bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of the current intensity and positions of mold electromagnetic stirring on the macrosegregation in the full-length curved continuous casting bloom
Authors: Wang Yadong , Zhang Lifeng
Published: August 2023

A full-length curved continuous casting bloom mathematical model, coupling flow field, heat transfer, solidification, and electromagnetic stirring, was established to investigate the effect of the current intensity and positions of mold electromagnetic stirring (M-EMS) on the macrosegregation. M-EMS can optimize the negative segregation in the subsurface of the bloom and the positive segregation in the bloom center. With the current intensity of M-EMS increasing from 0 A to 350 A, the minimum carbon content in the subsurface of the bloom was 0.165%, 0.169%, 0.176%, and 0.182%. The carbon content in the bloom center was 0.246%, 0.243%, 0.241%, and 0.238%. The installation position of M-EMS can change the flow field and then affected the macrosegregation. When the positions of M-EMS were 0.77 m, 0.57 m, and 0.37 m beneath the meniscus, the minimum carbon content of negative segregation in the subsurface of the bloom was 0.174%, 0.182%, and 0.175%. The carbon content in the bloom center was 0.245%, 0.238%, and 0.235% respectively.
Minimalinvasive Wirbelsäulenchirurgie und aufkommende neue Techniken: Navigation, Robotik und Augmented Reality
Authors: Klingler Jan-Helge , Ille Sebastian
Published: August 2023

Minimalinvasive Operationstechniken haben sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten kontinuierlich
weiterentwickelt und bedeutende technische sowie technologische Fortschritte vollzogen. So
konnte sich die minimalinvasive Wirbelsäulenchirurgie von gezielten Dekompressionsverfahren
bis hin zu umfangreichen Stabilisierungsoperationen in weiten Anwendungsbereichen der
Wirbelsäulenchirurgie bewähren. Die Vorteile liegen in reduziertem Zugangstrauma, niedrigeren
Infektionsraten und schnellerer Genesung und somit verringerter Morbidität. Zur zunehmenden
Verbreitung minimalinvasiver Techniken haben die sich ebenfalls stetig weiterentwickelnde
intraoperative Bildgebung und Navigation entscheidend beigetragen. Schließlich ermöglichen
diese eine Orientierung mit Detektion verdeckt liegender und nicht direkt visualisierbarer
Strukturen und anatomischer Landmarken. Als neue Trends der letzten Jahre kommen nun auch im
Bereich der Wirbelsäulenchirurgie die Robotik und Augmented Reality zum Einsatz. Dieser
Übersichtsartikel befasst sich mit den intraoperativen Techniken der Navigation, Robotik und
Augmented Reality bei minimalinvasiven Wirbelsäulenoperationen.
Minimalinvasive Chirurgie bei Wirbelsäulentrauma – Unterschiede der Versorgungstechniken zwischen jungen und alten Patienten
Authors: Ullrich Bernhard , Spiegl Ulrich
Published: August 2023

Perkutane Versorgungen von Frakturen an der BWS und LWS sind weit verbreitet und haben die
offenen Verfahren in vielen Fällen als Standard verdrängt. Hierbei kommen beim Knochengesunden
der minimalinvasive Fixateur interne mittels monoaxialen Schrauben sowie der thorakoskopische
ventrale (partielle) Wirbelkörperersatz bzw. mittels Mini-Lumbotomie unterhalb von LWK 2 zum
Einsatz. Beim osteoporotischen Knochen kommen v.a. Zementaugmentationen der Wirbelkörper
und/oder dorsale Stabilisierungen mittels perkutanem Fixateur interne mit polyaxialen
Schrauben mit oder ohne Zementaugmentation der Pedikelschrauben zum Einsatz. Die Vorteile der
minimalinvasiven Versorgungen sind der geringere Blutverlust, die niedrigere Komplikationsrate
sowie der geringere postoperative Schmerz.
Reoperation or Aortic Regurgitation Progression after Reimplantation of the Aortic Valve (David's Procedure) Using the Valsalva Graft
Authors: Ma Kristina , Carlestål Emelie , Franco-Cereceda Anders , Olsson Christian
Published: August 2023

Background This study aimed to assess predictors of a composite endpoint (reoperation for aortic valve [AV] failure or aortic regurgitation [AR] grade ≥ 2) after reimplantation of the aortic valve (RAV) using the Valsalva graft.

Methods From 2012 to 2021, 112 patients underwent RAV in a single center. Clinical and echocardiographic data were collected retrospectively. Cox regression analysis was used to identify predictors of the composite endpoint. Kaplan–Meier methods were used for time-to-event analysis.

Results Median (interquartile range) age was 52 years (44, 62). Nineteen patients (17%) were operated for acute Type A aortic dissection, and the remainder for aortic root aneurysm, 60 mm or larger in 12/112 (11%). Thirty-day mortality was 1/112 (1%). During follow-up, four patients (3.6%) were reoperated for AV failure, and another nine patients (8.1%) developed AR grade ≥ 2. Overall estimated freedom from reoperation or AR grade ≥ 2 was 87% (95% confidence interval: 76–93%) at 5 years. Significantly lower estimated 5-year freedom from the composite endpoint was found in cases with simultaneous aortic valve repair (AVr; 77 vs. 90%, p = 0.007) and nearly significant for large (≥ 6 cm) aortic root diameter (82 vs. 87%, p = 0.055). In Cox's analysis, aortic root diameter and simultaneous AVr were independent predictors for the composite endpoint.

