bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adiponectin in Umbilical Cord Blood Is Inversely Related to Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol But Not Ethnicity
Authors: Bansal Narinder , Charlton-Menys Valentine , Pemberton Philip , McElduff Patrick , Oldroyd John , Vyas Avni , Koudsi Abir , Clayton Peter E. , Cruickshank J. Kennedy , Durrington Paul N.
Published: March 2006

Context: Adiponectin is a recognized protective risk marker for cardiovascular disease in adults and is associated with an optimal lipid profile. The role of adiponectin at birth is not well understood, and its relationship with the neonatal lipid profile is unknown. Because ethnic disparities in cardiovascular risk have been attributed to low adiponectin and its associated low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), investigation at birth may help determine the etiology of these risk patterns.

Objective: Our objective was to investigate the relationship between neonatal adiponectin and lipid profile at birth in two ethnic groups in cord blood.

Design, Setting, and Participants: Seventy-four healthy mothers and their newborns of South Asian and White European origin were studied in this cross-sectional study at St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.

Main Outcome Measures: Serum adiponectin, total cholesterol, HDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglyceride levels were measured in umbilical venous blood at birth and in maternal blood collected at 28 wk gestation.

Results: Cord adiponectin was significantly inversely associated with cord LDL-C (r = −0.32; P = 0.005) but not HDL-C. In a multiple regression analysis, cord LDL-C remained the most significant association of cord adiponectin (β = −0.13; P < 0.001). We did not find any significant ethnic differences in cord adiponectin or lipids with the exception of triglycerides, which were significantly lower in South Asian newborns (P < 0.05).

Conclusion: This is the first report of an inverse relationship between cord adiponectin and LDL-C at birth. In contrast to adult studies, we found no significant association between adiponectin and HDL-C in cord blood. Our results and the strong independent association between adiponectin and HDL-C observed in adult studies suggest a role for adiponectin in lipid metabolism. Ethnic differences in adiponectin may arise after birth.
Complexes of syndapin II with dynamin II promote vesicle formation at the trans-Golgi network
Authors: Kessels Michael M. , Dong Jiaxin , Leibig Wibke , Westermann Peter , Qualmann Britta
Published: March 2006

The role of dynamin and so-called accessory proteins in endocytosis is well established. However, molecular details of the function(s) of dynamin II at the Golgi are largely unclear. We demonstrate that the ubiquitously expressed syndapin II isoform interacts with the proline-rich domain (PRD) of dynamin II through its Src-homology 3 (SH3) domain. Co-immunoprecipitation of endogenous syndapin II and dynamin II, and successful reconstitutions of such complexes at membranes in COS-7 cells, show the in vivo relevance of the interaction. Syndapin II can associate with Golgi membranes and this association increases upon Golgi exit block. Brefeldin A treatment clearly shows that the observed perinuclear localization of syndapin II co-localizing with syntaxin 6 reflects the Golgi complex and that it requires functional integrity of the Golgi. Syndapins are crucial for Golgi vesicle formation because anti-syndapin antibodies, used either in in vitro reconstitutions or in living cells, inhibited this process. Both types of assays additionally revealed the essential role of syndapin II SH3 interactions with the dynamin II PRD in vesicle formation. An excess of the syndapin SH3 domain strongly inhibited budding from Golgi membranes in vitro. Likewise, overexpression of the syndapin SH3 domain or of a dynamin II variant incapable of associating with syndapin II (dynamin IIΔPRD) impaired trafficking of vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSVG)-GFP in vivo. By contrast, full-length syndapin II-l had no negative effect, and instead promoted VSVG-GFP export from the Golgi. Importantly, a cytosolic fraction containing endogenous syndapin-dynamin complexes was sufficient to promote vesicle formation from Golgi membranes in a syndapin-dependent manner. Thus, syndapin-dynamin complexes are crucial and sufficient to promote vesicle formation from the trans-Golgi network.
Arf GAPs and membrane traffic
Authors: Nie Zhongzhen , Randazzo Paul A.
Published: March 2006

The selective transfer of material between membrane-delimited organelles is mediated by protein-coated vesicles. In many instances, formation of membrane trafficking intermediates is regulated by the GTP-binding protein Arf. Binding and hydrolysis of GTP by Arf was originally linked to the assembly and disassembly of vesicle coats. Arf GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), a family of proteins that induce hydrolysis of GTP bound to Arf, were therefore proposed to regulate the disassembly and dissociation of vesicle coats. Following the molecular identification of Arf GAPs, the roles for GAPs and GTP hydrolysis have been directly examined. GAPs have been found to bind cargo and known coat proteins as well as directly contribute to vesicle formation, which is consistent with the idea that GAPs function as subunits of coat proteins rather than simply Arf inactivators. In addition, GTP hydrolysis induced by GAPs occurs largely before vesicle formation and is required for sorting. These results are the primary basis for modifications to the classical model for the function of Arf in transport vesicle formation, including a recent proposal that Arf has a proofreading, rather than a structural, role.
Finite element analysis of shafts with lands and holes under torque loading using cyclic symmetry
Authors: Robotham W. S , Ashmore D. R , Hyde T. H , Williams E J , Tee C
Published: March 2006

The development of aeroengines with increasing thrust capabilities requires the development of shaft technology to deal with this greater power transmission, while still restricting their dimensions and weight. One important way of achieving this is by reducing the core size of the engine. The diameter of a low-pressure driveshaft is one of the main factors determining the overall size of the core. A key design objective is to reduce the diameter while at leat maintaining the same torque capacity. This requires the optimization of the geometry of individual stress-raising features. This paper focuses on one of these, the holes that allow the transfer of sealing and cooling air around the engine. A series of parametric studies is presented, which show the interactions between the holes, the reinforcement lands, and the adjacent plain shaft sections under torque loading. These use a cyclic symmetry-based modelling approach to reduce computational expense. Guidelines are proposed for selecting the thickness and axial length of the lands.
Characteristics of the state of stress at the edge of a titled punch
Authors: Rajasekaran R , Hills D. A
Published: March 2006

