bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Young children and the say/mean distinction: verbatim and paraphrase recognition in narrative and nursery rhyme contexts
Authors: LEE ELIZABETH A. , TORRANCE NANCY , OLSON DAVID R.
Published: July 2002

Children's ability to distinguish between the text, WHAT WAS SAID, and
the intentional structure, WHAT WAS MEANT, was interrogated by means
of verbatim and paraphrase questions in two types of discourse,
narratives and nursery rhymes. Three- to seven-year-olds participated
(n = 119, mean age 5·1). There was an interaction between the type of
discourse and the younger children's ability to separate wording from
intentional structure. In the narrative form they had difficulty rejecting
true paraphrases when asked to focus on wording, while in the nursery
rhyme form the difficulty was accepting a true paraphrase when asked to
focus on intention.
The creation of new figurative expressions: psycholinguistic evidence in Italian children, adolescents and adults
Authors: LEVORATO M. CHIARA , CACCIARI CRISTINA
Published: July 2002

According to a developmental model of figurative language acquisition – the GLOBAL ELABORATION MODEL (Levorato & Cacciari, 1995) – the metalinguistic awareness necessary to use figurative language in a creative way is acquired late, and is subsequent to the ability to comprehend and produce figurative expressions. One hundred and eight children aged 9;6, one hundred and twenty-four children aged 11;3, one hundred and twelve adolescents aged 18;5 and one hundred adults participated in Experiment 1 which studied the development of metalinguistic awareness through an elicitation task. The subjects produced a high percentage of figurative expressions with a clear developmental trend that is concluded in adolescence. In addition, Experiment 2 showed that the production of comprehensible, appropriate and novel metaphors, as they were rated by adult judges, also increased with age. These results show that the ability to use figurative language in a creative and sensible way requires a long developmental time span and is strictly connected with the ability to reflect on language as a complex cognitive and interpersonal phenomenon.
Acquisition of derived nominals in Hebrew:
developmental and linguistic principles
Authors: RAVID DORIT , AVIDOR AVRAHAM
Published: July 2002

Derived nominals are abstract nouns derived from verbs and adjectives

by nominalization. This study traces the route taken by Hebrew-speaking

children in the acquisition of Hebrew derived nominals
(HDNs) of two types: action nominals which conform in structure to the

small set of obligatory verb patterns (binyanim) (e.g. ktiva

‘writing’) and
deverbal nouns, which belong to separate nominal patterns (e.g. maga

‘touch’). One hundred native speakers of Hebrew (children aged
5, 8, 11
and 15, and adults) were tested on comprehension and production of
HDNs. The test items were grouped by binyan patterns and by
morphological regularity. Results showed that acquisition of HDNs
starts at about age 8 and is not complete by age 15, and that task type,

binyan pattern and morphological regularity all affect ease of
acquisition.
We consider the strategies employed in the course of acquisition of
HDNs and offer an explanation for this late acquisition which requires

a vast amount of prior integrated knowledge.
Algebraic K-theory and higher Chow groups of linear varieties
Authors: JOSHUA ROY
Published: July 2002

The main focus in this paper is the algebraic K-theory and higher Chow groups of
linear varieties and schemes. We provide Kunneth spectral sequences for the higher
algebraic K-theory of linear schemes flat over a base scheme and for the motivic
cohomology of linear varieties defined over a field. The latter provides a Kunneth
formula for the usual Chow groups of linear varieties originally obtained by different
means by Totaro. We also obtain a general condition under which the higher cycle
maps of Bloch from mod-lv higher Chow groups to mod-lv
étale cohomology are isomorphisms for projective nonsingular varieties defined over an algebraically closed
field of arbitrary characteristic p [ges ] 0 with l ≠ p. It is observed that the Kunneth
formula for the Chow groups implies this condition for linear varieties and we compute
the mod-lv motivic cohomology and mod-lv algebraic
K-theory of projective nonsingular linear varieties to be free
ℤ/lv-modules.
Simple motion systems and Banach spaces associated to uniformly
bounded representations
Authors: MAYER MATTHIAS , SALLER CHRISTIAN
Published: July 2002

Given a uniformly bounded representation of a locally compact group, we consider
the closed circled convex hull K of the orbit of a vector. We call K a simple
motion system (SMS) and endow its linear hull with the Minkowski functional of
K. The representation theory on these ‘SMS-spaces’
is discussed, in particular for
C0-representations, for irreducible representations of connected groups and for
integrable representations. As an application we give a criterion for the decomposibility
of representations.
Vehicle Tracking and Security
Authors: Scorer A. G.
Published: July 2002

This paper covers the wide area and short range locational
technologies that are available for
vehicle tracking in particular and mobile user security in general.
It also summarises the radio
communications services that can deliver information to the user.
It considers the use that can
be made of these technologies, when combined with procedures for delivering
a response, in
the security field, notably in relation to personal security, high-value
load protection and the
after-theft tracking markets.
Residual moisture determines the level of touch-contact-associated

bacterial transfer following hand washing
Authors: PATRICK D. R. , FINDON G. , MILLER T. E.
Published: July 2002

We report here a new and critical determinant of the effectiveness
of

hand hygiene procedures,

namely the amount of residual moisture left on the hands after washing
and

drying. When

samples of skin, food and utilities were touched with wet, undried hands,

microbial numbers in

the order of 68000, 31000 and 1900 respectively translocated to these

representative surfaces.

