bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Official and Popular Religion in Islam
Authors: Waardenburg Jacques
Published: March 2007

Les formes les plus frappantes de l'Islam populaire sont constituées de rites de passage, de fêtes saisonnières, de célé∼ brations communautaires, de certains comportements face aux catastrophes, de la vénération de saints et de morts. D'autres manifestations de cette religion populaire s'observent encore dans des confréries, des fraternités ou sectes musulmanes relativement distantes de l'Islam officiel où subsistent des pratiques «païennes» datant d'avant l'islamisation. Il faut mentionner en outre l'existence de mouvements populaires qui jouèrent un rôle important tout au long de l'histoire du développement de l'Islam : mouvement s'opposant à la dynastie umayyade (661-750), groupes de protestation politico-reli gieuse des premiers siècles de l'Islam, confréries mystiques, mouvements religieux de résistance à l'expansion occidentale des XIXe et XXe siècles, mouvements politiques du XXe siècle qui font appel à des thèmes religieux ...
A Balance of Secularization in Hungary
Authors: Tomka Miklós
Published: March 2007

Il y a quelques années, la théorie des religions se fondait en Hongrie (comme ailleurs) sur la thèse de son deperissement. Les recherches actuelles en ce domaine contestent cette thèse ou la relèguent dans un avenir inconcevable. Les tendances empirique ment saisissables de la religiosité ne se conforment pas aux prévi sions ideologiques antérieures. Même le modèle theorique de la sécularisation ne s'affirme que modestement. Il semble que la sécularisation a été rattrapée par un processus de désécularisation. De toute façon, le point de départ de la pratique politique hon groise actuelle est la coexistence pacifique entre la religion et le marxisme.
Charisma, Utopia and Communal Life
Authors: Léger Danièle
Published: March 2007

Les communautés néo-rurales d'inspiration écologique et apocalyptique, qui sont apparues en France depuis les années 1978-79, offrent un terrain privilégié pour l'étude du fonctionne ment quotidien de ce que Max Weber appelle des «communautés émotionnelles»: rassemblées autour d'un fondateur qui présente le plus souvent tous les traits (ou au moins de nombreux traits) d'un charisme prophétique, elles mettent en œuvre les nouvelles normes de vie qu'il leur propose pour faire face aux exigences des «temps difficiles» qui s'annoncent. Après avoir localisé quelques unes des difficultés d'ordre général liées à l'utilisation de la notion même de charisme, cet article se fixe pour objectif de cerner les processus collectifs qui assurent la stabilisation et la socialisation du rapport fortement personnalisé et affectivisé qui lie l'adepte au prophète: cette perspective conduit notamment à rapprocher les deux notions de charisme d'une part, d'initiation d'autre part.
The Quebec Protestant Churches and the Question of Nationalism
Authors: Mair Nathan H.
Published: March 2007

Dans cet article, l'auteur traite surtout de l'Église Unie du Canada. Celle-ci a été fondée en 1925 par la fusion des méthodis tes, des congrégationnalistes et des presbytériens. Cette fusion représente certainement l'expression d'une idéologie nationaliste canadienne. Au Québec, cette Église est la seconde en importance démographique dans le protestantisme et est majoritairement anglophone. La structure organisationnelle est conciliaire plutôt que hierarchique et une large autonomie des membres est donc assurée. Ceci explique le clivage entre les élites de l'Église qui, depuis quelques années, ont formulé des instructions plus ouver tes vis-à-vis du nationalisme franco-québécois, à partir d'une réflexion théologique sur la «nation», les «pauvres», la «libera tion». La majorité des membres cependant continue à s'identifier plutôt avec la communauté anglophone en général et aux valeurs morales "canadiennes" et "internationalistes" qui ont présidé à la fondation de l'Église plutôt qu 'aux nouvelles représentations élitistes du droit à l'auto-détermination nationale.
Religious Encasement in Canada: An Argument for Protestant and Catholic Entrenchment
Authors: Bibby Reginald W.
Published: March 2007

On accepte généralement de penser qu'après la Seconde Guerre Mondiale, le christianisme au Canada est entré dans une phase de déclin. En conséquence, une attention particulière est accordée aux alternatives possibles vers lesquelles les canadiens peuvent se tourn er. Toutefois, l'examen des faits les plus saillants, depuis les reven dications des gens eux-mêmes jusqu'aux modèles d'affiliation intergénérationnelle, ne montrent qu'une faible tendance des cana diens à abandonner les groupes religieux établis. Les gens sont restés à l'intérieur des systèmes protestant et catholique romain. Certes, l'industrialisation a altéré le contenu et la fonction des sélections qu'ils opèrent face à ces traditions. Néanmoins, c'est précisément la souplesse et l'adaptabilité de ces groupes établis qui ont rendu possible la permanence de cette affiliation religieuse. L'Auteur en examine les différentes formes et leurs determinants. Il conclut en suggérant quelques unes des implications de ses constatations à pro pos de la situation canadienne.
Le pèlerinage à Fatima Processus d'une transaction entre tradition et modernité à partir d'une situation migratoire
Authors: Lopes Policarpo
Published: March 2007

