bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘KUASA ATAS RUANG PEMBEBASAN’: THE RESILIENCE OFWOMEN IN SASAK CULTURE
Authors: Wijayanti Lucky
Published: May 2020

The Sasak tribe on Lombok island - West Nusa Tenggara, have traditional values and are applied through the social structure of their communities in daily life. Some existing customary values place women in irreplaceable positions. Even so, the existence of financial needs makes them work abroad as laborers, which indirectly results in the occurrence of divorce and early marriage. This is a problem for Sasak women in terms of survival in the Sasak culture. An ethnographic approach derived from Malinowski, the opinion of Svasek, and the value system framework from Kluckhohn are used in this study. This research concludes that art activities are the livelihoods of Sasak women while at the same time functioning as a 'liberation room' for them to express themselves.
INDONESIAN CULINARY: NEGOTIATING THE VISUAL AND GUSTATORY PERCEPTION
Authors: Sondakh Sonya Indriati
Published: May 2020

As it concerns the sense of sight, visual culture puts its focus on everything of visual nature. Specific for food, visual culture has played an important role in the development of culinary culture. Corresponding to the rising of visual turn, visual perception has earned its specific role in culinary scene. Regarding this research, it is of great importance to recognise that food has both the visual and gustatory side. Visual relates to the aesthetic side, which is about its visual appearance and gustatory side is about the taste. In food industry led by the Western world with its famous chefs, visual perception is key. When food is served in high-end premises or special places for tourism purpose, visual perception is significant. For Indonesia, one of the tourist attractions is the regional food. Indonesian regional foods certainly have its own unique appearance, but are they acceptable for international culinary standard? Do Indonesian regional foods need to change their visual appearances in accordance with the requirement of the international standard? Using food images taken from the Internet, this article delves into the opposition and negotiation of visual and gustatory perception.
CHARACTER GESTURE COMPARISON ON TIMUN MAS ANIMATION MADE BY DRS SUYADI AND TIMUN MAS ANIMATION MADE BY BENING STUDIO
Authors: Amboro Yudi , Adityayoga Adityayoga
Published: May 2020

Animation is one of the flagship products of creative industry which grow rapidly, under Bekraf (Indonesian Creative Economy Board) film, animation, and video sub sector. The high quantity of animation production in Indonesia can be shown through several animation projects which currently still in production stage or already circulated, whether in the form of serialization for TV or in the form of movie on silver screen. Therefore, the study of animation made in Indonesia nowadays is needed more than before. As an art form, animation is also a media that can be deconstructed for each of its aspect, historically, socially, theoretically, and critically. Animation in its visual form is using various element and technique that common in visual media design. This technique historically can be look down to past media that already used before the advent of animation. One of the important visual elements of animation film is visual character element. Visual character is an embodiment of characterization from the scenario. The embodiment done through the design of visual character that made to facilitate the movement in order to make audience understand the story. Character design and its movement in animation through the detail planning must be able to show its personality. In order to show it, the designer uses various technique and methods such as: acting and expression which achieved through character visualization of gesture, movement, voice and other form of body language. Many form of that character visual expression not only used for delivering the story but also to convey meaning to audience. One of the popular genres of animation made in Indonesia is a fairytale (dongeng) animation. Fairytale animation derives its story from folklore (cerita rakyat) of Indonesia. Though it is a misconception the folklore is considered as children friendly story therefore deemed appropriate to be used as animation story for children. One of the popular folklore or fairytale stories that often adapted for animation is Timun Mas story. This animation character gesture study hopefully can be considered as the way to enriching the study of animation as media in Indonesia and in the end can be use to further study of methods and process of character design in animation.
TRANSFER OF VEHICLES SI JUKI'S INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTSFROM COMICS TO ANIMATION
Authors: Kurniawan Ehwan
Published: May 2020

Transfer of vehicles is removal and alteration. In a broader meaning, this term can even include the conversion of various types of science into works of art. Intellectual Property Rights are rights granted to the creators of Intellectual Property and include trademarks, copyrights, patents, industrial rights, and in some jurisdictional trade secrets. Art works including music and literature, as well as inventions, words, expressions, symbols, and designs can all be protected as intellectual property. Comics (noun) plural form, used with a single verb. Pictures and other symbols that are overlap (close together, next to each other) in sequentially thing, to provide information and/or achieve aesthetic responses from readers. Animation is a two-dimensional image or three-dimensional model that seems to move, because of the brain's ability to always save/remember images that were seen before. To enjoy the animation how to move a collection of images that are displayed sequentially with a certain speed that creates the impression of moving from the image.
Computational Vision
Authors: Mallot Hanspeter A.
Published: May 2020

This text provides an introduction to computational aspects of early vision, in particular, color, stereo, and visual navigation. It integrates approaches from psychophysics and quantitative neurobiology, as well as theories and algorithms from machine vision and photogrammetry. When presenting mathematical material, it uses detailed verbal descriptions and illustrations to clarify complex points. The text is suitable for upper-level students in neuroscience, biology, and psychology who have basic mathematical skills and are interested in studying the mathematical modeling of perception.

