bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Block copolymers for designing nanostructured porous coatings
Authors: Nisticò Roberto
Published: August 2018

Highly ordered porous coatings find applications in many fields, such as nanotechnology, microfluidics and nanofluidics, membrane separation, and sensing. In recent years, there has been great interest regarding the synthesis of isoporous and well-ordered (in)organic coatings for the production of highly selective functional membranes. Among the different strategies that have been proposed to date for preparing these porous thin coatings, one simple route involves the use of self-assembled amphiphilic block copolymers either as the porogen (acting as sacrificial templating agents for the production of inorganic architectures) or as a source of the porogen (by self-assembly for the production of polymeric substrates). Therefore, an extended discussion around the exploitation of block copolymers is proposed here in this review, using polystyrene-block-polyethylene oxide (PS-b-PEO) as the model substrate, and critical points are highlighted.
Hydroarylations by cobalt-catalyzed C–H activation
Authors: Santhoshkumar Rajagopal , Cheng Chien-Hong
Published: August 2018

As an earth-abundant first-row transition metal, cobalt catalysts offer a broad range of economical methods for organic transformations via C–H activation. One of the transformations is the addition of C–H to C–X multiple bonds to afford alkylation, alkenation, amidation, and cyclization products using low- or high-valent cobalt catalysts. This hydroarylation is an efficient approach to build new C–C bonds in a 100% atom-economical manner. In this review, the recent developments of Co-catalyzed hydroarylation reactions and their mechanistic studies are summarized.
TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY THROUGH GREEN, LEAN AND SIX SIGMA INTEGRATION AT SERVICE INDUSTRY: REVIEW AND FRAMEWORK
Authors: Caiado Rodrigo , Nascimento Daniel , Quelhas Osvaldo , Tortorella Guilherme , Rangel Luis
Published: August 2018

In the last decades, sustainable development has increasingly gained importance to service industry and the integration between Green, Lean and Six Sigma approaches in service systems is necessary in order to balance the need for operational efficiency with environmental commitment and social fairness. Because of that, the purpose of this paper is to critically review the Lean and Lean Six Sigma (LSS) methodologies and highlight their importance to achieve sustainable services. To do this, a systematic literature review of the subjects under investigation was conducted. The study has two major contributions. First, it is one of the first researches that examine the compatibility and divergences of Green, Lean and Six Sigma concepts and implications regarding its sustainable implementation in service industry. Second, it provides a holistic Green LSS framework attempting to help practitioners to find ways of institutionalizing it in numerous kinds of services, by pointing out nine critical factors for its implementation, such as continuous customer satisfaction, ethical relations and regulatory compliance, focus on knowledge management and human behaviors, and effective Jidoka automation. The proposed framework indicates new paradigms and pathways to achieve the balance in technical, economic, social and environmental priorities in services.
Flat Rotation Curves Found in Merging Dusty Starbursts at z = 2.3 through Tilted-ring Modeling
Authors: Xue Rui , Fu Hai , Isbell Jacob , Ivison R. J. , Cooray Asantha , Oteo Iván
Published: August 2018

The brightest 500 μm source in the XMM-LSS field, HXMM01, is a rare merger of luminous starburst galaxies at z = 2.3 with a dust-obscured star formation rate of 2000 M
⊙ yr−1. Here we present high-resolution spectroscopic observations of HXMM01 with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). We detect line emission from CO J = 7 → 6, [C i] 3
P
2 → 3
P
1, and p-H2O 211 → 202 and continuum emission at 230 GHz. At a spatial resolution of 0.″2 and a spectral resolution of 40 km s−1, the source is resolved into three distinct components, which are spatially and dynamically associated within a projected radius of 20 kpc and a radial velocity range of 2000 km s−1. For two major components, our Bayesian-based tilted-ring modeling of the ALMA spectral cubes shows almost flat rotation curves peaking at ∼500 km s−1 at galactocentric distances between 2 and 5 kpc. Each of them has a dynamical mass of ∼1011
M
⊙. The combination of the dynamical masses and the archival CO J = 1 → 0 data places strong upper limits on the CO → H2 conversion factor of α
CO ≲ 1.4–2.0 M
⊙(K km s−1 pc2)−1. These limits are significantly below the Galactic inner disk α
CO value of 4.3 M
⊙(K km s−1 pc2)−1 but are consistent with those of local starbursts. Therefore, the previously estimated short gas depletion timescale of ∼200 Myr remains unchanged.
On the Impact of Helium Content on the RR Lyrae Distance Scale
Authors: Marconi M. , Bono G. , Pietrinferni A. , Braga V. F. , Castellani M. , Stellingwerf R. F.
Published: August 2018

