bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of a miniature diamond-anvil cell in a joint X-ray and neutron high-pressure study on copper sulfate pentahydrate
Authors: Novelli Giulia , Kamenev Konstantin V. , Maynard-Casely Helen E. , Parsons Simon , McIntyre Garry J.
Published: November 2021

Single-crystal X-ray and neutron diffraction data are usually collected using separate samples. This is a disadvantage when the sample is studied at high pressure because it is very difficult to achieve exactly the same pressure in two separate experiments, especially if the neutron data are collected using Laue methods where precise absolute values of the unit-cell dimensions cannot be measured to check how close the pressures are. In this study, diffraction data have been collected under the same conditions on the same sample of copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate, using a conventional laboratory diffractometer and source for the X-ray measurements and the Koala single-crystal Laue diffractometer at the ANSTO facility for the neutron measurements. The sample, of dimensions 0.40 × 0.22 × 0.20 mm3 and held at a pressure of 0.71 GPa, was contained in a miniature Merrill–Bassett diamond-anvil cell. The highly penetrating diffracted neutron beams passing through the metal body of the miniature cell as well as through the diamonds yielded data suitable for structure refinement, and compensated for the low completeness of the X-ray measurements, which was only 24% on account of the triclinic symmetry of the sample and the shading of reciprocal space by the cell. The two data-sets were combined in a single `XN' structure refinement in which all atoms, including H atoms, were refined with anisotropic displacement parameters. The precision of the structural parameters was improved by a factor of up to 50% in the XN refinement compared with refinements using the X-ray or neutron data separately.
Consumer understanding of food date labels: preventing food wastage
Authors: Shamim Khalid , Ahmad Shamim , Alam Md Ashraf
Published: November 2021

Purpose

Confusion over the interpretation of date labels is one of the main causes of food waste at the retail and consumer level. The purpose of this study was to determine consumer understanding of food date labels and to assess consumer perception of food waste based on these labels.

Design/methodology/approach

It is a cross-sectional study carried out in India. Google forms were used to administer an online structured questionnaire. A total of 389 individuals participated in the study. The data were analyzed using Chi-square statistics and ordinal logistic regression.

Findings

The results affirmed that most of the consumers frequently looked at date labels while purchasing food products, but many of them did not have adequate knowledge of commonly used date label terms. In particular, respondents tended to misunderstand the “best before” date label as the last date for safe consumption, that is, a safety indicator that is not correct. The study indicated that lack of appropriate knowledge, misunderstanding of date labels and lack of complete information contributed toward unnecessary and excess discard of foods that may otherwise perfectly be safe and edible.

Practical implications

Raising public awareness, educating consumers about food date labels and pushing for standardizing the information on date labels by providing adequate guidelines to companies would enable consumers to better interpret the labels, and it would lead to lowering the unnecessary food wastage.

Originality/value

This study fulfills an important knowledge gap in respect of examining the food date label knowledge and its relationship with food waste practices in India.
Analytical calculation and finite element evaluation of electromagnetic leakage field distribution in surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motors taking the rotor eccentricity effect into account
Authors: Mortezaei Seyed Reza , Aliabadi Mahmood Hosseini , Javadi Shahram
Published: November 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present an analytical calculation for estimating the leakages field distribution in surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motors (SMPMSMs) according to a sub-domain field model for eccentricity fault detection.

Design/methodology/approach

The magnetic field domain is classified into four sub-domains of PMs, air gap, stator core and outer region. In the proposed method, the governing equations taking the rotor eccentricity effect into account per region and the interface boundary conditions between sub-domains are formulated using the regular perturbation technique, Taylor series and Fourier series expansion. Maxwell's equations are solved in different regions in the polar coordinate system regarding the boundary conditions.

Findings

The radial and tangential components of electromagnetic field distribution in all sub-domains of one SMPMSM are obtained using the proposed method analytically. Finite element analysis is used to validate the results of the proposed method; the results indicated that the analytical model matches the finite-element prediction up to 30% eccentricity, except for some peak values that depend on the harmonic order value. The results of this paper demonstrated that in the event of eccentricity, an asymmetric magnetic field is generated in the outer region of the machine. Although its amplitude is small, it can be an indicator for detecting eccentricity faults from the outside environment of the machine.

Originality/value

The formulas presented in this paper can be applied as a new technique for detecting eccentricity faults in these motors from the outside environment.
Effect of gender, social influence, and emotional factors in usage of e-Books by Generation Z in Indonesia
Authors: Srirahayu Dyah Puspitasari , Nurpratama Muhammad Rifky , Handriana Tanti , Hartini Sri
Published: November 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to find out: gender, social and emotional factors as obstacles that influence Generation Z in using e-Books.

Design/methodology/approach

The method in this study is exploratory quantitative research that was conducted by testing the factors that influence the use of e-Books by Generation Z. This study was analyzed using structure equation model, which involves regressions, measuring direct and indirect effects and path analysis. Social influence, emotional attachment and gender are suspected to be a barrier in the use of e-Books by Generation Z.

