bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A list of land plants of Parque Nacional do Caparaó, Brazil, highlights the presence of sampling gaps within this protected area
Authors: Moreira Marina , Carrijo Tatiana , Alves-Araújo Anderson , Rapini Alessandro , Salino Alexandre , Firmino Aline , Chagas Aline , Versiane Ana , Amorim André , da Silva Andrews , Tuler Amélia , Peixoto Ariane , Soares Bethina , Cosenza Braz , Delgado Camila , Lopes Claudia , Silva Christian , Barbosa Daniel , Monteiro Daniele , Marques Danilo , Couto Dayvid , Gonzaga Diego , Dalcin Eduardo , de Lirio Elton John , Meyer Fabrício , Salimena Fátima , Oliveira Felipe , Souza Filipe , Matos Fernando , Depiantti Gabriel , Antar Guilherme , Heiden Gustavo , Dias Henrique , Sousa Hian , Lopes Isabel , Rollim Isis , Luber Jaquelini , Prado Jefferson , Nakajima Jimi , Lanna João , Zorzanelli João Paulo , Freitas Joelcio , Baumgratz José , Pereira Jovani , Oliveira Juliana , Antunes Kelly , Sylvestre Lana , Pederneiras Leandro , Freitas Leandro , Giacomin Leandro , Meireles Leonardo , Silva Leonardo , Pereira Luciana , Silva Luís Alexandre , Menini Neto Luiz , Monge Marcelo , Trovó Marcelo , Reginato Marcelo , Sobral Marcos , Gomes Mario , Garbin Mário , Morim Marli , Soares Nayara , Labiak Paulo , Viana Pedro , Cardoso Pedro , Moraes Pedro , Schwartsburd Pedro , Moraes Quélita , Zorzanelli Raquel , Nichio-Amaral Renara , Goldenberg Renato , Furtado Samyra , Feletti Thamara , Dutra Valquíria , Bueno Vinícius , Dittrich Vinícius , Forzza Rafaela
Published: December 2020

Brazilian protected areas are essential for plant conservation in the Atlantic Forest domain, one of the 36 global biodiversity hotspots. A major challenge for improving conservation actions is to know the plant richness, protected by these areas. Online databases offer an accessible way to build plant species lists and to provide relevant information about biodiversity. A list of land plants of “Parque Nacional do Caparaó” (PNC) was previously built using online databases and published on the website "Catálogo de Plantas das Unidades de Conservação do Brasil." Here, we provide and discuss additional information about plant species richness, endemism and conservation in the PNC that could not be included in the List. We documented 1,791 species of land plants as occurring in PNC, of which 63 are cited as threatened (CR, EN or VU) by the Brazilian National Red List, seven as data deficient (DD) and five as priorities for conservation. Fifity-one species were possible new ocurrences for ES and MG states.

"Parque Nacional do Caparaó" houses 8% of the land plant species endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, including 6% of its angiosperms, 31% of its lycophytes and ferns and 14% of its avascular plants. Twelve percent of the threatened species listed for the State of Espírito Santo and 7% listed for the State of Minas Gerais are also protected by PNC. Surprisingly, 79% of the collections analysed here were carried out in Minas Gerais, which represents just 21% of the total extension of the Park. The compiled data uncover a huge botanical collection gap in this federally-protected area.
Assessment of Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms in the Early Post-stroke Period
Authors: Todorov Valentin , Dimitrova Maria , Todorova Viktoria , Mihaylova Eleonora
Published: December 2020

Introduction: There is some evidence suggesting an association between cerebrovascular diseases and the development of depression on the one hand, and between depression and post-stroke recovery on the other. Post-stroke depression can occur in the early post-stroke period or in the later stages of recovery (over 9 months after the incident).

Aim: To find a connection between stroke and the development of anxiety and depression in the early period after the development of neurological deficit and to evaluate several scales for their potential usefulness in the screening of post-stroke patients for early signs of depression and anxiety.

Materials and methods: We conducted a study on the presence of depression in 117 patients, divided into 2 groups: 73 of these patients were admitted due to ischemic stroke, while the other 44 were controls matching the patients in age, sex and education status. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined clearly. We included patients that consented to undergo psychiatric evaluation be-tween 24 hours and 7 days after the onset of neurological symptoms. Both groups were assessed by the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale – Depression Subscale and Combined Scale (HADS-D, HADS-T).

Results: On evaluation with HADS-D we noted the largest difference between the two groups with a very high statistical significance and a medium effect size (7.92±4.44 points vs. 4.86±4.27 points for the control group, p<0.001, r= -0.417). Anxiety and depressive symp-toms were found also with MADRS and HAM-A.

Conclusions: Anxiety and depressive symptoms were found in the early post-stroke period. MADRS, HADS-D, and HAM-A are suf-ficiently specific and sensitive in the evaluation of post-stroke anxiety and depression.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Hemophilic Joints: Correlations with the Bleeding Phenotype and Physical Examination
Authors: Spasov Neofit , Dimitrova-Popova Diana , Traikova-Djambazova Nikoleta , Spasova Mariya , Bosheva Miroslava
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Blood-induced joint damage as a hallmark of haemophilia continues to occur despite the widespread prophylaxis. Pre-cise assessment and follow-up of joint status are crucial for tailoring their treatment. 

