bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Association Between Spousal Education and Cognitive Ability Among Older Mexican Adults
Authors: Saenz Joseph L , Beam Christopher R , Zelinski Elizabeth M
Published: January 2020

Objectives

Education and cognition are closely associated, yet the role of spousal education is not well understood. We estimate the independent effects of own and spousal education on cognitive ability in late-life in Mexico, a developing country experiencing rapid aging.

Method

We analyzed 4,017 married dyads (age 50+) from the 2012 Mexican Health and Aging Study. Cognitive ability for married adults was a factor score from a single factor model. Using seemingly unrelated regression, we test whether spousal education influences older adults’ cognitive ability, whether associations are explained by couple-level socioeconomic position, health and health behaviors, and social support, and whether associations differed by gender.

Results

Education and cognitive ability were correlated within couples. Higher spousal education was associated with better cognitive ability. Associations between spousal education and cognitive ability were independent of own education, did not differ by gender, and remained significant even after adjustment for couple-level socioeconomic position, health and health behaviors, and perceived social support.

Discussion

In addition to own education, spousal education was associated with better cognitive ability, even at relatively low levels of education. We discuss the possibility that spousal education may improve cognition via transmission of knowledge and mutually reinforcing cognitively stimulating environments.
Using Cognitive Intraindividual Variability to Measure Intervention Effectiveness: Results from the Baltimore Experience Corps Trial
Authors: Brydges Christopher R , Carlson Michelle C , Andrews Ryan M , Rebok George W , Bielak Allison A M
Published: January 2020

Objectives

Studies investigating the effectiveness of intervention programs on cognitive ability in older adults are inconsistent; however, these studies generally focus on traditional measures of cognition, and therefore may miss some improvements by not utilizing alternate measures. We evaluate the potential for intraindividual variability in cognitive speed (IIV), a demonstrated sensitive indicator of cognitive functioning, to be used as an index of cognitive plasticity from an intervention. The current study evaluated whether older adults in a school volunteering program showed a reduction in IIV, compared to a low-activity control group over 2 years of exposure.

Method

Nondemented older adults (n = 336) participated in the Baltimore Experience Corps Trial, an evaluation of a volunteering program conducted at elementary schools designed to increase older adults’ physical, cognitive, and social engagement. Participants completed a cognitive battery that included a Stroop task at baseline and after 12 and 24 months.

Results

Traditional intent-to-treat analyses did not report significant improvements. Participants who complied at the 80th percentile or above showed a significant reduction in IIV at 24 months, with an additional trend of improved IIV with increased compliance to the treatment protocol, both at 12 months, and at 24 months. Men also showed dose-dependent improvements after 12 months.

Discussion

The Experience Corps program resulted in an improvement in cognitive performance as measured by IIV. Analyzing previously collected data with nontraditional measures of cognition, such as IIV, may be a potentially fruitful and cost-effective method for understanding how interventions impact cognition in aging populations.
Singular Curves of Low Degree and Multifiltrations from Osculating Spaces
Authors: Buczyński Jarosław , Ilten Nathan , Ventura Emanuele
Published: January 2020

In order to study projections of smooth curves, we introduce multifiltrations obtained by combining flags of osculating spaces. We classify all configurations of singularities occurring for a projection of a smooth curve embedded by a complete linear system away from a projective linear space of dimension at most two. In particular, we determine all configurations of singularities of non-degenerate degree $d$ rational curves in $\mathbb{P}^n$ when $d-n\leq 3$ and $d<2n$. Along the way, we describe the Schubert cycles giving rise to these projections. We also reprove a special case of the Castelnuovo bound using these multifiltrations: under the assumption $d<2n$, the arithmetic genus of any non-degenerate degree $d$ curve in $\mathbb{P}^n$ is at most $d-n$.
Deformation Theory of the Trivial mod p Galois Representation for GLn
Authors: Iyengar Ashwin
Published: January 2020

We study the rigid generic fiber $\mathcal{X}^\square _{\overline \rho }$ of the framed deformation space of the trivial representation $\overline \rho : G_K \to \textrm{GL}_n(k)$ where $k$ is a finite field of characteristic $p>0$ and $G_K$ is the absolute Galois group of a finite extension $K/\textbf{Q}_p$. Under some mild conditions on $K$ we prove that $\mathcal{X}^\square _{\overline \rho }$ is normal. When $p> n$ we describe its irreducible components and show Zariski density of its crystalline points.
Antimicrobial stewardship programmes in nursing homes: a systematic review and inventory of tools
Authors: Belan Martin , Thilly Nathalie , Pulcini Céline
Published: January 2020

Background

Antimicrobial overuse/misuse is common in nursing homes and although the effectiveness of antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programmes has been well explored and demonstrated in hospitals, data are scarce for the nursing-home setting. Our objectives for this systematic review were to make an inventory of: (i) all interventions that could be considered as part of AMS programmes in nursing homes; and (ii) all stewardship tools and guidance that are freely available.

