bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Corporate Social Responsibility/Corporate Moral Responsibility
Authors: Werhane Patricia H
Published: November 2023

I am honored to be included in this collection of challenging chapters on corporate social responsibility (CSR). Each offers insights that are important in this new century of corporate corruption and moral challenges, and I cannot do justice to any these worthwhile chapters by responding to each in detail. Rather, I shall take up the gauntlet in another way by asking a few questions. First, just what do we mean by CSR? Is it sometimes a fig leaf to distract us from investigating corporate misconduct? Does the term serve as an umbrella term to cover a number of related corporate relationships and alliances? Or is, in fact, the term referring to what I take to be the greatest challenge for companies today: the moral responsibility to create economic, environmental, social, and moral added value in an age of distrust and disillusionment about business.
Depression, War, and Cold War
Authors: Higgs Robert
Published: November 2023

Other books exist that warn of the dangers of empire and war. However, few, if any, of these books do so from a scholarly, informed economic standpoint. In Depression, War, and Cold War , Robert Higgs, a highly regarded economic historian, makes pointed, fresh economic arguments against war, showing links between government policies and the economy in a clear, accessible way. He boldly questions, for instance, the widely accepted idea that World War II was the chief reason the Depression-era economy recovered. The book as a whole covers American economic history from the Great Depression through the Cold War. Part I centers on the Depression and World War II. It addresses the impact of government policies on the private sector, the effects of wartime procurement policies on the economy, and the economic consequences of the transition to a peacetime economy after the victorious end of the war. Part II focuses on the Cold War, particularly on the links between Congress and defense procurement, the level of profits made by defense contractors, and the role of public opinion andnt ideological rhetoric in the maintenance of defense expenditures over time. This new book extends and refines ideas of the earlier book with new interpretations, evidence, and statistical analysis. This book will reach a similar audience of students, researchers, and educated lay people in political economy and economic history in particular, and in the social sciences in general.
Markets in Vice Markets in Virtue
Authors: Braithwaite John
Published: November 2023

This sweeping, comparative study of taxation in the United States and Australia shows that even as governments in the Western world have become increasingly sophisticated tax collectors, a competitive and ruthless market in advice on tax avoidance has developed. The same competitive forces in the late twentieth century which have driven down prices and sparked efficiencies in the production of fast food or computer parts have helped stimulate the markets for “bads” like tax shelters and problem gambling. Braithwaite draws the surprising conclusion that effective regulation could actually flip markets in vice to markets of virtue. Essential reading for anyone involved in policy, governance, and regulation, Markets in Vice, Markets in Virtue provides a blueprint for restoring the equity of Western tax systems and a breakthrough theory of how regulators can support markets in virtue and curtail markets in vice.
Methadone Pharmacology in Pain and Addiction
Authors: Smith Howard S , Kreek Mary Jeanne , Johnson Carrie L , Kirsh Kenneth L
Published: November 2023

Methadone, a synthetic opioid available in the United States as a racemate, was first synthesized by German chemists at I. G. Farben near the end of World War II while researching ‘‘spasmolytics.’’ In 1942 clinical trials began under the name ‘‘Amidone.’’ After the war the analgesic effects of methadone became apparent, although this was unexpected because its chemical structure was significantly different from other known opioids. Methadone has been available as an FDA-approved product for almost half a century. It has been used (as a component) for heroin addiction for over 40 years and is currently prescribed daily to probably over 215,000 people in the United States for this purpose (Dole et al., 1966; McCaffrey, 2001). Additionally, methadone has been used for many years as an opioid analgesic for the treatment of chronic cancer and noncancer pain (Hays & Woodrotte, 1999).
Empirical Market Microstructure
Authors: Hasbrouck Joel
Published: November 2023

The book discusses the mechanisms by which securities are traded and economic models of asymmetric information, inventory control, and cost-minimizing trading strategies.
Out of Range
Authors: Tushnet Mark V
Published: November 2023

Few constitutional disputes maintain as powerful a grip on the public mind as the battle over the Second Amendment. The National Rifle Association and gun-control groups struggle unceasingly over a piece of the political landscape that no candidate for the presidency--and few for Congress--can afford to ignore. But who's right? Will it ever be possible to settle the argument? In Out of Range, one of the nation's leading legal scholars takes a calm, objective look at this bitter debate. Mark V. Tushnet brings to this book a deep expertise in the Constitution, the Supreme Court, and the role of the law in American life. He breaks down the different positions on the Second Amendment, showing that it is a mistake to stereotype them. Tushnet's exploration is honest and nuanced; he finds the constitutional arguments finely balanced, which is one reason the debate has raged for so long. Along the way, he examines various experiments in public policy, from both sides, and finds little clear evidence for the practical effectiveness of any approach to gun safety and prosecution. Of course, he notes, most advocates of the right to keep and bear arms agree that it should be subject to reasonable regulation. Ultimately, Tushnet argues, our view of the Second Amendment reflects our sense of ourselves as a people. The answer to the debate will not be found in any holy writ, but in our values and our vision of the nation. This compact, incisive examination offers an honest and thoughtful guide to both sides of the argument, pointing the way to solutions that could calm, if not settle, this bitter dispute.
Slavery and the Making of America
Authors: Horton James Oliver , Horton Lois E
Published: November 2023

