bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A 5th CenturybcIron Age Chariot Burial from Newbridge, Edinburgh
Authors: Carter Stephen , Hunter Fraser , Smith Andrea , Hastie Mhairi , Lancaster Steven , Dalland Magnar , Hurford Robert , Bailey Edward , McDonnell Gerry , Swiss Tony
Published: March 2013

The remains of the first Iron Age chariot burial in Britain outside Yorkshire were discovered during the winter of 2000–1, near the Bronze Age burial mound of Huly Hill, at Newbridge, Edinburgh. Excavated by Headland Archaeology (UK) Ltd with the assistance of the National Museums Scotland, the chariot proved unique beyond just its burial location. The Newbridge chariot was buried intact, a method consistent with the burial practices of Continental Europe rather than Yorkshire, where they were predominantly buried disassembled. Detailed post-excavation analysis revealed a history of repair and reuse, and construction techniques that indicate links with the chariot building traditions of both Yorkshire and Continental Europe. Fifth centurybcradiocarbon dates for the burial place it firmly within La Tène A, consistent with its similarities to European examples and indicating that it pre-dates the known Yorkshire examples. This indicates the emergence of a British tradition of chariot construction by this time, familiar with Continental habits and technology but distinctively different in such areas as wheel construction and suspension fittings. Based on the findings, a reconstruction of the chariot was built for display in the National Museums Scotland, providing an opportunity further to understand and confirm the construction techniques observed or hypothesised during excavation.
Animals and Cotswold-Severn Long Barrows: a Re-examination
Authors: Thomas Richard , McFadyen Lesley
Published: March 2013

In this paper new collaborative research is presented following a re-examination of the faunal remains and architectural evidence from a selected number of Cotswold-Severn long barrow sites. Five different loci of deposition are considered: ‘pre-barrow’ contexts; the chambers; the superstructure of the barrow and the ditches; the forecourt; and blocking material. These spatial locations were chosen following research that has demonstrated that these areas are likely to represent different temporal, as well as spatial, patterns of activity. While the faunal remains are diverse in character, common themes observed at the sites include: the deposition of complete or partial remains of foetal and young animals within chambers; the use of teeth and cranial elements within blocking material; and, within each temporal context, the absence of clear evidence for feasting and the importance of cattle, and the small but constant inclusion of wild mammals. This complexity of practice has the potential to mature our thinking regarding the nature of human–animal relationships within the early Neolithic of Britain and provide a secure foundation of evidence for subsequent interpretations.
Refitting Etton: Space, Time, and Material Culture Within a Causewayed Enclosure in Cambridgeshire
Authors: Beadsmoore Emma , Garrow Duncan , Knight Mark
Published: March 2013

This paper considers the dynamics of deposition around and across the causewayed enclosure at Etton, Cambridgeshire. As a result of detailed re-analysis (particularly refitting) of the pottery and flint assemblages from the site, it proved possible to shed new light both on the temporality of occupation and the character of deposition there. Certain aspects of our work challenge previous interpretations of the site, and of causewayed enclosures in general; but, just as importantly, others confirm materially what has previously been suggested. The quantities of material deposited at Etton reveal that the enclosure was occupied only very intermittently and certainly less regularly than other contemporary sites in the region. The spatial distribution of material suggests that the enclosure ditch lay open for the entirety of the monument's life, but that acts of deposition generally focused on a specific part of the monument at any one time. As well as enhancing our knowledge of one particular causewayed enclosure, it is hoped that this paper – in combination with our earlier analysis of the pit site at Kilverstone – makes clear the potential that detailed material analysis has to offer in relation to our understanding of the temporality of occupation on prehistoric sites in general.
Bryn Celli Ddu Passage Tomb, Anglesey: Alignment, Construction, Date, and Ritual
Authors: Burrow Steve
Published: March 2013

Bryn Celli Ddu is one of only two developed passage tombs in Wales, and has occupied a pivotal place in narratives of this region since the publication of excavations in the 1920s by W.J. Hemp. The construction sequence at the site has been at the centre of debate on several occasions with previous models raising important issues about the sequence of major monument types (notably the henge and the passage tomb) and the inter-regional links of the tomb's builders. This paper presents a new interpretation of the site's construction history, drawing on several sources, including: the recent demonstration that the tomb is aligned on the midsummer sunrise; Hemp's unpublished archive; and the results of a radiocarbon dating programme. The result is a two phase model which shows the tomb to have been built between3074 and 2956 calbc, and which sheds fresh light on the ritual practices of the community which built it.
New Dates for Sarn-y-bryn-caled, Powys, Wales
Authors: Gibson Alex
Published: March 2013

The timber circle and other sites within the Sarn-y-bryn-caled ritual complex were excavated in advance of the construction of the Welshpool bypass and published in this journal in 1994 (Gibson 1994). The radiocarbon dating undertaken at the time relied totally on charcoal and, in the case of site 1 (the timber circle) and site 2 (a small panannular ring ditch), oak charcoal was the only available material. At the time, it was not possible to date cremated bone but now with this facility at our disposal, it seemed appropriate to redate these two important sites to check the existing dating and refine that dating if possible.
An Exotic Early Bronze Age Funerary Assemblage from Stanbury, West Yorkshire
Authors: Richardson Jane , Vyner Blaise
Published: March 2013

