bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accuracy of In-Vivo Digital Impressions of Complete Arch with Intraoral Scanner Vs Conventional Impression - A Review
Authors: Hassan Nurul Huda , Md. Sabri BudiAslinie , Hassan Mohamed Ibrahim Abu
Published: February 2022

BACKGROUND We intend to evaluate the accuracy of in vivo conventional and digital methods in generating complete-arch dental models for measuring tooth dimension. METHODS Search was conducted through an electronic database in Medline, Cochrane Library, ResearchGate, PubMed and Google Scholar using query terms such as intraoral scanning; digital impression; accuracy in vivo full arch digital impression; analog impression; accuracy conventional impression; in vivo intraoral scanning; alginate impression; accuracy of plaster models; digital models; and complete arch accuracy. The outcomes were the accuracy of teeth dimension measurements in plaster models in comparison to digitized and digital models in vivo. RESULTS Nine studies matched the inclusion criteria. Two papers compared teeth measurements through plaster models and direct digital models, four papers compared plaster models and digitized models, one paper compared plaster models, digitized and direct digital models, one paper compared four different methods of direct intraoral, plaster models, direct digital and digitized models and one study reported teeth measurements from directly measured intraoral, plaster models, and direct digital models. Neither digital nor plaster models could be considered to replicate exactly the dentition, however it was agreed by the authors that intraoral scanning could represent the intraoral situation more accurately on digital models due to the lesser procedural steps, hence fewer source of error. CONCLUSIONS According to the results of the present review, although there were slight differences in readings of the measurements made on all the methods, the differences were neither statistically nor clinically significant and it is acceptable in clinical application. This review was registered in PROSPERO at CRD42020208662. KEY WORDS Intraoral Scanning, Digital Impression, Analog Impression, Digitized Model, Digital Model, Digital Impression Accuracy, Stl files, Conventional Impression Accuracy, Tooth Dimension Accuracy, Digital Model Accuracy
Cash Flow: The businesses of menstruation
Authors: Røstvik Camilla Mørk
Published: February 2022

The menstrual product industry has played a large role in shaping the last hundred years of menstrual culture, from technological innovation to creative advertising, education in classrooms and as employers of thousands in factories around the world. How much do we know about this sector and how has it changed in later decades? What constitutes ‘the industry’, who works in it, and how is it adapting to the current menstrual equity movement? Cash Flow provides a new academic study of the menstrual corporate landscape that links its twentieth-century origins to the current ‘menstrual moment’. Drawing on a range of previously unexplored archival materials and interviews with industry insiders, each chapter examines one key company and brand: Saba in Norway, Essity in Sweden, Tambrands in the Soviet Union, Procter & Gamble in Britain and Europe, Kimberly-Clark in North America, and start-ups Clue and Thinx. By engaging with these corporate collections, the book highlights how the industry has survived as its consumers continually change.
“Lectora amiga”. Género y experiencia de escolarización en la Argentina de la década de 1930
Authors: Mendez Jorgelina , Vuksinic Natalia , Suasnábar Juan Manuel
Published: February 2022

Este trabajo analiza la relación entre género y experiencia de escolarización en la Capital Federal Argentina en la década de 1930. Partiendo de la biografía de una “niña” escolarizada en esa década, se pondrá en relación su experiencia particular -recuperada también desde sus lecturas y cuadernos de clase - con las representaciones sobre los roles asignados a las “niñas”, como futuras mujeres, en los libros de lectura utilizados en las escuelas de dicha jurisdicción. En este sentido, los libros de lectura para la educación primaria se convierten en una fuente muy valiosa, por ser un soporte fundamental en la difusión de valores morales, estéticos y patrióticos de la época. En una trama que articula lo macro y micropolítico, la riqueza que la experiencia biográfica arroja a través de historias particulares, del ‘cuerpo a cuerpo’ (Agamben, 2014, p. 19), aporta herramientas de un gran valor heurístico para el estudio de dicha relación.
“Isto aqui não é escola, é zoológico. Lá estão os animais”: Morte em tenra idade de Jonathan Kozol e as injustiças e violências promovidas pelo sistema escolar americano na década de 1960
Authors: Silva Juliana de Souza
Published: February 2022

O artigo trata das relações entre professores e alunos e das opressões, violências e desigualdades presentes no sistema escolar norte-americano. Para tanto, examina as memórias de Jonathan Kozol, que no livro Morte em tenra idade, escrito em 1960, narra sua breve experiência como docente de uma escola segregada de Boston, nos Estados Unidos. Na ocasião da publicação de sua autobiografia docente, o autor ofereceu ao público uma obra importante para o questionamento da escola pública de seu país. Além disso, seu relato desvela o cotidiano escolar evidenciando os conteúdos escolares, as formas de ensinar e as condutas abusivas de seus colegas de profissão em relação aos alunos, que não correspondendo às suas representações de excelência, acabavam sofrendo violências físicas e simbólicas, como as que apresentavam a percepção da escola como sendo um “zoológico” e a dos estudantes como sendo “animais”. Seu livro lança luz àquilo que automatizamos e naturalizamos e mostra-nos a literatura como possibilidade de formação e de conhecimento da realidade social, histórica e psicológica.
Evaluating Sharia Banking Financial Performance Before and After Initial Public Offering Using Risk Profile, Good Corporate Governance, Earning and Capital
Authors: Azzahra Dzikra , Berakon Izra
Published: February 2022

