bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Foreign Direct Investment Strategy in International Marketing: The Case of Turkey
Authors: Ercilasun Mustafa , Akyüz Ayşen , Döner Ayşe Saime
Published: December 2019

In recent years the role of foreign direct investments (FDIs) in economic development became very important for emerging economies. Thus, the competition to attract FDIs intensified. Turkey, being an emerging economy, needs to apply correct strategies to attract FDIs. This paper will consider competitive environment for FDIs around the world and evaluates steps taken by Turkey since the year 2000. In doing so, changing rules and regulations will be evaluated. After the experience of 2001 economic crisis, in 2003, Turkey passed Foreign Direct Investment Law and taken other actions to stimulate FDI’s coming to the country. Changes in economic environment, political situation, legal framework and financial stability play roles in bringing inflow of FDIs. This paper will focus on the case of Turkey and will provide policy recommendations to increase the competitiveness in attracting FDIs.
Economic Freedoms and Economic Growth: An Investigation on Emerging Market Economies
Authors: Tunçsiper Bedriye , Biçen Ömer Faruk
Published: December 2019

The common view in the economics theory relating to the fact that economic freedom will raise labor productivity and it will provide effective use of scarce resources becomes a current issue with the increase in the number of papers investigating the effect of economic freedom on economic growth. One of the main reasons of the increasing number of those papers is that economic freedom can be measured quantitatively (numerically) through the indexes calculated by various institutions. In this paper, the relationship between economic freedoms and economic growth for some emerging market economies is investigated. In estimating of the relationship between economic freedoms and economic growth, overall economic freedom index, property right index, business freedom index, trade freedom index and investment freedom index, which was created by the Heritage Foundation was used. Investment/GDP ratio and population dependency ratio are also control variables in the model. In the paper, in which panel fixed effect model was used, property right index, investment freedom index and population dependency ratio affect economic growth negatively, but business freedom index, trade freedom index and investment/GDP ratio affect economic growth positively. It isn’t found that there is a significantly relationship between overall economic freedom index and economic growth.
Governance Aspect of Foreign-Exchange Policy in Indonesia
Authors: Syarifuddin Ferry
Published: December 2019

While most recent central bank’s foreign-exchange interventions have been directed at mitigating speculative currency pressures and reducing risks to price instability, as well as curbing volatility in capital flows, the good governance implementation plays significant role in making the foreign-exchange operations done in efficient and effective way. For Bank Indonesia, the implementation of foreign exchange policy strategy followed governance principle is essential and geared toward price and financial system stability. In practice, the objective is reached through foreign-exchange intervention policy combined with other monetary and macroprudential policy called policy mix.
A Research on Community Development and Women Entrepreneurship
Authors: Eroğlu Feyzullah , Çoban Hatice , Koç Mustafa
Published: December 2019

Although Turkish economy system was based on a patriarchal community for a long time, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder of Modern Turkish Republic, has been promoted innovative policies for female citizens to incorporate them into social and economic life. Thanks to those policies, crucial changes have emerged especially for well-educated and cultivated ''urban women''. In this respect, conventional social construct and economic system have been a burden for some of those ''urban women''. They both took care of their families and joined the economic system and raised their career expectations. In recent years, there are some entrepreneurship curriculums and financial support projects has been launched for women who would like to take an active role in business life. Those projects provide opportunity for Turkish women to create their own business instead of working as employees. First of all, literature review on ''community development'' and ''women entrepreneurship'' was conducted in this study. Those issues considered as not only an economic issue but also social and psychological behavioral processes usually by using macro-sociological analysis method. Secondly, an empirical research performed in Denizli province, in which considerable economic moves have been realized in recent years. In this context, qualifications of women entrepreneurs who set up a business afterwards of financial and educational supports of governmental and non-governmental organizations such as Denizli Chamber of Commerce, Denizli Entrepreneurial Association, Association of Eurasian Executives and Businessmen were introduced. Furthermore, women entrepreneurs evaluated by quantitative comparison according to years.
The Limits of State Intervention in Economy by Taxation in Turkey
Authors: Çelik Sabahat Binnur
Published: December 2019