Bacterial numbers translocating on touch contact decreased progressively
as

drying with an air

or cloth towel system removed residual moisture from the hands. A 10 s

cloth towel–20 s air

towel protocol reduced the bacterial numbers translocating to skin,

food and utilities on touch

contact to 140, 655 and 28 respectively and achieved a 99·8, 94
and

99% reduction in the level

of bacterial translocation associated with wet hands. Careful hand drying

is a critical factor

determining the level of touch-contact-associated bacterial transfer

after hand washing and its

recognition could make a significant contribution towards improving

handcare practices in clinical and public health sectors.
High turnover rate of Escherichia coli strains in the intestinal

flora of infants in Pakistan
Authors: ADLERBERTH I. , JALIL F. , CARLSSON B. , MELLANDER L. , HANSON L. Å. , LARSSON P. , KHALIL K. , WOLD A. E.
Published: July 2002

The Escherichia coli flora of infants in developed countries
is dominated by one or a few
strains which persist for prolonged periods of time, but no longitudinal
studies have been
performed in developing countries. To this end, we studied the rectal enterobacterial
flora in 22
home-delivered Pakistani infants during their first 6 months of life. Three
colonies were
isolated and species typed on each of 11 sampling occasions. E. coli
isolates were strain typed
using electromorphic typing of cytoplasmic enzymes, and their O serogroups
were determined.
There was a very rapid turnover of enterobacterial strains in the rectal
flora of individual
infants. On average, 8·5 different E. coli strains were
found per infant, and several biotypes of
other enterobacteria. Less than 50% of the infants were colonized with
E. coli from their
mothers, but strains of maternal origin were four times more likely to
persists in the infants'
flora than other E. coli strains. Enterobacteria other than E.
coli were always of non-maternal
origin, and Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella pneumoniae
biotypes recovered from
contaminated feeds were later identified in the infants' rectal flora.
An early colonization with
klebsiella or enterobacter was significantly associated with diarrhoea
during the neonatal
period, although these bacteria were not likely to be the cause of the
disease. The results
suggest that poor hygienic conditions result in an unstable and diverse
enterobacterial flora,
which may influence infant health.
Pigs with highly prevalent antibodies to human coronavirus
and swine haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus in the
Tohoku District of Japan
Authors: HIRANO N. , SUZUKI Y. , HAGA S.
Published: July 2002

From 1985 to 1988, a total of 2496 swine sera from 60 farms in the Tohoku District of the
Honshu Island of Japan were examined for antibodies to swine haemagglutinating
encephalomyelitis virus (HEV), human coronavirus (HCV) and bovine coronavirus (BCV) by
haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test. Antibodies to HEV 67N strain and HCV OC43 strain
were highly prevalent with positivity rates of 82·1 and 91·4%, respectively, while seropositivity
rate to BCV Kakegawa strain was 44·2%. No clinical signs of HEV infection were noticed in
any farms including farms with relatively high seropositivity. The results suggested that HCV
or antigenitically related virus(es) as well as HEV might be perpetuated in swine in the Tohoku
District.
Invasive meningococcal disease among university
undergraduates: association with universities providing
relatively large amounts of catered hall accommodation
Authors: NEAL K. R. , NGUYEN-VAN-TAM J. , MONK P. , O'BRIEN S. J. , STUART J. , RAMSAY M.
Published: July 2002

The incidence of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) among UK university students and
non-students of similar age was investigated. In addition, we sought to identify structural risk
factors associated with high rates of IMD in individual universities. Cases were ascertained via
Consultants in Communicable Disease Control (or equivalent officers) between September 1994
and March 1997. Data on individual universities were obtained from university accommodation
officers.

University students had an increased annual rate of invasive meningococcal disease
(13·2/105,
95% CI 11·2–15·2) compared with non-students of similar age in the same health districts
(5·5/105, CI 4·7–6·4) and in those health districts without universities
(3·7/105, CI 2·9–4·4).
This trend was highly significant. Regression analysis demonstrated catered hall
accommodation to be the main structural risk factor. Higher rates of disease were observed at
universities providing catered hall places for >10% of their student population (15·3/105,
CI 11·8–18·8) compared with those providing places for <10% of students (5·9/105,
CI 4·1–7·7). The majority of IMD amongst students was caused by serogroup B organisms.

