bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Atlantic Ambitions
Authors: Porter Patrick
Published: October 2018

This chapter analyses the Anglo-American relationship, and the ambition that by aligning with the United States and paying the ‘blood price’, Britain could win great influence over its strategic direction. Rather than subordinating itself to receive material benefits, British decision-makers believed that by aligning with the US in the War on Terror, they were generating the ability to steer a superpower that otherwise might run amok and jettison itself from the international community. The belief that Britain could have this leverage was encouraged by apparent success in steering the Bush administration towards the United Nations and its authority as the framework through which to confront Saddam. However, the experience of preparing and waging war as junior partner revealed the contradictions within the ‘special relationship’ mindset.
Weighing the Arguments
Authors: Porter Patrick
Published: October 2018

This chapter weighs the competing arguments over the wisdom of invading Iraq, and constructs the strongest possible case in favour of ‘regime change’, both with hindsight, and without. Hawks pose serious ‘what if’ questions: what were the alternatives to war? What costs would US-led allies have borne if they had refrained from invading? This chapter demonstrates that the defences of the war rest on counterfactual historical claims that are implausible and less grave than what actually happened. The strongest retrospective case for war still involves fragile gains made at costs so heavy, with such serious unintended consequences, that decision-makers would have judged them prohibitive, had they known them in advance. Not invading was a lesser evil than invading. Saddam’s Iraq was a diminished and wretched force that posed little serious threat. The US-led coalition had successfully shackled the regime by 2003, weakened its ability to threaten the region and had established effective deterrence. Between ‘regime change’ and ‘doing nothing’ there was a prudent middle way of vigilant ‘overwatch’ available to US-led forces.
Virtue Runs Amok
Authors: Porter Patrick
Published: October 2018

This chapter argues that a return to realism of a prudent and sceptical kind can help temper the pathologies that led to the Iraq War, on several fronts. It can counsel governments against excess certainty. In particular, it cautions against the ‘Gordian Knot’ temptation, the impatient urge to eliminate sources of insecurity and impose decisive solutions on problems, in particular the perennial demand for the downfall of adversary regimes. Realism can inform policymakers what war can affordably achieve. As well as placing princes on their guard against predation, iIt encourages prudent war avoidance. Mindful that states cannot avoid living with insecurity, uncertainty, and risk, we can draw upon realist insight to restore deterrence and consequential diplomacy as the central foundations of security. And with realism, we can guard against the temptation to view international life as a morality play requiring ideological crusades, recognizing it instead as a tragedy where good intentions can be deadly, as a conflicted world where not all good things go together, and where major powers can be their own worst enemies.
A conversation about the themes
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Halvorson Hans , Steane Andrew
Published: October 2018

The chapter presents a conversation between the authors, looking into the themes of the book. The conversation is reported almost verbatim. It is an informal exchange, but one informed by the authors’ experience and reflection over an extended period (some decades). In this extract the first and third themes of the book are discussed: what it means to speak of God, and the observation that uncertainty is an inevitable part of this area of human life, as it is of many other areas. Questions about God’s existence are often best addressed by investigating whether the questioner is labouring under basic misconceptions about the very nature of God. Handling uncertainty is a necessary skill in commerce and business, as well as science and other walks of life.
The syntax and semantics of English resultatives
Authors: Hu Xuhui
Published: October 2018

This chapter argues that the English resultative construction denotes a single event involving two predicates. Therefore, only a single EP is involved in the syntactic derivation. The special thematic relationship is due to constraints imposed by the Integration Conditions proposed in Chapter 2. Dispensing with the CAUSE head of the event decomposition approach, this chapter explains the possible lack of causative meaning in English resultatives. A secondary predicate in a resultative can get a dynamic BECOME meaning (such as flat in John hammered the metal flat) because the secondary predicate shares the dynamic [iDiv] feature provided by V. Since both the activity denoted by the matrix V and the dynamic change of state take place in the same temporal scope of EP, the interpretation of a potential (and cancellable) culmination point is derived.
The syntax and semantics of Chinese resultatives
Authors: Hu Xuhui
Published: October 2018

This chapter investigates the syntactic derivation of Chinese resultatives. While in English resultatives the [uDiv] feature is valued with the mechanism of feature sharing, in Chinese resultatives it is valued by a verbal C-functor, by nature equivalent to en in flatten. The Chinese V–V resultative compound is a single de-adjectival verb: the first verb is a verbal C-functor and the second one is an adjective. The V–V resultative construction is therefore analyzed as a causative construction involving a de-adjectival verb. This single hypothesis provides a unified account of the seemingly mysterious properties of Chinese resultatives as well as the differences from English resultatives. This account is based on a general hypothesis of Synchronic Grammaticalization: in an analytical language like Chinese where there is only a very limited array of functional items, lexical items are selected to serve as functional items to meet the universal requirement of feature valuation.
Encoding applied arguments
Authors: Hu Xuhui
Published: October 2018

