bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hauttypen, Hautpigmentierung und Melaninsynthese: wichtige Instrumente der menschlichen Haut zur Anpassung an die UV-Strahlung
Authors: Saternus R. , Vogt T. , Reichrath J.
Published: May 2018

Verschiedene Evolutionstheorien befassen sich mit der Entwicklung der Hautfarben, einem der wichtigsten individuellen Merkmale des Menschen. Die am besten etablierte Theorie geht von einer Anpassung an die jeweilige solare UV-Strahlung in einem bestimmten geografischen Gebiet über natürliche Selektionsmechanismen aus. Demnach muss die Haut einerseits ausreichend pigmentiert sein, um einen wirksamen Schutz vor den schädlichen Einwirkungen der UV-Strahlung zu gewährleisten, andererseits muss aber auch genügend Strahlung die Hautzellen erreichen können, um wichtige biologische Wirkungen (u. a. die kutane Vitamin D-Synthese) auszuüben. Wichtige Instrumente, um in Abhängigkeit von der Intensität der solaren UV-Strahlung beide Anforderungen zu erfüllen, sind die Entwicklung der Hautfarben und die Regulation der Melaninsynthese. Die Hautpigmentierung läuft über komplexe Reaktionsschritte ab. Das wichtigste Pigment der menschlichen Hautfarbe ist Melanin, das in einer mehrstufigen Reaktion aus der Aminosäure Tyrosin synthetisiert wird. Produziert wird Melanin in Melanozyten in auf die Melaninproduktion spezialisierten Zellorganellen, den Melanosomen. Die Synthese wird durch einen komplexen Regulationsmechanismus gesteuert, an dem verschiedene Botenstoffe wie z. B. α-MSH entscheidend beteiligt sind. Daneben wird die noch nicht vollständig verstandene Regulation der Hautpigmentierung von vielen weiteren Faktoren beeinflusst, darunter genetische Varianten der an der Melaninsynthese beteiligten Enzyme bzw. Strukturproteine. Dieser Artikel gibt einen aktuellen Überblick über Bedeutung und Regulation von Hautpigmentierung und Melaninsynthese.
Molekulare Mechanismen der kutanen Photokarzinogenese: ein Update
Authors: Martens M. , Seebode C. , Lehmann J. , Emmert S.
Published: May 2018

UV-Strahlung gilt als primäre Ursache der Photokarzinogenese und trägt somit zur Entwicklung von kutanen Hautkrebsentitäten wie Plattenepithelkarzinom, Basalzellkarzinom und Melanom bei. Durch UV-Strahlung entstehen einerseits typische DNA-Photoprodukte und andererseits indirekte DNA-Schäden durch reaktive Sauerstoffspezies. UV-bedingte DNA-Schäden werden durch die Nukleotid-Exzisions-Reparatur behoben, die somit der Bildung von Mutationen und der Hautkrebsentwicklung entgegenwirkt. Durch Mutationen werden Tumorsuppressorgene inaktiviert und wachstumsfördernde Signalwege aktiviert, die die normale Zellzyklusprogression stören. Abhängig von der jeweilig zugrunde liegenden Hautkrebsentität, sind bestimmte Gene häufiger betroffen als andere. Basalzellkarzinome weisen häufig Patched- oder Smoothened-Mutationen auf, die den Sonic hedgehog-Signalweg beeinflussen. Plattenepithelkarzinome zeigen vermehrt TP53-Mutationen. Weitere Mutationen umfassen den epidermalen Wachstumsfaktorrezeptor, RAS, FYN und CDKN2A. In Melanomen konnten vor allem UV-induzierte Mutationen in TP53 und CDKN2A nachgewiesen werden. Zudem tragen UV-induzierte Entzündungsprozesse zur Photokarzinogenese bei. Neuere Studien konnten einen Einfluss von Zitrusfruchtkonsum, Alkoholkonsum, Hormonersatztherapien und oralen Kontrazeptiva auf die Photokarzinogenese feststellen. Präventive Maßnahmen gegen UV-bedingte Karzinogenese beinhalten den adäquaten Gebrauch von Sonnenschutz und regelmäßige Hautkrebsvorsorgeuntersuchungen.
Auger losses in dilute InAsBi
Authors: Hader J. , Badescu S. C. , Bannow L. C. , Moloney J. V. , Johnson S. R. , Koch S. W.
Published: May 2018

Density functional theory is used to determine the electronic band structure and eigenstates of dilute InAsBi bulk materials. The results serve as input for fully microscopic many-body models calculating the composition and carrier density dependent losses due to Auger recombination. At low to intermediate carrier concentrations, the Auger loss coefficients are found to be in the range of 10−27cm6/s for a low Bi content and around 10−25cm6/s for compositions suitable for long wavelength emission. It is shown that due to the fact that in InAsBi, the spin-orbit splitting is larger than the bandgap for all Bi contents, the Bi-dependent increase in the spin-orbit splitting does not lead to a significant suppression of the losses. Instead, unlike in GaAsBi, a mostly exponential increase in the losses with the decreasing bandgap is found for all compositions.
Enhanced interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction and isolated skyrmions in the inversion-symmetry-broken Ru/Co/W/Ru films
Authors: Samardak Alexander , Kolesnikov Alexander , Stebliy Maksim , Chebotkevich Ludmila , Sadovnikov Alexandr , Nikitov Sergei , Talapatra Abhishek , Mohanty Jyoti , Ognev Alexey
Published: May 2018

