bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spectral content of cloud cavitation about a sphere
Authors: de Graaf K. L. , Brandner P. A. , Pearce B. W.
Published: December 2016

The physics and spectral content of cloud cavitation about a sphere are investigated in a variable-pressure water tunnel using dynamic surface pressure measurement and high-speed imaging. Experiments are conducted using a polyvinyl chloride sphere at a Reynolds number of $1.5\times 10^{6}$ with cavitation numbers, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}$, ranging from inception to supercavitation. Three distinct shedding regimes are identified: a uni-modal regime for $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}>0.9$ and two bi-modal regimes for $0.9>\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}>0.675$ and $0.675>\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}>0.3$. For small cavity lengths ($\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}>0.9$), Kelvin–Helmholtz instability and transition to turbulence in the overlying separated boundary layer form the basis for cavity breakup and coherent vortex formation. At greater lengths ($\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}<0.9$), larger-scale shedding ensues, driven by coupled re-entrant jet formation and shockwave propagation. Strong adverse pressure gradients about the sphere lead to accumulation and radial growth of re-entrant flow, initiating breakup, from which, in every case, a condensation shockwave propagates upstream causing cavity collapse. When the shedding is most energetic, shockwave propagation upstream may cause large-scale leading edge extinction. The bi-modal response is due to cavity shedding being either axisymmetric or asymmetric. The two bi-modal regimes correspond to $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}$ ranges where the cavity and re-entrant jet either remain attached or become detached from the sphere. There is a distinct frequency offset at transition between regimes in both shedding modes. Despite the greater cavity lengths at lower $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}$ values, the second bi-modal regime initially exhibits shorter shedding periods due to increased cavity growth rates. The second regime persists until supercavitation develops for $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}<0.3$.
Human Resource Development Investment in Chinese Private Firms: Strategic Choice and Institutional Perspectives
Authors: Liang Jian , Gong Yaping
Published: December 2016

Integrating the strategic choice and the institutional perspectives, we provide a contextualized analysis of human resource (HR) development investment in Chinese private firms. Based on a nation-wide survey of domestic private firms, we found that strategic choice variables (i.e., private entrepreneurs’ education and governance team completeness) are positively related to HR development investment. Perceived government support for private business strengthened the positive relationships between strategic choice variables and HR development investment. Furthermore, institutional variables (i.e., owners’ political affiliation and firms’ former state ownership) explained additional variance in HR development investment above and beyond strategic choice variables. Perceived government support negatively moderated the relationship between former state ownership and HR development investment. Theoretical and policy implications were discussed at the end.
ON COMPONENTS OF STABLE AUSLANDER–REITEN QUIVERS THAT CONTAIN HELLER LATTICES: THE CASE OF TRUNCATED POLYNOMIAL RINGS
Authors: ARIKI SUSUMU , KASE RYOICHI , MIYAMOTO KENGO
Published: December 2016

Let $A$ be a truncated polynomial ring over a complete discrete valuation ring ${\mathcal{O}}$, and we consider the additive category consisting of $A$-lattices $M$ with the property that $M\otimes {\mathcal{K}}$ is projective as an $A\otimes {\mathcal{K}}$-module, where ${\mathcal{K}}$ is the fraction field of ${\mathcal{O}}$. Then, we may define the stable Auslander–Reiten quiver of the category. We determine the shape of the components of the stable Auslander–Reiten quiver that contain Heller lattices.
GENERALIZED HILBERT–KUNZ FUNCTION IN GRADED DIMENSION 2
Authors: BRENNER HOLGER , CAMINATA ALESSIO
Published: December 2016

We prove that the generalized Hilbert–Kunz function of a graded module $M$ over a two-dimensional standard graded normal $K$-domain over an algebraically closed field $K$ of prime characteristic $p$ has the form $gHK(M,q)=e_{gHK}(M)q^{2}+\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}(q)$, with rational generalized Hilbert–Kunz multiplicity $e_{gHK}(M)$ and a bounded function $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}(q)$. Moreover, we prove that if $R$ is a $\mathbb{Z}$-algebra, the limit for $p\rightarrow +\infty$ of the generalized Hilbert–Kunz multiplicity $e_{gHK}^{R_{p}}(M_{p})$ over the fibers $R_{p}$ exists, and it is a rational number.
Character selection and the quantification of morphological disparity
Authors: Deline Bradley , Ausich William I.
Published: December 2016

A priori choices in the detail and breadth of a study are important in addressing scientific hypotheses. In particular, choices in the number and type of characters can greatly influence the results in studies of morphological diversity. A new character suite was constructed to examine trends in the disparity of early Paleozoic crinoids. Character-based rarefaction analysis indicated that a small subset of these characters (~20% of the complete data set) could be used to capture most of the properties of the entire data set in analyses of crinoids as a whole, noncamerate crinoids, and to a lesser extent camerate crinoids. This pattern may be the result of the covariance between characters and the characterization of rare morphologies that are not represented in the primary axes in morphospace. Shifting emphasis on different body regions (oral system, calyx, periproct system, and pelma) also influenced estimates of relative disparity between subclasses of crinoids. Given these results, morphological studies should include a pilot analysis to better examine the amount and type of data needed to address specific scientific hypotheses.
Elicited Awe Decreases Aggression
Authors: Yang Ying , Yang Ziyan , Bao Taoxun , Liu Yunzhi , Passmore Holli-Anne
Published: December 2016

