bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Étude ethnotaxonomique des espèces fruitières spontanées comestibles chez l’ethnie Diola d’Oussouye (Sénégal)
Authors: Djihounouck Yves , Diop Doudou , Bassène César , Mbaye Mame Samba , Diop Richard Demba , Faye Babacar , Noba Kandioura
Published: August 2019

Les produits naturels végétaux connaissent un regain d’intérêt depuis des décennies. Toutefois, les changements climatiques et l’action humaine entrainent une dégradation des écosystèmes naturels et la disparition de certaines plantes. Cette étude contribue à une meilleure connaissance des systèmes de classification populaire des végétaux spontanés. Des enquêtes ethnobotaniques basées sur un guide d’entretien ouvert semi-structuré, des échanges oraux et des observations directes faites sur le terrain ont été menées. Elles se sont déroulées dans 33 villages du département d’Oussouye, fief des Diola. Elles ont mobilisé 82 informateurs dont 30 groupes et 52 individus avec une prédominance masculine de 80,77 % contre 19,23 % pour les femmes. Nos résultats ont montré que parmi les 62 espèces végétales, seules 4 sont domestiquées. Ces espèces sont en majorité des arbres et des arbustes et sont plus présentes dans les milieux potagers. Les familles dominantes sont les Annonaceae et Apocynaceae et les valeurs d’usage les plus importantes sont notées chez les Arecaceae avec 10,52 et les Anacardiaceae avec 8 ; la diversité générique est plus marquée chez les Anacardiaceae. La population utilise 17 classificateurs pour nommer les plantes. Le classificateur bu est majoritairement employé dans les localités An Alufay, Esulalu, Ejamat, Her et ceux de ni, nu dans Dyiwat. De plus 7 référentiels mentionnés et par ordre d’importance sont : usage, animal, propriété, morphologie, écologie, onomatopée et métaphore. Les résultats font ressortir différentes espèces fruitières comestibles, la tranche d’âge qui maitrise mieux les savoirs liés à ces plantes et les différents modes de classification populaire.
Perceptions du changement climatique, impacts environnementaux et stratégies endogènes d’adaptation par les producteurs du Centre-nord du Burkina Faso
Authors: Kabore Pamalba Narcise , Barbier Bruno , Ouoba Paulin , Kiema André , Some Léopold , Ouedraogo Amadé
Published: August 2019

Le changement climatique représente une menace potentielle majeure pour la viabilité des ménages ruraux d’Afrique subsaharienne qui vivent principalement de l’exploitation des ressources naturelles. Cette étude a pour but d’analyser les perceptions des producteurs agricoles du changement climatique, ses impacts sur l’environnement, les stratégies d’adaptation et les relations qui existent entre ces différents aspects. Des enquêtes ont été réalisées au travers de discussions de groupes et d’un questionnaire individuel administré à 300 ménages dans le Centre-nord du Burkina Faso. Un modèle Logit binaire a permis d’identifier les facteurs qui influencent les perceptions locales du changement climatique et le choix des stratégies d’adaptation. L’étude montre que les producteurs perçoivent une baisse des pluies (76,7 %), une hausse des températures (97 %) et des vents violents (98,7 %). Le niveau d’éducation du chef de ménage, la taille, l’appartenance à une organisation paysanne et le nombre de bovins déterminent cette perception. La dégradation des terres se traduit essentiellement par des sols dénudés, la réduction des ligneux et la faiblesse des rendements agricoles. Les principales stratégies d’adaptation sont l’adoption des techniques de conservation des eaux et des sols (CES), la possession de fosses fumières, l’irrigation et l’adaptation variétale. Les facteurs déterminants de cette adaptation sont la possession de pioches et de pelles, l’appartenance à une organisation paysanne, la formation en technologies agricoles et l’accès au crédit. L’adoption d’une stratégie d’adaptation par un producteur dépend de sa perception du changement climatique et de ses causes, ses impacts négatifs sur l’environnement et des moyens disponibles pour apporter des solutions.
Réserve de Biosphère de Yangambi à l’épreuve de la cristallisation des pratiques locales de survie : une réponse à la faillite de l’État en République Démocratique du Congo
Authors: Kyale Koy Justin , Maindo Monga Ngonga Alphonse , Wardell David Andrew
Published: August 2019

La question des pratiques locales de survie des riverains d’aires protégées en République Démocratique du Congo se situe au cœur de deux logiques difficilement conciliables. D’une part, l’État s’engage à conserver la nature sans toutefois assurer un minimum de développement local. D’autre part, les communautés locales qui vivent dans la pauvreté n’ont d’autres alternatives que d’exploiter les ressources naturelles. Cet article analyse les activités de survie dans la Réserve de biosphère de Yangambi comme réponse à la faillite de gouvernance étatique en matière de lutte contre la pauvreté. Centrées sur la triangulation des sources de données (focus group, archives historiques et entretiens semi-structurés), les investigations ont révélé un vaste champ d’activités, englobant l’agriculture, la pêche, la chasse, l’exploitation minière, forestière et des produits autres que le bois. Plutôt que de consolider les acquis du développement local hérités du Congo belge, l’État postcolonial les a abandonnés du fait de sa faillite. L’implication directe et/ou indirecte des pouvoirs publics dans ces activités rend difficile l’application de la loi.
Les énergies marines renouvelables répondent-elles au modèle d’économie de la fonctionnalité ?
Authors: Lalancette  Soazig , Le Floc’h Pascal , Le Gallic Bertrand
Published: August 2019

