bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Einleitung
Authors: Ritzi Sebastian
Published: November 2022

Menschen mit Demenz in professionellen Sorgebeziehungen stellen unter älteren Menschen wohl den Personenkreis dar, der am häufigsten Maßnahmen des wohltätigen Zwangs ausgesetzt ist. Ein kontrovers diskutiertes Beispiel solcher Handlungen stellt die Anwendung freiheitseinschränkender Maßnahmen (FeM) dar, die dabei nicht auf die stationäre Langzeitpflege beschränkt bleibt, sondern auch in der akutstationären und ambulanten Pflege weit verbreitete Praxis ist. FeM wie z. B. mechanische Fixierungen, aufgestellte Bettgitter oder ruhigstellende Medikamente, werden in der Regel zum Wohl des Betroffenen eingesetzt, bspw. um einem Sturzereignis vorzubeugen oder zu verhindern, dass sich Personen durch die Entfernung medizinischer Vorrichtungen selbst verletzen. Zu diesem Zweck halten FeM den betroffenen Menschen von der freien körperlichen Bewegung oder dem Zugriff auf den eigenen Körper ab und greifen somit massiv in dessen Freiheit und leibliche Souveränität ein. Als kritische Darstellung und ethisch-fachliche Reflexion des Phänomens beabsichtigt die vorliegende Untersuchung, der Frage nachzugehen, welche grundlegenden ethischen Prinzipien bei der Anwendung von FeM bei Menschen mit Demenz in professionellen Sorgebeziehungen berührt werden. Dieses Kapitel leitet in den Gegenstand und die Fragestellung der Arbeit ein (Abschn. 1.1) und skizziert zentrale Forschungsdiskurse sowie den theoretischen Rahmen der Arbeit (Abschn. 1.2).
Grundlagen eines ethisch-fachlich fundierten Umgangs mit freiheitseinschränkenden Maßnahmen bei Menschen mit Demenz
Authors: Ritzi Sebastian
Published: November 2022

Nachdem im vorangegangenen Kapitel die Anerkennung der Personalität sowie der Vulnerabilität von Menschen mit Demenz als ethische und fachliche Grundlagen für professionelle Sorgebeziehungen ausgearbeitet und bereits einige Implikationen dieser Grundlagen für die Problematik der Anwendung von FeM diskutiert wurden, gilt es in diesem Kapitel, FeM selbst auf ihre ethische Struktur hin zu befragen. Dazu sollen zunächst, ausgehend von dem Deutschen Ethikrat, die Grundlagen für eine ethische Reflexion wohltätiger Zwangsmaßnahmen im Allgemeinen diskutiert werden, um diese nachfolgend mit Blick auf FeM bei Menschen mit Demenz zu vertiefen (Abschn. 4.1). Dabei wird ein Schwerpunkt darauf liegen, den normativen Anspruch der Anerkennung und des Schutzes der Freiheit von Menschen mit Demenz zu begründen und Wege aufzuzeigen, wie dieser Anspruch im Spannungsfeld zwischen Autonomie und Paternalismus umzusetzen ist (Abschn. 4.2). Das Kapitel schließt mit einem Zwischenfazit (Abschn. 4.3), das zu dem Gesamtfazit der Arbeit überleitet.
Creating the ‘Finding Home’ Exhibition
Authors: Boyd Candice P.
Published: November 2022

After considering the nature and role of creative co-production in research contexts, Boyd describes the processes involved in producing artworks for the ‘Finding Home’ exhibition based on research findings from the Engaging Youth in Regional Australia (EYRA) Study. Commencing with work produced by some of the study’s participants, Boyd moves on to discuss the commissioning of a set of textile works and a contemporary Aboriginal artwork for the exhibition. The chapter is interwoven with a description of Boyd’s own artworks as an artist-geographer, produced in response but also in sympathy with the rest of the exhibition as it emerged. The chapter concludes with some first-hand reflections on curating a research exhibition.
Closing Thoughts
Authors: Boyd Candice P.
Published: November 2022

In this final chapter, Boyd considers the strengths and limitations of the methods used to evaluate the ‘Finding Home’ exhibition, including what can or can’t be measured about the visitor experience. This is further elaborated by pointing out that part of what visitors experience in response to an art exhibition is ineffable, and in making this point, Boyd returns to the concept of affective knowledge translation introduced in Chap. 1. Boyd goes on to emphasise the importance of establishing rapport in working with multiple actors during the production of an art exhibition, as well as raising some caveats about research exhibitions as a ‘technique’ of knowledge translation. Boyd suggests how universities can better support art-based knowledge translation efforts and concludes with some thoughts about transdisciplinarity.
Generalized thermo-mechanical framework for heterogeneous materials through asymptotic homogenization
Authors: Vazic Bozo , Abali Bilen Emek , Newell Pania
Published: November 2022

