bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Terrestrial locomotion in elongate fishes: exploring the roles of morphology and substrate in facilitating locomotion
Authors: Mehta R. S. , Akesson K. , Redmann E. , McCarty‐Glenn M. , Ortega R. , Syed S. , Yap‐Chiongco M. , Jacquemetton C. , Ward A. B.
Published: May 2020

Highly elongate body plans have evolved multiple times in the Actinopterygii, and members of many of these groups are known to use lateral undulation on land. Here, we quantified components of the axial skeleton for four phylogenetically disparate actinopterygian fishes and one sarcopterygian to determine whether axial morphology may affect their locomotor kinematics. We tested species in water and on two terrestrial substrates: loose wet pebbles and wet sand. Differences in axial morphology translated to differences in wavelengths, amplitudes, and frequencies at the center of the body and tail while swimming, but overall, we consistently observed a similar shift in kinematic patterns when fish were moving on the two terrestrial treatments. Generally, our kinematic data support our hypothesis that elongate fishes increased their wave frequency and shorten their wavelengths on terrestrial substrates but we also observed lower wave amplitudes contrary to our prediction. As anticipated, animals exhibited a higher distance ratio (DR), our metric of locomotor efficiency, at the head, center of the body, and tail in aquatic trials. DRs were between 25% and 50% higher in water compared to terrestrial treatments. Locomotion was less effective on wet sand substrate compared to loose wet pebble substrate as exhibited by the discrepancy in DRs and wave patterns along the fish. These data suggest that loose wet pebble substrates do indeed provide vertical points for lateral force transmission and that highly elongate fish have an advantage when moving along this substrate. Our species varied greatly in their total vertebral numbers, 93–129, and in their proportion of precaudal (42–102) and caudal vertebral numbers (10–64). Therefore, despite major differences in vertebral proportions, we find that fishes with anguilliform body plans share similar suites of kinematic patterns within aquatic versus terrestrial treatments and that a pebble substrate can better facilitate axial movements.
Information Valence and Evaluations of Congress and Individual Legislators: Experimental Evidence Regarding Negativity Bias in Politics
Authors: Benjamin Ashton H. , Kal Munis B.
Published: May 2020

We use a survey experiment to assess whether negativity bias affects voters’ judgments of the legislative effectiveness of Congress (MCs) and Congress as an institution. These political actors allow us to evaluate voters’ perceptions of somewhat impersonal attitudinal objects (MCs) and very impersonal attitudinal objects (Congress as an institution). We find strong evidence of negativity bias, where individuals tend to place more weight upon negative information when evaluating MCs/Congress, and require less negative information to make an overall negative judgment of these actors. Specifically, our experiments indicate thatlessnegative information is required to reach a judgment than is positive information. Similarly, our evidence suggests that voters are quicker to punish politicians and institutions for negative behavior than to reward them for positive behavior. In most cases, these effects are moderated by partisanship, with negativity bias being more severe against members of the partisan outgroup.
Sampling interplanetary dust from Antarctic air
Authors: Taylor S. , Lever J. H. , Burgess K. D. , Stroud R. M. , Brownlee D. E. , Nittler L. R. , Bardyn A. , Alexander C. M. O’D. , Farley K. A. , Treffkorn J. , Messenger S. , Wozniakiewicz P. J.
Published: May 2020

We built a collector to filter interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) larger than 5 μm from the clean air at the Amundsen Scott South Pole station. Our sampling strategy used long duration, continuous dry filtering of near‐surface air in place of short duration, high‐speed impact collection on flags flown in the stratosphere. We filtered ~107 m3 of clean Antarctic air through 20 cm diameter, 3 µm filters coupled to a suction blower of modest power consumption (5–6 kW). Our collector ran continuously for 2 years and yielded 41 filters for analyses. Based on stratospheric concentrations, we predicted that each month’s collection would provide 300–900 IDPs for analysis. We identified 19 extraterrestrial (ET) particles on the 66 cm2 of filter examined, which represented ~0.5% of the exposed filter surfaces. The 11 ET particles larger than 5 µm yield about a fifth of the expected flux based on >5 µm stratospheric ET particle flux. Of the 19 ET particles identified, four were chondritic porous IDPs, seven were FeNiS beads, two were FeNi grains, and six were chondritic material with FeNiS components. Most were <10 µm in diameter and none were cluster particles. Additionally, a carbon‐rich candidate particle was found to have a small 15N isotopic enrichment, supporting an ET origin. Many other candidate grains, including chondritic glasses and C‐rich particles with Mg and Si and FeS grains, require further analysis to determine if they are ET. The vast majority of exposed filter surfaces remain to be examined.
Advancing nursing practice for improved health outcomes using the principles of perceptual control theory
Authors: Griffiths Robert , Carey Timothy A.
Published: May 2020

