bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La notion d'enrichissement sans cause en droit administratif québécois
Authors: Rousseau-Houle Thérèse
Published: July 2012

The problem of unjust enrichment has often been raised in recent years with reference to litigation concerning contracts with public authorities. Many times, parties to such contracts have invoked this principle to obtain compensation for services provided under contracts later declared irregular or void. The courts have then attempted to apply in the context of administrative law the conditions laid down by civil law doctrine for unjust enrichment.

The transposition to administrative law of the civil concept of unjust enrichment does not, however, appear to have been adequate. To begin with, the principle of unjust enrichment is difficult to dissociate from the quasi-contract of negotiorum gestio in administrative law. Further, the material and legal conditions of unjust enrichment cannot be applied as a whole to administrative law. In this field, unjust enrichment appears as a true quasi-contract in the sense that it requires the assent of the person enriched. Furthermore, the enrichment must have resulted in a real benefit in the general interest of the administration. These special conditions require a different approach toward the notion of unjust enrichment in administrative law.

This approach may be elaborated from the Common Law notion of quantum meruit or from the theory of unjust enrichment in French administrative law.

A new concept of unjust enrichment in Quebec administrative law would lead to finding, in the field of quasi-contracts, a solution which would provide for the protection of both public finances and the individual interests of co-contractants.
Du droit de propriété : certaines de ses dimensions méconnues
Authors: Frenette François
Published: July 2012

The owner's power over his property has for centuries been the object of a tripartite analysis (jus utendi, jus fruendi, jus abutendi) leaving little or no doubt as to the contents of the most important of all real rights. In the author's opinion, the traditional analysis is incomplete, since it does not account for a basic, subsisting element underlying these three attributes of ownership.
The Himalaya Clause, “stipulation pour autrui”. Non-Responsibility Clauses and Gross Negligence under the Civil Code
Authors: Tetley William
Published: July 2012

L'imputation de la responsabilité des pertes et dommages subis par la cargaison des navires dans les ports québécois est une question non encore tranchée. Le problème se complique du fait de l'introduction, dans la plupart des contrats de transport maritime international par connaissement, de la clause dite « Himalaya ». Cette clause représente à peu près en common law l'équivalent de la stipulation pour autrui. La validité de ces clauses a souvent été contestée avec succès devant les tribunaux de plusieurs pays, notamment de Grande-Bretagne, des États-Unis et du Canada. Par ailleurs, en droit civil, si la stipulation pour autrui est admise, ce n'est qu'à titre d'exception et sous des conditions très précises.

L'auteur recense la jurisprudence des pays de common law relativement à la clause Himalaya, et examine ensuite la validité de cette clause en droit civil à titre de stipulation pour autrui.

Il traite également du contrat de porte fort, et de la validité des clauses de non-responsabilité en cas de faute lourde.

Enfin, il analyse cinq décisions québécoises récentes, ainsi qu'une importante décision de la High Court australienne.
Le droit des valeurs mobilières et le retour des compagnies publiques au statut de compagnie privée
Authors: Alain Robert
Published: July 2012

This article examines the « going private » phenomenon as it has developed in the United States and Canada over the past few years as well as its implications for Quebec law.

« Going private » transactions involve different means of corporate reorganization that allow a few controlling shareholders to eliminate, without adequate compensation, most other shareholders from further participation in a corporate body.

Such transactions are of interest to those who study company law or securities law as the methods employed often go beyond the spirit of both. The author attempts to demonstrate the role each can play in preventing abuses of minority rights. Corporate law, while ensuring majority rule, seeks to protect individual shareholders while securities law has developed to avoid the manipulation of individual shareholders in transactions involving securities.

The author believes that « going private » should take place only if full disclosure of the aims of the controlling group have been given to the minority, if there is a valid business purpose for going private and if the eliminated shareholders are treated fairly. Examples of these criteria are to be found in recent American, Canadian and Quebec jurisprudence as well as in the policy statements of the Securities Exchange Commission and the Ontario Securities Commission. These are analysed in relation to present Quebec law.

The author suggests that the Quebec Securities Commission should adopt a policy statement on « going private » similar to that of the OSC. This would be a better means of ensuring that the Quebec Securities Commission fulfill its role of promoting investor protection and an efficient securities market.
Le droit des valeurs mobilières et les placements privés
Authors: Antaki Nabil N. , Leclerc Gilles
Published: July 2012

The overwhelming control of the different North American securities commissions over the capital market compels businessmen and corporate lawyers to a permanent search for new means to avoid the registration and prospectus requirements of the acts.

The authors try in this article to analyse the private placement exemption which seems to be most frequently relied upon. They discuss its development since the United States Supreme Court's decision in Ralston Purina. They explain the pros and cons of the subjective « need to know » and the capability of investors to « fend for themselves » tests as well as their byproducts. The recent and certainly more objective standards adopted by the S.E.C. and Ontario are also discussed. Finally, the resale of the restricted securities acquired in a private placement transaction is studied.

