bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nanostructured piezoelectric polymers
Authors: Cauda Valentina , Canavese Giancarlo , Stassi Stefano
Published: November 2014

Among the wide variety of piezoelectric materials available, polymers offer an interesting solution because of their high mechanical flexibility, easy processing, and conformable features; they maintain good ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties. The most prominent examples of these are poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and its copolymer, poly(vinylidene difluoride–trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF–TrFE)]. An attractive prospective consists of the preparation of nanostructured polymers. It has been shown that the dimensional confinement of such macromolecules down to the nanoscale can improve their piezoelectric properties because the tailoring of the chemical structure is performed at the molecular level. In this review, we show how nanostructured polymers can be obtained and discuss reports on the ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of nanostructured PVDF and P(VDF–TrFE) materials. In particular, we show how dimensional confinement leads to piezoelectric nanostructures with relevant performances, with a focus on the macromolecular structural arrangement that enhances their behavior. Experimental results and applications are also reported to compare the performances of different nanostructuration processes and the polymer efficiencies as piezoelectric materials. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41667.
Impact of head morphology on local brain specific absorption rate from exposure to mobile phone radiation
Authors: Adibzadeh Fatemeh , Bakker Jurriaan F. , Paulides Margarethus M. , Verhaart René F. , van Rhoon Gerard C.
Published: November 2014

Among various possible health effects of mobile phone radiation, the risk of inducing cancer has the strongest interest of laymen and health organizations. Recently, the Interphone epidemiological study investigated the association between the estimated Radio Frequency (RF) dose from mobile phones and the risk of developing a brain tumor. Their dosimetric analysis included over 100 phone models but only two homogeneous head phantoms. So, the potential impact of individual morphological features on global and local RF absorption in the brain was not investigated. In this study, we performed detailed dosimetric simulations for 20 head models and quantified the variation of RF dose in different brain regions as a function of head morphology. Head models were exposed to RF fields from generic mobile phones at 835 and 1900 MHz in the “tilted” and “cheek” positions. To evaluate the local RF dose variation, we used and compared two different post‐processing methods, that is, averaging specific absorption rate (SAR) over Talairach regions and over sixteen predefined 1 cm3 cube‐shaped field‐sensors. The results show that the variation in the averaged SAR among the heads can reach up to 16.4 dB at a 1 cm3 cube inside the brain (field‐sensor method) and alternatively up to 15.8 dB in the medulla region (Talairach method). In conclusion, we show head morphology as an important uncertainty source for dosimetric studies of mobile phones. Therefore, any dosimetric analysis dealing with RF dose at a specific region in the brain (e.g., tumor risk analysis) should be based upon real morphology. Bioelectromagnetics. 35:66–76, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
VEGFR signaling during lymphatic vascular development: From progenitor cells to functional vessels
Authors: Secker Genevieve A. , Harvey Natasha L.
Published: November 2014

Lymphatic vessels are an integral component of the cardiovascular system, serving important roles in fluid homeostasis, lipid absorption, and immune cell trafficking. Defining the mechanisms by which the lymphatic vasculature is constructed and remodeled into a functional vascular network not only provides answers to fascinating biological questions, but is fundamental to understanding how lymphatic vessel growth and development goes awry in human pathologies. While long recognized as dysfunctional in lymphedema and exploited as a route of tumor metastasis, recent work has highlighted important roles for lymphatic vessels in modulating immune responses, regulating salt‐sensitive hypertension and important for lung inflation at birth. Substantial progress in our understanding of the signaling pathways important for development and morphogenesis of the lymphatic vasculature has been made in recent years. Here, we review advances in our knowledge of the best characterized of these signaling pathways, that involving the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family members VEGF‐C and VEGF‐D, together with their receptors VEGFR2 and VEGFR3. Recent work has defined multiple levels at which signal transduction by means of this key axis is regulated; these include control of ligand processing and bioavailability, modulation of receptor activation by interacting proteins, and regulation of receptor endocytosis and trafficking. Developmental Dynamics 244:323–331, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biocuration: A New Challenge for the Tunicate Community
Authors: Dauga Delphine
Published: November 2014

Biocuration, the field of biology concerned with organizing, representing, checking, and making biological information accessible to both humans and computers, has become an essential part of biological and biomedical research. However, curation increasingly lags behind data generation in funding, development, and recognition. In this work, biocuration efforts accomplished by the community of laboratories working on Tunicata as well as challenges faced were described. Biocuration is essential for the future of scientific research, and that the experience gathered by tunicate community could prove extremely useful to other biologists' communities. genesis 53:132–142, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Standard and immunoproteasomes show similar peptide degradation specificities
Authors: Zanker Damien , Chen Weisan
Published: November 2014

Vertebrates have evolved to express major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs) that present peptides of the intra‐cellular proteome for immunosurveillance against viruses and tumor. The MHC class I (MHC‐I) processing and presentation pathway allows for scrutiny of all cellular proteins and peptides by CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. The proteasome is part of the specialised machinery that degrades proteins down to peptides with the correct sequence for MHC‐I binding. However, much conjecture lies as to how the various proteasome isoforms and their active subunits create antigenic peptides, and if the specialised immunoproteasome solely performs this job. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Mishto et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2014. 44: 3508‐3521] address this question through systematic biochemical peptide degradation studies and provide new insights into the functions of proteasome β‐subunits.
Further insights into the composition, source, and toxicity of PAHs in size-resolved particulate matter in a megacity in China
Authors: Shi Guo-Liang , Zhou Xiao-Yu , Jiang Su-Yang , Tian Ying-Ze , Liu Gui-Rong , Feng Yin-Chang , Chen Gang , Liang Yang-Ke-Xin
Published: November 2014

