bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perceived stress and self‐efficacy are associated with diabetes self‐management among adolescents with type 1 diabetes: A moderated mediation analysis
Authors: Guo Jia , Yang Jundi , Wiley James , Ou Xiancai , Zhou Zhiguang , Whittemore Robin
Published: August 2019

Aims

The aims of this study were to: (a) determine if self‐efficacy mediates the relationship between perceived stress and diabetes self‐management in adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D); and (b) explore whether perceived stress moderated the self‐efficacy and diabetes self‐management relationship.

Design

Non‐experimental, descriptive correlational design, conducted from January–December 2016.

Methods

Guided by the Adaptation to Diabetes framework, data on demographic and clinical characteristics, perceived stress, self‐efficacy and diabetes self‐management were collected. Descriptive analyses and regression analyses were generated by SPSS Version 22. Structural equation modelling was implemented with the MPlus program.

Results

There was no direct effect of perceived stress on diabetes self‐management; however, self‐efficacy mediated the relationship between perceived stress and diabetes self‐management. Adolescents who had high self‐efficacy and low perceived stress demonstrated better diabetes care activities and diabetes communication than would be predicted from the main effects of self‐efficacy and perceived stress alone.

Conclusions

Decreasing perceived stress and improving self‐efficacy are important strategies to improve diabetes self‐management in adolescents with T1D.

Impact

Adolescents with T1D experience considerable stress with daily self‐management demands. This study highlights the mediating role of self‐efficacy on perceived stress and diabetes self‐management. Assessment of perceived stress and self‐efficacy in self‐management tasks in adolescents with T1D may help nurses individualize self‐management education and support. Incorporating strategies to promote stress management and self‐efficacy in diabetes education may also improve diabetes self‐management.
Using a dual‐task paradigm to investigate motor and cognitive performance in children with intellectual disability
Authors: Kachouri Hiba , Laatar Rabeb , Borji Rihab , Rebai Haithem , Sahli Sonia
Published: August 2019

Background

The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effects of dual‐task (DT) constraints on walking performance in children with intellectual disability (ID).

Methods

Fifteen children with intellectual disability and fifteen age‐matched typically developed children were asked to walk at a preferred speed: along a path (baseline condition), while carrying a glass of water and while quoting animal names.

Results

The present study findings showed that DTs affect walking performance of both typically developed children and those with intellectual disability. In children with intellectual disability, DT walking decrements were significantly higher when performing a concurrent motor task than cognitive one.

Conclusions

DT constraints with a secondary motor or cognitive tasks seemed challenging for children with intellectual disability suggesting that future treatments or assessments should consider using DT constraints to manipulate the difficulty of tasks.
Inquiry‐based learning and retrospective action: Problematizing student work in a computer‐supported learning environment
Authors: Xenofontos Nikoletta A. , Hovardas Tasos , Zacharia Zacharias C. , de Jong Ton
Published: August 2019

We examined student performance in a computer‐supported learning environment after students undertook, among others, a graphing task within an inquiry context. Students were assigned in two conditions: (a) Students were given one variable, and they had to select the second one to construct their graph; (b) students were given four variables, and they had to select two to construct their graph. Both conditions problematized student work by triggering retrospective action, where students returned to previous stages of the learning activity sequence. Retrospective action correlated positively to knowledge gains in Condition 2, where students were more likely to revisit earlier stages of their inquiry. Time‐on‐task, when students passed through learning tasks for the first time, correlated negatively with retrospective action (second pass), which indicated that there was a minimum amount of time needed to effectively execute tasks. Trade‐offs between time‐on‐task (first pass) and retrospective action demarcate a novel field of research.
Too Effective for Europe? The UK, Norm Advocacy and the Case of EU International Cooperation
Authors: Steingass Sebastian
Published: August 2019

Despite being an 'awkward partner' in the EU, Britain has significantly shaped international cooperation in it. The size of Britain's development sector and its accumulated skills have given it a strong voice in the EU, particularly in terms of aid and development cooperation. In the years before the Brexit referendum of 2016, EU development cooperation shifted towards meeting the priorities of subsequent UK governments and against competing priorities. This article traces British participation in EU norm advocacy in development cooperation. The analysis shows how politico‐administrative actors have engaged beyond inter‐state power brokering and across levels of governance to shape EU policy, especially in transnational societal networks and capacity‐building in EU institutions. The article places this case into the wider context of EU norm advocacy to show how actors seek to push EU policy towards their politico‐administrative interests and identities, and it makes suggestions about what this implies for EU–UK relations.
Political Parties in Deeply Multilingual Polities: Institutional Conditions and Lessons for the EU
Authors: Stojanović Nenad , Bonotti Matteo
Published: August 2019

The EU has long been suffering a legitimacy crisis. In this article we argue that multilingual Europarties, that is, European political parties operating in all the various languages spoken by their members via interpreting and translation, rather than resorting to a lingua franca, could contribute to providing an effective democratic linkage between EU citizens and EU institutions. Moreover, by drawing inspiration from an analysis of Belgium, Canada and Switzerland, we argue that centripetal institutions such as an EU‐wide electoral district, presidentialism, and direct democracy could provide favourable institutional conditions for the development of such multilingual Europarties.
A meta‐analysis on the influence of partial biopsy of primary melanoma on disease recurrence and patient survival
Authors: Moscarella E. , Pampena R. , Palmiotti G. , Bonamonte D. , Brancaccio G. , Piccolo V. , Longo C. , Argenziano G.
Published: August 2019

Background

Complete surgical excision is the preferred biopsy type for suspicious melanocytic lesions. However, partial biopsy is sometimes used in special situations. Previous studies have explored the effect of partial biopsy of a primary melanoma on patient outcome with controversial results.