A fundamental understanding of the interaction between microstructure and underlying physical mechanisms is essential, especially for developing more accurate multi-physics models for heterogeneous materials. Effects of microstructure on the material response at the macroscale are modeled by using the generalized thermomechanics. In this study, strain gradient theory is employed as a higher-order theory on the macroscale with thermodynamics modeled as a first-order theory on the microscale. Hence, energy depends only on the temperature such that we circumvent an extension of Fourier’s law and analyze the “simplest” thermo-mechanical model in strain gradient elasticity. Developing multiphysics models for heterogeneous materials is indeed a challenge and even this “simplest” model in generalized thermomechanics creates dozens of parameters to be determined. We develop a thermo-mechanical framework, in which microstructure is modeled as a periodic structure and through asymptotic homogenization approach, higher-order parameters at macroscopic scale are calculated. To illustrate the importance of higher-order parameters in overall thermo-mechanical response of a heterogeneous materials, finite element method (FEM) is employed with the aid of open-source codes (FEniCS). Verification example of a bulk system and several case studies of porous structures demonstrate how such numerical framework can be beneficial in the design of materials with tailored microstructures.
Influence of oxygen content in the shielding gas chamber on mechanical properties and macroscopic structure of Ti-6Al-4V during wire arc additive manufacturing
Authors: Halisch Christoph , Milcke Björn , Radel Tim , Rentsch Rüdiger , Seefeld Thomas
Published: November 2022

Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) of titanium parts shows promising potential for aerospace application due to its high deposition rates allowing a fast and economical production of large components. The cost savings are high, especially for expensive alloys like Ti-6Al-4V. However, due to high oxygen affinity of Ti-6Al-4V at elevated temperatures an excellent shielding gas coverage seems necessary to prevent embrittlement of the material during the welding process. Regarding the future development of local shielding gas coverage set-ups for gas metal arc welding (GMAW) based WAAM, this study investigates the influence of the oxygen content in the shielding gas chamber on mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V during the welding process. Samples are welded at different oxygen contents in the shielding gas chamber and stress-relief heat treated afterwards. Inert gas milling and hot gas extraction are used to determine the material oxygen content at different deposition heights. Metallographic methods are used to show macroscopic grain structure, evaluate possible α-case thickness and its dissolution by the subsequent layer. Hardness testing is used to investigate possible material inhomogeneities in the deposit and tensile properties of the material welded at different chamber oxygen contents are displayed. It is concluded, that even at high chamber oxygen levels of 6000 ppm the welding process is stable, the forming α-case at top of the layer dissolves in the melt pool of the subsequent layer and that the aerospace requirements on tensile properties can be reached.
Warpage and residual stress analyses of post-mold cure process of IC packages
Authors: Lin Ming-Yu , Zeng Yong-Jie , Hwang Sheng-Jye , Wang Ming-Han , Liu Hui-Ping , Fang Chin-Lung
Published: November 2022

To improve the production yield rate, reliability is one of the important indicators of electronic packaging products. In past research, however, the influence of the fabrication process was rarely taken into consideration. In this thesis, mold flow analysis software Moldex3D is used to develop a series analysis procedure for IC package products. The effects of many factors, including process, structure, and materials were being taken into account. Especially for epoxy molding compound, namely EMC, is studied on its properties during the molding and post-mold cure (PMC) processes. This paper adoptedP–V-T-Cequations, which consider both volume shrinkage due to thermal mismatch and chemical shrinkage to predict the amount of warpage and residual stresses after the mold filling process. Next, dual shift factor model for viscoelastic analysis was used to model the PMC process and predict the amount of warpage and residual stresses after PMC. And the influence of different PMC process conditions and loading conditions on the warpage results is discussed. The residual stresses after PMC simulation are set as the initial conditions for reliability analysis and then the stress distribution after two thermal cycles is analyzed. It is observed that the deformed shape of the simulation and experiment results after PMC were consistent. Both are concave downwards. In comparison with experiment results, the error of warpage simulation results was between 10% and 50%. The biggest error was found in the short direction. During two thermal cycles, it is can be found that the maximum stress of the lead frame is 505.7 MPa and the location of the possible failure is at the top left of the die. In addition, when considering or not considering the process-induced residual stress in the thermal cycle analysis, the stress states are very different.
FGF-23 protects cell function and viability in murine pancreatic islets challenged by glucolipotoxicity
Authors: Pajaziti Betina , Yosy Kenneth , Steinberg Olga V. , Düfer Martina
Published: November 2022

The fibroblast growth factor FGF-23 is a member of the FGF-15/19 subfamily with hormonal functions. Besides its well-known role for bone mineralization, FGF-23 is discussed as a marker for cardiovascular disease. We investigated whether FGF-23 has any effects on the endocrine pancreas of mice by determining insulin secretion, electrical activity, intracellular Ca2+, and apoptosis. Acute application of FGF-23 (10 to 500 ng/ml, i.e., 0.4 to 20 nM) does not affect insulin release of murine islets, while prolonged exposure leads to a 21% decrease in glucose-stimulated secretion. The present study shows for the first time that FGF-23 (100 or 500 ng/ml) partially protects against impairment of insulin secretion and apoptotic cell death induced by glucolipotoxicity. The reduction of apoptosis by FGF-23 is approximately twofold higher compared to FGF-21 or FGF-15/19. In contrast to FGF-23 and FGF-21, FGF-15/19 is clearly pro-apoptotic under control conditions. The beneficial effect of FGF-23 against glucolipotoxicity involves interactions with the stimulus-secretion cascade of beta-cells. Electrical activity and the rise in the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration of islets in response to acute glucose stimulation increase after glucolipotoxic culture (48 h). Co-culture with FGF-23 further elevates the glucose-mediated effects on both parameters. Protection against apoptosis and glucolipotoxic impairment of insulin release by FGF-23 is prevented, when calcineurin is inhibited by tacrolimus or when c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is blocked by SP600125. In conclusion, our data suggest that FGF-23 can activate compensatory mechanisms to maintain beta-cell function and integrity of islets of Langerhans during excessive glucose and lipid supply.
IRON NIKE Forschungstätigkeiten 2022 am Zentrum am Berg
Authors: Gegenhuber Nina , Wenighofer Robert , Nieß Birgit
Published: November 2022

