bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lipoxygenase Inhibitors, Part 6[1]. Synthesis of New Tetrahydropyrazine and Other Heterocyclic Compounds by Reaction of Hydrazonoyl Chlorides
Authors: Frohberg Petra , Wiese Michael , Nuhn Peter
Published: October 2006

Cyclization reactions of α‐ketoarylhydrazonoyl chlorides with various dinucleophiles lead to new 1,4‐benzothiazine, quinoxaline, tetrahydropyrazine, thiazole, and thiadiazoline derivatives of methyl butanoate or methyl 5‐oxopentanoate. The inhibition of 5‐lipoxygenase (LO) was determined by monitoring the leukotriene B4 (LTB4) formation of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL). The IC50 values for the most active compounds with an arylhydrazone structure were found to lie between 0.7 and 7.5 μM.
Synthesis and Pharmacological Activity of Two Derivatives of the Amide of Valproic Acid
Authors: Bechar Elly , Astroug Henri
Published: October 2006

Valproic acid (VPA), a synthetic branched‐chain fatty acid, and its pro‐drug the primary amide (VPD) are effective and widely used anti‐epileptic agents. Although the use of VPA has grown in recent years, major side effects are still associated with this drug. We presume that it is possible, without loosing the VPD pharmacological profile, to obtain new compounds by undertaking substitutions in the CONH group. N,N′‐bis‐(2‐propylpentanoyl)‐ 1,2‐ethanediamine (3) and N,N′‐bis‐(2‐propylpentanoyl)‐1,3‐propanediamine (4) were obtained from VPA (1) using a method reported in the literature. The chemical structures of the new compounds were demonstrated by elemental analysis, IR, and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Both compounds are less toxic and more effective in protecting the animals from death caused by PTZ than VPD after intraperitoneal administration to mice.
Studies in Sugar Chemistry VII1). Glucuronides of Podophyllum Derivatives
Authors: Nudelman Abraham , Ruse Margaretta , Gottlieb Hugo E. , Fairchild Craig
Published: October 2006

The antitumor activities of several glucuronide methyl esters of podophyllum derivatives were tested in vitro against two human tumor cell lines and their drug resistant sublines. The most active compound studied was methyl (4′‐carbobenzoxy‐4′‐demethylepipodophyllotoxin‐D‐glucopyranoside)uronate 19. Compound 19 was as potent in a colon carcinoma model and was twice as potent in a lung carcinoma model as etoposide 6. In vivo, however, in a mouse leukemia P388 model, it had only marginal activity, with a maximum T/C% value of 125 at 37 mg/kg (iv).
Synthesis, Uterotrophic, and Antiuterotrophic Activities of Some Estradiol Derivatives Containing Thiadiazole, Thiazoline, and Thiazolidinone Moieties
Authors: El‐Tombary Alaa A.
Published: October 2006

The effect of structural modification on the biological activity of hormones has been studied on five novel series of estradiol analogs bearing a variety of substituents at the 2‐position of the steroidal nucleus. The synthesized compounds include 2‐[2‐(5‐substituted amino‐1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐yl)vinyl]estradiol 17ß‐acetate 5–9, 2‐aroylmethylestradiols 10–12, 2‐[2‐aryl‐2‐(substituted thiocarbamoylhydrazono)ethyl]estradiols 13–18 and their cyclic thiazoline 19–24, and thiazolidinone derivatives 25–30. Among the products, the p‐hydroxybenzoylmethylestradiol 12 exhibited the highest antiestrogenic activity of 63%. It also elicited 34% of the uterotrophic activity of estradiol.
General Groves and the Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Part II)
Authors: Goldberg Stanley
Published: October 2006

Die Entscheidung für den Bau der Atombombe fiel in den Vereinigten Staaten aus der Befürchtung heraus, daß deutsche Wissenschaftler und Ingenieure die (in deutschen Laboratorien gemachte) Entdeckung der Urankernspaltung waffentechnisch verwerten würden. Aber sobald die U.S.A. sich einmal entschieden hatte, den Bau einer Atombombe ernsthaft zu betreiben, entwickelte das Unternehmen eine Eigendynamik. In dem Bestreben, das Projekt zu finanzieren, ohne daß die Öffentlichkeit etwas bemerkt, wurde es dem Army Corps of Engineers übertragen, in dessen beträchtlichem Kriegsetat die Ausgaben versteckt werden konnten. Das Projekt erhielt den Namen Manhattan Engineer District, um den Anschein zu erwecken, es handle sich um die lokale Abteilung irgendeines anderen Pionierkorps – was später abgekürzt wurde zu Manhattan Project –, und General Leslie R. Groves, bekannt dafür, Dinge in die Hand zu nehmen und zu Ende zu führen, wurde die Leitung übertragen.