An enhancement of the spin-orbit effects arising on an interface between a ferromagnet (FM) and a heavy metal (HM) is possible through the strong breaking of the structural inversion symmetry in the layered films. Here, we show that an introduction of an ultrathin W interlayer between Co and Ru in Ru/Co/Ru films enables to preserve perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) and simultaneously induce a large interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (iDMI). The study of the spin-wave propagation in the Damon-Eshbach geometry by Brillouin light scattering spectroscopy reveals the drastic increase in the iDMI value with the increase in W thickness (tW). The maximum iDMI of −3.1 erg/cm2 is observed for tW = 0.24 nm, which is 10 times larger than for the quasi-symmetrical Ru/Co/Ru films. We demonstrate the evidence of the spontaneous field-driven nucleation of isolated skyrmions supported by micromagnetic simulations. Magnetic force microscopy measurements reveal the existence of sub-100-nm skyrmions in the zero magnetic field. The ability to simultaneously control the strength of PMA and iDMI in quasi-symmetrical HM/FM/HM trilayer systems through the interface engineered inversion asymmetry at the nanoscale excites new fundamental and practical interest in ultrathin ferromagnets, which are a potential host for stable magnetic skyrmions.
Trade-off between bandwidth and efficiency in semipolar (202¯1¯) InGaN/GaN single- and multiple-quantum-well light-emitting diodes
Authors: Monavarian M. , Rashidi A. , Aragon A. A. , Nami M. , Oh S. H. , DenBaars S. P. , Feezell D.
Published: May 2018

InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with large modulation bandwidths are desirable for visible-light communication. Along with modulation speed, the consideration of the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) under operating conditions is also important. Here, we report the modulation characteristics of semipolar (202¯1¯) InGaN/GaN (LEDs) with single-quantum well (SQW) and multiple-quantum-well (MQW) active regions grown on free-standing semipolar GaN substrates with peak internal quantum efficiencies (IQEs) of 0.93 and 0.73, respectively. The MQW LEDs exhibit on average about 40–80% higher modulation bandwidth, reaching 1.5 GHz at 13 kA/cm2, but about 27% lower peak IQE than the SQW LEDs. We extract the differential carrier lifetimes (DLTs), RC parasitics, and carrier escape lifetimes and discuss their role in the bandwidth and IQE characteristics. A coulomb-enhanced capture process is shown to rapidly reduce the DLT of the MQW LED at high current densities. Auger recombination is also shown to play little role in increasing the speed of the LEDs. Finally, we investigate the trade-offs between the bandwidth and efficiency and introduce the bandwidth-IQE product as a potential figure of merit for optimizing speed and efficiency in InGaN/GaN LEDs.
Threshold and linear models for genetic evaluation of visual scores in Hereford and Braford cattle
Authors: Campos G. S. , Reimann F. A. , Schimdt P. I. , Cardoso L. L. , Sollero B. P. , Braccini J. , Yokoo M. J. , Boligon A. A. , Cardoso F. F.
Published: May 2018

Data from 127539 Hereford and Braford cattle were used to compare estimates of genetic parameters for navel, conformation, precocity, muscling and size visual scores at yearling, using linear and threshold animal models. In a second step, these models were cross-validated using a multinomial logistic regression in order to quantify the association between phenotype and genetic merit for each trait. For navel score, higher heritability was obtained with the threshold model (0.42 ± 0.02) in relation to the linear model (0.22 ± 0.02). However, similar heritability was estimated in both models for conformation, precocity, muscling and size, with values of 0.18 ± 0.01, 0.19 ± 0.01, 0.19 ± 0.01 and 0.26 ± 0.01, respectively, using linear model, and of 0.19 ± 0.01, 0.19 ± 0.01, 0.20 ± 0.01, and 0.29 ± 0.01, respectively, using threshold model. For navel score, Spearman correlations between sires’ breeding values predicted using linear and threshold models ranged from 0.60 (1% of the best sires are selected) to 0.96 (all sires are selected). For conformation, precocity, muscling and size scores, low changes in sires’ rank are expected using these models (Spearman correlations >0.86), regardless of the proportion of sires selected. Except for navel with the linear model, the direction of the associations between phenotype and genetic merit were in accordance with its expectation, as there were increases in the phenotype per unit of change in the breeding value. Thus, the threshold model would be recommended to perform genetic evaluation of navel score in this population. However, linear and threshold models showed similar predictive ability for conformation, precocity, muscling and size scores.
Patterns of thanking in the closing section of UK service calls
Authors: Mosegaard Hansen Maj-Britt
Published: May 2018

