bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear Effects of Intraspecific Competition Alter Landscape-Wide Upscaling of Ecosystem Function
Authors: Little Chelsea J. , Fronhofer Emanuel A. , Altermatt Florian
Published: November 2018

A major focus of ecology is to understand and predict ecosystem function across scales. Many ecosystem functions are only measured at local scales, while their effects occur at a landscape level. Here, we investigate how landscape-scale predictions of ecosystem function depend on intraspecific competition, a fine-scale process, by manipulating intraspecific density of shredding macroinvertebrates and examining effects on leaf litter decomposition, a key function in freshwater ecosystems. Across two species, we found that leaf processing rates declined with increasing density following a negative exponential function, likely due to interference competition. To demonstrate consequences of this nonlinearity, we upscaled estimates of leaf litter processing from shredder abundance surveys in 10 replicated headwater streams. In accordance with Jensen’s inequality, applying density-dependent consumption rates reduced estimates of catchment-scale leaf consumption up to 60-fold versus using density-independent rates. Density-dependent consumption estimates aligned closely with metabolic requirements in catchments with large, but not small, shredder populations. Importantly, shredder abundance was not limited by leaf litter availability and catchment-level leaf litter supply was much higher than estimated consumption, thus leaf litter processing was not limited by resource supply. Our work highlights the need for upscaling which accounts for intraspecific interactions.
Guidance of zoospores by potassium gradient sensing mediates aggregation
Authors: Galiana Eric , Cohen Celine , Thomen Philippe , Etienne Catherine , Noblin Xavier
Published: November 2018

Biflagellate zoospores of some phytopathogenic Phytophthora species spontaneously aggregate within few minutes in suspension. Depending on species auto-aggregate formation results from bioconvection or from a sequence bioconvection-positive chemotaxis. In this study, we show that P. parasitica zoospores may form aggregates upon application of a K+ gradient in particular geometric arrangements. Based on the use of macro- and microfluidic devices, in addition to time-lapse live imaging both in the vertical and horizontal planes, we defined (i) the spatiotemporal and concentration scale evolution within the gradient in correlation with (ii) cell distribution and (iii) metrics of zoospore motion (velocity, trajectory). The results indicated that K+-induced aggregates result from a single bi-phasic temporal sequence involving negative chemotaxis and then bioconvection in a K+ gradient concentration scale [0-17 mM]. Each K+-sensing cell undergoes a forward-to-backward movement within a threshold range of 1-4mM, thereby forming progressively a swarm. Once a critical population density is achieved zoospores form a plume which undergoes a downward migration leading to aggregate formation on the support surface. We discuss putative sources for K+ gradient generation in natural environment (zoospore population, microbiota, plant roots, soil particles), and implication for events preceding inoculum formation on host plant.
Plant Growth-Promoting Activity of Beta-Propeller Protein YxaL Secreted from Bacillus velezensis Strain GH1-13
Authors: Kim Yong-Hak , Choi Yunhee , Oh Yu Yeong , Ha Nam-Chul , Song Jaekyeong
Published: November 2018

YxaL is conserved within Bacillus subtilis species complex associated with plant and soil. The mature protein YxaL contains a repeated beta-propeller domain, but the subcellular location and function of YxaL has not been determined. The gene encoding the mature YxaL protein was PCR amplified from genomic DNA of B. velezensis strain GH1-13 and used for recombinant protein production. A rabbit polyclonal antibody against the purified YxaL was generated and used for western blotting to determine the constitutive expression and secretion of YxaL, which exhibited a half-life of 1.6 h in the culture medium of strain GH1-13. In this study, we show that seed treatments of Arabidopsis thaliana and rice (Oryza sativa L) with less than 1 mg L−1 of purified YxaL in a soaking solution were effective at improving the root growth of plants. The seedlings of the treated Arabidopsis seeds markedly increased transcription of a 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthetase marker gene (ACS 11) but reduced expression of auxin-and abscisic acid-responsive marker genes (IAA1, GH3.3, and ABF4), especially when provided exogenous auxin. The horticulture experiments showed that pepper (Capsicum annum) seeds treated with 1 mg L−1 YxaL in soaking solution increased shoot growth and improved tolerance to drought stress. We hypothesize that YxaL secreted from plant growth-promoting Bacillus cells has a significant impact on plant roots, with the potential of improving plant growth and tolerance against stress.
Effects of High Copper Exposure on Development and Survival During Early Ontogenesis in the Common Toad
Authors: Dmitrieva ElenaV.
Published: November 2018