This chapter applies the theoretical framework of events to the study of non-core arguments. The applied argument in the symmetric applicative construction is introduced by a PP. This PP serves as the modifier of the event predicate, and its head, a null P, is incorporated into V. In an asymmetric applicative, including the ditransitive construction in English, two predicates are involved: in addition to the matrix verb, the other predicate is a PHAVEP. The derivation of this construction is therefore by nature identical to that of English resultatives. An implication of this chapter concerns the syntactic distinction between core arguments and non-core arguments. The core argument is merged in either [Spec EP] or [Spec FP], while the applied argument is introduced elsewhere providing its merge position is permitted by general syntactic constraints.
Introduction
Authors: Shamma Yasmine
Published: October 2018

This introduction tells the story of the Second Generation New York School—one of aesthetic and academic lineage and, for at least a decade, intimate bond. The Second Generation New York School poets are historically situated as a bohemia (citing Geoff Ward’s use of the term) and theoretically situated as ecocritical. The ways in which the school engaged in ancestral hopping (of Modernists) are outlined. Following this, the introduction integrates existing discussion of postmodern poetic form, alerting the reader to critical agreements regarding New York School poetry’s “haphazard” form (according to Helen Vendler), while defining form for the purposes of the subsequent revisionist discussion. While much of the introduction engages in this kind of critical, social, and historical contextualization, it also argues that the title of the school, though a misnomer, is necessary, and that the complexities of this particular school’s constructions have yet to be fully apprehended.
Alice Notley’s Inhabited Spaces
Authors: Shamma Yasmine
Published: October 2018

Though Berrigan and Notley were married, this chapter moves away from addressing coterie (as it has received thorough attention) to instead consider the way that the intimacy enforced by living in small spaces shaped the school’s tone and form. This chapter treats the school’s domestic poetry, focusing exclusively on Alice Notley’s Mysteries of Small Houses, a collection of poems devoted to remembering the spaces Notley inhabited, while locating the tendency to address lived-in space as one promoted by Frank O’Hara. Integrating urban and spatial theory to offer a psycho-geographic reading of this poetry, this chapter utilizes material from an original interview personally conducted with Notley devoted to spatial discussions. In this way, this chapter pays homage to previous studies of the school by offering a space for the living poets of The New York School to speak for themselves, while testing the validity of this study, within the study.
Ron Padgett’s Inner-Outer Spaces
Authors: Shamma Yasmine
Published: October 2018

This chapter examines a range of poems by Ron Padgett which muse on lived-in spaces. Accordingly, this chapter illuminates the “nuts and bolts” of Padgett’s poems through close readings, coupling formal criticism with “gossip” of interview material to pursue more decisive statements regarding the distinct ways in which this form is unique in the way that it registers sought or actual lived in space. This becomes particularly possible within this close examination of Padgett’s poetry. As Padgett utilizes a particularly supple sense of poetic form, exhibiting a control on the page that reflects a control of thought, over and above the rigid limitations of urban space and structures of inherited form, he constructs metaphors that pursue the explosion of structural constraints. This chapter resists shying away from the ramifications of such explosions, ending this study of spatial poetics in the contemporary moment.
The nostoi and Archaic Greek Ethnicity
Authors: Fowler Robert L.
Published: October 2018

The theme of this chapter is early Greek ethnicity. It illuminates the processes of ethnogenesis and demonstrates the implications of the relation, or rather the impressive dovetailing, between nostoi traditions and myths of Greek origins.
Odysseus’ Eclectic Itinerary
Authors: West Stephanie
Published: October 2018

This chapter examines hints in Homer’s Odyssey, and in its textual reception by Aristarchos. These betray knowledge of an alternative nostos of Odysseus. In this submerged alternative, Krete was noticeably prominent.
Women and nostoi
Authors: Scheer Tanja S.
Published: October 2018

This chapter interrogates the literary evidence from the perspective of a social historian, asking and answering the question, ‘why (with a handful of significant exceptions) do women in Greek myths not have nostoi?’ Part of its explanation is that mythical constructions of male and female characters must not contradict fundamental expectations about the behaviour of the sexes in ‘real’ society.
Macedonians and nostoi
Authors: Fox Robin Lane
Published: October 2018

This chapter’s focus is the Hellenistic period. It examines the way in which Macedonians relocated or ‘returned’ mythical heroes (Perseus, Herakles, Jason and Medea) to the new lands they themselves had conquered. It uses the Syrian city of Apameia as a test case.
Nostoi and Material Culture in the Area of the Classical-Hellenistic Ionian and Adriatic Seas
Authors: Morgan Catherine
Published: October 2018

