bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multifunctional Hydrophobized Microparticles for Accelerated Wound Healing after Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection
Authors: Nishiguchi Akihiro , Sasaki Fumisato , Maeda Hidehito , Kabayama Masayuki , Ido Akio , Taguchi Tetsushi
Published: July 2019

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) provides strong therapeutic benefits for early gastrointestinal cancer as a minimally invasive treatment. However, there is currently no reliable treatment to prevent scar contracture resulting from ESD which may lead to cicatricial stricture. Herein, a multifunctional colloidal wound dressing to promote tissue regeneration after ESD is demonstrated. This sprayable wound dressing, composed of hydrophobized microparticles, exhibits the multifunctionality necessary for wound healing including tissue adhesiveness, blood coagulation, re‐epithelialization, angiogenesis, and controlled inflammation based on hydrophobic interaction with biological systems. An in vivo feasibility study using swine gastric ESD models reveals that this colloidal wound dressing suppresses fibrosis and accelerates wound healing. Multifunctional colloidal and sprayable wound dressings have an enormous therapeutic potential for use in a wide range of biomedical applications including accelerated wound healing after ESD, prevention of perforation, and the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
Colloidal Gold Nanorings and Their Plasmon Coupling with Gold Nanospheres
Authors: Chow Tsz Him , Lai Yunhe , Cui Ximin , Lu Wenzheng , Zhuo Xiaolu , Wang Jianfang
Published: July 2019

Gold nanorings are attractive as plasmonic metal nanocrystals because they have a hollow inner cavity. Their enhanced electric field inside the ring cavity is accessible, which is highly desirable for assembling with other optical components and studying their plasmon‐coupling behaviors. However, the lack of robust methods for synthesizing size‐controllable and uniform Au nanorings severely impedes the study of their attractive plasmonic properties and plasmon‐driven applications. Herein, an improved wet‐chemistry method is reported for the synthesis of monodisperse colloidal Au nanorings. Using circular Au nanodisks with different thicknesses and diameters as templates, Au nanorings are synthesized with thicknesses varied from ≈30 to ≈50 nm and cavity sizes varied from ≈90 to ≈40 nm. The produced Au nanorings are assembled with colloidal Au nanospheres to yield Au nanoring–nanosphere heterodimers in sphere‐in‐ring and sphere‐on‐ring configurations on substrates. The sphere‐in‐ring heterodimers exhibit the interesting feature of plasmonic Fano resonance upon the excitation of the dark quadrupolar plasmon mode of the Au nanorings. The open cavity in a nanoring holds a great promise for studying plasmon‐coupled systems, which will facilitate the construction of advanced metamaterials and high‐performance Fano‐based devices.
A mechanism to explore proactive knowledge retention in open source software communities
Authors: Rashid Mehvish , Clarke Paul M. , O'Connor Rory V.
Published: July 2019

Open‐source software (OSS) is a type of computer software wherein the source code is distributed under a special type of licence in which the copyright holder grants users the rights to inspect, alter, and redistribute the software. OSS projects are collaborative endeavours which have multiple contributors who are constantly joining, leaving, or changing their role in the project. This ever‐changing and ever‐transient nature of OSS project contributors contributes to a contributor turnover‐induced knowledge loss in OSS projects. In this case, “knowledge loss” refers to the phenomenon of the loss of project‐specific knowledge, experience, and expertise in an OSS project, caused by contributors regularly joining and leaving the OSS project. This paper describes the design and development of a robust research methodology and contributes towards the formation of proactive knowledge retention practices in OSS projects to transform contributor's use of knowledge and engagement in knowledge‐relevant activities including knowledge sharing and knowledge transfer.
A system for monitoring farmed fish via LED‐based visible light communication
Authors: Taniguchi Yoshiaki
Published: July 2019

We propose a novel fish farm monitoring system utilizing visible light communication technology. In our system, a sensor node equipped with a full‐color LED module is attached to fish to transmit sensor data. A sink node equipped with an omnidirectional camera at the bottom of the cage receives sensor data. This is a simple, low‐energy approach for data transmission. We establish the fundamental performance of our proposed system through simulations. © 2019 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Climate vulnerability mapping: A systematic review and future prospects
Authors: de Sherbinin Alex , Bukvic Anamaria , Rohat Guillaume , Gall Melanie , McCusker Brent , Preston Benjamin , Apotsos Alex , Fish Carolyn , Kienberger Stefan , Muhonda Park , Wilhelmi Olga , Macharia Denis , Shubert William , Sliuzas Richard , Tomaszewski Brian , Zhang Sainan
Published: July 2019

Maps synthesizing climate, biophysical and socioeconomic data have become part of the standard tool‐kit for communicating the risks of climate change to society. Vulnerability maps are used to direct attention to geographic areas where impacts on society are expected to be greatest and that may therefore require adaptation interventions. Under the Green Climate Fund and other bilateral climate adaptation funding mechanisms, donors are investing billions of dollars of adaptation funds, often with guidance from modeling results, visualized and communicated through maps and spatial decision support tools. This paper presents the results of a systematic review of 84 studies that map social vulnerability to climate impacts. These assessments are compiled by interdisciplinary teams of researchers, span many regions, range in scale from local to global, and vary in terms of frameworks, data, methods, and thematic foci. The goal is to identify common approaches to mapping, evaluate their strengths and limitations, and offer recommendations and future directions for the field. The systematic review finds some convergence around common frameworks developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, frequent use of linear index aggregation, and common approaches to the selection and use of climate and socioeconomic data. Further, it identifies limitations such as a lack of future climate and socioeconomic projections in many studies, insufficient characterization of uncertainty, challenges in map validation, and insufficient engagement with policy audiences for those studies that purport to be policy relevant. Finally, it provides recommendations for addressing the identified shortcomings.