Awe is a feeling of wonder and amazement in response to experiencing something so vast that it transcends one's current frames of reference. Across three experiments ( N = 557), we tested the inhibition effect of awe on aggression. We used a narrative recall task paradigm (Studies 1 and 2) and a video (Study 3) to induce the emotion of awe. After inducing awe, we first examined participants’ emotion and their sense of ‘small self’, and then the manifestation of aggressiveness in a Shooting Game (Study 1), Tangram Help/Hurt Task (Studies 2 and 3) and Aggression-IAT (Study 3), respectively. Results indicated that awe reduced aggression and increased prosociality and a sense of small self relative to neutral affect and positive emotions of happiness and amusement. Mediation analyses evidenced mixed support for a sense of small self mediating the effect of awe on aggression and prosociality.
'So many sparks of fire'
Authors: White Jessica
Published: December 2016

The broad brush strokes of Dorothy Cottrell’s paintings in the National Library of Australia mark her as a modernist artist, although not one who painted the burgeoning Sydney Harbour Bridge or bright still-life paintings of Australian flora. Rather, she captured the dun surrounds of Ularunda Station, the remote Queensland property to which she moved in 1920 after attending art school in Sydney. At Ularunda, Cottrell eloped with the bookkeeper to Dunk Island, where they stayed with nature writer E.J. Banfield, then relocated to Sydney. In 1924 they returned to Ularunda and Cottrell swapped her paintbrush for a pen, writing The Singing Gold. After advice from Mary Gilmore, whom her mother accosted in a pub, Cottrell send it to the Ladies Home Journal in America. It was snapped up immediately, optioned for a film and found a publisher in England, who described it as ‘a great Australian book, and a world book’. Gilmore added, ‘As an advertisement for Australia, it will go far — the Ladies Home Journal is read all over the world’. Cottrell herself also went far, emigrating to America, where she wrote The Silent Reefs, set in the Caribbean. Cottrell’s creative, intellectual and physical peregrinations — all undertaken in a wheelchair after she contracted polio at age five — show how the local references the international, and vice versa. Through an analysis of the life and writing of this now little-known Queensland author, this essay reflects the regional and transnational elements of modernism as outlined in Neal Alexander and James Moran’s Regional Modernisms, illuminating how a crack-shot with a rifle once took Queensland to the world.
Breaking fresh ground
Authors: Berryman Jim
Published: December 2016

New Impulses in Australian Poetry was an anthology of contemporary Australian poetry published in Brisbane in 1968. The book was the idea of two Queensland poets, Rodney Hall and Thomas Shapcott. New Impulses was modelled on international modern poetry anthologies. At the time, this type of anthology was unfamiliar in Australia. Hall and Shapcott declared their intentions in modernist terms: to challenge the literary establishment and to promote the new poetry of the 1960s. It was a new type of anthology for a new type of poetry. This article explores the anthology’s Queensland origins and examines its modern themes and influences. It concludes with a discussion of the anthology’s impact and legacy from the perspective of Australian literary history, especially the ‘New Australian Poetry’, which it prefigured. In addition to its literary significance, New Impulses was an Australian publishing milestone. The book was the first poetry anthology published by University of Queensland Press. Its success demonstrated the market potential for literary publishing in Australia.
John Macarthur, Deborah van der Plaat, Janina Gosseye and Andrew Wilson (eds.), 'Hot Modernism: Queensland Architecture 1945–1975', London: Artifice, 2015, ISBN 9 7819 0896 7589, 224 pp., £24.95
Authors: Ferres Kay
Published: December 2016

John Macarthur, Deborah van der Plaat, Janina Gosseye and Andrew Wilson (eds.), Hot Modernism: Queensland Architecture 1945–1975, London: Artifice, 2015, ISBN 9 7819 0896 7589, 224 pp., £24.95
Nadia Buick and Madeleine King (eds), 'Remotely Fashionable: A Story of Subtropical Style', Brisbane: The Fashion Archives, 2015, ISBN 9 7809 9443 2209, 177 pp., $45.00
Authors: White Jessica
Published: December 2016

Nadia Buick and Madeleine King (eds), Remotely Fashionable: A Story of Subtropical Style, Brisbane: The Fashion Archives, 2015, ISBN 9 7809 9443 2209, 177 pp., $45.00
Klaus Neumann, 'Across the Seas: Australia’s Response to Refugees', Melbourne: Black Inc., 2015, ISBN 9 7818 6395 7359, 352 pp., $34.99
Authors: Kaladelfos Andy
Published: December 2016

Klaus Neumann, Across the Seas: Australia’s Response to Refugees, Melbourne: Black Inc., 2015, ISBN 9 7818 6395 7359, 352 pp., $34.99
Rebecca Jennings, 'Unnamed Desires: A Sydney Lesbian History', Melbourne: Monash University Publishing, 2015, ISBN 9 7819 2223 5701, 176 pp., $34.95
Authors: Silverstein Jordana
Published: December 2016

Rebecca Jennings, Unnamed Desires: A Sydney Lesbian History, Melbourne: Monash University Publishing, 2015, ISBN 9 7819 2223 5701, 176 pp., $34.95
Jena Woodhouse, 'Dreams of Flight', Adelaide: Ginninderra Press, 2014, ISBN 9 7817 4027 7266, 168 pp., $25.00
Authors: Burns Belinda
Published: December 2016

