bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quasistatic Load Sharing Behaviours of Concentric Torque-Split Face Gear Transmission with Flexible Face Gear
Authors: Zhao Ning , Li Wang , Hu Tao , Guo Hui , Zhou Ruchuan , Peng Yanjun
Published: November 2018

The concentric torque-split face gear transmission is mainly developed for the rotorcraft which demands high power density and large speed reduction ratio. This paper aims at predicting the load sharing behaviours among paths. An original quasistatic load sharing analysis model, which is a hybrid finite element/lumped parameter quasistatic gear model, is presented. The connection between spur gear and face gear is also established. A number of numerical simulations of load sharing behaviour analysis are conducted. The mechanism of uneven load sharing is revealed. It is observed that the support stiffness of pinion and backlash have significant influences on the load sharing behaviours of the concentric torque-split face gear transmission.
Inhibition of Thioredoxin/Thioredoxin Reductase Induces Synthetic Lethality in Lung Cancers with Compromised Glutathione Homeostasis
Authors: Yan Xiang , Zhang Xiaoshan , Wang Li , Zhang Ran , Pu Xingxiang , Wu Shuhong , Li Lei , Tong Pan , Wang Jing , Meng Qing H. , Jensen Vanessa B. , Girard Luc , Minna John D. , Roth Jack A. , Swisher Stephen G. , Heymach John V. , Fang Bingliang
Published: November 2018

Glutathione (GSH)/GSH reductase (GSR) and thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase (TXNRD) are two major compensating thiol-dependent antioxidant pathways that maintain protein dithiol/disulfide balance. We hypothesized that functional deficiency in one of these systems would render cells dependent on compensation by the other system for survival, providing a mechanism-based synthetic lethality approach for treatment of cancers. The human GSR gene is located on chromosome 8p12, a region frequently lost in human cancers. GSR deletion was detected in about 6% of lung adenocarcinomas in The Cancer Genome Atlas database. To test whether loss of GSR sensitizes cancer cells to TXNRD inhibition, we knocked out or knocked down the GSR gene in human lung cancer cells and evaluated their response to the TXNRD inhibitor auranofin. GSR deficiency sensitized lung cancer cells to this agent. Analysis of a panel of 129 non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines revealed that auranofin sensitivity correlated with the expression levels of the GSR, glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), and NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1) genes. In NSCLC patient-derived xenografts with reduced expression of GSR and/or GCLC, growth was significantly suppressed by treatment with auranofin. Together, these results provide a proof of concept that cancers with compromised expression of enzymes required for GSH homeostasis or with chromosome 8p deletions that include the GSR gene may be targeted by a synthetic lethality strategy with inhibitors of TXNRD.

Significance:

These findings demonstrate that lung cancers with compromised expression of enzymes required for glutathione homeostasis, including reduced GSR gene expression, may be targeted by thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase inhibitors.
Preclinical Development and First-in-Human Imaging of the Integrin αvβ6 with [18F]αvβ6-Binding Peptide in Metastatic Carcinoma
Authors: Hausner Sven H. , Bold Richard J. , Cheuy Lina Y. , Chew Helen K. , Daly Megan E. , Davis Ryan A. , Foster Cameron C. , Kim Edward J. , Sutcliffe Julie L.
Published: November 2018

Purpose:

The study was undertaken to develop and evaluate the potential of an integrin αvβ6-binding peptide (αvβ6-BP) for noninvasive imaging of a diverse range of malignancies with PET.

Experimental Design:

The peptide αvβ6-BP was prepared on solid phase and radiolabeled with 4-[18F]fluorobenzoic acid. In vitro testing included ELISA, serum stability, and cell binding studies using paired αvβ6-expressing and αvβ6-null cell lines. In vivo evaluation (PET/CT, biodistribution, and autoradiography) was performed in a mouse model bearing the same paired αvβ6-expressing and αvβ6-null cell xenografts. A first-in-human PET/CT imaging study was performed in patients with metastatic lung, colon, breast, or pancreatic cancer.

Results:

[18F]αvβ6-BP displayed excellent affinity and selectivity for the integrin αvβ6 in vitro [IC50(αvβ6) = 1.2 nmol/L vs IC50(αvβ3) >10 μmol/L] in addition to rapid target-specific cell binding and internalization (72.5% ± 0.9% binding and 52.5% ± 1.8%, respectively). Favorable tumor affinity and selectivity were retained in the mouse model and excretion of unbound [18F]αvβ6-BP was rapid, primarily via the kidneys. In patients, [18F]αvβ6-BP was well tolerated without noticeable adverse side effects. PET images showed significant uptake of [18F]αvβ6-BP in both the primary lesion and metastases, including metastasis to brain, bone, liver, and lung.

