bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Circulating vitamin D, vitamin D–related genetic variation, and risk of fatal prostate cancer in the National Cancer Institute Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium
Authors: Shui Irene M. , Mondul Alison M. , Lindström Sara , Tsilidis Konstantinos K. , Travis Ruth C. , Gerke Travis , Albanes Demetrius , Mucci Lorelei A. , Giovannucci Edward , Kraft Peter ,   for the Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium Group
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUND

Evidence from experimental animal and cell line studies supports a beneficial role for vitamin D in prostate cancer (PCa). Although the results from human studies have been mainly null for overall PCa risk, there may be a benefit for survival. This study assessed the associations of circulating 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and common variations in key vitamin D–related genes with fatal PCa.

METHODS

In a large cohort consortium, 518 fatal cases and 2986 controls with 25(OH)D data were identified. Genotyping information for 91 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 7 vitamin D–related genes (vitamin D receptor, group‐specific component, cytochrome P450 27A1 [CYP27A1], CYP27B1, CYP24A1, CYP2R1, and retinoid X receptor α) was available for 496 fatal cases and 3577 controls. Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations of 25(OH)D and SNPs with fatal PCa. The study also tested for 25(OH)D‐SNP interactions among 264 fatal cases and 1169 controls.

RESULTS

No statistically significant relationship was observed between 25(OH)D and fatal PCa (OR for extreme quartiles, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.65‐1.14; P for trend = .22) or the main effects of the SNPs and fatal PCa. There was evidence suggesting that associations of several SNPs, including 5 related to circulating 25(OH)D, with fatal PCa were modified by 25(OH)D. Individually, these associations did not remain significant after multiple testing; however, the P value for the set‐based test for CYP2R1 was .002.

CONCLUSIONS

Statistically significant associations were not observed for either 25(OH)D or vitamin D–related SNPs with fatal PCa. The effect modification of 25(OH)D associations by biologically plausible genetic variation may deserve further exploration. Cancer 2015;121:1949–1956. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Potential and limitations of X‐Ray micro‐computed tomography in arthropod neuroanatomy: A methodological and comparative survey
Authors: Sombke Andy , Lipke Elisabeth , Michalik Peter , Uhl Gabriele , Harzsch Steffen
Published: March 2015

Classical histology or immunohistochemistry combined with fluorescence or confocal laser scanning microscopy are common techniques in arthropod neuroanatomy, and these methods often require time‐consuming and difficult dissections and sample preparations. Moreover, these methods are prone to artifacts due to compression and distortion of tissues, which often result in information loss and especially affect the spatial relationships of the examined parts of the nervous system in their natural anatomical context. Noninvasive approaches such as X‐ray micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) can overcome such limitations and have been shown to be a valuable tool for understanding and visualizing internal anatomy and structural complexity. Nevertheless, knowledge about the potential of this method for analyzing the anatomy and organization of nervous systems, especially of taxa with smaller body size (e.g., many arthropods), is limited. This study set out to analyze the brains of selected arthropods with micro‐CT, and to compare these results with available histological and immunohistochemical data. Specifically, we explored the influence of different sample preparation procedures. Our study shows that micro‐CT is highly suitable for analyzing arthropod neuroarchitecture in situ and allows specific neuropils to be distinguished within the brain to extract quantitative data such as neuropil volumes. Moreover, data acquisition is considerably faster compared with many classical histological techniques. Thus, we conclude that micro‐CT is highly suitable for targeting neuroanatomy, as it reduces the risk of artifacts and is faster than classical techniques. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:1281–1295, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Compartmentalization of the chick cerebellar cortex based on the link between the striped expression pattern of aldolase C and the topographic olivocerebellar projection
Authors: Vibulyaseck Suteera , Luo Yuanjun , Fujita Hirofumi , Oh‐Nishi Arata , Ohki‐Hamazaki Hiroko , Sugihara Izumi
Published: March 2015

The avian cerebellum is organized into multiple longitudinal stripes defined by expression profiles of aldolase C (zebrin II) in Purkinje cells. The relationship between the aldolase C striped pattern and the olivocerebellar projection pattern is crucial in understanding cerebellar functional compartmentalization. We identified all aldolase C stripes across all lobules with the serial section alignment analysis method and then looked at this relationship by anterograde and retrograde labeling of olivocerebellar axons in the chick cerebellum. Aldolase C stripes were generally consistent and continuous from lobule I through VII and to the medial part of lobules VIII–IXb. The dorsal and ventral lamellas (DL, VL) of the inferior olive projected to the stripes in these areas with a simple mediolateral topographic relation. A few aldolase C stripes appeared at the lateral edge of lobules VI–VIII. Several more stripes were added in the lateral parts of lobules IXa–IXb and IXc–X. The medial column (MC) of the inferior olive projected to the stripes in lobules VIII–X, including the added lateral stripes, with a complex topographic relation. Sharp boundaries between aldolase C‐positive and ‐negative stripes often accompanied a gap in the Purkinje cell layer and bordered topographically distinct groups of axons. Although the compartmental organization of the chick cerebellum is comparable to that of the mammalian cerebellum, several significant differences in the organization suggest partly separate evolutionary lineages of the mammalian and avian cerebella. We propose that rostral lobules may be evolved by rostral extension of medial stripes from caudal lobules in the avian cerebellum. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:1886–1912, 2015 © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Investigating the Drivers of Corporate Social Responsibility in the Global Tea Supply Chain: A Case Study of Eastern Produce Limited in Malawi
Authors: Mzembe Andrew Ngawenja , Lindgreen Adam , Maon François , Vanhamme Joëlle
Published: March 2015

