bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Motivational Interviewing in Family Settings
Authors: Kelly Thomas M. , Keil Meghan
Published: September 2023

Motivational Interviewing (MI) is an underutilized method for helping family members resolve ambivalence related to their roles in the family. This chapter presents use of MI in family therapy. Two forms of family therapy are described. First, Brief Family Interventions (BFI) are used where time is limited or crisis oriented (e.g., interviewing parents and their children who are being treated in an emergency department following a drug overdose). Second, Motivational Interviewing Family Therapy (MIFT) is suited for addressing long-term problems over multiple sessions (e.g., family-related miscommunication and problematic relationships). Several vignettes demonstrate how MI-based techniques used during family therapy can improve outcomes for patients and their family members. A personal reflection is presented on a trainee’s use of MI with a seriously ill inpatient and his mother.
Integration of Motivational Interviewing in Medical Training
Authors: Marengo Laura , Shenai Neeta
Published: September 2023

Motivational interviewing (MI) is a patient-centered, collaborative approach designed to help practitioners address patients’ maladaptive health behaviors and facilitate change. MI has a solid evidence base that supports its application across a variety of health behaviors and medical conditions. In this chapter we review the evidence for including MI training in medical education and the types of training programs that are most effective. We also discuss how to help students resolve the problems they often encounter in learning MI. These include lack of confidence, the need for perfectionism, and a tendency toward skepticism. Since MI can be effectively taught in medical schools it is optimal to integrate MI training into medical school curriculum and in other healthcare professions training in general.
The Ethical Practice of Motivational Interviewing in Healthcare Settings
Authors: Forsberg Lisa , Black Isra , Piechowicz Mariel
Published: September 2023

In this chapter we examine the ethical case for using Motivational Interviewing (MI) in healthcare settings. First, we discuss ethical reasons that favor using MI in healthcare settings. Second, we consider two ethical challenges with respect to using MI in medical practice: the appropriate use challenge and the proficiency challenge. These challenges do not represent a decisive ethical objection to MI use in Medicine, but ought to shape and inform the decision to use MI (and its ongoing practice) in healthcare settings. Our chapter also includes a medical trainee’s insights on the value of learning MI and the ethical practice of MI.
Skin
Authors: Dallimore Jon , Hay Roderick , Warrell David A.
Published: September 2023

Skin problems are common on expeditions. Many travellers seek to tan, but appropriate skin protection is essential. Wounds require assessment and treatment that includes careful cleaning and closure. Bites from insects, animals or humans are especially prone to infection. Blisters and splinters are common hazards, while crush injuries are painful and, if extensive, can cause systemic complications. Anything penetrating the skin can result in infection and an abscess. Burns are very painful and, if extensive, require appropriate fluid resuscitation. Ectoparasitic infestations such as those from fleas and lice can easily be acquired from local accommodation, while ticks are common in the environment and can spread many different types of disease from vertebrate vectors. Invasive maggots and flies are particularly unpleasant. Tropical ulcers and marine wound infections can heal slowly; occasionally the infections can be very serious. Minor fungal skin infections are very common, particularly in hot environments, and, if not appropriately treated, can cause considerable discomfort.
Risks from animals
Authors: Warrell David A.
Published: September 2023

Large animals are dangerous and may attack unpredictably. They should be viewed at a safe distance in the company of an experienced ranger. Groups travelling alone should make noise and carry appropriate defences such as guns or pepper sprays. Store food away from campsites and avoid camping close to water. Animals with their young are particularly dangerous. Take local advice. Venomous animals are less obvious but cause many more fatalities among indigenous populations. Appropriate preventive behaviour and first aid is discussed. Specific antidotes (antivenoms) may be available, but, because of the risk of anaphylactic reactions, their use is best restricted to the local base hospital. Insect-sting anaphylaxis is not uncommon and must be treated with adrenaline. Mass attacks by Africanised honey bees in the Americas can be fatal. Among swimmers, surfers are at the greatest risk from shark attack. Common marine stingers include jellyfish, stinging corals, sea urchins, and venomous stingrays and stonefish. The agonising pain of these stings may respond to immersion in hot water. Vinegar inhibits box jellyfish stinging cells. Seafood poisoning is common in tropical waters: ciguatera from eating reef fish, scombroid from dark-fleshed tuna, terodotoxin from pufferfish and paralytic shellfish poisoning from a variety of mollusks eaten when there is “red tide”. Cooking does not destroy marine toxins.
Plants and fungi
Authors: Warrell David A.
Published: September 2023

Toxic plants and fungi are easily confused with edible ones and even experts make mistakes. Avoid unknown berries, fruits and mushrooms taken as food or by any other means. Superficially, plants can scratch, irritate or sting. When eaten the active drugs may affect the cardiovascular system, cause hallucinations, and lead to kidney or liver damage. There are specific antidotes to poisoning by oleander, autumn crocus, amatoxic fungal poisoning and gyromitrin fungal poisoning, in other instances treatment is supportive.
Combined Pulmonary Fibrosis and Emphysema in a Patient With Chronic Occupational Exposure to Trichloroethylene
Authors: Asif Huda , Braman Sidney S
Published: September 2023

Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) is a clinical syndrome of upper-zone–predominant emphysema on high-resolution CT and a peripheral and basal–predominant diffuse pulmonary fibrosis. Multiple occupational and inhalational exposures have been associated with CPFE. We describe a U.S. veteran, who developed CPFE after a prolonged, intense exposure to trichloroethylene as an aircraft maintenance worker. We believe that this may be another example of occupational-associated CPFE.
Palomar discovery and initial characterization of naked-eye long-period comet C/2022 E3 (ZTF)
Authors: Bolin B T , Masci F J , Duev D A , Milburn J W , Neill J D , Purdum J N , Avdellidou C , Saki M , Cheng Y-C , Delbo M , Fremling C , Ghosal M , Lin Z-Y , Lisse C M , Mahabal A
Published: September 2023

Long-period comets are planetesimal remnants constraining the environment and volatiles of the protoplanetary disc. We report the discovery of hyperbolic long-period comet C/2022 E3 Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF), which has a perihelion ∼1.11 au, an eccentricity ≳1 and an inclination ∼109°, from images taken with the Palomar 48-inch telescope during morning twilight on 2022 March 2. Additionally, we report the characterization of C/2022 E3 (ZTF) from observations taken with the Palomar 200-inch, the Palomar 60-inch, and the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility in early 2023 February to 2023 March when the comet passed within ∼0.28 au of the Earth and reached a visible magnitude of ∼5. We measure g–r = 0.70 ± 0.01, r–i = 0.20 ± 0.01, i–z = 0.06 ± 0.01, z–J = 0.90 ± 0.01, J–H = 0.38 ± 0.01, and H–K = 0.15 ± 0.01 colours for the comet from observations. We measure the A(0°)fρ (0.8 μm) in a 6500 km radius from the nucleus of 1483 ± 40 cm, and CN, C3, and C2 production of 5.43 ± 0.11 × 1025, 2.01 ± 0.04 × 1024, and 3.08 ± 0.5 × 1025 mol s−1, similar to other long-period comets. We additionally observe the appearance of jet-like structures at a scale of ∼4000 km in wide-field g-band images, which may be caused by the presence of CN gas in the near-nucleus coma.
Brain circuits for retching-like behavior
Authors: Huo Lifang , Ye Zhimin , Liu Meiling , He Ziqing , Huang Meizhu , Li Dapeng , Wu Qian , Wang Qian , Wang Xiaoqun , Cao Peng , Dong Ji , Shang Congping
Published: September 2023

Nausea and vomiting are important defensive responses to cope with pathogens and toxins that invade the body. The nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) is important for initiating these responses. However, the molecular heterogeneities and cellular diversities of the NTS occlude a better understanding of these defensive responses. Here, we constructed the single-nucleus transcriptomic atlas of NTS cells and found multiple populations of NTS neurons that may be involved in these defensive responses. Among these, we identified Calbindin1-positive (Calb1+) NTS neurons that are molecularly distinct from Tac1+ neurons. These Calb1+ neurons are critical for nausea and retching induced by cereulide; an emetic toxin secreted by Bacillus Cereus. Strikingly, we found that cereulide can directly modulate vagal sensory neurons that innervate Calb1+ NTS neurons, a novel mechanism distinct from that for nausea and retching induced by Staphylococcal enterotoxin A. Together, our transcriptomic atlas of NTS neurons and the functional analyses revealed the neural mechanism for cereulide-induced retching-like behavior. These results demonstrate the molecular and cellular complexities in the brain that underlie defensive responses to the diversities of pathogens and toxins.
Optimizing vitamin D status in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis
Authors: Cochrane Kelsey M , Bone Jeffrey N , Williams Brock A , Karakochuk Crystal D
Published: September 2023

Context

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common and complex endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. Vitamin D supplementation is a promising complementary therapy for PCOS, yet there is no consensus on an optimal dose, leading to a lack of evidence-based supplementation guidelines.

Objective

The objective of this study was to conduct a vitamin D dose–response meta-analysis among women with PCOS.

Data sources

MEDLINE, CINAHL, and EMBASE databases from inception to November 2022 were searched for relevant articles.

Data extraction

Study screening and bias assessment were conducted by 2 independent reviewers. Eight relevant studies were identified; data for serum 25(OH)D (nmol/L) at baseline and at 12 weeks in each intervention group (mean ± SD) and vitamin D dose were extracted.