This chapter draws on a combination of material and epigraphic evidence, presenting and analysing four case studies which indicate that nostoi were exploited by communities so as to define themselves in relation to their neighbours. In this way, nostoi served to shape communal as opposed to personal identity.
Data transfer
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm
Published: October 2018

The means whereby data are transferred to or from an internal or external file are fully described. The definitions of a file and/or unit are introduced, and the various forms of data transfer (sequential, direct, asynchronous, and stream) are described. Formatted and unformatted data are differentiated. Non-advancing and namelist input/output are introduced.
Operations on external files
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm
Published: October 2018

The means whereby an external file can be positioned or flushed are described, followed by full instructions on how to open or close a file, specifying as necessary any properties that are required. It is possible to inquire about these properties, and how this may be done is also described.
Fortran 2018 enhancements to interoperability with C
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm
Published: October 2018

Some Fortran features were not available when interoperating with C; in particular, • optional dummy arguments, • assumed-length character dummy arguments, • assumed-shape arrays, • allocatable dummy arguments, and •pointer dummy arguments. Also, the frequent need to pass C pointers for low-level operations can lead to ugly code that is difficult to understand. Fortran 2018 addresses all of these issues. For optional arguments there are already widespread C programming idioms that can be followed, and so this is the simplest deficiency to correct. For all the other advanced Fortran features, the necessary information that needs to be passed to/from the C functions is passed with a C descriptor, and there are mechanisms provided for the C functions to use such descriptors. For more convenient low-level C interoperability, assumed-type dummy arguments are available. Additionally, the new assumed-rank feature can also be used in interoperable procedures.
Forms and the Scholastic Tradition
Authors: Arthur Richard T. W.
Published: October 2018

This chapter explores the scholastic background of Leibniz’s thought, and how he sought to reconcile his commitment to the mechanical philosophy with an equally firm commitment to the necessity of forms inherent in natural things. It proceeds from a thorough appraisal of themes in common with Gassendi’s philosophy and their common sources, through Boyle’s criticisms of Sennert’s philosophy of forms, to Leibniz’s defence of their necessity for a proper account of divine providence. It includes a thorough discussion of Leibniz’s construal of organic bodies as machines with inbuilt functionality, setting them in the context of medical and biological scholastic theories.
Passive Force and Corporeal Substance
Authors: Arthur Richard T. W.
Published: October 2018

This chapter treats various issues concerning Leibniz’s accounts of force and of corporeal substance: the status of passive force, given that substance is a thing that acts, how extension is founded in force, and the issue of substantial bonds. It is argued that Leibniz’s position is that an entelechy can never act in isolation: its action must always take into consideration the actions of the other created substances with which it coexists. Extension arises from the resistance to penetration resulting from the diffusion of entelechies and passive forces throughout matter, while the unity and continuity of body is relative to the observer. Leibniz does not propose substantial bonds out of dissatisfaction with this standard account, but in an attempt to satisfy the Jesuits’ demand for the real union of body and soul, which ultimately conflicts with the actuality of subordinate forms implicit in his own position.
Conclusion
Authors: Arthur Richard T. W.
Published: October 2018

Here the argument of the book is summarized. The metaphysics attributed to Leibniz is neither a phenomenalist idealism nor a materialism, although it has elements of both. Leibniz does not give an eliminative reduction of the phenomena of bodies and motions to perceptions. Bodies and their motions are real, even if they owe their reality to force. They are constituted by derivative forces, which are the instantaneous, phenomenal manifestations of the primitive forces. As results of these forces, they are real phenomena, not mere appearances. The specific conclusions of the various chapters are summarized, and then Leibniz’s philosophy of substance is briefly examined with an eye to its applicability and relevance to the foundations of modern science.
The Contemporary Training System
Authors: Fielding Nigel G.
Published: October 2018

This chapter reviews the history of British police training, accenting the recent past and contemporary period. Following consideration of early precursors there is coverage of recruit training 1983–2003, the emergence of the Initial Police Learning and Development Programme (IPLDP), the landmark Neyroud Review of 2010, and the contemporary training programme that followed in the wake of Neyroud. There is a focus on the curriculum, including the balance between rote learning of law and procedures versus adult learning pedagogies. The chapter profiles the recruitment and training of police auxiliaries, including PCSOs, the recruitment and training of detectives, and the recruitment and training of supervisors and police managers, closing with discussion of the recent innovation of ‘direct entry’.
Interpreting Manuscript Contexts
Authors: Crowley Lara M.
Published: October 2018