Methods

We performed a systematic review using the MEDLINE database from inception to June 2018, including all interventional studies, reviews, opinion pieces and guidelines/guidance exploring AMS programmes in nursing homes. For the inventory of freely available tools and guidance to help implement an AMS programme, we also performed screening of professional societies and official agencies’ websites and a questionnaire survey among a panel of international experts.

Results

A total of 36 articles were included in our systematic review. Most interventions took place in North America and have explored education or persuasive interventions within multifaceted interventions, showing that they can improve guideline adherence and decrease antibiotic use and unnecessary microbiological testing. Most reviews also highlighted the importance of accountability, monitoring and feedback. A large number of tools (156) available for free on the internet were identified, mostly about education, patient assessment and outcome measurement.

Conclusions

Although high-quality interventional studies are lacking, multifaceted interventions including education, monitoring and feedback seem the most promising strategy. Many tools are available on the internet and can be used to help implement AMS programmes in nursing homes.
Quercetin attenuates high glucose-induced injury in human retinal pigment epithelial cell line ARPE-19 by up-regulation of miR-29b
Authors: Wang Xuejiao , Li Hui , Wang Hao , Shi Jingyun
Published: January 2020

Quercetin is a kind of distinctive bioactive flavonoid that has potent anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic properties. The present article was designed to check the effect of quercetin on diabetic retinopathy. Adult retinal pigment epithelial cell line (ARPE)-19 cells were pre-treated with quercetin and then stimulated by high glucose. Cell damage was evaluated by CCK-8 assay, flow cytometer, quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate probe and western blot. The association between quercetin and miR-29b expression as well as the downstream pathways was studied by qRT-PCR and western blot. Pre-treating ARPE-19 cells with quercetin clearly attenuated high glucose-induced viability loss, apoptosis, MCP-1 and IL-6 overproduction and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Quercetin down-regulated p53, Bax and cleaved-caspase-3 expression, while up-regulated CyclinD1, CDK4 and Bcl-2. miR-29b was low expressed in high glucose-treated cell, but quercetin elevated its expression. Moreover, the protective action of quercetin towards ARPE-19 cells was attenuated when miR-29b was suppressed. Also, quercetin promoted PTEN/AKT pathway, while inhibited NF-κB pathway via a miR-29b-dependent way. These data illustrated quercetin possibly possess the anti-diabetic retinopathy potential, as quercetin clearly attenuated high glucose-evoked damage in ARPE-19 cells. The protective action of quercetin may due to its regulation on miR-29b expression as well as PTEN/AKT and NF-κB pathways.
Galectin-lattice sustains function of cationic amino acid transporter and insulin secretion of pancreatic β cells
Authors: Maeda Kento , Tasaki Masayoshi , Ando Yukio , Ohtsubo Kazuaki
Published: January 2020

Maintenance of cell surface residency and function of glycoproteins by lectins are essential for regulating cellular functions. Galectins are β-galactoside-binding lectins and form a galectin-lattice, which regulates stability, clustering, membrane sub-domain localization and endocytosis of plasmalemmal glycoproteins. We have previously reported that galectin-2 (Gal-2) forms a complex with cationic amino acid transporter 3 (CAT3) in pancreatic β cells, although the biological significance of the molecular interaction between Gal-2 and CAT3 has not been elucidated. In this study, we demonstrated that the structure of N-glycan of CAT3 was either tetra- or tri-antennary branch structure carrying β-galactosides, which works as galectin-ligands. Indeed, CAT3 bound to Gal-2 using β-galactoside epitope. Moreover, the disruption of the glycan-mediated bindings between galectins and CAT3 significantly reduced cell surface expression levels of CAT3. The reduced cell surface residency of CAT3 attenuated the cellular arginine uptake activities and subsequently reduced nitric oxide production, and thus impaired the arginine-stimulated insulin secretion of pancreatic β cells. These results indicate that galectin-lattice stabilizes CAT3 by preventing endocytosis to sustain the arginine-stimulated insulin secretion of pancreatic β cells. This provides a novel cell biological insight into the endocrinological mechanism of nutrition metabolism and homeostasis.
ANTITRUST DAMAGES IN FINANCIAL MARKETS
Authors: Wald John K
Published: January 2020

I briefly review the standard regression methods used to estimate damages in antitrust actions, and I analyze how these would be applied to cases in financial markets. I consider applications to three different financial market cases. The first is the NASDAQ odd-eighths litigation, where existing antitrust methods closely resemble the analyses published in the academic literature on this issue. The second type of case is bond market antitrust litigation, where the expert faces an additional hurdle because they have to estimate bid-ask spreads. The third type of case is related to the LIBOR manipulation scandal. I analyzed why existing methods provide a poor fit for the LIBOR damage calculations. Lastly, I evaluate IPO issuance fees as an example of price clustering in financial markets that has not let to antitrust litigation.
Commodification and Slavery in the Nineteenth-Century Indonesian Archipelago
Authors: Bosma Ulbe
Published: January 2020