Data analysis

Estimates across studies were used to create a pooled curve, using restricted cubic splines with knots at the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles of the distribution of doses, to estimate the mean difference in effect for serum 25(OH)D at each dose compared with 0 IU/day. Sensitivity analyses were conducted fixing knots at 4000 IU/day and 7000 IU/day, which were a priori identified as potentially important thresholds, and to assess model fit and estimate heterogeneity. The pooled analysis demonstrated strong evidence of a dose–response relationship (P < .001), suggesting an increasing effect with increasing dose. An initial increase in serum 25(OH)D was evident until doses of approximately 3000 IU/day; this was followed by a plateau in effect between approximately 3000 IU/day and 5000 IU/day. The effect of supplementation with >5000 IU/day was unclear, given the minimal data at higher doses. The curve produced robust results for moderate doses (3000 IU/day to 4000 IU/day), which were not sensitive to model specification.

Conclusion

Women with PCOS are responsive to vitamin D supplementation, but the benefit of providing doses of >3000 IU/day appears minimal. Further data is required to determine dose–response at doses of >5000 IU/day, and whether higher intakes provide a clinically meaningful advantage in this population.

Systematic Review Registration

PROSPERO registration no. CRD42021259396.
South Sudan's Fateful Struggle
Authors: Roach Steven C.
Published: September 2023

The Comprehensive Peace Agreement marked the end of Sudan’s second civil war between the North and South. But in creating an autonomous southern region and a pathway toward statehood, it failed to resolve the effects of rebel factionalism, party infighting, and corruption in the South. This book analyzes these persistent effects of the South–South war, showing how they disrupted the transition to statehood and divided the transitional government of national unity in South Sudan. It traces the violence to colonial times and uses the notion of militarized patronage to describe the distinct nature of South Sudan’s patronage networks, which have shaped the country’s troubled political destiny. It then moves on to show how the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement came to dominate the country’s affairs to become a powerful deterrent to democracy, security, justice, and national unity. Lastly, it discusses the promising efforts by civil society actors to advance hybrid justice by pressuring the government to implement a truth commission, a war crimes court, and reparations commission. Comprehensive in scope, the book represents the first systematic examination of the foundations of South Sudan's political struggle both before and after its civil war.
Introduction
Authors: Roach Steven C.
Published: September 2023

This introductory chapter discusses the problems facing South Sudan and the nation’s attempts to build peace. It traces South Sudan’s extreme violence to colonial times and argues that the years of war and party infighting produced a powerful dynamic of brute governance that has actively prevented both a moral reckoning with the past and future efforts of transitioning to peace and democracy. The chapter then discusses the challenges of national unity and peacebuilding and the prospects of hybrid justice. It also provides a summary and outline of the ensuing chapters, including how South Sudan might face new challenges and anticipate future world trends.
Impunity, Human Rights, and the Struggle for Justice
Authors: Roach Steven C.
Published: September 2023

The principal aim of the chapter is to analyze the scale of human rights abuses and refugee flows of South Sudan’s civil war. It examines the government’s and rebel groups’ role in committing these abuses, including child conscription, mass rape, and mass killings, and addresses some of South Sudan’s harmful cultural customs. It also offers an in-depth account of the plight of IDPs at the UN Protection of Civilians camps. Another aim is to discuss the challenge of implementing a regime of transitional justice that can orchestrate a comprehensive moral reckoning with the past and dissolve the culture of impunity of the ruling elite. Here, I examine some of the parameters of hybrid justice, such as the Hybrid Court for South Sudan and the Commission of Truth Reconciliation and Healing, as well as the political leaders’ strategic attempts to curtail transitional justice and justify their own moral immunity.
Independent Protestant Film, from the Silent Era to Its Resurgence
Authors: Quicke Andrew
Published: September 2023

This chapter shows that the current wave of evangelical filmmaking (straight-to-video and theatrical features) has a long prehistory, studded with attempts to find a proper means to balance economical and technical limitations with artistic ambitions and religious priorities. The American film industry has always covered wider ground than its dominant Hollywood narrative film output. The Protestant Christian film industry has been a marginalized area of independent nontheatrical films that in the period 1898 to 2019 were not usually made for general theatrical release. However, a radical shift is occurring within the ranks of Christian filmmakers, especially those with African American origins.
Propaganda, Blasphemy, and the Savage God in Witchfinder General and The Wicker Man
Authors: Sage Victor
Published: September 2023

Victor Sage examines two powerful films about Protestant sacred violence. Set during the English Civil War, Witchfinder General (1968) recreates the notorious career of Matthew Hopkins, a Puritan witch-hunter who terrorized East Anglia from 1644 to 1647. In an original maneuver, Sage compares Witchfinder General to the British cult classic The Wicker Man (1973). The two movies, one set in the seventeenth century and one in the 1970s, trade on scarlet memories of the Reformation and criticize Protestantism’s ill-judged attempt, through propaganda and violence, to police the boundaries between worship of the true biblical God and the “savage god” of paganism and the Catholic Eucharist.
Babette’s Feast: Protestant Pietism, the Conflict of Spirit and Flesh, and Reconciliatory Grace in the Danish Babette’s Feast
Authors: Lejon Kjell O.
Published: September 2023

