bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The carotene, carotenoid and chlorophyll contents of some Scottish seaweeds
Authors: Owen E. C.
Published: November 2006

Some species of brown, green and red seaweeds collected in south‐east Scotland have been analysed for carotene, total xanthophylls (other than fucoxanthin) and total chlorophyll. A land plant, the common dockweed, was analysed for comparison. Carotenoids were extracted from the saponified samples with ethanol and light petroleum, and estimated by absorptiometry in a Unicam spectrophotometer. Carotene was isolated from xanthophylls by chromatography on alumina and determined separately. Total chlorophyll was measured similarly, at the point of maximal absorption in the red region of the spectrum, in a methanol extract of the plant material. In the brown algae, carotene was found to be usually more abundant than xanthophylls. The red and green algae resembled land plants in having less carotene than xanthophylls. Ratios of xanthophylls to carotene and of total chlorophyll to total carotenoids in brown, green and red algae were similar to ratios calculated from the data of Seybold & Egle, though the concentrations of both green pigments and carotenoids were less in the present samples than in species of the same name examined by Seybold & Egle. It is concluded that, like land plants, marine algae contain amounts of carotenoids that are related much more nearly to the amount of chlorophyll than to the major constituents of the plant's dry matter.
Analytical studies on the carbohydrates of grasses and clovers. VII.‐The isolation of d‐mannitol from perennial rye‐grass (lolium perenne)
Authors: Harwood V. D.
Published: November 2006

The presence of D‐mannitol in perennial rye‐grass (Lolium perenne) has been demonstrated. It is extracted, along with much carbohydrate material, on treatment of the fresh grass with boiling water. The mannitol can be separated chromatographically on a charcoal column.
Determination of fat peroxides in the presence of phospholipids
Authors: Hartman L.
Published: November 2006

A colorimetric method of estimating fat peroxides in materials such as animal tissues has been developed, which is free from interference by phospholipids. The peroxides are reduced with ferrous chloride in benzene‐methanol solution and the amount of ferric iron produced is determined by the addition of 2 : 6‐dichlorophenolindophenol and pyro‐phosphoric acid. The extent of phospholipid interference with the ferric thiocyanate method of peroxide estimation has been measured by comparison with the new method. This interference has been found on the whole appreciable owing to the solubility of phospholipids in solvents used for fat extraction.
Through‐circulation drying of seaweed. IV.—A graphical desiǵan method for continuous multi‐staǵae driers
Authors: Gardner R. G. , Mitchell T. J.
Published: November 2006

A graphical design method is proposed for calculating the drying time, throughput rates and specific evaporation for double‐ and triple‐stage conveyor through‐circulation driers. The method is illustrated with examples based on the unit wet‐bulb depression drying curves forLaminaria cloustonistipe and frond.
The chrysanthemumcarboxylic acids. VII.—Catalytic hydrogenation of the chrysanthemic acids
Authors: Harper S. H.
Published: November 2006

The chrysanthemic acids are catalytically hydrogenated to the stereoisomeric dihydro‐chrysanthemic acids. These acids are characterized, and esterified with allylrethrolone and propylrethrolone to give a series of esters for insecticidal testing.
Fumigation of agricultural products. X.—Sorption of carbon disulphide by wheat and flour
Authors: El Rafie M. S.
Published: November 2006

Previous accounts of the damage to wheat and wheat products caused by carbon disulphide fumigation are partly contradictory, and rarely describe accurate chemical measurements of sorption or the moisture content of the sorbent. The sorption is found to be critically dependent on moisture content, with a minimum sorption at about 14% of water. The sorption of carbon disulphide is even lower than that of methyl bromide, and seems to be mainly physical in origin. Most of the sorbed fumigant is recoverable, the remainder is held chiefly in the bran and endosperm. At high moisture contents, the seed‐coat no longer inhibits sorption, which tends to the same limit as that exhibited by wholemeal flour.
Post‐mortem changes in the lenses of fish eyes: Assessment of storage time and fish quality
Authors: Love R. M.
Published: November 2006

The eye lenses of fish stored for increasing lengths of time in ice become progressively turbid. The cause of this turbidity is shown to be the diffusion of water through the corneas into the intra‐ocular fluid, followed by gradual hydration of the lens. In iced fish kept in a room of fairly constant air temperature, it was found possible by examination of 20 or more lenses to assess the storage time with an error of not more than 1 day. The limitations of the method are discussed.
The preservation of seaweed by ensiling and bactericides
Authors: Black W. A. P.
Published: November 2006

Marine algae decompose much more rapidly than land plants and various attempts have been made from time to time to preserve them. This paper mainly summarizes preliminary work carried out on ensiling from the point of view of preserving the algae for use as a possible feeding‐stuff for farm animals and also for chemical processing.
The detection of washed eggs
Authors: Brooks J. , Hale H. P.
Published: November 2006

Several methods have been proposed for the detection of washed eggs. It is known that washing reduces the amount of potassium chloride on the shell and increases the electrical resistance of a drop of water subsequently placed on the shell. The method based on resistance has been examined in detail, and a search has been made for new methods. It was found that washing also tends to deplete the surface of the shell of magnesium, but the most promising method was based on the photochemical reduction of silver chloride on a test paper exposed to ultra‐violet light. A sensitive and semi‐quantitative form of chloride test is described.
The alkaline hydrolysis of haddock actomyosin. I. —Ammonia formation
Authors: Nottingham P. M.
Published: November 2006

