bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CXCR4 and CCR5 ligands cooperate in monocyte and lymphocyte migration and in inhibition of dual‐tropic (R5/X4) HIV‐1 infection
Authors: Gouwy Mieke , Struyf Sofie , Berghmans Nele , Vanormelingen Christophe , Schols Dominique , Van Damme Jo
Published: January 2011

One of the most important functions of chemokines and their receptors is the regulation of directional migration of leukocytes within tissues. In specific tissue compartments, cells are exposed to multiple chemokines presented in complex dimensional and temporal patterns. Therefore, a leukocyte requires the mechanisms to integrate the various directional signals it receives from different chemoattractants. In this study, we report that CCL3, CCL5, and CCL8, three potent mononuclear cell chemoattractants, are able to synergize with the homeostatic chemokine CXCL12 in the migration of CD14+ monocytes, CD3+ T‐lymphocytes, or PHA‐activated lymphoblasts. In addition, CCL5 augmented the CXCR4 ligand‐driven ERK phosphorylation in mononuclear cells. Furthermore, the synergistic effect between CCL5 and CXCL12 in monocyte chemotaxis is inhibited in the presence of specific CCR1 antibody and AMD3100, but not by maraviroc. In HIV‐1 infection assays, a combination of CXCL12 and CCL5 cooperated to inhibit the replication of the dual‐tropic (R5/X4) HIV‐1 HE strain. Finally, although the dual‐tropic HIV‐1 strain was barely suppressed by AMD3100 or maraviroc alone, HIV‐1 infection was completely blocked by the combination of these two receptor antagonists. Our data demonstrate the cooperation between CCL5 and CXCL12, which has implications in migration of monocytes/lymphocytes during inflammation and in HIV‐1 infection.
Diiron Dichalcogenolato (Se and Te) Complexes: Models for the Active Site of [FeFe] Hydrogenase
Authors: Harb Mohammad K. , Apfel Ulf‐Peter , Sakamoto Takahiro , El‐khateeb Mohammad , Weigand Wolfgang
Published: January 2011

A short overview of diiron dichalcogenolato (Se and Te) model complexes related to the chemistry of the diiron subsite of [FeFe] hydrogenase is presented. These model complexes allow direct comparison with the diiron dithiolato compound analogues for their ability to catalyze the formation of H2 from weak acids. Few detailed photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) investigations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been reported until now, and the results will be summarized here. On the basis of preliminary results, we propose targets for the synthesis of more efficient biomimetic diiron dichalcogenolato catalysts.
Palladium‐Catalyzed α‐Ketone Arylation under Mild Conditions
Authors: Cao Changsheng , Wang Lingling , Cai Zhengyuan , Zhang Lingqiao , Guo Jin , Pang Guangsheng , Shi Yanhui
Published: January 2011

The α‐arylation of ketones with aryl halides catalyzed by the easily prepared and air‐stable palladium complex (SIPr)Pd(Py)Cl2 (3) is described. Complex 3 displays high activity for a variety of aryl halides (activated, unactivated, and sterically hindered aryl halides) under mild conditions. Moreover, both aryl and alkyl ketones can be arylated. The α‐arylation of some alkyl ketones can even be run at room temperature. The mono‐ or diarylated products of the unhindered dialkyl ketone 3‐pentanone could be controlled by temperature and the ratio of ketones to aryl halides.
Highly Efficient Total Synthesis of the Clostridium‐Derived anti‐MRSA Antibiotic Closthioamide
Authors: Kloss Florian , Lincke Thorger , Hertweck Christian
Published: February 2011

The antibiotic closthioamide from Clostridium cellulolyticum, the first example of a secondary metabolite from strictly anaerobic bacteria, was synthesized by a versatile and highly efficient synthetic route. This starts from simple building blocks and involves convergent peptide coupling and polythionation.
Is anorexia nervosa a version of autism spectrum disorders?
Authors: Oldershaw Anna , Treasure Janet , Hambrook David , Tchanturia Kate , Schmidt Ulrike
Published: January 2011

Objectives

Similarities have been noted between cognitive profiles of anorexia nervosa (AN) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). However, there are no direct comparison studies. This study aimed to compare the cognitive profile of AN against published ASD data on tasks measuring empathy, executive function and central coherence.

Methods

Currently ill AN outpatients (n = 40) were statistically compared against published ASD scores on Reading the Mind in the Eyes, Voice and Films tasks (assessing empathy), Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST) (assessing executive function) and Embedded Figures Task (EFT) (assessing detail focus aspect of central coherence).

Results

Cognitive profiles of the groups were statistically similar, except for differences in the relative patterns of empathy scores.

Conclusions

The cognitive profile in current AN resembles that of ASD with important clinical implications. Replication studies with planned comparisons, examination of the state‐or trait‐nature of AN profile and clarification of factors underpinning similarities are required in order to broaden understanding of both disorders. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
A case series evaluation of the Maudsley Model for treatment of adults with anorexia nervosa
Authors: Wade Tracey D , Treasure Janet , Schmidt Ulrike
Published: January 2011

Objective

Outpatient psychotherapy has been largely unsuccessful in assisting adults with anorexia nervosa (AN) to achieve weight restoration. The aim of the current study was to evaluate change and attainment of good and moderate outcome at 12‐month follow‐up using the Maudsley Model for Treatment of Adults with AN (MANTRA).