Jena Woodhouse, Dreams of Flight, Adelaide: Ginninderra Press, 2014, ISBN 9 7817 4027 7266, 168 pp., $25.00
Robert Lehane, 'The Pearl King', Brisbane: Boolarong Press, 2014, ISBN 9 7819 2504 6373, 410 pp., $34.95
Authors: Townsend Ian
Published: December 2016

Robert Lehane, The Pearl King, Brisbane: Boolarong Press, 2014, ISBN 9 7819 2504 6373, 410 pp., $34.95
Script of 'Louis XI'
Authors: Hanna Pat , Fotheringham Richard
Published: December 2016

The script of Louis XI used as the basis for this edition is the only known surviving version, a typescript on lined foolscap held in the National Archives of Australia, Canberra, in the Copyright Applications Series CRS A1336/1 item 14,222.
FROM BEST FIT TECHNOLOGIES TO BEST FIT SCALING: INCORPORATING AND EVALUATING FACTORS AFFECTING THE ADOPTION OF GRAIN LEGUMES IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
Authors: FARROW ANDREW , RONNER ESTHER , VAN DEN BRAND GRETA J. , BOAHEN STEPHEN K. , LEONARDO WILSON , WOLDE-MESKEL ENDALKACHEW , ADJEI-NSIAH SAMUEL , CHIKOWO REGIS , BAIJUKYA FREDRICK , EBANYAT PETER , SANGODELE EMMANUEL A. , SANGINGA JEAN-MARIE , KANTENGWA SPECIOSE , PHIPHIRA LLOYD , WOOMER PAUL , AMPADU-BOAKYE THERESA , BAARS EDWARD , KANAMPIU FRED , VANLAUWE BERNARD , GILLER KENNETH E.
Published: December 2016

The success of scaling out depends on a clear understanding of the factors that affect adoption of grain legumes and account for the dynamism of those factors across heterogeneous contexts of sub-Saharan Africa. We reviewed literature on adoption of grain legumes and other technologies in sub-Saharan Africa and other developing countries. Our review enabled us to define broad factors affecting different components of the scaling out programme of N2Africa and the scales at which those factors were important. We identified three strategies for managing those factors in the N2Africa scaling out programme: (i) testing different technologies and practices; (ii) evaluating the performance of different technologies in different contexts; and (iii) monitoring factors that are difficult to predict. We incorporated the review lessons in a design to appropriately target and evaluate technologies in multiple contexts across scales from that of the farm to whole countries. Our implementation of this design has only been partially successful because of competing reasons for selecting activity sites. Nevertheless, we observe that grain legume species have been successfully targeted for multiple biophysical environments across sub-Saharan Africa, and to social and economic contexts within countries. Rhizobium inoculant and legume specific fertiliser blends have also been targeted to specific contexts, although not in all countries. Relatively fewer input and output marketing models have been tested due to public–private partnerships, which are a key mechanism for dissemination in the N2Africa project.
Moving towards a reliable HIV incidence test – current status, resources available, future directions and challenges ahead
Authors: MURPHY G. , PILCHER C. D. , KEATING S. M. , KASSANJEE R. , FACENTE S. N. , WELTE A. , GREBE E. , MARSON K. , BUSCH M. P. , DAILEY P. , PARKIN N. , OSBORN J. , ONGARELLO S. , MARSH K. , GARCIA-CALLEJA J. M.
Published: December 2016

In 2011 the Incidence Assay Critical Path Working Group reviewed the current state of HIV incidence assays and helped to determine a critical path to the introduction of an HIV incidence assay. At that time the Consortium for Evaluation and Performance of HIV Incidence Assays (CEPHIA) was formed to spur progress and raise standards among assay developers, scientists and laboratories involved in HIV incidence measurement and to structure and conduct a direct independent comparative evaluation of the performance of 10 existing HIV incidence assays, to be considered singly and in combinations as recent infection test algorithms. In this paper we report on a new framework for HIV incidence assay evaluation that has emerged from this effort over the past 5 years, which includes a preliminary target product profile for an incidence assay, a consensus around key performance metrics along with analytical tools and deployment of a standardized approach for incidence assay evaluation. The specimen panels for this evaluation have been collected in large volumes, characterized using a novel approach for infection dating rules and assembled into panels designed to assess the impact of important sources of measurement error with incidence assays such as viral subtype, elite host control of viraemia and antiretroviral treatment. We present the specific rationale for several of these innovations, and discuss important resources for assay developers and researchers that have recently become available. Finally, we summarize the key remaining steps on the path to development and implementation of reliable assays for monitoring HIV incidence at a population level.
Disrupting intergenerational continuity in harsh parenting: Self-control and a supportive partner
Authors: Schofield Thomas J. , Conger Rand D. , Conger Kathi J.
Published: December 2016

Harsh, abusive, and rejecting behavior by parents toward their children is associated with increased risk for many developmental problems for youth. Children raised by harsh parents are also more likely to treat their own children harshly. The present study addresses conditions that would break this intergenerational cycle of harsh parenting. Data come from a three-generation study of a cohort of 290 adolescents (Generation 2 [G2], 52% female) grown to adulthood and their parents (Generation 1 [G1]). During adolescence, observers rated G1 harsh parenting to G2. Several years later observers rated G2 harsh parenting toward their oldest child (Generation 3 [G3]). Several adaptive systems fundamental to human resilience attenuate intergenerational continuity in harshness. G2 parents were relatively less harsh to G3 children (notwithstanding a history of harshness from G1) when G2's romantic partner (a) communicated positively with G2 and (b) had a good relationship with G3, and (c) when G2 was high on self-control. Interventions that target all of these protective factors may not only break but also reverse the intergenerational cycle of child maltreatment.
Improving Pediatric Education for Emergency Medical Services Providers: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Brown Seth A. , Hayden Theresa C. , Randell Kimberly A. , Rappaport Lara , Stevenson Michelle D. , Kim In K.
Published: December 2016

Objectives

Previous studies have illustrated pediatric knowledge deficits among Emergency Medical Services (EMS) providers. The purpose of this study was to identify perspectives of a diverse group of EMS providers regarding pediatric prehospital care educational deficits and proposed methods of training improvements.