Objective

We performed a meta‐analysis on the influence of the type of biopsy of a primary melanoma on recurrence‐free survival (RFS) and melanoma‐related survival (MRS).

Methods

Clinical trials, observational cohort studies and case–control studies reporting absolute number of recurrences and/or melanoma‐related deaths in patients undergoing a partial or excisional biopsy of melanoma were included in the meta‐analysis.

Results

In all, the five included studies reported 3249 patients, 1121 (34.5%) of them in the partial biopsy group and 2128 (65.5%) in the excisional biopsy group. Despite a trend in favour of excisional biopsy in reducing the risk for recurrences, the forest plot related to RFS failed to demonstrate significant differences among groups (RR: 1.27; 95% CI 0.97–1.67; P: 0.09; random effects; I2: 55%). The forest plot showed no difference in the risk of dying for melanoma‐related causes for patients undergoing partial biopsy vs. excisions biopsy (RR: 1.50; 95% CI 0.98–2.30; P: 0.06; random effects; I2: 60%).

Limitations

The majority of the studies were retrospective, and follow‐up time was not uniform among studies and not always reported.

Conclusion

In conclusion, a partial biopsy can be performed in special situations, such as large primary tumours located in surgically sensitive areas, without altering MRS and RFS.
From Frailty to Gerastenia
Authors: Strandberg Timo E. , Cederholm Tommy , Ekdahl Anne
Published: August 2019

Seethe Reply by Walston et al.
Bimanual Gesture Imitation Links to Cognition and Olfaction
Authors: Tian Qu , Chastan Nathalie , Thambisetty Madhav , Resnick Susan M. , Ferrucci Luigi , Studenski Stephanie A.
Published: August 2019

OBJECTIVES

Given the need to detect subclinical changes in brain health that sometimes occur with aging in apparently healthy older adults, we assessed whether bimanual gesture imitation performance, simple to assess clinically, can detect age effects and alterations in cognition, olfaction, and movement.

DESIGN

Cross‐sectional study.

SETTING

Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging.

PARTICIPANTS

Men and women, aged 22 to 101 years, without cognitive impairment, dementia, stroke, Parkinson disease, resting tremor, abnormal muscle tone, or abnormal coordination (N = 507).

MEASUREMENTS

Bimanual gesture imitation was measured using a test validated in older adults. We assessed (1) cognition, including verbal memory, executive function, attention, visuospatial ability, visuoperceptual speed, and language; (2) manual dexterity with the Purdue Pegboard Test; (3) olfaction, using the 16‐item Sniffin' Sticks Identification Test; (4) upper extremity motor function, using a computer‐based finger tapping test; and (5) lower extremity motor function, including 6‐meter usual and rapid gait speeds, 400‐meter walk time, Health ABC Physical Performance Battery, and total standing balance time. Cross‐sectional associations between bimanual gesture imitation performance and each measure were examined using linear regression after adjustment for age, sex, race, education, and body mass index. Models with mobility measures also adjusted for height.

RESULTS

Higher gesture imitation performance was associated with younger age. After adjustment, a worse score was associated with worse olfaction, executive function, and visuospatial ability. Gesture imitation score was not associated with other cognitive measures or motor function.

CONCLUSION

In persons without clinically detectable neurological conditions, poor bimanual gesture imitation is associated with other indicators of brain health, including olfaction and selected cognitive function domains. Bimanual gesture imitation may be useful clinically to detect subtle brain changes in apparently healthy older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:2581–2586, 2019
Diurnal cortisol and obesity in adolescents with and without Down syndrome
Authors: Pitchford E. A. , Hasson R. E. , Hornyak J. E. , Lumeng J. C. , Peterson K. E. , Ulrich D. A.
Published: August 2019

Background

The prevalence of obesity in adolescents with Down syndrome (DS) far exceeds that in the general population. Cortisol, an adrenal hormone, can be obesogenic when dysregulated. However, the diurnal patterns of this hormone have not been examined among individuals with DS. Variations in adiposity may also mediate cortisol regulation. This study sought to examine diurnal cortisol patterns in adolescents with DS as well as associations between cortisol function and obesity.