Concentrations of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm (PM10) and PM with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5), and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured. The average concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 reached 209.75 μg/m3 and 141.87 μg/m3, respectively, and those of ΣPAHs were 41.46 ng/m3 for PM10 and 36.77 ng/m3 for PM2.5. The mass ratio concentrations were 219.23 μg/g and 311.01 μg/g in PM10 and PM2.5, respectively. Three sources and their contributions for PAHs were obtained. For individual input mode, diesel exhaust contributed 46.77% (PM10) and 41.12% (PM2.5) for mass concentration and 48.69% (PM10) and 39.47% (PM2.5) for mass ratio concentration; gasoline exhaust contributed 31.02% (PM10) and 39.47% (PM2.5) for mass concentration and 28.95% (PM10) and 36.46% (PM2.5) for mass ratio concentration; and coal combustion contributed 22.22% (PM10) and 19.41% (PM2.5) for mass concentration and 22.36% (PM10) and 15.89% (PM2.5) for mass ratio concentration. For combined input mode, the same source categories were obtained. Source contributions to PM10 and PM2.5 were diesel exhaust (40.70% and 36.64%, respectively, for mass concentration; 49.19% and 38.47%, respectively, for mass ratio concentration), gasoline exhaust (35.09% and 38.47%, respectively, for mass concentration; 32.50% and 33.43%, respectively, for mass ratio concentration), and coal combustion (24.21% and 24.89%, respectively, for mass concentration; 18.31% and18.17%, respectively, for mass ratio concentration). Source risk assessment showed that vehicle emission was a significant contributor. The findings can help elucidate sources of PAHs and provide evidence supporting further applications of the Unmix model and additional studies about PAHs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:480–487. © 2014 SETAC
Revisiting the Curvilinear Relation Between Job Insecurity and Work Withdrawal: The Moderating Role of Achievement Orientation and Risk Aversion
Authors: Yi Xiang , Wang Shuhong
Published: November 2014

Although speculation of the curvilinear relations between job insecurity and job‐related behaviors is theoretically appealing, the empirical evidence has been sparse. The purpose of this study was to contribute to the literature on job insecurity and work withdrawal behaviors by reexamining their curvilinear relation, and the effects of achievement orientation and propensity for risk aversion on this U‐shaped relationship. Using samples with both secure and insecure job situations, we hypothesized that job insecurity could have both positive and negative effects on work withdrawal simultaneously; however, one of these effects could dominate the other at different levels of job insecurity. That is, a U shape would best describe such a relationship, since a moderate level of job insecurity would result in the lowest level of work withdrawal. Furthermore, we hypothesized that achievement orientation and propensity for risk aversion moderates this relationship in such a way that the curvilinear relationship is weaker (flattened curve) when the individual's achievement orientation is high, and that the curvilinear relationship is stronger (steep curve) when the individual's propensity for risk aversion is high. Results show that these hypotheses were supported; implications and limitations of the study are discussed. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Review
Authors: Lampert R. J.
Published: November 2014

Records of Times Past: Ethnohistorical Essays on the Culture and Ecology of the New England Tribes. Edited by Isabel McBryde. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra, 1978. Pp. 291. $13.95.
Review
Authors: Lubell David
Published: November 2014

Holier Than Thou Edited by I. Johnson. Department of Prehistory, Australian National University, Canberra, 1980. Pp. 176, $10.
Review
Authors: Kennedy Jean
Published: November 2014

Prehistoric Man in Palliser Bay Edited by B. Foss Leach and Helen M. Leach. National Museum of New Zealand, Bulletin No. 21, 1979. Pp. vi + 272.
Review
Authors: Bindon Peter
Published: November 2014

The Aborigines of New South Wales Edited by C. Haigh and W. Goldstein. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Sydney, 1980. Pp. 124, $5.00.
Review
Authors: Vanderwal R. L.
Published: November 2014

Archaeological Excavations in Western Samoa. By Jesse D. Jennings and Richard N. Holmer. B. P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, 1980. Pp. ix + 155. Price: $US8.00.
Review
Authors: Frankel David
Published: November 2014

Archaeometry: An Australasian Perspective. Edited by W. Ambrose and P. Duerden. Department of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, 1982. ISBN 0 86784 239 3. Pp. v + 391. $15.00.
Review
Authors: White J.P.
Published: November 2014

CLIMANZ Edited by J. M. A. Chappell and J. Grindrod. Dept of Biogeography and Geomorphology, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, 1983. ISBN 0 86784 289 X. Volume 1, text; volume 2, maps and diagrams. $10.00.
Review
Authors: Kirch P. V.
Published: November 2014

The First Thousand Years: Regional Perspectives in New Zealand Archaeology. Edited by Nigel Prickett. New Zealand Archaeological Association Monograph 13, 1982. Pp. 204. $NZ27.95.
Review
Authors: Meehan Betty
Published: November 2014

The Alligator Rivers: prehistory and ecology in western Arnhem Land. By Carmel Schrire. Terra Australis 7, Australian National University, 1982. ISSN 0725 9018. Pp. xxx + 278. Price $14.50.
Review
Authors: Hammond Gregory
Published: November 2014

