bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preliminary observations on the BK 8518 mandible from Baringo, Kenya
Authors: Wood B. A. , van Noten F. L.
Published: August 2005

A newly discovered adult hominid mandible (BK 8518) from Baringo, Kenya, is described and assessed. The corpus, many of the tooth crowns, and most of the left ascending ramus are preserved. The teeth are heavily and asymmetrically worn. Compared with BK 67 (the 1966 mandible) the body of BK 8518 is more robust; the internal symphyseal buttressing is more pronounced; the M3s have seven cusps and exceed the M2s in size. There are no compelling reasons, however, to attribute the two mandibles to different taxa and, in view of the lack of any comprehensive taxonomic diagnosis for Homo erectus, “erectus‐like,” and habiline mandibular remains, the new specimen is also best regarded as Homo sp. indet. (aff. erectus).
Anthropological study of digital and parietal hair of Canadians
Authors: Ikoma Eiki
Published: August 2005

Hair exhibits many interesting anthropologic and genetic features such as thickness and cross‐sectional morphology. Digital hair, though not adequately studied to date, has potential importance as an anthropologic trait. A digital hair score system was devised in which a number of dorsally haired digital segments (nine segments) of the left fingers, excluding onychogenic segments, was used as a measure of the trait.

Thickness and cross‐section of the parietal hair of the Ojibwas, a tribe of Canadian Indians, and European Canadians residing in Ontario were compared with those of Japanese and Koreans residing in their respective countries.

Segmental distribution of the digital hair in both males and females was similar between Ojibwas and Japanese, Koreans or Formosans, and was significantly larger in British and other European Canadians.

Parietal hair of Ojibwas, both males and females, was thinner than that of Japanese, and thicker than that of British Canadians.

The parietal hair index was almost equal between Ojibwas and Japanese in both sexes. That of British Canadians was significantly smaller.
Evidence of spinal tuberculosis at the beginning of the fourth millennium BC from Arene Candide cave (Liguria, Italy)
Authors: Formicola Vincenzo , Milanesi Quinzio , Scarsini Caterina
Published: August 2005

This paper describes tuberculosislike lesions affecting the spine of Neolithic skeleton found in Arene Candide cave (Liguria, Italy) and representing one of the earliest cases of this disease in Europe. The burial is attributed to middle Neolithic (square‐mouthed pottery culture) whose layers date, by 14C, to the first half of the fourth millennium BC. The skeleton, well preserved in the postcranial portion, belongs to a male aged about 15 years having a very light body build. Resorptive lesions localized to the lower thoracic and upper lumbar vertebral bodies, collapse and angular kyphosis, resulting from complete destruction of T11 and T12 and partial destruction of T10 and L1, are the main pathologic features. The morphology of the lesions, sites involved, and age of the specimen are consistent with a diagnosis of tuberculous sponayiitis (Pott's disease). The extreme gracility of the skeleton, along with other signs of stress (Harris lines, enamel hypoplasia) suffered during the last years of life, and the limited bony regeneration point to a disease process in its late phase having arisen at the beginning of adolescence. The funerary ritual suggests that the social integration of this adolescent was not prevented by the severe infirmity.
Acuity of selective mechanisms operating on ABO, Rh, and MN blood groups
Authors: Srikumari C. R. , Rajanikumari J. , Rao T. Venkateswara
Published: August 2005

Selection in ABO, Rh, and MN blood groups was studied in 216 matings and their children in an endogamous population. Incompatibility status with respect to these three systems was considered simultaneously.

There is no effect of incompatibility on number of pregnancies. Analysis of variance between groups confirms that prenatal loss is associated with incompatibility, and it is greater when the matings are incompatible for any two systems.

There is no significant intergenerational change in ABO and Rh polymorphisms. Segregation analysis for the ABO system suggests that there is no significant difference in the proportion of A, B, and O children, based on the compatibility of the parents, while analysis for Rh‐D system showed a segregation distortion which is not related to the known antigenic specificities (mother‐child incompatibility).
Partial correlation of distance matrices in studies of population structure
Authors: Dow Malcolm M. , Cheverud James M. , Friedlaender Jonathan S.
Published: August 2005

Anthropological studies of human population structure commonly compare various monogenic and polygenic (metric) distance matrices to distance matrices obtained from measures of geographical dispersion, linguistic differences, and migration patterns in an attempt to infer something about the effects of evolutionary factors (drift and differential selection, in particular). It is, though, commonly recognized that geography, language, and migration patterns may be intercorrelated due to the common effects of historical and social processes. Previous attempts to deal with the problems of assessing relative effects among such sets of intercorrelated factors using partial correlations have resulted in coefficients that are either not well defined or have no known sampling distribution or both. Here, we outline a general approach to partialling distance matrices that results in well‐defined coefficients and valid significance testing procedures. Application of the matrix partialling methods to a variety of distance matrices obtained for a sample of eight ethnolinguistic groups from the Harvard Solomon Islands Expedition (Friedlaender et al., 1986) reveals a close association between language dissimilarity and dermatoglyphics controlling for geography, thus reinforcing earlier suggestions that dermatoglyphics, properly used, reflect historical relationships of groups in this region better than do anthropometry, odontometrics, or small batteries of blood polymorphisms.
Mortuary practices at the Krapina Neandertal site
Authors: Russell Mary D.
Published: August 2005