Conclusion Outcomes (survival, reoperation, freedom from AR grade ≥ 2) with RAV were good up to 11-year follow-up. Larger aortic root diameter and simultaneous AVr were identified as predictors for reoperation or AR grade ≥ 2. Long-term follow-up remains necessary to confirm adequate AV function.
Incisional Hernias after Vascular Surgery for Aortoiliac Aneurysm and Aortoiliac Occlusive Arterial Disease: Has Prophylactic Mesh Changed This Scenario?
Authors: Piltcher-da-Silva Rodrigo , Soares Pedro S.M. , Hutten Debora O. , Schnnor Cláudia C. , Valandro Isabelle G. , Rabolini Bruno B. , Medeiros Brenda M. , Duarte Rafaela G. , Volkweis Bernardo S. , Grudtner Marco A. , Cavazzola Leandro T.
Published: August 2023

Background Incisional hernia (IH) is an important surgical complication that has several ways of prevention, including modifications in the surgical technique of the initial procedure. Its incidence can reach 69% in high-risk patients and long-term follow-up. Of the risky procedures, open abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy is the one with the highest risk. Ways to reduce this morbid complication were suggested, and prophylactic mesh rises as an important tool to prevent recurrence.

Methods A retrospective cohort study review of medical records of patients undergoing vascular surgery for abdominal aortoiliac aneurysm (AAA) or vascular bypass surgery due to aortoiliac occlusive disease. We identified 193 patients treated between 2010 and 2020. We further performed a one-to-nine matching analysis between the use of prophylactic mesh and control groups, based on estimated propensity scores for each patient.

Results Prophylactic mesh group had a 18% lower risk of IH, compared with the control group (relative risk: 0.82; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.74–0.93). The difference in IH rates between the groups compared was 2.6% (95% CI: −19.8 to 25.5). From the perspective of the number needed to treat, it would be necessary to use prophylactic mesh in 39 (95% CI: 35–44) patients to avoid one IH in this population.

Conclusion Use of prophylactic mesh in the repair of AAA significantly reduces the incidence of IH in nearly one in five cases. Our data suggest that there is benefit in the use of prophylactic mesh in open aneurysmectomy surgery regarding postoperative IH development.
Pediatric Functional Rhinoplasty
Authors: Shave Samantha , Vella Joseph , Chandy Binoy
Published: August 2023

Surgery on the growing pediatric nose poses many questions regarding the indications and proper timing. Historically, surgeries on the pediatric nose led to facial growth alterations so many urged caution and waiting until skeletal maturity at the age of 18. However, animal studies showed some promise that facial growth may not be affected. Investigations into effects of pediatric sinus surgery and septal surgery on facial growth showed no issues. The external nose is somewhat different in that minor variations potentially can grow to a cosmetic deformity. However, numerous studies on facial growth show, to date, that it is not affected, and that surgery is safe. The caveat that one uses is the techniques of cartilage sparing and preservation, which have been studied and shown to be safe. There are ways to measure the effectiveness of surgery in relieving nasal airway obstruction both objectively and, more recently, subjectively. It is essential to treat pediatric nasal airway obstruction to avoid other facial growth problems, such as mouth breathing, snoring, malocclusion, and obstructive sleep apnea.
Respiratory Severity Score during the First 3 Hours of Life as a Predictor for Failure of Noninvasive Respiratory Support and Need for Late Rescue Surfactant Administration
Authors: Zapata Henry A. , Becker Heather L. , Lasarev Michael R. , Fort Prem , Guthrie Scott O. , Kaluarachchi Dinushan C.
Published: August 2023

Objective Preterm infants often develop failure of noninvasive respiratory support. These infants miss the advantages of early rescue surfactant therapy. In this study, we evaluate the utility of respiratory severity score (RSS) during the first 3 hours of life (HOL) as a predictor for failure of noninvasive respiratory support.

Study Design We conducted a post hoc analysis of infants between 23 and 40 weeks' gestational age who received usual care in the AERO-02 clinical trial. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis were used to assess whether the RSS summary measures were associated with the odds of surfactant administration.

Results Study involved 146 infants. Sixty-four infants (45%) received surfactant within the first 72 hours. Administration of surfactant was associated with the mean RSS (p < 0.01) and the linear trend (p < 0.01).

Conclusion We demonstrated that RSS during the first 3 HOL can predict failure of noninvasive respiratory support and need for late rescue surfactant administration. Optimal RSS cutoffs for early rescue surfactant therapy need to be determined in large cohort studies.

Key Points
Structured Framework for Multidisciplinary Parent Counseling and Medical Interventions for Fetuses and Infants with Trisomy 13 or Trisomy 18
Authors: Kim Amanda J.H. , Marshall Mayme , Gievers Ladawna , Tate Tyler , Taub Sara , Dukhovny Stephanie , Ronai Christina , Madriago Erin J.
Published: August 2023

Objective Trisomy 13 (T13) and 18 (T18) are aneuploidies associated with multiple structural congenital anomalies and high rates of fetal demise and neonatal mortality. Historically, patients with either one of these diagnoses have been treated similarly with exclusive comfort care rather than invasive interventions or intensive care, despite a wide phenotypic variation and substantial variations in survival length. However, surgical interventions have been on the rise in this population in recent years without clearly elucidated selection criterion. Our objective was to create a standardized approach to counseling expectant persons and parents of newborns with T13/T18 in order to provide collaborative and consistent counseling and thoughtful approach to interventions such as surgery.

