bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of the mutation (C3435T) at exon 26 of the MDR1 gene on expression level of MDR1 messenger ribonucleic acid in duodenal enterocytes of healthy Japanese subjects
Authors: Nakamura Tsutomu , Sakaeda Toshiyuki , Horinouchi Masanori , Tamura Takao , Aoyama Nobuo , Shirakawa Toshiro , Matsuo Masafumi , Kasuga Masato , Okumura Katsuhiko
Published: August 2002

The effect of the C3435T mutation at exon 26 of the MDR1 gene on the expression levels of MDR1 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) was evaluated by means of real‐time polymerase chain reaction in 51 biopsy specimens of duodenum obtained from 13 healthy Japanese subjects. The mRNA levels of MDR1 were 0.38 ± 0.15, 0.56 ± 0.14, and 1.13 ± 0.42 (mean value ± SE) in the subjects with the homozygote of wild‐type allele (C/C), compound heterozygote with mutant T allele (C/T), and the homozygote of the mutant allele (T/T), respectively, reasonably explaining the lower digoxin serum concentration after administration of a single oral dose to subjects harboring a mutant T allele. Good correlation (r = .797; P < .01) was observed between the mRNA concentrations of MDR1 and CYP3A4 in the individual biopsy specimens. This finding suggested a lower plasma concentration of the substrates for CYP3A4 in subjects harboring the C3435T mutation of the MDR1 gene.

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2002) 71, 297–303; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.122055
Tricking the Border Guards: Performing Race
Authors: Mahtani Minelle
Published: August 2002

In this paper I examine aspects of the notion of performativity as related to race. I propose that the experience of ‘mixed race’ identity can offer opportunities for the performance of racialized identities. Drawing from qualitative interviews, I suggest that some ‘mixed race’ women put into play racialized performances, demonstrating a desire to create new meanings out of imposed hierarchical and dualistic racial orders. They effectively take advantage of multiple, dynamic, and ambiguous racialized spaces. I begin by critiquing recent examinations of performativity in geography, pointing out that, although they contribute towards a greater understanding of the relationship between gender and performance, processes of racialization in regards to performativity have not yet been fully unravelled. Through the stories of some ‘mixed race’ women, I chronicle racialized performances in the social landscape in order to ground the notion of performativity through a racialized lens.
Genealogical Identities
Authors: Nash Catherine
Published: August 2002

Ideas of belonging, cultural identity, and social relations based on ancestral connection, blood, and primordial kinship, have a contradictory presence in cultural theory and public culture. The search for alternatives to fixed, essentialist, and exclusive ways of imagining culture and belonging has been central to recent cultural theory and cultural geography. This has involved much attention to cultural routes, mobility, and hybridity and a critique of cultural roots, fixity, and purity in response to increasing transnational flows, the experience of displaced people, racism, and ethnic fundamentalism. Yet discourses of indigeneity and new migration patterns, as well as cultural globalisation more widely, have also prompted the growth in genealogy amongst ‘settler’ groups in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States who search for European, and often specifically Irish, roots. In this paper I explore the relationships between ideas of nation, ancestry, and diaspora. I focus on what happens when questions of nationality, ethnicity, and identity meet in the practice of ancestral research in Ireland, and begin to track the spatially differentiated cultural politics of genealogy. As the language of genealogy travels with Irish roots tourists and through electronic networks, the implications of genealogical practices and identifications can mutate so that what may be a politically regressive turn to ethnic purity and racial discourse in one context can, in another, productively unsettle older exclusive versions of belonging. For both individual and collective identities, genealogical projects can have unsettling results.
Scaling Extrafoveal Detection of Distortion in a Face and Grating
Authors: Melmoth Dean R , Kukkonen Heljä T , Mäkelä Pia K , Rovamo Jyrki M
Published: August 2002

Peripheral performance involving simple visual tasks and stimuli can be equated with foveal performance by spatial scaling, whilst more complex tasks and stimuli seem to need additional scaling of image contrast. We therefore determined whether the contrast manipulation needed to compensate for eccentricity-dependent performance changes is due to an increase in stimulus or task difficulty. We measured contrast sensitivities to determine foveal and peripheral ability to discriminate between an original and a distorted version of a polar – circular sinusoidal grating and a face image. Contrast sensitivities as a function of image size were spatially scaleable across eccentricities for both the face and grating. Furthermore, irrespective of stimulus, performance could be scaled with the same individual E2 value. Thus task simplicity overrides the nature of the stimulus in determining scaling requirements, suggesting that it is the complexity of the task, not of the stimulus, that makes contrast scaling necessary in complex tasks.
Images, Imagination, and Movement: Pictorial Representations and Their Development in the Work of James Gibson
Authors: Cutting James E
Published: August 2002

