bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in in vivo [3H]‐Ro15‐4513 binding induced by forced swimming in mice
Authors: Amitani Misato , Umetani Yukiko , Hosoi Rie , Kobayashi Kaoru , Abe Kohji , Inoue Osamu
Published: July 2005

Mice were forced to swim for 5 min in water at a temperature of 12°C (cold water swim stress) or 32°C (warm water swim stress), and stress‐induced analgesia (SIA) was measured using the tail‐flick test. The cold water swim stress induced non‐opioid SIA as well as hypothermia, whereas the warm water swim stress caused opioid SIA. The in vivo binding of [3H]‐Ro15‐4513 was measured in the stressed mice and compared with that in control mice. The specific binding of [3H]‐Ro15‐4513 in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum was significantly altered by forced swimming in cold water. Apparent association and dissociation rate of [3H]‐Ro15‐4513 binding were decreased, and the change in the dissociation rate was most pronounced in the hippocampus. In contrast, no significant alterations were observed in in vitro binding. The hypothermia induced by the cold water swim stress seems to be the main reason for alterations in the specific binding of [3H]‐Ro15‐4513. The kinetics of a saturable amount of [3H]‐Ro15‐4513 in the blood and brain were also measured. The relative ratio of the radioactivity concentration in the brain to that in the blood was significantly decreased by forced swimming in cold water, indicating that the cold water swim stress induced changes in the nonspecific binding of [3H]‐Ro15‐4513 in the brain. These results together with previous reports suggested that non‐opioid SIA induced by the cold water swim stress might be related to alterations in the rates of general ligand–receptor interactions including GABAA/benzodiazepine system. Changes in the nonspecific binding might be also involved in non‐opioid SIA. Synapse 58:22–28, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Possible role of mitochondria in posttetanic potentiation of GABAergic synaptic transmission in rat neocortical cell cultures
Authors: Storozhuk Maksim V. , Ivanova Svetlana Y. , Balaban Pavel M. , Kostyuk Platon G.
Published: July 2005

It has been previously demonstrated that mitochondria are of crucial importance for posttetanic potentiation (PTP) at neuromuscular junction. The aim of our study was to examine whether this may also be the case at a central synapse. To address this question, we studied possible mitochondrial involvement in PTP of GABAergic synaptic transmission in rat neocortical cultures, a preparation in which PTP has not been previously documented. Synaptic responses were evoked by local extracellular stimulation. Whole‐cell patch‐clamp technique was employed to record inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) from postsynaptic neurons. Tetanic stimulation (30 Hz, 4 s) of the presynaptic neuron evoked an increase of IPSC amplitude, lasting for about 1 min. PTP was accompanied by a decrease of coefficient of variation of the IPSC and a decrease of paired‐pulse (IPSC2/IPSC1) ratio, indicating involvement of presynaptic mechanism(s) in PTP. Possible role of mitochondria in PTP was addressed using drugs affecting Ca2+ uptake and subsequent Ca2+ efflux: carbonyl cyanide 3‐chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) and tetraphenylphosphonium ions (TPP+). It was found that both CCCP (1–2 μM) and TPP+ (10 μM) either substantially decreased or eliminated PTP. These results further confirm presynaptic origin of PTP in neocortical neurons and suggest an important role of mitochondrial Ca2+ turnover in this form of synaptic plasticity at the central synapse. Synapse 58:45–52, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
One‐Dimensional Holodirected Lead(II) Coordination Polymer, [Pb(μ2‐TPPZ)(NO3)(ClO4)]n (TPPZ = 2, 3, 5, 6–tetra(2‐pyridyl)pyrazine)
Authors: Morsali Ali , Ramazani Ali
Published: July 2005

A lead(II) complex with 2,3,5,6‐tetra(2‐pyridyl)pyrazine (TPPZ), nitrate, and perchlorate ligands has been synthesized and characterized by CHN elemental analysis and IR and 207Pb NMR spectroscopy. The single crystal X‐ray data of the [Pb2(μ‐TPPZ)2(NO3)2(ClO4)2] compound show that the complex is a one‐dimensional coordination polymer and that the Lead atom has a less‐common, ten‐coordinate holodirected geometry.
Novel Barium Beryllates Ba[Be2N2] and Ba3[Be5O8]: Syntheses, Crystal Structures and Bonding Properties
Authors: Leoni Stefano , Niewa Rainer , Akselrud Lev , Prots Yurii , Schnelle Walter , Göksuc Tahsin , Cetinkol Mehmet , Somer Mehmet , Kniep Rüdiger
Published: July 2005

Ba[Be2N2] was prepared as a yellow‐green microcrystalline powder by reaction of Ba2N with Be3N2 under nitrogen atmosphere. The crystal structure Rietfeld refinements (space group I4/mcm, a = 566.46(5) pm, c = 839.42(9) pm, Rint = 4.73 %, Rprof = 9.16 %) reveal the compound to crystallize as an isotype of the nitridoberyllates A[Be2N2] (A = Ca, Sr) consisting of planar 4.82 nets $^{2}_{\infty}\rm [(Be_{2}N_{2})^{2-}]$ of mutually trigonal planar coordinated Be and N species. Averaged magnetic susceptibility values for the anion [(Be2N2)2−] determined from measurements on A[Be2N2] with A = Mg, Ca, Ba allow to derive a diamagnetic increment for N3− χdia = (−13±1stat.) · 10−6emu mol−1.

