bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Survey on Detection of Byzantine and Resource Consumption Attacks
Authors: Mahajan Neha
Published: July 2018

In mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs), the primary need to achieve effective network communication among nodes is that the nodes should cooperate with each other. While in the presence of malicious nodes, this need might lead to the severe security concerns. Preventing MANET from such nodes has become an important and challenging security issue since most of the routing protocols are vulnerable to various types of attacks. In this paper we reviewed many research works which have focused on using either proactive or reactive defense mechanisms, intrusion detection systems, routing protocols to detect and prevent resource consumption and byzantine attacks.
Reduced sensitivity to reinforcement in adolescent compared to adult Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes
Authors: Hankosky Emily R. , Westbrook Sara Ruth , Haake Rachel M. , Marinelli Michela , Gulley Joshua Michael
Published: July 2018

RATIONALE: Adolescence is a period of considerable development of brain and behavior and is the time during which most drug use is initiated. OBJECTIVE: Age-dependent differences in motivated behaviors may be one of the factors that contribute to heightened vulnerability to developing substance use disorders, so we sought to compare age differences in methamphetamine (METH) and saccharin seeking. METHODS: Beginning during adolescence or adulthood, male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to self-administer 0.1% saccharin (via liquid dipper cup) or intravenous METH at one of three doses (0.02, 0.05, 0.08 mg/kg/inf) under increasing fixed ratios schedules of reinforcement. Subsequently, responding for METH (0.02, 0.05, 0.08 or 0.1 mg/kg/inf) under progressive ratio response requirements was assessed in rats that acquired METH self-administration at the highest dose (0.08 mg/kg/inf). RESULTS: We found that adult-onset rats acquired METH self-administration more readily and exhibited higher motivation compared to adolescent-onset rats, although there were no differences in METH intake during acquisition. Adult rats also acquired saccharin self-administration more readily, but in contrast to METH, there were age and sex differences in saccharin intake driven by high levels of responding in adult females. CONCLUSIONS: These findings challenge the prevailing notion that adolescents are hypersensitive to reward and instead raise questions about the potential role of methodological factors on which rodent studies often differ.
Natifs numériques : investigation des caractéristiques des familiers du numérique
Authors: Wagner Vincent , Acier Didier
Published: July 2018

ContexteLe terme de natifs numériques désigne à l’origine de jeunes adultes particulièrement adroits avec les nouvelles technologies. Sujet à débat, la question de l’identité des natifs numériques reste posée. L’objectif de cette étude est d’identifier les différents profils de natifs numériques, à l’aide d’un outil nouvellement traduit, et de les comparer sur la base de variables psychologiques.MéthodesUn échantillon de 590 participants a été constitué parmi les inscrits à un Massive Open Online Course sur le numérique ainsi que les utilisateurs de sites Internet, réseaux sociaux et forums communautaires. Afin d’obtenir des sous-groupes homogènes, un partitionnement des données via la méthode TwoStep a été réalisée.RésultatsDeux sous-groupes ont été mis en évidence : les natifs numériques et les novices numériques. Les natifs numériques se distinguent notamment des novices numériques par leur âge, leur niveau d’études, leur niveau d’investissement dans les activités numériques, d’urgence positive et négative et de recherche de sensations. DiscussionCette étude met en lumière à quel point les individus sont imprégnés psychiquement dans et par leurs usages du numérique. Ces éléments sont pertinents pour les professionnels désormais amenés à fréquemment être en contact avec des populations immergées dans les nouvelles technologies et vulnérables à leurs dérives.
PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM BAGI KREDITOR YANG BERITIKAD BAIK AKIBAT PEMBATALAN HAK TANGGUNGAN
Authors: Ginting Lilawati
Published: July 2018

Security rights aims for giving protection and legal certainty for stakeholders, which one it is dependent creditor rights holders, but in practice this goal still cannot fully carried out, due to ongoing security rights can still be canceled court. Debitors must still be my response if the object binding guarantee with the court canceled encumbrance, such as spending manifestly been issued by the creditors, and for loss of expected profit from lending. Other efforts to do creditor to restore the rights of Its preferred to debtors, namely by requiring the debtor to replace a security object that has been canceled court with other objects which have a face value equal, and then do the loading objects according to new guarantee, such as in the form of a security interest, fiduciary, mortgages or liens.
MAPEAMENTO DE ESTRUTURAS DO CONHECIMENTO CIENTÍFICO – UMA GENERALIZAÇÃO DA FERRAMENTA MAPAS CONCEITUAIS COMO LINGUAGEM ALGORÍTMICA.
Authors: de Mello Luiz Adolfo
Published: July 2018

We present a research methodology developed for the theory of knowledge which use conceptual mapping (Novak, 1990), cognitive science theory (Izqueirdo, 2003), theory of didactic transposition (Chevallard 1982) and algorithmic language. We defend the idea that in particular cases, as in the study of the theory of scientific knowledge that conceptual mapping should be done obeying well-defined rules. Due to certain particularities of how Physical theories are constructed and expressed in terms of Physical laws we will have to generalize the tool "conceptual maps" to describe how the Physical theories are elaborated. This generalization will be called "Mapping of Structures of Scientific Knowledge". With theme the part of physics called blackbody radiation and the theory of Planck's quantization it will be demonstrating the usefulness and effectiveness of this methodology and this tool.
STRATEGI PENGENDALIAN KUALITAS PADA PROSES PENANGANAN RAJUNGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE ANALYTICAL HIERARCHY PROCESS
Authors: Ali Mahrus , Wulandari Anita , Lestari Veronika Nugraheni Sri
Published: July 2018