Aim: To study the correlation between the bleeding phenotype, the functional joint status, and the magnetic resonance imaging score in pediatric patients with haemophilia.

Materials and methods: Eighty-six joints (ankles, knees, and elbows) in patients aged 10.7±0.5 (range 4 - 20) years with severe/moderate haemophilia A, severe haemophilia B and haemophilia A with inhibitors were included in the study. The joints were assessed by Haemophilia Joint Health Score 2.1 (HJHS2.1) one month after the last hemarthrosis in a non-bleeding state. The magnetic reso-nance imaging was performed on 40 (46.5%) of the examined hemophilic joints (16 ankles, 11 knees and 13 elbows). 

Results: Joint bleeds were present in 37 (38.9%) of the joints with ankles being the most commonly affected. Sixty joints (69.8%) had normal HJHS2.1 score. Only the loss of flexion score differed significantly between the joints and the ankles had highest score. The cumulative number of hemarthrosis in the joint correlated moderately with hemosiderin deposition and strongly with the formation of subchondral cysts on magnetic resonance imaging. The magnetic resonance imaging scores for soft tissue and osteochondral domains correlated moderately with the cumulative number of hemarthrosis in the joint and only with the presence of pain and crepitus of mo-tion from the physical examination.

Conclusions: Magnetic resonance imaging is more sensitive than the bleeding phenotype and physical examination in detecting early signs of haemophilic arthropathy.
Postoperative Low Molecular Weight Heparin-induced Infection in Gastrointestinal Cancer Patients. A 2-year Single Centre Experience 
Authors: Nikova Alexandrina , Kyriazi Maria , Michalopoulou Helena , Demetriou Melani , Tselepidis Vasilis , Ntatsis Konstantinos
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Patients with gastrointestinal cancer are at high risk of developing thrombosis and postoperative infection. Antico-agulation therapy for such patients is provided by low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and elastic stockings. The latter, however, is linked to immunoregulatory activities and immunosuppression in vivo and in vitro.

Aim: Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the link between LMWH and infection in patients with gastrointestinal cancer.

Materials and methods: The study is a retrospective report of 51 patients operated on at the Second Department of Surgery at Metaxa Cancer Hospital. The sample was divided into groups based on the presence or absence of diabetes and preoperative anticoagu-lation therapy. Afterwards, the data were statistically analysed. 

Results: The results of the study show a statistically significant correlation between LMWH and infection. Moreover, the risk of infec-tion increases by 13.3% for each day of heparin intake. The theory of this correlation is explained in detail. 

Conclusions: The findings of the present study raise an essential question about postoperative management of cancer patients. How-ever, the study sample size is rather small so further studies with larger sample size are required to give greater credence to results.
Endobronchial Ultrasound Transbronchial Needle Aspiration for the Diagnosis of Paratracheal and Peribronchial Central Parenchymal Lesions
Authors: Yanev Nikolay , Mekov Evgeni , Kostadinov Dimitar
Published: December 2020

Objectives: Obtaining qualitative, sufficient material for the diagnosis of malignancies in cases with normal endoscopic findings in patients with suspected lung cancer and hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy is challenging.

Materials and methods: Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) was used to control a transbronchial needle biopsy (ТBNA) for the first time in our country. From 2015 to 2018, TBNA with a convex probe EBUS was performed on 57 patients [41 men, 16 women, mean age 56.10 (range 37-77 years)] with mediastinal lesions found on CT scan. We used the Hitachi Aloka - ProSound Alpha 7 and BF-UC180F (Olympus) 21G and 22G needles Ultrasound System. In 22 of the cases, we performed a biopsy of hilum lesions (9 on the left and 13 on the right), in 13 - of subcarinal lesions, and in 4 - of lesions located on the right paratracheal lymphatic chain. 

Results: EBUS-TBNA confirmed lung cancer in 48 patients (84.2%). In 33 of them, it was non-small cell lung cancer: spinocellular in 13 cases and adenocarcinoma in 17 cases; three cases were without accurate verification. Small cell lung cancer was found in 15 cases. In two cases, the biopsies were negative for tumor (3.5%), and in seven - non-specific inflammatory process (12.3%). 

Conclusions: This study confirms the high diagnostic success rate of EBUS-TBNA reported in similar studies developed on a daily routine basis without adhering to a specific protocol. EBUS-TBNA is an interventional procedure with high sensitivity in diagnosing hilar and mediastinal lesions in negative conventional bronchoscopy and thus is useful in patients with paratracheal and peribronchial lesions. The results could be improved with training and experience.
Topical Occlusive Corticosteroid Therapy for the Treatment of Gingival Manifestation of Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid - a Case Report
Authors: Kavlakova Liliya , Bachurska Svitlana
Published: December 2020

Mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) is a chronic, autoimmune, subepithelial vesiculobullous disease that very frequently affects the mucous membranes and less often the skin. Oral cavity is the most commonly affected site and desquamative gingivitis (DG) is the most common manifestation. This is the main reason why dentists play a vital role in the diagnosis and managing the oral health of patients. Treatment is usually challenging, however, it only can achieve temporary symptomatic effect. We report a case of desquamative gingivi-tis, manifestation of MMP that was treated successfully with topical corticosteroid. The latter was applied by using of individual made custom trays to improve clinical efficacy. 
Introduction
Authors: Kiyashchenko Larisa P. , Isupova Olga G.
Published: December 2020

