bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An introduction to primary skin imaging
Authors: Dasgeb Bahar , Kainerstorfer Jana , Mehregan Darius , Van Vreede Anthony , Gandjbakhche Amir
Published: July 2013

Dermatology is a field in which clinical examination is heavily relied upon for diagnosis. When required, a tissue biopsy may also be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Recent advances in imaging techniques have been applied to cutaneous lesions to improve diagnostic accuracy without the need for biopsy. These new imaging techniques are reviewed for their developing role in dermatology.
The effect of domestic laundry processes on fungal contamination of socks
Authors: Amichai Boaz , Grunwald Marcelo H. , Davidovici Batya , Farhi Renata , Shemer Avner
Published: July 2013

Tinea pedis is a common chronic skin disease. The role of contaminated clothes as a possible source of reinfection is not fully understood. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of domestic laundering at different temperatures in the eradication of fungal pathogens from contaminated socks. Samples from 81 socks worn by patients suffering from tinea pedis underwent domestic laundering at either 40 °C or 60 °C. The socks were dried at room temperature; fungal cultures were taken from two samples from, respectively, the toe and heel areas of the socks. Samples from socks washed at 40 °C revealed 29 (36%) positive fungal cultures, of which 14 came from the toe and 15 from the heel areas of socks. Trichophyton rubrum was isolated in four specimens, and Aspergillus spp. were found in 20 (70%) specimens. Samples from the same socks washed at 60 °C revealed five (6%) positive fungal cultures, of which three came from the toe and two from the heel areas of socks. Only Aspergillus spp. were detected. Yeasts were eradicated at 40 °C. Contravening current trends for energy saving and environmental protection, laundering at low temperatures is not effective in eradicating fungal pathogens, which requires high‐temperature laundering at 60 °C.
Dermatologic toxicities to targeted cancer therapy: shared clinical and histologic adverse skin reactions
Authors: Curry Jonathan L. , Torres‐Cabala Carlos A. , Kim Kevin B. , Tetzlaff Michael T. , Duvic Madeleine , Tsai Kenneth Y. , Hong David S. , Prieto Victor G.
Published: July 2013

Background

Dermatologic toxicities (DT) to targeted cancer therapy may present as inflammatory dermatoses, keratoses, and as benign and malignant squamous proliferations.

Methods

Published reports of DT with cancer therapy with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), tyrosine kinase (TK), MEK, PI3K, AKT, and BRAF inhibitors were reviewed.

Results

DT associated with targeted cancer therapy demonstrated similar reactions and may be grouped as (i) DT as cutaneous inflammation, and (ii) DT as cutaneous epithelial proliferation. EGFR inhibitor, cetuximab, and MEK inhibitors, selumetinib and trametinib, demonstrated papulopustular rash with a suppurative folliculitis in 83%, 93%, and 80% of the patients on therapy, respectively. Common DT with EGFR inhibitors erlotinib and tyrosine kinase inhibitor sorafenib were hand–foot skin reactions in 30–60% of patients on therapy. PI3K inhibitor BKM‐120 and AKT inhibitor MK2206 produced maculopapular eruptions seen as dermal hypersensitivity reaction on the skin biopsy. RAF inhibitors vemurafenib and sorafenib were associated with a variety of cutaneous epithelial proliferations (keratosis pilaris, seborrheic keratosis, verruca vulgaris, actinic keratosis, keratoacanthoma, and squamous cell carcinoma.

Conclusion

Various anticancer agents may target similar cellular compounds and/or cell signaling pathways thus share similar clinical and histologic features of DT. The knowledge of the overlap of DT with different types of targeted cancer therapy will assist in evaluation of cutaneous reactions.
Endogenous Neuroprotection: Hamartin Modulates an Austere Approach to Staying Alive in a Recession
Authors: Hadley Gina , De Luca Gabriele C. , Papadakis Michalis , Buchan Alastair M.
Published: July 2013

Tuberous sclerosis complex 1 (hamartin) is an effective endogenous neuroprotectant. Understanding the endogenous mechanism for neuroprotection mediated by hamartin may afford a novel approach to effective treatment of neurological diseases such as stroke, neurodegenerative diseases, and epilepsy, with possible applications to nonneurological conditions.
Familial gingival fibromatosis: An unusual pathology
Authors: FARRER‐BROWN G. , LUCAS R. B. , WINSTOCK D.
Published: July 2013

