bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
γδ T cell migration: Separating trafficking from surveillance behaviors at barrier surfaces
Authors: Fischer Matthew A. , Golovchenko Natasha B. , Edelblum Karen L.
Published: September 2020

γδ T cells are found in highest numbers at barrier surfaces throughout the body, including the skin, intestine, lung, gingiva, and uterus. Under homeostatic conditions, γδ T cells provide immune surveillance of the epidermis, intestinal, and oral mucosa, whereas the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in the dermis or lungs elicits a robust γδ17 response to clear the infection. Although T cell migration is most frequently defined in the context of trafficking, analysis of specific migratory behaviors of lymphocytes within the tissue microenvironment can provide valuable insight into their function. Intravital imaging and computational analyses have been used to define “search” behavior associated with conventional αβ T cells; however, based on the known role of γδ T cells as immune sentinels at barrier surfaces and their TCR‐independent functions, we put forth the need to classify distinct migratory patterns that reflect the surveillance capacity of these unconventional lymphocytes. This review will focus on how γδ T cells traffic to various barrier surfaces and how recent investigation into their migratory behavior has provided unique insight into the contribution of γδ T cells to barrier immunity.
Developments and trends in agriculture in Yorkshire
Authors: Mosdell K. B.
Published: September 2020

The paper focuses on dairying and describes how the diverse topography, soils and climate of the county have tended to concentrate milk production in the western parts. The social, economic and physical trends that have occurred since 1974 are examined and this reveals the fundamental changes which have occurred and are still occurring, in such a short space of time. The particular problems facing Yorkshire dairy farms are pinpointed and it is evident that the industry is experiencing a difficult phase, with barely adequate returns that do not permit the level of investment required to bring about necessary modernization. However, dairying in Yorkshire is a vigorous and resourceful industry which has changed much in the recent past and is capable of continuing change and improvement given the right incentives.
Current dairy research activity
Authors: Rook J. A. F.
Published: September 2020

Current research into milk use at the National Institute for Research in Dairying and the Hannah Research Institute is reviewed against the background of the dairy industry's need to expand the markets for milk and its products. The importance of good contacts between industry and the research service is emphasized and the need to establish closer working links is identified.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF POLY(ALLYL DIGLYCOL CARBONATE) (CR‐39) FOR LOW‐DOSE SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET DOSIMETRY
Authors: Sydenham M. M. , Collins M. J. , Hirst L. W.
Published: September 2020

The suitability of CR‐39 (poly[allyl diglycol carbonate]) for low‐dose solar UV ocular dosimetry was investigated and compared with polysulfone film. The CR‐39 was sourced from two suppliers and cut into individual dosimeters and contact lenses. All CR‐39 and polysulfone dosimeters were exposed to sunlight (0‐9 minimal erythemal dose). After exposure, CR‐39 dosimeters were etched in 6 M and 8 M KOH (potassium hydroxide) at 80°C to reveal UV‐induced front surface opacities that were quantified by spectrophotometric transmittance measurements at 400 nm and 720 nm. Post‐exposed polysulfone dosimeters were analyzed for change in absorbance by spectrophotometry at 330 nm. The CR‐39, in the form of individual dosimeters and as contact lenses, was not capable of accurate dose assessment for the dose range considered. On the other hand, polysulfone was found to be a reliable dosimeter over the same dose range.
‘Females Don’t Need to be Reluctant’: Employing Design Thinking to Harness Creative Confidence and Interest in STEAM
Authors: Kijima Rie , Sun Kathy Liu
Published: September 2020

There is great gender gap in mathematics and science among countries around the world, but the gender gap is one of the largest in Japan. In order to address this issue, we evaluated an educational intervention to empower the next generation of female youths by employing design thinking to ignite their interests in Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Mathematics (STEAM) fields. In this article, we explain the rationale for the intervention, describe the unique three‐day curriculum employing design thinking, and share the results from the intervention. There are four key findings of our study. After participating in the workshop, the middle school female students showed greater interest in STEAM fields, demonstrated increased levels of creative confidence, cultivated a greater sense of empathy for others, and exhibited greater appreciation for collaboration. This study highlights the possibilities and opportunities for using design thinking to encourage female youths to become more interested in STEAM fields.
Mediocremonas mediterraneus, a New Member within the Developea
Authors: Weiler Bradley A. , Sà Elisabet L. , Sieracki Michael E. , Massana Ramon , del Campo Javier
Published: September 2020

The stramenopiles are a large and diverse group of eukaryotes that possess various lifestyles required to thrive in a broad array of environments. The stramenopiles branch with the alveolates, rhizarians, and telonemids, forming the supergroup TSAR. Here, we present a new genus and species of aquatic nanoflagellated stramenopile: Mediocremonas mediterraneus, a free‐swimming heterotrophic predator. M. mediterraneus cell bodies measure between 2.0–4.0 μm in length and 1.2–3.7 μm in width, possessing two flagella and an oval body morphology. The growth and grazing rate of M. mediterraneus in batch cultures ranges from 0.68 to 1.83 d−1 and 1.99 to 5.38 bacteria/h, respectively. M. mediterraneus was found to be 93.9% phylogenetically similar with Developayella elegans and 94.7% with Develorapax marinus, two members within the class Developea. The phylogenetic position of the Developea and the ability of M. mediterraneus to remain in culture make it a good candidate for further genomic studies that could help us to better understand phagotrophy in marine systems as well as the transition from heterotrophy to phototrophy within the stramenopiles.
Fish size effect on sagittal otolith outer shape variability in round gobyNeogobius melanostomus(Pallas 1814)
Authors: Więcaszek Beata , Nowosielski Adam , Dąbrowski Jarosław , Górecka Klaudia , Keszka Sławomir , Strzelczak Agnieszka
Published: September 2020