The influence of temperature and alkali concentration on the formation of ammonia during the alkaline hydrolysis of haddock actomyosin has been studied. It was found that temperature rather than alkali concentration is the more important factor in ammonia formation. At higher temperatures, ammonia in excess of that which could be attributed to amide groups and arginine is produced. It is considered that this excess of ammonia arises from the decomposition of other amino‐acids.
The chrysanthemumcarboxylic acids. VIII. —A modified route to the chrysanthemic acids
Authors: Harper S. H. , Sleep K. C.
Published: November 2006

Diazoacetonitrile is prepared in one stage from methyleneaminoacetonitrile and added to 2 : 5‐dimethylhexa‐2 : 4‐diene. The resultant mixture of (±)‐trans‐ and (±)‐cis‐chrysanthemonitrile is hydrolysed to (±)‐trans‐chrysanthemamide and to (±)‐trans‐chrysanthemic acid.

It is shown that (±)‐cis‐chrysanthemonitrile undergoes conversion into the trans‐isomer (epimerization) during alkaline hydrolysis. Hence the adduct nitrile hydrolyses to chrysanthemic acid containing no more than a trace of the cis‐isomer.
Changes in the enzymic browning of Bramley's seedling apples during their development
Authors: Weurman C. , Swain T.
Published: November 2006

A method for estimating the enzymic browning of the fruit tissue has been developed and applied to an investigation of the changes in the intensity of browning of Bramley's Seedling apples during their development. By comparing (1) the browning of the tissue with and without the addition of catechol, (2) the activity of the responsible enzymes and (3) the amount of total phenols and ascorbic acid, it was found that the intensity of browning is to a large extent determined by the activity of the enzyme system. It is concluded that naturally occurring enzyme inhibitors are also important factors in determining the extent of browning after injury.
The nitrogen content of meat and the calculation of the meat content of meat products
Authors: Reith J. F. , Hofsteede M. J. N. , Langbroek W.
Published: November 2006

The formula of Stubbs & More for the calculation of ‘lean meat content’ of meat products on the basis of their nitrogen content is discussed, in particular the factors 3.40 for beef and 3.60 for pork.

The mean nitrogen content of fat‐free beef and pork is calculated from publications by different authors, who have analysed English, Dutch, American and German meat. The factor 3.60 in the Stubbs & More formula for pork proves to be higher than most of the values derived from this literature survey. The relation between the Stubbs & More factors and district of growth, age of animal and fat content of the meat is discussed.

The nitrogen, fat and moisture content of 19 samples of fresh Dutch pork and of 19 samples of salted Dutch pork have been determined. The mean Stubbs & More (SM) factor for fresh Dutch pork is found to be 3.40; this is different by about 6% from the factor of 3.60 now in use. The mean factor found for animals of 5 1/2–6 months of age is the same as that for animals of 7–8 months. A slight correlation between SM factor and fat content seems to exist. The Yorkshire stock shows a lower mean factor than the ‘Veredeld Land‐varken’ stock.

The loss of moisture and protein during the period of salting is calculated.
The sorbitol test
Authors: Steuart Dan W.
Published: November 2006

This test will detect 5% of cider in grape wine. The reagent used, o‐chlorobenzaldehyde, can also be used to estimate the sorbitol in cider.
Changes in the oxidation—reduction potential of the Sterno‐cephalicus muscle of the horse after death in relation to the development of bacteria
Authors: Barnes Ella M. , Ingram M.
Published: November 2006

The oxidation‐reduction potential of the sterno‐cephalicus muscle of the horse falls after death from EH > + 250 mv to about −130 mv. The greatest change takes place immediately after death and is probably due to the withdrawal of the last traces of oxygen from the tissues. After rigor mortis the potential remains steady, provided that bacterial growth is inhibited, which can be effected either by holding the muscle at 5° or incorporating 1‐2 p.p.m. of aureomycin. If bacterial growth occurs the potential falls to about EH −250 mv or lower.
A modified ‘pyrethrin II’ assay
Authors: Mitchell W. M. , Tresadern F. H.
Published: November 2006

The ‘pyrethrin II’ determination by the A.O.A.C. (or Seil) method is modified by separating chrysanthemumdicarboxylic acid from accompanying water‐insoluble acidic matter, before titration. Lower and more accurate results are thereby obtained.
The lipoxidase activity of wheat
Authors: Blain J. A. , Todd J. P.
Published: November 2006

The evaluation of lipoxidase activity in extracts of wheat constituents is described and some characteristics of the carotene‐bleaching system used have been examined.