I investigate patterns of usage of thanking formulae in the closing section of a corpus of 94 telephone calls made by tenants to a UK housing association. The data suggest that unilateral thanking is the norm when calls are institutionally and interactionally unmarked. In contrast, mutual thanking correlates mainly with the presence of interactional problems of various kinds, or, in a few cases, with features that are not problematic as such, but simply interactionally marked given the nature of the activity.
When initiated by agents rather than by callers, thanking is frequently hearable as conveying an apologetic stance. Participants thus seem to orient to different thanking patterns as devices which may be used either to mark the preceding interaction as an instance of ‘business-as-usual’ or, if such is not the case, to restore interpersonal harmony or index awareness that aspects of the preceding interaction have otherwise deviated from situational expectations.
French and English lexical blends in contrast
Authors: Renner Vincent
Published: May 2018

Two sets of 97 French and 374 English lexical units identified as lexical blends are examined from a contrastive perspective. It appears that English displays a wider variety of patterns than French does – a larger number of marginal types of lexical input combination, of lexical shortening and of phonological splitting. Striking dissimilarities between the two languages also include an inclination for the pattern of double inner shortening in English and the pattern of left-hand-side inner shortening in French, as well as a preference for semantic and phonological right-headedness in English and the absence of a preferred lateral head position in French.
Accuracy of human motion capture systems for sport applications; state‐of‐the‐art review
Authors: van der Kruk Eline , Reijne Marco M.
Published: May 2018

Objective: Sport research often requires human motion capture of an athlete. It can, however, be labour‐intensive and difficult to select the right system, while manufacturers report on specifications which are determined in set‐ups that largely differ from sport research in terms of volume, environment and motion. The aim of this review is to assist researchers in the selection of a suitable motion capture system for their experimental set‐up for sport applications. An open online platform is initiated, to support (sport)researchers in the selection of a system and to enable them to contribute and update the overview. Design: systematic review; Method: Electronic searches in Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar were performed, and the reference lists of the screened articles were scrutinised to determine human motion capture systems used in academically published studies on sport analysis. Results: An overview of 17 human motion capture systems is provided, reporting the general specifications given by the manufacturer (weight and size of the sensors, maximum capture volume, environmental feasibilities), and calibration specifications as determined in peer‐reviewed studies. The accuracy of each system is plotted against the measurement range. Conclusion: The overview and chart can assist researchers in the selection of a suitable measurement system. To increase the robustness of the database and to keep up with technological developments, we encourage researchers to perform an accuracy test prior to their experiment and to add to the chart and the system overview (online, open access).
Ciliary dynein motor preassembly is regulated by Wdr92 in association with HSP90 co-chaperone, R2TP
Authors: zur Lage Petra , Stefanopoulou Panagiota , Styczynska-Soczka Katarzyna , Quinn Niall , Mali Girish , von Kriegsheim Alex , Mill Pleasantine , Jarman Andrew P.
Published: May 2018

The massive dynein motor complexes that drive ciliary and flagellar motility require cytoplasmic preassembly, a process requiring dedicated dynein assembly factors (DNAAFs). How DNAAFs interact with molecular chaperones to control dynein assembly is not clear. By analogy with the well-known multifunctional HSP90-associated cochaperone, R2TP, several DNAAFs have been suggested to perform novel R2TP-like functions. However, the involvement of R2TP itself (canonical R2TP) in dynein assembly remains unclear. Here we show that in Drosophila melanogaster, the R2TP-associated factor, Wdr92, is required exclusively for axonemal dynein assembly, likely in association with canonical R2TP. Proteomic analyses suggest that in addition to being a regulator of R2TP chaperoning activity, Wdr92 works with the DNAAF Spag1 at a distinct stage in dynein preassembly. Wdr92/R2TP function is likely distinct from that of the DNAAFs proposed to form dynein-specific R2TP-like complexes. Our findings thus establish a connection between dynein assembly and a core multifunctional cochaperone.
Faithfulness of bifree product states
Authors: Ramsey Christopher
Published: May 2018

Given a nontrivial family of pairs of faces of unital

C

∗

\mathrm {C}^*

-algebras where each pair has a faithful state, it is proved that if the bifree product state is faithful on the reduced bifree product of this family of pairs of faces, then each pair of faces arises as a minimal tensor product. A partial converse is also obtained.
Asymptotic variance of the number of real roots of random polynomial systems
Authors: Armentano D. , Azaïs J-M. , Dalmao F. , León J.
Published: May 2018

We obtain the asymptotic variance, as the degree goes to infinity, of the normalized number of real roots of a square Kostlan-Shub-Smale random polynomial system of any size. Our main tools are the Kac-Rice formula for the second factorial moment of the number of roots and a Hermite expansion of this random variable.
On cototality and the skip operator in the enumeration degrees
Authors: Andrews Uri , Ganchev Hristo , Kuyper Rutger , Lempp Steffen , Miller Joseph , Soskova Alexandra , Soskova Mariya
Published: May 2018

A set

A
⊆
ω

A\subseteq \omega

is cototal if it is enumeration reducible to its complement, 

A
¯

\overline {A}

. The skip of 

A
A

is the uniform upper bound of the complements of all sets enumeration reducible to 

