bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mitochondrial depolarization stimulates vascular repair‐relevant functions of CD34+ cells via reactive oxygen species‐induced nitric oxide generation
Authors: Joshi Shrinidh , Jarajapu Yagna P R
Published: October 2018

Background and Purpose

CD34+ haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells have revascularization potential and are now being tested for the treatment of ischaemic vascular diseases in clinical trials. We tested the hypothesis that mitochondrial depolarization stimulates the reparative functions of CD34+ cells.

Experimental Approach

Peripheral blood was obtained from healthy individuals (n = 63), and mononuclear cells (MNCs) were separated. MNCs were enriched for lineage negative cells, followed by isolation of CD34+ cells. Vascular repair‐relevant functions of CD34+ cells, proliferation and migration, were evaluated in the presence and absence of diazoxide. Mitochondrial membrane potential, ROS and NO levels were evaluated by flow cytometry by using JC‐1, mitoSOX and DAF‐FM respectively.

Key Results

Diazoxide stimulated the proliferation and migration of CD34+ cells that were comparable to the responses induced by stromal‐derived factor‐1α (SDF) or VEGF. Effects of diazoxide were blocked by either 5‐hydroxydecanoate (5HD), a selective mitochondrial ATP‐sensitive potassium channel (mitoKATP) inhibitor, or by L‐NAME. Diazoxide induced mitochondrial depolarization, and NO and cGMP generation that were 5HD‐sensitive. The generation of NO and cGMP by diazoxide was blocked by an endothelial NOS (eNOS)‐selective inhibitor, NIO, but not by a neuronal (n)NOS‐selective inhibitor, Nω‐propyl‐L‐arginine (NPA). A Ca2+ chelator, BAPTA, Akt inhibitor, triciribine, or PI3K inhibitor, LY294002, inhibited the NO release induced by diazoxide. Phosphorylation of eNOS at Ser1177 and dephosphorylation at Thr495 were increased. Diazoxide‐induced ROS generation and phosphorylation of eNOS at Ser1177 were reduced by NPA.

Conclusion and Implications

Diazoxide stimulates vascular repair‐relevant functions of CD34+ cells via the mitoKATP‐dependent release of NO and ROS.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Mitochondrial Pharmacology: Featured Mechanisms and Approaches for Therapy Translation. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.22/issuetoc
Self‐Reported Moral Emotions and Physical and Relational Aggression in Early Childhood: A Social Domain Approach
Authors: Jambon Marc , Smetana Judith G.
Published: October 2018

This study examined discrepancies between 4‐ and 7‐year‐olds’ (n = 135; Mage = 5.65) self‐reported affect following hypothetical moral versus social‐conventional transgressions and their associations with teacher‐rated physical and relational aggression concurrently and 9‐months later. Negative emotion ratings in response to prototypical moral transgressions were not associated with children's aggression. When transgressions were described as no longer prohibited by rules and authority figures, children reporting more negative affect in response to moral as compared to conventional violations were less physically aggressive at Wave 1 and showed relative and mean‐level declines in physical aggression over time. Relational aggression was not associated with self‐reported emotions. Findings indicate the importance of distinguishing between types of transgressions and forms of aggression in studying moral emotions.
Incidence and correction of vision impairment among elderly population in southern urban China
Authors: Han Xiaotong , Liao Chimei , Liu Chi , Lee Pei Ying , Zhang Jian , Keel Stuart , He Mingguang
Published: October 2018

Importance

Data on the incidence of presenting vision impairment (PVI) and spectacle coverage rate (SCR) in urban China is limited.

Background

To estimate the 6‐year incidence and risk factors for PVI and the SCR in urban Southern China.

Design

Population‐based cohort study.

Participants

A total of 1817 participants aged ≥35 years were identified from Guangzhou in 2008 at baseline and 1427 attended follow‐up examination in 2014.

Methods

Presenting visual acuity (PVA) was measured using the ETDRS chart with habitual spectacles. Participants with PVA ≤20/40 underwent subjective refraction at the follow‐up visit. Incidence of PVI was calculated using the WHO and US criteria, respectively. The met‐need SCR was defined as the percentage of participants with PVA <20/40 that had been improved to ≥20/40 after correction.

Main Outcome Measures

Incidence of PVI and SCR.

Results

Incidence of PVI was 8.3% (95%CI, 6.9‐9.8) and 12.2% (95%CI, 10.5‐14.0) based on the WHO and US definition, respectively. Older age, female, lower education level, more myopic spherical equivalent and worse PVA at baseline were significantly related to a higher PVI incidence based on the WHO criteria, with similar associations identified using the US criteria except for gender. The overall met‐need SCR was 42.5%, and was lower among the elderly, more hyperopic participants or participants with lower education level.

