bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developmental constraint shaped genome evolution and erythrocyte loss in Antarctic fishes following paleoclimate change
Authors: Daane Jacob M. , Auvinet Juliette , Stoebenau Alicia , Yergeau Donald , Harris Matthew P. , Detrich H. William
Published: October 2020

In the frigid, oxygen-rich Southern Ocean (SO), Antarctic icefishes (Channichthyidae; Notothenioidei) evolved the ability to survive without producing erythrocytes and hemoglobin, the oxygen-transport system of virtually all vertebrates. Here, we integrate paleoclimate records with an extensive phylogenomic dataset of notothenioid fishes to understand the evolution of trait loss associated with climate change. In contrast to buoyancy adaptations in this clade, we find relaxed selection on the genetic regions controlling erythropoiesis evolved only after sustained cooling in the SO. This pattern is seen not only within icefishes but also occurred independently in other high-latitude notothenioids. We show that one species of the red-blooded dragonfish clade evolved a spherocytic anemia that phenocopies human patients with this disease via orthologous mutations. The genomic imprint of SO climate change is biased toward erythrocyte-associated conserved noncoding elements (CNEs) rather than to coding regions, which are largely preserved through pleiotropy. The drift in CNEs is specifically enriched near genes that are preferentially expressed late in erythropoiesis. Furthermore, we find that the hematopoietic marrow of icefish species retained proerythroblasts, which indicates that early erythroid development remains intact. Our results provide a framework for understanding the interactions between development and the genome in shaping the response of species to climate change.
Astrocytes promote a protective immune response to brain Toxoplasma gondii infection via IL-33-ST2 signaling
Authors: Still Katherine M. , Batista Samantha J. , O’Brien Carleigh A. , Oyesola Oyebola O. , Früh Simon P. , Webb Lauren M. , Smirnov Igor , Kovacs Michael A. , Cowan Maureen N. , Hayes Nikolas W. , Thompson Jeremy A. , Tait Wojno Elia D. , Harris Tajie H.
Published: October 2020

It is of great interest to understand how invading pathogens are sensed within the brain, a tissue with unique challenges to mounting an immune response. The eukaryotic parasiteToxoplasma gondiicolonizes the brain of its hosts, and initiates robust immune cell recruitment, but little is known about pattern recognition ofT.gondiiwithin brain tissue. The host damage signal IL-33 is one protein that has been implicated in control of chronicT.gondiiinfection, but, like many other pattern recognition pathways, IL-33 can signal peripherally, and the specific impact of IL-33 signaling within the brain is unclear. Here, we show that IL-33 is expressed by oligodendrocytes and astrocytes duringT.gondiiinfection, is released locally into the cerebrospinal fluid ofT.gondii-infected animals, and is required for control of infection. IL-33 signaling promotes chemokine expression within brain tissue and is required for the recruitment and/or maintenance of blood-derived anti-parasitic immune cells, including proliferating, IFN-γ-expressing T cells and iNOS-expressing monocytes. Importantly, we find that the beneficial effects of IL-33 during chronic infection are not a result of signaling on infiltrating immune cells, but rather on radio-resistant responders, and specifically, astrocytes. Mice with IL-33 receptor-deficient astrocytes fail to mount an adequate adaptive immune response in the CNS to control parasite burden–demonstrating, genetically, that astrocytes can directly respond to IL-33in vivo. Together, these results indicate a brain-specific mechanism by which IL-33 is released locally, and sensed locally, to engage the peripheral immune system in controlling a pathogen.
‘Women’s Work’ in Indonesia’s Social Media-based Online Store Business: Social Reproduction and the Feminization of Work
Authors: Izzati Fathimah Fildzah
Published: October 2020

This paper seeks to analyze ‘women’s work’ in Indonesia’s online shop businesses by looking at the forms of work that emerge in those businesses. This paper employs qualitative research methods by using transcribed in-depth interviews with 20 informants from six cities in Indonesia. By looking at flexibility as the defining characteristic of exploitation under platform capitalism, home as the central working space in the social media-based online store, and the ongoing process of feminization of work in the online business sector, this study advances two claims. First, the intersection between platform capitalism and logistics revolution in the online shop business has created new forms of work. Second, the social media-based online store, which is mostly operated by women, shows that flexibility and feminization of work under platform capitalism have direct impacts on the lives of the female business operators and their work. A closer look at the emergence of online stores also reveals how social reproduction work shapes ‘women’s work’ in the online business
The Prospect of ASEAN Migration Governance
Authors: Yazid Sylvia , Septiyana Iyan
Published: October 2020

ASEAN member countries are migrant-sending and receiving countries. Around 7.3 million ASEAN citizens are migrant workers, more than 740 thousand refugees are from Myanmar, and many ASEAN citizens are victims of human trafficking. Frequently, these migrants get discriminatory treatment, which makes them unable to fulfill their human rights. ASEAN, as a regional organization, is an actor that can implement migration governance in the region. As a governance institution, ASEAN has several migration instruments relating to human trafficking and migrant workers. To implement this regional instrument, ASEAN forms bodies that function to encourage and protect migrant rights. The Rohingya people from Myanmar still experiences forced migration and displacement. However, ASEAN still does not have a comprehensive instrument that can be a source of regional governance toward the issue. This paper will discuss the prospects of ASEAN migration governance in resolving migration issues in the region.
SE PERDER PARA SE ENCONTRAR
Authors: Santana Samuel Antônio
Published: October 2020