Methods

Of 33 people assessed, 28 people commenced therapy, and 23 completed it (82%).

Results

At post‐treatment, seven people (30%) met the criteria for good outcome and one person met the criteria for moderate outcome. At 12‐month follow‐up, six people (26%) achieved good outcome, a further five achieved a moderate outcome, and there were significant improvements in body mass index, eating psychopathology and motivation, with large intention to treat effect sizes (ES) of 0.85, 1.19 and 1.57, respectively. Those people who dropped out of therapy were significantly more likely to binge or purge, and this behaviour was also associated with a moderate effect size (0.71) when examining differences between people who obtained good/moderate outcome versus poor outcome. Also predicting poor outcome status was lower baseline self‐esteem and ineffectiveness.

Conclusion

Further evaluation of the use of MANTRA as an outpatient therapy for AN appears justified. Improvements to this therapy could include an early focus on binge and purge behaviour, as well as modules addressing low self‐esteem and ineffectiveness. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Correlated co‐channel log‐normal interferers in cellular radio
Authors: Şafak Aysel , Prasad Ramjee
Published: January 2011

The probability of co‐channel interference (PCI) in cellular radio systems is analyzed assuming that the desired signal and the co‐channel interferers are correlated in a log‐normal shadowing environment. The correlation between the signals in a log‐normal shadowing environment reduces the PCI and hence allows operation with shorter frequency reuse distances and smaller cluster sizes. Compared with omnidirectional systems, the cells employing directional antennas can operate with shorter frequency reuse distances and hence provide better usage of the frequency spectrum.
Sinewave modulation for data communication by direct digital synthesis and sigma delta techniques
Authors: Lazzari Gianni , Maloberti Franco , Oliveri Gianni , Torelli Guido
Published: January 2011

Direct digital synthesis and sigma‐delta techniques have been proposed in recent years to realize sinewave generators and modulators for data communication. This paper explains the basic principles behind these techniques and presents schemes which implement popular modulation methods such as frequency shift keying, phase shift keying and amplitude modulation. The schemes are mostly implemented with digital circuits. They ensure a high degree of flexibility and are fully compatible with VLSI integration technologies. Experimental results obtained on integrated semicustom devices have demonstrated the validity of this approach.
Error performance of synchronous multiuser code division multiple access detector with multidimensional adaptive canceler
Authors: Siveski Zoran , Bar‐Ness Yeheskel , Chen David W.
Published: January 2011

A code division multiple access detector that employs a combination of a decorrelator and a multidimensional interference canceler is considered. The weights of the canceler are adaptively controlled using a steepest descent algorithm. The probability of error is evaluated and compared to those of the decorrelating detector and a similar, fixed‐weights scheme that requires an estimation of received signal energies. It is shown that the proposed two‐stage detector provides substantial improvement over the decorrelating detector, particularly in the presence of strong interfering signals. This is especially noticeable in the high bandwidth efficiency cases. It is also observed that in the presence of weak interferers, the proposed scheme performs better than its fixed‐weights counterpart.
Exact performance evaluation of lightwave systems with optical preamplifier
Authors: Cariolaro Gianfranco L. , Corvaja Roberto , Pierobon Gianfranco L.
Published: January 2011

In this paper the performances of a direct‐detection receiver with optical doped fiber preamplifier are investigated. All the sources which contribute to the global noise are taken into account, namely the shot noise, the excess noise due to the randomness of the gain, the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise, and finally the thermal noise generated by the receiver. The approach is based on a probabilistic model of the amplifier that enables us to give the complete statistics of the noises. Comparisons with results previously obtained by different methods are presented. The effects of the amplifier gain, the spontaneous emission factor, the optical bandwidth, and the thermal noise on the error probability are examined and discussed.
The UK WTC 9/11 evacuation study: an overview of findings derived from first‐hand interview data and computer modelling
Authors: Galea Edwin R. , Hulse Lynn , Day Rachel , Siddiqui Asim , Sharp Gary
Published: January 2011

This paper briefly describes the methodologies employed in the collection and storage of first‐hand accounts of evacuation experiences derived from face‐to‐face interviews with evacuees from the World Trade Centre (WTC) Twin Towers complex on 11 September 2001 and the development of the High‐rise Evacuation Evaluation Database (HEED). The main focus of the paper is to present an overview of the preliminary analysis of data derived from the evacuation of the North Tower with an emphasis on frequency of occupant stoppages on stairs, occupant stair travel speeds and occupant response times. The paper also describes some of the evacuation modelling analyses of the evacuation of the North Tower undertaken as part of project HEED. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wave body interaction in 2D using smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) with variable particle mass
Authors: Omidvar Pourya , Stansby Peter K. , Rogers Benedict D.
Published: January 2011