It has often been reported that the Krapina Neandertal remains bear incised linear striations which appear to be cutmarks. Here, the plausibility of the striations as cutmarks is tested by comparing them to Mousterian butchery marks on large fauna and to cutmarks on modern human skeletons known to have been defleshed with stone tools. The anatomical location, gross appearance, and frequency of occurrence of the striations on the Krapina material do not resemble Mousterian butchery marks on reindeer. The Krapina striations do closely match authenticated cutmarks on 22 modern human skeletons defleshed with stone tools after partial decomposition, preparatory to secondary burial. Data are presented supporting the hypothesis that the striations on the Krapina Neandertal remains are consistent with postmortem processing of corpses with stone tools, probably in preparation for burial of cleaned bones.
Genetic structure of Utah Mormons: Isonymy analysis
Authors: Jorde L. B. , Morgan K.
Published: August 2005

Isonymy analysis is reported for a sample of 188,895 marriages extracted from the Utah Genealogical Database. Inbreeding rates estimated by isonymy are low, ranging from 0.005 for the earliest marriage cohort (1800–1809) to 0.0008 in the most recent cohort (1950–1959). The inbreeding values decrease considerably through time, but they are consistently higher than inbreeding values estimated from pedigrees. Several explanations are offered for this, including polyphyletism of surnames and the presence of Scandinavian patronyms in this population. Random isonymy between subdi‐visions is also compared with random kinship estimated from migration matrices. In terms of within‐subdivision kinship, the two approaches yield similar results. However, the results are quite dissimilar for between‐subdivision kinship. This reflects the recent and nonrandom settlement of Utah by different ethnic groups with different surname distributions. In later time periods, the correlations between the two types of kinship estimates increase, showing that migration patterns (which are strongly determined by geographic distance) exert an increasing influence on the distribution of surnames. Logistic regression is performed on a subset of marriages (n = 88,2021, using isonymous vs. nonisonymous marriage as the dependent variable. The independent variables are year of marriage, geographic distance between husband's and wife's birth‐places, endogamous vs. exogamous marriage, and population sizes of husband's and wife's birthplaces. Year of marriage and geographic distance are shown to be significant independent predictors of isonymous marriage.
Developmental change in the position of the fetal human larynx
Authors: Magriples Urania , Laitman Jeffrey T.
Published: August 2005

The position of the mammalian larynx has been shown to be an important determinant in breathing, swallowing, and vocalizing patterns. While the growth of the adult human larynx has been studied extensively, detailed examination of fetal development has not been undertaken. Thus, crucial developmental change in the fetal period and the effects of this change on normal maturation are still unclear. This study has examined the development of the larynx and its topography during the fetal period. Thirty specimens were preserved in 10% buffered formaldehyde solution for a period of 6 weeks, after which mid‐sagittal sections were performed. Fetal ages were calculated from femur diaphyseal lengths and ranged from 15 to 29 weeks. Direct measurements were taken to determine the growth and position of the larynx and trachea relative to the vertebral column and soft palate. Results show that the upper and lower levels of the larynx correspond to the basiocciput and the lower border of the third to upper border of the fourth cervical vertebrae, respectively. The epiglottic cartilage was present at 15 weeks. By 21 weeks, the epiglottis was well developed and in close palatal apposition. At 23 to 25 weeks, the epiglottis and soft palate were found to be in full contact. The acquisition of this contact may be related to fetal respiratory viability.
Possible case of hyperparathyroidism in a roman period skeleton from the Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt, diagnosed using bone histomorphometry
Authors: Cook Megan , Molto El , Anderson Colin
Published: August 2005

A histomorphometric study of thin femoral head sections of a skeletal sample from the Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt, dated from circa 36 B.C. to 400 A.D., identified an adult female (Dk31‐A1) in her mid‐50s with a high percentage resorption surface with tunneling resorption as is typically found in hyperparathyroidism. Five static histomorphometric bone parameters were measured with the following results for this individual: 1) mean wall thickness, 41.94 μm, 2) trabecular bone volume, 18.54%, 3) surface volume, 4,070 mm2/cm3, 4) mean trabecular diameter, 132 μm, and 5) total resorption surface, 12.31%. The overall histomorphometric features and differential diagnosis support the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism. We conclude that histomorphometry of dried bone, particularly in this case where preservation is ideal, is a valuable investigative technique for palaeopathology.
Seed‐eating by West African cercopithecines, with reference to the possible evolution of bilophodont molars
Authors: Happel Ruth
Published: August 2005

Data on tooth use in eating fruits and seeds were collected on 12 West African monkeys representing five species of cercopithecines, Cercopithecus aethiops, Cercopithecus campbelli, Cercocebus atys, Erythrocebus patas, and Papio papio. Field observations and information in the published literature were used to select fruits for captive feeding trials. A total of over 27,000 tests were conducted to determine the preferences of the monkeys for 78 fruits. Data were collected on the selection of fruit parts, as well as tooth use, in eating 88 fruit species.