Exposure to environmental pollutants contributes to the global decline of amphibians. Amphibian embryos are unique models for studying the effects of various toxic agents on developmental processes. Some of the most detrimental toxic agents are heavy metals, the study of which is a priority in ecotoxicology. Copper is a microelement required in many biological systems, but it can be toxic at concentrations higher than normal physiological range. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the toxic effect of high concentrations of Cu (10, 25, and 50 mg/L) on Bufo bufo embryos. The present study shows that short-term (48 h) toxicity test can fail to register toxicological effect of Cu, whereas long-term toxicity test demonstrates that all analyzed concentrations are lethal to common toad embryos. Early stages of development (stages 4-8, Gosner 1960) are shown to be rather tolerant to copper, even at high concentrations. Effects of copper begin to manifest themselves at the blastula stage (stages 8-9, Gosner, 1960). The present study also shows that initial egg density affects copper-related mortality rate of embryos. If egg density is high, copper-related mortality rate is sometimes decreased, possibly because jelly coats of eggs bind great amounts of dissolved copper. It is also shown that clutches can differ in sensitivity to different copper concentrations. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the conditions of the experiment (such as the initial egg density) and individual sensitivity of clutches to the toxic agent considerably contribute to the results of the ecotoxicological experiment.
Title: Unravelling associations between tree-seedling performance, herbivory, competition, and facilitation in high nature value farmlands
Authors: Vaz Pedro G. , Bugalho Miguel N. , Fedriani José M. , Branco Manuela , Lecomte Xavier , Nogueira Carla , Caldeira Maria C.
Published: November 2018

Herbivory, plant facilitation, and competition have complex impacts on tree regeneration which are seldom investigated together. Grazing exclosure experiments have allowed to quantify the effects of large herbivores on tree regeneration dynamics but have often ignored the effect of herbivorous insects. We experimentally tested how folivory (percentage of leaf damaged by insects), and microenvironment (tree-canopy cover and herbs) jointly alter performance (growth and survival) of seedlings of two dominant Mediterranean oak-species within ungulate exclosures. An agroforestry system dominated by cork oak (Quercus suber) and holm oak (Q. rotundifolia) was assessed in south-east Portugal. We aimed also to determine whether the two oak-species differ in the interdependences between folivory, microenvironment, covaring factors, and seedling performance. Unexpectedly, under the low–moderate insect defoliation occurred in our 3-year field study, growth and survival of cork and holm oak-seedlings were positively associated with herbivory damage. Herb removal increased oak folivory by 1.4 times. Herb removal was also positively associated with growth, directly and indirectly through its negative effect on oak folivory. Tree-canopy favored insect folivory upon cork oak seedlings directly and upon holm oak indirectly via decreasing light availability. Folivory was threefold greater upon cork than upon holm oak-seedlings. Our study shows that tree-canopy, herbs, and covarying factors can affect cork and holm oak-seedling performances through complex pathways, which markedly differ for the two species. The combined effect of insect herbivory and positive and negative plant-plant interactions need to be integrated into future tree regeneration efforts toward tackling the regeneration crisis of oak agroforestry systems of the Mediterranean.
How predictive can be predictions in the neurocognitive processing of auditory and audiovisual speech? A deep learning study
Authors: Hueber Thomas , Tatulli Eric , Girin Laurent , Schwartz Jean-luc
Published: November 2018

Sensory processing is increasingly conceived in a predictive framework in which neurons would constantly process the error signal resulting from the comparison of expected and observed stimuli. Surprisingly, few data exist on the amount of predictions that can be computed in real sensory scenes. Here, we focus on the sensory processing of auditory and audiovisual speech. We propose a set of computational models based on artificial neural networks (mixing deep feed-forward and convolutional networks) which are trained to predict future audio observations from 25 ms to 250 ms past audio or audiovisual observations (i.e. including lip movements). Experiments are conducted on the multispeaker NTCD-TIMIT audiovisual speech database. Predictions are efficient in a short temporal range (25-50 ms), predicting 40 to 60 % of the variance of the incoming stimulus, which could result in potentially saving up to 2/3 of the processing power. Then they quickly decrease to vanish after 100 ms. Adding information on the lips slightly improves predictions, with a 5 to 10 % increase in explained variance.

Interestingly the visual gain vanishes more slowly, and the gain is maximum for a delay of 75 ms between image and predicted sound.
Inducible Lung Epithelial Resistance Requires Multisource Reactive Oxygen Species Generation to Protect against Bacterial Infections
Authors: Ware Hayden H. , Kulkarni Vikram V. , Wang Yongxing , Juarez Miguel Leiva , Kirkpatrick Carson T. , García Jezreel Pantaleón , Wali Shradha , Sikkema William K. A. , Tour James M. , Evans Scott E.
Published: November 2018