Including one small crab fishery are generally perishable food (easily broken/ rotten), of course, after stripping the small crab is most likely present in the less well handling so the quality is less good. That requires proper quality control strategy to apply is by AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process). As the respondents selected three people making decisions in the company of PT. Tonga Tiur Putra. From the results of analysis that the factors that affect the quality of small crab meat found in transportation, and appropriate alternative for small crab meat quality control by means of procurement and human resource training.
Consciousness-related interactions in a double-slit optical system
Authors: Guerrer Gabriel
Published: July 2018

Motivated by a series of reported experiments and their controversial results, the present work investigated if volunteers could causally affect an optical double-slit system by mental efforts alone. The participants' task in the experimental sessions alternated between intending an increase in the (real-time feedback-informed) amount of light diffracted through a specific single slit versus relaxing their intentional effort. In total, 240 sessions contributed by 171 volunteers were recorded. The first 160 sessions were collected in an exploratory mode, and those data revealed statistically significant differences between the intention and relax conditions. The analysis method and variables of interest derived from the exploratory sessions were then pre-registered for the subsequent 80 formal sessions. The formal experiments, based on a directional hypothesis, were not statistically significant. A post hoc meta-analysis based on a bi-directional hypothesis, and applied to the same data, resulted in a 2.75 sigma outcome ($p=6.02\times10^{-3}; \, es=0.31 \pm 0.22$ 95\% CI). Directional and bi-directional analyses applied to an equal number of control sessions, all conducted without observers present, resulted in uniformly non-significant outcomes. Analysis of environmental factors did not reveal any artifactual sources that might have produced the significant bi-directional effect. While the pre-registered analysis did not support the existence of the investigated phenomenon, the post hoc findings warrant further investigation to formally test the bi-directional hypothesis.
TEKNIK BUDIDAYA TEMBAKAU
Authors: Ali Mahrus , Hariyadi Bambang Wicaksono
Published: July 2018

Tanaman tembakau merupakan tanaman perkebunan sebagai bahan baku industri untuk produk Rokok yang memiliki nilai ekonomis sangat menjanjikan.Sistem budidaya tanaman tembakau sama dengan sistem budidaya untuk tanaman perkebunan lainnya yaitu terdiri dari pembibitan, penyiapan lahan, penanaman, pemeliharaan, panen dan pasca panen.
Global Capital, the State, and Chinese Workers: The Foxconn Experience
Authors: Ngai Pun , Chan Jenny
Published: July 2018

In 2010, a startling 18 young migrant workers attempted suicide at Foxconn Technology Group production facilities in China. This article looks into the development of the Foxconn Corporation to understand the advent of capital expansion and its impact on frontline workers’ lives in China. It also provides an account of how the state facilitates Foxconn’s production expansion as a form of monopoly capital. Foxconn stands out as a new phenomenon of capital expansion because of the incomparable speed and scale of its capital accumulation in all regions of China. This article explores how the workers at Foxconn, the world’s largest electronics manufacturer, have been subjected to work pressure and desperation that might lead to suicides on the one hand but also open up daily and collective resistance on the other hand.
Studies on in vitro antiproliferative activities in Cruciferae vegetables
Authors: Horticulture The Journal of Applied , Jamuna K.S.
Published: July 2018

Cruciferous vegetables have drawn a great deal of attention in cancer research because of their potential protective properties. In the present study, four vegetables viz. cabbage, cauliflower, kohlrabi and radish were procured and processed for cold extraction procedure using 70% ethanol. The extracts were subjected to the qualitative phytochemical analysis, quantitative estimation of glucosinolates content and in vitro antiproliferative activity by MTT assay on MCF7, DL and NIH-3T3 cell lines. The results of qualitative phytochemical analysis showed the presence of several bioactive compounds viz. polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, glycosides and alkaloids. Quantitative estimation of glucosinolates in terms of potassium thiocyanate equivalence/5mg of extract revealed that the cabbage has highest content of glucosinolate (122.6 µg) followed by cauliflower (109 µg), kohlrabi (101.6 µg) and radish (60.2 µg). The four cruciferous vegetables registered notable cell proliferation inhibition at different concentrations (50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 µg/mL) in a dose dependent manner against three different cell lines. The results of antiproliferative activity was expressed in terms of IC50. Among the four vegetables cabbage showed considerable cytotoxicity and cell proliferation inhibition with an IC50 value of 192.5, 189.7, 589.7 µg/mL followed by cauliflower (378.7, 398.9, 597.9 µg/mL), kohlrabi (389.5, 396.9, 619.7 µg/ml) and radish (415.4, 423.3, 703.6 µg/ml) in three different cell lines MCF7, DL and NIH-3T3, respectively.. The present study underlines the epidemiological surveys that cruciferous vegetables possess anticancer effects might be due to the presence of glucosinolates augmented with other phytochemicals.
Comparative Evaluation of Sugarcane Varieties on Yield and Juice Characteristics in Sodic Soil
Authors: Mitnala Jayalakshmi
Published: July 2018