University students in the UK are at increased risk of IMD compared with non-students of
a similar age. The incidence of IMD tends to be greatest at universities with a high provision
of catered hall accommodation.
Restriction enzyme analysis and ribotyping distinguish
Bordetella avium and Bordetella hinzii isolates
Authors: SACCO R. E. , REGISTER K. B. , NORDHOLM G. E.
Published: July 2002

Fifty-seven bacterial isolates previously identified as Bordetella avium or B. hinzii were
characterized by restriction enzyme analysis (REA) and/or ribotyping. Twenty restriction
endonucleases were evaluated for REA. Digestion of chromosomal DNA from the 42 B. avium
and 15 B. hinzii isolates with Hinf I produced 8 and 7 distinct fingerprint profiles, respectively.
Digestion with DdeI further discriminated these Bordetella species and produced 12 fingerprint
profiles for B. avium and 4 profiles of B. hinzii. In addition, B. avium isolates were clearly
distinguishable from B. hinzii isolates by ribotyping with the restriction endonuclease PvuII. The
ribotype patterns of these two species of Bordetella were unique when compared to previously
reported ribotype patterns for B. bronchiseptica isolates. Since it was possible to discern
differences among isolates within each Bordetella species by REA analysis, we suggest that
REA could be used in developing a typing system based on the fingerprint profiles generated.
Estimation of the basic reproduction number of measles
during an outbreak in a partially vaccinated population
Authors: MOSSONG J. , MULLER C. P.
Published: July 2002

From March to July 1996 a measles outbreak occurred in northern Luxembourg with 110
reported cases centered around two primary schools (85 cases) and the surrounding community
(25 cases). Eighty four suspected cases were confirmed serologically. Vaccine coverage was
estimated from questionnaire-based surveys at the two primary schools to be 70 and 76%,
respectively. Vaccine efficacy during the outbreak was estimated to be 94.6% [95% confidence
interval (CI) 90·4–97·0]. Using the information from the school surveys, we obtained estimates
of the basic reproduction number of measles of 7·7 (95% CI 4·4–11·0) and 6·2 (95% CI
3·5–8·9), respectively. Assuming a 95% vaccine efficacy, these estimates correspond to minimal
vaccine coverages of 91·6% (95% CI 81·4–95·7) and 88·3% (95% CI 75·5–93·4) which would
have been necessary to minimize the chances of a major outbreak occurring. We can confirm
that major outbreaks in similar school settings can only be prevented if vaccination coverage
exceeds 90%.
Serological prevalence to six leptospiral serovars in cattle in Asturias (Northern Spain)
Authors: ESPI A. , PRIETO J. M. , FERNANDEZ M. , ALVAREZ M.
Published: July 2002

The prevalence of antibody to six serovars of Leptospira interrogans in cattle in Asturias
(Northern Spain) was determined by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Using 50%
agglutination or lysis at a dilution of 1[ratio ]10 or more as the criteria for seropositivity, 371 of
3578 (10·36%) animals were found to react with one serovar. The most commonly detected
serovars were pomona (5·59%) and grippotyphosa (2·37%),
whilst serovar hardjo (0·75%), icterohaemorrhagiae (0·64%), poi
(0·64%) and autumnalis (0·36%) were found at lower frequencies.
Factors affecting the hunting success of male and female lions in the Kruger National Park
Authors: Funston P. J. , Mills M. G. L. , Biggs H. C.
Published: July 2002

Long‐term continuous observations of hunting lions Panthera leo in the Kruger National Park were used to assess the variables affecting hunting success of male and female lions. Generalized linear models revealed that seven variables had significant independent influences on hunting success, with the most important being the prey species hunted. Three types of variables were recognized: (1) lion related, where type of hunt, wind orientation, and the number of adults hunting; (2) prey related, where prey species and herd size; (3) environment related, where moon brightness, and grass height were significant. The sex of the lions had no effect on the overall probability of hunting success. Five second‐order interactions significantly influenced the probability of hunting success, with the most important being the interaction between sex and the type of prey. The only significant third‐order interaction containing the variable sex, was the inter‐relationship with prey species and shrub cover. After removing the over‐riding bias of the prey species, greater resolution of the factors affecting success was revealed. The major difference was that group size influences hunting success and concomitantly prey selection, promoting selection for medium‐sized ungulates like zebra Equus burchelli and wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus by females, and males mainly capturing buffalo Syncerus caffer. We conclude that in African ecosystems, the hunting success of male and female lions varies with a range of combinations of lion‐, prey‐ and environment‐related variables. We demonstrate the hunting ability of male lions, which has perhaps been understated in other studies.
Notes on the current distribution and the ecology of wild golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus)
Authors: Gattermann R. , Fritzsche P. , Neumann K. , Al‐Hussein I. , Kayser A. , Abiad M. , Yakti R.
Published: July 2002

Two expeditions were carried out during September 1997 and March 1999 to confirm the current existence of Mesocricetus auratus in northern Syria. Six females and seven males were caught at different sites near Aleppo. One female was pregnant and gave birth to six pups. Altogether, 30 burrows were mapped and the structures of 23 golden hamster burrows investigated. None of the inhabited burrows contained more than one adult. Burrow depths ranged from 36 to 106 cm (mean 65 cm). Their structure was simple, consisting of a single vertical entrance (gravity pipe) that proceeded to a nesting chamber and at least one additional food chamber. The mean length of the entire gallery system measured 200 cm and could extend up to 900 cm. Most burrows were found on agricultural fields preferentially on leguminous cultures. The distribution of golden hamsters is discussed in association with historical data, soil types, geography, climate and human activities. All 19 golden hamsters were transferred to Germany and, together with three wild individuals supplied by the University of Aleppo, form a new breeding stock.
Effects of Macrocheles mites on longevity of males of the dimorphic dung beetle Onthophagus binodis
Authors: Kotiaho Janne S. , Simmons Leigh W.
Published: July 2002