Bradford Books imprint
Exploring Science
Authors: Klahr David
Published: May 2020

Einstein said that "the whole of science is nothing more than a refinement of everyday thinking." David Klahr suggests that we now know enough about cognition—and hence about everyday thinking—to advance our understanding of scientific thinking. In this book he sets out to describe the cognitive and developmental processes that have enabled scientists to make the discoveries that comprise the body of information we call "scientific knowledge."

Over the past decade Klahr and his colleagues have conducted extensive laboratory experiments in which they create discovery contexts, computer-based environments, to evoke the kind of thinking characteristic of scientific discovery in the "real world." In attempting to solve the problems posed by the discovery tasks, experiment participants (from preschoolers through university students, as well as laypersons) use many of the same higher-order cognitive processes used by practicing scientists. Through this work Klahr integrates two disparate approaches—the content-based approach and the process-based approach—to present a comprehensive model of the psychology of scientific discovery.

Bradford Books imprint
Intelligent Behavior in Animals and Robots
Authors: Mcfarland David , Bösser Tom
Published: May 2020

This exciting study explores the novel insight, based on well-established ethological principles, that animals, humans, and autonomous robots can all be analyzed as multi-task autonomous control systems.

Intelligence takes many forms. This exciting study explores the novel insight, based on well-established ethological principles, that animals, humans, and autonomous robots can all be analyzed as multi-task autonomous control systems. Biological adaptive systems, the authors argue, can in fact provide a better understanding of intelligence and rationality than that provided by traditional AI.

In this technically sophisticated, clearly written investigation of robot-animal analogies, McFarland and Bösser show that a bee's accuracy in navigating on a cloudy day and a moth's simple but effective hearing mechanisms have as much to teach us about intelligent behavior as human models. In defining intelligent behavior, what matters is the behavioral outcome, not the nature of the mechanism by which the outcome is achieved. Similarly, in designing robots capable of intelligent behavior, what matters is the behavioral outcome.

McFarland and Bösser address the problem of how to assess the consequences of robot behavior in a way that is meaningful in terms of the robot's intended role, comparing animal and robot in relation to rational behavior, goal seeking, task accomplishment, learning, and other important theoretical issues.

Bradford Books imprint
A role for fat precursors in the marrow
Authors: Ono Noriaki
Published: May 2020

A group of cells that can become adipocytes controls the formation of blood vessels in the bone marrow, and also regulates the differentiation of resident mesenchymal progenitor cells.
Estimation of Maximum Cycle Temperature and Pressure Ratio for Optimum Design and Operations of Gas Turbine Power Plant
Authors: Bassey Joseph Benedict , Odesola Isaac F. , Asobinonwu Dennis A.
Published: May 2020

Aims: The performance of gas turbine is influenced by a number of factors which may be classified under three main headings: design limiting conditions, environmental dependent conditions and system respond condition. The design limiting conditions have been found to have influenced gas turbine performance most. In this study, two design limiting conditions (pressure ratio and maximum cycle temperature) were evaluated and estimated for optimal design and operations of gas turbine.

Study Design: Hierarchical order in selecting the two design condition parameters was proposed.

Methodology: Steady state energy and exergy concept was used to model the behavior of the plant.

Results: Result obtained indicated that at maximum cycle temperature of 1173K, 1273K, 1373K, 1473K, 1573K, and 1673K,maximum pressure ratio for optimal performance were 19, 24, 29, 36, 44 and 51 respectively.

Conclusion: These results provide insight into the performance behavior of gas turbine and also serve as a guide for operations and design optimization.
The Burden and Socio-demographic Differentials of Malaria Infection among Asymptomatic School Children in Gombe State, Nigeria
Authors: Danjin Mela , Adewoye Solomon O. , Sawyerr Henry O.
Published: May 2020

Background: As a foremost disease of public health significance, malaria has wrecked untold havoc among children and pregnant women in developing countries with Africa and Nigeria being worst affected.

Objective: This study was aimed at documenting the prevalence and socio-demographic differences in the pattern of malaria infection among asymptomatic primary school children in Gombe state, Nigeria.

Methodology: Using a cross sectional study design 745 pupils aged 6 to 15 years were assessed from March to June 2019. The subjects were selected from 12 public and 6 private schools in 6 Local Government Areas (LGAs) of the state, using multi-stage sampling technique. Malaria rapid diagnostic test (mRDT) kits were deployed in screening the subjects for malaria parasites positivity or otherwise. Data was analyzed using IBM SPSS version 21 analytical software. And the findings were presented in tables and charts. Proportions were compared using chi square, with alpha significance level set at 0.05.

Results: The mean age of the participants was 9.96±2.26 and 379 (50.9%) of them were boys while the rest 366 (49.1%) were girls (about 1:1 male-female sex ratio). A total of 101 (13.6%) of the 745 school children screened yielded positive to malaria rapid diagnostic test (mRDT), with children from the public primary schools being significantly (p=0.000) more affected than their counterparts in the private schools (18.2% vs. 4.1%). Though male children were more affected by malaria, the difference was not statistically significant (15.0% vs. 12.0%, P=0.229). Similarly, significantly higher proportion (p=0.000) of pupils from the rural schools were affected  and were about three times more at risk of malaria (OR=3.362, CI: 2.169-5.212) than their urban counterparts (22.4% vs. 7.9%). Low academic performance was found to be associated with malaria infection (p=0.012). Other socio-demographic factors associated with malaria  infection among the pupils include; senatorial district, family size, source of parental care, tribe etc. However, from the evidence of this study there was no significant association between  the prevalence of malaria infection and birth order, age group and gender of the school children.

