bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma in a 7‐year‐old obese boy: coincidence or comorbidity?
Authors: Nobili V. , Alisi A. , Grimaldi C. , Liccardo D. , Francalanci P. , Monti L. , Castellano A. , de Ville de Goyet J.
Published: December 2013

Background

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) may develop from non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) either in the presence or in the absence of established cirrhosis. Non‐cirrhotic patients with NAFLD‐related HCC are usually adult, male and obese. However, this association has not been reported yet in younger age groups. Objectives In the present study, the clinical case of a 7‐yaer‐old obese boy with steatosis and HCC is presented.

Methods

A 7‐year‐old boy, with no evidence of chronic liver disease, was admitted for assessment of a liver mass. Preliminary assessment was suggestive of a combined and severe liver steatosis together with a malignant disease.

Results

A biopsy confirmed the suspected diagnosis of HCC; interestingly, the non‐neoplastic liver was surrounded and characterized by the presence of steatosis and ballooning, and being absent of lobular inflammation and fibrosis. Chemotherapy and diet changes were conducted successfully with ultrasound characteristics suggesting improvements on both aspects: conventional liver mass resection could take place.

Conclusions

This case report suggests that HCC might develop in paediatric age patients with obesity‐related NAFLD, even in the absence of fibrosis.
Resilience to discrimination stress across ethnic identity stages of development
Authors: Romero Andrea J. , Edwards Lisa M. , Fryberg Stephanie A. , Orduña Michele
Published: December 2013

Ethnic identity development may increase resilience to discrimination and prejudice, which are often common and stressful for ethnic minority adolescents. Based on ethnic identity development theory and resilience theory, we hypothesize that under high discrimination stress, ethnic affirmation and ethnic identity stage will have protective moderating effects on self‐esteem and depressive symptoms. A cross‐sectional self‐report study with 125 ethnic minority adolescents (13–18 years) found that ethnic affirmation (p < .05) had protective effects on depressive symptoms (p < .05) and protective‐enhancing effects on self‐esteem at high levels of discrimination stress. Achieved ethnic identity stage (p < .05) had protective‐stabilizing effects on self‐esteem at high discrimination stress. Our findings demonstrate that the protective elements of ethnic identity are feeling positive about one's ethnic group, having learned about one's history, and having resolved conflicts about one's ethnic group.
Expert knowledge elicitation using computer simulation: the organization of frail elderly case management as an illustration
Authors: Chiêm Jean‐Christophe , Van Durme Thérèse , Vandendorpe Florence , Schmitz Olivier , Speybroeck Niko , Cès Sophie , Macq Jean
Published: December 2013

Background

Various elderly case management projects have been implemented in Belgium. This type of long‐term health care intervention involves contextual factors and human interactions. These underlying complex mechanisms can be usefully informed with field experts' knowledge, which are hard to make explicit. However, computer simulation has been suggested as one possible method of overcoming the difficulty of articulating such elicited qualitative views.

Methods

A simulation model of case management was designed using an agent‐based methodology, based on the initial qualitative research material. Variables and rules of interaction were formulated into a simple conceptual framework. This model has been implemented and was used as a support for a structured discussion with experts in case management.

Results

The rigorous formulation provided by the agent‐based methodology clarified the descriptions of the interventions and the problems encountered regarding:

the diverse network topologies of health care actors in the project;

the adaptation time required by the intervention;

the communication between the health care actors;

the institutional context;

the organization of the care; and

the role of the case manager and his or hers personal ability to interpret the informal demands of the frail older person.

Conclusion

The simulation model should be seen primarily as a tool for thinking and learning. A number of insights were gained as part of a valuable cognitive process. Computer simulation supporting field experts' elicitation can lead to better‐informed decisions in the organization of complex health care interventions.
Pre‐ and post‐zygotic reproductive isolation between co‐occurringMussaenda pubescensvar.albaandM. shikokiana(Rubiaceae)
Authors: Chen Shi , Luo Zhonglai , Zhang Dianxiang
Published: December 2013

Reproductive isolation is a fundamental requirement for speciation and includes several sequential stages. Few studies have determined the relative contributions of pre‐ and post‐zygotic reproductive isolation in plants, especially between relative species with clear differentiation in flower form. To investigate the mechanisms responsible for reproductive isolation in sympatricMussaenda pubescensvar.alba and Mussaenda shikokiana(Rubiaceae) in Guangxi Province, China, we made observations of flowering phenology, patterns of insect visitation, and conducted pollination experiments, including artificial hybridization. The two species had overlapping flowering times and were pollinated by overlapping pollinators; however, their relative importance differed significantly withM. pubescensvisited more commonly by bees andM. shikokianamore frequently by butterflies. Using vegetative and floral characters and molecular evidence based on nuclear ribosomal internal and external transcribed spacer regions we detected seven naturally occurring hybrids among a sample of approximately 125 individuals. Hybrids were characterized by morphologies that most closely resembled their maternal parents based on chloroplast evidence. Studies of artificially synthesized and natural hybrids demonstrated that hybrid seed had very low germination rates and naturally occurring hybrids exhibited pollen sterility. Post‐zygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms play a primary role in limiting gene exchange between co‐occurring species and maintaining species integrity in areas of sympatry.
STOCHASTIC LOCAL INTENSITY LOSS MODELS WITH INTERACTING PARTICLE SYSTEMS
Authors: Alfonsi Aurélien , Labart Céline , Lelong Jérôme
Published: December 2013