For more than 30 years James Gibson studied pictures and he studied motion, particularly the relationship between movement through an environment and its visual consequences. For the latter, he also struggled with how best to present his ideas to students and fellow researchers, and employed various representations and formats. This article explores the relationships between the concepts of the fidelity of pictures (an idea he first promoted and later eschewed) and evocativeness as applied to his images. Gibson ended his struggle with an image of a bird flying over a plane surrounded by a spherical representation of a vector field, an image high in evocativeness but less than completely faithful to optical flow.
An ‘Other-Race’ Effect in Age Estimation from Faces
Authors: Dehon Hedwige , Brédart Serge
Published: August 2002

Previous studies have shown that, in person-recognition tasks, people perform better for faces belonging to their own race than for those belonging to another race. Recently, however, this ‘other-race’ effect has also been found in a sex-discrimination task (O'Toole et al, 1996 Perception25 669–676). In the present study, we investigated whether this finding extends to age perception. Caucasian and African participants were asked to estimate the age of Caucasian and African faces. The main result of this experiment was a significant ‘race of subject’ x ‘race of face’ inter-action showing that Caucasian participants performed better at evaluating Caucasian faces than African faces. However, African participants performed equally with both type of faces. This result is explained by the Africans' time of residence in Belgium. The implication of this ‘other-race’ effect for age estimation is discussed with respect to eyewitness reports.
Double Fusion Does Not Occur in Panum's Limiting Case: Evidence from Orientation Disparity
Authors: Wang Zhihong , Wu Xin-Nian , Ni Ree , Wang Yun-Jiu
Published: August 2002

When two lines of different orientations are combined in regular stereograms, the orientation of the resulting line is different from those of the monocular lines. In this study we investigate the percept elicited by orientation disparity in Panum's limiting case. A variant of Panum's limiting case was designed to include orientation disparity. The single line in one half-image tilted leftwards. One of the double lines in the other half-image was parallel to the single line, while the other one tilted rightwards with obliquity one third that of the single line. In this stimulus configuration, if the single line in one half-image fuses with both lines in the other half-image at the same time, both of the two lines perceived after fusion should tilt leftwards. If double fusion does not happen, the two lines should tilt leftwards and rightwards respectively. The results of this study are in agreement with the latter prediction, which implies that double fusion does not occur in this variant of Panum's limiting case.
Influence of water stress on cyanogenic capacity in Eucalyptus cladocalyx
Authors: Woodrow Ian E. , Slocum Damian J. , Gleadow Roslyn M.
Published: August 2002

Cyanogenesis in many plant species is an effective herbivore deterrent, which
appears to be influenced by a range of environmental variables. There is
evidence that one such variable, soil water availability, increases cyanogenic
capacity (i.e. leaf cyanogenic glycoside concentration), but it is not clear
whether this is a relatively direct or indirect effect. To shed light on this
issue, we compared the cyanogenic capacity of individuals from two populations
of Eucalyptus cladocalyx F.Muell. from areas of South
Australia that differ markedly in rainfall. Stable carbon isotope analysis
confirmed that trees at the drier site were more water-stressed. We found a
large range in leaf cyanogenic capacities, from 0 to 1.01 mg cyanide
g–1 dry weight. Importantly, this is the first
record of acyanogenic E. cladocalyx. Mean cyanogenic
capacity was 30% higher in trees from the drier site, and they suffered
less damage from herbivores. However, these trees also contained higher
concentrations of leaf nitrogen (N). Correlative analysis of data for
individual plants from both sites showed that leaf N was able to account for a
significant amount of the variation in cyanogenic glycoside concentration
(28%). Water availability on its own, however, was not able to account
significantly for any such variation. We conclude that most of the variation
in cyanogenic capacity is due to genetic differences between individuals,
while the remaining variation is due to differences in leaf N.
Production of transgenic Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla using the sonication-assisted Agrobacterium transformation (SAAT) system
Authors: González Esteban Roberto , Andrade Alexander de , Bertolo Ana Letícia , Lacerda Gisele Coelho , Carneiro Raphael Tozelli , Defávari Valéria A. Prado , Labate Mônica T. Veneziano , Labate Carlos Alberto
Published: August 2002

A method for genetic transformation of germinating seeds and seedlings of
Eucalyptus grandis ×
E. urophyllais described using the sonication-assisted
Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (SAAT) system.
Seeds germinated for 2 d, and 15-d-old seedlings, sonicated for 30 s, had the
highest percentage of β-glucuronidase (GUS) transient expression (21.7 and
37.4%, respectively). Pre-sonication greatly enhanced the efficiency of
transformation. The differential transformation of tissues was also
investigated, with seeds imbibed for 2 d having over 90% of the blue
sectors localised in cotyledons and in the intersection of the hypocotyls and
roots, whereas in 5-d-old seedlings, 70% of GUS activity was detected
in cotyledons. However, 15–17-d-old seedlings had around 60% of
transformed sectors localised in the first pair of leaves. The efficiency of
the method was also assessed using a chimeric construct containing the
Lhcb1*2 gene of the 28 kDa chlorophyll
a/b binding pea protein from the LHCII antenna. Four
stable transformants were confirmed by genomic blotting.
Morphometric analysis and revision of eastern Australian hovea (Brongniartieae-Fabaceae)
Authors: Thompson Ian R.
Published: August 2002