We constructed new sets of He-enhanced (Y = 0.30, Y = 0.40) nonlinear, time-dependent convective hydrodynamical models of RR Lyrae (RRL) stars covering a broad range in metal abundances (Z = 0.0001–0.02). The increase in He content from the canonical value (Y = 0.245) to Y = 0.30–0.40 causes a simultaneous increase in stellar luminosity and in pulsation period. To investigate the dependence of the RRL distance scale on the He abundance, we computed new optical (RI) and near-infrared (JHK) Period–luminosity–metallicity–helium relations. Interestingly enough, the increase in He content causes a minimal change in the coefficients of both period and metallicity terms, since canonical and He-enhanced models obey similar PLZ relations. On the contrary, the classical B- and V-band mean magnitude metallicity relations and the R-band PLZ relation display a significant dependence on the He content. The He-enhanced models are, at fixed metal content, 0.2–0.5 mag brighter than canonical ones. This variation is only marginally affected by evolutionary effects. The quoted distance diagnostics once calibrated with trigonometric parallaxes (Gaia) will provide the opportunity to estimate the He content of field and cluster RRLs. Moreover, the use of either spectroscopic or photometric metal abundances will pave the way to new empirical constraints on the universality of the helium-to-metal enrichment ratio in old (t ≳ 10 Gyr) stellar tracers.
Trapping Low-mass Planets at the Inner Edge of the Protostellar Disk
Authors: Brasser R. , Matsumura S. , Muto T. , Ida S.
Published: August 2018

The formation of multiple close-in low-mass exoplanets is still a mystery. The challenge is to build a system wherein the outermost planet is beyond 0.2 au from the star. Here, we investigate how the prescription for type I planet migration affects the ability to trap multiple planets in a resonant chain near the inner edge of the protostellar disk. A sharp edge modeled as a hyperbolic tangent function coupled with supersonic corrections to the classical type I migration torques results in the innermost planets being pushed inside the cavity through resonant interaction with farther planets because migration is starward at slightly supersonic eccentricities. Planets below a few Earth masses are generally trapped in a resonant chain with the outermost planet near the disk edge, but long-term stability is not guaranteed. For more massive planets the migration is so fast that the eccentricity of the innermost resonant pair is excited to highly supersonic levels due to decreased damping on the innermost planet as it is pushed inside the cavity; collisions frequently occur, and the system consists of one or two intermediate-mass planets residing closer to the star than the disk’s inner edge. We found a neat pileup of resonant planets outside the disk edge only if the corotation torque does not rapidly diminish at high eccentricity. We call for detailed studies on planet migration near the disk’s inner edge, which is still uncertain, and for an improved understanding of eccentricity damping and disk torques in the supersonic regime.
Implication of the Shape of the EDGES Signal for the 21 cm Power Spectrum
Authors: Kaurov Alexander A. , Venumadhav Tejaswi , Dai Liang , Zaldarriaga Matias
Published: August 2018

We revisit the 21 cm power spectrum from the epoch of cosmic dawn in light of the recent Experiment to Detect the Global Epoch of reionization Signature (EDGES) detection of the 21 cm global signal at frequencies corresponding to z ∼ 20. The shape of the signal suggests that the spin temperature of neutral hydrogen was coupled to the kinetic temperature of the gas relatively rapidly (19 ≲ z ≲ 21). We therefore consider models in which the ultraviolet photons were dominantly produced in the rarest and most massive halos (M ≳ 109
M
⊙), as their abundance grows fast enough at those redshifts to account for this feature of the signal. We show that these models predict large power spectrum amplitudes during the inhomogeneous coupling, and then inhomogeneous heating by cosmic microwave background and Lyα photons due to the large shot noise associated with the rare sources. The power spectrum is enhanced by more than an order of magnitude compared to previous models that did not include the shot-noise contribution, making it a promising target for upcoming radio interferometers that aim to detect high-redshift 21 cm fluctuations.
A High Cluster Formation Efficiency in the Sagittarius B2 Complex
Authors: Ginsburg Adam , Kruijssen J. M. Diederik
Published: August 2018

The fraction of stars forming in compact, gravitationally bound clusters (the “cluster formation efficiency” (CFE)) is an important quantity for deriving the spatial clustering of stellar feedback and for tracing star formation using stellar clusters across the universe. Observations of clusters in nearby galaxies have revealed a strong dependence of the CFE on the local gas density, indicating that more stars form in star clusters when the star formation rate surface density is higher. Previously, it has not been possible to test this relation at very young ages and in clusters with individual stars resolved due to the universally low densities in the cluster-forming regions in the Local Group. This has even led to the suggestion that the CFE increases with distance from the Sun, which would suggest an observational bias. However, the Central Molecular Zone of the Milky Way hosts clouds with densities that are orders of magnitude higher than anywhere else in the Local Group. We report a measurement of the CFE in the highest-density region in the Galaxy, Sgr B2, based on Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array observations of high-mass young stellar objects. We find that over a third of the stars (37 ± 7%) in Sgr B2 are forming in bound clusters. This value is consistent with the predictions of environmentally dependent models for the CFE and is inconsistent with a constant CFE in the Galaxy.
Carbon cycling and food web interaction in groundwater ecosystems - key drivers and major limitations
Authors: Griebler Christian
Published: August 2018

