bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is Heritage Protection a Limiting Factor for Passive Deep Energy Retrofitting? A Cold-Climate Case Study of University Buildings
Authors: Bjelland David , Gullbrekken Lars , Hrynyszyn Bozena Dorota , Kvande Tore
Published: February 2025

Reducing the energy consumption of the existing building stock is of paramount importance in the race to reach national and international climate goals. While multiple initiatives are in place and provide guidance, heritage-protected buildings are often not part of the equation. Protected buildings make up a large share of the existing building stock and therefore offer large savings potential. In Trondheim, Norway, alone, that share is close to 10%, which demands the establishment of representative retrofitting cases. A case study of the central buildings on the NTNU campus was established to specifically test passive retrofitting measures, which are greatly affected by heritage protection. The application of measures selected in collaboration with heritage authorities led to overall energy savings of 16% to 18%, while the energy for heating alone was reduced by 34% to 40%. The reductions were especially prominent during cold winter months, where overall consumption peaks were reduced by up to 37%, greatly decreasing the dependence on cold outdoor temperatures. The results make a case for the application of passive retrofitting measures to heritage-protected buildings despite them not reaching deep energy retrofitting goals, especially in cold climates and alongside other energy-saving or -producing measures.
Effect of Treatment on Steroidome in Women with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Hill Martin , Kancheva Radmila , Velíková Marta , Kančeva Ludmila , Včelák Josef , Ampapa Radek , Židó Michal , Štětkářová Ivana , Libertínová Jana , Vosátková Michala , Vítků Jana , Kolátorová Lucie , Škodová Tereza , Kubala Havrdová Eva
Published: February 2025

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. The manifestation of MS is related to steroid changes during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. As data focusing on the effect of anti-MS drug treatment on steroidome are scarce, we evaluated steroidomic changes (79 steroids) in 61 female MS patients of reproductive age 39 (29, 47) years (median with quartiles) after treatment with anti-MS drugs on the GC-MS/MS platform and immunoassays (cortisol and estradiol). The changes were assessed using steroid levels and steroid molar ratios (SMRs) that may reflect the activities of steroidogenic enzymes (SMRs). A repeated measures ANOVA, followed by multiple comparisons and OPLS models, were used for statistical analyses. The anti-MS treatment decreased steroid levels in the follicular phase. Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies (mAb), such as ofatumumab and ocrelizumab; inhibitors of the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor (S1PRI); and IFNβ-1a decreased circulating 17-hydroxy-pregnanes and shifted the CYP17A1 functioning from the hydroxylase- toward the lyase step. Decreased conjugated/unconjugated steroid ratios were found after treatment with anti-MS drugs, especially for glatiramer acetate and anti-CD20 mAb. In the luteal phase, IFN-β1a treatment increased steroidogenesis; both IFN-β1a and ocrelizumab increased AKR1D1, and S1PRI increased SRD5A functioning. Anti-CD20 mAb reduced the functioning of enzymes catalyzing the synthesis of immunomodulatory 7α/β and 16α-hydroxy-androgens, which may affect the severity of MS. The above findings may be important concerning the alterations in bioactive steroids, such as cortisol; active androgens and estrogens; and neuroactive, neuroprotective, and immunomodulatory steroids in terms of optimization of anti-MS treatment.
The Overexpression of SlPLATZ17 Can Increase the Tolerance of Tomatoes to Drought and Salt Stress
Authors: Jia Xueli , Pang Xinyue , Xu Min , Wang Congmin , Wei Huixin , Liu Jing , Zhang He , Li Dalong , Xu Xiangyang , Zhao Tingting
Published: February 2025

PLATZ, a novel zinc finger DNA-binding protein, plays crucial regulatory roles in the growth and development of various plants and in the modulation of abiotic stress responses. However, knowledge of the functions of PLATZ genes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is lacking. In our study, we established stable SlPLATZ17 gene overexpression and knockout lines to further analyze the regulatory functions of SlPLATZ17 under drought and salt stress. It was found that the overexpression lines presented increased drought and salt tolerance under stress. Transcriptome sequencing and screening for interacting proteins revealed that SlPLATZ17 may exert its effects by interacting with POR1, thereby influencing glutathione metabolism and arginine and proline metabolism. In conclusion, the findings lay the groundwork for a deeper understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying the role of SlPLATZ17 in stress resistance, as well as facilitating the application of SlPLATZ17 in the breeding of stress-resistant tomato varieties.
Novel Triazeneindole Antibiotics: Synthesis and Hit-to-Lead Optimization
Authors: Sorokin Boris , Filimonova Alla , Emelianova Anna , Kublitski Vadim , Gvozd Artem , Shmygarev Vladimir , Yampolsky Ilia , Guglya Elena , Gusev Evgeniy , Kuzmin Denis
Published: February 2025