A field experiment on sugarcane was conducted at Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tiruchirapalli with the view to identify sodic tolerant variety and suitable amendment for sodic soil. Four sugarcane varieties viz Co Si (Sc) 6, Co C (Sc) 86032, Co C (Sc) 23 and Co G (Sc) 5 and three amendments viz pressmud @ 12.5 t ha-1, gypsum @ 4.8 t ha-1 and bottom slag @ 15 t ha-1 were studied along with the unamended control in the experiment were studied. The experiment was conducted in a factorial randomized block design with three replications. The observations on cane yield, sugar yield and juice quality parameters were recorded. The results revealed that sugarcane varieties Co G (Sc) 5 and Co C (Sc) 23 gave better cane yield as compared to the Co Si (Sc) 6 and Co C (Sc) 86032 under sodic soil. The sugarcane varieties namely Co G (Sc) 5 and Co C (Sc) 23 were found to be superior in respect of both yield and sucrose content, hence these might be considered suitable for growing under sodic soil.
Residual Effect of Different Sources of Nutrients on Available Micronutrients in Soil After Harvest of Maize in Rice Fallow Maize Cropping System
Authors: Mitnala Jayalakshmi
Published: July 2018

A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive years (2011-2012 and 2012-2013) on fine texture soils of Agricultural college farm, Bapatla. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design in kharif seasonwith four treatments. The treatments consisted of M1 (RDF - Control), M2 (10t FYM ha-1 + RDF), M3 (1.5t vermicompost ha-1 + RDF), M4 (Green manuring + RDF). During the immediate rabi, the experiment was laid out in a split-plot design without disturbing the soil for succeeding maize with the four treatments given to kharif rice as main plot treatments and each of these divided into five sub-plots to receive five levels of fertilizer NPK application viz., N1 - 75% NPK, N2 - 100% NPK, N3 - 125% NPK, N4 - 150% NPK and N5 - 175% NPK for succeeding maize. Data collected on available micronutrients after harvest of maize crop were significantly increased with the application of 100%NPK in combination with FYM @10t ha-1 topreceding rice crop, irrespective of the NPK levels applied to succeeding maize crop. However, it was on par with that of green manuring together with 100% NPK during both the years of the study.
Open in Order to Achieve Food and Nutritional Security
Authors: Gutam Sridhar
Published: July 2018

Agriculture is the principal component of the 2030 agenda for sustainable development and is directly or indirectly linked to all the 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs). The new estimate recently released by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in their report, ‘The State of Food and Agriculture 2017,’ puts the number of chronically undernourished people in the world at 815 million. So, let’s make all the agricultural research data and information to be open in order to achieve food and nutritional security and realize the ambitious vision outlined in the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals.
Organic Farming Research in India: Present Status and Way Forward
Authors: KA Gopinath , Mitnala Jayalakshmi
Published: July 2018

Organic farming is a knowledge intensive system and has been developed by practitioners themselves over the years. Organic farming is native to India. The farmers of ancient India are known to have evolved nature friendly farming systems and practices such as mixed farming, mixed cropping and crop rotation. The first “scientific” approach to organic farming can be quoted back to the Vedas of the “Later Vedic Period”, 1000 BC to 600 BC. There has been significant increase in the area under certified organic farming during the last 10 years. With less than 42,000 ha under certified organic farming during 2003-04, the area under organic farming grew by almost 25 fold, during the next 5 years, to 1.2 million ha during 2008-09. Organic farming is one such system which provides healthy and safe food without ecological harm. Hence, the Government started promoting organic farming through various schemes like National Project on Organic Farming (NPOF), National Horticulture Mission (NHM), Horticulture Mission for North East & Himalayan States (HMNEH), National Project on Management of Soil Health and Fertility (NPMSH&F) and Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY). The interest of several States in promoting organic farming indicates that organic agriculture is being viewed as a precursor to dynamic change for an otherwise stagnant agricultural sector. Despite the initiatives and rapid progress, apprehension about the economic viability and environmental and human health benefits of organic farming continue to bother agricultural researchers and policy makers.
مفاهيم علمية خاطئة في الإعلام العربي: "الجينات الوراثية" مثالاً
Authors: Moustafa Khaled
Published: July 2018

تلعب وسائل الإعلام دوراً كبيراً في نشر وتكريس كثير من المفاهيم الصحيحة أو المغلوطة من خلال استخدامها وتكرارها لتلك المفاهيم على مسامع الناس حتى تألفها الأذن وتُروّضُها العين وتستأنسها القلوب ويتداولها الناس في أحاديثهم وكتاباتهم. أما إذا كانت المفاهيم صحيحة فلا ضير من ذلك، وتلك نقطة إيجابية تحسب لها، ولكن غالباً ما لا تسير الأمور بهذا الشكل. فكثيراً ما تشوه وسائل الإعلام، عمداً أو سهواً، بعض المفاهيم العلمية والحياتية، وتساهم في إصدار أحكام مسبقة ومتسرعة من خلال نقل أو ترجمة خبر ما، سعياً لتحقيق سبق صحفي أو "مفاجئة حصرية" على حساب الدقة والموضوعية في تقارير صحفية وإعلامية كثيرة. وفيما يلي سنذكر بعض الأمثلة التي تعكس عدم تحري الدقة والموضوعية قبل اعتمادها إعلامياً.
Toward Future Photovoltaic-Based Agriculture in Sea
Authors: Moustafa Khaled
Published: July 2018

To meet the challenges of climate change and water shortages, combining solar energy-based seawater desalination technologies with floating agriculture stations in one innovative hybrid system would be worthy of investigation for dry and sunny regions for seawater desalination and crop production within the same platform. Here, I discuss the feasibility of such a 'floating farm' or 'bluehouse' in the sea, by comparing it with the use of terrestrial greenhouses. I also debate the potential advantages and shortcomings of such a system.
Greening drylands with seawater easily and naturally
Authors: Moustafa Khaled
Published: July 2018

