bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Note on the Non-Specific Production of Antibodies
Authors: Matsumoto Motomatsu
Published: January 2023

The immunization of rabbits with washed human and sheep corpuscles results in the production only of specific agglutinins and hemolysins for human and sheep corpuscles respectively. Occasionally rabbits showed an apparent slight increase of non-specific hemolysin or agglutinin, but these were so slight and irregular as to be explained by the normal variation of natural antibodies or experimental error.
A Study of the Mechanism of Human Isohemagglutination
Authors: Koeckert Herbert L.
Published: January 2023

The mechanism of isohemagglutination has been interpreted in different ways by the various investigators of this phenomenon. The assumption of differences of affinity as explanatory of the purely chemical nature of such antigen-antibody reactions, as Ehrlich hypothecated, has given way to the widely accepted principle that these bodies are of colloid nature and their interactions analogous to those of colloids in general. On the other hand, Gay (1) has offered the explanation that these reactions are governed by physicochemical laws; but this conception has not been supported by sufficiently convincing proof to warrant its acceptance.

Bordet (2) showed that bacterial agglutinins can be absorbed and specific agglutinins isolated by this method. The absorption of hemagglutinins was demonstrated by Malkoff (3), and later by Hektoen (4); since then, this has been observed repeatedly by others.
Attempts to Transmit Primary Atypical Pneumonia and Other Respiratory Tract Infections to the Mongoose
Authors: Dammin Gustave J. , Weller Thomas H.
Published: January 2023

An attempt has been made to isolate in the mongoose the causative agent of primary atypical pneumonia. Throat-washings from 7 patients, sputa from 6 patients and lungs from 2 fatal cases were employed and were inoculated intranasally and intratracheally. For the intratracheal inoculations, most of the specimens were suspended in 5 per cent gastric mucin. A total of 265 mongooses was used in these experiments. No gross or microscopical evidence of the presence of a transmissible agent in the mongoose-lung was obtained.

Additional experiments have been carried out to determine the susceptibility of the mongoose to influenza-viruses A and B, meningopneumonitic virus, the cotton-rat agent isolated from a case of primary atypical pneumonia by Eaton et al., and the mongoose-agent isolated from a case of acute pneumonitis by Weir and Horsfall. Pulmonary lesions were obtained only with the meningopneumonitic virus.
Antigen-Antibody Reactions in the Salmonella Group
Authors: Seligmann Erich
Published: January 2023

Aqueous saline extracts of Salmonella organisms are antigenic. They elicit in rabbits the production of specific O- and H-agglutinins, of precipitins and complement-fixing antibodies. O- and H-agglutinins are similar in strength to those produced by immunization with bacterial cells; complement-fixing substances are somewhat weaker. O-antigens in the extracts are heat-stable, H-antigens are heat-labile as far as antibody production is concerned. While, as a rule, precipitins and complement-fixing antibodies were directed only against O-antigens, complement-fixation with H-antigens was observed in two instances. They involved antigen-antibody combinations that have been recorded previously.
Serological Relationship Amongst Salmonella and other Enterobacteriaceae
Authors: Saphra Ivan , Wassermann Michael
Published: January 2023

During the last five years, as a result of work on the identification of several thousand enteric organisms, particularly Salmonellae, Shigellae and coliform organisms, certain observations concerning cross-agglutinations within the genus Salmonella and between Salmonellae, Shigellae paradysenteriae (Flexner), colon, paracolon and proteus bacilli were made. At first, these cross-reactions were rather confusing; they were followed up more systematically, and some of the results reported from our laboratory (1–3). An attempt will be made to evaluate our results and correlate our experiments with those of other workers in this field (4–12).

It is generally acknowledged that the genus Salmonella comprises a variety of gram-negative bacilli, which are relatively uniform biochemically and antigenically related. The Kauffmann-White schema divides them on grounds of their O-antigenic structure into a number of sub-groups (A, B, C, D, E…). The types within these sub-groups are mainly determined by their flagellar (H) antigen combination.
Studies on Listeria Monocytogenes
Authors: Robbins Mary Louise , Griffin A. M.
Published: January 2023

Stable factors I, II, IV, and V of Listeria monocytogenes are not affected by prolonged exposure to 100 C or by high concentrations of alcohol. Stable factor III is variously affected by heat and alcohol in different strains but does not lose its serological identity. It is suggested that the variable behavior of factor III may be explained on the basis of steric hindrance on the part of adjacent molecules in the cell matrix. Spontaneously occurring, smooth, non-motile variants are the material of choice for antigenic analysis of stable factors.
A New Method for the Production of Potent Inactivated Vaccines with Ultraviolet Irradiation
Authors: Levinson Sidney O. , Milzer Albert , Shaughnessy Howard J. , Neal John L. , Oppenheimer Franz
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

