bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Der Zusammenhang zwischen der Potentialdifferenz einer Konzentrationskette mit Überführung und dem Partialdruck des Lösungsmittels
Authors: Haase Rolf
Published: October 2023

Es wird der exakte Zusammenhang zwischen der Potentialdifferenz einer Konzentrationskette mit Überführung und dem Partialdruck des Lösungsmittels abgeleitet für den Fall, daß nur ein einziger binärer Elektrolyt vorhanden ist. Es wird gezeigt, daß eine von Helmholtz 1878 angegebene Gleichung darin als Sonderfall enthalten und unter gewissen Bedingungen allgemeiner als die Formel von Nernst (1889) ist.
Über das elektrochemische Verhalten der Indiumamalgame
Authors: Sundén N.
Published: October 2023

Es war die Absicht dieser Arbeit, die Bedingungen zu bestimmen, unter welchen sich eine Indiumelektrode zur Untersuchung von Systemen eignet, in denen Indiumionen vorkommen.
Stoßspannungsverfahren zur Untersuchung sehr schnell verlaufender Ionenreaktionen in wässeriger Lösung
Authors: Eigen M. , Schoen J.
Published: October 2023

Es wird ein elektrisches Impulsmeßverfahren beschrieben, mit dessen Hilfe sich die Zeitabhängigkeit des Dissoziationsfeldeffektes und damit die Einstellungsgeschwindigkeit des Dissoziationsgleichgewichtes schwacher Elektrolyte in wässeriger Lösung untersuchen läßt. Die Messungen erfolgen unter Anwendung von Hochspannungsimpulsen variabler Dauer (Amplituden bis zu 2 · 105 Volt, Impulszeiten 10−5 bis 10−7 sec) in einer für die vorliegenden Anwendungen besonders eingerichteten Hochfrequenzbrückenanordnung. Bei sehr verdünnten wässerigen Lösungen von Ammoniak und Essigsäure wurde eine Dispersion des Feldeffektes gefunden. Daraus ergeben sich die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten der Dissoziationsreaktionen zu 5 · 105 sec−1 (NH3 · H2O) bzw. 8 · 105 sec−1 (CH3COOH) und die der entsprechenden Ionenrekombinationen zu 3 · 10101/mol sec bzw. 4,5 · 10101/mol sec bei einem mittleren Fehler von ± 10%. Das Verfahren ermöglicht die Untersuchung von Lösungsreaktionen, die sich wegen ihrer hohen Geschwindigkeiten bisher einer experimentellen Verfolgung entzogen.
Thermodynamische Untersuchugen am System 2,4‐Lutidin—Wasser mit geschlossener Mischungslücke
Authors: Kortüm G. , Haug P.
Published: October 2023

Am binären System 2,4‐Lutidin—Wasser, das eine geschlossene Mischungslücke besitzt, wurden folgende Eingenschaften und Mischungseffekte als Funktion des Molenbruchs gemessen:

Die gegenseitige Löslichkeit in Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur,

die Volumeneffekte und ihre Temperaturabhängigkeit,

die Brechungsindizes und Molrefraktionen bei 20° C,

die Mischungswärmen und ihre Temperaturabhängigkeit,

die Dampfdrucke und Aktivitäten bei 71,5° C, woraus die thermodynamischen Zusatzmischungseffekte bei dieser Temperatur berechnet wurden,

die Schmelzpunkte von Mischungen mit xH2O > 0,3 und

die UV‐Spektren von Lutidindampf und von verschieden verdünnten Lutidinlösungen.

Außerdem wurden die in der Literatur bisher bekanntgewordenen binären flüssigen Systeme mit unterem kritischem Entmischungspunkt zusammengestellt und die eigenen Meßergebnisse diskutiert. Die für das Auftreten geschlossener Mischungslücken verantwortlichen Gründe sollen zusammen mit weiteren Meßergebnissen aus anderen Untersuchungsmethoden in einer späteren Arbeit besprochen werden.
Zur Kalorimetrie der Hochpolymeren: II. Die integralen Verdünnungswärmen der Lösungen des Polystyrols mit Äthylbenzol, Toluol, Chlorbenzol und Cyclohexan
Authors: Jenckel E. , Gorke K.
Published: October 2023

Bei der Auflösung eines einheitlichen Glases zu einer flüssigen Lösung geht dieser Stoff aus dem Glaszustand in den Zustand der im inneren Gleichgewicht befindlichen Schmelze über. Daher tritt außer einer echten Lösungswärme auf jeden Fall eine exotherme Einfrierwärme auf. Im folgenden wird untersucht, wie die bei der Auflösung einer glasigen Mischung entstehende Wärme auf Einfrierwärme und echte Lösungswärme zu verteilen ist. Weiter werden die integralen Verdünnungswärmen der Mischungen aus Polystyrol mit Äthylbenzol, Toluol, Chlorbenzol und Cyclohexan über den ganzen Konzentrationsbereich in eben diesen Lösungsmitteln mitgeteilt. Bei Berücksichtigung der Einfrierwärme verschwindet bei den Lösungen in Äthylbenzol und Toluol die echte Lösungswärme. Bei Chlorbenzol ergibt sich für die echte Lösungswärme eine s‐förmige Kurve mit Maximum und Minimum und bei Cyclohexan eine solche mit einem endothermen Maximum.
Die Gefrierpunktserniedrigung geschmolzener Elektrolyte bei Zusatz fremder Salze: III. Mitteilung. Grundsätzliche Betrachtung zur Konzentrationsangabe in Aktivitäten und in Molenbrüchen: Zugleich Erwiderung auf die vorstehende Veröffentlichung von K. Grjotheim und S. Urnes
Authors: Kordes Ernst
Published: October 2023

Die für die Erniedrigung der Kristallisationstemperatur eines Elektrolyten A durch Zusatz fremder Salze maßgebende Aktivität aA des Lösungsmittelektrolyten A kann auf zwei verschiedenen Wegen berechnet werden. Erstens in der üblichen Weise vermittels des Produkts der Ionenbrüche gemäß:

und zweitens, wie hier gezeigt wird, vermittels des Molenbruchs N des Lösungsmittels A gemäß:

Der Exponent n gibt die Zahl der im zugesetzten Elektrolyten B enthaltenen fremden Ionen an, die nicht auch im Elektrolyten A enthalten sind. Im Bereich verdünnter Schmelzen (bis etwa 1 oder 2 Mol‐% B) ergeben beide Ausdrücke praktisch den gleichen Wert für aA. Es ist daher gleichgültig, ob man bei der Auswertung der Gefrierpunktserniedrigung von Li2SO4 durch fremde Elektrolyte die Aktivität des Li2SO4 in verdünnten Schmelzen auf die eine oder andere Art berechnet.

