bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of Heliothis Spp. Larvae on Cotton with Pyrethroids and Ovicides, 1984
Authors: Gary Debra , Lorenz Gus , Luttrell R. G.
Published: March 2022

A full season study was conducted at the Plant Science Research Farm of the Mississippi Agriculture and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State, MS and the Delta Branch Experiment Station, Stoneville, MS. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Plots were 4 rows (38-inch rows) by 50 ft with 2 buffer rows between plots at the Plant Sci. Res. Farm and 4 buffer rows at the Delta Branch Experiment Station. Insecticides were applied at the Plant Sci. Res. Farm with a boom-type sprayer calibrated to deliver 6.1 gal/acre total volume at 30 psi through two TX-4 nozzles per row. Treatments were applied on 26 Jul, 2, 14 and 20 Aug. All plots were oversprayed for boll weevil control with Guthion 2L (0.25 lb (AI)/acre) on 31 Aug, 12, 20, 28 Sep and 3 Oct. Plots were evaluated on 1, 16 and 24 Aug by making 5-ft whole plant counts in each plot. Yield data were collected by mechanically harvesting the center 2 rows of each plot on 21 Nov. Plots were sprayed at the Delta Branch on 19 Jul and 17 Aug. Heliothis spp. pressure was low throughout the season. However, plant bugs and spider mites were heavy throughout the season.Whole plant counts were made 24 Jul in each plot. Insect populations and plant damage were monitored on 20 Aug by examining 25 terminals and 25 squares per plot. Yield data were collected by mechanically harvesting one of the center rows on 5 Oct.
Chemical Control of Heliothis Spp. Larave in Cotton, 1985
Authors: Graham L. C. , Gaylor M. J.
Published: March 2022

A field evaluation of insecticides for Heliothis spp. control on cotton was conducted at the Plant Breeding Unit of Auburn University, Tallassee, AL. Cotton was planted 23 Apr in 40-inch rows. Six treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were nine rows × 75 ft with 25-ft alleys between blocks. Insecticides were applied with a high-clearance sprayer at a rate of 9.3 gal spray/acre (3.4 mph, 50 psi, 2 Teejet™ TX6 nozzles/row). Foliar applications were made for Heliothis spp. control on 2, 6, 19, and 23 Aug. Plots were sprayed with Guthion as needed for weevil control. Terminal damage and numbers oflarvae were estimated by examining 25 randomly selected plant terminals from the middle 3 rows of each plot on 5, 9, 22 and 27 Aug. Yield data were taken by mechanically picking 2 of the 3 middle rows of each plot.
Control of Cotton Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm in Cotton with Microbial Insecticides, 1984
Authors: Lorenz Gus , Gary Debra , Luttrell R. G.
Published: March 2022

A full season study was conducted at the Plant Sci. Res. Farm of the Mississippi Agriculture and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State, MS. Plots were planted to ‘Stoneville 825’ on 7 Jun. All treatments were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Each plot was 4 rows (38-inch rows) by 50 ft with 2 buffer rows between plots. Insecticides were applied with a boom-type sprayer calibrated to deliver 6.1 gal/acre total volume at 30 psi through two TX-4 nozzles per row. Treatments were initiated 2 Aug but were discontinued due to rain 4 Aug and were not started again until 14 Aug at which time they were applied at the intervals shown in the data table until 20 Aug. All plots were sprayed for boll weevil suppression on 30 Aug, 12, 20, and 28 Sep and 3 Oct with Guthion 2L (0.25 lb (AI)/acre). Insect populations and plant damage were monitored on 1, 16, and 24 Aug by making 5-ft whole plant counts in each plot. Yield data were taken 21 Nov by mechanically harvesting the center 2 rows of each plot.
Weekly Spray Schedule Starting Date Study, 1985
Authors: Luttrell R. G. , Bell M. , Reed J.
Published: March 2022

A randomized complete block study with 5 replicates was conducted at 2 locations: the Delta Branch Experiment Station, Stoneville, MS, and the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS. Plots were 4 rows (38-inch) centers by 50 ft with 2 untreated rows between plots. Applications were by spray tractor with 2 Teejet, TX4 nozzles per row, calibrated for a total volume of 6.5 gal/acre. Thrips were sampled on 24 and 29 May (Delta Location), and 7 Jun (MSU location) by shaking plants over a cigar box. Other data were collected by whole plant search of all plants in 5 row ft in 1 of the center 2 rows of each plot. Maintenance plots received treatments on an “as needed” basis per plot. Treatments were Cymbush 3E at 0.06 lb (AI)/acre and differed in application starting date and no. of applications. Except where noted, all previously applied treatments were repeated on each subsequent treatment date. Yield data were obtained by mechanical harvesting of center rows (1 row, Delta location, 19 Sep; 2 rows, MSU location, 17 Oct).
Evaluation of Multiple Early-Season Applications of Selected Insecticides on Cotton, 1985
Authors: Treacy M. F. , Benedict J. H. , Schmidt K. M. , Hopkins S. W. , Davidson T.
Published: March 2022

A large plot field study was conducted on a commercial farm near Tivoli, TX. Six treatments and an untreated were compared in 32-row by 1500-ft plots of cotton planted 7 Apr on 38 inch rows. Treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied beginning at the third-true-leaf stage on 10, 27 May, 3 and 7 Jun (Fundal at 0.25 lb (AI)/acre was applied only on 10 and 27 May). No applications were made during the interval 11 to 26 May because of heavy rainfall. All applications were made with a high-clearance John Deere spray machine calibrated to deliver 5.0 gal total spray/acre through 6X hollow-cone nozzles at 35 psi. Efficacy of the insecticides was evaluated by inspecting: (1) the terminals of 30 randomly chosen plants in each plot for the presence of fleahoppers and (2) the terminal leaves (third leaf from the apex) of 30 randomly chosen plants in each plot for the presence of aphids. Seed cotton was hand-harvested twice from designated 6.8-ft sections of row in each plot for yield analysis.
Evaluation of Selected Insecticides for Control of Early Season Insect Pests on Cotton, 1985
Authors: Treacy M. F. , Benedict J. H. , Boykin R. , Fleetwood S. C , Kennedy J. M.
Published: March 2022

