bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental Study on the Leaching of Gold from Greenstone1
Authors: Yushan Liu , Guilan Zhang , Jun Tian
Published: August 2010

Abstract Experiments were conducted on the leaching of gold from greenstone by chloride solution under the temperature of 200‐550°C and the pressure of 60 MPa. During part of the experiments, the oxygen fugacity was controlled. The results show that the leaching rate of gold is related to temperature, composition of the solution, pH and oxygen fugacity. In the experiment with oxidative acidic solution, the leaching rate was up to 50% or more. It is known that the leaching of gold is restricted by the reaction in which the gold is dissolved from the rock to form gold chloride complex. Therefore, the authors hold that the acidic chloride solution derived from granite magma has caused the remobilization‐migration of gold from greenstone and its enrichment into ore.
Tectonic Units and Their Fundamental Characteristics on the Northern Margin of the Alxa Block1
Authors: Tairan Wu , Guoqi He
Published: August 2010

Abstract The northern margin of the Alxa block is the junction of a tectonic units. Four first—order tectonic units are distinguished: 1. the Yagan structural zone characteristic of an immature island arc; 2. the Zhusileng—Hangwula structural zone, which was a passive continental margin in the Early Palaeozoic and was transformed into an active continental margin in the Late Palaeozoic; 3. the Shalazha structural zone characteristic of a mature island arc; 4. the Nuru—Langshan structural zone, which was a Proterozoic orogenic belt and later evolved into an extensional transitional crust in the Palaeozoic. The above—mentioned tectonic units differ remarkably in sedimentary formations, magmatic rock associations, metamorphism and geochemistry and are bounded by faults between one another.
Sulphur and Lead Isotope Compositions of the Dajiangp—ing Deposit in Western Guangdong Province1
Authors: Qian Zhang , Baogui Zhang , Yubo Cao , Jiayong Pan , Tianyu Zeng , Shuzhi Hao
Published: August 2010

Abstract The Dajiangping pyrite deposit located in the middle sector of the Yunkai uplift in western Guangdong is a stratiform sulphide deposit occurring in Sinian marine clastic and fine clastic rocks. The formation of the deposit was related to submarine exhalation and hot brine deposition. A part of it was reformed by late‐stage hydro thermal solution. The δ34S values of pyrite vary from — 25.55‰ to + 21.07‰, which are inversely proportional to the content of organic carbon in ore and pyrite. Passing from striped fine‐grained pyrite ore to massive coarse‐grained pyrite ore, i.e. from south to north, the sulphur isotopic composition changes from the light sulphur‐enriched one to the heavy sulphur‐enriched one. The lead isotopic composition of striped ore is consistent with that of the country locks of orebodies and the lead is radiogenic lead derived from the upper crust. The lead isotopic composition of massive ore is relatively homogeneous and its 206/Pb204Pb, 207/Pb204Pb and 208/Pb204Pb ratios are a bit lower than those of striped ore; the lead result from mixing of synsedimentary ore lead with that derived from basement migmatite brought by late‐stage hydrothermal solutions.
Rare Earth Element Behaviour in the Wunugetushan Copper – Molybdenum Deposit, Inner Mongolia, and Its Implications1
Authors: Kezhang Qin , Zhitian Wang
Published: August 2010

Abstract Considering porphyry and wall rocks as a whole system, the behaviour of rare earth elements (REE) in hydro thermal alteration and mineralization of the exceedingly large Wunugetushan porphyry Cu‐Mo deposit of Inner Mongolia has been studied. It has been found for the first time that there exists complementary REE variation in hydrothermal alteration between porphyry and wall rocks, and Eu depletion has certain significance in indicating mineralization. Based on an analysis of the variation in REE contents of relevant minerals during the hydrothermal alteration, the ore‐forming fluids are inferred to be depleted in ∑REE, comparatively enriched in ∑Y and strongly depleted in Eu. In the intermediate‐strong alteration zones, porphyry and wall rock took part in hydrothermal metasomatism and alteration almost in equal ratio mass. Furthermore, studies of REE and hydrogen and oxygen isotopes and fluid inclusions confirm the existence of hydrothermal convection and the possibility of supplying part of ore materials by the wall rock and indicate that the application of REE geochemistry in mineral prospecting is promising.
Discovery of Fossil Bittacids in China1
Authors: Dong Ren
Published: August 2010

Abstract This paper deals with a fossil taxon of Bittacidae (Mecoptera, Insecta) collected from the Middle Jurassic Haifanggou Formation in Beipiao county, Liaoning province, and considered to be a discovery in China. Based mainly on its salient features, a new genus —Liaobittacus gen. nov —is erected and its affinity and migration are also discussed.
Geological ‐ Geophysical ‐ Geochemical Exploration Models of Copper ‐ Iron Deposits in Southeastern Hubei1
Authors: Xuequan Guo
Published: August 2010

Abstract This paper discusses geological ‐ geophysical ‐ geochemical models of such typical deposits as the Tieshan ‐ type Fe‐Cu deposit, the Tonglushan ‐ type Cu ‐ Fe deposit, the Yehuaxiang ‐ type Cu deposit, the Jiguanzui‐type Cu ‐ Au deposit, and the Tongshankou ‐ type Cu(Mo) deposit. The models were established based on practical data of the polymetallic deposits dominated by copper ore in southeastern Hubei. These models, which are graphically illustrated in the paper, systematically summarize the metallogenic geological conditions and the geophysical‐geochemical characteristics of copper deposits in this area. The models are of practical significance for studying copper deposits, predicting mineral resources, choosing exploration methods, and searching for ore deposits based on existing ones in the study area.
Two Types of Archaean Grey Gneiss in North China and Their Geological Significance1,2
Authors: Renmin Wang
Published: August 2010