Die Beiträge der Wissenschaftler waren zwar entscheidend, doch hatten sie wenig Verständnis dafür, was erforderlich war, um ihre Labor‐Experimente in den Maßstab industrieller Fertigung zu überführen; darin war aber General Groves ein Meister. Auf dem Höhepunkt des Vorhabens im Sommer 1944 beschäftigte das Projekt in großen und kleinen Einrichtungen überall in den U.S.A. und in Kanada über 160000 Menschen; und es kann als Zeichen für die Effektivität des Sicherheitssystems angesehen werden, daß die meisten der am Projekt Arbeitenden nichts über den wahren Zweck ihrer Tätigkeit wußten und daß die meisten Amerikaner erst durch die Meldung des Bombenabwurfs über Hiroshima vom 6. August 1945 eine vage Vorstellung von dem Projekt erhielten. General Groves war nicht nur für die Konstruktion der Bombe verantwortlich, er übernahm auch die Verantwortung für die Planung des Abwurfs der Bomben in Japan, und er gab – was weniger bekannt ist – auch die Befehle, welche die Bomben auf ihren Weg nach Hiroshima und Nagasaki schickten. Er war von Anfang an entschlossen sicherzustellen, daß sowohl die Plutonium‐als auch die Uranbombe noch vor dem Kriegsende in japanischen Städten Verwendung fänden.
The Walls Without and the Walls Within ‐ Leprosy and Social Control in South Africa
Authors: Kistner Ulrike
Published: October 2006

Die Tatsache, daß sozialhygienische Maßnahmen in Südafrika meist mit der Politik der Rassentrennung einhergingen, darf nicht darüber hinwegtäuschen, daß derartige totalitäre Maßnahmen nicht widerspruchslos forciert werden konnten. Besonders stark machten sich die gegensätzlichen Modelle der sozialen Kontrolle in den Maßnahmen zur Leprabekämpfung bemerkbar. Man erhoffte sich deren Versöhnung von einem System der ‚indirect rule’︁ in der Verwaltung von Leprosarien. Eine Gewaltenteilung, die Zwangsmaßnahmen und ‚freiwillige’︁ Unterordnung ausdifferenzieren und zugleich miteinander kombinieren sollte, übertrug die Zwangsmaßnahmen der Selbstverwaltung der Patienten und das milde Walten über Rechte und Zugeständnisse den Vertretern der staatlichen Gesundheitsfürsorge. Die Widersprüche und Paradoxien, die sich aus diesem System ergaben, sorgten dafür, daß die Funktionen dieser Instanzen jeweils in ihr Gegenteil verkehrt wurden. Damit waren die Lepraanstalten in ihrer modellstiftenden Funktion ein gescheitertes Experiment der Sozialplanung des südafrikanischen Staates.
Von der Naturgeschichte zur Naturwissenschaft Die Naturwissenschaften als eigenes Fachgebiet an der Universität Jena
Authors: Ziche Paul
Published: October 2006

Since 1790, the term Naturwissenschaften occurs in the lecture lists of the University of Jena published in the Allgemeine Literatur‐Zeitung of Jena. Naturwissenschaften is used as a title for lectures previously listed under the headings of Philosophie or Naturgeschichte. The introduction of the concept of Naturwissenschaften is interesting for several reasons: Firstly, at that time it is not the usual label in this context, and one therefore has to ask whether it already implies the connotations that are associated with the modern concept of Naturwissenschaften, i. e. science in the modern sense. Secondly, the lecture lists of the University of Jena give insight into the various changes in the established ordering scheme for academic lectures that lead to the introduction of the term Naturwissenschaften, thus contributing to a better understanding of both the history of this concept and of the development of the university faculties as we know them. A close look at the concept of Naturwissenschaften as it was used around 1800 may, thirdly, help to understand the use made of this concept in philosophy, especially in the philosophy of nature of this period.
Fluorescent Sensors for Hg2+ in Micelles: A New Approach that Transforms an ON–OFF into an OFF–ON Response as a Function of the Lipophilicity of the Receptor
Authors: Pallavicini Piersandro , Diaz‐Fernandez Yuri Antonio , Foti Francesco , Mangano Carlo , Patroni Stefano
Published: October 2006

