bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Content‐Based Colour Transfer
Authors: Wu Fuzhang , Dong Weiming , Kong Yan , Mei Xing , Paul Jean‐Claude , Zhang Xiaopeng
Published: January 2013

This paper presents a novel content‐based method for transferring the colour patterns between images. Unlike previous methods that rely on image colour statistics, our method puts an emphasis on high‐level scene content analysis. We first automatically extract the foreground subject areas and background scene layout from the scene. The semantic correspondences of the regions between source and target images are established. In the second step, the source image is re‐coloured in a novel optimization framework, which incorporates the extracted content information and the spatial distributions of the target colour styles. A new progressive transfer scheme is proposed to integrate the advantages of both global and local transfer algorithms, as well as avoid the over‐segmentation artefact in the result. Experiments show that with a better understanding of the scene contents, our method well preserves the spatial layout, the colour distribution and the visual coherence in the transfer process. As an interesting extension, our method can also be used to re‐colour video clips with spatially‐varied colour effects.
The Migration of Neural Progenitor Cell Mediated by SDF‐1 is NF‐κB/HIF‐1α Dependent upon Hypoxia
Authors: Yin Wen , Ma Lei , Zhang Jun , Huang Kun , Yang Qi , Guo Yan‐Yan , Liu Shui‐Bing , Liu Yong‐Hong , Wu Yu‐Mei
Published: January 2013

Aims

Stromal cell‐derived factor 1 (SDF‐1) is critical for neural progenitor cell (NPC) migration after ischemia for nerve repair, but how hypoxic induction of SDF‐1 is regulated has not been fully addressed. Here, we examined the regulation of SDF‐1 hypoxic induction by the transcription factors nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) and hypoxic inducible factor 1α (HIF‐1α) in astrocytes.

Methods and Results

Stromal cell‐derived factor‐1 in astrocyte‐conditioned medium (ACM) collected from hypoxic astrocytes induced a time‐ and dose‐dependent increase in NPC migration using chemotaxis assay. The increase in NPC migration correlated with increased SDF‐1 production in astrocytes by real‐time PCR and ELISA assays. Astrocytes produced SDF‐1 time‐dependently upon 3% O2 treatment, which was associated with increased levels of NF‐κB and HIF‐1α using Western blot analysis. Anti‐HIF‐1α compound, 3‐(5′‐hydroxymethyl‐2′‐furyl)‐1‐benzylindazole (YC‐1) and NF‐κB inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), decreased hypoxic induction of SDF‐1, and PDTC pretreatment cancelled HIF‐1α expression as well, thus NPC migration induced by ACM was decreased accordingly. Moreover, lentiviurs siRNA for NF‐κB p65 abrogated induction of HIF‐1α and SDF‐1 under hypoxia in astrocytes.

Conclusions

Hypoxic induction of SDF‐1 is reliant upon NF‐κB and HIF‐1α. There is a cross‐talk between HIF‐1α and NF‐κB, both HIF‐1α and SDF‐1 are downstream targets of NF‐κB in hypoxia condition.
Maternal factors associated with heavy periconceptional alcohol intake and drinking following pregnancy recognition: A post‐partum survey of New Zealand women
Authors: Mallard Simonette R. , Connor Jennie L. , Houghton Lisa A.
Published: January 2013

Introduction and Aims

Alcohol consumption during pregnancy places the foetus at risk of Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Little is known about the current prevalence and patterns of alcohol consumption before and following pregnancy recognition in New Zealand.

Design and Methods

A retrospective survey of 723 post‐partum women resident in maternity wards located across New Zealand was conducted using a self‐administered questionnaire. Maternal sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics and alcohol intake before and after pregnancy recognition were assessed.

Results

Of the 968 women invited to participate, 78% agreed. Eighty‐two percent of women reported consuming alcohol prior to pregnancy and 20% reported typically consuming >4 New Zealand standard drinks per occasion. Overall, 34% of women reported drinking at some time during pregnancy. Twelve percent of pregnancies were at high risk of heavy alcohol exposure in early gestation. In fully adjusted analysis, pregnancies most at risk were those of indigenous Māori women, Pacific women, smokers and drug users. Almost one‐quarter (24%) of drinkers continued to drink following pregnancy recognition, and in fully adjusted analysis, continuing to drink was positively associated with frequency of alcohol consumption before pregnancy (P < 0.001 for linear trend).

Discussion and Conclusions

To reduce the burden of alcohol‐related harm to the foetus, these findings suggest that New Zealand alcohol policy should be focused not only on promoting total abstinence when planning a pregnancy and when pregnant, but also on reducing ‘binge drinking’ culture and the frequent consumption of lower levels of alcohol.[Mallard SR,
Connor JL, Houghton LA. Maternal factors associated with heavy periconceptional alcohol intake and drinking following pregnancy recognition:A post‐partum survey of New Zealand women.Drug Alcohol Rev2013;32:389–397]
Prevalence and key covariates of non‐medical prescription opioid use among the general secondary student and adult populations in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Fischer Benedikt , Ialomiteanu Anca , Boak Angela , Adlaf Edward , Rehm Jürgen , Mann Robert E.
Published: January 2013

Introduction and Aims

To assess the prevalence and key covariates of non‐medical prescription opioid use (NMPOU) in two representative surveys of adults (Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Monitor, CM) and secondary‐school students (Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey, OSDUHS).