This article is categorized under:

Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Values‐Based Approach to Vulnerability and Adaptation
Continuous flow, large‐scale, microbial fuel cell system for the sustained treatment of swine waste
Authors: Babanova Sofia , Jones Jason , Phadke Sujal , Lu Mengqian , Angulo Carlo , Garcia Jaime , Carpenter Kayla , Cortese Rachel , Chen Shing , Phan Tony , Bretschger Orianna
Published: July 2019

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have long held the promise of being a cost‐effective technology for the energy‐neutral treatment of wastewater. However, successful pilot‐scale demonstrations for this technology are still limited to very few. Here, we present a large‐scale MFC system, composed of 12 MFCs with a total volume of 110 L, successfully treating swine wastewater at a small educational farm. The system was operated for over 200 days in continuous mode with hydraulic residence time of 4 hr. Very stable electrochemical and waste treatment performance was observed with up to 65% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removed and a maximum treatment rate of 5.0 kg COD/m3.day. Robust microbial enrichment was performed and adapted to metabolize and transform a diversity of compounds present. The Net Energy Recovery (NER = 0.11 kWhr/kg COD) is not only competitive with conventional cogeneration processes, but is in fact sufficient to sustain the operational energy requirements of the system.

Practitioner points

This study demonstrates the design and operation of a large‐scale microbial fuel cells (MFC) system for continuous treatment of swine wastewater.

The system achieved a high chemical oxygen demand removal rate within a short hydraulic residence time.

This study moves one‐step closer to applying MFC technology for real wastewater treatment.
Das „Transformative Projektseminar“ – didaktische Ansätze und methodische Umsetzung
Authors: Beecroft Richard
Published: July 2019

Das „Transformative Projektseminar (TraPS)“ dient dazu, in der Lehre parallel Bildungs-, Praxis- und Forschungsziele zu verfolgen. Die Praxispartner eines Forschungsprojekts sind als Mit-Lehrende beteiligt, und die Studierenden arbeiten an studentischen Projekten, die auf Bedarfe der Praxispartner antworten und für diese nützlich sein sollen. Die Praxispartner geben diese Projekte jedoch nicht vor, sondern formulieren lediglich Bedarfe und reagieren auf die Ideen der Studierenden. Das „TraPS“ verbindet mehrere didaktische Ansätze (Service Learning, Forschendes Lernen, inter- und transdisziplinäres Team Teaching sowie Soziales Lernen) zu einem transdisziplinären Prozess, der in sechs Phasen gegliedert ist. Im Beitrag werden diese Phasen detailliert beschrieben. Pro Seminartermin wird jeweils aufgezeigt, was geschehen und erreicht werden soll, wie sich die didaktischen Ansätze konkretisieren, welche Rolle die beteiligten Akteure Studierende, Dozierende, Praxispartner dabei einnehmen, und ggf. auch, welche Methoden zum Einsatz gelangen. Das Verhältnis der einzelnen didaktischen Ansätze und der Phasen im „TraPS“ werden zudem auch systematisch dargestellt. Zu Beginn wird erläutert, welche Voraussetzungen für die Umsetzung gegeben sein müssen.
„Barcamp adapted“ – gemeinsam zu neuem Wissen
Authors: Marquardt Editha , Gerhard Ulrike
Published: July 2019

„Barcamp adapted“ besteht aus einem semioffenen Workshop und einer öffentlichen Veranstaltung und ist eine Weiterentwicklung des Barcamp-Ansatzes für die transdisziplinäre Forschung. Die Methode lebt davon, dass sich alle Teilnehmer(innen) einbringen, indem sie Themen für die Diskussion vorschlagen. „Barcamp adapted“ eignet sich insbesondere für die Entstehungs- und Anfangsphase eines transdisziplinären Forschungsprojekts, um Kooperationen zu initiieren, zukünftige Partner für das Projekt sowie deren Interessen und Erfahrungen kennenzulernen, und um Impulse zu generieren für die Ziele und Fragen des Projekts. Es kann aber auch in späteren Projektphasen eingesetzt werden, um neue Ideen zu generieren und dazu zusätzliche Impulse von außen einzubeziehen. Im Workshop werden transdisziplinär Wissen und Ideen erzeugt, die dann in der öffentlichen Veranstaltung validiert und weiterentwickelt werden. Der Beitrag ist eine Anleitung zur Umsetzung eines „Barcamps adapted“. Er geht ein auf Auswahl und Einladung der Teilnehmenden, Räumlichkeiten, Bestimmung der Moderator(inn)en, Ablauf des Workshops von der Themenwahl über die Arbeit in den Kleingruppen bis zum Plenum, Übergang in die öffentliche Veranstaltung, Ablauf dieser Veranstaltung sowie Ergebnissicherung.
Erratum to: Towards a holographic quark matter crystal
Authors: Faedo Antón F. , Mateos David , Pantelidou Christiana , Tarrío Javier
Published: July 2019