Study Design This article describes our process and presents our resulting clinical care guideline.

Results We formed a multi- and interdisciplinary committee. We used published literature when available and otherwise expert opinion to develop an approach to care featuring individualized assessment of the patient to estimate qualitative mortality risk and potential to benefit from intensive care and/or surgeries centered within an ethical framework.

Conclusion Through multidisciplinary collaboration, we successfully created a patient-centered approach for counseling families facing a diagnosis of T13/T18. Other institutions may use our approach as a model for developing their own standardized approach.

Key Points
Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder are Associated with Altered Glucose Parameters in Early and Late Gestation
Authors: Bublitz Margaret H. , Anderson Micheline R. , Sanapo Laura , Scarfo Victoria N. , Bourjeily Ghada
Published: August 2023

Objective Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with increased risk for insulin resistance and the development of diabetes outside of pregnancy. In pregnancy, emerging evidence suggests that PTSD is associated with increased risk for gestational diabetes; however, it is not yet known how PTSD is associated with disruptions in glucose processing across gestation. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to test associations between PTSD symptoms and glucose parameters in early and late gestation among pregnant people without a history of pregestational diabetes.

Study Design Two 34 participants were included in these analyses. PTSD symptoms were measured using the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) in early gestation. Fasting blood samples were collected at approximately 12 and 32 gestational weeks and were used to calculate β-cell function and insulin sensitivity.

Results Participants were 31 years old (standard deviation [SD] = 6) with body mass index (BMI) of 36 kg/m2 (SD = 7) at enrollment, 26% reported their ethnicity as Hispanic, 62% reported their race as White, 17% Black, 2% Asian, 3% Native American, 9% more than one race, and 11% unknown/not reported. Hierarchical linear regression analyses revealed that, after adjusting for several covariates including maternal age, race, ethnicity, BMI, apnea hypopnea index, and depressive symptoms, PTSD symptoms were positively associated with β-cell function in early (β = 0.230, p = 0.016) and late gestation (β = 0.238, p = 0.037).

Conclusion Higher PTSD symptoms were associated with greater insulin secretion over pregnancy in this sample. More research is needed to replicate these findings and evaluate the effects of treatment of PTSD on mitigating the risk for gestational diabetes.

Key Points
Review: Advances in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Immune Thrombocytopenia Associated with Viral Hepatitis
Authors: Xu Yanmei , Chen Yunfei , Zhang Lei
Published: August 2023

Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus are the hepatitis subtypes that most commonly induce immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). Although the pathogenesis of viral hepatitis-associated ITP remains unclear, it may involve antibody cross-reactivity due to molecular mimicry, the formation of virus-platelet immune complexes, and T cell-mediated suppression of bone marrow hematopoiesis. Moreover, there is significant correlation between platelet count and the severity of viral hepatitis, the risk of progression to liver cirrhosis, and clinical prognosis. However, treatment of viral hepatitis-associated ITP is hindered by some antiviral drugs. In this review, we summarize research progress to date on the pathogenesis and treatment of viral hepatitis-related ITP, hoping to provide a reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment.
Closure of Palatal Fistula with Tongue Flap
Authors: Bath J.S. , Singh Gurpartap , Mander K.J.S.
Published: August 2023

Forty-five patients having large palatal fistulae (1.5-2cm) which could not be closed with local tissues were selected for this study. Forty-two patients out of this group were treated by anteriorly based tongue flap alone and in three patients a supplementary Burian flap was used. Complete closure of the fistula could be achieved in forty-three cases.
The Tessier Number 30 Cleft
Authors: Khan Masood H. , Khan Arshad H.
Published: August 2023

A case of the Tessier number 30 cleft is being presented because of its rarity alongwith the review of literature.
Trifurcation of Urethra—A Case Report
Authors: Tiwari I.N. , Sandhir R.K. , Goel Arun
Published: August 2023

A rare case of trifurcation of anterior urethra, in a twenty five year old patient, who presented with dribbling of urine from the accessory opening is being documented. The embryologic basis, clinical presentation and treatement has also been discussed.
Upper Lip Carcinoma in Child
Authors: Ahuja R.B. , Sandhir R.K.
Published: August 2023

A case of carcinoma of the upper lip in a child is reported. Reconstruction of the upper lip in such situations is also discussed briefly.
Double Upper Lip
Authors: Tah Ravindra , Sharma S.N.
Published: August 2023

Eleven case of double upper lip were seen by us during the last 10 years, of which 9 were males and 2 were females. The embryology, clinical appearance, histopathology and surgical correction of the deformity has been discussed with a review of the literature. A new technique, to enchance aesthetics of the lip, is being described.
The effect of national higher education initiatives on university rankings
Authors: Guo Congbin , Hao Xiaowei , Wu Jiaqi , Hu Tizhen
Published: August 2023