Methods

Purposive sampling was used to recruit EMS providers in diverse settings for study participation. Two separate focus groups of EMS providers (administrative and non-administrative personnel) were held in three locations (urban, suburban, and rural). A professional moderator facilitated focus group discussion using a guide developed by the study team. A grounded theory approach was used to analyze data.

Results

Forty-two participants provided data. Four major themes were identified: (1) suboptimal previous pediatric training and training gaps in continuing pediatric education; (2) opportunities for improved interactions with emergency department (ED) staff, including case-based feedback on patient care; (3) barriers to optimal pediatric prehospital care; and (4) proposed pediatric training improvements.

Conclusion

Focus groups identified four themes surrounding preparation of EMS personnel for providing care to pediatric patients. These themes can guide future educational interventions for EMS to improve pediatric prehospital care.

BrownSA,HaydenTC,RandellKA,RappaportL,StevensonMD,KimIK.Improving pediatric education for Emergency Medical Services providers: a qualitative study.Prehosp Disaster Med.2017;32(1):20–26.
Treating mixed mania/hypomania: a review and synthesis of the evidence
Authors: Takeshima Minoru
Published: December 2016

The DSM–5 incorporates a broad concept of mixed states and captured ≥3 nonoverlapping symptoms of the opposite polarity using a “with mixed features” specifier to be applied to manic/hypomanic and major depressive episodes. Pharmacotherapy of mixed states is challenging because of the necessity to treat both manic/hypomanic and depressive symptoms concurrently. High-potency antipsychotics used to treat manic symptoms and antidepressants can potentially deteriorate symptoms of the opposite polarity. This review aimed to provide a synthesis of the current evidence for pharmacotherapy of mixed states with an emphasis on mixed mania/hypomania. A PubMed search was conducted for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that were at least moderately sized, included a placebo arm, and contained information on acute-phase and maintenance treatments of adult patients with mixed episodes or mania/hypomania with significant depressive symptoms. Most studies were post-hoc subgroup and pooled analyses of the data from RCTs for acute manic and mixed episodes of bipolar I disorder; only two prospectively examined efficacy for mixed mania/hypomania specifically. Aripiprazole, asenapine, carbamazepine, olanzapine, and ziprasidone showed the strongest evidence of efficacy in acute-phase treatment. Quetiapine and divalproex/valproate were also efficacious. Combination therapies with these atypical antipsychotics and mood stabilizers can be considered in severe cases. Olanzapine and quetiapine (alone or in combination with lithium/divalproex) showed the strongest evidence of efficacy in maintenance treatment. Lithium and lamotrigine may be beneficial given their preventive effects on suicide and depressive relapse. Further prospective studies primarily focusing on mixed states are needed.
Healthy eating patterns associated with acculturation, sex and BMI among Mexican Americans
Authors: Reininger Belinda , Lee MinJae , Jennings Rose , Evans Alexandra , Vidoni Michelle
Published: December 2016

Objective

Examine relationships of healthy and unhealthy dietary patterns with BMI, sex, age and acculturation among Mexican Americans.

Design

Cross-sectional. Participants completed culturally tailored Healthy and Unhealthy Eating Indices. Multivariable mixed-effect Poisson regression models compared food pattern index scores and dietary intake of specific foods by BMI, sex, age and acculturation defined by language preference and generational status.

Setting

Participants recruited from the Cameron County Hispanic Cohort study, Texas–Mexico border region, between 2008 and 2011.

Subjects

Mexican-American males and females aged 18–97 years (n 1250).

Results

Participants were primarily female (55·3 %), overweight or obese (85·7 %), preferred Spanish language (68·0 %) and first-generation status (60·3 %). Among first-generation participants, bilingual participants were less likely to have a healthy eating pattern than preferred Spanish-speaking participants (rate ratio (RR)=0·79, P=0·0218). This association was also found in males (RR=0·81, P=0·0098). Preferred English-speaking females were less likely to consume healthy foods than preferred Spanish-speaking females (RR=0·84, P=0·0293). Among second-generation participants, preferred English-speaking participants were more likely to report a higher unhealthy eating pattern than preferred Spanish-speaking participants (RR=1·23, P=0·0114). Higher unhealthy eating patterns were also found in females who preferred English v. females who preferred Spanish (RR=1·23, P=0·0107) or were bilingual (RR=1·26, P=0·0159). Younger, male participants were more likely to have a higher unhealthy eating pattern. BMI and diabetes status were not significantly associated with healthy or unhealthy eating patterns.

Conclusions

Acculturation, age, sex and education are associated with healthy and unhealthy dietary patterns. Nutrition interventions for Mexican Americans should tailor approaches by these characteristics.
Variation matters and should be included in health care research for comparison of outcomes
Authors: van Weel Chris , Tamblyn Robyn , Turnbull Deborah
Published: December 2016

Background

Health care is provided under the conditions in which people live and under the rules and regulations of a prevailing health system. As a consequence, ‘local’ circumstances are an important determinant of the actual care that can be provided and its effects on the health of individuals and populations. This plays in particular, but not exclusively, a role in community-based primary health care. Although this is generally accepted, there is little insight in the impact of the setting and context in which health care is provided on the outcome of care.