Abstract Grey gneisses are tonalitic intrusive rocks that have Archaean characteristics and tectonic significance. Archaean grey gneisses in North China may be classified into two types: the Zunhua type and the Hengshan type. Grey gneisses of the Zunhua type alternate with basic granulites, forming a bimodal migmatitic suite. The rock is characterized by complex mineral composition, highly varied REE patterns and positive Eu anomaly and originated from autochthonous or partly autochthonous deep ‐ level migmatization with a high degree (30% ±) of fusion. As the sub ‐ stratum in the root of the early ‐ stage high ‐ grade greenstone belt, they prevented basic rocks from sinking. Grey gneisses of the Hengshan type are characterized by a relatively distinct intrusion form, large ‐ amplitude upward emplacement, rather simple mineral composition, only slight changes of REE patterns and absence of Eu anomaly. The rock is a product of subduction and underthrusting of the high ‐ grade greenstone belt and then fusion and emplacement with a low degree (15% ±) of fusion. In this paper an attempt is made to furnish important information about palaeoplate tectonics and early crustal evolution by means of a study of grey gneisses.
A Genetic Model for Ore Magma of the Chibaisong Copper – Nickel Sulphide Deposit, Jilin
Authors: Debin Fu
Published: August 2010

Abstract In the early 1980's, the author proposed his view that copper ‐ nickel sulphide deposts are of ore magma origin. For more than ten years, this view has aroused attention of his colleagues at home and abroad. In this paper an attempt is made to deal with the genetic model for ore magma of copper ‐ nickel sulphide deposits in more details on the basis of geological, geochemical, petrophysico ‐ chemical and thermodynamic studies of the Chibaisong copper ‐ nickel sulphide deposit in the Changbai Mountains, Jilin province.
Cretaceous ‐ Eogene Ostracod Assemblages in Henan and Their Evolutionary Features
Authors: Shen Zhang
Published: August 2010

Abstract This paper studies a large number of Cretaceous‐Eogene ostracod fossils in the Meso‐Cenozoic Nanyang, Zhoukou, Rendian, Luoyang, Lingbao, Tantou and Kaifeng basins of Henan. Eight ostracod assemblages have been recognized. This paper discusses their geographical distribution and geological ages as well as their features and evolutional trends. Besides, it also deals with the palaeoclimate under which the various assemblages lived and the significance in petroleum exploration.
Discovery of Stolzite in China and Refinement of Its Crystal Structure
Authors: Keqin Xu , Jiyue Xue , Yang Ding , Guanglie Lü
Published: August 2010

Abstract Although stolzite was discovered in Yaogangxian, Hunan Province, China, in 1948, no formal report about this mineral has been published. Recently its crystal structure has been refined by means of the Rietveld method. The cell dimensions of the mineral are: a=b=0.544503(3) nm, c=1.20495(1)nm and α=β=γ=90°. The X, Y and Z coordinates of the atom O refined by the authors are 0.2637, 0.1137 and 0.0706, respectively. The length of the W‐O bond is 0.17826 nm and the angle of the O‐W‐O bound are 123° and 103° , respectively.
The Evolutionary History of Ore‐forming Processes of Metallic Ore Deposits in Northern Guangxi1
Authors: Yuchuan Chen , Jinwen Mao , Ping'an Wang
Published: August 2010

Abstract The northern Guangxi region is an important rare metal, rare earth metal and polymetallic metallogenic province. In the region there exist five metallogenic series and two metallogenic subseries, whose metallogenesis shows features of polycyclic spiral evolution throughout the geological history. As far as various cycles are concerned, mantle‐derived ore substances were reduced while crust‐derived ore substances increased from early to late times; in the whole geological evolutionary history, mantle‐derived substances decreased gradually while crust‐derived ones increased. Meanwhile ore element associations became more and more varied. In terms of space, mineralization migrated from the old basement outwards, i.e. from west to east during the Precambrian, and from north to south during the Phanerozoic, and again from east to west during the Yanshanian.
Continental‐Margin Structure of Northeast China and its Adjacent Areas
Authors: Kedong Tang , Ying Wang , Guoqi He , Ji'an Shao
Published: August 2010

Abstract The continental margin of Northeast China and its adjacent areas is composed of two tectonic belts. The inner belt is a collage made up of fragments resulting from breakup of an old land with the north part related to the evolution of the Palaeo‐Asian Ocean and the south part to the evolution of the Palaeo‐Pacific Ocean. The outer belt is a Mesozoic terrane, which is a mélange made up of fragments of the Late Palaeozoic to Early Mesozoic oceanic crust and the Late Mesozoic trench accumulations.