The chance find of a discrete pit containing an Early Bronze Age funerary deposit was made at Stanbury, West Yorkshire, during the spring of 2007. A large Collared Urn, which was inverted, contained the cremated remains of a young male, together with a stone battle-axe, a bone belt-hook and pin, a pair of copper alloy earrings, and an accessory vessel. The burial was accompanied by two further Collared Urns, one of which was near complete. The two radiocarbon dates obtained have allowed a fairly tight date range of 1960–1780 cal BC to be proposed. This combination of pyre and grave goods is apparently unique, while a number of the items are exotic to Pennine Yorkshire.
On the Beach: New Discoveries at Harlyn Bay, Cornwall
Authors: Jones Andy M. , Marley Jane , Quinnell Henrietta , Hartgroves Steve , Evershed Richard P , Lawson-Jones Anna , Jones Sue , Randall Clare , Ratcliffe Laura , Šoberl Lucija , Taylor Roger
Published: March 2013

In 1990 a stone covered pit containing a Trevisker Ware vessel was found eroding from the cliffs at Harlyn Bay and excavated. The vessel contained cremated bone from several individuals with some animal bone, quartz pebbles, and a small bronze pendant. A radiocarbon date on the cremated bone fell in the range 2120–1880 calbcand is a valuable addition to the small number of securely-dated Early Bronze Age burials in Cornwall with metalwork associations. This early date also makes a major contribution to the debate on the sequence of Trevisker Ware as the vessel, of gabbroic clay, has a band of incised chevron decoration. Lipid residue analysis showed traces of ruminant dairy fat. This paper examines the significance of unmounded burial sites in Cornwall and also assesses the importance of Early Bronze Age burials around Harlyn Bay which have produced an unusually wide range of artefacts.
Excavations at a Neolithic Enclosure on The Peak, near Birdlip, Gloucestershire
Authors: Darvill Timothy , Bayliss Alex , Costen Debra , Hambleton Ellen , Healy Frances , Housley Rupert A. , O'Connell Linda , Pollard Mark , Snashall Nicola , Whittle Alasdair , Constant Vanessa , Darvill Timothy , Gray Lorna
Published: March 2013

Surveys and excavations in 1980–1 confirmed Peak Camp as a Neolithic enclosure on a flat promontory of the Cotswold escarpment overlooking the Severn Valley just 1 km south of Crickley Hill. Although heavily eroded by quarrying the site can be reconstructed as having two concentric arcs of boundary earthworks forming an oval plan which was probably open to the north where a steep natural slope defined the edge of the site. A section through the outer boundary showed four main phases of ditch construction, at least one causewayed. An extensive series of radiocarbon dates shows construction began in the late 37th century calbcand probably continued through successive remodellings into the 33rd century calbcor beyond. An internal ditch or elongated pit situated in the area between the inner and outer boundary earthworks had a similar history. Where sampled, the ditch and internal feature were rich in material culture, including a substantial assemblage of plain bowl pottery; flint implements and working waste; animal remains dominated by cattle but including also the remains of a cat; human foot bones; slight traces of cereal production; a fragment of a Group VI axe; part of a sandstone disc; and a highly unusual shale arc pendant of continental type. It is suggested that the ditch fills represent selectively redeposited midden material from within the site that started to accumulate in the late 5th or early 4th millennium calbc. The construction and use of Peak Camp is contemporary with activity on Crickley Hill, and the two sites probably formed components of a single complex. Its use was also contemporary with the deposition of burials at local long barrows in the Cotswold-Severn tradition which are linked by common ceramic traditions and the selective deposition of human body parts.
The Excavation of Duddo Stone Circle, Northumberland
Authors: Edwards Benjamin , Miket Roger , Bishop Rosie
Published: March 2013

This paper reports on the 2008 excavations at Duddo Stone Circle, Northumberland; the first excavation of a stone circle in the north-east of England under modern conditions. The project was successful in radiocarbon dating archaeobotanical material that suggests a date for construction at the beginning of the Early Bronze Age, and cremated human bone that dates its potential re-use for burial to around 1700 calbc. This report provides a stratigraphic account of the results of the excavation and specialist reports on the archaeobotanical remains, the radiocarbon dates, and the finds recovered. The discussion considers Duddo in the context of other stone circles in the North-East and Borders, and more generally across the United Kingdom, concluding that heterogeneity is a regional trait in north-eastern England and southern Scotland, much as architectural or landscape affinities link similar monuments in other regions.
Increased risk of prostate cancer following sexually transmitted infection in an Asian population
Authors: CHUNG S. D. , LIN Y. K. , HUANG C. C. , LIN H. C.
Published: March 2013

The relationship between sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and prostate cancer (PC) remains inconclusive. Moreover, all such studies to date have been conducted in Western populations. This study aimed to investigate the risk of PC following STI using a population-based matched-cohort design in Taiwan. The study cohort comprised 1055 patients with STIs, and 10 550 randomly selected subjects were used as a comparison cohort. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis revealed that the hazard ratio for PC during the 5-year follow-up period for patients with a STI was 1·95 (95% confidence interval 1·18–3·23), that of comparison subjects after adjusting for urbanization level, geographical region, monthly income, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, obesity, chronic prostatitis, history of vasectomy, tobacco use disorder, and alcohol abuse. We concluded that the risk of PC was higher for men who were diagnosed with a STI in an Asian population.
Should Utilitarianism Be Scalar?
Authors: LANG GERALD
Published: March 2013