People, mostly and directly affected from the state's decision about taxation. State, in order to realize public services, while using its taxation authority depending to its power of sovereignty, intervenes in the economy in different ways. While using taxation authority, state is subject to various limitations. The most important limitation about taxation is the necessity of obeying the laws.
The basic principles about taxation are indicated on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Constitutions. Nowadays, nearly in every country, advanced tax payer rights, public pressure and the ruling parties’ intent about remaining in power or the opposition parties' intent about coming in power also determines the limits of taxation.
Proceedings of the independent judicial bodies are very important about the limitation of taxation. Because independent judicial bodies can control the power of sovereignty of the state about taxation. In the judging process, they judge the tax rules and tax applications' harmony to the basic principles of taxation. If there are no fair limits about taxation in a country, this means that there is no democracy in that country.
Revitalization of Traditional Manufacturing as Rural Development Model: Yeşilyuva Shoe Manufacturing Case
Authors: İrmiş Ayşe , Eroğlu Şeyma Gün
Published: December 2019

Research field of study is formed Yeşilyuva Town in Denizli is a rural area which provides its income via shoe manufacturing. The aim of the study is to discover the contribution, the exchange and the development of traditional manufacturing at the development process in a rural area. As a research method in the first phase of historical background of shoe manufacturing in Yeşilyuva was researched, and then were interviewed about the shoe manufacturing in Yeşilyuva. According to the research findings, the background of Yeşilyuva’s contemporary production consists of Akhi production culture. In Yeşilyuva, production of leather-related goods has been improving over time since those days. In 1970’s, the people of Yeşilyuva founded a cooperative and a leather factory through consolidating their savings. However, the cooperative could not maintain the factory and it is rented to private sector for operation. Nowadays, in Yeşilyuva, at least one member of each family are producing shoes in small plants. Some of the products are sold to specific brands as a result of contract manufacturing; and some of them are taken to nearby cities by the sellers and sold there. While the presence of women in production used to be perceived negatively; women are entrepreneurs and employees in shoe manufacturing for the last thirty years. In Yeşilyuva, a developing place; the shoes, which had been produced only by hand crafts before; now are produced in still small plants, but through modern techniques; with the contribution of both men and women.
What Constraints Do the Students have for Nutrition Habits? A Research on Higher Education Students
Authors: Batman Orhan , Sarıışık Mehmet , Gökçe Akif
Published: December 2019

Heirs of future and potential tourists, students face with various difficulties during university period. The very primary step of physiological needs, eating habits and constraints, of such a wide audience who are supposed to be at the top of self-realization is an issue that is carefully be focused on. The aim of this study which tries to investigate Bartın Vocational School students’ tendency and constraints on nutrition is to search and identify daily main meals and snacks of students; to determine body-mass index on age basis;; and to evaluate the arguments whether interdependent variables such as economic level, place of residence and gender which are allegedly affect nutritional care have influence on food choice. This study is considered important because it assesses dietary habits and tendencies of consumers with different levels of opportunity and limited incomes. In this context, secondary data have been given in theoretical framework. Primary data, on the other hand, have been obtained through a questionnaire that is compiled from various sources. Research problem and hypotheses have been tested by parametric test Independent-Samples T Test and frequency analysis. As results of the research, the findings that students do not have adequate nutrition awareness though their body-mass index is in normal range; that they consume fast food particularly during the day; and that this situation leads to the so-called morbid obesity health problems have been discussed. In addition, policy recommendations and suggestions have been made in this regard.
Tourism Potential between Central Asia Turkish Government and Turkey and examining it in Terms of Economy
Authors: Sancar Muhammet Fatih , Kıngır Said , Soyalın Mesut
Published: December 2019

Turkey is leading of countries which showing continuous and rapid development in terms of tourism but tourism potential between Turkey and Central Asia Turkish Governments is not sufficient. The origin of most of the people living in Turkey is basing on the Central Asian Turks and Turkey should improve of the tourism activity between the Turkish government in this study has attempted to reveal tourism potential between Central Asia Turkish government and Turkey. In addition, has been mentioned economic impacts of the potential of tourism between the countries. The data were obtained by applying surveys intended for tourism businesses which have activities towards Turkey, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan (Accommodation and Travel Business) and various tourism businesses in these countries in relation to increasing the inadequate tourism potential of among the countries, the causes of problems between the countries and the impact on the economy, tourism businesses. By analyzing the obtained datas, several conclusions are revealed and recommendations were presented. Also it is planned to conduct interviews with Central Asia Turkish Governments consulates and Turkey's consulates in located in Turkey. In this study, legal and political barriers, it has emerged as a major challenge in the development of tourism between countries. The study consists of two parts. In the first section, information about the countries and literature survey subject to was conducted. In the second part, it is interpreted by analysis with the obtained data and information.
International Economy Law Concept and the Source of International Economy Law
Authors: Kayıhan Şaban , Eski Mehmet
Published: December 2019