There existed another ocean—the Palaeo‐Pacific Ocean during the period from the closing of the Palaeo‐Asian Ocean to the opening of the modern Pacific Ocean or from the Devonian to Jurassic, and the ocean‐floor spreading of the Palaeo‐Pacific Ocean led to the formation of the above‐mentioned tectonic belts. The development of the strike‐slip fault system after the Late Jurassic and the formation of an epicontinental volcano‐plutonic rock belt in the Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary are attributed to the interaction between the modern Pacific plate and the Eurasian plate.
Rheological Regime of the Upper Mantle beneath the Taiwan Strait and Its Tectonic Significance1
Authors: Zhenmin Jin , Shuyan Jin , Green H.W. , Changling Ma
Published: August 2010

Abstract This paper deals with deformation textures and fabrics of mantle‐derived xenoliths and dislocation microstructures of olivine in the upper mantle in the Penghu Islands, Taiwan. According to the calculation of the chemical composition of xenolith minerals (pyroxene), the equilibrium temperatures and pressures were 986‐1116°C and 1.50‐2.60 GPa, respectively. Deformation events in the upper mantle may fall into three sequences: (1) uniform steady‐state flow deformation with high temperatures and low stresses, (2) shear flow deformation with high temperatures and relatively high stresses on diapiric margins of the upper mantle, and (3) extraction deformation of {110} glide bands with low temperatures and high strain rates. Deformation events and thermal structure of the upper mantle in the study area show that eastern Fujian and the Penghu Islands are characterized by very similar rheological properties of the upper mantle. Volcanism of basalts in the Penghu Islands is related to hot spots of the upper mantle under neath the Taiwan Strait, and diapirism and upwelling of the upper mantle are the dominant factors responsible for rifting of the continental margins in eastern China.
Fluid Inclusion Geochemistry of Metallic Ore Deposits in the South‐Central Sector of the Da Hinggan Mountains in China
Authors: Jifu Sheng , Dequan Zhang , Yan Li
Published: August 2010

Abstract: Physicochemical parameters of mineralization such as temperature, pressure, salinity, density, composition and boiling of ore fluids as well as pH, Eh, fo2 and reducing parameter in the process of mineralization of major ore deposits in the study district have been obtained by the authors through systematic observation and determination of characteristics and phase changes of fluid inclusions at different temperatures and analysis of gaseous and liquid phase compositions of the inclusions, thus providing a scientific basis for the division of mineralization‐alteration stages, types of mineral deposits and minerogenetic series and the deepening of the knowledge about the ore‐forming processes and mechanisms of mineral deposits. It is indicated that the deposits of the same type have similar fluid inclusion geochemical features and physicochemical parameters though they belong to different minerogenetic series, while the compositions of inclusions are not conditioned by deposit types but closely related to the minerogenetic series of deposits.
Evolution of Sedimentation and Tectonics of the Youjiang Composite Basin, South China
Authors: Yunfu Zeng , Wenjun Liu , Hongde Cheng , Rongcai Zheng , Jinquan Zhang , Xiaoquan Li , Tingcao Jiang
Published: August 2010

Abstract Located at the southern margin of the South China plate, the Youjiang basin is a closely related to the NW ‐ and NE ‐ trending syndepositional faults in respect to the configuration and structure of the basin. The evolution of the Youjiang basin progressed through two stages. In the Hercynian period, the opening of the Ailaoshan‐Honghe ocean basin gave rise to a number of NW ‐ trending rift belts in the Youjiang area. During this period, deep ‐ water sediments were dominant and the basin was possesed of the characteristics of the rift system of passive continental margins. In the early Indosinian after the Dongwu movement, the circum ‐ Pacific tectonism led to a major change in the configuration and structure of the basin. In the meantime, the Ailaoshan ocean basin began to be subducted towards the northeast, thus causing the basin to be split and expand again, and then the basin developed into the stage of the back ‐ arc basin. At the end of the Indosinian period, the basin gradually closed from east to west, thus ending up the history of development of the Youjiang basin. In the various developmental stages, sediments in the basin, also limited by the Dongwu movement, were formed by superposition of sedimentation systems with different features, and a typical two‐layered structure, which consisted of starved and compensated sediments, also occurred in the early stage. Likewise, volcanic activity in the basin involved two stages. Basin volcanic rocks of alkali and alkali ‐ calcic series, which were controlled by NW ‐ trending faults, occurred in the early stage, and basic and intermediate ‐ acid volcanic rocks of calc‐alkali and calcic series, which were controlled by NW ‐ and NE ‐ trending faults. From the above it follows that the Youjiang basin was formed by the combined action of the Palaeotethys and circum ‐ Pacific tectonism.
The Uplift of the Longmenshan Thrust Belt and Subsidence of the West Sichuan Foreland Basin
Authors: Shugen Liu , Zhili Luo , Sulan Dai , Arne Dennis , Wilson C.J.L.
Published: August 2010

Abstract Based on fission track dating of apatite, and measurement of vitrinite reflectance of rock samples from the Longmenshan (Longmen Mountain)area and the West Sichuan foreland basin and computer modelling it is concluded that (l)the Songpan‐Garzê fold belt has uplifted at least by 3‐4 km with an uplift rate of no less than 0.3‐0.4 mm/a since 10 Ma B.P.; (2) the Longmenshan thrust nappe belt has uplifted at least by 5‐6 km with an uplift rate of more than 0.5‐0.6 mm/a since 10 Ma B.P.; (3) the Longmenshan detachment belt has uplifted by 1‐2 km at a rate of 0.016‐0.032 mm/a since 60 Ma B.P.; (4) the West Sichuan foreland basin has uplifted by 1.7‐3 km at a rate of 0.028‐0.05 mm/a since 60 Ma B.P.; (5) the uplift rate of the area on the west side of the Beichuan‐Yingxiu‐Xiaoguanzi fault for the last 10 Ma is 40 times as much as that on its east side; (6) the uplifting of the the Songpan‐Garzê fold belt and the subsidence of the West Sichuan foreland basin 60 Ma ago exhibit a mirro‐image correlation, i.e. the rapid uplifting of the the Songpan‐Garzê fold belt was corresponding to the rapid subsidence of the basin; the Songpan‐Garzê fold belt has uplifted at a much greater rate than the West Sichuan foeland basin in the last 60 Majand (7) the palaeogeothermal gradient was 25°C/km in the West Sichuan foreland basin.
The Characteristics and Genetic Mechanism of Igneous Topazites in South China
Authors: Changshi Liu , Weizhou Shen , Dezi Wang
Published: August 2010

