bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Expense of Insulin in Individuals with Insulin-Dependent Diabetes in Fars Province based on Prescribed Prescriptions including Insulin
Authors: Amiri Sanaz , Mirahmadizadeh Alireza , Seyfi Saeed
Published: December 2020

Background: Diabetes is considered one of the most prevalent chronic diseases in the world, and if it is not cured, it can have many side effects and expenses. The current study has been conducted to calculate the cost of insulin applied in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes who are younger than 19 years old in 2016 and 2017.
Methods: The current study is a descriptive and cross-sectional study We investigated all registered prescriptions of social security and health insurance in this study. The price of each insulin was calculated through the official website of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Ultimately, the cost of insulin has been calculated based on gender, age group, and insurance types under the age of 19 in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes and those without insulin-dependent diabetes. Data has been analyzed using SPSS24. The frequency command is used to obtain the percentages.
Results: In this study, 1135105 insured cases younger than 19 years old were investigated, which females consisted almost half of the insured cases (51 %), and most of them were in the age group of 2-7 years (34 %), and 50 % of the participants in this study were covered by social security insurance. The treatment of each patient with insulin-dependent diabetes included a cost of $ 1187 and $ 1309, respectively, in 2016 and 2017, and $ 1.4 and $ 1.7 respectively (1$ = 42,000 Rials), for each person under the age of 19 in the general population.
Conclusion: The results achieved by the mentioned study explained that nearly remarkable cost is spent on preparing insulin for patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus every year. This amount is increasing, and it is essential to predict insulin needs for the future according to the insulin consumption changes.
PROVING THE ATTRIBUTE OF ARMAMENT ON THE PRIMARY AND FURTHER RACKETEERING INVESTIGATION STAGES
Authors:   Senior Lecturer of the Department of Forensic Examinations and Criminal Intelligence and Surveillance Operations of the Moscow Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation, Sidelev Viktor V.
Published: December 2020

In practice, the qualification “banditry” is given by the preliminary investigation bodies on the basis of a carefully conducted investigation and is actually the result of a complex and time-consuming work on collecting, analyzing and systematizing evidence of the guilt of specific individuals in committing a number of serious and especially serious crimes as part of a stable, armed organized group. One of the key signs of a gang is the sign of armament, which depends on the degree of proof of the overall final qualification of the actions of an organized criminal group. This article deals with issues related to the organization of investigation of crimes committed as part of gangs in the part relating to the planning of investigative and procedural actions to prove the sign of armament.
A PSYCHOLOGICAL EXAMINATION AIMED AT INFORMATION VERIFICATION: BASIC CONCEPTS, OPPORTUNITIES, CURRENT TASKS
Authors:   Associate Professor of the Department of Criminalistics of the Novosibirsk Branch of the Moscow Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation PhD in Psychology, Cherkasova Elena S. , Cherkasov Kirill A. ,   Graduate Student Majoring in Deviance Studies of the Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University Employee of the Profiling Center of the Novosibirsk Institute of Clinical Psychology
Published: December 2020

The article is devoted to the introduction of new types of private methods into expert practice that allow objectifying unreliable, false, and reliable information reported by participants in criminal proceedings. The introduction of expert opinions in the practice of criminal proceedings in narrow professional areas, in particular verification, will significantly expand the possibilities of complex psychological examinations. The objectification of knowledge embedded in the minds of investigators, lawyers, judges, participants of criminal process to address their own interests, according to the authors, will allow to reach a new level, as from a position of empowerment and competency of experts, and from the perspective of the objectification of the criminal process and proceedings as a whole.
THE MINIMUM AGE ALLOWING INDEPENDENT CLAIM FILING IN PRIVATE PROSECUTION CASES
Authors:   Junior Scientific Assistant of the Department of Criminal Procedure of the Ural Law Institute of the Ministry of the Interior of the Russian Federation, Titov Pavel M.
Published: December 2020

In work also problems of achievement of age from which independent filing of application for private prosecution is possible are investigated relevant theoretical. So far in science it is not reached the uniform point of view on this problem. The author of article reasons that the application can be independently submitted by the victim on reaching 18-year age. The changes of the criminal procedure law concretizing an operations procedure in case of the address with the statement of the person who did not reach the 18 anniversary are offered.
THE INVESTIGATOR’S INDEPENDENCE: CHALLENGING ASPECTS OF THE DETERMINATION OF THE LEGAL ESSENCE AND FUNCTIONAL PURPOSE
Authors:   Lecturer of the Department of Criminal Procedure and Expert Activities of the Law Institute of the Chelyabinsk State University Chairman of the Legal Position Bar Association of the Chelyabinsk Region, Popov Denis P.
Published: December 2020

The article examines topical issues relevant to the domestic criminal process related to the determination of the legal nature and functional purpose of the category ≪procedural independence of the investigator≫. Based on the analysis of the theory, criminal procedural legislation and the practice of its application, the author concludes that from the point of view of the legal nature, the independence of the investigator should be considered as a ≪criminal procedure tool≫ provided to him by the law, functionally designed for professional activities. The concept of the category in question is proposed, as well as measures aimed at improving the legislation determining the legal status of the investigator and regulating his procedural independence.
ON PARTIES TO INVESTIGATIVE ACTIONS
Authors:   Attorney of the Sverdlovsk Regional Bar Association, Charykov Aleksandr V. , Vdovtsev Pavel V. ,   Associate Professor of the Department of Criminal Procedure of the Ekaterinburg Branch of the Moscow Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation PhD (Law)
Published: December 2020

