bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemical Sensor Technologies for Sustainable Development: Recent Advances, Classification, and Environmental Monitoring
Authors: Inobeme Abel , Natarajan Arunadevi , Pradhan Safalmani , Adetunji Charles Oluwaseun , Ajai Alexander Ikechukwu , Inobeme Jonathan , Tsado Mathew John , Jacob John Olusanya , Pandey Shyam S. , Singh Kshitij RB , Singh Jay
Published: October 2024

One of the significant issues of concern in recent times is detecting, quantifying, and monitoring various chemical contaminants in the environment. Numerous inorganic and organic substances are discharged into the environment from various anthropogenic activities, thereby polluting the ecosystems' air, water, soil, and other components. These contaminants have been documented to have deleterious effects on humans, animals, and the environment. Therefore, the need for monitoring and continual quantification of the contents of these contaminants in various environmental matrices becomes paramount. Many diverse sensors are fabricated for multiple utilizations, including liquids and gas sensors, wireless sensors, electronic tongues, and noses for detecting volatile airborne substances, pollutants, and effluents. This review focuses on cutting‐edge technology used in chemical sensors for environmental protection and sustainable development. It also discusses the fabrication and development of chemical sensors and their working principles. In addition, highlights about the applications of chemical sensors in environmental monitoring are also elaborated. This review article discusses emerging sensor technologies and their application in ecological monitoring. Further, the recognition of chemical warfare agents and homeland security applications with the help of bioelectronic nose and tongue is discussed. Finally, some challenges associated with chemical sensors and future trends are also attempted.
Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Symmetric and Asymmetric Double Triangular Quantum Dots Withinside the Presence of Magnetic Field
Authors: AL Emre Bahadir , Ali Norshamsuri , Endut Rosdisham , Aljunid Syed Alwee , Ali Norshah Rizal , Yusof Nor Roshidah
Published: October 2024

Linear and third‐order nonlinear optical absorption coefficients and relative refractive index changes in symmetric and asymmetric double triangular quantum dots are examined theoretically. The dependence of these optical properties on the magnetic field is examined. After calculating energies and wave functions within the effective mass and parabolic band approaches, analytical expressions of linear and nonlinear optical properties are obtained using the compact density matrix approach and iterative method. Numerical calculations are presented for typical GaAs/AlGaAs material. The results show that the magnetic field causes different effects on the and transitions. Moreover, the calculated results also reveal that the resonance frequency and nonlinear contribution are different in symmetric and asymmetric structures. As a result, it is concluded that the magnetic field plays a vital and important role in the electronic and optical properties of the system and can be used to tune the inter‐subband transitions and change the corresponding optical sensitivities.
The Thyroid Hormone Analog GC‐1 Mitigates Acute Lung Injury by Inhibiting M1 Macrophage Polarization
Authors: Li Bin , Xia Cong , He Wanyu , Liu Jingyi , Duan Ruoyu , Ji Zhihua , Pan Xiaoyue , Zhou Yanlin , Yu Guoying , Wang Lan
Published: October 2024

Acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life‐threatening condition with a high mortality rate of ≈40%. Thyroid hormones (THs) play crucial roles in maintaining homeostasis of the cellular microenvironment under stress. The previous studies confirmed that the clinical‐stage TH analog GC‐1 significantly alleviates pulmonary fibrosis by improving the function of mitochondria in epithelial cells. However, the effects of GC‐1 on macrophages in lung injury and the related mechanisms remain unclear. This study evaluated the therapeutic effects of GC‐1 in two murine models of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐ or hydrochloric acid (HCl)‐induced ALI. Additionally, mouse alveolar macrophages (AMs) and human THP‐1‐derived macrophages are utilized to investigate the impact of GC‐1 on macrophage polarization. GC‐1 effectively reduces the inflammatory response and lung injury in ALI mice, as evidenced by neutrophil infiltration, cytokine levels, alveolar fluid clearance, and pulmonary pathology. Notably, GC‐1 selectively inhibits M1 macrophage polarization, which may be achieved by impeding NF‐κB signaling activation through the DNMT3b‐PPARγ‐NF‐κB pathway in a TH receptor β1 (TRβ1)‐dependent manner, consequently suppressing the polarization of macrophages toward the M1 phenotype and overproduction of inflammatory cytokines. Overall, these findings highlight the immunomodulatory property of GC‐1 as an anti‐inflammatory strategy for ALI/ARDS and inflammation‐related diseases.
Broad‐Spectrum Engineered Multivalent Nanobodies Against SARS‐CoV‐1/2
Authors: Wang Zhihong , Shi Zhuangzhuang , Liao Xiaochen , Quan Guiqi , Dong Hui , Zhao Pinnan , Zhou Yangyihua , Shi Ning , Wang Jie , Wu Yahui , Qiao Chunxia , Li Xin ying , Zhang Ran , Wang Zekun , Wang Tiecheng , Gao Xiang , Feng Jiannan , Luo Longlong
Published: October 2024