Wave interaction with bodies is an important practical application for smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) which in principle applies to steep and breaking waves without special treatment. However, few detailed tests have been undertaken even with small amplitude waves. In order to reduce computer time a variable particle mass distribution is tested here with fine resolution near the body and coarse resolution further away, while maintaining a uniform kernel size. We consider two well‐defined test cases, in two dimensions, of waves generated by a heaving semi‐immersed cylinder and progressive waves interacting with a fixed cylinder. But first, still water with hydrostatic pressure is tested. The open‐source code SPHysics (http://www.sphysics.org)§Update made here after initial online publication. is used with a Riemann solver in an Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian formulation. For the heaving cylinder, SPH results for far field wave amplitude and cylinder force show good agreement with the data of Yu and Ursell (J. Fluid Mech. 1961; 11:529–551). For wave loading on a half‐submerged cylinder the agreement with the experimental data of Dixon et al. (J. Waterway Port Coastal Ocean Div. 1979; 105:421–438) for the root mean square force is within 2%. For more submerged cases, the results show some discrepancy, but this was also found with other modelling approaches. The sensitivity of results to the value of the slope limiter used in the MUSCL‐based Riemann solver is demonstrated. The variable mass distribution leads to a computer run speedup of nearly 200% in these cases. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Palaeomagnetism and chronology of Caledonian igneous episodes in the Cross Fell Inlier and northern Lake District
Authors: Piper J. D. A. , Mccook A. S. , Watkins K. P. , Brown G. C. , Morris W. A.
Published: February 2011

This study employs palaeomagnetism to differentiate between Palaeozoic minor intrusions in northern England. The lamprophyres of the Cross Fell Inlier subdivide petrographically into kersantites and minettes. All the kersantites have steep directions of magnetisation probably correlating with an interval of anomalous geomagnetic field in Caradocian times. The Threlkeld–St John's microgranodiorite (445 m.y.) and Carrock Fell dolerite dyke swarm also possess steep magnetisations assigned to the same interval. The minettes have shallow directions of magnetisation similar to the Shap Granite (393 m.y.) and correlate with the later Caledonian intrusions of northern England. These episodes of intrusion are separated by late‐Silurian tectonism and define a trend of increasing K2O/Na2O in the later magmas of the Caledonian orogeny. Miscellaneous palaeomagnetic results from the Borrowdale Volcanic Group, Embleton diorites and Haweswater dolerite are also reported.
Signaling pathways of ATP‐induced PGE2 release in spinal cord astrocytes are EGFR transactivation‐dependent
Authors: Xia Maosheng , Zhu Yue
Published: February 2011

Traumatic spinal cord injury is characterized by an immediate, irreversible loss of tissue at the lesion site, as well as a secondary expansion of tissue damage over time. Although secondary injury should, in principle, be preventable, no effective treatment options currently exist for patients with acute spinal cord injury (SCI). Excessive release of ATP by the traumatized tissue, triggers the rapid release of arachidonic acid (AA) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and has beenimplicated in acute and chronic neuropathic pain and inflammation. But the intracellular pathways between ATP and PGE2 remain largely unknown. We have explored the signaling events involved in this synthesis by primarily culturing spinal cord astrocytes: (1) we determined significant PGE2 production increased by ATP is mainly via Subtype 1 of P2 purinoceptors (P2Y1) but not P2Y2; (2) we found that ATP strongly increased the level of intracellular Ca2+ via P2Y1 receptor; (3) we indicated that ATP stimulates the definitely release of AA and PGE2 which involved the transactivation of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, the phosphorylation of extracellular‐regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) and the activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2); (4) we examined ATP could increase the phosphorylation of Akt via P2Y1 receptor which also depend on the transactivation of EGFR, but the activation of Akt has no effect on the downstream of cPLA2 phosphorylation. ATP induced by SCI could mobilize the release of AA and PGE2. And inhibition of PGE2 release reduces behavioral signs of pain after SCI and peripheral nerve injury. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Socioeconomic status and health outcomes in a developing country
Authors: Lordan Grace , Soto Eliana Jimenez , Brown Richard P. C. , Correa‐Valez Ignacio
Published: January 2011

Although the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and health is well documented for developed countries, less evidence has been presented for developing countries. The aim of this paper is to analyse this relationship at the household level for Fiji, a developing country in the South Pacific, using original household survey data. To allow for the endogeneity of SES status in the household health production function, we utilize a simultaneous equation approach where estimates are achieved by full information maximum likelihood. By restricting our sample to one, relatively small island, and including area and district hospital effects, physical geography effects are unpacked from income effects. We measure SES, as permanent income which is constructed using principal components analysis. An alternative specification considers transitory household income. We find that a 1% increase in wealth (our measure of permanent income) would lead to a 15% decrease in the probability of an incapacitating illness occurring intra‐household. Although the presence of a strong relationship indicates that relatively small improvements in SES status can significantly improve health at the household level, it is argued that the design of appropriate policy would also require an understanding of the various mechanisms through which the relationship operates. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physicians' perception of demand‐induced supply in the information age: a latent class model analysis
Authors: Shih Ya‐Chen Tina , Tai‐Seale Ming
Published: January 2011

This paper introduces a concept called ‘demand‐induced supply’ that reflects the excess supply of services due to an increase in demand initiated by patients. We examine its association with the proportion of information‐savvy patients in physicians' practice. Using data from a national representative physician survey, we apply latent class models to analyze this association. Our analyses categorize physicians into three ‘types’ according to the frequency with which they provided additional medical services at their patients' requests: frequent, occasional, and rare. The proportion of information‐savvy patients is significantly and positively correlated with demand‐induced supply for the frequent or occasional type, but not among physicians in the rare type. Efforts to contain healthcare costs through utilization control need to recognize the pattern of responses from physicians who treat an increasing number of information‐savvy patients. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Outcome of patients treated surgically for lymph node metastases from cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck
Authors: Givi Babak , Andersen Peter E. , Diggs Brian S. , Wax Mark K. , Gross Neil D.
Published: January 2011

Background

There is a paucity of outcomes data for patients with lymph node metastasis from cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck (SCCHN).