Groundwater ecosystems are naturally low in productivity (oligotrophic) reflected by a comparably low standing stock of biomass and slow growth and reproduction of organisms. On the other hand, aquifers are, due to their dimensions, enormous (interim) reservoirs of carbon. However, since we typically lack detailed information on carbon and energy flow through groundwater food webs, it is difficult to predict effects of climate and global change on groundwater ecosystems performance with regard to ‘sink’ or ‘source’ of carbon. Applying stable isotope analysis, high end mass spectrometry, and flow cytometry in addition to a suite of established methods in microbiology and geochemistry, we started to dissect, at selected sites, the various pools and fluxes of organic carbon in aquifers, including dissolved organic matter, particulate organic matter, and organisms. Moreover we investigated the link between carbon (organic and inorganic) and microbial growth and productivity. Last but not least, we tried to uncover food sources for groundwater fauna and the connection to microbes. The work was done in collaboration with Roland Hofmann, Katrin Hug, Marion Gallus, Lucas Fillinger, Marina Spona-Friedl, Alexander Braun, Ramona Brejcha (Institute of Groundwater Ecology at the Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany) and Jenny Uhl, Norbert Hertkorn, and Philip Schmitt-Kopplin (Research Unit Analytical Biogeochemistry at the Helmholtz Zentrum München).

Groundwater rarely contained less than 1 mg/L DOC, however, with only a small fraction being readily biodegradable (BDOC, AOC). Unrecognized, 10-100 times the amount of organic carbon dissolved in groundwater was found to be adsorbed to the sediment matrix. Cell numbers and activities of microbes in aquifers typically ranged 1-3 orders below values from surface waters. In fact, carbon use efficiency (CUE) of groundwater bacterial communities was considerably lower than values from other oligotrophic aquatic environments, with a mean value of 5% (200 samples from 100 sites). There is ample evidence that biogeochemical processes are primarily linked to the sediment associated microbial communities that outnumber their suspended counterparts in terms of biomass and activity by 1-4 orders of magnitude. While groundwater fauna at many sites seem to live on plant derived organic matter and cannibalism, we also collected evidence for chemolithoautotrophic primary production fueling groundwater food webs.
Subterranean Species in Washington, D.C.: Spatial Analysis, Habitat Preferences, & Urban Conservation Implications
Authors: Keany Jenna
Published: August 2018

Washington, D.C. is home to a remarkable assemblage of troglomorphic amphipods and isopods living in shallow groundwater habitats, the hypotelminorheic. Groundwater from the hypotelminorheic emerges on the surface into low-flowing seepage springs, or “seeps”, which are categorized as having blackened leaves, an underlain layer of clay, a drainage area of less than 10,000 m2, and are situated in slight topographical depressions. Stygobiotic species found in D.C.’s seeps include Crangonyx and Stygobromus amphipods and Caecidotea isopods. One species, Stygobromus hayi, is on the endangered species list and is endemic to the district; however, little is known about their habitat preferences or their distribution. All small water bodies, including rainwater puddles and seepage springs were sampled in national park lands in Southeast D.C. for hypotelminorheic fauna, soil morphology, and water quality indicators such as nitrates, phosphates, radon, pH, DO, and conductivity. Comparing sites with and without stygobionts, all phsysico-chemical parameters were statistically insignificant except for conductivity, which was able to distinguish between stygobiont-rich and stygobiont-poor seeps using logistic regression. Spatially, Crangonyx and Stygobromus amphipods rarely inhabit the same seepage spring, with only three occasions of cohabitation and an expected occurrence of ten. Caecidotea, however, is found in habitats with both amphipods. These results can be explained by either competitive exclusion or the presence of chemical differences in their habitats; however, even if there were some slight differences in their habitats, that still does not exclude competitive exclusion as an explanation. This study highlights new and important findings into the environmental preferences of D.C.’s most cryptic and rare species, and the importance of continued exploration of D.C.’s lesser known park lands.
Nematodes down under: State of knowledge and future trends
Authors: du Preez Gerhard , Majdi Nabil , Swart Antoinette , Traunspurger Walter , Fourie Hendrika
Published: August 2018

