bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effects of music on physiological responses and sedation scores in sedated, mechanically ventilated patients
Authors: Dijkstra Boukje M , Gamel Claudia , Van Der Bijl Jaap J , Bots Michiel L , Kesecioglu Jozef
Published: March 2010

Aims and objectives.  A pilot study designed as future randomised controlled trial was carried out to determine the effects of music on physiological responses and sedation scores in sedated, mechanically ventilated patients.

Background.  Mechanically ventilated ICU patients, even when receiving intravenous sedatives, may experience stress and anxiety. One possible intervention to reduce stress and anxiety is listening to music.

Design.  A randomised controlled trial design with repeated measures was used.

Methods.  Data were collected over a six‐month period in 2006. Twenty subjects were randomly assigned to either the experimental or control group. Subjects in the experimental group listened to music three times for 30 minutes over two days; subjects in the control group undertook three 30 minute rest periods. Physiological effects of music on systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure and heart and respiratory rate were assessed. Sedation scores were also measured.

Results.  Physiological parameters did not show a significant difference between the groups. Patients in the experimental group showed significantly higher Ramsay (sedation) scores than patients in the control group after the first session. The higher scores indicate that patients were less responsive to external stimuli.

Conclusion.  Our results suggest that listening to music leads to higher sedation scores in sedated, mechanically ventilated ICU patients. No significant decreases in physiological parameters were observed. Listening to music showed no negative changes in the condition of these patients. Future research should focus on the use of other measures, such as stress hormones, to assess stress in sedated, mechanically ventilated ICU patients.

Relevance to clinical practice.  For the sedated, mechanically ventilated ICU patient, the benefit of music may lie in the associated (deeper) level of sedation that is achieved, which in turn may make the patient less susceptible to stress and anxiety.
Effects of music therapy on labour pain and anxiety in Taiwanese first‐time mothers
Authors: Liu Yu‐Hsiang , Chang Mei‐Yueh , Chen Chung‐Hey
Published: March 2010

Aims.  The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of music on pain reaction and anxiety during labour.

Background.  Music therapy has been used on clinical medicine. Only few scientific studies validate the value on labour women.

Design.  Randomised controlled trial.

Methods.  Sixty primiparas expected to have a normal spontaneous delivery were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (n = 30) or the control group (n = 30). The experimental group received routine care and music therapy, whereas the control group received routine care only. A self‐report visual analogue scale for pain and a nurse‐rated present behavioural intensity were used to measure labour pain. Anxiety was measured with a visual analogue scale for anxiety and finger temperature. Pain and anxiety between groups were compared during the latent phase (2–4 cm cervical dilation) and active phase (5–7 cm) separately.

Results.  Our results revealed that compared with the control group, the experimental group had significantly lower pain, anxiety and a higher finger temperature during the latent phase of labour. However, no significant differences were found between the two groups on all outcome measures during the active phase.

Conclusions.  This study provides evidence for the use of music as an empirically based intervention of women for labour pain and anxiety during the latent phase of labour.

Relevance to clinical practice.  The findings support that music listening is an acceptable and non‐medical coping strategy for labouring women. Especially, apply in reducing the pain and anxiety for women who are at the early phase of labour.
Interactions of multiple disturbances in shaping boreal forest dynamics: a spatially explicit analysis using multi‐temporal lidar data and high‐resolution imagery
Authors: Vepakomma Udayalakshmi , Kneeshaw Daniel , St‐Onge Benoit
Published: March 2010

1. Mixed‐wood boreal forests are often considered to undergo directional succession from shade‐intolerant to shade‐tolerant species. It is thus expected that overstorey gaps should lead to the recruitment of shade‐tolerant conifers into the canopy in all stand development stages and that the recruitment of shade‐intolerant hardwoods would be minimal except in the largest gaps.

2. We analysed short‐term gap dynamics over a large 6‐km2spatial area of mixed‐wood boreal forest across a gradient of stands in different developmental stages with different times of origin since fire (expressed as stand ‘age’) that were affected differentially by the last spruce budworm (SBW) outbreak. Structural measurements of the canopy from lidar data were combined with spectral classification of broad species groups to characterize the gap disturbance regime and to evaluate the effect of gap openings on forest dynamics.

3. Estimated annual gap opening rates increased from 0.16% for 84‐year‐old stands to 0.88% for 248‐year‐old stands. Trees on gap peripheries in all stands were more vulnerable to mortality than interior canopy trees.

4. Due to recovery from the last SBW outbreak 16 years previously, gap closure rates were higher than opening rates, ranging from 0.44% to 2.05% annually, but did not show any relationship with stand age. There was, however, a continuing legacy of the last SBW outbreak in old‐conifer stands in terms of a continued high mortality of conifers. In all stands, the majority of the openings were filled from below, although a smaller but significant proportion filled from lateral growth of gap edge trees.