Scalar utilitarianism, a form of utilitarianism advocated by Alastair Norcross, retains utilitarianism's evaluative commitments while dispensing with utilitarianism's deontic commitments, or its commitment to the existence or significance of moral duties, obligations and requirements. This article disputes the effectiveness of the arguments that have been used to defend scalar utilitarianism. It is contended that Norcross's central ‘Persuasion Argument’ does not succeed, and it is suggested, more positively, that utilitarians cannot easily distance themselves from deontic assessment, just as long as scalar utilitarians admit – as they should do – that utilitarian evaluation generates normative reasons for action.
Culture and Diversity in John Stuart Mill's Civic Nation
Authors: TYNDAL JASON
Published: March 2013

In this article, I develop a conception of multiculturalism that is compatible with Mill's liberal framework. I argue, drawing from Mill's conception of the nation-state, that he would expect cultural minorities to assimilate fully into the political sphere of the dominant culture, but to assimilate only minimally, if at all, into the cultural sphere. I also argue that while Mill cannot permit cultural accommodations in the form of self-government rights, he would allow for certain accommodation rights (construed as individual rights) which assist cultural minorities in preserving their cultural particularity. While this is indeed a modest multiculturalism, it helps to demonstrate that Mill was not as hostile towards custom or minority groups as certain passages may appear to suggest.
Advances in critical care for the older patient
Authors: Monkhouse Diane
Published: March 2013

As the proportion of elderly people in the general population increases, so does the number admitted to critical care. In caring for an older patient, the intensivist has to balance the complexities of an acute illness, pre-existing co-morbidities and patient preference for life-sustaining treatment with the chances of survival, quality of life after critical illness and rationing of expensive, limited resources. This remains one of the most challenging areas of critical care practice.
The role of nitric oxide in priming-induced low-temperature tolerance in two genotypes of tomato
Authors: Amooaghaie Rayhaneh , Nikzad Khorshid
Published: March 2013

The present study was conducted to evaluate the contribution of nitric oxide (NO) to the priming effects on seed germination, seedling vigour and low-temperature tolerance of two tomato cultivars (Solanum lycopersicum, cv. Cherry and Falcato) under four different constant temperatures (10, 15, 20 and 25°C). Treatments included priming in a polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000) solution (osmopriming) or presoaking in sodium nitroprusside (SNP) solution, a donor of NO, for 24 h at 25°C. Suboptimal temperatures reduced seed germination and subsequent seedling growth, as well as amylase activity, in both cultivars, but Falcato was more sensitive to low temperature than Cherry. Both osmopriming and SNP treatments enhanced germination capacity, germination index, seedling root and shoot length, α- and β-amylase activities and sugar content under suboptimal temperatures, especially in Falcato. We observed similarities between the modes of action of the two priming treatments. Both treatments increased seed NO content, whereas their positive effects on germination and subsequent seedling growth under low-temperature stress was reversed by the addition of methylene blue (MB), a scavenger of NO. This is the first report that suggests that positive effects of priming are most likely mediated through NO signalling.
Competition among the exchanges before the SEC: was the NYSE a natural hegemon?
Authors: White Eugene N.
Published: March 2013

Improved information technology and higher volume should drive orders to be concentrated in one market, lowering the costs of transactions. However, the opposite occurred during the bull market of the 1920s when rapid technological change spawned a flood of new issues. This article employs newly recovered data for 1900-33 on the volume and seat prices of regional exchanges to examine how these rivals successfully competed with the NYSE, leading to its relative decline at the zenith of the market. The history of US exchanges reveals that the tendency towards concentration of trading is periodically reversed when new industries, whose technologies are risky and unfamiliar, are more easily accommodated by existing or new rivals to the dominant exchange.
Automatic Processing of Duration in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Gomes Hilary , Duff Martin , Flores Adrianne , Halperin Jeffrey M.
Published: March 2013

Individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often exhibit deficits in processing information about time. Most studies, however, have required participants to perform active tasks and consequently it is unclear if performance deficits are due to impaired processing of temporal information, attentional deficits, or to impairments at a later stage of decision-making. This study used mismatch negativity (MMN) to examine automatic processing of temporal information in children with ADHD. The sample consisted of 11 children with typical development (8 boys; mean age/SD= 9.3/0.6 years) and 12 with ADHD (10 boys; mean age/SD= 8.9/0.8 years). Using the MMN paradigm, responses to standards and four deviants (hard/easy frequency, hard/easy duration) were elicited during the same sequence. The children's ability to actively discriminate each deviant was also assessed. Both groups exhibited MMNs to all deviants suggesting successful automatic discrimination. Furthermore, amplitude and latency measures were roughly comparable across groups. No group differences were seen on the active discrimination task, but performance was worse for duration than for frequency deviants. These results suggest that children with ADHD are able to automatically process temporal information, so deficits reported in active discrimination paradigms are likely due to deficits in subjective perception or usage of temporal information. (JINS, 2013,19, 1–9)
DOWNLOAD THIS ESSAY: A DEFENCE OF STEALING EBOOKS
Authors: Forcehimes Andrew T.
Published: March 2013