Bacterial antibiotic resistance represents a major healthcare problem. In 2019, 4.95 million deaths were associated with antibiotic resistance, and it is estimated that, by 2050, up to 3.8% of the global gross domestic product could be lost due to this problem. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is one of the leading sources of hospital-acquired infections associated with increased mortality, length of hospital stay, and higher cost of treatment. Here, we describe the de novo synthesis of a library of 22 triazeneindole derivatives with high activity against a wide panel of multidrug-resistant MRSA clinical isolates. Leading compound BX-SI043 (ethyl 6-fluoro-3-[pyrrolidin-1-yl-azo]-1H-indole-2-carboxylate) showed high activity (minimal inhibitory concentration range, 0.125–0.5 mg/L) against 41 multidrug-resistant MRSA strains, as well as relatively low in vitro cytotoxicity (selectivity index, 76) and in vivo acute toxicity (maximum tolerated dose, 600 mg/kg), via intragastric administration in rats. These data suggest that BX-SI043 is a promising drug candidate for the development a novel MRSA treatment.
Numerical Analysis of the Cyclic Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Columns Incorporating Rubber
Authors: Ahmed Mohammed A. M. , Mohamed Heba A. , Hassan Hilal , El-Zohairy Ayman , Emara Mohamed
Published: February 2025

A numerical analysis of rubberized reinforced concrete columns’ performance under cyclic loading is presented in this study. Three different concrete blends (M1, M2, and M3) were chosen based on the volume of fine aggregate replaced by varying percentages of crumb rubber (CR) (0%, 10%, and 15%). Under cyclic loads, three groups of rubberized reinforced concrete (RRC) columns with circular, square, and rectangular cross-sections and heights of 1.5 m and 2.0 m were analyzed using the finite element software ABAQUS. The proposed model effectively predicts the behavior of rubberized reinforced concrete columns under cyclic loading. Additionally, these columns demonstrate improved performance in lateral displacement, displacement ductility, and damping ratio, with only a slight reduction in lateral load capacity. For the circular columns with a height of 1.5 m, the displacement ductility increased by 47.8% and 89.0% when the fine aggregates were replaced with 10% and 15% CR, respectively. Similarly, for square columns of the same height, the displacement ductility increased by 18.7% and 26.7% with 10% and 15% CR, respectively. The rectangular specimens exhibited enhancements of 34.74% and 58.95%, respectively. Although the analyzed rubberized reinforced concrete columns experienced slight reductions in the lateral load capacity compared to the non-CR columns, the cyclic damage resistance was notably improved.
Hydroxyapatite Dental Inserts for Tooth Restoration: Stress and Displacement Analysis
Authors: Zebic Maja Lezaja , Bodic Aleksandar , Veljovic Djordje , Matic Tamara , Carkic Jelena , Milovanovic Vladimir
Published: February 2025

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) inserts minimize restoration contraction by constituting a major part of the restoration; however, their effect on the relaxation of tooth tissues has not been previously tested. Finite element analysis was employed to estimate stress and displacement when HAP inserts with a thickness of 1.7 mm or 4.7 mm and a diameter of 4.7 mm were used to substitute for dentin. The volumetric contraction of the composite during polymerization, simulated through steady-state heat transfer analysis, yielded a contraction rate of 3.7%. Descriptive statistics revealed that the incorporation of HAP inserts reduced the displacement of dentin, enamel, and restoration caused by contraction by 44.4% to 66.7%, while maximal stress was reduced by 8.1% to 52%. Subsequent loading on the occlusal tooth surface showed that displacement values decreased by 12.1% to 33.3%, while maximum von Mises stress in enamel decreased by 32.8% to 40.6% with the use of HAP inserts. Although the maximum stress values in dentin were not significantly decreased (3% to 8.8%), the stress located at the bottom of the cavity was notably reduced, particularly in deep cavities at root canal entrances. The use of HAP inserts in restorative dentistry provides benefits for the preservation of prepared teeth, especially in preventing irreparable vertical root fractures of endodontically treated teeth.
Additive Manufacturing Applications in Mission-Critical Operations: A Review
Authors: Dey Arup , Adeniran Olusanmi , Ramoni Monsuru , Yodo Nita , Cong Weilong
Published: February 2025

Additive manufacturing (AM) is used to fabricate complex components from a wide variety of materials in an additive manner. AM brings several benefits, such as reduced lead times, on-demand production, creation of complex customized designs without tooling requirements, and remote design sharing. However, the use of AM for critical components is limited in large missions due to quality and reliability concerns, as is the case with many manufacturing technologies. Enhancing the acceptance of AM-built parts for mission-critical components can be achieved by producing highly reliable parts, establishing robust quality standards, and continually improving part properties. This review article comprehensively explores the diverse potential applications of AM within mission-critical operations, along with its potential benefits and the advancements needed for broader acceptance. Delving into the intersection of AM technologies and mission-critical requirements, the paper examines possible challenges of utilizing AM techniques in mission-critical components. Through an in-depth analysis of relevant studies, the article aims to provide a nuanced understanding of the current state of AM applications in mission-critical operations, offering insights into the potential benefits, limitations, and future directions for this innovative technology. The findings presented in this review are valuable for researchers, academics, and industry professionals working to advance AM technologies for mission-critical applications.
Molluscicidal Screening of Hypocreales Fungi from a Brazilian Cerrado Cave Against Biomphalaria glabrata Snails
Authors: Neves Dominnyke Slater Santos , Harayashiki Cyntia Ayumi Yokota , Oliveira Pedro Henrique Félix de , Rocha Thiago Lopes , Bezerra Jadson Diogo Pereira
Published: February 2025