5. Synthesis. The forest response to moderate‐ to small‐scale disturbances in old‐growth boreal forest counters the earlier assumption that the transition from one forest state to the next is slow and directional with time since the last fire. Overall, a small 6% increase in hardwoods was observed over 5 years, largely due to regeneration in‐filling of hardwoods in gaps instead of successional transition to more shade‐tolerant conifers. Gaps are vital for hardwood maintenance while transition to softwoods can occur without perceived gap‐formation as overstorey trees die, releasing understorey trees.
Diversity of mitochondrial large subunit rDNA haplotypes of Glomus intraradices in two agricultural field experiments and two semi‐natural grasslands
Authors: BÖRSTLER BORIS , THIÉRY ODILE , SÝKOROVÁ ZUZANA , BERNER ALFRED , REDECKER DIRK
Published: March 2010

Glomus intraradices, an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF), is frequently found in a surprisingly wide range of ecosystems all over the world. It is used as model organism for AMF and its genome is being sequenced. Despite the ecological importance of AMF, little has been known about their population structure, because no adequate molecular markers have been available. In the present study we analyse for the first time the intraspecific genetic structure of an AMF directly from colonized roots in the field. A recently developed PCR‐RFLP approach for the mitochondrial rRNA large subunit gene (mtLSU) of these obligate symbionts was used and complemented by sequencing and primers specific for a particularly frequent mtLSU haplotype. We analysed root samples from two agricultural field experiments in Switzerland and two semi‐natural grasslands in France and Switzerland. RFLP type composition of G. intraradices (phylogroup GLOM A‐1) differed strongly between agricultural and semi‐natural sites and the G. intraradices populations of the two agricultural sites were significantly differentiated. RFLP type richness was higher in the agricultural sites compared with the grasslands. Detailed sequence analyses which resolved multiple sequence haplotypes within some RFLP types even revealed that there was no overlap of haplotypes among any of the study sites except between the two grasslands. Our results demonstrate a surprisingly high differentiation among semi‐natural and agricultural field sites for G. intraradices. These findings will have major implications on our views of processes of adaptation and specialization in these plant/fungus associations.
The use of porcine dermal collagen implants in assisting abdominal wall closure of pediatric renal transplant recipients with donor size discrepancy
Authors: Pentlow Alanna , Smart Neil J. , Richards Sarah K. , Inward Carol D. , Morgan Justin D. T.
Published: March 2010

Abstract:  Children may have kidneys transplanted from donors larger than themselves. Abdominal wall closure may be difficult, with risks of abdominal compartment syndrome and graft compromise. Meshes used to facilitate closure may cause dense intra‐abdominal adhesions, making further surgery or peritoneal dialysis difficult. We present five cases in which abdominal wall closure was facilitated by porcine dermal collagen implant. Five children (2–15 yr) received transplanted kidneys from adult donors of significantly greater weight. In four recipients, the kidney was transplanted onto the aorta and vena cava intra‐abdominally using a midline incision. In the fifth, the kidney was anastomosed onto the iliac vessels. The skin overlying the implant was closed normally. Maximum follow‐up was three yr. In all cases, primary closure was achieved. One child received a second intra‐abdominal transplant as an emergency, which later failed. The other kidneys are functioning well. One recipient developed a small incisional hernia three yr post‐transplant. Another developed a skin dehiscence over the implant 23 days post‐operatively. The implant was removed and skin closed. The other two recipients recovered well. Porcine dermal collagen implant is a helpful adjunct to abdominal wall closure following organ transplantation in children with donor size discrepancy.
Indirect genetic effects in a sex‐limited trait: the case of breeding time in red‐billed gulls
Authors: TEPLITSKY C. , MILLS J. A. , YARRALL J. W. , MERILÄ J.
Published: March 2010

Female reproductive performance can be strongly affected by male care, so that breeding time, a trait expressed only by females, can be seen as one trait determined by both male and female genotypes. Animal model analyses of a 46‐year study of red‐billed gulls (Larus novaehollandiae scopulinus) revealed that laying date was not heritable in females (h2 = 0.001 ± 0.030), but significantly so in males (h2 = 0.134 ± 0.029). Heritability of breeding time in males probably reflects genetic variability in some other trait such as courtship feeding ability. In line with predictions of evolutionary models incorporating indirect genetic effects, the strong and consistent directional selection for advanced breeding time has not resulted in detectable selection response in males. Our results demonstrate that a female trait is largely determined by genetic characteristics of its mate, and hence, any evolutionary change in red‐billed gull breeding time depends critically on genetic variation in males.
Detailed Visualization of the Functional Regions of the Rat Pituitary Gland by High‐Resolution T2‐Weighted MRI
Authors: Theunissen E. , Baeten K. , Vanormelingen L. , Lambrichts I. , Beuls E. , Gelan J. , Adriaensens P.
Published: March 2010