The singular asymptotic forms for the pressure distribution and state of stress derived under square semi-infinite contact conditions are here applied to the case of a titled punch, and are shown to represent the local state of stress correctly. In the case of a punch titled so far that one corner lifts, at the end where the contact is receding, the use of a bounded asymptote is successfully employed. Thus, the asymptotes originally developed to treat contact problems that are symmetrical have successfully been used for titled and unsymmetrical problems, showing that further asymptotes are unnecessaryand providing a reliable means of comparing, for example, fretting fatigue behaviour.
Unsteady flow modelling of a pressure wave supercharger
Authors: Fatsis A , Orfanoudakis N G , Pavlou D G , Panoutsopoulou A , Vlachakis N
Published: March 2006

Pressure wave machinery constitutes a promising device in a wide variety of applications such as superchargers in automobile engines and topping devices in gas turbines. A very attractive feature is the built-in exhaust gas recirculation which provides a substantial reduction in NOx emissions of the engine. The present work presents a simple numerical model based on shock tube flow, accounting for viscous and thermal losses inside the rotor of the supercharger as well as leakage losses at the extremities of the rotor. It is validated against available experimental data of shock tube flow and on a three-port wave rotor, called a pressure divider. The model is then applied on a configuration suited for automobile engine supercharging. Comparisons with experimental data show that the present method can analyse the basic flow patterns inside the rotor, providing a useful tool for pressure wave supercharger flow predictions.
Photo-Oxidative Polymerization of Bis(3,5-dimethylphenyl) Disulfide for Synthesis of Poly(thioarylene)
Authors: Yamamoto Kimihisa , Oyaizu Kenichi , Tsuchida Eishun
Published: March 2006

Bis(3,5-dimethylphenyl) disulfide was subject to photo-oxidation in the presence of 2,3-dicyanonaphthalene as a sensitizer. The photo-redox system enabled efficient formation of poly(thio-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene) non-contaminated with metal salt at room temperature through the electrophilic reaction of the sulfonium cation produced by the photo-oxidation.
Cationic Polyaddition of p-Xylylene Glycol to 1,4-Bis(allenyloxy)xylene. Synthesis of Functional Polyacetal Containing Vinyl Groups in the Side Chain
Authors: Sato Eiichi , Yokozawa Tsutomu , Endo Takeshi
Published: March 2006

Polyaddition of p-xylylene glycol to 1,4-bis(allenyloxy)xylene was examined. Hydroxy groups of the diol added to the internal double bonds of allenyloxy moieties of bis(alkoxyallene) selectively to afford polymers containing both vinyl groups in the side chain and acetal skeleton in the main chain. The obtained polymer was degradable by the reaction of acetal skeleton in the backbone with aqueous acid.
Diastereoselective Conjugate Addition for Construction of Taxane Precursors
Authors: Furukawa Takashi , Seto Masaki , Horiguchi Yoshiaki , Kuwajima Isao
Published: March 2006

Copper catalyzed conjugate addition of Grignard reagents to enones was effected with high 1,4-diastereoinduction and was used for the preparation of taxane precursors.
Production of Hydrogen Peroxide and Organic Hydroperoxides in the Reactions of Ozone with Natural Hydrocarbons in Air
Authors: Hatakeyama Shiro , Lai Haiping , Gao shidong , Murano Kentaro
Published: March 2006

Reaction of ozone with three kinds of olefins in air was studied. H2O2, CH3OOH, and HOCH2OOH were collected and analyzed with HPLC with a fluorometric detector. Direct reaction of CH2OO with H2O was found to be the source of HOCH2OOH. CH3OOH was formed only from the olefins which have a methyl group. Detailed reaction mechanisms are discussed.
Catalytic Reduction of Nitrogen Monoxide by Methane over Palladium-Loaded Zeolites in the Presence of Oxygen
Authors: Nishizaka Yukiko , Misono Makoto
Published: March 2006

Palladium ion-exchanged H-ZSM-5 showed a high catalytic activity for the removal of dilute nitrogen monoxide in the presence of methane and oxygen at 350–550 °C. The presence of palladium and (protonic) acidity is essential for the high activity.
Reversible Electrochromism in the Thin Films of Single-Transition Metal Phthalocyanines
Authors: Toshima Naoki , Kawamura Shin-ichi , Tominaga Tsuyoshi
Published: March 2006

The reversible electrochromism in the thin films of single-transition metal phthalocyanines is reported. Copper and nickel phthalocyanine films can be oxidized and rereduced reversibly, when the film is enough thin, the scan range is well controlled, and the appropriate anion is used as the electrolyte. Especially, the cyclic voltammogram of nickel phthalocyanine films in a sodium nitrate solution is almost Nernstian.
Extraordinary Diastereoselectivity Coupled to Altered Structure of Dipeptide Esters
Authors: Matsumoto Yoko , Matsumoto Yoshito , Inoue Junichi , Ueoka Ryuichi
Published: March 2006

The diastereoselectivity for the hydrolysis of Z-D(L)-Phe-L-Phe p-methoxycarbonylphenyl ester was maximized (ksDL/ksLL = 34) at the optimum temperature (30 °C). This could be attributed to the conformational change in the DL isomer, which was supported by the circular dichroism measurements.
On the Transmetallation of (E)-1-Phenyl-3-(tributylstannyl)propene and 3-Phenyl-3-(tributylstannyl)propene with BuSnCl3
Authors: Miyake Hideyoshi , Yamamura Kimiaki
Published: March 2006