Hinsichtlich des Dissoziationszustandes von geschmolzenem Li2SO4 erscheint nach nochmaliger ausführlicher und kritischer Auswertung aller vorliegenden Messungen die Auffassung, daß Li2SO4 in komplexe Ionen dissoziiert, nach wie vor durchaus wahrscheinlich.
Gleichgewichtsmessungen im System Anilin‐N‐Methylanilin, N‐N‐Dimethylanilin, 1,2‐Äthandiol
Authors: Crützen J. L. , Jost W. , Sieg L.
Published: October 2023

Die Löslichkeitskurven in den flüssigen Systemen N‐Methylphenylamin/1,2‐Äthandiol und N,N‐Dimethylphenylamin/1,2‐Äthandiol sowie die Binodalkurven, Konnoden und kritischen Punkte in den ternären Systemen Phenylamin/N‐Methylphenylamin/1,2‐Äthandiol, Phenylamin/N,N‐Dimethylphenylamin/1,2‐Äthandiol, N‐Methylphenylamin/N,N‐Dimethylphenylamin/1,2‐Äthandiol wurden ermittelt aus isothermen Messungen der Gleichgewichte „flüssig/dampfförmig”︁, der spezifischen Wärmen und der Mischungsenthalpien. In sämtlichen binären Kombinationen aus den vier Komponenten wurden für diese die thermodynamischen Funktionen ΔGE, TΔSE und ΔH abgeleitet. Die binären Systeme der Amine lassen sich bei 95°C durch einen Porterschen Ansatz mit guter Annäherung beschreiben. Die Systeme mit 1,2‐Äthandiol zeigten dagegen weitgehend unsymmetrischen Verlauf der thermodynamischen Funktionen TΔSE und ΔH; ΔGE war dagegen wiederum recht symmetrisch. Im System Phenylamin/N,N‐Dimethylphenylamin wurde ein bisher noch nicht angegebener azeotroper Punkt aufgefunden.
Spektroskopische Untersuchungen an Nitrosoverbindungen 1. Mitteilung: Die charakteristischen Infrarotbanden der monomeren Nitrosoverbindungen
Authors: Lüttke Wolfcang
Published: October 2023

Die Infrarotspektren von 12 aliphatischen und 18 aromatischen C‐Nitrosoverbindungen werden aufgenommen und daraus die charakteristischen Frequenzen der CNO‐Gruppe ermittelt. Die NO‐Valenzschwingung der hier untersuchten Substanzen liegt zwischen 1598 und 1488/cm. Die CN‐Schwingung koppelt mit Eigenschwingungen des Molekelrestes und äußert sich meist in zwei Banden bei etwa 1100 und zwischen 750 und 860/cm. Die CNO‐Deformationsschwingung wird bei 400 bis 460/cm beobachtet.
Über binäre Systeme mit einem Quadrupelpunkt mit drei festen binären Verbindungen und einer Gasphase
Authors: D'Ans Jean , Freund Heinz‐Eberhard , Kaufmann Erhard
Published: October 2023

Das ZnSO4 · 6 H2O hat eine untere Bildungstemperatur von rund 22 23°C, bei der es aus Hepta‐ und Monohydrat entsteht. Diese Temperatur ist nonvariant auch beim Hinzukommen von weiteren Lösungskomponenten. – Das MgSO4 · 6 H2O verhält sich ebenso.
Löslichkeit von Chlorwasserstoff in organischen Verbindungen. Die relative Stärke der basischen Eigenschaften von aromatischen Verbindungen und Äthern
Authors: Strohmeier Walter , Echte A.
Published: October 2023

Es wurde die Löslichkeit von Chlorwasserstoff in Lösungen von Tetrachlorkohlenstoff, Äthylnitrat, Diphenyläther, Nitrobenzol, o‐Nitrotoluol, Anisol, β,β'‐Dichloräthyläthor, Dioxan, n‐Butyläther, Dibenzyläther, n‐Propyläther, Diäthyläther, Tetrahydropyran und Tetrahydrofuran in Heptan bei den Temperaturen T = 200,8°; 209,6°; 220,3°; 230,8°; 241,6°; 258,4° und 272,9°K untersucht. Für die Temperaturen T = 272,9°K wurde die Henry‐Konstante für den Molenbruch xHCl → 0 bestimmt.

Die Henry‐Konstante kann als relatives Maß für die Stärke der basischen Eigenschaften der Verbindungen genommen werden1).

Innerhalb des gemessenen Temperaturintervalls ist die relative Abstufung der Basenstärke der untersuchten Verbindungen unabhängig von der Temperatur.

Es wird eine Übersicht über die verschiedenen Methoden zur Messung der Basenstärke von aromatischen Verbindungen und Äthern gegeben und die bisherigen experimentellen Ergebnisse in einer Tabelle zusammengefaßt. Die verschiedenen Methoden ergeben eine ausgezeichnete Übereinstimmung. Einzelne Abweichungen werden diskutiert.
Zur Deutung der Passivität, insbesondere der Flade‐Bezugsspannung des Eisens
Authors: Göhr H. , Lange E.
Published: October 2023

Unter Verwendung chemisch‐thermodynamischer Daten für Eisen und Eisenoxyde wird das Verhalten des aktiven Eisens und sein Übergang in den passiven Zustand gedeutet.