Initial Public Offering is one of the steps that companies can take in order to obtain capital through the shares sold. Through the Islamic capital market, Islamic banking can increase its competitiveness and capital through the industry. The purpose of this study was to assess whether there were changes in the financial performance of Islamic banking before and after the IPO with the Risk Profile, Good Corporate Governance, Earning and Capital Methods (RGEC) approach which was further developed into financial ratios of NPF, FDR, ROA, ROE, and CAR. And to find out whether the decision of Islamic banking to conduct an IPO has been effectively carried out. This study uses the Wilcoxon test to see if the performance of Islamic banks that conducted an IPO in 2018 (Bank BTPN Syariah Tbk. and Bank BRI Syariah Tbk.) changed after conducting an initial public offering. The result is that the average FDR, CAR, and ROE ratios have a significant difference in the financial performance of Islamic banking before and after the IPO and there is no significant difference between the ROA and NP ratios.
The Effect of Investment Opportunity Set, Capital Structure, Interest Rate and Inflation on Firm Value
Authors: Syaifuddin Muhammad Syarif
Published: February 2022

The purpose of this study is to test the influence of investment opportunity set (IOS), capital structure, interest rates and inflation on the company's values in the islamic index case studies of 2015 to 2019. It Uses the kind of quantitative research. The hypothetical testing used is the regression of the data panel using the micrsoft excells and the eviews-9 application. The sample retrieval technique USES an overwhelmingly sampling method with the number of samples as many as 13 companies. Data sources obtained from secondary data of financial statements accessed through private websites of the Indonesian stock exchange (BEI). The study shows that investment opportunity sets have a positive and significant impact on the company's values, capital structures have a positive and insignificant impact on the company's values, interest rates have a positive and insignificant impact and inflation is significantly negative and insignificant. The predictive ability of the four variables to the company's value of 56.95% and the remaining 43.5% are affected by other variables not in the research model.
The Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Poverty in the Socio-Economic Field
Authors: Faudiana Nabila Marsa
Published: February 2022

The Covid-19 (Coronavirus) pandemic is a virus that causes disease in humans and animals. The virus that has spread since the beginning of 2020 more or less in March, all residents are shocked by this Covid-19 Pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic has changed everything, from lifestyle and caused a lot of losses for everyone. This study aims to determine the impact of Covid-19 on Poverty in Tirto, Pekalongan. The research method used is qualitative research and library studies to support this research. From the results of research that has been carried out, the impact of Covid-19 is very large. Everything changes and there is not a single person who is not harmed by this Pandemic. Starting from rich entrepreneurs, employees, traders, even online motorcycle taxi drivers. Covid-19 makes everyone have to be able to rack their brains to think how to survive during this Pandemic. However, on the other hand, the government participates in assisting the community in tackling poverty by providing social assistance. Such as providing subsidy funds for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) through BRI bank.
Zapożyczenie, easter egg i centonizacja – casus serii Wiedźmin
Authors: Flamma Adam
Published: February 2022

Seria gier wideo o Geralcie z Rivii stanowi nie tylko punkt zwrotny rodzimego przemysłu gier wideo, ale także interesujący przykład ewolucji intertekstualności w projektowaniu różnych elementów świata gry oraz samej rozgrywki. Ewolucja ta przechodzi różne stadia, w których znajdujemy zapożyczenia, easter eggi oraz centony. To właśnie te ostatnie stanowią główny element światotwórczy trzeciej części gry oraz towarzyszących jej dodatków. I to właśnie centonizacja stała się strategią, która w wyjątkowym stopniu sprzyja kreowaniu kategorii podróży semantycznej, jaką oferują odbiorcom twórcy wirtualnych przygód Białego Wilka. Celem artykułu jest opisanie tego zjawiska.
An optimized method for tissue glycogen quantification
Authors: Schaubroeck Kyle J. , Leitner Brooks P. , Perry Rachel J.
Published: February 2022

Mobilization of glycogen, the short‐term storage form of glucose, is the body's first defense against hypoglycemia and is critical for energy provision during high intensity exercise. Therefore, to advance metabolic research, it is critical to be able to accurately measure glycogen concentrations, including during a prolonged fast and other glycogen‐modulating interventions. Unfortunately, prior enzymatic methods of glycogen detection have been plagued by poor detection in the lower range, high sample mass requirements, and complicated and/or expensive protocols which introduce substantial technical variability into the measured glycogen concentrations. To address these limitations, here we report a streamlined and versatile glycogen extraction protocol coupled with an optimized phenol‐sulfuric acid quantification protocol. With this method, we demonstrate how glycogen can be extracted from only 20 mg of tissue with one centrifugation step and quantified with a highly precise (Intra‐assay %CV ranges from 5–10%) and sensitive (proportionality constant for glycogen = 0.07279 A.U./µg) assay. The cost of all materials equates to ~10 cents per sample. Therefore, this method represents an attractive means of assessing ex vivo tissue glycogen content including at the extremes of glycogen concentrations.
On the correction of errors in English grammar by deep learning
Authors: Zhong Yanghui , Yue Xiaorui
Published: February 2022