A
A

. These are closely connected: 

A
A

has cototal degree if and only if it is enumeration reducible to its skip. We study cototality and related properties, using the skip operator as a tool in our investigation. We give many examples of classes of enumeration degrees that either guarantee or prohibit cototality. We also study the skip for its own sake, noting that it has many of the nice properties of the Turing jump, even though the skip of 

A
A

is not always above 

A
A

(i.e., not all degrees are cototal). In fact, there is a set that is its own double skip.
On Lewy extension for smooth hypersurfaces in ℂⁿ×ℝ
Authors: Lebl Jiří , Noell Alan , Ravisankar Sivaguru
Published: May 2018

We prove an analogue of the Lewy extension theorem for a real dimension

2
n

2n

smooth submanifold

M
⊂

C

n

×

R

M \subset \mathbb {C}^{n}\times \mathbb {R}

,

n
≥
2

n \geq 2

. A theorem of Hill and Taiani implies that if

M
M

is CR and the Levi-form has a positive eigenvalue restricted to the leaves of

C

n

×

R

\mathbb {C}^n \times \mathbb {R}

, then every smooth CR function

f
f

extends smoothly as a CR function to one side of

M
M

. If the Levi-form has eigenvalues of both signs, then

f
f

extends to a neighborhood of

M
M

. Our main result concerns CR singular manifolds with a nondegenerate quadratic part

Q
Q

. A smooth CR

f
f

extends to one side if the Hermitian part of

Q
Q

has at least two positive eigenvalues, and

f
f

extends to the other side if the form has at least two negative eigenvalues. We provide examples to show that at least two nonzero eigenvalues in the direction of the extension are needed.
Genetically induced microtubule disruption in the mouse intestine impairs intracellular organization and transport
Authors: Muroyama Andrew , Terwilliger Michael , Dong Bushu , Suh Harrison , Lechler Terry
Published: May 2018

In most differentiated cells, microtubules reorganize into noncentrosomal arrays that are cell-type specific. In the columnar absorptive enterocytes of the intestine, microtubules form polarized apical–basal arrays that have been proposed to play multiple roles. However, in vivo testing of these hypotheses has been hampered by a lack of genetic tools to specifically perturb microtubules. Here we analyze mice in which microtubules are disrupted by conditional inducible expression of the microtubule-severing protein spastin. Spastin overexpression resulted in multiple cellular defects, including aberrations in nuclear and organelle positioning and deficient nutrient transport. However, cell shape, adhesion, and polarity remained intact, and mutant mice continued to thrive. Notably, the phenotypes of microtubule disruption are similar to those induced by microtubule disorganization upon loss of CAMSAP3/Nezha. These data demonstrate that enterocyte microtubules have important roles in organelle organization but are not essential for growth under homeostatic conditions.
Lineage-associated underrepresented permutations (LAUPs) of mammalian genomic sequences based on a Jellyfish-based LAUPs analysis application (JBLA)
Authors: Zhang Le , Xiao Ming , Zhou Jingsong , Yu Jun
Published: May 2018

Motivation

This study addresses several important questions related to naturally underrepresented sequences: (i) are there permutations of real genomic DNA sequences in a defined length (k-mer) and a given lineage that do not actually exist or underrepresented? (ii) If there are such sequences, what are their characteristics in terms of k-mer length and base composition? (iii) Are they related to CpG or TpA underrepresentation known for human sequences? We propose that the answers to these questions are of great significance for the study of sequence-associated regulatory mechanisms, such cytosine methylation and chromosomal structures in physiological or pathological conditions such as cancer.

Results

We empirically defined sequences that were not included in any well-known public databases as lineage-associated underrepresented permutations (LAUPs). Then, we developed a Jellyfish-based LAUPs analysis application (JBLA) to investigate LAUPs for 24 representative species. The present discoveries include: (i) lengths for the shortest LAUPs, ranging from 10 to 14, which collectively constitute a low proportion of the genome. (ii) Common LAUPs showing higher CG content over the analysed mammalian genome and possessing distinct CG*CG motifs. (iii) Neither CpG-containing LAUPs nor CpG island sequences are randomly structured and distributed over the genomes; some LAUPs and most CpG-containing sequences exhibit an opposite trend within the same k and n variants. In addition, we demonstrate that the JBLA algorithm is more efficient than the original Jellyfish for computing LAUPs.

Availability and implementation

We developed a Jellyfish-based LAUP analysis (JBLA) application by integrating Jellyfish (Marçais and Kingsford, 2011), MEME (Bailey, et al., 2009) and the NCBI genome database (Pruitt, et al., 2007) applications, which are listed as Supplementary Material.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
TimeXNet Web: identifying cellular response networks from diverse omics time-course data
Authors: Tan Phit Ling , López Yosvany , Nakai Kenta , Patil Ashwini
Published: May 2018

Condition-specific time-course omics profiles are frequently used to study cellular response to stimuli and identify associated signaling pathways. However, few online tools allow users to analyze multiple types of high-throughput time-course data. TimeXNet Web is a web server that extracts a time-dependent gene/protein response network from time-course transcriptomic, proteomic or phospho-proteomic data, and an input interaction network. It classifies the given genes/proteins into time-dependent groups based on the time of their highest activity and identifies the most probable paths connecting genes/proteins in consecutive groups. The response sub-network is enriched in activated genes/proteins and contains novel regulators that do not show any observable change in the input data. Users can view the resultant response network and analyze it for functional enrichment. TimeXNet Web supports the analysis of high-throughput data from multiple species by providing high quality, weighted protein-protein interaction networks for 12 model organisms.