Conclusion: In view of the high and disproportionate distribution of the burden of malaria among the subjects, it is hereby recommended that concerned authorities should include primary schools in the design and implementation of malaria control/ elimination programmes.
Increased gene translation stringency in mammalian cells by nonsense suppression at multiple permissive sites with a single noncanonical amino acid
Authors: Kadunc Lucija , Svetličič Maja , Forstnerič Vida , Hafner Bratkovič Iva , Jerala Roman
Published: May 2020

The considerable potential of engineered cells compels the development of strategies for the stringent control of gene expression. A promising approach is the introduction of a premature stop codon (PTC) into a selected gene that is expressed only in the presence of noncanonical amino acids through nonsense suppression. Here, different strategies of amber PTC readthrough in mammalian cells were tested. The use of a tRNA synthetase together with a TAG codon‐specific tRNA achieved PTC readthrough depending on the addition of a noncanonical amino acid (4‐benzoyl‐L‐phenylalanine; Bpa). While single TAG codon incorporation exhibited detectable expression of the reporter protein even in the absence of Bpa, the use of a double PTC enabled virtually leakage‐free functional gene translation. The introduction of an additional 5′‐PTC, therefore, represents a generally applicable strategy to increase stringency in gene translation.
Hierarchically Textured Oleophobic Internal Coatings that Facilitate Drag Reduction of Viscous Oils in Macroscopic Laminar Flow
Authors: Cool Nicholas , Douglas Lacey , Gupta Subodh , Banerjee Sarbajit
Published: May 2020

For transportation of hydrocarbon liquids via pipelines, reducing the frictional forces between internal walls and viscous oils through modification of the interfacial surface chemistry and topography represents a key imperative, enabling viscous oil flow at lower temperatures while mitigating the need for diluents. Although drag reduction of aqueous flows in lithographically patterned microchannels has been widely explored, herein drag reduction of oil flows within macroscopic tubing spanning several feet in length is demonstrated. Multiscale texturation is derived from the introduction of micron‐sized pits during electroless deposition of nickel and is augmented by nanoscale texturation derived from the incorporation of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) beads within the coating. Further functionalization with a monolayer of 1H,1H,2H,2H‐perfluorooctanephosphonic acid yields a surface that is not wetted by water or viscous oils, yielding 17% drag reduction under laminar flow for castor oil and a slip length that approaches 329 μm. The results demonstrate a promising solution for obtaining robust plastronic architectures embedded within the inner walls of macroscopic tubing. The performance of such coatings is constrained primarily by the robustness of plastrons and molecular properties of the flow liquid with the latter modifying the solid/liquid interface energy as a result of surface adsorption.
Highly Stable and Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells with 22.0% Efficiency Based on Inorganic–Organic Dopant‐Free Double Hole Transporting Layers
Authors: Liu Chang , Zhang Luozheng , Li Yan , Zhou Xianyong , She Suyang , Wang Xingzhu , Tian Yanqin , Jen Alex K. Y. , Xu Baomin
Published: May 2020

Most of the high performance in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have only been achieved with two organic hole transporting materials: 2,2′,7,7′‐tetrakis(N,N‐di‐p‐methoxyphenylamine)‐9,9‐spirobifluorene (Spiro‐OMeTAD) and poly(triarylamine) (PTAA), but their high cost and low stability caused by the hygroscopic dopant greatly hinder the commercialization of PSCs. One effective alternative to address this problem is to utilize inexpensive inorganic hole transporting layer (i‐HTL), but obtaining high efficiency via i‐HTLs has remained a challenge. Herein, a well‐designed inorganic–organic double HTL is constructed by introducing an ultrathin polymer layer dithiophene‐benzene (DTB) between CuSCN and Au contact. This strategy not only enhances the hole extraction efficiency through the formation of cascaded energy levels, but also prevents the degradation of CuSCN caused by the reaction between CuSCN and Au electrode. Furthermore, the CuSCN layer also promotes the formation of a pinhole‐free and compact DTB over layer in the CuSCN/DTB structure. Consequently, the PSCs fabricated with this CuSCN/DTB layer achieves the power conversion efficiency of 22.0% (certified: 21.7%), which is among the top efficiencies for PSCs based on dopant‐free HTLs. Moreover, the fabricated PSCs exhibit high light stability under more than 1000 h of light illumination and excellent environmental stability at high temperature (85 °C) or high relative humidity (>60% RH).
Negatively Charged Nanosheets Significantly Enhance the Energy‐Storage Capability of Polymer‐Based Nanocomposites
Authors: Bao Zhiwei , Hou Chuangming , Shen Zhonghui , Sun Haoyang , Zhang Genqiang , Luo Zhen , Dai Zhizhan , Wang Chengming , Chen Xiaowei , Li Liangbin , Yin Yuewei , Shen Yang , Li Xiaoguang
Published: May 2020

