bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hypocrisy After Aristotle
Authors: Szabados Béla , Soifer Eldon
Published: April 2010

Cet article examine diverses façons d'exploiter l'éthique aristotélicienne pour rendre compte philosophiquement de l'hypocrisie. Aristote lui-même n'apas dit grand chose d'explicite à ce sujet, mais nous nous employons à identifier et à scruter les passages qui sont les plus pertinents pour un traitement distinctif de l'hypocrisie, élucidant en cours de route un certain nombre de confusions à propos d'Aristote. Nous envisageons divers domaines d'émotion et d'action qui pourraient fournir un lieu propre au vice de l'hypocrisie, ceux en particulier de l'engagement personnel, du souci à l'égard des opinions d'autrui, et de la sincérité. Nous concluons de cet examen que la doctrine du juste milieu ne fournit pas une explication satisfaisante de l'hypocrisie. Nous proposons alors que si un système moral comme celui d' Aristote doit rendre compte de la moralité dans son entièreté, il lui faut trouver place pour des phénomènes qui excèdent les limites de la doctrine du juste milieu. L'hypocrisie, selon nous, appartient précisément à cette famille de phénomènes. Finalement, nous esquissons une approche de l'hypocrisie qui fait usage d'éléments aristotéliciens, mais sans pour autant s'y confiner.
Using Nazi Scientific Data
Authors: Martin Robert M.
Published: April 2010

In a series of experiments done in wartime Nazi Germany, inmates of the Dachau concentration camp were exposed to cold by being immersed in ice water, or kept outside in freezing temperatures; their responses were measured, and various techniques were used in an attempt to revive them. The immediate application of these hypothermia studies was to the war effort, to try to protect or save soldiers exposed to cold water or air. An account of the procedures and results of these experiments was written by an American officer, Major Leo Alexander, on the basis of his post-war discovery of documents and interviews in Germany. These reports reveal the ghastly and abominable details of the experiments.

Recent scientific work in British Columbia has caused some ethical debate when it consulted the Alexander report and used some of the Nazi experimental data. The scientists in the Hypothermia Unit of the University of Victoria, unsurprisingly but reassuringly, have no intention of repeating the Nazi atrocities, and condemn them. The current controversy concerns the morality of their using the Alexander data in their study. This out-of-the-way case has some small intrinsic interest; but its consideration leads to broader concerns.
Gauthier on Deterrence
Authors: Vorobej Mark
Published: April 2010

Suppose that two nations A and B each possess a nuclear arsenal and are rational utility-maximizers. Suppose further that B has some interest in provoking A, possibly by attacking her with nuclear weapons. In the hope of preventing this from happening, A informs B of à conditional intention on her part to retaliate against B with nuclear weapons should B in fact attack A. By doing so A attempts to lower the probability of B's attacking A by increasing B's estimate of the conditional probability of A's retaliating once provoked. Problematic deterrent situations are those in which (1) B prefers to attack A without retaliation, (2) A prefers most of all that she not be attacked, and (3) A prefers an attack-with-no-retaliation scenario to an attack-with-retaliation scenario. Feature (3) is à result of the fact that A prefers to minimize nuclear devastation, i.e., A would herself be worse off retaliating than not retaliating to an attack. Now, if B knows all of this to be the case then A's expression of a conditional intention to retaliate will not in fact deter B from attacking, since A is rational and will not act contrary to her own best interests. B has no reason to fear A's retaliation and therefore B has no reason not to attack. Deterrence, it seems, is an irrational policy among fully rational actors. This is one version of the so-called paradox of deter-rence. If expressing a conditional retaliatory intention is the best way for A to ward off an attack, then the paradox can be strengthened as follows: It is rational for A to intend to act irrationally.
A Note on Parmenides' Denial of Past and Future
Authors: Matthen Mohan
Published: April 2010

In à recent issue of Dialogue, Leo Groarke attempts to defend the claim that Parmenides was committed to an atemporal reality.

He argues like this:

(1) In the Parmenidean dictum “[It] is and cannot not be” (B2.4), “is” means “exists”, and is in the present tense (536).

(2) (According to Parmenides) there is nothing that fails to exist (536).

(3) It follows from (1) and (2) that “the past is not” and “the future is not” (537).

(4) If the past and future are not, then the present is not. “All three tenses go down the drain together” (538), and so reality is atem-poral.
Mill on Liberty of Self-Development
Authors: Donner Wendy
Published: April 2010

John Stuart Mill's commitment to liberty and individual development is one of the most exoteric themes of his moral and political philosophy. But the linkages between this commitment to liberty and development and Mill's conception of utility and principles of the good are not as commonly recognized. As part of a more general transformation of his utilitarianism, Mill repudiated Bentham's principles of the good and instead adopted a more sophisticated form of hedonism. While Bentham admits only the total quantity of pleasure as contributing to value, Mill expands the circle to admit quality or kind of pleasure as well into the value reckoning. I have elsewhere interpreted and defended Mill's qualitative hedonism, and in this paper I can offer only a brief overview of that account and must largely assume its plausibility. Bentham and Mill agree that only pleasurable experiences and the absence of painful experiences have value and so both are called hedonists. But they have very different views about what properties of pleasures makes them valuable, or in other words what are the good-making properties of pleasure. Bentham thinks that only intensity and duration, or quantity, are good-making properties of pleasures, and thus he includes only these properties in measuring value. As a consequence, in the context of value measurement he is not interested in the kinds of things in which people take pleasure. But Mill is a qualitative hedonist, and thinks that the quality or kind of pleasure is also a good-making characteristic and thus should be included in value measurement. The things that are sources of pleasure matter to Mill.
Kierkegaard: A Non-Cognitivist?
Authors: Hartley John J.
Published: April 2010