Colorless Ba3[Be5O8] was first obtained as an oxidation product of Ba[Be2N2] in air. The crystal structure was solved and refined from single crystal X‐ray diffaction data (space group Pnma, a = 942.9(1) pm, b = 1163.47(7) pm, c = 742.1(1) pm, R1 = 2.99 %, wR2 = 7.15 %) and contains infinite rods of Be in trigonal planar, tetrahedral and 3 + 1 coordination by O. The crystal structure is discussed in context with other known oxoberyllates. Electronic structure calculations and electron localization function diagrams for both compounds support the classification as nitrido‐ and oxoberyllate, respectively.
Crystal Structure and Magnetic Exchange in the Single Chloride‐Bridged Copper(II) Chain Compound [CuCl2(TzHy)] [TzHy = (4,5‐dihydro‐1,3‐thiazol‐2‐yl)hydrazine]
Authors: Barros‐García F. J. , Bernalte‐García Alvaro , Higes‐Rolando F. J. , Luna‐Giles F. , Pizarro‐Galán A. M. , Viñuelas‐Zahínos E.
Published: July 2005

The copper complex [CuCl2(TzHy)] has been synthesized and its crystal structure determined. The coordination complex contains polymeric [CuCl2(TzHy)]n chains in which the units are linked by μ‐chloro bridges. The chains run along the crystallographic c axis. The geometry around the copper(II) is best described as distorted square pyramidal. The equatorial positions are occupied by Cl(1) and Cl(2) ligands and one thiazolinic nitrogen atom and another hydrazinic nitrogen atom, from TzHy ligand. The axial position is occupied by the Cl(2b) ligand. The magnetic susceptibility measurements in the temperature range 4 – 290 K show a weak antiferromagnetic intrachain interactions (J = −8.6 cm−1).
Synthesis and Characterization of 1,3,2‐Bis (arylamino) phospholidine, 2‐oxide Derivatives: Crystal Structures of $\rm Cl(O)\overline{PN(p-Me-C_{6}H_{4})CH_{2}CH_{2}N}(p-Me-C_{6}H_{4})$ and $\rm ((CH_{2}C_{6}H_{5})(O)\overline{PN(p-Me-C_{6}H_{4})CH_{2}CH_{2}N}(p-Me-C_{6}H_{4})$
Authors: Gholivand Khodayar , Mojahed Fresia
Published: July 2005

Using phosphoryl chloride as a substrate, a family of 1,3,2‐bis(arylamino) phospholidine, 2‐oxide of the general formula $\rm (X)(O)\overline{PN(Ar)CH_{2}CH_{2}N}(Ar)$; (X=Cl, 6a; X=NMe2, 1b; X=N(CH2C6H5)(CH3), 2b; X=NHC(O)C6H5, 3b; X=4Me‐C6H4O, 4b; X=C6H5O, 5b; X=NHC6H11, 6b; X=OC4H8N, 7b; X=C5H10N, 8b; X=NH2, 9b; X=F, 10b and Ar=4Me‐C6H4) was prepared and characterized by 1H, 19F, 31P and 13C NMR and IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. A general and practical method for the synthesis of these compounds was selected. The structures of 6a and 2b were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction techniques. The low temperature NMR spectra of 2b revealed the restricted rotation of P‐N bond according to two independent molecules in crystalline lattice.
Methanolothermal Synthesis and Structures of the Quaternary Group 14 – Group 15 Cesium Selenidometalates Cs3AsGeSe5 and Cs4Ge2Se6
Authors: van Almsick Tobias , Sheldrick William S.
Published: July 2005

Cs3AsGeSe5 and Cs4Ge2Se6 can be prepared by methanolothermal reaction of elemental As, Ge and Se with Cs2CO3 at 190 °C. The former quaternary phase contains zweier $^{1}_{\infty}$[{AsGeSe5}3−] chains consisting of corner‐bridged GeSe4 tetrahedra and AsSe3 pyramids and represents the first GeIV‐AsIII chalcogenidometalate. Cs4Ge2Se6 exhibits discrete [Ge2Se6]4− anions formed by two edge‐sharing GeSe4 tetrahedra.
Darstellung und Kristallstrukturen von tBu‐substituierten Disiloxanen des Typus tBu2SiX‐O‐SiYtBu2 (X = Y = OH, Br; X = OH, Y = H) und den Addukten tBu3SiOH·(HO3SCF3)0.5·H2O und tBu3SiOLi·(LiO3SCF3)2·(H2O)2
Authors: Lerner H.‐W. , Scholz S. , Wiberg N. , Polborn K. , Bolte M. , Wagner M.
Published: July 2005

Syntheses and Crystal Structures of tBu‐substituted Disiloxanes tBu2SiX‐O‐SiYtBu2 (X = Y = OH, Br; X = OH, Y = H) and of the Adducts tBu3SiOH·(HO3SCF3)0.5·H2O and tBu3SiOLi·(LiO3SCF3)2·(H2O)2

The disiloxanes tBu2SiX‐O‐SiYtBu2 (X = Y = H, OH) are accessible from the reaction of CF3SO2Cl with tBu2SiHOH or tBu2Si(OH)2. By this reaction the disiloxane tBu2SiH‐O‐SiHtBu2 is formed together with tBu2SiH‐O‐SiOHtBu2. The disiloxanes tBu2SiX‐O‐SiYtBu2 (X = Y = Cl, Br) can be synthesized almost quantitatively from tBu2SiH‐O‐SiHtBu2 with Cl2 and Br2 in CH2Cl2. The structures of the disiloxanes tBu2SiX‐O‐SiYtBu2 (X = H, Y = OH; X = Y = OH, Br) show almost linear Si‐O‐Si units with short Si‐O bonds. Single crystals of the adducts tBu3SiOH·(HO3SCF3)0.5·H2O and tBu3SiOLi·(LiO3SCF3)2·(H2O)2 have been obtained from the reaction of tBu3SiOH with CF3SO3H and of tBu3SiO3SCF3 with LiOH. According to the result of the X‐ray structural analysis (hexagonal, P‐62c), tBu3SiOLi · (LiO3SCF3)2·(H2O)2 features the ion pair [(tBu3SiOLi)2(LiO3SCF3)3(H2O)3Li]+ [CF3SO3]−. The central framework of the cation forms a trigonal Li6 prism.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Crystal Structure of Thallium(I) Complex containing Monodeprotonated 2,6‐Pyridinedicarboxylic Acid
Authors: Rafizadeh Masoud , Amani Vahid , Neumüller Bernhard
Published: July 2005

The reaction of an ethanolic solution 2,6‐pyridinedicarboxylic acid (1, LH2) with TlNO3 in the presence of triethylamine led to the coordination polymer [Tl(LH)]n (2). The complex was characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Crystal data for 2 at –80 °C: monoclinic, space group I2/a, a = 696.1(1), b = 1190.6(2), c = 931.0(2) pm, β = 103.28(1)°, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0256.
Synthesis, Characterization and Crystal Structures of new 1,2,4‐Triazole based Schiff‐bases and their Copper(I) Complexes
Authors: Ghassemzadeh Mitra , Tabatabaee Masoomeh , Soleimani Samaneh , Neumüller Bernhard
Published: July 2005