For a good ten years or so, there has been a mass movement around the Fatima phenomenon within Portuguese emigration in general and in particular in Europe. This phenomenon has even become the homogenizing factor of the religious field of the lower classes among the emigrants.
Religiosité populaire andalouse et catholicisme
Authors: Moreno-Navarro Isidoro
Published: March 2007

There is a traditional ambivalence in the relationships bet ween the contents, institutions and participants of the commonly called "popular religiosity " and those of the "orthodox" or "official " religion. In the case of Andalusia, such ambivalence becomes stronger, as it offers the lowest rate of religious practise (attending mass and receiving sacraments) and the highest rate of anticlericalism in the whole Spain, and at the same time, the hig hest number of massively attended rituals surrounding religious images: pilgrimages, processions and other ceremonies.
Closed Circles An Essay on Culture and Pietism in Norway
Authors: Lundby Knut
Published: March 2007

L'établissement de "cercles fermés" opérant une opposition aux "autres" dans la communication et l'interaction sociale caractérise la culture densément intégrée des Norvégiens. C'est également le cas dans le domaine des relations religieuses où le pié tisme ocupe traditionnellement une position forte. Ce type de pié tisme a conribué à la destruction de la structure de crédibilité de l'Eglise nationale danoise par sa distinction prononcée entre "ingroup" et outgroup", entre convertis et non convertis.
L'imaginaire et le sacré dans la sociologie de Durkheim
Authors: MAFFESOLI Michel
Published: March 2007

Each era and each civilization has created a more or less abstract reflection of itself, and from Plato to Comte, touching on the writings of Thomas Aquinas, we may multiply as often as we wish those great systems of interpretation which have marked time and the successive generations. But what we would like to show is that above and beyond their proper scientific nature these systems have been cross-fertilized, to a high degree, by mythology. It may be that perhaps it is only after the fact that we divine or recognize this mythological dimension. The scientism of the 19th century is not exempt from this law. Not only do we recognize its ideological charge but we have begun to measure its effect on the social organization itself. By this, I wish to say that it is the mythic dimension that renders an idea dynamic, which allows it to fire enthusiam, thus engendering projects and realizations. In this sense it is as a myth that 20th-century scientism has been able to promote those technical-economic realities with which we are familiar. Drawing on Saint-Simon, Durkheim indeed shows how an idea can be the “initial motor of progress”. In doing so, he speaks of his own time and proceeds from the principle that a society is above all a community of ideas; he thus recognizes the impetus that these ideas give to social development, finding that “institutions are ideas in action”. In this sense, religion for him rests less in theological subtleties than in the aggregate virtues which it is or is not capable of promoting. Thus the “common way of thinking” is of interest to the sociologist mainly because it is the indicator of the birth, apogee and death of particular social groupings and alliances.
Le pastorat du protestantisme historique à Cuba: ses approches socio-religieuses et la nouvelle théologie cubaine
Authors: CURBELO Juana BERGES , MEDINA René CARDENAS , GARCIA Elizabeth CARRILLO
Published: March 2007

Protestantism is a minority religion, but is the vector of very interesting currents within the panorama of religions in Cuba. The pastors are truly leaders of their communities. The authors provide the results of a survey carried out among pastors of historical Protestant churches. Cuban Protestant immigrants, coming from the United States, forged links with the independence movement in Cuba. The American intervention at the end of the last century and at the beginning of this century had as a consequence the replacement of the local pastorate by North American missionaries. The tutelage of missionary churches lasted until 1959 and was characterized by legalism and apolitism, linked to considerable efforts in the educative and charitable domains. With the Revolution, Protestantism underwent a considerable shock. The North American missionaries returned to the United States, followed for that matter by a certain number of Cubans. Those who remained sought a new language, notably in a new theological production based on a contextual interpretation of the Bible. This theological conception led to an ecumenical attitude and developed an ethics with a social dimension in relation to a biblical God, defender and liberator of the oppressed. From whence a critique of capitalism and a political choice in favour of socialism, yet without falling into a simple apology for Cuban socialism, from the very fact of the eschatological dimension of theological thought.
Religion et société: Hypothèses de relecture des mouvements hérétiques
Authors: LA ROCCA Tommaso
Published: March 2007