Um die Sicherheit von Zivilisten und Einsatzkräften in Ernstfällen, wie bei Terrorereignissen oder Bränden, zu verbessern, wurde in den letzten Jahren intensive Forschung betrieben. Daher fand vom 11. Juli 2022 bis 14. Juli 2022 am Zentrum am Berg auf dem steirischen Erzberg (Österreich) die IRON NIKE Forschungswoche statt, in der die Forschungsergebnisse der vergangenen Jahre zusammengebracht, analysiert, weiterentwickelt wurden und diese in der Zukunft in der Praxis anwendbar werden. Die folgenden Projekte fanden dabei ihren Auftritt: NIKE DHQ Radiv, NIKE SubmoveCon, NIKE Bluetrack sowie NIKE RasPos. Gerade die Möglichkeiten und Forschungsumgebung, die für eine solche Zusammenarbeit nötig sind, werden am Zentrum am Berg in einzigartiger Weise geboten. Der hervorragende Output wird sich dabei in den kommenden Monaten in einigen Publikationen wiederfinden. Eine solche Vielzahl an unterschiedlichen Spitzenforscher zusammenzubringen sollte auch für die Zukunft ein Ziel sein.
Microscale THMC Modeling of Pressure Solution in Salt Rock: Impacts of Geometry and Temperature
Authors: Hu Mengsu , Steefel Carl I. , Rutqvist Jonny , Gilbert Benjamin
Published: November 2022

Pressure solution, a mechanism that involves tight coupling between the geometry and thermal-hydro-mechanical-chemical (THMC) processes, plays an important role in diagenesis. In this study, we make the first attempt to conduct microscale THMC modeling to understand and quantify the impacts of geometry and temperature on pressure solution, taking natural salt rock as an example. This modeling capability is achieved by expanding a novel MC code that we developed previously (Hu et al. J Geophys Res: Solid Earth 126:e2021JB023112, 2021) to include temperature effects. We first conduct a simulation of an example that involves a single brine inclusion within a single halite grain and find that the temperature impact is limited for that case. We then extract geometry from an image of a natural salt rock and conduct simulations with different cases: (A) only temperature and no stress, (B) only stress and no temperature, and (C) with both stress and temperature. These different cases result in quite different phenomena. In case A, dissolution and precipitation occur across the entire system due to isolated pore space reaching a localized mass balance between dissolution, precipitation, and diffusion. In case B, intense geometric features (e.g., major asperities, inclusions) in one area undergo stress concentration, thus dominating pressure solution in that area. In case C, pressure solution is spread out at contacting highly stressed geometric features close to the hotter side. We conclude that geometric features dominate stress distribution, thus dominating pressure solution in a natural salt rock that may be affected by the temperature if a sufficient temperature gradient is applied.
Zwischen Notfall und Fehleinsatz – eine retrospektive Analyse der Einsätze eines Notarzteinsatzfahrzeugs in Frankfurt am Main von 2014 bis 2019
Authors: Schubert Leonie , Naujoks Frank , Störmann Philipp , Rüsseler Miriam , Herrmann Eva , Chobotsky Holger , Marzi Ingo , Wagner Nils
Published: November 2022

Hintergrund

Ein steigendes Einsatzaufkommen lässt sich sowohl im Rettungsdienst als auch im notärztlichen System in Deutschland verzeichnen. Oft werden dabei Fehleinsätze durch leicht erkrankte/verletzte Patienten als wachsende Problematik vermutet. Die vorliegende Untersuchung überprüft die Hypothese von steigenden Einsatzzahlen mit gleichzeitiger Zunahme von gegebenenfalls nichtindizierten Einsätzen.

Material und Methoden

Es erfolgte eine retrospektive Analyse der notärztlichen Einsätze des an der Universitätsklinik Frankfurt am Main stationierten Notarzteinsatzfahrzeugs von 2014 bis 2019. Die Analyse berücksichtigt zudem Faktoren wie die notärztliche Tätigkeit, Behandlungspriorität, Alarmierungsart und das Patientenalter.

Ergebnisse

Im beobachteten Zeitraum lässt sich ein Anstieg der notärztlichen Einsatzzahlen um mehr als 20 % erkennen. Der größte Anstieg zeigt sich bei Einsätzen, bei denen keine notärztliche Tätigkeit (+80 %) notwendig war. Einsätze der niedrigsten Behandlungspriorität (+61 %) sowie der höchsten Behandlungspriorität (+61 %) nahmen ebenfalls signifikant zu.

Diskussion

Die vorliegenden Zahlen stützen die Hypothese, dass bei signifikant gesteigertem Einsatzaufkommen mehr Einsätze durch den Notarzt bewältigt werden müssen, bei denen er rückblickend nicht notwendig gewesen wäre. Trotzdem gibt es auch mehr Patienten, die einen sofortigen Arztkontakt benötigen. Die hieraus resultierende erhöhte Einsatzfrequenz kann zu einer erhöhten Belastung sowie erschwerten zeitgerechten Disposition der notärztlichen Ressource führen.

Graphic abstract
The economic impact of comorbidity in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Ponzio Michela , Monti Maria Cristina , Mallucci Giulia , Borrelli Paola , Fusco Sara , Tacchino Andrea , Brichetto Giampaolo , Tronconi Livio , Montomoli Cristina , Bergamaschi Roberto
Published: November 2022

Background

Comorbid conditions are common in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). They can delay diagnosis and negatively impact the disease course, progression of disability, therapeutic management, and adherence to treatment.