The history of slavery is central to understanding the history of the United States. Slavery and the Making of America offers a richly illustrated, vividly written history that illuminates the human side of this inhumane institution, presenting it largely through stories of the slaves themselves. Readers will discover a wide ranging and sharply nuanced look at American slavery, from the first Africans brought to British colonies in the early seventeenth century to the end of Reconstruction. The authors document the horrors of slavery, particularly in the deep South, and describe the slaves’ valiant struggles to free themselves from bondage. There are dramatic tales of escape by slaves such as William and Ellen Craft and Dred Scott’s doomed attempt to win his freedom through the Supreme Court. We see how slavery engendered violence in our nation, from bloody confrontations that broke out in American cities over fugitive slaves, to the cataclysm of the Civil War. The book is also filled with stories of remarkable African Americans like Sergeant William H. Carney, who won the Congressional Medal of Honor for his bravery at the crucial assault on Fort Wagner during the Civil War, and Benjamin “Pap” Singleton, a former slave who led freed African Americans to a new life on the American frontier. Filled with absorbing and inspirational accounts highlighted by more than one hundred pictures and illustrations, Slavery and the Making of America is a gripping account of the struggles of African Americans against the iniquity of slavery.
RMRP and Cartilage-Hair Hypoplasia
Authors: Hermanns Pia , Zabel, Bernhard , Lee Brendan
Published: November 2023

Cartilage hair hypoplasia (CHH) or McKusick type metaphyseal chondrodysplasia (MCD) (OMIM 250250) is an autosomal recessive inherited osteochondrodysplasia. Its skeletal manifestations are often associated with deficient hair growth and, in a minority of patients, with multisystemic disease characterized by increased frequency of infantile or childhood infection, defective cellular immunity and/or erythropoiesis, and gastrointestinal dysfunction. The probability of malignancy, even during childhood, is also increased. CHH is caused by mutations in the nuclear encoded and ubiquitously expressed noncoding RNA gene, RMRP. Mutations in both the transcript and the promoter of RMRP have been identified. RMRP is the RNA component of the ribonucleoprotein complex ribonuclease mitochondrial RNA processing (RNase MRP). Studies in yeast indicate that the RNase MRP complex contributes to diverse cellular functions. It is involved in mitochondrial DNA replication by cleaving the RNA that primes mitochondrial DNA replication and in cell cycle progression at the end of mitosis. Its most recognized function involves pre-ribosomal RNA processing where it promotes cleavage at the A3 site to produce the short form of the 5.8S rRNA. Studies with mutant yeast strains show an alteration of the 5.8S rRNA processing and transcription profiling of CHH patients reveal an up-regulation of several cytokines and cell cycle regulatory genes.
Geopolitics
Authors: Bremmer Ian , Keat Preston
Published: November 2023

The above quote may sound like the musings of a Bond villain bent on world domination. But it comes from one of the founding fathers of geopolitics, Halford John Mackinder (1861–1947). A British academic and sometimes politician, Mackinder developed the influential strategic theory that control of Central and Eastern Europe could provide control of the entire Eurasian landmass—”the World-Island”—and therefore of the world.
Fool’s gold?
Authors: Shane Scott A
Published: November 2023

The stereotype of the “angel investor” is a retired wealthy entrepreneur who sees potential, asks tough questions, takes a large stake, and in a few years makes a massive return in an IPO. This outsider fills the gap between the venture capitalist and the professional investor, swooping in with cash and expertise to bring dreams to fruition. Unfortunately, Shane observes, this figure bears no relationship to reality. In Fool’s Gold, he draws on hard data from the Federal Reserve and other sources to paint the first reliable group portrait of the lionized angel investors. Surprisingly, he finds that they are fewer, contribute less, and involve themselves in fewer start-ups than the conventional wisdom suggests. Most angels typically still have their day jobs, make investments of $10,000 or less, and take little or no role in assisting entrepreneurs build their companies. Few of the companies they put money into arrive at IPOs, let alone massive returns. But angels can play a critical role, he writes, if the fantasy is abandoned by all concerned. Drawing on his rich store of data, Shane offers recommendations to entrepreneurs and angels alike for the most productive use of angel investing, and suggests how policymakers can encourage it. Particularly promising are angel groups, which pool knowledge and money for wiser and more productive investments. In groups, angels can rely on each other’s expertise, share the labor of performing due diligence, and generally insure that their money is being placed--and used--wisely. Fostering the formation of such groups may be the single most important thing that government can do to boost angel investing. Massively researched and briskly written, Fools’ Gold offers the first real resource on this misunderstood aspect of our entrepreneurial system.
Six-Legged Soldiers
Authors: Lockwood Jeffrey A
Published: November 2023