Nematodes inhabit most environments that address their need of water, carbon, and energy. They also play an important role in epigean food webs by occupying different trophic levels, while providing essential ecosystem services such as regulating decomposition and nutrient mineralization. Conversely, little is known about the role that nematodes play in subterranean ecosystems. For this reason, an in-depth review was undertaken in order to concatenate data from existing literature and provide a baseline for future studies. A total of 41 surveyed scientific works, published over a time period of 138 years, reported 295 unique taxa from 78 different cave systems. Although an increase in scientific outputs was recorded from the late 1990s, there is a considerable lack of information on cave-dwelling nematodes from Asia, South America, and North America. Also, only seven true cave-dwelling (troglobitic) species have been discovered, which may indicate a lack of comprehensive taxonomic efforts. From an ecological perspective, very few works have reported on the importance of nematode assemblages associated with cave ecosystems. This has resulted in the causal factors leading to population resilience processes, as well as trophic interactions, remaining mostly speculative. Nonetheless, the isolated cave-dwelling nematode assemblage associated with Movile Cave, including the true cave-dwelling species Chronogaster troglodytes, fulfills an important role by feeding on microbial mats and in turn serving as a food source for predators. This example of a cave nematode assemblage providing ecosystem services has inspired the undertaking of the Gcwihaba Caves Research Project, which aims at studying artificially opened caves in Ngamiland, Botswana. Compared to other caves in the area with natural openings, the artificially opened systems present different food source pathways, atmospheric conditions, and community assemblage structures. This provides a unique opportunity to study isolated cave communities, including nematode assemblages, as well as their ecological importance.
Dynamics of collembolan communities inside the forested scree slope
Authors: Rendoš Michal , Kováč Ľubomír , Mock Andrej , Miklisová Dana
Published: August 2018

The monthly dynamics of collembolan communities was studied over a year-long period in the depth profile of forested scree slope in the karst area of the Čierna hora Mts. (Western Carpathians, Slovakia). Collembola were sampled using non-baited subterranean traps consisted of a plastic cylinder with the small openings drilled around at 10 horizontal levels (5 – 95 cm), and a system of 10 plastic cups connected to each other by a helical rod and nuts. The plastic cylinder, after being buried in the slope profile, served as a protective casing for inserting the plastic cups filled with the preservative solution. The cups inside the cylinder were placed right under the openings on the cylinder perimeter, enabling to trap specimens in the particular depth. The temperature was measured continuously throughout the study at four-hour intervals using thermo-data loggers affixed to the wall of the plastic cups. During the year, the monthly temperature means on the surface ranged between 0.2°C (January) to 16.6°C (August) while the monthly temperature means at the depth of 95 cm ranged between 3.5°C (April) to 15.2°C (September). Monthly temperature ranges varied from 5.0°C (February) to 12.5 °C (October) on the surface and from 0.5°C (February, April) to 4.5 °C (July) at 95 cm. A total of 60 collembolan species were identified, among them 27 trogloxenes, 19 subtroglophiles, 12 eutroglophiles and 2 troglobionts. Fluctuations of the locomotory activity during the year were observed in all four categories of Collembola and at all depths. Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed collembolan activity to be substantially affected by the thermal conditions fluctuating over the year. Most eutroglophiles and troglobionts, associated with deeper layers of the scree slope, preferred rather lower temperature ranges and were typical of the autumn months.
Effectiveness of peer-mediated learning for English language learners: A meta-analysis
Authors: Cole Mikel
Published: August 2018

This manuscript reports the findings from a series of inter-related meta-analyses of the effectiveness of peer-mediated learning for English language learners (ELLs). Peer-mediated learning is a broad term that as operationalized in this study includes cooperative learning, collaborative learning, and peer tutoring. Drawing from research on interaction in second language acquisition, as well as from work informed by Vygotskian perspectives on socially-mediated second language learning, these meta-analyses synthesize the results of experimental and quasi-experimental studies.

Included studies were conducted with language learners between the ages of 3 and 18 in order to facilitate comparisons to US students in K-12 educational settings. All participants were identified as ELLs, though learners in both English as a Second Language (ESL) and English as a Foreign Language (EFL) settings were included. Similarly, learners from a variety of language backgrounds were included in order to facilitate generalizations to the linguistic diversity present in US schools, and abroad. Main effects analyses indicate that peer-mediated learning is effective at improving a number of outcome types, including: language outcomes, academic outcomes, and social outcomes. Funnel plots and Egger’s regression analyses were conducted to examine the probability of publication bias, and it appears unlikely in most analyses. Moderator analyses were also conducted, where sample sizes were sufficient, to examine what measured variables were capable of explaining heterogeneity in effect sizes between studies.
The Involvement of Law in Engineering Profession.
Authors: Ekeocha Rowland Jerry  Okechukwu
Published: August 2018

Engineering law explains the interaction of law with industry. Engineering activities have some adverse effects on the environment through industrial wastes, gaseous emission air pollution and other forms of environmental degradation. There is the need to regulate harmful activities to the environment because of their adverse effect even though nature provides regeneration and maintenance of steady state conditions through the existence of a 2.7k background temperature space for heat rejection to close heat balance and the oceans which accept continental runoffs to close material balances of cyclic process. Environmental control therefore seeks to conserve natural energy and mineral resources by subduing and utilizing nature`s ecological cycles to serve the needs of humanity. Environmental control also seeks to replenish depletable fuel supplies with clean and abundant forms of gravitational solar and nuclear energy. In addition, environmental control seeks to conserve land and water runoffs, occurring naturally in the hydrological cycle. Engineering law and related laws contain provision that lead to the realization of the objectives of environmental control. This work discusses in one swoop environmental control measures and the interaction of law with industry in relation to engineering activities/practices. The greatest engineering progress is achieved through the effective control of environmental/engineering activities to derive optimum benefits for humanity.
University Course Timetabling using Bayesian based Optimization Algorithm
Authors: Siame Alinaswe , Kunda Douglas
Published: August 2018

