bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diffusion abnormalities in temporal lobes of children with temporal lobe epilepsy: a preliminary diffusional kurtosis imaging study and comparison with diffusion tensor imaging
Authors: Gao Yu , Zhang Yuzhen , Wong Chun‐Sing , Wu Po‐Man , Zhang Zhongping , Gao Junling , Qiu Deqiang , Huang Bingsheng
Published: June 2012

In this preliminary study, we aimed to investigate the abnormalities of water diffusion in children with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Eight children with unilateral TLE (according to electroencephalography, EEG) and eight age‐ and sex‐matched controls were recruited. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)/diffusional kurtosis imaging (DKI) acquisitions were performed. Radial diffusivity (λ⊥), axial diffusivity (λ∥), mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA) maps were calculated for both DTI and DKI, and radial kurtosis (K⊥), axial kurtosis (K∥) and mean kurtosis (MK) maps were calculated for DKI only. Mann–Whitney test showed that, for white matter in the temporal lobe, DKI‐derived λ∥, MD and K∥ were significantly different in bilateral temporal lobes and EEG‐abnormal and EEG‐normal sides of the temporal lobe between patients and controls, whereas DTI showed no abnormalities. For gray matter, DKI detected significantly higher MD and MK in the same three comparisons, whereas DTI detected abnormalities only in the comparison between bilateral temporal lobes and between EEG‐normal sides in cases and left–right matched sides in controls. No significant difference was observed between EEG‐abnormal and EEG‐normal sides in cases. These preliminary results indicate that DKI is more sensitive than DTI for the detection of diffusion abnormalities in the temporal lobes of children with TLE, even when EEG signals are normal. These findings pave the way for the application of DKI for in‐depth studies on TLE in children. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variational‐based modeling of micro‐electro‐elasticity with electric field‐driven and stress‐driven domain evolutions
Authors: Miehe C. , Zäh D. , Rosato D.
Published: June 2012

Recently, increasing interest in so‐called functional or smart materials with electromechanical coupling has been shown such as ferroelectric piezoceramics. These materials are characterized by microstructural properties, which can be changed by external stress and electric field stimuli, and hence find use as the active components in sensors and actuators. The electromechanical coupling effects result from the existence and rearrangement of microstructural domains with uniformly oriented electric polarization. The understanding and efficient simulation of these highly nonlinear and dissipative mechanisms, which occur on the microscale of ferroelectric piezoceramics, are a key challenge of the current research. This paper does not offer a substantially new physical model of these phenomena but a new mathematical modeling approach based on a rigorous exploitation of rate‐type variational principles. This provides a new insight in the structure of the coupled problem, where the governing field equations appear as the Euler equations of a variational statement. We outline a variational‐based micro‐electro‐elastic model for the microstructural evolution of both electrically and mechanically driven electric domains in ferroelectric ceramics, which also incorporates the surrounding free space. To this end, we extend recently developed multifield incremental variational principles of electromechanics from local to gradient‐extended dissipative response and specialize it by a Ginzburg–Landau‐type phase field model, where the thickness of the domain walls enters the formulation as a length scale. This serves as a natural starting point for a canonical compact, symmetric finite element implementation, considering the mechanical displacement, the microscopic polarization, and the electric potential induced by the polarization as the primary fields. The latter is defined on both the solid domain and a surrounding free space. Numerical simulations treat domain wall motions for electric field‐driven and stress‐driven loading processes, including the expansion of the electric potential into the free space. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Load identification for full‐field reconstruction: applications to plates under tension loads
Authors: Martini D. , Hochard Ch. , Charles J.‐P.
Published: June 2012

The full‐field reconstruction method presented here is suitable for real‐time structural monitoring purposes, such as improving the performances of structures. The aim is to characterize mechanical fields and boundary conditions while the structure is in service, using just a few on‐line measurements. This characterization is an ill‐posed inverse problem, the solution of which requires making some prior assumptions. The structures studied are assumed to be in steady‐state configurations and to show linear mechanical behavior, and the loading zones are assumed not to be overstressed; the mechanical fields are monitored only inside the structures. The full‐field identification is regularized using the boundary conditions, which are identified from strain measurements, and the mechanical fields are then reconstructed from these identified boundary conditions. On the basis of Saint‐Venant's principle, the boundary conditions are approximated with a few parameters, the basis functions of which are obtained from the projections of Trefftz‐like solutions onto the boundaries of the structures. These approximate boundary conditions are linked to the global mechanical responses of the structures. Lastly, this full‐field reconstruction method is applied to plate‐like structures with holes subjected to in‐plane loads. The results show that the load identification procedure efficiently regularizes the full‐field reconstruction method, and that this method is suitable for structural monitoring purposes. The sensitivity of this method to errors is similar to that of the load identification procedure, and the maximum errors in the solutions are located at the boundaries. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A multiscale component mode synthesis approach for dynamic analysis of nanostructures
Authors: Lan J. , Li G.
Published: June 2012