In this context, the Quebec law is hardly adequate and needs substantial clarifications.
Le contrat de concession commerciale et le libre marché
Authors: Samson Claude
Published: July 2012

This paper deals with the exclusive sale contract or solus agreement. Its first part identifies some characteristic features of this type of agreement, which quite often is not only aimed at regulating the exercise of trade, but also serves as a technique of market organization and economic power concentration. The impact of the increasing currency of such commercial practices on the free market justifies consideration of the various forms of control that can be exercised by public authorities in order to preserve free competition. Control can be achieved through the judiciary applying concepts such as public order in civil law or public policy at common law. However, in view of the courts' reluctance to interfere with such instances of private economic power and their indifference towards the economic inequities inherent in such agreements for the distributor, legislative intervention has become necessary to protect the free market. Thus the Combines Investigation Act was amended in 1976 to allow regulation of commercial practices such as refusal to deal, consignment selling, exclusive dealing, market restriction and tied selling.
La loi française du 11 juillet 1979 relative à la motivation des actes administratifs
Authors: Péquignot Georges
Published: July 2012

This paper summarizes the changes brought about in French administrative law by a law of 1979 imposing on administrative authorities a broad duty to give reasons for their decisions.

Traditionally, the state of the law had been that, failing a specific statutory requirement, administrative authorities were under no obligation to provide reasons. This, however, had not prevented the Conseil d'État from reviewing administrative action — even of a clearly discretionary nature — for unlawfulness or impropriety of motives.

The new law is aimed at improving communications between administrative authorities and the public. It reverses the former rule for three broad classes of decisions concerning individual cases : those having an unfavourable effect on rights and interests, those allowing for more favourable treatment than is provided under a rule of general application, and those made by social security and unemployment assistance agencies.

Alleviation or disregard of the new rule is allowed in cases of emergency, where confidentiality or secrecy is required by law, or where, no decision being made in a prescribed time, a negative decision is deemed to have been rendered.

Guidelines for the implementation of the new law have been issued by the Prime Minister to all Ministers; the latter have in turn issued more detailed instructions to decision-making officers in their departments. Further guidance will have to come from the administrative courts when they are called upon to review decisions for insufficiency or impropriety of reasons.

Ultimately, however, achievement of the goal of improving the quality of intercourse between citizens and administrative authorities will require the development of a more open and trustful relationship between them.
« La Loi canadienne sur les droits de la personne » : une Charte méconnue
Authors: Lemieux Denis , Lachapelle Andrée , Lévesque Suzanne
Published: July 2012

While the Constitutional Charter of Rights and the Canadian Bill of Rights have benefited to some degree from the debates and criticisms surrounding their adoption and application, few jurists are aware of the Canadian Human Rights Act. This statute pursues at the federal level the same goals as those set forth in provincial human rights legislation such as the Charte des droits et libertés de la personne. It applies to more than ten per cent of the Quebec labour force and, therefore, is not without influence in the implementation of human rights policies and the redress of grievances.

The purpose of this paper is to compare the Canadian Human Rights Act with other existing charters. In a first part, we will present the nature and scope of the Act, in a comparative perspective. The second part of the paper will deal with the implementation of the Act by the Canadian Human Rights Commission and Tribunals, also in a comparative perspective.
Les conséquences juridiques des informations erronées fournies par les préposés de l'Administration publique
Authors: Pelletier Gaston
Published: July 2012

Government has, by its administrative hand, permeated practically all fields of human activity. Civil servants are therefore giving about more information than ever, information upon which citizens rely to act in such or such manner. What happens though if the information, given in good faith, happens to be erroneous ? That question is precisely the object of this article. Its author considers and weighs the effectiveness of three recourses ; one whereby the legality of the information would be upheld in spite of its erroneous character ; another whereby, the Government would be held liable for damages sustained by an ill informed citizen ; finally, one for redress in equity before the ombudsman.
Le régime juridique des langues dans l'administration publique au Nouveau-Brunswick
Authors: Foucher Pierre , Snow Gérard
Published: July 2012

Linguistic rights in New Brunswick have progressed since the enactment of the Official Languages of New Brunswick Act of 1969. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms has caused the entrenchment of some linguistic guarantees in the Constitution and has provided for judicial enforcement. Collective rights have also been given legislative sanction through the passing, in 1981, of An Act Recognizing the Equality of the Two Official Linguistic Communities in New Brunswick, and new legislation to replace the 1969 Act has now been proposed in a recent government-sponsored study.

This paper looks at the legal consequences of these enactments in relation to public administration in New Brunswick.
Perspectives de l'égalité juridique des langues au Canada
Authors: Yalden Maxwell
Published: July 2012

A substantial gap exists between theory and practice in the area of linguistic equality. While it is widely accepted that Canada's two major linguistic groups should have equal access to services in their respective languages, difficulties arise in the application of this principle to concrete situations.