Представленное в статьях разнообразие подходов и попыток осознания изменений в области воспроизводства человека является первичным результатом кооперации усилий в рамках проекта, направленного на создание парадигмального единства, объединяющего знания и умения представителей разных научных дисциплин, объединенных общей темой исследования. Исполнители проекта стремились решать поставленные задачи через разработку согласования концептуально-терминологического словаря-тезауруса для обсуждения и исследования новшеств в области технологий зачатия и рождения детей, доступного специалистам и иным участникам процесса прокреации. Участникам проекта представляется крайне желательным привлечение заинтересованных специалистов из смежных наук, прежде всего экономистов, демографов, лингвистов и медиков, для консолидации усилий и дальнейшего успешного познания актуальных проблем прокреации в процессе междисциплинарного взаимодействия и популяризации полученных знаний и практик в обществе.
Dragonflies and Damselflies (Odonata: Insecta) of the Bor Wildlife Sanctuary, Wardha, Maharashtra, Central India
Authors: Tiple Ashish
Published: December 2020

Dragonfly and damselfly (Odonata) species diversity was studied in the Bor wildlife sanctuary from 2011 to 2018. A total of 72 species of odonates belonging to 8 families were recorded. The study adds three new species for the Vidarbha region. The highest number of odonates belonged to the family Libellulidae (31 species) followed by Coenagrionidae (15 species), and Aeshnidae (six species). Of the total, 30 species were very common, 18 were common, seven were frequent common, 11 rare and six very rare. Among all, six species were Data Deficient, Indothemis carnatica (Fabricius, 1798) is listed as Near Threatened and 64 were Least Concern, in IUCN red-list of threatened species. The observations support the value of the wildlife sanctuary area in providing valuable resources for Odonata.
Who is jumping in a Serbian bog? – Orthopteran fauna of the Vlasina region
Authors: Ivković Slobodan , Skejo Josip
Published: December 2020

Vlasina Plateau is a highland bog situated in the mountains of southeastern Serbia, close to the border with Bulgaria. From a conservation point of view, bogs are one of the most important habitats and they are considered as threatened all across Europe. As the Orthopteran fauna of southern European bogs has not been studied in detail, we decided to make an inventory of grasshoppers and bush-crickets of Vlasina region. During eight years (2012 to 2019) of orthopterological study, 63 species were recorded at Vlasina Plateau. Interesting findings are those of Balkan Field Grasshopper (Chorthippus bornhalmi) and Bures’ Bush-cricket (Isophya bureschi) recently reported as first for Serbia, as well as regionally rare Serbian Pygmy Bush-cricket (Anterastes serbicus), Domogled Meadow Bush-cricket (Broughtonia domogledi), Short-winged Cone-head (Conocephalus dorsalis), Club-legged Grasshopper (Gomphocerus sibiricus), Fieber’s Walking Bush-cricket (Psorodonotus fieberi) and Pygmy Toothed Grasshopper (Stenobothrus crassipes). In addition, we provided new distributional and bioacoustic data for Poecilimon pseudornatus and I. bureschi.
New faunistic record of two species of genus Calvia (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Coccinellini) from India and Myanmar
Authors: Das Priyanka , Saha Goutam Kumar , Gupta Devanshu , Chandra Kailash
Published: December 2020

Calvia sichuanica Kovář (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Coccinellini) is reported for the first time from India and Myanmar, previously known only from China. Also, Calvia explanata Poorani, from Sikkim and Darjeeling, is newly reported from Manipur, state of India.
Caridina sinanensis, a new species of stygobiotic atyid shrimp (Decapoda, Caridea, Atyidae) from a karst cave in the Guizhou Province, southwestern China
Authors: Xu Da-Jian , Li Deng-Xu , Zheng Xiao-Zhuang , Guo Zhao-Liang
Published: December 2020

From a biodiversity survey of a subterranean habitat near Sinan County, Guizhou Province, southwestern China, a new atyid shrimp of the genus Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837, C. sinanensissp. nov. was discovered. The new species can be separated from other congeners based on a combination of characters including depigmentation in body and reduction of eyes, small pigment spot at the centre of the cornea, the shape of rostrum and the endopod of the 1st male pleopod, and the relatively longer appendix interna on the appendix masculina of the 2nd pleopod. Mitochondrial COI and 16S rRNA gene sequences also support the establishment of the new species. Information on the habitat, and the levels of threat are discussed to guide the conservation of C. sinanensissp. nov.
The second known stygomorphic freshwater crab from China, Phasmon typhlops gen. nov. et sp. nov. (Crustacea, Decapoda, Potamidae), diverged at the beginning of the Late Miocene
Authors: Huang Chao , Ahyong Shane T. , Shih Hsi-Te
Published: December 2020

A new genus and new species of blind freshwater cave crab are described from Chongzuo City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China based on morphology and mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequences. The new genus,Phasmongen. nov., is established forP. typhlopssp. nov., which is only the second blind cave crab known from China and East Asia. The combination of a very wide carapace, overall depigmentation, reduced orbits and vestigial unpigmented eyes ofPhasmonimmediately separates it from all known potamid genera. Molecular divergence estimates based on 16S rDNA suggest that the lineage to which the new genus belongs diverged from other potamids at the beginning of the Late Miocene (10.8 million years ago), much earlier than other Chinese cave crabs.
New Metalimnobia crane flies (Diptera, Limoniidae) from China with an update of species distributions
Authors: Jiang Ye , Zhang Xiao
Published: December 2020