A component mode synthesis‐based multiscale approach is developed for dynamic analysis of nanostructures. The multiscale approach decomposes a nanostructure into atomistic and continuum regions and employs vibrational modes to connect the regions of different scales, enabling a reflectionless atomistic‐to‐continuum coupling. Dynamic response of the coupled atomistic and continuum regions is computed concurrently using a common time scale. Numerical results indicate that the multiscale approach has significant condensation and scaling advantages, and it is well suited for modeling and simulation of large and complex systems. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of the incompressibility constraint in the smoothed particle hydrodynamics method
Authors: Szewc K. , Pozorski J. , Minier J.‐P.
Published: June 2012

Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) is a particle‐based, fully Lagrangian method for fluid‐flow simulations. In this work, fundamental concepts of the method are first briefly recalled. Then, we present a thorough comparison of two different incompressibility treatments in SPH: the weakly compressible approach, where a suitably chosen equation of state is used, and the truly incompressible method (in two basic variants), where the velocity field projection onto a divergence‐free space is performed. A noteworthy aspect of the study is that in each incompressibility treatment, the same boundary conditions are used (and further developed) that allows a direct comparison to be made. Two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional validation cases are studied. Problems associated with the numerical setup are discussed, and an optimal choice of the computational parameters is proposed and verified. The efficiency issues of the incompressibility treatments are considered, and the speed‐up features are highlighted. The results show that the present state‐of‐the‐art truly incompressible methods (based on a velocity correction) suffer from density accumulation errors. To address this issue, an algorithm, based on a correction for both particle velocities and positions, is presented. The usefulness of this density correction is examined and demonstrated. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stable imposition of stiff constraints in explicit dynamics for embedded finite element methods
Authors: Annavarapu Chandrasekhar , Hautefeuille Martin , Dolbow John E.
Published: June 2012

We investigate various strategies to enforce the kinematics at an embedded interface for transient problems within the extended finite element method. In particular, we focus on explicit time integration of the semi‐discrete equations of motion and extend both dual and primal variational frameworks for constraint enforcement to a transient regime. We reiterate the incompatibility of the dual formulation with purely explicit time integration and the severe restrictions placed by the Courant–Friedrichs–Levy condition on primal formulations. We propose an alternate, consistent formulation for the primal method and derive an estimate for the stabilization parameter, which is more amenable in an explicit dynamics framework. Importantly, the use of the new estimate circumvents the need for any tolerances as an interface approaches an element boundary. We also show that with interfacial constraints, existing mass lumping schemes can lead to prohibitively small critical time steps. Accordingly, we propose a mass lumping procedure, which provides a more favorable estimate. These techniques are then demonstrated on several benchmark numerical examples, where we compare and contrast the accuracy of the primal methods against the dual methods in enforcing the constraints. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Concurrent multiscale modeling of amorphous materials in 3D
Authors: Su Z. C. , Tan V. B. C. , Tay T. E.
Published: June 2012

A general three‐dimensional concurrent multiscale modeling approach is developed for amorphous materials. The material is first constructed as a tessellation of hexahedral amorphous cells. For regions of linear deformation, the number of degrees of freedom is reduced by computing the displacements of the vertices of the amorphous cells only instead of the atoms within. This is achieved by determining, a priori, the atom displacements within such pseudoamorphous cells associated with orthogonal deformation modes of the cell. Actual atom displacements are calculated using traditional molecular mechanics for regions of nonlinear deformation. Computational implementation of the coupling between pseudoamorphous cells and molecular mechanics regions and stiffness matrix formulation are elucidated. Multiscale simulations of nanoindentation on polymer and crystalline substrates show good agreement with pure molecular mechanics simulations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dispersion and stability properties of radial basis collocation method for elastodynamics
Authors: Chi S.W. , Chen J.S. , Luo H. , Hu H.Y. , Wang L.
Published: June 2012

Strong form collocation with radial basis approximation, called the radial basis collocation method (RBCM), is introduced for the numerical solution of elastodynamics. In this work, the proper weights for the boundary collocation equations to achieve the optimal convergence in elastodynamics are first derived. The von Neumann method is then introduced to investigate the dispersion characteristics of the semidiscrete RBCM equation. Very small dispersion error (< 1%) in RBCM can be achieved compared to linear and quadratic finite elements. The stability conditions of the RBCM spatial discretization in conjunction with the central difference temporal discretization are also derived. We show that the shape parameter of the radial basis functions not only has strong influence on the dispersion errors, it also has profound influence on temporal stability conditions in the case of lumped mass. Further, our stability analysis shows that, in general, a larger critical time step can be used in RBCM with central difference temporal discretization than that for finite elements with the same temporal discretization. Our analysis also suggests that although RBCM with lumped mass allows a much larger critical time step than that of RBCM with consistent mass, the later offers considerably better accuracy and should be considered in the transient analysis. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 2013
Enhanced light harvesting of Si solar cells via luminescent down‐shifting using YVO4:Bi3+, Eu3+ nanophosphors
Authors: Huang C.K. , Chen Y.C. , Hung W.B. , Chen T.M. , Sun K.W. , Chang W.‐L.
Published: June 2012