The article reveals the features of the legal status of participants in the investigative action, analyzes the functions of some of them in its production, the problematic issues of the exercise of certain rights by them, the probative value of their statements, comments.
ISSUES OF QUALIFICATION OF EXCEEDING OF JUSTIFIABLE DEFENSE LIMITS
Authors:   Academic Secretary of the Academic Council of the Saint-Petersburg University of the Ministry of the Interior of the Russian Federation LL.D., Associate Professor, Police Colonel, Nikulenko Andrey V. , Smirnov Maksim A. ,   Assistant Prosecutor of Veliky Novgorod Class 1 Lawyer
Published: December 2020

The article is dedicated to justifiable defense as a circumstance excluding the criminal character of an act pursuant to criminal laws of the Russian Federation. The authors cover some issues concerning the application of provisions stipulated by Article 37 of the Criminal Code of Russia. The research of these provisions allows identifying the advantages and disadvantages of the legal regulation of justifiable defense including the disadvantages of the judicial and investigative practice. The paper criticizes the existing approach and offers ways to solve the indicated problems including by means of amendment of resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation No. 19 of September 27, 2012, On the Judicial Application of Laws on Justifiable Defense and Causing of Damage in the Course of Detention of a Criminal. The authors suggest a means of possible reconstruction of the corresponding provisions of Article 37 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in view of ambiguous and often inconsistent practice of application of criminal law provisions on justifiable defense.
RELIGIOUS EXTREMISM AS A NATIONAL SECURITY THREAT. THE ROLE OF PROSECUTION AUTHORITIES IN COMBATING THE SAID PHENOMENON
Authors:   Senior Assistant Prosecutor of the Central Administrative District of Moscow Degree Seeking Student of the University of Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation, Tarasova Diana M.
Published: December 2020

The article considers the modern problems of religious extremism in the Russian Federation and abroad, and attempts to analyze of the causes of religious extremism and its spread. This paper highlights the scope of Islamic religious extremism and the danger of other kinds of extremism activities, destructive cults and totalitarian sects, which have distorted the essence and image of religious teaching. The article focuses on the current problems of the activities of Islamic religious extremist organizations, modern worship and its radical ideologies, which can be considered as a real threat to national security of the Russian Federation. Moreover, the problems of the prosecution’s office activity in the struggle with religious extremism are touched upon.
THE LAWS OF LATVIA ON THE CRIMINAL LIABILITY OF LEGAL ENTITIES
Authors:   Leading Research Scientist of the Department of Criminal and Criminal Procedure Law, Judicial Administration of the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation PhD (Law), Professor, Fedorov Aleksandr V.
Published: December 2020

The article is devoted to the issues of criminal liability of legal entities in the Republic of Latvia, established in 2005 by amending the Criminal Law of the Republic of Latvia. Attention is drawn to the fact that in the Latvian legislation a model of criminal liability is implemented, in which a legal entity is recognized not as a subject of a crime, but as a subject of criminal liability, to which measures of a coercive nature provided for by the Criminal Law are applied. At the same time, only legal entities of private law are subject to criminal liability, while the law does not provide for bringing public legal entities to criminal liability. The reasons for the application of enforcement measures to legal entities and the types of such measures are considered. It is indicated that compulsory measures against a legal entity can be applied for a criminal act if it was committed in the interests of the relevant legal entity, in its favor or as a result of improper supervision on its part by a responsible individual who acted individually or as part of a collegial body of a legal entity. In this case, a specially authorized person means a person who acted: on the basis of the right to represent a legal entity or act on its behalf; on the basis of the right to make decisions on behalf of a legal entity; or on the basis of the right to exercise control within a legal entity. The author considers the enforcement measures applied to legal entities (liquidation; restriction of rights; confiscation of property; monetary recovery), as well as criminal procedural issues of the application of compulsory measures to legal entities.
Financial Law and the Financial Market (part 1)
Authors:   Head of the Department of Regulation of Operations of Financial Institutions of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA) LL.D., Professor, Turbanov Aleksandr V.
Published: December 2020

The article examines the question of whether social relations arising in the financial market are included in the subject of financial law. In this regard, the concepts of finance, financial market and branch of law, the ratio of public and private law, the subject of financial law and methods of legal regulation are considered. Appropriate conclusions are drawn.
Denetim Komitesinin İç Denetim Birimi Çalışmalarına Etkisi: Türkiye’de İç Denetim Birimi Yöneticilerinin Algısı Araştırması
Authors: Mollaoğulları Batuhan , Öncü Semra
Published: December 2020