The emir of Bukhara used assassin bugs to eat away the flesh of his prisoners. General Ishii Shiro during World War II released hundreds of millions of infected insects across China, ultimately causing more deaths than the atomic bombs dropped on Japan. These are just two of many startling examples found in Six-legged Soldiers, a brilliant portrait of the many weirdly creative, truly frightening, and ultimately powerful ways in which insects have been used as weapons of war, terror, and torture. Beginning in prehistoric times and building toward a near and disturbing future, the reader is taken on a journey of innovation and depravity. Award-winning science writer Jeffrey A. Lockwood begins with the development of “bee bombs” in the ancient world and explores the role of insect-borne disease in changing the course of major battles, ranging from Napoleon’s military campaigns to the trenches of World War I. He explores the horrific programs of insect warfare during World War II: airplanes dropping plague-infested fleas, facilities rearing tens of millions of hungry beetles to destroy crops, and prison camps staffed by doctors testing disease-carrying lice on inmates. The Cold War saw secret government operations involving the mass release of specially developed strains of mosquitoes on an unsuspecting American public—along with the alleged use of disease-carrying and crop-eating pests against North Korea and Cuba. Lockwood reveals how easy it would be to use insects in warfare and terrorism today: In 1989, domestic ecoterrorists extorted government officials and wreaked economic and political havoc by threatening to release the notorious Medfly into California’s crops. A remarkable story of human ingenuity—and brutality—Six-Legged Soldiers is the first comprehensive look at the use of insects as weapons of war, from ancient times to the present day.
The Rise of the Uncorporation
Authors: Ribstein Larry E
Published: November 2023

The Rise of the Uncorporation covers the history, law, and finance of unincorporated firms. These "uncorporations" including general and limited partnerships and limited liability companies, are now the dominant business form of non-publicly-traded firms. Through private equity and publicly traded partnerships, uncorporations have emerged as a significant force in the governance of a wide range of the biggest firms. This is the first general theoretical and practical overview of alternatives to incorporation, including ancillary concepts connected with the evolution of these firms, and analysis of likely future trends in business organization. The Rise of the Uncorporation provides a clear and easily understandable theoretical and practical background to this important subject.
Going to Extremes
Authors: Sunstein Cass R
Published: November 2023

Why do people become extremists? What makes people become so dismissive of opposing views? Why is political and cultural polarization so pervasive in America? Why do groups of teenagers, investors, and corporations take unnecessary risks? What leads groups to engage in such destructive acts as terrorism and ethic cleansing? In Going to Extremes, renowned legal scholar and best-selling author Cass Sunstein offers startling insights into why and when people gravitate toward extremism. Sunstein marshals an abundance of evidence that shows that when like-minded people talk to one another, they tend to become more extreme in their views than they were before. This point applies to such diverse groups as religious organizations, corporate boards, investment clubs, and White House officials. Sunstein introduces original research to show that when liberals are brought together to debate climate change, they end up more alarmed about climate change, while conservatives brought together to discuss same-sex unions become skeptical about same-sex unions. In courtrooms, radio stations, and chatrooms, enclaves of like-minded people are breeding ground for extreme movements. Sunstein shows that a good way to create an extremist group, or a cult of any kind, is to separate members from the rest of society, either physically or psychologically. This disturbing finding casts new light on the dangers that arise whenever people self-select into niche groups of the like-minded. Sunstein's findings help to explain such diverse phenomena as political outrage on the Internet, unanticipated "blockbusters" in the film and music industry, the success of the disability rights movement, ethnic conflict in Iraq and former Yugoslavia, and Islamic terrorism. Providing a wealth of real-world examples--sometimes entertaining, sometimes alarming-- Sunstein offers a fresh explanation of why partisanship has become so bitter and debate so rancorous in America and abroad--and of what concrete steps citizens and nations might take to halt the drift towards unjustified extremism.
Why America Fights
Authors: Brewer Susan A
Published: November 2023