All five monkey species had remarkably similar fruit part preferences. Seeds were eaten in 86% of the tested fruits and represent the fruit part most frequently eaten by all the tested monkeys. With few exceptions, molars were used to puncture and crush the seeds. It is suggested that the development of bilophodont molars might be an adaptation by Old World monkeys to seed predation. Given their large size relative to other arboreal frugivores, seed predation could provide a dietary niche for Old World monkeys.
Antigen and haplotype frequencies at three human leucocyte antigen loci (HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐C) in the Pawaia of Papua New Guinea
Authors: Bhatia Kuldeep , Prasad Madhuri Lata , Barnish Guy , Koki George
Published: August 2005

The genetic profile of the Pawaia, a seminomadic, linguistic isolate from the highlands fringe of Papua New Guinea, is described in terms of antigen and haplotype frequencies at three class I human leucocyte antigen loci (HLA‐A, ‐B, and ‐C). The Pawaia, like other Papua New Guinea populations, exhibit restricted polymorphisms at all three loci studied, both in the number of alleles segregating and in the level of average heterozygosity. An extremely high frequency (52.9%) of HLA‐B27, the antigen implicated in the pathogenesis of seronegative arthropathies, was found. A novel HLA‐C locus specificity, CNG, resulting probably from a gene duplication event, was also observed in significant numbers. Although the gene frequency comparisons suggest their strong affinities with the highlanders, the Pawaia haplotypes reveal significant admixture from other neighbouring groups as well. The usefulness of HLA haplotypes in tracing the movements of human populations in the New Guinea area is discussed.
Metastasizing carcinoma in a medieval skeleton: Differential diagnosis and etiology
Authors: Grupe Gisela
Published: August 2005

The paper describes the skeleton of an aged adult male from the Middle Ages who most probably suffered from a bronchogenetic carcinoma. The differential diagnosis is based on macroscopic and microscopic examination, X‐ray studies, and trace element analysis. Hypothesis for the etiology of the disease are discussed.
Evolutionary and morphological significance of the deflecting wrinkle in the lower molars of the hominoidea
Authors: Swindler Daris R. , Ward Steven
Published: August 2005

The deflecting wrinkle is a well‐known character state of the lower m2 and M1 of the human dentition, but there is little information regarding its presence in great apes. The deflecting wrinkle is more frequent on M2‐3 in all extant pongid genera studied in this paper except Pan paniscus, in which M1 has the highest frequency (16.0%) and in which this wrinkle is absent on M3. In Gorilla, it is absent on M1, with only a low incidence on M2‐3. Its greatest frequency in Pongo is always on M2 (20.2%), which is the greatest expression of the trait in the great apes. We interpret the presence of the deflecting wrinkle as an incidental effect and suggest that it represents a plesiomorphic character state in the Hominoidea.
Inbreeding and genetic disease in Sottunga, Finland
Authors: O'Brien Elizabeth , Jorde Lynn B. , Rönnlöf Björn , Fellman Johan O. , Eriksson Aldur W.
Published: August 2005

The contribution of inbreeding to the prevalence of recessive genetic diseases in the Åland Island parish of Sottunga is investigated. Genealogical data for 3,030 individuals spanning up to 15 generations were used to estimate inbreeding. This small island community shows a low average inbreeding value of .0031 for the period 1725–1975. A cohort analysis shows that inbreeding increased from 1750 to 1900, when maximum inbreeding for those born in Sottunga reached .0057. A sharp decline in inbreeding occurred thereafter. Individuals with island‐born parents made the largest contributions to inbreeding in all time periods compared to those with one or two migrant parents. These trends are consistent with changing migration patterns and isolate breakdown in Åland since 1900. An analysis of pedigree development demonstrates that remote consanguinity contributed more to inbreeding through time than close consanguinity. Both the number of common ancestors and the number of paths of relationship between spouses increased dramatically through time, the latter at a much faster rate. The contribution to average inbreeding per path, however, diminished rapidly through time. This analysis indicates that inbreeding does not account for the high incidence of autosomal recessive disorders, such as tapetoretinal disease, found in the parish.
Two possible cases of trephination from Australia
Authors: Webb Stephen G.
Published: August 2005

Cranial surgery has been performed for thousands of years among a wide range of cultures. Although the extent of its use has varied, ethnographically the operation has almost always been used as a form of medical treatment following cranial trauma or as a remedy for head pain. This paper describes two cases of cranial trauma on Australian Aboriginal remains from widely separated areas of the continent. The position and morphology of the trauma, as well as other associated features, suggest that these individuals underwent some form of surgical procedure. The features are similar to those found on accepted cases of trephination from elsewhere. If these individuals did undergo some sort of trephination, they are the first to be reported from Australia. Confirmation of the diagnosis would also increase our understanding of the geographical range of the technique in this part of Oceania, which was known previously only from parts of Melanesia.
Reflections on the face of Japan: A multivariate craniofacial and odontometric perspective
Authors: Brace C. L. , Brace M. L. , Leonard W. R.
Published: August 2005