Eastern Australian forms of the Australian endemic genus
Hovea R.Br. have proved taxonomically difficult. A
morphometric analysis of eastern forms, excluding the morphologically distant
Hovea longipes Benth., is presented. This analysis
provides the basis for a taxonomic revision and keys, which are also presented
here. Of the 31 species recognised, the following 17 species are described
here as new: H. angustissima,
H. asperifolia, H. clavata,
H. cymbiformis, H. densivellosa,
H. graniticola, H. impressinerva,
H. lorata, H. magnibractea,
H. nana, H. nitida,
H. parvicalyx, H. pedunculata,
H. similis, H. speciosa,
H. tasmanica, and H. tholiformis.
A new subspecies, H. asperifolia ssp.
spinosissima, is also described.
Hovea ramulosa A.Cunn. ex Lindl., H. apiculata A.Cunn.
ex G.Don and H. heterophylla A.Cunn. ex Hook.f. are
reinstated as species.
PATH INTEGRAL REPRESENTATION FOR INTERFACE STATES OF THE ANISOTROPIC HEISENBERG MODEL
Authors: BOLINA OSCAR , CONTUCCI PIERLUIGI , NACHTERGAELE BRUNO
Published: August 2002

We develop a geometric representation for the ground state of the spin-1/2 quantum XXZ ferromagnetic chain in terms of suitably weighted random walks in a two-dimensional lattice. The path integral model so obtained admits a genuine classical statistical mechanics interpretation with a translation invariant Hamiltonian. This new representation is used to study the interface ground states of the XXZ model. We prove that the probability of having a number of down spins in the up phase decays exponentially with the sum of their distances to the interface plus the square of the number of down spins. As an application of this bound, we prove that the total third component of the spin in a large interval of even length centered on the interface does not fluctuate, i.e. has zero variance. We also show how to construct a path integral representation in higher dimensions and obtain a reduction formula for the partition functions in two dimensions in terms of the partition function of the one-dimensional model.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY DURING GRADUAL LIMB ELONGATION
Authors: Ikeda Kazuo , Tomita Katsuro , Tanaka Shigenori
Published: August 2002

The purpose of this study was to clarify how fast the peripheral nerve can be elongated gradually without inducing nerve conduction block, and to assess whether the damage to the peripheral nerve is reversible. Rabbit femur was gradually elongated to 30 mm at the rate of 0.8 mm/day, 2.0 mm/day, and 4.0 mm/day to stretch the sciatic nerve. Immediately after and eight weeks after elongation, each group was estimated. Elongation of the Ranvier's node, which was likely the cause of conduction block, was observed and its severity increased with elongation speed. There was no Wallerian degeneration even when conduction block was complete. There was little damage to the sciatic nerve in the group of 0.8 mm/day. Damage in the group of 2.0 mm/day immediately after elongation had a tendency to recover by eight weeks, but there was no such tendency in the group of 4.0 mm/day.
EARLY WRIST ARTHRODESIS FOR IRREPARABLE INTRA-ARTICULAR DISTAL RADIAL FRACTURES
Authors: Freeland Alan E. , Sud Vipul , Jemison D. Marshall
Published: August 2002

When articular restoration and congruity cannot be accomplished in distal radial fractures owing to severe articular bone loss or comminution, early wrist arthrodesis should be considered. This procedure rapidly restores wrist alignment and stability and controls pain. Arthrodesis is a highly reliable and definitive procedure that optimises the opportunity for early functional and occupational recovery while minimising the risks of developing stiff digits or chronic pain in injuries otherwise doomed from the start of treatment to result in severe wrist stiffness and post-traumatic arthritis. Simultaneous proximal row carpectomy or the use of ipsilateral local bone graft donor sites, such as the distal radius or proximal ulna, decrease both initial treatment and hospital costs and morbidity. Wrist arthrodesis is also effective when polytrauma or multiple fractures co-exist. Successful early treatment may expedite return to work and reduce lost time and wages resulting from the injury.
Cuttings of the non-rooting rac tobacco mutant overaccumulate phenolic compounds
Authors: Faivre-Rampant Odile , Charpentier Jean-Paul , Kevers Claire , Dommes Jacques , Van Onckelen Harry , Jay-Allemand Christian , Gaspar Thomas
Published: August 2002

