bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of low-protein and low-amino acid diets with different sources of protease on performance, carcasses and nitrogen retention of broiler chickens
Authors: Rehman Z. U. , Kamran J. , El-Hack M. E. Abd , Alagawany M. , Bhatti S. A. , Ahmad G. , Saleem A. , Ullah Z. , Yameen R. M. K. , Ding C.
Published: March 2017

A 42-day experiment was conducted with 625 1-day-old male Hubbard chickens to evaluate the performance, carcass traits, nitrogen retention and economics of broiler chickens fed low protein and amino acid diets supplemented with different protease sources. Treatments included positive (PC) and negative (NC) controls (PC at 19.3% protein vs NC at 18.8% protein), with NC containing 7% less digestible amino acids. The other three treatment groups were based on the NC diet supplemented with 0.05% Cibenza® DP100 (CB), 0.02% Ronozyme® (RZ) or 0.02% Winzyme pro plus (WZ). Birds fed the PC, CB and WZ diets achieved the heaviest bodyweight compared with those fed the NC diet at end of the experiment. Total feed intake of birds fed the PC diet was higher (P < 0.05) than that of birds fed the NC diet. Feed conversion ratio was numerically significantly (P = 0.005) improved with all tested groups in comparison with NC throughout the experiment. European production index was similar (P > 0.05) among birds fed the PC, NC, RZ or WZ diets. All carcass parameters studied, including dressing, heart, gizzard, giblets, chest meat, thigh meat and abdominal fat percentages, were not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by feeding on the different sources of protease. Broilers fed the PC diet or diets formulated with all protease sources had higher (P < 0.05) nitrogen retention than did birds fed the NC diet. The supplementation of protease to low-protein and low-amino acid diets resulted in higher profit margin in broilers. It is concluded that supplementing exogenous protease to broiler diets containing low protein and amino acids improved the growth performance, feed utilisation, carcass traits, nitrogen retention and net returns of broiler chickens.
Production of statins by fungal fermentation
Authors: Subhan Mishal , Faryal Rani , Macreadie Ian
Published: March 2017

Fungi are used industrially to obtain a variety of products, from low value bulk chemicals to high value drugs like, immunosuppressants, antibiotics, alkaloids and statins. Lovastatin and compactin are natural statins produced as secondary metabolites by predominantly Aspergillus and Penicillium species, following a polyketide pathway. Lovastatin was one of the first cholesterol-lowering drugs. Many statins are now chemically synthesised but lovastatin is still required to produce simvastatin. Apart from reducing blood cholesterol levels simvastatin causes pleotropic effects and has potential to treat various kinds of disorders including neurodegenerative disease and cancer.
Sperm motility activation in the critically endangered booroolong frog: the effect of medium osmolality and phosphodiesterase inhibitors
Authors: Silla Aimee J. , Keogh Leesa M. , Byrne Phillip G.
Published: March 2017

Effective activation of sperm motility is fundamental to successful artificial fertilisation; however, studies investigating optimal procedures in amphibians are lacking. This study found the optimal osmolality of activation media for sperm motility activation and evaluated the effect of phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors on sperm activation and longevity in the critically endangered booroolong frog, Litoria booroolongensis. To assess the effect of medium osmolality (10, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 200 mOsmol kg−1) and PDE inhibitors (control, 2.5 mM caffeine, 5 mM caffeine, 2.5 mM pentoxifylline, 5 mM pentoxifylline, 2.5 mM theophylline and 5 mM theophylline) on initial activation, percentage sperm motility and sperm velocity were quantified using computer-assisted sperm analysis. To assess the effect of PDE inhibitors (control, 2.5 mM caffeine and 2.5 mM theophylline) on sperm longevity, percentage motility and velocity were assessed hourly until 10 h after activation. High (>60%) percentage motility was achieved in a broad range of activation-medium osmolalities (10–75 mOsmol kg−1). PDE inhibitors did not have an effect on initial sperm motility or velocity, but caffeine and theophylline improved sperm longevity, significantly increasing motility and velocity at 8, 9 and 10 h after activation. Data also show that sperm longevity in L. booroolongensis is extreme, with spermatozoa remaining motile more than twice as long as those of any other anuran amphibian.
Structural reconstruction of protein ancestry
Authors: Rouet Romain , Langley David B. , Schofield Peter , Christie Mary , Roome Brendan , Porebski Benjamin T. , Buckle Ashley M. , Clifton Ben E. , Jackson Colin J. , Stock Daniela , Christ Daniel
Published: March 2017