Round gobyNeogobius melanostomus(Pallas 1814) has become a significant component in the diet of piscivorous fish from the Pomeranian Bay (Bornholm Basin, Baltic Sea). Proper identification of fish species in the diet of predators is significant in biological studies of fish and other aquatic animal species, and, with regard toN. melanostomus, it is important to the knowledge of trophic web structures in areas this species has invaded. A total of 142 individuals ofN. melanostomus, measuring 16–174 mm standard length, were examined. Seventy‐two fishes were caught during monitoring surveys in fishing grounds, whereas 70 were found in the stomachs of European perchPerca fluviatilis, pike‐perchSander luciopercaand Baltic codGadus morhua. The objective of the present study was to analyse the sagittal otoliths to identify variations in outer shape with increases in fish length; expand and correct descriptions of the sagitta, lapillus and asteriscus otoliths; and evaluate the relationships among otolith dimensions and fish standard length. The otoliths were described morphologically. The analysis of the outer shape of sagittal otoliths using Fourier analysis and multivariate statistics exhibited great phenotypic variability that was associated with fish length, including within pairs in individuals and/or among individuals in length classes. In addition, the asterisci and lapilli ofN. melanostomusfrom selected specimens, which were described for the first time with regard to fish length, were found to be less variable compared to sagittal otoliths. This study presents the first analysis of intrapopulation phenotypic plasticity ofN. melanostomussagittal otolith morphology as it is linked to fish size.
An outbreak of visceral white nodules disease caused by Pseudomonas plecoglossicida at a water temperature of 12°C in cultured large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) in China
Authors: Li Chengwei , Wang Shenglan , Ren Qiulei , He Tianliang , Chen Xinhua
Published: September 2020

Visceral white nodules disease (VWND) caused by Pseudomonas plecoglossicida is a common disease in cage‐farmed large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) in China. VWND usually occurred at water temperature of 16–19℃, resulting in high mortality in farmed large yellow croaker. Now, P. plecoglossicida as its pathogen has been considered nonpathogenic at 7–12℃. During February 2019, an infectious disease outbreak was observed in cage‐farmed large yellow croaker at a water temperature of 12℃ in Ningde, China. This disease is characterized by white granulomatous lesions in internal organs of the diseased fish, which was similar with the symptoms of the VWND in large yellow croaker. Then, we isolated a bacterial strain named PQLYC4 from visceral lesions of the diseased fish. The experimental infection studies demonstrated that the strain PQLYC4 was the pathogen of the disease, which was further identified as P. plecoglossicida by the analysis of morphology, 16s rRNA gene homology and average nucleotide identity based on the whole genome sequence. Our results revealed that P. plecoglossicida strain PQLYC4 could cause the outbreak of the VWND at 12℃, a water temperature lower than that reported previously, thus providing new knowledges of prevalence and prevention of the VWND in large yellow croaker.
Review of novel human β‐coronavirus (2019‐nCoV or SARS‐CoV‐2) from the food industry perspective—Food plant health principles
Authors: Goli Mohammad
Published: September 2020

Coronaviruses, enveloped non‐segmented positive‐sense RNA viruses, distinguished in the mid‐60s can infect humans and a variety of birds and mammals. The purpose of this study was to review these coronaviruses, especially SARS (because of its very similar gene sequence to the 2019‐nCoV or SARS‐CoV‐2), from the perspective of observing the food plant health principles including observing the personal hygiene principles, that is, identification and prevention of workers suspected of carrying COVID‐19 in the food production lines, implementation of the hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP), good manufacturing practice (GMP), and good hygienic practice (GHP) principles from farm to table; utilizing the appropriate chemical sanitizers, that is, incorporation of copper alloy surfaces in conjunction with effective cleaning regimens; use of food plant surface and cleaning‐in‐place‐program sanitizers; utilizing the different light spectrums, that is, Surface sanitizing with UVC light or surface sanitizing with methylene blue in conjunction with visible light in food production lines; and providing unfavorable environmental conditions for coronavirus survival (minimum heat treatment, for example, low temperature long time and greater for liquid food products, pH ≤3, minimum‐storage relative‐humidity). Considering these aspects during times and times and places of with the high prevalence of β‐coronavirus (2019‐nCoV or SARS‐CoV‐2) will be essential for preventing further outbreaks at the community level.
Sexual Passion and Attachment: Sexual Passion Style as a Mediator between Attachment Insecurity and Sexual Satisfaction in Committed Relationships
Authors: Valdez Chanae M. , Leonhardt Nathan D. , Busby Dean M.
Published: September 2020

