bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mediating Effects of Perceived Personal Control in Coping With a Health Threat: The Case of Genetic Counseling1
Authors: Shiloh Shoshana , Berkenstadt Michal , Meiran Nachshon , Bat‐Miriam‐Katznelson Mariassa , Goldman Boleslav
Published: August 2006

The potential impact of perceived personal control on coping with a medical threat was investigated in genetic counseling, a clinical setting where issues of personal control are central. Data were collected from 72 counselees at a genetic clinic before, immediately after, and 1 month after initiating genetic counseling. Findings supported the hypothesized mediating model. Higher perceived control (cognitive‐interpretive and decisional) and satisfaction with genetic counseling mediated between genetic counseling and the use of less emotion‐focused coping strategies. Problem‐focused coping was predicted only directly by counselees' knowledge of their problem after genetic counseling. Changes in emotion‐focused coping were related to perceived increases in positive affect 1 month later, while changes in use of problem‐focused coping were related to perceived decreases in both positive and negative affect.
Proximal Job Characteristics, Feelings of Empowerment, and Intrinsic Motivation: A Multidimensional Model1
Authors: Gagné Marylène , Senécal Caroline B. , Koestner Richard
Published: August 2006

We examined relations between job characteristics, empowerment, and intrinsic motivation among technical and telemarketing workers. Empowerment was conceptualized as a gestalt of 4 psychological dimensions: autonomy, competence, meaningfulness, and impact. It was hypothesized that the various dimensions of empowerment would mediate the relationship between job characteristics, such as feedback and autonomy support, and intrinsic motivation at work. A path analysis supported the hypothesis, revealing that different job characteristics were predictive of different aspects of empowerment, and that aspects of empowerment differentially affected intrinsic motivation. The results point to the value of considering empowerment as a multidimensional construct.
Commitment to the Relationship, Extradyadic Sex, and AIDS Preventive Behavior1
Authors: Buunk Bram P. , Barker Arnold B.
Published: August 2006

This study was conducted among 251 heterosexual adults in The Netherlands that included a substantial number of individuals who had had unprotected sex with a new partner. Relationship status and commitment had independent effects upon the willingness to engage in extradyadic sex above and beyond the effects of past extradyadic sex and satisfaction, and commitment was the only psychological predictor of the intention to use condoms in extradyadic sexual contacts. Commitment predicted the willingness to inform the steady partner about one's unsafe extradyadic sex and to protect the steady partner against the possible risk of HIV infection after unsafe extradyadic sex. The implications for AIDS prevention are discussed.
A Closer Look at the Role of Applicant Age in Selection Decisions
Authors: Perry Elissa L. , Bourhis Anne C.
Published: August 2006

Participants evaluated hypothetical applicants recruited from a younger (university students) or older (American Association of Retired Persons) population for 2 young‐typed jobs, one more strongly young‐typed than the other. Participants were given applicant information, including age and personal characteristics, that varied in the extent to which it was consistent with raters' job stereotypes. Results indicated that younger applicants were evaluated more favorably than older applicants. However, an Applicant Age × Job interaction effect indicated that the older applicant was evaluated less favorably for the more strongly compared with the less strongly young‐typed job. In addition. applicants whose personal characteristics (other than age) were more consistent with raters' job stereotypes were evaluated more favorably than applicants whose characteristics were less consistent. Results also indicated that applicant age and personal characteristics interacted to influence applicant evaluations. The implications of these and other study results are discussed.
The Impact of Customer Service and Product Value on Customer Loyalty and Purchase Behavior
Authors: LEUNG KWOK , LI WAI‐KWAN , AU YUK‐FAI
Published: August 2006

Based on research and theories on justice, it was predicted that customer service would be as important as, or even more important than perceived product value in determining customer loyalty and purchase behavior. This general hypothesis was tested by surveying 324 respondents who had just patronized several retail outlets. Results indicated that customer service was indeed more important than perceived product value in predicting customer loyalty, the amount of money spent in the visit, and the range of products purchased. In addition, customer service was a significant predictor of all 3 variables, whereas perceived product value was able to predict customer loyalty only. It was also found that for females and respondents with a higher income, customer loyalty was more influenced by customer service.
The Dimensions of Politics Perceptions and Their Organizational and Individual Predictors1
Authors: Fedors Donald , Ferris Gerald R. , Harrell‐Cook Gloria , Russ Gail S.
Published: August 2006

This study addresses limitations of prior research on politics by first addressing the multidimensionality of politics perceptions through assessing the confirmatory fit of 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐factor models. Secondly, the study examines the relative effects of organizational and personal characteristics on politics perceptions, as well as their interactions. Results indicate that 5 underlying dimensions of polities perceptions demonstrate the best fit to the data, and that these dimensions are differentially influenced by organizational and individual‐level factors and their interactions. Implications of the results are discussed.
Rural Hispanic Adolescents at Risk for Depressive Symptoms
Authors: Katragadda Chandrika P. , Tidwell Romeria
Published: August 2006

