bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Appeals from the Upper Tribunal to the Court of Appeal Order 2008
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter details the Appeals from the Upper Tribunal to the Court of Appeal Order 2008. This Order came into force on 3 November 2008. The Order specifies the criteria to be met for granting a permission to appeal to the Court of Appeal in England and Wales or leave to appeal to the Court of Appeal in Northern Ireland. The permission to appeal shall not be granted unless the Upper Tribunal or, where the Upper Tribunal refuses permission, the relevant appellate court, considers that the proposed appeal would raise some important point of principle or practice. The Upper Tribunal should also consider that there is some other compelling reason for the relevant appellate court to hear the appeal.
The First-tier Tribunal and Upper Tribunal (Chambers) Order 2010
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter presents the First-tier Tribunal and Upper Tribunal (Chambers) Order 2010, which came into force on 29 November 2010. To the Immigration and Asylum Chamber of the First-tier Tribunal are allocated all functions related to immigration and asylum matters, with the exception of matters allocated to the Social Entitlement Chamber by article 6(a) and the General Regulatory Chamber by article 3(a). The chapter then looks at the functions of the Immigration and Asylum Chamber of the Upper Tribunal. If there is any doubt or dispute as to the chamber in which a particular matter is to be dealt with, the Senior President of Tribunals may allocate that matter to the chamber which appears to the Senior President of Tribunals to be most appropriate. At any point in the proceedings, the Chamber President of the chamber to which a case or any issue in that case has been allocated by or under this Order may, with the consent of the corresponding Chamber President, allocate that case or that issue to another chamber within the same tribunal, by giving a direction to that effect.
The Immigration (Passenger Transit Visa) Order 2014
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter talks about the order that may be cited as the Immigration (Passenger Transit Visa) Order 2014, which took effect on 1 December 2014. It defines a “transit passenger” as a person who on arrival in the United Kingdom passes through to another country or territory without entering the United Kingdom. It also mentions the “Approved Destination Status Scheme,” which means a scheme for issuing visas to Chinese tour groups. The chapter points out that a transit passenger is not required to hold a transit visa if he holds or a person with whom he arrives in the United Kingdom holds on his behalf a valid visa for entry to Australia, Canada, New Zealand or the United States of America. It describes the application for a transit visa, which may be made to any British High Commission, Embassy, or Consulate.
The Proposed Marriages and Civil Partnerships (Conduct of Investigations, etc.) Regulations 2015
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter focuses on the regulations that may be cited as the Proposed Marriages and Civil Partnerships (Conduct of Investigations, etc.) Regulations 2015, which took effect on 1 March 2015. It defines a reference to evidence as the original document in which information of any description is recorded or stored. It also mentions the Secretary of State, who may carry out investigations or make such enquiries for the purpose of determining whether a proposed marriage or civil partnership is a sham. The chapter highlights the obligation of a relevant party to contact the Secretary of State to arrange an interview. A relevant party should contact the Secretary of State for not less than a period of three working days beginning with the day on which the notice or the notification is given.
The Code of Practice (English Language Requirements for Public Sector Workers) Regulations 2016
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter is about the Code of Practice (English Language Requirements for Public Sector Workers) Regulations 2016. The text of the SI is not reproduced.
The Immigration (Citizens’ Rights Appeals) (EU Exit) Regulations 2020
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter talks about regulations that may be cited as the Immigration (Citizens’ Rights Appeals) (EU Exit) Regulations 2020, which come into force on exit day and when paragraph 1(1) of Schedule 5 to the European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020 does not apply. It highlights the right of appeal against decisions relating to leave to enter or remain in the United Kingdom. It also considers relevant application as an application for leave to enter or remain in the United Kingdom made under residence scheme immigration rules on or after exit day. The chapter looks at the right of appeal against decisions under section 76 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 to revoke indefinite leave to enter or remain by virtue of residence scheme immigration rules. It details the admission on bail to the United Kingdom to make submissions in person in connection with an appeal.
Directive 2004/38/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter looks at a directive on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States. It reviews the citizenship of the Union that confers on every citizen of the Union as a primary and individual right to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States. It also analyzes the free movement of persons that constitutes one of the fundamental freedoms of the internal market. The chapter talks about Union citizenship, which should be the fundamental status of nationals of the Member States when they exercise their right of free movement and residence. It details how the right of all Union citizens to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States should be granted to their family members.
1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

