bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intrahepatic Obstructive Jaundice from Amitriptyline
Authors: Biagi R. W. , Bapat B. N.
Published: August 2008

The past decade has seen many new drugs. With use, serious side-effects have become apparent. The need for rapid assessment and advertisement of such effects led to the formation of the ‘Dunlop Committee‘.
A Neologism Learning Test
Authors: Hetherington Ralph
Published: August 2008

Shapiro and Nelson (1955) suggested that an important factor in the cognitive impairment of psychiatric patients was a diminution of present learning ability. They devised a new test in which the subject had to learn and retain the meanings of five previously unknown words. Walton and Black (1957) developed this technique in their Modified Word Learning Test (MWLT). In this test, the patient is given the Terman-Merrill Vocabulary until he is unable to recall the meanings of ten consecutive words. He is then told the meanings of these ten words. If, immediately afterwards, he fails to give the definitions of at least six of them, the meanings of all ten words are given again, changing the wording to avoid rote learning.
Functional Impairment in Psychiatric Outpatients
Authors: Humphrey Michael
Published: August 2008

This paper reports a series of experiments with a short self-rating scale derived from Zung (1965). Conceivedas a measure of depression, its value in a psychiatric setting has been confirmed. It also shows promise of identifying neurotic disability in a wider context, whether as an epidemiological tool or as a rapid screening device in general medicine.
A Five to Fifteen Year Follow-up Study of Infantile Psychosis
Authors: Rutter Michael , Lockyer Linda
Published: August 2008

The psychoses of infancy have long been a matter for controversy. The nature of the disorders, their aetiology, relationship to adult forms of psychosis, long-term outcome and response to treatment are still areas of disagreement among clinicians. Follow-up studies should provide information relevant to some of these problems. Unfortunately, the findings of published investigations have been contradictory. To a large extent contradictions appear to be related to differences in diagnostic criteria, but the failure of many writers to describe their cases adequately has made it difficult to assess the significance of possible differences.
The EEG in Three Cases of Periodic Catatonia
Authors: Gjessing L. R. , Harding G. F. A. , Jenner F. A. , Johannessen N. B.
Published: August 2008

As a result of three decades of painstaking work, R. Gjessing (1932–1960) published ten classicalBeiträge zur Somatologie der periodischen Katatonie.These studies are being continued by L. R. Gjessing (1956, 1958, 1964, 1965) on some of the original patients and on additional subjects.
Prognosis of Schizophrenia Before and After Pharmacotherapy: I. Short Term Outcome
Authors: Pritchard Michael
Published: August 2008

This study, in two parts, compares the immediate and more long-term outcome of two groups of schizophrenic patients admitted to hospital before and after the introduction of pharmacotherapy in the form of reserpine and the phenothiazines. There have been differences of opinion as to whether the undoubted improvement which has occurred in the prognosis of schizophrenia, at least in the short term, since the introduction of chemotherapy has been due to the use of these drugs, to changes of administrative treatment, or to both. There has been evidence from mental hospital statistics (Shepherd et al., 1961) that changes in outcome began before the introduction of the drugs and were almost certainly related to the changes of administrative treatment or institutional management which have occurred in the mental hospitals over the same period. It may well be that the use of drugs has facilitated these changes as well as having a more direct effect oh prognosis, but the relative importance of these two factors is difficult to assess from mental hospital statistics. Comparison between results obtained in different hospitals is also of limited value because of the number of uncontrolled variables. There would seem, therefore, to be an advantage in the more detailed examination and comparison of a smaller number of patients admitted to the same hospital, and the present investigation is of this type. The material consists of two groups, of 50 patients each, admitted to the Professorial Unit at the Maudsley Hospital in the years 1952/53 and 1956/57 respectively. Since the policy throughout has been to admit only non-compulsory patients for relatively short-term treatment, administrative changes in this hospital between the two periods are likely to have been minimal. The aim was to compare both immediate and long-term outcome in the two groups and to examine the effect of a number of variables on this. The short-term outcome will be considered in the first and the long-term outcome in the second paper.
Cognitive Disorder Among the Schizophrenias
Authors: Foulds G. A. , Hope K. , McPherson F. M. , Mayo P. R.
Published: August 2008

Several workers have suggested that important differences exist in the cognitive disorders shown by patients in the various sub-groups of schizophrenia (Shakow, 1962, Lothrop, 1961). In this report the cognitive disorders investigated are those measured by the following tests: the Bannister-Fransella test (1966), which aims to measure “looseness and inconsistency in the use of constructs (concepts)” and two tests from the Payne-Friedlander (1962) battery intended to measure “over-inclusive thinking”—the Payne Object Classification test (Payne, 1962) and a modification of Benjamin's Proverbs (Benjamin, 1944). The differences among the schizophrenics which are considered are those between the acute and chronic stages of the illness and between paranoid schizophrenia and the non-paranoid varieties of the illness—hebephrenia, catatonia and simple schizophrenia.
5-Hydroxytryptamine in the Hind-Brain of Depressive Suicides
Authors: Shaw David Murray , Camps Francis E. , Eccleston Eric G.
Published: August 2008