Levels of depression among rural Hispanic adolescents were assessed. Psychological factors affecting depression were examined. Included were family characteristics, measured by the Background Information Questionnaire; self‐esteem, by the Piers‐Harris Children's Self‐Concept Scale; perceived stress level, by the Hispanic Children's Stress Inventory; acculturation, by the Cuellar Acculturation Index; and depression levels, by the Center for Epidemiological Studies‐Depression Scale. Results revealed moderate to severe depression symptomatology among 33% of the subjects, and mild depression symptoms among 17%. Two family structure variables, birth order and number of brothers, were significantly related to depression. Gender was an important predictor of depression, as was self‐esteem. Higher stress scores were related to higher levels of depression.
The Occupational Stereotypes and Expectations for Their Children Held by Mothers Representing Different Ethnic Communities in Miami1
Authors: Taylor Donald M. , Lambert Wallace E. , Porter Lana E.
Published: August 2006

The study focuses on the occupational expectations and aspirations that mothers, representing 5 different ethnic groups and 2 social classes, have for their children. An intergroup perspective was adopted by considering the occupational stereotypes that mothers have of the different ethnic groups, and the extent to which ethnic group membership influences hiring decisions. The results indicate that there exist very clear ethno‐occupational stereotypes, and that these influence hiring decisions. However, despite wide variation in the occupational status in the stereotypes of different ethnic groups, mothers had universally high expectations for their children. The extent to which these represent optimism or false hope is addressed.
Information Exchange in Context: Effects of Gender Composition of Group, Accountability, and Intergroup Perception on Group Decision Making1
Authors: Van Hiel Alain , Schittekatte Mark
Published: August 2006

In the present study, the dissemination of shared and unshared information (cf. Stasser & Titus, 1985) in unstructured group discussion is analyzed. In previous experiments, several manipulations of the task itself were introduced, in search of conditions that could facilitate the exchange of unshared information. As such, these studies neglected the potential impact of context variables on group performance. In the present study, the effects of accountability, intergroup perception, and gender composition of group on information exchange are investigated. The results indicate that heterogeneous groups exchanged more information when a second group was present. Information exchange was not promoted by the presence of an outgroup for homogeneous groups. Groups in the accountability condition displayed more difficulties to reach agreement, but this did not lead to the mentioning of more information.
An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior to Exercise Among Older Adults1
Authors: Brenes Gretchen A. , Strube Michael J. , Storandt Martha
Published: August 2006

One hundred five older adults enrolled in exercise classes were recruited from local YMCAs. Exercise behavior was measured 1, 3, and 9 months after beginning the exercise class. Intentions were not a significant predictor of exercise behavior, probably because of a lack of variance; most people intended to exercise. The direct measures of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control, however, explained 9% of exercise behavior at 1 month. They did not significantly explain behavior at 3 and 9 months. When the indirect measure of subjective norms explained 18% of exercise behavior at 1 month. The indirect measure of perceived behavioral control accounted for 27% of the variance at 1 month and 10% at 3 months.
Effective Procedures for Conducting Genetic Prevalence Studies With Children1
Authors: Mazzocco Michèle M. M. , Sonna Nancy Lee , Shapiro Bruce K. , Pinit Arvoranee , Reiss Allan L.
Published: August 2006

In this study, the effectiveness of genetic screening study procedures was examined. One analysis was designed to explore whether having a genetic screening study simply introduced by a physician who had just completed a child's evaluation (vs. introduced by an unfamiliar individual) influenced whether the child's parent enrolled the child in the study. Also examined were explanations for nonenrollment and final enrollment decisions among individuals initially uncertain about enrollment. The primary finding was that a physician's introduction to the genetic screening study was associated with a 17% increase in enrollment, and with a 9.9% greater rate of enrollment overall. The rate of increase was greatest among physicians who were most consistent with introducing the screening study. Initially undecided individuals comprised 14% of the final sample. Many parents who chose not to participate felt that the research study was not important. A smaller percentage of parents chose not to enroll in the genetic study because of discomfort with genetic testing. The findings have important implications for designing effective procedures for prevalence research.
Trial Lawyers and Testosterone: Blue‐Collar Talent in a White‐Collar World1
Authors: Dabbs James M. , Alford Elizabeth Carriere , Fielden Julie A.
Published: August 2006

Three studies considered whether trial lawyers, in their hormones and their language, might be regarded as blue‐collar workers of the legal system. Study 1 found that lawyers as a group had testosterone levels similar to other white‐collar workers and lower than blue‐collar workers. Study 2 found that male and female trial lawyers had testosterone levels higher than nontrial lawyers of the same gender; the difference between lawyer types was approximately the same as the difference between blue‐ and white‐collar workers. Study 3 found that trial lawyers used fewer cognitive mechanisms than did appellate lawyers in oral arguments before the Supreme Court. High levels of testosterone are associated with energy, dominance, persistence, combativeness, and focused attention, qualities that are useful both in trial lawyering and blue‐collar work.
Intergroup Ratio and the Contact Hypothesis1
Authors: Nesdale Drew , Todd Patricia
Published: August 2006