Philosophers write essays. Nowadays most of them are highly technical and argumentative. They have titles like ‘A Rejoinder to So and So’ or ‘A Critique of Such and Such’. This is somewhat understandable. Like others in my field, as a philosopher, my work is predicated on having interlocutors – all of whom, with a few exceptions, I have never met. This is the beauty of the written word combined with public libraries. Because of printing I can engage the ideas of others from a different time or place; because of libraries I am not excluded from the conversation because of social or economic class.
LIBERAL AND CONSERVATIVE VIEWS OF MARRIAGE
Authors: Jordan Matthew Carey
Published: March 2013

This essay is about liberal and conservative views of marriage. I'll begin by mentioning that I would really, really like to avoid use of the terms ‘liberal’ and ‘conservative’, but when push comes to shove, I know of no better labels for the positions that will be discussed in what follows. I would like to avoid these labels for a simple reason: many people strongly self-identify as liberals or as conservatives, and this can undermine our ability to investigate the topic in a sane, rational way. Politics, at least in the contemporary English-speaking world, functions a lot like the world of sports. Many people have a particular team to which their allegiance has been pledged, and the team's successes and failures on the field are shared in the hearts and minds of its loyal followers. In my own case – and here, I ask for your pity – I am a fan of the National Football League's Cleveland Browns. As much as I might wish things were otherwise, I rejoice in the Browns' (rare) triumphs and suffer when they lose (which happens frequently). I do not wait to see what happens in the game before I decide which team to cheer for; if it's an NFL game, and I see orange and brown, I know where my allegiance lies. Furthermore, I identify with my fellow Browns fans in a way that I cannot identify with followers of, say, the Pittsburgh Steelers. Clevelanders are my people. We share something, and what we share unites us in opposition to Steeler Nation. Their victories are our defeats. It is a zero-sum game: for one of us to win, the other must lose.
Exploring the Causal Interplay of Subjective Age and Health Dimensions in the Second Half of Life
Authors: Spuling Svenja M. , Miche Martina , Wurm Susanne , Wahl Hans-Werner
Published: March 2013

Numerous studies have emphasized a stable relationship between subjective age and health. However, few longitudinal studies exist and these have normally tested only one causal pathway. The present study investigated the direction of effects between subjective age and different health dimensions in 3,038 participants of the German Ageing Survey, aged 40 years and older. Cross-sectionally, subjective age correlated with all health dimensions studied. Longitudinally, subjective age predicted physical, mental, and self-rated health, whereas the reverse effect was found only for self-rated health. Subjective age thus seems to be an important resource for preserving health in the second half of life.
Cognitive Health Counseling 40+
Authors: Eschen Anne , Zehnder Franzisca , Martin Mike
Published: March 2013

This article introduces Cognitive Health Counseling 40+ (CH.CO40+), an individualized intervention that is conceptually based on the orchestration model of quality-of-life management ( Martin & Kliegel, 2010 ) and aims at improving satisfaction with cognitive health in adults aged 40 years and older. We describe the theoretically deduced characteristics of CH.CO40+, its target group, its multifactorial nature, its individualization, the application of subjective and objective measures, the role of participants as agents of change, and the rationale for choosing participants’ satisfaction with their cognitive health as main outcome variable. A pilot phase with 15 middle-aged and six older adults suggests that CH.CO40+ attracts, and may be particularly suitable for, subjective memory complainers. Implications of the pilot data for the further development of the intervention are discussed.
Detrimental Effects of Leptin on Intracerebral Hemorrhage via the STAT3 Signal Pathway
Authors: Kim Chi Kyung , Ryu Wi-Sun , Choi In-Young , Kim Young-Ju , Rim Doeun , Kim Beom Joon , Jang Hyunduk , Yoon Byung-Woo , Lee Seung-Hoon
Published: March 2013

Leptin, one of the most important adipokines, is not only an energy regulator but also a regulator of innate immunity. Inflammation plays a key role in the tissue damage after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and we sought to investigate whether leptin has a detrimental effect on ICH. After the injection of a high replacement dose (0.04 mg/kg) and two pharmacologic doses (4 and 8 mg/kg) of leptin, brain water contents increased significantly compared with that of control mice ( P < 0.05), which was confirmed when comparing the results with leptin-deficient ob/ob and wild-type (WT) mice (78.8% ± 0.6% versus 79.7% ± 0.6%, P < 0.05). The number of Ox6-positive microglia/macrophages was increased in the leptin-injected group and decreased in ob/ob compared with WT mice. Among the candidate signal transducers, an increase in signal transduction and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) levels was found after leptin injection. When we administered NSC74859, a specific inhibitor of phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3), the water content became normalized. Activity of pSTAT3 was found mainly in Ox6-positive microglia/macrophages, but not in either neurons or astrocytes. We demonstrate that leptin plays a critical role in the secondary brain injury around a hematoma and is a novel mediator of the inflammation. This detrimental effect of leptin on ICH is mediated by the STAT3 signaling pathway in inflammatory cells.
Characterization of a pre-export enzyme–chaperone complex on the twin-arginine transport pathway
Authors: Dow Jennifer M. , Gabel Frank , Sargent Frank , Palmer Tracy
Published: March 2013