Availability and implementation

http://txnet.hgc.jp/

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Therapeutic Servicescapes and Market-Mediated Performances of Emotional Suffering
Authors: Higgins Leighanne , Hamilton Kathy
Published: May 2018

We introduce the concept of therapeutic servicescapes, defined as consumption settings where emplaced, market-mediated performances compensate for sociocultural dilemmas. Our focus is on the localization of emotions that are emplaced in specific sociospatial features and collectively reproduced through ritualized consumer performances. This ethnographic study of religious pilgrimage consumption reveals that the therapeutic servicescape comprises three features: evocative spaces, ideological homogeneity, and restorative emotion scripts. These servicescape features catalyze the consumer rituals of therapeutic relations, therapeutic release, and therapeutic renewal. Our theorization of therapeutic servicescapes offers three contributions. First, we reveal how emotions are socially and geographically orchestrated and transformed in marketplace settings. Second, we demonstrate how therapeutic ritual performances reproduce emplaced, market-mediated emotion and compensate for embodied emotional restrictions. Third, we demonstrate how the negotiation of emotional ordering guides the therapeutic dialogue between religion and the marketplace.
The simultaneity of feeling German and being American: Analyzing 150 years of private migrant correspondence
Authors: Krawatzek Félix , Sasse Gwendolyn
Published: May 2018

Analyzing the long-term dynamics of migrant integration is a significant challenge for researchers. This paper traces how ‘ordinary’ German-speaking migrants in the USA expressed their sense of participation and belonging throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries in the letters they wrote to their families ‘back home.’ We study a large collection of migrant letters written by German-speaking immigrants in the USA between 1830 and 1970 and analyze this new data with methods of computerized text analysis. The investigation shows how migrants continuously make and re-make identities within and across their heterogeneous migrant ‘groups.’ Our paper highlights the strong incentives for social and cultural integration in the absence of restrictive host state policies. We also show that political events and crises affecting both the country of origin and the destination country act as a catalyst in redefining, at least temporarily, parts of the migrant identities in relation to both the sending and host states.
Language and the State in Western Political Theory
Authors: Ives Peter
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the relationship between language policy and planning (LPP) and political theory, specifically the major figures of modern European political philosophy: Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Johann Gottfried Herder. This chapter illustrates how these four figures’ diverse philosophical conceptions of language have differing implications for government policy aimed at language usage, and how these implications are evident in current LPP theory and practice. Although Locke and Herder are widely seen as mainstays of modern Eurocentric language ideologies central to the armature to the modern nation-state, it is also fruitful to pay greater attention to the tensions and contradictions within what has been depicted as a single ideology. Thus, the purpose here is to analyze connections between specific conceptions of language and various implied or explicit understandings of the relationship(s) between language use and government activity.
Post-Nationalism and Language Commodification
Authors: Pujolar Joan
Published: May 2018

Language commodification refers to processes by which language is constructed as an element that can be brought into a process of economic exchange or accountability. The terms tertiarization, neoliberalism, and globalization are commonly used to express the wide socioeconomic context of linguistic commodification. In the first section of this chapter, these terms are defined and explained. Then three examples of language commodification are examined in detail. The final discussion section explores the implications of these phenomena for the ways in which the scope of language planning, until recently limited to aspects of government intervention on language, should be expanded to new issues and contexts.
Dewey’s Radical Conception of Moral Cognition
Authors: Johnson Mark
Published: May 2018

Dewey’s conception of moral cognition as a natural problem-solving process of imaginative deliberation is . naturalistic insofar as it treats moral agents as embodied social animals operating in the natural world, without possessing anything like an eternal soul, transcendent ego, pure reason, or other disembodied mental faculty. Dewey’s view is social-psychological because it sees morality as arising from social embeddedness and interactions with others within communities of interdependent persons. It is reconstructive in that it regards moral appraisal and deliberation as part of an ongoing process of attempting to transform developing experience for the better. It is fallibilist in recognizing that there is no all-encompassing or transcendent standpoint from which to make moral judgments. Finally, Dewey sees moral deliberation neither as rule following nor as mere emotional response but rather as imaginative exploration of how people might reduce conflict and deepen and enrich meaning within situations rife with conflict and tension.
Habilitative Health and Disability
Authors: Becker Lawrence C.
Published: May 2018