Design and Methods

Data from the 2010 and 2011 cycles (n = 4023) of CM—a stratified, multi‐stage, random‐digit‐dialling telephone survey of adults (18 years and older)—and the 2011 cycle of OSDUHS (n = 3266)—a self‐administered written questionnaire‐based survey of grade 7–12 public system students—were used. Besides NMPOU prevalence, associations were assessed by univariate and multi‐step multivariate (logistic regression) analyses. NMPOU and key socioeconomic (i.e. sex, age, Aboriginal ethnicity, household location, income, subjective social status), health indicators (physical health status, psychological distress, suicidal ideation), drug use (cigarette smoking, binge drinking, cannabis use, other drug use) were measured.

Results

NMPOU (past year) prevalence was 15.5% in students and 5.9% in adults. Various univariate associations with social, health and drug use factors were found in both populations, with differences by sex. Based on multivariate analyses, other drug use (male students) and rural residence, subjective social status, other drug use and suicidal ideation (female students); marital status and cannabis use (male adults) and binge drinking (female adults) were independently associated with NMPOU in the respective study populations.

Discussion and Conclusions

NMPOU was high in adults and especially students. Independent predictors of NMPOU were largely inconsistent by sex. Notably, NMPOU is widely distributed across socio‐demographic and ‐economic strata, and thus requires broad‐based interventions.
Giant Left Atrium
Authors: Kucukdurmaz Zekeriya , Gunes Hakan , Kurt Recep , Karapınar Hekim
Published: January 2013

Mini‐Abstract

A 58‐year‐old woman with a history of mitral valve replacement (MVR) 17 years ago and was admitted to our clinic with dyspnea. Transthoracic examination showed a normal functioning MVR with a very large left atrium which was 209 × 96 mm that was not possible to fit the screen in its entirety. Left atrial enlargement may be misdiagnosed as pleural effusion or a mass, so the clinician must be alert to avoid from further invasive examinations like pleurocentesis or biopsy, which may be associated with dangerous complications.
Relationship between Epicardial Fat Measured by Echocardiography and Coronary Atherosclerosis: A Single‐Blind Historical Cohort Study
Authors: Nabati Maryam , Saffar Naser , Yazdani Jamshid , Parsaee Mohammd Sadegh
Published: January 2013

Background

There are conflicting theories regarding the accuracy of echocardiography for determining the value of epicardial fat thickness in cardiovascular risk assessment. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship.

Method

A historical cohort study was conducted on 143 patients, 40 to 87 years old, admitted for coronary angiography. The patients underwent transthoracic echocardiography and measurement of epicardial fat thickness in parasternal long‐axis view at end‐systole for 3 cardiac cycles. Both procedures were performed within a week before performing coronary angiography.

Results

Epicardial fat thickness was significantly correlated with the existence and severity of coronary artery disease (P‐value <0.001). There was also a trend toward lower high‐density lipoprotein in males with thicker epicardial fat.

Conclusion

Epicardial fat thickness equal to or more than 7 mm may identify an individual with higher probability of having coronary atherosclerosis.
Effect of Septal Ablation on Regional Diastolic Dysfunction and Diastolic Asynchrony in Patients with Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy: A Follow‐Up Study Using Speckle Tracking Echocardiography
Authors: Chen Shi , Duan Fujian , Yuan Jiansong , Qiao Shubin , Lv Xiuzhang , Hu Fenghuan , Yang Weixian , Zhang Jiafen , Yang Yuejin
Published: January 2013

Background

Percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation (PTSMA) is an alternative therapy for patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) that results in sustained improvement in the global diastolic dysfunction. Regional diastolic abnormalities and diastolic asynchrony are very common and closely related to global diastolic dysfunction. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of PTSMA on regional diastolic dysfunction and diastolic asynchrony in HOCM patients using speckle tracking echocardiography.

Methods

Strain rate curves were obtained for 18 different segments of the left ventricular (LV) myocardium in 30 HOCM patients 24 hours before and 1 year after PTSMA. The peak strain rate during the isovolumic relaxation period (SRIVR), the peak early diastolic strain rate (SRE), and the time from the onset of the QRS‐wave to SRE (TSRE) were measured for each segment. The left atrial volume indexed to the body surface area (LAVI) was measured as a global diastolic index.

Results

At 1 year after PTSMA, there was significant improvement of the global SRIVR (0.14 ± 0.06–0.22 ± 0.07%/sec, P < 0.001) and SRE (0.67 ± 0.24–0.82 ± 0.23%/sec, P = 0.001). The coefficient of variation in TSRE (CVTSRE) decreased significantly. The changes in the regional myocardial diastolic deformation and CVTSRE correlated well with the reduction in the LAVI.

Conclusions

Percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation has a favorable effect on regional diastolic abnormalities and diastolic asynchrony, which may partly account for the persistent improvement in global LV diastolic function in HOCM patients after PTSMA.
The Effects of Prolonged Acute Hypobaric Hypoxia on Novel Measures of Biventricular Performance
Authors: Boos Christopher J. , Hodkinson Pete D. , Mellor Adrian , Green Nick P. , Bradley Daniel , Greaves Kim , Woods David R.
Published: January 2013

Background

There are limited data on the effects of prolonged acute hypoxia on individual and global measures of biventricular function.

Aims

The aim of this study was to assess its effects on conventional and novel measures of biventricular function, including the recently defined E′/(A′×S′) (EAS) index, obtained using pulsed‐wave tissue Doppler Imaging (PWTDI) and associated blood brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels.