Fungi play vital roles in ecosystems through parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. Additionally, they are widely used in industry as bioactive compound producers and biological control agents. Biomphalaria glabrata is a freshwater snail often controlled with chemical molluscicides. However, developing effective alternatives to these chemical treatments is essential. This study evaluated the molluscicidal potential of culture supernatant from Hypocreales fungi isolated from a cave in the Brazilian Cerrado against the B. glabrata. The isolates were identified based on morphological features and ITS rDNA sequences. Fifteen filtrates of Hypocreales fungi were obtained and tested both pure and in different dilutions (10% and 50%) against newly hatched snails during 96 h of exposure. The fungal isolates were identified as belonging to the genera of Clonostachys (1), Cylindrocladiella (1), Fusarium (1), Gliocladiopsis (1), Keithomyces (1), Marquandomyces (1), Ovicillium (1), Pochonia (1), Purpureocillium (1), Sarcopodium (1), Sarocladium (1), Trichoderma (3), and Volutella (1). The results showed 93.33% (14) of the fungal filtrates induced significant mortality, indicating their molluscicidal activity, with Pochonia chlamydosporia FCCUFG 100 and Volutella aeria FCCUFG 107 causing 100% mortality in all dilutions. These results reveal the potential of Hypocreales fungi from a Brazilian Cerrado cave as a promising approach for snail control.
Using Machine Learning to Understand the Dynamics Between the Stock Market and US Presidential Election Outcomes
Authors: Thaker Avi , Sonner Daniel , Chan Leo H.
Published: February 2025

In this paper, we applied an explainable AI model (SHAP feature importance measures) to study the dynamic relationship between stock market returns and the US presidential election outcomes. More specifically, we wanted to study how the market would react the day after the election. AI models have been criticized as black-box models and lack the clarity needed for decision-making by different stakeholders. The explainable AI model we utilized in this model provides more clarity for the outcomes of the model. Using features commonly used by previous studies related to this topic, we find that the previous market direction leading up to the election and the incumbency information combined with the political affiliation are larger drivers for a 1-day post-election market return than sentiment and which party wins the election.
Effect of Financial Indicators on Corporate Social Responsibility: Evidence from Emerging Economies
Authors: Orazayeva Assem , Arslan Muhammad
Published: February 2025

The relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and financial performance remains a subject of ongoing debate, particularly regarding the determinants of CSR in emerging economies. This study examines the effect of financial indicators on the level of corporate social responsibility. This study presents an integrated perspective to determine factors that can impact socially responsible behavior in developing and emerging countries. We drew our sample from 110 firms from 20 emerging economies from 2016 to 2020. We applied an instrumental variable estimation technique to address potential endogeneity and heterogeneity issues. The results revealed that financial performance is a weak determinant of socially responsible behavior in developing and emerging regions. Additionally, weak enforcement mechanisms and regulatory frameworks play a significant role in shaping CSR behaviors. Contrary to conventional assumptions, firms with higher organizational slack do not necessarily allocate additional resources toward CSR initiatives. This study contributes to the literature by providing empirical insights into the financial and institutional drivers of CSR in emerging markets and offers implications for policymakers, regulators, and corporate decision-makers aiming to enhance socially responsible business practices.
A Mechanics Model for Contact with Rough Surface Considering the Interaction of Micro-Asperity Bodies
Authors: Mao Yazhou , Hu Qingxin , Yu Yingying , Shi Shaolin , Pei Jiaming , Li Zichen , Wang Linyuan
Published: February 2025

In order to evaluate contact characteristics, a modified contact model was proposed considering the deformation characteristics of asperity bodies, and the variation rules of wear rate with fractal dimension, material property constant and debris probability were established. The results show that the actual contact area increases with an increase in load when the surface topography is constant, whereas the contact area decreases with an increase in characteristic scale coefficient if the fractal dimension or load is constant. For running-in wear, the wear rate increases with an increase in surface profile parameters under the same contact area. In addition, the wear rate increases with an increase in actual contact area when the surface profile parameter is constant. Regarding abrasive wear, the wear rate is the smallest when the fractal dimension is 1.6. The wear rate increases with an increase in contact area under the same characteristic scale coefficient, but decreases with an increase in the characteristic scale coefficient under the same contact area, and the smaller the material constant and the larger the probability constant, the higher the wear rate. The establishment of this model provides a basis for further study of the tribological properties of the contact surface.
Tribological Behavior of Anodized Aluminum Oxide (AAO) Under the Addition of PAO6 Lubrication with Nano-Alumina
Authors: Vasco Marina C. , Villanova Rodrigo L. , Pintaude Giuseppe
Published: February 2025