From a theoretical point of view, the author recognizes that many reforms have been discussed promoting the goal of linguistic equality. While he admits that is unlikely that laws alone will guarantee the accomplishment of this objective, he indicates the areas where the laws are most likely to influence linguistic reality.
Le rôle de l'État dans l'élaboration des choix énergétiques et le rôle plus spécifique des différentes institutions publiques en France
Authors: Turpin Dominique
Published: July 2012

This paper surveys the role of the key governmental institutions in the making of energy policy in France. It shows that in spite of fairly extensive debate of the issues in both chambers of the French National Assembly since the mid-1970s, members of parliament have so far failed to make a significant impact on decision-making in the field of energy. Part of this is due to the strength of the Cabinet's influence over the National Assembly, and to its constitutional position as policy-maker. Moreover, in spite of a vast array of departmental branches and associated agencies directly under ministerial authority, the government's power may have been more formal than real. Much of the actual decision-making is made by experts employed by the large State or privately-owned corporations. This extensive network of closely connected energy-producing corporations appears to have been, and to remain, the real seat of power, in spite of recurrent hopes for, and attempts at, democratization.
Le contrôle judiciaire comme technique de participation des citoyens aux choix énergétiques
Authors: Lemieux Denis
Published: July 2012

The purpose of this paper is to show how judicial review has been used in the last ten years as a participatory technique by citizens and groups in the decision making process of administrative and political decisions dealing with energy exploitation and use.

In a first part, the author makes the point that judicial review is unadopted to that purpose. A second part reviews the recent case law. That review brings the author to the conclusion that the judicial forum was, by and large, an inappropriate one as far as participation was the avowed goal of plaintiffs and petitioners. But, in the last part of the paper, the author affirms that despite all these short-comings, the use of judicial review was often positive not as a technique of participation but as one which did facilitate participation at a subsequent stage, due to the wide publicity and comments, judicial and extrajudicial, surrounding the proceedings.
Réflexions sur le sens et la portée au Québec des articles 25, 35, et 37 de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1982
Authors: Emery Georges
Published: July 2012

The rights of aboriginal peoples may vary from one part of the country to the other. This stems from the origin of Canada, its history, its Imperial and the Constitutional Statutes which have determined the territorial evolution of Canada. The terms of the Quebec Act seem to limit the hunting territories of the Indians to that part of Quebec which was not a part of the Colony in 1763. While a federal law extinguished all aboriginal rights in the territory covered by the James Bay agreements, the amendment of 16 March 1983 may have, for Quebec, important legal consequences in that these agreements may be held to be treaties.
La réforme du Sénat canadien à la lumière d'expériences étrangères
Authors: Pelletier Réjean
Published: July 2012

It is generally recognized that the Canadian Senate has fared better in revising legislation than in representing regional interests. Any attempt to modify the Senate's role must take this fact into consideration. The author does precisely that in proposing that the seats should be realloted taking into account regional disparities, that Senators should be nominated by the provinces and, finally, that the Senate's powers should be reduced at a political level but increased to ensure proper representation of regional interests.
L'âge de la responsabilité pénale
Authors: Choquette Marie
Published: July 2012

The jurisdiction of the youth court depends on the age of the person who appears before it. Since the federal Young Offenders Act came into effect, the minimum limit has been established at twelve years of age. Consequently, sections 12 and 13 of the Criminal Code have been repealed.

In the Province of Quebec, before Bill 60 came into effect, the lower age limit was fourteen years. Since the bill came into force, however, the Youth ProtectionAct has become essentially a law of protection and all federal offences must be treated in accordance with the Young Offenders Act. Many reasons persuaded the legislator to lower the minimum age from fourteen to twelve years of age, but it seems that the most convincing was a decline of the age of juvenile criminality.

Finally, the Young Offenders ACt establishes the maximum age limit at eighteen years of age and standardizes that age accross Canada from April 1, 1985. Reasons of uniformity, equity and constitutionality have influenced the legislator in setting the upper age limit at eighteen years of age.
Citizen's Privacy and Data Banks : Enforcement of the Standards in the Data Protection Act 1984 (U.K.)
Authors: McBride Jeremy
Published: July 2012

En 1981, le Royaume-Uni ratifiait la Convention européenne pour la protection des individus relativement aux fichiers personnels informatisés. Le Parlement vient de donner effet à cette convention en droit interne en adoptant le Data Protection Act, 1984. Le présent article a pour but de critiquer les points saillants de cette Loi, et en particulier l'institution du Registraire. L'auteur met l'accent sur les droits fondamentaux protégés par la Loi, ses mécanismes de mise en œuvre ainsi que sur les différents recours que peuvent instituer les citoyens en vertu de cette Loi.
La fiducie, l'usufruit et la substitution : analyse de certaines incidences fiscales
Authors: Setlakwe Paul J.
Published: July 2012

This article deals with income tax and succession duty implications resulting from the use of Quebec civil law trusts, usufructs and substitutions. In the first part, the author examines income tax consequences under the Income Tax Act (Canada) and the Taxation Act (Quebec).

