bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extended Postoperative Ciprofloxacin Prophylaxis for Post-Phacoemulsification Endophthalmitis
Authors: Ciftci Suleyman
Published: April 2024

Purpose
This study investigated the efficacy of extended oral ciprofloxacin prophylaxis in reducing the incidence of endophthalmitis after cataract surgery.
Setting
Single-center study conducted at a tertiary health facility.
Design:
This was a retrospective observational study.
Methods
This study was conducted on patients who underwent uncomplicated phacoemulsification surgery. Two cohorts were analyzed: one receiving oral ciprofloxacin twice daily for one week post-surgery and another not receiving ciprofloxacin. The patients who did not receive ciprofloxacin were operated on between June 2013 and October 2019, while the others underwent surgery between June 2011 and April 2021. Endophthalmitis incidence, patient demographics, and surgical variables were assessed between the two groups. Statistical analyses included chi-square tests, Fisher’s exact tests, logistic regression, and Kaplan‒Meier estimates.
Results
Out of 1172 eyes (1015 patients), 548 received ciprofloxacin, and 624 did not. The ciprofloxacin group reported a 0% incidence of endophthalmitis compared to 0.8% in the non ciprofloxacin group. While the chi-square test revealed significant differences (p = 0.036), Fisher’s exact test did not reach significance at values less than < 0.05. The efficacy of oral ciprofloxacin in preventing endophthalmitis was 100%. The odds ratios for sex, age, and unilateral/bilateral surgery were not significant. Challenges in achieving statistical significance, attributable to zero events in the ciprofloxacin group, were acknowledged.
Conclusion
Oral administration of two 750 mg tablets of ciprofloxacin per day for one week after phacoemulsification surgery is superior to a single intracameral antibiotic injection as an additional treatment.
Microbially-enhanced silicate weathering in agricultural soils to remove carbon dioxide
Authors: Timmermann-Aranis Tania , Wemmer Kimberly , Yip Christopher , Yang Yun-Ya , Chowdhury Anupam , Dores Daniel , Takayama Taichi , Nademanee Sharon , Traag Bjorn , Zamanian Kazem , Gonzalez Bernardo , Breecker Daniel O , Fierer Noah , Slessarev Eric , Fuenzalida-Meriz Gonzalo
Published: April 2024

Silicate weathering moderates atmospheric CO2 levels over geologic time but proceeds naturally at rates too slow to substantially mitigate anthropogenic emissions. Microorganisms can accelerate silicate weathering and may thereby augment carbon dioxide removal. Here, we demonstrate that Bacillus subtilis strain MP1 can couple silicate dissolution with carbonate precipitation to capture CO2. In culture, MP1 formed biofilm in the presence of feldspar and increased silicate dissolution rates, pH and calcium carbonate formation relative to MP1-free controls. In a soil column experiment, MP1 enhanced inorganic carbon accumulation and the levels of available Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, and Al3+. These results suggest that MP1 was able to accelerate the weathering of silicates naturally present in the soil to release cations. In field experiments, application of MP1 increased soil inorganic carbon and exchangeable calcium, resulting in a gross accrual of 2.02 tonnes inorganic C ha-1 y-1 in the uppermost 30 cm of the soil column. Our results are consistent with a 'trans' calcification type model in which MP1 links silicate dissolution with calcite precipitation via cross-biofilm Ca2+ and proton transport. Furthermore, our results demonstrate the potential for microbially-enhanced silicate weathering in agricultural soils to promote inorganic carbon accumulation and removal of atmospheric CO2.
RETRACTED: HPLC analysis of QWBD and the mechanism by which it improves acute lung injury
Authors: He Yanling , Mao Xiangzheng , Feng Jinhui , Wang Wenting , Li Sha , Wang Bin , Wei Hao , Liu Jiping , Chao Xu , Zhao Peng , Dong Taiwei , Guoquan Wang
Published: April 2024

The authors have requested that this preprint be removed from Research Square.
Classifying and Forecasting Seismic Event Characteristics Using Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Bustos Kameron , Maazallahi Abbas , Salari Mohammad Amir , Snir Eli , Norouzzadeh Payam , Rahmani Bahareh
Published: April 2024

Seismic events present a significant global threat, underscoring the need for effective models to provide insights into these natural disasters. This paper addresses the critical need for advanced seismic event analysis by combining traditional data analysis with cutting-edge machine learning models. The primary objective is to develop models that classify seismic events into different types based on their geological and seismic characteristics and forecast their magnitude. The seismic activities categorized into groups by magnitude to enhance the understanding of these phenomena. Location-Based and Seismic Characteristics Features are utilized in seven machine learning models: Rule-Based Classifier, K-mean Classifier, Decision Trees, Random Forest, Support Vector Machines (SVM), k-Nearest Neighbors (kNN), and Logistic Regression. This approach aims to provide valuable insights into seismic activities, contributing to the development of more nuanced disaster analysis and early warning systems.
Mapping Novel Frataxin Mitochondrial Networks Through Protein- Protein Interactions
Authors: Gnimpieba Etienne , Diing D M , Ailts Jared , Cucak Anja , Gakh Olaksandr , Isaya Grazia , Vitiello Seasson , Wang Shirley , Pierce Paul , Cooper Alec , Roux Kyle , Rogers Lynette K. , Vitiello Peter F.
Published: April 2024