Anodizing can generate porous wear-resistant layers, which can act as reservoirs for gradually releasing lubricants. Studies on the formation of zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP) tribofilms in non-ferrous metals are relatively rare. Furthermore, adding nanoparticles can improve wear resistance in various applications. This investigation aims to correlate several anodized surfaces using H2SO4 (5 or 10%wt. concentration and 45 or 60 min exposition) to tribological outputs, contributing to understanding the friction behavior of non-metallic layers. Three steps were applied on anodized Alumold 500 alloy. Firstly, the scratching test, to select the layers with higher critical loads. The greatest scratch resistance was obtained with the highest H3/E2 value and thickest layer. Secondly, lubricated tests with only poly-alpha-olefin oils (PAO6) were performed in a reciprocating test rig using an alumina ball as the counterpart. From that, only the best AAO condition was selected. Finally, three more lubricant compositions were tested, as follows: adding ZDDP to PAO6, alumina nanoparticles (~100 nm) to PAO6, and ZDDP + nanoparticles. The addition of nano-alumina to the PAO6 resulted in the maintenance of COF values with only PAO6 (~0.1), when the most significant drop in the surface roughness was observed along with the tests.
An Annular Conductive Membrane-Based Hollow Capacitive Wind Pressure Sensor: Analytical Solution and Numerical Design and Calibration
Authors: Sun Jun-Yi , Yan Zhi-Qiang , Feng He-Hao , He Xiao-Ting
Published: February 2025

A novel hollow capacitive wind pressure sensor is for the first time proposed. The sensing element of the proposed sensor uses a non-parallel plate variable capacitor, whose movable electrode plate uses a transversely uniformly loaded annular conductive membrane with a fixed outer edge and a rigid inner edge (acting as the wind pressure sensitive element of the sensor). Due to the unique hollow configuration of the proposed sensor, it can be used alone to detect the pressure exerted by fast-moving air in the atmosphere or by fast-moving air or gas, etc., in pipes, but it also can be used in pairs to measure the flow rate of fast-moving air or gas, etc., in pipes. The analytical solution of the large deflection elastic behavior of the transversely uniformly loaded annular conductive membrane is derived by using a new set of membrane governing equations. The effectiveness of the new analytical solution is analyzed. The new membrane governing equations are compared with the previous ones to show the differences between them. The superiority of the new analytical solution over the existing ones is analyzed. An example is given to demonstrate the numerical design and calibration of the proposed sensor and the effect of changing design parameters on the important capacitance–pressure (C–q) analytical relationship of the proposed sensor is investigated comprehensively. Finally, an experimental verification of the analytical solution derived is carried out.
Enhanced Compressive Properties of Additively Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V Gradient Lattice Structures
Authors: Guo Zhengjie , Ma Yuting , Ali Tayyeb , Yang Yi , Hou Juan , Li Shujun , Wang Hao
Published: February 2025

Lattice structures are widely used in the aerospace and biomedical fields, due to their lightweight, high specific strength, large specific surface area, good biocompatibility, etc. However, the balancing of the weight and the mechanical properties remains a challenge in designing lattice structures. Combining experiments and simulations, the present work first designs and evaluates the mechanical properties of uniform and gradient topology-optimized Ti-6Al-4V lattices with the same overall porosity of 84.27%, employing finite element simulations. Then, laser powder bed fusion technology is used to fabricate the uniform and gradient Ti-6Al-4V lattices, and their compressive performance is tested. The results indicate that, under longitudinal compression, the gradient lattice structure exhibits good layer-by-layer collapse deformation behavior, achieving better comprehensive performance than the uniform lattice structure. While under horizontal compression, the deformation behavior of the gradient lattice structure is similar to that of the uniform lattice structure, and the deformation is mostly randomly distributed. The cumulative energy absorption of the gradient lattice structure increased by approximately 20% compared with that of the uniform lattice structure. The results provide a technical basis for the integrated design of structural and functional components for aerospace applications.
The Metabolic Pathways of Yeast and Acetic Acid Bacteria During Fruit Vinegar Fermentation and Their Influence on Flavor Development
Authors: Ge Yinggang , Wu Yifei , Aihaiti Aihemaitijiang , Wang Liang , Wang Yu , Xing Jun , Zhu Min , Hong Jingyang
Published: February 2025

Fruit vinegar is a beverage derived from fruits or fruit processing by-products through microbial fermentation. This vinegar possesses a distinctive flavor profile and contains bioactive compounds. It is typically produced using liquid fermentation technology. As consumer demand for the flavor quality of fruit vinegar has increased, precise control over flavor compounds has become crucial for enhancing the quality of fermentation products. Vinegar contains numerous characteristic flavor compounds, including esters, aldehydes, alcohols, and organic acids. These unique flavors primarily result from the accumulation of flavor compounds generated by different raw materials and microorganisms during fermentation. Specifically, yeast and acetobacter promote the formation of distinct fruit vinegar flavors by facilitating the breakdown of carbohydrates, amino acids, and proteins in fruits, as well as the redox and esterification reactions involving alcohols. This paper reviews the metabolic pathways of yeast and acetic acid bacteria during fruit vinegar fermentation and discusses key volatile compounds that influence the flavor of fruit vinegar and their potential relationships, providing theoretical support for regulating flavor quality.
Cryptococcus neoformans: Brain Preference, Gender Bias, and Interactions with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Toxoplasma gondii in HIV-Positive Patients
Authors: Moroti Ruxandra , Hristea Adriana , Neagu Georgiana , Penescu Irina , Florea Dragos , Tiliscan Catalin , Benea Serban Nicolae
Published: February 2025