Dabei wird ausgegangen von einer durch teilanodische Polarisation nach

zunächst erzeugten Fe3O4‐Schicht mit dem Ergebnis einer aktiven Eisenelektrode 2. Art. Beim Erreichen einer bestimmten Bezugsspannung der aus der Versuchselektrode und der n‐H‐Elektrode bestehenden Bezugszelle kommt es unter oberflächlicher Oxydation des Fe3O4 nach

zu einer kristallographisch dem Fe3O4 ähnlichen und daher gut deckenden, passivierenden γ‐Fe2O3‐Schicht. Dieser UH‐Wert ist die bekannte Flade‐Bezugsspannung.

Dieses Bild erklärt die Kleinheit der Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit des passiven Eisens, ihre Unabhängigkeit von der Fe+3‐Konzentration, ihr Ansteigen mit cH+ und ihre Unabhängigkeit von der Rührung und vom UH in einem Bereich oberhalb der Flade‐Bezugsspannung.
Kollektivparamagnetismus und Volumen magnetisierter Aerosole
Authors: Knappwost A.
Published: October 2023

Das Verfahren der magnetischen Teilchengrößenbestimmung mit Hilfe der Langevinschen Theorie für kollektivparamagnetische Partikel wird auf die früher von Haul und Schoon hergestellten γ‐Fe2O3‐Aerosole angewandt, deren Ausdehnung von den Autoren elektronographisch zu 30–40 Å gefunden wurde. Nach Ermittlung der spontanen Magnetisierung des γ‐Fe2O3 mittels einer Variante der Felddifferenzenmethode und nach Anwendung eines Iterationsverfahrens zur Berücksichtigung der Teilchengrößenabhängigkeit der spontanen Magnetisierung wird die Ausdehnung der Bereiche zu 27 Å gefunden und gezeigt, daß die magnetochemische Methode richtige Werte liefert und zu weiteren Aussagen fähig ist. Die Feldstäkeabhängigkeit der Suszeptibilität der Aerosole, deren Ursache im einzelnen diskutiert wird die aber nach Berechnung des Argumentbetrages der Langevin‐Funktion aus dem Volumen der Bereiche bei den niederen Meßfeldstärken von etwa 5000 Oe nicht auftreten dürfte, weist auf eine erhebliche Breite der Größenverteilungskurve der Aerosole hin. Es wird ferner dargelegt, daß die Feldstärkeabhängigkeit der Suszeptibilität kein Kriterium für das Einsetzen der spontanen Magnetisierung ist, die schon in kleineren Teilchen als solchen von 30 Å Ausdehnung vorliegen dürfte.
Über die Kette: Pt, H2 (1 atm)/HCl, Hg2Cl2(s)/Hg in organischen Lösungsmitteln und ihren Gemischen mit Wasser IV. Pt, H2(l atm)/HCl(m), Äthanol(x), H2O(100‐x), Hg2Cl2(s)/Hg
Authors: Schwabe K. , Kunz M.
Published: October 2023

Mit der Kette Pt,H2(l atm)/HCl(m), Äthanol(x),H2O(100‐x),Hg2Cl2(s)/Hg wurden bei verschiedenen Gehalten an Äthanol und Salzsäure EMK‐Messungen durchgeführt. Nach dem Extrapolationsverfahren von McLimes und Brown wurden Standardpotentiale, Aktivitätskoeffizienten und Mediumeffekte ermittelt.
Infrarotspektroskopische Untersuchungen an isotopen Stickstoff‐Verbindungen 2. Mitteilung: Das Schwingungsspektrum des Benzamids
Authors: Weckherlin S. , Lottke W.
Published: October 2023

Das Schwingungsspektrum des Benzamids wird mit Hilfe seines 16N‐Isotopisomeren analysiert. Dabei werden die Ergebnisse der Messungen an deuterierten Säureamiden bestätigt, außerdem ergibt sich ein direktes experimentelles Argument für die Kopplung der Amid I‐, II‐ und III‐Bande. Die Lage der ebenen Pendelschwingung der NH2‐Gruppe kann bei 1124 cm−1 lokalisiert werden.
Efficacy and safety of immune checkpoint inhibitors in recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized clinical trials
Authors: Dang Shoutao , Zhang Shurong , Zhao Jingyang , Li Xinyu , Li Wei
Published: October 2023

Background

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) showed antitumor activity for recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (R/M HNSCC). However, the results from different studies were controversial.

Methods

Online databases were searched for randomized clinical trials (RCTs) evaluating ICIs for R/M HNSCC. The characteristics of the studies and the results of overall survival (OS), progression‐free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR), treatment‐related adverse events (TRAEs) were extracted.

Results

A total of 4936 patients from eight studies were included. Anti‐PD1/PDL1 monotherapy significantly improved OS in total population (hazard ratio, HR, 0.87, 95% CI, 0.79–0.95, p = 0.003) and PD‐L1 high expression patients (HR, 0.71, 95% CI, 0.55–0.90, p = 0.006) with significant lower incidence of any grade TRAEs (odds ratio, OR, 0.16, 95% CI, 0.07–0.37, p < 0.00001) and Grades 3–5 TRAEs (OR, 0.18, 95% CI, 0.10–0.33, p < 0.0001) compared with standard of care (SOC); however, the pooled results of PFS and ORR were not significant different. PD1/PDL1 inhibitors plus CTLA4 inhibitors did not improve OS, PFS, ORR compared with SOC or ICIs monotherapy; however, the incidence of Grades 3–5 TRAEs was significant higher compared with ICIs monotherapy (OR, 1.80, 95% CI, 1.34–2.41, p = 0.0001).

