bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lessons from the workplace: How corporate policies and attitudes lag behind workers' changing needs
Authors: Shellenbarger Sue
Published: May 2007

American companies' work‐family programs and practices are lagging behind workers' changing needs and values. It is still common for employees to face antifamily discrimination by employers. The cost is seen in a decline in productivity, in quality of life, and in a loss of workers from the labor force. © 1993 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
On cultural change: Using the competing values framework to help leaders execute a transformational strategy
Authors: Hooijberg Robert , Petrock Frank
Published: May 2007

This article describes how the Competing Values Framework (Quinn, 1988) can be used to assess an organization's existing and desired culture and how one organization consultant uses the assessments of an organization's existing and desired cultures to bring about major cultural changes. A process is described that assesses what leaders or leadership teams mean when they say they want to change the culture of their organization, what benefits they expect to accrue from the desired cultural change, what action steps they will take to achieve the desired cultural change, and how evaluation can be carried out to assess whether culture change has actually been achieved. © 1993 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Union–management interface: Using the competing values framework as a diagnostic tool to bring increased involvement at the plant level
Authors: McGraw Rodney B.
Published: May 2007

This article describes an organizational intervention jointly sponsored by the United Automobile Workers and the Ford Employee Involvement Executive Committee. The intervention was needed to rejuvenate the existing employee involvement (EI) process which had been in existence since the early 1980s. The EI process had achieved its purpose of making significant cultural changes at Ford, but was viewed as narrow in scope in light of existing organizational problems of quality, customer focus, and productivity. An organizational intervention was designed jointly by a committee of union and management personnel using the Competing Values Framework as a diagnostic tool to examine the current organizational gaps in the majority of Ford's manufacturing facilities. The article discusses the overall process and the significant results at four major plant facilities. © 1993 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Using the competing values framework to facilitate managerial understanding across levels of organizational hierarchy
Authors: Dipadova Laurie N. , Faerman Sue R.
Published: May 2007

This article explores the use of the Competing Values Framework of Organizational Effectiveness and of Managerial Leadership as a tool for helping organizational members better understand the similarities and differences of managerial leadership roles at various levels of hierarchy. Based on a series of interviews, similarities and differences between managerial roles at different levels of organizational hierarchy are examined. Three organizational interventions are described which use the Competing Values Framework in order to increase managers' communication and understanding across levels. These interventions focus on management education and development, performance appraisal, and team building across levels of hierarchy.
Implications of the competing values framework for management information systems
Authors: Cooper Randolph B. , Quinn Robert E.
Published: May 2007

Problems with evaluating management information systems' (MIS) effectiveness are due to the lack of an MIS effectiveness theory. This article draws on the Competing Values Framework to develop a framework of MIS effectiveness which links MIS characteristics to organizational effectiveness via management activity support. This framework is based in both organizational and MIS literatures and is corroborated by cognitive maps of recognized MIS experts. The framework is then used to gain a better understanding of the MIS effectiveness construct and thus to provide guidance for evaluating MIS effectiveness. © 1993 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Four ways to choose a CEO: Crown heir, horse race, coup d'Etat, and comprehensive search
Authors: Friedman Stewart D. , Olk Paul
Published: May 2007

Most attempts to understand CEO succession fail to adequately differentiate the various ways by which CEOs are chosen. This article presents a conceptual framework that identifies four kinds of CEO succession processes, distinguished according to two key factors: political dynamics (who rules?) and the candidate search (are preferences known in advance?). Our main point is that the response of organizational stakeholders to CEO successions—(a) whether the process is perceived as fair, (b) whether the chosen successor is seen as good for an organization's future, and (c) the extent of disruption attending the leadership change—reflects how the politics and the search are managed. How internal and external stakeholders respond to a CEO succession can affect a new CEO's capacity for exercising effective leadership. Examples of each type (Apple, General Motors, Kodak, and Procter & Gamble) are offered and implications are drawn for researchers and for human resource executives. © 1995 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Shapelets: Possibilities and limitations of shape‐based virtual screening
Authors: Proschak Ewgenij , Rupp Matthias , Derksen Swetlana , Schneider Gisbert
Published: May 2007

Complementarity of molecular surfaces is crucial for molecular recognition. A method for representation of molecular shape is presented. We decompose the molecular surface into commensurate patches with defined shape by fitting hyperbolical paraboloids onto a triangulated isosurface of the Gaussian model of a molecule. As a result of this decomposition we obtain a 3D graph representation of the molecular shape, which can be used for complete and partial shape matching and isosteric group searching. To point out the possibilities and limitations of shape‐only models, we challenged our method by three scenarios in a virtual screening contest: rigid body alignment, consensus shape filtering, and target‐specific screening. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2008
Functional MR imaging of the female pelvis
Authors: Koyama Takashi , Togashi Kaori
Published: May 2007