Using computer programs to correct English grammar can improve the efficiency of English grammar correction, improve the effect of error correction, and reduce the workload of manual error correction. In order to deal with and solve the problem of loss evaluation mismatch in the current mainstream machine translation, this study proposes the application of the deep learning method to propose an algorithm model with high error correction performance. Therefore, the framework of confrontation learning network is introduced to continuously improve the optimization model parameters through the confrontation training of discriminator and generator. At the same time, convolutional neural network is introduced to improve the algorithm training effect, which can make the correction sentences generated by the model generator better in confrontation. In order to verify the performance of the algorithm model, P-value, R-value, F
0.5-value, and MRR-value were selected for the comprehensive evaluation of the model performance index. The simulation results of the CoNLL-2014 test set and Lang-8 test set show that the proposed algorithm model has significant performance improvement compared with the traditional transformer method and can correct the fluency of sentences. It has good application values.
Osteopathic approach to sacroiliac joint pain in pregnant patients
Authors: Morimoto Kaori , Harrington Alisha , Nelson Claudia , Loveless Brian
Published: February 2022

This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the management of sacroiliac (SI) joint pain in pregnant patients. Although SI joint pain is highly prevalent among pregnant patients, the unique anatomy of the joint is rarely discussed in a clinical setting. This paper provides comprehensive review of the epidemiology, anatomy, alarm findings, standard treatment, osteopathic assessment, and osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) of the SI joint, and it provides a general and in-depth understanding of the SI joint pain in pregnant patients and its management.
Full-visible-spectrum perovskite quantum dots by anion exchange resin assisted synthesis
Authors: Wang Chenhui , Cai Junhu , Ye Yuanyuan , Hu Xinpei , Zhong Lijuan , Xie Hongxing , Chen Enguo , Ye Yun , Xu Sheng , Sun Jie , Yan Qun , Guo Tailiang
Published: February 2022

Photoelectric properties of all-inorganic perovskite quantum dots (IPQDs) highly depend on their synthetic route. However, current synthetic processes of IPQDs are widely facing potential unsustainable issues of containing nonreusable and high-cost auxiliary materials. In this work, full-visible-spectrum IPQDs were successfully synthesized by an environmentally friendly ion-exchange approach with a renewable and low-cost anion exchange resin. Introducing anion exchange resin brings the improvement of both optical performance and surface morphology of the prepared IPQDs. The emission wavelength of IPQDs can be precisely controlled without changing their inherent crystal phase, and those IPQD’s single crystals with poor morphology and unstable structure are selectively removed. The photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) and the fluorescence lifetime of the three-primary-color IPQDs can be dramatically improved to 93.69, 89.99, and 65.03% and 71.3 ns, 22.2 ns, and 13.2 ns, respectively. Notably, the red-emitting PQDs at 622 nm exhibit a record high PLQY. By using the prepared IPQDs for photoluminescent color conversion, the three-primary-color light-emitting diodes (LEDs) provided high brightness and wide color gamut simultaneously. This study provides new ideas for the environmentally friendly and sustainable synthesis route of IPQDs, and it is expected to show great ambitions in the display field.
On the approximation of the diffusion operator in the ionosphere model with conserving the direction of geomagnetic field
Authors: Ostanin Pavel A.
Published: February 2022

New methods for constructing an approximation of the diffusion operator for the two-dimensional equation of the ambipolar diffusion process in the F layer of the Earth's ionosphere are presented. This equation is solved in the framework of modelling the global thermosphere and ionosphere dynamics (for the altitudes from 90 to 500 km). The proposed schemes have finite-difference versions of the integral identity, which is a property of differential diffusion equation and which represents the geometric properties of the process (diffusion proceeds along the magnetic field lines of the Earth). The stability of the proposed schemes is analyzed, as well as the accuracy estimates are obtained on the base of the model analytical solution and during the calculations with physically realistic data. A comparison is made with the second-order finite-difference scheme developed earlier for solving the same problem.
Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the pain anxiety symptom scale (PASS-20) in chronic non-specific neck pain patients
Authors: Tavahomi Mahnaz , Akhbari Behnam , Salavati Mahyar , Ebrahimi-Takamjani Ismail , Shanbehzadeh Sanaz , Jafari Hassan
Published: February 2022

Objectives

Pain-related anxiety has been linked to avoidance behaviour, maintenance of pain and disability. A valid and reliable tool is required to evaluate pain-related anxiety among Persian speaking adults with chronic non-specific neck pain (CNSNP). This study aimed to evaluate psychometric properties of the Persian pain anxiety symptom scale-20 (PASS-20) according to the consensus-based standards for the selection of health measurement instruments (COSMIN) checklist in Iranian adults with CNSNP.

Methods

198 individuals with CNSNP completed the PASS-20. The factorial structure (confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), exploratory factor analysis (EFA)), test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM) and minimal detectable change (MDC)), internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha), and construct validity (convergent and known-group validity) were assessed. The correlation between PASS-20 with pain catastrophizing scale (PCS), Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK), neck disability index (NDI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), visual analog scale (VAS) (Spearman’s rank correlation) were examined. Known-group validity of PASS-20 was evaluated by comparing the difference between the PASS-20 scores of the known groups based on level of disability, pain intensity and gender using non-parametric tests.