Findings

The results of this study indicate that social influence and gender do not affect the use of e-Books, in which only emotional attachment directly affects the preference towards e-Book.

Research limitations/implications

The limitation of this study is that the sample used is still in Generation Z in Indonesia so that further research can use samples from various countries.

Practical implications

The results of this study can be used as a consideration for e-Books Publishers to create e-books as readers wish, for example, there is a special sound when opening e-Books, there is an easy feature to give notes in e-Books and features are presented to immediately see the link in the e-Books.

Social Implications

Generation Z is actually ready to use e-Books for reading activities. However, there are several things that make them consider reading e-Books. what they consider is the ease of use and the usefulness of the E-Books for their daily needs. Therefore, managers of information institutions and information providers in Indonesia can at least consider what genre of e-books collection can be provided and for whom the e-books are intended.

Originality/value

This research shows that Generation Z in choosing a reading format will be influenced by the intention of using the reading format, whereas the intention is influenced by the attitude in determining the reading format.
The reflective research diary: a tool for more ethical and engaged disaster research
Authors: Mosurska Anuszka
Published: November 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to highlight how keeping a reflective research journal can help disaster researchers to work in a more ethical and engaged way.

Design/methodology/approach

The author analyses the reflective research diary to illustrate how keeping it has helped the author, a white, non-Indigenous researcher, navigate British academia whilst trying to plan a collaborative project with Indigenous peoples during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.

Findings

The author draws out some of the ways that academic institutions can undermine ethical research practice through opaque structures and by incentivising pressuring early-career researchers (ECRs) to conduct fieldwork in dangerous times. The author demonstrates ways the rpeers and author have tried to push against these structures, noting that this is not always possible and that their efforts are always limited without institutional support or change.

Originality/value

Many ECRs and PhD students have written reflective accounts about the ethical challenges they have faced during fieldwork. In this article, the author adds to this by building on literature in disaster studies and positing how ethical and engaged research can be conducted within British (colonial) institutions.
A quantitative study on crowdfunders' motivations, their sense of meaning and social welfare
Authors: Sherman Arie , Axelrad Hila
Published: November 2021

Purpose

In recent years, crowdfunding has developed as a new fundraising alternative. Yet, the effects of the backing experience in reward and donation-based crowdfunding (DBCF) on well-being were researched only through qualitative practices. The current study offers a novel quantitative inquiry of the association between backing motivation and backers' well-being.

Design/methodology/approach

The study is based on a uniform questionnaire distributed among 700 Israeli adults, which included questions about backing experience, sense of meaning and social welfare.

Findings

The results indicate that only intrinsic backing motivation is associated with the sense of meaning in life. Non-investment crowdfunding offers a platform for people who are intrinsically motivated to increase their sense of meaning in life. Moreover, the authors find that the tendency to back further projects is associated with backers' sense of meaning in life.

Social implications

The findings can promote a better matching between backers' desire for living the good life and entrepreneurs' desire to reach their funding targets. Social welfare implications are discussed.

Originality/value

The linkage between backers' well-being and crowdfunding has not been explored in quantitative studies. Hence, the study offers a novel approach and some new insights on this linkage.
Improving long-term care services: insights from high-reliability organizations
Authors: Memar Zadeh Maryam , Haggerty Nicole
Published: November 2021

Purpose

Long-term care (LTC) organizations have struggled to protect their vulnerable clients from the ravages of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although various suggestions on containing outbreaks in LTC facilities have gained prominence, ensuring the safety of residents is not just a crisis issue. In that context, the authors must reasses the traditional management practices that were not sufficient for handling unexpected and demanding conditions. The purpose of this paper is to suggest rethinking the underlying attributes of LTC organizations and drawing insight from the parallels they have to high-reliability organizations (HROs).

Design/methodology/approach

The authors analyzed qualitative data collected from a Canadian LTC facility to shed light on the current state of reliability practices and culture of the LTC industry and to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the traditional management approaches.

Findings

To help the LTC industry develop the necessary crisis management capacity to tackle unexpected future challenges, there is an urgent need for adopting a more systemic top-down approach that cultivates mindfulness, learning and resilience.

Originality/value

This study contributes by applying the HRO theoretical lens in the LTC context. The study provides the LTC leaders with insights into creating a unified effort at the industry level to give rise to a high-reliability-oriented industry.
Exploring the role of spiritual leaders as celebrity business founders and brand endorsers
Authors: Sharma Piyush , Sardana Deepak , Gupta Narain , Arli Denni
Published: November 2021

Purpose

This paper aims to explore the role of spiritual leaders as celebrity business founders and brand endorsers by investigating the mediating role of perceived value in the impact of normative community pressure and perceived brand credibility on purchase intention.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors collected data from two studies in India, one with urban (N = 307) and another with rural (N = 206) consumers of fast moving consumer goods brands being endorsed by popular celebrity business founders. The authors tested all our hypotheses using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) approach with SmartPLS software.

Findings

Perceived value mediates the positive impact of normative community pressure and perceived brand credibility on purchase intention for the brands endorsed by celebrity business founders, and these mediating effects are stronger for urban (vs rural) consumers.