The reaction of 4‐amino‐5‐methyl‐2H‐1,2,4‐triazole‐3(4H)‐thione (AMTT, 1) with 4‐methoxy benzaldehyde and 3‐methoxybenzaldehyde in methanol led to the iminic derivatives 4‐(4‐methoxybenzylideneamino)‐5‐methyl‐2H‐1,2,4‐triazole‐3(4H)thione (2, L1) and 4‐(3‐methoxybenzylideneamino)‐5‐methyl‐2H‐1,2,4‐triazole‐3(4H)‐thione (3, L2). The reaction of the latter with [(PPh3)2CuCl] in methanol solution gave the first CuI complex of 3, [(PPh3)2CuCl(L2)] (4) and in chloroform solution the complex [(PPh3)2CuCl(L2)]·2CHCl3 (5). All compounds were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, elemental analyses as well as by X‐ray diffraction studies. Crystal data for 2 at −80 °C: space group P21/c with a = 1351.3(3), b = 399.4(1), c = 2225.2(5) pm, β = 96.50(2)°, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0667, for 3 at −80 °C: space group R3c with a = b = 3020.4(2), c = 708.2(1) pm, Z = 18, R1 = 0.0435, for 4 at −80 °C: space group P21/c with a = 1427.8(1), b = 1129.0(1), c = 2622.8(2) pm, β = 97.19(1)°, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0517 and for 5 at −80 °C: space group ${\rm P}{\bar 1}$ with a = 1280.5(1), b = 1316.1(1), c = 1731.4(1) pm, α = 78.14(1)°, β = 86.06(1)°, γ = 64.69(1)°, Z = 2, R1 = 0.0525.
Über die Schichtstruktur von Cu2(H2O)4[C4H4N2][C6H2(COO)4]·2H2O
Authors: Köferstein Roberto , Robl Christian
Published: July 2005

The Layered Structure of Cu2(H2O)4[C4H4N2][C6H2(COO)4]·2H2O

Triclinic single crystals of Cu2(H2O)4[C4H4N2][C6H2(COO)4]·2H2O have been grown in an aqueous silica gel. Space group ${\rm P}{\bar 1}$ (Nr. 2), a = 723.94(7) pm, b = 813.38(14) pm, c = 931.0(2) pm, α = 74.24(2)°, β = 79.24(2)°, γ = 65.451(10)°, V = 0.47819(14) nm3, Z = 1. Cu2+ is coordinated in a distorted, octahedral manner by two water molecules, three oxygen atoms of the pyromellitate anions and one nitrogen atom of pyrazine (Cu—O 194.1(2)–229.3(3) pm; Cu–N 202.0(2) pm). The connection of Cu2+ and [C6H2(COO)4)]4− yields infinite strands, which are linked by pyrazine molecules to form a two‐dimensional coordination polymer. Thermogravimetric analysis in air showed that the dehydrated compound was stable between 175 and 248 °C. Further heating yielded CuO.
Chemischer Transport ternärer Indiummolybdate
Authors: Steiner Udo , Reichelt Werner
Published: July 2005

Chemical Vapor Transport of Ternary Indium Molybdates

An isothermal section of the phase diagram of the system In/Mo/O at 1273 K was established by isothermal equilibration and XRD analyses of quenched samples. The chemical vapor transport of In2Mo3O12 was investigated in dependence on mean transport temperature (823 K to 1123 K) and amount of transport agent (Cl2 or Br2). The observed transport behaviour is compared with results of thermodynamical calculations and the influence of mean temperature, transport agent and moisture contents is described in detail. Single crystals of the metal rich compound InMo4O6 were grown by chemical vapor transport in a temperature gradient 1273 K to 1173 K using H2O as transport agent. The gaseous compound In2MoO4(g) accounts for the chemical vapor transport of molybdenium compounds in the metal rich part of the ternary phase diagram In/Mo/O.
The First Titanium Molybdenum Antimonide: Ti5.42Mo2.58Sb9, a Substitution Variant of Zr2V6Sb9
Authors: Assoud Abdeljalil , Kleinke Katja M. , Kleinke Holger
Published: July 2005

The new ternary antimonide Ti5.42(2)Mo2.58Sb9 was uncovered by a reaction of the elements under exclusion of air at 1150 °C. It crystallizes in a ternary substitution variant of the V7.5Sb9 type, a structure not known to exist in either the Ti/Sb or the Mo/Sb system. The crystal structure of Ti5.42Mo2.58Sb9 was determined from single crystal X‐ray data: space group P4/nmm, with a = 9.8178(8) Å, c = 7.1857(8) Å, V = 692.6(1) Å3, Z = 2, R1 = 0.025, wR2 = 0.052 (all data). The structure contains four metal atom sites, two thereof occupied solely by Ti atoms, and two by different Ti/Mo mixtures. The former two correspond to the Zr sites, and the latter two to the V sites of the isostructural antimonide Zr2V6Sb9. The crystal structure is comprised of chains of face‐sharing TiSb8 square antiprisms, Ti/Mo tetrahedra and Sb atom pairs and squares. The electronic structure, computed with the LMTO approximation, is indicative of metallic properties. In addition to the dominating metal–Sb bonds, strong metal–metal and Sb–Sb bonds exist as well in Ti5.42Mo2.58Sb9. The Mo content per metal site increases with increasing metal–metal interactions.
Diorganomorpholinometallane von Gallium und Indium – Monomer‐Dimer‐Gleichgewichte in Lösung
Authors: Iravani Effat , Neumüller Bernhard
Published: July 2005

Diorganomorpholinometalates of Gallium and Indium – Monomer‐Dimer‐Equilibrium in Solution