Results

The CFA showed almost the best fit with the original version. The subscales and total score demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α: 0.70–0.92) and high test-retest reliability (ICC: 0.94–0.97). PASS-20 had significant moderate correlations with PCS, TSK, NDI, VAS and a significant low correlation with BDI. Regarding known-group validity, the total score of Persian PASS-20 was higher in CNSNP with higher levels of pain and disability and in the female gender.

Conclusions

The Persian PASS-20 has acceptable psychometric properties in adults with CNSNP. The results of the factor analysis supported the four-factor structure comparable to the original version.

Ethical committee number

921672004.
Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) and palliative-care clinician reported outcomes (ClinROs) mutually improve pain and other symptoms assessment of hospitalized cancer-patients
Authors: Sørensen Jonas , Sjøgren Per , Stine Clemmensen , Sørensen Tanja Vibeke , Heinecke Katja , Larsen Henrik , Eidemak Inge , Kurita Geana Paula
Published: February 2022

Objectives

Patients with malignant diseases are known to have a high symptom burden including pain, and insufficient treatment of pain in this population has been frequently documented. To promote the integration of specialized palliative care and hematology and oncology, this study investigated disease, treatment, and comorbidity related symptoms as well as functional capacity and health-related quality of life (HQoL) by patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) and clinician-reported outcome measures (ClinROs) among inpatients in a comprehensive cancer center.

Methods

This cross-sectional study was carried out in a large comprehensive cancer centre of both oncological and hematological inpatients. It combined the use of PROMs and ClinROs.

Results

A high symptom burden was reported with fatigue and appetite loss as the most frequent symptoms, and role function being the most impaired function. Further, a low HQoL score was associated with a high number of symptoms/impairments. More than half of all patients reported pain in the last 24 h. Out of 95 patients with average pain >0 in the last 24 h, 71% were treated with opioids and 24% were treated with adjuvant analgesic (AA) defined as antiepileptics, antidepressants and prednisolone. Out of 57 patients with average pain >0 in the last 24 h and possible neuropathic pain, 33% were treated with AAs. A high odds ratio for moderate/severe pain in patients with possible neuropathic pain mechanisms was observed.

Conclusions and implications

This study did not only emphasize the need for systematic use of PROMs to identify symptoms and needs for inpatients, but also displayed why PROMs supported by ClinROs are a prerequisite to deliver truly individualized and high-quality patient-centered care. This study calls for continuous training of health care professionals to deliver high-quality treatment of pain. Further, it contributes to the growing recognition, that palliative care and standard care must be integrated to strengthen patient-centered care.
A self-similar solution for shock waves in conducting rotating non-ideal dusty gas medium with monochromatic radiation and magnetic field
Authors: Nath G.
Published: February 2022

In this paper, the cylindrical shock wave propagation in a perfectly conducting rotating mixture of micro size dust particles and van der Waal gas with magnetic field either axial or azimuthal and monochromatic radiation is investigated. The effect of thermal radiation is included in the energy equation of the governing system. In our study, it is assumed that the flux of radiation moves in the mixture of particles and real gas with invariable intensity and the shock wave is moving appositive to the direction of radiation heat flux and the energy is engrossed behind the cylindrical shock only. In the present model, dusty gas is assumed to be a mixture of micro size dust particles and van der Waal gas in which solid particles are continuously distributed and the equilibrium flow conditions are assumed to hold in the entire flow-field region. The effects of the particles’ density to the initial gas density ratio, the real gas effect, rotational parameter, the concentration of mass of the micro size dust particles in the conducting mixture, Alfven-Mach number and the adiabatic exponent on shock and on the physical variables such as velocity, density etc. are discussed. It is found that due to the rotating medium consideration or by an increase in small particles density to the initial gas density ratio, the shock wave strength increases. Also, it is significant to memorize that the strength of the shock wave decreases by an increase in the strength of initial magnetic field or gas non-ideal parameter or the adiabatic index.
Effect of Different Loading Conditions on the Fatigue Response and Recovery of Neat and Modified Asphalt Binders
Authors: Hung Shawn , Elkashef Mohamed , Harvey John , Wu Rongzong , Jones David
Published: February 2022