Conclusions:

The clinical impact of [18F]αvβ6-BP PET imaging demonstrated in this first-in-human study is immediate for a broad spectrum of malignancies.
Necuparanib, A Multitargeting Heparan Sulfate Mimetic, Targets Tumor and Stromal Compartments in Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: MacDonald Amanda , Priess Michelle , Curran Jennifer , Guess Jamey , Farutin Victor , Oosterom Ilse , Chu Chia Lin , Cochran Edward , Zhang Lynn , Getchell Kristen , Lolkema Martijn , Schultes Birgit C. , Krause Silva
Published: November 2018

Pancreatic cancer has an abysmal 5-year survival rate of 8%, making it a deadly disease with a need for novel therapies. Here we describe a multitargeting heparin-based mimetic, necuparanib, and its antitumor activity in both in vitro and in vivo models of pancreatic cancer. Necuparanib reduced tumor cell proliferation and invasion in a three-dimensional (3D) culture model; in vivo, it extended survival and reduced metastasis. Furthermore, proteomic analysis demonstrated that necuparanib altered the expression levels of multiple proteins involved in cancer-driving pathways including organ development, angiogenesis, proliferation, genomic stability, cellular energetics, and invasion and metastasis. One protein family known to be involved in invasion and metastasis and altered by necuparanib treatment was the matrix metalloprotease (MMP) family. Necuparanib reduced metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1) and increased tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP3) protein levels and was found to increase RNA expression of TIMP3. MMP enzymatic activity was also found to be reduced in the 3D model. Finally, we confirmed necuparanib's in vivo activity by analyzing plasma samples of patients enrolled in a phase I/II study in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer; treatment with necuparanib plus standard of care significantly increased TIMP3 plasma protein levels. Together, these results demonstrate necuparanib acts as a broad multitargeting therapeutic with in vitro and in vivo anti-invasive and antimetastatic activity.
Combining DNA Vaccine and AIM2 in H1 Nanoparticles Exert Anti-Renal Carcinoma Effects via Enhancing Tumor-Specific Multi-functional CD8+ T-cell Responses
Authors: Chai Dafei , Shan Hongjian , Wang Gang , Zhang Qing , Li Huizhong , Fang Lin , Song Jingyuan , Liu Nianli , Zhang Qian , Yao Hong , Zheng Junnian
Published: November 2018

Renal carcinoma presents a rapid progression in patients with high metastasis with no effective therapeutic strategy. In this study, we designed a folate-grafted PEI600-CyD (H1) nanoparticle-mediated DNA vaccine containing an adjuvant of absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) and a tumor-specific antigen of carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) for renal carcinoma therapy. Mice bearing subcutaneous human CAIX (hCAIX)-Renca tumor were intramuscularly immunized with H1-pAIM2/pCAIX, H1-pCAIX, H1-pAIM2, or Mock vaccine, respectively. The tumor growth of hCAIX-Renca was significantly inhibited in H1-pAIM2/pCAIX vaccine group compared with the control group. The vaccine activated CAIX-specific CD8+ T-cell proliferation and CTL responses, and enhanced the induction of multi-functional CD8+ T cells (expressing TNF-α, IL-2, and IFN-γ). CD8+ T-cell depletion resulted in the loss of anti-tumor activity of H1-pAIM2/pCAIX vaccine, suggesting that the efficacy of the vaccine was dependent on CD8+ T-cell responses. Lung metastasis of renal carcinoma was also suppressed by H1-pAIM2/pCAIX vaccine treatment accompanied with the increased percentages of CAIX-specific multi-functional CD8+ T cells in the spleen, tumor, and bronchoalveolar lavage as compared with H1-pCAIX vaccine. Similarly, the vaccine enhanced CAIX-specific CD8+ T-cell proliferation and CTL responses. Therefore, these results indicated that H1-pAIM2/pCAIX vaccine exhibits the therapeutic efficacy of anti-renal carcinoma by enhancing tumor-specific multi-functional CD8+ T-cell responses. This vaccine strategy could be a potential and promising approach for the therapy of primary solid or metastasis tumors.
PARP Inhibition Induces Enrichment of DNA Repair–Proficient CD133 and CD117 Positive Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells
Authors: Bellio Chiara , DiGloria Celeste , Foster Rosemary , James Kaitlyn , Konstantinopoulos Panagiotis A. , Growdon Whitfield B. , Rueda Bo R.
Published: November 2018

PARP inhibitors (PARPi) are FDA-approved monotherapy agents for the treatment of recurrent ovarian cancer in patients with and without a BRCA mutation. Despite promising response rates, not all patients derive benefit, and the majority develop resistance. PARPi treatment in vitro and in vivo induced an enrichment of CD133+ and CD117+ ovarian cancer stem cells (CSC). This effect was not affected by BRCA mutation status. In the CSC fractions, PARPi induced cell-cycle arrest in G2–M with a consequent accumulation of γH2AX, RAD51, and uniquely DMC1 foci. DNA damage and repair monitoring assays demonstrated that CSCs display more efficient DNA repair due, in part, to activation of embryonic repair mechanisms which involved the RAD51 homologue, DMC1 recombinase. Preserved and induced homologous repair (HR) could be a mechanism of an inherent resistance of CSCs to the synthetic lethality of PARPi that likely promotes disease recurrence.

Implications:

Treatment with PARPi fails to significantly affect ovarian cancer CSC populations, likely contributing to recurrent disease. Ovarian cancer CSCs stabilize genomic integrity after PARPi treatment, due to a more efficient inherent DNA repair capacity. PARPi-induced DMC1 recombinase and HR proficiency provide CSCs the opportunity to repair DNA damage more efficiently.