With 5 figures and 1 table

This high‐resolution MRI study focuses on the visualization of the detailed morphology of the rat’s pituitary gland by means of post‐mortem as well as in vivo MRI at 9.4 T. Determination of the local T1‐ and T2‐relaxation decay times allows to explain the regional image intensities which reflects the degree of tissue organization at the molecular level. Detailed characterization of the molecular level of the pituitary gland, as provided by the relaxation decay times, can offer a rigid platform with respect to functional or pathological explorations. It is demonstrated that T1‐weighted imaging, as is routinely used in the clinic, can differentiate between the posterior and anterior lobe but not between the posterior and intermediate lobe. T2‐weighted images, however, clearly show the three distinct lobes of the rat pituitary gland without the use of contrast agents, i.e. the posterior, the intermediate and the anterior lobe. Histological analysis of the rat’s pituitary gland confirms the morphological structures seen on the MR images. Although the intermediate lobe is less defined in humans and can neither be differentiated by T1‐weighted MRI, its clinical visualization might be possible in T2‐weighted images.
Dexmedetomidine hemodynamics in children after cardiac surgery
Authors: POTTS AMANDA L. , ANDERSON BRIAN J. , HOLFORD NICK H.G. , VU THUY C. , WARMAN GUY R.
Published: March 2010

Background: Dexmedetomidine has opposing effects on the cardiovascular system. Action in the central nervous system produces sympatholysis and a reduction in blood pressure, while peripherally it causes vasoconstriction leading to an increase in blood pressure. The purpose of our study is to define the concentration–response profile for these hemodynamic effects in children after cardiac surgery.

Methods: A simultaneous pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic analysis of data from 29 children given a single bolus of dexmedetomidine 1–4 mcg·kg−1following cardiac surgery was undertaken using mixed effects modeling. There were four dexmedetomidine concentrations available from each patient, and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was recorded electronically every 5 min for 5 h after drug administration. A composite Emax model was used to relate mean arterial pressure changes to plasma dexmedetomidine concentration.

Results: Children had a mean age of 2.67 years (range 4 days–14 years) and a mean weight of 12.34 (range 3.4–48.4) kg. The peripheral vasopressor effect was directly related to plasma concentration with anEmaxposof 50.3 (CV 44.50%) mmHg, EC50pos1.1 (48.27%) μg·l−1and a Hillposcoefficient of 1.65. The delayed central sympatholytic response was described with anEmaxnegof −12.30 (CV 37.01%) mmHg, EC50neg0.10 (104.40%) μg·l−1and a Hillnegcoefficient of 2.35. The equilibration half‐time (T1/2keo) was 9.66 (165.23%) min.

Conclusions: Dexmedetomidine administered as a single bolus dose following cardiac surgery produces a biphasic effect on MAP. A plasma dexmedetomidine concentration of above 1.0 μg·l−1was associated with a 20% increase in MAP in this specific cohort. A dosage regimen involving a small bolus dose (0.5 μg·kg−1) followed by a continuous infusion should be used to avoid initial increases in MAP.
Rorty, Caputo and business ethics without metaphysics: ethical theories as normative narratives
Authors: Gustafson Andrew
Published: March 2010

Using the works of Richard Rorty and John Caputo, I want to suggest that we might be better off treating the traditional ethical theories of Kant, Mill, Aristotle and Hobbes as normative narratives rather than as justificatory schemes for moral decision making to be set up against one another. In a spirit akin to Husserl's ‘bracketing’ of metaphysics, when discussing ethical theories in business ethics, we can easily avoid metaphysics and use an approach that sees ethical theory as socially convincing normative narratives – narratives that unify us with others insofar as they describe our phenomenological experiences in a way with which many of us mutually resonate. I will do this by attempting to show how John Caputo's thinking in Against Ethics and Rorty's postmodern pragmatism might be appropriated to some extent by us in business ethics.
Ethical perception: are differences between ethnic groups situation dependent?
Authors: Ho Jo Ann
Published: March 2010

This study was conducted to determine how culture influences the ethical perception of managers. Most studies conducted so far have only stated similarities and differences in ethical perception between cultural or ethnic groups and little attention has been paid towards understanding how cultural values influence the ethnic groups' ethical perception. Moreover, most empirical research in this area has focused on moral judgement, moral decision making and action, with limited empirical work in the area of ethical perception. A total of 22 interviews were conducted and the questionnaire survey yielded 272 managerial responses. Three implications were obtained based on the findings of the study. The first implication is that differences in ethical perception can exist when one culture attributes moral significance to something that another culture does not. The results of the study also suggest that similarities in ethical perception can occur when a situation is viewed as an accepted and institutionalised part of doing business. Finally, the findings of the study also show that the influence of culture on ethical perception varied according to the different types of scenarios.
European Corporate Governance: a Thematic Analysis of National Codes of Governance
Authors: Cicon James E. , Ferris Stephen P. , Kammel Armin J. , Noronha Gregory
Published: March 2010

Using Latent Semantic Analysis techniques to analyse the corporate governance codes of 23 EU nations, we obtain a number of new findings regarding their thematic content, variability, and convergence. We determine that these codes can be decomposed into five common themes, with substantial cross‐sectional variability in their relative importance. We also find that the themes contained in these codes cluster in ways that are not fully consistent with the legal regime classifications of

La Porta et al. (1997)
, leading us to construct two new country clusters. We further discover that the identity of the code issuer (e.g., government versus stock exchange) is important in explaining a code's primary theme as well as changes in theme prominence over time. Finally, we fail to find evidence of an unchecked thematic convergence towards an Anglo‐Saxon model of corporate governance, with some code themes converging to UK practices while others diverge.
In vivo manifestation of Notch related phenotypes in zebrafish treated with Alzheimer’s amyloid reducing γ‐secretase inhibitors
Authors: Yang Ting , Arslanova Dilyara , Xu Xiaoyin , Li Yue‐Ming , Xia Weiming
Published: March 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 113, 1200–1209.