The sun and sea are respectively inexhaustible sources of energy and water that could be used to transform drylands into more viable ecosystems. A sustainable and cost-effective approach, called "seawater desert-houses" or "movable seawater ponds" is proposed here toward greening drylands and restoring wildlife and biodiversity in the desert. The approach could offer many important environmental advantages.
الكفاءة التواصلية في الإدارة المدرسية في ضوء آراء أساتذة التعليم الثانوي مقاربة تحليلية في ضوء نظرية الاتصال
Authors: مجلة العلوم النفسية والتربوية مجلة العلوم النفسية والتربوية مجلة العلوم النفسية والتربوية , بروال مختار
Published: July 2018

يندرج هذا البحث ضمن الدراسات الوصفية الاستكشافية القائمة على وصف الظاهرة، وإبراز عناصرها، ولفت النظر إلى أبعادها. وتتلخص إشكاليته في البحث عن الإجابة على سؤال رئيس مفاده: هل استوفت الإدارة المدرسية شروط كفاءتها التواصلية على مستوى (المرسل-الرسالة-المتلقي)؟ وتم معالجة هذه الإشكالية وفقا للإجراءات والخطوات التي يستدعيها ويفترضها المنهج الوصفي من خلال دراسة ميدانية تمت على مرحلتين: مرحلة استطلاعية، وأخرى أساسية أين تم تطبيق الدراسة الأساسية -في ضوء نتائج الدراسة الاستطلاعية- على عينة قوامها 81 فردا، بعد أن أنجز الباحث استمارة "تقييم الكفاءة التواصلية في الإدارة المدرسية" كأداة مناسبة لجمع بيانات موضوع الدراسة. ومن خلال المعالجة الإحصائية التي استعمل فيها الباحث البرنامج الإحصائي SPSSتم تحليل بيانات هذه الدراسة.وقد خلصت الدراسة وفقا لتساؤلاتها إلى جملة من النتائج، أهمها ما أظهرته نتائج السؤال الرئيس باستيفاء الإدارة المدرسية لشروط كفاءتها التواصلية بدرجة متوسطة.
النظرية النسبية نظرة عامة
Authors: Nasser Ibraheem M.A
Published: July 2018

النظرية النسبية نظرة عامة
قلق الامتحان
Authors: Rudwan Samer Jamil
Published: July 2018

خفقان قلب متسارع، توتر وارتجاف وقشعريرة، نوبات من التعرق البارد، انقباض في المعدة، شعور بالدوخة والغثيان والصداع، فقدان الشهية، صعوبة الانتباه والتركيز والتذكر، شعور بالفراغ، حركات غير إرادية (كفرقعة الأصابع، حك الرأس، هز الرجلين أو الطرق بالقلم على الطاولة أو المقعد، إلخ) هي بعض أعراض القلق والخوف التي ترافق الامتحانات المدرسية والجامعية، أو اختبارات الحصول على رخصة قيادة أو أثناء مقابلات نعتبرها مهمة في حياتنا
مبادئ عامة لتقييم مقالة علمية
Authors: Moustafa Khaled
Published: July 2018

تنطوي عملية تقييم مقالة علمية على تحديد نقاط القوة والضعف في تلك المقالة، وعلى مدى التناسق بين مختلف أجزائها، والقيمة التي يمكن أن تضفيها على المعرفة العلمية. وتتطلب هذه الوظيفة الإلمام بالمنهج العلمي العام وحقل الاختصاص وطريقة كتابة المقالة العلمية. وتتحسن قدرة المحكم العلمي على التقييم مع التمرين والقراءة والكتابة العلمية المتواصلة. في هذه المقالة، سنتطرق إلى بعض النقاط الأساسية والمعايير التي تؤخذ بعين الاعتبار عند تقييم المقالات العلمية بشكل موضوعي وبناء، علماً أن هناك نزعة قوية الآن نحو النشر المباشر من خلال خوادم ما قبل الطباعة والتقييم العلمي بعد النشر وليس قبله وهو المبدأ الذي نسير عليه ونطبقه في الأرشيف العربي العلمي، لما له من ميزات كثيرة ومفيدة بخلاف التقييم قبل النشر
Synthetic sugar for sustainable power?
Authors: Moustafa Khaled
Published: July 2018

Natural photosynthesis allows biological systems to combine carbon dioxide and water molecules under sunlight to produce energy in the form of stored sugars. The stored sugar is then used by plants and animals to exert vital biological functions. If scientists can find the right protocol and materials to mimic this natural system to produce fermentable sugars, it could be a McCoy sustainable energy source for the future.
Does the cover letter really matter?
Authors: Moustafa Khaled
Published: July 2018

The cover letter is not the main text destined to be evaluated or published. The content of the cover letter is already overlapped and redundant with the article abstract. Cover letters look like the ‘misleading’ commercial ads; as good or as bad as they might be, they do not change the inherent value of the advertised product (manuscripts and candidates). The aim of cover letter to impress editors, recruiters or hiring managers, would give only a false and ephemeral impression because the veritable, lasting, impression is that ulterior impressionrelated to the innate value of the candidates (or manuscripts), not from a cover letter that ends in the trash.
فعالية أسلوبي التعزيز والنمذجة في خفض مستوى النشاط الحركي الزائد لدى الأطفال ذوي الذكاء الاجتماعي وتأثيره على تحصيلهم الدراسي
Authors: مجلة العلوم النفسية والتربوية مجلة العلوم النفسية والتربوية مجلة العلوم النفسية والتربوية , لحمري أمينة
Published: July 2018