Cryptococcus neoformans, a high-priority pathogen (WHO, 2022) and ubiquitous fungus, is responsible for hundreds of thousands of meningoencephalitis cases annually, with a high fatality rate. Its distribution is uneven: it primarily affects immunocompromised individuals (especially HIV-positive patients). Our study aims to explore the Cryptococcus’ brain tropism in immunosuppressed patients, its gender preference and the possible interactions with other opportunistic neurotropic microorganisms, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and the brain microbiota, with a particular focus on Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). Methods: We conducted a retrospective descriptive analysis of all cases diagnosed with central nervous system cryptococcosis (Crypto-CNS) in HIV-positive patients admitted over 10 years (2010–2019) in a tertiary Romanian hospital. We examined their demographic, clinical, immunobiological, and imaging data, as well as their medical history, comorbidities, and coinfections. Results: Forty-two cases were admitted, with a male predominance (3.6:1) and a mean age of 33.3 years; 24% were diagnosed concomitantly with HIV infection and Crypto-CNS. All patients were severely immunosuppressed, with CD4 counts <200 cells/mm3 (median = 20.5 [1–163], mean = 31.6). Recent/concomitant tuberculosis was found in 10 (27.7%). T. gondii-seropositive patients developed Crypto-CNS at a lower immunological state than seronegative ones (27.1 CD4 cells/mm3 vs. 46.7 cells/mm3, means). Of 25 cases with available brain imagery, 28% had high intracranial pressure. Twelve patients (28.5%) died during the hospitalization within 26.3 days (mean, SD = 21.4); 1-year mortality increased to 50%. In-hospital mortality was associated with lower CD4 counts, increased intracranial pressure, and T. gondii-seropositivity. Conclusions: Crypto-CNS in HIV-positive patients mainly affects men and may be promoted by concomitant or recent tuberculosis. T. gondii may confer some protection even at low immune levels but increases mortality when immunity is critically low.
Abrasion Effect on Heating Performance of Carbon Nanotube/Epoxy Composites
Authors: Kim Byung-Wook , Lee Seung-Jun , Jang Sung-Hwan , Yin Huiming
Published: February 2025

The effects of abrasion on the heating performance of carbon nanotube (CNT)/epoxy composites were investigated in terms of Joule’s heat, convective heat, and radiative heat under moderate-to-severe and localized abrasive conditions. While the overall heating behavior was characterized by the heating rate and the curvature of the transient response, a numerical solution of the heat equation was used to quantify convective and radiative heat transfers, incorporating the specific heat of each component, the convective heat transfer coefficient, and the Biot number. CNT reinforcement significantly improved wear resistance at a CNT concentration of 0.31 vol. %, but the presence of micro-voids led to a slight increase in wear rate with additional CNT inclusion. Using an equivalent circuit model, local and severe abrasion scenarios were analyzed to determine the variation in electrical conductivity with temperature at different degrees of abrasion, indicating the impact of scattering effects. This analysis provides valuable insights for estimating both wear resistance and the heating performance of self-heated surface materials, with potential applications in future space technologies.
Enhanced Nanogel Formulation Combining the Natural Photosensitizer Curcumin and Pectis brevipedunculata (Asteraceae) Essential Oil for Synergistic Daylight Photodynamic Therapy in Leishmaniasis Treatment
Authors: Campos Lara Maria Oliveira , Marques Estela Mesquita , Lera-Nonose Daniele Stéfanie Sara Lopes , Gonçalves Maria Julia Schiavon , Lonardoni Maria Valdrinez Campana , Nunes Glécilla Colombelli de Souza , Braga Gustavo , Gonçalves Renato Sonchini
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), such as leishmaniasis, remain a global health challenge due to limited therapeutic options and rising drug resistance. In this study, we developed an advanced nanogel formulation incorporating curcumin (CUR) and Pectis brevipedunculata essential oil (EOPb) within an F127/Carbopol 974P matrix to enhance bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy against Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis (LLa) promastigotes. Methods: The chemical profile of EOPb was determined through GC-MS and NMR analyses, confirming the presence of key bioactive monoterpenes such as neral, geranial, α-pinene, and limonene. The nanogel formulation (nGPC) was optimized to ensure thermosensitivity, and stability, exhibiting a sol–gel transition at physiological temperatures. Rheological analysis revealed that nGPC exhibited Newtonian behavior at 5 °C, transitioning to shear-thinning and thixotropic characteristics at 25 and 32 °C, respectively. This behavior facilitates its application and controlled drug release, making it ideal for topical formulations. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis demonstrated that nGPC maintained a stable nanoscale structure with hydrodynamic radius below 300 nm, while Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed strong molecular interactions between EOPb, CUR, and the polymer matrix. Biological assays demonstrated that nGPC significantly enhanced anti-promastigote activity compared to free CUR and OEPb. Results: At the highest tested concentration (50 μg/mL EOPb and 17.5 μg/mL CUR) nGPC induced over 88% mortality in LLa promastigotes across 24, 48, and 72 h, indicating sustained efficacy. Even at lower concentrations, nGPC retained dose-dependent activity, suggesting a synergistic effect between CUR and EOPb. These findings highlight the potential of nGPC as an innovative nanocarrier for daylight photodynamic therapy (dPDT) in the treatment of leishmaniasis. Future studies will investigate the underlying mechanisms of this synergism and explore the potential application of photodynamic therapy (PDT) to further enhance therapeutic outcomes.
Correction: Mori et al. Reproduction of Visible Absorbance Spectra of Highly Scattering Suspensions within an Integrating Sphere by Monte Carlo Simulation. Photonics 2023, 10, 754
Authors: Mori Ayaka , Yamashita Kyohei , Tokunaga Eiji
Published: February 2025