This study assessed whether contact between members of 2 social groups generalized to contact in another setting, as well as influenced their intercultural knowledge and acceptance. Subjects were 244 international (mainly ethnic Chinese) and Anglo‐Australian students living in 3 student residence halls, with each group comprising a numerical majority, equal proportion, and a numerical minority in one of the residential halls. As anticipated, group ratio exerted a systematic effect on the amount of intercultural contact, with most contact by members of a numerical minority, regardless of student group. Importantly, the pattern of residence‐hall contact tended to generalize to the wider university environment and to influence intercultural knowledge and acceptance. However, contact was not unqualified in its effects, particularly in relation to members of the cultural majority.
Predicting Adolescents' Initiation of Intercourse and Contraceptive Use
Authors: Chewning Betty , Van Koningsveld Richard
Published: August 2006

This paper examines whether variables consistent with problem behavior theory predict grade of onset of first intercourse and adoption of effective contraception. A total sample of 3,419 Wisconsin adolescents in Grades 7, 9, and 11 participated in a survey of health‐related behaviors administered 3 times across a 6‐year period. The sample is 87% White. Multiple regression methods generated different models for onset of sexual intercourse vs. contraceptive adoption. Consistent with problem behavior theory, sexual onset is predicted by the adolescent's behavioral system, perceived peer substance use/abuse, importance of friends, and extent to which the adolescent felt harried and believed it was okay to break laws. Contraceptive adoption is predicted by family structure, socioeconomic variables, and self‐esteem. Age and gender model differences emerged.
Predicting Behavior From Actions in the Past: Repeated Decision Making or a Matter of Habit?
Authors: Aarts Henk , Verplanken Bas , van Knippenberg Ad
Published: August 2006

This paper summarizes research on determinants of repeated behaviors, and the decision processes underlying them. The present research focuses on travel mode choices as an example of such behaviors. It is proposed that when behavior is performed repeatedly and becomes habitual, it is guided by automated cognitive processes, rather than being preceded by elaborate decision processes (i.e., a decision based on attitudes and intentions). First, current attitude‐behavior models are discussed, and the role of habit in these models is examined. Second, research is presented on the decision processes preceding travel mode choices. Based on the present theoretical and empirical overview, it is concluded that frequently performed behavior is often a matter of habit, thereby establishing a boundary condition for the applicability of attitude‐behavior models. However, more systematic research is required to disentangle the role of habit in attitude‐behavior models and to learn more about the cognitive processes underlying habitual behavior.
Distinguishing Between Perceived Behavioral Control and Self‐Efficacy in the Domain of Academic Achievement Intentions and Behaviors
Authors: Manstead Antony S. R. , van Eekelen Sander A. M.
Published: August 2006

We examined whether perceived behavioral control (PBC) and self‐efficacy (S‐E) can be distinguished empirically, and whether they make different contributions to the prediction of intentions and behavior. The behavioral criterion was performance in 3 high‐school examinations. Measures of attitude, subjective norm, PBC, S‐E, and intention were taken before the examinations. Grade achieved served as the behavioral measure. Factor analysis of items intended to measure PBC and S‐E extracted 2 factors: confidence in ability to achieve the behavioral outcome, and belief that the outcome can be influenced by own efforts. Scores on these factors were labeled S‐E and perceived control, respectively. Behavior was predicted better by S‐E than by intentions, and intentions were more closely related to S‐E than to attitudes, subjective norms, or perceived control.
Extending the Theory of Planned Behavior: A Review and Avenues for Further Research
Authors: Conner Mark , Armitage Christopher J.
Published: August 2006

This paper describes and reviews the theory of planned behavior (TPB). The focus is on evidence supporting the further extension of the TPB in various ways. Empirical and theoretical evidence to support the addition of 6 variables to the TPB is reviewed: belief salience measures, past behavior/habit, perceived behavioral control (PBC) vs. self‐efficacy, moral norms, self‐identity, and affective beliefs. In each case there appears to be growing empirical evidence to support their addition to the TPB and some understanding of the processes by which they may be related to other TPB variables, intentions, and behavior. Two avenues for expansion of the TPB are presented. First, the possibility of incorporating the TPB into a dual‐process model of attitude–behavior relationships is reviewed. Second, the expansion of the TPB to include consideration of the volitional processes determining how goal intentions may lead to goal achievement is discussed.
From Compassion to Compensation: The Effect of Injury Severity on Mock Jurors' Liability Judgments1
Authors: Bornstein Brian H.
Published: August 2006