Two new species of the genus Metalimnobia Matsumura, 1911 from southwest China, M. (M.) bicolorsp. nov. and M. (M.) caudifuscasp. nov., are described and illustrated. The new species can be distinguished from congeners by their wing patterns and male genitalia. New distributional data are given for the following species: M. (M.) bifasciata (Schrank, 1781), M. (M.) quadrinotata (Meigen, 1818) and M. (M.) tenua Savchenko, 1976. An updated key for all Chinese Metalimnobia crane flies is presented.
Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Mental Illness With Implications for Evaluation and Treatment
Authors: Kverno Karan
Published: December 2020

From the outside looking in, it may appear that nurse practitioner practice in mental health care is relatively easy compared to other nurse practitioner population care. The current article presents a brief overview of recent theories on the etiology of mental disorders, specifically major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia, with implications for practice. Pharmacological treatments targeting important stress response and immune and inflammatory targets lag behind the science. A practical framework for psychiatric evaluation, formulation, and treatment planning that combines four distinctive ways of viewing patients' concerns is presented as a useful method for providing person-centered mental health care. [
Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 59
(1), 9–13.]
System specific triangulations for the construction of CPA Lyapunov functions
Authors: Giesl Peter , Hafstein Sigurdur
Published: December 2020

Recently, a transformation of the vertices of a regular triangulation of \begin{document}$ {\mathbb {R}}^n $\end{document} with vertices in the lattice \begin{document}$ \mathbb{Z}^n $\end{document} was introduced, which distributes the vertices with approximate rotational symmetry properties around the origin. We prove that the simplices of the transformed triangulation are \begin{document}$ (h, d) $\end{document}-bounded, a type of non-degeneracy particularly useful in the numerical computation of Lyapunov functions for nonlinear systems using the CPA (continuous piecewise affine) method. Additionally, we discuss and give examples of how this transformed triangulation can be used together with a Lyapunov function for a linearization to compute a Lyapunov function for a nonlinear system with the CPA method using considerably fewer simplices than when using a regular triangulation.
Strict dissipativity analysis for classes of optimal control problems involving probability density functions
Authors: Fleig Arthur , Grüne Lars
Published: December 2020

Motivated by the stability and performance analysis of model predictive control schemes, we investigate strict dissipativity for a class of optimal control problems involving probability density functions. The dynamics are governed by a Fokker-Planck partial differential equation. However, for the particular classes under investigation involving linear dynamics, linear feedback laws, and Gaussian probability density functions, we are able to significantly simplify these dynamics. This enables us to perform an in-depth analysis of strict dissipativity for different cost functions.
A triangle: Spatial processes of urbanization and political power in 19th-century Tabora, Tanzania
Authors: Pallaver Karin
Published: December 2020

This article aims to contribute to the study of the urbanization of caravan-related towns in 19th-century Tanzania by unpacking the way multiple settlements merged into a town that came to be known as Tabora. By following the development of the three settlements that formed Tabora—Kwikuru, Kwihara and Sokoni—this article shows how the urban structure of Tabora was shaped by its commercial role, by the presence of a political power that influenced the organization of the urban space to affirm its authority and display its wealth, and by a community of coastal traders with their own political representative, the wali. The analysis points towards the profound relationship between spatial processes of urbanization and the exercise of political power.
“Urban by nature”: The Sokoto jihadist approach to urban planning
Authors: Zehnle Stephanie
Published: December 2020

Like other Islamic reform and state-building movements across the pre-colonial Sahel, the Sokoto Jihad of 1804 had started genuine urbanization processes with architectural references to Islamic ideals of inhabited space. But in the early Sokoto Empire, jihadist urban planning met with a Hausa environment already divided into urban centers and rural areas. Existing Hausa towns were often restructured and enlarged, with a shift from the central position of the palaces towards that of the new mosques built under the aegis of the Jihadist leaders. This article hence analyses the construction of Sokoto as a capital city from the “drawing board” as a case study. In addition, it discusses the location and style of Jihadist mosques in Sokoto, Kano and Zaria within a new concept of Muslim urbanity. Although urban planning in Sokoto was not carried out by map sketches, several maps produced in the Sokoto Empire will be used to study the graphical understanding of Sokoto Jihadist urbanity expressed by rectangular walls and a special mosque-palace order with only very simple and puritan décor. But despite the private activities in mosque building among the male Jihadist elite, Sokoto lacked a state-owned and constant central mosque, because donors and their offspring personally had to care for the upkeep of the buildings. And with the second Sokoto Sultan, Muhammad Bello, urbanization activities gradually shifted from the “old” centers to the frontier of the Empire: on the one hand, militarized border towns (Arabic ribāt, pl. arbita) were erected as profane material protection against military enemies in the periphery. Yet on the other hand, they served as a reference in the Jihadist ideology contrasting the Land of Islam with the Land of Unbelief. The ribāt was a planned city attracting mainly slaves longing for freedom and salvation by the Jihadist promise that any inhabitant of the frontier city would eventually be liberated and enter Paradise. But only for a limited time span did they serve as social and ethnic melting pots on the frontier, before many of them were turned into slave plantations. This phase of intense foundation of fortified settlements must also be understood as a process of sedentarization and aging of the first Jihad soldiers. Equipped with land, wives and slaves from the booty, many soldiers and commanders were settled in new towns and established a living there with their families. The article will thus finally analyze the Sokoto utopia of a completely sedentarized and urbanized Muslim state—a policy propagated both against fellow Fulbe pastoralists and mobile Tuareg allies. This study engages with Sokoto Jihadist urbanization in their theories and practices in the first half of the 19th century and unfolds the Jihadist claims to be “urban by nature.”
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor – An Overview
Authors: Ramaswamy Anant , Chaudhari Vikram , Bhargava Prabhat , Bhandare Manish , Kumar Rajiv , Shrikhande Shailesh v , Ostwal Vikas
Published: December 2020