Chapter 1 introduces and explores the book’s central thesis through considering practices by Donne’s early readers, placing this study into recent critical conversations on Donne and manuscript culture, and establishing its contribution to such conversations. In addition to adding several discrete examples of manuscript investigations that suggest early interpretive responses to Donne’s texts, this chapter advances a methodological approach for examining literary works within original artifacts: it delineates manuscript elements to investigate in order to uncover clues regarding early modern literary interpretations. These components include provenance, papers and how they were constructed into books, scribes, marginalia, titles, ascriptions, paratexts, and contents and their sequences. Because one cannot anticipate which elements will prove most informative for any given manuscript, all components require attention. This pragmatic approach to manuscript study encourages scholars to embark on explorations traditionally relegated to bibliography and textual studies that actually prove essential to literary criticism.
Some essential mathematics
Authors: Pierrus J.
Published: October 2018

This chapter introduces most of the important mathematics that will be used repeatedly throughout this book. Whilst scalars like the electric potential Ф and the vector fields E and B are familiar quantities in electricity and magnetism, it is not always known that they are examples of a mathematical form termed a tensor. More sophisticated tensors are required in some descriptions and theories in electrodynamics. As tensor notation is compact and usually allows for a simple derivation of a result, the chapter begins with a series of questions involving Cartesian tensors. The results obtained here will facilitate the solution of many questions in subsequent chapters. Readers who are not familiar with tensors are advised to consult Appendix A before proceeding. Towards the end of this Appendix a ‘checklist for detecting errors when using tensor notation’ is given, which will hopefully provide some help for the uninitiated.
Some applications of Maxwell’s equations in matter
Authors: Pierrus J.
Published: October 2018

This chapter comprises questions of a miscellaneous nature. They mostly have little in common except that all processes are time-dependent and occur within matter. The first few questions introduce some important preliminaries. For example, modifying Maxwell’s equations to include the effect of matter. The behaviour of the electromagnetic field at the boundary between two media having different properties is an important topic. The matching conditions (as they are known) are derived from both the integral and differential forms of Maxwell’s equations. Certain specific examples then follow, including some simple applications involving conductors, dielectrics and tenuous electronic plasmas. Along the way, the connection between Maxwell’s electrodynamics and the laws of geometrical optics is demonstrated explicitly.
Law, Fiction, and Reality
Authors: Marmor Andrei
Published: October 2018

The underlying argument in this chapter is that law, like fiction, games, myth, and similar social constructions are compound intangible artifacts which create closed prefixed context; contexts in which the saying so makes it so, in that context. This chapter sets out to explore various ways in which people, that is, entire communities, can be mistaken about certain features of the artifacts they create and things about which no fundamental errors are possible. Basically, the point is that certain types of ontological errors about the nature of artifacts are possible, and in some contexts prevalent, but fundamental errors about the essential features of a given artifact are not metaphysically possible. The chapter brings these distinctions to bear on the legal context, attempting to show which types of community-wide errors about the nature of law are possible and which types are metaphysically not.
The Conceptual Function of Law
Authors: Himma Kenneth Einar
Published: October 2018

A legal system is understood to be a social artifact in the sense that it is constituted by certain social facts. As such, a legal system has a characteristic use (or purpose) that determines what in this chapter is called its conceptual function. The chapter goes on to argue that the conceptual function of a legal system is to keep the peace by regulating behavior through legal norms. Further, insofar as a legal system is an institution that is created to solve problems of beings like us in a world like ours, the chapter posits that the manner in which legal systems, as a conceptual matter, attempt to keep the peace is by authorizing coercive enforcement mechanisms for some violations of law.
Processes and Artifacts
Authors: Rodriguez-Blanco Veronica
Published: October 2018

This chapter proposes a model of intention as diachronically directed to an end. Thus, intention is conceived as an activity, process, or bringing about of an object or state of affairs. This model explains how we effectively produce artifacts and specific kinds of artifacts which are institutional facts, including law. The model of intention as a mental state is rejected since it cannot explain how mental states are effectively connectevd to its intended effects. The alternative solution advanced by classical tradition and some contemporary authors, such as Anscombe, provides the idea of intention as a process of bringing about something. Intentions run parallel to our capacities for reasoning and this process creates an order to reasons that makes intelligible the product of the process. This sheds new light on the idea that law is an artifact and therefore something that we bring about in the world.
Not All Law Is an Artifact
Authors: Priel Dan
Published: October 2018

A currently popular view is that law is an artifact. The central aim of this chapter is to demonstrate that this view is not a neutral description of what law is, but is the product of a particular ideology. As such, it is not a description of what law is wherever it is found, but a normative account that sees law as a consciously designed tool for the improvement of human life. This view is in direct conflict with an alternative view that sees law not as an artifact, but as a local tradition, reflecting existing values. The chapter further argues that the latter understanding of law fits the common law better than the competing view.
Optimization and Its Limits
Authors: Ben-Haim Yakov
Published: October 2018

