bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention and Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting After Acute Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock
Authors: White Harvey D. , Assmann Susan F. , Sanborn Timothy A. , Jacobs Alice K. , Webb John G. , Sleeper Lynn A. , Wong Cheuk-Kit , Stewart James T. , Aylward Philip E.G. , Wong Shing-Chiu , Hochman Judith S.
Published: September 2005

Background—

The Should We Emergently Revascularize Occluded Coronaries for Cardiogenic Shock (SHOCK) trial demonstrated the survival advantage of emergency revascularization versus initial medical stabilization in patients developing cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction. The relative merits of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) versus percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with shock have not been defined. The objective of this analysis was to compare the effects of PCI and CABG on 30-day and 1-year survival in the SHOCK trial.

Methods and Results—

Of the 302 trial patients, 128 with predominant left ventricular failure had emergency revascularization. The selection of revascularization procedures was individualized. Eighty-one patients (63.3%) had PCI, and 47 (36.7%) had CABG. The median time from randomization to intervention was 0.9 hours (interquartile range [IQR], 0.3 to 2.2 hours) for PCI and 2.7 hours (IQR, 1.3 to 5.5 hours) for CABG. Baseline demographics and hemodynamics were similar, except that there were more diabetics (48.9% versus 26.9%;
P
=0.02), 3-vessel disease (80.4% versus 60.3%;
P
=0.03), and left main coronary disease (41.3% versus 13.0%;
P
=0.001) in the CABG group. In the PCI group, 12.3% had 2-vessel and 2.5% had 3-vessel interventions. In the CABG group, 84.8% received ≥2 grafts, 52.2% received ≥3 grafts, and 87.2% were deemed completely revascularized. The survival rates were 55.6% in the PCI group compared with 57.4% in the CABG group at 30 days (
P
=0.86) and 51.9% compared with 46.8%, respectively, at 1 year (
P
=0.71).

Conclusions—

Among SHOCK trial patients randomized to emergency revascularization, those treated with CABG had a greater prevalence of diabetes and worse coronary disease than those treated with PCI. However, survival rates were similar. Emergency CABG is an important component of an optimal treatment strategy in patients with cardiogenic shock, and should be considered a complementary treatment option in patients with extensive coronary disease.
Colchicine in Addition to Conventional Therapy for Acute Pericarditis
Authors: Imazio Massimo , Bobbio Marco , Cecchi Enrico , Demarie Daniela , Demichelis Brunella , Pomari Franco , Moratti Mauro , Gaschino Gianni , Giammaria Massimo , Ghisio Aldo , Belli Riccardo , Trinchero Rita
Published: September 2005

Background—

Colchicine is effective and safe for the treatment and prevention of recurrent pericarditis and might ultimately serve as the initial mode of treatment, especially in idiopathic cases. The aim of this work was to verify the safety and efficacy of colchicine as an adjunct to conventional therapy for the treatment of the first episode of acute pericarditis.

Methods and Results—

A prospective, randomized, open-label design was used. A total of 120 patients (mean age 56.9±18.8 years, 54 males) with a first episode of acute pericarditis (idiopathic, viral, postpericardiotomy syndromes, and connective tissue diseases) were randomly assigned to conventional treatment with aspirin (group I) or conventional treatment plus colchicine 1.0 to 2.0 mg for the first day and then 0.5 to 1.0 mg/d for 3 months (group II). Corticosteroid therapy was restricted to patients with aspirin contraindications or intolerance. The primary end point was recurrence rate. During the 2873 patient-month follow-up, colchicine significantly reduced the recurrence rate (recurrence rates at 18 months were, respectively, 10.7% versus 32.3%;
P
=0.004; number needed to treat=5) and symptom persistence at 72 hours (respectively, 11.7% versus 36.7%;
P
=0.003). After multivariate analysis, corticosteroid use (OR 4.30, 95% CI 1.21 to 15.25;
P
=0.024) was an independent risk factor for recurrences. Colchicine was discontinued in 5 cases (8.3%) because of diarrhea. No serious adverse effects were observed.

Conclusions—

Colchicine plus conventional therapy led to a clinically important and statistically significant benefit over conventional treatment, decreasing the recurrence rate in patients with a first episode of acute pericarditis. Corticosteroid therapy given in the index attack can favor the occurrence of recurrences.
Delivering active labour market policy through vouchers: experiences with training vouchers in Germany
Authors: Bruttel Oliver
Published: September 2005

In recent years, new public management has reached public employment services. This article analyses the use of training vouchers for jobseekers in Germany as a means of delivering active labour market policy. While vouchers are familiar in other fields of public services, the approach is completely novel in active labour market policy. The article contrasts the proclaimed advantages of vouchers in general (i.e. jobseeker choice and provider competition) with the problems of training vouchers in particular. Initial evidence suggests that information asymmetries, a lack of providers in certain areas and restricted opportunities for policy coordination are obstacles to full achievement of the positive effects hoped for by proponents of the training voucher. The article concludes that improving the existing contracting-out system may have been a better path to higher efficiency.
Evaluating customer-centred reforms in Korean local governments: possibilities and limitations of reform measures for civil application
Authors: Ra Hui-Mun , Joo Jaehyun
Published: September 2005