Pneumonia remains a global health threat, in part due to expanding categories of susceptible individuals and increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistant pathogens. However, therapeutic stimulation of the lungs’ mucosal defenses by inhaled exposure to a synergistic combination of Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists known as Pam2-ODN promotes mouse survival of pneumonia caused by a wide array of pathogens. This inducible resistance to pneumonia relies on intact lung epithelial TLR signaling, and inducible protection against viral pathogens has recently been shown to require increased production of epithelial reactive oxygen species (ROS) from multiple epithelial ROS generators. To determine whether similar mechanisms contribute to inducible antibacterial responses, the current work investigates the role of ROS in therapeutically-stimulated protection against Pseudomonas aerugnosa challenges. Inhaled Pam2-ODN treatment one day before infection prevented hemorrhagic lung cytotoxicity and mouse death in a manner that correlated with reduction in bacterial burden. The bacterial killing effect of Pam2-ODN was recapitulated in isolated mouse and human lung epithelial cells, and the protection correlated with inducible epithelial generation of ROS. Scavenging or targeted blockade of ROS production from either dual oxidase or mitochondrial sources resulted in near complete loss of Pam2-ODN-induced bacterial killing, whereas deficiency of induced antimicrobial peptides had little effect. These findings support a central role for multisource epithelial ROS in inducible resistance against bacterial pathogens and provide mechanistic insights into means to protect vulnerable patients against lethal infections.
Genome-wide association studies for yield-related traits in soft red winter wheat grown in Virginia
Authors: Ward Brian P. , Brown-Guedira Gina , Kolb Frederic L. , Van Sanford David A. , Tyagi Priyanka , Sneller Clay H. , Griffey Carl A.
Published: November 2018

Grain yield is a trait of paramount importance in the breeding of all cereals. In wheat (Triticum aestivumL.), yield has steadily increased since the Green Revolution, though the current rate of increase is not forecasted to keep pace with demand due to growing world population and affluence. While several genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on yield and related component traits have been performed in wheat, the previous lack of a reference genome has made comparisons between studies difficult. In this study, a GWAS for yield and yield-related traits was carried out on a population of 324 soft red winter wheat lines across a total of four rain-fed environments in the state of Virginia using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker data generated by a genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) protocol. Two separate mixed linear models were used to identify significant marker-trait associations (MTAs). The first was a single-locus model utilizing a leave-one-chromosome-out approach to estimating kinship. The second was a sub-setting kinship multi-locus method (FarmCPU). The single-locus model identified nine significant MTAs for various yield-related traits, while the FarmCPU model identified 74 significant MTAs. The availability of the wheat reference genome allowed for the description of MTAs in terms of both genetic and physical positions, and enabled more extensive post-GWAS characterization of significant MTAs. The results indicate promising avenues for increasing grain yield by exploiting variation in traits relating to the number of grains per unit area, as well as phenological traits influencing grain-filling duration of genotypes.
Radtools: R utilities for smooth navigation of medical image data
Authors: Russell Pamela H , Ghosh Debashis
Published: November 2018

The radiology community has adopted several widely used standards for medical image files, including the popular DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine) and NIfTI (Neuroimaging Informatics Technology Initiative) standards. These file formats include image intensities as well as potentially extensive metadata. The NIfTI standard specifies a particular set of header fields describing the image and minimal information about the scan. DICOM headers can include any of over 4,000 available metadata attributes spanning a variety of topics. NIfTI files contain all slices for an image series, while DICOM files capture single slices and image series are typically organized into a directory. Each DICOM file contains metadata for the image series as well as the individual image slice.

The programming environment R is popular for data analysis due to its free and open code, active ecosystem of tools and users, and excellent system of contributed packages. Currently, many published radiological image analyses are performed with proprietary software or custom unpublished scripts. However, R is increasing in popularity in this area due to several packages for processing and analysis of image files. While these R packages handle image import and processing, no existing package makes image metadata conveniently accessible. Extracting image metadata, combining across slices, and converting to useful formats can be prohibitively cumbersome, especially for DICOM files.

We present radtools, an R package for smooth navigation of medical image data. Radtools makes the problem of extracting image metadata trivially simple, providing simple functions to explore and return information in familiar R data structures. Radtools also facilitates extraction of image data and viewing of image slices. The package is freely available under the MIT license at https://github.com/pamelarussell/radtools and is easily installable from the Comprehensive R Archive Network (https://cran.r-project.org/package=radtools).
Validation of a Miniaturized Permeability Assay Compatible with CRISPR-Mediated Genome-Wide Screen
Authors: Simonneau Claire , Yang Junning , Kong Xianguo , Kilker Robert , Edelstein Leonard , Fortina Paolo , Londin Eric , Horowitz Arie
Published: November 2018

The impermeability of the luminal endothelial cell monolayer is crucial for the normal performance of the vascular and lymphatic systems. A key to this function is the integrity of the monolayer’s intercellular junctions. The known repertoire of junction-regulating genes is incomplete. Current permeability assays are incompatible with high-throughput genome-wide screens that could identify these genes. To overcome these limitations, we designed a new permeability assay that consists of cell monolayers grown on ∼150 μm microcarriers. Each microcarrier functions as a miniature individual assay of permeability (MAP). We demonstrate that false-positive results can be minimized, and that MAP sensitivity to thrombin-induced increase in monolayer permeability is similar to the sensitivity of the measurement of impedance. We validate the assay by showing that the expression of single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) that target genes encoding known thrombin signaling proteins blocks effectively thrombin-induced junction disassembly, and that MAPs carrying such cells can be separated effectively by a fluorescent probe from those that carry cells expressing non-targeting sgRNAs. These results indicate that MAPs are suitable for high-throughput experimentation and for genome-wide screens for genes that mediate the disruptive effect of thrombin on endothelial cell junctions.
Tissue mechanics and somatosensory neural responses govern touch sensation inC. elegans
Authors: Sanzeni A. , Katta S. , Petzold B.C. , Pruitt B.L. , Goodman M.B. , Vergassola M.
Published: November 2018