This article describes how an empirically supported theory of human behaviour, perceptual control theory, can be used to advance nursing practice and improve health outcomes for people who are accessing nursing care. Nursing often takes a pragmatic approach to the delivery of care, with an emphasis on doing what appears to work. This focus on pragmatism can sometimes take precedence over any consideration of the underlying theoretical assumptions that inform decisions to take one particular approach over another or the mechanisms through which nursing interventions have their effects. For nursing to develop as a profession, there needs to be an increased focus on the core principles that underpin the delivery of care. In addition to understanding what works, nurses must develop their understanding of how and why particular approaches work or do not work. Understanding the fundamental principles that underpin nurses’ actions will lead to more efficient and effective approaches to the delivery of nursing care. It will also enable nurses to maximize those elements of their practice that are most beneficial for people and minimize other activities that either have little effect or actually lead to worse outcomes. In this article, we will propose that the phenomenon of control is fundamental to human health. Perceptual control theory provides a coherent theoretical framework that enables us to understand the phenomenon of control through a functional model of human behaviour. People are healthy when their neurochemical, physiological, biological, psychological and social states are all controlled satisfactorily. We will explain the implications of understanding health as control throughout the paper. From this perspective, we will argue that the aim of nurses and nursing should be to support people to maintain or recover control over those aspects of their lives that are important and meaningful to them.
Vocational interests, gender, and job performance: Two person–occupation cross‐level interactions
Authors: Wee Serena , Newman Daniel A. , Song Q. Chelsea , Schinka John A.
Published: May 2020

Vocational interest theories imply a person–occupation cross‐level interaction effect (e.g., artistic interests predict job performance better in artistic occupations), which has rarely if ever been tested as such. Using a large military sample, we find person–occupation interest congruence effects are supported: (a) on core technical job performance for six of eight interest dimensions, and (b) on job performance ratings for structural/machines and rugged outdoors (i.e., Realistic) interests. Another cross‐level interaction involves the person–occupation gender congruence effect. Our data also confirm the job performance gap favors men when in male‐dominated occupations, but favors women when in gender‐balanced occupations. Due to strong overlap between vocational interests and gender, we conduct a critical test of whether person–occupation interest congruence might be due to person–occupation gender congruence. In only two of six cases (i.e., rugged outdoors and administrative interests), did the person–occupation interest congruence effect disappear after controlling for the person–occupation gender congruence effect; the gender congruence effect also remained significant after controlling for the interest congruence effect. Consequently, the two cross‐level interactions on job performance (for vocational interests and for gender) appear to represent distinct effects. In a second, service organization sample, the person–occupation interest congruence effect (for Realistic interests) on job performance ratings and the person–occupation gender congruence effect were both replicated.
Varieties of Moral Encroachment
Authors: Bolinger Renée Jorgensen
Published: May 2020

Several authors have recently suggested that moral factors and norms ‘encroach’ on the epistemic, and because of salient parallels to pragmatic encroachment views in epistemology, these suggestions have been dubbed ‘moral encroachment views’. This paper distinguishes between variants of the moral encroachment thesis, pointing out how they address different problems, are motivated by different considerations, and are not all subject to the same objections. It also explores how the family of moral encroachment views compare to classical pragmatic encroachment accounts.
Using Systematic Anomalous Case Analysis to Examine Sexual and Reproductive Health Outcomes in the Philippines
Authors: Gipson Jessica D. , Uysal Jasmine , Narasimhan Subasri , Gultiano Socorro (Connie)
Published: May 2020

The Philippines is characterized by sustained economic growth and political stability, yet sexual and reproductive health indicators have stalled or even worsened in recent decades. We employed an innovative, mixed‐methods approach—Systematic Anomalous Case Analysis—to gain insights into these worsening trends by examining sexual and reproductive decision‐making among a cohort of young adults in Metro Cebu, Philippines. We first analyzed longitudinal data (1998–2009) to predict reproductive outcomes (i.e., age of first sex, number of living children) among participants in the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey to identify cases (predicted and anomalous) with whom we subsequently conducted qualitative, in‐depth interviews in 2013‐14 (n = 48). Analysis of the qualitative data revealed unique social and contextual factors that shaped patterns of sexual and contraceptive decision‐making across three, distinct reproductive life stages: (1) at first sex, (2) after the birth of first child, and (3) after the birth of several children. However, gendered roles and expectations exerted strong influences on sexual and reproductive outcomes across these life stages. Finally, we identified two constructs from our qualitative analysis—sexual fluidity and sexual agency—that deserve further examination and integration into theoretical and empirical models of sexual and reproductive decision‐making.
Long‐term vision and economic development
Authors: Kodila‐Tedika Oasis , Khalifa Sherif
Published: May 2020

This paper examines the effect on economic development of whether a country's policymakers adopt a long‐term vision. We use a novel institutional variable that indicates whether policymakers have a long‐term strategic vision. However, the difficulty in estimating a causal effect is that long‐term vision is endogenous to economic development. Therefore, we use the future‐time reference language variables introduced in American Economic Review, 103, 690; 2013 as instrumental variables for long‐term vision. To account for endogeneity, the paper conducts two‐stage least‐squares estimations where the language instruments are used in the first stage to find an exogenous source of variation in long‐term vision. The results show that long‐term vision, instrumented by future‐time reference, explains cross‐country variations in economic development. These results are robust even after the inclusion of control variables and after the exclusion of outliers.
Mayweed chamomile (Anthemis cotula L.) biology and management—A review of an emerging global invader
Authors: Adhikari Subodh , Burke Ian C. , Eigenbrode Sanford D.
Published: May 2020