The customer-centred approach has been in the mainstream of public administration research since the 1980s. However, there have been relatively fewer observations of the developments in East Asian public administration compared to those of Western countries. This study adds to our understanding of administrative reform by analysing the Korean policy measures developed from the customer perspective and by discussing the implications of the Korean experience. The main focus is placed on local governments’ policy schemes introduced to enhance the quality of public services for civil applications. This Korean case study shows the importance of a balanced approach to public administration reforms in the stages from input to feedback and evaluation. Also, the Korean experience reinforces the notion that it may take quite some time to transform old institutions into new ones, even when conditions for reform are provided. Despite the notable success of the Korean reform measures in empowering local residents to participate in administrative processes, the legacies of the authoritarian and elitist tradition still remain in Korean public administration, and influence even the formulation and implementation of reform measures.
CAPAM Symposium on Networked Government: ‘Freedom to manage’, task networks and institutional environment of decentralized service organizations in developing countries
Authors: Larbi George A.
Published: September 2005

This article examines the introduction of decentralized management structures in public health and water services in two developing countries — Ghana and Zimbabwe. It explores how task networks, organizational interdependence and institutional environment factors may enable or disable organizational autonomy and influence performance. It argues that decentralized organizations work within a task network of other public sector organizations and in institutional and governance environments that are highly political. The degree of operational autonomy that decentralized organizations have in practice will depend on the task network and power relationships, particularly the behaviour of central principals and other actors within the network. It suggests that decentralized management has been introduced in varying degrees in the health and water sectors of both Ghana and Zimbabwe but is constrained by task network difficulties.
CAPAM Symposium on Networked Government: The public service as a learning organization: the Malaysian experience
Authors: Yusoff Malek Shah Bin Mohd.
Published: September 2005

Current environmental demands require public sector organizations to respond effectively and efficiently to the needs of the people and the nation. Given the bureaucratic nature of public sector organizations, where change and responsiveness are difficult to achieve, this paper highlights some of the issues that need attention to transform public sector organizations into learning organizations. It also examines some of the initiatives taken by Malaysia in general and INTAN (the National Institute of Public Administration) in particular to help enhance learning in the public sector so that the various components of the government machinery can work together across organizational boundaries for a common purpose, responding effectively to challenges, as well as delivering integrated and customer-centric services.
Start-ups
Authors: Tötterman Henrik , Sten Jan
Published: September 2005

In this article, the underlying idea is that business incubators can support new potential companies in their development process by giving them credibility, but also by helping them to build promising support and business networks. The main research question is how business incubators can support entrepreneurs, in their efforts to build up networks for the benefit of their own company, by focusing more on social capital. The article evaluates three not-for-profit managed business incubators from different parts of Finland. The empirical material proposes that entrepreneurs who have received substantial support for the creation of business or support networks are more satisfied with the services of the business incubators than those who have not attained such support. Another finding was that support that focuses principally on financial capital is not the key aspect that business incubators should focus on when supporting entrepreneurs who try to develop a viable business.
Three-dimensional Finite Element Analysis of Thermomechanical Behavior in Flip-chip Packages under Temperature Cycling Conditions
Authors: Wu G. H. , Tsein T. C. , Ju S. H.
Published: September 2005

Flip-chip packaging provides a high-performance low-cost approach for the development of electronic packages. A three-dimensional viscoelastic-plastic finite element analysis using the commercial software ANSYS has been performed to study the thermomechanical behavior in flip-chip assemblies, i.e., the four components, chip, solder ball, underfill, and substrate. The viscoelastic behavior of the underfill is modeled on the Maxwell constitutive equation while the viscoplastic behavior of the solder balls is modeled by the Anand model. Both the chip and the substrate are assumed to be elastic materials modeled by the Hooke's law. As in standard industry practice, temperature cycling from 125 to 55°C is used. Simulated thermomechanical behavior is presented for the solder balls. Subsequently, the effects of underfill-material properties, such as elasticity and coefficient of thermal expansion are also investigated.
Processing and Properties of a Phenolic Composite System
Authors: Hou T. H. , Bai J. M. , Baughman J. M.
Published: September 2005

Phenolic resin systems generate water as a reaction by-product via condensation reactions during curing at elevated temperatures. In the fabrication of fiber-reinforced phenolic resin matrix composites, volatile management is crucial in producing void-free quality laminates. A commercial vacuum-bag moldable phenolic prepreg system is selected for this study. The traditional single-vacuum-bag (SVB) process is unable to manage the volatiles effectively, resulting in inferior voidy laminates. However, a double-vacuum-bag (DVB) process is shown to afford superior volatile management and consistently yield void-free quality parts. The DVB process cure cycle (temperature/pressure profiles) for the selected composite system is designed, with the vacuum pressure application point carefully selected, to avoid excessive resin squeeze-outs and achieve the net shape and target resin content in the final consolidated laminate parts. Laminate consolidation quality is characterized by optical photomicrography for the cross sections and measurements of mechanical properties. A 40% increase in short beam shear strength, 30% greater flexural strength, 10% higher tensile and 18% higher compression strengths are obtained in composite laminates fabricated by the DVB process.
Tango Immigrants in New York City
Authors: Viladrich Anahí
Published: September 2005