Using a case study of the tea producer Eastern Produce Malawi, this research investigates which factors which influence companies upstream in the global supply chains to adopt a corporate social responsibility (CSR) agenda. Although external pressures, such as demands from Western consumers or international organizations and their related initiatives, may have shaped Eastern Produce Malawi's CSR agenda, strong internal organizational contingencies, including transformational leaders who recognize the significance of ethical issues and strong organizational values, led it to adopt this CSR agenda in practice. This study underscores the significance of using an integrative framework to explain various CSR drivers for companies. It concludes with managerial and public policy implications, as well as areas for further research. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
CFD Simulations of Hydrodynamics of Conical Spouted Bed Nuclear Fuel Coaters
Authors: Şentürk Lüle Senem , Colak Uner , Koksal Murat , Kulah Gorkem
Published: March 2015

The ability of the two fluid method (TFM) to predict the gas‐solid flow phenomenon in conical spouted beds operated with high density (6050 kg m−3) particles simulating the nuclear fuel coating conditions is investigated. The effects of geometric and operational factors, such as conical angle and static bed height, are also assessed. The results show that TFM predicts the time‐averaged bed pressure drop quite well. The qualitative variation of the particle velocity, solids volume fraction, and axial particle flux with axial height are captured by the simulations. The simulated trends observed in the investigation of the effects of static bed height and conical angle on the particle velocity, solids volume fraction, and axial particle flux agree well with those of the experimental measurements.
Role of transcriptional regulation in the evolution of plant phenotype: A dynamic systems approach
Authors: Rodríguez‐Mega Emiliano , Piñeyro‐Nelson Alma , Gutierrez Crisanto , García‐Ponce Berenice , Sánchez María De La Paz , Zluhan‐Martínez Estephania , Álvarez‐Buylla Elena R. , Garay‐Arroyo Adriana
Published: March 2015

A growing body of evidence suggests that alterations in transcriptional regulation of genes involved in modulating development are an important part of phenotypic evolution, and this can be documented among species and within populations. While the effects of differential transcriptional regulation in organismal development have been preferentially studied in animal systems, this phenomenon has also been addressed in plants. In this review, we summarize evidence for cis‐regulatory mutations, trans‐regulatory changes and epigenetic modifications as molecular events underlying important phenotypic alterations, and thus shaping the evolution of plant development. We postulate that a mechanistic understanding of why such molecular alterations have a key role in development, morphology and evolution will have to rely on dynamic models of complex regulatory networks that consider the concerted action of genetic and nongenetic components, and that also incorporate the restrictions underlying the genotype to phenotype mapping process. Developmental Dynamics 244:1074–1095, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Foxc1 is required for early stage telencephalic vascular development
Authors: Prasitsak Thanit , Nandar Mya , Okuhara Shigeru , Ichinose Shizuko , Ota Masato S. , Iseki Sachiko
Published: March 2015

Background: The brain vascular system arises from the perineural vascular plexus (PNVP) which sprouts radially into the neuroepithelium and subsequently branches off laterally to form a secondary plexus in the subventricular zone (SVZ), the subventricular vascular plexus (SVP). The process of SVP formation remains to be fully elucidated. We investigated the role of Foxc1 in early stage vascular formation in the ventral telencephalon. Results: The Foxc1 loss of function mutant mouse, Foxc1ch/ch, showed enlarged telencephalon and hemorrhaging in the ventral telencephalon by embryonic day 11.0. The mutant demonstrated blood vessel dilation and aggregation of endothelial cells in the SVZ after the invasion of endothelial cells through the radial path, which lead to failure of SVP formation. During this early stage of vascular development, Foxc1 was expressed in endothelial cells and pericytes, as well as in cranial mesenchyme surrounding the neural tube. Correspondingly, abnormal deposition pattern of basement membrane proteins around the vessels and increased strong Vegfr2 staining dots were found in the aggregation sites. Conclusions: These observations reveal an essential role for Foxc1 in the early stage of vascular formation in the telencephalon. Developmental Dynamics 244:703–711, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Governance of Forest Recreation in Urban Areas: Analysing the role of stakeholders and institutions using the institutional analysis and development framework
Authors: Wilkes‐Allemann Jerylee , Pütz Marco , Hirschi Christian
Published: March 2015