Abstract Igneous topazites found recently in South China are closely associated with F‐rich granites in time and space. They have a typical igneous porphyritic texture. The phenocrysts are topaz and quartz, while the groundmass consists mainly of prismatic or acicular topaz microlites and anhedral quartz. Compared with granites, topazites are rich in SiO2 (65.06%‐81.12% ) and Al2O3 (13.01% ‐18.09%) but poor in MgO and Na2O and strongly péraluminous with A/NKC = 3.204‐37.313. Geochemically, the rocks are evidently depleted in Sr and Ba, but enriched in Sn, W, Nb and F. The concentrations of Sn and partial W in the topazites are 1‐2 orders of magnitude higher than the average of acid rocks. The F‐riched granites related to the topazites in the area usually have much higher ISr (0.7103‐0.7460) and δ18OQ‰ (9.5‐14.24), but lower ǐNd(T) (‐4.8‐ 9.4). It suggests that the topazite is similar to S‐type granites in genesis. Hydroxylated silicate melt inclusions, consisting of several grains of quartz and aqueous fluids, have been found in the quartz phenocrysts. The entrapment temperature of these inclusions is about 520°C.
Sr and Nd Isotopic Characteristics and Magma Genesis of Mesozoic Volcanic Rocks Along the Coastal Region of Southeastern China
Authors: Huaimin Xue , Kuiyuan Tao , Jialin Shen
Published: August 2010

Abstract The Mesozoic volcanic rocks in the coastal region of southeastern China were superimposed on some different basement tectonic elements. The volcanic rocks developed in these different basement tectonic elements have great differences in Sr and Nd isotopic compositions. The rocks in western Zhejiang and northeastern Jiangxi Provinces which belong to the Lower Yangtze subplate have lower initial 87Sr/ 86Sr ratios, but are higher in initial Nd isotopic ratios. The initial 143Nd/ 144Nd values of the volcanic rocks developed in the Cathaysian subplate increase clearly from early to late in time, and from the core of the Wuyishan uplift coastwards constantly, but the initial 87Sr/86Sr values tend to decrease. The isotopic characteristics and their spatial variations in Mesozoic volcanic rocks in the study region are, to a great extent, manifestations of the isotopic characteristics in basement metamorphic complexes, and the generation of the Mesozoic acid magma in this region is attributed to the recycling of pre–existing crustal materials.
Lysionotus fengshanensis Yan Liu & D. X. Nong sp. nov. (Gesneriaceae) from Guangxi, China
Authors: Nong Dong‐Xin , Xu Wei‐Bin , Wu Wang‐Hui , Liu Yan
Published: August 2010

Lysionotus fengshanensis Yan Liu & D. X. Nong, a new species of Gesneriaceae from Guangxi, China, is described and illustrated. Lysionotus fengshanensis is very similar to L. longipedunculatus (W. T. Wang) W. T. Wang, but differs by the peduncle being 2–4 cm long and purple, corolla campanulate, 2.5–3.0 cm long, 1.5–1.7 cm in diameter at the mouth, filaments slightly geniculate near the middle, apex of filaments with gland and staminodes 3.
Adverse events to Houttuynia injection: A systematic review
Authors: Wang Li , Cui Xiaohua , Cheng Lan , Yuan Qiang , Li Tingqian , Li Youping , Deng Shaoling , Shang Hongcai , Bian Zhaoxiang
Published: August 2010

Objective To systematically assess the main clinical features of Houttuynia injection‐associated adverse drug reactions (ADRs), as described in published reports, and to contribute to the post‐marketing re‐evaluation and clinical practices of Houttuynia injection.

Method We searched the electronic databases‐ PubMed, EMBASE, the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), the Chinese Science and Technology Journal Full‐text Database (VIP) and the Chinese Biomedical Disc (CBMdisc), for articles published through June 2010. We then extracted and analyzed the data.