The recent global renaissance of tango dancing has been accompanied by the emergence of a thriving tango economy in New York City (NYC) that has encouraged the arrival of Argentine tango dancers and amateurs artists (tango immigrants) in recent years. This article builds on social capital theory to examine the importance of the Manhattan tango world as a reservoir for social resources (e.g., health information, contact for jobs, referrals) to satisfy their members’ social and health needs. Tango immigrants seek informal access to health care through the assistance of health practitioners belonging to their tango networks (tango brokers), a relevant issue given the fact that many artists are uninsured and depend on their physical labor to perform. This article’s ultimate goal is aimed at providing a theoretical contribution to our understanding of contemporary entertainment forms as ethnic social niches for immigrants’ informal access to valued resources via interpersonal relationships.
The relationship between ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) genotype and motor unit physiology: preliminary studies
Authors: Conwit Robin A , Ling Shari , Roth Stephen , Stashuk Daniel , Hurley Ben , Ferrell Robert , Metter E Jeffrey
Published: September 2005

Background

Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is important for neuronal and muscle development, and genetic variation in the CNTF gene has been associated with muscle strength. The effect of CNTF on nerve development suggests that CNTF genotype may be associated with force production via its influence on motor unit size and firing patterns. The purpose of this study is to examine whether CNTF genotype differentially affects motor unit activation in the vastus medialis with increasing isometric force during knee extension.

Results

Sixty-nine healthy subjects were genotyped for the presence of the G and A (null) alleles in the CNTF gene (n = 57 G/G, 12 G/A). They were tested using a dynamometer during submaximal isometric knee extension contractions that were from 10–50% of their maximal strength. During the contractions, the vastus medialis was studied using surface and intramuscular electromyography with spiked triggered averaging to assess surface-detected motor unit potential (SMUP) area and mean firing rates (mFR) from identified motor units. CNTF genotyping was performed using standard PCR techniques from DNA obtained from leucocytes of whole blood samples. The CNTF G/A genotype was associated with smaller SMUP area motor units and lower mFR at higher force levels, and fewer but larger units at lower force levels than G/G homozygotes. The two groups used motor units with different size and activation characteristics with increasing force generation. While G/G subjects tended to utilize larger motor units with increasing force, G/A subjects showed relatively less increase in size by using relatively larger units at lower force levels. At higher force levels, G/A subjects were able to generate more force per motor unit size suggesting more efficient motor unit function with increasing muscle force.

Conclusion

Differential motor unit responses were observed between CNTF genotypes at force levels utilized in daily activities.
One case of leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava treated with radical resection and vascular reconstruction
Authors: Shen Zhou-Jun , Zhou Xie-Lai , Yu Yan-Lan , Li Ming
Published: September 2005

A 48-year-old Chinese woman with primary leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava (IVC) who succesfully underwent resection of a long length of the affected IVC and the right kidney together with graft replacement of the IVC is reported.
Cervical spine trauma
Authors: Gardner A , Grannum S , Porter KM
Published: September 2005

Cervical spine injuries are a persistant problem in trauma, from detection to initial management and then definitive treatment. This is compounded by the unique anatomy of the upper cervical spine which thus responds in a different way to trauma. This article examines the anatomy, initial management, including how to clear the spine, and then discusses each level of the spine with regards to mechanism of injury, classification and treatment.
On the number and sum of near-record observations
Authors: Balakrishnan N. , Pakes A.G. , Stepanov A.
Published: September 2005

Let X1,X2,… be a sequence of independent and identically distributed random variables with some continuous distribution function F. Let L(n) and X(n) denote the nth record time and the nth record value, respectively. We refer to the variables Xi as near-nth-record observations if Xi∈(X(n)-a,X(n)], with a>0, and L(n)<i<L(n+1). In this work we study asymptotic properties of the number of near-record observations. We also discuss sums of near-record observations.
Effect of Periodic Drilling Force on Instability in a Drilling Process
Authors: Huang B W , Kung H K , Yao A W L
Published: September 2005

The periodic drilling force effect on the dynamic instability of a drill in a drilling process was investigated. This investigation involves the cutting geometry drilling force from the two active parts of a twist drill subjected to small fluctuations during the drilling process. Theoretically, at some drilling force, this small drilling force fluctuation may lead the system into a dynamically unstable condition. Most hole location errors, reaming, and drill fractures occur in this unstable drilling process phase. The dynamic instability in a drilling process is an important issue in increasing the drilling quality and production rate. In this article, a pretwisted beam with a moving Winkler-type elastic foundation is used to simulate the drill and drilling process. Numerical analysis indicates that the unstable regions are enlarged and shifted to a lower frequency suddenly as the drill bites into a workpiece. It is also observed that the thrust force, spinning speed, and pretwisted angle effects drastically change the dynamic instability of drilling.
Thermohydrodynamic Analysis for a Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing Groove
Authors: Jeddi L , Khlifi M El , Bonneau D
Published: September 2005