Cet article examine l’apport de l’économie de la fonctionnalité appliqué au cas des projets d’énergies marines renouvelables. L’étude repose sur les contributions des acteurs au débat public prenant part au projet d’éolien en mer en baie de Saint-Brieuc (France). Nous analysons la perception des acteurs face à l’implantation d’un parc éolien en mer par l’analyse textuelle des contributions versées dans les cahiers d’acteurs. L’analyse des données textuelles soulève deux problématiques, la première aborde les impacts socio-économiques pour le territoire (emploi et formation). La seconde concerne l’efficacité énergétique des énergies marines renouvelables.
Les perceptions des populations locales de la forêt du Karthala aux Comores et du projet de sa mise en protection : une approche par les cartes cognitives et des représentations sociales
Authors: Soilihi Abdou , Levrel Harold , Prévot Anne-Caroline , Daré William’s
Published: August 2019

La forêt du Karthala (Comores) fait actuellement l’objet d’une politique nationale de mise en protection, en lien avec la communauté internationale. Cette politique peut entrer plus ou moins en adéquation avec les perceptions et les attentes des riverains de la forêt. Afin de mieux comprendre les enjeux de cette politique, nous avons étudié les représentations de la forêt par les populations locales, en amont de sa mise en protection. Nous faisons l’hypothèse que ces représentations varient en fonction de la proximité à la forêt. Nous posons les hypothèses suivantes : (i) le degré de connaissances des composantes de la forêt est différent selon les métiers, le genre, l’âge et les modes de fréquentation de la forêt ; (ii) la réussite de la mise en place de l’aire protégée de la forêt du Karthala s’appuie sur la prise en compte des représentations et usages de la forêt par les riverains. Des enquêtes conduites en 2016 et 2017 dans huit localités autour de la forêt du Karthala et dans la capitale Moroni ont permis de saisir les représentations des composantes de la forêt et du projet de création de l’aire protégée. Les données récoltées ont été rassemblées sous forme de cartes cognitives et d’associations libres. À partir de ces données, nous avons construit un indice de complexité cognitive de chaque personne interrogée vis-à-vis de la forêt, que nous avons expliqué au regard des catégories socioprofessionnelles, catégories d’âge, genre et lieu de résidence. Nous avons également comparé les représentations sociales de la forêt entre les riverains et les habitants de la capitale. Nos résultats montrent que l’approche par les cartes cognitives permet d’améliorer les discussions autour d’une politique publique environnementale pour des raisons autant pragmatiques qu’éthiques et permet d’étudier les enjeux de réconciliation entre objectifs de conservation de la biodiversité et de développement humain des territoires.
Statistique appliquée aux images NOAA pour le suivi du couvert végétal des bassins versants d'Aghien et de la Mé
Authors: Tra Bi Zamblé Armand , Noufé Djibril , Kamagaté Bamory , Effebi Kôkôh Rose , N’tain Yemou Jeanne , Diallo Seydou , Nguetta Fabrice , Hela Karoui , Goné Droh Laciné , Louis Jean , Séguis Luc
Published: August 2019

Zone pionnière de l'agriculture de plantation cacaoyère et caféière, les bassins versants d’Aghien et de la Mé ont très vite fait l'objet de déforestation intense. Le paysage phytogéographique n'a cessé de subir des transformations depuis l’indépendance de la Côte d’Ivoire en 1960. Ces mutations paysagères sont liées aux intérêts pécuniaires des différentes cultures pérennes au fil des années (le café, le cacao, l'hévéa, le palmier à huile et la banane douce). L'étude de l'évolution du couvert végétal des bassins versants d'Aghien et de la Mé de 1982 à 2013 vise à faire le bilan des transformations spatio-temporelles des unités paysagères de ces deux bassins. Pour réaliser cette étude, ont été utilisés conjointement la télédétection, des tests statistiques de tendances et de rupture et des enquêtes de terrain. Des images journalières d'indice de végétation NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) de NOAA (National Oceanic and atmospheric Administration) ont été compilées. Ainsi, des analyses statistiques descriptives et des tests de stationnarités ont été réalisés à partir des valeurs des pixels de ces images. Les résultats de ces tests produits sous la forme cartographique ont été investigués sur le terrain. Les résultats de l'étude indiquent, au niveau temporel, une période principale de rupture comprise entre 1993 et 1997. En outre, trois niveaux de discrimination spatiale se distinguent nettement : l'espace du bassin d'Aghien de plus en plus urbanisé ; le nord-est du bassin de la Mé, espace de grandes productions de cultures pérennes (Cacao, hévéa, café, palmier à huile, etc.) et le reste du bassin caractérisé par une mosaïque culture vivrière-culture d’exportation.
L’extension du domaine des herbes hautes : itinéraires croisés dans la gestion des prairies urbaines
Authors: Legrand Marine , Martin Léo
Published: August 2019