İşletmede kurumsal yönetim çerçevesinde şeffaflık ve hesap verebilirlik anlayışının gelişmesine katkı sağlayan iç denetim fonksiyonu, bu katkıyı ancak denetim komitesi ile kuracağı güçlü ilişkiler aracılığıyla sağlayabilecektir. Denetim komitesi ve iç denetim birimi arasında kurulacak güçlü ilişkiler, işletme etkinliğini doğrudan etkileyecektir. Dolayısıyla iç denetim ve denetim komitesi arasındaki ilişkinin etkinliği ve sağlığı özellikle işletme ile ilgili karar süreçleri bakımından kritik önem arz etmektedir. Ayrıca denetim komitesi, yönetim ve iç denetim birimi arasındaki ilişkilerin daha verimli olabilmesi iç denetim birim yöneticisinin oynadığı kritik rol ile doğrudan ilişkilidir. İç denetim birim yöneticisinin bu fonksiyonlar arasındaki ilişkiyi yanlış anlaşılmalara mahal vermeyecek şekilde tam anlamıyla koordine etmesi durumunda doğal olarak iş süreçlerindeki etkinlik de artacaktır.
Araştırmada iç denetim birimi ile denetim komitesi ve yönetim kurulu arasında kilit rol oynayan iç denetim birimi yöneticilerinin algıları üzerinden denetim komitesinin, iç denetim birimi çalışmaları ile etkileşimi incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın bulgularına göre denetim komitesine sahip olup, bu birime raporlama yapmayan şirketlerde iç denetim birim yöneticilerinin bağımsızlık algılarına ilişkin algılarının daha düşük gerçekleştiği tespit edilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Denetim Komitesi, İç Denetim, İç Denetim Birim Yöneticisi
Jel Sınıflandırması: M40, M41
Sosyal Sermaye, Motivasyon ve İş Tatmini Arasındaki Aracılık Etkisi: Batman Üniversitesi Örneği
Authors: Şahin Muhammed Mahsun , Yılmaz Osman
Published: December 2020

Bu çalışmada Batman Üniversitesi çalışanları üzerinde yapılan araştırma ile sosyal sermayenin motivasyon ve iş tatmini arasında aracılık etkisi araştırılmıştır. Bu nedenle 286 akademik ve idari personele dört bölümden oluşan sorular sorulmuştur. Çalışma ölçeğinin ilk bölümünde kişisel bilgiler, ikinci bölümünde 29 sorudan oluşan motivasyon ölçeği, üçüncü bölümünde 20 sorudan oluşan Minnesota iş tatmin ölçeği, ölçeğin son bölümünde 8 sorudan oluşan sosyal sermaye ölçeği oluşturmaktadır. Veriler SPSS analiz programı aracılığıyla istatiksel metotlarla analiz edilmiştir. Yapılan analizler sonucunda, sosyal sermayenin motivasyon ve iş tatmini arasında kısmi ara değişken etkisine sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Sosyal Sermaye, İş Tatmini, Motivasyon.
JEL Sınıflandırması: M0, M1, M10
Ulusal Kültür, Örgüt Kültürü ve İş Güvenliği Kültürü İlişkisi: Hofstede’nin Güç Mesafesi ve Belirsizlikten Kaçınma Boyutları Açısından Türkiye Özelinde Bir Değerlendirme
Authors: İlhan Ümit Deniz , Alimanoğlu Yemişci Derya
Published: December 2020

Toplumu oluşturan bireylerin davranışlarının ardında yatan baskın ve belirleyici bir unsur olan ulusal kültür, bir arada yaşamaya yardımcı olan bütünleştirici bir yapıdır. Ulusal kültür, sadece sosyal yaşamda kendisini göstermekle kalmamakta, aynı zamanda çalışma hayatında önemli bir rol oynayarak örgüt kültürüne de etki etmektedir. Örgüt kültürünün bir alt sistemi olan iş güvenliği kültürü de benzer şekilde bu etkiler ışığında şekillenmektedir. Böylece hem örgüt kültürünün hem de iş güvenliği kültürünün ulusal kültürün bir yansıması olduğu düşüncesiyle bu çalışmada Hofstede’nin Kültürel Boyutlar Teorisi’nde yer alan ve Türkiye’de yüksek olarak belirlenmiş olan güç mesafesi ve belirsizlikten kaçınma boyutları açısından ulusal kültürün iş güvenliği kültürü üzerindeki etkileri değerlendirilmiştir. Bu çerçevede benimsenmiş olan literatür taraması yöntemi ile ulusal kültür, örgüt kültürü ve iş güvenliği kültürü literatürü gözden geçirilerek birbirleri ile olan ilişkisi ortaya konmuş ve bu ilişki, Türkiye özelinde güç mesafesi ve belirsizlikten kaçınma boyutları açısından yorumlanmıştır. Çalışmanın vardığı sonuç, Türkiye’de yüksek olan güç mesafesi ve belirsizlikten kaçınmanın, iş güvenliği kültürü üzerinde olumsuz etkileri olduğu yönündedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Ulusal Kültür, Örgüt Kültürü, İş Güvenliği Kültürü, Güç Mesafesi, Belirsizlikten Kaçınma
JEL Sınıflandırması: M00, M14, M19
Ácidos ganodéricos en Ganoderma sp, Ganoderma lucidum y en su sustrato agotado
Authors: Ramírez Ayala Wilder , Guevara Bravo Carlos Alberto , Rodríguez Espinosa Jhon-Alexander
Published: December 2020