A numerical procedure is developed for the analysis of thermohydrodynamic behaviour of the hydrodynamic (HD) flow in the groove of a journal bearing. The Navier-Stokes and energy equations are written in terms of the primitive variables u, v, p, and T and solved simultaneously using the incremental load method and the finite element formulation. The numerical model is applied to the analysis of the velocities, the pressure, and the temperature patterns that characterize the lubricant flow in the HD groove. The effects of the runner velocity and the feeding pressure are investigated.
Manoeuvring and Seakeeping Aspects of Pod-Driven Ships
Authors: Ayaz Z , Turan O , Vassalos D
Published: September 2005

An existing coupled non-linear six-degree-of-freedom model, which combines manoeuvring and seakeeping, is being enhanced for the simulation of motions of azimuthing pod-driven vessels. The equations of motions and modified numerical model for calculation of pod-induced propulsive and hull forces are presented. The modified numerical code has been verified using an extensive amount of experimental data for both conventional and pod-driven roll-on roll-off passenger ship/ferry (ROPAX) hull forms. Comparisons have been made between conventional and podded control using zigzag and pull-out manoeuvring tests and significant motion amplitudes in waves, with the aim of investigating the directional stability and course-keeping ability of pod-driven ships, as well as the effect of large pod-induced heel angles to the turning and ship motions in waves. The results showed satisfactory agreement with experiments for the enhanced model. In the light of this investigation, the importance of hydrodynamic optimization for the azimuthing pod-driven ship design to eliminate any stability and control problems caused by design modifications has been demonstrated by the use of numerical simulations. Finally the efficiency of the azimuthing podded drives, in terms of overall controllability and seakeeping characteristics of ships, is discussed and conclusions are drawn.
A Green, Facile, and One-pot Synthesis of 2,4-(1H,3H)-Quinazolinediones under Microwave Irradiations
Authors: Nikpour Farzad , Paibast Touraj
Published: September 2005

Quinazoline-2,4-diones are of considerable interest due to their wide pharmacological properties. Here, we have described an environmentally friendly method for the one-pot synthesis of 2,4-(1H,3H)-quinazolinediones from the reaction of anthranilic acid derivatives with urea in H2O media under microwave irradiations. This method is simple, safe, and fast which produces high yield of products without use of any catalyst.
Synthesis of New Stereoregular Host Polymers for Organic Intercalation by Solid-state Hydrolysis Using Layered Syndiotactic Polymer Crystals
Authors: Oshita Shinya , Tanaka Toshihiro , Matsumoto Akikazu
Published: September 2005

meso- and racemo-disyndiotactic muconate polymers, which were prepared by the solid-state polymerization of the substituted benzyl esters of muconic acid, were converted to the corresponding stereoregular poly(muconic acid)s with a layered structure by solid-state hydolysis to examine their feature as the host polymers for organic intercalation.
The t-Butylation of Phenol in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide over H–Y Zeolite. Remarkable Enhancement of Catalytic Performance for the Formation of 2,4-Di-t-butylphenol
Authors: Kamalakar Gunda , Komura Kenichi , Sugi Yoshihiro
Published: September 2005

Remarkable enhancement of the formation of 2,4-di-t-butylphenol was observed in the t-butylation of phenol over H–Y zeolite under supercritical CO2 medium. Supercritical CO2 renders active sites free for the catalysis by fast removal of coke-precursors.
Double Nucleophilic Addition of Trimethylsilyl Cyanide to α,β-Unsaturated Aldimines Promoted by Aluminum Chloride: Preparation of 2-Aminopentanedinitrile
Authors: Shimizu Makoto , Kamiya Makiko , Hachiya Iwao
Published: September 2005

In the presence of AlCl3, trimethylsilyl cyanide underwent 1,4- and subsequent 1,2-additions with α,β-unsaturated imines to give 2-aminopentanedinitriles in good yields. An asymmetric version of this type of bis-cyanation was successfully conducted using a chiral α,β-unsaturated imine possessing a phenylglycinol derivative as a chiral auxiliary.
A Novel Heteroligated Phenoxy-based Titanium Complex: Structure, Stability, and Ethylene Polymerization Behavior
Authors: Suzuki Yasuhiko , Oshiki Toshiyuki , Tanaka Hidetsugu , Takai Kazuhiko , Fujita Terunori
Published: September 2005