The auxin and phenolic contents, as well as phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)
activity, were determined in in vitro cultured shoots of
the recalcitrant-to-root rac mutant of tobacco, and
compared with wild-type shoots. The mutant and wild-type shoots showed similar
auxin changes during the culture cycle, but with higher contents for the
mutant. A transient peak of auxin (corresponding to the achievement of the
rooting inductive phase) occurred at day 14 in both types of shoots, but
earlier in the basal parts of the wild-type stems. The
rac shoots contained more phenolics, corresponding with
an increased PAL activity. The most abundant phenolic compound found in the
two types of tobacco was chlorogenic acid, which was more abundant in the
rac shoots. Rutin was also detected at a higher
concentration in the mutant shoots. Basal parts of wild-type shoots treated
with 10–3 M chlorogenic acid reacted by
accumulating auxins and, unlike untreated controls, did not form adventitious
roots. The relationships between these biochemical analyses in relation to the
growth limitation of the rac mutant, and the inhibition
of its root development, are discussed.
Variations in Quercus ilex chloroplast pigment content during summer stress: involvement in photoprotection according to principal component analysis
Authors: Llorens Laura , Aranda Xavier , Abadía Anunciación , Fleck Isabel
Published: August 2002

We examined chloroplast pigment variation in holm oak
(Quercus ilex L.) leaves for two periods under two
climatic conditions, at midday during summer. We compared variation between
control (unburned) plants and plants burned the preceding summer, since
post-fire resprouts show higher photosynthetic rates and lower thermal energy
dissipation. Principal component (PC) analysis was performed on nine
pigment-content variables for the two periods separately. Two PC factors (PC1
and PC2) explained 83 and 84% of the variance of the data for each
period. In both periods, PC1 was marked by positive loading of pigments
associated with light absorption or structural function namely neoxanthin,
lutein, β-carotene, chlorophyll a, and chlorophyll
b. These pigments were only affected by leaf age. In
contrast, PC2 was marked by high loadings of xanthophyll-cycle pigments
(associated with photoprotection), and lutein-5,6-epoxide. Leaf content of
these pigments was affected by climatic conditions. In the situations
considered in PC analysis (leaf types, periods), the lutein-5,6-epoxide
content presented a variation pattern similar to that of violaxanthin, and was
significantly correlated with thermal dissipation of excess energy
(represented by non-photochemical quenching or NPQ). These results suggest a
relationship of lutein and lutein-5,6-epoxide with photoprotection.
A two-dimensional model of fire spread across a fuel bed including wind combined with slope conditions
Authors: Morandini Frédéric , Santoni Paul A. , Balbi Jacques H. , Ventura João M. , Mendes-Lopes José M.
Published: August 2002

In a previous work (Santoni et al.,
Int. J. Wildland Fire, 2000, 9(4), 285–292), we
proposed a twodimensional fire spread model including slope effects as another
step towards our aim to elaborate a fire management tool. In the present
study, we improve the model to include both wind conditions and wind combined
with slope conditions. For this purpose the effect of wind and slope are
considered similar, in the sense that they both force the flames to lean
forward. However, this analogy remains acceptable only when flame tilt is
below a threshold value. Simulation results are compared to experimental data
under wind and no-slope conditions. The proposed model is able to describe the
fire behaviour. Predictions of the model for wind and slope conditions are
then considered and comparisons with observations are also provided.
Fire line rotation as a mechanism for fire spread on a uniform slope
Authors: Viegas Domingos Xavier
Published: August 2002

The evolution of a linear flame front in a homogeneous fuel bed in a slope,
for arbitrary values of the initial orientation of the fire front is studied.
It is shown that, with the exception of initially horizontal or down-slope
propagating fire lines, the propagation is not stationary. In its movement the
fire front rotates, tending to become parallel to the slope gradient
direction. The concept of fire line rotation as a tool to interpret and
describe the evolution of a fire front is presented. Experimental results
developed at a laboratory scale in a 30˚ slope are presented to support
it. Some insight about the role played by natural convection induced by the
fire is provided. A model using the concept of fire line rotation is proposed
to predict the evolution of a fire front. Its application to the case of a
point ignition fire in a slope is presented.
Energy Conversion in Shape Memory Alloy Heat Engine Part I: Theory
Authors: Zhu J. J. , Liang N. G. , Liew K. M. , Huang W. M.
Published: August 2002

Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) can be easily deformed to a new shape by applying a small external load at low temperature, and then recovers its original configuration upon heating. This unique shape memory phenomenon has inspired many novel designs. SMA based heat engine is one among them. SMA heat engine is an environment-friendly alternative to extract mechanical energy from low-grade energies, for instance, warm wastewater, geothermal energy, solar thermal energy, etc. The aim of this paper is to present an applicable theoretical model for simulation of SMA-based heat engines. First, a micro-mechanical constitutive model is derived for SMAs. The volume fractions of austenite and martensite variants are chosen as internal variables to describe the evolution of microstructure in SMA upon phase transition. Subsequently, the energy equation is derived based on the first thermodynamic law and the previous SMA model. From Fourier’s law of heat conduction and Newton’s law of cooling, both differential and integral forms of energy conversion equation are obtained.
Sea Water Aging of Glass Reinforced Composites: Shear Behaviour and Damage Modelling
Authors: Davies P. , MazÉas F. , Casari P.
Published: August 2002

