bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fertilisation, rainfall and crop yield
Authors: Márton L.
Published: March 2005

The effect of rainfall quantity and distribution and of N, P, K, Ca and Mg fertilisation on the yields of rye, potato, winter wheat and triticale were evaluated in the 42 years of a long-term mineral fertilisation experiment [soil (acidic, sandy, brown forest) × fertilisation (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) × rainfall (quantity, distribution) × crop (rye, potato, winter wheat, triticale)] set up in 1962 under fragile agro-ecological conditions in the Nyírlugos-Nyírség region of Eastern Hungary. The soil had the following agrochemical characteristics: pH (H2O) 5.9, pH (KCl) 4.7, hydrolytic acidity 8.4, hy1 0.3, humus 0.7%, total N 34 mg kg-1, ammonium lactate (AL)-soluble P2O5 43 mg kg-1, AL-K2O 60 mg kg-1 in the ploughed layer. From 1962 to 1980 the experiment consisted of 2×16×4×4=512 plots and from 1980 of 32×4=128 plots in split-split-plot and factorial random block designs. The gross plot size was 10×5=50 m2. The average fertiliser rates in kg ha-1 year-1 were nitrogen 45, phosphorus 24 (P2O5), potassium 40 (K2O), magnesium 7.5 (MgO) until 1980 and nitrogen 75, phosphorus 90 (P2O5), potassium 90 (K2O), magnesium 140 (MgCO3) after 1980. The main results and conclusions were as follows: The rainfall quantities averaged over many years and in the experimental years, and during the growing season, averaged over many years and in the experimental years, were 567, 497, 509, 452 mm for rye and 586, 509, 518 and 467 mm for winter wheat. Rainfall deviations from the many years' average -3% and -13% in the experimental years and during the growing season for potato and 2% and -3% for triticale. During the vegetation period the relationships between rainfall quantity, NPKCaMg nutrition and yield could be characterised primarily by quadratic correlations. Maximum yields of 4.0 t ha-1 for rye, 21.0 t ha-1 for potato, 3.4 t ha-1 for winter wheat and 5.0-6.0 t ha-1 for triticale were recorded when the natural rainfall amounted to 430-500, 280-330, 449-495 and 550-600 mm, respectively. At values above and below these figures there was a considerable reduction in the yield. The results showed that the crop yields were strongly influenced (quadratic correlation) by interactions between N, P, K, Ca and Mg fertilisation and rainfall quantity and distribution.
Nutrient availability and grain yield of winter sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) as influenced by tillage practices and integrated nutrient management in Vertisols of semi-arid tropics of India
Authors: Patil S. L. , Sheelvanter M. N. , Lamani V. K. , Reddy R.
Published: March 2005

A field experiment was conducted in Vertisols at Bijapur during 1994-96 to study the effect of tillage practices and integrated nutrient management on winter sorghum yield and soil nutrient availability. The increase in winter sorghum yield with deep tillage over medium and shallow tillage was 27 and 57% in 1994-95 as compared to 18 and 34% in 1995-96. Deep tillage resulted in 22 and 45% higher yield as compared to medium and shallow tillage in the pooled data. This was mainly due to conservation and increased availability of moisture and nutrients, i.e. N, P and K. The higher availability of nutrients in the topsoil (0-0.15 m) as compared to the subsoil (0.15-0.30 m) was due to the application of nutrients in the topsoil layer and the higher rate of mineralization. Among the organic materials applied, Leucaena loppings at 2.5 t ha-1 led to a significantly (9%) higher yield (1636 kg ha-1) over vermicompost (1500 kg ha-1) and was on par with farmyard manure (1572 kg ha-1) in the pooled data and during both years of the study. The higher percentage increase in grain yield with Leucaena application was due to the better moisture conservation and availability of major nutrients, i.e. N, P and K. Winter sorghum responded significantly to N application at 25 kg ha-1 in 1994-95, whereas in 1995-96 and in the pooled data the response varied up to 50 kg N ha-1. In the pooled data, the grain yield increased by 17 and 24% with the application of 25 and 50 kg N ha-1 compared with the control. The higher yields obtained with the application of nitrogen were due to the better availability of nutrients, especially N, as these soils are low in available N.
Effect of the ridge tillage system on some selected soil physical properties in a maize monoculture
Authors: László P. , Gyuricza C.
Published: March 2005

Within the framework of cooperation between Szent István University and the Vienna University of Agricultural Sciences, a soil cultivation experiment in a maize (Zea mays L.) monoculture was set up for the first time in Austria near Pyhra (Lower Austria) in 1996. A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of ridge tillage (RT) in comparison with conventional mouldboard ploughing in autumn (CT) and no-tillage (NT) on the penetration resistance (PR), soil bulk density (BD) and porosity (P) of sandy loam soil (Typic Agriudoll). Analyses were made for each treatment and for different parts of the ridge (top and side of the ridge, and interrow) in 1998, 2000 and 2002. The average PR and BD values were greatest in the no-tillage plot, being 3.42 MPa and 1.56 g·cm-3, respectively. After six years, ridge tillage resulted in lower penetration resistance and bulk density values in the upper 20 cm than conventional tillage and no-tillage. Ridge tillage appears capable of reducing compaction in this soil. It can be concluded from the results that ridge tillage is capable of maintaining and improving favourable physical conditions in the soil.
Leaf growth and K+/Na+ ratio as an indication of the salt tolerance of three sorghum cultivars grown under salinity stress and IAA treatment
Authors: Azooz M. M. , Shaddad M. A. , Abdel-Latef A. A.
Published: March 2005

