bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Observations on Dissocladella annulata (Elliott, 1993) nov. comb. (Calcareous algae, Dasycladales) from the Cenomanian of west Serbia
Authors: Radoicic Rajka , Schlagintweit Felix
Published: January 2011

Based on material from the type area at Tetrebovo in the Zlatibor massif of
WSerbia, the Cenomanian dasycladalean alga originally described as
Harlanjohnsonella annulata by ELLIOTT (1968, typified 1993 in: GRANIER &
DELOFFRE), is emended and revisited as Dissocladella annulata (ELLIOTT) nov.
comb. The evidence of tufts of short secondaries arising at the top of the
drop-like primaries allows its transfer to the genus Dissocladella PIA, 1936.
This species displays a different degree of skeleton calcification which is
described in detail. The monospecific genus Harlanjohnsonella ELLIOTT becomes
invalid, as being a junior synonym of Dissocladella.
Note on the first fossil remains of a whale from Northern Bosnia
Authors: Stefanovic Ivan
Published: January 2011

Herein, the first find of a fossil whale Cethotherium aff. rathkei is
reported from the Middle Miocene sediments (Badenian) of the West Paratethys
(the Strbci village, east of Banja Luka and Prnjavor, northern Bosnia).
Although mostly represented by vertebra, the well preserved remains of the
single individual consist also of humeri, tympanicum, and some isolated
fragments of the skull. The find is discussed in its paleogeographical
context, and the importance of the discovery in an international context is
shown.
Wall effects on terminal falling velocity of spherical particles moving in a Carreau model fluid
Authors: Strnadel Jaroslav , Simon Miloslav , Machač Ivan
Published: January 2011

Experimental verification of our previous numerical simulation of wall effects on the terminal falling velocity of spherical particles moving slowly along the axis of a cylindrical vessel filled with a Carreau model fluid is presented. Dependences of the wall correction factor F W on the sphere to tube ratio d/D and on the dimensionless Carreau model parameters m, Λ, and η r were obtained using a finite element method. Calculated data of the wall correction factor were compared with the results of our new falling sphere experiments. The experiments were carried out in six types of cylindrical Perspex columns (16 mm, 21 mm, 26 mm, 34 mm, 40 mm, and 90 mm in diameter) filled with aqueous solutions of polymers exhibiting different degrees of shear thinning and elasticity. Seventeen types of spherical particles (1–8 mm in diameter) made of glass, ceramics, steel, lead, and tungsten carbide were used for the drop tests. Measurements of the liquid flow curves, primary normal stress differences, oscillatory, creep and recovery, stress relaxation, and stress growth tests were carried out on the rheometer Haake MARS (Thermo Scientific). A good agreement between numerically and experimentally obtained F W data was found.
Factors affecting lateral mass screw placement at C-7
Authors: Abdullah Kalil G. , Nowacki Amy S. , Steinmetz Michael P. , Wang Jeffrey C. , Mroz Thomas E.
Published: January 2011

Object

The C-7 lateral mass has been considered difficult to fit with instrumentation because of its unique anatomy. Of the methods that exist for placing lateral mass screws, none particularly accommodates this anatomical variation. The authors have related 12 distinct morphological measures of the C-7 lateral mass to the ability to place a lateral mass screw using the Magerl, Roy-Camille, and a modified Roy-Camille method.

Methods

Using CT scans, the authors performed virtual screw placement of lateral mass screws at the C-7 level in 25 male and 25 female patients. Complications recorded included foraminal and articular process violations, inability to achieve bony purchase, and inability to place a screw longer than 6 mm. Violations were monitored in the coronal, axial, and sagittal planes. The Roy-Camille technique was applied starting directly in the middle of the lateral mass, as defined by Pait's quadrants, with an axial angle of 15° lateral and a sagittal angle of 90°. The Magerl technique was performed by starting in the inferior portion of the top right square of Pait's quadrants and angling 25° laterally in the axial plane with a 45° cephalad angle in the sagittal plane. In a modified method, the starting point is similar to the Magerl technique in the top right square of Pait's quadrant and then angling 15° laterally in the axial plane. In the sagittal plane, a 90° angle is taken perpendicular to the dorsal portion of the lateral mass, as in the traditional Roy-Camille technique.

Results

Of all the morphological methods analyzed, only a combined measure of intrusion of the T-1 facet and the overall length of the C-7 lateral mass was statistically associated with screw placement, and only in the Roy-Camille technique. Use of the Magerl technique allowed screw placement in 28 patients; use of the Roy-Camille technique allowed placement in 24 patients; and use of the modified technique allowed placement in 46 patients. No screw placement by any method was possible in 4 patients.