Polymer‐based dielectric materials play a key role in advanced electronic devices and electric power systems. Although extensive research has been devoted to improve their energy‐storage performances, it is a great challenge to increase the breakdown strength of polymer nanocomposites in terms of achieving high energy density and good reliability under high voltages. Here, a general strategy is proposed to significantly improve their breakdown strength and energy storage by adding negatively charged Ca2Nb3O10 nanosheets. A dramatically enhanced breakdown strength (792 MV m−1) and the highest energy density (36.2 J cm−3) among all flexible polymer‐based dielectrics are observed in poly(vinylidene fluoride)‐based nanocomposite capacitors. The strategy generalizability is verified by the similar substantial enhancements of breakdown strength and energy density in polystyrene‐based nanocomposites. Phase‐field simulations demonstrate that the further enhanced breakdown strength is ascribed to the local electric field, produced by the negatively charged Ca2Nb3O10 nanosheets sandwiched with the positively charged polyethyleneimine, which suppresses the secondary impact‐ionized electrons and blocks the breakdown path in nanocomposites. The results demonstrate a new horizon of high‐energy‐density flexible capacitors.
Atmosphere‐Mediated Scalable and Durable Biphilicity on Rationally Designed Structured Surfaces
Authors: Yan Xiao , Chen Feng , Zhang Xueqian , Qin Yimeng , Zhao Chongyan , Sett Soumyadip , Cha Hyeongyun , Hoque Muhammad Jahidul , Zhao Fulong , Huang Zhiyong , Miljkovic Nenad
Published: May 2020

Biphilic surfaces having spatially distinct wetting have the potential to enable a plethora of applications ranging from fog harvesting, microfluidics, advanced manufacturing, and pumpless fluid transfer. However, complex and costly fabrication along with poor durability have hindered the widespread utilization of biphilic surfaces. Here, hierarchical biphilic micro/nanostructured surfaces passively functionalized by the atmosphere are demonstrated as a platform to create scalable and abrasion‐resistant biphilic interfaces. Biphilic hierarchical copper oxide (CuO) nanowires are fabricated on copper substrates via laser ablation followed by thermal oxidation. The surfaces spontaneously become globally superhydrophobic and locally hydrophilic due to the adsorption of airborne volatile organic compounds on the ultrahigh surface energy CuO nanowires. The curvature‐dependent spatial variation in nanowire morphology enables local roughness variation and wetting contrast without the need for selective functionalization. Coalescence‐induced droplet jumping and water vapor condensation experiments demonstrate global superhydrophobicity with discrete local hydrophilicity. In addition to enhanced fog harvesting rates, the surfaces are demonstrated to have repeatable self‐healing function with enhanced abrasion resistance compared to single‐tier structured surfaces. The work not only develops a facile method of fabricating scalable biphilic surfaces via nanoscale structure variation and atmosphere‐mediated surface modification, but also provides insights into the role of wetting contrast on droplet dynamics.
Nanoscale Molecular Building Blocks for Layer‐by‐Layer Assembly
Authors: Choi Shinyoung , Nguyen Nguyen Ngan , Lee Yangjin , Yang Seong‐Jun , Kim Kwanpyo , Cho Kilwon , Kim Cheol‐Joo
Published: May 2020

Ultrathin molecular films can be used as building blocks to enable rational design of functionalities at the molecular level. A versatile and scalable approach to fabricate transfer‐compatible ultrathin molecular films with a broad range of physiochemical properties is reported. Different molecules in layers of uniform nanoscale thickness are deposited on monolayer hexagonal boron nitride (ML h‐BN) film. Initially, the deposited molecules form islands due to limited molecular diffusion during deposition on ML h‐BN, but postannealing effectively transforms them to the thermodynamically preferred film structures. Ultrathin building blocks composed of ML h‐BN and different molecules (C60, pentacene, C44H32N2) are realized, then transferred layer‐by‐layer (L‐by‐L) to form materials with precisely controlled composition and thickness, including donor/acceptor superlattices. This approach can facilitate the integration of nanoscale molecules with different material platforms for advanced functionalities.
Leaf margins in a deciduous lineage from the Greater Cape Floristic Region track climate in unexpected directions
Authors: Frye Henry A. , Mocko Kerri , Moore Timothy E. , Schlichting Carl D. , Jones Cynthia S.
Published: May 2020

Premise

The functional significance of leaf margins has long been debated. In this study, we explore influences of climate, leaf lobing, woodiness, and shared evolutionary history on two leaf margin traits within the genus Pelargonium.

Methods

Leaves from 454 populations of Pelargonium (161 species) were collected in the Greater Cape Floristic Region and scored for tooth presence/absence and degree of lobing. Tooth density (number of teeth per interior perimeter distance) was calculated for a subset of these. We compared five hypotheses to explain tooth presence and density using mixed effect models.

Results

Tooth presence/absence was best predicted by the interaction of leaf lobing and mean annual temperature (MAT), but often in patterns opposite those previously reported: species were more likely to be toothed with warmer temperatures, particularly for unlobed and highly lobed leaves. In contrast, tooth density was best predicted by the interaction of MAT and the season of most rain; density declines with temperature as consistent with expectations, but only in winter‐rain dominated areas. Woody and nonwoody species within Pelargonium have similar associations between tooth presence/absence and MAT, contrary to the expectation that patterns within nonwoody species would be insignificant.