It is well known from the work of Schönbucher that the marginal laws of a loss process can be matched by a unit increasing time inhomogeneous Markov process, whose deterministic jump intensity is called local intensity. The stochastic local intensity (SLI) models such as the one proposed by Arnsdorf and Halperin allow to get a stochastic jump intensity while keeping the same marginal laws. These models involve a nonlinear stochastic differential equation (SDE) with jumps. The first contribution of this paper is to prove the existence and uniqueness of such processes. This is made by means of an interacting particle system, whose convergence rate toward the nonlinear SDE is analyzed. Second, this approach provides a powerful way to compute pathwise expectations with the SLI model: we show that the computational cost is roughly the same as a crude Monte Carlo algorithm for standard SDEs.
Functional characterization of the mutations in Pepper mild mottle virus overcoming tomato tm‐1‐mediated resistance
Authors: Mizumoto Hiroyuki , Morikawa Yukino , Ishibashi Kazuhiro , Kimura Kentaro , Matsumoto Kohei , Tokunaga Masayuki , Kiba Akinori , Ishikawa Masayuki , Okuno Tetsuro , Hikichi Yasufumi
Published: December 2013

In tomato plants, Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) cannot replicate because the tm‐1 protein inhibits RNA replication. The resistance of tomato plants to PMMoV remains durable both in the field and under laboratory conditions. In this study, we constructed several mutant PMMoVs and analysed their abilities to replicate in tomato protoplasts and plants. We found that two mutants, PMMoV‐899R,F976Y and PMMoV‐899R,F976Y,D1098N, were able to replicate in tomato protoplasts, but only PMMoV‐899R,F976Y,D1098N was able to multiply in tomato plants. Further analysis showed that the D1098N mutation of the replication proteins weakened the inhibitory effect of the tm‐1 protein and enhanced the replication efficiency of PMMoV‐899R,F976Y,D1098N. We also observed that the infectivity of the viruses decreased in the order wild‐type PMMoV > PMMoV‐899R,F976Y > PMMoV‐899R,F976Y,D1098N in original host plants, pepper and tobacco plants. On the contrary, the single mutation D1098N abolished PMMoV replication in tobacco protoplasts. On the basis of these observations, it is likely that the deleterious side‐effects of mutations in replication proteins prevent the emergence of PMMoV mutants that can overcome tm‐1‐mediated resistance.
Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis
Authors: Schweer K. E. , Bangard C. , Hekmat K. , Cornely O. A.
Published: December 2013

Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) is a group of consuming diseases usually presenting with prolonged and relapsing cough, dyspnoea and weight loss. Acute symptoms such as haemoptysis and bronchial or pulmonary haemorrhage may occasionally occur. CPA affects patients with underlying pulmonary conditions, for example, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or mycobacteriosis or common immunosuppressive conditions such as diabetes. Precise epidemiology is unknown, and while prevalence is considered low the chronic and relapsing nature of the disease challenges the treating physician. Diagnostics largely rely on serologic Aspergillus precipitins and findings on thoracic computed tomography. The latter are manifold comprising cavity formation, pleural involvement and sometimes aspergilloma. Other markers for aspergillosis are less helpful, in part due to the non‐ or semi‐invasive nature of these forms of Aspergillus infection. Various antifungals were shown to be effective in CPA treatment. Azoles are the most frequently applied antifungals in the outpatient setting, but are now compromised by findings of Aspergillus resistance. Long‐term prognosis is not fully elucidated and may be driven by the underlying morbidities. Prospective registry‐type studies may be suitable to systematically broaden our CPA knowledge base. This article gives an overview of the available literature and proposes a clinical working algorithm for CPA management.
Pacing and Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Lead Perforation As Assessed by Multiplanar Reformatted ECG‐Gated Cardiac Computed Tomography and Clinical Correlates
Authors: PANG BENJAMIN J. , LUI ELAINE H. , JOSHI SUBODH B. , TACEY MARK A. , ALISON JEFF , SENEVIRATNE SUJITH K. , CAMERON JAMES D. , MOND HARRY G.
Published: December 2013

Introduction

We aimed to assess the utility of cardiac computed tomography (CT) in the evaluation of right atrial (RA) and right ventricular (RV) pacemaker and implantable cardiac defibrillator lead perforation.

Methods

Images from a 320‐slice electrocardiogram‐gated cardiac CT scanner were retrospectively independently analyzed by two reviewers for lead position, pericardial effusion, and perforation. Perforation results were correlated with pacing sensing, impedance, and threshold measurements.

Results

A total of 52 patients had RV leads and 35 had RA leads. Five of 17 RV apical, one of 35 RV nonapical, and none of the 35 RA leads perforated through the myocardium on CT imaging criteria. Two “clinically” perforated leads (that had protruded 5 mm and 15 mm from the outer edge of the myocardium) had pericardial effusions and changes in pacing parameters, and required RV lead repositioning. In contrast, there were four apparent “radiologic” perforations (that had protruded only an average 1.5 ± 0.5 mm from the outer edge of the myocardium) that did not require repositioning. These had the radiologic appearance of perforation on cardiac CT; however, they were not associated with pericardial effusions or significant changes in RV pacing lead sensing, impedance, and threshold measurements.