Aim

This paper argues the case to use this natural variation within and between countries as an opportunity to be used as a form of natural experiment in health research.

Arguments

We argue that analysing and comparing outcomes across settings, that is comparative outcomes of interventions that have been performed under different health care conditions will improve the understanding of how the real-life setting in which health care is provided – including the health system, the socio-economic circumstances and prevailing cultural values – do determine outcome of care.

Recommendations

To facilitate comparison of research findings across health systems and different socio-economic and cultural contexts, we recommend a more detailed reporting of the conditions and circumstances under which health research has been performed. A set of core variables is proposed for studies in primary health care.
Intrauterine growth restriction increases circulating mitochondrial DNA and Toll-like receptor 9 expression in adult offspring: could aerobic training counteract these adaptations?
Authors: Oliveira V. , Silva Junior S. D. , de Carvalho M. H. C. , Akamine E. H. , Michelini L. C. , Franco M. C.
Published: December 2016

It has been demonstrated that intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) can program increase cardiometabolic risk. There are also evidences of the correlation between IUGR with low-grade inflammation and, thus can contribute to development of several cardiometabolic comorbidities. Therefore, we investigated the influence of IUGR on circulating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)/Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) and TNF-α expression in adult offspring. Considering that the aerobic training has anti-inflammatory actions, we also investigated whether aerobic training would improve these inflammatory factors. Pregnant Wistar rats received ad libitum or 50% of ad libitum diet throughout gestation. At 8 weeks of age, male offspring from both groups were randomly assigned to control, trained control, restricted and trained restricted. Aerobic training protocol was performed on a treadmill and after that, we evaluated circulating mtDNA, cardiac protein expression of TLR9, plasma and cardiac TNF-α levels, and left ventricle (LV) mass. We found that IUGR promoted an increase in the circulating mtDNA, TLR9 expression and plasma TNF-α levels. Further, our results revealed that aerobic training can restore mtDNA/TLR9 content and plasma levels of TNF-α among restricted rats. The cardiac TNF-α content and LV mass were not influenced either by IUGR or aerobic training. In conclusion, IUGR can program mtDNA/TLR9 content, which may lead to high levels of TNF-α. However, aerobic training was able to normalize these alterations. These findings evidenced that the association of IUGR and aerobic training seems to exert an important interaction effect regarding pro-inflammatory condition and, aerobic training may be used as a strategy to reduce deleterious adaptations in IUGR offspring.
New EMA report on paliperidone 3-month injections: taking clinical and policy decisions without an adequate evidence base
Authors: Ostuzzi G. , Papola D. , Gastaldon C. , Barbui C.
Published: December 2016

Three-month long-acting paliperidone is a new, recently marketed, formulation of paliperidone, characterised by the longest available dosing interval among long-acting antipsychotics. The clinical profile of 3-month long-acting paliperidone was recently summarised by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in a public assessment report, released in April 2016. In this commentary, the main strengths and limitations of the EMA assessment report were appraised and discussed, in order to highlight possible implications for clinical practice, future research and regulatory practices for drug approval.
Bringing Earth's Microwave Maps into Sharper Focus
Authors: Paget A. , Brodzik M. , Long D. , Hardman M.
Published: December 2016

New processing capabilities improve the spatial resolution of satellite microwave data, enabling scientists to analyze trends in coastal regions and marginal ice zones.
Peter George Brewer Receives 2016 Maurice Ewing Medal
Authors:   AGU
Published: December 2016

Peter George Brewer was awarded the 2016 Maurice Ewing Medal at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 14 December 2016 in San Francisco, Calif. The medal is for "significant original contributions to the ocean sciences."
Tracking Trends in U.S. Flood Risk
Authors: Witman Sarah
Published: December 2016

As floods become more frequent around the globe, scientists work to pinpoint what puts certain regions at risk.
Decision Making, Morality, and Machiavellianism: The Role of Dispositional Traits in Gist Extraction
Authors: Carre Jessica R. , Jones Daniel N.
Published: December 2016

Fuzzy Trace Theory (FTT) is a promising new framework for evaluating decision making processes related to risk. In brief, FTT argues that individuals use either a mature and meaningful process (i.e., “gist”) or a cold and numbers-based process (i.e., “verbatim”) when making a decision based on information. However, the fundamental meaning that one may extract from a set of information may depend entirely on the motivations, values, and personality of the individual. We argue that in the case of Machiavellianism, individuals may be using gist-based processes, much like others, but arrive at vastly different conclusions with respect to the best course of action. This assertion is based on the fact that Machiavellian individuals lack the fundamental morality and empathy necessary to have concern for others when making decisions. Thus, we outline a theoretical argument as to when gist based extraction may be altered by individual differences. We further discuss the practical implications that individual differences have for decision making through the lens of FTT.
Irrevocable Goals
Authors: Miceli Maria , Castelfranchi Cristiano
Published: December 2016