γ‐Secretase is responsible for the final cleavage of amyloid precursor protein to generate the amyloid‐β protein, the major component of plaques in the brains of Alzheimer’s disease patients. γ‐Secretase inhibitors (GSI) have been explored for therapeutic inhibition of amyloid β protein generation, but mechanistic toxicity has been documented because of its blockage of γ‐secretase cleavage of several dozens of substrates including Notch. This becomes the primary obstacle for most inhibitors during the pre‐clinical development and the main concern for several compounds in the clinical trials. To predict potential side effects related to Notch signaling, we examined global effect of GSIs in vertebrate animal zebrafish. We have used two potent GSIs (GSI A and GSI 18) with a sub‐μM effective concentration for 50% amyloid β protein inhibition (EC50). Zebrafish embryos were treated with GSI A, 18 or a well characterized GSI N‐[N‐(3,5‐difluorophenacetyl‐l‐alanyl)]‐S‐phenylglycine t‐butyl ester (DAPT), and transparent animals were examined for up to 7 days. GSI A had less abnormal phenotype in zebrafish, compared to GSI 18‐treated embryos that displayed curved tails, a loss of pigmentation, and reduced swim bladder and heart rate. To understand mechanistic effect at the molecular level, we examined Notch signaling in these GSI‐treated zebrafish. Notch phenotypes were observed in embryos treated with 50 and 10 μM GSI 18, but not with 10 μM GSI A. In accordance, in situ hybridization with a probe against Notch target gene her6 showed a weaker staining in embryos treated with 10 μM GSI 18 than those treated with 10 μM GSI A. In conclusion, phenotypic profile in whole animals offers important information on Notch related pathways and provides prediction of safe compounds during early development stages of therapeutic GSIs.
Pre‐synaptic glutamate‐induced activation of DA release in the striatum after partial nigral lesion
Authors: Dzahini Kwamivi , Dentresangle Christine , Le Cavorsin Marion , Bertrand Anne , Detraz Isabelle , Savasta Marc , Leviel Vincent
Published: March 2010

J. Neurochem.(2010)113, 1459–1470.

The present experiments aimed at understanding the functional link between dopamine (DA) and glutamate (GLU) during the compensatory processes taking place after partial DA denervation. Lesion of the lateral part of substantia nigra in rats using 6‐hydroxydopamine resulted in DA denervation of the lateral region of the ipsilateral caudate/putamen complex (CPc) whereas the medial CPc was spared.In vivovoltammetry revealed a large increase of extracellular dopamine (DAext) in the medial CPc both ipsilateral and contralateral to the lesion. In addition,in vivomicrodialysis and HPLC‐ED revealed a concomitant increase of extracellular glutamate (GLUext) in the ipsilateral medial CPc. Post‐lesion chronic treatment with the putative neuroprotectors amantadine, memantine, and riluzole counteracted the tonic increases of DAextand GLUext, revealing a possible role of GLU neurotransmission in the DA over‐expression. Finally, acute low doses of GBR12909 had no effect on the DAextin sham‐ operated animals, but dramatically increased DAextin lesioned animals. The data suggest that a partial unilateral nigral lesion induces a bilateral increase of DA turn‐over in the non‐denervated striata through GLU afferences to the DA terminals.
Cell context‐dependent activities of parthenolide in primary and metastatic melanoma cells
Authors: Czyz M , Lesiak‐Mieczkowska K , Koprowska K , Szulawska‐Mroczek A , Wozniak M
Published: March 2010

Background and purpose:  Growing evidence implicates NF‐κB as an important contributor to metastasis and increased chemoresistance of melanoma. Here, we report the effects of parthenolide on either untreated, cisplatin‐ or TNFα‐treated melanoma cell lines A375, 1205Lu and WM793, exhibiting different levels of constitutive NF‐κB activity.

Experimental approach:  Electrophoretic mobility shift assay was used to assess changes in NF‐κB activity, and real‐time PCR to evaluate expression of NF‐κB‐regulated genes. Cell cycle arrest and apoptosis were assessed by flow cytometry. Cell death was also visualized by fluorescence microscopy. Migration was determined by scratch assay and invasiveness by Matrigel assay.

Key results:  Parthenolide suppressed both constitutive and induced NF‐κB activity in melanoma cells. This was accompanied by down‐regulation of cancer‐related genes, with NF‐κB‐binding sites in their promoters, including: Bcl‐XL, survivin, cyclin D1, interleukin 8 and matrix metalloproteinase 9. When the various effects of 6 µM parthenolide were compared, apoptosis associated with loss of mitochondrial membrane potential was most efficiently induced in 1205Lu cells, cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase was observed in WM793 cells, and high metastatic potential was markedly reduced in A375 cells. These findings not only reflected differences between melanoma cell lines in basal expression of NF‐κB‐regulated genes, but also suggested other parthenolide targets involved in cell cycle progression, migration, invasiveness and survival.