This paper presents results from a study of the wet aging of four thermoset resins and their [0°/90°] stitched glass fibre reinforced composites. The matrix resins are orthophthalic polyester, isophthalic polyester, vinyl ester and epoxy. Resins and composites were aged for 18 months, under three immersion conditions: 20°C sea water, 50°C sea water and 50°C distilled water. Tensile tests, on resins and at 45° to fibre direction of composites, both before and after aging enable the influence of matrix resin and aging medium on weight changes and matrix dominated property degradation to be evaluated. This has enabled a unique dataset to be obtained. Alarge part of the shear property loss after aging is recovered after drying. An original application of damage mechanics parameters is used to quantify the changes in composite shear behaviour, in order to provide a more complete representation of the inelastic response.
THE ARTHROSCOPIC MANAGEMENT OF INTRA-ARTICULAR DISTAL RADIUS FRACTURES
Authors: Freeland Alan E. , Geissler William B.
Published: August 2002

Intra-operative arthroscopy and fluoroscopy provide improved visualisation and guide the restoration of intra-articular distal radial fractures while minimising the operative dissection required for their stabilisation. Radial styloid fractures, distal radial fractures with dorsal, palmar or combined ulnar-sided "die punch" fragments, palmar and dorsal Barton's fractures, and various three- and four-part intra-articular fractures without significant bone loss or defect are especially suited for this technique. The experienced arthroscopist may wish to apply the technique to more severely comminuted intra-articular fractures. Bone defects may be approached through a limited dorsal incision traversing the 3rd dorsal wrist compartment. Arthroscopy and fluoroscopy may be used adjunctively to assess fracture reduction and fixation. Arthoscopy further facilitates initial treatment by allowing direct joint visualisation, debridement, the removal of small free intra-articular fragments, and the recognition and early treatment of wrist ligament injuries, particularly those not appreciated by X-ray evaluation.
THE SIMPLE WRIST GANGLION — MORE THAN A MINOR SURGICAL PROCEDURE?
Authors: Faithfull D. K. , Seeto B. G.
Published: August 2002

The operative results of 59 wrist ganglions over a ten-year period are reported. The mean follow-up time was 65 months (range: 6–133). The indication for operation was pre-operative pain in 68% of cases (40 ganglions) and cosmetic deformity in 32% of cases (19 ganglions). There were six recurrences (10%) at a mean duration of 40 months post-operatively (range: 5–70). There was no statistical differences between recurrences comparing dorsal versus volar ganglions using the chi-squared analysis. Two occult recurrences were detected on follow-up ultrasound examination giving an overall recurrence rate of 14%. Despite 92% of patients being satisfied with the operative procedure, there were 16 patients (28%) who had either persistent pain, limitation of function, were unsatisfied or had a recurrence. These results show that treatment of a simple ganglion is more than just a minor operation.
Simple approach to predict the maximal effect elicited by a drug when plasma concentrations are not available or are dissociated from the effect, as illustrated with chondroitin sulfate data
Authors: du Souich Patrick , Vergés Josep
Published: August 2002

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2001) 70, 5–9; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2001.116977
Testing for Sample-Selection Bias Due to Location in the Labour-Market Behaviour of Respondents from the British Household Panel Survey
Authors: Crouchley Rob , Oskrochi Gholamreza
Published: August 2002

A five-state origin and destination competing risk labour-market model is formulated and applied to some individual-level labour-market data obtained from the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS). The BHPS used a multistage stratified clustered sample design for selecting households and individuals. The primary sampling unit was the postcode sector. 250 out of a population of 8951 postcode sectors were selected. A test for the informative nature of the primary sampling units for labour-market behaviour is developed and applied to the BHPS labour-market data. The results suggest that the sample design is not completely ignorable for male and female labour-market behaviour.
Household-Mode Choice and Residential-Rent Distribution in a Metropolitan Area with Surface Road and Rail Transit Networks
Authors: Hsu Chaug-Ing , Guo Shwu-Ping
Published: August 2002

The authors formulate a model integrating households' residential-mode choice and residential distribution in a metropolitan area with surface streets and rail transit networks. The model was constructed to describe transportation—residential land-use interaction by means of continuous analytical approaches and mathematical programming methods. Heterogeneity among residential sites and households is also considered, to alleviate aggregation bias. The model is formulated to minimize the sum of households' generalized travel costs and rent costs under user equilibrium by incorporating flow-congestion effects and the bid-rent effects of different income households. Decision variables include the number of households and flow intensity at each residential site, and the number of transferring passengers at each rail transit station. In addition, the generalized travel cost, households' residential distribution, and rent-cost distribution in a metropolitan area are analyzed to explore the benefits of rail transit lines. The results reveal that, upon completion of rail transit networks, savings in travel time from each residential site to the central business district are more marked for longer commuting distances. Moreover, rent costs are, as expected, higher in areas along rail-transit lines.
Globalization and the Changing Political Economy of Distribution Channels in Turkey
Authors: Tokatli Nebahat , Eldener Yonca Boyaci
Published: August 2002