SARS‐CoV‐2 Omicron sublineages escape most preclinical/clinical neutralizing antibodies in development, suggesting that previously employed antibody screening strategies are not well suited to counteract the rapid mutation of SARS‐CoV‐2. Therefore, there is an urgent need to screen better broad‐spectrum neutralizing antibody. In this study, a comprehensive approach to design broad‐spectrum inhibitors against both SARS‐CoV‐1 and SARS‐CoV‐2 by leveraging the structural diversity of nanobodies is proposed. This includes the de novo design of a fully human nanobody library and the camel immunization‐based nanobody library, both targeting conserved epitopes, as well as the development of multivalent nanobodies that bind nonoverlapping epitopes. The results show that trivale B11‐E8‐F3, three nanobodies joined tandemly in trivalent form, have the broadest spectrum and efficient neutralization activity, which spans from SARS‐CoV‐1 to SARS‐CoV‐2 variants. It is also demonstrated that B11‐E8‐F3 has a very prominent preventive and some therapeutic effect in animal models of three authentic viruses. Therefore, B11‐E8‐F3 has an outstanding advantage in preventing SARS‐CoV‐1/SARS‐CoV‐2 infections, especially in immunocompromised populations or elderly people with high‐risk comorbidities.
Siglec‐G Suppresses CD8+ T Cells Responses through Metabolic Rewiring and Can be Targeted to Enhance Tumor Immunotherapy
Authors: Yin Shenhui , Li Chunzhen , Shen Xin , Yu Guanyu , Cui Likun , Wu Yunyang , He Yixian , Yu Shu , Chen Jie , Lu Shaoteng , Qiu Guifang , Song Mengqi , Qian Cheng , Zou Zui , Yu Yizhi , Xu Sheng
Published: October 2024

CD8+ T cells play a critical role in cancer immune‐surveillance and pathogen elimination. However, their effector function can be severely impaired by inhibitory receptors such as programmed death‐1 (PD‐1) and T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain‐3 (Tim‐3). Here Siglec‐G is identified as a coinhibitory receptor that limits CD8+ T cell function. Siglec‐G is highly expressed on tumor‐infiltrating T cells and is enriched in the exhausted T cell subset. Ablation of Siglec‐G enhances the efficacy of adoptively transferred T cells and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells in suppressing solid tumors growth. Mechanistically, sialoglycan ligands, such as CD24 on tumor cells, activate the Siglec‐G‐SHP2 axis in CD8+ T cells, impairing metabolic reprogramming from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis, which dampens cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activation, expansion, and cytotoxicity. These findings discover a critical role for Siglec‐G in inhibiting CD8+ T cell responses, suggesting its potential therapeutic effect in adoptive T cell therapy and tumor immunotherapy.
Multidirectional Filamented Light Biofabrication Creates Aligned and Contractile Cardiac Tissues
Authors: Jones Lewis S. , Filippi Miriam , Michelis Mike Yan , Balciunaite Aiste , Yasa Oncay , Aviel Gal , Narciso Maria , Freedrich Susanne , Generali Melanie , Tzahor Eldad , Katzschmann Robert K.
Published: October 2024

Biofabricating 3D cardiac tissues that mimic the native myocardial tissue is a pivotal challenge in tissue engineering. In this study, we fabricate 3D cardiac tissues with controlled, multidirectional cellular alignment and directed or twisting contractility. We show that multidirectional filamented light can be used to biofabricate high‐density (up to 60 × 106 cells mL−1) tissues, with directed uniaxial contractility (3.8x) and improved cell‐to‐cell connectivity (1.6x gap junction expression). Furthermore, by using multidirectional light projection, we can partially overcome cell‐induced light attenuation, and fabricate larger tissues with multidirectional cellular alignment. For example, we fabricate a tri‐layered myocardium‐like tissue and a bi‐layered tissue with torsional contractility. The approach provides a new strategy to rapidly fabricate aligned cardiac tissues relevant to regenerative medicine and biohybrid robotics.
Space‐Confined Amplification for In Situ Imaging of Single Nucleic Acid and Single Pathogen on Biological Samples
Authors: Yang Tao , Li Dong , Luo Zisheng , Wang Jingjing , Xiao Fangbin , Xu Yanqun , Lin Xingyu
Published: October 2024

Direct in situ imaging of nucleic acids on biological samples is advantageous for rapid analysis without DNA extraction. However, traditional nucleic acid amplification in aqueous solutions tends to lose spatial information because of the high mobility of molecules. Similar to a cellular matrix, hydrogels with biomimetic 3D nanoconfined spaces can limit the free diffusion of nucleic acids, thereby allowing for ultrafast in situ enzymatic reactions. In this study, hydrogel‐based in situ space‐confined interfacial amplification (iSCIA) is developed for direct imaging of single nucleic acid and single pathogen on biological samples without formaldehyde fixation. With a polyethylene glycol hydrogel coating, nucleic acids on the sample are nanoconfined with restricted movement, while in situ amplification can be successfully performed. As a result, the nucleic acids are lighted‐up on the large‐scale surface in 20 min, with a detection limit as low as 1 copy/10 cm2. Multiplex imaging with a deep learning model is also established to automatically analyze multiple targets. Furthermore, the iSCIA imaging of pathogens on plant leaves and food is successfully used to monitor plant health and food safety. The proposed technique, a rapid and flexible system for in situ imaging, has great potential for food, environmental, and clinical applications.
Ultra‐Stable Aqueous Zinc Anodes: Enabling High‐Performance Zinc‐Ion Batteries via a ZnSiF6‐Derived Protective Interphase
Authors: Huang Yongfeng , Guo Rongsheng , Li Zejian , Zhang Jiajia , Liu Wenbao , Kang Feiyu
Published: October 2024

Zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) hold immense promise as next‐generation energy storage solutions, however, the practical application of zinc anodes is hindered by dendrite formation and parasitic side reactions. Engineering a stable solid‐ eletrolyte interphase (SEI) is crucial for addressing these issues. This study proposes a novel strategy to enhance Zn anode performance by incorporating a ZnSiF6 additive into a standard ZnSO4 (ZSO) electrolyte. The ZnSiF6 additive facilitates the formation of a stable, fluorine‐rich SEI on the Zn anode surface. Characterization reveals a hierarchical SEI structure, primarily composed of porous alkali zinc sulfate (ZHS) with embedded ZnF2. This unique architecture promotes rapid zinc ion desolvation and efficient transport, enhances corrosion resistance, and mitigates hydrogen evolution. Consequently, ZnSiF6‐modified cells exhibit exceptional cycling stability, exceeding 3000 hours at 0.5 mA cm−2 and 560 hours at 10 mA cm−2, significantly outperforming ZSO‐based cells. The modified cells also achieve high areal capacities (10 mAh cm−2), indicating superior zinc utilization. This work provides key insights for designing stable electrode/electrolyte interfaces, contributing to the development of high‐performance aqueous ZIBs.
Biomimetic Scaffolds Regulating the Iron Homeostasis for Remolding Infected Osteogenic Microenvironment
Authors: Yin Mengting , Liu Zhiqing , Sun Zhongyi , Qu Xinyu , Chen Ziyan , Diao Yuying , Cheng Yuxuan , Shen Sisi , Wang Xiansong , Cai Zhuyun , Lu Bingqiang , Tan Shuo , Wang Yan , Zhao Xinyu , Chen Feng
Published: October 2024