There is growing evidence of a connection between the metabolism of monoamines and severe depressive illness, but the exact role of these substances in affective disorders has yet to be defined. We know that reserpine depletes the brain of monoamines and that a proportion of patients treated with this compound develop a depressive illness. Conversely a number of compounds which raise the levels of amines in the brain by blocking the enzyme monoamine oxidase have been used in antidepressant therapy. The knowledge that loss of amines may be associated with depression, and that their replenishment in the brain may induce recovery, immediately leads to the question as to which of the biogenic amines is responsible for the affective changes. Pollin, Cardon and Kety (1961) observed the effect of giving various amino acids together with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (M.A.O.I.) to patients suffering from chronic schizophrenia. They found that only tryptophan, the precursor of the monoamine 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT), produced an elevation of mood. On the basis of their results, Coppen, Shaw and Farrell (1963) treated a number of patients suffering from severe depressive illness with M.A.O.I. and half of this group also received an oral dose of a suspension of D L-tryptophan (214 mg./kg. body weight) for one week. The patients taking tryptophan and M.A.O.I. recovered more rapidly than those receiving M.A.O.I. alone both while they were on tryptophan and also subsequently. One explanation for these findings was that the combination of M.A.O.I. and tryptophan increased the amount of amines derived from tryptophan in the brain, and that it was this which was responsible for the therapeutic effect. If this were so, then there were several possibilities. The first was that the level of 5HT in the brain was low in depression and the combination of amine precursor and enzyme inhibitor brought it back to normal. Alternatively it may be that recovery occurred as a result of the presence of abnormally large quantities of 5HT in the central nervous system or even following the production of tryptamine, another amine derived from tryptophan.
Do Psychiatric In-Patients Take their Pills?
Authors: Hare E. H. , Willcox D. R. C.
Published: August 2008

In a previous study (Willcox et al., 1965), we reported the results of urine tests on a series of psychiatric out-patients, done with the aim of determining whether the patients were taking their pills as prescribed. We now report a similar study on in-patients. It is a matter of clinical experience that some psychiatric in-patients avoid taking their pills as prescribed, for in-patients who take an overdose in a suicidal gesture often say that they 'saved up’ their prescribed pills in order to do this. There are many other reasons, such as the occurrence of unpleasant side-effects or a belief that the pills are not doing any good, which might lead in-patients to avoid swallowing their pills at medicine-time, and though we should not expect to find this happening as often in in-patients as in out-patients yet the proportion of cases in which this occurs and whether it occurs more often with one type of drug than another are matters of general concern.
Correlation of Clinical Features of Depressed Out-Patients with Response to Amitriptyline and Protriptyline
Authors: McConaghy N. , Joffe A. D. , Kingston W. R. , Stevenson H. G. , Atkinson I. , Cole E. , Fennessy L. A.
Published: August 2008

Considerable inconsistency exists in the literature concerning the clinical features of depression associated with a good response to anti-depressant medication. Abrahamet al. (1963) summarized the literature to that date; the general consensus of opinion was that imipramine had its best effect in depressions of the endogenous rather than those of the neurotic type, but their study on depressed out-patients did not support this conclusion. Browneet al. (1963), working with in-patients, reported that reactive depressives showed a better response to amitriptyline than did endogenous depressives. Burtet al. (1962), in their report of the response of 73 depressed female in-patients treated with imipramine or amitriptyline, demonstrated a much better response to both drugs by reactive as compared with endogenous depressives. Spearet al. (1964) found no significant difference in respect to “endogenicity”, in the response of depressed in- and out-patients to tranylcypromine and imipramine. Richmond and Roberts (1964) reported that out-patients suffering from endogenous depression responded much better to a variety of anti-depressant drugs than did those suffering from reactive depression.
Chronic Psychosis in Rural Ghana
Authors: Field M. J.
Published: August 2008

This is an interim summary pending a full account of four years' work in the villages of nine representative tribes of Ghana.
Mental Subnormality in North-East Scotland
Authors: Innes G. , Kidd Cecil , Ross H. S.
Published: August 2008

Prevalence studies of mental subnormality among regional populations are few. Detailed epidemiological enquiries have been carried out in the regions of Northern Ireland (Scally and MacKay, 1964), Wessex (Kushlick, 1965) and, for severe mental subnormality in children, in Middlesex and London (Goodman and Tizard, 1962). The North-East Region of Scotland is especially suitable for epidemiological studies in psychiatric morbidity by reason of its geography, demography and centralization of psychiatric services (Innes and Sharp, 1962; Baldwin and Millar, 1964). A Regional Psychiatric Case Register giving rapid access to social and clinical information on all patients is fully operational (Baldwinet al., 1965). Using this facility as a primary source of data, a prevalence study of mental subnormality among the half million population of the North-East of Scotland was carried out. The objects of the study were three-fold: first and primarily, to establish case rates for known subnormality, examine patterns of morbidity and the factors that influence this and to compare these with the findings of similar epidemiological studies; second, to gain operational data relevant to existing practice, needs and planning of services; third, to provide a data bank within the Regional Psychiatric Case Register for mounting detailed clinical, genetical, social or biochemical studies on an area population of subnormal patients.
A Female Case of the Kleine-Levin Syndrome
Authors: Duffy J. P. , Davison Kenneth
Published: August 2008