The reaction of Li[N(CH2CH2)2O] (LiMorpholinate; Li(Morph)) with Me2GaCl and Me2InCl gives by salt‐elimination the diorganoamidometalates Me2M(Morph) ( M = Ga: 1; M = In: 2), respectively. 1 and 2 were characterized by NMR and vibrational spectroscopy as well as by X‐ray structure determinations. According to this, centrosymmetrical dimers are present in the solid state while a monomer‐dimer equilibrium was assumed for the THF‐solution. Cryoscopic molecular weight determinations confirmed our assumptions.
The Reactivity of Bis(para‐methoxyphenyl)telluroxide towards Triflic Acid and Diphenylphosphinic Acid. Theoretical Considerations of the Protonation and Hydration Process of Diorganotelluroxanes
Authors: Beckmann Jens , Dakternieks Dainis , Duthie Andrew , Lewcenko Naomi A. , Mitchell Cassandra , Schürmann Markus
Published: July 2005

The reaction of (p‐MeOC6H4)2TeO with two equivalents of HO3SCF3 and HO2PPh2 provided the tetraorganoditelluroxanes (F3CSO3)(p‐MeOC6H4)2TeOTe(p‐MeOC6H4)2(O3SCF3) (1) and (Ph2PO2)(p‐MeOC6H4)2TeOTe(p‐MeOC6H4)2(O2PPh2)·2 Ph2PO2H (2) in good yields. Compounds 1 and 2 were characterized by solution and solid‐state 31P and 125Te NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, electrospray mass spectrometry, conductivity measurements and single crystal X‐ray diffraction. In solution, compound 1 undergoes an electrolytic dissociation and reversibly reacts with traces of water to give the mononuclear cation [(p‐MeOC6H4)2TeOH]+ and triflate anions. Theoretical aspects of the protonation and hydration of model telluroxanes R2TeO (R = H, Me, Ph) were investigated by preliminary DFT calculations and compared to the corresponding selenoxanes R2SeO. The tellurium dihydroxides R2Te(OH)2 seem to be more stable than the hydrogen‐bonded complexes R2TeO·H2O.
Synthese, Kristallstruktur und Festkörper‐NMR‐spektroskopische Untersuchung des Oxonitridosilicates BaSi6N8O
Authors: Stadler Florian , Kraut Robert , Oeckler Oliver , Schmid Sabine , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: July 2005

Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Solid‐State NMR Spectroscopic Investigation of the Oxonitridosilicate BaSi6N8O

The phase‐pure oxonitridosilicate BaSi6N8O has been synthesized starting from BaCO3 and silicon diimide Si(NH)2 in a radiofrequency furnace at temperatures below 1630 °C as a coarsely crystalline colorless material. The structure has been determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis (BaSi6N8O, space group Imm2 (no. 44), a = 810.5(2), b = 967.8(2), c = 483.7(1) pm, V = 379.4(2)·106 pm3, Z = 2, R1 = 0.014, 618 independent reflections, 44 parameters). The oxonitridosilicate comprises a three‐dimensional network structure of corner sharing SiN4 and SiON3 tetrahedra with Ba2+ located in the resulting voids. BaSi6N8O is isostructural with the oxonitridoalumosilicate (sialon) Sr2AlxSi12−xN16−xO2+x (x ≈ 2) that previously has been described in the literature. Furthermore, the anionic network of BaSi6N8O derives from that of the homeotypic reduced nitridosilicate SrSi6N8 by a topotactic insertion of oxygen into the Si–Si single bonds. In the 29Si MAS‐NMR spectrum two sharp isotropic signals have been observed at −54.0 and −56.3 ppm, respectively. With respect to their observed intensity ratio of 1 : 2.1(1) these two signals have to be attributed to the central atoms of SiON3 and SiN4 tetrahedra, respectively, which is in accordance with the X‐ray crystal structure determination (Si at Wyckoff positions 4d (SiON3) and 8e (SiN4)).
LiM2(NCN)Br3 (M = Sr, Eu): Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Solid‐State Carbodiimides with Empty Tetrahedral Metal Entities
Authors: Liao Wuping , Dronskowski Richard
Published: July 2005

Two solid‐state carbodiimide compounds, LiM2(NCN)Br3 (M = Sr, Eu), with characteristic empty tetrahedral M4 entities have been synthesized using a flux route, and their structures were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The new phases LiSr2(NCN)Br3 and LiEu2(NCN)Br3 are isotypical with the corresponding iodides and crystallize in the cubic system (($Fd{\bar 3}m$, Z = 16) but with smaller unit cells (a = 14.641(1) Å for LiSr2(NCN)Br3 and 14.572(1) Å for LiEu2(NCN)Br3). The extended structures comprise two interpenetrating three‐dimensional networks: the first one is built from isolated M4 tetrahedra capped by NCN2− anions on their triangular faces while the second is made from vertex‐sharing LiBr6 octahedra. The linear NCN2− anions exhibit the symmetrical carbodiimide shape and serve as linkers between the tetrahedral entities.
Formation and Crystal Structure of Stable Five‐coordinate Diorgano Cobalt(III) Complexes
Authors: Li Xiaoyan , Sun Hongjian , Klein Hans‐Friedrich , Flörke Ulrich
Published: July 2005

The mer‐octahedral complexes(2‐carbonyl)(4‐Me)(6‐tBu)phenolato[C,O]hydridotris(trimethylphosphine)cobalt(III) (1) or ‐(1‐carbonyl)(2‐oxo)(1,2‐diphenylethene)[C,O]hydridotris(trimethylphosphine)cobalt(III) (2) via formal insertion of propynoic acid ethyl ester into Co‐H functions afford pentacoordinate vinylcobalt(III) 3 and 4, respectively, that are diamagnetic and attain a square pyramidal structure as exemplified by an X‐ray diffraction analysis of 3.
Theoretical Studies of Inorganic Compounds. 341) Energy Decomposition Analysis of E–E Bonding in Planar and Perpendicular X2E−EX2 (E = B, Al, Ga, In, Tl; X = H, F, Cl, Br, I)
Authors: Szabó Andrea , Kovács Attila , Frenking Gernot
Published: July 2005