Among the different functions forests offer, recreation is increasing in importance to a growing global population. This is at a time when multifunctional forest management can no longer cover its costs solely from the revenue from wood production. The governance of forest recreation is assumed to be different from that of other forest functions but is poorly understood, which limits proper forest management. Meanwhile, conflicting interactions between forest users are increasing. In this paper, we study forest recreation governance with a particular focus on forests in urban areas in developed countries. The paper first identifies key governance challenges for forest recreation and then provides a better understanding of forest recreation governance, focusing on the role of stakeholders and institutions. This is done using the Institutional Analysis and Development framework. We use urban forest areas of Switzerland to illustrate and exemplify the developments in forest recreation and their consequences for forest governance. The study draws on different empirical sources and analysis techniques, including statistical data, focus groups and document analyses. The findings show that six main action situations need to be considered when analysing forest recreation governance. In each action situation, several stakeholders are involved. We argue that understanding the governance of forest recreation is one of the future challenges in forest management and planning, particularly in urban areas. Finally, our study shows that the applied framework is appropriate and useful in analysing the structure and arrangements of forest recreation governance. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Equity in REDD+: Varying logics in Tanzania
Authors: Rantala Salla , Kontinen Tiina , Korhonen‐Kurki Kaisa , Mustalahti Irmeli
Published: March 2015

Equity is frequently cited as one of the key design aspects of environmental governance regimes. In the context of Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+), a forest‐based climate change mitigation instrument, the manner in which ‘equity’ is understood will be of critical importance for the impacts and acceptance of REDD + policies and initiatives. Whereas the concept has been extensively studied in the academic literature, references to equity in REDD + policy debates and documents are often vague, leaving room for various interpretations and modes of implementation. In our case study of the Tanzanian national REDD + policy domain, we provide a conceptual framework based on an institutional logics approach for analysing the various underlying rationalities in the ‘equity in REDD+’ debate. We apply it to demonstrate how the involved policy actors draw from heterogeneous equity logics in their support for and opposition to different governance models, highlighting the importance of precise contextualization and operationalization of broad international principles in national REDD + initiatives. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Synthesis, Magnetic Properties, and X‐ray Spectroscopy of Divalent Cobalt(II) and Nickel(II) Cubanes [MII4(HL2)4(OAc)4]
Authors: Scheurer Andreas , Korzekwa Jana , Nakajima Takayuki , Hampel Frank , Buling Anna , Derks Christine , Neumann Manfred , Joly Loïc , Petukhov Konstantin , Gieb Klaus , Müller Paul , Kuepper Karsten , Meyer Karsten
Published: March 2015

Under anaerobic conditions, the reactions of cobalt(II) and nickel(II) acetate tetrahydrate with 2,6‐pyridinedimethanol (H2L2, 3) in anhydrous acetonitrile afforded two tetranuclear metal(II) complexes [MII4(HL2)4(OAc)4] (4; MII = Co2+, Ni2+) with a [M4(μ3‐O)4]4+ cubane core. X‐ray structural analyses revealed that both MII cubanes 4a·2CH3OH and 4b·2CH3OH are isostructural and crystallize in the tetragonal space group I41/acd with eight molecules in the unit cell. In the solid state, the orientation of the cubane cores of 4 and the formation of a 3D framework were controlled by π–π interactions as well as intra‐ and intermolecular O–H···O hydrogen bonds. Variable‐temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements revealed that the cubanes 4 show a ferrimagnetic coupling scheme that leads to a diamagnetic ground state for both complexes. Core‐level X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed that the Co and Ni ions in 4a and 4b are in a divalent state. X‐ray magnetic circular dichroism was performed to extract the spin and orbital contributions to the Co and Ni magnetic moments. We compared the experimental results of the local electronic structures around the Co2+ ions in 4a and the Ni2+ ions in 4b with charge‐transfer multiplet simulations.
CuPN2: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Electronic Properties
Authors: Pucher Florian J. , Hummel Franziska , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: March 2015

CuPN2 was successfully synthesized from Cu3N and P3N5 at 5 GPa and 1000 °C by employing the Walker‐type multianvil technique. Its crystal structure was elucidated from powder X‐ray diffraction data. CuPN2 is isostructural to LiPN2 and NaPN2 [tetragonal I$\bar {4}$2d, no. 122, a = 4.5029(2) Å, c = 7.6157(2) Å, V = 154.42(1) Å3, Rp = 1.303, wRp = 1.741] with a structure that can be derived from both chalcopyrite and zincblende type. The electronic structure of CuPN2 was investigated by means of DFT calculations. CuPN2 is an indirect semiconductor with a bandgap of 1.67 eV.
Phenyliodine Bis(trifluoroacetate) (PIFA) as an Excellent Promoter of 2‐Deoxy‐2‐phthalimido‐1‐thioglycosides in the Presence of Triflic Acid in Glycosylation Reactions
Authors: Kajimoto Tetsuya , Morimoto Koji , Ogawa Ryosuke , Dohi Toshifumi , Kita Yasuyuki
Published: March 2015