The sense of touch hinges on tissues transducing stimuli applied to the skin and somatosensory neurons converting mechanical inputs into currents. Like mammalian Pacinian corpuscles, the light-touch response of the prime model organismC. elegansadapts rapidly, and is symmetrically activated by the onset and offset of a step indentation. Here, we propose a quantitative model that combines transduction of stimuli across the skin and subsequent gating of mechanoelectrical channels. For mechanics, we use an elastic model based on geometrically-nonlinear deformations of a pressurized cylindrical shell. For gating, we build upon consequences of the dermal layer’s thinness and tangential stimuli. Our model demonstrates how the onset-offset symmetry arises from the coupling of mechanics and adaptation, and accounts for experimental neural responses to a broad variety of stimuli. Predicted effects of modifications in the mechanics or the internal pressure of the body are tested against mechanical and neurophysiological experiments.
Maternally inherited differences within mitochondrial Complex I control murine healthspan
Authors: Hirose Misa , Schilf Paul , Zarse Kim , Busch Hauke , Füllen Georg , Jöhren Olaf , Köhling Rüdiger , König Inke R , Richer Barbara , Rupp Jan , Schwaninger Markus , Seeger Karsten , Sina Christian , Ristow Michael , Ibrahim Saleh M
Published: November 2018

Mitochondrial complex I, the largest enzyme complex of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation machinery, has been proposed to contribute to a variety of age-related pathological alterations as well as longevity. The enzyme complex-consisting proteins are encoded by both nuclear (nDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). While some association studies of mtDNA-encoded complex I genes and lifespan in humans have been reported, experimental evidence and the functional consequence of such variants is limited to studies using invertebrate models. Here, we present experimental evidence that a homoplasmic mutation in the mitochondrially encoded complex I gene mt-Nd2 modulates lifespan by altering cellular tryptophan levels and, consequently, ageing-related pathways in mice. A conplastic mouse strain carrying a mutation at m.4738C>A in mt-Nd2 lived significantly shorter than the controls did. The same mutation led to a higher susceptibility to glucose intolerance induced by high-fat diet feeding. These phenotypes were not observed in mice carrying a mutation in another mtDNA-encoded complex I gene, mt-Nd5, suggesting the functional relevance of particular mutations in complex I to ageing and age-related diseases.
Laboratory Methods Supporting Measles surveillance in Queensland, Australia, 2010 – 2017
Authors: McMahon Jamie L. , Northill Judy , Finger Mitchell , Lyon Michael , Lambert Stephen B. , Mackay Ian M.
Published: November 2018

Australia was officially recognised as having eliminated endemic measles circulation in 2014. Maintaining laboratory support for surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases such as measles is an essential component of reaching and maintaining circulation-free status. Between 2010 and 2017 over 13,700 specimens were tested in our laboratory by real-time RT-PCR (RT-rPCR). Positive extracts from travellers were sequenced as required. Sequences were uploaded to GenBank and demonstrated the wide genetic variation expected from detection of MeV among virus introductions due to global travel. We describe the laboratory workflow employed in our laboratory between 2010 and 2017 for the sensitive detection of MeV infection, supporting high-quality surveillance.
C. elegansgranulins promote an age-associated decline in protein homeostasis via lysosomal protease inhibition
Authors: Butler Victoria J. , Cortopassi Wilian A. , Argouarch Andrea R. , Pierce M. Olivia , Vohra Mihir , Oses-Prieto Juan A. , Gao Fuying , Caballero Benjamin , Chand Shreya , Seeley William W. , Miller Bruce L. , Coppola Giovanni , Burlingame Alma L. , Ashrafi Kaveh , Cuervo Ana Maria , Jacobson Matthew P. , Kao Aimee W.
Published: November 2018

The progressive failure of protein homeostasis is a hallmark of aging and a common feature in neurodegenerative disease. As the enzymes executing the final stages of autophagy, lysosomal proteases (or cathepsins) are key contributors to maintenance of protein homeostasis with age. Here, we identify the cysteine-rich granulin peptides as a new class of regulators of lysosomal aspartyl protease activity. Granulins are produced in an age and stress-dependent manner through cleavage of the neurodegenerative disease protein, progranulin. Once liberated, granulins selectively interact with the aspartyl protease ASP-3/cathepsin D to impair enzymatic activity. Consequently, protein homeostasis and lysosome function is disrupted, prompting cells to activate a compensatory transcriptional program. Our results support a model in which granulin production modulates a critical transition between the normal, physiological regulation of protease activity and the impairment of lysosomal function that can occur with age and disease.
Development of three-dimensional articular cartilage construct using silica nano-patterned substrate
Authors: Park In-Su , Choi Ye Ji , Song Bo Ram , Kim Hyo-Sop , Park Sang-Hyug , Choi Byung Hyune , Kim Jae-Ho , Min Byoung-Hyun
Published: November 2018