Two studies were performed to ascertain the effect of injury severity on participants' judgments in a simulated jury task. Participants read a summary of a personal‐injury case in which the severity of the plaintiffs injury was varied; they were asked to judge the defendant's liability, award compensation. and rate their feelings toward the litigants. In Study I, more severely hurt plaintiffs were more likely to obtain a favorable verdict, even though evidence of liability was held constant. Greater severity influenced liability judgments only insofar as it elicited positive feelings toward the plaintiff or negative feelings toward the defendant, In Study 2, severity was found to have no effect when participants could not award damages, suggesting that more severe injuries arouse feelings for the litigants that are associated with a motivation to alleviate the plaintiffs suffering or to punish the defendant. Strategies for reducing the extralegal influence of injury severity are discussed.
Effects of Ethnic Diversity: The Position of Minority Workers in Two Dutch Organizations1
Authors: De Vries Sjiera , Pettigrew Thomas F.
Published: August 2006

This research compares the position of workers of majority and minority ethnic backgrounds in two Dutch organizations (the police force and health care). Both quantitative and qualitative data were gathered. The data do not indicate a consistent difference between majority and minority workers on performance and well‐being. This does not mean that they have the same experiences: Most minority workers are confronted with discrimination and negative expectations, and many are in a solo position. Their majority colleagues do not have to face these challenges. The diversity in the group is liked by most respondents, and they see a positive effect of ethnic diversity on the quality of their work. Research findings are compared with the findings of experimental research on ethnically diverse groups.
Psychological Contracts, Organizational and Job Commitment
Authors: Millward Lynne J. , Hopkins Lee J.
Published: August 2006

Increased use of time‐limited contracts as the mainstay of employer‐employee relations has implications for the psychological character of the exchange relationship. To investigate this, the current study is framed by Rousseau's (1995) psychological contract model (PCM). The psychological contract pertains to beliefs held by individuals about their contractual terms and conditions. The findings yield evidence for Rousseau's distinction between two types of contractual belief (relational and transactional), as well as the explanatory potential of the PCM over and above the concept of organizational commitment. As predicted. temporary workers were more transactional than relational in their contractual orientation. The findings are discussed with reference to a need to develop a theoretical basis for research on organizational involvement.
Application of an Integrated Behavioral Model to Predict Condom Use: A Prospective Study Among High HIV Risk Groups1
Authors: Kasprzyk Danuta , Montaño Daniel E. , FISHBEIN MARTIN
Published: August 2006

An integrated theoretical model using constructs from multiple behavioral models was applied to understand and predict condom use among a sample of injecting drug users, commercial sex workers, men who have sex with men, and multipartnered heterosexuals. Elicitation interviews were conducted to develop a questionnaire to measure model constructs that may be predictive of condom use for sex with vaginal, anal, and oral regular and casual partners. A prospective survey design was used, with 993 participants interviewed at Time 1, and 686 returning for Time 2 interviews 3 months later. Regression analyses were conducted using Time 1 measures to predict intention and Time 2 behavior. Strong support was found for a model that includes attitude, social norm, and facilitators/constraints as predictors of behavior, with multiple correlations in the 0.20 to 0.40 range. Findings also indicate perceived control and facilitators/constraints are distinct constructs and both, along with attitude and social norm, contribute to explaining behavioral intention. Implications for intervention development are discussed.
Beyond Protection Motivation: An Integrative Theory of Health Appeals
Authors: Block Lauren G. , Keller Punam Anand
Published: August 2006

We develop an integrated theory of health communication by combining protection motivation theory (PMT; Rogers, 1983) with the stages of change described in the transtheoretical model (Prochaska & DClemente, 1982). Our study challenges the assumption implicit in PMT that perceptions of vulnerability, severity, response efficacy, and self‐efficacy are equally weighted across individuals. Rather, we propose that people at different stages of readiness to change are differentially affected by levels of these predictor variables. Results from our experiment confirm that vulnerability, severity, and efficacy (response and self) are the main motivators to change behavior during the precontemplation, contemplation, and action stages, respectively. Furthermore, we explore how specific categories of beliefs identified by the transtheoretical model are associated with perceptions of vulnerability, severity, response efficacy, and self‐efficacy.
Taking and Developing Pictures in the Head: Assessing the Physical Stereotypes of Eight Gender Types1
Authors: Green Raymond J. , Ashmore Richard D.
Published: August 2006

This paper examines college students' mental images, or pictures in the head, of 4 female types (housewife, whore, career woman, feminist) and 4 male types (business executive, ladies' man, homosexual, nerd). Consensual stereotypes of the gender types were extracted from the reported images through a content analysis. There was considerable agreement in the descriptions of the images, suggesting that American college students have shared pictures in the head of these 8 consensual gender types. As predicted, the physical stereotypes of each type followed from the gender‐role variant each represents (e. g., the whore, whose “sub‐role” and goals require catching males' attention and interest, was imaged as wearing sexually alluring clothing). We suggest that these physical stereotypes may serve a critical role in gender categorization and stereotyping processes.
Why Are You Doing Things for the Environment? The Motivation Toward the Environment Scale (MTES)1
Authors: Pelletier Luc G. , Tuson Kim M. , Green‐Demers Isabelle , Noels Kimberley , Beaton Ann M.
Published: August 2006

