bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Content of the pectic substances, calcium, magnesium and minerals in the nodes and internodes of winter wheat culms, lodging and non-lodging varieties in their flowering stage
Authors: Przeszlakowska Maria
Published: August 2013

Total amount of the pectdc substances and their fractions was estimated in wheat of several lodging and non-lodging varieties during the flowering stage. The node tissues contained three times as much total pectic substances as did internodes. Irrespective of the wheat variety, the nodes as compared to the internodes, contain three times as much soluble pectins, and two times as much protopectin fraction extractable at pH 4.5 as well as those extractable at pH 10.6. Non-lodging varieties ('Grana', 'Luna', 'Modzurowska') are characterized by high content of pectic substances both in nodes and internodes, high content of calcium and magnesium protopectin fractions are also characteristic of nodes and internodes of these varieties. The lowest content of calcium-magnesium protopectins is found in the in ternodes of tall, lodging wheat varieties. Nitrogen fertilization, up to 80 kg N/ha, does not influence the internode levels of calcium-magnesium protopectin fractions, ash substances, and the levels of calcium and magnesium in this tissue.
Protein estimation of healthy and mosaic affected corms of Amorphophallus Campanulatus
Authors: Verma V. S. , Uprety D. C.
Published: August 2013

The corms of healthy and mosaic affected plants of A. campanulatus revealed a higher percentage of protein in diseased corms than in the healthy ones.
Effect of cotyledons and epicotyl upon the activity of endogenous gibberellins in roots of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) seedlings
Authors: Janas Krystyna M. , Šebánek Jiři
Published: August 2013

In 11-day-old flax seedlings, the level of endogenous gibberellins in roots decreased within 12 hours after the excision of cotyledons and the epicotyl; however, 24 to 48 hours after excision the gibberellin level increased again. The decrease in the gibberellin level within the first 12 hours after excision suggests a participation of the cotyledons and the epicotyl in the biosynthesis of endogenous gibberellins.
Preliminary estimation of physiological activity of 9-amine-9-fluorenephosphonic acid derivatives
Authors: Czerwiński W. , Gancarz R. , Przybyłka E. , Wieczorek J. S.
Published: August 2013

The physiological activity of twenty one 9-amine-9-fluorenephosphonic acid derivatives was tested. The compounds were synthesized by the Wrocław Technical University. Spirodela oligorrhiza was used as the test plant. There was tested the inhibiting influence of these compounds on the growth of Spirodela and synergism with the herbicide "mecoprop". Ethyl esters substituted at the nitrogen atom with buthyl and heptyl group appeared to be most active. Their concentration of 0.5-1.5 × 10-5 M inhibited the growth of Spirodela by 50%. Most of the 9-amine-9-fluorenephosphonic acid derivatives tested with different substitutes showed a strong synergism with the herbicide "mecoprop". An addition of these compounds to sublethal solution of the herbicide killed Spirodela within 10-20 houres.
Changes in anatomical structure of apple fruitlet pedicels preceding June drop
Authors: Habdas Hanna , Jankiewicz Leszek S. , Borkowska Bożena
Published: August 2013

The anatomical structure of pedicels of apple fruitlets was investigated. The fruitlets of cv. 'Mcintosh' and 'Bancroft' were collected on June 8th, 16th an 24th. The middle date coincided with the beginning of June drop. The pedicel structure of larger fruitlets which tended to be retained on the tree was compared with that of smaller fruitlets which tended to be shed of. In the pedicels of larger fruitlets, development of the xylem, especially secondary one, was more intensive. This difference increased in time. Lignification of cortex sclereids, phloem fibers, xylem parenchyma cells and pith cells was also more advanced. The differences in the amount of phloem tissue between both kinds of fruitlets were not large but usually significant. The mentioned differences especially in pedicel xylem development are considered to be partly responsible for the fact that smaller fruitlets loose gradually their ability to compete for nutrients. This finally leads to their starvation and shedding.
The occurrence of glucosinolates during the flowering and maturation of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.)
Authors: Drozdowska Lucyna , Rogozińska Janina
Published: August 2013

It was found that in the vegetative organs of rape, glucosinolates are present in insignificant amounts and their content decreases toward development. Higher amounts were found in flower buds; in the course of seed formation, continuous accumulation of giucosinolates proceeds up to the stage of technical maturity. Among the glucosinolates, progoitrin predominated during all developmental stages.
Forms of potassium and sodium in some species of grasses and herbage
Authors: Nowak Grzegorz , Panak Henryk
Published: August 2013

The forms of occurence of potassium and sodium were studied in the grasses Dactylis glomerata L., Poa annua L., Festuca rubra L. and dendelion (Taraxacum officinale Web.) treated with increasing mineral fertilizer doses, magnesium and microelements, under conditions of pot culture. The plants took up potassium in amounts greatly exceeding their requirement, and sodium in very small amounts. Mineral NPK doses increased in the tested plants both the content of potassium and sodium forms soluble in trichloroacetic and acetic acids and water. Magnesium and microelements had no major influence on the content of these potassium forms, but they increased the concentration of analogous forms of sodium in Taraxacum officinale and did not influence their accumulation in the grasses. Potassium and sodium compounds were completely extracted from the plants with trichloroacetic, whereas acetic acid extracted 88-95 percent of potassium and 66-74 percent of sodium. Distilled water extracted 70-77 and 28-33 percent of potassium and sodium, respectively.
The interaction of mineral nutrition and water supply in the process of winter wheat production
Authors: Šhivra J. , Hojčuš R. , Zima M.
Published: August 2013