The treatment of infected bone defects (IBDs) needs simultaneous elimination of infection and acceleration of bone regeneration. One mechanism that hinders the regeneration of IBDs is the iron competition between pathogens and host cells, leading to an iron deficient microenvironment that impairs the innate immune responses. In this work, an in situ modification strategy is proposed for printing iron‐active multifunctional scaffolds with iron homeostasis regulation ability for treating IBDs. As a proof‐of‐concept, ultralong hydroxyapatite (HA) nanowires are modified through in situ growth of a layer of iron gallate (FeGA) followed by incorporation in the poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) matrix to print biomimetic PLGA based composite scaffolds containing FeGA modified HA nanowires (FeGA‐HA@PLGA). The photothermal effect of FeGA endows the scaffolds with excellent antibacterial activity. The released iron ions from the FeGA‐HA@PLGA help restore the iron homeostasis microenvironment, thereby promoting anti‐inflammatory, angiogenesis and osteogenic differentiation. The transcriptomic analysis shows that FeGA‐HA@PLGA scaffolds exert anti‐inflammatory and pro‐osteogenic differentiation by activating NF‐κB, MAPK and PI3K‐AKT signaling pathways. Animal experiments confirm the excellent bone repair performance of FeGA‐HA@PLGA scaffolds for IBDs, suggesting the promising prospect of iron homeostasis regulation therapy in future clinical applications.
Silver Telluride Colloidal Quantum Dot Solid for Fast Extended Shortwave Infrared Photodetector
Authors: Ahn Yongnam , Eom So Young , Kim Gahyeon , Lee Jin Hyeok , Kim Beomkwan , Kim Dongeon , Si Min‐Jae , Yang Minjung , Jung Yujin , Kim Bo Seon , Chung Yoon Jang , Jeong Kwang Seob , Baek Se‐Woong
Published: October 2024

Extended shortwave infrared (eSWIR) photodetectors that employ solution‐processable semiconductors have attracted attention for use in applications such as ranging, night vision, and gas detection. Colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) are promising materials with facile bandgap tunability across the visible‐to‐mid‐infrared wavelengths. However, toxic elements, such as Hg and Pb, and the slow response time of CQD‐based IR photodetectors, limit their commercial viability. This article presents a novel eSWIR photodetector that is fabricated using silver telluride (Ag2Te) CQDs. Effective thiolate ligand exchange enables a lower trap density and improved carrier mobility in CQD solids. Furthermore, a vertical p‐n photodiode architecture with a favorable energy‐level landscape is utilized to facilitate charge extraction, resulting in a fast, room‐temperature‐operable, and toxic‐element‐free CQD photodetector. The best eSWIR Ag2Te CQD photodetector exhibits a fall time of 72 ns, representing the fastest response time among all prior CQD‐based eSWIR photodetectors, including those containing toxic elements, such as Pb and Hg.
Precise Electrocatalysis on Fe‐Porphyrin Conjugated Networks Achieves Energy‐Efficient Extraction of Uranium
Authors: Wang Wenwen , Xu Meiyun , Wu Haotian , Song Yan , Liu Peng , Yu Haisheng , Zhang Linjuan , Chen Shusen , Hua Daoben
Published: October 2024

Electrochemical extraction has the potential to enhance uranium (U) extraction capacity and rates, but thus far, high selectivity and energy efficiency have not been achieved through the design of electrode materials. Herein, a precise electrocatalysis strategy is developed using a Ferrum (Fe) porphyrin‐phenanthroline conjugated network (Fe@PDACN) for energy‐efficient uranium extraction. The phenanthroline provides specific binding sites for selective enrichment of U(VI) at active sites (Kd = 2.79 × 105 mL g−1 in multi‐ion solution). The Fe(II) sites have strong trap‐redox activity for U(VI) and act as dynamic electron donors to rapidly mediate electrocatalytic U(VI) extraction through the redox reaction of Fe(0/II)/Fe(III). Moreover, the Fe‐porphyrin blocks support sustained electron donation for U(VI) electrocatalysis by pre‐storing electrons. These features enable selective uranium capture and a high electroextraction capacity of 24 646.3 mg g−1 from simulated nuclear wastewater in 280 h at a low voltage of −1.5 V. An ultra‐high Faraday efficiency of 90.1% is achieved, and the energy cost is 3.22 × 10−2 $ kg−1 U, significantly lower than the previously reported materials. This work provides a highly efficient strategy for uranium extraction from water.
Robust Light Detection from Ultraviolet to Near‐Infrared with ZnGa2O4/p‐Si Heterojunction Photodiode and Its Application for Optoelectronic Physically Unclonable Functions
Authors: Choi Wangmyung , Kang Seungme , Kim Yeong Jae , Yoo Youngwoo , Shin Wonjun , Kim Yeongkwon , Kim Young‐Joon , Jang Byung Chul , Hur Jaehyun , Yoo Hocheon
Published: October 2024