Visual Overview: http://mcr.aacrjournals.org/content/molcanres/17/2/431/F1.large.jpg.
Collapse of the Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Compartment in Advanced Cutaneous Melanomas by Components of the Tumor Cell Secretome
Authors: Vescovi Raffaella , Monti Matilde , Moratto Daniele , Paolini Lucia , Consoli Francesca , Benerini Luisa , Melocchi Laura , Calza Stefano , Chiudinelli Mariella , Rossi Giulio , Bugatti Mattia , Maio Michele , Fonsatti Ester , Farisoglio Camillo , Simbolo Michele , Almici Camillo , Verardi Rosanna , Scarpa Aldo , Bergese Paolo , Manganoni Ausilia , Facchetti Fabio , Vermi William
Published: November 2018

Melanoma is an immunogenic neoplasm infiltrated by T cells, although these adaptive T cells usually fail to eradicate the tumor. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) are potent regulators of the adaptive immune response and can eliminate melanoma cells via TLR-mediated effector functions. The PDC compartment is maintained by progressively restricted bone marrow progenitors. Terminally differentiated PDCs exit the bone marrow into the circulation, then home to lymph nodes and inflamed peripheral tissues. Infiltration by PDCs is documented in various cancers. However, their role within the melanoma immune contexture is not completely known. We found that in locoregional primary cutaneous melanoma (PCM), PDC infiltration was heterogeneous, occurred early, and was recurrently localized at the invasive margin, the site where PDCs interact with CD8+ T cells. A reduced PDC density was coupled with an increased Breslow thickness and somatic mutations at the NRAS p.Q61 codon. Compared with what was seen in PCM, high numbers of PDCs were found in regional lymph nodes, as also identified by in silico analysis. In contrast, in metastatic melanoma patients, PDCs were mostly absent in the tumor tissues and were significantly reduced in the circulation, particularly in the advanced M1c group. Exposure of circulating PDCs to melanoma cell supernatant (SN-mel) depleted of extracellular vesicles resulted in significant PDC death. SN-mel exposure also resulted in a defect of PDC differentiation from CD34+ progenitors. These findings indicate that soluble components released by melanoma cells support the collapse of the PDC compartment, with clinical implications for refining TLR agonist–based trials.
Recent Advances in Clinical Allergy and Immunology
Authors: Simon Dagmar
Published: November 2018

Allergic diseases are of great concern because of their high prevalence, which is still rising in several regions, their impact on patients’ physical and psychological health, the huge burden they place on patients’ quality of life, as well as the socioeconomic consequences that they cause. Recent research has provided new data on both genetic and environmental risk factors of atopic/allergic diseases. The application of new technologies such as “omics” has allowed a better understanding of the pathogenesis and has helped with the identification of therapeutic targets. Immense progress has been made in developing and applying novel, targeted therapies, for example for asthma and urticaria. Intensive efforts are being made to find biomarkers that help to classify patients, to identify their potential responsiveness to specific therapies, and to monitor the disease severity. Based on recent insights in the pathogenesis of food allergy and drug hypersensitivity, novel strategies for diagnostics, allergen avoidance, and induction of tolerance have been developed. Here, we summarize important findings in the field of clinical allergy and immunology with a special focus on asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, food allergy, urticaria, angioedema, and drug hypersensitivity.
Políticas dos direitos humanos
Authors: Koerner Andrei , Maia Marrielle
Published: November 2018

O artigo apresenta trabalhos acadêmicos sobre compliance dos Estados com normas internacionais de direitos humanos e critica os modos de objetivação e de subjetivação produzidos por eles. São abordados o seu modelo de análise, os seus pressupostos sobre o direito internacional e suas implicações práticas, contrapondo-os com outras perspectivas teóricas. O objetivo é explorar as bases de um pensamento crítico que ultrapasse os termos do debate atual sobre as políticas de direitos humanos.
Homeland's Agenda: Electoral Autocracy (The Venezuelan Case,
2016)
Authors: Balteo-Yazbeck Alessandro , Alenso Ana
Published: November 2018

Homeland's Agenda: Electoral Autocracy (The Venezuelan Case, 2016), a video-collage transcript, creates a general equivalence of media—public government broadcasting, propaganda, diverse Internet corporate news channels, pop music lyrics, video testimonials of disparate polish—so that each successive clip does not dominate the others. The result is a distillation of content lead by form and supported by a transcript translation that reveals a complex situation that is otherwise unreachable for audiences not initiated into the Venezuelan geopolitical context. The sourced material spans the period from 2011 to 2016, bearing witness to the emergence of a national humanitarian crisis and ensuing civil protests that, in 2017, prompted government repression by means of the police, the military, and the media.
A new species of Syzygium (Myrtaceae) from the South Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: RAJU RAMASUBBU , SURENDRAN ANJANA , CHELLATHURAI DIVYA , NAMBI SASI KALA , GURUSAMY MANIKANDAN
Published: November 2018

Syzygium bharathii, a new species from Megamalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu, India is described. This species is closely allied to Syzygium benthamianum and Syzygium agastyamalayanum but differs from both by having a cylindrical stem with red young shootlets, glabrous leaves with wavy margin, quadrangular peduncle, large sized flower, inwardly curved filaments, narrow pyriform hypanthium, obovate, subglobose, ellipsoid fruits and ovate-obovate seeds. This combination of characters makes determining the relationships of S.bharathii difficult.
A review of the relationships of Xenochrophis cerasogaster Cantor, 1839 (Serpentes: Colubridae) to its congeners
Authors: PURKAYASTHA JAYADITYA , KALITA JATIN , BRAHMA RAJEEV KUNGUR , DOLEY ROBIN , DAS MADHURIMA
Published: November 2018