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are rare tumors but are most common mesenchymal tumors of the digestive tract. They are commonly seen in the stomach (60%) and small intestine (30%). GISTs are likely derived from the interstitial cells of Cajal or their stem cell precursors. They are best characterized by computerized tomography and have a specific staining pattern on immunohistochemistry, i.e., C-Kit and DOG-1. The treatment of GIST is based on the risk assessment for relapse, and patients with localized GIST require resection with or without adjuvant imatinib mesylate (IM). Advanced unresectable tumors are usually treated with IM, with a number of further options available for patients post progression on IM. There is an increasing emphasis on identifying C-Kit and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha mutations in all patients with GIST, as these are driver mutations with current and future therapeutic implications.
Definition and Measurement of Power Transfer Unit Speed-Dependent Parasitic Loss
Authors:   Drivetrain Standards Committee
Published: December 2020

This SAE Recommended Practice covers power transfer units (PTUs) used in passenger car and sport utility vehicles to support all wheel drive (AWD) operation. PTUs are typically full-time use geared devices (see 3.1). Some PTUs have additional features such as part-time on-demand capability via electronically actuated disconnect features, and other configurations are possible.
Finite Element Analysis of a Fishplate Rail Joint in Extreme Environment Condition
Authors: Sharma Sunil Kumar , Lee Jaesun
Published: December 2020

Railways are very efficient mode of transportation. Speed limits of the railways and loads they carry are increasing rapidly. Due to some advantages, the insulated rail joints are still the part of a rail-track system. However, a high rate of failure of joints puts the railway track at risk. Therefore, a detailed study of these joints is required. In this paper, a three-dimensional finite element model of rail-fishplate joint is created using Abaqus - a finite element method-based software. Stresses in fishplate and bolts due to wheel impact are analysed by coupling implicit and explicit methods. It is found that bolts are a critical part of a joint due to stresses and vibrations to which they are subjected. The large number of stresses and vibration can result into loosening of bolts.
Crashworthiness Analysis of a Thin-Walled Structure in the Frontal Part of Automotive Chassis
Authors: Acharya Aseem , Gahlaut Utkarsh , Sharma Kunal , Sharma Sunil Kumar , Vishwakarma Prem Narayan , Phanden Rakesh Kumar
Published: December 2020

With increasing road accidents, researchers found a need to reduce the impact which gets transferred to the driver and passengers during a collision. Chassis is the main rigid component which transmits the impact or jerk to the entire vehicle. So, the changes can be done in the frontal head tube shape in order to achieve maximum energy absorption. The objective of this article is to produce a thin-walled impact absorption structure. The unique strength absorption, the maximum crushing force, all through the frontal impact are the primary dimensional parameters of the performance. Explicit dynamics feature of Ansys can be used and the results of Peak Force (PF) and Specific Energy Absorption (SEA) can be acquired virtually. Based on the results, the shape with the highest amount of SEA can be concluded as the best shape so that it can be used to absorb the maximum energy while collision of the vehicle takes place. The results show an increment of 30% in SEA.
Custo anual uniforme equivalente de máquinas de colheita de madeira: uma abordagem estocástica
Authors: Bassoli Hilda Maria , Batistela Gislaine Cristina , Fenner Paulo Torres , Simões Danilo
Published: December 2020

A determinação da vida econômica de máquinas empregadas na colheita de madeira, ou o momento em que a máquina executou suas funções com o menor custo operacional, está associada à obtenção do menor custo de produção. Assim, objetivou-se determinar a vida econômica de máquinas autopropelidas que compõem um módulo de colheita mecanizada de madeira com incertezas associadas. Foram considerados os custos operacionais incorridos no período de cinco anos, para o ajuste de modelos matemáticos que associaram os intervalos de incertezas e permitiram atribuir distribuições de probabilidades. Posteriormente, números pseudoaleatórios foram gerados, por meio da simulação de Monte Carlo, para determinação das probabilidades dos valores econômicos estocásticos. Os resultados evidenciaram que o momento ótimo para a substituição do conjunto de máquinas que compõem o módulo de colheita mecanizada de madeira ocorre no ano 4 da vida útil destas máquinas. Outrossim, o custo uniforme equivalente do módulo de colheita aumenta 18,3% no ano subsequente ao momento ótimo de substituição, aditando os custos de colheita e processamento da madeira. Por fim, os elementos de custos que mais influenciam a determinação da vida econômica das máquinas são os custos de reposição de peças e de reparos e manutenções.
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on acute coronary syndromes
Authors: Perrin Nils , Iglesias Juan F. , Rey Florian , Benzakour Lamyae , Cimci Murat , Noble Stephane , Degrauwe Sophie , Tessitore Elena , Mach François , Roffi Marco
Published: December 2020

AIM
To assess the impact of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic on acute coronary syndromes and on the delay from symptom onset to first medical contact among patients presenting with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), as well as to investigate whether there were patient-related reasons related to COVID-19 for delaying first medical contact.