A combination of phenyliodine bis(trifluoroacetate) (PIFA) and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid was found to be an effective activator for the glycosylation reaction, of which the glycosyl donor was p‐(octyloxy)phenyl 3,4,6‐tri‐O‐acetyl‐2‐deoxy‐2‐phthalimido‐1‐thio‐D‐glucopyranoside or p‐(octyloxy)phenyl 3,4,6‐tri‐O‐acetyl‐2‐deoxy‐2‐phthalimido‐1‐thio‐D‐galactopyranoside. The reaction proceeded with good yields when naturally occurring and derived alkanols, such as cholestanol, (–)‐menthol, 1‐ and 2‐adamantanols and nor‐kauranol, were employed as acceptor substrates. Interestingly, the glycosylation reaction of sterically hindered terpenoid alcohols, such as (–)‐ and (+)‐borneols and (+)‐fenchyl alcohol, with p‐(octyloxy)phenyl 3,4,6‐tri‐O‐acetyl‐2‐deoxy‐2‐phthalimido‐1‐thio‐D‐glucopyranoside afforded the desired β‐glycoside in quantitative yield. Moreover, the present reaction was useful to synthesize disaccharides of which the non‐reducing end was composed of a D‐glucosamine or D‐galactosamine unit.
Childhood adversities and adult‐onset chronic pain: Results from the World Mental Health Survey, Japan
Authors: Stickley A. , Koyanagi A. , Kawakami N. ,   WHO World Mental Health Japan Survey Group
Published: March 2015

Background

Childhood adversities (CAs) have been associated with adult‐onset chronic pain. However, to date, most single country studies on this association have been undertaken in Western countries. This study examined the association in Japan where information is scarce.

Methods

Data were drawn from the World Mental Health Survey Japan, a population‐based cross‐sectional survey undertaken in 11 areas of Japan in 2002–2006. We analyzed data from adults aged ≥20 years who provided information on CAs occurring before age 18 years and chronic pain (n = 1740). Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the risk for different forms of adult‐onset chronic pain (arthritis/rheumatism, neck/back pain, headache and any pain) as a function of the presence of 11 different types of CA and the number of CAs.

Results

In the adjusted models, significant associations were observed between: physical abuse and neck/back pain (HR 2.55) and any pain (HR 1.88); sexual abuse and any pain (HR 2.84). Significant dose‐dependent relationships were also observed between a greater number of CAs and some adult‐onset chronic pain conditions (neck/back and any pain).

Conclusions

The results of this study suggest that in Japan, some forms of CA may be associated with certain types of adult‐onset chronic pain, in particular neck/back pain.
Food for Thought: Ego‐dystonicity and Fear of Self in Eating Disorders
Authors: Purcell Lalonde Magali , O'Connor Kieron , Aardema Frederick , Coelho Jennifer S.
Published: March 2015

Degree of ego‐dystonicity in obsessions is clinically relevant to the conceptualization and treatment of eating disorders (EDs). Obsessive–compulsive disorder research has suggested that the transformation of intrusive thoughts into obsessions is linked to the degree to which intrusive thoughts threaten core perceptions of the self. This study aims to explore the relationship between the ego‐dystonic nature of obsessions in ED patients and a fear of self, the link between ED symptom severity and ego‐dystonicity in obsessions, and differences between non‐clinical and individuals with EDs in the presence of ego‐dystonic thoughts and a fear of self. Ego‐dystonicity (Ego‐dystonicity Questionnaire (EDQ)) and feared self (Fear of Self Questionnaire (FSQ)) degrees were measured in a clinical sample (n = 57 with EDs) and a non‐clinical sample (n = 45). EDQ and FSQ scores were highly correlated in both samples. EDQ scores were not significantly correlated to ED symptom severity with the exception of the EDQ Irrationality subscale, which was strongly related to compulsion severity. Participants with an ED had significantly higher EDQ and FSQ scores compared with controls. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
UAS‐based remote sensing of fluvial change following an extreme flood event
Authors: Tamminga Aaron D. , Eaton Brett C. , Hugenholtz Chris H.
Published: March 2015

The effects of large floods on river morphology are variable and poorly understood. In this study, we apply multi‐temporal datasets collected with small unmanned aircraft systems (UASs) to analyze three‐dimensional morphodynamic changes associated with an extreme flood event that occurred from 19 to 23 June 2013 on the Elbow River, Alberta. We documented reach‐scale spatial patterns of erosion and deposition using high‐resolution (4–5 cm/pixel) orthoimagery and digital elevation models (DEMs) produced from photogrammetry. Significant bank erosion and channel widening occurred, with an average elevation change of −0.24 m. The channel pattern was reorganized and overall elevation variation increased as the channel adjusted to full mobilization of most of the bed surface sediments. To test the extent to which geomorphic changes can be predicted from initial conditions, we compared shear stresses from a two‐dimensional hydrodynamic model of peak discharge to critical shear stresses for bed surface sediment sizes. We found no relation between modeled normalized shear stresses and patterns of scour and fill, confirming the complex nature of sediment mobilization and flux in high‐magnitude events. However, comparing modeled peak flows through the pre‐ and post‐flood topography showed that the flood resulted in an adjustment that contributes to overall stability, with lower percentages of bed area below thresholds for full mobility in the post‐flood geomorphic configuration. Overall, this work highlights the potential of UAS‐based remote sensing for measuring three‐dimensional changes in fluvial settings and provides a detailed analysis of potential relationships between flood forces and geomorphic change. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of waste water discharge on the plant communities and size structure of Wadi El‐Shees, Al‐Jabal Al‐Akhdar, Libya
Authors: Shaltout Kamal , Fawzy Manal , Galal Tarek , Awad Mohamed , El‐Barasi Yacoub , Saeed Baset
Published: March 2015

