bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strain localization due to structural softening during pressure sensitive rate independent yielding
Authors: Le Pourhiet Laetitia
Published: September 2013

After giving a complete analytical solution for the strain softening model associated to Mohr-Coulomb non associated elasto-plastic flow rule (MC-model), the paper demonstrates that this rheology possesses a finite limit load which allows solving for strength drop as a boundary value problem. The MC-model produces a non-dimensional strength drop, which depends on three parameters: the orientation of the shear band versus the least principal stress axis outside the band α0, the peak friction angle φ and the dilatation angle Ψ. The maximum reduction of strength obtained with that strain-softening model is on the order of the confining stress p0. For this weakest regime, the effective friction of the shear band drops from μini = 0.85 at peak to μss = 0.64 at the end of the softening phase. In this model, which considers thick shear bands, the weakest regime is not obtained for an orientation corresponding to the exact Coulomb orientation. Instead, the orientation of the weakest shear zone systematically deviates from the coulomb orientation by an angle, which rises with its internal friction angle. The characteristic shear strain needed to achieve steady state is quantified semi analytically and in the range of parameters valid for Earth, this strain is found to be of the order of 7–8%. These numbers are typical of what is observed in the laboratory, which give us confidence on that MC-model is a good and probably the simplest model to localize strain in numerical codes aimed at modeling the brittle part of the Earth.
Are there any active faults within the Lepontine dome (central Alps)?
Authors: Allanic Cécile , Gumiaux Charles
Published: September 2013

In metamorphic chain areas characterized by low seismicity, the evidence of neotectonic activity is generally very poor. However, direct evidences of seismogenic faults are reported hereafter in the Lepontine dome (Central Alps) considered in the literature as tectonically quiescent. Identification of aligned cluster of microseismic events guided morphotectonic researches. The latter revealed clear clues of recent faulting, i.e. marked scarps, perturbation of the drainage system or shift of terminal moraines. Thus, thanks to combination of seismological, geological and morphological data, we accurately locate four seismogenic faults and determine precisely their kinematic from fault-stria data and focal mechanisms. Three roughly NW-SE seismogenic dextral-normal faults were evidenced: the first close to the Simplon fault zone, the second in the middle northern part of the dome and the third one to the north of Bellinzona. They are part of a regional Riedel-shear zone system linked to the Insubric line. Dextral strike-slip component increases when strike of fault planes approaches the E-W orientation (corresponding to pure strike-slip) and respectively normal component increases when strike of fault planes is close to NW-SE. The second system highlighted corresponds to WSW-ENE normal faults mainly distributed on the whole northern flank of the dome along a zone of 10 km wide. They are roughly parallel to the Rhône and Bedretto valleys and exploit pre-existing basement fabric. These data coherent at all scales provide new constraints on the current stress regime going on in the Lepontine Dome and could have implications for future seismic hazard studies in the broader area.
Transient active deformation in Tainan tableland using persistent scatterers SAR interferometry
Authors: Wu Yu-Yia , Hu Jyr-Ching , Lin Geng-Pei , Chang Chung-Pai , Tung Hsin , Lu Chih-Heng
Published: September 2013

Persistent scatterers SAR interferometry (PS-InSAR) was employed to monitor surface deformation in and around the Tainan tableland using 20 advanced synthetic aperture radar (ASAR) images from the ENVISAT satellite taken during the period from 2005 May 19 to 2008 September 25. In our study, we have found that the uplift rate of the northern Tainan tableland is faster than the southern tableland. The slant range displacement (SRD) rate for the area north along the precise leveling array is about 5 to 10 mm/yr with respect to the western edge of the Tainan tableland, whereas the SRD rate for the area south of the leveling array is about 1 to 5 mm/yr. In addition, the uplifted area extends eastward to the Tawan lowland with a maximum SRD rate of nearly 10 mm/yr, which is almost the same as the rate of the Tainan tableland. Results of this study differ from those suggested in previous researches that employed ERS-1/2 radar images taken from 1996 to 1999 and the differential interferometry synthetic aperture radar (D-InSAR) technique. Our findings indicated that the Tawan lowland no longer subsides with respect to the western edge of the Tainan tableland, and that both northern and southern areas are experiencing uplift.
Predicting Mexican Youths' Intention to Engage in Risky Behaviors: Applying Moral Norms to the Theory of Planned Behavior
Authors: Leon Nellie , Modeste Naomi , Lee Jerry
Published: September 2013

This study explored if moral norms as applied to the theory of planned behavior (TPB) account for additional variance in predicting intention to consume alcohol, smoke cigarettes, and engage in sexual activity among youth at a high school in Mexico. Additionally, it investigated if moral norms provide a moderating influence on the constructs of the theory: attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control for prediction of risky behavior intention. Multiple regression analyses identified predictive power of constructs; interactions of moral norms with the theory constructs were studied. Moral norms only significantly predicted sexual activity. Significant interactions were found between moral norms and the theory constructs for the three behaviors. Interventions aimed at preventing risky conduct among youth would benefit from strategies targeting beliefs in the moral order, especially because of its interaction with the other theoretical mechanisms.
Barriers to Family Planning and Contraception Uptake in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review
Authors: Haider Taj L. , Sharma Manoj
Published: September 2013