We sampled snakes of the genus Xenochrophis from across Northeast India. The snakes were evaluated for both morphological and molecular parameters. Phylogenetic relationship was reconstructed using mitochondrial genes (Cytb, 12s rRNA, ND4). The genus Xenochrophis was found to be paraphyletic, X. piscator complex and X. punctulatus form a single clade with Atretium schistosum as their sister taxon. X. cerasogaster forms a distinct lineage. X. vittatus and X. trianguligerus are related to the genus Rhabdophis. Herein it is recommended that X. piscator complex, i.e. X. asperrimus, X. flavipunctatus, X. melanzostus, X. piscator, X. sanctijohannis, X. schnurrenbergeri and X. tytleri, as well as X. punctulatus be reallocated to the genus Fowlea
Final instar larvae of Argia mollis Hagen in Selys, 1865 and Argia smithiana Calvert, 1909 (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) from the Brazilian Cerrado
Authors: CEZÁRIO RODRIGO ROUCOURT , VILELA DIOGO SILVA , GUILLERMO-FERREIRA RHAINER
Published: November 2018

Recent expeditions to the Serra da Canastra and Chapada dos Guimarães National Parks in Brazil resulted in the collection of larvae of Argia mollis Hagen in Selys, 1865 and A. smithiana Calvert, 1909. Thus, here we describe the last instar larvae of these two Argia species from the Brazilian Cerrado.
A new Raspy Cricket from the northern Australian Rainforests (Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae)
Authors: RENTZ DCF , SU YOU NING , BÉTHOUX OLIVIER
Published: November 2018

An Australian Raspy Cricket, Chauliogryllacris acaropenates Rentz, Su, Béthoux, sp. nov. is described. This cricket was found to harbor a number of mite species of interest to acarologists and the name was needed for them to proceed with their studies. A key to the males of the described species of Chauliogryllacris is provided along with numerous illustrations of the described cricket. Observations and comments on its biology, behavior and ecology are presented.
Description of Enterobius (Colobenterobius) emodensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Oxyuridae) collected from Central Himalayan langur, Semnopithecus schistaceus, in Uttarakhand, India
Authors: HASEGAWA HIDEO , NAUTIYAL HIMANI , SASAKI MIZUKI , HUFFMAN MICHAEL A.
Published: November 2018

A new pinworm species, Enterobius (Colobenterobius) emodensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Oxyuridae) is described from the Central Himalayan langur, Semnopithecus schistaceus, in Mandal Valley, Chamoli District, Uttarakhand, India, based on mature and immature adults and fourth-stage larvae. This species closely resembles Enterobius (Colobenterobius) zakiri parasitic in Tarai langur, Semnopithecus hector, recorded from Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh, India, but is readily distinguished by having a shorter esophagus and a shorter spicule. It is surmised that this pinworm has co-speciated with the host langur. The new species is also characterized in that the posterior 1/3 of the esophageal corpus is much darker. Phylogenetic analysis based on the sequences of partial Cox1 gene of mtDNA suggested a basal position of diversification of Colobenterobius from the Enterobius lineage.
A new species of Characidium (Characiformes: Crenuchidae) from the rio Parnaíba basin, northeastern Brazil
Authors: ZANATA ANGELA M. , RAMOS TELTON P. A. , OLIVEIRA-SILVA LEONARDO
Published: November 2018

Characidium tapuia, a new species apparently endemic to the rio Parnaíba basin, Brazil, is described. The new species is easily distinguished from congeners, except C. lanei, C. nana, and C. samurai, by having a broad and conspicuous dark lateral stripe, extending from the tip of snout to the end of caudal peduncle and by the absence of dark vertical bars on body of specimens larger than 23.0 mm SL. Characidium tapuia differs from the aforementioned species by a series of features, including 12 circumpeduncular scales (vs. 13 or 14 in C. lanei and C. samurai), presence of parietal branch of the supraorbital canal (vs. absence in C. lanei and C. nana), complete lateral line and adipose fin present (vs. lateral line incomplete and adipose fin absent in C. nana), and midlateral stripe with irregular borders (vs. lateral stripe with overall straight borders in C. samurai).
Determining Interfacial Shear Bond Strength in Thin Laminated Metal Composites
Authors: Zhang Jianjun , Li Haitao , Liu Hu , Wang Xiaojing , Ma Yong , Wang Ning , Umar Ahmad , Guo Zhanhu
Published: November 2018

The interfacial shear bond strength is a key factor determining the ultimate mechanical properties and performances of laminated metallic composites. Conventional test method is hard to accurately obtain the interfacial shear bond strength of the thin laminated metallic composites (TLMCs)
because of the thin thickness and low rigidity. In this paper, an improved uniaxial tensile testing specimen to overcome the difficulty is designed by removing a portion of the cladding of the tensile specimen. The delaminated fracture strain of the cladding peeling off from the substrate
can be obtained accurately during a uniaxial tensile test. The relationships among interfacial microstructures, delaminated fracture strain and the interfacial shear bond strength were studied. The research revealed that the delaminated fracture strain and the interfacial shear bond strength
are all increased with increasing the thickness of interfacial diffusion layer. A formula available for calculating the shear bond strength was derived by analyzing the relationship of shear stress and delamination. As examples, the interfacial shear bond strengths of Al/Mg/Al TLMCs fabricated
by different rolling reduction ratios were tested and investigated.
Bacterial Cellulose-Based Three-Dimensional Carbon Nanofibers for the Sensitive and Selective Determination of Uric Acid
Authors: NuerbiyaYalikun  , XamxikamarMamat  , YongtaoLi  , XunHu  , Wågberg Thomas , Hu Guangzhi
Published: November 2018