Significance

The adaptive immune system forms our primary defense against bacteria and viruses. Key players of this system are antigen receptors, dimeric molecules formed by two different types of immunoglobulin domains. It is generally believed that these receptors evolved from an ancestral dimer formed by only a single type of immunoglobulin. Using laboratory evolution, we have recreated such homodimeric receptors and characterized their interactions by X-ray crystallography. Our findings provide molecular insights and support of long-held theories concerning the evolution of the adaptive immune system. They also provide a blueprint for the experimental reconstruction of ancestral proteins in the large number of cases in which evolution has obscured sequence similarities beyond recognition, and which cannot be analyzed using current sequence-based approaches.
Responses to Wh-question challenges
Authors: Koshik Irene
Published: March 2017

This chapter builds on my previous studies of wh-questions that convey reversed polarity assertions, for example, “When have I.” used to convey “I never have” (Koshik 2003;2005). These questions challenge the grounds for a prior claim or action, suggesting that there is no basis for that claim or action and the question is therefore unanswerable. This chapter focuses on responses to these challenges. At times questioners leave no sequentially appropriate space for a response. However, when recipients do respond, responses that reject the challenge provide grammatically type-conforming answers to the questions, treating the questions as answerable. Responses that align with the challenge either treat the question as unanswerable or they accept or agree with the assertion conveyed by the challenge.
Caenorhabditis elegans oocytes detect meiotic errors in the absence of canonical end-on kinetochore attachments
Authors: Davis-Roca Amanda C. , Muscat Christina C. , Wignall Sarah M.
Published: March 2017

Mitotically dividing cells use a surveillance mechanism, the spindle assembly checkpoint, that monitors the attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochores as a means of detecting errors. However, end-on kinetochore attachments have not been observed in Caenorhabditis elegans oocytes and chromosomes instead associate with lateral microtubule bundles; whether errors can be sensed in this context is not known. Here, we show that C. elegans oocytes delay key events in anaphase, including AIR-2/Aurora B relocalization to the microtubules, in response to a variety of meiotic defects, demonstrating that errors can be detected in these cells and revealing a mechanism that regulates anaphase progression. This mechanism does not appear to rely on several components of the spindle assembly checkpoint but does require the kinetochore, as depleting kinetochore components prevents the error-induced anaphase delays. These findings therefore suggest that in this system, kinetochores could be involved in sensing meiotic errors using an unconventional mechanism that does not use canonical end-on attachments.
Letter to His Family
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to his family, Donald arrives from home in Devon, to Paddington Station, London carrying many items for the resumption of the school term.
The Best Remedy
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay written at boarding school, Winnicott visits and describes an exhibition in the city of Cologne, Germany. Winnicott describes the improvements in health, education, and nutrition brought about by the rate payers’ contributions and the enlightened use made of them, suggesting the same for the UK.
A Shropshire Surgeon
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