Depending on the justification of the domination promulgates Law principles which is related with the multi-areas of the social life and assures implementation of Law rules due to its judicial power. However, nowadays implementation of State’s Law principles has been gradually damaged. In fact, not only markets transformed into the world bazaar with the globalization but also the participants of the markets acts global. As a result of the findings of the economic facts, one State’s cross-border trade and beside the national law which regulates the economic actions, normative arrangements increase which adjust identical subjects and receive the sources from different fields and in order for the operation of the current adjustment they create novice establishments with the view point of showing action in different types of areas. As a parallel of these improvements “international economy law” which arranges the international economical actions in the western countries and examines the law principles as a whole which is usually founded dispersedly is developed. Cross border economical actions constitute the subject of a lots of diversified law arrangement. While some of them are the characters of public law and private law, the others originate from international law. Fractionally, nonbinding rules are also inclusive here. At this point the whole law regulations which are about the international rules, determines the scope of international law relations. So in this research, in accordance with the globalization, our purpose is to examine the source and term of the international economy law.
The Effect of Globalization on International Trade: The Black Sea Economic Cooperation Case
Authors: Savrul Mesut , İncekara Ahmet
Published: December 2019

Globalization including political, social and economic processes is frequently associated with multinational companies and investment, international trade and regionalism, global finance and money. While globalization process reduced activity and control of national governments on their economy and trade their place is substituted by international companies. The national economies on the other hand try to keep pace with the change in economic system by deregulating their international trade barriers via regional trade agreements and economic integrations.
Based on the assumption that the globalization has liberalized their infrastructure of trade, this study investigates the balance of trade in the member countries of The Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization (BSEC). The data is collected from international trade database of UNCTAD and globalization index of KOF Swiss Economic Institute. The variables are evaluated using panel data analysis and the results have shown that globalization has a significant impact on international trade and the globalization process had a positive effect on the liberalization of trade in the member countries of the BSEC.
Reverse Innovation Strategy: Local Technology Production Management Performance Booster Demand Trend Analysis
Authors: İncekara Ahmet , Haykır Hobikoğlu Elif
Published: December 2019

It was the most important condition of the competition in the information society to create high added value products. Additionally, the products with high added value are composed of the differentiated products that find the living area through the innovation leaded by the creativity. The innovation concept has been mostly perceived as developed country qualification. On the other hand, the reverse innovation provides opportunity for marketing the innovations belonged to the developing markets to entire world. The reverse innovation provides the extension of the market by reaching to the large population composed of people who cannot benefit from high developing countries. While the reverse innovation has been conveying the less qualified product and services that accomplish the same activity and provide cost advantage to the markets that have been developing but could not reach the product and services, it does not decrease the high quality product sales. It has reviewed the trend factors that define the telephone preferences providing local price advantage towards establishing the reverse innovation strategy by reviewing the demand structure of the mobile phone in the working telecommunication market.
Economic Growth: Types and Factors
Authors: Poliduts Aleksey , Kapkaev Yuner
Published: December 2019

The article deals with the content of economic growth as an economic category through determining its type, indicators and factors. It proposed grading factors based on the various existing theoretical approaches. With all the variety of growth factors and options for sorting the basic separation occurs in the direct and indirect factors, internal and external, intensive and extensive, the factors of supply, demand and distribution, controlled and uncontrolled factors, factors of economic and non-economic, interchangeable and supplemented growth factors.
The author points out the main trends and features of economic growth, determining the pace and quality of economic growth in Russia at the present stage of development. The methodological basis of the study is the dialectical method of knowledge, which allows to study economic phenomena and processes in their constant interaction and development. Sources of data in the study is an analytical and statistical materials the IMF, the World Bank and the Federal State Statistics Service.
Formulate a set of restrictions for sustainable economic growth in Russia, due to the influence of various kinds of factors. As highlighted in its basic elements: the raw structure of Russian exports, weak competitiveness of downstream industries, the economic sanctions imposed in 2014 by the Western countries, reducing the purchasing power of the ruble against the reserve currencies. The results may help to improve the efficiency of stimulating the development and maintenance of high economic growth in the implementation of measures of state regulation both in Russia and in other countries.
Analysis of Effective Factors on Legumes Production in Terms of Sustainability in Turkey
Authors: Hasdemir Mehmet , Miran Bülent , Hasdemir Mine , Özüdoğru Tijen
Published: December 2019