Dans les parcs urbains gérés de manière écologique, la place laissée aux prairies forme un motif récurrent de tensions professionnelles, à la rencontre entre pratiques horticoles et ingénierie écologique. Cet article explore les rencontres entre relations esthétiques à l'espace jardiné et redéfinition des pratiques d’aménagement. Le propos part d’une étude de cas en France, en Seine-Saint-Denis, autour du parc Georges Valbon (400 hectares de pelouses, prairies, étangs et boisements aujourd’hui classés Natura 2000) à partir de deux enquêtes ethnographiques menées de 2012 à 2016. La prise en compte de la biodiversité s’y accompagne d’une transformation des formes de « théâtralité » dans le jeu jardinier avec les plantes, engendrant des frictions à différents niveaux. La négociation des limites entre pelouses et prairies s’appuie sur la valeur accordée à différents types d’usages : en effet entrer dans les prés c’est déjà faire un pas vers l’en-dehors de la ville et donc vers des usages différents de l’espace public, où le parcours et l’immersion deviennent centraux. Mais la montée en herbe, qui résulte d’un lâcher prise sur les dynamiques végétales traduit du point de vue des techniciens, paysagistes et jardiniers de filiation horticole, une perte de contrôle sur la nature. Apparait ainsi la friche, figure de la banalité et de le l’effacement du dessin paysager. Conserver la main sur la pousse de l’herbe passe dès lors par un jeu avec les dynamiques écologiques qui ne concerne pas que les plantes et va au-delà d’une lutte contre la fermeture des milieux.
Couleurs et paysages : une nouvelle approche de planification de la couleur par les effets chromatiques
Authors: Petit  Anne , Siret  Daniel , Simonnot  Nathalie
Published: August 2019

En France, le color planning, autrement dit la planification de la couleur ou l’aménagement de la couleur dans l’environnement construit, fait l’objet d’une faible considération dans les stratégies d’urbanisme hormis dans les secteurs protégés des monuments historiques. Les méthodes de référence mises en place dans les années 1970, basées sur des approches de sauvegarde et de valorisation du patrimoine, ne permettent pas d’aborder certaines typologies architecturales, notamment les bâtiments contemporains employant des matériaux aux couleurs vives et inhabituelles. Pour répondre à ces enjeux, la recherche présentée ici propose d’aborder la question de la couleur urbaine à travers la notion d’effet chromatique, dérivée de la notion d’effet sonore (Augoyard et Torgue, 1995). Notre objectif est de proposer aux acteurs de l’aménagement urbain un outil permettant de replacer la couleur dans les processus d’aménagement. Nous présentons la notion d’effet chromatique et nous la mettons à l’épreuve à travers une enquête basée sur les principes des parcours commentés (Thibaud, 2001). Les résultats de cette enquête nous conduisent à proposer l’ébauche d’un répertoire qui définit et illustre une vingtaine d’effets chromatiques susceptibles d’être perçus par les citadins au cours de leurs déplacements dans les villes contemporaines. Des représentations graphiques utilisant les potentialités de l’imagerie numérique sont proposées pour exprimer, communiquer et discuter ces effets. Le répertoire des effets chromatiques participe ainsi à l’élaboration d’un langage commun autour de la couleur, pour les experts comme pour les habitants, permettant une approche opérationnelle de ce phénomène dans l’aménagement urbain et paysager.
Indigenous healers and stuttering
Authors: Platzky Rozanne , Girson Joan
Published: August 2019

Traditional beliefs and attitudes of Black South Africans to stuttering were investigated. Four Indigenous Healers (IHs) from different ethnic groups were interviewed about their beliefs as to cause and management of stuttering, as well as the outcome of their treatment. The data reveals varying degrees of concern about stuttering. The traditional beliefs of cause and management of stuttering show some similarities to current beliefs held by speech pathologists. Implications in terms of the direction in therapy, cooperation with IHs and future research in this field are discussed.
A new look at cochlear mechanics
Authors: Jardine Caroline A.
Published: August 2019

The spectacular discovery of otoacoustic emissions has led to a plethora of cochlear mechanic models, all attempting to explain the active, nonlinear processing of the cochlea suggested by these recordable responses. These hypothetical proposals have been largely based on animal experimentations, mathematically-based theorems, and observations in simulated environments. None have been irrevocably validated although there is much circumstantial evidence expounding their feasibility. Advances in electron microscopy, mechanical engineering, histological examination techniques together with the technology enabling us to measure these emissions, have radically altered the current views on the assumptions of auditory mechanics. This paper briefly contrasts the previously established cochlear theories proposed by doyens such as Helmholtz (1857) and von Bikisy (1936) with current perspectives advanced by cell biologists and biophysicists. However, the exact nature of cochlear processing still remains a mystery. As numerous chasms of knowledge about audition are being filled, so even more questions are posed in a seemingly eternal quest for the answer!
Burnout: A smouldering problem amongst South African speech-language pathologists and audiologists?
Authors: Swidler Marilyn , Ross Eleanor
Published: August 2019

The present study aimed to investigate the frequency of burnout occurring within the profession of speech-language pathology and audiology and to examine possible work situation factors unique to the profession, that may be correlated with burnout. A cross-sectional postal survey research design was used, including a standardised measure of burnout as well as a questionnaire inquiring about demographic and work situation variables. Subjects were randomly drawn from names obtained from the South African Medical and Dental Council. Results were analysed statistically using Pearsons correlations, Multivariate Analysis as well as Bonferroni T-tests. The main finding that emerged was that, as a group speech-language pathologists (SPLP's) and audiologists in South Africa are experiencing moderate levels of emotional exhaustion, low levels of depersonalisation as well as high levels of personal accomplishment. Therapists working in hospitals, mainly treating peripheral hearing disorders, working either as audiologists only or speech-language therapists and audiologists, with heavy caseloads and extensive paperwork, and perceiving themselves to be under large amounts of work pressure, appear to be the most susceptible to burnout.
Spraakklankdistorsie by neuromotoriese spraakafwykings: 'n Vergelyking tussen serebellêre disartrie en verbale apraksie
Authors: Erasmus Isna , Van der Merwe Anita , Groenewald Emily
Published: August 2019