Information on the distribution of the enzyme in the wheat berry has been obtained.
Studies in the cold storage of langsats
Authors: Srivastava H. C. , Mathur P. B.
Published: November 2006

It is shown that optimum conditions for the storage of langsats are (i) temperature of 52‐55° F and (ii) a reltive humidity of 85‐90%, when a storage life of 14 days is possible.
An investigation of the polysaccharide content of oats, Avena sativa L.
Authors: Anderson D. M. W. , Greenwood C. T.
Published: November 2006

A graded extraction procedure has been applied to the polysaccharides present in the kernels of oats, Avena sativa L. Analyses of the sugar, protein and ash content of the fractions obtained are reported. A method for the purification of the starch present in the kernels is given. Oxidation of the unfractionated starch with potassium metaperiodate showed that the ratio of terminal to non‐terminal glucose units was 1 to 27.4. Differential potentiometric iodine titrations indicatied the presence of 26.0% of amylose in the starch, and hence the average length of unit‐chain in the amylopectin component was calculated to be 20.3 glucose units. Examination of the impure intermediate starch products showed that the protein impurity interfered considerably with the interaction of the starch with potassium metaperiodate.
Problems connected with ethylene dibromide fumigation of cereals. II.—feeding experiments with laying hens
Authors: Bondi A. , Olomucki Eugenia , Calderon M.
Published: November 2006

Feeding experiments with laying hens showed that ethylene dibromide sorbed by grain is injurious to egg production. When grain containing 200 p.p.m. of free EDB

The abbreviation EDB is used throughout this paper for ethylene dibromide.

was fed to hens for 56 days, or that containing 300 p.p.m. for 46 days, the hens ceased laying completely. Feeding of grain containing 10 p.p.m. caused a slight diminution of egg size after 12 weeks. The residual bromide has no influence on laying and therefore fumigated grain that has been sufficiently aired can be safely used for poultry feeding.
Manufacture of algal chemicals. VII.—the isolation of algal carbohydrated by means of charcoal columns
Authors: Black W. A. P. , Dewar E. T. , Woodward F. N.
Published: November 2006

Charcoal columns have been examined as a means of separating D‐glucose and L‐fucose obtained on acid hydrolysis of brown seaweeds. Glucose and fucose can be isolated on the one‐gramme scale from synthetic mixtures and from hydrolysates of appropriate seaweeds on a column (46 × 5.0 cm.) with water as eluant; but difficulties are encountered on scaling up the process. Demineralization of mannitol‐salt mixtures and the isolation of laminaribiose from partially hydrolysed laminarin can also be effected on charcoal columns.
Soil contamination of herbage samples
Authors: Thompson A. , Raven A. M.
Published: November 2006

Soil‐free plant material has been artificially contaminated with soil to definite levels and the resulting samples analysed for the commonly determined major and trace mineral elements. Considerable errors resulted from such analyses.

Various degrees of washing of plant material prior to analysis have been examined to find the leaching losses that such treatments may cause. All but a spray method were found to cause considerable loss of both major and trace elements.

Several known methods of estimating the degree of soil contamination in herbage samples have been compared, and a procedure based upon the determination of aluminium is outlined.
The crystallization of cocoa butter and alternative fats. I.—an adiabatic calorimeter and its application to the thermal analysis of cocoa butter
Authors: Steiner E. H.
Published: November 2006

An adiabatic calorimeter is described, suitable for investigating the thermal characteristics and phase composition of fats over a wide temperature range. Specific heats and differences in heat content are measured with maximum errors of 5% and 0.7% respectively. Sources of error in the calculation of percentages of solid and liquid phase from the data are discussed. Results are given for six samples of cocoa butter. Possible reasons are considered for the rise in the specific heat curve observed at about −20°.
The analysis of coal tar fungicides
Authors: Coles G. V.
Published: November 2006

An account is given of the difficulties encountered in applying an existing standard method of analysis of coal tar preparations to the separation of the constituents of certain fungicides used for treatment of rubber‐tree disease. The method which was developed to overcome these difficulties is described. The scheme of analysis involves the preliminary removal of water and formulating materials, using simple apparatus, and is followed by countercurrent extractions. Recovery of the separated groups of constituents appears to be good and will enable an assessment to be made of their contribution to the biological activity of the original materials.
Nitrogen balance in the diffusion of sugar beets at low temperature with sulphur dioxide, and at high temperature
Authors: Bersma R. N. , Waterman H. I.
Published: November 2006

Low‐temperature diffusion of sugar beets at 40° has many advantages compared with the hot diffusion process (70–80°). The juice prepared in the cold process contains less proteins than that from the hot process and the pulp obtained is of better quality, has a higher nutritional value and its quantity is larger. In this paper a chromatographic study was made of both juices, especially in connexion with the nitrogen compounds present. In order to retain all the advantages connected with the cold diffusion process in the application of continuous diffusion, it is necessary to avoid any pressing effect on the cossettes.
The nitrogen cycle in grassland soils
Authors: Walker T. W.
Published: November 2006

We now have a fairly complete picture of the nitrogen cycle in grassland soils and the relevant features are discussed.

The large amounts of nitrogen needed to obtain high production from pastures are derived initially almost entirely from nitrogen‐fixation by clovers in New Zealand, where under some of the better conditions clovers may fix about 600 lb. of nitrogen per acre per year. The associated grasses derive their nitrogen from soil organic matter, underground transference from clovers, and from excreted nitrogen when a pasture is grazed. With appropriate management and proper nutrition, clover production can be maintained and the organic matter content of soils may increase rapidly to high levels. The various ways in which nitrogen may be lost from the cycle, and gaps in our knowledge are indicated.