Thixotropic behavior is a reversible process that occurs in asphalt binders because of the breakage and restoration of the binder’s microstructure. Thixotropic effects are associated with load applications and are fully recoverable when the loading is discontinued. Fatigue loading results in a decrease in the asphalt binder’s modulus related to reversible phenomena such as thixotropy, healing, and self-heating, in addition to irreversible permanent fatigue damage. The study of thixotropy is important to better characterize damage because of fatigue. In this study, four different asphalt binders were tested to determine their thixotropic behavior, namely two neat PG64-16 binders from different refineries, a polymer modified PG64-28 binder, and a tire rubber modified PG64-28 binder. The binders were short-term aged using a rolling thin film oven and tested with a dynamic shear rheometer at temperatures that produced an initial modulus of 35 MPa at sinusoidal strain amplitudes of 1.2 and 1.4 %, and an initial modulus of 50 MPa at strain amplitudes of 1 and 1.2 %. The test temperatures corresponding to the initial moduli for each binder were determined using a temperature sweep at a test frequency of 10 Hz. The test temperature and strain amplitudes were applied for 500 or 1,000 s followed by rest periods to determine the effects of loading time on the rates of binder modulus recovery for the different conditions. The results indicated that the thixotropic recovery rate is dependent on the binder type, with the tire rubber modified binder showing the fastest recovery rate and the polymer modified binder showing the slowest recovery rate. The recovery rate was also shown to increase with increasing initial modulus and strain amplitude.
Evaluating shear bond strength efficacy of seventh and eighth generation bonding agents (an in vitro study).
Authors:   College of Dentistry-Hawler Medical University, Khudhur Hidayat , Bakr Diyar , Saleem Sazan , Mahdi Sohela
Published: February 2022

Background and Objectives: The most important purpose of dental adhesives is to offer retention to composite fillings or composite cements. The most frequently applied laboratory parameter to evaluate the effectiveness of dentin bonding agents is shear bond strength. The aim of this study is to introduce the 8th generation of bonding to our country's dentists and investigating the manufacturer's claim in this research, and compare the shear bond strength of two types of systems. Material and Methods: Thirty freshly extracted maxillary premolars were collected. After preparation, the samples were randomly divided into two groups of fifteen and each group was treated with a different bonding agent. In group A, 15 specimens were treated by Gluma Bond Universal (Kulzer, Hanau, Germany). In group B, 15 specimens were treated by LuxaBond Universal (DMG, Hamburg, Germany). O‐Light Curing Light unit (Woodpecker, Guilin, China) used for polymerization of both bonding systems. Composite (Beautifil Injectable X, Shofu Inc, Kyoto, Japan) cylinders were afterwards placed on the bonded surfaces using an elastic mold and were light‐cured. To measure the shear bond strength of the specimens a universal material tester was used. Descriptive Statistics and One Sample test was conducted for statistical analysis. Results: The highest strength was seen in the 8th generation bonding agent (LuxaBond Universal (DMG, Hamburg, Germany). A highly significant difference (p < 0.000) was found between the seventh and eighth‐generation bonding groups. Conclusion: The eighth‐generation bonding agent showed higher mean bond strength than the seventh.
Evaluation of the effect of Irritrol as final irrigant against Staphylococcus epidermidis: an in Vitro Study
Authors:   College of Dentistry-Hawler Medical University, Hassan Hezha , Bakr Diyar
Published: February 2022

Background and Objective: Endodontic infections are considered to be caused by the presence of various microorganisms within the root canal system. Staphylococcus epidermidis is one of the most isolated or detected species from oral infections, including marginal periodontitis, infected root canals, peri‐radicular, peri‐implantitis, and also detected in cases of failed endodontic therapy. In order to prevent endodontic treatment, failure irrigation is mandatory for the effective removal of smear, pulp tissue, smear layer, and microorganisms. The objective of the current study is to evaluate and compare the effect of Irritrol with other final irrigants regarding disinfecting root canal from S. epidermidis. Methods: Fifty‐five single roots premolars with single canals were selected. All of the samples were infected with standard strains of Staphylococcus Epidermidis. Samples were randomly divided into five groups, and five teeth were put as a control group to be compared to the samples after disinfection. Each group consisted of 10 samples according to the type of final irrigants used during and after instrumentation: 5.25% NaOCl/ Irritrol as final irrigant G2 NaOCl 5.25% / NaOCl 5.25%, G3 Normal Saline, G4 Irritrol with activation, G5 NaOCl with activation. All samples were prepared and instrumented by using ProTaper NEXT rotary system till X3. 5.25% NaOCl was applied with a 27‐G double side‐vented syringe needle as an initial irrigant then followed by the final irrigants. Ultra X ultrasonic device was used for the activation of irrigation with a high degree of 45,000 kHz and using tip size 20# with taper of 2%. CFU of each sample was counted before irrigation regime and after the irrigation regime, and they were compared to the control group. Results: In decreasing the amount of bacteria colonies G4 (Irritol with activation) 94% and G5 (NaOCl 5.25%), 92% of the CFU were decreased compared to the control group. Whereas, in Group 3 (Normal Saline) had the least effect on the CFU count decrease. In group 1 (Irritrol) and G2 without activation. Irritrol had less effect than NaOCl 5.25% in the amount of eliminating bacteria count. Conclusion: Irritrol, NaOCl 5.25% with the aid of PUI, can eliminate a significant amount of bacteria in the root canal. In the future, irritrol might be able to be a promising antibacterial irrigant as well as a chelating agent.
The Effect of Different Doses of Botulinum Toxin on Masseter Muscle in Patients with Bruxism.
Authors:   College of Dentistry-Hawler Medical University, Dizaye Kawa , Jalal Sarezh
Published: February 2022