Looking through the sensual glories of French cuisine, Nordic landscapes, and visual art, this chapter discovers in Gabriel Axel’s Oscar-winning Babette’s Feast a complex story about God’s grace and reconciliation. Putting the spotlight on Scandinavian Protestant Pietist Lutheranism, the movie promotes the view that only reconciliatory grace (sola gratia), so central to Lutheran thought, can overcome long-standing religious and social conflicts. Through the “feast,” the food and drink of the film’s title, the grace of God is reached through earthly means. The film can be viewed as a critique of a faith that more or less expels God from the physical sphere and makes a clear dichotomy between the spirit and the body/flesh. This critique also intervenes in a centuries-long theological dispute between Lutherans and Catholics; in the film, both sides are reconciled through grace that transcends temporal disjunctions.
Sinner or Saint? Martin Luther King Jr. and the Civil Rights Movement in Selma
Authors: Bailey Julius H.
Published: September 2023

This chapter argues that previous portrayals of Martin Luther King Jr. have often elevated the civil rights leader to an almost saintlike status, with written accounts usually reading more like hagiographies. The director of Selma, Ava DuVernay, an African American woman and a Catholic, strikingly departs from these idealized representations in her reenvisioning of the pivotal events that took place in Selma in 1965. Like no other previous film, DuVernay’s Selma depicts King’s human flaws and engages the range of viewpoints of those in his inner circle. In her artistic interpretation of the history leading to the Selma-to-Montgomery march (1965), DuVernay rearranges the order of events and casts President Lyndon B. Johnson in an adversarial role that may belie his actual position on the issues but nonetheless represents current scholarly assessments of his relationship with King and which propels the narrative forward with King as the imperfect but courageous protagonist of the story.
Evangelicals and Star Wars: Appropriating a Culture from a Galaxy Far, Far Away
Authors: Wainer Alex
Published: September 2023

This chapter investigates the evangelical reception of the Star Wars franchise across four decades. Reading across a wealth of texts—books, magazines, online forums, and ad copy—the chapter illuminates how evangelicals, seeking to model appropriate forms of Christian consumption, have interpreted Star Wars through assimilative typology and critical apologetics. In these commentaries, the chapter is attentive to evangelicals’ anxiety over the syncretic religious influences (Eastern, New Age, and occult as well as Christian) of the Star Wars universe. He anatomizes how evangelicals have tried to reconcile the mixed mystical nature of “the Force” and the uncertain spiritual attitudes of Star Wars fans to the message of the Gospel, which they see as theirs to defend.
The Rise and Fall of Evangelical Protestant Apocalyptic Horror: From A Thief in the Night to Left Behind and Beyond
Authors: Beal Timothy
Published: September 2023

This chapter highlights the importance of horror to the emergence, in the late 1960s and early 1970s, of filmmaking companies that sought to popularize evangelicalism among teenagers and twentysomethings. The most successful of the movies produced and distributed by these companies, Donald Thompson’s Thief in the Night (1972), launched the genre of evangelical horror, and remains to this day one of the most widely seen independent films of all time. As the chapter demonstrates, with close attention to form, Thief in the Night’s longevity stems from Thompson’s fusion of apocalyptic prophecy—“the end of days”—with the conventions of low-budget secular horror movies from the same period, such as George A. Romero’s Night of the Living Dead (1968). The chapter tracks aesthetic shifts from horror to thriller and back again, showing how these are symptomatic of the changing face of evangelical apocalyptic culture.
The Western: Radical Forgiveness in Unforgiven
Authors: Vaux Sara Anson
Published: September 2023

This chapter discovers in Clint Eastwood’s Unforgiven an alternative Protestant ethic, radical forgiveness, that comes to terms with contingency, suffering, and loss without recourse to the genre’s sanctified violence and portentous sense of destiny. Eastwood, whose High Plains Drifter (1973), echoes William S. Hart’s silent classic Hell’s Hinges by having its hero burn an irredeemable town to the ground, has long been sensitive to the sermonic underpinnings of the genre, which often invokes the rhetoric of the jeremiad. In Unforgiven, Eastwood achieves his most mature vision of the Western, one that forgoes the genre’s avenging angels and redeemers to live within forgiveness. The chapter finds this Western thoroughly indebted to American Puritanism for its ethos and narrative tropes.
Protestant Pacifist: War and Pacifism in Mel Gibson’s Hacksaw Ridge
Authors: Rindge Matthew S.
Published: September 2023