Valendo-me de  conceitos próprios à prática dos Viewpoints e relacionando-os à criação dramatúrgica em campo expandido, durante um processo de desconstrução onde miro minha própria trajetória artística, rememoro os passos como pistas para desvendar esse processo trilhado de Desmontagem Cênica, buscando tornar visível o invisível, pra poder me perder e reencontrar, enquanto rascunho a cartografia de uma um processo criativo e de pesquisa em artes da cena.
Um paralelo entre a representação da infância e os ritos de passagem em “Restos de carnaval”, de Clarice Lispector, e “As margens da alegria”, de Guimarães Rosa
Authors: Oblasser Paladino Júlia , Ferreira dos Santos Pinto Cecília
Published: October 2020

O presente artigo se propõe a analisar a representação da infância, a partir da figura da criança como protagonista, e a ocorrência de ritos de passagem nas obras de Guimarães Rosa e Clarice Lispector. Pretende-se traçar um paralelo entre os contos “Restos de carnaval”, de Lispector, e “As margens da alegria”, de Rosa, analisando os aspectos estruturais do enredo a fim de comparar a forma como ambos os contos abordam as transformações da infância. A ingenuidade diante de um símbolo é um marco inicial de um ciclo nas duas narrativas, e, quando confrontada, gera uma modificação em toda a atmosfera dos contos e nas percepções das personagens sobre a vida. O final das narrações é marcado pelo surgimento de um novo símbolo que revive a esperança nas crianças, marcando o início de um novo ciclo. As duas narrativas se assemelham tanto nos aspectos estruturais da narração quanto nos sentimentos resultantes dos acontecimentos ao longo do enredo.
Barrista
Authors: Thomas Ribeiro Robson
Published: October 2020

Texto literário
Memórias de uma corpa gesso
Authors: Felice Nunes Ana Flávia
Published: October 2020

Este texto se propõe, seguindo o fluxo da memória, compartilhar os processos de busca, investigação, de duvidas, caminhos, erros e acertos do processo de criação da desmontagem cênica: Um Grito, e seus desdobramentos, sugerindo um experimento artístico que se propõe como uma ação poética disruptiva.
ALGUNS INSTRUMENTOS PARA ANÁLISES RECEPTIVAS
Authors: De Oliveira Benicio Raimundo Kleberson , Catarina França de Vilhena Deolinda
Published: October 2020

O recorte compartilhado, busca abranger um arsenal para análises da recepção, sem uma pretensão de esgotamento enquanto forma, mas direcionamentos que permitem uma cartografia flexível, na tentativa de proporcionar e de revelar algumas abordagens sobre as condições de análise sobre o campo da hibridez tanto espetacular como da teatralidade de modo geral, tais escritos parcialmente da pesquisa em andamento, permitem um ampliar ao campo da noção de recepção como frente possível para análise da experiência estética levando em consideração a fruição de Ausência - noção de Espectador Ausente e olhar que confere a teatralidade independentemente da forma e objeto artístico.
The Practice of Reciting Asmā` al-Ḥusnā in Weekly Ḥalaqa
Authors: Luthfi Abdul Wachid
Published: October 2020

The practice of reciting asmā`ul-ḥusnā by certain groups is in most cases intended to be a form of afterlife-oriented worship. Seeing the practice more closely, as practiced by the customer of the Bank Wakaf Mikro this article argues that the practice indeed has in itself a formal-substantive part, that is the recitation of asmā`ul-ḥusnā. It also at the same time argues that the very practice serves as a means to generate social/cultural benefit for the performers. Furthermore, the practice observed in this research also finds its root on the prophetic hadith and thus a practice of living hadith. It shows that there has been a transmission and transformation of the hadith in both the text and content that results in, among others, the practice of reciting asmā`ul-ḥusnā by certain groups in a greatly varying ways
Religious Leader’s Views Living Hadith Practices in Malaysia
Authors: Burhanuddin Nurul Ain
Published: October 2020

Living Hadith is a cultural phenomenon of society based on the hadith of the Prophet saw. It is a pattern of behavior that is part of the interaction of Muslims with hadith. This study is to examine the extent to which the practice of sunnah is still practiced among the Muslim community in Malaysia. In addition to explaining the practice of sunnah in the perspective of Living Hadith. The research methodology is based on the interviews of five respondents consisting of muftis, academics, religious figures who are active with the community. The findings show that living tradition phrase less is known in the Muslim community in Malaysia, there is a Sunnah practice in perspective Living in Malaysia Hadith and Sunnah is a customary practice that is often practiced by the Malays in Malaysia. It is a pure practice that needs to be applied in society in order to be in line with the religious and moral demands of Rasulullah saw. However, the community also needs to be guided to accept this practice of sunnah as an encouragement and encouragement of goodness that must be implemented. It is not a mandatory practice such as the law of performing prayers and fasting in the month of Ramadan. Therefore, the Malaysian society still sees the living hadith in the context of the practice of sunnah which is still related to the hadith and sunnah of the Prophet saw
El peso de la materialidad en la escritura y el pensamiento de Jacques Derrida
Authors: Bustos Gajardo Gustavo
Published: October 2020

Rastrear en la escritura de Jacques Derrida la existencia de un pensamiento otro de la materialidad no es tarea sencilla. Sin embargo, es la tarea que se propone delinear, al menos en sus coordenadas generales, el presente artículo. Ello, inicialmente, implicaría seguir una serie de elementos propios de la tradición presocrática que estarían inscritos a modo de huellas en la escritura deconstructiva. En tal sentido, nociones como las de átomo, vacío y movimiento serán consideradas, en diversos momentos del presente texto, en el marco de una interpretación contemporánea de la divisibilidad y fragmentación de lo existente. A partir de estas consideraciones y su relación con la escritura en el pensamiento de la deconstrucción se sostendrá el carácter cuasi-trascendental de la materia.
Epistemología de los cuerpos y los territorios: un análisis rizomático
Authors: Ambrosi de la Cadena Marco
Published: October 2020