Unusual histological appearances of the gingival tissue of a father and three daughters with familial gingival fibromatosis are described. The gingival lesions of all the patients were similar and showed a marked fibroblastic activity, with scattered small calcified particles and irregular trabeculae of bone, and ulceration and inflammation of the overlying epithelium. The appearances resembled those of the common non‐familial fibrous epulis and contrasted strikingly with the dense. mature, relatively acellular bundles of collagen more usually encountered in familial gingival fibromatosis.
Polymorphonuclear leukocyte collagenase: Localization in granules subjected to zonal centrifugation
Authors: ROBERTSON P. B. , RYEL R. B. , FULLMER H. M. , TAYLOR R. E. , SHYU K. W.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes were obtained from rabbit peritoneal exudates. Granule preparations from these cells were subjected to zonal fractionation through a discontinuous sucrose gradient. Azurophilic and specific granules were enzymatically characterized by peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase, respectively. Collagenase was consistently associated with the alkaline phosphatase‐containing specific granules.
Salsola arbusculiformis and S. laricifolia (Chenopodiaceae) in China
Authors: Wen Zhi‐Bin , Zhang Ming‐Li , Meng Hong‐Hu
Published: July 2013

To examine diagnostic characters and test phylogenetic relationships between Salsola arbusculiformis and the closely similar S. laricifolia, characters were examined from previous reports and herbarium specimens, and sequences of nrDNA ITS and cpDNA psbB–psbH were compared for these species as well as other representative taxa of Salsoleae. Our results 1) confirm most of the morphological differences highlighted in previous studies, such as those of leaf size, bracts, bracteoles, style, fruiting perianth, and anther appendages; 2) show that S. arbusculiformis is a typical Irano–Turanian species, mainly distributed from Iran and Turkmenistan to westernmost China (Tacheng, Ili, and Bole regions, Xinjiang), while S. laricifolia is a central Asian floristic element mainly distributed from east Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan to northern China (north Xinjiang, inner Mongolia, Ningxia and Gansu provinces), and Mongolia; and 3) strongly support their sister relationship, with samples from five different populations clustering together for each of the two species.
Solution‐Controlled Dissolution of Supplementary Cementitious Material Glasses at pH 13: The Effect of Solution Composition on Glass Dissolution Rates
Authors: Snellings Ruben
Published: July 2013

Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) are widely used to partially replace portland clinker in blended cements. Reducing clinker contents further without compromising the development of early strength necessitates a better assessment and enhancement of the reactivity of the available SCMs. To this purpose, the reactivity of synthesized calcium aluminosilicate glasses covering a compositional range from blast‐furnace slags (BFS) over fly ashes to silica fume was analyzed by dissolution experiments. Initial glass dissolution rates were measured at 20°C and pH 13, and with varying initial concentrations of aqueous Al, Ca, and Si. At pH 13, glass dissolution rates were observed to scale linearly with the glass Ca/(Al + Si) molar ratio. Ca‐rich blast‐furnace type glass dissolution was shown to be up to one order of magnitude faster than tectosilicate fly ash and silica fume type glass dissolution, supporting different pathways to dissolution. In solutions that are strongly undersaturated with respect to hydrous glass and hydration products, glass dissolution rates are independent of changes in solution undersaturation and aqueous Si activity. In contrast, dissolution rates decrease with aqueous Ca concentration for all glasses and with aqueous Al concentration for tectosilicate‐type glasses. The insights gained are instrumental in finding ways to enhance SCM reactivity.
The response of arboreal marsupials to landscape context over time: a large‐scale fragmentation study revisited
Authors: Youngentob Kara N. , Wood Jeff T. , Lindenmayer David B.
Published: July 2013

Aim

Species extinction from habitat fragmentation and loss is a major concern world‐wide. Given the temporal variability inherent in many ecosystems, long‐term studies are important to understand how species respond to landscape change. We revisited a large‐scale, natural experiment, 10 years after initial surveys to investigate the response of arboreal marsupials to anthropogenic landscape change over time.

Location

The Tumut Fragmentation Study in south‐eastern Australia encompasses 50,000 ha of contiguousEucalyptusforests and eucalypt forest remnants surrounded by an exotic pine (Pinus radiata) plantation.

Methods

This study followed an established, statistically rigorous, replicated design that matched remnant eucalypt sites within the plantation to control sites within contiguous eucalypt forests. We recorded the presence and abundance of arboreal marsupials by spotlighting along transects. We used a range of generalized linear models to investigate interactions among independent and dependent variables and test hypotheses established at the outset of the study.

Results

All of the species observed in eucalypt remnants in 1996 were present in 2007. However, the presence and abundance of some species had changed significantly between periods. Remnant size, isolation, the disturbance history of the pine matrix adjoining remnants, time since pine establishment, and/or the age of the pines were significant factors in explaining the presence and abundance of some species. We identify mechanistic processes that may be responsible for the differing response patterns of the four most common arboreal marsupial species.