A new approach to the use of micelles in the fluorescent sensing of metal cations is proposed and applied to the case of Hg2+. We demonstrate how it is possible to transform a system from an ON–OFF to an OFF–ON sensor by changing the length of the chain used to lipophilise a ligand that resides inside TritonX‐100 micelles together with pyrene as the fluorophore. Three tetrathia‐monoaza macrocyclic ligands have been synthesised with the same ring but functionalised on the nitrogen atom with a methyl (C1‐NS4), an n‐butyl (C4‐NS4) or an n‐dodecyl (C12‐NS4) chain. The three ligands have been fully characterised in water containing TritonX‐100 micelles by means of potentiometric titrations and their apparent protonation and complexation constants with Hg2+ were determined. On the basis of the distribution diagrams obtained, the more lipophilic C12‐NS4 has been developed as an ON–OFF fluorescent sensor for mercury: working at pH<4, in the absence of Hg2+ the ligand is inside the micelles, protonated and non‐quenching, while on addition of mercury the [C12‐NS4Hg]2+ complex forms which remains inside the micelles and is quenching. On the other hand, the ligand of intermediate chain length, C4‐NS4, can be used to obtain an OFF–ON sensor at 7.0<pH<9.5. In the absence of added metal at pH>7.0 the ligand is unprotonated, it stays inside the micelles and is quenching, while addition of Hg2+ in the 7.0–9.5 pH range results in the formation of [C4‐NS4Hg]2+, which is hydrophilic enough to leave the micelles and to be released into the bulk solution where it is no longer capable of quenching pyrene fluorescence. Additional studies on C1‐NS4, C3‐NS4 and C8‐NS4 indicate that the optimal chain length to observe this OFF–ON behaviour is C3–C4.
Structure and Properties of Mnn, Mnn‐, and Mnn+ Clusters (n = 3—10)
Authors: Gutsev G. L. , Mochena M. D. , Bauschlicher C. W. Jr.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Interplay of Electron‐Lattice Interactions and Superconductivity in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ
Authors: Lee Jinho , Fujita K. , McElroy K. , Slezak J. A. , Wang M. , Aiura Y. , Bando H. , Ishikado M. , Masui T. , Zhu J.‐X. , et al. et al.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Electrical Conductivity of Molten Cobalt Dibromide + Potassium Bromide Mixtures.
Authors: Wojakowska Alina , Plinska Stanislawa , Josiak Jerzy , Krzyzak Edward
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ferromagnetic Coupling in Hexanuclear Gadolinium Clusters.
Authors: Sweet Lucas E. , Roy Lindsay E. , Meng Fanqin , Hughbanks Timothy
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Thermodynamic Optimization of the Mg—Tb and Mg—Yb Systems.
Authors: Guo Cuiping , Du Zhenmin
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Self‐Assembly of a Tetradecanuclear Iron Nitride Cluster
Authors: Bennett Miriam V. , Holm R. H.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Microwave‐Assisted Asymmetric Ring Opening of meso‐Epoxides with Aromatic Amines Catalyzed by a Ti—(S)‐(‐)‐BINOL Complex.
Authors: Kureshy Rukhsana I. , Singh Surendra , Khan Noor‐ul H. , Abdi Sayed H. R. , Agrawal Santosh , Mayani Vishal J. , Jasra Raksh V.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Umpolung Reactivity of Alkenyl Fischer Carbene Complexes, Copper Enolates, and Electrophiles.
Authors: Barluenga Jose , Mendoza Abraham , Dieguez Alejandro , Rodriguez Felix , Fananas Francisco J.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Simple and Effective Glycine‐Catalyzed Procedure for the Preparation of Oximes.
Authors: Maheswara Muchchintala , Siddaiah Vidavalur , Gopalaiah Kovuru , Rao Vallabhaneni Madhava , Rao Chunduri Venkata
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
2‐Azaadamantane N‐Oxyl (AZADO) and 1‐Me‐AZADO: Highly Efficient Organocatalysts for Oxidation of Alcohols.
Authors: Shibuya Masatoshi , Tomizawa Masaki , Suzuki Iwao , Iwabuchi Yoshiharu
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A New Diphenylphosphinite Ionic Liquid (IL‐OPPh2) as Reagent and Solvent for Highly Selective Bromination, Thiocyanation or Isothiocyanation of Alcohols and Trimethylsilyl and Tetrahydropyranyl Ethers.
Authors: Iranpoor Nasser , Firouzabadi Habib , Azadi Roya
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Mild Copper‐Catalyzed Vinylation Reactions of Azoles and Phenols with Vinyl Bromides.
Authors: Taillefer Marc , Ouali Armelle , Renard Brice , Spindler Jean‐Francis
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Mild and Practical Deprotection Method for Benzyl Thioethers.
Authors: Akao Atsushi , Nonoyama Nobuaki , Yasuda Nobuyoshi
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Diastereoselective Syntheses of 2‐Amino Propargyl Alcohols. Chiral Building Blocks for Enantiopure Amino γ‐Lactones and 5‐Hydroxy‐piperidinone Derivatives.
Authors: Andres Jose Maria , Pedrosa Rafael , Perez‐Encabo Alfonso
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Radical Carboaminoxylation with Subsequent Pd‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Allylation for the Construction of Five‐ and Six‐Membered Carbocycles.
Authors: Schulte Birte , Studer Armido
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Propargylic Reduction of Propargylic Alcohols with Silanes.
Authors: Nishibayashi Yoshiaki , Shinoda Akira , Miyake Yoshihiro , Matsuzawa Hiroshi , Sato Mitsunobu
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Practical Synthesis of 2,3,4,5‐Tetramethoxytoluene.
Authors: Ji Yafei , Xu Wanmei , Jin Wenhu , Weimin Yue
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Practical Aldol Reaction of Trimethylsilyl Enolate with Aldehyde Catalyzed by N‐Methylimidazole as a Lewis Base Catalyst.
Authors: Hagiwara Hisahiro , Inoguchi Hideyuki , Fukushima Masakazu , Hoshi Takashi , Suzuki Toshio
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Selective Phenol Alkylation: An Improved Preparation of Efaproxiral.