We have identified a sign in our paper that needed to be corrected. The main conclusion of our paper was the presence of instabilities that suggest the existence of crystalline phases in the system.
Bifurcations in the RG-Flow of QCD
Authors: Kuipers Folkert , Gürsoy Umut , Kuznetsov Yuri
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Bifurcation analysis is used to study an effective model of QCD4 with four-fermi interactions. Our analysis supports the scenario of a fixed point merger at the lower edge of the conformal window. This indicates square root scaling of the anomalous scaling dimensions of the fermion fields just above the lower edge and exponential scaling just below. We also predict existence of new fixed points in this model whose (dis)appearance may indicate transitions of the flow within the conformal window. Furthermore, we make new predictions for the critical value (N

f
/N

c
)crit at the lower edge. We also obtain exotic spiraling flows that are generated by complex scaling dimensions of the effective four-fermi interactions. Finally, we extend the model by adding a scalar field that couples with a Yukawa interaction term and study the modifications it causes to the RG-flow.
Lepto-philic 2-HDM + singlet scalar portal induced fermionic dark matter
Authors: Dutta Sukanta , Goyal Ashok , Singh Manvinder Pal
Published: July 2019

Abstract

We explore the possibility that the discrepancy in the observed anomalous magnetic moment of the muon Δa

μ
and the predicted relic abundance of Dark Matter by Planck data, can be explained in a lepto-philic 2-HDM augmented by a real SM singlet scalar of mass ∼ 10–80 GeV. We constrain the model from the observed Higgs Decay width at LHC, LEP searches for low mass exotic scalars and anomalous magnetic moment of an electron Δa

e
. This constrained light singlet scalar serves as a portal for the fermionic Dark Matter, which contributes to the required relic density of the universe. A large region of model parameter space is found to be consistent with the present observations from the Direct and Indirect DM detection experiments.
Who gains the most from improving working conditions? Health-related absenteeism and presenteeism due to stress at work
Authors: Brunner Beatrice , Igic Ivana , Keller Anita C. , Wieser Simon
Published: July 2019

Work stress-related productivity losses represent a substantial economic burden. In this study, we estimate the effects of social and task-related stressors and resources at work on health-related productivity losses caused by absenteeism and presenteeism. We also explore the interaction effects between job stressors, job resources and personal resources and estimate the costs of work stress. Work stress is defined as exposure to an unfavorable combination of high job stressors and low job resources. The study is based on a repeated survey assessing work productivity and workplace characteristics among Swiss employees. We use a representative cross-sectional data set and a longitudinal data set and apply both OLS and fixed effects models. We find that an increase in task-related and social job stressors increases health-related productivity losses, whereas an increase in social job resources and personal resources (measured by occupational self-efficacy) reduces these losses. Moreover, we find that job stressors have a stronger effect on health-related productivity losses for employees lacking personal and job resources, and that employees with high levels of job stressors and low personal resources will profit the most from an increase in job resources. Productivity losses due to absenteeism and presenteeism attributable to work stress are estimated at 195 Swiss francs per person and month. Our study has implications for interventions aiming to reduce health absenteeism and presenteeism.
Cognitive and Computational Complexity: Considerations from Mathematical Problem Solving
Authors: Pantsar Markus
Published: July 2019

Following Marr’s famous three-level distinction between explanations in cognitive science, it is often accepted that focus on modeling cognitive tasks should be on the computational level rather than the algorithmic level. When it comes to mathematical problem solving, this approach suggests that the complexity of the task of solving a problem can be characterized by the computational complexity of that problem. In this paper, I argue that human cognizers use heuristic and didactic tools and thus engage in cognitive processes that make their problem solving algorithms computationally suboptimal, in contrast with the optimal algorithms studied in the computational approach. Therefore, in order to accurately model the human cognitive tasks involved in mathematical problem solving, we need to expand our methodology to also include aspects relevant to the algorithmic level. This allows us to study algorithms that are cognitively optimal for human problem solvers. Since problem solving methods are not universal, I propose that they should be studied in the framework of enculturation, which can explain the expected cultural variance in the humanly optimal algorithms. While mathematical problem solving is used as the case study, the considerations in this paper concern modeling of cognitive tasks in general.
Simple circular dichroism method for selection of the optimal cyclodextrin for drug complexation
Authors: Kiss Eszter , Szabó Virág Anna , Horváth Péter
Published: July 2019

