bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphological relationships of choleragenoid horseradish peroxidase‐labeled spinal primary afferents with myenteric ganglia and mucosal associated lymphoid tissue in the cat esophagogastric junction
Authors: Clerc Nadine , Mazzia Christophe
Published: January 2005

The goal of the present study was to gain insight into the environmental factors influencing the activity of primary spinal afferent fibers in the different layers of the esophagogastric junction of the cat and, thus, to analyze the relationships of these afferents with various cellular components. Spinal primary, afferent fibers were selectively labeled by anterogradely transported choleragenoid horseradish peroxidase conjugate (B‐HRP). B‐HRP was injected into the thoracic dorsal root ganglion at the T8–T13 levels. 6‐Hydroxydopamine‐induced sympathectomy was performed prior to B‐HRP injection in order to prevent otherwise unavoidable labeling of sympathetic fibers in the gut wall.

Numerous labeled fibers ran between, around, and within the myenteric ganglia. Others crossed the muscle layers directly and entered the mucosa, where some ran near granulocytes and around or through solitary lymphoid follicles. Labeled fibers were observed in the squamous esophageal epithelium but not in the fundic glandular epithelium.

The fibers in the myenteric area are probably connected to the muscular tension receptors that have been detected by electrophysiologic techniques. This assumption is based on the observation that only a few fibers appear to terminate in muscle layers and on the fact that the myenteric area is very narrow and subject to powerful forces. Fibers in the myenteric ganglia could be involved in local efferent functions. Fibers in the mucosa could act as nociceptors and might be involved in local immunological responses. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and polysialic acid during taste bud degeneration and regeneration
Authors: Smith David V. , Klevitsky Raisa , Akeson Richard A. , Shipley Michael T.
Published: January 2005

Taste receptor cells are replaced throughout life, accompanied by continuing synaptogenesis between newly formed taste cells and first‐order gustatory fibers. The neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) is expressed by a subset of taste cells in adult rodents and appears on gustatory nerve fibers during development prior to differentiation of the taste buds. We employed antibodies against the extracellular domain of the NCAM polypeptide (mAb 3F4) and against polysialic acid (PSA) residues found on embryonic forms of NCAM (mAb 5A5) to investigate the relationship between the expression of these molecules and the innervation of taste buds in adult rats. In unoperated rats, anti‐NCAM recognized a subset of cells within the vallate taste buds and also the fibers of the glossopharyngeal (IXth) nerve, including those innervating the gustatory epithelium. Taste bud cells did not express PSA but mAb 5A5 immunoreactivity was observed on some fibers of the IXth nerve, including a few that entered the taste buds. Bilateral crush of the IXth nerve resulted in the loss of NCAM expression from the gustatory epithelium within 8 days. As IXth nerve fibers reinnervated the epithelium, NCAM expression was seen first in the nerve, followed by increased expression in the epithelium as the taste cells differentiated from their precursors. PSA expression by fibers of the IXth nerve did not return to normal until well after the regeneration of the vallate taste buds. The present results demonstrate that taste cell expression of NCAM is dependent upon innervation by the IXth nerve and that NCAM expression appears in the nerve prior to its expression in the differentiating epithelium during regeneration. The occurrence of a similar temporal sequence in the developing taste system suggests that NCAM could play a role in cell‐cell interactions that are important for the differentiation of the taste epithelium. Ongoing taste cell turnover and synaptogenesis between IXth nerve fibers and newly differentiating taste cells also requires recognition and adhesion, in which NCAM could play a role. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Localisation of parvalbumin‐immunoreactive structures in primate caudate‐putamen
Authors: Bennett B. D. , Bolam J. P.
Published: January 2005

To investigate the morphology, distribution, and connections of parvalbumin‐containing neurones in the caudate‐putamen of primates, perfuse‐fixed sections were stained to reveal parvalbumin immunoroactivity. In agreement with previous observations, the caudate‐putamen was rich in parvalbumin‐positive neurones and neuropil. The neuropil staining was uneven such that the dense background staining was interspersed with zones of relatively weak staining. The distribution corresponded to the striosome/matrix system as defined by substance P or met‐enkephalin immunostaining in adjacent sections. Because parvalbumin‐positive neurones are present in regions known to project to the caudate‐putamen and the majority of parvalbumin‐positive terminals in the matrix formed asymmetric synapses, it is concluded that the uneven staining is probably due to afferents of the neostriatum.