Authors: Anderson Joanne E. , Davis Roman , Fitzgerald Russ N. , Haberman Jannine M.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
KF/Al2O3 Catalyzed Synthesis of Thiol Esters from N‐Acylphthalimides and Thiols.
Authors: Movassagh Barahman , Zakinezhad Yousef
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chemo‐Differentiating MCRs Based on α‐Ketoesters and Terminal Alkynoates. A Homoaldol‐Based ABB′ System.
Authors: Tejedor David , Santos‐Exposito Alicia , Garcia‐Tellado Fernando
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
CeCl3×7H2O—NaI Catalyzed Intramolecular Addition Reactions of 7‐Hydroxy‐1,3‐dienes: A Facile Approach to Hexahydrobenzofurans and Tetrahydrofurans.
Authors: Yeh Ming‐Chang P. , Yeh Wei‐Jou , Tu Ling‐Hsien , Wu Jia‐Ru
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Tricyclic γ‐Lactams via Intramolecular Nitrilimine Cycloaddition.
Authors: Del Buttero Paola , Molteni Giorgio
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Properties of 2‐(2‐Furyl)‐1‐methyl‐1H‐acenaphtho[9,10‐d]imidazole.
Authors: Achkasova A. A. , El'chaninov M. M.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Annulated Oxazolidinones as Potential Precursors of Cyclic cis‐β‐Amino Alcohols.
Authors: Chudinov Yu. B. , Gashev S. B. , Chernysheva N. B. , Semenov V. V.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Discovery of 3‐Hydroxy‐4‐carboxyalkylamidino‐5‐arylamino‐isothiazoles as Potent MEK1 Inhibitors.
Authors: Varaprasad Chamakura V. N. S. , et al. et al.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Some Novel Bis‐spiro[indole‐pyrazolinyl‐thiazolidine]‐2,4′‐diones.
Authors: Jain Manish , Khanna Pankaj , Saxena Anjali , Bhagat Sunita , Olsen Carl E. , Jain Subhash C.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
One‐Pot Three‐Component Synthesis of Highly Functionalized 2,3‐Dihydro‐1,3‐dioxo‐1H,5H‐pyrazolo[1,2‐a][1,2,4]triazoles.
Authors: Adib Mehdi , Sayahi Mohammad Hosein , Mahmoodi Niusha , Bijanzadeh Hamid Reza
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Design and Synthesis of Butynyloxyphenyl β‐Sulfone Piperidine Hydroxamates as TACE Inhibitors.
Authors: Park Kaapjoo , Aplasca Alexis , Du Mila T. , Sun LinHong , Zhu Yi , Zhang Yuhua , Levin Jeremy I.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Regioselective Photooxidation of 1‐Benzyl‐4,9‐dihydro‐3H‐β‐carbolines.
Authors: Garcia Marcos D. , Wilson A. James , Emmerson Daniel P. G. , Jenkins Paul R.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
2,3,7‐Trisubstituted Pyrazolo[1,5‐d][1,2,4]triazines: Functionally Selective GABAA α3‐Subtype Agonists.
Authors: Carling Robert W. , Russell Michael G. N. , Moore Kevin W. , Mitchinson Andrew , Guiblin Alexander , Smith Alison , Wafford Keith A. , Marshall George , Atack John R. , Street Leslie J.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Synthesis and SAR of 2‐Arylsulfanylphenyl‐1‐oxyalkylamino Acids as GlyT‐1 Inhibitors.
Authors: Smith Garrick , Mikkelsen Gitte , Eskildsen Joergen , Bundgaard Christoffer
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 13‐(Substituted benzyl) Berberine and Berberrubine Derivatives as Antifungal Agents.
Authors: Park Ki Duk , Lee Jong Hun , Kim Sung Han , Kang Tae Hoon , Moon Jae Sun , Kim Sung Uk
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Practical and Highly Stereoselective Approaches to the Total Synthesis of (‐)‐Codonopsinine.
Authors: Chandrasekhar Srivari , Saritha Birudaraju , Jagadeshwar Vannada , Prakash Samala Jaya
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The First Total Synthesis and Structural Determination of Actinopyrone A (I).
Authors: Hosokawa Seijiro , Yokota Kazuya , Imamura Keisuke , Suzuki Yasuaki , Kawarasaki Masataka , Tatsuta Kuniaki
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Cytotoxic Activity of Arylfurans.
Authors: de Oliveira Renata B. , de Souza‐Fagundes Elaine M. , Siqueira Hellen A. J. , Leite Rodrigo S. , Donnici Claudio L. , Zani Carlos L.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Overview of Gold‐Catalysed Oxidation Processes.
Authors: Thompson David T.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Bis(phosphinimino)methanides as Ligands in the Chemistry of the Rare Earth Elements
Authors: Roesky Peter W.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Recent Advances (1995‐2005) in Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals Based on Natural Products
Authors: Begue Jean‐Pierre , Bonnet‐Delpon Daniele
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Metals and Their Scaffolds to Promote Difficult Enzymatic Reactions
Authors: Ragsdale Stephen W.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Catalytic Mechanisms of Binuclear Metallohydrolases
Authors: Mitic Natasa , Smith Sarah J. , Neves Ademir , Guddat Luke W. , Gahan Lawrence R. , Schenk Gerhard
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Synthesis of Microbial Polyketides: (+)‐SCH 351448
Authors: Hiersemann Martin
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chiral Diaminocarbene Complexes: Synthesis and Application in Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Roland Sylvain , Mangeney Pierre
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel Glycosylation Methods and Their Application to Natural Products Synthesis
Authors: Toshima Kazunobu
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
EGFR Function and Detection in Cancer Therapy
Authors: Fruehauf John
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Roles of Protease‐Activated Receptor‐2 (PAR‐2), a G Protein‐Coupled Receptor in Modulation of Exocrine Gland Functions
Authors: Nishikawa Hiroyuki
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathway mediates effects of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor on differentiation of basal forebrain oligodendrocytes
Authors: Du Yangzhou , Lercher Lauren D. , Zhou Renping , Dreyfus Cheryl F.
Published: October 2006

