bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reactive oxygen species explicit dosimetry to predict local tumor growth for Photofrin-mediated photodynamic therapy
Authors: Sheng Tianqi , Ong Yihong , Busch Theresa M. , Zhu Timothy C.
Published: July 2020

Although photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an established modality for cancer treatment, current dosimetric quantities, such as light fluence and PDT dose, do not account for the differences in PDT oxygen consumption for different fluence rates (ϕ). A macroscopic model was adopted to calculate reactive oxygen species concentration ([ROS]rx) to predict Photofrin-PDT outcome in mice bearing radiation-induced fibrosarcoma (RIF) tumors. Singlet oxygen is the primary cytotoxic species for ROS, which is responsible for cell death in type II PDT, although other type I ROS is included in the parameters used in our model. Using a combination of fluences (50-250 J∕cm2) and ϕ (75 or 150 mW∕cm2), tumor regrowth rate, k, was determined for each condition by fitting the tumor volume versus time to V0*exp(k*t). Treatment was delivered with a collimated laser beam of 1 cm diameter at 630 nm. Explicit dosimetry of light fluence rate on tissue surface, tissue oxygen concentration, tissue optical properties, and Photofrin concentration were performed. Light fluence rate at 3 mm depth (ϕ 3mm) was determined for the treatment volume based on Monte-Carlo simulations and measured tissue optical properties. Initial tissue oxygenation [3O2]0 was measured by an Oxylite oxygen probe before PDT and used to calculate [ROS]rx,calc. This value was compared to [ROS]rx,meas as calculated with the entire tissue oxygen spectrum [3O2](t), measured over the duration of light delivery for PDT. Cure index, CI = 1-k/kctr, for tumor growth up to 14 days after PDT was predicted by four dose metrics: light fluence, PDT dose, and [ROS]rx,calc, and [ROS]rx,meas. PDT dose was defined as the product of the time-integral of photosensitizer concentration and ϕ at a 3 mm tumor depth. These studies show that [ROS]rx,meas best correlates with CI and is an effective dosimetric quantity that can predict treatment outcome.
Pathological identification of brain tumors based on the characteristics of molecular fragments generated by laser ablation combined with a spiking neural network
Authors: Teng Geer , Wang Qianqian , Yang Haifeng , Qi Xueling , Zhang Hongwei , Cui Xutai , Idrees Bushra Sana , Xiangli Wenting , Wei Kai , Khan M. Nouman
Published: July 2020

Quick and accurate diagnosis helps shorten intraoperative waiting time and make a correct plan for the brain tumor resection. The common cryostat section method costs more than 10 minutes and the diagnostic accuracy depends on the sliced and frozen process and the experience of the pathologist. We propose the use of molecular fragment spectra (MFS) in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) to identify different brain tumors. Formation mechanisms of MFS detected from brain tumors could be generalized into 3 categories, for instance, combination, reorganization and break. Four kinds of brain tumors (glioma, meningioma, hemangiopericytoma, and craniopharyngioma) from different patients were used as investigated samples. The spiking neural network (SNN) classifier was proposed to combine with the MFS (MFS-SNN) for the identification of brain tumors. SNN performed better than conventional machine learning methods for the analysis of similar and limited MFS information. With the ratio data type, the identification accuracy achieved 88.62% in 2 seconds.
Chirp-dispersion management inducing regeneration of truncated Airy
pulses in fiber optics links
Authors: Heuteu Crépin , Mandeng Mandeng Lucien , Tchawoua Clément
Published: July 2020

In this paper, we introduce another technique of Airy pulse
regeneration in fiber links using the interaction between group
velocity dispersion (GVD) and the initial value of frequency chirp.
This technique of regeneration consists of managing the product of

G
V
D

×

c
h
i
r
p

over each piece

f

i
=
1
…
N

of fiber line having

N

pieces in the case of
zero-third-order dispersion (TOD) systems. This work follows
[Phys. Rev.
A 89, 043817
(2014)PLRAAN1050-294710.1103/PhysRevA.89.043817], which studied
the nonzero-TOD system. Three models are considered: the first
consists of alternation of the GVD with the chirp being constant, the
second consists of alternation of the chirp with a constant GVD, and
the third consists of the alternation of both parameters. Through the
numerical results obtained in the linear optical system, we show that
the first model with an initial condition corresponding to the
asymmetric inversion (A.I.) mechanism,

G
V
D

×

c
h
i
r
p

<

0

, is the best at yielding interesting
regeneration for both a single finite energy Airy pulse (FEAP) and for
the symmetric FEAPs previously defined in [Opt.
Commun. 399, 16
(2017)OPCOB80030-401810.1016/j.optcom.2017.04.064]. There is a
need to achieve the A.I. mechanism on each piece of fiber through the
condition

s
×

C
′

<
0

, where the GVD sign

s

alternates and

C
′

is the intrinsic chirp developed by
the pulse itself within the current piece

f
i

before its injection into the next
piece

f

i
+
1

. The main parameter that is
beneficial for this kind of chirp-dispersion management (CDM)
regeneration of FEAPs in fiber links is found to be the initial chirp
whose dimensionless optimal absolute value is

|

C

|

∈
[
1
;
3
]

in order to combine the quality and
good intensity. In contrast, the temporal gap