This remarkable reconstruction of Søren Kierkegaard's (SK) work based on a reading of original Danish sources could have been entitled Phenomenology of (Finite) Spirit or, perhaps, Itinerarium Cordis Ad Deum. In ten chapters it attempts to uncover SK's ethico-religious understanding of the humanjourney towards the transcendent God. It is a journey away from speculative absorption in nature and universal history, away from the hubris of poetical self-creation, away even from ethical awareness of the universally human and a kind of Pelagian self-confidence in one's ability to do the good. Thejourney ends with the recognition of one's own powerlessness and nothingness—a recognition that can lead either to prideful despair or to humble faith.
Droit, raison pratique et analogie: l'enjeu actuel d'une relecture de Kant
Authors: Lenoble Jacques
Published: April 2010

Dès son origine, la réflexion philosophique sur le droit a été confrontée questions du raisonnement juridique et du rapport du juge à la règle. Ces questions engagent celle du rôle de la Raison dans l'agir humain (moral, politique et juridique) et done ultimement celle du statut de la Raison.

Le renouveau actuel de la philosophie du droit et de la réflexion sur le jugement juridique s'inscrit dans le cadre du nouvel essor du débat philosophique sur la Raison.
Could God Have Made the Big Bang? (On Theistic Counterfactuals)
Authors: Macintosh Duncan
Published: April 2010

That the universe began in a big bang is often believed by theists to confirm divine creationex nihilo. But Quentin Smith claims that it means God mustnotexist. For if he does, there is an earliest stateEof the universe. God madeE. Eis ensured either to contain animate creatures or to lead to an animate state. For God would know that an animate universe is better than an inanimate one, and that even a minimally morally good being would be obliged to create one if he could. And God, being at least minimally mor-ally good, and all-powerful, would be able and inclined to ensure the existence of one (p. 53). But science says thatEis inanimate since the big bang singularity(E)involves the life-hostile conditions of infinite temperature, curvature and density; also that it is inherently unpredictable and lawless so that there is no guarantee it will emit particles that will evolve into an animate state. Thus £ is not ensured to lead to an animate state (p. 53), and thus God could not have madeE. So, God does not exist (p. 54). Smith: “There are countless logically possible initial states of the universe that lead by a natural and law-like evolution to animate states and if God had created the universe he would have selected one of these” (p. 58).
Inward and Outward with the Modern Self
Authors: Braybrooke David
Published: April 2010

The modern self, with its inwardness, its freedom and its individuality (p. ix), suffers, Taylor tells us, from disenchantment (p. 500, cf. pp. 17-18, 186). Moreover, disenchantment has come in spite of the advance, to which Taylor wishes to give full credit, that modernity has made in giving great value to ordinary life at work and in the family (p. 211). For religion, though still present as one layer of sentiment among many in the historical deposits that compose modern culture, has given ground to “disengaged instrumentalism” or to its antagonist, romantic “expressivism” (p. 498). Taylor, a philosopher of uncommonly generous spirit, is willing to find good in each of these orientations: the first, for example, has with utilitarianism put the relief of needless suffering at the top of the moral agenda (p. 331), along with redeeming from superstitious repression a number of innocent pleasures; the second has deepened human capacity, on the one hand by deepening emotions (both in the sense of oneself and in concern for others), on the other hand by gaining for them intellectual respect (pp. 294, 372, 419).
La détermination de la logique. Réponse à Michel Seymour
Authors: Engel Pascal
Published: April 2010

Je suis trés reconnaissant à Michel Seymour d'avoir soumis mon livre à un examen détaillé, pénétrant, et charitable et d'avoir, par ses objections, mis le doigt sur un certain nombre de présupposés des thèses défendues dans ce livre, qu'il a souvent articulés bien mieux que je n'ai été capable de le faire. Le principal de ces présupposés est mon rejet implicite de la thése quinienne de l'indétermination de la traduction, qui m'engage, selon Seymour, à défendre une conception conservatrice de la logique et à insister sur une détermination de son domaine qui lui paraît injustifiée. Seymour soutient au contraire qu'il faut admettre cette thése, qui «commande une tout autre perspective» que la mienne. Je voudrais à la fois résister à la prémisse et à la conclusion de cette inférence.
Collective Rationality and Simple Utilitarian Theories
Authors: Almeida Michael J.
Published: April 2010

Much of recent moral philosophy has been concerned with the relation between individual rationality and individual obligation. Familiar gametheoretic analyses, in particular the Prisoner's Dilemma, at least suggest that unconstrained pursuit of rational self-interest leads to collective ill. The difficulty is nicely illustrated by comparing the preference-orderings of distinct individuals over the possible outcomes of their actions to their collective preference-ordering. Consider the following typical version of the Prisoner's Dilemma, where R2 and C2 represent respectively “R has confessed to the crime” and “C has confessed to the crime,” and Rl and Cl correspond to “It is not the case that R has confessed” and “It is not the case that C has confessed.”
Théories de la pensée, de ses objets et de son discours chez Guillaume d'Occam
Authors: Karger Élizabeth
Published: April 2010