Conclusions

There is only one distinct anatomical ratio that was shown to affect lateral mass screw placement at C-7. This ratio incorporates the overall length of the lateral mass and the amount of space occupied by the T-1 facet at C-7. Based on this virtual study, a modified Roy-Camille technique that utilizes a higher starting point may decrease the complication rate at C-7 by avoiding placement of the lateral mass screw into the T1 facet.
Professor M. Nurul Haque Khan (1931-2010)
Authors: Kabir Syed Mohammad Humayun
Published: January 2011

DOI: 10.3329/jbas.v34i2.6852Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 34, No. 2, 2010
An extension of Fuhrboter's studies for wave height: a theoretical study
Authors: Rahman Azizur , Kamrunnaher MST , Hoque Ashabul
Published: January 2011

This theoretical study extends Fuhrboter's work and includes the effects of air bubble entrainment. Result shows that there is a correlation between the sudden reductions of wave height and entrained of air bubbles into the water. Moreover, the study reveals that air entrainment occurs very short way in plunging breakers comparatively to spilling breakers. Key words: Fuhrboter's studies; Wave height; Theoretical study DOI: 10.3329/jbas.v34i2.6855Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 34, No. 2, 115-122, 2010
Fungal diseases of three aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Shamsi Shamim , Naher Najmun , Chowdhury Pranami , Momtaz Mst Selina
Published: January 2011

Seeds of three aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.) var. Kalijira, Kataribhog and BR 34 Jira dhan were tested by Blotter method for identifying their seed borne fungi. Fungi associated with seeds were Aspergillus niger, Apergillus sp., Carvularia sp., Cladosporium sp., Colletotrichum sp., Fusarium sp., Pyrenochaeta oryzae and Sarocladium oryzae. Infected samples were collected from the field starting from maximum tillering stage to grain filling stage of plant growth. After maximum tillering stage three fungal diseases were recorded on the stems and sheaths. Sheath rot was recorded on all the three rice varieties, stem rot was recorded on Kalijira and sheath blotch was recorded on Kataribhog. The pathogens of sheath rot, Sarocladium oryzae, sheath blotch, Pyrenochaeta oryzae and stem rot, Sclerotium oryzae were frequently associated with the respective samples. This is the first report of disease on aromatic rice plant for Bangladesh. Key words: Fungal diseases; Aromatic rice DOI: 10.3329/jbas.v34i2.6860Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 34, No. 2, 163-170, 2010
X-ray structure of hexamethyl benzenehexacarboxylate, [C6(COOCH3)6]
Authors: Ghosh Shishir , Hossain Md Kamal , Kabir Shariff E , Begum Noorjahan
Published: January 2011

The thermal treatment of [Ru2(CO)6(μ-η1,η2-C4H3O){μ-P(C4H3O)2}] 1 with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) at 110 °C leads to cyclotrimerization of DMAD. The cyclotrimerization product hexamethyl benzenehexacarboxylate, [C6(COOCH3)6] 2, was obtained in 37% yield and characterized by a combination of spectroscopic data and single crystal X-ray diffraction study. Compound 2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P1bar with a = 10.3002(12), b = 11.0371(13), c = 18.781(2) Å, α = 76.148(2), β = 87.390(2), γ = 74.001(2)°, Z = 4 and V = 1992.2(4) Å3. Key words: Cyclotrimerization; Dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate; X-ray structure DOI: 10.3329/jbas.v34i2.6866Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 34, No. 2, 197-200, 2010
Antimicrobial activity of the rhizomes of Curcuma zedoaria
Authors: Shahriar Mohammad
Published: January 2011

Successive extraction of the dried rhizomes of Curcuma zedoaria Rocs. provided n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts. The antimicrobial activity of the different extracts of Curcuma zedoaria was investigated at an initial dose of 500 μg/disc against gram positive, gram negative bacteria and fungi. The methanol extract of the herb showed significant activity against some tested gram negative bacteria. The ethyl acetate extract exhibited moderate activity while the n-hexane showed little activity against some gram negative bacteria.Key words: Curcuma zedoaria; Rhizomes; Antimicrobial activity DOI: 10.3329/jbas.v34i2.6867Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 34, No. 2, 201-203, 2010
A Three-Dimensional, Magnetic and Electroactive Nanoprobe for Amperometric Determination of Tumor Biomarkers
Authors: Meng Linghua , Gan Ning , Li Tianhua , Cao Yuting , Hu Futao , Zheng Lei
Published: January 2011

A novel electrochemical immunosensor for tumor biomarker detection based on three-dimensional, magnetic and electroactive nanoprobes was developed in this study. To fabricate the nanoprobes, negatively charged Fe3O4 nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) and gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) were first loaded on the surface of multiple wall carbon nanotubes (MCNTs) which were functioned with redox-active hemin and cationic polyelectrolyte poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) (PDDA). Using alpha fetoprotein (AFP) as a model analyte, AFP antibody (anti-AFP) was absorbed on the surface of Au NPs, bovine serum albumin (BSA) was then used to block sites against non-specific binding, and finally formed anti-AFP/Au NPs/Fe3O4/hemin/MCNTs named anti-AFP nanoprobes. When the target antigen AFP was present, it interacted with anti-AFP and formed an antigen-antibody complex on the nanoprobe interface. This resulted in a decreased electrochemical signal of hemin for quantitative determination of AFP when immobilized onto the screen-printed working electrode (SPCE). The results showed that the nanoprobe-based electrochemical immunosensor was sensitive to AFP detection at a concentration of 0.1 to 200 ng×mL-1 with a detection limit of 0.04 ng×mL-1, it also demonstrated good selectivity against other interferential substances. The electroactive nanoprobes can be massively prepared, easily immobilized on the SPCE for target detection and rapidly renewed with a magnet. The proposed immunosensor is fast, simple, sensitive, stable, magnet-controlled, nontoxic, label-free and reproducible.
A Therapeutic Approach to Nasopharyngeal Carcinomas by DNAzymes Targeting EBV LMP-1 Gene
Authors: Yang Lifang , Lu Zhongxin , Ma Xiaoqian , Cao Ya , Sun Lun-Quan
Published: January 2011