Transmetallation of (E)-1-phenyl-3-(tributylstannyl)propene and 3-phenyl-3-(tributylstannyl)propene with BuSnCl3, and the isomerization of the transmetallated product are described. The application of the reactions to stereoselective (Z)-3-phenyl-2-propenylation and threo-1-phenyl-2-propenylation of aldehydes is also described.
A New Bis(benzo-15-crown-5)-type Ionophore Having 1,10-Phenanthroline Moiety as a Highly-selective Potassium Ion-carrier
Authors: Himeda Yuichiro , Hiratani Kazuhisa , Kasuga Kazuyuki , Hirose Takuji
Published: March 2006

2,9-Disubstituted 1,10-phenanthroline derivative with two benzo-15-crown-5 moieties can transport potassium ion with extremely high selectivity over other alkali and alkaline earth metal ions through chloroform liquid membrane.
Alumina-supported Catalysts for the Selective Reduction of Nitric Oxide by Propene
Authors: Miyadera Tatsuo , Yoshida Kiyohide
Published: March 2006

The effect of water vapor and SO2 on the selective reduction of nitric oxide over alumina-supported Ag, In, Ga, Sn, and Zn catalysts has been investigated. Water vapor and SO2 had large effect on the reactivity of propene and on the reduction of NO over those catalysts.
Novel Dibenzopolyether Resin Possessing Dicarboxylic Acid Side Arm Functionality for Use in Specific Lead(II) Separation
Authors: Hayashita Takashi , Yamasaki Kenji , Huang Xiaowu , Bartsch Richard A
Published: March 2006

A novel dibenzopolyether resin possessing dicarboxylic acid side arm functionality (EDPAR) was synthesized by condensation polymerization of ethylenedi(oxy-o-phenoxyacetic acid) with formaldehyde in formic acid. The excellent sorption for Pb(II) over Cu(II) obtained with EDPAR was not observed with commercially available iminodiacetic acid resin (CR-10). For EDPAR, the percent sorption of Pb(II) exceeded 90% at pH 2.5, while Cu(II) sorption was less than 30% at this pH.
1,7-Acetal Carbon Rearrangement via 1,5-Hydride Transfer in an Oxocanyl Carbenium Ion. Conversion of O-(5-Hexenyl)-Se,O-heteroacetals or O,O-Acetals into 7-Oxohexanols or 7-Oxohexyl Chlorides
Authors: Yoshimatsu Mitsuhiro , Hatae Noriyuki , Shimizu Hiroshi , Kataoka Tadashi
Published: March 2006

Oxacyclooctyl (oxocanyl) carbenium ions generated by treatment of O-(5-hexenyl)-Se,O-heteroacetals or O,O-acetals with SnCl4 underwent intramolecular 1,5-hydride transfer, and the α-oxy carbenium ions newly formed were hydrolyzed to give the 7-oxohexanols or 7-oxohexyl chlorides in good yields. Various O-(5-hexenyl)-Se,O-heteroacetals or O,O-acetals were converted into 7-oxohexanols or 7-oxohexyl chlorides.
Novel Reduction of Carboxylic Acids, Esters, Amides and Nitriles Using Samarium Diiodide in the Presence of Water
Authors: Kamochi Yasuko , Kudo Tadahiro
Published: March 2006

Aromatic carboxylic acids, esters, amides, nitriles, chlorides, ketones and nitro compounds were rapidly reduced by the samarium diiodide–H2O system to the corresponding products at room temperature in good yields.
Synthesis of Quinone-Bearing Peptides. Photoinduced Electron-Transfer of Peptide-Bridged Porphyrin-Quinone Molecules
Authors: Tamiaki Hitoshi , Maruyama Kazuhiro
Published: March 2006

Synthetic peptide-bridged porphyrin-quinone molecules were easily available by use of a precursor for a chiral α-amino acid bearing quinone moiety on the side chain, l-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)alanine. Photoinduced electron transfer from porphyrin to quinone in the molecules occurred in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran.
Efficient Synthesis of the Optically Active Cyclopentane Derivative, A Versatile Intermediate Toward the Euphorbia Diterpenes
Authors: Matsuura Tomoo , Nishiyama Shigeru , Yamamura Shosuke
Published: March 2006

A practical synthesis of the cyclopentane derivative shared by the diterpenes isolated from the plant Euphorbia helioscopia L. has successfully been accomplished starting from the optically active cyclopenten-diol derivative.
Novel Photocatalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Δ (or Λ)-[Co(acac)3] (Hacac = pentane-2,4-dione) from [Co(acac)2(H2O)2] and Hacac with Helical Ruthenium(II) Tris-bidentate Complexes
Authors: Ohkubo Katsutoshi , Hamada Taisuke , Watanabe Megumi , Fukushima Mitsuhiro
Published: March 2006

The photoinduced asymmetric synthesis of Δ (or Λ)-[Co(acac)3] from [Co(acac)2(H2O)2] and Hacac was achieved by using helical Ruthenium(II) complexes of [Ru(Menbpy)3]2+ (Menbpy = 4,4′-di((1R,2S,5R)-(−)-menthoxycarbonyl)-2,2′-bipyridine), and [Ru(R(or S)-PhEtbpy)3]2+ (R(or S)-PhEtbpy = 4,4′-di((R)-(+)(or (S)-(−))-1-phenylethylamino-carbonyl)-2,2′-bipyridine) with the maximum 10.0% e.e. for the Λ-[Co(acac)3] formation by [Ru(Menbpy)3]2+ in 50–70% v/v EtOH/H2O at 25 °C.
Construction of N-Acylated 4-Piperidones via Selective Carbon-Nitrogen and Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation
Authors: Takahashi Mitsumasa , Tanino Keiji , Kuwajima Isao
Published: March 2006