Spraakklankdistorsie word algemeen in die literatuur beskryf as 'n kenmerk van neuromotoriese spraakafwykings soos serebellere disartrie en verbale apraksie. Die doel van die studie is 'n vergelykende ondersoek na die temporale en ruimtelike aspekte van spraakklankdistorsie by twee persone met verworwe serebellere disartrie en een persoon met verworwe verbale apraksie. Die spraakparameters stemaanvangstyd van die [d], afsluitingsduur van die [d], konsonantduur van die [s] en [I], formante van die [I] en die omvang van akoestiese energie van die [s], is spektrografies ondersoek in 'n aantal uitinge met verskillende klankstrukture. Die resultate dui daarop dat ruimtelike en temporale distorsie van artikulatoriese bewegings voorkom by die proefpersone met serebellere disartrie sowel as by die proefpersoon met verbale apraksie. Daar is egter verskille opgemerk in die aard en graad van die spraakklankdistorsie by die onderskeie afwykings. Die teoretiese implikasies van hierdie verskille word bespreek met verwysing na 'n model van normale spraakproduksie.
Signs of the times: Deaf language and culture in South Africa
Authors: Penn Claire
Published: August 2019

No abstract available.
Non-Moses le Roux: Premises, promises and fulfilment in the work of J.H. le Roux
Authors: Lombaard Christo J.S.
Published: August 2019

Would it be altogether out of place tongue-in-cheek to compare and contrast J.H. le Roux with Moses – given that both of them are inextricably linked to the literature of the Pentateuch? Both figures took leadership positions, although not aspiring to such roles: Moses, of the legendary exodus group, in the various texts we know and debate so well; and Le Roux through the following:his work as historical exegetehis leadership of the Old Testament Society of South Africahis pioneering work since 2000 with the Pro Pent concept, which had influenced various other such specialist exegesis groups (respectively, on the Psalms, the Prophets, the Apocalyptic Literature, Song of Songs, Wisdom, in general, and on the Qumran texts)in leading his students and readers to promising new electronic lands by means of telematic teaching and the influential website www.teo.co.za. Aspects of these roles of Le Roux are taken into review in this contribution.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: Old Testament scholarship and historiography.
The Case for Comparative Ethnography
Authors: Simmons Erica S. , Smith Nicholas Rush
Published: August 2019

To what extent can comparative methods and ethnographic inquiry combine to advance knowledge in political science? Ethnography is becoming an increasingly popular method within political science. Yet both proponents and detractors often see it as a technique best suited for producing
in-depth knowledge about a particular case or for explicating the meaning of a particular political behavior. This article argues that comparative ethnography—ethnographic research that explicitly and intentionally builds an argument through the analysis of two or more cases—can
be of particular value to political scientists, and to scholars of comparative politics in particular. The approach can hone our theoretical models, challenge existing conceptual categories, and help develop portable political insights. This article has two goals: (1) to show that comparative
ethnographic research deserves a prominent place in the repertoire of qualitative methods and (2) to elaborate the logics of inquiry behind such comparisons so that scholars will be better equipped to use them more frequently. Two or more cases are not always better than one, but comparative
ethnography can yield new and different insights with important implications for our understandings of politics.
Resisting Protection: Rackets, Resistance, and State Building
Authors: Moncada Eduardo
Published: August 2019

The state occupies a central place in the study of a range of political, economic, and social outcomes. This article brings into dialogue literature on the state and emerging research on criminal politics through a study of protection rackets. Conceiving of criminal protection rackets
as institutional arrangements of extraction and domination, I develop a political economy framework to explain variation in forms of resistance to rackets. The framework shows that distinct configurations of economic and political resources influence the type of resistance available to subordinates.
I illustrate the framework's utility using micro-level data on resistance to rackets in Latin America. Attention to how resource endowments shape patterns of resistance to projects of extraction and domination provides a novel window into the bottom-up dynamics of state building.
The Electoral Constraints on Inter-Party Mobility of Candidates: The Case of Pakistan
Authors: Zhirnov Andrei , Mufti Mariam
Published: August 2019

This article investigates the electoral constraints on the inter-party mobility of candidates. We argue that the prevalent mode of interactions among candidates, voters, and parties in local, district-level electoral markets shapes the strategic constraints faced by potential party
switchers. We suggest that strong linkages between voters and political parties reduce the market value of the candidates outside of their political parties, thereby constraining their inter-party mobility. These expectations are evaluated using candidate- and district-level data from Pakistan
from 1988–2013. The results show that the strength of voter-party linkages in an electoral district, as measured by the lack of electoral volatility and the extent of straight-ticket voting in national and provincial elections, has a positive effect on the propensity of candidates to
switch parties.
The Political Orientation of the Middle and Lower Classes in Iran (1997-2013)
Authors: Aghdaci Ali Abolali , Khorasaniesmaeili Parisa
Published: August 2019