The morphology of the parvalbumin‐immunoreactive neurones varied between the striosomes and matrix; those in the matrix were smaller and possessed dendritic arborisations that were relatively uniform, whereas those in the striosomes were generally more extensively stained and possessed a greater variation in their dendritic branching patterns. The dendrites frequently crossed the boundary between the striosomes and matrix. A population of giant parvalbumin‐immunoreactive neurones was also observed in the putamen. Electron microscopic analysis revealed that, in addition to terminals forming asymmetric synapses, a smaller population formed symmetric synaptic specialisations and are presumed to be derived from the local parvalbumin‐immunoreactive neurones. Terminals of the latter group formed synapses with medium‐sized spiny neurones. Because parvalbumin‐positive neurones receive input from the cortex, they may transmit cortical information to spiny neurones. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of GAP43 mRNA in normally developing and transplanted neurons from the rat ventral mesencephalon
Authors: Clayton Gerald H. , Mahalik Thomas J. , Finger Thomas E.
Published: January 2005

These experiments were designed to determine whether the neuronal growth‐related protein GAP43 is expressed at high levels by neurons that collateralize extensively or have long periods of synaptogenesis. We also evaluated the effects of target availability on GAP43 expression. Dopaminergic neurons of the rat ventral mesencephalon (VM) were chosen for investigation because they undergo extensive collateralization and synaptogenesis during postnatal development. Double label in situ hybridization histochemistry (ISHH) and immunocytochemistry (ICC) were used to measure changes in GAP43 mRNA levels within tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)‐immunoreactive and ‐nonimmunoreactive neurons of the VM during postnatal development (p5‐adult). TH neurons show higher levels of GAP43 mRNA than do non‐TH neurons throughout normal postnatal development and in the adult. This result may be due to more extensive axonal arborization and synaptic remodeling on the part of TH neurons as they innervate the striatum. To test the effects of target availability on GAP43 utilization, grafts of embryonic (e15) VM were placed within previously 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA)‐lesioned striata and allowed to develop for 10–28 days. Levels of GAP43 mRNA in grafted TH neurons were reduced at all time points. The short distance to target in the graft paradigm may shorten the overall axonal process length, resulting in lower requirements for growth‐related proteins such as GAP43. However, grafted non‐TH neurons had elevated levels of GAP43 mRNA, perhaps attributable to prolonged target seeking by neurons that have been isolated from their normal targets. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional anatomy of the thalamus in the blind mole rat Spalax ehrenbergi: An architectonic and electrophysiologically controlled tracing study
Authors: Rehkämper Gerd , Necker Reinhold , Nevo Eviatar
Published: January 2005

The occipital cortex of the naturally blind mole rat, Spalax ehrenbergi, is occupied by an area of somatosensory representation. To date, no visual cortex has been identified electrophysiologically. In order to determine whether there are corresponding modifications in the thalamus, thalamocortical connections were studied with neuroanatomical tracing methods. Three different fluorescent tracers were injected under electrophysiological control into distinct cortical areas. Injections into the somatosensory head/face and hindlimb/trunk areas of representation revealed a posteromedial ventral nucleus and a posterolateral ventral nucleus, respectively. Additional somatotopic labeling was found in an area dorsomedial to the two ventral nuclei. This structure may be equivalent to the posterior nuclear complex in the laboratory rat. Injections into the auditory cortex of the mole rat resulted in labeling of the medial geniculate body. In contrast to the situation in the laboratory rat, in which a prominent dorsolateral geniculate body and a ventrolateral geniculate body assume dorsolateral positions, the somatosensory thalamus of the mole rat almost reaches the dorsolateral surface. This finding is corroborated by the results of the architectonic study, which failed to reveal a differentiated lateral geniculate body. Our observations suggest that the thalamocortical visual system in the mole rat is minute, whereas the somatosensory system is expanded. This situation fits the mode of life of this subterranean animal, for which touch is more important than vision. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution and morphology of sacral spinal cord neurons innervating pelvic structures in Xenopus laevis
Authors: Campbell H. Lee , Beattie Michael S. , Bresnahan Jacqueline C.
Published: January 2005

Relatively little is known about the organization of neural input to pelvic viscera in amphibia. In this study, sacral spinal efferent neurons were labeled in Xenopus laevis frogs by application of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to the tenth spinal nerve, to pelvic musculature, or to the pelvic nerve. DiI was applied to the pelvic nerve with similar results. Labeled spinal neurons were located in the intermediate gray or in the ventral horn. Neurons in the tenth dorsal root ganglion, but not in the spinal cord, were labeled after application of HRP or DiI to the pudendal nerve.

The peripheral targets of DiI‐labeled pelvic nerve axons were the compressor cloaca muscle, cloaca, and bladder. DiI‐labeled pudendal nerve axons distributed peripherally to cloacal lip and medial thigh integument. These data suggest that the pudendal nerve in amphibians is purely sensory and that both somatic and autonomic motor axons traverse the pelvic nerve. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Crustacean cardioactive peptide ‐ immunoreactive neurons in the ventral nervous system of crayfish
Authors: Trube Anke , Audehm Uwe , Dircksen Heinrich
Published: January 2005