Este artículo fundamentado en el pensamiento rizomático de Deleuze y Guattari analiza diversas concepciones sobre cuerpos y territorios desde el período presocrático, incluyendo estudios de neurociencia y la propuesta epistémica de los feminismos decoloniales y comunitarios. Así, desarrollamos una reflexión teórica que critica las definiciones de cuerpo y territorio como «objetos dados» que se configuran como «cuerpos sin órganos» apropiados por el capitalismo y el pensamiento occidental. Nuestro objetivo es evidenciar al conocimiento como un agenciamiento relacional entre cuerpos y territorios que puede ser desarrollado por segmentaciones interseccionales alternativas. Por ello, la epistemología de los cuerpos y territorios asume que sin cuerpos no hay territorios, sin territorios no hay cuerpos y sin ambos no hay conocimiento.
Intención, lenguaje y democracia en Habermas y Spinoza
Authors: Ricci Cernadas Gonzalo
Published: October 2020

El presente trabajo busca realizar una comparación entre las teorías del lenguaje de dos filósofos racionalistas, uno moderno y otro contemporáneo, Habermas y Spinoza respectivamente. Así, se intenta enfatizar que, lejos de ubicarse en ambos extremos de un abismo irreconciliable, ambos pensadores se hallarían en una posición sumamente propincua. De esta manera, el artículo procederá a elucidar las posiciones de Habermas y Spinoza respecto de la intencionalidad, el lenguaje y la democracia.
Identificación de activos y ciber activos críticos en sistemas de transmisión de energía eléctrica
Authors: Carreño Perez Juan Carlos , Espinel Ortega Alvaro
Published: October 2020

resumen

Objetivo: Presentar una propuesta para la identificación de activos y ciber activos críticos, facilitando a los agentes del sector conocer su planta tecnológica instalada, clasificar sus activos y ciber activos, para que posteriormente se valore el estado de vulnerabilidad cibernética y se tomen las acciones necesarias para mantener su sistema en un nivel operativamente seguro.

Metodología: Debido al avance de los sistemas de comunicaciones y tecnologías electrónicas, se ha promulgado durante los últimos 18 años la implementación de estos beneficios tecnológicos a los sistemas de potencia eléctrica abarcando toda la cadena productiva de energía eléctrica, es decir, generación, transmisión, distribución, comercialización e incluso en proyectos de generación distribuida,  con el propósito de brindar confiabilidad, selectividad y controlar de manera centralizada la información y gestión de todas las variables eléctricas. En consecuencia, la investigación se construyó a partir de modelar el funcionamiento desde la perspectiva de ciberseguridad e identificando los servicios, arquitecturas y topologías de operación del sistema de transmisión de energía eléctrica.

Resultados:

Anteriormente en los sistemas eléctricos, las únicas fallas que podrían producir una pérdida del suministro de energía eran las ocasionadas por descargas atmosféricas, sobrecargas de los circuitos o fallas en los activos del sistema como conductores, transformadores, interruptores, bujes entre otros. Ahora, con la integración de redes de comunicación en los sistemas energéticos, a estos imprevistos se suman problemas de seguridad cibernética como lo son la seguridad e integridad de la información, así como el control de acceso para la manipulación de los dispositivos de maniobras del sistema eléctrico.

 

Con base en este nuevo aspecto que puede ocasionar fallas y daños en la infraestructura eléctrica, se necesita conocer detalladamente los activos que pueden ser afectados y que a su vez su intervención maliciosa pueda afectar el sistema de transmisión de energía eléctrica. Por tal razón, en este documento se presenta una propuesta para la identificación de activos y ciber activos críticos, facilitando a los agentes del sector conocer su planta tecnológica instalada, clasificar sus activos y ciber activos.

Conclusiones: En este trabajo presenta una propuesta para la identificación de activos y ciber activos críticos, facilitando a los agentes del sector conocer su planta tecnológica instalada, clasificar sus activos y ciber activos, para que posteriormente se valore el estado de vulnerabilidad cibernética y se tomen las acciones necesarias para mantener su sistema en un nivel operativamente seguro.
Tendencias actuales, retos y oportunidades de los procesos de aprendizaje universitario aplicados a las ciencias forestales
Authors: Valverde Juan Carlos , Romero-Zúñiga Mariela , Vargas-Fonseca Lupita
Published: October 2020

En las últimas décadas la introducción de nuevas tecnologías, técnicas de aprendizaje y métodos de enseñanza ha incidido en la simplificación del entendimiento de conceptos. La facilidad para encontrar información mediante fuentes de internet, redes sociales y medios interactivos ha generado el reforzamiento en los sistemas de aprendizaje dinámicos, en especial a nivel universitario. En el presente trabajo se estableció como objetivo analizar las tendencias de aprendizaje puestas en marcha en la  educación superior, así como los retos y potenciales cambios que se deben considerar en próximos años con el fin de mejorar el aprendizaje y el incremento de conocimiento en estudiantes universitarios de Ciencias Forestales. Mediante una revisión bibliográfica se tuvieron en cuenta teorías psicológicas conductistas y cognitivas; además, se analizaron las tendencias de tipos de aprendizaje, desde la alternativa tradicional (memorística) hasta otras más nuevas como la cooperativa, emocional y latente, que estimulan el desarrollo y el uso de habilidades blandas. Los resultados evidenciaron que actualmente las tendencias se mueven hacia aprendizajes teórico-prácticos en los cuales la parte emocional y experimental toma relevancia y mejora la interacción con la realidad social y el entorno cercano. Finalmente, se consideraron las perspectivas a largo plazo en las que la implementación de e-learning (combinación de redes sociales), programas, videos y equipos informáticos impulsen el empoderamiento del nuevo conocimiento.
Guía metodológica para la selección de proveedores DBaaS en Pymes
Authors: Vargas-Corredor Fabián Leonardo , Quevedo-Reyes Jorge Enrique , González-Sanabria Juan Sebastián , Suárez-Barón Marco Javier
Published: October 2020