Methods

In this study, 14 healthy subjects aged 30.5 years were assessed at baseline and at >150 minutes following hypobaric hypoxia (HH) to the equivalent altitude of 4800 m for a total of 180 minutes. The combined EAS index (E′/(A′ × S′)) was calculated at the mitral and tricuspid annulus using data from the peak systolic (S′) early (E′) and late (A′) diastolic filling.

Results

It was seen that HH increased resting heart rate (63.4 ± 8.4 vs. 85.2 ± 10.2/min; P < 0.0001), cardiac output (4.6 ± 0.7 L/min vs. 6.1 ± 1.2 L/min; P < 0.0001), peak pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) (26.3 ± 2.0 mmHg vs. 37.2 ± 6.3 mmHg; P < 0.0001), and reduced SpO2 (98.5 ± 1.1 vs. 72.9 ± 8.1%; P < 0.0001). There was a significant reduction in mitral (0.19 ± 0.06 vs. 0.11 ± 0.03; P < 0.0001) and tricuspid (0.12 ± 0.04 vs. 0.09 ± 0.03; P = 0.03) EAS indices, but no change in left or right ventricular myocardial performance (Tei) indices, global left ventricular (LV) longitudinal systolic strain, BNP levels, or estimated filling pressures (E/E′). Only reducing SpO2 remained as an independent predictor of PASP on multivariate analysis (overall R2 = 0.77; P < 0.0001). The right and LV EAS indices were significantly correlated (r = 0.45; 95% CI: 0.07–0.7; P = 0.02).

Conclusion

The conclusion from this study was that acute prolonged HH does not adversely affect resting global biventricular function and there is evidence of linked right and LV responses.
Left Atrial Deformation Parameters Predict Left Atrial Appendage Function and Thrombus in Patients in Sinus Rhythm with Suspected Cardioembolic Stroke: A Speckle Tracking and Transesophageal Echocardiography Study
Authors: Karabay Can Yücel , Zehir Regayip , Güler Ahmet , Oduncu Vecih , Kalayci Arzu , Aung Soe Moe , Karagoz Ali , Tanboga Ibrahim Halil , Candan Ozkan , Gecmen Cetin , Erkol Ayhan , Esen Ali Metin , Kirma Cevat
Published: January 2013

The aim of this study was to evaluate left atrial deformations using speckle tracking echocardiography for predicting left atrial appendage (LAA) thrombus in patients with suspected cardioembolic stroke who were in normal sinus rhythm. A total of 153 ischemic stroke patients (89 males, 64 females) in sinus rhythm who were suspected of having cardioembolism were included in the study. The patients underwent conventional two‐dimensional (2D) echocardiogram and 2D speckle tracking echocardiogram of the left atrium. Left atrial peak strain (LA‐4C‐RES) and left atrial precontraction strain (LA‐4C‐PUMP) were measured. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to the presence of thrombus in the LAA in transesophageal echocardiography. Both LA‐4C‐RES and LA‐4C‐PUMP values were found to be significantly lower in patients with LAA thrombus (11.8 ± 1.4% vs. 33 ± 12%, P < 0.001 and 5.8 ± 1.3% vs. 14.2 ± 5.3%, P < 0.001, respectively). A good inverse correlation was present between LA‐4C‐RES values and LAA morphologic parameters (with LAA area: r = −0.70, P < 0.001, with LAA length: r = −0.60, P < 0.001), and a good positive correlation was present with LAA emptying velocity with pulse Doppler (r = 0.74, P < 0.001). The area under the receiver‐operating characteristic curve of the LA‐4C‐RES was 0.94 (0.90–0.98, P < 0.001), for the LA‐4C‐PUMP, the area was 0.92 (0.87–0.96, P < 0.001) to predict LAA thrombus. Left atrial deformation parameters measured by 2D speckle tracking method was found to predict impaired LAA functions and the presence of LAA thrombus in ischemic stroke patients with suspected cardioembolism, but who are in sinus rhythm.
Aortopulmonary Artery Fistula: Ruptured Aneurysm of the Distal Aortic Arch into the Pulmonary Artery
Authors: Sasaki Osamu , Nishioka Toshihiko , Inoue Yoshiro , Sasaki Hideki , Ito Hiroyuki , Yoshimoto Nobuo
Published: January 2013

Aortopulmonary artery fistula is uncommon, but the clinical outcome is often lethal. A 76‐year‐old man with a history of acute thoracic aortic dissection 6 years previously was admitted with dyspnea. A chest x‐ray showed pleural effusion and pulmonary congestion. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed preserved systolic function, but continuous and abnormal flow from the distal aortic arch into the pulmonary artery (PA). Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in the Doppler color‐flow mode demonstrated a left‐to‐right shunt between a large distal aortic arch aneurysm and the left PA via an aortopulmonary fistula and a pressure gradient across the shunt of 56 mmHg. Contrast‐enhanced computed tomography showed that the aneurysm compressed the PA. Aortography also revealed a large distal aortic arch aneurysm and almost simultaneous contrast enhancement of the aorta and the PA. Right‐heart catheterization showed a significant increase in oxygen saturation between the right ventricle and the PA. A left‐to‐right shunt due to a distal aortic arch aneurysm rupturing into the left PA was diagnosed based on these findings. TEE was very helpful in confirming the presence and precise location of the fistula.
An Unusual Cause of Acute Cardiogenic Shock in the Operating Room
Authors: Baptista Rui , Fonseca João , Marconi Lorenzo , Furriel Frederico , Prieto David , Bento Carlos , Antunes Manuel J. , Figueiredo Arnaldo
Published: January 2013