Crustacean cardioactive peptide‐immunoreactive neurons have been mapped in wholemount preparations and sections of the ventral nervous system of the crayfish Astacus astacus and Orconectes limosus. Based on their morphology, projection patterns, and staining characteristics, two types of contralaterally projecting neurons are individually identifiable. In both species, these neurons occur in all neuromers as apparent serial homologs. In adult specimens, one type of cell has a small, densely stained dorsal lateral perikaryon, and a descending axon, and appears to be an interneuron. Each neuromer contains a single pair of these cells. Only in maxillary ganglia, these cells may have an additional ascending projection. The other type, a neurosecretory cell, has a larger, weakly stained perikaryon and a projection to the segmental third root of the next anterior neuromer. All neuromers contain a single pair of these neurons adjacent to the interneurons except for the abdominal neuromers, which cotain two pairs of the neurosecretory cells. Central arborizations and varicose processes toward the surface of the third roots and within the perineural sheath of the ventral nerve cord arise from these neurons. Electron microscopy of granule‐ containing terminals substantiated that these newly discovered extensive neurohemal areas are release sites for the peptide. In young immature specimens, the perikarya of both neuron types do not differ in size. Additional weakly stained small perikarya occur in all neuromers of Astacus astacus. These two types of crayfish neurons and other comparable aminergic and peptidergic neurons of crayfish and lobster are differentially distributed in the ventral cord. Furthermore, comparison of similar neuron types in crab, locust, meal worm, and moth species indicates intra‐ and interphyletic structural homologies. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Small subclass of rat olfactory neurons with specific bulbar projections is reactive with monoclonal antibodies to the HSP70 heat shock protein
Authors: Carr Virginia McMillan , Murphy Shawn P. , Morimoto Richard I. , Farbman Albert I.
Published: January 2005

As part of a study of turnover of rat olfactory receptor neurons we have been examining immunohistochemical expression of members of the 70 kD heat shock protein (HSP70) family in the olfactory epithelium. Expression of HSP70 family members is up‐regulated in many cells following exposure to physiologically stressing conditions. Because dying neurons are likely to undergo some sort of physiological stress before the onset of frank degeneration, we hoped that anti‐HSP70 monoclonal antibodies would prove to be useful markers for early stages of olfactory neuron cell death. Two anti‐human HSP70 monoclonal antibodies were used, Mabs 2A4 and 3a3. Two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis /western blot analysis indicates that these Mabs are reactive with the HSC70 and HSP70 members of the rat HSP70 family. Immunohis‐ tological observations Show that both Mabs are strongly reactive with a widely dispersed subpopulation of olfactory receptor neurons. Morphological, immunohistological, and autoradiographic birthdating analyses demonstrate that reactive cells are fully mature receptor neurons. Their reactivity, however, does not appear to be stress‐related. More significantly, axon of reactive neurons show intense anti‐2A4 reactivity. This has allowed us to trace these axons to their target glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, demonstrating that the reactive neurons project to just one to two glomeruli on either side of each bulb via consistent and predictable pathways. This is the first subpopulation of olfactory receptor neurons to be traced to such a small number of glomeruli. Given this extremely small number, it seems likely that the reactive receptor cell subpopulation serves some specific olfactory function. In addition, axonal 2A4 reactivity should also prove useful in deffining the relative roles of receptor neurons and glomeruli in the establishment of epithelial‐glomerular connections. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationship of thalamic basal forebrain projection neurons to the peptidergic innervation of the midline thalamus
Authors: Freedmanand L. J. , Cassell M. D.
Published: January 2005

To better understand the input‐output organization of the midline thalamus, we compared the distribution of its peptidergic and monoaminergic afferents, which were visualized by using immunocytochemistry, with the distribution of neurons projecting to different basal forebrain structures, which were mapped using retrograde fluorescent tracers. Serotonin and most of the peptides were found throughout paraventricular thalamic nucleus (PV) and in other midline and intralaminar nuclei (type 1 pattern). Neuropeptide Y, αMSH and the catecholamine synthetic enzymes were largely restricted to dorsolateral PV (type 2 pattern). Vasopressin was found in dorsomedial PV and intermediodorsal nucleus in a pattern complementary to the type 2 distribution (type 3 pattern). Neurons projecting to accumbens core were present in paraventricular, intermediodorsal, and other midline nuclei. Neurons projecting to accumbens shell and to central amygdaloid nucleus were found in dorsal PV. The peptidergic zones were only loosely correlated with the distribution of different classes of projection neurons. The type 2 pattern overlapped best with neurons projecting to accumbens shell, and to a lesser extent to central amygdaloid nucleus, While the type 3 pattern overlapped best with neurons projecting to core of accumbens. This partial overlap suggests that some brainstem and hypothalamic nuclei preferentially affect differentbasal forebrain targets through the midline thalamus, and may allow, for example, information about stress to specifically influence accumbens shell and central amygdaloid nucleus. Nevertheless, most of the peptidergic afferents (type 1 pattern) to midline thalamus cover neurons projecting throughout the basal forebrain, which suggests that all of these neurons receive a variety of brainstem and hypothalamic inputs. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Termination pattern of medial hyperstriatum ventrale efferents in the archistriatum of the domestic chick
Authors: Csillag A. , Székely A. D. , First D. C. Davies
Published: January 2005