Conclusions and Relevance

The incidence of PVI is high in urban Southern China and spectacle wearing is available in less than half of those in need. This highlights the needs to promote spectacle coverage even in the urban population.
The Molybdenum Storage Protein: A soluble ATP hydrolysis‐dependent molybdate pump
Authors: Poppe Juliane , Brünle Steffen , Hail Ron , Wiesemann Katharina , Schneider Klaus , Ermler Ulrich
Published: October 2018

A continuous FeMo cofactor supply for nitrogenase maturation is ensured in Azotobacter vinelandii by developing a cage‐like molybdenum storage protein (MoSto) capable to store ca. 120 molybdate molecules () as discrete polyoxometalate (POM) clusters. To gain mechanistic insight into this process, MoSto was characterized by Mo and ATP/ADP content, structural, and kinetic analysis. We defined three functionally relevant states specified by the presence of both ATP/ADP and POM clusters (MoStofunct), of only ATP/ADP (MoStobasal) and of neither ATP/ADP nor POM clusters (MoStozero), respectively. POM clusters are only produced when ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and phosphate. Vmax was ca. 13 μmolphosphate·min−1·mg−1 and Km for molybdate and ATP/Mg2+ in the low micromolar range. ATP hydrolysis presumably proceeds at subunit α, inferred from a highly occupied α‐ATP/Mg2+ and a weaker occupied β‐ATP/no Mg2+‐binding site found in the MoStofunct structure. Several findings indicate that POM cluster storage is separated into a rapid ATP hydrolysis‐dependent molybdate transport across the protein cage wall and a slow molybdate assembly induced by combined auto‐catalytic and protein‐driven processes. The cage interior, the location of the POM cluster depot, is locked in all three states and thus not rapidly accessible for molybdate from the outside. Based on Vmax, the entire Mo storage process should be completed in less than 10 s but requires, according to the molybdate content analysis, ca. 15 min. Long‐time incubation of MoStobasal with nonphysiological high molybdate amounts implicates an equilibrium in and outside the cage and POM cluster self‐formation without ATP hydrolysis.

Databases

The crystal structures MoSto in the MoSto‐F6, MoSto‐F7, MoStobasal, MoStozero, and MoSto‐F1vitro states were deposited to PDB under the accession numbers PDB 6GU5, 6GUJ, 6GWB, 6GWV, and 6GX4.
Removal capacity of different high‐flux dialyzers during postdilution online hemodiafiltration
Authors: Santos García Alba , Macías Carmona Nicolás , Vega Martínez Almudena , Abad Estébanez Soraya , Linares Grávalos Tania , Aragoncillo Sauco Inés , Verdalles Guzmán Ursula , Panizo González Nayara , Cruzado Vega Leonidas , López Gómez Juan Manuel
Published: October 2018

Introduction: The aim of this study is to compare molecule removal and albumin leakage in postdilution online hemodiafiltration with different high‐flux dialyzers.

Methods: We studied seven high‐flux dialyzers (Polyflux 210H®, Evodial 2.2®, FxCordiax1000®, Elisio21H®, TS‐2.1SL®, XevontaHi20®, VitaPES 210‐HF®) in 6 patients. The reduction ratio (RR) of small‐ and middle‐sized molecules was calculated. Dialysate samples were collected to estimate the albumin leakage.

Findings: Global differences between dialyzers were observed in the RR of ß2 microglobulin (P =0.003) and prolactin (P =0.013). The mean loss of albumin in the dialysate per session varied between 114 ± 67 mg (with Evodial 2.2) and 2621 ± 1363 mg per session (with XevontaHi20). We found global differences between dialyzers in total albumin loss (P = 0.05).

Discussion: We demonstrated that the performance of high‐flux dialyzers was different among the types and that not all high‐flux dialyzers should be considered equal.
Safety Problems With a Transdermal Patch for Migraine: Lessons From the Development, Approval, and Marketing Process
Authors: Loder Elizabeth W. , Rayhill Melissa , Burch Rebecca C.
Published: October 2018

Objective

We sought to analyze publicly available information about patient harm associated with an iontophoretic sumatriptan patch, to identify what went wrong and to suggest ways in which similar problems might be prevented in the future.

Background

The Zecuity® sumatriptan iontophoretic transdermal system was marketed for acute treatment of migraine. The patch was withdrawn less than 10 months after its introduction because of multiple reports of scarring and burning. As of 2018, the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System public dashboard lists a total of 2889 reports of safety problems with the patch, 904 of which were classified as serious.

Methods

For this narrative review, we examined US Food and Drug Administration documents related to the new drug application for this product and its approval. We searched Clinicaltrials.gov, PubMed, Google, Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram public posts for relevant information relating to the patch, its approval, marketing, and complications.

Results

The FDA knew about problems with burns and scarring prior to approval of the product, and turned down the initial new drug application for this reason and because of other quality problems with the patch. The reapplication was approved despite continued concerns of several FDA reviewers about safety. The approval required the manufacturer to comply with enhanced postmarketing safety reporting. However, product information and labeling did not mention the possibility of burns or scarring. Approval was based on 1 clinical trial and 2 open label studies in which reporting of adverse events was suboptimal. The clinical trials had been prospectively registered but outcomes had been changed around the time the trial concluded. Aggressive marketing efforts and social media activity may have contributed to inaccurate perceptions of safety and efficacy, but social media also provided a written and photographic record of burns and other harm suffered by patients who used the patch.

Conclusions

Our review identified several problems with the development, testing, approval, and marketing of the Zecuity patch. To improve the process of developing headache treatments, it is important to consider the lessons that can be drawn from an examination of this high‐profile failure of the drug development and regulatory system.
Adverse family life events during pregnancy and ADHD symptoms in five‐year‐old offspring
Authors: Rosenqvist Mina A. , Sjölander Arvid , Ystrom Eivind , Larsson Henrik , Reichborn‐Kjennerud Ted
Published: October 2018

Background

Prenatal exposure to maternal adverse life events has been associated with offspring ADHD, but the role of familial confounding is unclear. We aimed to clarify if adverse life events during pregnancy are related to ADHD symptoms in offspring, taking shared familial factors into account.