Current strategies for cartilage cell therapy are mostly based on the use of autologous chondrocytes or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). However, these cells have limitations of a small number of cells available and of low chondrogenic ability, respectively. Many studies now suggest that fetal stem cells are more plastic than adult stem cells and can therefore more efficiently differentiate into target tissues. This study introduces, efficiency chondrogenic differentiation of fetal cartilage-derived progenitor cells (FCPCs) to adult cells can be achieved using a three-dimensional (3D) spheroid culture method based on silica nanopatterning techniques. In evaluating the issue of silica nano-particle size (Diameter of 300, 750, 1200 nm), each particle size was coated into the well of a 6-well tissue culture plate. FCPCs (2 x 105 cells/well in 6-well plate) were seeded in each well with chondrogenic medium. In this studys, the 300 nm substrate that formed multi-spheroids and the 1200 nm substrate that showed spreading were due to the cell-cell adhesion force(via N-cadherin) and cell-substrate(via Integrin) force, the 750 nm substrate that formed the mass-aggregation can be interpreted as the result of cell monolayer formation through cell-substrate force followed by cell-cell contact force contraction. We conclude that our 3D spheroid culture system contributes to an optimization for efficient differentiation of FCPC, offers insight into the mechanism of efficient differentiation of engineered 3D culture system, and has promise for wide applications in regeneration medicine and drug discovery fields.
A silent killer in the Far North Region of Cameroon: increasing prevalence of hypertension among population living in Kaele
Authors: Ntentie Françoise Raïssa , Mboindi Ousmane Mfopou , Dama Gérald , Nguedjo Maxwell Wandji , Tonou Tchuente Boris Ronald , Kingue Azantsa Boris Gabin , Ngondi Judith Laure , Oben Enyong Julius
Published: November 2018

Objectives

Hypertension (HTN) is the major risk factor of cardiovascular diseases. Its prevalence is still in perpetual increase worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors of HTN among Kaele dwellers, in the Far North Region of Cameroon where less attention seems to be paid on awareness and sensitization against overnutrition related diseases.

Methods

Two hundred and four participants were recruited during free health campaign on cardiovascular diseases organized from 10-15th February 2017 in kaele. Anthropometric and clinical parameters (weight, height, waist circumference, body mass index, blood pressure and heart rate) were measured. A blood sampling was done for lipid profile analysis. HTN and subtypes were diagnosed according to WHO and IDF definitions respectively meanwhile hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia were diagnosed with IDF criteria.

Results

The overall prevalence of the HTN was 29.9%. Men were more affected than women (35% vs 22.6%, p<0.05). Participants aged between 50-59 years and > 60 years were more exposed (p<0.05). Forty-one percent (41%) of the hypertensive subjects of the study had systo-diastolic sub-type of HTN meanwhile 31.6% had isolated systolic HTN vs 23% with isolated diastolic HTN. Risk factors associated to HTN were : male gender (OR=2.236; p<0.05); absence of education (OR= 24.296; p<0.05); primary education level (OR=1.933; p<0.05); marital status “married” (OR=3.117; p<0.05), increased age (30-39, 50-59, and > 60 years, respectively with OR=4.113, p<0.05; OR=31.405, p<0.05 and OR=18.694, p<0.05), abdominal obesity (OR= 2.476; p<0.05) and low milky products consumption (OR=2.031, p<0.05).

Conclusions

HTN is quite present in Kaele locality and many non-modifiable, modifiable and socioeconomic risk factors significantly contributed to its development.
Stethoscope disinfection is rarely done in Ethiopia: what are the associated factors?
Authors: Sahiledengle Biniyam
Published: November 2018

Background

The stethoscope, which is universally used as a medical device by healthcare providers, is likely to be contaminated by pathogenic microorganisms. And regular cleaning of the diaphragm of the stethoscope with a suitable disinfectant is decisive. However, in the resource constrained setting like many healthcare facilities in Ethiopia healthcare provider’s stethoscope disinfection practice and its associated factors have not been well studied so far. Therefore, this study sought to determine stethoscope disinfection practice and associated factors among the healthcare providers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Methods

A facility-based cross-sectional survey was carried out between April and May 2016. For this survey, 576 healthcare providers were included from 21 healthcare facilities in Addis Ababa. A pre-tested structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Descriptive statistics were computed. Binary and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors that were significantly associated with stethoscope disinfection after every use.