Conclusions

Cardiac CT scanning with multiplanar reformatting is useful for documenting lead position and assessing for possible cardiac perforation. The clinical significance and natural history of leads with only the appearance of perforation on cardiac CT is uncertain.
“Who” Can be Found in and beyond of an Electrocardiographic Strip
Authors: PRAVDIC DANIJEL
Published: December 2013

Over the years, an electrocardiogram had become the basic tool to study the heart physiology and pathophysiology. Many authors gave a substantial contribution in understanding the electrophysiological basis for numerous electrocardiographic changes. Some of them were named after authors themselves, or others used the names of scientists who first discovered or explained the nature of a particular electrocardiographic finding. In this article, electrocardiographic phenomena and eponyms used in today's electrocardiography are described.
Protection from Outpatient Sudden Cardiac Death following ICD Removal Using a Wearable Cardioverter Defibrillator
Authors: TANAWUTTIWAT TANYANAN , GARISTO JUAN D. , SALOW ARTURO , GLAD JOANN M. , SZYMKIEWICZ STEVE , SALTZMAN HEATH E. , KUTALEK STEVEN P. , CARRILLO ROGER G.
Published: December 2013

Background

An implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is effective in preventing sudden cardiac death (SCD). Once an ICD is removed and reimplantation is not feasible, a wearable cardioverter defibrillator (WCD) may be an alternative option. We determined the effectiveness of WCD for SCD prevention in patients who were discharged after ICD removal.

Methods

A retrospective study was conducted on all WCD (LifeVest, ZOLL, Pittsburgh, PA, USA) patients who underwent ICD removal due to cardiac device infections (CDIs) at two referral centers between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2009. Clinical characteristics, device information, and WCD data were analyzed. Sudden cardiac arrest was defined as all sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation occurring within a single 24‐hour period.

Results

Ninety‐seven patients (mean age 62.8 ± 13.3, male 80.4%) were included in the study. The median duration of antibiotic use was 14.7 days (interquartile range [IQR] 10–30). The median daily WCD use was 20 hours/day and the median length of use was 21 days (IQR 5–47). A total of three patients were shocked by WCD. Two patients had four episodes of sustained VT, successfully terminated by the WCD. A third patient experienced two inappropriate treatments due to oversensitivity of the signal artifact. Three patients experienced sudden death outside the hospital while not wearing the device. Five patients died while hospitalized.

Conclusion

WCD can prevent SCD, until ICD reimplantation is feasible in patients who underwent device removals for CDI. However, patient compliance is essential for the effective use of this device.
Antibiotic exposure in the first two years of life and development of asthma and other allergic diseases by 7.5 yr: A dose‐dependent relationship
Authors: Hoskin‐Parr Lauren , Teyhan Alison , Blocker Ariel , Henderson A. J. W.
Published: December 2013

Background

Antibiotic use in infancy disrupts gut microflora during a critical period for immune system development. It is hypothesized that this could predispose to the development of allergic diseases. We investigated the associations of antibiotic use in the first 2 yr of life with the development of asthma, eczema or hay fever by age 7.5 yr in a longitudinal birth cohort.

Methods

Subjects were 4952 children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Child antibiotic use and asthma, eczema and hay fever symptoms were maternally reported. Atopy was assessed by skin prick tests at age 7.5 yr. The total number of antibiotic courses was considered as the main exposure. Data were analysed using multivariate logistic regression.

Results

Children reported to have taken antibiotics during infancy (0–2 yr) were more likely to have asthma at 7.5 yr (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.40–2.17), and the odds (OR, [95% CI]) increased with greater numbers of courses: once 1.11 [0.84–1.48]; twice 1.50 [1.14–1.98]; three times 1.79 [1.34–2.40]; four times or more 2.82 [2.19–3.63]. Increased antibiotic use was also associated with higher odds of eczema and hay fever but not atopy. The effect appeared to be associated with cumulative rather than a critical period of exposure during the first 2 yr.

Conclusions

A robust and dose‐dependent association was found between antibiotic use in the first 2 yr of life and asthma at age 7.5 yr but did not appear to be mediated through an association with atopy.
Conceptual Ethics II
Authors: Burgess Alexis , Plunkett David
Published: December 2013

Which concepts should we use to think and talk about the world, and to do all of the other things that mental and linguistic representation facilitates? This is the guiding question of the field that we call ‘conceptual ethics’. Conceptual ethics is not often discussed as its own systematic branch of normative theory. A case can nevertheless be made that the field is already quite active, with contributions coming in from areas as diverse as fundamental metaphysics and social/political philosophy. In this pair of papers, we try to unify the field, reflecting on its basic nature, structure, and methodology.
Philosophy of Stem Cell Biology – an Introduction
Authors: Fagan Melinda Bonnie
Published: December 2013