It is the author's hypothesis that the history of Christian heretical movements can be revisited from the point of view of the relationship — which could be described, in some of its aspects, as paradoxical — between the two extreme forms of religious experience and political experience: mysticism, as the highest degree of interior experience, and armed popular revolution, as the most radical moment of political engagement. The radical movement of the Reformation, Thomas Müntzer's thought and the events of the German Peasant War of 1525 are selected as a starting point because of their capacity to represent the most complete and coherent model of such a relationship, a model which, when projected over the entire span of the history of heretical movements of Christianity's second millennium, will yield interesting insights.
Le Synode africain d'avril-mai 1994 et les nouveaux mouvements religieux
Authors: LUNEAU René
Published: March 2007

In the documents from the five years of preparation for the Synod of African Churches (the Synod took place in Rome in April and May 1994 and drew attention to the situation of the Church in Africa and its evangelizing mission toward the year 2000) interreligious dialogue played an important role, a dialogue not only with Christian Churches of other confessions, but also with Islam, with traditional African religion, and with the “new religious movements” which proliferate in Africa and which exercise considerable attraction for members of the other Churches. We now know why. Yet neither the Synod's final message nor the 64 propositions submitted to the Pope say a word about these “new Churches”. There is no more talk of dialogue; but there is an attempt to answer questions whose pertinence has been recognized by a renewed pastoral. Will this be enough? By the year 2000, the new religious movements will number 60 million faithful.
Les conversions d'Européens à l'islam dans l'histoire: esquisse générale
Authors: GARCÍA-ARENAL Mercedes
Published: March 2007

The author discusses the conversion to Islam of Europeans living in or moving to Islamic countries between the 16th and the first half of the 20th century. Taking a historical viewpoint, she highlights continuities and differences which could be of use in the analysis of the present-day situation. She distinguishes between the conversion of whole communities and that of individuals, and finds that identity and culture are more common motives for conversion than strictly religious reasons.
Gender and Critical Realism: A Critique of Sayer
Authors: Holmwood John
Published: March 2007

In a recent article in this journal, Andrew Sayer has argued that much feminist research on the gendered nature of organisations, such as bureaucracy and the market, confuses a contingent association of gender and organisational forms with a stronger claim that they are intrinsically gendered. Sayer accepts that this research has shown that the empirically found, concrete forms of organisations are gendered. However, deeper theoretical reflection, he suggests, reveals that, when considered as `abstract realist models', bureaucracy and the market are, in fact, identity-blind. He makes two claims, one concerned with explanation, the other concerned with the political consequences of social inquiry. The first is that the construction of abstract models, rather than the `associational' thinking concerned with the delineation of empirical regularities, is necessary to the proper understanding of the operation of causal mechanisms and their mode of determination in social life. The second is that this will enable a more progressive and positive politics beyond a fatalism which he attributes to associational thinking. This paper takes issue with both claims arguing that the abstract theory he defends has no positive role in social inquiry and that his political critique is misplaced.
Psychoanalysis and Structuration Theory: The Social Logic of Identity
Authors: Groarke Steven
Published: March 2007

This article examines the sociological appropriation of psychoanalysis in the work of Anthony Giddens. It describes how Giddens uses psychoanalysis as a theoretical and strategic resource for the sociology of identity. The paper comprises an outline of the axes and problematizations of subjective identity in structuration theory. On the one hand, the three axes of cognition, competence and biography; on the other hand, the four problems of trust (how to believe in the world); knowledge (how to appropriate our belief in the world); anxiety (how to defend our sense of the world); and morals (how best to manage ourselves in the world). From this I draw three main conclusions: (1) Giddens includes trust as well as knowledge along the axis of cognition; (2) he views operations of defence as achievements of competent subjects; and (3) he understands the narrative of self-identity as a type of defence mechanism. If these conclusions are correct, then structuration theory will continue to treat affectivity as a problem of representation.
Part II: Capillary Size Distribution
Authors: Steele Richard
Published: March 2007

The water holding capacity of a fabric is important in determining its pick-up of treating solutions, the amount of water which must be removed in drying it, and other aspects of its functional behavior. This capacity can be considered to be made up of the volume of a bundle of continuous capillaries of various radii, the volume of a noncon tinuous capillary system, and the sorption capacity of the fibers themselves.

A vertically suspended wet fabric develops a water concentration gradient from top to bottom which can be used to calculate the pore size distribution of the bundle of continu ous capillaries. The water gradient is given empirically by

where Wh is the water content at height h, a is the water held within the fibers and in noncontinuous capillaries, b is the maximum capacity of the continuous capillaries, and k is a constant which depends on the fabric. The number of capillaries of a given radius r is given by where ρ 2 is fabric density in g./cm.2, v is the surface tension of water in dynes/cm. and θ its contact angle with the fiber, ρ1 is the density of water, and g is the gravitational constant. This is approximately a log normal distribution.