On the evening of September 11, 2002, with the Statue of Liberty shimmering in the background, television cameras captured President George W. Bush as he advocated war against Iraq. This carefully stage-managed performance, writes Susan A. Brewer, was the culmination of a long tradition of sophisticated wartime propaganda in America. In Why America Fights, Brewer offers a fascinating history of how successive presidents have conducted what Donald Rumsfeld calls “perception management,” from McKinley’s war in the Philippines to Operation Iraqi Freedom. Brewer’s intriguing account ranges from analyses of wartime messages to descriptions of the actual operations, from the dissemination of patriotic ads and posters to the management of newspaper, radio, and TV media. When Woodrow Wilson took the nation into World War I, he created the Committee on Public Information, led by George Creel, who called his job “the world’s greatest adventure in advertising.” In World War II, Roosevelt’s Office of War Information avowed a “strategy of truth,” though government propaganda still depicted Japanese soldiers as buck-toothed savages. In the Korean War, the Truman administration delineated differences between “good” and “evil” Asians, while portraying the conflict as a global battle between the Free World and Communism. After examining the ultimately failed struggle to cast the Vietnam War in a favorable light, Brewer shows how the Bush White House drew explicit lessons from that history as it engaged in an unprecedented effort to sell a preemptive war in Iraq. Yet the thrust of its message was not much different from McKinley’s pronouncements about America’s civilizing mission. Impressively researched and argued, filled with surprising details, Why America Fights shows how presidents consistently have drummed up support for foreign wars by appealing to what Americans want to believe about themselves.
Moral Panics and the Copyright Wars
Authors: Patry William
Published: November 2023

Metaphors, moral panics, folk devils, Jack Valenti, Joseph Schumpeter, John Maynard Keynes, predictable irrationality, and free market fundamentalism are a few of the topics covered in this lively, unflinching examination of the Copyright Wars: the pitched battles over new technology, business models, and most of all, consumers. In Moral Panics and the Copyright Wars, William Patry lays bare how we got to where we are: a bloated, punitive legal regime that has strayed far from its modest, but important roots. Patry demonstrates how copyright is a utilitarian government program - not a property or moral right. As a government program, copyright must be regulated and held accountable to ensure it is serving its public purpose. Just as Wall Street must serve Main Street, neither can copyright be left to a Reaganite “magic of the market.” The way we have come to talk about copyright - metaphoric language demonizing everyone involved - has led to bad business and bad policy decisions. Unless we recognize that the debates over copyright are debates over business models, we will never be able to make the correct business and policy decisions. A centrist and believer is appropriately balanced copyright laws, Patry concludes that calls for strong copyright laws, just like calls for weak copyright laws, miss the point entirely: the only laws we need are effective laws, laws that further the purpose of encouraging the creation of new works and learning. Our current regime, unfortunately, creates too many bad incentives, leading to bad conduct. Just as President Obama has called for re-tooling and re-imagining the auto industry, Patry calls for a remaking of our copyright laws so that they may once again be respected.
Priming For Pro Bono: The Impact of Law School on Pro Bono Participation in Practice
Authors: Schmedemann Deborah A
Published: November 2023

Three social psychologists who have spent decades studying volunteerism depict volunteering this way: “People participate in volunteer work in the face of substantial obstacles—it is effortful, it is work and work performed on an unpaid basis, it is time consuming, and it involves interactions with strangers. Some volunteers engage in work that is clearly trying” (Clary et al. 1996:485–486). These observations fit legal pro bono publico well; pro bono work is, indeed, effortful, unpaid, time-consuming, and sometimes, if not often, trying (Gocker in this volume). This chapter discusses the influence that one major element of the legal profession—law school—may have on new lawyers’ decisions to engage in pro bono. The chapter draws on the social science literature on volunteerism and community service learning and presents findings from surveys of over 1,000 lawyers and law students. More specifically, the chapter examines two facets of legal education as it relates to pro bono work: (1) participation in a law school pro bono program and (2) the development of pro-social attitudes during law school. “Pro-social” in this paper means an orientation toward assisting people in one’s community, and such attitudes include, for example, empathy and compassion. The findings reveal that both affect a lawyer’s decision to pursue pro bono work in practice. The chapter concludes with recommendations for law schools seeking to prime their students to perform pro bono.
Women and the Mafia:The Power of Silence and Memory
Authors: Siebert Renate
Published: November 2023

I got rid of all of them. Maybe if what I wanted was revenge they would have offered me it. But what I wanted was the truth for Peppino, just like Peppino wanted the truth. And the truth was against them. And I shouted it out: the Mafia killed my son. And I’ll keep on shouting it as long as I live. Whoever comes to talk to me about my son pays me a tribute. (Felicia Bartolotta Impastato, wife of a member of the Mafia, and mother of a leftwing activist killed by the Mafia) The men of Cosa Nostra are very careful about what they say to their wives. For them women have their own way of thinking about things. All women, including those who come from Mafia families or who have married into them. When a woman is pierced to the heart, there is no trying to reason with her. Cosa Nostra doesn’t exist for her, nor the conspiracy of silence; there is no rule or reason that will hold her back.
A History Of British Trade Unions Since 1889
Authors: Clegg Hugh Armstrong
Published: November 2023

This is the third and final volume in the authoritative History of the British Trade Unions since 1889. It covers the years between 1934 and 1951. These years saw gradual recovery from the world-wide economic depression, the Second World War, and its aftermath of austerity and development. It was a period of great achievement for the labour movement. Hugh Armstrong Clegg traces the story of the trade unions, their policies, their leaders, and their relations with government. Professor Clegg carefully sets his study against the economic and political background of the period, and provides a wealth of valuable detail. This is a comprehensive and dispassionate account by a leading authority on British trade unions and their history, which will be an important source for all historians of the labour movement in Britain.
Medicine in the Classical World
Authors: Longrigg James
Published: November 2023

0 NE of the most impressive contributions of the ancient Greeks to Western culture was their invention of rational medicine. It was the Greeks who first evolved rational systems of medicine free from magical and religious elements and based upon natural causes. Here for the first time in the history of medi cine were displayed strikingly rational attitudes that resulted in a radically new conception of disease, whose causes and symptoms were now accounted for in terms of purely physical causation.