Recent developments in MR techniques have magnified the roles and potential of MRI in the female pelvis. This article reviews the techniques and clinical applications of functional MRI (fMRI) of the female pelvis, including cine MRI, diffusion‐weighted MRI (DWI), and dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE)‐MRI. Cine MRI is a useful tool for evaluating uterine contractility, including sustained contraction and peristalsis, in a variety of conditions and gynecologic disorders, and for evaluating pelvic‐floor weakness. DWI can demonstrate abnormal signals in pathologic foci based on differences in molecular diffusion. It also enables the quantitative evaluation of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), which may be useful for distinguishing malignant from benign tissues and monitoring therapeutic outcome. DCE‐MRI has the potential to improve tumor detection and local staging, and can also provide quantitative information about perfusion of the tumor, which may be useful for both monitoring therapeutic effects and predicting therapeutic outcome. Understanding the roles played by functional MR techniques in the female pelvic region is beneficial not only for determining clinical applications, but also for developing further investigations with MRI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;25:1101–1112. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical aspects of the apparent diffusion coefficient in 3He MRI: Results in healthy volunteers and patients after lung transplantation
Authors: Bink Andrea , Hanisch Gorden , Karg Andrea , Vogel Annette , Katsaros Konstantinos , Mayer Eckhard , Gast Klaus K. , Kauczor Hans‐Ulrich
Published: May 2007

Purpose

To measure the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) after inhalation of hyperpolarized 3He in healthy volunteers and lung transplant recipients, and demonstrate the gravity dependence of ADC values.

Materials and Methods

Six healthy volunteers, 10 patients after single‐lung transplantation, and six patients after double‐lung transplantation were examined at 1.5T during inspiration and expiration. The inhalation of 300 mL of hyperpolarized 3He was performed with a computer‐controlled delivery device. A two‐dimensional fast low‐angle shot (FLASH) sequence measured the 3He diffusive gas movement. From these data the ADC was calculated.

Results

The mean ADC was 0.143 cm2/second in healthy individuals, 0.162 cm2/second in transplanted healthy lungs, and 0.173 cm2/second in rejected transplanted lungs, whereas it was 0.216 cm2/second in native fibrotic lungs and 0.239 cm2/second in emphysematous lungs. The difference in mean ADC values among healthy lungs, healthy transplanted lungs, and native diseased lungs was significant (P < 0.001). In inspiration the healthy volunteers showed higher ADC values in the anterior than in the posterior parts of the lungs. In expiration this gradient doubled.

Conclusion

An anterior–posterior (A/P) gradient was found in inspiration and expiration in healthy lungs. Healthy, transplanted, and native diseased lungs had significantly different mean ADC values. From our preliminary results, 3He MRI appears to be sensitive for detecting areas of abnormal ventilation in transplanted lungs. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;25:1152–1158. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantification of perfusion and permeability in breast tumors with a deconvolution‐based analysis of second‐bolus T1‐DCE data
Authors: Makkat S. , Luypaert R. , Sourbron S. , Stadnik T. , De Mey J.
Published: May 2007

Purpose

To test the feasibility of using a second‐bolus injection, added to a routine breast MRI examination, to measure regional perfusion and permeability in human breast tumors.

Materials and Methods

In 30 patients with breast tumors, first a routine whole‐breast T1‐DCE sequence was applied, and the slice where the lesion enhanced maximally was located. At that slice position, T1‐weighted MR images were acquired at 0.3‐second resolution using a second‐bolus dynamic inversion recovery (IR)‐prepared turbo field echo (TFE) sequence. A pixel‐by‐pixel model‐independent deconvolution of the relative signal enhancement was performed to estimate the tumor blood flow (TBF), tumor volume of distribution (TVD), mean transit time (MTT), extraction flow product (EF), and extraction fraction (E). In addition to this pilot study, a first appraisal of its sensitivity to tissue type was made on the basis of a small patient cohort.

Results

In the malignant tumors, the parametric maps clearly delineated tumors from the breast tissue and enabled visualization of the heterogeneity. The deconvolution analysis provided objective parametric maps of tumor perfusion with a mean TBF (84 ± 48 mL/100 mL/minute) in malignant tumors in the high range of literature values.

Conclusion

In terms of these perfusion values, our method appears promising to quantitatively characterize tumor pathophysiology. However, the number of patients was limited, and the separation between malignant and benign groups was not clear‐cut. Additional parameters generated through compartment modeling may improve the tumor differentiation. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;25:1159–1167. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Guanine derivatives modulate extracellular matrix proteins organization and improve neuron‐astrocyte co‐culture
Authors: Decker Helena , Francisco Sheila S. , Mendes‐de‐Aguiar Cláudia B.N. , Romão Luciana F. , Boeck Carina R. , Trentin Andréa G. , Moura‐Neto Vivaldo , Tasca Carla I.
Published: May 2007