In recent years, the interest in the optimization of novel nanomaterials for electrodes preparation has received tremendous attention. This article describe about develop an electrochemical sensor for to detect the uric acid (UA). Firstly, the sensing materials of carbon nanofibers
(CNFs) were prepared through an economical approach under freeze-dried, mainly for CNFs were successfully synthesized through carbonized biomass green bacterial cellulose (BC) at 800 °C. The obtained CNFs were used to modify the glassy carbon electrode (GCE), and have an excellent electrochemical
response towards the UA. Under the optimized condition, the current response of UA at the CNFs/GCE increased also the peak current linearly with the UA concentration, the limitation of detection (LOD) calculated as 0.29 μM (S/N = 3), revealing the a high sensitivity and an broader
analytical range of the as-prepared CNFs/GCE. Finally, the proposed electrochemical sensor can be used for detection of UA in human urine with the satisfactory result.
Investigation of Left-Handed Meta-Atom for Radio Frequency Shielding Application
Authors: Islam Mohammad Tariqul , Ashraf Farhad Bin , Alam Touhidul , Misran Norbahiah , Singh Mandeep Singh Jit
Published: November 2018

A compact theta-shaped left-handed meta-atom based on an elliptical split ring resonator (ESRR) with a capacitive loaded strip (CLS), is presented in this paper. The elliptical split ring resonator is a changeover of conventional square split ring resonator (SRR). A CLS is introduced
in the middle of the ESRR to increase the electrical length and coupling effect. Electromagnetic transmission characteristics of FR-4 and Rogers RO3010 substrate are investigated in a comparative manner for varying values of substrate parameters which are thickness, dielectric constant and
dielectric loss tangent. The effective constitutive parameters are retrieved by using the transmission-reflection method. The proposed structure shows a double negative regime from 3.6 to 5.6 GHz (bandwidth of 2 GHz) for FR-4 and from 3.1 to 4.8 GHz (bandwidth of 1.7 GHz) for RO3010 in microwave
frequency spectrum. An effective medium ratio (EMR) of 9.27 and 13.36, implies the novelty of the proposed structure. The proposed ESRR is found to reach the lowest resonance frequency while maintaining smallest electrical size, a highly desired property for miniaturization in RF design. Which
makes it a prime candidate to reduce RF signal interference of electronic devices, equipment, and systems.
Precise Determination of Trace Hydrogen in SA508-3 Steel for Nuclear Reactor Pressure Vessels
Authors: Hao Luhan , Zhao Wei , Peng Yan , Sun Mingyue , Li Dianzhong , Liu Hu , Wang Xiaojing , Umar Ahmad , Guo Zhanhu
Published: November 2018

Hydrogen is one of the most detrimental elements in steel, therefore it must be strictly controlled, especially in the ferritic steel SA508-3 used in nuclear power plant, due to its persistent exposure to irradiated environment. However, the tests of hydrogen concentration in current
industry have provided usually unstable and sparse results, which seriously perplexes practitioners. In the present study, tested hydrogen contents of a series of specimens with different machining and cleaning conditions were compared. Experimental and theoretical investigations showed that
differences in surface contamination can significantly influence hydrogen analysis result, and the measured hydrogen content is the combination of the inherent hydrogen in the steel and the adsorbed hydrogen on the surface. Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (TOF-SIM) was then
used to determine the hydrogen concentration gradient from the surface to the base of the SA508-3 steel, with the aim of confirming the existence of surface hydrogen. The result demonstrated that, if the specimen surface is in a rough and polluted state, the count intensity of hydrogen on
the specimen surface, which qualitatively reflects the content of surface hydrogen can be more than 4 times that in the base of the specimen. Finally, on the basis of the analysis of tested results, a pre-treatment method combining a certain machining speed and ultrasonic cleaning is proposed
in order to obtain a stable and reliable hydrogen analysis result. Furthermore, a mass of practical industry data is used to confirm the effectiveness of this pre-treatment method.
Sill-Influenced Exchange Flows in Ice Shelf Cavities
Authors: Zhao Ken X. , Stewart Andrew L. , McWilliams James C.
Published: November 2018

Bathymetric sills are important features in the ocean-filled cavities beneath a few fast-retreating ice shelves in West Antarctica and northern Greenland. The sills can be high enough to obstruct the cavity circulation and thereby modulate glacial melt rates. This study focuses on the idealized problem of diabatically driven, sill-constrained overturning circulation in a cavity. The circulation beneath fast-melting ice shelves can generally be characterized by an inflow of relatively warm dense water (with temperatures of a few degrees Celsius above the local freezing point) at depth and cold, less-dense, outflowing water, which exhibits an approximately two-layer structure in observations. We use a two-layer isopycnal hydrostatic model to study the cross-sill exchange of these waters in ice shelf cavities wide enough to be rotationally dominated. A quasigeostrophic constraint is determined for the transport imposed by the stratification. Relative to this constraint, the key parameters controlling the transport and its variability are the sill height relative to the bottom layer thickness and the strength of the friction relative to the potential vorticity (PV) gradient imposed by the sill. By varying these two key parameters, we simulate a diversity of flow phenomena. For a given meridional pressure gradient, the cross-sill transport is controlled by sill height beyond a critical threshold in the eddy-permitting, low-friction regime, while it is insensitive to friction in both the low-friction and high-friction regimes. We present theoretical ideas to explain the flow characteristics: a Stommel boundary layer for the friction-dominated regime; mean–eddy PV balances and energy conversion in the low-friction, low-sill regime; and hydraulic control in the low-friction, high-sill regime, with various estimates for transport in each of these regimes.
Theorising the gig economy and home-based service work
Authors: Flanagan Frances
Published: November 2018