The Si‐based self‐powered broadband photodiode (SSBP) is prized for its ability to swiftly detect light across a wide spectrum without requiring an external voltage. However, boosting its efficiency remains challenging due to its high refractive index and limited UV light penetration. A combination of Si with ZnGa2O4, an ultra‐wide‐bandgap spinel material, can bring new opportunities to address these shortcomings of SSBP. In this study, a ZnGa2O4/p‐Si heterojunction photodiode is presented, which is capable of detecting UV to near‐infrared light autonomously. Operating without bias, this device exhibits excellent rectification and detects wavelengths from 265 to 1000 nm, achieving impressive performance metrics such as a photo‐to‐dark current ratio of 5.8 × 104, response speed of less than 3 ms, responsivity of 117 mA W−1, and specific detectivity of 5.5 × 1012 Jones while the photodiode demonstrates exceptional stability and durability under harsh conditions. The versatility of this device is demonstrated by applying it to the optical imaging sensors and physically unclonable security devices. This study provides new inspirations for the development of the energy‐efficient and emerging optical sensing technologies.
Degradation Mechanism and Enhanced Stability of Organolithium for Chemical Lithiation
Authors: Xu Shiwei , Liu Yue , Li Yejing , Cao Mengyan , Wu QingLi , Ma Bingyun , Zhang Jiayi , Fang Qiu , Chen Liquan , Wang Zhaoxiang , Cheng Tao , Wang Xuefeng
Published: October 2024

Organolithium solutions, especially Li‐arene solutions (LASs) with high reactivity and controllable redox potentials, have gained significant attention because of their wide applications in chemical lithiation, liquid anodes, and battery recycling. However, the sudden loss of reactivity when stored or applied at room temperature is still puzzling and inhibits the application of LASs. In this work, the degradation mechanism of LASs is fully investigated and revealed by combining various experimental characterization and computational simulations. A hierarchical reaction mechanism for lithium biphenyl/2‐methyl tetrahydrofuran (Li‐Bp‐2MT), a lithiation solution used for most anodes, explains degradation and side product formation. Specifically, the dimerization of the active component Li1Bp[2MT]1 forms an inactive dimer that is irreversibly reduced in the presence of locally accumulated highly reductive Li0. This reaction mechanism reveals the atomic origins of lithiation solution deactivation and accounts for all solid and gaseous byproducts. LiH is identified as the dominating solid byproduct, indicating irreversible destruction of the active components and facilitating side reactions producing H2 and CH4. Based on reaction mechanism insights, modifying molecular interactions and reaction kinetics are experimentally shown to inhibit Li0 aggregation kinetics, enhancing long‐term prelithiation performance. This research provides comprehensive guidelines for practical applications of LASs.
Using Post‐Treatment Additives for Crystal Modulation and Interface Passivation Enables the Fabrication of Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells in Air
Authors: Zhang Yuning , Yu Bo , Wei Xiaochun , Yu Huangzhong
Published: October 2024

High‐performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs) fabricated in ambient air are considered inevitable for low‐cost commercial manufacturing. However, passivating perovskite film defects and controlling the crystallization process are critical for achieving high performance in PSCs. This study proposes using the novel 2D material MBene in green antisolvent to simultaneously modulate the crystallization and passivation defects of perovskites. MBene facilitates the passivation of uncoordinated Pb2+ ions, thereby enhancing the formation energy of vacancies within the perovskite film and adjusting the energy level structure. Moreover, MBene increases nucleation sites for perovskite, significantly extending crystal growth and improving film crystallinity, thereby reducing non‐radiative recombination. Consequently, champion devices treated with MBene achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.22% when fabricated in air, and exhibit superior humidity and long‐term stability. Furthermore, PSCs with added MBene exhibit significant long‐term stability under various environmental conditions, including humidity and heat. The study results lay a foundation for the development of MBene materials in photovoltaics, revealing their mechanism as a new type of 2D material in perovskites, and providing new insights for industrially producing efficient and stable solar cells.
Ultrahigh‐Pressure Structural Modification in BiCuSeO Ceramics: Dense Dislocations and Exceptional Thermoelectric Performance
Authors: Yin Zhanxiang , Zhang He , Wang Yaqiang , Wu Yi , Xing Youbo , Wang Xue , Fang Xufei , Yu Yuan , Guo Xin
Published: October 2024

Dislocations as line defects in crystalline solids play a crucial role in controlling the mechanical and functional properties of materials. Yet, for functional ceramic oxides, it is very difficult to introduce dense dislocations because of the strong chemical bonds. In this work, the introduction of high‐density dislocations is demonstrated by ultrahigh‐pressure sintering into a typical ceramic oxide, BiCuSeO, for thermoelectric applications. The ultrahigh‐pressure induces shear stresses that surpass the critical strength for dislocation nucleation, followed by dislocation glide and profuse multiplication, leading to a high dislocation density of ≈9.1 × 1016 m−2 in Bi0.96Pb0.04CuSeO ceramic. These dislocations greatly suppress the phonon transport to reduce the lattice thermal conductivity, reaching 0.13 Wm−1 K−1 at 767 K and resulting in a record‐high zT of 1.69 in this oxide thermoelectric ceramic. This study demonstrates the feasibility of generating dense dislocations in ceramic oxides via ultrahigh‐pressure sintering for tuning functional properties.
Semiconductor Nanoporous Anodic Alumina Photonic Crystals as a Model Photoelectrocatalytic Platform for Solar Light‐Driven Reactions
Authors: Ngo Van Truc , Lim Siew Yee , Law Cheryl Suwen , Wang Juan , Hamza Mahmoud Adel , Abell Andrew D. , Zhang Huayang , Santos Abel
Published: October 2024