τ
B

and nonlinearity have a deleterious
impact on regeneration. Moreover, the noise in the regeneration
originates from the alternation of the chirp, the simultaneous
alternation of both the GVD and the chirp, the drastic increase in
chirp, and nonlinearity.
Supersensitive estimation of the coupling rate in cavity optomechanics with an impurity-doped Bose-Einstein condensate
Authors: Tan Qing-Shou , Yuan Ji-Bing , Liao Jie-Qiao , Kuang Le-Man
Published: July 2020

We propose a scheme to implement a supersensitive estimation of the coupling strength in a hybrid optomechanical system which consists of a cavity-Bose-Einstein condensate system coupled to an impurity. This method can dramatically improve the estimation precision even when the involved photon number is small. The quantum Fisher information indicates that the Heisenberg scale sensitivity of the coupling rate could be obtained when the photon loss rate is smaller than the corresponding critical value in the input of either coherent state or squeezed state. The critical photon decay rate for the coherent state is larger than that of the squeezed state, and the coherent state input case is more robust against the photon loss than the squeezed state case. We also present the measurement scheme which can saturate the quantum Cramér-Rao bound.
X-ray tomography with multiple ultranarrow cone beams
Authors: Sowa Katarzyna M. , Korecki Paweł
Published: July 2020

Hollow glass microcapillaries or x-ray waveguides very efficiently confine x-rays to submicron or nanospots, which can be used for point projection imaging. However, x-ray beams exiting from such devices have ultranarrow cones that are limited by the critical angle for the total external reflection to a few milliradians. Narrow cone beams result in small fields of view, and the application of multiple-reflection optics to cone beam tomography is challenging. In this work, we describe a new nonconventional tomographic geometry realized with multiple confocal ultranarrow cone beams. The geometry enables an increase in the effective radiation cone to over 10° without resolution reduction. The proposed tomographic scans can be performed without truncations of the field of view or limitations of the angular range and do not require sample translations, which are inherent to other multibeam x-ray techniques. Volumetric imaging is possible with a simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique or with a fast approximate noniterative two-step approach. A proof-of-principle experiment was performed in the multipoint projection geometry with polycapillary optics and a multi-pinhole mask inserted upstream of the optics. The geometry is suited for phase-contrast tomography with polychromatic laboratory and synchrotron sources.
Enhanced analog-optical link performance with noiseless phase-sensitive fiber optical parametric amplifiers
Authors: Zhao Ping , Kakarla Ravikiran , Karlsson Magnus , Andrekson Peter A.
Published: July 2020

In this paper, we investigate the enhancement of analog optical link performance with noiseless phase-sensitive fiber optical parametric amplifiers. The influence of different noise sources in the link impacts the quality of analog optical signals, especially with low optical signal power, which has not been investigated before. Theoretically, the increase in signal-to-noise ratio and spurious-free dynamic range can be up to ∼6 dB and ∼4 dB, respectively, if the noise figure of optical pre-amplifier drops 3 dB when the received optical power is less than -65 dBm. In addition, experiments based on a 1.3 dB-noise-figure phase-sensitive fiber optical parametric amplifier and conventional optical pre-amplifiers are implemented, and the measured results agree with the theoretical expectations. This illustrates that noiseless phase-sensitive optical amplification may pave the way to long-haul distribution of analog optical signals and find applications in microwave-photonic systems.
Time-resolved recombination by attosecond-controlled high harmonic generation
Authors: Dong Wenpu , Hu Huayu , Zhao Zengxiu
Published: July 2020

We theoretically investigate the coherent control of strong-field high-harmonic generation in the presence of an isolated attosecond pulse. It is found that the rapid modulation of the controlled signal exhibits interference fringe structures in the delay-dependent spectra. By comparing the classical trajectory model with quantum mechanical calculation, it is demonstrated that the fringes are resulted from the interference between the photon- and the tunnelling-initiated recombination pathways. The relative recombination times for the two paths are reconstructed from the interference fringes, which provides a novel scheme for optical observation of the interplay of the photionization and tunneling ionization electron dynamics in attosecond resolution.
Strong hyperbolic-magnetic polaritons coupling in an hBN/Ag-grating heterostructure
Authors: Hu Jigang , Xie Weiqiang , Chen Junxue , Zhou Leiming , Liu Wei , Li Dongmei , Zhan Qiwen
Published: July 2020