تهدف الدراسة الحالية إلى بحث مدى فعالية أسلوبي التعزيز والنمذجة في خفض مستوى الافراط الحركي لدى عينة من التلاميذ ذوي الذكاء الاجتماعي الذين يعانون من اضطراب النشاط الحركي الزائد، وهل سيؤثر على تحصيلهم الدراسي حيث طبقت الدراسة على 6 تلاميذ تم إخضاعهم لجلسات البرنامج العلاجي لمدة شهرين بواقع 16 جلسة.وبعد القيام بالمعالجة الاحصائية للبيانات بالاعتماد على الحزمة الإحصائية للعلوم الاجتماعية SPSS، أشارت النتائج إلى فعالية البرنامج في خفض مستوى النشاط الحركي الزائد، كما ساهم في الرفع من مستوى تحصيلهم الدراسي
Data availability, reusability, and analytic reproducibility: Evaluating the impact of a mandatory open data policy at the journal Cognition
Authors: Hardwicke Tom Elis , Mathur Maya B , MacDonald Kyle Earl , Nilsonne Gustav , Banks George Christopher , Kidwell Mallory , Hofelich Mohr Alicia , Clayton Elizabeth , Yoon Erica J. , Tessler Michael Henry , Lenne Richie L , Altman Sara Kai , Long Bria , Frank Michael C.
Published: July 2018

Access to data is a critical feature of an efficient, progressive, and ultimately self-correcting scientific ecosystem. But the extent to which in-principle benefits of data sharing are realized in practice is unclear. Crucially, it is largely unknown whether published findings can be reproduced by repeating reported analyses upon shared data (“analytic reproducibility”). To investigate, we conducted an observational evaluation of a mandatory open data policy introduced at the journal Cognition. Interrupted time-series analyses indicated a substantial post-policy increase in data available statements (104/417, 25% pre-policy to 136/174, 78% post-policy), although not all data appeared reusable (23/104, 22% pre-policy to 85/136, 62%, post-policy). For 35 of the articles determined to have reusable data, we attempted to reproduce 1324 target values. Ultimately, 64 values could not be reproduced within a 10% margin of error. For 22 articles all target values were reproduced, but 11 of these required author assistance. For 13 articles at least one value could not be reproduced despite author assistance. Importantly there were no clear indications that original conclusions were seriously impacted. Mandatory open data policies can increase the frequency and quality of data sharing. However, suboptimal data curation, unclear analysis specification, and reporting errors can impede analytic reproducibility, undermining the utility of data sharing and the credibility of scientific findings.
Promoting replicability in developmental research through meta-analyses: Insights from language acquisition research
Authors: Bergmann Christina , Tsuji Sho , Piccinini Page Elizabeth , Lewis Molly , Braginsky Mika , Frank Michael C. , Cristia Alejandrina
Published: July 2018

Previous work suggests key factors for replicability, a necessary feature for theory building, include statistical power and appropriate research planning. These factors are examined by analyzing a collection of 12 standardized meta-analyses on language development between birth and 5 years. With a median effect size of Cohen's d = 0.45 and typical sample size of 18 participants, most research is underpowered (range: 6%-99%; median 44%); and calculating power based on seminal publications is not a suitable strategy. Method choice can be improved, as shown in analyses on exclusion rates and effect size as a function of method. The article ends with a discussion on how to increase replicability in both language acquisition studies specifically and developmental research more generally.
Developing a Guideline for Reporting Mediation Analyses (AGReMA) in Randomized Trials and Observational Studies
Authors: Lee Hopin , McAuley James , Cashin Aidan Gregory , Herbert Rob , Kamper Steven , Henschke Nicholas , Williams Christopher M
Published: July 2018

Studies investigating causal mechanisms are becoming increasingly common.Despite growing numbers of publications and trialist embedding mechanismevaluations into randomised controlled trials and observational studies, the reporting accuracy and consistency of mechanism studies is suboptimal. The heterogeneity in the reporting of mechanism evaluations stifles systematic reviews, complicates meta-analyses, and limits transparency and replication. The aim of this initiative is to develop a reporting guideline for mechanism evaluations (mediation analyses). We also plan to develop an accompanying explanation and elaboration (E&E) paper. This project is the first initiative to address the issue of poor reporting quality of mechanism evaluations and has been registered on the “Enhancing the QUAlity and Transparency of health Research” (EQUATOR) network.This initiative is being conducted in accordance with the Guidance for Developers ofHealth Research Reporting Guidelines. This draft report provides an update on theprogress of the project; summarising achievements to date and future work.Currently, multiple phases of the overall program are running in parallel, with eachphase informing the subsequent.
Multidisciplinary Investigations at P.O.W. Camp 198, Bridgend, Wales: Site of a Mass Escape in March 1945.
Authors: Rees-Hughes Luis , Pringle Jamie , Russill Nick , Wisniewski Kristopher , Doyle Peter
Published: July 2018