This paper presents 4 studies which were conducted for the purpose of constructing and validating a new measure of people's motivation for environmental behaviors, namely the Motivation Toward the Environment Scale (MTES). The MTES consists of subscales that measure an individual's level of intrinsic, extrinsic, and a motivation for environmental behaviors. These subscales correspond to the different forms of motivation identified by Deci and Ryan in their self‐determination theory (SDT, 1985, 1991). Results from the first study supported the factor structure of the scale and revealed a satisfactory level of internal consistency. Consistent with the SDT, the more self‐determined forms of motivation were associated with more positive responses on the related variables. Implications for the manner in which the public could be encouraged to do environmental behaviors are discussed.
The Association Between Female College Students' Reports of Depression and Their Perceptions of Parental Attitudes Regarding Gender
Authors: Silverstein Brett , Clauson Joanne , Perdue Lauren , Carpman Shari , Cimarolli Verena
Published: August 2006

This study related female college students' (n= 377) reports of symptomatology to their reports of parental attitudes suggesting limitations inherent in being female. Young women completed a scale measuring their perceptions that their fathers would have been prouder of them if they were male, and a scale measuring their distress over the limitations experienced by their mothers. Respondents who scored high on either scale exhibited much higher prevalence than other respondents of self‐reported depression accompanied by anxiety, somatic symptoms including headaches, insomnia, dyspnea, fatigue, disordered eating, and poor body image/preference for thinness (labeledanxious somatic depression). Compared to men (n= 191), women exhibited much higher prevalence of anxious somatic depression, but not higher prevalence of depression unaccompanied by the other symptoms.
The Self‐Consciousness Scale in Chinese College Students
Authors: Chang Lei
Published: August 2006

Fenigstein, Scheier, and Buss's (1975) 3‐factor model, Burnkrant and Page's (1984) 4‐factor model, and Mittal and Balasubramanian's (1987) 5‐factor model of the Self‐Consciousness Scale (SCS) were tested using the revised SCS (Scheier & Carver, 1985b) on 2 convenience samples of 201 and 179 Chinese college students. Burnkrant and Page's (1984) 4‐factor model showed superiority over the other 2 models in confirmatory factor analysis. It is concluded that the division of the private self‐consciousness subscale is adequate, whereas the division of the public self‐consciousness subscale is not justified.
Children's Participation in Genetic Prevalence Research: Influences on Enrollment and Reports of Parent Satisfaction1
Authors: Mazzocco Michèle M. M. , Myers Gwen F. , Harum Karen H. , Reiss Allan L.
Published: August 2006

The present studies were designed to evaluate methodological influences on the efficiency of genetic‐screening studies, specifically when enrolling preschoolers in a prevalence study of the fragile X full mutation. The studies include replication of earlier findings with school‐age children, which showed that (a) a higher enrollment rate occurred when the study was introduced to a parent by a physician (73.7%) versus by a research assistant (58.7%), and (b) parents initially undecided about participating were more likely to eventually enroll if they had completed enrollment forms at the time of recruitment, In‐person recruitment led to higher enrollment rates (60%) than did recruitment by mail (36.8%). Feedback from parents indicated the importance of emphasizing the optional nature of participation in screening studies.
Coping Self‐Efficacy as a Mediator of Distress Following a Natural Disaster
Authors: Benight Charles C. , Swift Erika , Sanger Jean , Smith Anne , Zeppelin Dan
Published: August 2006

Social‐cognitive theory and conservation‐of‐resources theory were utilized to understand individual differences in psychological response to natural disaster. Coping self‐efficacy, lost resources, social support, and optimism were assessed along with demographic variables in predicting distress following Hurricane Opal. Participants included 67 residents of Okaloosa County, Florida. Multiple regression analyses indicated that coping self‐efficacy was the strongest predictor of general distress and trauma‐related distress. Loss of resources and gender were also important predictors of general distress. Path analyses demonstrated that lost resources directly influenced general distress, social support, optimism, and coping self‐efficacy. These analyses also indicated that coping self‐efficacy perceptions mediated the relationships between loss of resources and trauma‐related distress, social support and both trauma and general distress, and optimism and both types of distress. Theoretical implications are discussed.
Why Do People Fail to Adopt Environmental Protective Behaviors? Toward a Taxonomy of Environmental Amotivation1
Authors: Pelletier Luc G. , Dion Stéphanie , Tuson Kim , Green‐Demers Isabelle
Published: August 2006

Individuals' reasons for their lack of motivation toward environmental protective behaviors were proposed: amotivation because of strategy, capacity, effort, and helplessness beliefs. Confirmatory factor analyses and correlations between the four types of amotivation and constructs related to the environment supported the validity of the constructs. A structural model in which helplessness beliefs could be predicted by the other sets of beliefs, and wherein strategy and ability beliefs resulted from effort beliefs, was tested. All estimated parameters were significant, with the exception of one link: amotivation because of effort beliefs did not display a significant relationship with helplessness beliefs. The importance of understanding why individuals may be amotivated and the strategies liable to help reduce their lack of motivation are discussed.
Expectancies About the Effects of Alcohol on the Self and on Others as Determinants of Alcohol Policy Attitudes1
Authors: Paglia Angela , Room Robin
Published: August 2006