For cotton printcloth, wool flannel, and nylon challis, the maxima in the radius fre quency distributions were found to be 11.1, 19.3, and 9.3 microns respectively.
The Reactivity of Cellulose1
Authors: Urquhart A.R.
Published: March 2007

The chemical finishing of cotton involves applying to it materials that either react with the cellulose or with one another after they have been adsorbed by the cellulose. For finislies of the first kind it is obviously important to have the cellulose in a reactive condition, but it is no less important for the second kind also, since reactivity and ac cessibility are in general closely correlated.

This paper discusses the reasons underlying the great differences of reactivity that can be encountered among samples of cellulose that appear to be identical chemically and differ only in physical form or structure. Moisture absorption studies exemplify these differences and build a theory that goes far to explain them in terms of variability of the availability of the reacting groups in the cellulose molecule. Thus purified cotton is in general in a state of low reactivity and regenerated cellulose in one of high reactivity, while mercerized cotton occupies an intermediate position. This picture is for most reactions satisfactory, but in some it is completely revèrsed, with ordinary cotton having a high reactivity and regenerated cellulose a low, mercerized cotton being again inter mediate. The cause of this is discussed in the light of more recent work.
A Method for Determining the Sulfur Content of Wool
Authors: Glynn M.V.
Published: March 2007

The well-known method of wet combustion by means of a perchloric-nitric acid mixture has been applied to the determination of the sulfur content of wool. It has been shown to give results comparable with those obtained by standard microanalytical methods when applied to virgin wools of different qualities and to wool modified to contain the more resistant monosulfide linkage of lanthionine.
A Study of Blended Woolen Structures
Authors: Coplan Myron J.
Published: March 2007

For statistical evaluation of blend variation along the length of strands, it is necessary, to be able to determine the composition of a large number of small specimens. Micro scopic techniques are useful, but tedious.

The present report describes two other methods which have been developed: densi tometric and microanalytical spectrophotometric evaluation.
Israel’s Gender Equality Policy in Education
Authors: Eden Devorah
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to examine Israel’s gender equality policy in education, formulated in 1994. Its sporadic implementation raises the question whether it is a first step towards a comprehensive policy or just a partial response to sectorial demands for women’s equality. Personal interviews and an examination of documents and literature revealed that the policy is a response to demands by high-tech industries and women, while simultaneously trying to satisfy opposing ultraorthodox groups who have acquired increased political power. To reach a compromise between the above, it is implemented as a technical curricular matter.
Missing from Action
Authors: Alston Judy A.
Published: March 2007

Although women are obtaining and maintaining powerful positions in education and other entities, African American women represent a serious minority. This article examines the lack of literature on Black women in leadership and offers some suggestions to help fill the void of Black women in the role of superintendent.
Seeking Representation
Authors: Brunner C. Cryss , Peyton-Caire Lisa
Published: March 2007

It is clear that role models are important for all aspiring educational administrators. What, then, can be done when role models and representations of women of color are so difficult to find for female graduate students who aspire to the superintendency? This article examines the effect of representative literature on one Black female graduate student as she focuses her attention on the possibility of becoming a superintendent.
Mentoring but Not Being Mentored
Authors: Sawyer Richard D.
Published: March 2007

The following study examined a mentoring program in which seven adolescent male students of color mentored elementary students. As the program goal was to encourage African American and Latino adolescents to consider a teaching career, the study examined the intersection of the perceptions of the adolescent mentors with the structural constraints of the elementary school in which they worked. Analysis of mentors’ perceptions revealed the value to them of their engagement with their protégés, their indifference to an indifferent school setting, and their rejection of teaching as a possible career. The study included the mentors as research participants in its research method.
“Dangerous Indians”
Authors: Sanchez Tony R.
Published: March 2007

This study examined 20 trade books (1964-1997) to evaluate their accuracy in depicting Native American peoples and cultures. The criteria embodied an authenticity guideline based on the Five Great Values with a rating scale between 1 (lowest) and 5 (highest). The values include generosity and sharing, respect for elders and women, getting along with nature, individual freedom and leadership, and courage. The results indicate that 60% of the books are at least satisfactory in their depictions but that bias and stereotyping still persist enough to recommend the use of the guideline as a tool to allow educators to confidently identify these problems in their instructional materials.
The Contextual Effects of Socioeconomic Status on Student Achievement Test Scores by Race
Authors: Willie Charles V.
Published: March 2007