This chapter introduces and defines the concept of habilitative health as the ability to succeed at three types of tasks necessary for human survival and thriving: self-habilitation, habilitation of others, and habilitation of the physical and social environment in which one lives. Habilitative health is an aspect of the complete health scale, ranging from worst to best health in terms of physiological, intellectual, psychological, and behavioral functioning. The argument here is that the nature and gravity of disabilities generally can best be understood in terms of a lack of habilitative health in specified ranges of physical and social environments. This eliminates many differences between the medical and social models of disability and unifies discussions of individual health with discussions of public or social health. It also recasts the discussion of human rights to healthcare as a discussion of human duties of care to self, others, and the habitable world.
Civic Republican Disability Justice
Authors: O'Shea Tom
Published: May 2018

This chapter develops a civic republican approach to disability justice. It begins by articulating a republican account of liberty as nondomination before showing how such domination can shape the relationships of people with disabilities. This leads to a consideration of whether disability justice can be defined in terms of maximizing or sufficient nondomination. Instead, the chapter provides a civic framework within which republican disability justice can be understood, encompassing both the absence of oppressive relationships and the presence of capabilities of special egalitarian concern. It also considers some specific normative implications of a republican account of disability justice—doubting the suitability of contestatory democracy but pointing toward the merits of self-education and universal basic income. Finally, the objection that this republican approach to disability justice unreasonably denigrates dependence is rebutted.
Why People with Cognitive Disabilities are Justified in Feeling Disquieted by Prenatal Testing and Selective Termination
Authors: Kaposy Chris
Published: May 2018

People with cognitive disabilities and their advocates often express uneasiness about prenatal testing and the selective termination of pregnancies because the fetus has a cognitively disabling condition. There are high rates of abortion in such circumstances, and new forms of noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) have been introduced to improve the detection of genetic conditions. This chapter argues that the feeling of disquiet about prenatal testing and selective termination is justified. Philosophers working in the field of bioethics often offer reassurance that such feelings are unjustified. This chapter shows that such reassurances fail and presents an argument that bias against people with cognitive disability plays a role in prenatal decision-making. Feelings of disquiet are justified because it is justified to object to bias that is otherwise directed at oneself.
Advice from Healthcare Professionals
Authors: D’Angelo Jonathan , D'Angelo Anne-Lise
Published: May 2018

This chapter reviews the research and theory related to advice in health contexts. The focus is on interpersonal advice offered face-to-face or by phone from health professionals to laypeople. The first part of the chapter discusses who gives advice to whom and who seeks advice. Next, three elements that impact advice efficacy and utilization are considered: source factors, message factors, and receiver factors. The chapter then discusses the development and application of theories of advice in health contexts and identifies areas for future research. Finally, the chapter offers guidelines for those professionals in a position to provide health advice.
Advice in Education
Authors: Waring Hansun Zhang , Song Gahye
Published: May 2018

This chapter considers how advising has been researched in a range of educational settings, including academic (educational) counseling, professional supervision, peer tutoring, and parent-teacher conferences. Working with data collected from naturally occurring interaction and drawing upon a wide variety of analytical approaches, scholars of educational advising have offered important insights into how advice is given and received as well as the various issues and challenges featured in the advising encounter. These issues and challenges include tensions between clarity and politeness, development and assessment, and guidance and autonomy. The chapter concludes by considering the practical implications of the research so far and suggesting future directions for scholarship in educational advising.
Advice in Government and Policy Making
Authors: Salacuse Jeswald
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores the nature of governmental policy advice, the roles and methods of governmental advisors, and the range of relationships that may exist between advisors and their clients. Three models of the advisor-client relationship are identified. Model I is the advisor as director, wherein the advisor tends to take control of the advising process, directing the client to take actions to achieve success in governance and policy making. Model II is the advisor as servant, in which the advisor merely responds to the demands of the client for help and guidance in a specific governmental task. Model III is the advisor as partner, wherein the advisor and the government official jointly manage and take co-ownership of the problem to be solved. Factors that lead to the adoption each of these models, the various advising styles that advisors employ, and their differing effects on the policy-making process are also explored.
Word-of-Mouth Marketing
Authors: Sweeney Jill
Published: May 2018

Word of mouth (WOM) reflects informal communication between private individuals that evaluates goods and services (Anderson, 1998). It provides a highly credible means of persuasion because the communicator is not seen as having a vested interest in selling the recommended product or service. In this chapter, WOM is conceptualized as a type of advice between private parties (typically consumers), focused on goods or services, and not necessarily purposeful or directive. WOM is a very powerful tool, especially given the relatively new focus in marketing on customer engagement and the customer’s role in value co-creation in the context of market offerings. However, over the decades, a number of myths have developed surrounding the effects of WOM. These myths are challenged within a review of the research literature. Suggestions for future research directions, research methods to capture WOM, and some best practices are also discussed.
Advice Across Cultures
Authors: Feng Bo , Feng Hairong
Published: May 2018

This chapter reviews existing research related to understanding the influence of culture on advice communication. Key theoretical frameworks and constructs that have been used to guide the study of advice and culture are reviewed, as are major patterns of findings about cultural similarities and differences in advice seeking, provision, and responses. Pragmatic implications for communication of advice in intercultural contexts are discussed as well. Attention is also given to challenges of researching advice across cultures, as well as to limitations of existing theories that have informed or developed out of this body of research. Directions for future research are suggested.
Advice: Communication with Consequence
Authors: MacGeorge Erina L. , Van Swol Lyn M.
Published: May 2018