Slavery did not simply die slowly in the nineteenth century; in some parts of the world, it expanded. Engaging with the literature on slavery in the Indian Ocean in the nineteenth century, this article explains how a rising demand for forest and sea products, pepper and rice, together with a proliferation of firearms, kindled slave raiding and trading in the Indonesian archipelago. Enslavement happened both through capture and debt traps. This article offers an estimate of the number of annually enslaved in the Indonesian archipelago during the mid-nineteenth century and relates this to a conjectured total slave population of this particular region. The commercialization of slavery must have fundamentally changed the character of customary institutions of bondage. The article cites contemporary sources about the conditions of the captives and concludes with an explanation of how commercial slavery in this part of the world could continue into early years of the twentieth century.
Dispersal of protoplanetary discs by the combination of magnetically driven and photoevaporative winds
Authors: Kunitomo Masanobu , Suzuki Takeru K , Inutsuka Shu-ichiro
Published: January 2020

We investigate the roles of magnetically driven disc wind (MDW) and thermally driven photoevaporative wind (PEW) in the long-time evolution of protoplanetary discs. We start simulations from the early phase in which the disc mass is $0.118\, \rm M_{\odot }$ around a $1\, \rm M_{\odot }$ star and track the evolution until the disc is completely dispersed. We incorporate the mass-loss by PEW and the mass-loss and magnetic braking (wind torque) by MDW, in addition to the viscous accretion, viscous heating, and stellar irradiation. We find that MDW and PEW, respectively, have different roles: magnetically driven wind ejects materials from an inner disc in the early phase, whereas photoevaporation has a dominant role in the late phase in the outer (≳1 au) disc. The disc lifetime, which depends on the combination of MDW, PEW, and viscous accretion, shows a large variation of ∼1–20 Myr; the gas is dispersed mainly by the MDW and the PEW in the cases with a low viscosity and the lifetime is sensitive to the mass-loss rate and torque of the MDW, whereas the lifetime is insensitive to these parameters when the viscosity is high. Even in discs with very weak turbulence, the cooperation of MDW and PEW enables the disc dispersal within a few Myr.
Splash bridge models of inclined, gas-rich, direct galaxy collisions
Authors: Yeager Travis R , Struck Curtis
Published: January 2020

Splash bridges are formed from the direct inelastic collision of gas-rich galaxies. Recent multiwavelength observations of the Taffy galaxies, UGC 12914/15, have revealed complicated gas structures in the bridge. We have upgraded the sticky particle simulation code of Yeager & Struck by adding: the ability to adjust the relative inclination of the gas discs, the ability to track cloud–cloud collisions over time, and additional cooling processes. Inclination effects lead to various morphological features, including filamentary streams of gas stripped from the smaller galactic disc. The offset of disc centres at impact determines whether or not these streams flow in a single direction or multiple directions, even transverse to the motion of the two galaxies. We also find that, across many types of direct collision, independent of the inclination or offset, the distributions of weighted Mach numbers and shock velocities in colliding clouds relax to a very similar form. There is good evidence of prolonged turbulence in the gas of each splash bridge for all inclinations and offsets tested, as a result of continuing cloud collisions, which in turn are the result of shearing and differentially accelerated trajectories. The number distribution of high velocity shocks in cloud collisions, produced in our low inclination models, are in agreement with those observed by Appleton et al. in the Taffy Galaxies with ALMA.
Modelling stochastic signatures in classical pulsators
Authors: Avelino P P , Cunha M S , Chaplin W J
Published: January 2020

We consider the impact of stochastic perturbations on otherwise coherent oscillations of classical pulsators. The resulting dynamics are modelled by a driven damped harmonic oscillator subject to either an external or an internal forcing and white noise velocity perturbations. We characterize the phase and relative amplitude variations using analytical and numerical tools. When the forcing is internal the phase variation displays a random walk behaviour and a red noise power spectrum with a ragged erratic appearance. We determine the dependence of the root mean square phase and relative amplitude variations (σΔφ and σΔA/A, respectively) on the amplitude of the stochastic perturbations, the damping constant η, and the total observation time tobs for this case, under the assumption that the relative amplitude variations remain small, showing that σΔφ increases with $t_{\rm obs}^{1/2}$ becoming much larger than σΔA/A for tobs ≫ η−1. In the case of an external forcing the phase and relative amplitude variations remain of the same order, independent of the observing time. In the case of an internal forcing, we find that σΔφ does not depend on η. Hence, the damping time cannot be inferred from fitting the power of the signal, as done for solar-like pulsators, but the amplitude of the stochastic perturbations may be constrained from the observations. Our results imply that, given sufficient time, the variation of the phase associated with the stochastic perturbations in internally driven classical pulsators will become sufficiently large to be probed observationally.
Assessment of the nucleotide modifications in the high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structure of the Escherichia coli 50S subunit
Authors: Stojković Vanja , Myasnikov Alexander G , Young Iris D , Frost Adam , Fraser James S , Fujimori Danica Galonić
Published: January 2020