A new phenoxy–imine and phenoxy–ketone heteroligated titanium complex was obtained by hydrolysis of one of the two imine moieties of a bis(phenoxy–imine)Ti complex. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the complex assumes an octahedral coordination geometry with a cis-phenoxy-O’s and cis-Cl’s disposition. NMR studies demonstrated that the complex does not undergo disproportionation. In association with methylaluminoxane, the complex behaved as a non-living-type single-site catalyst for ethylene polymerization.
Prolonged recovery and respiratory depression after fentanyl infusion in a sheep undergoing mitral valve reconstruction
Authors: Kronen P W , Levionnois O L , Eckstein F S , Moens Y P S
Published: September 2005

A sheep was anaesthetized for implantation of a novel device (MitroFast®) to replace the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve. Anaesthetic management included a balanced anaesthetic protocol and consisted of propofol or isoflurane combined with fentanyl infusion (0.15–0.4 μg/kg/min). Deliberate hypothermia during cardiopulmonary bypass was set at 34.5–35.5°C. Surgery proceeded uneventfully. Total time of aortic cross-clamping was 35 min and total time on extracorporeal circulation was 60 min. Visual inspection, intracardiac pressure testing and transesophageal echocardiography indicated proper functioning of the device. The anaesthetic period was uneventful, but recovery was prolonged with central nervous and respiratory depression and marked hypoxaemia. Administration of naloxone (1.5 μg/kg, repeated twice at 15–20 min intervals) reversed the central nervous and attenuated the respiratory depressions. An initially low rate of urine production normalized after rewarming and a single intravenous administration of furosemide.
Hair pulling: a review
Authors: Reinhardt Viktor
Published: September 2005

Hair pulling has been reported in humans, six different non-human primate species, mice, guineapigs, rabbits, sheep and muskox, dogs and cats. This behaviour seems to occur only in subjects who are confined in an artificial environment. It has been classified as a mental disorder in humans, as a behavioural pathology in animals. The hair is not only pulled but also, in most species, ingested. Hair pulling can be both self-directed and partner-directed, contains elements of aggression, manifests more often in females than in males, is associated with psychogenic distress, and resists treatment. Research data collected from affected animals are probably not normative, hence scientifically unreliable. The preemptive correction of husbandry deficiencies causing long-term stress may prevent the development of this bizarre behaviour in healthy subjects.
Rat strains differ in antibody response to natural Haemophilus species infection
Authors: Boot R , van den Berg L , Van Lith H A , Veenema J L
Published: September 2005

Antibody response to Haemophilus species in rat strains was monitored by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using antigens of two Haemophilus strains and a Pasteurella pneumotropica strain. Five rat strains from a breeding colony naturally infected by Haemophilus were significantly different in ELISA antibody activity and in the number of seropositive animals. BN and RP rats were (relatively) high and low responders, respectively and BUF, LEW and WAG rats were intermediate. In a second study, five rat strains were exposed to Haemophilus-infected rats, and, after six weeks, were also significantly different in ELISA antibody activity and in numbers of seropositive animals. Here, BN and LEW rats were (relatively) high and low responders, respectively, and BD IX, F344 and WKY rats were intermediate.
Percutaneous cervical oesophageal cannulation in the dog for the performance of prolonged oesophageal pH and manometric studies
Authors: Clary E M , Manson R J , Lagoo S , Pappas T N , Eubanks S
Published: September 2005

Traditional methods for obtaining oesophageal access in experimental animals are unsuitable for prolonged (24 h) oesophageal pH evaluation, a procedure that is commonly employed in the assessment of human patients suspected of having gastroesophageal reflux disease. In the present study, we describe a six-year experience with a technique of percutaneous oesophagostomy for the performance of serial 24 h oesophageal pH and manometric studies involving 62 dogs and a total of 208 oesophageal cannula placement procedures. The results indicate a considerable improvement over previously described techniques with respect to simplicity of surgical technique, associated morbidity, oesophagostomy management, animal conditioning, and avoidance of chemical and excessive physical restraints in animals undergoing oesophageal pH and manometric evaluation.
Autoclaved OPC-quartz blends incorporating clay-brick waste. Part I: factorial design effects on strength development
Authors: Connan H. G. , Klimesch D. s. , Ray A. S. , Thomas P. S.
Published: September 2005

The utilisation of waste materials in the manufacturing of building products is of global interest due to technological and socio-economic benefits. For example, alumina—silica-rich industrial waste, such as fired clay brick, is available in large quantities worldwide and is generated from the demolition of buildings and during their manufacture. In recent years the construction industry has shown considerable interest in the utilisation of this industrial waste. This paper presents preliminary work conducted into the combined effects of several factors including autoclaving regime and mix design on mechanical properties investigated using a full factorial experimental design.
Properties of alkali-activated fly ashes determined from rheological measurements
Authors: Palomo A. , Banfill P. F. G. , Fernández-Jiménez A. , Swift D. S.
Published: September 2005

A first approach to the rheological behaviour of pastes made of fly ashes and concentrated alkaline solutions has been carried out. As in Portland cement pastes, alkaline fly ash systems can be described by means of the Bingham model. Additionally, the treatment of the rheological data has provided information on the kinetics of reaction of these systems at very early stages. The iron content in the fly ash might play a significant role in determining the reaction rate.
Influence of hydrothermal condition on the physico-mechanical, phase composition and microstructure of autoclaved granulated slag—ground sand mixes using an industrial lime-rich sludge as an activator
Authors: Heikal M. , Morsy M. S. , Abo-El-Enein S. A.
Published: September 2005