Since the 1980s, under the influence of global economic processes, there have been dramatic changes in the distribution channels of food, beverages, tobacco, and other fast-moving consumer goods in Turkey, resulting in a redistribution of both economic and social power. The outcome has been the rise of a few businesses, with others being left increasingly vulnerable in the face of a changing environment. Consequently, there has been an important power shift towards large and enormously influential corporations (active in retailing, distribution, as well as in manufacturing) from small manufacturers, retailers, and wholesalers who share commonalities with each other despite belonging to different sectors. One indicator of this shift is an ever-growing resentment among traditional communities, witnessed by their lobbying efforts as they look to the state to protect them from the devastating effects of intensifying competition. In this paper, the authors adopt a political economy approach in order to understand this power shift and to incorporate the larger political economy and the effects of globalization into their analysis. They show that these changing power structures are intrinsically connected to both the government's economic policy and also to global influences. In this context, three attributes of post-1980 Turkey are of primary interest: import liberalization, the opening up of the economy to global firms, and persistently high inflation and interest rates.
The Role of Residence in School Segregation: Placing the Impact of Parental Choice in Perspective
Authors: Taylor Chris , Gorard Stephen
Published: August 2002

There have been many claims that the introduction of parental choice for schools in the United Kingdom would lead to further socioeconomic segregation between schools. However, little evidence of this has actually emerged. Instead during the first half of the 1990s, in particular, the number of children living in poverty became more equally distributed between UK secondary schools. Part of the explanation for this lies with the prior arrangements for allocating children to schools, typically based upon designated catchment areas. In this paper we argue that the degree of residential segregation that exists in England ensured that schools were already highly segregated before the introduction of market reforms to education, and has continued to be the chief determinant of segregation since. We then suggest that the School Standards and Framework Act 1998, which advocates a return to the use of catchment areas and distance to school when allocating places in oversubscribed schools, may be leading inadvertently to increased socioeconomic segregation between schools.
Intraurban Ethnic Enclaves: Introducing a Knowledge-Based Classification Method
Authors: Poulsen Michael , Johnston Ron , Forrest James
Published: August 2002

Most studies of ethnic segregation in cities use relative measures to create residential area classifications. We argue that absolute measures are better suited to testing theories of spatial separation, and introduce a classification procedure which provides a robust approach to comparative studies, directly linked to the homogeneity – heterogeneity continuum which underpins all studies of segregation. The procedure is illustrated by analyses of the five main ethnic groups in each of the largest cities of Australia, New Zealand, and the USA (Sydney, Auckland, and New York). There are substantial differences among those cities in their ethnic residential patterns, to the extent that these can be clearly established given the other difficulties in cross-national comparative studies (data comparability and the spatial scale of the data units): New York is segmented, Sydney is integrated, and Auckland occupies an intermediate position.
Re-Mediating the Spaces of Reality Television: America's Most Wanted and the Case of Vancouver's Missing Women
Authors: Pitman Beverley A
Published: August 2002

In this paper I speak to debates amongst geographers and media scholars about the communities that television constructs in both ‘real’ and ‘virtual’ spaces. My point of departure is Morley's work on global television audiences, which, in focusing on the fears of white suburban viewers and the social exclusions they enact, neglects the images and narratives of television itself. The focus is a new North American television genre that addresses fears of urban crime, the ‘reality cop show’. In examining the genre's codes and practices and the ‘reality’ it creates, I try to specify the representational work which this kind of television performs. Analysis turns to a 1999 episode of Fox TV's America's Most Wanted that featured the mysterious disappearances of thirty-one women, all of whom were/are identified with the sex trade in Vancouver, Canada. As a morality tale of sex crimes and sexual dangers in the city, targeted at white North American suburban viewers, central details of the case were missing, including the fact that most of the disappeared were/are native women. The imposition of a Jack-the-Ripper “media template” displaced local and highly politicized explanations related to prostitution laws, community policing practices, and dangerous urban spaces.
Asian Spies, American Motors, and Speculations on the Space — Time of Value
Authors: Wright Melissa W
Published: August 2002

How do strategists' decisions regarding the organization of corporate resources reflect the interplay of power and identity within the firm? And what is at stake for the production of value? These are the questions I address through the presentation of an ethnographic study I conducted in the Asian and Mexican facilities of a multinational firm that produces outboard motors and boats. I draw attention to a particular moment in this corporation's history when a group of US – American engineers try to prohibit corporate support for a new product designed by the company's Hong Kong Chinese engineers. When the Asian engineers defy their American colleagues' directives, they are referred to as ‘Asian spies’ and are threatened with dismissal. In this case, I demonstrate how these nationalist turf-battles inside a corporation are struggles over the form of value itself. They are battles over how the materials of value are recognized as such across a corporation's employees and within the commodities it manufactures.
Seoul's Deathscapes: Incorporating Tradition into Modern Time – Space
Authors: Teather Elizabeth K , Rii Hae Un , Kim Eun Hye
Published: August 2002