Methods

Patients from a tertiary care center with cutaneous SCCHN metastatic to parotid and or cervical lymph nodes were identified. Data were abstracted and analyzed using COX multivariate analysis.

Results

Fifty‐one patients (47 men, and 4 women) with a median age of 73 years were identified. Eight patients (16%) had recurrent disease and 11 (22%) were immunosuppressed. Forty patients (71%) received adjuvant radiation therapy. Median overall survival was 23 months (range, 3–148 months). Recurrent disease was associated with higher risk of death (hazard ratio [HR], 2.7; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1–6.9) and radiation therapy with reduced risk (HR, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.06–0.54).

Conclusion

Lymph node metastases from cutaneous SCCHN is associated with poor survival. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Role of DNA methyltransferase 1 in pharyngeal cancer related to treatment resistance
Authors: Chen Chih‐Cheng , Chen Wen‐Cheng , Wang Wen‐Hung , Lu Chang‐Hsien , Lin Paul‐Yang , Lee Kuan‐Der , Chen Miao‐Fen
Published: January 2011

Background

The purpose of the present study was to highlight the role of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) and its potential for improving treatment and informing prognosis for pharyngeal cancer.

Methods

Human pharyngeal cancer cell lines FaDu and its derivative FaDu‐C225‐R were selected for cellular experiments. Furthermore, 95 pharyngeal cancer tissue specimens were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining.

Results

DNMT1 was over‐expressed in pharyngeal cancer specimens and cells with activated interleukin (IL)‐6 signaling. When DNMT1 activity was blocked, accelerated tumor growth and treatment resistance were overcome as demonstrated by cell culture and animal experiments. The reduction in DNMT1 was associated with increased apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and augmented irradiation‐induced free radical levels and DNA damage. Furthermore, positive staining for DNMT1 in clinical cancer specimens was significantly linked to lower rates of response to treatments and shorter survival of patients with pharyngeal cancer.

Conclusion

DNMT1 may be a significant clinical predictor and a potential treatment strategy against head and neck cancer. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Image‐guided surgery in head and neck cancer: Current practice and future directions of optical imaging
Authors: Keereweer S. , Sterenborg H. J. C. M. , Kerrebijn J. D. F. , Van Driel P. B. A. A. , de Jong R. J. Baatenburg , Löwik C. W. G. M.
Published: January 2011

A key aspect for the postoperative prognosis of patients with head and neck cancer is complete tumor resection. In current practice, the intraoperative assessment of the tumor‐free margin is dependent on visual appearance and palpation of the tumor. Optical imaging has the potential of traversing the gap between radiology and surgery by providing real‐time visualization of the tumor, thereby allowing for image‐guided surgery. The use of the near‐infrared light spectrum offers 2 essential advantages: increased tissue penetration of light and an increased signal‐to‐background ratio of contrast agents.

In this review, the current practice and limitations of image‐guided surgery by optical imaging using intrinsic fluorescence or contrast agents are described. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the various molecular contrast agents targeting specific hallmarks of cancer that have been used in other fields of oncologic surgery, and we describe perspectives on its future use in head and neck cancer surgery. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
Novel neoadjuvant immunotherapy regimen safety and survival in head and neck squamous cell cancer
Authors: Wolf Gregory T. , Fee Willard E. , Dolan Robert W. , Moyer Jeffrey S. , Kaplan Michael J. , Spring Paul M. , Suen James , Kenady Daniel E. , Newman Jason G. , Carroll William R. , Gillespie M. Boyd , Freeman Scott M. , Baltzer Lorraine , Kirkley Terry D. , Brandwein Harvey J. , Hadden John W.
Published: January 2011

Background

Cellular immune suppression is observed in head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) and contributes to poor prognosis. Restoration of immune homeostasis may require primary cell‐derived cytokines at physiologic doses. An immunotherapy regimen containing a biologic, with multiple‐active cytokine components, and administered with cytoxan, zinc, and indomethacin was developed to modulate cellular immunity.

Methods

Study methods were designed to determine the safety and efficacy of a 21‐day neoadjuvant immunotherapy regimen in a phase 2 trial that enrolled 27 therapy‐naïve patients with stage II to IVa HNSCC. Methods included safety, clinical and radiologic tumor response, disease‐free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), and tumor lymphocytic infiltrate (LI) data collection.

Results

Acute toxicity was minimal. Patients completed neoadjuvant treatment without surgical delay. By independent radiographic review, 83% had stable disease during treatment. OS was 92%, 73%, and 69% at 12, 24, and 36 months, respectively. Histologic analysis suggested correlation between survival and tumor LI.

Conclusion

Immunotherapy regimen was tolerated. Survival results are encouraging. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Marginal recurrences after selective targeting with intensity‐modulated radiotherapy for oral tongue cancer
Authors: Damast Shari , Wolden Suzanne , Lee Nancy
Published: January 2011

Background

No universal consensus of optimal radiation target coverage for oral tongue cancer exists, and there is wide variability in practice. Some centers use intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) to selectively target only certain regions at risk while sparing others; however, patterns of failure after such selective targeting are rarely reported.