Method

Data were collected on 34,751 children (including 6,427 siblings) participating in the population‐based Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. During pregnancy, mothers reported whether they had experienced specific life events. We assessed ADHD symptoms in five‐year‐old children with the Conners’ Parent Rating Scale–Revised: short form. We modeled the associations between life events and mean ADHD scores with ordinary linear regression in the full cohort, and with fixed‐effect linear regression in sibling comparisons to adjust for familial confounding.

Results

Children exposed to adverse life events had higher ADHD scores at age 5, with the strongest effect observed for financial problems (mean differences 0.10 [95% CI: 0.09, 0.11] in adjusted model), and the weakest for having lost someone close (0.02 [95% CI 0.01, 0.04] in adjusted model). Comparing exposure‐discordant siblings resulted in attenuated estimates that were no longer statistically significant (e.g. mean difference for financial problems −0.03 [95% CI −0.07, 0.02]). ADHD scores increased if the mother had experienced the event as painful or difficult, and with the number of events, whereas sibling‐comparison analyses resulted in estimates attenuated toward the null.

Conclusions

These results suggest that the association between adverse life events during pregnancy and offspring ADHD symptoms is largely explained by familial factors.
The Dermatologist and psoriatic arthritis
Authors: van de Kerkhof P.C.M
Published: October 2018

Linked article: This is a commentary on E. Audureau et al., pp. 1950–1953 in this issue. To view this article visit https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.14861
Diastema closures: A novel technique to ensure dental proportion
Authors: Kabbach William , Sampaio Camila S. , Hirata Ronaldo
Published: October 2018

Objective

To describe a novel technique that helps the clinician on promoting a midline diastema closure with appropriate width proportions based on previous wax up, avoiding excesses of the resin material on the gingival area, which could lead to possible inflammation.

Materials and Methods

Two different silicone indexes were made over a wax up to perform a diastema closure.

Results

The use of a silicone index made with putty polyvinyl siloxane (PVS) material and another index made with putty and light PVS materials performed over a modified wax up, helped on achieving esthetically pleasant diastema closure with appropriate proportional widths, respecting the gingival tissue.

Conclusions

The use of a novel silicone index technique allowed for ensuring the same width for both upper central incisors in a midline diastema closure, improving gingival tissue's health.

Clinical Significance

The main difficulties regarding diastema closure are related to reaching an appropriate width proportion of the central incisors and avoiding a ledge at the gingival aspect of the contact area, which could become a plaque and food trap. This article describes, step‐by‐step, how to avoid such diastema closure issues, ensuring the width proportions of the upper central incisors.
Differential uses of coral reef habitats by a poorly‐known cryptic fish predator
Authors: Morat Fabien , Briand Marine J. , Pécheyran Christophe , Letourneur Yves
Published: October 2018

This study used otolith microchemistry to evaluate whether the moray eel Gymnothorax chilospilus uses different habitats throughout its life (mainly juvenile and adult phases). Of the most informative trace elements within otoliths (the twelve isotopes 23Na, 25Mg, 43Ca, 55Mn, 59Co, 60Ni, 63Cu, 66Zn, 86Sr, 111Cd, 138Ba and 208Pb) only three ratios of Ca (Na:Ca, Sr:Ca and Ba:Ca) were informative and therefore used in a multivariate regression‐tree analysis. Using a multivariate partitioning, three main phases were described from profiles, including the larval life phase (leptocephali), the intermediate phase (longest section between the larval life phase and the terminal phase) and the terminal phase (final section i.e., the most recent months preceding the death of fish). According to concentrations of the three ratios to Ca, G. chilospilus can be separated into three groups during their larval life stage (very different in Sr and Na), four groups during the intermediate phase (few differences in Sr and Na) and three groups during the terminal phase (differences in Sr), illustrating that G. chilospilus inhabit different habitats during these three phases. Our results showed that the leptocephali encountered different oceanic water masses with fluctuating Sr:Ca ratios during the early larval phase. During the intermediate phase (main part of their life‐span), they lived in lagoonal waters such as fringing reefs or reef flats of lagoonal islets, characterized by a lower Sr:Ca ratio. During the latter part of their life, approximately one third of G. chilospilus encountered more oceanic waters close to or at barrier reefs, suggesting possible movements of these fish along a coast‐to‐ocean gradient.
Prolactin controls branchial clcn2c but not atp1a1a.2 in zebrafish Danio rerio
Authors: Breves Jason P.
Published: October 2018

This study examined the branchial epithelium of stenohaline zebrafish Danio rerio, and in particular Na+–Cl− cotransporter‐like 2 (Slc12a10.2)‐expressing ionocytes (Na+–Cl− cotransporter [Ncc]‐cells), which mediate the active uptake of ions from freshwater environments. The study assessed whether the pituitary hormone prolactin (Prl) stimulates the expression of messenger (m)RNAs encoding a Clc Cl− channel family member (clcn2c) and a Na+–K+‐ATPase α1 subunit (atp1a1a.2) expressed in Ncc‐cells. Branchial clcn2c, but not atp1a1a.2 levels, were sensitive to Prl both in vitro and in vivo. These observations suggest that Prl contributes to maintaining systemic Cl− balance via the regulation of clcn2c.
Genomic Literacy of Registered Nurses and Midwives in Australia: A Cross‐Sectional Survey
Authors: Wright Helen , Zhao Lin , Birks Melanie , Mills Jane
Published: October 2018