In the original publication [...]
Evaluation of Growth, Physiological, and Biochemical Responses of Different Medicago sativa L. Varieties Under Drought Stress
Authors: Wang Yang , Long Sisi , Zhang Jiyuan , Wang Puchang , Zhao Lili
Published: February 2025

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa), an important leguminous forage crop, is valued for its high nutritional content, substantial yield, palatability, and broad adaptability. Drought is among the most significant environmental constraints on alfalfa growth, particularly in the karst regions of southwestern China. In this study, we conducted pot experiments to investigate the growth and physiological responses of seven alfalfa varieties introduced into the karst region of Guizhou under drought conditions. The results revealed that drought stress markedly reduced both plant height and aboveground biomass accumulation. Moreover, under drought stress, these alfalfa varieties exhibited increased root length, root surface area, and root tip number; elevated protective enzyme activities; and decreased levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA), thereby maintaining relatively higher water content. Each of the seven varieties displayed distinct growth and physiological adaptation mechanisms under drought stress. Integrating principal component analysis and membership function analysis, we ranked the drought resistance of these alfalfa varieties from highest to lowest as follows: Crown > WL525 > Colosseo > Victoria > PANGO > Giant 801 > Dimitra. These findings provide valuable insights for introducing drought-resistant alfalfa varieties into karst regions of southwestern China and offer guidance for breeding and cultivation strategies across various environmental conditions.
The Effects of Sewage Sludge Biochar on Rhizosphere Microbial Community, Soil Quality, and Ryegrass and Cosmos Growth in Pot Culture
Authors: Yang Yang , Wang Hongjie , Dong Wenyi , Li Qitian , Han Qi , Li Chaoxiang , Liu Tianhao , Zhou Pingyan
Published: February 2025

Sewage sludge biochar (SSB) is an innovative environmental material with remediation capabilities and significant potential for soil enhancement. This study aimed to accurately assess the dual regulatory effects of SSB on plant growth and soil quality. We conducted potting experiments with ryegrass and cosmos to analyze the impacts of SSB on plant growth, soil quality, and microbial communities. The partial least squares path model (PLS-PM) analysis was employed to elucidate the intrinsic relationships between SSB application and soil environmental factors, microbial communities, and plant growth. The results indicated that the application of SSB significantly enhanced the growth of ryegrass and cosmos, improved the soil quality, and increased the quantity of soil beneficial bacteria in the inter-root soil microbial communities. The addition of 9% and 3% (w w−1) SSB resulted in the most substantial growth of ryegrass and cosmos, with aboveground biomass increasing 68.97% and 68.12%, respectively, and root biomass increasing by 49.87% and 45.14%. PLS path analysis revealed that SSB had a significant effect on the number of bacteria, which also played an important role in soil environmental factors such as pH and conductivity. This study provides a scientific basis for the utilization of sludge resources, green agriculture, and soil improvement. Additionally, it offers technical support for optimizing the application strategy of sludge biochar.
InDel Markers for Identifying Interspecific Hybrid Offspring of Apple and Pear
Authors: Fan Wenqi , Wang Baoan , Xiao Yao , Huang Jinfeng , Wang Dongmei , Wang Shengyuan , Li Wei , Zhang Qiulei , Huang Fuli , Shi Chenxi , Li Tianzhong
Published: February 2025