Friedreich’s Ataxia (FRDA) is a neuromuscular degenerative disorder caused by trinucleotide expansions in the first intron of the frataxin (FXN) gene, resulting in insufficient levels of functional FNX protein. Deficits in FXN involve mitochondrial disruptions including iron-sulfur cluster synthesis and impaired energetics. These studies were to identify unique protein-protein interactions with FXN to better understand its function and design therapeutics. Two complementary approaches were employed, BioID and Co-IP, to identify protein interactions with FXN at the direct binding, indirect binding, and non-proximal levels. Forty-one novel protein interactions were identified by BioID and IP techniques. The FXN protein landscape was further analyzed incorporating both interaction type and functional pathways using a maximum path of 6 proteins with a potential direct interaction between FXN and NFS1. Probing the intersection between FXN-protein landscape and biological pathways associated with FRDA, we identified 41 proteins of interest. Peroxiredoxin 3 (Prdx3) was chosen for further analysis because of its role in mitochondrial oxidative injury. Our data has demonstrated the strengths of employing complementary methods to identify a unique interactome for FXN. Our data provides new insights into FXN function and regulation, a potential direct interaction between FXN and NFS1, and pathway interactions between FXN and Prdx3.
Global existence of mild solutions to non-autonomous stochastic evolution equations
Authors: Zhao Huani
Published: April 2024

We investigate the global existence of mild solutions for Cauchy problem to a class of non-autonomous stochastic evolution equations with additive noise, where the operators in linear part depend on time $t$ and generate compact evolution family. Finally, we provide an illustrative example of practical significance to show the practical usefulness of the theoretical results that are obtained in this paper. The results obtained in this paper are supplement to the existing literature and essentially extend some existing results in this area.
Mathematics Subject Classification(2010): 37B55; 37L55; 47J35; 60H15
LINC01132 and LINC02542 modulate the PIK3/ACT signaling pathway in colorectal cancer patients through regulation of IGF2: a systems biology-based biomarker discovery
Authors: Jalalimanesh Fatemeh , Azadeh Mansoureh , Sasan Hosein Ali , Rezaei Mohammad
Published: April 2024

Background
There is ample evidence to suggest that colorectal cancer has unique originations and genetic changes and immune profiles indicating that colorectal cancer is a diverse disease.
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) perform different duties in controlling gene transcription, post-transcriptional mechanisms, translation, and epigenetic changes. dysregulated expression of lncRNAs is closely associated with a variety of medical conditions.
Method
A comprehensive bioinformatics analysis was conducted to make an informed prediction about the potential biomarkers. The selection of RNAs for this investigation was based on Microarray data analysis, enrichment analyses (pathway, GO), and direct/indirect interaction. Various statistical methods were used to assess differences in expression in the CRC samples, RNA correlations, and the potential for consideration as prognostic or diagnostic biomarkers (ROC and clinicopathological analysis).
Result
The bioinformatics analysis revealed that LINC01132 (logFC: 2.361870571, adj. P. Val < 0.05) and LINC02542 (logFC: 2.456774839, adj. P. Val < 0.05) are significantly up-regulated in CRC and have the potential to be diagnostic biomarkers for the disease, as indicated by their high area under the curve (AUC) values (LINC01132, AUC:0/9475, P. Value <0.0001 and LINC02542, AUC: 0/9075, P. Value <0.0001). Additionally, LINC02542 was found to have a positive correlation with the survival rate of CRC cases (HR: 1.8, log-rank p: 0.02). Both LINC01132 and LINC02542 were found to interact with IGF2(sum of local base-pairing energy of LINC02542: -354.52 kcal/mol, and energy of LINC01132: -69.82 kcal/mol).
Conclusion
LINC01132 and LINC02542 are novel lncRNAs in CRC, and Let-7e-5p miRNA may modulate the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway in CRC through indirect effects on IGF2.
Detection and Analysis of Offensive Online Content in Hausa Language
Authors: Adam Fatima Muhammad , Zandam Abubakar Yakubu , Inuwa-Dutse Isa
Published: April 2024

Hausa, a major Chadic language spoken by over 100 million people in Africa, faces a challenge in the digital age. While widely used, it is considered a low-resource language from a computational linguistic perspective. This means there are limited resources and tools to analyse Hausa text, making it difficult to detect offensive and threatening language online. Our study aimed to bridge this gap. We conducted two user studies (n = 180) to understand cyberbullying in Hausa. We then created the first-ever dataset of offensive and threatening Hausa phrases to train detection systems. We developed a system to flag such content and compared it to Google translation’s ability to detect these terms. Our findings revealed a concerning trend: offensive and threatening language is prevalent online, especially in discussions about religion and politics. Our detection system was able to detect more than 70% of offensive and threatening content, although many of these were mistranslated by Google’s translation engine. We attribute this to the subtle relationship between offensive and threatening content and idiomatic expressions in the Hausa language. This highlights the importance of considering cultural nuances and idiomatic expressions in Hausa. To create a safer online environment for Hausa speakers, we recommend involving diverse stakeholders who understand local contexts and demographics. This will allow for the development of more accurate detection systems and targeted moderation strategies.
Trigger Warning: Readers may find some of the terms in this study distressing or disturbing; all examples are for illustration only.
Raising awareness may increase the likelihood of hematopoietic stem cell donation: analysis of a nationwide survey using Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Conte Luana , Nunzio Giorgio , Lupo Roberto , Cioce Marco , Vitale Elsa , Ianne Chiara , Rubbi Ivan , Martino Massimo , Lombardini Letizia , Vassanelli Aurora , Pupella Simonetta , Pollichieni Simona , Sacchi Nicoletta , Ciceri Fabio , Botti Stefano
Published: April 2024