Research limitations/implications

The results from Indian consumers may not be generalizable to other emerging markets with diverse cultural and socio-economic conditions.

Practical implications

This research would help international marketers understand the unique branding and marketing strategies used by local players to learn how to successfully target both urban and rural consumers in the emerging markets.

Originality/value

This paper extends the celebrity endorsement literature by exploring the role of spiritual leaders as celebrity business founders and brand endorsers, a growing trend in the emerging markets with high cultural and religious diversity (e.g. India and Indonesia).
Longitudinal Effects of Engagement with Workplace Health Programmes on Employee Outcomes: A Relational Perspective
Authors: Fida Roberta , Game Annilee , Stepanek Martin , Gendronneau Cloé
Published: November 2021

Organizations increasingly adopt health and wellbeing programmes (HWPs), yet little is known about the underlying processes or boundary conditions that may influence the effectiveness of these initiatives on employee outcomes such as wellbeing and job satisfaction. In a 3‐year study, we adopted a social exchange approach to examine: (1) the role of relational context in mediating the links between employee engagement with HWPs and wellbeing and job satisfaction over time and (2) whether organizational prioritization of HWPs moderates the relationship between engagement with HWPs and quality of relationships at work. The results of our multilevel and longitudinal structural equation model (N = 7,785 UK employees, nested within 64 organizations) showed that the more employees engage with HWPs, the better the quality of co‐worker relationships, the less they experience bullying over time and the better their longer‐term wellbeing and job satisfaction. Against expectations, organizational prioritization of HWPs did not moderate the link between HWPs engagement and perceived co‐worker relationship quality. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.
Enhancing oxidative stability of tocopherol‐enriched edible oils using short‐term exposure to microwave irradiation
Authors: Choi Hyuk , Na HeeSun , Kim SungHwa , Lee YoonHee , Lee JaeHwan
Published: November 2021

The effect of microwave irradiation on the oxidative stability of tocopherol‐enriched corn oil at temperatures of 60 or 100°C was evaluated using the Rancimat assay. Short durations of microwave treatment (1 min) on 10‐g oil aliquots were found to increase the induction period of corn oil samples containing 500 and 1000 ppm tocopherol by 7.7% and 9.9%, respectively compared to control oils. The moisture content of tocopherol‐enriched corn oil decreased by 15% compared to that of corn oil after 1 min of microwave treatment. At 100°C, 1000 ppm tocopherol‐enriched corn oil received 3 min of microwave treatment had 5.8% and 9.9% lower primary and secondary oxidation products than control groups, respectively while this effect was not clearly observed for oils stored at 60°C. However, 15 min of microwave irradiation accelerated the rates of lipid oxidation in corn oils irrespective of the addition of tocopherol. Content of α‐ and γ‐tocopherols in 1 min of microwave irradiated samples remained more by 28.8 and 5.8%, respectively than those of controls after 9 h heat treatment at 100°C. Overall, microwave irradiation within 3 min can increase the oxidative stability of 10 g‐corn oils, especially at 100°C, which could be due to the reduced moisture content in the bulk oil matrix.

Practical Application: A microwave oven is an irreplaceable home appliance and is widely used in households. Short time exposure to microwave irradiation can remove moisture efficiently from edible oils without the formation of oxidation products, which could increase the oxidative stability of these oils, especially under frying conditions. The results of this study can be utilized to ensure a longer shelf‐life of fried products in the food industry by short time treatment of microwave irradiation.
Mechanism of the structural interaction between whey and lentil proteins in the unique creation of a protein structure
Authors: Alrosan Mohammad , Tan Thuan‐Chew , Easa Azhar Mat , Gammoh Sana , Alu'datt Muhammad H.
Published: November 2021

Poor solubility is a substantial factor that restricts the production of high value‐added lentil proteins (LPs). In this study, whey protein isolates (WPIs), which have high solubility and are used in various food industries, were mixed with LPs at pH 12 to create LP‐WPI protein complexes with improved water solubility properties using pH‐recycling approach (maintained at pH 12.0 for 60 min and then readjusting to pH 7.0). LP‐WPI protein complexes produced in this study have gained high surface charge, increased in the solubilization of protein complexes to ≈92%, as well as improved resistance against protein aggregation. The ratio of LPs to WPIs has a significant effect on the generation of unique tertiary and secondary protein structures based on the protein–protein interaction (PPI) technique via pH‐recycling. The protein interaction between LPs and WPIs resulted in alteration on the surface morphology of the produced protein complexes. This study showed that electrostatic interaction, hydrophobic force, and hydrogen bond appear as major molecular forces in this PPI. The efficacy of the pH‐recycling method used in this research indicates that this approach could be a robust approach to enhance the functional properties of food proteins.