This review assessed barriers to uptake of family planning and contraceptive services among women in sub-Saharan Africa. Included were studies: (1) published in the English; (2) between the years January 2010 and July 2012; (3) that measure barriers to family planning/contraceptive methods; and (4) that use any quantitative or qualitative study design. Eleven studies fitting the inclusion criteria were reviewed. The major barriers found to prevent uptake of services included cultural and societal pressure on women, socioeconomic status, financial barriers, and regional barriers associated with lack of access to services. Due to the diversity of the populations in sub-Saharan Africa, it is clear that a one-size-fits-all approach will not be efficacious; rather, a strategy that takes into account cultural and societal norms for the population of interest is better.
The Potential of Developmental Work Research as a Professional Learning Methodology in Early Childhood Education
Authors: Nuttall Joce
Published: September 2013

Developmental Work Research (DWR) is a methodology for simultaneous research and innovation in workplace settings, developed by Finnish researcher Yryö Engeström. This interventionist approach builds on the principles of cultural-historical activity theory, articulated by developmental psychologists L.S. Vygotsky and A.N. Le'ontev. The article describes the use of DWR with the staff of one Melbourne early childhood centre to argue for the potential of DWR as a professional development methodology. A specific example is provided to show how a group of educators resolved a contradiction within their collective system of activity, related to implicit cultural rules about communication with parents. The article concludes by arguing that DWR has considerable potential for reconceptualising practice in early childhood settings, whilst cautioning that some practices are easier to reconceptualise than others.
Will the Early Years Professional Please Stand Up? Professionalism in the Early Childhood Workforce in England
Authors: Chalke Joy
Published: September 2013

This article explores, through a review of a body of literature, whether it is possible to create a new understanding of what it means to be a professional in Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) in England. It reviews some competing views of the nature of professionalism and then explores the distinctive attributes and qualities required by practitioners through discussing the demands required of both care and education. The article reconceptualises professional identity in ECEC in England using three themes identified from a ‘ground-up’ study of professionalism undertaken by Dalli in New Zealand — (a) pedagogical style, (b) specialist professional knowledge, and (c) practices and collaborative relations. The discussion is situated in the framework of government initiatives in the United Kingdom that have formulated a more ‘technicist’ approach to professionalisation through the graduate status of the Early Years Professional.
Reading between the Lines: An Interpretative Meta-Analysis of Ways Early Childhood Educators Negotiate Discourses and Subjectivities Informing Practice
Authors: Cumming Tamara , Sumsion Jennifer , Wong Sandie
Published: September 2013

Considerable attention has been paid across international contexts to structural factors affecting the sustainability of the early childhood workforce. While attention to these elements is vital, it can nevertheless overshadow less tangible elements that may contribute to, or assist in addressing, problems of workforce sustainability. In particular, an existing body of literature suggests that discourses and subjectivities play an important role in informing early childhood practice. In this article we report on an interpretative meta-analysis of 38 empirical studies from 9 countries, which are concerned with ways early childhood educators negotiate discourses and subjectivities informing early childhood practice. We found that early childhood educators participating in these empirical studies used a highly complex set of strategies to negotiate the relations of power that operate within and between discourses and subjectivities informing early childhood practice. We conclude that understanding more about ways early childhood educators negotiate discourses and subjectivities has the potential to inform efforts to address problems of workforce sustainability, and is worthy of further study.
Playing Aggression: The Social Construction of the ‘Sassy Girl’ in a Peer Culture Play Routine
Authors: Madrid Samara
Published: September 2013

The ethnographic analysis presented here examines a play routine that centered on two four-year-old female children constructing and being ‘sassy girls’. Data was gathered over the course of six months in one preschool classroom by acting as a participant observer, videotaping, audiotaping, and conducting formal and informal interviews with the teacher. The analysis consisted of taking a broad contextualized ethnographic view of the children's play themes in the daily life of the classroom, followed by a focused eight-week observation of the reoccurring sassy girl play routine. Patterns and themes that emerged from all data sources were triangulated and interpreted through feminist and peer culture theoretical lenses. Results revealed that the girls used this play to create gendered affiliations, perform ‘meanness’, explore power, and resist the school culture rules about aggression in the classroom.
Insulin Therapy in Phenformin-Associated Lactic Acidosis: A Case Report, Biochemical Considerations and Review of the Literature
Authors: Dembo Alon J , Marliss Errol B , Halperin Mitchell L
Published: September 2013

A patient with phenformin-associated lactic acidosis was treated with insulin and showed marked improvement coincident with the expected onset of action of the insulin administered. Relative insulin deficiency was demonstrated although several phenomena characteristic of phenformin-associated lactic acidosis obscured its reflection in the usual indices. From data presented and a review of the literature the following pathogenesis is proposed for the observed metabolic derangement. A background of relative insulin deficiency would permit enhanced pyruvate (and hence lactate) formation from protein sources. Insulin deficiency would also lead to inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase which slows pyruvate removal. Phenformin accumulation (cf impaired renal function) further reduces pyruvate removal by decreasing its conversion to glucose, but in addition alters the redox state. For the lactic acidosis which results, insulin administration may thus constitute specific therapy.
Cell-mediated Immunity in Diabetes Mellitus Lymphocyte Transformation by Insulin and Insulin Fragments in Insulin-treated and Newly-diagnosed Diabetics
Authors: MacCuish A C , Jordan Jennifer , Campbell C J , Duncan L J P , Irvine W J
Published: September 2013