A new method has been developed for completely killing or inactivating turbid suspensions of bacteria and viruses in less than one second by exposing continuously flowing thin films to far and extreme ultraviolet irradiation. Intensity, film thickness, time of exposure and distance have been so standardized that experiments could be duplicated with consistent results. By means of this new technic, suspensions containing approximately one billion organisms per ml of the following bacteria were completely killed in 0.17 to 0.33 seconds exosure to ultraviolet rays: (1) Bacterium coli, (2) Eberthella typhi (strain 58), (3) Salmonella enteritidis, (4) Staphylococcus aureus, (5) Streptococcus viridans, and (6) Diplococcus pneumoniae (type I). Four per cent uncentrifuged brain tissue suspensions infected with fixed rabies or lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus were completely inactivated by irradiation for 0.17 to 0.33 seconds; an exposure twice this length was necessary to inactivate lightly centrifuged four per cent suspensions of St. Louis encephalitis virus. Several lots of rabies vaccine inactivated by this irradiation technic consistently induced a higher degree of immunity in mice than control phenolized vaccines. The irradiated rabies vaccines exhibited no significant loss of potency after six months storage at 5 C. Two lots of St. Louis encephalitis vaccine inactivated by this irradiation technic conferred a high degree of immunity in mice. Irradiation of rabies or St. Louis encephalitis viruses beyond the optimal time necessary for complete inactivation causes progressive diminution of antigenicity.
Distribution and Heredity of the Human Blood Properties, A, B, M, N, P and Rh
Authors: Wiener Alexander S. , Sonn Eve B. , Belkin Ruth B.
Published: January 2023

Results are presented of tests for the blood groups, subgroups, M-N types, and Rh types in a series of 156 Asiatic Indians (Moslems); 20 individuals were also tested for agglutinogen P. The distributions obtained were compared with the distributions of these blood properties in other races. The data were analyzed by the gene-frequency method in order to test the genetic theories of the blood groups, subgroups, M-N types and Rh types. The calculations were in good agreement with the expectations, except in the case of the Rh types. The probable causes for the discrepancies in the latter case were discussed.
Quantitative Study of the Neutralization of Western Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus by Its Antiserum and the Effect of Complement
Authors: Morgan Isabel M.
Published: January 2023

It has been found that the neutralizing capacity of a given antiserum to the virus of Western equine encephalomyelitis varies according to the conditions under which the neutralization is carried out. By intra-abdominal test a linear relationship was noted between antiserum concentration and virus neutralized when plotted on a log-log scale. By intracerebral test there was a similar relationship when fresh or frozen antiserum was tested. A reaction occurred in vitro between such sera and virus when incubated at 37 C.

A different relationship was observed between virus and anti-serum which had fallen in neutralizing capacity as a result of standing at 4 C or of heating at 56 C one-half hour. Heating denatured the antiserum and induced a perceptible difference in the electrophoretic picture. The neutralizing capacity of sera kept at 4 C could be fully restored by addition of complement. Antibody in rabbit antiserum, fractionated by salting-out, was found only in the pseudo-globulin fraction; neutralization by this globulin could also be enhanced by complement. Antibody was found distributed throughout electrophoretically separated serum fractions, not only in the v globulin, but also in the β globulin and in the albumin.
Production of Tetanal Toxin
Authors: Taylor Edith M.
Published: January 2023

A method has been described for preparing tetanal toxin to be used as toxoid for the immunization of humans. After four years of extensive use there has been no report of anaphylaxis resulting from this product. It has been shown that the toxoid prepared from this toxin produced a satisfactory degree of immunity in man (9).

The author wishes to thank Dr. Helen Plummer for the use of part of the data contained in the table.
The Use of a Commercially Available Complement-Fixing Antigen for the Diagnosis of Elementary Body Types of Viral Infection
Authors: Florman Alfred L.
Published: January 2023

Complement-fixation tests with an egg-yolk-grown lymphopathia venereum antigen (“Lygranum CF”-Squibb) were performed on sera from patients with atypical pneumonia and from individuals with known exposure to venereal infection. The results were compared with those obtained with sera from patients with upper respiratory infections and influenza and from normal individuals. All tests included egg-yolk control antigens and Kolmer complement-fixation tests for syphilis. A modified micro Kolmer technic was used in testing with the “Lygranum CF” antigen which was comparable in sensitivity to the method recommended by the Squibb workers. There were 98 “controls,” 102 atypical pneumonia patients and 126 venereally exposed individuals who had satisfactory tests. Complete fixation with a serum dilution of at least 1 to 5 was found, respectively, in 28.6, 28.4 and 39 per cent of each of these groups. There was no correlation between the Kolmer serological test for syphilis and the “Lygranum” complement-fixation test. However, in the venereally exposed group there was a considerable number of patients whose serum reacted with the egg control antigen. Most of these showed positive Kolmer reactions. This phenomenon impairs the diagnostic value of the test among patients with venereal diseases. Twice as many atypical pneumonia as control sera reacted with the normal egg antigen. This observation is discussed. Quantitative titrations on a number of the positive sera from each group failed to reveal any clear-cut differentiation. However, quantitative study of more than one specimen of sera from each of 11 patients with respiratory infections revealed that 7 had a change in titer with progression of their disease. In 2, there was a rise in titer and in 5, a fall. In 4 of these 5, the first specimen to be examined was drawn after the second week of illness. Cutaneous and complement-fixation tests with “Lygranum” were performed on 77 venereally exposed patients. The serological test appeared more sensitive, though there were a few instances in which the cutaneous test was positive when complement fixation was negative.
Immunologic Studies in Rheumatic Fever
Authors: Taran Leo M. , Jablon James M. , Weyr Helen N.
Published: January 2023