The colloids of YVO4 nanoparticles on microtextured Si surface are demonstrated to have promising potential for efficient solar spectrum utilization in crystalline Si solar cells. The solar cells showed an enhancement of 4% in short‐circuit current density and approximately 0.7% in power conversion efficiency when coated with YVO4 nanoparticles. The properties of cells integrated with YVO4 nanoparticles were characterized to identify the role of YVO4 in improved light harvesting. The current experiments conclude that the colloids of YVO4 nanoparticles not only act as luminescent down‐shifting centers in the ultraviolet region but also serve as an antireflection coating for enhancing the light absorption in the measured spectral regime. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The temperature‐sensitive luminescence of (Y,Gd)VO4:Bi3+,Eu3+ and its application for stealth anti‐counterfeiting
Authors: Chen Lei , Zhang Yao , Luo Anqi , Liu Fayong , Jiang Yang , Hu Qingzhuo , Chen Shifu , Liu Ru‐Shi
Published: June 2012

Anti‐counterfeiting technologies are desired to protect products far away from the violation of dummy, fake and shoddy goods. The phosphor of (Y,Gd)VO4:Bi3+,Eu3+ was synthesized for the application of this purpose. Its photoluminescence was investigated by exciting with different wavelengths at variant temperatures. Wide emission color ranged from green through yellow to orange was tuned up by tailor‐ing Bi3+ and Eu3+ concentrations. The temperature dependent luminescence and wavelength selective excitation of (Y,Gd)VO4:Bi3+,Eu3+ were observed, which provide different encryptions in anti‐counterfeiting. To verify the feasibility in application, two anti‐counterfeiting patterns were fabricated practically and excellent performance was obtained. Moreover, the physical mechanisms for the different phenomena of luminescence were elucidated from excitation spectra combining with the configuration coordinate model. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Chlorogenic Acid Exhibits Cholesterol Lowering and Fatty Liver Attenuating Properties by Up‐regulating the Gene Expression of PPAR‐α in Hypercholesterolemic Rats Induced with a High‐Cholesterol Diet
Authors: Wan Chun‐Wai , Wong Candy Ngai‐Yan , Pin Wing‐Kwan , Wong Marcus Ho‐Yin , Kwok Ching‐Yee , Chan Robbie Yat‐Kan , Yu Peter Hoi‐Fu , Chan Shun‐Wan
Published: June 2012

Hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Natural compounds have been proved to be useful in lowering serum cholesterol to slow down the progression of cardiovascular disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. In the present study, the hypocholesterolemic and hepatoprotective effects of the dietary consumption of chlorogenic acid were investigated by monitoring plasma lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglycerides, high‐density lipoprotein and low‐density lipoprotein) in Sprague–Dawley rats fed with a normal diet, a high‐cholesterol diet or a high‐cholesterol diet supplemented with chlorogenic acid (1 or 10 mg/kg/day p.o.) for 28 days. Chlorogenic acid markedly altered the increased plasma total cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein but decreased high‐density lipoprotein induced by a hypercholesterolemic diet with a dose‐dependent improvement on both atherogenic index and cardiac risk factor. Lipid depositions in liver were attenuated significantly in hypercholesterolemic animals supplemented with chlorogenic acid. It is postulated that hypocholesterolemic effect is the primary beneficial effect given by chlorogenic acid, which leads to other secondary beneficial effects such as atheroscleroprotective, cardioprotective and hepatoprotective functions. The hypocholesterolemic functions of chlorogenic acid are probably due to the increase in fatty acids unitization in liver via the up‐regulation of peroxisome proliferation‐activated receptor α mRNA. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Highly Ordered Arrays of Particle‐in‐Bowl Plasmonic Nanostructures for Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering
Authors: Li Xianglin , Zhang Yongzhe , Shen Ze Xiang , Fan Hong Jin
Published: June 2012

A highly ordered particle‐in‐bowl (PIB) nanostructure array is designed and fabricated to achieve large field enhancement for the surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) application. This new type of PIB structure is composed of an Ag particle located at the bottom of an Au bowl, and the two are separated by a precisely controlled nanoscale dielectric layer. The fabrication of the PIB structure is based on the self‐assembly of polystyrene spheres and atomic layer deposition (ALD), which allows good control of the metal particle size and gap distance, as well as large‐scale ordering. Numerical simulation reveals a high enhancement of the local field at the nanogaps. The SERS performance of the PIB arrays, and the effects of the Ag particle size and the ALD dielectric layer thickness are characterized, results of which are in reasonable agreement with simulation. With Rhodmaine 6G as the probe molecule, the spatially averaged SERS enhancement factor is on the order of 3.8 × 107 and the local field enhancement from simulation can be up to 108.
Lagerungstechnik für Turbopumpen
Authors: Bernhardt Helmut , Ganswindt Christoph
Published: June 2012

Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die Entwicklung der Lagerungstechnik in Turbomolekularpumpen, kurz Turbopumpen. Neben den heute gebräuchlichen Lagerkonfigurationen werden auch ihre jeweiligen Vor‐ und Nachteile erläutert.