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) has been known to have oncogenic properties during latent infection in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Genetic manipulation of LMP1 expression may provide a novel strategy for the treatment of NPC. DNAzymes are synthetic, single-stranded DNA catalysts that can be engineered to bind and cleave the target mRNA of a disease-causing gene. By targeting the LMP1 mRNA, we successfully obtained a phosphorothioate-modified ‘‘10–23’’ DNAzyme namely DZ1, through screening a series of DNAzymes. DZ1 could significantly down-regulate the expression of LMP1 in NPC cells, inhibit cell proliferation, metastasis, promote apoptosis and enhance radiosensitivity of NPC through interfering signal pathways which are abnormally activated by LMP1, including NF-κB, AP-1 and STAT3 signal pathways. Together, interfering LMP1 signaling pathway could be a promising strategy to target the malignant phenotypes of NPC.
Recent Advance in Heterocyclic Organozinc and Organomanganese Compounds; Direct Synthetic Routes and Application in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Kim Seung-Hoi , Rieke Reuben D.
Published: January 2011

A practical synthetic route for the preparation of 2-pyridyl and 3-pyridyl derivatives has been accomplished by utilizing a simple coupling reaction of stable 2-pyridylzinc bromides and 3-pyridylzinc bromides. The organozincs used in this study were easily prepared via the direct insertion of active zinc into the corresponding bromopyridines. The subsequent coupling reactions with a variety of different electrophiles have afforded the corresponding coupling products. Using highly active manganese, a variety of Grignard-type organomanganese reagents have been obtained. The subsequent coupling reactions of the resulting organomanganese reagents with several electrophiles have also been accomplished under mild conditions.
Synthesis, Characterization and Pharmacological Evaluation of 1-(2-Chloro-6-Fluorophenyl)-5-Methylindolin-2-One: A New Anti-Inflammatory Compound with Reduced Gastric Ulceration Properties
Authors: Dos Santos Jean Leandro , Chelucci Rafael , Chiquetto Richard , Chung Man Chin , Campos Michel Leandro , Peccinini Rosangela Gonçalves
Published: January 2011

The new compound 1-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methylindolin-2-one (1), designed using the prodrug approach, was easily obtained in 85% yield and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, elemental analysis, mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy. The lactam 1 showed anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity comparable to that of the COX-2 inhibitor lumiracoxib, without gastro-ulceration effects. Stability studies demonstrated that the lactam function was stable and did not hydrolyze in pH 1.2 or 7.4. Furthermore, using a thioglycollate-induced peritonitis model, compound 1 was shown to inhibit cell migration by 50.4%, while lumiracoxib inhibited it by 18%. This compound represents a new non-ulcerogenic prototype for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.
The Daily Spiritual Experience Scale: Overview and Results
Authors: Underwood Lynn G.
Published: January 2011

The Daily Spiritual Experience Scale (DSES) is a 16-item self-report measure designed to assess ordinary experiences of connection with the transcendent in daily life. It includes constructs such as awe, gratitude, mercy, sense of connection with the transcendent and compassionate love. It also includes measures of awareness of discernment/inspiration and a sense of deep inner peace. Originally developed for use in health studies, it has been increasingly used more widely in the social sciences, for program evaluation, and for examining changes in spiritual experiences over time. Also it has been used in counseling, addiction treatment settings, and religious organizations. It has been included in longitudinal health studies and in the U.S. General Social Survey which established random-sample population norms. It has publications on its psychometric validity in English, Spanish, French, Portuguese, German and Mandarin Chinese. Translations have been made into twenty languages including Hindi, Hebrew and Arabic and the scale has been effectively used in a variety of cultures. The 16-item scale does not have a psychometrically representative shorter form although a 6-item adaptation has been used. The DSES was developed using extensive qualitative testing in a variety of groups, which has helped its capacity to be useful in a variety of settings. It was constructed to reflect an overlapping circle model of spirituality/religiousness and contains items that are more specifically theistic in nature, as well as items to tap the spiritual experience of those who are not comfortable with theistic language. The scale has been used in over 70 published studies. This paper will provide an overview of the scale itself, describe why it has proved useful, and discuss some studies using the scale. See http://www.dsescale.org/ for more information on the scale.
Porphyrin-Embedded Silicate Materials for Detection of Hydrocarbon Solvents
Authors: Johnson Brandy J. , Anderson Nicole E. , Charles Paul T. , Malanoski Anthony P. , Melde Brian J. , Nasir Mansoor , Deschamps Jeffrey R.
Published: January 2011