Cutaneous reaction to the “purified M” fraction of each of the 40 known types of the hemolytic streptococcus was investigated in active and quiescent rheumatic children, 6–16 years of age. The incidence of positive cutaneous reactions and the degree of cutaneous reactivity is higher in the group of children having active rheumatic disease. Active rheumatic children react to a larger number of types of the hemolytic streptococcus than the quiescent group. Cutaneous reactivity to the known 40 types of the hemolytic streptococcus in rheumatic children increases significantly with the age of the child. The incidence, degree, and universality of cutaneous reactivity to the family of known hemolytic streptococci in Group A, decrease with lapse of time from the acute rheumatic episode for about 2 years; after this period cutaneous reactivity increases with the age of the child. The incidence and degree of cutaneous reaction in rheumatic patients to the “purified M” fraction of certain types of hemolytic streptococci are significantly greater than of others.
Studies of the Subgroups of Blood Groups A and AB
Authors: Young Lawrence E. , Witebsky Ernest , Mohn James
Published: January 2023

The serological examinations of the blood of an individual belonging to subgroup A3B are described. Of all red cells available, A3B cells give the weakest reactions with B serum and therefore provide the most sensitive testing media for this serum. Serum from group B donors vaccinated intravenously with a solution of A and B factors may produce strong agglutination of A3B cells. Titrations of such a serum are presented in detail and serve to emphasize the great advantage of using “immunized” persons as donors of blood grouping serum. The case described constitutes an exception to the currently accepted theory of the inheritance of the agglutinogen A3 for which there is no ready explanation.
Studies on the Purification of the Syphilis Antigen
Authors: Fischer E. , Fischer-Dallmann R. , Boné R.
Published: January 2023

One g of a purified preparation of syphilis antigen was obtained from 207 g of beef-heart phosphatides by adsorption, elution and extraction of acid 80 per cent alcoholic solution with petroleum ether. This purified preparation, which certainly does not represent the pure syphilis antigen, is not anticomplementary and reacts without auxiliary substances—such as lecithin and cholesterol—with strongly positive sera. The purified substance contains only traces of P (0.01 per cent) and contains 40 per cent of fatty acids. After hydrolysis, reducing substances were obtained, equivalent to 0.25 per cent of glucose. No explanation can be offered as yet for the differences between the results obtained by Pangborn and those reported here.
A Comparison of the Value of Clarase, Penicillinase, and Cysteine Hydrochloride in Revealing the Presence of Contaminating Organisms in Preparations of Penicillin
Authors: McKee Clara M. , Chow Bacon F.
Published: January 2023

Under the experimental conditions used clarase appeared to be more satisfactory for use in the routine testing of sterility of solutions of penicillin than penicillinase or cysteine hydrochloride. Purified penicillinase was only slightly less effective than clarase and, because of the ease of sterilization, it might prove to be the better agent if obtainable in large amounts. While cysteine is capable, under certain conditions, of destroying quickly large amounts of penicillin inconstant results may be obtained because of its instability. Another disadvantage in the use of cysteine is its bacteriostatic action against certain organisms in a concentration necessary for inactivation of penicillin.
Addition of Nitrogen from Bovine Complement to Specific Precipitates
Authors: Bier Otto
Published: January 2023

Quantitative chemical estimations on bovine complement led to values of the same order of magnitude as in guinea-pig and human sera. A “solubility effect” is also observed with bovine complement. In this particular case, there seems to be very little doubt that the nitrogen added comes from C′1.
On the Inhomogeneity of the Urinary Human A-Substance
Authors: Jorpes Erik , Thaning Torsten
Published: January 2023

A crude preparation of the A-substance from urine has been separated into two different fractions. They differ in solubility in glacial acetic acid and in saturated ammonium sulphate solution. The insoluble fraction neutralizes the α-agglutinins of normal human B-serum and the soluble fraction neutralizes anti-A and anti-sheep hemolysins. The former is destroyed through the action of HCN-activated papayotin and through the influence of N/2 sodium hydroxide solution. The latter is resistant to these agents. The former is considered to be of a proteic nature, the latter is a polysaccharide.

The authors consider that the natural A receptor of the blood corpuscles and of urine is not the A-polysaccharide generally referred to in the literature but that it is a complex containing a proteic component in addition to the polysaccharide described by previous authors.
A Specific Antigen Recovered from Tissue Infected with M. Paratuberculosis (Johne's Bacillus)
Authors: Sigurdsson Björn
Published: January 2023

A specific antigen has been found in the mucous membrane of the intestine of sheep infected with paratuberculosis (Johne's disease). This antigen fixes complement in the presence of sera from natural cases of the disease.

The antigen in the mucosa is masked so that saline extracts of the fresh mucous membrane are not active in the complement fixation test. However, after drying and extraction with ether infected intestines yielded active specific antigens in 14 out of 17 experiments.