Conclusions

Anti‐PD1/PDL1 monotherapy could improve OS for R/M HNSCC with significant lower incidence of TRAEs compared with SOC. PD1/PDL1 inhibitors plus CTLA4 inhibitors showed no more benefit compared with both SOC and ICIs monotherapy, but the incidence of Grades 3–5 TRAEs was significant higher compared with ICIs monotherapy.
Dense NiCo2O4 Nanoneedles Grown on Carbon Foam Showing Excellent Electrochemical and Microwave Absorption Properties
Authors: Wu Sutang , Zhu Yihan , Yan Xuehua , Zhang Wenjing , Zhang Mengyang , Huang Xinpeng , Pan Jianmei , Shahnavaz Zohreh , Mohammadi Moradian Jamile
Published: October 2023

Electromagnetic pollution could harm sensitive electronic equipment due to the rising use of electronic devices and communication infrastructure. The supercapacitor‘s electrochemical performance should be enhanced, and electromagnetic damage should be prevented. This study proposes NiCo2O4/CF composites for supercapacitors and microwave absorption. They are made by combining hydrothermal and annealing processes. Dense NiCo2O4 nanoneedles were uniformly grown on the outer layer of carbon foam (CF) as a growth skeleton, preventing the agglomeration of NiCo2O4. The composite had a specific capacitance of 537.5 F/g at 1 A/g. When the current density was set to 1 A/g, the supercapacitor that used NiCo2O4/CF as the cathode had a specific capacitance of 70.7 F/g, and when the current density was increased to 10 A/g, the original specific capacitance of 87.2 % could still be maintained after 5000 charge‐discharge cycles. At a power density of 3695.5 W/kg, an energy density of 22.1 Wh/kg could be maintained. Furthermore, we performed a microwave absorption test and determined its reflection loss curve for various sample thicknesses. Recombination enhanced the composite material‘s microwave absorption capability by greatly reducing the dielectric loss and the magnetic loss.
Bimetallic Manganese Catalysts: A Route to Controlled and Switchable Polymerization of Lactones
Authors: Li Bokun , Hu Chenyang , Yang Zhenjie , Pang Xuan , Chen Xuesi
Published: October 2023

The sustainable solution to the environmental problem of polymeric materials calls for efficient and well‐controlled ring‐opening polymerization catalytic systems. Inspired by the highly reactive and stereospecific bimetallic catalysts, three kinds of bimetallic Salen‐Mn catalysts supported by biaryl linking moieties are synthesized and applied to polymerization catalysis of lactide (LA) and ϵ‐caprolactone (ϵ‐CL) in this work. The polymerization is initiated in situ by the ring‐opening of epoxide compounds, in which the ionic cocatalyst could accelerate the reaction process. The Mn−Mn coordination effect contributes to the higher activity and iso‐selectivity towards LA compared to the mononuclear Salen‐Mn catalyst. The reactivity and stereoselectivity are determined by the conformation of catalysts, specifically the Mn−Mn separation and dihedral angle. Finally, the CO2‐controlled switchable polymerizations are carried out with LA and ϵ‐CL. The reversibility of the on‐off switching operation is influenced by the combination between CO2 molecules and active species. The success in binuclear Salen‐Mn catalysts not only expands the range of bimetallic catalyst analogues but also claims the promising potential of Mn‐based catalysts in practical and theoretical research.
Total Chemical Synthesis of the SARS‐CoV‐2 Spike Receptor‐Binding Domain
Authors: Kar Abhisek , Jana Mrinmoy , Malik Vishal , Sarkar Arighna , Mandal Kalyaneswar
Published: October 2023

SARS‐CoV‐2 and its global spread have created an unprecedented public health crisis. The spike protein of SARS‐CoV‐2 has gained significant attention due to its crucial role in viral entry into host cells and its potential as both a prophylactic and a target for therapeutic interventions. Herein, we report the first successful total synthesis of the SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD), highlighting the key challenges and the strategies employed to overcome them. Appropriate utilization of advanced solid phase peptide synthesis and cutting‐edge native chemical ligation methods have facilitated the synthesis of this moderately large protein molecule. We discuss the problems encountered during the chemical synthesis and approaches taken to optimize the yield and the purity of the synthetic protein molecule. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the chemically synthesized homogeneous spike RBD efficiently binds to the known mini‐protein binder LCB1. The successful chemical synthesis of the spike RBD presented here can be utilized to gain valuable insights into SARS‐CoV‐2 spike RBD biology, advancing our understanding and aiding the development of intervention strategies to combat future coronavirus outbreaks. The modular synthetic approach described in this study can be effectively implemented in the synthesis of other mutated variants or enantiomer of the spike RBD for mirror‐image drug discovery.
Cobalt‐Catalyzed Bis‐Borylation of Quinolines: The Importance of the Cobalt Triplet State
Authors: Bories Cassandre Cassiopée , Gontard Geoffrey , Barbazanges Marion , Lemière Gilles , Petit Marc
Published: October 2023

We report herein a mild stereo‐ and regioselective dearomatization of quinolines using the simple low valent HCo(N2)(PPh3)3 complex that exhibits labile ligands. Conditions to form selectively, at room temperature, high‐valued 1,4‐bis‐borylated tetrahydroquinolines from simple starting heteroaromatic compounds have been developed. The efficient and selective functionalization of a large scope of quinolines bearing various electron‐donating or electron‐withdrawing substituents is presented, as well as the post‐modification of the resulting C−B bond. NMR and labelling studies are consistent with a cascade mechanism pathway, starting from an in situ generated paramagnetic bis‐quinoline cobalt(I) hydride complex. A first quinoline dearomatization followed by a cobalt(I)‐catalyzed Markovnikov hydroboration of the remaining double bond allows the introduction of the boronic ester group only at C4 position. DFT calculations particularly highlight the importance of the cobalt triplet state throughout the reaction pathway, and bring some rationalization for the observed C4 selective borylation.
Effectiveness of upadacitinib in Japanese patients with prurigo‐type atopic dermatitis: Four cases report
Authors: Kosaka Keiji , Uchiyama Akihiko , Ishikawa Mai , Motegi Sei‐ichiro
Published: October 2023

We present four Japanese patients with prurigo‐type AD who received upadacitinib. Rapid improvement of skin lesions and itchiness was seen in all patients. Janus kinase inhibitor is effective for prurigo‐type AD by strongly suppressing itching.
Der Rote Keulenkopf
Authors: Petersen Frank
Published: October 2023