Mel Gibson’s Hacksaw Ridge, about the World War II career of soldier Desmond Doss—Seventh-day Adventist, pacifist, and improbable Medal of Honor winner—is the most overtly Christian war film produced in America since the Vietnam era. This chapter seeks to understand why Gibson, a Catholic, became attracted to this Protestant hero’s story and to what extent Hacksaw Ridge remains a Protestant story in Gibson’s retelling. Integral to answering these questions is the issue of how a war film, conventionally focused on training for combat and killing in combat, can effectively address the conscience of a religious pacifist. For an instructional parallel, the chapter compares and contrasts Hacksaw Ridge to the Oscar-winning classic Sergeant York (1941) in order to demonstrate that Gibson takes Doss’s pacifism and his biblical reasons very seriously, even if Hacksaw Ridge never implies any critique of militarism or the American civil religion that justifies it.
Lost in Adaptation: Aslan’s Divinity and the Purpose of Real Pain in Narnia Versus Fantasy Film
Authors: Brown Devin
Published: September 2023

This chapter turns attention to one of the most successful fantasy film series of recent years and examines them as adaptations of their Protestant literary source. C. S. Lewis invented the genre of Christian fantasy fiction, imbuing the stuff of fantasy with meanings rooted in Anglican theology and Christian eschatology. The film series trilogy, launched with The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (2005), adapted Lewis’s beloved books to the fantasy movie genre. Although the films were produced by Walden Media and were promoted to Christians using niche marketing techniques, Brown finds that the film adaptation dilutes some of Lewis’s key spiritual insights. Brown is not making a simple objection of infidelity to the text but explaining how the filmmakers have transformed the Narnia stories into something more palliative to secular, therapeutic culture than Lewis intended.
Patterns of Acculturation and Social Positionality in the United States
Authors: Organista Kurt C.
Published: September 2023

In this first chapter of the book, acculturation theory is used as a framework for organizing a brief but salient overview of Latino history in America in order to better understand the current social positionality of the oldest and largest Latino populations: Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Cuban Americans. By comparing and contrasting the acculturation histories of these Latino populations, and more specifically the inverse relation between acculturative stress and socioeconomic status, psychosocial, and health problem patterns and profiles are elucidated. The inclusion of key historical events and figures in Latino history and current experience inform this chapter’s foundational analysis.
Patterns of Acculturation and Social Positionality in the United States
Authors: Organista Kurt C.
Published: September 2023

This chapter analyzes the acculturation and adaptation of Americans of Central American and Dominican descent, with emphasis on the major role of U.S. involvement in the civil wars of these countries, especially during the Reagan Administrations (1981 to 1989), propelling hundreds of thousands of refugees and immigrants to this country. Subsequent federal laws and immigration statuses (Temporary Protected Status or TPS, Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals or DACA), as well as the Sanctuary Movement, are discussed in relation to the various and uneven ways they continue to shape the health and well-being of these more recent, smaller, but rapidly growing Latino populations.
The Latino Family
Authors: Organista Kurt C.
Published: September 2023

This chapter provides a description and empirical overview of the Latino family, as well as an eco-systemic theoretical framework, followed by a selective review of significant family-related problems and socioculturally competent interventions. Variations in family structure, functions, and core values and practices in response to acculturation are emphasized, including family destabilization and the need for bicultural flexibility and expansion to optimize adaptation in America.
Latino Health
Authors: Organista Kurt C.
Published: September 2023

An immense amount of Latino-focused health research has accrued since the first edition of this textbook published in 2007, when the overall prognosis of Latino health in American was deemed mixed at best. This chapter provides an updated overview of Latino health and selective review of major health challenges over-affecting Latinos in America. Emphasis is placed on the problematic pattern of limited health education and access (e.g., via insurance) resulting in late detection and care, and hence excessive morbidity and mortality from diabetes, cerebrovascular disease, cancer, and HIV/AIDS. Effective socioculturally responsive health care is reviewed including Integrated Behavioral Health Care (IBHC), culturally adapted evidence-based interventions, and the effective and expanding role of promotores de salud [community health care workers] in Latino communities.
Why give a shit about swearing?
Authors: Roache Rebecca
Published: September 2023

This chapter highlights the importance of understanding the context behind swearing. It starts with how the late Queen Elizabeth II famously described 1992 as an annus horribilis in her televised Christmas Message. The sanitization of swear words to communicate them inoffensively is widespread and effective, thus, swearing is much more than an offensive language, especially when it can also express trust and intimacy. The chapter mentions the limits of caring about people being offended, but social context should matter especially when concerned with swearing. It notes the regulations surrounding swearing in TV shows, which communicates the general message that swearing is unacceptable in certain contexts.
Swearing as a force for good
Authors: Roache Rebecca
Published: September 2023

This chapter considers the positive side of swearing. According to the studies of psychologist Richard Stephens and his colleagues, swearing can help people withstand pain because it increases emotional arousal. Moreover, swearing can also become an indication of intimacy between people. Meanwhile, broadcasting restrictions on swearing are often viewed as the outcome of a tug-of-war between those who value freedom of expression and conservatives who want to keep the airwaves clean. The chapter considers the pressure-valve view of swearing and the likelihood of using violence. It cites the concern of how swearing too much robs swear words of their power is a pretty commonly expressed objection to swearing, which only proves the value of swearing.
Flood Back to Defeat: Winter 1984–5
Authors: Sutcliffe-Braithwaite Florence , Thomlinson Natalie
Published: September 2023