The salt tolerance of three sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) cultivars (Dorado, Hagen Shandawil and Giza 113) and their responses to shoot spraying with 25 ppm IAA were studied. Salinity stress induced substantial differences between the three sorghum cultivars in the leaf area, dry mass, relative water content and tolerance index of the leaves. Dorado and Hagen Shandawil tolerated salinity up to 88 and 44 mM NaCl, respectively, but above this level, and at all salinity levels in Giza 113, a significant reduction in these parameters was recorded. The rate of reduction was lower in Dorado than in Hagen Shandawil and Giza 113, allowing the sequence Dorado ? Hagen Shandawil ? Giza 113 to be established for the tolerance of these cultivars to salinity. The differences in the tolerance of the sorghum cultivars were associated with large differences in K+ rather than in Na+, which was found to be similar in the whole plant. The youngest leaf was able to maintain a higher K+ content than the oldest leaf. Consequently the K+/Na+ ratios were higher in the most salt-tolerant cultivar Dorado than in the other sorghum cultivars, and in the youngest than in the oldest leaf. In conformity with this mechanism, the stimulatory effect of the exogenous application of IAA was mostly associated with a higher K+/Na+ ratio. Shoot spraying with IAA partially alleviated the inhibitory effect of salinity on leaf growth and on the K+ and Ca2+ contents, especially at low and moderate levels of salinity, while it markedly retarded the accumulation of Na+ in the different organs of sorghum cultivars. Abbreviations: LA: Leaf area, DM: Dry mass, I Indole acetic acid, RWC: Relative water content,TI: Tolerance index
Microbiological impact of atrazine pollution in river sediment and soil
Authors: Vargha M. , Somlai Z. , Takáts Z. , Márialigeti K.
Published: March 2005

Atrazine is a frequently detected pollutant in agricultural soils, groundwater and surface waters. Microbial degradation was confirmed in soils, and recently several atrazine-degrading bacteria have been isolated. Degradation in aquifers, however, is not well understood, and to date, atrazine degraders have not been isolated from water. In the present study, the impact of atrazine was assessed in agricultural soil and river sediment and the composition of the atrazine-degrading bacterial community in the soil and sediment was compared. Atrazine pollution increased the number and diversity of the endogenous atrazine degraders in both environments. Proteobacteria were predominant atrazine degraders in soils, whereas the community of atrazine-degrading bacteria in sediment consisted mostly of coryneforms.
Effect of soilborne wheat mosaic virus on winter wheat yield and yield components
Authors: Altay F. , Bolat N.
Published: March 2005

Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV) is an important disease of wheat production areas throughout the world, causing a great reduction in wheat and barley yields. The most effective way of controlling the disease is the use of resistant varieties in infested areas. In this study, the effects of SBWMV on yields and some yield components of eight susceptible, one moderately susceptible/resistant and nine resistant varieties were evaluated using data from 9 virus-infested and 6 non-infested sites in Eskisehir, Turkey over 6 years. The susceptible varieties yielded 5.35% more than resistant varieties in non-infested sites, while they gave 28.98% lower yield in infested sites. Significant yield loss differences were observed between the varieties in infested sites. Decreases were also observed in yield components at various levels. This study showed that SBWMV is an important disease, which survives in soil for long periods and causes significant yield decreases in wheat. Recently developed varieties have good resistance to the disease and are recommended to farmers in infested areas.  Abbreviations: SBWMV, soil-borne wheat mosaic virus
Effect of lignite humic acid on soil nutrient availability at different growth stages of rice grown on Vertisols and Alfisols
Authors: Nandakumar R. , Saravanan A. , Singaram P. , Chandrasekaran B.
Published: March 2005

Field experiments were conducted with rice (ADT-39) during the wet Kharif season (July- October 2001) at two locations, the Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute (TRRI) farm, Aduthurai (Vertisol) and the Agricultural Research Station (ARS) farm, Pattukkottai (Alfisol), representing the old and new delta areas of the Cauvery, respectively. The same set of treatments was followed in both soils. The treatments consisted of the recommended NPK fertilizer application at 75% and 100% alone, and 10 or 20 kg ha-1 humic acid (HA) in combination with NPK fertilizers as soil application, besides an integrated method involving soil application, root dipping and foliar spraying with humic acid and NPK fertilizers. initial soil samples from the experimental fields were analysed for physical, physico-chemical and chemical properties. Surface soil samples were collected at critical growth stages and analysed for various available nutrients. The results of the field experiments revealed that the application of humic acid along with inorganic fertilizers led to higher soil nutrient availability at all the growth stages of rice. Similar results were obtained in both Vertisol and Alfisol. The present investigation concluded that the best treatment for soil nutrient availability was 10 kg ha-1 HA (soil application) + 0.1% HA foliar spray (twice) + 0.3% HA root dipping + 100% NPK, which was on par with the treatment involving 20 kg ha-1 HA (soil application) + 100% NPK compared to the other treatments.
Yield and quality of baby corn (Zea mays L.) as influenced by spacing and fertilization levels
Authors: Ramachandrappa B. K. , Nanjappa H. V. , Shivakumar H. V.
Published: March 2005

A field experiment was conducted on baby corn (Zea mays L.) at Bangalore, India during 2001 and 2002 with three spacings and seven fertilization levels to study their effect on the yield and quality of baby corn and green fodder. A wider spacing of 45 × 30 cm significantly increased yield components, sensory and nutritional parameters of baby corn and green fodder compared with closer spacing, while the green fodder yield was significantly higher at a closer spacing of 45 × 20 cm or 30 × 30 cm. The application of 150 : 75 : 40 kg NPK ha-1+ 10 t farmyard manure (FYM) was found to be optimal for obtaining high baby corn and fodder yields with good quality.
Effect of date of transplanting and nitrogen on productivity and nitrogen use indices in hybrid and non-hybrid aromatic rice
Authors: Singh T. , Shivay Y. S: , Singh S.
Published: March 2005