The timetabling problem has traditionally been treated as a mathematical optimization, heuristic, or human-machine interactive problem. The timetabling problem comprises hard and soft constraints. Hard constraints must be satisfied in order to generate feasible solutions. Soft constraints are sometimes referred to as preferences that can be contravened if necessary. In this research, we present is as both a mathematical and a human-machine problem that requires acceptable and controlled human input, then the algorithm gives options available without conflicting the hard constraints. In short, this research allows the human agents to address the soft-constraints as the algorithm works on the hard constraints, as well as the algorithm being able to learn the soft constraints over time. Simulation research was used to investigate the timetabling problem. Our proposed model employs the use a naïve Bayesian Algorithm, to learn preferred days and timings by lecturers and use them to resolve the soft constraints.  
An Introduction to Corporate Insolvency Law and Reforms in Australia
Authors: Kashyap Amit Kumar , Jaswani Urvashi , Bhandari Anchit , Dixit Yashowardhan S. N. V.
Published: August 2018

The Corporations Act of 2001 regulated the probable insolvency proceedings of all companies incorporated in Australia and companies incorporated or possessing separate legal. For personal insolvency, a specific legislation called Bankruptcy Act is there, but the basic framework of corporate insolvency law has been there since the inception of Corporations Act 2001 enactment, which includes all the aspects of company formation, management, governance, and dissolution. The authors have highlighted recent reforms; however, the main concentration of this chapter is on the legal infrastructure of corporate insolvency law at present as the reforms are not yet in force. The chapter also puts forth the problems faced by corporate debtor and creditors in the proceedings of insolvency resolution and has also expressed the scenario of cross-border insolvency in Australia in light of UNICTRAL Model law of cross-border insolvency which has been adopted by the Australian government in 2008.
An International Perspective of the Changes Proposed to the Debt Recovery Laws of India
Authors: Reddy Sindhu Venkata , Arun Ashwini , Venkkatesan Simrann
Published: August 2018

This chapter relates to the recent changes made to certain debt recovery laws enforced in India and the current parallel legal regime relating to debtor protection in U.S. and U.K. As per the statement of objects and reasons, these amendments are being proposed to facilitate the speedy disposal of cases by the debt recovery tribunals. This chapter analyzes the relevant international legal regime in place in U.S. and U.K. to suggest changes to the current Indian regime relating to debtor's rights, so as to better balance the interests of the debtors with the interests of the creditor. The authors request the Indian legislature to draw guidance and inspiration from the current regime of legal rights as available to the debtors in U.S. and U.K. and pass laws for preventing banks and financial institutions from exploiting debtors further.
The Resolution of Insolvency in Cameroon
Authors: Leno Ngaundje Doris
Published: August 2018

In a world driven by credit, a speedy resolution of insolvency will build predictability and commercial confidence among credit providers, resulting in increased credit and reduced borrowing costs, facilitating the resuscitation of viable businesses, thereby maximizing the going concern value and preserving jobs, and also benefit entrepreneurs and lower the rate of liquidation of distressed firms. With this, the chapter employs one argument that Cameroon has not registered a success in the resolution of insolvency. The purpose of this chapter, therefore, is to highlight and discuss the reasons behind the poor performance of the country in resolving insolvency. The value of this chapter lies in the contribution it makes in the understanding of the OHADA legal framework on insolvency and improvement of the country's performance in the Doing Business ranking on insolvency.
Contemporary Indian Television Commercials
Authors: Narayan Aishwarya , Nayak Sushma
Published: August 2018

The famous ‘cultivation' theory proposed by Professor George Gerbner suggests that people are influenced by jingles and catchlines, and a good deal of their conceptions of social reality depends on their exposure to television. The impact of incessant exposure to similar messages engenders cultivation, or the consolidation of a persistent conception, conventional roles and pooled standards, often involuntarily. The present study intends to explore cultivation theory by considering Indian commercials aired on television since 2001 till date and by critically examining and exploring marketing strategies employed by companies from the standpoint of gender-based portrayals and their consequent impact. The conclusion is that assigning particular traits to genders only restricts individuals from choosing who they want to be. It creates boxed expectations, and judges those who step outside them. Gender roles are nothing but an unrealistic expectation, which limits people from being their true selves, an aspect that needs realization by marketers.
Conflicts Between Words, Images and Reality in Contemporary Advertising
Authors: Kučera Dušan
Published: August 2018