In pot experiments performed in 1972-1976 with winter wheat variety 'Ilyichovka' grown at three levels of increasing mineral nutrition and at different levels of water supply (70% and 40% of maximal water capacity) an interaction was observed between mineral nutrition and water availability on the yield and some physiological characteristics of the plants. Water stress during heading stage reduced nearly by one half the grain yield per plant, mostly by decreasing the number of completely filled grains. The quicker leaf senescence and grain number reduction as well as the total grain yield due to water stress differed between the nutritional levels. The relations between leaf surface area and grain yields were nearly linear in treatments with optimal water supply, but were markedly changed by water stress.
Soybean diseases in Poland
Authors: Marcinkowska J. , Tomala-Bednarek J. W. , Schollenberger M.
Published: August 2013

Field observations on the occurrence of soybean diseases were undertaken in the southern and central regions of Poland in the period 1976-1980. Most prevalent were foliage diseases caused by Peronospora manshurica, Pseudomonas syrinqae pv. glycinea and soybean mosaic virus (SMV). Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Ascochyta sojaecola were reported as pathogens of local importance. The following pathogenic fungi: Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium culmorum, F. oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani were also isolated from soybean.
IV. Effect of 60Co gamma rays on survival rate of China aster plants (Callistephus chinensis Nees) in M1 generations - under field conditions
Authors: Wosińska A.
Published: August 2013

Studies were undertaken on the effect of different doses of gamma radiation on survival rate of plants (germinated from irradiated seeds) for 5 China aster varieties specified at florescence time. During their growth under field conditions (from planting time to blooming) lethal effect of the radiation occurred in plants of all varieties and its level depended on dose and variety. Effect of 3 kR and 6 kR doses differed depending on variety and was not always harmful, but following irradiation with doses exceeding 6 kR a considerable decrease in survival rate was observed. Radioresistance of studied varieties - measured both: by LD50 and LDl00 - differed; depending on variety, LD50 and LDl00 values fluctuated: from 6 to 9 kR and 12 to 15 kR respectively.
Induction with 60Co gamma rays of modification variability and mutation of China aster (Callistephus chinensis Nees
Authors: Wosińska A.
Published: August 2013

The effect of radiation on variability was investigated in plants of five varieties of China aster, grown from seeds pretreated with various doses of gamma rays (generation M1) and in the progeny of these plants (generation M2). Both in generation M1 and in M2 the frequency of occurrence of radiation induced changes varied. In the M1 generation, beside teratological changes found most frequently in early periods, the observed variability concerned mostly leaves, their colour and size and the form of the lingual flowers. Plants with a different colour of flowers or a different habit were only sporadic. The changes induced by radiation were more frequently observed in the M2 generation than in the M1 They involved the following characters: height and habit of plants, colour of shoots, leaves and flowers, the forms of lingual marginal flowers, the time of flowering and the perfume. Most frequently changes were observed in several characters. When the shoots and leaves colour showed changes of anthocyanin type, the colour of the flowers was usually also modified. Most changed plants were noted after a dose of 9 kR in the M1 generation, and after 6-9 kR in the M2 generation. These doses were described in generation M1 at the stage of flowering in most of the tested varieties as LD50.
Effect of chlormequat chloride, ß-naphthoxyacetic acid and ethephon on early and total yield of tomato in open field
Authors: Borkowski Jan , Jankiewicz Leszek S.
Published: August 2013

Tomato seedlings in hotbed with Antywylegacz (chlormequat chloride) to suppress their excessive elongation before transplanting, were used. Their first 2-3 flower clusters were dipped in the field in Betokson (ß-naphthoxyacetic acid) to induce better early fruit set and the plants were sprayed with Ethrel (ethephon) just before the first fruits become pink, to stimulate earlier ripening and increase early yield. The experiment was carried out during 3 years with the cultivars 'Venture', 'New Yorker' and 'Nesthackchen' (only in 1975). Application of chlormequat alone prevented excessive growth of the seedlings but did not increase early yield significantly. ß-naphthoxyacetic acid alone was effectiveevery year and always increased early yield. Chlormequat followed by ß-naphthoxyacetic treatment showed always a tendency to increase early yield more than ß-naphthoxyacetic acid alone. Treatment with ß-naphthoxyacetic acid, alone or in combination with other treatments, lowered the total yield. Ethephon used solely or in combination with other treatments usually was ineffective.
Factors influencing flower bud formation on the pear tree cultivar 'Doyenne du Cornice'. II. Influence of growth inhibition on the anatomical structure of the stem
Authors: Jaumień Franciszka
Published: August 2013

Differentiation of the particular tissues in shoots inhibited in growth by chlormequat occurs differently than in vigorously growing ones. After the end of elongation growth, in the subapical part of shoots sprayed with chlormequat the cortex extends and secondary xylem develops less intensively, this leading to an increased participation of parenchymatous tissue in the stem.
Influence of seed spacing on protein and fat content in soya
Authors: Bobrecka-Jamro Dorota
Published: August 2013