Attachment insecurity is negatively linked to sexual satisfaction in committed relationships, but we have much to learn about the specific mechanisms underlying this connection. With a sample of 1,421 participants from Amazon’s Mechanical Turk, we used structural equation modeling to explore whether sexual passion expression (harmonious, obsessive, inhibited) might mediate the association between insecure attachment (anxious and avoidant) and sexual satisfaction. Anxious attachment was linked to lower harmonious sexual passion, higher obsessive sexual passion, and higher inhibited sexual passion. Attachment avoidance was linked to lower harmonious sexual passion and higher inhibited sexual passion. Harmonious sexual passion was strongly linked to higher sexual satisfaction, and inhibited sexual passion was negatively linked to sexual satisfaction (for men). Sexual passion expression variables fully mediated the associations between attachment insecurity and sexual satisfaction. This study highlights that the expression of sexual passion may be important when considering the connection between attachment and sexual satisfaction.
Serological survey and DNA screening of Leptospira spp. in free‐living adult tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella nigritus) in a forest reserve Southeast São Paulo State, Brazil
Authors: Girio Raul José Silva , de Andrade‐Cruvinel Tatiana Morosini , Vasconcellos Silvio Arruda , Repetti Cláudia Sampaio Fonseca , Friolani Milena , Bueno Patrícia Cincotto dos Santos , Felix Marcílio , Teixeira Daniel De Bortoli
Published: September 2020

Background

Leptospirosis is an important anthropozoonosis. The study investigated the presence of anti‐Leptospira antibodies and detection of Leptospira spp DNA in the urine as well as the biochemical profile in Neotropical wild primates living in a forest reserve from Southeast São Paulo State, Brazil.

Methods

Blood samples were obtained from 50 adult tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella nigritus). Urine samples were obtained only from male primates. The screening for antibodies against Leptospira spp was evaluated by microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Leptospira DNA in the urine was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) considering the target gene LipL32. Biochemical profile was evaluated by using a spectrophotometer.

Results

The MAT results included 39 (78%) serum reactive animals with the proportions of 28/39 males and 11/39 females. The most frequent reactive serogroups were Icterohemorrhagiae, Canicola, and Autumnalis. All urine samples were negative for leptospiral DNA. There were no significant differences between sexes for aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase values, but alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine, glucose, and urea were significantly higher in males.

Conclusions

Tufted capuchin monkeys were sera reactive against leptospirosis. Prevalence was similar for the 2 sexes. Leptospiral DNA was not detected in the urine of sera reactive primates tested by the MAT method. ALT, creatinine, glucose, and urea values were higher in male animals.
Preschool oral health‐related quality of life: A practical guide to measurement tools
Authors: Culler Corinna S. , Gunarajasingam Duwaraka , Henshaw Michelle M.
Published: September 2020

Objective

The purpose of this paper is to describe currently available measurement tools for assessing oral health‐related quality of life (OHQoL) in preschool aged children to aid clinicians and researchers in selection of the appropriate tool for their needs.

Methods

The authors describe and compare eight OHRQoL tools that were created or adapted for use among preschoolers, including the Child Oral Health Impact Profile–Preschool, Dental Discomfort Questionnaire, Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale, Michigan‐OHRQoL, Parental‐Caregiver Perceptions Questionnaire and Family Impact Scale, Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory–Oral Health Scale, Pediatric Oral Health‐Related Quality of Life, and Scale of Oral Health Outcomes for 5‐year‐old children.

Results

The tools vary by their intended target population, oral condition of interest, intended setting for use, and method of administration. They also vary in the number of items or questions included and the domains covered by those items. Unique features and strengths of each are highlighted.

Conclusion

A variety of tools exist for measuring OHQoL in preschoolers, this article provides an overview that can facilitate selection for specific intended uses.
Examining the Impact of Personal Factors on Scores on the Self‐Determination Inventory: Adult Report in Adults with Disabilities
Authors: Hagiwara Mayumi , Shogren Karrie A. , Rifenbark Graham G.
Published: September 2020

Background

Self‐determination develops across the life course and plays an important role in the lives of people with disabilities throughout childhood, adolescence, and into adulthood. Self‐determination is also assumed to be an enduring characteristic which can be meaningfully assessed over time with development. Further, researchers have consistently found that personal factors, such as age, gender, race/ethnicity, and disability status may impact the development and expression of self‐determination for people with disabilities. Recently, the Self‐Determination Inventory: Adult Report (SDI:AR), a self‐report measure, was developed to assess self‐determination for adults with and without disabilities ages 18 and over. However, there has not been any comprehensive studies examining the impact of personal factors on self‐determination of adults with and without disabilities as measured by the SDI:AR. Such work will inform the impact of personal factors on self‐determination of adults with and without disabilities.

Specific Aims

The purpose of this study was to analyze data from the SDI:AR validation study to examine the impact of personal factors (age, gender, and disability label) on the expression of self‐determination in adults with and without disabilities.

Method

This study used multilevel linear models, and the sample included 541 adults with and without disabilities ages 18 and 71.

Findings

Results showed personal factors impacted overall self‐determination for adults with and without disabilities in complex ways. In general, adults without disabilities scored higher than adults with disabilities, especially adults with intellectual disability. Results also suggested that the SDI:AR could be a meaningful tool to measure adult self‐determination.