Los hongos del Género Ganoderma son reconocidos mundialmente por sus propiedades medicinales y su mercado nacional e internacional crece continuamente. Con el objetivo de indagar acerca del potencial comercial de nuestra diversidad fúngica, se determinaron los contenidos de compuestos bio-activos, conocidos como Ácidos Ganodéricos (A.G.), a partir de tres fuentes del hongo. De los cuerpos fructíferos de dos variedades de Ganoderma sp y Ganoderma lucidum (silvestre y comercial). La variedad silvestre fue recolectada en el municipio de Quimbaya Quindío, la comercial, certificada, se cultivó sobre residuos agroindustriales de plátano y el sustrato agotado fue obtenido después de la recolección de la variedad comercial. Las tres muestras obtenidas por triplicado, fueron secadas y sometidas a extracción con fluidos supercríticos y por ultrasonido. La concentración de A.G. se determinó por Cromatografía Líquida (HPLC), por el método de normalización de áreas, usando como estándar el Acido Ganodérico A. Los mayores rendimientos de extracción fueron obtenidos por el método de ultrasonido, independientemente de la muestra analizada. El mayor contenido de A.G., fue encontrado en la cepa silvestre (266 µg/g), aproximadamente 30% más que en la variedad comercial, aunque considerablemente menor a estudios internacionales. Es posible concluir que la variedad silvestre tendría potencial para convertirse en una fuente comercial de A.G.
Influence of Botanical Seed Pelleting on Storability of Onion (Allium cepa L.)
Authors: Panwar Abhishek , Thakur Ashok K. , Sharma Pramod , Negi Shivangi , Nalwa Cherry , Bisht Anjay
Published: December 2020

Background: Onion (Allium cepa L.) is a major bulbous vegetable as well as condiment of family Alliaceae grown in India, originated in Iran and Pakistan. Seed pelleting is a mechanism of applying various materials to the seed that can enhance the seed quality with respect to physiological, physical and health attributes. Seed deterioration during storage is inevitable process; however seed pelleting can reduce the rate of deterioration. The leaf powders possess antioxidant, fungicidal and insecticidal properties that helps in maintaining the seed quality during storage. Methods: The present investigation was carried out in the laboratory of Department of Seed Science and Technology, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) during the seasons of 2016-17 and 2017-18. This experiment comprised of pelleted seeds with different botanicals carried out to determine the effect of seed pelleting and storage potential of pelleted seeds. Result: This experiment comprised of pelleted seeds with different botanicals. In all the treatments gum Arabica (5%) was used as the adhesive except control. The pelleted seeds with different material were stored at ambient conditions for nine months. Highest germination (81.75%), seedling length (11.20 cm), seedling dry weight (1.82 g), seedling vigour index- length (920.33), seedling vigour index- mass (148.90) and speed of germination (26.57) were observed in onion seeds pelleted with Azadirechta indica leaf powder + clay and Melia azadirechta leaf powder + clay. Among the storage periods, fresh pelleted seed (0 month) showed maximum values with respect to germination (86.50%), seedling length (13.38 cm), seedling dry weight (2.02 g), seedling vigour index- length (1154.50), seedling vigour index- mass (173.52) and speed of germination (29.04). From the present studies, it can be concluded that onion seeds pelleted with Azadirechta indica leaf powder + clay and Melia azadirechta leaf powder + clay showed significant effects for enhancing seed quality during storage.
Nowe tendencje w tematycznych słownikach polsko-rosyjskich i rosyjsko-polskich na przykładzie „Kieszonkowego słownika piłki nożnej” Yu. Fedorushkova
Authors: Gasek Bogumił
Published: December 2020

This article presents an analysis of current trends in Russian-Polish and Polish-Russian thematic translation lexicography in terms of the football-related lexicon. The point of departure for the analysis is a small dictionary, intended for a broad audience, which was compiled by means of the modern method of excerption of a specially constructed corpus, containing a rich collection of phrases and precisely determined equivalents – the Russian-Polish and Polish-Russian Pocket Football Dictionary. As a result of critical analysis, the author formulated several conclusions concerning the modification of the corpus, which is the basis for compiling similar translation dictionaries, the scope of the lexicon and phrases included in the dictionary, as well as the methods of determining and presenting equivalents.
Sprachhandlungen „bona” und “mala fide”
Authors: Sadziński Witold
Published: December 2020

It is the good right of a normal consumer to trust others if they have something to tell him. However, he often has a bad experience – usually when dealing with the media or with commercials, and unfortunately only afterwards – that it is not always reliable. Last but not least, only half of the truth is revealed, which is known – according to a German proverb – “the most dangerous lie”. This article tries to show this in various aspects of public life, primarily by testing the factual perception of democracy, which is usually declared to be dominated by the rulers – based on historical evidence and scientific commentaries.
Influencia del uso de Instagram sobre la conducta alimentaria y trastornos emocionales. Revisión sistemática
Authors: García Puertas David
Published: December 2020