In this study we tested the nature of the phoretic relationship between the cosmopolitan mite Macrocheles merdarius and the dimorphic dung beetle Onthophagus binodis. We observed and experimentally manipulated the number of mites on individual beetles and tested how mite infestation affects male longevity. There was a significant effect of mites on male longevity: males in our mites‐added treatment died on average 15 days earlier than males in our mites‐removed treatment. Interestingly, the number of mites on males was significantly repeatable suggesting that individuals may differ in their susceptibility to infestation. Major males had more mites on them than minor males, and the proportion of mites on minor males was negatively density dependent.
Women and sound change: Conservative and innovative behavior
by the same speakers
Authors: Maclagan Margaret A. , Gordon Elizabeth , Lewis Gillian
Published: July 2002

In this article we address Labov's claim that
sound changes that are not stigmatized are led especially
by young women who are the “movers and shakers”
in the community, people with energy and enterprise. Such
young women, at the same time, are conservative with respect
to sound changes or stable linguistic variables that are
stigmatized. We investigated this claim by comparing the
pronunciation of the non-stigmatized front vowels /I/,
/ε/, and /æ/ with that of the stigmatized diphthongs
/ai/ and /a[inverted omega]/ in New Zealand English. When we
considered the pronunciation of each variable, the young women did
not unequivocally support Labov's claim. However, when
we examined the behavior of individual speakers across the
two sets of variables, Labov's claim was supported.
This result leads us to emphasize the importance of considering
the behavior of individual speakers in a more holistic
way rather than focusing only on the averaged data for
single variables.
Developing mechanisms of self-regulation
Authors: POSNER MICHAEL I. , ROTHBART MARY K.
Published: July 2002

Child development involves both reactive and self-regulatory mechanisms that children
develop in conjunction with social norms. A half-century of research has uncovered aspects of
the physical basis of attentional networks that produce regulation, and has given us some
knowledge of how the social environment may alter them. In this paper, we discuss six forms of
developmental plasticity related to aspects of attention. We then focus on effortful or executive
aspects of attention, reviewing research on temperamental individual differences and important
pathways to normal and pathological development. Pathologies of development may arise when
regulatory and reactive systems fail to reach the balance that allows for both self-expression and
socially acceptable behavior. It remains a challenge for our society during the next millennium to
obtain the information necessary to design systems that allow a successful balance to be realized
by the largest possible number of children.
Internalizing problems of childhood and adolescence: Prospects, pitfalls, and progress in
understanding the development of anxiety and depression
Authors: ZAHN–WAXLER CAROLYN , KLIMES–DOUGAN BONNIE , SLATTERY MARCIA J.
Published: July 2002

The focus of this article is on internalizing problems that are experienced by children and
adolescents. We provide an historical perspective, selectively examine the current state of
knowledge, consider advances and gaps in what is known, and identify new research directions.
Diagnosis, epidemiology, theory, and research first are considered separately for anxiety and
depressive disorders. These internalizing problems, however, whether clinical or subclinical,
share many common features and show high comorbidity rates. We emphasize the importance of
systematic analysis of comorbid anxiety and depression, including their comorbidity with
externalizing problems. This could lead to more valid classification of subtypes of internalizing
problems and further an understanding of the diverse conditions that constitute internalized
distress. We highlight the need to study anxiety and depression within a developmental
psychopathology framework, as well as to include both categorical and dimensional assessments
of these problems in the same research designs. This will be essential for understanding the
complex interplay of biological and environmental processes that contribute to the emergence,
progression, and amelioration of internalizing problems over time.
Glucocorticoid effects on memory function over the human life span
Authors: HEFFELFINGER AMY K. , NEWCOMER JOHN W.
Published: July 2002