The chick archistriatum receives afferents from the intermediate part of the medial hyperstriatum ventrale (IMHV) and projects to the lobus parolfactorius (LPO). There is functional evidence to suggest that the IMHV and the LPO are connected, but there is no anatomical evidence for a direct connection between the two structures. The aim of the current study was to characterize the termination pattern of medial hyperstriatal afferents within the archistriatum to determine whether the archistriatum may act as a relay between the IMHV and LPO. Following iontophoresis of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin into the medial hyperstriatum ventrale (including the IMHV) of 1‐week‐old domestic chicks, anterogradely labelled fibers were observed to descend through the medial neostriatum and paleostriatum to enter the archistriatum. These medial hyperstriatum ventrale afferents arborised profusely to give varicose axon branches within all except the anterior part of the archistriatum. However, the greatest density was present in the ventral part of the intermediate archistriatum. Electron microscope examination Phaseolus lectin immunocytochemistry and Golgi impregnation revealed that medial hyperstriatum ventrale axons formed multiple asymmetric synapses with dendritic spines (head and neck regions) on the terminal and preterminal dendritic segments of densely spiny archistriatal projection neurons. Medial hyperstriatum ventrale afferents were not observed to contact calbindin immunoreactive, presumptive “local circuit” neurons, within the archistriatum, despite a spatial overlap in their distribution. These results suggest that the archistriatum may be capable of mediating the transfer of information from the IMHV to the LPO. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
GABAergic terminals in nucleus maznocellularis and laminaris originate from the superior olivary nucleus
Authors: Lachica E. A. , Rübsamen R. , Rubel E. W.
Published: January 2005

The auditory brainstem nuclei, angularis (NA), magnocellularis (NM), and laminaris (NL) of the chicken, Gallus, contain terminals that stain for antibodies against the inhibitory neurotransmitter, gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA). Some of these terminals originate from cells surrounding nucleus Magnocellularis. Results from this study indicate that the majority of the GABAergic terminals found in NA, NM and NL originate from the superior olivary nucleus (SON). Injections of cholera toxin and horseradish peroxidase show that superior olivary nucleus (SON) neurons, which respond to pure tones, project bilaterally to NA, NM and NL. NA and NL are reciprocally connected with the SON. More NA cells project to the SON than NL cells. While SON neurons project to NM, NM neurons do not project axons back to the SON. The configuration of SON terminals in NA, NM and NL matches the pattern of GABAimmunoreactive puncta seen in these three nuclei: they surround individual NM cells, congregate in the dendritcneuropil of NL, and blanket the NA. The data indicate that NA, NM and NL may be affected by two different inhibitory cell types: local interneurons and SON neurons. Patterns of connectivity described in this report suggest that the activity of NA cells could influence NM and NL cell physiology, Specifically, increases in NA cell activity could augment the effects of GABAergic SON neurons on NM and NL. Hence, binaural perception in the chicken may be more dependent upon changes in intensity cues than previously believed. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of preproenkephalin mRNA in the chicken and pigeon telencephalon
Authors: Molnar Margherita , Casini Giovanni , Davis Brian M. , Bagnoli Paola , Brecha Nicholas C.
Published: January 2005

Bioassay and immunological studies have detected the presence of opioid peptides in the nervous system of representatives of all classes of vertebrates. The present study evaluates the expression and localization of preproenkephalin (PPE) mRNA to determine the sites of synthesis of the enkephalin peptides in the adult chicken and pigeon telencephalon using in situ hybridization histochemistry. We used a 500‐base‐pair chicken RNA probe corresponding to chicken PPE cDNA. In both the chicken and the pigeon telencephalon, the highest concentration of PPE mRNA‐containing cells was observed in the lobus parolfactorius, paleostriatum augmentatum, nucleus accumbens, and septum. Distinct populations of labeled cells were also detected in the hyperstriatum accessorium, hippocampus, area parahippocampalis, nucleus of the diagonal band, cortex dorsolateralis, and cortex piriformis. Differences in PPE mRNA expression between chicken and pigeon were observed in several telencephalic regions. For instance, the bulbus olfactorius was heavily labeled in the pigeon, but was not labeled in the chicken, and numerous PPE mRNA‐containing cells were present in the area parahippocampalis of pigeons but not of chickens. In contrast, in the hyperstriatum dorsale and hyperstriatum ventrale, numerous PPE mRNA‐expressing cells were detected in the chicken but not in the pigeon. Overall, PPE mRNA‐expressing cells were more numerous than enkephalinimmunoreactive cells described in previous studies. In addition, our results suggest that the general pattern of enkephalin expression in the avian telencephalon is similar to that found in other vertebrates. Finally, the results of the present study illustrate some differences in the pattern of PPE mRNA distribution between closely related species, indicating the existence of species‐specific neurochemical pathways, which may influence and perhaps mediate different behaviors characteristics of these species. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative distribution of neurotensin‐like immunoreactivity in the brain of a teleost (carassius auratus), an amphibian (hyla meridionalis), and a reptile (gallotia galloti)
Authors: Bello Aixa R. , Milän Javier , Anglade Isabelle , Martín Argelia , Negrín Isabel , Díaz Carmen , Conlon J. Michael , Tramu Gérard , Kah Olivier
Published: January 2005