When a goal is deemed to be unattainable, people typically try to find some feasible substitute for it. When the goal is viewed as irreplaceable as well as definitely unattainable, it is typically given up. However, some goals are perceived as irrevocable, even though they are believed to be irreplaceable and definitely unattainable. We will try to understand why one is unable to give up a goal while believing it is impossible to bring about the desired state of affairs. Once outlined a few basic assumptions underlying our approach, we will first address the phenomenon of goal replacement, and we will distinguish three kinds of goal replacement: by equivalence, by surrogation, and by compensation. Then we will focus on irrevocable goals, trying to identify their qualifying features, psychological implications, and underlying motivations. Finally we will address the question of the possible functions of such “goal fixation,” despite its apparent maladaptive consequences.
Top-down modulation of olfactory-guided behaviours by the anterior olfactory nucleus pars medialis and ventral hippocampus
Authors: Aqrabawi Afif J. , Browne Caleb J. , Dargaei Zahra , Garand Danielle , Khademullah C. Sahara , Woodin Melanie A. , Kim Jun Chul
Published: December 2016

Olfactory processing is thought to be actively modulated by the top-down input from cortical regions, but the behavioural function of these signals remains unclear. Here we find that cortical feedback from the anterior olfactory nucleus pars medialis (mAON) bidirectionally modulates olfactory sensitivity and olfaction-dependent behaviours. To identify a limbic input that tunes this mAON switch, we further demonstrate that optogenetic stimulation of ventral hippocampal inputs to the mAON is sufficient to alter olfaction-dependent behaviours.
Predictors of elevational biodiversity gradients change from single taxa to the multi-taxa community level
Authors: Peters Marcell K. , Hemp Andreas , Appelhans Tim , Behler Christina , Classen Alice , Detsch Florian , Ensslin Andreas , Ferger Stefan W. , Frederiksen Sara B. , Gebert Friederike , Haas Michael , Helbig-Bonitz Maria , Hemp Claudia , Kindeketa William J. , Mwangomo Ephraim , Ngereza Christine , Otte Insa , Röder Juliane , Rutten Gemma , Schellenberger Costa David , Tardanico Joseph , Zancolli Giulia , Deckert Jürgen , Eardley Connal D. , Peters Ralph S. , Rödel Mark-Oliver , Schleuning Matthias , Ssymank Axel , Kakengi Victor , Zhang Jie , Böhning-Gaese Katrin , Brandl Roland , Kalko Elisabeth K.V. , Kleyer Michael , Nauss Thomas , Tschapka Marco , Fischer Markus , Steffan-Dewenter Ingolf
Published: December 2016

The factors determining gradients of biodiversity are a fundamental yet unresolved topic in ecology. While diversity gradients have been analysed for numerous single taxa, progress towards general explanatory models has been hampered by limitations in the phylogenetic coverage of past studies. By parallel sampling of 25 major plant and animal taxa along a 3.7 km elevational gradient on Mt. Kilimanjaro, we quantify cross-taxon consensus in diversity gradients and evaluate predictors of diversity from single taxa to a multi-taxa community level. While single taxa show complex distribution patterns and respond to different environmental factors, scaling up diversity to the community level leads to an unambiguous support for temperature as the main predictor of species richness in both plants and animals. Our findings illuminate the influence of taxonomic coverage for models of diversity gradients and point to the importance of temperature for diversification and species coexistence in plant and animal communities.
Hepcidin inhibits Smad3 phosphorylation in hepatic stellate cells by impeding ferroportin-mediated regulation of Akt
Authors: Han Chang Yeob , Koo Ja Hyun , Kim Sung Hoon , Gardenghi Sara , Rivella Stefano , Strnad Pavel , Hwang Se Jin , Kim Sang Geon
Published: December 2016

Hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation on liver injury facilitates fibrosis. Hepatokines affecting HSCs are largely unknown. Here we show that hepcidin inhibits HSC activation and ameliorates liver fibrosis. We observe that hepcidin levels are inversely correlated with exacerbation of fibrosis in patients, and also confirm the relationship in animal models. Adenoviral delivery of hepcidin to mice attenuates liver fibrosis induced by CCl4 treatment or bile duct ligation. In cell-based assays, either hepcidin from hepatocytes or exogenous hepcidin suppresses HSC activation by inhibiting TGFβ1-mediated Smad3 phosphorylation via Akt. In activated HSCs, ferroportin is upregulated, which can be prevented by hepcidin treatment. Similarly, ferroportin knockdown in HSCs prohibits TGFβ1-inducible Smad3 phosphorylation and increases Akt phosphorylation, whereas ferroportin over-expression has the opposite effect. HSC-specific ferroportin deletion also ameliorates liver fibrosis. In summary, hepcidin suppresses liver fibrosis by impeding TGFβ1-induced Smad3 phosphorylation in HSCs, which depends on Akt activated by a deficiency of ferroportin.
Radical aryl migration enables diversity-oriented synthesis of structurally diverse medium/macro- or bridged-rings
Authors: Li Lei , Li Zhong-Liang , Wang Fu-Li , Guo Zhen , Cheng Yong-Feng , Wang Na , Dong Xiao-Wu , Fang Chao , Liu Jingjiang , Hou Chunhui , Tan Bin , Liu Xin-Yuan
Published: December 2016