On sait qu'au debut de sa carriére, Occam a admis, comme une hypothése au moins probable, qu'en plus des choses réelles, toutes singuliéres, il y a de purs objets généraux d'intellection, dépourvus de tout être réel, qu'il appelle des «ficta». Lesfictaétant posés, il leur identifiera à la fois les universaux et les concepts. Mais on sait aussi que c'est là une hypothése qu'aprés une période d'hésitation, il finira par abandonner. Ne pouvant désormais recourir auxficta, il choisira d'identifier les concepts à des actes d'intellection et les universaux aux concepts généraux.
Une étude sur l'aristotélisme réformé. L'édition Bodéüs de la Correspondance Leibniz-Thomasius
Authors: Duchesneau François
Published: April 2010

La correspondance latine échangée entre Leibniz et Tun de ses maîtres, Jacob Thomasius (1622–1684), professeur de philosophie morale, puis de dialectique et d'éloquence à l'Université de Leipzig, figure dans l'Akademie-Ausgabe des œuvres de Leibniz. Richard Bodéüs nous en donne ici la premiére traduction intégrate en français, assortie d'analyses: celles-ci figurent dans I'introduction, dans les notes qui accompagnent le texte, et dans les commentaires qui suivent chaque piéce de la correspondance.
Why Is There Analytic Epistemology?
Authors: Vinci Tom
Published: April 2010

This book is a collection of 12 essays, divided into five parts, entitled respectively, “Foundationalism,” “The Nature of Epistemic Justification,” Internalism and Externalism,” “Self Knowledge” and “The Foundations of Epistemology.” These parts are preceded by a good Introduction which not only serves as an effective summary of the main theses developed in the papers but also amplifies and corrects those theses.
Dynamique et redites dans la sociologie de Max Weber
Authors: Laflamme Simon
Published: April 2010

On s'émerveille souvent devant l'envergure de la méthode et de l'érudition de Max Weber. On rappelle fréquemment que, dans l'oeuvre de celui-ci, d'étroites relations existent entre les différentes composantes. On cherche trop peu à montrer comment ce savoir se fait encyclo-pédique et quelle est la nature de ce rapport entre les parties. Nombreux sont les ouvrages (ordinairement fidèles et utiles) qui affirment l'interdépendance des constituantes de la pensée wébérienne mais qui, néanmoins, en extraient quelque fragment (à des fins souvent justifiables et éclairantes) ou la divisent en morceaux—les juxtaposant sans jamais pouvoir vraiment les ressouder les uns aux autres—quasiment toujours en reprenant le découpage de Weber lui-même. On aperçoit bien les diverses branches de la réflexion wébérienne; on réalise qu'elles ont un tronc commun; on descend rarement jusqu'à la racine. Dans ces profondeurs, on découvre que la théorie verstehen doit ses réalisations à une conception d'une simplicité exagérée de la rationalité grâce à laquelle la raison s'allonge démesurément.
Non-Existent Concepts
Authors: Jackson Howard , Robinson Richard E.
Published: April 2010

In the spirit of Frege's gripping opener in “Ueber Sinnund Bedeutung”, one can equally well say that the concept of existence challenges reflection; for how can one deny that Pegasus exists without presuming existence? After all, such claims can be informative, for they could be false. Consequently, one might argue, they must say something about something. Thus, they succeed in being, in a back-handed, paradoxical way, existence statements of a sort. This problem is very old; it is Plato's problem of non-being. Frege's solution to the problem is also well known.
Un ègalitarisme radical ad usum delphini
Authors: Boulad-Ayoub Josiane
Published: April 2010

« L'égalité, parce que la liberté ne peut subsister sans elle … » réclamait Rousseau. Lorsqu'il pense la Révolution, tout philosophe politique voudrait tenir tous les bouts de la chaîne qui relie l'éthique au politique. L'ouvrage récent de Kai Nielsen, qui propose la thèse de l'égalitarisme radical comme nerf du processus d'institution de la cité juste, ne manque précisément pas de se confronter aux problèmes concomitants des relations entre égalité et liberté. Le philosophe albertain s'y montre comme à l'accoutumée cet humaniste sensible et généreux dont la « raison et la pratique » sont orientées par l'idéal égalitaire. Le credo (belief) fondamental auquel il nous dit souscrire: « the interests of every one matter and matter equally », serait pour Nielsen comme le postulat indispensable à la relance du contrat social démocratique. Etre un égalitariste radical signifierait, si j'ai bien compris les implications de son discours, que Ton s'engage dans la cause du bien, que l'on croit à l'homme socialiste, vertueux et perfectible de même qu'au renouvellement des rapports sociaux dans l'équité. C'est aussi et surtout soutenir la force émancipatoire de l'égalité civile, sociale et politique, ou, autrement dit, dans les termes de Nielsen, supputer que l'égalité des conditions, conçue tout ensemble «comme un but et comme un droit», une fois inscrite dans les structures, dans les institutions sociales, déterminera la véritable liberté, celle de tous et de chacun au sein des rapports intersubjectifs et sociaux. Enfin, c'est penser que ce concept d'égalité ainsi réévalué jouerale rôle de condition nécessaire et suffisante pour changer le moi, le monde et la vie. Equality and Liberty est un vivant plaidoyer en faveur de la dignite morale autant que de l'efficace socialiste d'un modèle politique, l'égalitarisme radical, tel que Nielsen se le représente.
Acting and Refraining/Intention and Foresight
Authors: Devine Philip E.
Published: April 2010