The changes in the economic, social and cultural life affect the agricultural and food sector from production to consumption. All these changes affect the protection of soil and water resources and the production and consumption of legumes which is the protein source of over 2 billion people. On the other hand, while cereal production has increased by 6.1%, oil seed production has increased by 100.2%, legumes production has decreased by 28.8% in Turkey. This situation is very important for sustainability in Turkey which is 3rd lentil producer, 4th chickpea producer and 23rd dry beans producer all over the world. The objective of the study is examined the effective factors on legumes production in terms of sustaining the production. For this purpose, the relationship between the legumes producers socio-economical characteristics and other factors (as price, marketing etc.), and sustainability of production is analysing by Logit analysis method. In this context, in 2014, a face to face survey is conducted by 835 producers in 14 provinces. According the results, total farm size and crop price are determined as effective factors for sustainability.
The Relationship between Performance, Innovation and Competition in Turkish Manufacturing Industry
Authors: Karakaya Aykut , Ağazade Seymur , Perçin Selçuk
Published: December 2019

The relationship between performance and innovation is covered most extensively in neoclassical economic theory and Schumpeterian approach. These two approaches explain the relationship between innovation and performance in different ways. The neoclassical theory predicts that innovation emerges in competitive markets while Schumpeterian approach predicts it will emerge in imperfect competitive markets. Using data for the period 2008-2013, this study investigates the relationship between innovation and competition level in the Turkish Manufacturing Industry. Data analyzing method is Two-Step System Generalized Moments of Method. Performance variables of the study are net profit margin, return on assets and return on equity. R&D intensity is innovation indicator. Industrial competition level is measured by Herfindahl-Hirsckman Index. The results of Two-Step System Generalized Method of Moments analysis show that R&D intensity affects positively performance variables in contrast one lag of R&D effects negatively. Furthermore, competition intensity also improves performance. Positive coefficient of R&D variable supports the view of innovation has the characteristics of providing competitive advantage. The negative coefficient of R&D lag indicates the problems related to the protection of intellectual property right. This finding can be interpreted that innovation operations are imitated approximately after a period. The positive effect of competition intensity supports the prediction of Schumpeterian approach.
Rising Medical Tourism with a Value; Contribution to Turkey’s Economy
Authors: Moloğlu Vedat
Published: December 2019

In today’s globalising world, with the developing of countries, trying new income opportunities has been inevitable. Tourism, which is one of the biggest alternative income sources for countries, has been one of the sectors that getting more and more important for countries in terms of social and economic aspects. At first, doing tourism mostly refers to holiday and tours. However, recently this concept expanded with the added health tourism.
The main purpose of this study, investigating the medical tourism that is a type of health tourism and getting more and more important in Turkey. The study firstly begins with the giving information about concept definition of medical tourism, and historical background of it. Then, with the investigating medical tourism in the world and Turkey setting, it was aimed that reaching a holistic point of view about it in terms of macro and micro profits to our economy. Lastly, to execute existing state of medical tourism in Turkey, the opportunities and weakness of medical tourism in Turkey was defined. Managerial and further research implications are also provided.
International Trade and Macro-Economic Policy in Eurasian Economies
Authors: Koşan Naime İrem , Apak Sudi , Sarı Selahattin
Published: December 2019

International trade is defined the exchange of goods, services, and capital among various countries and regions. Also the potential of imports and exports account for an important part of growth. On the other hand, total value of international trade in goods and services shows the countries’ integration into the world economy. In this paper we focused on to analyze the effects on imports and make inferences for Eurasian Countries.
In this paper we aim to examine the relationship between imports and macro-economic indicators in 6 Eurasian economies. To analyze the relationship, we used panel data regression analysis. Data obtained from World Bank. The panel data covers 1996-2012 periods and 6 countries which named Kazakhstan, Russian Federation, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyz Republic, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. We predicted pooled, fixed effects and random effects panel data models using the Stata and analyzed them. The dependent variable is defined the imports in our model. It has been found that gross domestic savings, foreign direct investments and, and exports are statistically significant for this countries.
The results found in this paper show that gross domestic savings has negative effects on imports. On the other hand, for this 6 countries foreign direct investments (inflow) and exports have positive effects on imports as we expected. It shows us the economic positions of Eurasian countries still depend on Russian Federation. Also, these findings have important policy implications for Eurasian Countries. Our interpretation of these findings is that, integration to world economy has generally positive effects on foreign direct investments for this countries.
Determinants of Internal Migration in Turkey
Authors: Yayar Rüştü , Uçgunoğlu Meltem , Demir Yusuf
Published: December 2019