Purpose

Registered nurses and midwives require a degree of genomic literacy if they are to adequately communicate with other healthcare professionals and provide optimal care to patients, their families, and the community. Several studies have been conducted internationally to assess the genomic literacy of nurses; however, the genomic literacy of Australian registered nurses and midwives has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to measure the genomic literacy of Australian registered nurses and midwives through assessing participants’ understandings of genomic concepts most critical to nursing and midwifery practice, as well as their perceived knowledge and attitude towards genomics in nursing and midwifery practice.

Design

Cross‐sectional survey of Australian registered nurses and midwives using the Genomic Nursing Concept Inventory (GNCI©), a 31 multiple‐choice question survey instrument. Participants were recruited via two key Australian nursing and midwifery organizations over an 8‐month period in 2016.

Methods

Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were used to calculate the total GNCI© score and scores on individual subcategories, as well as relationships between demographic variables and GNCI© scores.

Findings

Most respondents worked as clinicians (71.4%) in a hospital or hospital‐based setting (61.8%). Most registered nurses (80.5%) and midwives (97.2%) reported that genetics was relevant to clinical practice; however, over 80% of registered nurses and midwives believed their knowledge of genetics was poor or average. Genomic knowledge was assessed using the GNCI©. Scores ranged from 3 to 29 (out of a possible 31), with a mean score of 13.3 (SD 4.559) based on 253 (N = 253) respondents, indicating that genomic literacy is low. There was a significant difference between genomic knowledge scores and education and training level (p = .036).

Conclusions

The genomic literacy of registered nurses and midwives in Australia is low. More must be done to ensure Australian registered nurses and midwives have an adequate level of genomic literacy to provide optimal care to patients, their families, and the community.

Clinical Relevance

Modern medicine requires a healthcare workforce that is literate in genomics. Findings from this study may serve as the catalyst to improve the genomic literacy of the Australian nursing and midwifery workforce, allowing for improved health outcomes for individuals and the wider Australian public.
Longitudinal Associations of the Attainment of Developmental Tasks With Psychological Symptoms in Adolescence: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Pinquart Martin , Pfeiffer Jens P.
Published: October 2018

The present meta‐analysis integrates results from 310 longitudinal studies on associations of the attainment of 10 developmental tasks with psychological symptoms (e.g., internalizing or externalizing symptoms, anxiety, and depression). Higher initial success with getting access to a peer group, building friendships, preparing for a future career, body acceptance, as well as developing a personal identity, a value system, and socially responsible behavior predicted lower levels of symptoms at follow‐up and stronger declines of symptoms over time when controlling for initial symptom levels. Furthermore, higher initial symptom levels predicted lower attainment of these tasks at follow‐up as well as lower progress in task attainment. In contrast, more initial romantic/sexual involvement predicted an increase in symptoms over time, while higher initial symptoms were related to an increase in romantic/sexual involvement. Associations with autonomy varied between different forms of autonomy, while acquisition of a gender role was not related with psychological symptoms.
Reproduction and morphology of Central American and Tres Marias spinner dolphins in the eastern tropical Pacific
Authors: Chivers Susan J. , Perryman Wayne L. , Lynn Morgan S.
Published: October 2018

Four geographic forms of spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris) occur in the eastern tropical Pacific. Two of the forms are pelagic: the eastern and whitebelly, and two are coastal: the Central American and Tres Marias spinner dolphins. Of these, only the Tres Marias form lacks recognition appropriate for developing management and conservation plans. Vertical aerial photographs of 57 spinner dolphin schools taken between 1988 and 2006 were used to examine the range of coastal forms and to characterize their calving seasons. On the basis of adult body length, spinner dolphins photographed off Guerrero, Mexico, were identified as those of the Central American form, which is north of their known range, and those photographed farther north, approximately 112 km off Nayarit, Mexico, were identified as the Tres Marias form. Calving peaked from October through March, and there was evidence that calving seasons differed among geographic forms with coastal forms calving later than pelagic forms. We present the first life history parameter estimates for the coastal forms of spinner dolphins, provide additional support for recognition of the Tres Marias form, and the first evidence of the Central American form occurring north of the Gulf of Tehuantepec, Mexico.
Whales from space: Four mysticete species described using new VHR satellite imagery
Authors: Cubaynes Hannah C. , Fretwell Peter T. , Bamford Connor , Gerrish Laura , Jackson Jennifer A.
Published: October 2018