The development of porphyrin-embedded mesoporous organosilicate materials for application to the detection of volatile hydrocarbon solvents is described. Design of the receptor and optical indicator construct begins with parallel selection of the porphyrin indicator and design of the mesoporous sorbent. For the porphyrin indicator, high binding affinity and strong changes in spectrophotometric character upon target interaction are desired. The sorbent should provide high target binding capacity and rapid binding kinetics. A number of porphyrin/metalloporphyrin variants and organosilicate sorbents were evaluated to determine the characteristics of their interaction with the targets, benzene, toluene, and hexane. The selected porphyrin candidates were covalently immobilized within a benzene-bridged sorbent. This construct was applied to the detection of targets using both fluorescence- and reflectance-based protocols. The use of red, green, and blue (RGB) color values from the constructs in a highly simplified detection scheme is described.
Antiviral Strategies for Pandemic and Seasonal Influenza
Authors: Hedlund Maria , Larson Jeffrey L. , Fang Fang
Published: January 2011

While vaccines are the primary public health response to seasonal and pandemic flu, short of a universal vaccine there are inherent limitations to this approach. Antiviral drugs provide valuable alternative options for treatment and prophylaxis of influenza. Here, we will review drugs and drug candidates against influenza with an emphasis on the recent progress of a host-targeting entry-blocker drug candidate, DAS181, a sialidase fusion protein.
Palladium- and copper-mediated N-aryl bond formation reactions for the synthesis of biological active compounds
Authors: Fischer Carolin , Koenig Burkhard
Published: January 2011

N-Arylated aliphatic and aromatic amines are important substituents in many biologically active compounds. In the last few years, transition-metal-mediated N-aryl bond formation has become a standard procedure for the introduction of amines into aromatic systems. While N-arylation of simple aromatic halides by simple amines works with many of the described methods in high yield, the reactions may require detailed optimization if applied to the synthesis of complex molecules with additional functional groups, such as natural products or drugs. We discuss and compare in this review the three main N-arylation methods in their application to the synthesis of biologically active compounds: Palladium-catalysed Buchwald–Hartwig-type reactions, copper-mediated Ullmann-type and Chan–Lam-type N-arylation reactions. The discussed examples show that palladium-catalysed reactions are favoured for large-scale applications and tolerate sterically demanding substituents on the coupling partners better than Chan–Lam reactions. Chan–Lam N-arylations are particularly mild and do not require additional ligands, which facilitates the work-up. However, reaction times can be very long. Ullmann- and Buchwald–Hartwig-type methods have been used in intramolecular reactions, giving access to complex ring structures. All three N-arylation methods have specific advantages and disadvantages that should be considered when selecting the reaction conditions for a desired C–N bond formation in the course of a total synthesis or drug synthesis.
THE IDEA OF A SYSTEM INCREASING FLIGHT SAFETY
Authors: Rogalski Tomasz
Published: January 2011

This paper presents a conception of an airborne control system that can increase the safety of a general aviation aircraft. Sample threats appear on board the general aviation airplane discussed in the paper. The system monitors some events and flight parameters in the cockpit and can take some actions protecting the plane against threats if recognised as necessary. The paper presents sample actions fly‐by‐wire control systems can take to protect a plane against some threats on board. The system can modify a pilot's controls to correct flight and if it is not enough the system can disengage the pilot to autonomously fly the plane to the nearest safe airport