In the second part, the author examines the specific and unique rules provided in the Succession Duty Act (Quebec) with respect to each institution and various estate planning techniques which have been used
Les fondements institutionnels du processus décisionnel de la Cour supérieure et de la Commission des affaires sociales
Authors: Morel François
Published: July 2012

Administrative justice implies a speedy resolution of a large number of cases, employing methods that are more informal, more accessible, and less costly than those which are inherent in the functioning of the traditional court system. Given these fundamental differences, the jurist can ask whether administrative tribunals, on the one hand, and traditional courts, on the other, arrive at similar judicial resolutions to similar legal problems. More pointedly, « Is administrative justice comparable in quality to that rendered by the traditional civil courts ? »

This problem is addressed here through a methodical examination of the decision-making process, as employed by the Superior court of Quebec, and the Commission des affaires sociales, to give effect over the medium term (1976-1984) to two legal rules. A corpus of pertinent judgements and decisions is studied, with a view to discover how these rulings reflect the institutional and procedural differences underlying the decision-making process of the Superior court and of the Commission des affaires sociales. It is assumed that this process is the same for both institutions, and can be artificially fragmented and examined, in the light of the selected judgements and decisions. The result is a step-by-step, comparative commentary on the quality of justice as rendered by a traditional civil court and an administrative tribunal.
La primauté du droit. L'origine du principe et son évolution dans le contexte de la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés
Authors: Pratte Sonia
Published: July 2012

The rule of law is one of the foundations of our society. In England where it first developed, it symbolized the subjection of royal power to new parliamentary supremacy. Towards the end of the 19th century, A.V. Dicey provided the concept with a description expressed in three well-known premisses. As a component of unwritten law in Canada, the rule of law was to experience many interpretations until finally it was enshrined in the preambule of the Canadian Charter. Henceforth a part of the Constitution, it would now acquire a more formal meaning in its applications to parliaments, administrative acts in general and even to royal prerogatives. Furthermore, the rule also carries with it a content that will be more precisely defined by the courts in years to come. The rule of law now is a dynamic concept that can be placed in the service of protecting and promoting human rights.
Les transferts de technologie nord-sud en matière de télécommunications par satellites
Authors: Prémont Marie-Claude
Published: July 2012

While the industrialized countries are already involved in the new information age, the developing countries are still trying to achieve some measure of industrialization. Although by themselves the satellite telecommunication systems will not solve all the problems of developing countries, nevertheless, they could facilitate the shortcircuiting of a number of preliminary steps leading to the new communications era.

However, as most of the knowledge concerning these satellite systems — from their design until the final stage of production — are concentrated in industrialized nations, this leaves developing countries in a vulnerable and dependent position.

This article analyses some of the established and evolving legal norms towards the promotion of technological parity between the industrialized and non-industrialized nations ; these can be grouped under five specific headings : 1. « Space Law »; 2. « New International Economic Order »; 3. « Right to Communicate » ; 4. « Code of Conduct on Technological Transfer » ; 5. « New International Law of Survival ».

Following these legal considerations, we analyse the types and means of technological transfers taking place between industrialized and non-industrialized countries. In this connection, it is important to distinguish between the transfer of specified equipment only from that of its engineering. We examine these transfers, first following the initiative of the government-sponsored agencies, and second, as a transaction taking place on the free international market.

In our study, it is evident that while non-industrialized countries have access to satellite communications equipment, this however does not apply to their engineering. Will the new rules of international law be capable to launch a free flow of technological knowledge between the industrialized and non-industrialized countries ? On this point, we express our reservations.
Changements technologiques et rapports collectifs du travail
Authors: Côté André C.
Published: July 2012

This paper focusses on the relationship between technological change and the labour relations system circumscribed by the Québec Labour Code.

While a teleological interpretation of bargaining rights of certified associations by labour jurisdictions seems to have dealt adequately with the impact of such changes on certification, the doctrine of residual management rights, in the context of fixed-term agreements entrenched in the Québec Labour Code, appears to be, in the opinion of the author, unduly rigid and restrictive.

The Freedman Report on Railway run-through and the subsequent discussions surrounding the Woods Commission Report in the 1960's, resulted in the inclusion in the Canada Labour Code of provisions pertaining to the possible adjustment, through collective bargaining, of collective agreements in the context of such technological changes. Various provisions to the same effect have subsequently been inserted in the Labour Codes of Saskatchewan, Manitoba and British-Columbia.