Large‐bodied animals such as baleen whales can now be detected with very high resolution (VHR) satellite imagery, allowing for scientific studies of whales in remote and inaccessible areas where traditional survey methods are limited or impractical. Here we present the first study of baleen whales using the WorldView‐3 satellite, which has a maximum spatial resolution of 31 cm in the panchromatic band, the highest currently available to nonmilitary professionals. We manually detected, described, and counted four different mysticete species: fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) in the Ligurian Sea, humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) off Hawaii, southern right whales (Eubalaena australis) off Península Valdés, and gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) in Laguna San Ignacio. Visual and spectral analyses were conducted for each species, their surrounding waters, and nonwhale objects (e.g., boats). We found that behavioral and morphological differences made some species more distinguishable than others. Fin and gray whales were the easiest to discern due to their contrasting body coloration with surrounding water, and their prone body position, which is proximal to the sea surface (i.e., body parallel to the sea surface). These results demonstrate the feasibility of using VHR satellite technology for monitoring the great whales.
Perspectives on misidentification of Trichophyton interdigitale/Trichophyton mentagrophytes using internal transcribed spacer region sequencing: Urgent need to update the sequence database
Authors: Chowdhary Anuradha , Singh Ashutosh , Singh Pradeep K. , Khurana Ananta , Meis Jacques F.
Published: October 2018

The taxonomy of the dermatophytes has been revisited using a novel multilocus phylogenetic approach, and several neotypes and reference strains have been assigned for Trichophyton species. Single gene sequencing, that is the ITS region, for identification of highly related species T. mentagrophytes/T. interdigitale, warrant reassessment. The sequence database (Westerdijk and NCBI) needs to be updated as several incorrect/obsolete entries of reference and neotype strains of T. interdigitale/T. mentagrophytes hampers correct identification of this complex.
DC‐SIGN and VDR polymorphisms are associated with chronic form of paracoccidioidomycosis with oral manifestations
Authors: Alves Pereira Neto Tertuliano , Costa Pereira Alessandro Antônio , Costa Hanemann João Adolfo , Coelho Luiz Felipe Leomil , Malaquias Luiz Cosme Cotta
Published: October 2018

Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a granulomatous disease caused by fungi of the species complex of the Paracoccidioides genus. One of the main clinical manifestations of PCM is the presence of oral lesions with the presence of epithelioid granulomas. In this work, we aimed to evaluate the frequency of SNPs in the TNF‐α, JAK1, VDR, DC‐SIGN and FcγRIIa genes in patients with chronic PCM and verify possible association of these SNPs with the organisation pattern of the granulomas in the oral lesions. A total of 66 samples of DNA were obtained from oral lesions biopsies and 106 DNA samples were obtained from healthy individuals. The individuals were genotyped for SNPs in DC‐SIGN (rs4804803), FcγRIIa (rs1801274), JAK1 (rs11208534), TNF‐α (rs1800629) and VDR (rs7975232) by real‐time PCR and allele discrimination method. Granulomas were classified as loose or dense according to the histological pattern. In the VDR (rs7975232), the CC genotype (P < 0.001, OR = 5.94, 95% CI = 2.07‐17.05), and the C allele (P = 0.027, OR = 2.71, 95% CI = 1.07‐6.86), as well as the GG genotype in DC‐SIGN (rs4804803) (P = 0.032, OR: 3.76, 95%, I = 1.06‐13.38) are associated with an increased risk of oral PCM. Our data indicate that VDR and DC‐SIGN genetics variations are related to the susceptibility of oral PCM in the group of patients analysed.
Turnover of southern cypresses in the post‐Gondwanan world: extinction, transoceanic dispersal, adaptation and rediversification
Authors: Crisp Michael D. , Cook Lyn G. , Bowman David M. J. S. , Cosgrove Meredith , Isagi Yuji , Sakaguchi Shota
Published: October 2018

Cupressaceae subfamily Callitroideae has been an important exemplar for vicariance biogeography, but its history is more than just disjunctions resulting from continental drift. We combine fossil and molecular data to better assess its extinction and, sometimes, rediversification after past global change.

Key fossils were reassessed and their phylogenetic placement for calibration was determined using trait mapping and Bayes Factors. Five vicariance hypotheses were tested by comparing molecular divergence times with the timing of tectonic rifting. The role of adaptation to fire (serotiny) in its spread across a drying Australia was tested for Callitris.

Our findings suggest that three transoceanic disjunctions within the Callitroideae probably arose from long‐distance dispersal. A signature of extinction, centred on the end‐Eocene global climatic chilling and drying, is evident in lineages‐through‐time plots and in the fossil record. Callitris, the most diverse extant callitroid genus, suffered extinctions but surviving lineages adapted and re‐radiated into dry, fire‐prone biomes that expanded in the Neogene. Serotiny, a key adaptation to fire, likely evolved in Callitris coincident with the biome shift.

Both extinction and adaptive shifts have probably played major roles in this chronicle of turnover and renewal, but better understanding of biogeographical history requires improved taxonomy of fossils.
Rapid and repeated local adaptation to climate in an invasive plant
Authors: van Boheemen Lotte A. , Atwater Daniel Z. , Hodgins Kathryn A.
Published: October 2018

Biological invasions provide opportunities to study evolutionary processes occurring over contemporary timescales. To explore the speed and repeatability of adaptation, we examined the divergence of life‐history traits to climate, using latitude as a proxy, in the native North American and introduced European and Australian ranges of the annual plantAmbrosia artemisiifolia.

We explored niche changes following introductions using climate niche dynamic models. In a common garden, we examined trait divergence by growing seeds collected across three ranges with highly distinct demographic histories. Heterozygosity–fitness associations were used to explore the effect of invasion history on potential success. We accounted for nonadaptive population differentiation using 11 598 single nucleotide polymorphisms.