Influence of seed spacing on protein and fat content in the seeds of three varieties of soya bean M-29, M-34 and M-38 and populated Warsaw variety was studied in differentiated soil climatic conditions. It has been stated that seed spacing 45 + 5 cm favourable had influence on protein content and spacing 25 cm on fat content. Phylum M-38 was characterized by the highest protein content while M-29 by the highest fat content. Seeds of plants growing in humus had a higher protein content and those growing in mud had a higher fat content. In chilly beans, especially when temperature drops, in the period of soya bean florescence, the protein content in the seeds increased.
Shortening of the development cycle in winter rape (Brassica napus var. oleifera L.) by grafting nonvernalized scions on generative stock
Authors: Dubert Franciszek , Pieńkowski Sebastian , Filek Władysław
Published: August 2013

The conditions were investigated under which the development cycle in winter rape could be markedly reduced by grafting. Scions from non vernalized seedlings were grafted onto stock plants beginning their generative phase. Winter rape plants vernalized under natural field conditions and spring rape plants in the initial generative phase were used as stock. Best results were obtained by grafting scions from plants at the stage of 4 leaves, i.e. after 3 weeks of growth, onto winter rape stock. With such scions the effectiveness of graftings was high and seed crops were obtained 170 days earlier than under natural field conditions of growth and 80 days earlier than under artificial conditions. Scions grafted onto winter rape stock produced more siliques than those on spring rape. Grafting of scions after cutting off their apical meristems allowed formation of side shoots and consequently resulted in higher yields of siliques; the formation of siliques, however, was delayed by about 10 days as compared to grafts with apical meristems.
Remarks on the seasonal aspects of plant communities on cereal crop fields
Authors: Siciński Jan T.
Published: August 2013

The present paper is a discussion on the external manifestations of periodicity in the appearance and various degrees of intensity of the developmental processes in communities of cereal fields. The result of these changes is a different appearance of the some community in the course of the annual developmental cycle. In the course of the vegetation season the particular species develop differently some flower in spring, the majority in summer and others as late as autumn. Observation of various associations with cereals indicates that some of them exhibit wide differences in the manifestation of development periodism. A larger or smaller number of stages and their shorter or longer duration may be observed. Floristically richer communities (large number of species represented by large number of individuals) show more pronounced developmental phases, whereas in poorer ones these phases are more uniformly distributed in the course of the vegetation season. Field communities developing in the poorest habitats exhibit fewer aspects, usually in summer.
All Polish investigators agree as to the early spring, spring, early summer and late summer aspects. There are controversies concerning the autumn (stubblefield) aspect. The classification of stubble field phytocenoses as associations does not seem fully justified. This phytocenosis is a continuation of the development of the cereal including community under greatly changed light and microclimatic conditions. The floristic composition indicates a connection with a definite group of habitats, and thus, with communities of cereal crops.
Weed seeds content in the soils of some mountain complexes of south-eastern Poland
Authors: Pawłowski Franciszek , Wesołowski Marian
Published: August 2013

Weed contamination of the arable layer (0-30 cm deep) of the mountain wheat complex, mountain cereal complex and mountain oat-potato complex was studied in south-eastern Poland. Most of the weed seeds were found in soils of the mountain wheat complex and the smallest number was found in soils of the mountain oat-potato complex. The weed seeds in each complex mostly belonged to short lasting species which occurred mainly to the IV and V degree of phytosociological stability.
Use of the delayed luminescence test for evaluation of changes in frost-resistance of winter wheat
Authors: Brzóstowicz Aleksander , Prokowski Zdzisław , Murkowski Antoni , Grabikowski Edward
Published: August 2013

The influence of frost hardening conditions on the frost-resistance of three winter wheat cultivars ('Mironowska 808', 'Grana' and 'Maris Huntsman') was studied. Frost resistance was measured periodically during the autumn and winter season by the delayed luminescence method. Parallelly an electrical conductivity test was performed for comparison. It was found that the temperature which delayed luminescence reaches its maximum (tN) correlates with (t50) obtained by the conductometric method.
The differences in response of particular cultivars to frost and hardening conditions are described.
Susceptibility of apple cultivars to bark canker diseases
Authors: Borecki Zbigniew , Czynczyk Alojzy
Published: August 2013

The susceptibility of 26 apple cultivars to four bark parasites: Nectria galligena, Pezicula malicorticis, Stereum purpureum and Phytophthora cactorum was investigated. A close correlation was found between indices of susceptibility to the fungi N. galligena, P. malicorticis and S. purpureum and no correlation between the indices of susceptibility to P. cactorum and the three remaining pathogens. Five groups of susceptibility to the complex of bark canker fungi were distinguished, oomprising three or four species of fungi. Highly susceptible cultivars: 'Delikates', 'Melrose', 'Spartan', 'Prima' and 'Slava Pobeditelam'. Rather susceptible cultivars: 'Starkrimson', 'Hibernal', 'Florina', 'Priscilla', 'Priam', 'Macfree' and 'NY 55-158-2'. Moderately susceptible cultivars: 'Macoun', 'Liberty', 'NY 55-140-9', 'Vista Bella', 'Jerseymac' and 'Šampion', Little susceptible cultivars: 'Discovery', 'Empire', 'Fantazja' and 'Primula', But slightly susceptible cultivars: 'Golden Delicious', 'Idared' and 'NY 58-533-1'.
Nutritional value and amino acids composition of the mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) at different stages of its development
Authors: Bąkowski Józef , Kosson Ryszard
Published: August 2013