This chapter looks at the final months of the strike, from the high point of Christmas 1984—when the fundraising efforts of the strike’s supporters across the world ensured that many miners and their families had a Christmas they could remember—to the events that led to the collapse of the dispute at the end of the winter. It traces the experiences of committed supporters of the strike, and examines how these tough final months impacted on the politics of the support movement. It examines the realities of being on strike during the winter—in particular the difficulties faced by striking miners and their families in adequately heating their homes—and the intense hardship that many families were beginning to suffer by this point. Through exploring the emotional toll that this time exacted from those who went through it, and the changing moral calculations that were being made by those women who had previously been steadfast in their support of the strike, this chapter also sheds light on why women who had been previously staunch in their support of the dispute began to waver. Finally, it turns to the day of the return to work, and how this momentous event was experienced by the women who went through it.
Remembering the Strike
Authors: Sutcliffe-Braithwaite Florence , Thomlinson Natalie
Published: September 2023

This chapter turns to understand how the strike has been remembered. During and immediately after the dispute, a large number of books, films, plays, and newspaper articles about it were produced. This chapter traces the discourse produced about the strike in these cultural productions, and examines how they have come to frame a dominant paradigm within which the strike is remembered as heroic—though ultimately a failure. This paradigm came to structure how many of the interviewees for this book recounted their stories, though the chapter also argues that this discourse was never hegemonic: some interviewees were able to draw on alternative cultural resources through which to narrate their tales of the strike. Finally, this chapter turns to examine how women thought about coalfield communities today, and how critical nostalgia for the past could be used as a form of political critique of the present. The conclusion ties together the main themes of both the chapter and the book as a whole, and draws out what examining the experiences of women during the strike can tell us about modern Britain more broadly.
Education, Enhancement, and the Pursuit of the Good
Authors: Lewin David
Published: September 2023

In this chapter, David Lewin examines the intersection between education, technology, and religion by considering what kinds of human improvement are ethically justified and how they are justified. More specifically, he explores the forms of ethical justification for human improvement, both conventionally through education and unconventionally through technological enhancement. Lewin observes that within discussions of technological human enhancement, ethical questions cannot be restricted to the ends of human improvement, as though the means to those ends are neutral. Indeed, any form of educational influence that intends to realize full humanity implies a theological conception of humanity because it recognizes the human capacity for (self)-transcendence. The implication that means of enhancement carry with them ethical demands is elaborated in relation to human flourishing through educational formation. Lewin thus shows that our educational traditions offer important insights into how human flourishing can be realized.
The layered quality of democratic innovation and reform
Authors: Hendriks Frank
Published: September 2023

This chapter demarcates the central topic of this book: wilful attempts to improve democracy through interventions framed as democratic innovations, or in more historical terms democratic reforms. Using the metaphor of the reform cake, Chapter 1 characterizes democratic innovation as the currently most visible top layer of the reform cake, connecting to and resting on underlying layers of reform, prepared and developed earlier, which need to be appreciated to understand democratic reform in general, and more recent democratic-innovations discourse in particular. In reflecting on the unfolding quest for democratic repair, and on theoretical concepts that are helpful in capturing contemporary initiatives and developments, Chapter 1 refers back to the landmark study ‘Democracy Transformed?’ compiled by Cain, Dalton, and Scarrow—a forceful reminder of the historically defined, layered quality of democratic reform and innovation.
Democratic innovation beyond deliberative reflection
Authors: Hendriks Frank
Published: September 2023

This chapter takes a closer look at the currently most conspicuous democratic-innovations discourse, which since the 1990s has been increasingly coloured by variants of deliberative democracy. While perceptive about some ills of and cures for democracy, the deliberative-democracy discourse of innovations is also biased in particular ways. For good measure, the chapter proposes to broaden the focus on current variations in ways that include instruments for deliberative reflection (relevant as they are), but also looks beyond these to new action-oriented (in addition to talk-oriented) and new plebiscitary or aggregative (in addition to deliberative and integrative) models of change at the same time. A case is made for paying more attention to concretization (getting things done in public affairs) in addition to reflection (getting public opinion refined). A number of illustrative cases of innovation beyond deliberative reflection are discussed.
Key values for democratic-governance innovation
Authors: Hendriks Frank
Published: September 2023

This chapter marks the beginning of Part II, which takes the argumentation from understanding to advancing innovation. In specifying which values or ‘goods’ are to serve as guiding lights for improving democratic governance, Chapter 6 draws on and integrates two relevant, yet separated, strands of literature: the democratic-innovations literature and the governance-innovations literature. The result is an integrative framework of key values—inclusiveness, efficaciousness, appropriateness, resilience, and counterbalance—related normative dimensions and key questions that together can serve as a sensitizing framework for evaluation and design thinking in democratic governance and its innovation. For realistically applying the values framework, acknowledging the fundamental value diversity, tensions, and trade-offs between key values, the chapter explores a pragmatic road ahead, stressing the importance of open, prudent, context-sensitive, situated conversations.
The deliberative referendum
Authors: Hendriks Frank
Published: September 2023