A 51‐year‐old man with a renal carcinoma with inferior vena cava (IVC) invasion was referred to our hospital for the performance of a radical nephrectomy with IVC thrombus excision. To prevent embolism, an IVC filter was implanted the day before surgery below the suprahepatic veins. On nephrectomy completion, the clinical status of the patient started to deteriorate and an unsuccessful attempt was made to excise the IVC thrombus. The patient developed profound refractory hypotension without significant bleeding and worsening splanchnic stasis was noted. A transesophageal echocardiogram was immediately performed in the operating room, revealing a hemispheric mass protruding from the IVC ostium to the right atrium, completely blocking all venous return. Volume depletion was evident by low left and right atrial volumes and increased septum mobility. No other abnormalities were found that could explain the shock, namely ventricular dysfunction or valvular disease. Cardiac surgery consultation was immediately obtained, ultimately deciding to perform a median sternotomy with direct exploration of right atrium. Under cardiopulmonary bypass, a 6‐cm long thrombotic mass was identified, involving the IVC filter, blocking all lower body venous return; the removal of the mass reversed the shock. The patient had an uneventful recovery. Adverse outcomes associated with IVC filters are common. Our case highlights the importance of a team approach to rapid changes in hemodynamic status in the operating room, including the surgeon, the anesthesiologist, and the cardiologist. It also emphasizes the pivotal role of transesophageal echocardiogram in the clinical evaluation of severely unstable patients.
Systolic Pulmonary and Hepatic Vein Flow Reversal Due to Pacemaker‐Induced Retrograde Ventriculoatrial Conduction
Authors: Shaikh Amir Y. , Meyer Theo E. , Robotis Dionyssios A. , Aurigemma Gerard P. , Tighe Dennis A.
Published: January 2013

Systolic pulmonary and hepatic vein flow reversals can typically be seen with severe atrioventricular (AV) valve regurgitation and during atrial fibrillation (AF). We report the case of a 67‐year‐old woman who presented with recent‐onset exertional dyspnea. Her pacemaker was near end‐of‐life and reverted to a VVI mode from the preset DDDR mode. Electrocardiography demonstrated retrograde 1:1 ventriculoatrial (VA) conduction and spectral Doppler analysis revealed prominent systolic pulmonary and hepatic vein flow reversals. Symptoms, electrocardiogram (ECG) findings, and the spectral Doppler abnormalities resolved completely following a generator replacement and resumption of DDDR pacing.
Effects of the HeartMate II Left Ventricular Assist Device as Observed by Serial Echocardiography
Authors: Chapman Carrie B. , Allana Salman , Sweitzer Nancy K. , Kohmoto Takushi , Murray Margaret , Murray David , Johnson Maryl , Rahko Peter S.
Published: January 2013

Background

The HeartMate II is the most frequently used left ventricular assist device (LVAD) in patients with end‐stage heart failure. There is a paucity of data regarding its longitudinal cardiac effects, particularly that on diastole.

Methods

This retrospective study was an evaluation of echocardiograms preoperatively and at 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively in patients with a HeartMate II. Measurements included left ventricle (LV) dimensions, ejection fraction (EF), right ventricle (RV) size and function, parameters of diastolic function, and an analysis of mitral regurgitation (MR), tricuspid regurgitation (TR), aortic insufficiency (AI), and aortic valve thickening.

Results

Forty‐seven patients were evaluated. LV dimensions decreased but EF, RV size, and RV function were unchanged. Right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) and diastolic parameters including mitral inflow E/A, deceleration time (DT), pulmonary vein inflow, left atrial size, and overall diastolic grade improved. LV relaxation measured by tissue Doppler (e') was unchanged and the E/e' ratio was also unchanged. Regarding valve function, MR decreased, TR was unchanged, and the aortic valve became increasingly thickened with increased AI severity.

Conclusions

The HeartMate II unloads the LV as shown by decreased LV size, decreased MR, reduced RVSP, and improved patterns of mitral inflow. However, neither systolic function nor diastolic relaxation improves in this cohort. RV size and function also remain unchanged. The aortic valve shows increased thickening and AI likely from valve leaflet fusion. These results provide detailed functional and hemodynamic information regarding the longitudinal effects of the HeartMate II.
Detection of Early Left Ventricular and Atrial Dysfunction in Overweight Patients with Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Speckle Tracking Analysis
Authors: Caputo Maria , Urselli Rossella , Zacà Valerio , Capati Eugenia , Padeletti Margherita , De Nicola Silvia , Navarri Romina , Antonelli Giovanni , Nucci Claudia , Giacomin Elisa , Mondillo Sergio
Published: January 2013

Background

Little remains known about the role of overweight to promote progressive atrial and ventricular myocardial dysfunction. Aim of this study was to investigate the potential influence of overweight on left ventricular (LV) and atrial (LA) function, as assessed by speckle tracking strain analysis, in patients at low‐to‐moderate global cardiovascular risk.

Methods

Seventy patients presenting 1 or more cardiovascular risk factor, with preserved ejection fraction, were enrolled. Peak atrial longitudinal strain (PALS) and Peak ventricular longitudinal strain (PVLS) were calculated by averaging values observed in all LV or LA segments, in four‐ and two‐chamber views (global PALS and global PVLS), using a commercially available semiautomated two‐dimensional (2D) strain software.

Results

Global PALS was similar in the 2 groups, while global PVLS was significantly lower in the overweight group as compared to normal weight (−17.2 ± 3.3 vs. −18.7 ± 2.8, P < 0.05). Univariate analysis of correlation showed a significantly correlation between global PALS and PVLS (r = −0.43, P < 0.01), as well as with E/A ratio (r = 0.40, P < 0.01) and with LV mass index (r = −0.34, P < 0.05). In multivariate linear regression analysis, these parameters were confirmed as independent predictors of PALS.