A field experiment was carried out during the rainy (kharif) season of 2001 at the experimental farm of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India, to study the effect of date of transplanting and nitrogen on yield attributes, yields, nutrient accumulation and nitrogen use efficiencies in hybrid and non-hybrid aromatic rice. The experiment consisted of 9 treatments with 2 varieties (Pusa Basmati 1 and Pusa Rice Hybrid 10), 3 transplanting dates (3, 10 and 17 July, 2001) and 4 nitrogen levels (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg N ha-1). Pusa Rice Hybrid 10 had significantly higher values of yield attributes (panicles hill-1, panicle weight, spikelets panicle-1, filled grains panicle-1, 1000-grain weight), yields and nutrient accumulation than the non-hybrid Pusa Basmati 1. There were significant reductions in yield attributes, yields and nutrient accumulation after delayed transplanting. Timely transplanting on 3 July led to 8.4 and 19.1% higher grain yield than transplanting on 10 and 17 July, respectively. Successive nitrogen levels had a significant effect on yield attributes (except 1000-grain weight), yields and nutrient accumulation up to 120 kg N ha-1. The maximum grain yield (5.87 t ha-1) was recorded at the highest level of N nutrition (180 kg Nha-1) and was 4.2, 15.5 and 39.3% higher than in the 120 kg, 60 kg N ha-1 and control treatments, respectively. Pusa Rice Hybrid 10 also had significantly higher values of agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (ANUE) (12.5 kg grain kg-1 N applied), apparent nitrogen recovery (27.4%), physiological NUE (44.2 kg grain kg-1 N uptake), N harvest index (62.7%), N efficiency ratio (119.6 kg dry matter kg-1 N uptake) and physiological efficiency index of nitrogen (47.4 kg grain kg-1 N uptake) than non-hybrid Pusa Basmati 1.
Effect of sewage sludge and sloughterhouse waste compost on plant growth
Authors: Petróczki F.
Published: March 2005

Until the 1950s plant nutrition consisted of the application of farmyard manure as part of the within-farm nutritive cycle. As production intensified, artificial fertilizers quickly gained a dominant role. The appearance of environmental damage and the rise in production costs raised the question of the wider application of organic manures. To face this challenge a series of experiments was performed, to examine the possibility of reusing sewage sludge and slaughterhouse waste compost, taking into account the costs and environmental regulations. At the premises of Beta-Research Ltd. in Sopronhorpács a 2-year plot experiment with 2 factors and 4 repetitions in randomly arranged blocks was carried out in 2000 and 2001. The experimental plant was sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. var. saccharifera Alef.) in the first year and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in the second year. The aim of the experiment was to examine the effect of sewage sludge and slaughterhouse waste compost on plant growth and internal parameters and to determine the optimal and unfavourable rates of these manures from the agricultural point of view. Evaluating the data it was found that the treatments caused statistically significant (LSD5%) differences in yield, sugar content, retrievable sugar content, sugar yield, a-amino-nitrogen and potassium content and recoverability quotient compared to the control. An analysis of the experimental results demonstrated that 25-50 t/ha sewage sludge application could be recommended under the given field conditions, while compost could be applied at a rate of 150-200 t/ha without any danger of damaging the plants. Several further factors, such as soil, human and animal hygiene and plant nutrition, must also be considered if safe application is to be achieved in the long term.
Effect of cadmium on growth and oxidative metabolism of faba bean plants
Authors: Moussa H. R.
Published: March 2005

The effect of CdCl2(0-50 µM) on the growth, physiological parametersand leaf antioxidative enzymes of faba bean plants was studied in order toinvestigate the possible involvement of this metal in the generationof oxidative stress. In the roots and leaves of faba bean plants Cd produceda significant inhibition of growth, as well as a reduction inthe transpiration rate, photosynthetic efficiency (14CO2-fixation), ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate-carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activity and leaf pigment content, and an alteration in the nutrient status in booth roots and leaves. an increased level of free proline was also detected. The results suggest thatthe treatment of faba bean plants with CdCl2 induced a concentration-dependentoxidative stress situation in the leaves, characterized by an accumulationof  H2O2, as a result of theinhibition of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione reductase (GR) and catalase (CAT). These results point to the possible inductionof leaf senescence by cadmium.
Variability in the response of pearl millet [Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke] accessions to salinity
Authors: Ali G. M. , Khan N. M. , Hazara R. , McNeilly T.
Published: March 2005

The objective of this project was to develop understanding about the possibility of improving salt tolerance in pearl millet using selection and breeding methods. A collection of 143 pearl millet accessions was obtained from nineteen countries in different regions of the world, mostly from dry hot environments, e.g. Yemen, Sudan, the Central African Republic and Niger. Considerable genetic variability was found in these accessions for salt tolerance. Based upon a preliminary examination of the responses to NaCl solution in a selection of accessions, it was decided that 160 mM NaCl would be the reference parameter for assessing tolerance. The six most salt-tolerant accessions were 10876 and 10878 from Sudan, 18406 and 18570 from Namibia, and ICMV-93753 and ICMV-94474 from India, all of which had relative root lengths of above 70%. Accessions 213011 and 21351 were very sensitive, their relative root length being below 30%. Unfortunately, the areas from which the tolerant accessions from Sudan, Namibia and India originated are not known, but it is possible that they may have inhabited dry, saline lands.
'Two Thirds of a Boy are his Uncle's': The Question of Relevance in Translation
Authors: Farghal Mohammed
Published: March 2005