The distribution of neurotensin (NT) was studied in the brain of three species belonging to the three major classes of cold‐blooded vertebrates: teleost fishes (Carassius auratus), anuran amphibians (Hyla meridionalis), and reptiles (Gallotia galloti; Lacertidae). By using antibodies directed against synthetic bovine NT in the three species, immunoreactive cell bodies were discovered mostly in the telencephalon and diencephalon, in particular at the level of the preoptic region the mediobasal hypothalamus, and the thalamus. In the frog and the lizard, additional immunoreactive (ir) structures were observed in the optic tectum and the tegmentum of the mesencephalon. In the goldfish pituitary, an extensive innervation was consistently observed at the level of the rostral pars distalis, whereas in both frog and lizard, positive fibers were only detected in the external layer of the median eminence. In the three species there is a striking overlap between the distribution of the NT‐ir cell bodies and that of the target cells for sexual steroids. The results are discussed in relation with those reported in birds and mammals, and with the possible interactions among NT, sexual steroids, and the neuroendocrine control of pituitary hormone release, in particular prolactin and gonadotrophin. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunocytochemical analysis of bipolar cells in the macaque monkey retina
Authors: Grünert Ulrike , Martin Paul R. , Wässle Heinz
Published: January 2005

Transfer of visual information from photoreceptors to ganglion cells within the retina is mediated by specialized groups of bipolar cells. At least 10 different morphological types of bipolar cells have been distinguished in Golgi studies of primate retina. In the present study, bipolar cell populations in the macaque monkey retina were identified by their differential immunoreactivity to a spectrum of antibody markers. This enabled their spatial density and photoreceptor connections to be analysed. An antibody against the β isozyme of protein kinase C (PKCAβ) labelled many cone bipolar cells. Invaginating (presumed ON) cone bipolar cells and rod bipolar cells were prefentially labelled with a monoclonal antibody raised against rabbit olfactory bulb. Flat (presumed OFF) bipolar cells were labelled with an antiserum against the glutamate transporter protein (GLT‐1).

Different populations of diffuse cone bipolar cells, which contact 5–10 cones, could be distinguished. The GLT‐1 artiserum preferentially labelled the flat diffuse bipolar cell type DB2 (Boycott and Wässle, 1991, Eur. J. Neurosci. 3:1069–1088) as well as flat midget bipolar cells. Antibodies to calbindin (CaBP D‐28K) labelled the flat diffuse bipolar cell type DB3 and (possibly) the invaginating diffuse bipolar cell type DB5. An antibody against the α isozyme of PKC labelled an invaginating diffuse bipolar cell type (DB4) as well as rod bipolar cells. Comparison of the spatial density of cone bipolar cell populations with that of photoreceptors suggests that each bipolar cell class provides a complete coverage of the cone array (each cone is contacted by at least one member of every bipolar cell class). These results support the classification scheme of Boycott and Wässle (1991) by showing that different diffuse bipolar cell classes express different patterns of immunoreactivity, and they reinforce the view that different spatial and temporal components of the signal from the photoreceptor array are processed in parallel within the primate retina. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Central projections of the nervus terminalis and the nervus praeopticus in the lungfish brain revealed by nitric oxide synthase
Authors: Schober Andreas , Meyer Dietrich L. , Von Bartheld Christopher S.
Published: January 2005

Lungfishes possess two cranial nerves that are associated with the olfactory system: the nervus terminalis enters the telencephalon with the olfactory nerve, and the nervus praeopticus enters the diencephalon at the level of the optic nerve. We investigated the central projections of the nervus terminalis and the nervus praeopticus in the Australian lungfish (Neoceratodus forsteri) and in the African lungfish (Protopterus dolloi) by NADPH‐diaphorase histochemistry (nitric oxide synthase; NOS) and compared them with the projections of the nervus terminalis of the frog (Xenopus laevis).

In Neoceratodus, NOS‐positive fascicles of the nervus terminalis divide and project with a ventral component through the septum and with a dorsal component through the pallium; fibers of both trajectories extend caudally beyond the anterior commissure and join the lateral forebrain bundle. In the nervus praeopticus, about 300 fibers contain NOS; they innervate the preoptic nucleus and continue their course through the diencephalon; many fibers cross in the commissure of the posterior tuberculum.

In Protopterus, ganglion cells of the nervus terminalis and of the nervus praeopticus contain NOS. NOS‐positive fibers of the nervus terminalis project through the septal region but not through the pallium. Several major fascicles cross in the rostral part of the anterior commissure, where they are joined by a small number of NOS‐containing fibers of the nervus praeopticus. Both nerves innervate the preoptic nucleus. The number and pathways of the fascicles of the nervus terminalis are not always symmetric between the two sides. The nervus terminalis fascicles remain in a ventral position, whereas the nervus praeopticus gives rise to the more dorsal fascicles. Many fibers of the two nerves extend throughout the diencephalon and cross in the commissure of the posterior tuberculum.