Cyclodextrins are very important excipients in the pharmaceutical industry. Given the multitude of native and semisynthetic cyclodextrin derivatives, there is a need for a rapid and reliable method for the selection of the optimal cyclodextrins for further pharmaceutical testing. During our research, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy has been successfully used to describe the qualitative and quantitative complexation of model compounds with different cyclodextrins. For the appearance of a circular dichroism signal, either a chiral or a chirally perturbed chromophore is required. Achiral or racemic compounds do not have corresponding circular dichroism spectra and neither do chiral cyclodextrins due to the absence of a chromophore group. During complexation of a chromophoric guest molecule, its absorption transition becomes chirally perturbed in the proximity of a cyclodextrin molecule and an induced circular dichroism (ICD) signal appears. This phenomenon gives an inherent selectivity to the method. The sign and intensity of the induced circular dichroism signal in case of different cyclodextrins provides information about the approximate structure of the complex as well as their stability relative to each other. In this study, we report a straightforward induced circular dichroism -based approach for the rapid preselection of the optimal cyclodextrin. The distinctive features of the method were demonstrated using five azole-type antifungal drug molecules (fluconazole, miconazole, clotrimazole, bifonazole and tioconazole) along with native α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrins, as well as dimethyl-, trimethyl-, carboxymethyl-, hydroxypropyl- and sulfobuthylether-β-cyclodextrins. In addition, with the aid of this method, 27 stability constants were determined, amongst which 16 have been unavailable in the literature previously.

Graphic abstract
The Forever War: understanding, science fiction, and thought experiments
Authors: Wiltsche Harald A.
Published: July 2019

The aim of this paper is to show that scientific thought experiments and works of science fiction are highly suitable tools for facilitating and increasing understanding of science. After comparing one of Einstein’s most famous thought experiments with the science fiction novel “The Forever War”, I shall argue that both proceed similarly in making some of the more outlandish consequences of special relativity theory intelligible. However, as I will also point out, understanding in thought experiments and understanding in science fiction differ in one important respect: While the former aim at what I shall call “physical understanding”, science fiction novels typically have “existential understanding” as their target.
Thermal substances: a Neo-Aristotelian ontology of the quantum world
Authors: Koons Robert C.
Published: July 2019

The paper addresses a problem for the unification of quantum physics with the new Aristotelianism: the identification of the members of the category of substance (ousia). I outline briefly the role that substance plays in Aristotelian metaphysics, leading to the postulating of the Tiling Constraint. I then turn to the question of which entities in quantum physics can qualify as Aristotelian substances. I offer an answer: the theory of thermal substances, and I construct a fivefold case for thermal substances, based on the irreversibility of time, the definition of thermodynamic concepts, spontaneous symmetry breaking, phase transitions, and chemical form.
Contemporaneous Statistics for Estimation in Stochastic Actor-Oriented Co-evolution Models
Authors: Amati Viviana , Schönenberger Felix , Snijders Tom A. B.
Published: July 2019

Stochastic actor-oriented models (SAOMs) can be used to analyse dynamic network data, collected by observing a network and a behaviour in a panel design. The parameters of SAOMs are usually estimated by the method of moments (MoM) implemented by a stochastic approximation algorithm, where statistics defining the moment conditions correspond in a natural way to the parameters. Here, we propose to apply the generalized method of moments (GMoM), using more statistics than parameters. We concentrate on statistics depending jointly on the network and the behaviour, because of the importance of their interdependence, and propose to add contemporaneous statistics to the usual cross-lagged statistics. We describe the stochastic algorithm developed to approximate the GMoM solution. A small simulation study supports the greater statistical efficiency of the GMoM estimator compared to the MoM.
ENDOSCOPY AND COHOMOLOGY IN A TOWER OF CONGRUENCE MANIFOLDS FOR
Authors: MARSHALL SIMON , SHIN SUG WOO
Published: July 2019

By assuming the endoscopic classification of automorphic representations on inner forms of unitary groups, which is currently work in progress by Kaletha, Minguez, Shin, and White, we bound the growth of cohomology in congruence towers of locally symmetric spaces associated to$U(n,1)$. In the case of lattices arising from Hermitian forms, we expect that the growth exponents we obtain are sharp in all degrees.
Shallow water wave turbulence
Authors: Augier Pierre , Mohanan Ashwin Vishnu , Lindborg Erik
Published: July 2019

The dynamics of irrotational shallow water wave turbulence forced at large scales and dissipated at small scales is investigated. First, we derive the shallow water analogue of the ‘four-fifths law’ of Kolmogorov turbulence for a third-order structure function involving velocity and displacement increments. Using this relation and assuming that the flow is dominated by shocks, we develop a simple model predicting that the shock amplitude scales as $(\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}d)^{1/3}$, where $\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}$ is the mean dissipation rate and $d$ the mean distance between the shocks, and that the $p$th-order displacement and velocity structure functions scale as $(\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}d)^{p/3}r/d$, where $r$ is the separation. Then we carry out a series of forced simulations with resolutions up to $7680^{2}$, varying the Froude number, $F_{f}=(\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}L_{f})^{1/3}/c$, where $L_{f}$ is the forcing length scale and $c$ is the wave speed. In all simulations a stationary state is reached in which there is a constant spectral energy flux and equipartition between kinetic and potential energy in the constant flux range. The third-order structure function relation is satisfied with a high degree of accuracy. Mean energy is found to scale approximately as $E\sim \sqrt{\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}L_{f}c}$, and is also dependent on resolution, indicating that shallow water wave turbulence does not fit into the paradigm of a Richardson–Kolmogorov cascade. In all simulations shocks develop, displayed as long thin bands of negative divergence in flow visualisations. The mean distance between the shocks is found to scale as $d\sim F_{f}^{1/2}L_{f}$. Structure functions of second and higher order are found to scale in good agreement with the model. We conclude that in the weak limit, $F_{f}\rightarrow 0$, shocks will become denser and weaker and finally disappear for a finite Reynolds number. On the other hand, for a given $F_{f}$, no matter how small, shocks will prevail if the Reynolds number is sufficiently large.
Unexpected Event during Survey Design: Promise and Pitfalls for Causal Inference
Authors: Muñoz Jordi , Falcó-Gimeno Albert , Hernández Enrique
Published: July 2019