In this study, nanoporous anodic alumina distributed‐Bragg reflectors (NAA–DBRs) functionalized with tungsten trioxide (WO3) are used as prototype photoelectrocatalysts (PEC) for harnessing the slow photon effect to maximize photon‐to‐electron conversion efficiency under UV–visible–NIR illumination. NAA–DBR structures are structurally engineered by anodization, where their characteristic photonic stopband is precisely tuned along specific positions of the UV–visible spectrum. Subsequent atomic layer deposition is employed to coat the inner surface of these porous structures with WO3 semiconductor layers. Upon the application of overpotential bias, these platforms reveal excellent electron–hole pair separation to boost photoelectrocatalytic reactions. Photoelectrochemical degradation of methylene blue is used as a model reaction to elucidate enhancements associated with structural and optoelectronic arrangements. Notably, precise spectral alignment between the photonic stopband's red edge and the absorbance band of methylene blue enhances the degradation performance through the slow photon effect. Applying an overpotential bias further improves the photodegradation performance through efficient charge separation. These systems outperform comparable structures in this model reaction, achieving a maximum kinetic rate of 13.7 ± 2.0 h−1. The findings create new opportunities to develop high‐performing PEC technologies harnessing light–matter interactions.
Neurodevelopment in Young Children With Sex Chromosome Trisomies Diagnosed Before Birth: A Cluster Analysis Study
Authors: Zampini Laura , Lorini Alessandra , Zanchi Paola , Scionti Nicoletta , Silibello Gaia , Dall'Ara Francesca , Ajmone Paola Francesca , Monti Federico , Costantino Maria Antonella , Vizziello Paola Giovanna
Published: October 2024

Many studies have investigated the neuropsychological profile of individuals with sex chromosome trisomies (SCTs) and have identified some fragilities in language development within a wide individual variability. However, only a few studies have focused on children in the second year of life (12–24 months), a crucial stage for neurodevelopment. The present study aimed to identify and describe neurodevelopmental patterns in young children with SCTs. Seventy children with SCTs, ranging in age from 14 to 29 months, were administered the Griffiths Mental Development Scales, and their different neurodevelopmental profiles were identified using cluster analysis. Two‐step cluster analysis highlighted two profiles of children equally distributed between groups. The two clusters showed a similar pattern but different levels of functioning, with children in Cluster 1 showing a lower performance in all the areas considered than children in Cluster 2. However, in both clusters, all the mean scores were in the normative range, with a significant gap in the linguistic area. Identifying the subgroups of young children with SCTs at higher risk can contribute to developing early monitoring protocols and targeted therapy approaches.
Technical note: Measuring bicondylar length in computed tomography data
Authors: Kamnikar Kelly R. , Appel Nicollette S. , Menegaz Rachel , Jashashvili Tea , Hill Ethan C. , Edgar Heather J. H.
Published: October 2024

Objectives

With the increased use of 3D‐generated images in biological research, there is a critical need to adapt classical anatomical measurements, traditionally conducted with calipers, to a virtual environment. We present detailed protocols for measuring bicondylar length, a critical dimension of the femur, using three different imaging software programs—3D Slicer™, Amira™, and Simpleware™. These protocols provide researchers and practitioners in radiology, orthopedics, biomechanics, and biological anthropology with accurate and reproducible measurement techniques. The objective is to standardize and support virtual osteology in biomechanical research, stature estimation, and related medical and anthropological studies.

Materials and Methods

Adhering to standardized protocols, we adapted femoral bicondylar length measurements for computed tomography images from a New Mexican collection (n = 10). The method was designed for applicability and reproducibility across three software platforms. By comparing measurements from the same sample across different observers and different platforms, this study validates the accuracy and consistency of the adapted protocol, demonstrating its utility for research and clinical assessments.

Results

We present a step‐by‐step guide for each program, detailing bone alignment and measurement. We illustrate each step and provide video tutorials via links for an enhanced understanding of the process.

Discussion

Bicondylar length can be measured effectively in each software program following the provided instructions. However, ease of measurement varied among the programs, with some offering a more straightforward process. This variability underscores the importance of choosing appropriate software for the user's needs and proficiency. It also suggests areas for improvement and standardization in software design and instructional clarity.
Von Ionen zu Kristallen: Neue Einblicke die nicht‐klassische Keimbildung von Calciumsulfat
Authors: Kellermeier Matthias , Scheck Johanna , Drechsler Markus , Rosenberg Rose , Stawski Tomasz M. , Fernandez‐Martinez Alejandro , Gebauer Denis , Van Driessche Alexander E. S.
Published: October 2024

Die frühen Stadien der Mineralisierung stehen aufgrund ihrer inhärenten Bedeutung für Prozesse in natürlicher Umgebung sowie in technischen Anwendungen weiterhin im Fokus intensiver Forschung. Obwohl bereits viele wertvolle Beobachtungen für einzelne Schritte in den verschiedenen Phasen eines Kristallisationsvorgangs berichtet wurden, blieben wesentliche Fragen zumeist unbeantwortet aufgrund der Komplexität der zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen und des transienten Charakters der beteiligten Vor‐ und Zwischenstufen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit geben wir einen detaillierten Überblick zur Keimbildung von Calciumsulfat (einem Mineral mit großer Bedeutung für die Bauindustrie) in wässrigen Systemen bei Umgebungsbedingungen. Als experimentelle Grundlage wurde ein Titrationsverfahren mit gleichzeitiger potentiometrischer, turbidimetrischer und konduktometrischer Detektion entwickelt, um die Assoziation von Ionen in Lösung und die Bildung von Vorläuferstrukturen bei kontinuierlich ansteigender nomineller Übersättigung quantitativ verfolgen zu können. Die Eigenschaften dieser Präkursoren und ihre zeitliche Entwicklung vor und während der Nukleation wurden in situ mittels Kleinwinkel‐Röntgenstreuung (SAXS) und analytischer Ultrazentrifugation (AUC) aufgeklärt. Zusätzlich wurde Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie unter kryogenen Bedingungen (Kryo‐TEM) als bildgebendes Verfahren genutzt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, wie sich Ionen zu nanometrischen Primärspezies verbinden, die anschließend aggregieren und durch intrinsische strukturelle Reorganisation eine anisotrope Ordnung entwickeln. Unsere Beobachtungen stellen das gängige Bild von grundlegenden Begriffen wie der Keimbildungsbarriere oder der Bedeutung der Übersättigung in Frage. Daraus ergeben sich weitreichende Auswirkungen auf unser Verständnis von Kristallisationsphänomenen im Allgemeinen und der Bildung von Calciumsulfat in geochemischen und angewandten Systemen im Besonderen.
Synthesis of Low‐Molecular‐Weight Fucoidan Analogue and Its Inhibitory Activities against Heparanase and SARS‐CoV‐2 Infection
Authors: Sugimoto Aoi , Koike Tatsuki , Kuboki Yuya , Komaba Sumika , Kosono Shuhei , Aswathy Maniyamma , Anzai Itsuki , Watanabe Tokiko , Toshima Kazunobu , Takahashi Daisuke
Published: October 2024