Craniofacial variables for modern and prehistoric Japanese were subjected to multivariate analysis to test the relationships of the people of Japan with mainland Asian and Oceanic samples. The modern Japanese are tied to Koreans, Chinese, Southeast Asians, and the Yayoi rice agriculturalists who entered Japan in 300B.C.Together they make up a Mainland‐Asia cluster of related populations. The prehistoric Jømon foragers, the original inhabitants of the Japanese archipelago, are the direct ancestors of the modern Ainu, who made a recognizable contribution to the warrior class—the Samurai—of feudal Japan. Together, they are associated with Polynesians and Micronesians in a Jømon‐Pacific cluster of related populations. Jømon‐to‐Ainu tooth size reduction proceeded at the same rate as that observable in the post‐Pleistocene elsewhere in the Old World.
Hardness as a basis of fruit choice in two sympatric primates
Authors: Kinzey Warren G. , Norconk Marilyn A.
Published: August 2005

Fruit color and size are significant determinants of food choice in mammals and birds, but hardness, an important physical property of fruit and seeds, has generally been overlooked as a determinant of food choice in studies of mammalian foraging behavior. Two methods were used to determine fruit hardness during a field study of two sympatric primates, the black spider monkey (Ateles paniscus) and the bearded saki monkey (Chiropotes satanas) in Surinam. We measured both puncture resistance of fruit pericarp and crushing resistance of seeds. Puncture resistance of the pericarp of some fruit opened by Chiropotes was as much as 15 times greater than that of all fruit successfully opened by Ateles. In contrast, crushing resistance of species of seeds masticated by Chiropotes was significantly lower than that of seeds swallowed by Ateles. These data demonstrate that hardness of both fruit pericarp and seed may play a significant role in food choice among sympatric vertebrates. Measurements of both puncture resistance of the pericarp and crushing resistance of the seed are necessary for understanding the significance of fruit hardness in these primates.
Phylogeny of human β‐globin haplotypes and its implications for recent human evolution
Authors: Long Jeffrey C. , Chakravarti Aravinda , Boehm Corinne D. , Antonarakis Stylianos , Kazazian Haig H.
Published: August 2005

The evolutionary histories and relationships among African, Eurasian, and Pacific Island populations are investigated by using observation on five polymorphic restriction sites in the β‐globin gene cluster. We present new data on 222 chromosomes from a global sample and combine these with previously published observations on 591 chromosomes. It is shown that the data are rich in rare haplotypes and that rare variants are not helpful for standard methods of population structure analysis. Consequently, a new approach is developed. We first consider the phylogeny of β‐globin haplotypes. The roles of mutation, gene conversion, and recombination in the generation of haplotype diversity are specifically focused upon. The relationships among human populations are then inferred from the phylogenetic relationships among the haplotypes, their presence or absence, and frequencies within populations. Questions regarding whether or not a phyletic process can account for relationships among the major geographical populations and whether or not an extant human population exhibits the qualites that would be expected of an ancestral group are addressed. The results of this analysis support an African origin for modern Homo sapiens and a phyletic structuring of the major geographical regions. However, it is shown that divergence times for the various populations cannot be determined from these data.
Phylogenetic relationships among the Notharctinae of North America
Authors: Covert Herbert H.
Published: August 2005

Study of over 1,000 specimens representing all notharctine genera and species leads to the conclusion that current concepts about the relationships of genera within the Notharctinae are incorrect. The following describes the more probable relationships among these genera. 1) Smilodectes and Notharctus are more closely related to each other than either is to any known early Eocene notharctine. Synapomorphies linking these genera include relatively narrow upper and lower molars, a relatively low‐crowned P4, and paraconid size reduction on M1–3. 2) Among known Wasatchian notharctines, a clade consisting of Copelemur tutus and Cop. praetutus shares several lower molar synapomorphies with the Notharctus–Smilodectes clade, and therefore appears to form the Wasatchian sister group of Bridgerian notharctines. Synapomorphies documenting this relationship include well‐developed entoconid notches on P4–M2, an anteriorly placed paraconid on M2, and a long premetacristid on M2. 3) Copelemur and Pelycodus are independently derived from early North American Cantius.

Recent suggestions that the European adapine taxa Leptadapis priscus and Microadapis sciureus share special phylogenetic relationships with Smilodectes are rejected. The reduced (or lack of a) paraconid and morphology of the paracristid and other features identified as synapomorphies linking these adapines with Smilodectes are also characteristic of most other adapines as well (e.g., other species of Leptadapis, Adapis, Europolemur, and Anchomomys). Such traits developed independently in Smilodectes, which is clearly a notharctine on the basis of many synapomorphies and thus are not evidence of a close phylogenetic relationship between Smilodectes and L. priscus or M. sciureus.
Interproximal grooving and task activity in Australia
Authors: Brown Tasman , Molnar Stephen
Published: August 2005