Main conclusions

Most native forest remnants continued to provide habitat for several arboreal marsupial species over the past decade. These results add considerable weight to recommendations calling for the preservation of native forests remnants during and after plantation establishment. The condition and management of the matrix can significantly affect wildlife populations in modified landscapes, and this should be given more consideration in conservation planning. Small changes to plantation design and management could have large positive impacts on indigenous wildlife populations around the world.
Linking present environment and the segregation of reproductive modes (geographical parthenogenesis) in Eucypris virens (Crustacea: Ostracoda)
Authors: Schmit Olivier , Bode Saskia N. S. , Camacho Antonio , Horne David J. , Lamatsch Dunja K. , Martens Koen , Martins Maria J. F. , Namiotko Tadeusz , Rossetti Giampaolo , Rueda‐Sevilla Juan , Schön Isa , Vandekerkhove Jochen , Mesquita‐Joanes Francesc
Published: July 2013

Aim

Geographical parthenogenesis – in which parthenogenetic populations are more widely distributed than sexually reproducing populations – is observed in many plant and animal species. Many hypotheses have been proposed to account for this biogeographical pattern, and these often invoke historical processes such as the influence of glaciation. However, there are relatively few empirical studies of the contemporary factors associated with geographical parthenogenesis. The aim of this study was to understand its causes by linking contemporary environmental gradients with reproductive modes in the freshwater ostracod Eucypris virens.

Location

Europe and North Africa.

Methods

We sampled populations of E. virens from 147 sites in 20 countries from Estonia to Morocco and from Portugal to Turkey. At each site we measured aspects of pond geography (latitude, longitude, elevation, pond area and depth), water chemistry (temperature, pH, conductivity, oxygen and ion concentrations) and macroinvertebrate assemblages. We used principal components and logistic regression analyses to test for the associations between environmental variables and the presence of males, indicating sexual reproduction, in a population.

Results

Sexual populations were restricted to the Mediterranean, whereas parthenogenetic populations extended into the Baltic and Ponto‐Caspian areas. Significant environmental features were not only latitude, but also elevation, aridity and principal components summarizing water chemistry and invertebrate communities: sexual populations were more common at high elevations, in arid regions, and in turbid ponds. Ponds harbouring exclusively parthenogenetic populations were also characterized by having longer‐hydroperiod biological communities.

Main conclusions

The link between current environmental conditions and the reproductive modes of E. virens suggests a contemporary adaptation besides historical factors such as climatic cycles or the differential colonization success of sexual and asexual lineages. We propose that the pattern of geographical parthenogenesis in E. virens reflects the ability of asexual populations to colonize rapidly, and the higher adaptability of sexual populations to unpredictable hydroperiods.
There is No such Thing as a Free Open Sky: Financial Markets and the Struggle over European Competences in International Air Transport
Authors: Rauh Christian , Schneider Gerald
Published: July 2013

Aviation is a prime example of a policy area where the clash over supranational regulatory responsibilities had pronounced economic repercussions. In this article, we examine the economic effects of the European Commission's struggle to obtain competences in international air transport. Stock market reactions to key events in the political conflict between 1995 and 2004 unravel whether investor beliefs about the distribution of power in the EU follow the basic conjectures of neofunctionalism, intergovernmentalism or institutionalism. The event studies show that particularly judicial proceedings and the involvement of the ECJ send credible integration signals to financial markets. This supports the hypothesis that investors consider the subtleties of the EU's decision‐making apparatus carefully and only react to developments that definitively alter the political regime and thus also the market situation. These findings are in line with an institutionalist interpretation of a reform that has radically changed the international aviation regime.
EUUnilateral Trade Policy‐Making: What Role for Import‐Dependent Firms?
Authors: Eckhardt Jappe
Published: July 2013

This article looks at political mobilization and the influence of import‐dependent firms in the context of theEuropeanUnion's (EU) trade defence instrument (TDI) policy. By looking at this increasingly relevant set of economic actors during (unilateral)TDIdecision‐making, the article provides a much needed complement to the existingEUtrade policy literature, which is dominated by analyses of the trade policy preferences and involvement of import‐competing and export‐dependent firms during multilateral and bilateral trade co‐operation. The article defines import‐dependent firms and theorizes the circumstances under which they are capable of lobbying and of wielding influence inEU TDIcases. The argument is discussed with case study evidence drawn from a series of recentEU TDIepisodes.
In Vitro Control of Enterococcus faecalis by Zataria multilfolira Boiss, Origanum vulgare L and Mentha pulegium Essential Oils
Authors: Moshayedi Shirin , Shahraz Farzaneh , Schaffner Donald W. , Khanlarkhani Ali , Shojaee‐Aliabadi Saeedeh , Shahnia Maryam , Khaksar Ramin
Published: July 2013

This study evaluates the antioxidant properties of the essential oils (EOs) from Zataria multiflora Boiss (ZMB), Origanum vulgare L (OVL) and Mentha pulegium (MP) and their influence on the growth, membrane permeability and cell surface characteristics of Enterococcus faecalis. Disk diffusion and micro‐well dilution were tested for the antimicrobial activity of EOs. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ZMB, OVL and MP were 2, 8 and 42 mg/mL, respectively. The mechanism of the antimicrobial action of EOs against E. faecalis was also studied by measurement of the release of cell constituents and observations of cells by electron microscopy. The antioxidant activities, as evaluated by inhibition of free radicals using 2, 2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl method, was 26.47, 3.20 and 34.67, for ZMB, OVL and MP, respectively. These three EOs have the potential to be applied in food products both to inhibit the growth of E. faecalis and to suppress the activity of carcinogenic O2–, produced by this bacterium.