N-Acylated 4-piperidone was prepared in good overall yield through an initial formation of the imine from the reaction of α′-aminomethylated enol silyl ether with an aldehyde followed by cyclization effected with an acid anhydride. The latter cyclization reaction seems to proceed preferentially through a boat-like transition state to give the piperidone having exo substituent.
Preparation of Nonmetallic Silver Clusters in Aqueous Solutions Using UV Lasers
Authors: Kobayashi Makoto , Sato Hiroyasu
Published: March 2006

Nonmetallic silver clusters (λmax = 275 nm) were prepared by UV laser irradiation of aqueous solutions of silver perchlorate in the presence of 2-propanol and sodium polyphosphate. They were transformed into silver colloids (λmax = 380 nm) obeying second-order kinetics. Effects of added electrolytes on the kinetics were studied.
Reactivating Effect of Water on Freon 12 Decomposition Catalysts
Authors: Imamura Seiichiro , Higashihara Takao , Jindai Hitoshi
Published: March 2006

Effect of water was investigated on the durability of titania–silica (TiO2/SiO2), phosphate–supported zirconia (PO4/ZrO2), and boron phosphate (BPO4) catalysts in the vapor phase decomposition of dichloro–difluoromethane (Freon 12). Water helped to maintain their catalytic activity by eliminating inorganic fluorines produced during the reaction. No deactivation nor configuration change was observed for BPO4 catalyst even after 35 h. Thus the way is open to the development of practical process for catalytic detoxification of chlorofluorocarbons (Freon’s).
Different Magnetic Properties of Charge-Transfer Complexes and Cation Radical Salts of Tetrathiafulvalene Derivatives Substituted with Imino Pyrolidine- and Piperidine-1-oxyls
Authors: Sugimoto Toyonari , Yamaga Seiji , Nakai Makoto , Tsujii Masaya , Nakatsuji Hiroshi , Hosoito Nobuyoshi
Published: March 2006

The magnetic properties of charge-transfer (CT) complexes and cation radical salts of tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) derivatives bearing two different radical substituents were investigated. Preferential spin interactions occurred between TTF cation radical (TTF+•) and an acceptor anion radical for the CT complexes, and between two TTF+•’s for the cation radical salts, respectively. In addition, the magnitude was markedly different by the kind of radical substituent, which behaved as an isolated spin.
Unusual Enhancement of Protease Activity in Organic Solvents by Amines
Authors: Yamamoto Yasuhito , Kise Hideo
Published: March 2006

The catalytic activities of subtilisin BPN’ and α-chymotrypsin for transesterification of N-acetyl-L-tyrosine methyl ester in organic solvents were dramatically increased by addition of tertiary amines. The effects may be ascribed to the change in dissociation state of polar groups on the surface of the enzymes.
A Methano-Bridged Dehydro[24]annulenedione. A Highly Diatropic Dicationic 22π-Electron Species in D2SO4
Authors: Yamamoto Gaku , Higuchi Hiroyuki , Asano Kaori , Ojima Juro
Published: March 2006

A methanodehydro[24]annulenedione with a 1,4-dichlorobutatriene moiety was synthesized. The compound formed a highly stable dicationic species in D2SO4, which showed the strongest diatropicity hitherto reported for 22π-electron aromatic systems.
Buckminsterfullerene C60 – o-Quinone Methide Cycloadduct
Authors: Ohno Masatomi , Azuma Toshihiro , Eguchi Shoji
Published: March 2006

Buckminsterfullerene C60 underwent [4+2]cycloaddition reaction across 6,6 ring junction with o-quinone methide generated in situ from o-hydroxybenzylalcohol in 1,2-dichlorobenzene (180 °C).
Selective Synthesis of the Geometrical Isomers of O,O-Diethyl O-1-(N-methoxyimino)ethylphosphorothioate and a New Thiono-Thiolo Rearrangement Reaction
Authors: Sasaki Mitsuru , Itoh Yoshikazu , Yamamoto Noboru , Yamada Yoshimi
Published: March 2006

Condensation of O,O-diethyl phosphorochloridothioate with N-methoxyacetamide in the presence of a base gave selectively the geometrical isomers of O,O-diethyl O-1-(N-methoxyimino)ethylphosphorothioate which on heating rearranged to the corresponding thiolo isomers having P–S–C=N linkage.
A Pronounced Catalytic Activity of PW11CoO395− for Epoxidation of Alkenes by Molecular Oxygen in the Presence of Aldehyde
Authors: Mizuno Noritaka , Hirose To-oru , Tateishi Masaki , Iwamoto Masakazu
Published: March 2006

The epoxidation of cyclohexene, 1-decene, and styrene by molecular oxygen in the presence of aldehydes such as isobutyraldehyde and pivalaldehyde was efficiently catalyzed at 303 K by mono-cobalt-substituted Keggin-type heteropolytungstate.
Synthesis, Conductivity, and Structure of a Novel Organic Conductor (TMET-STF)2ClO4. Coexistence of One- and Two-dimensional Donor Columns
Authors: Okano Yoshinori , Sawa Hiroshi , Aonuma Shuji , Kato Reizo
Published: March 2006

An organic π-donor TMET-STF (trimethylene(ethylenedithio)diselenadithiafulvalene) was synthesized using a method via a titanocene complex. The cation radical salt (TMET-STF)2ClO4 is metallic down to 22 K and shows an upturn of resistivity. Crystal structure analysis and band calculation indicate that this system contains two types of donor columns; the one is one-dimensional and the other is two-dimensional.
Ion-Exchanged Glass Optical Waveguide Systems for Surface Spectroscopy. Composite Structures for Realization of High Sensitivity and Low Loss
Authors: Itoh Kiminori , Chen Xiao-Min , Murabayashi Masayuki
Published: March 2006

