bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
pCEC coupling with ESI‐MS for the analysis of β2‐agonists and narcotics using a poly‐(1‐hexadecene‐co‐TMPTMA) monolithic column
Authors: Cheng Jintian , Zhang Lan , Lu Qiaomei , Lu Minghua , Chen Zongbao , Chen Guonan
Published: June 2010

A pressure‐assisted CEC with ESI‐MS based on poly(1‐hexadecene‐co‐trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate) monolithic column for rapid analysis of two β2‐agonists and three narcotics was established in this article. After the organic polymer‐based monolithic column was prepared by an in‐situ polymerization procedure, a systematic investigation of the pressure‐assisted CEC separation and ESI‐MS detection parameters was performed. Baseline separation of the studied analytes could be obtained using the solution containing 75% ACN v/v and 20 mmol/L ammonium acetate with pH 8.0 as running buffer, when applying separation voltage of 20 kV and assisted pressure of 5 bar. Under the optimized conditions, two β2‐agonists and three narcotics could be completely resolved and accurately determined within 15 min. Finally, the proposed method was successfully used for real urine samples detection.
The Interagency Health and Nutrition Evaluation initiative in humanitarian crises: Moving from single‐agency to joint, sectorwide evaluations
Authors: Bornemisza Olga , Griekspoor André , Ezard Nadine , Sondorp Egbert
Published: June 2010

The authors focus on the growing international momentum for interagency or joint evaluations of humanitarian response. The Interagency Health and Nutrition Evaluation (IHE) initiative, established in 2003, is described and analyzed in this chapter. The aims of IHE are described, as are the five components in the IHE framework of analysis: outcomes, service performance, policy and planning, risks to health and nutrition, and humanitarian context. This chapter focuses on lessons learned and identifies options for institutionalizing IHEs. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
Glucocorticoid-induced autophagy in osteocytes
Authors: Xia Xuechun , Kar Rekha , Gluhak-Heinrich Jelica , Yao Wei , Lane Nancy E , Bonewald Lynda F , Biswas Sondip K , Lo Woo-Kuen , Jiang Jean X
Published: June 2010

Glucocorticoid (GC) therapy is the most frequent cause of secondary osteoporosis. In this study we have demonstrated that GC treatment induced the development of autophagy, preserving osteocyte viability. GC treatment resulted in an increase in autophagy markers and the accumulation of autophagosome vacuoles in vitro and in vivo promoted the onset of the osteocyte autophagy, as determined by expression of autophagy markers in an animal model of GC-induced osteoporosis. An autophagy inhibitor reversed the protective effects of GCs. The effects of GCs on osteocytes were in contrast to tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), which induced apoptosis but not autophagy. Together this study reveals a novel mechanism for the effect of GC on osteocytes, shedding new insight into mechanisms responsible for bone loss in patients receiving GC therapy. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Less is more when simulating unsulfated glycosaminoglycan 3D‐structure: Comparison of GLYCAM06/TIP3P, PM3‐CARB1/TIP3P, and SCC‐DFTB‐D/TIP3P predictions with experiment
Authors: Sattelle Benedict M. , Almond Andrew
Published: June 2010

The 3D‐structure of extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycans is central to function, but is currently poorly understood. Resolving this will provide insight into their heterogeneous biological roles and help to realize their significant therapeutic potential. Glycosaminoglycan chemical isoforms are too numerous to study experimentally and simulation provides a tractable alternative. However, best practice for accurate calculation of glycosaminoglycan 3D‐structure within biologically relevant nanosecond timescales is uncertain. Here, we evaluate the ability of three potentials to reproduce experimentally observed glycosaminoglycan monosaccharide puckering, disaccharide 3D‐conformation, and characteristic solvent interactions. Temporal dynamics of unsulfated chondroitin, chondroitin‐4‐sulfate, and hyaluronan β(1→3) disaccharides were simulated within TIP3P explicit solvent unrestrained for 20 ns using the GLYCAM06 force‐field and two semi‐empirical quantum mechanics methods, PM3‐CARB1 and SCC‐DFTB‐D (both within a hybrid QM/MM formalism). Comparison of calculated and experimental properties (vicinal couplings, nuclear Overhauser enhancements, and glycosidic linkage geometries) showed that the carbohydrate‐specific parameterization of PM3‐CARB1 imparted quantifiable benefits on monosaccharide puckering and that the SCC‐DFTB‐D method (including an empirical correction for dispersion) best modeled the effects of hexosamine 4‐sulfation. However, paradoxically, the most approximate approach (GLYCAM06/TIP3P) was the best at predicting monosaccharide puckering, 3D‐conformation, and solvent interactions. Our data contribute to the debate and emerging consensus on the relative performance of these levels of theory for biological molecules. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2010
Keratinocyte stem cells: Friends and foes
Authors: Pincelli Carlo , Marconi Alessandra
Published: June 2010

Skin and its appendages provide a protective barrier against the assaults of the environment. To perform its role, epidermis undergoes an ongoing renewal through a balance of proliferation and differentiation/apoptosis called homeostasis. Keratinocyte stem cells reside in a special microenvironment called niche in basal epidermis, adult hair follicle, and sebaceous glands. While a definite marker has yet to be detected, data raised part in humans and part in the mouse system point to a critical role of stem and its progeny transit amplifying cells in epidermal homeostasis. Stem cells are protected from apoptosis and are long resident in adult epidermis. This renders them more prone to be the origin of skin cancer. In this review, we will outline the main features of adult stem cells in mouse and humans and discuss their fate in relation to differentiation, apoptosis, and cancer. J. Cell. Physiol. 225: 310–315, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
From procaspase‐8 to caspase‐8: Revisiting structural functions of caspase‐8
Authors: Zhao Yang , Sui Xin , Ren Hong
Published: June 2010