Law and the Cultural Heritage. Volume One: Discovery and Excavation. By L. V. Prott and P. J. O'Keefe. Professional Books, Abingdon, 1984. ISBN 0 86205 060X (cloth); 0 86205 0 (paper). Pp. xxvii + 434. Price $39.00 (cloth), $25.50 (paper).
Review
Authors: Craib John
Published: November 2014

Ponape Archaeological Survey: 1978 Research. By William S. Ayres, Alan E. Haun and Craig Severance. Micronesian Archaeological Survey Report Number 4, Saipan, 1981. Pp. xiv + 184. $US8.00.
Review
Authors: Shutler Richard
Published: November 2014

Archaeology of the New Hebrides. By José Garanger. Translated by Rosemary Groube. Oceania Monograph No. 24. Sydney. 1982. ISBN 0 86758 108 5. Pp. iii + 176. $12.50.
Review
Authors: Specht Jim
Published: November 2014

Wangka: Austronesian Canoe Origins By Edwin Doran, Jr. Texas A & M University Press, 1981. ISBN 0 89096 107 7. Pp. 110. Price $US15.00.
Review
Authors: Freedman Leonard
Published: November 2014

Raymond Arthur Dart: a pictorial profile. By Frances Wheelhouse. Transpareon Press, Sydney, 1983. ISBN 0 908021 046. Pp. xvi + 113. Price $A19.95.
Review
Authors: Gould Richard A.
Published: November 2014

Hunter Hill, Hunter Island. By Sandra Bowdler. Terra Australis 8, 1984. Pp. v + 148. Price $A10.00. ISBN O 86784 487 6
Review
Authors: Anderson Atholl
Published: November 2014

The prehistoric archaeology of Norfolk Island. By Jim Specht Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Pacific Anthropological Records 34. ISBN 0 910240 95 7. Pp. viii + 76. Price $6.00.
Review
Authors: Mangi Jo Tumbe
Published: November 2014

How long have people been in the Ok Tedi Impact Region? By Pamela Swadling. Papua New Guinea National Museum Record No. 8, 1983. 150 pages, 36 pages b/w photographs. Price K15.00 ISSN 0314–3813.
Review
Authors: Attenbrow Val
Published: November 2014

Between Plateau and Plain. Flexible responses to varied environments in Southwestern Australia. By June Anderson. Australian National University, Department of Prehistory, Occasional Papers 4, 1984. Pp. 44. Price $5.30 ISBN O 86784 402 7
Review
Authors: Sutton Doug
Published: November 2014

Coastal Southwest Tasmania: the prehistory of Louisa Bay and Maatsuyker Island. By Ron Vanderwal and David Horton. Terra Australis 9. Department of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies, A.N.U. Canberra, 1984. ISSN 0725 9018. Pp. xv + 137. Price: $11.00.
Review
Authors: Hall J.
Published: November 2014

Aboriginal Pathways in Southeast Queensland and the Richmond River. By J.G. Steele. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, 1984. ISBN 0 7022 1943 6. Pp. v + 366. Price; $A35.00.
Review
Authors: Burton John
Published: November 2014

Recent Advances in Indo‐Pacific Prehistory. Edited by V.N. Misra and P.S. Bellwood. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. New Delhi. 1985. Pp. xxv +525. No price given. ISBN 81 204 0015 1
Review
Authors: Ward Graeme
Published: November 2014

Ruahihi Pa. By B.G. McFadgen and R.A. Sheppard. National Museum of New Zealand, Wellington, Bulletin 22 and NZ Historic Places Trust, Publication 19, 1984. ISSN 0110 9464. Pp. ix + 65. Price: $NZ6.00.
A cache of tulas from the Boulia district, western Queensland
Authors: Hiscock Peter
Published: November 2014

The excavation and analysis of fifty stone artefacts found in a prehistoric pit on Mucklandama Creek, in western Queensland is described. These artefacts provide information on the manufacture, of tulas and on the differentiation of unused and exhausted tulas. It is argued that the feature recovered from Mucklandama Creek is a cache of unused tulas destined for barter. A radiocarbon date demonstrates that the cache is less than 1000 years old. A review of data from other parts of Australia reveals that similar caches are a recent phenomenon. It is suggested that the appearance of such caches may be related to an intensification of trade and settlement restructuring in the late Holocene.
Review
Authors: Horsfall Nicky
Published: November 2014

Towards a Prehistory of the Hamersley Plateau, Northwest Australia. By Steve Brown. Department of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, Occasional Papers in Prehistory No. 6, 1987. ISBN 0‐7315‐0109‐8. Pp. vi + 65. Price unknown.
Review
Authors: Irwin Geoffrey
Published: November 2014

Feathered Gods and Fishhooks: an introduction to Hawaiian archaeology and prehistory. By Patrick V. Kirch. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 1985. ISBN 0 8248 0981 5. Pp. x + 349. $US26.00.
The influence of economic behaviour and environment upon robusticity of the post‐cranial skeleton: a comparison of Australian Aborigines and other populations
Authors: Collier Stephen
Published: November 2014