A K+-doped glass optical waveguide (OWG) and an Ag+-doped glass OWG were combined on one substrate using tapered velocity couplers to realize OWG systems for surface spectroscopy with high sensitivity and low loss. The high sensitivity part (Ag+-doped region) was more than 1000 times sensitive compared with optical measurements with normal incidence of monitoring light.
Synthesis, Conformational Analysis, and Optical Resolution of 2,2′:6′,2″:6″,2′′′-Tris(ethano)tetraphenyltin Derivatives
Authors: Okada Keiji , Minami Masato , Oda Masaji
Published: March 2006

Two derivatives of 2,2′:6′,2″:6″,2′′′-tris(ethano)tetraphenyltin were synthesized and their conformational analysis was carried out. An X-ray analysis and optical resolution were performed for one of the derivatives.
Preparation of Textured Ag Thin Films by Using Mixed Monomolecular Layer Spread at Air/Solution Interface
Authors: Masuda Hideki , Baba Nobuyoshi
Published: March 2006

A textured Ag skeleton film was fabricated by using a heterogeneous monolayer spread at an air/solution interface as a support. The mechanism of the formation of the textured film was discussed based on the difference of the rate of Ag deposition in the amphipatic molecules.
Chiral Helical Conformation of the Polyphenylacetylene Having Optically-Active Bulky Substituent
Authors: Aoki Toshiki , Kokai Masayuki , Shinohara Ken-ichi , Oikawa Eizo
Published: March 2006

Poly[p-{L-(−)-menthoxycarbonyl}phenylacetylene]s prepared by [Rh(norbornadiene)Cl]2 as a polymerization catalyst exhibited a much higher [α]D20 (= −605) than that(= −68.8) of the monomer and a very high molar ellipticity(more than 104) at the π–π* region in the CD spectrum: A chiral helical conformation of the main chain in solution is suggested. The solid membrane of this polymer showed enantioselective permeability (54%ee) for DL-tryptophan.
Catalytic Disproportionation of Alkylsilanes over Sulfated ZrO2
Authors: Fujisawa Hideo , Yamaguchi Tsutomu
Published: March 2006

Gas phase heterogeneous catalytic conversions of diethylsilane(E2), triethylsilane(E3) and diethyldimethylsilane(E2M2) were examined at 373–573 K in a closed recirculation reactor by using a sulfated ZrCO2(SO3/ZrO2) catalyst. The catalyst exhibited high disproportionation activity even at 373 K.
An Observation of the Electric Birefringence Signal of κ-Carrageenan Gel
Authors: Ueda Kazuyoshi , Ochiai Hiroshi , Imamura Akira , Yamaoka Kiwamu
Published: March 2006

Electric birefringence signal of κ-carrageenan gel was measured for the first time. The signal was found to consist of two processes, which correspond to the orientational motion of the junction zone and the deformation of the whole network structure of the gel.
Silver Selectivity of Novel Monoazapolythioether Derivatives Bearing a Hydrazone Group in the Solvent Extraction
Authors: Sakamoto Hidefumi , Ishkawa Junichi , Mizuno Tamao , Doi Kunio , Otomo Makoto
Published: March 2006

Novel acyclic and cyclic monoazapolythioether derivatives incorporating a substituted hydrazone group were synthesized. The acyclic and the cyclic monoazatetrathioether derivatives exhibited high Ag+ ion selectivity in the extraction with 1,2-dichloroethane. The monoazatetrathioether derivatives gave hypsochromic and bathochromic shifts in the visible absorption spectra when extracted Ag+ ion from the aqueous phase of varying acidities into the organic phase.
Tris(chloro- and methyl-disubstituted phenylcarbamate)s of Cellulose as Chiral Stationary Phases for Chromatographic Enantioseparation
Authors: Chankvetadze Bezhan , Yashima Eiji , Okamoto Yoshio
Published: March 2006

Four types of tris(chloro- and methylphenylcarbamate)s of cellulose were prepared and their chiral recognition abilities were evaluated as chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for HPLC. It has been established that simultaneous introduction of both electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups improved enantiomer resolving power of CSP in some cases compared with those possessing only electron-donating or electron-withdrawing substituents.
The EtAlCl2-Catalyzed Cargill Rearrangement of Bicyclo[n.2.0] Compounds Prepared by the [2+2] Cycloaddition of Cycloalkenones and 1-t-Butyldimethylsilyl-2-methylthioacetylene
Authors: Narasaka Koichi , Shimadzu Hideshi , Hayashi Yujiro
Published: March 2006

EtAlCl2 catalyzes the Cargill rearrangement of bicyclo[n.2.0] compounds which were prepared by the TiCl4-mediated [2+2] cycloaddition reaction of cycloalkenones and 1-t-butyldimethylsilyl-2-methylthioacetylene, yielding various bicyclo[n-1.2.1] compounds under mild reaction conditions.
Photoisomerization Reactions of 8-Azatricyclo[3.2.1.02,4]oct-6-ene Derivatives Leading to Azabishomobenzene Derivatives
Authors: Saito Katsuhiro , Ito Kazuaki , Noro Yukie , Abe Yuichi , Hirai Shoji , Takahashi Kensuke
Published: March 2006

Irradiation of 8-azatricyclo[3.2.1.02,4]oct-6-enes in dry ether with a low pressure mercury lamp gave azabishomobenzenes through [2π+2σ]-type migration reactions between C–N bonds and olefin moieties.
2,2′-Dimethylbiphenyl-4,4′-dinitrene
Authors: Ling Chris , Lahti Paul M
Published: March 2006