Migration is defined as movement of population from one place to another. If population moves within the country, it is identified as internal migration, vice versa if population moves out of country, it is identified as emigration. Thanks to economic policies implemented in 1980’s in Turkey, there has been structural transformation. With the beginning of intensive migration from rural areas to urban places, this movement has brought some problems. In this paper, firstly internal migration phenomenon will be explained theoretically and will be presented in terms of Turkey side with various statistics. Some factors which are thought as having an impact on emergence of internal migration that heads to serious problems and reached serious dimensions in Turkey will be estimated with regression model. Economic reasons of migration will be discussed with driving and attractive forces. And with this approach, it is planned as the migration rate will be added to regression model as dependent variable and income, education, unemployment and health will be added to model as independent variable. Social and economic policies will be proposed in order to provide solutions of problems about internal migration.
Construction of Social Value in Entrepreneurship: Social Entrepreneurship
Authors: Bayrak Kök Sabahat , Mert Esvet
Published: December 2019

We believe that income divide among countries due to globalization, growing poorness and increasing unemployment aroused a necessity for social values to create on economical base. In this context arising economical and social issues bring some new responsibilities upon international institutions, governments, NGO’s, and firms. Social entrepreneurship concept is among these responsibilities. This concept is particularly important for firms that are placed in intersection of private and third sector and other institutions adopting market-based methods. Social entrepreneurism that focusing on social missions affect all the decisions how to capture and evaluate opportunities in all the dimensions of life. Social entrepreneurs who are motivated by social bearings rather than solely making profits are present in social and cultural aspects of life in addition to presence in the market. In this study social entrepreneurism producing more economic and social value than its traditional counterpart is about to be examined in Turkish context with two awarded cases. First is SineMASAL (Cine-Tale) social entrepreneurship that aims to embrace all the rural kids with artistic fields including the cinema. This entrepreneurship particularly aims to provide country kids who have limited access to social and economical life with some opportunities that would help them to have a better future, at least to support them having a positive attitude towards potentialities. Another one is the e-Hastam (My e-Patient) entrepreneurship that matches physicians and patients on virtual platform where everybody could benefit from actual health information and activities.
A Study on Intergenerational Entrepreneurial Tendencies and Behavioral Inconsistency in the Context of Postmodern Culture
Authors: Eroğlu Feyzullah , Sarıkaya Mehtap , Eroğlu Şeyma Gün
Published: December 2019

The life-style differences among societies are highly related to the quality level of created culture. Developed Western civilizations has created a high-level culture depending on rational thinking and qualified knowledge. This high-level culture is the back-bone of Western civilizations; and entrepreneurial activities are one of the most effective social behavior style of this culture. The recent and paced cultural changes in societies which have not succeeded in development and modernization created an unqualified postmodern culture in these societies. The dominant behavior styles of postmodern culture are behavioral discrepancies and a common hypocrisy. Postmodern culture actually inhibits entrepreneurship behavior. In this context, Y-Generation, which is known as the after September 12 disturbance generation in Turkey, has great unconformity about entrepreneurship. Y-Generation, while pretending to support entrepreneurship in expression and image, fail in action.
Comparison of the Economic Performance Turkish Republics in Central Asia with Analytic Hierarchy Process and Vise Kriterijumska Optimizacija I Komprom
Authors: Karakış Engin , Göktolga Ziya Gökalp
Published: December 2019

The aim of this study is to compare the economic performance of Turkish Republics in Central Asia with Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods. Turkish Republics have been experiencing a transition from a centrally planned economy towards a market economy since their independence. In this study important macro-economic and social indicators are used to determine economic performance. Economic performance evaluation of the countries an important issue for economic management, investors, creditors and stock investors. Vise Kriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) is an improved method for optimization in multi-criteria case. VIKOR method is a method based on a compromise solution. VIKOR method returns a sorted index based on the measurement closeness to ideal solution. In this study Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method is used in determining the criteria weight. VIKOR is used to measure economic performance of Turkish Republics. Economic Performance of Turkish Republics in Central Asia (Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan) are compared with VIKOR method. Study provides comparisons of the economic performance Turkish Republics in Central Asia. İnvestigated with VIKOR method countries best and worst economic performance years are detected during mentioned period and results are analyzed.
Turkey on the Path of Establishing Knowledge Economy: Icts and Policies
Authors: Sakız Burcu , Sakız Semih
Published: December 2019