Glucocorticoids (GCs), produced by the stress-responsive
hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, are well recognized for their regulatory role in
peripheral metabolism. GCs are also known to regulate various brain functions, with
well-described effects on human cognition. Increased GC exposure in humans—including
exposure to the endogenous GC, cortisol—at levels associated with stress, decreases
memory and learning function. These results extend evidence from in vitro studies of synaptic and
cell function and evidence from animals indicating the GCs can regulate substrates of memory
function. While considerable evidence details these effects in adult humans and animals, relatively
less is know about the effect of GCs on cognitive function in children and older adults.
Investigators have suggested that children, particularly preschool-aged children, may be
vulnerable to adverse consequences of increased GC secretion resulting from stress and
neuropsychiatric diseases such as depression. Adverse GC effects on memory substrates and
memory function in the adult have also fostered concern that age-related changes, including
changes in GC receptors and changes in circulating cortisol levels, could lead to age-related
increases in the adverse effect of GCs on brain function. Investigators have reported an
association between age-related increases in cortisol levels and age-related memory decline, but
this association may or may not be due to a direct effect of cortisol on memory substrates. A
number of possible treatment approaches to prevent or remediate adverse GC-induced effects are
under development. In general, the use of safe and effective agents for blocking adverse GC
effects on brain functions including memory may offer benefits to individuals suffering acute and
chronic stressors and could prevent brain changes relevant to stress, aging, and stress-related
neuropsychiatric diseases.
Distorted perceptions in dyadic interactions of aggressive and nonaggressive boys: Effects
of prior expectations, context, and boys' age
Authors: LOCHMAN JOHN E. , DODGE KENNETH A.
Published: July 2002

This study examined distorted self- and peer perceptions in aggressive and nonaggressive
boys at preadolescent and early adolescent age levels. Subjects completed semantic differential
ratings of themselves and of their peer partners following two brief dyadic discussion tasks with
competitive inductions and a game-playing task with a cooperative induction. Subjects also rated
their expectations for self- and peer behavior prior to the two competitive interaction tasks.
Research assistants later rated videotapes of the interactions. Aggressive boys had more distorted
perceptions of dyadic behavior as they overperceived aggression in their partners and
underperceived their own aggressiveness. These distorted perceptions of aggression carried over
for aggressive boys into the third interaction task with a cooperative induction, indicating these
boys' difficulty in modulating these perceptions when the overt demand for conflict is no
longer present in the situation. Results also indicated that aggressive boys' perceptions of
their own behavior after the first interaction task is substantially affected by their prior
expectations, in comparison to nonaggressive boys who rely more on their actual behavior to
form their perceptions.
Early conduct problems and later risk of teenage pregnancy in girls
Authors: WOODWARD LIANNE J. , FERGUSSON DAVID M.
Published: July 2002

The relationship between conduct problems at age 8 years and teenage pregnancy by the age
of 18 years was analyzed in a birth cohort of 491 girls. A statistically significant association was
found between early conduct problems and later risk of teenage pregnancy, with girls in the most
disturbed 10% of the cohort having a pregnancy rate that was 5.3 times higher (p <
.001) than the rate found in the least disturbed 50% of the cohort. The elevated risk of teenage
pregnancy amongst girls with early conduct problems was in part, explained by social and family
factors that were correlated with early conduct problems, and in part, by a causal chain process in
which early conduct problems were associated with increased rates of risk taking behaviors in
adolescence, which in turn led to an increased risk of teenage pregnancy. These results suggest
that the higher rate of teenage pregnancy among girls with early conduct problems reflected both
their relatively disadvantaged family backgrounds and their tendencies to risk taking behavior in
adolescence.
Contextual factors in substance use: A study of suburban and inner-city adolescents
Authors: LUTHAR SUNIYA S. , D'AVANZO KAREN
Published: July 2002

Objectives in this research were to examine contextual differences in correlates of substance
use among high school students. The focus was on two broad categories of adjustment indices:
personal psychopathology (internalizing and externalizing problems) and behaviors
reflecting social competence (academic achievement, teacher-rated classroom
behaviors, and peer acceptance or rejection). Associations between drug use and each of these
constructs were examined in two sociodemographically disparate groups: teens from affluent,
suburban families (n = 264), and low socioeconomic status adolescents from
inner-city settings (n= 224). Results indicated that suburban youth reported
significantly higher levels of substance use than inner-city youth. In addition, their substance use
was more strongly linked with subjectively perceived maladjustment indices. Comparable
negative associations involving grades and teacher-rated behaviors were found in both groups,
and among suburban males only, substance use showed robust positive associations with
acceptance by peers. Results are discussed in terms of developmental perspectives on adolescent
deviance, contextual socializing forces, and implications for preventive interventions and
treatment.
The relation of adolescent substance use to young adult autonomy, positive activity
involvement, and perceived competence
Authors: CHASSIN LAURIE , PITTS STEVEN C. , DELUCIA CHRISTIAN
Published: July 2002

The current paper uses data from a longitudinal study of a high-risk sample to test the
relation between adolescent alcohol and drug use and later young adult autonomy, positive
activity involvement, and perceived competence. Participants (children of alcoholics and
demographically matched controls) were assessed in three annual interviews in adolescence
(mean age: 12.7 years at Time 1) and then again 5–7 years later, in young adulthood
(median age: 20 years). Path analyses and latent growth curve models tested the effects of
adolescent substance use on both self-reported and collateral-reported outcomes, controlling for
correlated risk factors (parental alcoholism, adolescent psychopathology, and parental support),
preexisting levels of the outcome, and concurrent young adult substance use. Results showed that
adolescent drug use had a significant, unique negative effect on later autonomy and perceived
competence. Alcohol use effects were more complex. Adolescent heavy drinking was associated
with less positive adult outcomes, but more so in collateral reports than in self-reported
outcomes. Moreover, young adult heavy drinking was either uncorrelated with or positively
correlated with higher levels of perceived competence, suggesting different developmental
significance of alcohol use in adolescence than in young adulthood.
Simplified models of
superconducting-normal-superconducting junctions
and their numerical approximations
Authors: DU Q. , REMSKI J.
Published: July 2002