Conclusion

In subjects at low‐to‐moderate cardiovascular risk, overweight is a key determinant of the reduction of global LV longitudinal function as assessed by 2D strain.
Altered Coronary Flow Velocity Reserve and Left Ventricular Wall Motion Dynamics: A Phenomenon in Hypertensive Patients with ECG Strain
Authors: Arita Yu , Hirata Kumiko , Wada Nozomi , Komukai Kenichi , Tanimoto Takashi , Kitabata Hironori , Takarada Shigeho , Nakamura Nobuo , Kubo Takashi , Tanaka Atsushi , Imanishi Toshio , Akasaka Takashi
Published: January 2013

Background

The inner‐half layer of the left ventricular (LV) wall is primarily affected by ischemia and increased LV afterload. We hypothesized that LV wall thickening of inner‐half layer and coronary microvascular function are impaired in hypertensive patients, especially in those with electrocardiographic (ECG) strain, which is a marker of LV hypertrophy and adverse prognosis. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the association of the ratio of inner‐ to outer‐half layer of the LV myocardial deformation and coronary microvascular function with ECG strain in hypertensive patients.

Methods

We studied 98 hypertensive patients and 13 controls. Hypertensive patients were divided into 2 groups, with (S+) and without (S−) ECG strain. Coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) of the left anterior descending artery was evaluated using transthoracic echocardiography. Circumferential and radial strains of the LV wall were analyzed by two‐dimensional echocardiographic speckle tracking method, and the inner‐ to outer‐half layer ratio (in/out ratio) was assessed.

Results

Coronary flow velocity reserve of S+ (2.06 ± 0.65) was significantly smaller than those in S− and controls (3.03 ± 0.65 and 3.38 ± 0.51, respectively). In/out ratio in both circumferential and radial strains were decreased as well as in S+ patients. Furthermore, in/out ratio was directly proportional to CFVR.

Conclusions

Hypertensive patients with ECG strain possessed severely impaired CFVR and inner‐half myocardial deformation. Moreover, the more severe the LV hypertrophy progresses, the greater is the impairment of coronary microvascular and LV inner‐half myocardial deformation. Thus, CFVR and in/out ratio are useful quantitative markers that can render sensitive assessment of physiological changes in hypertensive heart disease.
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance as an Alternate Method for Serial Evaluation of Proximal Aorta: Comparison with Echocardiography
Authors: Bhatla Puneet , Nielsen James C
Published: January 2013

Thoracic aortic disease is a known cause of aortic dilatation and poses significant risk of aortic dissection and rupture. Serial assessment of aortic root dimensions is traditionally performed using echocardiography, which is limited with older age and following surgery, due to poor acoustic windows. Although diastolic measurements are utilized as standard practice in decision making of adult aortopathy, systolic diameters are utilized in pediatric practice. Three‐dimensional steady‐state free precision (3D‐SSFP) has shown promise as an alternate method for providing accurate and reproducible aortic measurements. The agreement between proximal aorta measurements by diastolic 3D‐SSFP and echocardiography (both systole and diastole) was examined in 40 subjects. The maximum inner diameters at aortic annulus, root and sinotubular junction demonstrated excellent agreement between 3D‐SSFP and echocardiography for all the 3 levels. The best agreement was observed for diastolic root dimensions with a mean difference of +0.01 cm, limits of agreement being −0.26 to +0.28 cm. Three D‐SSFP can be used interchangeably with echocardiography in the serial assessment of the aortic root size. Careful attention to obtain an imaging plane utilizing 3D multiplanar reformatting is critical to maximize the agreement between the two imaging modalities.
The Role of Optical Coherence Tomography in Clarifying the Mechanisms for Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography‐Induced Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Fineschi Massimo , D'Ascenzi Flavio , Sirbu Vasile , Mondillo Sergio , Pierli Carlo
Published: January 2013

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is a clinical disorder characterized by a transient dilatation and akynesis or dyskinesis of the left ventricular (LV) apex, mimicking an anterior wall acute myocardial infarction in the absence of significant coronary artery disease (CAD). It typically occurs during an episode of severe emotional or physical stress. Recent reports suggested the potential of dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) in inducing the aforementioned syndrome. The transient dysfunction of the LV does not fit any known coronary distribution. Furthermore, there is no obstructive CAD demonstrated at angiography to account for the observed dysfunction. Consequently, the pathophysiology of this syndrome is still undetermined. Here, we report a case of DSE‐induced Takotsubo cardiomyopathy in which high‐resolution intracoronary imaging was utilized to exclude possible vessel alterations to help provide potential mechanistic explanations for the development of this condition.
Paraaortic Thymoma with Pericardial Effusion Diagnosed by Transthoracic Echocardiography in a Woman with Myasthenia Gravis
Authors: Santoro Francesco , Russo Anna Rita , Lupo Pierluigi , De Gennaro Luisa , Gianfrancesco Domenico , Biase Matteo Di , Brunetti Natale Daniele
Published: January 2013

Mini‐Abstract

We report the case of a 64‐year‐old woman with myasthenia gravis, dyspnea, and pericardial effusion. Echocardiography showed a paraaortic mass, confirmed at computed tomography scan, which was later diagnosed as a thymoma after surgical excision.
Resistance to vertical fracture of MTA‐filled roots
Authors: EL‐Ma'aita Ahmad M. , Qualtrough Alison J. E. , Watts David C.
Published: January 2013

Aim

To investigate the effect of MTA root canal fillings on the resistance to vertical root fracture (VRF) over different time intervals.