METHODS AND RESULTS
All patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) at the Geneva University Hospitals for acute coronary syndromes (ACS) during the first COVID-19 wave were compared with a control group consisting of all ACS patients who underwent PCI during the same period in 2019 and those treated in the period immediately preceding the pandemic. The primary outcome measure was the difference in the delay from symptom onset to first medical contact in the setting of STEMI between the COVID-19 period and the control period. Secondary outcome measures were the difference in ACS incidence and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients’ decisions to call the emergency services, assessed using a questionnaire. Delay from symptom onset to first medical contact was longer among patients suffering from STEMI in the COVID-19 period compared with the control period (112 min vs 60 min, p = 0.049). The incidence rate of ACS was lower during the COVID-19 period (incidence rate ratio 0.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.449–0.905). ACS patients delayed their call to the emergency services mainly because of fear of contracting or spreading COVID-19 following hospital admission, as well as of adding burden to the healthcare system.

CONCLUSION
We observed prolonged delays from symptom onset to first medical contact and a decline in overall ACS incidence during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, with a higher threshold to call for help among ACS patients.
SARS-CoV-2 / COVID-19 in patients on the Swiss national transplant waiting list
Authors: Benden Christian , Haile Sarah R. , Kruegel Nathalie , Beyeler Franziska , Aubert John-David , Binet Isabelle , Golshayan Déla , Hadaya Karine , Mueller Thomas F. , Parvex Paloma , Immer Franz F.
Published: December 2020

AIMS OF THE STUDY
The impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on patients listed for solid organ transplantation has not been systematically investigated to date. Thus, we assessed occurrence and effects of infections with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on patients on the Swiss national waiting list for solid organ transplantation.

METHODS
Patient data were retrospectively extracted from the Swiss Organ Allocation System (SOAS). From 16 March to 31 May 2020, we included all patients listed for solid organ transplantation on the Swiss national waiting list who were tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Severity of COVID-19 was categorised as follows: stage I, mild symptoms; stage II, moderate to severe symptoms; stage III, critical symptoms; stage IV, death. We compared the incidence rate (laboratory-confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2), the hospital admission rate (number of admissions of SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals), and the case fatality rate (number of deaths of SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals) in our study population with the general Swiss population during the study period, calculating age-adjusted standardised incidence ratios and standardised mortality ratios, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

RESULTS
A total of 1439 patients were registered on the Swiss national solid organ transplantation waiting list on 31 May 31 2020. Twenty-four (1.7%) waiting list patients were reported to test positive for SARS-CoV-2 in the study period. The median age was 56 years (interquartile range 45.3–65.8), and 14 (58%) were male. Of all patients tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, two patients were asymptomatic, 14 (58%) presented in COVID-19 stage I, 3 (13%) in stage II, and 5 (21%) in stage III. Eight patients (33%) were admitted to hospital, four (17%) required intensive care, and three (13%) mechanical ventilation. Twenty-two patients (92%) of all those infected recovered, but two male patients aged >65 years with multiple comorbidities died in hospital from respiratory failure. Comparing our study population with the general Swiss population, the age-adjusted standardised incidence ratio was 4.1 (95% CI 2.7–6.0).

CONCLUSION
The overall rate of SARS-CoV-2 infections in candidates awaiting solid organ transplantation was four times higher than in the Swiss general population; however, the frequency of testing likely played a role. Given the small sample size of affected patients, conclusions have to be drawn cautiously and results need verification in larger cohorts.
Transformasi Hukum Islam pada Masyarakat di Indonesia
Authors: Hidayah Hestinur , Zafi Ashif Az
Published: December 2020

Hukum Islam termasuk ke dalam hukum perundang-undangan di Indonesia melalui proses penyatuan hukum. Hukum Islam di Indonesia diadakan pembaharuan yang disesuaikan dengan keadaan masyarakat dan perkembangan zaman. Rumusan masalah bagaiman proses transformasi hukum Islam di Indonesia dan pengaruhnya terhadap masyarakat di Indonesia, kedua apa itu kompilasi hukum islam dan bagaimana perananya dalam masyarakat Indonesia.  Tujuan penelitian untuk menjelaskan proses transformasi dan peranan hukum Islam di negara Indonesia. Kegunaan penelitian untuk menambah pengetahuan mengenai sejarah dan perkembangan hukum di Indonesia. Metode Penelitian ini yaitu penelitian kepustakaan. Hasil penelitian ini meliputi sejarah adanya transformasi hukum Islam di Indonesia dalam bidang pidana maupun dalam bidang perdata serta pengaruhnya dalam masyarakat, dan Kompilasi Hukum Islam. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini yaitu hukum Islam hadir di Indonesia dan menjadi hukum positif di Indonesia. Serta hukum positif ini bertujuan menyelesaikan permasalahan yang ada di masyarakat.
Perlindungan Hukum Situs Bawah Air Leato / Japanese Cargo Wreck
Authors: Puluhulawa Jufryanto , Towadi Mellisa , Swarianata Vifi
Published: December 2020