Photolysis of 2,2′-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4′-diazide in a glassy matrix at 77 K gives first a mononitrene ESR peak (|D/hc| = 0.95 cm−1), followed by production of a lower field peak attributable to a twisted biphenyl-4,4′-dinitrene (|D/hc| = 0.93 cm−1), in which two nitrene moieties are electronically isolated from one another by torsion.
Preparation of Zn/Ga-layered Double Hydroxide and Its Thermal Decomposition Behavior
Authors: Fuda Kiyoshi , Kudo Noboru , Kawai Shinji , Matsunaga Toshiaki
Published: March 2006

A Zn/Ga-layered double hydroxide (LDH) with CO32− ions was prepared by coprecipitation method. The well crystallized powder was obtained and analyzed by XRD and FT-IR. Its thermal decomposition behavior studied by TG-GC system indicated that almost half of CO32− ions remained in the poorly crystallized oxide matrix even at 773 K.
Synthesis and Properties of 6-Dimethylaminotricyclo[5.3.0.02,5]deca-3,6,8,10-tetraene. 6-Dimethylamino Dewar Azulene
Authors: Sugihara Yoshikazu , Sugimura Takashi
Published: March 2006

6-Dimethylaminotricyclo[5.3.0.02,5]deca-3,6,8,10-tetraene (1c) (6-dimethylamino Dewar azulene) was synthesized by a reaction sequence of enol fixation of tricyclo[5.3.0.02,5]deca-3,7(11),9-trien-6-one with diethyl phosphonylchloridate and a subsequent substitution with dimethylamine. Unlike 6-dimethylaminopentafulvene, 1c is air- and acid-sensitive.
Photochemical Electron Transfer from Hydroxide Ion to the Excited Triplet State of Tetraphenylporphyrinatoantimony(V) upon Visible Light Irradiation in Aqueous Acetonitrile
Authors: Takagi Shinsuke , Okamoto Takanobu , Shiragami Tsutomu , Inoue Haruo
Published: March 2006

Photochemical electron transfer from hydroxide ion to the excited triplet tetraphenylporphyrinatoantimony(V) (Sb(V)TPP) has been found to be induced in aqueous acetonitrile upon visible light irradiation to produce radical anion of Sb(V)TPP as a stable end product.
Total Synthesis of Nephilatoxin-8 (NPTX-8), a New Neurotoxin of Joro Spider (Nephila clavata)
Authors: Miyashita Masaaki , Matsushita Masayuki , Sato Hideaki , Toki Takashi , Nakajima Terumi , Irie Hiroshi
Published: March 2006

The first synthesis of Nephilatoxin-8 (NPTX-8), a new neurotoxin of Joro spider (Nephila clavata), has been achieved by employing two key azide intermediates for the incorporation of the characteristic polyamines of the toxin, cadaverine and spermidine.
Insight into the Electronic State of 1-Phenylthieno [2,3-d]borepin by Means of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Sugihara Yoshikazu , Miyatake Ryuta , Yagi Toshiyasu
Published: March 2006

In order to obtain an insight into the electronic states in connection with the condensation modes of thiophene and borepin rings, we examined 1-phenylthieno[2,3-d]borepin (2). While 1-phenylthieno[3,4-d]borepin is a peripherally conjugated compound, 2 was shown to be an aromatic compound which maintains characteristics in conjugation of individual rings.
Template-Synthesis of Dimension-Diminished Lead Halide Clusters at the Interlayer of Multibilayer Cast Films
Authors: Kimizuka Nobuo , Maeda Tadashi , Ichinose Izumi , Kunitake Toyoki
Published: March 2006

Anionic lead halide clusters of PbBr42− were synthesized at the interlayer space of cationic multibilayer cast films either by the co-casting method or by the ion-exchange method. Marked blue shifts in exciton absorption spectra indicated the formation of dimension-diminished clusters and their two dimensional assembly.
A Tetranuclear Vanadium(III, III, IV, IV) Complex Formed by a Reaction of Bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV) with a Thiolate Ligand
Authors: Mikuriya Masahiro , Kotera Takanori , Adachi Fumiya , Bandow Shunji
Published: March 2006

A mixed-valence tetranuclear vanadium(III, III, IV, IV) complex, [V2(VO)2(acac)4(CH3O)6] (Hacac = acetylacetone), has been isolated by a reaction of VO(acac)2 with 2-(3-aminopropylamino)ethanethiol in methanol-dichloromethane. The complex has been characterized by X-ray structure analysis, XPS and electronic spectra, and magnetic susceptibilities (80–300 K).
An Efficient One-Pot Synthetic Procedure of Multiple Porphyrin-Cyclization
Authors: Osuka Atsuhiro , Liu Ben-li , Maruyama Kazuhiro
Published: March 2006

Trichloroacetic acid catalyzed condensation of an aldehyde carrying more than two formyl groups and 3,5-di-tert-butylbenzaldehyde with bis(3-ethyl-4-methyl-2-pyrrolyl)-methane in acetonitrile followed by p-chloranil oxidation gave oligomeric porphyrins in good yield via multiple porphyrin-cyclization.
Sale Timing in a Supply Chain: When to Sell to the Retailer
Authors: Taylor Terry A.
Published: March 2006

A fundamental decision for any manufacturer is when to sell to a downstream retailer. A manufacturer can sell either early, i.e., well in advance of the selling season, or late, i.e., close to the selling season. This paper examines the impact of information asymmetry, retailer sales effort, and contract type on the manufacturer’s sale-timing decision. We find that if information is symmetric, demand is not influenced by sales effort, and the contract specifies that the price paid is linear in the order quantity, the manufacturer prefers to sell late. This result extends to the case where the retailer exerts sales effort during the selling season. However, if the retailer exerts sales effort prior to the selling season or has superior information about market demand, the manufacturer may prefer to sell early. We characterize the manufacturer’s sale-timing preference in these settings, providing clear conditions under which the manufacturer prefers to sell either early or late. We show that the retailer, manufacturer, and total system may be hurt by the retailer’s having higher-quality information.
Advances in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Therapeutics
Authors: Clay Patrick G , Dong Betty J , Sorensen Suellyn J , Tseng Alice , Romanelli Frank , Antoniou Tony
Published: March 2006

Objective:

To review recent advances in the management of persons infected with HIV.