The present study assesses the impact of waste water discharge on the plant communities and size structure of the common woody species in Wadi El‐Shees, Al‐Jabal Al‐Akhdar, Libya. Thirty stands were selected along two adjacent tributaries (polluted and un‐polluted) in Wadi El‐Shees. Sixty‐five species belonging to 60 genera and 34 families were recorded, predominated with therophytes and mono‐regional taxa and only one endemic species (Arbutus pavarii). The application of TWINSPAN on the data set, led to the recognition of 4 vegetation groups, two represented each of the polluted and un‐polluted regions. Soils of the polluted area have significant higher values of organic matter, salinity, chloride and iron. Ten common woody perennials were selected for estimating the variation in their size structure in the polluted and un‐polluted tributaries. These species include one shrublet, two shrubs and 7 trees. It was found that the density and volume of all species except A. pavarii and Sarcopoterium spinosum were higher in the polluted than the un‐polluted area. Four size distributions were recognized: inverse J‐shaped, bell‐shaped, positive and negative skewed distributions. It was concluded that pollution had significant impact on the plant density and sizes structure of the common woody plants in Wadi El‐Shees. Such study may help in managing and conserving plant diversity in Northern Libya. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Zum Einfluss der Teilsättigung auf den Plattendruckversuch
Authors: Milatz Marius , Grabe Jürgen
Published: March 2015

Im Erdbau werden zur Verdichtungsprüfung verschiedene Versuche eingesetzt, die dazu dienen, den anstehenden Untergrund oder das bereits vorbereitete Planum hinsichtlich der Verdichtung und der Steifigkeit zu beurteilen. Als Beispiel sei der statische Lastplattendruckversuch genannt, mit dem schnell und einfach durch punktuelle Messungen in situ auf die Steifigkeit des Unterbaus geschlossen werden kann. Die aus dem Versuch abgeleiteten Verformungsmoduln für Erst‐ und Wiederbelastung des Bodens gehen in die Bemessung von Fahrbahnen oder Rollfeldern von Flughäfen ein. Ein großer Einfluss auf die Versuchsergebnisse, der in der Praxis und auch im bestehenden Normenwerk kaum beachtet wird, ergibt sich aus einer Teilsättigung des Bodens, die in situ oft dem Regelfall entspricht. Aufgrund von Kapillareffekten können die Versuchsergebnisse des Plattendruckversuchs stark beeinflusst sein, was zur Fehleinschätzung der Verformungsmoduln Ev1 und Ev2 führen kann. Im Rahmen dieses Beitrags wird der Einfluss von Sättigungsgrad und Saugspannung auf die Verdichtungsprüfung des Bodens mit dem Plattendruckversuch diskutiert. Dafür werden die Ergebnisse von Lastplattenversuchen im Modellmaßstab an einem teilgesättigten Sand vorgestellt.

On the influence of partial saturation on the plate load test. Different soil tests for compaction control are used in earthworks in order to assess the compaction degree and the loading stiffness of the subsoil or the prepared planum. An example is the static plate load test, which allows to derive quickly and easily the subsoil stiffness from punctual measurements. The obtained stiffness modules for first loading and reloading of the subsoil are used for the design of pavements of roads and air fields. A large influence, widely disregarded in practice and also by design codes, appears with unsaturated soils, which represent the regular case in the field. Due to capillary effects the results of the plate load test can be strongly influenced, which may lead to misinterpretation of the stiffness modules Ev1 and Ev2. In this contribution the impact of degree of saturation and soil suction on compaction control with the plate load test will be discussed. For this purpose, results of model plate load tests on an unsaturated sand at a model scale will be presented.
Connectivity and functional profiling of abnormal brain structures in pedophilia
Authors: Poeppl Timm B. , Eickhoff Simon B. , Fox Peter T. , Laird Angela R. , Rupprecht Rainer , Langguth Berthold , Bzdok Danilo
Published: March 2015

Despite its 0.5–1% lifetime prevalence in men and its general societal relevance, neuroimaging investigations in pedophilia are scarce. Preliminary findings indicate abnormal brain structure and function. However, no study has yet linked structural alterations in pedophiles to both connectional and functional properties of the aberrant hotspots. The relationship between morphological alterations and brain function in pedophilia as well as their contribution to its psychopathology thus remain unclear. First, we assessed bimodal connectivity of structurally altered candidate regions using meta‐analytic connectivity modeling (MACM) and resting‐state correlations employing openly accessible data. We compared the ensuing connectivity maps to the activation likelihood estimation (ALE) maps of a recent quantitative meta‐analysis of brain activity during processing of sexual stimuli. Second, we functionally characterized the structurally altered regions employing meta‐data of a large‐scale neuroimaging database. Candidate regions were functionally connected to key areas for processing of sexual stimuli. Moreover, we found that the functional role of structurally altered brain regions in pedophilia relates to nonsexual emotional as well as neurocognitive and executive functions, previously reported to be impaired in pedophiles. Our results suggest that structural brain alterations affect neural networks for sexual processing by way of disrupted functional connectivity, which may entail abnormal sexual arousal patterns. The findings moreover indicate that structural alterations account for common affective and neurocognitive impairments in pedophilia. The present multimodal integration of brain structure and function analyses links sexual and nonsexual psychopathology in pedophilia. Hum Brain Mapp 36:2374–2386, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clearcutting upland forest alters transpiration of residual trees in the riparian buffer zone
Authors: Boggs Johnny , Sun Ge , Domec Jean‐Christophe , McNulty Steven , Treasure Emrys
Published: March 2015