Interproximal grooving was recorded in 85 ninetheenth century aboriginal skulls from Swanport in South Australia. One or more grooved teeth were noted in 41% of individuals, but the frequency of grooving in males was twice that in females. Distal surface grooving was noted in 93 teeht in contrast to only five instances of mesial grooving. The lesions were similar in appearance to those reported in many other population—confined primarily to the premolar‐molar region, located at the cementoenamel junction, directed horizontally, and usually clean‐cut and free of caries. Stripping of animal sinews between the clenched posterior teeth has been recored on film as a common task activity in traditional aborginal society. In our opinion, task activity and not toothpicking was the likely cause of the observed interproximal grooving in the aboriginals.
Demography and social organization of free‐ranging Lemur catta in the Beza Mahafaly Reserve, Madagascar
Authors: Sussman Robert W.
Published: August 2005

In 1987, a long‐term study of the demography of Lemur catta was begun in southern Madagascar. Eighty‐five ringtailed lemurs were captured, marked, and released. Adult age classes were estimated using patterns of dental attrition. Including young, 155 individuals from nine groups were identified and monitored over 18 months. The study population of the reserve remained stable, with a growth rate of 0.98. Group sizes ranged from nine to 22 individuals (mean 14). Home ranges were larger (32 ha) and population densities lower (135/km2) than those for previously studied populations, and there was a relationship between habitat quality (e.g., no. of large trees) and these factors. At the beginning of the study, there were more adult males than females, but the sex ratio reached 1.00 by the last census. Females first gave birth at 3 years of age, and 80% or more of the females gave birth in 2 consecutive years. Fifty‐two percent of the infants died in the first year and, given preliminary findings, only 40% of those born reach adulthood. Age‐specific fertility patterns were similar to those reported for anthropoid primates. Forty‐seven percent of the adult males migrated or were missing within a year. This included 78% of the 3–4 year olds and 38% of older age classes. No females were observed to migrate. One group split during the study. Demographic patterns are discussed and related to patterns in other populations of ringtailed lemurs as well as in anthropoids.
Deciduous dental microwear of prehistoric juveniles from the lower illinois River Valley
Authors: Bullington Jill
Published: August 2005

Scanning electron microscopy was used to study age‐related changes in the dental microwear of 36 prehistoric juveniles ranging from 6 to 27 months of age. Juveniles from horticultural (Middle Woodland) and agricultural (Mississippian) groups were studied to allow an investigation of the impact of diet on deciduous microwear. Inclusion of both molars and incisors in the sample permitted identification of age at earliest appearance of wear and comparisons between the age‐related microwear characterizing different tooth types. Data on feature frequency and enamel surface characteristics were analyzed. Microwear feature frequencies generally increase with age and/or exposure to wear. Enamel surface characteristics show consistent qualitative changes associated with both age and exposure to wear. Molars and incisors differ for such surface characteristics in a way that make biomechanical sense, given the relative bite forces characterizing these teeth. Dietary reconstruction based on deciduous microwear is complex because of the effects of both age and exposure to wear on feature frequencies and enamel surface characteristics. Nonetheless, the present analyses suggest that 1) diets differed for younger and older juveniles within each cultural group and 2) the Middle Woodland juvenile diet was both harder and more varied in physical consistency than the Mississippian juvenile diet.
Radius of Paranthropus robustus from member 1, Swartkrans Formation, South Africa
Authors: Grine F. E. , Susman R. L.
Published: August 2005

Recently recovered hominid postcrania from Member 1, Swartkrans Formation include the proximal and distal ends of a right radius attributed to a single individual of Paranthropus robustus. These fossils are essentially similar to Australopithecus afarensis, A. africanus, and P. boisei homologues. The head manifests an ape‐like circumferentia articularis, and the distal end has prominent medial, dorsal, and lateral tubercles and a well developed brachioradialis crest, features also commonly exhibited by extant great apes. The volar set of the P. robustus radiocarpal joint, like that of Australopithecus homologues, more closely resembles the neutral condition exhibited by Homo than the greater flexion evinced by living apes. Compared with fossil and recent specimens of Homo, the configuration of the P. robustus radial head suggests enhanced stability against medial displacement during pronation and supination; the strong crest for the attachment of brachioradialis may attest to enhanced forearm flexor capability. In addition, this crest and the prominent dorsal tubercles may indicate enhanced hand extensor and, therefore, hand flexor capabilities. The differences in radial morphology between Paranthropus and Homo may relate to significant behavioral differences between these two synchronic taxa.
Wryneck in the ancient Hawaiians
Authors: Douglas Michele Toomay
Published: August 2005

A unique cranial asymmetry previously noted in the skeletal remains from Mokapu, O'ahu, Hawai'i, is described. The anomaly involves an indentation of one or both of the occipital condyles and facial and vault asymmetry. This examination of the asymmetry includes a search for other reported occurrences, a detailed description, and a differential diagnosis. A multiple working hypothesis approach is employed. Comparison of the osseous material with the expected clinical pictures in craniosynostosis, Kleippel‐Feil syndrome, primary basilar impression, and torticollis results in the most likely explanation of congenital torticollis. A high rate of occurrence of the anomaly (1.8%) is found in the skeletal remains from the Hawaiian Islands, but it has been documented in only two instances outside Hawai'i. A survey of patients seen at The Shriner's Hospital for Crippled Children does not reveal a high rate of occurrence of torticollis in Hawaiians relative to other ethnic groups.
Reproductive factors affecting survivorship in captive callitrichidae
Authors: Jaquish Cashell E. , Gage Timothy B. , Tardif Suzette D.
Published: August 2005