Caspase‐8 is well‐characterized to initiate an apoptotic pathway triggered by the external stimuli. The proximity‐driven model recently has been proposed to interpret the activation mechanism of caspase‐8 in so‐far unprecedent detail, in which dimerization, autocleavage, and inhibitor of caspase‐8 are indispensable. Intriguingly, death effector domains (DEDs) and ubiquitination after active caspase‐8 is released into cytosol can also promote cell apoptosis indirectly. In addition to the proapoptotic role of caspase‐8, there is emerging evidence to indicate that the precursor of caspase‐8, procaspase‐8, has an important function in cell adhesion and migration. Phosphorylation of caspase‐8 by c‐src controls these functions by preventing the conversion of procaspase‐8 to caspase‐8. This provides a mechanism to switch these opposing functions. In the migratory role, procaspase‐8 interacts with the phosphatidylinositol‐3‐OH kinase (PI3K) regulatory subunit p85α and c‐src to modulate signaling by Rac and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, and promotes calpain2 activation. Here, the focus of this review is to highlight three respective aspects of caspase‐8, including precursor functions, activation mechanism and maintenance of activity. J. Cell. Physiol. 225: 316–320, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The mechanism and application of the electro‐Fenton process for azo dye Acid Red 14 degradation using an activated carbon fibre felt cathode
Authors: Wang Aimin , Li Yu‐You , Ru Jia
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND: The discharge of azo dyes into the environment poses concerns due to their limited biodegradability. The electro‐Fenton process (EF) is a good method to effectively degrade these dyes. The aim of this work was to study the mechanism and the feasibility of the EF reaction using an activated carbon fibre (ACF) cathode. In this study, two methods were used to measure the reactive species generated in anodic oxidation (AO), anodic oxidation with electrogenerated H2O2 (AO‐H2O2) and the EF process. Acid Red 14 (AR14) was chosen as a model pollutant. The effects of the operational parameters, pH and initial concentrations were investigated. A short‐term biodegradability test was also carried out to evaluate the EF process from a biological point of view.

RESULTS: After 2 h EF reaction 118.7 µmol L−1•OH were produced, which was much higher than that of the AO‐H2O2 (63.2 µmol L−1) process. H2O2 is largely generated and Fe3+ efficiently reduced on the high surface area of the ACF cathode. The EF process provides more effective degradation of AR14 than the conventional Fenton process, and its current efficiency is significantly affected by the initial pH and the initial AR14 concentration. Following EF treatment, the biodegradability of AR14 is significantly increased.

CONCLUSION: The higher formation of •OH in the EF process suggests it is an effective method for pollutant removal. This process also leads to increased biodegradability, which is expected to facilitate subsequent biological treatment. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Hydrogenolysis of glycerol to 1,2‐propanediol catalyzed by Cu‐H4SiW12O40/Al2O3 in liquid phase
Authors: Hao Shun‐Li , Peng Wei‐Cai , Zhao Ning , Xiao Fu‐Kui , Wei Wei , Sun Yu‐Han
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND: Crude glycerol will increase to over 400 million L year−1, and the market is likely to become saturated due to the limited demand for glycerol. The main aim of this work is to develop a novel process for the sustainable conversion of glycerol to 1,2‐propanediol (l,2‐PD).

RESULTS: Cu‐H4SiW12O40/Al2O3 catalysts with different H4SiW12O40 (STA) loadings were prepared for the hydrogenolysis of glycerol to produce l,2‐PD in liquid phase. At 513 K, 6 MPa and LHSV of 0.9 h−1 in 10% (w/w) glycerol aqueous solutions, the catalyst with 5% (w/w) STA showed the best performance with 90.1% of glycerol conversion and 89.7% selectivity to l,2‐PD. More important, both the initial glycerol conversion and l,2‐PD selectivity were maintained over 250 h.

CONCLUSION: l,2‐PD can be continuously produced with high yields via the liquid phase hydrogenolysis of glycerol over Cu‐H4SiW12O40/Al2O3. Furthermore, the characterization indicated that catalyst acidity could be greatly modified by STA, which promoted Cu reducibility. It was also found that hydrogenolysis could be favored by a bi‐functional catalyst with the appropriate amount of both acid and metal sites. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Direct formation of emulsions using water‐soluble porous polymers as sacrificial scaffolds
Authors: Qian Lei , Zhang Haifei
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND: Emulsions are traditionally formed from two immiscible liquids by mechanical stirring, homogenization, or ultrasonication. For the use of emulsions, stability during storage and transport has been an issue which needs to be addressed. Here, a novel method is proposed to form emulsions instantly by hand shaking from porous polymeric materials.

RESULTS: The porous materials were prepared by a freeze‐drying method and then soaked in an oil phase. The oil was absorbed into the micron‐sized pores. The oil‐soaked composites were then placed in water. The dissolution of polymer led to the formation of emulsions by gentle hand shaking within 2 min. Mineral oil, soy oil with drug molecules, and perfluorodecalin were tested as the model oil phases. In each case, stable emulsions with high ratios of oil to water were formed instantly.