A small plot field study was conducted at the Texas A&M Research and Extension Center. Four treatments and an untreated were compared in 4-row by 50-ft plots of cotton planted 28 Mar on 38 inch rows. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied beginning at the pinhead square stage on 9, 16, 23 and 29 May. Applications were made with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 4 gal total spray/acre through 3X hollow-cone nozzles at 40 psi. Efficacy of the insecticides was evaluated by inspecting: (1) the terminal-of 20 randomly chosen plants in each plot for the presence of fleahopper nymphs and (2) the terminal leaves (third leaf from the apex) of 20 randomly chosen plants in each plot for the presence of aphids. Seed cotton was hand-harvested twice from a 6.8-ft section of row in each plot for yield analysis.
Grasshopper Control in Non-Crop Vegetation, 1985
Authors: Foster David E. , Wintersteen Wendy K.
Published: March 2022

Three insecticides commonly used to control grasshoppers in non-crop ireas were evaluated at the Northwest Iowa Research Center, 1 mile northeast of Sutherland, O‘Brien Co., IA. Plots were established on non-crop and dominated by timothy Phleum pratense L. and clipped to a height of 6-8 inches. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. Plots measured 80 × 100 ft. Treatments were applied on 2 Aug using CO2 pressurized 10 ft boom sprayer equipped with Tee Jet 804 LP flat fan nozzles on 20-inch centers, and mounted on a Honda 110 ATV. Finished spray for all treatments was applied at 10 -;al/acre under a pressure of 13 psi. Weather conditions at the time of application were clear with temperatures ranging from 58°-83°F, RH of 18%, and an intermittent breeze from the southwest at 0-6 mph. Rainfall by dates during the test period were: 8 Aug–0.33, 12 Aug–1.82, and 13 Aug–0.27 inches. Grasshopper numbers were sampled by making 180° horizontal sweeps using a standard sweep net with a 15-inch hoop. Twenty sweeps were taken from along the longitudinal axis near the center of each plot.
Control of Soybean Loopers on Soybeans in Alabama, 1985
Authors: Spurgeon D. W. , Mark T. P. , Backman C. B.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted on soybeans planted at the Plant Breeding Unit of Auburn University, Tallassee, AL. Eleven treatments and an untreated were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot was 4 rows wide (40-inch row spacing) and 40 ft long. Plots were separated by a 2-row mowed alley, and replicates were separated by a 10-ft mowed alley. Treatments were applied on 4 Sep, at soybean growth stage R5, with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer equipped with 3 TX-3 hollow cone nozzles per row. The sprayer was operated at 40 psi, delivering 8.9 gal/acre. Insect populations were sampled by placing a standard 3-ft beat sheet between the rows and beating the plants of both rows. Soybean looper larvae were counted and recorded as small (<0.2 inch) medium (0.2 to 0.5 inch), and large (>.5 inch). Three samples from the middle 2 rows of each plot were taken at 1 day pretreatment and 2, 5, and 12 days posttreatment.
Apple Insect Control, Yakima, Wa 1982
Authors: Howell J. F.
Published: March 2022

Sprays were applied to ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees using a handgun with a pump pressure of 500 psi. All trees were sprayed to run-off, or an equivalent of ca 400 gal/acre. Single-tree plots were arranged in randomized block design and replicated 5 times. There were 3 applications, 3 Jun, 1 Jul, and on 2 Aug. The trees were irrigated via a drip system. Codling moth and San Jose Scale control was determined by examining 50 fruit/tree at harvest. Leafhopper populations were estimated 5 Jul by counting adults migrating from a branch hit with a piece of garden hose.
Soil Systemics for Sunflower Insect Control, 1984
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Person Howard
Published: March 2022

Plots were planted the end of May near Breckenridge, MN. Excess populations were established and thinned to 20,000 plants per acre. Individual plot size was 3 rows × 35 ft. The treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. All soil insecticides were applied as laybys when plants were in the 2 to 4 true leaf stage. A set of samples (planting time treatment) were taken from an adjacent range for comparison and treated as if also randomly arranged. Stand counts at early bloom, weevil tunnels in 2 cross sections per stem, stem breakage and yield were collected. Soil moisture was much reduced during seed fill. The 1 lb rate of each insecticide is equal to 6 oz 15G per 1000 row ft.
Effect of Neem (Azadiractha indica a. Juss.) Seed Extract on Whitefly Oviposition, Maryland, 1985
Authors: Larew H. G. , Knodel J. J.
Published: March 2022

On April 22, 30 3-wk-old plants that had been grown in square pots (10 × 10 cm at top) in 50% Perlite™ 50% Promix BX were chosen randomly for testing. Fifteen plants were each sprayed to runoff with 30 ml of water, 0.2% or 0.4% neem seed extract. The other fifteen were each drenched to drain-through with 150 ml of water, 0.2% or 0.4% neem seed extract. There were 5 plants per treatment. The neem solutions were prepared by diluting neem seed extract concentrate (sample A13-42845 (AN 4:57); Insect Chemical Ecology Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705) on a weight/volume basis with water to the desired percent concentration.
White Grub Control in Turf With Insecticides, 1984
Authors: Stone Jay D.
Published: March 2022