Using a radioisotope labeling technic, the ability of bovine and porcine insulin antigens to induce lymphocyte transformation was tested with cells from the peripheral blood of thirty nondiabetic controls, fifty established insulin-dependent diabetics with no evidence of insulin allergy, and ten newly diagnosed diabetics (five untreated, five insulin-treated for less than three weeks). Lymphocytes from twenty-six (42 per cent) of the diabetics showed significant blastogenesis to bovine or porcine insulin, as compared with two (7 per cent) of controls; the phenomenon was shown by both established and newly diagnosed patients including four who had never received insulin. The results indicate that cellular hypersensitivity to insulin, as judged by an in vitro test, is relatively common in insulin-treated diabetics without in vivo evidence of allergy, and suggest that hypersensitivity may also be present in untreated diabetics.

Lymphocytes from twenty-one of the twenty-six diabetics who responded to intact insulin were further tested using bovine and porcine insulin A chain and bovine B chain as antigens. The A chain of either insulin induced significant blastogenesis in only one diabetic but bovine B chain induced significant blastogenesis in fourteen (67 per cent) of the patients tested. These results suggest that B chain is the major antigenic site determining cellular hypersensitivity to insulin.
Enzymes of Glucose Metabolism and of the Citrate Cleavage Pathway in Adipose Tissue of Normal and Diabetic Subjects
Authors: Belfiore Francesco , Rabuazzo Agata M , Napoli Elena , Borzi Vito , Vecchio Luigi Lo
Published: September 2013

Enzyme activities operative in glucose degradation and citrate cleavage pathway were studied in the adipose tissue of twenty-four patients with adult-onset diabetes and normal body weight, aged 59±9 years, and twenty-four matched controls.

In normal tissue, type II (heat-inactivated) hexokinase moderately predominated over type I (heat-resistant). 6-Phosphofructokinase had an extremely low activity, which was by far the lowest among the ten glycolytic enzyme activities investigated, and which therefore might greatly limit the glycolytic rate. The level of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) was elevated above that occurring in other tissues. This, especially if considered together with the low 6-phosphofructokinase activity, would suggest a major role of pentose cycle in glucose degradation. Of the citrate cleavage pathway enzymes, ATP citrate-lyase, although having a lower activity than malate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NADP), was readily measurable, which contrasts with previous data by others. This finding is consistent with the occurrence of lipogenetic capacity in human adipose tissue.

In diabetic tissue, there was a decreased activity, both on a protein and on a wet-weight basis, of enzymes concerned with the glucose entry into metabolic pathways, namely hexokinase (both type I and, especially, type II) and pentose cycle dehydrogenases, as well as of pyruvate kinase. This could be connected with the defective glucose utilization by adipose tissue in diabetes. Beside the above-mentioned dehydrogenases, malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NADP) was also diminished. The reduction of these NADPH-forming enzymes, which supply reducing equivalents for fatty acid synthesis, would suggest a depressed lipogenesis.
Dynamics of Insulin Release and Microtubular-microfilamentous System: VII. Do Microfilaments Provide the Motive Force for the Translocation and Extrusion of Beta Granules?
Authors: Van Obberghen E , Somers G , Devis G , Ravazzola M , Malaisse-Lagae F , Orci L , Malaisse W J
Published: September 2013

The active role played by beta-cell microfilamentous structures in the dynamics of insulin secretion was investigated by examining the influence of cytochalasin B upon various parameters of hormonal release by the isolated perfused rat pancreas. The view that the cytochalasin-induced changes in insulin release are due to a primary biophysical effect on microfilaments, rather than to an unrelated biochemical alteration of the beta-cell glucose-sensor device, was strengthened by the following observations: (1) the onset and disappearance of the cytochalasin B-induced facilitating action upon insulin release followed a time-course parallel to that characterizing the ultrastructural changes provoked by the drug in the distribution of beta-cell microfilamentous material; and (2) cytochalasin B facilitated leucine-induced insulin release in the presence of a very low glucose concentration. The mold metabolite was also found to transform transient secretory responses into biphasic ones and to prevent the reduction that normally affects the early response to insulinotropic agents when the pancreas is stimulated a few minutes after a prior and short exposure to glucose. The release of insulin evoked by either glucose or gliclazide was abolished in the absence of extracellular calcium, whether in the presence or absence of cytochalasin B. Theophylline and cytochalasin B exerted a synergistic effect upon glucose-induced insulin release. These data support the concept that calcium-dependent contractile events involving cytochalasin B-sensitive microfilamentous structures provide the motive force for both the intracellular translocation and exocytotic release of beta granules.
Antiketogenic Action of Fructose, Glyceraldehyde, and Sorbitol in the Rat in Vivo
Authors: Rawat A K , Menahan L A
Published: September 2013

The purpose of this study was to compare the metabolism and antiketogenic properties of fructose, glyceraldehyde, and sorbitol.