The present paper is an attempt to show that translation activity is a matter of translating what is contextually relevant in terms of source text and audience, and ignoring what is contextually irrelevant. Successful intralingual communication is essentially dependent on the receiver's recognition of the sender's communicative intention with reference to optimal relevance (Sperber and Wilson 1986). However, interlingual communication may create ample room for what may paradoxically be called 'camouflaged relevance', where a deviant rendition may prove ostensibly relevant to the target reader insofar as providing new information and establishing an apparent linkage with the source language text in question are concerned (Gutt 1996). This means that reader-oriented translation relevance should be taken with utmost care so as to avoid far-fetched interpretations which may arise from either understating or overstating the intended message, whether consciously or subconsciously. The empirical data in this study show that translation relevance is rooted in universal, functional, and culture-bound principles.
Conference Report
Authors: Berber Diana
Published: March 2005

VI International Congress of Translation, “Distance Teaching of Translation and Languages”, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, May 10-12, 2004
Talajfizikai tulajdonságok becslése és alkalmazásuk modellekben
Authors: Fodor Nándor , Rajkai Kálmán
Published: March 2005

A talajban végbemeno vízáramlás leírásához két talajfizikai összefüggés, a víztartóképesség- és a vízvezetoképesség-függvény szükséges. A talaj vízforgalmának modellezése elvileg akkor a legpontosabb, ha bemeno adatként a talajfizikai függvényeket a mérési adatokra illesztett függvényekkel adjuk meg.  A vizsgálatokhoz a Szilas-patak árterén található öntés réti talajszelvény mért víztartóképesség- és vízvezetoképesség-függvényeit használtuk. A mért víztartóképesség-értékekre Brutsaert-, illetve van Genuchten-függvényeket, a mért vízvezetoképesség-értékekre pedig Mualem-van Genuchten-függvényeket illesztettünk. Az illesztett függvényeket tekintettük referenciának. Feltételeztük, hogy a 4M modell ezekkel a függvényparaméterekkel szimulálja a vizsgált talajszelvény nedvességforgalmát a legvalósághubb módon. Különbözo becslo módszerekkel (Mualem-van Genuchten módszer: M-vG; grafikus módszer: B-vG; pedotranszfer függvények: PTF-vG) számított víz-tartóképesség-, illetve vízvezetoképesség-függvényeket alkalmaztunk és hasonlítottunk össze a mért víztartóképesség- illetve vízvezetoképesség-értékekkel. Ezt követoen a referencia függvényekkel és a becsült függvényekkel kapott 4M modelleredményeket (kumET) hasonlítottuk össze és értékeltük.  Fobb megállapításainkat az alábbiakban foglaljuk össze: - Esetünkben a grafikus módszer eredményesen használható a vízvezeto-képesség-függvény víztartóképesség-függvénybol történo becslésére. - A pedotranszfer függvényekkel kapott víztartóképesség-függvények illeszkedése, az elfogadható, ±2,5%-os hibahatáron belüli volt mindhárom talajmintára. - A vízvezetoképesség-függvény becslésében mindhárom becslo módszer elfogadható hibájú volt, a B-szintet kivéve, ahol a PTF-vG módszer jelentosen alábecsülte a mért értékeket. - Esetünkben a M-vG és B-vG, illetve PTF-vG módszerekkel becsült függvényekkel szimulált kumET-értékek következetesen alulbecsülték, illetve felülbecsülték a referencia függvényekkel számított kumulált evapotranszspirációt. - A M-vG és a PTF-vG módszer kielégíto eredménnyel használható a 4M növénytermesztési modell talajfizikai függvényeinek meghatározására, amennyiben az evapotranszspiráció számítása a modellhasználat célja.   Tervezzük a vizsgálatok kiterjesztését heterogénebb talajtani és éghajlati körülményekre.
Szennyvíziszap-adagok hatása a növény (Triticum vulgare L.)-talaj rendszer néhány mikrobiológiai és biokémiai tulajdonságára
Authors: Abdorhim H. , Khalif A. A. , Bayoumi Hosam E. H. T. , Villányi Ilona , Heltai György , Kecskés Mihály
Published: March 2005

Üvegházi modellkísérletben neveltünk búzanövényeket szennyvíziszapot különböző arányban tartalmazó talajkultúrákban, és 50 napi tenyészidő után a talajmikrobiota állapotjelzőit elemeztük tavaszi búza jelzőnövénnyel. Megállapítottuk, hogy az iszapadagolás minden esetben növelte a kontrollhoz képest az összes csíraszámot, különösen 30% iszaptartalom felett. A kitenyészthető mikrobák között a rizoszférában minden szennyvíziszap-adagnál a baktériumok, különösen a Gram-negatív típusúak dominálták. A mikroszkopikus gombák közül leggyakrabban az élesztők fordultak elő. Az iszapadagolás következtében megnövekedett a redox és hidrolitikus talajenzimek aktivitása (dehidrogenáz, kataláz, proteáz, ureáz, β-glukozidáz és foszfatáz), s ezt a jelenlévő nehézfémek nem befolyásolták. Az iszapkezelés kedvezően hatott a növények fejlődésére, különösen a magasabb iszapkoncentrációknál nőtt meg a hajtás/gyökér arány, azaz a zöldtömeg felhalmozás fokozódott. Az iszapok rövidtávú alkalmazásával ily módon a talaj-termékenységre és a talajok fizikai-kémiai-biológiai tulajdonságaira kedvezően ható módszerhez juthatunk.
Enzimaktivitások és a fluoreszkáló pszeudomonasz csíraszámok változása a fehér lóhere (Trifolium repens L.) rizoszférájában sókezelés (NaCl) hatására
Authors: Khalif A. A. , Abdorhim H. , Bayoumi Hosam E. H. T. , Füzy Anna , Kecskés Mihály
Published: March 2005