This study seeks to understand the achievement behavior of Black and White students in poverty-concentrated, socioeconomically mixed, and affluent-concentrated school contexts. Holding socioeconomic status constant, the proportion of Black and White students performing above the national norm on the Metropolitan Achievement Test was computed and analyzed for each of these three learning environments. The proportion of students performing above the national norm is higher in affluent-concentrated schools than in poverty-concentrated schools for students in both racial groups. However, the 36 percentage points that separated Black and White populations in favor of Whites on the achievement test for all elementary and middle school combined was more or less constant in high, middle, and low socioeconomic schools, suggesting that the test score gap by race is as much a function of the test and its construction as it is a function of characteristics of the test takers.
Bridging the Gap between Economic Development and Cultural Empowerment
Authors: Freeman Kassie , Cohen Rodney T.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to specifically examine the role that historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) have played and continue to play in economic development, how these institutions have contributed to the cultural empowerment of African Americans, and the important ways HBCUs have bridged the gap between the two to make a valuable contribution to African Americans specifically and America in general.
Determining the Effectiveness of Anger Management Training and Curricular Infusion at an Alternative School for Students Expelled for Weapons
Authors: Williams Kimberly
Published: March 2007

Students in a school as an alternative to expulsion for carrying a weapon were provided regular direct anger management training. Veteran teachers were taught strategies for infusing the anger management skills into their lessons. Students were given the National School Crime and Safety Survey as a pretest and posttest. In addition, ethnographic field notes were used to examine the reactions of the staff and students to the interventions. Significant reductions in willingness to fight and improvements in ability to control anger were reported. Ethnographic reports indicated that staff and students felt safer and more positive about the school than before the interventions. The challenges to instituting these interventions are described.
Ethnicity as a Background Factor in College Education
Authors: Boland James M. , Adelman Stanley I. , Stevens Judith
Published: March 2007

URBAN STUDIES: Does ethnic background influence success in college? These students think not: A research note.
School Finance Crisis in Chicago
Authors: Nelson F. Howard
Published: March 2007

A recent and less than proud chapter in Chicago politics and schools.
Education, the Welfare State, and Reaganomics
Authors: Shapiro H. Svi
Published: March 2007

It is argued that social conservatism (the New Right) and corporations' concerns both limit and change social and educational policy and fiscal support.
Autonomy and Support
Authors: Stevenson Robert B.
Published: March 2007

High schools can be more effective if they develop an appropriate "culture. " This depends on both autonomy and support for the school.
The Disappearing Minority Educator-No Illusion
Authors: Pasch Marvin , Krakow Mary Cheryl , Johnson Cassandra , Slocum Harriett , Stapleton Ella M.
Published: March 2007

A new and unconventional teacher preparation program, the joint effort of universities, school systems, and a community college, is intended to provide minority students with skills and incentive to be educators.
Obtaining Meaningful Feedback from Disadvantaged Pupils' Essays Concerning their Attitudes toward Tutorial Activities
Authors: Lasser-Cohen Hadara , Dreyfus Amos
Published: March 2007

Brief and cursory pupil essays can yield useful information.
School Board Membership
Authors: Tallerico Marilyn
Published: March 2007

Gender and its related variables affect school board and superintendent interrelationships.
The Instructional Supervisor as a Cultural Guide
Authors: Waite Duncan
Published: March 2007

An ethnographic view of supervision would extend knowledge of the process.
Schools' Defense of Children in America at War
Authors: Pryor Carolyn B.
Published: March 2007

To determine the effects of the Persian Gulf War on American children in schools and to assess how schools were responding to their needs, information was gathered from media observation, focus group sessions with school social work interns, a questionnaire survey of student attitudes, interviews with school staff, and group discussion with Chaldean-American students in a school social work treatment group. Schools were under pressure to defend and protect children during the war and adapted various responses depending on leadership style, organizational readiness, and community need. Children were very worried and confused about the war, but held diverse attitudes toward it, supporting previous research on children and war. School strategies of having crisis response teams ready, maintaining normalcy, and providing students with factual information were effective in the short run, but left many conflicting emotions un-resolved. Activity by' helping professionals to prevent as well as treat the trauma of war and to decrease intergroup conflict and violence in American communities is recommended.
School Choice for African-American Children Who Live in Poverty
Authors: Trent Stanley C.
Published: March 2007

The Bush administration currently supports the concept of school choice as a means to counter the negative effects of public school systems that have not maintained standards of excellence. Futhermore, this administration, along with some policy advocates and practitioners, contends that parental choice plans will improve the quality of education for low-income minority students who are at risk for school failure. This article argues against this policy proposal from historical and sociocultural perspectives.
Educating for Competence in Community and Culture
Authors: Foster Michele
Published: March 2007

There are too few positive images of African-American teachers in the education literature. In this article, the author reports the results of two ethnographic studies of 18 exemplary African-American teachers. Using the teachers' words, their backgrounds, educational philosophies, and the relationship between the two are described. The author emphasizes the differences that teachers' backgrounds make in their conceptions of the purpose and function of schooling and its relationship to education. She also argues that their knowledge of their community's norms and of the position of that community within the larger society explains their success with students.
"Be Very Careful Not to Let the Facts Get Mixed Up with the Truth"
Authors: Barone Diane
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the misperceptions of children who have been prenatally exposed to crack/cocaine. The article begins with a brief overview of the research surrounding cocaine use and its effect on newborns exposed in utero. Following this discussion, the most popular misperceptions (which include not only the effects of crack/cocaine exposure, but the background of those children who are exposed) are discussed with supporting research, as are interventions. The article concludes with a discussion about looking beyond prenatal drug exposure and focusing on the child. Studies looking at these children longitudinally are highlighted.
Reclaiming Bilingual Educators' Cultural Resources
Authors: Galindo Rene , Olguin MoNica
Published: March 2007