The Tat (twin-arginine translocation) system is a protein targeting pathway utilized by prokaryotes and chloroplasts. Tat substrates are produced with distinctive N-terminal signal peptides and are translocated as fully folded proteins. In Escherichia coli, Tat-dependent proteins often contain redox cofactors that must be loaded before translocation. Trimethylamine N-oxide reductase (TorA) is a model bacterial Tat substrate and is a molybdenum cofactor-dependent enzyme. Co-ordination of cofactor loading and translocation of TorA is directed by the TorD protein, which is a cytoplasmic chaperone known to interact physically with the TorA signal peptide. In the present study, a pre-export TorAD complex has been characterized using biochemical and biophysical techniques, including SAXS (small-angle X-ray scattering). A stable, cofactor-free TorAD complex was isolated, which revealed a 1:1 binding stoichiometry. Surprisingly, a TorAD complex with similar architecture can be isolated in the complete absence of the 39-residue TorA signal peptide. The present study demonstrates that two high-affinity binding sites for TorD are present on TorA, and that a single TorD protein binds both of those simultaneously. Further characterization suggested that the C-terminal ‘Domain IV’ of TorA remained solvent-exposed in the cofactor-free pre-export TorAD complex. It is possible that correct folding of Domain IV upon cofactor loading is the trigger for TorD release and subsequent export of TorA.
An Improved Metallicity Calibration with UBV Photometry
Authors: Karaali S. , Bilir S. , Ak S. , Yaz E. , Coşkunoğlu B.
Published: March 2013

We used the data of 701 stars covering the colour index interval 0.32 < B − V ≤ 1.16, with metallicities −1.76 ≤ [Fe/H]≤+0.40 dex. The data were taken from the PASTEL catalogue and estimated metallicity-dependent guillotine factors, which provide a more accurate metallicity calibration. We reduced the metallicities of 11 different authors to the metallicities of Valenti & Fischer (2005), and thus obtained a homogeneous set of data which increased the accuracy of the calibration, i.e. [Fe/H]= −14.316δ20.6 − 3.557δ0.6+0.105. Comparison of the metallicity residuals for two sets of data based on the metallicity-dependent guillotine factors with the ones obtained via metal-free guillotine factors shows that metallicities estimated by means of the new guillotine factors are more accurate than the other ones. This advantage can be used in the metallicity gradient investigation of the Galactic components, i.e. thin disc, thick disc, and halo.
Theh-index in Australian Astronomy
Authors: Pimbblet Kevin A.
Published: March 2013

The Hirschh-index is now widely used as a metric to compare individual researchers. To evaluate it in the context of Australian astronomy, theh-index for every member of the Astronomical Society of Australia (ASA) is found using NASA's Astrophysics Data System Bibliographic Services. Percentiles of theh-index distribution are detailed for a variety of categories of ASA members, including students. This enables a list of the top ten Australian researchers byh-index to be produced. These top researchers haveh-index values in the range 53<h<77, which is less than that recently reported for the American Astronomical Society membership. We suggest that membership of extremely large consortia such as the Sloan Digital Sky Survey may partially explain the difference. We further suggest that many student ASA members with largeh-index values have probably already received their Ph.D. and need to upgrade their ASA membership status. To attempt to specify theh-index distribution relative to opportunity, we also detail the percentiles of its distribution by years since Ph.D. award date. This shows a steady increase inh-index with seniority, as can be expected.
Light Echoes of Transients and Variables in the Local Universe
Authors: Rest A. , Sinnott B. , Welch D. L.
Published: March 2013

Astronomical light echoes, the time-dependent light scattered by dust in the vicinity of varying objects, have been recognized for over a century. Initially, their utility was thought to be confined to mapping out the three-dimensional distribution of interstellar dust. Recently, the discovery of spectroscopically useful light echoes around centuries-old supernovae in the Milky Way and the Large Magellanic Cloud has opened up new scientific opportunities to exploit light echoes.

In this review, we describe the history of light echoes in the local Universe and cover the many new developments in both the observation of light echoes and the interpretation of the light scattered from them. Among other benefits, we highlight our new ability to classify outbursting objects spectroscopically, view them from multiple perspectives, obtain a spectroscopic time series of the outburst, and establish accurate distances to the source event. We also describe the broader range of variable objects with properties that may be better understood from light-echo observations. Finally, we discuss the prospects of new light-echo techniques not yet realized in practice.
Physical Parameters of the Visually Close Binary Systems Hip70973 and Hip72479
Authors: Al-Wardat M.
Published: March 2013