Practical Application

The use of essential oils (EOs) from Zataria multi flora Boiss, Origanum vulgare L and Mentha pulegium as natural antimicrobial agents would be appreciated in foodstuffs. Considering extracellular superoxide produced by Enterococcus faecalis, which damages colonic epithelial cells DNA associated with colorectal cancer, these EOs can be used as bacteria inhibitors. They can be used alone or in combination with other preservative factors in food products. Moreover, EOs recognize as interesting natural compounds with great potential as alternatives to synthetic additives. These useful properties could be improved food safety and shelf life.
Conjunctival flora, Schirmer's tear test, intraocular pressure, and conjunctival cytology in neotropical primates from Salvador, Brazil
Authors: Oriá A.P. , Pinna M.H. , Almeida D.S. , da Silva R.M.M. , Pinheiro A.C.O. , Santana F.O. , Costa T.R. , Meneses Í.D.S. , Martins Filho E.F. , Oliveira A.V.D.
Published: July 2013

Background

This study aimed to establish reference values for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests in healthy neotropical primates from Salvador, Brazil.

Methods

A total of 73 intact adults, including Callithrix jacchus (n = 31), Callithrix penicillata (n = 8), Cebus sp. (n = 22), and Cebus xanthosternos (n = 9) were used to evaluate the normal conjunctival bacterial flora. Cebus xanthosternos (n = 12) were used to evaluate tear production with Schirmer's tear test (STT), intraocular pressure (IOP), and conjunctival cytology.

Results

For all animals evaluated, Gram‐positive bacteria were predominant. Results of the diagnostic tests in Cebus xanthosternos were as follows: STT: 14.92 ± 5.46 mm/minutes, IOP: 19.62 ± 4.57 mmHg, and conjunctival cytology revealed intermediate squamous epithelial cells in great quantities.

Conclusions

These ophthalmic reference values will be particularly useful to diagnose discrete or unusual pathological changes in the neotropical primates eye.
Associations Between Perceptions of School Connectedness and Adolescent Health Risk Behaviors in South African High School Learners
Authors: Govender Kaymarlin , Naicker Sara Naomi , Meyer‐Weitz Anna , Fanner Joanne , Naidoo Avanya , Penfold Wendy Leigh
Published: July 2013

BACKGROUND

This study investigated the relationship between school connectedness and health risk behaviors, specifically, substance abuse, violence‐related behaviors, sexual risk behaviors, and suicidal ideation among school‐going adolescents. School connectedness was understood to encompass a range of aspects pertaining to a learner's sense of belonging to the school. We hypothesized that strong perceptions of school connectedness will more likely be associated with lower levels of risk behaviors among school‐going adolescents.

METHODS

The study was conducted in 2 neighboring public co‐educational schools in Durban, South Africa. Independent measures assessed school connectedness, substance abuse, violence‐related behaviors, sexual risk behaviors, and suicidal ideation.

RESULTS

Strong negative correlations were found between adolescents' perceptions of school connectedness and the 4 health risk behaviors, particularly suicidal ideation. The relative importance of risk factors was also evidenced in the sample.

CONCLUSIONS

Adolescents with lower perceptions of school connectedness were more likely to engage in various risk behaviors, supporting the literature that a lack of school connectedness can act as a risk factor for adolescent involvement in clustering of risk behaviors. Further the relative weighting of individual risk factors, it is argued, was an effect of the sociocultural context of the study.
School‐Based Programs Aimed at the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity: Evidence‐Based Interventions for Youth in Latin America
Authors: Lobelo Felipe , Garcia de Quevedo Isabel , Holub Christina K. , Nagle Brian J. , Arredondo Elva M. , Barquera Simón , Elder John P.
Published: July 2013

BACKGROUND

Rapidly rising childhood obesity rates constitute a public health priority in Latin America which makes it imperative to develop evidence‐based strategies. Schools are a promising setting but to date it is unclear how many school‐based obesity interventions have been documented in Latin America and what level of evidence can be gathered from such interventions.

METHODS

We performed a systematic review of papers published between 1965 and December 2010. Interventions were considered eligible if they had a school‐based component, were done in Latin America, evaluated an obesity related outcome (body mass index [BMI], weight, %body fat, waist circumference,BMIz‐score), and compared youth exposed vs not exposed.