Die Verwendung von vollständig magnetgelagerten Turbopumpen war Anfang der neunziger Jahre verschiedenen Erschwernissen unterworfen. Die abschließende Beschreibung des heutigen Standes der Technik mit den Schwerpunkten Sicherheit, Zuverlässigkeit, Anwenderfreundlichkeit, Wartungsfreiheit und Energieeffizienz zeigt, wie sich die Entwicklung der Turbopumpen nachhaltig verändert hat.
Coarse‐grained models of water
Authors: Darré Leonardo , Machado Matías R. , Pantano Sergio
Published: June 2012

Coarse‐grained (CG) models for macromolecules have become a standard in the study of biological systems, overcoming limitations in size and time scales encountered by atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. Just as in any biomolecular ensemble, water in CG models plays a key role in mediating intermolecular and intramolecular interactions. However, owing to the highly nontrivial properties of water, important simplifications have been commonly used to treat solvation effects. Recent developments of CG models for water are overviewed, comparing some characteristic features and limitations.

This article is categorized under:

Molecular and Statistical Mechanics > Free Energy Methods
Evaluation of autumn mist‐netting data for monitoring passerine populations in interior Alaska
Authors: Benson Anna‐Marie , Johnson Walter N. , Barry Ronald P. , Guers Susan L.
Published: June 2012

We evaluated the data from 2 autumn mist‐netting stations for monitoring passerine population trends and measuring the timing of migration. Migration‐monitoring stations were operated during autumn from 1993 to 2009 at 2 interior Alaska locations: in Fairbanks (64°50′N, 147°50′W) by the Alaska Bird Observatory (ABO) and near the Tetlin National Wildlife Refuge (NWR), Alaska, USA (63°22′N, 143°13′W) by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The location of these 2 stations, near the north and western limits of the continental landmass, provides information from the initial stages of long‐distance migration. The timing of migrant passage through ABO and Tetlin NWR were similar when all 17 years were combined. Juveniles preceded adults in 10 of 14 species at ABO and in 13 of 14 species at Tetlin NWR. Relative capture rates (log of weather‐corrected capture rates) from the ABO and Tetlin NWR stations from 1996 to 2009 were correlated for 2 of 7 species: ruby‐crowned kinglet (Regulus calendula) and yellow warbler (Dendroica petechia). A high proportion of captured birds were juveniles; therefore, these stations are most useful for monitoring an index of productivity. Power calculations indicate that for 6 of 7 species, a 50% decline in relative capture rates could be detected in a 20‐year period. These stations provide a unique contribution for monitoring passerine populations by providing a large sample of the timing of migration and productivity indices at 2 interior‐Alaska locations. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Ca5Ni17Ge8 – A Complex Intermetallic Compound Combining Various Structure Motifs of Alkaline‐Earth Nickel Germanides
Authors: Hlukhyy Viktor , Siggelkow Lisa , Fässler Thomas F.
Published: June 2012

The intermetallic compound Ca5Ni17Ge8 was prepared by arc melting mixtures of the elements and subsequent annealing under argon atmosphere. The compound crystallizes in a new structure type with the space group Amm2, Z = 2, a = 4.0255(2) Å, b = 25.226(2) Å, c = 8.9861(6) Å and wR2 = 0.083 (all data).Ca5Ni17Ge8 consists of a $\rm^{3}_{\infty}$[Ni17Ge8] network in whose cavities the calcium atoms are situated. The three‐dimensional network comprises a unusual large diversity of structural motifs that are known from other compounds of the systems Ae/Ni/Ge (Ae: Ca, Sr, Ba), such as the coordination environments of the calcium atoms reminiscent to those in Ca7Ni49Ge22 and Ca15Ni68Ge37 as well as various Ni‐Ge structural motifs which occur similarly in Ca2Ni3Ge2, BaNi2Ge, SrNi2Ge, Ni3Sn2 and Ni3Sn.
The Interactive Systems Framework Applied to the Strategic Prevention Framework: The Rhode Island Experience
Authors: Florin Paul , Friend Karen B. , Buka Stephen , Egan Crystelle , Barovier Linda , Amodei Brenda
Published: June 2012

The Interactive Systems Framework for Dissemination and Implementation (ISF) was introduced as a heuristic systems level model to help bridge the gap between research and practice (Wandersman et al., in Am J Commun Psychol 41:171–181, 2008). This model describes three interacting systems with distinct functions that (1) distill knowledge to develop innovations; (2) provide supportive training and technical assistance for dissemination to; (3) a prevention delivery system responsible for implementation in the field. The Strategic Prevention Framework (SPF) is a major prevention innovation launched by the Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP) of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). The SPF offers a structured, sequential, data‐driven approach that explicitly targets environmental conditions in the community and aims for change in substance use and problems at the population level. This paper describes how the ISF was applied to the challenges of implementing the SPF in 14 Rhode Island communities, with a focus on the development of a new Training and Technical Assistance Resources Center to support SPF efforts. More specifically, we (1) describe each of the three ISF interacting systems as they evolved in Rhode Island; (2) articulate the lines of communication between the three systems; and (3) examine selected evaluation data to understand relationships between training and technical assistance and SPF implementation and outcomes.