Material and methods

Freshly extracted anterior human teeth with single canals and minimal curvatures were decoronated, instrumented to size 50/.05 ProTaper file, irrigated with 1%NaOCl and randomly allocated to one of three groups (n = 36): (i) filled with MTA, (ii) filled with gutta‐percha and sealer and (iii) unfilled roots used as a negative control. Each group was subdivided into three subgroups (n = 12) according to the storage time of 48 h, 1 and 6 months at 37°C in synthetic tissue fluid (STF). Following the storage periods, filled roots were mounted in acrylic supports, and the periodontal ligament was simulated using elastomeric impression material. Vertical loading was carried out with a ball‐ended steel cylinder fitted on a universal testing machine at 1 mm/min crosshead speed. The maximum force at fracture (F‐max) and the fracture mode were recorded for each root.

Results

Data were statistically analysed using two‐way anova and Bonferroni post hoc tests. The mean F‐max was significantly higher in the MTA subgroups after 1 and 6 months compared with all other subgroups. Two modes of fracture were identified: split and comminuted. The mean F‐max values recorded with the latter were significantly higher compared with the former (P < 0.001). In all groups, split fracture was the most dominant mode apart from the MTA/1 month and MTA/6 month groups.

Conclusion

MTA increases the resistance to VRF of endodontically treated teeth and influences the mode of fracture after 1 and 6 month of storage in STF compared with gutta‐percha and sealer.
Soft skills and dental education
Authors: Gonzalez M. A. G. , Abu Kasim N. H. , Naimie Z.
Published: January 2013

Soft skills and hard skills are essential in the practice of dentistry. While hard skills deal with technical proficiency, soft skills relate to a personal values and interpersonal skills that determine a person's ability to fit in a particular situation. These skills contribute to the success of organisations that deal face‐to‐face with clients. Effective soft skills benefit the dental practice. However, the teaching of soft skills remains a challenge to dental schools. This paper discusses the different soft skills, how they are taught and assessed and the issues that need to be addressed in their teaching and assessment. The use of the module by the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya for development of soft skills for institutions of higher learning introduced by the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia.
The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib stimulates osteoblastic differentiation of human osteoblast precursors via upregulation of vitamin D receptor signalling
Authors: Kaiser Martin F. , Heider Ulrike , Mieth Maren , Zang Chuanbing , von Metzler Ivana , Sezer Orhan
Published: January 2013

Interactions of myeloma cells with the bone marrow microenvironment lead to enhanced osteoclast recruitment and impaired osteoblast activity. Recent evidence revealed that the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib stimulates osteoblast differentiation, but the mechanisms are not fully elucidated. We hypothesised that bortezomib could influence osteoblastic differentiation via alteration of vitamin D signalling by blocking the proteasomal degradation of the vitamin D receptor (VDR). This is of clinical importance, as a high rate of vitamin D deficiency was reported in patients with myeloma. We performed cocultures of primary human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and human osteoblasts (hOBs) with myeloma cells, which resulted in an inhibition of the vitamin D‐dependent differentiation of osteoblast precursors. Treatment with bortezomib led to a moderate increase in osteoblastic differentiation markers in hMSCs and hOBs. Importantly, this effect could be strikingly increased when vitamin D was added. Bortezomib led to enhanced nuclear VDR protein levels in hMSCs. Primary hMSCs transfected with a VDR luciferase reporter construct showed a strong increase in VDR signalling with bortezomib. In summary, stimulation of VDR signalling is a mechanism for the bortezomib‐induced stimulation of osteoblastic differentiation. The data suggest that supplementation of vitamin D in patients with myeloma treated with bortezomib is crucial for optimal bone formation.
Transitions of water‐drop impact behaviour on hydrophobic and hydrophilic particles
Authors: Hamlett C. A. E. , Atherton S. , Shirtcliffe N. J. , McHale G. , Ahn S. , Doerr S. H. , Bryant R. , Newton M. I.
Published: January 2013

Extreme soil water repellency can have substantial implications for soil hydrology, plant growth and erosion, including enhanced splash erosion caused by raindrop impact. Previous studies of water droplet impact behaviour on man‐made super‐hydrophobic surfaces, with which water‐repellent soil shares similar characteristics, revealed three distinct modes of splash behaviour (rebound, pinning and fragmentation) distinguished by two transition velocities: rebound‐to‐pinning (vmin) and pinning‐to‐fragmentation (v*). By using high‐speed videography of single water droplet impacts we show that splash behaviour is influenced by the hydrophobicity of immobile particles, with hydrophobic glass spheres exhibiting all three modes of splash behaviour in the hydrophobic state but hydrophilic spheres exhibiting solely pinning behaviour. We found that increasing the particle size of fixed glass spheres increases vmin. A study of droplet impact on hydrophobic sand shows that the increased roughness of the immobile particles makes impacting droplets more likely to fragment at slower impact velocities. The mobility of the particles influenced droplet impact behaviour, with loose, hydrophobic particles displaying significantly greater vmin values than their fixed analogues. The surface tension of the water droplet also lifted loose, hydrophobic particles from the surface, forming highly mobile ‘liquid marbles'. Water‐repellent soil was also shown to form ‘liquid marbles' at both the slow (approximately 0.3–2.1 m s−1) and fast (about 7 m s−1) droplet impact velocities studied. The observation of very mobile liquid marbles upon water droplet impact on water‐repellent soil is significant as this provided a mechanism that may enhance erosion rates of water‐repellent soil.
Stroke recurrence in patients with recently symptomatic carotid stenosis and scheduled for carotid revascularization
Authors: Al‐Khaled M. , Awwad H. , Matthis C. , Eggers J.
Published: January 2013

Background and purpose

Patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis (sCS) have a higher risk of stroke recurrence following the first ischaemic event. Guidelines recommend that patients undergo carotid revascularization (CR), preferably within 2 weeks of the event. We aimed to determine the rate of stroke recurrence during hospitalization in patients who were admitted to the hospital with an acute ischaemic event and who underwent CR for recently sCS.