Our objectives are (1) to compare tree sap flux density (Jsin g cm−2 d−1) and stomatal conductance (Gsin mmol m−2 s−1) across five dominant species, red maple (Acer rubrum), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), and oak species (Quercusspp.), (2) to quantity riparian buffer stand transpiration (Esin mm d−1), and (3) to link riparian bufferEsof residual trees to stream discharge. In June 2010, the above species were instrumented with sap flow sensors in a pair (HF1 and HF2) of 12 hectare gauged watersheds. HF1 was clearcut, leaving a 15.2‐m riparian buffer around the stream, and HF2 was the reference. Trees were harvested in the riparian buffer reducing HF1 riparian buffer basal area by 27%. The riparian buffer growing season net radiation increased from 11.9 W m−2preharvest to an average of 24.3 W m−2postharvest. HF1 stream growing season discharge increased dramatically (150%) from the preharvest to postharvest period. HF1 2010 preharvest growing season soil moisture was 22.5%. HF1 postharvest growing season soil moisture was 28.5% in 2011, 26.5% in 2012, and 27.2% in 2013. HF2 canopy cover, energy input, and soil moisture showed little change over the same period. From preharvest to postharvest, mean daily growing seasonJsof trees in HF1 increased in all species. A reduction in HF1 Gswas less evident over the study vapour pressure deficit range in loblolly pine, red maple, and tulip poplar than in oak and sweetgum during the postharvest period. HF1 residual trees in the riparian buffer used 43% more water in growing season postharvest (314 mm) than growing preharvest (220 mm) period. This resulted in an 8% reduction in stream discharge because of an increase in riparian bufferEs. Although clearcutting increased stream discharge, we conclude that the increase in transpiration by the residual trees in the riparian buffer will, at least, partially mitigate the hydrologic effects of forest removal through increased transpiration. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parental Support in Adolescents' Career Development: Parents' and Children's Perceptions
Authors: Ginevra Maria Cristina , Nota Laura , Ferrari Lea
Published: March 2015

Using social cognitive career theory (Lent, Brown, & Hackett, ), this study examined the role of parents' and children's perceptions of parental support in adolescents' career choices. A total of 94 Italian adolescents (30 boys, 64 girls) and both of their parents (N = 188) participated in the study. The authors tested a fully mediated model between mothers' and fathers' perceptions of support and career choice through the indirect effect of adolescents' perceptions of parental support and career self‐efficacy. Results provided support for the model. Specifically, both mothers' and fathers' perceptions of support predicted their adolescents' career choice through the mediating effect of the youths' perceptions of parental support and career self‐efficacy. These results have important implications for practice and underscore that parents need to be involved very early on in their children's vocational development.
High School Is Not Too Late: Developing Girls' Interest and Engagement in Engineering Careers
Authors: Bystydzienski Jill M. , Eisenhart Margaret , Bruning Monica
Published: March 2015

Although experts increasingly call for science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) education to begin in middle and elementary schools, a 3‐year intervention beginning with high‐achieving female high school sophomores demonstrated that young women can develop a serious interest in engineering in high school. However, subsequent post‐high school study of the participants showed that interest in engineering was not enough for lower‐income minority women to pursue engineering in college. It should be noted that their decision against pursuing engineering in college was not due to their lack of academic preparation or interest in the field, but to a lack of financial resources and social support for engineering, as well as fears of failure. Career counselors and college recruiters have an important role to play in the recruitment and retention of girls of color in engineering and other STEM college majors, including facilitating support and access to appropriate programs and resources at pivotal times.
Ancestral state reconstructions require biological evidence to test evolutionary hypotheses: A case study examining the evolution of reproductive mode in squamate reptiles
Authors: Griffith Oliver W. , Blackburn Daniel G. , Brandley Matthew C. , Van Dyke James U. , Whittington Camilla M. , Thompson Michael B.
Published: March 2015

To understand evolutionary transformations it is necessary to identify the character states of extinct ancestors. Ancestral character state reconstruction is inherently difficult because it requires an accurate phylogeny, character state data, and a statistical model of transition rates and is fundamentally constrained by missing data such as extinct taxa. We argue that model based ancestral character state reconstruction should be used to generate hypotheses but should not be considered an analytical endpoint. Using the evolution of viviparity and reversals to oviparity in squamates as a case study, we show how anatomical, physiological, and ecological data can be used to evaluate hypotheses about evolutionary transitions. The evolution of squamate viviparity requires changes to the timing of reproductive events and the successive loss of features responsible for building an eggshell. A reversal to oviparity requires that those lost traits re‐evolve. We argue that the re‐evolution of oviparity is inherently more difficult than the reverse. We outline how the inviability of intermediate phenotypes might present physiological barriers to reversals from viviparity to oviparity. Finally, we show that ecological data supports an oviparous ancestral state for squamates and multiple transitions to viviparity. In summary, we conclude that the first squamates were oviparous, that frequent transitions to viviparity have occurred, and that reversals to oviparity in viviparous lineages either have not occurred or are exceedingly rare. As this evidence supports conclusions that differ from previous ancestral state reconstructions, our paper highlights the importance of incorporating biological evidence to evaluate model‐generated hypotheses. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 324B: 493–503, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessment of functional and behavioral changes sensitive to painful disc degeneration
Authors: Lai Alon , Moon Andrew , Purmessur Devina , Skovrlj Branko , Winkelstein Beth A. , Cho Samuel K. , Hecht Andrew C. , Iatridis James C.
Published: March 2015