Introducción: Instagram es una red social cada vez más popular donde los usuarios publican y comparten fotos. Investigaciones recientes demuestran relaciones entre el uso de Instagram y ciertas conductas alimentarias o trastornos de las emociones. Objetivos: Analizar los efectos y consecuencias del uso de Instagram sobre el desarrollo de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria y de trastornos emocionales en los jóvenes. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sistemática a través de bases de datos de Ciencias de la Salud, donde se incluyeron 13 artículos que cumplían con los criterios de selección. Resultados: El uso de Instagram está íntimamente relacionado con la imagen corporal y con ciertas actitudes alimentarias, así como con trastornos de las emociones. El tiempo de uso se ha asociado con una tendencia a desarrollar trastornos alimenticios y, además, se ha observado que puede disminuir la autoestima, así como provocar ansiedad o depresión en el individuo. Conclusión: Es importante que investigaciones futuras continúen aclarando el papel que desempeña el uso de las redes sociales en la salud mental de la población juvenil, ya que estos medios podrían ayudar a las personas con trastornos alimenticios o de las emociones a obtener asistencia terapéutica.
Economic Valuation of Mangrove Forest in Tanakeke Island, Takalar District, South Sulawesi Province
Authors: Purwanti Rini
Published: December 2020

Mangrove forests on Tanakeke Island provide many benefits, both direct and indirect benefits. All the benefits received/enjoyed by the community so far have never been calculated/valued in money so sometimes the community does not realize how much value is actually given by this mangrove forest and how much it contributes to their income. Resource economic valuation is a method used to estimate the monetary value of goods and services provided by mangrove forest resources. The purpose of this study was to determine the total economic value of the benefits of mangrove forests on Tanakeke Island. The total economic value of the benefits of mangrove forests is derived from the value of direct benefits (tree, firewood, charcoal, seaweed stake, fish and mangrove crabs), indirect benefits (anchoring abrasion and intrusion), optional benefits, existence benefits and inheritance benefits. Based on the results of calculations, the total economic value of mangrove forests on Tanakeke Island is Rp73,563,108,250.00/year or  Rp127,492,388.00/ha/year. Direct benefits provide the greatest value of Rp44,173,560,000.00/year (60.05%), then indirect benefits of Rp14,257,696,532.00/year (19.38%), the benefit of being Rp10,597,566,668.00/year (14.41%), the inheritance benefit of Rp4,417,356,000/year (6.00%) and optional benefits of Rp116,929,050/year (0.16%).
Spinal Intraosseous Epidural Arteriovenous Fistula; A Late Complication of Vertebral Compression Fracture: Two Case Reports
Authors: Wang Ting , Richard Seidu A , He Jiao , Zhang Changwei , Wang Chaohua , You Chao , Xie Xiaodong
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Spinal epidural arteriovenous fistulas (SEDAVFs) are extremely rare and the pathological process still remains unclear. Nevertheless, neurofibromatosis, surgery, as well as trauma have been implicated as causes. Nevertheless, long standing chronic vertebral compression fractures (VCFs) as a cause of SEDAVFs has not been reported in literature. Case Presentation: Our cases comprised of a male and female with ages 67 and 62 year respectively. They presented with weakness of bilateral lower extremities and back pain. Their symptoms deteriorated into mild recto-bladder dysfunction as well as hypoesthesia of lower limbs. They both had history of road traffic accidents (RTAs) prior to their symptomatology. In both cases, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed VCFs prior to the above symptomatology. Spinal digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was used to confirm SEDAVFs in both cases. We utilized the trans-arterial route with Onyx embolization agent to obliterate both fistulae and their symptom resolved after the embolization. Two-years follow-ups revealed no recurrence of their fistulae. Conclusion: The initial long standing VCFs caused by trauma resulted in perforation of the dorsal somatic branches of the radicular artery leading to the occurrences of SEDAVFs in our cases.
Effect of Flotation Time and Collector Dosage on Estonian Phosphorite Beneficiation
Authors: Tamm Kadriann , Arab Zadeh Zeinab , Kuusik Rein , Kallas Juha , Yang Jason , Tõnsuaadu Kaia , Trikkel Andres
Published: December 2020

Phosphorus is essential and non-substitutable chemical element required for the cellular processes of all living organisms. The main source of phosphorus in the biosphere is phosphate rock. With more than 700 Mt P2O5, Estonia holds the largest sedimentary phosphate rock deposits in European Union. Estonian phosphate rock is principally sandstone that holds abundant remains of phosphatic brachiopod shells and compared to other sedimentary rocks, is particularly outstanding by its remarkably low content of hazardous heavy metals such as Cd and saturated by valuable elements present in the rock such as rear earth elements (REEs).
Discovery and Optimization of Selective Inhibitors of Meprin α (Part I)
Authors: Hou Shurong , Diez Juan , Wang Chao , Becker-Pauly Christoph , Fields Gregg B. , Bannister Thomas , Spicer Timothy P. , Scampavia Louis D. , Minond Dmitriy
Published: December 2020

Meprin α and β are zinc-dependent proteinases implicated in multiple diseases including cancers, fibrosis, and Alzheimer’s. However, until recently, only a few inhibitors of either meprin were reported and no inhibitors are in pre-clinical development. Moreover, inhibitors of other metzincins developed in previous years are not effective in inhibiting meprins suggesting the need for de novo discovery effort. To address the paucity of tractable meprin inhibitors we developed ultra-high throughput assays and conducted parallel screening of >650,000 compounds against each meprin. As a result of this effort, we identified 5 selective meprin α hits belonging to three different chemotypes (triazole-hydroxyacetamides, sulfonamide-hydroxypropanamides, and phenoxy-hydroxyacetamides). These hits demonstrated a nanomolar to micromolar inhibitory activity against meprin α with low cytotoxicity and >30-fold selectivity against meprin β and other related metzincincs. These are the most selective inhibitors of meprin α to date.
Form-Finding of Shells Containing Both Tension and Compression Using the Airy Stress Function
Authors: Miki Masaaki , Adiels Emil , Baker William , Mitchell Toby , Sehlstrom Alexander , Williams Christopher
Published: December 2020