Alle Ausgangsverbindungen für Ergot‐Medikamente, unter denen Lysergsäure die wichtigste ist, konnten anfangs nur über die Kultivierung der Sklerotien auf Roggenpflanzen gewonnen werden. 1960 und 1964 gelang italienischen Projektteams unter Leitung des deutsch‐britischen Chemikers Ernst Boris Chain und der Naturstoffforschung der Sandoz AG in Basel der Durchbruch in der fermentativen Produktion von Lysergsäureverbindungen in Bioreaktoren. In den USA klärte der deutsche Chemiker Heinz Floss die Biosynthese der Lysergsäure und weiterer Ergotalkaloide auf, indem er Pilzflüssigkulturen radioaktiv markierte Bausteine zusetzte. 1999 identifizierten die Arbeitsgruppen von Paul Tudzynski (Universität Münster) und Ullrich Keller (TU Berlin) im Genom des Roten Keulenkopfs das gesamte Gencluster der Ergotaminbiosynthese, das die enzymatischen Schritte zur Ergotaminbildung orchestriert. Die Ergotoxikose des Menschen tritt heute nur noch sporadisch in Entwicklungsländern auf, wo Maßnahmen zur Reduktion des Mutterkorns in der Ernte und eine engmaschige Überwachung des Toxingehalts im Getreide nicht durchgehend eingehalten werden können. Ihr gegenüber ist der gangränöse Ergotismus durch kontaminierte Futtergräser in der Weidetierhaltung noch immer ein weltweites Problem für die Landwirtschaft und Zuchtbetriebe. Die Rezeptoren, über die Ergotalkaloide eine gangränöse Toxikose hervorrufen können, sind heute verstanden. Die auffallende Ähnlichkeit der Symptome des konvulsiven Ergotismus und des medikamentösen „Serotonin‐Syndroms“, wie sie der australische Neurologe Mervyn J. Eadie aufzeigte, ist ein passabler Analogieschluss, welche Rezeptortypen an dieser Form einer Ergotoxikose beteiligt sein könnten. 2022 klärte der US‐amerikanische Pharmakologe Bryan Roth mit Hilfe der neuartigen Kryoelektronenmikroskopie die Bindung des LSD an die 5‐HT2A/2B‐ Rezeptoren auf. Anhand der hochaufgelösten neuen Strukturdaten konnte der chinesische Forscher Sheng Wang Moleküle designen, die im Mäusemodel antidepressiv wirkten, ohne halluzinogen zu sein. Gegenwärtig wird LSD in der klinischen Psychiatrie wieder erforscht, um seinen therapeutischen Nutzen bei schwer behandelbaren Depressionen, Traumafolgestörungen, Angstzuständen oder beim Clusterkopfschmerz zu bewerten.
Computational evaluation of heart failure and continuous flow left ventricular assist device support in anaemia
Authors: Bozkurt Selim
Published: October 2023

Anaemia is common in end‐stage heart failure patients supported with continuous flow left ventricular assist device (CF‐LVAD) and is associated with adverse outcomes such as heart failure readmission. This study evaluates the haemodynamic effects of anaemia on cardiac function and cerebral blood flow in heart failure patients supported with CF‐LVAD using computational simulations. A dynamic model simulating cardiac function, systemic, pulmonary and cerebral circulations, cerebral flow autoregulatory mechanisms and gas contents in blood was used to evaluate the effects of anaemia and iron deficiency in heart failure and during CF‐LVAD support. CF‐LVAD therapy was simulated by a model describing HeartMate 3. Anaemia and iron deficiency were simulated by reducing the haemoglobin level from 15 to 9 g/dL and modifying scaling coefficients in the models simulating heart chamber volumes. Reduced haemoglobin levels decreased the arterial O2 content, which increased cerebral blood flow rate by more than 50% in heart failure and during CF‐LVAD assistance. Reduced haemoglobin levels simulating anaemia had minimal effect on the arterial and atrial blood pressures and ventricular volumes. In contrast, iron deficiency increased end‐diastolic left and right ventricular diameters in heart failure from 6.6 cm to 7 cm and 2.9 cm to 3.1 cm and during CF‐LVAD support from 6.1 to 6.4 cm and 3.1 to 3.3 cm. The developed numerical model simulates the effects of anaemia in failing heart and during CF‐LVAD therapy. It is in good agreement with clinical data and can be utilised to assess CF‐LVAD therapy.
Effect of Modified Biochar Prepared by Co‐pyrolysis of MgO on Phosphate Adsorption Performance and Seed Germination
Authors: Tu Panfeng , Zhang Guanlin , Cen Yingyuan , Huang Baoyuan , Li Juan , Li Yongquan , Deng Lifang , Yuan Haoran
Published: October 2023

Biochar is currently used as a phosphate adsorbent in water and subsequently as a soil amendment. In this study, modified biochar was prepared directly by co‐pyrolysis of MgO and rice straw, and a preliminary ecotoxicological assessment was performed before the application of modified biochar to soil. The effects of single factors, such as pyrolysis temperature, dosage, pH, and coexisting ions, on phosphate adsorption performance were investigated. In addition, after phosphate adsorption, the effects of modified biochar leachate on the germination of corn and rice seeds were examined. The results showed that phosphate adsorption by the modified biochar first increased and then decreased as the pyrolysis temperature increased, with modified biochar prepared at 800 °C showing the greatest adsorption. In addition, a comprehensive cost analysis showed that the best phosphate adsorption effect of modified biochar was achieved at a dosage of 0.10 g and a solution pH of 3. In contrast, the presence of competitive coexisting ions, Cl−, NO3−, CO32−, and SO42−, reduced the phosphate adsorption capacity of the modified biochar. The adsorption kinetics results revealed that the process of phosphate adsorption by the modified biochar was more in line with the pseudo‐second‐order model and dominated by chemisorption. Moreover, the adsorption isotherm results indicated that the process was more in line with the Langmuir model and dominated by monomolecular layer adsorption, with a maximum adsorption of 217.54 mg/g. Subsequent seed germination tests showed that phosphate‐adsorbed modified biochar leachate had no significant effect on the germination rate of corn seeds, whereas it improved the germination rate of rice seeds. Together, these results provide guidance for the application of modified biochar firstly as an adsorbent of phosphate and subsequently as a soil remediator.
Cerebral hemiatrophy and hemiparesis following hemiclonic status epilepticus in Dravet syndrome
Authors: Caraballo Roberto , Guzman Ariel , Beltrán Lucas , Espeche Alberto
Published: October 2023