Special Issue: Advances in Bridging Research and Practice Using the Interactive System Framework for Dissemination and Implementation; Guest Editors: Abraham Wandersman, Paul Flaspohler, Catherine A. Lesesne, Richard Puddy; Action Editor: Emilie Phillips Smith
Imaging-guided lumbar facet injections: is there a difference in outcomes between low back pain patients who remember to return a postal questionnaire and those who do not?
Authors: Kremer Stefanie , Pfirrmann Christian W. A , Hodler Juerg , Peterson Cynthia K.
Published: June 2012

Objectives

To determine whether data obtained from patients returning postal questionnaires accurately reflect how patients receiving imaging-guided lumbar facet injections respond.

Methods

Seventy-eight patients receiving lumbar facet joint injections who returned an outcomes questionnaire (responders) were age and gender matched with 78 patients who did not return the postal questionnaire (non-responders) after facet joint injections. Baseline numerical rating scale (NRS) pain data were collected. NRS and Patients’ Global Impression of Change (PGIC) data were collected 1 month after injection by postal questionnaire or telephone interview.

Differences in NRS scores were calculated using the unpaired t-test. One level injection patients were compared to patients having ≥2 levels injected using the paired and unpaired t-test. The proportion of patients reporting significant improvement in each group was calculated.

Results

NRS scores were significantly improved compared to baseline (p = 0.0001). Thirty-eight percent of responders were significantly improved compared to 50 % of non-responders. Patients having ≥2 levels injected reported significantly higher baseline NRS scores, but by 1 month there was no difference in NRS scores between groups.

Conclusions

Patients returning postal questionnaires report a less favourable outcome. Telephone interview patients having injections at more than one level have better outcomes.

Main messages

• Patients returning postal questionnaires report worse outcomes after facet injection.

• Method of data collection should be considered when reporting treatment outcomes.

• Patients receiving facet injections at more than one level report greater levels of pain reduction.
Exploration of serum metabolomic profiles and outcomes in women with metastatic breast cancer: A pilot study
Authors: Tenori Leonardo , Oakman Catherine , Claudino Wederson M. , Bernini Patrizia , Cappadona Silvia , Nepi Stefano , Biganzoli Laura , Arbushites Michael C. , Luchinat Claudio , Bertini Ivano , Di Leo Angelo
Published: June 2012

Background

Metabolomics, a global study of metabolites and small molecules, is a novel expanding field. In this pilot study, metabolomics has been applied to serum samples from women with metastatic breast cancer to explore outcomes and response to treatment.

Patients and methods

Pre‐treatment and serial on‐treatment serum samples were available from an international clinical trial in which 579 women with metastatic breast cancer were randomized to paclitaxel plus either a targeted anti‐HER2 treatment (lapatinib) or placebo. Serum metabolomic profiles were obtained using 600 MHz nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Profiles were compared with time to progression, overall survival and treatment toxicity.

Results

Pre‐ and on‐treatment serum samples were assessed for over 500 patients. Unbiased metabolomic profiles in the biologically unselected overall trial population did not correlate with outcome or toxicity. In a subgroup of patients with HER2‐positive disease treated with paclitaxel plus lapatinib, metabolomic profiles from patients in the upper and lower thirds of the dataset showed significant differences for time to progression (N = 22, predictive accuracy = 89.6%) and overall survival (N = 16, predictive accuracy = 78.0%).

Conclusions

In metastatic breast cancer, metabolomics may play a role in sub selecting patients with HER2 positive disease with greater sensitivity to paclitaxel plus lapatinib.
Unsteady swimming of small organisms
Authors: Wang S. , Ardekani A. M.
Published: June 2012

Small planktonic organisms ubiquitously display unsteady or impulsive motion to attack a prey or escape a predator in natural environments. Despite this, the role of unsteady forces such as history and added mass forces on the low-Reynolds-number propulsion of small organisms, e.g. Paramecium, is poorly understood. In this paper, we derive the fundamental equation of motion for an organism swimming by means of the surface distortion in a non-uniform background flow field at a low-Reynolds-number regime. We show that the history and added mass forces are important as the product of Reynolds number and Strouhal number increases above unity. Our results for an unsteady squirmer show that unsteady inertial effects can lead to a non-zero mean velocity for the cases with zero streaming parameters, which have zero mean velocity in the absence of inertia.
Sexological Deliberation and Social Engineering: Albert Moll and the Sterilisation Debate in Late Imperial and Weimar Germany
Authors: Bryant Thomas
Published: June 2012