Background: In Italy, the demand for allogeneic transplantation exceeds the number of compatible donors registered in the Italian Bone Marrow Donor Registry (IBMDR). As various factors likely contribute to the donor shortage, our aim was to explore the knowledge, beliefs, opinions, values, and feelings of the Italian population regarding stem cell donation.
Methods: An online survey was shared through social media. Two groups of respondents were retrospectively identified as those who were (currently or previously) registered on the IBMDR (Donor Group) and those who had never registered (Non-Donor Group). Statistical analyses were performed to confirm the relationship between respondents’ knowledge level and their willingness to donate. Then, a generative artificial intelligence strategy was applied using questionnaire responses as features to train 6 different classifiers for machine learning process. The aim was to predict the probability of IBMDR enrollment.
Results: A total of 1518 respondents from throughout Italy participated in the study. Among NDG, a lower level of knowledge of donation needs (51.7% vs 24.4%, p<0.001) and negative feelings such as fear (Z=-2.2642, p=0.02), perplexity (Z=4.4821, p<0.001), and uncertainty (Z=3.3425, p<0.001) emerged. A higher level of knowledge about stem cell donation and associated processes predicted a greater likelihood of IBMDR enrollment. The machine learning analysis showed an area under the ROC curve (AUC) ranging from 0.65 to 0.81, depending on the classifier.
Conclusions: The results underscore the need to improve strategies to raise awareness and knowledge of stem cell donation and its associated process among the Italian population.
Reduced ATP turnover during hibernation in relaxed skeletal muscle
Authors: Blaauw Bert , de Napoli Cosimo , Schmidt Luisa , Montesel Mauro , Cussonneau Laura , Sanniti Samuele , Marcucci Lorenzo , Germinario Elena , Kindberg Jonas , Evans Alina , Gauquelin-Koch Guillemette , Bertile Fabrice , Lefai Etienne , krüger Marcus , Nogara Leonardo
Published: April 2024

In mammals, loss of food intake and reduced mechanical loading/activity of skeletal muscles leads to a very rapid loss in mass and function. However, during hibernation in bears, despite spending months without feeding and with very modest muscle activity, only moderate muscle wasting is observed. Part of this tissue sparing is due to a highly reduced metabolic activity in almost all tissues, including skeletal muscle. Myosin, one of the most abundant proteins in skeletal muscle, has different metabolic activities in resting muscle. To evaluate the ATPase activity of myosin in hibernating bears, we performed an analysis on a single muscle fiber level. Individual fibers were taken from biopsies of the same bears either during hibernation or during the active phase in the summer. We confirm that muscle fibers from hibernating bears show no loss of fiber size and a mild reduction in force generating capacity. Interestingly, we find a significant reduction in ATPase activity of single muscle fibers taken from hibernating bears, which is caused by a reduced myosin ATP turnover. Single fiber proteomics analysis shows a major remodeling of their proteome, which is similar between different fiber types. Both type 2A and type 1/2A mixed fibers show a marked reduction in mitochondrial proteins during hibernation, with a decrease in proteins linked to the TCA cycle and mitochondrial translation. Western blotting, electron microscope and immunohistochemical analyses confirm mitochondrial alterations in winter muscles.
Using bioinformatical approaches based on the significant proteome changes, we found a decrease in Myosin Light Chain Kinase (MYLK2) targets in winter muscles compared to summer samples. This outcome was confirmed by western blotting analyses of both phosphorylated myosin light chain and MYLK2, which is a known stimulator of basal myosin ATPase activity. These results suggest that reduced myosin ATPase activity is one of the evolutionary adaptations adopted by resting skeletal muscle during hibernation to minimize energy expenditure. Interestingly, this suggests modulation of myosin ATPase activity as a new possible target to combat muscle wasting diseases, particularly those linked to altered metabolism.
The effect of conditional cash transfers on tuberculosis incidence and mortality is determined by ethnoracial and socioeconomic factors: a cohort study of 54 million individuals in Brazil
Authors: Rasella Davide , Jesus Gabriela , Pinto Priscila , Silva Andréa , Cavalcanti Daniella , Lua Iracema , Ichihara Maria , Barreto Mauricio , Boccia Delia , Sanchez Mauro
Published: April 2024