Data Sources:

A MEDLINE search (March 2003–February 2006) was done to identify recent articles on antiretroviral therapy research, adverse effects, and investigational products. Abstracts and programs of major HIV conferences, held from January 2003 to June 2005, were also reviewed for relevant material.

Study Selection and Data Extraction:

Studies and observations conducted with either recently approved or investigational products were selected for inclusion, with conference abstracts primarily used. Excluded were topics covered in recent publications in The Annals.

Data Synthesis:

New modalities for treating HIV, including the CXCR4 and CCR5 receptor inhibitors, have so far shown promise in trial. Tipranavir, a recently approved protease inhibitor, has been shown to be effective in highly resistant patients, but may be unable to be combined with other protease inhibitors. Once-daily emtricitabine and tenofovir have shown superiority compared with lamivudine and zidovudine as backbone nucleoside analogs for combination antiretroviral therapy. Pharmacokinetic considerations for age, gender, race, and which agents are being discontinued have emerged.

Conclusions:

Much progress has been made in the treatment of HIV infection. Tolerability and adherence remain major obstacles to optimizing regimen longevity.
Oral Sex and Condom Use Among Young People In the United Kingdom
Authors: Stone Nicole , Hatherall Bethan , Ingham Roger , McEachran Juliet
Published: March 2006

CONTEXT:: The development of UK national targets to reduce the transmission of HIV and other STDs has focused health promotion efforts on advocating the use of condoms during penetrative vaginal and anal sex. However, other behaviors that can facilitate STD transmission–such as oral sex and, in particular, fellatio–have received limited attention.

METHODS:: Between 2003 and 2005, a sample of 1,373 full‐ and part‐time students, primarily aged 16–18, completed questionnaires about their knowledge, attitudes and experiences related to sexual behavior and health. Chi‐square tests were used to assess differences by sexual experience and gender. Supplementary data were obtained from sexual event diaries completed by 108 young people.

RESULTS:: Fifty‐six percent of survey respondents had experienced fellatio or cunnilingus, including 22% of those who had not yet engaged in penetrative intercourse. Of young people who had had vaginal intercourse, 70% had previously had oral sex. Among those who had experienced fellatio once, 17% had used a condom, but only 2% of respondents who had engaged in fellatio more than once reported consistent use. Reduced pleasure and lack of motivation, desire and forethought were reasons given for not using condoms during fellatio; hygiene, avoidance of the dilemma of whether to spit or swallow ejaculate, and taste were commonly cited as triggers for use.

CONCLUSION:: Greater efforts are needed to publicize the risk of exposure to STDs that many young people face because of unprotected noncoital sexual activities before, as well as after, they enter into relationships involving intercourse.
Using the Theory of Reasoned Action to Explain Physician Intention to Prescribe Emergency Contraception
Authors: Sable Marjorie R. , Schwartz Lisa R. , Eleanor Patricia J. , Lisbon Matthew A.
Published: March 2006

CONTEXT:: Although research has examined providers' knowledge, attitudes and prescribing behaviors with regard to emergency contraception, none has used a theory‐based approach to understanding the interplay of these factors.

METHODS:: A cross‐sectional survey of 96 faculty physicians from one Southern and three Midwestern universities was conducted in 2004 to assess factors associated with intention to prescribe emergency contraception. The theory of reasoned action guided the study hypotheses and survey design. Correlation and regression analyses were used to examine the data.

RESULTS:: Only 42% of respondents strongly intended to prescribe emergency contraception for teenagers, but 65–77% intended to do so for all other specified groups (women who ask for the method, who have had a method problem, who have experienced rape or incest, and who have had unprotected sex). Consistent with the theory of reasoned action, high intention to prescribe emergency contraception was associated with positive attitudes toward doing so and with the perception that specific colleagues or professional groups support prescribing it; however, the perception of support by colleagues or professional groups in general did not predict intention. Also consistent with the theory, physicians' knowledge about emergency contraception and their demographic characteristics were not significant.

CONCLUSIONS:: Interventions to encourage physicians to provide emergency contraception should take into account their attitudes toward the method and the components of those attitudes.
Chemokines Regulate the Migration of Neural Progenitors to Sites of Neuroinflammation
Authors: Belmadani Abdelhak , Tran Phuong B. , Ren Dongjun , Miller Richard J.
Published: March 2006

Many studies have shown that transplanted or endogenous neural progenitor cells will migrate toward damaged areas of the brain. However, the mechanism underlying this effect is not clear. Here we report that, using hippocampal slice cultures, grafted neural progenitor cells (NPs) migrate toward areas of neuroinflammation and that chemokines are a major regulator of this process. Migration of NPs was observed after injecting an inflammatory stimulus into the area of the fimbria and transplanting enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-labeled NPs into the dentate gyrus of cultured hippocampal slices. Three to 7 d after transplantation, EGFP–NPs in control slices showed little tendency to migrate and had differentiated into neurons and glia. In contrast, in slices injected with inflammatory stimuli, EGFP–NPs migrated toward the site of the injection. NPs in these slices also survived less well. The inflammatory stimuli used were a combination of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ, the bacterial toxin lipopolysaccharide, the human immunodeficiency virus-1 coat protein glycoprotein 120, or a β-amyloid-expressing adenovirus. We showed that these inflammatory stimuli increased the synthesis of numerous chemokines and cytokines by hippocampal slices. When EGFP–NPs from CC chemokine receptor CCR2knock-out mice were transplanted into slices, they exhibited little migration toward sites of inflammation. Similarly, wild-type EGFP–NPs exhibited little migration toward inflammatory sites when transplanted into slices prepared from monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) knock-out mice. These data indicate that factors secreted by sites of neuroinflammation are attractive to neural progenitors and suggest that chemokines such as MCP-1 play an important role in this process.
Repeated Amphetamine Administration Decreases D1Dopamine Receptor-Mediated Inhibition of Voltage-Gated Sodium Currents in the Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: Peterson Jayms D. , Wolf Marina E. , White Francis J.
Published: March 2006