Method

A total of 32 adolescents, including 16 with DS and 16 controls with typical development (TD) of similar sex, age and Tanner pubertal stage (P > 0.05), participated in this preliminary study. Participants completed a dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry scan to measure body composition and collected saliva samples for cortisol measurements in the morning, afternoon and night. Linear mixed models with random intercepts and repeated measures were used to examine the daily trajectory of log‐transformed cortisol concentrations between adolescents with and without DS. A second model examined the interaction between DS and presence of elevated body fatness.

Results

Adolescents with DS had higher morning cortisol concentrations (intercept = 0.37 μg/dL), but this was not significantly different than in TD (0.35 μg/dL, P = 0.16). Cortisol significantly declined across hours (b = −0.026 μg/dL/h, P < 0.001), but this decline also did not differ from that observed in TD (b = −0.024 μg/dL/h, P = 0.43). While cortisol levels were slightly higher among adolescents with elevated body fatness, this difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05; d = 0.30).

Conclusions

This study is the first to examine diurnal cortisol in DS but is limited in sample size. These preliminary findings suggest that diurnal cortisol patterns are not significantly different between adolescents with DS and TD and that cortisol levels are not associated with adiposity in this population. Despite these non‐significant differences, youth with DS continue to be an ‘at‐risk' population for paediatric obesity in need of clinical intervention.
Lactoferrin protects against iron dysregulation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)‐induced Parkinson’s disease in mice
Authors: Liu Huiying , Wu Hao , Zhu Ning , Xu Zijie , Wang Yue , Qu Yan , Wang Jun
Published: August 2019

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease. Its pathological features are dopaminergic neuronal death in the substantia nigra (SN), and significant reduction in dopamine (DA) content in the striatum. A large number of studies have found an increase in iron levels in PD patients and animal models, which suggested that brain iron metabolism dysfunction played a key role in the pathogenesis of PD. Lactoferrin (Lf) is a non‐heme iron‐binding glycoprotein belonging to the transferrin family, entering the cell membrane via a lactoferrin receptor‐mediated pathway. Lf exists mainly in two forms: iron‐free‐lactoferrin (apo‐Lf) and iron‐saturated‐lactoferrin (holo‐Lf). Our previous studies found thatapo‐Lf and holo‐Lf exert neuroprotective effects against 1‐methyl‐4‐phenylpyridinium toxicity in ventral mesencephalon neurons in vitro. This study aimed to further investigate whether two different forms of Lf have neuroprotective effects in vivo, and to examine their mechanisms, so as to provide an experimental basis for finding new therapeutic strategies against PD. In the central nervous system, Lf antagonized 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)‐induced DA depletion in the striatum, iron deposition, oxidative, and apoptotic processes in the SN. Lf treatment down‐regulated iron import protein divalent metal transporter1 and up‐regulated iron export protein ferroportin1, attenuating MPTP‐induced accumulation of nigral iron level. In the peripheral system, Lf alleviated MPTP‐induced increases in serum iron and ferritin, and decreases in serum total iron‐binding capacity, loss of spleen weight, and reduction in spleen iron content. The results indicate that Lf has a neuroprotective effect on MPTP‐induced PD model mice, and its mechanism may be related to anti‐iron dysregulation, anti‐oxidative stress, and anti‐apoptosis, with apo‐Lf showing greater efficacy. Therefore, Lf might be a promising therapeutic substance for PD.

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Open Science: This manuscript was awarded with the Open Materials Badge

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Effects of stage II transport and food bolus sampling methods on the properties of food particles
Authors: Tanaka Yuki , Sugimoto Hikaru , Kodama Naoki , Minagi Shogo
Published: August 2019

During mastication, some portion of the food bolus is gradually transported to the oropharynx before deglutition, which is known as stage II transport (STII). Although the importance of STII in mastication and deglutition has been widely acknowledged, food particle properties that are transported into the oropharynx by STII have not yet been fully specified. To reveal the food particle properties that are transported into the oropharynx by STII and to assess the usefulness of new food bolus sampling methods for the evaluation of masticatory efficiency. Twenty‐two healthy volunteers participated in this study. Four different bolus sampling conditions were adopted: (a) the whole food particles were expectorated when the subject was aware of the first deglutition, (b) the last bolus to be swallowed at the end of unrestrained food intake was expectorated (aftermost bolus sample), (3) the whole food particles were expectorated when the subject felt ready to swallow after swallow‐inhibited mastication (swallow‐inhibited sample), (4) the particles were regurgitated from the oropharynx after the first STII (stage II‐transported sample). Food particles were analysed using the homogeneity index and particle size index. There was no significant difference between food particles in the aftermost bolus sample and swallow‐inhibited sample. The particles in the stage II‐transported sample showed significantly more homogeneous and smaller sizes than other sampling conditions (P < .05). The food particles transferred to the oropharynx in the stage II‐transported sample were smaller than those broken down by natural mastication.
The association between Extraversion and well‐being is limited to one facet
Authors: Margolis Seth , Stapley Ashley L. , Lyubomirsky Sonja
Published: August 2019

Objective

Mõttus argues that effects should not be attributed to traits if they are driven by particular facets or items. We apply this reasoning to investigate the relationship between facets and items of Extraversion and well‐being.