This review surveys three central issues in philosophy of stem cell biology: the nature of stem cells, stem cell experiments, and explanations of stem cell capacities. First, I argue that the fundamental question ‘what is a stem cell?’ has no single substantive answer. Instead, the core idea is explicated via an abstract model, which accounts for many features of stem cell experiments. The second part of this essay examines several of these features: uncertainty, model organisms, and manipulability. The results shed light on the form of our emerging knowledge of stem cells: mechanistic explanations. The third part of the essay sketches some key features of these explanations, which are constructed by a collaborative experimenting community.
Justice and Taxation
Authors: Halliday Daniel
Published: December 2013

This article provides a survey of various topics in which questions about taxation feature alongside questions about justice. It seeks to argue mainly that taxation is a rather fragmentary domain of inquiry about which it is hard to envisage the development of views about what justice requires with respect to tax policy in general. Guided by this idea, the article attempts to highlight some aspects of taxation whose connection with justice has been under‐explored by philosophers, as well as to acquaint the reader with a sense of the more thoroughly researched areas.
One‐Component Thioxanthone Acetic Acid Derivative Photoinitiator for Free Radical Polymerization
Authors: Esen Duygu S. , Temel Gokhan , Balta Demet K. , Allonas Xavier , Arsu Nergis
Published: December 2013

Acetic acid–based thioxanthone (TXCH2COOH) was synthesized and characterized and used as a photoinitiator for free radical photopolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) in the absence and presence of a tertiary amine (MDEA) in different solvents. Different absorption properties were observed depending on the solvent. Fluorescence and phosphorescence experiments were also carried out successfully. The fluorescence quantum yield was found to be 0.09 and the phosphorescence lifetime was calculated as 138 ms at 77 K. The photoinitiator undergoes efficient intersystem crossing into the triplet state and the lowest triplet state possesses π–π* configuration. Laser flash photolysis experiments show that transient absorption of TXCH2COOH is similar to the parent thioxanthone and the triplet lifetime was calculated as 2.3 μs at 630 nm.
Low‐frequency heart rate variability is related to the breath‐to‐breath variability in the respiratory pattern
Authors: Beda Alessandro , Simpson David M. , Carvalho Nadja C. , Carvalho Alysson Roncally S.
Published: December 2013

Changes in heart rate variability (HRV) at “respiratory” frequencies (0.15–0.5 Hz) may result from changes in respiration rather than autonomic control. We now investigate if the differences in HRV power in the low‐frequency (LF) band (0.05–0.15 Hz, HRVLF) can also be predicted by respiration variability, quantified by the fraction of tidal volume power in the LF (VLF,n). Three experimental protocols were considered: paced breathing, mental effort tasks, and a repeated attentional task. Significant intra‐ and interindividual correlations were found between changes in HRVLF and VLF,n despite all subjects having a respiratory frequency above the LF band. Respiratory parameters (respiratory period, tidal volume, and VLF,n) could predict up to 79% of HRVLF differences in some cases. This suggests that respiratory variability is another mechanism of HRVLF generation, which should be always monitored, assessed, and considered in the interpretation of HRV changes.
Twelfth Century Literal Bible Commentaries: Comparing Jewish and Christian
Authors: Schoenfeld Devorah
Published: December 2013

In the twelfth century, both Jewish and Christian Bible commentators began to emphasize literal, or historical, or contextual, approaches to interpreting scripture. These commentators wrote predominantly line‐by‐line commentaries that focused the reader's attention on linguistic questions in the biblical text. There was also a renewed interest in seeing the Bible in its own terms rather than exclusively through the lens of earlier midrashic or patristic commentaries, although those continued to play an important role. These developments happened at the same time for both Christian and Jewish scholars, who were often in conversation with each other about how to interpret the Bible.
Resisting Totalitarianism: The Moot and a New Christendom
Authors: Kurlberg Jonas
Published: December 2013

This article serves as an introduction to an informal fellowship of Christian intellectuals who set their sights on saving civilisation through a neo‐Thomist Christian revolution in the late 1930s and 1940s. As Britain faced the threat of the totalitarian regimes on the continent, the Moot gathered to construct its programme of a ‘New Christendom’ that would counter totalitarianism and bring renewal to a decadent modern society. Although the Moot members never came to sufficient agreement to mount any significant corporate action, it makes for an interesting case study on political, social and religious thought within the British intellectual elite of the time. The impressive surviving archival material has primarily caught the attention of scholars with an interest in the more renowned Moot members, such as T. S. Eliot, Karl Mannheim, Michael Polanyi and J. H. Oldham. While providing an overview of this literature, this article will suggest that the Moot warrants further research as a case study in Christian resistance to totalitarianism.
Speed and Sequencing of Transition Reforms and Income Inequality: A Panel Data Analysis
Authors: Aristei David , Perugini Cristiano
Published: December 2013

An extensive literature has analyzed the economic effects of transition patterns in Central and Eastern European and former Soviet Union countries. With few recent exceptions, analysis of the impacts of speed and sequencing of reforms has not concerned the dynamics of income inequality. In this paper we analyze the heterogeneous effects of transition reforms on inequality by explicitly considering their speed and sequencing. To this aim we identify eight transition models in which the 27 countries considered are classified. The dynamic panel‐data analysis for the period 1989–2009 reveals that balanced transition patterns, which favored a coordination of reforms especially in specific fields, were relatively less pro‐inequality.
Long‐term Effects of Dieting: Is Weight Loss Related to Health?
Authors: Tomiyama A. Janet , Ahlstrom Britt , Mann Traci
Published: December 2013