The globally invasive weed, mayweed chamomile (Anthemis cotula L.) is an annual, bushy, ill‐scented herb, originating in Eurasia. It is aggressively weedy in croplands, field‐side ditches, wet areas and along roadsides, especially in slightly acidic, nitrogen‐rich, clay‐loam soils. In addition to interfering with crop growth, the weed causes dermatitis and eye irritation in humans, skin rashes and sour mouth in domesticated mammals, and off‐flavours in cow's milk through forage contamination. Although A. cotula may be managed effectively with some broadleaf herbicides in cereal crops, it is much more difficult to manage in broadleaved crops and cover crops. In some regions, aggressive use of relatively few herbicides has selected for acetolactate synthase herbicide resistance in A. cotula. Therefore, A. cotula poses serious ecological and economic challenges in many regions. Despite this threat, the details of A. cotula biology and ecology in the context of environmental change remain relatively unknown. For example, the reason for the invasiveness of A. cotula remains uncertain, but is presumed to be due to abundant seed production, allelochemicals, mycorrhizal associations, minimal herbivory in invaded ranges, ability to attract generalist pollinators through an extended flowering period and adaptive capacity in a wide range of soil types and conditions. In this paper, we comprehensively review the literature and ongoing work on A. cotula and provide a research agenda to improve understanding and management of this species.
Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of MRSA across different pig age groups in an intensive pig production system in Australia
Authors: Sahibzada Shafi , Pang Stanley , Hernández‐Jover Marta , Jordan David , Abraham Sam , O'Dea Mark , Heller Jane
Published: May 2020

This observational study aimed to determine MRSA prevalence using strain‐specific real‐time PCR at the pig level, stratified by age groupings, within a pig enterprise. A total of 658 samples were collected from individual pigs (n = 618) and the piggery environment (n = 40), distributed amongst five different pig age groups. Presumptive MRSA isolates were confirmed by the presence of mecA, and MALDI‐TOF was performed for species verification. All isolates were tested against 18 different antimicrobials. MRSA was isolated from 75.2% (95% CI 71.8–78.6) of samples collected from pigs, and 71% of the MRSA isolates from this source were identified as community‐associated (CA)‐MRSA ST93, while the remainder were livestock‐associated (LA)‐MRSA ST398. Amongst environmental isolates, 80% (CI 64.3–95.7) were ST93 and the remainder ST398. All MRSA isolates from pigs and the environment were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, linezolid, mupirocin, rifampicin, sulfamethoxazole–trimethoprim, teicoplanin and vancomycin. Phenotypic rates of resistance were penicillin (100%), clindamycin (97.6%), erythromycin (96.3%), ceftiofur (93.7%), chloramphenicol (81.2%), tetracycline (63.1%) and amoxicillin–clavulanate (63.9%). A low prevalence of resistance (9.2%) was observed against neomycin and quinupristin–dalfopristin. The probability of MRSA carriage in dry sows (42.2%) was found to be significantly lower (p < .001) when compared to other age groups: farrowing sows (76.8%, RR1.82), weaners (97.8%, RR 2.32), growers (94.2%, RR 2.23) and finishers (98.3%, RR 2.33). Amongst different production age groups, a significant difference was also found in antimicrobial resistance for amoxicillin–clavulanate, neomycin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline. Using the RT‐PCR assay adopted in this study, filtering of highly prevalent ST93 and non‐ST93 isolates was performed at high throughput and low cost. In conclusion, this study found that weaner pigs presented a higher risk for CA‐MRSA and antimicrobial resistance compared to other age groups. These findings have major implications for how investigations of MRSA outbreaks should be approached under the One‐Health context.
Gobernanza del ecosistema manglar en el territorio colectivo de las comunidades negras del río Cajambre, Buenaventura, Valle del Cauca: estudio de caso
Authors: González Anaya Maribell , Arroyo Valencia Jesús Eduardo , Dávila Cruz Carlos Alberto
Published: May 2020

El estudio se realizó en el territorio colectivo de la comunidad negra del río Cajambre, en tres comunidades ubicadas en la parte baja de la cuenca, en zona rural del Distrito de Buenaventura, Valle del Cauca. Se usaron técnicas de la investigación cualitativa, como la entrevista semiestructurada a actores clave (líderes y miembros de la junta del Consejo comunitario local), grupos focales, dos por comunidad con usuarios del manglar y observación participante, durante el 2017 y 2018. Se plantearon como categorías de análisis: comunidad étnica-identidad; territorio colectivo-territorialización-territorialidad; gestión y uso de bienes colectivos o comunes, y la autonomía y gobernanza. El proceso investigativo permitió conocer las formas de organización, planificación y toma de decisiones de las comunidades locales vinculadas al uso, manejo y conservación del ecosistema manglar; identificar las prácticas de aprovechamiento de los bienes asociados al manglar (madera e invertebrados marinos) y determinar las dinámicas y tensiones del ejercicio de la gobernanza en relación con los instrumentos de planificación, formulados de manera participativa por los cajambreños.
Investigation of Dual-Fuel Combustion by Different Port Injection Fuels (Neat Ethanol and E85) in a DE95 Diesel/Ethanol Blend Fueled Compression Ignition Engine
Authors: Gürbüz Habib , Demirtürk Selim
Published: May 2020