These findings demonstrate many similarities but also significant differences between the contributions of the nervus terminalis and the nervus praeopticus to forebrain projections in the two lungfishes. They support the view that the nervus praeopticus is part of a nervus terminalis system comparable to that in frogs and other nonmammalian vertebrates. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of galanin‐like immunoreactivity in the brain of the turtle Mauremys caspica
Authors: Jiménez Antonio‐J. , Mancera Juan‐Miguel , Pérez‐Fígares José‐Manuel , Fernández‐Llebrez Pedro
Published: January 2005

Galanin is a brain‐gut peptide present in the central nervous system of fish, amphibians, birds, and mammals. For comparative studies among vertebrates, the distribution of galanin in the brain of reptiles has been investigated. We studied the localization of galanin‐like‐immunoreactive perikarya and nerve fibers in the brain of the turtle Mauremys caspica by using an antiserum against porcine galanin. In the telencephalon, few immunoreactive perikarya were seen in the amygdaloid complex. The diencephalon contained the majority of the immunoreactive perikarya present in the lamina terminalis, nucleus periventricularis anterior, lateral preoptic area, nuclei hypothalamicus ventromedialis and posterior, nucleus basalis of the anterior commissure, and nucleus ventralis tuberis. Many immunoreactive cells, especially in the infundibulum, contacted the cerebrospinal fluid by an apical process. In the rhomben‐cephalon, immunopositive perikarya were restricted to a few cells in the nucleus tractus solitari. In the mesencephalon, they were absent. Immunoreactive nerve fibers were present in all regions containing labeled perikarya and in (1) telencephalon: septum, nucleus fasciculi diagonalis Brocae; (2) diencephalon: nucleus paraventricularis, nucleus supraopticus, nucleus suprachiasmaticus, subventricular grey, nucleus of the paraventricular organ, nucleus mamillaris, infundibular decussation, outer layer of the median eminence, posterior commissure and subcommissural organ region, habenula, nuclei dorsomedialis anterior, and dorsolateralis anterior of the thalamus; and (3) mesencephalon and rhombencephalon: stratum griseum periventriculare, stratum fibrosum periventriculare, laminar nucleus of the torus semicircularis, periventricular grey, nucleus interpeduncularis, nucleus ruber, substantia nigra, locus coeruleus, raphe nuclei, nuclei of the reticular formation, nucleus motorius nervi trigemini, cochlear and vestibular area, and nucleus spinalis nerve trigemini. Our results suggest that galanin may have hypophysiotropic and central roles in the turtle Mauremys caspica. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Innervation of the larynx, pharynx, and upper esophageal sphincter of the rat
Authors: Kobler James B. , Datta Subimal , Goyal Raj K. , Benecchi Elizabeth J.
Published: January 2005

We identified a ‘semicircular’ compartment of the rat thyropharyngeus muscle at the pharyngoesophageal junction and used the glycogen depletion method to determine how the fibers of this muscle (as well as all others of the pharynx and larynx) are innervated by different cranial nerve branches. The semicircular compartment appears anatomically homologous to the human cricopharyngeus muscle, an important component of the upper esophageal sphincter. While we found very little overlap in the muscle targets of the pharyngeal, superior laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal nerves within the pharynx and larynx, the semicircular muscle receives a dual, interdigitating innervation from two vagal branches: the pharyngeal nerve and a branch of the superior laryngeal nerve we call the dorsal accessory branch. After applying horseradish peroxidase to either of these two nerves, we compared the distribution and number of cells labeled in the brainstem. The dorsal accessory branch conveys a more heterogeneous set of efferent fibers than does the pharyngeal nerve, including the axons of pharyngeal and esophageal motor neurons and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons. The observed distribution of labeled motor neurons in nucleus ambiguus also leads us to suggest that the semicircular compartment is innervated by two subsets of motor neurons, one of which is displaced ventrolateral to the main pharyngeal motor column. This arrangement raises the possibility of functional differences among semicircular compartment motor neurons correlated with the observed differences in brainstem location of cell bodies. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative electron microscopic analysis of synaptic input from cortical areas 17 and 18 to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in cats
Authors: Vidnyánszky Zoltán , Hámori József
Published: January 2005

Cortical feedback is the largest extraretinal projection to the lateral geniculate nucleus. This input is thought to modulate the transfer of visual information in a state‐dependent manner. The quantitative distribution and synaptology of axon terminals arising from different cortical areas is still an unsolved question. To address this problem, the synaptic termination pattern of corticogeniculate axons from cortical areas 17 and 18 entering the lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat was examined. The Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin anterograde tract tracing method was used for the labeling of corticogeniculate terminals. Postsynaptic targets were characterized by postembedding γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunocytochemistry. In both laminae A and A1, labeled corticogeniculate axons from area 17 established synaptic contacts with GABA‐immunopositive, interneuronal dendritic profiles more frequently (17.5% of all axons) than did labeled axon terminals from area 18 (7% of axons). Conversely, 76% of labeled corticogeniculate axons from area 17, as opposed to 87% of labeled axons from area 18, terminated on GABA‐immunonegative relay cell dendrites. Furthermore, the mean diameter of GABA‐negative relay cell dendrites postsynaptic to labeled axons from area 17 was significantly smaller than the diameter of relay cell dendrites synapsing with labeled terminals from area 18. These results indicate that the corticogeniculate axons from cortical areas 17 and 18 exhibit different synaptic termination patterns in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat, suggesting that these two projections may subserve different functions in visual information processing. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adjuvant‐induced inflammation of rat paw is associated with altered calcitonin gene‐related peptide immunoreactivity within cell bodies and peripheral endings of primary afferent neurons
Authors: Nahin Richard L. , Byers Margaret R.
Published: January 2005

Local inflammation is associated with profound changes in the biochemistry and physiology of primary afferent nerve fibers and the central neurons responding to their signals. In some tissues, the neural changes accompanying inflammation include sprouting and cytochemical changes that are delayed several days after the initial injury. In the present stydiy, we have analyzed the effect of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)‐induced inflammation in the rat paw on clacitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity (IR) in dorsal root ganglia and within tissue of the inflamed paw. We quantified the CGRP‐IR within the L1, L4, and L6 ganglia, and in ankle, midpaw, joint and toe tissues.