CONCLUSIONS: A novel route is reported to produce emulsions instantly by hand shaking from porous polymeric materials. Using this method, emulsions could be formed instantly on the site just before application, thus avoiding the cost and stability concerns during transport and storage of emulsions. The method also has the advantages of easy operation and scale‐up possibility. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Clay‐catalyzed synthesis of 5‐substituent 1‐H‐tetrazoles
Authors: Chermahini Alireza Najafi , Teimouri Abbas , Momenbeik Fariborz , Zarei Amin , Dalirnasab Zeinab , Ghaedi Aseyeh , Roosta Mostafa
Published: June 2010

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In this study, the possibility of 5‐substituted 1‐H‐tetrazoles synthesis using clays as catalyst was investigated. The reaction of a series of aromatic nitriles with sodium azide was catalyzed by montmorillonite K‐10 or kaolin clays in water or DMF as solvent. Conventional heating or ultrasonic irradiation was used to promote reaction. The amount of nitrile to sodium azide mole ratio, amount of catalyst, reaction time, and solvent type were optimized. The versatility of this method was checked by using various nitriles, which showed reasonable yields of tetrazole formation. It was found that using nitriles with electron‐withdrawing groups result in both higher yields and lower reaction times. The catalysts could be reused several times without significant loss of their catalytic activity. Compared to conventional heating, ultrasonic irradiation reduced reaction times and increased catalyst activity. The present procedure is green and offers advantages, such as shorter reaction time, simple workup, and recovery and reusability of catalyst. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Synthesis of 2‐[2,4‐diaminothiazol‐5‐oyl]benzothiazoles
Authors: Reji T. F. Abbs Fen , Rajasekharan Kallikat N.
Published: June 2010

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The synthesis of 2‐(4‐amino‐2‐alkylaminothiazol‐5‐oyl)benzothiazoles and 2‐[2,4‐bis(arylamino)thiazol‐5‐oyl]benzothiazoles as benzothiazoloylthiazole analogs of the cytotoxic marine alkaloid dendrodoine is reported. The highly decorated thiazole ring assembly was achieved using 2‐bromoacetybenzothiazole to supply the C5 ring carbon and amidinothioureas of the type R1NHCSNHC(NHR2)(NHR3) to provide the four ring atoms [C4N3C2S1] in a [4+1] thiazole ring construction strategy. The antibacterial activity of these new analogs is reported. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
One‐pot and three‐component synthesis of spiro[chromeno[2,3‐d] pyrimidine‐5,3′‐indoline]‐diones and spiro[chromeno[2,3‐c] pyrazole‐4,3′‐indoline]‐diones
Authors: Ghahremanzadeh Ramin , Fereshtehnejad Fatemeh , Yasaei Zahra , Amanpour Tayebeh , Bazgir Ayoob
Published: June 2010

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A novel, clean, one‐pot and three‐component synthesis of new spiro[chromeno[2,3‐d]pyrimidine‐5,3′‐indoline]‐2′,6(7H)‐diones and spiro[chromeno[2,3‐c]pyrazole‐4,3′‐indoline]‐2′,5(6H)‐diones via cyclo‐condensation reaction of isatins, 1,3‐cyclohexadiones, and 2‐methylpyrimidine‐4,6‐diol or 3‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐5‐ol, in aqueous media is reported. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Synthesis and biodistribution studiesof 177Lu‐trastuzumab as a therapeutic agent in the breast cancer mice model
Authors: Rasaneh Samira , Rajabi Hossein , Babaei Mohammad Hossein , Johari Daha Fariba
Published: June 2010

Trastuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody against the HER2 that has the potential to be used as radioimmunotherapy (RIT) agent in treatment of breast cancer. Lutetium‐177 has beta energy suitable for therapy and gamma photons for imaging. We labeled trastuzumab with lutetium‐177 via DOTA as chelator and performed some necessary tests for the first stage in using complex as a RIT agent. Radiochemical purity, immunoreactivity and stability of complex were determined. The biodistribution and imaging studies were determined in mice bearing breast tumor. The radiochemical purity was 94±0.9%. Lutetium‐Trastuzumab showed a good stability at biological condition. The tumor to blood ratio was calculated 3.29(±0.09) after 7 days. The good tumor uptake in biodistribution studies was agreed with gamma camera images after 7 days. The results showed that the new complex could be considered for further evaluation in animals and possibly in humans as a new radiopharmaceutical for use in RIT against breast cancer. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of new positively charged 11‐ and 12‐carbon 99mTc‐labeled fatty acid derivatives for myocardial imaging
Authors: Mathur Anupam , Mallia Madhava B. , Sarma Haladhar D. , Banerjee Sharmila , Venkatesh Meera
Published: June 2010

Radiolabeled fatty acids are used as tracers for myocardial metabolic imaging and currently 123I‐iodophenyl pentadecanoic acid (IPPA) or 123I‐β‐methyl‐iodophenyl pentadecanoic acid (BMIPP) are the agents of choice. However, 123I being a cyclotron‐produced isotope, 99mTc‐labeled fatty acids are more desirable substitutes to 123I‐labeled fatty acids. Toward this, two fatty acids, having 11 and 12 carbon atoms respectively, modified with cysteine were synthesized in a four‐step procedure. These ligands were then radiolabeled with 99mTc using the [99mTcN(PNP6)]2+ core. Formation of the complexes and determination of radiochemical yields were ascertained by HPLC technique. In vivo distribution of the complexes was carried out in Swiss mice and the results are compared with 125I‐IPPA. Both the complexes showed fast clearance from the myocardium till 10 min post injection (p.i.) followed by retention in the myocardium till 30 min p.i. However, compared with the result obtained with 125I‐IPPA, the amount of activity retained in the myocardium by the present complexes were low. Both the complexes showed rapid clearance from liver, lungs, and blood unlike the case with 125I‐IPPA. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fully automated, high yielding production of N‐succinimidyl 4‐[18F]fluorobenzoate ([18F]SFB), and its use in microwave‐enhanced radiochemical coupling reactions
Authors: Scott Peter J. H. , Shao Xia
Published: June 2010