Heparan sulfate (HS) is ubiquitous on cell surfaces and is used as a receptor by many viruses including SARS‐CoV‐2. However, increased activity of the inflammatory enzyme heparanase (HPSE), which hydrolyses HS, in patients with COVID‐19 not only increases the severity of symptoms but also may facilitate the spread of the virus by degrading HS on the cell surface. Therefore, synthetic HPSE blockades, which can bind to SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein (SARS‐CoV‐2‐S) and inhibit viral entry, have attracted much attention. This study investigated the development of a new dual‐targeting antiviral agent against HPSE and SARS‐CoV‐2‐S using fucoidan as a structural motif. It was found that all‐sulfated fucoidan derivative 10, which exhibited the highest binding affinity to SARS‐CoV‐2‐S among 13 derivatives, also showed the highest inhibitory activity against HPSE. Based on this, a newly designed and synthesized fucoidan analogue 16, in which the octyl group of 10 was changed to a cholestanyl group, was found to show approximately 3 times higher activity than 10 but did not inhibit factor Xa associated with undesired anticoagulant effects. The binding affinity of 16 to SARS‐CoV‐2‐S was significantly increased approximately 400‐fold over that of 10. The binding of 16 to SARS‐CoV‐2‐S inhibited the binding between SARS‐CoV‐2‐S and heparin and between SARS‐CoV‐2‐S and ACE2. Furthermore, 16 effectively inhibited infection by the SARS‐CoV‐2 Wuhan strain and two Omicron subvariants.
Magneto‐Chiral Dichroism of Chiral Lanthanide Complexes in the Context of Richardson's Theory of Optical Activity
Authors: Cahya Adi Langit , Willis Oliver G. , Gabbani Alessio , Rikken Geert L. J. A. , Di Bari Lorenzo , Train Cyrille , Pineider Francesco , Zinna Francesco , Atzori Matteo
Published: October 2024

Here we report on the Magneto‐Chiral Dichroism (MChD) detected through visible and near‐infrared light absorption of two enantiomeric pairs of ErIII and TmIII chiral complexes featuring a propeller‐like molecular structure. The magnetic properties show typical features of isolated paramagnetic ions associated with 4I15/2 and 3H6 ground state terms. MChD spectroscopy shows high gMChD dissymmetry factors of ca. 0.12 T−1 and 0.05 T−1 (T=4.0 K and B=1.0 T) for ErIII and TmIII, respectively, associated with the magnetic‐dipole allowed 4I13/2 ← 4I15/2 and 3H5 ← 3H6 transitions. MChD signals of the two complexes were detected up to room temperature and under magnetic fields up to 5.0 T. For the first time, the MChD results are discussed in the context of the Richardson theory of lanthanide optical activity and provide clear indications on the strongest MChD‐active electronic transitions of lanthanide complexes.
In situ Überwachung photokatalytischer Prozesse mit polymeren Kohlenstoffnitrid‐Dünnschichtfilmen
Authors: Dauth Bastian , Giusto Paolo , König Burkhard , Gschwind Ruth M.
Published: October 2024

Polymere Kohlenstoffnitridmaterialien sind aufgrund ihrer Anregung mit sichtbarem Licht zunehmend in den Mittelpunkt der heterogenen Photokatalyse gerückt. In dieser Arbeit berichten wir über die Verwendung von Kohlenstoffnitrid beschichteten NMR‐Röhrchen in Kombination mit in situ Beleuchtung, die zur detaillierten Aufklärung photokatalytischer Reaktionsprozesse beitragen. Zunächst verwenden wir die mit Kohlenstoffnitrid beschichteten Crimp‐Vials als Photoreaktoren für die photokatalytische Fluorierung unaktivierter C(sp3)−H Bindungen mit sichtbarem Licht, die jeweils mäßige bis ausgezeichnete Ausbeuten liefern und über mehrere Zyklen wiederverwendet werden können. Zudem wurden Kohlenstoffnitrid‐beschichtete NMR‐Röhrchen als Photoreaktor verwendet, indem sie mit einer optischen Glasfaser gekoppelt und direkt im Inneren des Spektrometers bestrahlt werden. Diese Methode ermöglicht es, Reaktionen mittels in situ NMR‐Spektroskopie zu detektieren und reaktive Intermediate nachzuweisen, die in konventionellen Analysemethoden schwer nachzuweisen sind. Dieses Konzept bietet erhebliche Vorteile für die Untersuchung komplexer photokatalytischer Mechanismen und erspart den Einsatz zusätzlicher Analysemethoden für den Nachweis reaktiver Intermediate.
Planar Chiral Charge‐Transfer Cyclophanes: Convenient Synthesis, Circularly Polarized Light‐Responsive Photothermal Conversion and Supramolecular Chiral Assembly
Authors: Wang Zhengyan , Liu Yiping , Quan Xiuni , Zhang Wenxuan , Tan Renjun , Gu Hao , Sheng Chunqi , Duan Chunbo , Xing Pengyao , Wan Jun‐Hua
Published: October 2024