This paper investigated the effect of different substitution ratios of neat ethanol (E100) and ethanol–gasoline blend E85 on in-cylinder combustion, engine efficiency, and exhaust emissions, in a dual-fuel diesel engine, using the ethanol–diesel blend (DE95). Experimental studies realized at 1400 rpm, 1600 rpm, and 1800 rpm engine speeds under constant engine load of 50% (20 Nm). For each engine speed, the injection timing of diesel and E95 fuels at 24 °CA bTDC kept constant while low-reactivity fuels (i.e., E100 and E85) substitution ratio changed in the range of 59–83%. The results showed that premixed fuels in different SRs have an impact on shaping engine emissions, ignition delay (ID), in-cylinder pressure, and heat-release rate. Also, at the dual-fuel experimental studies in all engine speeds, NOx about 47–67% decrease compared to single fuel conditions of reference diesel and DE95, and smoke opacity remained unchanged around 0.1 FSN, whereas HC and CO increased in the range of 20–50%. However, E85/DE95 and E100/DE95 dual-fuel combustion achieved lower brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and combustion efficiency compared to single diesel fuel combustion. On the other hand, in dual-fuel combustion conditions, despite the low combustion efficiency, premixed E85 fuel offered higher engine efficiency and lower exhaust emissions than E100.
Various aspects of Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography in splenic lesions – a pictorial essay
Authors: Ioanitescu Elena Simona , Copaci Ionel , Mindrut Eugenia , Motoi Otilia , Stanciu Adriana Mercan , Toma Letitia , Iliescu Elena Laura
Published: May 2020

Spleen pathology is rare in comparison with other abdominal organs, but often its lesions occur in complex pathological contexts, with systemic involvement. Although the lesions could be discretely symptomatic, their evolutionary potential might be severe. Conventional B-mode and Doppler ultrasound are the first-line imaging methods in spleen assessment, but frequently they do not allow the characterization of focal splenic abnormalities. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is fast, safe, easy to perform, non-irradiating and can be used in patients with renal failure. By highlighting splenic macro and micro-vascularization, CEUS significantly increases the detection rate and allows the characterization of vascular (infarction, ischemia, thrombosis) and traumatic lesions, with high diagnostic accuracy. Additionally, ectopic splenic tissue can be identified with high accuracy. The method improves both the detection and characterization of splenic nodules, but some limitations still remain, especially in the differential diagnosis between malignant and some benign lesions. This article aims to portray aspects of CEUS imaging in various splenic pathologies using clinical examples from our experience and to review the CEUS contribution in the diagnosis of splenic lesions.
Phenotype stability under dynamic brain-tumor environment stimuli maps glioblastoma progression in patients
Authors: Rajapakse Vinodh N. , Herrada Sylvia , Lavi Orit
Published: May 2020

The dynamic stability of a tumor phenotype accounts for differences in patient survival that static measures cannot fully capture.
Brain delivery of therapeutic proteins using an Fc fragment blood-brain barrier transport vehicle in mice and monkeys
Authors: Kariolis Mihalis S. , Wells Robert C. , Getz Jennifer A. , Kwan Wanda , Mahon Cathal S. , Tong Raymond , Kim Do Jin , Srivastava Ankita , Bedard Catherine , Henne Kirk R. , Giese Tina , Assimon Victoria A. , Chen Xiaocheng , Zhang Yin , Solanoy Hilda , Jenkins Katherine , Sanchez Pascal E. , Kane Lesley , Miyamoto Takashi , Chew Kylie S. , Pizzo Michelle E. , Liang Nicholas , Calvert Meredith E. K. , DeVos Sarah L. , Baskaran Sulochanadevi , Hall Sejal , Sweeney Zachary K. , Thorne Robert G. , Watts Ryan J. , Dennis Mark S. , Silverman Adam P. , Zuchero Y. Joy Yu
Published: May 2020

Engineering human IgG1 Fc binding to a brain endothelial cell–enriched receptor allows enhanced brain exposure of biotherapeutics in multiple species.
Blocking immunosuppressive neutrophils deters pY696-EZH2–driven brain metastases
Authors: Zhang Lin , Yao Jun , Wei Yongkun , Zhou Zhifen , Li Ping , Qu Jingkun , Badu-Nkansah Akosua , Yuan Xiangliang , Huang Yu-Wen , Fukumura Kazutaka , Mao Xizeng , Chang Wei-Chao , Saunus Jodi , Lakhani Sunil , Huse Jason T. , Hung Mien-Chie , Yu Dihua
Published: May 2020

G-CSF antibodies and immune checkpoint blockade with Src inhibitors block neutrophil infiltration to impede pY696-EZH2–driven brain metastasis.
Near-Complete Genome Sequence of an Enterovirus Species F Isolate Recovered from Sewage in Nigeria
Authors: Faleye T. O. C. , Ifeorah M. I. , Olayinka O. A. , Oluremi B. , George U. E. , Arowolo O. A. , Omoruyi E. C. , Donbraye E. , Oyero A. O. , Adewumi O. M. , Adeniji J. A.
Published: May 2020

Here, we describe the near-complete genome of an enterovirus F (EV-F) isolate from Nigeria. The obtained sequence was 7,378 nucleotides (nt) long and encodes 2 open reading frames (ORFs), an upstream ORF (uORF; 56 amino acids [aa]) and a polyprotein ORF (ppORF; 2,167 aa). Both ORFs overlap but are in different reading frames, with the uORF in a +1 reading frame relative to the ppORF.
Draft Genome Assemblies of Two Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Strains Isolated from Canine Skin Biopsy Specimens
Authors: Cao Wenqi , Hicks Karly , White Amelia , Hathcock Terri , Kennis Robert , Boothe Dawn , Zhang Dapeng , Wang Xu
Published: May 2020