White grub control trials were conducted in a city park located in the eastern part of El Paso, Texas. Temperature, rainfall, and irrigation were normal during the period of the test. Thatch depth in the common bermudagrass averaged ca. 0.64 cm. The soil was a calcareous Bluepoint sandy loam. Six replications of 15 treatments were established. The 2 by 2 m plots were randomly assigned to replications by larval population prior to treatment. Two adjacent sod samples 30.5 cm2 and 7.6 cm deep were taken from each plot at each sample period. All specimens were counted and recorded at the site. After irrigation, liquid insecticides were sprinkled in water (buffered to pH 7), and granules were applied from shakers. A garden hose was dragged across the plot area for initial incorporation, and 1.3 cm of water was applied with the sprinkler system. Treatments were applied Jul 27 and counts were made 14, 24, and 53 days posttreatment.
Spring Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course Rough in Cambria Co., Pa, 1985
Authors: Heller P. R. , Eisner E.
Published: March 2022

The rough consisted of annual bluegrass (30%) and Kentucky bluegrass (70%). Treatment plots were 6 × 9 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied in 0.5 gal of water with a hand held sprinkling can. Granular formulations were applied 1 May with a hand held shaker. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temp, 70°F; soil temp at 1-inch depth, 57°F; soil type, silt loam; soil pH, 5.0; % organic matter, 4.0; soil condition, moist; % soil moisture, 22.5; amt thatch, 0.5 inches; water pH, slightly acidic; % RH, 40; and clear sunny skies. A total of 5.1 inches of rain was recorded over the post treatment period. Immediately after treatment, each replicate was individually watered-in with 0.25 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 28 days later (29 May). Four ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate and the total number of surviving Japanese beetle grubs were recorded for each ft2 sample. An average of 13 Japanese beetle grubs per ft2 was recorded 1 May before treatment.
Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course in Mifflintown, Pa, 1985
Authors: Heller P. R. , Eisner E.
Published: March 2022

Twenty insecticide treatments were applied 20 Aug for control of Japanese beetle grubs. The golf course turf consisted of primarily annual bluegrass (80%) and crabgrass (20%). Treatment plots were 6 × 9 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 sprayer with four 8504 Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 35 psi with a 4 gal/1,000 ft2 spray rate. Granular formulations were mixed with sand top-dressing to facilitate product distribution. Then they were applied with a hand held shaker. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temp, 85°; soil temp at 1-inch depth, 73°F; soil type, silt loam; soil pH, 5.8; % organic matter, 3.9; soil condition, dry; % soil moisture, 13.4; amt thatch, 0.25-1.0 inches; water pH, slightly acidic; % RH, 70; and clear sunny skies. A total of 2.7 inches of rain was recorded over the posttreatment period. Immediately after treatment, each replicate was individually watered-in with 0.25 inch of water. Posttreatment counts were made 34 days later (23 Sep). Four ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs per ft2 was recorded 23 Sep. An average of 18.2 Japanese beetle grubs per ft2 was recorded 20 Aug before treatment.
Apple, Full Season Insecticide Test, 1985
Authors: Howitt Angus J. , Hays Alan R.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to a completely randomized block. Each treatment consisted of single trees replicated 4 times. Sprays were applied in 123 gal of finished spray per acre by a Bean orchard sprayer. Sprays were applied on 27 Apr at pink (P), 13 May at petal fall (PF), 28 May, 10 Jun, 24 Jun, 3 Jul, 16 Jul, 29 Jul, 12 Aug, 23 Aug, 5 Sep and 19 Sep. Evaluations were made by examining 100 apples per replication for injury and categorizing injuries by their respective pest. RAA evaluations were made using a 3-min sample search. A single mite count was made in midseason by collecting 50 leaves from each replication and brushing them in a mite brushing machine. Resulting plates were examined using a stereo binocular microscope recording numbers of ERM and predaceous mites on each plate.
Control of Glyphidocera Juniperella Adamski in Container-Grown Juniper, 1984
Authors: Mizell R. F. , Schiffhauer D. E.
Published: March 2022

Liquid insecticides were applied to runoff on 1 Nov 84 to juniper plants in 2-gal pots in a commercial nursery with a Solo hand-pumped compressed-air sprayer at 8.5 kg/cm2 pressure. Granular and bait formulations were applied to pots by hand from premeasured containers. Four replicates/treatment of 5 plants each were arranged in a CRD. Treatments were evaluated at 7, 18, or 25 days posttreatment depending on formulation or mode of action: liquids-7, baits and biologicals-18, and granulars-25 days. Separate controls were evaluated on each day treatments were evaluated.
Leafminer Control Using Margosan-O, a Neem (Azadirachta Indica) A. Juss) Seed Product on Marigolds, 1985
Authors: Knodel J. J. , Larew H. G.
Published: March 2022

A formulation of neem seed extract, Margosan-O (Vikwood Ltd., Sheboygan, WI) was evaluated for leafminer control on 3 cultivars of marigolds. Twenty plants of each marigold cultivar were planted on 4 Feb in 10-cm square plastic pots using a 50% Promix: 50% Perlite potting medium. Plants were grown for 6 wk. in a research greenhouse (Beltsville, MD), and then placed in a cage containing 75-100 adult leafminers for 29 h. Plants were removed from the cage, and each cultivar was sprayed (24 h after plants were removed from cage) with the following treatments: water, 0.062%, 0.125%, 0.25%, and 0.5% Margosan-O. Four plants were sprayed per treatment for each cultivar. Margosan-O contains 3000 ppm azadirachtin (one of the insecticidal components of neem), and was diluted with water (volume/volume) to obtain the treatment solutions. Treatments consisted of 50 ml solution per plant and were applied using a handheld sprayer. The number of first instar mines (≤ 2.5 cm in length) were counted 3 to 4 days later. When larvae matured (third instars), all leaves from plants were harvested, leaf area measured, and emerging prepupae vialed. The number of reared pupae and adults were counted.
Phytotoxicity Test on Container-Grown Woody Ornamentals, Florida, 1985
Authors: Mizell R. F.
Published: March 2022

