bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Navigating grey areas in HIV and mental health implementation science
Authors: Harkness Audrey , Giusto Ali , Hamilton Alison B. , Hernandez‐Ramirez Raul U. , Spiegelman Donna , Weiner Bryan J. , Beidas Rinad S. , Larson Michaela E. , Lippman Sheri A. , Wainberg Milton L. , Smith Justin D.
Published: June 2024

Introduction

Implementation science (IS) offers methods to systematically achieve the Ending the HIV Epidemic goals in the United States, as well as the global UNAIDS targets. Federal funders such as the National Institutes of Mental Health (NIMH) have invested in implementation research to achieve these goals, including supporting the AIDS Research Centres (ARCs), which focus on high‐impact science in HIV and mental health (MH). To facilitate capacity building for the HIV/MH research workforce in IS, “grey areas,” or areas of IS that are confusing, particularly for new investigators, should be addressed in the context of HIV/MH research.

Discussion

A group of IS experts affiliated with NIMH‐funded ARCs convened to identify common and challenging grey areas. The group generated a preliminary list of 19 grey areas in HIV/MH‐related IS. From the list, the authors developed a survey which was distributed to all ARCs to prioritize grey areas to address in this paper. ARC members across the United States (N = 60) identified priority grey areas requiring clarification. This commentary discusses topics with 40% or more endorsement. The top grey areas that ARC members identified were: (1) Differentiating implementation strategies from interventions; (2) Determining when an intervention has sufficient evidence for adaptation; (3) Integrating recipient perspectives into HIV/MH implementation research; (4) Evaluating whether an implementation strategy is evidence‐based; (5) Identifying rigorous approaches for evaluating the impact of implementation strategies in the absence of a control group or randomization; and (6) Addressing innovation in HIV/MH IS grants. The commentary addresses each grey area by drawing from the existing literature (when available), providing expert guidance on addressing each in the context of HIV/MH research, and providing domestic and global HIV and HIV/MH case examples that address these grey areas.

Conclusions

HIV/MH IS is key to achieving domestic and international goals for ending HIV transmission and mitigating its impact. Guidance offered in this paper can help to overcome challenges to rigorous and high‐impact HIV/MH implementation research.
INcentives and ReMINDers to Improve Long‐Term Medication Adherence (INMIND): impact of a pilot randomized controlled trial in a large HIV clinic in Uganda
Authors: Linnemayr Sebastian , Odiit Mary , Mukasa Barbara , Ghai Ishita , Stecher Chad
Published: June 2024

Introduction

Habits are a common strategy for successfully countering medication non‐adherence, yet existing interventions do not support participants during the long habit formation period, resulting in high attrition. We test a novel intervention combining text messages and incentives with anchoring to support antiretroviral therapy (ART) pill‐taking habits.

Methods

In a randomized, parallel controlled trial, a sample of 155 participants 18 years and older who initiated ART within 3 months were recruited at Mildmay Uganda between October 2021 and April 2022. All participants were educated on the anchoring strategy and chose an anchor, that is existing routines, to pair with pill‐taking. Participants were randomized to either usual care (C = 49), daily text message reminders to follow their anchoring plan (Messages group; T1 = 49) or messages and incentives conditional on pill‐taking in line with their anchor (Incentives group; T2 = 57). Assessments occurred at baseline, month 3 (end of intervention) and month 9 (end of observation period). The primary outcomes are electronically measured mean adherence and pill‐taking consistent with participants’ anchor time.

Results

The primary outcome of pill‐taking in line with the anchoring plan was higher in the Incentives group during the 3‐month intervention (12.2 p.p. [95% CI: 2.2 22.2; p = .02]), and remained significantly higher after the incentives were withdrawn (months 4−6 (14.2 p.p. [95% CI 1.1 27.2; p = .03]); months 7−9 (14.1 p.p. [95% CI −0.2 28.5; p = .05])). Mean adherence was higher in both treatment groups relative to the control group during the intervention (T1 vs. C, p = .06; T2 vs. C, p = .06) but not post‐intervention.

Conclusions

The promising approach of using incentives to support habit formation among ART treatment initiators needs to be evaluated in a fully powered study to further our understanding of the habit formation process and to evaluate its cost‐effectiveness.
Responsibility‐Oriented Perspective of Responsible Leadership: Development of a Measurement Instrument
Authors: Bhatti Omar Khalid , Irfan Muhammad
Published: June 2024

Responsible leadership, a construct at the intersection of corporate social responsibility (CSR), ethics, and leadership, is considered to meet the conflicting demands of modern organizations by striking a balance between internal and external responsibilities. To further explore antecedents and outcomes of responsible leadership, scholars and practitioners need an instrument that can gauge the influence of responsible leadership on organizational members. The present study is a combination of four studies and is aimed at developing a measurement instrument using the sequential mixed method equal status approach. The study aims to explore responsibility‐oriented dimensions and their subdimensions that are perceived to be comparatively more relevant to responsible leadership by organizational members, while simultaneously, being supported by existing literature. An initial qualitative study, comprising 25 in‐depth interviews, revealed six responsibility‐oriented dimensions that could reliably measure the construct. Three quantitative studies, entailing collection and analysis of data for each (N = 608, 745, 800), were conducted to refine and validate the instrument. The study used the opinions of followers (organizational members) to determine the influence of responsible leadership in an organization. Based on the validity and reliability statistics of the three studies, the instrument is considered reliable for measurement of the influence of responsible leadership at individual, group, and organizational levels.
The Social Construction of Leadership, Implicit Leadership Theories, Leader Development, and the Challenge of Authenticity
Authors: Billsberry Jon , O'Callaghan Stephanie
Published: June 2024