Complement-fixing antibodies were found to be present in the blood of a high percentage of natural cases of the disease and appear early in the infection. Nonspecific reactions seem to be rare.
Serologic Studies in Typhus-Vaccinated Individuals
Authors: Zarafonetis C. J.
Published: January 2023

The accurate diagnosis of typhus fever in vaccinated individuals may be extremely difficult, clinically, since the course may be very mild and without the manifestation of a rash (1, 2). Isolation and identification of the causative agent from the blood of such patients is a difficult and time-consuming procedure. Furthermore, it has been the experience of some workers that the virus is recovered with less frequency from patients who contract typhus following an ordinary course of vaccination (3 cc.) than in non-vaccinated cases. Especially does this seem to be true when the usual ground blood-clot to guinea-pig method of isolation is used (3). Thus, the complexity of the procedure, and the diminished chance of recovering the causative agent render the isolation method of diagnosis impracticable for general use.

Fortunately, other diagnostic aids are available in serologic tests such as complement-fixation with rickettsial antigens, and the classic Weil-Felix agglutination test with B. proteus OX-19 suspensions.
The Action of Synthetic Detergents Upon Certain Strains of Bacteriophage and Virus
Authors: Klein Morton , Kalter Seymour S. , Mudd Stuart
Published: January 2023

A comparison of the inactivation pattern obtained with a group of 20 detergents and germicides against influenza A and vaccinia viruses and three bacteriophage strains revealed marked differences in the susceptibility of the several viruses. Gamma phage active against Escherichia coli B was found to be resistant to all the test agents, differing in this respect from the other viruses tested. A group of eight glycolytic inhibitors failed to prevent the growth of vaccinia virus on the chorio-allantoic membrane. The addition of the compounds to the mouse lung appeared to stimulate the growth of influenza A virus. Igepon AP, a non-toxic anionic detergent inert against bacteria and viruses, was found, in high dilution, to inhibit the growth of vaccinia virus.
Protection Between Strains of Heterologous Agglutinogenic Types of Beta Hemolytic Streptococci of Group A
Authors: Evans Alice C.
Published: January 2023

The results are reported of the continued study of immunologic relationships between strains of heterologous agglutinative types of streptococci of group A, as determined by passive protection tests in mice. The study now includes 56 strains of 20 types and eleven protective antiserums, each representing a different type.

A close relationship has been established by reciprocal protective reactions between strains of the following types ; 14–19; 6–18; 1–15. Many other relationships between types, not fully established by reciprocal protective reactions, were indicated by the similarity of response of the strains to the eleven protective antiserums.

Generally, the strains of a given type conform to an immunogenic pattern characteristic of the type. A number of exceptions were found, however, in which the pattern of a strain was unlike that of others of the homologous type, but resembled that of a heterologous type.
The Use of Papaverine Hydrochloride in the Prevention of Anaphylactic Shock in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Frank D. Edward
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

It has been shown that papaverine hydrochloride in varying dosages used as pretreatment failed to prevent fatal histamine shock, whereas it did prevent fatal anaphylactic shock in 53 per cent of the guinea pigs used. This seemingly different activity on the part of papaverine in histamine shock and anaphylactic shock, it is suggested, is not due to a selective success against the unknown of anaphylaxis and failure against histamine, but rather to the probable difference of concentrations of histamine at the site of the shock organs in the two different types of shock, under the circumstances of the experiment. A review of several of the means of obtaining an anti-histamine effect is discussed, and the failure of papaverine to prevent all the effects generally attributable to histamine in shock, leads us to class it as not a very effective bronchial dilator.
Studies on the Effects of X-Rays on Phagocytic Indices of Healthy Rabbits
Authors: Glenn John C.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The phagocytic indices of healthy rabbits as tested with Staphylococcus aureus are increased significantly 48 to 96 hours following radiation by a 100 r dose (air) delivered at 140 KV over a small area of normal skin.
The Enhancement of Circulating Antibody Concentration by Adrenal Cortical Hormones
Authors: Chase Jeanne H. , White Abraham , Dougherty Thomas F.
Published: January 2023

The rate of antibody production to sheep erythrocytes has been increased in mice, rats, and rabbits by the subcutaneous injection of aqueous adrenal cortical extract at the times of antigen administration. Adrenal cortical extract injection also enhanced antibody production in mice and rabbits receiving as antigen either staphylococcal toxin, horse serum or egg albumin. The final antibody titer reached when hormone was given together with antigen was approximately twice as great as in animals receiving antigen alone.

In rabbits hyperimmunized to sheep erythrocytes, a single subcutaneous injection of adrenal cortical extract produced within 6 to 12 hours after hormone injection a marked increase in antibody titer. The increase was approximately twice that present in the animals at the time of hyperimmunization. Twenty-five hours after the single injection of hormone, the titers had returned to approximately their initial values. Continued daily injection of adrenal cortical steroids in oil for 16 days, without further antigen, maintained the titer at a value higher than that seen in the animals before hormone was administered. A single injection of aqueous adrenal cortical extract into rabbits having circulating antibody to staphylococcal toxin, horse serum, egg albumin or pregnantmare serum gonadotrophin likewise produced a marked increase in titer within 6 to 12 hours after injection of hormone.