National higher education initiatives are government-led strategies designed to enhance university quality, international ranking, and competitiveness through targeted policy measures and investments. In order to improve human capital and global competitiveness, many countries worldwide such as China, Japan, Russia, and Germany have implemented national higher education initiatives in recent years. This study used panel data from the top universities in the QS ranking and ARWU ranking to evaluate the impact of these initiatives on university rankings using a Staggered Difference-in-Differences Model and explore the underlying reasons for heterogeneity in effectiveness across different regions and countries. It found that national higher education initiatives have a significant positive impact on universities’ rankings by improving 12.1 to 17.7 places in QS and ARWU rankings respectively. Compared to European universities, universities in Asia-Pacific region improved rankings more obviously. The findings suggest that developing countries can learn from the experiences of other countries in implementing national higher education initiatives and improving higher education quality through encouraging competitiveness while offering autonomy, optimizing higher education management model, enhancing regular quality evaluations, and dynamic withdrawal mechanism.
A shapelet-based neural network for binary and multi-class disruption prediction for prevention at JET
Authors: Artigues V. , de Vries P. C. , Jenko F. ,   JET Contributors
Published: August 2023

Disruptions in tokamaks remain, to this day, an unsolved issue on the path toward fusion power plants. Such events should be avoided or mitigated, requiring adequate detection of the disruption causes. However, due to the complex nature of disruption causes, this is, in general, challenging. Despite recent progress designing disruption prediction systems via data-driven methods, many questions remain open—such as disruption-type identification or the transfer of such methods between different tokamaks. We propose a shapelet-based neural network for binary and multi-class disruption identification that can be used for post-disruption analysis or real-time prediction. The performance is compared to two approaches from the literature, retrained on our data: support-vector machines similar to the advanced predictor of disruption, and a recurrent neural network. For the present study, we compiled a dataset of discharges from the Joint European Torus tokamak containing stable discharges and seven disruption types. Due to the availability of such classification, all shots predate the installation of the ITER-like wall. Using the binary and multi-class classification results, we report on the performance of the three models and discuss the advantages of our method. Our model ranks first and second on binary and multi-class tasks, respectively. The shapelets' contribution to the results is evaluated by conducting an ablation study. We show that shapelets with normalized Euclidean distance are enough for binary classification, but multi-class predictions require the absolute value of the signals. The good results obtained from locally normalized signals are promising for future cross-tokamak studies.
Self-tuning approach for metasurface-based resonators for one-to-many wireless power transfer
Authors: Smirnov Pavel , Koreshin Eugene , Baranov Georgii , Kapitanova Polina
Published: August 2023

One-to-many wireless power transfer (WPT) is one of the leading directions in WPT systems development due to the rapid growth of consumer devices. The most challenging task is to ensure high efficiency for free-positioned receivers and provide low-cost compact WPT systems. In this paper, a transmitting metasurface-based resonator for one-to-many WPT systems is proposed and experimentally studied. The resonator design and matching method provides the self-tuning ability and allows to simplify the control and communication units of WPT systems. The resonator is composed of periodically arranged unit-cells, implemented as two crossed conductors separated by a thick substrate with a 330 pF capacitor mounted at the cross-hair of the conductors. The prototype of the proposed metasurface-based resonator is fabricated and experimentally studied for free-positioned single- and multi-receivers. The WPT efficiency to a free-positioned receiver varies from 19.7% to 84.8%. The overall efficiency for a three-receiver case reaches 83.2% which is suitable for one-to-many WPT systems.
A tuning fork gyroscope with drive-sense orthogonal thin-walled holes for high sensitivity
Authors: Shi Ruiqi , Zhang Junjian , Feng Zilong , Fan Kai , Kong Mengmeng , Han Jiajun , Feng Zhihua
Published: August 2023

A tuning fork gyroscope (TFG) with orthogonal thin-walled round holes in the driving and sensing directions is proposed to improve sensitivity. The thin walls formed by through holes produce stress concentration, transforming the small displacement of tuning fork vibration into a large concentrated strain. When piezoelectric excitation or detection is carried out here, the driving vibration displacement and detection output voltage can be increased, thereby improving sensitivity. Besides, quadrature coupling can be suppressed because the orthogonal holes make the optimal excitation and detection positions in different planes. The finite element method is used to verify the benefits of the holes, and the parameters are optimized for better performance. The experimental results show that the sensitivity of the prototype gyroscope with a driving frequency of 890.68 Hz is 100.32 mV/(°/s) under open-loop driving and detection, and the rotation rate can be resolved at least 0.016 (°/s)/Hz, which is about 6.7 times better than that of the conventional TFG. In addition, the quadrature error is reduced by 2.7 times. The gyroscope has a simple structure, high reliability, and effectively improves sensitivity, which is helpful to guide the optimization of piezoelectric gyroscopes and derived MEMS gyroscopes.
Optimization of inlet conditions of hot steam injection into the non-equilibrium condensing steam
Authors: Ghodrati Mohammad , Lakzian Esmail , Kim Heuy Dong
Published: August 2023