Dravet syndrome is currently considered as an developmental and epileptic encephalopathy and, recently, mandatory, alert, and exclusionary criteria have been proposed. Here, we describe three patients with Dravet syndrome with the typical early presentation including febrile and afebrile alternating hemiclonic seizures due to loss‐of‐function SCN1A variants. Subsequently, they developed episodes of febrile focal status epilepticus (SE) associated with hemiparesis and cerebral hemiatrophy with posterior focal seizures, as a consequence of Dravet syndrome. This sequence of events has been previously published in patients with Dravet syndrome and does not contradict the recent classification by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). The ILAE guidance identifies “Focal neurological findings” as alert criteria and “MRI showing a causal focal lesion” as exclusionary criteria for making an initial diagnosis of Dravet syndrome at presentation. Our three patients would correspond to a severe phenotype, similar to the well‐known presentation of generalized atrophy following prolonged status epilepticus. Common genetic findings in cases of diffuse and unilateral brain involvement may help explain these clinical presentations. Further genotype–phenotype studies may provide additional insights into this electroclinical behavior.
Prevalence of epilepsy in Morocco: A population‐based study
Authors: Souirti Zouhayr , Hmidani Mohammed , Lamkadddem Abdelaziz , Khabbach Kawtar , Belakhdar Salma , Charkani Doae , Mhandez Tlemcani Driss , Lahmadi Nabila , El Akramine Maroua , Erriouiche Samira , Berrada Asmae , Ahniba Asmae , Omari Mohammed , El Fakir Samira , Tachfouti Nabil , Rafai Mohammed Abdoh , Chahid Imane , Meriam Bentahar , Jilla Mariam , Ghaname Aayad , Benmansour Youssef , Filali Zegzouti Younes , Kissani Najib , Lakhdar Abdelhakim , Belfkih Rachid , Aggouri Mohamed , Ouazzani Reda , Chahidi Abderrahmane , Janati Idrissi Abdelkrim
Published: October 2023

Objective

In Morocco, there was a lack of data related to the epidemiology of epilepsy. This data serves as a useful basis for the development of any national intervention or action program against epilepsy in Morocco. Through this study, we aimed to estimate the active and lifetime prevalence of epilepsy in Morocco.

Methods

We collected data from eight out of 12 Moroccan regions in two steps: In the screening step, we first used a nationwide telephone diagnosis questionnaire and in the second stage, a team of physicians under the direction of an epileptologist conducted a confirmative survey for suspected cases. We fixed the confidence interval at α = 5% and the precision at 0.02.

Results

Up to 3184 responded positively to our invitation to participate in this study and were able to answer the questions of the first diagnostic questionnaire. In the diagnostic phase, physicians in neurology reinterviewed all 86 suspected cases using a confirmative diagnosis questionnaire, and 63 persons were confirmed as having lifetime epilepsy and 56 with active epilepsy. The mean age (Mean ± SD) of persons with epilepsy was 35.53 years (±21.36). The prevalence of lifetime and active epilepsy were 19.8 (19.6–20.0) and 17.6 (17.5–17.8) per 1000 (95% confidence interval), respectively.

Significance

This is the first study to estimate the active and lifetime prevalence of epilepsy in Morocco according to the international recommendations of the ILAE. The prevalence of lifetime and active epilepsy were 19.8 (15–24.6) and 17.6 (13.3–22.8) per 1000, respectively. We included both children and elderly subjects. The rates of active and lifetime population epilepsy prevalence in Morocco ranged between Asian and sub‐Saharan Africa low‐ and middle‐income countries.
First description of buccopharyngeal anatomy in Pelodryadinae larvae: Morphological comparison and systematic implications (Anura: Hylidae: Pelodryadinae: Litoria rubella and Ranoidea caerulea)
Authors: Dias Pedro Henrique dos Santos
Published: October 2023

Pelodryadinae, the Australian tree frogs, is a monophyletic group endemic to the Australo‐Papuan region. Although we have a relatively good knowledge about tadpoles' phenotypic diversity in terms of external morphology, information about internal anatomy is rare for the subfamily; for instance, their buccopharyngeal cavity is completely unknown. Herein I describe for the first time the buccopharyngeal anatomy of two pelodryadins: Litoria rubella and Ranoidea caerulea. I compare my results with available evidence from Phyllomedusidae, that is, the sister clade to Pelodryadinae, and briefly comment on buccopharyngeal cavity within Hylidae. Both species can be readily distinguished based on lateral ridge, postnarial, buccal roof arena, infralabial papillae, and lingual papillae. Variation between the two species may suggest a large diversity within Pelodryadinae. Pelodryadinae and Phyllomedusinae present similar buccopharyngeal morphologies, although Agalychnis callidryas has a unique morphology and putative apomorphic transformations can be observed in Pithecopus + Phyllomedusa, Ranoidea, and Phasmahyla.
The role of amygdala‐ventral pallidum pathway in depression‐like behaviors in male mice
Authors: Guo Hao , Guo Jintao , Gao Zihang , Luo Fei , Zhang Enming
Published: October 2023

The basolateral amygdala (BLA) appears to serve an important function in the pathophysiology of depression. Depressive symptoms, such as anhedonia are largely caused by dysfunction in the brain's reward system, in which the ventral pallidum (VP) participates in by controlling dopamine release. However, the role of the BLA‐VP pathway in the development of depression remains poorly understood. To investigate this pathway, we employed the Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress (CUMS) mouse model, in which we injected retroAAV expressing GFP‐Cre into the VP and AAV expressing hM4Di‐mCherry into the BLA. We then used CNO to activate the Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs) for all behavioral tests. The CUMS procedure resulted in significant depression symptoms such as decreased sucrose preference, limited weight gain, decreased immobile latency, and increased immobile time in the forced swim and tail suspension tests. Inhibition of the BLA‐VP glutamatergic projections reversed these depression‐like behaviors. We found that suppressing the BLA‐VP circuitry had beneficial effects on CUMS‐induced depression‐like behaviors such as anorexia, anhedonia, and despair. Specifically, upon suppression of glutamatergic projections in the BLA‐VP circuitry, these depression‐like behaviors were significantly alleviated, which highlights the vital role of this circuitry in the development of depression. Furthermore, the beneficial effects of suppressing this circuitry seem to be associated with the brain's reward system, warranting further investigation.
Genome‐scale reconstruction of the metabolic network in Streptococcus thermophilus S‐3 and assess urea metabolism
Authors: Hou Chengjie , Song Xin , Xiong Zhiqiang , Wang Guangqiang , Xia Yongjun , Ai Lianzhong
Published: October 2023