The nature of E–E bonding in group 13 compounds X2E–EX2 (E = B, Al, Ga, In, Tl; X = H, F, Cl, Br, I) has been investigated by means of an energy decomposition analysis (EDA) at the BP86/TZ2P level of theory. The calculated equilibrium geometries of all molecules B2X4−Tl2X4 have a perpendicular (D2d) geometry. The largest energy barriers for rotation about the E‐E bond are predicted for the hydrogen species B2H4−Tl2H4. The EDA shows that the rotational barriers of B2X4−Tl2X4 may not be used for an estimate of the hyperconjugative strength in the D2d structures except for the tetrahydrides. The values for the planar (D2h) transition states reveals that π conjugation of the halogen lone‐pair electrons stabilizes the transition states. The bonding analysis shows that hyperconjugation in B2I4 is stronger than in B2H4 although the latter compound has a higher rotational barrier than the former. In B2F4, hyperconjugative stabilization of the perpendicular structure and conjugative stabilization of the planar structure nearly cancel each other yielding a nearly vanishing rotational barrier. The heavier analogues Al2X4−Tl2X4 have low rotational barriers and rather weak hyperconjugative interactions. The larger rotational barriers of the hydrogen systems Al2H4−Tl2H4 compared with the tetrahalogen compounds is explained with the cooperation of the relatively large hyperconjugation in the perpendicular form and the relatively weak conjugation in the planar transition structures. The EDA also indicates that the electrostatic (ΔEelstat) and molecular orbital (ΔEorb) components of the E–E bonding are similar in magnitude.Thecalculated B‐B bond dissociation energies of B2X4 (De = 93.0–108.4 kcal/mol) show that the bonds are rather strong. The heavier analogues Al2X4−Tl2X4 have weaker bonds (De = 16.6–61.7 kcal/mol). In general, the X2E‐EX2 bond dissociation energies follow the trend for atoms E: B ≫ Al > Ga > In > Tl and for atoms X: H > F > Cl > I.
An Alternative Method for the Preparation of Diphenylboron Chelates. The Crystal and Molecular Structures of (Pyridine‐2‐acetyloximato)diphenylboron and (1‐Phenylazo‐2‐naphtholato)diphenylboron
Authors: Bessler Karl E. , Dourado Elisabeth B. , de S. Carvalho Myller , Lemos Sebastião S. , Ellena Javier
Published: July 2005

A convenient method for the preparation of diphenylboron chelates from ammonium tetraphenylborate is described. A variety of five‐ or six‐membered O,O‐, N,O‐ and N,N‐chelates were obtained in yields from 60 to 90 %. The isolated compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy and multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H, 13C, and 11B). The crystal and molecular structures of (pyridine‐2‐acetyloximato)diphenylboron and (1‐phenylazo‐2‐naphtholato)diphenylboron were determined by X‐ray diffraction on single crystals.
Hydroxyapatite Crystal Growth on Modified Collagen I‐Templates in a Model Dual Membrane Diffusion System
Authors: Ehrlich Hermann , Douglas Timothy , Scharnweber Dieter , Hanke Thomas , Born René , Bierbaum Susanne , Worch Hartmut
Published: July 2005

The finding of proteoglycans (PG) in mineralized tissues confirms their role in the biomineralization process, but fails to give answers regarding possible detailed mechanisms of interaction. As deglycosilation of PG (especially decorin) is known to be a prerequisite for biomineralisation in vivo, glucuronic acid (GA), as a monomer common to different proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans, and decorin were studied in mineralization experiments together with collagen type I using the dual membrane diffusion method. It was shown that under fibrillogenesis conditions glucuronic acid and decorin bind to a different extent to collagen. Binding of GA, in contrast to decorin, results in changes in both the fibril morphology and the banding pattern. The mineralization of unmodified collagen templates and of those modified with GA and decorin results in the formation of different calcium phosphate phases. Hydroxyapatite (HAP), as the thermodynamically stable product under the chosen experimental conditions, is formed only in the case of collagen modified with GA. To aid interpretation of this effect, a possible mechanism of glucuronic acid interaction with collagen by a non‐enzymatic glycation pathway is proposed and discussed. Stimulation of HAP formation is explained by the introduction of acidic GA‐carboxylate groups that allow an increase of the electrostatic binding of calcium ions compared to unmodified collagen molecules. Substrates modified in this way should subsequently serve as model templates for the mineralization process in order to make deductions about the mechanism by which acidic groups affect the biomineralization of collagen via the structure of the monomers as well as the architecture of the fibrils.
Coordination Chemistry of Acrylamide 4. Crystal Structures and IR Spectroscopic Properties of Acrylamide Complexes with CoII, NiII, and ZnII nitrates
Authors: Girma K. B. , Lorenz Volker , Blaurock Steffen , Edelmann Frank T.
Published: July 2005

Acrylamide complexes of metal nitrates: [M(O‐OC(NH2)CHCH2)n(H2O)m][NO3]2 (M = Co(1), Ni(2) (n = 6 and m = 0) and Zn(3) (n = 4 and m = 2)) have been determined by using single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. All complexes crystallize in the triclinic space group ${\rm P}{\bar 1}$. The structures of 1 and 2 represent octahedral species [M(AAm)6]2+ (AAm = O‐OC(NH2)CHCH2 and M = Co or Ni) and uncoordinated nitrate ions. The structure of 3 involves the octahedral cation [Zn(AAm)4(H2O)2]2+ in which the Zn2+ environment includes oxygen atoms of four acrylamide and two water molecules that are stabilized using ionic nitrate ions. The observations of the solid‐state IR spectroscopic vibrational frequencies of these acrylamide complexes are in agreement with the crystal structures.
Synthese und Struktur von [(Ph3PAu)3NPPh3][PF6]2, einem Gold(I)‐phosphoraniminato‐Komplex
Authors: Pivoriunas Gintaras , Maichle‐Mössmer Cäcilia , Schwarz Simon , Strähle Joachim
Published: July 2005

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of [(Ph3PAu)3NPPh3][PF6]2, a Gold(I) Phosphoraneiminato Complex