The history of domestic servants in Australia offers a provocative challenge to the prophets of the digital gig economy. Like home-based service workers today, 19th-and 20th-century domestic servants worked without the protection of minimum wages or hours, unions or independent arbitration and endured perpetually porous boundaries between their work and non-working time, low status and pay. This article argues that digital platforms are instruments of a fundamental shift in the governance of home-based service work, from a system of ‘dyadic’ to one of ‘structural’ domination. Intermediaries played virtually no role in the operation of the former system, but they play a fundamental role in the latter, as aggregators of data about workers’ responsiveness and speed that enable market-based disciplinary mechanisms to operate without reference to public law and across a much larger spatial context than was previously possible. Short-termism and the fungibility of workers are pre-eminent features of the gig economy model, processes which are inherently corrosive to quality caring relationships that demand an atmosphere of trust and non-instrumentality. The historical analysis that is advanced gives rise to a number of implications for the regulation of digital platforms, union responses and industry planning in the future.
Self-Controlled Feedback and Learner Impulsivity in Sequential Motor Learning
Authors: Ferreira Bárbara P. , Malloy-Diniz Leandro F. , Parma Juliana O. , Nogueira Nathálya G. H. M. , Apolinário-Souza Tércio , Ugrinowitsch Herbert , Lage Guilherme M.
Published: November 2018

Many studies have attributed self-controlled feedback benefits associated with motor learning to learners' greater information processing during practice. However, individual learner characteristics like their impulsivity can also influence how people engage cognitively during learning. We investigated possible dissociations between the types of interaction in self-controlled knowledge of results (KR) and learner impulsivity levels in learning a sequential motor task. Ninety volunteers responded to the self-restraint section of the Barkley deficits in executive functioning scale, and those 60 participants with the highest ( n = 30) and lowest ( n = 30) impulsivity scores practiced a motor task involving sequential pressing of four keys in predetermined absolute and relative times. We further divided participants into four experimental groups by assigning the high- and low-impulsivity groups to two forms of KR—self-controlled absolute and yoked. Study results showed no interaction effect between impulsivity and self-controlled KR, and, contrary to expectation, self-controlled KR did not benefit learning, independently of impulsivity. However, low-impulsivity participants performed better than high-impulsivity participants on the absolute dimension of the transfer task, while high-impulsivity learners were better at the relative dimension. Cognitive characteristics of automatic and reflexive processing were expressed by the strategies used to direct attention to relative and absolute task dimensions, respectively. Low-impulsivity learners switched their attention to both dimensions at the end of practice, while high-impulsivity learners did not switch their attention or directed it only to the relative dimension at the end of the practice. These results suggest that the cognitive styles of high- and low-impulsive learners differentially favor learning distinct dimensions of a motor task, regardless of self-controlled KR.
Who Believes in Nonlimited Willpower? In Search of Correlates of Implicit Theories of Self-Control
Authors: Jędrzejczyk Jan , Zajenkowski Marcin
Published: November 2018

Recently, the most prominent model of self-control, the strength model, was criticized, and other explanations of self-control have been proposed. One of them is a concept of lay, implicit, willpower theories, that is, believing either that willpower is limited (as in the strength model) or nonlimited. Research shows that holding a nonlimited-resource belief prevents individuals from suffering ego depletion and is related to successful self-regulation. The current study explored how personality, time perspective, and intelligence predict willpower theories. Additionally, two aspects of willpower theories, strenuous mental activity and resistance to temptations, were measured separately. The results indicated that the two aspects of willpower theories were not correlated with each other. This supports hypothesis that willpower theories may be domain specific and also suggests that these two aspects should not be aggregated into one, homogenous scale as was done in some previous research. Both aspects of holding a nonlimited-resource theory were related positively to emotional stability and negatively to past negative time perspective. Strenuous mental activity was positively associated with intellect and negatively with present fatalism, whereas resistance to temptations was correlated positively with conscientiousness and future time perspective. There were no relations between willpower theories and intelligence, which posits that similar life outcomes related with these two attributes are based on distinct mechanisms. Regression analyses revealed that only personality traits (emotional stability and conscientiousness) remained significant predictors of willpower beliefs.
Effective feature reduction for link prediction in location-based social networks
Authors: Bayrak Ahmet Engin , Polat Faruk
Published: November 2018

In this study, we investigated feature-based approaches for improving the link prediction performance for location-based social networks (LBSNs) and analysed their performances. We developed new features based on time, common friend detail and place category information of check-in data in order to make use of information in the data which cannot be utilised by the existing features from the literature. We proposed a feature selection method to determine a feature subset that enhances the prediction performance with the removal of redundant features by clustering them. After clustering features, a genetic algorithm is used to determine the ones to select from each cluster. A non-monotonic and feasible feature selection is ensured by the proposed genetic algorithm. Results depict that both new features and the proposed feature selection method improved link prediction performance for LBSNs.
Short‐ and Long‐term Opioid Use in Patients with Oral and Oropharynx Cancer
Authors: McDermott Jessica D. , Eguchi Megan , Stokes William A. , Amini Arya , Hararah Mohammad , Ding Ding , Valentine Allison , Bradley Cathy J. , Karam Sana D.
Published: November 2018

Objective

Opioid use and abuse is a national health care crisis, yet opioids remain the cornerstone of pain management in cancer. We sought to determine the risk of acute and chronic opioid use with head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) treatment.

Study Design

Retrospective population‐based study.

Setting

Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER)–Medicare database from 2008 to 2011.