Phytotoxicity of fenpropathrin 2.4EC was evaluated on 18 commonly grown woody ornamentals. Plants in 1-gal containers were held under 25% shade and pulse-sprinkler irrigation. Treatments were applied to runoff on 27 Jul ‘85 to all leaf surfaces using a Solo® hand-pumped compressed-air sprayer at 8.5 kg/cm2 on 20 Jul. Three rates of fenpropathrin—0.05, 0.10, 0.15 lb (AI)/100 gal and a water control were applied to 5 single-plant replicates/species in a completely random design. Evaluations were made at 1,3, and 6 wk posttreatment.
Fall Webworm Control on Shade Trees with Insect Growth Regulators (IGR), 1985
Authors: Weaver Joseph E.
Published: March 2022

Individual fall webworm nests and surrounding foliage were sprayed to point of runoff using a 2-gal compression sprayer. On each sample date, individual nests from each sreatment were cut from branches, placed in plastic bags and held under refrigeration until examined (usually within 24 h). Each nest was examined and percent larval mortality determined. Two trials were conducted at widely separated locations with treatments being applied on different dates. In Trial No. 1, 9 nests were sprayed per treatment on 12 Aug and 3 nests per treatment were collected on each sample date. The average amount of spray used to treat individual nests among the treatments ranged from 150 to 200 ml. Larvae at treatment were mostly 5th to 7th instars. No precipitation data were available for this trial. In Trial No. 2, 6 nests were sprayed per treatment on 18 Aug and 2 nests per treatment were collected per sample date.
Leafminer Control Using Margosan-O, a Neem (Azadirachta Indica a. Juss) Seed Product on Zinnias, 1985
Authors: Knodel J. J. , Larew H. G.
Published: March 2022

A formulation of neem seed extract, Margosan-O (Vikwood Ltd., Sheboygan, WI) was evaluated for leafminer control on 3 cultivars of zinnias. Twenty-four plants of each zinnia cultivar were planted on 4 Feb. in 10 cm square plastic pots using 50% Promix™ :50% Perlite™ potting medium. Plants were grown for 5.5 wk. in a research greenhouse (Beltsville, MD), and then placed in a cage containing 75-100 adult leafminers for 24 h. Plants were removed from the cage, and each cultivar was sprayed (24 h after plants were removed from cage) with the following treatments: water, 0.062%, 0.125%, 0.25% and 0.5% Margosan-O. Five plants were sprayed per treatment for each cultivar. Margosan-O contains 3000 ppm azadirachtin (one of the insecticidal components of neem), and was diluted with water (volume/volume) to obtain the treatment solutions. Treatments consisted of 40 ml solution per plant and were applied using a handheld sprayer.
Candidate Pesticide Formulations for Quarantine Use, 1984-1985
Authors: Morgan Neal O. , Witherell Peter C. , Wood W. Scott
Published: March 2022

Each year two series of bioassay tests were conducted by exposing laboratory-reared and field-collected insects to insecticidal formulations in transport trailers (ca. 32 m3 or 74 m3) at Baltimore, MD, and Miami, FL. Insect species included for one or more series of tests were susceptible (NAIDM) M. domestica, resistant (Gainesville multiple resistant) M. domestica, resistant A. quadrimaculatus, G. morsitans morsitans, B. germanica, P. japonica, S. frugiperda and D. variabilis. The Japanese beetles were field-collected in methy eugenol-baited traps. Some American dog ticks were field-collected by dragging white flannel cloth over tick-infested fields and all were caged in 30-ml clear plastic portion cups with tops replaced with double layers of tulle, a nylon mesh screen (1 mm2 openings). Mosquitoes and Japanese beetles were caged in 20-mesh hardware cloth cylinders 20 cm long by 7 cm diam with screened ends. House flies, German cockroaches and fall armyworms were caged in 0.24-liter paper cans with tops replaced by single layers of tulle. Tsetse flies were caged in 55 × 65 × 155 mm boxes made by covering stainless steel wire frames with black tulle. Test species were placed on the floor of each test trailer ca. 10 cm from a side wall near the center and ca. 30 cm from each end. Aerosols were formulated with Freon 11/12 propellant. Aerosols were released within closed trailers while the applicator walked the length of the trailer.
Efficacy of Kryocide Dust Upon Confined German Cockroach Populations, 1984
Authors: Vance A. D. , Gold R. E.
Published: March 2022

Kryocide and boric acid dusts were evaluated in standard Ebeling choice boxes. Known quantities of dusts were brushed onto the floor panel of 1 chamber of each choice box. Dusts were applied with a dry dust-saturated camel hair brush at a rate of 0.5 g per treated choice box chamber. Controls were utilized in which no dust was applied to either chamber. The experiment was replicated 3 times. In all tests, food (Purina dog chow) and water were provided ad libitum in both choice box chambers. Populations of 50 adult make German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (L.), (Orlando Normal biotype) were introduced into the non-dusted chamber (randomly assigned). After 1 h orientation, the cork between chambers was removed and cockroaches were allowed access to the treated side. Mortality and distributions of cockroaches were recorded every 12 h for 216 h (9 days).
Evaluation of Baythroid Against the German Cockroach, 1984-1985
Authors: Yonker J. W. , Bennett G. W.
Published: March 2022