Practical Application

The pH‐recycling technique is a proven technique for protein complexation in creating novel protein complexes with improved functional properties. Even though lentils are a rich source of plant‐based protein, its utilization by food industries is restricted due to the poor water solubility of lentil proteins (LPs). However, by using complexing lentil proteins with whey protein isolates (WPIs), that is, LP‐WPI protein complex, was developed. The water solubility of LP‐WPI protein complex was significantly higher than LPs, up to approximately 92%. In addition, this could improve the utilization of lentil seeds in food application as an alternative for animal‐based proteins.
Whole‐genome sequence analysis of Staphylococcus aureus from retail fish acknowledged the incidence of highly virulent ST672‐MRSA‐IVa/t1309, an emerging Indian clone, in Assam, India
Authors: Muneeb K. H. , Sudha S. , Sivaraman G. K. , Ojha Rakshit , Mendem Suresh Kumar , Murugesan Devi , Raisen C. L. , Shome Bibek , Holmes Mark
Published: November 2021

The epidemiology and toxigenicity of MRSA in the fishery environment are poorly understood. In this study, methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (n = 1) and methicillin‐susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) (n = 2) from retail fish were subjected to comprehensive genome analysis. Here, we report the occurrence of ST672‐MRSA‐IV/t1309 and ST5‐MSSA/t105 for the first time from India in the fishery environment. The resistome of the isolates was in concordance with their phenotypic resistance pattern. Phenotypically, the resistance profile of MSSA isolates (n = 2) was AMP‐CLI‐ERY‐NOR‐PEN. For MRSA (n = 1), it was AMP‐CFZ‐CLI‐ERY‐NOR‐OXA‐PEN. The antibiotic efflux genes and mutations in the antibiotic target accounted for fluoroquinolone resistance whereas methicillin resistance was conferred through possession of a mecA gene. Similarly, all three isolates carried a similar array of virulence factors. The conjugative plasmid inc18 and rep family 10 plasmids were found in two of the three isolates. This study documents the MRSA carrying SCCmec IVa elements which are the markers of community‐associated MRSA (CA‐MRSA). Through the possession of SCCmec IV elements, which are smaller than other types of SCCmec, MRSA can contribute to the rapid dissemination of antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors. In short, our findings highlighted that the presence of ST672‐MRSA in fishery environments may pose a risk to human health.
Epstein–Barr virus status and immunosuppression use in paediatric autoimmune liver disease
Authors: Nayagam Jeremy S. , Heneghan Michael A. , Samyn Marianne , Joshi Deepak
Published: November 2021

Background

Since azathioprine is associated with lymphoproliferative disorders in Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)‐naïve patients with inflammatory bowel disease, guidelines advise avoidance. No recommendations exist for autoimmune liver disease (AILD).

Aims

To evaluate EBV status and EBV‐related complications in paediatric AILD.

Methods

Single‐centre, retrospective, observational study of paediatric AILD.

Results

In 245 paediatric patients with AILD, azathioprine was used in 168 (68.6%) and mycophenolate mofetil in 69 (28.2%). EBV status was assessed in 18 (10.7%) prior to azathioprine and 6 (8.7%) MMF. Acute EBV infection was diagnosed in five patients while on immunosuppression, resulting in one transient hepatitis and one persistent hepatitis. There were no cases of lymphoproliferative disorder in native livers. Liver transplantation (LT) was performed in 39 (15.9%) patients, with 8 EBV IgG‐negative at LT. Post‐LT EBV viraemia developed in 29 (74.4%), first detected at median 26 days (IQR, 13‐86). EBV IgG‐negative recipients had higher peak viraemia (266 984 IU/mL [IQR, 41108‐2429050] v 5333 [IQR, 2036‐38770], P = .004) and longer time to peak viraemia (375 days [IQR, 251‐884] v 70 [IQR, 21‐604], P = .04). Early EBV‐associated post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) was diagnosed in two patients, both EBV‐IgG negative with prior azathioprine.

Conclusions

Real‐world data demonstrate that EBV serostatus is not routinely checked before immunosuppression for paediatric AILD. Lymphoproliferative disorder was not diagnosed in those with native livers; however, EBV IgG‐negative LT recipients receiving EBV IgG‐positive donor organs are at risk of early PTLD. Large multicentre studies with longer follow‐up are required to further evaluate the risk.
Osmolal and anion gaps after acute self‐poisoning with agricultural formulations of the organophosphorus insecticides profenofos and diazinon: A pilot study
Authors: Dhanarisi Jeevan , Tzotzolaki Tanita Maria , Vasileva Ana‐Mariya D. , Kjellberg Matti A. , Hakulinen Hanna , Vanninen Paula , Gawarammana Indika , Mohamed Fahim , Hovda Knut Erik , Eddleston Michael
Published: November 2021