The chapter cites the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights that affirmed the principle that human beings will enjoy fundamental rights and freedoms without discrimination. It considers how the United Nations has manifested its profound concern for refugees and endeavored to assure refugees the widest possible exercise of fundamental rights and freedoms. It also talks about the revision and consolidation of previous international agreements relating to the status of refugees and extension of the scope and protection accorded by instruments by means of a new agreement. The chapter describes the grant of asylum that may place unduly heavy burdens on certain countries. It points out how all States, recognising the social and humanitarian nature of the problem of refugees, will do everything within their power to prevent a crisis from becoming a cause of tension between States.
States Parties to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter talks about the convention that was drafted and signed by the United Nations Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Status of Refugees and Stateless Persons, held at Geneva from 2 to 25 July 1951 and the protocol that was adopted on 31 January 1967. The 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol are deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations and can be accessed in the United National Treaty Collection website for authoritative source of the current status of both treaties. It also lists dates of the deposit of the instrument of ratification or accession by the respective States Parties with the Secretary-General of the United Nations. The chapter highlights the declaration of a Contracting State of the time of signature and ratification or accession. It mentions Congo, Madagascar, Monaco, and Turkey, which adopted an alternative geographical limitation.
Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter focuses on the convention for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms. It considers the Universal Declaration of Human Rights proclaimed by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 10 December 1948, which aims to secure the universal and effective recognition and observance of rights. It also mentions the Council of Europe that aims to achieve greater unity between its members by maintaining and realising human rights and fundamental freedom. The chapter highlights the reaffirmation of the profound belief in fundamental freedoms that are the foundation of justice and peace in the world and are best maintained by an effective political democracy. It describes the governments of European countries that must take the first steps for the collective enforcement of certain rights stated in the Universal Declaration.
Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter talks about the convention against torture and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment, which recognises the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family as the foundation of freedom, justice, and peace in the world. It highlights the obligation of States to promote universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms. It also cites Article 5 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which provide that no one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or de-grading treatment or punishment. The chapter defines torture as any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person. It details how a State Party shall take effective legislative, administrative, judicial, or other measures to prevent acts of torture in any territory under its jurisdiction.
Brexit and the Digital Single Market
Authors: Harcourt Alison
Published: August 2023

This chapter introduces the reader to the Digital Single Market (DSM) and the UK’s special role in its creation. It outlines the structure, argument, and logic of the book, explaining the analytical approach and identifying conditions under which the UK was able to bring about EU policy change. The chapters are explained, with Chapters 2 to 7 covering DSM sector policies (audio-visual media services, creative industries, telecommunications, e-commerce, online platforms, and FinTech) and Chapters 8 to 11 examining horizontal policies (competition law, state aid, data protection, and copyright) which cut across the sectors. The concluding Chapter 12 analyses the consequences of Brexit for future UK and EU policy trajectories.
New Rome and the New Romans
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony
Published: August 2023

This chapter looks into the formation of Constantinople after emperor Constantine rededicated the city of Byzantion to himself and the Fortune of Rome. It details how Constantinople was created between 324 and 330 through a series of arcane Roman rites. Moreover, Christian writers labeled Constantine as "the Great" while becoming a paragon of imperial rule for future emperors. The chapter then references Roman history, wherein mobility and inclusiveness were values embedded in the earliest layers of Rome's legend. It notes the Roman empire achieved a level of homogeneity after the Patriarchate was ended by the imperial authorities by the fourth century.
From Christian Nation to Roman Religion
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony
Published: August 2023

This chapter tackles the notion of Christianity and religion in Rome. It explains that conversion compromised people’s ability to belong to other ethnic groups and hold citizenship in non-Christian polities. Christians and Romans shared the same underlying idea about the constitution of a nation, even if Christians based their comprehensive identity on religion, and Romans saw religion as only part of a civic or national order. The chapter expounds on how Constantine laid down another layer of Romanization on the imperial version of Christianity. It then explains how paganism was an amalgamated construct of the Christian imagination, which meant Chrsitian groups inevitably became rivals over their differences.
The Political Class Ascendant (395–441)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony
Published: August 2023

This chapter tackles the social infrastructure of Constantinople. It notes that perceptions of ethnicity affected many events of massacres and lynchings. Emperors recruited barbarians into their armies because they were cheaper and did not drain the agricultural labor force. Meanwhile, Jews and pagans benefited from the increasingly bitter divisions breaking out among the empire’s Christian leadership. The chapter considers the emerging notion of a monolithically Christian empire by the end of the sixth century. It explains how the Theodosian dynasty forged not only a close but a co-dependent political relationship with the populace that would last for the rest of east Roman history.
The Great War with Persia (602–630)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony
Published: August 2023