The residual activity of 2 concentrations of 2 formulations of this synthetic pyrethroid were investigated. Sprays were applied at 1 gal per 1000 ft2 (0.95 ml/232 cm2) using a mechanized spray tower apparatus equipped with a 800 IE nozzle. Two surfaces (232 cm2 panels) were treated: plywood with single coats of latex primer and paint, and particle board with 1 coat each of sanding sealer and varnish. Test insects were confined to the treated surface using 12.7-cm diam plastic rings, lightly greased with a petrolatum/mineral oil mixture. Four replicates of 10 males were run for each treatment/surface combination. Food and water were not provided, and observations were taken regularly to determine speed of activity.
Toxicity of Orthene and Dursban to Paper Wasps on Nests, 1980
Authors: Ross D. C. , Brady U. E. , Bledsoe M. E.
Published: March 2022

Field tests were conducted to compare Orthene 2.5 Professional Spray, Orthene technical, and Dursban 4EC. Water base spray applications were made to the point of run-off on 24, 25, and 26 Sep. Pretreatment counts of adults on each of 5 nests were made immediately prior to treatment with each concentration. Both water and untreated controls were used to determine normal movement patterns on and off the nests. Adult mortality (estimated by absence) was recorded at 1-2, 4, 8, and 24 h post-treatment. Treated nests were collected 24 h after application and stored in cages at room temperature. Emergence counts were recorded after 30 days. Larval mortality was determined after 30 days by examining larvae from capped cells.
Residual Efficacy of Baygon for Adult Flea Control, 1984
Authors: Cilek Jim , Knapp F. W.
Published: March 2022

Adult cat fleas were exposed to 130 cm2 medium shag nylon carpet discs which were treated with varying concentrations of Baygon 70WP mixed with water. Each carpet disc was treated by use of a pressurized hand sprayer which was calibrated to deliver 4.5 ml/s at 55 psi. Carpet discs sprayed with water only served as controls. Carpet discs were stored at ca. 25°C in ca. 4-liter opened wide mouth glass jars. At weekly intervals, 20 adult cat fleas were released into the jars. After 24 h, carpet discs were brushed vigorously for ca. 1 min with a hair brush in a white 5-gal plastic bucket. Dislodged dead and live fleas were recorded. Each dose was replicated 3 times. Carpet discs were used only once for each test interval. Treatment mortality was corrected by Abbott’s formula.
Evaluation of Ectiban Aerosols for House Fly Control in a Turkey House, 1982
Authors: Cloud J. A. , Burg J. G. , Collison C. H.
Published: March 2022

The test house consisted of 20 turkey pens divided into two 10.8 × 18.5-m 10-pen units separated by a wall with an access door. Each 10-pen unit was further divided into five 3.7 × 4.0-m pens on each side of a 2.8-m corridor. Individual pens were accessed through separate doors and divided by a common wall constructed of 1.4-m pressed asbestos in the lower portion and 0.9 m of 5 × 15-cm screen on top. Turkeys were kept on screen floors above a shallow pit. Flies could access all pens in each unit. One unit was randomly selected as the treatment unit and the other unit served as the control. On 22 Sep ‘82, both sides of each pressed asbestos wall, excluding end walls, in the treatment unit were sprayed with Ectiban aerosol (Ready-to-Use Surface Spray, 1% permethrin) at a distance of 30.5-61 cm, 25 sec/side.
Apple, Shell M0070616 Concentrate Airblast Insect Test, 1985
Authors: Hull L. A.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 2 replicates of York Imperial and 2 replicates of Golden Delicious. Treatments were applied with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer calibrated for 50 gpa (both sides), driven at 2 mph. Sprays were applied to both sides of trees. Spray dates were: 18 Apr, 7 and 20 May, 3 and 21 Jun, 11 Jul, 3 and 23 Aug. Kelthane 4F (1420 ml/acre) was added at the following times: 21 Jun and 3 Aug, (all treatments except the high rate of SD014114), 11 Jul (high rate of SD014114 only). During the season fungicide maintenance sprays of Bayleton, Captan, Cyprex, Polyram, Topsin M, Zineb, and calcium chloride were applied with an airblast sprayer at 50 gpa to the whole experimental block. Effectiveness on AA was evaluated by counting aphid-infested leaves/20 terminals; on WALH by counting nymphs/25 leaves/tree; on ERM by counting mites several times during the season on samples of 20 leaves/tree, 80 leaves/treatment; on the predator S. punctum by 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the test trees. Effectiveness of chemicals on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury all drops after 1 Jul and one picked sample on 9 Sep. Apple samples averaged 124 fruit/replicate and 496/treatment. Pest pressure was heavy throughout the season. Russet ratings are based on 30 Golden Delicious apples/replicate, 60/treatment. Fruits were rated as 1 (no russeting), 2 (light russeting), 3 (moderate russeting), or 4 (severe russeting). Possible ranges were 30-60 (none to light), 60-90 (light to moderate), 90-120 (moderate to severe).
Apple, Foliar Pest Trial, 1985
Authors: Pfeiffer D. , Ponton L.
Published: March 2022