The Report of the Beaudry Commission recently proposed that the Québec Labour Code be similary modified by the inclusion of analoguous provisions. The author suggests that a reform along the lines thus suggested is, in principle, desirable to ensure a more equitable adaptability of our legal categories to the imperatives of technological change.
Quand dire, c'est faire l'inverse de ce qu'on dit. Une critique de l'opposition entre théorie et pratique juridiques
Authors: Atias Christian
Published: July 2012

This study is based on the following assumption : some legal theories are upset and then turned against the very interests they were supposed to defend. This phenomenon is quite revealing of the nature of the legal process and how legal thinking works. Many explanations have been advanced, however, they all have been rejected since they presume a unity of knowledge and, without proving their point, they assimilate legal reasoning into other sciences that are presented as models for legal thinkers. The upsetting of legal theories may be explained due to the extreme complexity found in the meaning of words used to express legal concepts: this produces a semantic sedimentation with lasting and multiple virtual meanings without there being any way of guessing which one meaning may prevail in any given set of circumstances.
Le sens ordinaire des mots comme règle d'interprétation
Authors: Lauzière Lucie
Published: July 2012

It is a universally adopted principle, although it may seem commonplace and virtually self-evident, that in the construction of statutes words are to be read in their "grammatical and ordinary" sense. This is essentially a fundamental rule of language based on general principles underlying human communication, which is equally fundamental to the construction of statutes. Frequently cited over the years as the golden rule of construction, the rule has undergone similar developments in common law and civil law doctrines. Today's doctrine is one of literal construction, but literal in total context. The literal meaning discloses the intention. Except in the rare cases of a mistake or omission by the legislator, the legislative intention is to be found in the entire context of the words of a statute. Incidentally, the question whether a word should be given its ordinary meaning as opposed to its special or technical meaning or its full unrestricted meaning as opposed to its restricted meaning does not constitute a departure from the literal meaning of the statute. The author discusses the notion of "grammatical and ordinary"sense and surveys how the courts have construed it over the past decades.
La modification constitutionnelle de 1987, la reconnaissance du Québec comme société distincte et la dualité linguistique du Canada
Authors: Woehrling José
Published: July 2012

On June 3, 1987, the Prime Minister of Canada and the ten provincial premiers signed the 1987 Constitutional Accord in which they agreed to amend the Canadian Constitution in order to meet the Quebec government's conditions for adherence to the Constitution Act, 1982. The recognition of Canada's linguistic duality and of Quebec as a distinct society were among the constitutional amendments agreed upon. These clauses continue to spark controversy, with some commentators claiming that the terms used in the Accord are too ambiguous, while others argue that their insertion in the Constitution will give rise to politically undesirable results.

The author considers the meaning of these clauses and presents an historical account of the notions of “duality” and “distinct society” by analyzing their essential elements. He argues that if governments have recognized duality in order to protect the official language minorities, the purpose of the clause dealing with the protection and promotion of Quebec's distinct society is to maintain and develop its Francophone character. Where these two objectives conflict, the clause in the Constitutional Accord recognizing Canada's linguistic duality will prevail. The Accord's potential impact on the division of legislative powers and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms are also examined. In the author's opinion, the division of powers will not be modified; however, the recognition of duality and of Quebec as a distinct society may limit the potentially centralizing effects of the Charter. On the other hand, by relying on the duality clause, the courts will be able — should they so desire — to give the Charter's language guarantees a broader interpretation than they have until now been accorded. The author concludes by considering the possible interplay between the linguistic duality and the distinct society clauses once they are entrenched, and the multiculturalism clause (section 27 of the Charter,).
L'étiquetage des aliments irradiés et la liberté d'expression
Authors: Corriveau Manon
Published: July 2012

Faced with technological advances in the field of food preserving methods, Canadian consumers are concerned and call for legislative action to require food processing industries to clearly indicate "irradiated food" on product labels.

The author questions the constitutionality of such action. After having attempted to define the meaning of the concept "freedom of expression " (Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Subsection 2.b) to see if it includes commercial speech as well as the right to remain silent, the author sets out to determine whether such measures constitute a "reasonable limit that can be demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society."
L'idée de droit naturel à la lumière de la sociologie juridique de Max Weber
Authors: Coutu Michel
Published: July 2012

Max Weber's Sociologyof Law provides, according to the author, a strong basis for understanding and discussing not only modern natural law but also contemporary human rights law. In the first part of this article, Weber's sociological analysis of natural law is briefly outlined, mainly in relation to the opposition between formal and material rationality of law. In the Weberian perspective, the antinomy between formal and material natural rights plays a key role in understanding the decline of natural law, and partly explains the irresistible rise of a purely positivistic conception of law.

The second part of the study shows how the idea of natural law is in itself inconsistent with Max Weber's epistemological positions. For the author, the Sociology of Law remains closely connected to these positions, which form the basis of the Weberian methodology of (value-free) scientific research.

In conclusion, the author emphasizes the importance of Weberian epistemology for the understanding of natural law and, to a certain extent, of contemporary human rights law. He raises doubts, however, as to whether legal positivism can provide a proper comprehension of recent trends in contemporary human rights law. He then suggests that the positivistic conclusion of the Sociology of Law should be reconsidered in light of the reemergence of value-rationality as a basic principle of democratic legal order.
Les donations
Authors: Castelli Mireille D.
Published: July 2012

L'Avant-projet traite des donations en les présentant comme un des contrats nommés. La matière des libéralités, dans le projet de Code civil du Québec, est fragmentée entre les successions, pour les testaments, et les obligations, pour les donations.