Santrauka

Straipsnyje pateikta valdymo iš oro sistemos koncepcija, kuri gali padidinti bendrosios aviacijos orlaiviu sauguma bei aptartos pavyzdines gresmes bendrosios aviacijos orlaiviuose. Aprašoma sistema stebi lakūno kabinoje rodomus ivairius skrydžio parametrus ir, kilus bet kokiai gresmei orlaivio saugumui, gali ji apsaugoti. Darbe pateikiami ir kompiuterizuoto elektrodistancinio valdymo sistemos pavyzdžiai, kurie taip pat gali apsaugoti orlaivi nuo jam kylančiu gresmiu. Ši sistema gali modifikuoti piloto valdyma taip, kad būtu pakoreguotas skrydis, o jei ir to neužtenka – sistema pajegi ir autonominiam skrydžiui, kuomet orlaivis yra nukreipiamas i artimiausia ir saugiausia oro uosta be piloto pagalbos.
Analysis of a rapid increase of stratospheric ozone during late austral summer 2008 over Kerguelen (49.4° S, 70.3° E)
Authors: Bencherif H. , El Amraoui L. , Kirgis G. , Leclair De Bellevue J. , Hauchecorne A. , Mzé N. , Portafaix T. , Pazmino A. , Goutail F.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. This paper reports on an increase of ozone event observed over Kerguelen (49.4° S, 70.3° E) in relationship with large-scale isentropic transport. This is evidenced by ground-based observations (co-localised radiosonde and SAOZ experiments) together with satellite global observations (Aura/MLS) assimilated into MOCAGE, a Méteo-France model. The study is based on the analyses of the first ozonesonde experiment never recorded at the Kerguelen site within the framework of a French campaign called ROCK that took place from April to August 2008. Comparisons and interpretations of the observed event are supported by co-localised SAOZ observations, by global mapping of tracers (O3, N2O and columns of O3) from Aura/MLS and Aura/OMI experiments, and by model simulations of Ertel Potential Vorticity initialised by the ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) data reanalyses. Satellite and ground-based observational data revealed a consistent increase of ozone in the local stratosphere by mid-April 2008. Additionally, Ozone (O3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) profiles obtained during January–May 2008 using the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) aboard the Aura satellite are assimilated into MOCAGE (MOdèle de Chimie Atmosphérique à Grande Echelle), a global three-dimensional chemistry transport model of Météo-France. The assimilated total O3 values are consistent with SAOZ ground observations (within ±5%), and isentropic distributions of O3 match well with maps of advected potential vorticity (APV) derived from the MIMOSA model, a high-resolution advection transport model, and from the ECMWF reanalysis. The event studied seems to be related to the isentropic transport of air masses that took place simultaneously in the lower- and middle-stratosphere, respectively from the polar region and from the tropics to the mid-latitudes. In fact, the ozone increase observed by mid April 2008 resulted simultaneously: (1) from an equator-ward departure of polar air masses characterised with a high-ozone layer in the lower stratosphere (near the 475 K isentropic level), and (2) from a reverse isentropic transport from the tropics to mid- and high-latitudes in the upper stratosphere (nearby the 700 K level). The increase of ozone observed over Kerguelen from the 16-April ozonesonde profile is thus attributed to a concomitant isentropic transport of ozone in two stratospheric layers: the tropical air moving southward and reaching over Kerguelen in the upper stratosphere, and the polar air passing over the same area but in the lower stratosphere.
Characteristics of PM2.5 speciation in representative megacities and across China
Authors: Yang F. , Tan J. , Zhao Q. , Du Z. , He K. , Ma Y. , Duan F. , Chen G. , Zhao Q.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Based on PM2.5 chemical database from literature and our observations, chemical species and reconstructed speciation of PM2.5 in several representative Chinese megacities and across China were compared to draw insights into the characteristics of PM2.5 speciation. PM2.5 mass and speciation varied substantially over geographical regions in China. Near six-fold variations in average PM2.5 concentrations (34.0–193.4 μg m−3) across China were found with high PM2.5 levels (>100 μg m−3) appearing along northern region and in western urban areas. At both urban and rural sites in eastern region, sum of sulfate, nitrate, and ammonia (SNA) typically constituted 40–57% of PM2.5 mass, indicative of the regional characteristics of fine particulate pollution and more intensive "complex atmospheric pollution" compared to western region. Particulate organic matter (POM) had constant and significant contribution to PM2.5 mass. POM plus SNA accounted for 62–90% of PM2.5 mass at most of the sites. PM2.5 speciation in China was also characterized by high content of mineral dust. In four representative megacities (i.e. Beijing, Chongqing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou) with substantially higher levels of all the species except that NO3−, NH4+, and EC in PM2.5 than those in Los Angeles, distinct differences in nitrate and sulfate levels and their mass ratio [NO3−]/[SO42−] imply that mobile source is likely more important than stationary (coal combustion) source in Guangzhou whereas in Chongqing the situation is contrary. The observed intra-city variations in PM2.5 mass and speciation indicate that local emissions and regional transportation both contributed significantly to high fine particles levels in Beijing, while local contribution likely played a predominant role in Chongqing. During the ten-year period from 1999 through 2008 in urban Beijing, both SNA and [NO3−]/[SO42−] exhibited steadily increasing trends, implying that the characteristic of "complex atmospheric pollution" and the contribution from mobile sources were both being enhanced.
The study of emission inventory on anthropogenic air pollutants and VOC species in the Yangtze River Delta region, China
Authors: Huang C. , Chen C. H. , Li L. , Cheng Z. , Wang H. L. , Huang H. Y. , Streets D. G. , Wang Y. J.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. The purpose of this study is to develop an emission inventory for major anthropogenic air pollutants and VOC species in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region for the year 2007. A "bottom-up" methodology was adopted to compile the inventory based on major emission sources in the sixteen cities of this region. Results show that the emissions of SO2, NOx, CO, PM10, PM2.5, VOCs, and NH3 in the YRD region for the year 2007 are 2391.8 kt, 2292.9 kt, 6697.1 kt, 3115.7 kt, 1510.8 kt, 2767.4 kt, and 458.9 kt, respectively. Ethylene, mp-xylene, o-xylene, toluene, and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, 2,4-dimethylpentane, ethyl benzene, propylene, 1-pentene, and isoprene are the key species contributing 77% to the total OFPs. The spatial distribution of the emissions shows the emissions and OFPs are mainly concentrated in the urban and industrial areas along the Yangtze River and around the Hangzhou Bay. The industrial sources including power plant, other fuel combustion facilities, and non-combustion processes contribute about 97%, 86%, 89%, 91%, and 69% of the total SO2, NOx, PM10, PM2.5, and VOC emissions. Vehicles take up 12.3% and 12.4% of the NOx and VOC emissions, respectively. Regarding OFPs, chemical industry, domestic use of paint and printing, and gasoline vehicle contribute 38.2%, 23.9%, and 11.6% to the ozone formation in the YRD region.
Quantifying methane emissions from rice paddies in Northeast China by integrating remote sensing mapping with a biogeochemical model
Authors: Zhang Y. , Wang Y. Y. , Su S. L. , Li C. S.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. The Sanjiang Plain located in Northeastern China is one of the major rice producing regions in the country. However, differing from the majority rice regions in Southern China, the Sanjinag Plain possesses a much cooler weather. Could the rice paddies in this domain be an important source of global methane? To answer this question, we calculated methane (CH4) emissions from the region by integrating remote sensing mapping with a process-based biogeochemistry model, Denitrification and Decomposition or DNDC. To quantify regional CH4 emissions from the plain, we first tested the model against a two-year dataset of CH4 fluxes measured at a typical rice field within the domian. A sensitivity test was conducted to find out the most sensitive factors affecting CH4 emissions in the region. Based on the understanding gained from the validation and sensitivity tests, a geographic information system (GIS) database was constructed to hold the spatially differentiated input information to drive DNDC for its regional simulations. The GIS database included a rice map derived from the Landsat TM images, which provided crucial information about the spatial distribution of the rice fields within the domain of 10.93 million hectares. The modeled results showed that the total 1.44 million ha of rice paddies in the plain emitted 0.43–0.58 Tg CH4-C per year with spatially differentiated annual emission rates ranging between 100–800 kg CH4-C/ha, which are comparable with that observed in Southern China. The modeled data indicated that the high SOC contents, long crop season and high rice biomass enhanced CH4 production in the cool paddies. The modeled results proved that the northern wetland agroecosystems could make important contributions to global greenhouse gas inventory.
A Concise Overview of Applications of Ant Colony Optimization
Authors: Stützle Thomas , López‐Ibáñez Manuel , Dorigo Marco
Published: January 2011