“Success” in dieting interventions has traditionally been defined as weight loss. It is implicit in this definition that losing weight will lead to improved health, and yet, health outcomes are not routinely included in studies of diets. In this article, we evaluate whether weight loss improves health by reviewing health outcomes of long‐term randomized controlled diet studies. We examine whether weight‐loss diets lead to improved cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose and test whether the amount of weight lost is predictive of these health outcomes. Across all studies, there were minimal improvements in these health outcomes, and none of these correlated with weight change. A few positive effects emerged, however, for hypertension and diabetes medication use and diabetes and stroke incidence. We conclude by discussing factors that potentially confound the relationship between weight loss and health outcomes, such as increased exercise, healthier eating, and engagement with the health care system, and we provide suggestions for future research.
Unstimulated leukapheresis in patients and donors: comparison of two apheresis systems
Authors: Schulz Miriam , Bialleck Heike , Thorausch Kristin , Bug Gesine , Dünzinger Ulrich , Seifried Erhard , Bönig Halvard
Published: December 2013

Background

Unstimulated mononuclear cell (MNC) apheresis plays a role in the generation of donor lymphocytes (DLIs; healthy donors) and in extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP; patients). The new apheresis system Spectra Optia MNC has been shown in small studies to be capable of performing the desired cell collections, but larger data sets from real‐life clinical apheresis procedures are lacking.

Study Design and Methods

Presented are comparative data from DLI collections randomly performed with either the new technology or a clinical standard technology, COBE Spectra MNC, as well as data from patients with chronic graft‐versus‐host disease undergoing MNC collections alternating between the two apheresis systems to generate products for ECP. Target cell yield and collection efficiency, product volume, nontarget cell contamination, platelet (PLT) attrition, and some process variables such as process volume and time were analyzed.

Results

For most relevant apheresis outcomes, differences between the devices were at best marginal. Spectra Optia MNC collections in patients, but not in donors, took 10% longer to achieve the target process volume. Not unexpectedly, given previous observations for granulocyte–colony‐stimulating factor–stimulated leukapheresis, the novel device collected smaller products with less red blood cell contamination. PLT attrition with Spectra Optia MNC was markedly lower in donors. ECP apheresis outcome variability was, to a significant degree, donor dependent, irrespective of the device used.

Conclusion

Based on more than 200 unstimulated apheresis procedures, we conclude that both apheresis systems are safe, robust, and equally suitable for unstimulated MNC collections. Both can be successfully run with manufacturer‐recommended settings and algorithms.
Foreign Direct Investment and Total Factor Productivity Growth: New Macro‐Evidence
Authors: Baltabaev Botirjan
Published: December 2013

Although the role of foreign direct investment (FDI) in facilitating technology transfer is well known in the literature, empirical evidence regarding the effect of FDI on growth is mixed. The contradictory results in the literature may be due to the failure to account for endogeneity and for the abortive capacity of the hosting countries. Using panel data for 49 countries over the period 1974–2008 and the existence of Investment Promotion Agencies in the receiving countries as an instrument, our results show that increased FDI stock leads to higher productivity growth. We also find a significant positive effect on the interaction between FDI stock and distance to the technological frontier, suggesting that the ability of technologically backward countries in absorbing technologies developed at the frontiers increases as more FDI stock is accumulated.
-tilting theory
Authors: Adachi Takahide , Iyama Osamu , Reiten Idun
Published: December 2013

The aim of this paper is to introduce $\tau $-tilting theory, which ‘completes’ (classical) tilting theory from the viewpoint of mutation. It is well known in tilting theory that an almost complete tilting module for any finite-dimensional algebra over a field $k$ is a direct summand of exactly one or two tilting modules. An important property in cluster-tilting theory is that an almost complete cluster-tilting object in a 2-CY triangulated category is a direct summand of exactly two cluster-tilting objects. Reformulated for path algebras $kQ$, this says that an almost complete support tilting module has exactly two complements. We generalize (support) tilting modules to what we call (support) $\tau $-tilting modules, and show that an almost complete support $\tau $-tilting module has exactly two complements for any finite-dimensional algebra. For a finite-dimensional $k$-algebra $\Lambda $, we establish bijections between functorially finite torsion classes in $ \mathsf{mod} \hspace{0.167em} \Lambda $, support $\tau $-tilting modules and two-term silting complexes in ${ \mathsf{K} }^{\mathrm{b} } ( \mathsf{proj} \hspace{0.167em} \Lambda )$. Moreover, these objects correspond bijectively to cluster-tilting objects in $ \mathcal{C} $ if $\Lambda $ is a 2-CY tilted algebra associated with a 2-CY triangulated category $ \mathcal{C} $. As an application, we show that the property of having two complements holds also for two-term silting complexes in ${ \mathsf{K} }^{\mathrm{b} } ( \mathsf{proj} \hspace{0.167em} \Lambda )$.
Role of Orai1 and store‐operated calcium entry in mouse lacrimal gland signalling and function
Authors: Xing Juan , Petranka John G. , Davis Felicity M. , Desai Pooja N. , Putney James W. , Bird Gary S.
Published: December 2013

Key points

Lacrimal acinar cells from mice whose gene for Orai1 has been deleted have no detectable store‐operated Ca2+ entry, whether assessed by measurement of cytoplasmic Ca2+ changes or as a store‐operated current.