Üvegházi körülmények között savanyú barna erdotalajban nevelt fehér here (Trifolium repensL.) növények rizoszférájának sókezelés hatására bekövetkezo változását ellenoriztük. Megvizsgáltuk a különbözo sókoncentrációknak (0, 0,2, 0,4, 0,6 és 0,8 tömeg %) a baktériumnépesség összetételére és a különbözo talajenzimek aktivitására gyakorolt hatását.  Megállapítottuk, hogy a talaj sótartalma közvetlenül befolyásolta a rizoszférában található fluoreszkáló pszeudomonaszok csíraszámát. A legsurubb populáció a 0,2% NaCl-ot tartalmazó talajban volt mérheto, ahol a fluoreszkáló pszeudomonaszok között aPseudomonas putidaés aP. fluorescensfordultak elo a legnagyobb számban. A pszeudomonaszok ily módon jól tolerálják a talaj magas NaCl-tartalmát, és gyökérkolonizáló tevékenységet képesek kifejteni a magas NaCl-tartalmú talajban is. A sókoncentráció növelésével kezdetben (a 0,2-0,4%-os tartományban) jelentosen növekedett a dehidrogenáz, kataláz, és ureáz enzimek aktivitása. A proteáz enzimek aktivitásmaximuma a 0,1-0,2% NaCl-koncentráció tartományba esett. A 0,4%-nál magasabb koncentrációkban a kontrollhoz hasonló mértékure csökkent mind a négy enzim aktivitása, és a baktériumok száma is. A foszfatáz- és a b-glükozidáz-tevékenység viszont a NaCl-dózis növelése következtében a koncentrációval arányosan, jelentosen csökkent a kontrollhoz viszonyítva.  Feltételezésünk szerint az enzimaktivitások változását is a sókezelés hatására bekövetkezo mikrobióta összetételének megváltozása okozta.
Füves felszín és légkör ammónia-kicserélődésének mérése és modellezése
Authors: Horváth László , Asztalos Mária , Führer Ernő , Mészáros Róbert , Rajkai Kálmán , Weidinger Tamás
Published: March 2005

Egy nemzetközi kutatás (GRAMINAE - GRassland AMmonia INteractions Across Europe) keretében 2000. januártól 2001. júliusig terjedo idoszakban méréseket végeztünk az ammónia fufelszín és légkör közötti kicserélodésének meghatározására a Hortobágyi Nemzeti Park területén, kis légköri nitrogén bevételu területen. Az ammónia légköri koncentrációját a növényzet felett három szinten (0,5; 1,0 és 2,0 m-en) mértük. A mérésekhez egy AMANDA típusú denuder mintavételen alapuló mérorendszert használtunk. Az ammónia fluxusát profil módszerrel számoltuk. A számítások alapján az ammónia nettó éves fluxusa negatív, vagyis a légkörbol a felszín felé irányul és hektáronként 2,5 kg N-terhelést eredményez. Ez a mennyiség a teljes légköri (száraz + nedves) N-ülepedés (-11,7 kg N·ha-1·év-1) 21%-a. Emissziót, vagyis a felszín felol a légkörbe irányuló ammónia fluxust csak a vegetációs idoszak nappali óráiban tapasztaltunk, amikor a növényzet ammónia kompenzációs-pontjának koncentrációja meghaladta a légköri ammóniakoncentráció értékét. Más esetekben (éjszaka, illetve a vegetációs idoszakon kívül egész nap) nettó ammóniaülepedést észleltünk. Ezt az állapotot módosította a 2001. májusában kutatási célból végzett mutrágyázás (2 hektárnyi területen, fél szektorban a mérohely körül 100 kg N·ha-1) oly módon, hogy átmenetileg erosen megnott az ammónia emisszió. Az emisszió növekedést a mutrágyázás után mintegy két héten át tudtuk kimutatni. Ez ido alatt a mutrágyázással kiszórt nitrogén vesztesége (az ún. emisszió faktor) közelítoleg 1,3% volt. Az ammónia nagy része nem a talajból, hanem a növény légzonyílásain keresztül távozott. Az ammónia felszín és légkör közötti áramát egyszintu, kompenzációs-pont modellel is meghatároztuk. A modellt a profilmérésekbol számított ammónia fluxus adatokkal kalibráltuk. Viszonylag jó egyezést kaptunk, azonban a modell néhány bemeno paraméterértékének nagy bizonytalansága miatt, a modell általános alkalmazása további vizsgálatokat igényel.
Globalisation and Equity Issues in Post-socialist Transition Economies
Authors: Kolodko G. W.
Published: March 2005

Equity issues in policymaking are difficult to resolve because they are linked not only to the economic situation but also to social constraints and political conflicts within a country. This is even more true in the case of post-socialist economies during their transition to a market system in the era of globalisation. The historical and irreversible process of liberalisation and integration of capital, goods and services, and labour markets into one world market, as well as the gradual construction of new institutions and the process of privatisation cause a significant shift in the income pattern of post-socialist emerging markets. Contrary to expectations, inequality increases affecting the standard of living and long-term growth. While globalisation contributes to the long-term acceleration of economic growth and offers a chance for many countries and regions to catch up with more advanced economies, it results in growing inequality both between the countries and within them. On average, the standard of living increases, but so does the gap between the rich and the poor. Therefore, equality issues should always be of concern to policymakers, especially in the early years of the change of regime in post-socialist transition economies.
Financial depth and economic growth - the case of Hungary, the Czech Republic and Poland
Authors: Mérő Katalin
Published: March 2005

The article focuses on the relationship between economic growth and financial intermediation, with special focus on the process of catching up in three Central and Eastern European economies: Hungary, the Czech Republic and Poland (CEC-3). The depth of financial intermediation and economic growth exhibit a close, direct relationship with each other. According to recent studies the relationship is causal and the level of financial development is a good indicator of future economic growth. Examining the relationship between the two factors is especially important for these Central and Eastern European economies, where the level of financial intermediation is very low compared to that of developed countries. The lack of financial deepening is even more pronounced taking into consideration that there is a significant catching-up process in every other areas of the economy. The initial proposition here is that in order to these countries catching up, their economic growth must necessarily be accompanied by a marked financial deepening, without which long-term economic growth is impossible. It is absolutely necessary that in the future the role of bank loans in these economies increases significantly and that a period characterised by a lending boom follows. The lending boom should occur in CEC-3 is not an unequivocal sign of imprudent lending or a supply-side expansion of bank loans - on the contrary, it should be viewed as complementary to the economic development at the given economic stage.
The Pyramid Model: Enhancing Regional Competitiveness in Hungary
Authors: Lengyel Imre
Published: March 2005