Ant colony optimization (ACO) is a metaheuristic for solving hard combinatorial (discrete) optimization problems; it is inspired by the foraging behavior of real ants. Despite being a rather recent technique, the number of applications of ACO algorithms is very large. Most applications of ACO deal with NP‐hard combinatorial optimization problems, that is, with problems for which no polynomial time algorithms are known. ACO algorithms have also been extended to handle problems with multiple objectives, stochastic data, and dynamically changing problem information. There are, as well, extensions of the ACO metaheuristic for dealing with problems with continuous decision variables.

This chapter provides a concise overview of the most noteworthy applications of ACO algorithms. This overview is necessarily incomplete because the number of currently available ACO applications goes into the hundreds. Our description of the applications extends with many recent examples the list proposed in 2004 by Dorigo and Stützle in their book on ACO.
Aggregate Planning
Authors: Swihart Mike
Published: January 2011

Aggregate planning creates a high level plan that has been simplified by combining a number of entities into a single entity. This article focuses on strategic situations in supply chains where it is used for developing models for many scenarios that inform strategic decisions. The reason why aggregate planning is used is because all details are not required for the solution or it is used where details cannot be included because the construction would be too complex or the time to optimize would be too long in duration.

The mathematical approach behind aggregate planning is a linear program (LP) or a mixed integer program (MIP). This type of problem is well solved. Stand‐alone PC‐based software is usually employed, this addresses the basic mathematical needs.

There are several areas where problems can arise. The first area is in the application of the mathematics itself. Other areas are in the business processes, the data processes, and the decision processes. These areas are more likely to be the source of challenges than the mathematics.
Airline Resource Scheduling
Authors: Cohn Amy , Lapp Marcial
Published: January 2011

Commercial airlines face many complex decisions, from strategic planning to daily operations. For more than 30 years, the operations research (OR) community has played a critical role in helping to solve many of these challenging decision‐making problems. In this article, we focus on OR approach to resource allocation problems in passenger aviation. We discuss some of the most well‐known problems and their respective solution approaches, review current research in the field, and highlight emerging research areas of future importance.
Asymptotic Behavior of Continuous‐Time Markov Chains
Authors: Tekin Eylem
Published: January 2011

This article summarizes the theoretical foundations for analyzing the asymptotic behavior of continuous‐time Markov chains. We first introduce several concepts for classifying the states of a continuous‐time Markov chain. These concepts include irreducibility, recurrence, and transience. Then, we describe how to compute the limiting distribution of a continuous‐time Markov chain.
Backward and Forward Equations for Diffusion Processes
Authors: Ghosh Arka P.
Published: January 2011

This article is devoted to the discussion of two fundamental (partial) differential equations, which arise in the context of Markov diffusion processes. After giving a brief introduction of continuous‐time continuous‐state Markov processes, we introduce the forward and backward equations, and provide a heuristic derivation of these equations for diffusion processes. We also discuss some examples and features of these two equations.
Bayesian Network Classifiers
Authors: Goldszmidt Moises
Published: January 2011