Objective

To quantify the economic impact of comorbidity in multiple sclerosis (MS), based on cost-of-illness estimates made using a bottom-up approach.

Methods

A retrospective study was carried out in two northern Italian areas. The socio-demographic and clinical information, including comorbidities data, were collected through ad hoc anonymous self-assessment questionnaire while disease costs (direct and indirect costs of disease and loss of productivity) were estimated using a bottom-up approach. Costs were compared between pwMS with and without comorbidity. Adjusted incremental costs associated with comorbidity were reported using generalized linear models with log-link and gamma distributions or two-part models.

Results

51.0% of pwMS had at least one comorbid condition. Hypertension (21.0%), depression (15.7%), and anxiety (11.7%) were the most prevalent. PwMS with comorbidity were more likely to use healthcare resources, such as hospitalizations (OR = 1.21, p < 0.001), tests (OR = 1.59, p < 0.001), and symptomatic drugs and supplements (OR = 1.89, p = 0.012), and to incur non-healthcare costs related to investment (OR = 1.32, p < 0.001), transportation (OR = 1.33, p < 0.001), services (OR = 1.33, p < 0.001), and informal care (OR = 1.43, p = 0.16). Finally, they experienced greater productivity losses (OR = 1.34, p < 0.001) than pwMS without comorbidity. The adjusted incremental annual cost per patient due to comorbidity was €3,106.9 (13% of the overall costs) with MS disability found to exponentially affect annual costs.

Conclusion

Comorbidity has health, social, and economic consequences for pwMS.
Breaking Dormancy and Enhancing Germination of Avena sterilis L. and Amaranthus retroflexus L. Weeds by Gibberellic Acid and Potassium Nitrate to Keep Soil and Crops Healthy
Authors: Rizk Tawakul Younis , Othman kholousy Ahmed Sadek , Saudy Hani Saber , Sultan Shaimaa Sayed , Abd-Alwahed Saaeid Helmy Abd-Alhalim
Published: November 2022

Soils infested with weed seeds are considered hostile lands for crop production. In this context, great wild oat (Avena sp.) in winter seasons and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus sp.) in summer seasons represent problematic weeds in cropland fields. In a series of laboratory trials, we estimated the effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) and potassium nitrate (KNO3) on germination and seedling growth of Avena sterilis L. and Amaranthus retroflexus L. Different concentrations of GA3 and KNO3 were evaluated in randomized complete block design with four replicates. Findings revealed that GA3 at a rate of 200 mg L−1 along each of 150 and 250 mg L−1 treatment showed the maximum increases in germination percentage, radicle length, plumule length and seedling dry weight of A. sterilis L. All applied concentrations of KNO3 were similar (p ≥ 0.05) in enhancing seed germination of A. sterilis L. exceeding the control treatment. Application of GA3 at rates of 250, 500 and 750 mg L−1 surpassed the treatments of 0 and 1000 mg L−1 GA3 for activating A. retroflexus L. seeds germination. Addition of 250 and 500 mg L−1 KNO3 were the potent treatments for stimulating the radicle length of A. retroflexus L. It could be concluded that for breaking dormancy efficiently, addition of gibberellic acid or potassium nitrate with Avena sterilis L. as well as gibberellic acid with Amaranthus retroflexus L. is recommended. Such chemicals could be involved in weed management programs, since distinctive promotion of seed germination for the target weeds was achieved. This undoubtedly will keep the soil and crops healthy.
Healthcare utilisation, physical activity and mental health during COVID-19 lockdown: an interrupted time-series analysis of older adults in England
Authors: Wang Jiunn , Spencer Anne , Hulme Claire , Corbett Anne , Khan Zunera , Da Silva Miguel Vasconcelos , O’Dwyer Siobhan , Wright Natalie , Testad Ingelin , Ballard Clive , Creese Byron , Smith Richard
Published: November 2022

COVID-19 measures which reduce interpersonal contact may be effective in containing the transmission, but their impacts on peoples’ well-being and daily lives overtime remain unclear. Older adults are more vulnerable to both the virus and social isolation. It is therefore imperative to understand how they were affected during this period. Major concerns arising from the pandemic cover the aspects of mental health, healthcare utilisation and individual behavioural changes. Complementing the existing before-and-after analyses, we explore the impacts of easing and re-introducing COVID-19 measures by using a time-series data in England. The data was collected between May and November 2020 from the monthly surveys of the Platform for Research Online to Investigate Genetics and Cognition in Aging (PROTECT). Chi-squared analysis and interrupted time-series analysis were conducted to examine impacts of easing and re-introducing COVID-19 measures. Overall, mental health improves overtime but at a decreasing rate. The use of telephone/video consultations with a doctor or health professional presented a decreasing trend during the pandemic, whilst that of in-person consultation was increasing overtime. We observed significant variations in the time trends of mental health measures, healthcare utilisation and physical activity following the ease but not the re-introduction of COVID-19 measures. Future research is required to understand if these asymmetric impacts were driven by adaption of the people or stringency of the measures.
Exploring Self-efficacy for Condom Use in Spanish People: A Trend Analyses by Gender from 2004 to 2020
Authors: Giménez-García Cristina , Ballester-Arnal Rafael , Ruiz-Palomino Estefanía , Castro-Calvo Jesús , Gil-Llario María Dolores
Published: November 2022