Results A total of 645 articles were included, with a total of 1232 ADR cases reported. Respiratory diseases accounted for 52.44% of all cases of Houttuynia injection ADRs, followed by reproductive system diseases (4.30%) and urinary system diseases (3.73%). Multiple systems or organs were involved in the ADRs, the top five were: respiratory system (37.42%), skin (34.66%), digestive system (25.49%), circulatory system (25.41%), and nervous system (23.96%). Serious systemic adverse reactions accounted for 22.56% of total ADRs. Of the reported 1,232 ADR cases, 286 ADR cases reported previous allergies in detail; allergy to penicillin accounted for 15.03% of the total cases with the allergic history, followed by unknown drugs (8.05%), and sulfonamides (3.15%). Among the ADR cases, Houttuynia injection was commonly used together with cephalosporins, penicillins, and macrolides. Macrolides combined with Houttuynia injection showed higher ADR risk than Houttuynia injection used alone (RR = 8.80, 95% CI 6.12 to 12.65, P < 0.0001). The ADR risk for intravenous injection of Houttuynia injection was higher than that of intramuscular injection (OR = 6.86, 95% CI 1.88 to 56.95, P= 0.0016). We used the WHO ADR Classification Criteria to divide the ADR cases into four grades. There were 22.56%, 36.28%, 16.48%, and 24.68% cases of Grade I, II, III, and IV, respectively. Anaphylactic shock accounted for 58.99% of the most serious ADRs (Grade I). All cases of death were caused by allergic shock, except one, who died of multiple organ failure caused by anaphylactic purpura. The fastest‐onset three ADR cases occurred in one minute after injection.