Analysis of the processed tissue revealed a significant increase in the percentage of CGRP‐positive cells within L4 dorsal root ganglia ipsilateral to an inflamed hindpaw six days after administration of CFA. There was a parallel increase in the number and staining density of detectable CGRP‐immunoreactive fibers in periarticular and perivascular tissues of the inflamed digits and inflamed ankle. The other tissues of the paw, including epidermis and the regions surrounding the abceses, did not have detectable changes in CGRP‐immunoreactive fibers, despite tissue swelling and dystrophic changes in the foot that included loss of mast cell staining.

These data demonstrate that local inflammation of the rat paw has delayed influences in the peripheral nervous system, in addition to a number of previoulsy characterized acute effects. The alterations of CGRP‐IR were focused around specific tissue types, such as joints and subdermal blood vessels, and absent from others, such as epidermis or in the areas surrounding abscesses. This suggests production of local factors within reactive tissues that selectively interact with nerve fibers to induce changes in CGRP‐IR within the fibers. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Uniglomerular projection neurons participate in early development of olfactory glomeruli in the moth Manduca sexta
Authors: Malun Dagmar , Oland Lynne A. , Tolbert Leslie P.
Published: January 2005

Glomerular organization of the antennal (olfactory) lobe is initiated by the arrival of sensory axons from the antenna. Bundles of axon terminals coalesce into spheroidal knots of neuropil called protoglomeruli. Previous studies have suggested that the protoglomeruli form a template for the mature glomerular array, but an early role for projection neurons in establishing the template has not been excluded. We examined with the confocal laser scanning microscope the morphological development of the uniglomerular projection neurons during the stages in which glomeruli are constructed. Groups of projection neurons were stained with the lipophilic dye DiI to assess the development of the population as a whole; individual neurons were filled intracellularly with Lucifer Yellow to examine in detail the development of shape. In some preparations, sensory axons and glial cells also were labeled by using different fluorescent dyes to reveal possible interactions between projection neuron dendrites and sensory axons or glial cells.

Protoglomeruli form in a wave beginning at the entry point of the antennal nerve and proceeding across the lobe to the opposite pole. A second wave follows in which projection neurons become tufted and innervate the newly formed glomeruli, sometimes extending into the glial border surrounding the protoglomeruli. In animals deprived of sensory axons, some projection neurons still form tufted dendritic trees and, in one region of the neuropil, a glomerulus‐like structure.

The early presence of projection neuron processes in the protoglomeruli and the formation of at least one glomerulus‐like structure in unafferented lobes suggest that uniglomerular projection neurons play an active role in the construction of olfactory glomeruli. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cellular localization and laminar distribution of AMPA glutamate receptor subunits mRNAs and proteins in the rat cerebral cortex
Authors: Conti Fiorenzo , Minelli Andrea , Brecha Nicholas C.
Published: January 2005

The cellular and laminar distributions of the α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptor subunits GluR1‐4 have been investigated in the cerebral cortex of adult rats by in situ hybridization with 35S‐labeled cRNA probes and by immunocytochemistry with subunit‐specific antibodies. In sections incubated with the GluR1–4 antisense probes, specific hybridization signal was observed in many but not all cortical cells. Experiments with in situ hybridization and antibodies to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) showed that percentages of GFAP‐immunoreactive cells labeled by the GluR1‐4 probes were 20%, 9.4%, 8.2%, and 57.3%, respectively.

A semiquantitative evaluation revealed that about 56% of cortical neurons contained the GluR1 subunit, 80% the GluR2, 63% the GluR3, and 44% the GluR4. The number of grains associated with every neuron was determined from sections exposed for 15 days, the background level was subtracted, and labeled neurons were divided into four groups: A (≤ 10 grains), B (11–20 grains), C (21–30 grains), and D (>30 grains). The number of neurons belonging to each of these groups was then evaluated for their occurrence in each cortical layer.

Immunocytochemistry with subunit‐specific antibodies showed that (1) GluR1‐immunoreactive neurons were mostly layers V and VI nonpyramidal neurons; (2) GluR2/3‐immunoreactive neurons were more numerous in layers II–III and V–VI, and most of them were pyramidal; and (3) GluR4‐positive cells were the least numerous, and they were either neurons (pyramidal and nonpyramidal) or astrocytes. These observations indicate that cortical neurons exhibit a remarkable degree of heterogeneity with regard to both the composition and the number of AMPA receptors and suggest that this diversity might be correlated with the functional attributes of neurons receiving glutamatergic afferents and with the physiological features of corticifugal neurons. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss. Inc.
Plasticin, a newly identified neurofilament protein, is preferentially expressed in young retinal ganglion cells of adult goldfish
Authors: Fuchs Chana , Glasgow Eric , Hitchcock Peter F. , Schechter Nisson
Published: January 2005