A General Electric Medical Systems (GEMS) Tracerlab FXFN fluorine‐18 synthesis module has been reconfigured to allow rapid (45 min), fully automated production of N‐succinimidyl 4‐[18F]fluorobenzoate ([18F]SFB) using the established three‐step, one‐pot synthesis procedure. Purification is by sep‐pak only and [18F]SFB is routinely obtained in 38% non‐decay corrected yield,>1 Ci/µmol specific activity, and >95% radiochemical purity (n=20). Moreover, this report includes our preliminary research efforts into improving peptide coupling reactions with [18F]SFB using microwave‐enhanced radiochemistry. Reaction times can be reduced by>90%, when compared with traditional thermal reactions, with no significant effect on radiochemical reaction yield. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The first synthesis of [2‐13C]phloroglucinol
Authors: Marshall Laura J. , Cable Karl M. , Botting Nigel P.
Published: June 2010

A fast and efficient synthesis of [2‐13C]phloroglucinol in six steps from acyclic, non‐aromatic precursors is presented, with regioselective placement of a 13C‐atom in the aromatic ring. The 13C‐label was introduced by reaction of [13C]methyl iodide with methyl 4‐chloroformyl butyrate. Cyclization via an intramolecular Claisen condensation, followed by aromatization gave [2‐13C]resorcinol. Following subsequent methylation of the hydroxyl groups, the third hydroxyl group was introduced using an iridium‐catalysed C–H activation/borylation/oxidation procedure. Demethylation then yielded the desired [2‐13C]phloroglucinol. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A model for the quantitative electromagnetic analysis of an infinitely long solenoid with a laminated core
Authors: Zadehgol Ata , Cangellaris Andreas C. , Chapman Patrick L.
Published: June 2010

We present a semi‐analytical model for the quantitative investigation of the electromagnetic fields inside an infinitely long solenoid of rectangular cross section with planar laminated core comprised of interlaid dielectric and magnetic sheets. The model is based on a mathematical formulation of the electromagnetic boundary value problem inside the core as the superposition of two boundary value problems, one amenable to a closed‐form solution using separation of variables, and one amenable to a physics‐driven approximation in terms of an auxiliary problem that also lends itself to a closed‐form solution. The understanding of the underlying physics that is responsible for field penetration inside the laminate core beyond the limits imposed by the skin effect in homogeneous magnetic cores is facilitated by the solutions of these two boundary value problems. The model lends itself to the expedient quantitative assessment of the impact of laminate composition and core dimensions on the per‐unit‐length inductance and resistance of the solenoid and their variation with frequency. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stromal cell‐derived factor‐1 promotes migration of cells from the upper rhombic lip in cerebellar development
Authors: Yu Tao , Huang Hai , Li Hui‐Fang
Published: June 2010

During cerebellar development, the chemokine stromal cell‐derived factor‐1α (SDF‐1α) has been shown to play an important role in recruiting cells from the upper rhombic lip (URL) and external granule cell layer (EGL). However, its function in cerebellar development is still poorly understood. Our results have demonstrated that SDF‐1 is necessary for EGL development, and URL cells stream to the SDF‐1 source in vitro. Results of embryonic URL explant assays and transwell assays indicated that SDF‐1 induces neural cell migration from the URL region in chemotactic and chemokinetic responses. The time‐lapse results showed that the migration speed of granule cell progenitors out of the URL was accelerated by the addition of recombinant SDF‐1α. Collectively, our study shows that SDF‐1 increases the motility of URL cells in the absence of a gradient and promotes the migration of granule cell progenitors during cerebellar development. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Trend detection in rainfall and evaluation of standardized precipitation index as a drought assessment index for rice–wheat productivity over IGR in India
Authors: Subash N. , Ram Mohan H. S.
Published: June 2010

The frequency and intensity of meteorological droughts over the Indo‐Gangetic Region (IGR) of India pertaining to the rice crop during kharif season (June to July to October to November) and the wheat crop during the rabi season (November to December to March) were assessed using the standardized precipitation index (SPI). The monthly distribution of rainfall is more crucial than the cumulative seasonal rainfall on rice–wheat (RW) productivity. Consequently, an attempt was made to measure the effectiveness of using monthly SPI from June to September to assess drought on RW productivity over five major RW growing states of IGR in India. An attempt is also made to test the use of monthly SPI for the early kharif rice and rabi wheat forecasts for these states. The long‐term (1906–2005) mean annual rainfall of IGR is 1099.1 mm with a standard deviation of 115.7 mm and a coefficient of variation of 10.5%. It was observed that the kharif rice productivity index and monthly SPI from June to September have a significant (R2 = 0.44) multiple regression at 0.001 level over IGR. It was also observed that in the Indo‐Gangetic Region, the wheat productivity index and monthly SPI (June to September) have an insignificant (R2 = 0.21) multiple regression. It indicated that the monthly distribution of monsoon rainfall in terms of the SPI accounted for 44% yield variability in rice and 21% yield variability in wheat. Thus, these indices may be used for forecasting the productivity of the RW system over IGR states in India. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Photoassimilate allocation and dynamics of hotspots in roots visualized by 14C phosphor imaging
Authors: Pausch Johanna , Kuzyakov Yakov
Published: June 2010

Understanding photoassimilate allocation into the roots and the release of organic substances from the roots into the rhizosphere is an important prerequisite for characterizing the belowground C input, the spatial and temporal distribution of C, and the interactions between plants and soil microorganisms. Based on 14C phosphor imaging, we visualized the allocation of assimilates into Lolium perenne roots and estimated the life time of hotspots at the root tips.