Previous studies indicate that brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), through the mediation of the trkB receptor, modulates the expression of differentiated traits in basal forebrain (BF) oligodendrocytes (OLGs). Specifically, BDNF up‐regulates the expression of myelin basic protein (MBP), proteolipid protein (PLP), and myelin associated glycoprotein (MAG; Du et al. [2006] Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 31:366–375). However, the signaling cascades mediating the effects of BDNF have not been defined. The current study employs biochemical and molecular biological approaches to examine the involvements of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, the phosphatidylinositol‐3 kinase (PI3K) pathway, and the phospholipase C‐γ (PLC‐γ) pathway. Our results indicate that, in BF OLGs, BDNF activates the MAPK pathway and the PLC‐γ pathway but not the PI3K‐Akt signaling cascade. By using specific inhibitors and mutated dominant negative or constitutively active forms of MAPK kinase, we demonstrate that the MAPK pathway is mediating the effects of BDNF on expression of differentiated traits in BF OLGs. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Parallel asynchronous variational integrators
Authors: Kale Kedar G. , Lew Adrian J.
Published: October 2006

This paper presents a scalable parallel variational time integration algorithm for nonlinear elastodynamics with the distinguishing feature of allowing each element in the mesh to have a possibly different time step. Furthermore, the algorithm is obtained from a discrete variational principle, and hence it is termed parallel asynchronous variational integrator (PAVI). The underlying variational structure grants it outstanding conservation properties. Based on a domain decomposition strategy, PAVI combines a careful scheduling of computations with fully asynchronous communications to provide a very efficient methodology for finite element models with even mild distributions of time step sizes. Numerical tests are shown to illustrate PAVI's performance on both slow and fast networks, showing scalability properties similar to the best parallel explicit synchronous algorithms, with lower execution time. Finally, a numerical example in which PAVI needs ≈100 times less computing than an explicit synchronous algorithm is shown. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prosaposin upregulates AR and PSA expression and activity in prostate cancer cells (LNCaP)
Authors: Koochekpour Shahriar , Lee Tae‐Jin , Wang Ruoxiang , Culig Zoran , Delorme Nathalie , Caffey Soren , Marrero Luis , Aguirre Jennifer
Published: October 2006

BACKGROUND

Prosaposin overexpression and/or genomic amplification have been demonstrated in androgen‐independent (AI) prostate cancer cell lines and tissues. Here, we explored the possibility for a functional relationship between prosaposin and androgen receptor (AR) in LNCaP cells.

METHODS

The effect of prosaposin or its active molecular derivatives (e.g., saposin C) on expression and activity of androgen receptor (AR) and prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) was examined by using immunoblotting, RT‐PCR, transfection, and reporter gene assays, immunofluorescence staining, and inhibitors of signal transduction pathways.