Two pyrethroids and an organophosphate combination were evaluated against an untreated control in an apple block at Steeles Tavern, containing four cultivars: 'Delicious', 'Golden Delicious', 'Stayman', and 'York'. Four, single-tree replicates were used in a randomized complete block design. Applications were made using a truck-mounted Swanson sprayer with a handgun attachment. Trees were sprayed to the drip point (ca. 1869 liters/ha (200 gal/A)). Spray dates were 7 May, 30 May, 3 Jul, 17 Jul, 2 Aug and 16 Aug. STLM was evaluated on 14 Aug by counting mines seen during a 3-min examination of a tree's foliage. WALH-damaged shoots per 20 shoots on each tree were counted on 17 Sep. Population densities of both of these insects were low. Mites were evaluated using a leaf-brushing machine and 20 leaves per replicate, on 24 Jun and 14 Aug. Chlorophyll content was determined on 23 Sep using a hand-held chlorophyll meter.
Apple, Preliminary Insecticides Test, 1985
Authors: Reissig H. , Dunham D. H. , Hebding H. E.
Published: March 2022

Dilute sprays were applied to runoff with a hand sprayer (450 psi) at pink (25 Apr), petal fall (21 May), and as cover sprays on 3 Jun, 18 Jun, 3 Jul, 16 Jul, 30 Jul, and 13 Aug. Treatments were replicated twice on single-tree plots of standard sized ‘McIntosh’ and ‘Cortland’ trees, and once on a 4-tree plot consisting of 2 ‘McIntosh’ and ‘Cortland’ trees on a size-controlling M-9 interstem grafted to a M-l 11 rootstock (trees are ca 2.0 m high). Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design. During harvest (12-13 Sep.), 100 apples from each single-tree plot and all fruit up to 100 apples from trees within each 4-tree plot were evaluated for insect damage. ERM was sampled on 25 randomly selected leaves from each of the single tree plots and 25 leaves picked from the 2 trees of each cultivar in the 4-tree plots on 2 Jul and again on 24 Jul. Mites were removed from the leaves with a Henderson-McBurnie mite brushing machine. Up to 25 randomly selected actively growing terminals on trees in each replication were examined for AA on 15 Jul just before the fourth cover spray was applied, and again three days posttreatment on 18 Jul. Terminals were considered to be infested if more than 5 live aphids were observed on the distal portion of the shoot. On 22 Aug, WALH nymphs were counted on 25 randomly selected spur leaves from each replication and tissue mines of STLM were counted on 10 randomly selected terminals from each plot.
Control of Spider Mites on Almonds, 1982
Authors: Sanderson J. P. , Barnes M. M.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted on 2-yr-old ‘Nonpareil’ almond trees in a commercial orchard near Shaffer, CA. A randomized complete block design composed of 12 blocks was established in the orchard. Each block contained 1 single-tree replicate of each of the 10 treatments. Treatments were applied on 23 Jul ’82, with a high pressure hand gun which delivers a fine spray at 400-450 psi. The trees were sprayed to runoff with an avg of 7.5 gal of dilute spray per tree, resulting in an application rate of ca 700 gal/acre. Five sample leaves were taken from each of the 4 compass quadrants of each tree, inside and outside of the canopy at heights of 3 to 6 ft, for a total of 20 leaves per tree. The samples were counted under a dissecting microscope. Only 6 of the 12 blocks were sampled on the pretreatment and 1 day posttreatment sample dates. Data for all other sample dates are based on counts from 12 blocks.
Efficacy of Selected Insecticides and Insecticide Combinations Against Heliothis Spp. and Boll Weevil on Cotton, 1987
Authors: Micinski Stephen , Nguyen Khoa T. , Graves Jerry B.
Published: March 2022

A small-plot evaluation was conducted at the Red River Research Station, Bossier City, La., to determine the efficacy of various insecticides and combinations in controlling boll weevil and Heliothis spp. on cotton. Plots were 4 rows × 36.6 m and were arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Cotton was planted 5 May on 1.02-m centers. Insecticides were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 system for spraying small plots. Insecticides were applied in 11.4 liters of water/acre at 60 psi with TX-3 hollow-cone nozzles spaced 50.8 cm apart. Treatments were applied on 20 and 27 Jul and 3 Aug. All plots were oversprayed with Penncap-M 2M, 0.25 lb (AI)/acre, on 24 Jun and with Guthion 2L, 0.25 lb (AI)/acre, on 3, 16, 24, and 31 Jul for weevils. Following the last observation on 6 Aug, the entire test was oversprayed with a pyrethroid on 8, 16, and 22 Aug. Plant damage was monitored 2 - 3 days following each treatment application by examining 25 squares/plot. Yields were determined by mechanically harvesting the center 2 rows from each plot on 24 Sep and 5 Oct.
Evaluation of Aphicides in Mississippi, 1987
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Grant Robert R.
Published: March 2022

Thirteen treatments were tested for relative efficacy against cotton aphids in unirrigated cotton planted 14 May at the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Miss. Plots were 8 rows (38-inch centers) × 50 ft and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied to all 8 rows of each plot by high-clearance spray tractor equipped with compressed-air plot spray system calibrated for 5 gal/acre at 4 mph using 3 TX-3 nozzles/row. Applications were made on 24 Jul and } 7 Aug. All plots received insecticide treatments for nontarget pests as needed during the season. Aphids were counted on 10 leaves chosen at random within * the plot from approximately the fourth node down from the terminal. All data were collected from the center 2 rows of each plot, and yield was obtained by ' mechanical picker.
Chemicals for Suppression of Carmine Spider Mite on Cotton, 1987
Authors: Robinson John R. C. , Berger Lori A. , Teetes George L.
Published: March 2022