A Shropshire Surgeon is a poem in which Winnicott parodies the famous poem A Shropshire Lad by A. E. Houseman, from the point of view of a trainee doctor.
What Is Worthwhile in Medicine
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this early piece of writing, Winnicott is attempting to work out the question of what is worthwhile in medicine in terms of the student doctor. For Winnicott, it is an ability to do one’s best and sympathise with suffering.
Symptoms Suggesting Post-Encephalitis
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this case, Winnicott presents a five-year-old girl sent to Queen’s Hospital on account of abnormal behavior. She had been noted as probably certifiable, with an intelligence quotient of about 60 per cent, without any obvious physical cause. As she waits her turn, she repeatedly calls out to the doctor to remind him she is waiting. A history and discussion of the case is given.
The Diagnosis of Chorea
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this paper, Winnicott notes that typical chorea is easily diagnosed by any physician who has previously seen a case. Not all cases, he argues, are typical, and, owing to the seriousness of the rheumatic heart disease which is part of the picture of true chorea, it is of the utmost importance for the physician to be able to diagnose the slight or atypical cases.
Hæmoptysis: Case for Diagnosis
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this case, Winnicott describes a ten-year-old boy who, while otherwise healthy, had an acute illness of some weeks’ duration, characterized by repeated hæmoptysis, fever, and prostration.
On In-Patient Treatment for Rheumatic Fever and Chorea
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this note, Winnicott expresses his opinion that there is a need for some method to provide adequate accommodation for all patients suffering from rheumatic fever, chorea, subacute rheumatism and rheumatic carditis living in the area which supplies patients to the London hospitals. According to Winnicott, the children who suffer from rheumatic infection are usually both intelligent and sensitive. Winnicott considers that second in importance to treatment of the heart by prolonged rest is the treatment of the minds of these growing children.
Physical Examination
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Chapter 2 of Clinical Notes on Disorders of Childhood. In this chapter, Winnicott discuses the conditions that pertain for the physician at an out-patient department in conducting physical examinations. He makes special reference to the anxiety that a child can feel in an examination and how the doctor can take measures to ameliorate this. He gives several case studies which demonstrate the need for a full examination as a matter of routine.
The Rheumatic Clinic
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Chapter 7 of Clinical Notes on Disorders of Childhood. In this chapter, Winnicott notes that attempts to prevent heart disease by identifying and treating rheumatic children in a clinic have led to the frequent use of this diagnosis for many unexplained illnesses, including the nondescript pains and sore throats of childhood. Winnicott discusses, with reference to examination, some reasons for these diagnoses.
Fidgetiness
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Chapter 11 of Clinical Notes on Disorders of Childhood. In this chapter, Winnicott wishes to distinguish fidgetiness of anxious excitement, of tics, and of chorea. The differential diagnosis is of great importance as chorea carries with it a liability to rheumatic fever and heart disease. A mistake in diagnosis may mean either that a child who is not liable to heart disease is kept in bed and would be better up and about, or else that a child with chorea is punished at school for fidgetiness that is not under voluntary control, and made to do drill and play games just when the heart should be allowed the maximum rest. Winnicott discuss the signs of each and discusses diagnosis, giving case examples.
Notes on a Little Boy
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this short case, Winnicott describes the case of a child and the psychological difficulties he encountered after having reached the age of going to school.
Letter to the British Medical Journal
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

This letter to the British Medical Journal, co-authored with John Bowlby and Emanuel Miller, highlights the psychological problems of evacuated toddlers and small children.
Children and Their Mothers
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay, Winnicott discusses the clinical experiences of parents and children in psycho analysis on a range of issues including the mass evacuation of children from British cities during World War II.
Review: The Moral Paradox of Peace and War
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this review of J. C. Flügel’s The Moral Paradox of Peace and War, Winnicott is surprised that the author does not make more of the concept of the unconscious, both as a factor making for difficulty in rational statement, and also as something implying repression, instability, and a general tendency for the periodical return of what is repressed (such as greed, hate, destructiveness, cruelty).
Meet to be Stolen From
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this short note, Winnicott sets forward the notion that stealing is common and normal in children of a certain age and that those who do not steal are the very ones who suffer from the symptom of being stolen from.
Resolution K: On Scientific Aims in Psychoanalysis
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay, Winnicott discusses the internal and external problems of the British Psychoanalytical Society, and suggests integrating the various elements that comprise the Society based on the scientific aim of their work. He bases much of his argument of Freud’s ongoing and evolving work.
Letter to The Lancet
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to The Lancet on prefrontal leucotomy, Winnicott holds that the theory that underlying depression, psychosis, and schizophrenia are factors of emotional disturbance has not been disproved, and that surgery is a drastic step to take in the face of this uncertainty about the causes of some mental disorders.
Treatment of Mental Disease by Induction of Fits
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay, Winnicott takes on the popular treatment of mental disease by induction of fits from a psychoanalytic standpoint, asking what the idea of being given fits or of having a fit means to the patient, what the uncontrollable fit means to the patient’s unconscious, and what physical effect the fit has on brain tissue.
Psychological Aspects of Birching
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

This is a report of a lecture in which Winnicott summarizes his beliefs on the pros and cons of corporal punishment for children as part of the penal code of Britain.
Support for Normal Parents
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

This essay deals with the problems of communicating medical knowledge to parents who have a different kind of knowledge of their children. Winnicott describes and applauds the fact that the State in England allows parents freedom to choose to accept or refuse what the State offers in the way of helping programmes. He also stresses the importance of a doctor respecting the specialized knowledge of the parent when it comes to treating the ill child.
Infant Feeding
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay, Winnicott deals with the matter of the infant–mother relationship beginning with breastfeeding and the importance of encouraging and maintaining the emotional bond that develops between mother and child.
The Only Child
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay, Winnicott discusses children who, although they live in ordinary good homes, have no brothers and sisters. He describes the advantages and disadvantages of such a situation for the child and stresses the importance of play with other children for these only children to avoid precociousness.
The Evacuated Child
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this broadcast and essay, Winnicott deals with the psychological ramifications of evacuation. He discusses the child’s, the parents’ and the foster parents’ positions on this matter.
The Return of the Evacuated Child
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this broadcast and essay, Winnicott deals with the homecoming of the child who has had a long period from home, and touches specifically on those children evacuated during the war.
Twins
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