Honouring the dead at their graveside at appropriate dates is required by Confucian tradition, and has always had significant time – space implications in Korea. Today, with the majority of Koreans now living in cities—a dramatic shift in the last two generations—many still travel to patrilineal ancestral villages to carry out the necessary annual rites in family graveyards established long ago. However, an official campaign to encourage cremation in Seoul was initiated in 1998. A small, space-saving family tomb has been designed to hold the ashes of up to twenty-four family members, and is being promoted at public cemeteries. Fieldwork was carried out into deathscapes in the vicinity of Seoul in late 1999. The paper describes small family graveyards, including one established generations ago and two that have been newly established. It also describes different types of columbaria, two of which employ the traditional dome shape of Korean graves. Discussion focuses on the persistent cultural significance of maintaining ties with patrilineal places of origin. We suggest that this is a valued Confucian dimension of Korean heritage; many are seeking manageable ways to incorporate this dimension in their predominantly urban time – space commitments. From family graveyard to columbarium, there is a progressive divorce from ancestral territory (the family graveyard in the patrilineal village) and from social context (lineage).
Fiscal Arrangements for Maintaining an Effective State in Canada
Authors: Bird Richard M , Vaillancourt François
Published: August 2002

Canada is a large and regionally diverse country. Over the years complex intergovernmental fiscal arrangements have been developed in order to permit relatively uniform treatment of people living in very different provinces. These arrangements have on the whole been successful in delivering services effectively to a diverse population, but they have more likely perpetuated than reduced regional economic inequality. From a political perspective, the results have been equally mixed. The system has worked in that the country has stayed together, grown respectably, and treated most citizens well and surprisingly uniformly. But the way in which this success has been achieved has reduced Canada's ability as a state to cope with the rapidly changing world environment and may, in the end, have strengthened rather than weakened regional separatism. Despite Canada's considerable success to date in adapting its system of fiscal federalism to cope with both political and economic imperatives, it thus remains unclear how long this fiscal juggling act can be continued without some more basic change in political institutions.
The Facilitation and Formalisation of Small Business Networks: Evidence from the North East of England
Authors: Laschewski Lutz , Phillipson Jeremy , Gorton Matthew
Published: August 2002

Business cooperation and networking have been posited as crucial elements within successful approaches to local economic development. With the aid of a case study from the North East of England, the authors explore issues surrounding network formation and facilitation. They raise questions concerning the nature of local business communities and the potential of local business networks to represent these communities legitimately and to reflect patterns of social and economic differentiation. They also demonstrate how attempts to promote or utilise local cooperation must include awareness of the implications of policy intervention. This is of particular importance in a political context where there are efforts to promote ‘local’ initiatives below the existing level of local authorities.
Small Business Policy in the United Kingdom: The Inheritance of the Small Business Service and Implications for its Future Effectiveness
Authors: Curran James , Storey David J
Published: August 2002

The launch of the Small Business Service in the United Kingdom stimulated a review of small business policy and support in the United Kingdom. The Service inherited a substantial number of policies and initiatives which have been criticised for their poorly stated aims and overall lack of coherence. The authors examine justifications for small business policy in Britain and the role of research in small business policymaking. They suggest that research has had relatively little impact, and some reasons why this has been the case. They also suggest ways of setting a small business research agenda—raising standards and ensuring the independence of research. Attention is given to the evaluation of small business policy and initiatives. It is argued that currently this is not sufficiently independent or rigorous, and the authors suggest remedies. Both quantitative and qualitative evaluation approaches are examined in order to redefine good practice. The overall aim is to suggest how the Small Business Service can be better supported by research and evaluation, enabling it to function more successfully than its predecessors.
Defying Neoliberal Convergence: Austria's Successful Supply-Side Corporatism in the 1990s
Authors: Heinisch Reinhard
Published: August 2002

In the last decade Austria has successfully coped with extraordinary political and economic changes; most important among these was the accession to the European single market. Contrary to widespread expectation, Austro-corporatism did not continue to decline but made an astonishing comeback. This was accomplished despite no longer being able to rely on the government's traditional policy of explicit demand management. Left without a fiscal stimulus, and having to cope with the twin effects of economic internationalization and modernization, it was necessary to develop a new basis for the legitimacy of Austro-corporatism. This was made possible by a transition to supply-side corporatism, which appears uniquely suited to complement and take advantage of market liberalization, modernization, and economic integration. Under supply-side corporatism, corporatist actors function primarily as producers of collective goods not provided by an opportunistic market or by a political system constrained by a loss of economic competencies and political fragmentation. The competitive advantage of supply-side corporatism lies in achieving organized ‘flexibilization’ and decentralization; upgrading, that is, succeeding in market segments of high value-added products; macro-level coordination; and by rendering vital public policy support. A high level of macro-level coordination and concerted effort continues to be necessary to channel infrastructure development, investment in human capital, skill formation, and public investments into those niche segments of the industry in which Austria enjoys a natural advantage over its competitors.
Representing People, Representing Nature, Representing the World
Authors: O'Neill John
Published: August 2002