If people want to be thought as leaders by others, they must be observed acting in accordance with others' implicit leadership theories. Therefore, prospective leaders are advised to consider whether to change their behavior to influence others' leadership assessments of them. The decision whether or not to instrumentally change behavior to match others' expectations raises authenticity concerns. There is a need to explore the tensions in the relationship between the practical application of ideas emanating from the socially constructed approach to leadership and authenticity. There are four strategies prospective leaders can choose between to navigate their own approach between instrumentally and authenticity. Two of the strategies accept the idea prospective leaders might deliberately change their behaviors; the other two strategies reject the notion. Learning how to reveal other people's implicit leadership theories is an important skill for prospective leaders to acquire so they might make informed decisions about how to adapt their own behaviors. Prospective leaders might consider making conscious decisions about the values and norms they are prepared to accept and the ones they will confront.
Aging alters the subchondral bone response 7 days after noninvasive traumatic joint injury in C57BL/6JN mice
Authors: Dauenhauer Lexia A. , Hislop Brady D. , Brahmachary Priyanka , Devine Connor , Gibbs Dustin , June Ronald K. , Heveran Chelsea M.
Published: June 2024

Posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) commonly develops following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries, affecting around 50% of individuals within 10–20 years. Recent studies have highlighted early changes in subchondral bone structure after ACL injury in adolescent or young adult mice, which could contribute to the development of PTOA. However, ACL injuries do not only occur early in life. Middle‐aged and older patients also experience ACL injuries and PTOA, but whether the aged subchondral bone also responds rapidly to injury is unknown. This study utilized a noninvasive, single overload mouse injury model to assess subchondral bone microarchitecture, turnover, and material properties in both young adults (5 months) and early old age (22 months) female C57BL/6JN mice at 7 days after injury. Mice underwent either joint injury (i.e., produces ACL tears) or sham injury procedures on both the loaded and contralateral limbs, allowing evaluation of the impacts of injury versus loading. The subchondral bone response to ACL injury is distinct for young adult and aged mice. While 5‐month mice show subchondral bone loss and increased bone resorption postinjury, 22‐month mice did not show loss of bone structure and had lower bone resorption. Subchondral bone plate modulus increased with age, but not with injury. Both ages of mice showed several bone measures were altered in the contralateral limb, demonstrating the systemic skeletal response to joint injury. These data motivate further investigation to discern how osteochondral tissues differently respond to injury in aging, such that diagnostics and treatments can be refined for these demographics.
Effects of airflow superfine pulverization on the structure, functional properties, and flavor quality of wheat bran
Authors: Mao Ying , Zhang Yinghui , Li Tiantian , Chen Yueyi , Wang Zhan , Guo Cheng , Jin Weiping , Shen Wangyang , Li Jinling
Published: June 2024

BACKGROUND

Wheat bran (WB) is a byproduct of refined wheat flour production with poor edible taste and low economic value. Herein, the WB was micronized via airflow superfine pulverization (ASP), and the effects of the ASP conditions on its particle size, nutritive compositions, whiteness, hydration characteristics, moisture distribution, microstructure, cation exchange capacity, volatile flavor components, and other characteristics were investigated.

RESULTS

Reducing the rotational speed of the ASP screw and increasing the number of pulverizations significantly decreased the median particle size Dx(50) of WB to a minimum of 12.97 ± 0.19 μm (P < 0.05), increased the soluble dietary fiber content from 55.05 ± 2.94 to 106.86 ± 1.60 mg g−1, and improved the whiteness and water solubility index. In addition, the water holding capacity and oil holding capacity were significantly reduced (P < 0.05), while the cation exchange and swelling capacities first increased and then decreased. Up to about 70% of water in WB exists as bound water. As the Dx(50) of WB decreased, the content of bound and immobile water increased, while the free water decreased from 14.37 ± 1.21% to 7.59 ± 1.03%. Furthermore, WB was micronized and the particles became smaller and more evenly distributed. Using gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry, a total of 37 volatile compounds in micronized WB (including 10 aldehydes, 9 esters, 7 alcohols, and several acids, furans, ethers, aldehydes, esters, and alcohols) were identified as the main volatile compounds of WB.