Conclusion The respiratory system was the most common system treated in Houttuynia injection ADR cases. It was also the most common site of ADR symptoms. The ADRs of Houttuynia injection were serious. The precautions should be taken to prevent the anaphylactic shock. Intravenous injection and the combination with with cephalosporins, penicillins, and macrolides increased the ADR risk of Houttuynia injection.
RISK‐BASED MULTIATTRIBUTE DECISION‐MAKING IN PROPERTY AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
Authors: PRATO TONY
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. Determining best management systems for properties and evaluating their sustainability at the watershed scale are useful and important aspects of integrated watershed management. Multiattribute decision‐making (MADM) is very useful for modeling the selection of best management systems for properties in a watershed. This paper reviews four MADM approaches including utility theory, surrogate worth tradeoff, free iterative search and stochastic dominance with respect to a function (SDWF). Emphasis is on determining how the first three methods could be used to determine the best (most preferred) combinations of attributes and associated management systems for a property. An application of the expected utility method with risk neutral preferences is presented in which farmer's preferences for five attributes are used to rank five farming systems for an agricultural watershed in Missouri. A framework is presented for assessing the sustainability of the best management systems for all properties in a watershed and the cost‐effectiveness of policies for enhancing sustainable resource management at the watershed scale.
A STATISTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR MONITORING FOREST ELEPHANTS
Authors: WALSH PETER D. , THIBAULT MARC , MIHINDOU YVES , IDIATA DANIEL , MBINA CHRISTIAN , WHITE LEE J.T.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT.All indications point to a rapid decline of forest elephants in Central Africa. But traditional forest elephant monitoring methods do not allow accurate estimation of the rate of decline, precise attribution of causes of the decline, or efficient assessment of management or policy actions designed to stem the decline. This paper describes a new, more powerful statistical framework for monitoring forest elephant trends. The framework combines a Markov model of temporal trends witha likelihood‐based description of spatial trends in elephant distribution. Using small survey segments, rather than total population size, as the unit of analysis allows the modeling of covariates that strongly influence density, but vary on a relatively small spatial scale. Modeling of spatial gradients in elephant distribution not only improves the power of temporal trend tests, but also provides muchmore insight into the causes of temporal trends than does an analysis of abundance alone. Likelihood‐based model selection procedures are advocated as a superior alternative to the classic hypothesis testing format. Data from an ongoing survey of the Gamba Complex of protected areas in Gabon are used to demonstrate how model selection procedures based on Akaike's information criterion can be implemented. Non‐parametric analysis of spatial autocorrelation is suggested as a means for detecting trends that are not associated with known covariates and for the identification of previously unknown covariates. Suggestions on other priorities for implementing forest elephant monitoring are discussed.
SINGULARLY PERTURBED REACTION‐DIFFUSION SYSTEMS IN CASES OF EXCHANGE OF STABILITIES
Authors: BUTUZOV V.F. , NEFEDOV N.N. , SCHNEIDER K.R.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. We study singularly perturbed elliptic and parabolic differential equations under the assumption that the associated equation has intersecting families of equilibria (exchange of stabilities). We prove by means of the method of asymptotic lower and upper solutions that the asymptotic behavior with respect to the small parameter changes near the curve of exchange of stabilities. The application of that result to systems modeling fast bimolecular reactions in a heterogeneous environment implies a transition layer (jumping behavior) of the reaction rate. This behavior has to be taken into account for identification problems in reaction systems.
THE CONVERSE OF HARTWICK'S RULE AND UNIQUENESS OF THE SUSTAINABLE PATH
Authors: CAIRNS ROBERT D. , YANG ZHAO
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. We provide a constructive proof of the converse of Hartwick's rule for a generalization of Solow's model with one capital good and one exhaustible resource. We also show that the sustainable path is unique.
DOES A RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCE USUALLY HAVE MANY NEAR‐OPTIMAL ALLOCATION PATHS?
Authors: ROWSE JOHN
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. Utilizing a deterministic single‐species computational renewable natural resource model, it is found that there exist many dynamic allocation paths near‐optimal to the efficient path, where the latter maximizes conventionally‐defined social welfare. Some alternative paths involve substantial trading of surplus over time among market participants and hold different implications for income distribution. Universality of findings cannot be asserted, but the results are intuitively plausible and suggest that multiple near‐optimal allocation paths may exist in related models as well. Existence of many near‐optimal paths holds significant implications for theory and policy.
A STUDY OF THE PROFITABILITY FOR AN OPTIMAL CONTROL PROBLEM WHEN THE SIZE OF THE DOMAIN CHANGES
Authors: MONTERO J.A.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. In this work we consider the increase in benefit for a control problem when the size of domain increases. Our control problem involves the study of the profitability of a biological growing species whose growth is confined to a bounded domain Ω? RN and is modeled by a logistic elliptic equation with different boundary conditions (Dirichlet or Neumann). The payoff‐cost functional considered, J, is of quadratic type. We prove that, under Dirichlet boundary conditions, the optimal benefit (sup J) increases when the domain ? increases. This is not true under Neumann boundary conditions.
SOFTWARE ENGINEERING CONSIDERATIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL‐BASED MODELS
Authors: ROPELLA GLEN E. , RAILSBACK STEVEN F. , JACKSON STEPHEN K.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. Software design is much more important for individual‐based models (IBMs) than it is for conventional models, for three reasons. First, the results of an IBM are the emergent properties of a system of interacting agents that exist only in the software; unlike analytical model results, an IBMs outcomes can be reproduced only by exactly reproducing its software implementation. Second, outcomes of an IBM are expected to be complex and novel, making software errors difficult to identify. Third, an IBM needs ‘systems software’ that manages populations of multiple kinds of agents, often has nonlinear and multi‐threaded process control and simulates a wide range of physical and biological processes. General software guidelines for complex models are especially important for IBMs. (1) Have code critically reviewed by several people. (2) Follow prudent release management prac‐tices, keeping careful control over the software as changes are implemented. (3) Develop multiple representations of the model and its software; diagrams and written descriptions of code aid design and understanding. (4) Use appropriate and widespread software tools which provide numerous major benefits; coding ‘from scratch’ is rarely appropriate. (5) Test the software continually, following a planned, multi‐level, exper‐imental strategy. (6) Provide tools for thorough, pervasive validation and verification. (7) Pay attention to how pseudorandom numbers are generated and used. Additional guidelines for IBMs include: (a) design the model's organization before starting to write code,(b) provide the ability to observe all parts of the model from the beginning,(c) make an extensive effort to understand how the model executes how often different pieces of code are called by which objects, and (d) design the software to resemble the system being mod‐eled, which helps maintain an understanding of the software. Strategies for meeting these guidelines include planning adequate resources for software development, using software professionals to implement models and using tools like Swarm that are designed specifically for IBMs.
MAXIMIN WITHOUT DISCOUNTING
Authors: CAIRNS ROBERT D.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. The context of the comment by Withagen et al. is explainedto show how they use discounting of future utilities in their objective. Utilitarian andmaximin objectives have different implications for the analysis of sustainability.
PERIODIC ENVIRONMENTS AND PERIODIC HARVESTING
Authors: BRAUER FRED , SÁNCHEZ DAVID A.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. We consider autonomous population models under periodic harvesting and population models in periodic environments and seek conditions under which there is an asymptotically stable periodic solution.
THE IMPACT OF SCARCITY AND ABUNDANCE IN FOOD CHAINS ON SPECIES POPULATION DYNAMICS
Authors: EICHNER THOMAS , PETHIG RÜDIGER
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. The population dynamics in a food chain are derived from a sequence of short‐run equilibria of an ecosystem where predator species demand prey biomass, supply own biomass to their predators and are assumed to behave as if they maximize net biomass intake. Introducing prices as scarcity indicators for the biomass of each species enables us to determine a short‐run ecosystem equilibrium guided by prices. Equilibrium regimes differ with respect to their mix of zero‐priced (= abundant) and positive‐priced (= scarce) species. The population dynamics turn out to vary with the prevailing equilibrium regime. Our analysis yields a richer and more complex population dynamics than the traditional predator‐prey dynamics of the Lotka‐Volterra type.
PARADIGM SHIFTS IN FISHERIES STOCK ASSESSMENT: FROM INTEGRATED ANALYSIS TO BAYESIAN ANALYSIS AND BACK AGAIN
Authors: MAUNDER MARK N.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. I describe integrated analysis and Bayesian analysis, which have been two of the most influential paradigms in fisheries stock assessment during the last two decades of the twentieth century. These two paradigms have generally been considered complementary, rather than competing. However, recent advances in integrated analysis, including the special case of meta‐analysis, have made Bayesian analysis somewhat redundant. I describe how data used to create priors for use in Bayesian analysis can be integrated directly into the analyses. This provides a much more convenient way of accurately including the information and associated uncertainty into the analyses. I discuss how there is still a need to describe the uncertainty and suggest that research should focus on the most appropriate methods for doing this.
CLIMATE CHANGE AND FISHERIES: ASSESSING THE ECONOMIC IMPACT IN ICELAND AND GREENLAND
Authors: ARNASON RAGNAR
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. . Climate changes in the 21st century are expected to significantly increase ocean temperatures and modify other oceanographic conditions in the North Atlantic. Marine biological research suggests that the impacts on the commercially most important fish stocks in the Icelandic‐Greenland ecosystem may well be quite substantial. This will obviously lead to a corresponding impact on the economies of these two countries. However, the timing, extent and biological impact of global warming is quite uncertain. As a result the economic impact is similarly uncertain.