Self‐poisoning with organophosphorus (OP) insecticides is an important means of global self‐harm. The insecticides are formulated with solvents that may also contribute to toxicity. We set up a study to detect changes in osmolal and anion gaps following ingestion of OP insecticides. We recruited consecutive patients admitted to a Teaching Hospital, Sri Lanka, with a history of OP self‐poisoning. The osmolal and anion gaps were calculated on admission and at 4, 24 and 72 h post‐ingestion together with ethanol concentration. Forty‐nine patients were recruited (28 profenofos, 10 diazinon, one coumaphos, one chlorpyrifos, one phenthoate and eight unknown OP). Only modest increases in osmolal and anion gaps were noted. Small rises in osmolal gap above the upper limit of normal were noted in 16/49 (32.7%) of all cases, 9/28 (32.1%) profenofos cases and 4/10 (40.0%) diazinon cases. The anion gap was raised in 24/49 (49.0%) of all cases, 15/28 (53.6%) profenofos cases and 5/10 (50.0%) diazinon cases. We observed a trend for a fall in osmolal gap during the first 24 h, followed by an increase up to 72 h. There was no correlation between the anion gap and serum lactate concentration, indicating that a lactic acidosis was not responsible for the anion gap. Formate, which could have explained the increased gap, was not detected in any of the samples; ketoacids (beta‐hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate) were not measured. This pilot study found that profenofos and diazinon poisoning caused only modest increases in the osmolal and anion gaps in a minority of cases.
L6H21 protects against cognitive impairment and brain pathologies via toll‐like receptor 4–myeloid differentiation factor 2 signalling in prediabetic rats
Authors: Oo Thura Tun , Sumneang Natticha , Ongnok Benjamin , Arunsak Busarin , Chunchai Titikorn , Kerdphoo Sasiwan , Apaijai Nattayaporn , Pratchayasakul Wasana , Liang Guang , Chattipakorn Nipon , Chattipakorn Siriporn C
Published: November 2021

Background and Purpose

Chronic high‐fat diet (HFD) intake instigates prediabetes and brain pathologies, which include cognitive decline and neuroinflammation. The myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD‐2)/toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) complex plays a pivotal role in neuroinflammation. The MD‐2 inhibitor (L6H21) reduces systemic inflammation and metabolic disturbances in HFD‐induced prediabetes. However, the potential role of L6H21, and its comparison with metformin, on brain pathologies in HFD‐induced prediabetes has never been investigated.

Experimental Approach

Male Wistar rats were given either a normal diet (ND) (n = 8) or a HFD (n = 104) for 16 weeks. At the 13th week, ND‐fed rats were given a vehicle, whereas HFD‐fed rats were randomly divided into 13 subgroups. Each subgroup was given vehicle, L6H21 (three doses) or metformin (300‐mg·kg−1·day−1) for 1, 2 or 4 weeks. Metabolic parameters, cognitive function, brain mitochondrial function, brain TLR4–MD‐2 signalling, microglial morphology, brain oxidative stress, brain cell death and dendritic spine density were investigated.

Key Results

HFD‐fed rats developed prediabetes, neuroinflammation, brain pathologies and cognitive impairment. All doses of L6H21 and metformin given to HFD‐fed rats at 2 and 4 weeks attenuated metabolic disturbance.

Conclusion and Implications

In rats, L6H21 and metformin restored cognition and attenuated brain pathologies dose and time‐dependently. These results indicate a neuroprotective role of MD‐2 inhibitor in a model of prediabetes.
Endothelial AMPKα1/PRKAA1 exacerbates inflammation in HFD‐fed mice
Authors: Yang Qiuhua , Ma Qian , Xu Jiean , Liu Zhiping , Mao Xiaoxiao , Zhou Yaqi , Cai Yongfeng , Da Qingen , Hong Mei , Weintraub Neal L. , Fulton David J. , Belin de Chantemèle Eric J. , Huo Yuqing
Published: November 2021

Background and Purpose

Excess nutrient‐induced endothelial cell inflammation is a hallmark of high fat diet (HFD)‐induced metabolic syndrome. Pharmacological activation of the protein kinase AMP‐activated α1 (PRKAA1) also known as AMPKα1, shows its beneficial effects in many studies of cardiometabolic disorders. However, AMPKα1, as a major cellular sensor of energy and nutrients in endothelial cells, has not been studied for its physiological role in excess nutrient‐induced endothelial cell (EC) inflammation.

Experimental Approach

Wild‐type and EC‐specific Prkaa1 knockout mice were fed with an HFD. Body weight, fat mass composition, glucose, and lipid levels were monitored regularly. Insulin sensitivity was analysed systemically and in major metabolic organs/tissues. Inflammation status in metabolic organs/tissues were examined with quantitative RT‐PCR and flow cytometry. Additionally, metabolic status, inflammation severity, and signalling in cultured ECs were assayed with multiple approaches at the molecular level.

Key Results

EC Prkaa1 deficiency unexpectedly alleviated HFD‐induced metabolic syndromes including decreased body weight and fat mass, enhanced glucose clearance and insulin sensitivity, and relieved adipose inflammation and hepatic steatosis. Mechanistically, PRKAA1 knockdown in cultured ECs reduced endothelial glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation, decreased levels of acetyl‐CoA and suppressed transcription of inflammatory molecules mediated by ATP citrate lyase and histone acetyltransferase p300.