Fructose, glyceraldehyde, and sorbitol were readily metabolized and exhibited an antiketogenic effect in both blood and liver when injected intramuscularly to starved (forty-eight hours) rats.

Sorbitol had the most pronounced antiketogenic effect and produced an 80 to 90 per cent decrease in the blood ketone bodies sixty minutes after administration. Fructose and glyceraldehyde were equally effective and produced about a 60 to 70 per cent decrease in ketone bodies. Fructose, glyceraldehyde, and sorbitol caused a significant decrease in the concentration of hepatic ketone bodies. In liver, sorbitol was found to be most effective in its antiketogenic action. The concentration of plasma free fatty acids remained unchanged after injection of all three antiketogenic substrates.

Fructose, glyceraldehyde, or sorbitol caused increased blood lactate and pyruvate concentrations, and fructose was the most effective of the three substrates.

Fructose administration resulted in a significant decrease in hepatic lactate/pyruvate and β-OH-butyrate/acetoacetate concentration ratios, whereas sorbitol caused an increase in the concentration ratio of these two substrat pairs.

Decreases in blood and liver ketone body levels were associated with lowering of liver acetyl-CoA concentration. However, the decrease in hepatic acetyl-CoA produced upon the administration of antiketogenic substrates was not pronounced.

Sorbitol administration resulted in the most pronounced increase in hepatic α-glycerophosphate concentration. Fructose or glyceraldehyde also caused an increase in α-glycerophosphate content. Administration of each of the three antiketogenic substrates produced an increase in hepatic dihydroxyacetone phosphate concentration.

All three antiketogenic compounds increased liver glycogen and blood glucose concentrations. No significant changes were observed in hepatic ATP, ADP, or AMP concentrations sixty minutes after the injections of any of the antiketogenic substrates.

Although decreased liver acetyl-CoA levels were associated with the antiketogenic effects of the compounds tested, the increased liver α-glycerophosphate content best explains the differences between fructose or glyceraldehyde and sorbitol.
Cataracts in Beagle Dogs Given Diazoxide
Authors: Schiavo Donald M , Field William E , Vymetal Frank J
Published: September 2013

In two studies for toxicity, cataracts occurred in beagle dogs given diazoxide daily in high doses. Two of eighteen dogs given diazoxide intravenously at doses of 30.0 mg. per kilogram twice a day for fourteen days had reversible lenticular changes. These changes were not observed in dogs given 22.5 or 10.0 mg. per kilogram twice a day. By fifty-eight days after the last treatment, the cataracts had regressed or disappeared completely. In a study of diazoxide given orally for a maximum of seventy-eight weeks, cataracts developed in six of forty-two dogs given doses ranging from 50 to 200 mg. per kilogram daily, but none occurred in dogs receiving 15 or 30 mg. per kilogram daily. Hyperglycemia was observed at doses of 50 mg. per kilogram or higher. In five of the six dogs that had cataracts and hyperglycemia, vacuolation or absence of islet cells was seen on histologic examination of pancreatic tissue at necropsy. Ocular changes were attributed to the hyperglycemic effect of high doses of diazoxide1,3 given daily for prolonged periods. The daily doses given dogs in which cataracts developed were from ten to forty times that suggested in man (5 mg./kg.).
Relationship Between Insulin Response to Oral Glucose Load and Creatinine Clearance
Authors: Yasuda Keigo , Sato Tokutaro , Furuyama Takashi , Yashinaga Kaoru
Published: September 2013

In order to investigate the relationship between insulin response to oral glucose load and renal function, a 100-gm. oral glucose tolerance test was performed in twenty-two patients with chronic glomerulonephritis, whose creatinine clearances ranged form 5 to 96 ml. per minute. Glucose areas during oral glucose load were little affected by the creatinine clearance in this study. Insulin area during oral glucose load increased in proportion to the decrease in creatinine clearance. The ratio of insulin area to glucose area correlated closely with creatinine clearance and a linear relationship was obtained (y = 1.46 – 0.01x, r = -0.82, p < 0.001). There were also significant correlations with serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and PSP (r = 0.6, 0.63, and -0.62, respectively).

These results show that the impaired renal function has a significant influence on the plasma insulin levels, and it seems likely that such influence becomes manifest below ∼ 60 ml. per minute of creatinine clearance.
Naturally Labeled 13C-Glucose Metabolic Studies in Human Diabetes and Obesity
Authors: Lefebvre Pierre , Mosora Florentina , Lacroix Marcel , Luyckx Alfred , Lopez-Habib Gabriel , Duchesne Jules
Published: September 2013