Attention was first drawn to this syndrome by Kleine (1925), who described five patients with periodic somnolence, two of whom also had an excessive appetite. Levin (1929) described a youth aged 19 who had suffered from nine attacks of sleepiness and pathological hunger from the age of 16. The attacks lasted from one to six weeks and recurred at intervals of up to twenty-eight weeks, but he eventually recovered spontaneously.
A Twin Study
Authors: Hill O. W.
Published: August 2008

This study illustrates some of the constitutional and psychological complications of being a twin, some difficulties that may arise in formal diagnosis and the therapeutic importance of separation.
The Logical Requirements of Research into Schizophrenia
Authors: Bannister D.
Published: August 2008

Calculations based on Bellak's (1958) review of research into schizophrenia suggest that at that time well over 5,000 papers had been published. An index count of Psychological Abstracts since 1960 indicates that papers on schizophrenia have been produced at the rate of about 300 per year with a growth rate of 10 per cent. per annum. Yet few, viewing the problem of schizophrenia in perspective, feel that any kind of break-through has been made, and many would agree that the field is grossly confused. It may well be that the traditional cry that “more research is needed” misses the point, and that much of the research which has been carried out is of relatively little value because of our failure to meet the logical requirements for effective research within the area.
The Use of Self-rating Scales in a Single-patient Multiple Cross-over Trial
Authors: Kellner R. , Sheffield B. F.
Published: August 2008

The value of measuring changes in symptoms in a single patient has been discussed by a number of authors. (1, 3, 4.) The “self-controlled trial” (1) or the “multiple cross-over method”, i.e. the measurement of responses to repeated and systematic changes in treatment, appears to have advantages over the simple cross-over trial, but the method would be extremely time-consuming in group research with psychiatric patients if the ratings had to be carried out by research workers. The use of valid self-rating scales would make the multiple cross-over method feasible in drug trials with groups of psychiatric patients.
Maternal Age and Parental Loss
Authors: Moran P. A. P.
Published: August 2008

Maternal age at parturition, birth order, and parental loss have all been extensively investigated as possible causal or concomitant factors in a wide variety of mental disorders. Thus, to take an extreme example, the influence of maternal age on one of the two main kinds of mongolism is well known and can hardly have other than a biological explanation, as is also true of a number of other causes of mental defect whose incidence is known to increase with maternal age (Penrose, 1963); and similarly much is now known of the biological effects of maternal age in animals (for a survey see Parsons, 1964).
The Effect of an Altered Time Regime on Biological Rhythms in a 48-hour Periodic Psychosis
Authors: Jenner F. A. , Goodwin J. C. , Sheridan M. , Tauber Ilse J. , Lobban Mary C.
Published: August 2008

Jenner, Gjessing, Cox, Davies-Jones, Hullin, and Hanna (1967) have presented some biochemical and clinical studies of a patient who showed a remarkably precisely timed manic-depressive psychosis. For the last eleven years the patient has been alternately depressed and lethargic for 24 hours, then elated for 24 hours, and so on almost without fail. Harding, Jeavons, Jenner, Drummond, Sheridan and Howells (1966) published electroencephalographic studies showing the 48-hour rhythm in the patient's electroencephalogram. The harmonic mean, the mean abundance and variability of the alpha rhythm all showed a striking 48-hour cycle. A number of similar patients have been described and are conveniently listed by Menninger-Lerchenthal (1960), Richter (1960), and Bunney and Hartmann (1965). Jenner (1965) made some suggestions about possibly heuristically helpful electronic analogues which might appropriately represent some of the underlying mechanisms of the 48-hour syndromes.
The Effects of Polarization on Normal Subjects
Authors: Sheffield L. J. , Mowbray R. M.
Published: August 2008

Lippold and Redfearn (1964) described the mental changes induced by the passage of small polarizing currents between two electrodes attached above the eyebrows and a single electrode on the right knee. When the forehead electrodes were positive with a total current flow of the order of 500 microamps, the mental changes consisted of an elevation of mood and an increased involvement in the environment. Forehead negative electrodes produced withdrawal and quietness. These observations were made on a group of hospitalized patients, the majority of whom were, or had been, mildly depressed. The authors state that “all would probably have been considered quite ‘normal’ by non-medical observers”.
Amphetamine Abuse by Hospitalized Chronic Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Rockwell Don A.
Published: August 2008

Though Young and Scoville (11) first described the paranoid schizophreniform psychoses associated with amphetamine ingestion in 1938, amphetamine-induced psychoses were not recognized as a major problem among English speaking nations until Connell (3) published his monograph in 1958. Connell's report of 42 cases documented the frequent presence of the syndrome and subsequent reporting of over 200 such cases has borne out the seriousness of the problem (5).
The Effects that Patients Have on their Families in a Community Care and a Control Psychiatric Service—A Two Year Follow-up
Authors: Grad Jacqueline , Sainsbury Peter
Published: August 2008