The tremendous influence of the clover‐grass‐animal association on the organic cycle is discussed, and if the C: N: organic S: organic P ratio in soils is assumed to remain fairly constant, it is clear that sulphur and phosphorus may be two most important nutrients during the phase of accumulation of organic matter under pastures where clovers are being relied upon as the main source of nitrogen.
The photochemical oxidation of ascorbic acid in solutions containing oxalic acid. II.—Mechanism of the reaction
Authors: Lampitt L. H. , Baker L. C. , Wittenberg E.
Published: November 2006

Ascorbic acid is not oxidized (thermally) by ferric salts in oxalic acid solution. When ferric salts in oxalic acid solution are irradiated in an atmosphere of nitrogen, ferrous ions are produced; in an atmosphere of air, ferrous ions are produced when the ratio of iron to oxalate exceeds a certain value. It is suggested that the photochemical oxidation of ascorbic acid is due to the activity of the free radicals formed in solution on autoxidation of the ferrous ions produced by the photochemical reduction of ferri‐oxalate.
Studies on the nitrogen metabolism of the ensilage process
Authors: Kemble A. R.
Published: November 2006

The overall changes in nitrogen distribution occurring in laboratory silage have been investigated and, in particular, quantitative determinations of most of the monoamino‐monocarboxylic acids have been made. Both good and bad silages have been studied. In the good silage the amounts of free arnino‐acids present were, in varying degrees, less than those calculated from the extent of protein breakdown which had occurred. In the bad silage, a considerable excess of alanine above that which could have been formed by uniform proteolysis was present during the first three weeks of the fermentation, and, after eight weeks, α‐aminobutyric acid began to appear.

When some micro‐organism‐free grass was ‘ensiled’, extensive proteolysis occurred, excess alanine was again formed but no free ammonia appeared. These results enable a distinction to be drawn between some of the enzymic and bacterial reactions which occur simultaneously in the silo.
Effects of the addition of molasses on the composition and digestibility of field silages
Authors: McDonald P. , Purves D.
Published: November 2006

Results are presented for the composition and digestibilities of the constituents of a medium‐protein grass‐clover mixture and of molassed and unmolassed silages derived from it. Determinations of soluble sugar and fructosan values have carried out in addition to the usual estimations, and the possible effects of the reduction of soluble carbohydrate resulting from fermentation during ensilage, on the nutritional value of the silage product, have been discussed.

The losses of fresh material, dry matter and nitrogen which have been observed were exceptionally low compared with the losses generally reported for this type of experiment, and, for both types of silage, weights of lactic and lower fatty acids have been found considerably in excess of the equivalent soluble carbohydrate losses.

Little difference in quality and feeding value has been observed between molassed and ordinary silage at a crude protein level of 12–13% dry matter and both types of silage compared very favourably with the original grass.
The component acids and glycerides of Erythrina indica seed fat
Authors: Pathak S. P. , Dey L. M.
Published: November 2006

The glyceride structure of Erythrina indica seed fat has been studied by crystallization of the neutral fat from acetone and ether. The composition of each of these glyceride fractions was studied by the usual ester‐fractionation method, using an electrically heated and packed column for fractional distillation under high vacuum, and the final probable glyceride structure computed therefrom. The chief component acids are palmitic (8.2%), stearic (8.0%), arachidic (4.3%), behenic (13.3%), hexadecenoic (3.1%), oleic (45.6%), linoleic (7.1%) and eicosenoic (9.8%) acids together with a minor amount of lignoceric acid (0.6%). The component glycerides consist of (1) 10.1% mono‐unsaturated‐disaturated, (ii) 79.4% di‐unsaturated‐monosaturated and (iii) 10.5% tri‐unsaturated glycerides.
Some effects of reducing, during storage, the water content of dehydrated strip potato
Authors: Hearne J. F. , Tapsfield D.
Published: November 2006

The effect of various levels of moisture content of dehydrated potato on the relationship of ‘total’ and ‘free’ sulphur dioxide contents has been studied and the influence of these relationships on the development of non‐enzymic browning has been noted. The use of ‘in‐package’ desiccants to reduce moisture contents reduces the rate of loss during storage of the total sulphite previously added to the potato. Free sulphur dioxide is also found to decrease during storage until the moisture content reaches a critical low value. At or below this moisture level, loss of ‘free’ sulphur dioxide is prevented, and in fact at moderate temperatures of storage it may actually increase. It is suggested that for potatoes of the variety and condition tested, the onset of non‐enzymic browning would be delayed beyond 52 weeks by ensuring that ‘free’ sulphur dioxide levels were maintained at not less than 250 p.p.m.
Post‐mortem changes in the lenses of fish eyes. II.—Effects of freezing, and their usefulness in determining the past history of the fish
Authors: Love R. M.
Published: November 2006

It is possible to show if a fish has been frozen or not by examining the eye lenses. A positive reaction is shown by opacity in the lens medullas, and the fish must be cooled to at least— 4.8° for the effect to occur. It is only masked by stowage in ice for more than 16 days, or by salting the fish for 1 day or more before freezing. The mechanism of the phenomenon is deduced.
Mycological formation of fat. III.—Media conducive to formation of fat from sucrose by Penicillium soppii zaleski in surface culture
Authors: Murray Sheilah , Walker T. K.
Published: November 2006