It is commonplace that negative duties are more stringent than positive duties: for example that it is harder to justify killing than letting die. It is almost equally commonplace that this distinction requires defence, in particular against those who regard it as a mere apology for the privileges of the wealthy and secure.
Pre-Vintage Russell
Authors: Tully R. E.
Published: April 2010

The general editorial plan behind The Collected Papers of Bertrand Russell calls for two parallel series, one concerned with Russell's work on philosophy, logic and mathematics, the other with his less technical contributions in areas such as politics, practical ethics, history and education. Volume 1, sub-titled Cambridge Essays, 1888–99, is in a sense the ancestral volume of both series, for it comprises both technical and non-technical subjects. Russell appears here as diarist, public speaker, political commentator, as well as apprentice philosopher and expert on non-Euclidian geometries. The Collected Papers as a whole will span the more than 80 years of Russell's writings devoted to a formidable range of topics from the personal to the highly abstract but, large as it is, this publishing project will make no attempt to bring together the totality of his writings, since many of these remain in print and are readily available. Instead, the project's distinct emphasis will be on Russell's shorter writings, such as essays, articles, reviews and speeches, which are not so easily located, even when previously published. Grouped together in convenient subdivisions, these papers will chronicle for us Russell's intellectual and social growth to an extent even greater than that attempted by Russell himself in his three-volume Autobiography or in My Philosophical Development, and they will also serve to acquaint us with the thoughts, feelings and attitudes of the venerable figure behind the well-known major books. The project's essential aim, then, is to mine and refine the vast Russell Archives in a way that will yield a permanent foundation of study for anyone, whether mere admirer or life-long scholar, who has any interest in Russell's life and work.
Le fascisme ne serait-il ni à gauche ni à droite? A propos d'un livre de Sternhell
Authors: Pestieau Joseph
Published: April 2010

Cet article tentera de dèfinir le fascisme. Une premiére partie rendra comptedu dernier livre deZeev Sternhell, Ni gauche ni droite (1983). Ce livre èclaire le fascisme français d'une façon qui fut trés contestèe (Julliard, 1984; Comte, 1985) mais qui demeure originale. Une deuxiéme partie insistera sur l'ambiguïtè du discours fasciste et critiquera cer-taines théses de Sternhell. Une troisiéme partie s'efforcera de cerner le fascisme europèen de l'entre-deux-guerres et montrera la complèmen-taritè de diverses grilles d'analyse. Dans une quatrième partie, on trai-tera des raisons psychologiques et des conditions sociales de son succés populaire. Car ce succés est une de ses caractèristiques les plus trou-blantes. Enfin, dans une cinquiéme partie, on verra que des règimes politiques trés diffèrents sont accusès de fascisme, parce que chacun, par un trait ou par un autre, ressemble au fascisme de Mussolini ou de Hitler. Mais cela ne justifie pas qu'on les rassemble sous un même vocable. On suggèrera done de restreindre l'usage de la notion de fascisme.
Our Identity and the Separability of Persons and Organisms
Authors: Persson Ingmar
Published: April 2010

Les philosophes appartenant à la tradition lockienne considèrent qu'en tant que personnes ou sujets de pensée et d'expérience, nous sommes distincts de nos organismes humains. Cela conduirait, selon des théoriciens qui veulent plutôt nous identifier à ces organismes, à un dédoublement paradoxal des sujets en question. Les objectifs principaux de cet article sont, premièrement, de soutenir à l'encontre de cet argument que la séparabilité des personnes par rapport à leurs organismes peut être comprise d'une manière non paradoxale; et deuxièmement, de souligner qu'il ne faut par inférer de cette séparabilité que nous soyons identiques aux personnes plutôt qu'aux organismes humains.
La diffusion des écrits de Locke aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles
Authors: Schøsler Jørn
Published: April 2010

Cette monumentale bibliographie, commencée en 1975, ne peut que forcer l'admiration. Offrant pour la première fois une description détaillée et systématique de toutes les éditions et traductions des œuvres de Locke entre 1654 et 1800, elle sera désormais incontournable pour tout travail sérieux sur l'histoire de la pensée du philosophe anglais.
Pleasure
Authors: Hunter J. F. M.
Published: April 2010

What is pleasure? Don't we all know? How could so many of us pursue it so eagerly otherwise? Or how could we so readily and confidently say whether this, that and the other are pleasures? Having one's back rubbed, dancing, listening to a Bach flute sonata and eating a cheese soufflé are pleasures, while having a cold, smelling rotten eggs and reading Hegel are not. We may not be able to define pleasure, but if we can readily say what is a pleasure and what is not, must we not know what it is, just as we know what a chair is if we can correctly identify chairs, distinguishing them from stools, benches and couches?
Sartre, Aron et le relativisme historique
Authors: Baugh Bruce
Published: April 2010