The photolytic reaction of Ph3PAuN3 with Cr(CO)6 in THF yields the phosphoraneiminato complex [(Ph3PAu)3NPPh3]2+ in low yield as well as the cluster cation [(Ph3PAu)8]2+ as the main product. The phosphoraneiminato complex crystallizes from CH2Cl2 with [PF6]− ions as [(Ph3PAu)3NPPh3][PF6]2·CH2Cl2 in the triclinic space group ${\rm P}{\bar 1}$ with a = 1200.8(1), b = 1495.6(2), 2053.5(5), α = 86.97(2)°, β = 82.79(1)°, γ = 81.87(2)°, and Z = 2. The phosphoraneiminato ligand bridges through its N atom three Au atoms, which itself are connected to each other by weak aurophilic interactions.
Policy Recommendations for Carrier Testing and Predictive Testing in Childhood: A Distinction That Makes a Real Difference
Authors: Hogben Susan , Boddington Paula
Published: July 2005

The genetic testing of children raises many ethical concerns. This paper examines how five position statements from Canada, UK and USA, which present guidelines for good practice in this area produce different recommendations for carrier testing and predictive testing. We find that the genetic information generated through carrier testing is routinely presented as less serious than that generated from predictive testing. Additionally, the reproductive implications of predictive testing are also routinely erased. Consequently, the papers argue strongly against predictive testing but advise caution against carrier testing in somewhat weaker terms. We argue that these differences rest on assumptions about the status of reproduction in people's lives and on an ethical stance that foregrounds the self over others. We propose that questioning the crude and sharp distinction between carrier and predictive testing in principle may enable practitioners and parents/families to make more nuanced decisions in practice.
Is hypertension a predictor for heart failure? A cross cultural comparison over a 10‐year period
Authors: Bener A. , Al Suwaidi J. , Ghaffar A.
Published: July 2005

This was a retrospective cohort study to assess the effect of hypertension (HTN) among Qatari and Asian patients admitted to the Hamad General Hospital in Qatar with heart failure (HF) and to identify risk factors that contribute to the development of HF in HTN patients in the State of Qatar. A total of 20,856 patients were treated during the 10‐year period; 8446 were Qataris and 60% were male. Among the total Qatari patients admitted with HF (n = 2342), 52.4% had HTN. The incidence of HTN was slightly higher in males than in females (50.4 vs. 49.6%; p <0.001). Significantly more HTN patients had diabetes mellitus (DM) (p <0.001) and hypercholesterolemia (p <0.001). There was also a significant difference between Qatari and Asian HTN patients in respect of their age (p <0.001) and gender (p <0.001). Qatari hypertensive patients were more likely to have DM (p <0.001). HTN and DM were the most common risk factors for HF.
Effects of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells transplantation in acutely infarcting myocardium
Authors: Piao Hainan , Youn Tae‐Jin , Kwon Jin‐Sook , Kim Young‐Hwa , Bae Jang‐Whan , Bora‐Sohn  , Kim Dong‐Woon , Cho Myeong‐Chan , Lee Myoung‐Mook , Park Young‐Bae
Published: July 2005

Background:

Cellular cardiomyoplasty (CCM) is considered to be a novel therapeutic approach for post‐myocardial infarction (MI) heart failure. In this study, the functional effects of cultured mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplantation and the associated histopathologic changes were evaluated in a rat model of MI.

Methods:

Rats were subjected to 5 h of coronary ligation followed by reperfusion and, 10 days after MI, animals were randomized into either the MSCs transplantation (MI‐MSC, n=8) group or the control (n=8) group. Allogeneic MSCs (3×106 cells) or media were epicardially injected into the center and the border area of the infarct scar.

Results:

Four weeks after the MSCs transplantation, the echocardiogram showed preserved anterior regional wall motion and increases in fractional shortening in the MI‐MSC heart relative to the control heart. Left ventricular (LV) end‐diastolic pressure was smaller in the MI‐MSC than in the control group. Implanted MSCs formed islands of cell clusters on the border of the infarct scar, and the cells were positively immunostained by sarcomeric α‐actinin and cardiac troponin T. In addition, the number of microvessels on the border area of the infarct scar was greater in the MI‐MSC than in the control group.

Conclusion:

Allogeneic MSCs transplanted into the MI scar formed clusters of cell grafts on the border of the infarct, expressed cardiac muscle proteins, increased microvessel formation, and improved regional and global LV function. Our data indicate that CCM using MSCs may have a significant role in the treatment of post‐MI heart failure.
The influence of aetiology on inflammatory and neurohumoral activation in patients with severe heart failure: A prospective study comparing Chagas' heart disease and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Mocelin Amilcar O. , Issa Victor S. , Bacal Fernando , Guimarães Guilherme V. , Cunha Edecio , Bocchi Edimar A.
Published: July 2005

Patients with Chagas' cardiomyopathy have the worst prognosis when compared to other aetiologies. It has been suggested that a more intense inflammatory activation could be responsible for this excessive mortality. We studied 35 patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC group) and 28 patients with Chagas' heart disease (Chagas' group) and 12 control subjects. We compared plasma tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α), soluble TNF‐α receptor type 1 (sTNF‐R1), soluble Fas (sFas), interleukin 6 (IL‐6), and brain natriuretic peptide type B (BNP) concentrations between the groups. TNF‐α and IL‐6 concentrations were higher in the IDC and Chagas groups as compared to controls (p<0.001 and p=0.001, respectively). sTNF‐R1 concentration was higher in IDC after stratification for functional class (p=0.039), and there was a trend toward higher plasma TNF‐α concentration in the Chagas' group (p=0.092). IL‐6 concentration was higher in Chagas than in IDC (p=0.005). Higher IL‐6 levels were associated with worse outcome (p=0.03 for Chagas; p=0.003 for IDC). sFas concentration was similar among groups. BNP concentrations were higher in IDC (350 pg/ml) and in Chagas (444.6 pg/ml) as compared to the controls (20.3 pg/ml; p<0.01). Higher BNP levels were associated with death and heart transplantation in both aetiologies. Inflammatory activation in Chagas heart disease differs from IDC and is associated with heart failure severity.
Predictors of exercise capacity and everyday activity in older heart failure patients
Authors: Witham Miles D. , Argo Ishbel S. , Johnston Derek W. , Struthers Allan D. , McMurdo Marion E.T.
Published: July 2005

Background:

Exercise capacity and daily activity are key outcomes for older, frail heart failure patients. Little is known about the determinants of these outcomes in this patient group.