The robusticity of the post cranial skeleton of Murray Valley Aborigines is compared to that of five other populations. This is done to clarify disagreements in the literature on the skeletal robusticity of Aborigines relative to other groups, particularly European Australians. It is concluded that rather than being more robust, the Aboriginal sample is far more gracile than the comparative samples. Economic behaviour, genetic effects and climate are examined as factors that affect skeletal robusticity. It is concluded that while all these factors have an effect, economic behaviour is important in determining robusticity differences between populations. The Murray Valley lifestyle evidently imposed comparatively little muscular and skeletal stress upon the Aboriginal population.
Review
Authors: Haskovec Ivan P.
Published: November 2014

The Rock Paintings of Arnhem Land, Australia. Social, Ecological and Material Culture Change in the Post‐Glacial Period. By Darell Lewis. BAR International Series 415, 1988 ISBN 0‐86054‐532‐6. Pp. xii+425. Price £UK26.00.
Review
Authors: Ballard Chris
Published: November 2014

The evolution of Papua New Guinea Highland societies. By D.K. Feil. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987. ISBN 0‐521‐33423‐3. Pp. xii + 313. Price $A59.50.
An Ancestral Polynesian occupation site at To'aga, Ofu Island, American Samoa
Authors: Kirch Patrick V. , Hunt Terry L. , Nagaoka Lisa , Tyler Jason
Published: November 2014

Excavations in a deeply stratified coastal site at To'aga, Ofu Island, in the Manu'a group of American Samoa, yielded evidence of human occupation spanning the entire Samoan cultural sequence. The earliest deposits, dated to 3700–3300 BP, may represent a Lapita Period occupation, although the present sample is very limited. An Ancestral Polynesian phase, dated from 2500–1900 BP, is well attested, with abundant Polynesian Plainware ceramics, simple one‐piece fishhooks, and other artifacts and associated faunal materials. Aceramic deposits, dated after 1900 BP, are also present. A model for the geomorphological evolution of the site, incorporating sea level change and the effects of human impact on the landscape, is presented.
Review
Authors: Terrell John
Published: November 2014

Man on the Rim: the peopling of the Pacific. By Alan Thorne and Robert Raymond. Angus and Robertson Publisher, with ABC Enterprises. North Ryde, NSW, 1989. ISBN 0‐207‐16246‐8. Pp.288. $39.95.
A broken Juin knife from Yandan Creek: some implications
Authors: Knight James
Published: November 2014

A Juin knife was reworked and discarded at Yandan Creek. The reworking sequence is reconstructed and described. A review of information concerning Juin knives suggests that their function within Aboriginal society was social or ritual rather than economic. It is suggested that the stoneworker at Yandan either lacked skill in the technique of backing or intentionally destroyed the knife, probably the latter.
A functional analysis of Pleistocene bone tools from two sites in Southwest Tasmania
Authors: Webb C. , Allen J.
Published: November 2014

Bone artefacts from two Pleistocene sites in southern Tasmania were examined microscopically for traces of use and/or manufacture, and a range of functions was ascribed. Through the careful examination of the bone assemblages from both sites several new categories of ‘non‐formal’ tools were recognised, with four 'types' described according to morphological characteristics. It was found that the ascribed functions were in general agreement with these types.
Yiwarlarlay 1: archaeological excavations at the Lightning Brothers site, Delamere station, Northern Territory
Authors: David Bruno , McNiven Ian , Flood Josephine , Frost Robin
Published: November 2014

Recent archaeological excavations at Yiwarlarlay, the Lightning Brothers site (Northern Territory), shows that the large, paired striped figures which today decorate the rock wall were originally painted late last century. Other similar paintings found throughout what is today Wardaman country likewise appear to be of recent antiquity. We report these findings, with preliminary discussion of their implications and prospects for future research.
Review
Authors: Wright Richard
Published: November 2014

Ngarradj Warde Djobkeng: White Cockatoo Dreaming and the prehistory of Kakadu. By Harry Allen and Gerry Barton. Oceania Monograph 37, n.d. (1989). ISBN 0‐86758‐404‐1. Pp. 150. $A23.00
Review
Authors: Bulbeck David
Published: November 2014

The Archaeology of Mainland Southeast Asia. By Charles Higham. Cambridge University Press, Melbourne, 1989. ISBN 0521 275253 (paper). Pp. xvi + 387. $A29.95.
Review
Authors: Craib John
Published: November 2014

Prehistoric Architecture in Micronesia. By William N. Morgan. University of Texas Press, Austin, 1988. ISBN 0‐292‐76506‐1 Pp. xvi + 166. Price $US49,50.
Fern Cave, rock art and social formations: rock art regionalisation and demographic models in southeastern Cape York Peninsula
Authors: David Bruno
Published: November 2014

In this paper, evidence is presented to show that there have been significant changes in the distribution of rock art types in northeastern Australia during the mid‐ to late‐Holocene. The observations are made that 1) the more recent art can be divided geographically into two distinct groups, corresponding to two relatively disparate, ethnographically documented trading networks, located to the north and southwest of the Walsh River, and 2) within each of these regions rock paintings are formally extremely regionalised. The earlier art, on the other hand, shows a very different, more homogeneous spatial distribution. The antiquity of these art forms is first established, followed by a brief discussion of the ethnographic literature for clues as to the relationship between material behaviour and social formations during ethnohistoric times. It is concluded that the changes observed in the rock art from the region reflect relatively recent changes in patterns of interaction, including a regionalisation of social formations after 2500 years ago. These changes may express alterations of strategies related to systems of dispute management, which may be directly related to growing populations. The paper concludes with a brief examination of some of the implications of these observations.
Alterations of in vivo elemental dietary signatures in archaeological bone: evidence from the Roonka Flat Dune, South Australia
Authors: Pate F. Donald , Hutton John T. , Gould Richard A. , Pretty Graeme L.
Published: November 2014