The sludge used in this study is a solid waste material produced during the manufacture of acetylene gas. Acetylene gas is produced from the hydrolysis of calcium carbide to form acetylene gas and calcium hydroxide (sludge). On storage, the sludge converted partially to calcium carbonate, which is disposed of by pouring into rivers or dumping into wasteland. Due to the severe environmental pollution problem, it is essential to utilise these waste by-products in the field of building materials. This investigation aimed to study the effect of hydrothermal conditioning on the physico-mechanical, phase composition and microstructure of the autoclaved products made of granulated slag, ground sand and industrial lime-rich sludge as an activator. The hydrothermal specimens were tested for their compressive strength and hydration kinetics (combined water, free lime and free silica contents) as well as the phase composition of the formed hydrates. The changes in phase composition of the specimens were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and combining of differential thermal analysis with differential thermal gravimetry.
Effect of fineness and particle size distribution of granulated blast-furnace slag on the hydraulic reactivity in cement systems
Authors: Wang P. Z. , Trettin R. , Rudert V.
Published: September 2005

This paper presents the results of an investigation into the influence of fineness and particle size distribution of granulated blast-furnace slag (GBFS) on its hydraulic reactivity in cement systems. The GBFS was separated into different fineness classes by grinding and/or air separation. The particle size distributions were determined by laser analysis and the specific surface by means of nitrogen adsorption Brunauer, Emmett and Taylor (BET) equation. The fineness affects the hydraulic reactivity of the GBFS considerably. In the case of a grain size. 20 >m, the reactivity is greatly decreased. The fraction, 5 <m plays an important role during hydration. For the development of the compressive strength of blast-furnace slag cement the fraction 20—0 μm is crucial. The contribution of the fraction with a grain size. 20 >m in increasing the strength up to 7 days is of minor relevance. In order to obtain an effect on strength increasing up to 28 days the GBFS should be ground to, 40 <m at least.
Hydration behaviour of sulphate-activated slag cements
Authors: Matschei T. , Bellmann F. , Stark J.
Published: September 2005

The sulphate activation of glassy ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), such as supersulphated cement (SSC), was investigated. Environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) and X-ray diffractometry analyses showed ettringite and C–S–H as the main hydration products of the hardened SSC paste. Changes of the composition of the pore solution were determined during hydration. Thermodynamic calculations of saturation indices for possible reaction products supported the phase observations. A satisfactory strength development of SSC mortar was observed despite low reaction rates, maximum 26 wt % of the slag, after 56 days hydration. A greater fineness enhanced the degree of reaction of the GGBS and the compressive strength of SSC mortar. The high tendency towards carbonation is a negative property of SSC. Due to a fast progressive carbonation rate a coarsening of the microstructure occurred in conjunction with a loss of flexural strength. Excessive dosage of alkaline activator led to a significant loss of strength of SSC mortar. ESEM micrographs showed that ettringite crystals grew directly on the surface of the slag grains and caused a sterical separation of the hydrated slag particles. This coarsening of the hydrated structure was the reason for the loss of strength. According to the results of this study, SSC can be designed to obtain a sustainable, ecologically minded, binding material with low CO2 emission during production.
Finite element modelling of marine clay deformation under reclamation fills
Authors: Arulrajah A. , Nikraz H. , Bo M. W.
Published: September 2005

The ongoing Changi East Reclamation Project in Singapore consists of land reclamation and ground improvement of the foreshore for the future expansion of Changi International Airport. The deformation behaviour of marine clay under reclamation fills and surcharge was modelled by the finite element method (FEM) with Plaxis numerical modelling software. The analyses included modelling the consolidation behaviour of marine clay under reclamation fills with and without prefabricated vertical drains. Marine clay with vertical drains was modelled by both the axisymmetric unit cell and full-scale analysis methods. Marine clay that was not treated with prefabricated vertical drains was modelled by means of full-scale analysis. The numerical analysis was carried out at two case study locations: the pilot test site and the in situ test site. The test sites comprise vertical drain treated and untreated sub-areas that were reclaimed and preloaded under the same conditions. The result of the FEM analysis was compared with that obtained by means of observational methods. The vertical drain performance was verified for the in situ test site by using the value of Ch obtained from back-analysis by the Asaoka method and by FEM with Plaxis.