RESULTS

Ten studies were identified as having a school‐based component. Most interventions had a sample of normal and overweight children. The most successful interventions focused on prevention rather than treatment, had longer follow‐ups, a multidisciplinary team, and fewer limitations in execution. Three prevention and 2 treatment interventions found sufficient improvements in obesity‐related outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

We found sufficient evidence to recommend school‐based interventions to prevent obesity among youth in Latin America. Evidence‐based interventions in the school setting should be promoted as an important component for integrated programs, policies, and monitoring frameworks designed to reverse the childhood obesity in the region.
Gene cloning of porcine adiponectin gene from adipose tissue and construction of its eukaryotic expression vector
Authors: Luo J.‐J. , Song H.‐W. , Zhang B. , Li L.‐L. , Chen Y.‐G. , Peng Y. , Wu L.‐Z. , Fan J.‐X. , Zhan J.‐S.
Published: July 2013

To clone adiponectin (ADPN) gene from Shaziling porcine adipocyte and construct its eukaryotic expression vector, total RNA was extracted from subcutaneous fatty tissue. One pair of specific primers was designed by Primer 5.0 software according to the sequence of ADPN gene of porcine available in GenBank. The ADPN gene was amplified by PCR from cDNA and cloned into pMD18‐T vector to construct recombinant clonal vector pMD‐ADPN, sequenced and analysed. A recombinant expression plasmid pPICZaA‐ADPN was constructed by subcloning the cloned ADPN gene into the linearized pPICZaA vector. Then, the plasmid pPICZaA‐ADPN was expressed in Pichia pastoris (GS115) by electrotransformation. Western blot and Bradford analysis were used to determine the target protein induced by methanol. Results showed that the genome size of ADPN was 732 bp and encoded 244 amino acid, the nucleotide sequence of ADPN shared 100% identity with that of porcine available in GenBank. Western blot and Bradford analysis showed that the recombinant ADPN was expressed in GS115 correctly and has certain immune activity. The expression level of ADPN was 28.5 μg/ml. In conclusion, the recombinant ADPN could express in eukaryotic expression vector pPICZaA‐ADPN constructed in this study effectively.
Periodontal disease: modulation of the inflammatory cascade by dietary n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Sculley D. V.
Published: July 2013

Periodontal disease, including gingivitis and periodontitis, is caused by the interaction between pathogenic bacteria and the host immune system. The ensuing oxidative stress and inflammatory cascade result in the destruction of gingival tissue, alveolar bone and periodontal ligament. This article reviews the underlying mechanisms and host–bacteria interactions responsible for periodontal disease and evidence that nutritional supplementation with fish oil may provide a protective effect. Historical investigations of diet and disease have highlighted an inverse relationship between ingestion of fish oil, which is high in n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and the incidence of typical inflammatory diseases such as arthritis and coronary heart disease. Ingestion of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, results in their incorporation into membrane phospholipids, which can alter eicosanoid production after stimulation during the immune response. These eicosanoids promote a reduction in chronic inflammation, which has led to the proposal that fish oil is a possible modulator of inflammation and may reduce the severity of periodontal diseases. Tentative animal and human studies have provided an indication of this effect. Further human investigation is needed to establish the protective effects of fish oil in relation to periodontal disease.
Understanding the Supply Chain Outsourcing Cascade: When Does Procurement Follow Manufacturing Out the Door?
Authors: Brewer Barry L. , Ashenbaum Bryan , Carter Joseph R.
Published: July 2013

Does the outsourcing of manufacturing trigger a cascade of follow‐on outsourcing, wherein related procurement activities are subsequently entrusted to one's outsourcing partner? We explored this question in a survey of US‐based electronics original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) who have outsourced production to a contract manufacturer (CM). Transaction‐cost economics and the resource‐based view were used as theoretical lenses to assess six potential drivers of this decision, utilizing direct and indirect‐effects structural models across five phases of procurement activity. Results suggest that some sets of conditions appear to lend themselves to a “wholesale” outsourcing approach, wherein the CM is entrusted to both manufacture a product and engage in various procurement activities. Other conditions foster a more “retail” approach to procurement outsourcing, with limited or no follow‐on outsourcing of procurement activities. In general, firms seem more comfortable outsourcing tactical procurement activities, entrusting strategic activities to CMs only when the product is highly commoditized or when the CM controls access to international resources the OEM is unable to leverage on its own. Overall, the relationship between manufacturing and procurement outsourcing is complex and contingent on a variety of factors.
Attorneys and Negotiation Ethics: A Material Misunderstanding?
Authors: Hinshaw Art , Reilly Peter , Schneider Andrea Kupfer
Published: July 2013