Le dialogue entre Sartre et Aron a commencé lorsqu'ils étaient tous les deux à l'École normale superiéure dans les années 1920, et a continué, d'une manière souvent indirecte et intermittente, jusqu'à la parution du livre d'Aron, Histoire et dialectique de la violence, qui est une analyse de la Critique de la raison dialectique de Sartre.
The One That Got Away: Leslie's Universes
Authors: Katz Jonathan
Published: April 2010

According to the jacket cover, John Leslie's Universes is “the first book by a philosopher on these controversial affairs.” Sadly, I must report, the controversy has gotten the better of his philosophy. Leslie's contribution to this area is merely to see, within the dispute, a narrow window through which to promote his own curious view of extreme axiarchism. This alone would not disturb me, were it not for the apparent disdain with which Leslie depicts views opposed to his own, and his infuriating technique of responding to those critics who fail to see the point of his tremendously contrived examples by dogmatically waving these same examples.
L'a priori kantien et sa postérité selon Jean Grondin
Authors: Leydet Dominique
Published: April 2010

La vocation de la philosophie comme connaissance fondamentale fait l'objet de doutes insistants depuis plus de deux siècles. La première mise en cause de cette vocation date du développement de la science moderne expérimentale, de l'empirisme qui lui est solidaire. La seconde remise en cause est la grande affaire de notre siècle. L'affirmation de l'essentielle finitude de l'homme requérait qu'à nouveau soit interrogée, reniée la métaphysique dans son refus de la temporalité, dans son désir d'assurer son universalité dans un arrière-monde intetnporel. Ainsi, le problème que se pose Kant face à la critique radicale de la métaphysique contenue dans la pensée de Hume se redouble depuis Nietzsche. Il convient alors d'interroger la possibilité de la philosophie comme savoir des fondements, à la fois vis-à-vis des sciences empiriques et vis-à-vis de cette critique de la culture à laquelle devrait se ramener une philosophie déchue au statut de simple doxa.
L'indétermination de la logique. À propos de La norme du vrai de Pascal Engel
Authors: Seymour Michel
Published: April 2010

Cet ouvrage de Pascal Engel doit être fortement recommandé pour plusieurs raisons. On est d'abord frappé par l'ampleur du travail accompli et l'étendue du domaine couvert. La documentation est fouillée, l'exposé est clair et un équilibre est toujours maintenu entre les questions générales et les questions de détail. Engel ne perd jamais de vue la perspective d'ensemble qu'il s'est donnée et qui concerne la nature de la logique, y compris lorsqu'il s'emploie à faire certaines nuances ou à proposer une distinction subtile. Il aurait été facile en pareille matière de proposer un mauvais choix de thèmes. Là encore, Engel s'est bien acquitté de sa tâche. On a affaire à un ouvrage dans lequel l'auteur va toujours droit à l'essentiel. Plusieurs sujets sont à peine effleurés, mais cette décision est très souvent heureuse puisqu'elle permet à l'auteur d'établir des liens entre des problématiques qui, de prime abord, semblent très éloignées les unes des autres. L'auteur fait montre d'un étonnant esprit de synthèse et plusieurs thèmes font, à ma connaissance, une première apparition dans la littérature philosophique francophone. Il s'agit donc d'une contribution à la philosophie de la logique qui mérite d'être signalée. On regrettera peut-être la présence d'un assez grand nombre d'erreurs typographiques (j'en ai rapidement relevées plus de cent cinquante). Dans la plupart des cas, il ne s'agit que de coquilles mais, dans d'autres cas, elles risquent de nuire à la compréhension du texte surtout lorsqu'elles interviennent dans des formules ou des définitions.
Belief and Cognitive Architecture
Authors: Ramsey William
Published: April 2010

Considerable debate in philosophy of psychology has recently focussed upon two central themes. One concerns the ontological status of propositional attitudes like beliefs and desires, the other on the proper computational account of cognitive architecture. In the ontological debate, the two most prominent positions are eliminativism, which claims that commonsense psychology is false because there are no such things as beliefs and desires; and versions of intentional realism, which counters that beliefs and desires actually do exist in the mind/brain. In the cognitive architecture debate, there are again two outstanding views: classical cognitivism, which holds that cognition is something closely akin to symbol manipulation; and parallel distributed processing (or connectionism), which roughly maintains that cognition is the distributed activation of several simple, non-symbolic processing units. Furthermore, in spite of their different topics, the two debates have been linked by a number of authors who suggest that where you stand in the cognitive architecture debate should help determine where you stand in the debate over prepositional attitudes. So, for example, writers like Jerry Fodor have used the plausibility of classical cognitivism to defend a realist interpretation of propositional attitudes, while writers like Steve Stich and myself have argued that certain forms of connectionism support eliminativism.
The Schematics of Continuant Identity
Authors: MacKenzie Nollaig
Published: April 2010

A natural, and popular, way to approach the identity of a continuant under a sortal F is to suppose there to be:

(a) A synchronic F-unity relation, binding bits of a world-slice into discrete F-stages.

(b) A diachronic F-unity relation, binding series of F-stages into F's.