Background and Objectives: Botulinum toxin type A is produced by clostridium botulinum. It acts by inhibiting the release of acetylcholine from cholinergic neurons. Botulinum toxin has been used for management of bruxism, which is a parafunctional disorder and characterized by clenching or grinding of the teeth or both. This study aimed to find out the effect of two different doses of injecting botulinum neurotoxin in masseter muscle in a patient with bruxism. Materials and Methods: A prospective clinical open trial study was conducted from November 2018 to November 2019. Thirty patients, aged 20‐45 years, with bruxism were subjected to injection of two different doses of botulinum toxin in masseter muscle. Patients were divided into two equal groups. The first group included 15 patients treated by 18 units of botulinum toxin, 9 units for each side and the second group included 15 patients treated by 24 units of botulinum toxin 12 unit for each side. Parameters, as visual analogue scale (VAS), Bite force, patient’s evaluation of lower facial slimming were recorded for each patient before and after the injections of botulinum neurotoxin at 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 3 months. Results: The study showed a significant reduction in VAS, bite force and patient's evaluation of facial slimming for both groups after 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 3 months of follow up (P < 0.05) with no significant differences in both group doses. Conclusion: Both doses of botulinum toxin (18 and 24) units have significantly improved pain score, and bite force and have the same efficacy in treating patients with bruxism., therefore dose of 18 units of the drug is preferable over 24 units in treating bruxism.
Assessment of Interleukin-1β in Saliva of Smoker and Non-smoker Patients with Chronic Periodontitis.
Authors:   College of Dentistry-Hawler Medical University, Mustafa Solav , Nanakaly Haween , Azeez Hozan
Published: February 2022

Background and objectives: Smoking is considered a significant risk factor in periodontitis. The pathogenesis of periodontal disease may be affected by alterations of the inflammatory response by smoke. Interleukin-1 (IL-1β), an effective pro-inflammatory cytokine have been associated with the immunopathology of periodontitis. The aim of this study was to assess the levels of IL-1β in saliva from smokers and non-smokers with chronic periodontitis and periodontally healthy controls. Materials and methods: Gingival index, Plaque index, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing were assessed in 84 subjects who were equally divided in to three groups. group I periodontally healthy non-smoking subjects ; group II non-smokers with chronic periodontitis; group III smokers with chronic periodontitis; Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) test was used for quantification of Interleukin (IL)- 1β in the saliva samples. Statistical analysis were performed with SPSS version 22.0. Results: Interleukin-1β level in saliva was significantly higher in smoker than in nonsmokers with chronic periodontitis and the controls (P˂ 0.001). In subjects with chronic periodontitis, a significant correlation existed between CAL and IL-β (r= 0.313, p= 0.052) among non-smokers; there was also a highly significant positive correlation between, CAL and IL-β (r= 0.310, p= 0.051), BOP and IL-β (r= 0.333, p= 0.05) among smokers. Conclusion: Salivary IL-1β level were significantly elevated in periodontitis patients. Smokers with chronic periodontitis exhibited a highly significant increase in salivary IL-1β levels. Hence, this reflects the impact of smoking on immune response and its role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease.
Adaptive Mossy Cell Circuit Plasticity after Status Epilepticus
Authors: Butler Corwin R. , Westbrook Gary L. , Schnell Eric
Published: February 2022

Hilar mossy cells regulate network function in the hippocampus through both direct excitation and di-synaptic inhibition of dentate granule cells (DGCs). Substantial mossy cell loss accompanies hippocampal circuit changes in epilepsy. We examined the contribution of surviving mossy cells to network activity in the reorganized dentate gyrus after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE). To examine functional circuit changes, we optogenetically stimulated mossy cells in acute hippocampal slices from male mice. In control mice, activation of mossy cells produced monosynaptic excitatory and di-synaptic GABAergic currents in DGCs. In pilocarpine-treated mice, mossy cell density and excitation of DGCs were reduced in parallel, with only a minimal reduction in feedforward inhibition, enhancing the inhibition/excitation ratio. Surprisingly, mossy cell-driven excitation of parvalbumin-positive (PV+) basket cells, primary mediators of feed-forward inhibition, was maintained. Our results suggest that mossy cell outputs reorganize following seizures, increasing their net inhibitory effect in the hippocampus.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTHilar mossy cell loss in epilepsy is associated with hippocampal hyperexcitability, potentially as a result of disrupted dentate microcircuit function. We used transgenic mice, translational mouse modeling, viral vectors, and optogenetics to selectively examine functional changes to mossy cell outputs following status epilepticus (SE). Interestingly, the outputs of surviving mossy cells exhibited adaptive plasticity onto target parvalbumin-positive (PV+) interneurons, resulting in a relative increase in their inhibitory control of dentate granule cells (DGCs). Our findings suggest that residual mossy cell outputs can reorganize in a homeostatic manner, which may provide clues for therapeutic targeting of this microcircuit.
Time Course of Activity-Dependent Changes in Auditory Nerve Synapses Reveals Multiple Underlying Cellular Mechanisms
Authors: Wong Nicole F. , Xu-Friedman Matthew A.
Published: February 2022