The physician and sexologist Albert Moll, from Berlin, was one of the main protagonists within the German discourse on the opportunities and dangers of social engineering, by eugenic interventions into human life in general, as well as into reproductive hygiene and healthcare policy in particular. One of the main sexological topics that were discussed intensively during the late-Wilhelminian German Reich and the Weimar Republic was the question of the legalisation of voluntary and compulsory sterilisations on the basis of medical, social, eugenic, economic or criminological indications. As is clear from Moll’s conservative principles of medical ethics, and his conviction that the genetic knowledge required for eugenically indicated sterilisations was not yet sufficiently elaborated, he had doubts and worries about colleagues who were exceedingly zealous about these surgical sterilisations – especially Gustav Boeters from Saxony.
I. THE ‘CAUTIOUS LEX FORI’ APPROACH TO FOREIGN JUDGMENTS AND PRECLUSION
Authors: van de Velden Jacob
Published: June 2012

If from the imperfect evidence of foreign law produced before it, or its misapprehension of the effect of that evidence, a mistake is made by an English court, it is much to be lamented, but the tribunal is free from blame.1The mistake to be lamented presently is the High Court decision inYukos Capital Sarl v OJSC Rosneft Oil Co2that a Dutch judgment3gave rise to an issue estoppel in English proceedings, precluding a party from disputing as a fact the partiality and dependence of the Russian judiciary.4The decision was a mistake because on a proper construction of Dutch law the significance of the Dutch judgment was—if anything—evidential, not preclusive.5The outcome is lamentable, because a party was unduly shut out from litigation by the application of English preclusion law to a foreign judgment that was not preclusive in the jurisdiction where it was originally given.6
EFFECTIVENESS OF EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION CLAUSES IN THE CHINESE COURTS—A PRAGMATIC STUDY
Authors: Tang Zheng Sophia
Published: June 2012

Chinese judicial practice demonstrates great diversity in enforcing exclusive jurisdiction clauses. In practice, the derogation effect of a valid foreign jurisdiction clause is frequently ignored by some Chinese courts. It may be argued that these Chinese courts fail to respect party autonomy and international comity. However, a close scrutiny shows that the effectiveness of an exclusive jurisdiction clause has close connections with the recognition and enforcement of judgments. If the judgment of the chosen court cannot be recognized and enforced in the request court by any means, the request court may take jurisdiction in breach of the jurisdiction clause in order to achieve justice. Chinese judicial practice demonstrates the inevitable influence of the narrow scope of the Chinese law in recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. It is submitted that the Chinese courts do not zealously guard Chinese jurisdiction, or deliberately ignore party autonomy and international comity. Instead, the Chinese courts have considered the possibility of enforcement of judgments and the goal of justice. Applying theprima facieunreasonable decision test is the best the courts can do in the specific context of the Chinese law. Thestatus quocannot be improved simply by reforming Chinese jurisdiction rules in choice of court agreements. A comprehensive improvement of civil procedure law in both jurisdiction rules and recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments is needed.
MENTAL ELEMENTS UNDER ARTICLE 30 OF THE ROME STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
Authors: Finnin Sarah
Published: June 2012

The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court is the first international instrument that includes a general provision on the mental element required before criminal responsibility for an international crime attaches (Article 30). This article analyses that provision from a comparative perspective, drawing on common law and civil law understandings of intent. It analyses the jurisprudence and commentary concerning Article 30 in detail, and attempts to draw some conclusions as to what aspects of the common law and civil law concepts of intent are covered by it.
The cortisol awakening response predicts major depression: predictive stability over a 4-year follow-up and effect of depression history
Authors: Vrshek-Schallhorn S. , Doane L. D. , Mineka S. , Zinbarg R. E. , Craske M. G. , Adam E. K.
Published: June 2012

Background

The cortisol awakening response (CAR) has been shown to predict major depressive episodes (MDEs) over a 1-year period. It is unknown whether this effect: (a) is stable over longer periods of time; (b) is independent of prospective stressful life events; and (c) differentially predicts first onsets or recurrences of MDEs.

Method

A total of 270 older adolescents (mean age 17.06 years at cortisol measurement) from the larger prospective Northwestern-UCLA Youth Emotion Project completed baseline diagnostic and life stress interviews, questionnaires, and a 3-day cortisol sampling protocol measuring the CAR and diurnal rhythm, as well as up to four annual follow-up interviews of diagnoses and life stress.

Results

Non-proportional person-month survival analyses revealed that higher levels of the baseline CAR significantly predict MDEs for 2.5 years following cortisol measurement. However, the strength of prediction of depressive episodes significantly decays over time, with the CAR no longer significantly predicting MDEs after 2.5 years. Elevations in the CAR did not significantly increase vulnerability to prospective major stressful life events. They did, however, predict MDE recurrences more strongly than first onsets.