The effects that mentally ill people have on their families have been more commented upon than studied. The currently favoured practice of community care has increased the need for a systematic attempt to evaluate the families' problems, and an opportunity to do this occurred when a community psychiatric service was introduced in Chichester in 1958, while the neighbouring Salisbury district continued with a conventional hospital-based service. The Medical Research Council's Clinical Psychiatry Research Unit has been evaluating the new service to find out how it affects referral and admission rates; how it influences social and clinical outcome, and the effect it has on the community itself. As the patient's family is the sector of the community most closely concerned in any extension of the extra-mural care of patients, we began by assessing the effects on them. The present paper therefore describes the assessments we made of the burden the patients' families carried in the Chichester Community Care Service and compares their burden with that experienced by families in Salisbury, where admission to hospital was more commonly practised. The comparison is made in terms of the relief that was afforded the two groups of families over a period of two years.
Attempted Suicide in a Largely Rural Area During an Eight Year Period
Authors: Hershon H. I.
Published: August 2008

In recent years, a number of surveys of attempted suicides have been reported (Middletonet al., 1961; Sclare and Hamilton, 1963; Parkin and Stengel, 1965; Whitlock and Schapira, 1967). Other studies (Kessel, 1965; Oswald, 1966) have shown that the number of cases of attempted suicide has greatly increased in the last decade. Apart from one survey from Tasmania (Gold, 1965), all these have come from large urban or industrial communities.
Chromosomes in Senile Dementia
Authors: Nielsen Johannes , Jensen Lis , Lindhardt Hanne , Stöttrup Lis , Söndergaard Annelise
Published: August 2008

The present work is a study of the distribution of chromosomes in female patients with senile dementia and in two control populations, one the same age group and one below the age of 40.
The Effect of Verbal Context on the Recall of Schizophrenics and other Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Levy R. , Maxwell A. E.
Published: August 2008

Recent workers investigating psychological dysfunction in schizophrenic patients have stressed the fact that such patients appear to have some specific difficulty in speech perception. It has been claimed that schizophrenics require more cues in order to reproduce verbal material accurately. This disability has been analysed by methods inspired by the work of communication engineers.
Desensitization and Phobias: A Cross-over Study
Authors: Gelder M. G. , Marks I. M.
Published: August 2008

The results of a comparative trial of desensitization and psychotherapy for phobias have been reported (Gelder, Marks and Wolff, 1967). Desensitization was found to have a rapid and rather specific effect on phobic symptoms, which was followed by improvement in social adjustment. During group and individual psychotherapy, phobias and other symptoms changed more slowly and social adjustment often improved without any corresponding improvement in phobias. At the end of the investigation the phobias of 14 of the original 26 psychotherapy patients had shown no worthwhile improvement. Six months later, another follow-up showed that 5 had improved further, leaving 9 still unimproved. It was decided to try the effects of desensitization with these patients, particularly in view of a finding by Lazarus (1961) that desensitization helped patients who had not responded to a very brief form of group psychotherapy. As Lazarus worked with volunteer subjects rather than psychiatric patients, and as his “group therapy” averaged only eight weeks, his finding required confirmation before it could be applied to psychiatric patients.
A Double-Blind Controlled Trial of a Non-Barbiturate Hypnotic—Nitrazepam
Authors: Haider Ijaz
Published: August 2008

The need for an acceptable, effective non-barbiturate hypnotic has long been recognized. Nitrazepam (Mogadon), an analogue of chlordiazepoxide with a chemical formula: 1,3-dihydro-7-nitro-5-phenyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one recently became available for trial. It has been reported to be a safe and effective hypnotic (General Practitioner Research Group, Report No. 79, 1965). Peck and Shervington (1966) found 10 mg. of nitrazepam as effective as 200 mg. of amylobarbitone in general hospital patients. In a previous investigation (Haider, 1967) I reported the efficacy of nitrazepam as an hypnotic agent, in comparison to a placebo, in a group of elderly psychiatric inpatients.
Treatment of Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome with Haloperidol
Authors: Shapiro Arthur K. , Shapiro Elaine
Published: August 2008

Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome is an unusual condition with undetermined aetiology, treatment, and prognosis (1, 2, 3). Less than 50 case studies have been reported in the literature. This paper will present a detailed report of a case treated for 18 months, and brief summaries of two cases treated for three weeks.
The Use of Methohexitone Sodium in the Systematic Desensitization of Premature Ejaculation
Authors: Kraft Tom , Al-Issa Ihsan
Published: August 2008

Methohexitone sodium (Brietal, Brevital), an ultra-short-acting barbiturate, has recently been introduced as a method of relaxation in behaviour therapy (Friedman, 1966; Brady, 1966). It appears to be safer than thiopentone (Pitts et al., 1965), and has the added advantage that the recovery time is quicker (Jolly, 1960). The present report refers to two patients suffering from premature ejaculation who were successfully treated by systematic desensitization using methohexitone.
Effect of L-Triiodothyronine and Chlorpromazine on Ankle Reflex Time and a Clinical Thyroid Scale in Schizophrenics and Controls
Authors: West Eric D. , Walter C. J. S.
Published: August 2008