Results

Five hundred forty six participants were take part in this study, for a response rate of 94.7%. Of these, only 39.7% (95%CI: 35.9, 44.0%) of healthcare providers disinfecting their stethoscope after every use. Physicians were less likely to disinfect there stethoscope compared to nurses (AOR=0.21; 95%CI: 0.09, 0.49). Healthcare providers who had awareness on infection prevention guideline, healthcare providers who had favorable attitude towards infection prevention and participants having safe infection prevention practice have better stethoscope disinfection practice after every use as compared to their counterparts (AOR=1.93; 95%CI: 1.31, 2.82), (AOR=1.73, 95%CI: 1.02, 2.93), and (AOR=3.79, 95%CI: 2.45-5.84), respectively.

Conclusions

Only a small proportion of healthcare providers disinfect their stethoscopes after every use. Factors such as awareness on infection prevention guidelines, favorable attitude towards infection prevention and safe infection prevention practice were the independent predictors of stethoscopes disinfection after every use. Hence, implementation of effective training on stethoscope disinfection along with increasing awareness on infection prevention may improve stethoscope disinfection practice.
Genetic resistance to DEHP-induced transgenerational endocrine disruption
Authors: Stenz Ludwig , Rahban Rita , Prados Julien , Nef Serge , Paoloni-Giacobino Ariane
Published: November 2018

Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) interferes with sex hormones signaling pathways (SHP). C57BL/6J mice prenatally exposed to DEHP develop a testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS) at adulthood, but similarly-exposed FVB/N mice are not affected. Here we aim to understand the reasons behind this drastic difference that should depend on the genome of the strain. In both backgrounds, pregnant female mice receivedper oseither DEHP or corn oil vehicle and the male filiations were examined. Computer-assisted sperm analysis showed a DEHP-induced decreased sperm count and velocities in C57BL/6J. Sperm RNA sequencing experiments resulted in the identification of the 62 most differentially expressed RNAs. These RNAs, mainly regulated by hormones, produced strain-specific transcriptional responses to prenatal exposure to DEHP; a pool of RNAs was increased in FVB, another pool of RNAs was decreased in C57BL/6J. In FVB/N, analysis of non-synonymous SNP impacting SHP identified rs387782768 and rs387782768 respectively associated with absence of the Forkhead Box A3 (Foxa3) RNA and increased expression of estrogen receptor 1 variant 4 (NM_001302533) RNA. Analysis of the role of SNPs modifying SHP binding sites in function of strain-specific responses to DEHP revealed a DEHP-resistance allele in FVB/N containing an additional FOXA1-3 binding site at rs30973633 and four DEHP-induced beta-defensins (Defb42,Defb30,Defb47andDefb48). A DEHP-susceptibility allele in C57BL/6J contained five SNPs (rs28279710, rs32977910, rs46648903, rs46677594 and rs48287999) affecting SHP and six genes (Svs2,Svs3b,Svs4,Svs3a,Svs6andSvs5)epigenetically silenced by DEHP. Finally, targeted experiments confirmed increased methylation in theSvs3abpromoter with decreased SEMG2 persisting across generations, providing a molecular explanation for the transgenerational sperm velocity decrease found in C57BL/6J after DEHP exposure. We conclude that the existence of SNP-dependent mechanisms in inbred mice may confer resistance to transgenerational endocrine disruption.
Preliminary stability analysis methods for PrandtlPlane aircraft in subsonic conditions
Authors: Cipolla Vittorio , Abu Salem Karim , Bachi Filippo
Published: November 2018

Purpose

The present paper aims to assess the reliability and the limitations of analysing flight stability of a box-wing aircraft configuration known as PrandtlPlane by means of methods conceived for conventional aircraft and well known in the literature.

Design/methodology/approach

Results obtained by applying vortex lattice methods to PrandtlPlane configuration, validated previously with wind tunnel tests, are compared to the output of a “Roskam-like” method, here defined to model the PrandtlPlane features.

Findings

The comparisons have shown that the “Roskam-like” model gives accurate predictions for both the longitudinal stability margin and dihedral effect, whereas the directional stability is always overestimated.

Research limitations/implications

The method here proposed and related achievements are valid only for subsonic conditions. The poor reliability related to lateral-directional derivatives estimations may be improved implementing different models known from the literature.

Practical implications

The possibility of applying a faster method as the “Roskam-like” one here presented has two main implications: it allows to implement faster analyses in the conceptual and preliminary design of PrandtlPlane, providing also a tool for the definition of the design space in case of optimization approaches and it allows to implement a scaling procedure, to study families of PrandtlPlanes or different aircraft categories.

Social implications

This paper is part of the activities carried out during the PARSIFAL project, which aims to demonstrate that the introduction of PrandtlPlane as air transport mean can fuel consumption and noise impact, providing a sustainable answer to the growing air passenger demand envisaged for the next decades.

Originality/value

The originality of this paper lies in the attempt of adopting analysis method conceived for conventional airplanes for the analysis of a novel configuration. The value of the work is represented by the knowledge concerning experimental results and design methods on the PrandtlPlane configuration, here made available to define a new analysis tool.
An efficient algorithm for generation of conforming mesh for three-dimensional discrete fracture networks
Authors: Mohajerani Soheil , Huang Duruo , Wang Gang , Jalali Seyed-Mohammad Esmaeil , Torabi Seyed Rahman
Published: November 2018

Purpose

This study aims to develop an efficient algorithm for generation of conforming mesh for seepage analysis through 3D discrete fracture networks (DFN).