A process of critical reflection, mediated by autobiographical writing, can help bilingual educators reclaim cultural resources and consider how they might be integrated into their personal teaching philosophies. In their personal teaching philosophies, minority educators can bridge life history, culture, and pedagogy and construct their role identity as teachers in a manner that supports minority children and their parents. The types of cultural resources identified in bilingual educators' autobiographies are presented along with a case study of a bilingual educator that examines the role that a key cultural value related to education plays in her personal teaching philosophy.
Family Oral Histories for Multicultural Curriculum Perspectives
Authors: Olmedo Irma M.
Published: March 2007

Teachers who want to include multicultural perspectives in their curriculum can explore the funds of knowledge of the parents of their students by using oral history projects in their classrooms. This article describes a rationale and an approach for helping teachers use the life histories of parents and members of the community as scaffolds to teach social studies and history concepts. The article illustrates the approach with examples from a case study of an extended Puerto Rican family and abstracts of teacher reflections on the process.
Administrator and Researcher
Authors: Umont Jennifer J. Bea
Published: March 2007

This article explores the contextual factors within the university that can affect the liaison's functions and determine the level of participation. It posits that Harkavy 's conceptualization of service learning as a founding mission of urban universities directly conflicts with the university's primary legitimating activity of granting tenure, in a majority of instances, for self-referential research. This conflict can dichotomize researcher and liaison roles embodied in one faculty member The dichotomy will diminish the liaison's level of commitment and degree of participation in the partnership activities, impairing the quality of assistance provided to the school and thus potentially lessening the intended impact of the schooling experiences for students in urban school districts. Presented in this article is an examination of this duality and the strategies that the author as a junior faculty member, employed to harmonize them.
Apart together
Authors: Calderwood Patricia E.
Published: March 2007

Subgroups within a school can fracture or strengthen the larger community. In this article, participant observation of two classes offered in an urban middle school, "Girl Talk" and "Boy Talk, " reveal their fracturing and strengthening effects on community at the schooL The classes differed from each other in a number of ways, including organization, goals, sense of community, and actual or potential fracturing and strengthening effects. The reconfiguration of the classes after only 12 weeks suggests that the schoolfound itprudent to dilute their influence to a level that could more easily be tolerated, monitored, and controlled.
Teens of the Night
Authors: LEE FRANCIS WING-LIN
Published: March 2007

This article describes a recent study on young night drifters in Hong Kong, which is currently an alarming youth problem in the territory. The social background, subculture, and problems faced by these young people are introduced. Employing an environmental perspective, the causes of their night-drifting behavior are suggested. In addition, the identified service needs of, and proposed services for, these young people are also presented. It is believed that this study has implications for youth policy makers and service providers in countries that have encountered similar problems.
Adolescent Employment and Psychosocial Outcomes
Authors: HANSEN DAVID M. , JARVIS PATRICIA A.
Published: March 2007

This study was designed to test the theory that adolescents working in a family owned business versus working in a private enterprise would report differences on variables commonly associated with part-time employment. Results indicated that working in a family business was associated with males' and females' reporting greater perceived parental support and males' reporting less drug and alcohol use. Findings were consistent with other research on the associations of hours worked with outcome variables.
Reviving Juvenile Justice in a Get-Tough Era
Authors: BUTTS JEFFREY A. , MEARS DANIEL P.
Published: March 2007

State and local jurisdictions throughout the United States enacted a wide array of new juvenile justice policies in recent years. Many of these policies were intended to make the juvenile justice system tougher, but others improved prevention, increased rehabilitation, and enhanced the restorative features of the juvenile justice system. This article describes the most prominent new ideas in juvenile justice and addresses a question usually asked by policy makers: What works? It suggests that a new generation of innovative programs might revive the spirit of American juvenile justice.
Adolescent Life Events and their Association with the Onset of Sexual Intercourse
Authors: DORIUS GUY L. , HEATON TIM B. , STEFFEN PATRICK
Published: March 2007