The study of the nutritional value and amino acid composition of the mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) was carried out with the Somycel 653 strain cultivated on a synthetic compost containing rye straw, broiler chicken manure and gypsum. In 4 developmental stages of the whole fruit-bodies and the caps and stipes the following were determined: dry matter, vitamin C, nitrates, total nitrogen, crude protein (N × 4.38) and amino acid composition. It was observed that in all stages of development the levels of total N and crude protein are significantly higher in the caps than in the stipes. From the amino acid composition it appears that the caps of stage 4 contain the highest amounts of essential and total amino acids as compared with caps, stipes and whole sporophores found in any developmental stage. This is correlated with the opening of the mushrooms in stage 4. It was observed that the nitrates level tends, to be higher in the cap than in the stipe.
Beyond-root calcium fertilization of apple trees
Authors: Słowik Kazimierz , Świetlik Dariusz
Published: August 2013

Investigations were performed in the period 1977-1979 on the apple tree cultivar 'Fantazja', on rootstock A 2, M 7 and MM 106 on the effect of spraying with solution containing calcium on the incidence of bitter pit, breakdown, calcium content in the fruit flesh and other features of the fruits. Threefold spraying with calcium nitrate, calcium chloride or Anti-Stipp significantly limited the appearance of bitter pit and breakdown.
Occurence of common wild oat (Avena fatua L.) on cultivated fields in north-eastern Poland
Authors: Korniak Tadeusz
Published: August 2013

The paper analyses the spatial distribution of common wild oat (Avena fatua L.) on cultivated fields in the Olsztyn and Suwałki Districts. Data are presented on the occurrence of this species in 1908-1909, based on works of a German scientist Z a d e (1912), and the present author's own data for two periods: 1966-1975 and 1976-1982. Analysis of the data points to the invasive character of Auena fatua in north-eastern Poland in the period 1976-1982. At present, the distribution of common wild oat is very similar to that at the beginning of the 20 century (1908-1909). In the area under study common wild oat (Avena fatua L.) seems to be most dangerous for spring cereals cultivated upon soils of good wheat complex. The data confirm suggestions by many authors that common wild oat belongs to calciphilous species.
Uptake of more important mineral components by common field weeds on loess soils
Authors: Malicki Leszek , Berbeciowa Czesława
Published: August 2013

We have determined the contents of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn in winter wheat, spring barley, sugar beets and winter rape, as well as in the most common weed species infesting these crops. It was established that the percentage of mineral components in the dry matter of the majority of weeds is higher than in that of the cultivated plants. The most dangerous weed species competing with plants for the investigated nutrients were: Chenopodium album, Cirsium arvense, Convolvulus arvensis, Polygonum convolvulus, Sonchus arvensis and Stellaria media.
Effect of temperature and light on foliar absorption of P and Rb by Chrysanthemum and Pilea
Authors: Marczyński Szczepan , Tukey, Jr. H. B.
Published: August 2013

Young plants of Pilea cadierei Gagnep Guillaum and Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. 'Giant # 4 Indianapolis White' were grown in Hoagland's solution in growth chambers. Their leaves were treated with rubidium phosphate double labelled with 33P and 86Rb. Light intensity, period of pretreatment in light or dark, daylength, and air temperature had different influences on foliar uptake of each ion, as did plant species and leaf surface. With all variables tested, uptake and translocation of Rb was much greater than of P. Absorption of both P and Rb through the lower surface was as much as 8 times greater than through upper surface, especially with Pilea. Light had a greater effect upon uptake of both P and Rb by Chrysanthemum than by Pilea, but did not influence uptake as much as previously reported.
Heterosis effect of some onion (Allium cepa L.) characteristics
Authors: Doruchowski Roch W.
Published: August 2013

The object of the studies in 1977 was a population of 15 F1 hybrids, 11 F2 progenies, 16 parental forms (8 malesterile A lines and 3 inbred C lines). Heterosis of onion bulb weight, height, diameter was high. The heterosis of bulb firmness, skin adherence and sugar content was not high. The heterosis of other characteristics was rather low.
Inheritance of different undertones of onion (Allium cepa L.) dry skin color and the relationship between color and adherence
Authors: Doruchowski Roch W.
Published: August 2013

The research was carried out in 1977 and 1978. The inheritance of undertones, dry skin color from light straw to brown was controlled by two additive genes. The segregation ratio obtained was 15:1 and 11:5. The dry skin of a dark color (dark yellow, bronze, brown ochre, orange-brown) was stronger than the skin with a straw yellow or yellow color. Skin adherence was strictly related to its color. This was proved by statistical analysis of the correlation.
The root system of the husk tomato (Physalis ixocarpa Brot.)
Authors: Brito Juan Mulato , Jankiewicz Leszek S. , Orduňa Victor M. Fernández , Escobar Francisco Cartujano
Published: August 2013