An increasing number of studies exploit the occurrence of unexpected events during the fieldwork of public opinion surveys to estimate causal effects. In this paper, we discuss the use of this identification strategy based on unforeseen and salient events that split the sample of respondents into treatment and control groups: the Unexpected Event during Survey Design. In particular, we focus on the assumptions under which unexpected events can be exploited to estimate causal effects and we discuss potential threats to identification, paying especial attention to the observable and testable implications of these assumptions. We propose a series of best practices in the form of various estimation strategies and robustness checks that can be used to lend credibility to the causal estimates. Drawing on data from the European Social Survey, we illustrate the discussion of this method with an original study of the impact of the Charlie Hebdo terrorist attacks (Paris, 01/07/2015) on French citizens’ satisfaction with their national government.
Measuring the Competitiveness of Elections
Authors: Cox Gary W. , Fiva Jon H. , Smith Daniel M.
Published: July 2019

The concept of electoral competition plays a central role in many subfields of political science, but no consensus exists on how to measure it. One key challenge is how to conceptualize and measure electoral competitiveness at the district level across alternative electoral systems. Recent efforts to meet this challenge have introduced general measures of competitiveness which rest on explicit calculations about how votes translate into seats, but also implicit assumptions about how effort maps into votes (and how costly effort is). We investigate how assumptions about the effort-to-votes mapping affect the units in which competitiveness is best measured, arguing in favor of vote-share-denominated measures and against vote-share-per-seat measures. Whether elections under multimember proportional representation systems are judged more or less competitive than single-member plurality or runoff elections depends directly on the units in which competitiveness is assessed (and hence on assumptions about how effort maps into votes).
The Power of Ranking: The Ease of Doing Business Indicator and Global Regulatory Behavior
Authors: Doshi Rush , Kelley Judith G. , Simmons Beth A.
Published: July 2019

We argue that the World Bank has successfully marshaled the Ease of Doing Business (EDB) Index to amass considerable influence over business regulations worldwide. The Ease of Doing is a global performance indicator (GPI), and GPIs—especially those that rate and rank states against one another—are intended to package information to influence the views of an audience important to the target, such as foreign investors or voters, thus generating pressures that induce a change in the target's behavior. The World Bank has succeeded in shaping the global regulatory environment even though the bank has no explicit mandate over regulatory policy and despite questions about EDB accuracy and required policy tradeoffs. We show that the EDB has a dominating market share among business climate indicators. We then use media analyses and observational data to show that EDB has motivated state regulatory shifts. States respond to being publicly ranked and some restructure bureaucracies accordingly. Next we explore plausible influence channels for the EDB ranking and use an experiment involving US portfolio managers to build on existing economics research and examine whether the rankings influence investor sentiment within the experiment. Using a case study of India's multiyear interagency effort to rise in the EDB rankings, as well as its decision to create subnational EDB rankings, we bring the strands of the argument together by showing how politicians see the ranking as affecting domestic politics, altering investor sentiment, and engaging bureaucratic reputation. Overall, a wide variety of evidence converges to illustrate the pressures through which the World Bank has used state rankings to achieve its vision of regulatory reform.
Cystoisospora belliinfections in humans: the past 100 years
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Almeria S.
Published: July 2019

Cystoisospora belliis a coccidian parasite of humans, with a direct fecal–oral transmission cycle. It is globally distributed, but mainly found in tropical and subtropical areas. Many cases ofC. belliinfections have been reported in patients with HIV, and in patients undergoing immunosuppressive therapy for organ transplants or those treated for tumours worldwide. Unsporulated or partially sporulated oocysts ofC. belliare excreted in feces. When sporulated oocysts in contaminated water or food are ingested, asexual and sexual stages ofC. belliare confined to the epithelium of intestines, bile ducts and gallbladder. Monozoic tissue cysts are present in extra-intestinal organs (lamina propria of the small and large intestine, lymph nodes, spleen, and liver) of immunosuppressed humans. However, a paratenic host has not been demonstrated.Cystoisospora belliinfections can be persistent, lasting for months, and relapses are common; the mechanism of relapse is unknown. Recently, the endogenous stages ofC. belliwere re-examined and attention was drawn to cases of misidentification of non-protozoal structures in the gallbladder of patients asC. belli. Here, we review all aspects of the biology ofC. belli, including morphology, endogenous stages, prevalence, epidemiology, symptoms, diagnosis and control.
Beyond a gut feeling: How the immune system impacts the effect of gut microbiota in neurodevelopment
Authors: Azhari Atiqah , Azizan Farouq , Esposito Gianluca
Published: July 2019