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius
is a Gram-positive bacterial species highly relevant to animal and human health. In this study, we report the draft genome sequences of two clinical isolates of
S. pseudintermedius
from canine skin biopsy specimens at the Dermatology Service of the Auburn University Small Animal Teaching Hospital.
Complete Genome Sequence of Acinetobacter baumannii Phage BS46
Authors: Popova Anastasia V. , Shneider Mikhail M. , Mikhailova Yulia V. , Shelenkov Andrey A. , Shagin Dmitry A. , Edelstein Mikhail V. , Kozlov Roman S.
Published: May 2020

Acinetobacter
myovirus BS46 was isolated from sewage by J. S. Soothill in 1991. We have sequenced the genome of BS46 and found it to be almost unique. BS46 contains double-stranded DNA with a genome size of 94,068 bp and 176 predicted open reading frames. The gene encoding the tailspike that presumably possesses depolymerase activity toward the capsular polysaccharides of the bacterial host was identified.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Induced Oxidative Stress Leads to an Increase in Labile Zinc Pools in Lung Epithelial Cells
Authors: Khan Naseem Ahmed , Singla Mohit , Samal Sweety , Lodha Rakesh , Medigeshi Guruprasad R.
Published: May 2020

Zinc deficiency rates in developing countries range from 20 to 30%, and zinc supplementation trials have been shown to correct clinical manifestations attributed to zinc deficiency, but the outcomes in the case of respiratory infections have been inconsistent. We aimed at understanding the role of zinc homeostasis in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. Infection of lung epithelial cell lines or primary small-airway epithelial cells led to an increase in labile zinc pools, which was due to increased uptake of zinc. Zinc supplementation inhibited RSV replication, whereas zinc chelation had an opposing effect, leading to increases in RSV titers. Increases in labile zinc in RSV-infected cells coincided with induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Both zinc depletion and addition of exogenous ROS led to enhanced RSV infection, whereas addition of the antioxidant inhibited RSV, suggesting that zinc is part of an interplay between RSV-induced oxidative stress and the host response to maintain redox balance.
Role of requests and communication breakdowns in the coordination of teamwork: a video-based observational study of hybrid operating rooms
Authors: Ivarsson Jonas , Åberg Mikaela
Published: May 2020

Objectives

This study investigated the functional role of ‘requests’ in the coordination of surgical activities in the operating room (OR). A secondary aim was to describe, closely, instances of potential miscommunication to scrutinise how so-called conversational repairs were used to address and prevent mistakes.

Design

Non-participant video-based observations.

Setting

Team coordination around image acquisitions (digital subtraction angiography) done during endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) procedures in a hybrid OR.

Methods

The study followed and documented a total of 72 EVAR procedures, out of which 12 were video-recorded (58 hours). The results were based on 12 teams operating during these recorded surgeries and specifically targeted all sequences involving controlled apnoea. In total, 115 sequences were analysed within the theoretical framework of conversation analysis.

Results

The results indicated a simple structure of communication that can enable the successful coordination of work between different team members. Central to this analysis was the distinction between immediate requests and pre-requests. The results also showed how conversational repairs became key in establishing joint understanding and, therefore, how they can function as crucial resources in safety management operations.

Conclusion

The results suggest the possibility of devising an interactional framework to minimise problems with communication, thereby enabling the advancement of patient safety. By making the distinction between different types of requests explicit, certain ambiguities can be mitigated and some misunderstandings avoided. One way to accomplish this practically would be to tie various actions to clearer and more distinct forms of expression.
‘Surely you’re not still breastfeeding’: a qualitative exploration of women’s experiences of breastfeeding beyond infancy in the UK
Authors: Thompson Amy J , Topping Annie E , Jones Laura L
Published: May 2020

Objectives

To explore women’s experiences of breastfeeding beyond infancy (>1 year). Understanding these experiences, including the motivators, enablers and barriers faced, may help inform future strategies to support and facilitate mothers to breastfeed for an optimal duration.

Design

An exploratory qualitative study using an interpretive approach. Nineteen semistructured interviews were conducted (in person, via phone or Skype), transcribed and thematically analysed using the framework method.

Setting

Participants drawn from across the UK through online breastfeeding support groups.

Participants

Maximum variation sample of women currently breastfeeding a child older than 1 year, or who had done so in the previous 5 years. Participants were included if over 18, able to speak English at conversational level and resident in the UK.

Results

The findings offer insights into the challenges faced by women breastfeeding older children, including perceived social and cultural barriers. Three core themes were interpreted: (1) parenting philosophy; (2) breastfeeding beliefs; (3) transition from babyhood to toddlerhood. Women had not intended to breastfeed beyond infancy prior to delivery, but developed a ‘child-led’ approach to parenting and internalised strong beliefs that breastfeeding is the biological norm. Women perceived a negative shift in approval for continued breastfeeding as their child transitioned from ‘baby’ to ‘toddler’. This compelled woman to conceal breastfeeding and fostered a reluctance to seek advice from healthcare professionals. Mothers reported feeling pressured to breastfeed when their babies were young, but discouraged as children grew. They identified best with the term ‘natural-term breastfeeding’.