Efforts to breed Callitrichidae in captivity have resulted in high fertility accompanied by high infant mortality. This paper investigates the relationship between reproductive characteristics and survivorship in the Oak Ridge and Associated Universities (ORAU) callitrichid colony. Records of 2,834 individuals were analyzed using Cox Proportional Hazards regression to investigate factors affecting infant survivorship. Species and birth cohort were found to have a significant (P < 0.05) effect on survivorship. Litter size also was an important factor in determining survivorship. Individuals born into singlet and twin litters had significantly (P < 0.001) higher survivorship than triplets. Factors which affect survivorship perinatally (0–1 months of age), prior to breeding age and subsequent to the first month of life were then investigated. Litter size was a significant (P < 0.05) factor in determining survivorship perinatally, with twins having significantly higher survivorship than both singlets and triplets. After the first month of life, litter size no longer showed a significant effect on survivorship. Records of 145 dams were analyzed using the same procedures to investigate reproductive characteristics associated with survivorship. Age at first litter showed a significant (P < 0.01) positive relationship with dam survivorship. These results suggest various factors affect survivorship at specific temporal points during development, and also suggest selection for survivorship perinatally to be strongly associated with litter size, possibly through sibling competition and maternal effects.
Ontogeny and evolution of pelvic diameters in anthropoid primates and in Australopithecus afarensis (AL 288‐1)
Authors: Abitbol M. Maurice
Published: August 2005

Pelvic diameters (both anteroposterior [AP] and transverse [TR]) were investigated in a series of anthropoid primates. The ratio of diameters (AP/TR) in each of three pelvic planes (inlet, midpelvis, and outlet) was calculated. In addition to the above, the length of the iliac, pubic, and ischial axes and the angles between these axes were determined. The AP/TR ratio at the pelvic inlet is (reported in millimeters, SD, unless otherwise specified) 1.81 ± 0.27 in New World monkeys (Cebidae) and Macaca mulatta; 1.53 ± 0.17 in hylobatids and pongids; 0.87 ± 0.08 in Homo sapiens; and 0.58 in Australopithecus afarensis (AL 288‐1). The AP/TR ratio in the midpelvis is 1.61 ± 0.23 in nonhominid primates (Cebidae, M. mulatta, hylobatids, and pongids), 1.12 ± 0.11 in humans, and 0.59 in AL 288‐1. In monkeys (Cebidae and M. mulatta), hylobatids, pongids, H. sapiens, and AL 288‐1, the ratios of the length of the pubic axis over the ischial axis were 0.84 ± 0.06, 0.95 ± 0.07, 1.10 ± 0.15, and 1.46, respectively; the pubis‐ilium angles were 96 ± 11, 120 ± 10, 131 ± 11, and 147 degrees, respectively; and the ischium‐pubis angles were 106 ± 11,86 ± 8, 96 ± 7, and 68 degrees, respectively. In none of these pelvic features was AL 288‐1 “intermediate” between pongids and H. sapiens. The anatomical peculiarities of the pelvis in AL 288‐1 are explained primarily as the result of early adaptation to erect posture, which resulted in the reduction of the distance between the sacroiliac joint and the hip joint. As a consequence, the sacral promontory moved toward the pubic symphysis, and this resulted in shortening of the AP diameter and widening of the TR diameter at the pelvic inlet.
Sex assessment using the proximal tibia
Authors: Holland Thomas Dean
Published: August 2005

The proximal end of the human tibia is sexually dimorphic. Tibial condyles from 100 individuals in the Hamann‐Todd Collection were measured. Regression equations retrodicted known sex with 86–95% accuracy. A test sample of 20 individuals also from the Hamann‐Todd Collection was classified with 85–100% accuracy. A sample of 20 prehistoric individuals provisionally sexed by using crania and innominate bones was classified with 85–100% agreement. Thus, the proximal tibia may be useful in determining the sex of a skeleton.
Further evidence on relative dental maturation and somatic developmental rate in hominoids
Authors: Simpson Scott W. , Lovejoy C. Owen , Meindl Richard S.
Published: August 2005

New data on hominoid dental development are presented. Individual bivariate pairings of all mandibular teeth were made for African apes and humans. Data were analyzed with a full linear regression model. No statistically significant differences were found among apes, although a consistent pattern of earlier incisal development was observed in Pan relative to Gorilla. This is concordant with an earlier fusion of the premaxillary:maxillary suture in Pan. Only one tooth pair differed significantly by sex among apes. Two biologically distinct human samples (Libben and Hamann—Todd), although assessed differently (extraction and radiography) yielded virtually identical results. Humans differ from apes only by earlier relative calcification of their anterior teeth. This can be viewed as a consequence of reduced facial prognathism and a shift in hominid canine function.
Histological age estimation using rib and clavicle
Authors: Stout Sam D. , Paine Robert R.
Published: August 2005