This chapter highlights cross-cutting themes from the research reviewed in this Handbook. Areas for theoretical integration across contexts and levels of analysis are also suggested. In addition, it summarizes the variety of methods used to study advice and makes suggestions for methodological synthesis and advancement. Finally, some of the best practices for giving advice offered by the other chapters in this volume are synthesized. The chapter concludes with reflections on the relationship between theory and application.
How the Other Half Thinks
Authors: Blunden Hayley , Gino Francesca
Published: May 2018

This chapter integrates research on advice interactions, motivations for advising, and the psychological consequences of serving in an advisor role to develop a more comprehensive perspective on the psychology of advising. By connecting this work, which spans various methodologies and theoretical foundations, it advances current thinking on advice giving in two primary ways. First, in examining the diversity of motivations for advice giving, it extends the set of advice-exchange outcomes to be considered beyond those previously emphasized. Second, it highlights previously unexplored aspects of the advisor role that are likely to impact the advice-giving experience. The chapter concludes by providing recommendations for advisors and identifying areas ripe for future research to illuminate the advisor side of the advice-exchange process.
Advice Messages and Interactions
Authors: Guntzviller Lisa
Published: May 2018

Two bodies of research focus on advice messages and interactions. Conversation analysts provide detailed descriptions of advice messages and interaction sequences in naturally occurring interactions. Supportive communication scholars theorize how advice message features influence recipients’ emotional, problem solving, and relational outcomes. The two research paradigms differ, and although both contribute to an understanding of advice messages and interactions, they remain relatively unintegrated. This chapter reviews major findings from each paradigm. To demonstrate the potential for integration, two research programs that incorporate conversation analytic findings into theorizing about supportive communication are reviewed. The chapter concludes by proposing how to further extend theorizing about advice as supportive communication by integrating conversation analytic insights.
Giving and Receiving Advice in Groups, Networks, and Organizations
Authors: Van Swol Lyn M. , Prahl Andrew
Published: May 2018

This chapter overviews research on giving and receiving advice and information in small decision-making groups and organizational groups and networks. It highlights how the tendency for group members to discuss information all members already know in common before the group discussion results in the underutilization of advice from group members who possess novel information. It also discusses how employees often filter advice with bad news, and how organizations can build transactive memory systems or advice networks about whom to consult for advice. Transactive memory system can help highlight from whom to seek advice and can improve organizational performance. The chapter concludes with best practices for researchers, decision makers, advisors, and organizational managers, with an emphasis on how structuring the group and identifying expertise can improve the use of advice in groups.
The Jesuits in Asia under the Portuguese Padroado
Authors: Vu Thanh Hélène
Published: May 2018

This chapter is devoted to the Jesuit missions in Asia under Portuguese patronage, with a focus on India, Japan, and China. In these territories, the Society of Jesus experimented with the policy of accommodation, which was grounded in the belief that Asian societies were mature enough to receive the Christian doctrine, but also unlikely to be subjugated by European powers. While accommodation undeniably became the central paradigm of the Jesuit missions in Asia, it was seldom a unifying force, its implementation proving intricate and prone to attracting controversy both from within the Society and from without. As this chapter demonstrates, accommodation should be seen as an array of dynamic and partially autonomous experiments that developed in a precarious context of interdependence and rivalry among the Asian missions.
Natural History in the Jesuit Missions
Authors: de Asúa Miguel
Published: May 2018

This chapter considers Jesuit natural history in the period of the Old Society (from Renaissance to Enlightenment). Five topics have been selected for discussion: a general, formal characterization of Jesuit writing on nature, with emphasis on works produced in the missions; the symbolic and material exchanges presupposed by the practice of missionary natural history, including medical botany (exchange of knowledge between Jesuits and native experts, interchange of information between Jesuits and learned naturalists in Europe and among them, circulation of biological species); the approach to marvels in the animal world by the kind of natural philosophy embedded in the works of Athnasius Kircher, Caspar Schott, and Juan Eusebio Nieremberg; the issues raised by the natural histories of the New World, in particular in Iberian America; and the response of the Jesuits to the ascent of Enlightened natural history as represented by Carl Linnaeus and George Louis Leclerc, Compte de Buffon.
The Jesuit English Mission
Authors: Kelly James E.
Published: May 2018

This chapter concentrates on the English Jesuit Mission following its inception in 1580. It opens by examining Jesuit navigation of the issues surrounding religion and politics, arguing that it was impossible for the Jesuits’ activities not to have been considered political due to the entwining of the temporal and the spiritual in England. The second part of the chapter explores the Jesuits’ effect on the character of English Catholicism, both in how it was viewed by outsiders and in how it influenced the community’s self-understanding in relation to the Catholic Reformation. The final section considers the wider contexts of the English Jesuit mission through its links to mainland Europe, arguing that events on the periphery of Catholic Europe helped shape its centers. The English Jesuits were part of an international movement active in a specific national story.
Kindred Contemporaries
Authors: Ostrowski Carl
Published: May 2018