Self-efficacy seems to be one of the most important resources for the different stages underlying condom use and STI prevention. For this reason, this study evaluates trends in self-efficacy by gender, from 2004 to 2008, 2013 and 2020 in Spain. Throughout these years, 6,698 people ranging from 17 to 40 years old, participated filling the Brief scale of condom use self-efficacy. According to our findings, despite the slight improvement in the recent years, self-efficacy still maintains a risky profile for safe sex, especially among the youngest people. Moreover, most of the traditional gender differences continue over the years with women reporting lower scores for condom purchase and men for putting them. However, these differences are not relevant in other dimensions such as using condoms despite drug consumption where women reveal worse results over the years. Therefore, our findings reaffirm the need of intensifying gendered preventive efforts aimed at Spanish people and, particularly, among the youngest.
The Effect of Alcohol and Sexual Arousal on Explicit and Implicit Condom Attitudes and Intentions to Use a Condom
Authors: Wolfs Kenny , Bos Arjan E. R. , Mevissen Fraukje E. F. , van Lankveld Jacques J. D. M.
Published: November 2022

Alcohol and sexual arousal are contextual determinants of condomless sex. Dual-process theory postulates that two types of cognitive processing contribute to the regulation of behavior: one that is fast, intuitive and automatic, and another that is slower and deliberative. This study applied a dual-process model to investigate condomless sexual behavior, highlighting the potential importance of implicit attitudes in condomless sex. We investigated whether the impact of alcohol and sexual arousal on condom use-related attitudes and intentions was explained by diminished working memory capacity, as dual-process models suggest. We also investigated whether this effect could be explained by implicit and explicit attitudes toward condom use. Male participants (N = 30) were randomized using a 2 × 2 within-subjects design that manipulated alcohol intoxication (placebo vs. alcohol beverages) and sexual arousal (neutral vs. erotic movie clips). We measured participants’ working memory capacity, intentions to use a condom, and explicit and implicit attitudes toward condom use. Significant main effects of alcohol intoxication and sexual arousal on working memory capacity were found. No significant interaction was found for the combined effect of alcohol intoxication and sexual arousal on intentions to use a condom. There was no significant effect of implicit attitudes on intentions to use a condom, although a trend toward significance (p = 0.06) was found for the effect of implicit attitudes on intentions to use a condom when participants were in a state of alcohol intoxication. Theoretical and practical implications of this study are discussed.
Are Leaders Responsible for Meaningful Work? Perspectives from Buddhist-Enacted Leaders and Buddhist Ethics
Authors: Vu Mai Chi , Gill Roger
Published: November 2022

The literature on meaningful work often highlights the role of leaders in creating a sense of meaning in the work or tasks that their staff or followers carry out. However, a fundamental question arises about whether or not leaders are morally responsible for providing meaningful work when perceptions of what is meaningful may differ between leaders and followers. Drawing on Buddhist ethics and interviews with thirty-eight leaders in Vietnam who practise ‘engaged Buddhism’ in their leadership, we explore how leaders understand their roles in creating meaningfulness at work and their perceptions of how employees experience their leadership approach in this respect. On the basis of Buddhist ontology on the sense of meaningfulness, we introduce a number of leadership approaches in cultivating meaning at work that question the argument that leaders are primarily responsible for enabling or satisfying employees’ search for meaning. The study provides an alternative lens through which to examine the role of leadership from a Buddhist ethics perspective and shows how an insight from this particular tradition can enrich secular interpretations of meaningful work and leadership.
Hybrid Bayesian network discovery with latent variables by scoring multiple interventions
Authors: Chobtham Kiattikun , Constantinou Anthony C. , Kitson Neville K.
Published: November 2022

In Bayesian Networks (BNs), the direction of edges is crucial for causal reasoning and inference. However, Markov equivalence class considerations mean it is not always possible to establish edge orientations, which is why many BN structure learning algorithms cannot orientate all edges from purely observational data. Moreover, latent confounders can lead to false positive edges. Relatively few methods have been proposed to address these issues. In this work, we present the hybrid mFGS-BS (majority rule and Fast Greedy equivalence Search with Bayesian Scoring) algorithm for structure learning from discrete data that involves an observational data set and one or more interventional data sets. The algorithm assumes causal insufficiency in the presence of latent variables and produces a Partial Ancestral Graph (PAG). Structure learning relies on a hybrid approach and a novel Bayesian scoring paradigm that calculates the posterior probability of each directed edge being added to the learnt graph. Experimental results based on well-known networks of up to 109 variables and 10 k sample size show that mFGS-BS improves structure learning accuracy relative to the state-of-the-art and it is computationally efficient.
Does updating education curricula accelerate technology adoption in the workplace? Evidence from dual vocational education and training curricula in Switzerland
Authors: Schultheiss Tobias , Backes-Gellner Uschi
Published: November 2022

In an environment of accelerating technological change and increasing digitalization, firms need to adopt new technologies faster than ever before to stay competitive. This paper examines whether updates of education curricula help to bring new technologies faster into firms’ workplaces. We study technology changes and curriculum updates from an early wave of digitalization (i.e., computer-numerically controlled machinery, computer-aided design, and desktop publishing software). We take a text-as-data approach and tap into two novel data sources to measure change in educational content and the use of technology at the workplace: first, vocational education curricula and, second, firms’ job advertisements. To examine the causal effects of adding new technology skills to curricula on the diffusion of these technologies in firms’ workplaces (measured by job advertisements), we use an event study design. Our results show that curriculum updates substantially shorten the time it takes for new technologies to arrive in firms’ workplaces, especially for mainstream firms.
Ecological synthesis of nickel–zinc–aluminium layered double hydroxides (Ni–Zn–Al LDH) in flow infrared radiated agitated tubular reactor (flow-IR-ATR)
Authors: Długosz Olga , Banach Marcin
Published: November 2022