Strong coupling between hyperbolic phonon-polaritons (HP) and magnetic polaritons (MP) is theoretically studied in a hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) covered deep silver grating structure. It is found that MP in grating trenches strongly interacts with HP in an anisotropic hBN thin film, leading to a large Rabi splitting with near-perfect dual band light absorption. Numerical results indicate that MP-HP coupling can be tuned by geometric parameters of the structure. More intriguingly, the resonantly enhanced fields for two branches of the hybrid mode demonstrate unusually different field patterns. One exhibits a volume-confined Zigzag propagation pattern in the hBN film, while the other shows a field-localization near the grating corners. Furthermore, resonance frequencies of these strongly coupled modes are very robust over a wide-angle range. The angle-insensitive strong interaction of hyperbolic-magnetic polaritons with dual band intense light absorption in this hybrid system offers a new paradigm for the development of various optical detecting, sensing and thermal emitting devices.
Broad range electric field enhancement of a plasmonic nanosphere heterodimer
Authors: Debu Desalegn T. , Yan Qigeng , Darweesh Ahmad Aziz , Benamara Mourad , Salamo Gregory
Published: July 2020

Interaction between metallic nanoparticles has been widely investigated due to the rise of the enhanced local electric field inside the gap. We numerically present the broadband near- and far-field spectra from the near-ultraviolet (UV) through the visible wavelength range using plasmonic heterodimers. Both near- and far-field resonances can be manipulated by the composition of heterodimers. They show strong dependencies on gap width and particle size. Compared with Al-Au and Al-Ag heterodimers, the dipole-mode resonant peak has a redshift for the Au-Ag heterodimer. In the near-UV range, the Al-Ag heterodimer gains the strongest optical enhancement. This is due to the robust optical resonance of Al and Ag particles in the near-UV range. On the other hand, the heterodimers with Au particles exhibit a better field enhancement at longer wavelengths. The physical origin of plasmonic resonances of the bonding dipole modes and higher-order modes are revealed by the simulated mappings of local electric fields and 3D surface charge distributions. Moreover, our simulations also reveal the suitability of the plasmon ruler equation and the power law enhancement equation to quantify the optical response of heterodimers.
FÁRMACOS ANTIMICROBIANOS E ANTIVIRAIS COM POTENCIAL USO TERAPÊUTICO PARA A COVID-19
Authors: Bezerra Hellen Cryslen Bernardo , Xavier Daniel Parente , Bachur Tatiana Paschoalette Rodrigues , Aragão Gislei Frota
Published: July 2020

A doença causada pelo novo coronavírus SARS-CoV-2, denominada COVID-19, já infectou mais de 6,5 milhões de pessoas no mundo. Até o presente momento, não há tratamento comprovadamente efi caz contra o vírus, mas alguns medicamentos já utilizados em outras doenças demonstraram efi cácia in vitro ou mesmo em humanos, como alguns agentes antimicrobianos. O objetivo desta pesquisa bibliográfi ca foi fornecer uma visão geral das evidências publicadas, até a data de pesquisa, acerca dos estudos experimentais e ensaios clínicos que utilizaram fármacos antimicrobianos como proposta de tratamento para a doença pelo novo coronavírus. Foram incluídos 75 artigos de periódicos indexados na base de dados MEDLINE. Os resultados mostraram que os fármacos Lopinavir/Ritonavir, cloroquina e hidroxicloroquina demonstraram atuar na melhora clínica de pacientes diagnosticados com COVID-19. No entanto, mais evidências são necessárias para a confi rmação dos dados disponíveis atualmente.
ERROS DE PRESCRIÇÃO DE MEDICAMENTOS NA ATENÇÃO PRIMÁRIA FRENTE AO PROGRAMA NACIONAL DE SEGURANÇA DO PACIENTE
Authors: Bezerra Maria do Carmo Martins , Mariz Batista Almária
Published: July 2020

Erros de prescrição podem provocar riscos de dano ao paciente, além de gastos desnecessários ao paciente e ao sistema público de saúde. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar revisão da literatura sobre os erros de prescrição na atenção primária à saúde frente ao Programa Nacional de Segurança do Paciente. Trata-se de estudo de revisão da literatura cuja estratégia de busca foi pesquisa por artigos brasileiros publicados no período de 2013 a 2018, período de vigência do Programa Nacional de Segurança do Paciente, utilizando os descritores prescrição de medicamentos, erros de medicação e atenção primária à saúde. Os erros mais frequentes foram omissão da duração do tratamento, medicamentos prescritos por nome comercial, falta de adesão à Relação Nacional de Medicamentos Essenciais, polifarmácia com interações medicamentosas potenciais, terapia duplicada e combinações contraindicadas de medicamentos. Ainda são escassos os estudos que investigam erros relacionados a prescrição de medicamentos no âmbito da atenção primária à saúde. Outrossim, apesar da existência de legislação que regula ações voltadas à segurança do paciente no Brasil, é necessária a sensibilização por parte dos profi ssionais de saúde e gerenciamento quanto ao cumprimento da legislação, o que pressupõe a necessidade de expansão dos Núcleos de Segurança do Paciente para o âmbito da Atenção Primária à Saúde.
The Range of Applying the Foreign Law in the Jordanian Judiciary Against the Civil Proceedings Caused Due to a Crime
Authors: AL-KHASILAT Abdullah Ahmed , NASRIDEEN Tamara Yaqoub
Published: July 2020