The 13C/12C ratio in most commercial preparations of glucose used in clinical investigation is much higher than that of expired air. Variations in expired air 13C, after glucose load, are indicative of the catabolism of this exogenous glucose. The changes in the 13C/12C ratio of CO2 in expired air after oral administration of glucose were determined by mass spectrometry. Results in eleven healthy volunteers and seven obese subjects with normal oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) are reported. In all cases, the administration of glucose resulted in a marked rise in the 13C/12C ratio of expired CO2, reaching its maximum at the fourth hour and then declining progressively. In seven obese patients with chemical diabetes and in five insulin-dependent diabetics, the 13C/12C ratio of expired CO2 during OGTT was significantly reduced, in comparison with the results obtained from the control groups. This study demonstrates the potential of this procedure using “naturally labeled” 13C glucose for the metabolic studies in man as anticipated from previous studies of Duchesne and his coworkers.
Production of Chylomicron-like Lipoproteins from Endogenous Lipid by the Intestine and Liver of Diabetic Dogs
Authors: Steiner George , Poapst Mary , Davidson John K
Published: September 2013

Pancreatectomized dogs developed hypertriglyceridemia. This probably resulted from a lack of insulin rather than a lack of glucagon, as it did not develop either in pancreatectomized dogs maintained on insulin, or in dogs with all but the uncinate process of the pancreas removed. The increase in plasma triglycerides was preceded by a decrease in post-heparin lipolytic activity (PHLA) and an increase in FFA. As the hypertriglyceridemia developed in fasted dogs who had previously been on fat-free diets, the triglyceride fatty acids (TGFA) were nondietary. These endogenous TGFA originated from adipose tissue rather than from de novo synthesis. The composition of the lipoprotein TGFA was identical to that of adipose tissue. Furthermore, nicotinic acid blocked the FFA increase and the development of the hypertriglyceridemia. However, it did not prevent the fall of PHLA. Although their TGFA were entirely nondietary, the lipoproteins in these diabetic dogs resembled chylomicrons in their electrophoretic mobility, size, density, and composition. Surgical, histological and tracer studies suggested that, in addition to the liver, the intestinal mucosa makes these lipoproteins. The tracer studies also suggested that circulating FFA might enter the intestinal mucosal cells directly and be esterified.
Studies of the Rate of Regression of the Glomerular Lesions in Diabetic Rats Treated with Pancreatic Islet Transplantation
Authors: Michael Mauer S , Steffes Michael W , Sutherland David E R , Najarian J S , Michael Alfred F , Brown David M
Published: September 2013

Diabetes was induced in Lewis rats with streptozotocin. Six to eight months later glomeruli showed mesangial thickening: IgG, IgM and C3 were seen in large quantities in the mesangium by immunofluorescent microscopy. Ten animals then had successful pancreatic transplantation resulting in normal glucose and insulin levels within one to three weeks.

Biopsies obtained within the first two weeks following transplantation demonstrated a significant reduction in mesangial thickening and in mesangial staining for IgG, IgM and C3. Three to four weeks after transplantation C3 staining was no longer detected. A gradual reduction in mesangial IgG and IgM localization continued so that by nine weeks following islet transplantation only minimal staining for immunoglobulins was present. Although mesangial thickening was reduced, this abnormality could still be detected in most animals six to nine weeks after transplantation. Three rats showed improvement in glomerular morphology within two weeks despite persistent hyperglycemia. These rats had normal insulin levels at this time. Islet transplantation in inbred diabetic rats effectively returns glucose and insulin levels to normal and results in rapid regression of the light microscopic and immunopathologic glomerular lesions. These studies support the concept of reversible mesangial dysfunction in diabetic rats.
9-Alpha-Fluorohydrocortisone in the Treatment of Postural Hypotension in Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy
Authors: Campbell I W , Ewing D J , Clarke B F
Published: September 2013

A double-blind crossover study of fludrocortisone, 0.1 mg. twice daily, and placebo is reported in six diabetics with troublesome symptoms of postural hypotension due to autonomic neuropathy. During treatment with the active preparation there was an increase in the lying and tilted systolic blood pressure, a decrease in orthostatic tachycardia, and an increase in the total plasma volume and body weight, but with no change in plasma or urine osmolality. The symptoms of postural hypotension improved in four patients, while two patients with a low serum albumin developed ankle edema during treatment with fludrocortisone. It is concluded that fludrocortisone is effective in diabetics with symptomatic postural hypotension, but should be used with caution in patients with a low serum albumin.
Prevalence of Diabetes and Glucose Intolerance in 199 Offspring of Thirty-seven Conjugal Diabetic Parents
Authors: Tattersall Robert B , Fajans Stefan S
Published: September 2013

We have studied the prevalence of diabetes and glucose intolerance, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally, in a cohort of 199 offspring of conjugal diabetic parents.

Although the prevalence of already known diabetes was low (11.5 per cent), twenty-eight of 123 tested offspring (23 per cent), ranging in age from ten to sixty (mean 32.6) years had latent diabetes on their initial glucose tolerance test. Eighty of 123 tested offspring had a normal initial glucose tolerance test. Forty-one of those whose first glucose tolerance test was normal were retested after a mean of 9.4 years and showed no significant change in mean glucose tolerance.

On the basis of questionnaire data only, we estimate that cumulatively 36.5 per cent of offspring will have diabetes by the age of sixty years. However, if all offspring are routinely surveyed with glucose tolerance tests, 60 per cent will have abnormal glucose tolerance by the age of sixty years. In view of the high prevalence of asymptomatic latent diabetes, genetic studies of diabetes should not be based on questionnaire data.