Adaptations in dopamine (DA) transmission in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are thought to be critical to the development and persistence of drug addiction. Our previous findings showed that medial PFC (mPFC) neurons in rats treated repeatedly with amphetamine exhibit a decreased inhibitory response to iontophoretically applied DA, demonstrating altered DA receptor transmission. To determine the role postsynaptic DA D1receptors play in this effect, we used whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of acutely dissociated pyramidal mPFC neurons and inhibition of transient voltage-sensitive sodium current (INaT) as a measure of D1receptor function. After 3 d of withdrawal, neurons recorded from amphetamine-treated rats (5 mg/kg for 5 d) demonstrated a significant decrease in whole-cellINaTdensity and in the ability of D1receptor stimulation to inhibitINaT. Application of a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor blocked the ability of D1receptor activation to inhibitINaTand increased the current density of both groups to similar values. These results suggest that repeated amphetamine exposure results in subsensitivity of theINaTto D1receptor-mediated inhibition because of a possible increase in basal PKA activity. This adaptation may contribute to perseverative behaviors in animals that self-administer psychostimulants as well as compromised PFC-dependent behaviors in human addicts.
Learning-Related Development of Context-Specific Neuronal Responses to Places and Events: The Hippocampal Role in Context Processing
Authors: Smith David M. , Mizumori Sheri J. Y.
Published: March 2006

Contextual information plays a key role in learning and memory. Learned information becomes associated with the context such that the context can cue the relevant memories and behaviors. An extensive literature involving experimental brain lesions has implicated the hippocampus in context processing. However, the neurophysiological mechanisms of context coding are not known. Although “context” has typically been defined in terms of the background cues, recent studies indicate that hippocampal neurons are sensitive to subtle changes in task demands, even in an unchanging environment. Thus, the context may also include non-environmental features of a learning situation. In the present study, hippocampal neuronal activity was recorded while rats learned to approach different reward locations in two contexts. Because all of the training took place in the same environment, the contexts were defined by the task demands rather than by environmental stimuli. Learning to differentiate two such contexts was associated with the development of highly context-specific neuronal firing patterns. These included different place fields in pyramidal neurons and different event (e.g., reward) responses in pyramidal and interneurons. The differential firing patterns did not develop in a control condition that did not involve a context manipulation. The context-specific firing patterns could modulate activity in extrahippocampal structures to prime context-appropriate behavioral responses and memories. These results provide direct support for a context processing role of the hippocampus and suggest that the hippocampus contributes contextual representations to episodic memories.
Activation of Kainate Receptors Sensitizes Oligodendrocytes to Complement Attack
Authors: Alberdi Elena , Sánchez-Gómez María Victoria , Torre Iratxe , Domercq María , Pérez-Samartín Alberto , Pérez-Cerdá Fernando , Matute Carlos
Published: March 2006

Glutamate excitotoxicity and complement attack have both been implicated separately in the generation of tissue damage in multiple sclerosis and in its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Here, we investigated whether glutamate receptor activation sensitizes oligodendrocytes to complement attack. We found that a brief incubation with glutamate followed by exposure to complement was lethal to oligodendrocytesin vitroand in freshly isolated optic nerves. Complement toxicity was induced by activation of kainate but not of AMPA receptors and was abolished by removing calcium from the medium during glutamate priming. Dose–response studies showed that sensitization to complement attack is induced by two distinct kainate receptor populations displaying high and low affinities for glutamate. Oligodendrocyte death by complement required the formation of the membrane attack complex, which in turn increased membrane conductance and induced calcium overload and mitochondrial depolarization as well as a rise in the level of reactive oxygen species. Treatment with the antioxidant Trolox and inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1, but not of caspases, protected oligodendrocytes against damage induced by complement. These findings indicate that glutamate sensitization of oligodendrocytes to complement attack may contribute to white matter damage in acute and chronic neurological disorders.
Maternal Stress Produces Learning Deficits Associated with Impairment of NMDA Receptor-Mediated Synaptic Plasticity
Authors: Son Gi Hoon , Geum Dongho , Chung Sooyoung , Kim Eun Joo , Jo Ji-Hoon , Kim Chang-Mee , Lee Kun Ho , Kim Hyun , Choi Sukwoo , Kim Hyun Taek , Lee Chang-Joong , Kim Kyungjin
Published: March 2006

Stress in adulthood can have a profound effect on physiology and behavior, but the extent to which prolonged maternal stress affects the brain function of offspring when they are adult remains primarily unknown. In the present work, chronic immobilization stress to pregnant mice affected fetal growth and development. When pups born from stressed mice were reared to adulthood in an environment identical to that of nonstressed controls, several physiological parameters were essentially unaltered. However, spatial learning and memory was significantly impaired in the maternally stressed offspring in adulthood. Furthermore, electrophysiological examination revealed a significant reduction in NMDA receptor-mediated long-term potentiation in the CA1 area of hippocampal slices. Subsequent biochemical analysis demonstrated a substantial decrease in NR1 and NR2B subunits of the NMDA receptor in synapses of the hippocampus, and the interaction between these two subunits appeared to be reduced. These results suggest that prolonged maternal stress leads to long-lasting malfunction of the hippocampus, which extends to and is manifested in adulthood.