The research aims to clarify the legal solution about an important issue, which is to identify which legal rule needs to be applied to a civil lawsuit that has been raised based on a public right lawsuit in the criminal court, it was noticed that there is a Jurisprudential and Judicial Dispute while dealing with this subject, therefore the research addressed the differences in opinions and the Jordanian legislator's point of view about this matter. At the end of the research, a conclusion for the need for a clear and explicit provision statement to melt this dispute.
Building Strategic Planning Models Based on Digital Technology in the Sharia Capital Market
Authors: BASROWI Basrowi , UTAMI Pertiwi
Published: July 2020

Digital technology is able to give a new face to the development of the capital market industry in Indonesia. Licensing process, wider reach and ease in transactions (financial technology) become faster, more efficient, cheaper, and transparent. However, the development of digital or scripless systems is still constrained by various factors. The purpose of this study is to try to dig deeper into the basic concepts of digital planning for issuers in the list of Islamic securities. A development model based on the results of the literature review is expected to contribute to the acceleration of digital technology in the capital market. The results of the study suggest that it is important for digital planning so that organizations have planning standards with special characteristics to create a 'positioning' that is in accordance with Islamic principles. The novelty in this research is that social cognitive theory and technology adoption can also be applied to sharia-based digital planners in the capital market. Sharia-based digital technology will have a positive impact on the empowerment of issuers, prospective issuers, and investors in the list of sharia securities.
Assessment of the Impact of State Regulation of Retail Trade Networks Development on the Wholesale Sector
Authors: CHEGLOV V.P. , MKHITARYAN S.V. , DANCHENOK L.A. , RYKALINA O.V. , TULTAEV T.A.
Published: July 2020

The article is dealing with the issues of state regulation of the consumer market, where the interests of producers, wholesale intermediaries, and retail trade are traditionally encountered. The authors consider the features of state regulation of the formation and development processes of multi-object and omnichannel trading systems in Russia in the context of the country's entry into the global economy, the opening of the domestic market for foreign business structures, and commodity imports in a situation with a small business that is not fully established. The results of the conducted study complement the experience of the international community in regulating system formation in trade. The article analyzes significant differences in the state intervention mechanisms in the economic relations of retail chains and their suppliers, as well as the impact of stricter legislation on wholesale trade, and its place and role in the commodity distribution system. The authors prove that excessive regulation of the retail market causes negative consequences in its adjacent segments, justify the upcoming redistribution of the market between large retail chains and specialized wholesale companies in favor of the former ones, show the development prospects of the distribution, and the impact of this process on small retail businesses, as well as formulate proposals for optimizing approaches to regulating the transformation of the trade sector in the transition economy.
Judicial Control and Prosecutorial Supervision in the System of Guarantees for Observing the Rights and Freedoms of a Suspect Person
Authors: DYUSSEBAYEV Talgat T. , AMANGELDY Aizhan A. , BALASHOV Talgat T. , AKIMBAYEVA Ainur A. , ARATULY Kuanysh , TELEUYEV Galym B.
Published: July 2020

In the process of reforming the criminal procedure legislation, the institution of the prosecutor’s office has become one of its important aspects. The judiciary, being one of the independent and autonomous branches of power in criminal proceedings, which is a system of protecting the rights and freedoms of citizens, is by far the most effective structure for protecting human rights. The article reveals the essence of judicial control and prosecutorial supervision, identifies a number of problems in the form of potential threats to ensure the rights and legitimate interests of a suspect (accused) in this form of preliminary investigation. As a result of the study, the following was stated. The current provisions of the CIS constitutions regulating the sphere of human rights and freedoms have made it possible to single out separate independent areas in the activities of the prosecutor’s office. Based on the practical problems that arise in the conditions of the new Criminal Procedure Code in the CIS countries, the authors consider it reasonable that the current oversight functions assigned to the prosecution authorities in ensuring the rights and freedoms of a suspect and an accused during the investigation, necessitate further special studies with the aim of development of evidence-based proposals for their resolution.
Systematization and Classification of ‘Soft Law’ Sources in the Financial Law of Russia
Authors: EREMIN Sergey , LUKICHEV Konstantin , KAMOLOV Sergey , MIGACHEVA Elena , VERSHILO Tatiana
Published: July 2020

The aim of this work is to develop a classification of soft law sources in the financial law of the Russian Federation and their systematization. The study revealed the fact that Russian fiscal authorities and courts have increasingly turned to the documents of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) especially in connection with the taxation issues. The study discloses an important soft-law feature – to transform to the financial law and become legally binding. It was adjusted that there are a large number of soft law legislative acts, regarding transfer pricing and double taxation avoiding have been passed by international organizations and bodies nowadays. These acts are being used a lot in the Russian financial law. The study investigates the most important soft law act – OECD Model Tax Convention and its comments - issued by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). According to the result of the study, the classification of soft-law acts was carried out. The classification is based on the following criteria: functions, goals, scope (influence), bill passing authorities, types of adopted acts, bill scope. The developed classification and systematization ensure a more efficient and uniform application of the soft law sources in practice. At work there were used general and specific scientific research methods: method of interpretation of the rules of laws, system-structural and formal-legal methods, logical method.
Classification of International Preferential and Regional Trade Agreements
Authors: HOLUBIEVA Viktoriia О.
Published: July 2020

