here—and the promotion of palliative surgery more generally—provide an alternative portrayal to that of the crude and dispassionate Victorian practitioner.
The Work of Democratic Design
Authors: Saward Michael
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores the nature of specific democratic designs or plans. The latter are understood as particular, first-order conceptions of democracy emerging from systematic application of the democratic design framework to a given set of democratic concerns or challenges. The chapter discusses types of design (e.g. hybrids and transfers), and poses the question of agency—who designs. Who initiates, adapts, and ‘lives’ designs (can one have both democratic design and democratic design?). It also examines the repertoire of specific political principles, institutions, and devices that make up the raw material of democratic designs, thus underscoring the wide range of design options that are in principle available.
Introduction
Authors: Woźniak Monika , Wyke Maria
Published: January 2021

The introduction to this edited collection on the historical novel Quo vadis: A Narrative of the Time of Nero explores the initial cultural context of the novel’s publication in 1896 and its reception in Poland as an astounding work of high literature. It also summarizes how the novel written by Henryk Sienkiewicz came to cross national boundaries, cultural categories, and media to gain a long and rich afterlife in the popular culture of Western Europe and the United States. The introduction considers the novel and its afterlife as an exceptional example of the reception of classical antiquity. The introduction explores how the historical novel provided a powerful discursive structure through which to explore Christian faith and resistance to tyranny. It also argues that analysis of Quo vadis and its multimedial transformations decentres the West and elite culture as sites of classical reception, reveals the particularities and the influence of the Polish classical tradition, and demonstrates how and why classics and popular culture converge.