We revealed a centroid shift to warmer, wetter climates in the introduced ranges. We identified repeated latitudinal divergence in life‐history traits, with European and Australian populations positioned at either end of the native clines.

Our data indicate rapid and repeated adaptation to local climates despite the recent introductions and a bottleneck limiting genetic variation in Australia. Centroid shifts in the introduced ranges suggest adaptation to more productive environments, potentially contributing to trait divergence between the ranges.
Barrier use during oro‐genital sex and oral Human Papillomavirus prevalence: Analysis of NHANES 2009–2014
Authors: Gupta Avni , Perkins Rebecca B. , Ortega Gezzer , Feldman Sarah , Villa Alessandro
Published: October 2018

Objectives

The incidence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas is increasing. Oral HPV infection is acquired through oro‐genital contact. We examined the association between barrier use during oro‐genital sex and oral HPV 16/18 prevalence in HPV unvaccinated individuals.

Methods

A cross‐sectional analysis of individuals aged 18–59 years with a history of oro‐genital sex was conducted using National Health and Nutrition Assessment Survey (NHANES) from 2009 to 2014. Multivariable logistic regression models were adjusted for gender, total number of oro‐genital sex partners, smoking status, and alcohol consumption. Using NHANES sample weights, analysis was weighted for national representation.

Results

Sample of 4,357 individuals represented 68,680,333 individuals nationally. 6.6% reported always or usually using a barrier during oro‐genital sex, and 1.3% were positive for oral HPV 16/18 infection. In the adjusted analysis, barrier users were less likely to be oral HPV 16/18 positive, as compared to those who did not report using a barrier (RR: 0.21; 95% CI: 0.04–0.97; p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Using barrier during oro‐genital sex might help to reduce oral HPV 16/18 prevalence. Hence, the use of a barrier should be promoted not only during vaginal but also during oro‐genital sex. This finding is particularly important among HPV unvaccinated individuals.
Genotypic differences in leaf secondary metabolism, plant hormones and yield under alone and combined stress of drought and salinity in cotton genotypes
Authors: Ibrahim Wasim , Zhu Ya‐Ming , Chen Yu , Qiu Cheng‐Wei , Zhu Shuijin , Wu Feibo
Published: October 2018

Drought and salinity stress highly affect the plant growth and production around the world. Secondary metabolites play a main role in adaptation to the environment and in overcoming stress conditions. In order to investigate the effect of drought and salinity, alone or in combination, on secondary metabolism‐related enzyme activities, plant hormones and yield parameters, a greenhouse pot experiment was conducted using two cotton genotypes Zhongmian 23 (salt tolerant) and Zhongmian 41 (salt sensitive). Results showed that single and combined drought and salinity stresses caused remarkable decrease in plant height, bolls and lint yield in the order as follows: D + S > salinity > drought, and Zhongmian 41 > Zhongmian 23. Lower H2O2 and superoxide but higher proline content and secondary metabolism‐related enzyme activities were observed in Zhongmian 23 under drought and salinity, both alone and combined, compared with control in Zhongmian 41. Our findings suggest that controlling reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and increasing activities of secondary metabolism‐related enzymes in Zhongmian 23 might be an effective mechanism to reduce the negative effects of drought and salinity stress. However, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), and shikimate dehydrogenase (SKDH) activities were markedly decreased in Zhongmian 41 under salinity stress alone as compared with control. Meanwhile, Zhongmian 23 had higher expression levels of genes related to secondary metabolism (c.f. phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase, PAL; polyphenol oxidase, PPO and CAD) under the three stresses compared to Zhongmian 41. The content of flavonoids and phenols were significantly enhanced under drought and D + S, with higher accumulation in Zhongmian 23. Phenols content in Zhongmian 23 remained unchanged under salinity as relative to control, but were significantly reduced in Zhongmian 41. In addition, callose content, chitinase activities and abscisic acid (ABA) and Indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) were more induced in Zhongmian 23 under drought, salinity and D + S, than in Zhongmian 41. Our results suggest that high tolerance to D + S stress in Zhongmian 23 is closely related to elevated callose, chitinase, flavonoids and phenols contents and higher secondary metabolism‐related enzyme activities and their transcript levels.
Complement activation by human red blood cell antibodies: hemolytic potential of antibodies and efficacy of complement inhibitors assessed by a sensitive flow cytometric assay
Authors: Anliker Markus , Schmidt Christoph Q. , Harder Markus J. , Ganchev Georgi , von Zabern Inge , Höchsmann Britta , Schrezenmeier Hubert , Weinstock Christof
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND

Therapeutic intervention strategies in complement‐mediated hemolytic diseases are still inappropriate, and lethal events cannot be reliably prevented. As an in vitro model of intravascular hemolysis, a sensitive flow cytometric assay was designed using red blood cells (RBCs) of patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) as target cells. Complement activation by human allo‐ and autoantibodies directed against RBC antigens and the effect of different complement inhibitors were studied.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

RBCs of patients with a PNH III RBC clone of more than 20% were coated with different human allo‐ or autoantibodies. Hemolysis was initiated with pooled normal human AB serum with or without the addition of complement inhibitors. Loss of PNH III RBCs was estimated by flow cytometry.