Background. Conditional Cash Transfers (CCT) are the world’s most widely implemented interventions for poverty alleviation. Still, there is no solid evidence of the CCT effects on the reduction of the burden of Tuberculosis (TB) in marginalized and extremely vulnerable populations. We estimated the effect of the Bolsa Família Program (BFP), the largest CCT in the world, on TB incidence, mortality, and case-fatality rate using a nationwide cohort of 54.5 million individuals during a 12-year period in Brazil.
Methods. We selected low-income individuals who entered in the 100 Million Brazilians Cohort and were linked to nationwide TB registries between 2004 to 2015, and compared BFP beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries using a quasi-experimental impact evaluation design. We employed inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) multivariable Poisson regressions, adjusted for all relevant socioeconomic, demographic, and healthcare confounding variables - at individual and municipal level. Subsequently, we evaluated BFP effects for different subpopulations according to ethnoracial factors, wealth levels, sex, and age. We also performed several sensitivity and triangulation analyses to verify the robustness of the estimates.
Findings. Exposure to BFP was associated with a large reduction in TB incidence in the low-income individuals under study (adjusted rate ratio [aRR]:0.59;95%CI:0.58-0.60) and mortality (aRR:0.69;95%CI:0.65-0.73). The strongest BFP effect was observed in Indigenous people both for TB incidence (aRR:0.37;95%CI:0.32-0.42), and mortality-aRR:0.35;95%CI:0.20-0.62), and in Black and Pardo people (Incidence-aRR:0.58;95%CI:0.57-0.59; Mortality -aRR:0.69;95%CI:0,64-0,73). BFP effects showed a clear gradient according to wealth levels and were considerably stronger among the extremely poor individuals for TB incidence (aRR:0.49, 95%CI:0.49-0.50) and mortality (aRR:0.60;95%CI:0.55-0.65). The BFP effects on case-fatality rates were also positive, however without statistical significance.
Interpretation. CCT can strongly reduce TB incidence and mortality in extremely poor, Indigenous, Black and Pardo populations, and could significantly contribute to achieving the End TB Strategy targets and the TB-related Sustainable Development Goals.
Increasing Sugarcane Salinity Resistance with Silicon Fertilizer by Preventing the Absorption of Na+ and Cl- and Improve Antioxidant Defense System
Authors: Ansori Ali , Nabipour Majid , Farzaneh Masoumeh
Published: April 2024

Aims
Irrigation with saline water is becoming increasingly common in arid and semi-arid environments, where irrigation is necessary for crop production. However, the high demand for sugarcane and limited access to water in these areas pose significant challenges. This study aims to determine the effect of powdered silicon fertilizer on the ability of sugarcane to withstand salinity stress.
Methods
This study uses a split-split plot design within a completely randomized design (CRD). The main plot factors included three levels of salinity: control of 1.4±0.2 dS.m-1 (S0) from the river water source, salinity stress of 4.1±0.2 dS.m-1 (S1), and salinity stress of 8.2±0.2 dS.m-1 (S2) from the drain water source, with a sub-factor of variety treatment (CP73-21 (V1) and CP69-1062 (V2)).
Results
The results indicated that salinity stress led to a reduction in stem height, SPAD index, relative water content, stomatal conductance, and photosynthesis rate compared to the control by 65.5%, 27%, 10.8%, 38.5%, and 41.8%, respectively. In addition, the concentrations of Na+ and Cl- in the leaves, electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde, and proline, increased by 75%, 50%, 22.7%, 81.5%, and 67%, respectively.
Conclusions
However, nutrition silicon one month before salinity stress improved physiological, biochemical, and cell membrane stability characteristics and maintained leaf photosynthesis. Overall, the results illustrate that feeding sugarcane with silicon (Si) fertilizer can improve its tolerance to salinity stress by enhancing physiological processes, antioxidant enzymes, and ionic homeostasis.
Behavioral response of Bornean ungulates, including bearded pigs and sambar deer, to anthropogenic disturbance in Sabah, Malaysia
Authors: Nakabayashi Miyabi , Kanamori Tomoko , Matsukawa Aoi , Tangah Joseph , Tuuga Augustine , Malim Titol Peter , Bernard Henry , Ahmad Abdul Hamid , Matsuda Ikki , Hanya Goro
Published: April 2024

Understanding wildlife behavioral responses is crucial for assessing the effects of anthropogenic disturbance. We used camera traps to investigate the behavioral responses of two ungulate species, bearded pigs (Sus barbatus) and sambar deer (Rusa unicolor), to anthropogenic disturbance in three protected areas in Sabah, Malaysia, that have varying levels of human activity. We found that human activities generally influence the activity patterns of both ungulates, albeit with variations among the sites. The temporal activity pattern of bearded pigs was affected by anthropogenic disturbance, especially in the area targeted by poachers. While the core activity pattern of sambar deer remained consistent across sites, poaching pressure appeared to impact their behavior within specific environments. Bearded pigs approached plantations at times of low human activity, presumably to forage, indicating that they adjust spatiotemporal activity patterns to minimize human contact. We observed a reduction in active times for both species at sites of high anthropogenic disturbance. Despite these challenges, both species demonstrated behavioral adaptability to anthropogenic disturbance by utilizing artificial environments such as roads and oil palm plantations as foraging places, thereby potentially compensating for reduced feeding times. Our study underscores the negative impact of human activities on the activity patterns of the two ungulate species. Nevertheless, it also highlights their behavioral plasticity in response to anthropogenic disturbance, suggesting their ability to efficiently utilize alternative food resources. Our methodology provides insights into wildlife management strategies. We recommend urgent long-term monitoring of wildlife population dynamics, including behavioral responses, especially in Southeast Asia.
Assessment of open cell bio-based flexible polyurethane composites on mechanical, thermal and electrical properties for futuristic applications: An Initiative towards net-zero carbon emissions
Authors: Selvaraj Vinoth Kumar , Subramanian Jeyanthi
Published: April 2024