Discussion

Considering the significant yet complex impact on adult self‐determination, it is critical to provide supports and opportunities for self‐determination throughout adulthood by taking personal factors into account.
Serological markers of gluten sensitivity in Border terriers with gall bladder mucocoeles
Authors: Barker L. , Tivers M. S. , Kathrani A. , Allerton F. , Powell R. , Stam L. , Black V.
Published: September 2020

Objectives

To evaluate serological markers of gluten sensitivity in conjunction with cholecystokinin measurement in Border terriers with gall bladder mucocoeles.

Materials and Methods

Medical records from two referral hospitals were obtained between 2011 and 2019 to identify Border terriers with gall bladder mucocoeles, non‐Border terriers with gall bladder mucocoeles and control Border terriers with non‐biliary diseases. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays were performed on stored fasted serum samples for anti‐gliadin IgG, anti‐canine transglutaminase‐2‐IgA autoantibodies and cholecystokinin. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskall‐Wallis test to identify differences between the groups.

Results

Fifteen Border terriers with gall bladder mucocoeles, 17 non‐Border terriers with gall bladder mucocoeles and 14 control Border terriers with non‐biliary diseases were recruited. Median transglutaminase‐2‐IgA autoantibodies in Border terriers with gall bladder mucocoeles was 0.73 (range: 0.18 to 1.67), which was significantly greater than in control Border terriers at 0.41 (0.07 to 1.14). Median cholecystokinin concentration in Border terriers with gall bladder mucocoeles was 13 pg/mL (6 to 45 pg/mL), which was significantly lower than in control Border terriers at 103 pg/mL (9 to 397 pg/mL). There was no difference in the anti‐gliadin IgG between these groups. There was no difference observed in the non‐Border terriers with gall bladder mucocoeles with either of the other groups.

Clinical Significance

Reduced cholecystokinin and increased transglutaminase‐2‐IgA autoantibodies was detected in Border terriers with gall bladder mucocoeles; which is in part homologous to gall bladder disease identified in human coeliac disease. The results suggest an immunological disease with impaired cholecystokinin release may be affecting gall bladder motility and possibly contributing to mucocoele formation in Border terriers.
Development and evaluation of a point-of-care test with a combination of EZ-Fast DNA extraction and real-time PCR and LAMP detection: evaluation using blood samples containing the bovine leukaemia DNA
Authors: Yamazaki Y. , Thongchankaew-Seo U. , Nagao K. , Mekata H. , Yamazaki W.
Published: September 2020

Along with progress in globalization of society, the spread of infectious diseases has accelerated worldwide. The deployment of highly sensitive genetic tests is essential for early diagnosis and early containment of potential outbreaks and epidemics, as well as routine surveillance, although tedious and expensive nucleic acid extraction steps represent a major drawback. Here we developed a simple and rapid DNA extraction method, named as an EZ-Fast kit, applicable to the field setting. The kit does not require advanced laboratory equipment or expensive DNA extraction kits and achieves crude DNA extraction within 10 min at extremely low cost and can easily be performed in field settings. When combined with real-time PCR and LAMP analyses, the performance of the POCT, using 183 bovine blood samples, was similar to that of the existing DNA extraction method: 92·5% (135/146) (real-time PCR) and 93·7% (133/142) (LAMP) diagnostic sensitivities, and 100% diagnostic specificities. The developed POCT provides a powerful tool to facilitate on-site diagnosis in a field setting.
Crosslinguistic Sharing of Morphological Awareness in Biliteracy Development: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Correlation Coefficients
Authors: Ke Sihui (Echo) , Miller Ryan T. , Zhang Dongbo , Koda Keiko
Published: September 2020

This study examined the crosslinguistic sharing of morphological awareness (MA) in biliteracy development. The analysis included 34 correlational studies with 41 independent samples (N = 4,104). Correlational coefficients were meta‐analyzed, yielding four main findings: (a) the correlation between first language (L1) and second language (L2) MA was small (r = .30); (b) the interlingual correlations between L1 MA and L2 word decoding and between L1 MA and L2 reading comprehension were both small (r = .35, .39, respectively); (c) the intralingual correlations between L2 MA and L2 word decoding and between L2 MA and L2 reading comprehension were both moderate (r = .46, .52, respectively); and (d) MA measurement type and age were significant moderators. Our review suggests that there is a need for future research to align the definition and measurement of MA.
Health related quality of life in chronic liver diseases
Authors: Cortesi Paolo A. , Conti Sara , Scalone Luciana , Jaffe Ariel , Ciaccio Antonio , Okolicsanyi Stefano , Rota Matteo , Fabris Luca , Colledan Michele , Fagiuoli Stefano , Belli Luca S. , Cesana Giancarlo , Strazzabosco Mario , Mantovani Lorenzo G.
Published: September 2020

Background & Aims

The impact of chronic liver diseases (CLDs) on health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) is relevant to understand the burden of these conditions and inform decision‐making processes related to their care. Studies simultaneously comparing the HRQoL of patients affected by the major CLDs to that of the general population are still lacking and are the subject of this study.