L'article présente une étude systématique et comparative avec le droit actuel de la législation proposée en la matière. Il souligne les aspects restés inchangés, les modifications apportées, les ambiguïtés ou lacunes des textes proposés.

Pour ce faire, il a souvent fallu se référer à d'autres parties de l'Avant-projet, puisque les donations ne sont plus présentées que comme un contrat nommé parmi les autres. Mais la présentation suit le plan traditionnellement suivi par la doctrine en la matière : notion de libéralités, conditions de fond et deforme, effets des donations et enfin donations par contrat de mariage. Ceci permet de souligner pour chacun des points principaux les similitudes et différences avec le droit actuel selon une présentation connue des lecteurs.

Ainsi, la notion de libéralité reste inchangée. On semble avoir voulu généraliser le don manuel à tous les biens meubles, sans qu'il soit certain, cependant, que l'on soit parvenu à ce résultat. On a omis d'émettre en plusieurs points les règles générales, laissant ainsi place à des difficultés d'application ou d'interprétation. lien est ainsi par exemple pour ce qui est de la forme des donations, de l'obligation aux dettes et de la définition des différents types de donation.
La sous-traitance et l'article 45 du Code du travail après l'affaire C.S.R.O.
Authors: Barré Alain
Published: July 2012

Cet article a pour but de vérifier les conditions d'application de l'article 45 du Code du travail dans les situations de sous-traitance depuis l'arrêt du 22 décembre 1988 de la Cour suprême dans l'affaire C.S.R.O. À cette fin, l'auteur examine de manière systématique la jurisprudence postérieure à l'arrêt de la Cour suprême.

En matière de sous-traitance simple, l'arrêt C.S.R.O. ne modifie pas l'application de l'article 45 lorsque l'activité du sous-traitant s'intègre à l'activité du donneur d'ouvrage. Toutefois, lors de sous-traitance extérieure, l'application de l'article 45 est maintenant conditionnelle au transfert des moyens de base permettant la production du bien ou du service recherché. Enfin, lors d'un changement de sous-traitants — la sous-traitance successive — l'auteur constate que l'exigence d'un lien de droit entre le nouvel employeur et l'employeur précédent, exigence formulée par l'arrêt C.S.R.O., doit être limitée, selon la jurisprudence du Tribunal du travail, aux seules situations où le syndicat était accrédité à l'origine auprès du premier sous-traitant.
Les compétences qui devraient être confiées aux provinces par suite de l'adoption de la Charte canadienne des droits
Authors: Tremblay Guy , Grenier André
Published: July 2012

Etant donné que les droits et libertés fondamentaux sont désormais enchâssés dans la Constitution canadienne, on devrait envisager de remettre aux provinces les pouvoirs qui avaient été confiés au gouvernement central en raison de préoccupations liées à ces droits et libertés. Pareille hypothèse de réforme conviendrait particulièrement bien dans le cas des compétences portant sur le droit criminel, la procédure criminelle, les pénitenciers, le mariage et le divorce. L'exemple américain, dont le Canada s'inspire par ailleurs, accrédite cette problématique. Une telle réforme rééquilibrerait quelque peu le fédéralisme canadien, qui dérive vers la centralisation. Et pour les matières ainsi décentralisées, le contentieux constitutionnel actuel, largement artificiel, serait remplacé par une considération de la validité des mesures provinciales par application directe de la Charte canadienne.
Le discours commercial en Floride : une psychothérapie-choc pour les professions au Canada et au Québec
Authors: Carrier Denis
Published: July 2012

Pour assurer la protection du public en matière de services professionnels, les législateurs, au Canada comme aux Etats-Unis, préfèrent souvent ne pas établir de monopole d'exercice mais plutôt simplement réserver le droit de porter le titre professionnel aux seules personnes possédant une qualification adéquate. La restriction pourrait contrevenir à la Constitution en ne respectant pas le droit à la liberté d'expression, selon l'arrêt Abramson v. Gonzalez, d'un tribunal américain ; sa conclusion pourrait se transposer au Canada. Mais l'analyse révèle des possibilités d'aménagement qui, dans un contexte de marchés de plus en plus ouverts, permettraient au public de profiter pleinement de l'information véhiculée par le titre.
Le livre à Québec, 1760-1867 : les gens de justice et leurs oeuvres
Authors: Veilleux Christine
Published: July 2012

Au lendemain de la Conquête, les Anglais puisent leur jurisprudence, leur politique et leur littérature à même celles de leur mère patrie avec laquelle ils continuent de s'identifier. Quant aux Canadiens, ils constituent encore un peuple jeune qui, sans renier ses ancêtres d'outre-mer, cherche à forger sa propre identité. Au sein de cette population mixte, les gens de justice ont contribué de façon importante à l'édition d’ouvrages juridiques, historiques, politiques, scientifiques, pédagogiques et littéraires. Le présent article vise non pas une critique de l'oeuvre de chaque auteur, mais une analyse du contexte social, juridique et politique qui a pu influer sur les centres d'intérêt, la qualité et la quantité des oeuvres produites par l'ensemble des auteurs du monde judiciaire de la capitale avant la Confédération.
Profil des périodiques juridiques québécois au XIXe siècle
Authors: Normand Sylvio
Published: July 2012