RESULTS

Prosaposin or saposin C, in an AI‐manner, (a) increased AR mRNA and protein expression and nuclear AR content and its phosphorylation state; (b) increased PSA mRNA and protein expression; and (c) upregulated PSA‐ and an androgen‐inducible probasin (PB)‐reporter gene activity in LNCaP and AR‐transfected PC‐3 cells. Induction of PSA expression and reporter activity was substantially blocked or prevented with the antiandrogen bicalutamide, pertussis toxin, or inhibitors of MAPK‐ and PI3K/Akt‐signaling pathways, indicating an androgen‐agonistic effect for saposin C that involves AR and multiple signaling pathways.

CONCLUSIONS

The results for the first time introduce prosaposin as an androgen‐agonist in prostate cancer cells. This finding, together with the growth‐promoting effect and overexpression of prosaposin, may support a growth advantage to AI prostate cancer cells. Prostate © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The response, acclimation, and remedial treatment of an enriched methanogenic culture to cyanide
Authors: Yang Joseph , Speece E. R.
Published: October 2006

An acetate enriched, methanogenic culture was exposed to cyanide in various exposure modes and concentrations. Methanogenic assays were made with cyanide as the model toxicant. The following variables were studied: solids retention time, toxicant administration pattern, fate of radioactively tagged cyanide, retention of acclimation after elapsed time intervals, effect of previous exposure to cyanide, and efficacy of remedial treatment additives. The culture was able to successfully acclimate to the presence of up to 30 mg/L of cyanide—approximately 10 fold the concentration tolerated by an unacclimated culture. The severity and duration of inhibition of methane fermentation by a slug dose of cyanide was proportional to cyanide concentration. The recovery of the methane fermentation of acetate after a 1.5 mg/L dose of cyanide was not due to significant reduction of cyanide and/or its intermediates. The methanogens maintained their acclimation potential to cyanide after 60 days of cyanide free growth. Cysteine, thiosulfate and dithionite all reduced the toxic effect of cyanide.
The interaction effects of toxic chemical combinations on chlorella ellipsoidea
Authors: Aoyama I. , Okamura H. , Yagi M.
Published: October 2006

The hazardous chemicals that have been released into the aquatic environment may disturb the balance of the aquatic ecosystem. Chemicals do not exist in single pure form, but occur in mixtures in the environment. Consequently, their effects on organisms living in the aquatic environment are primarily due to the combined toxicities. In this study, the interaction effects between chemicals such as copper, cadmium, chromium and pentachlorophenol on the growth of green algae Chlorella ellipsoidea, were investigated using a batch culture. Growth rate was a more sensitive index than standing crop at a given time for detecting the toxicity of chemicals. The EC50 values obtained from dry weight, were higher than those obtained from ATP, chlorophyll‐a, chlorophyll‐b, carotenoid as growth indices for algal density. The toxicity of each chemical was dependent on the test period. The inhibition rate of PCP and Cu in comparison with the control for the exposure time of 24 hours was higher than that for the exposure time of 48 hours. The inhibition rate of Cr and Cd for 48 hours was higher than that for 24 hours. The toxic intensity of chemicals was, in order, PCP, Cu, and Cr, without exception. The toxicity of Cd was changeable depending upon the indices used. The method modified by Stratton (1983) and the isobologram method were used to determine the modes of interaction effects of the chemical combinations. These two methods led to the same results, with three exceptions. A synergistic effect was observed for combinations between Cr and PCP, between Cu and Cd, and between Cu and Cr; while an antagonistic effect was observed for combinations between Cd and PCP, between Cu and PCP, and between Cd and Cr within some concentration ranges.
The chemical content of algae and waters: Bioconcentration
Authors: Mann H. , Fyfe W. S. , Kerrich R.
Published: October 2006

Multielement analysis of fresh water algae, including unicellular Euglena sp. and some filamentous Cladophora sp. species, revealed extremely high concentrations of various chemical elements such as Al ∼ 28,000 ppm (mg/L), Sr ∼ 150, Ba ∼ 40, Zn ∼ 150, Pb ∼ 1600, Cu ∼ 200, and Be ∼ 180 ppm. These concentrations are highly variable, and depend on both the algal species and the host environments. Samples were collected from the Elliot Lake (U), Timmins (Au), and Sudbury (Cu, Ni, Pt) mining camps of northern Ontario. These results endorse the premise that microorganisms mediate the transfer of many solutes between hydrosphere and sedimentary regime, and by sequestering toxic metals released from the mine tailings, they are useful in the retardation of metal dispersion into the environment and as a possible mechanism to enhance secondary recovery of precious metals where solute levels are too low for conventional technology.
Total Thyroidectomy for Amiodarone‐associated Thyrotoxicosis in Patients with Severe Cardiac Disease
Authors: Gough Jenny , Gough Ian R.
Published: October 2006

Background

Surgical treatment of amiodarone−associated thyrotoxicosis (AAT) is effective although fewer than 100 cases have been reported world wide.

Materials and Methods

We reviewed 14 patients treated with total thyroidectomy by a single surgeon from 1998 to 2005.