Methods

Using the EQ‐5D‐3L questionnaire, we analysed and compared HRQoL data from 2962 Italian patients affected by CLDs and forming a representative sample of the general Italian population (6800 individuals). Exploratory analyses were conducted to investigate the effects of each CLD on HRQoL, using the general population as reference and adjusting for possible confounders.

Results

Patients with CLDs (HBV, HCV, PSC, PBC, AIH, NAFLD/NASH) in the chronic hepatitis stage and with compensated cirrhosis (CC) showed HRQoL similar to the general population. However, AIH were more likely to report problems in self‐care and lower EQ‐5D VAS score, while NAFLD/NASH and HCV showed an increased risk of anxiety/depression. On the other hand, with progression to more advanced stages of liver disease (DC or HCC), HRQoL decreased significantly with higher risk of reporting problems in the physical domains, and significant reductions in the VAS and utility index scores.

Conclusions

Different subtypes of CLD affected different QoL domains. This study therefore provides a real estimate of the impact of CLDs on patients’ HRQoL, and represents a much needed tool to inform decision‐making while assessing the effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of the care of these patients.
Sulfane Sulfur is an intrinsic signal activating MexR‐regulated antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Xuan Guanhua , Lü Chuanjuan , Xu Huangwei , Chen Zhigang , Li Kai , Liu Honglei , Liu Huaiwei , Xia Yongzhen , Xun Luying
Published: September 2020

Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, an opportunistic human pathogen, deploys several strategies to resist antibiotics. It uses multidrug efflux pumps, including the MexAB‐OprM pump, for antibiotic resistance, and it also produces hydrogen sulfide (H2S) that provides some defense against antibiotics. MexR functions as a transcriptional repressor of the mexAB‐oprM operon. MexR responds to oxidative stresses caused by antibiotic exposure, and it also displays a growth phase‐dependent derepression of the mexAB‐oprM operon. However, the intrinsic inducer has not been identified. Here, we report that P. aeruginosa PAO1 produced sulfane sulfur, including glutathione persulfide and inorganic polysulfide, produced from either H2S oxidation or from L‐cysteine metabolism. Sulfane sulfur directly reacted with MexR, forming di‐ and trisulfide cross‐links between two Cys residues, to derepress the mexAB‐oprM operon. Levels of cellular sulfane sulfur and mexAB‐oprM expression varied during growth, and both reached the maximum during the stationary phase of growth. Thus, self‐produced H2S and sulfane sulfur may facilitate antibiotic resistance via inducing the expression of antibiotic resistance genes.
A Study of Erich Przywara’s Engagement with National Socialism: A Critical Response to “Historical Criticism”
Authors: Betz John R.
Published: September 2020

Until recently little attention has been paid to Erich Przywara’s engagement with National Socialism, and understandably so. Subject both to the terms of the Reichskonkordat of 1933 and the censors of the National Socialist regime, Przywara’s own voice and opinions about the regime were effectively stifled, if not completely silenced. In recent years, however, one American scholar, Paul Peterson, has taken Przywara’s muted voice and lack of overt resistance to the regime as a sign of “collaboration” with it. What is more, Peterson has accused Przywara, along with Karl Barth and Hans Urs von Balthasar, not only of fascist sympathies, but also of anti‐Semitism. It is shown here, however, not only that Peterson’s conclusions with regard to Przywara are mistaken, but that they seriously misrepresent Przywara’s thought and unjustly impugn his character. The first point of this article, accordingly, is to defend Przywara against Peterson’s charges, specifically, that of his supposed fascist sympathy with the National‐Socialist regime, just as I defended Przywara in an earlier article against the charge of anti‐Semitism. The positive point of this article (and the preceding), however, which Peterson’s scholarship has fortunately occasioned, is to clarify Przywara’s actual cultural and political views, and thereby contribute to a more adequate understanding of his role in twentieth‐century theology—not just as a respected Catholic metaphysician and philosopher of religion, but as a pioneer of Catholic dialogue with the modern world.
Community nurses and chronic disease in Israel: Professional dominance as a social justice issue
Authors: Nissanholtz–Gannot Rachel , Shapiro Ephraim
Published: September 2020

Chronic diseases are major causes of health inequalities. Community nurses can potentially make large contributions to chronic illness prevention and management in Israel but may be obstructed by professional dominance of physicians. However, insufficient research exists about community nursing in Israel, and how it may differ from other countries. This study aims to document chronic disease‐related community nursing roles in Israel, identify changes and trends in community nursing roles that may increase social justice, and understand how the roles and trends in community health nursing in Israel may differ from developments in other countries. In‐depth interviews were performed with 55 Israeli health system professionals, and 692 nurse care‐givers were asked open‐ended questions. Interview answers were analyzed to find themes and trends. The study found that community nurse roles in Israel have expanded, especially for chronic disease control. Commonalities exist with countries such as the United States and the UK, albeit with important differences. However, continued conflicts with physicians exist, which can limit nurses' contributions to reducing health inequalities. Community nurses' importance is growing. Enabling them to overcome professional dominance and improve chronic disease control can help reduce health inequalities in Israel and elsewhere.
Preliminary development and validation of the Patient‐Physician Relationship Scale for physicians for disorders of gut‐brain interaction
Authors: Feingold Jordyn H. , Drossman Douglas A. , Chey William , Kurlander Jacob E. , Morris Carolyn B. , Bangdiwala Shrikant , Keefer Laurie
Published: September 2020

Background

An effective patient‐physician relationship (PPR) is essential to the care of patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). After developing a PPR questionnaire for patients, we sought to develop and validate an IBS‐specific instrument to measure physician expectations of the PPR.