When a thin layer of normal (non-superconducting) material is
placed between layers of
superconducting material, a superconducting-normal-superconducting junction
is formed.
This paper considers a model for the junction based on the Ginzburg–Landau
equations as
the thickness of the normal layer tends to zero. The model is first derived
formally by averaging
the unknown variables in the normal layer. Rigorous convergence is then
established, as well
as an estimate for the order of convergence. Numerical results are shown
for one-dimensional
junctions.
Being alone in later life: loneliness, social isolation and living alone
Authors: Victor Christina , Scambler Sasha , Bond John , Bowling Ann
Published: July 2002

Introduction

The context for the review of loneliness and social isolation in later life is that of ‘successful aging’ and ‘quality of life’. The term ‘quality of life‘ includes a broad range of areas of life and there is little agreement about the definition of the term. Models of quality of life range from identification of ‘life satisfaction’ or ‘social wellbeing’ to models based upon concepts of independence, control, and social and cognitive competence. However, regardless of how the concept of quality of life is defined, research has consistently demonstrated the importance of social and family relationships in the definition of a ‘good quality of life’.
The effects of fruit availability and habitat disturbance on an assemblage of Sumatran hornbills
Authors: Anggraini Kiki , Kinnaird Margaret , O'Brien Timothy
Published: July 2002

We examined the influence of fruit availability and habitat disturbance, including past and recent forest fires, on an assemblage of hornbills over a four-month period in the Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Sumatra. The assemblage is dominated by Wreathed Hornbills Aceros undulatus (7.5 birds/km2), followed by Bushy-crested Hornbills Anorrhinus galeritus (3.05 birds/km2), Rhinoceros Hornbills Buceros rhinoceros (2.6 birds/km2), and Helmeted Hornbills Buceros vigil (1.9 birds/km2). Overall densities for each species were consistent with estimates from other South-East Asian sites but densities varied temporally and spatially, even for territorial species. We speculate that Rhinoceros and Helmeted Hornbills may exhibit facultative territoriality or they may not be territorial at this site. We found a positive relationship between temporal variability in hornbill numbers and the availability of ripe fruits. All hornbills, especially Rhinoceros and Bushy-crested Hornbills, tended to avoid highly disturbed areas; these areas had a lower than expected number of fruiting trees in five important hornbill diet families. Densities of Bushy-Crested, Rhinoceros, and Helmeted Hornbills declined from 28 to 63% in the post-burn surveys. Wreathed Hornbills, however, increased slightly in the post-burn surveys, possibly because they were nesting there at the time. Movement of hornbills between disturbed and primary forest habitat may enhance regeneration of disturbed areas if hornbills are transporting viable seeds.
Unique factorisation lifting functors and
categories of linearly-controlled processes
Authors: BUNGE MARTA , FIORE MARCELO P.
Published: July 2002

We consider processes consisting of a category of states varying over a control category as
prescribed by a unique factorisation lifting functor. After a brief analysis of the structure of
general processes in this setting, we restrict attention to linearly-controlled ones. To this end,
we introduce and study a notion of path-linearisable category in which any two paths of
morphisms with equal composites can be linearised (or interleaved) in a canonical fashion.
Our main result is that categories of linearly-controlled processes (viz., processes controlled
by path-linearisable categories) are sheaf models.
Bringing Clarity to the Futility Debate: Don't Use
the Wrong Cases
Authors: BRODY HOWARD
Published: July 2002

Among those who criticize the concept of ‘medical
futility,’ a common refrain is that we really have
no idea what futility means. For example, physicians seem
to disagree on whether a treatment being futile means that
it has a less than 5% chance of working or a 20% chance
of working. If the concept is so unclear, then it seems a
thin reed upon which to base a momentous ethical
decision—namely, that the physician's judgment
should be allowed to override the wishes of the competent
patient or the patient's duly appointed surrogate.
‘Ibadan – a model of historical facts’: militarism and civic culture in a Yoruba city
Authors: Watson Ruth
Published: July 2002

The article focuses on an historical relationship between the political institution of chieftaincy and civic pride in Ibadan, a Yoruba city in south-western Nigeria. It examines this relationship against the scholarly model of ‘Yoruba urbanism’ and argues that this model is empirically and conceptually flawed. Drawing on oral and documentary historical sources, the article explores how a ‘civic Ibadan’ was made through practices of settlement, civil disorder and external warfare during the pre-colonial period. The analysis adds to recent debates about the concept of ‘historical materialism’ in the urban past.
Mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B infection
Authors: Newell Marie-Louise , Peckham Catherine
Published: July 2002