This study proposes a novel approach to enhance the sustainability of polyurethane foam (PUF) by using renewable castor oil as a partial substitute for petrochemical polyols. The research focuses on developing an organic, low-density PUF reinforced with graphite nanoparticles (GNP), bamboo charcoal (BC), and zirconium oxide (ZrO2) nanoparticles. These reinforcements are incorporated using an absorption and hydrothermal reduction (AHR) technique. The resulting composite material is then evaluated for its multifunctional attributes, including density, tensile strength, flammability, and dielectric constant. The experimental results demonstrate significant improvements in the mechanical properties of the bio-based PUF, with the tensile strength increasing from 80 to 114 KPa due to the addition of nanoparticles. Moreover, the flammability tests show that while the bio-based PUF without nanoparticles achieved a UL-94 flame rating of V-2, the nanoparticle-reinforced PUF achieved higher ratings of V-0 and V-1, indicating improved flame retardancy. Furthermore, the study systematically assesses the dielectric properties of the open-cell bio-foam, comparing experimental results with a statistical experimental design. Optimization using an RSM central composite design (CCD) reveals a composition of 0.5 wt.% GNP, 0.5 wt.% ZrO2, and 2.5 wt.% BC results in a high dielectric constant of 4.95, making it suitable for effective dielectric applications. Experimental confirmation and simulation using COMSOL Multiphysics validate the optimized parameters, with error percentages of 3.12% and 2.48%, respectively. Overall, these findings underscore the potential of the proposed material as a sustainable alternative to conventional materials, aligning it with the growing demand for environmentally conscious solutions.
To explore the active ingredients and potential targets of Tongmai Yangxin pills in the treatment of atrial fibrillation based on network pharmacology and Mendelian randomization
Authors: Wang Jun , Xing Jun Wu
Published: April 2024

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common clinical arrhythmia. Tongmai Yangxin Pill (TMYX) is a traditional Chinese medicine prescription for treating arrhythmia, but the mechanism of action in AF remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the mechanism of TMYX in AF and provide a new treatment target.
Methods: The effective components of TMYXwere screened in onlinedatabase. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between AF and control samples were obtained via differential expression analysis. Candidate genes were obtained by overlapping DEGs and independent drug targets obtained by screening. Subsequently, these candidate genes were included in Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to obtain candidate key genes. Through machine learning algorithms, candidate key genes were further screened to obtain biomarkers. Furthermore, immune infiltration analysis and molecular docking were implemented.
Results: By intersecting 2,845 DEGs and 1,099 independent drug targets, 174 candidate genes were obtained. A sum of 14 candidate key genes were identified to be causally related to AF. Notably, KMO, SERPINE1, CYP17A1 and HSD17B1 were identified as biomarkers. We found regulatory T cell showed a significant positive correlation with four biomarkers. Through a series of screening, a drugs-compounds-biomarkers network containing 4 biomarkers, 8 drugs, and 26 compounds was constructed. In this network, Ophiopogonis Radix targeted CYP17A1, HSD17B1 and SERPINE1 simultaneously through different compounds. The molecular docking binding energy between these compounds and biomarkers was stable, such as SERPINE1and quercetin.
Conclusion: In this study, four biomarkers were identified, which provided a new treatment target for AF.
First Top-Down Diurnal Updates to NOx Emissions Inventory in Asia Informed by the Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS) Tropospheric NO2 Columns
Authors: Park Jincheol , Choi Yunsoo , Jung Jia , Lee Kyunghwa , Yeganeh Arash Kashfi
Published: April 2024

Pioneering the use of the Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer’s (GEMS) observation data in air quality modeling, we updated Asia’s NOx emissions inventory by leveraging its unprecedented sampling frequency. GEMS tropospheric NO2 columns served as top-down constraints, guiding our Bayesian inversion to hourly update NOx emissions in Asia during spring 2022. This effectively remedied the prior underrepresentation of daytime NOx emissions, significantly improving simulation accuracy. The GEMS-informed update reduced the extent of model underestimation of surface NO2 concentrations from 19.23–11.36% in Korea and from 12.85–4.42% in China, showing about 6% greater improvement compared to the update based on the sun-synchronous low earth orbit observation proxy. Improvements were more pronounced when larger amounts of observation data were available each hour. Our findings highlight the utility of geostationary observation data in fine-tuning the emissions inventory with fewer temporal constraints, thereby more effectively improving the accuracy of air quality simulations.
Development and validation of a clinical prediction model for concurrent pulmonary infection in convalescent patients with intracerebral hemorrhage
Authors: Xu Jixiang , Qi Qiliang , Zhou Xiaomei , Han Xiaoxiao
Published: April 2024

ObjectivesThis study aims to develop and validate a clinical prediction model for assessing the risk of concurrent pulmonary infection（PI）in patients recovering from intracerebral hemorrhage（ICH）.Methods: In this retrospective study, we compiled clinical data from 761 patients in the recovery phase of intracerebral hemorrhage, with 504 cases included in the PI group and 254 in the no PI group. Initially, univariate logistic regression was used to screen predictive factors. Subsequently, the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression was employed to optimize these predictors. Variables identified from LASSO regression were included in a multivariable logistic regression analysis, incorporating variables with P < 0.05 into the final model. A nomogram was constructed, and its discriminative ability was evaluated using the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve and Area Under the Curve (AUC). Model performance was assessed using calibration plots and the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test (HL test). Additionally, the net clinical benefit was evaluated through clinical decision curve （DOC）analysis.ResultsKey predictors of PI included age, antibiotic use, consciousness disturbances, tracheotomy, dysphagia, bed rest duration, nasal feeding, and procalcitonin levels. The model demonstrated strong discrimination (C-index: 0.901, 95%CI: 0.878~0.924) and fit (Hosmer-Lemeshow test P=0.982), with significant clinical utility as per DCA.ConclusionThis study constructed a nomogram prediction model based on the demographic and clinical characteristics of convalescent patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Further studies showed that this model is of great value in the prediction of pulmonary infection in convalescent patients with intracerebral hemorrhage.
Closure of Pelvic Floor Entrance With Autogenous Peritoneum Flipping
Authors: zhang wang-ping , zhou xinyi , sun jian-guang , li jun
Published: April 2024