RESULTS

RBC antibodies of 174 different patients representing 37 different specificities were tested for their potency to activate complement. In correlation with blood group specificities roughly three different patterns were observed: 1) strong and regular, 2) sporadic, and 3) weak or absent complement activation. Remarkably strong complement activators were among antibodies directed against high‐prevalence blood group antigens. The C5 inhibitor eculizumab abrogated mild but not strong complement activation, even in presence of excess inhibitor. However, this residual complement activity could be further depressed by combining eculizumab with other inhibitors.

CONCLUSION

The PNH hemolysis assay offers a sensitive tool for in vitro analyses of classical pathway‐mediated complement activation. The recognition of additive effects of complement inhibitors may guide novel intervention strategies against unwanted complement damage.
Complications associated with closed castration using the Henderson equine castration instrument in 300 standing equids
Authors: Racine Julien , Vidondo Beatriz , Ramseyer Alessandra , Koch Christoph
Published: October 2018

Objective

To describe a closed castration technique in standing equids, report associated complications, and identify potential risk factors.

Study design

Prospective cohort study of 300 standing equids that were castrated with the Henderson Equine Castrating Instrument.

Methods

Thirteen participating veterinarians recorded intraoperative difficulties and postoperative complications. Descriptive statistics, univariate analyses with Fisher's exact tests, and logistic regressions were used to evaluate intraoperative difficulties and postoperative complications and to assess risk factors for postoperative complications.

Results

Data were collected on 300 equids (269 horses, 23 ponies, and 8 donkeys). Intraoperative difficulties were experienced in 39 of 300 (13%) procedures. Postoperative complications were reported in 69 of 300 (23%) equids, including excessive swelling (29, 9.67%), surgical site infection (SSI; 27, 9%), severe hemorrhage (3, 1%), and prolapse of the omentum (2, 0.64%). Donkeys were at increased risk of severe hemorrhage (2/8, 25%, P = .0019). Equids that were castrated in a hospital setting (83/300, 27.66%) more frequently developed excessive swelling (P = .0034, odds ratio [OR] = 3.20) and SSI (P = .0047, OR = 3.18) compared with equids that were castrated in a field setting (217/300, 72.33%). Prolonging antimicrobial prophylaxis or age of the equid at the time of castration had no effect on the prevalence of excessive swelling or SSI.

Conclusion

The method of castration evaluated here resulted in a similar prevalence of postoperative complications to that previously reported for castrations in standing horses but fewer SSI.

Clinical significance

The described method provides a viable option for castrating horses and ponies, but is not recommended in donkeys.
Comparison of methohexital and propofol as induction agents for evaluation of laryngeal function in healthy dogs
Authors: Brown Mikala B. , Dugat Danielle R. , Lyon Shane D. , Nafe Laura A. , Payton Mark E. , Peakheart Sarah K. , Salazar Rebecca S.
Published: October 2018

Objective

To determine the influence of propofol or methohexital, with and without doxapram, on the examination of laryngeal function in dogs.

Study design

Experimental study.

Animals

Forty healthy dogs randomly assigned to 4 groups: propofol with saline (n = 10), propofol with doxapram (n = 10), methohexital with saline (n = 10), or methohexital with doxapram (n = 10).

Methods

Propofol and methohexital were administered to effect. Investigators examined laryngeal function (initial) simultaneously with video laryngoscopy. Doxapram or saline was administered, and laryngeal function was reevaluated (second). Laryngeal motion, quality of laryngeal exposure, and the degree of swallowing, laryngospasm, and jaw tone were scored at each evaluation. Adverse events were recorded. Initial and second videos were evaluated by a masked observer, and still images obtained from both evaluations were evaluated for change in rima glottidis size by 2 masked observers.

Results

Administration of doxapram and saline was delayed with propofol (P = .001). Laryngeal function did not differ between dogs receiving propofol or methohexital, irrespective of doxapram administration. Doxapram improved breathing scores in both groups (P < .001). Jaw tone increased with propofol during the second evaluation (P = .049). Swallowing was more prevalent at initial examination (P = .020). Methohexital resulted in an increased heart rate (P < .001) compared with propofol. Twenty‐five percent of dogs receiving methohexital developed seizure‐like activity (n = 5/20).

Conclusion

Evaluation of laryngeal function did not differ between healthy dogs anesthetized with propofol or methohexital. Methohexital provided shorter examination times with less jaw tone but was associated with adverse events.

Clinical significance

This study provides evidence to recommend propofol over methohexital as an induction agent for laryngeal function examination.
Simultaneous monitoring of Ca2+ responses and salivary secretion in live animals reveals a threshold intracellular Ca2+ concentration for salivation
Authors: Nezu Akihiro , Morita Takao , Nagai Takeharu , Tanimura Akihiko
Published: October 2018

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

The effects of Ca2+ responses on salivary fluid secretion have been studied indirectly by monitoring ion channel activities and other indices. Therefore, Ca2+ responses during salivary secretion remain poorly understood.

What is the main finding and its importance?

Herein, we developed a simultaneous monitoring system for Ca2+ responses and salivary secretion in live animals using a YC‐Nano50‐expressing submandibular gland and a fibre‐optic pressure sensor. This new approach revealed a clear time lag between the onset of Ca2+ responses and salivary secretion. We also estimated the [Ca2+]i and provided direct evidence for the regulation of salivary secretion by small increases in [Ca2+]i in submandibular gland acinar cells.