Conclusions

We conclude Pelargonium leaf margins show predictable responses to climate, but these responses are complex and can contradict those found for global patterns across plant communities.
Identifying the Transfer Kinetics of Adsorbed Hydroxyl as a Descriptor of Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Mao Baoguang , Sun Pingping , Jiang Yan , Meng Tao , Guo Donglei , Qin Jinwen , Cao Minhua
Published: May 2020

The key descriptor that dominates the kinetics of the alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) has not yet been unequivocally identified. Herein, we focus on the adsorbed hydroxyl (OHad) transfer process (OHad + e− ⇄ OH−) and reveal its crucial role in promoting the overall kinetics of alkaline HER based on Ni/Co‐modified MoSe2 model catalysts (Ni‐MoSe2 and Co‐MoSe2) that feature almost identical water dissociation and hydrogen adsorption energies, but evidently different activity trends in alkaline (Ni‐MoSe2 ≫ Co‐MoSe2) and acidic (Co‐MoSe2 ≥ Ni‐MoSe2) media. Experimental and theoretical calculation results demonstrate that tailoring MoSe2 with Ni not only optimizes the hydroxyl adsorption, but also promotes the desorption of OH− and the electron‐involved conversion of OHad to OH−, all of which synergistically accelerate the kinetics of OHad + e− ⇄ OH− and thereby the overall kinetics of the alkaline HER.
Ultrastable Surface‐Dominated Pseudocapacitive Potassium Storage Enabled by Edge‐Enriched N‐Doped Porous Carbon Nanosheets
Authors: Xu Fei , Zhai Yixuan , Zhang En , Liu Qianhui , Jiang Guangshen , Xu Xiaosa , Qiu Yuqian , Liu Xiaoming , Wang Hongqiang , Kaskel Stefan
Published: May 2020

The development of ultrastable carbon materials for potassium storage poses key limitations caused by the huge volume variation and sluggish kinetics. Nitrogen‐enriched porous carbons have recently emerged as promising candidates for this application; however, rational control over nitrogen doping is needed to further suppress the long‐term capacity fading. Here we propose a strategy based on pyrolysis–etching of a pyridine‐coordinated polymer for deliberate manipulation of edge‐nitrogen doping and specific spatial distribution in amorphous high‐surface‐area carbons; the obtained material shows an edge‐nitrogen content of up to 9.34 at %, richer N distribution inside the material, and high surface area of 616 m2 g−1 under a cost‐effective low‐temperature carbonization. The optimized carbon delivers unprecedented K‐storage stability over 6000 cycles with negligible capacity decay (252 mA h g−1 after 4 months at 1 A g−1), rarely reported for potassium storage.
Using Nutritional Lipid and Sensorial Profiles for the Characterization of Turkish Olive (Memecik X Gemlik cv) Hybrids obtained from Controlled Crossbreeding
Authors: Dıraman Harun , Karaman Hanife Telli , Sefer Filiz , Ersoy Nurhayat , Arsel Ali Haluk
Published: May 2020

Olive breeding is an important method for improving of olive oil quality. In the early 1990’s, a controlled cross breeding project was started on Turkish domestic olive cultivars by Bornova Olive Research Institute, Izmir. This study was carried out with a total of 11 hybrids and 2 parents and these oil samples were obtained from “Memecik” [5 samples (MG) + 1 parent (MEM)] and “Gemlik” [6 samples (GM) + 1 parent (GEM)] domestic olive cultivars grown under the same agronomic and pedoclimatic conditions. In this study, agronomic criteria (ripening index), some nutritional values (total phenolic contents, major fatty acids [palmitic, oleic, linoleic acid, linolenic acid] and their parameters (linoleic/linolenic ratio, quality index), and sensory properties (panel test) of olive (Memecik and Gemlik) hybrid oils were analyzed during 2005–2008 four harvest years. All results showed that 11 advanced domestic olive hybrids had different oil characteristics relative to the parents of hybrids based on nutritional and sensory profiles. The Pearson correlation coefficients and principal components factor loadings observed among chemical/sensory characteristics and fatty acid profile (GM 19, GM 39, MG 11, MG 5 and MG 123 promising hybrids) could be of interest in future olive breeding programs. Considering the main objectives of olive breeding project, the hybrids of GM 19 and MG 5 exhibited superior agronomic (maturation–regular yield), technological–nutritional (high total polyphenol content, balanced omega3/omega6 ratio), and sensorial (high pungent and bitter qualifications) features. The official registrations of these hybrids were carried out by Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Turkey.
A 4.8 V Reversible Li2CoPO4F/Graphite Battery Enabled by Concentrated Electrolytes and Optimized Cell Design
Authors: Ko Seongjae , Yamada Yuki , Yamada Atsuo
Published: May 2020