Claims have been made that thyroid hormone treatment benefits some schizophrenic patients. Earlier studies reported the use of dried thyroid in a dose of 48 gr. (2·9G) daily in a schizophrenic (Hoskins and Sleeper, 1929) and in other psychiatric states up to 60 gr. (3·6G) daily (Minski, 1927), but recent papers describe the use of l-triiodothyrgnine in place of dried thyroid in treating schizophrenics (Lochner, Scheuing and Flach, 1963; Flach, Celian and Rawson, 1958). Huxley, Mayr, Osmond and Hoffer (1964) believe that schizophrenics are more resistant to the effects of some physiological substances, including thyroxine, as part of a genetic polymorphism.
Emergency Psychiatry
Authors: Morrice J. K. W.
Published: August 2008

In the United States considerable emphasis is at present being placed upon emergency psychiatric services. This is part of a national drive to provide a high level of care for the total population and not just those who can afford the services of private psychiatrists. Investigations have been conducted in various centres in the U.S.A., and subsequent discussion and documentation (e.g. 5) suggest that emergency care is best given by a centre which also provides full in-patient and out-patient services. This echoes and reinforces the recommendations of the “Community Mental Health Centers Act”, which promises Federal matching funds to American states setting up community mental health centres, provided the services are comprehensive. The term “comprehensive” is defined in some detail, and comprises in-patient and out-patient services, partial hospitalization (e.g. day-care), emergency services for 24 hours in the day, and consultation and educational services to professional personnel and to the community at large.
Teaching Psychiatry by Closed-Circuit Television
Authors: Trethowan W. H.
Published: August 2008

While there are reports from the United Kingdom of the use of closed-circuit TV in medical education, most of those relating specifically to psychiatry appear to have come from North America. There is also one from the U.K. (Stafford-Clark, 1964) and a few others from elsewhere. But even in the U.S.A. there has been no rush to use television. According to Ramey, by 1964 only 179 of 1,500 departments of various kinds in U.S. medical schools were using closed-circuit TV, and only 141 to any substantial extent. Departments of physiology and pharmacology were found to be the prime users, with psychiatry coming a close third.
The Reliability and Validity of the Psychiatric Assessment of the Child: II. Interview with the Parent
Authors: Graham Philip , Rutter Michael
Published: August 2008

The importance of diagnostic procedure in child psychiatry does not need emphasis. In most clinics dealing with the emotionally disturbed child a substantial proportion of children referred are not seen again after the initial appraisal (Rogers, 1939), and on the basis of information obtained at this single appearance decisions may need to be made about the nature and severity of the child's disorder and the suitability of the child for treatment. Certainly with children taken on for treatment, elements of the diagnostic process enter into the therapy situation, yet even here a programme affecting the child's life will often have been laid down after the first session.
A Trial of Transcranial Polarization in Chronic Schizophrenics
Authors: Lifshitz Kenneth , Harper Patrick
Published: August 2008

Considerable evidence has accumulated that alterations in the direct current fields of the brain can produce alterations in function (O'Leary and Goldring, 1964). In view of this a group of investigators instituted a clinical trial of the possible usefulness of transcranial polarization (Lippold and Redfearn, 1964; Redfearn et al., 1964; Costain et al., 1964). In the approach used a current was passed between electrodes attached just superior to the eyebrows and an electrode on the leg. The principal changes reported consisted of an elevation of mood and an increase in involvement with the environment when the head was positive relatively to the leg and a withdrawal and quietness when the head was negative relatively to the leg. The current level reported as effective was generally of the order of 250 microamperes. Among Lippold and Redfearn's subjects were seven schizophrenics, in six of whom brief D.C. polarization produced the expected effects. Among the subjects of Redfearn et al. were four schizophrenics, in all of whom some favourable effect from D.C. head positive polarization was reported. This study was uncontrolled. In a blind controlled trial, Costain et al. found head-positive polarization to be of therapeutic efficacy in a group of 24 depressed patients. Their interpretation of results was challenged by Dawson and Montagu (1965). In view of these reports, we decided that a pilot study of the possible efficacy of transcranial polarization in altering the non-responsive state of chronic schizophrenic patients was warranted. It was decided that a more longitudinal study would be of greater value in determining possible therapeutic usefulness than a shorter trial on a larger number of patients. The experiment was conducted on one of the research wards of Rockland State Hospital.
A Clinical Investigation of Phobias
Authors: Snaith R. P.
Published: August 2008

The term “agoraphobia” was coined by Westphal, who in 1872 published a monographDie Agoraphobie(12) in which three male patients were described with the following symptoms:

… impossibility of walking through certain streets or squares, or possibility of doing so only with resultant dread of anxiety … no loss of consciousness … vertigo was excluded by all patients … no hallucinations or delusions to cause this strange fear … agony was much increased at those hours when the particular streets dreaded were deserted and the shops closed. The patients experienced great comfort from the companionship of men or even an inanimate object, such as a vehicle or a cane. The use of beer or wine also allowed the patient to pass through the feared locality with comparative comfort. One man even sought, without immoral motives, the companionship of a prostitute as far as his own door … Some localities are more difficult of access than others; the patient walking far in order not to traverse them … Strange to say, in one instance, the open country was less feared than sparsely housed streets in town. Case 3 also had a dislike for crossing a certain bridge. He feared he would fall in the water. In this case there was also apprehension of impending insanity.
Married Couples Admitted to Mental Hospital
Authors: Kreitman Norman
Published: August 2008