Thermogravimetric and multi‐element analyses of archaeological human rib and modem mammal controls from the lower Murray River region of South Australia indicate that magnesium, strontium, and barium concentrations in the archaeological bone have been altered significantly by post‐mortem chemical reactions in the burial environment. Ionic exchanges between soil solution and buried bone resulted in lower bone magnesium concentrations and higher bone strontium and barium concentrations. Much of the remaining magnesium is associated with diagenetic calcite. Although the archaeological bone exhibits increased hydroxyapatite crystal size, the strontium and barium increases are not correlated with crystal growth. The complex interactions of these post‐depositional chemical processes will complicate attempts to reconstruct in vivo elemental values from archaeological bone.
The disparity between radiocarbon and volcanic glass dates: new evidence from the island of Lāna'i, Hawai'i
Authors: Graves Michael W. , Ladefoged Thegn N.
Published: November 2014

Two dating methods, radiocarbon and volcanic glass, are widely employed in Hawaiian archaeology. The dates produced are used inferentially and as data, especially for testing paleodemographic hypotheses. Recent work on the island of Lāna'i has demonstrated a marked temporal incongruence between the radiocarbon and volcanic glass dates from within archaeological deposits and features. Further analyses suggest that the volcanic glass dates may be in error and that the method may be generally unreliable for Hawaiian sources. Because most of the data pertaining to inferences about prehistoric population decline in Hawai'i are derived from volcanic glass dating, these conclusions must be treated cautiously.
Review
Authors: Colley Sarah
Published: November 2014

The riches of ancient Australia. A journey into prehistory. By Josephine Hood. University of Queensland Press, 1990. ISBN 0 7022 2259 3. Pp. xvii + 364. $32.95 (paper).
Review
Authors: Rosenfeld Andrée
Published: November 2014

Well beaten paths: Aborigines of the Herbert–Burdekin district, north Queensland. An ethnographic and archaeological study. By Helen Brayshaw. Studies in North Queensland History, 10. Department of History, James Cook University of North Queensland, 1990. ISBN 0 86443 322 0. Pp. xiv + 336. $27.50 (posted).
Nara Inlet 1: coastal resource use and the Holocene marine transgression in the Whitsunday Islands, central Queensland
Authors: Barker Bryce C.
Published: November 2014

An excavation of a large rockshelter in Nara Inlet, Hook Island, on the central Queensland coast has revealed archaeological evidence for early Holocene marine resource use dating from before 8150 BP. It is argued here that the site demonstrates continuous use of marine resources from the time of its initial occupation, at the start of the Holocene. Along with other recent evidence (Allen et al. 1989, O'Connor 1989, Morse 1988) this site represents clear evidence of a continuous marine sequence spanning the Holocene. The continued use of marine resources including mangrove species throughout the Holocene argues against a time lag in the occupation of coastal sites and questions the effects of marine transgression on human populations and marine resources. Major changes in the archaeological record at Nara Inlet 1 do not coincide with the major environmental changes documented for the Holocene period in this area and it is considered that social explanations for change may offer a more fruitful interpretation.
Obsidian sources at Mopir, West New Britain Province, Papua New Guinea
Authors: Fullagar Richard , Summerhayes Glenn , Ivuyo Baiva , Specht Jim
Published: November 2014

On the island of New Britain obsidian has been found at Talasea, Mopir, Witori and Rabaul. Research has focussed on Talasea but recent fieldwork shows that, in terms of abundance of flaking quality, obsidian exposures at Mopir rank as equal to any in the Talasea area. As forecast by Specht and Hollis (1982:426), current views on obsidian exploitation and exchange can now be refined.
Site survey of southwest Manus: a preliminary report
Authors: Kennedy Jean , Wadra François , Akon Urgei , Busasa Roselyne , Papah Josephine , Piamnok Mathew
Published: November 2014

Bulldozer disturbance during logging in southwest Manus has revealed a high density of prehistoric settlement sites on hilltops in the hinterland, where archaeological evidence is scanty on undisturbed surfaces. There is no evidence of such a settlement pattern in the area in the recent past Collections salvaged include obsidian nodules, debitage and many finely retouched points of different forms. Although there is a little‐known source of obsidian in the area, at Mt Hahie, the provenance of the obsidian we collected remains to be established. Both Hahie and Lou sources may be represented. The sherds collected vary in decoration and fabric. The sites are undated, but the collections suggest that most are prehistoric, and many may represent repeated occupations.
The reliability of flaked tool function studies in New Zealand archaeology
Authors: Fredericksen C.F.K. , Sewell B.
Published: November 2014

We report the results of a blind test of flaked tool function. Thirty freshly knapped obsidian flakes were used in a range of tasks. Tool function was identified employing a low power (< 40x) microscope and commonly used edge variables. We show that flakes used on pliable materials such as flax could not be identified as tools, whereas ca. 50% of those used in woodworking and all those used in boneworking were so recognised. However, most boneworking tools were wrongly assigned to woodworking and half of the woodworking implements were assigned a wrong function. Our results suggest an unacceptably high level of error in analyses of New Zealand flaked tool function.
A Colocasian revolution in the New Guinea Highlands? Insights from Phase 4 at Kuk
Authors: Bayliss‐Smith Tim , Golson Jack
Published: November 2014