In six families all offspring were diabetic; in twenty-one families there was a mixture of diabetic and nondiabetic offspring; and in ten none of the offspring was diabetic. The finding of families with no diabetic offspring suggests the possibility of genetic heterogeneity of diabetes in the parents.

Most of the parents had maturity-onset diabetes with a mean age at diagnosis of 54.5 years of age. Diabetes among their offspring was generally of a mild maturity-onset type. Only 2 per cent of offspring at risk had developed juvenile-onset type diabetes. Thus the prevalence of any metabolic abnormalities in offspring of two maturity-onset type parents cannot be assumed to be relevant to the offspring of parents with juvenile-onset type diabetes.
Juvenile Diabetes Mellitus After Forty Years
Authors: Paz-Guevara Aldo T , Hsu Tah-Hsiung , White Priscilla
Published: September 2013

Seventy-three patients with juvenile diabetes mellitus for a mean duration of 42.9 years were retrospectively studied on a nuiltidisciplinary basis. Only three of this group of patients were socially disabled as a result of their long-standing illness. Of all the complications, insulin-induced hypoglycemia was most common. Although diabetic retinopathy was clinically evident in about 75 per cent of patients, only 50 per cent of these seventy-three patients had a significant visual impairment. Nephropathy was apparent in 59 per cent of patients, and neuropathy was demonstrable in half of them. Significant peripheral vascular system impairment was present in 40 per cent and major cardiac complication in 20 per cent.
Agreement and Discrepancy in the Evaluation of Normal and Diabetic Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
Authors: Vaileron A-j , Eschwège E , Papoz L , Rosselin G E
Published: September 2013

Systematic analysis with a five-hour OGTT of 340 subjects representative of people likely to be examined in a center specialized in diabetes detection was performed by multiple discriminant analysis, which provides indices of discrimination for different sets of blood glucose (BG) values. The relative sensitivity and the relative specificity of six different diagnostic methods: Fajans and Conn, Wilkerson, WHO, British Diabetic Association, UGDP, and European Study Group of Diabetes Epidemiology were computed, giving a quantitative determination for the degree of discrepancy in the definition of diabetes: only 48 per cent of the subjects are classified in the same way by any of the diagnostic criteria. The time(s) of sampling and the index or indices of OGTT which are the most efficient in screening diabetes were estimated from homogeneous groups of subjects universally recognized as nondiabetic (URND) or as diabetic (URD) according to the different diagnostic methods. Better discriminating power (DP) between URD and URND compared with the maximum DP as measured by D2 of Mahalanobis from the seven BG values of the OGTT is given by the two-hour (70.2 per cent) than by the one-hour (49.5 per cent) BG value when a single value is used; the one-two-hour BG value is the best set of two times (80.7 per cent). The different indices now in use for the classification of the OGTT have been found less effective than the weighted sum of one-two-hour BG values. The difficulty in obtaining highly specific diagnostic tests is discussed in relation to the consequences on a partly automated screening in large populations.
Effect of Glucose on the Growth Hormone Response to L-dopa in Normal and Diabetic Subjects
Authors: Ajlouni Kamel , Martinson Donald R , Hagen Thad C
Published: September 2013

The effect of hyperglycemia on the growth hormone response to oral L-dopa (500 mg.) was assessed in eight normal and eight insulin-dependent diabetic subjects. A peak growth hormone response of 21.0 ±4.0 ng./ml. (mean / S.E.M.), significantly above baseline (p <0.01), was achieved in the normal group following oral L-dopa. Glucose concentrations did not change and were approximately 80 mg./100 ml. throughout. Administration of 100 gm. oral glucose with the L-dopa, or thirty minutes thereafter, totally suppressed the growth hormone response in all eight and six of the subjects, respectively.

A peak growth hormone response of 20.0 /1.7 ng./ml. (mean / S.E.M.), significantly above baseline (p <0.001), was obtained in eight nonobese, insulin-dependent diabetics, in spite of prevailing hyperglycemia (mean plasma glucose 243-258 mg./100 ml.) throughout the test. Endogenous hyperglycemia was achieved in these patients by lessening the usual strict adherence to plasma glucose control for the purpose of the study.

These results suggest an abnormality in the hypothalamus or pituitary of diabetic subjects allowing growth hormone responsiveness in spite of hyperglycemia.
Substantial Differences in the Diagnostic Criteria Used by Diabetes Experts
Authors: West Kelly M
Published: September 2013

A survey of twenty diabetologists revealed that they employ diagnostic criteria differing quite substantially. In some populations, including the general population of the United States, these disparities would result in very major differences in the rates of “diabetes”. Under certain common circumstances, some diabetologists would classify as normal more than half of the oneand two-hour values considered to be abnormal by other wellqualified diabetologists.
Observations on Sodium Retention Related to Insulin Treatment of Experimental Diabetes
Authors: Blumenthal Stanley A
Published: September 2013

Streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats regularly retained sodium (Na+), and tended to retain potassium (K+) as well, in response to insulin. Diabetic patients have also been reported to exhibit antinatriuresis and antikaliuresis early in the course of insulin therapy. Insulin-related Na+ retention can occur without a marked reduction in blood glucose level and does not appear to be attributable to preexisting Na+ depletion, mineralocorticoid effect, or suppression of glucosuria. The decrease in urinary Na+ excretion (UNaV) in the rats incident to insulin administration was appreciably greater than the decrease in chloride (Cl−) or water excretion. The significance of this observation is uncertain. It may be, in part, a consequence of the nephrotoxicity of STZ. Insulin-related Na+ retention may be closely related pathogenetically to the Na+ retention of refeeding and may reflect a direct renal action of insulin or, less likely, an alteration of renal tubular metabolism in response to insulin-mediated changes in systemic metabolism.
Effect of Lectins on Hormone Release from Isolated Rat Islets of Langerhans
Authors: Ewart Robin B L , Kornfeld Stuart , Kipnis David M
Published: September 2013

Lectins from Agaricus bisporus and Agaricus campestris stimulate insulin and glucagon release from isolated rat islets in the presence of 2 mM glucose. In the case of insulin release, maximal stimulation was observed at lectin concentrations above 58 μg. per milliliter (approximately 1 μM). A. bisporus PHA-B-stimulated insulin release was independent of a source of metabolic energy but was abolished by deuterium oxide. The lectin did not alter islet glucose oxidation to CO2 or incorporation of [3H] leucine into trichloracetic acid-precipitable material nor did it modify rates of insulin secretion induced by 20 mM glucose. None of nine other lectins tested stimulated insulin release, whereas stimulation of fat cell glucose oxidation was a general property of the lectins.

Binding of 125I-Iabeled A. bisporus PHA-B to islets increased with time up to one hour and after attainment of equilibrium was very slowly reversible. Binding was directly proportional to islet number and the estimated Kdiss of the binding reaction was 17 μg per milliliter. The total number of A. bisporus PHA-B binding sites per islet was approximately 2 × 1010.

Binding of A. bisporus PHA-B to the islets and A. bisporus PHA-B-stimulated insulin release were inhibited in parallel by a glycopeptide containing the oligosaccharide receptor for the lectin, suggesting that lectin binding is essential for the expression of insulin-releasing activity.

It is proposed that the specific interaction between mushroom lectin and its receptors may lead to conformational changes in the structure of the membranes of the islet A2- and B-cells that facilitate exocytosis.
Decreased Cyclic AMP and Insulin Response to Glucose in Isolated Islets of Neonatal Rats
Authors: Grill Valdemar , Asplund Kjell , Hellerström Claes , Cerasi Erol
Published: September 2013

The (3H) cyclic AMP accumulation was measured in incubations of pancreatic islets from one-day, six-day, and thirty-five-day-old rats exposed to a low (0.6 mg./ml.) or a high (3.0 mg.'ml.) glucose concentration with or without the addition of 0.1 mM. of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl - 1 -methylxanthine (IBMX). In the thirty-five-day-old rats, (3H) cyclic AMP accumulation was significantly enhanced after sixty minutes' incubation in a high glucose concentration and further increased by IBMX. These changes were paralleled by a stimulated insulin release, measured simultaneously. By contrast,. in the one-day-old rats, no effect of glucose with or without IBMX was seen on (3H) cyclic AMP, while the minor insulin release due to high glucose alone was markedly potentiated by IBMX. Even in the presence of this agent the insulin response to glucose was, however, clearly inferior to that seen in the thirty-five-day-old animals. The stimulatory pattern of glucose-induced insulin release in the six-day-old animals was intermediate between the other two age groups. At this age, stimulation of (3H) cyclic AMP due to glucose was observed only in the presence of IBMX. Measurement of (3H) cyclic AMP after three minutes' incubation confirmed these different stimulatory patterns of glucose in the age groups studied.

It is suggested that the inefficiency of glucose to stimulate theadenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system of the beta cell from fetal and neonatal animals may be one important factor determining the insensitivity to the insulin-releasing action of glucose that exists at this stage of development.
Carbohydrate Tolerance in Autoimmune Thyroiditis
Authors: Finucane J F
Published: September 2013

Glucose tolerance tests were carried out on fifty patients with autoimmune thyroiditis of varying duration and severity. Two were floridly diabetic, and a further six showed diabetic abnormalities of glucose tolerance, giving an over-all incidence of 16 per cent. Diabetics were significantly older than nondiabetics, but the two groups did not differ in terms of duration of thyroid disease or frequency of associated disease of probable autoimmune origin. The prevalence of diabetes in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis appears to be the same as that in the population generally.
Studies on the Mechanism of Epinephrine-induced Hyperglycemia in Man: Evidence for Participation of Pancreatic Glucagon Secretion
Authors: Gerich John E , Lorenzi Mara , Tsalikian Eva , Karam John H
Published: September 2013

In man, epinephrine induces increases in plasma levels of glucagon, a lipolytic and hyperglycemic hormone. To determine glucagon's contribution to this hyperglycemia and lipolysis, the effects of inhibition of pancreatic alpha-cell responses to epinephrine were investigated with somatostatin and adrenergic receptor blockade. To avoid ambiguities that might result from concomitant changes in endogenous insulin secretion, these studies were performed in juvenile-type, insulin-deficient diabetic subjects.