The development of an in vivo rodent discogenic pain model can provide insight into mechanisms for painful disc degeneration. Painful disc degeneration in rodents can be inferred by examining responses to external stimuli, observing pain‐related behaviors, and measuring functional performance. This study compared the sensitivity of multiple pain and functional assessment methods to disc disruption for identifying the parameters sensitive to painful disc degeneration in rats. Disc degeneration was induced in rats by annular injury with saline injection. The severity of disc degeneration, pain sensitivity, and functional performance were compared to sham and naïve control rats. Saline injection induced disc degeneration with decreased disc height and MRI signal intensity as well as more fibrous nucleus pulposus, disorganized annular lamellae and decreased proteoglycan. Rats also demonstrated increased painful behaviors including decreased hindpaw mechanical and thermal sensitivities, increased grooming, and altered gait patterns with hindpaw mechanical hyperalgesia and duration of grooming tests being most sensitive. This is the first study to compare sensitivities of different pain assessment methods in an in vivo rat model of disc degeneration. Hindpaw mechanical sensitivity and duration of grooming were the most sensitive parameters to surgically induced degenerative changes and overall results were suggestive of disc degeneration associated pain. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:755–764, 2015.
Delayed exercise promotes remodeling in sub‐rupture fatigue damaged tendons
Authors: Bell R. , Boniello M.R. , Gendron N.R. , Flatow E.L. , Andarawis‐Puri N.
Published: March 2015

Tendinopathy is a common musculoskeletal injury whose treatment is limited by ineffective therapeutic interventions. Previously we have shown that tendons ineffectively repair early sub‐rupture fatigue damage. In contrast, physiological exercise has been shown to promote remodeling of healthy tendons but its utility as a therapeutic to promote repair of fatigue damaged tendons remains unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the utility of exercise initiated 1 and 14 days after onset of fatigue damage to promote structural repair in fatigue damaged tendons. We hypothesized that exercise initiated 14 days after fatigue loading would promote remodeling as indicated by a decrease in area of collagen matrix damage, increased procollagen I and decorin, while decreasing proteins indicative of tendinopathy. Rats engaged in 6‐week exercise for 30 min/day or 60 min/day starting 1 or 14 days after fatigue loading. Initiating exercise 1‐day after onset of fatigue injury led to exacerbation of matrix damage, particularly at the tendon insertion. Initiating exercise 14 days after onset of fatigue injury led to remodeling of damaged regions in the midsubstance and collagen synthesis at the insertion. Physiological exercise applied after the initial biological response to injury has dampened can potentially promote remodeling of damaged tendons. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:919–925, 2015.
Interactive effects of salinity and iron deficiency on different rice genotypes
Authors: Abbas Ghulam , Saqib Muhammad , Akhtar Javaid , Haq Muhammad Anwar ul
Published: March 2015

Salinity adversely affects plant growth, photosynthesis, and availability of nutrients including iron. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is susceptible to soil salinity and highly prone to iron (Fe) deficiency due to lower release of Fe‐chelating compounds under saline conditions. In order to investigate the effects of salinity and low iron supply on growth, photosynthesis, and ionic composition of five rice genotypes (KS‐282, Basmati Pak, Shaheen Basmati, KSK‐434 and 99417), a solution culture experiment was conducted with four treatments (control, 50 mM NaCl, Fe‐deficient, and 50 mM NaCl + Fe‐deficient). Salinity and Fe deficiency reduced shoot and root growth, photosynthetic and transpiration rates, chlorophyll concentration, and stomatal conductance. The reduction in all these parameters was more in the interactive treatment of salinity and low Fe supply. Moreover, a significant increase in shoot and root Na+ with corresponding decrease in K+ and Fe concentrations was also observed in the combined salinity and Fe‐deficiency treatment. Among the tested genotypes, Basmati Pak was the most sensitive genotype both under salt stress and Fe deficiency. The genotype KS‐282 performed better than other genotypes under salinity stress alone, whereas Shaheen Basmati was the best genotype under Fe deficiency in terms of all the studied parameters.
Increasing Research Productivity: The Impact of Knowledge Management Applications in University Research Environments
Authors: Hossain Nargis , Bischoff John , Willy Christopher , Roncace Robert , Walsh Thom
Published: March 2015