A study has been made of the effects of certain inorganic salts and of corn‐steep liquor (C.S.L.) on fat synthesis in cultures of Penicillium soppii; salt concentrations which promote this process have been determined. Addition of C.S.L. to the media improved the performance of the mould, particularly in ability to produce fat. Felts were harvested which contained slightly more than 40% of fat, with yields of fat as high as 12.5% on sucrose metabolized.
The leuco‐anthocyanins of unprocessed tea‐leaf
Authors: Roberts E. A. H. , Cartwright R. A. , Wood D. J.
Published: November 2006

Several of the minor polyphenolic components of freshly plucked tea‐leaf have been provisionally identified as leuco‐anthocyanins. Leuco‐delphinidins predominate but leuco‐cyanidins are also present. In some cases a leuco‐delphinidin and a leuco‐cyanidin are non‐separable on paper chromatograms. Pure samples of individual leuco‐anthocyanins have not as yet been obtained, but preparations of concentrates rich in leuco‐anthocyanins are described. An unidentified polyphenol, giving an orange colour reaction with aluminium chloride, also occurs in some sources of tea‐leaf and overlaps one of the leuco‐anthocyanin spots on paper chromatograms.
Rapid method for the determination of water‐stable aggregates in soils
Authors: Williamson W. T. H. , Pringle Joyce , Coutts J. R. H.
Published: November 2006

A description is given of a wet‐sieving method for the determination of the water‐stable aggregates in a soil as an indication of the crumb structure. The method is rapid and convenient and gives results which are reproducible within about 1%. The method subjects the aggregates to more severe treatment than that associated with many other methods, but should give a reasonable measure of the stability of aggregates under field conditions. The relationships between the numerical results obtained by this and other methods are briefly discussed.
Fumigation of agricultural products. XIV.—Treatment of peas and beans with methyl bromide
Authors: Lubatti O. F. , Blackith R. E.
Published: November 2006

Peas and beans are notably resistant to damage by methyl bromide fumigation. Even when these seeds contain as much as 19% water, they may safely be fumigated at concentration‐time products sufficient to control the infestation of legumes with insects usually found in stored products. Peas and beans differ from onion seed and groundnuts in that the damage done by fumigation is substantially independent of the moisture content of the seed. They will, nevertheless, deteriorate if stored at more than about 15% moisture content from the action of the moisture by itself. However, as with the other seeds, peas and beans that survive damp storage or fumigation with methyl bromide give essentially the same yield as do untreated seeds. Attempts to relate the results of germination tests in sand to viability tests with tetrazolium salt have proved difficult, although damage to the seeds could be detected by this method.
Studies on the effects of treatment with chlorine dioxide on the properties of wheat flour. II.—Nutritional value of proteins of treated flours
Authors: Frazer A. C. , Hickman J. R. , Sammons H. G. , Sharratt M.
Published: November 2006

Feeding tests were carried out and weight gains in relation to food intakes were studied.

No differences were demonstrable in the wellbeing or weight gain on unrestricted food intake in animals receiving a diet containing 77% of breadcrumb, whether the flour used was untreated or treated at ten times the normal level with chlorine dioxide.

2. No differences were demonstrable in wellbeing or weight gain on an unrestricted food intake in groups of rats receiving flour protein as the main dietary protein source over a 5‐week period, whether the flour used was untreated or treated at ten times the normal level with chlorine dioxide.

3. Lysine supplementation of these diets had an identical effect on the weight gain of groups receiving untreated or treated flour.

4. It is concluded that treatment of flour with chlorine dioxide even at ten times the normal level has no demonstrable effect on the nutritional value of the flour proteins.
The characterization of phytin in peas
Authors: Fowler H. D.
Published: November 2006

Phytin has been extracted from peas by a method depending upon its insolubility in hot 8% acetic acid. It has been characterized on the paper chromatogram and found to be a pure compound. Micro‐analysis of this compound gives a carbon‐phosphorus ratio compatible with that of a hexaphosphate. Comparison of pea phytin with commercial and synthetic calcium phytate (prepared by Posternak's method) using paper partition chromatography has shown that commercial phytin is composed of two organic phosphates (in addition to orthophosphate), one of which resembles pea phytin. The various compounds formed in addition to phytic acid in Posternak's synthesis have been examined and some have been tentatively identified.
The fate of γ‐benzene hexachloride in normal and resistant houseflies. II
Authors: Bradbury F. R. , Standen H.
Published: November 2006

Quantitative radiochemical studies have shown that houseflies can convert the four common isomers of benzene hexachloride into water‐soluble metabolites which are excreted. α‐ and γ‐isomers are most readily metabolized, δ‐less and (β‐still less so. Both normal and resistant flies can metabolize benzene hexachloride although the resistant strain brings about the change more rapidly. Resistant flies also absorb less benzene hexachloride than normal ones, and the combined effect of reduced pick‐up and increased decomposition rate is to reduce the γ‐benzene hexachloride in a resistant fly to one‐quarter of that in a normal one four hours after a 15‐minute exposure to the vapour. It is concluded that both properties are contributory to the resistance of the flies to poisoning by γ‐benzene hexachloride.
Role of pH in the canning of jack fruit (artocarpus integrifolia): Effect of adding acid or other fruits to the canned product
Authors: Bhatia B. S. , Siddappa G. S. , Lal Girdhari
Published: November 2006