BACKGROUND

Streptococcus thermophilus is an important strain widely used in dairy fermentation, with distinct urea metabolism characteristics compared to other lactic acid bacteria. The conversion of urea by S. thermophilus has been shown to affect the flavor and acidification characteristics of milk. Additionally, urea metabolism has been found to significantly increase the number of cells and reduce cell damage under acidic pH conditions, resulting in higher activity. However, the physiological role of urea metabolism in S. thermophilus has not been fully evaluated. A deep understanding of this metabolic feature is of great significance for its production and application. Genome‐scale metabolic network models (GEMs) are effective tools for investigating the metabolic network of organisms using computational biology methods. Constructing an organism‐specific GEM can assist us in comprehending its characteristic metabolism at a systemic level.

RESULTS

In the present study, we reconstructed a high‐quality GEM of S. thermophilus S‐3 (iCH492), which contains 492 genes, 608 metabolites and 642 reactions. Growth phenotyping experiments were employed to validate the model both qualitatively and quantitatively, yielding satisfactory predictive accuracy (95.83%), sensitivity (93.33%) and specificity (100%). Subsequently, a systematic evaluation of urea metabolism in S. thermophilus was performed using iCH492. The results showed that urea metabolism reduces intracellular hydrogen ions and creates membrane potential by producing and transporting ammonium ions. This activation of glycolytic fluxes and ATP synthase produces more ATP for biomass synthesis. The regulation of fluxes of reactions involving NAD(P)H by urea metabolism improves redox balance.

CONCLUSION

Model iCH492 represents the most comprehensive knowledge‐base of S. thermophilus to date, serving as a potent tool. The evaluation of urea metabolism led to novel insights regarding the role of urease. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Powers of vertex cover ideals of simplicial trees
Authors: Bijender  , Kumar Ajay , Kumar Rajiv
Published: October 2023

In 2011, Herzog et al. conjectured that if is the cover ideal of a chordal graph, then is componentwise linear for all . In 2022, Hà and Van Tuyl considered objects more general than chordal graphs and posed the following problem: let be the cover ideal of a simplicial tree . Is it true that is componentwise linear for all In this paper, we give an affirmative answer to this problem.
Min–max optimization of node‐targeted attacks in service networks
Authors: Fortz Bernard , Mycek Mariusz , Pióro Michał , Tomaszewski Artur
Published: October 2023

This article considers resilience of service networks that are composed of service and control nodes to node‐targeted attacks. Two complementary problems of selecting attacked nodes and placing control nodes reflect the interaction between the network operator and the network attacker. This interaction can be analyzed within the framework of game theory. Considering the limited performance of the previously introduced iterative solution algorithms based on non‐compact problem models, new compact integer programming formulations of the node attack optimization problem are proposed, which are based on the notion of pseudo‐components and on a bilevel model. The efficiency of the new formulations is illustrated by the numerical study that uses two reference networks (medium‐size and large‐size), and a wide range of the sizes of attacks and controllers placements.
Synthetic copolymers with natural product side‐chain pendents
Authors: Banerjee Arnab , Nandi Rhituparna , Ghoshal Meghna , Chowdhury Pampa , Khatua Arindam , Bisai Alakesh , De Priyadarsi
Published: October 2023

Dehydroabietic acid is a natural product in the class of rosins. Here we report the design, synthesis and characterization of copolymers containing dehydroabietate side‐chain pendents, derived from homologated dehydroabietic ethyl methacrylate and tert‐butoxy carbonyl (Boc) l‐alanine methacryloyloxyethyl ester with varying comonomer proportions by reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. The cleavage of Boc groups from the copolymers resulted in water‐soluble copolymers with cationic surface charge. Since proper hydrophobic−hydrophilic balance in a single polymer chain is maintained, the copolymers self‐assembled in aqueous media with a critical aggregation concentration of 2.8–3.0 mg L−1, confirmed by fluorescence spectroscopy. 1H NMR spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, SEM and AFM were used to further investigate the aqueous solution self‐assembly of random copolymers. The collective findings from 1H NMR, dynamic light scattering, SEM and AFM clearly revealed the existence of micellar particles in water with alanine units on the surface of the nanoaggregates and homologated dehydroabietate pendents along with the hydrophobic main‐chain backbone in the core. In addition, to get a clear insight into the nanoaggregates' potential for drug encapsulation in aqueous medium, Nile Red was incorporated as a model hydrophobic dye. © 2023 Society of Industrial Chemistry.
An adaptive modeling for bifacial solar module levelized cost and performance analysis for mining application
Authors: Kumar Bojja Shiva , Kunar B. M. , Murthy Ch. S. N.
Published: October 2023

Power density and efficiency typically dominate design approaches for power electronics. However, cost optimality is in no way guaranteed by these strategies. A design framework that minimizes the (i) levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), (ii) collection of light, and (iii) irradiance of the generation system is proposed as a solution to this flaw. From an improvement of the swarm behavior optimization model to get a minimum LCOE of solar panel, we design to optimize height, tilt angle, azimuth angle, and some parameters to solve the objective function and LCOE improvement problem to obtain the optimal design problem. In adaptive salp swarm optimization (ASSO), this change's proposed model producer swarm behavior is regarded as an adaptive process that keeps the algorithm from prematurely converging during exploration. The proposed algorithm's performance was confirmed using benchmark test functions, and the results were compared with those of the salp swarm optimization (SSO) and other efficient optimization algorithms. LCOE condition as far as “land‐related cost” and “module‐related cost” demonstrates that the optimal design of bifacial farms is determined by the interaction of these parameters. This proposed model can be used to evaluate visibility on building surfaces that are suitable for mining applications like crushing. Experimentation results show Minimum LCOE AS 0.05 (€/Kw)minimum irradiance and collection light as 336.23(w/m2) and 83.02%n proposed framework model. The swarm optimization method is contrasted with the optimal parameters derived from a conventional solver.
Use of double‐stranded RNA targeting β2 divergent nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit to control pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum at larval and adult stages
Authors: Ligonniere Sebastien , Raymond Valerie , Goven Delphine
Published: October 2023