Hooks et al. posit that gastrointestinal microbes alter the end state of development indirectly. Here, we present the immune system as the link that facilitates communication between the gut and the brain. Illustrating the case of autism spectrum disorder, we explicate the role of the immune system in responding to microbial dysbiosis by inducing an inflammatory state that affects neurodevelopment. We propose two models: directly, within the infant, and indirectly, via maternal and infant systems.
The parent-offspring microbiome and neurobehavioral development
Authors: Alberts Jeffrey R. , Harshaw Christopher , Demas Gregory E. , Wellman Cara L. , Morrow Ardythe L.
Published: July 2019

We identify the significance and typical requirements of developmental analyses of the microbiome-gut-brain (MGB) in parents, offspring, and parent-offspring relations, which have particular importance for neurobehavioral outcomes in mammalian species, including humans. We call for a focus on behavioral measures of social-emotional function. Methodological approaches to interpreting relations between the microbiota and behavior are discussed.
Why don't probiotics work?
Authors: Korte Bert Jan , Korte S. Mechiel
Published: July 2019

The conclusions reached by Hooks et al. urge the field to investigate the complex multipathway interactions between the microbiome and the gut-brain axis to understand the potential causal relationships involved. Claims in the field of microbiota-gut-brain research remain problematic without appropriate controls and adequate statistical power. A crucial question that follows from the authors' extensive review is: “Why don't probiotics work?”
The contribution of microbiology to neuroscience: More complex than it seems?
Authors: Borghi Elisa , Vignoli Aglaia , D'Agostino Armando
Published: July 2019

The overblown, somewhat dramatic media interpretation of microbiota-gut-brain literature is highly misleading. This phenomenon is not new to neuroscience, wherein rapidly evolving research fields struggle to translate findings into clinical practice. Advances in microbiology might integrate our understanding of complex biological pathways that should be interpreted within neuropsychiatric symptom dimensions rather than specific disorders.
Rural maritime labour migration to Copenhagen and Stockholm (1700–1800)
Authors: Brock Aske Laursen , van Lottum Jelle
Published: July 2019

Focusing on the shipping sector, this article discusses the influence of labour migrants from rural areas on economic development in Copenhagen and Stockholm during the long eighteenth century. During this period, the two cities developed in markedly different ways; Copenhagen flourished while Stockholm stagnated, and the qualitative and quantitative contribution of migrants was essential in facilitating these differences. Both capitals were maritime hubs that relied on a constant influx of mariners who originated from the two cities’ rural hinterlands. By examining different characteristics of the migrant mariners and the improvements of mariners’ human capital across the eighteenth century, this article emphasises the importance of the shipping sector as well as labour migration in the socio-economic development of Copenhagen and Stockholm.
Immigrant business proprietors in England and Wales (1851–1911)
Authors: Smith Harry , Bennett Robert J. , van Lieshout Carry
Published: July 2019

This article examines the history of immigrant business proprietors in England and Wales between 1851 and 1911. The newly available electronic version of the Census (I-CeM) allows all business proprietors in each Census year to be identified, and provides birthplace information that allows entrepreneurs from different countries to be compared to each other and to business proprietors born in the United Kingdom. Immigrant populations had higher rates of business proprietorship than the English and Welsh-born population. This article argues that this was caused by labour market structure and demography rather than cultural differences between English- and foreign-born business proprietors.
Accuracy of a portable pulse oximeter in monitoring hypoxemic infants with cyanotic heart disease
Authors: Harris Bronwyn U. , Stewart Sarah , Verma Archana , Hoen Helena , Stein Mary Lyn , Wright Gail , Ramamoorthy Chandra
Published: July 2019

Objective:

Infants with single ventricle physiology have arterial oxygen saturations between 75 and 85%. Home monitoring with daily pulse oximetry is associated with improved interstage survival. They are typically sent home with expensive, bulky, hospital-grade pulse oximeters. This study evaluates the accuracy of both the currently used Masimo LNCS and a relatively inexpensive, portable, and equipped with Bluetooth technology study device, by comparing with the gold standard co-oximeter.

Design:

Prospective, observational study.

Setting:

Single institution, paediatric cardiac critical care unit, and neonatal ICU.

Interventions:

none.

Patients:

Twenty-four infants under 12 months of age with baseline oxygen saturation less than 90% due to cyanotic CHD.

Measurements and Results:

Pulse oximetry with WristOx2 3150 with infant sensors 8008 J (study device) and Masimo LCNS saturation sensor connected to a Philips monitor (hospital device) were measured simultaneously and compared to arterial oxy-haemoglobin saturation measured by co-oximetry. Statistical analysis evaluated the performances of each and compared to co-oximetry with Schuirmann’s TOST equivalence tests, with equivalence defined as an absolute difference of 5% saturation or less. Neither the study nor the hospital device met the predefined standard for equivalence when compared with co-oximetry. The study device reading was on average 4.0% higher than the co-oximeter, failing to show statistical equivalence (p = 0.16). The hospital device was 7.4% higher than the co-oximeter and also did not meet the predefined standard for equivalence (p = 0.97).