Design/methodology/approach

The algorithm is developed based on a refined conforming Delaunay triangulation scheme, which is then validated using analytical solutions. The algorithm is well able to meet the challenge of meshing complex geometry of DFNs.

Findings

A series of sensitivity analysis have been performed to evaluate the effect of meshing parameters on steady state solution of Darcy flow using a finite element scheme. The results show that an optimized minimum internal angle of meshing elements should be predetermined to guarantee termination of the algorithm.

Originality/value

The developed algorithm is computationally efficient, fast and is of low cost. Furthermore, it never changes the geometrical structure and connectivity pattern of the DFN.
Marketing activity of international new ventures – application of the EMICO framework
Authors: Kowalik Izabela , Danik Lidia
Published: November 2018

Purpose

One of the approaches to study entrepreneurial marketing (EM) is the EMICO framework. The extant studies have not yet explored the application of this framework by international new ventures (INVs). To address this research gap, four Polish INVs from medium-tech sector have been studied to check whether this tool can be applied to investigate the companies from Central and Eastern European Countries and identify the hierarchy of elements in the EMICO framework.

Design/methodology/approach

Using semi-structured interviews and the card game method, the understanding and importance of the EM concept elements by the Polish entrepreneurs have been explored. The collected text has been analyzed using qualitative data analysis software.

Findings

The studied INVs in their international marketing activity attributed most importance to understanding and responsiveness toward customers, networking, innovation introductions based on gathering of information and on the constant communication with clients. Most of the EMICO framework dimensions were confirmed; however, the concepts of “exploiting markets” and “integration of business processes” had minor importance for marketing.

Research limitations/implications

Research findings are relevant mainly for the B2B companies.

Originality/value

The paper recommends a modified list of EMICO elements for use in future studies concerning the small- and medium-sized enterprise internationalization.
Do nurse navigators bring about fewer patient hospitalisations?
Authors: Gordon Louisa G. , Spooner Amy J. , Booth Natasha , Downer Tai-Rae , Hudson Adrienne , Yates Patsy , Geary Alanna , O’Donnell Christopher , Chan Raymond
Published: November 2018

Purpose

Nurse navigators (NNs) coordinate patient care, improve care quality and potentially reduce healthcare resource use. The purpose of this paper is to undertake an evaluation of hospitalisation outcomes in a new NN programme in Queensland, Australia.

Design/methodology/approach

A matched case-control study was performed. Patients under the care of the NNs were randomly selected (n=100) and were matched to historical (n=300) and concurrent (n=300) comparison groups. The key outcomes of interest were the number and types of hospitalisations, length of hospital stay and number of intensive care unit days. Generalised linear and two-part models were used to determine significant differences in resources across groups.

Findings

The control and NN groups were well matched on socio-economic characteristics, however, groups differed by major disease type and number/type of comorbidities. NN patients had high healthcare needs with 53 per cent having two comorbidities. In adjusted analyses, compared with the control groups, NN patients showed higher proportions of preventable hospitalisations over 12 months, similar days in intensive care and a smaller proportion had overnight stays in hospital. However, the NN patients had significantly more hospitalisations (mean: 6.0 for NN cases, 3.4 for historical group and 3.2 for concurrent group); and emergency visits.

Research limitations/implications

As many factors will affect hospitalisation rates beyond whether patients receive NN care, further research and longer follow-up is required.

Originality/value

A matched case-control study provides a reasonable but insufficient design to compare the NN and non-NN exposed patient outcomes.
Trading with India: some current impediments for Pakistan
Authors: Manzoor Rabia , Maken Abbas Murtaza , Syed Shujaat Ahmed , Ahmed Vaqar
Published: November 2018

Purpose

This study aims to examine the possible gains and challenges for the enhancement of bilateral trade ties between India and Pakistan. It is interested specifically in analyzing and deliberating an attempt to identify the key challenges and bottlenecks in cross-border trade.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper offers in-depth case study of trade between India and Pakistan using time-series data and through various stake holders' interviews. As further discussed in the paper, the data investigation and interviews highlight impediments in India–Pakistan trade from trade policy to other policies involved in this process.

Findings

Based on time series data and stakeholders’ interviews, the study concludes that poor trade logistics and abysmal transport infrastructure, high tariffs and non-tariff measures, lengthy customary procedures, heavy import duties, port restrictions, lack of appropriate storage facilities, strict visa regime, financial transaction barriers and lack of telecommunication facilities are the major challenges in the way of regional trade.