Post-transcriptional ribosomal RNA (rRNA) modifications are present in all organisms, but their exact functional roles and positions are yet to be fully characterized. Modified nucleotides have been implicated in the stabilization of RNA structure and regulation of ribosome biogenesis and protein synthesis. In some instances, rRNA modifications can confer antibiotic resistance. High-resolution ribosome structures are thus necessary for precise determination of modified nucleotides’ positions, a task that has previously been accomplished by X-ray crystallography. Here, we present a cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the Escherichia coli 50S subunit at an average resolution of 2.2 Å as an additional approach for mapping modification sites. Our structure confirms known modifications present in 23S rRNA and additionally allows for localization of Mg2+ ions and their coordinated water molecules. Using our cryo-EM structure as a testbed, we developed a program for assessment of cryo-EM map quality. This program can be easily used on any RNA-containing cryo-EM structure, and an associated Coot plugin allows for visualization of validated modifications, making it highly accessible.
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor effects on cardiovascular outcomes in chronic kidney disease
Authors: Shivakumar Oshini , Sattar Naveed , Wheeler David C
Published: January 2020

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors reduce cardiovascular events, specifically those related to heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes. Reductions in major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) outcomes are also observed, but confined largely to patients who have prior cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular outcome benefits extend to patients with type 2 diabetes and reduced estimated glomerular filtration (eGFR) rate down to 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 and to patients with heart failure but without diabetes. Ongoing trials are exploring whether patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) but without diabetes will gain similar benefits from this class of agents. Although some safety concerns have emerged, it seems likely that SGLT2 inhibitors will be used more widely in CKD patients to reduce their cardiovascular risk.
Fyn tyrosine kinase, a downstream target of receptor tyrosine kinases, modulates antiglioma immune responses
Authors: Comba Andrea , Dunn Patrick J , Argento Anna E , Kadiyala Padma , Ventosa Maria , Patel Priti , Zamler Daniel B , Núñez Felipe J , Zhao Lili , Castro Maria G , Lowenstein Pedro R
Published: January 2020

Background

High-grade gliomas are aggressive and immunosuppressive brain tumors. Molecular mechanisms that regulate the inhibitory immune tumor microenvironment (TME) and glioma progression remain poorly understood. Fyn tyrosine kinase is a downstream target of the oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase pathway and is overexpressed in human gliomas. Fyn’s role in vivo in glioma growth remains unknown. We investigated whether Fyn regulates glioma initiation, growth and invasion.

Methods

We evaluated the role of Fyn using genetically engineered mouse glioma models (GEMMs). We also generated Fyn knockdown stem cells to induce gliomas in immune-competent and immune-deficient mice (nonobese diabetic severe combined immunodeficient gamma mice [NSG], CD8−/−, CD4−/−). We analyzed molecular mechanism by RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. Flow cytometry was used to characterize immune cellular infiltrates in the Fyn knockdown glioma TME.

Results

We demonstrate that Fyn knockdown in diverse immune-competent GEMMs of glioma reduced tumor progression and significantly increased survival. Gene ontology (GO) analysis of differentially expressed genes in wild-type versus Fyn knockdown gliomas showed enrichment of GOs related to immune reactivity. However, in NSG and CD8−/− and CD4−/− immune-deficient mice, Fyn knockdown gliomas failed to show differences in survival. These data suggest that the expression of Fyn in glioma cells reduces antiglioma immune activation. Examination of glioma immune infiltrates by flow cytometry displayed reduction in the amount and activity of immune suppressive myeloid derived cells in the Fyn glioma TME.

Conclusions

Gliomas employ Fyn mediated mechanisms to enhance immune suppression and promote tumor progression. We propose that Fyn inhibition within glioma cells could improve the efficacy of antiglioma immunotherapies.
The energy and water cycles under climate change
Authors: Duan Qingyun , Duan Anmin
Published: January 2020

Energy and water cycles have been a hot research topic in the global scientific community. The global climate change observed over the last century is having a profound impact on global and regional energy and water cycles, leading to more frequent extreme climatic events and affecting water security, ecosystem and socioeconomic development around the world. The impact is especially obvious over the highland regions such as the Tibetan Plateau. Here we have an interview with one of world's most renowned experts in hydroclimatology, Professor Soroosh Sorooshian from the University of California at Irvine, to share his insights on the subject of energy and water cycles.
Socialist/Marxist Feminism
Authors: Lee Wendy Lynne
Published: January 2020