It is clear from our earliest literary sources, however, that attitudes towards sickness and disease in the heroic age of Greece were not essentially different from those of the ancient Egyptians and Babylonians, who invoked supernat ural agencies to explain the causes of disease. In Egypt and Babylon diseases were held to be caused by malignant demons. Similarly, in ancient Greece sickness and disease were linked with the supernatural.
From the Germ Theory to 1945
Authors: Tansey E M
Published: November 2023

THE latter half of the nineteenth century was characterized by exploration and change, both physical and intellectual. The appearance of The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels (1848) and Origin of Species by Charles Darwin (1859), both of which were to have enormous impact and influence, epitomize that intellectual reform, and social and scientific revolu tion. At the same time, expeditions to remote regions, tropical and polar, to high altitudes or bathyspheric depths, coincided with explorations into new microscopic and atomic worlds, as techniques and instruments increasingly revealed the physico-chemical determinants and mechanisms ofliving mater ial, and promoted investigations into disease causation. The records of these enquiries and explorations became ever more visual, especially after the announcement of Daguerre’s discovery in 1839 of photography. Images as diverse as photomicrographs, X-rays, and physiological tracings not only began to be used as techniques of record and note, but also became increas ingly incorporated into routine practice and research as integral components of the conduct of medicine and medical science.
The Concert Of Europe And Security Management In The Nineteenth Century
Authors: Richardson Louise
Published: November 2023

‘Britain has declared her disposition with certain exceptions to sacrifice these conquests for the welfare of the Continent, being Desirous of providing for her own security by a common arrangement, rather than by an exclusive accumulation of strength and resources.’ It would be difficult to find a clearer repudiation of relative gains seeking than this British Cabinet statement of 1813. The gains spoken of were military conquests won in the course of the Napoleonic Wars. The British government, then as now am bivalent about its role in Europe, was nevertheless prepared to relinquish these gains in order ‘to promote the general interest’.
The Osce And German Policy: A Study In How Institutions Matter
Authors: Peters Ingo
Published: November 2023

Germany’s immediate aim is to rid itself of the burden of being Europe’s battle field Its medium-range interest is to rid itself of foreign soldiers, which would turn it from an instrument of alliance policy into an entirely independent entity of its own. But its long-range goal is reunification or, to paraphrase U.S. Secretary of State James Baker in another context, dreams of a Greater Germany. That dream is-there is no need to be diplomatic-everybody’s nightmare. The problem is that a united Germany, or even a confederated Germany, would be the hegemonic power in an independent Europe.
The myth of the asean way? Explaining the evolution of the asean regional forum
Authors: Johnston Alastair Iain
Published: November 2023

At first glance, one wonders why the ASEAN Regional Forum even exists at all. The ARF, set up in 1993 and the only multilateral security institution in the Asia-Pacific region at present, is so underinstitutionalized the members don’t even call themselves members. The correct term is ‘participants’. ‘Membership’ sounds too permanent. The ARF’s first meeting lasted three hours. It now meets once a year for about a day. There is no secretariat. It doesn’t call the groups that do intersessional work ‘working groups’. This, too, sounds too permanent. Rather they are called ‘intersessional support groups’ (ISG) and ‘intersessional meetings’ (ISM). This is because ‘meet ings’ do not sound very institutionalized.
War and the English in the Reign of Henry VIII
Authors: Elton Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

In the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII’s reign, approximately nine saw the realm involved in war against France and Scotland (1511–14, 1522–5, 1543-6); in addition, a sort of half-declared state of war prevailed on the Scottish border between 1532 and 1534, and in the years 1537–40 a threat of war hovered over the missions of Cardinal Reginald Pole on behalf of the Pope against his royal cousin of England. This frequency of hostilities contrasted rather notably with his father’s reign, when the only positive foreign war (1489–92) ended in a peace treaty without a shot fired, but it proved to be more typical of what was to follow in the remainder of the sixteenth century. Foreign war, that regular event throughout the Middle Ages, reasserted its claims with the arrival of a young and ambitious king, anxious both to make his mark in the best chivalric tradition and to exploit endemic troubles on the Continent for the aggrandizement of himself and his nation. The fact has of course been noted before, and some valuable work has been done on it. Much has been written about the survival—or revival—of the pretensions of knighthood, a common theme among gentlemen and poets. Jeremy Goring and Clifford Davies, summarizing their important but unpublished dissertations, have explained the logistical problems of Henrician warfare and their import on the English people. In a general review, Steven Gunn came to the conclusion that the prevalence of war resulted primarily from the King’s deliberate choice to pursue it.
Alanbrooke and Britain’s Mediterranean Strategy, 1942—1944
Authors: Bond Brian
Published: November 2023