Method

We analyzed five cross‐sectional datasets (total N = 1,879), with facet‐ and item‐level correlations and SEM.

Results

We found that the correlation between the energy level facet and well‐being was solely responsible for the association between Extraversion and well‐being. Neither sociability nor assertiveness were uniquely related to well‐being when energy level was included as a predictor. Thus, the correlations between well‐being and sociability and between well‐being and assertiveness can be almost fully explained by these constructs' relationships with energy level.

Conclusions

We conclude that the link between Extraversion and well‐being should be attributed to the energy level facet rather than generalized to the trait level.
Mothers never retire: Contextual priming of working models of mother affects adults' representations of self and romantic partners
Authors: Lahat Eileen , Mikulincer Mario , Lifshin Uri , Shaver Phillip R.
Published: August 2019

Objectives

The main goal of these studies is to provide an experimental test of a core hypothesis based on attachment theory: Working models of mother are active in adults' minds and can bias their views of self and romantic partners.

Method

In two studies, we conducted clinical interviews to identify positive and negative core traits that participants used to describe their mothers. We then implicitly primed either positive or negative traits extracted from the interviews and compared this priming condition to control conditions in which we primed either positive or negative control traits (traits that described the mother of another study participant). Following this manipulation, we assessed participants' self‐appraisals (Study 1) and explanations of their romantic partner's hurtful behaviors (Study 2).

Results

Priming with one's mother's positive traits led to more positive views of self and romantic partner (compared with the effects of priming with positive control traits). In contrast, as compared to negative control traits, the priming of one's mother's negative traits led to less positive views of self and romantic partner.

Conclusions

Findings support the hypothesis that working models of mother play a causal role in shaping adults' representations of self and romantic partners.
Melatonin receptor structures shed new light on melatonin research
Authors: Cecon Erika , Liu Lei , Jockers Ralf
Published: August 2019

The tryptophan derivative melatonin is an evolutionary old molecule that is involved in a pleiotropy of physiological functions. In humans, age‐related decline of circulating melatonin levels and/or dysregulation of its circadian synthesis pattern have been associated with several disorders and disease states. Several molecular targets have been proposed for melatonin since its discovery, in 1959. Among them, melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptors are the best characterized melatonin targets, mediating melatonin effects in a variety of tissues. They belong to the superfamily of G protein‐coupled receptors. Two back‐to‐back articles published in the “Nature” Journal earlier this year present the first crystal structures of the human MT1 and MT2 in its inactive states. Here, we will briefly outline the discovery path of melatonin receptors until their structural elucidation and discuss how these new findings will guide future research toward a better understanding of their function and rational drug design.
Maple phylogeny and biogeography inferred from phylogenomic data
Authors: Li Jianhua , Stukel Mark , Bussies Parker , Skinner Kaleb , Lemmon Alan R. , Lemmon Emily Moriarty , Brown Kenneth , Bekmetjev Airat , Swenson Nathan G.
Published: August 2019

Acer (the maple genus) is one of the diverse tree genera in the Northern Hemisphere with about 152 species, most of which are in eastern Asia. There are roughly a dozen species in Europe/western Asia and a dozen in North America. Several phylogenetic studies of Acer have been conducted since 1998, but none have provided a satisfactory resolution for basal relationships among sections of Acer. Here we report the first well‐resolved phylogeny of Acer based on DNA sequences of over 500 nuclear loci generated using the anchored hybrid enrichment method and explore the implications of the robust phylogeny for Acer systematics and biogeography. Our phylogenetic results support the most recent taxonomic treatment of Acer by de Jong with some modifications; section Pentaphylla may be expanded to include section Trifoliata, and A. yangbiense may be included in section Lithocarpa. Sections Spicata, Negundo, Arguta, and Palmata form a clade sister to the rest of the genus where sections Glabra and Parviflora comprise the first clade followed by section Macrantha, sections Ginnala, Lithocarpa, Indivisa, sections Platanoidea and Macrophylla, section Rubra, section Acer, and section Pentaphylla. Monotypic sections Glabra and Macrophylla in North America are sister to the Japanese section Parviflora and Eurasian section Platanoidea, respectively. Ancestral area inferences using statistical dispersal and vicariance analysis (S‐DIVA) and dispersal and extinction cladogenesis (DEC) methods suggest that Asia might be the most likely ancestral area of Acer as proposed by Wolfe and Tanai and molecular dating using Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees (BEAST) indicate that section diversifications of Acer might have completed largely in the late Eocene and the intercontinental disjunctions of Acer between eastern Asia and eastern North America formed mostly in the Miocene.
The giant that makes do with little: small and easy‐to‐leave home ranges found in the giant root‐rat
Authors: Šklíba J. , Vlasatá T. , Lövy M. , Hrouzková E. , Meheretu Y. , Sillero‐Zubiri C. , Šumbera R.
Published: August 2019