The husk tomato (Physalis ixocarpa Brot.) is widely cultivated in central Mexico, and may be grown in countries with a temperate climate. The experiment was set up during the dry period of the year (average weekly temperature 17-22°C) in the State of Morelos, Mexico, using the cv. 'Rendidora' in loamy clay soil and furrow irrigation. The roots were investigated by the pinboard method modified by Garcia Blancas and Grajeda Gómez (in print), partly adapted by us for quantitative estimation of root systems. Two plants were investigated every second week. They had a well developed tap root. Most of their lateral roots were found in the superficial soil layer, 0-20 cm. The root dry mass was also concentrated near the central axis of the plant. The majority of root apices were, however, found in the soil cylinders 10-40 em from the central axis. During the senescence of the aerial part (14th week after emergence) the root system lost a large part of its small roots. The modification of the pinboard method, by Garcia Blancas and Grajeda Gómez (in print) permited us investigating the root systems with very simple tools, in situ.
The use of cultivars of Raphanus sativus for cytokinin bioassay
Authors: Kubowicz Dorota , Grodzka Ewa
Published: August 2013

Six cultivars of radish (Raphanus sativus) were tested for their usefulness in radish cytokinin bioassay by the method of Letham (1971). The best cultivar was found to be 'Sopel Lodu' which responds well to both zeatin and 2iP over a wide range of concentrations. The fresh weight of cotyledons increased at most by 71.5% (if treated with zeatin) or 101.0% (if treated with 2iP) compared to untreated cotyledons. This cultivar is also sensitive to the partially purified cytokinin-like fraction isolated from the pine (Pinus silvestris) cambial region. The cultivar 'Sopel Lodu' is therefore proposed to be a suitable plant for cytokinin bioassays.
The interaction of 9-amine-9-fluorenephosphonic acid derivatives (new morphactins) with some herbicides in toxicity towards Spirodela
Authors: Skrabka Henryk , Jaskulska Elżbieta
Published: August 2013

Examined was the possibility of interaction between morphactins and herbicides in phytotoxicity towards Spirodela as a test plant. Three newly synthesized 9-amine-9-fluorenephosphonic acid derivatives and the following herbicides were used: Aresin, Banvell D4-S, Gesagard, Pielik, Sys 67-Prop and U-46 KV Pulver. Synergism in phytotoxicity to Spirodela was found in the case of joint application of morphactin no. 1 and herbicides U-46 KV Pulver, Pielik and Sys 67-Prop.
The effect of growth regulators on the healthiness, growth and sprouting of inflorescence shoot of lettuce
Authors: Borkowski Jan
Published: August 2013

Investigations were carried out under greenhouse conditions on lettuce cv. Ilanka. Seeds were sown in January 1982 and 1984. Lettuce was cultivated to middle of June up to full flowering time. It was found that the preparation fenoprop (2,4,5-trichlorofenoxypropionic acid as a dimethylamine salt) in concentrations of 10, 20 and 50 mg·dm-3 significantly decreased latex tipburn symptoms. Fenoprop increased the healthiness of the plants because treated plants were also less attacked by grey mould Botritis sp. Fenoprop also inhibited head formation in lettuce, but the weight of these plants was never smaller than control ones. Sometimes the weight of plants treated with fenoprop was significantly higher than of the control plants. Lettuce plants without heads had bolted earlier. Only the concentration of 100 mg·dm-3 of fenoprop retarded plant growth. The effect of K-NAA (potassium salt of α-naphthaleneacetic acid) on lettuce was weaker than the effect of fenoprop. After K-NAA treatment at a concentration of 25 mg·dm-3, lettuce plants formed normal heads but latex tipburn symptoms were retarded.
The effect of sodium on the mineral balance of plants, using the example of root celery and stalk celery. Part I. The role of sodium and potassium in the process of accumulation and utilization of mineral elements
Authors: Kruszelnicka Urszula
Published: August 2013

In the years 1977 - 1980, studies were conducted on the effect of sodium used to supplement low (K = 800 mg/5 kg) and high (K = 1400 mg/5 kg) potassium doses on the content of mineral components, their accumulation in the yield and the percentage of their utilization. The study was carried out on root celery - Apium graveolens L. var. rapaceum (Mill.) and stalk celery - Apium graveolens L. var. dulce (Mill.). The results obtained in these experiments point to the following conclusions: it was found that potassium and sodium mutually limit each other's uptake. Sodium was more antagonistic towards the uptake of calcium than was potassium. However, no clearly antagonistic effect of these elements on the uptake of magnesium was determined. The accumulation of potassium and sodium by the experimental plants rose while the percentage of utilization of these elements decreased as their level in the nutrient medium increased. Sodium exerted a more distinct effect on the accumulation and utilization of other mineral elements than did potassium.
Simplification of a haemolytic micromethod for toxic saponin quantification in alfalfa
Authors: Górski Piotr M. , Jurzysta Marian
Published: August 2013