Guanine derivatives (GD) have been shown to exert relevant extracellular effects as intercellular messengers, neuromodulators in the central nervous system, and trophic effects on astrocytes and neurons. Astrocytes have been pointed out as the major source of trophic factors in the nervous system, however, several trophic effects of astrocytic‐released soluble factors are mediated through modulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. In this study, we investigated the effects of guanosine‐5′‐monophosphate (GMP) and guanosine (GUO) on the expression and organization of ECM proteins in cerebellar astrocytes. Moreover, to evaluate the effects of astrocytes pre‐treated with GMP or GUO on cerebellar neurons we used a neuron‐astrocyte coculture model. GMP or GUO alters laminin and fibronectin organization from a punctate to a fibrillar pattern, however, the expression levels of the ECM proteins were not altered. Guanine derivatives‐induced alteration of ECM proteins organization is mediated by activation of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK), CA2+‐calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMK‐II), protein kinase C (PKC), and protein kinase A (PKA) pathways. Furthermore, astrocytes treated with GMP or GUO promoted an increased number of cerebellar neurons in coculture, without altering the neuritogenesis pattern. No proliferation of neurons or astrocytes was observed due to GMP or GUO treatment. Our results show that guanine derivatives promote a reorganization of the ECM proteins produced by astrocytes, which might be responsible for a better interaction with neurons in cocultures. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Instructive cross‐talk between neural progenitor cells and gliomas
Authors: Staflin Karin , Lindvall Magnus , Zuchner Thole , Lundberg Cecilia
Published: May 2007

Gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors and offer a poor prognosis in patients because of their infiltrative and treatment‐resistant nature. The median survival time after diagnosis is approximately 11–12 months. There is a strong need for novel treatment modalities in targeting gliomas, and recent advances use neural progenitor cells as delivery systems for different therapeutic strategies. In this study, we show that rat embryonic neural progenitor cell (NPC) lines, transplanted at a distant site from a 3‐day‐preestablished glioma in the striatum, were able to migrate toward and colocalize with tumor isles without general spread into the brain parenchyma. Upon encounter with tumor, neural progenitor cells changed phenotype and became vimentin positive. These results demonstrate that transplanted neural progenitor cells respond to queues from a tumor and home to and exert an antitumor effect on the preestablished glioma, significantly decreasing the tumor volume with approximately 67% compared with control tumors after 1–2 weeks. Moreover, these early effects could be translated into increased survival times of animals treated with neural progenitor cell grafts 3 days after intrastriatal tumor inoculation. In contrast, there was no activation or migration of endogenous subventricular zone (SVZ) neuroblasts in response to an intrastriatal syngeneic tumor. In conclusion, NPC possess the ability to influence tumor growth as well as respond to queues from the tumor or tumor microenvironment, demonstrating a cross‐talk between the cells. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Moderately halophilic, alkalitolerant Halomonas campisalis MCM B‐365 from Lonar Lake, India
Authors: Joshi A. A. , Kanekar P. P. , Kelkar A. S. , Sarnaik S. S. , Shouche Y. , Wani A.
Published: May 2007

Seven bacterial isolates obtained from sediment and water samples, collected from the alkaline Lonar Lake were identified on the basis of their morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics and were confirmed by 16S rDNA sequencing to be Halomonas campisalis. They were capable of using a variety of electron donors and were found to grow in the presence of sodium chloride (NaCl) up to 4 M, at pH from 7 to 11, 9 being the optimum. The isolates could grow over a wide range of temperatures (from 4 to 45 °C) and showed temperature‐dependent salt tolerance. They exhibited requirement of sodium for growth and could grow in any medium where NaCl is replaced by NaNO3 and Na2S2O3 but not in the presence of salts like LiCl, MgCl2 · 6H2O, KCl and NH4Cl. One of the seven isolates, ARI 351, was able to produce lipase at pH‐9.0, while two isolates, ARI 351 and ARI 360, could accumulate polyhydroxyalkanoic acid (PHA) granules when grown in a medium containing maltose. Thus the H. campisalis isolated from Lonar Lake was different from the previously reported one, with respect to its biotechnological potential for production of Lipase and PHA. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Bacterial cell division protein FtsZ is stable against degradation by AAA family protease FtsH in Escherichia coli cells
Authors: Srinivasan Ramanujam , Ajitkumar Parthasarathi
Published: May 2007