This paper attempts to provide estimates of the impact of altered fish stocks due to global warming on the Icelandic and Greenland economies. The approach is one of stochastic simulations. This involves essentially three steps. The first is to obtain predictions of the impact of global warming on fish stocks and the associated probability distribution. For this we rely on recent marine biological predictions. The second step is to estimate the role of the fisheries sector in the two economies. This is done with the help of modern econometric techniques based on economic growth theory and historical data. Obviously these estimates are also subject to stochastic errors and uncertainty. The third step is to carry out Monte Carlo simulations on the basis of the above model and the associated uncertainties. The result of the Monte Carlo simulations consists of a set of dynamic paths for GDP over time with an expected value and a probability distribution for each future year. On this basis it is possible to calculate confidence intervals for the most likely path of GDP over time.

The results indicate that the fisheries impact of global warming on the Icelandic GDP is more likely to be positive than negative but unlikely to be of significant magnitude compared to historical economic growth rates and fluctuations. The uncertainty of this prediction, however, is large. For Greenland, the impact on fish stocks and the GDP is highly likely to be positive and quite substantial relative to the current GDP. Due to less knowledge of the relationship between the fisheries sector and the Greenland economy, however, the confidence interval of this prediction is even wider than in the case of Iceland.
OPTIMAL CONTROL OF BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS IN LAKE NETWORKS
Authors: POTAPOV ALEXEI B. , LEWIS MARK A. , FINNOFF DAVID C.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. A metapopulation model for alien species invasion of a lake network is coupled with an economic model of prevention. The model restates a stochastic problem in deterministic terms. It provides a macroscopic description of the lake network with prevention methods controlling both the outflow of invaders at infected lakes and the inflow of invaders at uninfected lakes. Results indicate that optimal control implements no more than one of these methods at any moment in time. Typical optimal control measures change over time as the lake ecosystem becomes successively more invaded. Early control of outflow from infected lakes is replaced by later control of inflow to remaining uninfected lakes. Closed‐loop control trajectories are analytically characterized in the phase‐plane for a limiting case, while in general a simple and stable numerical algorithm is developed for solving the optimal control problem.

This research has been supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation (DEB 02–13698). The second author acknowledges support from Canada Research Chair, an NSERC Collaborative Research Opportunity grant, and an NSERC Discovery grant.
WITHIN‐GENERATIONAL AND DIVERSITY‐DEPENDENT EFFECTS IN AN INDIVIDUAL‐BASED MODEL OF PREDATOR‐PREY INTERACTION
Authors: CHIVERS W.J. , HERBERT R.D. , GLADSTONE W.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. In this paper we report the use of an individual‐based model of predator‐prey interaction to explore the effects of “within generational” and ‘between generational’ updating of a system level variable. We also report the importance of diversity within the simulated populations. Our findings support those of Grimm and Uchmánski [1994] in regard to the importance of the timing of system level variables, and support Grimm and Uchmañski and others in regard to the importance of the level of diversity across the population. The significance of these findings is emphasized by the fundamental differences between our model and that of Grimm and Uchmánski in regard to the assumptions made about resource flow in the system.

This paper was presented at the 2004 Research Modeling Association World Conference on Natural Resource Modeling in Melbourne, Australia.
Survivin Reads Phosphorylated Histone H3 Threonine 3 to Activate the Mitotic Kinase Aurora B
Authors: Kelly Alexander E. , Ghenoiu Cristina , Xue John Z. , Zierhut Christian , Kimura Hiroshi , Funabiki Hironori
Published: August 2010

Location, Location, Location

Cell division is orchestrated by a complex signaling pathway that ensures the correct segregation of newly replicated chromosomes to the two daughter cells. The pathway is controlled in part by restricting the activity of critical regulators to specific subcellular locations. For example, the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) is recruited to chromosomes during mitosis where it oversees kinetochore activity and cytokinesis (see Perspective by

Musacchio

).

Wang
et al.

(p.
231
, published online 12 August),

Kelly
et al.

(p.
235
, published online 12 August), and

Yamagishi
et al.

(p.
239
) now show that the phosphorylation of the chromatin protein, histone H3, acts to bring the CPC to chromosomes, thereby activating its aurora B kinase subunit. The Survivin subunit of CPC binds specifically to phosphorylated H3, with the phosphorylation at centromeres being carried out by the mitosis-specific kinase, haspin. Furthermore, Bub1 phosphorylation of histone H2A recruits shugoshin, a centromeric CPC adapter. Thus, these two histone marks in combination define the inner centromere.
ASYMPTOTIC PROPERTIES OF MASS SPECTRUM IN 'T HOOFT'S MODEL OF MESONS
Authors: ZIYATDINOV ISKANDER
Published: August 2010

We study 't Hooft's equation for bound states in two-dimensional multicolor QCD. We consider the case of quarks with equal masses. We derive asymptotic expansions for the spectrum of mesons in different regimes and study their properties.
NUMERICAL TREATMENT OF DAMAGE PROPAGATION IN AXIALLY COMPRESSED COMPOSITE AIRFRAME PANELS
Authors: BALZANI CLAUDIO , WAGNER WERNER
Published: August 2010

In the design phase of stringer-stiffened composite airframe panels, it is a key issue to exploit material reserves as far as possible to create lighter and safer aircraft. A recent approach is to apply postbuckling design — standard for metallic panels — also to composite parts. This work focusses on the development of a simulation procedure which accurately predicts the postbuckling response of composite panels while accounting for damage propagation. For this purpose we employ a robust shell element formulation which allows for arbitrary stacking sequences as well as a variable location of the reference plane. A ply discount model is incorporated to account for intralaminar damage growth. The cohesive zone approach is implemented in a so-called interface element to predict interlaminar damage growth, respective skin–stringer separation. The numerical model is validated via a numerical example with experimental evidence.
METAMODELING METHODOLOGY FOR POSTBUCKLING SIMULATION OF DAMAGED COMPOSITE STIFFENED STRUCTURES WITH PHYSICAL VALIDATION
Authors: KALNINS KASPARS , RIKARDS ROLANDS , AUZINS JANIS , BISAGNI CHIARA , ABRAMOVICH HAIM , DEGENHARDT RICHARD
Published: August 2010