Conclusions:  Inhibition of constitutive and therapeutically induced NF‐κB pathway by parthenolide might be useful in the treatment of melanoma, although the diversity of changes induced in melanoma cells with different genetic backgrounds indicate context‐dependent poly‐pharmacological properties of this compound.
Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system blockade for cardiovascular diseases: current status
Authors: Ma Terry KW , Kam Kevin KH , Yan Bryan P , Lam Yat‐Yin
Published: March 2010

Activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) results in vasoconstriction, muscular (vascular and cardiac) hypertrophy and fibrosis. Established arterial stiffness and cardiac dysfunction are key factors contributing to subsequent cardiovascular and renal complications. Blockade of RAAS has been shown to be beneficial in patients with hypertension, acute myocardial infarction, chronic systolic heart failure, stroke and diabetic renal disease. An aggressive approach for more extensive RAAS blockade with combination of two commonly used RAAS blockers [ACE inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)] yielded conflicting results in different patient populations. Combination therapy is also associated with more side effects, in particular hypotension, hyperkalaemia and renal impairment. Recently published ONTARGET study showed ACEI/ARB combination therapy was associated with more adverse effects without any increase in benefit. The Canadian Hypertension Education Program responded with a new warning: ‘Do not use ACEI and ARB in combination’. However, the European Society of Cardiology in their updated heart failure treatment guidelines still recommended ACEI/ARB combo as a viable option. This apparent inconsistency among guidelines generates debate as to which approach of RAAS inhibition is the best. The current paper reviews the latest evidence of isolated ACEI or ARB use and their combination in cardiovascular diseases, and makes recommendations for their prescriptions in specific patient populations.
Edgar Hynes Thompson Centenary
Authors: Thompson S. , Atkinson K. B.
Published: March 2010

A significant landmark for British and international photogrammetry, as well as for this journal, occurred in January 2010 with the centenary of the birth of E. H. Thompson. Soldier and academic, polymath and wit, his scholarly contribution to our discipline has endured long after his too early death in 1976. So too have the vivid memories of those who worked with him or who were taught by him. This centenary tribute has been written by an author, E. H. Thompson’s first cousin once removed, who has researched the Thompson family genealogy. The second author was a student and then an academic colleague of Thompson as well as being Assistant Editor of this journal for 11 years under Thompson’s editorship.
Edgar Hynes Thompson: pragmatism, ingenuity and mechanisms
Authors: Cooper M. A. R.
Published: March 2010

In this contribution the author looks for an explanation of an uncharacteristically scathing review, by E. H. Thompson towards the end of his life, of a book, Theory of Errors and Generalized Matrix Inverses, by Arne Bjerhammar, a leading European academic.
Coexistence of Fisheries with River Dolphin Conservation
Authors: KELKAR NACHIKET , KRISHNASWAMY JAGDISH , CHOUDHARY SUNIL , SUTARIA DIPANI
Published: March 2010

Abstract: Freshwater biodiversity conservation is generally perceived to conflict with human use and extraction (e.g., fisheries). Overexploited fisheries upset the balance between local economic needs and endangered species’ conservation. We investigated resource competition between fisheries and Ganges river dolphins (Platanista gangetica gangetica) in a human‐dominated river system in India to assess the potential for their coexistence. We surveyed a 65‐km stretch of the lower Ganga River to assess habitat use by dolphins (encounter rates) and fishing activity (habitat preferences of fishers, intensity of net and boat use). Dolphin abundance in the main channel increased from 179 (SE 7) (mid dry season) to 270 (SE 8) (peak dry season), probably as a result of immigration from upstream tributaries. Dolphins preferred river channels with muddy, rocky substrates, and deep midchannel waters. These areas overlapped considerably with fishing areas. Sites with 2–6 boats/km (moderately fished) were more preferred by dolphins than sites with 8–55 boats/km (heavily fished). Estimated spatial (85%) and prey–resource overlap (75%) between fisheries and dolphins (chiefly predators of small fish) suggests a high level of competition between the two groups. A decrease in abundance of larger fish, indicated by the fact that small fish comprised 74% of the total caught, may have intensified the present competition. Dolphins seem resilient to changes in fish community structure and may persist in overfished rivers. Regulated fishing in dolphin hotspots and maintenance of adequate dry season flows can sustain dolphins in tributaries and reduce competition in the main river. Fish‐stock restoration and management, effective monitoring, curbing destructive fishing practices, secure tenure rights, and provision of alternative livelihoods for fishers may help reconcile conservation and local needs in overexploited river systems.
Landscape Composition Influences the Restoration of Subtropical Coastal Dune Forest
Authors: Grainger Matthew J. , van Aarde Rudi J. , Wassenaar Theo D.
Published: March 2010

Successional processes should increase habitat complexity, and increase resources available for forest‐associated species. However, according to the theory of Island Biogeography, the size, amount of edge, and isolation of a habitat patch will influence the probability of successful colonization. If this is true for restoring patches of coastal dune forest, then restoration managers need to mitigate for spatial characteristics.