Most transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection occurs around the time of delivery through contact with contaminated vaginal secretions or blood. Hence, interventions to reduce vertical transmission of HBV depend on identification of the infected woman during pregnancy so that the newborn infant exposed to infection can be given immunoglobulin immediately after birth, and a course of immunization can be started.
Diagnosis and implications of human cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy
Authors: Revello Maria Grazia , Gerna Giuseppe
Published: July 2002

Early this century, the term cytomegalic inclusion disease (CID) was used to designate the cellular changes characterized by enlargement and typical intranuclear inclusions observed in tissues of fetuses and infants with a fatal illness. In 1957, Smith and Weller et al, identified the causative agent of CID, which was named cytomegalovirus (CMV) by Weller in 1960. By 1971, it was clear that congenital human CMV (HCMV) infection was an important health problem. Since then, many advances have been made in the diagnosis, therapy, and knowledge of the epidemiology of congenital HCMV infection. However, most of these improvements, particularly those concerning diagnostic technologies and development of antiviral drugs, have been the result of the powerful effort to reduce the devastating impact of HCMV infections in AIDS and transplanted patients. Indeed, it is disappointing to observe that in the year 2000 CID does still occur, that HCMV is still recognized as the leading cause of congenital infection and the leading infectious cause of mental retardation and deafness, and, most important, that no active prevention is available for seronegative women. Moreover, because of the limited possibilities of prophylaxis and treatment, and the misuse of the currently available serologic assays, the issue of whether the determination of HCMV antibody status for women of childbearing age is justified has become a matter of debate.
Fate of microinjected spermatid mitochondria in the mouse oocyte and embryo
Authors: Cummins James M. , Wakayama Teruhiko , Yanagimachi Ryuzo
Published: July 2002

Mouse round spermatids labelled with MitoTracker were microinjected into Sr2+-activated mouse oocytes. The labelled mitochondria were tracked up to the morula/blastocyst stage using fluorescence microscopy. The overall incidence of embryos with labelled mitochondria fell from 80% in the 1-cell zygote to 25% in 2-cell, 9% in 4-cell and ~1% in 8-cell or later stages. Thus it appears that almost all round spermatid mitochondria finally disappear from embryos during the 4-cell to 8-cell transition, as happens for mature spermatozoa (Cummins et al.Zygote 1997, 5: 301–8). The spermatid mitochondria remained tightly bound together during this process. In contrast, labelled primary spermatocyte and cumulus mitochondria dispersed rapidly throughout the oocyte cytoplasm within 3 h. We hypothesise that spermatid mitochondria may be bound together by cytoskeletal elements produced in the early haploid spermatid. These elements, together with terminal differentiation of the sperm mitochondria, may be central to the processes by which the embryo ‘recognises’ the sperm mitochondria and inhibits inheritance of paternal mitochondrial DNA. These results suggest that round spermatid injection for infertile men will not pose a significant risk to offspring by transmitting abnormal mitochondrial genomes.
FROM ELIZABETH GASKELL’S MARY BARTON TO HER NORTH AND SOUTH:PROGRESS OR DECLINE FOR WOMEN?
Authors: Brown Pearl L.
Published: July 2002

ASSESSMENTS OF ELIZABETH GASKELL’S two novels of social purpose typically conclude that North and South, published in 1855, is a more mature work stylistically and ideologically than Mary Barton, published in 1848. North and South is said to integrate the narrative modes of romance and realism more effectively than Mary Barton (Felber 63, Horsman 284), and to provide a more complicated narrative structure (Schor, Scheherezade 122–23), a more complex depiction of social conflicts (Easson 59 and 93) and a more satisfactory resolution of them (Duthie 84, Kestner 170). North and South is also said to deal with “more complex intellectual issues” (Craik 31). And the novel’s heroine, Margaret Hale, has been seen as Gaskell’s most mature creation — a woman who grows in self-awareness as she adapts to an alien environment (Kestner 164–166) and, unlike Mary Barton, becomes an active mediator of class conflicts (Stoneman 120), the central consciousness that brings together “the lessons of social change and romance” (Schor, Scheherezade 127).1 The reconciliation of these conflicts she inspires through her influence over both mill owner and worker has been praised as a more effective and credible narrative resolution to the social problems depicted in the novel than the reconciliation between mill owner and worker in Mary Barton (David 36).
ARE SOME TYPES OF PSYCHOTIC SYMPTOMS MORE RESPONSIVE TO COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOUR THERAPY?
Authors: Tarrier Nicholas , Kinney Caroline , McCarthy Ellis , Wittkowski Anja , Yusupoff Lawrence , Gledhill Ann , Morris Julie , Humphreys Lloyd
Published: July 2002