Aims:

To explore predictors of exercise capacity and daily activity in older, frail heart failure patients.

Methods:

Analysis of prospectively collected data from a cohort of 82 patients aged 70 years and over, enrolled in a randomised controlled trial of exercise in heart failure patients. Pathophysiological, demographic, psychological and social factors were analysed by multivariate regression to determine predictors of exercise capacity (6‐min walk distance) and daily activity (daily accelerometer counts).

Results:

Between 49% and 55% of the variance in 6‐min walk distance was explained by variables including New York Heart Association class, depression score, attitude to ageing and use of walking aids. Only 11% to 26% of the variance in accelerometer scores was explained by the model; 6‐min walk distance was the only consistent predictor of daily activity.

Conclusions:

Physical, psychological and attitudinal variables contribute to variance of the 6‐min walk. Six‐minute walk distance predicts a small amount of the variance in daily activity, but the majority of variance in daily activity remains unexplained and requires further investigation.
The role of firefly luciferase C‐terminal domain in efficient coupling of adenylation and oxidative steps
Authors: Ayabe Keiichi , Zako Tamotsu , Ueda Hiroshi
Published: July 2005

The N‐terminal domain (N‐domain) of the firefly luciferase from Photinus pyraris has weak luminescence activity, and shows a unique light emitting profile with very long rise time of more than several minutes. Through a sensitive assay of the reaction intermediate luciferyl‐adenylate (LH2‐AMP), we found that the slow increase in the N‐domain luminescence faithfully reflected the concentration of dissociated LH2‐AMP. No such correlation was observed for wild‐type or mutant enzymes with short rise time, except one with longer rise time. The results suggest that the C‐terminal domain plays an indispensable role in efficiently coupling adenylation and oxidative steps.
Structure–activity relationship of alginate oligosaccharides in the induction of cytokine production from RAW264.7 cells
Authors: Iwamoto Mami , Kurachi Maki , Nakashima Takuji , Kim Daekyung , Yamaguchi Kenichi , Oda Tatsuya , Iwamoto Yoshiko , Muramatsu Tsuyoshi
Published: July 2005

Guluronate and mannuronate oligomers with various degree of polymerization were prepared from polyguluronate (PG) and polymannuronate (PM) with an alginate lyase from a Pseudoalteromonas sp., and their activities to induce cytokine secretion from mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7 cells were examined. Enzymatically depolymerized unsaturated alginate oligomers induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α secretion from RAW264.7 cells in a structure‐depending manner, while the activities of saturated alginate oligomers prepared by acid hydrolysis were fairly low or only trace levels. These results suggest that unsaturated end‐structure of alginate oligomers was important for the TNF‐α‐inducing activity. Among the unsaturated guluronate (G3–G9) and mannuronate (M3–M9) oligomers, G8 and M7 showed the most potent activity, respectively. Bio‐Plex assay revealed that interleukin (IL)‐1α, IL‐1β, and IL‐6 secretion from RAW264.7 cells were also induced by unsaturated alginate oligomers with similar structure–activity relationship profiles as seen in TNF‐α, and the most potent activities were observed with G8 and M7. These results suggest that G8 and M7 may have the most suitable molecular size or entire structural conformation as stimulant for cytokine secretion. Since antibodies to Toll‐like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 effectively inhibited the G8‐ and M7‐induced production of TNF‐α, these alginate oligomers may stimulate innate immunity through the pattern recognition receptors on macrophages similar to microbial products.
Microwave endometrial ablation for menorrhagia in patients with systemic disorders
Authors: Qian Yuanshu , Gan Ningyue , Zhou Jianwei , Lu Wen , Ma Yaxi , Zhang Weijiang
Published: July 2005

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of microwave endometrial ablation (MEA) in the treatment of menorrhagia in patients with severe systemic disease or medical conditions. Methods: Forty‐two menorrhagic women undergoing systemic disorders with failure of medical management were treated with MEA under local or general anesthesia, and were followed‐up for 1 year. Results: The women had a mean age of 39.4 years (range, 17–49). The procedure was successfully completed in all patients, and no intraoperative complications occurred. Two cases died of their primary severe medical diseases within 2 months of treatment but these cases were not associated with MEA. Among the remaining 40 patients, 24 (60.0%) had amenorrhea within 12 months. The duration of hospitalization and the amount of blood transfusion were significantly reduced after treatment, and the quality of life of these patients was improved significantly. Conclusions: MEA is a safe and effective treatment for the management of severe menorrhagia in patients undergoing systemic illness or severe medical conditions.
Pretreatment levels of serum squamous cell carcinoma antigen and urine polyamines in women with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix
Authors: Kim Y.T. , Yoon B.S. , Kim J.W. , Kim S.H. , Kwon J.Y. , Kim J.H.
Published: July 2005

Objectives: To investigate whether pretreatment levels of serum squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA) and urine polyamines can predict lymph node metastases in patients with early stage cervical carcinoma. Methods: Pretreatment measurement of serum SCCA and urine polyamine levels was carried out for 419 women. Of those women, 104 with stage IB and IIA cancer received radical surgery and had tumor size reassessed postoperatively. Results: The women had increased levels of serum SCCA (> 2.0 ng/mL) and elevated urine polyamines (> 45 μmol/g of creatinine) with advanced cancer stage (P < 0.01). The median SCCA level was significantly higher in women with metastatic disease than that in those without lymph node involvement (3.9 vs. 1.1; P < 0.01). Women with nodal involvement also had significantly higher median levels of urine polyamines than those without nodal disease. Conclusions: Pretreatment measurement of SCCA and urine polyamine levels may help in predicting lymph node metastases in women with early stage cervical carcinoma.
An evaluation of the professional forecasts of U.S. long‐term interest rates
Authors: Baghestani Hamid
Published: July 2005