CONCLUSION

Collectively, ASP improved the physicochemical properties of WB. This study provides theoretical references for the use of ASP to improve the utilization and edibility of WB. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
A comprehensive review of cell transplantation and platelet‐rich plasma therapy for the treatment of disc degeneration‐related back and neck pain: A systematic evidence‐based analysis
Authors: Schol Jordy , Tamagawa Shota , Volleman Tibo Nico Emmie , Ishijima Muneaki , Sakai Daisuke
Published: June 2024

Low back pain (LBP) and neck pain predominate as the primary causes of disability. Cell‐ and platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) products are potential therapies with clinical trials and reviews promoting their efficacy. Nonetheless, they frequently disregard the clinical significance of reported improvements. In this systematic review, the effectuated improvements in pain, disability, quality of life (QoL), and radiographic images are comprehensively described and scored on their clinical significance. An electronic database literature search was conducted on July 2023 for in‐human assessment of cell or PRP products to alleviate discogenic pain. Papers were screened on quantitative pain, disability, QoL, radiographic improvements, and safety outcomes. Risk of bias was assessed through MINORS and Cochrane Source of Bias tools. Reported outcomes were obtained, calculated, and assessed to meet minimal clinically important difference (MCID) standards. From 7623 screened papers, a total of 80 articles met the eligibility criteria, presenting 68 specific studies. These presented at least 1974 treated patients. Overall, cell/PRP injections could alleviate pain and disability, resulting in MCID for pain and disability in up to a 2‐year follow‐up, similar to those observed in patients undergoing spinal fusion. Included trials predominantly presented high levels of bias, involved heterogeneous study designs, and only a minimal number of randomized controlled trials. Nonetheless, a clear clinically significant impact was observed for cell‐ and PRP‐treated cohorts with overall good safety profiles. These results highlight a strong therapeutic potential but also underline the need for future cost‐effectiveness assessments to determine the benefits of cell/PRP treatments.
Zooplankton fecal pellet flux drives the biological carbon pump during the winter–spring transition in a high‐Arctic system
Authors: Darnis Gérald , Geoffroy Maxime , Daase Malin , Lalande Catherine , Søreide Janne E. , Leu Eva , Renaud Paul E. , Berge Jørgen
Published: June 2024

Recent research highlighted significant marine biological activity during the Arctic winter, with poorly known implications for the biological carbon pump. We used moored instruments to (1) track the development of the pelagic food web of a high‐Arctic marine ecosystem from winter to spring, and (2) assess the role of zooplankton‐mediated processes in the sinking export of particulate organic carbon (POC). Zooplankton collected by a sediment trap at 40 m depth in Kongsfjorden showed a shift in species composition in February coinciding with an inflow of Atlantic water and the return of sunlight. The Atlantic copepod Calanus finmarchicus and the Arctic Calanus glacialis became dominant in the post‐inflow assemblage of large mesozooplankton. However, large copepods were never abundant (0.3–4.6 ind m−3) in January–April in the upper 40 m. Despite the low chlorophyll fluorescence, POC export increased substantially, from 2–13 mg C m−2 d−1 in January–February to 13–35 mg C m−2 d−1 in March–April 2014. By late March, zooplankton fecal pellets contributed largely (23–100%) to this significant POC export before the phytoplankton bloom. The lack of change in copepod and euphausiid population sizes suggests that enhanced feeding activity in the surface layer supported the increasing fecal pellet export. Our results revealed the swift response of active zooplankton in winter, evidenced by increased carbon export, to improved food availability.
Anoxic waters constrain the vertical distribution of fish developmental stages in an oxygen minimum zone
Authors: Gutiérrez‐Bravo Juan Gerardo , Sánchez‐Velasco Laura , Jiménez‐Rosenberg Sylvia Patricia Adelheid , Altabet Mark A. , Méndez‐Mendez Sofia , Cambronero‐Solano Sergio
Published: June 2024

In the Eastern Tropical North Pacific Oxygen Minimum Zone (ETNP‐OMZ), fish larvae undergo development amidst highly variable dissolved oxygen environments. As OMZs expand, understanding the implications of low‐oxygen environments on fish development becomes increasingly relevant for fisheries management and ecosystem modeling. Using horizontal zooplankton tows to track five oxygen levels (oxic [200 μmol/kg], hypoxic [100 μmol/kg] suboxic [10 μmol/kg], anoxic [<1 μmol/kg], and deep [10 μmol/kg at ~ 1000 m depth]), this study analyzed the three‐dimensional distribution of fish larvae and adults across the ETNP‐OMZ. Results revealed a wide midwater anoxic core, extending from Costa Rica to Baja California, that was almost devoid of fish larvae (< 1 larvae/1000 m3). Early larval stages primarily inhabited the oxic and hypoxic levels above the core, while postflexion and transformation stages occurred across a wider oxygen gradient, including the deep level below the anoxic core. Epipelagic species (e.g., Auxis sp.) were predominantly found in the surface oxic level, whereas coastal‐demersal species (e.g., Bregmaceros bathymaster, Ophidion spp.) were prevalent in the hypoxic level above the core. Meso‐bathypelagic species (e.g., Diogenichthys laternatus, Cyclothone spp.) were present throughout the study area, including below the anoxic core as transformation larvae and juveniles. These findings indicate that a vertical expansion of anoxic waters in OMZs could further constrain the habitat of epipelagic species, while also affecting the ontogenic vertical movements of meso‐bathypelagic species.
Material Testing for Physicists: Unraveling the Dissipative Nature of Silicone Elastomers via Ball Drop Testing
Authors: Preuer Rene , Emminger Carina , Cakmak Umut , Graz Ingrid
Published: June 2024