The notion of competitiveness figures nowadays frequently and centrally both in economic policy and in regional development. Current economic development programmes, in short, have been directly responsible for the increasing attention devoted to analyses of regional competitiveness. At the same time, there is a growing consensus that a single notion of competitiveness can be found to describe processes of the globalising economy for companies (microlevel), industrial sectors and regions (mesolevel) as well as for national economies (macrolevel). The standard (common) concept of competitiveness has been partly developed in order to serve as a widely accepted theoretical definition, which can be measured and also be used by economic development policies. Competitiveness is intimately bound up with successful economic development. This study reviews the conceptual background and some special aspects of competitiveness and also looks more closely at one of the basic models of enhancing regional competitiveness. First, some aspects of the standard notion of competitiveness are discussed. Then some key indicators of the competitiveness of Hungarian regions will be investigated. I shall end by introducing the so-called pyramid model, which has been designed to measure and improve regional competitiveness.
Development of Competition Policy and Merger Control in Slovenia
Authors: Mikek Peter , Šlebinger Monika , Mlinaric Franjo
Published: March 2005

The article reviews and assesses the institutional (legal) and economic framework for merger control and competition policy in Slovenia. We investigate the functioning of the Slovenian Competition Protection Office. We also discuss possible reasons for the small number of denied mergers, with accession to the EU and the openness of the economy being the most important. Further, we use three case studies to illustrate that the unfinished transition process allows a possibility for political interference in merging activities.
Book Reviews
Authors: Laki Mihály , Huszka Beáta
Published: March 2005

R. J. McIntyre and B. Dallago (eds): Small and Medium Enterprises in Transitional Economies. Palgrave Macmillan in association with the United Nations University / World Institute for Development Economics Research, 2003, 259 pp. (Reviewed by Mihály Laki); S. S. Bhalla: Imagine There's No Country. Poverty, Inequality, and Growth in the Era of Globalisation. Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 2002, 248 pp. (Reviewed by Beáta Huszka)
Bank Competition in Hungary
Authors: Várhegyi Éva
Published: March 2005

The Hungarian banking system underwent significant transformation during the last ten years. The early opening of the market, the fairly liberal legislation and the privatisation strategy preferring professional investors brought many foreign banks into the country. Due to the entry of capital-abundant banks, former monopolistic positions eroded rapidly, concentration decreased and the size distribution of the banking system became more even. Beginning from the mid-90s, the effects of cross-border competition also began to show up, especially in corporate markets, where foreign credits became more and more dominant. Do these factors imply that the Hungarian banking sector can be characterised by features of a competitive market?
Agricultural Competitiveness after Accession - Lessons from Customs Union Theories
Authors: Elekes Andrea
Published: March 2005

The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is a very complex area of the European integration. As agriculture (especially agricultural trade) plays a very important role in the Hungarian economy, agricultural adaptation and its competitiveness is a crucial question for the whole economy. It is worth then examining how market players are expected to respond to new market challenges. In order to reveal some competitive effects of CAP adaptation, I turned to customs union (CU) theories, focusing on the possible theoretical production and consumption reactions. Finally the relevance of these presumptions to Hungarian agricultural accession is explored, revealing certain competitive effects.
Book Reviews
Authors: Csaba László , Török Ádám , Pogátsa Zoltán , Halilov Merdan
Published: March 2005

Szapáry, Gy. - von Hagen, J. (eds): Monetary Strategies of Joining the Euro. Cheltenham, Glos. UK and Northampton, MA/USA: Edward Elgar Publishing Inc., 2004, 228 pp. (Reviewed by László Csaba); Mihályi, P.: Bevezetés az egészségügy közgazdaságtanába (Health Economics - An Introduction). Veszprém: Veszprém University Press, 2003, 348 pp. (Reviewed by Ádám Török); UNCTAD: The World Investment Report 2003 - New Lessons for Central Europe. New York and Geneva: UNCTAD, 2003, 303 pp. (Reviewed by Zoltán Pogátsa); L. V. De Souza - B. van Aarle (eds): The Euroarea and the New EU Member States. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 239 pp. (Reviewed by Merdan Halilov);
Changes in thyroxine, 3,3',5-triiodothyronine and 3,3'5'-triiodothyronine content in the thyroid gland and in serum to thyroid tissue iodothyronine ratios during ontogenesis in the fetal pig
Authors: Brzezińska-Ślebodzińska Ewa , Ślebodziński A. B.
Published: March 2005

The concentrations of thyroxine (T4), 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3) and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3; rT3) in thyroid gland tissue and serum of the fetal pig (n = 68) from day 39 to 113 of gestation were measured. Tracer quantities of iodothyronines, displaying the onset of thyroid hormone activity, were found in the thyroid tissue on day 39, i.e. before the appearance of a measurable quantity of iodothyronines in the serum. The T4 and T3 thyroidal content showed the first rise between days 56 and 76. Then, T3 was increasing sharply from day 92 till birth, while T4 content was decreasing from about day 76 to a low value between day 92 and 105, and then showing an increase shortly before birth. The rT3 content was the highest on day 39 and then it was steadily decreasing to reach a nadir on about day 76. Measurable amounts of thyroid hormones (TH) in the serum were observed not earlier than on day 46 of gestation. Near birth, the tissues of the pig fetus are in a milieu characterised by the highest blood TH concentrations. The serum to thyroid concentration ratio for rT3 and T4 was generally below 1.0 until the last trimester of gestation, when it was over 5.0 for rT3 and over 4.0 for T4. By contrast, the T3 serum to thyroid ratio was below 0.5 throughout the gestation. The results show that the fetal pig thyroid displays a low rT3 and T4 content, but the marked T3 elevation observed near term supports the view that a high production and secretion of T3 near term may be a critical factor for normal postnatal adaptation to extrauterine cooling in the pig.
Induction of ovulation with GnRH and PGF2a in lactating Bos taurus × Bos indicus cows
Authors: Ahuja C. , Montiel F.
Published: March 2005