La importancia que han adquirido las bases de datos como servicio (DBaaS) y la relación que tienen los proveedores directamente en la gestión de la información cuando se ofrece un servicio en la nube son factores clave en el manejo de la información. El impacto negativo en los recursos monetarios, desempeño y seguridad de la información ha inspirado un análisis en la adquisición de servicios en la nube en el que se ha buscado maneras para mitigar errores en la adopción de DBaaS. El presente trabajo pretende plantear el desarrollo de una guía metodológica que fortalezca los procesos de adquisición de DBaaS en pequeñas y medianas empresas (Pymes), logrando minimizar su impacto en la pérdida o inutilización de recursos monetarios, infraestructura y seguridad. Para lo anterior se realizó una revisión documental incluyendo documentos publicados entre 2008 a 2018, periodo en el que países con niveles de desempeño altos en investigación sobre computación en la nube y servicios en la gestión de las bases de datos publicaron de manera significativa. La creación de una guía metodológica en la selección de proveedores de DBaaS en Pymes establece métodos, caminos y estrategias sobresalientes al momento de adquirir un servicio DBaaS. La prioridad es conocer en detalle cómo se desarrollan y se gestionan los acuerdos de nivel de servicio orientados a la adopción de servicios Cloud.
Performance Evaluation of Various Photovoltaic Module Technologies at Nawabshah Pakistan
Authors: Jatoi Abdul Rehman , Samo Saleem Raza , Jakhrani Abdul Qayoom
Published: October 2020

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of module temperature on the efficiency of polycrystalline (p-Si), monocrystalline (m-Si), amorphous (a-Si) and thin film photovoltaic modules at outdoor environment of Nawabshah city Pakistan. The experimental setup was made and installed over the top roof of departmental building. Weather conditions, such as global solar radiation, ambient temperature, wind speed and relative humidity, power output and temperature of all selected four types of module technologies were measured at the site by logging data. Then, the logged data was normalized because of different rated power of photovoltaic modules for comparison purpose. Results revealed that less temperature impact was noted from thin film module and thus it gave more normalized power with 45.6% among other examined modules. On the basis of overall efficiency, p-Si, m-Si, a-Si and thin film modules gave 92.4%, 93.7%, 94.4% and 95.4% yearly average normalized efficiencies respectively. It was found that temperature has more impact on the efficiency of other examined modules compared to thin film modules. Thus, it is concluded from the study that thin film module is better in outdoor environment of Nawabshah
A fusion of research-informed teaching and teaching-informed research: Designing a scalable online ecosystem for new partnerships in educational research
Authors: Connolly Cornelia , Hall Tony , Ryan Marie , McMahon Jennifer , McGann Marek , Egan Alison
Published: October 2020

This paper examines the unbundling of research in the context of the Teachers’ Research Exchange (T-REX) platform, the national flagship Internet platform in Ireland for teachers to access, use and engage in research. This paper draws on two theoretical frameworks: Laurillard’s conversational framework and Salmon’s five-stage model. The first highlights the experimental, exploratory and creative aspects of developing an overall framework to structure the digital learning environment for teachers-as-researchers. The second explores the future of higher education and systems like T-REX in the era of digital transformation and the emerging context of Education 4.0. The original contribution is the integration of these frameworks in the creation of an open and shared learning platform so that schools and teachers can be supported to access, collaborate in and undertake research. In particular, the paper outlines signature features of the T-REX design and the way it has emerged over the last 5 years as an innovative platform to mediate the fusion of research and teaching in education. The paper highlights key issues and challenges in unbundling the traditional university, particularly in the context of educational research, but also the imperative of doing so, in the emerging era of Education 4.0.

Implications for practice or policy:

Supporting teachers’ research engagement is increasingly identified as a key priority in the improvement of educational standards and systems.

T-REX is of value to educationalists interested in a shared learning and open online teacher-research platform.

There should be a dialogic approach to the relationship between teaching and research, where each informs and enhances the other.
Legal Language in the Legislative Text (The Case Study of the Bill on Higher Education and Science)
Authors: Lizisowa Maria Teresa
Published: October 2020

The aim of the paper is to determine whether the text of the act is edited in such a way that legal clarity is possible under conditions of legal certainty and predictability of citizen behaviour when applying the act. The bill: law on higher education and science is written in legal language. The genre pattern of the text maintains a normative procedure which is mutual to all legal orders. The text is performative because it is an act of law making. It is also normative because it sets general legal norms. In this article, the author assumes that the basic legal concept is the legal relationship.
Referential Transparency of Motivated Public Authorities' Names in Translations
Authors: Iluk Łukasz
Published: October 2020