We report herein a series of macrocycles in which the densely π‐stacked charge‐transfer (CT) donor/acceptor with naphthalenediimides (NDIs) or perylene diimide (PDI) as acceptor moiety pairing various donor moieties are locked by covalent bond. The X‐ray crystallography of C8BDT‐NDI reveals a short intramolecular π‐stacking distance around 3.4 Å and the existence of intermolecular donor/acceptor π‐stacking (3.7 Å). The intramolecular CT is highly dependent on the electron‐donating ability of donor moiety and replacing carbazole (C8KZ) with benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene (C8BDT) or dihydroindolo[3,2‐b]indole (C8DN) redshift CT absorption into NIR region. Notably, both C8BDT‐NDI and C8DN‐NDI demonstrate excellent photothermal performance, which is a result of the active non‐radiative pathways. Interestingly, the different molecular symmetry between donor and acceptor moiety in cyclophanes endow C8BDT‐NDI and C8DN‐NDI with intrinsic planar chirality. The enantiomeric C8BDT‐NDI shows chiral selectivity for incident light, i.e., when irradiated by left‐circularly polarized light, (R)‐C8BDT‐NDI is more sensitive and a higher maximum stable temperature is achieved. While, enantiomeric C8DN‐NDI pack with different orientations forming M‐ and P‐handedness helix, respectively, demonstrating molecular planar chirality being transferred and amplified through molecular assembly. These results provide insight into the intramolecular charge transfer in enforced D/A π‐stacks in which CT interactions and planar chirality would be engineered through structural control.
Engineering Spacer Conjugation for Efficient and Stable 2D/3D Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules
Authors: Zhang Jinping , Chu Liangli , Liu Tianjun , Tian Bingkun , Chu Weicun , Sun Xiangnan , Nie Riming , Zhang Wei , Zhang Zhuhua , Zhao Xiaoming , Guo Wanlin
Published: October 2024

Incorporating two‐dimensional (2D) perovskite in 3D perovskite absorber holds great potential to improve the stability and efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the bulky‐cation‐based 2D structures often exhibit poor charge transport and are prone to formation of charge‐extraction barrier that impedes efficient device operation. We address these issues by introducing aromatic spacers with molecular conjugation into 2D perovskites locating between 3D perovskites and electron charge transport layers. Among our tested aromatic spacers, the pyrenylbutanamine (PyBA) spacer was shown to endow 2D perovskites with superior charge transport properties and efficient charge extraction from the bulk perovskite in 2D/3D PSCs, due to the highest degree of conjugation. As a result, we achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of up to 25.3 % in a 0.16‐cm2 single cell and 21.0 % in a 24.8‐cm2 module. Moreover, the incorporated PyBA substantially raised the resistance of 2D/3D PSCs against moisture and ion migration, resulting in enhanced environmental, thermal, and operational stability. Notably, the PyBA‐based devices retained over 90 % of their initial PCE after 2000 hours at 25 °C and 80 % relative humidity, or 1000 hours at 85 °C and 85 % humidity, or 3000 hours of operation under continuous 1‐Sun illumination at 40 °C, showcasing their exceptionally high stability compared to previously reported 2D/3D PSCs.
High‐Entropy Ag−Ru‐Based Electrocatalysts with Dual‐Active‐Center for Highly Stable Ultra‐Low‐Temperature Zinc‐Air Batteries
Authors: Qiu Ziming , Guo Xiaotian , Cao Shuai , Du Meng , Wang Qinchao , Pi Yecan , Pang Huan
Published: October 2024

The development of advanced bifunctional catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is significant for rechargeable zinc‐air batteries (ZABs). Herein, a unique dual active center alloying strategy is proposed to achieve the efficient bifunctional oxygen catalysis, and the high entropy effect is further exploited to modulate the structure and performance of the catalysts. The MOF‐assisted pyrolysis‐replacement‐alloying method was employed to construct the CoCuFeAgRu high‐entropy alloy (HEA), which are uniformly anchored in porous nitrogen‐doped carbon nanosheets. Notably, the obtained HEA catalyst exhibits excellent catalytic performance for both ORR and OER, and a peak power density of 136. 53 mW cm−2 and an energy density of 987.9 mAh gZn−1, surpassing the most of the previously reported bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts. Moreover, the assembled flexible rechargeable ZAB enables excellent performance even at the ultralow temperature of −40 °C, with an energy density of 601.6 mAh gZn−1 and remarkable cycling stability up to 1,650 hours. Combined experimental and theoretical calculation results reveal that the excellent bifunctional catalytic activity of the HEA catalyst originated from the synergistic effect of the Ag and Ru dual active centers, and the optimization of the electronic structure by alloying effect.
Luminescence Modulation in Boron‐Cluster‐Based Luminogens via Boron Isotope Effects
Authors: Ma Wenli , Zhang Jianyu , Zong Jibo , Ren Hongyuan , Tu Deshuang , Xu Qinfeng , Zhong Tang Ben , Yan Hong
Published: October 2024