Results are presented from a randomized controlled trial indicating which psychotic symptoms respond to
cognitive behaviour therapy. The aim of the study was to investigate whether different types of psychotic symptoms
are more or less responsive to cognitive-behaviour therapy compared to treatment received by control groups. Seventy-two patients suffering from chronic schizophrenia who experienced persistent positive psychotic symptoms were
assessed at baseline and randomized to either cognitive-behaviour therapy and routine care, supportive counselling and
routine care, or routine care alone and were re-assessed after 3 months of treatment (post-treatment). Independent and
blind assessment of outcome indicated delusions significantly improved with both cognitive behaviour therapy and
supportive counselling compared to routine care. Hallucinations significantly decreased with cognitive-behaviour therapy compared to supportive counselling. There was no difference in the percentage change of hallucinations compared
to delusions in patients treated by cognitive behaviour therapy. There was little change in measures of affective
symptoms but there was no evidence that a reduction in positive symptoms was associated with an increase in depres
sion. In fact, a reduction in positive symptoms was positively correlated with a reduction in depression. There were
significant differences in the reductions in thought disorder and negative symptoms with an advantage of cognitive-behaviour therapy compared to routine care.
A UNITED KINGDOM SURVEY OF ACCRED

ITED COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR THERAPISTS' ATTITUDES TOWARDS AND USE OF STRUCTURED SELF-HELP MATERIALS
Authors: Keeley Helen , Williams Chris , Shapiro David A.
Published: July 2002

Self-help materials can be offered to clients/patients either for use alone (unsupported self-help) or to support work with a health care practitioner (supported self-help). Structured self-help materials that use a Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) treatment approach have been shown to be clinically effective. We report a national survey of all 500 cognitive and behavioural psychotherapists registered with the British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies, the lead organisation for CBT in the United Kingdom. A total of 265 therapists responded (53%). Self-help materials were used by 88.7% of therapists and were mostly provided as a supplement to individual therapy. Self-help was most frequently used to help patients experiencing depression, anxiety and obsessive compulsive disorder and was largely delivered using paper-based formats. The majority of self-help materials used a CBT approach. Only 36.2% of therapists had been trained in how to use self-help treatments, and those who had received training recommended self-help treatments to more clients/patients per week and rated self-help approaches as being significantly more helpful than those who had not received training.
Frequency and duration of inattentive behavior after traumatic
brain injury: Effects of distraction, task, and practice
Authors: WHYTE JOHN , SCHUSTER KRISTINE , POLANSKY MARCIA , ADAMS JEFFREY , COSLETT H. BRANCH
Published: July 2002

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with
impairments of attention, most typically measured through
tests of information processing, or by subjective symptom
endorsement by patients, families, and clinicians. We have
previously shown increased rates of off-task behavior among
patients with TBI versus controls as defined by
videotaped records of independent work in distracting environments.
In this research, we report on a more detailed method of
coding such videotaped records which allows measurement
of the precise number of off-task behaviors, their durations,
and their relationship to distracting events. Using this
method, we studied 20 patients with recent moderate-to-severe
TBI and 20 demographically comparable controls as they
performed independent work tasks while being subjected
to controlled distracting events. This research confirms
that patients are markedly less attentive than controls
both in the presence of distractions and in their absence,
that distractions have an influence on off-task behavior
in both groups, and that the disruptive impact of distractors
wanes relatively quickly for controls but not for patients.
The duration of distraction produced by various classes
of distracting events appeared similar for patients and
controls, although the power to detect differences in behavioral
duration between groups was limited. The pattern of inattentiveness
among patients showed minimal relationship to measures
of injury severity within this sample. (JINS,
2000, 6, 1–11.)
Brain activation on fMRI and verbal memory ability: Functional
neuroanatomic correlates of CVLT performance
Authors: JOHNSON STERLING C. , SAYKIN ANDREW J. , FLASHMAN LAURA A. , McALLISTER THOMAS W. , SPARLING MOLLY B.
Published: July 2002

We have recently reported (Saykin et al., 1999b) selective
activation of left medial temporal lobe structures during
processing of novel compared to familiar words using
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The current
study describes the relationship between a widely used
clinical test of verbal learning, the California Verbal
Learning Test (CVLT), and the previously reported fMRI
activations. Thirteen right-handed healthy adult participants
were studied with whole brain echo-planar fMRI while listening
to novel and recently learned (familiar) words intermixed
pseudorandomly in an event-related design. These participants
were also tested with the CVLT. Scores for CVLT Trial 1
(immediate encoding of novel words) and recognition discriminability
(recognition of familiar vs. novel words) were
correlated with fMRI signal change during processing of
novel versus familiar words using a covariance
model implemented in SPM96. For the novel words analysis,
voxels in the right anterior hippocampus correlated significantly
with Trial 1 (r = .76 at the maxima). For the
recognition analysis, a significant cluster of voxels was
found in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (r
= .88 at the maxima). Our prior results of separable left
medial temporal activation to novel and familiar words,
together with results of the covariance analyses reported
here, suggest that in addition to the left medial temporal
lobe (MTL) regions that are engaged during novel and familiar
word processing, the right hippocampus and right frontal
lobe are also involved, particularly in those participants
with better memory ability. This positive relationship
between fMRI activation and CVLT performance suggests a
role for these right hemisphere regions in successful memory
processing of verbal material, perhaps reflecting more
efficient encoding and retrieval strategies that facilitate
memory. (JINS, 2001, 7, 55–62.)