This essay deals with the psychology and emotional development of twins, especially in regard to unselfishness, primary selfishness, and resentment. He stresses the importance of parents, especially mothers, recognizing and acknowledging the individuality of each twin and allowing each child to develop as a unique personality.
Letter to the British Medical Journal
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to the British Medical Journal Winnicott speaks about the various links between physical therapy and mental disorder.
Towards an Objective Study of Human Nature
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this lecture for schoolboys, Winnicott puts forwards the view that psychology simply means the study of human nature and that it is a science, just as physics, physiology and biology are sciences. He stresses that psychoanalysis has only recently become recognized as a serious subject and that the psychology of delinquency must be studied as a science, as intuitive understanding will not prevent doctors, courts, and others in authority from making mistakes in the management of difficult children.
Breast Feeding
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay, Winnicott holds that there is nothing in human relationships that is more powerful than the bond between a baby and its mother during the breast-feeding experience. If a mother succeeds in establishing satisfactory breast feeding and remains the one person in the infant’s life until both she and the infant can be felt to be whole human beings, then the infant has progressed well in the healthy emotional development which forms the basis for eventual independent existence in a world of human beings.
Introduction to Volume 2
Authors: Reeves Christopher
Published: March 2017

In this essay Reeves looks at Winnicott’s development as a paediatrician and an analyst before and during World War Two. He discusses two of Winnicott’s groundbreaking theoretical papers on psychoanalysis written at this time (Primitive Emotional Development and The Observation of Infants in a Set Situation), his fame as a BBC broadcaster speaking to parents about the effects of evacuation on them and their children, his experience of the scientific controversies within the British Psychoanalytical Society at this time, his work in the Oxfordshire Q Camps for evacuated young people, and the beginnings of his distinctive contribution to metapyschological theories in psychoanalysis.
Letter to Lord Beveridge
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to William Beveridge, Winnicott supports Beveridge’s position on the post-war treatment of Germany but disagrees with the nationalisation of doctors. He feels it was ignorance that allowed Beveridge to make medical practice subservient to politics instead of to science, but this ignorance does not reduce Winnicott’s hatred of this act.
Letter to Ella Sharpe
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to Ella Sharpe, Winnicott thanks her for her letter after his presentation of a paper at a scientific meeting, but disagrees with her on psychoanalysis as an art, considering it more a technique based on scientific considerations.
Psychological Aspects of Juvenile Delinquency
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this address to probation officers or trainee probation officers, Winnicott discusses moral, legal and psychological responses to anti-social behaviour, and what they mean for treatment. He concludes that the probation officer has to be prepared to keep his own desires out and concentrate on the child offender instead. Probation workers are unpopular, especially with the police, because in examining the roots of anti-social behaviour we identify with the criminal. Habitual offenders cannot usually be helped, although character disturbance can be helped if found early. Winnicott advises that if steady development can be provided, the potential delinquent may make use of a second chance.
Hate in the Countertransference
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

This essay describes how the analyst aims to maintain objectivity in regard to all that the patient brings, a special case of this being the analyst’s need to be able to hate the patient objectively. There are many situations where the analyst’s hate is justified, and in an ordinary analysis this can be managed and the hate remains latent. In research analysis, or care of the more psychotic type of patient, a great strain is put on the analyst, and it is important to study the ways that anxiety of a psychotic quality and hate are produced in those who work with severely ill psychiatric patients.
Physical Therapy of Mental Disorder
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this paper, Winnicott decries the development of the practices of convulsion therapy and leucotomy. He urges further research on the psychological effects of convulsion therapy, exploring the patient’s conscious and unconscious reactions to the idea of such therapy and their experience of it. He concludes that physical therapies express society’s unconscious reactions to insanity, and that depression is the illness of valuable people.
Disorders of Childhood
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this paper, Winnicott describes how textbooks of childhood disorders mostly deal with the anatomy and physiology of the body, and diseases and disturbances of physical function, but he emphasises that every children’s doctor in private practice must encounter psychology, whether he acknowledges it or not.
Obituary: Susan Isaacs
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this obituary for Susan Isaacs, Winnicott describes how Isaacs turned to the new insight offered by Freudian psychoanalysis as soon as this work became generally known in England. According to Winnicott, Isaacs gathered comprehensive data on children’s behaviour, thoughts, and feelings in her two books Intellectual Growth in Young Children (1930) and Social Development in Young Children (1933).
Letter to the British Medical Journal
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to the British Medical Journal, Winnicott welcomes the discussion on the advisability of taking the rectal temperature of children. He argues that it is important to take account both of human and psychological aspects in such an examination and that the psychology demands considerable attention.
Letter to Marjorie Stone
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to Marjorie Stone, Winnicott responds negatively to her letter informing him that she was manufacturing of dolls with realistic sexual organs.
The Infancy of Juliet
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