Recent advances in luminescent materials highlight the significant impact of hydrogen isotope effects on improving optoelectronic properties. However, the research on the influence of the boron isotope effects on photophysical properties remains underdeveloped. This study focused on exploring the boron isotope effects in boron‐cluster‐based luminogens. In doing so, we designed and synthesized carborane‐based luminogens containing 98 % 10B and 95 % 11B, respectively, and observed distinct photophysical behaviors. Compared to the 10B‐enriched luminogens, the 11B‐enriched counterparts can significantly enhance luminescence efficiency, prolong emission lifetime, and reduce full‐width at half‐maximum. Additionally, increased thermal stability, redshifted B−H vibrations, and a fourfold enhanced electrochemiluminescence intensity have also been observed. On the other hand, the biological assessments of a 10B‐enriched luminogen reveals low cytotoxicity, high boron uptake, and excellent fluorescence imaging capability, indicating the potential application in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). This work presents the first comprehensive exploration on the boron isotope effects in boron clusters, and provides valuable insights into the rational design of organic luminogens for advanced optoelectronic and biomedical applications.
In situ Monitoring of Photocatalysis on Polymeric Carbon Nitride Thin Films
Authors: Dauth Bastian , Giusto Paolo , König Burkhard , Gschwind Ruth M.
Published: October 2024

Polymeric carbon nitride has attracted significant interest in heterogeneous photocatalysis due to its activity under visible‐light irradiation. Herein, we report on using carbon nitride‐coated NMR tubes for in situ studies of photocatalytic reaction mechanisms. In a first step, we exploited carbon nitride‐coated crimp vials as batch photoreactors for visible photocatalytic fluorinations of unactivated C(sp3)−H bonds, with moderate to excellent yields and reusability over multiple cycles. Eventually, carbon nitride‐coated NMR tubes were used as a photoreactor by coupling them with optical fiber irradiation directly inside the spectrometer. This enabled us to follow the reaction with in situ NMR spectroscopy identifying reactive intermediates otherwise elusive in conventional analyses. The method provides advantages for the study of photocatalytic mechanisms of complex reactions and substantially reduces the need of comparative tests for depicting reaction intermediates and conversion pathways.
Tandem Methanolysis and Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenolysis of Polyethylene Terephthalate to p‐Xylene Over Cu/ZnZrOx Catalysts
Authors: Helmer Ryan , Borkar Siddhesh S. , Li Aojie , Mahnaz Fatima , Vito Jenna , Bishop Michelle , Iftakher Ashfaq , Hasan M. M. Faruque , Rangarajan Srinivas , Shetty Manish
Published: October 2024

We demonstrate a novel approach of utilizing methanol (CH3OH) in a dual role for (1) the methanolysis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) to form dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) at near‐quantitative yields (~97 %) and (2) serving as an in situ H2 source for the catalytic transfer hydrogenolysis (CTH) of DMT to p‐xylene (PX, ~63 % at 240 °C and 16 h) on a reducible ZnZrOx supported Cu catalyst (i.e., Cu/ZnZrOx). Pre‐ and post‐reaction surface and bulk characterization, along with density functional theory (DFT) computations, explicate the dual role of the metal‐support interface of Cu/ZnZrOx in activating both CH3OH and DMT and facilitating a lower free‐energy pathway for both CH3OH dehydrogenation and DMT hydrogenolysis, compared to Cu supported on a redox‐neutral SiO2 support. Loading studies and thermodynamic calculations showed that, under reaction conditions, CH3OH in the gas phase, rather than in the liquid phase, is critical for CTH of DMT. Interestingly, the Cu/ZnZrOx catalyst was also effective for the methanolysis and hydrogenolysis of C−C bonds (compared to C−O bonds for PET) of waste polycarbonate (PC), largely forming xylenol (~38 %) and methyl isopropyl anisole (~42 %) demonstrating the versatility of this approach toward valorizing a wide range of condensation polymers.
CdWO4 Sub‐1 nm Nanowires for Visible‐Light CO2 Photoreduction
Authors: Liu Yan‐Chun , Zhu Chang‐Yan , Zhao Xia , Tan Hua‐Qiao , Cheng Si‐Hang , Yang Dan , Wang Xun , Li Yang‐Guang
Published: October 2024

Quantum size effect usually causes energy level splitting and band broadening as material size decreases. However, this may change again by the surface adsorbents, doping and defects, which rarely attracts much attention. Herein, CdWO4 sub‐1 nm nanowires (SNWs) with oleylamine adsorption, PO43−‐doping and oxygen defects are synthesized by combining Cd(CH3COO)2, H3PW12O40 (PW12) and oleylamine (abbreviated as PO43−‐CdWO4‐X SNWs). Compared with bulk CdWO4, they exhibit unexpected absorption spectra (extended from 292 nm to 453 nm) and band gap (reduced from 4.25 eV to 2.74 eV), thus bringing remarkable visible‐light CO2 photoreduction activity. Under 410 nm LED light irradiation, PO43−‐CdWO4‐40 SNWs exhibit the highest photocatalytic performance with a CO2‐to‐CO generation rate of 1685 μmol g−1 h−1. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrate the adsorbed oleylamine raises the valence band and enhances the adsorption of reaction substrate and intermediates, thus decreasing their reduction energy barriers. Furthermore, PO43−‐doping and oxygen defects will generate defect energy band below the conduction band of PO43−‐CdWO4‐40 SNWs, resulting in remarkable visible light absorption and superior photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance. This work highlights the significant impacts of surface adsorbents, doping and defects on the physicochemical and catalytic properties of sub‐nano materials.
Facial fire with use of high‐flow nasal oxygen during laser surgery
Authors: Shankla S. , De Zoysa N. , Bird J. , Girgis M.
Published: October 2024

Use of high‐flow nasal oxygen to enable apnoeic oxygenation during tubeless airway surgery is well‐established. The use of an ignition source in this oxygen‐rich environment increases the risk of surgical fire. We present a case of facial fire secondary to the use of carbon dioxide laser and high‐flow nasal oxygen during a surgical procedure for subglottic stenosis. The incident occurred when the laser was being tested near the patient, resulting in superficial burns to the patient's face and neck. The airway was unaffected and the burns were managed conservatively. This case highlights important safety consideration for the use of an ignition source in the presence of high‐flow nasal oxygen and the role of human factors and in‐built risk mitigation features.