Subjects and Methods

In total, 976 nondistant metastatic oral cavity and oropharynx patients undergoing cancer‐directed treatment enrolled in Medicare were included. Opiate use was the primary end point. Univariate and multivariable logistic analyses were completed to determine risk factors.

Results

Of the patients, 811 (83.1%) received an opioid prescription during the treatment period, and 150 patients (15.4%) had continued opioid prescriptions at 3 months and 68 (7.0%) at 6 months. Opioid use during treatment was associated with prescriptions prior to treatment (odds ratio [OR], 3.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.11‐5.12) and was least likely to be associated with radiation treatment alone (OR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.18‐0.68). Risk factors for continued opioid use at both 3 and 6 months included tobacco use (OR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.05‐4.71 and OR, 3.84; 95% CI, 1.44‐10.24) and opioids prescribed prior to treatment (OR, 3.84; 95% CI, 2.45‐5.91 and OR, 3.56; 95% CI, 1.95‐6.50). Oxycodone prescribed as the first opioid was the least likely to lead to ongoing use at 3 and 6 months (OR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.17‐0.62 and OR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.10‐0.67).

Conclusion

Patients with oral/oropharyngeal cancer are at a very high risk for receiving opioids as part of symptom management during treatment, and a significant portion continues use at 3 and 6 months after treatment completion.
Evolving local government in post conflict South Africa: Where to?
Authors: Reddy PS
Published: November 2018

Protracted negotiations between the main role-players steered in the new South African state on 27 April 1994 and final Constitution, 1996 , which constitutionalised local government. A cursory analysis points to some municipalities which are pockets of excellence; however, local government generally is in ‘distress’. Local communities are rapidly losing confidence in the system as the majority of municipalities are unable to discharge even basic functions. Local government has been characterised by violent service delivery protests; abuse of political power and increasing corruption; financial challenges; poor infrastructure planning/maintenance/investment; political strife and factionalism and staff turbulence. Despite governmental interventions to improve local governance, there are still major constraints hampering good governance, namely political posturing and factionalism; corruption; lawlessness and poor service delivery, symptomatic of virtually all post conflict states. Good local governance is an integral part of post conflict reconstruction and development and is key to building a new local government dispensation.
Risk of Redislocation After Primary Patellar Dislocation: A Clinical Prediction Model Based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging Variables
Authors: Arendt Elizabeth A. , Askenberger Marie , Agel Julie , Tompkins Marc A.
Published: November 2018

Background:

First-time lateral patellar dislocations have historically been treated with a nonoperative approach; a clinical tool to predict patients who are most likely to redislocate may have clinical utility.

Purpose:

(1) To determine if there are discriminating factors present between patients who redislocated their patellas and those who did not after a first-time lateral patellar dislocation and (2) to use this information to develop a model that can predict the recurrence risk of lateral patellar dislocation in this population.

Study Design:

Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

The study population included those with first-time lateral patellar dislocation, magnetic resonance imaging within 6 weeks, and 2-year minimum follow-up. Cohort A was from a prospective study with 2-year follow-up. Cohort B was a prospectively identified cohort with retrospective chart review. Follow-up was obtained clinically or via mail for patients without 2-year clinical follow-up.

Results:

Sixty-one patients (42%) out of 145 with primary lateral patellar dislocation had recurrent dislocation within 2 years. Stepwise logistic regression analysis demonstrated that skeletal immaturity (odds ratio, 4.05; 95% CI, 1.86-8.82; P = .0004), sulcus angle (odds ratio, 4.87; 95% CI, 2.01-11.80; P = .0005), and Insall-Salvati ratio (odds ratio, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.34-6.70; P = .0074) were significant predictors of redislocation. Receiver operator characteristic curves defined the cut points to be sulcus angle ≥154° and Insall-Salvati ratio ≥1.3. The probability of redislocation based on the presence of factors was 5.8% with no factors present and 22.7% with any 1 factor present, increasing to 78.5% if all 3 factors were present.

Conclusion:

This model demonstrates a high risk of lateral patellar redislocation when a patient presents with skeletal immaturity as well as magnetic resonance measurements of sulcus angle ≥154° and patellar height as measured by Insall-Salvati ratio ≥1.3. A patient will have a low risk of lateral patellar redislocation with the inverse findings.
Effect of water glass coating of tricalcium phosphate granules on in vivo bone formation
Authors: Ryu Seung Min , Ahn Myun Whan , Park Chul Hyun , Lee Gun Woo , Song In Hwan , Ahn Hyo Sae , Kim Jooseong , Kim Sukyoung
Published: November 2018

Background

Recently, some authors introduced a water glass (WG, sodium-silicate glass; Na2O·SiO2·nH2O) coating over tricalcium phosphate (TCP) bioceramic to modulate its resorption rate and enhance the bone cell behaviors. In this study, four different types of granular samples were prepared to evaluate the ability of new bone formation in vivo using micro-computed tomography and histology.

Methods

Four types sample groups: group A (pure HA as a negative resorption control); group B (pure TCP as a positive resorption control); group C (WG-coated TCP as an early resorption model); and group D (same as group C but heat-treated at 500°C as a delayed resorption model). Cylindrical tube-type carriers with holes were fabricated with HA by extrusion and sintering. Each carrier was filled densely with each granular sample. Four types of tubes were implanted into the medial femoral condyle and medial tibial condyle of New Zealand White rabbits.