Elevating the voltage of lithium‐ion batteries (currently 3.8 V) is a simple and pragmatic way to achieve high‐density energy storage. Many so‐called “5 V‐class” cathodes have been discovered over the past decade; however, they have been studied below 5 V (vs. Li/Li+) because of the severe oxidation of electrolytes and other cell components. Here, highly reversible charge‐discharge cycling of Li2CoPO4F/graphite full‐cells up to a cut‐off voltage of 5.2 V is demonstrated for the first time. This result is achieved with synergetic effects of an optimized cell design and a newly designed concentrated electrolyte based on LiBF4, propylene carbonate (PC), and fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC). As an electrolyte design rationale, two important properties of high oxidation stability and anode‐passivation ability are clearly allocated for LiBF4 and FEC, respectively. Besides, all other cell components (e. g., conductive carbon, separator, and binder) are reconsidered and customized for use at >5 V. The new concentrated electrolyte and optimized cell design presented here will pave the way for developing over‐5 V rechargeable batteries.
High Cycling Stability for Solid‐State Li Metal Batteries via Regulating Solvation Effect in Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride)‐Based Electrolytes
Authors: Zhang Xue , Han Jian , Niu Xiangfu , Xin Chengzhou , Xue Chuanjiao , Wang Shuo , Shen Yang , Zhang Liang , Li Liangliang , Nan Ce‐Wen
Published: May 2020

Solid polymer electrolytes have emerged as promising alternatives to current liquid electrolytes due to their advantages in battery safety and stability. Among various polymer electrolytes, poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)‐based electrolytes with high ionic conductivity, large mechanical strength, and excellent electrochemical and thermal stability have a great potential for practical applications. However, fundamental issues, such as how the Li ions transport in the PVDF‐based electrolytes and how the residual solvent affects the cell performance, are unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the solvation effect due to a small amount of residual N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) bound into the electrolytes plays a critical role in ionic transport, interface stability, and cell performance. With the residual DMF existing in the electrolytes in a bound state not as free solvent, the ionic conduction could be realized by the Li‐ion transport among the interaction sites between the bound DMF and PVDF chains. Regulating the solvation effect in the electrolytes can make the PVDF‐based solid‐state Li metal batteries a significantly improved cycling performance at 25 °C (e. g., over 1000 cycles with a capacity retention of more than 94 %). These findings would promote the development of next‐generation Li metal batteries with high energy density and safety.
Zinc Deficiency Leads to Lipid Changes in Drosophila Brain Similar to Cognitive‐Impairing Drugs: An Imaging Mass Spectrometry Study
Authors: Philipsen Mai H. , Gu Chaoyi , Ewing Andrew G.
Published: May 2020

Several diseases and disorders have been suggested to be associated with zinc deficiency, especially learning and memory impairment. To have better understanding about the connection between lipid changes and cognitive impairments, we investigated the effects of a zinc‐chelated diet on certain brain lipids of Drosophila melanogaster by using time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS). The data revealed that there are increases in the levels of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol in the central brains of the zinc‐deficient flies compared to the control flies. In contrast, the abundance of phosphatidylethanolamine in the brains of the zinc‐deficient flies is lower. These data are consistent with that of cognitive‐diminishing drugs, thus providing insight into the biological and molecular effects of zinc deficiency on the major brain lipids and opening a new treatment target for cognitive deficit in zinc deficiency.
Two‐photon Absorption in a Defect‐engineered Carbon Nitride Polymer Drives Red‐light Photocatalysis
Authors: Wang Peng , Tian Lin , Gao Xinhua , Xu Yan , Yang Pengju
Published: May 2020

Exploiting photocatalysts that harvest the solar spectrum as broadly as possible remains a high‐priority target, but is a grand challenge. Herein, for the first time, we found that bulky polymer carbon nitride (denoted as PCN) possessed excellent two‐photon absorption behavior and confirmed that the bulky PCN can efficiently drive red‐light photocatalysis by two‐photon absorption processes. Long‐wavelength‐excited fluorescence measurements and confocal laser scanning microscopy clearly revealed the existence of two‐photon absorption in PCN. Moreover, we created nitrogen vacancies on the PCN surface by increasing the polymerization temperature and confirmed the nitrogen vacancies can efficiency accelerate charge separation. As a result, bulky PCN with nitrogen vacancies showed unexpected pollutant degradation and water splitting activity under 660 nm. Additionally, PCN obtained from other precursors also exhibited competent red‐light photocatalytic performance. This work represents an important step toward developing two‐photon‐absorption PCN photocatalysts for wide solar‐spectrum utilization.
Solid Electrolyte Interphase Evolution on Lithium Metal Electrodes Followed by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Under Realistic Battery Cycling Current Densities
Authors: Krueger Bastian , Balboa Luis , Dohmann Jan Frederik , Winter Martin , Bieker Peter , Wittstock Gunther
Published: May 2020

Lithium metal electrodes were cycled in 1 M LiClO4 in propylene carbonate with different current densities. The local protecting properties of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) were probed by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) in the feedback mode directly within the cell in between charging‐discharging cycles. This was enabled by placing the negative electrode into an in‐house micro‐milled cell with a central opening in the counter electrode for inserting the microelectrode. Finite element simulation of the secondary current distribution proved that the current distribution deviates only slightly in the area of the opening provided that the SECM microelectrode is retracted during the charging‐discharging cycles. The development of lithium deposits was observed by SECM and can be linked to the used charging‐discharging protocol. The Li metal of protruding deposits is significantly more active for electron transfer to the mediator than the remaining parts of the surface. The developed hardware and methodology can be directly applied to other electrolytes or other battery electrodes forming protective films.
Energiespeicherung mit Redox‐Flow‐Batterien
Authors: Novotny Jana , Quarthal Dominik , Oetken Marco
Published: May 2020