It is well-known that there is a positive relationship between class position and the political orientation of citizens. Insuch a way that the class position is considered as an independent variable and political orientations as dependentvariables. In this research, we will try to survey the political orientations of middle and lower classes in Iran in thetwo states of Reformist and Principals, namely, the presidency of Khatami, and Ahmadinejad. The main question isthat the growth of the middle class tends to make progress in countries, but why the quantitative growth of this classin Iran, has not led to proper progress in our country? The hypothesis of this article is as follows: The growth of themiddle class in the advanced countries is linked to their democratic political structures, while in the third worldcountries due to the rentierity, the middle classes are made by governments. Therefore, they cannot actindependently and be effective in the political and cultural development of countries.
Effects of early commercial milk supplement on the mucosal morphology, bacterial community and bacterial metabolites in jejunum of the pre- and post-weaning piglets
Authors: Hu Ping , Niu Qingyan , Zhu Yizhi , Shi Chao , Wang Jing , Zhu Weiyun
Published: August 2019

Objective: Sow milk (SM) may not be able to meet the piglet’s nutritional needs in late lactation. Hence, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of early commercial milk (CM) supplement on the mucosal morphology, bacterial community and bacterial metabolites in jejunum of piglets.Methods: Ten litters of newborn piglets ([Yorkshire×Landrace]×Duroc) were randomly divided into 2 groups of 5 litters. The piglets in the control group were suckled by the sow (SM), while the piglets in the treatment group (CM supplement) were supplemented with a CM supplement along with suckling from d 4 to d 28 of age.Results: No significant differences were observed about jejunal mucosal morphology on d 28 and d 35 between two groups. On d 28, the activity of lactase in the jejunum was significantly decreased in the CM group, while the activity of sucrase and the ratio of maltase to lactase were significantly increased (p<0.05). On d 35, the activity of maltase in the jejunum was significantly increased in the CM group (p<0.05), and maltase to lactase ratio tended to increase in the CM group (p = 0.065). In addition, piglets in the CM group had a higher abundance of Clostridium XI, Tuicibater, and Moraxella in the jejunum on d 28, while the abundance of Lactobacillus was significantly increased on d 35 (p<0.05).Conclusion: The early CM supplement improved the maturation of the jejunum to some extent by enhancing the maltase and sucrase activities. Moreover, the early CM supplement could help maintain the homeostasis of internal environment in jejunum by increasing the microbial-derived metabolites.
Comparative effects of dry-aging and wet-aging on physicochemical properties and digestibility of Hanwoo beef
Authors: Kim Ji-Han , Kim Tae-Kyung , Shin Dong-Min , Kim Hyun-Wook , Kim Young-Boong , Choi Yun-Sang
Published: August 2019

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aging methods (AM) i.e. dry-aging (DA) and wet-aging (WA) on the physicochemical properties and in vitro digestibility of proteins in beef short loin.Methods: Short loins (M. longissmus lumborum), were trimmed and boned-out on the fifth day postmortem, from a total of 18 Hanwoo, which were purchased from a commercial slaughterhouse. Short loins were separated randomly grouped into one of the three treatments: control, WA (1°C, 7 days), and DA (1°C, 0.5 m/s, 85% relative humidity [RH], 30 days).Results: Dry-aged beef (DAB) exhibited higher pH, water holding capacity (WHC), myofibrillar fragmentation index (MFI), and digestibility, however lower lightness, redness, and yellowness values, cooking loss, and shear force (SF), than those of wet-aged beef (WAB) (p<0.05). The myosin light chain band intensity of DAB was higher than that of control and WAB in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The in vitro digestibility of aged beef was highly (p<0.001) correlated to physicochemical properties except WHC. The correlation coefficient between AMs and WHC was higher than that between AM and SF (p<0.05) or MFI (p<0.001). A high correlation was observed between SF and MFI (p<0.001).Conclusion: Thus, we believe that DAB is more advantageous than WAB owing to its high digestibility and WHC and low SF.
Chromium acetate stimulates adipogenesis through regulation of gene expression and phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase in bovine intramuscular or subcutaneous adipocytes
Authors: Kim Jongkyoo , Chung Kiyong , Johnson Bradley J.
Published: August 2019

Objective: We hypothesized that Cr source can alter adipogenic-related transcriptional regulations and cell signaling. Therefore, the objective of the study was to evaluate the biological effects of chromium acetate (CrAc) on bovine intramuscular (IM) and subcutaneous (SC) adipose cells.Methods: Bovine preadipocytes isolated from two different adipose tissue depots; IM and SC were used to evaluate the effect of CrAc treatment during differentiation on adipogenic gene expression. Adipocytes were incubated with various doses of CrAc: 0 (differentiation media only, control), 0.1, 1, and 10 μM. Cells were harvested and then analyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction in order to measure the quantity of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase-α (AMPK-α), CCAAT enhancer binding protein-β (C/EBPβ), G protein-coupled receptor 41 (GPR41), GPR43, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), and stearoyl CoA desaturase (SCD) mRNA relative to ribosomal protein subunit 9 (RPS9). The ratio of phosphorylated-AMPK (pAMPK) to AMPK was determined using a western blot technique in order to determine changing concentration.Results: The high dose (10 μM) of CrAc increased C/EBPβ, in both IM (p = 0.02) and SC (p = 0.02). Expression of PPARγ was upregulated by 10 μM of CrAc in IM but not in SC. Expression of SCD was also increased in both IM and SC with 10 μM of CrAc treatment. Addition of CrAc did not alter gene expression of glucose transporter 4, GPR41, or GPR43 in both IM and SC adipocytes. Addition of CrAc, resulted in a decreased pAMPKα to AMPKα ration (p<0.01) in IM.Conclusion: These data may indicate that Cr source may influence lipid filling in IM adipocytes via inhibitory action of AMPK phosphorylation and upregulating expression of adipogenic genes.
Effects of dietary lycopene on the protection against oxidation of muscle and hepatic tissue in finishing pigs
Authors: Fachinello Marcelise Regina , Gasparino Eliane , Monteiro Alessandra Nardina Triccia Rigo , Sangali Cleiton Pagliari , Partyka André  Vinicius Sturzenegger , Pozza Paulo Cesar
Published: August 2019