Isaac Newton once contemplated the fall of an apple, setting in motion a revolution in the understanding of gravity. In a similar spirit of curiosity and inquiry, here a journey is embarked upon to explore the intricate world of viscoelastic damping for polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS). Inspired by the notion that even the simplest of phenomena can yield profound insights, a novel approach to study damping in silicone elastomers through a simple ball drop test is introduced. This novel solution allowes for precise measuring and analyzing the material's damping characteristics under various conditions. By carefully controlling the release and monitoring, the response of the falling ball by simple video tracking, valuable insights into the key viscoelastic properties of silicone blends are extracted, including rebound resilience, Young's modulus, and complex modulus. Through the analysis of trajectory data generated during the sphere's interaction with the silicone damper, dynamic and static material parameters are determined. Remarkably, these outcomes closely align with results obtained from cost‐intensive and high‐maintenance industrial measurement setups such as dynamic thermomechanical analysis (DTMA) or tensile testing. This approach not only simplifies the complexity of the system but also offers a cost‐effective and efficient means of gaining essential knowledge in material science.
PEDOT:PSS‐Based Prolonged Long‐Term Decay Synaptic OECT with Proton‐Permeable Material, Nafion
Authors: Lee Ye Ji , Kim Yong Hyun , Lee Eun Kwang
Published: June 2024

Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), a conductive polymer, has gained popularity as the channel layer in organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) due to its high conductivity and straightforward processing. However, difficulties arise in controlling its conductivity through gate voltage, presenting a challenge. To address this issue, aromatic amidine base, diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non‐5‐ene (DBN), is used to stabilize the doping state of the PEDOT chain through a reliable chemical de‐doping process. Furthermore, the addition of the proton‐penetrable material Nafion to the PEDOT:PSS channel layer induces phase separation between the substances. By utilizing a solution containing both PEDOT:PSS and Nafion as the channel layer of OECTs, the efficiency of ion movement into the channel from the electrolyte is enhanced, resulting in improved OECT performance. The inclusion of Nafion in the OECTs’ channel layer modifies ion movement dynamics, allowing for the adjustment of synaptic properties such as pulse‐paired facilitation, memory level, short‐term plasticity, and long‐term plasticity. This research aims to introduce new possibilities in the field of neuromorphic computing and contribute to biomimetic technology through the enhancement of electronic component performance.
Preparation and Characterization of Novel Poly(thiourethane)–Poly(isocyanurate) Covalent Adaptable Networks: Effect of the Catalysts
Authors: Guerrero Federico , De la Flor Silvia , Serra Àngels
Published: June 2024

Poly(thiourethane)‐based covalent adaptable networks are synthesized by reacting a trimer of hexamethylene diisocyanate (Desmodur N3300) containing isocyanurate groups in its structure with 1,6‐hexanedithiol. The catalysts evaluated for this process include dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL), lanthanum triflate (La(OTf)3), and a thermal precursor of 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene (BGDBU). The use of DBTDL results in the initiation of curing upon mixing, while the other two catalysts exhibit a latency period in the reactive mixture, with curing starting at about 90 °C. Notably, the use of the lanthanum salt produces an additional minor exothermic reaction at 80 °C. This phenomenon corresponds to the trimerization of isocyanates rending isocyanurates, leaving a portion of unreacted thiols. Materials prepared with BGDBU or La(OTf)3 present shorter relaxation times than those prepared with DBTDL. Nevertheless, the materials containing the lanthanum salt do not reach complete relaxation, likely due to the reinforcement of the permanent network through increased isocyanurate content. The formation of isocyanurates produces a stoichiometric imbalance, leaving unreacted thiols. This transforms the exchange process into a dual mechanism involving a dissociative process of thiourethanes to isocyanate and thiol, along with an interchange through thiol attacking the thiourethane group. The materials exhibit good recyclability and self‐healing characteristics.
Sampled‐data‐based synchronization of complex networks under scaling attacks
Authors: Murugesan Sathishkumar , Ishizaki Takayuki , Liu Yen‐Chen
Published: June 2024

In this study, our main objective is to address the issue of sampled‐data‐based synchronization of complex networks subjected to stochastic scaling attacks using a looped‐functional approach. To begin with, the design of a Lyapunov functional, which involves tuning parameters and slack variables, considers the error state information of
and
. Then, the scaling attack is a type of deception attack that is formulated using an interval matrix approach. In addition, the complex networks considered in this study incorporate uncertain inner coupling strengths, which are more general than the existing ones, owing to the presence of uncertainties in the coupling strengths. Using a looped‐functional approach to construct an appropriate Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional, we derive a set of sufficient conditions to achieve mean‐square asymptotic synchronization for considered complex networks under scaling attacks. In the end, the proposed results are illustrated using three examples, including a practical example that highlights their effectiveness and superiority.
Revolutionary dreaming
Authors: Arnett Autumn A.
Published: June 2024

ebonyjanice (sic) set out to imagine “a revolution that did not cost us our whole spirit, soul, and bodies” in a world in which she believes Black women are “being known for our resistance, and not for our living.” Her resulting text, All the Black Girls Are Activists: A Fourth‐Wave Womanist Pursuit of Dreams as Radical Resistance, explores the dreams and humanity of Black women activists in different spaces and encourages those doing the heavy lifting of resistance work to also take time for softness, hope, imagination, and dreams.
Eager about beavers? Understanding opposition to species reintroduction, and its implications for conservation
Authors: Holmes George , Rowland Gabriel , Fox Katherine
Published: June 2024

The range of keystone species is increasing in some parts of the world, particularly Europe, through a combination of natural recolonization, government‐sanctioned and covert reintroductions. Reintroductions are an important conservation tool, particularly in the increasingly popular approach of rewilding.