A number of studies have demonstrated that married pairs in which both partners have, or have had, a psychological illness are substantially commoner than would be expected by chance. These have been reviewed elsewhere (Kreitman, 1964; Nielsen, 1964). In most of these investigations the findings have been analysed in terms of “neuroticism” or of nonspecific “mental illness” without reference to diagnosis, and detailed attention has rarely been given to any other clinical features.
Functional Psychoses and Social Status
Authors: Grünfeld Berthold , Salvesen Christen
Published: August 2008

The relationship between mental disorder and social background has for many years attracted the interest of epidemiologically oriented psychiatrists. Investigations in several countries have demonstrated that patients admitted to mental hospitals are recruited to a large degree from the lower social strata of society, but there is still a vast difference of opinion in so far as interpretations of these findings are concerned.
Some Aspects of Suicide in Psychiatric Patients in Southend
Authors: Robin A. A. , Brooke Eileen M. , Freeman-Browne Dorothy L.
Published: August 2008

The County Borough of Southend-on-Sea is a seaside town with an estimated population of 166,390 in 1965, approximately 24 per cent. of whom were over the age of 60, as compared with 17.8 per cent. of the total population of England and Wales, and 17.7 per cent. of the population of urban areas, outside the conurbations, with populations of 100,000 and over. As in other seaside towns of a similar character, the suicide rate is high: 181 per million population in 1965, as compared with 108 per million in England and Wales, and 120 per million in urban areas outside the conurbations with populations of 100,000 and over (Registrar-General, 1967). Of 237 (46.4 per cent.) consecutive suicides in Southend 111 were over the age of 60 at the time of death.
Clinical Observations on the Relationship of Academic Difficulty to Psychiatric Illness
Authors: Ryle Anthony
Published: August 2008

The relationship between psychiatric disorder and academic difficulty is clearly a complex one, for some severely disturbed students perform adequately, while clinically mildly disturbed individuals may fail completely. Emotional and psychiatric factors which could be associated with academic difficulty might include both the general factor of severity of disorder, and more specific factors related to the individual's personality motivation and attitude towards achievement and to his tutors. The nature of the demands, pressures and supports presented by the institution or by individual tutors is also likely to be of importance. In a previous psychometric study of all cases of academic and psychiatric difficulty from one year's intake at Sussex University (Ryle and Lunghi, 1968) it was shown that psychiatrically disturbed students in academic difficulty differed significantly from controls on the Nufferno Stress gain measure (Furneaux, 1965) whereas psychiatric patients who were coping academically scored in the same range as the controls. This difference was maintained when psychotic patients were removed from the academic difficulty group. No other psychometric scores distinguished between these two groups. The aim of the present paper is to make a preliminary attempt at defining what clinical features are associated with academic difficulty in a population of psychiatrically disturbed students. The sample studied consists of 38 male and 52 female psychiatric patients personally cared for by the author in a University Health Service encouraging direct consultation and tutor referral of students with personality or academic difficulties. Of these, 28 men and 37 women were the subjects of the previous study referred to above, the additional cases consisting of undergraduates of earlier intakes, and of 8 postgraduate students who had been personally assessed by the author over a two-year period.
A Review of Treatment of 176 Schizophrenic Patients in the Mental Hospital, Pabna
Authors: Rahman R.
Published: August 2008

Although there have been various studies of the treatment of schizophrenia and articles on it are numerous, hardly any work has been done on the subject in Pakistan.
Serial Eeg Studies in Presenile Dementia
Authors: Gordon E. B.
Published: August 2008

Longitudinal EEG studies in primary presenile dementia are conspicuously lacking (Kiloh and Osselton, 1966). Letemendia and Pampiglione (1958) found no changes, over a one year period, in the EEG patterns of several of their patients with Alzheimer's disease. Attention has recently been drawn to the relevance of duration of the particular illness when interpreting EEG data in primary presenile dementia (Gordon and Sim, 1967). The tendency to non-specificity of such data in this group of diseases underlines the importance of chronological variations in the EEGs, with regard to both differential diagnosis and prognosis.
The Association Between Quantitative Measures of Dementia and of Senile Change in the Cerebral Grey Matter of Elderly Subjects
Authors: Blessed G. , Tomlinson B. E. , Roth Martin
Published: August 2008

The ageing of many populations in recent years has directed increasing attention to the social, medical and biological problems of senescence. The psychological changes associated with ageing occupy a central position in inquiries in this field. The expectation of mental disorder shows a steep increase with advancing chronological age, and beyond 75 years a large part of this increase is accounted for by disorders associated with degenerative changes in the central nervous system for which we lack remedies at the present time. Larsson et al. (1963) have estimated that the aggregate morbidity risk for these disorders up to the age of 70 is 0·4 per cent., up to age 75, 1·2 per cent. and up to age 80, 5 per cent. For higher ages estimates were probably less reliable, but the calculated risk up to the age of 90 was 5·2 per cent. In a survey of a random sample of elderly people aged 65 and over in the general population, Kay et al. (1964), found a total of 4·2 per cent. of elderly subjects to be suffering from senile dementia, 2·9 per cent. being mild cases. The condition is generally recognized as being a major cause of serious infirmity among the elderly in psychiatric, geriatric, general medical and community practice alike.
Self-Mutilation in Female Psychopaths
Authors: McKerracher D. W. , Loughnane T. , Watson R. A.
Published: August 2008