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of lycopene supplementation on the carcass traits, meat quality, concentration of lipid oxidation products and antioxidant potential in the meat and liver of finishing barrows and gilts.Methods: A total of 40 barrows and 40 gilts were allotted in a completely randomized block design, arranged in a 2×5 factorial scheme, consisting of two sexes (barrows and gilts) and five dietary levels of lycopene (0, 12.5, 25.0, 37.5, and 50.0 mg/kg). In addition, four storage times (0, 24, 48, and 72 h), at 4°C, were added to the model to evaluate the longissimus lumborum muscle.Results: An interaction (p = 0.010) was observed between storage periods and dietary lycopene levels. The unfolding of the interaction (lycopene×period) showed a decreasing concentration of malondialdehyde concentration as the dietary lycopene increased, at all storage periods. No interactions (p>0.050) were observed for the 2,2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) in the pork. However, the percentage of DPPH radical inhibition reduced (p = 0.001) up to 72 h. Additionally, there was a linear increase (p = 0.001) in the capture of DPPH radicals by antioxidants, as the dietary lycopene increased. No interactions were observed (p>0.05) between the evaluated factors in liver. However, lipid oxidation was reduced by supplementing lycopene in pig diets. The capture of the DPPH radical, resulted increase in the antioxidant power exerted by lycopene in the liver (p = 0.001). The concentrations of the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and DPPH in the liver were affected by sex (p = 0.001).Conclusion: Dietary supplementation of lycopene reduced the water loss during thawing and was effective in protecting against oxidation of the longissimus lumborum muscle and liver until 72 hours of storage, and the best results were obtained by supplementing with 50.0 mg of lycopene/kg of diet.
Estimation of environmental effects and genetic parameters of carcass traits on Chikso (Korean brindle cattle)
Authors: Park Byoungho , Choi Tae Jeong , Park Mi Na , Oh Sang-Hyon
Published: August 2019

Objective: The purpose of this study was i) to identify the characteristics of carcass traits in Chikso by gender, region, age at slaughter, and coat color using the carcass data collected from the nationwide pedigree information and coat color investigation, and ii) to estimate genetic parameters for breed improvement.Methods: A linear model was used to analyze the environmental effects on the carcass traits and to estimate genetic parameters. Analysis of variance was performed using TYPE III sum of squares for the unbalanced data provided by the general linear model procedure. Variance components for genetic parameters was estimated using REMLF90 of the BLUPF90 family programs.Results: Phenotypic performance of carcass weight (CW), eye muscle area (EMA), and backfat thickness (BF) in Chikso were lower than those of Hanwoo. This is a natural outcome because Hanwoo have undergone significant efforts for improvement at the national level, a phenomenon not observed in Chikso. Another factor influencing the above outcome was the smaller population size of Chikso compared to that of Hanwoo’s. The heritabilities of CW, EMA, BF, and marbling score in Chikso were estimated as 0.50, 0.37, 0.35, and 0.53, respectively, which were was higher than those of Hanwoo.Conclusion: Based on the genetic parameters that were estimated in this study, it is expected that the carcass traits will improve when the livestock research institutes at each province conduct small-scale performance tests and the semen is provided to farmers after selecting proven bulls using the state-of-art selection technique such as genomic selection.
Zinc supplementation of lactating dairy cows: effects on chemical-nutritional quality and volatile profile of Caciocavallo cheese
Authors: Ianni Andrea , Martino Camillo , Innosa Denise , Bennato Francesca , Grotta Lisa , Martino Giuseppe
Published: August 2019

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of dietary zinc supplementation of Friesian cows on chemical-nutritional and aromatic properties of Caciocavallo cheese after 7 days (C7) and 120 days (C120) of ripening.Methods: Twenty eight Friesian cows, balanced for parity, milk production and days in milk, were randomly assigned to 2 groups. The control group (CG) was fed with a conventional complete diet, while the experimental group (zinc group, ZG) received a daily zinc supplementation of 60 mg for kg of dry complete feed. During the experimental period, the milk yield was monitored and samples of milk and caciocavallo cheese were collected and analyzed for chemical-nutritional composition and aromatic profile.Results: The enrichment of dairy cows diet with zinc, did not influence milk yield and composition, however a marked reduction of somatic cell count was evidenced. Both in milk and cheese the ZG samples were characterized by a lower concentration of satured fatty acids and an increase in oleic, vaccenic and rumenic acids. The aromatic profile of dairy products was also positively affected by dietary zinc intake, with an increase in concentration of carboxylic acids, esters and lactones.Conclusion: The present results suggest a positive role of dietary zinc intake in improving the quality of bovine milk and related cheese, in particular for the increase in concentration of bioactive fatty acids such as rumenic acid. The changes evidenced in cheese through the analysis of the volatile profile, would be consistent with the development of interesting organoleptic properties, although further evaluations should be performed to confirm the consumer acceptability of these changes.
Feeding strategies alter gene expression of the calpain system and meat quality in the longissimus muscle of Braford steers
Authors: Coria María Sumampa , Reineri Pablo Sebastián , Pighin Dario , Barrionuevo Maria Guadalupe , Carranza Pedro Gabriel , Grigioni Gabriela , Palma Gustavo Adolfo
Published: August 2019