Conclusions

This study suggests that providing antenatal education regarding biological weaning ages and promotion of guidelines for optimum breastfeeding duration may encourage more women to breastfeed for longer. Promoting the concept of natural-term breastfeeding to mothers, and healthcare professionals, employers and the public is necessary to normalise and encourage acceptance of breastfeeding beyond infancy.
Simulation-based training programme and preparedness testing for COVID-19
using system integration methodology
Authors: Lababidi Hani M S , Alzoraigi Usamah , Almarshed Abdullah Abdulaziz , AlHarbi Waleed , AlAmar Mohamad , Arab Amer A , Mukahal Mahmoud A , AlAsmari Faisal A , Mzahim Bandar Y , AlHarastani Husam A M , Alammi Salem S , AlAwad Yousef I
Published: May 2020

Background

COVID-19 pandemic is presenting serious challenges to the world’s
healthcare systems. The high communicability of the COVID-19 necessitates
robust medical preparedness and vigilance.

Objective

To report on the simulation-based training and test preparedness
activities to prepare healthcare workers (HCWs) for effective and safe handling
of patients with COVID-19.

Methodology

Two activities were conducted: simulation-based training to all HCWs and a
full-scale unannounced simulation-based disaster exercise at King Fahad Medical
City (KFMC). The online module was designed to enhance the knowledge on
COVID-19. This module was available to all KFMC staff. The five hands-on
practical part of the course was available to frontliner HCWs. The unannounced
undercover simulated patients’ full-scale COVID-19 simulation-based disaster
exercise took place in the emergency department over 3 hours. Six scenarios
were executed to test the existing plan in providing care of suspected COVID-19
cases.

Results

2620 HCWs took the online module, 17 courses were conducted and 337
frontliner HCWs were trained. 94% of learners were satisfied and recommended
the activity to others. The overall compliance rate of the full-scale COVID-19
disaster drill with infection control guidelines was 90%. Post-drill debriefing
sessions recommended reinforcing PPE training, ensuring availability of
different sizes of PPEs and developing an algorithm to transfer patients to
designated quarantine areas.

Conclusion

Simulation-based training and preparedness testing activities are vital in
identifying gaps to apply corrective actions immediately. In the presence of a
highly hazardous contagious disease like COVID-19, such exercises are a
necessity to any healthcare institution.
Impact of cardiovascular disease and cardiac injury on in-hospital mortality in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Li Xintao , Guan Bo , Su Tong , Liu Wei , Chen Mengyao , Bin Waleed Khalid , Guan Xumin , Gary Tse , Zhu Zhenyan
Published: May 2020

Background

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has produced a significant health burden worldwide, especially in patients with cardiovascular comorbidities. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the impact of underlying cardiovascular comorbidities and acute cardiac injury on in-hospital mortality risk.

Methods

PubMed, Embase and Web of Science were searched for publications that reported the relationship of underlying cardiovascular disease (CVD), hypertension and myocardial injury with in-hospital fatal outcomes in patients with COVID-19. The ORs were extracted and pooled. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed to explore the potential sources of heterogeneity.

Results

A total of 10 studies were enrolled in this meta-analysis, including eight studies for CVD, seven for hypertension and eight for acute cardiac injury. The presence of CVD and hypertension was associated with higher odds of in-hospital mortality (unadjusted OR 4.85, 95% CI 3.07 to 7.70; I2=29%; unadjusted OR 3.67, 95% CI 2.31 to 5.83; I2=57%, respectively). Acute cardiac injury was also associated with a higher unadjusted odds of 21.15 (95% CI 10.19 to 43.94; I2=71%).

Conclusion

COVID-19 patients with underlying cardiovascular comorbidities, including CVD and hypertension, may face a greater risk of fatal outcomes. Acute cardiac injury may act as a marker of mortality risk. Given the unadjusted results of our meta-analysis, future research are warranted.
Clinical improvement within 24 hours from mechanical thrombectomy as a predictor of long-term functional outcome in a multicenter population-based cohort of patients with ischemic stroke
Authors: Rudilosso Salvatore , Laredo Carlos , Amaro Sergio , Renú Arturo , Llull Laura , Obach Víctor , Moreno Javier , Ribó Marc , Abilleira Sònia , Cardona Pedro , Martí-Fàbregas Joan , Pérez de la Ossa Natalia , Ramos Anna , Roquer Jaume , Serena Joaquín , Purroy Francisco , Urra Xabier , Chamorro Ángel
Published: May 2020

Background

Single-center studies have suggested that the early clinical course after mechanical thrombectomy (MT) in patients with ischemic stroke is a clinical predictor of long-term outcome.

Objective

To analyze the prognostic value of clinical improvement within 24 hours in a population-based multicenter cohort.

Methods

From a total of 3792 patients with acute ischemic stroke in Catalonia (CICAT registry), 1951 patients were treated with MT. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score within 24 hours, and follow-up was available in 1666 patients. Percentage variation in the NIHSS score was calculated in relation to a baseline assessment. Good outcome was defined as a modified Rankin Scale score ≤2 at 90 days. Predictive values of clinical improvement and adjusted OR to predict good outcomes were assessed in the whole cohort and the subgroup of patients with posterior circulation stroke (n=166).