Results

The HA group (A) showed the lowest amount of new bone formation. All the TCP sample groups (B, C, and D) showed more new bone formation. On the other hand, among the TCP groups, group C (early resorption model) showed slightly more bone formation. The amount of residual bioceramics was most abundant in the HA group (A). All the TCP sample groups showed less residual bioceramics than group A. Among the TCP groups, group C showed slightly more residual bioceramics. Group B showed the lowest amount of residual bioceramics.

Conclusions

The WG-coated TCP sample (group C) is the best bone substitute candidate because of its proper biodegradation rate and the Si ions release because the WG-coated layer reduces the material resorption and enhances the new bone formation. That is, the WG-coated TCP is believed to be the best material for the application of an artificial bone substitute material.
Microstructure, mechanical properties, and preliminary biocompatibility evaluation of binary Ti–Zr alloys for dental application
Authors: Wang Baoqi , Ruan Wei , Liu Jue , Zhang Taomei , Yang Hailin , Ruan Jianming
Published: November 2018

The microstructure, mechanical properties, and in vitro biocompatibility of vacuum-sintered Ti–xZr binary alloys (x = 5, 15, 25, 35, 45 wt%) were investigated. The results indicated that α and α′ phase existed in Ti–xZr alloys. The hardness of the Ti–Zr alloys increased as the contents increased and ranged from 473 HV (Ti–5Zr) to 525 HV (Ti–45Zr). Increasing Zr content could lead to an increase in compressive and bending strength. Additionally, the Ti–45Zr alloy exhibited the maximum bending strength of 867.1 MPa and the maximum compressive strength of 1599.8 MPa which were much larger than that of CP–Ti. Moreover, all Ti–Zr alloys showed a lower elastic modulus (ranging from 53.5 to 59.3 GPa) compared with CP–Ti (103 GPa). The in vitro cytotoxicity tests were carried out for biocompatibility evaluation. The alloys presented no cytotoxic effects and the surface of the alloys exhibited great growth conditions for MG-63 cells. The Ti–45Zr alloy exhibited better mechanical properties and biocompatibility. In conclusion, Ti–45Zr alloy is of great potential for dental applications.
Acceptability and efficacy of partner notification for curable sexually transmitted infections in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review
Authors: Taleghani Sophia , Joseph-Davey Dvora , West Scott B , Klausner Henry J , Wynn Adriane , Klausner Jeffrey D
Published: November 2018

Comprehensive case management of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) includes partner notification. We reviewed the recent literature evaluating the acceptability and efficacy of partner notification strategies (i.e. direct patient referral, provider referral, or expedited partner treatment) for curable STIs in sub-Saharan Africa. We conducted a systematic search following PRISMA guidelines: published January 2008 to June 2017 in the English language, study in sub-Saharan Africa, and discussion of any curable STI with an outcome on partner notification. We searched six electronic databases, conference abstracts, online clinical trial registries, and article bibliographies. The results showed that out of the 74 identified articles, 55 did not meet inclusion criteria. Of the 11 studies evaluating direct patient referral, the proportion of index cases ( n = 4163) who successfully notified sex partner(s) was 53% (range 23-95%). Among those who notified ( n = 1727), 25% (range 0–77%) had partner(s) that sought evaluation (95% CI 0.51–0.54; 95% CI 0.23–0.27). Both provider referral and expedited partner treatment had higher proportions of partner(s) who sought treatment ( n = 208, 69% and n = 44, 84%, respectively). Direct patient referral is the most commonly used and evaluated partner notification strategy for STIs in sub-Saharan Africa with mixed success. We recommend future research to investigate other strategies such as expedited partner treatment.
Female bodybuilders on Instagram: Negotiating an empowered femininity
Authors: Marshall Kayla , Chamberlain Kerry , Hodgetts Darrin
Published: November 2018

Strength and femininity have in many ways been culturally constructed as two mutually exclusive phenomena. This paper considers how Instagram facilitates female body objectification and surveillance through an examination of female bodybuilders whose muscular bodies represent both resistance against and conformity to dominant cultural notions around women as fragile, weak, and subservient. We reveal how surveillance over the bodies of female bodybuilders on Instagram functions to reposition them as more (hetero)normatively feminine by encouraging them to present bodies which are ornamented, sexualized, and passive. We also reveal how female bodybuilders practise self-surveillance on Instagram by simultaneously resisting and conforming to this surveillance. In the process, these women manage to redefine femininity for themselves in ways which problematize dualistic notions around strength and femininity.
A voice for wild animals: Collaborative governance and human–wildlife conflict
Authors: Woolaston Katie
Published: November 2018

Animal lawyers in Australia and around the world often struggle to find room in law to participate in decision-making and give animals a voice. Collaborative governance is a regulatory mechanism that has the potential to overcome this struggle. This ‘new governance’ is of growing importance in environmental and natural resource management, premised on decentralised decision-making and removal of permanent hierarchies. This article will utilise two case studies to outline the benefits of legally integrated collaborative processes for wild animal welfare, including the allocation of a permanent voice in regulation for animal advocates and the ability to promote internalisation of animal-friendly norms.
‘Just another policy document?’ Can a protocol end the criminalisation of kids in care?
Authors: McFarlane Kath , Colvin Emma , McGrath Andrew , Gerard Alison
Published: November 2018

This article examines the New South Wales Joint Protocol to Reduce the Contact of Young People in Residential OOHC with the Criminal Justice System (2016 ) from the perspective of residential out-of-home-care providers, police, lawyers and departmental staff involved in the child welfare and criminal justice systems in New South Wales.