This chapter provides an overview of the great war with Persia. Phokas was demonized as a tyrant who oppressed his subjects and lost the eastern provinces to the Persians. The Persian war followed the usual pattern of dividing Armenia and Mesopotamia, but the Persians now began to occupy cities and territories that they won. The chapter discusses the rebellion that broke out in North Africa that ravaged Egypt and distracted the court enough to allow foreign empire enemies to make large territorial gains. It also explores the conquests of Khusrow II and the liberation of Mesopotamia and Syria's Roman cities by Herakleios and his brother Theodoros.
A Game of Crowns (912–950)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses the conflict for the throne of Alexandros and Konstantinos VII following the death of Leon VI. It explains how imperial agents played a key role in organizing an alliance of all Christian powers to destroy the Muslim base of Garigliano. Moreover, Constantinople used diplomatic, economic, and military means to capture the allegiance of the major Armenian and Georgian principalities. The chapter cites the end of Romanos I's interloper dynasty when his son, Konstantinos VII, exiled Romanos I to be a monk on the island of Prote. While Konstantinos VII was an inconsequential ruler, he sponsored a corpus of textual compilations and produced a massive manual of protocols for the ceremonies of Constantinople.
Union with Rome and Roman Disunity (1261–1282)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses the return to Constantinople and the subsequent Roman disunity. Michael VIII Palaiologos staged his entry into Constantinople for maximum symbolic impact with Baldwin’s imperial insignia. Michael’s propaganda stressed that he was personally destined by God for the throne, and he disseminated the notion through media, such as speeches, church paintings, and the fine arts. The chapter explains how Michael maximized the religious concessions he was willing to make and downplayed the role of Charles of Anjou's threats. It cites how Michael VIII passed away in obscurity after being excommunicated by both the Catholic Church and large swaths of the Orthodox Church.
Territorial Retrenchment and Cultural Innovation (1282–1328)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony
Published: August 2023

This chapter covers the reign of Andronikos II Doukas Angelos Komnenos Palaiologos. Even though Andronikos obediently followed his father’s Unionist policy by signing all the relevant documents and sending his professions of the Catholic faith to Rome, Andronikos and his megas logothetes immediately reversed course and annulled the Union as soon as Michael VIII died. The chapter tackles the reign of Andronikos II and Andronikos III by referencing the regime of the Palaiologan administration. Moreover, the greatest loss suffered by the Romans under Andronikos was Anatolia which cost the region territories and revenues. The chapter then notes that the Palaiologan dynasty was extremely prone to division and internal conflict, which was unveiled by the first civil war.
Military Failure and Mystical Refuge (1328–1354)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony
Published: August 2023

This chapter elaborates on the notion of military failure and mystical refuge after the loss of Anatolia. The reign of Andronikos III was the last who tried to ensure Romans made a concerted effort to defend their territories with arms while simultaneously recovering losses. However, Andronikos III’s push to restore the pride of Roman arms ended when he passed from an unspecified illness, which resulted in losing his progress with the remaining territories after the Black Death. The chapter looks into how Dušan and Serbia benefitted from the Roman civil war. It also mentions that Ioannes VI Kantakouzenos failed to remedy the ills of the Roman state.
Overview of the PROSPER prevention trial’s rationale, methods, and findings
Authors: Spoth Richard , Schainker Lisa M. , Greenberg Mark , Welsh Janet
Published: August 2023

This chapter provides background for the friendship network investigations presented in this volume by summarizing the PROSPER prevention trial. It discusses the longitudinal trial’s rationale, methods, and outcomes across all study phases, along with its larger family of ongoing studies. The trial’s primary purpose was to refine and test a partnership-based delivery system for sustained, high-quality implementation and dissemination of evidence-based interventions for youth and families. These interventions were designed to reduce youth substance misuse and associated problem behaviors, utilizing the reach of the land grant university Cooperative Extension System linked with public schools. This prevention trial followed participants through early adolescence, adolescence, and emerging adulthood. The wide-ranging and long-term positive outcomes for youth and their families demonstrated—including reductions in prescription drug misuse extending into young adulthood, along with findings on its sustained, quality implementation—suggest its research and public health value. As further chapters of this volume make clear, key indicators of its value also include evidence of positive effects on friendship networks (see Chapter 11), underscoring the benefits of collecting friendship network data in the context of a longitudinal, multimethod measurement prevention outcome study.
A descriptive overview of social networks and behavior among PROSPER youth
Authors: Tinney Erin
Published: August 2023