In the canning of jack fruit, pH plays an important part. Addition of 0·75 to 1% citric acid to the canning syrup has been found necessary for safe processing in boiling water. Canning of jack fruit in combination with more acidic fruits like Bangalora mango and pineapple achieves the same purpose and provides acceptable products.
Physico‐chemical studies on the application of insecticides to sheep fleece. VIII.—Reactions between Natural Fleece and Anionic Wetting Agents
Authors: Addison C. C. , Furmidge C. G. L.
Published: November 2006

The paper describes variations in the interfacial activity of aqueous solutions of anionic wetting agents which occur on addition of natural fleece. The results are compared with those already described for cationic wetting agents. The influence of concentration, chain length and positive ion of the anionic compound, and time of immersion of the fleece, has been studied. Differences between anionic and cationic systems can be attributed mainly to the greater solubility of the long‐chain complex C+A‐ formed by reaction between the soluble constituents of suint and the wetting agent.
Studies on composts prepared from waste materials. III.—Nitrification in Soil
Authors: Mattingly G. E. G.
Published: November 2006

1. The mean proportion of nitrogen in 23 samples (representing 18 different composts) that nitrified in soil in 5 and 13 weeks was found to be 9.3 and 10.6% of the total nitrogen; this difference was not statistically significant.

2. The amount of nitrogen in composts that nitrified in soil in 5 and 13 weeks correlated significantly with the amount of organic plus inorganic nitrogen in the composts that was soluble in cold O.IN‐hydrochloric acid.

3. The percentage of the total nitrogen that nitrified in soil in 13 weeks was closely correlated with the nitrogen content of the organic matter in the compost for composts prepared from similar materials (sewage sludge and straw). There was no similar correlation, however, for composts from different materials (sewage sludge and town's refuse, coir fibre, cotton‐waste, etc.).
COMPOSITIONAL CHANGES IN ZAGLOUL DATES THROUGHOUT THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF MATURITY
Authors: Ashmawi Hassan , Aref Hussein , Hussein Abd El Aziz
Published: November 2006

The maturation period of Zagloul dates, representing the red‐type of fresh dates, was classified into four stages: ‘green’, ‘turning’, ‘fully coloured’ and ‘discoloured’ instead of the three stages designated by the Mesopotamian native terms of ‘Kimri’, ‘Khalal’, and ‘Rutab’. Analyses of dates during the maturation period are presented, from which it is seen that total sugars increased up to the ‘full coloured’ (edible) stage and thereafter decreased. Changes in the other constituents are briefly discussed.
Recent advances in the determination of phosphate in fertilizers
Authors: Donald R. , Schwehr E. W. , Wilson H. N.
Published: November 2006

Existing statutory methods for the determination of phosphate in fertilizers are discussed and their defects pointed out. Four recent methods which have been in constant use are described in detail and the standard deviations indicated. The respective advantages of these methods in the laboratory and their comparative costs per determination are discussed. These methods are recommended for consideration as standard methods.
The influence of dietary carotene on the mortality pattern of fowl with some observations on the influence of condensed fish solubles
Authors: Coles R. , Gordon R. F. , Chubb L. G. , Cumber F.
Published: November 2006

An investigation was carried out on the incidence of mortality from avitaminosis‐A and the depression in egg production consequent upon feeding laying stock with vitamin‐A‐deficient rations, using stock known to be susceptible to fowl paralysis and avian leucosis and in which the death rate from these diseases was high. This was decided upon as there have been many cases recorded where the liver of birds succumbing to these diseases has contained amounts of vitamin A greatly below normal, and the suggestion has been made that a low level of dietary vitamin A might promote increased mortality from these diseases.

No consistent correlation was found between deficiencies of dietary vitamin A and the incidence of paralysis and avian leucosis. With low levels of carotene (500 i.u. of vitamin A/lb.) a marked death rate from avitaminosis‐A did not occur until 5 to 8 months after feeding the deficient diet which was begun at the 31/2‐month‐old stage. Egg production showed an initial delay of between 4 and 6 weeks, but a marked depression was not manifest until well into the season. Increase of mortality from avitaminosis‐A and further depression of egg production occurred when a vitamin‐A‐deficient diet was supplemented with fish solubles, but this was not apparent with diets having high levels of vitamin A. It is tentatively suggested that the destruction of vitamin A by animal protein may be caused by some factor in the water‐soluble part of animal protein.
Contra‐flow drying of beds of wheat
Authors: O'Callaghan J. R.
Published: November 2006

Discussion of previous work suggests that the contra‐flow principle is suitable for efficient through‐air‐drying of beds of wheat. A design method, based on parameters reported for the drying of single‐grain layers of wheat, is proposed and experimentally verified to forecast the performance of a contra‐flow wheat dryer. This method is used to show the effects of the major variables on the performance of such a dryer.
Nutritive value of leaf protein concentrates. I.—Effect of addition of cholesterol and amino‐acids
Authors: Cowlishaw S. J. , Eyles D. E. , Raymond W. F. , Tilley J. M. A.
Published: November 2006