The paper focuses on adequacy and clarity of motivated public authorities' names in translation of constitutional acts. In order to assess the adequacy level of identification of the authorities' name references in the source legal system, a survey has been conducted. Its results allowed to conclude, that literal translation of authorities' names in incompatible systems can be referentially empty, even for persons with field knowledge. However, it can generally be assumed, that the sufficient identification is determined by an adequate level of knowledge about the given subject (entity) in the source legal system. It is functional translation that offers a significant simplification in the process of decoding the terms used to denote authorities' names.
Odwrót od wolnego handlu na przykładzie Partnerstwa Transpacyficznego
Authors: Gwiazda Adam
Published: October 2020

W ostatnich paru latach do władzy doszły w niektórych państwach zachodnich partie prawicowe, które bardziej posługują się argumentami politycznymi i nie dostrzegają korzyści, jakie niesie ze sobą wolny handel. Przykładem może być Parnterstwo Transpacyficzne (TPP), które miało doprowadzić do przyśpieszenia handlu i wzmocnienia współpracy gospodarczej w regionie Azji i Pacyfiku. Partnerstwo to miało też być przeciwwagą dla ekspansji gospodarczej Chin w tym regionie. Stany Zjednoczone wspierały prawie 7-letni proces negocjacji i doprowadziły przy końcu 2015 roku do podpisania porozumienia o utworzeniu TPP. Do początku 2017 roku porozumienie to nie zostało jednak ratyfikowane przez parlamenty państw członkowskich, a w lutym 2017 roku prezydent Donald Trump wycofał USA z tego partnerstwa. Stworzyło to szansę dla Chin, które forsują swoją koncepcję Regionalnego Kompleksowego Partnerstwa Gospodarczego (RCEP) i osłabiło zaufanie do Stanów Zjednoczonych wśród wielu dotychczasowych sojuszników tego mocarstwa.
Relacjonowanie prezydenckiej kampanii wyborczej w 2015 roku przez „Wiadomości” TVP1: zrównoważone czy stronnicze?
Authors: Klepka Rafał
Published: October 2020

We współczesnych demokracjach media pełnią kilka istotnych ról: informowanie wyborców o kandydatach i ich programach, tłumaczenie działań kandydatów i ich oponentów, kontrolowanie rządzących oraz mobilizację polityczną wyborców. Wiedza elektoratu o kandydatach biorących udział w wyborach, ocena ich kandydatur, a w konsekwencji także decyzja o głosowaniu na określonego kandydata, pozostają w określonym związku z tym, jaki obraz danego kandydata został wykreowany w mediach. Szczególną rolę odgrywa tu telewizja, gdyż 81% respondentów wskazało, że głównym źródłem informacji na temat polityki są dla nich telewizyjne programy informacyjne. Artykuł przedstawia wyniki badań analizy zawartości „Wiadomości” TVP1 przed wyborami prezydenckimi w 2015 roku w Polsce. Celem badań była ocena, czy kampania relacjonowana była w sposób zrównoważony czy stronniczy. Analizie poddano widoczność medialną oraz wydźwięk newsów w najchętniej oglądalnym telewizyjnym programie informacyjnym.
Mediacja jako sposób rozwiązywania sporów gospodarczych o charakterze transgranicznym na przykładzie Polski i Niemiec
Authors: Kopka Artur
Published: October 2020

Celem niniejszego opracowania jest nakreślenie specyfiki gospodarczych sporów transgranicznych oraz zaprezentowanie mediacji jako metody ich rozwiązywania, alternatywnej wobec sądów powszechnych, dającej zwaśnionym stronom możliwość zarówno ich szybszego i mniej kosztownego zakończenia, jak i kontynuowania relacji gospodarczych oraz rozwijania dalszej współpracy pomiędzy przedsiębiorcami. W pierwszym kroku określone zostaną cechy konstytutywne mediacji oraz specyfika mediacji transgranicznej ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem aspektów interkulturowych. W tym kontekście przedstawione zostaną specyficzne kompetencje mediatora, niezbędne do skutecznego przeprowadzenia postępowania mediacyjnego w tego typu konfliktach oraz podstawy prawne zastosowania mediacji w odniesieniu do sporów pomiędzy podmiotami z Polski i Niemiec. Omówione zostaną zarówno regulacje prawa polskiego i niemieckiego dotyczące mediacji, jak i ramy i uwarunkowania instytucjonalno-prawne postępowania mediacyjnego w UE w zakresie sporów gospodarczych o charakterze transgranicznym. Ponadto analizie poddane zostaną dane empiryczne dotyczące zakresu upowszechnienia mediacji w obu krajach, stosunku polskich i niemieckich przedsiębiorców do mediacji jako metody rozwiązywania sporów gospodarczych pomiędzy podmiotami z obu krajów oraz trudności w jej zastosowaniu wynikające z różnic kulturowych.
Zjawisko korupcji w demokracji skonsolidowanej. Przypadek Finlandii
Authors: Czepil Bartosz
Published: October 2020