Bayesian network classifiers are used extensively both in academia and in a wide range of industrial applications and domains. This article first reviews the main concepts behind statistical pattern classifiers and Bayesian networks, including the main methods for the automated induction of these models. It then continues with a description of the application of Bayesian networks as statistical pattern classifiers. It discusses the advantages of Bayesian network classifiers over other types of classifiers, and provides up‐to‐date references covering the material and examples of applications. Readers with basic knowledge of statistics will acquire the necessary background to explore more technical papers and decide on whether Bayesian network classifiers are the right technology for their particular problem and domain.
Behavioral Economics And Game Theory
Authors: Costa‐Gomes Miguel A.
Published: January 2011

Game theory is a tool used to predict behavior in situations involving several decision makers. However, when people play games their behavior often shows systematic deviations from the theory's predictions. This article provides brief summaries of the different modeling approaches that attempt to account for such deviations. A common theme of these approaches is its close attention to a variety of empirically based phenomena that have been documented by psychologists. The result is a synthesis of theory and empirical evidence that is known as behavioral game theory.
Bilinear Optimization
Authors: Lim Churlzu
Published: January 2011

The bilinear optimization (or bilinear programming) problem is a specially structured quadratic programming problem, where two sets of variables have bilinear relationships. Assuming nonempty and bounded feasible regions, we first present useful properties of this problem, and discuss two commonly used solution approaches as well as local search methods. We also illustrate how the bilinear programming formulation is related to two game‐theoretic problems, bimatrix game and sequential game. Then, detection of unboundedness of bilinear programming problems is discussed when feasible region(s) are unbounded. Finally, brief remarks on generalized formulations of bilinear program conclude this article.
Branch‐and‐Bound Algorithms
Authors: Kianfar Kiavash
Published: January 2011

“Branch‐and‐bound” is the most common approach to solving integer programming and many combinatorial optimization problems. This article provides an overview of the main concepts in branch‐and‐bound and explains how it works. It also discusses the major design questions that arise in implementing branch‐and‐bound, and briefly reviews the most common answers to these questions by referring to the recent literature providing the reader with ample opportunity for further reading.
Branch‐Price‐and‐Cut Algorithms
Authors: Desrosiers Jacques , Lübbecke Marco E.
Published: January 2011

In many mixed integer programs there is some embedded problem structure which can be exploited, often by a decomposition. When the relaxation in each node of a branch‐and‐bound tree is solved by column generation, one speaks of branch‐and‐price. Optionally, cutting planes can be added in order to strengthen the relaxation, and this is calledbranch‐price‐and‐cut. We introduce the common concepts of convexification and discretization to arrive at a Dantzig–Wolfe type reformulation of a mixed integer program. The relation between the original and the extended formulations helps us understand how cutting planes should be formulated and how branching decisions can be taken while keeping the column generation subproblems manageable.
Branch‐Width and Tangles
Authors: Hicks Illya V. , Oum Sang‐il
Published: January 2011

This article describes the notion of branch‐width and its dual notion, tangles. Branch‐width was introduced by Robertson and Seymour and has been applied to various combinatorial structures.
Capacity Allocation in Supply Chain Scheduling
Authors: Hall Nicholas , Liu Zhixin
Published: January 2011

Capacity allocation problems, which arise frequently in manufacturing systems, include under‐allocation, over‐allocation, and misallocation of capacity. Such problems can originate from either the demand or the supply side. Where capacity is time‐sensitive, these problems need to be resolved in tandem with other operational issues such as scheduling. This article discusses capacity allocation decisions that are modeled as cooperative or noncooperative games within research on supply chain scheduling. For cooperative game models, we focus on the existence of fair allocations of savings and/or capacity that ensure the cooperation of all the players. For noncooperative game models, we discuss the efficiency of capacity allocation mechanisms, and describe incentive schemes that attempt to resolve the problem of strategic ordering whereby players introduce false information in order to gain an advantage. We also describe several topics for future research.
Revenue Management
Authors: Gallego Guillermo
Published: January 2011

Providers of perishable capacity sold through reservation systems typically impose purchase and usage restrictions to sell the same capacity to different customers at different prices. We will assume that the fare structure (a menu of prices and restrictions) is given and that the capacity provider's goal is to allocate capacity among fare classes to maximize expected revenues. We first analyze the single resource, multiple‐fare case and then investigate the network model under the assumption of independent demands. Independent demand models are appropriate if fares are well differentiated and alternative sources of capacity are available to customers who are unable to find their preferred fare. When fares are not well differentiated, or alternative sources of capacity are not readily available, customers may buy up to the next higher fare if their preferred fare is not available. Demand dependencies can significantly erode revenues when controls are based on independent demand models. Researchers and practitioners have been actively trying to find solutions that take into account demand dependencies through the use of discrete choice models. We present a summary of these works and point out directions for future research.
Use of a High‐FidelityUASSimulation for Design, Testing, Training, and Mission Planning for Operation in Complex Environments
Authors: Barton Jeffrey D. , Cybyk Bohdan , Drewry David G. , Frey Timothy M. , Funk Brian K. , Hawthorne R. Chad , Keane John F.
Published: January 2011