Innovation dilemmas often result from seeking optimal—that is, minimal or maximal—outcomes. However, uncertainty sometimes makes outcome optimization infeasible or unwise. Human progress originates in our thirst for improvement. However, our ability to predict the outcome quality of the options is limited when our knowledge is severely curtailed. We simply can’t know which option will be optimal. Furthermore, seeking the best outcome sometimes becomes a moral imperative of its own, regardless of substantive needs. Optimization is then a goal in itself, leading to misuse of an otherwise worthy idea. We begin by discussing the modern paradigm of optimization—the laws of physics—and then discuss three ways in which seeking optimal solutions may go astray. After distinguishing between substantive and procedural optimization, we will see that outcome optimizers inadvertently minimize the robustness against uncertainty.
Managing Innovation Dilemmas
Authors: Ben-Haim Yakov
Published: October 2018

Innovation dilemmas pervade many personal and professional decisions. This chapter explores a method for responsibly handling those dilemmas. The approach is based on two fundamental concepts—robustness and satisficing—that are discussed in the first two sections. The need for robustness arises from the prevalence of pernicious uncertainty. To satisfice means “to satisfy critical requirements”, and is motivated by the need for robustness against pernicious uncertainty. We then summarize guidelines for managing innovation dilemmas, based on info-gap decision theory. These guidelines provide intuitive conceptual tools for assessing robustness and for prioritizing one’s alternatives. Several examples illustrate the use of these guidelines: bipolar disorder and pregnancy, rural poverty, military tactics of Epaminondas in ancient Greece, and stock market investments.
Cultures of Innovation and Progress
Authors: Ben-Haim Yakov
Published: October 2018

Some innovations are revolutionary, while some are evolutionary and detected only in retrospect. The modes of innovation are numerous, but disputation—intellectual confrontation and verbal conflict between different attitudes, inclinations, or beliefs—is often central in initiating and adopting or rejecting an innovation. Innovations, like disputes, are often the work of individuals, and individualism plays a major role in innovation. Much effort is devoted to educating creative, innovative, individualistic citizens. Modern education emphasizes mastering knowledge, but also focuses on developing skills and propensities for discovering new truths and identifying old falsehoods. Education for independent thought characterizes innovative societies. However, seeking universal truths may entail a paradox that is removed only by limiting the universalism itself. Seeking universal truths engenders innovation dilemmas that encumber progress and introduce fragilities to innovative societies. Two examples illustrate this: the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and military geopolitical strategy.
Landscape and International Law
Authors: Strecker Amy
Published: October 2018

Chapter 3 sets out the contemporary international legal context, as well as the rationale, for landscape protection in international law. In particular, it draws three distinct lines of normative development in international law relevant for landscape protection. The first links the principles of common heritage, common concern, and common goods; the second discusses the cultural heritage of humankind, and the third focuses on environmental protection and sustainable development. It is argued that the international legal order as traditionally conceived has undergone substantial changes in recent years and that these developments alter the traditional notion of sovereignty: states now have an obligation to safeguard the environment and elements of the cultural heritage for the benefit of humankind, including future generations. This chapter argues that any consideration of landscape protection in international law must necessarily consider this paradigm shift.
Institutional Framework for Landscape Protection
Authors: Strecker Amy
Published: October 2018

Chapter 4 traces the origins of international landscape law, particularly in the soft law instruments adopted under the auspices of UNESCO and the Council of Europe. This first phase of international landscape law retains a strong conceptual dependency upon aesthetics and nature, which slowly began to change towards a more people-centred approach in the early 1990s. This is evident in the developments made in protected areas designation and other environmental regimes, such as the Convention on Biological Diversity, which began to include intangible heritage, relationships between people and place, and local knowledge in the consideration of landscape and land use management.
Landscape and Human Rights
Authors: Strecker Amy
Published: October 2018

Chapter 8 critically analyses the relationship between landscape and human rights, particularly the normative developments made at the universal level. Given the increasing assertion of a ‘right to landscape’, the exact nature of the relationship between landscape and human rights merits further scrutiny. In addition, human rights mechanisms are increasingly being used as a means for indirectly protecting the natural and cultural environment. This is due, in part, to the absence of other judicial fora for challenging governmental decisions affecting public spaces. The chapter attempts to define the substance of landscape-related rights, first by analysing the content and scope of cultural rights, and second, by exploring the rights associated with environmental protection.
Landscape in Human Rights Case Law
Authors: Strecker Amy
Published: October 2018

Chapter 9 analyses the case law of two international human rights courts—the European Court of Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights—dealing with landscape issues. It compares the approach of the two regional courts and highlights the synergies and antagonisms involved in landscape cases. These include the false dichotomies of ‘Indigenous’ versus ‘Western’ notions of landscape, the culture/nature dichotomy and the private right to property versus the public interest in the landscape (non-proprietary interests), as exemplified in a number of cases before the European Court of Human Rights. A typology of landscape cases is presented and the problems of articulating a right to landscape within the current human rights framework are explored. The chapter concludes by offering some thoughts on collective rights and public spaces.
Object-Oriented Odysseus
Authors: Canevaro Lilah Grace
Published: October 2018