It is suggested that the enhancement of antibody titer is due to the increased rate of release of antibody from lymphocytes effected by augmented amounts of pituitary-adrenal cortical hormones.
Studies on Bacterial Viruses
Authors: Fitzgerald Robert J. , Babbitt Dorothea
Published: January 2023

A method has been described by which compounds may conveniently be tested for inhibition of lysis of bacteriophage infected organisms. Of the compounds tested by this method the acridines as a group were most effective. Tests run with one such acridine compound, Phosphine GRN, suggest that its activity may be due to interference with some process necessary to virus multiplication in the infected cell.
The Specific Polysaccharides of Types A, B, C, D, and F Hemophilus Influenzae
Authors: MacPherson Catherine F. C. , Heidelberger Michael , Alexander Hattie E. , Leidy Grace
Published: January 2023

Procedures for the isolation in an undergraded state have been described for the specific carbohydrates of types a and b H. influenzae. Similar procedures were described for the isolation of the type c, d and f specific substances. Evidence that these preparations removed the maximum amount of anticarbohydrate nitrogen from homologous antisera has not yet been obtained. Some of the chemical, physical and immunological properties of the preparations have been given.
Comparative Sensitivity of the Extraneural and Intracerebral Neutralization Tests in Following the Antibody Response in Man to Vaccination with Western Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus
Authors: Lennette Edwin H. , Koprowski Hilary
Published: January 2023

The antibody response induced in man by vaccination with formolized Western equine encephalomyelitis virus was studied by means of extraneural and intracerebral neutralization tests.

The usual intracerebral test was found to be highly unsatisfactory for this purpose due to its inability to detect small amounts of antibody, a factor which precludes accurate measurement of the humoral immune response. As a consequence of this lack of sensitivity, the results by this test were such that the only interpretation possible was that vaccination elicited either no neutralizing antibody response or a minimal one.

By means of the extraneural test, however, it was possible to show that antibodies appeared as early as 2 weeks after vaccination, attained their maximal titer by 1 to 2 months, and then declined, to reach a low level by 9 or 10 months.
Shigella Sp. Wakefield and its Relations to Shigella Sp. Sachs Q454
Authors: Weil A. J. , Binder M. , Slafkovsky H.
Published: January 2023

The mannitol fermenting Shigellae from the outbreak in Wakefield described by Berger are culturally and serologically different from previously known members of that genus. Two strains are serologically identical. They possess a heat labile and a heat stabile antigen. The third has the same heat labile antigen but differs in its heat stabile antigen. It is therefore suggested to designate these bacteria as Sh. sp. Wakefield A and Sh. sp. Wakefield B respectively. Type Q454 of Sachs possesses a characteristic heat-stabile somatic antigen a heat-labile antigen which is entirely or in a major part similar to that of the Wakefield bacillus. It can only be indirectly demonstrated, namely, by the cross reaction of anti-Q454 serum with Wakefield bacilli, because Q454 has a factor that inhibits agglutination of live bacteria, and for which evidence of antigenicity has not been obtained in the course of the present investigation. The heat labile antigens of Shigella sp. Wakefield and Sachs Q454 are representative for similar antigens in other Enterobacteriaceae. The problems raised by the disclosure of these heat-labile antigens are briefly discussed.
The Antigenic Properties of Fibrin Films and Foams Prepared from Human and from Bovine Blood Plasma
Authors: Glynn John H. , Richardson J. H.
Published: January 2023

Fibrin film and foam, both human and bovine, prepared by low temperature plasma fractionation methods are strongly antigenic for rabbits before heat sterilization. Such films and foams are non-antigenic after heat sterilization when implanted in rabbits as membranes or hemostatics for surgical purposes. Under special conditions designed to favor antibody production weak antibody response may be obtained from heated films and foams, but such antibodies do not react with heated antigens; the reaction is shown only by unheated antigens or by native proteins from which the antigens were derived. The demonstration that heated films and foams may be weakly antigenic under conditions far removed from surgical use is not regarded as a valid argument against the use, in human surgery, of fibrin film and foam made from a foreign species of plasma.
Studies on the Chemotherapy of Viruses in the Psittacosis-Lymphogranuloma Venereum Group
Authors: Early Robert L. , Morgan Herbert R.
Published: January 2023

Penicillin inhibited the growth of psittacosis virus (strain 6BC) in roller tube tissue cultures and eggs. Sodium sulfadiazine had a marked inhibitory action on the growth of psittacosis virus in eggs. It was effective in delaying or preventing the death of infected chick embryos within the period of observation. Streptomycin had no effect on the growth of psittacosis virus in tissue cultures or embryonated eggs. Para-amino benzoic acid had no effect on the mortality of chick embryos infected with the virus.
The Action of Antimony and Some Other Bacteriostatic Substances on Donovania Granulomatis Isolated in the Chick Embryo
Authors: Beveridge W. I. B.
Published: January 2023

Two strains of Donovania granulomatis isolated in the yolk-sac were inhibited by 1:20,000,000 to 1:50,000,000 trivalent antimony (tartar emetic, Anthiomaline, or Fouadin). Ten times as much pentavalent antimony (Neostam or Sodium Stibogluconate) was required to produce the same effect.