We monitored changes in [Ca2+]i during salivary secretion in the rat submandibular gland in live animals using a combination of intravital Ca2+ imaging with the ultrasensitive Ca2+ indicator YC‐Nano50 and a fibre‐optic pressure sensor. Intravenous infusion of ACh (10–720 nmol min−1) increased [Ca2+]i and salivary flow rate in a dose‐dependent manner. Repetitive stimulation with ACh induced equivalent Ca2+ responses and salivary secretion in the same individual animals. The accurate ACh stimulation experiments revealed a clear time lag between the onset of the increase in [Ca2+]i and salivary secretion. The time lag with the lowest dose of ACh (30 nmol min−1) was 106 s, which shortened to 19 s with the dose used for maximal salivary secretion (360 nmol min−1). This time lag might reflect the time required for [Ca2+]i to reach the level required to activate molecules for fluid secretion. The resting [Ca2+]i in submandibular gland was 37 nm, and [Ca2+]i at the onset of salivary secretion was 45–57 nm, irrespective of ACh dose. These results indicate that low [Ca2+]i is sufficient to trigger fluid secretion in the rat submandibular gland in vivo.
Mechanotransduction caused by a point force in the extracellular space
Authors: Roth Bradley John
Published: October 2018

The mechanical bidomain model is a mathematicalВ description of biological tissue that focuses onВ mechanotransduction. The modelвЂ™s fundamental hypothesisВ is that differences in the intracellular and extracellularВ displacements activate integrins, causing a cascade ofВ biological effects. This paper presents analytical solutionsВ of the bidomain equations for an extracellular point force.В The intra- and extracellular spaces are incompressible,В isotropic, and coupled. The expressions for the intra- andВ extracellular displacements each contain three terms: aВ monodomain term that is identical in the two spaces, andВ two bidomain terms, one of which decays exponentially.В Near the origin the intracellular displacement remainsВ finite and the extracellular displacement diverges. FarВ from the origin the monodomain displacement decays inВ inverse proportion to the distance, the strain decays as theВ distance squared, and the difference between the intra- andВ extracellular displacements decays as the distance cubed.В These predictions could be tested by applying a force toВ a magnetic nanoparticle embedded in the extracellularВ matrix and recording the mechanotransduction response.
Adapted Physical Activity Professionals in Rehabilitation: An Explorative Study in the Norwegian Context
Authors: Standal Øyvind F. , Nyquist Tor Erik H. , Mong Hanne H.
Published: October 2018

Adapted physical activity (APA) is characterized by a strong orientation to professional practice. Currently, there exists limited empirical research about the professional status of APA in the context of rehabilitation. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to describe and understand the professional status, role, and work tasks of APA specialists in Norway. For the purpose of the study, the authors conducted group interviews with APA specialists and individual interviews with unit leaders at six rehabilitation institutions in the national specialist health care services. The results highlight the content of the work tasks, the roles in the cross-professional teams, the status in the institutions, and what the participants perceive to be the knowledge base for their profession. Although these results may be specific to the Norwegian context, the authors also discuss possible implications of their findings for APA in an international perspective.
Constraints and Facilitators to Developing Collaborative Campus Wellness Partnerships
Authors: Hartman Cindy L. , Evans Kate E. , Barcelona Robert J. , Brookover Robert S.
Published: October 2018

This qualitative study explores how campus recreation directors form wellness-based partnerships across campus to serve student wellness needs. Data were collected from 127 campus recreation professionals regarding constraints and facilitators to campus-based wellness partnerships. Data were analyzed using the constant comparison method to identify best practices associated with wellness partnership development. Selected best practices include developing a culture of partnering across campus, formalizing partnerships, and utilizing process- and outcome-based evaluations.
Use of a Student Recreation Center, Self-Determination Needs Satisfaction, and Subjective Vitality: A Structural Model
Authors: Xie Hui , Guan Shu-Sha Angie , Boyns David
Published: October 2018

The student recreation center (SRC) promotes quality of life among college students. Grounded in self-determination theory, this study examined the relationship between SRC use and subjective vitality using a sample of 540 students at a large state university in the United States. Results of structural equation modeling indicated that use of fitness and group sport facilities both had a positive relationship with subjective vitality, which were mediated by competence need satisfaction, relatedness need satisfaction, and perception of physical health. Implications of the study findings were discussed.
Pleural tuberculosis: a key differential diagnosis for pleural thickening, even without obvious risk factors for tuberculosis in a low incidence setting
Authors: Philip Keir Elmslie James , Kon Onn Min , Roddie Mary , Ross Clare
Published: October 2018

We report the case of a 64-year-old woman, presenting with pleuritic chest pain and weight loss. She had a previous history of breast malignancy and no clear risk factors for tuberculosis (TB). Initial investigations showed a right-sided pleural effusion and pleural thickening suggestive of malignancy, which would have been in keeping with the clinical presentation. Initial pleural biopsy showed features suggestive of possible TB infection, though no growth on cultures. A repeat biopsy was negative on initial microscopy, but was culture positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, also identifying isoniazid resistance. This case highlights that TB remains an important differential even in the absence of classical risk factors, and illustrates the diagnostic challenges it poses. It also highlights the value of culture positivity in identification of drug resistance and facilitation of appropriate treatment.