Methods and Results

We critically examined the location of failure in 4 patients with stage III to IV oral tongue cancer who presented to our department with locoregional recurrence after receiving IMRT with selective radiation targeting at outside institutions. All 4 patients' cancer recurred marginally in regions that were not initially targeted, whereas the regions would have been targeted if comprehensive IMRT targeting had been used. The median time to recurrence was short (3.9 months; range, 1.2–10.1 months).

Conclusion

This case series highlights the occurrence of marginal failures after selective targeting with IMRT for oral tongue cancer and cautions against this practice unless further supporting evidence becomes available. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Human performance in control rooms of nuclear power plants: A survey study
Authors: Liao Huafei , Chang Jo‐Ling
Published: January 2011

Driven by the increasing demand for reliable and clean energy, the nuclear industry is booming worldwide three decades after the Three Mile Island accident. The transition of technology in nuclear power plants has raised many important human performance issues in every aspect of control systems. To obtain insights on how to meet the challenges imposed by new technologies, a survey was conducted to examine the causal factors of the human–system interface–related human errors in NPP plant control rooms. The survey results can help us identify error categories in terms of the interrelationships among the error causal factors. Moreover, an investigation of the error causal factors can enable us to better understand the nature of the errors and then propose effective corrective action guidelines to mitigate their consequences and enhance human reliability. A five‐factor structure was identified through an exploratory factor analysis: Invisibility of System Status, Incorrect System Interface Design, Insufficient Support for System Diagnosis and Decision Making, Misoperations, and Manual Actions. The five factors are discussed in the context of the decision–action model developed in this study to derive corrective actions for each type of potential human error. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Photochemische reaktionen von äthern mit 4‐methylcinnolin und chinoxalinen
Authors: Chen T. T. , Dörscheln W. , Göth H. , Hesse M. , Schmidt H.
Published: February 2011

1. 4‐Methylcinnoline on irradiation in ethers produces the photoproducts 2–6 by a 1.4 addition of the ethers.

2. Quinoxaline reacts with ethers to produce the quinoxalines 8, 12 and 13 by what appears superficially to be a substitution process. Reaction of 2,3‐dimethylquinoxaline with tetrahydrofuran gives as the main product 16 by 1.2 addition, and 2‐(t‐butyl)‐quinoxaline gives the dihydroquinoxaline derivatives 17a, b. Because of the known easy autoxidation of 1,2‐dihydroquinoxaline we believe that the intermediate in the photolytic reaction of quinoxaline, yielding 8, 12 and 13, is also the 1.2 addition product.

3. The mass‐spectrometric behaviour of the cinnoline and quinoxaline derivatives has been discussed.
Struktur der Drebyssobiose, Lilacinobiose und Viminose: Desoxyzucker, 45. Mitteilung
Authors: Allgeier H.
Published: February 2011

The structures of the following three disaccharides, isolated from Asclepiadaceae, have been elucidated: Drebyssobiose (1) = 4–0‐(3–0‐methyl‐6‐deoxy‐β‐d‐allopyranosyl)‐d‐digitoxose, lilacinobiose (7) = 4‐O‐(3‐O‐methyl‐6‐deoxy‐β‐d‐glucopyranosyl)‐d‐cymarose, and viminose (13) = 4‐O‐(3‐O‐methyl‐6‐deoxy‐β‐d‐glucopyranosyl)‐d‐digitoxose.
195Pt‐Kernresonanz in PtII‐und PtIV‐Verbindungen
Authors: Zelewsky A. V.
Published: February 2011

The 195Pt‐nmr spectra of several PtIV‐ and PtII‐complexes have been measured in aqueous solutions. It has been shown that this method has great potentialities for the evaluation of the bonding character in platinum complexes. The 195Pt‐resonance spectra of solutions containing mixed chloro‐bromo‐complexes of PtIV have been used for the estimation of relative stabilities of these complexes. It is pointed out that this method is generally applicable to determine equilibrium constants of platinum compounds.
Beckmann‐Umlagerung und Fragmentierung, III. Teil Versuche zur 7‐Zentren‐Fragmentierung eines γ‐Aminoketoxims: Fragmentierungsreaktionen, 20. Mitteilung
Authors: Artz K. G. , Grob C. A.
Published: February 2011

In aqueous dioxane the p‐toluenesulfonate 11B of 1β‐dimethylamino‐5‐oximino‐trans‐decalin (11a) undergoes almost quantitative Beckmann rearrangement to the lactam 23. Approx. 1%, only, of the product of so‐called 7‐centre fragmentation, i.e. trans‐9‐cyano‐non‐5‐enal (14) is detectable. Furthermore, the picryl ether 11C of the oxime 11a reacts at a normal rate.

The results confirm the conclusion reached earlier, namely that fragmentation cannot compete with the Beckmann rearrangement in the case of γ‐amino ketoximes, in contrast to the behaviour of α‐amino ketoximes.
Beckmann‐Umlagerung und Fragmentierung, IV. Teil. 5‐ und 7‐Zentren‐Fragmentierung von γ‐Keto‐ketoximen: Fragmentierungsreaktionen, 21. Mitteilung
Authors: Eisele W. , Grob C. A. , Renk E. , Von Tschammer H.
Published: February 2011

A heterolytic 7‐centre fragmentation reaction of the type a‐b‐c‐d‐e‐f‐X → a b + c = d + e = f + X has been demonstrated for the first time utilizing γ‐keto‐ketoximes. This system may also undergo a novel 5‐centre fragmentation.