Lolium shoots were labeled in a 14CO2 atmosphere, and herbariums of roots and shoots were prepared 6 h, 2 d, and 11 d after the 14C pulse. The 14C distribution in roots and leaves revealed that pulse labeling does not yield homogeneously labeled plant material. The spatial distribution of assimilate allocation was evaluated based on the 14C specific activity expressed as digital light units (DLU mm–2) of the imaging plates. Areas with high relative 14C activity were classified as hotspots. Strong 14C hotspots were detected mainly at the root tips already 6 h after the 14C assimilation, and they remained active for at least 2 d. Eleven days after the 14C assimilation, the hotspots at the root tips disappeared and the 14C distribution was much more even than after 6 h or after 2 d.

14C phosphor imaging proved to be a promising tool to visualize the allocation of photoassimilates into the roots and the rhizosphere and can be used to identify hotspots and their dynamics.
Effect of ammonium or nitrate nutrition on photosynthesis, growth, and nitrogen assimilation in tomato plants
Authors: Horchani Faouzi , Hajri Rim , Aschi‐Smiti Samira
Published: June 2010

Nitrogen (N) is taken up by most plant species in the form of nitrate (NO$ _3^- $) or ammonium (NH$ _4^+ $). Plant response to continuous NH$ _4^+ $ nutrition is species‐dependent. In this study, we compare the responses of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Rio Grande) plants to N source (NO$ _3^- $ or NH$ _4^+ $). To this end, early plant growth, photosynthesis, chlorophyll, carbohydrate, and N‐compound concentrations as well as the activities of main enzymes involved in N metabolism (nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, glutamine synthetase, and glutamate dehydrogenase) were analyzed. Early plant growth was remarkably ameliorated under NH$ _4^+ $‐ in comparison to NO$ _3^- $‐based nutrition. Concomitantly, photosynthetic activity, total chlorophyll, and carbohydrate concentrations were significantly increased. With increasing external NH$ _4^+ $ concentration, NH$ _4^+ $ accumulated mainly in roots. In addition, root protein concentration was significantly increased, reflecting high NH$ _4^+ $ incorporation into organic nitrogen. Root glutamine synthetase (GS) activity was enhanced by NH$ _4^+ $ for concentrations below 5 mM, whereas root glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity increased in parallel to NH$ _4^+ $ availability. Together with the positive effect of NH$ _4^+ $ on tomato plant cv. Rio Grande growth, these results reveal that GDH could have, in addition to GS, a possible role in NH$ _4^+ $ detoxification and tolerance of NH$ _4^+ $‐based nutrition.
‘Gay’ tourists and host community attitudes
Authors: Hughes Howard , Monterrubio Juan Carlos , Miller Amanda
Published: June 2010

Despite the growing interest in tourism by gay men, there is little evidence (other than journalistic) of host communities' views towards such tourists. This paper describes a study of such views in a small Mexican beach destination popular with gay tourists. The village is also popular with heterosexual visitors and is known for nude bathing and drug consumption. Interviews were undertaken with a number of residents and revealed disapproval of the gay tourists. This was attributed by residents to overt sexual behaviour, and although there was no evident homophobia, it is postulated that this underlay the attitudes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Single‐stage laryngotracheal reconstruction using bioabsorbable miniplates
Authors: Sprecher Robert C.
Published: June 2010

Objectives/Hypothesis:

The goal is to review the efficacy and safety of bioabsorbable miniplates as an alternative to autologous grafts in single‐stage laryngotracheal reconstruction for subglottic stenosis.

Study Design:

Case series.

Methods:

A standard approach to the laryngotracheal complex is performed. The cricoid cartilage and first two tracheal rings are incised vertically, including the tracheostoma if present. A poly‐L‐lactic‐acid‐polyglycolic‐acid bioabsorbable miniplate was cut to an approximate 1‐ to 1.5‐cm length and 3‐ to 4‐mm width, and placed over the cricoid defect. This plate was sutured in place using 4‐0 undyed nylon sutures, securing the plate at each end to the cricoid cartilage. Care was taken to place these sutures submucosally in the tracheal lumen. If there was concern for suprastomal collapse, additional plates were placed inferiorly. The patient was taken back to the intensive care unit with a penrose drain in place and left sedated and intubated for 1 week and then re‐evaluated in the operating room.

Results:

The procedure has been performed on 10 patients. All patients had a well‐healed and fully mucosalized anterior tracheal wall with no evidence of plate or suture exposure at the time of extubation. There were no postoperative complications directly attributable to the use of the absorbable plate. All patients were successfully decannulated at the time of discharge. Long‐term follow‐up ranges from 14 to 63 months. No patients have required revision laryngotracheal reconstruction or repeat tracheostomy.