We used patch occupancy models to assess correlations between the probability of forest birds and trees being present in a patch and patch characteristics that measured age, area, isolation, and the amount of edge. We surveyed birds and trees in an unmined coastal dune forest, remnant patches within the mine lease, and regenerating patches, some of which were being rehabilitated by a mining company. Contrary to expectations patch age only explained the patch occupancy of 6 of 21 birds and 11 of 25 woody plant species. Landscape spatial parameters, measuring edge, isolation, and area explained the patch occupancy of the remaining 15 birds and 14 woody plant species. However, responses to patch characteristics were varied and idiosyncratic. These varied responses may be related to species habitat affinities, dispersal abilities, and establishment constraints. For restoration to succeed, managers need to consider the spatial configuration of the landscape to facilitate colonization of rehabilitating patches.
Changing Soils to Manage Plant Communities: Activated Carbon as a Restoration Tool in Ex‐arable Fields
Authors: Kulmatiski Andrew
Published: March 2010

Due to its potential to inhibit plant–microbe interaction and allelopathy, there is a growing interest in the use of activated carbon (AC) as a soil manipulation for native plant restoration. Here I describe the long‐term effects of AC on native and non‐native plant growth in the field and the short‐term effects of AC on soil microbial communities. I added AC (1% by mass) with or without native seed to plots in three ex‐arable fields dominated by non‐native plants in the Methow Valley, Washington, U.S.A. Six years after a single application, AC plus native seed addition restored native plant dominance by decreasing non‐native abundance from 34 ± 4% to 14 ± 2%, and increasing native abundance from 10 ± 2% to 42 ± 8%. Relative to non‐AC‐treated soils, AC decreased the abundance of the bacterial (16:0), fungal (18:1 ω9c, 18:1 ω6,9,12c), and mycorrhizal (16:1 ω5c) lipids that were associated with non‐native‐dominated soils. This research suggests that AC effects on plant growth might be due to a complex combination of its direct effects on heterotrophic, symbiotic, and pathogenic soil organisms as well as its ability to sequester allelochemicals. This research showed that soil manipulations may be a necessary component of native plant restoration because seed addition alone did not restore native plant dominance, but AC plus seed treatment did restore native plant dominance.
Alien Plant Invasions, Introduced Ungulates, and Alternative States in a Mesic Forest in Hawaii
Authors: Weller Stephen G. , Cabin Robert J. , Lorence David H. , Perlman Steven , Wood Ken , Flynn Timothy , Sakai Ann K.
Published: March 2010

Restoration by natural successional processes after removal of perturbations may not be feasible for many degraded ecosystems. Controlling major ecological threats such as non‐native ungulates is often a critical first step toward restoring native communities but past degradation, interactions with alien species and abiotic features may create conditions requiring additional intervention to ensure effective conservation. We monitored a series of fenced plots within diverse mesic forest on western Kauai in the Hawaiian Islands from 1998 to 2005 to determine the effects of ungulate removal on native and alien plant species. Relative to unfenced control plots, germination of seedlings and frequency of understory species of both native and alien species increased in the fenced plots. Density of both native and alien canopy and understory species declined more in unfenced than fenced plots, but density of native species declined more than alien species density in both fenced and unfenced plots. In fenced plots, the frequency of larger alien woody species and cover of an alien, mat‐forming fern species increased over time, indicating that fencing may encourage alien species that could interfere with regeneration of native species. Our study suggests that effective conservation of this and other remnant native Hawaiian forests will require both ungulate exclusion, removal of alien plant species with especially detrimental effects on native species, and proactive restoration programs for native species without natural sources of propagules. As the effects of invasive species continue to escalate, continental ecosystems lacking high endemism may also require similar interventions to preserve their biodiversity.
Seed Supply and Revegetation Dynamics at Restored Tidal Marshes, Napa River, California
Authors: Diggory Zooey E. , Parker V. Thomas
Published: March 2010

Tidal marsh restoration largely depends on natural seed rain to revegetate restored sites, but often little is known about the abundance and composition of the seed rain, or how it is influenced by individual species' dispersal or recruitment limitations. We monitored vegetation, seed rain, seed bank, and physical conditions at three restored and one reference tidal marsh to evaluate the seed rain's ability to revegetate restored sites, and the relative role of seed dispersal in revegetation patterns. The vegetation at the reference site is significantly more species‐rich than the restored sites, while the composition of their seed rain is similar. Species absent from the vegetation at restored sites are missing from the seed rain at all sites, suggesting that these species are dispersal limited. This does not preclude recruitment limitations for these species, however, as several key physical conditions differ between restored sites and the reference site, which experiences less time inundated and higher summer soil salinity. Although a large amount of the seed rain is washed out of the marsh before becoming incorporated into the seed bank, total seed input is high at restored sites, suggesting that the natural seed supply is adequate to fully revegetate restored marshes, although with lower species richness than reference sites. The strongest influences on a species abundance in the seed rain are its frequency in the vegetation and seed production, suggesting that fecund species that colonize a site early will continue to dominate the seed rain and vegetation development in restored sites.
Movement and Spread of a Founding Population of Reintroduced Elk (Cervus elaphus) in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Yott Adelle , Rosatte Rick , Schaefer James A. , Hamr Joe , Fryxell John
Published: March 2010