Odysseus is shown to be a liminal figure, far from home, yet unable to put down roots elsewhere, torn between women, their agent objects, and the potential lives they represent. As a unique male character in the Homeric poems, Odysseus expresses himself through objects in a unique way that is coloured by the female sphere and so points to the very cause of his liminality. This chapter focuses closely on one particular object, the chest given to Odysseus by Arete in Odyssey 8 that becomes a trigger of nostalgic reverie; and on one boundary point between person and thing, the hand. It examines how Odysseus uses, creates, and merges with objects—and how he repurposes them, changing their identity as much as his own. Odysseus’ propensity for repurposing is tracked also in simile, with the reconceptualizing function of simile mobilized especially in relation to the man of many turns.
Uncontainable Things
Authors: Canevaro Lilah Grace
Published: October 2018

Chapter 5 deploys a range of case studies to push the analysis beyond the bounds of the Homeric poems, into the Hesiodic corpus (broadly defined). One recurring object type—the jar—is used to compare the central themes, concerns, and perspectives of each of the poems in which it appears, in order to offer an example of the extent to which ‘attentiveness to things’ can nuance our reading, not only of one poem, but of a range of poetry together. This intertextuality of objects is further tested in the Catalogue of Women, an ideal site for an extended exploration of the relationship between women, objects, and agency.
Silent Bones and Singing Stones
Authors: Platt Verity
Published: October 2018

This chapter investigates the relationship between materiality and textuality in the Hellenistic period, by focusing on real and imagined tombs of poets. At a time not only of feverish activity when literary texts were being collected, copied, catalogued, canonized, and archived, but also when contemporary poetry was carefully situating itself in relation to an emerging library culture, and, what is more, when texts were being reframed and circulated in the context of anthologies, the tomb as inscribed marker of the poet’s literal corpus offered a rich analogy to the physical objects that sustained his or her surviving corpus of work.
Simonides on Tombs, and the ‘Tomb of Simonides’
Authors: Rawles Richard
Published: October 2018

This chapter begins with the observation that inscribed texts were memorized and orally transmitted. This insight provides the key for a reading of Callimachus’ ‘Tomb of Simonides’—itself a reading of Simonides’ own response to the poetics of inscribed epigram (and of his role as the inventor of memory techniques). The chapter argues that Callimachus presents Simonides’ tomb not as an epitaph, but as a ‘meta-epitaph’—an elegy which is not itself inscribed, but describes the loss of an inscribed tombstone: liberated from the tomb that once covered his body, the voice of Simonides now speaks through Callimachus’ verse.
A Portrait of the Poet as a Young Man
Authors: Garulli Valentina
Published: October 2018

This chapter considers the tomb of Quintus Sulpicius Maximus, who competed in poetry at the Capitoline Games of 94 CE and died soon afterwards at the age of 11. The boy’s parents set up an elaborate funerary monument in his memory, explaining its design: ‘lest his parents may seem to have been unduly influenced by their affection for him, his extemporaneous verses have been inscribed here.’ This chapter provides a new edition and translation of the text, and reads the inscription in its social, literary, and material context. Since the only surviving version of Sulpicius’ prize-winning poem is carved on the tomb, in this example scroll and marble coincide: the oeuvre is the monument itself.
Impermanent Stones, Permanent Plants
Authors: Montiglio Silvia
Published: October 2018

This chapter identifies the ways in which epigrammatists in the Palatine Anthology create tombs that provide for a poet’s immortalization, not through everlasting stone, but through ever-growing plants. Vivifying plants creep over the tombs of Anacreon, Sophocles, and Machon, or the iambic poet Hipponax. Plants match poetry: the tomb of Hipponax, for example, is covered with stinging thorns and acerbic fruit. The lush vegetation which adorns the tombs of other poets in the Palatine Anthology echoes their privileged poetic connection with Dionysus, which—in a dialogue between text and tomb that is typical of the reception of tombs of the poets—often originates in their own works.
The Tomb of Virgil between Text, Memory, and Site
Authors: Garrison Irene Peirano
Published: October 2018

This chapter explores the earliest traditions clustering around Virgil’s tomb. Its geographical location on the Via Puteolana, identified in the ancient lives, activates not only literary memories of the Aeneid (the landscape of Aeneas’ landfall and descent into the underworld), but also memories associated with the landscape itself in other sources. The chapter also investigates how the physical space of the tomb functioned as an early site of poetic succession: the land was acquired by the poet Silius Italicus, whose veneration of the tomb and claim to Virgil’s literary inheritance is taken up by Martial and Pliny the Younger. These accounts and traditions are examined within the context of the ancient topos of the neglected and rediscovered grave.
Introduction
Authors: St. Clair Robert
Published: October 2018