The value of leaf protein concentrates as supplements to cereal diets for chicks has been studied using the ‘gross protein value’ technique. Protein concentrates from different crops have been found to vary widely in nutritive value, but have in all cases been inferior to casein. Concentrates from lucerne contained a factor depressing chick growth, the effect of which was counteracted by adding cholesterol to the diets. This factor was not found in concentrates from Italian ryegrass or white clover. The addition of lysine increased the value of diets containing leaf protein concentrates, possibly because the lysine present in the latter was partly unavailable through low digestibility of the proteins or chemical combination.
Nutritive value of leaf protein concentrates. II.
Authors: Cowlishaw S. J. , Eyles D. E. , Raymond W. F. , Tilley J. M. A.
Published: November 2006

Leaf protein concentrates were treated in various ways in an attempt to improve their nutritive value, as measured by the “gross protein value” technique with chicks. Washing with hot water improved the value of some lucerne concentrates by removing a water‐soluble toxic factor. No appreciable improvement was obtained by: (a) varying pH of precipitation of curd, (b) different methods of drying the wet curd, or (c) solvent extraction of pigments, waxes, etc. Dried whole juice and alkali‐soluble protein had low nutritive values. The leaf protein concentrates differ considerably in “gross protein value”, but all are inferior to the better animal protein concentrates.
The diffusion of ethylene dibromide vapour in air
Authors: Call F.
Published: November 2006

The diffusion coefficient of ethylene dibromide vapour in air has been measured at different temperatures. The effect on the coefficient of varying the relative humidity and carbon dioxide content of the air has been investigated also.
The destruction of vitamin e in flour by chlorine dioxide
Authors: Moore T. , Sharman I. M. , Ward R. J.
Published: November 2006

Chemical estimations of the tocopherols present in wheaten flours treated with chlorine dioxide, or untreated, have been made by a method which allows the separation of the different forms of the vitamin. The chlorine dioxide caused almost complete destruction of each of the tocopherols. Biological tests demonstrated that untreated flour, when included as the main component of the diet of rats, contains enough tocopherol to satisfy their requirements. Rats developed various signs of avitaminosis E, however, when they were given a similar diet containing flour which had been treated with chlorine dioxide. Enough tocopherol survived during the baking of bread from untreated flour to suffice the requirements of rats. Improvement with potassium bromate or ascorbic acid did not appear to decrease the tocopherol content of bread, but some destruction was caused by the aeration process of breadmaking.
The digestibility by adult fowls of wheat fine middlings, maize germ meal, maize gluten feed, soya‐bean meal and groundnut meal
Authors: Bolton W.
Published: November 2006

The digestibility coefficients for the various carbohydrate fractions in wheat fine middlings, maize germ meal, maize gluten feed, soya‐bean meal and groundnut meal were determined. These fractions included the conventional nitrogen‐free extractives and crude fibre, and also sugar, starch, pentosan, cellulose and lignin. Sugar and starch were completely digested, cellulose and lignin were indigestible whilst the digestibility coefficient of the pentosan varied from 5.6 in maize germ meal to 36·5 in wheat fine middlings.
Metallic components of fruit juices. I.—Copper as a factor affecting sedimentation in bottled apple juices
Authors: Kieser Margaret E. , Pollard A. , Timberlake C. F.
Published: November 2006

Storage deposits in bottled pasteurized apple juices have been found to consist mainly of degraded juice phenolic compounds, protein material and ash components. The presence of copper in low concentrations promotes sedimentation and leads to the formation of deposits of high copper content: the effect of copper is partly inhibited by the presence of sulphur dioxide. Of the other metals tested only tin was found to increase sedimentation and to appear in significant amounts in the deposits. Studies of juice components in isolated systems suggest that the presence of copper is a main factor in deposit formation and that copper catalyses the degradation of juice phenolic substances, particularly of leucoanthocyanins and epi‐catechin, leading to their precipitation. A comparison is drawn between the storage deposits of apple juices and the non‐biological hazes of beer.
The use of tetrazolium salts for assessing the quality of iced white fish
Authors: Shewan J. M. , Liston J.
Published: November 2006

The use is described of the reagent 2‐p‐iodophenyl‐3‐p‐nitrophenyl‐5‐phenyltetrazolium chloride in a colorimetric method of assessing the quality of iced fish. The results are compared with those obtained from organoleptic examination, viable bacterial counts and the contents of trimethylamine and volatile bases.
A method for the microestimation of the nitrates in plant tissue and soil extracts
Authors: Murphy Roderick P.
Published: November 2006

A method for the accurate estimation of nitrates in plant and soil extracts is described in which the nitrate is reduced to ammonia and the ammonia estimated by the Conway microdiffusion technique. This technique has been shown to compare favourably with the phenoldisulphonic acid method. In cases in which nitrate was added to both plant and soil extracts the added nitrate was completely recovered. The time required for the reduction was approximately 60 min. and the amount of alloy desirable was 0.2 g. for amounts of nitrate of the order of 10 μg. per 1 ml. of extract.
The expressible fluid of fish fillets. V.—Cell damage in fillets frozen from one side: The general picture
Authors: Love R. M.
Published: November 2006