Economical development and knowledge are highly related to each other. In today's world, knowledge-based economy is redefining enterprises, empowering individuals and re-shaping the links between education and work. It is clear that advent of the knowledge economy shapes and changes the ways in which enterprises organize their activities in the market place. The application of knowledge is one of the main sources of growth in the global economy and it becomes the strategic factor for the success. This paper presents the concept of the knowledge economy and its framework. World Bank developed a methodology called “Knowledge Assessment Methodology” to measure the progress of countries towards having a knowledge based economy and provide a basic assessment of their readiness for the knowledge economy. It has 4 pillars including 83 structural and qualitative variables and 12 knowledge indicators. Countries can get reports of their relative performance and do benchmarks to see their similarities, differences, strengths, weaknesses. This paper introduces the analysis of knowledge economy from Turkey’s perspective especially for the role of Economic and institutional regime and Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) pillars in the development of Turkey.
Economic Science Considering with a Thermodynamic Perspective of a Physicist's Point of View
Authors: Günay Nergin
Published: December 2019

Economy is a discipline by means of its structure which closely interests all humanities live non-stop whether they are directly related or not which in a relationship with mathematic as calculations, psychology as searching investor behaviors, sociology as searching social events, philosophy as structural reviews of the created environment and many kind of disciplines more.
In this study based on a survey of the relevant literature, the common features of economy with physics is a supporter in the recent years are revealed. Concept passed into world literature as Econophysics or alias Econphysics is defined. Econophysics is a study field tries to find solutions to economic problem by using physical methods. The main tool is used by the econophysics are statistical and probability methods are taken from statistical physics frequently.
Information related to implementation of the laws of thermodynamics which is the branch dealing with the energy and physical energy exchange economic problems are given. The laws of thermodynamics have a very general validity and they do not change depending on the characteristics of the studied system. In this regard, how thermodynamic physics are applied into economics practices are given in detail.
Recent Development Related to Mortgage Backed Securities in Turkey
Authors: Topaloğlu Mustafa
Published: December 2019

While mortgage backed securities are extremely important for prospering economies especially, these securities are kinds of securities capital market instruments that show increase significantly for last 30 years. These make it convenient for development of the capital market and consumers to obtain housing cost-efficiently, in that these securities provide effective fund flow from different and new financing trough. All over the world mortgage based securities are issued by two securitization ways that: the first one is off-balance sheet securitization, mortgage backed securities which are common on countries, are dominated by Anglo-Saxon financing system and another one is in the balance sheet securitization, mortgage bond system is common in Continental Europe. In the context of the Turkey practice of mortgage backed securities is enforced by Mortgage Code numbered 5582, dated 2007. And then this matter is reconverted by Capital Market Code numbered 6362 and its relevant secondary regulation.
The Importance of R &D and Innovation in Development; The Case of South Korea
Authors: Tunçsiper Bedriye , Fırat Emine
Published: December 2019

The concept of development has been interpreted by different economic opinions within historical process. This has prevented the description of development concept in a single theoretical perspective or as a definitive statement.
Development, also being of a broad concept incorporating economic, social and cultural aspects here of, was evaluated very purely economic phenomenon until the 1970s. The development concept has been tried to measure with the national income per capita by many economists. After the 1970s, the level of development began to be considered with concept such as human capital, innovation, education, health and standard of living, overtly, equality and so on in addition to economic criteria and the concept is being assessed by human development level. There are many different ways for the development of a country. Recently, the urgency of research and development and innovation has been put forward and it appears that significance of the notions of learning, research, ingenuity and innovation has gone up for substantiation of the progress.
In this study, South Korea's R & D and innovation doings are judged and the value of innovation and research and development activities for evolution are underlined. Hereby, R & D and innovation projections conduced to the advancement and refinement of South Korea, sorendering efficacious and satisfactory use of sources possible.
Tax Consciousness in Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Abdiyeva Raziya , Zhumakunova Tolkun
Published: December 2019