This chapter moves the investigation to real-life attempts to connect democratic innovations across the deliberative-plebiscitary divide, anchored in representative systems. This chapter concentrates on national-level practices, with special attention to the Irish ‘deliberative referendum’ on abortion that sequenced two strongly contrasting instruments: a deliberative mini-public and a binary referendum. Confronting this case with the values framework set out in Chapter 6, and with relevant mirror cases in other countries, the Irish process is understood as a comparatively successful case of hybrid democratic innovation (HDI), which helped to break a long-standing stalemate and navigate a cultural minefield. The mixed and balanced process catered to different values and audiences and was relatively well-integrated into the established system, amongst others compared to a similar process in Iceland.
Law Meets War
Authors: Silverman Jon , Sherwood Robert
Published: September 2023

Chapter 1 traces the origins of Britain’s commitment during the war to punishing Nazi war criminals and arguments within government about how this should be done and who should lead the investigations. It describes the work of the UNWCC and CROWCASS and the first challenge for Britain’s commitment to punish criminals, the liberation of Bergen-Belsen by the army in April 1945. This led to the Belsen trial and execution of infamous perpetrators such as Josef Kramer and Irma Grese. It records the haphazard way in which British officers were recruited to war crimes duties with no legal background and little appetite for the task. It draws a parallel with the random recruitment to Scotland Yard’s War Crimes Unit fifty years later and the restrictive criteria applied to investigations. For example, Second World War investigators were told to focus only on crimes against British or Allied nationals whereas their later counterparts were equally circumscribed, looking only to prosecute cases where the victims were Jewish civilians.
Afterword
Authors: Silverman Jon , Sherwood Robert
Published: September 2023

One of the last cases to be investigated was that of Julius Damasevicius, a member of a Lithuanian auxiliary police battalion that committed atrocities in Ukraine. This was akin to an Einsatzgruppen investigation, which necessarily meant that identification of the suspect was always going to present a problem. When, as predicted, it was announced that there would be no prosecution, attention turned to what other means, short of the criminal law, could be used against those who sought refuge in the UK having committed crimes abroad. In 2002, a law change sought to address this challenge but it has been used only rarely since. The chapter also examines how the campaign for the 1991 War Crimes Act had a direct bearing on the growth of Holocaust awareness, leading to the establishment of the Holocaust Educational Trust and moves to establish Holocaust Memorial Day. The conclusion is that while pedagogy and memorialization are imperatives, the issue of accountability for the crimes of the Holocaust is beyond the capacity of the law to address.
Introduction
Authors: Goudkamp James , Nolan Donal
Published: September 2023

Chapter 1 describes the ambitions and scope of the book. It also sets the scene for the analysis that follows by considering the history of the contributory negligence doctrine and the circumstances in which the apportionment legislation, which replaced the all-or-nothing rule which prevailed at common law, was enacted. Thereafter, the chapter engages with a range of justifications that have been offered for the doctrine. Several attempted rationales are rejected but none is found to be entirely free from difficulty. Finally, attention is turned to the underanalysed and poorly understood issue of where, precisely, the principles concerning contributory negligence fit within the structure of tort law.
Procedure and Appeals
Authors: Goudkamp James , Nolan Donal
Published: September 2023

Chapter 6 is concerned with procedural issues that arise in relation to the doctrine of contributory negligence as well as with appeals regarding the existence of contributory negligence and apportionment. Although appeals concerning contributory negligence do not merely raise procedural points, because issues of procedure are so important in this connection, it is convenient to deal with both topics within a single chapter. By and large, general principles governing procedure and appeals apply to the question of contributory negligence. However, there are some respects in which contributory negligence cases present special issues in this connection, and these are explored in this chapter.
W.S. Gilbert, The English Aristophanes
Authors: Swallow Peter
Published: September 2023