Injecting hot steam into the cascade flow is one of the procedures for resisting losses and damages caused by condensation. In the current study, utilizing a 3D (three-dimensional) geometry for steam turbine blades, the hot steam has been injected into the steam cascade via the embedded channel. In the power plant industry, the hot steam injection process is done in two ways: constant pressure with a reservoir or constant mass flow rate utilizing a control valve. Therefore, considering these two methods and the TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) optimization method, the best temperature for injecting hot steam into non-equilibrium steam in a constant steam turbine blade has been gained. At the optimal temperature of 540 K at the constant pressure mode, Er (erosion rate ratio) and Lr (condensation loss ratio) were obtained as 66.6% and 30.7%, respectively, and Kr (kinetic energy ratio) showed a 0.6% growth in the hot steam injection mode, in comparison with the original mode. In addition, the economic cost of hot steam injection was calculated as 0.457 ($/hour). By the TOPSIS optimization method, the optimal temperature of hot steam injection, utilizing the constant mass flow rate method, has been obtained as 460 K, and the Er, Lr, and Kr values were 31.2%, 66.1%, and 88.48%, respectively at the optimal temperature. Moreover, the economic cost was 0.43 ($/hour). It is easier to control the steam injection by the constant mass flow rate method utilizing a control valve; therefore, the 460 K temperature and constant mass flow rate method are introduced as the optimal method.
Near-field observation of mid-infrared edge modes in topological photonic crystals
Authors: Yi F. , Liu M. Q. , Wang N. N. , Wang B. X. , Zhao C. Y.
Published: August 2023

Topological photonic crystals inherit the unique properties of topological insulators, including topologically protected energy transfer and unidirectional propagation, which offer an excellent platform for exploring exotic physics and developing photonic devices. However, topological photonic crystals possessing mid-infrared edge modes that have potential applications in infrared imaging, biosensing, thermal radiation energy transfer, etc., are seldom brought into focus. In this work, we study the topological properties of a photonic crystal slab (PCS) consisting of silicon square veins in the mid-infrared, which is intended to mimic the two-dimensional Su–Schrieffer–Heeger model. By interfacing topologically trivial and nontrivial PCSs, mid-infrared edge modes can appear at domain wall, according to the principle of bulk-edge correspondence. It is also demonstrated high-efficiency mid-infrared light transport can be achieved by these edge modes. In addition, adjusting the vertical offset near the interface can manipulate the bandwidth for various applications and turns the connected PCS structure to a photonic realization of Rice–Mele model. We further fabricate the PCS and provide an experimental observation of transverse-electric-like edge modes in mid-infrared by using the scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscope. Additionally, we integrate it with phase change material of nanoscale thickness, Ge2Sb2Te5, to realize an ultrafast and switchable topological waveguide with zero static power. This work not only enriches the fundamental understanding of topological physics in mid-infrared optical settings, but also shows promising prospects in compact devices for energy transfer and information processing for light sources in these wavelengths, for instance, thermal radiation.
Jet characteristics of the three-dimensional explosion bubble in a compressible fluid
Authors: Cui Rui-Nan , Han Rui , Pei Shao-Cong , Wang Shi-Ping
Published: August 2023

In this study, a three-dimensional model for underwater explosion bubble dynamics is established using a weakly compressible theory implemented in the boundary integral method. To validate its accuracy and reliability, we compare the model's results with theoretical solutions, an axisymmetric model, and experimental data. First, we systematically study the jet characteristics of an underwater explosion bubble in the free field and reveal the power laws for the height, width, and velocity of the liquid jet of the bubble with respect to the buoyancy parameter δ. It is important to note that, in addition to δ, the strength parameter ε also plays a significant role in determining the height of the jet, particularly when δ≲ 0.3. Furthermore, we investigate the impact of an inclined wall on jet features and provide an analytical expression for the jet angle for bubbles near a vertical wall, utilizing the Kelvin impulse theory.
An experimental investigation of flow boiling instability of R245fa in a horizontal tube
Authors: Li Chong , Fang Xiande , Dai Qiumin
Published: August 2023

Two-phase pressure drop oscillations during flow boiling of pure fluid R245fa in a horizontal microchannel with a diameter of 0.9 mm were experimentally investigated. Three mass fluxes G = 400, 630, and 1100 kg/m2 s with three different heat fluxes q = 40, 50, and 55 kW/m2 were tested under the inlet pressure of 211.72 kPa and inlet subcooling of 17 K. Flow instabilities were analyzed based on images and temporal oscillation results of two-phase mass flux (G), pressure drop (ΔP), and inlet pressure (Pin). Four types of high-amplitude/low-frequency are identified, the main reasons for which are found to be flow patterns in the test section and upstream compressible volume of vapor. The inlet pressure oscillation is attributed to the mixture between expansion vapor and subcooled liquid in the inlet plenum. Effects of mass flux and heat flux on the pressure drop oscillation are also discussed through the variation trends on ΔP vs q/G and the fast Fourier transform.
Dynamic coarse-graining of linear and non-linear systems: Mori–Zwanzig formalism and beyond
Authors: Jung Bernd , Jung Gerhard
Published: August 2023

To investigate the impact of non-linear interactions on dynamic coarse graining, we study a simplified model system featuring a tracer particle in a complex environment. Using a projection operator formalism and computer simulations, we systematically derive generalized Langevin equations (GLEs) describing the dynamics of this particle. We compare different kinds of linear and non-linear coarse-graining procedures to understand how non-linearities enter reconstructed GLEs and how they influence the coarse-grained dynamics. For non-linear external potentials, we show analytically and numerically that the non-Gaussian parameter and the incoherent intermediate scattering function will not be correctly reproduced by the GLE if a linear projection is applied. This, however, can be overcome by using non-linear projection operators. We also study anharmonic coupling between the tracer and the environment and demonstrate that the reconstructed memory kernel develops an additional trap-dependent contribution. Our study highlights some open challenges and possible solutions in dynamic coarse graining.
Post-weaning performance of Nellore calves subject to different weaning methods
Authors: Silva Poliana Ramos , Mezzomo Rafael , Santos Neta Ernestina Ribeiro , Sousa Thamiris Silva , Sousa Letícia da Silva , Almeida Mikaelly Rodrigues , da Silva Thaynara Ribeiro Carneiro , Vasconcelos Amanda Duarte , Batista Erick Darlisson , Alves Kaliandra Souza , Oliveira Luis Rennan Sampaio de , Gomes Daiany Iris
Published: August 2023