Scientists and universities strive to produce a large volume of high‐quality research. Universities supply the resources to enable scientific inquiry, such as the recently developed knowledge management (KM) tools. The use of KM platforms varies substantially in different environments. We examined the association between the use of KM tools and research productivity among four state universities in New York using analysis of variance techniques. We found a significant positive association. Important limitations are noted, and implications for both the study and the use of KM tools are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic Design for Quality for Total Quality Advantage: A Benchmarking Case Study from Indian Automobile Manufacturing Sector
Authors: Pal S S , Jasial Sumeet Singh
Published: March 2015

This paper examines the design for quality aspect as not any static one time activity but a dynamic reality for the organisations. Authors developed and implemented a benchmarking tool for measuring quality design effectiveness by field survey. Even if mature, established and reputed organisations are time‐tested for producing quality products, various index parameters were found where one company could prioritise their design improvement initiatives. This paper takes the design for quality issue beyond the predominantly static product prelaunch act to a continual dynamic endeavour of on‐going nature, which was not addressed this way in prior literatures. Limitations exist both in its scale and scope, which require further research for establishing cross‐case patterns. An implication will be to expand the ambit of field data from across the various other sectors towards building a consensus on dynamic design for quality management as a cornerstone for the general innovation structure management of the organisations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Properties of Star HPMA Copolymer Nanocarriers Synthesised by RAFT Polymerisation Designed for Selective Anticancer Drug Delivery and Imaging
Authors: Chytil Petr , Koziolová Eva , Janoušková Olga , Kostka Libor , Ulbrich Karel , Etrych Tomáš
Published: March 2015

High‐molecular‐weight star polymer drug nanocarriers intended for the treatment and/or visualisation of solid tumours were synthesised, and their physico‐chemical and preliminary in vitro biological properties were determined. The water‐soluble star polymer carriers were prepared by the grafting of poly(amido amine) (PAMAM) dendrimers by hetero‐telechelic N‐(2‐hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymers, synthesised by the controlled radical Reversible Addition Fragmentation chain Transfer (RAFT) polymerisation. The well‐defined star copolymers with Mw values ranging from 2 · 105 to 6 · 105 showing a low dispersity (approximately 1.2) were prepared in a high yield. A model anticancer drug, doxorubicin, was bound to the star polymer through a hydrazone bond, enabling the pH‐controlled drug release in the target tumour tissue. The activated polymer arm ends of the star copolymer carrier enable a one‐point attachment for the targeting ligands and/or a labelling moiety. In this study, the model TAMRA fluorescent dye was used to prove the feasibility of the polymer carrier visualisation by optical imaging in vitro. The tailor‐made structure of the star polymer carriers should facilitate the synthesis of targeted polymer–drug conjugates, even polymer theranostics, for simultaneous tumour drug delivery and imaging.
Condensed Mode Cooling for Ethylene Polymerization: Part II. The Effect of Different Condensable Comonomers and Hydrogen on Polymerization Rate
Authors: Alizadeh Arash , Namkajorn Montree , Somsook Ekasith , McKenna Timothy F. L.
Published: March 2015

A systematic analysis methodology is proposed in order to be able to evaluate the role and the significance of the impact of the physical and chemical phenomena during the gas phase ethylene copolymerization in presence of 1‐pentene and 1‐hexene comonomers in the gas phase composition. In addition, the effect of inert n‐hexane on the instantaneous rate of gas phase ethylene polymerization in the absence and presence of 1‐hexene comonomer and hydrogen is investigated. This, in turn, provides a novel insight on the counter‐effects of the physical and chemical phenomena taking place simultaneously during the gas phase processes for ethylene polymerization in the industrially relevant conditions.

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Preparation of Hybrid Thiol‐Acrylate Emulsion‐Templated Porous Polymers by Interfacial Copolymerization of High Internal Phase Emulsions
Authors: Langford Caitlin R. , Johnson David W. , Cameron Neil R.
Published: March 2015

Emulsion‐templated highly porous polymers (polyHIPEs), containing distinct regions differing in composition, morphology, and/or properties, are prepared by the simultaneous polymerization of two high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) contained within the same mould. The HIPEs are placed together in the mould and subjected to thiol‐acrylate photopolymerization. The resulting polyHIPE material is found to contain two distinct semicircular regions, reflecting the composition of each HIPE. The original interface between the two emulsions becomes a copolymerized band between 100 and 300 μm wide, which is found to be mechanically robust. The separate polyHIPE layers are distinguished from one another by their differing average void diameter, chemical composition, and extent of contraction upon drying.

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A scoping review of family experience and need during end of life care in intensive care
Authors: Coombs Maureen
Published: March 2015

Aim

To scope systematically and collate qualitative studies on family experience and need during end of life care in intensive care, from the perspective of family members.

Design

Scoping review of qualitative research.

Methods

Standardized processes of study identification, data extraction and data synthesis were used. Multiple bibliographic databases were accessed during 2011 and updated in 2013.

Results

From an initial 876 references, 16 studies were identified for inclusion. These were predominantly single site, North American studies that explored issues relating to the temporal stages in the end of life trajectory and the requirement for information and emotional support at end of life. With a strong focus on family need and experience during the transition from active treatment to end of life care, more work is required to understand how doctors and nurses can support families from treatment withdrawal through to death.