Methods

We conducted focus groups about PPRs among 15 clinicians who treat patients with IBS from community and academic centers. Qualitative analysis was used to generate the Patient‐Physician Relationship Scale ‐Physician

Results

The PPRS‐Physician contained 35 questions pertaining to interpersonal and psychosocial features considered desirable or undesirable in a relationship with IBS patients. 1113 physicians (22%) completed the survey. Physicians were predominantly middle‐aged (mean = 55.1 years), male (85.0%), white (74.5%), and practiced primarily within group settings (61.6%), with an average of 25.7% of their patients having IBS. Factor analysis revealed three relevant factors: interfering attributes, positive attributes, and personal connection. The scale ranged from possible 0 to 100 (mean = 83.8; SD = 8.38). Cronbach's alpha reliability measure of the scale was 0.938, indicating high internal consistency. There was a significant moderate, positive correlation between JSPE and the PPRS (P < 0.001, r = 0.488), establishing concurrent validity.

Conclusions

We describe the development and validation of the first questionnaire to measure physician expectations of the PPR. This instrument can be used clinically, and for future studies on physician communication.
Updates on diagnostic modalities for esophageal dysphagia
Authors: Lazarescu Adriana , Chan Walter W. , Gyawali C. Prakash , Lee Yeong Yeh , Xiao Yinglian , Wu Peter
Published: September 2020

Esophageal dysphagia is a common symptom in adults. Fluoroscopic contrast studies, endoscopy, and esophageal manometry have been used in the diagnosis of esophageal dysphagia for many years. The diagnostic yield has been improved with new test protocols that highlight abnormal bolus transit in the esophagus and outflow obstruction, as well as new high‐definition and high‐resolution technical advances in equipment. Functional luminal impedance planimetry and the addition of impedance to high‐resolution esophageal manometry have also allowed the assessment of new parameters to better understand esophageal structure and function. In this concise review, we describe the role and utility of various diagnostic modalities in the assessment of patients with esophageal dysphagia.
Fludarabine‐based reduced‐intensity conditioning regimen for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in pediatric patient with IL10 receptor deficiency
Authors: Kheder Maged , Behfar Maryam , Farajifard Hamid , Ali Tahani , Hkima Abou Fakher Faihaa , Hamidieh Amir Ali
Published: September 2020

IL‐10R deficiency results in severe immune dysregulation. Herein, we describe the successful treatment of a girl aged 6.8 years with IL10R deficiency by using RIC prior to HSCT from a matched unrelated donor. The regimen was well tolerated, the engraftment was completely attained. On a follow‐up of 7 months, the patient remained in good medical conditions with full donor chimerism. All complications before HSCT were completely resolved and her growth was accelerated. RIC regimen might be adequate to induce permanent engraftment and avoid severe organ toxicity in IL‐10R deficiency patients.
Temporal disease dynamics and relative importance of sexual and asexual reproduction of grape downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) in an isolated vineyard in the North Georgia Mountains, USA
Authors: Hong Cheng‐Fang , Brewer Marin T. , Brannen Phillip M. , Scherm Harald
Published: September 2020

The North Georgia Mountains are the southernmost region along the United States East Coast where European wine grapes (Vitis vinifera) are grown commercially. Epidemics of downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola, are frequent and severe, but little is known about the epidemiology and population biology of the pathogen in this region. Disease monitoring in an experimental vineyard from 2015 to 2017 indicated that times of disease onset and progress rates were highly variable across years and cultivars. Oospores were observed microscopically, and simulation with a process‐based model indicated presence of conditions favourable for oospore germination in the spring and early summer each year. A total of 409 P. viticola isolates collected over three  years were genotyped with seven microsatellite markers, revealing very high genotypic diversity, which when combined with the observation of oospores is indicative of a sexually reproducing population. Among the 409 isolates, 225 multilocus genotypes (MLGs) were identified, of which 164 were detected only once and 61 were repeated (clonal). Eight MLGs (represented by 28 isolates) were detected across years, suggesting the possibility of asexual overwintering of P. viticola in this region. Across sampling dates, the percentage of isolates belonging to nonrepeated (unique) MLGs ranged from 27.3% to 63.2%. Even towards the end of the annual epidemic, the percentage of isolates in nonrepeated MLGs was still relatively high, around 30%. These MLGs may have originated from oospores germinating late during the growing season, although incomplete sampling at earlier dates and contribution by immigration cannot be fully excluded.
Informative use of “not” is N400‐blind
Authors: Palaz Bilge , Rhodes Ryan , Hestvik Arild
Published: September 2020