The aim of the chapter is to reflect on the contemporary trends in marketing and advertising. The discussion starts with the changes in media communication and concentrates on the changing role of marketing, its forms and especially its language, as reflected in advertising. The contribution describes the developments in marketing and advertisement in the last years, the current trends and the limits of text analysis in digital marketing communication today. The main aim is to show how far the words and images change the original meaning of words. Local examples from the Czech Republic show the shift in marketing approaches and their consequences. Selected literature sources have been consulted to deal with the abundance of information, on the one hand, and the loss of significance in the media communication, on the other hand.
Surrogate Advertising
Authors: Nayak Sushma , Balasubramaniam Vani , Kané Amiya Prakash
Published: August 2018

The chapter expounds advertising practices from the standpoint of social marketing, wherein government should act responsibly and play a key role in regulating consumption. The governing body of a country has an important responsibility to protect the interests of its citizens. Of particular significance is to discourage the consumption of demerit goods, like tobacco and liquor, which harm direct users, as well as people in vicinity. Governments in numerous countries prohibit advertisements of demerit goods on popular media, to dissuade potential consumers from falling prey to addictive substances. However, companies dealing in barred products look out for surrogate advertising to endorse every permissible product under the same brand name, other than the one that is banned or deemed injurious to health. Thus, there is an underlying subliminal message which is garbed by acceptable promotional strategies. The primary objective of the present chapter is to examine the rationale behind surrogate advertising, various forms of executing them, ethical considerations involved, the government's response, the overall impact, and the way ahead from the Indian perspective.
Marketing Convenience Stores Symbolically
Authors: Hsiao Hsiang-wen , Shiau Hong-Chi
Published: August 2018

The spokes-character Open-Chan was conceived in early 2000 and a diverse menagerie of other animal characters was introduced to promote 7-eleven in Taiwan. Over the subsequent decade, 7-Eleven has launched a wide range of campaigns and life narratives involving these spokes-characters to enhance the metaphorical image of the brand. This study aims to explicate the semiotic and linguistic texts launched in a series of campaigns between 2005 and 2015 and so to unpack their sociological and marketing implications. As suggested, visual narratives of cartoon spokes-characters perform a representative function that propagates the metaphoric image of the dominant powers as part of the broader concept of brand culture. In Schroeder's seminal studies on semiotic theory and brand culture, he suggests that physical attributes are important in projecting a proper image. The sign value of a proper spokes-character represents a significant asset in branding a retailing space.
Background of “Pinned” Images
Authors: Sezgin Aslı , Karabacak Zaliha İnci
Published: August 2018

The presence of a hidden enforcement is a matter in social media networks, whose contents are made attractive by rich images illustrating the rearrangement of the living spaces belonging to the followers of these networks. Every detail of private life including personal appearance, spaces where time is spent with friends, food is consumed, coffee is drunk, and houses are decorated, is presented through charming images. Inspired by these images, people have started to make their preferences regarding what mobile phone to use, what sports to practice, or what films to watch. The content of social media has begun to draw attention to “lifestyle advertising” and has provided a convenient ground for the advertising industry. Pinterest is a network where images reflecting modern people's daily habits, including consumption, are pinned in order to serve as sources of inspiration. In this study, the perfect living spaces which have been fictionalised as models in the images shared on Pinterest will be investigated in terms of “lifestyle advertising” and in comparison to real life.
Genetic Algorithm Based Pre-Processing Strategy for High Dimensional Micro-Array Gene Classification
Authors: Singh Deepak , Sisodia Dilip Singh , Singh Pradeep
Published: August 2018

Discretization is one of the popular pre-processing techniques that helps a learner overcome the difficulty in handling the wide range of continuous-valued attributes. The objective of this chapter is to explore the possibilities of performance improvement in large dimensional biomedical data with the alliance of machine learning and evolutionary algorithms to design effective healthcare systems. To accomplish the goal, the model targets the preprocessing phase and developed framework based on a Fisher Markov feature selection and evolutionary based binary discretization (EBD) for a microarray gene expression classification. Several experiments were conducted on publicly available microarray gene expression datasets, including colon tumors, and lung and prostate cancer. The performance is evaluated for accuracy and standard deviations, and is also compared with the other state-of-the-art techniques. The experimental results show that the EBD algorithm performs better when compared to other contemporary discretization techniques.
Subspace Clustering of High Dimensional Data Using Differential Evolution
Authors: Agarwal Parul , Mehta Shikha
Published: August 2018

Subspace clustering approaches cluster high dimensional data in different subspaces. It means grouping the data with different relevant subsets of dimensions. This technique has become very effective as a distance measure becomes ineffective in a high dimensional space. This chapter presents a novel evolutionary approach to a bottom up subspace clustering SUBSPACE_DE which is scalable to high dimensional data. SUBSPACE_DE uses a self-adaptive DBSCAN algorithm to perform clustering in data instances of each attribute and maximal subspaces. Self-adaptive DBSCAN clustering algorithms accept input from differential evolution algorithms. The proposed SUBSPACE_DE algorithm is tested on 14 datasets, both real and synthetic. It is compared with 11 existing subspace clustering algorithms. Evaluation metrics such as F1_Measure and accuracy are used. Performance analysis of the proposed algorithms is considerably better on a success rate ratio ranking in both accuracy and F1_Measure. SUBSPACE_DE also has potential scalability on high dimensional datasets.
Scheduling Data Intensive Scientific Workflows in Cloud Environment Using Nature Inspired Algorithms
Authors: Mehta Shikha , Kaur Parmeet
Published: August 2018