It has long been assumed that Gilbertian topsyturvydom and satire parallels what we find in Aristophanes. This chapter will argue that Gilbert was not, however, the ‘English Aristophanes’ merely because of his similar genius, but because he subterraneously received and appropriated Aristophanes for the Victorian stage. In several of Gilbert’s plays, he borrows story-elements from Aristophanes, particularly from Birds as mediated by Planché. The present chapter explores this mediated reception in the plays Thespis (1871), The Happy Land (1873), and Utopia Limited (1893). And Gilbert’s The Princess (1870) and Princess Ida (1884) will be shown to share similarities with the plot of Aristophanes’ Thesmophoriazusae, as mediated through Tennyson’s Princess.
Women’s Aristophanes
Authors: Swallow Peter
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores four powerful receptions of Aristophanes created and performed by women. In 1889, at Girton College, Cambridge, women students produced Birds in the original Greek. Five years later, Bees, an English-language adaptation of the same play, was staged by the college to agitate for the right to graduate with degrees. In 1910, the activist-actor Gertrude Kingston commissioned Laurence Housman to translate Lysistrata, which she then produced and starred in—the first-ever performance of Lysistrata on the British stage. Two years earlier, Lysistrata probably also influenced the plot of How the Vote Was Won, another suffrage play written by Cicely Hamilton and Christopher St John. These four Aristophanic plays, all produced within about a decade of one another, show a shared approach to receiving Aristophanes as a vehicle of protest. Indeed, this chapter argues, they mark a significant divergence from the aesthetic receptions of Aristophanes predominant since 1873.
Civil Restraint Orders
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter studies civil restraint orders. It is clear from the key cases that the courts will come to the aid of a regulatory body to protect unwarranted and unjustified attacks by a registrant, and persons acting on behalf of a registrant, against the institution and its staff. Independently of the powers of the Attorney General to seek a civil or criminal proceedings order under section 42 of the Senior Courts Act 1981, or a restriction of proceedings order under section 33 of the Employment Tribunals Act 1996, proceedings may be initiated by the regulator under Civil Procedure Rules (CPR) 3.11 and Practice Direction 3C for a Civil Restraint Order or for an injunction under the Protection from Harassment Act 1997. The cases also identify the test to be applied and the approach of the courts. An extended or general civil restraint order may be made only by a judge of the Court of Appeal, a judge of the High Court, or a designated civil judge or their appointed deputy in the county court, and the maximum period for an order is two years in the first instance.
Double Jeopardy
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter reviews issues relating to double jeopardy. The courts have consistently stated that the double jeopardy rule that ‘no one ought to be twice punished for the same offence’ has no application to professional disciplinary proceedings. The double jeopardy rule has no relevance to professional disciplinary proceedings partly because of the difference in the nature of criminal proceedings, in which the issue is whether the practitioner is innocent or guilty of the charge, whereas in disciplinary proceedings the issue is whether the conduct amounts to professional misconduct. It is also partly because of differences in the standard of proof and in the rules of evidence in criminal and professional conduct proceedings. It is important to distinguish between issues of double jeopardy and issues of estoppel and legitimate expectation, which are more likely to give rise to a stay of professional disciplinary proceedings.
Erasure
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter is about erasure. It refers to Chapter 81, which is another relevant chapter that talks about striking off.
Interim Orders (Extension of)
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter highlights the power of the court to extend an interim order made by a fitness to practise tribunal or committee on an application by the regulator. An order for immediate or interim measures may be made by a fitness to practise (FTP) tribunal or committee following a sanction of erasure, suspension, or conditions and pending the order of the FTP tribunal or committee taking effect. It describes a person of whom an immediate or interim order is made who may apply to the court to terminate the order. The chapter covers applications to the court by the regulator to extend an interim suspension order or an interim conditional registration order made by a tribunal or committee. It reviews immediate or interim measures made by a tribunal or committee following a determination on sanction of erasure, suspension, or conditions.
Judicial Conduct
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter cites some provisions of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 that deals with judicial discipline and provides that the Lord Chief Justice may make regulations for the investigation and determination of allegations of misconduct by judicial or other office holders. It reviews regulations and rules that have been made for dealing with complaints and disciplinary proceedings involving judicial office holders. If a judge becomes unable to properly perform their judicial function, it is desirable that they should be removed from office. The chapter discusses the Judicial Conduct and Investigations Office, which supports the Lord Chancellor and Lord Chief Justice in considering complaints about the personal conduct of judicial office holders. It covers the Guide to Judicial Conduct that contains a set of core principles of conduct to which judges should adhere.
Lies
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter covers the general principles of lies. It defines a defendant’s lie as probative of guilt. According to Thirlwall LJ, a lies direction is undoubtedly required where a defendant has admitted lying and the jury may regard that lie as probative of guilt. Moreover, any lies direction will require to be remodelled to take account of the civil standard of proof of the regulator in professional conduct proceedings. The chapter references the varying disciplinary cases of lying, such as Nicholas-Pillai v. General Medical Council in 2009. It explains that a Lucas direction may require to be given by the legal assessor or legally qualified chair.
Medical Advisers
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter explains the statutory provisions and rules of many regulators that provide for the appointment of medical and other specialist advisers to assist the tribunal or committee. It mentions the difference in the roles between a medical adviser and a legal adviser. Moreover, the Specialist Performance Advisor needs to have experience in the relevant field of practice because they provide advice as to medical issues regarding performance in that particular field. The chapter considers the nature of an examination or assessment of medical knowledge or skill as a medical issue regarding a practitioner’s performance. The chapter references disciplinary cases to confirm that the medical adviser is there to advise the committee on the medical significance of the information before the committee.