The present study brings together 2 separate lines of research in the alcohol field: alcohol expectancies and policy attitudes. Expectancies concerning the short‐ and long‐term effects of drinking (e.g., aggression), were predicted to be stronger determinants of support for alcohol availability control when the target person was another, compared to when discussing effects of one's own drinking. In a population‐based survey conducted in 1992, 804 current drinkers were asked about self and other alcohol expectancies, as well as attitudes toward various alcohol policies. Results showed a distinct self‐other discrepancy, with people more likely to expect alcohol to have a greater effect over others than over themselves. Further, it was found that these other‐expectancies were among the strongest predictors of favoring tighter alcohol controls. These findings lend support to findings of a self‐other bias in social psychology, and provide insight as to the structure of public opinion on alcohol policy.
Verbal Strategies for Seeking Help in Organizations1
Authors: Lee Fiona
Published: August 2006

The verbal strategies used to frame requests for help are integral to the help‐seeking process. Drawing on politeness theory, it was predicted that gender, power, and norms affect usage of verbal strategies in seeking help, and verbal strategies predict interpersonal outcomes. Two studies showed that: (a) individuals used more strategies under collectivistic than individualistic norms; (b) under individualistic norms, men used more strategies when seeking help upward, and women used more strategies when seeking help laterally; and (c) those who used more strategies provided higher quality information, and were perceived more favorably by others. These results suggest that verbal strategies not only reflect important relational and contextual factors, but also serve multiple social functions.
The Behavioral Context of Strategic Choice in Negotiation: A Test of the Dual Concern Model1
Authors: Rhoades Jonathan A. , Carnevale Peter J.
Published: August 2006

The dual concern model of negotiation predicts behavioral approaches from an analysis of negotiators' motives. Previous studies of the model have shown support, but only under conditions where negotiators' motivationally prescribed behavior was the same. The present study was designed to examine the impact of several different behavioral contexts. Undergraduate students read conflict scenarios in which their concern for self and other, and the behavior of the other party were manipulated. Support for the dual concern model was found when the opponent's behavior was identical to the negotiator's own motivation‐ally prescribed behavior. Across most conditions, a behavioral matching hypothesis provided a better explanation. However, interactions between motivational orientation and behavioral context suggest that negotiators' behavior may be best predicted through a combination of motivational and matching models.
A Conceptualization and Test of the Influences of Individual Differences in Goal‐Setting Situations1
Authors: Kalnbach Lynn R. , Hinsz Verlin B.
Published: August 2006

This research tests a hypothesized model of the relationships among several individual differences and variables associated with the setting of goals. Participants were randomly assigned to a self‐set goal condition, or to moderately or very‐difficult assigned‐goal conditions. By aggregating scores of performance, personal goals, ratings of self‐efficacy, and goal commitment over multiple goal‐setting and task‐performance occasions, the overall relationships among these variables and need for achievement, self‐esteem, and locus of control were determined. Results provide strong support for Locke and Latham's (1990a, 1990b) model of the goal‐performance relation, but fail to support the hypothesized role of individual differences. The implications of these findings and individual differences in goal‐setting situations are discussed.
Exploring Cross‐Group Discrimination: Measuring the Dimensions of Inferiorization1
Authors: Gomez John P. , Trierweiler Steven J.
Published: August 2006

We describe a theoretical framework that identifies similar themes across the reported experiences of historically stigmatized groups. Inferiorization is a function of the confluence of stigma, context, and associated cultural myths. A self‐report measure of inferiorization was applied to college‐student samples of African Americans, White women, gay men and lesbians, people with disabilities, and, as a control, a White male comparison group (total N= 263). Stigmatizable people tended to report more frequent inferiorizing events than generally nonstigmatizable people. Deviations from this pattern were explained by the contextual and stigma‐related specificity of inferiorization and the presence or absence of associated cultural myths. Inferiorization describes a general social process that remains sensitive to the experiences of specific groups and to the contextual nature of stigmatization.
Responses to the Michelangelo Computer Virus Threat: The Role of Information Sources and Risk Homeostasis Theory1
Authors: Sawyer John E. , Kernan Mary C. , Conlon Donald E. , Garland Howard
Published: August 2006