Atmospheric modelling of the components of the visually close binary systems Hip70973 and Hip72479 was used to estimate the individual physical parameters of their components. The model atmospheres were constructed using a grid of Kurucz solar metalicity blanketed models and used to compute a synthetic spectral energy distribution for each component separately, and hence for the combined system. The total observational spectral energy distributions of the systems were used as a reference for comparison with the synthetic ones. We used the feedback modified parameters and iteration method to obtain the best fit between synthetic and observational spectral energy distributions. The physical parameters of the components of the system Hip70973 were derived as = 5700 ± 75 K, = 5400 ± 75 K, log ga = 4.50 ± 0.05, log gb = 4.50 ± 0.05, Ra = 0.98 ± 0.07 R⊙, Rb = 0.89 ± 0.07 R⊙, and π = 26.25 ± 1.95 mas, with G4 and G9 spectral types, and those of the system Hip72479 as = 5400 ± 50 K, = 5180 ± 50 K, log ga = 4.50 ± 0.05, log gb = 4.60 ± 0.05, Ra = 0.89 ± 0.07 R⊙, Rb = 0.80 ± 0.07 R⊙, and π = 23.59 ± 1.00 mas, with G9 and K1 spectral types.
The Fine-Tuning of the Universe for Intelligent Life
Authors: Barnes L. A.
Published: March 2013

The fine-tuning of the universe for intelligent life has received a great deal of attention in recent years, both in the philosophical and scientific literature. The claim is that in the space of possible physical laws, parameters and initial conditions, the set that permits the evolution of intelligent life is very small. I present here a review of the scientific literature, outlining cases of fine-tuning in the classic works of Carter, Carr and Rees, and Barrow and Tipler, as well as more recent work. To sharpen the discussion, the role of the antagonist will be played by Victor Stenger's recent book The Fallacy of Fine-Tuning: Why the Universe is Not Designed for Us. Stenger claims that all known fine-tuning cases can be explained without the need for a multiverse. Many of Stenger's claims will be found to be highly problematic. We will touch on such issues as the logical necessity of the laws of nature; objectivity, invariance and symmetry; theoretical physics and possible universes; entropy in cosmology; cosmic inflation and initial conditions; galaxy formation; the cosmological constant; stars and their formation; the properties of elementary particles and their effect on chemistry and the macroscopic world; the origin of mass; grand unified theories; and the dimensionality of space and time. I also provide an assessment of the multiverse, noting the significant challenges that it must face. I do not attempt to defend any conclusion based on the fine-tuning of the universe for intelligent life. This paper can be viewed as a critique of Stenger's book, or read independently.
TLR4–MD-2 complex is negatively regulated by an endogenous ligand, globotetraosylceramide
Authors: Kondo Yuji , Ikeda Kazutaka , Tokuda Noriyo , Nishitani Chiaki , Ohto Umeharu , Akashi-Takamura Sachiko , Ito Yasutomo , Uchikawa Makoto , Kuroki Yoshio , Taguchi Ryo , Miyake Kensuke , Zhang Qing , Furukawa Keiko , Furukawa Koichi
Published: March 2013

Although endogenous ligands for Toll-like receptor (TLR)4–myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD2) have not been well-understood, we here report that a globo-series glycosphingolipid, globotetraosylceramide (Gb4), attenuates the toxicity of lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) by binding to TLR4–MD-2. Because α1,4-galactosyltransferase (A4galt)-deficient mice lacking globo-series glycosphingolipids showed higher sensitivity to LPS than wild-type mice, we examined mechanisms by which globo-series glycosphingolipids attenuate LPS toxicity. Cultured endothelial cells lacking A4galt showed higher expression of LPS-inducible genes upon LPS treatment. In turn, introduction of A4galt cDNA resulted in the neo expression of Gb4, leading to the reduced expression of LPS-inducible genes. Exogenous Gb4 induced similar effects. As a mechanism for the suppressive effects of Gb4 on LPS signals, specific binding of Gb4 to the LPS receptor TLR4–MD-2 was demonstrated by coprecipitation of Gb4 with recombinant MD-2 and by native PAGE. A docking model also supported these data. Taken together with colocalization of TLR4–MD-2 with Gb4 in lipid rafts after LPS stimulation, it was suggested that Gb4 competes with LPS for binding to TLR4–MD-2. Finally, administration of Gb4 significantly protected mice from LPS-elicited mortality. These results suggest that Gb4 is an endogenous ligand for TLR4–MD-2 and is capable of attenuating LPS toxicity, indicating the possibility for its therapeutic application in endotoxin shock.
Dual roles of FBXL3 in the mammalian circadian feedback loops are important for period determination and robustness of the clock
Authors: Shi Guangsen , Xing Lijuan , Liu Zhiwei , Qu Zhipeng , Wu Xi , Dong Zhen , Wang Xiaohan , Gao Xiang , Huang Moli , Yan Jie , Yang Ling , Liu Yi , Ptáček Louis J. , Xu Ying
Published: March 2013

The mammalian circadian clock is composed of interlocking feedback loops. Cryptochrome is a central component in the core negative feedback loop, whereas Rev-Erbα, a member of the nuclear receptor family, is an essential component of the interlocking loop. To understand the roles of different clock genes, we conducted a genetic interaction screen by generating single- and double-mutant mice. We found that the deletion of
Rev-erbα
in F-box/leucine rich-repeat protein (
Fbxl3
)-deficient mice rescued its long-circadian period phenotype, and our results further revealed that FBXL3 regulates Rev-Erb/retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor-binding element (RRE)-mediated transcription by inactivating the Rev-Erbα:histone deacetylase 3 corepressor complex. By analyzing the
Fbxl3
and
Cryptochrome 1
double-mutant mice, we found that FBXL3 also regulates the amplitudes of E-box–driven gene expression. These two separate roles of FBXL3 in circadian feedback loops provide a mechanism that contributes to the period determination and robustness of the clock.
Characterizations of all-derivable points in nest algebras
Authors: Zhu Jun , Zhao Sha
Published: March 2013

Let

A

\mathcal {A}

be an operator algebra on a Hilbert space. We say that an element

G
∈

A

G\in {\mathcal {A}}

is an all-derivable point of

A

{\mathcal {A}}

if every derivable linear mapping

φ
\varphi

at

G
G

(i.e.