Abnormal levels of acoustic activity can result in hearing problems such as tinnitus and language processing disorders, but the underlying cellular and synaptic changes triggered by abnormal activity are not well understood. To address this issue, we studied the time course of activity-dependent changes that occur at auditory nerve synapses in mice of both sexes after noise exposure and conductive hearing loss. We found that EPSC amplitude and synaptic depression decreased within 2 d of noise exposure through a decrease in the probability of vesicle release (Pr). This was followed by a gradual increase in EPSC amplitude through a larger pool of releasable vesicles (N). Occlusion of the ear canal led to a rapid decrease in EPSC amplitude through a decrease inN, which was followed by an increase in EPSC amplitude and synaptic depression through an increase inPr. After returning to normal sound levels, synaptic depression recovered to control levels within 1–2 d. However, repeated exposure to noise for as little as 8 h/d caused synaptic changes after 7 d, suggesting recovery did not fully offset changes. Thus, there appear to be three activity-dependent mechanisms in auditory nerve synapses—bidirectional changes inPrin 1–2 d, slower bidirectional changes inNthrough synaptic growth or retraction, and rapid downregulation ofNwith low activity. The dynamic changes indicate that multiple mechanisms are present to fine-tune synaptic fidelity across different acoustic conditions in a simple relay.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTHearing impairments can arise from exposure to noise or conductive hearing loss. This appears to result from changes in the brain, but the mechanisms are not well understood. We study this issue by studying the synapses made by auditory nerve fibers called endbulbs of Held. These synapses undergo bidirectional changes in size and release probability of neurotransmitter in response to increased or decreased activity. Here, we made a close examination of how quickly these synaptic characteristics change, which indicates there are at least three cellular mechanisms underlying changes. Furthermore, repeated exposure to brief periods of noise can produce cumulative effects. These changes could significantly affect hearing, especially because they occur at the start of the central auditory pathway.
Anthropogenic changes in waterways produce “drought-like” layers in shelf sediments
Authors: Kalman Akos , Goodman-Tchernov Beverly , Hill Paul , Everhardt Charles , Mathalon Alysse , Katz Timor
Published: February 2022

A primary component of the global sediment cycle is the delivery of sediment from rivers to the sea, an input that fluctuates in magnitude and frequency owing to changes in precipitation. Some of these fluctuations can be recognized in the sedimentary record on the continental shelf and used to reconstruct past climatic conditions. However, recent damming and waterway diversions have affected the volume, location, and arrival intervals of alluvial deposits to the sea. Yet, the reflection of these anthropogenic endeavors on the sedimentological record and how they relate to climatic shifts is not well understood. In this study, we examined the inner continental shelf sediments in the northern Gulf of Aqaba-Eilat and the Israeli coast of the Mediterranean Sea to determine how they were impacted by 20th century anthropogenic alterations of incoming rivers. In the Gulf of Aqaba-Eilat, a drought-like upper sediment layer appeared where floods are no longer reaching the sea because of river channel diversion. This Horizon contained microplastics, timing it to after the foundation of the city of Eilat. These markers are disassociated from recorded rainfall and flood events and were not replicated where floods continued to reach the sea. In the Mediterranean, the observed drought-like changes in the sediment corresponded with the damming of the Nile. Our results show that in both cases, anthropogenically reduced load of fine alluvial (mostly flood) particles and continued winnowing caused sediments to coarsen and become more sorted with higher concentrations of larger foraminifera tests. These sedimentological markings resemble those reported for prolonged droughts, but can be differentiated by discrepancies to recent climatic records. Considering the alterations of waterways worldwide, this sedimentological mismatch may constitute a new proxy of the Anthropocene and highlights the way that human activities are altering the sediment cycle.
Indigenizing Decolonial Media Theory
Authors: Risam Roopika
Published: February 2022

This essay examines how “decolonization” has become a buzzword, arguing that its trajectory follows that of “intersectionality,” another term popularized in media spaces and embraced by white leftist activists both in and outside of the academy. I propose that discursive activism online can be understood through two modes: extractive currency and redistributive currency. Exposing extractive media practices, this essay considers how “decolonization” has become commodified and stripped of its connection to the vital work of Indigenous people, transformed into what I call an “extractive currency” that promotes self-styled white “radical” voices at the expense of Indigenous sovereignty. Decolonial feminist media theory, I suggest, has a crucial role to play in undoing the power of this extractive currency in favor of a redistributive currency by unveiling the role of media in creating it and, instead, centering models of decolonial feminist activism. This exploration of #MMIW, the social media hashtag drawing attention to missing and murdered Indigenous women, demonstrates how media can be used in tactical ways to transform local activism into transnational phenomena while insisting on the need to attend to the ongoing experience of colonial violence, born from Indigenous dispossession and genocide, that threatens the lives of Indigenous women. In this way, I suggest, decolonial feminist media theory has a crucial role to play in reimagining the economies of media activism.
Desire Lines
Authors: Ruíz Diana Flores
Published: February 2022

The films of Sky Hopinka (Ho-Chunk Nation/ Pechanga Band of Luiseño Indians) aesthetically intervene in photography and cinema’s historical complicities with settler colonialism. This article explores how Hopinka’s filmmaking practice undisciplines vision as it has been constructed and sustained by settler visual regimes. Situating close readings and his broader practice within Indigenous concepts and contexts, this article accounts for the ethical and political dimensions of Hopinka’s poetic approach. In analyzing the significance of Hopinka’s audiovisual methods, Ruíz introduces the architectural concept of “desire lines” to encompass Hopinka’s contributions to undisciplining vision, both on and off-screen. Selected films in this essay include: wawa (2014), Jáaji Approx. (2015), I’ll Remember You as You Were, not as What You’ll Become (2016), Dislocation Blues (2017), and maɬni – towards the ocean, towards the shore (2020). The postscript introduces the COUSIN collective, a collaboration between Hopinka and fellow Indigenous filmmakers Alexandra Lazarowich, Adam Khalil, and Adam Piron.
Knife to the Heart
Authors: Wang Oliver
Published: February 2022