With sodium hydroxide in aqueous ethanol and with sodium ethoxide in ethanol the p‐toluene‐sulfonate of 1‐oxo‐9‐methyl‐5‐oximino‐trans‐decalin (7b) is converted quantitatively into 9‐cyano‐6‐methyl‐non‐5‐enoic acid (10b) and the corresponding ethyl ester, respectively. With lower concentrations of nucleophile normal Beckmann rearrangement to the lactam 13a and the lactimether 19b predominates.

In the case of the p‐toluenesulfonate of the 9‐nor‐derivative 7a a base‐induced 5‐centre fragmentation reaction to the α,β‐unsaturated ketone 12 competes with 7‐centre fragmentation to 9‐cyano‐non‐5‐enoic acid (10a), strong bases favouring the former reaction. In the absence of strong bases of nucleophiles Beckmann rearrangement again dominates.
Photochemische Umwandlungen. XVIII Photochemische Isomerisierung annellierter Oxanorbornadiene Vorläufige Mitteilung
Authors: Prinzbach H. , Würsch P. , Vogel P. , Tochtermann W. , Franke G.
Published: February 2011

Photochemical cycloaddition reactions in anellated oxanorbornadiene derivatives have been investigated. In the case of 7a the tetracyclic isomer 8a can be isolated which adds dimethylacetylenedicarboxylate in the manner of a bis‐homo‐furan system. On thermal activation 8a yields the thiepino‐oxepin derivative 9a. In contrast, on direct photoexcitation of the benzoxanorbornadiene the primary photoproduct cannot be identified, the reaction leading directly to the benz[d]oxepin.
Thyrocalcitonin III. Die Synthese des α‐Thyrocalcitonins: Vorläufige Mitteilung
Authors: Rittel W. , Brugger M. , Kamber B. , Riniker B. , Sieber P.
Published: February 2011

A synthesis of the dotriacontapeptide sequence I, reported by Neher et al. [1] for porcine α‐thyrocalcitonin (α‐TC), is described. The synthetic peptide is shown to be identical with α‐TC by thin layer chromatography and electrophoresis, by the pattern of trypsin degradation, and by its biological activity. Oxidation with hydrogen peroxide gave the methionine25 sulfoxide derivative, which was identical with α‐TC‐sulfoxide (formerly called β‐thyrocalcitonin) from pig thyroids.
Beiträge zur Chemie der Si‐N‐Bindung, XIV: Oligo‐α,ω‐dimethylchlorsilyl‐substituierte Cyclodisilazane: Vorläufige Mitteilung
Authors: Fink Walter
Published: February 2011

1,3‐dimethylchlorosilyl‐tetramethylcyclodisilazane and oligomeric α,ω‐dimethyl‐chlorosilyl‐substituted cyclodisilazanes were prepared by the reaction of hexamethylcyclotrisilazane with dimethyldichlorosilane in the ratios 1:3 to 1:1.
A multi‐temporal analysis of AMSR‐E data for flood and discharge monitoring during the 2008 flood in Iowa
Authors: Temimi Marouane , Lacava Teodosio , Lakhankar Tarendra , Tramutoli Valerio , Ghedira Hosni , Ata Riadh , Khanbilvardi Reza
Published: January 2011

The objective of this work is to demonstrate the potential of using passive microwave data to monitor flood and discharge conditions and to infer watershed hydraulic and hydrologic parameters. The case study is the major flood in Iowa in summer 2008. A new Polarisation Ratio Variation Index (PRVI) was developed based on a multi‐temporal analysis of 37 GHz satellite imagery from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR‐E) to calculate and detect anomalies in soil moisture and/or inundated areas. The Robust Satellite Technique (RST) which is a change detection approach based on the analysis of historical satellite records was adopted. A rating curve has been developed to assess the relationship between PRVI values and discharge observations downstream. A time‐lag term has been introduced and adjusted to account for the changing delay between PRVI and streamflow. Moreover, the Kalman filter has been used to update the rating curve parameters in near real time. The temporal variability of the b exponent in the rating curve formula shows that it converges toward a constant value. A consistent 21‐day time lag, very close to an estimate of the time of concentration, was obtained. The agreement between observed discharge downstream and estimated discharge with and without parameters adjustment was 65 and 95%, respectively. This demonstrates the interesting role that passive microwave can play in monitoring flooding and wetness conditions and estimating key hydrologic parameters. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of stream temperature dynamics and corresponding heat fluxes within Miramichi River catchments (New Brunswick, Canada)
Authors: Hebert Cindie , Caissie Daniel , Satish Mysore G. , El‐Jabi Nassir
Published: January 2011