The largest escape of German Prisoner of War (PoW) in WW2 was in March 1945 from Camp 198, situated in Bridgend, South Wales, UK. Since camp closure the site has become derelict, and has not been scientifically investigated. This paper reports on the search to locate the PoW escape tunnel that was dug from Hut 9. This hut remains in remarkable condition, with numerous PoW graffiti still present. Also preserved is a prisoner-constructed false wall in a shower room behind which excavated material was hidden, though the tunnel entrance itself has been concreted over. Near-surface geophysics and ground-based LiDAR were used to locate the tunnel. Mid-frequency GPR surveys were judged optimal, with magnetometry least useful due to the above-ground metal objects. Archaeological excavations discovered the intact tunnel and bed-board shoring. With Allied PoW escape camp attempts well documented, this investigation provides valuable insight into German escape efforts.
Evaluating uncertainties in the calibration of isotopic reference materials and multi-element isotopic tracers (EARTHTIME Tracer Calibration Part II)
Authors: McLean Noah , Condon Daniel , Schoene Blair , Bowring Samuel
Published: July 2018

A statistical approach to evaluating uncertainties in the calibration of multi-element isotopic tracers has been developed and applied to determining the isotopic composition of mixed U-Pb (202Pb-205Pb-233U-235U) tracers used for accurate isotope dilution U-Pb geochronology. Our experiment, part of the EARTHTIME initiative, directly links the tracer calibration to first-principles measurements of mass and purity that are all traceable to SI units, thereby quantifying the accuracy and precision of U-Pb dates in absolute time. The calibration incorporates new more accurate and precise purity measurements for a number of commonly used Pb and U reference materials, and requires inter-relating their isotopic compositions and uncertainties. Similar methods can be used for other isotope systems that utilize multiple isotopic standards for calibration purposes. We also detail the inter-calibration of three publicly available U-Pb gravimetric solutions, which can be used to bring the same first-principles traceability to in-house U-Pb tracers from other laboratories. Accounting for uncertainty correlations in the tracer isotope ratios yields a tracer calibration contribution to the relative uncertainty of a 206Pb/238U date that is only half of the relative uncertainty in the 235U/205Pb ratio of the tracer, which was historically used to approximate the tracer related uncertainty contribution to 206Pb/238U dates. The tracer uncertainty contribution to 206Pb/238U dates has in this way been reduced to < 300 ppm when using the EARTHTIME and similarly calibrated tracers.
High curvatures drive river meandering
Authors: Sylvester Zoltan , Covault Jacob , Durkin Paul
Published: July 2018

One of the long- and widely held ideas about the dynamics of meanderingrivers is that migration slows down in bends with higher curvatures.Identifying the radius of curvature at which migration is fastest isstandard practice in field studies of meandering rivers. High-resolutionmeasurements of local migration rates in time-lapse Landsat images fromtwo rapidly migrating rivers in the Amazon Basin suggest that thevariation of migration rate closely follows that of the local curvature,with a roughly constant phase lag between the two; and a quasi-linearrelationship exists between curvature and migration rate if this lag istaken into account. A simple numerical model of meandering illustratesthe link between curvature and migration rate and reproducesobservations from the studied rivers. The implication is that meanderingrivers migrate fastest at, and slightly downstream of, locations ofhigh curvature; and one of the most important ways river migration isrejuvenated and meandering patterns are reshuffled is the generation ofhigh-curvature bends through cutoffs.
Kinematics of Polygonal Fault Systems: Observations from the Northern North Sea
Authors: Wrona Thilo , Magee Craig , Jackson Christopher , Huuse Mads , Taylor Kevin
Published: July 2018

Layer-bound, low-displacement normal faults, arranged into a broadly polygonal pattern, are common in many sedimentary basins. Despite having constrained their gross geometry, we have a relatively poor understanding of the processes controlling the nucleation and growth (i.e., the kinematics) of polygonal fault systems. In this study we use high-resolution 3-D seismic reflection and borehole data from the northern North Sea to undertake a detailed kinematic analysis of faults forming part of a seismically well-imaged polygonal fault system hosted within the up to 1,000 m thick, Early Palaeocene-to-Middle Miocene mudstones of the Hordaland Group. Growth strata and displacement-depth profiles indicate faulting commenced during the Eocene to early Oligocene, with reactivation possibly occurring in the late Oligocene to middle Miocene. Mapping the position of displacement maxima on 137 polygonal faults suggests that the majority (64%) nucleated in the lower 500 m of the Hordaland Group. The uniform distribution of polygonal fault strikes in the area indicates that nucleation and growth were not driven by gravity or far-field tectonic extension as has previously been suggested. Instead, fault growth was likely facilitated by low coefficients of residual friction on existing slip surfaces, and probably involved significant layer-parallel contraction (strains of 0.01–0.19) of the host strata. To summarize, our kinematic analysis provides new insights into the spatial and temporal evolution of polygonal fault systems.
Radial anisotropy in seismic reference models of the mantle
Authors: Beghein Caroline , Trampert Jeannot
Published: July 2018

Sambridges Neighborhood Algorithm was applied to normal mode and surface wave phase velocity data to determine the likelihood of radial anisotropy in mantle reference models. This full model space search technique provides probability density functions for each model parameter and therefore reliable estimates of resolution and uncertainty, without having to introduce unnecessary regularization on the model space. Our results for shear wave anisotropy (described by parameter ξ) show a fast decrease with depth with no significant deviation from Preliminary Reference Earth Model (PREM) at any depth. The data do not require strong deviations from PREM for P wave anisotropy either, except between 220 and 400 km depth and in the D″ layer. The intermediate parameter η might depart from PREM between 220 and 670 km depth. This implies a likely deeper P wave anisotropy and η anisotropy than S wave anisotropy. The sign change in the anisotropic parameters across the 670-km discontinuity found by other authors is not warranted by our data set, which is far more extensive than in previous studies. We found that density needs to be well resolved because we observe a high dependence of the results for P wave-related parameters on the presence or absence of density in the parameterization. S wave anisotropy and η are less affected by density. A well-resolved negative density anomaly was found in the uppermost mantle, and a density excess was observed in the transition zone and the lowermost mantle which might be a seismic signature of the recently identified postperovskite phase.
Enhanced velocity based pore pressure prediction using lithofacies clustering: A case study from a reservoir with complex lithology in Dezful Embayment, SW Iran
Authors: Arabameri Farid , soleymani Hamidreza , Tokhmechi Behzad
Published: July 2018