Conclusions and Implications

This unexpected pro‐inflammatory effect of endothelial AMPKα1/PRKAA1 in a metabolic context provides additional insight in AMPKα1/PRKAA1 activities. An in‐depth study and thoughtful consideration should be applied when AMPKα1/PRKAA1 is used as a therapeutic target in the treatment of metabolic syndrome.
Letermovir treatment for CMV infection in kidney and pancreas transplantation: A valuable option for complicated cases
Authors: Ortiz Fernanda , Lempinen Marko , Aaltonen Sari , Koivuviita Niina , Helanterä Ilkka
Published: November 2021

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection remains a major challenge in solid organ transplantation. Ganciclovir has changed the prognosis, but with the expense of possible viral resistance. New antiviral drugs, such as letermovir, have not been studied sufficiently in kidney and pancreas transplant recipients. We reviewed abdominal organ transplants recipients with CMV infection from the national transplant registry and identified patients treated with letermovir from electronic medical records. We report on letermovir treatment in one kidney and three simultaneous pancreas and kidney (SPK) transplant patients with refractory or ganciclovir‐resistant CMV infection (UL54/ UL97 mutation). In SPK patients, persistent leukopenia undermined immunosuppressive and antiviral treatment, favoring life‐threatening bacterial infections or ganciclovir resistance. All patients achieved viral clearance after letermovir monotherapy of 1.5–6 months. Letermovir was well tolerated and leukopenia resolved. Adjustments of calcineurin inhibitor doses were challenging. One acute rejection occurred because of under immunosuppression. After the end of treatment, recurrent low‐grade CMV‐DNAemia was common requiring reinitiating antiviral therapy to achieve viral clearance. To conclude, letermovir was a well‐tolerated valuable option for the treatment of refractory or resistant CMV infection in kidney and pancreas transplantation.
Digging out intersexual and meteorological effects on cicada emergence using 10‐year citizen monitoring
Authors: Mukaimine Wataru , Kawatsu Kazutaka , Toquenaga Yukihiko
Published: November 2021

Understanding the mechanisms determining the emergence timing of herbivorous insects is ecologically important. However, little is known about the effect of climatic factors and the presence of conspecific individuals on their emergence in the field. In particular, it is challenging to investigate the seasonal emergence of cicadas because these insects have a long life‐cycle and subterranean larval stages.

We assembled a time‐series dataset that consists of daily counts of emerging cicadas together with meteorological factors, using long‐term collection of cicada exuviae by elementary and junior‐high‐school students. We then performed a non‐linear time‐series analysis, empirical dynamic modelling, to identify factors behind the timing of cicada emergence.

Our findings are three‐fold: (1) emergence of individuals of the opposite sex constitute a major driver of the number of individuals emerging per day, and this effect is stronger in males than in females, (2) as in other insect species, air temperature consistently affects cicada emergence, but its effects are relatively weak and (3) precipitation and humidity were causally related to emergence.

These results are consistent with the theory of sexual selection as well as the fact that it is hard for the subterranean cicada larvae to use information about air temperature. Significantly, the findings are based on long‐term field data collected by non‐expert citizens.
Duration, deviation and operator's perception of static computer assisted implant placements by inexperienced clinicians
Authors: Abduo Jaafar , Lau Douglas
Published: November 2021

Introduction

This study measured the duration, deviation and operator's perception of implant placement by fully guided (FG), pilot‐guided (PG) and freehand (FH) protocols by postgraduate students with minimal implant experience.

Materials and Methods

Twenty postgraduate students participated in the study. Half of them placed single anterior (S‐Ant) and single posterior (S‐Post) implants, and the other half placed anterior (B‐Ant) and posterior (B‐Post) implants in a wide edentulous area. The PG placement involved surgical guides that only controlled pilot drilling, whilst the FG placement controlled all the drilling steps and implant placement. The duration of implant placement and the operator's perception (ease of drilling, ease of implant placement and operator's preference) were measured. The deviations of placed implants were quantified by measuring the trueness and angulation deviations in relation to the planned implants.

Results

The PG placement was the quickest for inserting implants, followed by FG and FH placements, respectively (p < .05). The location of the implant had influenced the duration of implant placement only for the PG placement. In relation to ease of drilling, ease of implant placement and operator's preference, there was no significant difference amongst the different placement protocols or implant locations. The FG placement was associated with least deviations, followed by PG and FH placements, respectively (p < .05).

Conclusions

In the hands of postgraduate students with minimal implant experience, FG and PG placements reduced the implant placement duration in comparison with FH placement. The FG placement was consistently more accurate followed by PG placement.
Settling down: T+2 settlement cycle and liquidity
Authors: Baig Ahmed , Breeze Stephen , Cox Justin , Griffith Todd
Published: November 2021

We examine the effects of a shortened settlement cycle on liquidity. Our difference‐in‐difference results show that securities listed on US stock exchanges become more liquid, relative to similarly matched securities listed on the London Stock Exchange, after the standard settlement cycle in the United States was reduced from T+3 to T+2. These results hold across various low‐ and high‐frequency measures of liquidity and empirical model specifications. Furthermore, we find that securities that are more difficult‐to‐borrow experience the greatest gains in liquidity. Our findings might provide insights to regulators and exchange officials considering the adoption of a shortened settlement cycle.
Continuous measurement of arterial oxygenation in mechanically ventilated horses
Authors: Hummer Emma V. , Soares Joao H. N. , Crockett Douglas C. , Aguiar Antonio J. A. , Tran Minh C. , Cronin John N. , Brosnan Robert J. , Braun Christina , Formenti Federico
Published: November 2021

Background

The possibility of accurately and continuously measuring arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2) in horses may facilitate the management of hypoxaemia during general anaesthesia.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of a novel fibreoptic sensor to measure PaO2 (PaO2Sensor) continuously and in real time in horses undergoing ventilatory manoeuvres during general anaesthesia.