This lecture discusses Juliet’s (from Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet) childhood. From her relationship to her wet nurse, the reasons for her behaviour in young adulthood are extrapolated. Juliet’s orality is also discussed.
Letter to Roger Money-Kyrle
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott agrees to contribute to the Festschrift book for Klein’s seventieth birthday. He suggests he might write something on the classification of environmental factors on the basis of individual needs. Winnicott proposes correcting the impression that Klein ignores the environmental factors.
Notes on the Discussion Held on Dr Winnicott’s Paper ‘The Birth Trauma’
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott responds with ‘answers that might have been’ to the contributions of other analysts to his paper ‘The Birth Trauma’. Reports are also given of the responses of several other analysts.
Letter to S. H. Hodge
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

S. H. Hodge had responded to Winnicott’s letter to The Times on punishment and crime. Winnicott, in his response, states again that punishment has nothing to do with helping the criminal, who should really be recognized and treated as ill. He emphasises that more knowledge and facilities for successful treatment of criminals are needed.
Where the Food Goes
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this broadcast and paper for mothers, Winnicott describes how a mother actively adapts to her baby’s needs. Whether breast- or bottle-feeding, the baby’s mouth becomes very active and milk goes from the mother or the bottle into the mouth. The breast-fed baby gets behind the root of the nipple and chews with the gums. The bottle-fed baby, however, has to employ a different technique, and the mother has to act more from her conscious processes than when she breast feeds. Babies seem to know the state of their stomachs. When the baby swallows the milk there is an increase in the amount of fluid in the stomach. If mother and the baby are fairly calm the pressure in the stomach-wall adapts itself and loosens up a bit; the stomach gets bigger. The baby is usually a bit excited, however, and the stomach therefore takes a little while to adapt.
The Innate Morality of the Baby
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this broadcast and paper for mothers, Winnicott shows that just as the baby needs to link his physical experiences to a loving relationship with the mother, so he needs this relationship as a framework for his fears. Because of the mother’s sensitivity and love, the roots of the infant’s personal moral sense are developed, and the child gradually comes to be able to love and to be affectionate with the mother while she begins to reinforce and enrich the child’s developing morality.
Young Children and Other People
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Every baby who is sensitively fed and managed by a devoted mother may not develop complete mental health. The normal child has a personal view of life from the beginning. One difficulty in the earliest relationship between the mother and the infant is that the excited infant violently attacks the mother’s body in fantasy. Satisfaction comes with the feeding experience, and for the time being the attack ceases. The ordinary good mother knows without being told that during this time nothing must interfere with the continuity of the relationship between the child and herself. In the case of mothers who are unable to live in their infant’s world, the infant must unfortunately live in hers.
The Impulse to Steal
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay, Winnicott describes three degrees of stealing. The infant who quite ordinarily and healthily steals from his mother is basking in the illusion that he created whatever interests him. The young child who quite commonly does a bit of compulsive stealing from mother’s handbag is reacting to a jerk forward in the painful process of disillusionment. The thief an ill person is most of the time hopeless about the world and its relation to himself, but periodically feels a wave of hope. This takes the form of an attempt to get behind the disillusionment process. The infant self, with memories of unchallenged subjectivity, comes to life, and for a brief spell inhabits the child’s person. As a result this person child, adolescent, or adult acts possessed by an aspect of his infant self, compelled to steal to make contact with society. Revenge feelings in the victim can certainly not be ignored, and any attempt to be sentimental about delinquent children defeats its own aim by raising the tension of general antagonism towards criminals.
Letter to The Times
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to The Times, Winnicott discusses the urgent need for a vast increase in hostel accommodation for maladjusted children, many of whom are very ill.
Letter to Roger Money-Kyrle
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to Roger Money-Kyrle, Winnicott says that his article will be ready by September, and that he is looking forward to reading Money-Kyrle’s book.
The Deprived Child and How He Can Be Compensated for Loss of Family Life