Taxes are the main financial resource of government. Performance of tax system depends on the willingness of taxpayers to pay taxes or tax morale. Government can use deterrence instruments as tax penalty and size of detection. But socio-psychological factor as tax consciousness play one of the main role in the tax behavior. Tax consciousness means that taxpayer is aware about taxes that paid, knows what taxes are and how tax revenue is used. So tax consciousness is important in the forming of tax behavior and also in the improving democracy by increasing public control on public finance.
In transition economies as Kyrgyzstan government needs more financial resources to implement economic and social reforms, to decrease poverty and achieve sustainable development. Nowadays government seeks ways to increase tax revenue. In this paper author aim to analyze tax consciousness of taxpayers in Kyrgyzstan using the questionnaire conducted in 2013 in the capital city of Kyrgyzstan in Bishkek. Factors that affect tax consciousness will be analyzed with probit model.
Determinants of Employees’ Knowledge Sharing Intention through Perspectives of Social Capital, Emotion and Motivation
Authors: Karabey Canan Nur , Karabey Isil
Published: December 2019

The aim of this study is to investigate the factors that determine employee’s knowledge sharing intention through the perspectives of social capital, emotion and motivation. The impacts of individual factors, namely social capital, enjoyment in and fear for knowledge sharing, sense of belonging and knowledge sharing self-efficacy on employee’s intention to share knowledge with colleagues are examined.
In order to test the hypotheses regarding the relationships among aforementioned variables, data were gathered through question forms from 267 employees working at two shopping malls in a province of Turkey. First, confirmatory factor analysis was applied to data on LISREL 8.7 software. Second, the validity of the measurement model was examined and last, anticipated relationships among variables were investigated through path analysis in structural equation modelling. The results stated that fear for sharing knowledge affected intention negatively while enjoyment in sharing knowledge and knowledge sharing self-efficacy affected intention positively. Also, relational capital was not found to impact intention to share knowledge via fear and enjoyment. On the other hand, sense of belonging impacted intention merely through enjoyment in sharing knowledge.
Sustainability in Green Marketing and an Example from the World: Tchibo
Authors: Çelik İsmail Erkan , Akman Öznur , Ceyhan Ayben , Akman Vedat
Published: December 2019

Companies are expected to seek solutions towards global environmental problems threatening the quality of life in the world today and the society which they are a part have expectations towards it. As a result, they need to behave in a way responsible for the environment as a member of the society and give density to social activities integrating awareness to green marketing and sustainability. They need to develop community awareness both economic and social wise. In this study, along with developing social responsibility and sustainability issues and green marketing to be discussed will be presented with related example from Tchibo.
Environmental Taxes as a Fiscal Policy Instrument: The Case of the Baltic States
Authors: Görkem Hilal
Published: December 2019

The aim of this study is to evaluate environmental taxation in the Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania). First, environmental policies and environmental tax reforms of these countries will be generally overviewed. After addressing the legal regulations related environmental taxation, the composition of environmental taxes, the share of environmental taxes in total tax revenue and GDP will be put forward. In the light of these indicators, the situation of the Baltic countries in EU will be assessed. The reports of the European Commission, Eurostat database, and OECD Database on instruments used for environmental policy are the main data sources used in the study. According to Eurostat data for 2014, energy taxes take the largest share from environmental taxes in EU. While Lithuania has the highest share of energy taxes (93,78%) in EU, Estonia has the lowest share of transport taxes (2,12%). Latvia ranks fifth in terms of the share of environmental taxes in total tax revenue (9.16%). Estonia is among in top ten countries with a share of 8,22%. The share of Lithuania (6.06%) remains slightly below average.
The Determinants of Middle Income Trap: The Case of Turkey
Authors: Bal Harun , Algan Neşe , Manga Müge , Ballı Esra
Published: December 2019

The term “middle income trap” was firstly used in the World Bank’s Report titled “An East Asian Renaissance Ideas for Economic Growth” (2007), which then swiftly gained wide currency. According to this report, some countries that failed to align themselves with the requirements of changes and diversification of 21st century would remain in their respective income bracket. As long as the labor force of a given middle income country is not gradually transferred from the agriculture sector operating with low levels of productivity into the manufacturing sector which produces high added value products thanks to innovation-based practices, it will be losing its competitive edge as compared advanced countries, leading it to reach a plateau at its given level of income. This study is dedicated to determining whether or not Turkey do suffer from middle income trap, and examining the factors responsible for such trap, if they do so. This study also analyzes the primary causes behind middle income trap by utilizing both social and economic data these countries such as real GDP, inflation, good and services export to GDP, agriculture sector to GDP, Gini coefficient and age dependency ratio utilizing Vector Error Correction Model.
The Impact of Energy Prices on World Food Prices: A Bounds Testing Approach
Authors: Algan Neşe , İşcan Erhan , Serin Oktay Duygu
Published: December 2019