Workflows are a commonly used model to describe applications consisting of computational tasks with data or control flow dependencies. They are used in domains of bioinformatics, astronomy, physics, etc., for data-driven scientific applications. Execution of data-intensive workflow applications in a reasonable amount of time demands a high-performance computing environment. Cloud computing is a way of purchasing computing resources on demand through virtualization technologies. It provides the infrastructure to build and run workflow applications, which is called ‘Infrastructure as a Service.' However, it is necessary to schedule workflows on cloud in a way that reduces the cost of leasing resources. Scheduling tasks on resources is a NP hard problem and using meta-heuristic algorithms is an obvious choice for the same. This chapter presents application of nature-inspired algorithms: particle swarm optimization, shuffled frog leaping algorithm and grey wolf optimization algorithm to the workflow scheduling problem on the cloud. Simulation results prove the efficacy of the suggested algorithms.
Aircraft Aerodynamic Parameter Estimation Using Intelligent Estimation Algorithms
Authors: Roy Abhishek Ghosh , Peyada Naba Kumar
Published: August 2018

Application of adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS)-based particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to the problem of aerodynamic modeling and optimal parameter estimation for aircraft has been addressed in this chapter. The ANFIS-based PSO optimizer constitutes the aircraft model in restricted sense capable of predicting generalized force and moment coefficients employing measured motion and control variables only, without formal requirement of conventional variables or their time derivatives. It has been shown that such an approximate model can be used to extract equivalent stability and control derivatives of a rigid aircraft.
Big Data Analytics Using Apache Hive to Analyze Health Data
Authors: Konagala Pavani
Published: August 2018

A large volume of data is stored electronically. It is very difficult to measure the total volume of that data. This large amount of data is coming from various sources such as stock exchange, which may generate terabytes of data every day, Facebook, which may take about one petabyte of storage, and internet archives, which may store up to two petabytes of data, etc. So, it is very difficult to manage that data using relational database management systems. With the massive data, reading and writing from and into the drive takes more time. So, the storage and analysis of this massive data has become a big problem. Big data gives the solution for these problems. It specifies the methods to store and analyze the large data sets. This chapter specifies a brief study of big data techniques to analyze these types of data. It includes a wide study of Hadoop characteristics, Hadoop architecture, advantages of big data and big data eco system. Further, this chapter includes a comprehensive study of Apache Hive for executing health-related data and deaths data of U.S. government.
Introduction to Use and Analysis of Big Data in E-Learning
Authors: Mahajan Renuka
Published: August 2018

In today's world everything is connected and is either consuming data or generating data. The world is changing so fast that even one-year-old data may not be useful, and hence, big data analysis plays a very vital role for higher management of any organizations for decision making. Data warehousing helps in gathering and storing verifiable information into a single entity. Data can be of different types like speech, text, etc. It can be structured or unstructured. Each data point is characterized in terms of volume or variety. This chapter gives an overview of how to utilize the learner interaction data from a particular website and how patterns can be captured by analyzing learner interaction data with big data analytic tools. Big data has risen in the field of education and has many challenges like storage, combining, analysis, and scalability of big data. It covers tools and techniques that can be used. The results from this study will have implications for new learners to the e-learning website, website designers, and academicians.
Research on Technology-Supported Teaching and Learning for Autism
Authors: Goosen Leilani
Published: August 2018

The purpose of this chapter is to highlight research on technology-supported teaching and learning for people with autism. The chapter's general perspective is introduced, and objectives stated. The background section provides broad definitions and discussion of the topic, incorporating others' views to support, refute, or demonstrate the author's position. The subsequent section presents the author's perspective on the issues, controversies, problems, as these relate to the theme, and arguments supporting the author's position. It compares and contrasts these with what have been or is currently being done relating to the topic and book theme. The following section discusses solutions and recommendations in dealing with the issues, controversies, or problems presented in the preceding section. Next, it discusses future and emerging trends, providing insight about the future of the book theme from the perspective of the chapter focus. A discussion of the overall coverage of the chapter and concluding remarks are provided.
MOOCs
Authors: Kashtwari Duha Mukhtar , Wani Zahid Ashraf
Published: August 2018