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this lecture, Winnicott discusses how the best environment for a growing child is the home environment, but that children are often sent away from their homes. A deprived child is ill, and environmental readjustment alone will not bring about a change from illness to health. Winnicott assesses varieties of deprivation and the types of social provision for such children. The child may do well away from home or the home will do well with the child away, but good management of the child is crucial. Child-care officers need as much information as possible about a child’s life to even approximate the knowledge of the ordinary parent, and lack of this personal knowledge is a serious loss for the deprived child. Good work has to be personal, otherwise it is cruel and tantalizing. Foster parents offer advantages for a larger number of children, but an unsuitable child can spoil a whole group, so careful selection is vital. There will always be children who abuse privileges, and then the children who could use them will have to suffer.
Letter to Roger Money-Kyrle
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to Roger Money-Kyrle on the topic of Melanie Klein’s seventieth birthday book, Winnicott says that the topic of classification he was to write about for the Klein collection is dependent on her theories but that it is too much for him to do in time. He notes that he may have his paper on transitional phenomena ready, and he refers to his own health and to the demands of his practice.
Letter to Roger Money-Kyrle
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to Roger Money-Kyrle on the topic of Melanie Klein’s seventieth birthday commemorations, Winnicott writes that while he would like to write something for the Klein collection, he still feels he does not have the time for the environment paper he intended, although he feels Bowlby’s emphasis needs correction. He notes that he is improved in health but not back at work.
Growth and Development in Immaturity
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this paper, Winnicott looks at how giving children the right kind of good time makes possible their growth to the adult state called democracy, and to become active, creative members of society, without loss of personal spontaneity and without loss of that sense of freedom which comes from within. At the start it relies on an active adaptation to needs from a devoted mother or mother-surrogate. With small children love enables the person to be reliable enough and maintain an uninterrupted relationship. As the child gets older, nursery schools need to provide active adaptation to children whose parents have not succeeded - often through no fault of their own. However, active adaptation coming too late is called ‘spoiling’. Good management is providing consistent conditions in which each infant can work out what is specific to him. When an infant has an excited experience, they must deal with two sets of phenomena: to be able to stand feeling guilt, and to find ways of making reparation. When all goes well, a sense of responsibility develops along with the ability to relate to external reality and to maintain a continuity of being.
Review: The Child and the Magistrate
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this review Winnicott recommends the book to both magistrates and to anyone concerned with children, especially those with psychological problems. He emphasises that magistrates need to keep in mind that it is “the public interest which, as a court of justice, must always be their paramount consideration.” He expresses his opinion that doctors and psychiatrists need to be aware of the law, and that the attempt to eliminate corporal punishment leaves a gap that needs to be filled with serious alternatives.
Letter to James Strachey
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to James Strachey, Winnicott asks Strachey if he would be prepared to read his paper ‘Transitional Objects and Transitional Phenomena’ before it is given to the Society.
Letter to The Lancet
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to The Lancet, Winnicott contends that no scientific psychiatric group will allow the ethics of leucotomy as a matter for scientific discussion. Winnicott defends the belief that the human being has the right to suffer, and even to commit suicide, intact, with the brain - the somatic basis for his psyche - inviolate. He upholds his belief that human nature should be given its proper dignity.
The Ordinary Devoted Mother and Her Baby: Baby Bites
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Baby Bites was the fourth lecture in the radio series ‘The Ordinary Devoted Mother and Her Baby’. In this paper Winnicott describes the early stages of breast-feeding, when the infant is ruthless and has not yet associated the ‘thing’ that is attacked at the height of excitement, (the mother) with a person. As the baby comes to associate what is being attacked with a person, gradually the baby (toddler) begins to feel concern. The problem for the baby is to keep in touch with his primitive impulses, while at the same time preserving in fantasy the people and things that he loves.
Letter to Hanna Segal
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to Hanna Segal, Winnicott protests Segal’s behaviour in a BPAS scientific meeting, regarding her behaviour and that of Paula Heimann as destructive to Melanie Klein’s contribution to psycho-analysis. He says that he enjoyed the papers but thinks it unfortunate when the trend is taken away from scientific statement towards the statement of a political position.
Psychoses and Child Care
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