The article is devoted to comprehensive generalization of features/characteristics of international trade agreements/treaties which introduce/fix certain trade advantages in the tariff and non-tariff spheres. The article identifies fifteen classification features/characteristics of the analyzed international agreements. The features are divided into groups: those simultaneously inherent in all/any mentioned international trade agreements/treaties; those inherent only in international economic integration agreements/treaties; those inherent just in preferential international trade agreements/treaties. Practical relevance: The classification gives an opportunity to suggest some definitions/terms, which take into consideration/involve some separated particulars, namely those of preferential trade agreements, international economic integration agreements, which also include regional trade agreements.
Preconditions of Emergence and Development of Sharing Economy: Theoretical and Civilizational Approaches
Authors: ISHTIRYAKOVA Leysan , ZAINULLINA Milyausha
Published: July 2020

The relevance of this research reflects the fact that the issues of consumption are as important for steady economic growth and sustainable social development as the issues of production and investment. However, there is no sufficient theoretical base on the subject for now.

The purpose of this research is to describe the diverse continuum of consumption development processes across different stages of social development, which preceded and contributed to the evolution of the sharing economy in its modern form.

Classical and neoclassical schools and, to some extent, institutionalism approached the category of consumption and discovered some characteristic features. Further, the evolutionary analysis of this phenomenon is addressed in conjunction with the three-stage historical civilizational concept comprising the agrarian, industrial and post-industrial stages.

The major factors are identified which contribute to the development and advance of the sharing economy as a result of the evolutionary trajectory of consumption across various societal stages.
The Viewpoint on Legislation and Guidelines on e-Business and e-Commerce: Kazakhstan’s Approac
Authors: ISMAILOVA Bakytgul , KURMANOVA Aigul , ALIMPIYEVA Tatyana , BALABIYEV Kairat , ALTYNBEKKYZY Alua , ALTYNBEKULY Aidar
Published: July 2020

According to Global Information Technology Report, Kazakhstan ranks 39th among countries actively introducing information technologies into electronic business and electronic commerce. The legislative development for e-business and e-commerce in Kazakhstan has begun since 1999, a number of legislative regulations and guidelines have been developed by national parliament of Kazakhstan. The purpose of this article is to present and analyze viewpoint on current national legislation and guidelines on e-business and e-commerce in post-soviet Kazakhstan. This article uses comparative method of legal rules governing e-business and e-commerce issues between Kazakhstan and international countries. Furthermore, it applies a system method, where e-business and e-commerce was considered as a co-economic-legal phenomenon in the mutually agreed existence of its main components such as e-document circulation and e-economy. The article concludes that there is no clearly nationally formulated concept of legal regulation of e-business and e-commerce, there is no clear terminology base and uniform usage of terms, a clear idea of how and what should be regulated. The article highlights that Kazakhstan needs to apply integrated approach with further revision of national legislation and guidelines considering experiences of developed countries and standards of the United Nations convention on the use of electronic communications in international contracts.  This review article explores a problematic area of national legislation and guidelines on e-business and e-commerce in transitional Kazakhstan which display interests to e-business and e-commerce and at the same time, country experiences the difficult economic situation, caused by decreasing oil prices, higher inflation and significant devaluation of the national currency.
Copyright Law Protection Competence in Paying Royalty as Exclusive Rights Substance
Authors: ISRAHADI Evita Isretno
Published: July 2020

Copyright is considered as a moving and intangible object; therefore, a copyright devolution cannot be done verbally but must be with an authentic deed or Underhand deed. Problem Identification: 1. How does the song copyright devolution mechanism make economic interest for a composer or Copyright Holder? 2. What is the system of song copyright royalty payment in Indonesia? and 3. What should be done by the parties to resolve the royalty payment execution dispute? It is a normative juridical method that must be used. Research Result: It is true that copyright license mechanism, fee retaining or royalty payment is considered as logic consequences that must be done by a licensee over a licenser (Copyright holder). It is because the licensee gets material profits due to the economic rights exploitation over the copyright itself.  There are many varieties or different ways of compensation payment system or indemnification from the licensee to the licenser over one copyright object to another, for instance in song/music is known two different ways such as royalty and flat systems, while in music or song is known several ways, namely by percentage system, period system, profit sharing system,  compensation or  copyright selling system. Royalty payment dispute resolving may come in many ways, and, generally, the dispute resolving forums are available into two forms, such as litigation forum through courts and non-litigation forum out of court.
Using e-Services in Slovak Criminal Proceedings
Authors: KLÁTIK Jaroslav , VAŠKO Adrián
Published: July 2020