Mammalian space‐use patterns are largely determined by the resources utilized as well as by given habitat characteristics, as can be illustrated by rodents displaying predominantly subterranean activity. These rodents are largely limited in their use of space by their burrow systems. This results in smaller home ranges than is usual for rodents of a similar size. However, there is little information regarding how stable these home ranges are over time. We studied space use in the giant root‐rat,Tachyoryctes macrocephalus, a large fossorial rodent endemic to the Bale Mountains of southern Ethiopia where it is the principal prey of the Ethiopian wolfCanis simensis. We radio‐tracked 22 root‐rats during a period of 36 days in the early dry season and 17 of them once again during a period of 37 days in the late dry season. The root‐rats occupied very small (around 100 m2) home ranges which were often tightly packed, especially on a wetland shore that was a part of the study locality, but displayed little overlap. Almost 30% of the radio‐collared root‐rats of either sex dispersed (80–428 m from their original home range) during the 5 months of the study, mostly in a period between the early and late dry season characterized by a decreasing food supply and the soil becoming dry and hard. Individuals who did not disperse during this time usually shifted their home range. Root‐rats living on the wetland shore, which were the largest and therefore likely competitively strongest individuals, shifted their home ranges into the wetland, likely for the purpose of increasing their food supply.
Distribution of sea cucumbers in relation to sediment characteristics in coral reef lagoons and adjacent waters around Ishigaki Island, southern Japan
Authors: Tanita Iwao , Yamada Hideaki
Published: August 2019

To elucidate which environmental factors affect lagoonal‐scale sea cucumber distributions in Ishigaki Island, Okinawa, Japan, intertidal and subtidal areas of three coral reef lagoons were classified into several ground divisions by bottom characteristics, and sea cucumber densities therein were compared with the composition of sediment cover, grain size and organic content, and coverage of macroalgae, seagrass, and massive corals. Holothuria atra, Holothuria leucospilota, Stichopus chloronotus, and Synapta maculata had highest densities in the nearshore areas but were rare in reef flats, probably because of wave disturbance and low areal cover of sand sediment as potential feeding environments. No relationship was observed between sea cucumber densities and sediment organic content or grain size. Thus, even if these sea cucumbers have selectivity for habitats with a high sediment organic content, the effect of such selectivity on the distribution seems to be limited to relatively small areas. The sea cucumber distributions can be classified by bottom sediment/biota composition into bedrock (H. leucospilota), sand (H. atra), and lagoonal types (St. chloronotus and Sy. maculata). These habitat selections were possibly related to various aspects of sea cucumber ecology such as refuge from predators or turbulence, or settlement and nursery place, which have implications for importance of the complexity of lagoonal‐scale topography and sediment/biota conditions for the coexistence of various holothurian species.
Overseas recruitment activities of NHS Trusts 2015–2018: Findings from FOI requests to 19 Acute NHS Trusts in England
Authors: Gillin Nicola , Smith David
Published: August 2019

Migrant nurses form an increasing proportion of the nursing workforce, with the United Kingdom (UK) being the third most popular destination for overseas nurses in the world. The migrant nurse workforce is highly susceptible to policy changes at the macro or professional level of the donor and recipient countries. Freedom of information requests were issued to 19 National Health Service [NHS] Trusts in England to determine their involvement in overseas nurse recruitment activity from 1998 onwards. These indicate a notable shift away from active European Union (EU) recruitment and towards overseas countries particularly the Philippines and India. Reasons given were as follows: diminishing returns from EU sources, high attrition among EU nurses and the introduction of English language tests for EU nurses in July 2016. This led to Trusts revisiting their recruitment strategies by increasing more direct/less resource‐intensive methods and expanding their focus outside of the EU. Trusts frequently utilised private recruitment companies for their recruitment drives, including consulting and influencing the Trusts’ workforce strategies. Policy adjustments have numerous influences on the composition of the overseas nursing workforce. While the NHS continues its efforts in expanding its international nursing workforce, this should not be at the expense of ethical and sustainable recruitment practices, which may be compromised indirectly as a result.
The role of resilience in healthcare transitions among adolescent kidney transplant recipients
Authors: Quinn Sheila M. , Fernandez Hilda , McCorkle Taylor , Rogers Rachel , Hussain Saarah , Ford Carol A. , Barg Frances K. , Ginsburg Kenneth R. , Amaral Sandra
Published: August 2019

Purpose

AYAs with KTs experience high rates of premature allograft loss during the HCT. There is a critical need to identify protective factors associated with stable HCT. Resilience—the ability to adapt and thrive in the setting of adversity—has known positive impact on health outcomes. This study explored the novel role of resilience constructs as protective factors in securing stable HCT among AYA with KT.

Methods

We conducted semi‐structured interviews of adolescents and young adults who transitioned from a single pediatric transplant center to multiple adult nephrology centers between 2010 and 2017. Interviews explored the role of key resilience constructs in participants' lives around the time of HCT. Participants were stratified into stable or unstable HCT groups based on biological markers of allograft function and clinical data from chart review. Content analyses of interview transcripts were reviewed and compared among HCT groups.