Conclusion:

Both devices tended to overestimate oxygen saturation in this patient population when compared to the gold standard, co-oximetry. The study device is at least as accurate as the hospital device and offers the advantage of being more portable with Bluetooth technology that allows reliable, efficient data transmission. Currently FDA-approved, smaller portable pulse oximeters can be considered for use in home monitoring programmes.
Imagery rescripting in non-clinical paranoia: a pilot study of the impact on key cognitive and affective processes
Authors: Newman-Taylor Katherine , McSherry Pamela , Stopa Lusia
Published: July 2019

Background:

Paranoia is often accompanied by distressing intrusions associated with traumatic memories, yet one of the best-evidenced interventions, imagery rescripting (IR), is not routinely offered. This is likely to be due to poor understanding of the effects of IR on postulated mechanisms of change as well as the absence of a robust evidence base.

Aims:

This study aimed to establish proof of principle that IR impacts key cognitive-affective processes associated with distressing intrusions – memory characteristics and self-representations – and level of paranoia.

Method:

We used a within-subject repeated measures design to examine the effect of single-session IR on memory characteristics (level of intrusions, vividness, distress, encapsulated belief strength, emotion intensity and frequency), self-representation variables, affect and paranoia. Fifteen participants were seen once before and once after the IR session, to gather baseline and follow-up data.

Results:

As predicted, participants reported reductions in memory characteristics, improved self-esteem and positive affect, and reduced negative affect and paranoia, with large effect sizes. These effects were maintained at follow-up.

Conclusions:

While a within-subject design is useful for initial exploration of novel interventions, controlled studies are needed to determine causality. This is the first study to examine mechanisms of IR in paranoia. A controlled trial is now warranted.
Lycopene enriched tomato extract suppresses chemically induced skin tumorigenesis in mice
Authors: Koul Ashwani , Bansal Mohinder Pal , Aniqa Aniqa , Chaudhary Harsh , Chugh Neha Arora
Published: July 2019

Abstract. The present study revealed the effects of Lycopene enriched tomato extract (LycT) on chemically induced skin cancer in mice. Skin tumors were induced by topical application of 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) [500 nmol/100 ul of acetone, twice a week for two weeks] and 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) [1.7 nmol/100 ul of acetone, twice a week for eighteen weeks] and LycT (5 mg/kg b.w.) was administered orally. Male Balb/c mice were divided into four groups (n = 15 per group): control, DMBA/TPA, LycT and LycT + DMBA/TPA. The chemopreventive response of LycT to skin tumorigenesis was evident by inhibition in tumor incidence, number, size, burden and volume in LycT + DMBA/TPA group when compared to DMBA/TPA group. This was associated with inhibition of cell proliferation in LycT + DMBA/TPA group as observed by the decrease in epidermal morphometric parameters and mRNA and protein expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen when compared to DMBA/TPA group (p ≤ 0.05). LycT decreased (p ≤ 0.05) the mRNA and protein expression of angiogenic genes (vascular endothelial growth factor, angiopoietin-2, basic fibroblast growth factor) in LycT + DMBA/TPA group, suggesting its anti-angiogenic effects. The increase (p ≤ 0.05) in protein expression of connexin-32 and 43 in LycT + DMBA/TPA group suggests improved inter cellular communication when compared to DMBA/TPA group. Histochemical studies demonstrated that the components of extracellular matrix (fibrous proteins and mucopolysaccharides) were also modulated during skin carcinogenesis and its chemoprevention by LycT. The decrease in cell proliferation parameters and expression of angiogenesis associated genes, modulation of ECM components and increase in expression of connexins suggest that LycT improved multiple dysregulated processes during chemoprevention of skin cancer.
Daily Selection, Optimization, and Compensation Strategy Use and Innovative Performance
Authors: Breevaart Kimberley , Zacher Hannes
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Knowledge on how to improve employees’ daily innovative performance is imperative, because innovation contributes importantly to organizational competitiveness. We tested a model in which daily use of selection, optimization, and compensation (SOC) strategies mediates the relationship between daily job autonomy and daily innovative performance. Moreover, we predicted that the association between daily SOC strategy use and daily innovative performance is stronger on days when time pressure is high (vs. low). Hypotheses were tested using a daily diary study in which employees filled out a short questionnaire at the end of their workday for a period of five workdays ( N = 91; 381 daily entries). Results of structural equation modeling analyses supported our mediation, but not our moderation hypothesis.
The Relationship Between Leader–Member Exchange and Employees’ Proactive Behaviors
Authors: Lai Fong-Yi , Lu Szu-Chi , Lin Cheng-Chen , Lee Yu-Chin
Published: July 2019

Abstract. The present study proposed that, unlike prior leader–member exchange (LMX) research which often implicitly assumed that each leader develops equal-quality relationships with their supervisors (leader’s LMX; LLX), every leader develops different relationships with their supervisors and, in turn, receive different amounts of resources. Moreover, these differentiated relationships with superiors will influence how leader–member relationship quality affects team members’ voice and creativity. We adopted a multi-temporal (three wave) and multi-source (leaders and employees) research design. Hypotheses were tested on a sample of 227 bank employees working in 52 departments. Results of the hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) analysis showed that LLX moderates the relationship between LMX and team members’ voice behavior and creative performance. Strengths, limitations, practical implications, and directions for future research are discussed.
Tropical Synoptic‐Scale Waves Propagating Across the Maritime Continent and Northern Australia
Authors: Fukutomi Yoshiki
Published: July 2019