The long arc of Marxist scholarship certainly reaches many domains—economics, sociology, political ecology. However, few scholarly projects have likely benefited more, or offered more, to sustaining the relevance of Marx and Marxism than the feminist analysis, interpretation, and application of the Marxist critique of capitalism. From the earliest translations of Marxist thought into revolutionary action, socialist feminists have sought to introduce sex and gender as salient categories of capitalist oppression, arguing that being a woman bound to patriarchal institutions such as marriage is comparable to a working-class laborer bound to the wage. Friedrich Engels also plays a key role in the socialist feminist appropriation of Marxist ideas. By showing the extent to which marriage is about the maintenance and expansion of property, Engels opens the door to a wide range of analysis concerning the material conditions of women’s lives and labors. Marxist ideas become the focus of renewed interest over the course of the American civil rights and feminist movements of the 1960s. It is thus unsurprising that a wealth of new feminist and antiracist theories begin to develop during this period, as well as analyses of structural inequality, including oppression with respect to the LGBTQ community. It is perhaps the most recent work among socialist feminists, in league with other activists and theorists, however, that is both truest to Marx’s original intent and that demonstrates the relevance of his ideas to the future fortunes of human societies, namely, the application of Marxist critique to environmental deterioration—especially anthropogenic climate change. Hence, the following is organized historically but also topically. It begins with the work of early socialist feminists, looking to include women within Marxist categories of class analysis but quickly moves to arguments that sex and gender—and then race/ethnicity and sexual identity—constitute their own salient categories of oppression. This explosion of theory and activism deserves to be treated topically so that the variety and breadth of socialist feminist ideas as well as the divisions and debates among its representatives becomes clear. The critique of capitalism has, of course, always been an essentially global enterprise. It is thus not surprising that the extension of socialist feminist analyses to the Global North and Global South would produce a wealth of insight and activism. For many of the same reasons, the same is true of the rise of socialist ecofeminism. The last section comes full circle. Devoted to arguments whose focus is the justification and fomenting of revolution, The Communist Manifesto finds its place next to contemporary socialist ecofeminist calls for workers from all regions of the planet to unite to overthrow once and for all the capitalist economic system responsible for jeopardizing the planet’s capacity to support life.
David Santillana
Authors: Stigall Dan E.
Published: January 2020

David Santillana was a cosmopolitan jurist and expert on Islamic law who was born in Ottoman Tunisia in 1855. He had a long, multifaceted career as a scholar and legal practitioner in North Africa and Europe, but is best known for his scholarship on the Maliki school of Islamic law and for his central role in the creation of the Tunisian Code of Obligations and Contracts—the first successful modern synthesis of Islamic law and continental civil law. This codification, in turn, served as inspiration for the civil codes of Morocco and Mauritania.
Exorcism
Authors: Twelftree Graham H.
Published: January 2020

In the biblical material the motif of exorcism—expelling an unwanted spiritual entity from a person or place—is dominated by stories related to Jesus. Of all the activities associated with Jesus in the Synoptic Gospels exorcism appears to be the single activity that took the greatest amount of his time. Indeed, we know of no historical or literary figure in antiquity who is said to have conducted so many exorcisms. (It is not immediately clear why the Gospel of John does not mention exorcism.) Uniquely, Jesus appears to have taken his exorcisms not as signs, proof, or evidence of the expected Kingdom of God but, along with other healings, as its realization. In a range of approaches in the period there were exorcisms thought to depend entirely on the charismatic force of the exorcist. On the other hand, there were exorcisms in which the words uttered, or activities carried out, were considered determinative of success. Although these so-called magical or incantational exorcisms did not always need an exorcist, but could be performed by anyone, there were highly regarded professional, often peripatetic, practitioners whose identity can only be inferred from the texts. The sheer volume and the chronological and geographical range of data suggests magical or incantational exorcism was the most common approach to exorcism around the time of Jesus. Within this range there were approaches in which both the identity of the exorcist as well as what was said and done were important. For example, in one of the Dead Sea Scrolls Pharaoh is said to ask Abram, the key character in the story, to “pray for [him] and [his] house that this evil spirit may be exorcised from [them].” Abram heals Pharaoh by “prayer but also by the laying of his hands” on Pharaoh’s head (1Q20.20). As an exorcist Jesus appeared to depend on his own personal force. When questioned, however, he said that he depended not on Satan as accused, but on the Spirit. Also, all his exorcistic commands have parallels in the literature in which the words are considered operative or performative. His followers used the same method, though their power-authority—Jesus, not the Spirit—was obvious. This article concentrates on exorcism in the New Testament, though it also takes into consideration traditions before and after, along with the concomitant fields of demonology and possession that are important in interpreting exorcism in these texts. From the great amount of literature available, priority is given to representative and more recent publications, as well as to a few classic studies.
Batterer Intervention Programs
Authors: Maxwell Christopher D.
Published: January 2020