While sentence processing is generally a highly incremental and predictive process, negation seems to present an exception to this generalization. Two‐step models of negation processing claim that predicate negation is computed only after the meaning of the core proposition has been computed. Several ERP studies eliciting the N400 (an index of semantic integration or lexical expectation) have found a “negation‐blind” pattern of N400 results, suggesting that the negation has not been integrated into the overall sentence meaning by the time the critical word for the N400 is encountered. Recent research, however, showed that the N400 was sensitive to the negation‐modulated truth value of the sentence when negation was pragmatically licensed. We investigate the possibility that negation‐blind N400 is due to under‐informativeness of stimuli in past experiments. We found that ERPs to simple class‐exclusion statements (“A hammer is not a bird”) still exhibit negation blindness, even when negation is presented in a more meaningful context. The current findings provide new support for late/non‐incremental interpretation of negation even when negation is pragmatically licensed.
Greater childhood cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with better top‐down cognitive control: A midfrontal theta oscillation study
Authors: Hsieh Shu‐Shih , Chueh Ting‐Yu , Morris Timothy P. , Kao Shih‐Chun , Westfall Daniel R. , Raine Lauren B. , Hopman Rachel J. , Pontifex Matthew B. , Castelli Darla M. , Kramer Arthur F. , Hillman Charles H.
Published: September 2020

The aim of the current study was to examine the association between cardiorespiratory fitness and electroencephalogram‐based neural oscillations, using midfrontal theta, during an inhibitory control task in children. One‐hundred seventy‐one school‐aged children (mean age = 8.9 ± 0.6 years; 46% girls) were recruited. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by a test of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2peak) while inhibitory control performance was measured via a modified flanker task with an electroencephalogram. Behavioral findings demonstrated that higher cardiorespiratory fitness was associated with higher response accuracy regardless of task difficulty as well as lower response variability during trials with lower cognitive demand. Neuroelectric outcomes revealed that higher cardiorespiratory fitness was correlated with smaller modulation of theta (4–7 Hz) oscillatory power regardless of task difficulty. Collectively, the current findings indicate that higher cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with better performance on a task that modulates inhibitory control, signified by higher, and more stable, task performance. More importantly, higher childhood cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with better top‐down control and cortical communication, as reflected by midfrontal theta. Such findings support the critical role of cardiorespiratory fitness in brain health during childhood.
Inflation and income distribution in Central America, Mexico, Panama, and the Dominican Republic
Authors: Garcimartín Carlos , Astudillo Jhonatan , Martínez André
Published: September 2020

Analyses of the impact of inflation on income distribution typically only consider the general inflation rate. However, when the consumption structure of households is shaped by its income level and inflation varies across goods and services, they are affected differently by inflation. The aim of this study is to contribute to the analysis of this effect in Central American countries (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica), Panama, Mexico, and the Dominican Republic (CAPMDR) for the period 2007–2018. According to our findings, there have been significant differences in the inflation rates faced by different income groups. By employing these percentile‐specific inflation rates, we have computed an “inflation‐corrected Gini index.” This adjustment is important because although inequality has been decreasing during past years in the countries in our sample, on average, about half of the gains observed using the standard Gini index are lost once the Gini indices are corrected for inflation, a clearly nonnegligible magnitude.
Acute metabolic responses after continuous or interval exercise in post‐menopausal women with overweight or obesity
Authors: Dupuit Marine , Boscaro Audrey , Bonnet Alban , Bouillon Patrice , Bruno Pereira , Morel Claire , Rance Mélanie , Boisseau Nathalie
Published: September 2020

This pilot study compared the effects of acute high‐intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) and moderate‐intensity continuous exercise (MICE) on post‐exercise VO2, fat utilization, and 24‐hours energy balance to understand the mechanism of higher fat mass reduction observed after high‐intensity interval training in post‐menopausal women with overweight/obesity. 12 fasted women (59.5 ± 5.8 years; BMI: 28.9 ± 3.9 kg·m−2) completed three isoenergetic cycling exercise sessions in a counterbalanced, randomized order: (a) MICE [35 minutes at 60%‐65% of peak heart rate, HRmax], (b) HIIE 1 [60 × (8‐s cycling‐12‐s recovery) at 80%‐90% of HRmax], and (c) HIIE 2 [10 × 1min at 80%‐90% of HRmax − 1‐min recovery]. Then, VO2 and fat utilization measured at rest and during the 2 hours post‐exercise, enjoyment, perceived exertion, and appetite recorded during the session and energy intake (EI) and energy expenditure (EE) assessed over the next 24 hours were compared for the three modalities. Overall, fat utilization increased after exercise. No modality effect or time‐modality interaction was observed concerning VO2 and fat oxidation rate during the 2 hours post‐exercise. The two exercise modalities did not induce specific EI and EE adaptations, but perceived appetite scores at 1 hour post‐exercise were lower after HIIE 1 and HIIE 2 than MICE. Perceived exertion was higher during HIIE 1 and HIIE 2 than MICE, but enjoyment did not differ among modalities. The acute HIIE responses did not allow explaining the greater fat mass loss observed after regular high‐intensity interval training in post‐menopausal women with overweight/obesity. More studies are needed to understand the mechanisms involved in such adaptations.
Force experienced by the head during heading is influenced more by speed than the mechanical properties of the football
Authors: Tierney Gregory J. , Power Jonathan , Simms Ciaran
Published: September 2020