Study design

In vivo experimental study.

Methods

Six adult healthy horses were anaesthetised and mechanically ventilated in dorsal recumbency. A fibreoptic sensor was placed in one of the facial arteries through a catheter to continuously measure and record PaO2Sensor. After an alveolar recruitment manoeuvre, a decremental positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) titration using 20‐minute steps of 5 cm H2O from 20 to 0 cm H2O was performed. An arterial blood sample was collected at 15 minutes of ventilation at each PEEP level for PaO2 measurement using an automated blood gas machine (PaO2Ref). The agreement between PaO2Sensor and PaO2Ref was assessed by Pearson's correlation, Bland‐Altman plot and four‐quadrant plot analysis. In the last minute of ventilation at each PEEP level, a slow tidal inflation/deflation manoeuvre was performed.

Results

The mean relative bias between PaO2Sensor and PaO2Ref was 4% with limits of agreement between −17% and 29%. The correlation coefficient between PaO2Sensor and PaO2Ref was 0.98 (P < .001). The PaO2Sensor and PaO2Ref concordance rate for changes was 95%. Measurements of PaO2Sensor during the slow inflation/deflation manoeuvre at PEEP 15 and 10 cm H2O were not possible because of significant noise on the PaO2 signal generated by a small blood clot.

Main limitations

Small sample size.

Conclusion

The tested fibreoptic probe was able to accurately and continuously measure PaO2Sensor in anaesthetised horses undergoing ventilatory manoeuvres. A heparinised system in the catheter used by the fibreoptic sensor should be used to avoid blood clots and artefacts in the PaO2 measurements.
Calcium signaling as an integrator and decoder of niche factors to control somatic stem cell quiescence and activation
Authors: Saghatelyan Armen
Published: November 2021

Somatic stem cells (SSCs) play a major role in tissue homeostasis and respond to a panoply of micro‐environmental cues by adjusting their quiescence and activation profiles. How these cells integrate and decode multiple niche signals remains elusive. In recent years, Ca2+ signaling has emerged as one of the key intracellular pathways that allow stem cells to dynamically adjust their fate and either to remain quiescent for future needs or to become activated to generate new progeny. Interestingly, not only distinct Ca2+ signatures are associated with the quiescence and activation states of stem cells, but also various extracellular cues impinge on Ca2+ pathways to dynamically regulate the responses of stem cells to different niche signals. This Viewpoint article deals with how Ca2+ signaling may be used to decode and integrate different niche factors and how Ca2+ fluctuations of distinct amplitudes, frequencies, and overall intracellular levels may trigger the differential gene transcription program. Knowledge about mechanisms that allow SSCs to translate the complexity of extracellular niche signaling into intrinsic states of cell quiescence and activation is crucial for understanding life‐long tissue homeostasis and regeneration.
Silicon Isotope Compositions of Soil and Sediment Reference Materials Determined by MC‐ICP‐MS
Authors: Zeng Zhen , Sun Yu‐Fang , Tang Hao‐Ye , Lu Guo‐Xing , Yang Lin , Huang Fang , Yu Hui‐Min
Published: November 2021

This study presents a method for high‐precision Si isotope measurement of soil and sediment reference materials using multi‐collector inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry with HF‐free digestion. Potential impacts on instrumental measurement, including acid concentration, Si concentration mismatch and matrix effects, were rigorously evaluated. The acidity mismatch caused a significantly negative shift in δ30Si values when the HCl concentration ratios of the sample/standard were higher than 2. The Si concentration mismatch could result in an obvious deviation in δ30Si values when the sample/standard concentration ratios are > 1.5 or < 0.7. Matrix elements in solution did not affect Si isotope measurements when Na/Si ≤ 2, Mg/Si ≤ 2, Al/Si ≤ 0.5, K/Si ≤ 2, Ca/Si ≤ 1 and Fe/Si ≤ 2. Increasing the loading volume from 1 ml to 6 ml during chemical separation can still enable effective purification of Si and is more efficient for low Si content samples. The long‐term measurement precision of three igneous rock reference materials (BHVO‐2, BCR‐2 and AGV‐2) was better than ± 0.06‰ (2s) for δ30Si values. The δ30Si values of eighteen soil and sediment reference materials were identical in two laboratories. The values varied from −1.65‰ to −0.13‰, indicating that Si isotopes can be more widely used to study supergene processes.
Demand information sharing in a two‐echelon supply chain with a risk‐averse retailer: retail price decision versus retail quantity decision
Authors: Cai Jianhu , Sun Haining , Hu Xiaoqing , Jin Kangjie , Ping Minyan
Published: November 2021