The adult goldfish retina and optic nerve display continuous growth, plasticity, and the capacity to regenerate throughout the animal's life. The intermediate filament proteins in this pathway are different from those in adult mammalian nerves, which do not continuously grow or normally regenerate. One novel intermediate filament protein of the goldfish visual pathway is plasticin, which is synthesized in ganglion cells and transported into the optic nerve. Using specific polyclonal antibodies raised against a plasticin fusion protein, we investigated the distribution of this protein in the normal retina and nerve and in the retina and nerve following optic nerve crush. In the normal pathway, plasticin was localized predominantly to the axons of very young ganglion cells; however, there was considerable immunoreactivity in older axons as they approach the chiasm. In addition, following optic nerve crush, all ganglion cell somata and their axons proximal to the crush site became equally immunoreactive. The results suggest that plasticin may contribute to axonal growth, plasticity, and regeneration. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Postembryonic development of corazonin‐containing neurons and neurosecretory cells in the blowfly, Phormia terraenovae
Authors: Cantera Rafael , Veenstra Jan A. , Nässel Dick R.
Published: January 2005

An antiserum against the cockroach cardioactive peptide corazonin was used to investigate the distribution of immunoreactive neurons and neurosecretory cells in the nervous system of the blowfly, Phormia terraenovae, during postembryonic development. A small number of corazonin‐immunoreactive neurons was found at larval, pupal, and adult stages. At all postembryonic stages two cell groups were found in the protocerebrum of the brain: (1) two lateral cell clusters and (2) two median cells. In the larva eight bilateral cell pairs were found in thoracic and abdominal neuromeres of the fused ventral ganglion. The lateral brain neurons are located in the lateral neurosecretory cell group and extend axons with branches in several components of the retrocerebral neuroendocrine complex, in the stomatogastric nervous system of larvae and adults, and additionally in muscles of the alimentary canal in the adult. The most prominent element of these peripheral processes is a large plexus of varicose fibers located in the wall of the aorta, the main site for the release of neurohormones produced in the brain of blowflies. The presence of corazonin‐immunoreactive material in the aortic plexus suggests that this peptide functions as a neurohormone, During metamorphosis, the immunoreactive neurons found in the thoracic‐abdominal ganglion of the larva disappear, and in the brain new immunoreactive neurons are added to those that persist from larval stages. The bulk of the corazonin‐immunoreactive material extracted from adult brains and corpora cardiaca‐aorta complexes was found to co‐elute with synthetic corazonin in reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography as monitored with enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Associational and commissural afferents of parvalbumin‐immunoreactive neurons in the rat hippocampus: A combined immunocytochemical and PHA‐L study
Authors: Deller T. , Nitsch R.
Published: January 2005

Nonpyramidal neurons containing the calcium‐binding protein parvalbumin (PV) are one of the inhibitory elements of the hippocampal network. Previous studies have indicated that they are involved in septohippocampal disinhibitory circuits. This study analyzes the commissural and ipsilateral associational afferents of parvalbumin neurons. Injections of the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris‐leucoagglutinin (PHA‐L) into the hilus of the fascia dentata labeled numerous axons in the molecular layer that established synaptic contacts with parvalbumin‐immunoreactive neurons on both the injection and the contralateral side. Mossy fibers, labeled by injections into the granule cell layer, terminated on parvalbumin neurons in the hilus and in CA3. Injections of PHA‐L into CA3 resulted in a dense labeling of fibers in the hilus and in CA3, CA2, and CA1 on both the injection and the contralateral side. In all these hippocampal fields, PHA‐L‐labeled fibers established asymmetric contacts with PV‐immunoreactive, presumably GABAergic, inhibitory neurons. These observations indicate that parvalbumin‐immunoreactive inhibitory neurons in the hippocampus are targets of presumably excitatory associational and commissural projections and suggest that they are involved in feed‐forward and feed‐back circuits. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Substance P phenotype defines specificity of c‐fos induction by cocaine in developing rat striatum
Authors: Kosofsky Barry E. , Genova Lisa M. , Hyman Steven E.
Published: January 2005

Activation of c‐fos, a member of the class of immediate early genes that act as transcription factors, may be one of the initial molecular mechanisms underlying plastic changes in gene expression in response to drugs of abuse. By combining c‐fos (radioactive) in situ hybridization histochemistry with nonradioactive in situ hybridization histochemistry for mRNAs encoding other striatal markers [preprotachykinin (substance P), proenkephalin, and D1 and D2 receptors], we have identified the cellular phenotype of striatal neurons activated by acute administration of cocaine to P8, P15, P28, and adult rats. At each age examined, substance P+, enkephalin−‐ striatal neurons were the predominant class of cells in which cocaine induced c‐fos gene expression. In addition, the topography of cellular activation at each age examined was distinct and reflected the topography of distribution of cells expressing high levels of substance P mRNA. We conclude that there is a marked specificity of cellular activation in striatum following acute cocaine administration restricted predominantly to subsets of substance P‐expressing cells, with age‐specific patterns in their topographic distribution. © 1995 Willy‐Liss, Inc.