Since the mid-1970s, Western-leaning nations have focused on measuring and responding swiftly and punitively to domestic violence in all of its many forms (e.g., child abuse, spouse abuse, elder mistreatment). Within this arena, many advocates, academics, governmental staff, and legislatures have focused their attention on addressing what is now generally labeled intimate partner violence (a.k.a., wife abuse, domestic violence, spouse assault, batterer). While significant resources have gone toward understanding the victims’ experiences and providing them with both justice and comprehensive services, a similar focus has not existed for understanding and effectively intervening with the perpetrators of this violence. Within this space, just two questions have garnered the most interest among scholars and advocates. The first question is whether criminal sanctions, particularly the use of arrest, specifically deter future violence. The second is whether the perpetrators’ participation in a therapeutic batterer intervention program (BIP), particularly following a court order, reduces their likelihood of future violence. This bibliography focuses on studies that assess BIPs, specifically those designed to test whether BIPs reduce violence between intimate partners. It provides a general overview of BIPs, a section describing the development of the Duluth BIP, a review of BIP outcome and attrition studies, and a discussion of recent developments regarding the nature of these interventions.
Podcasts in Education
Authors: Ladyem McDivitt Anne
Published: January 2020

Since its introduction in the early 2000s, podcasting has become a popular alternative to traditional radio, with a do-it-yourself emphasis and a democratization of producing audio without a need for advertisers or a broadcaster’s backing. Podcasting has also been a promising learning tool for educators and students. With the popularity of the platform, many have jumped on board to create and utilize podcasts for pedagogical purposes, both in the classroom and for the public. Podcasting for pedagogical purposes has coincided with developments in educational theory such as flipped classrooms, active learning, and digital humanities. While there have been debates about the effectiveness of using podcasts for educational purposes, the majority of the literature on podcasting demonstrates that there are benefits for students learning through podcasts and digital audio recordings. Whether it’s the positives and the negatives of the format, or even just how to create a podcast, literature on podcasting has grown exponentially as more people and scholars think about how to use the medium for learning purposes. One significant hurdle in terms of a creating a podcasting bibliography is that the technology involved has changed over the years since its introduction to academia. While some of the methodology may not be as up-to-date in the older texts, they still have critical information that is relevant to incorporating podcasting into a classroom setting.
Teacher-Student Relationships
Authors: Berryman Mere
Published: January 2020

This review responds to a number of questions, including: What is known about teacher-student relationships? What about teacher-student relationships makes them effective and successful? How do effective relationships ensure that teachers and students can face the daily challenges in todays’ education systems and also in wider society? How might these relationships contribute to future proofing our societies against the global crises that have become our collective reality? Discourses related to relationships are often used as though there are collective understandings. However, much of the praxis—the policies, pedagogies, and testing regimes—found in learning institutions still protect and privilege some students over others, and the gaps in education and society continue to widen. This bibliography will show that teacher-student relationships continue to be widely researched; that early philosophical understandings grounded in relationships of equality and freedom have intergenerational interest and traction; and that relationships can take many forms, with some forms of teacher-student relationships resulting in more productive outcomes than others, and some forms actually doing harm. The scholars included in this entry are engaging in the types of relationships where “critical” questions increasingly sit at the forefront of learning and schooling. They are interested in contexts for learning where all learners are respected and able to bring their own experiences, their solutions, and their potential to the table, and from which collective growth and benefit can ensue. Among this common thread there is a diversity of worldviews, with knowledge that may yet be untried or untested. These citations provide insights into the kinds of teacher-student relationships that can help us learn more deeply about the profession by beginning with the self.
Higher Education Graduate Outcomes and Destinations
Authors: Braun Edith , Osada Julia-Carolin , Walz Kristina
Published: January 2020

Research in higher education graduate outcomes is a somewhat up-and-coming area of scientific interest. Since the new millennium, research has focused on examining the relationship between higher education, society, and the world, and on higher education as a response to demographic change and the demands of the knowledge society. During the last years, some scientists have concentrated on making international comparisons. Because there are not many international surveys, however, most employ the same data set. Research conducted with direct measurements of outcomes that go beyond self-reports based on questionnaires is rare. This article begins with an overview of international research initiatives. It then categorizes research as outcomes of higher education. There is a lot of conceptual research on frameworks of assessing learning outcomes, and outcomes are understood as learnable skills. Furthermore, outcomes of higher education can also be individual and societal returns. Next, this article presents results of research on higher education graduates’ destinations in terms of transitions and demands. Publications on transitions include the process of transitions as well as travel or study abroad that takes place during higher education. Investigations on professional demands include research on graduates ability to meet the requirements of the labor market as well as on graduates’ employability. All publications have in common the understanding of outcomes as benefits acquired through higher education. There is an impressive amount of evidence from different countries and regions that suggests that higher education has a positive impact on individual, societal, and economic outcomes. Because of its obvious advantages, more people than ever want access to higher education. We identified research mainly from Europe and North America. However, research on higher education has clearly made major headway worldwide; and publications, especially from less visible countries, are expected to contribute to future research on outcomes and destinations of higher education.
Medical Technology and Technique
Authors: Mulla Sameena
Published: January 2020