In a Minkowskian world, of course, the synchronic and diachronic relations must reveal themselves as simply aspects of a single unity relation for F. But since the proper time of the continuant itself is the most natural generator of space and time axes, the decomposition of the unity-relation into (a) and (b) will normally be effortless.
Having at Equality Again: A Reply to Boulad-Ayoub and Cooper
Authors: Nielsen Kai
Published: April 2010

I am grateful to Josiane Boulad-Ayoub and Wesley Cooper for their generous treatment of my Equality and Liberty and for their probing criticisms. They make me keenly aware that I have often not expressed myself clearly enough and they have set in motion a process of self-questioning that will extend well beyond this discussion. They drive home to me, once again, the realization of how difficult it is to get anything right in philosophy.

Since they, for the most part, raise different sorts of issues, I shall discuss their criticisms separately starting with Cooper's account.
No End of Ideology
Authors: Aronovitch Hilliard
Published: April 2010

Since its coinage in the eighteenth century, the concept of ideology has been recurrently invoked as a tool of analysis, a term of abuse, or both together. The concept is central to the theories of Marx, Mannheim, and others, and the whole subject of the sociology of knowledge is an elaboration upon it. But just what the concept is meant to convey is normally so unclear or controversial, even question-begging, that it is natural to want to dispense with the concept entirely. That, in part, was what the advocates of the end-of-ideology—like Raymond Aron, Edward Shils, and Daniel Bell—urged back in the 1950s. But these would-be defenders of reason, pragmatism, and political centrism were almost immediately and quite predictably attacked for themselves being the victims or purveyors of an ideology. Whether or not they were, the lesson is evident: the issues of ideology are not likely to go away.
Why Doesn't Kant Care about Natural Language?
Authors: Mosser Kurt
Published: April 2010

Kant s'est fait régulièrement reprocher, à son époque et à la nôtre, d'avoir ignoré le problème des langues naturelles. L'objection la plus connue à cet égardest celle de J. G. Hamann, qui a prétendu qu'en essayant de «purifier» la raison, Kant a négligé I'aspect le plus significatif du langage à savoir son caractère contingent; et cette idée a été développée plus avant par plusieurs de nos contemporains. On soutient ici que Kant s'intéresse au langage à un niveau logique et grammatical, dans sa tentative d'identifier les conditions nécessaires pour l'apparition de jugements dans n'importe quel langage. Hamann et ceux qui le suivent aujourd'hui, par conséquent, apprécient mal la pertinence de l'approche de Kant pour identifier les conditions de la rationalité des agents, de même que son rôle dans l'histoire de la recherche d'une grammaire universelle.
Objectivism and the Evolutionary Value of Colour Vision
Authors: Dedrick Don
Published: April 2010

In Color for Philosophers, C. L. Hardin argues that chromatic objectivism—a view that identifies colour with some or other property of objects—must be false. The upshot of Hardin's argument is this: there is, in fact, no principled correlation between physical properties and perceived colours. Since that correlation is a minimal condition for objectivism, objectivism is false. Mohan Matthen, who accepts Hardin's conclusion for what can be called “simple objectivism,” takes it that an adaptationist theory of biological function applied to colour is able to surmount the problems Hardin describes. It is Matthen's view that I am primarily concerned with in this paper. I will argue that it entails an overly simple view of adaptive value—as, perhaps, do all objectivist views.
Assimilative Moral Realism and Supervenience
Authors: Yasenchuk Ken
Published: April 2010

David Brink has recently argued for the “parity” of ethics and the sciences. While the parity claim alone might be metaphysically neutral, Brink favours a form of ethical naturalism on which moral properties “are” natural properties, just as non-moral macrophysical properties “are” the microphysical states that compose them. Brink supports this claim by showing that both types of properties share certain important features: specifically, that both may be (and typically are)constituted, supervening and synthetically necessitated. I shall argue that notwithstanding these common features, there remain significantmodaldifferences in the way the two types of properties are assigned to the world. These differences represent an important respect in which moral properties are not on par with their scientific counterparts.
Emotions: Rationality Without Cognitivism
Authors: Clarke Stanley G.
Published: April 2010

In the aftermath of emotivism and behaviourism, cognitivist theories of emotion became current in both philosophy and psychology. These theories, though varied, have in common that emotions require propositional attitudes such as beliefs or evaluations. Accordingly, cognitivist theories characterize emotions themselves with features of such attitudes, including syntax, semantic meaning, and justifiability.
LIMINAL CRAFT, EXCEPTIONAL LAW: PRELIMINARY NOTES ON MIDWIVES IN MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC WRITINGS
Authors: Giladi Avner
Published: April 2010

In his monumental “Introduction to History,”al-Muqaddima, Ibn Khaldun, the well-known Muslim historiographer and philosopher of history (d. 1406a.d.), dedicates a whole chapter to midwifery (ṣināʿat al-tawlīd) that is as original in conception as it is rich in detail. The chapter is included in Part V, which offers a survey of professions and crafts—“the ‘accidents’ of sedentary culture”—that for Ibn Khaldun reflect the sophistication of urban life. Within this survey, midwifery ranks among the most basic crafts (ummahāt al-ṣanāʾiʿ), being “something necessary in civilization and a matter of general concern, because it assures, as a rule, the life of the newborn child.” Moreover, like “the art of writing, book production, singing, and medicine,” midwifery is regarded as a noble craft because of the subject that is at the heart of it (sharīf bi-l-mawḍūʿ).
SEXOLOGY IN THE YISHUV: THE RISE AND DECLINE OF SEXUAL CONSULTATION IN TEL AVIV, 1930–39
Authors: Kozma Liat
Published: April 2010