Context Different methods of weaning have been validated to reduce the stress of calves. A novel approach has been described by ranchers whereby the zebu calves are kept in the same pasture with trainer’s cows, however, no scientific evidence is available to date. Aims This study investigated the effect of different weaning methods on the physiological responses, temperament, and post-weaning performance of calves. Methods One hundred and eighty three Nellore calves were used, including 93 males (initial bodyweight: 219.8 ± 3.25 kg (avg ± s.e.), initial age: 244 ± 14.3 days (avg ± s.e.) and 90 females (219.7 ± 3.25 kg, 246 ± 14 days (avg ± s.e.)). The calves were randomly assigned to three weaning methods: Abrupt – total separation of dam and calf; Fenceline – physical separation between dam and calf by wired fence; and Leadership – total separation between dam and calf and use of social facilitator cows. Heart rate, respiratory rate and blood samples for cortisol analysis were taken on Days 0, 1, 4, and 7 post-weaning. Temperament was assessed on Days 0, 7, and 82. Performance and body condition score (BCS) was measured at 0, 42, and 82 days post-weaning. Key results No interaction (P > 0.05) between the weaning methods and sex of the calves was detected. Heart and respiratory rates were not influenced (P > 0.05) by weaning methods on Days 1 and 7 post-weaning. Furthermore, females showed higher heart rate at Day 7 post-weaning (P < 0.05). Weaning methods and sex of calves did not affect the cortisol levels (P > 0.05). Calves on Fenceline and Leadership weaning methods had higher final bodyweight and average daily gain (ADG) from weaning until 82 days post-weaning (P < 0.05) compared to the Abrupt weaning method, which had negative ADG (−26 g/day) on the first 42 days and the lowest bodyweight until 82 days post-weaning (P < 0.05). Conclusions The presence of social facilitators at weaning, using dams in the Fenceline method or non-related cows in the Leadership method, ensures greater post-weaning performance. The Leadership method can be the most advantageous due to its easy handling. Implications The weaning strategies contribute to good animal performance and shorten the post-weaning and finishing phases.
Mineralogy, elemental composition, and organic matter prediction of wetland soils in the Cerrado biome, Brazil
Authors: Borges Camila Silva , Nascimento Diogo Costa , de Lima Tatiane Melo , da Costa Marcela Vieira , Ribeiro Bruno Teixeira
Published: August 2023

Context The Cerrado, an area of savannah and wetlands in Brazil, is an important wet ecosystem characterised by organic-rich soils that has important environmental functions. In this work, we hypothesised that the total elemental composition obtained via portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (pXRF) could be useful a tool to predict soil organic matter. Aims We aimed to predict the total organic carbon (TOC) content and its fractions (carbon fulvic acid, C-FA; carbon humic acid, C-HA; carbon humin, C-HU) of soils occurring in representative Veredas biome from the Cerrado, Brazil. Methods We collected 144 soil samples from surface (0–20 cm) and subsurface (40–70 cm) layers from six representative Veredas environment located in the Cerrado bome, Triângulo Mineiro region, Brazil. These samples were analysed using a pXRF to obtain the total elemental composition. TOC, C-HA, C-FA, and C-HU fractions were determined by wet-oxidation and titration methods. The pXRF data was correlated with TOC and humic substances and later subjected to simple and multiple linear regression (MLR). Key results The major elements corroborated the mineralogy of wetland soils. TOC and humic substances, mainly C-HU, were reasonably predicted using pXRF data. All humic substances and TOC were strongly correlated to Pb. Thus, by parsimony, TOC could be reasonable predicted exclusively based on Pb concentration. Conclusions We demonstrated that pXRF can be an efficient tool to assess the elemental composition of the Cerrado wetlands soils contributing to still scarce inventory. Further, the elements germane to soil organic matter compounds can be used to predict TOC and its fractions. Implications A detailed characterisation of the Cerrado wetland soils in situ can be successfully performed using pXRF in further studies.
B cell receptors and free antibodies have different antigen-binding kinetics
Authors: García-Sánchez Miguel , Castro Mario , Faro José
Published: August 2023

Since the pioneering works of Berg and Purcell, discriminating between diffusion followed by binding has played a central role in understanding cell signaling. B cell receptors (BCR) and antibodies (Ab) challenge that simplified view as binding to the antigen follows after a chain of diffusion and rotations, including whole molecule rotation and independent tilts and twists of their Fab arms due to their Y-shaped structure and flexibility. In this paper, we combine analytical calculations with Brownian simulations to derive the first-passage times due to these three rotations positioning the Fab paratopes at a proper distance and orientation required for antigen binding. Our results indicate that when measuring Ab–Ag effective kinetic binding rates, using experimental methods in which the analyte is in solution only gives values proportional to the intrinsic binding rates,

k
+

, and

k
−

, for values of

k
+

up to

10
9

s

−
1

. Beyond that, a plateau of the effective 3D on rate between

10
8

M

−
1

s

−
1

and

10
9

M

−
1

s

−
1

is attained. Additionally, for BCR–Ag interactions, the effective 2D on and off binding rates can only be inferred from the corresponding effective 3D on and off rates for values of effective 3D on rates lower than