There is relatively little understanding of the politics, broadly conceived, of species reintroduction, particularly around how people who live alongside these newly introduced species might react, and what underpins this reaction, and how the method of reintroduction affects reactions.

Here, we explore these issues through a case of beavers in central Scotland, which were covertly reintroduced. We explore opposition to reintroduction as manifest in beaver killing and dam destruction by land managers, quantifying these using the sensitive ‘bean count’ method.

We also explore what underpins land managers' reactions, particularly their views and values around land and land management.

We found considerable resistance. We found that beaver killing and dam destruction were widespread, both before and after beavers became a protected species. Nevertheless, beaver populations and ranges in Scotland continue to grow.

We found attitudes were grounded in a strong set of relational values around land custodianship. We find a range of views towards beavers, including widespread opposition, particularly regarding the covert nature of beaver introduction, the challenge beavers and beaver protection provide to ideas of proper land management and custodianship, and a lack of trust in formal methods of beaver governance.

We argue that species reintroductions policies and research should give careful consideration to potential opposition, its material impacts on reintroduction projects and how it is grounded in wider environmental values and politics.

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
Assessing the crashworthiness of nanocarbon‐filled glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite tubes under axial loading
Authors: Hegazy Dalia A. , Awd Allah Mahmoud M. , Seif Amr , Megahed M. , Abd El‐baky Marwa A.
Published: June 2024

This research aimed to understand how the incorporation of nanocarbon powder (NCP) influences the crashworthiness performance of glass fiber‐reinforced epoxy (GFRE) tubular components, potentially offering insights into improving the safety and resilience of structures or vehicles. Consequently, the crashworthiness behaviors of circular tubes made of GFRE with varying amounts of NCP was studied. Utilizing wet‐wrapping through hand lay‐up technique, GFRE tubes were fabricated with various weight percentages of NCP, that is, 0, 0.25, 0.50, 1, 2, 3, and 4 wt.%. Following that, the crashing load, total absorbed energy against displacement responses, and deformation histories of these tubes under quasi‐static axial loading conditions were calculated and tracked. As part of the crashworthiness analysis, critical indicators were evaluated, including initial peak load (), total absorbed energy (U), mean crash force (), crash force efficiency (CFE), and specific energy absorption (SEA). The findings reveal that the maximum , U, , and SEA were noted at 0.5 wt.% of NCP, with increasing percent's of 30.80, 12.17, 12.16, and 7.50, respectively, compared to the unfilled tube. While, the CFE was recorded by 3 wt.% of NCP with an enhancement of 16.67%. It is worth to note that, the findings reveal that the inclusion of NCP increases crashworthiness metrics up, that is, , U, , and SEA to a concentration of 0.50 wt.% NCP. However, beyond this point, there's a notable decline in performance.

Highlights

The GFRE tubes were filled with various wt.% of NCP.

The planned tubes were made using hand lay‐up methods.

The tubes were subjected to axial compression loads to examine their crashing behavior.

The crashing load and absorbed energy versus displacement responses for tubes were exposed.

The experimental results were analyzed and discussed.
Improved prediction of site‐rates from structure with averaging across homologs
Authors: Norn Christoffer , Oliveira Fábio , André Ingemar
Published: June 2024

Variation in mutation rates at sites in proteins can largely be understood by the constraint that proteins must fold into stable structures. Models that calculate site‐specific rates based on protein structure and a thermodynamic stability model have shown a significant but modest ability to predict empirical site‐specific rates calculated from sequence. Models that use detailed atomistic models of protein energetics do not outperform simpler approaches using packing density. We demonstrate that a fundamental reason for this is that empirical site‐specific rates are the result of the average effect of many different microenvironments in a phylogeny. By analyzing the results of evolutionary dynamics simulations, we show how averaging site‐specific rates across many extant protein structures can lead to correct recovery of site‐rate prediction. This result is also demonstrated in natural protein sequences and experimental structures. Using predicted structures, we demonstrate that atomistic models can improve upon contact density metrics in predicting site‐specific rates from a structure. The results give fundamental insights into the factors governing the distribution of site‐specific rates in protein families.
Hydro‐thermal modelling of the potential impacts of reservoirs on water temperature and incubation time of Atlantic salmon and brook trout in the Tobique River, Canada
Authors: Rahmati Negin , St‐Hilaire André , Curry Allen , Rincón Eisinhower
Published: June 2024

Water temperature is recognised as a crucial variable in lotic ecosystems affecting the metabolism of aquatic organisms, with extremely high‐temperature events increasing the risk of mortality of various species. Impounding rivers to regulate flow and generate electricity is one of the causes of altered thermal regimes in river systems. This paper presents the results of a study to simulate the impact of reservoirs on downstream temperatures of the Tobique River, New Brunswick, Canada. CEQUEAU, a hydrological and water temperature model, was used to simulate and assess the flow and water temperature of the Tobique River from 1997 to 2020. It was coupled to a statistical model to generate water temperature at different depths in the reservoir. Results show that the CEQUEAU model was successfully calibrated for water temperature with an overall root mean square error of 1.7°C. Based on the results, when water is drawn from the lower parts of the reservoir, the mean water temperature downstream of the dam increases in winter and spring by ~1°C. The results of this paper provide insight into how dams can affect the incubation time of cold‐water species in eastern Canada. We calculated the hatching degree days of Atlantic salmon and Brook trout to evaluate the impact of dams on fry emergence. Results indicated that the hatching period of Atlantic salmon and Brook trout downstream of reservoirs may shorten under the influence of dams.
The influence of media scrutiny on firms' strategic eschewal of lobbying
Authors: Kim Jinsil , Welbourne Eleazar Miranda J. , Lee Seung‐Hyun
Published: June 2024