This essay traces lines of influence between Edgar Allan Poe and five of his American contemporaries: George Lippard, Robert Montgomery Bird, William Gilmore Simms, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Washington Irving. Various categories of influence are identified, including suggestive parallels (allegedly present in many works by Poe and Hawthorne), negative influence (Poe avoided in The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym a technique he had previously criticized in reviewing Bird’s Sheppard Lee), avowed inspiration (Poe worked from a published hint by Irving in developing the story “William Wilson”), and plagiarism (Poe plagiarized from Irving’s Astoria in his own fictionalized adventure narrative covering similar geographical/temporal terrain, “The Journal of Julius Rodman”). The current impasse in influence studies is addressed. The essay concludes by noting that Poe’s body of work betrays numerous affinities with Thomas Gray’s pamphlet The Confessions of Nat Turner, published in Baltimore in 1831, though direct influence cannot be definitively established.
Green Water and Food Security
Authors: Sposito Garrison
Published: May 2018

Green water is defined as the water in soil that is potentially available to plants for uptake and subsequent transpiration. Despite the fact that crop biomass is directly related to transpiration and the global transpiration flow alone matches that of all the rivers in the world, green water has until recently been largely neglected in research on food security. That long neglect is redressed by a review of recent research on the role of green water in the production of agricultural commodities to meet current and future world food demand, including how the differences in water requirement between plant-based and animal-based commodities play out in respect to the food-water nexus. Informed by current literature, a case is made for optimizing green water management to achieve a global increase in food production from 20 to 40 percent without an expansion of either agricultural land use or the volume of water withdrawn for irrigation.
The Social Sciences
Authors: Kaufman Ned
Published: May 2018

The conservation of cultural heritage has not kept up with social and environmental changes such as climate change, widening economic inequality, cultural diversity, and mass migration. This chapter evaluates three disciplines that illuminate a central conservation problem—the nature and protection of place—at different scales and with different success. Environmental psychology explains emotional attachment to places: it shows that people care about different kinds of places, and for different reasons, than those recognized by conservation. Economics explains the role of places in systems of production and exchange: while orthodox economics incorporates premises that conservationists know to be false, other schools of thought—behavioral, human development, Georgist, common land, and ecological economics—are more useful. Climate science, which must be balanced with emerging understandings of climate justice, reveals new roles and challenges for the conservation of place, not merely in protecting threatened heritage but also in reducing carbon emissions.
War and the State
Authors: Ball Simon
Published: May 2018

This chapter characterizes the relationship of the British state to war over the long term. It analyses two epistemic turning points for the war–state relationship, one occurring in the 1860s, the other in the 1970s. It explains the importance of war to the British state under the ‘fiscal security’ compromise.The chapter traces the long and uneven emergence of the ‘welfare state’ as a successor to the ‘warfare state’. It argues that the ‘warfare state’ paradigm loses much of its empirical and conceptual force if it were to be extended beyond 1970. The relationship of the state to war changed so fundamentally at that point that history, the chapter suggests, ceased to be a useful guide for future conduct.
The Monarchy
Authors: Olechnowicz Andrzej
Published: May 2018

This chapter starts from the premise that royal history is not yet properly a part of political history, but ought to be. It first examines who has written about monarchy and how they have done so, suggesting that this work has been distinctive and defective in several respects. It next evaluates how much of the research agenda outlined first by David Cannadine in 2004 has been addressed. The chapter then identifies the area—the study of monarchists and ‘monarchism’—which political (alongside social) historians might most urgently examine. It concludes by presenting preliminary research which indicates how the inclusion of monarchists and monarchism might alter thinking about both the monarchy and its subjects.
‘Third’ and Fringe Parties
Authors: Morgan Kevin
Published: May 2018

This chapter considers some of the varieties of the minor party from the origins of the modern party system in the mid-nineteenth century. It considers the wider effects which can sometimes be traced to even the also-rans among them and concludes by evaluating the issues raised by the extensive historical literatures devoted to Britain’s far-left and far-right parties. The histories of both may be regarded as instances of relative party failure, but both have occasioned much fruitful debate as to how far this demonstrated their alien and extrinsic political character and how far, conversely, these were movements anchored in British political culture. It argues that the Communist Party of Great Britain, in particular, encapsulates the paradox of the minor party phenomenon. Like the other parties considered, it offers both the confirmation of a sort of two-party electoral hegemony and a reminder of its limitations in everything except elections.
In Defence of Contemporary History
Authors: Seldon Anthony
Published: May 2018

This chapter reflects on the practice of contemporary history and draws from the experience of researching and writing about recent British prime ministers. It argues that it is inescapable that history is rooted in the period in which it is written and that, however vehemently historians might claim to be impartial, they will reflect the perceptions of the period in which they are writing, as well as their own personal outlooks. Contemporary political historians, as a result, should not attempt to free themselves of the age in which they are writing, but rather should understand that age and celebrate it.