10
6

M

−
1

s

−
1

. This is highly relevant when trying to relate BCR–antigen-binding strength and B cell response, especially during germinal center reactions. Therefore, there is a pressing need to reexamine our current understanding of the BCR–antigen kinetic rates in germinal centers using the latest experimental assays for BCR–Ag interactions.
T cell proliferation requires ribosomal maturation in nucleolar condensates dependent on DCAF13
Authors: Zhou Lina , Wang Shuai , Hu Wei , Liu Xiaoqian , Xu Lingdong , Tong Bolu , Zhang Tongtong , Xue Zhonghui , Guo Yixin , Zhao Jing , Lu Linrong , Fan Hengyu , Qian Wenbin , Chen Jian , Chen Wei , Wang Lie
Published: August 2023

T cells require rapid proliferation to initiate adaptive immunity to prevent pathogen attacks. The nucleolus, a distinct subnuclear membrane-less compartment for ribosomal biogenesis, is indispensable for cell proliferation. However, specific nucleolar proteins involved in rapid T cell proliferation and their underlying molecular regulatory mechanism remain elusive. Here, we identified an essential nucleolar protein, DCAF13, in T cells and revealed its significant regulation of rapid T cell proliferation. Its depletion drastically impairs T cell proliferation due to severe 18S rRNA maturation failure, consequent abnormal ribosome assembly in nucleoli, and insufficient production of nascent proteins. Mechanistically, we propose that DCAF13 promotes NPM1 phase separation to accelerate pre-RNA enrichment and its endonuclease UTP23 for 18S rRNA maturation during T cell proliferation. Our findings reveal the modulatory effect of nucleolar NPM1/DCAF13 phase separation on ribosomal maturation to ensure rapid T cell proliferation and further pathogen clearance for the first time.
Inverse Design of Phononic Crystal with Desired Transmission via a Gradient-Descent Approach
Authors: Wei 魏 Yuhang 宇航 , He 贺 Dahai 达海
Published: August 2023

We propose a general approach based on the gradient descent method to study the inverse problem, making it possible to reversely engineer the microscopic configurations of materials that exhibit desired macroscopic properties. Particularly, we demonstrate its application by identifying the microscopic configurations within any given frequency range to achieve transparent phonon transport through one-dimensional harmonic lattices. Furthermore, we obtain the phonon transmission in terms of normal modes and find that the key to achieving phonon transparency or phonon blocking state lies in the ratio of the mode amplitudes at ends.
Gravito-electromagnetic perturbations and QNMs of regular black holes
Authors: Meng Kun , Zhang Shao-Jun
Published: August 2023

In the framework of Einstein’s gravity coupled to nonlinear electromagnetic fields, we study gravito-electromagnetic perturbations of magnetic regular black holes (BHs). The master equations of perturbations are obtained through Chandrasekhar’s formulation, from which it can be seen, different from the electric counterparts, for magnetic BHs gravitational perturbations with odd-parity coupled only to the electromagnetic perturbations with even-parity. We solve the master equations numerically and obtain quasinormal modes (QNMs) for three typical regular BHs. Results show that QNMs of distinct regular BHs differ significantly, and they differ from that of the Reissner–Nordström BH as well. Indications of these results on the stability of these regular BHs are discussed in detail.
LISAmax: improving the low-frequency gravitational-wave sensitivity by two orders of magnitude
Authors: Martens W , Khan M , Bayle J-B
Published: August 2023

Within its Voyage 2050 planning cycle, the European Space Agency is considering long-term large class science mission themes. Gravitational-wave astronomy is among the topics under study. Building on previous work by other authors (Folkner 2011 (NNH11ZDA019L); Ni 2010 Mod. Phys. Lett. A 25 922–35; Sesana et al 2021 Exp. Astron.
51 1333–83), this paper studies a gravitational-wave interferometer concept, dubbed ‘LISAmax’, consisting of three spacecraft, each located close to one of the Sun–Earth libration points L3, L4 and L5, forming a triangular constellation with an arm length of 259 million kilometers (to be compared to LISA’s 2.5 million kilometer arms). We argue that this is the largest triangular formation that can be reached from Earth without a major leap in mission complexity and cost (hence the name). The sensitivity curve of such a detector is at least two orders of magnitude lower in amplitude than that of LISA, at frequencies below 1 mHz. This makes the observatory sensitive to gravitational waves in the µHz range and opens a new window for gravitational-wave astronomy, not covered by any other planned detector concept. We analyze in detail the constellation stability for a 10 year mission in the full numerical model including insertion dispersion, and self-gravity-induced accelerations. We compute the orbit transfers using a European launcher and chemical propulsion. Different orbit options, such as precessing, inclined orbits, the use of flybys for the transfer, and the launch strategy, are discussed. The payload design parameters are assessed, and the expected sensitivity curve is compared with a number of potential gravitational-wave sources. No show stoppers are identified at this point of the analysis.
A study of deep neural networks for Newtonian noise subtraction at Terziet in Limburg—the Euregio Meuse-Rhine candidate site for Einstein Telescope
Authors: van Beveren Vincent , Bader Maria , van den Brand Jo , Jan Bulten Henk , Campman Xander , Koley Soumen , Linde Frank
Published: August 2023