We examine the demand information sharing strategies of the risk‐averse retailer in a two‐echelon supply chain. The retailer is privately informed of the demand signal before the selling season. The retailer's risk aversion is described by the utility and mean‐variance method. According to different decision choices of the retailer, we investigate the dynamic game among the supply chain members under the retail price decision and the retail quantity decision. Additionally, the influences of the degree of risk aversion on supply chain members’ equilibrium solutions and ex ante expected utilities are analyzed, and the demand information sharing strategies of the retailer are investigated. Our result shows that under the retail price decision, the retailer is inclined to share the demand signal when the degree of risk aversion surpasses a special threshold and never shares under the retail quantity decision.
Effect sizes and research directions of technology application in museum learning: Evidence obtained by integrating meta‐analysis with co‐citation network analysis
Authors: Xu Wei , Dai Taotao , Shen Zhiyi
Published: November 2021

Background

Many researchers have explored the impact of various technologies in museums on learning effects. Whether the application of technology in informal museum learning is effective, is the current issue that scholars pay more attention to.

Objectives

This study will find the evidence to determine the effects of technology use on museum learning outcomes, and identify the future research trends in the field of technology application in museum learning.

Methods

This study used a meta‐analysis method to statistically analyse the experimental and quasi‐experimental research in this field, and explored the effect sizes of technology application on the learning effect of museums. And the co‐citation network analysis method was used to analyse the distribution of academic groups and research institutions in this field and the changes in research hotspots.

Results and Conclusions

The results show that technologies significantly enhance noncognitive learning. Significant differences exist in the effects of the moderating variables on the influence of technology on the learning outcomes of museum learning. The scholars engaged in this research field come from various countries or regions and institutions. The research hotspots of and extended research on technically supported museum learning have changed continually in the past decade.

Major Takeaways

This study answers the question of “whether, how, and to what extent does the application of technology affect the learning effect of museums”. According to the research conclusions, certain suggestions are proposed in this paper from the perspectives of researchers and museum institutions for the effective application of museum technology.
Hourly variability in outflow tract ectopy as a predictor of its site of origin
Authors: Waight Michael C. , Li Anthony C. , Leung Lisa W. , Wiles Benedict M. , Thomas Gareth R , Gallagher Mark M. , Behr Elijah R. , Sohal Manav , Restrepo Alejandro J. , Saba Magdi M.
Published: November 2021

Introduction

Before ablation, predicting the site of origin (SOO) of outflow tract ventricular arrhythmia (OTVA), can inform patient consent and facilitate appropriate procedural planning. We set out to determine if OTVA variability can accurately predict SOO.

Methods

Consecutive patients with a clear SOO identified at OTVA ablation had their prior 24‐h ambulatory ECGs retrospectively analysed (derivation cohort). Percentage ventricular ectopic (VE) burden, hourly VE values, episodes of trigeminy/bigeminy, and the variability in these parameters were evaluated for their ability to distinguish right from left‐sided SOO. Effective parameters were then prospectively tested on a validation cohort of consecutive patients undergoing their first OTVA ablation.

Results

High VE variability (coefficient of variation ≥0.7) and the presence of any hour with <50 VE, were found to accurately predict RVOT SOO in a derivation cohort of 40 patients. In a validation cohort of 29 patients, the correct SOO was prospectively identified in 23/29 patients (79.3%) using CoV, and 26/29 patients (89.7%) using VE < 50. Including current ECG algorithms, VE < 50 had the highest Youden Index (78), the highest positive predictive value (95.0%) and the highest negative predictive value (77.8%).

Conclusion

VE variability and the presence of a single hour where VE < 50 can be used to accurately predict SOO in patients with OTVA. Accuracy of these parameters compares favorably to existing ECG algorithms.
Unexplained anemia of aging: Etiology, health consequences, and diagnostic criteria
Authors: Guralnik Jack , Ershler William , Artz Andrew , Lazo‐Langner Alejandro , Walston Jeremy , Pahor Marco , Ferrucci Luigi , Evans William J.
Published: November 2021

Background

Up to 15% of people aged 60 and over are anemic, and the prevalence of anemia increases with age. In older men and women, anemia is associated with increases in the risk of death and all‐cause hospitalization, poor functional capacity, quality of life, and depression.

Methods and Results

We reviewed the literature describing anemia in aging populations, focusing on the specific diagnostic criteria of anemia and potential causes in older men and women. Even after extensive etiologic workup that involves careful medical history, physical examination, laboratory measurements, and additional studies such as bone marrow biopsy, anemia of aging is unexplained in up to 40% of older patients with anemia. As a result, treatment options remain limited.

Conclusions

The prevalence of unexplained anemia of aging (UAA; also called unexplained anemia of the elderly, UAE), its deleterious impacts on health, physical function, and quality of life, and the lack of effective treatment or therapy guidelines represent a compelling unmet clinical need. In this review and consensus document, we discuss the scope of the problem, possible causes of UAA, diagnostic criteria, and potential treatment options. Because even mild anemia is strongly linked to poor clinical outcomes, it should receive clinical attention rather than simply being considered a normal part of aging.