Zjawisko korupcji w stabilnych, zamożnych państwach demokratycznych określanych mianem demokracji skonsolidowanych było przez długi czas ignorowane przez badaczy. Jednak w ostatnim dziesięcioleciu XX wieku pojawiły się czynniki, które doprowadziły do instytucjonalizacji kwestii korupcji w dojrzałych demokracjach. Tę zmianę obserwujemy również w Finlandii, która według Indeksu Percepcji Korupcji publikowanym przez Transparency International jest postrzegana jako jedno z najmniej skorumpowanych państw świata. Jednak również w tym kraju możemy odnaleźć specyficzne formy korupcji. Celem artykułu jest charakterystyka tzw. sieci starych braci jako praktyk korupcyjnych charakterystycznych dla Finlandii. Autor stara się pokazać proces instytucjonalizacji kwestii sieci starych braci oraz problemy towarzyszące istnieniu tego zjawiska w fińskiej przestrzeni publicznej. Przede wszystkim wskazuje, że w Finlandii możemy obserwować przedefiniowanie nieformalnych, konsensualnych praktyk, które przez długi czas były akceptowanymi komponentami systemu politycznego, na praktyki o statusie korupcyjnym. Subtelność tych praktyk powoduje, że często trudno zaklasyfikować je jako jednoznaczne formy nadużywania władzy dla prywatnych korzyści.
Symptomy relacji między społeczeństwem/narodem a państwem. Próba spojrzenia retrospektywnego w warunkach polskich
Authors: Jeliński Edward
Published: October 2020

Problem relacji państwo a naród/społeczeństwo został podjęty z perspektywy przeszłości rzeczywistości polskiej. Autor starał się wskazać na wybrane przykłady tych uwarunkowań między „rządzącymi” a „rządzonymi”. Uwzględnia trzy wybrane zagadnienia – kryteria: 1) problem postaw – cech charakterologicznych Polaków, 2) problem mesjanizmu polskiego, 3) problem znaczenia koncyliaryzmu średniowiecznego. Stara się dowieść, że powyższe czynniki miały wpływ na ułożenie stosunków między państwem a narodem/społeczeństwem, oddziaływały na kształt podstaw ustrojowych demokracji szlacheckiej i zahamowały tendencje absolutystyczno ustrojowe w systemie politycznym I Rzeczypospolitej. Skutki tych procesów odczuwamy w naszym kraju po dzień dzisiejszy.
China’s “One Belt, One Road Initiative”: challenges and requirements for its successful implementation in Central Asia
Authors: Gómez Martos Francisco
Published: October 2020

Twenty five years after the dissolution of the former Soviet Union and the reemergence of the Central Asian Republics as independent States, this region continues to be the scene of rivalries amongst the big powers (Russia, China, the European Union, USA, India, Japan, Turkey and Iran) competing in a sort of a “new Grand Game” to increase their geopolitical and economic influence in the region. Its geography, diverse and rich natural resources, like oil and gas, explain the ongoing hidden rivalries. Despite its common historical and cultural past, Central Asia constitutes a heterogeneous region with a multiethnic and multi-linguistic composition and a low degree of physical, economic and trade integration. The lack of mutual trust, the persisting tension over borders and the use and sharing of natural resources, as well as different levels of economic performance have so far jeopardized the development of genuine regional cooperation. Against this background, the idea behind the Chinese OBOR Initiative to develop rapid transportation, if well implemented, could theoretically, by improving interregional connectivity, develop the Central Asia regional market and foster intergovernmental cooperation and people-to-people contacts within the region. In this context, could we expect that the ambitious Chinese OBOR Initiative will boost geopolitical stability and promote shared economic and trade benefits in Central Asia? What are the conditions for that need to be fulfilled?The author analyzes in depth certain crucial political, economic and institutional requirements for the successful implementation of the OBOR Strategy and concludes, however, that three years after the launching of this crucial instrument of the Chinese “globalization without democracy” model, its implementation faces major problems and thus raises more doubts than certainties.
Political marketing in the times of big data
Authors: Pawełczyk Piotr , Jakubowski Jakub
Published: October 2020

Academic considerations on the topic of political marketing very often boil down to discussing the political history of the 20th and 21st centuries, while failing to account for the significant changes in the range of instruments used to implement election strategies. However, the academic discussion about political marketing as an applied sub-discipline should take into account some mechanisms for accomplishing specified tasks. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to fill this gap and try to examine the influence of the tools based on big data on the broad picture of what we name marketing activities in the field of politics. We would like to present readers with our hypothesis that the profound changes in this area that were particularly noticeable in the election and referendum campaigns in 2016 may provide a premise to identify a new paradigm in the discussion on the use of marketing strategies in political communication. It would be based on the Internet combining the function of a communication channel and a source of data about voters. This information is next used for marketing purposes. It should be emphasized that this mechanism that has been used in the field of commercial activities for almost a decade, in the field of politics produces completely new and potentially dangerous consequences for citizens
Celebritization of Polish politics, and the language of comments and Internet entries. Analysis of selected examples
Authors: Scheffs Łukasz , Sulikowska Aleksandra
Published: October 2020

This article deals with the possible manifestations of the ongoing process of the celebritization of politics in the view of the language of comments that occur on gossip websites which, in fact, have become the places of the deliberate image-creation of people related to politics. The means of creation comes down to publishing content associated with the private or semi-private lives of people who are engaged in politics. In addition, we can also observe a far-reaching process of the vulgarization and brutalization of the language of comments and entries which is also a specific phenomenon.
Advisory bodies and their role in the organizational structure of the public broadcaster
Authors: Barańska Marzena
Published: October 2020

Governance of a media company, particularly a public broadcaster, is subject to the applicable legal solutions, the economic situation of the company, the accepted management concept of this type of organization. Also of significance is the issue of the broadcaster’s organizational structure, division of powers and the terms of reference of individual divisions. A specific characteristic of the organizational structure of public radio and television in Poland is the existence of Programme boards, as units empowered by the authorities to actively participate in the company management. Referring to the activities of the Polish Television SA, this paper discusses issues related to institutional models of public media and the mutual relationships between the governing bodies of the company. Considering the subject of the publication, special attention was paid to the roles, significance and practices utilized by the programme boards in performing their tasks.
In Praise of Kaleidoscopic Judge: A Different Reading of Judge C. G. Weeramantry’s Jurisprudence Before the Power Politics in ICJ
Authors: Amarasinghe Punsara
Published: October 2020