A metamodeling methodology has been proposed for postbuckling simulation of stiffened composite structures with integrated degradation scenarios. The presence of artificial damage between the outer skin and stiffeners has been simulated as softening of the material properties in predetermined regions of the structure. The proposed methodology for the fast design procedure of axially or torsionally loaded stiffened composite structures is based on response surface methodology (RSM) and design and analysis of computer experiments (DACE). Numerical analyses have been parametrically sampled by means of the ANSYS/LS-DYNA probabilistic design toolbox extracting the load-shortening response curves in the preselected domain of interest. These response curves have been simplified using piecewise linear approximation identifying the buckling and postbuckling stiffness ratios along with the values of the skin and the stiffener buckling loads. Three stiffened panel designs and a closed box structure with preselected damage scenarios have been elaborated and validated with the tests performed within the COCOMAT project. The resulting design procedure provides a time-effective design tool for preliminary study and for elaboration of the optimum design guidelines for composite stiffened structures with material degradation restraints.
CYCLIC BUCKLING TESTS OF PRE-DAMAGED CFRP STRINGER-STIFFENED PANELS
Authors: WILCKENS DIRK , DEGENHARDT RICHARD , ROHWER KLAUS , ZIMMERMANN ROLF , KEPKE MARKUS , HILDEBRANDT BERND , ZIPFEL ARY
Published: August 2010

Experimental results obtained from cyclic buckling and postbuckling tests of pre-damaged stiffened CFRP panels are presented in this paper. This work was conducted within the COCOMAT project funded by the EU with the objective of contributing to the reduction of structural weight at safe design. COCOMAT was targeted at establishing a new design scenario for composite stiffened panels which are understood as part of an aircraft fuselage. This design scenario aimed at exploiting considerable reserves in the load carrying capacity in fiber composite fuselage structures by accurate simulation of collapse. The project results cover an experimental database, improved slow and fast computational tools, as well as design guidelines. A reliable simulation of the collapse load requires taking degradation into account. For the validation of the tools, a sound database of experiments is needed which gives information about the progress of damage during the loading process. In this context, the present paper focuses on the investigation of pre-damaged stringer-stiffened panels under cyclic axial compression. A set of four panels of the same design was split into two variants which differ only in the position of an artificial Teflon disbond beneath a stringer. One panel of each variant was tested statically until collapse in one step as reference, while the other panel was tested cyclically with different amplitudes. Before the test, all test structures were assessed by ultrasonic inspection and the geometric imperfections were measured. During the test, advanced measurement systems such as the ARAMIS system for the measurement of the buckling pattern and thermography for monitoring the skin-stringer separation were utilized in addition to strain gauge measurements and the record of the load shortening data. The test structures, their preparations for testing, the buckling test facility, and the measurement systems used are described. The test results as to the influence of the cyclic loading on the damage progression in the skin-stringer connection are presented and discussed.
Vagal nerve stimulation protects against burn-induced intestinal injury through activation of enteric glia cells
Authors: Costantini Todd W. , Bansal Vishal , Krzyzaniak Michael , Putnam James G. , Peterson Carrie Y. , Loomis William H. , Wolf Paul , Baird Andrew , Eliceiri Brian P. , Coimbra Raul
Published: August 2010

The enteric nervous system may have an important role in modulating gastrointestinal barrier response to disease through activation of enteric glia cells. In vitro studies have shown that enteric glia activation improves intestinal epithelial barrier function by altering the expression of tight junction proteins. We hypothesized that severe injury would increase expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a marker of enteric glial activation. We also sought to define the effects of vagal nerve stimulation on enteric glia activation and intestinal barrier function using a model of systemic injury and local gut mucosal involvement. Mice with 30% total body surface area steam burn were used as model of severe injury. Vagal nerve stimulation was performed to assess the role of parasympathetic signaling on enteric glia activation. In vivo intestinal permeability was measured to assess barrier function. Intestine was collected to investigate changes in histology; GFAP expression was assessed by quantitative PCR, by confocal microscopy, and in GFAP-luciferase transgenic mice. Stimulation of the vagus nerve prevented injury-induced intestinal barrier injury. Intestinal GFAP expression increased at early time points following burn and returned to baseline by 24 h after injury. Vagal nerve stimulation prior to injury increased GFAP expression to a greater degree than burn alone. Gastrointestinal bioluminescence was imaged in GFAP-luciferase transgenic animals following either severe burn or vagal stimulation and confirmed the increased expression of intestinal GFAP. Injection of S-nitrosoglutathione, a signaling molecule released by activated enteric glia cells, following burn exerts protective effects similar to vagal nerve stimulation. Intestinal expression of GFAP increases following severe burn injury. Stimulation of the vagus nerve increases enteric glia activation, which is associated with improved intestinal barrier function. The vagus nerve may mediate the signaling that occurs from the central nervous system to the enteric nervous system following gastrointestinal injury.