The primary goal of this paper is to improve accuracy and reliability of the conventional Bowers and Tau methods in a reservoir with complex lithology. We demonstrate the capability of the proposed method through a case study in a reservoir in the Southwest of Iran. Velocity based pore pressure prediction methods are widely accepted as a routine technique in the petroleum industry. Despite recent improvements, still, literature suffer from inconsistencies and uncertainties mostly arise from velocity anomalies due to complex lithostratigraphic setting or presence of various formation fluids. Our proposed workflow aims to address those issues and improve the accuracy of the estimations by clustering the input data into zones with specific geomechanical characteristics. We hypothesis each major zones at the offset test wells might have distinct "Normal Compaction Trend" with a different empirical constants. Thus, Bowers and Tau methods should be calibrated for each cluster rather the whole stratigraphic column. The clustering task was done by statistical analyses of a suite of well logs and validated with core derived lithologies. Several clustering techniques namely K-means, basic sequential algorithmic scheme, single, and complete linkage hierarchical were applied and compared to find the best algorithm. We found that the self-organizing map (SOM) method provide the best results by maximizing lithology likelihood within each cluster and improve the efficiency of the Bowers and Tau methods. Satisfactory results of this study offer a safe ground for implementation of the proposed method in other sedimentary basins.
A dimensionless statistical analysis of logjam form and process
Authors: Dixon Simon
Published: July 2018

Large wood in rivers and logjams are linked to the presence of varied riverine morphologies and increased abundance and diversity of aquatic biota. Current research into the ecohydrological, morphological and geochemical effects of logjams is restricted by difficulties in comparing findings between river systems. The problem is exacerbated by a lack of standardised metrics for recording and reporting logjams and a scale dependence of logjam effects with river size.In this paper a new method for analysing logjams is presented based on a set of seven dimensionless metrics of structure and morphological effects. These metrics are used along with a cluster analysis to identify key logjam types within a study river. The analysis framework is applied to data from a small forest river in the UK and identifies that 73% of logjams in this system can be grouped into eight distinct classes. Of these classes, two are logjams which only partly fill the channel and six are channel spanning. The individual classes are differentiated from each other principally by the degree of lateral and vertical erosion found in association with the logjams.The dimensionless metrics are also applied qualitatively to a range of logjams described in the literature and show the potential for the method to be applied as a standard survey and analysisframework for logjams across diverse river environments. The potential to link logjam form with function, and therefore provision of specific habitats, has wide applicability to the design and monitoring of river restoration schemes.
Weakening of nonlinear ENSO under global warming
Authors: Kohyama Tsubasa , Hartmann Dennis , Battisti David
Published: July 2018

This is the pre-peer reviewed version of the following article: Kohyama, T., D. L. Hartmann, and D. S. Battisti (2018), Weakening of nonlinear ENSO under global warming, Geophys. Res. Lett., in press., which has been published in final form at https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018GL079085 Abstract: The ENSO amplitude response to global warming is examined in two global climate models with realistic nonlinearity of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). GFDL-ESM2M and MIROC5 are the two models that exhibit realistic ENSO nonlinearity. With quadrupled atmospheric carbon dioxide, the ENSO amplitude of GFDL-ESM2M decreases by about 40%, whereas that of MIROC5 remains almost constant. Because GFDL-ESM2M exhibits stronger climatological thermal stratification than MIROC5, greenhouse gas forcing increases the upper ocean stability and causes the thermocline to be less sensitive to wind perturbations. The stiffer thermocline inhibits the nonlinear variations of subsurface temperature so that the ENSO amplitude substantially weakens. Idealized nonlinear recharge oscillator model experiments further support climatological thermal stratification as a determinant of the warming response. Observations exhibit stronger thermal stratification than both models, so the real world may terminate strong, nonlinear El Niños sooner than model-based projections.
An examination of network RTK GPS services in Great Britain
Authors: Edwards Stuart , Clarke Peter , Penna Nigel , Goebell Sibylle
Published: July 2018

As of March 2009, network real-time kinematic (RTK) GPS surveying is available in Great Britain with the aid of two commercial service providers, Leica’s “SmartNet” and Trimble’s “VRS Now”, both of which rely largely on the Ordnance Survey’s “OS Net” network of around 120 continuously operating reference stations. With the aim of testing the performance of Network RTK under both ideal and less-ideal conditions (greater distances and elevation differences from the nearest reference stations, proximity to the edges of OS Net, and increased susceptibility to ocean tide loading effects), we have tested the positional accuracy of both commercial Network RTK systems by comparison with precise coordinates determined using the Bernese scientific GPS processing software, at six representative locations spanning England and Wales. We find that the coordinate quality measures provided by the Network RTK solutions are overall representative of the actual coordinate accuracy, which is typically 10-20 mm in plan and 15-35 mm in height, and can be successfully used to identify outliers. Positional accuracy tends to be poorest outside of the bounds of OS Net and at greater elevation differences from nearby reference stations. Averaging of coordinates over two short windows separated by 20-45 minutes can be used to achieve moderate improvements in coordinate accuracy without the need for single long occupations of sites.
The land ice contribution to sea level during the satellite era
Authors: Bamber Jonathan , Westaway Richard , Marzeion Ben , Wouters Bert
Published: July 2018