Results

There were 11 male and 3 female patients who ranged in age from 26 to 82 years (average 50.5). Nine patients refractory to medical management and 5 in whom amiodarone needed to be continued were treated surgically. Ten patients developed thyrotoxicosis while being treated with amiodarone, but 4 became thyrotoxic after ceasing amiodarone 2, 2, 6 and 13 months previously. One patient recently had a cardiac transplant, and 4 were on the active cardiac transplant waiting list. Cardiac ejection fractions ranged from 15% to 50% (average 39%). Four patients had serious complications from medication used to control thyrotoxicosis, including one case of agranulocytosis from carbimazole. Total thyroidectomy was performed under general anaesthesia with no significant intraoperative complications and no deaths. There were no recurrent laryngeal nerve injuries. Two patients required short‐term calcium supplementation. All patients had rapid resolution of their symptoms and were euthyroid on thyroxine postoperatively. Two patients had such improvement they were removed from the cardiac transplant list.

Conclusions

Despite severe cardiac disease, total thyroidectomy can be performed successfully under general anaesthesia. Surgery should be considered early in the treatment plan. Surgery is particularly appropriate where it is considered necessary to continue amiodarone, when there are complications from the medications used to treat thyrotoxicosis and to facilitate fitness for or defer the need for cardiac transplantation.
Time machine: Ancient life on Earth and in the cosmos
Authors: Duxbury N. S. , Abyzov S. S. , Bobin N. E. , Imura S. , Kanda H. , Mitskevich I. N. , Mulyukin A. L. , Naganuma T. , Poglazova M. N. , Ivanon M. V.
Published: October 2006

The discovery more than 30 years ago of the unique superlong anabiosis phenomenon (deep sleep/dormancy) for ancient microorganisms buried in Antarctic ice deposits created the experimental and theoretical basis for the fields of cryomicrobiology and astrobiology related to searching for life or its evidence in the universe. This discovery is of special interest in light of the upcoming International Polar Year (IPY 2007–2008) and the creation of the U.S. Subglacial Antarctic Lake Environments program (http://salepo.tamu.edu/us_sale).

Abysov et al. [1977, 1978] discovered superlong anabiosis for microorganisms in deep Antarctic ice cores above Lake Vostok when his group found and revived ancient microbes frozen for more than 500,000 years (Figure 1). Previously, only science fiction writers had contemplated a deep sleep/dormancy phenomenon that might allow humans to postpone their deaths by freezing and thus travel in time into the future.
Report provides guidance for preparation for precipitation satellite
Authors: Zielinski Sarah
Published: October 2006

Though it will be years before the Global Precipitation Measurement satellite launches, the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) should begin formal planning for the mission, a committee of the National Research Council of the U.S. National Academies recommended in a report released on 31 August.

The report, ‘NOAAs Role in Space‐based Global Precipitation Estimation and Application,’ is the second from the committee; its first report recommended extension of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), which NASA agreed to extend until at least 2009.
The Jarzynski identity derived from general Hamiltonian or non-Hamiltonian dynamics reproducing NVT or NPT ensembles
Authors: Cuendet Michel A.
Published: October 2006

The Jarzynski identity (JI) relates nonequilibrium work averages to thermodynamic free energy differences. It was shown in a recent contribution [M. A. Cuendet, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 120602 (2006)] that the JI can, in particular, be derived directly from the Nosé-Hoover thermostated dynamics. This statistical mechanical derivation is particularly relevant in the framework of molecular dynamics simulation, because it is based solely on the equations of motion considered and is free of any additional assumptions on system size or bath coupling. Here, this result is generalized to a variety of dynamics, along two directions. On the one hand, specific improved thermostating schemes used in practical applications are treated. These include Nosé-Hoover chains, higher moment thermostats, as well as an isothermal-isobaric scheme yielding the JI in the NPT ensemble. On the other hand, the theoretical generality of the new derivation is explored. Generic dynamics with arbitrary coupling terms and an arbitrary number of thermostating variables, both non-Hamiltonian and Hamiltonian, are shown to imply the JI. In particular, a nonautonomous formulation of the generalized Nosé-Poincaré thermostat is proposed. Finally, general conditions required for the JI derivation are briefly discussed.
W4 theory for computational thermochemistry: In pursuit of confident sub-kJ/mol predictions
Authors: Karton Amir , Rabinovich Elena , Martin Jan M. L. , Ruscic Branko
Published: October 2006