Histological methods for estimating age at death using osteon population densities for the rib, clavicle, and rib and clavicle combined are presented. Predicting formulas were generated from a sample of 40 individuals of known age, sex, and race. Independent samples of 12 ribs and 7 clavicles were used to test the formulas. Mean differences between known and predicted ages were 1.1 years, 2.6 years, and 3.4 years for the clavicle, rib and clavicle combined, and rib formulas respectively. An analysis of variance found no significant differences among the means for predicted and known ages. Since the formula based upon rib and clavicle combined has the higher standard error and r2, and includes data from different bones, it should provide better overall accuracy and reliability, and is recommended whenever both bones are available.
Electromyography of pronators and supinators in great apes
Authors: Tuttle Russell H. , Hollowed John R. , Basmajian John V.
Published: August 2005

We obtained electromyographic recordings from the supinator, biceps brachii, pronator quadratus, and pronator teres muscles of a chimpanzee and a gorilla and from the supinator, pronator quadratus, and biceps brachii muscles of an orangutan as they stood and walked quadrupedally on horizontal and inclined surfaces, engaged in suspensory behavior, reached overhead, and manipulated a variety of foods and artifacts.

In Pan troglodytes and Pangorilla, as in Homo sapiens, the supinator muscle is the prime supinator, with the biceps brachii muscle serving to augment speed or force of supination. Primacy of the pronator quadratus muscle over the pronator teres muscle during pronation is less clear in the African apes than in humans. Possibly, pongid radial curvature or forelimb elongation or both factors are related to the somewhat different patterns of activity that we observed in the pronator muscles of Pan versus those reported for Homo sapiens.

In Pongo pygmaeus, as in P. troglodytes and P. gorilla, the pronator quadratus muscle acts as a pronator and the supinator muscle acts to supinate the hand at the radioulnar joints. The biceps brachii muscle isactive at low levels as the organgutan supinates its hand with the elbow flexed.
Dryopithecus crusafonti sp. nov., a new Miocene Hominoid species from Can Ponsic (northeastern Spain)
Authors: Begun David R.
Published: August 2005

Reanalysis of the sample of Miocene Hominoidea from Spain, together with the entire sample of European Miocene Hominoidea, has revealed a number of distinctive traits among the specimens from the early Vallesian locality of Can Ponsic (Crusafont and Hürzeler, 1969; Crusafont and Golpe, 1973; Hartenberger and Crusafont, 1979; Agusti et al., 1984, 1985). The Can Ponsic sample, while sharing characteristics with other samples of Dryopithecus from Europe, is sufficiently distinctive to form the basis for a new species. Characteristic of the new species are a distinctive lower molar occlusal morphology, large, broad upper molars, and very high crowned upper central incisors with well‐developed lingual pillars. The new species shares characteristics with Dryopithecus laietanus, the only other species of the genus in Spain, and lacks derived features of non‐Spanish Dryopithecus. Four species of Dryopithecus are now known (Begun, 1987, 1988a, and in preparation). Their distribution and morphology have significant implications for the biogeography and phylogeny of this early great ape genus.
Femur/stature ratio and estimates of stature in children
Authors: Feldesman Marc R.
Published: August 2005

The present study examines the relationship between femur length and stature in children between the ages of 8 and 18 years. In previous investigations, my colleagues and I reported the surprising finding that femur length bears a nearly constant relationship to stature in adult humans regardless of ethnicity or gender. This earlier study revealed that the femur/stature ratio averages 26.74% in adult humans, and that using the ratio to predict stature from femur length yields remarkably accurate estimates. The current study shows that femur/stature ratios of children between the ages of 8 and 11 differ significantly from their older counterparts. Between the ages of 12 and 18, there are no significant differences due to age in the femur/stature ratio; however, there are significant differences in this age group attributable to gender. This study also shows that the worldwide average adult femur/stature ratio does not adequately describe children in this age range. This study strongly documents the adolescent growth spurt in the femur/stature ratios of both males and females at the precise time one would expect to see the spurt occur (10–12 in females; 12–14 in males). This growth follows a nearly identical trajectory in both genders, with relative femur growth dominating before the peak years of the growth spurt, and relative stature growth dominating afterward. This accounts for the ratio's rise to maximum values just before peak growth, and its decline toward the adult ratio thereafter. These findings require us to use separate adolescent femur/stature ratios of 27.16 (females) and 27.44 (males) to estimate the stature of children between the ages of 12 and 18. Preliminary testing shows these ratios to be more accurate in estimating stature than the properly selected Trotter and Gleser adult regression equation. Use of the adolescent male ratio with the Homo erectus juvenile WT 15000 results in a lower stature estimate (157.4 cm) than previously reported. It is suggested that continued testing of the ratio occur, but that the values herein derived may be useful in routine forensic cases involving children in this age range, and with subadult paleontological specimens.
Nonmetric cranial variation and the populational affinities of the Pacific peoples
Authors: Ishida Hajime , Dodo Yukio
Published: August 2005