Archaeological evidence of ditches and field systems is described for Phase 4 (second millenium bp) at Kuk swamp, upper Wahgi valley, Papua New Guinea. In Phase 4 control of the water table was achieved by grid patterns of field drains which articulated with larger disposal channels. We provide an interpretation of the reconstructed agricultural system using ethnographic data from the upper Kaugel valley, and using also experimental data from Baisu Corrective Institution and Kuk Agricultural Research Station. We conclude that Phase 4 was concerned with the production of taro (Colocasia esculenta), and involved brief episodes of cropping followed by swamp fallow designed to eliminate infestation of drained soils by taro beetles (Papuana spp.). We outline a model for the Kuk economy at 1200 bp, and predict populations for Kuk using alternative scenarios for wetland dependence and the absence or importance of pigs. The wetland component was clearly labour intensive and had the potential to support high population densities. The evidence supports the idea that a localised Colocasian Revolution long predated the recent and more widespread Ipomoean Revolution.
Review
Authors: Sullivan Sharon
Published: November 2014

A field guide to Aboriginal rock engravings with special reference to those around Sydney.; By Peter Stanbury and John Clegg with poems by David Campbell. Sydney University Press, 1990. ISBN 0 4200147 0. Pp. xii +160. $19.95.
Mt. Gilruth revisited
Authors: Haskovec Ivan P.
Published: November 2014

Following some difficulties identifying the 'Large Naturalistic Figures' style paintings of Chaloupka's (1979) chronological model, I travelled to Mt. Gilruth‐Djarwanmbi to the two original sites of Chaloupka's chronological model of Amhem Land plateau rock art, to reassess the definition of Chaloupka's Large Naturalistic style. At neither of the two 'key sites of the sequence' (Chaloupka 1977) could I find the later 'Dynamic Figures' style overlaying the Large Naturalistic style, despite Chaloupka's assertion. A review of Chaloupka's published and unpublished reports suggests that no such evidence exists.

My own research at other sites and other data shows that Chaloupka's outline of the chronological sequence is not supported by the evidence at the two sites. I have re‐interpreted the sequence and outlined a hypothetical rock art sequence.
Review
Authors: Craig Barry
Published: November 2014

Museums and cultural centres in the Pacific. Edited by S. Eoe and P. Swadling. PNG National Museum, Port Moresby, 1991. ISBN 9980 85 021 3. Pp. 295. PNG Kina 18 (approx. Aus. $24; US $20).
Developmental processes and evolutionary diversity: some factors underlying form in primates
Authors: Oxnard Charles
Published: November 2014

Developmental biologists have shown, through experimental studies of embryos of a few species (especially the chick), that a small number of basic mechanisms underly the structural pattern of higher vertebrate limbs. Evolutionary biologists have shown, through morphometric studies of adults of many species (many mammals especially primates), that a small number of underlying factors are descriptive of the differences between the myriad of adult forms that exist through the process of evolution. In both areas very recent embryological experiments and morphometric observations point to the existence of yet further mechanisms and factors respectively. It is possible (a) that findings of the one type provide information predictive for the other and vice versa, and (b) that, as a result, a new conjunction is appearing between ontogenetic studies of changes in individuals within single species and phylogenetic investigations of differences between adults of many species within a family, an order, or even a class.
Studies of craniofacial development and evolution
Authors: O'Higgins P. , Dryden I.L.
Published: November 2014

In this paper we review the basic mechanisms underlying the post‐natal growth of the cranium and consider two recent advances in methodology which offer the prospect of improving our ability to study growth changes in the skull. Recent advances in techniques for the study of craniofacial remodelling are combined with a numerical approach to the study of shape changes, the thin plate spline, in order to examine the correspondence between the spatial distribution of resorbing fields and bone displacements in the sooty mangabey, Cercocebus atys.

Our results indicate that in ontogeny, as in phylogeny, changing patterns of bone displacements are first accommodated by changing rates of cortical remodelling in old world monkeys. Only later, when displacements are more extreme do remodelling fields transform from depository to resorptive. This study demonstrates that transformation grids may be usefully combined with scanning electron microscopy of cortical surfaces in studies of craniofacial development.
Functional, morphogenetic and phylogenetic significance of conjunction between cardioid foramen magnum and enlarged occipital and marginal venous sinuses
Authors: Tobias Phillip V. , Symons Joel A.
Published: November 2014

A quarter of a century ago the study of Australopithecus boisei, a hyper‐robust ape‐man first found at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania (Tobias, 1967), revealed that in A. boisei and A. robustus the drainage of the intracranial venous sinuses had occurred predominantly by means of enlarged occipital and marginal venous sinuses, instead of, or as a supplement to, the customary hominoid pattern of drainage by way of the transverse and sigmoid sinuses. Later the Hadar hominids (usually assigned to A. afarensis) were found to show similar selective drainage through enlarged occipital and marginal sinuses. The same 1967 study led to the discovery of a hitherto unrecorded pattern of the foramen magnum which was broad, truncated, almost heart‐shaped or cardioid and which occurred in some of the early hominids (A. boisei, probably A. robustus). In a new study on Hadar casts, the senior author has concluded that, in these Ethiopian hominids as well, the shape of the foramen magnum was most probably cardioid.