Water temperature is a key physical habitat determinant in lotic ecosystems as it influences many physical, chemical, and biological properties of rivers. Hence, a good understanding of the thermal regime of rivers and river heat fluxes is essential for effective management of water and fisheries resources. This study dealt with the modelling of river water temperature using a deterministic model. This model calculated the different heat fluxes at the water surface and from the streambed using different hydrometeorological conditions. The water temperature model was applied on two watercourses of different sizes and thermal characteristics, but within a similar meteorological region, namely, the Little Southwest Miramichi River and Catamaran Brook (New Brunswick, Canada). The model was also applied using microclimate data, i.e. meteorological conditions within the river environment (1–2 m above the water surface), for a better estimation of river heat fluxes. Water temperatures at different depths within the riverbed were also used to estimate the streambed heat fluxes. Results showed that microclimate data were essential to get accurate estimates of the surface heat fluxes. Results also showed that for larger river systems, the surface heat fluxes were generally the dominant component of the heat budget with a correspondingly smaller contribution from the streambed. As watercourses became smaller and groundwater contribution more significant, the streambed contribution became important. For instance, approximately 80% of the heat fluxes occurred at the surface for Catamaran Brook (20% from the streambed) whereas the Little Southwest Miramichi River showed values closer to 90% (10% from the streambed). As was reported in previous studies, the solar radiation input dominated the contribution to the heat gain at 63% for Catamaran Brook and 89% for Little Southwest Miramichi River. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulation of evapotranspiration and carbon dioxide flux in the wheat‐maize rotation croplands of the North China Plain using the Simple Biosphere Model
Authors: Lei Huimin , Yang Dawen , Shen Yanjun , Liu Yu , Zhang Yucui
Published: January 2011

The North China Plain, which is critical for food production in China, is encountering serious water shortage due to heavy agricultural water requirement. The accurate modelling of carbon dioxide flux and evapotranspiration (ET) in croplands is thus essential for yield prediction and water resources management. The land surface model is powerful in simulating energy and carbon dioxide fluxes between land and atmosphere. Some key processes in the Simple Biosphere Model (Version 2, SiB2) were parameterized based on the observations. The simulated fluxes were tested against the eddy covariance flux measurements over two typical winter wheat/maize double cropping fields. A simple diagnostic parameterisation of soil respiration, not included in SiB2, was added and calibrated using the observations to model the carbon budget. The Ball‐Berry stomatal conductance model was calibrated using observed leaf gas exchange rate, showing that the original SiB2 could significantly underpredict the ET in the wheat field. SiB2 significantly underpredicted soil resistance at the Weishan site, leading to overpredict the ET. Overall, there was a close agreement between the simulated and observed latent heat fluxes and net CO2 exchange using the re‐parameterized SiB2. These findings are important when the model is used for the regional simulation in the North China Plain. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrated water resource management in a major canal command in eastern India
Authors: Raul S. K. , Panda Sudhindra N. , Holländer H. , Billib M.
Published: January 2011

The present rice‐dominated cropping system in the Hirakud canal command (eastern India) is under severe threat due to imbalance between irrigation water supply and demand. The canal water supply, which is the only source of irrigation, only meets 54% of the demand at 90% probability of exceedance (PE). In order to mitigate the irrigation water deficit from canal water, groundwater is considered as a supplemental source. Quasi‐three‐dimensional groundwater flow simulation modelling was, therefore, carried out by using Visual MODFLOW to detect the change in hydraulic head due to transient pumping stresses. The simulation model was calibrated and validated satisfactorily. Sensitivity analysis of the model parameters shows that groundwater recharge is most sensitive followed by aquifer hydraulic conductivity at almost all the sites of the command area, whereas the model is comparatively less sensitive to specific storage and specific yield. Enhanced pumping scenarios showed that groundwater extraction can be increased up to 50 times of the existing pumping without causing any adverse effect to the aquifer but the aquifer does not permit to exploit water in order to fulfill the irrigation water demand even at 10% PE. Hence, it is imperative to develop an optimal land and water resources management plan of the command area. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of climate change on water availability in the Macquarie‐Castlereagh River Basin in Australia
Authors: Vaze J. , Davidson A. , Teng J. , Podger G.
Published: January 2011

The impact of future climate on runoff generation and the implications of these changes for management of water resources in a river basin are investigated by running these changes through catchment and river system models. Two conceptual daily rainfall‐runoff models are used to simulate runoff across the Macquarie‐Castlereagh region for historical (1895–2006) and future (∼2030) climate based on outputs from 15 of the 23 IPCC AR4 GCMs for the A1B global warming scenario. The estimates of future runoff are used as inputs to the river system model. The mean annual historical rainfall averaged across the Macquarie‐Castlereagh region is 544 mm and the simulated runoff is 34 and 30 mm for SIMHYD and Sacramento rainfall‐runoff models, respectively. The mean annual future rainfall and runoff across the region are projected to decrease. The modelling results show a median estimate of a 5% reduction for SIMHYD (50% confidence interval − 11 to + 7%) and a 7% reduction for Sacramento (50% confidence interval − 15 to + 8%) in mean annual runoff under a ∼2030 climate for the region. The results from the river system modelling indicate that under the ∼2030 climate scenario, the median of general security and supplementary diversions are projected to decrease by 4% (50% confidence interval − 10 to + 5%) and 2% (50% confidence interval − 5 to + 3%) respectively for the SIMHYD inflows and 8% (50% confidence interval − 17 to + 6%) and 5% (50% confidence interval − 11 to + 3%) for the Sacramento inflows. The future annual and seasonal storage volumes for the Burrendong Dam and inflows at all major locations across the region are projected to be lower than the historical records. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predictive modeling of selenium accumulation in brine shrimp in saline environments
Authors: Byron Earl R. , Ohlendorf Harry M. , Redman Aaron , Adams William J. , Marden Brad , Grosell Martin , Brooks Marjorie L.
Published: January 2011