The Euregio Meuse-Rhine border region of Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands has been identified as a candidate site for hosting Einstein Telescope. Newtonian coupling of ground vibrations to the core optics of the detectors may limit the sensitivity of Einstein Telescope at frequencies below about 10 Hz. The contribution of Newtonian noise is site specific and depends on the ambient seismic field which in turn depends on the site’s geology and the distribution of surface and underground seismic-noise sources. We have investigated the application of machine learning in combination with the deployment of seismic sensor networks to predict seismic displacement noise at specific locations on the surface and underground. Moreover we have modeled a deep neural network (DNN) that allows to subtract Newtonian noise from the strain data measured by Einstein Telescope. The seismic-field model is based on a complete solution of the elastodynamic wave equations for a horizontally-layered soil structure. The geology features soft-soil layers on hard-rock and was shown to be effective in attenuating Newtonian noise from surface waves below the required sensitivity. In addition our model includes a random background of body waves with all possible angles of incidence. We show that a DNN is effective in predicting Newtonian noise. Application of our DNN allows Newtonian noise subtraction by a factor up to 4.7 at 1 Hz and 2.5 at 5 Hz.
Light-induced damage to DNA origami nanostructures in the 193 nm–310 nm range
Authors: Sala Leo , Rakovský Jozef , Zerolová Agnes , Kočišek Jaroslav
Published: August 2023

DNA origami nanostructures provide precisely addressable substrates for in singulo experiments as well as for applications in nanotechnology. We report on experiments evaluating the stability of DNA origami upon irradiation with light at different wavelengths and buffer solutions. DNA is irradiated with nanosecond pulsed lasers and the damage is evaluated using UV–Vis spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy imaging. We show that the wavelength dependence of the damage follows the UV absorption spectrum of DNA. Electronic excitation of DNA is primarily responsible for DNA origami damage at present wavelengths. We also demonstrate UV–Vis absorption of tris reaction products, influencing the UV–Vis absorption evaluation in experiments studying DNA damage.
Lowest-order relativistic interaction between lattice vibrations and internal degrees of freedom of a nucleus
Authors: Hagelstein Peter L
Published: August 2023

A moving nucleus experiences a Lorentz contraction and spin rearrangement due to relativity. A nucleus that oscillates in a molecule or solid due to vibrations will undergo minor relativistic modifications which are a result of the vibrations, indicative of a relativistic phonon-nuclear interaction. The derivation of the lowest-order interaction from the many-particle Dirac model is reviewed. The Dirac model with a realistic potential model is not covariant, which is a source of concern. The lowest-order phonon-nuclear interaction obtained from a covariant two-body Bethe–Salpeter model is found to be similar to the interaction obtained from the Dirac model, supporting the notion that the interaction is not an artifact. Matrix elements of the lowest-order interaction are expressed in terms of one-body operators, which facilitates evaluation and allows for quantitative estimates of the magnitude.
Impact of rectifier metal-semiconductor contact geometry on electrical properties of Schottky diodes with Mg3N2 interfacial layer
Authors: Sevgili Ömer , Orak İkram
Published: August 2023

The Ag/Mg3N2/p-Si heterojunction diode (HD) with rectifier contacts (RCs) with the same area in various geometries were fabricated through thermal evaporation, and the electrical performances of these diodes was compared. The geometry of the RC was found to affect various electrical properties such as ideality factor, saturation current and barrier height of HD, the rectifier rate, and the leakage current of the diodes. The experimental demonstrated the HD with a circular RC exhibited a higher rectifying ratio and lower leakage current compared to the other RCs. Hence, the design and optimization of the RC play a critical role in achieving the desired electrical properties of diode. These diodes, featuring an Mg3N2 interfacial layer and showcasing photoconductive behavior, can be utilized as photodiodes in various optoelectronic devices.
Measurement of the jet deflector torque for model Pelton turbine and associated uncertainties in test rig development
Authors: Khan Firoz , Kumar Arun , Staubli Thomas
Published: August 2023

Hydraulic turbines play an important role in stabilizing electrical grids due to their fast response times. Comparative to other hydraulic turbines, a jet deflector of a Pelton turbine enables rapid response for load reduction. However, jet deflectors are subjected to high forces, torques and the splashing water impinges on the runner and elements within the casing. Thus, the design of the jet deflector is important. The analytical calculations are complex due to the splashing and backscattering of the deviated jet. Though the prediction of forces and deflector torque based on the impulse–momentum equation is feasible, but results are not sufficiently accurate, and thus measurements are required. Subject of this study is a test rig equipped with the physical model of a Pelton turbine injector with deflector control and a high-quality torque transducer for precise measurement. Calibration of instruments used, and uncertainty analysis of the test rig has been carried out. The overall uncertainty of the torque resulted in ±1.58%. The experimental results are compared with the analytical results to verify the primary data. It is observed that as the deflector initiates its action, the torque undergoes an increasing trend. At a deflection angle of 12°, the torque reaches its maximum value, and subsequently, upon achieving complete deflection, the torque is observed to attain its minimum magnitude. The empirical relationship of the deflector torque uncertainty has been developed using the regression analysis of the evaluated uncertainty data.