Alanbrooke’s reputation as one of Britain’s outstanding military leaders of the Second World War is not in question.* General Ismay, whose personal experience went back to the Earl of Cavan in the early 1920s, rated Alanbrooke as ‘certainly the best Chief of the Imperial General Staff under whom I served at close quarters’; while Montgomery, though admittedly countering American criticism, stated publicly in 1959 that he regarded Alanbrooke as ‘the best soldier produced by any nation during Hitler’s war’. Sir David Fraser’s impressive biography Alanbrooke (1982) provides conclusive evidence to support these high opinions. What is at issue is how far as CIGS (from December 1941) and chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee (from March 1942) Brooke consciously pursued a preconceived strategic plan, and to what extent it was his strategy that won the Allied victory in Europe. Twenty years ago, in The Mediterranean Strategy in the Second World War, Michael Howard demolished the notion of a specific ‘British Way in Warfare’ in the Mediterranean cunningly designed to preserve British imperial power while at the same time excluding the Soviet Union from the Balkans and Central Europe. Churchill’s policies, however, rather than Alanbrooke’s lay at the centre of this analysis.
Language Contact in Japan
Authors: Loveday Leo J
Published: November 2023

The Japanese are often characterized as exclusive and ethnocentric, yet a close examination of their linguistic and cultural history reveals a very different picture: although theirs is essentially a monolingual speech community they emerge as a people who have been significantly influenced by other languages and cultures for at least 2000 years. In this primarily sociolinguistic study Professor Loveday takes an eclectic approach, drawing on insights from other subfields of linguistics such as comparative and historical linguistics and stylistics, and from a number of other disciplines - cultural anthropology, social psychology and semiotics. Focusing in particular on the influence of Chinese and English on Japanese, and on how elements from these languages are modified when they are incorporated into Japanese, Professor Loveday offers a general model for understanding language contact behaviour across time and space. The study will be of value to those in search of cross-cultural universals in language contact behaviour, as well as to those with a particular interest in the Japanese case.
The Design of the Corpus
Authors: Nelson Gerald
Published: November 2023

The International Corpus of English is at present envisaged to comprise eighteen national or regional corpora compiled in countries where English is spoken as a first language or as a second official language (Greenbaum, 1992). While each com ponent corpus can exist independently as a valuable resource for investigations into individual national or regional varieties, the value of the corpora is enhanced by their compatibility with each other. They have been compiled according to a common design, using the same criteria for text selection and the same time-frame. This level of standardization ensures that the corpora can be used for direct comparative studies of varieties of English throughout the world. The design of the corpus emerged after extensive discussions among participants in the project, which centred on the range of text categories to be included and on the textual and social variables to be taken into account in the selection and documentation of samples (Leitner, 1992; Peters, 1991; Schmied, 1990).
Autasys: Grammatical Tagging and Cross-Tagset Mapping
Authors: Fang Alex Chengyu
Published: November 2023

Ever since the advent of the first computer linguistic corpus in the 1960s, linguists and computer programmers have been working on the annotation of material thus stored. Word-class tagging, the assignment of an unambiguous indication of the grammatical word class to each word in a text, has been in great demand, not only in lexicographical and grammatical studies, but also in natural language processing (NLP), an area where the corpus-based, or more specifically, probabilistic approach is becoming increasingly popular. Taggers have flourished and the past twenty years or so have witnessed TAGGIT (Greene and Rubin, 1971), CLAWS (Marshall, 1983; Garside et al., 1987), FALSUNGA (DeRose, 1988), AGTS (Huang, 1991), and TOSCA (Oostdijk, 1991), to name just a few. Tagsets different in various aspects have also come into being, with Brown (Francis, 1980), LOB (Johansson et al., 1986), and Lund (Svartvik, 1987) as the best known. Most recently, a tagset has been designed at the Survey of English Usage (SEU), University College London (Greenbaum and Ni, 1994; Greenbaum, 1995), which has been used to annotate the one million-word British component of the International Corpus of English (ICE-GB, cf. Greenbaum, 1992).This has created an intriguing situation in corpus annotation. On the one hand, compilers of corpora vary in what they intend as the primary uses of their corpora. Grammarians, lexicographers, language teachers, and NLP researchers naturally want different information from corpus annotation: grammatical, morphological, discoursal, statistical, semantic, pragmatic, or prosodic. On the other hand, unfortunately, we have not seen any single annotation scheme that meets all these requirements. Corpora thus differently annotated according to different schemes have become ‘isolated islands’, rendering cross-corpora studies virtually impossible. Consequently, it is desirable that either a standard annotation scheme be agreed upon in this field, or flexible systems be designed that can readily adapt themselves to different annotation schemes.
The Sociolinguistics of English in Nigeria and the ICE Project
Authors: Banjo Ayo
Published: November 2023