Thus, in A. boisei and probably in A. robustus and Hadar, we have the remarkable association of enlarged occipital and marginal sinuses and of cardioid foramina magna. This conjunction we propose is not fortuitous, but results from a functional and morphogenetic correlation between the two sets of traits. A careful study of the contents of the foramen magnum leads us to infer that the occurrence of enlarged occipital and marginal sinuses drastically modified the pattern of drainage of the blood around the foramen magnum, with consequential changes in the shape of the foramen, especially of its anterior and posterolateral margins. The occurrence of this uniquely different, shared‐derived (synapomorphic) character complex in these three groups of early hominids provides further evidence that they had seemingly become specialised away from the lineage leading to later hominids of the genus Homo.
The ownership of culture: reconciling our common and separate heritages
Authors: Stone Jonathan
Published: November 2014

Physical anthropology is a young branch of science, but of enormous interest and achievement. With other aspects of anthropology, however, it has become the focus of criticism voiced by those whose history and traditions are the objects of its study. A resolution of this tension requires an understanding both of the scientific tradition criticised, and the social traditions which are the source of criticism. Ideas are canvassed which suggest that this conflict is a contemporary instance of a long tension between science – unpredictable, uncaring yet powerful – and the hopes which give rise to our great social visions and traditions. In particular it is argued that the criticism of anthropology is an extension of the contemporary advocacy of human rights. It is suggested that the resolution of the conflict may also emerge from the concept of human rights, in particular from the idea of a common human family, inherent in that concept.
The lithification of a sandy environment
Authors: Webb Cathie
Published: November 2014

Kinchega National Park is located in semi‐arid western New South Wales and like much of this sand plain country contains no local stone sources. Lithic material for tool production required transportation for a minimum distance of 40 kilometres. A recent survey of the surface archaeology has shown that many large pebbles and cobbles occur across the landscape. These are mainly of silcrete and quartzite which are also the most common raw materials represented in the flake industry. I argue that these cobbles were imported to serve as multi‐function utilities, being used variously as ‘portable quarries’ for obtaining stone for knapping purposes, as grindstones for seed or ochre and also as anvils for breaking materials including, presumably, other stone. Possible strategies for the importation and distribution of the cobbles over the landscape are discussed. While they occur as surface material and cannot be confidently dated, it is considered most likely that their importation began during the late Pleistocene.
Raw material proximity and bevel‐edged tool use, Teewah Beach, Southeast Queensland
Authors: McNiven Ian J.
Published: November 2014

This paper examines the relationship between raw material proximity and changes in stone artefact reduction and stone tool maintenance using a case study from coastal SE Queensland. It is argued that a drop‐off in the relative use of raw materials with increasing distance from source locations paralleled increases in the relative importance of tool maintenance over tool manufacturing activities. The implications of these results for future studies are discussed briefly in terms of the isolation of technological thresholds and the scheduling of stone tool use.
Sugarcane in Prehistory
Authors: Daniels John , Daniels Christian
Published: November 2014

We suggest that sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) was a major food for pigs (Sus scrofa) in the New Guinea Highlands prior to the introduction of the sweet potato (Ipomea batatas) about 250 years ago. Taro (Colocasia esculenta) has been favoured in the literature, but pigs do not like raw taro and will only eat most varieties when cooked. Pigs consume sugarcane avidly and it provides a high calorie diet combined with suitable fibre roughage. Evidence is provided to show that large fields of sugarcane were grown in monoculture in the highlands at the time of European contact. Humans consumed sugarcane as a major food in some areas in the early 20th century. S. officinarum is usually recorded as having evolved in New Guinea and Indonesia east of the Wallace line, from the wild cane Saccharum robustum Brandes & Jeswiet ex Grassl. An alternate theory that S. officinarum was derived from the Chinese sugarcane, Saccharum sinense, transported east of the Huxley line by Austronesian speakers is mentioned as a serious possibility. Both hypotheses are compatible with sugarcane being available for human and pig food from about 6000 years ago.
Excavations at Mackintosh 90/1 in western Tasmania: a discussion of stratigraphy, chronology and site formation
Authors: Stern Nicola , Marshall Brendan
Published: November 2014

Mackintosh 90/1 is a limestone cave situated on the edge of Lake Mackintosh in western Tasmania. It contains a moderate density of archaeological debris in a narrow band of organic rich sandy silts that accumulated over a 2,000 year time span immediately following the last glacial maximum. It thus provides a rare opportunity to investigate the composition and structure of a palimpsest of material debris with very fine temporal resolution. Preliminary analyses indicate that both marsupial carnivores and humans contributed to the faunal remains that accumulated at this site and that Bennett's wallaby and wombat are the only two items of human prey included in the assemblage. Preliminary analyses also indicate that the artefact assemblage recovered from Mackintosh 90/1 is broadly similar to those recovered from Pleistocene sites in south‐west Tasmania, in terms of the raw materials being worked and the type of flaking debris being discarded.
New archaeological research at Yombon, West New Britain, Papua New Guinea
Authors: Pavlides Christina
Published: November 2014

Excavations and surface collections at Yombon (formerly Yambon) in February 1991 produced flaked chert and obsidian artefacts numbering around 3150. Several radiocarbon dates and new stratigraphic evidence spanning some 6000 years are reported here. Of especial significance are two bifacially flaked chert artefacts found in a context dated to more than 3700 years.
Review
Authors: Thorne Alan G.
Published: November 2014