Economic developments of the countries are highly interrelated with food prices due to food security. World food prices have dramatically changed in recent years. The rise of food prices have warned all governments because of socio-economic implications and stimulated extensive academic discussions. Increase of food prices is not surprising while energy prices increased during the same periods. Therefore, the energy prices can be seen as one of the determinant of food prices. Energy prices influence food price movements in many ways. Firstly, increasing energy prices result in a rise in input costs. Second, the increase in energy prices will increase the transport costs thus; changes of the energy prices directly affect production cost of food and consequently food prices. Therefore, detailed analysis is essential for understanding the nature of food prices. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of energy prices on world food prices. Therefore, we investigate the long-run equilibrium relationship between world energy prices and world food prices using the ARDL approach to cointegration and error correction models. We establish the model by using the quarterly data of 2009Q1-2015Q4 period provided by IMF-IFS database. The empirical results imply that there is a long-term significant statistical relationship between world energy prices and world food prices. This study provides evidences to policy makers for sensible decision, and literature for further researches. These results suggest that policy makers should get under control the energy prices to stabilize the food prices to ensure the food security.
Economic Growth and Development Prospects of Agricultural Economics in Kyrgyzstan in Condition of Economic Integration
Authors: Pirimbaev Jusup , Dzhailov Dzhumabek , Momunov Umet
Published: December 2019

The evaluation of the current state of development of agrarian sector of the national economy and its competitiveness. Conceptual foundations of growth and development of the agricultural sector in the context of deepening integration. The recommendations for the strategic development of the sector in the framework of the Eurasian Economic Union. Particular attention is paid to the problems of reformatting the agricultural production structure, improve the regional and zonal specialization of agricultural production and the balanced development of agriculture. The directions of development of cooperation, integration links in a format forming a single food market. The mechanisms to improve the management system of competitive development of the agrarian economy of Kyrgyzstan.
Child Poverty in Turkey
Authors: Durgun Özlem
Published: December 2019

Poverty is one of the biggest problems in developing countries. Poverty is general scarcity or the state of one who lacks a certain amount of material possessions or money. Poverty issue is examined on a sector and national levels. Addition it is examined in households and gender level in many countries.
When these studies are examined, the most affected segments of poverty are women and children. In our study: The relationship between the woman poverty rates and female labour force participation rates were examined in Turkey. Poor children do not only occur in developing countries. In developed countries and in countries with high income levels, poor children are likely to occur.
Adults’ poverty is possible to solve in time with employment, aids and donations. However, child poverty continues in the future. Unfortunately, aid to households are not enough. So the problem must be clearly demonstrated and implemented specific policies for children. Child is the social structure of the subject. Damage to children will be create a domino effect in the future. Consequently, it should be recognized and taken measures taken in advance.
The Effect of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth: Turkey Case
Authors: Köprücü Yılmaz
Published: December 2019

From the second half of the 20th century, foreign direct investment (fdi) has gone to the developing countries and has affected economic growth. The so-called effect has taken attention of some researchers and they have provided a considerable amount of papers for growth literature. Hence, theories about fdi were improved by scientists. In this paper, the long run relationship between fdi and growth in Turkey for the years 1980-2011will be examined. The method used for investigating the relationship is Johansen coentegration. The variables are the growth rate of GDP per person (y), foreign direct investment (fdi), human capital (hc), openness (open) and investment (i). We use natural logarithm of GDP per person and investment variables. The data acquired from World Bank web site and Penn World Tables web site. According to analytical findings, we monitored that the variables’ first differences are stationary and there is a long run relationship between fdi and economic growth.
Measuring the Effect of Globalization Level to Economic Growth for Turkey in the Duration of Integration to the Global Economy, 1961-2013
Authors: Acaroğlu Hakan , Kartal Zeki
Published: December 2019

The economic problems due to foreign trade and foreign direct investments are recently solved in the frame of global economy. This study surveys the effects of globalization to the economic growth in Turkey in the period 1961-2013 by the channels of the trade openness (OPENNESS) and foreign direct investments (FDIs) by using annual time series data. The data are obtained from Penn World Tables and World Development Indicators (2014 for Turkey). It is found with setting up the econometric model that, the trade openness is positively affecting the investment level and economic growth in the long term. On the other hand, the results of the applied economy policies are affecting the trade openness and economic growth significantly and positively. Those findings tell that Turkey is a successful actor of globalization process. In addition to this, what the economic policies that Turkey needs to do for a sustainable economic growth are emphasized in the study.