There are growing concerns about the risk of neurodegenerative diseases associated with heading in football. It is essential to understand the biomechanics of football heading to guide player protection strategies to reduce the severity of the impact. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of football speed, mass, and stiffness on the forces experienced during football heading using mathematical and human body computational model simulations. Previous research indicates that a football header can be modeled as a lumped mass mathematical model with elastic contact. Football headers were then reconstructed using a human body modeling approach. Simulations were run by independently varying the football mass, speed, and stiffness. Peak contact force experienced by the head was extracted from each simulation. The mathematical and human body computational model simulations indicate that the force experienced by the head was directly proportional to the speed of the ball and directly proportional to the square root of the ball stiffness and mass. Over the practical range of ball speed, mass, and stiffness, the force experienced by the head during football heading is mainly influenced by the speed of the ball rather than its mass or stiffness. The findings suggest that it would be more beneficial to develop player protection strategies that aim to reduce the speed at which the ball is traveling when headed by a player. Law changes reducing high ball speeds could be trialed at certain age grades or as a phased introduction to football heading.
Antemortem diagnosis of congenital glaucoma in a white‐bellied caique (Pionites leucogaster)
Authors: Cococcetta Ciro , Collarile Tommaso , Masi Marco , Giudice Chiara , Selleri Paolo , Huynh Minh
Published: September 2020

A 34‐day‐old, male, white‐bellied caique (Pionites leucogaster) was presented for a complaint of bilateral buphthalmos. Clinical examination was unremarkable apart from the ophthalmic findings. The ophthalmologic examination was negative for direct, consensual, and dazzle reflexes in both eyes. The intraocular pressure exceeded 40 mm Hg OU. Fluorescein stain demonstrated corneal surface lesions suggestive of exposure keratopathy subsequent to bilateral buphthalmos. Diagnostic imaging tests were conducted to perform ocular biometric measurements and investigate the intraocular structures, including the iridocorneal angle and lens, by means of high‐resolution ultrasonography (HRUS). The presence of congenital glaucoma in this young parrot was strongly suspected after clinical and ophthalmological examination and the results of diagnostic imaging. Pharmacological treatment to reduce intraocular pressure was initiated using dorzolamide hydrochloride 2% and timolol maleate 0.5%. A month later, the parrot's eyes did not show any visual improvement, but the intraocular pressure had returned to normal. The parrot was unable to feed itself and died during a feeding procedure. Postmortem examination revealed ab ingestis pneumonia. Both eyes were submitted for histopathology, with severe anterior segment dysplasia and goniodysgenesis found OU. Histological findings added to the clinical presentation, the ophthalmologic examination and the imaging findings, confirmed the presence of congenital glaucoma.
Responses of Lolium spp. to glufosinate ammonium application at different temperatures
Authors: Mucheri Tendai , Pieterse Petrus J. , Reinhardt Carl F. , Kleinert Aleysia
Published: September 2020

An experiment to investigate why glufosinate ammonium control of Lolium spp. is more effective at cooler temperatures than warmer temperatures was conducted at Welgevallen Experimental Farm, Stellenbosch University. Wild Lolium spp. was grown at 10/15, 15/20, 20/25 and 25/30°C (night and day) temperature regimes and treated with glufosinate ammonium at 0, 300, 600, 900 and 1,200 g a.i./ha, 6 weeks after planting. Control of Lolium spp. decreased with increasing temperature. Results from elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fluorescence imaging and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GCMS) investigations allude to calcium accumulation, cuticle thickness and plant phenolic compounds playing roles in the response of Lolium spp. to this herbicide. Increased cuticle thickness and calcium accumulation as temperatures increase indicate promotion of plant defence mechanisms through increased phenolic compound production, which is induced by herbicide stress, hence resulting in poor control of Lolium spp. under warmer temperatures.
Mechanical System Topology Optimization for Better Maintenance
Authors: Brisco Ngnassi Djami Aslain , Wolfgang Nzié , Serge Doka Yamigno
Published: September 2020

For a given mechanical equipment, knowing its modular topology has the advantage of facilitating its maintenance. Indeed, during a maintenance problem, we will not act on the whole product except on the failed module (product subsystem) and we would also gain time to detect, diagnose and compensate for the observed failure. On the other hand, the clustering algorithm, which has served as a reference for several works has several limits. It generates much more complex and more expensive modules in terms of coupling costs, which could require more resources, more intervention time and more maintenance work. This has worse consequences for product maintenance, because the more complex the product modules are, the more expensive the maintenance is. We therefore propose an improved clustering algorithm which has the advantage of reducing maintenance costs by reducing the coupling and decoupling costs (Disassembly and reassembly costs) of the modules, generated by the reference algorithm for good maintainability (dis-assemblability). The application is made on a soy roaster. The approach followed in the proposed algorithm consists first of all in defining a DSM (Design Structure Matrix) which will make it possible to define the correction coefficients of the coupling cost, then in formulating an objective function to reduce the coupling costs, and finally to take into account the integrating elements to reduce the size of the modules. The result achieved is the proposal for a modular topology (modular architecture) leading to a significant reduction in maintenance costs. The developed algorithm also allows an economy of scale in reducing the complexity of the modules, promoting good maintainability.