Research Summary

Lobbying allows firms to influence the government to potentially limit firms' costs during product recall crises. However, such lobbying can elicit scrutiny from the media if the lobbying gives the impression that firms wish to save costs at the expense of safety, thereby appearing hypocritical. We theorize that when faced with negative media coverage of product recalls or recall‐related lobbying, firms strategically eschew lobbying to limit further media scrutiny and its associated negative consequences. We test our hypotheses using the US auto industry's lobbying from 2008 to 2022. We provide further depth to our examination of strategic eschewal through 15 supplemental interviews of lobbyists about how the media influences firms' lobbying decisions.

Managerial Summary

Companies may resort to lobbying in efforts to reduce costs related to product recall crises, but such controversial lobbying may also tarnish their image. When confronted with negative media coverage of product recalls, or recall‐related lobbying, companies are more likely to strategically refrain from lobbying to minimize additional, unwanted media spotlight and its associated negative repercussions. Managers should be mindful that even if lobbying may help limit the costs of recalls, it could also cause potential reputational harm. Thus, it is vitally important that managers pay attention to the reputational cues from the media, which can help them determine when lobbying may be problematic and allow them to preemptively refrain from such lobbying.
Insights into Photopolymerization at the Nanoscale Using Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging
Authors: Khitous Amine , Lartigue Lionel , Moreau Julien , Soppera Olivier
Published: June 2024

Near‐field photopolymerization (NFPP) driven by surface plasmon resonance has attracted increasing attention in nanofabrication. This interest comes from the nanometer‐scale control of polymer thickness, due to the confinement of the evanescent wave within a highly restricted volume at the surface. In this study, a novel approach using a multi‐spectral surface plasmon resonance instrument is presented that gives access to real‐time images of polymer growth during NFPP with nanometer sensitivity. Using the plasmonic evanescent wave for both polymerization and real‐time sensing, the influence of irradiance, concentration of dye, and initiator are investigated on the threshold energy and kinetics of NFPP. How oxygen inhibition in the near field strongly affects photopolymerization is highlighted, more than in the far field.
Electrical Polarity Modulation in V‐Doped Monolayer WS2 for Homogeneous CMOS Inverters
Authors: Gao Boxiang , Wang Weijun , Meng You , Du Congcong , Long Yunchen , Zhang Yuxuan , Shao He , Lai Zhengxun , Wang Wei , Xie Pengshan , Yip SenPo , Zhong Xiaoyan , Ho Johnny C.
Published: June 2024

As demand for higher integration density and smaller devices grows, silicon‐based complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS) devices will soon reach their ultimate limits. 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) semiconductors, known for excellent electrical performance and stable atomic structure, are seen as promising materials for future integrated circuits. However, controlled and reliable doping of 2D TMDs, a key step for creating homogeneous CMOS logic components, remains a challenge. In this study, a continuous electrical polarity modulation of monolayer WS2 from intrinsic n‐type to ambipolar, then to p‐type, and ultimately to a quasi‐metallic state is achieved simply by introducing controllable amounts of vanadium (V) atoms into the WS2 lattice as p‐type dopants during chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The achievement of purely p‐type field‐effect transistors (FETs) is particularly noteworthy based on the 4.7 at% V‐doped monolayer WS2, demonstrating a remarkable on/off current ratio of 105. Expanding on this triumph, the first initial prototype of ultrathin homogeneous CMOS inverters based on monolayer WS2 is being constructed. These outcomes validate the feasibility of constructing homogeneous CMOS devices through the atomic doping process of 2D materials, marking a significant milestone for the future development of integrated circuits.
Enthralling Anodic Protection by Molybdate on High‐Entropy Alloy‐Based Electrocatalyst for Sustainable Seawater Oxidation
Authors: Khatun Sakila , Shimizu Koji , Pal Santanu , Nandi Saikat , Watanabe Satoshi , Roy Poulomi
Published: June 2024

Efficient and sustainable seawater electrolysis is still limited due to the interference of chloride corrosion at the anode. The designing of suitable electrocatalysts is one of the crucial ways to boost electrocatalytic activity. However, the approach may fall short as achieving high current density often occurs in chlorine evolution reaction (CER)‐dominating potential regions. Thereby, apart from developing an OER‐active high‐entropy alloy‐based electrocatalyst, the present study also offers a unique way to protect anode surface under high current density or potential by using MoO42— as an effective inhibitor during seawater oxidation. The wide variation of d‐band center of high‐entropy alloy‐based electrocatalyst allows great oxygen evolution reaction (OER) proficiency exhibiting an overpotential of 230 mV at current density of 20 mA cm−2. Besides, the electrocatalyst demonstrates impressive stability over 500 h at high current density of 1 A cm−2 or at a high oxidation potential of 2.0 V versus RHE in the presence of a molybdate inhibitor. Theoretical and experimental studies reveal MoO42‐ electrostatically accumulated at anode surface due to higher adsorption ability, thereby creating a protective layer against chlorides without affecting OER.
Highly Emissive Lanthanide‐Based 0D Metal Halide Nanocrystals for Efficient Ultraviolet Photodetector
Authors: Min Jeong Wan , Samanta Tuhin , Lee Ah Young , Jung Young‐Kwang , Viswanath Noolu Srinivasa Manikanta , Kim Yu Ri , Cho Han Bin , Moon Ji Yoon , Jang Se Hyuk , Kim Jong H. , Im Won Bin
Published: June 2024