The power politics has always been a great obstacle in reaching the just consensus in international law. In particular, the political realist approaches stemming from the powerful states often undermine the equality and justice in international legal sphere. Yet the judicial wisdom of some of the outstanding judges in the International Court of Justice have shown a remarkable audacity against trickiest power politics. This article unveils the universalist approach used by outstanding jurist late judge C. G. Weeramantry during his tenure at ICJ. This article seeks how judge Weeramantry delivered his judgements and advisory opinions as a jurist emerged from the Global South. This paper will assess the contribution made by Judge Weeramantry in a complex judicial space filled with power politics from both legal and philosophical perspectives.
THE DIVISION OF COMPETENCE IN THE AREAS OF STATE SECURITY AND FOREIGN AFFAIRS WITHIN THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH IN LIGHT OF THE 1997 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND
Authors: Urbaniak Krzysztof
Published: October 2020

Pursuant to Article 10 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, executive power is vested in the President of the Republic of Poland and the Council of Ministers. Implemented in Poland, the dualism of the executive branch creates a problem with the division of duties and competence between the cabinet and the head of state.  This paper analyses the division of powers within the executive branch in the areas of state security and foreign policy. The analysis of the constitutional provisions and the political practice indicates that the model of cooperation between the President and the cabinet as adopted in the Constitution of 1997 is ineffective and leads to political conflicts. In view of the Polish political conditions, it is advisable to amend the Constitution in order to move away from the mixed model towards either the presidential model or the parliamentary-cabinet model of the executive branch of government.
TAJNE WIĘZIENIA CIA W EUROPIE – IMPLIKACJE DLA POLSKI
Authors: Zbaraszewska Anna
Published: October 2020

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie stanu realizacji przez Polskę wyroków ETPC w sprawach Al Nashiri i Husayn (Abu Zubaydah) w związku z istnieniem na terytorium RP tajnych ośrodków zatrzymań CIA i torturowaniem osób podejrzanych o terroryzm. Artykuł koncentruje się na ustaleniach faktycznych poczynionych w toku śledztw międzynarodowych prowadzonych przez Parlament Europejski oraz Radę Europy. Osoby podejrzane o terroryzm nie pozostają w próżni prawnej. Przysługują im w równym stopniu podstawowe prawa jednostki, w szczególności wolność od tortur. Tajemnica państwowa nie może stanowić narzędzia ograniczania prawnej odpowiedzialności państwa za przeprowadzenie transparentnych i skutecznych postępowań w sprawie poważnych naruszeń praw człowieka.
KOORDYNACJA BEZPIECZEŃSTWA IMPREZ MASOWYCH W PRAKTYCE I ISTNIEJĄCYCH ROZWIĄZANIACH PRAWNYCH RP
Authors: Jarczewski Waldemar
Published: October 2020

W niniejszej publikacji przedstawiono znaczenie działań związanych z koordynacją przedsięwzięć zmierzających do prawidłowego przygotowania i kierowania bezpieczeństwem imprez masowych. Ustawodawstwo polskie obejmujące ten zakres tematyczny zagadnień, wskazywało już od 1997 r. proces koordynacji, jako ważny element budowy bezpieczeństwa imprez masowych, który właściwego znaczenia nabrał dopiero przed turniejem finałowym Euro 2012. Nadal jednak, w obowiązujących regulacjach prawnych, nie wskazano koordynatora tego procesu, tym samym również jego obowiązków. Autor publikacji stara się zwrócić uwagę na konieczność rozwiązania tego problemu w przyszłych  regulacjach prawnych.
THE ONGOING MILITARY CONFLICTS IN SYRIA AND YEMEN: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS, THEIR CONSEQUENCES, AND SCENARIOS
Authors: Osiewicz Przemysław
Published: October 2020

The main aim of the article is to analyse in detail roles played by various regional and nonregional state actors in two of the ongoing Middle Eastern conflicts, namely in Syria and in Yemen, in the period between March 2015 and May 2017. The year 2015 was very significant. That year the Russian military intervention in Syria began, the conflict in Yemen broke out and was internationalized simultaneously. This state-oriented study has two levels of analysis, namely regional and global. Although the global dimension can be observed and analysed in both selected conflicts, its seems to be much more noticeable and significant in case of the Syrian war especially due to the direct Russian engagement as well as the American response to it. A very limited institutionalization of international relations in the Middle East region seriously undermines opportunities for a peaceful conflict resolution in the region and therefore requires participation and engagement of non-regional actors especially of global powers which can exert either direct or indirect pressure on various regional actors. As far as sources are concerned, the study is based on selected documents, monographs, academic articles, reports, and analyses.
MIĘDZYNARODOWE ŚRODOWISKO BEZPIECZEŃSTWA AZJI WSCHODNIEJ W 2016 ROKU. ZASADNICZE DETERMINANTY I KIERUNKI EWOLUCJI
Authors: Wiśniewski Rafał
Published: October 2020