Induction of ovulation for timed artificial insemination (TAI) with the Ovsynch protocol was evaluated in 49 anoestrous and lactating Bos taurus × Bos indicus cows. Palpation per rectum and transrectal ultrasonography were used on Days -30, -20, -10 and 0 (start of treatment) to confirm anoestrus but with the presence of follicles = 10 mm, and every other day during treatment to determine ovarian activity. Cows were randomly assigned to: (1) Ovsynch (n = 24; Day 0, 200 µg GnRH; Day 7, 150 µg PGF2a; Day 9, 200 µg GnRH + TAI 16 to 20 h later) and (2) control (n = 25; no treatment). Rates of ovulation for the first GnRH injection, detection of a corpus luteum (CL) at PGF2a injection, pregnancy and induction of cyclicity were greater (P < 0.05) with Ovsynch. There was no effect of body condition score (P ? 0.05). In conclusion, the Ovsynch protocol was not effective in obtaining acceptable pregnancy rate for TAI, but it was effective for induction of cyclicity in anoestrous and lactating Bos taurus × Bos indicus cows under tropical conditions.
Regulation of growth hormone expression by thyrotropin-releasing hormone through the pituitary-specific transcription factor Pit-1 in chicken pituitary
Authors: Van As P. , Careghi C. , Bruggeman V. , Onagbesan O. M. , Van der Geyten S. , Darras V. M. , Decuypere E.
Published: March 2005

Pit-1 is a pituitary-specific POU-domain DNA binding factor, which binds to and trans-activates promoters of growth hormone- (GH), prolactin- (PRL) and thyroid stimulating hormone beta- (TSHβ) encoding genes. Pit-1 has been identified in several mammalian and avian species. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is located in the hypothalamus and it stimulates TSH, GH and PRL release from the pituitary gland. In the present study, we successfully developed a competitive RT-PCR for the detection of Pit-1 expression in the chicken pituitary, that was sensitive enough to detect picogram levels of Pit-1 mRNA. Applying this method, the effect of TRH injections on Pit-1 mRNA expression was determined in the pituitary of chick embryos and growing chicks. In both 18-day-old embryos and 10-day-old male chicks the Pit-1 mRNA expression was significantly increased following TRH injection, thereby indicating that the stimulatory effects of TRH on several pituitary hormones is mediated via its effect on Pit-1 expression. Therefore, a semi-quantitative RT-PCR method was used to detect possible changes in GH levels. TRH affected the GH mRNA levels at both developmental stages. These results, combined with the data on Pit-1 mRNA expression, indicate that Pit-1 has a role in mediating the stimulatory effects of TRH on pituitary hormones like GH.
Cystoscopy in cattle - a valuable additional tool for clinical examination
Authors: Franz Sonja , Winter Petra , Baumgartner W.
Published: March 2005

Based on the findings of physical examination and on laboratory findings the urinary bladder of 23 cows was examined endoscopically in order to investigate the application of cystoscopy in cattle. The endoscopic findings of all examined cows were compared with the findings of physical examination and the results of macroscopic and microscopic urinalysis and the bacteriological culture of the urine. By physical examination only 3 cows were diagnosed to have urinary tract disease, whereas all other cows were suspected of having an urinary tract disease. Bacteriological culture of the urine revealedCorynebacterium renaleandEscherichiacoliinfection in 18 cows, while the remaining 5 cows were negative. By cystoscopy catarrhal cystitis was diagnosed in 2 cases, haemorrhagic cystitis in 5 cases, and fibrinous-purulent and fibrinous-haemorrhagic cystitis in 13 cases. Three cows showed no pathological changes of the urinary bladder mucosa by endoscopic examination. Cystoscopy facilitates diagnosis through the direct visualisation of mucosal lesions and makes it possible to give a more accurate prog­nosis based upon the findings.
Antimutagenic effects of extracts from sage (Salvia officinalis) in mammalian system in vivo.
Authors: Vujošević M. , Blagojević Jelena
Published: March 2005

Naturally occurring antimutagenic factors, especially those of plant origin, have recently become a subject of intensive research. Antimutagenic properties of terpenoid fractions of sage (Salvia officinalis) were tested in mammalian system in vivo through examining the ability of sage to decrease the frequency of aberrant cells induced by a potent mutagen. First, groups of mice were treated with three concentrations of sage alone and it was established that the frequency of aberrant cells after treatment with a concentration of 25 µL/kg was not significantly different from the negative control (olive oil), while that found after treatment with the 50 µL/kg concentration differed significantly (X2(1) = 4.05, p < 0.05). Sage used at a concentration of 100 µL/kg was cytotoxic. Mitomycin C (MMC), known as a potent mutagen, was used for induction of chromosome aberrations. Post-treatment with sage suppressed the effects of MMC significantly. Both concentrations (25 µL/kg and 50 µL/kg) produced a significant decrease in the frequency of aberrations relative to MMC (X2(1) = 5.42, p < 0.02, X2(1) = 14.93, p < 0.001, respectively). The percent of aberrations decreased with increasing concentrations of sage. Only nontoxic concentrations of sage without mutagenic effects can be recommended for use as inhibitors of mutagenesis or carcinogenesis.
Molecular phylogeny of the kidney-parasitic Sphaerospora renicola from common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and Sphaerospora sp. from goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus)
Authors: Eszterbauer Edit , Székely Cs.
Published: March 2005