A simplification of a haemolytic micromethod is presented. In the orginal method, alfalfa (Medicago media Pers.) leaf sap is spotted on the plate covered with a blood-gelatine suspension. In the presented method, the mashed alfalfa pulp is used instead of sap. Due to saponin diffusion and the reaction with erythrocytes, a haemolytic ring appears, which has a width proportional to the concentration of toxic saponins. It is shown that the width of haemolytic ring does not depend on the sample weight ranging from 20 to 100 mg. This allows for the omission of laborious sap pressing and sample quantification. Individual alfalfa plants with different saponin contents were tested using leaf sap and leaf pulp for analyses. Good agreement was found with sap and leaf pulp methods. The correlation obtained by both methods was high, r = 0.87. The modified method requires only a small amount of plant material and makes the analyses of large numbers of individual plants per day possible. The method is especially recommended for breeding purposes.
The development and cultivation of tomatillo (Physalis ixocarpa Brot.) under the climatic conditions of Poland. I. Local cultivars, growth of aboveground vegetative parts, probable resistance to Phytophthora infestans
Authors: Jankiewicz Leszek S. , Horodecka Elżbieta , Borkowski Jan
Published: August 2013

Tomatillo (Physalis ixocarpa Brot.) grows in Poland much like in Mexico although its development cycle is much longer and lasts 6 months. It was sown at the beginning of April in a heated greenhouse, and transferred later on to a heated plastic tunnel. It was transplanted to a field about May 20 when danger of frosts had passed. Three local cultivars of Mexican origin were used and are briefly described. Their vegetative growth characteristics in Poland were similar to that of cv. Rendidora, which was described earlier in Mexico. The tomatillo internodes and leaves became progressively smaller with age. Tomatillo leaves and fruits were not attacked by Phytophthora infestans in the field and laboratory. Inoculation with tomato strains of this disease was without effect.
Some features of one-year-old tart Cherry shoots of cv. Sehattenmorelle
Authors: Świetlik Dariusz , Słowik Kazimierz , Rejman Sebastian
Published: August 2013

The purpose of this study was to obtain data on the relationship between the length of 1-year-old shoots and their fruiting, and both their terminal and lateral growtn produced in the current year. The measurements were taken in 1977 and 1979 from the tart cherry trees of cv. Schattenmorelle grafted of Prunus mahaleb L. or Prunus avium L. grown in loose sandy soil. In 1977 there were more shoots of over 30 cm than in 1979. The longer the shoots, the more lateral shoots were there. Only the shortest shoots (1-10 cm) bore more fruit per unit length as compared to the longer shoots.
The in vitro culture of Phytophthora infestans isolates occurring on the tomato - their pathogenicity and usefulness for artificial inoculations
Authors: Horodecka Elżbieta
Published: August 2013

In investigations on the fungus, Phytophthora infestans, isolated from open air, field-grown tomatoes, particular attention was paid to the pathogenicity of 32 isolates and the suitability of 10 kinds of natural media. It is concluded that Phytophthora races in Poland have highly varied pathogenicities and that they belong to race 0 or 1. The races were divided into subgroups of various aggressiveness. It was found that the best medium to obtain an inoculum was the agar-oat medium without vitamin B1. Vitamin B1 as well as tomatine added to agar media stimulated growth, but inhibited sporulation of Phytophthora infestans.
Apple cultivars resistant to scab (Venturia inaequalis (Cke) Aderh.) Part I. Pomological evaluation of apple cultivars
Authors: Borecki Zbigniew , Rejman Aleksander , Nowakowski Ryszard , Słowińska Beata
Published: August 2013

Sixteen apple cultivars and numbered selections resistant to apple scab were investigated in the years 1982-1986. The investigations concerned the following questions: vigour of growth, flowering, season of ripening, evaluation of fruits and their biochemical analysis. Three groups of apple cultivars were distinguished. The first group included 'Freedom', 'Liberty' and 'Novamac' which showed high productivity, satisfactory winterhardiness and best taste of fruits. Four cultivars: 'Primula', 'Prima', 'Priam' and 'Liberty Sister', were recognized as interesting because. of their ripening season and original taste but their winterhardiness was insufficient. Seven cultivars: 'Florina', 'Sir Prize', 'Priscilla', 'Macfree', 'Nova Easygro', 'Gavin' and 'Jonafree', as well as two numbered selections, NY 55-158-2 and NY 61-345-2, were disqualified because of lower productivity, high susceptibility to apple powdery mildew, poor taste, low acidity of fruits and low winterhardiness.
A method of isoflavones isolation from red clover as standards for analyses
Authors: Górski Piotr M. , Burda Stanisław , Jurzysta Marian , Płoszyński Michał
Published: August 2013

Five compounds having an isoflavone structure were isolated from the tops of red clover (Trifolium pratense). On the basis of spectral (UV, MS) and chromatographic (TLC, HPLC) analyses the compounds were identified as biochanin A, formononetin, pratensein, genistein and daidzein. Biochanin A and formononetin - two main clover estrogens - were obtained in crystalline forms in the amounts of 50 mg and 15 mg, respectively (per 250 g of D. W.). Homogenous fractions of pratensein, genistein, and daidzein were also obtained. The obtained standards were used as markers for peak identification in HPLC. The presented method of isoflavone isolation is simple and quick. It allows for the simple isolation of a mixture of crude isoflavone aglycones which may be used in qualitative and semi-quantitative (TLC) analyses. The individual standards are obtained through column chromatography and may be used for quantitative analyses.
Plant comunities of stubble-fields in the Lublin Region. P. II. Plant communities of rich, moderately humid and dry sites
Authors: Jędruszczak Maria , Pawłowski Franciszek , Wójcik Zdzisława
Published: August 2013