Conclusions

These results suggest that a high CAR represents a time-limited risk factor for onsets of MDEs, which increases risk for depression independently of future major stressful life events. Possible explanations for the stronger effect of the CAR for predicting MDE recurrences than first onsets are discussed.
The treasure deposits of Troy: rethinking crisis and agency on the Early Bronze Age citadel
Authors: Bachhuber Christoph
Published: June 2012

The treasure deposits of Troy have been largely studied in isolation from both architectural developments and other depositional contexts in Troia II–III. The corpus has been perceived as little more than a catalogue of information that can be assessed to outline various trends related to metallurgical production, expanding networks of exchange and fluctuations in economic wealth. Considerations of agency have been few and limited. This study relates the content and context of the treasures to depositional and architectural patterns that begin in Troia II. Meaningful continuities and transformations between Troia II–III ultimately challenge the widely held reconstruction that the treasures were a concealment of wealth in anticipation of an attack. The study arrives at an alternative explanation with a consideration of the relationship between the destruction and abandonment of the Troia II central megaron complex and the deposition of treasure. The central megaron complex and the treasure deposits represent two distinct and divergent strategies of élite initiative on the citadel. The study concludes with a consideration of the inherently destabilising practices of treasures deposition, the final destruction of Troia III and the end of the Early Bronze Age in Anatolia.
The local pottery production of Kibyra
Authors: Japp Sarah
Published: June 2012

Since 1995, the ancient city of Kibyra, situated in southwestern Turkey, has been investigated through historical, epigraphic and archaeological surveys. During the ceramic survey, an area inside the city was found where vessels with identical characteristics of surface and fabric were observed. This area is located in the northwestern part of the city close to the theatre. Together with numerous misfired pieces, these vessel fragments are suggestive of a potters' quarter. Based on historical evidence and ceramic comparisons, pottery production in Kibyra can be dated between the late Hellenistic and early Byzantine periods. Not only are the potters' quarter itself and the forms and types produced there of interest, but they also widen our knowledge of different ceramic production centres in the region of ancient Asia Minor. With the help of this material, archaeologists working on other sites will be able to recognise Kibyran pottery and provide us with information about trade connections between Kibyra and other regions.
Mycenaean cultural impact on the Çine (Marsyas) plain, southwest Anatolia: the evidence from Çine-Tepecik
Authors: Günel Sevinç
Published: June 2012

Tepecik is situated in the province of Aydın, on the edge of the Çine valley that forms the southern branch of the Maeander river system. It is located on a mountain pass extending towards the south, as well as on a natural passageway through the mountain range on the western side of the Çine plain. Its location on a number of natural routes is reflected in the material culture of the site, which displays both local (western Anatolian) and Aegean elements. The Late Bronze Age cultural remains from Çine-Tepecik include a group of Mycenaean pottery, presented and assessed in this study, that can be dated to the LH III B1 to LH III C period (ca. 1320/1300–1190/1090 BC) based on decorative style and typology. Both the locally produced and imported Mycenaean ceramics at Çine-Tepecik reflect characteristic vessel forms and decorative elements of Mycenaean decorated pottery. In particular, the motifs used in the decoration of the vessels resemble those of the later phases of the Mycenaean decorative style and exemplify the decorated pottery tradition of the period. The later phases of Mycenaean culture are noteworthy for the distribution of the culture across a wide area, including the eastern Aegean islands and the coastal region of western Anatolia. The Mycenaean finds from Çine-Tepecik demand a re-evaluation and an extension of the Mycenaean cultural sphere in this period to include Çine (Marsyas).
Germination and seedling survivorship of three Tillandsia species in the cloud-forest canopy
Authors: Toledo-Aceves Tarin , García-Franco José G. , Landero Lozada Siunelly , León Mateos María Luisa , MacMillan Keith
Published: June 2012

Low germination and seedling survival probabilities are reported in various species of epiphytic bromeliad (Benzing 1978, Hietz et al. 2011, Toledo-Aceves & Wolf 2008, Winkler et al. 2005; but see Cascante-Marín et al. 2008). If germination and seedling survival are limiting factors in the life cycle, differential germination and seedling survival between species should be reflected in the relative abundance of established plants (Cascante-Marín et al. 2006, 2008) and in their presence or absence in secondary vegetation (Hietz et al. 2011), while differential germination within the tree would be expected to contribute to a heterogeneous distribution of established plants within the canopy (Hietz et al. 2011, Zotz & Vollrath 2002). Many factors influence the performance and distribution of epiphytes, including forest condition, disturbance type, distance from seed source, tree size and species, microclimate, epiphyte population dynamics and physiology (Cascante-Marín et al. 2009, Hietz et al. 2011, Valencia-Diaz et al. 2010, Zotz & Hietz 2001). In this study, we tested whether germination and seedling survival rates differ between the epiphytic bromeliads Tillandsia multicaulis Steud., T. punctulata Schldl. & Cham. and T. butzii Mez, and whether species abundance reflects the ability to germinate and survive as seedlings within the cloud-forest canopy. We also explore how morphological and physiological traits of the studied species can influence their early establishment.
Incorporating behavioural variation in individual-based simulation models of marine reserve effectiveness
Authors: BABCOCK RUSSELL C. , EGLI DANIEL P. , ATTWOOD COLIN G.
Published: June 2012