Problems of representation lie at the centre of recent experiments in deliberative democracy. The problems are not primarily social scientific questions concerning the statistical representiveness of small-scale deliberative institutions but normative questions about their political and ethical legitimacy. Experiments in deliberative democracy often rely for their representative legitimacy on appeals to the presence of members of different groups. However, they often do so without clear sources of authorisation and accountability from those represented. The representation of nonhumans and future generations in deliberative institutions is still more problematic. In the necessary absence of their authorisation, accountability, and presence, claims to speak on their behalf relies on epistemic claims, coupled with care. To highlight these problems is not to claim that small deliberative institutions are illegitimate but rather to point out the need for a clearer account of their role in democratic institutions and the proper sources of contestability of their outcomes.
The Steady Advance of Wal-Mart across Europe and Changing Government Attitudes towards Planning and Competition
Authors: Hallsworth Alan , Evers David
Published: August 2002

Aggressive internationalisation activities by global retailers frequently encounter, in addition to responses from indigenous rivals, the regulatory mechanisms of the governments of host or target nations. However, these public regulatory mechanisms are themselves in a state of flux, often as a function of internal conflict between government policy sectors. Internationalisation itself is also an agent of change and we illustrate this using the example of retail regulatory systems in Britain and the Netherlands at the time of Wal-Mart's entry into the EU. In both countries, an ambivalent stance by the central government was evidenced by the publication of reports by planning authorities and investigations by competition authorities.
From Grassroots Movement to State-Coordinated Market Strategy: The Transformation of Organic Agriculture in China
Authors: Thiers Paul
Published: August 2002

The production, certification, and marketing of organic agriculture developed slowly in the West as a nongovernmental, community-based response to concerns over food safety and the environmental impacts of chemical agriculture. The current emergence of organic agriculture in less-developed nations is following a very different trajectory owing to the presence of an established global market for organic products and the developmental goals of interventionist states. In this paper I examine the emergence of state-sponsored organic marketing and certification programs in the Peoples' Republic of China as an extreme case of developmental state intervention in organic agriculture. I find that the predominance of state and market instead of community and ecology in the Chinese organic ‘movement’ has profound implications for the ability of organics to promote environmentally sustainable agriculture in less-developed nations. Direct state intervention may overcome some of the public-goods and collective-action problems often associated with organic agriculture. However, conflicts of interest between the state as regulator and as producer erode the consumer trust upon which organic markets rely. The use of political authority to organize organic production allows state entrepreneurs to capture market premiums, reducing farmer innovation and long-term incentive, and exacerbating free-rider problems. The case of organic agriculture in China demonstrates the need for caution when applying universalistic economic theories about environmental problems to diverse political economies. This has important implications for international environmental regimes as well as the globalization of eco-consumerism or eco-labeling strategies.
Cost — Benefit Analysis and Environmental Policymaking
Authors: Hanley Nick
Published: August 2002

The author's purpose is to review the use of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) in environmental policy appraisal, focusing on the United Kingdom. Examples of the use of CBA in this context are provided, and the recent historical background to its use explained. The main strengths and weaknesses of CBA from the viewpoint of users are then reviewed, and alternatives to CBA are considered. The author closes by exploring some possible ways forward for the methodology which would be consistent with it becoming more useful and more widely accepted.
Public Policy and Population Distribution: Developing Appropriate Indicators of Settlement Patterns
Authors: Coombes Mike , Raybould Simon
Published: August 2002

In this paper we are concerned with the measurement of aspects of population distribution, or settlement patterns, and the use of these measures in public-policy contexts in particular. More specifically, we query the adequacy of the population-density indicator, which is widely used in statistical formulae such as those by which the British government allocates funding to English local authorities. Our approach is to work through a series of topics, starting with an introductory discussion of the ideas raised by analyses of population distribution, and followed by a section on issues involved in the measurement of settlement patterns. In the third section, we outline the types of public-policy concern which call for statistical indicators of settlement patterns, and then present a set of guidelines for measurements which will be of value in the specific context of British local-government finance-allocation systems. In the next three sections, these guidelines are used to assess the appropriateness of settlement-pattern indicators which are already in use in such systems, in each case moving on to outline an alternative form of measurement designed in the light of weaknesses of current indicators. In the penultimate section, we provide an empirical assessment of the new measures developed here, then in the final section we briefly review the appropriateness of the approach that has been adopted.