Les périodiques juridiques firent leur apparition au Québec au milieu du XIXe siècle. Après quelques balbutiements, ils connurent une croissance soutenue et occupèrent rapidement une place centrale dans la production des imprimés juridiques. Aussi peuvent-ils être considérés comme un véhicule privilégié de la culture juridique savante. De l'ensemble de la production des périodiques, les recueils judiciaires furent, de loin, la forme de revue la plus appréciée par les avocats et les juges. Pour leur part, les notaires, ayant peu à retirer de tels recueils, mirent sur pied une revue à caractère franchement professionnel. D'autres types de périodiques eurent moins de fortune. Ainsi, tous les essais que firent différents groupes pour créer des revues de doctrine se soldèrent par un échec à court ou à moyen terme. Quant aux revues de variétés juridiques, à une exception près, elles ne réussirent pas non plus à s'implanter. Outre qu'ils ont été un instrument de diffusion de la littérature juridique, les périodiques ont joué un rôle non négligeable dans le développement de l'élite intellectuelle de la communauté juridique.
Une croisade intégriste chez les avocats du Québec : La Revue du droit (1922-1939)
Authors: Belley Jean-Guy
Published: July 2012

La Revue du droit a été le plus important périodique de doctrine publié avant la Seconde Guerre mondiale à l'intention des avocats du Québec. Dans une étude précédente, Sylvio Normand a montré que ce périodique fut une manifestation de nationalisme juridique voué à la défense de la tradition civiliste du Québec. Le présent article veut montrer que La Revue du droit fut aussi l'instrument privilégié d'une croisade intégriste menée par une élite d'avocats catholiques contre le positivisme juridique libéral du début du siècle. Le périodique s'opposait à la séparation du droit et de la morale au nom d'une philosophie thomiste rigide. Refusant l'identification complète du droit et de l'État, la revue favorisait un pluralisme juridique du type théocratique.

Peu après la disparition de La Revue du droit, le Barreau du Québec commençait la publication de La Revue du Barreau avec l'intention de favoriser une doctrine d'orientation plus professionnelle qui s'afficherait politiquement neutre. Bien qu'il s'agisse d'un tournant majeur dans l'histoire de la pensée juridique québécoise, cette évolution ne signifie pas que les idées défendues par La Revue du droit aient perdu toute importance. La philosophie thomiste et iantiétatisme purent, au contraire, continuer d'imprégner fortement la culture juridique même si les institutions de la communauté juridique cessèrent de les promouvoir officiellement.
L'histoire du droit et les archives judiciaires
Authors: Kolish Evelyn
Published: July 2012

Le présent article cherche à stimuler les recherches en histoire du droit qui s'alimentent dans les archives judiciaires. L'auteure se penche brièvement sur diverses explications de la rareté du recours aux archives judiciaires dans le passé, en examinant les approches des chercheurs susceptibles d'utiliser ces sources. Ensuite, elle brosse un tableau de la nature et de la structure des archives judiciaires, soulignant les caractéristiques et les limites des séries principales produites par les tribunaux. Suit une description de la situation actuelle des archives judiciaires au Québec qui fait état notamment des recommandations du Comité interministériel sur les archives judiciaires et des conséquences de leur mise en oeuvre. Enfin, l'auteure termine en suggérant quelques pistes de recherche et en affirmant le besoin d'asseoir solidement l'histoire du droit sur une compréhension de l'administration de la justice, telle qu'elle est révélée par la production documentaire des tribunaux.
Independent Immigrant Selection Criteria and Equality Rights : Discretion, Discrimination and Due Process
Authors: Dobson-Mack Anne
Published: July 2012

This article is a response to Walter Chi Yan Tom's « Equality Rights in the Federal Independent Immigrant Selection Criteria », published in 1990 in this journal, in which it is asserted that the federal independent immigrant selection criteria are discriminatory within the meaning ofs. 15 of the Charter and are not demonstrably justified according to s. 1.