Distant hybridization, such as between apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) and pear (Pyrus communis L.), can introduce unique genetic traits that aren’t possible through traditional hybridization methods. However, these hybrids often display maternal traits, making it difficult to visually identify hybrid offspring in the early stages. Thus, identifying these hybrids has been a longstanding challenge. To address this challenge, this study performed whole-genome resequencing of apple ‘Golden Delicious’ and pear ‘Yan Zhuang’, along with 62 of their hybrid offspring, to develop effective molecular markers. Genomic variation analysis revealed significant genetic diversity between apple and pear. By selecting markers based on notable parental differences and high polymorphism among offspring, 51 effective markers were identified from 340 apple-specific InDel markers. These markers could reliably identify the 62 offspring as distant hybrids with genetic material from both apple and pear. Among them, InDel1-7, InDel2-3, InDel3-1, and InDel4-3 proved to be the most efficient, achieving a 100% identification rate for hybrid offspring when used in combination in the ‘Golden Delicious’ × ‘Yan Zhuang’ population. Furthermore, marker universality tests showed that 88.2%, 76.5%, and 70.6% of the 51 markers were transferable to the ‘Golden Delicious’ × ‘Jin Zhui’, ‘Fuji’ × ‘Yan Zhuang’, and ‘Fuji’ × ‘Jin Zhui’ hybrid populations, respectively. The identification efficiencies in these three validation populations were 82.6%, 80.3%, and 85.0%, with the four highly efficient markers exceeding a 70% identification rate. This study developed an efficient molecular marker system for identifying apple and pear distant hybrid offspring based on InDel variation, providing a valuable tool for breeding new varieties of Rosaceae fruit trees.
Comprehensive Genomic Analysis of Trihelix Transcription Factor Genes and Their Expression Underlying Abiotic Stress in Euphrates Poplar (Populus euphratica)
Authors: Ndayambaza Boniface , Si Jianhua , Zhao Xin , Zhao Yingxue , Zhou Dongmeng , Jia Bing , Zhu Xinglin , Liu Zijin , Bai Xue , Wang Boyang
Published: February 2025

Trihelix transcription factors (TTFs) are light-sensitive proteins characterized by a triple-helix structure that play a crucial role in regulating plant growth and development, especially in response to abiotic stressors, such as drought and salinity. This intriguing family of proteins has been the focus of extensive functional studies across various plant species. Despite their recognized significance, the trihelix family in Populus euphratica has not been thoroughly explored, warranting more attention. This study identifies 35 full-length trihelix genes in Populus euphratica, which are grouped into five categories (GT-1, GT-γ, GT-2, SIP1, and SH4) based on their conserved motifs and structural similarities, and these genes are unevenly distributed across 19 linkage groups on the chromosomes. A syntenic analysis was conducted in P. euphratica, comparing it to various other species. The promoters of P. euphratica contain numerous stress-responsive cis-elements, indicating the potential for these trihelix genes to respond to abiotic stress. RT-qPCR analysis discovered significant induction of the trihelix gene family in response to drought and salt stress, with 21 PeuTTF genes exhibiting distinct expression levels under drought conditions and five PeuTTF genes responsive to salt stress. Notably, heightened expression of PeuTTF6, PeuTTF9, and PeuTTF20 was observed in both roots and leaves during drought stress, suggesting that TTF expression is connected to the plant’s response to such conditions. Additionally, significant increases in expression were noted for PeuTTF2, PeuTTF31, and PeuTTF32, which may be convoluted in the response to salt stress. These discoveries highlight the role that PeuTTF genes play in improving drought tolerance in P. euphratica plants. We offer new perspectives on the evolutionary trends and variants of PeuTTF genes in P. euphratica, and we establish the groundwork for understanding the functional properties of PeuTTF genes under salt-stressed and drought-stressed conditions. This study provides opportunities for the advancement of desert poplar agriculture and may have wider ramifications for tree plant breeding techniques targeted at improving tree performance and durability, particularly in dry areas.
Pulsed Electric Field Treatment Modulates Gene Expression and Stress Responses in Fusarium-Infected Malting Barley
Authors: Svoboda Pavel , Ovesná Jaroslava , Helmer Štěpán , Stránská Milena
Published: February 2025

Malting is a critical step in barley (Hordeum vulgare) processing, transforming grain into a key raw material for brewing and food production. However, the process is often compromised by Fusarium spp., pathogens responsible for Fusarium Head Blight, which reduces grain quality and safety. Pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment, a promising non-thermal technology, has been studied for its potential to inactivate microbial pathogens and mitigate infection-related stress. In this study, we investigated transcriptional responses in barley infected with Fusarium spp. during malting, both with and without PEF treatment. RNA sequencing identified over 12,000 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) across four malting stages, with the third stage (24 h of germination) showing the highest transcriptional activity. DEGs were significantly enriched in pathways related to oxidative stress management and abscisic acid signaling, underscoring their importance in stress adaptation. Barley treated with PEF exhibited fewer DEGs in later malting stages compared to untreated samples, suggesting that PEF alleviates stress induced by both Fusarium infection and the malting process. Enrichment analysis further revealed that PEF treatment up-regulated stress-related pathways while down-regulating genes associated with photosynthesis and cell wall biogenesis. These findings provide novel insights into barley stress responses during malting and highlight the potential of PEF as a tool for enhancing malt quality under stress conditions.
Formation of PEG-PLGA Microspheres for Controlled Release of Simvastatin and Carvacrol: Enhanced Lipid-Lowering Efficacy and Improved Patient Compliance in Hyperlipidemia Therapy
Authors: Fu Lin , Ren Hengxin , Wang Chaoxing , Zhao Yaxin , Zou Bohang , Zhang Xiangyu
Published: February 2025