Recently, lanthanide‐based 0D metal halides have attracted considerable attention for their applications in X‐ray imaging, light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), sensors, and photodetectors. Herein, lead‐free 0D gadolinium‐alloyed cesium cerium chloride (Gd3+‐alloyed Cs3CeCl6) nanocrystals (NCs) are introduced as promising materials for optoelectronic application owing to their unique optical properties. The incorporation of Gd3+ in Cs3CeCl6 (CCC) NCs is proposed to increase the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) from 57% to 96%, along with significantly enhanced phase and chemical stability. The structural analysis is performed by density functional theory (DFT) to confirm the effect of Gd3+ in Cs3Ce1‐xGdxCl6 (CCGC) alloy system. Moreover, the CCGC NCs are applied as the active layer in UVPDs with different Gd3+ concentration. The excellent device performance is shown at 20% of Gd3+ in CCGC NCs with high detectivity (7.938 × 1011 Jones) and responsivity (0.195 A W−1) at ‐0.1 V at 310 nm. This study paves the way for the development of lanthanide‐based metal halide NCs for next‐generation UVPDs and other optoelectronic applications.
Unconventional Magnetic and Magneto‐Transport Properties in Quasi‐2D Ni0.28TaSeS Single Crystal
Authors: Huang Lizhen , Wang Changlong , Liu Ping , Wang Shasha , Tan Haige , Liu Zhanfeng , Feng Yan , Ma Xiang , Wu Junjie , Sun Zhe , Cui Shengtao , Lu Yalin , Xiang Bin
Published: June 2024

Van der Waals (vdW) magnetic materials have broad application prospects in next‐generation spintronics. Inserting magnetic elements into nonmagnetic vdW materials can introduce magnetism and enhance various transport properties. Herein, the unconventional magnetic and magneto‐transport phenomena is reported in Ni0.28TaSeS crystal by intercalating Ni atoms into nonmagnetic 2H‐TaSeS matrix. Magnetic characterization reveals a canted magnetic structure in Ni0.28TaSeS, which results in an antiferromagnetic (AFM) order along the c‐axis and a ferromagnetic (FM) moment in the ab‐plane. The presence of spin‐flop (SF) behavior can also be attributed to the canted magnetic structure. Temperature‐dependent resistivity exhibits a metallic behavior with an abrupt decrease corresponding to the magnetic transition. Magneto‐transport measurements demonstrate a positive magnetoresistance (MR) with a plateau that is different from conventional magnetic materials. The field‐dependent Hall signal exhibits nonlinear field dependence when the material is in magnetically ordered state. These unconventional magneto‐transport behaviors are attributed to the field‐induced formation of a complex spin texture in Ni0.28TaSeS. In addition, it further investigated the angle dependence of MR and observed an unusual fourfold anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) effect. This work inspires future research on spintronic devices utilizing magnetic atom‐intercalated quasi‐2D materials.
Improved Urea Oxidation Performance via Interface Electron Redistributions of the NiFe(OH)x/MnO2/NF p‐p Heterojunction
Authors: Song Yulan , Huang Jinglin , Tang Cuilan , Wang Tao , Liu Yansong , He Xiaoshan , Xie Chunping , Chen Guo , Deng Chengfu , He Zhibing
Published: June 2024

The development of highly efficient urea oxidation reaction (UOR) electrocatalysts is the key to simultaneously achieving green hydrogen production and the treatment of urea‐containing wastewater. Ni‐based electrocatalysts are expected to replace precious metal catalysts for UOR because of their high activity and low cost. However, the construction of Ni‐based electrocatalysts that can synergistically enhance UOR still needs further in‐depth study. In this study, highly active electrocatalysts of NiFe(OH)x/MnO2 p‐p heterostructures are constructed on nickel foam (NF) by electrodeposition (NiFe(OH)x/MnO2/NF), illustrating the effect of electronic structure changes at heterogeneous interfaces on UOR and revealing the catalytic mechanism of UOR. The NiFe(OH)x/MnO2/NF only needs 1.364 V (vs Reversible Hydrogen Electrode, RHE) to reach 10 mA cm−2 for UOR. Structural characterizations and theoretical calculations indicate that energy gap leads to directed charge transfer and redistribution at the heterojunction interface, forming electron‐rich (MnO2) and electron‐poor (NiFe(OH)x) regions. This enhances the catalyst's adsorption of urea and reaction intermediates, reduces thermodynamic barriers during the UOR process, promotes the formation of Ni3+ phases at lower potentials, and thus improves UOR performance. This work provides a new idea for the development of Ni‐based high‐efficiency UOR electrocatalysts.
Dielectric Bragg Reflector as Back Electrode for Semi‐Transparent Organic Solar Cells with an Average Visible Transparency of 52%
Authors: Pap Leonie , Schirmacher Bertolt , Bloch Esther , Baretzky Clemens , Zimmermann Birger , Würfel Uli
Published: June 2024