Mice lacking Orai1 have diminished lacrimal fluid secretion in response to muscarinic–cholinergic stimulation.

Mice lacking Orai1 also show diminished exocytosis, both in vivo and in vitro.

The development and morphology of lacrimal glands, as well as responses not dependent on Ca2+ entry were unchanged in the knockout mice.

The results demonstrate the central importance of store‐operated Ca2+ entry in lacrimal exocrine function, and suggest possible strategies for combating diseases associated with diminished lacrimal secretion.

Lacrimal glands function to produce an aqueous layer, or tear film, that helps to nourish and protect the ocular surface. Lacrimal glands secrete proteins, electrolytes and water, and loss of gland function can result in tear film disorders such as dry eye syndrome, a widely encountered and debilitating disease in ageing populations. To combat these disorders, understanding the underlying molecular signalling processes that control lacrimal gland function will give insight into corrective therapeutic approaches. Previously, in single lacrimal cells isolated from lacrimal glands, we demonstrated that muscarinic receptor activation stimulates a phospholipase C‐coupled signalling cascade involving the inositol trisphosphate‐dependent mobilization of intracellular calcium and the subsequent activation of store‐operated calcium entry (SOCE). Since intracellular calcium stores are finite and readily exhausted, the SOCE pathway is a critical process for sustaining and maintaining receptor‐activated signalling. Recent studies have identified the Orai family proteins as critical components of the SOCE channel activity in a wide variety of cell types. In this study we characterize the role of Orai1 in the function of lacrimal glands using a mouse model in which the gene for the calcium entry channel protein, Orai1, has been deleted. Our data demonstrate that lacrimal acinar cells lacking Orai1 do not exhibit SOCE following activation of the muscarinic receptor. In comparison with wild‐type and heterozygous littermates, Orai1 knockout mice showed a significant reduction in the stimulated tear production following injection of pilocarpine, a muscarinic receptor agonist. In addition, calcium‐dependent, but not calcium‐independent exocytotic secretion of peroxidase was eliminated in glands from knockout mice. These studies indicate a critical role for Orai1‐mediated SOCE in lacrimal gland signalling and function.
A New Partial Slip Boundary Condition for the Lattice-Boltzmann Method
Authors: Uth Marc-Florian , Crüger Alf , Herwig Heinz
Published: December 2013

In micro or nano flows a slip boundary condition is often needed to account for the special flow situation that occurs at this level of refinement. A common model used in the Finite Volume Method (FVM) is the Navier-Slip model which is based on the velocity gradient at the wall. It can be implemented very easily for a Navier-Stokes (NS) Solver.

Instead of directly solving the Navier-Stokes equations, the Lattice-Boltzmann method (LBM) models the fluid on a particle basis. It models the streaming and interaction of particles statistically. The pressure and the velocity can be calculated at every time step from the current particle distribution functions. The resulting fields are solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations. Boundary conditions in LBM always not only have to define values for the macroscopic variables but also for the particle distribution function. Therefore a slip model cannot be implemented in the same way as in a FVM-NS solver. An additional problem is the structure of the grid. Curved boundaries or boundaries that are non-parallel to the grid have to be approximated by a stair-like step profile. While this is no problem for no-slip boundaries, any other velocity boundary condition such as a slip condition is difficult to implement.

In this paper we will present two different implementations of slip boundary conditions for the Lattice-Boltzmann approach. One will be an implementation that takes advantage of the microscopic nature of the method as it works on a particle basis. The other one is based on the Navier-Slip model. We will compare their applicability for different amounts of slip and different shapes of walls relative to the numerical grid. We will also show what limits the slip rate and give an outlook of how this can be avoided.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Hydrogen Bonding Structure of Water Molecules Inside Carbon Nanotube
Authors: Zhang Ning , Chen Cong , Feng Yujing , Pang Qingnan , Li Weizhong
Published: December 2013

The structure of water molecules inside (6, 6) carbon nanotube under two different conditions are studied using molecular dynamics simulation. The structural and thermodynamic properties of the single-file water chain along the nanotube help to determine the hydrogen bonds between water molecules inside the channel. The properties of the systems show that induced pressure and ionic environment have similar effects on the structure of the inner water molecules. However, the Na+ and Cl− ions lead the number of hydrogen bonds inside the nanotube to fluctuate a little more greatly than that under the induced pressure.
Microspot With Integrated Wells (MSIW) for the Detection of E.coli
Authors: Gunda Naga Siva Kumar , Naicker Selvaraj , Ghoraishi Maryam S. , Bhattacharjee Subir , Thundat Thomas G. , Mitra Sushanta K.
Published: December 2013