Cotton was planted 9 Apr on rows spaced 40 inches apart. All cotton was treated 2, 4, and 6 wk prior to the experimental period with a mixture of cypermethrin and carbaryl to engender mite infestation. Mite densities in two untreated check plots and 3 acaricide-treated plots were compared in a randomized block design with 4 replications. Plots were 6 rows wide × 45 ft long, with spray applied to the inner 2 rows. Chemical applications were made with a high-clearance, self-propelled sprayer equipped with 3 TX-3 hollow-cone nozzles/row and calibrated to deliver 8.6 gal/acre. Acaricide treatments were applied 15 and 24 Aug and 4 Sep. Mite density was determined prior to each application of acaricide treatments (except for the 4 Sep application) and also 1 wk following the final treatment application. Mite density was estimated by inspecting 10 randomly selected (but visually chlorotic) leaves/plot with a hand lens and counting live (mobile) mites. Mite count data were analyzed by conventional analysis of variance and multiple comparison procedures. Yield data were not collected.
Laboratory Insecticide Bioassays; Lygus Hesperus, 1986
Authors: Wynholds P. F. , Leigh T. F. , Li Xin Bai
Published: March 2022

Three insecticides currently registered for L. hesperus control on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) were tested in the laboratory to determine topical LD30 values. Adult bugs of unknown age were collected from hay alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) at 3 locations in the San Joaquin Valley, Calif., and held on snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) pods for 20 h. After aspiration into groups of 10 and anesthesia with 10 s of COa, a 1-p.l droplet of insecticide-acetone solution was applied to the coxal area of the thorax. Four groups of each sex were treated with each dosage; mortality was determined at 24 h. Data were averaged and corrected by Abbott's formula for probit analysis.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Lygus Bug Control, 1987
Authors: Tanigoshi Lynell K. , Babcock Jon
Published: March 2022

White lupin was seeded in experimental plots at 200 lb/acre in 11-inch rows near Waitsburg, Walla Walla County, Wash., for the control of lygus bugs. Seven treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design of 0.01-acre plots. The treatments were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with a 4-ft spray boom calibrated to deliver 27 gal/acre at 30 psi. Four 8003 flat-fan nozzles at 19-inch spacings were used on the spray boom. First treatment was on 8 Jun at 50% primary bloom; the second treatment was made on 20 Jun. A third, late-season treatment was applied on 20 Jul. Population densities of lygus bugs were determined from 5 (180-degree) sweeps with a 15-inch-diam sweep net on 8, 14, 20, and 28 Jun and 8, 16, and 28 Jul. Samples were bagged in the field and counted in the laboratory. Adult lygus bugs (ALB) were counted separately from nymphs (NLB).
Control of Red Harvester ANT with Drenches, 1986
Authors: Gladin Jodie , Price Richard , Pinkston Ken
Published: March 2022

The control of red harvester ants was evaluated in 2 tests conducted outside of the Stillwater, Okla., area. Test 1 was located 5 miles north of Yale, in open pasture land. Test 2 was located at a field research area 8 miles west of Stillwater, near Lake Carl Blackwell. Nests were visibly active before being treated on 10 and 11 Jul for Tests 1 and 2, respectively. Treatments were applied over each nest covering a 4-ft-diam area, and material was pooled in a 6-inch hole in the center of the denuded area. Applications were made in either 1- or 2-gal equivalent rate drenches. All treatments were randomized and replicated 5 times. The nests were checked for activity 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 wk after treatment (WAT).
Control of Greenbug on Sorghum with Foliar Insecticides, 1986
Authors: Hein G. L. , Ingemansen J. A. , Walgenbach D. D.
Published: March 2022

On 9 Jul foliar insecticides were applied to heavily infested sorghum (10- to 11-leaf stage) near Kimball, S.Dak. The treatments were applied in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The plots were 1 × 15 m with a single border row between treatments. Insecticides were applied at 3 mph with a CO2 backpack sprayer equipped with a hand-held wand with a single 1.5 LE nozzle delivering 19.5 gal/acre at 15 psi. On 11 Jul plots were evaluated by counting all the aphids on each of 5 plants in each plot.
Insecticides for Suppression of Sorghum Midge on Dryland Grain Sorghum, 1987
Authors: Robinson John R. C. , Teetes George L.
Published: March 2022

Grain sorghum (1.8 acres) was planted 19 May on rows spaced 40 inches apart. Twelve rows of mixed-hybrid sorghums of varying maturity ranges were planted prior to and adjacent to the test plot to increase abundance of sorghum midge during anthesis of sorghum panicles in the test plots. Five insecticide treatments and an untreated check were compared in a randomized block design with 4 replications. Experimental plots were 8 rows wide and 80 ft long. Applications were made to the middle 6 rows with a high-clearance self-propelled sprayer. Insecticide applications began when 30-40% of the panicles were flowering and when average adult midge density was 0.7 midges/panicle. Treatments were applied 24 and 30 Jul and 4 Aug. Adult midge density was determined 1 day prior to application of insecticide treatments. Sampling consisted of securing and collecting individual sorghum panicles in plastic bags. Samples were examined in the laboratory and midges were counted. Prior to the first insecticide application, midge density was determined from sampling 25 randomly selected panicles/replication. On the 2 subsequent sampling days, 5 panicles were sampled from each treatment plot. Visual estimates of the percentage of midge-damaged spikelets were made by 4 independent observers, with each observer rating 10 randomly selected panicles/plot. Panicles were hand harvested from 2, 2-m sections of treated row/plot. The harvested sorghum panicles were threshed, and the grain was weighed. Data were analyzed by conventional analysis of variance and multiple comparison procedures.
Insecticide Control of Sorghum Midge as Influenced by Type of Insecticide and Frequency of Application, 1987
Authors: Treacy M. F. , Parker1 R. D. , Benedict J. H. , Anderson R. M. , Schmidt K. M.
Published: March 2022