Celem artykułu jest analiza stanu międzynarodowego środowiska bezpieczeństwa regionu Azji Wschodniej oraz zasadniczych kierunków jego ewolucji w roku 2016. Autor identyfikuje kluczowe trendy długoterminowe kształtujące regionalny ład bezpieczeństwa omawianego obszaru. Umożliwia to określenie ,,stanu wyjściowego" regionu na początku analizowanego okresu, a także określenie swoistego ,,tła strategicznego", w odniesieniu do którego należy rozpatrywać bieżące wydarzenia. Następnie przedstawiono kluczowe wydarzenia z obszaru bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego, które zaszły w Azji Wschodniej w trakcie 2016 r. (oraz w pierwszych miesiącach 2017) oraz ukazano  je w nakreślonym kontekście strategicznym. Pozwala to na sformułowanie wstępnej oceny co do wpływu pojedynczych wydarzeń na międzynarodowe środowisko bezpieczeństwa regionu (stabilizujące, destabilizujące lub neutralne). W ostatnim etapie, na bazie dotychczasowych rozważań podjęto próbę prognozy dalszej ewolucji sytuacji bezpieczeństwa w Azji Wschodniej w perspektywie kolejnych 12-18 miesięcy.
WOJNA Z TERRORYZMEM ZA POMOCĄ DRONÓW
Authors: Gwiazda Adam
Published: October 2020

Coraz powszechniejsze wykorzystywanie w operacjach bojowych bezzałogowych statków powietrznych, nazywanych potocznie dronami wzbudza wiele kontrowersji. Paradoksem jest fakt, że mniejsze kontrowersje międzynarodowe wywołuje zjawisko stosunkowo szybkiego upowszechniania się UAV-ów w siłach zbrojnych wielu państw, jak również coraz powszechniejsze ich wykorzystywanie przez różne firmy prywatne, w tej liczbie także prywatne formy wojskowe (PMC). Jednak największe spory dotyczą posługiwania się przez Stany Zjednoczone dronami w walce z terroryzmem. Spory te koncentrują się szczególnie wokół dopuszczalności takich operacji bojowych poza obszarem konfliktów zbrojnych i ich statusu prawnego oraz ich efektywności militarnej w porównaniu do uzyskanych rezultatów, w tym także tzw. efektów ubocznych czyli liczby zabitych cywilów – którzy nie byli celem danej operacji antyterrorystycznej, określonej mianem „selektywnego zabójstwa” (ang. targeted killing). Artykuł omawia rozwój i możliwości techniczne różnych rodzajów wojskowych dronów, ich wykorzystywanie w operacjach antyterrorystycznych oraz ryzyko związane z szybką proliferacją tej nowej broni.
Siedem pieśni religijnych Ottona Mieczysława Żukowskiego (1867–1942) w kontekście zagadnień semantycznych i muzycznych
Authors: Kaczorowski Robert
Published: October 2020

In the present article the author discusses seven religious songs by the little-known Polish composer, Otton Mieczysław Żukowski (1867˗1942). The songs are: Ojcze nasz (Our Father) op. 47, Panie do Ciebie wołam (Lord, unto Thee I cry), Twych Panie łask (Your mercies, o Lord), Gdy boleść wstrząsa (When sorrow strikes), Panie miłosierny (Merciful Lord), Do Boga (To God) and Wierzymy Panie (Lord, we believe). The songs’ semantic meaning conveys the basic and most essential truths of the Catholic faith. Thereby, they formed the awareness of the listeners and became a catechesis to be sung. The discussed songs have also a strong patriotic and national emphasis as they were created in the time of Poland’s partition and non-existence in Europe. The songs are evidence that God may be involved in the history of a nation and change its difficult position. In terms of musical layer the songs are characterized by a cantilena melodic line and tonal harmony.
Nauczanie religii w polskich szkołach – sukces czy porażka?
Authors: Jedynak Witold
Published: October 2020

Religious Education was reintroduced to state Polish schools in September 1990. The par- ticipation is not obligatory and it depends on parents and pupils. Sociological studies show that Religious Education has far more supporters than opponents which, undoubtedly, is the pastoral success of the Catholic Church. Despite the fact that in the last few years the attendance at RE was dropping, the vast majority of pupils still participate in it. Young people assess the quality of RE in a positive way. Some of them think that RE is interesting and they participate in it willingly. Others are of the opinion that RE is no di erent from other subjects.For the Catholic Church Religious Education is an important pastoral task. Therefore, it under- takes activities in order to provide quali ed RE teachers. The drawback of this e ort is, undoubte- dly, the fact that the catechization at school is done by laypeople with the simultaneous pullback of priests. Both pupils and parents are of the opinion that such actions not only impair the quality of RE teaching and lead to poor participation but also damage the relation between young people and parishes. In times when the level of religiosity and morality is falling, the Church should intensify its e ort to stop the process of secularization of young generation and strengthen or even rebuild the relation between young people with local Church communities by providing e ective RE teaching.
Sustainable and Resilient Manufacturing for the Post–COVID-19 Era
Authors: Diaz-Elsayed Nancy , Charkhgard Hadi , Wang Michael Cai
Published: October 2020

Society has confronted many challenges in recent decades, ranging from devastating wildfires and hurricanes to, most recently, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Our manufacturing sector plays a critical role in confronting these challenges and in the recovery process, as it lies at the helm of the comfort, well-being, and safety of our communities. Manufacturers help bring to fruition innovative technologies that can maintain our way of life during times of stability (e.g., smartphones and fuel-efficient vehicles) and that can enable a quick recovery during emergencies or natural disasters (e.g., rapid testing technologies, ventilators, and photovoltaic panels). This article suggests ways to enhance the efficiency, sustainability, and resilience of the manufacturing sector in the post–COVID-19 era. Considerations for the supply chain, manufacturing systems, and manufacturing processes at the nanoscale are discussed.