Our research suggests that a true norm of ethical negotiation behavior exists within the legal profession. This conclusion is tempered, however, with the knowledge that a large minority of our research respondents — at times approaching one‐third of them — engaged in unethical and even fraudulent behavior. Additionally, the survey respondents were not saddled with the pressures that practicing attorneys typically confront (pressures likely to make people behave less, rather than more, ethically). In an attempt to understand the reasons for such a high frequency of unethical negotiation, we have identified three major contributing factors: too many lawyers have only a superficial understanding of rules that are more complicated than they appear; lawyers frequently take their “zealous advocate” role too far, thereby placing client loyalty above other important values such as respect for truth and justice; and the practice of law and the people who are drawn to it are highly competitive. To address these factors, we suggest approaching the problem from several different angles. In the classroom, we suggest a focus on the relevant legal standards, including a focus on the often misunderstood law of fraudulent misrepresentations. Because many students fail to appreciate the differences between “ethical” behavior, the floor of socially acceptable conduct, and the expectations that others have for how they will be treated, we also suggest that lawyer training programs focus on the important role that personal relationships and one's reputation play in the legal profession, and how falling short in these areas can decrease one's negotiation effectiveness. For the profession itself, we also suggest clarifying the attorney rules of conduct and provide a number of tactics and strategies to defend against lying and deception during negotiation. Finally, we recognize there are certain psychological factors at play that can cause people to engage in behavior inconsistent with their personal sense of ethics. We believe the only way to avoid these lapses is to integrate conscious and reflective practices that can bring ethical concerns to the forefront of lawyers' decision‐making and thought processes.
Evolution of symbiosis in the legume genus Aeschynomene
Authors: Chaintreuil Clémence , Arrighi Jean‐François , Giraud Eric , Miché Lucie , Moulin Lionel , Dreyfus Bernard , Munive‐Hernández José‐Antonio , Villegas‐Hernandez María del Carmen , Béna Gilles
Published: July 2013

Legumes in the genus Aeschynomene form nitrogen‐fixing root nodules in association with Bradyrhizobium strains. Several aquatic and subaquatic species have the additional capacity to form stem nodules, and some of them can symbiotically interact with specific strains that do not produce the common Nod factors synthesized by all other rhizobia. The question of the emergence and evolution of these nodulation characters has been the subject of recent debate.

We conducted a molecular phylogenetic analysis of 38 different Aeschynomene species. The phylogeny was reconstructed with both the chloroplast DNA trnL intron and the nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS/5.8S region. We also tested 28 Aeschynomene species for their capacity to form root and stem nodules by inoculating different rhizobial strains, including nodABC‐containing strains (ORS285, USDA110) and a nodABC‐lacking strain (ORS278).

Maximum likelihood analyses resolved four distinct phylogenetic groups of Aeschynomene. We found that stem nodulation may have evolved several times in the genus, and that all Aeschynomene species using a Nod‐independent symbiotic process clustered in the same clade.

The phylogenetic approach suggested that Nod‐independent nodulation has evolved once in this genus, and should be considered as a derived character, and this result is discussed with regard to previous experimental studies.
Changes in DNA methylation fingerprint of Quercus ilex trees in response to experimental field drought simulating projected climate change
Authors: Rico L. , Ogaya R. , Barbeta A. , Peñuelas J.
Published: July 2013

Rapid genetic changes in plants have been reported in response to current climate change. We assessed the capacity of trees in a natural forest to produce rapid acclimation responses based on epigenetic modifications. We analysed natural populations of Quercus ilex, the dominant tree species of Mediterranean forests, using the methylation‐sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP) technique to assess patterns and levels of methylation in individuals from unstressed forest plots and from plots experimentally exposed to drought for 12 years at levels projected for the coming decades. The percentage of hypermethylated loci increased, and the percentage of fully methylated loci clearly decreased in plants exposed to drought. Multivariate analyses exploring the status of methylation at MSAP loci also showed clear differentiation depending on stress. The PCA scores for the MSAP profiles clearly separated the genetic from the epigenetic structure, and also significantly separated the samples within each group in response to drought. Changes in DNA methylation highlight the large capacity of plants to rapidly acclimate to changing environmental conditions, including trees with long life spans, and our results demonstrate those changes. These changes, although unable to prevent the decreased growth and higher mortality associated with this experimental drought, occurred together with a dampening in such decreases as the long‐term treatment progressed.
The Rhetoric of Revisionism: Presidential Rhetoric about the Vietnam War since 9/11
Authors: Priest Andrew
Published: July 2013

This article examines presidential rhetoric about the Vietnam War since 9/11. It argues that both George W. Bush and Barack Obama have faced a rhetorical dilemma when dealing with the legacies of Vietnam because of the potential harm that they believe these legacies may have on public perception of their own military policies. Therefore, although Presidents Bush and Obama have often resisted making comparisons between contemporary conflicts and Vietnam, they have also developed a rhetorical strategy, built on the revisionism of Ronald Reagan and others, which celebrates Vietnam as a “noble cause” in American history, while they have also selected other “lessons” from Vietnam that could be useful to their overseas interventions. This rhetorical strategy suggests that Americans should continuously prepare to make long‐term military commitments.
Motivated to Adapt? The Role of Public Service Motivation as Employees Face Organizational Change
Authors: Wright Bradley E. , Christensen Robert K. , Isett Kimberley Roussin
Published: July 2013