A small-plot field study was conducted at the Texas A&M University Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Corpus Christi. Seven treatments and an untreated check were compared in 4-row × 30-ft plots of sorghum planted 16 Apr on 38-inch rows. Treatments and the untreated check were replicateti 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Due to heavy rainfall, muddy soil conditions, and insufficient numbers of midges, treatment applications were not initiated until 95% of the panicles were in bloom, with the upper third of each panicle having complete bloom. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 3.5 gal total spray/acre through size 3X hollow-cone nozzles (2 nozzles/row) at 35 psi. All treatments were initially applied on 18 Jun, and all but 2 treatments were applied again on 21 Jun. On 23 Jun, 90-95% of the panicles had completed bloom and were no longer susceptible to further attacks by adult midges, thus treatment applications were discontinued. Counts of adult midges were made in the untreated plots on both spray dates to monitor midge abundance during the study. At soft-dough stage, percent seed damaged by midges was visually estimated for the middle 2 rows of each plot. Also, panicles were harvested from a 13.5-ft section of row in each plot for yield analysis.
Potato Leafhopper Control on Soybean, 1986
Authors: Hellman J. L. , Patton T. W.
Published: March 2022

The Test was conducted on a commercial soybean field planted in 30-inch rows near Royal Oak, Talbot County, Md. Soybeans were planted on 26 May. At the time of treatment on 11 Jul the plants were flowering. Damage to the soybeans was light. Treatment plots were 20 × 20 ft, replicated 4 times, and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied by CO2 backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 40 psi. Posttreatment counts were made at 3, 7, and 14 days and included nymphs and adults. Ten random 180- degree sweeps were made in each plot.
Spider Mite Control on Soybean, 1986
Authors: Hellman J. L. , Patton T. W.
Published: March 2022

Test plots were established in a commercial soybean field planted 20 May in 30-inch rows near Royal Oak in Talbot County, Md. At the time of treatment on 8 Aug the plants were in the pod fill stage. Damage to the soybeans was moderate to heavy. Treatment plots were 10 × 15 ft, replicated 4 times, and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied by COz backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 40 psi. Posttreatment counts were made 12 and 15 Aug by selecting 6 leaflets at random and recording the number of mites found under microscropic examination.
Soybean Insect Pest Control, 1986
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Center, Beaumont, Tex. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 9 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot was 40 ft × 6 rows (32-inch row spacing). Insecticides were applied with a CO2-pressurized sprayer at the equivalent of 18.9 gal finished spray/acre. Pressure was 22.5 psi and nozzles were LF3, 80 degrees. Plants were in the R5 growth stage at time of treatment (15 Sep), when caterpillar populations were increasing. Samples were made of 9 ft of row/plot with a vertical beat sheet on the days recorded in the table. Captured insects were placed in a plastic bag and frozen for later identification and counting. Defoliation was estimated in certain treatments on all sample dates except 1 day posttreatment. Ten leaflets were randomly selected/plot from the top, middle, and bottom of the canopy (30 leaflets/plot). Leaflets were compared to models of leaflets of known defoliation. At maturity 20 ft of the middle 2 rows of each experimental unit was harvested for yield determination. No phytotoxicity was observed.
Soil Systemic Versus Foliar Insecticide Combinations and Sunflower Seed Yield, Trial 2, 1986
Authors: Ricard Michele , Noetzel David M. , Stanislawski Harold
Published: March 2022

An experiment was established near Greenbush, Minn., in a commercial sunflower field. The field was planted the last week of May. Plots were 4 rows × 30 ft, replicated 4 times, and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Soil systemics were applied on 28 May. Application was in a 4 inch band to a coarse sandy loam soil and lightly covered. Soil moisture was excellent. Foliar applications were made in mid-June and late July to the plant stage indicated. Total volume of material/acre was 17 gal applied with a COa sprayer at 40 psi. Damage information was collected from the center 2 rows, which were harvested for yield on 11 Oct. Yield comparisons were based on a standard moisture.
Evaluation of Planting-Time Insecticide Treatments and Foliar Applications Against Bird Cherry-Oat Aphid, Corn Leaf Aphid, and Russian Wheat Aphid, 1987
Authors: Gray M. E. , Hein G. L. , Walgenbach D. D. , Elliott N. C. , Kieckhefer R. W.
Published: March 2022

Winter wheat was planted near Brookings, S. Dak., in 17.5-cm rows on 1 Sep using a 1.8- m International drill. Planting-time insecticides were applied in the furrow. A small pump attached to the drill injected Furadan 4F into the furrow via small plastic tubes attached adjacent to disk furrow openers. Two seed treatments and 7 foliar treatments also were evaluated. The design for the experiment was a randomized complete block replicated 4 times with 16 treatments. On 21 Sep plants were infested (5 aphids/plant) with laboratory-reared Russian wheat aphid. Screen cages (1 m3) were used to enclose 1 m2 of treated plot area. One cage for each treatment/replicate was used. The cages were employed in an effort to reduce predation of aphids. Infestations of corn leaf aphids and bird cherry-oat aphids were the result of naturally occuring populations. On 30 Sep prespray counts were made for each species by removing 20% of the plants enclosed within a cage and determining the number of aphids/plant. Following the prespray popultion estimates, the foliar insecticides were applied using a 4-nozzle (1.5 LE Even Flat) hand-held spray boom at 15 psi and 13.4 gal/acre. On 2 Oct, 20% of the plants were again removed from each cage and the number of aphids/plant for each species determined. The percentage reduction in aphid number was determined for each foliar treatment.