We have found that FtsH protease of Escherichia coli could degrade E. coli cell division protein FtsZ in an ATP‐ and Zn2+‐dependent manner in vitro and that the degradation did not show specificity for the N‐terminus or C‐terminus of FtsZ, like in the case of degradation of its conventional substrate σ32 protein. In continuation of these observations, in the present study, we examined whether FtsH would affect the stability and turnover of FtsZ in vivo. We found that FtsZ levels were not elevated in E. coli AR754 (ftsH1 ts) cells at nonpermissive temperature as compared to the levels in an FtsH‐active isogenic AR753 strain. Neither did FtsH degrade ectopically expressed FtsZ in AR754 strain nor did ectopic expression of FtsH reduced FtsZ levels in E. coli AR5090 ftsH null strain (ftsH::kan, sfhC21). Pulse chase experiments in AR754 and AR5090 strains showed that there were no compensatory changes in FtsZ turnover, in case FtsZ degradation had occurred. Even under cell division arrested conditions, wherein FtsZ was not required, FtsH protease did not degrade unutilized FtsZ. These experiments demonstrate that either FtsH protease may not have a role in regulating the levels of FtsZ in vivo under the conditions tested or that some cellular component(s) might be stabilising FtsZ against FtsH protease. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mental health consequences of the San Ysidro McDonald's Massacre: A community study
Authors: Hough Richard L. , Vega William , Valle Ramon , Kolody Bohdan , Castillo Richard Griswald Del , Tarke Henry
Published: May 2007

This paper reports on the reactions of a portion of the population of San Ysidro, California, to the McDonald's massacre in 1984. Recently immigrant, poor, Mexican American women, 35–50 years of age, who were not directly involved in the accident were surveyed to determine their emotional reactions approximately 6 months following the massacre. Approximately one third of the women indicated they were seriously affected by the event. Some 12% reported had mild or severe levels of Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptomatology at some point in time since the massacre and some 6% still felt symptoms 6 to 9 months after the event. The women most affected were those having relatives or friends involved in the massacre and those with general social vulnerability (e.g., the widowed, separated, or divorced, unemployed and those with less income and fair to poor health). These women reported relatively little impact on their children. Onset and chronicity of PTSD and health care utilization patterns were also explored. Results of more intensive, open ended interviews with the women most affected by the event are summarized.
Testimony as ritual and evidence in psychotherapy for political refugees
Authors: Agger Inger , Jensen Søren Buus
Published: May 2007

Testimony as a ritual both of healing and of condemnation of injustice would seem to be a universal phenomenon. The concept of testimony contains both connotations of something subjective or private, and of something objective, judicial, or political. When political refugees give testimony to the torture to which they have been subjected, the trauma story can be given a meaning, can be reframed: private pain is transformed into political dignity. In the context of testimony, shame, and guilt connected with the trauma can be confessed by the victim and reframed. In the transcultural meeting between the political refugee and the Western therapist, the common goal of creating evidence against repression becomes both a meeting place and a joint point of departure. The testimony method is demonstrated by two case histories.
Victimization history and victim‐assailant relationship as factors in recovery from sexual assault
Authors: Roth Susan , Wayland Kathy , Woolsey Mary
Published: May 2007

The present study investigated the psychological aftermath of sexual assault in a probability sample of university women, with an emphasis on how various aspects of a victim's lifetime sexual assault history and their relationship with their assailant(s) mediate posttraumatic recovery. Victims were almost twice as likely as nonvictims to meet given criteria for a psychiatric case. Surprisingly, date rape victims were as distressed as victims of chronic childhood assault, possibly because of the ambiguous nature of the assault circumstance. Also, repeated victimization was related to denial, a symptom of posttraumatic stress. Denial was discussed in regard to the likelihood of its increasing the risk of revictimization.
A biopsychosocial treatment approach to post‐traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Schwartz Lee S.
Published: May 2007

Post‐Traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is defined and treatment discussed from a combined biologic, psychologic, and social perspective. Literature relevant to each parameter is discussed. Pharmacologic interventions are described along with guidelines to carrying out the psychotherapeutic process which should accompany the former. Finally, insight is offered into the problems of the PTSD patient in using social support, with suggestions for their treatment.
Sleep of chronic post‐traumatic patients
Authors: Glaubman Hananyah , Mikulincer Mario , Porat Anat , Wasserman Orna , Birger Moshe
Published: May 2007

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the sleep of people diagnosed as suffering from chronic Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The sleep of seven chronic post‐traumatic patients with no known physical injuries was compared with that of seven matched control subjects. The post‐traumatic patients had poorer sleep: decreased sleep efficiency, increase in number of awakenings, and decreased SWS, as well as longer REM latency. It was also found that their complaints correlated with relevant sleep‐monitored measures. The findings add further support for the inclusion of sleep difficulties in the definition of the Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder.
The importance of parallel process in debriefing crisis counsellors
Authors: Talbot Alison
Published: May 2007

This article extends the idea of parallel process from the therapeutic situation to crisis circumstances where similar processes can occur. Parallel processes have a particular relevance in a crisis since critical incidents tend to raise the emotional climate of the counseling situation. The processes that occur with a group of victims in the aftermath of a crisis can be reenacted between counsellors working with the victims and this has implications for clinical work. As example of such a situation is discussed as are the ramifications for the debriefing of counsellors.
Post‐traumatic stress reactions in children
Authors: Yule William , Williams Ruth M.
Published: May 2007