Part I deals with stubble-field plants on light nad poor soils in the Lublin region. Part II focuses on the stubble-field communities in the same region, developing on soil rich in nutrients and moderately humid or dry (chernozems, loess, rendzinas and less frequently on loams and dry alluvial soils). These are communities characterized by two species of high trophic requirements: Veronica persica and Sonchus asper. Two variants have been distingushed within these community: the first with three subvariants and the second with two subvariants, which reflects the diversity of the habitats on fertile soils in the region examined.
The influence of ethephon applied before harvesting on vitamin C, reducing sugars, protein total, and carotenoids content in the fruits of sweet pepper PCR (Capsicum annuum L.)
Authors: Perucka Irena , Bubicz Maria
Published: August 2013

Changes were examined in vitamin C, protein total, reducing sugars, and carotenoids content in fruits of sweet pepper treated with ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) before harvesting the fruits. The obtained results show that epplying ethephon caused an increase in vitamin C and carotenoids total content in fruits of pepper harvested 35 days after spraying. With an increase of xantophyll concentration (capsanthin + capsorubin) effected by ethephon, a decrease in ß-carotene occurred, and with an increase in the amount of ß-carotene a decrease in the amount of red carotenoids in pepper fruits was found.
The development of tomatillo (Physalis ixocarpa Brot.) in Polish conditions. II. Flowering and fruiting
Authors: Jankiewicz Leszek S. , Borkowski Jan
Published: August 2013

The reproductive development of tomatillo (husk tomato) was investigated in the conditions of central Poland. The developmental cycle of tomatillo in Poland lasts 20-23 weeks, including 6 weeks in a greenhouse or a tunnel and is longer than in Mexico (15 weeks). The plant grows well in Poland and is fruiting aboundantly. The cv. Rendidora B1 was early fruiting and sensitive to drought so it should be cultivated in a garden. Cvs Bujna and Antocyjanowa were medium late or late and suitable for open-field cultivation. Fruit development lasts about 6 weeks. Fruiting was concentrated on the apparent lateral branches of the 1st and 2nd order during the large part of a vegetative season. Among the abscised generative organs predominated flowers and at the end of vegetative season the flower buds. The maximum abscission of flower buds and flowers took place about 2-4 weeks after the most intensive flowering and fruit set. The fruits of many individuals are easily cracking. After being abscised they are attacked frequently by Botrytis sp.
Reaction of redroot pigwed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) plants to simazine
Authors: Lipecki Janusz
Published: August 2013

Simazine at the doses of 5 and 10 kg ha-1 a.i. caused a significant increase in the fresh matter and non significant increase in the height of Amaranthus retroflexus L. seedlings when compared with untreated plants. There were no significant differences in the weight of 100 seeds and in the content of mineral elements (except Mg) in plants treated with different doses of simazine. Preliminary measurements done in 1988 pointed out that the length of inflorescences increased after the use of simazine, especially in the dose of 10 kg ha-1 a.i.
A comparison of tuber slice and whole tuber tests for the assessment of potato resistance to tuber blight Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary
Authors: Zarzycka Hanna
Published: August 2013

The resistance of potato tuber tissues to colonization by Phytophthora infestans was compared in 10 selected cultivars in two trials: on tuber slices and whole tubers with cut rose ends. When resistance to sporulation was used as the discriminating criterion, the selected cultivars segregated in a distinctly different order than when arranged according to other resistance components. Both the tuber slice test and the whole tuber test allowed resistance to sporulation to be assessed in the tested group of cultivars. The results obtained in both trials were reproducible and both criteria, i.e. the percentage of mycelium-covered area as well as sporulation intensity were equally useful for the assessment. No significant influence of the fungal growth though the tuber slice tissue was observed on the assessment of sporulation in comparison to the whole tuber test where the fungus grew directly on the wounded tissue after inoculation. Assessment of the percentage of the area of the tuber slice exhibiting visible necrosis was found to be useless due to the lack of correlation with two criteria of resistance to colonization used in the whole tuber test, i.e. the rate and depth of penetration. The most useful parameter of the whole tuber test appeared to be assessment of the depth of penetration of the tuber tissues. This parameter showed the least variability and good correlation with other criteria used to evaluate resistance to colonization.
Occurrence of pathotypes of Phoma medicaginis var. pinodella (Jones) Boerema in the Olsztyn district
Authors: Furgał-Węgrzycka Helena
Published: August 2013

The causal agents of leaves and pods spot-pot of peas and field peas in the Olsztyn district was the fungus Phoma medicaginis var. pinodella. Investigated isolates of P. medicaginis var. pinodella differed by macroscopic and microscopic features. From diseases leaves and pods of peas and field peas obtained also saprophytic fungi among which Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Epicoccum purpurascens, Stemphylium botryosum, Sordaria fimicola and mycelia sterilia were dominated. In the study on the identification and distribution of pathotypes of P. medicaginis var. pinodella six pathotypes were identified among which pathotype 3 were dominated. The identified pathotypes differed by macroscopic and microscopic features.
The formononetin content in some Polish di- and tetraploid red clover cultivars
Authors: Burda Stanisław , Górski Piotr M. , Jurzysta Marian , Płoszyński Michał
Published: August 2013