Conclusions:

This study demonstrates that the use of bioabsorbable plates in select patients is a safe and effective alternative to the use of autologous cartilage grafts for single‐stage laryngotracheal reconstruction for anterior subglottic stenosis. Donor site morbidity is eliminated, and operative time is decreased. Laryngoscope, 2010
Modifications of the midline mandibulotomy for access to the parapharyngeal space
Authors: Jungehuelsing Markus , Guntinas‐Lichius Orlando , Klussmann Jens Peter , Eckel Hans Edmund , Stennert Eberhard
Published: June 2010

When considering a mandibular osteotomy for access to resect a parapharyngeal neoplasm, the following goals should be considered: preservation of the facial nerve, complete removal of the neoplasm without tumor rupture, maintenance of the preoperative teeth occlusion, acceptable temporomandibular joint function, functional preservation of the inferior alveolar nerve sensation, and satisfying aesthetic results. We propose a modified median osteotomy technique, which combines the advantages of sufficient exposition of the tumor with very good functional and aesthetic results. A case series of nine patients suffering from extended pleomorphic adenomas of the inner lobe of the parotid gland is presented. Laryngoscope, 2010
Parameters quantifying dehydration in canine vocal fold lamina propria
Authors: Hanson Kevin P. , Zhang Yu , Jiang Jack J.
Published: June 2010

Objectives/Hypothesis:

The goal of this study was to measure the solid and liquid volume and mass of canine vocal fold lamina propria tissue at varying dehydration levels, and to calculate parameters to test the biphasic theory of vocal fold physiology and biomechanics.

Study Design:

Open, controlled, experimental trial.

Methods:

The vocal fold lamina propria was dissected from 15 canine larynges, yielding 30 tissue samples. The initial volumes and masses of the tissue samples were measured. The masses of the tissue samples were then measured every 2 minutes during 30%, 50%, and 70% dehydration, with 10 samples subjected to each of the three treatments, followed by complete dehydration to yield the solid component of the tissue. The liquid mass and volume fractions and liquid:solid mass and volume ratios of the vocal fold lamina propria samples were calculated.

Results:

The liquid mass and volume fractions and liquid:solid mass and volume ratios were significantly different at each dehydration level, except for the liquid:solid volume ratios at 30% versus 50% dehydration. Linear regression analysis suggested that all of the solid and liquid parameters measured could be predicted by dehydration level based on inverse, linear relationships.

Conclusions:

These results provide further experimental evidence supporting the biphasic theory and suggest that the extent of vocal fold lamina propria tissue dehydration may be quantified based on the biphasic model parameters. Laryngoscope, 2010
Characteristics of chloride transport in nasal mucosa from patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia
Authors: Cho Do‐Yeon , Hwang Peter H. , Illek Beate
Published: June 2010

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is an inherited disorder that produces lifelong difficulties with chronic airway inflammation. Little is known about the role of chronic airway inflammation on chloride ion transport properties in PCD. This study assessed the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)‐regulated chloride (Cl) ion transport properties of freshly excised nasal mucosa from PCD compared with normal and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).

Study Design:

Electrophysiology study utilizing Ussing type hemi‐chamber technique with three different types of nasal tissue (normal, CRS, PCD) obtained from patients during endoscopic surgery at a tertiary referral center.

Methods:

Nasal tissues were examined under short‐circuit conditions, and gradient‐driven Cl currents were continuously recorded. The cAMP elevating agonist (forskolin) was added to stimulate cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator‐mediated Cl secretion. To prevent misinterpretation of flux measurement, Cl transport inhibitors were used at the end of all experiments. Basal Cl currents (ICl) and changes in ICl to forskolin (ΔICl) were compared between normal, CRS, and PCD nasal tissues.

Results:

Forskolin stimulated Cl currents across all different types of nasal epithelia. The Cl secretory response was effectively blocked by the Cl ion transport inhibitors. ICl were significantly higher in normals (155.0 ± 9.3 μA/cm2) compared to CRS (79.1 ± 15.0 μA/cm2) and PCD (70.9 ± 20.4 μA/cm2) (P = .005). ΔICl in CRS (14.8 ± 2.3 μA/cm2) and PCD (12.2 ± 2.4 μA/cm2) were markedly diminished compared to normals (28.3 ± 4.7 μA/cm2) (P = .024).

Conclusions:

PCD tissues were characterized by impaired ICl and ΔICl. Both parameters were reduced by 54.3% and 56.9% in PCD when compared to normals. Laryngoscope, 2010
Dynamic imaging of vocal fold oscillation with four‐dimensional optical coherence tomography
Authors: Kobler James B. , Chang Ernest W. , Zeitels Steven M. , Yun Seok‐Hyun
Published: June 2010

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) can provide high‐resolution (∼10–15 μm/pixel) images of vocal fold microanatomy, as demonstrated previously. We explored physiologically triggered Fourier‐domain OCT for imaging vocal folds during phonation. The goal is to visualize dynamic histological cross sections and four‐dimensional data sets where multiple planes are displayed in synchronized motion. If feasible, this approach could be a useful research tool and spur development of new clinical instrumentation.

Study Design:

A Fourier‐domain, triggered OCT system was created and tested in experiments on excised calf larynges to obtain preliminary observations and characterize important factors affecting image quality.

Methods:

Larynges were imaged during phonation driven by warm, humidified air. A subglottal pressure signal was used to synchronize the OCT system with the phonatory cycle. Image sequences were recorded as functions of anatomical location or subglottal pressure. Implant materials were also imaged during vibration, both in isolation and after injection into a vocal fold.