In an attempt to improve on our earlier W3 theory [A. D. Boese et al., J. Chem. Phys. 120, 4129 (2004)] we consider such refinements as more accurate estimates for the contribution of connected quadruple excitations (T̂4), inclusion of connected quintuple excitations (T̂5), diagonal Born-Oppenheimer corrections (DBOC), and improved basis set extrapolation procedures. Revised experimental data for validation purposes were obtained from the latest version of the Active Thermochemical Tables thermochemical network. The recent CCSDT(Q) method offers a cost-effective way of estimating T̂4, but is insufficient by itself if the molecule exhibits some nondynamical correlation. The latter considerably slows down basis set convergence for T̂4, and anomalous basis set convergence in highly polar systems makes two-point extrapolation procedures unusable. However, we found that the CCSDTQ−CCSDT(Q) difference converges quite rapidly with the basis set, and that the formula 1.10[CCSDT(Q)∕cc-pVTZ+CCSDTQ∕cc-pVDZ-CCSDT(Q)∕cc-pVDZ] offers a very reliable as well as fairly cost-effective estimate of the basis set limit T̂4 contribution. The T̂5 contribution converges very rapidly with the basis set, and even a simple double-zeta basis set appears to be adequate. The largest T̂5 contribution found in the present work is on the order of 0.5kcal∕mol (for ozone). DBOCs are significant at the 0.1kcal∕mol level in hydride systems. Post-CCSD(T) contributions to the core-valence correlation energy are only significant at that level in systems with severe nondynamical correlation effects. Based on the accumulated experience, a new computational thermochemistry protocol for first- and second-row main-group systems, to be known as W4 theory, is proposed. Its computational cost is not insurmountably higher than that of the earlier W3 theory, while performance is markedly superior. Our W4 atomization energies for a number of key species are in excellent agreement (better than 0.1kcal∕mol on average, 95% confidence intervals narrower than 1kJ∕mol) with the latest experimental data obtained from Active Thermochemical Tables. Lower-cost variants are proposed: the sequence W1→W2.2→W3.2→W4lite→W4 is proposed as a converging hierarchy of computational thermochemistry methods. A simple a priori estimate for the importance of post-CCSD(T) correlation contributions (and hence a pessimistic estimate for the error in a W2-type calculation) is proposed.
Vibration study of the piezodriven pipettes immersed in viscous liquids
Authors: Fan Mingxuan , Feng Z. C. , Agca Yuksel , Critser John K.
Published: October 2006

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is regarded as a critical assisted reproductive technology procedure in which a single spermatozoon is mechanically injected into the cytoplasm of an oocyte using an injection pipette. During the ICSI procedure, a spermatozoon is loaded into the injection pipette and the pipette is then inserted into the oocyte cytoplasm (ooplasm). Insertion of the injection pipette in such way to minimize damage to the oocyte is facilitated by a piezoactuator connected to the pipette. Importantly, to minimize lysis of the oocyte during ICSI, the injection pipettes driven by the piezoactuator are typically filled with approximately 0.5–1.0μL of mercury. The use of mercury in the pipettes is associated with a significantly lower frequency of oocyte lysis, theoretically due to the reduced lateral vibration of the pipette when the mass of mercury is added. However, the use of mercury in the laboratory has serious potential toxicity effects, both related to personnel safety and to the developmental competence of the manipulated oocytes. Therefore, the current study was developed to analyze the effects of mercury on the vibration characteristics of the piezodriven pipette, with the long-term goal of developing an improved method which does not require the use of mercury. In this study, the injection pipette is modeled as a cantilever beam immersed in a viscous liquid. The forces on the pipette by the surrounding liquid include both the inertial force and the viscous force. The steady state response of the pipette is obtained by finite element method together with numerical integration methods. We investigate the pipette dynamic responses when different fluids are used as the plug inside the pipette and as the fluid surrounding the pipette. Based on the analysis, we propose that the effect of mercury on the vibration is not the key reason that facilitates the ICSI.
Self-heating simulation of GaN-based metal-oxide-semiconductor high-electron-mobility transistors including hot electron and quantum effects
Authors: Hu W. D. , Chen X. S. , Quan Z. J. , Xia C. S. , Lu W. , Ye P. D.
Published: October 2006

Undoped GaN-based metal-oxide-semiconductor high-electron-mobility transistors (MOS-HEMTs) with atomic-layer-deposited Al2O3 gate dielectrics are fabricated with gate lengths from 1 up to 40μm. Using a two-dimensional numerical simulator, we report the results of self-heating simulations of the GaN-based MOS-HEMTs, including hot electron and quantum effects. The simulated electrical characteristics are in good agreement with reported experimental data. The effect of the gate and source/drain extension lengths on both the output performance and self-heating is discussed in detail, allowing for device optimization. The dissipated Joule electric power causes the self-heating effects, which lead to negative differential output conductance. Our results demonstrate that the hot electrons make a negligible contribution to the negative differential output conductance in our long channel MOS-HEMTs. In order to investigate their joint interactions to the MOS-HEMT’s operation, the different static interface trap and charge densities created at the AlGaN∕Al2O3 interface are considered in the output characteristics. Results show that the presence of the interface charges and traps are directly responsible for the observed current collapse and device switching in the GaN-based MOS-HEMTs. The self-heating is also strongly affected due to the fluctuation of the interface states.