Methods

As part of the stroke registry in Schleswig‐Holstein, Germany (QugSS2; Qualitätsgemeinschaft Schlaganfallversorgung in Schleswig‐Holstein), over a 4.5‐year period (starting 2007) all patients (N = 15 797) who were admitted to the hospital with an acute cerebral ischaemic event were included and prospectively evaluated.

Results

A total of 597 (3.8%) patients (mean age, 71 ± 10 years; 30% women) underwent a CR. The median time between symptom onset and admission to hospitals was 6 h. During the mean hospitalization of 10 days, 30 patients (5%) suffered a stroke. The rates of stroke recurrence were higher, albeit non‐significantly, in men compared with women (6% vs. 2.3%, respectively; P = 0.059), and in patients admitted with ischaemic stroke compared with patients admitted with transient ischaemic attack (6.1% vs. 2%, respectively; P = 0.052). The risk of stroke recurrence did not show any association with the other demographic and clinical parameters.

Conclusion

The rate of stroke recurrence was 5% in patients with recently sCS who scheduled for CR. This suggests that CR should be performed immediately after presenting event to prevent stroke recurrence.
Spinal cord injury: association with axonal peripheral neuropathy in severely paralysed limbs
Authors: Kamradt T. , Rasch C. , Schuld C. , Böttinger M. , Mürle B. , Hensel C. , Fürstenberg C. H. , Weidner N. , Rupp R. , Hug A.
Published: January 2013

Background and purpose

Pressure sores are a major health problem in spinal cord injury (SCI). In this population pressure damage to peripheral nerves was not thoroughly investigated so far. However, intact peripheral nerves and innervated muscles are a prerequisite for the effectiveness of supportive therapies like functional electrical stimulation (FES).

Methods

We assessed electroneurographic (ENG) data of lower limbs in SCI individuals admitted to our hospital due to severe pressure sores. Our centers prospectively acquired ENG data of the European Multicenter study about SCI (EMSCI) patients served as early control.

Results

In the pressure sore cohort (n = 15) all patients were sensory‐motor complete (American Spinal Cord Injury Association Impairment Scale A). Most patients (10/15) suffered from a severe axonal sensory‐motor polyneuropathy in paralysed legs with absent compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) of tibial/peroneal nerves as well as absent sensory nerve action potentials of sural nerves. The onset of this polyneuropathy dates within the first year after incident SCI and was mainly associated with increasing sensory‐motor completeness as demonstrated by a significant CMAP drop of our centers EMSCI‐ENG data on serial tibial nerve recordings in 275 patients.

Conclusions

Severe SCI is associated with an early‐onset axonal polyneuropathy in paralysed limbs to which pressure damage might contribute. Because intact peripheral nerves are required for: (i) maintenance of motor function in centrally impaired muscles; and (ii) effectiveness of supportive therapies like FES, ENG‐monitoring could serve as a low invasive screening method for peripheral nerve integrity in patients with SCI to initiate pressure relief procedures early enough.
Distribution of polyethylene glycol coated quantum dots in mice skin
Authors: Kulvietis Vytautas , Zurauskas Edvardas , Rotomskis Ricardas
Published: January 2013

The distribution of nanoparticles (NP) in an organism is an important issue for developing NP–based drug delivery systems and for general nanotoxicology. The knowledge of NP localisation in the skin is crucial for the optimisation of NP behaviour in vivo. Therefore, we have used semiconductor quantum dots (QD) to investigate their biodistribution in the skin by means of confocal fluorescence microscopy after subcutaneous injection. The results obtained showed that the diffusion of QD in the dermis is limited by basement membrane and dense connective tissue fibres, which resulted in negligible QD penetration into the epidermis, hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands, nerves and blood vessels. Low permeation of QD through the tissues results in slow clearance and raises the risks of potential immune, inflammatory and cytotoxic responses. The study reveals the significance of the tissue architecture for the interstitial and intracellular migration patterns of non‐functionalised QD.
Epigenetic mechanisms and endocannabinoid signalling
Authors: D'Addario Claudio , Di Francesco Andrea , Pucci Mariangela , Finazzi Agrò Alessandro , Maccarrone Mauro
Published: January 2013

The endocannabinoid system, composed of endogenous lipids, their target receptors and metabolic enzymes, has been implicated in multiple biological functions in health and disease, both in the central nervous system and in peripheral organs. Despite the exponential growth of experimental evidence on the key role of endocannabinoid signalling in basic cellular processes, and on its potential exploitation for therapeutic interventions, much remains to be clarified about the respective regulatory mechanisms. Epigenetics refers to a set of post‐translational modifications that regulate gene expression without causing variation in DNA sequence, endowed with a major impact on signal transduction pathways. The epigenetic machinery includes DNA methylation, histone modifications, nucleosome positioning and non‐coding RNAs. Due to the reversibility of epigenetic changes, an emerging field of interest is the possibility of an ‘epigenetic therapy’ that could possibly be applied also to endocannabinoids. Here, we review current knowledge of epigenetic regulation of endocannabinoid system components under both physiological and pathological conditions, as well as the epigenetic changes induced by endocannabinoid signalling.
Glypican‐3: a marker and a therapeutic target in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Filmus Jorge , Capurro Mariana
Published: January 2013