Medium-sized and medium-bridged rings are attractive structural motifs in natural products and therapeutic agents. Due to the unfavourable entropic and/or enthalpic factors with these ring systems, their efficient construction remains a formidable challenge. To address this problem, we herein disclose a radical-based approach for diversity-oriented synthesis of various benzannulated carbon- and heteroatom-containing 8–11(14)-membered ketone libraries. This strategy involves 1,4- or 1,5-aryl migration triggered by radical azidation, trifluoromethylation, phosphonylation, sulfonylation, or perfluoroalkylation of unactivated alkenes followed by intramolecular ring expansion. Demonstration of this method as a highly flexible tool for the construction of 37 synthetically challenging medium-sized and macrocyclic ring scaffolds including bridged rings with diverse functionalities and skeletons is highlighted. Some of these products showed potent inhibitory activity against the cancer cell or derivative of human embryonic kidney line in preliminary biological studies. The mechanism of this novel strategy is investigated by control experiments and DFT calculations.
PKCɛ switches Aurora B specificity to exit the abscission checkpoint
Authors: Pike Tanya , Brownlow Nicola , Kjaer Svend , Carlton Jeremy , Parker Peter J.
Published: December 2016

The ‘NoCut’, or Aurora B abscission checkpoint can be activated if DNA is retained in the cleavage furrow after completion of anaphase. Checkpoint failure leads to incomplete abscission and a binucleate outcome. These phenotypes are also observed after loss of PKCɛ in transformed cell models. Here we show that PKCɛ directly modulates the Aurora B-dependent abscission checkpoint by phosphorylating Aurora B at S227. This phosphorylation invokes a switch in Aurora B specificity, with increased phosphorylation of a subset of target substrates, including the CPC subunit Borealin. This switch is essential for abscission checkpoint exit. Preventing the phosphorylation of Borealin leads to abscission failure, as does expression of a non-phosphorylatable Aurora B S227A mutant. Further, depletion of the ESCRT-III component and Aurora B substrate CHMP4C enables abscission, bypassing the PKCɛ–Aurora B exit pathway. Thus, we demonstrate that PKCɛ signals through Aurora B to exit the abscission checkpoint and complete cell division.
Daxx inhibits hypoxia-induced lung cancer cell metastasis by suppressing the HIF-1α/HDAC1/Slug axis
Authors: Lin Ching-Wen , Wang Lu-Kai , Wang Shu-Ping , Chang Yih-Leong , Wu Yi-Ying , Chen Hsuan-Yu , Hsiao Tzu-Hung , Lai Wei-Yun , Lu Hsuan-Hsuan , Chang Ya-Hsuan , Yang Shuenn-Chen , Lin Ming-Wei , Chen Chi-Yuan , Hong Tse-Ming , Yang Pan-Chyr
Published: December 2016

Hypoxia is a major driving force of cancer invasion and metastasis. Here we show that death domain-associated protein (Daxx) acts to negatively regulate hypoxia-induced cell dissemination and invasion by inhibiting the HIF-1α/HDAC1/Slug pathway. Daxx directly binds to the DNA-binding domain of Slug, impeding histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) recruitment and antagonizing Slug E-box binding. This, in turn, stimulates E-cadherin and occludin expression and suppresses Slug-mediated epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell invasiveness. Under hypoxic conditions, stabilized hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α downregulates Daxx expression and promotes cancer invasion, whereas re-expression of Daxx represses hypoxia-induced cancer invasion. Daxx also suppresses Slug-mediated lung cancer metastasis in an orthotopic lung metastasis mouse model. Using clinical tumour samples, we confirmed that the HIF-1α/Daxx/Slug pathway is an outcome predictor. Our results support that Daxx can act as a repressor in controlling HIF-1α/HDAC1/Slug-mediated cancer cell invasion and is a potential therapeutic target for inhibition of cancer metastasis.
Targeting dendritic cells to accelerate T-cell activation overcomes a bottleneck in tuberculosis vaccine efficacy
Authors: Griffiths Kristin L. , Ahmed Mushtaq , Das Shibali , Gopal Radha , Horne William , Connell Terry D. , Moynihan Kelly D. , Kolls Jay K. , Irvine Darrell J. , Artyomov Maxim N. , Rangel-Moreno Javier , Khader Shabaana A.
Published: December 2016

The development of a tuberculosis (TB) vaccine that induces sterilizing immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection has been elusive. Absence of sterilizing immunity induced by TB vaccines may be due to delayed activation of mucosal dendritic cells (DCs), and subsequent delay in antigen presentation and activation of vaccine-induced CD4+ T-cell responses. Here we show that pulmonary delivery of activated M. tuberculosis antigen-primed DCs into vaccinated mice, at the time of M. tuberculosis exposure, can overcome the delay in accumulation of vaccine-induced CD4+ T-cell responses. In addition, activating endogenous host CD103+ DCs and the CD40–CD40L pathway can similarly induce rapid accumulation of vaccine-induced lung CD4+ T-cell responses and limit early M. tuberculosis growth. Thus, our study provides proof of concept that targeting mucosal DCs can accelerate vaccine-induced T-cell responses on M. tuberculosis infection, and provide insights to overcome bottlenecks in TB vaccine efficacy.
Erratum: Suspension survival mediated by PP2A-STAT3-Col XVII determines tumour initiation and metastasis in cancer stem cells
Authors: Liu Chen-Chi , Lin Shih-Pei , Hsu Han-Shui , Yang Shung-Haur , Lin Chiu-Hua , Yang Muh-Hwa , Hung Mien-Chie , Hung Shih-Chieh
Published: December 2016