Great Salt Lake, Utah, is a large, terminal, hypersaline lake consisting of a northern more saline arm and a southern arm that is less saline. The southern arm supports a seasonally abundant fauna of low diversity consisting of brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana), 7 species of brine flies, and multiple species of algae. Although fish cannot survive in the main body of the lake, the lake is highly productive, and brine shrimp and brine fly populations support large numbers of migratory waterfowl and shorebirds, as well as resident waterfowl, shorebirds, and gulls. Selenium and other trace elements, metals, and nutrients are contaminants of concern for the lake because of their concentrations in municipal and industrial outfalls and runoff from local agriculture and the large urban area of Salt Lake City. As a consequence, the State of Utah recently recommended water quality standards for Se for the southern arm of Great Salt Lake based on exposure and risk to birds. The tissue-based recommendations (as measured in bird eggs) were based on the understanding that Se toxicity is predominately expressed through dietary exposure, and that the breeding shorebirds, waterfowl, and gulls of the lake are the receptors of most concern. The bird egg–based recommended standards for Se require a model to link bird egg Se concentrations to their dietary concentrations and water column values. This study analyzes available brine shrimp tissue Se data from a variety of sources, along with waterborne and water particulate (potential brine shrimp diet) Se concentrations, in an attempt to develop a model to predict brine shrimp Se concentrations from the Se concentrations in surrounding water. The model can serve as a tool for linking the tissue-based water quality standards of a key dietary item to waterborne concentrations. The results were compared to other laboratory and field-based models to predict brine shrimp tissue Se concentrations from ambient water and their diet. No significant relationships were found between brine shrimp and their dietary Se, as measured by seston concentrations. The final linear and piecewise regression models showed significant positive relationships between waterborne and brine shrimp tissue Se concentrations but with a very weak predictive ability for waterborne concentrations <10 µg/L. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2011;7:478–482. © 2011 SETAC
Toward sustainability: A case study demonstrating transdisciplinary learning through the selection and use of indicators in a decision-making process
Authors: Stahl Cynthia , Cimorelli Alan , Mazzarella Christine , Jenkins Bill
Published: January 2011

The purpose of this article is to use a case study example to demonstrate how a transparent, transdisciplinary approach to decision making allows the US Environmental Protection Agency Region III (USEPA Region III) to fulfill its decision-making responsibilities while taking critical steps toward engaging in sustainability discussions. The case study goals were to use information about environmental condition to inform staff and fiscal resource prioritization and allocation for the federal 2010 fiscal year. This article will use a select group of 3 indicators to show 1) that data are not the same as indicators, 2) the feasibility of using disparate data in the same analysis, and 3) specific discussions about indicators can lead to transdisciplinary learning, supporting more informed decision making. We show that, when used in a transdisciplinary learning process, these indicator lessons provide a stepping stone for organizations like USEPA Region III to consider sustainability as more than just a lofty, ethical concept. Instead, these kinds of organizations can more routinely and substantively address sustainability through a progression of individual decisions. We discuss how sustainability can be linked to decision making through a process that requires stakeholders to articulate and confront their values. In this process, selecting indicators and understanding what those choices imply regarding the issues that are highlighted and the population affected is part of the assessment of environmental condition, which is the focus of the case study. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2011;7:483–498. © 2011 SETAC
MicroRNA miR‐335 is crucial for the BRCA1 regulatory cascade in breast cancer development
Authors: Heyn Holger , Engelmann Maria , Schreek Sabine , Ahrens Philipp , Lehmann Ulrich , Kreipe Hans , Schlegelberger Brigitte , Beger Carmela
Published: February 2011

The expression of microRNAs is altered in various cancer types, leading to their definition as onco‐ and tumor‐suppressor microRNAs. In our study, we investigated the role of miR‐335 in the formation of sporadic human breast cancer and its involvement in the regulatory network of the breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1. To validate single components of the BRCA1 cascade, microRNA overexpression was performed in a cell culture model with subsequent protein analysis and luciferase reporter assays. Here, we were able to identify miR‐335 as simultaneously regulating the known BRCA1 activators ERα, IGF1R, SP1 and the repressor ID4, including a feedback regulation of miR‐335 expression by estrogens. Overexpression of miR‐335 resulted in an upregulation of BRCA1 mRNA expression, suggesting a functional dominance of ID4 signaling. The relevance of the miR‐335 regulation for human breast cancer was confirmed in primary sporadic breast cancer specimens with significantly decreased miR‐335 levels (p < 0.05) in comparison to normal controls. Interestingly, the microRNA expression level correlated positively to the BRCA1 transcript level, supporting the hypothesis of a miR‐335‐mediated regulation of the tumor suppressor gene. Functionally, overexpression of miR‐335 led to decreased cell viability and an increase in apoptosis, supporting its tumor‐suppressive function. In summary, our data indicate that miR‐335 affects different targets in the upstream BRCA1‐regulatory cascade with impact on key cellular functions such as proliferation and apoptosis. Deregulation of the microRNA during breast cancer development and progression may thereby lead to an increased tumorigenic potential by inactivating crucial tumor‐suppressive signals.