The structure and characteristics of tropical synoptic‐scale wave disturbances over the Maritime Continent (MC) and northern Australia during the Southern Hemisphere summer are analyzed. The tropical synoptic‐scale waves are identified by an extended empirical orthogonal function analysis on 2‐ to 8‐day‐filtered daily 850‐hPa meridional wind anomalies during December–February for the period 1979–2016. Extended empirical orthogonal function‐based composite analyses of various fields reveal a synoptic‐scale wave train, with a well‐organized structure, which is coupled with deep convection anomalies. The composite waves are considered to be tropical depression‐type waves that develop along a strong meridional gradient of the mean monsoon westerly flow. These waves propagate westward at approximately 8 m/s, with zonal wavelengths of about 3,000–4,000 km. Eastward amplification of wave troughs and ridges due to group propagation occurs within the synoptic‐scale wave train. Wave activity diagnostics confirm that downstream wave energy propagation facilitates the development of the synoptic‐scale wave train along the monsoon westerly flow. Rainfall is enhanced over the MC and the ocean in the vicinity of the north coast of Australia, which is associated with the passage of the wave trough. The development of this synoptic‐scale wave is found to play an important role in day‐to‐day weather variation over the MC. Extratropical forcing of the tropical synoptic‐scale waves is also explored. Southerly surges that originated in the midlatitude Indian Ocean could intensify the tropical synoptic‐scale wave trough. The southerly surges are induced by the development of midlatitude synoptic‐scale baroclinic disturbances over the eastern Indian Ocean.
Countrywide Observations of Plate Spreading and Glacial Isostatic Adjustment in Iceland Inferred by Sentinel‐1 Radar Interferometry, 2015–2018
Authors: Drouin Vincent , Sigmundsson Freysteinn
Published: July 2019

East‐west and vertical ground velocities for 2015–2018 are retrieved over 81% of Iceland from Sentinel‐1 radar interferometry, using satellite images from six different tracks. Only summertime images are considered, to avoid snow cover. Average line‐of‐sight velocity fields for 2015–2018 for each track are estimated using a simple approach: single master interferometry time series together with a linear component estimation for each pixel. The line‐of‐sight velocity fields are combined and their signal is decomposed to extract approximate east (near‐East) and approximate vertical (near‐Up) velocities. Only pixels passing a coherence and outlier criteria are considered, resulting in 81% coverage of Iceland. The 19% of missing coverage is mostly glaciers and farmland. We find a general agreement between the near‐East velocity field and a revised plate spreading model, and the near‐Up velocity field and a glacial isostatic adjustment model. Models and their residuals suggest a difference in rheology between the rift zones in Iceland.
Internal Drainage Has Sustained Low‐Relief Tibetan Landscapes Since the Early Miocene
Authors: Han Zhongpeng , Sinclair Hugh D. , Li Yalin , Wang Chengshan , Tao Zui , Qian Xinyu , Ning Zijie , Zhang Jiawei , Wen Yixiong , Lin Jie , Zhang Baosen , Xu Ming , Dai Jingen , Zhou Aorigele , Liang Huimin , Cao Shuo
Published: July 2019

The timing of formation of the low‐gradient, internally drained landscape of the Tibetan Plateau is fundamental to understanding the evolution of the plateau as a whole. Well‐dated sedimentary records of internal drainage of rivers into lakes are used to reveal the timing of this evolution. Here we redate the youngest continental sedimentary successions of central Tibet in the Lunpola Basin and propose a new age range of ca. 35 to 9 Ma, significantly younger than previously thought. We demonstrate long‐standing internal drainage in central Tibet since the late Eocene and stable sedimentary environments, source regions, and low topographic relief since at least the early Miocene. We suggest that sediment aggradation of internal drainage and reduction of hillslope gradients by erosion dominate the formation of low‐relief landscapes and that the late Cenozoic drainage basins in central Tibet developed in response to flow in the lower crust and/or mantle lithosphere.
Ice Nucleating Particles Carried From Below a Phytoplankton Bloom to the Arctic Atmosphere
Authors: Creamean J. M. , Cross J. N. , Pickart R. , McRaven L. , Lin P. , Pacini A. , Hanlon R. , Schmale D. G. , Ceniceros J. , Aydell T. , Colombi N. , Bolger E. , DeMott P. J.
Published: July 2019

As Arctic temperatures rise at twice the global rate, sea ice is diminishing more quickly than models can predict. Processes that dictate Arctic cloud formation and impacts on the atmospheric energy budget are poorly understood, yet crucial for evaluating the rapidly changing Arctic. In parallel, warmer temperatures afford conditions favorable for productivity of microorganisms that can effectively serve as ice nucleating particles (INPs). Yet the sources of marine biologically derived INPs remain largely unknown due to limited observations. Here we show, for the first time, how biologically derived INPs were likely transported hundreds of kilometers from deep Bering Strait waters and upwelled to the Arctic Ocean surface to become airborne, a process dependent upon a summertime phytoplankton bloom, bacterial respiration, ocean dynamics, and wind‐driven mixing. Given projected enhancement in marine productivity, combined oceanic and atmospheric transport mechanisms may play a crucial role in provision of INPs from blooms to the Arctic atmosphere.