Results:

Oscillations of epithelium and lamina propria were observed, and parameters such as shape, amplitude, and velocity of the vocal fold mucosal waves were found to be measurable. Ripples of mucosal wave as small as 100 μm in vertical height were clearly visible. Internal strain was also observed in normal and implanted vocal folds.

Conclusions:

Four‐dimensional OCT of the vocal fold may help to more directly relate biomechanics to anatomy and disease. It may also be useful for assaying the functional rheology of implants in the context of real tissue. With further development, this technology has potential for clinical endoscopic application. Laryngoscope, 2010
Audiological outcome of the pull‐back technique in cochlear implantees
Authors: Basta Dietmar , Todt Ingo , Ernst Arne
Published: June 2010

Objectives/Hypothesis:

The distance of the cochlear implant electrode contacts to the modiolus can be reduced by a surgical technique called “pull‐back.” This procedure changes the location of the fully inserted electrode array by moving the electrode out of the cochlea until the first silicon ring is visible in the cochleostomy. This leads to a more focused stimulation, which in turn could possibly improve hearing performance. The objective of the present study was to investigate the influence of the pull‐back technique on frequency difference limens (FDL) and speech perception.

Study Design:

Double‐blind trial.

Methods:

Twelve pull‐back and 12 matched controls (matched by age, gender, duration of deafness, and duration of implant use) were used. Twenty‐four patients were implanted with the Nucleus‐24 Contour Advance array. In 12 patients the pull‐back technique was used and in 12 matched controls a standard insertion technique was applied. Twelve months after the initial stimulation speech perception, spread of neuronal excitation (SOE) at electrodes 5, 10, and 15; and FDLs at 1, 2, and 4 kHz were measured.

Results:

There was no significant difference of speech perception performance between the two groups. However, the mean FDL for the 4 kHz reference tone was significantly lower in the pull‐back group compared to the controls. The SOE was significantly reduced at basal, middle, and apical electrodes in the electrode pull‐back group.

Conclusions:

The pull‐back technique seems to have its greatest effect on perimodiolar position in the basal regions of the cochlea. Therefore, it is most likely to observe improved FDL in the 4 kHz region. Current speech recognition tests do not reflect the lower FDL. Laryngoscope, 2010
Changes in obstructive sleep apnea severity, biomarkers, and quality of life after multilevel surgery
Authors: Kezirian Eric J. , Malhotra Atul , Goldberg Andrew N. , White David P.
Published: June 2010

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To evaluate the impact of multilevel obstructive sleep apnea surgical treatment on sleep‐disordered breathing severity, health‐related measures, and quality of life, and to examine the association between changes in sleep‐disordered breathing severity and these other outcomes.

Study Design:

Prospective cohort study.

Methods:

Subjects with obstructive sleep apnea unable to tolerate positive airway pressure therapy and with evidence of multilevel (palate and hypopharynx) obstruction underwent uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, tonsillectomy, and genioglossus advancement, with or without hyoid suspension. All subjects had preoperative and postoperative study assessments, including blood draw for C‐reactive protein, interleukin‐6, homocysteine, homeostasis model of insulin resistance, and leptin, and evaluation with the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire.

Results:

Thirty subjects underwent multilevel surgical treatment. The mean apnea‐hypopnea index decreased from 44.9 ± 28.1 to 27.8 ± 26.4 events/hour (P = .008). Thirteen (43%) subjects in this heterogeneous sample achieved a response to surgery (defined as an apnea‐hypopnea index reduction of ≥50% to an absolute level <15 events/hour), and body mass index ≤32 kg/m2 was associated with a higher likelihood (55%, 12/22) of response (P = .04). There was no overall change in C‐reactive protein levels, but responders demonstrated a decrease (−1.02 ± 0.98 mg/L, P = .003) that was independent of changes in body weight. There were no significant changes in other health‐related measures. Responders and nonresponders both demonstrated improvements in sleep‐related quality of life.

Conclusions:

This multilevel surgery was associated with a low likelihood of response in subjects with body mass index >32 kg/m2. Responders had decreased C‐reactive protein levels that were independent of changes in body weight. Laryngoscope, 2010
Demographic disparities among children with frequent ear infections in the United States
Authors: Vakharia Kalpesh T. , Shapiro Nina L. , Bhattacharyya Neil
Published: June 2010

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To evaluate current racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in the prevalence of frequent ear infections (FEI) among children in the United States.

Study Design:

Cross‐sectional study.

Methods:

The National Health Interview Survey (years 1997 to 2006) was utilized to evaluate children who were reported by their parent/guardian to have “3 or more ear infections during the past 12 months.” Demographic variables evaluated included age, sex, race/ethnicity, income level, and insurance status. Multivariate analyses determined the influence of demographic variables on the prevalence of FEI in children.

Results:

Among an annualized population of 72.6 million children (average age, 8.55 ± 0.19 years), 4.65 ± 0.07 million children (6.6 ± 0.1%) reported FEI. FEI was more commonly reported in white (7.0 ± 0.1%) and Hispanic (6.2 ± 0.2%) than in black (5.0 ± 0.2%) and other race/ethnic groups (4.5 ± 0.3%, P < .001). A larger portion of children in households below the poverty level reported FEI (8.0 ± 0.3%, P < .001). Of children with no health insurance 5.4 ± 0.3% had FEI. On multivariate analysis, black, Hispanic and other race/ethnic group had decreased odds ratio for FEI relative to white children (odds ratios: 0.63, 0.76, and 0.60, respectively, all P < .001). Income below poverty level also predicted FEI (odds ratio, 1.322, P < .001), whereas lack of insurance coverage did not (P = .181).