The following information was obtained about the mode of action of antimony on this organism: (a) it is independent of the presence of living cells, (b) it is bacteriostatic, not bactericidal, (c) it is interfered with by thioglycollic acid or ascorbic acid.
The Immunochemistry of Toxins and Toxoids
Authors: Pillemer Louis
Published: January 2023

Methods are given for the accurate and reproducible assay of the biological properties of tetanal toxin and tetanal toxoid.

The solubilities of toxin and toxoid, and the optimal points for their precipitation in methanol-water mixtures under controlled conditions of pH, ionic strength and temperature have been determined.

Tetanal toxin is quantitatively precipitated at a pH 5.1 ± 0.1 in 40 per cent methanol at ionic strength of 0.09 and at a temperature of −5 C. MLD and Lf concentrations of over 300 times greater than the original crude toxin on a nitrogen basis and of over 5000 times on a volume basis have been obtained. A purified toxin prepared from a special toxin (Mueller) contained 16,000,000 MLD and 2400 Lf units per mg of nitrogen, and further purification of this material has resulted in a crystalline product containing 75,000,000 MLD per mg of nitrogen.

Tetanal toxoid is quantitatively precipitated at a pH between 4.8 and 4.9 in 40 per cent methanol at ionic strength 0.09 and at a temperature of −5 C. Lf concentrations of 400 times on a nitrogen basis over the crude toxoid have been obtained. On a volume basis concentrations of over 5,000-fold over the original crude toxoid are possible. The purified toxoid is relatively free of sensitizing material as indicated by anaphylactic studies.

I am indebted to Miss Ruth G. Wittler and Mr. Donald B. Grossberg for their help in carrying out assay and analytical procedures.

Wyeth Incorporated generously supported this work.
Studies on the Chemotherapy of Viruses in the Psittacosis-Lymphogranuloma Group
Authors: Meiklejohn Gordon , Wagner John C. , Beveridge Gerald W.
Published: January 2023

The effectiveness of penicillin and sodium sulfadiazine against viruses in the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum group has been tested in chick embryos. Penicillin delayed the death of embryos infected with each of the ten viruses tested. Sodium sulfadiazine had a similar effect only against two classical strains of psittacosis virus, the mouse pneumonitis virus (Greb strain), 12 XN strain, and lymphogranuloma venereum virus, and failed to delay death of embryos infected with Borg strain, SF strain, pigeon or ithosis virus (P 207 strain), meningopneumonitis virus (Cal 10 strain), and feline pneumonitis virus.
Use of Yolk Sac Antigens for Skin Tests in Rabbits Infected with the Virus of Meningopneumonitis
Authors: Morgan Herbert R.
Published: January 2023

Antigens prepared from yolk-sacs infected with the viruses of meningopneumonitis and psittacosis produced skin-reactions consisting of erythema and induration when injected intradermally in rabbits convalescent from a respiratory infection with the virus of meningopneumonitis. The reaction could not be used as a test for infection with a specific virus since there was no observed difference in the reaction obtained with the homologous meningopneumonitis or heterologous psittacosis antigens.
Intradermal Spread of Vital Dye in Anaphylaxis and Bacterial Allergy
Authors: Birkhaug Konrad , Böe Johs.
Published: January 2023

The ability of sensitized tissue to retain or fix a specific antigen locally, is a well known phenomenon. Thus Opie (1) has shown that rabbits sensitized with crystalline egg albumin or horse serum, localize these antigens at the point of injection in the skin, without the antigen entering the circulation. Kahn (2) has likewise shown that rabbits sensitized with diphtheria (horse) antitoxin, retain the antigen locally long before any manifestation of anaphylaxis can be demonstrated.

Animals rendered allergic with bacteria possess the same ability to retain the antigen locally. The best example of this fact is offered in experimental tuberculosis. Thus Krause and Willis (3) have shown that if excised lymph-nodes draining the site of inoculation with tubercle bacilli in the normal animal are injected into other normal guinea pigs, it can be demonstrated that the tubercle bacilli reach these lymph-nodes within twenty-four hours.
Studies on Antireticular Cytotoxic Serum
Authors: Straus Reuben
Published: January 2023

Interest in the Antireticular Cytotoxic Serum of the Soviet investigators was awakened in this country by the report which appeared in the American Review of Soviet Medicine of December, 1943 (1). Because of the claims for its usefulness in the treatment of many disease processes and its inherent promise for longevity, it was deemed advisable to investigate the subject. Articles on the production and experimental and clinical use of Antireticular Cytotoxic Serum abound in the Soviet medical literature and extend back as far as 1924 (2, 3, 4) but they were shrouded by inattention and the language barriers, though one report was made at the Third International Cancer Congress held at Atlantic City in September, 1939 (5).

In 1900 Metchnikoff (6), applying the pharmacological principle that small doses of toxic drugs may stimulate rather than damage, expressed the idea that stimulation of a tissue could be similarly accomplished by the employment of small doses of anti-serum specific for the tissue.
Studies on Antireticular Cytotoxic Serum
Authors: Straus Reuben , Horwitz Moris , Levinthal Daniel H. , Cohen Arthur L. , Runjavac Mildred
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Following the technic described by the Soviet investigators, with but slight modifications, the effect of ACS on the healing of experimentally produced fractures in rabbits was studied.