Much of the research in the present volume explores how friendships and social networks interact with individual risky behavior. In the PROSPER (Promoting School-community-university Partnerships to Enhance Resilience) study, youth were asked about their friendships in annual questionnaires administered in school, yielding the data from which the research in this volume originate. This chapter provides descriptive information about the measures and processes expanded on in subsequent chapters, including the friendship nomination process, the relationship between demographic characteristics and friendships, characteristics of school networks, and the intersection of friendships and behavior. Thus, this chapter provides context regarding friendship and behavior for the topics discussed in the remainder of the volume.
Peer networks and the diffusion of intervention outcomes
Authors: Rulison Kelly L. , Feinberg Mark E.
Published: August 2023

This chapter begins by reviewing how interventions shape—and are shaped by—peer networks. To start, interventions can change relationships and behavioral dynamics within peer networks. At the same time, peer networks can support (or undermine) intervention effectiveness and promote (or hinder) the diffusion of intervention outcomes beyond those who participated in the intervention. In addition, prevention scientists can use information about peer networks to design interventions that can accelerate behavior change and diffusion processes. After reviewing past research, four studies are described that used data from the PROSPER (Promoting School-community-university Partnerships to Enhance Resilience) Peers Project to test the link between substance use preventive interventions and school-based friendship networks. Study 1 demonstrated that after participating in PROSPER, prosocial adolescents became more central members of their friendship networks. Studies 2 and 3 explored when and how friendship networks facilitated the diffusion of intervention outcomes from adolescents who participated in a family-based intervention to those who did not. Study 4 used simulations to estimate the likely effectiveness of five network-based strategies for selecting intervention participants. The chapter concludes by arguing that prevention scientists, program facilitators, and school staff should consider peer networks when designing, implementing, and evaluating interventions.
Thinking about Religion and Religious Soft Power in International Relations and Foreign Policy Analysis
Authors: Mandaville Peter , Hoffman Jon
Published: August 2023

This chapter introduces the volume by offering a survey of scholarship on religion in international relations (IR) to date and explaining the sources of religion’s exclusion from the canon of IR. It proceeds to frame the concept of religious soft power as a useful supplement to Joseph Nye’s well known formulation of soft power, arguing that current shifts in global order are generating renewed salience for religion as an instrument of statecraft. The chapter then provides an overview of the volume and its contents, showing how the various country case studies and theoretical discussions that collectively comprise the book offer a comprehensive analytic portrait of emerging cross-national patterns in the use of religion as a tool of foreign policy.
“Putin-Phonia”
Authors: Blitt Robert C.
Published: August 2023

Much has been written about the Kremlin’s embrace of the Russian Orthodox Church–Moscow Patriarchate (ROC-MP) as a lever of soft power for advancing Russia’s foreign policy. Based on the substance of the constitutional amendments ratified in July 2020, this chapter reasons that the church–state partnership is poised to grow stronger and more entrenched in the coming years. After briefly highlighting the energizing effect several key constitutional amendments are likely to have on existing Kremlin foreign policy objectives, this chapter offers an assessment of the ROC-MP’s central role in disseminating and advocating these newly minted constitutional norms across its international platforms for interreligious, civil society, and diplomatic engagement. The chapter concludes that policymakers should consider divesting the ROC-MP of its veneer as an autonomous religious actor and adopt measures intended to more closely scrutinize its activities and expose them as manifestations of Kremlin influence.
Moderation as Jordanian Soft Power
Authors: Gutkowski Stacey
Published: August 2023

Since the 1950s, the Kingdom of Jordan has asserted its political “moderation” as part of a nation-branding strategy, with Islam playing a greater if complicated role in foreign policy discourse and practice since the 2000s. To contribute to comparative discussion of religious soft power as a relationship, this chapter analyzes four pillars of Jordan’s foreign relations over the past 20 years: relations with the United States, Europe, Israel, and GCC states. Employing the analogy of religious soft power as a dance, the chapter concludes with some comparative theoretical insights, highlighting how the study of religious soft power would benefit from greater attention to various audiences in the ballroom: state’s citizens and also those states not participating in a particular religious soft-power “dance” but keeping close watch on the rhythms of others.
Israel’s Religious Soft Power
Authors: Baumgart-Ochse Claudia
Published: August 2023