This essay describes how the tasks involved in the early stages of infant emotional development cannot be accomplished except in an emotional environment that is good enough. Childcare aims to produce a healthy child and, ultimately, a healthy adult. Winnicott emphasises his belief that mental health is laid down by the mother during her maternal preoccupation with the care of her infant, and he details various ‘failures’ of care and environment that can lead to later mental illness for the child.
Letter to S. S. Davidson
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott apologises for not having recognised him as a speaker during Winnicott’s delivery of his paper on his patient‘Vivien’ to the BPAS.
Letter to Hanna Segal
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott disputes Segal’s statements at a scientific meeting about the psychoanalytical treatment and management of psychotic patients. Winnicott writes that Segal seemed to imply there is no essential difference between the management needs of a psychotic and a neurotic patient. Winnicott is alarmed by this statement and questions it.
Letter to Herbert Rosenfeld
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott thanks Rosenfeld for answering his letter and agrees that he, too, had had a role with Rosenfeld’s patient, a patient who had had much analytic help from many clinicians but did not get what was actually needed.
Symptom Tolerance in Paediatrics
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay, Winnicott discusses the case of a boy whose cure depended on only three psychotherapeutic sessions followed up by care at home. The boy had started well in life, but there was a disturbance in his emotional development from aged two years, from when he regressed. Winnicott describes his sessions and shows the squiggles they worked on together. This child needed some personal help from Winnicott, but as for many other cases, the real therapy was carried out by the home. The boy, Philip, was accepted by the parents as a special case, an ill child needing to be allowed to become more ill.
Letter to Esther Bick
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott suggests that Bick’s paper presented at a recent scientific meeting uses the notion of splitting in too simplistic a way. He also says that Bick’s idea of regression to persecution makes no sense.
Review: Problems of Infancy and Childhood
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this review, Winnicott suggests that all paediatricians should read this report of the sixth and last of a series of discussions arranged by the Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation for thirty participants from every branch of medicine. He finds it is invaluable.
Letter to Sylvia Payne
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott argues for the development of a system for the organisation of good teachers within the BPAS.
Letter to David Rapaport
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott states his enjoyment of Rapaport’s paper and suggests that he talk to Masud Khan.
Letter to Hannah Ries
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott says that Klein herself does not omit the work of Freud, although some of her group give that impression, which he feels is unfortunate. He states his belief that it is the job of medically qualified analysts to tackle the analyses of psychotics, but that nonmedical analysts cannot avoid psychotic phases in character analyses where there is no obvious psychotic label. He says that he finds himself labeled as only concerned with regression.
Review: Childhood and Society
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this review, Winnicott identifies the main theme of the book as the interrelationship of individual emotional development and the patterns of society in which the child grows up. In Winnicott’s view, the book justifies the training of non-medical analysts.
Letter to Anna Freud
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott thanks Anna Freud for writing when he gave a paper and says that he will try to assimilate the ideas of Kris and Hartmann.
Letter to Betty Joseph
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott writes concerning Joseph’s response to his regression paper about the need to distinguish between the bad breast (fantasy) and bad environmental provision; that is, the area of the early stages of emotional development that are apart from fantasy.
Letter to Sir David K. Henderson
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott agrees that a big demand for psycho-therapy should not lead to panic provision of half-trained psychotherapists. He wonders why Henderson’s reference to child psychiatry and paediatrics does not mention him and others who are well-known in Britain in this field, and states his belief that he represents a link between paediatrics and child psychiatry.
Review: Child Psychotherapy
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this review, Winnicott talks about how the child in the book is approached in terms of environmental provision but that these factors are not taken back to infancy. He describes how the child is helped through psychotherapy that is directed towards the provision of a corrective environment or by the actual treatment of the parents.
Letter to Klara Frank
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott discusses a presentation to the British Society given by Klara Frank.
Letter to Anna Freud and Melanie Klein
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott writes that the effect of the groups that have formed within the British Society are detrimental to the society and its scientific life. He expresses his belief that only Klein and Freud, the key figures who are in disagreement with one another on psychoanalytic theory, can abolish these groups.
Needs of the Under-Fives
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Needs of the Under Fives describes the needs of infants and small children that are inherent and unalterable according to Winnicott. He describes the gradual development of the triangular relationship existing between the child and both its parents, and the importance of stability in this relationship. He emphasises the importance of good environment for the healthy mental development of children.
Letter to The Times
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott expresses his loathing of the coming of sponsored television and the presence of adverts that give the advertisers the right to intrude, and he says he will never forgive the politicians who are responsible for this step.
Character Types: The Foolhardy and the Cautious
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott’s notes on Balint’s paper. Winnicott discusses Balint’s premise that character patterns during thrill situations are related to the state of regression. Winnicott explores the effect of his own ideas of early infant development, and of dependence and independence on such patterning. He proposes that the tendency to manic-depressive swing certainly resembles the alternation of denial of dependence and exaggerated dependence (clinging) on not-me objects. Balint’s alternatives in this case both avoid the anxieties belonging to the establishment of the central i am state and the central ‘depression’ or concern, or sense of responsibility, belonging to the depressive position.
Letter to The Times
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott expresses his view of the need for the public to understand the work of approved schools and their importance to children whose problem behaviour requires both help and protection from public revenge.
Preface to The First Treasured Possession
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this preface, Winnicott links Stephenson’s book to his own discussion of transitional objects and phenomena and emphasises their universality and normality.
Letter to Emilio Rodrigue
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