Kota Gorontalo memiliki situs bawah air Leato, yang dikenal juga dengan sebutan situs kapal tenggelam Japanese Cargo Wreck. Hal ini menggambarkan bahwa Kota Gorontalo memiliki potensi wisata yang sangat potensial untuk dikembangkan guna menambah pendapatan asli daerah. Namun, eksploitasi situs bawah air Leato / Japanese Cargo Wreck  melalui wisata bahari minat khusus Scuba Diving tanpa regulasi dan sistem manajemen pengelolaan yang baik akan berdampak pada degradasi kualitas objek wisata bahari mengingat objek situs bawah air Leato / Japanese Cargo Wreck merupakan peninggalan purbakala yang kondisinya sangat rentan. Penelitian ini fokus pada masalah urgensi optimalisasi perlindungan hukum situs bawah air Leato / Japanese Cargo Wreck melalui pembuatan regulasi hukum wisata minat khusus scuba diving dan model regulasi wisata minat khusus scuba diving kaitannya dengan optimalisasi perlindungan hukum situs bawah air Leato / Japanese Cargo Wreck. Tujuan penelitian guna mengkaji urgensi optimalisasi perlindungan hukum situs bawah air Leato / Japanese Cargo Wreck melalui pembuatan regulasi hukum wisata minat khusus scuba diving dan mendeskripsikan model regulasi wisata minat khusus scuba diving kaitannya dengan optimalisasi perlindungan hukum situs bawah air Leato / Japanese Cargo Wreck. Hasil penelitian, faktanya hingga saat ini belum ada regulasi khusus yang mengatur proses penyelaman di lokasi situs bawah air Leato / Japanese Cargo Wreck. Mengingat posisi situs yang memiliki nilai historis, pendidikan maupun budaya pada satu sisi dan nilai ekonomis disisi lainnya maka harus dibijaki dengan baik melalui langkah hukum yang progresif yakni menghadirkan regulasi hukum prosedur penyelaman rekreasi di lokasi situs bawah air Leato / Japanese Cargo Wreck dalam rangka menyikapi pesatnya pertumbuhan industri selam beserta potensi. Model regulasi hukum prosedur penyelaman rekreasi di lokasi situs bawah air Leato / Japanese Cargo Wreck sebagai sebuah proses pembangunan hukum yang ditujukan untuk membentuk kehidupan hukum ke arah yang lebih baik dan kondusif khususnya terkait kesinambungan pemanfaatan situs bawah air Leato / Japanese Cargo Wreck dibidang wisata bahari minat khusus Scuba Diving tanpa mengenyampingkan pelestariannya dan juga status hukumnya sebagai kawasan konservasi maritim. Terdapat kebijakan-kebijakan hukum baik internasional maupun nasional yang dapat dijadikan landasan formulasi regulasi dan salah satunya yakni regulasi jalur penyelaman di U.S.A.T. Liberty di Tulamben, Provinsi Bali
Risking Border Instability: the Russian-Estonian Case
Authors: Jolicoeur P. , Labarre F.
Published: December 2020

In international relations, the last three decades have been marked by national and institutional fragmentation. The fate of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union, and the regrettable way that events played out (especially in the former case), could befall other federative entities as well. Canada and Belgium come to mind, as do countries like Spain, all of which effectively function as federations. However, while federations usually have dispute settlement and mechanisms for secession embedded in their constitutions, sub-constitutive territories are often excluded from such considerations. What territories such as Kosovo, Sandjak, Abkhazia, South Ossetia, etc. have in common is that they share a desire for independence from their parent country. However, achiveing independence would present risks to the territorial integrity of other countries (what can be termed the domino principle), as well as risks to the endurance of flexible international law. The cases we have alluded to above culminated in the Crimean crisis. The problems between Estonia and the Russian Federation stem from the choice of precedent and founding text on which to base the former’s renewed independence. While Estonia was founded on the basis of the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty that put an end to the country’s War of Independence, its experience as a Soviet Republic added another legislative filter in the form of the 1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union. However, the principle of uti possidetis had evolved to apply to more than cases of colonialism. Thus, when Estonia seceded from the USSR with the borders it had been since 1945, it was doing so under the principle of uti possidetis. The current dispute stems from the fact that the Estonian political elite seek to have the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty recognized as the foundational document for the country’s renewed independence. Under the Treaty, Estonian sovereignty applied over a much larger territory. By insisting that any new border arrangement with Russia be based on that Treaty, Estonia is invalidating the principle of uti possidetis and the validity of the Constitution of the Soviet Union as a vehicle for independence. It implies a latent Article 5 situation between NATO and Russia, and threatens the legitimacy of other post-Soviet secessions.
Double Standards of International Recognition: Right vs. Might?
Authors: Isachenko D. V.
Published: December 2020