Surprisingly, far less is known of the manifestations of post‐traumatic stress reactions in children than in adults. Research over the past 10 years has begun to describe phenomena very similar to PTSD in adults, particularly among young adolescents. This paper will briefly review recent research and will describe our own experiences working with children who survived the Herald of Free Enterprise ferry disaster. Attention will be paid not only to the reactions of the children, but also to the reactions of their families, and to problems experienced subsequently at school. An account will be given of two therapeutic groups run in parallel for children and parents. It is concluded that children, at least in the 8‐ to 16‐year age range, show problems very similar to adult PTSD, but that these will not be picked up by commonly used screening instruments.
Depressive sequelae of recent criminal victimization
Authors: Sorenson Susan B. , Golding Jacqueline M.
Published: May 2007

In a community sample of 2700 adults, 14.6% reported that in the previous 6 months they themselves or someone important to them were the victim of a crime (mugged or personally assaulted; burglarized, robbed, or swindled; or sexually assaulted). Men and women reported roughly equal rates of victimization; Hispanics reported fewer victimizations than non‐Hispanic whites. History of criminal victimization during the previous 6 months and certain crime characteristics were used to predict concurrent depression (assessed by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale) and suicidality (self‐report of suicide ideation or attempt). Being a crime victim was associated with increased suicidality and depression. Increased risk of suicidality following criminal victimization occurred irrespective of race, gender, education, and current mental disorder. Those who were mugged, sexually assaulted, or experienced multiple victimization were at greatest risk for depression. Those who were mugged were at greatest risk of suicidality.
The stability of emotional symptoms among disaster victims in a developing country
Authors: Lima Bruno R. , Pai Shaila , Lozano Julio , Santacrutz Hernan
Published: May 2007

This stability of emotional distress following a major disaster in Colombia was evaluated in a 2‐year follow‐up of a representative subsample of 40 adult victims of the Armero disaster in Colombia. The utilization of the Self‐Reporting Questionnaire indicated an increase of emotional distress from 55% to 78%. However, the mean neurotic subscale score, the most frequent neurotic symptoms, the strongest predictors of emotional distress, and the symptom‐profiles of distressed victims were essentially the same.
Clinical assessment of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among American minorities who served in Vietnam
Authors: Penk Walter E. , Allen Irving M.
Published: May 2007

This paper will review issues in clinical assessment of minority combat veterans who served in Vietnam. We will specify differences and similarities for assessing minorities within the context of evaluating the larger combat veteran population. As a way of introducing a need for specialized diagnosis and treatment, we will present data demonstrating that minorities may be characterized as a distinct group among Vietnam combat veterans; data demonstrating differential rates of PTSD and other psychological disorders; as well as differences in vocational, social, educational, physical and health adjustment along with differential rates of health services utilization. Throughout this paper, we will attempt to give a historical perspective to the role of the minority soldier before, during, and after military service in Vietnam, as well as inter‐related civilian events that impacted minority veterans. We will review pertinent theories that explain higher PTSD rates among minority veterans‐considering the special nature of the Vietnam War and its impact on young minority soldiers. We will frankly discuss problems we have observed about clinician prejudice that adversely affect clinical assessment and treatment. We emphasize that every combat veteran, regardless of racial background, is a unique individual with his or her own unique story to tell. We are aware, though, that cross‐cultural interactions, because of factors internal to both client and clinician, can impede, if not preclude, effective therapeutic encounter. We recognize that providing information about minorities may do relatively little to alter deeply rooted prejudice of an unconscious nature. We hope to address the issues of ethnicity in ways that do not stir clinical resistance but rather that enhance clinician sensitivity, curiosity, and confidence.
Personal trauma and world view—are extremely stressful experiences related to political attitudes, religious beliefs, and future orientation?
Authors: Carmil Devora , Breznitz Shlomo
Published: May 2007

The study of the Hol (Holocaust) provides the opportunity to study enduring effects of stressful experiences, many years after their occurrence. Yet the effect on attitudes and beliefs has been shown relatively little research interest. The present study compared Hol. survivors and children of survivors to two control groups in regard to political attitudes, religious identity, and future orientation. Survivors and children of survivors have been found to be different from the controls; almost 5 decades after the exposure to the trauma, both survivors and their descendants support the more centrally located political parties, express greater belief in God and a greater belief in a better future (χ2 = 8.945, p < 0.030, χ2 = 15.046, p < 0.020, χ2 = 17.438, p < 0.042). Possible explanations accounting for these results are discussed.
The rorschach and ptsd revisited: Critique of van der Kolk and Ducey's (1989) “the psychological processing of traumatic experience: Rorschach patterns in PTSD”
Authors: Cohen Leo , de Ruiter Corine
Published: May 2007

An article which appeared in the Journal of Traumatic Stress, 2: 259–274, on the Rorschach and PTSD, is criticized on methodological and general scholarly grounds. Special focus was given to the authors' treatment of Rorschach protocols and Rorschach data. The scientific contributions of the study are reviewed.
Notes from Moscow (1990): Some thoughts on the politics of PTSD during perestroika
Authors: Lindy Jacob D. , van der Kolk Bessel
Published: May 2007