Objective: The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of supplementing pasture-finished steers with corn silage on the expression level of the calpain system proteins and beef tenderization.Methods: Thirty Braford steers grazing on summer pasture were used for the study. For 120 days fifteen animals were supplemented with corn silage at 1% of body weight per head per day (Suppl) whereas the remaining 15 steers only received pasture (Contr). Carcass and meat traits were evaluated and compared between groups. Gene expression and activities of proteases (calpain 1 and calpain 2) and inhibitor (calpastatin) were measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction and casein zymography.Results: Carcass and meat traits were significantly different between feeding systems. Supplemented steers showed higher hot carcass weight (p<0.01), fat content (p = 0.02), and Warner-Bratzler shear force (p = 0.03). Furthermore, the control group showed higher protease:inhibitor ratios, at mRNA (p = 0.01) and protein levels (p<0.10). Warner-Bratzler shear force and mRNA calpains:calpastatin ratio were associated in both feeding systems (p<0.01).Conclusion: Based on the results obtained in the study, beef tenderness differences among finishing strategies could be modulated through differential expression of the calpain system proteins.
Effects of supplemented culture media from solid-state fermented Isaria cicadae on performance, serum biochemical parameters, serum immune indexes, antioxidant capacity and meat quality of broiler chickens
Authors: Liu Shaoshuai , Yan Wenjuan , Ma Chang , Liu Yajing , Gong Limin , Levesque Crystal , Dong Bing
Published: August 2019

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate effects of supplementation of culture media from solid-state fermented Isaria cicadae (I. cicadae) on performance, serum biochemical parameters, serum immune indexes, antioxidant capacity and meat quality of broiler chickens.Methods: A total of 648 Arbor Acres male broiler chickens(1 d; average body weight, 42.93± 0.47 g) were randomly assigned to 6 treatments, each with six replicates and 18 broiler chickens per replicate. Broiler chickens were fed phase I (d 1 to 21) and phase II (d 22 to 42) diets. The phase I diets were corn and soybean-meal based diets supplemented with 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, or 10% culture media from solid-state fermented I. cicadae respectively. The phase II diets were corn and soybean-meal based diets supplemented with 0%, 1.33%, 2.67%, 4.00%, 5.32%, or 6.67% culture media from solid-state fermented I. cicadae respectively.Results: In phase I, the broiler chickens with the supplementation of culture media had increased body weight gain and feed intake (linear and quadratic, p<0.05) with increasing inclusion of culture media. The levels of serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased linearly (p<0.05). In phase II, levels of serum T-AOC and interleukin-1β increased linearly (p<0.05), and GSH increased (p<0.05). In the kidney, GSH and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) concentrations increased (linear and quadratic, p<0.05) and SOD concentration increased linearly (p<0.05). Compared to the control, shear force and drip loss of breast muscle decreased (linear and quadratic, p<0.05). Drip loss of leg muscle decreased linearly and quadratically (p<0.05).Conclusion: Dietary supplementation of culture media from solid-state fermented I.cicadae which was enriched in both wheat and residual bioactive components of I. cicadae enhanced the growth performance of broiler chickens. It also improved body anti-oxidative status and contributed to improve broiler meat quality.
Effects of the dietary digestible fiber-to-starch ratio on pellet quality, growth and cecal microbiota of Angora rabbits
Authors: Yang Guiqin , Zhao Fei , Tian He , Li Jiantao , Guo Dongxin
Published: August 2019

Objective: Substituting starch with digestible fiber (dF) can improve digestive health of rabbits and reduce costs. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a criterion for dF and starch supply. Effects of the dietary dF-to-starch ratio on pellet quality, growth and cecal microbiota of Angora rabbits were evaluated.Methods: Five isoenergetic and isoproteic diets with increasing dF/starch ratios (0.59, 0.66, 0.71, 1.05, and 1.44) were formulated. A total of 120 Angora rabbits with an average live weight of 2.19 kg were randomly divided into five groups with four replicates. At the end of 40 day feeding trial, cecal digesta were collected to analyse microbiota.Results: The results showed that the dF/starch ratio had linear effects on pellet variables (p<0.01). When the dF/starch ratio was 1.44, the pellets had the lowest powder and highest durability. The dF/starch ratio had unfavorable linear effects on growth variables (p<0.001). When analyzed by quadratic regression, the optimal dF/starch ratios for average weight gain and feed/gain were 0.59 and 0.74, respectively. There were differences in wool yield, fiber length and fiber diameter caused by the dF/starch ratio (p<0.05), and the dF/starch ratios that ranged from 0.66 to 1.06 were appropriate for good results. The cecal microbiota operational taxonomic unit (OTU) number index in the 1.05 dF/starch treatment was higher than that in the 0.66 and 0.71 dF/starch treatments. The higher dF/starch ratio resulted in a higher cecal microbiota OTU number index (p<0.05). The proportion of Ruminococcus in the 0.71 dF/starch treatment was higher than that in the 0.59 dF/starch treatment (p<0.05)Conclusion: The most suitable dF/starch ratio for feed pellet quality is 1.44, and for rabbit growth the optimal range of ratios is from 0.59 to 0.74. With combination of the wool growth, output cost, and cecal microbiota, we suggest that a dietary dF/starch ratio ranging from 0.74 to 1.06 is optimal.
Effects of stale maize on growth performance, immunity, intestinal morphology and antioxidant capacity in broilers
Authors: Liu J. B. , Yan H.L. , Zhang Y. , Hu Y.D. , Zhang H.F.
Published: August 2019