Today, both military and civilian forces operate Unmanned Air Systems (UAS) in mountainous, desert, littoral, and urban areas. The environmental features of these natural and man‐made environments (e.g., wind effects coupled with terrain features) can make low‐level flight of small air vehicles extremely challenging. Modeling and simulation (M&S) tools can provide design engineers and analysts with a high‐fidelity representation of UAS flight in these complex environments where wind gusts and thermally and/or geometrically influenced local vortices are naturally present. An open‐architecture modeling toolset, with modular components representing this and other challenges in these types of terrains, such as communications, air vehicle aerodynamic characteristics, autopilots, sensors, and autonomy algorithms, can provide a capability to evaluate performance enhancing technologies (e.g., development of new airframes specifically designed for operations in these chaotic regimes), to conduct realistic operator training, and to perform more accurate mission planning.
Collaborative Procurement
Authors: Erhun Feryal
Published: January 2011

According to a recent US Department of Commerce survey, for every dollar of sales revenue, 50 cents are spent on component procurement in the US manufacturing industry. It is therefore crucial that firms manage their procurement effectively in order to maintain a competitive edge in the market. One way of achieving this goal is to change the nature of intra‐ and inter‐firm relationships from adversarial to collaborative. Through collaboration in procurement, firms may lower their costs, reduce their inventory, increase their sales and revenue, and utilize their resources more efficiently. In this article, we provide a brief overview of collaborative procurement.
Comparisons of Risk Attitudes Across Individuals
Authors: Egan Daniel , Davies Greg B. , Brooks Peter
Published: January 2011

In comparing risk attitudes across individuals we usually aim to determine whether one can reliably measure a difference in risk attitudes between two individuals, the magnitude of that difference, and what factors should be controlled for to ensure comparisons are meaningful. These comparisons critically depend on the method of risk attitude measurement and elicitation used, and a clear understanding of what the modeled risk attitude represents. Individual risk attitudes are fragile and very specific to domain and framing effects, and thus comparisons should always be made within the same elicitation method.

Depending on the measurement method, comparisons can be made on relative or absolute scales. In general, the more precise the measurement, the more sensitive it will be to slight changes in assessment. Psychometric measures are the simplest and most robust, but allow only for ordinal comparisons. Certainty equivalent and utility models of choices can give more precise, but noisy, cardinal estimates of individual risk aversion. The purpose and need for precision of the comparison will often drive the method a researcher chooses for eliciting risk attitudes, and advice is given for researchers seeking to design or analyze such studies.
Concepts of Network Reliability
Authors: Colbourn Charles J.
Published: January 2011

Network reliability concerns the probability that a network can support a desired network operation in an environment of random component failures. This introductory article introduces the basic concepts in network reliability models, and the computation, bounding, and approximation of standard network reliability measures.
Condition‐Based Maintenance Under Markovian Deterioration
Authors: Çekyay Bora , Özekici Süleyman
Published: January 2011

We focus on condition‐based maintenance models with Markovian deterioration, and review the literature for which control‐limit policies are optimal. These polices are not necessarily optimal in a variety of cases and the optimal policy may have a rather complex structure. We also discuss such models where one often uses special simplified policies depicted by a few thresholds and solved using iterative algorithms. The objective is to discuss a wide range of models on condition‐based maintenance and technical details are omitted.
Conservation Laws and Related Applications
Authors: Niño‐Mora José
Published: January 2011

Work conservation is a fundamental invariance principle governing the behavior of a wide variety of queueing systems. In certain queueing models, the work conservation principle yields work conservation laws, which are linear constraints on performance measures that give an exact or relaxed linear programming formulation of the region of achievable performance spanned under admissible scheduling policies. Such laws are useful for exact or approximate performance analyses of such models, as well as for design and computation of optimal or nearly optimal scheduling policies relative to given performance objectives.
Defining Objectives and Criteria for Decision Problems
Authors: Merrick Jason R. W.
Published: January 2011

The first step in analyzing a decision is to define what the decision maker wants to achieve. Generating a broad and comprehensive set of objectives leads to a wider focus in our consideration of alternatives and hence results in better decisions. However, several studies show that decision makers are not good at defining all the objectives that they should consider. This article introduces the concepts that help us understand decision makers' objectives and reviews the literature on the problems encountered in defining objectives and on how to overcome them. Examples from the author's research are used to illustrate the concepts discussed.
Degeneracy And Variable Entering/Exiting Rules
Authors: Maros István
Published: January 2011

Degeneracy is a phenomenon in linear programming (LP) that has important implications if the simplex method (SM) is used to solve an LP problem. It can happen that some of the vertices of the convex polyhedron of the feasible solutions (basic solutions) are not uniquely defined. In such a case the SM method may move from one representation of a vertex to another representation of the same vertex, while the value of the objective function remains unchanged. This can lead to a sequence of nonimproving solutions and a return to the first basis in the sequence. If it happens the sequence is repeated infinitely resulting in cycling and the SM does not terminate. There are, however, various theoretical and computational approaches that can prevent the SM from cycling. Even if they may not be able to overcome a long series of nonimproving iterations, called
stalling
, they still can substantially reduce the number of such iterations. This article gives details of all these phenomena and the indicated remedies.