In late 1931, German sexologist and gay-rights activist Magnus Hirschfeld, quoted above, visited Palestine for a lecture tour that attracted hundreds in Tel Aviv, Jerusalem, Haifa, and kibbutz Beit Alfa. By this time, the Jewish settlers' community (or Yishuv) in Mandate Palestine had already been exposed to the science of sexology and to the reform movement it inspired. Sexual-hygiene manuals had been translated into Hebrew and Yiddish in both Tel Aviv and Warsaw. Hebrew readers had access, for example, to translations of Auguste Forel'sSexual Ethicsand Max Hodann'sA Boy and a Girl. Finally, in the fall and winter of 1931–32, three sex consultation centers were opened in Tel Aviv.
ARABIC INSTRUCTION IN JEWISH SCHOOLS AND IN UNIVERSITIES IN ISRAEL: CONTRADICTIONS, SUBVERSION, AND THE POLITICS OF PEDAGOGY
Authors: Uhlmann Allon J.
Published: April 2010

Teaching is never merely a technical, pedagogical issue. This is especially true of Arabic teaching in Israel. Two related factors have conditioned the evolution of Arabic instruction in Israel in various, often contradictory ways. One is the Zionist modernist project of inventing a Jewish nation by bracketing off Jews from gentiles and reconstituting them as a distinct Hebraic ethno-linguistic community. The other is the project of securing historic Palestine as an exclusive national homeland for this newly invented nation and the consequent ambivalence toward Arab existence in historic Palestine. Both make up what I term Zionist sectarianism, and their influence on Arabic pedagogy has been decisive and pervasive, yet contradictory and unpredictable, demonstrating that although practice is always political, it is never mechanically reducible to its political underpinnings.
Linear stability of Hunt's flow
Authors: PRIEDE JĀNIS , ALEKSANDROVA SVETLANA , MOLOKOV SERGEI
Published: April 2010

We analyse numerically the linear stability of the fully developed flow of a liquid metal in a square duct subject to a transverse magnetic field. The walls of the duct perpendicular to the magnetic field are perfectly conducting whereas the parallel ones are insulating. In a sufficiently strong magnetic field, the flow consists of two jets at the insulating walls and a near-stagnant core. We use a vector stream function formulation and Chebyshev collocation method to solve the eigenvalue problem for small-amplitude perturbations. Due to the two-fold reflection symmetry of the base flow the disturbances with four different parity combinations over the duct cross-section decouple from each other. Magnetic field renders the flow in a square duct linearly unstable at the Hartmann number Ha ≈ 5.7 with respect to a disturbance whose vorticity component along the magnetic field is even across the field and odd along it. For this mode, the minimum of the critical Reynolds number Rec ≈ 2018, based on the maximal velocity, is attained at Ha ≈ 10. Further increase of the magnetic field stabilizes this mode with Rec growing approximately as Ha. For Ha > 40, the spanwise parity of the most dangerous disturbance reverses across the magnetic field. At Ha ≈ 46 a new pair of most dangerous disturbances appears with the parity along the magnetic field being opposite to that of the previous two modes. The critical Reynolds number, which is very close for both of these modes, attains a minimum, Rec ≈ 1130, at Ha ≈ 70 and increases as Rec ≈ 91Ha1/2 for Ha ≫ 1. The asymptotics of the critical wavenumber is kc ≈ 0.525Ha1/2 while the critical phase velocity approaches 0.475 of the maximum jet velocity.
An experimental study of laminar displacement flows in narrow vertical eccentric annuli
Authors: MALEKMOHAMMADI S. , CARRASCO-TEJA M. , STOREY S. , FRIGAARD I. A. , MARTINEZ D. M.
Published: April 2010

We present an experimental study of slow laminar miscible displacement flows in vertical narrow eccentric annuli. We demonstrate that for suitable choices of viscosity ratio, density ratio and flow rate, we are able to find steady travelling wave displacements along the length of the annulus, even when strongly eccentric. Small eccentricity, increased viscosity ratio, increased density ratio and slower flow rates all appear to favour a steady displacement for Newtonian fluids. Qualitatively similar effects are found for non-Newtonian fluids, although the role of flow rate is less clear. These results are largely in line with predictions of a Hele-Shaw style of displacement model (Bittleston et al., J. Engng Math., vol. 43, 2002, pp. 229–253). The experiments also reveal interesting phenomena caused largely by secondary flows and dispersion. In the steady displacements, eccentricity drives a strong azimuthal counter-current flow above/below the advancing interface. This advects displacing fluid to the wide side of the annulus, where it focuses in the form of an advancing spike. On the narrow side we have also observed a spike, but only in Newtonian fluid displacements. For unsteady displacements, the azimuthal currents diminish as the interface elongates. With a strong enough yield stress and with a large enough eccentricity, unyielded fluid remains behind on the narrow side of the annulus.
Steady, unsteady and transient vortex-induced vibration predicted using controlled motion data
Authors: MORSE T. L. , WILLIAMSON C. H. K.
Published: April 2010

In this study, we represent transient and unsteady dynamics of a cylinder undergoing vortex-induced vibration, by employing measurements of the fluid forces for a body controlled to vibrate sinusoidally, transverse to a free stream. We generate very high-resolution contour plots of fluid force in the plane of normalized amplitude and wavelength of controlled oscillation. These contours have been used with an equation of motion to predict the steady-state response of an elastically mounted body. The principal motivation with the present study is to extend this approach to the case where a freely vibrating cylinder exhibits transient or unsteady vibration, through the use of a simple quasi-steady model. In the model, we use equations which define how the amplitude and frequency will change in time, although the instantaneous forces are taken to be those measured under steady-state conditions (the quasi-steady approximation), employing our high-resolution contour plots.