This paper evaluates the multiperiod forecasts of Moody's Aaa corporate and the 10‐year Treasury bond rates from the Survey of Professional Forecasters (SPF). We show that the SPF forecasts are not rational since they fail to be unbiased and, in some cases, do not fully incorporate the information in the past actual rates. These forecasts, however, are useful, since they are able to accurately predict the direction of change in the actual series. We also formulate a model that utilizes the information in the SPF forecasts of the unemployment rate. Comparable four‐quarter‐ahead forecasts of the two interest rates from this model are shown to be significantly more accurate than the corresponding SPF forecasts for 2001.1–2004.4.
BARREN LAND AND FECUND BODIES: THE EMERGENCE OF POPULATION DISCOURSE IN INTERWAR EGYPT
Authors: El Shakry Omnia
Published: July 2005

Between 1936 and 1939, the Egyptian Medical Association held a series of forums on birth control and the population problem; the first full-length book on Egypt's population problem was published; the first life tables for Egypt were calculated; a group of university professors organized under the rubric of the Happy Family Society to discuss the need for planned families; the first fatwa on birth control in the 20th century was issued by the mufti of Egypt, Shaykh Abd al-Majid Salim; and the Ministry of Social Affairs was created, part of its mandate being to study the population problem.
THE METAMORPHOSIS OF THE EGYPTIAN MUSLIM BROTHERS
Authors: El-Ghobashy Mona
Published: July 2005

Jihane al-Halafawi's small apartment above a barbershop in Alexandria is exceedingly orderly, a cool oasis on a sweltering summer afternoon. Plant leaves brush up against curtains undulating with the breeze from the nearby Mediterranean. As she walks into the living room with a tray full of cakes and tea, al-Halafawi is the picture of a kindly Egyptian mother, a genuine smile gracing her youthful face. But when this fifty-year-old mother of six and grandmother announced her candidacy for Egypt's parliamentary elections in fall 2000, the state geared up a massive security force outside polling stations; leftists shrugged her off as a “front” for her husband; and state feminists dedicated to the electoral empowerment of women were silent. When Halafawi outperformed her ruling-party rival in the first round, despite rigging, the Interior Ministry promptly stepped in and canceled the results on the pretext of respecting an earlier court ruling postponing the elections.
Predicting extinction of mammals in the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Grelle Carlos Eduardo Viveiros
Published: July 2005

Using the species-area correlation I predicted the percentage of endemic Amazonian mammals committed to extinction by 2020 as an outcome of deforestation resulting from the implementation of mega-infrastructure projects in the Brazilian Amazon. Simulations based on optimistic and non-optimistic deforestation scenarios showed a 2-fold and a 3-fold increase, respectively, in Amazonian mammals committed to extinction. The predicted number of threatened species by 2020 was 5–18% of the total number of endemic mammal species, depending on the scenario and equation used. This increase in extinction rates could be catastrophic for ecosystem stability in the Amazon because the loss of functional groups may produce a cascade effect of species extinctions.
New records, distribution and conservation of Mantella bernhardi, an Endangered frog species from south-eastern Madagascar
Authors: Rabemananjara Falitiana , Bora Parfait , Cadle John E. , Andreone Franco , Rajeriarison Emile , Talata Pierre , Glaw Frank , Vences Miguel , Vieites David R.
Published: July 2005

We report on seven new localities for Mantella bernhardi, a Malagasy poison frog that was previously known only from a single site. This species has been considered threatened with extinction because of ongoing habitat destruction and collection for the pet trade (up to c. 3,000 specimens per year). The new localities considerably extend the known range of this species, which has now been documented from c. 21.00° to 24.15°S and 47.00° to 48.00°E, and over 60–629 m altitude. Two of the sites are within protected areas (Ranomafana National Park and Manombo Special Reserve). An overlap analysis of the potential distribution area of the species, based on the extent of remaining primary vegetation, indicates that the habitat of M. bernhardi in south-eastern Madagascar is fragmented and populations may be relatively small and isolated. We support the IUCN Red List category of Endangered for this species and highlight the need for detailed studies of its populations.
Habitat selection by booming bitterns Botaurus stellaris in French Mediterranean reed-beds
Authors: Poulin Brigitte , Lefebvre Gaëtan , Mathevet Raphaël
Published: July 2005

Data on habitat requirements of the threatened Eurasian bittern Botaurus stellaris are largely qualitative and limited to countries holding small populations. We assessed the habitat spectrum exploited by male bitterns during the breeding season, based on the analysis of 40 booming sites and 33 non-booming sites in 2,500 ha of heterogeneous reed-beds in the Camargue, France. Environmental variables contributing to booming site selection were, in decreasing order of importance, determined by their contribution to multivariate statistical models: water level in April, proportion of open water, density of dry and green reeds, percentage cover of non-reed species, salinity and turbidity of surface water, and reed height and diameter. Overall, booming sites were characterized by a homogeneous cover of relatively sparse green and dry reeds growing with other plant species in shallow (10–15 cm), clear water. Because these findings are contrary to the traditional perception of bittern habitat in Europe, a reassessment of the species' ecological requirements throughout its distributional range is warranted. In the Camargue the main factors involved in habitat selection (water level and dry reed density) are directly associated with site management, and bitterns respond rapidly to slight environmental changes.
Dramatic reduction in predation on marine turtle nests through improved predator monitoring and management
Authors: Engeman Richard M. , Martin R. Erik , Smith Henry T. , Woolard John , Crady Carrie K. , Shwiff Stephanie A. , Constantin Bernice , Stahl Margo , Griner John
Published: July 2005

We describe improvements to monitoring/indexing methodology for predators of marine turtle nests on the east coast of Florida, and the resulting marine turtle conservation implications from integrating the methodology into predator management. A strip transect from dune line to the shore improved an already successful design for monitoring raccoons, and was also sensitive for armadillos. The data were integrated into predator management operations to effectively and efficiently remove the species responsible for turtle nest predation. Tracking plot data also served to validate predator patterns of behavior relative to turtle nesting and improve prospects for preventive predator management strategies. Perhaps the most important finding is that predation at a beach historically suffering nearly complete losses (95%) of marine turtle nests had nest predation reduced to nominal levels (9.4%). For 2002 this predation level represents an estimated 69,000 additional hatchling turtles produced over historical predation rates, and 16,700 additional hatchlings over the previous lowest predation rate.