[In the West, you have few victims and many healers; In the Soviet Union we have millions of victims and nearly no healers.]
Physical health complaints in combat‐related post‐traumatic stress disorder: A preliminary report
Authors: Litz Brett T. , Keane Terence M. , Fisher Lisa , Marx Brian , Monacol Valerie
Published: May 2007

Research has detailed the psychosocial parameters of combat‐related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but little information has been reported on it's physical health concomitants. Many aspects of the PTSD syndrome may interact to create chronic stress reactions that are related to the emergence of disease states. As part of an initial step in exploring the physical health risk associated with PTSD we examined self‐reported health problems in two matched groups of treatment‐seeking Vietnam combat veterans with and without PTSD. Overall, the PTSD group reported more current health problems, but no more physician diagnosed disorders than their non‐PTSD cohort. Possible mechanisms responsible for the report of health complaints in PTSD are discussed.
Negative psychometric outcomes: Self‐report measures and a follow‐up telephone survey
Authors: Solomon Zahava , Shalev Arik , Spiro Shimon E. , Dolev Aliza , Bleich Avi , Waysman Mark , Cooper Samuel
Published: May 2007

To assess the effectiveness of the Koach project, two groups of subjects, comprising the 40 Koach participants and 40 PTSD veterans who served as controls, were examined 1 year before Koach and 9 months afterwards. In addition, the Koach participants were also assessed immediately before and immediately following the project. The self‐report measures focused on PTSD symptomatology, post‐traumatic intrusion and avoidance, general psychiatric symptomatology, social functioning and perceived self‐efficacy in combat. Participation in Koach led to improvement in one area only: perceived self‐efficacy in combat. The measures of emotional distress and psychiatric symptomatology indicated that patients treated in Koach fared worse than untreated PTSD controls. In addition, in order to assess the long‐term impact of the program, 36 Koach participants were surveyed by phone approximately 2 years after the residential stage of the project. Military functioning, family life, work, and psychiatric symptomatology were assessed. Findings indicate that most of the participants had not returned to their prewar level of functioning.
The prevalence of lifetime and partial post‐traumatic stress disorder in vietnam theater veterans
Authors: Weiss Daniel S. , Marmar Charles R. , Schlenger William E. , Fairbank John A. , Kathleen Jordan B. , Hough Richard L. , Kulka Richard A.
Published: May 2007

A complete understanding of the consequences of service in a war zone includes examining the lifetime and current prevalence of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and of partial PTSD. Cases of partial PTSD are persons who have clinically significant symptoms of PTSD, but who do not meet the full diagnostic criteria. The National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study (NVVRS) estimated the lifetime prevalence of PTSD to be 30.9% among male theater veterans, 26.% among females; lifetime prevalence of partial PTSD was an additional 22.5% and 21.2%, respectively; current prevalence of partial PTSD was 11.1% in males and 7.8% in females. NVVRS findings indicate that of the 1.7 million veterans who ever experienced significant symptoms of PTSD after the Vietnam war, approximately 830,000 (49%) still experience clinically significant distress and disability from symptoms of PTSD. The contribution of partial PTSD represents an estimated additional 350,000 veterans.
Addressing cognitive defenses in critical incident stress
Authors: Janik James
Published: May 2007

While it is presumed that public safety workers have always used cognitive defenses to cope with traumatic experiences, this process has lacked systematic study. The author asserts that the use of ego defenses is common, necessary for daily functioning and not necessarily pathonomic or in need of therapeutic confrontation. This article makes an attempt to organize some of the literature in the area, raise questions that need to be studied, and argue strongly for future research.
Psychological symptoms and psychiatric diagnoses in Operation Desert Storm troops serving graves registration duty
Authors: Sutker Patricia B. , Uddo Madeline , Brailey Kevin , Allain Albert N. , Errera Paul
Published: May 2007

This clinical report describes symptoms of psychological and physical distress and psychiatric disorders in 24 Army Reservists who served war zone graves registration duty in support of Operation Desert Storm. Troops underwent comprehensive assessment for evidence of psychopathology that might be associated with war zone duty as one component of a debriefing protocol scheduled during regular drill exercises eight months after their return to the United States. Troops endorsed items suggestive of high war zone stress exposure, common symptoms of anxiety, anger, and depression, and multiple health and somatic concerns. Almost half of the sample met criteria for post‐traumatic stress disorder, and diagnosis of this disorder was strongly associated with evidence of depressive and substance abuse disorders. The gruesome aspects of body recovery and identification in a war zone setting were cited as stressor elements of significant negative impact.
Validation of the purdue post‐traumatic stress scale on a sample of Vietnam veterans
Authors: Hendrix Charles C. , Anelli Lisa M. , Gibbs Jinnifer P. , Fournier David G.
Published: May 2007