This study examined the timing of several events marking the transition from adolescence to young adulthood and their correlation with the age at first sexual intercourse. The model included parental disruption, dropping out of school, working, drug use, and dating. Socioeconomic status, gender, and race were included as control variables. Data are taken from the National Survey of Children, a longitudinal study of children ages 7-11 in 1976 who were reinterviewed in 1981 and 1986. Factors associated with first intercourse include age, tobacco use, marijuana use, dating, and parental divorce during the child's adolescent years. Age interacts with dating, working, and the use of illegal substances, and race interacts with dating and dropping out of school in their influence on first intercourse. Other transitions, such as alcohol use, parental divorce before adolescence, and parental marriage, had little influence on first sexual intercourse. Events such as dating appear to increase the risk of first intercourse, while the use of drugs may reflect a set of behaviors that occur simultaneously with sexual initiation. The correlated transitions identify a group of adolescents at risk for early sexual activity.
Male-Female Delinquency in the Philippines
Authors: SHOEMAKER DONALD J.
Published: March 2007

Self-report data were obtained from male and female students in a coastal city in the southern Philippines. Analyses reveal higher rates of delinquency among males. Delinquency is regressed on several independent variables, including peer relations, social bond measures, age, and father's occupation. Peer relations and attitudinal constructs are significantly associated with delinquency, particularly among males. Interestingly, sons of higher-status fathers are more delinquent than are juveniles from lower-status backgrounds. Among girls, the collective influence of the independent variables is negligible. The results of the study are discussed relative to various theoretical explanations but with an emphasis on Philippine social structure and values. Attention is given to the family context and to the influence of peer groups, or the barkada, on delinquency, especially among middle-class males. The lack of explanation of female delinquency in this data set is addressed relative to the status of women in Philippine society and the need to focus on the contextual factors that affect the lives of juvenile females.
The Effects of a Probation Intervention on Juvenile Offenders' Self-Concepts, Loci of Control, and Perceptions of Juvenile Justice
Authors: MINOR KEVIN I. , ELROD PRESTON
Published: March 2007

This article examines the impact of job preparation, short-term outdoor adventure, and family relationships programming on juvenile probationers' self-concepts, loci of control (internal versus external), and perceptions of juvenile justice. Traditional probation services constitute the standard for comparison. After establishing the rationale for selection of the three dependent variables and describing how the intervention addressed these variables, the authors present data derived from a two-factor experimental pretest-posttest design. Results indicate that the intervention did not achieve its intended effects, as measured by self-report scales. This outcome is discussed in relation to program design and evaluation.
Adolescent Volunteers
Authors: SCHONDEL CONNIE , BOEHM KATHRYN , ROSE JARED , MARLOWE ALISON
Published: March 2007

Because traditional mental health models are inadequate in meeting the needs of adolescents, hotlines have been developed to alleviate this gap in service. National survey results of adolescent hotlines and an indepth study of one program are presented. Although data indicated only 10% of hotlines exclusively use peers to answer phones, the authors' case study suggests that the “self-help” model of volunteering has benefits not only for consumers but also for adolescent volunteers.
The Education and Labor Market Outcomes of Adolescent Fathers
Authors: PIROG-GOOD MAUREEN A.
Published: March 2007

The author examines the educational and labor market outcomes of young men in the United States, with a particular emphasis on adolescent fathers. She finds that men who were teen fathers complete fewer years of education and are less likely to finish high school compared to men who were not teen fathers. These educational deficits persist even after family and personal characteristics are taken into account. Teen fathers enter the labor market earlier and initially earn more money than do other men; by the time teen fathers reach their mid-20s, however, they earn less. After controlling for personal traits and family background, the long-term earnings deficits of teen fathers disappear, implying that teen fathers are as capable of providing for their children as are other young men from similarly disadvantaged backgrounds. Unfortunately, this will not ease the jobs of child support enforcement officials, who must regularly confront young, low-income, absent fathers and/or improve the plight of welfare-dependent and other impoverished children. Data are from the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Participation—Youth Cohort.
Modernization and Teenage Sexual Activity in Zambia
Authors: PILLAI VIJAYAN K. , BARTON THOMAS R.
Published: March 2007

One of the major social problems in sub-Saharan Africa today is teenage pregnancy. In this article, the authors test a model based on modernization theories that attempt to explain the widespread prevalence of teenage sexual activity in African countries such as Zambia. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Students were randomly selected from seven secondary schools in two Zambian cities, Lusaka and Kitwe. There were 527 adolescent respondents in the sample. Results of this study do not support modernization theories of teen sexual activity. In addition, the authors find that traditional institutions such as initiation ceremonies continue to influence sexual activity levels. These findings raise interesting questions for future investigations.
Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Fathers' Involvement
Authors: TOTH JOHN F. , XU XIAOHE
Published: March 2007

Using national-level data, this analysis examines American fathers' participation in three domains of child rearing for children aged 5 to 18 years. Focus is placed on the extent to which participation varies by race or ethnicity, gender and family ideologies, and the interaction between these factors. Results show that minority fathers consistently outperform White fathers in the cognitive domain. Findings also show that fathers' involvement is a function of an interplay between race or ethnicity and cultural ideologies.
Marx's Theory of Value
Authors: Steinvorth Ulrich
Published: March 2007