Polymer-based drug-controlled release systems offer greater efficacy and potency than conventional therapies. However, prominent drug side effects, lower circulation, and low drug loading capabilities limit their application range. In this work, the combination of Simvastatin (SIV) and Carvacrol (CAV) into PEG-PLGA microspheres (SIV-CAV-PP-MS) was achieved via an emulsification-solvent evaporation technique, resulting in microspheres characterized by high encapsulation efficiency and reduced particle size. In vitro studies demonstrated that the cumulative drug release increased with higher SIV and CAV levels in the release medium, reaching 88.91% and 89.35% at 25 days. Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed that the concentrations of SIV and CAV reached their maximum levels at approximately seven days in the SIV-CAV-PP-MS group, which indicates that using PEG-PLGA as a carrier significantly delays drug release. In vivo, evaluation demonstrated that the SIV-CAV-PP-MS high-dose group and positive drug control group showed reductions in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels by 0.39-fold and 0.36-fold compared to the Hyperlipidemia model group, and the addition of CAV significantly enhanced the lipid-lowering effects of SIV. Histological examinations indicated that the SIV-CAV-PP-MS medium-dose group displayed histological features more closely resembling those of normal mice compared to the Simvastatin control group, with a well-organized hepatocyte structure, a significant reduction in lipids, and improved liver health. The prepared polymeric microsphere utilizing SIV and SAV will be a promising dosage form for hyperlipidemia disease patients, with superior lipid-lowering efficacy and improved patient compliance.
Predictive Modeling of Air Purification Efficiency in Nano-TiO2-Modified Photocatalytic Cementitious Composites Using High-Resolution EDS Mapping and Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry
Authors: Chilmon Karol , Kalinowski Maciej , Jackiewicz-Rek Wioletta
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the relationship between surface properties and microstructural characteristics of photocatalytic composites and their impact on air purification efficiency. High-resolution energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) mapping and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) were employed to analyze photocatalyst distribution and pore structure quantitatively. The findings demonstrated a strong correlation between TiO2 coverage on the photoactive surface and NO removal rates and between pore structure characteristics and NO2 generation rates. Two predictive models were developed to link NOx removal rates with photocatalytic cementitious mortars’ surface and structural properties. A stepwise regression approach produced a second-degree polynomial model with an adjusted R2 of 0.98 and a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 8.34%, indicating high predictive accuracy. The results underscore the critical role of uniform photocatalyst distribution and optimized pore structure in enhancing NOx removal efficiency while promoting the generation of desirable products (NO3−) and minimizing the formation of undesirable byproducts (NO2).
Research on Fuzzy Control of Methanol Distillation Based on SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) Interpretability and Generative Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Gong Yuhan , Zhang Qinyu , Ren Yuxian , Liu Zhike , Abu Seman Mohamad Tarmizi
Published: February 2025

The most important control parameters in the methanol distillation process, which are directly related to product quality and yield, are the temperature, pressure and water content of the finished product at the top of the column. In order to adapt to the development trend of modern industrial technology to be more accurate, faster and more stable, the fusion of multi-sensor data puts forward higher requirements. Traditional control methods, such as PID control and fuzzy control, have the disadvantages of low heterogeneous data processing capability, poor response speed and low control accuracy when dealing with complex industrial process detection and control. For the control of tower top temperature and pressure in the methanol distillation industry, this study innovatively combines generative artificial intelligence and a type II fuzzy neural network, using a GAN for data preprocessing and a type II fuzzy neural network for steady-state inverse prediction to construct the GAN-T2FNN temperature and pressure control model for an atmospheric pressure tower. Comparison experiments with other neural network models and traditional PID control models show that the GAN-T2FNN model has a better performance in terms of prediction accuracy and fitting effect, with a minimum MAE value of 0.1828, which is more robust, and an R2 Score of 0.9854, which is closer to 1, for the best overall model performance. Finally, the SHAP model was used to analyze the influence mechanism of various parameters on the temperature and pressure at the top of the atmospheric column, which provides a more comprehensive reference and guidance for the precise control of the methanol distillation process.
Validity and Reliability of the Posturographic Outcomes of a Portable Balance Board
Authors: Meier Patricia , Calisti Maité , Werner Inge , Debertin Daniel , Mayer-Suess Lukas , Knoflach Michael , Federolf Peter
Published: February 2025

In view of the frequent use of the portable balance board (Tymo®, Tyromotion, Graz, Austria) in neurorehabilitation, the objective of this study is to assess its posturographic validity and reliability in comparison to a floor-embedded force platform (AMTI, Watertown, MA, USA), as well as its clinical validity in stroke patients. To evaluate posturographic validity, thirty healthy participants were tested in four different measurement conditions (M1–M4: standing with/without a balance pad, eyes open/closed) while simultaneously measuring with both devices placed on top of each other. Clinical validity is obtained by correlating stroke patients’ Tymo® outcome variables (path length and ellipse) of M1–M4 with Berg Balance Scale (BBS) results. Reliability is determined by correlating repeated measurements. The Center of pressure (COP) paths of both force plates show a very strong correlation. The repeated measurement reliability of both force plates is comparable. Tymo® outcome variables exhibit moderate to strong correlation with the BBS and demonstrated repeated measurement reliability analogous to healthy participants. Therefore, the Tymo® device demonstrates measurement accuracy comparable to a gold-standard device while offering the advantages of portability and user-friendly software. Tymo® is suitable for assessing balance in stroke patients, though protocol adaptations and averaging repeated measurements are recommended to enhance feasibility and reliability.