A crucial challenge in the development of semi‐transparent solar cells is to maintain a reasonable power conversion efficiency (PCE) while reaching a high average visible transparency (AVT). Typically, organic semiconductors are favorable for this application since they can selectively absorb infrared light while transmitting visible light. This ability stems from limited electronic states at high(er) energies in contrast to inorganic semiconductors with their typical rise of the absorption coefficient toward higher photon energies. To increase PCE at high AVTs, a series of infrared dielectric Bragg reflectors is developed for semi‐transparent organic solar cells. Using the multi‐layered back electrode (TiO2|SiN|TiO2|AZO|Ag|AZO) with PV‐X Plus as photoactive layer and a metal‐free PEDOT:PSS top electrode, a light utilization efficiency (LUE = AVT × PCE) of up to 4.32% is achieved, together with an AVT of 47.9%. Although the short circuit current and AVT agree well with optical simulations, a low fill factor (FF) and partial shunting limit the overall device performance. Using ZnO and PFN‐Br as additional electron transport layers and modifying the back electrode stack (TiO2|SiO2|TiO2|AZO|Ag|AZO) accordingly leads to an LUE of up to 4.6% with a remarkable AVT of 51.9% and a maximum PCE of 8.79%.
Multi‐objective optimization design of concrete outriggers based on Genetic–HookeJeeves algorithm: Reducing lateral deflection, differential axial shortening, and construction cost of the structure
Authors: Safarkhani Mahya , Madhkhan Morteza
Published: June 2024

In the context of tall concrete structures, it is crucial to not only control the lateral displacement of the building but also address the issue of differential axial shortenings in its vertical elements. Concrete outriggers, commonly resembling relatively stiff beams spanning one to two floors, connect the central core to exterior columns. The strategic placement and appropriate stiffness of these outriggers at different heights of the structure can significantly influence the overall behavior of the entire structure. This study focuses on optimizing the location, depth, and thickness of concrete outriggers, along with the dimensions of beams and columns, as well as the thickness of the core shear wall with the objective of minimizing construction costs and mitigating the occurrence of lateral displacement and differential axial shortenings within the structure. To achieve this, a combined approach of the Genetic–HookeJeeves algorithm has been employed. In this research, we have integrated HookeJeeves, a local search algorithm, with the genetic algorithm to create a hybrid approach that demonstrates high convergence performance. The structural modeling and analysis were conducted using ETABS finite element software, while a Euro‐International Concrete Committee model (CEB model) was utilized to assess the magnitude of differential axial shortenings, enabling us to approximate the long‐term behavior of concrete. The findings of this study highlight the significant impact of the location and stiffness of outriggers on mitigating both lateral displacement and differential axial shortenings within the structure. Optimal placement of an outrigger resulted in a 16% reduction in lateral displacement, and this value could reach up to 25% when the outrigger possessed the ideal stiffness. Additionally, such an arrangement led to a remarkable 36% decrease in the maximum differential axial shortening observed in the structure. These outcomes demonstrate that meeting the design requirements of the intended structure not only improves its performance but also reduces construction costs by 31%.
Effects of finisher diet nutrients density and slaughter age on energy and protein efficiency, productive and economic performance and meat quality of broilers
Authors: Nikbakhtzade Mahdie , Zarghi Heydar , Golian Abolghasem
Published: June 2024

Background

The current broilers have been greatly optimized for weight gain and breast yield, which necessitates the provision of nutrients‐dense diets for maximum potential.

Objectives

The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of finisher diet nutrients density (ND) on energy and protein efficiency, productive and economic performance and breast meat quality of broilers raised until different slaughter age.

Methods

A total of 600 23‐day‐old broiler male chicks (Cobb‐500) were assigned to 10 treatments with six replicates and 10 birds each. Experimental treatments were included factorial arrangement of five increment (2.5%) levels of finisher diet ND (92.5%, 95%, 97.5%, 100% and 102.5% as strain recommendation) and slaughtered at 38 or 46 days of age. The relative difference in the energy level of experimental diets was used to increase ND levels at the same ratio.

Results

Feed intake (FI) and breast meat quality traits exception water holding capacity (WHC) were not affected by finisher diet ND. In response to increasing finisher diet ND, energy and protein efficiency, productive traits, bio‐economic index (BEI) and breast relative weight (BRW) linearly improved. However, residual feed intake and breast meat WHC improved with a quadratic trend. By using broken‐line regression analysis, the optimum dietary ND was obtained at 97.5%–102% of strain recommendation. Energy and protein efficiency, feed conversion ratio and BEI deteriorated by prolonging rearing period. The BRW, meat lightness (L*), redness (a*), hue angle (h*) and WHC values for the birds slaughtered at 46 days of age were significantly higher, and cooking loss was lower than those slaughtered at 38 days old.

Conclusions

Broilers during the finisher period are not able to regulate their FIs with diet ND. The energy and protein efficiency, productive and economic performance were reduced when broilers were fed diluted diet or the rearing period was prolonged.