This paper provides an overview of the development of electronic justice services. Approximately € 112 million has been invested in information and communication technologies in the judiciary over the past five years, mainly from EU funds. These investments bring significant progress in speeding up and streamlining the judicial system in the Slovak Republic. This work was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under the contract No. APVV-15-0437.
Observing European Union Rejection of Indonesia's Crude Palm Oil Exports from the Most Favored Nation and Quantitative Restriction Principles
Authors: KRUSTIYATI Atik , JANISRIWATI Sylvia , CHRISTINE Novela , HUDA Mokhamad  Khoirul
Published: July 2020

Crude palm oil is one of the main commodities exported by Indonesia to several countries, including European Union. The European Union has pushed through several laws regarding climate change, including the Renewable Energy Directive II. The regulation supplementing the Renewable Energy Directive II has also been adopted by the European Commission, making the criteria for determining the high indirect land-use change-risk feedstock in Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/807. The objective of this paper is to observe if the measure taken by European Union on determining the indirect land-use change-risk feedstock has satisfied the existing WTO trade principles, the principle of most favored nation and the principle of quantitative restriction. The determining criteria in Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/807 is trade restrictive and discriminating to the export of crude palm oil, as crude palm oil is the only feedstock that falls under the criteria of high indirect land-use change-risk feedstock. The regulation has impact for the consumption of crude palm oil in Member states of European Union should be gradually reduced 0% by 2030 at the latest.  As the provision on General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade embodies the principle of non-discrimination, the result of the study shows the Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/807 has violated the international trade principles. Furthermore, the general exceptions of GATT 1994 contained in Article XX (b) also doesn’t justify the measure.
Theory Characteristics of the Features of Law that Express its Positive Essence
Authors: LUTSKYI Andriy I. , LUTSKYI Myroslav I. , LUTSKYI Roman P.
Published: July 2020

Nowadays, scientific thought pays little attention to coverage of the essence of such features of law as systematicity and universality. They are the ones that cover the internal structure of appointment and the role of such a category as ‘positive law’. The essential features of positive law reflect the central formula of this category, which reflects the quintessence of the concept of ‘law’. The term ‘positive law’ means a rule of conduct that is accepted and sanctioned by the state and is universally binding. The purpose of the paper is to determine the essence and features of positive law based on a correct understanding of the features that describe this phenomenon, as well as are key factors in legal consciousness. The essential features of positive law presented in the paper reflect the central formula of this category, which reflects the quintessence of the concept of ‘law’; this formula can be supplemented and modified, but it cannot be left out without compromising the full coverage of the content, structure, and mechanism of law.
The Development of National and International Legislation in the Field of Countering the Financing of Terrorist and Extremist Activities
Authors: MURATZHAN Zarina , BISHMANOV Kakimzhan Muratzhanovich , DILBARKHANOVA Zhanat Rakhimzhanovna
Published: July 2020

This article discusses the legal aspects of countering the financing of terrorism and extremism at the national and international levels. The economic basis for the activities of terrorist and extremist organizations is money, which in many cases is received from legalized shadow incomes. Therefore, the legalization of shadow incomes and the financing of terrorism and extremism are inseparable in the legislation of many countries and international law. This article discusses some national characteristics and international legal experience in countering money laundering and the financing of terrorism and extremism. The purpose of the present work is to analyze the possibilities of applying global experience in countering the activities of terrorist and extremist organizations by suppressing their financing and making it more difficult. The authors have examined legal acts and the opinions of researchers suggesting various methods of countering the financing of terrorism. The analysis of the above materials allowed the authors to conclude the need to use international experience to improve the legal framework for countering the financing of terrorism and extremism in Kazakhstan.
The Existence of People's Consultative Assembly in Indonesian State System in the Pancasila Democracy Perspective
Authors: MARZUKI Marzuki , SITOMPUL Roswita
Published: July 2020

The sovereignty of the people is one of the principles of Indonesian state administration, contained in the Preamble and Articles in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, implemented through the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR). But after the Amendment to the 1945 Constitution, the position of the MPR in the Proclamation Constitution has been placed as the highest state institution and the holder of popular sovereignty, and today based on the institutional structure of the state, the People’s Consultative Assembly (MPR) has been degraded becoming an equal institution with other State institutions. Such implications, which are certainly seen from a constitutional perspective, have injured Pancasila democracy, which is based on deliberation and consensus, resulting in no more oversight mechanisms that can be carried out against various state institutions, including the President, and this in turn has led to liberal democracy based on individualism. Therefore, a comprehensive study is needed to reinstate the MPR as the highest state institution and holder of popular sovereignty in the format of State institutions in Indonesia as a representation of all Indonesian people based on deliberation and consensus in every decision making.
Organ Transplantation as a Form of Realization of the Right to Life: A Constitutional and Legal Aspect
Authors: PIRBUDAGOVA Diana Shamilyevna , VELIYEVA Sabina Mukhtarovna
Published: July 2020