Engels' interpretation of Marx's economic theory of value. which has been widely accepted up to this day, is based on Marx's approach to a theory of value in his third volume of Capital. But the theory of value of the first volume of Capital, implied by Marx's analyses in the first volume of Capital and only summarized in its first chapter, is inconsistent with the third volume's approach. It is consistent with theories of value which do not hold that prices are deter mined by labour.
Research Traditions and the Evolution of Cold War Nuclear Strategy
Authors: Gundersen Adolf G.
Published: March 2007

Larry Laudan has recently advanced a philosophy of science that appears to answer both Kuhnian critics of the rationality of science, on the one hand, and interpretive and critical theorists' objections to a naturalistic social science, on the other. Like Lakatos before him, Laudan argues that scientific progress is indeed a rational affair. But Laudan goes one step further, arguing that his analysis yields a set of rational criteria for theory choice. In addition, Laudan explicitly claims that the standard he proposes can be applied in any realm of empirical inquiry. Employing a case study of the development of strategic doctrine during the Cold War period, I show this latter claim to be false. Because Laudan's standard for theory choice depends on an exclusively cognitive calculus, it cannot account for, much less help us weigh, the practical implications of theory choice. I conclude that such an accounting procedure may be appropriate for the natural sciences but can hardly be adequate in the realm of thermonuclear politics, where theory choice carries with it potentially catastrophic practical consequences. More generally, choosing from among competing political theories must make explicit room for discursive argument.
"Class" as Metaphor On the Unreflexive Transformation of a Concept Into an Object
Authors: Gobo Giampietro
Published: March 2007

Some authors (Schumpeter, Sorokin) consider classes as communities or groupings of families. Others consider them as conditions, positions, or roles assumed in society. Such theoretical uncertainty is followed by a similarly uncertain empirical classification. This confusion probably exists because classes are not ostensible objects but concepts, that is, culturally and mutually constructed cognitive schemas. In order to see classes, scientists have to agree about the culturally framed discourse to use. This has not yet happened. This seems to be the main cause of the endless conflict in the debate on social stratification. This article documents that "class," before becoming a scientific construct, was a "folk category." From ordinary language, "class" reached the social sciences, passing through the natural sciences.
Popper's Plato
Authors: Klosko George
Published: March 2007

The author examines Karl Popper's contribution to the study of Plato in The Open Society and Its Enemies. Assessment of Popper's claims that Plato is a totalitarian, a historicist, and a racist confirms what has become the general opinion of the work, that it played a major role in changing perceptions of Plato's political theory, in spite of significant problems with many of Popper's claims and the evidence he uses to support them.
Social Foundations of Openness
Authors: Hall John A.
Published: March 2007

Popper's view of the enemies of the open society is held to rest upon psycholo gism, a view of the very great dangers of misguided intellectuals, and a cyclical view of historical process. While there is something to these claims, they are treated here skeptically. But the purpose of the article is less to attack than to reconstruct. To that end, key elements of a sociology appropriate to an open society are offered.
The Foundations of the Universalist Tradition in Color-Naming Research (and Their Supposed Refutation
Authors: Dedrick Don
Published: March 2007

In Basic Color Terms, Berlin and Kay argued for a restricted number of "basic" color words—words they claimed to be culturally universal. This claim about language was buttressed by psychologist Eleanor Rosch's famous work on color prototypes. Together, the works of Berlin and Kay and Rosch are the foundation for a contemporary research tradition investigating the biological foundations of color naming. In this article, the author describes some common objections to the works of Berlin and Kay and Rosch and argues that they are not significant. The claim that explanations of color naming ought to be strictly cultural also is discussed and rejected.
Nonresponse in Sociological Surveys
Authors: Daniel Wayne W.
Published: March 2007

One of the more serious problems connected with sociological surveys is that of nonresponse. Over the years several methods for handling the problem have been proposed. This paper is a review of eight of these methods.
Level of Measurement
Authors: Borgatta Edgar F. , Bohrnstedt George W.
Published: March 2007

The distinctions between nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio measurement were popularized by S. S. Stevens. Unfortunately, positions taken by Stevens have often been disseminated without criticism. One problem is the common assumption that "ordinal" statistics are the best statistics to use for presumed noninterval continuous social variables, when, in fact, they use addition, subtraction, and division, which make the measurements interval by definition. Additionally, the relationship of the normal distribution to interval measurement is commonly misunderstood, the latter existing by definition if a normal distribution exists. Concern with levels of measurements may mislead persons into attending to issues other than maximizing (utility, given) the particular limits of the state of the measurement art in the social sciences.