Since 1992, there has been a revolution in our ability to quantify the land ice contribution to SLR using a variety of satellite missions and technologies. Each mission has provided unique, but sometimes conflicting, insights into the mass trends of land ice. Over the last decade, over fifty estimates of land ice trends have been published, providing a confusing and often inconsistent picture. The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) attempted to synthesise estimates published up to early 2013. Since then, considerable advances have been made in understanding the origin of the inconsistencies, reducing uncertainties in estimates and extending time series. We assess and synthesise results published, primarily, since the AR5, to produce a consistent estimate of land ice mass trends during the satellite era (1992 to 2016). We combine observations from multiple missions and approaches including sea level budget analyses. Our resulting synthesis is both consistent and rigorous, drawing on i) the published literature, ii) expert assessment of that literature, and iii) a new analysis of Arctic glacier and ice cap trends combined with statistical modelling. We present annual and pentad (five-year mean) time series for the East, West Antarctic and Greenland Ice Sheets and glaciers separately and combined. When averaged over pentads, covering the entire period considered, we obtain a monotonic trend in mass contribution to the oceans, increasing from 0.31±0.35 mm of sea level equivalent for 1992-1996 to 1.85±0.13 for 2012-2016. Our integrated land ice trend is lower than many estimates of GRACE-derived ocean mass change for the same periods. This is due, in part, to a smaller estimate for glacier and ice cap mass trends compared to previous assessments. We discuss this, and other likely reasons, for the difference between GRACE ocean mass and land ice trends.
Radial anisotropy and prior petrological constraints: A comparative study
Authors: Beghein Caroline
Published: July 2018

Radial seismic anisotropy models are traditionally obtained using empirical constraints based on laboratory experiments and petrological considerations. We tested the hypothesis that such petrological constraints affect the uppermost mantle models of S wave anisotropy using a statistical approach. In addition, we were able to determine which model features are constrained by the data and which are dominated by the prior. We focused on large-scale models and found that the most likely models obtained in both cases are highly correlated. This demonstrates that for the best data-fitting solution, the geometry of uppermost mantle radial anisotropy is not strongly affected by prior petrological constraints. The amplitude of the anomalies, however, can change significantly: The best data-fitting model obtained without petrological constraints displays stronger amplitudes than the one obtained with prior. This could become an issue when quantitatively interpreting seismic anisotropy models, and thus emphasizes the importance of accurately accounting for parameter uncertainties and trade-offs, and of understanding whether the seismic data or the prior constraints the model. We showed that model uncertainties are strongly affected by the prior as the relative RMS uncertainties were reduced by a factor of 2. In addition, we showed that while the model distributions are not necessarily Gaussian a priori, imposing petrological constraints can force the distributions to be narrower and more Gaussian-like, as expected from inverse theory. Finally, we demonstrated that the age dependence of seismic wave velocities is robust and independent of prior constraints. A similar age signal exists for anisotropy, but with larger uncertainties without prior constraints.
Isotopic composition (238U/235U) of some commonly used uranium reference materials
Authors: Condon Daniel , McLean Noah , Noble Stephen , Bowring Samuel
Published: July 2018

We have determined 238U/235U ratios for a suite of commonly used natural (CRM 112a, SRM 950a, and HU-1) and synthetic (IRMM 184 and CRM U500) uranium reference materials by thermal ionisation mass-spectrometry (TIMS) using the IRMM 3636 233U–236U double spike to accurately correct for mass fractionation. Total uncertainty on the 238U/235U determinations is estimated to be <0.02% (2σ). These natural 238U/235U values are different from the widely used ‘consensus’ value (137.88), with each standard having lower 238U/235U values by up to 0.08%. The 238U/235U ratio determined for CRM U500 and IRMM 184 are within error of their certified values; however, the total uncertainty for CRM U500 is substantially reduced (from 0.1% to 0.02%). These reference materials are commonly used to assess mass-spectrometer performance and accuracy, calibrate isotope tracers employed in U, U–Th and U–Pb isotopic studies, and as a reference for terrestrial and meteoritic 238U/235U variations. These new 238U/235U values will thus provide greater accuracy and reduced uncertainty for a wide variety of isotopic determinations.
Determination of the diffusion constants of dimethylsulfide and dimethylsulfoniopropionate by diffusion-ordered nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Spiese Christopher
Published: July 2018

The diffusion coefficients (D) for both dimethylsulfide (DMSP) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) were determined using diffusion-ordered nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (DOSY). Diffusion coefficients were measured across a temperature range (285 – 315 K, 12 – 42°C) and DDMSP was determined in both artificial seawater (30.5‰) and in MilliQ water (0‰). Diffusion constants were within the range predicted by various empirical models. DDMS was lower than that reported previously, which implies slower sea-to-atmosphere gas transfer. DDMSP was well-predicted by the Stokes-Einstein relation and does not have a strong concentration dependence. Implications for diffusion of DMSP on cellular physiology are discussed, as are implications for sea-to-air transfer of DMS, changing previous rates by approximately 10%.