Monitoring the distribution and movements of a species following reintroduction can aid resource managers in assessing release‐site fidelity, rates of spread, initial project success, and feasibility of (or need for) future releases. We used radio‐telemetry to monitor an entire founding population of 70 elk (Cervus elaphus) during 16 months following their reintroduction to eastern Ontario, Canada. At the end of the study, elk were widely scattered over a 27,000 km2area. Dispersal distances ranged from 2 to 142 km; 50% of animals moved >40 km from the release site. Dispersal distances differed by time periods and age but not sex. Calves dispersed significantly shorter distances than adults and many mature elk were isolated during the rut. In contrast to a random distribution model, movements had a strongly southwestern directional bias, perhaps owing to prevailing winds from the same direction. Mortality during the study period was 27%; the primary causes of known mortalities were emaciation, collision with automobiles, and illegal shooting. During the first 11 / 2 years, lack of release‐site fidelity and high dispersal coupled with animal‐human conflicts and mortalities likely contributed to an initial lag in population growth. Resource managers planning animal reintroductions should consider using methodologies that enhance site fidelity following release.
Plasma Calprotectin Predicts Mortality in Patients with ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Treated with Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: JENSEN LOUISE J. N. , PEDERSEN SUNE , BJERRE METTE , MOGELVANG RASMUS , JENSEN JAN SKOV , FLYVBJERG ALLAN
Published: March 2010

Background:
 We investigated the predictive value of plasma calprotectin levels for mortality in patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) successfully treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI).

Methods and Results:
 Plasma calprotectin levels were measured in 141 STEMI patients with acute occlusion of the left anterior descending artery and treated with pPCI. The plasma calprotectin levels were significantly higher in the STEMI patients compared with the 42 healthy controls (P < 0.001). Furthermore, plasma calprotectin levels were higher in the 13 STEMI patients who died after a median follow‐up period of 12 months compared to the STEMI patients who survived: 209 μg/L versus 174 μg/L (P < 0.001). After adjustment for age, sex, complex lesions, and peak creatine kinase MB in a multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, the relative risk of mortality was 1.26 (95% CI: 1.1–1.4) per 10 μg/L increase in calprotectin (P = 0.001). Furthermore, for patients with plasma calprotectin >177 μg/L the relative risk of mortality was 11.11 (95% CI: 2.2–56.0) (P = 0.004).

Conclusion:
 Plasma calprotectin levels, determined at admission in STEMI patients successfully treated with pPCI, predict mortality over a period of 12 months, indicating that plasma calprotectin may be a new important prognostic biomarker in acute ischemic heart disease. (J Interven Cardiol 2010;23:123‐129)
From Cure to Community: Transforming Notions of Autism
Authors: Bagatell Nancy
Published: March 2010

Abstract
For many decades, autism has been viewed as a biomedical condition, highlighting deficits in social interaction and communication. Based on ethnographic data from a study of adults with High Functioning Autism, this article explores the emergence of the autistic community, a group composed of people with autism, who are challenging these notions. First, I suggest that three historical trends can be linked to the emergence of this community: the widening of the autism spectrum, the strengthening of the self‐advocacy movement, and the explosion of technology. Drawing from ethnographic data, I describe the community, including its discourse, occupations or activities, and lexicon. Although the autistic community has grown over the past decade, it has also faced resistance from both inside and outside the group. I investigate this tension, arising in a debate regarding whether autism is a condition in need of a cure or a way of life and suggest that the autistic community has the power to transform notions of autism. Implications of this research for psychological anthropology's notions of sociality are introduced. [autism, community, social model of disability, occupation]
Narratives of Distinction: Personal Life Narrative as a Technology of the Self in the Everyday Lives and Relational Worlds of Children with Autism
Authors: Sirota Karen Gainer
Published: March 2010

AbstractOver the years, children with autism have often been portrayed in the professional literature and the popular media as asocial creatures bereft of words and subjective worldviews. Alternatively, I examine the lived contexts in which children with autism spectrum disorders actively engage with family members in coconstructed narrative recountings of personal life events, and are apprenticed into culturally consonant genres of life narrative as a technology of the self. Employing naturalistic video‐ and audio‐taped data documenting the everyday lives of 17 U.S. children diagnosed with high functioning autism and Asperger's syndrome, I demonstrate how everyday narratives of personal experience offer a vehicle for expression of the children's subjective life worlds and a venue for self‐presentation and intersubjective attunement in which social and moral distinctions of normativity and difference are at stake. These deeply interactive self‐fashioning processes highlight and make visible the dynamic intersubjective practices that contribute to human subjectivity. [autism, children, narrative, self, sociality]
Commentary: Autism and Anthropology?
Authors: Lawlor Mary C.
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The articles in the Special Issue, “Rethinking Autism, Rethinking Anthropology,” provide a ground for demonstrating substantive contributions to understandings of autism and mark the dilemmas and tensions inherent in anthropological approaches. Comments explore the ways in which authors attend to demarcation of the social world, establishment and negotiation of expertise, juxtaposition of autism as a phenomenon of interest and as an exemplar of sociality, and management of structured and improvisational approaches to the study of engagements in real life. The dilemmas and tensions that are briefly described here are only a partial list of still uncultivated spaces where autism and anthropology can–should–do meet. [sociality, autism, engagement, expertise, ethnography]
Thermal Conductivity of the Rare‐Earth Strontium Aluminates
Authors: Wan Chunlei , Sparks Taylor D. , Wei Pan , Clarke David R.
Published: March 2010