There is an increasing problem in getting quality water for developing countries. Water system is contaminated and without proper treatment, it has been consumed as drinking water. It is a big problem for health. Escherichia coli (E.coli) is the main cause for the contamination of water and illness in people. Early detection of E.coli presence in the drinking water followed by subsequent treatment for elimination of E.coli can solve this problem. The present work developed a new method for detecting E.coli in contaminated water using microspot with integrated wells (MSIW). The method involves the fabrication of MSIW, coating the MSIW with enzyme substrates such as 4-MUG substrate (4-Methylumbelliferyl-β-D-glucuronide, trihydrate) and Red-Gal substrate (6-Chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactoside) in proper medium and dispensing the contaminated water into MSIW. GlucuronidaseA (gusA) gene in E.coli encodes the beta-D-Glucuronidase (GUS) to hydrolyze the substrate 4-MUG enzymatically which leads to the generation of the fluorigenic compound 4-MU. β-galactosidase enzyme in E.coli produces red color when it reacts with Red-Gal substrate. Using portable optical readers, average color/fluorescence intensity emitting by MSIW is measured and quantified. Comparing obtained intensity values with calibrated intensity values, the level of contamination can be predicted for early warnings.
Under-Expanded Gas Flow at a Straight Mini-Tube Exit
Authors: Yoshimaru Takahiro , Asako Yutaka , Yamada Toru
Published: December 2013

This paper focuses on under-expanded gas flow at a straight mini-tube exit. Pitot total pressure of gas flow (jet) in downstream region from a straight mini-tube exit was measured to give data for validation of numerical results. A mini-tube of 495μm in diameter & 56.3 mm in length and a pitot tube of 100 μm in outer diameter were used. The pitot total pressure was measured every 0.1 mm interval in the flow and radial directions. The measurement was done for the mass flow rates of 9.71×10−5 kg/s and 1.46×10−4 kg/s. The data were accumulated for validation of the numerical result to reveal the characteristics of the under-expanded gas flow at the exit of a mini-tube. Comparisons were conducted for sample computations and a slight discrepancy can be seen between numerical and experimentally measured pitot total pressures.
Individual DNA Base Identification at the Transport Through Graphene Nanopore
Authors: Takeuchi Kazuya , Zolotoukhina Tatiana
Published: December 2013

Use of solid film nanopore in which DNA is threaded through for efficient DNA sequencing devices has various practical issues concerned with nucleobase motion that should be controlled. Translocation rate and different orientation of nucleobases, stochastic motion of single-strand DNA through a nanopore introduce definite amount of noise into the signal defining interaction of nucleobase and nanopore. We propose to consider the single layer graphene nanopore as a two-way interaction scanning device.

The interaction forces between pore and base are structure dependent, even within orientation and noise average over a base, and can be evaluated. The appropriate translocation rate of the base molecule provide a time-dependent function of interaction change inside of interaction interval of each individual base with graphene nanopore. In such case transient characteristics of the individual bases can be used for identification of the bases. The forces between bases and graphene nanopore of 1.5nm diameter are calculated as interaction characteristics of bases. Molecular dynamics method is used for the DNA base and graphene nanopore calculations with the MM2/MM3 potentials for the base and REBO graphene potential. Interaction potential between the bases and graphene are of the MM2/MM3 type although the possibility of the Van der Waals interaction only can also be considered. The noise of the force signal due to orientation of the bases in the pore is evaluated and base-dependent interaction recognition is considered relative to the magnitude of the AFM signal in the non-contact mode. The time-dependent in-plane for graphene transient force signal resolution for different bases is probed. Possibility of base identification by combination of transient in-plane force taken as orientation averaged signal is studied. Obtained results can simultaneously give additional information for the electronic transport calculations with possible transient base orientations relative to the edge of pore in graphene.
An Atomistic-Continuum Hybrid Approach for Modelling Transport Phenomena at the Micro- and Nano-Scale
Authors: Alexiadis Alessio , Lockerby Duncan A. , Borg Matthew K. , Reese Jason M.
Published: December 2013

In this work, the atomistic-continuum hybrid model called the Laplacian method is introduced as a framework for modeling transport phenomena at the micro and nano-scale. The method is explained and the micro-to-macro and macro-to-micro coupling steps discussed. Three techniques for noise reduction (namely the bonsai box, the seamless strategy and the continuum estimation) are discussed. Comparison with benchmark full-MD cases shows very accurate results.
Physics of Membrane-Based Phase Separation in Flow Boiling of a Binary Mixture
Authors: Nasr Isfahani Rasool , Moghaddam Saeed
Published: December 2013

This study investigates the physics of water desorption from a lithium bromide (LiBr) solution film. The study was conducted on a membrane-based desorber in which the solution flows through an array of microchannels capped by a porous membrane. The membrane allows the vapor to exit the flow and retains the liquid. The solution film velocity and thickness as well as the solution and vapor pressures are independently controlled. Effects of different parameters such as wall temperature, solution and vapor pressures, solution flow velocity, and the solution inlet temperature on desorption rate were studied. Two different mechanisms of desorption are observed and analyzed. These mechanisms consisted of: (1) direct diffusion of water molecules out of the solution and their subsequent flow through the membrane and (2) formation of water vapor bubbles within the solution and their exit through the membrane. Direct diffusion was the dominant desorption mode at low surface temperatures and its magnitude was directly related to the vapor pressure, the solution concentration, and the heated wall temperature. Desorption at the boiling regime was predominantly controlled by the solution flow pressure. Overall, an order of magnitude higher desorption rate compare to a previous study on a membrane-based desorber was achieved.
Air Bubble Injection Into a Liquid Stream in a Minichannel
Authors: Samaroo Randy , Kawaji Masahiro
Published: December 2013