The animals were separated into four groups, one being given “stimulating” doses of ACS, another “depressing” doses of ACS, a third give normal goat serum equivalent in volume to the “stimulating” dose of ACS and a fourth given normal goat serum in a volume equivalent to the “depressing” dose of ACS.

The extent of healing of the fractures was evaluated roentgenographically, by gross and microscopic examination of the tissue and by measuring the breaking strength of the line of union.

The results revealed striking differences between the “stimulated” and “depressed” groups of animals and their respective controls. The differences between the average values in each group were subjected to statistical analysis. Probability values for the roentgenographic evaluation failed to reveal significant differences except between the “stimulated” and “depressed” groups of animals on the tenth and fourteenth days of healing and between the “depressed” group of animals and their controls. Statistical evaluation of the breaking strength of the healed fractures, however, indicated highly significant differences between each of the groups and its control.

The experiment was repeated on two additional occasions with similar results.

Stimulation of the healing of experimentally produced fractures in rabbits was induced with small (“stimulating”) doses of antireticular cytotoxic serum and depression of healing was produced with large (“depressing”) doses as claimed by the Soviet investigators.
Studies of Antipneumococcal Serum
Authors: Rice Christine E.
Published: January 2023

These studies of type-1 antipneumococcal rabbit sera collected during periods of immunization and rest showed that there was a roughly corresponding quantitative change in complement-fixing capacity and combining activity with type-1 carbohydrate antigen.

In general, during the period of immunization, the complement-fixation titer rose progressively to a maximum as judged both by the amount of complement fixed and by the quantity of antigen needed for maximum fixation by given amounts of serum; it fell rapidly after injections were discontinued but rose again abruptly to a maximum on resumption of immunization, in some instances beyond the earlier maximum.

Irrespective of whether the titer was very low or very high, linear relationships were observed between serum and complement and between serum and antigen. Throughout, the ratio of antigen to serum giving maximum fixation closely approximated “equivalence” proportions.
Attenuation of Virulence with Retention of Antigenicity of Mumps Virus after Passage in the Embryonated Egg
Authors: Enders John F. , Levens Jeanette H. , Stokes Joseph , Maris Elizabeth P. , Berenberg William
Published: January 2023

Following the discovery that the virus of mumps can be propagated in the developing hen's egg (1, 2), studies have been carried out at the Harvard Medical School on various properties of the egg-virus. Most of the results will be described subsequently in detail. But in this communication, because of their potential application to the problem of vaccination against mumps, certain experiments will be separately outlined which indicate that the pathogenicity of the virus for the monkey, and possibly for man, decreases on continued passage in the egg. Its antigenicity, however, under such conditions appears to be maintained.

Experiments in Monkeys. In two experiments carried out at different times, preparations of infected amniotic membranes of the 15th and 25th egg passages respectively were inoculated via Stensen's duct into rhesus monkeys (3). Four per cent suspensions in physiologic salt solution were prepared by grinding with powdered alundum in a mortar the amnitoic membranes removed from infected embryos after 5 to 6 days' incubation at 35 C.
Preparation and Evaluation of an Irradiated Toxoid from the Toxin of Shigella Dysenteriae
Authors: Branham Sara E. , Habel Karl
Published: January 2023

Discussion and Summary

By means of ultraviolet irradiation of a filtered autolysate of a culture of Shigella dysenteriae (Shiga) the neurotoxin (exotoxin) can be rendered completely non-toxic for mice and rabbits.

This detoxified material is still antigenic. Mice vaccinated with it are resistant to injections of the toxin and also to infection with living Shiga bacteria.

Rabbits immunized with these toxoids develop measurable amounts of antitoxin. Serum from them protects mice against the toxin and also to a less constant degree, against infection with living culture.

There is still a factor, or factors, in these toxoids which can cause a moderately severe reaction when injected into man.

The filtered autolysates which were the basis of these studies have been made from whole cells and have contained both exotoxin (neurotoxin) and endotoxin. The endotoxin, which we have found difficult to demonstrate in animals except as an antigen, is probably responsible for the toxic reaction in man. Complete detoxification for man of these antigens by ultraviolet irradiation has not yet been accomplished.
Nutrition and Resistance to Infection
Authors: Guggenheim K. , Buechler Edith
Published: January 2023

The influence of various forms of nutritional deficiency on the bactericidal and phagocytic properties of the peritoneal fluid has been studied in rats following an injection of Salmonella typhi murium. Deficiency of either thiamin, riboflavin or vitamin A leads to a lowering of the bactericidal power. The deficient rat organism, deprived of humoral antibodies, counters the bacterial invasion by mobilising its phagocytic apparatus. Prolonged moderate or sudden severe restriction of food intake leads to a lowering of bactericidal power and to an increase of the phagocytic activity. The reduction of bactericidal power of peritoneal fluid in rats restricted as to food intake is due largely to caloric deficiency. Protein restriction exerts a similar but less marked effect. Protein supplementation of a low-calorie diet does not alleviate the deleterious effect of caloric deficiency. It is concluded that diminished resistance to Salmonella infection in rats kept on diets deficient either in vitamins, calories or protein is due to impairment of the humoral antibody response rather than to a diminution of phagocytic activity.
The Virus of Ilhéus Encephalitis
Authors: Koprowski Hilary , Hughes Thomas P.
Published: January 2023

The virus of Ilhéus encephalitis is comparatively stable at room temperature. Its stability is increased by the addition of serum to diluents in which it is suspended. Its thermal death-point lies between 60 and 65 C. It passes with only a slight loss in titer through Seitz and Berkefeld “W” filters.