Cell damage, as measured by the escape of deoxypentose nucleic acid (DNA) into the intercellular spaces, was studied in cod fillets frozen from one side at different speeds. Three distinct types of damage were revealed by peaks in the DNA/freezing time curves, at freezing times of about 27, 75 and greater than 125 minutes. Microphotographs of the muscle frozen in about 75 minutes showed that at this rate of freezing the changeover from intra‐ to extra‐cellular freezing was occurring. In fillets frozen from both sides it had previously been found that these conditions gave rise to much DNA escape. The other two types of damage are to be discussed later.
Animal fats. VII.—The component acids of fats from mouse, porcupine and rabbit
Authors: Gunstone F. D. , Russell W. C.
Published: November 2006

Information concerning rodent fats is extended to the component acids of mouse, porcupine and rabbit fats. Whereas mouse and rabbit fat accord with the general features of rodent fat composition, porcupine fat differs from the general pattern in several respects.
Tannins—their occurrence and significance
Authors: White Theodore
Published: November 2006

The extent to which tannin extract production is itself an agricultural operation is indicated and the distribution of tannins in the plant kingdom discussed. Present knowledge of the nature of the tannins is summarized and illustrated, by reference to specific extracts. The problem of the biological origin and function of tannins is discussed, particular reference being made to the effect of these substances on viruses. Brief mention is made of the effect of tannins on soils which they may disperse or aggregate to a marked extent.
Studies in fungitoxicity I.—Fungitoxicity of certain carbocyanines
Authors: Pianka M. , Hall J. C.
Published: November 2006

Thirty‐five carbocyanines were examined for fungitoxicity and some were found to be active. This newly found biological property was limited to carbocyanines of a fairly low molecular weight, and was dependent on the heterocyclic base or bases from which the carbocyanine was derived. Alkyl substituents enhanced the fungitoxicity of the dyes irrespective of their position. Tests with some dyes showed that these penetrated to the protoplasts of the spores, staining them irreversibly.
Systemic action of captan against Botrytis fabae (chocolate spot of broad bean)
Authors: Napier Eunice J. , Rhode A. , Turner Dorothy I. , Tootill J. , Dunn A.
Published: November 2006

The control of Botrytis fabae (chocolate spot of broad bean) effected by foliage and root applications of captan were examined. Captan applied to the dorsal surfaces only of leaves protected the ventral surfaces of the same leaves and also leaves both above and below the foliage to which it had been applied. These systemic antifungal effects showed marked persistence. When watered on to the roots, captan gave indications of a similar systemic protection of the foliage against the same pathogen.

A nomogram is provided to facilitate calculation of fiducial limits from a population of different variance.
The availability of soil phosphate. IV.—the effect of nitrogen on the utilization of phosphate by Italian ryegrass
Authors: Yuen S. H. , Pollard A. G.
Published: November 2006

In pot and solution culture experiments with Italian ryegrass and oats and laboratory studies of soil, using Harlington medium loam and Buxted silty clay loam, repeated application of nitrogen as compared with a single addition was found significantly to promote the uptake of added fertilizer phosphate, but not that of difficultly‐soluble native phosphate, by ryegrass.

In the very acid Buxted soil (pH 4.9), repeated use of physiologically basic nitrogen (NaNO3 and KNO3) more effectively increased the uptake of both native and added phosphates by ryegrass than did the physiologically acid nitrogen [(NH4)2SO4 and NH4C1]. In these cases the uptake of phosphate was positively related to that of nitrogen. The effect of nitrogen fertilizers in the slightly acid soil (pH 6.4) chiefly depended on their influence on soil pH, the uptake of phosphate being favoured by those increasing soil acidity.

Comparison of various phosphate compounds containing ammonia showed that their efficiency in relation to the utilization of phosphate by ryegrass was closely associated with the ammonia content as well as with the uptake of nitrogen.

Repeated addition of physiologically acid nitrogen decreased the acid‐extractable phosphate but increased the phosphate‐fixing capacity in the slightly acid soil, while physiologically basic nitrogen behaved in the reverse manner. None of the nitrogen treatments appreciably affected either the acid‐extractable phosphate or fixing capacity in the very acid soil, which had a low phosphate status and high fixing capacity.

Results of solution culture with oat seedlings showed increased absorption of phosphate at pH 5.5–6.2 with maximum at pH 5.8–6.0. The intake of phosphate decreased sharply beyond the pH range 4.0–6.2.
An accelerated storage test for dehydrated vegetables
Authors: Gooding E. G. B. , Duckworth R. B.
Published: November 2006

When dehydrated vegetables are stored at high temperatures (e.g. in the tropics) they eventually become unacceptable, in most cases because of the development of brown pigments. Testing for ‘tropical’ storage life is usually carried out at 37°, but preliminary tests on a number of different dehydrated vegetables suggested that the deterioration of culinary qualities (colour, flavour and texture) occurring in a certain number of days at 55° was approximately the same as that occurring in the same number of months at 37°. Further experiments on dehydrated potato have confirmed that there is a close correlation between the extent of browning developed under these two sets of conditions.