Rampton is a Special Hospital catering mainly for subnormal and psychopathic patients with histories of dangerous and violent behaviour. Earlier work (McKerracher, Street, Segal, 1966) had shown that female patients were significantly more prone than males to mutilate their own bodies and smash hospital property. Such acts are usually regarded in this hospital as hysterical outbursts in which there is often an insensitivity to pain. Gross lacerations are often inflicted without the patient appearing to experience any suffering. Some kind of hysterical anaesthesia may be involved. It is known that this kind of behaviour is found in long-term patients suffering from (a) schizophrenia and (b) severe character disorder (Offer and Barglow, 1960).
Metronidazole and Alcoholism
Authors: Merry Julius , Whitehead Arnold
Published: August 2008

Metronidazole (Flagyl) is an established and effective treatment of urogenital trichomoniasis. J. A. T. Taylor (1964) was using metronidazole to treat a husband and wife for this condition, when she observed the following. The husband, who was a chronic alcoholic, seemed to lose his craving for alcoholic drinks. Sometimes he experienced flushing of the face and shoulders and epigastric discomfort when he took metronidazole soon after alcohol, i.e. he experienced a disulfiram type reaction. The wife reported that alcohol drinks tasted unpleasant to her during therapy. Taylor then studied 53 alcoholic patients and concluded that metronidazole (i) decreased tolerance for alcohol, (ii) diminished craving for alcohol and (iii) produced an uncomfortable reaction to alcohol.
Organic Integrity Test (OIT) as an Empirical Guide in the Treatment of Schizophrenia
Authors: Tien H. C.
Published: August 2008

The study of a single case, though less conclusive, sometimes heralds methodological advance. Hopefully, other investigators will be able to replicate the findings on a large number of subjects. This report, based on the case history of Bob R., describes in detail how the Organic Integrity Test (OIT) may be used as a daily therapeutic index in the treatment of schizophrenia.
The Prognosis of Alcohol Addicts Treated by a Specialized Unit
Authors: Ritson Bruce
Published: August 2008

The need for increased services for the treatment of alcoholism has been officially accepted and indeed emphasized in recent years (15, 20). The following evaluation of an Alcoholic Unit is based on the response to treatment over the course of one year shown by a cohort of 100 patients, half of whom were admitted to the Unit while the remainder were out-patients. The study aimed at describing the patients referred to the unit and at ascertaining what attributes of the patient and his treatment appeared to influence the prognosis.
A Comparison of Techniques in Electro-Convulsive Therapy
Authors: Valentine Max , Keddie K. M. G. , Dunne David
Published: August 2008

Electroconvulsive therapy, modified by intravenous anaesthesia and muscle relaxants, has long been accepted as a satisfactory form of treatment. Relatively simple and safe, and effective in selected cases, the technique has undergone little change in recent years and seems almost in danger of becoming fixed indefinitely in its present form.
A Comparison of the Effects on Depression and Memory of Bilateral E.C.T. and Unilateral E.C.T. to the Dominant and Non-Dominant Hemispheres
Authors: Halliday A. M. , Davison K. , Browne M. W. , Kreeger L. C.
Published: August 2008

Four years after E.C.T. was first introduced by Cerletti and Bini (1938), Friedman and Wilcox (1942) investigated the effect of unilateral E.C.T. in eleven psychotic patients, using a pair of electrodes on the vertex and on the left temple above the ear (or, in one case, the left frontal region). Since that time there have been a number of published reports of the effect of administering E.C.T. unilaterally, using a variety of electrode placements and shock parameters, some limited to the supposedly non-dominant right side of the head (Goldman, 1949; Lancaster, Steinert and Frost, 1958; Cannicott, 1962; Bilikiewicz and Krzyzowski, 1964; Dolenz, 1964; Martin, Ford, McDanald and Towler, 1965; Impastato and Karliner, 1966; Cannicott and Waggoner, 1967), others comparing right- and left-sided treatment (Blaurock, Lorimer, Segal and Gibbs, 1950; Pacella and Impastato, 1954; Zamora and Kaelbling, 1965; Gottlieb and Wilson, 1965).
A Stressful Social Situation as a Precipitant of Schizophrenic Symptoms: An Epidemiological Study
Authors: Steinberg Harry R. , Durell Jack
Published: August 2008