The rich array of anthropological research on medical technology has primarily been carried out by anthropologists with specialization in medical anthropology, and science and technology studies. This research benefits from its conversations with the history of medicine. Among journals that have frequently published in this area are: Anthropology and Medicine; Culture, Health and Psychiatry; Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences; Medical Anthropology: Cross-Cultural Studies in Health and Illness; Medical Anthropology Quarterly; Medicine Anthropology Theory; Social History of Medicine; Social Studies of Science; and Sociology of Health and Illness. In this bibliography, material is organized thematically into eleven substantive sections to include work that exemplifies both long-standing topics as well as emerging frontiers of research. The first section introduces readers to the framework of biopolitics that often contextualizes scholarship on technology. Next, the reader is introduced to theorizing technology in relation to technique. This is followed by the issue of discipline in relation to medicine. The next two sections describe sensory practices encompassing the audio and the haptic. The article then turns to the conditions under which technologies are produced and used, treating the question of politics before discussing systems of subjugation. After this, the next section highlights technologies of rendering, broken down into visual technology, writing, and enumeration. The final three sections cover reproductive health, pharmaceuticals, and subjectivities. These topics represent dense nodes of anthropological scholarship that have informed the broader approach of anthropological research on technology and technique.
Curatorship
Authors: Lubar Steven , LaForge Allyson
Published: January 2020

The traditional work of curators—collecting, caring for, researching, and exhibiting artifacts in museums—has expanded in many directions in recent years. Curators today connect as well as collect. They work with several diverse communities: source communities, museum visitors, and researchers. While much of their work remains rooted in material culture and museums, they increasingly work with intangible cultural heritage and consider digital manifestations of culture. This bibliography offers historical and contemporary as well as theoretical and practical perspectives on curatorship. It begins with a listing of journals and organizations useful to scholars of curation and museum practitioners. The following sections, which list foundational texts and books of collected essays on museum curatorship, offer an introduction and overview of the field. Next is a section providing historical perspective on curatorship, including writing on important museums and exhibitions. This history is followed by sections describing the dual objects of curatorial work: intangible cultural heritage and material culture. Next is a section on curatorial work, divided into subsections that address theory, practice, and digital approaches. Decolonizing curatorial practice, which involves challenging museums’ colonial practices and including Indigenous people in the conservation, interpretation, and display of their material culture and histories, is a necessary corrective to and extension of this traditional work; subsections include shared authority, repatriation and restitution, and indigenizing curation. The bibliography ends with perhaps the most important topic: curatorial ethics. The focus is on anthropological curatorship, but we have included material from nearby fields, including art and history curatorship, when the additional perspective seems useful. The geographical focus is on the United States, and to a lesser extent Great Britain, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia, with a few entries describing European museum work. There are several other bibliographies in the Oxford Bibliographies in Anthropology that complement this one. See the separate Oxford Bibliographies articles Museum Anthropology, Cultural Resource Management, and Public Archaeology.
Voice and Voice Quality
Authors: Kreiman Jody
Published: January 2020

The sound of a voice—its quality—plays an integral role in the biological and social existences of animal species ranging from frogs to birds to elephants to primates and humans. Across animal species, voice plays a part in many, many aspects of behavior, including mate selection and attraction, social organization, identification of parent/child/significant others, signaling of emotion and aggressive intent, and providing information about health, age, sex, and size. Voice quality is a critical component of acting, oratory, singing, motivating and persuading others, and projecting a likeable image across space (and of course is essential to the production of spoken language). The study of voice quality is thus by its very nature inherently interdisciplinary, to an extent that can create a large burden of scholarship on those wishing to understand not just what sounds occur, but why and how they carry the messages they do. The study of voice quality also depends critically on understanding voice production and acoustics. Biologically, a voice necessarily reflects the body that produced it—the size and shape of the vocal folds and vocal tract, patterns of articulation, and so on—and perception has co-evolved with those phonating bodies, so it functions as it does to take advantage of the information on offer about the speaker. In the same way, speakers produce sound in order to communicate with or influence listeners, so the voice production apparatus has evolved to produce sounds listeners can hear and evaluate, and to send biologically relevant messages. Because voice production and perception are inseparably intertwined in this way, this bibliography includes references describing voice production as well as voice perception. Beyond these fundamentals, the study of voice quality includes work on perception of personal attributes (identity, age, size, race, sex, and so on), expression and perception of emotion and personality, linguistic uses of changes in quality, and a host of other research areas. This bibliography provides representative and/or foundational studies in many of these areas, as an invitation and a gateway to further exploration.
Lillian Smith
Authors: Brantley Will
Published: January 2020