Der Beitrag stellt neben einer auf Anolyt und Katholyt basierenden Redox‐Flow‐Batterie auch verschiedene Hybrid‐Redox‐Flow‐Batterien vor, welche allesamt den didaktischen Vorteil besitzen, dass man ihren Ladezustand anhand ihrer Farbigkeit erkennt. Einerseits kann mit der eigens entwickelten Redox‐Flow‐Zelle unter Einsatz unbedenklicher Chemikalien im Unterricht erörtert werden, wie diese Energiespeicher grundsätzlich funktionieren, andererseits kann durch die Hybrid‐Redox‐Flow‐Batterien unter Einsatz von Elektrolyten, die auf Supermarktprodukte zurückzuführen sind, ein motivierender Einstieg in das Themengebiet der stationären Energiespeichersysteme gewählt werden.
Ein neuer Sekundär‐Sprengstoff: TKX‐50
Authors: Klapötke Thomas M.
Published: May 2020

Paolo Valpolini schrieb am 24.07.2018 über TKX‐50 im „EDR Magazine European Defence Review“ in einem Artikel zum Thema „EURENCO looks at new future energetic materiel“:

„EURENCO is also looking at explosives with improved performances, which would allow to decrease the ordnance dimensions while maintaining their lethality. Eurenco aims at developing a new explosive based on molecules with higher performances but with less sensitivity and toxicity. The TKX‐50 explosive performances are already better than those of Hexogen (RDX) and Octogen (HMX) with a detonation speed that exceeds by 20 % that of current explosives. This is the road that Eurenco will follow, also aiming at compositions with a higher charge density, close to 96 % versus current 85 %. Eurenco aims at testing new molecules in 2019, these being at TRL 4‐5, while composition is still at TRL 2‐3.”
Gastric interoception and gastric myoelectrical activity in bulimia nervosa and binge‐eating disorder
Authors: van Dyck Zoé , Schulz André , Blechert Jens , Herbert Beate M. , Lutz Annika P. C. , Vögele Claus
Published: May 2020

Objective

Identifying factors that control food intake is crucial to the understanding and treatment of eating disorders characterized by binge eating. In healthy individuals, stomach distension plays an important role in the development of satiation, but gastric sensations might be overridden in binge eating. The present study investigated the perception of gastric signals (i.e., gastric interoception) and gastric motility in patients experiencing binge‐eating episodes, that is, bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge‐eating disorder (BED).

Method

Twenty‐nine patients with BN or BED (ED group) and 32 age‐, sex‐, and BMI‐matched healthy controls (HC group) participated in the study. The onset of satiation and stomach fullness were assessed using a novel 2‐step water load test (WLT‐II). Gastric myoelectrical activity (GMA) was measured by electrogastrography (EGG) before and after ingestion of noncaloric water.

Results

Individuals in the ED group drank significantly more water until reporting satiation during the WLT‐II. The percentage of normal gastric myoelectrical power was significantly smaller in the ED group compared to HC, and negatively related to the number of objective binge‐eating episodes per week in patients with BN or BED. Power in the bradygastria range was greater in ED than in HC participants.

Discussion

Patients with EDs have a delayed response to satiation compared to HC participants, together with abnormal GMA. Repeated binge‐eating episodes may induce disturbances to gastric motor function.
Characteristics of Dual‐Gate Graphene Thermoelectric Devices Based on Voltage Regulation
Authors: Wang Ning , Ma Zhihao , Ding Can , Jia Hongzhi , Sui Guorong , Gao Xiumin
Published: May 2020

The bandgap, the carrier concentration, and the polarity in graphene can all be controlled by gate voltage, which provides a new opportunity for the study of the regulation of thermoelectric devices. Herein, a dual‐gate thermoelectric device model for graphene with top‐gate and back‐gate structures is proposed. Based on the influence of gate voltage on carrier concentration and the Fermi level, the relationship between the gate voltage and the channel resistance, the Seebeck coefficient, and the conductivity of dual‐gate graphene, thermoelectric devices are established according to the mechanism of carrier transport. The results demonstrate that the optimal voltage window of the Seebeck coefficient, conductivity, and power factor is obtained independently. Compared with the conventional graphene thermoelectric device without the top‐gate structure, the Seebeck coefficient and the power factor for the proposed dual‐gate structure are increased twofold and tenfold, respectively. Herein, a new approach is provided for high‐performance thermoelectric device designs with accurate regulation.
Constructing Hierarchical Porous Carbon of High‐Performance Capacitance through a Two‐Step Nitrogen‐Fixation Method
Authors: Qi Xiaohuan , Xu Feng , Sun Peng , Lin Tianquan , Huang Fuqiang
Published: May 2020