Computer users were surveyed before and after the Michelangelo trigger date (March 6, 1992) to examine risk perceptions and performance of risky and protective behaviors. Consistent with Risk Homeostasis theory, population risk perceptions changed over the course of the risk period, while personal risk perceptions remained unchanged. Protective behaviors also changed over the virus threat period and were dependent on the passage of the virus trigger date, prior virus experience, and experience during the period of the risk event. This study: (a) provides a scaling of risky and protective behaviors that others may use in future research, (b) suggests a more vivid picture of risk related behavior can be obtained by evaluating personal versus population risk perceptions and risky versus protective behaviors separately, and (c) suggests that training to reduce risks will be most effective if focused on behaviors that are least central to work activities.
Effects of Prolonged Exposure to Gratuitous Media Violence on Provoked and Unprovoked Hostile Behavior1
Authors: Zillmann Dolf , Weaver James B.
Published: August 2006

On 4 consecutive days, respondents were exposed to gratuitously violent or nonviolent intact feature films. They rated the entertainment value of these films. One day after exposure to the last film of the series, respondents participated in ostensibly unrelated research on emotion recognition. As they performed a test, they were neutrally or abusively treated by a research assistant. Thereafter, they were put in a position to harm this assistant. Both provocation and exposure to violent films were found to foster markedly increased hostile behavior. These effects were noninteractive. Moreover, these effects were uniform for respondent gender. Compared to men, women exhibited less hostility overall, however. The findings thus show that prolonged exposure to gratuitously violent films is capable (a) of escalating hostile behavior in provoked men and women, and (b) perhaps more importantly, of instigating such behavior in unprovoked men and women.
Parental Leave of Absence: Some Not So Family‐Friendly Implications1
Authors: Allen Tammy D. , Russell Joyce E. A.
Published: August 2006

This experiment examined the effects of ratee gender, type of leave of absence, and level of performance on perceptions of organizational commitment, work commitment, family commitment, and recommendations for organizational rewards. The proposed 3‐way interactions between gender, type of leave of absence, and performance level were not supported; however, main effects and 2‐way interactions were revealed. Moreover, perceived organizational commitment and work commitment were found to moderate the relationship between performance level and reward recommendations. The findings also indicated that men who were depicted as taking a leave of absence from work for parental reasons were less likely to be recommended for rewards than were males who had not taken a leave of absence.
Cognitive, Behavioral, and Personality Correlates of HIV‐Positive Persons' Unsafe Sexual Behavior1
Authors: Wulfert Edelgard , Safren Steven A. , Brown Irving , Wan Choi K.
Published: August 2006

This study examined sexually risky behaviors of HIV‐positive men and women within the framework of social cognitive theory. Condom use was found to be associated with high self‐efficacy, positive influeces from social models, and specific condom use expectancies. As risky sexual behavior may be the manifestation of a more general pattern of risk taking that emerges from personality dispositions such as impulsiveness or psychoticism, this possibility was explored with discriminant analyses. Self‐reported impulsivity, substance abuse, promiscuity, and deception served as markers of the presumed disposition. While these variables did not reliably distinguish between consistent and inconsistent condom users, they did enhance significantly the classification of individuals who, during the past 6 months, had been sexually abstinent, monogamous, or nonmonogamous. Those who reported more sex partners scored higher on impulsivity, disclosed more involvement with illegal drugs, and showed greater willingness to mislead potential partners about their sexual history than monogamous or sexually abstinent persons with HIV.
Effects of Environmental Odor and Coping Style on Negative Affect, Anger, Arousal, and Escape1
Authors: Asmus Cheryl L. , Bell Paul A.
Published: August 2006

Trait coping, state anger, perceived arousal, blood pressure, negative affect, and escape behavior were measured in a sample of 240 undergraduate males and females exposed to 1 of 4 foul‐odor conditions or to a no‐odor condition. Consistent with Baron and Bell's (1976) negative‐affect‐escape model, it was hypothesized that people exposed to noxious odors would experience increased negative affect and heightened motivation to escape the situation. Results showed that negative affect and motivation to escape, but not anger or arousal, increased significantly as odor became more noxious. In addition, anger and motivation to escape significantly predicted negative affect. Variances in anger and perceived arousal, but not discomfort and escape, were accounted for mainly by trait coping styles and gender differences. Variances in discomfort and escape were accounted for mainly by odor alone.
Accommodating Persons With AIDS: Acceptance and Rejection in Rental Situations1
Authors: Page Stewart
Published: August 2006

Effects of a prospective tenant's reference to AIDS upon obtaining community accommodation were examined in a sample of 160 individuals advertising rooms or flats for rent in two Canadian cities, Windsor and London, Ontario, and in Detroit, Michigan. Telephone calls, for half the sample, made simple inquiries as to room or flat availability; for the other half, similar inquiries were made by an individual who was ostensibly a hospitalized person with AIDS, soon to require accommodation. In the latter condition, rooms were significantly more likely to be described as unavailable. Chi‐square and odds‐ratio calculations showed that in each sample, the probability of rejection for calls including the AIDS reference was considerably greater than for calls not including it. Comparisons are made to similar previous research and to current perspectives about community reactions to stigmatizing conditions.
Effects of Defendant Ethnicity on Juries' Dispositions of Felony Cases1
Authors: Daudistel Howard C. , Hosch Harmon M. , Holmes Malcolm D. , Graves Joseph B.
Published: August 2006