The genetic relatedness of two kidney-parasitic Sphaerospora species was studied. Although S. renicola, the causative agent of swimbladder inflammation of common carp fingerlings (Cyprinus carpio), and Sphaerospora sp. originating from goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus) were indistinguishable on the basis of spore morphology, they were found to be genetically different as their 18S rDNA sequences shared only 71.9% identical nucleotides. In the phylogenetic trees, Sphaerospora sp. from goldfish grouped with Myxidium truttae (AJ582061) within the clade of the coelozoic freshwater species. Sphaerospora renicola clustered with S. molnari (AF378345) within the group of myxosporeans histozoic in gills. The topology of the six Sphaerospora species on the phylogenetic trees implied that myxospore morphology does not correlate with the genetic relationships, and the genus seems to be polyphyletic.
A térben való mozgás narratív dimenziójának vizsgálata borderline és depressziós betegek élettörténeti epizódjaiban
Authors: Pohárnok Melinda
Published: March 2005

A tanulmány újra megfogalmazza az élettörténeti elbeszélések narratív pszichológiai tartalomelemzésének érvényességét, és a borderline személyiségzavaros betegek élettörténeti elbeszélései vizsgálatának új megközelítését mutatja be. A tanulmány néhány előző vizsgálat bemutatásával rávilágít az adott patológiai jelenség narratív pszichológiai vizsgálatának relevanciájára (például Segal és munkatársai, 1993), majd rátér a kapcsolati tér változásainak - az interaktív térben való mozgás dimenziójának - jelen vizsgálatára. Definiáljuk az interaktív tér általunk használt fogalmát és viszonyát a szövegbeli terek (Faragó, 2001) egyéb megközelítéseihez, s meghatározzuk a közelítés és távolítás ambitendenciájának szerepét a borderline személyiségzavarban. Bemutatjuk a vizsgálatban használt interjúmódszert, a tárgykapcsolati epizódok elemzésében használt közelítés- és távolításkódokat, és az elvégzett elemzést. Elemzésünk arra irányult, hogy vajon megtaláljuk-e a kódok mintázatában az ambitendenciának megfelelő közelítés-távolodás ismétlődéseket, illetve találunk-e ettől eltérő mintázatot a major depressziós be­tegek tárgykapcsolati epizódjaiban. Eredményeink szerint a szövegbeli mozgások elrendeződése leképezi a borderline patológiára jellemző „ingadozást”, a major depressziósokra jellemző „elhúzódással” szemben.
„Tetten ért emlékek.”
Authors: Kaposi Dávid
Published: March 2005

A dolgozat egy diszkurzív kutatás lehetőségeit boncolgatja általánosságban, csakúgy mint az emlékezés/emlékezet konkrét példáján. A hangsúlyt a nyelvi gyakorlatokra és a jelentéskonstrukcióra helyező vizsgálódás a diskurzusanalízis, az emberi tevékenységek olyan aspektusaira hívná fel a figyelmet, mely a pszichológián belül időnként elsikkadni látszik. A dolgozat amellett érvel, hogy a „társalgás” hasznos metaforája minden emberi aktivitásnak, hisz ezek minden esetben dialogikus jelentéskonstrukciót, vagyis értelemteli világok felépítését vonják maguk után. Így elengedhetetlen, hogy a társas gyakorlatokat „olvassuk”. A dolgozat az emlékezet/emlékezés kérdéskörét járja be és a diszkurzív gondolatot Ulric Neisser híres Dean-tanulmányának (Neisser, 1992) újra-újraértelmezésén keresztül igyekszik konkretizálni. Amellett érvel, hogy az emlékezés különböző formáit érdemes alternatív jövők el­érésére, alternatív múltak kivédésére irányuló társas gyakorlatként elemezni. A diszkurzív kutatás fókuszában ez a tevékenység mint jelentéskonstrukció, vagyis a „tetten ért emlékek” (vö. Austin, 1990) áll.
Tartalomelemzési módszerek a szubjektív időélmény vizsgálatára laikus beszélők szövegeiben
Authors: Ehmann Bea
Published: March 2005

A tanulmány röviden felvázolja, milyen logikai úton jutott el az időpszichológiai kutatás a szövegek alkalmazásáig, majd a pszichikus időélmény vonáselméleti vizsgálatainak dilemmáit taglalja. Két tartalomelemzési módszert ismertet szubjektív időélmény rejtett mintázatainak azonosítására. Az első a számítógéppel végzett szógyakorisági elemzés révén eddig feltárt kategóriákat, a második a spontán elbeszélt élettörténeti epizódokban talált narratív kronológiai mintázatokat mutatja be. A vizsgálatokhoz húsz krónikus beteggel felvett élettörténeti mélyinterjúkat használtunk fel.
A narratív pszichológiai tartalomelemzés új eljárása: a LAS VERTICUM
Authors: László János , Ehmann Bea
Published: March 2005

A tanulmány bemutatja a narratív pszichológiai megközelítés három szintjét, amelyek az elbeszéléses valóságkonstrukciót, a reprezentációk narratív szervezodését, illetve a történetek pszichológiai tartalmát hangsúlyozzák. Ismerteti a LAS Vertikumnak elnevezett eszközrendszert, amit a szerzok a narratív pszichológiai tartalomelemzés céljaira fejlesztettek ki. Az eszközrendszer diagnosztikus feladatokra és hipotézisvizsgálatokra egyaránt használható. Az elemzendo szövegkorpusz elemzésre történo elokészítésétol a statisztikai számításokig egy rendszerbe fogja a tartalomelemzést.