Highly conductive and nitrogen‐rich carbon materials have broad application prospects in energy storage, yet they are somehow contradictory because good conductivity requires high‐temperature heat treatment, which decomposes most nitrogen species. Herein, a novel approach to synthesize a nitrogen‐rich and highly conductive carbon material with extraordinary capacitance through a two‐step nitrogen‐fixation sol–gel method is reported. The process benefits from the coordination of Zn2+ with nitrogen atoms in the precursor sol and the stabilizing bonding between silicon and nitrogen during high‐temperature chemical vapor deposition. The final product shows a high nitrogen content of 5.6 at%, a hierarchical porous structure with a high specific surface area (1610 m2 g−1), and an extraordinary conductivity (23 S cm−1), which enables an impressive capacitance of 380 F g−1. This nitrogen‐fixing method starting with a composite sol–gel may offer a reliable route to the preparation of high‐performance supercapacitor electrode materials.
Rational Design of Co‐NiSe2@N‐Doped Carbon Hollow Structure for Enhanced Li–S Battery Performance
Authors: Chen Tianming , Shang Zhengcong , Yuan Bo , Wu Ningxiang , Abuzar Muhammad , Yang Jiayi , Gu Xingxing , Miao Chunyang , Ling Min , Li Sheng
Published: May 2020

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries suffer from poor‐cycle stability and low Coulombic efficiency, which are mainly caused by the intrinsic polysulfides shuttle, resulting from not only concentration gradient diffusion but also slow conversion kinetics of polysulfides. Herein, nitrogen‐doped carbon‐coated cobalt nickel selenide (Co‐NiSe2@NC) with hollow structures is presented which can simultaneously accommodate the volume expansion of sulfur to maintain the integrity of the electrode, trap the polysulfides, and catalyze the conversion between lithium sulfide and lithium polysulfides to inhibit the polysulfides shuttle. When used to host 70 wt% sulfur, the resulted Co‐NiSe2@NC‐S composites electrode delivers a high initial discharge capacity of 930.4 mAh g−1 at 0.5 C, and after 200 cycles, a reversible discharge capacity of 544.6 mAh g−1 can still be maintained.
One‐Pot Template‐Free Cross‐Linking Synthesis of SiOx–SnO2@C Hollow Spheres as a High Volumetric Capacity Anode for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Ren Dazhong , Huang Hai , Qi Jiangao , Zheng Peng
Published: May 2020

Porous SiOx anodes for Li‐ion batteries with a high volumetric energy density are desired. Herein, carbon‐coated SiOx–SnO2 hollow spheres are prepared by facile one‐pot high‐temperature annealing without using any template. During the process, SiOx is obtained through Sn reduction with the assistance of C. In the composite, the SiOx hollow spheres have a thin wall, the small SnO2 particles are uniformly imbedded in the sphere wall, and the SiOx–SnO2 hollow spheres are coated by cross‐linked carbon. As an anode, the composite has a large volumetric capacity (1339 mAh cm−3 at 0.1 A g−1), a high gravimetric capacity (1030 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1), and a good cyclic stability (after 100 cycles, 90% capacity is retained compared with that of the second cycle at 0.5 A g−1). The high capacity and good cycle stability result from the superior structure of the composite. Furthermore, the thin wall of the sphere can timely release a large expanded volume during lithiation, and the conformal carbon also provides a framework to maintain the structural integrity and facilitate the formation of a stable solid–electrolyte interface.
Metal prices made in China? A network analysis of industrial metal futures
Authors: Siklos Pierre L. , Stefan Martin , Wellenreuther Claudia
Published: May 2020

In addition to being the world's greatest consumer and producer of industrial metals, China now also features the most actively traded industrial metal futures contracts worldwide. To examine China's role in the global price formation process of industrial metal futures markets, we use a sample of 29 futures contracts traded on exchanges in the United States, the United Kingdom, India, and China. We estimate vector autoregressive models and conduct variance decompositions, which are then visualized in the form of networks. The results indicate that China, despite its role as key actor in both real and financial industrial metal markets, is a price taker.
A novel method to calculate the anomaly score of movement variability of repetitive tasks
Authors: Hiranai Kazuki , Kuramoto Akisue , Seo Akihiko
Published: May 2020

This study proposes a new calculation method for the anomaly score of repetitive tasks based on singular spectrum transformation (SST) that accounted for a long‐term history of human motion. To validate the efficacy of the proposed method, the calculated anomaly score was compared with movement variability computed by a traditional method and to its SST‐computed score. Eleven male participants performed repetitive lightweight material handling tasks under different work conditions and an electromagnetic tracking system measured their working posture. Movement variability and anomaly score on the shoulder and elbow joints were calculated based on measured working postures. The movement variability on the elbow flexion angle increased with time. In contrast, the anomaly score of the elbow flexion angle decreased with time, but shoulder flexion and inner rotation angles showed increased scores with the passage of time. These findings are similar to those of previous studies that stated that movement variability increased from redundant degrees of freedom available for performing multi‐joint movements; this occurred due to the development of muscle fatigue on the shoulder joint from performing repetitive tasks. On comparing this to the anomaly scores calculated by conventional SST, it was observed that the score computed by the proposed method reflected the whole trend of human motion in repetitive tasks and did not depend on local problems in working posture. Therefore, it was concluded that the new method of calculating the anomaly score is more suitable to detect changes in movement variability in repetitive tasks.