The yield of obtaining layered double hydroxides (LDHs) remains a significant challenge that limits their practical use on a large scale. The use of flow processes is an innovative approach to solving the problem. This paper describes a method for obtaining LDH nanoparticles using an agitated tube reactor heated by infrared radiation (flow-IR-ATR). As a dedicated reactor for production of LDH nanoparticles, it is able to synthesise products at a flow rate of 1.8 dm3/h and a yield of 40 g/h. In the process, LDH NPs based on zinc–aluminium hydroxides (Zn–Al LDH) and LDH NPs modified with nickel hydroxide (Ni–Zn–Al LDH), with molar ratio of Ni to Zn 0.5, were obtained. Instrumental analyses (XRD, FTIR, SEM, DLS, BET, XPS) were used to characterise the LDH nanoparticles obtained, which showed crystallite sizes from 9 to 35 nm. The nickel-containing LDHs exhibited high photocatalytic activity. After 60 min, in the presence of UV radiation (365 nm), the photodegradation efficiency of quinoline yellow (dye concentration of 100 mg/dm3) was more than 99.9%.

Graphical Abstract
Can you See What We See? African American Parents’ Views of the Strengths and Challenges of Children and Youth Living with Adversity
Authors: Barbarin Oscar A. , Copeland-Linder Nikeea , Wagner Michael
Published: November 2022

A premise of positive youth development is that social competencies can develop in adversity and co-exist with problem behaviors. This research tested whether African American youth ages 9–17 who had experienced significant family stressors would form groups that displayed combinations of adversity, problem behavior, and strengths. Parents of a nationally representative sample of African Americans children were interviewed on child difficulties and strengths as part of the CDC’s 2019 National Health Interview Survey. About 15% of the national sample of African American youth had experienced violence or parental incarceration, depression, or drug abuse. Latent class analysis (LCA) using indicators of adversity and strengths identified four distinct classes. Class 1 included youth who experienced multiple adversities, exhibited few strengths, and were high in behavior problems. Members of both classes 2 and 3 were more likely to experience parental incarceration but exhibited altruism. Class 3 also experienced parental mental health problems. Members of class 4 had the highest exposure to violence but were comparatively high in altruism and affability. Regression analysis revealed that the groups differed from one another on emotional health but not on physical health controlling for age and gender. These findings support a focus by mental health prevention programs on building on the strengths of children growing up in adversity.
What Features Distinguish the Rural Nongovernmental Organisations that Implement Social Innovations? Evidence from Postcommunist Poland
Authors: Zajda Katarzyna Karolina
Published: November 2022

Social innovation (SI) solves social problems. What features distinguish NGOs that are experienced in implementing SI? This article employs a survey of a representative sample of 400 rural NGOs from Poland to highlight certain features that distinguish NGOs with experience implementing SI among the following: (1) cooperation with other organisations and public institutions; (2) the involvement of rural inhabitants in activities intended to solve their social problems; and (3) human and financial resources. NGOs implementing SI are distinguished by features (1) and (3). The results are interpreted in the context of rural NGO activities in the postcommunist countries of Central and Eastern Europe.
The Meaning of Stigma About Illegal Drug Use and Its Contribution to Public Policymaking in Colombia
Authors: Tirado-Otálvaro Andrés Felipe , Castaño-Perez Guillermo Alonso , Yepes-Delgado Carlos Enrique
Published: November 2022

The objective of this study is to understand the meaning of the stigma about illegal drug consumption and its contribution to public policymaking in Colombia from the perspective of experts on this topic. Research was carried out based on the methodological perspective of the grounded theory. Twenty participants with extensive experience in the design of regulations, plans, or programs about demand reduction in Colombia were interviewed, using tools such as in-depth interviews and analytical memos. The analysis was performed by means of open, axial, and selective coding techniques and the development of a conditional/consequential matrix. The findings are presented according to the structure of the pattern matrix to show the social process found and include (a) the phenomenon, the fear of being stigmatized as a promoter of more liberal public policies; (b) the context, the Colombia’s history and the policymaking to reduce drug consumption; (c) the conditions, control of governance by influential groups in power; and (d) the strategies to address it, prioritize less sensitive issues, and the consequences, formulation of repressive public policies with the impact on the rights of people who use drugs. From the perspective of the interviewees, the fear of being stigmatized as promoters of more liberal public policies and contrary to the expectations of the social and power classes leads the rulers to have a low-profile discourse on this subject so as not to assume the costs politicians that this fact would imply.
Methodik und Interpretation retrospektiver vergleichender Krankenkassendatenstudien: Analyse von Patientendaten in einem Fallbeispiel (Teil 2)
Authors: Wilke Thomas , Müller Sabrina , Ghiani Marco , Maywald Ulf
Published: November 2022

Hintergrund

Vergleichende Krankenkassendatenstudien können wichtige Evidenz zur Bewertung der Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit von Therapien in der Versorgungspraxis generieren. Ihre Interpretation ist jedoch angesichts methodischer Unsicherheiten herausfordernd.

Ziel der Arbeit

Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, auf Basis einer erarbeiteten Systematik für die Methodik von vergleichenden Krankenkassendatenstudien (separater Teil 1) den Einfluss spezifischer methodischer Annahmen und Entscheidungen exemplarisch an einem Beispiel zu erläutern.