White mice become infected following the introduction of virus by intracerebral, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal or intracutaneous injection, or by the introduction of virus by mouth. The infectability of mice by extraneural injection decreases with increasing age of the mouse. Encephalitis develops regardless of route of infection. Among the primates tested marmosets circulated virus for the longest period of time; among the rodents and marsupials metachirus had the longest period of circulation. Virus persists in the brain tissue of canaries following intracerebral injection but disappears rapidly from the blood stream. The susceptibility of canaries is greater than that of chickens or pigeons. Vampire bats and house bats were relatively insusceptible.

This virus can be cultivated with ease in tissue culture or in developing chick embryo.
A Study of the Reliability of Complement Fixation As a Method of Measuring the Activities of Sera of High, Medium, and Low Antibody Titer
Authors: Rice Christine E.
Published: January 2023

The relationships between complement-fixing capacity, combining activity with homologous type-specific carbohydrate, and precipitative antibody-nitrogen content have been studied for antipneumococcus rabbit sera of high, medium, and low titer. Methods of estimating antibody-nitrogen values from complement-fixation titers have been developed in which these numerical relationships are applied.

As a means of defining the complement-fixing capacity of a standard quantity of antipneumococcus rabbit serum, with antigen, the expression , which represents the total fixation corrected for change in the hemolytic activity of complement during incubation, was judged on the basis of its closer relationship to W0.05, the maximally reactive dose of antigen, to be more accurate than either [(S + A)′ - 1], the total fixation stated in “arbitrary” units, or , the total fixation corrected for differences in the anticomplementary activity of 0.05 ml of serum.
Immunochemical Studies with Tagged Proteins
Authors: Libby Raymond L. , Madison Caroline R.
Published: January 2023

TMV tagged with radioactive phosphorus was injected into mice and the radioactivity found in the liver and spleen and the amount excreted in the feces and urine were followed for a period of 31 days. At 24 hours 63 per cent of the initial radioactivity injected was found in the liver, 3 per cent in the spleen and 3 per cent had been eliminated in the feces and urine. By the fourteenth day 96 per cent of the 24-hour activity in the liver and 93 per cent of the 24-hour activity in the spleen had been lost. After the fourteenth day the activity in the liver and spleen decreased at a rate that closely approximates the rate of excretion of radioactivity. It is probable that the radioactivity remaining after the fourteenth day is due almost entirely to the incorporation of P32 into naturally occurring phosphorus-compounds in the body of the mouse. The maximal “half-life” of the injected TMV is calculated to be approximately two days. The “half-life” of the antibody-molecule approximates a value of 6 to 7 days. The apparent coincidence in the time between the breakdown of the TMV and the regular decrease in the amount of circulating antibody can be interpreted to indicate that antigen must be present to stimulate the formation of antibody.
The Virus of Ilhéus Encephalitis
Authors: Laemmert Hugo W. , Hughes Thomas P.
Published: January 2023

A new neurotropic virus has been isolated from wild-caught mosquitoes captured in the vicinity of Ilhéus, in the State of Baía, Brazil. This virus is lethal for mice. It causes immunization, so far without any sign of illness, in man. It is transmitted by mosquitoes of the species Aedes aegypti, Aedes serratus and Psorophora ferox. It is serologically specific.
Purification and Characters of the Newcastle Disease Virus (California Strain)
Authors: Cunha Raymundo , Weil M. L. , Beard Dorothy , Taylor A. R. , Sharp D. G. , Beard J. W.
Published: January 2023

A California strain of the virus of Newcastle disease of fowls, cultured in embryonated eggs, has been concentrated by ultracentrifugation of the virus-infected chorio-allantoic fluid. Electron micrographs of the concentrates revealed particles of a variety of sizes and shapes ranging from a graceful sperm-like form with headpiece and long, slender tail to stocky forms with relatively broad, short tails and to ovoid shapes without tails. With these particles there was associated the biological behavior of the virus,—hemagglutinative activity and infectivity. Sedimentation diagrams revealed two very diffuse boundaries with sedimentation rates of approximately S = 1800 and S = 1200. Physical criteria were not applicable to estimation of the purity of the concentrates, but it was judged, chiefly on the basis of the electron micrographs, that a large portion of the material represented virus. It is likely that the virus particle is essentially sperm-shaped, varying probably in the length and width of the head and possibly in the length of the tail.

Chemically the virus is a complex of protein, about 67 per cent, lipid, about 27 per cent, and a relatively small amount of nucleic acid, some, at least, of which is of the desoxypentose type. The yield of virus varied from 10.9 to 6.4 mg per 100 ml of chorio-allantoic fluid. Hemagglutinative activity appeared to be proportional to virus content. The infectivity of the purified material was such that 10−13.72 gm of virus constituted the 50-per-cent-point unit of infectivity for chick embryos.