The amalgamation in 1914 of the Northern and Southern Protectorates to form the Colony and Protectorates of Nigeria can be taken as marking the first step in the modernization process of Nigeria, for the aim of amalgamation was to render the territory more amenable to development-initially, to be sure, for the benefit of the colonizing power. But the process of exploitation inevitably benefited sections of the local populace as well, giving them more economic power, and expos ing them to precisely those modern ideas that were to help them, after barely fifty years, to terminate the colonial status of the country. It is possible to see modernization process as taking place simultaneously in two interlocking domains, namely the public and the private. The English language -and often the literacy skills of that language-plays a prominent role in both domains. In the public domain, we can identify politics, administration, the judiciary, education, commerce, the media, and the arts. The role of English in Nigerian politics tends to be subsumed under the role of the language in other sub-domains-notably administration and the media. But true as it may be that politics does find expression in these two other areas, there are other aspects of the use of English in politics which deserve independent examination.
Agents in Early Welsh and Early Irish
Authors: Müller Nicole
Published: November 2023

This book is the first in-depth investigation of the expression of agency in verbal noun and impersonal/passive constructions in medieval Welsh and Irish, drawing on a database of texts from different genres: narrative, legal, and annalistic. The analysis is primarily data-oriented, rather than theory-oriented, although it draws on methods and concepts from functional grammar approaches and cognitive linguistics. Written with readers from a wide variety of backgrounds in mind, Agents in Early Welsh and Early Irish goes beyond earlier contributions in the field of Celtic syntax and semantics in several important ways: It presents data from both Welsh and Irish It discusses both the internal structure of verbal noun and passive/impersonal constructions and their contributions to their contexts It offers new analyses of agency and its markers in medieval Welsh and Irish, as well as analyses of the marking of instrument, cause, and indirect agency
Fixed Expressions and Idion1s in English
Authors: Moon Rosamund
Published: November 2023

This is a text-based study of fixed expressions, or idioms. Rosamund Moon's central argument is that fixed expressions can only be fully understood if they are considered together with the texts in which they occur. She provides an overview of this area of lexis in current English. Writing from a lexicologicalrather than a computationalpoint of view, she gives a detailed, descriptivist account of the findings of research into several thousand fixed expressions and idioms, as evidenced in the corpus text, including information about frequencies, syntax, lexical forms and variations, and metaphoricality. The author argues that examination of corpus text raises questions about many received ideas on fixed expressions and idioms, and suggests that new or revised use-centred models are required. Later chapters of the book demonstrate the ideological and discoursal significance of idioms, paying particular attention to the ways in which they convey evaluations and have roles with respect to the information structure and cohesion of texts. Series information Series ISBN: 0-19-961811-9 Series Editors: Richard W. Bailey, Noel Osselton, and Gabriele Stein Oxford Studies in Lexicography and Lexicology provides a forum for the publication of substantial scholarly works on all issues of interest to lexicographers, lexicologists, and dictionary users. It is concerned with the theory and history of lexicography, lexicological theory, and related topics such as terminology, and computer applications in lexicography. It focuses attention too on the purposes for which dictionaries are compiled, on their uses, and on their reception and role in society today and in the past.
Introduction
Authors: Levy Michael
Published: November 2023

Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) may be defined as ‘the search for and study of applications of the computer in language teaching and learning’. The name is a fairly recent one: the existence of CALL in the academic literature has been recognizable for about the last thirty years. The subject is interdisciplinary in nature, and it has evolved out of early efforts to find ways of using the computer for teaching or for instructional purposes across a wide variety of subject areas, with the weight of knowledge and breadth of application in language learning ultimately resulting in a more specialized field of study.
On the nature of CALL
Authors: Levy Michael
Published: November 2023

This reflection on the nature of CALL begins by considering the oft¬ stated maxim that developments in CALL should not be technology-led (e.g. Murison-Bowie 1993). Quite rightly, such statements are motivated by a widely held concern that practitioners should not be blindly led by the latest technological innovation, but should have a carefully conceived set of principles to act as a guide. However, once the decision has been made to introduce technology, at a fundamental level it must be acknowledged that we are technology-led, at least in the sense that on the whole the technology is presented to us first, before we conceive of it, or consider what we might do with it. For example, the hardware we use in education, typically popular microcomputers of the IBM PC or Apple Mac style, or the communications systems and protocols that enable us to communicate with each other around the globe, have been conceived by engineers who are not primarily concerned with education, let alone language learning.
Gradient Retreat
Authors: Pulleyblank Douglas , Turkel William J
Published: November 2023