Nature Communications 7: Article number: 11798 (2016); Published 16 Jun 2016; Updated 22 Dec 2016 This Article contains errors in Figs 4,6 and 7 that were introduced during the production process. In Fig. 4j, the lane labels on the blot should read in order ‘Input- No Ab-IgG-Flag’. In Fig. 6i, the xaxis label ‘WT PP2A’ of the two graphs should read ‘DN PP2A’.
Atomic-level insights in optimizing reaction paths for hydroformylation reaction over Rh/CoO single-atom catalyst
Authors: Wang Liangbing , Zhang Wenbo , Wang Shenpeng , Gao Zehua , Luo Zhiheng , Wang Xu , Zeng Rui , Li Aowen , Li Hongliang , Wang Menglin , Zheng Xusheng , Zhu Junfa , Zhang Wenhua , Ma Chao , Si Rui , Zeng Jie
Published: December 2016

Rh-based heterogeneous catalysts generally have limited selectivity relative to their homogeneous counterparts in hydroformylation reactions despite of the convenience of catalyst separation in heterogeneous catalysis. Here, we develop CoO-supported Rh single-atom catalysts (Rh/CoO) with remarkable activity and selectivity towards propene hydroformylation. By increasing Rh mass loading, isolated Rh atoms switch to aggregated clusters of different atomicity. During the hydroformylation, Rh/CoO achieves the optimal selectivity of 94.4% for butyraldehyde and the highest turnover frequency number of 2,065 h−1 among the obtained atomic-scale Rh-based catalysts. Mechanistic studies reveal that a structural reconstruction of Rh single atoms in Rh/CoO occurs during the catalytic process, facilitating the adsorption and activation of reactants. In kinetic view, linear products are determined as the dominating products by analysing reaction paths deriving from the two most stable co-adsorbed configurations. As a bridge of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, single-atom catalysts can be potentially applied in other industrial reactions.
Two-dimensional distributed-phase-reference protocol for quantum key distribution
Authors: Bacco Davide , Christensen Jesper Bjerge , Castaneda Mario A. Usuga , Ding Yunhong , Forchhammer Søren , Rottwitt Karsten , Oxenløwe Leif Katsuo
Published: December 2016

Quantum key distribution (QKD) and quantum communication enable the secure exchange of information between remote parties. Currently, the distributed-phase-reference (DPR) protocols, which are based on weak coherent pulses, are among the most practical solutions for long-range QKD. During the last 10 years, long-distance fiber-based DPR systems have been successfully demonstrated, although fundamental obstacles such as intrinsic channel losses limit their performance. Here, we introduce the first two-dimensional DPR-QKD protocol in which information is encoded in the time and phase of weak coherent pulses. The ability of extracting two bits of information per detection event, enables a higher secret key rate in specific realistic network scenarios. Moreover, despite the use of more dimensions, the proposed protocol remains simple, practical, and fully integrable.
Rapid stability of ferroelectric polarization in the Ca, Ce hybrid doped BaTiO3 ceramics
Authors: Liu Shujuan , Zhang Lixue , Wang Jiping , Shi Xiujing , Zhao Yingying , Zhang Dawei
Published: December 2016

In this work, we report a rapid stability phenomenon of ferroelectric polarization in the Ca, Ce hybrid doped BaTiO3 ceramics (BCaxT+BTCe8) (x = 10, 20, 24, 30 mol%) prepared by separate doping Ca2+ and Ce4+ ions. Double hysteresis loops are identified in the aged BCaxT+BTCe8 samples; meanwhile, the polarization of these loops present a rapid decrease within very short aging time (about 1 h), and then the polarization remains almost unchanged over the followed ~1000 h. This phenomenon is not reported in previous researches. Raman scattering spectrum indicates that oxygen vacancies are generated because of Ca2+ ions entering into Ti sites partly in the BCaxT+BTCe8 samples, and then the oxygen vacancies are quantitatively characterized by half of the Ce3+ content through the XPS test. The emergence of the aging phenomenon is explained through the "Equation missing" defect dipole reorientation mechanism. The larger radius of Ca2+ ions is further discussed as a possible reason for the rapid stability phenomenon of ferroelectric polarization. It may provide an effective design method from the viewpoint of the ionic radius to accelerate polarization stability, and thus to facilitate the possible practical applications of the aging effect.
Molecular characterization of firefly nuptial gifts: a multi-omics approach sheds light on postcopulatory sexual selection
Authors: Al-Wathiqui Nooria , Fallon Timothy R. , South Adam , Weng Jing-Ke , Lewis Sara M.
Published: December 2016

Postcopulatory sexual selection is recognized as a key driver of reproductive trait evolution, including the machinery required to produce endogenous nuptial gifts. Despite the importance of such gifts, the molecular composition of the non-gametic components of male ejaculates and their interactions with female reproductive tracts remain poorly understood. During mating, male Photinus fireflies transfer to females a spermatophore gift manufactured by multiple reproductive glands. Here we combined transcriptomics of both male and female reproductive glands with proteomics and metabolomics to better understand the synthesis, composition and fate of the spermatophore in the common Eastern firefly, Photinus pyralis. Our transcriptome of male glands revealed up-regulation of proteases that may enhance male fertilization success and activate female immune response. Using bottom-up proteomics we identified 208 functionally annotated proteins that males transfer to the female in their spermatophore. Targeted metabolomic analysis also provided the first evidence that Photinus nuptial gifts contain lucibufagin, a firefly defensive toxin. The reproductive tracts of female fireflies showed increased gene expression for several proteases that may be involved in egg production. This study offers new insights into the molecular composition of male spermatophores, and extends our understanding of how nuptial gifts may mediate postcopulatory interactions between the sexes.