Kazakhstan and the Islamic Republic of Iran are two states that have common sea borders through the Caspian Sea, two friendly neighbors, successfully developing both bilateral cooperation and cooperation at the regional and international level. The relevance of this study is that today it is advisable to study the foreign policy of not only world powers, but also ‘non-knowing’ countries in order to determine the scenario for the development of relations between the two countries. The purpose of the article is to analyze and evaluate the geostrategic features of the interaction of Kazakhstan and Iran in the regional and global aspects. The leading approach to the study of this problem is the analysis method, which allowed to study the history of relations between Kazakhstan and Iran at different stages. This article attempts to determine the geostrategic features of the interaction between Kazakhstan and Iran in the regional and world aspect analyze and evaluate their bilateral relations.
Entrepreneurship Development Trends in Perm and Sverdlovsk Region
Authors: RUDENKO Marina N.
Published: July 2020

Increasing the level of entrepreneurial activity is determined by the extent to which its development is necessary to form a sustainable functioning of the region or the country as a whole. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that the formation of entrepreneurial activity at the moment occurs only where there is a basis for social interaction between the subjects of entrepreneurship and society. The novelty of the study is determined by the fact that the paper uses a cluster approach, which allows to distinguish level estimates of the conditions of development of entrepreneurial activity. The author shows that the conditions for social interaction are the driver for development in the conditions of increasing the level of individualisation of social interaction. The article shows that social conditions determine the development of a new form of standardisation of entrepreneurship in the form of social entrepreneurship. The author demonstrates the mechanism of development of social entrepreneurship and the possibilities of its implementation both in the conditions of the innovative market and in the structure of stagnant market tendencies. The practical significance of the study is that social entrepreneurship is determined by the need to differentiate the conditions of its development and when forming cross-border clusters allows to predict and implement regional programs for the development of entrepreneurial activity.
Website as an e-Commerce Tool: Regulatory Technology
Authors: RYZHIK Andrey Vladimirovich , SLESAREV Vladimir Lvovich , MALCEV Vitalij Anatolevich , KAMISHANSKY Vladimir Pavlovich
Published: July 2020

This paper presents an analysis of the legal nature and regulation features of the website, which is the main tool of electronic commerce. There are various definitions of the concept of website that reflect the legal nature of the definition in question, depending on the circumstances of its use. It has been established that a website refers to a set of electronic documents (files), united under one address (domain name and (or) IP address). The authors come to the conclusion that, depending on the business model used by the subject of electronic commerce, websites can have both an informational and advertising character and contain the functionality of online stores, accepting and processing orders for goods and services online and, in many cases, performing them as well. With a certain degree of conventionality, one can say that in modern conditions the website acts as a representative of the person on the Internet. Therefore, the very first stage of its use — the stage of creating a website — is particularly important.
Legal Regulation of the Transition of Kazakhstan to Green Economy
Authors: TELEUYEV Galym B. , KOPBASSAROVA Gulnura K. , CHINGAYEVA Bahtygul K. , SHERIMOVA Nurzat Sh. , TULTABAYEV Zulfikar Ch.
Published: July 2020

By destroying the environment, any modern society destroys its own future. For the prosperity of future generations, the environment must be preserved. To preserve nature, careful monitoring of the state of the environment, rationing and prevention of industrial emissions, development and implementation of waste-free and resource-saving technologies are required. The use of natural resources by a person with complete ignorance of the laws of nature often leads to dire, irreparable consequences. At present, humankind has begun to realize that any sector of the economy primarily affects the environment. And therefore, the world community is considering various mechanisms for preserving the environment. And of course, the idea of a green economy is one of them. A green economy is not just an opportunity, but an indispensable development path for all countries and states that aspire to ensure a reliable future for their citizens. The purpose of the study is to investigate the need and importance of the country's transition to a green economy; to research the experience of foreign countries in the transition to a green economy; to consider the ‘green economy’ as a legal phenomenon, as well as to investigate the legal issues of the transition and improvement of the regulatory framework of Kazakhstan for the transition to the green economy. The research methodology consists of materialistic dialectics, formal logical, historical law, system-analytical, comparative law and specific sociological research methods. Theoretical and practical recommendations for improving the current state mechanism for the transition to a green economy were proposed in the course of the study.
Cryptocurrency as Object of Regulation by Public and Private Law
Authors: TSINDELIANI Imeda , EGOROVA Maria
Published: July 2020

The aim of this study is to establish the legal status quo of cryptocurrencies in the Russian Federation. The hypothesis presented by this study requires a profound reference to existing and proposed legislation as well as to the statements of a number of international, supranational and national regulatory bodies.