The Purdue Post‐traumatic Stress Disorder Scale is a 15‐item self‐report instrument based on the DSM‐III diagnostic criteria for post‐traumatic stress disorder. This scale is a quick easily administered, measure of psychological reactions to a traumatic event. The goal of the present report is to validate this instrument for use as a measure of long‐lasting combat stress reactions of American Vietnam veterans. The PPS demonstrated a high degree of internal consistency with a Cronbach's coefficient alpha of 0.94. The PPS demonstrated construct validity through significant correlations with other self‐report measures of combat experience and residual psychological distress, and through a factor analysis yielding three factors, labeled as arousal, avoidance, and the global perception of distress. Results support further use of the Purdue Post‐traumatic Stress Scale as a research instrument for assessing the long‐term impact of a traumatic event.
Response style and self‐control under scud missile attacks: The case of the sealed room situation during the 1991 Gulf war
Authors: Klingman Avigdor , Kupermintz Hagai
Published: May 2007

The interrelationships of coping responses, self‐control and trait anxiety in Israeli university students during the 1991 Gulf war were investigated. Respondents (35 male and 58 female students) responded to a battery of questionnaires at the end of the war to assess these variables. Their responses, which referred to the sealed room situation, were characterized by attempts to help others and relatively low emotion‐focused reactions. Based on factor analysis, a three‐factor structure of response modes is suggested: instrumental, emotion‐focused and blunting‐like. Self‐control was found to be associated with a lower intensity of the emotion‐focused response mode. Trait anxiety did not correlate with any of the response modes.
Convergent validity of measures of post‐traumatic stress disorder in a mixed military and civilian population
Authors: Neal Leigh Anthony , Busuttil Walter , Rollins John , Herepath Ronald , Turnbull Gordon , Strike Paul
Published: May 2007

The authors evaluated the validity of the Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) subscale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), the Impact of Event Scale (IES) and the Symptom Check List 90 (SCL‐90) as continuous and dichotomous measures of PTSD in a mixed military and civilian group of 70 subjects in the United Kingdom. The MMPI‐PTSD and the IES are designed specifically as measures of PTSD and the Global Symptom Index of the SCL‐90 is a general measure of neurosis. All measures produced significant positive correlations with scores from the Clinician Administered Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder Scale (CAPS‐1) and with each other. The IES was the most useful dichotomous measure. The optimum cut‐off score for the IES producing the highest Positive Predictive Value and the lowest Apparent Total Misclassification Error Rate has been determined.
The role of the experimenter in field studies of distressed populations
Authors: Derry Paula , Baum Andrew
Published: May 2007

In laboratory research, the experimenter's role is to behave in a standardized manner, often following a script, in order to collect data without influencing the responses of subjects. However, in field studies of vulnerable or victimized populations, experimenters confront tasks and dilemmas at odds with this concept of their role. Subjects may cry; experimenters may experience strong feelings when witnessing adversity; normative experimental behavior may feel inappropriate. This paper reports on issues identified in a graduate seminar for nonclinically trained health psychology researchers, and describes the program of training provided. Paradoxically, adhering to a more detached, noninfluential style of interaction requires adapting a flexible, rather than a rote, behavioral style. Relevant skills include explicating values, developing relational and communications skills, and training in post‐traumatic stress syndromes. By thus redefining the experimenter's role, ethical and practical considerations introduced in field studies of distressed populations can be balanced with laboratory values.
Race‐related PTSD: The Asian American Vietnam veteran
Authors: Loo Chalsa M.
Published: May 2007

This article presents a conceptual framework by which to understand race‐related post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for the Asian American Vietnam veteran. The framework draws from cognitive schema theory, social behaviorism, the notion of cumulative racism as trauma, and the assumption that bifurcation and negation of one's bicultural identity is injurious. Classifications of race‐related stress or trauma that may be experienced by Asian American Vietnam veterans, with exemplifying clinical case material, are presented. These types of stressors include being mistaken for Vietnamese, verbal and physical assaults that are race‐related, death and near‐death experiences that are race‐related, racial stigmatization, dissociation from one's Asian identity, and marginalization. As studies of combat trauma and sexual assault forced the psychological stresses attendant to war and sexist oppression into public consciousness, so this article addresses psychological stress and trauma attendant to racism.
The civilian version of the Mississippi PTSD scale: A psychometric evaluation
Authors: Vreven Dawn L. , Gudanowski David M. , King Lynda A. , King Daniel W.
Published: May 2007

This three‐part study examined the reliability and validity of the civilian version of the Mississippi Scale for Combat‐Related PTSD using data from the nonveteran participants in the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study. The Civilian Mississippi Scale had a raw score distribution that was roughly symmetric, with an acceptable degree of dispersion and a reasonably high internal consistency reliability coefficient. Overall, however, measurement precision was weaker than that for the military version of the instrument, and confirmatory factor analytic findings differed from those found for the military version. Preliminary investigations of validity were in the form of correlations with indices of stressful life events, a PTSD symptom count, and measures of demoralization and active expression of hostility. The Civilian Mississippi Scale emerged from the various analyses as a PTSD measure with potential but requiring further validational study and perhaps some refinement.
Diagnosis and treatment of combat stress reaction: Current attitudes of military physicians
Authors: Manor Iris , Shklar Rami , Solomon Zahava
Published: May 2007