Results

Good outcome was achieved in 656/1666 patients (39%) overall. Percentage improvements both at the end of MT and at 24 hours predicted good outcome, with higher predictive capacity at 24 hours (C-statistic, 0.85 vs 0.73, p<0.001). Positive and negative predictive values were 70% and 74% for the >30% cut-off point at the end of MT, and 69% and 84% for the >50% cut-off point at 24 hours, respectively. The adjusted OR for good outcome was 5.8 (95% CI 4.2 to 8.1) and 12.9 (95% CI 9.7 to 17.1), respectively. In patients with posterior circulation stroke, the predictive value of the improvement at 24 hours was similar (C-statistic 0.90).

Conclusion

Clinical improvement of patients within 24 hours of MT is a reliable and robust predictor of long-term prognosis, including patients with posterior circulation occlusions.
Natural superficial water storage and aquifer recharge assessment in Brazilian savanna wetland using unmanned aerial vehicle and geophysical survey
Authors: Furlan Lucas Moreira , Rosolen Vania , Salles Jepherson , Moreira César Augusto , Ferreira Manuel Eduardo , Bueno Guilherme Taitson , Coelho Carla Vanessa de Sousa , Mounier Stéphane
Published: May 2020

Human pressure on the water resources provided by natural isolated wetlands has intensified in Brazil due to an increase in agricultural land equipped with irrigation. However, the amount of water stored in these areas and its contribution to aquifer recharge is unknown. This study aimed to quantify the amount of water that can be retained in a natural wetland and to propose a model of groundwater recharge. We used remote sensing techniques involving unmanned aerial vehicle to map the wetland and highlight its internal morphology, using a red–green–blue orthomosaic and a digital surface model. The 2-D inversion and a pseudo-3-D model from electrical resistivity tomography data were used to visualize the subsurface structures and hydrologic flow paths. The wetland is a reservoir storing up to 416.996 m3 of water during the rainy months. Distinct internal compartments characterize the wetland topography and different water-volume storage, lower in the border and higher in the center. A leakage point connects surface water to groundwater through direct vertical flow, which constitutes the aquifer recharge zone. Remotely sensed very high-resolution images allied with geophysical techniques allowed complete surface and subsurface imaging and offered visual tools that contributed to understanding the hydrodynamics of the wetland.
Torsion calculations in Khovanov cohomology
Authors: Schütz Dirk
Published: May 2020

We obtain information on torsion in Khovanov cohomology by performing calculations directly over [Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text] prime and [Formula: see text]. In particular, we get that the torus knots [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] contain torsion of order [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] in their Khovanov cohomology.
FAMILY OF SHAPE PRESERVING FRACTAL-LIKE BÉZIER CURVES
Authors: REDDY K. M. , SARAVANA KUMAR G. , CHAND A. K. B.
Published: May 2020

Subdivision schemes generate self-similar curves and surfaces for which it has a familiar connection between fractal curves and surfaces generated by iterated function systems (IFS). Overveld [Comput.-Aided Des. 22(9) (1990) 591–597] proved that the subdivision matrices can be perturbated in such a way that it is possible to get fractal-like curves that are perturbated Bézier cubic curves. In this work, we extend the Overveld scheme to [Formula: see text]th degree curves, and deduce the condition for curvature continuity and convex hull property. We find the conditions for positive preserving fractal-like Bézier curves in the proposed subdivision matrices. The resulting 2D/3D curves from these binary subdivision matrices resemble with fractal images. Finally, the dependence of the shape of these fractal-like curves on the elements of subdivision matrices is demonstrated with suitably chosen examples.
On 1-absorbing prime ideals of commutative rings
Authors: Yassine A. , Nikmehr M. J. , Nikandish R.
Published: May 2020

Let [Formula: see text] be a commutative ring with identity. In this paper, we introduce the concept of [Formula: see text]-absorbing prime ideals which is a generalization of prime ideals. A proper ideal [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text] is called [Formula: see text]-absorbing prime if for all nonunit elements [Formula: see text] such that [Formula: see text], then either [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text]. Some properties of [Formula: see text]-absorbing prime are studied. For instance, it is shown that if [Formula: see text] admits a [Formula: see text]-absorbing prime ideal that is not a prime ideal, then [Formula: see text] is a quasi–local ring. Among other things, it is proved that a proper ideal [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text] is [Formula: see text]-absorbing prime if and only if the inclusion [Formula: see text] for some proper ideals [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text] implies that [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text]. Also, [Formula: see text]-absorbing prime ideals of PIDs, valuation domains, Prufer domains and idealization of a modules are characterized. Finally, an analogous to the Prime Avoidance Theorem and some applications of this theorem are given.
Hygro-Magnetic Vibration of the Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube with Nonlinear Temperature Distribution Based on a Modified Beam Theory and Nonlocal Strain Gradient Model
Authors: Jena Subrat Kumar , Chakraverty S. , Malikan Mohammad , Mohammad-Sedighi Hamid
Published: May 2020