Researchers concerned with organizational change have consistently emphasized the role that the work environment plays in employee acceptance of change. Underexamined in the public management literature, however, is the role that employee values, particularly public service motivation (PSM), may play in employee acceptance of change. Some scholars have noted a positive correlation between employee PSM and organizational change efforts; this article extends this work by attempting to isolate the mechanisms that explain this relationship. Using data from a survey of employees in a city undergoing a reorganization and reduction in workforce, the authors find that only employees who scored high on a single dimension of PSM—self‐sacrifice—were more likely than others to support organizational change. Rather than support changes for their potential to improve public service, this finding suggests that employees with higher PSM may simply be less likely to resist changes that might disadvantage them personally.
Reasons for Attempting Suicide among a Community Sample of Adolescents
Authors: Jacobson Colleen , Batejan Kristen , Kleinman Marjorie , Gould Madelyn
Published: July 2013

The motives of suicide attempts among a community sample of 99 U.S. high school students were explored. Participants completed an in‐depth computer‐assisted self interview about their most recent attempts as well as additional psychosocial measures. Results indicated that nearly 75% of the adolescents engaged in suicide attempts for reasons other than killing themselves and that depressive symptoms and premeditation prior to the attempt were significantly associated with increased risk for engaging in the attempts with death as a clear motive. Linking motive for an attempt (death, interpersonal communication, emotion regulation) and treatment approach may improve prevention of subsequent attempts and completed suicides.
The relative impact of land use and soil properties on sizes and turnover rates of soil organic carbon pools inSubtropicalChina
Authors: Qian H. Y. , Pan J. J. , Sun B.
Published: July 2013

The dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) pools determine potential carbon sequestration and soil nutrient improvement. This study investigated the characteristics ofSOCpools in five types of cultivated topsoils (0–15 cm) in subtropicalChina using laboratory incubation experiments under aerobic conditions. The sizes and turnover rates of the active, slow and resistantCpools were simulated using a first‐order kinetic model. The relative influence of soil environmental properties on the dynamics of differentSOCpools was evaluated by applying principal component analysis (PCA) and aggregated boosted trees (ABTs) analysis. The results show that there were significantly greater sizes of differentSOCpools and lower turnover rates of slowCpool in two types of paddy soils than in upland soils. Land use exerted the most significant influence on the sizes of allSOCpools, followed by clay content and soilpH. The soil C/N ratio andpHwere the major determinants for turnover rates of the active and slowCpools, followed by clay content which had more impact on the turnover rates of the activeCpool than the slowCpool. It is concluded that soil type exerts a significant impact on the dynamics ofSOC.
Energy Savings in Automotive Paint Ovens: A New Concept of Shroud on the Carriers
Authors: Rao Preetham P. , Gopinath Ashok
Published: July 2013

The rising cost of energy and increasing emphasis on environmental issues in today's world make it necessary to search for energy conservation methods in automotive paint shops. Paint curing ovens consume a sizeable portion of the total energy utilized. We present here an overview of the energy consumption in paint ovens, followed by a novel method to reduce the energy consumption. Although conventional ovens are designed to operate very efficiently, the carriers used to traverse the bodies in white (BiWs) in a paint shop also take part in heat transfer in an oven, and thus waste energy. Proposed here is a concept of using a shroud to cover the carriers and partially shield them from hot air of the oven. The concept is evaluated using a semicomputational model of an actual paint oven bake process. The computational model uses a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and a thermal solver to obtain detailed metal temperatures on a BiW and carrier as they traverse in the oven. The numerical results of temperature rises in an unshrouded carrier are compared to that from a shrouded carrier. It is seen that the usage of a shroud results in a significant reduction in the energy consumption of an oven.
Expanded Assessment of a Practical Thermally Aware Energy-Optimized Load Placement Strategy for Open-Aisle, Air-Cooled Data Centers
Authors: Demetriou Dustin W. , Ezzat Khalifa H.
Published: July 2013

This paper expands on the work presented by Demetriou and Khalifa (Demetriou and Khalifa, 2013, “Thermally Aware, Energy-Based Load Placement in Open-Aisle, Air-Cooled Data Centers,” ASME J. Electron. Packag., 135(3), p. 030906) that investigated practical IT load placement options in open-aisle, air-cooled data centers. The study found that a robust approach was to use real-time temperature measurements at the inlet of the racks to remove IT load from the servers with the warmest inlet temperature. By considering the holistic optimization of the data center load placement strategy and the cooling infrastructure optimization, for a range of data center IT utilization levels, this study investigated the effect of ambient temperatures on the data center operation, the consolidation of servers by completely shutting them off, a complementary strategy to those presented by Demetriou and Khalifa (Demetriou and Khalifa, 2013, “Thermally Aware, Energy-Based Load Placement in Open-Aisle, Air-Cooled Data Centers,” ASME J. Electron. Packag., 135(3), p. 030906) for increasing the IT load beginning with servers that have the coldest inlet temperature and finally the development of load placement rules via either static (i.e., during data center benchmarking) or dynamic (using real-time data from the current thermal environment) allocation. In all of these case studies, by using a holistic optimization of the data center and associated cooling infrastructure, a key finding has been that a significant amount of savings in the cooling infrastructure's power consumption is seen by reducing the CRAH's airflow rate. In many cases, these savings can be larger than providing higher temperature chilled water from the refrigeration units. Therefore, the path to realizing the industry's goal of higher IT equipment inlet temperatures to improve energy efficiency should be through both a reduction in air flow rate and increasing supply air temperatures and not necessarily through only higher CRAH supply air temperatures.
Optimization of Flatback Airfoils for Wind Turbine Blades Using a Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Chen Xiaomin , Agarwal Ramesh
Published: July 2013