Air bubble injection experiments have been performed to obtain a better understanding and detailed data on bubble behavior and liquid velocity profiles to be used for validation of 3-D Interface Tracking Models and CFD models. Two test sections used were vertical rectangular minichannels with a width and gap of 20 mm × 5.1 mm and 20 mm × 1.9 mm, respectively. Subcooled water at near atmospheric pressure flowed upward under laminar and turbulent flow conditions accompanied by air bubbles injected from a small hole on one of the vertical walls. The experiments yielded data on bubble formation and departure, and interactions with laminar or turbulent water flow. Instantaneous and ensemble-average liquid velocity profiles have been obtained using a Particle Image Velocimetry technique and a high speed video camera.
Molecular Dynamics Study on the Influences of Nanoparticle Adherent Layer on Interfacial Thermal Resistance at a Liquid-Solid Interface
Authors: Shibahara Masahiko , Koike Tatsuya
Published: December 2013

The influences of a nanoparticle layer adherent to a surface on the thermal resistance at a liquid-solid interface were investigated by non-equilibrium classical molecular dynamics simulations. The interaction potential parameters between the liquid molecules and the wall atoms and those between the liquid molecules and the nanoparticle atoms were changed for the parametric studies. The variation of the interfacial thermal resistance caused by a nanoparticle layer was observed depending on the interaction potential parameter between the liquid molecules and the nanoparticle atoms and that between the liquid molecules and the surface atoms as well as the nanoparticle adherent density. Such variations of the interfacial thermal resistance caused by the nanoparticle adherent layer can be explained by the variation of the liquid molecular density profile at the liquid-solid interface.
Measurement of Semi-Local Friction Factor of Gas Flow in Micro-Tube
Authors: Kawashima D. , Asako Y.
Published: December 2013

This paper presents experimental results on friction factor of gaseous flow in a PEEK micro-tube with relative surface roughness of 0.04 %. The experiments were performed for nitrogen gas flow through the micro-tube with 514.4 μm in diameter and 50 mm in length. Three pressure taps holes with 5 mm interval were drilled and the local pressures were measured. Friction factor is obtained from the measured pressure differences. The experiments were conducted for turbulent flow region. The friction factor obtained by the present study are compared with those in available literature and also numerical results. The friction factor obtained is slightly higher than the value of Blasius formula.
Viscosity Measurements of Nanofluids at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures
Authors: Kanjirakat Anoop , Taimour Khalifa , Al-Jubouri Mohammed , Sadr Reza , Amani Mahmood
Published: December 2013

Engineered colloidal suspensions of nano-sized particles (less than 100nm) dispersed in a base fluid (nanofluid), have shown potential for industrial cooling fluids due to their enhanced heat transfer characteristics. Understanding the rheological characteristics of these suspensions is vital while employing them for flow applications. The effect of temperature on the viscosity of nanofluids at atmospheric pressure is well documented in literatures; however, there are no available data for viscosity measurements of nanofluids at elevated pressure and temperature. In this work, rheological characteristics of oil based nanofluids at high pressures and temperatures, order of 100atm and 100 °C, respectively, are investigated. Nanofluid is prepared by dispersing commercially available SiO2 nanoparticles (∼20nm) in a highly refined paraffinic mineral oil (Therm Z-32, QALCO QATAR) which has wide applications for heat exchangers in oil industry. The rheological characteristics of both the base fluid and the nanofluid are measured using a High Pressure High Temperature (HPHT) viscometer. During experimentation, viscosity values are measured at pressures varying from 10MPa to 40MPa and temperatures ranging from 25°C to 170°C for nanofluid with mass concentrations of 3 percent. The viscosity values of nanofluids as well as base fluid are observed to increase with the increase in pressure. From the pressure coefficient values evaluated for basefluid and nanofluid, it is evident that the effect of pressure on nanofluid and basefluid was similar with no additional effect with respect to particle loading.
Single-Phase Heat Transfer in the Straight and Helically Coiled Tubes
Authors: Kaew-On Jatuporn , Nakkaew Santiphap , Wongwises Somchai
Published: December 2013

In the present work, the single-phase heat transfer of water flowing through the straight and helical minichannel tubes was experimentally studied. The test section was made from the stainless tube with an internal diameter of 1.75mm and 70 cm long. The coil diameters were 34, 48, and 61 mm. The single-phase heat transfer is experimentally determined based on the direct heating operation. The experiments have been carried out by varying the water flow rates and supplying heat fluxes. The Reynolds numbers were performed covering the transition to turbulent flow regimes, while supplying the heat fluxes were approximately 30–70 kW/m2. The experimental results were compared with the existing correlations from the literature. The result illustrates that more enhanced heat transfer increase for tubes with greater curvature ratio.