At present, people are paying more and more attention to whether pelvic peritoneum should be closed after rectal cancer surgery [1-2]. Pelvic floor closure during surgery can not only protect abdominal organs and presacral wounds, but also help to control infection, limit inflammation, and reduce the occurrence of postoperative complications such as adhesive intestinal obstruction [3]. The accompanying video reports a novel surgical method to close the pelvic floor by turning over the autologous peritoneal wall during the operation, with good postoperative recovery. The advantages of this surgery are low cost, convenient sampling, rapid repair, and reduced risk of infection [4]. It is a simple, safe, economical, minimally invasive, and highly feasible surgical method, which can achieve good patient recovery.
Unique Gating Strategy Identifier based on the Prime Population System and Gödel Numbers
Authors: Cosma Antonio
Published: April 2024

Gating is a fundamental and essential process in cytometry data analysis since it defines cell types of interest. Currently, there is no universally accepted method for representing and sharing gating strategies among software, publications, and repositories. I propose using the Prime Population system combined with a modified version of Gödel Numbers to identify any gating strategy uniquely. The Prime Population System is first used to identify gates on bivariate plots; successively, Gödel Numbers are used to set the sequence of the hierarchical gating strategy. The process results are unique identifiers for any existing and future gating strategy. This method represents a further step towards the arithmetization of cytometry metadata.
pH-sensitive Nanoformulation of Acetyl-11-Keto-beta-Boswellic Acid (AKBA) as a Potential Antiproliferative Agent in Colon Carcinogenesis (In Vitro and In Vivo)
Authors: Ale-Ahmad Atiyeh , Kazemi Sohrab , Daraei Abdolreza , Sepidarkish Mahdi , Moghadamnia Ali Akbar , Parsian Hadi
Published: April 2024

Background
Developing a drug delivery system that can transport a higher concentration to the target cells can improve therapeutic efficacy. This study aimed to develop a novel delivery system for Acetyl-11-Keto-beta-Boswellic Acid (AKBA) using chitosan-sodium alginate-calcium chloride (CS-SA-CaCl2) nanoparticles. The objectives were to evaluate the antiproliferative activity of these nanoparticles against colorectal cancer (CRC) cells and to improve the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of AKBA.
Results
With an extraction efficiency of 12.64%, AKBA was successfully extracted from the gum resin of B. serrata. The nanoparticle delivery system exhibited superior cytotoxicity against HT29 cells compared to free AKBA, AKBA extract (BA-Ex), and 5-FU. Furthermore, the nano formulation (nano-BA-Ex), induced apoptosis in HT29 cells more effectively than the other treatments. In vivo results showed that nanoformulation inhibited chemically induced colon tumorigenesis in mice and significantly reduced the number of aberrant crypt foci (ACFs).
Conclusions
The developed CS-SA-CaCl2 nanoparticles loaded with AKBA extract exhibit potential as a potent drug delivery mechanism for the colorectal cancer model. Nano-BA-Ex is a promising strategy for enhancing the solubility, bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy of BA derivatives. With its multiple effects on cancer cells and controlled drug release through nanocapsules, nano-BA-Ex stands out as a compelling candidate for further preclinical and clinical evaluation in CRC therapy.
The process of co-designing a model of social prescribing: An Australian case study
Authors: Oster Candice , Powell Ashleigh , Hutchinson Claire , Anderson Debra , Gransbury Bill , Walton Martin , O'Brien Jenny , Raven Susan , Bogomolova Svetlana
Published: April 2024

Introduction
: Social needs such as housing, employment, food, income, and social isolation are having a significant impact on individuals, families, and communities. Individuals are increasingly presenting to health settings with social needs, which are ill-equipped to address non-medical needs. Social prescribing is a systematic approach connecting the health, social and community sectors to better address social needs and improve health and wellbeing. Social prescribing interventions are being implemented world-wide. With variability in health and social care systems internationally, it is important that social prescribing interventions are co-designed with key stakeholders to ensure they can be implemented and sustained within local systems.
Methods
This Australian case study provides a detailed description of the process undertaken to co-design a social prescribing service model in a regional area. Four co-design workshops were undertaken, two with health and social care professionals and two with community members. The project followed an iterative process of resourcing, planning, recruiting, sensitising, facilitation, reflection, and building for change across the workshops.
Results
Through this process, key stakeholders were able to successfully co-design a social prescribing model of care for the region.
Conclusion
By demonstrating the process and materials used in our project, we aim to open the ‘black box’ of co-design for social prescribing and provide ideas and resources for others to adapt and utilise.
Patient or Public Contribution
: The project was designed and undertaken by a steering committee comprising university-based researchers, local government, and health, social, and community services. Member of the steering committee participated in project design, participant recruitment, workshops facilitation, data analysis, and interpretation.
Assessment of Drilled GFRPCs' behavior under Combined-Static Loading via Mechanical and AE Techniques
Authors: Hamed Safikhanlu , Mehdi Ahmadi Najafabadi , Hamed Adibi
Published: April 2024