The concent of formononetin, the predominant estrogen, was analyzed in four cultivars of red clover. Its highest content was found in cv. Jubilatka (tetraploid) - 0,57 % DM, next, in cv. Hruszowska (diploid) - 0,44%, Radyka (tetraploid) - 0,39 % and Skrzeszowicka (diploid) - 0,3 %. High variation from plant to plant was found in all of the analysed cultivars, which makes it possible to select for a low forrmononetin clover population. The content of formononetin in individual plants in two consecutive years was positevely correlated. The content of biochemin A in two cultivars was also analysed employing a semi-quantitative TCL test. It was found that the concent of these two estrogens in individual plants was positively correlated. However, some individual plants containing high ammount of only one estrogen were also found. Because of that in the selection for low-estrogen red clover, after selection of low formononetin plants, an additional test for biochanin A is recomended.
The stubble-field plant communities in South-Eastern Poland. P. IV. Plant communities of the Nanocyperion flavescentis alliance
Authors: Trąba Czesława
Published: August 2013

In the years 1972-1975, between August and September, on lowlands and on the area elevated to 500 m over the sea level, 85 phytosociological records were taken. On the wet stubble-field of the tested area two associations of tiny plants, belonging to the alliance Nanocyperion flavescentis, were specified. They were the following: I. Hyperico-Spergularietum rubrae and II. Centunculo-Anthocerotetum.
I. The Hyperico-Spergularietum community occurred only on lowlands, on the sand and silt soils belonging to rye complexes. It was divided into two variants: with Illecebrum verticillatum and the typical one.
II. The Centunculo-Anthocerotettum was met as well on lowlands, as on highland agricultural utility compelxes. The highland form of the community, differentiated into two variants: with Hypericum humifusum and the typical one, occurred in the mountain wheatland complex, on brown silt soils. The lowland form of the community in a typical variant was found on different soils and complexes (1, 2, 4, 5, 8).
The influence of nitrogen fertilizations and light intersity on mother plants productivity and the rooting of cuttings of Chrysanthemum (cultivar - Horim Golden)
Authors: Kozłowska Lidia
Published: August 2013

Mother plants of Chrysanthemum cv. "Horim Golden" have been cultivated at three levels of nitrogen fertilization, dosage for a 3 l pot was 100,500,1000 mg N. The plants were growing with fluorescent lamps on (5000 lx or 10000 lx). The rooting of the cuttings obtained under such conditions took place with 5000 lx. The effect of nitrogen on the productivity of mother plants depended on the light intensity. Higher nitrogen doses affected favourably the number of cuttings, the growth and number of roots per cuttings - only when higher light intensity was applied for mother plants. Light of various intensity used in the cultivation of chrysanthemum mother plants had a significantly higher effect on the dynamics of rooting that did nitrogen fertilization. High intensity light, irrespective of the nitrogen dose used, also increased the weight and number of roots per cutting. Moreover, a clear correlation has been found between the carbohydrate content in cuttings and the dynamics of rooting and the number and weight of roots formed. The process of root formation took place later and was slower in cuttings in which a higher carbohydrate content was found; however, the number and weight of roots formed by these cuttings were considerably higher. In cuttings characterised by a low carbohydrate; total nitrogen ratio a decrease in the number and weight of roots has been found.
Physiological Responses to N-NO3 and N-NH4 of Triazine Resistant and Susceptible Plants of Horseweed (Erigeron canadensis L.)
Authors: Stanek Ryszard
Published: August 2013

Triazine resistant and susceptible biotypes of horseweed (Erigeron canadensis L.) were grown under controlled conditions in nutrient solution with NH4 or NO3 ions as nitrogen source. Indicators such as: dry matter, CO2 assimilation, chloroplasts activity, dark respiration and the content of K, Ca, Mg in the above ground parts displayed lower levels when plants were fed with NH4 than with NO ions. Reduction of these indicators was stronger for the triazine susceptible plants which grew better than their resistant counterparts when fed with N-NO3. The triazine resistant plants grown with N-NH4 contained more protein-N and K than the susceptible ones. Chloroplasts of the resistant plants were also less sensitive to NH4CL treatment. It is concluded that the resistant plants appear to be more tolerant to NH4 ions as compared with their susceptible counterparts. For this reason application of ammonium forms of nitrogen fertilization in horticultural practice could favour spreading of triazine resistant horseweed.
Changes in endogenous cytokinin-like substances in onion bulbs (Allium cepa L.) cv. Sochaczewska during storage
Authors: Kielak Elżbieta , Bielińska-Czarnecka Maria
Published: August 2013

Onion bulbs cv. Sochaczewska were dried under an umbrella roof until October 15th or November 15th and thereafter stored in a cold room at 0-1°C until May 15th. During 4 years of the experiment, the activity of cytokinin-like substances was determined each month during storage. The cytokinin activity showed two to three peaks: at the beginning of storage, in January-February (in one year in December) and at the end of the storage period. No clear correlation was found between cytokinin activity and bulb rooting or sprouting. The length of the drying period occasionally influenced the height of cytokinin activity peaks and displaced the moment of their appearance. Weather conditions in particular years seem to be the main factor influencing the changes in cytokinin activity.