Pure-compression shells have been the central topic in the form-finding of shells. This paper studies tension-compression mixed type shells by utilizing a NURBS-based isogeometric form-finding approach that analyzes Airy stress functions to expand the possible plan geometry. A complete set of smooth version graphic statics tools is provided to support the analyses. The method is validated using examples with known solutions, and a further example demonstrates the possible forms of shells that the proposed method permits. Additionally, a guideline to configure a proper set of boundary conditions is presented through the lens of asymptotic lines of the stress functions.
A prospective multicenter study of the use of a combined hormonal contraceptive with drospirenone
Authors:   F.I.Inozemtsev Academy of Medical Education, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation, Pustotina О.А.
Published: December 2020

Objective – to determine the satisfaction of patients with the drug DELSIA® used as a contraceptive for 6 months. Design. A prospective multicenter observational programme: the actual clinical practice of using a combined contraceptive Delsia® in female patients of reproductive age for the purposes of contraception. Results. Of 207 women who took part in the programme 204 (98.56%) completed the study. Women who adhered to the drug intake regimen had no pregnancies, which in demonstrative of a high contraceptive reliability of Delsia. Among the women included in the programme, 30% had profuse menstruation,37.3% had painful and 31.9% irregular menstruation, whereas by the end of the 6th month of drug intake these parameters decreased to 0.5, 2.0 and 1.5% respectively (р < 0.001). The average duration of menstrual bleeding decreased from 5.62 ± 1.09 to 3.13 ± 1.37 days (р < 0.001). The frequency of side effects was 23.7% during the first 3 months and 12.7% at the end of the study, and 98.0% of women assessed them as mild or moderate, not necessitating the use of medications. The absolute majority (95.5%) of women expressed a high satisfaction with the drug, assessing it as 4–5 scores on a Likert, the average score being 4.48. Conclusion. The results of studying the administration of the low-dose combined oral contraceptive Delsia in actual clinical practice in Russia have shown a beneficial effect on the characteristics of the menstrual cycle, high scores of drug intake satisfaction, high reliability, safety and compliance. Key words: Delsia, drospirenone, combined oral contraceptives, contraception, ethinylestradiol
Thiazide and Thiazide-like Diuretics in the Treatment of Arterial Hypertension: are there Any Differences?
Authors: Kochetkov A. I.
Published: December 2020

In the current clinical guidelines for arterial hypertension, diuretics are considered one of the first line antihypertensive drugs, which are equivalent in their effectiveness to other main pharmacological classes used in the treatment of this disease. To date, much attention is paid to both the antihypertensive potential of diuretics and their safety profile and ability to influence prognosis. In this regard, a rational approach to the consideration of the clinical and pharmacological properties of these drugs is the isolation of thiazide and thiazide-like drugs among them, which is reflected in international clinical guidelines. Among thiazide-like diuretics, indapamide occupies a special place, favorably distinguished by its antihypertensive properties, metabolic neutrality, as well as the ability to improve the prognosis and favorably influence hard endpoints in the form of mortality rates in patients with hypertension. A unique feature of indapamide is also the presence, in addition to the direct diuretic effect, pleiotropic properties, including, in particular, some antagonism towards calcium and beneficial effects on arteries. This drug has been studied in a large number of studies, including such "difficult" categories of patients as the elderly and patients with diabetes mellitus, where indapamide has proven its powerful target-organ protective potential and metabolic neutrality, distinguishing it among both thiazide-like and thiazide diuretics. Indapamide provides a comprehensive target-organ protection at the level of the heart, blood vessels, kidneys and brain. Based on this, it can be expected that the widespread use of this drug as part of a first-line combination antihypertensive therapy will not only achieve target blood pressure levet in most patients with hypertension, but also provide an improved prognosis and improve the quality and duration of their life.
Walk-In Users and Their Access to Online Resources in Canadian Academic Libraries
Authors: Carson Pamela , Alexander Krista Louise
Published: December 2020

In the past, a member of the public could access an academic library’s collection simply by visiting the library in person and browsing the shelves. However, now that online resources are prevalent and represent the majority of collections budgets and current collections, public access has become more complicated. In Canadian academic libraries, licences negotiated for online resources generally allow on-site access for walk-in users; however access is not granted uniformly across libraries. The goal of this study was to understand whether members of the public are indeed able to access online resources in major Canadian university libraries, whether access to supporting tools was offered, how access is provided, and whether access is monitored or promoted. The study used an online survey that targeted librarians responsible for user services at Canadian Association of Research Libraries (CARL) member libraries. The survey results indicated that some level of free access to digital resources was provided to walk-in users at 90% of libraries for which a survey response was received. However, limitations in methods and modes of access and availability of supporting resources, such as software and printing, varied between the institutions. The study also found that most libraries did not actively promote or monitor non-affiliated user access.
Dinasti Abbasiyah: Studi Analisis Lembaga Pendidikan Islam
Authors: Ifendi Mahfud
Published: December 2020