The prehistoric exploration and colonisation of the Pacific. By Geoffrey Irwin. Cambridge University Press, 1992. ISBN 0 521 40731 5. Pp. vii + 240. $A49.95.
Review
Authors: Holdaway Simon
Published: November 2014

Islands in the Interior. The Dynamics of Prehistoric Adaptations within the Arid Zone of Australia. By Peter M. Veth. International Monographs in Prehistory, Archaeological Series 3, Ann Arbor, Michigan. ISBN 1‐879621‐06‐1 (paper), 1‐879621‐07‐X (cloth). Pp. vii+144. $US28 (cloth), $US17.50 (paper).
The relativity of density
Authors: Torrence Robin , Victor Katherine L.
Published: November 2014

In an attempt to overcome biases resulting from small sample size, we examine the potential of relative density, which Ambrose (n.d.; 1994) and Green (1987) have proposed is a non‐destructive, inexpensive, and easy technique for characterising the chemical composition of obsidian from the different sources in Melanesia. Our results demonstrate considerable overlap in relative density for the chemical subgroups in West New Britain, but also show that reasonable discrimination between obsidian samples from the West New Britain and Lou Island regional groups can be obtained. Weathered surfaces and inclusions are found to have inconsequential effects. It is argued that when used within its limitations, relative density could have an important role in future studies of prehistoric obsidian procurement and exchange.
Kosrae's place in Pacific prehistory
Authors: Rainbird Paul
Published: November 2014

Recently published research from Kosrae, the easternmost of the Caroline Islands, has identified a number of ‘firsts’ in the prehistoric record. These include: the first recovery of prehistoric pottery on Kosrae; possibly the first identification of prehistoric taro and breadfruit pollen in Remote Oceania; and the first identification of breadfruit from prehistoric charcoal. These and a number of other significant findings are discussed in relation to interpreting this data in its local and regional contexts. Issues discussed relate to the cause of island landscape transformations and to the possible processes of island colonisation.
Review
Authors: Ballard Chris
Published: November 2014

Ecologie d'un outil: la hache de pierre en Irian Jaya (Indonésie). By Pierre Pétrequin and Anne‐Marie Pétrequin, with the collaboration of Josette Coras, Hélène Dartevelle, Alain Maitre and Michel Rossy. CNRS Editions, Paris, 1993. ISBN 2‐271‐05120‐7. Pp.439. FF330 (approx. $90).
Palaeoenvironmental changes in the eastern highlands of Papua New Guinea
Authors: Haberle Simon
Published: November 2014

A 4500 year old record of vegetation disturbance and sediment mobilisation is presented for the Arona Valley and Noreikora basin in the eastern highlands' of Papua New Guinea. Three distinct episodes of landscape change in the Arona Valley and Noreikora basin can be interpreted from the palaeoecological records: (1) by 4500 BP erosion of catchment sediments, possibly due to vegetation disturbance by human activity, led to the formation and extension of swamplands in valley bottoms; (2) after 4500 BP the newly expanded wetland environments were exploited for resources, such as Pandanus and wood, with their eventual clearance and establishment of extensive grasslands by 1350 BP; and (3) an adaptation to this treeless environment appears in the form of Casuarina arboriculture by 600 BP and a further intensification of agricultural activity occurs after 230 BP. Comparison of palaeoecological records from the eastern highlands with sites further to the west show similar changes over the last 4500 years that have been related to widespread developments in agricultural techniques and to the introduction of new crops in the highlands. The role of climate change during this period is also considered here.
Function and development in the East New Guinea Highlands
Authors: Cole J. David
Published: November 2014

Abstract

This paper reviews the author's 1966–1967 fieldwork and re‐interprets conclusions published by Watson and Cole in 1977. In this study I add an analysis of tool and site function to Watson's typological classification. This approach suggests that the Mamu phase is the product of outsiders who exploited the Tairora valley with hunting – and possibly gathering and trading — forays from base settlements to the north or west. The project area was not permanently inhabited until the end of Mamu times at approximately 3500 BP. At that time settlers from the west or north advanced their frontiers into the Tairora valley and became permanent residents. This interpretation is supported by other archaeological and palaeoenvironmental data from the Eastern Highlands.
Review
Authors: Campbell Matthew
Published: November 2014

The Wet and the Dry; Irrigation and Agricultural Intensification in Polynesia By Patrick Vinton Kirch. University of Chicago Press, 1995. ISBN 0 226 43749 3. Pp. 416. $US57.50.
Review
Authors: Davidson Iain
Published: November 2014

Bruising the red earth. Ochre mining and ritual in Aboriginal Tasmania. Edited by A. Sagona. Melbourne University Press, Carlton, Victoria. 1994. ISBN 0 522 84602 5. pp. xviii + 194. $39.95 (paper)
Review
Authors: Fullagar Richard
Published: November 2014

Quinkan Prehistory. The Archaeology of Aboriginal Art in S.E. Cape York Peninsula, Australia. Edited by M.J. Morwood and D.R. Hobbs Tempus, Volume 3. Anthropology Museum, University of Queensland, St Lucia, 1995. ISBN 909611 43 2. pp vi + 208. $35.50
Review
Authors: Frankel David
Published: November 2014

Aboriginal Environmental Impacts. By James Kohen. University of New South Wales Press, Sydney, 1995. ISBN 0 86840 301 6. Pp. ix+160. $A24.95 (paper).