Laminated composites have widespread application in a variety of sectors, including space exploration. Drilling (bolting or riveting) is a frequently employed technique in the assembly of composites. Various static and fatigue loads, as well as their combinations, are applied to composite structures in the real world. The primary objective of this paper is to investigate the behavior of drilled GFRPCs subjected to mixed static loading (fixed-ended specimens subjected to bending loading). Therefore, laminated GFRP composites with stacking sequence of 45;[+45,0,-45,90]s are prepared and subjected to mixed-static loading. In addition, Acoustic Emission(AE) methodology is employed as structural health monitoring(SHM) technique. The mechanical data analysis for drilled and undrilled specimens reveals that the region I of load-displacement(L-D) curves includes a cubic function. Furthermore, drilling results in reduction of Max. allowable load, Max. allowable displacement, mean stiffness, average ratio of stiffness variations to displacement changes, and third order derivative of L-D curve by 35, 14, 24.97, 21.1, and 25.3%, respectively. AE data analysis reveals, in comparison with undrilled specimens, drilled composite coupons release high energy AE events before collapse point due to stress concentration around the hole.
The Effect of Different Treatment Protocols on Shear Bond Strength in Resin Composite Restoration Repair
Authors: Bulut Ayşenur , Bala Oya
Published: April 2024

Objectives: It was aimed to investigate the effect of different treatment protocols on shear bond strength in composite restoration repair in vitro.
Materials and Methods: 120 specimens were prepared with micro-hybrid composite (Filtek Z250, 3M-ESPE, USA). The samples were randomly divided into 12 groups (n=10) after being subjected to thermal cycling test. No surface treatment was applied to Group 1, Group 2, Group 3 and Group 4. İn Group 5, Group 6, Group 7 and Group 8 were sandblasted with the Cojet device, and in Group 9, Group 10, Group 11 and Group 12 were treated with Er,Cr:YSGG laser. Universal adhesive was applied to the specimen surfaces in total or self-etch mode. The repair process was carried out usan Filtek Z250 or nano-filled composite (Filtek Ultimate, 3M-ESPE, USA). A universal testing machine measured the repair shear bond strength. The fracture types were evaluated by optical microscopy and SEM. Statistical analyses were performed using Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test at 0.05 significance level.
Results: The highest bond strength was obtained in the CoJet sandblasted specimens. Higher shear bond strength values were obtained when the universal adhesive was applied in total-etch mode (p<0.05). In addition, the use of universal adhesive in total-etch mode with Filtek Ultimate and the use of nano-filled resin composite as repair material caused an increase in repair shear bond strength values.
Clinical Significance: The findings of this study will guide the management of the repair procedure process.
Simulation study on mechanical properties of nanocrystalline Fe with hydrogen atom segregated on grain boundaries
Authors: Zhi Youran , Tang Qiaoyun , Zhang Feng , Wang Deyong , Yang Liu
Published: April 2024

Molecular dynamics simulation method has been adopted to scrutinize the reactions of hydrogen atom segregation within the grain boundary affect zones of a polycrystalline Fe model. The primary focus is to discern the influence of varied hydrogen concentrations on the failure behaviors exhibited during plastic deformation. The investigation aims to straighten out the mechanical characteristics and failure mechanisms at the microscale in polycrystalline iron. Moreover, the study monitors and analyzes alterations in the crystal structure of the polycrystalline iron model under tensile loading, employing the common neighbor analysis technique. Findings indicate that tensile strength, Young's modulus, and strain when reaching the tensile strength diminish as hydrogen concentration increases, thereby heightening the propensity for failure in polycrystalline iron. In stress conditions, the congregation of hydrogen atoms tends to facilitate dislocation, void formation, and precipitate brittle fractures. The insights garnered from this investigation not only enhance our comprehension of micro-failure mechanisms in hydrogen-affected infrastructures but also furnish essential theoretical support for ensuring the reliability and safety of hydrogen transmission pipelines.
A Comprehensive Framework for Water Affordability Analysis
Authors: Fagundes Thalita Salgado , Marques Rui Cunha , Malheiros Tadeu Fabricio
Published: April 2024

Water and sanitation affordability has become a concern in the last years due to the recent economic crisis and the growing role of tariffs in financing public services. Governments have relied on poor and incomplete affordability analysis, if any, to identify constraints vulnerable families face accessing water supply and sanitation services. This paper proposes a broader affordability analysis framework, considering six main dimensions, coverage rates, conventional affordability ratio, poverty condition of the community, affordability ratio for poorer households, access to water social programs, and connection fee burden. The framework was then applied to Brazil, considering its state-owned providers, responsible for more than 70% of the total population. The results show that the framework can be a simple but complete tool for decision-makers in any country, with the flexibility to adapt. The case study demonstrated that the Brazilian conventional affordability ratio masks affordability issues faced by poorer families, along with low access to social tariffs, high incidence of poverty, and low coverage in several areas, providing stakeholders results for public policy approaches and subsidy choice and estimate.
Exploring the challenges among Youths living with HIV/AIDS in selected public hospitals in South West Ethiopia; a qualitative Phenomenological Study
Authors: Adraro Wasihun , Abeshu Getachew , Abamecha Fira
Published: April 2024