φ
(
S
T
)
=
φ
(
S
)
T
+
S
φ
(
T
)

\varphi (ST)=\varphi (S)T+S\varphi (T)

for any

S
,
T
∈
a
l
g

N

S,T\in alg{\mathcal {N}}

with

S
T
=
G

ST=G

) is a derivation. Suppose that

N

\mathcal {N}

is a nontrivial complete nest on a Hilbert space

H
H

. We show in this paper that

G
∈

a
l
g

N

G\in {alg\mathcal {N}}

is an all-derivable point if and only if

G
≠
0

G\neq 0

.
Using no-take marine reserves as a tool for evaluating rocky-reef fish resources in the western Mediterranean
Authors: Coll Josep , Garcia-Rubies Antoni , Morey Gabriel , Reñones Olga , Álvarez-Berastegui Diego , Navarro Oliver , Grau Antoni M.
Published: March 2013

Coll, J., Garcia-Rubies, A., Morey, G., Reñones, O., Álvarez-Berastegui, D., Navarro, O., and Grau, A. M. 2013. Using no-take marine reserves as a tool for evaluating rocky-reef fish resources in the western Mediterranean). - ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: 578–590. The use of MPAs to recover fish stocks in littoral areas of the western Mediterranean has made it possible to obtain time dataseries on the biomass evolution over the last decade. The biomass of six fully protected MPAs increased between two- and threefold over a period of five years. After this time the biomass remained stable. This pattern allowed us to adjust logistic curves between the biomass and protection time, and to estimate the carrying capacity (K) of each site. In the present study we investigate the relationships between carrying capacity (K) and habitat characteristics at each protected site. The relationships between habitat/environmental variables and K are analysed by applying generalized linear models. Environmental descriptors showing major effects on biomass are related to depth, exposure, rugosity, and offshore slope at different spatial scales. Comparison of observed and predicted values using the model for exploited sites in the Balearic Islands made it possible to determine their conservation status. This empirical approach to the relationships between environmental factors and fish assemblage biomass could constitute a very useful tool when traditional fishery management based on catch and effort data from the artisanal and recreational fleets is difficult to apply.
Evaluation of Nebraska Waxy Sorghum Hybrids for Ethanol Production
Authors: Wu Xiaorong , Maier Anne , Wu Tingting , Li Ningbo , Pedersen Jeff R. , Wang Donghai
Published: March 2013

To evaluate the ethanol production performance of waxy sorghum hybrids and the effects of location and harvest year on ethanol yield, samples of four waxy sorghum hybrids collected from two Nebraska locations (Mead and Lincoln) in both 2009 and 2010 were tested for ethanol production in a dry‐grind process. No significant difference (P = 0.216) in starch contents was observed among the four hybrids, but starch contents of the hybrids were significantly affected by growth location (P = 0.0001) and harvest year (P = 0.0258). Location, hybrid, and harvest year all had significant effects on ethanol fermentation efficiency in the dry‐grind process. Lincoln sorghum samples showed higher (P = 0.022) ethanol fermentation efficiency (90.4%) than did Mead sorghum samples (90.0%). Sorghums harvested in 2010 had higher (P < 0.001) ethanol fermentation efficiency (91.1%) than those harvested in 2009 (89.3%). The 2009 sorghum flours had more amylose‐lipid complexes than the 2010 samples did, and amylose‐lipid complexes as previously reported had adverse effects on ethanol fermentation. Residual starch contents in distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) were significantly affected by hybrid and harvest year (P < 0.0001), but we observed no difference in protein content in DDGS from the four hybrids.
Estimating Deoxynivalenol Content of Ground Oats Using VIS‐NIR Spectroscopy
Authors: Tekle Selamawit , Bj⊘rnstad Åsmund , Skinnes Helge , Dong Yanhong , Segtnan Vegard H.
Published: March 2013

The potential of VIS‐NIR spectroscopy as a rapid screening method for resistance of Fusarium‐inoculated oats to replace the costly chemical measurements of deoxynivalenol (DON) was investigated. Partial least squares (PLS) regression was conducted on second‐derivative spectra (400–2,350 nm) of 166 DON‐contaminated samples (0.05–28.1 ppm, mean = 13.06 ppm) with separate calibration and test set samples. The calibration set had 111 samples, and the test set had 55 samples. The best model developed had three PLS components and a root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 3.16 ppm. The residual predictive deviation (RPD) value of the prediction model was 2.63, an acceptable value for the purpose of rough screening. Visual inspection and the VIS spectra of the samples revealed that high‐DON samples tended to be darker in color and coarser in texture compared with low‐DON samples. The second‐derivative spectra showed that low‐DON samples tended to have more water and fat content than high‐DON samples. With an RMSEP value of 3.16 and RPD of value of 2.63, it seems possible to use VIS‐NIR spectroscopy to semiquantitatively estimate DON content of oats and discard the worst genotypes during the early stages of screening.
From Molecules to Products: Some Aspects of Structure–Function Relationships in Cereal Starches
Authors: Eliasson Ann‐Charlotte , Bergenståhl Björn , Nilsson Lars , Sjöö Malin
Published: March 2013