In this study, vibration analysis of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) has been carried out by using a refined beam theory, namely one variable shear deformation beam theory. This approach has one variable lesser than a contractual shear deformation theory such as first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) and acts like classical beam approach but with considering shear deformations. The SWCNT has been placed in an axial or longitudinal magnetic field which is also exposed to both the hygroscopic as well as thermal environments. The thermal environment is considered as nonlinear thermal stress field based on the Murnaghan’s model whereas the hygroscopic environment is assumed as a linear stress field. The size effect of the SWCNT has been captured by both the nonlocal and gradient parameters by employing the Nonlocal Strain Gradient Theory (NSGT). Governing equation of motion of the proposed model has been developed by utilizing the extended Hamilton’s principle and the non-dimensional frequency parameters have been computed by incorporating the Navier’s approach for Hinged–Hinged (HH) boundary condition. The proposed model is validated with the existing model in special cases, by comparing the non-dimensional frequency parameters, displaying an excellent agreement. Further, a parametric study has been conducted to analyze the impact of nonlocal parameter, gradient parameter, thermal environment, hygroscopic environment, and magnetic field intensity on the non-dimensional frequency parameters. Also, results for some other theories like Classical Elasticity Theory (CET), Nonlocal Elasticity Theory (NET), and Strain Gradient Theory (SGT) have been presented along with the NSGT.
Free and Forced Vibration of Beams Reinforced by 3D Graphene Foam
Authors: Yang Feng Liu , Wang Yan Qing
Published: May 2020

In this paper, free and forced vibrations of nanocomposite beams reinforced by 3D graphene foam (3D-GrF) are studied. Different distributions of 3D-GrF in the beam thickness direction are considered. In accordance with the rule of mixture, the effective Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio and mass density of the 3D-GrF reinforced beams are predicted. Based on the Timoshenko beam theory, the governing equation of the 3D-GrF reinforced beam is derived by using the Lagrange equation. The natural frequencies and dynamic responses of the 3D-GrF reinforced beam are solved by the Ritz method and the Newmark-[Formula: see text] method, respectively. Results show that the foam coefficient, the 3D-GrF distribution, the slenderness ratio and the 3D-GrF mass fraction play important roles on free and forced vibration characteristics of the 3D-GrF reinforced beams.
Theoretical Error Analysis of the T-Stress for a Central Cracked Brazilian Disk Specimen
Authors: Hua Wen , Li Jianxiong , Huang Jiuzhou , Dong Shiming
Published: May 2020

The central cracked Brazilian disk (CCBD) specimen is one of the most favored samples to measure the combined mode fracture resistance of brittle materials. The T-stress in this sample has a great influence on the experimental results, which are extensively used in fracture criteria for evaluating the fracture behavior of CCBD specimens for different materials. Due to the errors in geometric dimension and crack inclination angle for CCBD specimens, it becomes essential to conduct error analysis of T-stress. In this work, a closed-form expression of T-stress for a CCBD specimen under radial concentrated force was presented with weight function method. Based on this expression, two error transfer functions were also derived to study the T-stress error caused by the errors of crack length ratio and crack inclination angle. The theoretical analysis indicated that the relative error of T-stress increases with the increase of crack length ratio and crack inclination angle under the combined modes I and II. It was also found that the crack length ratio has a very little impact on the T-stress error for pure mode I loading. Furthermore, T-stress is more sensitive to the impact of crack length ratio than pure mode II stress intensity factor (SIF).
Computational Methods for Single-Cell RNA Sequencing
Authors: Hie Brian , Peters Joshua , Nyquist Sarah K. , Shalek Alex K. , Berger Bonnie , Bryson Bryan D.
Published: May 2020

Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has provided a high-dimensional catalog of millions of cells across species and diseases. These data have spurred the development of hundreds of computational tools to derive novel biological insights. Here, we outline the components of scRNA-seq analytical pipelines and the computational methods that underlie these steps. We describe available methods, highlight well-executed benchmarking studies, and identify opportunities for additional benchmarking studies and computational methods. As the biochemical approaches for single-cell omics advance, we propose coupled development of robust analytical pipelines suited for the challenges that new data present and principled selection of analytical methods that are suited for the biological questions to be addressed.
Obesity and COVID-19: immune and metabolic derangement as a possible link to adverse clinical outcomes
Authors: Korakas Emmanouil , Ikonomidis Ignatios , Kousathana Foteini , Balampanis Konstantinos , Kountouri Aikaterini , Raptis Athanasios , Palaiodimou Lina , Kokkinos Alexander , Lambadiari Vaia
Published: May 2020

Recent reports have shown a strong association between obesity and the severity of COVID-19 infection, even in the absence of other comorbidities. After infecting the host cells, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may cause a hyperinflammatory reaction through the excessive release of cytokines, a condition known as “cytokine storm,” while inducing lymphopenia and a disrupted immune response. Obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation and immune dysregulation, but the exact mechanisms through which it exacerbates COVID-19 infection are not fully clarified. The production of increased amounts of cytokines such as TNFα, IL-1, IL-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) lead to oxidative stress and defective function of innate and adaptive immunity, whereas the activation of NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome seems to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of the infection. Endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness could favor the recently discovered infection of the endothelium by SARS-CoV-2, whereas alterations in cardiac structure and function and the prothrombotic microenvironment in obesity could provide a link for the increased cardiovascular events in these patients. The successful use of anti-inflammatory agents such as IL-1 and IL-6 blockers in similar hyperinflammatory settings, like that of rheumatoid arthritis, has triggered the discussion of whether such agents could be administrated in selected patients with COVID-19 disease.