The introduction to Poetry, Politics, and the Body in Rimbaud positions the work within the emergent and intersectional field of scholarship of new literary materialisms, and outlines a theory of reading the materiality of poetry (in Rimbaud and in general) as one which involves an interlocking set of relations linking texts to other texts (or, intertexts) as well as to their historical and social contexts. It seeks from the outset to demonstrate both the stakes and the method of formal analysis of Rimbaud’s early poetry which inform study overall, showing how attention to fine textual detail—and in particular to the question and figure of the body, a core surface on which Rimbaud’s radical politics and revolutionary poetics are especially legible—opens Rimbaud’s poetry up to a broader array of relations to poetic, philosophical, and indeed political issues and problems which continue to concern us today.
(Anamnesis) Revolting Bodies: “Le Forgeron” and the Poetry of the Past
Authors: St. Clair Robert
Published: October 2018

weChapter 4 takes up the question of poetry and engagement at its most explicit and complex in Rimbaud, focusing on a long, historical epic entitled “Le Forgeron.” We read this poem, which recreates and re-imagines a confrontation between the People in revolt and Louis XVI in the summer of 1792, as Rimbaud’s attempt to add a revolutionary supplement to the counter-epics modeled by Victor Hugo in Châtiments. Chapter 4 shows how Rimbaud’s “Forgeron” challenges us to examine the ways in which a poem might seek “to enjamb” the caesura between poiesis and praxis by including and complicating revolutionary (counter)history into its folds in order to implicate itself in the political struggles of its time.
Alethic Perfect Being Theology
Authors: Speaks Jeff
Published: October 2018

Perfect being theologies may be divided into those that try to derive the attributes from the principle that God is the greatest possible being and those that try to derive the attributes from the principle that God is the greatest conceivable being. This chapter argues that the first sort of perfect being theology is a failure. The reasons are various. But a pattern emerges. Some versions of perfect being theology entail obviously incorrect claims about God. Once these versions are modified to fix the problem, it turns out to be impossible to see whether a property satisfies the relevant condition without making assumptions about God which are equivalent to the theses which we wanted to argue for.
Conflict and the Problem of Hidden Attributes
Authors: Speaks Jeff
Published: October 2018

An over-simple version of the method of perfect being theology arguably attributes to God incompossible properties (e.g. both the property of being able to do wrong and the property of being necessarily perfectly good). This chapter argues that the possibility that the method of perfect being theology leads us to attribute properties to God which are incompossible with hidden properties of God—properties of which we have no grasp—should make us skeptical of the results of perfect being reasoning. In that sense, the optimism about perfect being theology relies on unrealistic assumptions about our understanding of God. This chapter considers and replies to the objection that the style of argument given here generalizes to an implausibly general skepticism.
Permissible Tinkering with The Concept of God
Authors: Speaks Jeff
Published: October 2018

Often the claim that God is the greatest possible being is claimed to capture the concept of God. This view can come to the aid of the theist in responding to arguments against the existence of God. This chapter argues that this argumentative strategy, which is here called ‘the perfect being defense,’ is a failure. The moral is that the concept of God is not captured by the concept of a greatest possible (or conceivable) being. Debates between theists and atheists need to be reconceived accordingly.
Beyond Perfect Being Theology
Authors: Speaks Jeff
Published: October 2018

Following seven chapters of negativity, this chapter sketches some positive answers to the questions which perfect being theology has been used, unsuccessfully in the author’s view, to answer. It argues that, in our attempt to discern the divine attributes, there is little hope to finding a starting point in a conceptual truth about God. Rather, the only two real alternatives are the traditional ones: the method of natural theology and what Aquinas calls the science of sacred doctrine. Pursuing a version of the second strategy which begins with assumptions about God which are less specific than, for example, exclusively Christian doctrines is advocated. A positive view of the semantics of ‘God’ is also sketched.
Youth in Regime Crisis
Authors: Krawatzek Félix
Published: October 2018

How do political regimes respond to the challenges emanating from youth mobilization? This book seeks to understand regime resilience and breakdown by analysing the public meaning of youth, as well as the physical mobilization of young people. Mobilization by young people is a key component in understanding the stabilization of the authoritarian regime structures in contemporary Russia, but the Russian experience makes sense only if placed in its broader historical context. Three comparative cases—the breakdown of the authoritarian Soviet Union, the breakdown of the democratic Weimar Republic, and the crisis of the democratic regime in France around 1968—highlight how regimes which lacked popular support have compensated for their insufficient legitimacy by trying to mobilize youth symbolically and politically. This book illustrates the symbolic significance of youth and its role in regime crisis by analysing a new dataset of newspaper articles with a new method of discourse analysis. The combination of qualitative interpretation and quantitative network analysis enables a deeper and more systematic understanding of discursive structures about youth. Through this methodological innovation the book contributes to the way we define the categories of youth, generation, and crisis. It makes the case that our conceptualization should reflect the way terms are being used—usages that can be captured in a systematic way with new methods of discourse analysis.
Setting, Concepts, and Theory
Authors: Krawatzek Félix
Published: October 2018