Compared with normal subjects, the diabetics had excessive glucagon responses to epinephrine, which had been infused to attain circulating levels within the range found in man in severe stress. Both somatostatin and propranolol completely prevented glucagon responses and diminished the glycemic response to epinephrine by 40 to 50 per cent. Free fatty acid responses to epinephrine were completely prevented by propranolol but unaffected with somatostatin. Phentolamine had no effect on glucose, free fatty acid, or glucagon responses to epinephrine.

These studies demonstrate that epinephrine, via a betaadrenergic receptor mechanism, causes excessive plasma glucagon elevation in human diabetes mellitus and indicate that this hyperglucagonemia participates in the hyperglycemic, but not the lipolytic, response to epinephrine. Catecholamine-induced hyperglucagonemia may thus provide an additional explanation for the deterioration in carbohydrate tolerance associated with stress.
Insulin Adsorbance to Polyvinylchloride Surfaces with Implications for Constant-infusion Therapy
Authors: Peterson Lance , Caldwell Jeanne , Hoffman James
Published: September 2013

Because of the current interest in constant intravenous infusions of insulin for hyperglycemic conditions, we have re-examined the problem of insulin adsorption to the solid surfaces of commonly used infusion sets. Using both labeled and unlabeled insulin, we have compared solutions with and without albumin through various methods of delivery. An infusion system incorporating a 50-ml. wash-out with a solution of 25 U. regular insulin in 500 ml. normal saline permits delivery of at least 75 per cent of expected insulin for the first 50 ml. of the infusion and 100 per cent thereafter. After the first 20 ml. of the infusion, the per cent insulin recovered from the system is identical to that observed when albumin was added to the infusion solution at a concentration of 1.25 gm. per cent.

From these data, we conclude that if an insulin concentration of at least 25 U./500 ml. is used, and if 50 cc. is washed through the infusion apparatus before treatment of a hyperglycemic patient is instituted, no extra protein additives are necessary.
Epidemiologic Findings on the Relationship of Time of Day and Time Since Last Meal to Glucose Tolerance
Authors: Mayer Kenneth H , Stamler Jeremiah , Dyer Alan , Freinkel Norbert , Stamler Rose , Berkson David M , Farber Bruce
Published: September 2013

Data from 10,559 men and women, age 30–64, participating in the morning and afternoon in a Chicago Health Department multiphasic screening project, were used to determine the effects of time of day and time since last meal on the values for plasma glucose one and two hours following oral challenge with 100 gm. of glucose.

Mean plasma glucose values and rates of suspect glucose intolerance (based on several cutpoints) were sizeably higher in the afternoon than in the morning. In addition, plasma glucose values increased with time elapsed since the last meal, up to 10 hours postprandially. Thereafter, both one- and two-hour plasma glucose values tended to exhibit a decline. Analysis of covariance confirmed that fluctuations in glucose tolerance were related to time of day and time since last meal, but the effects of each parameter were exerted independently.
Interaction of Somatostatin, Glucagon, and Insulin on Hepatic Glucose Output in the Normal Dog
Authors: Altszuler Norman , Gottlieb Barbara , Hampshire Jennifer
Published: September 2013

The interaction of insulin and glucagon during infusion of somatostatin (SRIF), which suppresses secretion of these hormones, was investigated in normal, postabsorptive, concious dogs. Hepatic glucose output (production) and over-all glucose uptake by the tissues was measured with 3-3H-glucose, administered by a priming injection along with a constant infusion. Infusion of SRIF (1.5–5.0 μg/min) for 90 minutes resulted in a moderate hypoglycemia associated with a decrease in glucose production. In some animals glucose production and plasma glucose levels returned to normal before the end of SRIF infusion. Glucose uptake tended to follow plasma glucose levels. Upon termination of SRIF infusion, glucose production and uptake and plasma glucose increased sharply.

Infusion of glucagon (1 μg./kg./hr.) along with SRIF (3.3 μg./min.) caused an exaggerated increase in glucose production and hyperglycemia over that of glucagon infusion alone. Infusion of a smaller dose of glucagon (0.2 μg./kg./hr.) for two hours produced only small increases in plasma glucose and glucose production; addition of SRIF during the third hour caused a significant increase in glucose production and plasma glucose. Addition of insulin (0.03 U./kg./hr.) to the glucagon infusion had little effect. However the further addition of SRIF failed to produce the marked increase in glucose production and hyperglycemia seen with glucagon-SRIF infusion.

It is concluded that acute insulin deficiency produced during SRIF infusion makes the liver more sensitive to the effects of glucagon and that the response of the liver to glucagon and other hyperglycemic agents may be modulated by insulin.
Prevalence of Diabetes in Michigan School-age Children
Authors: Gorwitz Kurt , Howen Genevieve G , Thompson Theodore
Published: September 2013

A mail survey of Michigan school districts elicited information of 2,816 children and adolescents with diabetes, a rate of 1.6 per 1,000. Rates were higher for females than males and for whites than non-whites and increased with advancing age. A total of 15.5 per cent were reported to be not receiving insulin by injection.