In various sources of historical books it is said that the Abbasiyah dynasty was the peak of the heyday of Islamic civilization. This article, it aims to describe the Islamic educational institutions at that time which indirectly supported the progress of the Abbasiyah dynasty to reach its peak. This type of research is qualitative research, and is included in the category of library research. The data collection technique uses discourse analysis from books, journal articles, magazines, or other information related to the study of Islamic educational institutions during the Abbasiyah dynasty. Than, the writing of this article was analyzed using the Milles and Huberman analysis model, with the flow of data reduction, data preparation and conclusion drawing. The results of the research in this article can be seen from the form and nature of education. Islamic educational institutions that existed during the Abbasiyah dynasty can be categorized into 3 types. Which consists of informal educational institutions; such as the houses of the scholars', non-formal educational institutions; such as Kutab, mosque, qurhur, bookstore, observatory, literary salun, library, ribath and zawiyah and formal educational institutions, for example, madrasas. A lot of educational institutions that exist shows that this is in accordance with the belief in Islam which requires studying and is considered a form of worship. Therefore the place to study is very diverse, not only focused on a particular place.
Identification of a new chuvirus associated with febrile illness in China
Authors: Quan Liu , Wang Ze-Dong , Gao Yuan , Lv Xiaolong , Han Shuzheng , Zhang Xu , Shao Jian-Wei , Chen Chen , Li Liang , Hou Zhi-Jun , Sui Liyan , Zhao Yinghua , Wang Bo , Wang Wei , Song Mingxin
Published: December 2020

Chuviruses belong to the genus Mivirus in the newly classified family Chuviridae, and their medical significance remains undetermined1,2. Here, we identified a novel chuvirus, Nuomin virus (NOMV), from febrile patients in China. NOMV had a circular genome and presented enveloped spherical particles with a diameter of approximately 120–150 nm. Phylogenetically, NOMV formed a separate clade in the Chuviridae family, with 17.1–83.4% sequence identity to other chuviruses. NOMV infection was confirmed in 54 patients who had a tick-bitten history during 2017–2019, while both virus-specific antibodies and RNA were tested negative in healthy cohorts. The typical symptoms are characterized by fever and headache. Seroconversion or a four-fold elevation of antibody titers was observed in the available specimens of convalescent phase. NOMV was also detected in hard ticks, sheep, and cattle in northeastern China. Our findings showed that a novel chuvirus is associated with human febrile illness in China, necessitating investigation of this emerging virus in the tick-endemic areas worldwide.
Metabolic reprogramming in chondrocytes to promote mitochondrial respiration reduces downstream features of osteoarthritis
Authors: Ohashi Yoshifumi , Takahashi Nobunori , Terabe Kenya , Tsuchiya Saho , Kojima Toshihisa , Knudson Cheryl , Knudson Warren , Imagama Shiro
Published: December 2020

Metabolic dysfunction in chondrocytes drives the pro-catabolic phenotype associated with osteoarthritic cartilage. In this study, substitution of galactose for glucose in culture media was used to promote a renewed dependence on mitochondrial respiration for ATP production. Galactose replacement alone blocked enhanced usage of the glycolysis pathway by IL1β-activated chondrocytes as detected by real-time changes in the rates of proton acidification of the medium and changes in oxygen consumption. The change in mitochondrial activity due to galactose was visualized as a rescue of mitochondrial membrane potential but not an alteration in the number of mitochondria. Galactose-replacement reversed other markers of dysfunctional mitochondrial metabolism, including blocking the production of reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and the synthesis of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Of more clinical relevance, galactose-substitution blocked downstream functional features associated with osteoarthritis, including enhanced levels of MMP13 mRNA, MMP13 protein, and the degradative loss of proteoglycan from intact cartilage explants. Blocking baseline and IL1β-enhanced MMP13 by galactose-replacement in human osteoarthritic chondrocyte cultures inversely paralleled increases in markers associated with mitochondrial recovery, phospho-AMPK, and PGC1α. Comparisons were made between galactose replacement and the glycolysis inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose. Targeting intermediary metabolism may provide a novel approach to osteoarthritis care.
Apicidin Biosynthesis Is Linked to Accessory Chromosomes in Fusarium Poae Isolates
Authors: Witte Thomas , Harris Linda , Nguyen Hai , Hermans Anne , Johnston Anne , Sproule Amanda , Dettman Jeremy , Boddy Christopher , Overy David
Published: December 2020