Why do some states get recognized, while others are denied the privilege? This article examines the underlying logic behind the contingency and inconsistency in the application of statehood standards to unrecognized, de facto states. When it comes to the practice of state recognition, the article argues, it is not merely a question of Great Power politics. Nor is it a question of whether a state has earned sovereignty and thus has a legally rightful claim to international recognition. Instead, the norms of state recognition can be better understood as a reflection of the balance of powers in the international order, rather than being a guiding principle for assessing claims to statehood. Central to this balance is the question of whether right corresponds with might and vice versa. If such a balance is absent, we observe what are considered to be double standards in the practice of international recognition. The theoretical framework draws on Baruch Spinoza’s idea of right being coextensive with power. Based on this assumption, the article demonstrates that the problem is not the incoherence of norms regulating international recognition, but rather the absence of a necessary equilibrium between might and right to ensure the universal applicability of those norms. The argument is illustrated through a comparison of the right to self-determination that was granted to peoples in former colonies during the Cold War period and the US-led recognition of Kosovo, followed by Russia’s recognition of South Ossetia and Abkhazia in 2008. The article shows that the practice of international recognition is conditional on global responses to particular concerns and circumstances. It is thus contingent on the degree to which powers agree as to how to address these concerns. The key suggestion put forward in the article is that, ultimately, there is no significant conceptual difference between the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples that marked the shift from the achievement of eff ective statehood to eventual independence and the 2008 wave of recognitions for non-colonial cases. Both show that norms and their enforcement depend on the same logic of right and power being mutually constitutive.
Rightful Might or a Mighty Right?
Authors: MARKEDONOV S. M.
Published: December 2020

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Insolvent Groups of Companies in the European Union
Authors: Suri Noémi
Published: December 2020

Before 26 June 2017, there was no single universal regulation governing the treatment of insolvency cases concerning groups of companies or certain members of a group in the European Union. The Regulation (EU) 2015/848 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 May 2015 on insolvency proceedings defines the effective execution of insolvency proceedings at the different group members involved as the general objective of the legal source. The aim of my paper is to review the detailed rules of group coordination proceedings, during which I focus on the request for opening group coordination proceedings, on the possibility of defining which court has jurisdiction, on the review of the opt-out and opt-in rights related to group coordination proceedings and on the presentation of the powers assigned to the coordinator.Before 26 June 2017, there was no single universal regulation governing the treatment of insolvency cases concerning groups of companies or certain members of a group in the European Union. The Regulation (EU) 2015/848 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 May 2015 on insolvency proceedings defines the effective execution of insolvency proceedings at the different group members involved as the general objective of the legal source. The aim of my paper is to review the detailed rules of group coordination proceedings, during which I focus on the request for opening group coordination proceedings, on the possibility of defining which court has jurisdiction, on the review of the opt-out and opt-in rights related to group coordination proceedings and on the presentation of the powers assigned to the coordinator.
About Non-Positivist Perspective on Legal Values in International Law
Authors: Krešić Mario
Published: December 2020

The distinction between legal and non-legal values can be made from the aspect of legal system analysis. Since the content of the legal system depends on the identification of norms that establish such content, the problem of the identification is crucial for any kind of consideration of legal values. In discourse of international legal scholars, we can recognize attempts to identify values which are not dependent on the existing social practice. The purpose of this paper is to analyse such an approach to legal values as opposite to the positivistic account of the law and to analyse the main objection to this non-positivist perspective.
Model of Supervision over Administrative Courts in Poland
Authors: Olszanowski Jan
Published: December 2020

One of the most significant current discussions in Polish legal doctrine is how actions of executive powers, especially supervisory measures can affect judicial independence. It is related to basic constitutional and administrative law issues, including the separation of powers, the independence and the impartiality of the judiciary, the independence of the courts, the supervision and control, the efficiency and effectiveness of judicial protection. The analysis focuses on the dependence between the model of administrative supervision adopted in administrative justice and the efficiency of the courts, as well as their perception by the public. The study will examine supervisory measures aimed at ensuring the efficient functioning of the courts. The effectiveness of judicial review of administrative justice is essential for the protection of individuals' rights and the functioning of the state authorities in both the social and the economic sphere. From an extrajudicial point of view its significance is reflected in the influence on the judiciary, which will not only be effective in its procedural activity, but also in the level of trust and social prestige. It holds that the three arms of the state – the executive, the judiciary and the legislature – should, to a greater or lesser extent, be kept separate. That way, they are able to hold one another to account. This theory about the separation of state power went on to have a formative effect on the development of modern-day democracies. And it’s this vision of the tripartite separation of state power that is essential to the EU’s argument against the Polish reforms of the judiciary. The problem of supervision over administrative courts is also connected with external and internal independence of the judiciary. External independence refers to freedom from undue outside pressure, while internal independence protects individual judges from undue pressure from within the system. “Undue internal pressure” sometimes comes from court presidents and may take different forms: even where individual judges are not formally subordinate to court presidents or other authorities and may be result of attribution of workload, allocation of resources and benefits, disciplinary powers, powers of transfer and secondment, distribution of cases, etc. The aim of this paper is to examine the problem of supervision over administrative courts in legal system of Poland. The article focuses on the dependence between the model of administrative supervision and the efficiency of the courts.