This chapter argues that Israel employs religious soft power to achieve its foreign policy goals and shape the preferences of its most important ally, the United States. To achieve this, various Israeli governments have addressed two distinct civil society audiences in the United States: the Jewish community and Evangelical Christians, who are highly influential in setting the political agenda and determining the framework of debate around Israel in ways that shape US foreign policy. Israeli governments utilize religious tourism to influence these communities by promoting the religious traditions, beliefs, imagery, and hopes tied to the Holy Land, since Israel has been the site of significant events in both Judaism and Christianity. These efforts aim to give visitors an image of Israel that combines religious and cultural experiences with an overall political message to support the contemporary State of Israel.
Catholic Integralism and the Integralists
Authors: Vallier Kevin
Published: August 2023

This chapter introduces Catholic integralism and the contemporary movement of Catholic integralists. It first introduces the most prominent living integralists and then explains integralism’s spiritual and intellectual appeal. In the process, the chapter outlines integralism as a theory, covering its approach to the justification of legal and political order. Topics include the ideas of natural law, the common good, human dignity, the church, the state, church-state relations, religious liberty, and canon law and public policy. The chapter also reviews some of the common arguments for the position, especially those that stress the political importance of promoting eternal, spiritual goods.
Transition
Authors: Vallier Kevin
Published: August 2023

This chapter begins the critique of integralism with the transition argument. The argument claims that integralism is morally infeasible. Integralists could move modern societies toward integralism, but only by violating Catholic moral teaching. If integralists observe church teaching, reaching integralism will be wholly infeasible. Because the transition argument requires examining a transition plan, this chapter focuses on the only one available—Adrian Vermeule’s “integration from within” strategy. Integration from within creates a new Catholic elite that captures a government and submits it to the church. The chapter provides more than a dozen objections to integration from within. The odds of establishing integralism in a modern democratic order are quite low, and the odds of doing so while respecting morality are even lower.
Introduction
Authors: Osborne Robin
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses why there are no previous books covering Archaic Athenian archaeology and history while dealing with the problem of periodization, issues of cultural change, and the nature of the evidence available for the period. It draws attention to other works which partially cover the subject, and it argues the case for thinking that it is vital to put all the aspects together as this book does.
Material Culture
Authors: Osborne Robin
Published: August 2023

This chapter describes what we know about the material culture of Athens, in particular covering settlement pattern, burial practices, and pottery. In each case it traces the changes that can be seen over time from the Late Bronze Age to the beginning of the fifth century. It describes how and explores why the siting, nature, size, and placing of settlements changed over time. It offers an account of the manner of burial (inhumation, primary cremation, secondary cremation) in each period and of marking of burials (pots, stēlai) and the size and location of cemeteries. It gives a concise history of painted pottery, examining both the work of the potter, as displayed in the shapes of pots and of the pot painters, as displayed in their changing decoration.
Political History
Authors: Osborne Robin
Published: August 2023

Chapter 5 traces what we can know of Athenian political organization and institutions from the seventh century to 500, discussing the early history of archons, what we can deduce from Drako’s homicide law about late seventh-century Athenian political society, Solon’s reforms and the picture given by Solon’s poetry about the nature of the crisis he was seeking to resolve, the tyranny of Peisistratos and his sons and its overthrow, and the political revolution of Kleisthenes. The chapter describes the various ways that the citizen body was divided up into tribes, trittyes, phratries, and demes, and the nature of Archaic citizenship.
Introduction
Authors: Bernard Seth
Published: August 2023

This chapter lays the groundwork for the book. Outside the field of ancient history, anthropologists have for several decades contemplated the idea that different cultures have their own forms of historical representation. These ideas are useful for the study of Italy, where scholarship to date has largely focused on history as it was practiced by Romans and Western Greeks. A broader understanding of “historical culture” presents an opportunity to connect the practices of those peoples with others across the Italian Peninsula. This concept also helps us bridge the longstanding but largely artificial academic divide between archaeology and history as two fields jointly interested in reconstructing past societies. This desire to talk about historical culture across media in fact finds good pedigree in ancient conceptions of monumenta in both Roman and non-Roman cultures as a term describing commemorative practices across different media. We thus confront the possibility of a “deep” or more temporally extensive study of history-making, one that follows human interests in their past backward into periods where evidence starts to look different but can be seen to speak to similar social practices. The chapter also argues that it is precisely this social aspect of historical culture that makes it preferable to the more labile and less useful concept of memory. After theorizing historical culture in these ways, the chapter lays out the structure of the book.
Ancestors
Authors: Bernard Seth
Published: August 2023