This study uses qualitative research methods, and primarily consists of descriptive research. Doctrinal and comparative law research also lie at the very heart of this paper as they enable the author to identify, analyze and synthesize a number of foreign (incl. EU), and Russian laws. As a result, the emergence of new institutions and the modernization of existing ones, based on new technological breakthroughs, undoubtedly affect the already existing institutions that are under the influence of changes. Money, which is at the heart of finance, already loses its material forms of expression and regulating properties, alternative tools emerge in the economy that are ready to act as alternatives to this traditional institution. The alternative to money and monetary mechanisms will affect the basic instrument for regulating economic relations and the financial system of the state as a whole - a monopoly on the issue of currency. The nature of cryptocurrency, its features do not make it possible to attribute it entirely either to the means of payment, or to securities, or property. In the existing international community, cryptocurrency lacks a single focal point. Only a progressive view and modern legal regulation of cryptocurrency will create conditions for the development of legal and, most importantly, safe relations in the field of cryptocurrency.
La enseñanza bilingüe en Mozambique: un acercamiento al proyecto PEBIMO y a su influencia sobre el modelo actual
Authors: Aguadero Miguel Ramón
Published: July 2020

Numerous studies over the years have shown the beneficial effects of teaching in the native language of children. However, the right to be educated in their own language is hampered in sub-Saharan Africa due to historical, social and cultural issues. In this article we address the linguistic diversity of Mozambique and shed light on the PEBIMO Project, a pioneering experience in bilingual education that aimed to improve the academic performance of students. Analysis of its outcomes also reveal its contribution to the valorization of the local language and cultures, and to promoting greater involvement of families in schooling. Its recommendations have served to strengthen language policy in the Mozambican education system, and nowadays they are still suitable for promoting an inclusive school based on the recognition of the linguistic plurality of the country as a strength, and not as a problem.
Aspek Hukum Persetujuan Tindakan Medis (Inform Consent) Dalam pelayanan Kesehatan
Authors: Busro Achmad
Published: July 2020

Abstract Approval of medical treatment (inform consent) in health services is a matter that must be carried out by doctors to patients in terms of legal aspects. For this reason, it is necessary to pay attention to the implementation of the medical action agreement. So to note also the obstacles and solutions to overcome the implementation of health services to patients, so that there is a legal protection for both doctors and patients. Key Words  : Inform Consent, Doctor, Patient Abstrak Persetujuan tindakan medis ( inform consent ) dalam pelayanan kesehatan merupakan suatu hal yang wajib dilakukan oleh dokter terhadap pasien ditinjau dari aspek hukumnya. Untuk itu perlu diperhatikan dalam implementasinya persetujuan tindakan medis itu. Jadi untuk diperhatikan pula hambatan dan solusi mengatasi dalam pelaksanaan pelayanan kesehatan kepada pasien, sehingga terdapat adanya perlindungan hukum baik bagi dokter maupun pasien. Kata Kunci  : Inform Consent, Dokter, Pasien
Exploring the Code-Switching Behaviours of Chilean EFL High School Teachers: A Function-Focused Approach
Authors: Cancino Marco , Díaz Gabriela
Published: July 2020

The present study sought to assess and characterise the amount of first language use that two English as a foreign language teachers used to accomplish a number of functions in two classroom modes. An adapted version of the Functional Language Alternation Analysis of Teacher Talk scheme was used to analyse teacher talk in six English as a foreign language classes at a public high school. Results showed that the first language holds a hegemonic presence in these classrooms across a wide range of pedagogical functions. It is argued that initiatives that present prescriptive approaches to foreign language use need to take into account linguistic, contextual, and idiosyncratic factors in the English as a foreign language classroom.
The relationships between dynamic balance and sprint, flexibility, strength, jump in junior soccer players
Authors: Kartal Alpaslan
Published: July 2020

Background and Study Aim. The present study aimed to investigate the relationships between sprint, flexibility, upper extremity strength and Star Excursion Balance Test performances in soccer players aged 12–14 years.

Material and Methods.  Eighteen junior soccer players (mean age, 9.78 ± 1.6 years; height, 139.5 ± 11.0 cm; weight, 34.3 ± 9.9 kg; BMI, 17.3±2.9; leg length; 63.7±5.9 cm) participated in this study voluntarily. They were training 2 or 3 times a week with the addition of one match per month and none of them had reported injuries or diseases related to sports.  After measuring the anthropometrics of the subjects, they were familiarized with the test procedures. Measurements included handgrip strength (HD), 30 sc. sit-ups (SU), standing long jump (SLJ), Countermovement jump (CMJ) and 20m-Sprint tests as independent variables, and Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) as dependent variables. Then, statistical analysis was applied to the data transferred to SPSS 24.0 Packet program.

Results.  The inconsistent correlations between variables of SEBT and selected parameters were found. The strongest significant relationships of the variables of SEBT with selected variables were observed between anterolateral (AL) and SU (r=646, p<0.05), and between posteromedial (PM) and Sprint (r=-650). No significant correlations were observed between variables of dynamic balance and CMJ, SLJ, Relative Handgrip Strength (RHS).

Conclusions.  As a result, strength and power performances may not necessarily be related to impaired balance directly in young soccer men. Moreover, low back flexibility may have negative or positive influences on dynamic balance.