Background: Fusarium poae is frequently associated with cereal crops showing symptoms of Fusarium head blight, a disease of global concern that reduces crop yields and renders grains unfit for consumption due to mycotoxin contamination. While previous studies have shown F. poae isolates produce a range of known mycotoxins, including type A and B trichothecenes, fusarins and beauvericin, genomic analysis suggests that there remain many secondary metabolites awaiting description.Methods: We examined the biosynthetic potential of 38 F. poae isolates from Eastern Canada using a combination of long-read and short-read genome sequencing and untargeted, high resolution mass spectrometry metabolome analysis of extracts from isolates cultured in multiple media conditions.Results: A high-quality assembly of isolate DAOMC 252244 (Fp157) contained four core chromosomes as well as seven additional contigs with traits associated with accessory chromosomes. One of the predicted accessory contigs harbours a functional biosynthetic gene cluster containing homologs of all genes associated with the production of apicidins. Metabolomic and genomic analyses confirm apicidins are produced in 4 of the 38 isolates investigated and genomic PCR screening detected the apicidin synthetase gene APS1 in approximately 7% of Eastern Canadian isolates surveyed.Conclusions: Apicidin biosynthesis is linked to isolate-specific putative accessory chromosomes in F. poae. The data produced here are an important resource for furthering our understanding of accessory chromosome evolution and the biosynthetic potential of F. poae isolates.
Analysis of Tawhidi String Relation (TSR) Towards Factors that Affect the Distribution of Financing of Sharia Banking in Indonesia Period 2009-2019
Authors: Warto Ahmad , Budhijana R. Bambang
Published: December 2020

This study uses the Sharia Commercial Bank and Sharia Business Unit as a whole as a unit of research object, with the research period from 2009-2019 (on a quarterly basis). The analysis technique used is multiple linear regression, while the hypothesis test uses t-test to partially test the effect of variables, and the F-test to test the effect of variables simultaneously with a significance level of 0.05. To find out the relation process used Tawhidi String Relation (TSR) analysis based on Unity, Correlation and Evolution. Based on the research, the results show that Third Party Funds (TPF) have a positive and significant effect on the distribution of Islamic Banking financing. Non Performing Financing (NPF) has a positive and not significant effect on the distribution of bank financing. While Bank Indonesia Sharia Certificates (BISC) have a negative and significant effect on the distribution of bank financing. Based on the TSR analysis, it was concluded that BISC had a negative effect on all variables used in this study, both: DF, TPF and NPF. Therefore, this research can be a criticism for the Islamic banking industry in channeling financing in the form of BISC.
Learning about COVID-19: a qualitative interview study of Australians' use of information sources
Authors: Lupton Deborah , Lewis Sophie
Published: December 2020

Background A multitude of information sources are available to publics when novel infectious diseases first emerge. In this paper, we adopt a qualitative approach to investigate how Australians learnt about the novel coronavirus and COVID-19 and what sources of information they had found most useful and valuable during the early months of the pandemic.Methods In-depth semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with a diverse group of 40 Australian adults in mid-2020 about their experiences of the COVID crisis. Participants were recruited through Facebook advertising. Detailed case studies were created for each participant, providing the basis of a thematic analysis which focused on the participants’ responses to the questions about COVID-related information sources.Results Diverse sources of COVID-related information, including traditional media, online media and in-person interactions, were accessed, appraised and engaged with by participants. There was a high level of interest in COVID information as people grappled with uncertainty, anxiety and feeling overwhelmed. Certain key events or experiences made people become aware that the outbreak was threatening Australia and potentially themselves. Most people demonstrated keen awareness that misinformation was rife in news outlets and social media sites and that they were taking steps to determine the accuracy of information. High trust was placed in health experts, scientists and government sources to provide reliable information. Also important to participants were informal discussions with friends and family members who were experts or working in relevant fields, as well as engaging in-person in interactions and hearing from friends and family who lived overseas about what COVID conditions were like there. Conclusion A constantly changing news environment raises challenges for effective communication of risk and containment advice. People can become confused, distressed and overwhelmed by the plethora of information sources and fast-changing news environment. On the other hand, seeking out information can provide reassurance and comfort in response to anxiety and uncertainty. Clarity and consistency in risk messaging is important, as is responding quickly to changes in information and misinformation. Further research should seek to identify any changes in use of and trust in information sources as time goes by.
Assessment of Knowledge and Compliance to Evidence-Based Guidelines for VAP Prevention among ICU Nurses in Tanzania
Authors: Bankanie Vicent , Outwater Anne , Wang Li , Yinglan Li
Published: December 2020

Background: Implementation of evidence-based guidelines (EBGs) related to VAP is an effective measure for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). While low knowledge regarding the EBGs related to VAP prevention among ICU nurses is still a major concern among nurses in ICUs globally, the situation in Tanzania is scarcely known. This study aimed to assess the ICU nurses’ knowledge, compliance, and barriers toward evidence-based guidelines for the prevention of VAP in Tanzania.Methods: A cross-sectional study, involving ICU nurses of major hospitals in Tanzania, was conducted. A structured questionnaire was administered among 116 ICU. Data analysis included descriptive statistics and independent t-test.Results: The mean knowledge score was 38.6% which is lower than the lowest ever reported knowledge score for EBGs for VAP prevention. Nurses with a degree or higher level of nursing education performed significantly better than the nurses with a diploma or lower level of nursing education(p=0.004). The mean self-reported adherence score for EBGs for the prevention of VAP was 60.8%. The main barriers to the implementation of EBGs for VAP prevention were lack of skills (96.6%), lack of adequate staff (95.5%), and lack of knowledge (79.3%).Conclusion: Considering the severity and impact of VAP, and the higher risks of HAIs in resource-limited countries like Tanzania, the lower level of knowledge and compliance implies the need for on-going educational interventions and evaluation of the implementation of the EBGs for VAP prevention by considering the local context.