Nonmetric traits of Hawaiian and Chamorro skulls were examined for evidence bearing on their populational affinities. Distance analyses reveal that the Hawaiian and Chamorro people, although not very near each other, are both closer to the East Asian than to the Jomon‐Ainu or to the Arctic peoples. Our study of nonmetric cranial variation does not suggest an affinity between the Jomon and Pacific peoples. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Further observations on a method for estimating hominoid dental developmental patterns
Authors: Lampl Michelle , Monge Janet M. , Mann Alan E.
Published: August 2005

Several recent studies have concluded that early hominines resembled apes in patterns of dental ontogeny and have inferred from this conclusion that they were ape‐like in other aspects of growth and development as well. Prior to their employment on fossil junveniles, the comparative methods used in these studies were not first tested for their predicitive accuracy in distinguishing modern humans from apes on the basis of proposed patterns of dental ontogeny. We find that 92% of a smaple of 48 modern children are classified as ape‐like or nonhuman by the criteria employed in one of these studies and overlap entirely with fossil juvenile dental patterns. The use of these methods to characterize early hominines as “ape‐like” or distinctly divergent from humans is thus shown to be unwarranted. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of annular cranial vault modification on the cranial base and face
Authors: Kohn Luci Ann P. , Leigh Steven R. , Jacobs Susan C. , Cheverud James M.
Published: August 2005

Artificial modification of the cranial vault was practiced by a number of prehistoric and protohistoric populations, frequently during an infant's first year of life. We test the hypothesis that, in addition to its direct effects on the cranial vault, annular cranial vault modification has a significant indirect effect on cranial base and facial morphology.

Two skeletal series from the Pacific Northwest Coast, which include both nonmodified and modified crania, were used: the Kwakiutl (62 nonmodified, 45 modified) and Nootka (28 nonmodified, 20 modified). Three‐dimensional coordinates of 53 landmarks were obtained using a diagraph, and 36 landmarks were used to define nine finite elements in the cranial vault, cranial base, and face. Finite element scaling was used to compare average nonmodified and average modified crania, and the significance of the results were evaluated using a bootstrap test.

Annular modification of the cranial vault produces significant effects on the morphology of the cranial base and face. Annular modification in the Kwakiutl resulted in restrictions of the cranial vault in the medial‐lateral and superior‐inferior dimensions and an increase in anterior‐posterior growth. Similar dimensional changes are observed in the cranial base. The Kwakiutl face is increased anterior‐posteriorly and reduced anterior‐laterally to posterior‐medially. Similar effects of modification are observed in the Nootka cranial vault and cranial base, though not in the face. These results demonstrate the developmental interdependence of the cranial vault, cranial base, and face. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Radiographic estimation of long bone cross‐sectional geometric properties
Authors: Runestad Jacqueline A. , Ruff Christopher B. , Nieh James C. , Thorington Richard W. , Teaford Mark F.
Published: August 2005

Because of their biomechanical significance, cross‐sectional geometric properties of long bone diaphyses (areas, second moments of area) have been increasingly used in a number of form/function studies, e.g., to reconstruct body mass or locomotor mode in fossil primates or to elucidate allometric scaling relationships among extant taxa. In the present study, we test whether these biomechanical section properties can be adequately estimated using biplanar radiographs, as compared to calculations of the same properties from computer digitization of cross‐sectional images. We are particularly interested in smaller animals, since the limb bone cortices of these animals may not be resolvable using other alternative noninvasive techniques (computed tomography). The test sample includes limb bones of small (25–5,000 g) relatively generalized quadrupedal mammals—mice, six species of squirrels, and Macaca fascicularis. Results indicate that biplanar radiographs are reasonable substitutes for digitized cross‐sectional images for deriving areas and second moments of area of midshaft femora and humeri of mammals in this size range. Potential application to a variety of questions relating to mechanical loading patterns in such animals is diverse. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Age differences in stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in a population of prehistoric maize horticulturists
Authors: Katzenberg M. Anne , Saunders Shelley R. , Fitzgerald William R.
Published: August 2005

Stable carbon isotope ratios in prehistoric human bone collagen have been used extensively to document the introduction and intensification of maize horticulture in northeastern North America. Most previous studies are based on small samples of adults who are assumed to characterize the diet of the population. In this study, all 29 individuals buried within an Ontario Iroquoian village site dated A.D. 1530–1580 were analysed for stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen. Age distribution of the sample ranges from preterm to elderly. Significant negative correlations between age and δ13C, and age and δ15N values were found. High δ13C values in infants and young children (δ13C = −;6.8 to −12.3) suggest a weaning diet high in maize. High δ15N values in infants relative to adults suggest a trophic level effect during breast‐feeding which has been reported in a modern sample by Tuross et al. (Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 1993).

In addition to the isotopic evidence for extremely high carbohydrate (maize) intake, the MacPherson sample includes two juveniles aged 3–4 years, exhibiting circular caries. No other cases of this condition are known in the extensively studied southern Ontario skeletal collections. Together the evidence from dentition and stable carbon isotopes indicates a very high carbohydrate diet in subadults. Circular caries result from developmental stress during enamel formation with subsequent caries formation in areas of thinner enamel. These findings are relevant to studies of infant and early childhood morbidity and mortality among prehistoric maize horticulturists. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.