Objective: This study was conducted to determine the effects of stale maize on growth performance, immunity, intestinal morphology, and antioxidant capacity in broilers.Methods: A total of 800 one-day-old male Arbor Acres broilers (45.4±0.5 g) were blocked based on body weight, and then allocated randomly to 2 treatments with 20 cages per treatment and 20 broilers per cage in this 6-week experiment. Dietary treatments included a basal diet and diets with 100% of control maize replaced by stale maize.Results: The content of fat acidity value was higher (p<0.05) while the starch, activities of catalase and peroxidase were lower (p<0.05) than the control maize. Feeding stale maize diets reduced (p<0.05) average daily feed intake (ADFI) throughout the experiment, feed conversion ratio (FCR) during d 0 to 21 and the whole experiment as well as relative weight of liver, spleen, bursa of Fabricius and thymus (p<0.05) on d 21. Feeding stale maize diets decreased jejunum villus height (VH) and VH/crypt depth (CD) (p<0.05) on d 21 and 42 as well as ileum VH/CD on d 42. The levels of immunoglobulin G, acid α-naphthylacetate esterase positive ratios and lymphocyte proliferation on d 21 and 42 as well as lysozyme activity and avian influenza antibody H5N1 titer on d 21 decreased (p<0.05) by the stale maize. Feeding stale maize diets reduced (p<0.05) serum interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-2 on d 21 and interleukin-6 on d 21 and 42. Broilers fed stale maize diets had lower levels of (p<0.05) total antioxidative capacity on d 42, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase on d 21 and 42, but higher (p<0.05) levels of malondialdehyde on d 21 and 42.Conclusion: Feeding 100% stale maize decreased ADFI and FCR, caused adverse effects on immunity and antioxidant function and altered intestinal morphology in broilers.
Perspectives for rare earth elements as feed additive in livestock — A review
Authors: Tariq Hujaz , Sharma Amit , Sarkar Srobana , Ojha Lamella , Pal Ravi Prakash , Mani Veena
Published: August 2019

There is a need for newer feed additives due to legal prohibition on inclusion of growth promoting antibiotics in livestock diets in several countries due to antimicrobial resistance. In this context, rare earth elements (REE) have gained attention among animal nutritionists as potential growth promoters. Currently, several studies have reported better weight gain, milk production, egg laying capacity and feed conversion efficiency among different breeds of farm animals following supplementation with REE, with however largely inconsistent results. Furthermore, REE supplementation has also shown to improve ruminal fibrolytic and proteolytic activities as well as flavor of meat with negligible residues in edible tissue, however the mechanism behind this action is still unclear. According to existing research, due to their poor absorption and similarity with calcium REE might exert their action locally on gut microbial populations within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Moreover, REE have also shown anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative as well as immune stimulating effects. The present review aims to broaden the knowledge about use of REE as feed additives for livestock and sum up efficacy of REE supplementation on performance and health of animals by comparing the findings. Till date, researches with REE have shown properties that make them a promising, new and safe alternative feed additive but further exploration is recommended to optimize effects and clarify discrepancy of various results before practical proposals can be drafted.
Comparison for immunophysiological responses of Jeju and Thoroughbred horses after exercise
Authors: Khummuang Saichit , Lee Hyo Gun , Joo Sang Seok , Park Jeong-Woong , Choi Jae-Young , Oh Jin Hyeog , Kim Kyoung Hwan , Youn Hyun-Hee , Kim Myunghoo , Cho Byung-wook
Published: August 2019

Objective: The study was conducted to investigate variations in the immunophysiological responses to exercise-induced stress in Jeju and Thoroughbred horses.Methods: Blood samples were collected from the jugular veins of adult Jeju (n = 5) and Thoroughbred (n = 5) horses before and after 30 min of exercise. The hematological, biochemical, and immunological profiles of the blood samples were analyzed. Blood smears were stained and observed under a microscope. The concentration of cell-free (cf) DNA in the plasma was determined using real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and polymorphonuclear cells were separated using Polymorphprep, and the expression of various stress-related and chemokine receptor genes was measured using reverse transcriptase (RT) and real-time PCR.Results: After exercise, Jeju and Thoroughbred horses displayed stress responses with significantly increased rectal temperatures, cortisol levels, and muscle catabolism-associated metabolites. Red blood cell indices were significantly higher in Thoroughbred horses than in Jeju horses after exercise. In addition, exercise-induced stress triggered the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and reduced platelet counts in Jeju horses but not in Thoroughbred horses. Heat shock protein 72 and heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 6 expression is rapidly modulated in response to exercise-induced stress in the PBMCs of Jeju horses. The expression of CXC chemokine receptor 4 in PBMCs was higher in Thoroughbred horses than in Jeju horses after exercise.Conclusion: In summary, the different immunophysiological responses of Jeju and Thoroughbred horses explain the differences in the physiological and anatomical properties of the two breeds. The physiology of Thoroughbred horses makes them suitable for racing as they are less sensitive to exercise-induced stress compared to that of Jeju horses. This study provides a basis for investigating the link between exercise-induced stresses and the physiological alteration of horses. Hence, our findings show that some of assessed parameters could be used to determine the endurance performance of horses.