Originality/value

The study proposes some key reforms and policy measures to boost the formal trade to minimize the trade obstacles such as public–private partnerships and inclusion of private sector in a joint trade commission to strength the business relations between the two countries.
The orchestration process for emergence of clusters of innovation
Authors: Bittencourt Bruno Anicet , Zen Aurora Carneiro , Schmidt Vitor , Wegner Douglas
Published: November 2018

Purpose

Requalification of neglected areas in urban contexts is considered as one of the main challenges for smart cities. Business clusters stand out as mechanisms of innovation for not only the clustered firms but also the territory in which they are located. However, the cluster emergence process is complex and still unknown. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the orchestration process in the emergence of a cluster of innovation (CoI).

Design/methodology/approach

This study is a qualitative exploratory research in Porto Alegre, a State capital in Southern Brazil, in the region known as 4th District. Data were collected through documentary research, non-participant observation and face-to-face in-depth interviews.

Findings

Results indicate the importance of alignment among network members, possible difficulties caused by members’ heterogeneity and the need to disseminate information and interaction for the appropriability of knowledge and innovation in the emergence process of CoI. Coordination of actions and joint agenda as facilitators for the construction of a cluster identity emerge as crucial important. Besides, results also highlight that the entrepreneurial process and the perspective of global strategy are essential to build competitive advantage to the region.

Research limitations/implications

This paper brings a theoretical and managerial contribution to the application of the concept of orchestration to emergence of a CoI. The framework presents network components, orchestration components and the drivers to emergence of a CoI.

Originality/value

This study proposes a framework to link the orchestration process to the emergence of a CoI. The proposed framework could help policymakers and other actors to enhance the impact of a cluster on the development of the region.
When stakeholder pressure drives the circular economy
Authors: Jakhar Suresh Kumar , Mangla Sachin Kumar , Luthra Sunil , Kusi-Sarpong Simonov
Published: November 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of stakeholder pressures on firm’s circular economy (CE) initiatives. The organizational responses are quite heterogeneous even when the firms face similar pressure. The authors have tried to explain this heterogeneity by using innovative capability as mediating variables.

Design/methodology/approach

Empirical survey data from Indian manufacturing firms are obtained to test the proposed hypotheses. The hypotheses are grounded in resource-based view of the firm. The authors used structural equation modeling approach with maximum likelihood methods of approximation.

Findings

The results indicate that exploratory innovation positively influences the firms to adopt CE practices. Whereas, exploitative innovation capability inhibits the adoption of CE practices.

Practical implications

This study guides business managers to focus on develop exploratory innovative capabilities before the adoption of CE practices. This study also provides guidance to policy maker about the role of regulatory mechanism plays to encourage/inhibits firms for adoption of CE practices.

Originality/value

This is first study to analyze the idiosyncratic behavior of the firms when subjected to stakeholder pressure for CE practices adoption. Innovative capabilities (exploratory/exploitative) are able to explain the reason for diverse response to stakeholder response.
Static and dynamic stiffness measurements with Opalinus Clay
Authors: Lozovyi Serhii , Bauer Andreas
Published: November 2018

In this work, an experimental study was carried out with the aim of reconciling static and dynamic stiffness of Opalinus Clay. The static and dynamic stiffness of core plugs from a shaly and a sandy facies of Opalinus Clay were characterized at two different stress states. The measurements included undrained quasi‐static loading–unloading cycles from which the static stiffness was derived, dynamic stiffness measurement at seismic frequencies (0.5–150 Hz) and ultrasonic velocity measurements (500 kHz) probing the dynamic stiffness at ultrasonic frequencies. The experiments were carried out in a special triaxial low‐frequency cell. The obtained results demonstrate that the difference between static and dynamic stiffness is due to both dispersion and non‐elastic effects: Both sandy and shaly facies of Opalinus Clay exhibit large dispersion, that is, a large frequency dependence of dynamic stiffness and acoustic velocities. Especially dynamic Young's moduli exhibit very high dispersion; between seismic and ultrasonic frequencies they may change by more than a factor 2. P‐wave velocities perpendicular to bedding are by more than 200 m/s higher at ultrasonic frequencies than at seismic frequencies. The static undrained stiffness of both sandy and shaly facies is strongly influenced by non‐elastic effects, resulting in significant softening during both loading and unloading with increasing stress amplitude. The zero‐stress extrapolated static undrained stiffness, however, reflects the purely elastic response and agrees well with the dynamic stiffness at seismic frequency.
A Fatal Mediastinitis Due to a Neck Trauma from an Undeclared Assault
Authors: Cascini Fidelia , Biondo Domenico , Giannace Carolina , Filograna Laura , Laino Domenico , Capelli Arnaldo , Pascali Vincenzo L.
Published: November 2018

History of neck trauma should be promptly investigated in patients with severe infections of the chest as mediastinitis. We present a forensic case of a death due to a mediastinitis in a patient with an undetected fracture of the superior horn of the thyroid cartilage that was exclusively revealed at autopsy examination. Histological analyses of the neck tissues showed signs of pharyngeal mucosal microperforation caused by the fracture and surrounded by an inflammatory reaction. The fracture was caused by a not declared manual strangulation attempt, happened several days before medical evaluations. We share our experience to emphasize the importance of revealing the etiologies of fatal infections of the mediastinum both for clinical and forensic purposes.