Conclusions:

Despite increasing awareness, there are still notable racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities among children with FEI. Further efforts to eliminate these disparities and improve the care of children with FEI are needed. Laryngoscope, 2010
Laryngeal sensory deficits in patients with chronic cough and paradoxical vocal fold movement disorder
Authors: Murry Thomas , Branski Ryan C. , Yu Kathy , Cukier‐Blaj Sabrina , Duflo Suzy , Aviv Jonathan E.
Published: June 2010

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Although the diagnostic accuracy of paradoxical vocal fold movement disorder and chronic cough has improved, the underlying pathophysiology remains relatively unknown. We hypothesize that one potential etiological factor in these patients is an aberrant laryngeal sensory response and sought to determine if respiratory retraining in addition to antireflux therapy alters this aberrant response.

Study Design:

Retrospective, outcomes.

Methods:

Sixteen patients who had been on at least 3 months of twice‐daily proton pump inhibitors with no subjective improvement in their primary complaint of cough, self‐reported symptoms of gastroesophageal and laryngopharyngeal reflux, and concurrent paradoxical vocal fold movement (PVFM) were included in the current study. In addition to continuing twice daily pharmacological therapy, subjects underwent a course of respiratory retraining. Outcome measures including the Reflux Symptom Index (RSI), transnasal flexible laryngoscopy, and laryngopharyngeal sensory discrimination thresholds were obtained prior to and following a course of respiratory retraining.

Results:

Mean bilateral laryngeal sensory response improved significantly after combined respiratory retraining and aggressive proton pump inhibitor therapy (P = .01). In addition, mean RSI score decreased significantly following treatment (P = .02). Specifically, 13 of 16 patients experienced improved sensory response, corresponding with patient reports of improved PVFM symptoms following treatment.

Conclusions:

Aberrant laryngeal sensation was identified in patients with PVFM and chronic cough. This response, however, normalized following a limited course of respiratory retraining, corresponding with improved patient symptoms. Laryngoscope, 2010
Religiosity associated with prolonged survival in liver transplant recipients
Authors: Bonaguidi Franco , Michelassi Claudio , Filipponi Franco , Rovai Daniele
Published: June 2010

We tested the hypothesis that religiosity (ie, seeking God's help, having faith in God, trusting in God, and trying to perceive God's will in the disease) is associated with improved survival in patients with end-stage liver disease who have undergone orthotopic liver transplantation. We studied a group of 179 candidates for liver transplantation who responded to a questionnaire on religiosity during the pretransplant psychological evaluation and underwent transplantation between 2004 and 2007. The demographic data, educational level, employment status, clinical data, and results of the questionnaire were compared with the survival of patients during follow-up, regardless of the cause of any deaths. Factorial analysis of responses to the questionnaire revealed 3 main factors: searching for God (active), waiting for God (passive), and fatalism. The consistency of the matrix was very high (consistency index = 0.92). Eighteen patients died during follow-up (median time = 21 months). In multivariate analysis, only the searching for God factor [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.05-8.32, χ2 = 4.205, P = 0.040] and the posttransplant length of stay in the intensive care unit (HR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.01-1.08, χ2 = 8.506, P = 0.035) were independently associated with survival, even after adjustments for the waiting for God factor, fatalism, age, sex, marital status, employment, educational level, viral etiology, Child-Pugh score, serum creatinine level, time from the questionnaire to transplantation, donor age, and intraoperative bleeding. Patients who did not present the searching for God factor were younger than those who did, but they had shorter survival times (P = 0.037) and a 3-fold increased relative risk of dying (HR = 3.01, 95% CI = 1.07-8.45). In conclusion, religiosity is associated with prolonged survival in patients undergoing liver transplantation. Liver Transpl, 2010. © 2010 AASLD.
The effects of polyethylene glycol (PEG) as an electrolyte additive on the corrosion behavior and electrochemical performances of pure aluminum in an alkaline zincate solution
Authors: Wang X. Y. , Wang J. M. , Wang Q. L. , Shao H. B. , Zhang J. Q.
Published: June 2010

The effects of zinc oxide and/or polyethylene glycol (PEG) as electrolyte additives on the corrosion and electrochemical performances of pure aluminum in 4.0 M KOH solutions were investigated by means of hydrogen collection, polarization curve, galvanostatic discharge, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive analysis of X‐ray (EDAX). The addition of ZnO markedly inhibited the corrosion of aluminum in 4.0 M KOH solutions, resulting from the deposition of zinc with high hydrogen evolution overpotential in aluminum surfaces. The introduction of PEG in the alkaline zincate solution obviously improved the deposition of zinc by increase in the overpotential of zinc deposition, thus the corrosion rate of aluminum in the alkaline zincate solutions with PEG was further decreased. The enhancement effect of PEG on the inhibition of zinc oxide first increased and then decreased with increasing the content of PEG in the electrolyte. The electrolyte system with 0.2 M ZnO and 2.0 mM PEG presented the highest inhibition efficiency (98.8%) for the corrosion of aluminum. The results of galvanostatic discharge indicated that the aluminum anode shows excellent discharge performances in the 4.0 M KOH solution with 0.2 M ZnO and 2.0 mM PEG.