Italians invested considerable historical meaning in burials, and this chapter looks at the early stages of these practices. In particular, discussion examines how tombs and burial rituals offered opportunities for Italian communities to reflect on ancestry. Ancestry in all times and places is a socially constructed concept, and this meant that burial formed a vital moment in which to construct family relationships. The desire to invest historical meaning in burial along these lines became particularly strong in the Early Iron Age when family units were a dominant way of structuring communities. The chapter organizes discussion of this historical culture by categories of practice: ancestral relationships could be formed by spatially clustering burials, by engaging in cult activities at grave sites, and by monumentalizing burials, and we see in this period the proliferation of large multi-generational tumuli in Italy. Objects placed in the tomb were also important bearers of historical meaning, including inscribed objects, heirlooms, and figural sculpture. Discussion looks at practices in the Central Tyrrhenian region but also outside of it, in Liguria, the upland Apennines, and the Adriatic.
Images
Authors: Bernard Seth
Published: August 2023

The first Roman historian Fabius Pictor (“the painter”) famously descended from an ancestor known for painting figural and probably historical scenes on Roman temples in the early third century BCE. Much has been made about this relationship as a sign of a wider pre-historiographical phase of historical writing at Rome. As this chapter points out, the impulse to document historical events in pictorial imagery was very widespread in Italian culture around the same time. Tomb painting in Etruria, Campania, and even as far as Daunia shows a marked turn in this period away from more generic aristocratic imagery and toward images of historical narrative. Probably the best-known example of this trend is the remarkable François tomb paintings from Vulci, but in fact a similar impulse appears very widely and not only in tomb painting but in other media, such as painted or figural vases. We also find similar epistemological interests in a rising desire to depict signs of political officeholding in tomb paintings and otherwise. As this might suggest, the turn toward historical images across Italy was a feature of the evolving organization of urban society in Italy in this period.
Gathering for One World
Authors: Porter Louis Howard
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines Soviet participation in UNESCO conferences, symposia, and collaborative projects, highlighting the central role that events hosted by international organizations played as sites for intellectual exchange and sociability between East and West during the Cold War. It focuses on several UNESCO initiatives held in the USSR and abroad for students, intellectuals, and others, including the History of Mankind project, which attempted to corral an international team of historians to write a multivolume world history. Seeking to use knowledge and culture as tools for world governance, these gatherings, which collectively constituted an international public sphere, extended to the Soviet intelligentsia opportunities to creatively represent their country’s interests while reappraising Soviet intellectual life based on foreign ideas. Reproducing the international community in microcosm, they were also realizations in the present of the better world of the future that the USSR and UNESCO both wished to see.
Key Changes
Authors: Singer Howie , Rosenblatt Bill
Published: August 2023

This is a book about how technology has affected the music industry through a series of 10 disruptions that have taken place over the past century. Whenever technological innovations result in a compelling new way to distribute music to the public, the music industry changes in myriad and fundamental ways to adjust to the new format. And while the technologies themselves have evolved over the decades, the changes within the business follow a distinct pattern. Key Changes describes this pattern: it defines an analytical structure, the 6C Framework, that explains how the music business transformed in each era. The 10 disruptions are the formats for distributing recorded music: phonograph records, radio, LPs, tapes, CDs, television, digital downloads, streaming, and streaming video; and then into the future with voice-response and AI technologies, where the changes are in progress now. Each of these disruptions has a chapter in the book. The book concludes with an examination of how the 6C Framework applies across the timeline of various music formats, as well as to technologically induced changes in other industries, ranging from movies to sports to coffee, and it offers some observations about how blockchain technology could be the source of the next set of disruptive innovations in the music industry.
Disorder and Confessionalism
Authors: Valeri Mark
Published: August 2023

This chapter covers the period from the end of England’s civil wars in 1651 to the end of the Restoration of England’s monarchy in 1688. It begins with the burst of literature on the world’s religions and focuses on the writings and illustrations of Alexander Ross, Nathaniel Crouch, and John Ogilby, the royal cartographer and geographer for Charles II. It maintains that they drew on decades-old accounts of world travel, especially the compilation of travel accounts by Samuel Purchas, to produce a reading of world’s religions that legitimated national solidarity. Shaped by their belief that England would not prosper unless it held tightly to a single religious confession—a broad-based Protestantism—their interpretations of Catholicism, Islam, western African traditions, and Native American traditions were uniformly pejorative. They viewed all non-Protestant religions as threats to England and illegitimate: theologically idolatrous and politically seditious.
Praying Indians
Authors: Valeri Mark
Published: August 2023