This paper is aimed at reporting on the challenges of youths living with HIV/AIDS in two different states of Ethiopia; namely Oromia regional state and south west Ethiopian people regional state. Since individual perceive and experiences are interrelated and interconnected factors and co-occurring with daily life. To identify the problem using phenomenological in-depth interview technique on lived experiences and challenges among youths living with HIV/AIDS on different aspects of life beginning from the first time test result to the current psychological, emotional , behavioral, social support, medication adherence and substance use. The study population were youths with HIV/AIDS and using antiretroviral therapy medication in two different states of Ethiopia and two selected public hospitals. Some youths may avoid social contacts and do not seek their much-needed social support since they believe that they are not worth of respect and care from anyone. As a result, youths living with HIV/AIDS may live in despair and a constant fear of rejection, and yet lack social support that they need. The trend of substance abuse is very common in youths living with HIV/AIDS because of the psychosocial wellbeing, biological, emotional, spiritual, cultural, social, mental and material aspects of experience.
Application of artificial intelligence in lung cancer screening: a cohort study in a Chinese physical examination population
Authors: Wu Jiaxuan , Li Ruicen , Gan Jiadi , Zheng Qian , Tao Wenjuan , Yang Ming , Li Wenyu , Ji Guiyi , Li Weimin
Published: April 2024

Background: With the rapid increase in the number of chest CT images, the workload faced by radiologists has increased dramatically. It is undeniable that the future use of artificial intelligence (AI) image-assisted diagnosis system in clinical treatment is a major trend in medical development. Therefore, in order to explore the value and diagnostic accuracy of the current AI system in clinical application, we aims to compare the detection and differentiation of benign and malignant pulmonary nodules between AI system and physicians, so as to provide a theoretical basis for clinical application.
Methods:Our study encompassed a cohort of 23,336 patients who underwent chest low-dose spiral CT (LDCT) screening for lung cancer at the Health Management Center of West China Hospital. We conducted a comparative analysis between AI-assisted reading and manual interpretation, focusing on the detection and differentiation of benign and malignant pulmonary nodules.
Results: The AI-assisted reading exhibited a significantly higher screening positive rate and probability of diagnosing malignant pulmonary nodules compared to manual interpretation (both P < 0.001). Moreover, AI scanning demonstrated a markedly superior detection rate of malignant pulmonary nodules compared to manual scanning (97.2% vs 86.4%, P < 0.001). Additionally, the lung cancer detection rate was substantially higher in the AI reading group compared to the manual reading group (98.9% vs 90.3%, P < 0.001).
Conclusions: Our findings underscore the superior screening positive rate and lung cancer detection rate achieved through AI-assisted reading compared to manual interpretation. Thus, AI exhibits considerable potential as an adjunctive tool in lung cancer screening within clinical practice settings.
A New Gold Rush: Brazil Fails to Control Illegal Mining and Watches Mechanized Mining Thrive in Amazonia
Authors: Neto Luiz Ferreira , Diniz Cesar , Maretto Raian , Persello Claudio , Pinheiro Maria Luize , Castro Marcia , Sadeck Luis , Filho Alexandre , Cansado Júlia , Souza Arlesson , Feitosa Jeremias , Santos Diogo , Adami Marcos , Souza-Filho Pedro Walfir , Stein Alfred , Biehl Andre , Klautau Aldebaro
Published: April 2024

Mining has played a significant role in the economy of South American countries for centuries. Although industrial mining has become predominant in most countries, the expansion of the garimpos, here referred to as mechanized mining, has increased substantially. This type of mining, mainly related to gold, is not only harmful to human health due to the usage of high amounts of mercury (Hg), but its trails of disastrous environmental and social changes are equally nefarious throughout the terrestrial ecosystems. It directly contributes to forest degradation and contamination of its soil, water resources, and people. In this article, we used an Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithm based on convolutional neural networks to locate and map industrial and mechanized mining sites in Brazil from 1985 to 2022 using open-access satellite images. The extensive satellite time series analysis allowed us to quantify the growth of ~ 763% of Brazil's overall mining area, jumping from 580 km2 in 1985 to 4460 km² in 2022. Mechanized mining grew approximately 1200%, from 218 km² in 1985 to 2627 km2 in 2022. Such rapid and recent garimpo expansion, particularly in the Amazon, has raised significant concerns. The Brazilian garimpo is essentially Amazonian, as more than 91% of national mechanized mining is in this biome. Almost 40% of the mechanized mines detected in the biome are five years old or younger. This percentage increases to an alarming 62% inside indigenous lands. Thus, claims regarding Brazil's long-term cohabitation with standard mining practices cannot be sustained. At least 77% of the 2022 mechanized mining area shows explicit signs of illegality. Urgent effort is needed to combat and control illegal mining expansion. Particular attention must be given to the Kayapo, Munduruku, and Yanomami indigenous lands. These concentrate more than 90% of the garimpo extraction across indigenous territories. We conclude that the Brazilian efforts to curb illegal mining in the last five years have failed. Before the country can reverse the lack of control over illegal mining in the Amazon, there is a long way to go. It must radically improve and intensify the current strategies to fight the illicit expansion of garimpos.