In this review, starch behavior is described from molecules in solution to the use of starch in products. The determination of molecular characteristics with asymmetrical flow field‐flow fractionation is described, and the behavior of starch in binary solutions is discussed. The organization of starch in granules and the changes in organization during gelatinization and retrogradation are then described. The role of starch retrogradation in bread staling is described in some detail, and the influence of water mobility and distribution is discussed in relation to amylopectin retrogradation. Finally, the use of starch as emulsifier is described. Hydrophobically modified starch is one possibility for emulsion stabilization; also, the starch granule as such can be used to stabilize emulsions (so‐called Pickering emulsions).
Physicochemical Properties of Rice Dried in a Single Pass Using High Temperatures
Authors: Ondier George O. , Siebenmorgen Terry J. , Mauromoustakos Andronikos
Published: March 2013

This study evaluated the physicochemical properties of high‐temperature, single‐pass dried rough rice. Pureline cultivars Wells (long grain) and Jupiter (medium grain) and hybrid cultivar CL XL729 (long grain), at initial moisture contents of 17.9–18.1% were dried in a single pass to approximately 12.5% moisture content with drying air temperatures of 60, 70, and 80°C and relative humidities of 13–83%. Immediately after drying, the samples were tempered for 1 h at the drying air temperatures in sealed plastic bags. Color, degree of milling, pasting viscosity, and thermal properties of the milled rice were evaluated. Results showed that color, degree of milling, and thermal properties were not affected by drying treatments. However, peak and final viscosities increased with increasing drying air temperatures in all three cultivars.
Valorization of Wet Okara, a Value‐Added Functional Ingredient, in a Coconut‐Based Baked Snack
Authors: Radočaj Olga , Dimić Etelka
Published: March 2013

Wet okara (soy milk residue), as a functional ingredient, was evaluated to be added to a coconut‐based snack at 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% levels to replace dry coconut in the formula. Certain physicochemical, nutritional, and sensory properties of the samples were evaluated. A coconut‐based, soft, baked snack with incorporated okara showed higher total fiber and much lower fat content than the control, which significantly improved the nutritional profile of the samples. Samples 3 and 4 (which had 30 and 40% replacement of coconut with wet okara, respectively) received the highest overall sensory score (8.4), which was significantly higher than the score of a control sample (7.5). Sample 3 also had a significantly improved nutritional profile per serving size, such as an increased fiber content of 6.11 ± 0.04 g/100 g and a decreased fat content of 17.57 ± 0.02 g/100 g, and sample 4 had an increased fiber content of 6.19 ± 0.03 g/100 g and a decreased fat content of 15.64 ± 0.03 g/100 g compared with the control sample. The appearance, color, flavor, physical measurements (instrumental texture profile analysis), and water activity of samples 3 and 4 were not significantly different from the control sample and demonstrated potential application of this formulation in the baking industry, proving that the wet okara can be successfully used as a value‐added functional ingredient.
Vitamin D in the Healthy European Paediatric Population
Authors: Braegger Christian , Campoy Cristina , Colomb Virginie , Decsi Tamas , Domellof Magnus , Fewtrell Mary , Hojsak Iva , Mihatsch Walter , Molgaard Christian , Shamir Raanan , Turck Dominique , van Goudoever Johannes ,   ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition
Published: March 2013

In recent years, reports suggesting a resurgence of vitamin D deficiency in the Western world, combined with various proposed health benefits for vitamin D supplementation, have resulted in increased interest from health care professionals, the media, and the public. The aim of this position paper is to summarise the published data on vitamin D intake and prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the healthy European paediatric population, to discuss the health benefits of vitamin D and to provide recommendations for the prevention of vitamin D deficiency in this population. Vitamin D plays a key role in calcium and phosphate metabolism and is essential for bone health. There is insufficient evidence from interventional studies to support vitamin D supplementation for other health benefits in infants, children, and adolescents. The pragmatic use of a serum concentration >50 nmol/L to indicate sufficiency and a serum concentration <25 nmol/L to indicate severe deficiency is recommended. Vitamin D deficiency occurs commonly among healthy European infants, children, and adolescents, especially in certain risk groups, including breast‐fed infants, not adhering to the present recommendation for vitamin D supplementation, children and adolescents with dark skin living in northern countries, children and adolescents without adequate sun exposure, and obese children. Infants should receive an oral supplementation of 400 IU/day of vitamin D. The implementation should be promoted and supervised by paediatricians and other health care professionals. Healthy children and adolescents should be encouraged to follow a healthy lifestyle associated with a normal body mass index, including a varied diet with vitamin D–containing foods (fish, eggs, dairy products) and adequate outdoor activities with associated sun exposure. For children in risk groups identified above, an oral supplementation of vitamin D must be considered beyond 1 year of age. National authorities should adopt policies aimed at improving vitamin D status using measures such as dietary recommendations, food fortification, vitamin D supplementation, and judicious sun exposure, depending on local circumstances.