This chapter elucidates the implications of this confessional approach for conceptions of the conversion of English people and of Native Americans. Drawing on spiritual writers such as Richard Baxter, it describes pre-1688 Protestant notions of conversion: not a deliberate choice of religious identity but a providential (God-given) conformity to what was already assumed to be the proper inheritance of English people, Protestantism. It then explains how this understanding of conversion shaped New England’s seventeenth-century missionaries to Native Americans. Focused on John Eliot, it shows that these missionaries sought to Anglicize or civilize Algonquian people as a condition of their conversion, compelling them to adopt English patterns of life and Christian teaching before they underwent the same sort of conversion that brought salvation to English people.
Revolution and Toleration
Authors: Valeri Mark
Published: August 2023

This chapter narrates a shift in notions of political legitimacy surrounding the revolution of 1688, and the effects of that shift on descriptions of other religions. So-called Whig writers in London and Boston, who supported the constitutional monarchy of William III, argued that England’s welfare depended not on state-enforced confessional uniformity but on the new regime’s willingness to build a broad coalition of loyalists, including varieties of Protestants and Catholics. This agenda implied a non-theological approach to religious comparison. Dictionaries produced in the decades following 1688 valorized concepts of religious toleration and sincere belief and evaluated different religions accordingly. So too, lay travelers praised or criticized different groups of Catholics, Muslims, and Indigenous Americans according to their practice of religious toleration.
Moral Conflict, Screen Stories, and Narrative Appeal
Authors: Weber René , Hopp Frederic R.
Published: August 2023

Moral conflict, in other words the violation of one or more moral norms in order to uphold different moral norms, undergirds all appealing narrative fictions. The Model of Intuitive Morality and Exemplars (MIME), which is rooted in moral foundations theory, provides a method of evaluating moral conflict as expressed in screen stories. While viewing moral conflict, viewers have to engage in rational cognitive processes in order to evaluate the witnessed behavior; this can be an important catalyzer for moral understanding. The chapter introduces a Moral Foundations Dictionary to extract the moral conflict in a given story in relation to (1) within-foundation versus between-foundations conflict, (2) magnitude of conflict, and (3) degree of polarity. A proposed Moral Narrative Analyzer will be able to extract moral information and conflict from narratives. A more recent framework for evaluating the moral content of stories is rooted in Morality as Cooperation.
Media Characters and Moral Understanding
Authors: Eden Allison , Grizzard Matthew
Published: August 2023

This chapter outlines how media psychology understands the relationship of character engagement to moral understanding in the viewing of media narratives. It argues that media characters can (but do not necessarily) serve as moral exemplars for audiences. The chapter first describes the various psychological processes involved in character engagement, among which are identification, wishful identification, similarity (homophily) and social identity, parasocial interaction and relationships, and character networks. The chapter goes on to show how characters can function as moral exemplars. Then it traces the possible effects of such moral exemplars on moral understanding. Media narratives can serve as a moral laboratory of the mind, can portray morally salient situations with special clarity, may work against egocentric perspectives, and may lead to moral rumination.
Conclusions
Authors: Miller Elizabeth M.
Published: August 2023

The concluding chapter depicts the ramifications of the complete mosaic of iron deficiency. Inadequate iron is a global health crisis for women but does not affect all women equally. This is a consequence not of our evolved bodies but of social inequality. Poverty, gender, and race cause iron deficiency, and therefore the solution to iron deficiency must be social. Rather than rely on the simple solution, iron supplementation, radical social change is needed to ensure women’s well-being. This chapter concludes with thoughts on how anthropological perspectives, both evolutionary and social, are critical in making meaningful, real-world changes in women’s iron nutrition.
Bavinck
Authors: Clausing Cameron D.
Published: August 2023

This chapter offers the intellectual context for the work of Herman Bavinck. It argues that the rise of historicism and basic philosophical commitments connected to this intellectual revolution shaped key aspects of Bavinck’s theological methodology; namely, his use of historical theology and his attitude toward theological development. It begins by offering an overview of the rise of history as Wissenschaft in the university. It then examines the way in which theology’s attempt to frame itself as Wissenschaft resulted in a new relationship between theology and history. Finally, it considers, how these philosophical and theological currents formed the context in which Bavinck developed as a theologian.
Introduction
Authors: Murib Zein
Published: August 2023