Glypican‐3 (GPC3) is a member of the glypican family. Glypicans are proteoglycans that are attached to the cell surface by a glycosyl‐phosphatidylinositol anchor. They regulate the signaling activity of several growth factors, including Wnts. This regulation is based on the ability of glypicans to stimulate or inhibit the interaction of these growth factors with their respective signaling receptors. It has been clearly established that whereas GPC3 is expressed by most hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), this glypican is not detected in normal and cirrhotic liver, or in benign hepatic lesions. Consequently, immunostaining of liver biopsies for GPC3 is currently being used by clinical pathologists to confirm HCC diagnosis when the malignant nature of the lesion is difficult to establish. In addition to being a marker of HCC, GPC3 plays a role in the progression of the disease. GPC3 promotes the growth of HCC by stimulating canonical Wnt signaling. It has been proposed that this stimulation is based on the ability of GPC3 to increase the binding of Wnt to its signaling receptor, Frizzled. Two therapeutic approaches for HCC that target GPC3 are currently being tested in phase II clinical trials. One of them is based on the use of a humanized GPC3 monoclonal antibody that inhibits the in vivo growth of HCC xenografts by inducing antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity. The second approach employs a vaccine that consists of two GPC3‐derived peptides that induce cytotoxic T lymphocytes against these peptides. Targeting of GPC3 might offer a new tool for the treatment of HCC.
Finite element simulation of dynamic crack propagation process using an arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian formulation
Authors: AMINI M. R. , SHAHANI A. R.
Published: January 2013

In this paper, the arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian formulation is employed for finite element modelling of dynamic crack propagation problem. The application phase simulation of computational dynamic fracture is applied to model by which the crack propagation history and variation of crack velocity are predicted using the material dynamic fracture toughness. The dynamic solution of problem is accomplished using the implicit time integration method. The convective terms due to mesh‐material motion are taken into account via the convection equation. A robust and efficient mesh motion technique, that its equations need not to be solved at every time step, is employed in Eulerian phase. The mesh connectivity is preserved during the analysis. So, the successive remeshing of model is eliminated. When the dynamic fracture criterion is satisfied for crack growth, the presented algorithm allows the crack to advance by splitting the material particle at the crack tip. The dynamic energy release rate is calculated at each time step to determine dynamic stress intensity factor. The predicted results are compared with those obtained through the experimental study and remeshing technique cited in the literature. The proposed computational algorithm leads to an accurate and efficient simulation of dynamic crack propagation process.
Iron precipitation in a natural CO2 reservoir: Jurassic Navajo Sandstone in the northern San Rafael Swell, UT, USA
Authors: Potter‐McIntyre S. , Allen J. , Lee S.‐Y. , Han W. S. , Chan M. , McPherson B.
Published: January 2013

Diagenetic iron (oxyhydr)oxide minerals are common precipitates expected in CO2 reservoirs, and these minerals record fluid flow for application to carbon capture and sequestration (CSS). Multiple mineralogy and spectroscopy analyses on a pore to meter scale characterize a well‐exposed, lithologically controlled, iron (oxyhydr)oxides reaction front in the Jurassic Navajo Sandstone. Dolomite is the most prevalent cement (up to 23 area%), followed by only several percent or less of iron (oxyhydr)oxides, kaolinite, illite, and gypsum cements. Bulk geochemistry based on diagenetic mineralogies in the reaction front is compared with the water chemistry from nearby modern spring effluent emanating from the Navajo Sandstone to conclude that similar fluids (i.e., CO2‐charged, saline waters containing hydrocarbons) are responsible for the precipitation. A second comparison of bulk geochemistry and diagenetic mineralogies of the reaction front with data from other abundant Navajo Sandstone concretions in the Spencer Flat region (in south central Utah) shows that reservoir fluids likely vary spatially and temporally in the porous and permeable Navajo Sandstone. CO2 injection into porous and permeable, quartz arenite, saline aquifers will likely result in minor clay and abundant dolomite precipitation that will significantly decrease porosity.
Beyond the Village: Recent Approaches to the Social History of the Early Modern German Peasantry
Authors: Sreenivasan Govind P.
Published: January 2013

The early modern Germany peasantry emerged as an historical subject in its own right in the 1960s. The first generation of this research gained a mainstream readership partly by appealing for a more ‘democratic’ history, but also by grounding peasant history in a wider interpretive framework indebted to Marxism, in which economic transformation stemmed from class formation, while meaningful political change was driven by class conflict. Although it succeeded in making the first generation of early modern peasant history matter to a wider audience, this class‐based framework not only no longer enjoys widespread support, but also has not been replaced in the work of peasant historians with a similarly compelling substitute. As a result, while a great deal of research continues to be published on the early modern German peasantry, its readership is increasingly confined to specialists. All is not lost, however, for with conceptions like ‘economic sociability’ and ‘state‐formation from below,’ the best recent research suggests ways of reconnecting the history of the early modern peasantry to wider social and political narratives. The article concludes by surveying some of the kinds of archival resources through which these new frameworks could be investigated.