Material und Methoden

Verschiedene methodische Optionen wurden für Patienten mit prävalenter Colitis ulcerosa (CU), die eine Therapie mit Vedolizumab vs. Adalimumab starteten, analysiert. Verwendet wurden Daten der AOK PLUS. Verglichen wurde ein „composite endpoint“ (CEP), bestehend aus CU-bezogenen Hospitalisierungen und Operationen, Kortikosteroidverschreibungen, Therapiebeendigung sowie -switch.

Ergebnisse

In der Analyse wurde deutlich, dass spezifische Annahmen in den dargestellten 7 methodischen Dimensionen einen erheblichen Einfluss auf die Ergebnisse einer Studie sowie deren interne und externe Validität haben. Im Beispiel zeigte sich, dass bei Analyse des CEP Vedolizumab eine höhere Wirksamkeit als Adalimumab aufwies.

Schlussfolgerungen

Publikationen zu vergleichenden Krankenkassendatenstudien sollten transparent die getroffenen Annahmen in den 7 genannten Dimensionen darstellen und begründen, warum entsprechende Annahmen getroffen wurden.
Mensch – Technik – Welt
Authors: Krings Bettina-Johanna , Hausstein Alexandra
Published: November 2022

Das Programm der Digitalisierung steht in aktuellen Debatten für die Vision zukünftiger moderner Gesellschaften schlechthin. Nicht nur in der Arbeitswelt gilt die Einführung digitaler Technologien als wegweisend für umfassende Transformationsprozesse, auch in alltagsweltlichen sozialen Kontexten wird Digitalisierung zum Treiber für umfassende soziale Wandlungsprozesse herangezogen. Soziale Entwicklungen werden hierbei weitgehend an diese technischen Visionen gekoppelt. So werden zwar die alten (neuen) Fragen an diese Entwicklungen gestellt, diese verbleiben jedoch oft in den Vorstellungen traditioneller Fortschrittsdynamiken von Technik und Gesellschaft. Dennoch sollten, so die Ausgangsprämisse des vorliegenden Beitrags, neue, kritische Perspektiven auf diese Transformationsdynamiken entwickelt werden. Ausgehend von der Theorie der Resonanz, die Hartmut Rosa im Jahr 2016 vorgelegt hat, schlagen die Autorinnen vor, diesen Theorieansatz als kritische Reflexion für das Dreiecksverhältnis Mensch-Technik-Welt fruchtbar zu machen. Dies wird exemplarisch für Digitalisierungsdynamiken in den Bereichen Arbeit und Alltag skizziert. Hierbei wird gezeigt, dass die Resonanztheorie einerseits den Blick für die individuellen Bezugnahmen auf digitale Anwendungen schärft, andererseits Perspektiven auf Bedürfnisse, Wünsche und Visionen der Individuen sichtbar macht und stärkt. An ausgewählten Beispielen wird dargestellt, wie die Resonanztheorie als eine neue kritische Perspektive auf Digitalisierungsprozesse unter der Leitidee einer Humanisierung der Digitalisierung in den Bereichen Arbeit und Alltag anschlussfähig gemacht werden kann.
The effect of management control systems in managing the unknown: Does the market appreciate the breadth of vision?
Authors: Gomez-Conde Jacobo , Lopez-Valeiras Ernesto , Rosa Fabricia Silva , Lunkes Rogério João
Published: November 2022

We examine the extent to which broad-scope management control systems (MCS) mitigate the negative impact of a crisis with extreme uncertainty on investor and shareholder expectations and the potential role of boundary systems in this link. We use the COVID-19 pandemic as research setting to analyse this link and market value as a proxy for expectations. Our hypotheses are tested using a combination of survey and archival data from large organizations listed on the Brazilian Stock Exchange, resulting in a panel of 6257 organization-week observations. Our main results are consistent with the hypotheses. We also conduct a series of sensitivity tests to check the robustness of our main findings. Our results remain significant across specifications: alternative identification strategy, or additional control variables. In an additional analysis, we also examine the role of lenders. Overall, we extend the scarce prior literature on the effectiveness of MCS under crisis management and provide new evidence for signaling theory, thus connecting both streams of literature. The COVID-19 pandemic provides an optimal context for researching this topic because, in contrast to past economic downturns or financial crises, it has required organizations across industries to adapt quickly and respond to new demands with unpredictable economic, behavioural, and societal consequences.
The Nox2-ROS-Nlrp3 Inflammasome Signaling Stimulates in the Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells Lipogenesis to Facilitate Membrane Lipid Raft Formation
Authors: Abdelbaset-Ismail Ahmed , Ciechanowicz Andrzej K. , Bujko Kamila , Ratajczak Janina , Kucia Magdalena , Ratajczak Mariusz Z.
Published: November 2022

Proliferation, metabolism, and migration of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) are coordinated by receptors expressed on outer cell membranes that are integrated into microdomains, known as membrane lipid rafts (MLRs). These structures float freely in the cell membrane bilayer and are enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids for their functional integrity. Receptors, if expressed in MLRs, have prolonged occupancy on the cell surface and enhanced signaling power. Based on this, we have become interested in the regulation of synthesis of MLRs components in HSPCs. To address this, we tested the effect of selected factors that promote proliferation or migration and their potential involvement in the synthesis of MLRs components in HSPCs. Based on our previous research showing that HSPCs from Nox2-KO and Nlrp3-KO mice display a profound defect in MLRs formation, we focused on the role of Nox2-ROS-Nlrp3 inflammasome in regulating lipogenesis in HSPCs. We found that while at steady state conditions, Nox2-derived ROS is required for a proper expression of enzymes regulating lipogenesis, during inflammation, this effect is augmented by Nlrp3 inflammasome. Thus, our data sheds new light on the regulation of lipogenesis in HSPCs and the involvement of the Nox2-ROS-Nlrp3 inflammasome axis that differently regulates lipogenesis at steady state conditions and in response to inflammation, modulating MLRs-mediated responsiveness of these cells to external stimuli.