Results

Thirty‐two participants enrolled (17 stable; 15 unstable). Key resilience constructs more salient in the stable versus unstable HCT group were confidence in and connection to one's healthcare team. Reports of healthcare self‐management competencies were similar across both HCT groups.

Conclusions

Confidence in and connection to one's healthcare team appear to be linked with a stable HCT among AYA with KT. This suggests that interdependence, the ability to foster connections with and elicit support from healthcare providers, as opposed to complete independence or autonomy, which is often advised in the HCT process, is a critical component of resilience linked to stable HCT.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone and Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate are Involved in the Control of Shark Bioluminescence
Authors: Duchatelet Laurent , Delroisse Jérôme , Pinte Nicolas , Sato Keiichi , Ho Hsuan‐Ching , Mallefet Jérôme
Published: August 2019

Among Etmopteridae and Dalatiidae, luminous species use hormonal control to regulate bioluminescence. Melatonin (MT) triggers light emission and, conversely, alpha melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (α‐MSH) actively reduces ongoing luminescence. Prolactin (PRL) acts differentially, triggering light emission in Etmopteridae and inhibiting it in Dalatiidae. Interestingly, these hormones are also known as regulators of skin pigment movements in vertebrates. One other hormone, the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), also members of the skin pigmentation regulators, is here pharmacologically tested on the light emission. Results show that ACTH inhibits luminescence in both families. Moreover, as MT and α‐MSH/ACTH receptors are members of the G‐protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family, we investigated the effect of hormonal treatments on the cAMP level of photophores through specific cAMP assays. Our results highlight the involvement of ACTH and cAMP in the control of light emission in sharks and suggest a functional similarity between skin pigment migration and luminescence control, this latter being mediated by pigment movements in the light organ‐associated iris‐like structure cells.
‘What Drives Commuter Behaviour?’: A Bayesian Clustering Approach for Understanding Opposing Behaviours in Social Surveys
Authors: Dawkins Laura C. , Williamson Daniel B. , Barr Stewart W. , Lampkin Sally R.
Published: August 2019

The city of Exeter, UK, is experiencing unprecedented growth, putting pressure on traffic infrastructure. As well as traffic network management, understanding and influencing commuter behaviour is important for reducing congestion. Information about current commuter behaviour has been gathered through a large on-line survey, and similar individuals have been grouped to explore distinct behaviour profiles to inform intervention design to reduce commuter congestion. Statistical analysis within societal applications benefit from incorporating available social scientist expert knowledge. Current clustering approaches for the analysis of social surveys assume that the number of groups and the within-group narratives are unknown a priori. Here, however, informed by valuable expert knowledge, we develop a novel Bayesian approach for creating a clear opposing transport mode group narrative within survey respondents, simplifying communication with project partners and the general public. Our methodology establishes groups characterizing opposing behaviours based on a key multinomial survey question by constraining parts of our prior judgement within a Bayesian finite mixture model. Drivers of group membership and within-group behavioural differences are modelled hierarchically by using further information from the survey. In applying the methodology we demonstrate how it can be used to understand the key drivers of opposing behaviours in any wider application.
Doing Black Christianity: Reframing Black Church scholarship
Authors: Allen Shaonta' E.
Published: August 2019

The Black Church is the oldest social institution in the Black community and has played a significant role in the Black American experience by offering a space to develop Black oppositional consciousness. Despite the strong Black Christian tradition, a comprehensive review of the sociological literature on Black Christianity has yet to be conducted. The present article surveys extant literature and finds that two major frames are utilized when analyzing Black Christianity: (a) the Institutional‐level frame, which focuses on the Black Church as a social and cultural space, and (b) the Ideological‐level frame, which sees Black Christianity as a set of racialized attitudes, values, and beliefs. I rely on Avishai's concept of “Doing Religion” to argue the case for a new approach in framing this research and propose the use of an Individual‐level frame, which considers the agency of Black Christian actors by examining how they construct identity and embody faith. To illustrate the usefulness of the new frame, I provide an exemplar of Black Christian activist Bree Newsome Bass, highlighting the ways her faith informs her activism. By shifting the focus away from the Black Church as an institution and Black Christianity as an ideology, and instead centering the mechanisms Black Christian actors use to incorporate their faith into their everyday lives, sociological research on Black Christianity will be better equipped to provide insights into how religion informs racialized experiences in society.
Rap music, race, and perceptions of crime
Authors: Dunbar Adam
Published: August 2019

Scholars who study rap music have long expressed concerns that criticism of the genre is inextricably linked to stereotypes of young Black men in the United States. Yet minimal research has empirically examined how rap music is linked to race in ways that legitimize and maintain anti‐Black attitudes, particularly attitudes related to crime. This article reviews how scholars have typically challenged seemingly racialized concerns about rap music before surveying the handful of studies that empirically examine attitudes related to rap music, race, and crime. In so doing, this essay highlights a growing need for broader conceptualizations of race/ethnicity and social control.
Perspective‐taking and gift‐giving in Chinese preschool children
Authors: Guan Yao , Deák Gedeon O. , Huangfu Baihui , Xu Zhan
Published: August 2019