The resolution of our force contours has enabled us to define mode regime boundaries with precision, in the amplitude–wavelength plane. Across these mode boundaries, there are discontinuous changes in the fluid force measurements. Predictions of free vibration on either side of the boundaries yield distinct response branches. Using the quasi-steady model, we are able to characterize the nature of the transition which occurs between the upper and lower amplitude response branches. This regime of vibration is of practical significance as it represents conditions under which peak resonant response is found in these systems. For higher mass ratios (m* > 10), our approach predicts that there will be an intermittent switching between branches, as the vortex-formation mode switches between the classical 2P mode and a ‘2POVERLAP’ mode. Interestingly, for low mass ratios (m* ~ 1), there exists a whole regime of normalized flow velocities, where steady-state vibration cannot occur. However, if one employs the quasi-steady model, we discover that the cylinder can indeed oscillate, but only with non-periodic fluctuations in amplitude and frequency. The character of the amplitude response from the model is close to what is found in free vibration experiments. For very low mass ratios (m* < 0.36 in this study), this regime of unsteady vibration response will extend all the way to infinite normalized velocity.
Aquatic molluscs as auxiliary hosts for terrestrial nematode parasites: implications for pathogen transmission in a changing climate
Authors: MORLEY N. J.
Published: April 2010

Nematodes are common parasites of molluscs but are often overlooked. Both metastrongyloid and rhabditoid species dominate the fauna within land snail and slug populations. Nevertheless, a key characteristic of many laboratory studies is the ability of these terrestrial nematodes to utilize aquatic molluscs as auxiliary hosts. The significance of this to the ecology of the parasite has never been evaluated. There is increasing concern as to the impact of climate change on the epidemiology of many parasitic diseases. In particular, it has been suggested that host switching may increase under the pressure of extreme climatic conditions. It is therefore timely to assess the role that aquatic molluscs may play in transmitting terrestrial nematodes, which include species of medical and veterinary importance such as Angiostrongylus cantonensis, A. vasorum, and Muellerius capillaris. The present review assesses the mechanisms of terrestrial nematode transmission through aquatic molluscs focusing on metastrongyloid and rhabditoid species, the importance of variable susceptibility of molluscan hosts, field studies on natural occurrence within aquatic habitats, and the impact of extreme climatic events (floods and droughts) that may increase in frequency under climate change.
Evidence of strong contribution from neutral atoms in intense harmonic generation from nanoparticles
Authors: Ozaki T. , Elouga Bom L.B. , Abdul-Hadi J. , Ganeev R.A.
Published: April 2010

We show experimental evidence that, for the intense high-order harmonics from nanoparticles, there is a strong contribution from neutral atoms. We present the results of studies on the harmonics generated in laser-produced plasmas containing various nanoparticles, including Cr2O3, In2O3, Ag, MnTiO3, Sn, Cu, and Au. These results are compared with the harmonics generated from plasma produced on the surface of bulk targets. The harmonic spectrum from nanoparticle and bulk In2O3 show that there is a lack in the resonant enhancement of the 13th harmonic for the former. Along with the relatively low cut-off for nanoparticle harmonics, these results show that it is the neutral atom in the nanoparticle that emits the intense harmonics. Structural studies of plasma debris confirm the presence and integrity of nanoparticles in the plasma plumes.
Generation of plasma blocks accelerated by nonlinear forces from ultraviolet KrF laser pulses for fast ignition
Authors: Sadighi-Bonabi R. , Hora H. , Riazi Z. , Yazdani E. , Sadighi S.K.
Published: April 2010

Here we report on the production of highly directed ion blocks by plasma interaction of ultraviolet wavelength light produced from a KrF laser. This may support the requirement to produce a fast ignition deuterium-tritium fusion at densities not much higher than the solid state by a single shot petawatt-picoseconds ultraviolet laser pulse. Using double Rayleigh initial density profiles, we are studying numerically how the nonlinear force necessary to accelerate plasma blocks may reach the highest possible thickness. Propagation of plasma blocks and the volumetric hot electrons can be shown in detail. Results of computations for wavelengths of two lasers are compared, which show that the block current density for a KrF laser is approximately four times bigger than for the Nd-glass lasers. This is in good agreement with the number predicted by theory.
Spectroscopic studies of laser ablated ZnO plasma and correlation with pulsed laser deposited ZnO thin film properties
Authors: Shukla Gaurav , Khare Alika
Published: April 2010

In this paper, measurement of various plasma parameters during pulsed laser deposition of ZnO thin films on Si (100) substrates is reported. The variations of electron number density and electron temperature with ambient pressure and target substrate distance is obtained via spectroscopic measurements. The structural and optical properties of ZnO thin films were analyzed using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and photoluminescence and then correlated with spectroscopic results to find optimum conditions for the deposition of high quality ZnO thin films.