BACKGROUND

In recent years, the use of the RNA interference technology (RNAi) has emerged as one of the new strategies for species‐specific control of insect pests. Its specificity depends on the distinctiveness of the target gene sequence for a given species. In this work, we assessed in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (A. pisum) the use of a double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) that targets the β2 divergent nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit (dsRNA‐β2), which shares low sequence identity with other subunits, to control populations of this pest at different developmental stages. Because nAChRs are targeted by neonicotinoid insecticides such as imidacloprid, we also assessed the effect of dsRNA‐β2 coupled to this insecticide on aphid survival. Finally, because the effect of a control agent on beneficial insect must be considered before any use of new pest management strategies, the acute toxicity of dsRNA‐β2 combined with imidacloprid was evaluated on honeybee Apis mellifera.

RESULTS

In this work, we demonstrated that dsRNA‐β2 alone has an insecticidal effect on aphid larvae and adults. Moreover, dsRNA‐β2 and imidacloprid effects on aphid larvae and adults were additive, meaning that dsRNA‐β2 did not alter the efficacy of imidacloprid on these two developmental stages. Also, no obvious acute toxicity on Apis mellifera was reported.

CONCLUSION

Using RNAi that targets β2 divergent nAChR subunit is effective alone or combined with imidacloprid to control A. pisum at larval and adult stages. Because no obvious Apis mellifera mortality has been reported, this RNAi‐based pest management strategy should be considered to control insect pest. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Characterization of three glutathione S‐transferases potentially associated with adaptation of the wheat blossom midge Sitodiplosis mosellana to host plant defense
Authors: Zhang Guojun , Meng Linqin , Chen Rui , Wang Wen , Jing Xiangfeng , Zhu‐Salzman Keyan , Cheng Weining
Published: October 2023

BACKGROUND

Insect glutathione S‐transferases (GSTs), a multifunctional protein family, play a crucial role in detoxification of plant defensive compounds. However, they have been rarely investigated in Sitodiplosis mosellana, a destructive pest of wheat worldwide. In this study, we characterized for the first time a delta (SmGSTd1) and two epsilon GST genes (SmGSTe1 and SmGSTe2) and analyzed their expression patterns and functions associated with adaptation to host plant defense in this species.

RESULTS

Expression of these SmGST genes greatly increased in S. mosellana larvae feeding on resistant wheat varieties Kenong1006, Shanmai139 and Jinmai47 which contain higher tannin and ferulic acid, the major defensive compounds of wheat against this pest, compared with those feeding on susceptible varieties Xinong822, Xinong88 and Xiaoyan22. Their expression was also tissue‐specific, most predominant in larval midgut. Recombinant SmGSTs expressed in Escherichia coli could catalyze the conjugation of 1‐chloro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene, with activity peak at pH around 7.0 and temperature between 30 and 40 °C. Notably, they could metabolize tannin and ferulic acid, with the strongest metabolic ability by SmGSTe2 against two compounds, followed by SmGSTd1 on tannin, and SmGSTe1 on ferulic acid.

CONCLUSION

The results suggest that these SmGSTs are important in metabolizing wheat defensive chemicals during feeding, which may be related to host plant adaptation of S. mosellana. Our study has provided information for future investigation and development of strategies such as host‐induced gene silencing of insect‐detoxifying genes for managing pest adaptation. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Proteomics analysis of an individual formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissue section using isobaric‐tag amplification
Authors: Cho Ara , Ahn Jinsung , Kim Andrew , Lee Jeong Hyun , Ryu Han Suk , Kim Kristine M. , Yi Eugene C.
Published: October 2023

Rationale

The comprehensive analysis of formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) tissues is essential for retrospective clinical studies. However, detecting low‐abundance proteins and obtaining proteome‐scale data from FFPE samples pose analytical challenges in mass spectrometry‐based proteomics. To overcome this challenge, our study focuses on implementing an isobaric labeling approach to improve the detection of low‐abundance target proteins in FFPE tissues, thereby enhancing the qualitative and quantitative analysis.

Methods

We employed an isobaric labeling approach utilizing synthetic peptides or proteins to enable the qualitative and quantitative measurement of target proteins in FFPE tissue samples. To achieve this, we incorporated tandem mass tag (TMT)‐labeled recombinant proteins or synthetic peptides into TMT‐labeled metastatic breast cancer FFPE tissues. Through this strategy, we successfully detect coexisting CD276 (B7‐H3) and CD147 proteins while identifying over 6000 proteins using targeted analysis of individual FFPE tissue sections.

Results

Our findings provide compelling evidence that the incorporation of isobaric labeling, along with the inclusion of TMT‐labeled peptides or proteins, greatly enhances the detection of target proteins in FFPE tissue samples. By employing this approach, we were able to obtain robust qualitative measurements of CD276 and CD147 proteins, showcasing its effectiveness in identifying more than 6000 proteins in FFPE samples.

Conclusions

The integration of an isobaric labeling approach, in conjunction with synthetic peptides or proteins, presents a valuable strategy for enhancing the detection and validation of target proteins in FFPE tissue analysis. This technique holds immense potential in retrospective clinical studies, as it enables comprehensive analysis of low‐abundance proteins and facilitating proteome‐scale investigations in FFPE samples. By leveraging this methodology, researchers can unlock new insights into disease mechanisms and advance our understanding of complex biological processes.
Revisiting Some Building Blocks of Contemporary Capitalism that Center Selfishness
Authors: Byttebier Koen
Published: October 2023

Once the insight is reached that the economic principles on which capitalism is based are by no means laws of nature, but rather mainly the result of value choices that have been made as of the fifteenth to sixteenth century (cf. Chap. 1), a logical step is to subject some of the building blocks of the prevailing, capitalist socio-economic order to an ethical examination.
Encounters with Forces of Nature
Authors: Fuchs Hans U. , Corni Federico
Published: October 2023

Within our rich flow of experience, we discriminate a perceptual unit called Force
of Nature.