This study explored Chinese preschool children's perspective‐taking via a gift‐giving paradigm. Unlike findings with North American children (Atance et al. in, Dev Psychol 46:1505–1513, 2010), the results from two experiments (NExp. 1 = 329; NExp. 2 = 112) showed that allowing Chinese children to first choose a desired object for themselves did not enhance their subsequent perspective‐taking performance in gift selection or gift justifications. This was true regardless of gift type (consumable or recreational items) or of recipient (mom, teacher, experimenter, or friend). In addition, children's perspective‐taking did not correlate with their performances in behavioral inhibition and delay of gratification tasks. These results suggest the possibility that the prior desire fulfillment effect varies with children's socio‐cultural experiences. Finally, Chinese children showed better perspective‐taking in choosing consumable gifts (e.g., drinks, snacks) than recreational gifts (e.g., toys, magazines), although this effect was not found for gift selection in Experiment 2. One interpretation of these results is that children's capacity for prosocial perspective‐taking is influenced by socio‐cultural experiences and social knowledge about individuals' preferences for different kinds of objects.
Evaluation of leukocyte counts and neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio as predictors of local recurrence of feline injection site sarcoma after curative intent surgery
Authors: Chiti L. E. , Martano M. , Ferrari R. , Boracchi P. , Giordano A. , Grieco V. , Buracco P. , Iussich S. , Giudice C. , Miniscalco B. , Zani D. D. , Proverbio D. , Morello E. , Stefanello D.
Published: August 2019

Local recurrence (LR) is the major concern in the treatment of feline injection‐site sarcoma (FISS). Pretreatment leukocyte counts and ratios have been reported as diagnostic and/or prognostic markers in human and canine oncology. The aim of this retrospective study was to explore the prognostic impact on LR and overall survival time (OST) of pretreatment neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR), white blood cell count (WBCC), neutrophil count (NC) and lymphocyte count (LC) in cats with surgically excised FISS. Eighty‐two cats with histologically confirmed FISS at first presentation, without distant metastases, and with available pretreatment haematological analyses were retrospectively enrolled. The correlation of NLR, WBCC, NC, LC with tumour variables and patient variables was explored. NLR was correlated with tumour size (P= .004), histological pattern of tumour growth (P= .024) and histotype (P= .029), while WBCC and NC were associated with ulceration (P= .007,P= .011) and pattern of growth (P= .028,P= .004). No significant relationships emerged between LC and any of the considered variables. The impact of NLR, WBCC, NC, LC on LR and OST was then estimated in univariate and multivariate analysis. In univariate analysis, NLR, WBCC and NC were significant prognostic factors for both LR and OST. NLR, WBCC and NC remained prognostic in multivariate analysis for LR but not for OST. When NLR, WBCC and NC were jointly analysed, WBCC was the marker with the greater impact on LR. Preoperative NLR, WBCC and NC may aid in identifying cats at higher risk of LR.
In vitro antibacterial activity of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) crude extract against Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates from canine pyoderma
Authors: Larsuprom Lawan , Rungroj Nutchaphon , Lekcharoensuk Chalermpol , Pruksakorn Chantima , Kongkiatpaiboon Sumet , Chen Charles , Sukatta Udomlak
Published: August 2019

Background

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, commonly involved in canine pyoderma, can be classified as meticillin‐susceptible S. pseudintermedius (MSSP) or meticillin‐resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP). MRSP infections may be difficult to treat due to broad β‐lactam resistance of MRSP and typically additional multidrug‐resistance. Topical antibacterial treatment is the preferred treatment modality for surface and superficial skin infections.

Hypothesis⁄objectives

Mangosteen crude extract containing the antibacterial compound α‐mangostin will have in vitro activity against MSSP and MRSP isolated from canine pyoderma.

Bacterial isolates

Twenty‐three samples, MSSP (n = 12) and MRSP (n = 11), isolated from canine pyoderma.

Methods and materials

Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined for mangosteen crude extract by broth microdilution. High‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was used to determine the amount of α‐mangostin in mangosteen crude extract. A time‐kill assay was performed at 30 min and 2 h after exposure to a high concentration of crude extract (100× MIC). Antibacterial activity for α‐mangostin was calculated according to HPLC results.

Results

The concentration of α‐mangostin was 17.72 ± 1.42% w/w. The mean MIC of α‐mangostin towards MSSP was 0.53 ± 0.35 μg/mL, whereas the mean value for MRSP was 0.47 ± 0.27 μg/mL. There was no difference between the mean MIC of MRSP and MSSP (P = 0.84). After a 30 min exposure to 100× MIC of the crude extract, a 95% reduction in colony forming units was found.