Modern hypotheses as to the aetiology of schizophrenia are likely to be multifactorial and to include psychosocial factors. A typical aetiological hypothesis might propose that an “identity” crisis precipitated psychotic symptoms in an individual who was predisposed to schizophrenia; the predisposition could be due both to inherited biological factors and to abnormal personality traits caused by a faulty family environment or other social factors. Hypotheses such as these lead to the expectation that schizophrenia would be precipitated by psychological stress. However, statistical studies which have attempted to relate the onset of schizophrenia to psychological stress have not produced evidence consistent with such an expectation. For example, hospital admissions for psychosis were not increased in England during the blitz (10, 12, 13). Nor was a grossly increased rate of psychosis found in populations of concentration camp survivors (9, 16). Also, it has been claimed that the rate of psychosis was not increased by combat exposure among U.S. soldiers in World War II, whereas the rate of neurosis was clearly affected by combat exposure (6). Consistent with this last point it has been stated that the rate of hospitalization for psychosis in U.S. military personnel has remained relatively constant over the last 40 years apparently independent of war or peace (7, 1), whereas the rate of hospitalization for nonspsychotic disorders has fluctuated widely (7).
On the Psychopathology of Repetitive Phenomena
Authors: Freeman Thomas
Published: August 2008

This paper has three separate yet interrelated aims. First, it sets out to describe a series of clinical phenomena and attempts to show that they arise from a common source. Secondly, the consideration of this data may possibly amplify statements which have been made in the past regarding the nature of mental activity. Thirdly, there seems reason to believe that some of the phenomena described may help to provide a more rigorous definition of the transference concept.
The Prevalence of Hysteria and Conversion Symptoms
Authors: Farley James , Woodruff Robert A. , Guze Samuel B.
Published: August 2008

Since 1962, a series of studies have appeared in the psychiatric literature which define hysteria with increasing precision, differentiating that syndrome from the presence of conversion symptoms alone. Hysteria was described in a recognizable fashion more than a century ago by Briquet (1859). Some fifty years later, the syndrome was redescribed by Savill (1909). After a further period of nearly fifty years, Purtell, Robins and Cohen described hysteria as it occurred in a controlled series of patients (1951). Working from Purtell's clinical data, Perley and Guze introduced specific checklist criteria for the diagnosis of hysteria in 1962. These criteria defined a female population homogeneous in prognosis, a population to be distinguished from that defined by conversion symptoms alone. Conversion symptoms are seen in a variety of medical and psychiatric illnesses, and by themselves, conversion symptoms are of little prognostic value (Gatfield and Guze, 1962; Perley and Guze, 1962; Slater and Glithero, 1965).
Patterns of Insomnia in Depressive Illness: A Subjective Evaluation
Authors: Haider Ijaz
Published: August 2008

In depressive illness disturbance of the sleep pattern is regarded as one of the most important and characteristic of the clinical features. It is commonly believed that the pattern of insomnia is typical or even diagnostic of certain affective disorders. Reactive depressions are said to cause a delayed onset of sleep and endogenous depressions to cause early waking.
An EEG Measure of the Effect of Mood Change on the Thiopentone Tolerance of Depressed Patients
Authors: Fenton George W. , Hill Denis , Scotton Leila
Published: August 2008

It is a common clinical observation that emotional disturbance can influence a patient's response to sedative drugs. In recent years these effects have been studied in both normal and emotionally ill subjects. Kornetsky and Humphries (1957) found that in ten healthy adults the response to small doses of secobarbital sodium correlated with the scores on the depression and psychasthenia scales of the MMPI. Von Felsingeret al. (1955), in a study of the effect of a variety of psychotropic drugs, including pentobarbitone, on “normal” subjects, observed that those who responded in an atypical fashion tended to have abnormal personalities and to suffer from depressive episodes. Beecher (1955) has pointed out that the degree of placebo effect on post-operative analgesia varies with the severity of the stress to which the patient is exposed.
A Study of Association and Linkage of ABO Blood Types and Primary Affective Disorder
Authors: Tanna Vasantkumar L. , Winokur George
Published: August 2008

The demonstration of either the association of a genetic marker and primary affective disorder, or linkage between a genetic marker and primary affective disorder would provide incontrovertible evidence for a genetic factor in primary affective disorder. Disease association and linkage are two separate processes. Linkage is said to occur if two genes, each responsible for a separate trait, are on the same chromosome and are close enough together that they assort in a dependent fashion. In any single family the physical proximity of two genes on the same chromosome makes it likely that the characteristics of both genes will be found in a single individual. Association, on the other hand, occurs when two genetically separate traits have a non-random occurrence in a population. Association of a disease with a specific marker may occur fleetingly on the basis of linkage. This kind of association occurs only for a few generations, so that when enough generations have passed and enough crossing over has occurred between chromosomes the association disappears. Therefore, linkage produces no permanent association in the population, but may only be found within the family. The mechanism of association is, therefore, not that of linkage, but may be more likely explained by pleiotropic effects of a single gene.
A Paradigm for the Study of Altered States of Consciousness
Authors: Silverman Julian , Köhler Wolfgang
Published: August 2008

“When man experiences that certain sequences of mental events lead to behavior which has, as a matter of fact, survival value, he calls such mental facts ‘right’. It would be better, however, if instead of this word some neutral symbol were being used for those particular events; because the word ‘right’ leads to the unfortunate notion that some combinations of mental facts are intrinsically better than others. …”