MOOCs are student-friendly, a great addition to the field of distance education as it no longer needs pre requisites for enrollment in a course, have no age bar, and have no heavy financial constraints (while some charge a minimum amount for award of certification and other requirements). Various institutions across the world compile video lectures, formulate assignments, quizzes, lecture notes, presentations, demonstrations, etc. and upload all the content on MOOC platform accessible globally through the world wide web. The opportunity that MOOCs offer for the massification of courses has generated significant interest from governments, institutions, and commercial organizations. In this context, the article focuses on the various MOOCs initiatives like SWAYAM in India and gain a deeper insight in the course diversity, content types and formats provided. Besides, the study shall make an endeavor to understand the innovations and future plans of major promoters of MOOCs in India.
Video-Based Discussion
Authors: Mahmoudi Leila , Gronseth Susie
Published: August 2018

Video-based discussion is an emerging technology that can be used in online higher education courses as part of introduction, debate, personal exploration, and reflection activities. The video format bridges the distance gap in course conversations and offers benefits of providing contextual details, emotion, and individual personality while also enabling asynchronous flexibility. This chapter provides an overview of research in this area and describes an exploratory case study in which video-based discussion was used as part of an online graduate course. Data gathered included video postings and follow-up survey responses. Design guidelines and strategy recommendations are offered for planning and implementing video-based discussion activities in online higher education courses.
Self-Directed Learning in the Age of Open Source, Open Hardware and 3D Printing
Authors: Novak James I
Published: August 2018

This chapter investigates the role of online communities in the future of learning. It considers the paradigm shift from the “push” of more formal educational models, to the notion of “pull” whereby people actively pursue personalized learning experiences. Empowered by the internet and the ability to access information and connect to each other at any time, massive online communities are building vast pools of information around specialized topics such as 3D printing, coding and electronics. This chapter discusses the role of digital technologies in transforming educational models. It provides an argument that practice-led, self-directed research is changing the way people engage with learning. The argument is supported by examples of practice from online communities, university and school education, drawing together key considerations for the future of education that are particularly relevant for technology and educational researchers, teachers across disciplines and those developing higher-level curriculum directives.
Three Dimensional (3D) Simulation for Ubiquitous and Inclusive Learning in a Digital Era
Authors: Gomes Maria Antonia Lima , Sharma Ramesh Chander , Matta Alfredo Eurico Rodrigues , Robatto Lucas
Published: August 2018

With the advances in web technologies, learning of scientific phenomena has taken a new dimension. Emergence of 3D Simulation, virtual and augmented reality has added a new dimension to the way we learn a particular concept. These digital technologies provide us an opportunity to create representations of scientific, technical and historical phenomena. Pictorial models have been reported to be effective in representing molecular reactions to explain concepts which involve invisible structures and dynamic characters. Researchers have suggested that a combination of virtual labs and physical experiments can enhance students' conceptual understanding of scientific phenomena more than the use of virtual tools or lab experiments alone. This chapter will explain the development of the São João da Bahia Virtual Museum, a project consisting of a three-dimensional (3D) modeling and imaging program as a means of ubiquitous and inclusive learning in a digital era.
From the Classroom to the Startup Playground
Authors: Grant Gittel T.
Published: August 2018

The goal of the author's curriculum is to create a foundational understanding of engineering. Creating this program was a long and bumpy road. The methodology was important. The author has long been a fan of inquiry-based science, and her classes were very often hands-on and discovery aligned. It took a few years, but eventually she ironed out the social setting, the real-world connections, and the hands-on open-ended challenges that allowed students to apply their science information. Originally, the author only intended to use the materials in her own classroom, but when she felt it would be a huge benefit to other educators who were grappling with similar challenges, she began to seek publishers. She went through quite a few false starts—scams, lazy publishers, and rejections—until she decided to self-publish. The author discussed, marketed, strategized, and partnered, and now the curriculum is approved for government funding and will be live in January on global digital platform. For every success, there are a dozen failed attempts. However, she had a great support system that was always ready to help her to the next opportunity. This chapter explores that journey.
Education and Business
Authors: Klimova Tatiana
Published: August 2018

The chapter is devoted to the research of interaction between business structures and educational institutions. The current state of the problem is described through the analysis of the sociocultural situation, features of communication, and behavioral stereotypes. The reasons for impeding and facilitating their successful interaction are considered. The work is based on a series of interviews with representatives of the business community, education, and university students. The results obtained suggest possible forms of effective cooperation and formulate a number of recommendations.
Business Case as a Tool for Educating Schoolchildren
Authors: Kazakova Elena
Published: August 2018

The practice of working with business cases contradicts all basic school education organizations' canons. Judge for yourself: the authors of the cases do not know initially how to solve them. They often do not even guess which methods they should use to do so. Moreover, they are not always sure that they formulate the problem correctly. However, students for some reason find such problems to be the most interesting to solve. The middle adolescence is the age when young people are in search of themselves. Therefore, these cases, dictated by the chaos of a changing life, serve as a real window to the world of future destiny for them. The chapter will consider the process of selecting enterprises that can become the authors of cases, reveal the stages of case creation, describe the problems that the designers of cases are faced with, analyze in detail the experience of organizing the educational process based on cases with schoolchildren, and provide examples of high quality scientific and technological cases.