In Principles and Parameters theory (Chomsky 1981), languages vary along a finite number of finitely valued dimensions known as parameters. Under such an account, a significant part of the process of language acquisition is to use evidence from the ambient language to determine the correct setting of each of the parameters. The learning algorithm proceeds via a number of hypothesized grammars, searching through a space of possible languages. The goal of this search is to arrive at a grammar for which all and only the sentences of the ambient language are grammatical. When such a target grammar is reached, the learning process has been successful, and the learner is said to have converged. In a variety of cases, however, successful convergence may be prevented by a trap, a property of the parametric space which can prevent the convergence of the learning algorithm.
A Theory of Linguistic Signs
Authors: Keller Rudi
Published: November 2023

What does it mean to drive a Cadillac? What does 'cuckoo' suggest about the bird? -- two examples explored in this investigation of the history of language signs and of what philosophers, linguists, and others have had to say about them. Rudi Keller shows how signs emerge, function, and develop in the permanent process of language change. He recombines thoughts and ideas from Plato to the present day to create a new theory of the meaning and evolution of icons and symbols. By assuming no prior knowledge and by developing his argument from first principles, Rudi Keller has written a basic text which includes all the necessary features: easy style, good organization, original scholarship, and historical depth. This is a non-technical book which will interest linguists, philosophers, students of communications and cultural studies, semioticians/semanticists, sociologists, and anthropologists.
Identifying the Linguistic Foundations for Lexical Research and Dictionary Design
Authors: Hudson Richard
Published: November 2023

The title of a paper by Jim McCawley (1986) puts the main theme of my chapter in a nutshell. His paper is called ‘What Linguists might Contribute to Dictionary-Making if they could Get their Act Together’, and I shall argue that linguists in some of the better-known schools (such as are described in most introductory textbooks) have not yet ‘got their act together’ on a number of questions which are of crucial concern to dictionary makers.
Approaches to Lexical Semantic Representation
Authors: Levin Beth
Published: November 2023

An essential component of the lexical entry of a word is a definition of its meaning, yet arriving at an adequate representation of the meaning of a word is a notoriously difficult task. This chapter reviews efforts to represent semantic information, but it cannot hope to do justice to all the attempts at representing meaning in all its forms. Instead it restricts itself to works in lexical semantics that propose representations of the linguistically relevant aspects of the meaning of verbs. Specifically, these works grapple with the special problems presented by verbs as argument-taking lexical items.
Case Marking and Reanalysis
Authors: Allen Cynthia L
Published: November 2023

It is commonly stated that the loss of case marking distinctions between Old and Middle English had profound consequences for the syntax of the language. In particular, linguists have attributed both the loss of the 'impersonal' constructions such as methinks and the introduction of new passives such as he was given a book directly to the loss of case marking distinctions. However the existing analyses generally suffer form empirical inadequacies: insufficient available information concerning the case marking systems (as opposed to the forms) makes it difficult to determine exactly when crucial case marking distinctions disappeared. Dr Allen makes a careful examination of the primary evidence for how the loss of case distinctions proceeded, and of the temporal relationship between changes in morphology and particular syntactic changes. She demonstrates that morphological change had a less direct role in the triggering of syntactic change than is usually assumed, and that some changes traditionally considered to be the result of syntactic reanalysis are better treated in other ways. Some changes to grammatical relations were not the result of syntactic reanalysis, but were caused by changes in verbal semantics, while others which have been treated as syntactic reanalyses in fact involved no change to grammatical relations, but only to the possible case marking associated with subjects. On a topic of central theoretical interest in the history of the English language.
Typological Comparison: Towards a Historical Perspective
Authors: Ramat Paolo
Published: November 2023

It is well known that the concept of cross-linguistic comparison ('Vergleichung') has its historical roots in the domain of philosophy. Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803) in his Abhandlung uber den Ursprung der Sprache (1772) refers to a 'philosophische Vergleichung' of languages in order to arrive at an understanding of the mentality and spiritual characteristics of their speakers. Today, such an approach would be called ethnolinguistic (Ramat 1990: 200). Later on, in the eighth edition (1834) of Boiste's Dictionnaire Universe/ (1st edn. 1800), edited by Charles Nodier, the first president of the Societe de Linguistique de Paris, under the entry 'linguistique' we still read 'etude comparative, philosophique des langues, de leur origine et de leur filiation; clef de l'histoire et de la philosophie' (cf. Auroux 1987: 448).
Prague School Typology
Authors: Sgall Petr
Published: November 2023

The term 'typology' is used in different ways in linguistics, and it is crucial to distinguish between (i) those cases where the term corresponds to different notions (i.e. subdomains of linguistics dif fering in their aims) and (ii) those where different approaches to a single goal, to a single object of description, etc., are concerned (see Sgall 1971).