Le Projet de Changi East qui se poursuit actuellement à Singapour consiste à récupérer des terres sur la mer et à améliorer le sol du littoral en vue de l'agrandissement futur de l'aéroport international de Changi. Le comportement de déformation de l'argile marine sous les remblais de récupération a été modélisé par la méthode d'éléments finis (FEM) avec le logiciel de modélisation numérique Plaxis. Les analyses comprenaient la modélisation du comportement de consolidation de l'argile marine sous les remblais de récupération avec et sans drains verticaux préfabriqués. L'argile marine avec drains verticaux a été modélisée à la fois par cellule unitaire axisymétrique et par des méthodes d'analyse grandeur nature. L'argile marine qui n'a pas été traitée avec des drains verticaux préfabriqués a été modélisée au moyen d'analyses de grandeur nature. Des analyses numériques ont été effectuées dans deux endroits d'étude: les sites d'essai pilote et les sites d'essai in situ. Les sites d'essai sont composés de sous-zones traitées et non traitées par des drains verticaux, zones qui ont été récupérées et préchargées dans les mêmes conditions. Nous avons comparé les résultats des analyses FEM avec celles obtenues au moyen de méthodes observationnelles. La performance du drain vertical a été vérifiée pour le site d'essai in situ en utilisant la valeur de Ch venant d'une rétro-analyse par la méthode Asaoka et par FEM avec Plaxis.
Improving RC seismic design through the CFP method
Authors: Kotsovos G. M. , Zeris C. , Pavlović M. N.
Published: September 2005

Earthquake-resistant design of concrete structures in accordance with the philosophy of current codes of practice can sometimes lead to early collapse that satisfies neither the assumed failure mode nor the ductility requirement of an element. Minor modifications to existing design rules for monotonic loading in accordance with the compressive force path (CFP) method are suggested. On the basis of the test results reported herein, these modifications are proven to ensure both ductile failures and sufficiently high ductility ratios under seismic conditions. Essentially, the modifications consist of increasing the number of hoop stirrups in the compressive zone(s) and extending their location along the span of the element, as well as increasing the number of stirrups extending throughout the cross-section height at the location of change in the CFP direction when the distance of this location from the load point is smaller than, or equal to, twice the depth of the effective height of the cross section.
Design of FRP strengthening in metal yield zones
Authors: Sebastian W. M.
Published: September 2005

Both bond slip and rigid bond analyses of fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP)-plated metallic members are used to hint at recommendations for design of FRP flexural strengthening schemes in zones where the metal yields. The important role played by the stress history of the metal within these yield zones is highlighted. It is demonstrated that although the rigid bond assumption provides a convenient basis for design checks, this assumption can, in zones of metal yield, lead to dramatic over-estimation of the peak shear stresses in the bonding adhesive layer. The extent of this over-estimation is shown to vary with the form of the applied loading. The article ends with suggestions for further work.
Neural networks for predicting seawater bacterial levels
Authors: Kashefipour S. M. , Lin B. , Falconer R. A.
Published: September 2005

In this study artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been applied to predict faecal coliform concentration levels at compliance points along bathing water zones situated in the south west of Scotland, UK. Hydrological parameters, such as river discharges, sunshine, rainfall and tidal conditions, were used as the input data for these networks. Data collected at seven locations during the period 1990–2000 were used to train and verify the neural networks. A novel technique called the gamma test was used for data analysis to aid in the construction of ANN models. In general, the river discharges and tidal range were found to be the most important variables affecting the level of bacteria concentration at the compliance points. For compliance points close to the meteorological station, the amount of rainfall was found to be relatively significant in the model results. Relatively good correlation coefficients were obtained for the learning and verifying process for all of the ANNs and these networks confirmed that the samples failed to comply with the standard values specified in the European Union Bathing Water Directive in 57·4% of the cases.
Pehur high-level canal, NWFP, Pakistan
Authors: Laycock A. , Swayne C. , Marques J. E. J.
Published: September 2005

This paper describes the design, construction and commissioning of a major irrigation project in Pakistan. It is the final stage of the Tarbela Dam project and follows two centuries of irrigation development in the Indus Valley. The Pehur high-level canal (PHLC) is now operational after a five-year construction period which began in 1997. The purpose of the project is to bring 30 m3/s of water from the Indus River at Tarbela Dam to the lower reaches of the existing Upper Swat canal (USC) system. This not only alleviates water shortage in the existing 100 000 ha Upper Swat scheme but will allow additional areas totalling about 25 000 ha to be brought under irrigation upstream of the confluence with PHLC. The combined system Tarbela–PHLC and Swat river–USC is a complex one that is aimed at optimising water use from the two different sources, which are in restricted supply at different times of the year. Accordingly the design philosophy of PHLC is different to all other major canals in Pakistan. The project included several novel principles of design, construction and operation, such as automatic downstream control, large parabolic canals and low-pressure pipelines for irrigation distribution. The main project comprises two tunnels totalling 6 km, two large inverted siphons, each over 3 m dia. and about 2 km long, 26 km of concrete-lined parabolic canal (the largest of its kind in the world) and reconstruction of the existing 45 km long Maira branch canal. Cross-regulation of main and branch canals is provided by 13 pairs of self-regulating float-operated gates. The rugged terrain necessitated about 40 cross-drainage structures in the form of culverts and super-passages. Also included was rehabilitation of the existing minor canal system covering 40 000 ha and the development of about 5000 ha of new irrigation based on a buried pipeline distribution network. Commissioning was delayed by difficult tunnelling conditions, and several design modifications were required in commissioning the canal control gates. The more unconventional facets of the project's design were initially met with scepticism by the engineering establishment, but have been mostly vindicated by the project's successful completion.
Screening Sexually Active Adolescents for Chlamydia trachomatis : What About the Boys?
Authors: Tebb Kathleen P. , Pantell Robert H. , Wibbelsman Charles J. , Neuhaus John M. , Tipton Ann C. , Pecson Samantha C. , Pai-Dhungat Meaghan , Ko Timothy H. , Shafer Mary-Ann B.
Published: September 2005