This study examined the attitudes of 203 Israel Defense Forces (IDF) military physicians regarding the causes and treatment of combat stress reaction. The findings indicate that subjects tended primarily to endorse situational rather than predispositional explanations for the causation of the CSR. They attributed the highest levels of responsibility for treatment to the frontline physician and to commanders and the least amount of responsibility to the casualty himself. These findings suggest that military physicians do not hold CSR casualties responsible for the causation or the treatment of the stress reaction. CSR is now viewed within the “medical model.” It is considered by doctors to be within the purview of medicine and CSR casualties are considered legitimate objects of medical concern. The stigma attached to the phenomenon in the past thus appears to have diminished considerably.
Mental health officers' causal explanations of combat stress reaction
Authors: Shalom Dina , Benbenishty Rami , Solomon Zahava
Published: May 2007

This study examined causal attributions for combat stress reaction (CSR) among 117 Israel Defense Forces (IDF) mental health officers. The impact of case characteristics (the level of objective stress in the situation, reaction of others in the same situation, soldier's previous functioning and type of symptomatology) and respondent characteristics (professional affiliation, therapeutic orientation) on these attributions was also examined. Results show that mental health officers view CSR primarily as a response to external circumstances; it is not generally seen as resulting from personality traits or intrapsychic processes. Findings also indicate that causal attributions were influenced at least to some degree by the clinicians' professional affiliation, their therapeutic orientation, and their knowledge of the casualty's prior functioning.
The acute psychological impact on survivors following a train accident
Authors: Hagströum Rolf
Published: May 2007

Sixty‐six passengers surviving a collision of two trains were investigated concerning relevant background data, degree of personal injury, experience of a threat to life, symptoms and problems immediately after the accident, and thoughts about difficulty in coping. The most obvious impact on the survivors was the experience of being close to death. One result of this was that they developed a new coping strategy to minimize emotional pain. Some survivors also suffered problems of “re‐living” the accident. This is important for the coping process. The process includes psychological integration of the accident as an important life event. The findings indicate that “re‐living” of the accident through nightmares and intrusive thoughts is responsible for problems in carrying out ordinary tasks. The observations are in accordance with those made after other types of accidents and disasters.
Post‐traumatic morbidity in a civilian community of litigants: A follow‐up at 3 years
Authors: Scott Richard B. , Brooks Neil , Mckinlay William
Published: May 2007

This paper examines post‐traumatic morbidity in a community sample who had claimed compensation and been assessed 10–14 months after the Lockerbie Disaster. At 36 months 25 residents were reassessed by clinical interview and 35 by questionnaire. A chronic pattern of morbidity was found in 56% of this sample with the most frequent diagnoses being post traumatic stress disorder and depression, followed by other anxiety disorders. Only six cases were found to have “recovered” and there was only one case of delayed onset morbidity between 12 and 36 months. No unequivocal predictors of the presence of diagnosis or questionnaire scores were found.
The kings cross fire: Psychological reactions
Authors: Turner Stuart W. , Thompson James , Rosser Rachel M.
Published: May 2007

The psychological reactions of 50 survivors of the King's Cross fire, which hit London's underground railway system on the 18th day of November 1987, are described. Results are presented for the Impact of Event scale, the General Health Questionnaire (28‐item version), the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and a King's Cross Event Schedule. These are investigated in relation to (a) validity measures, (b) relationships between exposure and personality, and (c) spontaneous de‐briefing. Two thirds of the sample had significant levels of psychological distress (meeting the “caseness” criterion on the GHQ). Both personality (neuroticism and L‐scale) and degree of trauma exposure were related to subsequent reaction. Spontaneous debriefing was associated with subjective benefit. Transportation disasters present particular problems in relation to research and service delivery.
Smoking in Vietnam combat veterans with post‐traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Beckham Jean C. , Roodman Allison A. , Shipley Robert H. , Hertzberg Michael A. , Cunha Garry H. , Kudler Harold S. , Levin Edward D. , Rose Jed E. , Fairbank John A.
Published: May 2007

The present study investigated smoking prevalence, smoking motives, demographic variables and psychological symptoms in 124 help‐seeking, male Vietnam combat veterans with post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A high percentage of these veterans smoked (60%). Vietnam veterans with PTSD who smoked were more likely than those who did not smoke to report higher levels of PTSD symptoms, depression and trait anxiety. Increased depression was associated with increased automatic smoking. Smokers reported a high frequency of smoking in response to military memories. Implications for smoking interventions, cessation, and relapse prevention efforts are discussed.