Graphical Abstract
Children’s Personal Significance of Olfaction — the ChiPSO Questionnaire
Authors: Lohrer Elisabeth C. , Dworschak Annika , Croy Ilona , Gellrich Janine , Sabha Maha , Parisato Luca , Schriever Valentin A.
Published: November 2022

Introduction

The human sense of smell has different functions which can be categorized as “food,” “social,” and “environment.” Different questionnaires about the importance of olfaction in adults are available, but little attention has been paid to children and adolescents. Therefore, we aimed to develop a questionnaire about children’s personal significance of olfaction (ChiPSO).

Methods

The questionnaire was developed in two steps. The first questionnaire included 33 statements about the importance of olfactory information in daily life — covering three subscales “food,” “environment,” and “social” administered to 191 participants (mean age: 14.4 ± 1.7 years). The five best fitting items of each subscale were chosen for the final 15-item questionnaire. In the second part, we administered the developed questionnaire to 208 children and adolescents (mean age: 11.5 ± 3.5 years) who additionally underwent olfactory testing to investigate the association between olfactory function and questionnaire results. Participants were separated in two age groups: (i) 6–11 years (children), (ii) 12–17 years (adolescents).

Results

A significant influence of age on the total ChiPSO score and all three subscales with adolescents scoring higher than children was found. Additionally, there was a significant influence of sex in adolescents on total ChiPSO score and subscales “social” and “food” with girls scoring higher than boys.

Conclusion

We report an association between questionnaires results and olfactory performance. Additionally, olfactory information seems to be more important to adolescents compared to children and girls compared to boys.

Implications

The ChiPSO questionnaire is a practical tool to evaluate the importance of olfactory information in children and adolescents aged 6–17 years.
Theory-based approach for assessing cognitive load during time-critical resource-managing human–computer interactions: an eye-tracking study
Authors: Sevcenko Natalia , Appel Tobias , Ninaus Manuel , Moeller Korbinian , Gerjets Peter
Published: November 2022

Computerized systems are taking on increasingly complex tasks. Consequently, monitoring automated computerized systems is becoming increasingly demanding for human operators, which is particularly relevant in time-critical situations. A possible solution might be adapting human–computer interfaces (HCI) to the operators’ cognitive load. Here, we present a novel approach for theory-based measurement of cognitive load based on tracking eye movements of 42 participants while playing a serious game simulating time-critical situations that required resource management at different levels of difficulty. Gaze data was collected within narrow time periods, calculated based on log data interpreted in the light of the time-based resource-sharing model. Our results indicated that eye fixation frequency, saccadic rate, and pupil diameter significantly predicted task difficulty, while performance was best predicted by eye fixation frequency. Subjectively perceived cognitive load was significantly associated with the rate of microsaccades. Moreover our results indicated that more successful players tended to use breaks in gameplay to actively monitor the scene, while players who use these times to rest are more likely to fail the level. The presented approach seems promising for measuring cognitive load in realistic situations, considering adaptation of HCI.
Martensite Fractions Measured by XRD on Fracture Surfaces of Austenitic Stainless Steels Tensile Tested in Gaseous Helium and Hydrogen
Authors: Berreth Karl , Michler Thorsten
Published: November 2022

Although martensitic transformation is neither necessary nor sufficient to explain hydrogen effects in austenitic stainless steels, the formation of a second phase upon straining results in local strain incompatibilities within the microstructure which can result in hydrogen assisted crack initiation. The fraction of α’-martensite on fracture surfaces of ten commercial austenitic stainless steels of different austenite stability was measured by quantitative x-ray diffraction (XRD). The main results are: (1) for a given steel, martensite contents on fracture surfaces of specimens tested in helium were higher compared to those tested in hydrogen and (2) tensile reduction in area of the specimens tested in hydrogen decreases with increasing martensite content on the fracture surface.
Using entrustable professional activities to better prepare students for their
postgraduatemedical training: A medical student’s perspective
Authors: Kuehl Sarah E. , Spicer Jennifer O.
Published: November 2022

The problem Medical students graduate underprepared for postgraduate medical
training despite years of classroom and clinical training. In this article, a medical
student shares her personal perspectives on three factors contributing to this problem
in undergraduate medical education: students’ peripheral roles in the clinical
environment impede learning, students receive inadequate feedback, and assessments do
not measure desired learning outcomes.
A solution The authors describe how using
entrustable professional activities (EPAs) could address these issues and promote
students’ clinical engagement by clarifying their roles, providing them with frequent
and actionable feedback, and aligning their assessments with authentic work. These
factors combined with grading schemes rewarding improvement could contribute to a growth
mindset that reprioritizes clinical skill acquisition. The authors explore how medical
schools have begun implementing the EPA framework, highlight insights from these
efforts, and describe barriers that must be addressed.
The future Incorporating
EPAs into medical school curricula could better prepare students for postgraduate
 training while also alleviating issues that contribute to student burnout by defining
students’ roles, improving feedback, and aligning assessments with desired learning
outcomes.