Objectives. We sought to determine the effectiveness of a systems-based intervention designed to increase Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) screening among adolescent boys.

Methods. An intervention aimed at increasing CT screening among adolescent girls was extended to adolescent boys (14–18 years). Ten pediatric clinics in a health maintenance organization with an ethnically diverse population were randomized. Experimental clinics participated in a clinical practice improvement intervention; control clinics received traditional information on screening.

Results. The intervention significantly increased CT screening at the experimental sites from 0% (baseline) to 60% (18-month posttest); control sites evidenced a change only from 0% to 5%. The overall prevalence of CT was 4%.

Conclusions. Although routine CT screening is currently recommended only for young sexually active women, the present results show that screening interventions can be successful in the case of adolescent boys, among whom CT is a moderate problem.
The World Health Organization European Health in Prisons Project After 10 Years: Persistent Barriers and Achievements
Authors: Gatherer Alex , Moller Lars , Hayton Paul
Published: September 2005

The recognition that good prison health is important to general public health has led 28 countries in the European Region of the World Health Organization (WHO) to join a WHO network dedicated to improving health within prisons. Within the 10 years since that time, vital actions have been taken and important policy documents have been produced. A key factor in making progress is breaking down the isolation of prison health services and bringing them into closer collaboration with the country’s public health services.

However, barriers to progress remain. A continuing challenge is how best to move from policy recommendations to implementation, so that the network’s fundamental aim of noticeable improvements in the health and care of prisoners is further achieved.
Effect of a Tailored Physical Activity Intervention Delivered in General Practice Settings: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: van Sluijs Esther M.F. , van Poppel Mireille N.M. , Twisk Jos W.R. , Chin A Paw Marijke J. , Calfas Karen J. , van Mechelen Willem
Published: September 2005

Objectives. We evaluated the effectiveness of a minimal intervention physical activity strategy (physician-based assessment and counseling for exercise [PACE]) applied in general practice settings in the Netherlands.

Methods. Randomization took place at the general practice level. Participants were patients aged 18–70 years of age who had been diagnosed with hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, or non–insulin-dependent diabetes and had not been regularly physically active in the past 6 months. Outcome measures were assessed at baseline and at 8-week, 6-month, and 1-year follow-ups.

Results. No significant intervention effect over time was observed on physical activity level or stage of change for regular physical activity, and an inverse intervention effect was observed for waist circumference. However, the study population as a whole exhibited a significant increase in physical activity and a borderline significant decrease in body weight at the 1-year follow-up.

Conclusions. Positive effects on physical activity level and body weight were observed, but the PACE intervention was not more effective than the standard physical activity advice.
Effects of Recreational Physical Activity and Back Exercises on Low Back Pain and Psychological Distress: Findings From the UCLA Low Back Pain Study
Authors: Hurwitz Eric L. , Morgenstern Hal , Chiao Chi
Published: September 2005

Objectives. We sought to estimate the effects of recreational physical activity and back exercises on low back pain, related disability, and psychological distress among patients randomized to chiropractic or medical care in a managed care setting.

Methods. Low back pain patients (n=681) were randomized and followed for 18 months. Participation in recreational physical activities, use of back exercises, and low back pain, related disability, and psychological distress were measured at baseline, at 6 weeks, and at 6, 12, and 18 months. Multivariate logistic regression modeling was used to estimate adjusted associations of physical activity and back exercises with concurrent and subsequent pain, disability, and psychological distress.

Results. Participation in recreational physical activities was inversely associated—both cross-sectionally and longitudinally—with low back pain, related disability, and psychological distress. By contrast, back exercise was positively associated—both cross-sectionally and longitudinally—with low back pain and related disability.

Conclusions. These results suggest that individuals with low back pain should refrain from specific back exercises and instead focus on nonspecific physical activities to reduce pain and improve psychological health.
Public Health Implications of Substandard Correctional Health Care
Authors: Restum Zulficar Gregory
Published: September 2005

US citizens face a growing threat of contracting communicable diseases owing to the high recidivism rate in state and federal prisons, poor screening and treatment of prisoners, and inferior follow-up health care upon their release.

Insufficient education about communicable diseases—for prisoners and citizens alike—and other problems, such as prejudice against prisoners, escalating costs, and an unreliable correctional health care delivery system for inmates, all contribute to a public health problem that requires careful examination and correction for the protection of everyone involved.