This research examined jury decisions in 317 noncapital felony cases in El Paso, Texas, and assessed the impact of juror ethnicity on jury trial outcomes. Results revealed that there was no relation between defendant ethnicity and the probability of conviction. Anglo American defendants, however, received sentences that were approximately twice as severe as Hispanic defendants. Sentences imposed by juries were significantly related to defendant ethnicity and type of crime for which they were tried. Sentences were also influenced by defendant ethnicity in interaction with jury ethnic composition. Important differences appeared when there was a critical mass of 6 or more Hispanics on juries. This study, using criminal court data, provides a unique opportunity to examine the utility of social psychological theories for understanding actual trial outcomes.
Do Background Stressors Influence Reactivity to and Recovery From Acute Stressors?1
Authors: Gump Brooks B. , Matthews Karen A.
Published: August 2006

This review examines the effect of background stressors with acute stressor reactivity and recovery in the 19 available studies. Background stressors were associated with increased acute stressor reactivity in slightly over half of the studies of ongoing stressors. However, a substantial minority of studies demonstrated reduced acute stressor reactivity, suggesting habituation for certain people in certain situations. Background stressors were associated with delayed blood‐pressure and immunological recovery from acute stressor events, but were not associated with delayed heart‐rate recovery. Possible mechanisms underlying the association between background stressors and acute stressor reactivity and recovery are discussed. Background stressors should be measured thoroughly in future acute stress research to understand the meaning of the acute stress responses.
Justifications of Aggressive Behavior in Contact and Semicontact Sports
Authors: Mintah Joseph K. , Huddleston Sharon , Doody Susann G.
Published: August 2006

The present study examines the extent to which athletes in selected contact and semicontact sports report agreement or disagreement with the use of intentional acts of aggression during competition. Eighty‐five male athletes responded to the Bredemeier Athietic Aggression Inventory‐Short Form and the Mintah Huddleston Aggression Justification Inventory. Overall results revealed no significant differences between subjects' use of hostile and instrumental aggression in sport and between the hostile and instrumental justifications provided for such behavior. Results indicated that contact‐sport participants disagree more with the use of instrumental aggression than semicontact‐sport participants.
An Examination of the Utility of Server Intervention to Reduce Alcohol‐Related Problems in College Students1
Authors: Turrisi Rob , Nicholson Bev , Jaccard James
Published: August 2006

College student alcohol‐related problems are a major social issue. Past research has revealed that server intervention can have a positive impact on excessive alcohol consumption and driving under the influence of alcohol. The present study is an examination of bar owners and college students' attitudes and beliefs about server intervention policies. The findings reveal group differences in acceptance and rejection of the policies. The findings are discussed with respect to change efforts geared toward alcohol service establishments.
Gangsta’ Rap and a Murder in Bakersfield1
Authors: Fischoff Stuart P.
Published: August 2006

The present study explores the biasing effects of gangsta’ rap lyrics on subject perceptions of a murder trial defendant's personality. The lyrics were those actually authored by a defendant in a murder trial on which the present author was a psychological consultant for the defense. Results strongly indicate that the defendant was seen as more likely to have committed a murder than had he not been presented as authoring such lyrics. Surprisingly, results also show that the writing of such rap lyrics was more damning in terms of adjudged personality characteristics than was the fact of being charged with murder.
Relational Considerations in the Use of Influence Tactics1
Authors: van Knippenberg Barbara , van Knippenberg Daan , Blaauw Eric , Vermunt Rieul
Published: August 2006

It is proposed that the existing relationship between the influencing agent and the target of influence plays a central role in the choice of using hard and soft influence tactics. In a field study, 3 key aspects of the relation between agent and target were examined, and the results generally supported our hypotheses. First, the more unfairly people felt they were treated, the more often they wielded influence, especially using harder influence tactics. Second, the better the influencing agent liked the target, the relatively less often he or she used hard tactics. Finally, the more the influencing agent felt dependent upon the target, the fewer influence tactics, both hard and soft, were used. The discussion focuses on both the practical and theoretical implications of these findings.
Effects of Suggestive Interviewing and Indirect Evidence on Child Credibility in a Sexual Abuse Case
Authors: Anne Tubb V. , Wood James M. , Hosch Harmon M.
Published: August 2006

The present study examined the effects of suggestive questioning and indirect evidence on the perceived credibility of a child reporting sexual abuse. Written materials describing a trial for indecency with a child were presented to 232 mock jurors, who were asked to render a verdict and rate the credibility of witnesses. When the child's statement was elicited by suggestive questioning, mock jurors were less likely to convict the alleged perpetrator and viewed the child witness as less credible, honest, competent, and intelligent. Jurors were equally likely to convict whether the child's report was presented directly in an interview transcript or indirectly through the secondhand testimony of a police interviewer. The findings support the view that suggestive questioning can lower a child's credibility in the eyes of jurors.