A letter from Winnicott to Emilio Rodrigue in which he expresses his enjoyment of Rodrigue’s paper on child development, which Winnicott believes extends the work of Melanie Klein. He discusses his own idea that a chaotic mother introduces the world to the infant in a chaotic way.
Letter to Roger Money-Kyrle
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

A letter from Winnicott to Money-Kyrle in which he expresses his pleasure that Money-Kyrle is considering a paper on the child creating the world. Winnicott says that he regrets the Kleinians’ belief that this idea is contrary to the depressive position.
Letter to Charles Rycroft
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

A letter from Winnicott to Charles Rycroft in which he regrets that he was ill and unable to attend Rycroft’s presentation of a paper to the BPAS.
Group Influences and the Maladjusted Child
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott writes that groups and the psychology of groups constitute a vast subject, but the psychology of the individual and his personal integration and early emotional development are important to the infant’s acquisition of a self. Mature group formation depends on individual units and the internal organization of each individual maintains the group entity from within. Group formations of healthy adults, adolescents, or children can assist group management when there are ill children. The staff provide an essential resource but then the group starts to integrate through the integration of each individual. A group of hostels can work together to facilitate the child’s development through different levels through moving to the next hostel. In groups the ill children dominate, so the more normal children who could be contributing to the group work cannot be given opportunity.
For Stepparents
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

If there are two mothers, a real one who has died and a stepmother, a child often gets relief by making one perfect and the other horrid. The real mother and the stepmother start from different places in how they understand the child’s love for a biological parent. The real mother hopes, while the stepmother fears, that the girl will win her father’s love. The ambivalent feelings of the mother have to be mixed in with her love. Usually a mother soon comes to love her infant during her pregnancy, but this is a matter for experience, not for conventional expectation. Mothers may not love or possibly hate their babies. But for a stepmother the presence of the other woman’s child may be an intolerable reminder of the child’s mother, with consequent difficulties for the family unit.
A Note on Regression and Reassurance
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this brief work, Winnicott expresses his belief that, in teaching psychoanalysis, analysts must continue to speak against the use of reassurance in their clinical work. He believes that reassurance is much better discussed in terms of countertransference, and that the analytic set-up is in itself reassuring.
The Toddler, the Second Adoption, Telling Children About Adoption
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay Winnicott discusses the psychology of adoption for parents and child. He writes that it is important to be truthful when talking to adopted children about where they come from, that the adoptive parents are not their biological parents, and that the child was made by nature, and not by magic. If the truth cannot be borne by the adoptive parents, it is very difficult for the adopted child to cope with it. He also considers that adoptive parents wanting a second adoption must go through the selection procedure and other anxieties about choosing to have the adoption, rather than being able to have a child, as it were, normally ‘by accident’. When a mother conceives a second baby, the first child has the experience of mother growing larger over a period of months unlike the case of a second adopted baby that just ‘appears’.
Letter to the British Medical Journal , Prefrontal Leucotomy
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

A letter from Winnicott to the British Medical Journal stating his views that leucotomy is the “worst honest error” to emerge in recent medical practice. He believes that the increased use of surgery, instead of psychotherapy, has led mentally ill patients to fear being subjected to the procedure and that doctors are using it, and electroshock therapy, as quick fixes to complex mental problems.
Letter to Joan Riviere
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

A letter from Winnicott to Joan Riviere discussing Melanie Klein’s paper ‘A Study of Envy and Gratitude’. Winnicott expresses his view that although as an analyst Klein is exceptional, some of her theoretical thinking is muddled. He discusses the idea of the ‘good breast’, infant envy and the mother’s curious state of sensitivity which Winnicott calls the ‘state of primary maternal preoccupation’.