Upon its release in 1982, Chan Is Missing became the first Asian American narrative feature to gain national distribution, crossover audiences, and critical acclaim. Forty years later, Oliver Wang discusses the film’s landmark achievement with its writer and director Wayne Wang, whose career was launched by the film’s success. Yet despite the film’s significance within a nascent Asian American filmography, Wang has not achieved the same level of recognition as other American independent filmmakers of the era, such as Steven Soderbergh and Spike Lee, an oversight that the film’s 40th anniversary Blu-ray edition along with Wang’s other “Chinatown Chronicles” (Dim Sum: A Little Bit of Heart [1985] and Eat a Bowl of Tea [1989]) is a step towards rectifying.
Archipelago of Resettlement: Vietnamese Refugee Settlers and Decolonization across Guam and Israel-Palestine
Authors: Gandhi Evyn Lê Espiritu
Published: February 2022

From April to November 1975, the US military processed over 112,000 Vietnamese refugees on the unincorporated territory of Guam; from 1977 to 1979, the State of Israel granted asylum and citizenship to 366 non-Jewish Vietnamese refugees. Evyn Lê Espiritu Gandhi analyzes these two cases to theorize what she calls the refugee settler condition: the fraught positionality of refugee subjects whose resettlement in a settler colonial state is predicated on the unjust dispossession of an Indigenous population. This groundbreaking book explores two forms of critical geography: first, archipelagos of empire, examining how the Vietnam War is linked to the US military buildup in Guam and unwavering support of Israel, and second, corresponding archipelagos of trans-Indigenous resistance, tracing how Chamorro decolonization efforts and Palestinian liberation struggles are connected through the Vietnamese refugee figure. Considering distinct yet overlapping modalities of refugee and Indigenous displacement, Gandhi offers tools for imagining emergent forms of decolonial solidarity between refugee settlers and Indigenous peoples.
Conception and early pregnancy in the mare: lipidomics the unexplored frontier
Authors: Lawson Edwina F , Grupen Christopher G , Baker Mark A , Aitken R John , Swegen Aleona , Pollard Charley-Lea , Gibb Zamira
Published: February 2022

Lipids are dynamic biological molecules that play key roles in metabolism, inflammation, cell signalling and structure. They are biologically significant in the physiology of conception and reproduction. Many of the mechanisms surrounding equine conception and the early feto-maternal dialogue are yet to be understood at a biochemical level. Recently, lipidomic technologies have advanced considerably and analytical strategies have been enhanced and diversified. Consequently, in-depth lipidomic exploration now has the potential to reveal new lipid biomarkers and biochemical relationships that improve our understanding of the processes leading to efficient and successful reproduction. This review considers the role of lipids in conception and establishment of pregnancy, providing new insights into the enigmatic pathways governing early reproductive physiology of the mare.

Lay summary

This paper discusses the role that lipids play in the very early stages of pregnancy in the mare. Lipids are microscopic non-soluble molecules that are important components of living cells. The manuscript discusses how lipids influence the reproductive cycle of mares, including ovulation and the detailed biological process of becoming pregnant. It explains how lipids are identified in a laboratory setting with a newly developing technology known as ‘lipodomics’. The technology may lead to a more detailed understanding of how mares become pregnant. The focus of the paper is on mare reproduction, but it also draws on similarities with reproduction in other mammals. Remarkably there are gaps in much of our knowledge about the finer details of pregnancy in the horse, and the paper summarises what we already know about lipids, highlighting areas for further research.
Determination of some chemical properties of wild pear (Pyrus spinosa Forsk.)
Authors: Özderin Sevgin
Published: February 2022

Wild pear plant species Pyrus spinosa Forsk., naturally grown in woodlands in Turkey, are one of the most important wild fruits consumed by local people as food, as well as used for medical purposes. In this study, some chemical properties were determined such as fruit seed and fruit pulp antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, fruit seed fatty acid components of Pyrus spinosa determined, which grow naturally in Ödemiş, İzmir, in the south of Turkey. The qualitative and quantitative analyses of fatty acid components of fruit seed of P. spinosa were determined by GC/MS analysis. A total of 16 fatty acids in the fruit seed were found in the analysis results and 44.8% linoleic acid (C18:2n6c), 40.5% oleic acid (C18:1n9c), and 7.6% palmitic acid (C16:0) components were found in higher proportions. Free radical removal effects of fruit seed and fruit pulp extracts were determined using the DPPH method. The antimicrobial activity of fruit pulp extract of P. spinosa was determined by the disk diffusion method against E. coli, S. aureus, and C. albicans. This study revealed that the fruit pulp and fruit seed of P. spinosa, which had a significant level of antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, and fruit seed had high levels fatty acids components.