Effective spatial management of marine species requires informed planning, as well as ongoing assessment. For mobile species such as fish, knowledge of the scale and variation in movement is central to key planning decisions, such as the size and shape of marine reserves and the interpretation of the response of protected populations. For example, populations of species that require large areas of habitat may not show increases in abundance inside small reserves, but calculating optimal reserve size is complicated by individual variations in behaviour. Fish movements can be used to quantitatively inform marine reserve planning and assessment. An individual based numerical simulation model including acoustic telemetry and census data was used to simulate changes in populations of snapperPagrus auratusin north-eastern New Zealand. Four behavioural categories and offshore migration were used to represent the observed variability in movement. Age-structures of modelled fish populations in fully exploited areas, marine reserves and virgin populations differed substantially. However, the population structure within reserves resembled a fully fished population more closely than an unfished population. Due to the range of movement types shown by snapper, fish were not ‘locked up’ by reserves, and fish with centres of activity based in reserves were predicted to have a relatively high chance of being caught outside these reserves. Furthermore, the model showed that the response of fish populations within marine reserves was dependent on levels of exploitation in fished areas. For snapper in coastal reef areas, reservesc. 40 km2or more may be required to achieve abundances > 50% of the unfished stock. On balance, while marine reserves with sizes similar to Leigh and Tawharanui (c.5 km2) can achieve significant levels of protection for snapper, they are too small to fully protect resident reserve snapper populations.
Detection of HPAI H5N1 viruses in ducks sampled from live bird markets in Vietnam
Authors: PHAN M. Q. , HENRY W. , BUI C. B. , DO D. H. , HOANG N. V. , THU N. T. , NGUYEN T. T. , LE T. D. , DIEP T. Q. , INUI K. , WEAVER J. , CARRIQUE-MAS J.
Published: June 2012

In Vietnam, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 infections in poultry often occur without concomitant clinical signs and outbreaks are not consistently reported. Live bird markets represent a convenient site for surveillance that does not rely on farmers' notifications. Two H5N1 surveys were conducted at live bird markets/slaughter points in 39 districts (five provinces) in the Red River, Mekong delta, and central Vietnam during January and May 2011. Oropharyngeal and rectal swab samples from 12 480 ducks were tested for H5N1 by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction in pools of five. Traders and stallholders were interviewed using standardized questionnaires; 3·3% of pools tested positive. The highest prevalence (6·6%) corresponded to the Mekong delta, and no H5N1 was detected in the two Red River provinces. The surveys identified key risk behaviours of traders and stallholders. It is recommended that market surveys are implemented over time as a tool to evaluate progress in HPAI control in Vietnam.
Constitutionalism in an old key: Legality and constituent power
Authors: DYZENHAUS DAVID
Published: June 2012

I argue that legal and constitutional theory should avoid the idea of constituent power. It is unhelpful in seeking to understand the authority of law and the place of written constitutions in such an understanding. In particular, it results in a deep ambivalence about whether authority is located within or without the legal order. That ambivalence also manifests itself within positivist legal theory, which explains the affinity between theories of constituent power and legal positivist accounts of authority. Legal theory should then focus on the question of law’s authority as one entirely internal to legal order, thus making the question of constituent power superfluous.
Remote sensing of NO2 emission from the central urban area of Shanghai (China) using the mobile DOAS technique
Authors: Wang Shanshan , Zhou Bin , Wang Zhuoru , Yang Suna , Hao Nan , Valks Pieter , Trautmann Thomas , Chen Limin
Published: June 2012

The mobile DOAS technique was used to quantify the NOxvehicle emission of the central urban area, enclosed by the Inner Ring Viaduct Road (IRVR), of Shanghai, China. Three field measurement campaigns were performed during the pre‐EXPO period in October 2009, the EXPO opening ceremony, and the closing ceremony period in 2010. The spatial and temporal distributions of NO2 Vertical Column Densities were derived, and the effects of traffic and wind conditions were studied. The averaged NO2 emissions rates from the IRVR area were determined to be 2.1 ± 0.9 ton/h, 2.8 ± 1.4 ton/h and 2.7 ± 1.4 ton/h for these three campaigns. The annual vehicle NOx emissions for the central urban area were estimated to be (2.3 ± 1.0) × 104 ton in 2009 and (3.0 ± 1.5) × 104 ton in 2010, and those for the whole city were (13.4 ± 5.9) × 104 ton in 2009 and (17.6 ± 8.4) × 104 ton in 2010, by considering a typical NO/NO2 ratio, NOx lifetime, as well as the traffic emission share of central urban area with respect to the entire city. The vehicle NOx emissions quantified by mobile DOAS were found to exhibit an increasing trend in the central urban area of Shanghai, by 1.6 times and 2.1 times from 2006 to 2009 and 2010. Due to wind field variations, unknown NOx chemical transformation, and uncertainties in AMFs, the systematic derivation of the final NOx emission rates obtained was about 55% for averaged several consecutive days.