In recent years, the airfoil sections with blunt trailing edge (called flatback airfoils) have been proposed for the inboard regions of large wind-turbine blades because they provide several structural and aerodynamic performance advantages. In a previous paper, ASME ES2010-90373, we employed a single objective genetic algorithm (GA) for shape optimization of flatback airfoils for generating maximum lift to drag ratio. The computational efficiency of GA was significantly enhanced with an artificial neural network (ANN). The commercially available software FLUENT was employed for calculation of the flow field using the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations in conjunction with a turbulence model. In this paper, we employ a multi-objective GA to optimize the flatback airfoils to achieve two objectives, namely the generation of maximum lift as well as the maximum lift to drag ratio. It is shown that the multi-objective GA optimization can generate superior flatback airfoils compared to those obtained by using single objective GA algorithm.
Development of Controllers for Temperature Control of a Room Deploying the Displacement Ventilation HVAC System
Authors: Li Zhicheng , Agarwal Ramesh , Gao Huijun
Published: July 2013

By employing the fuzzy control theory and Dynamic Matrix Control (DMC) method, the controllers for temperature control of a room cooled by a displacement ventilation system are developed. The fluid flow and heat transfer inside the room is calculated by solving the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations including the effects of buoyancy in conjunction with a two-equation realizable k-epsilon turbulence model. Thus the physical environment is represented by a nonlinear system of partial differential equations. The system also has a large time delay because of the slowness of the heat exchange. Additionally, the temperature of the exterior wall of the room first increases and then decreases with time during a twenty four hour period, which acts as a strong disturbance in changing the temperature of the room. The goal of this paper is to develop controllers that will maintain the temperature in room within the specified upper and lower bounds by deploying the displacement ventilation system. In order to solve this temperature control problem, we develop a special fuzzy control method. At the same time, we analyze the peak value of the error and employ the DMC method to replace the fuzzy control method with success. Results show that the fuzzy controller is effective in saving energy and the DMC method can contain the error within specified bounds in the worst situation (when the temperature of the exterior wall is highest). This kind of fuzzy control and DMC method can also be employed for other HVAC systems such as Overhead VAV (Variable Air Volume) system and radiant cooling hydronic system.
Development and Analysis of the Heliostat Focusing and Canting Enhancement Technique for Full Heliostat Alignments
Authors: Chavez Kyle , Sproul Evan , Yellowhair Julius
Published: July 2013

Central receiver power towers are regarded as a proven concentrating solar power (CSP) technology for generating utility-scale electricity. In central receiver systems, improper alignment (canting and focusing) of heliostat facets results in beam spillage at the receiver and leads to significant degradation in performance. As a result, proper alignment of heliostats is critical for increasing plant efficiency. Past tools used for analyzing and correcting heliostat alignment at the National Solar Thermal Test Facility (NSTTF) have proven to be laborious and inaccurate, sometimes taking up to six hours per heliostat. In light of these drawbacks, Sandia National Labs (SNL) and New Mexico Tech (NMT) have created the Heliostat Focusing and Canting Enhancement Technique (H-FACET). H-FACET uses a high-resolution digital camera to observe the image of a stationary target reflected by a heliostat facet. By comparing this image to a theoretical image generated via a custom software package, technicians can efficiently identify and correct undesirable deviations in facet orientation and shape. Previous tests have only proven the viability of H-FACET for canting heliostats. As a result, SNL and NMT have expanded H-FACET’s capabilities and analyzed the system’s ability to simultaneously cant and focus heliostats. Initial H-FACET focusing test results have shown improved beam sizes and shapes for single facets. Furthermore, simulations of these tests revealed an approximated system accuracy of better than 1.80 milliradians. This accuracy accounted for technician, position, and additional error sources, suggesting that H-FACET was capable of focusing facets to an even greater accuracy than those seen in the initial tests. When implemented for simultaneous canting and focusing of heliostats, H-FACET has demonstrated its capability to increase peak flux and decrease beam size. These full alignment test results demonstrated an average total system accuracy of 1.17 milliradians on five heliostats. As before, this accuracy included multiple error sources which cannot be corrected by H-FACET. Additionally, these tests revealed that H-FACET can align heliostats in about 1 hour and 30 minutes. Finally, two heliostats aligned with H-FACET maintained average accuracies 1.46 and 1.24 milliradians over a four hour window centered about solar noon. This implies that H-FACET is capable of aligning heliostats to a true off-axis alignment over NSTTF’s operating window. In light of these results, SNL has implemented both the focusing and canting portions of H-FACET at the NSTTF.