The thermal conductivity of a series of complex aluminates, RE2SrAl2O7, with different rare‐earth (RE) ions, has been measured up to 1000°C. There is a strong dependence on the atomic number of the RE ion, ranging from an approximately 1/T dependence for the lanthanum strontium aluminate to an almost temperature‐independent behavior of the dysprosium strontium aluminate. The latter conductivity is comparable with that of yttria‐stabilized zirconia, the current material of choice for thermal barrier coatings. The temperature dependence of the thermal conductivities of all the aluminates studied can be fit to a standard phonon–phonon scattering model, modified to account for a minimum phonon mean free path, in which the difference in behavior is attributed to increased phonon–phonon scattering with the atomic mass of the RE ion. Although a satisfactory parametric fit is obtained, the model does not take into account either the detailed layer structure of the aluminates, consisting of alternating rock‐salt and perovskite layers in a natural superlattice structure, or the site preferences of the RE ion. This suggests that further model development is warranted.
Rehabilitation to crown–root fracture by fragment reattachment with resin‐modified glass ionomer cement and composite resin restoration
Authors: Jardim Patrícia dos Santos , Negri Márcia Regina , Masotti Alexandre Severo
Published: March 2010

Abstract –  Tooth fragment reattachment in cases of enamel/dentin fracture is based on adhesive protocols and is indicated because of its technique simplicity. Complex cases of root fracture or extensive coronal damage demand the integration of biological properties with the mechanical characteristics of the restorative materials. This paper is a report from one patient with a favourable result that addresses the clinical procedures involved in the association of resin‐modified glass ionomer cement and composite resin for cases of coronal fracture of anterior teeth with invasion of the periodontal biological space and/or proximity with the pulp tissue. The research‐based background for establishment of the treatment plan is discussed and a case of crown fracture with root involvement in a maxillary central incisor illustrates the operative technique of tooth fragment reattachment. After 1 year of follow up, the clinical and radiographic findings demonstrate that the adopted clinical protocol was successful and yielded an excellent pulp and periodontal response as well as maintenance of function and aesthetics.
Reduction of mandible fractures with direct bonding technique and orthodontic appliances: two case reports
Authors: Chen Chih‐yu , Chang Li‐ren , Chen Wen‐hui , Lin Li‐Wen
Published: March 2010

Abstract –  Intermaxillary fixation (IMF) with the arch bars or looped wires has been widely used to treat mandible fractures. However, manipulation of these appliances takes time and the medical staff is endangered by wire stabbing injuries. A modified method, the direct bonding technique combined with orthodontic appliances, simplifies the IMF concept to overcome these problems. It is faster, safer and easier to apply while the response of patients, with respect to treatment results, ease of the living and oral hygiene is more favorable. This report presents two cases of mandible fractures treated according to this protocol which resulted in good outcomes as expected.
Orofacial and dental injuries of snowboarders in Turkey
Authors: Çaglar Esber , Kuscu Ozgur Onder , Çalişkan Serhat , Sandalli Nuket
Published: March 2010

Abstract –  Background/Aims:  Snowboard riding has increased in popularity during the last decade and is also remarkable for its dramatic rise in association with serious injuries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nature of dental or orofacial trauma in snowboard riders in Turkey, as well as to investigate if adolescent and young adult snowboard riders were aware of any protective measures.

Methods:  An epidemiological survey was carried out through interviews with 86 snowboard riders in Turkey.

Results and Conclusions:  Seventeen snowboard riders had been affected by orofacial trauma. Results revealed that all snowboarders were aware of helmet protection whereas 50 out of 86 (58%) reported that they used them. It should be concluded that from the moment a youngster begins to practice snowboard riding, (s)he should be encouraged to wear a helmet and a properly fitted mouthguard as part of the necessary protection for them to safely enjoy their sport.
Identifying Cultural Forms of Independence and Interdependence: Reply to Commentary
Authors: Raeff Catherine
Published: March 2010

Abstract— This reply argues that viewing modes of independence and interdependence as manifestations of “Gemeinschaft” or “Gesellschaft” cultures risks glossing over the diverse ways in which independence and interdependence are understood and structured around the world. It is further explained that rather than predicting specific cultural modes of independence and interdependence, the original article’s analysis is directed toward identifying some of the ways in which independence and interdependence vary during development. Ultimately, cultural and developmental analyses can be directed toward discerning how modes of independence and interdependence develop in relation to varied individual, social, and cultural processes.