Lillian Smith (b. 1897–d. 1966) was born in Jasper, Florida, and grew up in a large and well-to-do southern family. In 1915, in the wake of the First World War, her father, Calvin Warren Smith, lost his financial standing and relocated his family to their summer home in North Georgia where he opened first a hotel and then a summer camp for girls, which Smith would later own and direct. It is somewhat surprising that no one has yet made a feature film based on Smith’s life. She is the Floridian teenager who found herself transplanted to a scenic but rural environment in the north Georgia mountains; the young woman who superintended elementary schools in this rural setting; the undergraduate student at both the local Piedmont College (1915–1916) and the Peabody Conservatory of Music in Baltimore (1917–1918, 1919–1922); the music teacher at a missionary school in Huzhow, China, an experience that solidified her social consciousness (1922–1925); the progressive director of Laurel Falls Camp for girls, many of whom came from the state’s wealthiest families (1925–1948); the publisher of South Today, a quarterly magazine and forum for liberal thought that she coedited for ten years with her life partner Paula Snelling (1936–1944); the controversial author of Strange Fruit, one of the best-selling novels of 1944; the self-analyst who published Killers of the Dream, a groundbreaking work of autobiography and cultural criticism that appeared first in 1949 and then again in an expanded edition in 1962; the friend and advisor to influential players on the national scene, including Eleanor Roosevelt and Martin Luther King, Jr.; and the combative social activist who withstood threats as she promoted her liberal vision through fiction, letters, essays, speeches, and pamphlets—including Now Is the Time (1954), her ardent defense of school desegregation—and creative works of self-writing and nonfiction prose, including The Journey (1954) and her final book, Our Faces, Our Words (1964). Smith was diagnosed with cancer in 1953, the disease that took her life in 1966 at the height of the civil rights movement that she, through her writings and activism, had helped to bring about and which she saw as evidence that human beings can in fact evolve. Smith turned a searchlight on the workings of white supremacy and blasted conservative ideologies of both race and gender. She has, since her death, emerged slowly but steadily as a pivotal figure in attempts to redraw the boundaries of the literary and cultural renaissance in the mid-20th century South.
Ursula K. Le Guin
Authors: Lindow Sandra J.
Published: January 2020

One of the most influential voices in contemporary American literature, Ursula K. Le Guin (b. 1929–d. 2018) began publishing in the 1960s and soon became known for her courageous exploration of ethics, ecology, and diversity using fantastic and futuristic settings. Elevating fantasy and science fiction from pulp-era sword and sorcery and space opera, her fiction explores and condemns chauvinistic traditions of colonialism, nationalism, sexism, and racism. Through her literary approach to genre themes and settings, she inspired not only generations of genre writers but also many mainstream writers who incorporated fantastic elements in their work. Ursula Kroeber was born on in Berkeley, California. Her parents were the Alfred Kroeber, pioneering anthropologist, and Theodora Kroeber, author of Ishi in Two Worlds. She graduated from Radcliffe College in 1951, earned a masters degree from Columbia University in 1952, and married historian Charles Le Guin in 1953. A prolific writer, she published more than sixty books including novels for adults and young adults, picture books, short story collections, critical nonfiction, poetry, screenplays, and works of translation. Genre and mainstream recognition occurred throughout her career. Her first fantasy novel, A Wizard of Earthsea (1968), earned the Boston Globe-Horn Book Award. Her groundbreaking novel The Left Hand of Darkness (1969) won Hugo and Nebula Awards. She was only the second woman to receive both honors for one book. The Farthest Shore (1973) won the National Book Award for Young People’s Literature. The Dispossessed (1974) won Locus, Nebula, and Hugo Awards. Overall, her novels alone received five Locus, four Nebulas, two Hugos, and one World Fantasy Award. In 1989 she accepted the Pilgrim Award for her critical work. In 1994, 1996, and 1997, she earned Tiptree Awards for her exploration of gender through her depiction of androgyny and alternative cultures that privilege nonheteronormative marriage. Le Guin’s lifetime achievement awards recognize her importance in American literature. In 2000, the US Library of Congress named her a Living Legend for her significant contributions to America’s cultural heritage. In 2002, she won the PEN/Malamud Award for excellence in short fiction and the Grand Master Award from the Science Fiction Writers Association. In 2014, she received the National Book Foundation Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters. In his introduction to her National Book Award acceptance speech, author Neil Gaiman describes her as someone who made him not only a better writer but also a better person as a writer.