Conclusions and clinical importance

The results showed that α‐mangostin in mangosteen crude extract was effective in inhibiting S. pseudintermedius (both MRSP and MSSP). Clinical studies are needed to investigate this effectiveness further in vivo.
Comparison of three clinical scoring systems for Culicoides hypersensitivity in a herd of Icelandic horses
Authors: Miller Julia E. , Mann Sabine , Fettelschoss‐Gabriel Antonia , Wagner Bettina
Published: August 2019

Background

Culicoides hypersensitivity (CH), an intensely pruritic and seasonal allergic dermatitis, is a common allergic disease affecting horses worldwide. Currently, there is no validated clinical scoring system for the quantification of clinical signs associated with CH.

Objectives

To (i) determine the best cut‐off point of three scoring systems, (ii) test the accuracy of each system when compared to the clinical diagnosis of an experienced veterinarian and (iii) assess agreement between systems.

Animals

Icelandic horses (n = 20); eight with CH and 12 unaffected, from a research herd receiving no treatments for allergic dermatitis.

Methods and materials

Lesion scores were recorded biweekly from April until September with three clinical scoring systems (A, B and C) by a single observer initially blinded to CH status. Separate logistic regression analyses for each time point were used to determine appropriate cut‐offs for CH classification. Spearman's rho and Cohen's kappa were calculated to analyze correlation of scores and agreement of CH categorization between systems, respectively.

Results

The best allergic cut‐off scores for system A, B and C were determined to be three, eight and 12, respectively. For each system median areas under the curve (>0.85) were excellent and discriminatory ability for correctly classifying CH status was strong. Excellent correlation between scores for each system (Spearman's rho > 0.96) and excellent intersystem agreement for CH categorization (kappa ≥ 0.73) were found across scoring time points.

Conclusion and clinical importance

Results support the use of these scoring systems as templates for the future standardization of a CH clinical scoring system.
Evaluation of D‐dimer levels in aqueous humor of rabbit eyes with and without induced intraocular fibrin and fibrinolytic treatment
Authors: Voelter Katrin , Tappeiner Christoph , Riond Barbara , Nuss Katja , Bruetsch Deborah , Pot Simon A.
Published: August 2019

Objective

To analyze D‐dimer concentrations in aqueous humor (AH) of rabbit eyes under physiological conditions, after induction of fibrin clots, and following fibrinolytic therapy.

Animals studied

Prospective study measuring D‐dimers in aqueous humor of rabbit eyes with induced fibrin clots (n = 44).

Procedures

Rabbits were purchased in two groups, which led to two temporally separated experimentation groups. Different treatment protocols were compared for their efficacy in fibrin reduction (slit‐lamp examination, high‐resolution ultrasound). AH was taken from left eyes before clot induction (baseline, day 1), 24 hours later after clot establishment/prior to drug administration (post‐induction, day 2) and 48 hours after clot induction (post‐treatment, day 3). An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to measure intraocular D‐dimer concentrations

Results

D‐dimer concentrations were measurable in all samples. There were no differences in D‐dimer levels across time points or treatments within the arrival groups. However, a significant difference in mean D‐dimer levels was observed between the two arrival groups (group 1:3.1 µg/mL; group 2:6.1 µg/mL;P < .0001), which made a direct comparison of treatment groups impossible. Clinically, all eyes displayed fibrin clots in the anterior chamber and different treatment types led to significant differences in clot resolution (clot size reduction after intracameral treatment: 98%, topical treatment: 60%, no treatment: 40%).

Conclusion

D‐dimers were identified in all AH samples of rabbits with large variability between samples. D‐dimer levels were neither predictive for differences in induced fibrin formation nor for drug efficacy.
Custom acetabular prosthesis for total hip replacement: A case report in a dog with acetabular bone loss after femoral head and neck ostectomy
Authors: Castelli Emanuele , Schmierer Philipp A. , Pozzi Antonio
Published: August 2019

Objective

To describe the application of a custom acetabular prosthesis (CAP) for total hip replacement (THR) in a dog 20 months after femoral head and neck ostectomy (FHNO).

Study design

Case report.

Animal

A 10‐year‐old, male, castrated, Labrador retriever with progressive lameness and pain after FHNO.

Methods

Acetabular bone stock was assessed as insufficient for conventional THR, so a biflanged CAP was designed and three‐dimensionally printed in titanium to bridge the bone defect. The CAP had a porous surface for long‐term biologic fixation on the backside and was anchored to the ilium and ischium with screws. A polyethylene cup was cemented into the CAP, and a bolted cementless femoral stem was inserted.

Results

The loss of the conventional anatomic landmarks complicated intraoperative orientation and led to eccentric reaming and 5‐mm malalignment of the CAP. Reduction of the prosthetic joint was difficult because of periarticular fibrosis, loss of functional muscle length, and thickness of the CAP, and intraoperative shortening of the stem neck was required. Postoperative complications included sciatic neurapraxia, which resolved with time and conservative management. Absence of pain and improvement of range of motion were observed at clinical examination 12 months after surgery; however, moderate hind limb lameness persisted due to muscle tension. No evidence of implant loosening was noted on radiographs acquired 24 months after surgery.

Conclusion

Femoral head and neck ostectomy with poor functional outcome was ameliorated by using a CAP in this dog.

Clinical significance

Use of a CAP can be considered to treat acetabular defects in dogs.