Youth can play a central role for understanding political developments during crises. The introductory chapter suggests combining the discursive and the physical mobilization of youth to understand its relevance in moments of crisis. Conceptual clarification is provided on the book’s key terms: ‘crisis’ as a category of experience which conveys contingency and possibilities; ‘youth’ as a political and cultural symbol; and ‘generation’ as combining experiences and expectations. The comparative historical frame starts from the contemporary Russian case and gradually adds variation in a controlled manner. A subsequent section develops a theory of the entwined processes of the political mobilization of young people and changing discourses about youth in moments of crisis in distinct political settings. The discussion of the theoretical processes leads to the formulation of the three guiding hypotheses on the symbolic and physical mobilization of youth and the relationship between youth and society at large.
Youth as a Political Force in Twentieth-Century Europe
Authors: Krawatzek Félix
Published: October 2018

In the twentieth century, youth emerged as a distinct socio-political group. The First World War constituted a key rupture for generational identity, as youth emerged as a central component of politics and a cultural symbol. Following the decisive role played by youth during the breakdown of the Weimar Republic and the rise of fascism across Europe, disillusion with young people in the West replaced the earlier utopian visions. Only around 1968 did young people resurface politically. Across communist Europe, youth were widely regarded as having contributed to victory during the war, and although some youth challenged such heroic visions, it was only with Gorbachev’s reforms in the 1980s that young people could mobilize politically and contribute to regime breakdown. More recently young people have participated in non-conventional forms of political involvement such as the East European ‘Colour Revolutions’, the Arab Spring, and opposition to austerity policies in Europe.
France around 1968
Authors: Krawatzek Félix
Published: October 2018

The democratic consolidation in France around 1968 introduces variation into the comparative regime setting. The chapter discusses the historical and international context of that mobilization which over time has turned into the global symbol of youth revolt. The analysis highlights the links between the political mobilization of differing political groups of young people and the changing discursive contexts. In particular, it emphasizes the mobilizing impact of events abroad for changing the public understanding of youth. Youth mobilization was also closely linked to competing future imaginaries and alternative visions of the French past. However, youth mobilization failed to develop a coherent and unified vision for the country and many of the issues brought forward failed to gain traction in wider society. Therefore, youth revolt could be portrayed as being confined to youth which contributed to the possibility of the Right to triumph in the elections that followed.
Introduction
Authors: Karakoç Ekrem
Published: October 2018

This chapter opens by providing empirical evidence that income inequality persists or increases in many new democracies after their transition. Then it gives a brief overview of studies that expect reduced inequality because of democratization and questions their three assumptions regarding median voters, party system stability, and the authoritarian legacy on citizen–party linkage. It offers a revision to the median voter theory, emphasizes high electoral volatility in new democracies, and reexamines the legacy of previous nondemocratic regimes on citizen–party linkage. Having offered its argument in a nutshell, it turns to research methodology and case selection. It offers the rationale behind employing a multimethod approach to test its arguments. It tests its argument through large-N analysis in new and longstanding democracies in Europe as well as two paired case studies: Poland and the Czech Republic in postcommunist Europe and Turkey and Spain in Southern Europe.
The Appearing of God
Authors: Lacoste Jean-Yves
Published: October 2018

The nine essays in The Appearing of God are situated on the fluid border of philosophy and theology, and follow a path leading from classic modern philosophical discussions of experience to some leading themes in contemporary phenomenology. After an introductory exploration of Kierkegaard’s classic text that straddles the border between philosophy and theology, the reader is introduced to Husserl’s account of perception, with its demonstration that the field of phenomena is wider than that of perceptible entities, allowing phenomena that give themselves primarily to feeling. Husserl’s theory of reduction is then subjected to a critique, which identifies phenomena wholly resistant to reduction. John Paul II’s encyclical on Faith and Reason elicits a critical rejection of its attempt to reify the boundary between natural and supernatural, the author asserting in its place that love is the distinguishing mark of the knowledge of God. This theme is continued in a discussion of Heidegger’s Being and Time, where a passing reference to Pascal invites interrogation of the work’s “methodological atheism,” which is found to leave more room than appears for love of the divine. The next three chapters deal with the themes of Anticipation, Gift, and Self-Identity, all exploring aspects of a single theme, the relation of present experience to the passage of time, and especially to the future. The final chapter, which is also the most personal, draws the main themes of the book together in asking how theology as an intellectual enterprise relates to the practice of worship.