This chapter introduces the political problems addressed in this study: the within-group marginalization of certain members of the LGBT group who make demands for liberation and abolition and the tendency to elevate the interests of those members who can compellingly claim that they would be folded into institutions of citizenship were it not for their sexual identities. The stakes of rightful citizenship claims are introduced, specifically the erasure of members who are multiply marginalized and their interests from political agendas. Contemporary political examples from the Obama and Trump administrations are used to highlight the effects of rightful citizenship claims. Activist discourse, Queer and Black feminist theory are introduced to suggest alternatives to rights.
Come Out!
Authors: Murib Zein
Published: August 2023

Chapter 2 explores the nascent years of political activism, between 1968 and 1972, often referred to as the Gay Liberation Era. It shows how conflicts over coalitions, particularly with the Black Panthers, ultimately directed political actors to two diverging (and yet overlapping) constructions of gay identity: radical and assimilationist. The former would seek alliances with Black and Third World movements in the pursuit of broad social changes aimed at ending inequality and oppression for all marginalized groups. The latter would be understood as implicitly White, as political actors made explicit efforts to break alliances with Black and Third World movements and advance political goals that follow the logic of rightful citizenship claims. These political commitments, captured as assimilationist or radical politics, resonate throughout subsequent political organizing in the name of sexuality and gender identity, particularly as political actors representing each of these commitments to political praxis engaged in conflicts with each other to define the boundaries of identity groups and their associated political agendas.
Transgender Political Identity as Coalition
Authors: Murib Zein
Published: August 2023

Chapter 5 traces the emergence and construction of transgender as a political identity during the 1990s. It shows how political leaders engaged in stigma transformation to construct transgender as an umbrella category to contain and represent all variations of gender expression: butches, queens, genderqueers, drag queens, and intersex people. Over time, however, this broad and inclusive identity category was slowly narrowed as choices about how to represent transgender people in politics, particularly as citizens, were made by political actors and activists. This chapter demonstrates that while the introduction of transgender nominally asserted a broad and inclusive identity, the choices made by political actors to use rightful citizenship claims in their representation of the transgender political identity group to lawmakers relied upon the exclusion of the most precarious members of the group, especially those who are gender-nonconforming, transgender people who are poor or homeless, and transgender people of color.
Introduction
Authors: Niditch Susan
Published: August 2023

This introduction explores a range of recent treatments of ethics in the Hebrew Bible and outlines the particular interests, approaches, and content of the volume.
Religious Ethics
Authors: Niditch Susan
Published: August 2023

The Book of Ruth and the story of Cain and Abel encourage reflection upon an array of issues in religious ethics: humans’ performance of kindness and decency on the one hand and their capacity for interpersonal violence on the other, and why some human beings experience the bad in their lives for no seemingly good reason and why others freely choose to do evil despite knowing better. Both biblical narratives lead to questions about the deity’s interventions in human lives and his own ethical orientation in doing so. Rabbinic interpretations continue to explore these matters. While both biblical works raise implicit questions about the ethics of God, the Rabbis grapple more explicitly with the deity’s harsh treatment of Naomi and his possible complicity in the tragic events of Genesis 4. As a central figure in Jewish worldview, the role of the deity in these narratives is crucial to the Rabbis’ view of religious ethics and our comprehension of their attitudes and concerns.
A Study in Political Ethics
Authors: Niditch Susan
Published: August 2023

One might predict that human beings who collectively experience systematic abuse and oppression would seek opportunities to join forces and resist. The theoretical framework offered by social scientist Barrington Moore, however, leads to the realization that more often than not, people in fact resist revolting. Moore’s research is especially relevant to scenes from Exodus and Judges, the roles of Moses and Gideon, and the ways in which these traditions depict political leadership, ongoing resistance to revolt, and the impetus ultimately to rebel against injustice. Moore’s work is also relevant to threads in the Hebrew Bible in which biblical leaders are shown to accept oppression, indeed to welcome it as divine will and punishment for sins, and to tales in which female heroines use deception to resist, “dancing with chains on.” This chapter concludes with a brief study of the ways in which baroque artist Artemesia Gentileschi represents female resistance in her depiction of Jael and other female biblical heroines.