The author argues that Tom badly distorts the section 15 meaning of discrimination when he equates the discretion and drawing of distinctions, which are part of the administrative decision-making process by which independent immigrants are selected, with section 15 discrimination. The article also addresses the conflict between State sovereignty and the sovereignty of universal legal principles, a conflict which is raised in Tom's article. Finally, the author examines the ways in which standing rights have been used by the courts in immigration decisions to avoid dealing with substantive Charter issues, and criticizes the lack of rationality and coherence in the assignment of due process rights to different classes of nonnationals under current immigration law.
Salaire des fonctionnaires et vie privée
Authors: Borgeat Louis , Beaulieu Anne-Marie
Published: July 2012

Le présent article s'intéresse à la question que soulève la compatibilité des dispositions de la Loi sur l'accès aux documents des organismes publics et sur la protection des renseignements personnels qui, sur demande d'une personne, imposent la divulgation des salaires des hauts dirigeants des organismes publics et des échelles de salaire des autres fonctionnaires, avec les exigences des chartes des droits en matière de protection de la vie privée des individus. Il explique d'abord le fondement constitutionnel de la règle traditionnelle qui a amené annuellement la divulgation dans les Comptes publics des salaires des fonctionnaires et décrit la pratique observée à cet égard dans ces documents depuis 1867. Il décrit ensuite l'effet qu'a eu l'arrivée de la loi mentionnée plus haut et qui donne un caractère public aux renseignements des organismes publics en cette matière. Il s'attarde aussi, à partir d'une décision rendue récemment par la Commission d'accès à l'information, sur la question de savoir si le droit à la vie privée conféré par les chartes n'est pas mis en péril par ces nouvelles dispositions imposant la transparence aux organismes publics. Cette décision est ensuite analysée et commentée, notamment à partir de décisions américaines rendues sur le même sujet et de la public service vision qui en découle.
Le droit des travailleurs au respect de leur vie privée
Authors: Laperrière René , Kean Nicole
Published: July 2012

La protection de la vie privée des salariés constitue une préoccupation récente en droit du travail : alors qu'elle était pratiquement absente de la législation sur le travail et des conventions collectives, elle s'y est néanmoins imposée à la faveur de la montée des normes internationales et de l’application des chartes des droits de la personne et des lois sur la protection des renseignements personnels. Elle pose des enjeux considérables non seulement au moment de la sélection du personnel, mais aussi dans la détermination des conditions de travail, notamment en matière de surveillance des travailleurs, d'administration d'examens et de tests de toutes sortes, de tenue des dossiers du personnel, ainsi qu'à propos des multiples intrusions dans la vie et les choix personnels et intimes des salariés.
L'évaluation des objectifs législatifs en vertu de l'article premier de la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés
Authors: Bigenwald Antoine
Published: July 2012

Dans le contrôle de proportionnalité en vertu de l'article premier de la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés, l'étape de la définition des objectifs législatifs est d'une importance tactique certaine malgré son efficacité immédiate quasiment nulle. En effet, bien des arrêts révèlent une définition calculée de l'objectif afin de mieux orienter la conclusion finale de proportionnalité. Mais, dans l'ensemble, la jurisprudence semble peu cohérente, sans doute en raison de la diversité et de la multiplicité des objectifs qui peuvent animer une loi. Il est cependant possible d'en rendre compte en examinant la position de la Cour suprême du Canada sous trois aspects : premièrement, ne faut-il sélectionner qu'un seul des deux objectifs, l'un général, l'autre particulier, qui animent la règle de droit limitative ? Deuxièmement, l'actualité des objectifs doit-elle être vérifiée ? Troisièmement, enfin, quel objectif doit être prouvé pour justifier une violation des droits constitutionnels ? Un objectif de valeur sociale intrinsèque suffisamment importante, un objectif parfaitement rationnel ou un objectif simplement raisonnable ?
L'État de droit et la théorie de la rule of law
Authors: Mockle Daniel
Published: July 2012

La prépondérance de l'État de droit dans le discours politique international justifie une comparaison avec la théorie de la rule of law. Le faible nombre d'études comparatives ne facilite pas la détermination précise de leur contenu réciproque alors que s'élaborent des postulats implicites d'équivalence ou de concordance. Le discours des droits fondamentaux et de la démocratie favorise ce rapprochement dans une perspective de standardisation du droit public. L'internationalisation, l'indétermination ainsi que l'indifférenciation de certains éléments qui figurent dans la problématique de l'État de droit facilitent cette comparaison avec les exigences traditionnelles de la rule of law.

Par le rappel des conditions particulières qui ont présidé à l'élaboration de la notion d'État de droit et par un retour obligé sur le contenu théorique de la rule of law, l'auteur analyse des éléments de convergence et de divergence. En dépit d'une généalogie distincte, les deux notions concourent, par la richesse de leur contenu, à l'élaboration empirique d'un modèle syncrétique. L'insistance particulière sur la question du droit public et de la théorie de l'État dans la problématique de l'État de droit se concilie, sans difficulté majeure, avec l'importance traditionnelle des valeurs référentielles dans la théorie de la rule of law. En vue de satisfaire aux exigences de ce rapprochement, une dilution du contenu originel des deux notions reste néanmoins l'hypothèse la plus plausible comme le montre l'évolution récente du droit public au Canada. Dans le contexte canadien, ce syncrétisme offre de nouvelles perspectives de réflexion sur la question de la théorie générale de l'État et du droit public. Il permet de réactualiser la question du droit public dans le cadre d'une évolution marquée par le développement de la justice constitutionnelle et la constitutionnalisation du droit.